
bhroon

bhroon yaa bhroon (bahuvachan bhroon, bhroon, bhroon yaa bhroon) vaha ajanme bachche hain joe ack pashu bhroon seey vikasit hotey hain. bhroon key vikas key baad bhroon key vikas kaa charan hotaa haye. maanav prasavpurv vikas mein, bhroon kaa vikas nishechan key baad nauvein saptah (yaa gyaarahaven saptah kii garbhavastha kii umr) seey shuru hotaa haye aur janm taka jaari rahata haye. prasavpurv vikas ack nirantarta haye, jisamen bhroon koo bhroon seey alag karane vaali koee spasht paribhaashit visheshta naheen haye. haalaanki, ack bhroon kii visheshta shareer key sabhi pramukh angon kii upasthiti haye, halanki way abhee taka poori tarah seey vikasit aur karyatmak naheen honge aur kuchh abhee taka apane antim shaaririk sthaan parr sthit naheen hain.
vyutpatti.
bhroon" shabd (bahuvachan "bhroon" yaa "bhroon") lattin "fatus" ("santan", "janm", "yuva koo janm denaa") aur yunani "φyτο" paudhe seey sambandhit haye. bhroon" shabd kaa upayog ovid dwara "metamorphosis", pustak 1, pankti 104 mein kiya gayaa thaa.
pramukh british, ayrish aur rashtramandal vartani "bhroon" haye, joe cumm seey cumm 1594 seey upayog mein haye. "-oe-" key saath vartani lattin key anta mein utpann hui, jisamen swar dhwaniyon "-oe-" aur "-e-" key beach kaa antar khou gayaa thaa. yeh vartani adhikansh rashtramandal deshon mein sabse aam haye, sivaay chikitsa saahitya key, jahan "bhroon" kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. adhik shaastriya vartani "bhroon" kaa upayog kanada aur sanyukt raajya america mein kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, "bhroon" abb chikitsa patrikaon mein duniya bhar mein maanak angreji vartani haye. bhroon" vartani kaa upayog aitihaasik roop seey bhee kiya jaataa thaa.
manushyon mein vikas.
saptah 9 seey 16 (2 seey 3.6 maheene).
manushyon mein, bhroon avastha nishechan key nau saptah baad shuru hoti haye. bhroon key charan kii shuruat mein, bhroon aamtaur parr mukut-gaanth seey lagbhag lambai mein hotaa haye, aur iska vajan lagbhag 8 graam hotaa haye. sir bhroon key aakar kaa lagbhag aadhaa hissa banaata haye. oxygen praapt karane key bajaay, fefadon key vikas kii uttejana key liye bhroon kii saans jaisi harkatein aavashyak hain. hriday, haath, pair, mastishk aur anya anga maujood hotey hain, lekin kewal vikas kii shuruat mein hotey hain aur unakaa operation nyuntam hotaa haye.
vikas key iss bindu parr, aniyantrit andolan aur jhunjhuni hoti haye kyonki maanspeshiyaan, mastishk aur maarg vikasit honey lagate hain.
saptah 17 seey 25 (3.6 seey 6.6 maheene).
pahali baar garbhavati mahila (naliperas) aamtaur parr lagbhag 21 saptah mein bhroon kii gatividhiyon koo mahsoos karati haye, jabaki ack mahila jisane pahale janm diyaa haye, vaha aamtaur parr 20 saptah taka gatividhiyon koo mahsoos karegi. paanchven maheene key anta taka bhroon lagbhag lamba hoe jaataa haye.
26 seey 38 saptah (6.6 seey 8.6 maheene).
shareer mein vasaa kii matra teji seey badh jaati haye. fefde poori tarah seey paripakva naheen hotey hain. samvedi prantstha aur thalamus key beach tantrika sambandh garbhavastha kii umr key 24 saptah key roop mein vikasit hotey hain, lekin unake kaary kaa pahala pramaan lagbhag 30 saptah taka naheen hotaa haye, jaba nyuntam chetna, sapana dekhana aur dard mahsoos karane kii kshamata ubharati haye. haddiyaan poori tarah seey vikasit hoti hain lekin phir bhee naram aur naram hoti hain. loha, calcium aur phosphorus adhik prachur matra mein hoe jaate hain. ungaliyon key nakhun ungaliyon key anta taka pahunch jaate hain. lanugo, yaa maheen baal, taba taka gayab honey lagate hain jaba taka kii yeh oopari baahon aur kandhon koo chhodkar gayab naheen hoe jaataa haye. stun kii chhoti kaliyaan donon lingon mein maujood hoti hain. sir key baal motey aur motey hoe jaate hain. janm nikat haye aur nishechan key baad 38vein saptah key aspas hotaa haye. bhroon koo 37 aur 40 saptah key beach poorna avadhi maanaa jaataa haye jaba yeh garbhashay key baahar jeevan key liye paryaapt roop seey vikasit hotaa haye. janm key samay isaki lambai hoe sakati haye. janm key samay andolan kaa niyantran seemit hotaa haye, aur uddeshyapurna swaichhik andolan yuvavastha taka vikasit hotey rahate hain.
vriddhi mein bhinnata.
maanav bhroon key vikas mein bahut bhinnata hoti haye. jaba bhroon kaa aakar apekshit seey cumm hotaa haye, tou sthiti koo antargarbhashayi vikas pratibandh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye jise bhroon vikas pratibandh bhee kahaa jaataa haye; bhroon key vikas koo prabhaavit karane vaale kaarak "maatri", "placental" yaa "bhroon" hoe sakate hain.
maatri karakon mein maatri vajan, shareer dravyamaan soochkaank, poshan kii sthiti, bhaavnaatmak tanaav, vishaakt padaarth (tambaku, sharaab, heroin aur anya davaaon sahit joe anya tarikon seey bhroon koo nuksan pahuncha sakati hain), aur garbhashay rakt pravaah shamil hain.
placental karakon mein aakar, sookshm sanrachana (ghanatva aur vastukala), naabhi rakt pravaah, parivahan aur bandhan protein, poshak tatvon kaa upayog aur poshak tatvon kaa utpaadan shamil hain.
bhroon key karakon mein bhroon kaa genome, poshak tatvon kaa utpaadan aur harmon utpaadan shamil hain. saath hii, mahila bhroon kaa vajan purushon kii tulanaa mein cumm hotaa haye, poorna avadhi mein.
bhroon key vikas koo aksar nimnanusar vargeekrit kiya jaataa haih garbhavastha kii umr (aiss. jee. aeye.) key liye chhota, garbhavastha kii umr (aeye. jee. aeye.) key liye upayukt, aur garbhavastha kii umr (ell. jee. aeye.) key liye badaa. janm key samay janm key samay cumm vajan hoe sakata haye, halanki samay seey pahale janm lene seey janm key samay cumm vajan bhee hoe sakata haye. janm key samay cumm vajan honey seey prasav mrityu darr (janm key turant baad mrityu), shwasavarodh, hypothermia, polycythemia, hypocalcemia, pratiraksha shithilata, tantrika sambandhi asaamaanyataon aur anya deerghakaalik swaasthya samasyaon kaa khatra badh jaataa haye. aiss. jee. aeye. vikas mein deree seey judaa hoe sakata haye, yaa isake bajaay yeh vikas key poorna avikasit honey seey judaa hoe sakata haye.
vyavaharyata.
bhroon kii vyavaharyata bhroon key vikas mein ack bindu koo sandarbhit karati haye jiss parr bhroon garbh key baahar jeevit reh sakata haye. vyavaharyata kii nichali seema lagbhag maheenon kii garbhavastha kii umr haye aur aamtaur parr baad mein hoti haye.
vikas, ayu yaa vajan kii koee tej seema naheen haye jiss parr bhroon swachaalit roop seey vyavharya hoe jaataa haye. 2003 seey 2005 taka key aankadon key anusaar, garbhavastha key 23 saptah (maheene) mein paida hue shishuon key liye jeevit rahane kii darr 20-35% haye; 24-25 saptah (6-maheene) mein 50-70%; aur 26-27 saptah (-maheene) aur usase adhik mein> 90% haye. yeh durlabh haye kii ack bachcha jeevit rahane seey cumm vajan kaa hoe.
jaba aise samay seey pahale paida honey vaale bachche paida hotey hain, tou mrityu darr key mukhya kaaran shwasan pranali aur kendriya tantrika pranali poori tarah seey alag naheen hotey hain. yadi prasav key baad visheshagya dekhbhal dee jaati haye, tou kuchh samay seey pahale paida honey vaale bachche joe cumm vajan key hotey hain, jeevit reh sakate hain, aur unhein "janm key samay behad cumm vajan" yaa "aparipakva shishu" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.
samay seey pahale janm shishu mrityu darr kaa sabse aam kaaran haye, jisase lagbhag 30 pratishat navjat mrityu hoti haye. sabhi prasavon mein 5 seey 18 pratishat kii ghatana darr parr, yeh postmature janm kii tulanaa mein bhee adhik aam haye, joe 3 seey 12 pratishat garbhadharanon mein hotaa haye.
parisancharan pranali.
janm seey pahale.
parisancharan pranali key hriday aur rakt vaahikaaen bhroon key vikas key dauran apekshaakrit jaldi banati hain, lekin badhate bhroon mein jatilata mein badhati aur vikasit hoti rahati hain. ack karyatmak parisancharan pranali ack javic aavashyakta haye kyonki standhari ootak sakriya rakt aapoorti key binaa kuchh koshika paraton seey adhik motee naheen hoe sakati hain. prasavpurv rakt parisancharan prasavottar parisancharan seey alag hotaa haye, mukhya roop seey kyonki fefde upayog mein naheen hotey hain. garbh maan seey garbhanal aur naabhi key madhyam seey oxygen aur poshak tatva praapt kartaa haye.
naal seey rakt garbhanal dwara bhroon taka leey jaaya jaataa haye. iska lagbhag aadhaa hissa bhroon "ductus venosus" mein pravesh kartaa haye aur ise nimnatar vena kaava mein leey jaaya jaataa haye, jabaki doosara aadhaa yakrit kii nimnatam seema seey yakrit mein pravesh kartaa haye. naabhi nus kii shakha joe yakrit key daahine hisse kii aapoorti karati haye, pahale portal nus key saath juda jaati haye. rakt taba hriday key daahine alind mein chalaa jaataa haye. bhroon mein, daaen aur baaen alind ("foramen owell") key beach ack dwaar hotaa haye, aur adhikansh rakt daaen seey baaen alind mein bahata haye, iss prakaar fuffusiya parisancharan koo darkinar curr detaa haye. adhikansh rakt pravaah baaen nilay mein hotaa haye jahan seey ise mahadhamani key madhyam seey shareer mein pump kiya jaataa haye. kuchh rakt mahadhamani seey aantarik iliac dhamniyon key madhyam seey naabhi dhamniyon mein jaataa haye aur naal mein phir seey pravesh kartaa haye, jahaan bhroon seey carbon dioxide aur anya apashisht utpaadon koo liya jaataa haye aur maan key parisancharan mein pravesh kiya jaataa haye.
daahine alind seey kuchh rakt baaen alind mein pravesh naheen kartaa haye, lekin daahine nilay mein pravesh kartaa haye aur fuffusiya dhamani mein pump kiya jaataa haye. bhroon mein, fuffusiya dhamani aur mahadhamani key beach ack vishesh sambandh hotaa haye, jise "ductus arteriosus" kahaa jaataa haye, joe iss rakt key adhikansh hisse koo fefadon seey door leey jaataa haye (joe iss bindu parr shwasan key liye upayog naheen kiya jaa rhaa haye kyonki bhroon koo amneotic drav mein nilambit kiya jaataa haye).
prasav key baad kaa vikas.
janm key baad pahali saans key saath, pranali achaanak badal jaati haye. fuffusiya pratirodh naatakiya roop seey cumm hoe jaataa haye, jisase hriday key daahine alind aur nilay seey fuffusiya dhamniyon mein adhik rakt jaane key liye prerit hotaa haye aur "foramen owell" key madhyam seey baaen alind mein cumm pravaahit hotaa haye. fefadon seey rakt fuffusiya nason key madhyam seey baaen alind taka jaataa haye, jisase dabaav mein vriddhi hoti haye joe "septum primum" koo "septum secondum" key khilaf dhakelata haye, "foramen owell" koo bund kartaa haye aur navjat key parisancharan pranali koo maanak baaen aur daaen pakshon mein alag kartaa haye. isake baad, "foramen owell" koo "fosa ovalis" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
ductus arteriosus" aam taur parr janm key ack yaa dou dinon key bheetar bund hoe jaataa haye, "ligamentum arteriosum" chhod detaa haye, jabaki naabhi nus aur "ductus venosus" aamtaur parr janm key dou seey paanch dinon key bheetar bund hoe jaate hain, jisase kramshah yakrit kaa "ligamentum terres" aur "ligamentum venosus" nickle jaataa haye.
pratiraksha pranali.
naal sookshmajeevon key sancharan key khilaf maatri-bhroon baadha key roop mein kaary karati haye. jaba yeh aparyaapt hotaa haye, tou maan seey bachche mein sankraamak rogon kaa sancharan hoe sakata haye.
maatri igg antibody garbhanal koo paar karate hain, jisase bhroon koo una beemariyon key khilaf nishkriya pratiraksha milati haye jinake liye maan key paas antibody hoti haye. manushyon mein antibody kaa yeh hastaantaran paanchven maheene (garbhavastha kii umr) seey shuru hotaa haye aur nishchit roop seey chhathe maheene taka.
vikasatmak samasyaaen.
ack vikaasheel bhroon apane vikas aur chayapachaya mein visangatiyon key liye atyadhik atisamvedansheel hotaa haye, jisase janm doshon kaa khatra badh jaataa haye. garbhavastha key dauran kiye gaye jeevan shally key vikalp chinta kaa ack kshetra haye. vikas key praarambhik charanon mein aahar vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna haye. adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii folic acid key saath vyakti key aahar key poorak seey spina bifida aur anya tantrika nully doshon kaa khatra cumm hoe jaataa haye. ack anya aahar chinta yeh haye kii kyaa nashta kiya jaataa haye. nashte koo chhodane seey maatri rakt mein samanya poshak tatvon kii tulanaa mein cumm avadhi hoe sakati haye, jisase samay seey pahale yaa janm doshon kaa adhik khatra hoe sakata haye.
sharaab kaa sevan bhroon sharaab syndrome key vikas key jokhim koo badhaa sakata haye, ack aisee sthiti joe kuchh shishuon mein bauddhik akshamta kii or leey jaati haye. garbhavastha key dauran dhumrapan seey garbhpaat aur janm key samay cumm vajan (janm key samay cumm vajan) bhee hoe sakata haye. cumm janm vajan inn shishuon kii pravritti key kaaran chikitsa pradaataon key liye ack chinta kaa vishay haye, jinhen vajan key aadhar parr "samay seey pahale" bataaya gayaa haye, jisamen maadhyamik chikitsa samasyaon kaa adhik jokhim hotaa haye.
aiks-ray bhroon key vikas parr sambhaavit pratikool prabhaav key liye jaane jaate hain, aur laabhon key khilaf jokhimon koo taula jaanaa chaahiye.
janm seey pahale janmajaat vikaar praapt hoe jaate hain. kuchh janmajaat hriday dosh vaale shishu kewal taba taka jeevit reh sakate hain jaba taka ductus khula rahata haih aise mamalon mein prostaglandin key prashaasan dwara ductus key bund honey mein deree kii jaa sakati haye taaki visangatiyon key shalya chikitsa sudhaar key liye paryaapt samay mill sakey. isake vipareet, patent ductus arteriosus key mamalon mein, jahaan ductus thheek seey bund naheen hotaa haye, prostaglandin sanshleshan koo rokane vaali davaaon kaa upayog isake bund honey koo protsaahit karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, taaki sergery seey bachaa jaa sakey.
anya hriday janm doshon mein nilay septal dosh, fuffusiya attraria aur follot kii tetrology shamil hain.
ack pett kii garbhavastha key parinamswarup bhroon kii mrityu hoe sakati haye aur jahaan yeh shayed hii kabhi hull naheen hotaa haye, yeh ack lithopedian mein isake gathan kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye.
bhroon dard.
bhroon dard key astitva aur nihitarth parr raajneetik aur shaikshanik roop seey bahas kii jaati haye. 2005 mein prakaashit ack sameeksha key nishkarsh key anusaar, "bhroon key dard kii kshamata key baare mein sakshya seemit haye lekin yeh ingit kartaa haye kii teesari timahi seey pahale bhroon kii dard kii dhaarana kii sambhavana naheen haye."halanki, vikasatmak tantrika jeevvigyaani tark dete hain kii dard kii bhroon kii dhaarana key sambandh mein thalamocortical connection (lagbhag maheenon mein) kii sthaapana ack aavashyak ghatana haye. phir bhee, dard kii dhaarana mein samvedi, bhaavnaatmak aur sangyanatmak kaarak shamil hotey hain aur yeh jaanana "asambhav" haye kii dard kaba anubhav kiya jaataa haye, bhale hii yeh taba bhee gyaat hoe jaba thalamocortical connection sthaapit hoe jaate hain. kuchh lekhakon kaa tark haye kii garbh key dusare bhaag seey bhroon kaa dard sambhav haye. sakshya bataate hain kii garbh mein dard kii dhaarana dair seey garbhavastha seey pahale hoti haye. 
kyaa bhroon mein dard aur peedaa mahsoos karane kii kshamata haye, yeh garbhpaat bahas kaa hissa haye. udaaharan key liye, sanyukt raajya mein, [garbhpaat virodhi andolan].garbhpaat-virodhi adhivaktaon ney] prastaavit kaanoon banaaya haye jisamen garbhpaat pradaataon koo garbhavati mahilaaon koo soochit karane kii aavashyakta hogi kii unake bhroon koo prakriya key dauran dard mahsoos hoe sakata haye aur isake liye pratyek vyakti koo bhroon key liye [anaesthesia] sweekaar karane yaa aswikar karane kii aavashyakta hogi.
kanuni aur samajik mudde.
[[garbhpaat kaanoon.adhikansh deshon mein maanav garbhavastha kaa garbhpaat kanuni haye aur/yaa sahan kiya jaataa haye, halanki garbhavastha key samay kii seema key saath joe aam taur parr baad mein garbhpaat parr pratibandh lagaati haye..dair seey garbhpaat] s.
anya janwar.
[[chhavih elephatus.jey. pee. jee..angootha.sahee.300 pee. aiks..janm seey pahale haathi key vikas key chaudah charan]]
bhroon prasavpurv vikas (jeev vigyaan) kaa ack charan haye..[[jeevaj]] jeevon kaa prasavpurv vikas.] yeh avastha [[bhrunjanan]] aur janm key beach sthit haye. kaee kasheruki jeevon mein bhroon key charan hotey hain, jinamen adhikansh standhaariyon seey laker kaee machhaliyan hoti hain. isake alawa, kuchh aksheruki jeevit yuva bhalu dhaaran karate hain, jinamen [[onicophora]] kii kuchh prajaatiyan aur kaee [[arthropod]] shamil hain.
adhikansh standhaariyon key bhroon apani maataon key bheetar maanav bhroon key samaan sthit hotey hain. haalaanki, bhroon key aspas key kshetra kii shareer rachana alag haye [[kachra (janwar)].manushyon kii tulanaa mein kachra-dhaaran karane vaale jaanavarah kachra-dhaaran karane vaale janwar kaa pratyek bhroon placental [[javic ootak] seey ghiraa hotaa haye..] aur ack maanav mahila mein paae jaane vaale ekal garbhashay key bajaay dou lambe garbhashayon mein seey ack key saath rakhaa jaataa haye.
janm key samay vikas jaanvaron key beach aur standhaariyon key beach bhee kaafee bhinn hotaa haye. [[[vaikalpik]] prajaatiyan janm key samay apekshaakrit asahaay hoti hain aur unhein maataa-pitaa kii kaafee dekhbhal aur suraksha kii aavashyakta hoti haye. isake vipareet, [[poorv-samajik]] janwar khuli aankho key saath paida hotey hain, unake baal yaa neeche hotey hain, unake dimag badey hotey hain, aur turant gatishil hotey hain aur kuchh hudd taka unase bhaagne yaa khud koo bachaane mein saksham hotey hain, [shikaar].shikari]. [[primate]] janm key samay purvasaamaajik hotey hain, manushyon key apavaad key saath.
garbh kii avadhi [placentalia].placental standhari] [[koodane vaale choohon] mein 18 dinon seey laker [[haathi] mein 23 maheenon taka bhinn hotey hain. aam taur parr, badey bhoomi standhaariyon key bhrunon koo lambe samay taka garbhadhaaran kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
[[chhavih valembrio 2.jpg.angootha.baaen.bhroon kaa charan [[porpois]]]]]
bhroon avastha key laabhon kaa matlab haye kii jaba bachche paida hotey hain tou way adhik vikasit hotey hain. isaliye, unhein maataa-pitaa kii cumm dekhbhal kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye aur way khud koo behtar tareeke seey sambhal sakate hain. haalaanki, bhroon koo leey jaane kii laagat maan parr padati haye, jise apani santan key vikas koo badhaava dene key liye atirikt bhojan lena padata haye, aur jisaki gatishilata aur aaraam prabhaavit hoe sakata haye (vishesh roop seey bhroon key charan key anta mein).
kuchh udaharanon mein, bhroon avastha kii upasthiti jeevon koo apani santan key janm koo anukool mausam mein samay dene kii anumati dey sakati haye.
baahari link.
[[vargah pashu vikasatmak jeev vigyaan]]
[[vargah bhroon vigyaan]]
[[vargah prajanan kshamata]]

