
refrigerator

ack refrigerator, bolchal kii bhasha mein friz, ack vaanijyik aur gharelu upkaran haye jisamen ack ushmiya insulated dibbe aur ack heat pump (yaantrik, electronic yaa rasayanik) hotaa haye joe apane ander seey apane baahari vatavaran mein garmi sthanantarit kartaa haye taaki isake ander kamare key tapman seey neeche key tapman taka thandaa hoe jaae. prasheetan duniya bhar mein ack aavashyak khaadya bhandaran takneek haye. cumm tapman bacteria kii prajanan darr koo cumm kartaa haye, isaliye refrigerator kharaab honey kii darr koo cumm kartaa haye. ack refrigerator paani key himank bindu seey kuchh degree oopar tapman banaae rakhta haye. kharaab honey vaale khaadya bhandaran key liye ishtatam tapman seema haye. ack samaan upkaran joe paani key himank bindu seey neeche tapman banaae rakhta haye, usey freezer kahaa jaataa haye. refrigerator ney burf key dibbe koo badal diyaa, joe lagbhag dedh sadee seey ack aam gharelu upkaran thaa. sanyukt raajya america key khaadya aur aushadhi prashaasan ney anushansa kii haye kii refrigerator koo neeche yaa neeche rakhaa jaae aur freezer koo niyantrit kiya jaae.
bhojan key liye pahali sheetlan pranali mein burf shamil thee. kritrim prasheetan 1750 key dashak key madhya mein shuru huaa aur 1800 key dashak kii shuruat mein vikasit huaa. 1834 mein, pahali kaaryasheel vaashp-sampeedan prasheetan pranali kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. pahali vaanijyik burf banaane vaali machine kaa aavishkaar 1854 mein kiya gayaa thaa. 1913 mein, gharelu upayog key liye refrigerator kaa aavishkaar kiya gayaa thaa. 1923 mein frigidare ney pahali swa-nihit ikai kii shuruat kii. 1920 key dashak mein fron kii shuruat ney 1930 key dashak key dauran refrigerator bajar kaa vistaar kiya. 1940 mein alag dibbon key roop mein ghar key freezer (kewal burf key cubes key liye aavashyak seey badey) pesh kiye gaye they. jamey hue khaadya padaarth, joe pahale ack lakjari vastu thee, aam hoe gaye.
freezer ikaaiyon kaa upayog gharon key saath-saath udyog aur vanijya mein bhee kiya jaataa haye. vaanijyik refrigerator aur freezer ikaaiyaan aam gharelu model seey pahale lagbhag 40 varshon seey upayog mein theen. freezer-over-refrigerator shally 1940 key dashak seey buniyaadi shally rahee thee, jaba taka kii aadhunik, side-baay-side refrigerator ney pravritti koo toda naheen diyaa. adhikansh gharelu refrigerator, refrigerator-freezer aur freezer mein vaashp sampeedan chakr kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. nae refrigerator mein swachaalit roop seey defrosting, thandaa paani aur darwaaje mein ack dispensor seey burf shamil hoe sakati haye.
khaadya bhandaran key liye gharelu refrigerator aur freezer kaee aakaron mein banaae jaate hain. sabse chhote mein peya padarthon koo thandaa karane key liye design kiye gaye peltier-prakaar key refrigerator hain. ack badaa gharelu refrigerator ack vyakti key roop mein lamba hotaa haye aur isaki kshamata lagbhag chaudi hoe sakati haye. refrigerator aur freezer swatantra roop seey khade hoe sakate hain, yaa rasoi mein banaae jaa sakate hain. refrigerator aadhunik ghar koo pahale seey adhik samay taka bhojan taaza rakhane kii anumati detaa haye. freezer logon koo jaldi kharaab honey vaale bhojan koo thoke mein khareedane aur ise khaali samay mein khaane aur thoke mein kharidari karane kii anumati dete hain.
itihas.
praudyogiki vikas.
pracheen utpatti
pracheen irani pahale logon mein seey they jinhone yakhchal naamak vashpikaran sheetlan aur vikiran sheetlan key siddhanton kaa upayog karate hue sheetlak key ack roop kaa aavishkaar kiya thaa. inn parisaron mein bhoomigat bhandaran sthaan, ack badee motee jameen key oopar insulated gumbad sanrachana, aur badgir (havaa pakadane vaale) aur kanat (jalmarg) kii shrinkhala kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa.
poorv-vidyut prasheetan
aadhunik samay mein, aadhunik vidyut refrigerator key aavishkaar seey pahale, varsh key adhikansh samay key liye thandaa bhandaran pradaan karane key liye burf key gharon aur burf key dibbon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. sardiyon key dauran taaje paani kii jheelon key paas yaa burf aur burf seey bharey hue, way kabhi bahut aam they. aaj bhee khaadya padarthon koo thandaa karane key liye praakritik sadhanon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. pahaadon parr, pighalati burf seey nikalane vaalaa paani peene key liye ack suvidhajanak tarika haye, aur sardiyon key dauran doodh koo baahar rakhkar bahut lambe samay taka taaza rakhaa jaa sakata haye. refrigerator" shabd kaa upayog cumm seey cumm 17veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein kiya gayaa thaa.
kritrim prasheetan
kritrim prasheetan kaa itihas taba shuru huaa jaba scotish professor villium cullon ney 1755 mein ack chhoti prasheetan machine kaa design kiya. cullon ney diethyl eather key ack paatr parr aanshik nirvaat banaane key liye ack pump kaa upayog kiya, joe phir aspas kii havaa seey garmi koo avashoshit karate hue ubla. prayog ney thodi matra mein burf bhee banaai, lekin usa samay iska koee vyaavhaarik anuprayog naheen thaa.
1805 mein, americi aavishkaarak oliver evance ney nirvaat key tahat eather dwara burf key utpaadan key liye ack bund vaashp-sampeedan prasheetan chakr kaa varnan kiya. 1820 mein, british vaigyaanik michael fairade ney uchch dabaav aur cumm tapman kaa upayog karke amonia aur anya gasses koo draveekrit kiya, aur 1834 mein, grate britten mein ack americi pravaasi, jacob perkins ney pahali kaaryasheel vaashp-sampeedan prasheetan pranali kaa nirmaan kiya. yeh ack bund-chakr upkaran thaa joe lagaatar kaam curr sakata thaa. isi tarah kaa prayaas 1842 mein americi chikitsak, johnn gori dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone ack kaam karane vaalaa prototype banaaya thaa, lekin yeh ack vyaavsaayik viphalata thee. americi engineer alekjendar twinning ney 1850 mein ack vaashp sampeedan pranali key liye ack british patent liya jisamen eather kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa.
pahali vyaavhaarik vaashp sampeedan prasheetan pranali kaa nirmaan james harrison, ack scotish australiyai dwara kiya gayaa thaa. unakaa 1856 kaa patent eather, alcohol yaa amonia kaa upayog karke vaashp sampeedan pranali key liye thaa. unhone 1851 mein baravan nadee key tata parr gillong, victoria mein chattani bindu parr ack yaantrik burf banaane kii machine kaa nirmaan kiya aur 1854 mein unaki pahali vaanijyik burf banaane kii machine kaa paalan kiya. harrison ney sharaab banaane kii dukaanon aur maans packing gharon mein vaanijyik vaashp-sampeedan prasheetan bhee shuru kiya, aur 1861 taka, unaki ack darjan pranaaliyan kaam curr rahee theen.
pahali gais avashoshan prasheetan pranali (sampeedak-rahit aur ack ooshmaa-srot dwara sanchaalit) 1859 mein france key edward tossent dwara vikasit kii gaee thee aur 1860 mein patent kiya gayaa thaa. isamen paani mein ghulansheel gaisiya amonia ("ekwa amonia") kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa.
germany mein takniki vishvavidyalaya munich mein ack engineering professor carle wonn linde ney 1876 mein dravikaran gasses kii ack behtar vidhi kaa patent karaaya. unaki naee prakriya ney amonia (aine. aich. 3), sulfur dioxide (aiss. oh. 2) aur methyl chloride (see. aich. ell.) jaisi gasses kaa refrigerant key roop mein upayog sambhav banaa diyaa, joe suraksha chintaon key bavjood 1920 key dashak key anta taka usa uddeshya key liye vyaapak roop seey upayog kiye jaate they.
vidyut refrigerator.
1894 mein, hangerian aavishkaarak aur udyogpati istwan rock ney ack badey audyogik amonia refrigerator kaa nirmaan shuru kiya joe vidyut compressor (aslingen machine key kaam key saath) dwara sanchaalit thaa. isake vidyut compressors kaa nirmaan gaanz karyon dwara kiya gayaa thaa. 1896 kii sahasrabdi pradarshani mein, rock aur aslingan machine ney 6 tunn kshamata kaa kritrim burf utpaadan sanyantra prastut kiya. 1906 mein, pahala badaa hangerian colled store (3,000 tunn kii kshamata key saath, europe mein sabse badaa) toth cullman street, badapest mein khola gayaa, machine kaa nirmaan gaanz works dwara kiya gayaa thaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad rashtriyakaran taka, hangri mein badey paimaane parr audyogik refrigerator kaa utpaadan rock aur gaanz key haathon mein thaa.
vaanijyik refrigerator aur freezer ikaaiyaan, joe kaee anya naamon seey jaani jaati hain, aam gharelu model seey lagbhag 40 saal pahale seey upayog mein theen. unhone amonia (aar-717) yaa sulfur dioxide (aar-764) jaisi gais pranaliyon kaa upayog kiya, joe kabhi-kabhi risati hain, jisase way ghar key upayog key liye asurakshit hoe jaati hain. vyaavhaarik gharelu refrigerator 1915 mein pesh kiye gaye they aur 1930 key dashak mein sanyukt raajya america mein vyaapak sweekriti praapt kii kyonki keematen gir gaeen aur gair-vishaakt, gair-jwalansheel synthetic refrigerator jaise kii fron-12 (aar-12) pesh kiye gaye they. haalaanki, aar-12 ozon parat key liye hanikarak saabit huaa, jisake kaaran sarkaaron ney 1994 mein nae refrigerator aur vatanukoolan pranaliyon mein isake upayog parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. aar-12, aar-134aeye (tetrafluoroethane) key liye cumm hanikarak pratisthaapan, 1990 seey aam upayog mein haye, lekin aar-12 abhee bhee kaee purani pranaliyon mein paaya jaataa haye.
kaanch key saamane vaale peya sheetlak kaa upayog jyaadaatar vaanijyik refrigerator key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. inn prakaar key upkaranon koo aamtaur parr vishisht bhaar aavashyaktaon key liye design kiya jaataa haye, jisake parinamswarup ack badaa sheetlan tantra hotaa haye. yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii way peya padarthon key ack badey pravaah aur baar-baar darwaaje kholane kaa saamana karane mein saksham hain. natijatan, iss prakaar key vaanijyik refrigerators mein prati dinn 4 kilowatt seey adhik oorjaa kii khapat honah aam baat haye.vaanijyik refrigerator kii dakshata mukhya roop seey usa compressor parr nirbhar karati haye joe chalata haye. refrigerator kuchh mamalon mein compressor koo takniki nuksan pahunchaane mein saksham hoe sakate hain. kshati kii degree key aadhar parr ise bahaal yaa phir seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye. anya prakaar key nuksan, jaise kii ack thandaa risaav, gambhir samasyaaen utpann honey taka agyaat reh sakate hain. inn samasyaon mein swaasthya sambandhi chintaaen pramukh hain, jisamen refrigerant vishaaktata sabse adhik khatarnak haye. hanikarak risaav kaa jaldi pataa lagaane key liye, prasheetak key star kii niyamit roop seey nigrani karane kii aavashyakta haye. niyamit rakharkhaav seey khaadya utpaadon koo sahee tapman parr rakhane key jokhim seey bachana chaahiye. paristhitiyon mein thodaa saa bhee badalaav nirantarta koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye, jisake parinamswarup khaadya suraksha kaa ullanghan aur sambhaavit dund hoe sakate hain.
aavaasiya refrigerator.
1913 mein, ghar aur gharelu upayog key liye pahale vidyut refrigerator kaa aavishkaar aur utpaadan fred doubleu dwara kiya gayaa thaa. fort vene, indiana kaa bhediya, jisamen ack ikai hoti haye joe ack burf key dibbe key oopar luggy hoti haye. agale kuchh varshon mein kaee sou ikaaiyon mein nirmit unake pahale upkaran koo gumbad kahaa jaataa thaa. 1914 mein, engineer nathaniel bee. detroit, mishigan key wells ney ack vyaavhaarik vidyut prasheetan ikai key liye ack vichaar pesh kiya, joe baad mein calvinator key liye aadhar bunn gayaa. cabinet key neeche ack compressor key saath ack swa-nihit refrigerator kaa aavishkaar 1916 mein alfred melos dwara kiya gayaa thaa. melos ney iss refrigerator kaa vyaavsaayik roop seey utpaadan kiya thaa lekin villium see dwara kharida gayaa thaa. 1918 mein durant, jinhone badey paimaane parr refrigerator kaa utpaadan karane key liye frigidier company shuru kii. 1918 mein, calvinator company ney kissy bhee prakaar key swachaalit niyantran key saath pahala refrigerator pesh kiya. avashoshan refrigerator kaa aavishkaar 1922 mein sweeden key baltzer wonn playton aur carle muntaron dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki way abhee bhee stockholm mein royal institute off technology mein chhaatr they. yeh duniya bhar mein safal rhaa aur electrolux dwara iska vyaavsaayikaran kiya gayaa. anya agraduton mein charles tellier, david boyley aur raul pictate shamil they. carle wonn linde ack vyaavhaarik aur compact refrigerator banaane vaale pahale vyakti they.
inn gharelu ikaaiyon koo aamtaur parr yaantrik bhaagon, motor aur compressor kii sthaapana kii aavashyakta hoti haye, tahakhaane yaa ack aasann kamare mein jabaki thandaa boxes rasoi mein sthit thaa. 1922 kaa ack model thaa jisamen ack lakadi kaa thandaa boxes, paani seey thandaa compressor, ack burf ghana tray aur ack dibbe shamil they, aur isaki keemat 714 dollar thee. (1922 model-tii ford kii keemat lagbhag 476 dollar thee.) 1923 taka, calvinator key paas bijli key refrigerator key liye bajar kaa 80 pratishat thaa. 1923 mein bhee frigidare ney pahali swa-nihit ikai kii shuruat kii. lagbhag isi samay cheeni mitty key bartan seey dhaki dhaatu kii almaariyaan dikhaai dene lageen. 1920 key dashak key dauran burf key ghana tray koo adhik seey adhik pesh kiya gayaa thaa; iss samay taka thhand aadhunik refrigerator kaa sahayak kaary naheen thaa.
vyaapak upayog dekhane vaalaa pahala refrigerator 1927 mein pesh kiya gayaa samanya electric "monitor-topp" refrigerator thaa, jise janata dwara 1860 key dashak key lohe key yuddhapot uss "monitor" parr bandook burj seey isaki samaantaa key kaaran, tathaakathit kiya gayaa thaa. compressor assembly, joe bahut adhik garmi utsarjit karati thee, koo cabinet key oopar rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur ack sajawati angoothi seey ghiraa huaa thaa. ack million seey adhik ikaaiyon kaa utpaadan kiya gayaa. prasheetan madhyam key roop mein, inn prasheetakon mein yaa tou sulfur dioxide kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, joe aankho key liye sankshaarak haye aur drishti kii haani, dardanaak twacha jalane aur ghaav, yaa methyl formatt kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye, joe atyadhik jwalansheel haye, aankho key liye hanikarak haye, aur yadi saans seey liya jaataa haye yaa sevan kiya jaataa haye tou vishaakt haye.
1920 key dashak mein fron kii shuruat ney 1930 key dashak key dauran refrigerator bajar kaa vistaar kiya aur pahale upayog kiye gaye refrigerant key liye ack surakshit, cumm vishaaktata vaalaa vikalp pradaan kiya. 1940 key dashak key dauran alag-alag freezer aam hoe gaye; usa samay lokpriya ikai key liye shabd, gahara freeze thaa. yeye upkaran, yaa "upkaran", dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad taka ghar mein upayog key liye badey paimaane parr utpaadan mein naheen gaye they. 1950 aur 1960 key dashak mein swachaalit defrosting aur swachaalit burf banaane jaisi takniki pragati dekhi gaee. 1970 aur 1980 key dashak mein adhik kushal refrigerator vikasit kiye gaye they, bhale hii paryavaraniya muddon key kaaran bahut prabhaavi (freen) refrigerator parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa. praarambhik refrigerator model (1916 seey) mein burf key ghana tray key liye ack thandaa dibbe thaa. 1920 key dashak key anta seey taaja sabjiyon koo postum company (samanya khaadya padarthon kii agradoot) dwara freezing key madhyam seey safaltapurvak sansaadhit kiya gayaa thaa, jisane clarence birdsey key safal taaja freezing tarikon key adhikaar khareedane parr takneek kaa adhigrahan kiya thaa.
refrigerator kii shailiyaan.
1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein adhikansh refrigerator safed they, lekin 1950 key dashak key madhya seey laker aaj taka, designers aur nirmaataon ney refrigerator parr rung lagaa diyaa haye. 1950 key dashak key anta/1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein, firoza aur gulabi jaise pastel rung lokpriya hoe gaye, aur kuchh models parr brush crome-plating (ack steinless steel finish key samaan) upalabdh thee. 1960 key dashak key anta mein aur 1970 key dashak key dauran, mitty key rung lokpriya they, jinamen fasal sonaa, avocado haraa aur badam shamil they. 1980 key dashak mein, kaalaa fashion bunn gayaa. 1990 key dashak key anta mein, steinless steel prachalan mein aaya. 1961 seey rung vipanan samooh ney upkaranon aur anya upabhokta vastuon key rangon kaa samanvaya karane kaa prayaas kiya haye.
freezer.
freezer ikaaiyon kaa upayog gharon mein aur udyog aur vanijya mein kiya jaataa haye. neeche yaa neeche sangraheet bhojan anishchit kaal key liye surakshit haye. adhikansh gharelu freezer tapman koo banaae rakhate hain, halanki kuchh freezer-kewal ikaaiyaan praapt curr sakati hain aur cumm curr sakati hain. refrigerator freezer aam taur parr cumm naheen praapt karate hain, kyonki ack hii sheetlak loop donon dibbon mein kaam kartaa haih freezer dibbe key tapman koo cumm karane seey refrigerator dibbe mein oopar-freezing tapman banaae rakhane mein kathinaaiyaan hoti hain. gharelu freezer koo refrigerator mein ack alag dibbe key roop mein shamil kiya jaa sakata haye, yaa ack alag upkaran hoe sakata haye. gharelu freezer yaa tou seedhe hoe sakate hain, joe ack refrigerator key samaan hoe sakate hain, yaa chhaati freezer, oopar dhakkan yaa darwaaje key saath lambe seey adhik chaude hoe sakate hain, joe dakshata key liye suvidha aur bijli kii katauti key liye aanshik pratiraksha kaa tyag karate hain. kaee aadhunik seedhe freezer apane darwaaje mein baney ack burf vitarak key saath aatey hain. kuchh uchch stariya models mein thermostate display aur niyantran shamil hain.
1940 mein sanyukt raajya america mein alag-alag dibbon (kewal burf key cubes key liye aavashyak seey badey), yaa alag-alag ikaaiyon key roop mein ghar freezer pesh kiye gaye they. jamey hue khaadya padaarth, joe pahale ack lakjari vastu thee, aam hoe gaye they.
1955 mein gharelu deep freezer, joe kii itna thandaa thaa kii maalikon koo clarence birdsey kii prakriya key saath pahale seey hii jamey hue bhojan koo khareedane key bajaay khud taaja bhojan koo freeze karane kii anumati detaa thaa, bikri parr chalaa gayaa.
refrigerator praudyogikiyaan.
sampeedak refrigerator.
adhikansh gharelu refrigerator, refrigerator-freezer aur freezer mein vaashp sampeedan chakr kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. iss chakr mein, ack parisanchari prasheetak jaise kii r134a, prasheetak key aantarik tapman parr yaa usase thodaa neeche cumm dabaav vaale vaashp key roop mein ack sampeedak mein pravesh kartaa haye. vaashp koo sampeedit kiya jaataa haye aur uchch dabaav vaale atiushna vaashp key roop mein sampeedak seey baahar nikalata haye. atyadhik germ vaashp coil yaa tubes key madhyam seey dabaav mein yatra kartaa haye joe "condensor" banaate hain; coil yaa tubes koo kamare mein havaa key sampark mein aaney seey nishkriya roop seey thandaa kiya jaataa haye. condensor vaashp koo thandaa kartaa haye, joe taral hoe jaataa haye. choonki prasheetak sanghanak koo chhod detaa haye, yeh abhee bhee dabaav mein haye lekin abb kamare key tapman seey thodaa oopar haye. iss taral prasheetak koo ack metering yaa throttling upkaran key madhyam seey majboor kiya jaataa haye, jise ack vistaar valve (anivarya roop seey nalika mein ack pinn-holl aakar kaa sankuchan) key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, joe bahut cumm dabaav vaale kshetra mein hotaa haye. dabaav mein achaanak kamee key parinamswarup taral key ack hisse (aamtaur parr lagbhag aadhaa) kaa visfotak jaisa vashpikaran hotaa haye. iss aakasmik vashpikaran dwara avashoshit avyakt garmi jyaadaatar aasann sthir-taral prasheetak seey kheenchi jaati haye, ack ghatana jise "auto-refrigeration" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh thandaa aur aanshik roop seey vashpikrit prasheetak vashpikaran ikai key kundaliyon yaa naliyon key madhyam seey jaari rahata haye. ack pankha dibbe ("boxes air") seey inn kundaliyon yaa tubes key paar havaa chalaata haye aur prasheetak poori tarah seey vaashpit hoe jaataa haye, jisase dibbe kii havaa seey aur adhik avyakt garmi aatee haye. yeh thhandi havaa refrigerator yaa freezer dibbe mein vaapas aaa jaati haye, aur isaliye dibbe kii havaa koo thandaa rakhti haye. dhyaan dein kii refrigerator yaa freezer mein thhandi havaa abhee bhee vashpikaran mein refrigerator kii tulanaa mein germ haye. refrigerator vashpikaran koo chhod detaa haye, abb poori tarah seey vashpikrit aur thodaa germ hoe jaataa haye, aur chakr koo jaari rakhane key liye compressor inlet mein lautata haye.
aadhunik gharelu refrigerator behad vishvasaniya hain kyonki motor aur compressor ack welded container, "seelband ikai" key bheetar ekikrit hotey hain, jisamen risaav yaa sandushan kii sambhavana bahut cumm hoe jaati haye. tulanaa mein, baahari roop seey jode gaye prasheetan compressor, jaise kii automobile air conditioning mein, anivarya roop seey shaft seal key peechhe taral padaarth aur snehak kaa risaav hotaa haye. yeh aavadhik punarbharan kii aavashyakta kii or leey jaataa haye aur yadi ise nazarandaj kiya jaataa haye, tou sampeedak kii viphalata sambhav hoe jaati haye.
dohare dibbe key design.
refrigerator yaa freezer dibbon key sheetlan koo niyantrit karane key liye dou dibbon vaale refrigerator koo vishesh design kii aavashyakta hoti haye. aam taur parr, compressor aur condensor coil koo cabinet key sheersh parr lagaaya jaataa haye, jisamen donon koo thandaa karane key liye ack hii pankha hotaa haye. iss vyavastha key kuchh nuksan hainh pratyek dibbe koo swatantra roop seey niyantrit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye aur adhik aardr refrigerator havaa koo shushk freezer havaa key saath milaaya jaataa haye.
kaee nirmaata dohare compressor model pesh karate hain. inn models mein alag-alag freezer aur refrigerator dibbe hotey hain joe ack-dusare seey swatantra roop seey kaam karate hain, kabhi-kabhi ack hii cabinet key bheetar lagaae jaate hain. pratyek kaa apana alag compressor, condensor aur vashpikaran coil, insulation, thermostate aur darwaja hotaa haye.
donon designs key beach ack sankar pratyek dibbe key liye ack alag pankhe kaa upayog curr rhaa haye, joe dohri pankhe kaa drishtikon haye. aisaa karane seey ekal compressor pranali parr alag niyantran aur vayu pravaah kii anumati milati haye.
avashoshan refrigerator.
ack avashoshan refrigerator ack compressor refrigerator seey alag tareeke seey kaam kartaa haye, garmi key srot kaa upayog karke, jaise kii taralikrit petroleum gais, saur taapiya oorjaa yaa ack vidyut taap tatva kaa dahan. yeye ooshmaa srot ack vishisht refrigerator mein compressor motor kii tulanaa mein bahut shaant hotey hain. pankha yaa pump ekmatra yaantrik chalane vaale bhaag hoe sakate hain; samvahan parr nirbharta koo avyaavhaarik maanaa jaataa haye.
avashoshan refrigerator (yaa "chiller") key anya upayogon mein karyalaya bhavanon yaa parisaron jaise aspatalon aur vishvavidyalayon mein upayog kii jaane vaali badee pranaaliyan shamil hain. inn badee pranaliyon kaa upayog ack lavan ghol koo thandaa karane key liye kiya jaataa haye joe imarat key madhyam seey prasaarit hotaa haye.
peltier prabhaav refrigerator.
peltier prabhaav seedhe garmi pump karane key liye bijli kaa upayog kartaa haye; iss pranali koo niyojit karane vaale refrigerator kaa upayog kabhi-kabhi shivir key liye kiya jaataa haye, yaa aisee sthitiyon mein jahaan shore sweekarya naheen haye. way poori tarah seey shaant hoe sakate hain (yadi vayu parisancharan key liye ack pankha fitt naheen haye) lekin anya tarikon kii tulanaa mein cumm oorjaa-kushal hain.
atee-nimn tapman refrigerator.
"atee-sheet" yaa "atee-nimn tapman (atee)" (aamtaur parr) freezer, jaisa kii javic namoonon koo sangraheet karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye, aam taur parr sheetlan key dou charanon koo bhee niyojit kartaa haye, lekin cascade mein. nimn tapman charan mein meethen yaa isi tarah kii gais kaa upayog refrigerant key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, isake condensor koo dusare charan taka lagbhag-40 degree celsius parr rakhaa jaataa haye joe adhik paaramparik refrigerant kaa upayog kartaa haye. prasiddh brandon mein forma aur revko (donon abb thermo scientific) shamil hain. bahut cumm tapman key liye, prayogshaalaaen aamtaur parr taral nitrogen () khareedati hain, jise ack devaar flask mein rakhaa jaataa haye, jisamen namoone nilambit kiye jaate hain. cryogenic chest freezer neeche key tapman koo praapt curr sakate hain, aur isamen taral nitrogen kaa samarthan shamil hoe sakata haye.
anya refrigerator.
vartamaan badey paimaane parr utpaadan mein naheen honey vaale vaashp-sampeedan chakr key vikalpon mein shamil hainh
vastukala.
kaee aadhunik refrigerator/freezer mein oopar freezer aur neeche refrigerator hotaa haye. adhikansh refrigerator-freezer-manual defrost model yaa sastee ikaaiyon koo chhodkar-dou thermostats kaa upayog karate hain. kewal refrigerator key dibbe kaa tapman thheek seey niyantrit hotaa haye. jaba refrigerator bahut germ hoe jaataa haye, tou thermostate sheetlan prakriya shuru kartaa haye aur ack pankha freezer key chaaron or havaa koo prasaarit kartaa haye. iss dauran refrigerator bhee thandaa hoe jaataa haye. freezer niyantran ghundi kewal usa havaa kii matra koo niyantrit karati haye joe ack damper pranali key madhyam seey refrigerator mein bahati haye. refrigerator key tapman koo badalane seey anajaane mein freezer kaa tapman vipareet disha mein badal jaayega. freezer key tapman koo badalane seey refrigerator key tapman parr koee prabhaav naheen padegaa. kissy bhee refrigerator samaayojan kii bharpai key liye freezer niyantran koo bhee samaayojit kiya jaa sakata haye.
iska matlab haye kii refrigerator bahut germ hoe sakata haye. haalaanki, kyonki kewal paryaapt havaa koo refrigerator key dibbe mein modd diyaa jaataa haye, freezer aamtaur parr nirdhaarit tapman koo jaldi seey phir seey praapt kartaa haye, jaba taka kii darwaja naheen khola jaataa haye. jaba ack darwaja khola jaataa haye, yaa tou refrigerator yaa freezer mein, kuchh ikaaiyon mein pankha turant rook jaataa haye taaki freezer key vashpikaran kundal parr atyadhik paalaa naa lagey, kyonki yeh kundal dou kshetron koo thandaa curr rahee haye. jaba freezer tapman taka pahunchata haye, tou ikai bund hoe jaati haye, isase koee fark naheen padata kii refrigerator kaa tapman kyaa haye. aadhunik computerykrit refrigerator damper pranali kaa upayog naheen karate hain. computer donon dibbon key liye pankhe kii gati kaa prabandhan kartaa haye, halanki freezer seey havaa abhee bhee udatee haye.
visheshataaen.
nae refrigerator mein shamil hoe sakate hainh
yeye puraane freezer dibbe refrigerator key mukhya sheetlan nikaay they, aur kewal aspas kaa tapman banaae rakhate they, joe ack saptah key liye bhojan rakhane key liye upayukt haye.
baad mein pragati mein swachaalit burf ikaaiyaan aur swa-compartment freezing ikaaiyaan shamil theen.
gharelu refrigerator key prakaar.
khaadya bhandaran key liye gharelu refrigerator aur freezer kaee aakaron mein banaae jaate hain. sabse chhote mein ack peltier refrigerator haye jiska vigyaapan bear key 6 dibbe rakhane mein saksham honey key roop mein kiya gayaa haye. ack badaa gharelu refrigerator ack vyakti key roop mein lamba hotaa haye aur isaki kshamata lagbhag chaudi hoe sakati haye. chhote gharon key liye kuchh model rasoi key kaam kii satahon key neeche fitt hotey hain, aamtaur parr lagbhag uchch. refrigerator koo freezer key saath jodaa jaa sakata haye, yaa tou refrigerator yaa freezer key saath oopar, neeche yaa buggle mein rakhaa jaa sakata haye. binaa jamey hue khaadya bhandaran dibbe key refrigerator mein burf key tukade banaane key liye ack chhota saa khand hoe sakata haye. freezer mein bhojan koo sangraheet karane key liye daraaj hoe sakate hain, yaa unake paas koee vibhajan (chhaati freezer) naheen hoe sakata haye.
refrigerator aur freezer swatantra roop seey khade hoe sakate hain, yaa rasoi mein banaae jaa sakate hain.
refrigerator key teen alag-alag varg aam hainh
peltier refrigerator.
anya vishesh sheetlan tantra kaa upayog sheetlan key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin gharelu yaa vaanijyik refrigerator parr lagu naheen kiya gayaa haye.
oorjaa dakshata.
binaa vatanukoolan (sthaan taap aur/yaa sheetlan) vaale ghar mein refrigerator kissy bhee anya gharelu upkaran kii tulanaa mein adhik oorjaa kaa upbhog karate hain. 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein oorjaa dakshata koo protsaahit karane key liye pramukh nirmaataon key beach ack pratiyogita aayojit kii gaee thee. vartamaan americi model joe oorjaa starr yogya hain, 1974 mein banaae gaye ausat model kii tulanaa mein 50 pratishat cumm oorjaa kaa upayog karate hain. america mein banaai gaee sabse oorjaa-kushal ikai prati dinn lagbhag aadhaa kilowatt-ghanta (lagaatar 20 doubleu key barabar) khapat karati haye. lekin sadharan ikaaiyaan bhee kaafee kushal hoti hain; kuchh chhoti ikaaiyaan prati dinn 0.20 kilowatt seey cumm kaa upayog karati hain (lagaatar 8 doubleu key barabar).
badee ikaaiyaan, vishesh roop seey badey freezer aur icemacker vaali ikaaiyaan, prati dinn 4 kilovataech (lagaatar 170 doubleu key barabar) kaa upayog curr sakati hain.
europeeya sangh oorjaa starr key bajaay ack patra-adharit anivarya oorjaa dakshata rating label kaa upayog kartaa haye; iss prakaar bikri key bindu parr eu refrigerators koo oorjaa-kushal honey key anusaar label kiya jaataa haye.
hamaare liye refrigerator, oorjaa dakshata (see. ee. ee.) parr sangh oorjaa starr yogya refrigerator key beach antar kartaa haye. star 1 refrigerator way hain joe rashtriya upkaran oorjaa sanrakshan adhiniyam (neka) dwara nirdhaarit sanghiya nyuntam manakon kii tulanaa mein 20 pratishat seey 24.9% adhik kushal hain. star 2 way hain joe 25 pratishat seey 29.9% adhik kushal hain. star 3 una refrigerators key liye uchchatam yogyata haye joe sanghiya manakon kii tulanaa mein cumm seey cumm 30 pratishat adhik kushal hain. oorjaa starr yogya refrigerators mein seey lagbhag 82 pratishat tear 1 hain, jisamen 13 pratishat tear 2 key roop mein yogya hain, aur tear 3 mein kewal 5 pratishat hain.
samanya gharelu refrigerator aur freezer mein upayog kii jaane vaali compressor refrigeration kii maanak shally key alawa, avashoshan refrigeration aur chumbakiya refrigeration jaisi takneeken hain. haalaanki yeye design aam taur parr sampeedak prasheetan kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik oorjaa kaa upayog karate hain, anya guna jaise kii mook sanchaalan yaa gais kaa upayog karane kii kshamata inn prasheetan ikaaiyon koo chhote baadon, ack gatishil vatavaran yaa aise vatavaran mein anukool banaa sakati haye jahaan ikai kii viphalata vinashkari parinamon kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye.
1930 aur 1940 key dashak mein banaae gaye kaee refrigerator baad mein banaae gaye refrigerators kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik kushal they. yeh aanshik roop seey naee suvidhaon key judane key liye jimmedaar haye, jaise kii auto-defrost, joe dakshata koo cumm kartaa haye. isake alawa, dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, refrigerator shally dakshata seey adhik mahatvapurna hoe gaee. yeh vishesh roop seey 1970 key dashak mein america mein sach thaa, jaba burf vitarakon aur paani key sheetlak key saath side-baay-side model (america key baahar americi friezfreezer key roop mein jaane jaate hain) lokpriya hoe gaye. haalaanki, dakshata mein kamee aanshik roop seey laagat mein katauti key liye insulation kii matra mein kamee seey bhee utpann hui.
aaj.
nae oorjaa dakshata manakon kii shuruat key kaaran, aaj banaae gaye refrigerator 1930 key dashak mein banaae gaye refrigerators kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik kushal hain; way teen gunaa badey honey key saath-saath utani hii oorjaa kaa upbhog karate hain.
puraane refrigerator kii dakshata mein sudhaar kiya jaa sakata haye, defrosting (yadi ikai manual defrost haye) aur unhein niyamit roop seey saaf karke, puraane aur ghise hue darwaaje kii muharon koo nae key saath badalkar, vaastavik samagri koo samaayojit karane key liye thermostate koo samaayojit karke (ack refrigerator koo peya aur gair-kharaab honey vaali vastuon koo sangraheet karane kii tulanaa mein thandaa honey kii aavashyakta naheen haye) aur insulation koo bhee pratisthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye, jahaan lagu hoe. kuchh saaiten condensor coil koo harr maheene yaa peechhe kii coil vaali ikaaiyon koo saaf karane kii salah detee hain, taaki coil mein jeevan juda sakey aur ack vistaarit avadhi mein dakshata mein koee andekhi girawat naa hoe, ikai koo havaa dene yaa "saans lene" mein saksham honah chaahiye. yadi refrigerator condensor koo thandaa rakhane key liye pankhe kaa upayog kartaa haye, tou ise saaf yaa service kiya jaanaa chaahiye, prati vyakti anushansaon koo taiyar kartaa haye.
auto defrosting.
frost-free refrigerator yaa freezer upayukt dibbe koo thandaa karane key liye bijli key pankhon kaa upayog karate hain. ise "pankha majboor" refrigerator kahaa jaa sakata haye, jabaki manual defrost ikaaiyaan paryaapt sheetlan praapt karane key liye neeche padee thhandi havaa parr nirbhar karati hain, banaam sheersh parr germ havaa. havaa koo ack inlet duct key madhyam seey kheencha jaataa haye aur vashpikaran key madhyam seey paarit kiya jaataa haye jahaan ise thandaa kiya jaataa haye, phir havaa koo nalikaon aur chhidron kii ack shrinkhala key madhyam seey poore cabinet mein prasaarit kiya jaataa haye. kyonki vashpikarankarta seey gujarane vaali havaa maanaa jaataa haye kii germ aur nama haye, vashpikarankarta parr paalaa banane lagata haye (vishesh roop seey ack freezer key vashpikarankarta parr). saste aur/yaa puraane models mein, ack defrost chakr koo ack yaantrik timer key madhyam seey niyantrit kiya jaataa haye. yeh timer compressor aur pankhe koo bund karane aur vashpikaran key paas yaa usake aspas sthit ack taap tatva koo harr 6 seey 12 ghante mein lagbhag 15 seey 30 minut key liye sakriya karane key liye sett kiya gayaa haye. yeh kissy bhee paalaa yaa burf key nirmaan koo pighalaata haye aur refrigerator koo ack baar phir samanya roop seey kaam karane detaa haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii sheet mukt ikaaiyon mein sheet key liye cumm sahishnuta hoti haye, kyonki unake vatanukoolan jaise vashpikaran kundal hotey hain. isaliye, yadi ack darwaja galati seey khula chhod diyaa jaataa haye (vishesh roop seey freezer), tou defrost system sabhi frost koo naheen hataa sakata haye, iss mamle mein, freezer (yaa refrigerator) koo defrost kiya jaanaa chaahiye. 
yadi samaybaddh defrosting avadhi samaapt honey seey pahale defrosting pranali sabhi burf koo pighalaati haye, tou ack chhota upkaran (jise defrost limiter kahaa jaataa haye) thermostate kii tarah kaam kartaa haye aur bahut badey tapman key utaar-chadhaav koo rokane key liye heating tatva koo bund curr detaa haye, yeh system key phir seey shuru honey parr havaa key germ visfoton koo bhee rokta haye, aggar yeh jaldi defrosting samaapt curr detaa haye. kuchh shuruati frost-free models parr, defrost limiter bhee defrost timer koo ack sanket bhejata haye taaki samaybaddh defrost chakr samaapt honey seey pahale heating tatva koo bund karate hii compressor aur pankhe koo shuru kiya jaa sakey. jaba apghat chakr puuraa hoe jaataa haye, tou compressor aur pankhe koo vaapas chaalu karane kii anumati dee jaati haye. 
kuchh shuruati frost-free refrigerator/freezer sahit frost-free refrigerator, joe freezer section seey havaa key pravaah key bajaay apane refrigerator section mein ack colled plate kaa upayog karate they, aam taur parr defrosting key dauran apane refrigerator pankhon koo bund naheen karate hain. yeh upbhoktaon koo mukhya refrigerator dibbe mein bhojan koo khula rakhane kii anumati detaa haye, aur sabjiyon koo nama rakhane mein bhee madad kartaa haye. yeh vidhi oorjaa kii khapat koo cumm karane mein bhee madad karati haye, kyonki refrigerator freeze point seey oopar haye aur vashpikaran chakr mein sahaayata key liye vashpikaran yaa thhandi plate key madhyam seey germ-seey-freezing havaa koo paarit curr sakata haye.
invertor.
digital invertor compressor key aagaman key saath, oorjaa kii khapat ekal-gati preran motor compressor kii tulanaa mein aur bhee cumm hoe jaati haye, aur iss prakaar greenhouse gasses key raaste mein bahut cumm yogdan detaa haye.
refrigerator kii oorjaa khapat bhee refrigeration key prakaar parr nirbhar karati haye. udaaharan key liye, invertor refrigerator ack vishisht gair-invertor refrigerator kii tulanaa mein apekshaakrit cumm oorjaa kaa upbhog karate hain. ack invertor refrigerator mein, compressor kaa upayog aavashyakta key aadhar parr sashart roop seey kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, ack invertor refrigerator garmiyon kii tulanaa mein sardiyon key dauran cumm oorjaa kaa upayog curr sakata haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki compressor garmiyon kii tulanaa mein cumm samay key liye kaam kartaa haye.
isake alawa, invertor compressor refrigerator key nae model compressor kii gati koo samaayojit karane key liye vibhinn baahari aur aantarik sthitiyon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hain aur iss prakaar sheetlan aur oorjaa kii khapat koo anukoolit karate hain. unamen seey adhikansh cumm seey cumm 4 sensor kaa upayog karate hain joe baahari tapman mein bhinnata kaa pataa lagaane mein madad karate hain, refrigerator key darwaaje key khulane yaa nae bhojan koo ander rakhane key kaaran aantarik tapman; aardrata aur upayog key pattern. samvedak key input key aadhar parr, compressor apani gati koo samaayojit kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, yadi darwaja khola jaataa haye yaa nayaa bhojan rakhaa jaataa haye, tou samvedak kebin key ander tapman mein vriddhi kaa pataa lagaata haye aur poorv-nirdhaarit tapman praapt honey taka compressor koo apani gati badhaane kaa sanket detaa haye. jisake baad, compressor kewal aantarik tapman banaae rakhane key liye nyuntam gati seey chalata haye. compressor aamtaur parr 1200 aur 4500 aar. pee. aim. key beach chalata haye.
invertor compressor naa kewal sheetlan koo anukoolit karate hain, balki sthaayitva aur oorjaa dakshata key mamle mein bhee behtar hain.
ack upkaran adhikatam oorjaa kii khapat kartaa haye aur jaba yeh khud koo chaalu kartaa haye tou adhikatam toot jaataa haye. ack invertor compressor key roop mein kabhi bhee khud koo bund naheen kartaa haye aur isake bajaay alag-alag gati parr chalata haye, yeh ghisaav aur aansuu aur oorjaa key upayog koo cumm kartaa haye.
ell. jee. ney invertor compressor mein sudhaar karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai kyonki humm ise compressor mein gharshan binduon koo cumm karke jaanate hain aur iss prakaar raikhik invertor compressor pesh karate hain. paaramparik roop seey, sabhi gharelu refrigerator ack parasparik drive kaa upayog karate hain joe piston seey judaa hotaa haye. lekin ack raikhik invertor compressor mein, piston joe ack sthaayi chumbak haye, dou vidyut chumbakon key beach nilambit hotaa haye. assie vidyut chumbak key chumbakiya dhruvon koo badal detaa haye, jisake parinamswarup prasheetak koo dhakka aur kheenchana padata haye. ell. jee. kaa daavaa haye kii yeh unake paaramparik compressors kii tulanaa mein oorjaa kii khapat koo 32 pratishat aur shore koo 25 pratishat taka cumm karane mein madad kartaa haye.
roop kaarak.
refrigerator kaa paadap design bhee isaki oorjaa dakshata mein ack badee bhoomika nibhaata haye. sabse kushal chhaati-shally kaa freezer haye, kyonki iska sheersh-kholane vaalaa design darwaaje kholate samay samvahan koo cumm kartaa haye, jisase freezer mein pravesh karane vaali germ nama havaa kii matra cumm hoe jaati haye. doosari or, ander key burf vitarak adhik garmi risaav kaa kaaran banate hain, jisase oorjaa kii khapat mein vriddhi hoti haye.
jeevan shally parr prabhaav.
refrigerator gharon koo pahale seey adhik samay taka bhojan taaza rakhane kii anumati detaa haye. sabse ullekhaniya sudhaar maans aur anya atyadhik kharaab honey vaale maal key liye haye, jinhen shelf life jaisi koee bhee cheez praapt karane key liye parishkrit karane kii aavashyakta thee. (doosari or, refrigerator aur freezer koo sansaadhit, jaldi pakaaye gaye khaadya padarthon key saath bhee rakhaa jaa sakata haye joe cumm swasth hain.) pargaman mein prasheetan seey door key sthaanon seey bhojan kaa anand lena sambhav hoe jaataa haye.
dayeri utpaad, maans, machhali, murgi aur sabjiyon koo rasoi key bheetar ack hii sthaan mein prasheetit kiya jaa sakata haye (halanki kachche maans koo swachchata key karanon seey anya bhojan seey alag rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye).
freezer logon koo thoke mein bhojan khareedane aur avkash mein ise khaane kii anumati dete hain, aur thoke kharidari seey paise kii bachat hoe sakati haye. icecream, 20veen shatabdi kii ack lokpriya vastu, pahale kewal usa sthaan kii yatra karke praapt kii jaa sakati thee jahan utpaad banaaya jaataa thaa aur ise mauke parr hii khaaya jaataa thaa. abb yeh ack aam khaadya padaarth haye. maang parr burf naa kewal thhande peya kaa anand letee haye, balki praathamik chikitsa key liye aur thhande paik key liye upayogi haye jise picnic yaa aapaatkaaleen sthiti mein jamey hue rakhaa jaa sakata haye.
tapman kshetra aur mulyankan.
aavaasiya ikaaiyaan.
refrigerator kii kshamata koo yaa tou leater yaa ghana phut mein maapa jaataa haye. aam taur parr ack sanyukt refrigerator-freezer kii matra koo freezer koo aavantit matra key 1/3 seey 1/4 key saath vibhajit kiya jaataa haye, halanki yeye maan atyadhik parivartansheel hotey hain.
refrigerator aur freezer dibbon key liye tapman settings koo aksar nirmaataon dwara manmaane dhang seey sankhya dee jaati haye (udaaharan key liye, 1 seey 9, sabse germ seey sabse thandaa), lekin aam taur parr refrigerator dibbe aur freezer key liye aadarsh haye. kuchh refrigerator thheek seey chalane key liye kuchh baahari tapman maapdandon key bheetar honey chaahiye. yeh ack samasya hoe sakati haye jaba ikaaiyon koo ack adhure kshetra mein rakhaa jaataa haye, jaise kii ack garrage.
kuchh refrigerators koo abb vibhinn prakaar key bhojan koo sangraheet karane key liye chaar kshetron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih
europeeya freezer aur freezer dibbe vaale refrigerator mein chaar sitara rating pranali seey grade freezer hotey hain.
halanki teen aur chaar starr rating donon samaan bhandaran samay aur samaan nyuntam tapman nirdisht karate hain, kewal ack chaar starr freezer taaja bhojan koo freeze karane key liye haye, aur isamen ack "fast freeze" function shamil hoe sakata haye (compressor koo lagaatar, cumm seey cumm chalaa jaataa haye) ise suvidhajanak banaane key liye. teen (yaa usase cumm) taaron kaa upayog jamey hue khaadya dibbon key liye kiya jaataa haye joe kewal jamey hue bhojan koo sangraheet karane key liye upayukt hotey hain; iss tarah key dibbe mein taaja bhojan pesh karane key parinamswarup tapman mein asweekarya vriddhi honey kii sambhavana haye. vargeekaran mein yeh antar 4-sitara logo key design mein dikhaaya gayaa haye, jahaan "maanak" teen sitaare "sakaratmak" rangon kaa upayog karke ack boxes mein pradarshit kiye jaate hain, joe 3-sitara freezer key samaan samanya sanchaalan koo darshaata haye, aur chautha taaraa joe atirikt taaja bhojan/tej freeze function koo darshaata haye, boxes mein "nakaratmak" rangon mein yaa anya alag praarupan key saath purvanirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye. 
adhikansh europeeya refrigerators mein ack nama thandaa refrigerator khand (jisake liye aniyamit antaral parr (swachaalit) defrosting kii aavashyakta hoti haye) aur ack (shayed hii kabhi frost mukt) freezer khand shamil hotaa haye.
niptan.
ack teji seey mahatvapurna paryavaraniya chinta puraane refrigerators kaa niptan haye-shuru mein kyonki fron sheetlak ozon parat koo nuksan pahunchaata haye-lekin jaise-jaise purani peedhi key refrigerator kharaab hoe jaate hain, see. aff. see.-assar vaale insulation kaa vinash bhee chinta kaa kaaran banata haye. aadhunik refrigerator aamtaur parr aich. aff. see-134aeye. (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane) naamak refrigerant kaa upayog karate hain, joe fron key vipareet ozon parat koo cumm naheen kartaa haye. aar-134aeye europe mein bahut durlabh hotaa jaa rhaa haye. isake bajaay nae refrigerator kaa upayog kiya jaa rhaa haye. abb upayog kiya jaane vaalaa mukhya prasheetak aar-600aeye (jise isobutane key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) haye, joe chhode jaane parr vayumandal parr cumm prabhaav daaltaa haye. yadi refrigerator mein ack chingari kii upasthiti mein isobutane ris jaataa haye tou refrigerator key visfot honey kii khabaren aaee hain. yadi sheetlak refrigerator mein risata haye, tou aise samay mein jaba darwaja naheen khola jaa rhaa haye (jaise raat bhar) refrigerator key bheetar havaa mein sheetlak kii sandrata ack visfotak mishran banaa sakati haye jise yaa tou thermostate seey chingari seey prajwalit kiya jaa sakata haye yaa jaba darwaja khulane parr prakaash aataa haye, jisake parinamswarup gambhir sampatti kshati aur chot yaa yahaan taka kii parinamswarup visfot seey mrityu key dastaveji mamle saamane aatey hain.
asweekrit refrigerators kaa niptan viniyamit kiya jaataa haye, aksar suraksha karanon seey darvaajon koo hataana anivarya hotaa haye. chhipane aur khojane vaale bachche, vishesh roop seey puraane model, jinhen refrigerator death kahaa jaataa haye, koo fenk diye gaye refrigerator key ander chhipaate hue dumm ghutane seey maar diyaa gayaa haye. 2 agast 1956 seey, yuu key tahat.aiss. sanghiya kaanoon, refrigerator key darvaajon koo abb jaali lagaane kii anumati naheen haye aur unhein ander seey khola jaa sakata haye. aadhunik ikaaiyaan ack chumbakiya darwaaje key gasket kaa upayog karati hain joe darwaaje koo seal curr detaa haye lekin ise ander seey kholane kii anumati detaa haye. iss gasket kaa aavishkaar, vikas aur nirmaan bergish gladback/germany key max berman (1903-1984) dwara kiya gayaa thaa.
kull jeevan-chakr laagat key sambandh mein, kaee sarkaaren puraane refrigerator key punarchakran koo protsaahit karane key liye protsaahan pradaan karati hain. ack udaaharan australia mein shuru kiya gayaa phoenix refrigerator karyakram haye. iss sarkari protsaahan ney puraane refrigerator koo uthaaya, aur apane maalikon koo refrigerator koo "daan" karane key liye bhugtan kiya. refrigerator koo phir nae darwaaje kii muharon key saath navinikrit kiya gayaa, poori tarah seey safai aur vastuon koo hataane key liye, jaise kii kaee purani ikaaiyon key peechhe seey bandha huaa aavaran. isake parinamswarup refrigerator, joe abb 10 pratishat seey adhik kushal hain, taba cumm aaya vaale parivaaron mein vitarit kiye gaye they.