neetherland kaa sainya itihas

neetherland, ack rashtra raajya key roop mein, 1568 kii tarikh haye, jaba dutch vidroh ney dutch samrajya kaa nirmaan kiya thaa. pahale, pracheen aur praarambhik madhyayugeen kaal key dauran german janjaatiyon kii koee likhit bhasha naheen thee, isaliye humm unake praarambhik sainya itihas key baare mein joe jaanate hain vaha lattin aur puraatatva mein likhe gaye khaaton seey aataa haye. yeh aitihaasik samayrekha mein mahatvapurna antaral kaa kaaran banata haye. romanon key khilaf german yuddhon koo roman drishtikon seey kaafee achchi tarah seey pralekhit kiya gayaa haye; haalaanki, praarambhik selt key khilaf german yuddh rahasyamay baney hue hain kyonki donon pakshon mein seey kissy ney bhee ghatnaaon koo darj naheen kiya haye. uttari belgium aur vartamaan neetherland mein german janjaatiyon aur unaki bhoomi kii seema seey luggy vibhinn celtic janjaatiyon key beach yuddh, unaki bhaugolik nikatata key kaaran honey kii sambhavana haye.
dutch bhashi bahusankhyak desh belgium 1830 mein ack swatantra raajya bunn gayaa jaba yeh neetherland seey alag hoe gayaa. samkaaleen raajneetik seemaon key bavjood, way ack hii sainya itihas key adhikansh hisse koo saajha karate hain.
pracheen kaal.
aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii german janjaatiyon kii utpatti uttari germany aur dakshini scandinavia mein nordic kansya yug key dauran hui thee. janjaatiyaan dakshin mein fail gaeen, sambhavatah usa kshetra kii bigadati jalavaayu seey prerit theen. unhone elbe nadee koo paar kiya, sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii pahale celtic logon dwara kabja kiye gaye kshetron koo paar curr gaye. poorv mein, anya janjaatiyaan, jaise goth, rugian aur vidhvansak, baltic samudra key taton parr dakshin kii or dhakelate hue buss gaye aur antatah ukraine taka door buss gaye. konn aur saxon ingland chaley gaye. german logon key aksar apane padosiyon aur ack-dusare key saath asthir sambandh they, jisase vibhinn kshetriya, dhaarmik, vaichaarik aur aarthik muddon parr dou sahasraabdiyon seey adhik key sainya sangharsh kii avadhi hui.
batvi.
bataavi (batavian) ack german janjaati thee, joe mool roop seey chatti kaa hissa thee, joe kii raine delta key aspas rahane key liye tacitus dwara report kii gaee thee, joe vartamaan mein neatherlands haye, "gaul key tata key charam parr ack nirjan jilaa, aur ack padosi dweep kaa bhee, joe saamane samudra seey ghiraa huaa haye, aur peechhe aur donon taraf nadee raine seey ghiraa huaa haye" (tacitus, "itihas" iv). isase iss kshetra kaa lattin naam batavia hoe gayaa. isi naam kaa upayog kaee sainya ikaaiyon key liye kiya jaataa haye, joe mool roop seey bataavi key beach uthaaya gayaa thaa.
julius seasure ney apani tippani "gallic yuddhon" mein unakaa ullekh kiya thaa kii way nadee key muhaane seey 80 roman meal door wall seey judane key baad meeyooz nadee dwara banaae gaye ack dweep parr rahate they. unhone kahaa kii gande kii shaakhaon seey baney kaee anya dweep they, jinamen ack "jangli, berber rashtra" rahata thaa, jinamen seey kuchh koo machhali aur samudri pakshiyon key andon parr rehna thaa.
tacitus ney shraddhanjali key tahat ack samaan janjaati key roop mein mattiachi kaa naam diyaa, lekin raain key doosari taraf. bataviyanon dwara basey kshetron parr kabhi bhee romanon kaa kabja naheen thaa, kyonki batavian sahayogi they.
bataviyanon koo galat tareeke seey dutch logon key ekmatra aur naamit poorvajon key roop mein maanaa jaane lagaa. neetherland koo kuchh samay key liye batwian ganarajya key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. isake alawa, usa samay key dauran indoneshiya ack dutch coloney (dutch purvi indies) thee, rajdhani (abb jakarta) kaa naam batavia rakhaa gayaa thaa. yadi adhikansh mool dutch logon key vansh kaa pataa german janjaatiyon mein lagaaya jaataa, tou adhikansh frank, frisian aur saxon taka leey jaate. dutch vaastav mein ack nimn spasht bhasha haye, aur yeh ekmatra bhasha haye (africans key saath, joe dutch seey hii nikalati haye) joe puraane spasht bhasha, frank kii bhasha kaa pratyaksh vanshaj haye.
bataavi kii sainya ikaaiyaan.
baad mein, tacitus ney bataaviyon koo kshetra kii janjaatiyon mein sabse bahadur key roop mein varnit kiya, joe german seema yuddhon mein kathor hoe gaye, aur unake apane kuleen commanders key tahat samoohon koo britania mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. unhone kahaa kii unhone romanon key saath pracheen sambandh key sammaan koo barkarar rakhaa, joe kii curr yaa curr kaa bhugtan karane kii aavashyakta naheen thee aur romanon dwara kewal yuddh key liye upayog kiya jaataa thaah "unhone samrajya koo purushon aur hathiyaron key alawa kuchh naheen diyaa", tacitus ney tippani kii. tacitus key anusaar, unhein ghudsavaar aur tairaki mein unake kaushal key liye achchi tarah seey maanaa jaataa thaa, kyonki unake aadami aur ghode binaa gathan khoye gande koo paar curr sakate they. dio cassius ney iss aashcharyajanak ranneeti kaa varnan kiya haye jise aulas plutius ney "berber"-british celts-key khilaf nadee medway kii ladaai mein kiya thaa, 43:
bataaviyon ney samrat key shaahi ghudsavaar key liye ack dall bhee pradaan kiya.
batwian viraasat.
doosari shatabdi aur teesari shatabdi kii bataavi kii kaee vediyaan aur makbare, hadrian kii deewaar (vishesh roop seey kaisalkari aur caroberg mein) key saath, aur germany, yugoslavia, hangri, romania aur austriya mein paae gaye hain. teesari shatabdi key baad, haalaanki, bataaviyon kaa abb ullekh naheen kiya gayaa haye, aur maanaa jaataa haye kii way padosi frisian aur spasht logon key saath vilay hoe gaye hain.
romanon.
jaba taka frank ney unhein haraaya aur peechhe dhakel diyaa, taba taka romanon ney vartamaan belgium key kshetra mein dou praant aur neetherland key ack hisse kii sthaapana kii. donon chaukiyaan theen, vishesh roop seey meeyooz key oopar aur samrajya kii seemaon kii raksha key liye vahaan bheje gaye kuchh roman sainikon key alawa, roman upasthiti seemit thee. praanton koo belgi key naam parr gallia belgika kahaa jaataa thaa, joe romanon dwara jeeti gaee celtic janjaatiyon kaa ack samooh thaa, aur germania nimn (lattin mein "nimn" jiska arth haye "nimn", aur "germania" german janjaatiyon dwara kabja kiye gaye kshetra kaa ullekh karate hue).
bataavi key vidroh key dauran, joe 69 aur 70 esvi key beach german praant mein huaa thaa, vidrohiyon ney sivilis key netritva mein chaar senaaon koo nasht karane aur roman senaa koo apmaanjanak haar dene mein kamyabi hassil kii. unaki praarambhik safaltaon key baad, quintus patillius serialis key netritva mein ack vishal roman senaa ney antatah unhein haraaya. shaanti vaarta key baad, sthiti samanya hoe gaee, lekin batavia koo apmaanjanak paristhitiyon aur apane desh key bheetar sthaayi roop seey tainaat ack senaa kaa saamana karna padaa.
frank.
frank yaa frank loga kaee paschimi german sanghon mein seey ack they. sangh kaa gathan german janjaatiyon seey kiya gayaa thaah salian, sugambari, chamawi, tennectory, chatturi, bructerry, eusipetis, empsivery, chatti. way vartamaan neetherland aur uttari germany seey antim roman samrajya mein pravesh kiya aur uttari gaul parr vijay praapt kii, jahan unhein ack "foderaty" key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa aur ack aise kshetra mein ack sthaayi kshetra (kabhi-kabhi francia key roop mein sandarbhit) kii sthaapana kii, joe aadhunik france aur germany key paschimi kshetron (franconia, reinland, hese) key adhikansh bhaag koo shamil kartaa haye aur poore nichale deshon koo shamil kartaa haye, jisase dou aadhunik deshon kaa aitihaasik kernell banata haye. moortipoojak franksh raajaa clovis kaa isai dharm mein roopaantaran europe key itihas mein ack mahatvapurna ghatana thee. francisi aur germans kii tarah, dutch bhee frank key sainya itihas koo apana bataate hain.
soisons kii ladaai (486)
tolbiac kii ladaai (496)
vouil kii ladaai (507)
yaatraon kii ladaai (732)
pavia kii ladaai (773)
saxon abhiyaan (773-804)
peris kii gherabandi (885-886)
frankish samrajya (481-843).
franks samrajya 5veen seey 10veen shatabdi taka franks kaa kshetra thaa, 481 seey sabhi franks key pahale raajaa, merovingian rajvansh key clovis I dwara shaasit thaa. 751 seey, carolingian rajvansh key tahat, ise carolingian samrajya key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. 843 kii vardan kii sandhi key baad ise poorv, paschim aur madhya francia mein vibhajit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 962 mein otto aaee dha grate key saath purvi francia ney pavitra roman samrajya kaa uday kiya.
choonki "samrajya" shabd 800 mein charlemen key rajyabhishek key baad key samay parr hii thheek seey lagu hotaa haye, aur choonki ekikrit raajya baar-baar vibhajit aur phir seey ekjut huaa thaa, isaliye adhikansh itihaaskaar 5veen seey 9veen shatabdi taka key spasht shasson kii sampoornata koo sandarbhit karane key liye spasht raajya yaa spasht kshetra shabd kaa upayog karna pasand karate hain.
pavitra roman samrajya (843-1648).
frank samrajya ney kaee vibhajan aur punarvibhajan kiye, kyonki frank ney apani sampatti koo jeevit beton key beach vibhajit kiya, aur ack saarvajanik adhikaar kii vyaapak bhavna kii kamee key kaaran, unhone iss kshetra koo niji sampatti key ack badey hisse key roop mein kalpana kii. yeh pratha kissy bhee spasht raajya kii tithiyon aur bhautik seemaon kaa sateek varnan karane kii kathinaaee koo kuchh hudd taka bataati haye aur jinhone vibhinn vargon parr shasson kiya. saksharta kaa sankuchan jabaki frank shasson karate they, samasya koo jatil banaata haih unhone kuchh likhit record banaae. halanki, saar mein, netaaon key dou rajvansh ack-dusare key uttaradhikari baney; pahale merovingian aur phir carolingian.
pavitra roman samrajya madhya yug aur praarambhik aadhunik kaal mein madhya europe aur paschimi europe mein bhoomi kaa ack raajneetik samooh thaa. vardan (843) kii sandhi mein vibhajan key baad, yeh lagbhag ack sahasrabdi taka chalaa, jaba taka kii 1806 mein iska vighatan naheen hoe gayaa. 18veen shatabdi taka, isamen aadhunik germany, bohemia (abb check ganarajya), austriya, lactainstein, slovenia, belgium aur luxemberg key saath-saath aadhunik polland key badey hisse aur neetherland aur croatia key chhote hisse shamil they. isase pahale, isamen sabhi neetherland aur switzerland, aadhunik france aur itali key kuchh hisse shamil they. 18veen shatabdi key madhya taka samrajya kii satta bahut cumm hoe gaee thee.
assie saal kaa yuddh (1568-1648).
assie saal kaa yuddh, yaa dutch vidroh, neetherland aur spanish raajaa key beach algaav kaa yuddh thaa, joe 1568 seey 1648 taka chalaa. yuddh key parinamswarup saat sanyukt praanton koo ack swatantra raajya key roop mein maanyata dee gaee. abb belgium aur luxemberg key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa kshetra dakshini neetherland key roop mein bhee sthaapit hoe gayaa, joe satrah praanton kaa hissa thaa joe shaahi habsberg shasson key tahat banaa rhaa.
neetherland key sanyukt praant, yaa dutch ganarajya, apane vyaparik nauvahan aur vishal nausena shakti key madhyam seey ack vishva shakti bunn gayaa, aur aarthik, vaigyaanik aur saanskritik vikas kii avadhi kaa anubhav kiya. 16veen shatabdi key anta mein narangi key mauris dwara sainya sudhaar ney praarambhik aadhunik yuddh key maidan kii ranneeti kii neenv rakhee. 1600 aur 1648 key beach dutch raajya kii senaa spen, angreji aur francisi key saath europe mein sabse shaktishali senaa mein seey ack thee.
purvi indies mein dutch.
dutch east india company (dachah "vernigde ostindische compagny" yaa voc), 1602 mein chartered, ack ekikrit neeti key saath ack nideshalaya key tahat dutch vyaapaar prayason koo kendrit karati haye. 1605 mein sashastr dutch vyapariyon ney moluka mein amboyana mein purtagaali kille parr kabja curr liya, jise shabd key pahale surakshit aadhar key roop mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. 1609 mein hastaaksharit baarah varshon key yuddhaviram ney spen (joe usa samay purtagaal aur usake kshetron koo niyantrit kartaa thaa) aur sanyukt praanton key beach aupchaarik shatruta koo roque diyaa. indies mein, batavia kii neenv ney sthaayi kendra kaa gathan kiya, jisase dutch udyamon, joe aupaniveshik seey adhik vyaparik they, kaa samanvaya kiya jaa sakata thaa. isase "dutch logon ney yatayat aur adaan-pradaan key vishal jaal koo uker diyaa joe antatah unake samrajya koo banaa dega, ack najuk aur lachila samrajya, purtagaali samrajya kii tarah, 'fenician model' parr banaaya gayaa."(broadel 1984, pee. 215)
agale dashakon mein dutch ney purvi bhaarat key pramukh vyaparik bandargaahon parr kabja curr liyaah 1641 mein malakka; sumatra key mool raajya mein achem (aiss); 1667 mein makassar; aur 1682 mein bantum. usee samay bhaarat key bandargaahon mein connection ney mudrit sooti kapade pradaan kiye joe dutch masaale key vyaapaar key mukhya roop kaali mirch key liye vyaapaar karate they.
furnand broadel ney kahaa haye kii purvi bhaarat mein dhana kaa sabse badaa srot, dweepsamuh key bheetar vyaapaar thaa, jise dutch "antardeshiya hastshilp" ('deshi vyaapaar') kahate they, jahaan ack vastu kaa dusare key liye adaan-pradaan kiya jaataa thaa, pratyek modd parr laabh key saath, kyonki america seey chaandi europe kii tulanaa mein poorv mein adhik vaanchhaniya thee.
maheen masalon mein ekadhikar parr dhyaan kendrit karke, dutch neeti ney ack-krishi koo protsaahit kiyaah laung key liye amboyana, chandan key liye timor, gadaa key liye bandaa aur jaifal, dalchini key liye sillon. monoculture ney jeevan kii gumshuda aavashyaktaon koo pradaan karane key liye dweep arthvyavasthaon koo vyaparik pranali seey jodaa.
sino-dutch sangharsh.
dutch east india company koo 1622 seey 1624 taka penghu (pascador) parr yuddh key dauran cheeni-dutch sanghrshon mein chean key ming rajvansh dwara haraaya gayaa thaa. dutch koo 1633 mein liavoluo khaadi kii ladaai mein phir seey cheeniyon dwara haraaya gayaa thaa. 1662 mein, dutch east india company kii senaa koo taiwan parr kille gelandia kii gherabandi mein coxinga key netritva mein cheeni ming rajvansh kii senaa dwara haraaya gayaa thaa. cheeni aatmasamarpan karane key liye jahaajon aur topon key saath nausainik bambari kaa upayog karate they. dutch key nishkasana ney taiwan parr unake aupaniveshik shasson koo samaapt curr diyaa.
cambodian-dutch yuddh.
cambodience ney dutch east india company koo 1643 seey 1644 taka mekong nadee parr hue yuddh mein haraaya.
trin-guyen yuddh.
viyatnami guyen lords ney 1643 key yuddh key dauran dutch east india company koo haraaya, ack dutch jahaaj koo udaa diyaa.
dutch ganarajya key yuddh.
saat sanyukt neetherland ganarajya ("Republiek der zeven verenigade nederlanden/Provincien"; sankshep mein dutch ganarajya yaa sanyukt praant bhee) 1581 (lekin aupchaarik roop seey 1648 mein maanyata praapt thee) aur 1795 key beach ack europeeya ganarajya thaa, jise abb neetherland key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. aarthik aur sainya drishtikon seey, sanyukt praanton kaa ganarajya behad safal rhaa. iss samay avadhi koo neetherland mein swarn yug key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. usa samay kii mukt vyaapaar bhavna koo nimn deshon mein ack aadhunik share bajar key vikas key madhyam seey ack majboot vriddhi millie. pahale dutch key paas apane kaee kileband shaharon mein ack bahut hii majboot khadee senaa aur badee senaa thee. haalaanki 1648 seey senaa kii upeksha kii gaee thee aur kuchh varshon taka nausena bhee upeksha mein parh gaee-jaba taka kii ingland key saath pratidvandvita ney nausena balon key ack badey vistaar koo majboor naheen kiya.
anglo-dutch yuddh (angrezi) 17veen aur 18veen shatabdi mein samudra aur vyaapaar maargon parr niyantran key liye britten aur sanyukt praanton key beach ladey gaye they. unhein ingland mein dutch yuddhon aur neetherland mein angreji yuddhon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
skilly "yuddh" (1651-"1986").
1651 mein, angreji rajvi (ingland key charles dwiteeya key pakshakaron dwara ingland key rashtramandal key khilaf ghoshit) dwara aayojit antim sampatti mein seey ack cornwall seey door skilly dweep thaa. inn dweepon seey, surr johnn grainville dwara shaasit, aur anya dostana bandargaahon seey, shaahi nausena kaa ack hissa jisane charles key paksh mein vidroh kiya thaa, angreji channel mein shipping key khilaf samudri dakaiti key tareeke seey kaam kartaa thaa.
dutch ney skilly key khilaf yuddh kii ghoshana ack kanuni kalpana key roop mein kii joe shaahi bede key prati shatrutapurna pratikriya koo cover karegi. julaai 1651 mein, yuddh kii ghoshana key turant baad, admiral robbert blake key netritva mein sansadiya balon ney shaahi bede koo aatmasamarpan karane key liye majboor curr diyaa. neetherland kaa bedaa, abb khatare mein naheen haye, binaa ack goli chalaae chhod diyaa. haalaanki, ack rashtra dwara dusare key ack chhote seey hisse key khilaf yuddh kii ghoshana kii aspashtata key kaaran, dutch aadhikarik roop seey shaanti kii ghoshana karna bhool gaye.
1985 mein, itihaaskaar aur iles off skilly council roy dunken key adhyaksh ney landan mein dutch dutawas koo iss "mithak" kaa niptara karane key liye likhaa kii dweep abhee bhee yuddh mein they. lekin dutawas key karmchaariyon ney mithak koo sateek paaya aur rajdoot jonkir reine hudeckper koo dweepon kaa daura karane aur ack shaanti sandhi parr hastakshar karane key liye aamantrit kiya. yuddh shuru honey key 335 saal baad 17 aprail, 1986 koo shaanti kii ghoshana kii gaee thee.
pahala anglo-dutch yuddh (1652-1654).
1648 mein tees saal key yuddh key anta mein spanish shakti key patan kaa matlab thaa kii purtagaali aur spanish samrajyon kii aupaniveshik sampatti prabhaavi roop seey hadapane key liye taiyar thee. yeh ingland key rashtramandal aur neetherland key sanyukt praanton, tees saal key yuddh mein poorv sahyogiyon koo sangharsh mein leey aaya. dutch key paas europe kaa sabse badaa vyaparik bedaa thaa, aur europeeya vyaapaar mein ack pramukh sthiti thee. unhone purvi bhaarat mein purtagaal key adhikansh kshetra parr kabja curr liya thaa, jisase unhein masalon key atyadhik laabhdaayak vyaapaar parr niyantran mill gayaa thaa. way apane uttari americi upaniveshon key saath ingland key samudri vyaapaar parr bhee mahatvapurna prabhaav praapt curr rahey they, joe angreji grihyuddh key parinamswarup utpann uthal-puthal seey laabh uthaa rahey they. haalaanki, iss avadhi key dauran dutch nausena kii upeksha kii gaee thee, jabaki cromwell ney ack majboot bedaa banaaya thaa.
uttari america mein apani sthiti kii raksha karane aur dutch vyaapaar koo nuksan pahunchaane key liye, 1651 mein ingland key rashtramandal kii sansad ney nauvahan adhiniyamon mein seey pahala paarit kiya, jisamen anivarya kiya gayaa thaa kii usaki americi upaniveshon seey sabhi saman angreji jahaajon dwara leey jaaya jaanaa chaahiye. badhate vyaapaarvaad kii avadhi mein yeh vaha chingari thee jisane pahale anglo-dutch yuddh koo prajwalit kiya, british ack yuddh shuru karane kaa bahaana chaahte they jisake kaaran duniya bhar mein chhitput nausainik vyastataaen huin.
angrej shuru mein safal rahey, admiral robert blake ney 1652 mein cantish nock kii ladaai mein dutch admiral vitte dee koo haraaya. yeh maanate hue kii yuddh khatm hoe gayaa thaa, angrejon ney apani senaaon koo vibhajit curr diyaa aur 1653 mein angreji channel mein gobar kii ladaai mein dutch admiral marten tromp key bede dwara parajit curr diyaa gayaa. dutch loga leghorn kii ladaai mein bhee vijayi hue aur bhoomadhyasagariya aur angreji channel donon parr unakaa prabhaavi niyantran thaa. ack chot seey ubarate hue, george monk key saath milkar, nausainik ranneeti kii poori pranali, aur 1653 key madhya mein dutch nausena koo portland aur gabbard kii ladaai mein apane bandargaahon parr vaapas leey jaane key liye dutch yuddh vidhi kaa upayog kiya. 10 agast, 1653 koo shadyantra kii antim ladaai mein, tromp maaraa gayaa, joe dutch manobal key liye ack jhataka thaa, lekin angrejon koo dutch tata kii apani nakabandi koo samaapt karane key liye majboor honah padaa. jaba donon desh abb taka thuck chuke they, taba shaanti vaarta shuru hoe gaee thee.
yuddh westminster kii sandhi parr hastakshar key saath 1654-04-05 parr samaapt huaa, lekin vaanijyik pratidvandvita kaa samadhan naheen huaa, british dutch koo duniya key pramukh vyaapaar rashtra key roop mein badalane mein whiffle rahey.
dutch-swedish yuddh (1657-1660).
dutch-swedish yuddh, 1657-1660, uttari yuddhon mein ack dutch hastakshep thaa. jaba sweeden key charles aiks polland parr apani pakad jaari rakhane mein asamarth they-aanshik roop seey kyonki dutch bede ney 1656 mein gherabandi kiye gaye shahar danzig koo mukt curr diyaa thaa-tou unhone denmark parr apana dhyaan kendrit kiya, usa desh parr aakraman kiya joe abb germany haye. unhone denmark key fredrick III key saath ack nayaa samjhauta kiya aur coppenhagen kii gherabandi curr dee. dutch key liye baltic vyaapaar matra aur gunavatta donon mein mahatvapurna thaa. dutch loga bull key khatare seey dhwani shulk koo nimn star parr rakhane key liye denmark koo manaane mein saksham they, lekin unhein darr thaa kii ack majboot swedish samrajya itna paalan naheen karega. 1658 mein unhone 75 jahaajon, 3,000 topon aur 15000 sainikon kaa ack abhiyaan bedaa bheja; dhwani kii ladaai mein isane swedish bede koo haraaya aur coppenhagen koo raahat dee. 1659 mein dutch ney dusare dennish dweepon koo mukt kiya aur baltic seey anaaj, lakadi aur lohe kii aavashyak aapoorti kii ack baar phir guaranti dee gaee.
doosara anglo-dutch yuddh (1665-1667).
angreji bahaali key baad, charles dwiteeya ney sainya dabaav kaa upayog karate hue, apane bhatije, prince villium III koo ganarajya kaa sthaayi shaasak banaane kaa prayaas karke apane rajvansh key hiton kii seva karane kii koshish kii. isake kaaran ingland mein deshbhakti mein vriddhi hui, jaisa kii saimuel pepi ney kahaa, desh yuddh key liye pagal thaa.
1664 mein angrejon dwara jaanboojhkar uksaayaa gayaa yeh yuddh, yuddh mein kaee mahatvapurna angreji jeet kaa gawah banaa (lekin kuchh dutch bhee jaise kii 1666 mein chaar dinon kii ladaai key dauran hms "prince royal" parr kabja karna joe willem vaine dee welde dwara ack prasiddh painting kaa vishay thaa). haalaanki, medway parr chhaape (juuna 1667 mein chaitham mein dock karate samay angreji bede key hisse koo jalaane key liye jaba admiral dee ruiter key netritva mein jahaajon kaa ack bedaa medway kii raksha karane vaali rakshaatmak shrinkhalaon koo todata haye aur angreji jahaajon parr kahar barpaataa haye aur saath hii shaahi nausena key pramukh parr kabja curr letaa haye) ney yuddh koo dutch jeet key saath samaapt hotey dekhaa. kaee varshon taka dutch nausena kaa bahut vistaar huaa aur yeh duniya kii sabse shaktishali nausena thee. ganarajya apani shakti key charam parr thaa.
franco-dutch yuddh (1672-1678) aur teesara anglo-dutch yuddh (1672-1674).
franco-dutch yuddh (1672-1678) fraans aur ack chauguna gathbandhan thaa jisamen brandenberg, pavitra roman samrajya, spen aur sanyukt praant shamil they. yuddh nizmegen kii sandhi (1678) key saath samaapt huaa; isane fraans koo french-comte (spen seey) kaa niyantran pradaan kiya.
france ney munster aur grate britten sahit ack gathbandhan kaa netritva kiya. lui XIV dutch dwara spanish neetherland key vinash aur vibhajan mein sahyog karane seey incar karane seey naraj thaa. dutch senaa kii upeksha key kaaran, francisi koo mastrich key kille koo paar karane aur phir utretch koo lete hue ganarajya key dill kii or badhane mein koee pareshani naheen hui. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii narangi key rajkumar villium III ney pramukh dutch rajneta johann dee witt koo padchyut aur hatyaa curr dee thee, aur prashansit stadholder they. francisi jall-pravaah, dutch jall-rekha, key kaaran rook gaye they, jaba lui ney poore ganarajya koo jeetane mein bahut adhik samay lagaaya thaa. unhone pramukh dutch shaharon koo angrejon seey vaadaa kiya thaa aur ack alag shaanti key badale mein dutch seey badee raashi vasoolane kii koshish kii thee. munster key bishap ney groningen koo gher liya lekin asafal rahey. 1672 koo dutch itihas mein "rampazar" ("aapada varsh") key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jisamen desh kewal sanyukt angreji-francisi-german hamale seey lagbhag butch gayaa thaa.
dusare anglo-dutch yuddh key turant baad, angreji nausena kaa punarnirmaan kiya gayaa. pichhale yuddh mein sharmanak ghatnaaon key baad, angreji janmat ack nayaa yuddh shuru karane key baare mein utsaahi naheen thaa. dower charles dwiteeya kii gupt sandhi seey bandhe hue, haalaanki, franco-dutch yuddh mein ganarajya parr apane hamale mein lui XIV kii sahaayata karane key liye baadhya they. yeh unhone swechha seey kiya, francisi aur dutch koo yuddh mein herfer kiya. francisi senaa koo jalplavanon seey rokaa jaa rhaa thaa, aur samudra dwara ganarajya parr aakraman karane kaa prayaas kiya gayaa thaa. admiral michel dee ruiter ney anglo-francisi bede key khilaf chaar ranneetik jeet hassil karke aakraman koo roque diyaa. inn viphaltaon key baad angreji sansad ney charles koo 1674 mein shaanti parr hastakshar karane key liye majboor kiya.
pahale seey hii, sahayogi dutch mein shamil hoe gaye they-brandenberg key nirvaachak, samrat aur spen key charles dwiteeya. 1673 mein mastrict kii safal gherabandi key bavjood, lui koo dutch parr vijay praapt karane kii apani yojanaon koo chhodane aur francisi seemaon key aspas sangharsh key ack dheeme, satark yuddh mein lautane key liye majboor honah padaa. 1678 taka, vaha apane virodhiyon key gathbandhan koo todane mein kamyab rhaa thaa, aur nizmegan kii sandhi kii sharton dwara kaafee kshetra hassil karane mein kamyab rhaa thaa. vishesh roop seey, francisi ney spanish seey french-comte aur neetherland key vibhinn kshetron kaa adhigrahan kiya. phir bhee, dutch ney usa samay key dou pramukh shaahi rajvanshon kii mahatvakankshaon koo whiffle curr diyaa thaah stuart aur borbans.
march 1677 kii kaarravaai.
march 1677 kii kaarravaai ack samudri ladaai thee joe march 1677 mein paschim bhaarat mein hui thee jaba jacob binak key netritva mein ack dutch bede ney tobago dweep parr phir seey kabja karane key prayaas mein ack francisi bull koo khaded diyaa thaa. donon taraf bhaari nuksan huaah dutch aapoorti jahaajon mein seey ack mein aag lugg gaee aur visfot hoe gayaa. aag phir sankeern khaadi mein teji seey fail gaee, jisase kaee jahaaj, jinamen francisi pramukh 'glorius' bhee shamil thaa, aag pakad gaye aur baari-baari seey visfot hoe gayaa, jisake parinamswarup donon taraf seey badee zaan-maal kaa nuksan huaa. dee 'astries key tahat francisi peechhe hutt gaye.
nau saal kaa yuddh (1688-1697).
nau saal kaa yuddh europe aur america mein 1688 seey 1697 taka france aur leag off augusberg key beach ladaa gayaa ack badaa yuddh thaa-jise 1689 taka "grand alliance" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. yuddh raain key saath-saath ingland kii or seey francisi vistaarvaad kaa virodh karane key liye ladaa gayaa thaa, taaki james II kii sambhaavit francisi samarthit bahaali seey gauravshali kranti key parinamon kii raksha kii jaa sakey. uttari america mein yuddh koo king villium key yuddh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa.
leag off augusberg.
augusberg kii leag kaa gathan 1686 mein pavitra roman samrat, leopold aaee, aur vibhinn german rajkumaron (palatinate, bavaria aur brandenberg sahit) key beach germany mein francisi vistaarvaad kaa virodh karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. gathbandhan mein purtagaal, spen, sweeden aur sanyukt praant shamil hue.
france koo james dwiteeya key ingland kii or seey ack paropkari tatasthata kii ummeed thee, lekin james key bayaan aur usake damad villium off orange dwara pratisthaapit honey key baad, luis key kattar dushman, ingland ney maee 1689 mein france key khilaf yuddh kii ghoshana curr dee, aur leag off augusberg koo "grand alliance" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, jisamen ingland, purtagaal, spen, sanyukt praant aur adhikansh german raajya france seey ladane key liye shamil hoe gaye.
neetherland mein abhiyaan.
yuddh key pramukh rangmanch mein, mahadvipiya europe mein, praarambhik sainya abhiyaan, joe jyaadaatar spanish neetherland mein hue they, aam taur parr france key liye safal rahey. agast 1689 mein walcourt kii ladaai mein ack jhatake key baad, jisamen francisi koo waldeck key rajkumar george friedrich key tahat ack sahayogi senaa dwara haraaya gayaa thaa, marshel luxemberg key tahat francisi 1690 mein fluorus kii ladaai mein safal rahey, lekin lui ney luxemberg koo apani jeet kaa peechha karane seey roque diyaa. francisi 1690 mein alps mein bhee safal rahey, marshel catinet ney staffarda kii ladaai mein duke off sevoy koo haraaya aur sevoy parr kabja curr liya. usee varsh octuber mein belgrade parr turkey kaa punah kabja francisi key liye ack vardan saabit huaa, jisase samrat koo turkon key saath shaanti banaane aur apani poori senaa koo paschim mein bhejane seey rokaa gayaa. francisi samudra mein bhee safal rahey, samudra tata parr anglo-dutch bede koo haraaya, lekin ireland mein jacobite balon koo sahaayata bhejkar yaa channel key niyantran kaa peechha karke jeet kaa peechha karane mein whiffle rahey.
francisi ney 1691 mein luxemberg dwara mons aur haale parr kabja karane aur lues kii ladaai mein waldeck kii haar key saath apani safalata kaa peechha kiya, jabaki marshel catinet ney itali mein apani pragati jaari rakhee, aur ack anya francisi senaa catalonia mein aage badhee, aur 1692 mein namur koo raajaa kii seedhi kamaan key tahat ack francisi senaa dwara kabja curr liya gayaa, aur francisi ney steinkerk kii ladaai mein narangi key villium key tahat ack sahayogi aakraman koo vaapas haraa diyaa.
praarambhik francisi prabhutva.
jaba 1689 mein yuddh shuru huaa, taba bhee british nausena raajaa charles dwiteeya key shasankal key vikaaron seey peedit thee, jise james dwiteeya key chhote shasankal key dauran kewal aanshik roop seey thheek kiya gayaa thaa. pahale squadron koo dair seey aur aparyaapt shakti mein bheja gayaa thaa. dutch, ack mahaan senaa koo banaae rakhane key daayitva seey kuchal diye gaye, unhein apane bede koo jaldi kaarravaai key liye taiyar karane mein badhati kathinaaee millie. lui XIV, abhee taka apuraniya sansadhanon key saath, pahale hamla karane kii apani shakti key bheetar thaa.
angreji aur dutch punrutthan.
ack badey francisi bede ney angreji channel mein pravesh kiya, aur 10 julaai, 1690 koo samudra tata key pramukh kii ladaai mein sanyukt british aur dutch bede parr safalata praapt kii, jisake baad jordar kaarravaai naheen hui. agale varsh key dauran, jaba james kaa kaaran antatah ireland mein barbad hoe gayaa thaa, mukhya francisi bedaa mukhya roop seey yuddh seey bachane key uddeshya seey, biske kii khaadi mein paribhraman curr rhaa thaa. 1689, 1690 aur 1691 key poore samay key dauran, british squadron ayrish tata parr sakriya they-joe sahyogiyon key liye ireland mein villiamite yuddh jeetane mein madad curr rahey they. ack ney julaai 1689 mein derry kii gherabandi kii, aur dusare ney duke off scomberg key tahat bheje gaye pahale british aur dutch balon kaa kafila chalaaya. 1690 mein samudra tata key turant baad, channel bede key ack hisse ney marlboro key earl key tahat ack abhiyaan chalaaya, jisane cork liya aur dweep key dakshin kaa ack badaa hissa cumm curr diyaa. villium off orange swayam 1690 mein anubhavi dutch aur sambaddh sainikon key saath ireland pahunche, jinhone badey paimaane parr dutch paidal senaa dwara taya kiye gaye boyne-aine sagaai kii ladaai mein james II koo haraaya. yuddh 1691 mein anglo-dutch paksh mein samaapt huaa, jaba dutch general ginkle ney augharim kii ladaai mein franco-irish senaa koo nasht curr diyaa.
1691 mein, francisi apane sahyogiyon aur apani tukadiyon key malabe koo leey jaane mein madad karane seey thodaa adhik kiya. 1692 mein laa haug kii ladaai mein ingland key aakraman koo cover karane key liye unake bede koo niyojit karane kaa ack jordar lekin vilambit prayaas kiya gayaa thaa. yeh haar mein samaapt huaa, aur sahayogi channel key swami baney rahey. laa haug kii haar ney luis kii nausena shakti koo itna nuksan naheen pahunchaaya, aur agale varsh, 1693 mein, vaha sahyogiyon parr ack gambhir prahaar karane mein saksham thaa.
iss udaaharan mein, sahayogi sarkaaron aur nausenapatiyon kii vyavastha achchi naheen thee. unhone breast koo avaruddh karane kaa koee prayaas naheen kiya, naa hii unhone yeh pataa lagaane key liye prabhaavi kadam uthaaye kii francisi bede ney bandargah chhod diyaa thaa yaa naheen. mukhya bede dwara kafile koo skilly dweepon seey parey dekhaa gayaa thaa. lekin jaba francisi admiral tourville ack shaktishali bull key saath gibralter kii jaldamroomadhya key liye breast chhod diyaa thaa aur tollon seey ack squadron dwara shamil kiya gayaa thaa, tou juuna key baad key dinon mein, poore kafile koo unake dwara bikhare hue yaa leey jaaya gayaa thaa, lagos khaadi key paas. haalaanki yeh safalata laa hog mein haar key liye ack bahut hii uchit samkaksh thee, lekin yeh iss yuddh mein lui XIV kii nausena dwara kiya gayaa antim gambhir prayaas thaa. paise kii kamee ney usey apana bedaa rakhane key liye majboor curr diyaa.
sahayogi abb apana puuraa upayog karane, francisi tata koo pareshan karane, francisi vanijya koo rokane aur france key khilaf kaarravaai karane vaali senaaon key saath sahyog karane key liye swatantra they. unake dwara kiye gaye kuchh abhiyaan parinamon kii matra kii tulanaa mein prayaas kii hinsa key liye adhik ullekhaniya they. francisi channel bandargaahon parr kaee bambari aur sakriya francisi niji logon kii mahaan nursory, sent-maalo koo narak machines dwara nasht karane key prayason ney bahut cumm nuksan pahunchaaya. juuna 1694 mein breast parr ack british hamale koo bhaari nuksan key saath peeta gayaa thaa, yojana koo jacobite samvaaddaataon dwara dhokha diyaa gayaa thaa. phir bhee inn udyamon koo taalane mein francisi raajaa kii asamarthata ney unaki nausena kii kamjori aur unaki shakti kii seemaon koo dikhaaya. british aur dutch vanijya kaa sanrakshan kabhi bhee puuraa naheen huaa thaa, kyonki francisi niji loga anta taka sakriya they, lekin francisi vanijya poori tarah seey barbad hoe gayaa thaa.
chautha anglo-dutch yuddh (1780-1784).
1688 kii gauravshali kranti ingland kaa antim safal aakraman thaa aur apani patni mairi key saath saha-shaasak key roop mein angreji simhaasan parr narangi rung key rajkumar villium III koo rakh curr sangharsh koo samaapt kiya. haalaanki yeh vaastav mein mahaan britten aur ganarajya key beach ack sainya sangharsh thaa, villium ney dutch bede aur senaa key saath british dweepon parr aakraman kiya, angreji itihas mein ise kabhi bhee iss tarah seey varnit naheen kiya gayaa haye kyonki unhein ingland mein majboot samarthan thaa aur vaha aanshik roop seey apani patni key rajvansh hiton kii seva curr rahey they.
dutch ganarajya key aarthik patan mein shasson parivartan ack pramukh yogdan kaarak thaa. dutch vyaapaari abhijaat varg ney turant landan koo ack nae parichaalan aadhar key roop mein upayog karna shuru curr diyaa. dutch aarthik vikas dheema hoe gayaa. villium ney adesh diyaa kii koee bhee anglo-dutch bedaa british kamaan key tahat hoe, jisamen dutch nausena key paas british kii 60 pratishat taakat hoe. lagbhag 1720 seey dutch sampatti mein girawat aaee. 1740 aur 1770 key beach dutch nausena kii upeksha kii gaee thee. 1780 key aspas grate britten samrajya kaa prati vyakti sakal rashtriya utpaad dutch ganarajya koo paar curr gayaa.
dutch ganarajya, nammatra tatasth, americi krantikari yuddh key dauran amerikiyon key saath vyaapaar curr rhaa thaa, americi aupaniveshik maal key liye dutch hathiyaron aur hathiyaron kaa adaan-pradaan curr rhaa thaa (british "nauvahan adhiniyamon" key ullanghan mein), mukhya roop seey sent mein adharit gatividhi key madhyam seey. francisi aupchaarik roop seey yuddh mein pravesh karane seey pahale eustasius. british iss vyaapaar koo pratibandhit sainya aapoorti koo shamil karane key liye maanate they aur pahale rajanyik roop seey pichhale sandhi daayitvon kii appeal karke, jinaki sharton kii vyakhya donon rashtra asahmat they, aur phir dutch vyaapaari jahaajon kii khoj aur unhein jabt karke ise rokane kaa prayaas kiya thaa. sthiti taba badh gaee jaba disambar 1779 mein british ney dutch nausena key anurakshan mein naukaayan karate hue ack dutch vyaapaari kafile koo jabt curr liya, jisase dutch sashastr tatasthata kii leag mein shamil hoe gaye. britten ney disambar 1780 mein dutch parr yuddh kii ghoshana karke iss nirnay kaa jawab diyaa, jisase chautha anglo-dutch yuddh chhid gayaa.
dutch nausena abb taka kewal apane poorv swa kii chhaaya thee, jisamen kewal lagbhag bees jahaaj they, isaliye koee badee bede kii ladaai naheen thee. angrejon ney russie sainya dabaav kaa upayog karke aur yuddh key anta mein yuddh key dauran jeete gaye adhikansh dutch upaniveshon parr tathyaatmak niyantran praapt karate hue, ganarajya koo british sanrakshit raajya kii sthiti mein laane kii koshish kii. dutch taba bhee asia key saath europeeya vyaapaar mein kuchh pramukh padon parr they, jaise kii cape, selon aur malakka. yuddh ney dutch jahaaj nirmaan key ack nae daur (18veen shatabdi kii antim timahi mein 95 yuddhapot) koo janm diyaa, lekin angrejon ney usee samay apane bede koo doguna karke apani poorna sankhyaatmak shreshthata koo banaae rakhaa.
batavian ganarajya aur francisi shasson.
iss prishthabhoomi key khilaf yeh cumm ashcharya kii baat haye kii, francisi kranti key baad, jaba gantantra key sainikon ney 1795 mein neetherland parr aakraman kiya aur kabja curr liya, tou francisi koo itane cumm ekjut pratirodh kaa saamana karna padaa. villium vee off orange ingland bhaag gayaa. deshbhakton ney alpakaalik batavian ganarajya kii ghoshana kii, lekin sarkaar jald hii chhura ghonpane vaale aur adhik anubhavi haathon key paas vaapas aaa gaee. 1806 mein napolean ney neetherland (joe abb germany haye usake ack chhote seey hisse key saath) koo holland key raajya mein phir seey sthaapit kiya, jisamen unake bhaai luis (lodevic) bonapart raajaa they. haalaanki, yeh bhee alpakaalik thaa. napolean ney neetherland koo francisi samrajya mein shamil curr liya jaba unake bhaai ney dutch hiton koo francisi hiton seey aage rakhaa. napolean kii haar key baad 1813 mein neetherland parr francisi kabja samaapt hoe gayaa, jisamen villium vee off orange ney ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai.
batavian ganarajya (1795-1806).
1795 seey 1806 taka, batavian ganarajya (dutch mein "batafse ganarajya") ney neetherland koo francisi ganarajya key baad ack ganarajya key roop mein naamit kiya, jisake liye yeh ack jagirdar raajya thaa.
19 janwari, 1795 koo stadtholder villium banaam orange key ingland bhaagne key ack dinn baad batwian ganarajya kii ghoshana kii gaee thee. haalaanki, aakramankari francisi krantikari senaa koo neetherland mein kaafee sahayogi mille. aathh saal pahale, narangi gutt ney ack chhote seey, lekin kharaab grihyuddh mein kewal prussia key raajaa, stadholder key behnoi key sainya hastakshep key kaaran oopari haath jeetaa thaa.
kaee krantikari (dekhiyeh deshbhakt) france bhaag gaye they aur abb apane aadarshon koo sakar karane key liye utsuk hocker laut aae they.
france kii ghatnaaon key vipareet, neetherland mein krantikari parivartan tulanaatmak roop seey shantipurna roop seey hue. yeh desh dou shataabdiyon seey ack ganarajya thaa aur isamen seemit kuleenata thee. gilotin nae raajya key liye anaavashyak saabit huaa. purana ganarajya ack bahut hii pracheen aur aprabhaavi raajneetik nirmaan rhaa thaa, joe abhee bhee badey paimaane parr puraane samanti sansthanon parr adharit thaa. nirnay lena bahut dheere-dheere aage badhaa thaa aur kabhi-kabhi bilkul bhee naheen huaa thaa. alag-alag praanton key paas itani shakti thee kii unhone kaee samajhdaar navacharon koo avaruddh curr diyaa. batavian ganarajya ney ack adhik kendrikrit aur karyatmak sarkaar mein sankraman koo chihnit kiya, (cumm seey cumm nammatra) swatantra praanton key ack dheele sangh seey ack sachche ekaatmak raajya mein. isake kaee navacharon koo baad key samay mein barkarar rakhaa gayaa, jaise kii dutch bhasha kaa pahala aadhikarik vartani maanak cgenbeak (1804) dwara. yahudi, luther aur roman catholics koo samaan adhikaar diye gaye they. adhikaaron kaa ack vidheyak taiyar kiya gayaa thaa.
nae ganarajya ney apana naam bataavi seey liya, ack german janjaati joe roman samay mein neetherland key kshetra mein rahati thee aur jinhen taba dutch rashtra key poorvajon key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa.
phir seey france key vipareet, nae ganarajya ney aatank key shasson kaa anubhav naheen kiya yaa tanashahi naheen bunn gaee. napolean bonapart key satta mein aaney key baad baahar seey parivartan lagu kiye gaye they. 1805 mein napolean ney chatur rajneta skimmelpaninic koo "radspensionaris" ("bhavya pensionary", i. key roop mein sthaapit kiya.ee. ganarajya key rashtrapati) karyakari shakha koo majboot karane key liye. 1806 mein napolean ney skimmelpanink koo istifa dene key liye majboor kiya aur apane bhaai lui bonapart koo holland key nae raajya kaa raajaa ghoshit kiya.
raajneetik asthirta key ekmatra sanket teen takhtapalat they. pahala 1798 mein huaa, jaba ektaavaadi loktantravaadi loktaantrik sudhaaron kii dheemi gati seey naraj they. kuchh maheenon baad doosara takhtapalat ekaatmak logon kii tanashahi koo samaapt curr detaa haye. rashtriya sabhaa, joe 1796 mein bulaai gaee thee, guton key beach sangharsh seey vibhajit thee. teesara takhtapalat 1801 mein huaa, jaba napolean dwara samarthit ack francisi commander ney 1798 key takhtapalat key baad kiye gaye parivartanon koo ulatate hue ack roodhivaadi takhtapalat kaa manchan kiya. dutch aabaadi mein batavian sarkaar narangi key rajkumar kii tulanaa mein adhik lokpriya thee. yeh 1799 key british-russie aakraman key dauran spasht thaa.
ack francisi jagirdar raajya key roop mein, batavian ganarajya mahaan britten key khilaf apane yuddhon mein france kaa sahayogi thaa. isake kaaran 1797 mein adhikansh dutch aupaniveshik samrajya kaa nuksan huaa aur dutch bede kii haar hui, jisamen dutch vyaapaar kaa patan aarthik sankaton kii ack shrinkhala kaa kaaran banaa. kewal 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein dutch dhana koo apane pichhale star parr bahaal kiya jaayega.
1795 key neetherland/francisi krantikari abhiyaan kaa kabja.
france aur pahale gathbandhan key beach 1794 seey francisi krantikari yuddh jaari rahey.
sardiyon key beach mein neetherland parr hamla karane kii prakriya mein francisi balon key saath varsh shuru huaa. dutch loga kranti key liye francisi ahwan key prati udaseen they, kyonki way pahale seey hii dou shataabdiyon seey ack ganarajya they, phir bhee shahar key baad shahar francisi dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa. dutch bede parr kabja curr liya gayaa, aur stadholder batavian ganarajya dwara pratisthaapit honey key liye bhaag gayaa, aur france key ack jagirdar raajya key roop mein, francisi uddeshya kaa samarthan kiya aur peris kii sandhi parr hastakshar kiye, 16 maee koo brabent aur mastrict key kshetron koo france koo saunp diyaa.
neetherland key girane key saath, prussia ney bhee gathbandhan chhodane kaa faisala kiya, 6 aprail koo besley kii shaanti parr hastakshar kiye, raain key baaen tata koo france koo saunp diyaa. isane polland key kabje koo samaapt karane key liye prussia koo mukt kiya.
holland kaa raajya (1806-1810).
holland raajya 1806-1810 (dutch mein "koninkrijak holland", french mein "royume dee hollande") kii sthaapana napolean bonepart dwara apane teesare bhaai, luis bonepart key liye ack kathputali raajya key roop mein kii gaee thee, taaki holland key raajya koo behtar dhang seey niyantrit kiya jaa sakey. agrani praant, holland kaa naam abb poore desh key liye liya gayaa thaa. lui ney napolean kii apekshaon key anusaar pradarshan naheen kiya-unhone apane bhaai key bajaay dutch hiton kii seva karane kii koshish kii-aur raajya koo 1810 mein bhang curr diyaa gayaa jisake baad 1813 taka neetherland koo france dwara kabja curr liya gayaa jaba francisi parajit hue. lui key shasankal key dauran ack abhiyaan bull ney chauthe gathbandhan key yuddh aur paanchven gathbandhan key yuddh key dauran germany mein francisi abhiyaanon mein bhaag liya, aur ack dutch brigade praayadveepiya yuddh mein shamil thee.
anglo-dutch jaava yuddh (1810-1811).
angreji-dutch jaava yuddh, joe kii aaee. dee. 1 mein huaa thaa, mahaan britten aur neetherland key beach ack yuddh thaa joe poori tarah seey aupaniveshik indoneshiya mein jaava dweep parr ladaa gayaa thaa.
dutch east indies key governor-general, herman willem dendales (1762-1818) ney sambhaavit british hamale key khilaf jaava dweep koo majboot kiya. 1810 mein bhaarat key governor-general, minto key pahale earl, gilbert elliot key tahat ack majboot british east india company abhiyaan ney bhaaratiya mahasagar mein borban (runion) aur mauritius key francisi dweepon aur dutch purvi bhaaratiya sampatti ambone aur molukka dweepon parr vijay praapt kii. isake baad yeh jaava key khilaf chalaa gayaa, agast 1811 mein batavia (jakarta) key bandargah shahar parr kabja curr liya, aur dutch koo 17 sitambar, 1811 koo semrang mein aatmasamarpan karane key liye majboor kiya. jaava, palembang (sumatra mein), makasar (makasar, celebs), aur timor koo angrejon koo saunp diyaa gayaa. jaava key leftinent governor niyukt, thomas stamford raffles (1781-1826) ney dutch prashaasnik tarikon koo samaapt curr diyaa, bhoomi karyakal kii pranali koo udaar banaaya, aur vyaapaar kaa vistaar kiya. 1816 mein, british ney napolean yuddhon koo samaapt karane key samjhaute key hisse key roop mein jaava aur anya purvi bhaaratiya sampattiyon koo dutch koo vaapas curr diyaa.
waterloo kii ladaai.
waterloo kii ladaai mein 73,000 francisi sanic shamil honey vaale they; jabaki britten, hanovar, brunswick aur neetherland aur naasaau kii sahayogi senaa lagbhag 67,000 purush majboot thee. (wellington kii senaa mein 26 paidal senaa brigedon mein seey nau british they; 12 ghudsavaar senaa brigedon mein seey 7 british they. bandookon kii 29 baitariyon mein seey aadhi hannovarian yaa dutch theen).
ladaai.
waterloo mein, wellington mein prabalit haugomont farm thaa, joe unake daahine hisse koo lunger daaltaa thaa, aur unake baain or kaee anya khet they. yuddh shuru honey seey pahale hii napolean koo apani pahali badee samasya kaa saamana karna padaa. dou dinn pahale ligni seey udaan bharane key baad seey russie senaa kii sthiti key baare mein anishchit, napolean koo wellington kii sthiti parr hamla shuru karane kii aavashyakta key baare mein bahut pataa thaa. yuddh lagbhag 10:00 parr haugaumont parr hamale key saath shuru huaa, lekin mukhya hamla, yug key sabse daraavane hathiyar, francisi topkhaane key saath, ghanton key liye deree seey huaa jaba taka kii pichhali raat kii barish seey soden ground paryaapt roop seey sookh naheen gayaa thaa. mitty ney paidal senaa aur ghudsavaar senaa koo bhee baadhit kiya kyonki way sthiti mein aaa gaye they. jaba francisi topkhaane ney antatah 11:35 key aspas wellington key riz parr golibari shuru kii, tou sahayogi sainikon parr apekshit prabhaav naram ilaake seey cumm hoe gayaa jisane kaee topon key prabhaav koo avashoshit curr liya.
yuddh kii francisi yojana kaa ack mahatvapurna tatva yeh ummeed thee kii wellington haugomont kii raksha mein apane reserve koo apane daahine hisse mein leey jaayega. ack samay parr, francisi peechhe hatane seey pahale khet key aangan mein ghusane mein safal rahey, lekin khet parr unake hamale antatah asafal rahey, aur wellington koo apane aarakshit kshetra kaa upayog karane kii aavashyakta naheen thee. haugomont ack yuddh key bheetar ack yuddh bunn gayaa aur usa poore dinn, isaki raksha ney jerom bonepart kii kamaan mein hajaaron moolyavaan francisi sainikon koo ack nishfal hamale mein aakarshit karna jaari rakhaa, jabaki sabhi lekin kuchh wellington key bhandar unake kendra mein baney rahey.
lagbhag 13:30 parr, apane daahine taraf prussian agrim kii khabar praapt karane key baad, napolean ney marshel nee koo laa heya sainte key paas sahayogi paarshv key khilaf dee 'erlon kii paidal senaa koo aage bhejane kaa adesh diyaa. mejar-general willem fredrick vaine byland kii kamaan vaali dutch pratham brigade parr hamla kendrit thaa, joe riz kii aage kii dhalaan parr rakhee gaee kuchh ikaaiyon mein seey ack thee. ack teevra topkhaane kii bambari kaa saamana karane aur kuchh nau minut key liye dee 'erlon key pramukh tatvon key saath walley kaa adaan-pradaan karane key baad, vaine byland key sainikon kii sankhya koo riz key oopar aur general thomas picton key vibhajan kii rekhaaon key madhyam seey peechhe hatane key liye majboor kiya gayaa. picton kaa vibhajan dee 'erlon koo sanlagn karane key liye reasline key oopar seey aage badhaa. british aur dutch logon koo bhee isi tarah walley-fayer aur karibi hamalon seey raund diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin picton key sanic dridh hoe gaye, antatah francisi stambhon parr aarop lagaakar hamale koo toda diyaa.
iss beach, prussian maidan parr dikhaai dene lagey. napolean ney unhein vaapas rakhane key liye apane reserve, lobaau key vi core aur 2 ghudsavaar divisions, lagbhag 15,000 sainikon koo bheja. isake saath, napolean ney gaard koo chhodkar apane sabhi paidal senaa bhandar koo pratibaddh curr diyaa thaa.
ack paidal senaa key aarakshit kshetra kii kamee, kyonki napolean yuddh key iss charan mein rakshak koo pratibaddh karane key liye taiyar naheen thaa, isaliye aap apane ghudsavaaron key saath wellington key kendra koo todane kii koshish curr sakate they. yeh wellington key kendra key saamane kii dhalaan taka sangharsh curr rhaa thaa, jahan sahayogi paidal senaa key varg unakaa intezar curr rahey they.
ghudsavaar senaa key hamalon koo baar-baar thhos sahayogi paidal senaa key chaukon (chaar rank nishchit beyonet key saath gahari-topkhaane yaa paidal senaa key liye kamjor, lekin ghudsavaar senaa key liye ghaatak), british topkhaane kii aag key roop mein francisi ghudsavaar senaa key roop mein dhalanon koo phir seey sangathit karane key liye peechhe hatane aur sahayogi halke ghudsavaar resiments aur dutch bhaari ghudsavaar senaa key nirnaayak jawabi-prabharon dwara khadeda gayaa thaa. mitra deshon key parvaton parr kaee nishfal hamalon key baad, francisi ghudsavaar senaa samaapt hoe gaee thee.
prussian pahale seey hii shaahi senaa key daahine hisse mein shamil they jaba laa heya sente francisi sanyukt hathiyaron (paidal senaa, topkhaane aur ghudsavaar senaa) key haathon gir gayaa, kyonki shaam koo bachaav karane vaale raajaa key german sainya daste key paas golaa-barud khatm hoe gayaa thaa. prussiyon ney lobaau koo planenoit seey baahar nikaal diyaa thaa, joe yuddh key maidan key charam (sahayogi) baain or thaa. isaliye, napolean ney prussiyon koo vaapas haraane key liye apani 10 batalian key majboot yuva rakshak koo bheja. lekin bahut kadee ladaai key baad yuva gaard koo vaapas peeta gayaa. napolean ney puraane gaard kii 2 bataaliyanen bhejin aur ugra ladaai key baad unhone prussiyon koo baahar curr diyaa. lekin prussiyon koo kaafee door jaane key liye majboor naheen kiya gayaa thaa. lagbhag 30,000 prushiyanon ney phir seey plansenoit parr hamla kiya. gaanv mein aur usake aspas 20,000 francisi logon dwara iss sthaan kii raksha kii gaee thee. puraane gaard aur anya sahayak sanic lagbhag ack ghante taka pakad mein rahane mein saksham they, isase pahale kii ack badey paimaane parr prussian jawabi hamale ney unhein aadhe ghante seey adhik samay taka chalane vaali kuchh khooni sadak ladaai key baad baahar nikaal diyaa. bhaagne vaalaa aakhiri purana gaard thaa jisane church aur kabristan kaa bachaav kiya. dinn key anta mein francisi hatahaton kii sankhya bhayaanak thee.
francisi dwara laa heya sente koo lene key saath, napolean ney apane antim reserve, aparajit shaahi gaard koo pratibaddh kiya. golaa aur chharre key barfeele toofaan key madhyam seey march karane key baad, pahale seey hii madhyam rakshak kii 5 bataliyanon ney british, brunswick aur nassaau sainikon sahit sahayogi pahali pankti koo haraaya.
iss beach, paschim mein, matland key tahat 1,500 british gaard francisi topkhaane seey khud koo bachaane key liye lette hue they. way ack key roop mein uthhe, aur chaunka dene vaale shaahi rakshak koo ack bindu-khaali seema parr aag kii goliyon seey tabah curr diyaa. aag kaa jawab dene key liye francisi chasers tainaat kiye gaye. bandook key adaan-pradaan key 10 minut key baad sankhya mein adhik sankhya mein francisi ladkhadaane lagey. yeh ack beyonet charge kaa sanket thaa. lekin phir ack naee francisi chassier batalian ghatnasthal parr dikhaai dee. british gaard francisi key saath peechha karate hue sevaanivritt hoe gaye-haalaanki francisi parr addam kii brigade key nae british sainikon dwara hamla kiya gayaa thaa.
shaahi rakshak avyavastha aur arajakta mein vaapas gir gayaa. ghabarahat kii ack lahar francisi rekhaaon seey gujarati haye-"laa garde recule. aap bhee tou aise hii!"(" gaard peechhe hutt jaataa haye. aggar aap curr sakate hain tou khud koo bachaaen!"). wellington ney yeh nirnay lete hue kii shaahi rakshak dwara peechhe hatane seey sabhi francisi sanic pareshan hoe gaye they, joe ise dekh rahey they, "coppenhagen" (unake pasandida ghode) kii halchal mein khade hoe gaye, aur havaa mein apani topi laharaate hue, ack samanya agrim sanket diyaa. lambe samay seey peedit anglo-dutch paidal senaa usa rekha seey aage badhee jahan unhein poore dinn golabari kii gaee thee, aur khud koo peechhe hatane vaale francisi parr fenk diyaa.
paadari yuddh (1821-1837).
paadari yuddh jise minangkabau yuddh bhee kahaa jaataa haye, paschimi sumatra, indoneshiya mein 1821 seey 1837 taka dutch sainikon dwara ladee gaee jhadapon koo diyaa gayaa naam haye.
1820 key dashak mein, dutch ney british seey phir seey hassil karane key baad dutch purvi indies (baad mein indoneshiya) key kuchh hisson mein apani sampatti koo samekit karna thaa. usee samay, tathaakathit "adat" aur "paadari" guton key beach paschim sumatra mein ack sangharsh chhid gayaa. haalaanki minangkabaus aur musalman donon hii moolyon mein bhinn hainh adaat minangkabau paramparaavaadi they jabaki paadari islami-wahabi they. paadari murgon kii ladaai aur juaa jaisi gair-islami paramparaon mein sudhaar karane kii maang karate they.
jaava yuddh (1825-1830).
jaava yuddh 1825 aur 1830 key beach jaava mein ladaa gayaa thaa. yeh prasiddh rajkumar deponegoro key netritva mein ack vidroh key roop mein shuru huaa thaa. isaki vajah dutch logon kaa apani sampatti key ack tukade key paar ack sadak banaane kaa nirnay thaa jisamen unake apane maataa-pitaa kaa makbara thaa. isake karanon mein dutch logon dwara vishvaasghaat kii bhavna thee joe jawani kuleen parivaaron key sadasyon dwara mahsoos kii gaee thee, kyonki way abb uchch kimaton parr bhoomi kiraaye parr lene mein saksham naheen they. yogyakarta mein simhaasan key uttaradhikar key saath bhee kuchh samasyaaen theenh deponegoro sabse badaa betaa thaa, lekin usaki maan raani naheen thee, isaliye usey apane pitaa key uttaradhikari banane kaa koee adhikaar naheen thaa.
rajkumar deponegoro key sanic shuruat mein bahut safal rahey, jaava key beach koo niyantrit curr rahey they aur yogyakarta koo gher rahey they. isake alawa, jawani aabaadi rajkumar deponegoro key kaaran kaa samarthan karati thee, jabaki dutch aupaniveshik adhikaari shuru mein bahut hii anirnaayak they.
haalaanki, jaise-jaise jaava yuddh lamba huaa, rajkumar deponegoro koo apane sainikon kii sankhya banaae rakhane mein kathinaaiyaan theen.
haalaanki dutch aupaniveshik senaa apane rankon koo sulavesi key sainikon seey bharane mein saksham thee aur baad mein neetherland key sainikon seey. dutch commander, general dee cock, 25 sitambar, 1825 koo yogyakarta kii gherabandi koo samaapt karane mein saksham thaa.
rajkumar deponegoro ney ack bhayankar gurilla yuddh shuru kiya aur yeh 1827 taka naheen thaa jaba dutch senaa ney oopari haath hassil kiya.
yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii sangharsh key dauran 200,000 loga maare gaye, 8,000 dutch they. vidroh antatah 1830 mein samaapt hoe gayaa, jaba rajkumar deponegoro koo maglang key paas dutch hirasat mein pravesh karane key liye dhokha diyaa gayaa, yeh maanate hue kii vaha sambhaavit yuddhaviram key liye baatchit key liye vahaan thaa, aur sulavesi dweep parr manado mein nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa.
belgium kranti (1830-1839).
belgium kranti neetherland key sanyukt raajya mein ack sangharsh thaa joe agast 1830 mein brussels mein ack dange key saath shuru huaa aur antatah ack swatantra, catholic aur tatasth belgium kii sthaapana kaa kaaran banaa (neetherland key raajaa villium I, 1839 taka ack belgium raajya koo maanyata dene seey incar curr denge, jaba unhein landan kii sandhi key dabaav mein haar maanani padee).
2 agast seey 12 agast, 1831 taka, dutch rajkumaron key netritva mein dutch senaa ney tathaakathit "duss dinon key abhiyaan" mein belgium parr aakraman kiya aur hasselt aur leuven key paas belgium kii senaaon koo haraaya. kewal marshel gerard key tahat ack francisi senaa kii upasthiti ney dutch koo peechhe hatane kaa kaaran banaa. vijayi praarambhik abhiyaan ney dutch koo baad kii vaartaon mein ack fayademand sthiti dee. villium ney 1839 taka yuddh kaa peechha kiya, joe kii usake apramanik abhiyaanon key roop mein bandhe, aprabhaavi aur mahange they.
esha yuddh (1873-1903).
dutch aupaniveshik sarkaar ney 26 march, 1873 koo aiss parr yuddh kii ghoshana kii; unake aakraman key liye spasht tatkaal trigger 1873 kii shuruat mein singapur mein aiss aur sanyukt raajya america key pratinidhiyon key beach charcha thee. 1874 mein mejar general kohler key tahat ack abhiyaan bheja gayaa thaa, joe adhikansh tateey kshetron parr kabja karane mein saksham thaa. sultan key mahal parr hamla karane aur usey apane kabje mein lene kaa dutch kaa irada thaa, jisase poore desh parr kabja hoe jaayega. sultan ney itali aur singapur mein sanyukt raajya seey sainya sahaayata kaa anurodh kiya aur sambhavatah praapt kiyaah kissy bhee mamle mein aiss senaa kaa teji seey aadhunikikaran kiya gayaa thaa, aur aiss sanic kohler koo maarne mein kamyab rahey (iss upalabdhi kaa ack smaarak bund aiss kii bhavya masjid key ander banaaya gayaa haye). kohler ney kuchh gambhir saamarik trutiyaan keen aur dutch kii pratishtha koo gambhir roop seey nuksan pahuncha.
general vaine switton key netritva mein doosara abhiyaan "crayton" (sultan kaa mahal) parr kabja karane mein kamyab rahah haalaanki sultan koo chetavani dee gaee thee, aur vaha kabja karane seey butch gayaa thaa. donon pakshon key kaee peediton key saath, iss kshetra mein duss varshon taka rook-rook curr gurilla yuddh jaari rhaa. 1880 key aspas dutch ranneeti badal gaee, aur yuddh jaari rakhane key bajaay, unhone abb apane niyantran vaale kshetron kii raksha parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, joe jyaadaatar rajdhani shahar (aadhunik bunda aiss) aur ulee liu key bandargah shahar taka seemit they. 13 octuber, 1880 koo aupaniveshik sarkaar ney yuddh samaapt honey kii ghoshana kii, lekin apane kabje vaale kshetron parr niyantran banaae rakhane key liye bhaari kharch karna jaari rakhaa.
1883 mein phir seey yuddh shuru huaa, jaba british jahaaj "nisero" ack aise kshetra mein fanse hue they, jahan dutch kaa bahut cumm prabhaav thaa. ack sthaaniya netaa ney dutch aur british donon seey firauti maangi, aur british dabaav mein dutch naavikon koo mukt karane kaa prayaas karane key liye majboor hue. bandhakon koo bachaane key ack asafal dutch prayaas key baad, jahaan sthaaniya netaa teku umar seey madad maangi gaee thee, lekin unhone incar curr diyaa, dutch ney angrejon key saath milkar kshetra parr aakraman curr diyaa. sultan ney bandhakon koo chhod diyaa aur badale mein badee raashi nakad mein praapt kii.
dutch yuddh mantri weitzell ney abb phir seey aiss parr khule yuddh kii ghoshana kii, aur yuddh jaari rhaa, pahale kii tarah, bahut cumm safalata key saath. dutch ney abb sthaaniya netaaon koo bhee shamil karane kii koshish keeh uparokt umar koo nakad, afeem aur hathiyaron seey kharida gayaa thaa. umar koo "panglima prang besar" (sarkaar kaa oopari sardar) kii upaadhi millie.
umar ney khud koo "teku johann pahalavan" (johann veer) kahaa. 1 janwari, 1894 koo umar koo ack senaa banaane key liye dutch sahaayata bhee millie. haalaanki, dou saal baad umar ney dutch koo adheen karane mein dutch kii sahaayata karane key bajaay apani naee senaa key saath dutch parr hamla kiya. yeh dutch itihas mein "hett verrad vaine tekoi omar" (teku umar kaa rajdroh) key roop mein darj kiya gayaa haye.
1892 aur 1893 mein dutch prayason key bavjood, aiss swatantra rhaa. mejar jey.bee. ack aupaniveshik sainya netaa vaine hyootz ney taba aiss parr lekhon kii ack shrinkhala likhi. unhein leiden vishvavidyalaya key dow. snauk hergronje dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, joe taba islam parr agrani dutch visheshagya they. hergronje kaee diggaj netaaon kaa vishvaas hassil karane mein kamyab rahey aur dutch sarkaar key liye moolyavaan khufiya jaankaari ekatra kii. unake kaam kaee varshon taka ack aadhikarik rahasya baney rahey. hergronge key esni samaaj key vishleshan mein, unhone sultan kii bhoomika koo cumm kiya aur tark diyaa kii vanshaanugat pramukhon, "ulee balang" parr dhyaan diyaa jaanaa chaahiye, jinhen unhone mahsoos kiya kii sthaaniya prashasakon key roop mein una parr bharosa kiya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, unhone tark diyaa kii aas key dhaarmik netaaon, ulema parr bharosa naheen kiya jaa sakata haye yaa unhein sahyog karane key liye raaji naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, aur unhein nasht kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
iss salah kaa paalan kiya gayaah 1898 mein vaine hyootz koo aiss key governor ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa, aur unake leftinent key saath, baad mein dutch pradhaan mantri hendricus collin, antatah aiss key adhikansh hisse koo jeet lenge. unhone hergronge key sujhaavon kaa paalan kiya, sahakaari "ulebelang" kii khoj kii joe graameen ilaakon mein unakaa samarthan karega. vaine hyootz ney curnell vaine dallen parr shesh pratirodh koo todane kaa aarop lagaaya. vaine dallen ney kaee gaanvon koo nasht curr diyaa, jisamen cumm seey cumm 2,900 asani maare gaye, jinamen seey 1,150 mahilaaen aur bachche they. dutch nuksan kii sankhya kewal 26 thee, aur vaine dallen koo curnell swart dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. 1904 taka adhikansh aiss dutch niyantran mein thaa, aur ack swadeshi sarkaar thee joe aupaniveshik raajya key saath sahyog karati thee. aiss paksh parr anumaanit kull hatahaton kii sankhya 50,000 seey 100,000 taka haye, aur duss laakh seey adhik ghayal hain.
pratham vishva yuddh (1914-1918).
pratham vishva yuddh key dauran neetherland tatasth rahey. iss tatasthata kii raksha key liye ack badee senaa koo jutaaya gayaa thaa, lekin yeh usa dinn key nae manakon seey susajjit naheen thaa, jisase sanrachanaatmak upkaran kii heenata paida hui joe sadee key madhya taka bunny rahee. yuddh key baad adhikansh raksha bajat purvi bhaartiyon kii raksha key liye bede parr kharch kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki isane nausena kaa vistaar naheen kiya, kewal aadhunikikaran kiya.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh (1939-1945).
jabaki yeh aksar sahyogiyon key baare mein bahut atishayokti key saath kahaa jaataa haye kii way france kii ladaai key dauran vartamaan yuddh kii tulanaa mein pichhale yuddh key liye adhik taiyar they, dutch key liye yeh bhee sach naheen thaa. sabhi pramukh pratibhagiyon mein seey way abb taka key sabse kharaab susajjit they, yahaan taka kii pratham vishva yuddh key manakon koo praapt naheen curr rahey they, kaafee hudd taka dutch vishvaas key kaaran kii unaki tatasthata kaa (phir seey) sammaan kiya jaayega. haalaanki, maee 1940 mein german aakramankariyon ney apani senaaon koo tadnusar samaayojit kiya, aur neetherland kii ladaai mein dutch senaa ney 14 maee koo aatmasamarpan curr diyaa-kewal paanch dinon kii ladaai key baad-pramukh dutch shaharon koo aage kii bambari seey bachaane key liye.
dutch samrajya ney ladaai jaari rakhee, lekin 1942 mein japan ney neatherlands east indies (baad mein indoneshiya) parr aakraman kiya. jaava samudra kii charam ladaai mein, dutch nausena kaa badaa hissa nasht hoe gayaa thaa. yuddh key prayaas mein dutch kaa yogdan taba vyaapaari bede (prashant yuddh mein sambaddh vyaapaari shipping kaa badaa hissa pradaan karna), kaee vimaan squadron, kuchh nausena key jahaajon aur dutch pravasiyon koo shamil karke ack motor chaalit paidal senaa brigade taka seemit thaa.
sheet yuddh.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, dutch pahale indoneshiya mein rashtravadiyon key khilaf aupaniveshik yuddh mein shamil they. natijatan, gharelu balon koo bahut upekshit kiya gayaa thaa aur unhein atirikt sambaddh upkaranon, jaise kii raam tank key liye bheekh maangkar (yaa buss leey curr) phir seey hathiyar banaana padaa. 1949 mein bernard montgomeri ney shaahi neetherland kii senaa koo kewal "yuddh key liye ayogya" key roop mein nyaay diyaa.
haalaanki, pachas key dashak kii shuruat mein, dutch ney paaramparik balon key naato nirmaan mein poori tarah seey bhaag liya. upkaran bajat kaa aadhaa bhugtan karane seey hamein ack aadhunik raksha bull banaana sambhav hoe gayaa. iss darr seey kii soviyat hamale key turant baad america europe koo chhod sakata haye, dutch ney paaramparik dutch rakshaatmak hathiyaarah paani key madhyam seey raain sthiti koo dridhata seey majboot kiya. pramukh raain apashisht nadiyon koo poori tarah seey baandhane kii taiyari kii gaee thee, jisase paani uttari izzel shakha mein ghus gayaa aur iss tarah izzel jheel aur ruhar kshetra key beach ack durgam mitty kaa avarodhak bunn gayaa. dutch nausena kaa vistaar ack vimaan vaahak, dou cruiser, baarah vidhvansak aur aathh pandubbiyon key saath kiya gayaa thaa.
saath key dashak mein, nausena ney phir seey apane swayam key design key aadhunik jahaajon kaa utpaadan karna shuru kiya aur dheere-dheere vistaar kiya, halanki sanyukt raajya america dwara paramanu pranodan koo aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. senaa ney apani adhikansh motor chaalit ikaaiyon koo machinikrit ikaaiyon dwara pratisthaapit curr diyaa, hajaaron aeye. aff. vee. koo paidal senaa aur topkhaane mein shamil kiya. halanki paaramparik agni shakti kii upeksha kii gaee thee kyonki iska uddeshya turant paramanu yuddh mein shamil honah thaa.
sattar key dashak mein, yeh ummeed kii gaee thee kii lachili pratikriya kii ranneeti vishuddh roop seey paaramparik raksha key liye anumati degi. vyaavhaarik vaigyaanik anusandhaan key liye neetherland sangathan dwara digital modeling seey pataa chalaa kii safal paaramparik raksha sambhav thee aur vaastav mein isaki sambhavana thee, basharte kii paaramparik agni shakti mein sudhaar kiya jaae. jabaki british, francisi, belgium aur kanadai logon ney iss dashak mein apani senaa koo cumm curr diyaa, dutch sarkaar ney isaliye bull vistaar kii german aur americi neeti key saath jaane kaa faisala kiya. natijatan, assie key dashak key madhya mein dutch bhaari ikaaiyon kii sankhya british key barabar thee aur elbe mein dutch core sector kaa apana aarakshit prabhaag thaa; isaki kalpana nau prabalit soviyat prabhagon, yaa samagri bhandar sahit lagbhag 10,000 aeye. aff. vee. dwara hamla karane mein saksham honey key roop mein kii gaee thee. inn tathyon koo antarrashtriya press dwara anushasana mein dheel dene key liye kuchh hudd taka aspasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, joe badey samaaj mein taakton koo behtar dhang seey ekikrit karane key liye ack jaanboojhkar neeti kaa hissa thaa. usee samay nausena key paas tees seey adhik poonji jahaaj aur vayu senaa key paas lagbhag 200 saamarik vimaan they.
jaba yuddh samjhauta aur soviyat sangh khud hii dhwast hoe gayaa, tou dutch ney apani senaa koo kaafee cumm curr diyaa aur apani senaa koo german key saath ekikrit curr diyaa, saath hii ack naee vayu senaa bhee banaai. senaa kii niyukti koo poori tarah seey peshevar senaa dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur shaanti missions mein upayog key liye saikadon halke aeye. aff. vee. khareede gaye they. nausainik aur vayu senaa kaa aadhunikikaran, joe kaafee cumm hoe gayaa haye, jaari haye.
koriyai yuddh.
koriyai yuddh, 25 juuna, 1950 seey 27 julaai, 1953 koo koriyai yuddhaviram samjhaute taka, uttar koria aur dakshin koria key beach yuddh key roop mein shuru huaa. jaba yeh shuru huaa, uttar aur dakshin koria koria key vibhajan key kaaran koriyai praaydweep parr niyantran key liye pratispardha karane vaali asthaayi sarkaaron key roop mein maujood they. yeh yuddh sheet yuddh key pahale badey sashastr sanghrshon mein seey ack thaa. pramukh ladaake uttar koria they, jinhen chean key janvaadi ganarajya dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, aur baad mein yuddh salaahkaar, vimaan pilot aur soviyat sangh key hathiyar; dakshin koria key khilaf, mukhya roop seey sanyukt raajya america, sanyukt raajya america, kanada, phillippeans aur kaee anya rashtron dwara samarthit, netherland sahit sanyukt rashtra (yuu. aine.) key tatvavdhan mein sainikon koo bheja, jinhone 3,000 seey adhik sainikon koo bheja.
neetherland kii tukadi sanyukt rashtra kii sthaapana 15 octuber, 1950 koo kii gaee thee aur kull 16,225 swayamsevakon mein seey 3,418 purushon koo sweekaar kiya gayaa aur koria bheja gayaa thaa. adhikansh dutch senaa key sainikon koo "neatherlands batalian" koo saunpa gayaa thaa, joe yuu kii 38 veen paidal senaa resiment seey judee thee.aiss. dwiteeya paidal senaa prabhaag. dutch hatahaton mein kaarravaai mein maare gaye 116 loga, kaarravaai mein laapata 3 aur yuddh key kaidi key roop mein maare gaye 1 shamil they. hatahaton koo antatah dakshin koria key busan mein sanyukt rashtra smaarak kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa.
shaahi neetherland nausena key kaee jahaajon koo koriyai jall mein tainaat kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen vidhvansak aur yuddhapot shamil they, aur (sabhi ack hii samay mein naheen). unake kartavyon mein koriyai jall mein gasht karna, anya jahaajon koo leey jaanaa aur nausena kii topon seey golibari key saath jamini sainikon kaa samarthan karna shamil thaa.
indoneshiya kii swatantrata key khilaf yuddh (1945-1949).
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key anta mein japan key patan key baad, sukarno key tahat indoneshiyai rashtravadiyon ney khud koo prastut karane key avsar koo maanyata dee aur dutch aupaniveshik shasson seey swatantrata kii ghoshana kii. japaniyon dwara banaai gaee swadeshi senaa ikaaiyon kii sahaayata seey, sukarno key saath indoneshiya kaa ack swatantra ganarajya 17 agast, 1945 koo isake rashtrapati key roop mein ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa.
neetherland, joe haal hii mein german kabje seey mukt huaa thaa, shuru mein pratikriya karane key sadhanon kii kamee thee, jisase gantantra balon koo vishal dweepsamuh key kuchh hisson, vishesh roop seey jaava aur sumatra mein vaastavik niyantran sthaapit karane kii anumati millie. doosari or, cumm ghanee aabaadi vaale baahari dweepon mein, kissy bhee paksh dwara koee prabhaavi niyantran sthaapit naheen kiya gayaa thaa, jisase kaee baar arajak paristhitiyaan paida hoe jaati theen.
british bhagidari.
japaniyon key baad key hafton mein, sanyukt raajya ney japaniyon seey kabja karane key liye sainikon koo bheja aur jald hii khud koo navodit sarkaar key saath sangharsh mein paaya. british senaa ack chhoti dutch sainya tukadi laaee jise usane neatherlands indies sivil administration (aine. aaee. see. aeye.) kahaa. angrej indoneshiya key rashtravadiyon kii badhati saahas aur spasht taakat key baare mein chintit they, joe poore dweepsamuh mein parajit japani senaa key hathiyaron seey lais prateet hotey they. ack british brigadier, aeye.doubleu.malabi koo maar diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki usane ack ultimatum key liye dhakka diyaa thaa jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii indoneshiyai apane hathiyaron koo aatmasamarpan curr dein yaa ack badey hamale kaa saamana karein. pratishodh mein, 10 navambar 1945 koo, surabaya parr british balon dwara hamla kiya gayaa thaa, jisase sadak seey sadak taka khooni ladaai hui thee.
teen saptah taka chalane vaali surabaya kii ladaai yuddh mein sabse khooni ekal ladaai thee aur isane indoneshiya kii rashtravadi taakton key dridh sankalp kaa pradarshan kiya. jaba japaniyon key aatmasamarpan key baad dakshin-poorv asia mein unake sansaadhan faile hue they, tou isane angrejon koo dusare mein aakarshit honey key liye anichhuk banaa diyaa.
dutch pratikriya.
isake parinamswarup, dutch koo niyantran vaapas lene key liye kahaa gayaa, aur jald hii nikaa balon kii sankhya mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi hui. shuru mein neetherland ney ganarajya key saath baatchit kii aur lingagadjati mein ack samjhaute parr pahunche, jisamen 'united states off indoneshiya' koo ghoshit kiya gayaa, ack ardh-swaayatt sanghiya raajya key roop mein neetherland kii raani koo rakhaa gayaa.
donon pakshon ney ack-dusare parr samjhaute kaa ullanghan karane kaa aarop lagaaya aur isake parinamswarup jald hii donon pakshon kii kattar taakaten jeet gaeen. dutch paksh key liye chinta kaa ack pramukh bindu indoneshiya mein dutch alpasankhyak key sadasyon kaa bhaagya thaa, jinamen seey adhikansh koo japaniyon dwara yaatana shiviron mein dayaniya paristhitiyon mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. inn kaidiyon koo mukt karaane mein sahyog naheen karane key liye indoneshiyai logon parr aarop (aur doshi) lagaaya gayaa thaa.
pulis kaarravaai aur gurilla yuddh.
neetherland kii sarkaar ney taba ack badee sainya senaa tainaat kii taaki vaha usey phir seey hassil curr sakey joe usey lagata thaa kii uska kshetra sahee thaa. isake baad dou pramukh sainya abhiyaanon koo kewal 'pulis kaarravaai' key roop mein ghoshit kiya gayaa taaki abhiyaanon kii seema koo cumm kiya jaa sakey. sangharsh mein donon pakshon dwara kaee roopon mein atyachar aur manvadhikaron kaa ullanghan kiya gayaa thaa. anuman haye kii lagbhag 6,000 dutch aur 150,000 indoneshiyai maare gaye hain.
haalaanki dutch aur unake swadeshi sahayogi lagbhag sabhi pramukh vyastataon mein ganarajya kii senaa koo haraane mein kamyab rahey aur dusare abhiyaan key dauran khud sukarno koo giraftar karane key liye bhee, indoneshiyai balon ney general sudiraman key netritva mein ack badaa gurilla yuddh jaari rakhaa joe dutch hamale seey butch gayaa thaa.
dusare dutch aakraman seey kuchh maheene pahale, swatantrata andolan key bheetar communist tatvon ney ack asafal takhtapalat kiya thaa, jise gantantra balon key niyantran parr kabja karane key lakshya key saath, madiyun mamle key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa.
indoneshiya kii swatantrata kii maanyata.
sakriya kootneeti key saath jodee banaai gaee doosari 'pulis kaarravaai' key baad gantantra pratirodh kaa nirantar astitva, isake turant baad aupaniveshik shasson key anta kaa kaaran banaa. duniya key baaki hisson mein, vishesh roop seey sanyukt raajya america mein, patrakaarita kii raay dutch key khilaf thee. janwari 1949 mein, americi sarkaar ney neatherlands indies koo marshel yojana sahaayata koo nilambit curr diyaa. haalaanki neetherland koo marshel yojana sahaayata kaa khatra kewal nihit thaa, lekin dusare vishva yuddh key baad dutch aarthik sudhaar key liye americi dhana key liye khatare kii sambhavana, neetherland sarkaar dwara baatchit phir seey shuru karane key karanon mein seey ack thaa. 
hegg mein golmez sammelan key baad, dutch ney aakhirkaar 27 disambar, 1949 koo indoneshiya kii swatantrata koo maanyata dee. neetherland key nae ginny (vartamaan mein paschimi irani gayaa key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) key liye ack apavaad banaaya gayaa thaa, joe dutch niyantran mein rhaa. 1962 mein, dutch parr dabaav badhaane key prayaas mein, indoneshiya ney samudra aur havaa seey aaney vaale commando dwara ghuspaith kaa abhiyaan shuru kiya, jinhen dutch balon dwara vaapas peeta gayaa, halanki yeye gambhir aakraman naheen they. mukhya roop seey sanyukt raajya america (phir seey marshel yojana key baare mein) key badey dabaav key baad dutch ney antatah yuu. aine. koo naee ginny parr hirasat dey dee, jisane 1963 mein indoneshiya koo naee ginny dee.
agale dashakon mein, indoneshiya aur neetherland kii sarkaaron key beach ack rajanyik vivaad indoneshiya kii swatantrata kii aadhikarik roop seey maanyata praapt tithi parr banaa rhaa. indoneshiya key loga sukarno kii ghoshana (17 agast, 1945) kii varshgaanth koo apane aadhikarik avkash key roop mein manaate hain.
neetherland, kaee wafadar nirvaasiton koo lene key baad, jinhone (vibhinn karanon seey) sukarno kii sarkaar koo avaidh key roop mein dekhaa, kewal 27 disambar, 1949 koo indoneshiya key liye antim dutch aatmasamarpan kii tarikh koo maanyata dee. yeh 2005 mein badal gayaa jaba dutch videsh mantri, bernard bott ney kaee achchi tarah seey prachaarit sadbhavana key ishare kieh 17 agast, 1945 kii shuruat mein aadhikarik taur parr indoneshiya kii swatantrata koo sweekaar karna; yuddh key dauran ladaai key kaaran hui peedaa key liye khed vyakt karna; aur aisaa karane key liye pahale dutch pratinidhimandal key hisse sukarno kii swatantrata ghoshana kii 60 veen varshgaanth key smaranotsav mein bhaag lena.
samkaaleen yuddh.
bosnian yuddh.
bosnia aur herzegovina mein yuddh ack sashastr sangharsh thaa joe march 1992 aur navambar 1995 key beach huaa thaa. yuddh mein bosnia aur herzegovina key bheetar kaee jaatiya roop seey paribhaashit gutt shamil they, jinamen seey pratyek ney desh key samvaidhaanik logon mein seey ack kaa pratinidhitva karane kaa daavaa kiya thaa.
sanyukt rashtra suraksha bull (unprofore) croatia aur bosnia aur herzegovina mein yugoslav yuddhon key dauran praathamik unn shaanti senaa thee. unhone farwari 1992 aur march 1995 key beach seva kii. dutch senaa key yogdan koo 'duchbatt' key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. disambar 1995 mein naato key netritva vaale bahurashtriya bull, aaee. aff. oh. aar. ney unprofore koo badal diyaa.
royal neatherlands vayu senaa ney aprail 1993 aur disambar 1995 key beach bosnian noo-fly zone key naato key pravartan key tahat udaan koo aswikar karane key abhiyaan key hisse key roop mein 12 aff-16 tainaat kiye. shaahi neetherland vayu senaa ney operation jaanboojhkar bull key hisse key roop mein 18 aff-16 koo tainaat kiya, ack naato havaai abhiyaan joe bosnia mein gair-naamit "surakshit kshetron" koo dhamki dene yaa hamla karane vaale bosnia key sarbon kii sainya kshamata koo kamjor karane key liye aayojit kiya gayaa thaa.
bosnian yuddh key sabse vivadaspad adhyaayon mein seey ack aur sangharsh mein neetherland kii bhagidari julaai 1995 mein huaa srebrenica narsamhar thaa, jisamen srebrenica shahar key bosnian serb balon key haathon girane key baad cumm seey cumm 7,000 musalman purushon aur ladakon kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee.
srebrenica koo ack gair-naamit surakshit kshetra maanaa jaataa thaa, aur curnell thom carreman kii kamaan key tahat dutch sainikon koo srebrenica key surakshit panaahgaah kii sthiti kii raksha karane kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa. shuru seey hii, sangharsh key donon pakshon ney 'surakshit kshetra' samjhaute kaa ullanghan kiya. duchbate sanic janwari 1995 mein pahunche they aur unhone apane aagaman key baad key maheenon mein sthiti koo teji seey bigadate hue dekhaa thaa. nagrik aabaadi key pahale seey hii alp sansaadhan aur cumm hoe gaye aur yahaan taka kii sanyukt rashtra kii senaa bhee bhojan, dawa, eendhan aur golaa-barud parr khatarnak roop seey cumm honey luggy. antatah, yuu. aine. shaanti sainikon key paas itna cumm eendhan thaa kii unhein paidal enclave mein gasht shuru karane key liye majboor honah padaa; dutch sanic joe chhutti parr kshetra seey baahar gaye they, unhein lautane kii anumati naheen thee aur unaki sankhya 600 seey ghatkar 400 hoe gaee. kewal machinegan seey lais, halke kavach (dutch sansad ney tankon koo tainaat karane seey incar curr diyaa), aavashyakta padane parr havaai samarthan dene seey incar karna, ack nishkriya, raajneetik roop seey prerit dutch uchch kamaan aur hamein tank virodhi hathiyaron kii aapoorti karane mein kharabi (way operator koo maar denge) key saath, dutch sanic kewal intezar curr sakate they aur dekh sakate they. bosnian serb balon ney jald hii shahar parr kabja curr liya aur jald hii narsamhar huaa. ack dutch sanic koo peechhe hatane vaale bosniac sainikon key ack stambh seey grenade seey maar diyaa gayaa thaa; vaha srebrenica mein ekmatra ghaatak dutch hataahat thaa.
thaam caremons, dha un, neatherlands senaa aur dutch sarkaar jald hii sankat seey nipatane key liye kadee aalochana key ghere mein aaa gaeen. 2002 mein, neatherlands institute woor orlogsdocumentaty kii ack report ney nishkarsh nikala kii "maanviya prerana aur raajneetik mahatvakankshaon ney neetherland koo ack durbhavanapurna aur lagbhag asambhav shaanti mission shuru karane key liye prerit kiya" aur duchbat iss tarah key mission koo puuraa karane key liye susajjit naheen thaa. report key kaaran wim cock key dusare mantrimandal kaa istifa hoe gayaa. report ney una logon koo santusht naheen kiya joe maanate they kii narsamhar koo rokane mein neetherland kii adhik jimmedaari thee.
kosovo yuddh.
kosovo mein suraksha key tootane aur bigadati manvadhikar sthiti key parinamswarup 24 march aur 10 juuna, 1999 key beach yugoslavia aur uttar atlantic sandhi sangathan key beach kosovo sangharsh thaa. neetherland ney iss kshetra mein naato bull mein kaee jahaajon aur vimaanon kaa yogdan diyaa. 26 march, 1999 koo, ack yugoslav mig-29 koo ack shaahi neetherland vayu senaa aff-16 dwara maar giraaya gayaa thaa. 1999 mein apani oonchaai parr, neetherland ney kefor key liye 2,000 sainikon koo pradaan kiya, joe ack surakshit vatavaran sthaapit karane aur banaae rakhane key liye kosovo mein pravesh kiya.
aatankvaad key khilaf yuddh.
aatankvaad key khilaf yuddh' sanyukt raajya america dwara ack abhiyaan haye, jise kaee naato sadasyon aur neetherland sahit anya sahyogiyon dwara samarthit kiya gayaa haye, jiska lakshya antarrashtriya aatankvaad koo samaapt karna haye. aatankvaad key khilaf yuddh' (isake vartamaan sandarbh mein) george doubleu dwara diyaa gayaa naam haye. 11 sitambar, 2001 koo newyork aur washington parr hue hamalon key jawab mein busch prashaasan dwara shuru kiye gaye prayason key liye.see. all-kayda dwara.
iraq mein bahurashtriya bull.
iraq mein bahurashtriya bull, jise 'gathbandhan' yaa 'america key netritva vaale gathbandhan' key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, una rashtron koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jinaki sarkaaron key paas iraq mein sainya karmi hain. pahale balkenande mantrimandal ney 2003 key iraq key aakraman mein america aur britten kaa samarthan kiya. samawa (dakshini iraq) mein sthit 1,345 sainikon kii ack swatantra tukadi (650 dutch marine, ch-47 chinook helicopter, sainya pulis, ack rasad dall, ack commando daste, aur samarthan mein ack feeled aspatal aur shaahi neetherland vayu senaa ah-64 hamale helicopter sahit), joe praarambhik aakraman key baad 2003 mein tainaat honah shuru huaa, juuna 2005 mein iraq chhod diyaa. neetherland ney alag-alag vidrohi hamalon mein dou sainikon koo khou diyaa.
janwari 2010 mein, david aayog dwara 10 maheene kii jaanch kii antim report key prakaashan key baad pm balkenande ney khud koo gambhir sthiti mein paaya.
willibroard david iss vishesh jaanch samiti key adhyaksh they, jinn parr 2009 mein dutch sarkaar dwara iraq mein yuddh key liye raajneetik samarthan parr 2003 mein dutch sarkaar dwara nirnay lene kii jaanch kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, jise taba britten aur america seey khufiya jaankaari key baad dutch sarkaar dwara samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh aakraman key nirnay kaa pahala swatantra kanuni mulyankan thaa. ayukton mein hoge raad (dutch sarvocch nyayalaya) key poorv adhyaksh, europeeya nyayalaya key ack poorv nyayadhish aur dou kanuni shikshaavid shamil they. balkenande ney abb taka yuddh koo samarthan dene key nirnay kii aupchaarik sansadiya jaanch key ahwan kaa virodh kiya thaa.
report key anusaar, dutch mantrimandal dutch house off representatives koo apane samarthan key baare mein poori tarah seey soochit karane mein whiffle rhaa thaa kii iraq key khilaf sahyogiyon kii sainya kaarravaai mein "antarrashtriya kaanoon key tahat koee thhos janadesh naheen thaa" aur yeh kii united kingdam ney yuddh koo vaapas karane key dutch nirnay koo prabhaavit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai thee.
yeh bhee saamane aaya kii british sarkaar ney dutch panel dwara anurodh kiye gaye ack pramukh dastaavez kaa khulasa karane seey incar curr diyaa thaa, jisamen tonny blair seey balkenande koo ack patra thaa jisamen samarthan key liye kahaa gayaa thaa. yeh patra "rajanyik protocol key ullanghan" mein aur iss aadhar parr saunpa gayaa thaa kii yeh kewal balkenande kii aankho key liye thaa.
patra koo samanya prakriya key roop mein "nott verbel" key roop mein naheen bheja gayaa thaa-isake bajaay yeh bler seey balkenande taka ack vyaktigat sandesh thaa, aur ise vaapas karna thaa aur dutch abhilekhagar mein sangraheet naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
dutch jaanch key nishkarshon kaa vivaran aur british sarkaar dwara patra kaa khulasa karane seey incar karane seey chilkot jaanch parr antarrashtriya jaanch badhane kii sambhavana thee.
balkenande ney pratikriya vyakt kii kii unhone aakraman key samarthan key sambandh mein sansad key nichale sadan key baare mein poori tarah seey soochit curr diyaa thaa aur sadaam hussain dwara baar-baar prastaavon kaa sammaan karane aur hathiyar nireekshakon key saath sahyog karane seey incar karane seey aakraman koo uchit thaharaaya gayaa thaa.
balkenande key sattaaroodh gathbandhan kaa hissa, partiz vaine dee arbeed (dutch laber party) ney pm seey ack nae bayaan kii maang kii.
afghanistan.
operation sthaayi swatantrata key hisse key roop mein, neetherland ney afghanistan mein jamini abhiyaanon key samarthan mein europeeya bhaag lene vaali vayu senaa (ee. pee. aeye. aff.) key hisse key roop mein vimaanon koo tainaat kiya aur saath hii madhya poorv/bhaaratiya mahasagar key paani kii pulis key liye dutch nausena key yuddhpoton koo bhee tainaat kiya. 2006 mein shuru hocker, neetherland ney desh key dakshin mein ack nae suraksha abhiyaan key hisse key roop mein afghanistan mein aur sainikon aur helicopters koo tainaat kiya. dutch jamini aur vayu senaa ney 2006 key dauran lagbhag 2,000 karmiyon koo shamil kiya, joe dakshin mein naato key isaf bull key hisse key roop mein british aur kanadai balon key saath yuddh abhiyaanon mein bhaag leey rahey they. adhikansh sanic 3-dee ranneeti (raksha, vikas, kootneeti) key hisse key roop mein uruzgan praant mein kaam karate they. 
1 navambar, 2006 koo, dutch mejar-general tunn vaine lune ney kanadai logon seey chhah maheene kii avadhi key liye afghanistan mein dakshin mein naato kshetriya kamaan koo apane haath mein leey liya. "adhik vivaran key liye 2006 mein afghanistan mein gathbandhan yuddh abhiyaan aur choraa lekhon kii ladaai dekhein."royal neatherlands armi commando capton marco crone 1955 key baad seey uruzgan, afghanistan mein karyon key liye sainya villium order (aag key tahat veerata key liye sarvocch dutch puraskar, victoria cross aur sammaan key padak key saath tulaniya) key pahale vyaktigat praaptakarta they.
gharelu star parr, bhagidari alokpriya aur vivadaspad thee, jisake kaaran 2007 mein sarkaar ney 2010 key liye apani vaapsee kii ghoshana kii. 2009 mein americi sarkaar key afghanistan mein baney rahane key anurodh key jawab mein, dutch sarkaar koo afghanistan mein nae missions kaa pataa lagaane key liye soochit kiya gayaa thaa, haalaanki, iss kaarravaai key kaaran sarkaar key bheetar asahamati hui, joe farwari 2010 mein isake patan mein samaapt hui. 1 agast, 2010 koo, dutch senaa ney aupchaarik roop seey afghanistan mein apane chaar saal key mission seey apani vaapsee kii ghoshana kii; sabhi 1,950 sainikon key sitambar taka neetherland mein vaapas aaney kii ummeed haye.

