roentgenium

roentgenium ack rasayanik tatva haye jiska prateek rg aur paramanu sankhya 111 haye. yeh ack atyant radiodharmi synthetic tatva haye jise prayogshala mein banaaya jaa sakata haye lekin prakriti mein naheen paaya jaataa haye. sabse sthir gyaat isotope, roentgenium-282 kaa aadhaa jeevan 100 sekand kaa hotaa haye, halanki apusht roentgenium-286 kaa aadhaa jeevan lagbhag 10.7 minut kaa hoe sakata haye. roentgenium pahali baar 1994 mein germany key darmstad key paas bhaari aayan anusandhaan key liye jee. aiss. aaee. helmholtz kendra dwara banaaya gayaa thaa. iska naam bhautik vigyaani wilhelm rontgen (jise roentgen bhee kahaa jaataa haye) key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye, jinhone aiks-ray kii khoj kii thee. kewal kuchh roentgenium parmaanuon koo kabhi sanshleshit kiya gayaa haye, aur unakaa koee vartamaan vyaavhaarik anuprayog naheen haye.
aavart saarani mein, yeh ack dee-block transactinide tatva haye. yeh 7veen avadhi kaa sadasya haye aur ise samooh 11 tatvon mein rakhaa gayaa haye, halanki yeh pushti karane key liye koee rasayanik prayog naheen kiya gayaa haye kii yeh samooh 11 mein sankraman dhatuon kii 6dee shrinkhala key nauvein sadasya key roop mein soney key liye bhaari samroopata key roop mein vyavhaar kartaa haye. roentgenium kii ganana isake halke samroopata, tamba, chaandi aur soney key samaan gunon key liye kii jaati haye, halanki yeh unase kuchh antar dikhaa sakata haye. roentgenium koo kamare key tapman parr ack thhos maanaa jaataa haye aur isaki niyamit sthiti mein dhaatu kii upasthiti hoti haye.
itihas.
aadhikarik khoj.
roentgenium koo pahali baar 8 disambar, 1994 koo germany key darmstad mein gasselshaft farr schwerienforcechung (jee. aiss. aaee.) mein siggered hoffman key netritva mein ack antarrashtriya team dwara sanshleshit kiya gayaa thaa. team ney nickle-64 key twarit naabhik key saath bismuth-209 key lakshya parr bambari kii aur isotope roentgenium-272 key teen naabhik kaa pataa lagaayah
yeh pratikriya pahale 1986 mein dabna (taba soviyat sangh mein) mein sanyukt paramanu anusandhaan sansthaan mein aayojit kii gaee thee, lekin taba 272 aarji key koee paramanu naheen dekhe gaye they. 2001 mein, iupac/iupap sanyukt kaary dall (jey. doubleu. pee.) ney nishkarsh nikala kii usa samay khoj key liye aparyaapt saboot they. jee. aiss. aaee. team ney 2002 mein apane prayog koo dohraya aur teen aur parmaanuon kaa pataa lagaaya. apani 2003 kii report mein, jey. doubleu. pee. ney nirnay liya kii jee. aiss. aaee. team koo iss tatva kii khoj key liye sweekaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
namkaran.
anaam aur andekhe tatvon key liye mendeleev key namkaran kaa upayog karate hue, roentgenium koo "ack-gold" key roop mein jaanaa jaanaa chaahiye. 1979 mein, iupac ney sifaarishen prakaashit keen jinake anusaar tatva koo "ununium" ("uuu" key sambandhit prateek key saath) kahaa jaanaa thaa, ack sthaandhaarak key roop mein ack vyavasthit tatva naam, jaba taka kii tatva kii khoj naheen hoe gaee (aur khoj kii pushti naheen hui) aur ack sthaayi naam taya kiya gayaa thaa. halanki rasayan vigyaan kakshaon seey laker unnat pathyapustakon taka sabhi staron parr rasayanik samudaay mein vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaataa thaa, lekin iss kshetra key vaigyaanikon key beach sifaarishon koo jyaadaatar nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa, jinhone ise "tatva 111", "ee111", "(111)" yaa yahaan taka kii kewal "111" key prateek key saath kahaa.
2004 mein jee. aiss. aaee. team dwara aiks-ray kii khoj karane vaale german bhautik vigyaani wilhelm conrad rontgen koo sammaanit karane key liye "roentgenium" (aar. jee.) naam kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh naam 1 navambar, 2004 koo iupac dwara sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa.
isotope.
roentgenium mein koee sthir yaa praakritik roop seey honey vaale samasthaanik naheen hotey hain. prayogshala mein kaee radiodharmi samsthaanikon koo yaa tou halke tatvon key naabhik key sanlayan yaa bhaari tatvon key madhyavarti kshay utpaadon key roop mein sanshleshit kiya gayaa haye. roentgenium key nau alag-alag samasthaanik paramanu dravyamaan 272,274,278-283, aur 286 (283 aur 286 apusht) key saath report kiye gaye hain, jinamen seey dou, roentgenium-272 aur roentgenium-274, gyaat hain lekin apusht metastable avasthaaen hain. yeye sabhi alfa kshay yaa sahaj vikhandan key madhyam seey kshay hotey hain, halanki 280 aar. jee. mein ack electron pakadane vaali shakha bhee hoe sakati haye.
sthirata aur aadhaa jeevan.
sabhi roentgenium samasthaanik atyant asthir aur radiodharmi hotey hain; samanya roop seey, bhaari samasthaanik halke kii tulanaa mein adhik sthir hotey hain. sabse sthir gyaat roentgenium isotope, 282 aarji, sabse bhaari gyaat roentgenium isotope bhee haye; iska aadhaa jeevan 100 sekand kaa haye. apusht 286 aar. jee. aur bhee bhaari haye aur lagbhag 10.7 minut kaa aur bhee lamba aadhaa jeevan prateet hotaa haye, joe ise sabse lambe samay taka rahane vaale superhavy nucleid mein seey ack banaa dega; isi tarah, apusht 283 aar. jee. kaa lagbhag 5.1 minut kaa lamba aadhaa jeevan prateet hotaa haye. samasthaanik 280 aar. jee. aur 281 aar. jee. mein bhee ack sekand seey adhik samay mein aadhaa jeevan honey kii soochana haye. shesh samsthaanikon kaa aadhaa jeevan millisecond kii seema mein hotaa haye.
anumaanit guna.
paramanu gunon key alawa, roentgenium yaa isake yaugikon key koee guna naheen maapa gayaa haye; yeh isake behad seemit aur mahange utpaadan aur iss tathya key kaaran haye kii roentgenium (aur isake maataa-pitaa) bahut jaldi kshay hoe jaataa haye. roentgenium dhaatu key guna agyaat rahate hain aur kewal bhavishyavaniyaan upalabdh hain.
rasayanik.
roentgenium sankraman dhatuon kii 6dee shrinkhala kaa nauvaan sadasya haye. isake aayaneekaran kshamata aur paramanu aur ionic trijya parr ganana isake halke samroop soney key samaan haye, iss prakaar yeh ingit kartaa haye kii roentgenium key mool guna anya samooh 11 tatvon, tambe, chaandi aur soney key samaan honge; haalaanki, isake halke samroopata seey kaee antar dikhaane kii bhee bhavishyavani kii gaee haye.
roentgenium key ack mahaan dhaatu honey kaa anuman haye. rg3 +/rg jode key liye 1.9 v kii maanak electrode kshamata au3 +/au jode key liye 1.5 v seey adhik haye. roentgenium kii bhavishyavani kii gaee pahali aayaneekaran oorjaa 1020 kj/mol lagbhag 1037 kj/mol parr nobal gais raydon seey mell khaati haye. halke samooh 11 tatvon kii sabse sthir okseekaran avasthaon key aadhar parr, roentgenium key sthir + 5 aur + 3 okseekaran avasthaon koo cumm sthir + 1 avastha key saath dikhaane kaa anuman haye. + 3 raajya key sabse sthir honey kaa anuman haye. roentgenium (iii) soney (iii) key saath tulaniya pratikriyashilta kaa honey kii ummeed haye, lekin adhik sthir honah chaahiye aur yaugikon kii ack badee vividhata kaa nirmaan karna chaahiye. sonaa bhee saapeksh prabhaavon key kaaran kuchh hudd taka sthir-1 sthiti banaata haye, aur yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii roentgenium bhee aisaa curr sakata haih phir bhee, roentgenium kii electron aatmiyata soney key moolya seey kaafee cumm honey kii ummeed haye, isaliye roentgenides sthir yaa sambhav bhee naheen hoe sakate hain. 6dee orbitals saapeksh prabhaavon aur chauthi sankraman dhaatu shrinkhala key anta key paas spin-orbit interaction dwara asthir hoe jaate hain, iss prakaar uchch okseekaran avastha roentgenium (vee) koo apane halke homolog gold (vee) (kewal gold pentafluoride, pentafluoride mein jaanaa jaataa haye) kii tulanaa mein adhik sthir banaata haye kyonki 6dee electron adhik hudd taka bandhan mein bhaag lete hain. spin-orbit antahkriyaaen adhik bandhan 6 dee electrons key saath aanvik roentgenium yaugikon koo sthir karati hain; udaaharan key liye, isase adhik sthir honey kii ummeed haye, joe usase adhik sthir honey kii ummeed haye. isaki sthirata usee key samaan haye; chaandi kaa analogue agyaat haye aur isake apghatan aur f2 key liye kewal mamuli roop seey sthir honey kii ummeed haye. isake alawa, rg2f10 key apghatan key liye sthir honey kii ummeed haye, joe kii au2f10 key bilkul anuroop haye, jabaki Ag2f10 koo Ag2f6 aur f2 key apghatan key liye asthir honah chaahiye. soney key heptafluoride, auf7 koo soney (v) diflorin complexes auf5·f2 key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe ack sachche soney (vii) heptafluoride kii tulanaa mein oorjaa mein cumm haye; isake bajaay rgf7 kii ganana ack vaastavik roentgenium (vii) heptafluoride key roop mein adhik sthir honey key liye kii jaati haye, halanki yeh kuchh hudd taka asthir hoga, isaki apghatan kii matra f2 seey cumm hogi aur kamare key tapman parr oorjaa kii ack chhoti matra jaari hogi. roentgenium (i) praapt karna mushkil honey kii ummeed haye. sonaa aasaani seey sinide parisar banaata haye, jiska upayog soney key sinidation kii prakriya key madhyam seey ayask seey isake nishkarshan mein kiya jaataa haye; roentgenium key anuroop honey aur roop lene kii ummeed haye.
roentgenium key sambhaavit rasayan vigyaan mein dou pichhale tatvon, meitnerium aur darmstadium kii tulanaa mein adhik ruchi millie haye, kyonki samooh 11 tatvon key sanyojakta aiss-subshells key roentgenium parr saapeksh roop seey sabse adhik sankuchit honey kii ummeed haye. aanvik yaugik aar. jee. aich. parr ganana seey pataa chalata haye kii saapeksh prabhaav roentgenium-hydrogen bandhan kii taakat koo doguna curr dete hain, bhale hii spin-orbit antahkriya bhee ise kamjor curr detee haye. aux aur aar. jee. aiks. yaugikon kaa bhee adhyayan kiya gayaa, jahan x = f, cl, br, o, au, yaa rg kaa bhee adhyayan kiya gayaa thaa. rg + key sabse naram dhaatu aayan honey kaa anuman haye, yahaan taka kii au + seey bhee naram, halanki iss baat parr asahamati haye kii yeh ack acid yaa bases key roop mein vyavhaar karega yaa naheen. jaleey ghol mein, rg + ekwa aayan [rg (h2o) 2] + banaayega, jisamen 207.1 PM kii rg-o bandhan doori hogi. yeh amonia, phosphine aur hydrogen sulphide key saath aarji (aaee) parisaron key nirmaan kii bhee ummeed haye.
bhautik aur paramanu.
roentgenium key samanya paristhitiyon mein ack thhos honey aur shareer-kendrit ghana sanrachana mein kristalikaran honey kii ummeed haye, isake halke conginers key vipareet joe chehare-kendrit ghana sanrachana mein kristalikaran karate hain, kyonki isase alag electron avesh ghanatva honey kii ummeed kii jaati haye. yeh lagbhag 22-24 g/cm3 key ghanatva key saath ack bahut bhaari dhaatu honey chaahiye; tulanaa mein, sabse ghaney gyaat tatva jiska ghanatva maapa gayaa haye, ausmium, kaa ghanatva 22.61 g/cm3 haye. roentgenium kii paramanu trijya lagbhag 138 baje honey kii ummeed haye.
prayogaatmak rasayan vigyaan.
roentgenium isotope kaa utpaadan karane vaali pratikriyaon kii cumm paidawar key kaaran roentgenium kii rasayanik visheshtaon kaa spasht nirdhaaran abhee taka sthaapit naheen kiya gayaa haye. ack transactinide parr rasayanik adhyayan karane key liye, cumm seey cumm chaar parmaanuon kaa utpaadan kiya jaanaa chaahiye, upayog kiye gaye isotope kaa aadhaa jeevan cumm seey cumm 1 sekand honah chaahiye, aur utpaadan kii darr prati saptah cumm seey cumm ack paramanu honey chaahiye. bhale hii 282 aar. jee. kaa aadhaa jeevan, sabse sthir pusht roentgenium isotope, 100 sekand kaa haye, joe rasayanik adhyayan karane key liye paryaapt haye, ack aur baadha roentgenium isotope key utpaadan kii darr koo badhaane aur hafton yaa maheenon taka prayogon koo jaari rakhane kii aavashyakta haye taaki saankhyikiya roop seey mahatvapurna parinam praapt kiye jaa sakein. roentgenium isotope koo alag karane key liye algaav aur pataa lagaane koo lagaatar kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur swachaalit pranaliyon koo roentgenium key gais-charan aur samadhan rasayan vigyaan parr prayog karane kii anumati deni chaahiye, kyonki bhaari tatvon key liye upaj halke tatvon kii tulanaa mein cumm honey kii bhavishyavani kii jaati haye. haalaanki, samooh 11 mein "aine" key upkosh parr saapeksh prabhaavon key kaaran saiddhaantik bhavishyavaniyon mein praarambhik ruchi key bavjood, roentgenium key prayogaatmak rasayan vigyaan koo copernium seey laker livermorium taka key bhaari tatvon kii tarah adhik dhyaan naheen diyaa gayaa haye. samasthaanik 280 aar. jee. aur 281 aar. jee. rasayanik prayog key liye ashajanak hain aur kramshah moskovium samasthaanik 288 aim. see. aur 289 aim. see. kii potiyon key roop mein utpaadit kiye jaa sakate hain; unake maataa-pitaa nehonium samasthaanik 284 aine. aich. aur 285 aine. aich. hain, jinhen pahale hii praarambhik rasayanik jaanch praapt hoe chuki haye.

