
cumm takneek

nimn praudyogiki (nimn takneek; visheshan roopah nimn-praudyogiki, nimn-takneek, low-tech) saral praudyogiki haye, joe "uchch praudyogiki" key vipareet haye. 
itihas.
aitihaasik utpatti.
 jaise bushcraft, lakadi, patthar, oona aadi kaa upayog karane vaale upkaran. ise "cumm takneek" key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, poorv-audyogik kranti machines jaise pavanchakki yaa paal naukaaon key roop mein. 
70 key dashak mein.
yuddh key baad aarthik uchhaal key parinamswarup 70 key dashak kii shuruat mein pragati, praudyogiki aur anant vikas parr sandeh huaa, vishesh roop seey report key madhyam seey vikas kii seema (1972). kaee logon ney yeh paribhaashit karane kii koshish kii haye kii soft technology kyaa hain, jisase "low-tech" andolan shuru huaa haye. aisee praudyogikiyon koo "madhyasth" (ee.aff. schumaker), "mukt karane vaalaa" (aim. bukchin), yaa yahaan taka kii loktaantrik bhee. iss prakaar, sanyukt raajya america mein soft takneekon key vyaapak upayog kii vakaalat karane kaa ack darshan vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, aur una varshon mein kaee adhyayan kiye gaye they, vishesh roop seey langdon vijeta jaise shodhkartaon dwara.
2000 aur baad mein.
"low-tech" vaigyaanik lekhan mein adhik seey adhik niyojit kiya gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey 1970 key dashak key kuchh lekhakon key kaam key vishleshan menh udaaharan key liye hirsh-crainson, pustak "hyee tech, low tech, noo tech" yaa gorden dekhein. 
haal hii mein, sansadhanon kii kamee-vishesh roop seey khanijon-key drishtikon seey uchch takneek aur praudyogiki parr teji seey gambhir aalochana hoti jaa rahee haye.
2007 key baad seey, dutch criss dee decker ney (apane sahyogiyon key saath) cumm takneek samadhanon, uchch takneek kii samasya aur "cumm <-tech patrika" key madhyam seey kathit roop seey "aprachalit" praudyogikiyon key adyatan parr kuchh pratibimb prakaashit kiye hain. sheershak haih "pragati aur praudyogiki parr sandeh", aur nirdisht kartaa haye kii nimn takneek "yeh maanane seey incar karati haye kii pratyek samasya kaa ack uchch-takniki samadhan haye", haal hii mein anya bhaashaon mein lekhon key pragatisheel anuvaad key saath.
2014 mein, francisi engineer phillip byhox ney "ell 'jey days low tech" (cumm takneekon kaa yug) prakaashit kiya, jahan unhone prastut kiya kii kaise france jaisa europeeya rashtra, cumm khanij aur oorjaa sansadhanon key saath, ack "cumm takneek" rashtra bunn sakata haye (ack "start-upp" rashtra key bajaay) taaki aise rashtra key satat vikas lakshyon key behtar anuroop hoe sakey. unhone nimn-praudyogiki pahal key vibhinn udaharanon kaa hawala diyaa aur nimn-praudyogiki darshan aur siddhanton kaa varnan kiya. 2015 mein, cumm takneek vaali prayogshala pariyojana kholi gaee, jisamen dastavejikaran aur aavishkaron key muft sajhakaran ('viki' prakaar) key liye ack cumm takneek vaale web platform shamil hain, aur "cumm takneek" darshan parr pratibimb daalate hain.
haal hii menh retro-tech, wild tech, ribel-tech, small-tech, (oun) low-tech, aasaan-tech, noo-tech, low-tech.
kaee naee paribhaashaaen "low-tech" shabd key poorak yaa yogya honey key liye aaee hain, jiska uddeshya adhik sateek honah haye kyonki way ack vishesh visheshta taka seemit hainh
kaee paribhaashaaen.
dwiaadhaari paribhasha.
cambridge international dictionary off inglish" key anusaar, cumm takneek kii avadharana koo kewal ack aisee takneek key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye joe haal kii naheen haye, yaa purani samagri kaa upayog curr rahee haye. jinn companiyon koo "cumm takneek" maanaa jaataa haye, unakaa sanchaalan saral hotaa haye. ack vastu jitani cumm parishkrit hogi, utani hii cumm takneek. yeh paribhasha paaristhitik yaa samajik pahalu koo dhyaan mein naheen rakhti haye, kyonki yeh kewal cumm takneek vaale darshan kii saral paribhasha parr adharit haye. cumm takneekon koo taba ack "peechhe kii or kadam" key roop mein dekhaa jaayega, naa kii sambhaavit navachar key roop mein.
iss paribhasha key saath, ack nishchit yug kaa "uchch-takneek" (udaah telegraph) ack key baad kaa "nimn-takneek" bunn jaataa haye (udaah telephone kii tulanaa mein).
takniki aalochak.
cumm takneek koo kabhi-kabhi ack "uchch takneek virodhi" andolan key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye, ack jatil aur mahangi takneek key jaanboojhkar tyag key roop mein. iss tarah kaa virodh andolan kissy bhee asman praudyogiki kii aalochana kartaa haih nava-keechad yaa takniki andolanon key saath tulanaa, joe audyogik kranti key baad seey dikhaai diyaa, taba sambhav haye. low-tech" andolan key iss mahatvapurna hisse koo "noo-tech" kahaa jaa sakata haye, udaaharan key liye "noo-tech patrika" dekhein.
haal hii menh ack vyaapak aur adhik santulit drishtikon.
ack doosari, cumm takneek kii adhik sookshm paribhasha dikhaai dey sakati haye. yeh paribhasha daarshanik, paryavaraniya aur samajik pahaluon koo dhyaan mein rakhti haye. cumm takneek abb purani takneekon taka hii seemit naheen haye, balki naee, bhavishya-unmukh takneekon, adhik paaristhitik aur samajik seemaon koo phir seey banaane key uddeshya seey bhee vistaarit haye. taba ack cumm takneek vaalaa navachar sambhav haye.
pahali paribhasha key vipareet, yeh bahut adhik ashawadi haye aur iska sakaratmak arth haye. yeh taba vastuon (aksar "uchch takneek") key niyojit aprachalan kaa virodh karega aur upabhokta samaaj key saath-saath neeche diye gaye bhautikvaadi siddhanton parr bhee sawal uthaayega. iss paribhasha key saath, "low-tech" kii avadharana kaa tatparya haye kii koee bhee apani buddhi kaa upayog karke vastuon koo banaa sakata haye, aur apani rachanaon koo lokpriya banaane key liye apani jaankaari saajha curr sakata haye. isaliye ack cumm takneek sabhi key liye sulabh honey chaahiye, aur isaliye asamaantaon koo cumm karane mein madad curr sakati haye.
isake alawa, kuchh loga buniyaadi jarooraton (khaana, peena, awas, germ karna) koo puuraa karane key liye cumm takneek kii paribhasha koo cumm karate hain...), joe cumm takneek kii paribhasha seey kaee praudyogikiyon koo ayogya thaharaata haye, lekin yeh paribhasha hamesha sweekaar naheen kii jaati haye. anta mein, yeh dekhate hue kii cumm takneek kii paribhasha saapeksh haye, kuchh loga uchch takneek kii tulanaa mein uchch sanyam parr jore dene key liye "cumm takneek" kaa upayog karna pasand karate hain, binaa poori tarah seey "cumm" honey kaa daavaa kiye.
udaaharan.
paaramparik prathaon (praathamik aur maadhyamik kshetron) seey.
notah iss khand mein lagbhag sabhi pravishtiyon koo "paaramparik" shabd seey pahale jodaa jaanaa chaahiye.
notah ghar mein dibbabandi cumm praudyogiki kaa ack udaaharan haye kyonki iss kaushal koo aage badhaane key liye aavashyak kuchh aapoorti vaishvik vyaapaar network aur maujooda vinirmaan buniyaadi dhaanche parr nirbhar karati haye.
gharelu yaa upabhokta.
(poorna naheen) paschimi logon key rosemarra key jeevan mein "cumm takneek" kii soocheeh
darshan.
aadhunik praudyogikiyon key virodh karane vaale vicharakon mein, jacks elul ("takniki samaaj", 1954; "takniki bluff", 1988), luis mumford aur ee. aff. schumacker. apani pustak "dha myth off dha machine" (1970) key dusare khand mein, luis mumford ney "jaiv praudyogiki" kii dhaarana vikasit kii, taaki "jaiv-vyavharya" takneekon koo naamit kiya jaa sakey jinhen paaristhitik roop seey jimmedaar maanaa jaayega.ee. joe sansadhanon aur jarooraton key beach ack homostatic sambandh sthaapit kartaa haye. apane prasiddh "small ijj beautiful" (1973) mein, schmatcher "madhyavarti praudyogiki" kii avadharana kaa upayog karate hain, joe "low tech" key arth seey kaafee sateek roop seey mell khaati haye. unhone "madhyavarti praudyogiki vikas samooh" bhee banaaya haye.
cumm praudyogiki kii kanuni sthiti.
sanyukt raajya america mein sanghiya kaanoon dwara, kewal una vastuon parr "haath seey baney" yaa "haath seey baney" padnam key saath muhar lagaai jaa sakati haye, jinamen machinary yaa jatil tantra key saath upkaranon kaa bahut cumm yaa koee upayog naheen hotaa haye. khaadya padarthon parr lagu honey vaale "javic" aur "praakritik" shabdon kii sateek paribhasha parr vartamaan mein lambe court-battle chala rahey hain.

