
furniture

furniture vibhinn maanav gatividhiyon jaise baithane (jaise.jee., stool, kursiyaan aur sophe), khaana (mez), saman rakhna, kaam karna aur sonaa (jaise.jee., bistar aur jhoole). furniture kaa upayog kaam key liye ack suvidhajanak oonchaai parr vastuon koo pakadane key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye (jameen key oopar kshaitij satahon key roop mein, jaise table aur desk), yaa cheejon koo sangraheet karane key liye (jaise.jee., almari, almaariyaan aur daraaj). furniture design kaa ack utpaad hoe sakata haye aur ise sajawati kalaa kaa ack roop maanaa jaa sakata haye. furniture kii karyatmak bhoomika key alawa, yeh ack prateekaatmak yaa dhaarmik uddeshya kii poorti curr sakata haye. ise dhaatu, plastic aur lakadi sahit kaee samagriyon seey banaaya jaa sakata haye. furniture koo vibhinn prakaar key lakadi key jodon kaa upayog karke banaaya jaa sakata haye joe aksar sthaaniya sanskriti koo darshaate hain.
loga maanav sabhyata kii shuruat seey hii praakritik vastuon, jaise pedh key stump, chattanon aur kaaee kaa upayog furniture key roop mein curr rahey hain aur aaj bhee kuchh gharon/shiviron mein jaari haye. puraataatvik shodh seey pataa chalata haye kii lagbhag 30,000 saal pahale seey, logon ney lakadi, patthar aur jaanvaron kii haddiyon kaa upayog karke apane furniture kaa nirmaan aur nakkashi karna shuru curr diyaa thaa. iss avadhi key praarambhik furniture koo roose mein paaee jaane vaali ack shukra moorti jaisi kalaakriti seey jaanaa jaataa haye, jisamen simhaasan parr devi koo darshaaya gayaa haye. pahala jeevit maujood furniture scotland mein scara brey key gharon mein haye, aur isamen almari, dresser aur bistar shamil hain joe sabhi patthar seey banaae gaye hain. pracheen misra key praarambhik rajvansh kaal mein jodd jaisi jatil nirmaan takneekon kii shuruat hui. iss yug mein lakadi key tukadon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen stool aur table shamil they, jinhen kabhi-kabhi moolyavaan dhatuon yaa hathidant seey sajaaya jaataa thaa. pracheen yunan aur pracheen rome mein furniture design kaa vikas jaari rhaa, jisamen simhaasan aam honey key saath-saath klinai, aaraam karane, khaane aur soney key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale bahuuddeshiya sophe bhee they. madhya yug kaa furniture aamtaur parr bhaari, oak aur alankrit thaa. chaudahavin aur pandrahavin shatabdi key italvi punarjagaran key dauran furniture design kaa vistaar huaa. satrahavin shatabdi, dakshini aur uttari europe donon mein, bhavya, aksar soney key rung key barok designs kii visheshta thee. unnisvin shatabdi koo aamtaur parr punruddhar shailiyon dwara paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. beesavin shatabdi key pahale teen-chauthai koo aksar adhuniktawad kii or badhane key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. uttar-aadhunik furniture design kaa ack anootha vikas praakritik aakaron aur banaavat kii or vaapsee haye.
vyutpatti.
angreji shabd "furniture" francisi shabd, sangya key roop seey liya gayaa haye, jiska arth haye aapoorti karna yaa pradaan karna. iss prakaar french mein "chaar-pada" kaa arth haye aapoorti yaa praavdhaan. angreji kaa upayog, vishesh roop seey gharelu vastuon kaa ullekh karate hue, usa bhasha key liye vishisht haye; french aur anya romans bhaashaon key saath-saath german shabd "mayubals" key roopon kaa upayog karate hain, joe lattin "mobilia" seey nikla haye, jiska arth haye "chalane yogya saman".
itihas.
pragaitihasik.
praakritik vastuon koo furniture key praathamik tukadon key roop mein upayog karane kaa abhyaas sambhavatah maanav sabhyata kii shuruat seey haye. praarambhik manushyon ney pedh key stump koo aasan key roop mein, chattanon koo praathamik mez key roop mein aur soney key liye kaaee vaale kshetron kaa upayog kiya hoga. lagbhag 30,000 saal pahale key purapashan kaal key anta yaa praarambhik navpashan kaal key dauran, logon ney lakadi, patthar aur jaanvaron kii haddiyon kaa upayog karke apane swayam key furniture kaa nirmaan aur nakkashi karna shuru curr diyaa. nirmit furniture key astitva kaa sabse pahala saboot roose mein gagarino sthal parr paaee gaee ack shukra moorti haye, joe ack simhaasan parr baithi sthiti mein devi koo darshaati haye. turkey mein Çatalhöyük mein ack baithi mahila kii isi tarah kii moorti millie thee, joe 6000 aur 5500 eesaa poorv key beach kii haye. moortiyon mein iss tarah kii ack seat koo shamil karane kaa tatparya haye kii yeye pahale seey hii usa yug kii aam kalaakritiyaan theen.
scotland key orkeni mein ack navpashan gaanv scara brey mein advitiya patthar key furniture kii ack shrinkhala kii khudai kii gaee haye, yeh sthal 3100 seey 2500 eesaa poorv taka kaa haye aur orkeni mein lakadi kii kamee key kaaran, scara brey key logon koo patthar seey nirmaan karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa, ack aasaani seey upalabdh samagri jise aasaani seey kaam kiya jaa sakata thaa aur ghar key bheetar upayog key liye vastuon mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa. pratyek ghar uchch star kii parishkaartaa dikhaata haye aur almari, dresser aur bistaron seey laker almaariyon, patthar kii seeton aur langade tankon taka patthar key furniture key vyaapak vargeekaran seey lais thaa. patthar key dresser koo sabse mahatvapurna maanaa jaataa thaa kyonki yeh prateekaatmak roop seey pratyek ghar key pravesh dwaar kaa saamana kartaa haye aur isaliye pravesh karate samay pahali vastu dekhi jaati haye, jisamen shayed prateekaatmak vastuon koo pradarshit kiya jaataa haye, jisamen sajawati kalaakriti jaise kii kaee navpashan nakkashidar patthar kii genden bhee site parr paaee jaati hain.
pracheen kaal.
pracheen furniture kii khudai 8veen shatabdi eesaa poorv key frigian tumulus, midas tealey, gordian, turkey seey kii gaee haye. yahaan paae jaane vaale tukadon mein table aur inlade serving stand shamil hain. nimrud key 9veen-8veen shatabdi eesaa poorv key assyrian mahal seey bhee jeevit kaary hain. sabse purana jeevit kaaleen, pazrick kaaleen kii khoj cyberia mein ack jamey hue makbare mein kii gaee thee aur yeh eesaa poorv 6 veen aur 3 sadee key beach kaa haye.
pracheen misra.
pracheen misra mein sabhyata kii shuruat nile nadee key taton parr bhoomi kii nikasi aur sinchai key saath hui, joe lagbhag 6000 eesaa poorv mein shuru hui thee. usa samay taka, neel ghaati mein samaaj pahale seey hii sangathit krishi aur badee imaraton key nirmaan mein lagaa huaa thaa. iss avadhi mein, misra key dakshin-paschimi koney mein misravasi maveshiyon kaa paalan curr rahey they aur badee imaraton kaa nirmaan bhee curr rahey they. lagbhag 4000 eesaa poorv mein neel ghaati aur delta key nivasi swavlambi they aur jou aur emmer (gehuun kii ack praarambhik kism) kii kheti curr rahey they aur ise nalika chataai key saath kataarbaddh gaddhon mein sangraheet curr rahey they. way maveshi, bakariyaan aur suar paalate they aur way linnon aur tokri buney. poorv rajvansh kaal key furniture key pramaan durlabh hain, lekin pahale rajvansh key makbaron key namoone usa yug key gharon mein pahale seey hii furniture key unnat upayog kaa sanket dete hain.
rajvansh kaal key dauran, joe lagbhag 3200 eesaa poorv mein shuru huaa, misra kii kalaa kaa kaafee vikas huaa, aur isamen furniture design shamil thaa. misra key furniture kaa nirmaan mukhya roop seey lakadi kaa upayog karke kiya jaataa thaa, lekin kabhi-kabhi anya samagriyon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, jaise kii chamada, aur sajawat key liye aksar soney, chaandi, hathidant aur aabnoos key tukadon koo sajaaya jaataa thaa. misra mein paaee jaane vaali lakadi furniture nirmaan key liye upayukt naheen thee, isaliye ise anya sthaanon, vishesh roop seey phoenicia seey desh mein ayaat karna padaa. lakadi kii kamee key kaaran nirmaan takneekon mein navachar kii aavashyakta padee. dou chhote tukadon koo ack saath jodane aur ack lambi kiran banaane key liye scarf jodon kaa upayog iska ack udaaharan thaa, saath hii saath libas kaa nirmaan jisamen mukhya nirmaan samagri key roop mein cumm gunavatta vaali sastee lakadi kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, satah parr mahangi lakadi kii ack patali parat key saath.
rajvansh kaal mein sabse pahale upayog kiya jaane vaalaa baithane kaa furniture stool thaa, jiska upayog shaahi parivaar seey laker aam nagrikon taka poore misra key samaaj mein kiya jaataa thaa. vibhinn alag-alag designs kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen chaar urdhvaadhar pairon key saath stool aur anya cross kiye gaye pairon key saath; lagbhag sabhi mein aaytaakaar seeten theen. udaharanon mein shramik kaa stool, ack avtal seat key saath ack sadharan teen pair vaali sanrachana, shram key dauran aaraam key liye design kii gaee, aur adhik alankrit folding stool, cross folding pairon key saath, jinhen nakkashidar batakh key sir aur hathidant seey sajaaya gayaa thaa, aur kansya seey baney tikaa huaa thaa. misra key shuruati dinon mein poorna kursiyaan bahut durlabh theen, kewal ameer aur uchch shreni key logon taka seemit theen, aur unhein ack sthiti prateek key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa; way 18vein rajvansh taka aam gharon taka naheen pahunche they. praarambhik udaaharan ack stool mein ack seedhi peeth jodkar banaae gaye they, jabaki baad mein kursiyon mein ack jhukaav thaa. pracheen misra mein anya furniture prakaron mein mez shamil hain, joe kalaa mein bahut adhik pratinidhitva karate hain, lekin sanrakshit vastuon key roop mein lagbhag maujood naheen hain-shayed isaliye kii unhein ander key bajaay kabron key baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa, saath hii saath bistar aur bhandaran chhaati bhee.
pracheen yunan.
yunani furniture kaa aitihaasik gyaan saahitya, terracotta, moortiyaan, moortiyaan aur chitrit phuldan sahit vibhinn sroton seey praapt hotaa haye. kuchh tukade aaj taka jeevit hain, mukhya roop seey way joe dhatuon seey banaae gaye hain, jinamen kansya yaa sangamarmar shamil hain. gharelu aur aayatit donon prakaar key yunani furniture mein lakadi ack mahatvapurna aur aam samagri thee. ack aam takneek sastee thhos lakadi key saath furniture key mukhya khandon kaa nirmaan karna thaa, phir ack mahangi lakadi kaa upayog karke ack libas lagaana thaa, jaise kii maple yaa aabnoos. yunani furniture nirmaan mein ack tukade key lakadi key hisson koo ack saath jodane key liye dowell aur tennon kaa bhee upayog kiya jaataa thaa. lakadi koo nakkashi, bhaap upchaar aur kharad dwara aakar diyaa gayaa thaa, aur furniture koo hathidant, kachhue key khol, kaanch, sonaa yaa anya keemati samagriyon seey sajaaya gayaa thaa.
aadhunik shabd "simhaasan" pracheen yunani "thronos" (yunani ekvachanah θρονος) seey liya gayaa haye, joe devtaon yaa uchch sthiti/padanukram yaa sammaan key vyaktiyon key liye naamit ack aasan thaa. olympia mein zius kii vishal chrysalephantine pratima, jiska nirmaan fidia dwara kiya gayaa thaa aur pracheen kaal mein khou gayaa thaa, mein ack vistrit simhaasan parr baithe devta zius koo dikhaaya gayaa thaa, jise possani key anusaar soney, keemati pattharon, aabnoos aur hathidant seey sajaaya gayaa thaa. anya yunani seeton mein "clismos", ack ghumaavdaar peeth aur pairon key saath ack suruchipurna yunani kursi shamil thee, jiska roop romanon dwara nakal kiya gayaa thaa aur abb furniture design kii shabdawali kaa hissa haye, peethaheen stool (deprose), joe adhikansh yunani gharon mein maujood thaa, aur taha stool. saatvin shatabdi eesaa poorv key anta seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa cline ack bahuuddeshiya tukada thaa jiska upayog bistar key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa, lekin bhojan key dauran sophe key roop mein aur letane key liye bhee. yeh aaytaakaar thaa aur chaar pairon parr samarthit thaa, jinamen seey dou dusare kii tulanaa mein lambe hoe sakate they, joe ack armerest yaa headboard key liye samarthan pradaan karate they. gadde, kaaleen aur kambal kaa upayog kiya gayaa hoga, lekin chadaron key liye koee saboot naheen haye.
samanya taur parr, yunani mez cumm theen aur aksar "klinai" key saath chitran mein dikhaai detee theen. sabse aam prakaar kii yunani mez mein teen pairon parr ack aaytaakaar sheersh thaa, halanki kaee vinyas maujood hain, jinamen samkon aur golakar shamil hain. pracheen yunan mein mez kaa upayog jyaadaatar bhojan key uddeshyon key liye kiya jaataa thaa-bhoj key chitran mein, aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii pratyek pratibhaagi ney ack badey tukade key saamoohik upayog key bajaay ack hii mez kaa upayog kiya hoga. table bhee dhaarmik sandarbhon mein pramukhta seey chitrit kiye gaye, jaisa kii phuldan chitron mein sanket diyaa gayaa haye, udaaharan key liye, dionius seey judaa sharaab kaa bartan, lagbhag 450 eesaa poorv kaa haye aur abb shikago key kalaa sansthaan mein rakhaa gayaa haye. chhaati kaa upayog kapadon aur vyaktigat vastuon key bhandaran key liye kiya jaataa thaa aur aamtaur parr tikaa huaa dhakkan key saath aaytaakaar hotey they. terracotta mein chitrit chhaati vistrit pattern aur design dikhaati haye, jisamen greek frate bhee shamil haye.
pracheen rome.
roman furniture shally aur nirmaan mein greek furniture parr bahut adhik adharit thaa. rome ney dheere-dheere europe kii pramukh sanskriti key roop mein grees koo hataa diyaa, jisase antatah grees koo 146 eesaa poorv mein rome kaa ack praant bunn gayaa. rome ney iss prakaar yunani furniture key utpaadan aur vitaran parr kabja curr liya, aur donon key beach kii seema dhundhali hoe gaee haye. romanon key paas yunani prabhaav key baahar kuchh seemit navachar they, aur shailiyaan spasht roop seey unaki apani theen.
roman furniture kaa nirmaan mukhya roop seey lakadi, dhaatu aur patthar kaa upayog karke kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen sangamarmar aur choona patthar kaa upayog baahari furniture key liye kiya jaataa thaa. bahut cumm lakadi kaa furniture barkarar rahata haye, lekin iss baat key pramaan hain kii maple, citron, beach, oak aur holly sahit vibhinn prakaar key lakadi kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. sajawat key liye kuchh aayatit lakadi jaise kii sattenwood kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. sabse adhik upayog kii jaane vaali dhaatu kansya thee, jisamen seey kaee udaaharan bache hue hain, udaaharan key liye, sophe aur dhaatu key stool key liye headrest. yoonaniyon key samaan, roman lakadi key tukadon koo ack saath jodane key liye tennon, dowell, nakhun aur gond kaa upayog karate they, aur libas kaa bhee abhyaas karate they.
1738 aur 1748 mein herculaneum aur pompei kii khudai seey roman furniture kaa pataa chalaa, joe aid 79 key vesuvius key visfot kii raakh mein sanrakshit thaa.
madhya yug.
misra, grees aur rome kii pracheen sabhyataon key vipareet, 5veen seey 15veen shatabdi taka furniture key tulanaatmak roop seey cumm pramaan hain. bahut cumm maujooda tukade jeevit hain, aur saahitya mein saboot bhee durlabh hain. yeh sambhavana haye kii pracheen kaal key anta mein prachalit furniture kii shally madhya yug mein bunny rahee. udaaharan key liye, chhathi shatabdi key diptic mein zius key samaan ack simhaasan koo darshaaya gayaa haye, jabaki bayox tapestry mein edward koo confessor aur harold koo roman cella karulis key samaan seeton parr baithe hue dikhaaya gayaa haye. madhya yug kaa furniture aamtaur parr bhaari, oak aur nakkashidar designs seey alankrit thaa.
bassentine furniture parr hellenistic prabhaav koo acanthus key patton, taad key patton, tejpatta aur jaitoon key patton key upayog key madhyam seey aabhushanon key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. praachya prabhaav guldaste, arabi aur kuchh vanaspati rupankanon key jyaamitiya shailikaran key madhyam seey prakat hotey hain. isai dharm byzantine alankaran mein prateek laataa haih kabootar, machhaliyan, bhed kaa bachcha aur belein. byzantine gharon aur mahalon kaa furniture aamtaur parr shandar, atyadhik sajaaya gayaa aur bareek seey alankrit thaa. patthar, sangamarmar, dhaatu, lakadi aur hathidant kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. satahon aur aabhushanon koo soney seey rung diyaa jaataa haye, plychrome seey chitrit kiya jaataa haye, soney kii chadaron seey chadhaaya jaataa haye, chamkile rangon mein email kiya jaataa haye, aur keemati pattharon seey dhakaa jaataa haye. byzantine furniture kii vividhata bahut badee haih vargakar, aaytaakaar yaa goal sheersh vaali mez, bhavya sajaaya gayaa, kabhi-kabhi lakadi seey banaa, kansya, hathidant yaa chaandi key aabhushanon key saath; oonchi peeth vaali kursiyaan aur oonee kambal yaa pashuon key farr key saath, rangeen takiye key saath, aur phir kinare aur stool; wardrobe kaa upayog kewal kitaabon koo rakhane key liye kiya jaataa thaa; kapade aur moolyavaan vastuon koo chhaati mein, lohe key taale key saath rakhaa jaataa thaa; bistaron key roop mein roman logon kii nakal kii jaati thee, lekin pairon key alag-alag design hotey hain.
gothic furniture aur sabhi anuprayukt kalaaon kaa mukhya aabhushan "ogive" haye. jyaamitiya guldasta kaee baar ogive key saath hotaa haye, jisamen kaee prakaar key roop hotey hain. vastukala tatvon kaa upayog furniture mein kiya jaataa haye, shuruat mein vishuddh roop seey sajawati karanon seey, lekin baad mein sanrachana tatvon key roop mein. ogive key alawa, mukhya aabhushan hainh acanthus key patte, iv, oak key patte, halm, clover, flers-dee-liss, dhaal key saath shurveer, mukut key saath sir aur bible key paatr. adhikansh aabaadi dwara upayog kiya jaane vaalaa mukhya prakaar kaa gothic furniture chhaati haye. aamtaur parr, chhaati key taale aur escutchian mein bhee ack sajawati daira hotaa haye, jise bareek banaaya jaataa haye.
punarjagaran.
anya kalaaon key saath, chaudahavin aur pandrahavin shatabdi key italvi punarjagaran ney design mein punarjanm koo chihnit kiya, joe aksar greco-roman parampara seey prerit thaa. pandrahavin shatabdi mein uttari europe mein design aur sanskriti key punarjagaran kaa ack samaan visfot huaa.
17veen aur 18veen shatabdi.
17veen shatabdi, dakshini aur uttari europe donon mein, bhavya, aksar soney key rung key barok designs kii visheshta thee, jisamen aksar vanaspati aur scrolling aabhushan kii prachurta shamil thee. athaarahavin shatabdi mein, furniture key designs kaa vikas adhik teji seey honey lagaa. halanki kuchh shailiyaan theen joe mukhya roop seey ack rashtra kii theen, jaise kii grate britten mein palladianwad yaa francisi furniture mein lui quinz, anya, jaise kii rokoko aur neoclassism poore paschimi europe mein kayam they.
18veen shatabdi key dauran, fashion koo francisi kalaa dwara ingland mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. shatabdi kii shuruat mein baule cabinet apani lokpriyata key charam parr they aur lui XIV france mein shasson curr rhaa thaa. iss yug mein, adhikansh furniture mein dhaatu aur tamchini sajawat thee aur kuchh furniture sangamarmar key lapis lajuli, aur porphiri aur anya pattharon key inley mein dhake hue they. shatabdi key madhya taka yeh barok shally aakarshak vakr, chamakate ormolu aur rokoko shally key jatil rangon seey visthaapit hoe gaee thee, jisane badale mein 1770 key aspas neoclassism kii adhik gambhir rekhaaon koo raasta diyaa, joe pracheen grees aur rome kii vastukala key baad banaaya gayaa thaa. furniture key liye ack badey paimaane parr bajar kaa nirmaan karate hue, pratishthit landan cabinet nirmaata thomas chippendale key "sajjan aur cabinet nirmaata key nideshak" (1754) koo "apani tarah kaa pahala vyaapak vyaapaar soochi" maanaa jaataa haye.
francisi furniture mein swaad key vikas mein kuchh aisaa haye joe teen shailiyon dwara chihnit haye jinhen teen raajaon ney "luis quators", "luis quinz" aur "luis zabt" kaa naam diyaa haye. yeh kissy koo bhee spasht hoga joe pahale varsaay key mahal, phir grand trianon aur baad mein payteat trianon kaa daura karega.
19veen shatabdi.
unnisvin shatabdi koo aamtaur parr samvarti punruddhar shailiyon dwara paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye, jisamen gothic, neoclassism aur rokoko shamil hain. shatabdi key uttaraardh mein design sudhaaron ney saundarya andolan aur kalaa aur shilp andolan kii shuruat kii. art noview inn donon andolanon seey prabhaavit thaa. iss dauran uttari america mein bhee shekar-shally kaa furniture lokpriya hoe gayaa.
praarambhik uttari americi.
yeh design kaee tarikon seey aavashyakta mein nihit thaa aur roop aur samagri donon parr jore detaa haye. praarambhik british aupaniveshik americi kursiyon aur mejon kaa nirmaan aksar mudey hue spindle aur kursi key peechhe aksar lakadi koo modane key liye bhaap key saath kiya jaataa haye. lakadi key vikalp parnapaati kathor lakadi hotey hain jinamen khaadya yaa faldar pedon jaise cherry yaa akhrot kii lakadi parr vishesh jore diyaa jaataa haye.
adhuniktawad.
beesavin shatabdi key pahale teen-chauthai koo aksar adhuniktawad kii or badhane key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. art deco, dee stizzle, bauhaus, jugendstill, weiner workstate aur vienna algaav designer sabhi ney adhuniktawadi muhaware key bheetar kuchh hudd taka kaam kiya. bauhaus aur art deco/streamline shailiyon seey paida hui, yuddh key dauran vikasit samagri kaa upayog karate hue dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad "madhya shatabdi kii aadhunik" shally aaee, jisamen tukade tukade mein plywood, plastic aur fiber glass shamil they. pramukh udaharanon mein george nelson sahyogiyon, charles aur ray eims, paul mccobe, florence noll, hairi bertoya, eero sarinen, harvey prober, vladmir kagan aur finish aadhunik designers sahit finn jula aur arne jacobson dwara design kiya gayaa furniture shamil hain. uttar-aadhunik design, popp kalaa andolan koo kaatate hue, 1960 aur 70 key dashak mein bhaap praapt kii, jise 80 key dashak mein itali-adharit memphis andolan jaise samoohon dwara badhaava diyaa gayaa. sankramankalin furniture kaa uddeshya paaramparik aur aadhunik swaad key beach ack sthaan koo bharna haye.
ecodisine.
vyaktiyon, sarkaaron aur companiyon key mahaan prayason ney uchch sthirata vaale utpaadon key nirmaan koo badhaava diyaa haye jinhen ecodisine key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. furniture kii yeh naee shrinkhala paryaavaran key anukool design parr adharit haye. iska upayog aur lokpriyata harr saal badh rahee haye.
samkaaleen.
audyogikaran, uttar-adhuniktawad aur internet ney furniture design koo pahale seey kaheen adhik logon key liye adhik sulabh honey kii anumati dee haye. furniture design kii kaee aadhunik shailiyaan hain, jinamen seey pratyek kii jadein shaastriya, adhuniktawadi aur uttar-aadhunik design aur kalaa andolanon mein hain. paschimi kshetra mein nirmaata sanskriti key vikas ney uchch bhagidari aur naee, adhik sulabh furniture design takneekon key vikas koo protsaahit kiya haye. iss uttar-aadhunik furniture design prakshepavakra kaa ack anootha vikas jeevant kinara haye, joe ack furniture vastu key hisse key roop mein ack pedh kii praakritik satah koo shamil kartaa haye, joe ghar key bheetar inn praakritik aakaron aur banaavat key punrutthan kii shuruat kartaa haye. isake alawa, dee. aaee. furniture shailiyon mein apoxy raal kaa upayog adhik prachalit hoe gayaa haye.
asiai itihas.
asiai furniture kaa ack alag itihas haye. bhaarat, chean, koria, pakistan, indoneshiya (baali aur jaava) aur japan kii paramparaaen kuchh sabse prasiddh hain, lekin mangolia jaise sthaanon aur dakshin poorv asia key deshon key apane anoothe pahalu hain.
sudur purvi.
binaa tarashi hui lakadi aur baans kaa upayog aur bhaari laakh kaa upayog achchi tarah seey gyaat cheeni shailiyaan hain. yeh dhyaan dene yogya haye kii cheeni furniture ack rajvansh seey dusare rajvansh mein naatakiya roop seey bhinn hotaa haye. cheeni alankaran chitron seey atyadhik prerit haye, jisamen baans key pedh, chrysanthemum, waterleyli, iris, magnolia, phool aur cherry kii shaakhaaen, seb, khubani aur bair yaa lambe baans key patte shamil hain; pashu aabhushanon mein shher, bail, battakh, morr, tote, teetar, murga, ibis aur titaliyaan shamil hain. ajgar prithvi kii urvarta aur samrat kii shakti aur gyaan kaa prateek haye. laakh mein jyaadaatar rajkumariyan, vibhinn cheeni loga, sanic, bachche, anushthaan aur dainik drishyon seey bharey hue hain. vaastushilp kii visheshataaen jyaamitiya aabhushanon kii or rukh karati hain, jaise kii minders aur bhulbhulaiya. ack cheeni ghar kaa andaruni hissa saral aur shaant thaa. sabhi cheeni furniture lakadi seey baney hotey hain, aamtaur parr bhaari furniture (kursiyaan, mez aur bench) key liye aabnoos, sagaun yaa rosewood aur halke furniture (stool aur chhoti kursiyaan) key liye baans, cheed aur larch.
paaramparik japani furniture apani nyuntam shally, lakadi key vyaapak upayog, uchch gunavatta vaali shilp kaushal aur painting yaa motee laakh key bajaay lakadi key anaaj parr nirbharta key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. japani chhaati koo tansu key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe vistrit sajawati lohe key kaam key liye jaanaa jaataa haye, aur japani pracheen vastuon mein seey kuchh kii sabse adhik maang kii jaati haye. upalabdh pracheen vastuen aam taur parr tokugawa aur meji kaal kii hain. laakh kii takneek aur vishisht laakh (russ vernifera kaa raal) donon kii utpatti chean mein hui thee, lekin laakh kaa pedh bhee japan mein achchi tarah seey badhata haye. taiyari key vyanjan japan key liye mool hainh raal koo gehuun key aate, mitty yaa mitty key bartanon key pouder, tarpeen, lohe key pouder yaa lakadi key koyale key saath milaaya jaataa haye. alankaran mein, rashtriya phool, keeku key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa chrysanthemum, ack bahut hii lokpriya aabhushan haye, jisamen samrat kaa prateek 16-pankhudi chrysanthemum bhee shamil haye. cherry aur seb key foolon kaa upayog sajawat key liye kiya jaataa haye. aam pashu aabhushanon mein dragon, carp, crain, huns, bagh, ghode aur bandar shamil hain; vastukala key pratinidhitva jaise ghar, mandap, meenar, tori dwaar, pull aur mandir bhee aam hain. ack japani ghar key furniture mein mez, almaariyaan, wardrobe, foolon key liye chhote dhaarak, bonsai yaa bonkei key liye, bakse, lakadi key frame aur parbhasi kagaj key saath lalten, gardan aur kohni dhaarak, aur jardineer hotey hain.
prakaar.
baithane key liye.
baithane kii jagah sabse puraane gyaat furniture prakaron mein seey ack haye, aur vishvakosh britannica sahit lekhak ise sabse mahatvapurna maanate hain. karyatmak design key alawa, baithane mein pracheen kaal seey laker vartamaan samay taka ack mahatvapurna sajawati tatva rhaa haye. isamen nakkashidar aur murtikala key tukade shamil hain joe kalaa key karyon key roop mein abhipret hain, saath hii saath samajik mahatva koo ingit karane key liye seeton kii shally, varishth vyaktiyon yaa netaaon koo vishesh roop seey design kii gaee seeton kaa upayog karane kii anumati dee gaee haye.
seat kaa sabse saral roop kursi haye, joe ack vyakti koo baithane kii anumati dene key liye design kiya gayaa furniture kaa ack tukada haye, jisamen peeth aur pair hain, saath hii baithane key liye ack munch bhee haye. kursiyon mein aksar vibhinn kapadon seey baney kushan hotey hain.
upayog kii jaane vaali lakadi key prakaar.
sabhi vibhinn prakaar key lakadi mein advitiya hastakshar chihn hotey hain joe prakaar kii aasaan pehchaan mein madad curr sakate hain. lakadi key liye dridh lakadi aur naram lakadi dou mukhya shreniyaan hain. furniture nirmaan mein dridh lakadi aur naram lakadi donon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, aur pratyek key apane vishisht upayog hain. parnapaati pedh, jinamen chaude patte hotey hain joe poore varsh samay-samay parr rung badalate hain, kathor lakadi key srot hain. shankudhari pedon, jinhen shankudhari pedh key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, key chhote patte yaa suiyaan hoti hain joe poore varsh pedh parr rahati hain.
aam softwod mein pine, redwood aur yuu shamil hain. uchch gunavatta vaalaa furniture dridh lakadi seey banaaya jaataa haye, jisamen oak, maple, mahogani, sagaun, akhrot, cherry aur berch shamil hain. isaki namee seey chhutkara paane key liye uchchatam gunavatta vaali lakadi koo havaa mein sukhaaya jaayega.
cherry.
ack lokpriya furniture hardwood americi black cherry haye. cherry ack halka laal seey bhura rung haye joe umr badhane key saath ack samriddh rung mein teevra hoe jaataa haye, aur jyaadaatar purvi sanyukt raajya mein badhata haye. cherry mein berch kii tulanaa mein kadaa anaaj hotaa haye aur yeh naram hotaa haye. bahut adhik cherry lakadi sankeern haye, aur iska upayog kaee sunder classic furniture key tukade banaane key liye kiya gayaa haye.
berch.
berch ack majboot, tikaau, samaan banaavat vaali kathor lakadi haye joe sanyukt raajya america aur kanada mein aam haye. lakadi apani praakritik sthiti mein laal rung key saath safed yaa malaidar peele seey halke bhoore rung kii dikhaai detee haye. furniture mein anya prakaar kii lakadi key poorak key liye berch koo aksar daag diyaa jaataa haye. berch kaa upayog bahut adhik pardarshi, cabinet-grade plywood banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye kyonki yeh daag koo achchi tarah seey avashoshit kartaa haye aur khubsurati seey samaapt kartaa haye. furniture key alawa aantarik darvaajon aur almari key nirmaan key liye aksar berch kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye.
furniture kii marammat.
furniture key ack tukade koo bahaal karane kaa matlab hoe sakata haye kii kissy tarah seey mool finish koo thheek karane aur punarjeevit karane kaa prayaas kiya jaae. aksar, isamen maujooda upchaar koo hataana aur ack nae finish key liye kachchi lakadi taiyar karna shamil haye. marammat key tareeke iss baat parr nirbhar karate hain kii yeh kiss prakaar kii lakadi haih thhos yaa libas, kathor lakadi yaa naram lakadi, khuli daane vaali yaa bund daane vaali. yeye charr kabhi-kabhi yeh taya curr sakate hain kii kyaa furniture kaa ack tukada marammat key laayak haye, saath hii saath marammat key prakaar aur ise samaapt karane key liye isaki aavashyakta hogi yadi ise bahaal kiya jaataa haye. furniture koo bahaal karane key 3 tareeke hain kayakalp, marammat aur parishkrit karna.
vartamaan finish koo sanrakshit karate hue satah koo saaf karke aur vaccing karke tukade koo aasaani seey bahaal kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh lakadi key furniture parr kaam kartaa haye joe abhee bhee achchi sthiti mein haye aur ise saaf karane kaa sabse saral tarika haye.
iss prakriya kii marammat iss takneek key saath satah koo hataae binaa kuchh jeern kshetron koo chhookar dent aur daraaron koo thheek curr sakati haye, vishesh utpaadon key saath vastu kii marammat karate samay finish koo banaae rakhaa jaa sakata haye.
udaaharan key liye kissy bhee rung koo khatm karane vaale utpaad key saath hataa dein yaa kshetra koo halke seey rait dein aur phir surakshit lakadi kii raksha key liye tail mome kii tarah lakadi kii finish lagaaen.
saaf karane key liye halke sabun yaa vishesh cleaner kaa upayog karke furniture seey gandagi, dhool aur mail koo hataa dein.

