
bindu utparivartan

ack bindu utparivartan ack aanuvanshik utparivartan haye jahan ack ekal nucleotide aadhar koo ack jeev key genome key dna yaa rna anukram seey badala jaataa haye, daala jaataa haye yaa hataa diyaa jaataa haye. bindu utparivartan key downstream protein utpaad parr vibhinn prakaar key prabhaav hotey hain-parinam joe utparivartan kii vishishtataon key aadhar parr madhyam roop seey anumaanit hotey hain. yeye parinam binaa kissy prabhaav key hoe sakate hain (ee.jee. utparivartan) hanikarak prabhaavon kaa paryaay (ee.jee. frameshift utparivartan), protein utpaadan, sanrachana aur kaary key sambandh mein.
kaaran.
bindu utparivartan aamtaur parr dee. aine. aeye. pratikriti key dauran hotaa haye. dee. aine. aeye. pratikriti taba hoti haye jaba ack dohare fanse dee. aine. aeye. anu dee. aine. aeye. key dou ekal taar banaata haye, jinamen seey pratyek poorak taar key nirmaan key liye ack template haye. ack ekal bindu utparivartan poore dee. aine. aeye. anukram koo badal sakata haye. ack purin yaa pyrimidine koo badalane seey emino acid badal sakata haye jisake liye nucleotide code haye.
bindu utparivartan sahaj utparivartan seey utpann hoe sakate hain joe dee. aine. aeye. pratikriti key dauran hotey hain. utparivartan kii darr utparivartan dwara badhaai jaa sakati haye. utparivartak bhautik hoe sakate hain, jaise kii yuvi kiranon seey vikiran, aiks-ray yaa atyadhik garmi, yaa rasayanik (anu joe aadhar jode koo galat sthaan parr rakhate hain yaa dna key helical aakar koo baadhit karate hain). cancer seey judey utparivartakon kaa aksar cancer aur isaki roktham key baare mein jaanane key liye adhyayan kiya jaataa haye.
bindu utparivartan honey key kaee tareeke hain. sabse pahale, parabaingani (yuvi) prakaash aur uchch aavritti prakaash ayanan electrons mein saksham hain, joe badale mein dna koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain. mukt kanon key saath pratikriyaasheel oxygen anu, joe cellular chayapachaya kaa ack upotpaad hain, dee. aine. aeye. key liye bhee bahut hanikarak hoe sakate hain. yeye abhikarakon seey ekal-fanse dna break aur dohare-fanse dna break donon hoe sakate hain. teesara, dee. aine. aeye. mein bandhan antatah kharaab hoe jaate hain, joe dee. aine. aeye. kii akhandata koo uchch maanak parr rakhane key liye ack aur samasya paida kartaa haye. pratikriti trutiyaan bhee hoe sakati hain joe pratisthaapan, sammilan yaa vilopan utparivartan kii or leey jaati hain.
vargeekaran.
sankraman/roopaantaran vargeekaran.
1959 mein ernst freeze ney vibhinn prakaar key bindu utparivartan koo vargeekrit karane key liye "sankraman" yaa "parivartan" shabd gadhaa. sankraman ack purin aadhar koo dusare purin key saath pratisthaapit karna yaa ack pyrimidine koo dusare pyrimidine key saath pratisthaapit karna haye. transversion ack purin key sthaan parr ack pyrimidine yaa isake vipareet hotey hain. sankraman (alfa) aur sankraman (beeta) key liye utparivartan darr mein ack vyavasthit antar haye. sankraman utparivartan sankramanon kii tulanaa mein lagbhag duss gunaa adhik aam hain.
karyatmak vargeekaran.
murkhtapurna utparivartan mein laabh koo rokna aur haani koo shuru karna shamil haye. stop-genn ack utparivartan haye jisake parinamswarup samay seey pahale samaapti coden ("ack stop praapt kiya gayaa thaa") hotaa haye, joe anuvaad key anta kaa sanket detaa haye. iss rukawat key kaaran protein asamanya roop seey chhota hoe jaataa haye. khoye hue amino acid kii sankhya protein kii karyakshamta parr prabhaav daalati haye aur kyaa yeh kissy bhee tarah seey kaam karega. stop-loss mool samaapti coden ("ack stop khou gayaa thaa") mein ack utparivartan haye, jisake parinamswarup protein key carboxyl terminus kaa asamanya vistaar hotaa haye. praarambh-laabh mool praarambh sthal key oopar kii or ack agast praarambh codon banaata haye. yadi nayaa agast mool praarambh sthal key paas haye, tou sansaadhit pratilekh key bheetar frame mein aur ack ribosomal binding site key liye neeche kii or, iska upayog anuvaad shuru karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. sambhaavit prabhaav mool protein key amino terminus mein atirikt amino acid jodaa jaataa haye. frame-shift utparivartan bhee praarambh-laabh utparivartan mein sambhav hain, lekin aam taur parr mool protein key anuvaad koo prabhaavit naheen karate hain. start-loss ack pratilekh key agast start coden mein ack bindu utparivartan haye, jisake parinamswarup protein utpaadan mein kamee yaa unmoolan hotaa haye.
ack alag amino acid key liye missense utparivartan code. ack missense utparivartan ack coden koo badal detaa haye taaki ack alag protein banaaya jaa sakey, ack gair-samanarthi parivartan. roodhivaadi utparivartan key parinamswarup amino acid parivartan hotaa haye. haalaanki, amino acid key guna samaan rahate hain (ee.jee.hydrophobic, hydrophilic aadi.). kabhi-kabhi, protein mein ack amino acid mein parivartan poore jeev key liye hanikarak naheen hotaa haye. adhikansh protein apane kaary parivartan seey pahale ack yaa dou bindu utparivartan kaa saamana curr sakate hain. gair-roodhivaadi utparivartan key parinamswarup ack amino acid parivartan hotaa haye jisamen jangli prakaar kii tulanaa mein alag-alag guna hotey hain. protein apana kaary khou sakata haye, jisake parinamswarup jeev mein ack bimari hoe sakati haye. udaaharan key liye, sickle-cell roga beeta-haemoglobin jeane mein ack bindu utparivartan (ack missense utparivartan) key kaaran hotaa haye joe ack gagg coden koo gug mein parivartit kartaa haye, joe glutamic acid key bajaay amino acid valine koo kootbaddh kartaa haye. protein "kaary kaa laabh" bhee pradarshit curr sakata haye yaa sakriya hoe sakata haye, aisaa utparivartan key saath hotaa haye joe braff jeane mein ack valine koo glutamic acid mein badal detaa haye; yeh raif protein key sakriyan kii or leey jaataa haye joe cancer koshikaon mein aseemit prasaar sanket kaa kaaran banata haye. yeye donon gair-roodhivaadi (missense) utparivartan key udaaharan hain.
ack hii amino acid key liye mook utparivartan code (ack "paryaayavaachi pratisthaapan"). ack mook utparivartan protein key kaary koo prabhaavit naheen kartaa haye. ack ekal nucleotide badal sakata haye, lekin nayaa coden usee amino acid koo nirdisht kartaa haye, jisake parinamswarup ack aparivartit protein hotaa haye. iss prakaar key parivartan koo samanarthi parivartan kahaa jaataa haye kyonki usee amino acid key liye purana aur nayaa codon code haye. yeh sambhav haye kyonki 64 codon kewal 20 amino acid nirdisht karate hain. haalaanki, vibhinn coden antar protein abhivyakti staron kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain.
ekal aadhar jodee sammilit aur hataae jaane.
kabhi-kabhi "bindu utparivartan" shabd kaa upayog ekal aadhar jodee key sammilan yaa vilopan kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye (jiska nucleotides key abhee bhee teen baar padhane key kaaran sanshleshit protein parr adhik pratikool prabhaav padata haye, lekin vibhinn frames menh ack utparivartan jise frameshift utparivartan kahaa jaataa haye).
samanya parinam.
gair-coding anukramon mein honey vaale bindu utparivartan aksar binaa kissy parinam key hotey hain, halanki apavaad hain. yadi utparivartit aadhar jodee ack jeane key pravartak anukram mein haye, tou jeane kii abhivyakti badal sakati haye. yadi utparivartan ack intron key splissing site mein hotaa haye, tou yeh transcribe kiye gaye pree-marna key sahee splissing mein hastakshep curr sakata haye.
kewal ack amino acid koo badalkar, puuraa peptide badal sakata haye, jisase poore protein mein badalaav hoe sakata haye. nae protein koo protein sanskaran kahaa jaataa haye. yadi mool protein koshikiya prajanan mein kaary kartaa haye tou yeh ekal bindu utparivartan iss jeev key liye koshikiya prajanan kii poori prakriya koo badal sakata haye.
bindu roganu utparivartan fayademand honey key saath-saath hanikarak lakshan yaa rogon kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain. yeh usa paryaavaran key aadhar parr anukoolan kii or leey jaataa haye jahan jeev rahata haye. ack laabhprad utparivartan usa jeev key liye ack laabh paida curr sakata haye aur guna koo peedhi darr peedhi paarit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase poori aabaadi mein sudhaar aur laabh hoe sakata haye. vikas kaa vaigyaanik siddhant koshikaon mein bindu utparivartan parr bahut nirbhar haye. yeh siddhant prithvi parr jeevit jeevon kii vividhata aur itihas kii vyakhya kartaa haye. bindu utparivartan key sambandh mein, yeh bataata haye kii laabhkaari utparivartan jeev koo panapane aur prajanan karane kii anumati dete hain, jisase isake sakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit utparivartit jeane agali peedhi mein chaley jaate hain. doosari or, hanikarak utparivartan jeev koo maraane kaa kaaran banate hain yaa praakritik chayan key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ghatana mein prajanan kii sambhavana cumm hoti haye.
utparivartan seey alag-alag alpakaalik aur deerghakaalik prabhaav utpann hoe sakate hain. chhote kaee binduon parr koshika chakr kaa ack thaharaav hoga. iska matlab haye kii amino acid glycine key liye ack coden coding koo ack stop coden mein badala jaa sakata haye, jisase protein joe utpann honey chaahiye they way vikrit hoe jaate hain aur apane ichchit karyon koo puuraa karane mein asamarth hoe jaate hain. kyonki utparivartan dee. aine. aeye. koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain aur iss prakaar chromatin, yeh ack poorna gunasutra kii kamee key kaaran honey vaale mitosis koo roque sakata haye. dna key pratilekhan aur pratikriti kii prakriyaon key dauran bhee samasyaaen utpann hoe sakati hain. yeye sabhi koshika koo prajanan seey rokte hain aur iss prakaar koshika kii mrityu kaa kaaran banate hain. deerghakaalik prabhaav gunasutra kaa sthaayi parivartan hoe sakata haye, jisase utparivartan hoe sakata haye. yeye utparivartan yaa tou fayademand yaa hanikarak hoe sakate hain. cancer ack udaaharan haye kii way kaise hanikarak hoe sakate hain.
bindu utparivartan key anya prabhaav, yaa dee. aine. aeye. mein ekal nucleotide bahuroopata, jeane key bheetar utparivartan key sthaan parr nirbhar karate hain. udaaharan key liye, yadi utparivartan coding key liye jimmedaar jeane key kshetra mein hotaa haye, tou encoded protein key amino acid anukram koo badala jaa sakata haye, jisase kaary mein parivartan, protein sthaaniyakaran, protein yaa protein parisar kii sthirata hoe sakati haye. protein parr missense utparivartan key prabhaavon kaa anuman lagaane key liye kaee vidhiyon kaa prastaav kiya gayaa haye. machine learning algorithm apane models koo gyaat roga-sambandhit utparivartan seey alag karane key liye prashikshit karate hain, jabaki anya vidhiyaan spasht roop seey apane model koo prashikshit naheen karati hain, lekin lagbhag sabhi vidhiyaan vikaasvaadi sanrakshan kaa yeh maanate hue laabh uthaati hain kii sanrakshit sthitiyon mein parivartan adhik hanikarak hotey hain. jabaki adhikansh vidhiyaan utparivartan key prabhaavon koo hanikarak aur saumya mein dwiaadhaari vargeekaran pradaan karati hain, inn utparivartanon seey protein koo nuksan kyon aur kaise hotaa haye, iska spashteekaran dene key liye annotation key ack nae star kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
isake alawa, yadi utparivartan jeane key usa kshetra mein hotaa haye jahan pratilekhan machinary protein seey judati haye, tou utparivartan pratilekhan karakon key bandhan koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye kyonki pratilekhan karakon dwara pehchaane gaye chhote nucleotide anukramon koo badal diyaa jaayega. iss kshetra mein utparivartan jeane pratilekhan kii dakshata kii darr koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain, joe badale mein aim. aar. aine. aeye. key star koo badal sakata haye aur iss prakaar, samanya roop seey protein key star koo.
protein key amino acid anukram mein utparivartan kahaan hotaa haye, isake aadhar parr protein key vyavhaar aur prajanan parr bindu utparivartan key kaee prabhaav hoe sakate hain. yadi utparivartan jeane key usa kshetra mein hotaa haye joe protein key liye coding key liye jimmedaar haye, tou amino acid koo badala jaa sakata haye. amino acid key anukram mein yeh mamuli parivartan kaary mein parivartan kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye, protein kaa sakriyan jiska arth haye kii yeh ack diye gaye enzyme key saath kaise judataa haye, jahaan protein koshika key bheetar sthit hoga, yaa protein key bheetar sangraheet mukt oorjaa kii matra.
yadi utparivartan jeane key usa kshetra mein hotaa haye jahan pratilekhan tantra protein seey judataa haye, tou utparivartan usa tareeke koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye jisamen pratilekhan kaarak protein seey judate hain. pratilekhan key tantra chhote nucleotide anukramon kii pehchaan key madhyam seey ack protein seey judate hain. iss kshetra mein ack utparivartan inn anukramon koo badal sakata haye aur iss prakaar, pratilekhan kaarak protein seey judane key tareeke koo badal sakate hain. iss kshetra mein utparivartan jeane pratilekhan kii dakshata koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain, joe aim. aar. aine. aeye. key star aur samagr protein key star donon koo niyantrit kartaa haye.
bindu utparivartan key kaaran honey vaali vishisht beemaariyaan.
cancer.
kaee tumour suppressor protein mein bindu utparivartan cancer kaa kaaran banate hain. udaaharan key liye, adenomatous polyposis kolai mein bindu utparivartan tumourgeon koo badhaava dete hain. ack nayaa parakh, tez samanantar proteolysis (fastup), vyaktigat cancer rogiyon mein vishisht sthirata doshon kii teji seey jaanch mein madad curr sakata haye.
neurofibromatosis.
neurofibromatosis neurofibromin 1 yaa neurofibromin 2 jeane mein bindu utparivartan key kaaran hotaa haye.
sickle-cell anaemia.
sickle-cell anaemia haemoglobin kii β-globin shrinkhala mein ack bindu utparivartan key kaaran hotaa haye, jisase hydrophilic emino acid glutamic acid koo chhathe sthaan parr hydrophobic emino acid valine key saath pratisthaapit kiya jaataa haye.
β-globin jeane gunasutra 11 kii chhoti bhuja parr paaya jaataa haye. dou jangli-prakaar key α-globin upa-ikaaiyon kaa dou utparivarti β-globin upa-ikaaiyon key saath sambandh haemoglobin aiss (hbs) banaata haye. cumm-oxygen sthitiyon mein (udaaharan key liye, uchch oonchaai parr honey key kaaran), beeta-globin shrinkhala key chhahaven sthaan parr ack dhruviya amino acid kii anupasthiti haemoglobin key gair-sahsanyojak bahulak (ektrikaran) koo badhaava detee haye, joe laal rakt koshikaon koo ack daranti key aakar mein vikrit karati haye aur unaki loach koo cumm karati haye.
haemoglobin laal rakt koshikaon mein paaya jaane vaalaa ack protein haye, aur shareer key madhyam seey oxygen key parivahan key liye jimmedaar haye. dou upa-ikaaiyaan hain joe haemoglobin protein banaati hainh beeta-globin aur alfa-globin.
beeta-haemoglobin aich. bee. bee., yaa "haemoglobin, beeta" jeane parr aanuvanshik jaankaari seey banaaya jaataa haye joe gunasutra 11p15.5 parr paaya jaataa haye. iss polypeptide shrinkhala mein ack bindu utparivartan, joe 147 emino acid lamba hotaa haye, key parinamswarup bimari hoti haye jise sickle cell anaemia key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
sickle-cell anaemia ack autosomal recessive vikaar haye joe 500 african amerikiyon mein seey 1 koo prabhaavit kartaa haye, aur sanyukt raajya mein sabse aam rakt vikaaron mein seey ack haye. beeta-globin, glutamic acid mein chhathe amino acid key ekal pratisthaapan key parinamswarup laal rakt koshikaon mein vikriti aatee haye. yeye daranti key aakar kii koshikaaen samanya laal rakt koshikaon kii tarah lagbhag utani oxygen naheen leey jaa sakati hain aur way keshikaon mein adhik aasaani seey funce jaati hain, jisase mahatvapurna angon koo rakt kii aapoorti bund hoe jaati haye. beeta-globin mein ekal nucleotide parivartan kaa matlab haye kii vaahak key hisse parr sabse chhote parishram key parinamswarup gambhir dard aur yahaan taka kii dill kaa daura padata haye. neeche ack chart haye joe samanya aur asamanya sickle cell polypeptide shrinkhala mein pahale terah amino acid koo darshaata haye.
taye-saaks roga.
taye-saaks roga kaa kaaran ack aanuvanshik dosh haye joe maataa-pitaa seey bachche mein failata haye. yeh aanuvanshik dosh hexa jeane mein sthit haye, joe gunasutra 15 parr paaya jaataa haye.
hexa jeane beeta-hexosaminidase naamak enzyme kaa hissa banaata haye, joe tantrika tantra mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye. yeh enzyme tantrika koshikaon mein jee. aim. 2 ganglioside naamak ack vasaayukt padaarth koo todane mein madad kartaa haye.
hexa jeane mein utparivartan beeta-hexosaminidase aeye kii gatividhi koo baadhit kartaa haye, jisase vasaayukt padarthon key tootane koo rokaa jaa sakata haye. natijatan, vasaa padaarth mastishk aur reedh kii huddy mein ghaatak star taka jamaa hoe jaate hain. jee. aim. 2 ganglioside kaa nirmaan tantrika koshikaon koo pragatisheel kshati pahunchaata haye. yeh taye-sax roga key sanketon aur lakshnon kaa kaaran haye.
doharaae jaane vaale bindu utparivartan.
aanvik jeev vigyaan mein, punaravritti-prerit bindu utparivartan yaa rip ack aisee prakriya haye jisake dwara dee. aine. aeye. jeeh see seey eh tii sankraman utparivartan koo jamaa kartaa haye. genomic sakshya ingit karate hain kii rip vibhinn prakaar key kavak mein hotaa haye yaa huaa haye, jabaki prayogaatmak sakshya ingit karate hain kii rip "neurospora crassa", "podospora encerina", "magnaporthe grissa", "leptospheria maculance", "gibberella zee" aur "nectria hematococa" mein sakriya haye. neurospora crassa" mein, rip dwara utparivartit anukram aksar methylated "dee novo" hotey hain.
fertilisation key baad lekin myotic dna pratikriti seey pahale haploid naabhik mein yaun charan key dauran rip hotaa haye. neurospora crassa" mein, cumm seey cumm 400 aadhar jode kii lambai key dohrao anukram rip key liye asurakshit hain. 80 pratishat taka nucleotide pehchaan key saath dohraya jaanaa bhee cheer key adheen hoe sakata haye. halanki dohrao pehchaan aur utparivartan key sateek tantra koo kharaab tareeke seey samajha gayaa haye, rip key parinamswarup kaee sankraman utparivartanon seey gujarane vaale baar-baar anukram hotey hain.
rip utparivartan baar-baar anukramon taka seemit naheen prateet hotey hain. vaastav mein, udaaharan key liye, phytopathogenic kavak mein. maculance, "rip utparivartan ekal prati kshetron mein paae jaate hain, joe doharaae gaye tatvon seey satey hotey hain. yeye kshetra yaa tou gair-sanketan kshetra hain yaa avirulance jeane sahit chhote sraavit protein koo kootbaddh karane vaale jeane hain.
inn ekal prati kshetron key bheetar rip kii degree punaraavritt tatvon key liye unaki nikatata key samanupati thee.
pratinidhi aur kistler ney anuman lagaaya haye kii transposan vaale atyadhik doharaae jaane vaale kshetron kii upasthiti, nivasi prabhaavak jeane key utparivartan koo badhaava dey sakati haye. isaliye aise kshetron key bheetar prabhaavak jeane kii upasthiti kaa sujhaav diyaa jaataa haye kii jaba way majboot chayan dabaav key sampark mein aatey hain tou unake anukoolan aur vividhikaran koo badhaava diyaa jaae.
jaisa kii rip utparivartan paaramparik roop seey doharaae jaane vaale kshetron taka seemit maanaa jaataa haye aur ekal pratilipi kshetron, foodle aadi taka seemit naheen haye."sujhaav diyaa kii rip utparivartan kaa risaav rip-prabhaavit punaravritti kii apekshaakrit cumm doori key bheetar hoe sakata haye. vaastav mein, yeh "aine" mein bataaya gayaa haye. crassa "jisake dwara padosi duplicate anukramon kii seema seey cumm seey cumm 930 bee. pee. ekal prati anukramon mein rip key risaav kaa pataa lagaaya gayaa thaa.
rip kii or leey jaane vaale baar-baar anukramon kaa pataa lagaane key tantra koo spasht karane key liye yeh samajhane kii anumati dey sakati haye kii paarshv anukram bhee kaise prabhaavit hoe sakate hain.
tantra.
rip punaravritti key bheetar jeeh see seey eh tii sankraman utparivartan kaa kaaran banata haye, haalaanki, doharaae gaye anukramon kaa pataa lagaane vaalaa tantra agyaat haye. rip key liye ekmatra gyaat protein aavashyak haye. yeh ack dee. aine. aeye. methyltransferase-jaisa protein haye, joe utparivartit honey yaa baahar nikalane parr rip key nuksan mein parinam detaa haye. aspergillus nidulance", "dee. aim. tii. aeye" mein "ridd" homolog koo hataane key parinamswarup prajanan kshamata mein kamee aatee haye, jabaki "ascobolus immersions", "mask1" mein "ridd" homolog koo hataane key parinamswarup prajanan dosh aur premiotically (aim. aaee. pee.) prerit methylation kii haani hoti haye.
parinam.
aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii rip pargamya tatvon key khilaf ack raksha tantra key roop mein vikasit huaa haye, joe genome key bheetar aakraman aur gunaa karke parjeeviyon seey milate-julate hain.
rip coding anukram mein kaee galat aur murkhtapurna utparivartan paida kartaa haye. doharaae jaane vaale anukramon mein jee-see seey aeye-tii kaa yeh atiparivartan anukram key karyatmak jeane utpaadon koo samaapt curr detaa haye (yadi shuru mein koee thaa). isake alawa, kaee see-assar vaale nucleotides methylated hoe jaate hain, iss prakaar pratilekhan cumm hoe jaataa haye.
aanvik jeev vigyaan mein upayog.
kyonki rip punaravritti kaa pataa lagaane aur utparivartan karane mein itna kushal haye, kavak jeevvigyaani aksar ise utparivartan key liye ack upkaran key roop mein upayog karate hain. ekal-prati jeane kii doosari prati koo pahale genome mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye. fafoond koo phir sambhog karna chaahiye aur rip machinary koo sakriya karane key liye apane yaun chakr seey gujarna chaahiye. duplicate jeane key bheetar kaee alag-alag utparivartan ack hii nishechan ghatana seey bhee praapt kiye jaate hain taaki nishkriya elil, aamtaur parr murkhtapurna utparivartan key kaaran, saath hii saath missense utparivartan vaale elil praapt kiye jaa sakein.
itihas.
ardhasutri vibhraya kii koshikiya prajanan prakriya kii khoj 1876 mein auskar heartwig dwara kii gaee thee. mitosis kii khoj kaee saal baad 1882 mein walter flaming dwara kii gaee thee.
heartwig ney samudri archin kaa adhyayan kiya aur dekhaa kii pratyek andey mein nishechan seey pahale ack naabhik aur usake baad dou naabhik hotey hain. iss khoj ney saabit curr diyaa kii ack shukranu ack andey koo nishechit curr sakata haye, aur isaliye ardhasutri vibhraya kii prakriya saabit hui. herman foll ney ack andey mein kaee shukranuon koo injection dene key prabhaavon kaa pareekshan karke heartwig key shodh koo jaari rakhaa, aur paaya kii yeh prakriya ack seey adhik shukranuon key saath kaam naheen karati thee.
flaming ney 1868 mein koshika vibhajan key baare mein apana shodh shuru kiya. iss samay avadhi mein koshikaon kaa adhyayan ack teji seey lokpriya vishay thaa. 1873 taka, snider ney pahale seey hii koshika vibhajan key charanon kaa varnan karna shuru curr diyaa thaa. flaming ney 1874 aur 1875 mein iss vivaran koo aage badhaaya kyonki unhone kadmon koo adhik vistaar seey samajhaaya. unhone snider key nishkarshon key saath yeh bhee tark diyaa kii naabhik vaastav mein dhaage mein alag hoe gayaa haye joe badale mein alag hoe gayaa haye. flaming ney nishkarsh nikala kii koshikaaen koshika vibhajan key madhyam seey pratikriti banaati hain, joe adhik vishisht mitosis haye.
mattheau messelson aur franklin stall koo dee. aine. aeye. pratikriti kii khoj kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. watson aur crick ney sweekaar kiya kii dee. aine. aeye. kii sanrachana seey sanket milata haye kii pratikriti prakriya kaa koee roop haye. haalaanki, watson aur crick key baad taka dee. aine. aeye. key iss pahalu parr bahut adhik shodh naheen kiya gayaa thaa. logon ney dee. aine. aeye. kii pratikriti prakriya nirdhaarit karane key sabhi sambhaavit tarikon parr vichaar kiya, lekin messelson aur stall taka koee bhee safal naheen huaa. messelson aur stall ney kissy dee. aine. aeye. mein ack bhaari samasthaanik kaa pravesh karaaya aur isake vitaran kaa pataa lagaaya. iss prayog key madhyam seey, messelson aur stall yeh saabit karane mein saksham they kii dee. aine. aeye. ardh-samvedi roop seey prajanan kartaa haye.