maukhikta

maukhikta, maukhik bhasha key madhyam seey badhir chhatron kii shiksha haye, jisamen honth padhane, bolane aur munh key aakar aur bolane key saans lene key tarikon kii nakal kii jaati haye. 1860 key dashak key anta mein sanyukt raajya america mein maukhikta lokpriya upayog mein aaee. 1867 mein, northumpton, massachusets mein badhiron key liye clark school, iss tarah seey padhaana shuru karane vaalaa pahala school thaa. maukhikta aur isake vipareet, hastshilp, badhir shiksha mein alag-alag roop seey prakat hotaa haye aur shamil samudaayon key liye vivaad kaa ack srot haye. maukhikta koo sunane aur bolly jaane vaali bhasha key saath bhramit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, joe badhir bachchon koo padhaane kii ack takneek haye joe shravan sadhanon yaa cocklear pratyaropan seey shravan sanketon key baare mein bachche kii dhaarana parr jore detee haye.
itihas.
18veen shatabdi kii shuruat.
sanyukt raajya america mein 18veen shatabdi mein aupchaarik badhir shiksha kii shuruat key baad seey, hastshilp aur maukhikta ack garamagaram bahas key virodhi pakshon parr rahee haye joe aaj bhee jaari haye. badhir logon kii vyavasthit shiksha key roop mein maukhikta 1500 key dashak key madhya mein spen mein shuru hui aur yeh samajik-aarthik uddeshyon kaa upa-utpaad thaa. church ney badhir logon koo pavitra samagam seey roque diyaa kyonki way jore seey sweekaar naheen curr sakate they. badhir logon koo apane parivaar kii sampatti viraasat mein praapt karane seey bhee manaa curr diyaa gayaa thaa; isaliye, parivarik sampatti koo sanrakshit karane key liye, spen mein badhir uttaradhikariyon koo pedro pones dee leone key paas bheja gayaa thaa, yeh sunane key baad kii unhone ack badhir vyakti koo ona mein saine salvador mathh mein baat karna sikhaaya thaa. maukhikta ney badhir bachchon key saath visheshaadhikaar praapt vargon key sadasyon koo apane bachchon kii shiksha koo prasaarit karane aur unhein badhir samudaay seey door rakhane kaa avsar pradaan kiya. bolane kaa sambandh uchch vargon aur uchch buddhi seey rhaa haye, aur hastakshar karane kii dhaarana isake vipareet rahee haye.
19veen shatabdi key anta mein.
vidyalaya.
1860 key dashak mein badhiron key liye clark school (abb shravan aur bhaashan key liye clark school) ney badhir americi shiksha mein apani pehchaan banaane seey pahale, hastshilp kaa ack lokpriya samarthan thaa. nae darwinwadi drishtikon key kaaran jald hii badhir shiksha key liye hastchaalit bhasha cumm lokpriya vikalp bunn gaee. 1867 mein badhiron key liye clark school "sunana seekhen" mansikta key madhyam seey badhir chhatron key liye ack "mukhyadhara kii seva" bunn gaee. yeh shravan/maukhik shiksha mein shikshakon key uchit prashikshan key madhyam seey kiya gayaa thaa. apani shuruat key baad seey, clark school ney badhir shiksha aur neeti key bheetar maukhik sanchaar key liye vistaar kiya haye aur samarthan pradaan kiya haye.
yeh tippani kii gaee haye kii sanyukt raajya america mein, behtar vitt poshit uttari school maukhikta kii or chaley gaye, jabaki unake garib dakshini samkaksh hastakshar karate rahey kyonki nae maukhik shikshakon koo niyukt karna mushkil thaa.
neeti.
spen mein 16veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein maukhikta key sambandh mein, 19veen shatabdi key maukhik vidwan maukhik bhasha koo sanchaar key ack behtar roop key roop mein dekhate they. gardiner green hubbard, horres maine, saimuel gridley howay aur alekjendar graham bell maukhikta aur badhir shiksha aur sevaaon parr isake prabhaav key lokpriya samarthak they. 19veen shatabdi key anta taka, badhir america key kaee shikshak swayam badhir they. haalaanki, alekjendar graham bell jaise maukhik vaktaaon kaa prabhaav badhane lagaa. bell aur anya loga mukhyadhara kii shravan duniya key saath badhir ekikaran mein vishvaas karate they. bell kaa yeh bhee maanana thaa kii saanketik bhasha karawas kaa ack saadhan haye aur iska upayog "ishara karane vaale" koo "sachcha americi" honey seey rokta haye. bell kii iss baare mein koee raay naheen thee kii badhir logon koo kisase shaadi karni chaahiye yaa naheen. isake vipareet, nakaratmak sujananvidon ney sansthanon mein anivarya niyukti yaa nasbandi jaise aakramak upaayon key madhyam seey "kharaab jeane" key prasaar koo rokane kii koshish kii. bell kaa maanana thaa kii maukhikta "nasbandi key liye ack aakarshak vikalp" thaa. bell key liye, maukhikta key karyanvayan kaa arth badhir vyaktiyon key liye mukhyadhara aur "samanya" jeevan kii sambhavana thee.
1878 mein, badhiron kii shiksha parr antarrashtriya congress (burf) ney peris mein saanketik bhasha key upayog aur badhir shiksha key bheetar anya muddon parr charcha karane key liye baithak kii. mandali key dauran, kissy bhee badhir sadasya koo gawahi dene kii anumati naheen thee. 1880 mein, burf seey lathpath loga milan mein phir seey mille aur 164 shikshakon ney bhaag liya, jinamen seey ack badhir thaa. iss baithak ney kissy bhee prakaar kii saanketik bhasha key upayog koo rokane key liye ekmatra maukhik kaksha kaa nirmaan kiya. millen sammelan key baad, badhir samudaay ney itihas mein iss samay koo "america mein badhir shiksha key liye kaalaa yug" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya.
kaksha.
shravan shikshak joe hastakshar naheen curr sakate they, unhone badhir shikshakon kii jagah lii aur 20veen shatabdi key madhya taka, badhiron key liye assie pratishat americi maadhyamik vidyaalayon ney vishesh roop seey maukhik vidhi kaa upayog kiya. kuchh ranneetiyaan, jaise kii kull sanchaar yaa simcom, ney kakshaon koo angreji shabd crum mein aayojit karate hue dekhaa, jisamen shikshak key saath hastakshar karate hue bolly jaane vaali aur hastaaksharit angreji key mishran mein kakshaaen aayojit kii gaeen. udaaharan key liye, "haye", "thaa" aur "dha", jinka sanket mein upayog naheen kiya jaataa haye, shikshakon dwara hastalikhit varnamala kaa upayog karke likhaa gayaa thaa. chhatron koo abhivyakti vidhi kaa upayog karke padhaaya jaataa thaa, joe unhein bolna aur honth padhana sikhaati thee. maukhik visheshagyon kaa maanana thaa kii sanket sakal samagr haav-bhaav seey adhik kuchh naheen they, joe ack-seey-ack patrachar mein angreji shabdon key liye khade they. maanaa jaataa thaa kii sanket mein vaakyon kaa koee vyaakaran naheen hotaa thaa. chehare key bhaav, jaise kii munh, jeebh, aankho aur honthon kii atiranjit harkatein, joe daravana yaa atyadhik bhaavnaatmak pradarshan kaa sujhaav detee hain, logon koo sunane mein bhaya paida karati hain. chhatron koo hastakshar karane parr apane chehare hilana bund karane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa, jise baad mein logon koo ack swar mein boley gaye ghoshanaatmak vaakyon mein bolane key liye kahane key barabar bataaya gayaa thaa.
20veen sadee.
hastshilp kii or andolan.
bhale hii chhatron koo kaksha key bheetar hastchaalit sanketon kaa upayog karane kii anumati naheen thee, kaee badhir chhatron ney hastchaalit sanketon koo prathamikta dee aur badhiron key liye aavaasiya schools mein apane chhatrawas key kamaron mein unakaa aksar upayog kiya. kuchh badhir bachchon koo "maukhik viphalata" maanaa jaataa thaa kyonki way maukhik bhasha naheen leey sakate they. dusaron ney socha kii maukhikta kii takneekon ney vaastav mein unhein joe sikhaaya gayaa thaa usa parr seemit curr diyaa kyonki unhein hamesha shabdon key banane key tareeke parr dhyaan kendrit karna thaa, naa kii unakaa kyaa arth thaa.
edward aim sahit hastashilpavaadi andolan key netaa. galloudate ney maukhik shiksha key khilaf tark diyaa kyonki yeh badhir chhatron kii usa bhasha mein samvaad karane kii kshamata koo pratibandhit kartaa thaa jise unaki mool bhasha maanaa jaataa thaa. isake alawa, "saanketik bhasha koo samaapt karane key prayaas unaki pehchaan, unake samudaay aur unaki sanskriti koo chheenane key samaan they."
neeti parivartan.
kaksha mein saanketik bhasha key upayog parr pratibandh lagaane vaale kaanoonon koo vaapas lena 2010 mein vancouver mein badhiron (burf) kii shiksha parr antarrashtriya congress key saath huaa thaa. badhir jamini kaaryakartaon aur burf kii yojana samiti ney vishva star parr badhiron koo uchit shiksha pradaan karane key liye ack samadhan banaaya.
aadhunik upayog.
maukhikta kaa upayog abb sanyukt raajya america mein bhasha yaa sanchaar sikhaane key liye naheen kiya jaataa haye. maukhik drishtikon kaa maataa-pitaa kaa upayog aamtaur parr maataa-pitaa kii ichcha seey hotaa haye kii unake bachche bahusankhyak sunane vaali aabaadi key saath samvaad karane key liye bolly jaane vaali bhasha kaa upayog karein. unhein yeh bhee lagata haye kii bolly jaane vaali bhasha key upayog seey unake bachche kii saksharta aur kaksha mein likhit bhasha kaushal badhega. kuchh shodhkartaon kaa maanana haye kii kaksha mein maukhik drishtikon kii safalata kaa poori tarah seey mulyankan naheen kiya gayaa thaa. haal key shodhon seey pataa chalaa haye kii sunane aur bolly jaane vaali bhasha kaa upayog karke maukhik shiksha adhikansh badhir bachchon koo bolly jaane vaali bhasha kaushal pradaan curr sakati haye joe unake sunane vaale sathiyon key barabar haye yadi way cocklear pratyaropan kaa upayog karate hain, joe kii badhir samudaay mein ack garmagarm bahas kaa upkaran haye.
maukhik vidyalaya.
shravan aur bhaashan key liye clark skoolah badhir aur sunane mein kathinaaee vaale bachchon koo bolane vaale angreji aur sunane key kaushal koo vikasit karane mein madad karane parr dhyaan kendrit karein. iss vidyalaya kaa lakshya chhatron koo mukhyadhara kii vyavastha key liye taiyar karna haye.
cleary skoolah praathamik, maadhyamik aur uchch vidyalaya kii kakshaon mein aeye. aiss. ell. aur bolly jaane vaali angreji parr dhyaan kendrit karein. unakaa pree-key bolly jaane vaali angreji parr kendrit haye.
bahare logon key liye memphis maukhik vidyaalayah bachchon koo bolly jaane vaali angreji mein padhaakar unake bolane aur likhane key angreji kaushal koo vikasit karna.
mook center forr dafe ejukeshanah una bachchon koo sunane aur bolane kii bhasha kii seva pradaan kartaa haye joe badhir yaa sunane mein mushkil hain, janm seey laker praarambhik varshon taka key hain, aur unake parivaar.
tucker maxone skoolah portland, oregan mein sthit ack bolly jaane vaali bhasha praarambhik hastakshep aur 5 veen kaksha seey pahale kaa shaikshanik sansthaan. namankan mein aise bachche shamil hain joe bahare hain yaa sunane mein mushkil hain, saath hii saath ack samaveshi, saha-namankit, parasparik roop seey laabhkaari kaksha vatavaran mein vishisht shravan vaale bachche bhee shamil hain. iss vidyalaya kaa uddeshya "badhir aur sunane vaale bachchon koo ack saath sunane, baat karane, seekhane aur utkrishtata praapt karane key liye" sikhana haye.
prabhavkarita.
badhir vyaktiyon key liye maukhik karyakramon key deerghakaalik parinamon key sambandh mein kuchh matratmak mulyankan kiye gaye hain, lekin joe maujood hain way cocklear pratyaropan vaale bachchon key sambandh mein iska adhyayan karate hain. ack adhyayan ney badhir bachchon key angreji vikas kii tulanaa cocklear pratyaropan seey kii, jabaki pratyaropan key binaa angreji vikas kyaa hoe sakata thaa. ack bhavishyasoochak model key karyanvayan key aadhar parr gair-pratyaaropit bachche kii tulanaa mein pratyaaropit badhir bachche key liye angreji vikas adhik aur adhik safal thaa. bhavishyasoochak model bhasha key vikas kii bhavishyavani karane key liye bachche dwara upayog kii jaane vaali ayu, avashisht shravan aur sanchaar vidhi koo niyojit kartaa haye. haalaanki badhir pratyaropan kiye gaye bachche pahale seey hii apane shravan samkakshon kii tulanaa mein angreji vikas key liye ack nuksan mein hain, pratyaropan, ausatan, cumm hoe gayaa joe bachche koo pratyaaropit naheen kiya gayaa hotaa (bhavishyasoochak model key aadhar parr) tou aur bhee badee kamee hoe sakati thee. lekhak bachche koo jald seey jald pratyaropan karane kii salah dete hain.
adhyayanon mein iss baat parr vichaar naheen kiya gayaa kii kaise ack gair-pratyaaropit bachcha ack hastaaksharit bhasha aur dwibhashi/dwi-saanskritik shiksha key sampark mein aaney seey shravan bachche key angreji vikas key sambandh mein angreji kaushal vikasit hoe sakata haye. kaee adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii yeh sunishchit karke kii ack badhir bachche kii americi saanketik bhasha taka pahunch haye, unakaa samagr shaikshanik pradarshan una logon kii tulanaa mein behtar haye joe naheen hain.
cocklear pratyaropan key binaa maukhik-badhir chhatron mein sanchaar aam taur parr usee umr key sunane vaale sathiyon kii tulanaa mein cumm baar aur cumm jatil hotaa haye. yeye vyakt sanchaar unake sunane vaale sathiyon kii tulanaa mein cumm spasht hain. bhashai roop seey, yeye sanchaar bhasha kaushal key vishisht hain joe unake sunane vaale samkakshon mein bahut pahale dekhe gaye they. maukhik vidyaalayon mein bolane aur bolly jaane vaali bhasha parr ekmatra nirbharta koo protsaahit karane key prayason key bavjood, kuchh maukhik-badhir vyaktiyon ney gair-paryavekshit settings mein aapas mein sanket pranali vikasit kii. isake alawa, maukhik-badhir bachche aksar ghar parr abhivyanjak sanchaar key dauran haath seey sanketon kaa upayog karate they.
kuchh adhyayanon ney padhane key kaushal key vikas key sambandh mein bolly jaane vaali bhasha kaushal key vikas kii bhoomika parr sawal uthaaye hain. vishesh roop seey ack adhyayan seey pataa chalaa haye kii joe vyakti bolly jaane vaali bhasha vikasit karane seey pahale bahare hoe gaye they, unhone kissy bhasha key dhvanyaatmak gunon key beach antar karane kii kshamata mein kamee dikhaai, lekin unhone joe padh rahey they, usake vartani gunon koo pahchaanane aur samajhane kii samaan kshamata dikhaai. vaastav mein, apane shravan samkakshon kii tulanaa mein, badhir vyaktiyon ney ayu badhane key saath likhit shabd prasanskaran kaushal kii darr mein vriddhi dikhaai. kull milakar, iss shodh ney iss vishvaas key vipareet sakshya pradaan kiye kii bolane kaa kaushal padhane key kaushal key vikas key liye mahatvapurna haye, aur aage prastaav kiya kii shaikshik drishtikon mein sambandhit shravan pahaluon seey alag likhit bhasha roopon kii jagrukta key nirmaan parr majboot dhyaan denaa shamil honah chaahiye.
shiksha aur sanchaar key anya tarikon kaa upayog karane vaalon kii tulanaa mein maukhik tarikon kaa upayog karane vaale badhir vyaktiyon key samajik, vyaavsaayik aur mansik swaasthya parr bahut cumm shodh maujood hain. halanki, kuchh adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii coclear pratyaropan aur bolly jaane vaali bhasha kaa upayog karane vaale badhir bachchon key liye samajik-bhaavnaatmak parinam saankhyikiya roop seey sakshamta key liye banaai gaee duniya mein unake hastakshar karane vaale badhir samkakshon kii tulanaa mein kaafee adhik hain.
kaksha mein maukhikta kii safalata kaa koee sateek bhavishyavakta bhee naheen thaa.
samajik.
kuchh logon dwara yeh bataaya gayaa haye kii maukhik parivesh mein bahare bachche udas, chintit yaa akelepan aur sharmindagi kaa anubhav curr sakate hain.

