kaalpanik paatron key liye copyrite sanrakshan

saahityik, sangeet, naatakiya aur kalaatmak karyon sahit kaee prakaar kii kritiyon key rachnakaron key liye pratilipi adhikaar sanrakshan upalabdh haye. kaalpanik paatron koo copyrite sanrakshan key liye yogya karyon key roop mein maanyata iss samajh key saath aaee haye kii paatron koo mool karyon seey alag kiya jaa sakata haye jinamen way sannihit they aur baad key karyon mein visheshta karke ack nayaa jeevan praapt curr sakate hain.
sanyukt raajya america.
sanyukt raajya america mein, copyrite sanrakshan kaa laabh uthaane key liye, ack kaam mool honah chaahiye, arthaat isamen rachnaatmaktaa kaa ack tatva shamil honah chaahiye, aur ise ack thhos madhyam mein taya kiya jaanaa chaahiye. isake alawa, kewal vichaaron aur tathyon mein koee copyrite naheen hoe sakata haye, lekin kewal usee kii anoothi abhivyakti mein hoe sakata haye. 1976 key americi copyrite kaanoon mein spasht roop seey kaalpanik paatron kaa ullekh copyrite key vishay key roop mein naheen kiya gayaa haye, aur unaki copyrite yogyata samanya kaanoon kaa ack utpaad haye. aitihaasik roop seey, adalaton ney paatron koo badey sanrakshit kaary key bhaagon key roop mein copyrite sanrakshan pradaan kiya, naa kii swatantra rachanaon key roop mein. unhein 'copyrite kiye gaye karyon mein ghatak' key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa aur iss prakaar way suraksha key liye paatr they. paatron koo swatantra karyon key roop mein maanyata, joe usa kathaanak seey alag haye jisamen way moort roop mein they, kewal 1930 mein "nicholls banaam" key mamle mein aaya thaa. saarvbhaumik chitra.
nicholls" key baad, americi nyaypalika ney yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye dou mukhya pareekshan vikasit kiye hain kii kyaa kissy kaam mein ack charitra copyrite sanrakshan key liye paatr hoe sakata haye.
achchi tarah seey nirdhaarit pareekshan.
nicholls" mein, dusare paripath key liye sanyukt raajya kii appeal adalat ney vaadi key paatron koo iss aadhar parr suraksha seey incar curr diyaa kii way "spasht roop seey chitrit" naheen they, lekin kharaab roop seey vikasit they. vaadi key yahudi sajjan aur garib ayrish catholic ladki key charitra jinhen vaha pyaar kartaa thaa, unhein kewal 'prototype' seey adhik naheen maanaa jaataa thaa. nyayadhish ney kahaa kii charitra jitna cumm vikasit hoga, usee kii copyrite yogyata utani hii cumm hogi. isaliye copyrite sanrakshan kaa anand ack charitra dwara liya jaayega basharte kii yeh achchi tarah seey chitrit hoe. iss pareekshan koo lagu karke, copyrite sanrakshan koo taarzan key charitra mein rahane key liye aayojit kiya gayaa thaa kyonki yeh "paryaapt roop seey chitrit" paaya gayaa thaa.isi tarah, superman key charitra koo mool saahityik abhivyaktiyon aur ghatnaaon koo moort roop dene key aadhar parr achchi tarah seey chitrit kiya gayaa thaa, aur isaliye copyrite key yogya thaa.
iss drishtikon key tahat, teen-charaniya pareekshan kaa paalan karna aavashyak haye. sabse pahale, charitra mein bhautik aur vaichaarik visheshataaen honey chaahiye. doosara, charitra koo kaee avsaron parr ack hii charitra key roop mein pehchaane jaane key liye "paryaapt roop seey chitrit" kiya jaanaa chaahiye. isaliye usey susangat lakshan dikhaana chaahiye. anta mein, charitra "vishesh roop seey vishisht" honah chaahiye aur "abhivyakti key kuchh advitiya tatva honey chaahiye. charitra key lakshnon aur visheshtaon kii sthirata koo iss baat kaa pramukh kaarak maanaa jaataa haye kii kyaa charitra copyrite sanrakshan key liye yogya haye.
kahani koo pareekshan key roop mein bataaya jaa rhaa haye.
doosara drishtikon sanyukt raajya america kii appeal adalat dwara "warner brothers" mein nauvein circuit key liye prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa. vee. kolambiya prasaran pranali."nauvin circuit adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii ack charitra kewal tabhi copyrite sanrakshan kaa laabh uthaa sakata haye jaba vaha" "kahani bataai jaa rahee hoe. iss mamle mein, prashnagat charitra, malties baaz jasusi upanyaas kaa saim sped, kahani koo aage badhaane key liye ack "maatr vaahan" maanaa gayaa thaa. tadnusar, copyrite sanrakshan prabal naheen thaa. warner brothers" mein pakad."mamla" "saim sped test" "key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, yeh drishtikon copyrite sanrakshan kii anumati naheen detaa haye yadi charitra kahani kahane key khel mein kewal shatranj kaa khilaadi haye."
doosari or, yadi charitra kahani key liye kendriya haye, tou yeh copyrite yogya hoga. universal city studio banaam" key mamle mein. kaamar udyog "iss pareekshan koo usa ee koo rakhane key liye lagu kiya gayaa thaa.tii. yeh ack vishisht charitra thaa jisake ird-gird film kii kahani thee.tii. atirikt-sthaliya "ghoomata haye. isaliye, ee mein copyrite.tii. saarvbhaumik studio dwara anand lene key liye aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, aur prativaadiyon koo 'ee' sheershak key tahat vastuon key nirmaan aur bikri dwara studio key copyrite key ullanghan key liye uttardaayi thaharaaya gayaa thaa.tii. ghar key phone.
americi nyaypalika ney inn donon parikshanon kaa paalan kiya haye. aise kaee udaaharan bhee hain jahan adalat ney apane vishleshan mein donon parikshanon kaa upayog kiya haye. udaaharan key liye, "anderson vee stallon" mein, yeh maanaa gayaa thaa kii film key starr sylvester stallon dwara isi naam kii film franchisee mein nibhaae gaye charitra koo kuchh shaaririk lakshnon aur tarikon key saath pahachaana gayaa thaa joe ack achchi tarah seey chitrit charitra key roop mein yogya they. isake alawa, iss 'atyadhik vikasit' charitra koo kahani key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa. isi tarah, james bonned key charitra koo paryaapt roop seey chitrit honey key saath-saath kahani key kendra mein honey key aadhar parr copyrite sanrakshan seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh tathya kii charitra koo kaee abhinetaon dwara nibhaaya gayaa thaa, praasangik naheen maanaa gayaa thaa kyonki bandhan seey judee visheshataaen solah filmon mein susangat raheen theen.
drishya aur saahityik paatr.
copyrite sanrakshan una donon paatron key liye upalabdh haye jinhen poori tarah seey likhit roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, saath hii saath ack drishya yaa graphic roop mein chitrit paatron key liye bhee upalabdh haye. joe aavashyak haye vaha yeh haye kii prashn mein charitra mein mool yaa vishisht lakshnon kaa ack samooh haye, aur drishya pratinidhitva aavashyak naheen haye. udaaharan key liye, rung dwara maanav bhaavanaon key maanav aakriti sanskaranon kaa saral pratinidhitva advitiya charitra varnan lakshnon key binaa copyrite key liye paryaapt naheen haye. yadi saahityik charitra koo drishya roop mein chitrit naheen kiya gayaa haye, aur kewal kuchh panktiyon mein likhit roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, tou charitra copyrite kaa anand naheen leey sakata haye. doosari or, jahan paatr, jaise sherlock homes aur dow. watson koo kaafee vishisht paaya jaataa haye, unhein copyrite kaa vishay maanaa jaataa haye, bhale hii way kewal likhit roop mein houn. comic paatron koo copyrite sanrakshan diyaa jaa sakata haye jahaan bhautik aur vaichaarik visheshtaon koo graphic roop mein advitiya abhivyakti milati haye.
charitra kii pehchaan key ghatak.
kissy charitra kii pehchaan key vyaktigat ghatakon koo bhee copyrite sanrakshan diyaa jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, film "aeye diarmeyer onn elm street" mein virodhi dwara pahane gaye dastaane koo iss aadhar parr copyrite diyaa gayaa thaa kii isane charitra kii pehchaan karane mein madad kii, aur isaliye charitra seey alag ack alag suraksha kaa anand liya. isi tarah, superheiro batman kii kaar, batmobile, koo iss tathya key kaaran copyrite dwara sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa kii pahali baat yeh thee kii isamen vishisht lakshnon kaa ack sett thaa, aur doosari baat yeye kii inn lakshnon koo kaar key upayogitaavaadi karyon seey alag kiya jaa sakata thaa aur sachitra, murtikala aur graphic roop mein darshaaya jaa sakata thaa.
stock varna.
drishya ack nyaaypurna" siddhant kaa maanana haye kii way drishya yaa pahalu joe kahani key liye apariharya hain yaa maanak abhivyaktiyaan hain, unhein copyrite naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh seema kaalpanik paatron parr bhee lagu hoti haye. isaliye, stock paatr yaa mool aur hackney tatva iss tathya key kaaran sanrakshan seey ayogya thaharaae jaate hain kii way apani abhivyakti mein advitiya naheen hain.
ullanghan.
ack kaalpanik charitra key copyrite ullanghan key mamalon mein, americi adalaton dwara vikasit dou-charaniya pareekshan koo santusht kiya jaanaa chaahiye. sabse pahale, yeh sthaapit kiya jaanaa chaahiye kii prashn mein charitra copyrite honey mein saksham haye. doosara, yeh pradarshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye kii iss anoothi abhivyakti kaa ullanghan huaa haye. oopar bataae gaye chitran pareekshan aur kahani koo bataae jaane vaale parikshanon kaa upayog charitra kii copyrite yogyata nirdhaarit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, aur adalat koo yeh jaanchana chaahiye kii kyaa drishyon kii prayojyata key aadhar parr ack nyaaypurna siddhant key aadhar parr suraksha pradaan karane seey yeh pratibandhit haye. isake baad, vaastavik ullanghan kaa nirnay mool aur kathit roop seey ullanghan karane vaale kaam kii tulanaa karke kiya jaanaa haye, joe dikhane mein "paryaapt samaantaon" key saath-saath vyaktitva lakshnon mein bhee haye.
suraksha key anya srot.
kaalpanik paatron kaa sanrakshan americi kaanoon mein kuchh vaikalpik sroton seey bhee praapt kiya jaa sakata haye.
trademark kaanuunah trademark adhikaaron kaa anand ack kaalpanik charitra mein liya jaa sakata haye aur ise lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. trademark key ullanghan koo nirdhaarit karane key liye yeh dikhaaya jaanaa chaahiye kii kaalpanik charitra ney ack "maadhyamik arth" praapt curr liya haye, aur prativaadi key nishan seey janata key liye bhram kii sambhavana haye joe mool key samaan haye. miki mouse jaise paatron koo iss tarah key ack maadhyamik arth praapt karane key liye maanaa gayaa haye aur iss prakaar trademark kaanoon key tahat sanrakshit hain.
prachaar kaa adhikaarah yeh adhikaar nijata key atyachar mein apani utpatti kaa pataa lagaata haye aur dusaron koo apane naam aur samaantaa kaa vyaavsaayik roop seey shoshan karane seey rokane kaa adhikaar haye. ack naatak mein paatron key roop mein marks bhaaiyon key chitran koo unake prachaar key adhikaar kaa ullanghan maanaa gayaa thaa.
dilutionah trademark kaanoon mein isaki jadon key saath ack aur upaay dilution haye. mund karane key siddhant key tahat, vaadi charitra key moolya koo cumm karane key liye raahat kii maang curr sakata haye. iss siddhant koo superman sahit kaalpanik paatron key sanrakshan key liye lagu kiya gayaa haye. dee. see. comics vee. mein. aseemit bandar vyavasaay, "prativaadiyon kii veshbhusha superman charitra mein vaadi key trademark key kamjor honey kii sambhavana prastut karane key liye paaee gaee thee.
gabanah kaalpanik paatron key gaban key liye bahas karane key liye, vaadi koo yeh pradarshit karna chaahiye kii pahala, usake dwara paryaapt samay aur prayaas kaa nivesh kiya gayaa haye, doosara, prativaadi ney aise nivesh key utpaad koo viniyojit kiya haye, aur teesara, iss tarah key viniyog ney vaadi koo nuksan pahunchaaya haye. vaadi key samachar bulletin lene aur usake pratiyogiyon koo bechane kii kaarravaai koo gaban kaa mamla maanaa gayaa thaa.
bhaarat.
bhaaratiya copyrite adhiniyam, 1957 kii dhaara 13 mool saahityik, kalaatmak, sangeet aur naatakiya karyon key saath-saath dhwani recording aur chhayankan filmon mein copyrite kii anumati detee haye. kaanoon kaalpanik paatron koo copyrite key vishay key roop mein maanyata naheen detaa haye, aur usee key liye sanrakshan nyayadhish-nirmit kaanoon seey praapt hotaa haye.
pahala udaaharan jahaan iss mudde koo prakaash mein laaya gayaa thaa, vaha thaa "malyala manorama banaam thomas". keral uchch nyayalaya ney abhinirdhaarit kiya kii prativaadi key paas apane cartoon paatron mein copyrite haye joe usane vaadi key rojgar mein pravesh karane seey pahale banaaya thaa.
baad mein, dilli uchch nyayalaya ney "raajaa pockett books banaam radha pockett books" mein paaya kii vaadi key comic charitra mein herpatologist 'nagraj' key copyrite kaa ullanghan prativaadi key charitra 'nagesh' dwara unake sambandhit paatron key naamon mein shabdarth aur dhvanyaatmak samaantaon key saath-saath unake drishya pratinidhitva aur vaichaarik visheshtaon key aadhar parr kiya gayaa thaa.
haalaanki, "vee. tii. thomas" mein adalat ney paatron mein swatantra copyrite parr charcha naheen kii kyonki yeh mamla copyrite key swaamitva key mudde seey sambandhit thaa. isake alawa, ullanghan key nishkarsh parr pahunchane key liye "raajaa pockett books" mein tulanaatmak vishleshan adalat dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen pahale yeh kahaa gayaa thaa kii copyrite vaadi key charitra mein nihit haye.
isaliye, bhaarat mein, yeh nihit kiya jaa sakata haye kii copyrite sanrakshan kaalpanik paatron key liye upalabdh haye, lekin nyaypalika ney abhee taka iss sanrakshan kaa laabh uthaane key liye koee mandand nirdhaarit naheen kiya haye.
vaikalpik suraksha.
bhaarat mein, vyaapaar-chihn kaanoon kaa sahaara liya jaa sakata haye joe yeh maanata haye kii kaalpanik paatr sadbhavana kaa anand lete hain, aur 'charitra vyaapaar' key mamalon key liye raahat pradaan kartaa haye. charitra vyaapaar koo "starr india private" limitted banaam leo bernet (india) private limitted key mamle mein inn kaalpanik paatron koo licenses dekar kaalpanik paatron key shoshan koo shamil karane key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. charitra vyaapaar key liye ack poorv shart yeh haye kii vyaapaar key liye charitra koo mool utpaad seey swatantra roop seey kuchh saarvajanik maanyata praapt honey chaahiye, jisamen yeh dikhaai detaa haye. iss mamle mein, vaadi key paatron koo ack vastu key roop mein swatantra maanyata praapt naheen hui thee, aur isaliye prativaadiyon dwara charitra vyaapaar key liye mukadama whiffle hoe gayaa.

