
hastakshep pratibimb sookshmadarshi

interference reflection microscopy (aar. aim.), jise reflection interference contrast microscopy (aar. aaee. see. aim.) yaa reflection contrast microscopy (aar. see. aim.) bhee kahaa jaataa haye, ack optical microscopy takneek haye joe kaanch kii satah parr ack vastu kii chhavi banaane key liye hastakshep prabhaavon kaa laabh uthaati haye. sanket kii teevrata kaanch kii satah seey vastu kii nikatata kaa ack maap haye. iss takneek kaa upayog koshika jhilli mein ghatnaaon kaa adhyayan karane key liye (pratideepti) label key upayog key binaa kiya jaa sakata haye jaisa kii tirf microscopy key mamle mein haye.
itihas aur naam.
1964 mein, addam aiss. jee. curtis ney bhroon chick haart fibroblast kaa adhyayan karane key liye koshika jeev vigyaan key kshetra mein iska upayog karate hue interference reflection microscopy (firm) shabd gadhaa. unhone chipakane kii saiton aur fibroblast kii doori koo dekhane key liye firm kaa upayog kiya, yeh dekhate hue kii kaanch key saath sampark jyaadaatar koshika paridhi aur chhadmashoth taka seemit thaa.
1975 mein, johann sebastian ploem ney ack sudhaar kii shuruat kii (ack pustak adhyaay mein prakaashit), jise unhone reflection contrast microscopy (aar. see. aim.) kahaa. sudhaar ack tathaakathit anty-flex uddeshya aur paar dhruvikaran kaa upayog karna haye taaki optical pranali mein awara prakaash koo aur cumm kiya jaa sakey. aaj, iss yojana koo mukhya roop seey pratibimb hastakshep contrast microscopy (rikam) key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, jiska naam 1979 mein berritor-haan aur konrad beck dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa.
haalaanki, kabhi-kabhi 'firm' shabd ack 'ritch' vyavastha kaa varnan karane key liye hotaa haye. takneek kaa varnan karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale naamon kii bahulata ney kuchh bhram paida curr diyaa haye, aur 1985 kii shuruat mein versueren dwara charcha kii gaee thee.
berritor-haan aur konrad beck ney takneek koo electron microscopy key saath sahsambaddh kiya, jisase pataa chalata haye kii vibhinn stanpaayi koshika rekhaaen vishisht fokal asanjan sthalon mein kaanch key substrate kaa paalan karati hain.
siddhant.
sanlagn koshika kii chhavi banaane key liye, ack vishisht tarang dairdhya kaa prakaash ack dhruvikaran key madhyam seey paarit kiya jaataa haye. yeh raikhik dhruvikrit prakaash uddeshya kii or ack beam splitter dwara paraavartit hotaa haye, joe prakaash koo namoone parr kendrit kartaa haye. kaanch kii satah ack nishchit degree taka paraavartak haye aur dhruvikrit prakaash koo paraavartit karegi. joe prakaash kaanch dwara paraavartit naheen hotaa haye, vaha koshika mein pravesh karega aur koshika jhilli dwara paraavartit hoga. teen sthitiyaan hoe sakati hain. sabse pahale, jaba jhilli kaanch key karib hoti haye, tou kaanch seey paraavartit prakaash koo tarang dairdhya kaa aadhaa sthanantarit curr diyaa jaataa haye, taaki jhilli seey paraavartit prakaash mein kaanch key charanon seey paraavartit prakaash kii tulanaa mein ack charan parivartan hoga aur isaliye ack dusare koo radd curr dein (hastakshep). iss hastakshep key parinamswarup antim chhavi mein ack gahara pixel (aakriti mein baaen mamle mein) hotaa haye. doosara, jaba jhilli kaanch seey judee naheen hoti haye, tou jhilli seey pratibimb mein kaanch seey paraavartit prakaash kii tulanaa mein ack chhota charan parivartan hotaa haye, aur isaliye way ack dusare koo radd naheen karenge, jisake parinamswarup chhavi mein ack ujjwal pixel hoga (chitra mein sahee mamla). teesara, jaba koee namuna naheen hotaa haye, tou kewal kaanch seey paraavartit prakaash kaa pataa lagaaya jaataa haye aur antim chhavi mein ujjwal pixel key roop mein dikhaai dega.
paraavartit prakaash beam splitter mein vaapas jaayega aur ack dusare dhruvikaran seey gujarega, joe antim chitra banaane key liye detector (aamtaur parr ack see. see. dee. camera) taka pahunchane seey pahale bikhare hue prakaash koo samaapt curr detaa haye. dhruvikaran karane vaale bikhare hue prakaash koo cumm karke dakshata badhaa sakate hain; haalaanki ack samvedansheel digital cameray key saath ack aadhunik setup mein, unaki aavashyakta naheen haye.
siddhant.
kaanch (1.50-1.54, soochi dekhein), paani (1.31, soochi dekhein), koshika jhilli (1.48) aur cytosol (1.35) key liye vishisht apavartak soochkaankon kaa upayog karke, pratyek interfaces dwara paraavartit honey vaale prakaash key ansh kii ganana kii jaa sakati haye. apavartak soochkaankon key beach antar badhane key saath pratibimb kii matra badh jaati haye, jisake parinamswarup kaanch kii satah aur samvardhan madhyam (lagbhag paani key baraabarh 1.31-1.33) key beach key interfaces seey ack badaa pratibimb hotaa haye. iska matlab haye kii ack koshika key binaa chhavi ujjwal hogi, jabaki jaba koshika sanlagn hoti haye, tou madhyam aur jhilli key beach kaa antar ack badey pratibimb kaa kaaran banata haye joe charan mein thodaa sthanantarit hotaa haye, jisase kaanch dwara pratibimbit prakaash mein hastakshep hotaa haye. kyonki madhyam-jhilli interfaces seey paraavartit prakaash kaa ayam prakirnan key kaaran cumm hoe jaataa haye, sanlagn kshetra gahara dikhaai dega lekin poori tarah seey kaalaa naheen hoga. kyonki namoone parr kendrit prakaash kaa shanku aapatit prakaash key vibhinn konon koo janm detaa haye, isaliye hastakshep pattern kii ack vistrit shrinkhala haye. jaba pattern 1 seey cumm tarang dairdhya (shoonya-crum frinz) seey bhinn hotey hain, tou pattern abhisaran karate hain, jisake parinamswarup teevrata mein vriddhi hoti haye. yeh 1 seey adhik sankhyaatmak chhidra vaale uddeshya kaa upayog karke praapt kiya jaa sakata haye.
aavashyaktaaen.
ack sookshmadarshi koo cumm seey cumm nimnalikhit tatvon kii aavashyakta hoti haih 1) ack prakaash srot, jaise kii ack halogen lamp, 2) ack optical filter (joe tarang dairdhya kii ack chhoti seema koo paar kartaa haye), aur 3) ack beam splitter (joe 50 pratishat koo pratibimbit kartaa haye aur chuni gaee tarang dairdhya kaa 50 pratishat sanchaarit kartaa haye).
prakaash srot koo uchch teevrata vaale prakaash kaa utpaadan karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, kyonki beam splitter aur namoone seey hii bahut saaraa prakaash nasht hoe jaayega. alag-alag tarang dairdhya key parinamswarup alag-alag sthir chhaviyaan banati hain; shoke-haan aur unake sahyogiyon ney dikhaaya kii unake pee. tii. key. 2 koshikaon key liye, 546 nm kii tarang dairdhya key saath prakaash key parinamswarup 436 nm kii tarang dairdhya key saath neele prakaash kii tulanaa mein behtar vipareetata hui. firm key buniyaadi siddhant mein kaee sanshodhan kiye gaye hain, jinamen seey adhikansh chhavi nirmaan kii dakshata aur upaj mein vriddhi karate hain. beam splitter aur namoone key beach dhruvikaran aur ack chauthai tarang plate rakhane seey, raikhik dhruvikrit prakaash koo golakar dhruvikrit prakaash mein parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye aur baad mein ise raikhik dhruvikrit prakaash mein parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase pranali kii dakshata badh jaati haye. vrittakar dhruvikaran lekh iss prakriya parr vistaar seey charcha kartaa haye. isake alawa, ack dusare dhruvikaran koo shamil karke, joe pahale dhruvikaran kii tulanaa mein 90° ghumaaya jaataa haye, awara prakaash koo detector taka pahunchane seey rokaa jaa sakata haye, jisase sanket aur shore anupaat mein vriddhi hoti haye (versueran kaa chitra 2 dekhein).
javic anuprayog.
javic namoonon kaa adhyayan karane key liye kaee tarikon seey firm kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. takneek key upayog key praarambhik udaaharan koshika asanjan aur koshika pravaas parr kendrit hain.
putika sanlayan.
haal hii mein, takneek kaa upayog chromaphine koshikaon mein exocytosis kaa adhyayan karane key liye kiya gayaa haye. jaba dee. aaee. see. kaa upayog karke chhavi banaai jaati haye, tou chromaphine koshikaaen chhote protrution key saath goal koshikaon key roop mein dikhaai detee hain. jaba usee koshika koo sthir kaa upayog karke chitrit kiya jaataa haye, tou kaanch parr koshika key padchinh koo spasht roop seey chhote protrution key saath ack kaale kshetra key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. jaba putika jhilli key saath fuse hoti hain, tou way kaale padchinh key bheetar chhote prakaash vritton key roop mein dikhaai dete hain (daahine panel mein sheersh koshika mein ujjwal dhabbe). 
film 1 mein, 60 mimi potasium key saath uttejana parr, ghaney core granule key exocytosis key parinamswarup chromaphine koshika key kaale padchinh key ander kaee chamkile dhabbe dikhaai dene lagate hain. kyonki firm koo ack pratideepti label kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye, ise anya imaging takneekon key saath jodaa jaa sakata haye, jaise kii epiphlurocence aur tirf microscopy koo putika exocytosis aur endocytosis key saath protein gatishilata kaa adhyayan karane key liye. pratideepi label kii kamee kaa ack aur laabh cumm phototoxicity haye.

