
francisco gymenase dee sisneros

francisco gymenase dee sisneros (1436-8 navambar 1517) ack spanish cardinal, dhaarmik vyakti aur rajneta they. vinamra shuruat seey shuru karate hue vaha satta kii unchaaiyon taka pahunche, ack dhaarmik sudhaarak, dou baar spen key regent, cardinal, grand inquisitor, uttar africa mein dharmayuddh key pravartak aur alkala vishvavidyalaya key sansthaapak baney. apani bauddhik uplabdhiyon mein, vaha samagr bible key pahale mudrit bahubhashi sanskaran, computancian bahubhashi bible key vittaposhan key liye jaane jaate hain. unhone mosarabic sanskar key misal (1500 mein) aur sankshipt (1502 mein) key pahale mudrit sanskaranon kaa sampadan aur prakaashan bhee kiya, aur toldo cathedral mein pratyek dinn mosarabic dhaarmik vidhi aur dhaarmik vidhi kaa jashn manaane key liye terah pujaariyon key ack college key saath ack chappel kii sthaapana kii.
cardinal sisneros kaa jeevan spen key itihas mein aragon key ferdinand dwiteeya aur castile key isabella pratham key shasankal key dauran ack gatishil avadhi key saath mell khaata thaa aur bahut prabhaavit kartaa thaa. iss samay key dauran spen mein kaee mahatvapurna parivartan hue, jisase yeh spanish swarn yug (1500-1700) mein apani pramukh bhoomika mein aaa gayaa. aadhunik itihaaskaar johnn elliot ney kahaa kii jahaan taka spen key uday key liye jimmedaar koee bhee vishesh neeti haye, way raajaa ferdinand aur cardinal sisneros kii theen.
satta mein aanaa.
unakaa janm 1436 mein castile mein torelaguna mein gonzalo gymenase dee sisneros mein huaa thaa, joe "hidalgos" alphonso gymenase dee sisneros aur patni maria dee laa torre key bete they, joe sisneros, palencia key vilaa seey they. unhone alkala dee heneres mein adhyayan samanya mein adhyayan kiya aur salamanka mein bhee, jahan unhone 1456 mein kaanoon mein snaatak kii degree praapt kii. 1459 mein unhone ack sthaayi adhivakta key roop mein kaam karane key liye rome kii yatra kii, jahan unhone pope payas dwiteeya kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya. vaha 1465 mein pope seey ack "karyakari" patra laker spen laut aae, jisamen unhein pahale khaali laabh kaa adhikaar diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh euseda nikla. haalaanki, spen key toldo key archbishop aur primate alphonso carillo dee acuna ney patra koo sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa, isake bajaay apane hii anuyaayiyon mein seey ack koo laabh dene kii ichcha vyakt kii. jaba sisneros ney jore dekar kahaa, tou usey pahale euseda mein aur baad mein santorcas key kille mein jail mein daal diyaa gayaa. chhah saal taka, sisneros ney apane daave key liye kahaa, kissy bhee samay jaane key liye swatantra thaa yadi vaha ise chhod dega, lekin 1480 mein carillo ney sisneros kii dridh vishvaas kii taakat parr bharosa kiya aur usey ack laabh diyaa. aage pratishodh key darr seey, sisneros ney sigenza key bishap cardinal pedro gonzalez dee mendoza key tahat sigenza mein ack paadari key liye lagbhag ack baar mein iska vyaapaar kiya, jinhone kuchh hii samay baad unhein apane diosis kaa wicker general niyukt kiya.
sigenza mein, sisneros ney apane kaam key liye prashansa jeeti aur way dharmnirpeksh padariyon key beach safalata key nishchit raaste parr they, jaba 1484 mein adtalis saal kii umr mein unhone achaanak ack franciscan bhikshu banane kaa faisala kiya. apani saaree saansaarik vastuon koo chhod dete hue, aur francisco key liye apana bapatisma naam, gonzalo, badalate hue, unhone "saine juan dee loss rayus" key franciscan freary mein pravesh kiya, jisaki sthaapana haal hii mein aragon key ferdinand dwiteeya aur isabella aaee off castile aitt toldo dwara kii gaee thee. ack bhikshu key liye aaraam kii samanya kamee seey santusht naheen, vaha swechha seey nangi jameen parr soya, ack silis pahana, apane upvaas koo doguna curr diyaa, aur aam taur parr utsaah key saath khud koo aswikar curr diyaa; vaastav mein apane poore jeevan mein, taba bhee jaba satta kii oonchaai parr, unakaa niji jeevan kathorta seey tapasvi thaa.
vaha "castnar kii hamari mahila" key alag-thalag padey ghar mein sevaanivritt hoe gaye aur padosi jangal mein ack khurdari jhopadi banaai, jisamen way kabhi-kabhi ack lunger key roop mein rahate they, aur baad mein salzeda mein ack bhikshu key sanrakshak bunn gaye. iss beach, mendoza (abb toldo key archbishop) unhein naheen bhoole they, aur 1492 mein unhein isabella koo apane ikbalia key roop mein karane kii sifarish kii. gymenase ney iss shart parr sthiti sweekaar kii kii vaha abhee bhee apane samudaay mein reh sakata haye aur dhaarmik jeevan kaa paalan curr sakata haye, kewal adalat mein pesh honey parr jaba bheja jaataa haye. yeh pada raajneetik roop seey mahatvapurna thaa, kyonki isabella ney naa kewal dhaarmik mamalon mein balki raajya key mamalon mein bhee apane ikbalia seey salah lii. isabella kaa alhambra decree, jisane yahoodiyon koo spen seey nishkaasit curr diyaa, lagbhag turant sisneros kii usake ikbalia key roop mein niyukti key baad aaya. sisneros kii gambhir pavitrata ney jald hii usey isabella parr kaafee prabhaav daala, aur 1494 mein usey spen key liye adesh kaa praantiya mantri niyukt kiya gayaa.
cardinal mendoza kii mrityu 1495 mein hui, aur isabella ney gupt roop seey spen mein sabse ameer aur sabse shaktishali, mendoza key archdiosis off toldo key liye ack pope bail koo naamit kiya thaa. iss karyalaya key saath castile key kuladhipati kaa karyalaya bhee diyaa gayaa thaa. isabella ney bail koo vyaktigat roop seey upahaar key roop mein prastut karke usey aashcharyachakit karane kii koshish kii, lekin sisneros ney usa tarah kii pratikriya naheen dee jaisa usane ummeed kii thee. isake bajaay, vaha usaki upasthiti seey bhaag gayaa, aur bhaag gayaa, kewal isabella key dooton dwara madrid key baahar kaee meal taka peechha kiya gayaa aur aage kii charcha key liye adalat mein lautane key liye aashvast kiya gayaa. sisneros ney chhah maheene taka niyukti kaa virodh kiya aur anichha seey kewal ack dusare pope bail dwara usey sweekaar karane kaa adesh dene key baad hii sahmat hue. apani bhavya naee sthiti key bavjood, sisneros ney vyaktigat roop seey abhee bhee ack saral jeevan banaae rakhaa; haalaanki rome key ack sandesh key liye unhein apane pada key anuroop shally mein rahane kii aavashyakta thee, baahari dhumdham ney kewal apane niji tapasweepan koo chhipa diyaa.
sudhaar, vidroh aur dharmayuddh.
apane nae pada seey sisneros ney spen mein franciscan crum mein sudhaar key baare mein nirdhaarit kiya. abhishikt bhikshuon koo upapatni banane kaa abhyaas chhodate hue brahmachaari banana padaa. unhein usa parrish mein rehna padata thaa jahan unhein kaam karna hotaa thaa, sweekaarokti mein bhaag lena hotaa thaa aur harr ravivaar koo prachaar karna hotaa thaa. iska kadaa virodh huaa. 1498 taka sudhaaron kaa vistaar naa kewal franciscan balki anya bhikshuk aadeshon koo bhee shamil karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. adesh key mantri general swayam archbishop key sakht sudhaaron koo shaant karane kaa prayaas karane key liye rome seey aae they, lekin ack majboot raani key prabhaav seey samarthit sisneros unhein lagu karane mein kamyab rahey.
1499 mein sisneros ney spanish poochtaachh key darbar key saath grenada mein pravesh kiya, aur vahaan apane musalman nivaasiyon koo shantipurna roop seey isai dharm mein parivartit karane key liye hernando dee talavera key prayason mein hastakshep kiya. talavera ney moors koo unaki bhasha mein catholic dharm kii sachchai samajhaakar dheere-dheere dharmaantaran kaa paksh liya, lekin sisneros ney kahaa kii yeh "sooaron koo motee dey rhaa thaa", aur jabaran saamoohik dharmaantaran key saath aage badhaa. unhone sabhi arabi pandulipiyon koo saarvajanik roop seey jalaane kaa adesh diyaa joe grenada mein paaee jaa sakati hain-5,000 sabse cumm aankada haye joe samkaaleen sroton dwara diyaa jaataa haye-sivaay una pandulipiyon key joe dawa seey sambandhit hain.
aparivartit "mudageres" kaa akrosh (i.ee.isai kshetron mein rahane vaale iberian musalman) alhambra sandhi key iss ghor ullanghan parr khule vidroh mein badal gaye, jise alpujaaron key pahale vidroh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. vidroh koo hinsak roop seey dabaa diyaa gayaa aur unhein ack vikalp diyaa gayaa-grenada key aatmasamarpan kii sharton key vipareet-bapatisma yaa nirvaasan. adhikansh ney bapatisma sweekaar curr liya aur 1500 taka sisneros ney bataaya kii "abb shahar mein koee aisaa naheen haye joe isai naa hoe, aur sabhi masjiden church hain. haalaanki, unhone ack aisee samasya paida kii thee joe 1609 mein "morisco" key spen seey nishkasana key saath hii samaapt hoe jaayegi.
26 navambar 1504 koo isabella kii mrityu hoe gaee. ferdinand ney apane damad phillip key khilaf rajpratinidhi honey kaa daavaa kiya aur sisneros ney vilafila kii sandhi mein vivaad mein madhyasthata karane mein madad kii, jisane phillip koo castile key raajaa key roop mein chhod diyaa. jaba 1506 mein phillip kii mrityu hoe gaee, tou ferdinand naples mein thaa aur sisneros ney usaki anupasthiti mein ack regent sarkaar sthaapit kii, aur simhaasan parr kabja karane key liye uchch raeeson key ack samooh dwara ack sajish koo roque diyaa. apani wafadari key badale mein, ferdinand ney 1507 mein castile aur leone key liye sisneros koo grand inquisitor banaaya aur pope parr usey cardinal kii topi dene key liye prabal hoe gayaa.
cardinal key jeevan mein agali mahaan ghatana uttar africa mein oran key moorish shahar key khilaf hamla thaa, jisamen unakaa dhaarmik utsaah raajneetik aur bhautik laabh key liye ferdinand kii sambhavana key saath mell khaata thaa. sisneros key kharch parr susajjit ack praarambhik abhiyaan ney 1505 mein mers ell kebir key bandargah parr kabja curr liya. 1509 mein, ack majboot bull cardinal key saath africa key liye ravaana huaa, aur ack dinn mein ameer shahar mein toofaan aaa gayaa. sisneros spen laut aaya aur usane ferdinand seey abhiyaan key kharchon koo vasoolane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin ferdinand oran lene mein santusht thaa aur itali mein apani adhik ruchi key kaaran vaha ack badey uttar african dharmayuddh aur vijay key liye sisneros kii yojanaon kaa samarthan naheen karega.
antim varsh.
23 janwari 1516 koo ferdinand kii mrityu hoe gaee, aur sisneros koo charles (baad mein charles banaam, pavitra roman samrat) key liye castile key regent key roop mein chhod diyaa, phir neetherland mein solah kaa ack yuva. halanki sisneros ney ack baar mein sarkaar kii bagdor koo majbooti seey sambhala, aur dridh aur yahaan taka kii nirankush tareeke seey shasson kiya, ashant castillion kuleen varg aur charles key liye irshyapurna jigyasu flamish parshadon ney sanyukt roop seey sisneros kii sthiti koo vishesh roop seey kathin banaa diyaa. sisneros ney charles kii raajaa ghoshit honey kii ichcha koo sweekaar curr liya; unhone charles key chhote bhaai ferdinand (baad mein ferdinand pratham, pavitra roman samrat) key vyakti koo surakshit curr liya; unhone madrid mein darbaaron kii seat taya kii; aur unhone pramukh shaharon key nagrikon koo khodkar ack sthaayi senaa kii sthaapana kii. apani rajtantra key dauran, unhone spanish dwara navaar parr vijay praapt karane seey nipata. unhein navaar key adhikansh kilon (jaise.jee., zavier kaa mahal, fraansis zavier key parivaar kaa ghar) jiska uddeshya kissy bhee pratirodh kii bhavna koo cumm karna aur spanish kabje key khilaf bhavishya key vidrohon koo whiffle karna thaa.
sitambar 1517 mein, charles spen key uttari tata parr asturious mein utare. unhone sasneros seey milane key liye valadolid mein vyavastha kii aur apane spanish raajyon kii sthiti parr ack briefing praapt kii. baithak kii taiyari karate samay, sisneros beemar parh gayaa. jaba unhone valadolid kii yatra shuru kii taba bhee way bimari seey kamjor they aur kewal aranda taka hii pahunch paae jaba unaki kamjori aur plaig kii afvaahon ney unhein agulera key mathh mein aashray lene key liye majboor curr diyaa. sisneros kabhi thheek naheen huaa. navambar kii shuruat mein charles ney unhein unaki sevaaon key liye dhanyavaad dete hue ack nott bheja aur unhein sevaanivritt honey key liye chhutti dey dee. yeh spasht naheen haye kii sisneros koo kabhi patra milaa haye yaa naheen. 8 navambar 1517 koo roa mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
prabhaav.
cardinal sisneros ack sahsi aur dridhanishchayi rajneta they. apane samay key kathor manakon key kaaran bhee kathor, kattar aur lacheele key roop mein varnit, ack aatmavishvaas key saath joe kabhi-kabhi atyadhik hoe gayaa, unhone dusaron kii suvidha yaa apane liye bahut cumm sammaan key saath sahee honey kaa faisala kiya thaa. unhein avinashi key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa, aur unhone apane dharmprant mein kaee paropkari sansthanon kii sthaapana aur rakharkhaav kiya. unakaa puuraa jeevan yaa tou raajya yaa dharm key liye samarpit thaa aur unakaa ekmatra manoranjan dharamshastriya yaa shaikshik charcha mein thaa.
alkala dee heneres mein vishvavidyalaya kii sthaapana 1500 mein hui thee aur 1508 mein khola gayaa thaa. cardinal sisneros dwara ekmatra kharch parr uthaaya gayaa aur poshit vishvavidyalaya ney ack mahaan pratishtha praapt kii. ack samay mein 7,000 chhaatr isaki divaaron key bheetar milate they. spen mein sabhi dhaarmik aadeshon, benedictines aur hyronites koo chhodkar, isake sambandh mein alkala mein gharon kii sthaapana kii. 1836 mein vishvavidyalaya, girate namankan aur kuchh avyavasthaon key saath, madrid mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jiska naam badalkar universid computance dee madrid curr diyaa gayaa thaa ("computance" kaa arth haye "alkala seey", jiska lattin naam computum haye), aur alkala dee heiners mein imaaraten 1977 mein alkala dee heneres key aadhunik vishvavidyalaya key nirmaan taka khaali reh gaeen.
sisneros ney swayam aur anya logon dwara dhaarmik granth prakaashit kiye. unhone mosarabic dhaarmik vidhi koo bhee punarjeevit kiya, aur toldo mein ack chappel koo sampann kiya jahan iska upayog kiya jaanaa thaa.
way "computancian polyglot" key apane prayojan key liye jaane jaate hain, joe bible kaa pahala mudrit polyglot anuvaad haye, jisamen puraane vasiyatnama key teen alag-alag sanskaranon koo samanantar stambhon mein rakhaa gayaa thaa-greek, lattin aur hibru-targum oncalos key arami paath key saath aur iska apana lattin anuvaad neeche jodaa gayaa thaa, taaki pahali baar paathak sabhi anuvaadon koo ack saath dekh sakein. nae vasiyatname mein yunani aur lattin vulgate key samanantar stambh shamil they. paath mein paanch khand hain, aur chhathe mein ack hibru shabdakosh aadi haye. 1502 mein kaam shuru huaa. nayaa vasiyatnama janwari 1514 mein samaapt huaa, aur puuraa aprail 1517 mein. pustak pope leo aiks koo samarpit kii gaee thee. ise puuraa honey key maheenon baad sisneros kii mrityu hoe gaee aur ise prakaashit hotey hue dekhane key liye jeevit naheen rhaa.
1884 mein, spanish upaniveshvadiyon ney paschimi sahaara key gadh, abb dakhala, kii sthaapana karke sisneros koo yaad kiya.