
loer elva klallam janjaati

nichala elva klalam janjaati (yaa nxwslm) klalam mein ack sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt mool americi rashtra haye joe sanyukt raajya america key prashant uttar-paschim mein haye. yeh janjaati badee klallam sanskriti kaa hissa haye, joe tata key salish logon kaa hissa haye.
klallam kaa paaramparik kshetra olympic praaydweep kaa uttar aur poorvottar bhaag haye.aiss. washington kii sthiti. paaramparik roop seey iss kshetra mein unake kaee gaanv they. 1930 key dashak seey janjaati key hisse ney elva nadee key muhaane parr bandargah swargadooton key paschim mein sthit ack aarakshan koo niyantrit kiya haye.
agast 2003 mein shahar mein poorv adiwasi bhoomi parr ack nirmaan pariyojana key dauran ack pracheen klallam gaanv, "tse-whitt-jaine" kii khoj kii gaee thee. lagbhag akshat gaanv sthal, saikadon maanav avasheshon aur hajaaron kalakritiyon key mahatva key kaaran raajya ney usa sthal parr nirmaan pariyojana koo chhod diyaa. radio carbon detting key aadhar parr, gaanv kaa sthal lagbhag 2700 varshon seey kabja curr liya gayaa prateet hotaa haye. nichale elva klalam 1930 key dashak taka vahaan rahate they, jaba sanghiya sarkaar ney unhein shahar key baahar ack aarakshan paschim mein jaane key liye raaji kiya. taba seey raajya ney janjaati koo bhoomi vaapas curr dee haye aur ise ack aur patte parr dey diyaa haye.
2012 aur 2014 mein, 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein nirmit dou baandhon koo elva nadee seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, joe lambe samay seey janjaati dwara samarthit ack pramukh bahaali pariyojana kaa hissa thaa. isase nadee key muhaane parr samudra taton aur delta kaa nirmaan karane mein madad milegi, saath hii salmon key pravaah koo bahaal kiya jaa sakega aur nadee aur jalvibhaajak kii paaristhitiki mein sudhaar hoga. jaise hii bhoomi kaa khulasa huaa, agast 2012 mein janjaati ney nadee key paas apane lambe samay seey doobe hue pavitra nirmaan sthal kii phir seey khoj kii. isake alawa, nadee key kinare ack puraataatvik sthal paaya gayaa haye jisamen 8,000 varshon key maanav nivaas kaa khulasa karane vaali kalaakritiyaan hain; yeh olympic rashtriya udyaan kaa sabse purana sthal haye.
jansankhyiki.
2007 taka nichale elva kalallam janjaati key 776 namankit sadasya hain. inmein seey 112 nichale elva aarakshan parr rahate hain. yeh janjaati dwara prabandhit kiya jaataa haye aur elva nadee key muhaane parr sthit haye, joe bandargah swargadooton key paschim mein haye.
itihas.
nichala elva klalam janjaati chaar klalam logon mein seey ack haye, joe sanyukt raajya key prashant uttar-paschim mein sthit hain. unakaa aitihaasik kshetra olympic praaydweep key uttar-poorv mein thaa, lagbhag hoko nadee seey laker juan dee fukaa kii jaldamroomadhya taka. way sambandhit salish bhaashaaen bolate hain. yeh janjaati paaramparik roop seey klallam bhasha bolati thee, joe anya tata kii salish bhaashaon seey sambandhit thee. pahale seey hii chala rahee pariyojanaon mein, 2012 mein ack klalam shabdakosh prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen adiwasi bujurgon jaise kii adline smith key pramukh yogdan they. bhasha varg kalallam key upayog koo punarjeevit curr rahey hain.
aitihaasik aur pracheen kaal mein, nichale elva kalalam ney elva nadee key kinare kaee gaanvon parr kabja curr liya thaa, jisamen vartamaan bandargah angils kaa kshetra, ediz hook dwara aashrayit khaadi bhee shamil haye. unhone nadee key kinare ack chattan koo apane nirmaan sthal key roop mein daavaa kiya, ise ack shabd kahaa kii klallam mein iska arth kundalit tokri haye, isake aakar key liye. ack klallam bhasha prashikshak jaimi valaadez key anusaar, ise usa sthaan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa jahan nirmaata ney "klallam logon aur anya janjaatiyon koo snan karaaya aur aashirvaad diyaa". yeh drishti khoj key liye ack sthaan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. yeh sthal 1913 mein elva baandh key nirmaan dwara banaai gaee ack jheel key neeche duba huaa thaa. adiwasi sadasyon ney 20 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein ise maanavvigyaani aur anya shodhkartaon koo bataaya.
18veen aur 19veen shatabdi key anta mein, janjaati koo europeeya vyapariyon seey honey vaali sankraamak beemariyon seey uchch mrityu kaa saamana karna padaa, kyonki unake paas chechak aur khasra jaisi inn naee beemariyon key liye koee pratiraksha naheen thee. 19veen shatabdi key anta taka unaki sankhya mein ullekhaniya kamee aaee.
nichale elva klallam janjaati koo 1855 kii bindu sandhi mein sanyukt raajya dwara maanyata dee gaee thee. 20veen shatabdi mein, sanghiya sarkaar ney bandargah angils key baahar bhoomi kharidi aur janjaati koo shahar mein apani sampatti seey 1935-36 mein sthanantarit karane key liye raaji kiya, taaki tata key saath audyogik vikas kii anumati mill sakey. adiwasi bhoomi parr lakadi aur kagaj kii milon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. 1968 mein elva nadee key muhaane parr bhoomi koo nichale elva aarakshan key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. aaj adiwasi bhoomi mein elva nadee parr aur usake paas kii lagbhag bhoomi shamil haye.
1938 mein olympic rashtriya udyaan kii sthaapana oopari elva aur anya nadiyon, pahaadon aur uttari olympic praaydweep key anya kshetron kii raksha key liye kii gaee thee. isane mahatvapurna awas koo sanrakshit kiya haye lekin 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein nichali nadee parr baney baandhon ney vaarshik salmon daud koo rokkar paaristhitiki koo badal diyaa. 20veen shatabdi key anta taka, nadee mein lautane vaale salmon kii sankhya lagbhag 400,000 seey ghatkar 4,000 seey bhee cumm hoe gaee thee.
raajneetik sakriyata.
janjaati ney paaramparik machhali pakadane sahit apane sandhi adhikaaron koo dabaane mein prashant uttar-paschim mein anya logon key saath sahyog kiya. way lambe samay seey apane aahar key ack pramukh hisse key liye salmon parr nirbhar they. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein nirmit dou baandhon kii baadhaon key kaaran elva nadee parr salmon kaa pravaah teji seey cumm hoe gayaa thaa, aur janjaati ney salmon aur anya machhliyon key apane hisse kii maang kii thee. 1979 key saahasik nirnay seey, janjaatiyon key sandhi adhikaaron kii pushti kii gaee aur unhein salmon key aadhe hisse kii anumati dee gaee. machhali pakadane parr paramarsh aur baatchit kii ack vaarshik prakriya noa kii rashtriya samudri matsya seva aur vaanijyik aur khel machuaaron key sahyog seey vikasit kii gaee haye, taaki tikaau matsya paalan banaae rakhaa jaa sakey.
shuru seey hii, janjaati ney elva parr baandhon kaa virodh kiya, aur teji seey unake nakaratmak paryavaraniya prabhaav spasht hoe gaye. oopari elva nadee mein salmon matsya paalan koo bahaal karane key ekmatra tareeke key roop mein baandhon koo hataane kaa samarthan kiya gayaa thaa. janjaati ney rashtriya aur kshetriya paryaavaran samoohon key saath raajya key pratinidhiyon aur congress kii pairavi karane key liye kaam kiya, antatah 1992 key elva nadee paaristhitiki tantra aur matsya paalan bahaali adhiniyam koo paarit kiya. yeh rashtriya udyaan seva dwara everglades kii bahaali key baad shuru kii gaee sabse badee bahaali pariyojana rahee haye aur janjaati isake vikas aur karyanvayan mein paramarsh kiye gaye hitdhaarakon mein seey ack rahee haye. baandhon koo hataana 2011 mein shuru huaa aur agast 2014 mein puuraa huaa.
pracheen sthalon kaa punarpraapti.
agast 2003 mein, washington raajya parivahan vibhaag (wsdot) dwara port angils mein ack graving dock key nirmaan key dauran janjaati key pracheen gaanv tse-hitt-jaine kii phir seey khoj kii gaee thee. yeh pariyojana hood nahar pull key pratisthaapan key liye pontoon banaane key liye thee. janjaati aur wsdot ney shuru mein kalakritiyon kii khoj mein sahyog kiya, lekin 10,000 kalakritiyon aur 335 maanav avasheshon kii khoj key saath, aur yeh maanyata kii site lagbhag barkarar thee, janjaati ney nirmaan pariyojana koo chhodane kii maang kii. 21 disambar, 2004 koo raajya key rajyapal ney ghoshana kii kii wsdot usa sthal parr graving dock seey sambandhit sabhi nirmaan prayason koo roque dega.
baad mein janjaati dwara laae gaye soot key niptan mein, raajya ney avasheshon key punarsthaapan key liye nichale elva klallam janjaati koo gaanv kii bhoomi dee, aur 2003 seey 2005 taka gaanv kii site seey baramad 67,000 kalakritiyon koo curate karane key liye ack sanrachana key liye janjaati koo ack aur patte parr dene parr sahamati vyakt kii. samjhaute ney janjaati koo raajya dwara 25 laakh dollar kaa bhugtan pradaan kiya, aur nirmaan pariyojana key parityag key kaaran bandargaahon key shahar aur bandargah angils key bandargah koo 7.5 laakh dollar kaa bhugtan kiya. 2012 taka, samjhaute kii kuchh shartein, site parr gaming casino key nirmaan yaa sanchaalan koo rokane key uddeshya seey, sanghiya sarkaar key iss bhoomi koo janjaati key liye vishvaas mein lene mein deree curr rahee theen. isase bhoomi parr unakaa niyantran sambhav hoe paayega. janjaati iss sthal parr ack sangrahalaya yaa upchaar kendra banaane kaa irada rakhti haye.
radio carbon detting key anusaar, tse-hitt-jaine kaa gaanv 2,700 saal seey adhik purana haye. 1930 key dashak kii shuruat mein jaba way naee aarakshan bhoomi mein sthanantarit hue tou yeh janjaati dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa. 20veen shatabdi key dauran gaanv key sthal key oopar kaee milon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. kyonki jameen bharaav seey dhaki hui thee, isaliye gaanv kaa sthaan sanrakshit thaa. puraatatva ney sambhavatah aathh lambe ghar kii sanrachanaon key saath-saath bhojan kii taiyari aur samarohon key liye kshetron aur kabristan key sakshya kaa khulasa kiya haye.
agast 2012 mein, adiwasi sadasyon ney elva nadee key kinare apane pavitra nirmaan sthal kii phir seey khoj kii. elva nadee pariyojana kii bahaali key hisse key roop mein elva baandh dwara banaae gaye jalaashay, aldwell jheel key baad iska khulasa kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh sadasya pavitra sthal kii yatra karate they, jahan unhone paani ikattha kiya taaki way una bujurgon koo vaapas leey jaa sakein joe vahaan naheen pahunch sakey, jinamen adline smith bhee shamil they. yeh pahali baar thaa jaba janjaati key jeevit sadasyon ney kabhi iss sthal koo dekhaa thaa.
poorv mein jalmagn bhoomi parr ack sambandhit khoj mein, puraatatvidon ney ack aise sthal kii khoj kii jisamen 8,000 varshon key maanav nivaas kaa khulasa huaa. yeh olympic rashtriya udyaan key bheetar sabse purana puraataatvik sthal haye. janjaati key saath paramarsh mein, shodhkartaon ney adhyayan key liye kuchh kalakritiyon koo hataa diyaa, aur isaki raksha key liye site koo phir seey dafnaya. donon sthaanon koo sanrakshit karane key liye unhein gupt rakhaa jaa rhaa haye.
aage padhein.
boyd, collin ee. aur johnn bee. ladka. "madhya uttar-paschim tata parr saanskritik astitva, janjaatiya samprabhuta aur nadee kii bahaali."jall, saanskritik vividhata aur vaishvik paryaavaran parivartan mein ubharate rujhaan, tikaau bhavishya, bee dwara sampaadit. aar. johnson, aur anya., 387-402. landanah springer, 2012.

