
amwas kaa plaig

amwas () kaa plaig, jise ammos kaa plaig bhee kahaa jaataa haye, ack bubonic plaig mahamari thee jisane pahale plaig mahamari key dauran aur kshetra kii muslim vijay key anta mein 638-639 mein islami seeriya koo peedit kiya thaa. yeh sambhavatah 6veen shatabdi key madhya mein justinian plaig kaa punrutthan thaa. muslim arab senaa key pramukh shivir, pyalestine mein amwas key naam parr bulaaye jaane vaale plaig ney 25,000 sainikon aur unake rishtedaron koo maar daala, jisamen senaa key adhikansh uchch kamaan bhee shamil thee, aur seeriya key swadeshi isaaiyon key beach kaafee zaan aur visthaapan kaa kaaran banaa. commanders kii mauton key baad seeriya key governor key roop mein muu 'yavia ibn abii sufyan kii niyukti ney 661 mein umayyad khalifa kii sthaapana kaa maarg prashast kiya, jabaki bimari kii punaravritti ney 750 mein umayyad rajvansh key patan mein yogdan diyaa hoga. siriyai graameen ilaakon mein aabaadi mein kamee anya jeete hue kshetron key vipareet arabon dwara bhoomi key punarvaas mein ack kaarak hoe sakati haye jahaan arabon ney badey paimaane parr nae sainya shiviron mein khud koo alag curr liya thaa.
14veen shatabdi kii kaali mrityu taka kissy bhee anya mahamari kii tulanaa mein arabi sroton mein aamvaas key plaig parr adhik dhyaan diyaa gayaa. khalifa umar aur unake sheersh commander aboo ubaida ibn all-jarra dwara aamvaas key plaig key prati pratikriyaon key baare mein paaramparik aakhyanon ney kaale mrityu sahit mahamariyon key liye madhyayugeen muslim dhaarmik pratikriyaon koo soochit kiya. purvaniyojan aur swatantra ichcha, palayan karane yaa plaig prabhaavit bhoomi aur sankraman mein pravesh karane parr pratibandh key baare mein bahason mein aakhyanon seey praapt siddhanton kaa hawala diyaa gayaa thaa.
utpatti aur raajneetik setting.
amwas kaa plaig sambhavatah ack bubonic plaig mahamari thee, halanki srot roga key vishisht lakshnon parr vistaar seey naheen bataate hain. yeh islami yug kaa doosara darj plaig thaa, joe 620 key dashak mein shuru huaa thaa, aur musalmaanon koo seedhe taur parr peedit karane vaalaa pahala thaa. yeh sambhavatah justinian plaig kaa ack punarjagaran thaa, joe 541 mein pellucium (aadhunik suez key paas) mein utpann huaa aur paschim mein alekjendar aur poorv mein palestine taka fail gayaa, isase pahale kii vaha 541-542 mein byzantine rajdhani constantinople taka pahunch jaae aur baaki europe aur sasanian samrajya koo prabhaavit karey, jaisa kii byzantine itihaaskaar procopius (dee. ). 6veen shatabdi key madhya aur 7veen shatabdi mein cumm seey cumm nau seey baarah chakron mein nyaayvaadi plaig kaa punaravritti huaa.
pahale khalifa (muslim samudaay key pramukh), aboo bucker () ney madina seey chaar senaayen bhejin, jinka netritva kramshah amr ibn all-ass, yazeed ibn abii sufyan, shurahabil ibn hassana aur aboo ubayda ibn all-jarra ney kiya, taaki way zantaain seeriya (aboo ubayda koo 634 key madhya mein aboo bucker key uttaradhikari, umar key pravesh key baad taka naheen bheja gayaa hoga) koo jeet sakein.
ammos nicopolis kaa arabi naam amwas pahali shatabdi mein ack kileband roman senaa shivir thaa, joe teesari shatabdi kii shuruat mein ack chhote seey shahar mein vikasit huaa. 634 mein ajanden kii ladaai yaa 636 mein yermuk kii ladaai key baad ise musalmaanon dwara zantinon seey kabja curr liya gayaa thaa. plaig kii shuruat mein, yeh sthal seeriya mein arab musalman sainikon key pramukh shivir key roop mein kaary kartaa thaa jahaan loot koo vibhajit kiya jaataa thaa aur sainikon koo bhugtan kiya jaataa thaa.
kalakram.
amwas kaa plaig 17 aaha/638 esvi aur/yaa 18 aaha/639 esvi key islami calender varshon mein huaa thaa. 8veen shatabdi key itihaaskaar ibn umar key anusaar, yeh muharram-jaffar 17 aaha/janwari-farwari 638 mein aaya, phir ack baar phir lautane seey pahale nasht hoe gayaa aur dushman [byzantine] key laabh key liye kaee mautein huin."all-suyuti (dee. 1505) kaa maanana haye kii plaig apane praarambhik prakop key kuchh hii samay baad phir seey ubhara thaa, jise itihaaskaar ney kahaa thaa. doubleu. dolls "dou tithiyon [638 aur 639] key liye vivaran" kaa sujhaav dete hain.
seeriya mein nau maheene key sookhe key dauran plaig kissy samay aaya jise arabon dwara 'raakh kaa varsh' kahaa jaataa haye. dolls key anusaar, seeriya-palestine mein vyaapak akaal ney sambhavatah kamjor pratiraksha pratirodh aur shaharon aur gaanvon mein khaadya bhandar key bhandar key kaaran plaig key liye munch taiyar kiya, joe plaig-sankramit krintakon koo aakarshit curr sakata haye aur unhein maanav aabaadi key sampark mein laa sakata haye. yeh seeriya mein fail gayaa aur shawwal mein 18 ah/octuber 639 mein cumm honey seey pahale iraq aur misra koo bhee prabhaavit kiya.
parinam.
pratikriya aur tatkaal prabhaav.
islami paaramparik sroton key mukhya aakhyanon mein seey ack key anusaar, umar, apane sheersh commander aboo ubayda kii bimari aur mrityu koo rokane key iraade seey, baad vaale koo madina bulaaya; aboo ubayda, joe umar key iraade seey avagat thaa, ney apane aadmiyon koo chhodane seey incar curr diyaa. umar baad mein sthiti kaa aaklan karane key liye seeriya key liye ravaana hue, senaa key netaaon key saath ack registani maarg-stop parr baithak kii jise saragh (madina key uttar mein terah dinon kaa march) kahaa jaataa haye. unakaa pahala paramarsh muhajiroon aur ansar guton key netaaon key saath thaa, saamoohik roop seey sabse pahale musalman dharmaantarit aur navjat muslim raajya key abhijaat varg, jinhone plaig prabhaavit kshetron seey bhaagne key khilaf tark diyaa. unaki sifaarishon seey asahmat hocker, unhone baad mein quraish seey dharmaantarit netaaon seey paramarsh kiya, jiss janjaati seey islami paigambar muhammad aur khalifa sambandhit they, jinhone prastaav diyaa kii senaa koo mahamari key kshetra seey vaapas leey lena chaahiye, jise umar ney sweekaar curr liya. aboo ubayda ney muhammad dwara musalmaanon key palayan yaa plaig prabhaavit bhoomi mein pravesh karane parr kathit pratibandh key aadhar parr senaa kii vaapsee kaa virodh kiya. umar ney jawab diyaa kii ack vyakti swabhavik roop seey banjar paksh key bajaay ghaati key harey paksh koo chunega, lekin vyakti key nirnay kii parwah kiye binaa yeh bhagwan kii ichcha hogi. iss kathaa kaa upayog madhyayugeen muslim vidvaanon dwara ack mahamari seey udaan koo uchit thaharaane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. saragh mein shikhar sammelan kaa samaapan umar dwara senaa koo swasth aadhar parr leey jaane aur khalifa kii madina mein vaapsee key liye aboo udaya koo adesh dene key saath huaa.
aboo ubayda ney hauran key pahaadi kshetra mein jabiya kii purani ghasani rajdhani mein senaa koo gherne key liye kadam rakhaa. apani swasth jalavaayu key kaaran, jabiya ney plaig seey peedit sainikon key liye ack swaasthya kendra aur yuddh kii loot key vitaran key liye kendra key roop mein prabhaavi dhang seey kaam kiya. vahaan jaate samay, 639 mein, aboo ubayda ney plaig key kaaran dumm toda diyaa. unake uttaradhikari muu 'dha ibn jabal aur muu' dha kii dou patniyon aur bete (yaa unakaa puuraa parivaar) kii turant baad mrityu hoe gaee, jisake baad muu 'dha key uttaradhikari yazeed ibn abii sufyan kii mrityu hoe gaee. sharhabil kii bhee plaig seey mrityu hoe gaee. senaa mein muhammad key anya pramukh musalmaanon aur sathiyon mein suhail ibn amr, suhail key bete aboo jundle, all-fadal ibn ababas, all-harith ibn hisaham aur all-harith key sattar parivaar key kaee sadasya they joe seeriya mein buss gaye they. amar ibn all-ass koo jeevit muslim sainikon koo jabiya taka leey jaane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. disambar 639 mein, unhone misra kii vijay kii shuruat kii.
islami paaramparik khaaton mein seeriya mein 20,000 seey 25,000 muslim sainikon key beach kaa ullekh haye aur unake parivaar key sadasya plaig mein maare gaye they. 637 mein lagbhag 24,000 mein seey 4,000 musalman sanic jabiya mein reh gaye they, halanki aadhunik itihaaskaar fred donner ney nott kiya haye kii yeh spasht naheen haye kii kitane laapata sanic maare gaye they yaa asthaayi roop seey bhaag gaye they aur antatah seeriya laut aae they.
plaig ney seeriya mein sthaaniya isai aabaadi key beach jeevan kaa kaafee nuksan kiya. isake parinamswarup moolya mein vriddhi hui aur jamakhori hui, jisase umar koo jamakhori parr pratibandh lagaane key liye prerit kiya gayaa. all-tabari key anusaar (dee. 923), saragh seey madina lautane key baad, umar ney apane salaahkaaron koo seeriya-palestine mein apane sainikon seey milane aur plaig dwara kii gaee arajakta kaa aaklan karane key apane iraade key baare mein soochit kiya. 639 mein apani kathit yatra key dauran, unhone mahamari mein maare gaye musalmaanon kii sampattiyon key niptan parr nirdesh diye aur kuchh sainikon dwara sandigdh daavon kaa niptara kiya.
deerghakaalik raajneetik aur samajik prabhaav.
seeriya mein apane sheersh commanders kii maut key parinamswarup, umar ney yazeed key bhaai aur upa, muu 'yavia ibn abii soofyaan koo vahaan senaa kaa commander niyukt kiya, antatah 661 mein muu' yavia dwara seeriya-kendrit umayyad khaleefaa kii sthaapana kii neenv rakhee. itihaaskaar wilford madelung ney anuman lagaaya kii seeriya mein plaig ney umar koo madina seey adhik behtar commanders koo tainaat karane seey roque diyaa thaa aur iss prakaar unhone ack upayukt vikalp key badale mein muu 'yavia koo niyukt kiya. amwas plaig key kaaran seeriya mein muslim sainikon key beach hue nuksan ney seeriya mein puraane-sthaapit, poorv mein baijaantin-sahayogi aur isai arab janjaatiyon, vishesh roop seey baanu culb, joe musalmaanon aur baijantinon key beach ladaai key dauran kaafee hudd taka tatasth rahey they, parr muu 'aaa' viyaa kii bhaari sainya nirbharta mein yogdan diyaa.
amwas key plaig key parinamswarup swadeshi isai aabaadi parr bhaari prabhaav aur seeriya seey pravaas mein vriddhi, umrayad shasson (640-750) key dauran arabon dwara seeriya key badhate niptan aur sthaaniya samaaj mein unaki paith mein ack yogdan kaarak hoe sakata haye. itihaaskaar laurence conrad key anusaar, arabon ney, joe jeete gaye kshetron mein gair-musalmaanon seey ekatra kiye gaye chunaav curr seey rajaswa parr bharosa karate they, shayed seeriya mein basane kaa irada naheen thaa, lekin plaig key baad nirjan graameen ilaakon mein phir seey aabaadi karane key liye majboor they. bhoomi parr arab janjaatiyon koo basaane kii neeti asadharan saabit hui; anya jeete gaye kshetron mein, jaise kii iraq, praarambhik arab basti jyaadaatar navanirmit sainya shivir shaharon taka hii seemit thee.
amwas koo philistine mein arabon key mukhyalaya key roop mein pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, pahale lidda aur/yaa jerusalam dwara, usake baad ramla dwara, jisaki sthaapana 8 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein umayyad khalifa suleiman ibn all-malik dwara kii gaee thee. 1870 key dashak key anta mein amwas gaanv mein ack kuein kaa naam "biir all-tha 'una" (plaig kaa kuaan) thaa. jabiya suleiman key shasankal taka seeriya mein arabon kaa pramukh sainya shivir banaa rhaa.
punaravritti.
siriya-palestine mein lagbhag harr dashak mein 688/89 aur 744/45 key beach plaig kii punaravritti hoti thee. dolls key shabdon mein, "umaiyad" [sic] rajvansh shaabdik roop seey iss bimari seey grast thaa.  umrayad khalifa muu 'yavia dwiteeya (), marwan aaee (), abd all-malik (), suleiman () aur umrayad governors kii iraq all-mughira ibn shuba () aur ziyaad ibn abihi () mein mautein sambhavatah seeriya aur iraq mein plaig mahamari key kaaran hui hongi. jaba garmi key maheenon mein plaig kaa uday huaa tou khalifa niyamit roop seey shaharon seey apane registani mahalon mein chaley gaye. unamen seey ullekhaniya khalifa hisham () they, jinhone damishk parr rusafa mein apane mahal koo pasand kiya kyonki way baad vaale koo aswasth maanate they.
dolls kaa anuman haye kii lagaatar punaravritti seey seeriya-palestine, umayyad khalifa key kendra mein praakritik jansankhya vriddhi mein lagaatar kamee aaa sakati haye aur umayyad shakti kamjor hoe sakati haye. saath hii, khurasan key sudur purvi praant mein arab adiwasi pravaas, joe plaig mahamari seey bachaa thaa, ney khalifa key purvi aadhe hisse kii ektarafa vriddhi aur pradhaantaa aur vahaan abbasid andolan key uday kaa kaaran banaa, jisane 750 mein umayyadon koo giraa diyaa. conrad key vichaar seey, inn plaig chakron key anta taka, umayyadon ney purvi khalifa parr vyaavhaarik niyantran khou diyaa thaa aur "yeh rajvansh key antim varshon kii antaheen mahamariyon koo abbasid kranti kii jeet mein ack mahatvapurna kaarak key roop mein dekhane key liye lubha rhaa haye.
dhaarmik vyaakhyaaen.
aadhunik itihaaskaar iss baat seey sahmat hain kii amwas key plaig kii vaastavik paristhitiyaan punarnirmaan yogya naheen hain aur badey paimaane parr 8veen-10veen shatabdi key islami itihas mein ghatana key vivaran aur hadis (paramparaon aur muhammad key kathan) key sangrah parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain. 14veen shatabdi kii kaali mrityu taka kissy bhee anya mahamari kii tulanaa mein madhyayugeen arabi saahitya mein aamvaas key plaig parr adhik dhyaan diyaa gayaa. itihaaskaar justine key key anusaar, sroton dwara plaig key pratinidhitva "vividh aur virodhabhasi" they. stern. muhammad key sathiyon umar, aboo ubayda, amr aur muu 'adha dwara plaig key prati pratikriya key aakhyanon ney madhya yug mein plaig kii muslim dhaarmik aur kanuni vyakhyaon koo soochit kiya, jisamen kaali maut kii pratikriya bhee shamil thee.
madhyayugeen musalman vidvaanon ney amwas key plaig key prati samkaaleen pratikriyaon seey teen siddhant praapt kieh pahala yeh thaa kii plaig muslim wafadaron key liye divya dayaa yaa shahadat kaa ack roop thaa aur gair-vishvaasiyon key liye ack sajaa thee; doosara thaa musalmaanon key plaig seey peedit bhoomi mein pravesh karane yaa bhaagne parr pratibandh; aur teesara thaa plaig ack sankraman naheen thaa, balki yeh seedhe bhagwan dwara lagaaya gayaa thaa. inn siddhanton ney lagaatar mahamari key dauran madhyayugeen punaraavrittiyon mein dhaarmik asahamati paida kii, joe plaig koo divya dayaa yaa sajaa aur avalokan yogya sankraman key roop mein sweekaar karane mein kathinaaee key parinamswarup huaa.
dolls key mulyankan mein, deshi isai aur yahudi drishtikon aur praakritik maanav chintaon ney sambhavatah pahale siddhant key pahaluon koo prabhaavit kiya, arthaat plaig divya sajaa yaa chetavaniyon kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. iss shivir mein musalman seeriya mein muslim sainikon key beach shithil naitikta seey plaig koo sambandhit karate they, jaise kii sharaab kaa sevan, jisake kaaran umar koo sharaab peene vaalon koo peetane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. doosari or, plaig kii vyakhya dayaa yaa shahadat key roop mein aboo ubayda key amwas mein sainikon koo diye gaye bhashanon aur saragh mein parishad mein spasht haye. amwas key plaig key baare mein ack kavita jise damasi itihaaskaar ibn asakir (dee. 1175) shahadat key vishvaas koo darshaata haih kitane bahadur ghudsavaar aur kitni sunder, pavitra mahilaaon koo 'amwas kii ghaati mein maar diyaa gayaa thaa, unhone bhagwan kaa saamana kiya thaa, lekin jaba way maare gaye tou vaha unake saath anyaay naheen curr rahey they, way swarg mein gair-peedit logon mein seey they. humm plaig koo sahan karate hain jaisa kii bhagwan jaanate hain, aur hamein mrityu key samay mein santvana dee gaee thee.
purvaniyojan key siddhant parr, amwas kii ghatnaaon kaa upayog yeh tark dene key liye kiya gayaa thaa kii kyaa koee vyakti bhaag gayaa yaa plaig prabhaavit kshetra mein rhaa, unaki mrityu kaa adesh pahale hii bhagwan dwara diyaa jaa chuka thaa. kufa key iraqi sainya chauki shahar mein plaig key ack prakaran key dauran, pramukh rajneta aur vidwan aboo moosa all-ashari (dee. 662) apane ghar mein kissy koo plaig honey key kaaran apane ghar key agantukon koo door curr diyaa, aur unhone saragh mein umar key karyon key aadhar parr plaig seey bhaagne vaale musalmaanon koo uchit thaharaaya. dolls key anusaar, yeh kathit hadis key saath virodhabhas key bavjood sankraman kii maanyata koo poorv-islami siddhant key roop mein aswikar kartaa haye.

