
tepzaridae

tepzaridae (ack tupi shabd seey jiska arth haye "purana prani") cretaceous kaal key terrodectyloid pectorosaurs kaa ack parivaar haye. vartamaan mein sadasya brazil, ingland, hangri, morakko, spen, sanyukt raajya america aur chean seey jaane jaate hain. sabse adim vansh chean mein paae gaye they, joe darshaata haye kii parivaar kaa mool asiai haye.
varnan.
tapezarid chhote seey madhyam aakar key terosaur they, jinamen kaee anoothi, saajha visheshtaen theen, joe mukhya roop seey khopadi seey sambandhit theen. adhikansh tapezarid mein thoothan seey utpann honey vaalaa ack asthi shikhar hotaa thaa (jyaadaatar jabade key oopari sire kii premaxillary haddiyon dwara banaaya jaataa haye). kuchh prajaatiyon mein, iss asthi shikhar ney naram, reshedar ootak key ack aur badey shikhar koo sahaara diyaa haye joe khopadi key saath vaapas failata haye. tapezarid koo unake badey naason-netra-sambandhi fenestra dwara bhee chihnit kiya jaataa haye, joe aankho key saamane khopadi mein mukhya dwaar haye, joe iss parivaar mein poori khopadi kii cumm seey cumm aadhi lambai taka faila huaa haye. unaki aankho key saaket chhote aur nashpati key aakar key they. tapezarid mastishk key mamalon key adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii unaki drishti anya petrosar samoohon kii tulanaa mein bahut achchi thee, aur shayed shikaar karate samay yaa apani prajaati key anya sadasyon key saath baatchit karate samay lagbhag vishesh roop seey drishti parr nirbhar thee. tapezarid mein asamanya roop seey kandhe key kamarband cumm hoe gaye they joe dhad parr neeche gir gaye honge, jisake parinamswarup pankh joe peechhe key bajaay pett key paas seey nikalate they, ack "neeche kii talhati" vyavastha joe kuchh vimaanon kii yaad dilaati haye.
jeev vigyaan.
aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii tapezarid vrikshavanshiya they, anya azdarcoid pectorosaurs kii tulanaa mein adhik ghumaavdaar panje they aur anya vrikshavanshi udane vaale kasheruki jaise praarambhik pakshiyon key saath jeevaashm sthalon mein adhik aam roop seey paae jaate hain. tapezarid key lambe samay seey unake tote jaise chonch key aadhar parr mitavyayi yaa sarvabhakshi honey kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa haye. paadap-khaane key liye pratyaksh pramaan "sinopterus" key ack namoone mein gyaat haye joe pett guha mein beejon koo sanrakshit kartaa haye. dha barramian-
kuchh tapezarid kaa aptian vitaran aanshik roop seey angiosperms key pahale vikiran charan seey bhee judaa hoe sakata haye, vishesh roop seey clitzshophilites vansh kaa joe ack adhik besal angiosperms kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye.
yeh maanate hue kii thalasdromine tapezarid hain, iss vansh mein raptorial, macroprodatory prajaatiyan bhee shamil theen joe aanupaatik roop seey badey shikaar kaa shikaar karane key liye anukoolit theen.
vargeekaran.
tepzaridae koo 1989 mein alekjendar kellner dwara "tepzara" aur "tupuxuara" donon vaale vansh key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa, saath hii unake sabse haal key samanya poorvaj key sabhi vanshaj. jaisa kii mool roop seey kalpana kii gaee thee, yeh dou upa-parivaaron seey banaa thaah tepzarine, jisamen "tepzara" aur isake karibi rishtedaar shamil they, aur thalasodromine, jisamen "thalasodromius" aur "tupuxuara" shamil they.
kuchh adhyayanon, jaise kii 2008 mein ack-ack karke kiye gaye adhyayanon mein paaya gayaa haye kii thalasdromine tapezarid kii tulanaa mein azdarkids seey adhik nikatata seey sambandhit hain, aur unhein apane parivaar mein rakhaa haye (jise kabhi-kabhi tupuxuridae key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye, halanki thalasdromini koo pahale naam diyaa gayaa thaa). cumm seey cumm ack adhyayan mein yeh bhee paaya gayaa haye kii chaoyangopteridae, joe aksar azdarkids key karib paaya jaataa haye, tepzaridae key bheetar ack vansh kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, joe thalasodromine kii tulanaa mein tapezarines seey adhik nikatata seey sambandhit haye. felip pinhiro aur unake sahyogiyon (2011) ney iss kaaran seey samooh koo tepzaridae, chaoyangopterine key upa-parivaar key roop mein punah vargeekrit kiya.
ack dusare key saath aur anya azdarcoid pectorosaurs key saath tapezarids key sateek sambandh aitihaasik roop seey aspasht rahey hain, vibhinn adhyayanon seey kaafee alag cladogram (parivarik pedh) kaa utpaadan hotaa haye. yeh bhee spasht naheen haye kii kaun seey pectorosaur tepzaridae seey sambandhit hain; kuchh shodhkartaon ney thalasodromines aur chaoyangopterin koo iss parivaar key sadasya paaya haye, jabaki anya adhyayanon mein paaya gayaa haye kii way azdarkids (clade neoazdarchia mein) seey adhik nikatata seey sambandhit hain. kaee adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii paaramparik roop seey soche jaane vaale "tapezarid" (yaani, "tepzara" aur "tupuxuara" donon key utkrisht udaharanon sahit) paraphylatic hain, aur ack praakritik samooh naheen banaate hain, balki isake bajaay pedh kii kramik shaakhaon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. iss khoj key aalok mein, samooh seey judey kaee paaramparik naamon koo phir seey paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. martle aur naish ney tepzaridae key liye ack sanshodhit paribhasha kaa prastaav rakhaa, kyonki sabhi prajaatiyan "quetzalcoatlus" kii tulanaa mein "tepzara" seey adhik nikatata seey sambandhit hain. andress aur unake sahyogiyon ney iss prastaav kaa paalan naheen kiya, isake bajaay aupchaarik roop seey tepzaridae koo clade "tepzara" + "sinopterus" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya. unhone tepzarine koo "sinopterus" kii tulanaa mein "tepzara" key karib sabhi prajaatiyon key roop mein phir seey paribhaashit kiya, aur "tepzara" aur "tupandactylus" key antim samanya poorvaj key sabhi vanshajon koo shamil karane key liye ack nayaa vansh, tepzarini jodaa.
neeche dou vaikalpik cladogram diye gaye hainh pahala, 2014 mein andress aur sahyogiyon dwara prastut, clade key aadhar parr tapezarid kaa ack samooh paaya gayaa, jisamen thalasodromine azdarkids, chaoyangopterids aur dsungripterids seey adhik nikatata seey sambandhit they, yeye sabhi samooh neoazdarchia key bheetar they. unakaa cladogram baain or dikhaaya gayaa haye. halanki, baad mein, kaee adhyayanon ney kellner kii samooh kii avagya kaa samarthan karna shuru curr diyaa thaa, jiska arth haye kii thalasodrominae key sadasyon koo iss samooh key bheetar punah vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. inmein seey ack adhyayan kaa ack udaaharan 2019 mein kellner aur unake sahyogiyon dwara kiya gayaa haye. daaeen or cladogram unake jatijanya vishleshan koo darshaata haye. 2021 mein ack nayaa adhyayan sabse poorna tepzaridae parr kendrit haye, ack kankal "tupandactylus navigans", 2019 topology kii pushti kartaa haye."
topology 1: andress aur sahakarmi (2014).
topology 2: kellner aur sahakarmi (2019).

