
sthir logon kaa shaahi pustakalaya

byzantine samrajya kii rajdhani shahar mein sthit constantinople kaa shaahi pustakalaya pracheen duniya key mahaan pustakalayon mein seey antim thaa. alexandaria key mahaan pustakalaya aur anya pracheen pustakalayon key vinash key lambe samay baad, isane lagbhag 1,000 varshon taka pracheen yoonaniyon aur romanon key gyaan koo sanrakshit kiya. varshon seey anajaane mein luggy aag aur yuddh key samay mein hui kshati kii ack shrinkhala, jisamen 1204 mein chauthe dharmayuddh key chhaape shamil they, ney imarat aur isaki samagri koo prabhaavit kiya. jabaki ottoman yug mein granthon key jeevit rahane kii kaee reportein theen, pustakalaya kaa koee bhee mool hissa kabhi baramad naheen kiya gayaa haye. pustakalaya kii sthaapana constantius II (shasson 337-361 ad) dwara kii gaee thee, jinhone ack scriptorium kii sthaapana kii taaki yunani saahitya key jeevit karyon koo sanrakshan key liye pratilipi banaai jaa sakey. 372 mein samrat vallen ney chaar yunani aur teen lattin lekhakon koo niyukt kiya. aaj gyaat adhikansh yunani classics koo constantinople key shaahi pustakalaya seey utpann honey vaali byzantine pratiyon key madhyam seey jaanaa jaataa haye.
itihas.
pracheen yunan mein, likhit shabd aur adhikansh saahitya koo papyrus parr likhaa gayaa thaa. jaise-jaise papyrus bigadane lagaa, padhane kii samagri koo papyrus seey charmpatra mein sthanantarit karane key liye ack andolan thaa, jaisa kii chauthi shatabdi key aspas mahaan koo pratibandhit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin unakaa andolan vishesh roop seey shaastra seey sambandhit thaa. simhaasan key liye constantine key uttaradhikari, constantius II ney iss andolan koo jaari rakhaa. yeh unakaa kaam thaa joe constantinople key pahale shaahi pustakalaya mein samaapt huaa. anuman haye kii pustakalaya mein pracheen paath key 100,000 seey adhik khand hain. andolan kaa netritva ack themistio ney kiya thaa, joe sulekhakon aur granthpaalon key ack samooh kii kamaan sambhalata thaa.
agathon.
agaithan paathak pahale paathak they, phir constantinople mein librarianah 680 esvi mein, apane pathakon key dauran, vaha chhathe samanya parishad mein notary yaa reporter they, jisane monothalite pakhand kii ninda kii. unhone swayam dwara likhe gaye krityon kii pratiyaan paanch kulpatiyon koo bhejin. 712 esvi mein unhone ack laghu granth likhaa, joe abhee bhee yunani mein maujood haye, ekatmata koo punarjeevit karane key philipicus bardness key prayason parr.
pustakalaya kii samagri.
pracheen paparus granthon koo charmpatra mein sthanantarit karane parr kaam karane vaalon ney sanrakshit kiye jaane kii aavashyakta koo prathamikta dene key liye bahut samay aur dhyaan samarpit kiya. hommer aur hellenistic itihas jaise puraane karyon koo lattin karyon kii tulanaa mein prathamikta dee gaee thee. kahaa jaataa haye kii constantinople key shaahi sangrah mein soney kii syaahi mein likhe ack sou bees phut lambe hommer key karyon kaa ack scroll thaa. attari avadhi key karyon kii tarah puraane karyon koo bhee prathamikta dee gaee. sophocles aur anya lekhakon jaise kaam, jinake kaam vyaakaran aur paath parr kendrit they, cumm upayog kiye gaye yaa samkaaleen karyon parr chune gaye they. chayanaatmak sanrakshan key iss roop key kaaran, kaee kaary joe unhein gyaat they, aur joe unhone stoic daarshnikon kii tikadi kii tarah ullekh kiye hain, abb khou gaye hain. inn khoye hue karyon key kuchh tukade herculaneum mein puraataatvik khudai mein paae gaye hain.
papyrus granthon key liye joe anuvaad yogya naheen they, samooh ney unhein charmpatra mein lapetkar kshay seey bachaane kaa prayaas kiya.
pustakalaya kaa vinash.
sadiyon seey, constantinople key pustakalaya mein kaee aag ney sangrah kaa adhikansh hissa nasht curr diyaa. varsh 473 mein pustakalaya koo jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa aur lagbhag 120,000 khand nasht hoe gaye they. haalaanki, thistios aur constantius key prayaas nishfal naheen they, kyonki kuchh karyon koo bachaaya gayaa thaa aur anya granthon key madhyam seey punah pratilipi banaai gaee thee aur prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa. natijatan, pracheen yunani saahitya kaa aadhunik gyaan unake prayason key liye naheen tou usase bhee adhik haye.
12 aprail 1204 koo constantinople key patan key baad, shahar kii barkhastagi key dauran chauthe dharmayuddh key franks aur venetianon dwara kathit roop seey pustakalaya koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. donald queller ney nott kiya kii crusaders dwara hamale key dauran shahar koo tabah karane vaali teen aagon mein kuchh paandulipiyaan shayed khou gaee theen, usa samay ack aupchaarik shaahi pustakalaya key nirantar astitva kaa koee sanket naheen haye aur kissy bhee srot mein khoye hue pandulipiyon kaa ullekh naheen haye.
jabaki ottoman yug mein granthon key jeevit rahane kii kaee reportein theen, pustakalaya kaa koee bhee mool hissa kabhi baramad naheen kiya gayaa haye. joseph dacker carlile koo 1800 mein seraglio taka pahunch pradaan kii gaee thee, joe ottoman vijay key baad key jeevit granthon kaa maanaa jaataa bhandar thaa, lekin shaahi pustakalaya seey koee granth sthit naheen they. ack ullekhaniya apavaad archimedies polympsest haye, joe 1840 mein saamane aaya thaa, jiska 1915 mein anuvaad kiya gayaa thaa aur ise ack niji sangrah mein paaya gayaa thaa aur 1998 mein becha gayaa thaa.
sthir logon key ekal pustakalaya kaa astitva.
kyaa shaastriya rome aur alekjendar key samaan, sthir logon kaa ack hii shaahi pustakalaya thaa, yeh savalia banaa huaa haye. itihaaskaar steven runsimmon ney nott kiya kii 5veen shatabdi key baad logon mein koee saarvajanik pustakalaya maujood naheen they, halanki kaee church aur rakshasi they. jabaki yeh sambhavana haye kii vidvaanon koo inmein seey cumm seey cumm kuchh taka pahunch dee gaee thee, unaki samagri mukhya roop seey dharamshastriya hogi. byzantine samrajya madhyayugeen manakon key anusaar ack atyadhik sakshar samaaj thaa, lekin joe samanya pustakalaya astitva mein rahey, way niji swaamitva vaale sangrah they.

