chintan

kissy padaarth kii satah kaa paraavartan vikiran oorjaa koo paraavartit karane mein isaki prabhavsheelta haye. yeh aapatit vidyut chumbakiya shakti kaa ansh haye joe seema parr paraavartit hotaa haye. paraavartan prakaash key vidyut chumbakiya kshetra key liye samagri kii electronic sanrachana kii pratikriya kaa ack ghatak haye, aur samanya roop seey prakaash kii aavritti, yaa tarang dairdhya, isake dhruvikaran aur aapatan key konn kaa ack kaary haye. tarang dairdhya parr paraavartan kii nirbharta koo "paraavartan varnakram" yaa "varnakramiya paraavartan vakr" kahaa jaataa haye.
ganitiya paribhaashaaen.
golaardh paraavartan.
ack satah kaa "ardhgolakar paraavartan", jise darshaaya jaataa haye, key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye
sootra _ 1
jahan usa satah dwara vikiran pravaah "paraavartit" hotaa haye aur usa satah dwara "praapt" vikiran pravaah hotaa haye.
varnakramiya golaardh paraavartan.
ack satah kii aavritti mein varnakramiya golaardh paraavartan aur tarang dairdhya mein varnakramiya golardh paraavartan koo kramshah aur paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye
sootra _ 2
sootra _ 3
kahaan
dishaatmak pratibimb.
ack satah kaa "dishaatmak paraavartan", jise "r" ω kahaa jaataa haye, koo iss prakaar paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye
sootra _ 4
kahaan
yeh paraavartit disha aur aaney vaali disha donon parr nirbhar kartaa haye. dusare shabdon mein, aaney aur jaane vaali dishaaon key pratyek sanyojan key liye iska ack moolya haye. yeh dwidish paraavartan vitaran falan seey sambandhit haye aur isaki oopari seema 1 haye. paraavartan kaa ack aur maap, kewal baahar kii disha key aadhar parr, "i"/"f" haye, jahaan "i" ack dee gaee disha mein paraavartit vikiran haye aur "f" sabhi dishaaon mein aaney vaali vikiran haye, dusare shabdon mein, prati ikai kshetra mein satah seey takaraane vaale vikiran kaa kull pravaah, π seey vibhajit haye. yeh soorya jaise srot dwara prakaashit chamakdaar satah key liye 1 seey adhik hoe sakata haye, jisamen adhikatam chamak kii disha mein maapa gayaa paraavartan (sealiger prabhaav bhee dekhein).
varnakramiya dishaatmak paraavartan.
ack satah kii aavritti mein varnakramiya dishaatmak paraavartan aur tarang dairdhya mein varnakramiya dishaatmak paraavartan koo kramshah aur paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye
sootra _ 5
sootra _ 6
kahaan
phir seey, koee bhee diye gaye tarang dairdhya key liye (oopar dekhein) key moolya koo bhee paribhaashit curr sakata haye.
pratibimb.
sajaatiya aur ardh-anant (ardh-sthaan dekhein) samagri key liye, paravartansheelta paraavartan key samaan haye. 
paravartansheelta fresnal paraavartan gunank key parimaan kaa varg haye,
joe paraavartit vidyut kshetra kaa anupaat haye; 
iss prakaar paraavartan gunank koo ack jatil sankhya key roop mein vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye jaisa kii ack parat key liye fressel samikaranon dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye, jabaki paraavartan hamesha ack sakaratmak vaastavik sankhya hoti haye.
starit aur seemit madhyam key liye, see. aaee. key anusaar, paravartansheelta koo "paraavartan" seey iss tathya seey alag kiya jaataa haye kii paravartansheelta ack aisaa moolya haye joe "motee" paraavartan karane vaali vastuon parr lagu hotaa haye. jaba samagri kii patali paraton seey paraavartan hotaa haye, tou aantarik paraavartan prabhaav satah kii motai key saath paraavartan koo bhinn curr sakate hain. paravartansheelta paraavartan kii seema moolya haye kyonki namuna motaa hoe jaataa haye; yeh satah kaa aantarik paraavartan haye, isaliye peechhe kii satah key paraavartan jaise anya maapdandon kii parwah kiye binaa. isaki vyakhya karane kaa ack aur tarika yeh haye kii paraavartan ack vishisht namoone seey paraavartit vidyut chumbakiya shakti kaa ansh haye, jabaki paravartansheelta samagri kaa hii ack guna haye, jise ack poorna machine parr maapa jaayega yadi samagri sabhi sthaan kaa aadhaa bhar jaae.
satah kaa prakaar.
yeh dekhate hue kii paraavartan ack dishaatmak guna haye, adhikansh satahon koo una mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye joe specular paraavartan dete hain aur joe faila huaa paraavartan dete hain.
kaanch yaa polish dhaatu jaisi specular satahon key liye, uchit paraavartit konn koo chhodkar sabhi konon parr paraavartan lagbhag shoonya haye; yeh ghatana key tala mein satah key sambandh mein samaan konn haye, lekin virodhi paksh parr. jaba vikiran satah parr samanya ghatana hoti haye, tou yeh usee disha mein vaapas paraavartit hoti haye.
mait white pent jaisi faili hui satahon key liye, paraavartan ack samaan hotaa haye; vikiran sabhi konon mein samaan roop seey yaa samaan roop seey paraavartit hotaa haye. aisee satahon koo lambertian kahaa jaataa haye.
adhikansh vyaavhaarik vastuein visarjit aur specular paraavartak gunon key sanyojan koo pradarshit karati hain.
jall paraavartan.
paraavartan taba hotaa haye jaba prakaash apavartan key ack soochkaank key saath ack madhyam seey apavartan key ack alag soochkaank key saath dusare madhyam mein chalaa jaataa haye.
jall key ack nikaay seey sattebaji paraavartan kii ganana bhitti samikaranon dwara kii jaati haye. frannel reflection dishaatmak haye aur isaliye albido mein mahatvapurna yogdan naheen detaa haye joe mukhya roop seey reflection koo failata haye.
ack vaastavik jall satah lahardaar hoe sakati haye. paraavartan, joe tarotaja samikaranon dwara dee gaee ack sapaat satah koo maanata haye, koo lahar key liye samaayojit kiya jaa sakata haye.
grating dakshata.
ack vivartan grating key liye paraavartan kaa saamaanyikaran, joe tarang dairdhya dwara prakaash koo failata haye, koo "vivartan dakshata" kahaa jaataa haye.

