kathan (tark)

tark aur shabdarth mein, shabd kathan kaa arth vibhinn roop seey samajha jaataa haih 
baad key mamle mein, ack kathan ack vaakya seey alag haye jisamen ack vaakya kewal ack kathan kaa ack sutrikaran haye, jabaki ack hii kathan koo vyakt karane vaale kaee anya sutrikaran hoe sakate hain.
ack kathan seey, meraa matlab haye "vaha joe ack kahata haye", koee isake baare mein naheen kaha rhaa haye. shabd kathan kaa kyaa arth haye, isaki kaee vyaakhyaaen hain, lekin aam taur parr, yeh yaa tou ack saarthak ghoshanaatmak vaakya koo ingit kartaa haye joe yaa tou sach haye yaa galat (dwigun) haye. ack prastaav ack daavaa haye joe (i.ee., kaa arth) ack sahee yaa galat ghoshanaatmak vaakya. ack prastaav kaa arth haye ack kathan, yeh vaha dhaarana yaa vichaar haye joe ack kathan vyakt kartaa haye, i.ee., yeh kyaa darshaata haye. yeh kahaa jaa sakata haye kii "2 + 2 = 4" aur "dou jamaa dou barabar chaar" dou alag-alag kathan hain joe ack hii prastaav koo dou alag-alag tarikon seey vyakt curr rahey hain.
avalokan.
bhasha key daarshanik peater strosson ney prastaav koo vareeyata dete hue "kathan" shabd key upayog kii vakaalat kii. strosson ney "kathan" shabd kaa upayog iss baat koo spasht karane key liye kiya kii dou ghoshanaatmak vaakya ack hii kathan dey sakate hain yadi way ack hii baat koo alag-alag tarikon seey kahate hain. iss prakaar, strosson dwara samarthit upayog mein, "sabhi purush nashwar hain."aur" harr aadami nashwar haye."dou alag-alag vaakya hain joe ack hii kathan dete hain.
kissy bhee mamle mein, ack kathan koo satya vaahak key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.
vaakyon key udaaharan joe sahee kathan hain (yaa banaate hain):
vaakyon key udaaharan joe kathan bhee hain, bhale hii way sach naa honh
vaakyon key udaaharan joe kathan naheen hain (yaa naheen karate hain):
pahale dou udaaharan ghoshanaatmak vaakya naheen hain aur isaliye bayaan naheen hain (yaa naheen karate hain).
teesara aur chautha ghoshanaatmak vaakya hain, lekin arth kii kamee key kaaran, naa tou sach hain aur naa hii galat aur isaliye bayaan naheen hain (yaa naheen karate). paanchven aur chhathe udaaharan saarthak ghoshanaatmak vaakya hain, lekin bayaan naheen hain, balki raay yaa swaad key mamle hain. pegasus" vaakya maujood haye yaa naheen."ack kathan daarshnikon key beach bahas kaa vishay haye. bertrand russell ney maanaa kii yeh ack (galat) bayaan haye. strosson ney kahaa kii yeh bilkul bhee bayaan naheen haye.
ack amoort ikai key roop mein.
kuchh upchaaron mein, ack vaakya koo usaki soochanaatmak samagri seey alag karane key liye "kathan" pesh kiya jaataa haye. ack kathan koo soochana-dhaaran vaakya kii soochana samagri key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar, ack vaakya usa kathan seey sambandhit haye joe usa sankhya key liye ack ank kii tarah haye jise vaha sandarbhit kartaa haye. kathan amoort taarkik ghatak hotey hain, jabaki vaakya vyaakaranik ghatak hotey hain.

