
jattha

jattha (panjaabih <unk>; <unk>; sikhon kaa ack sashastr nikaay haye. way 1699 mein khalsa (sikh yuddh crum) kii shuruat seey hii sikh parampara mein maujood hain. ack jattha kaa mool roop seey arth haye logon kaa ack samooh.
vyutpatti.
jathaa shabd sanskrit shabd "yutha" seey nikla haye, jiska arth haye "jhund, jhund, bheed, dall, baind yaa mezban".
mool.
damdami taksal jattha.
khalsa key nirmaan key baad, guru gobind sinh ney 1706 mein damdami takal kaa nirmaan kiya thaa. iska pahala jatthedaar (netaa) baaba deep sinh thaa, jisaki 83 varsh kii ayu mein durrani senaaon key khilaf yuddh mein apana sir katkar mrityu hoe gaee thee.
bunda sinh bahadur kii mrityu key baad.
sikh parampara mein, "jattha" ack samaan uddeshya key liye ack saath kaam karane vaale sikh swayamsevakon key ack samooh koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, chaahe vaha kaaran hinsak hoe yaa shantipurna. yeh shabd 18veen shatabdi key poorvaardh taka sikhon key beach pahale seey hii upayog mein thaa, lekin abhee taka isake mool bindu kaa pataa naheen chala paaya haye. bund sinh bahadur kii fansi aur mugal adhikaariyon dwara sikhon key utpeedan key baad sikh sashastr khanabdosh samoohon mein ikattha hue, jinhen jaathaa kahaa jaataa haye. 
pratyek jattha kaa netritva ack sthaaniya netaa kartaa thaa, jise "jathedaar" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. jathedaar kaa chayan kewal yogyata key aadhar parr kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki sammaan key liye kewal ack vishesh baind key sabse sahsi aur sahsi yoddha kaa chayan kiya gayaa thaa. khalsa key bhakt sikh vibhinn jaaton mein shamil hoe gaye jinhone unase apane dharm key uddeshya koo aage badhaane aur utpeedan seey ladane kii appeal kii. ack jatthe mein shamil honey key liye ack mahatvapurna chayan mandand ghudsavaar senaa mein kaushal thaa, kyonki ghudsavaar senaa kii ranneeti aur gurilla yuddh kaee adhik mugal aur afghan balon key khilaf jatthon kii ladaai shally key liye mahatvapurna thaa. isaliye, chapalata aur kushalata sabse mahatvapurna kaushal they jinamen ack sikh koo jatthe mein safal honey key liye mahaarat hassil karni hoti thee.
jaath samanya samay mein ack dusare seey swatantra they aur unhein jeevit rahane key liye khud parr nirbhar rehna padata thaa, phir bhee unhone missions parr ack saath samanvaya kiya. sabhi jatthon ney sarbat khalsa key pradhikar key samaksh samarpan kiya aur amritsar mein aayojit vaarshik diwali mein bhaag liya. yadi sarbat khalsa dwara ack "gurumata" paarit kii gaee thee, tou jaathon ney iska paalan kiya.
amritsar mein shaanti.
mugal sarkaar ney sikhon key saath kuchh varshon key liye shaanti sthaapit kii, jisase jaathon koo amritsar mein binaa pareshan kiye rahane kii anumati millie. iss avadhi key dauran, usa samay key sikhon key netaa nawab kapoor sinh ney vibhinn jatthon koo dou samoohon ('dall', ack 'shakha' yaa 'khand' kaa ullekh karate hue) mein sangathit karane kaa faisala kiyaah buddha daal (boodhe kii senaa) aur taruna daal (yuvaaon kii senaa). taruna daal koo aage paanch upa-khandon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. taruna daal key pratyek upa-khand ney apana jhanda faharaaya.
sarkari utpeedan phir seey shuru hoe gayaa haye.
haalaanki, isake turant baad sikhon parr raajya kaa utpeedan phir seey shuru huaa aur jaathon ney khud koo adhik seey adhik samoohon mein vibhajit karna shuru curr diyaa. phir 1745 mein sarbat khalsa key vaarshik diwali key ayojan parr, ack gurumata paarit kii gaee jisane jatthon koo 25 samoohon mein punargathit kiya. phir bhee lagbhag 65 jaaton key gyaat honey taka jaaton kii sankhya badhati rahee, jaisa kii samkaaleen allie-uda-deen mufti ney apane "ibrat-namah" mein darj kiya haye.
anta mein, 1748 mein amritsar mein sarbat khalsa kii vaarshik diwali baithak mein, jaaton koo "missles" naamak ack nae samooh mein punargathit kiya gayaa, jisamen pahale seey maujood vibhinn jaaton mein seey 11 misl aur "dall khalsa jee" key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ack ekikrit senaa kaa gathan kiya gayaa. mislon parr antim kamaan jassa sinh ahluwalia koo dee gaee thee. iss bindu key baad jathaa aur jathedaar shabd aprayukt honey lagey, kyonki afghan prabhaav key kaaran misl key netaaon ney khud koo sandarbhit karane key liye 'sardar' shabd koo prathamikta dee.
vighatan.
maharaja ranjeet sinh key uday aur sikh samrajya kii sthaapana key baad, 18veen shatabdi key sikh dharm key vibhinn pahaluon koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa, jisamen jattha sanrachanaaen bhee shamil theen.
upkaran.
18veen shatabdi key jatthon key yoddha pahale-pahal goliyaan, bhaale, yuddh kulhadi, dhanush aur teer aur machis key taale seey lais they. khalsa key liye anivarya roop seey, sabhi yoddhaon koo ack lambi talwar aur khanjar ("kripaan") seey lais kiya jaataa thaa. kuchh lekin sabhi yoddhaon ney helmate koo chhodkar shareer key kavach naheen pahane they. ghodon koo avishvasaniya roop seey moolyavaan maanaa jaataa thaa aur dushman key parivahan kafile (collum aur baggage trains) parr chhaape key dauran uchch gunavatta vaale ghudsavaaron koo lakshit kiya jaataa thaa.
baad mein jaise hii jaathe shatrutapurna sansadhanon parr kabja karane mein safal hue, way apane rankon koo lais karane key liye machis key taale key roop mein aur adhik agneyastron key kabje mein aaa gaye. sikh bhaari-bharakam topkhaanon key tukadon key upayog seey bachate they kyonki isase unaki twarit aur gatishil honey kii sainya ranneeti baadhit hoti thee. rattan sinh bhangu key anusaar, unake "panth prakaash" mein, iss yug key sikhon dwara kuchh halke-topkhaane key tukadon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, jaise kii "jamburak" (oont parr ghudsavaar ghumakkad topein) aur ack lambi doori kii bandook jise "janjeel" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
punrutthan.
pracharakon aur gayakon key samooh" koo sandarbhit karane key liye sinh sabhaa andolan key dauran "jattha" aur "jatthedaar" shabdon koo punarjeevit kiya gayaa thaa, ack aisaa sangh joe aaj taka jeevit haye. haalaanki, baad key gurudwara sudhaar andolan key dauran, shabd ack baar phir seey yuddh key swar mein aaney lagey, joe shabd key liye 18 veen shatabdi key sandarbh koo punarjeevit aur vaapas yaad karate hain. sikhon key mandiron aur pooja sthalon kii viraasat mein mille "mahanton" key niyantran seey swatantrata key liye virodh karane aur ladane vaale sikhon key samooh koo "akali jatthe" kahaa jaataa thaa. jathaa" shabd kaa arth "[sikh] swayamsevakon kaa ack samooh joe kissy maang koo dabaane yaa sarkaar key anyaaypurna siddhant kii avahelana karane key liye aage badh rhaa thaa" honah shuru huaa. shabd kaa yeh shabdarth abhee bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye.
british shasson key dauran sikh jattha.
jaaton kaa astitva british raaj key dauran panjab, uttari bhaarat mein thaa. iss dauran, angrejon ney kaee sikhon, hinduon aur musalmaanon koo kaid curr liya, aur kaee gaanvon aur kasbon parr british pulis dwara chhaape maare gaye. inn kathin samay key dauran, sikhon ney british bhaarat mein jaathon aur nae sashastr daston kaa gathan karna shuru curr diyaa, aur kaee gaanv aur shahar sikh jaathon kii suraksha parr nirbhar they. sikhon ney angrejon parr kaee hamale aur hatyaaen keen, jisake parinamswarup kaee sikhon koo giraftar curr liya gayaa aur unhein fansi dey dee gaee. sikhon ney bhaaratiya swatantrata andolan mein prabhaavshaali bhoomika nibhai. pramukh hastiyon mein bhagat sinh aur udham sinh shamil hain, jinhone landan kii yatra kii aur una logon kaa shikaar kiya joe bhaarat mein hatyaon seey bhaag gaye they. adhikansh sikh jail kaidiyon koo uchch padasth british adhikaari johnn saiman, british sansad seey saiman aayog key pramukh, 1 vein wiscount saiman kii hatyaa key baad fansi dee gaee thee. british adalaton koo nishana banaakar ack bambari bhee hui thee. kahaa jaataa haye kii bhagat sinh angrejon key khilaf kii gaee adhikansh kaarrvaaiyon key peechhe they aur baad mein unhein fansi dey dee gaee.
1921 mein baney babbar akali andolan jaise kuchh sikh jatthon ney ahinsa koo khariz curr diyaa aur angrejon key khilaf kadaa pratirodh kiya, jisake kaaran chhoti-chhoti ladaaiyaan aur hatyaaen huin aur antatah 1939 taka badey golabari hoe gaee.
panjab kaa vibhajan.
1947 mein panjab key vibhajan key dauran, kaee sikhon ney musalmaanon key khilaf rakshaatmak aur aakramak donon uddeshyon key liye sashastr jattha daston kaa gathan karna shuru curr diyaa.
jaba bhaarat mein british shasson samaapt huaa, tou usey pakistan key nae desh kii seemaon koo nirdhaarit karane kaa mahatvapurna nirnay lena padaa. kuchh itihaskaron kaa kahana haye kii bhaarat chhodane seey pahale angrejon ney sabse badee galati panjab kii sikh mukhya bhoomi koo dou hisson mein vibhajit curr diyaa thaa, jisamen seey ack aadhaa pakistan kii islami sarkaar koo aur doosara aadhaa hindu sarkaar dwara chalaaya jaanaa thaa. isake kaaran kaee sikhon aur musalmaanon key beach lagaatar raktapaat huaa. hajaaron musalman purvi panjab seey pakistan key liye bhaag gaye aur hajaaron sikh "nae" panjab jaane key liye pakistan chhod gaye, lekin iss yatra key parinamswarup donon pakshon dwara kiye gaye narsamhaaron key kaaran hajaaron logon kii zaan chully gaee.