
aatmiyata (madhyayugeen)

uttar-shaastriya itihas mein, ack aatmiyata (aamtaur parr) purushon key samooh (anuchar) key liye ack saamoohik naam thaa, jinhen ack swami apani seva mein apane chaaron or ikattha kartaa thaa; ise ack aadhunik itihaaskaar dwara "sevakon, anucharon aur ack swami key anya anuyaayiyon" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, aur "samaaj key samanya taane-baane kaa hissa" key roop mein. ise kameene saamantvaad kaa ack maulik pahalu maanaa jaataa haye, aur yeh nimn kuleen varg key saath badey logon koo baandhane key saadhan key roop mein kaam kartaa haye, jaise saamantvaad ney ack alag tareeke seey kiya thaa.
rishte key ack roop koo vardi aur rakharkhaav key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. swami ney pratidharankarta dwara pahane jaane vaale vardi baij aur unake vivaadon mein "rakharkhaav" yaa unakaa samarthan pradaan kiya, joe aksar nyaayik prakriyaon mein baadha kaa gathan kartaa thaa.
utpatti.
sabse pahale pehchaane jaane vaale samanti sambandhon mein seey ack villium marshel kaa thaa, joe pembroke kaa pahala earl thaa, jisane 1190 taka usake chaaron or ack bull ikattha kiya thaa jisamen binaa kissy majboot tenurial sambandh key purushon kaa honah aavashyak thaa. bhoomi praapt karane key bajaay, inn logon koo pada kaa anudan aur raajaa key saath pembroke kii nikatata kii suraksha praapt hui. itihaaskaar michael hicks ney ise "vyaktigat, samanti naheen" sambandh key roop mein varnit kiya haye, jise david crouch ney ack kameene samanti sambandh kaa praarambhik udaaharan kahaa haye. doosari or, ack sou saal baad, linken key earl ney logon key shav ekatra kiye-aksar apane kiraayedaron key beach seey-linken mein apani sampattiyon seey, joe abhee bhee apani bhoomi key karyakal key madhyam seey samanti roop seey earl seey judey hue they.
rachana.
ack mahaan aatmiyata key liye kendra mein swami key anubandhit anuchar they, aur unase parey samanya samarthakon aur samparkon kaa ack adhik anakar samooh thaa. antar, key. bee. mcfarlane ney likhaa kii poorv ney swami kii "ananya seva" kii thee, lekin baad vaale ney anucharon kii tulanaa mein "cumm seey cumm sthaayi" donon tarikon seey apana achchha swami pada praapt kiya. christine badhai ney vaarvik key lagaav key earl kii sanrachana koo kendra mein usake saath "kendrit vritton kii ack shrinkhala" key roop mein varnit kiya haye. yeh dhyaan diyaa gayaa haye kii ack swami koo kewal una kshetron mein apekshaakrit cumm sankhya mein logon koo ikattha karna padata thaa jahaan vaha majboot thaa, kyonki usake aatmiyata key sadasyon ney naa kewal uska samarthan kiya, balki ack-dusare kaa bhee samarthan kiya; iss prakaar, unaki sahaayata key liye aaney vaale purushon kii sankhya aksar una purushon kii sankhya seey kaheen adhik thee jinhen vaha vaastav mein jaanata thaa. yeye aise loga they jinn parr swami kaa bharosa thaah udaaharan key liye, 1459 mein, gulabon key yuddhon key kagaar parr, salisbury key earl ney middleham mahal mein unake sabse karibi sadasyon koo ikattha kiya aur saarvajanik roop seey baahar aaney seey pahale unaki salah lii.
swami aksar sthaaniya pradhikaran key padon parr purushon koo shamil kartaa thaa, udaaharan key liye shaanti key nyayadhish, apane sambandh key bheetar. doosari or, hoe sakata haye kii vaha, jaisa kii johnn off gunt ney chaudahavin shatabdi key uttaraardh mein kiya thaa, apane "darbari aur veertapurna mahatvakankshaon" kii abhivyakti key roop mein, apane samajik vajan kii parwah kiye binaa logon koo apane sambandh mein bharti curr sakata haye, jaisa kii anthany goodman ney kahaa. ack samkaaleen ney inhen swami key liye "rishtedaar, dost, sahayogi aur bhagidar" ("rishtedaar, dost, sahayogi aur bhagidar") key roop mein varnit kiya. aatmiyata key sadasyon kii pehchaan aamtaur parr usa vardi dwara kii jaa sakati haye jise swami usake saath unaki pehchaan key liye vitarit kartaa haye; yeh saral baanh kii patti seey laker "vardi kaa ack adhik vishisht roop-vishesh dhaatu ghudsavaar reband baind" taka hoe sakata haye; johnn off gunt key retinue key uchch shreni key sadasya-ack "atyadhik moolyavaan" sthiti-esses kaa collar pahanate they. swami key sabse karibi sambandh key sadasya sabse adhik upayog key sadasya theh sampatti adhikaari, khajanchi, karbhari aur aksar ack seey adhik vakeel.
baad mein madhya yug.
madhya yug key anta taka, richard dwiteeya aur heinry chaturth jaise raajaon ney raajneetik aur saath hii yuddh key uddeshyon key liye kshetriya kuleen varg key bheetar apani aatmiyata paida kii thee. isaliye way shaahi darbar seey adhik doori parr they, lekin way pahale key raajaon key gharelu shurveeron kii tulanaa mein bhee adhik sankhya mein they. pandrahavin shatabdi taka, taaj key adhikansh kshetriya agents koo raajaa key sambandh mein maanaa jaataa thaa, kyonki unakaa samanya praja kii tulanaa mein taaj seey adhik nikat sambandh thaa. heinry vee key shasankal taka, ee. aff. jacob ney anuman lagaaya kii raajaa dwara sthaaniya ilaakon mein niyojit squire kii sankhya 150 seey badhkar 300 seey adhik hoe gaee.
richard key mamle mein, yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii yeh shaahi shakti key nirmaan key uddeshya seey kuleen varg kii pahale seey maujood aatmiyataon kaa mukabala karane aur apani shakti koo majboot karane key liye thaa. vaastav mein, way apane padasthaapan seey pahale, apane 1399 key abhiyaan parr ireland leey jaane vaali senaa key kendra mein they. isamen kaee sou 'raajaa key shurveer' aur eskier shamil hoe sakate hain, jinhen haard kaish key saath rakhaa gayaa thaa. vaastav mein, taaj ney apani kshetriya aatmiyata parr joe raashi kharch kii, vaha shaahi kharch parr asantosh kaa kaaran thee, jiska saamana udaaharan key liye, richard II ney 1397 mein kiya thaa. isi tarah, johnn off gunt kii aatmiyata 1381 aur 1390 key dashak kii shuruat key beach aadhi hoe gaee aur aaya key 10 pratishat kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik raashi kharch hui joe aam taur parr apane sevakon parr kharch kii jaati thee. gunt ney iska upayog taaj key khilaf apani sthiti kii raksha karane key liye kiya kyonki richard dwiteeya kaa shasankal teji seey aniyamit hoe gayaa, aur unake bete, bollingbroke key heinry koo 1399 mein viraasat mein milaa, aur ise ack taiyar senaa millie jisane unhein ameer koo ukhaad fenkane kii anumati dee. bahut hii samaan paristhitiyon mein, 1471 mein, edward IV, apane simhaasan koo punah praapt karane key liye nirvaasan seey lautate hue, dakshin kii or badhate hue unake saath apana lagaav ikattha kiya, aur yeh kahaa gayaa haye kii "iss tarah key sambandh key swami key roop mein barnet aur tevaksbury raajaa edward ney ack vyaapak mahaarat hassil kii. salisbury key earl ney 1458 mein apani aatmiyata kaa upayog taakat key pradarshan key roop mein kiya, lagbhag 400 ghudsavaaron aur assie shurveeron aur squire key saath ack shaahi parishad kii baithak mein bhaag liya; samkaaleen "kroor itihas" ney iska anuman lagbhag 500 purushon key roop mein lagaaya.
sambandh raajaon yaa badey logon taka hii seemit naheen they; udaaharan key liye, 1420 key dashak mein, cardinal beaufort ney kaee angreji county mein ack sambandh banaae rakhaa, halanki, ack churchman key roop mein, unakaa sambandh sainya key bajaay raajneetik thaa. way purushon taka hii seemit naheen theh edward dwiteeya kii patni, isabella, key beach ack aisaa sambandh thaa jiska "saamoohik prabhaav sabse shaktishali prabhuon jitna shaktishali thaa", bhale hii cumm sainya hoe. ghatnaaon key madhyam seey bhee unakaa vistaar kiya jaa sakata thaa; edward IV kii elizabeth woodwill key saath gupt vivaah ack mahatvapurna midlands parivaar aur unake anucharon koo seedhe shaahi gharaane mein laaya.
itihas lekhan.
itihaskaron key beach paaramparik drishtikon yeh thaa kii aatmiyata terahavin shatabdi kaa nirmaan thaa joe kuleenata aur senaaon kii bharti karane kii taaj kii aavashyakta seey utpann huaa, joe senaa pradaan karane mein whiffle samant seva key patan kii prishthabhoomi key khilaf thaa. charles plummer jaise victorian itihaskaron ney iss sambandh koo prabhaavi roop seey swami key gharaane key paryaay key roop mein dekhaa, aur apane vyaktigat thagon seey thodaa adhik. aatmiyata key sadasyon aur pratidhaaran swami key beach ekmatra sambandh ack sainya thaa. isake baad unhein chaudahavin aur pandrahavin shatabdi mein samajik vyavastha mein girawat key liye, kuchh hudd taka, seedhe taur parr jimmedaar, mahaan aatmiyataon key udbhav koo dekhane key liye prerit kiya. lekin jaisa kii saiman walker ney kahaa haye, unake pratikool nirnayon koo kaafee hudd taka ack adhik sahanubhutipurna khaate dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye joe achche swami key yantriki mein ack aavashyak tatva key roop mein aatmiyata koo sweekaar kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, ack swami apane sambandh mein kuchh logon kii bharti kartaa joe usey sainya seva pradaan curr sakate they, lekin anya joe naheen karate they; kuchh jinhen aupchaarik roop seey banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa aur kuchh jinhen naheen rakhaa gayaa thaa; aur antatah pratyek vyakti koo unake sambandhon key kendra mein aapsi laabh key saath bharti kiya gayaa thaa. yeh yuddh kaa samay thaa yaa shaanti kaa, yaa yeh usa kshetra mein thaa jahan swami majboot thaa, iss parr nirbhar karate hue sambandh khud badal jaayega. kaee bhoomikaaen nibhaane key sandarbh mein, ise ack "samajik-raajneetik-sainya sanyukt-stock udyam" kahaa gayaa haye jisane saamantvaad mein hii aadhar kii aavashyakta key binaa mahaan adhikaar koo banaae rakhane mein madad kii. pandrahavin shatabdi key madhya mein, yeh sangathan mein lagbhag vishesh roop seey sainya anubandh (udaaharan key liye, villium, lord hastings kii aatmiyata) dwara surakshit honey seey laker rakt aur vaivaahik sambandhon parr adhik adharit honey taka bhinn hoe sakata haye, jaisa kii neville key ghar key saath hotaa haye.
haal hii mein yeh sawal kiya gayaa haye kii kyaa ack shaahi sambandh vaastav mein ack kuleen key roop mein kaam curr sakata haye. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii choonki raajaa koo apane anucharon key liye ack swami honah thaa aur poore logon koo achchha prabhuta pradaan karni thee, lekin ack virodhabhas bhee thaa, jisake parinamswarup sthaaniya sthirata mein girawat aaee jahaan yeh huaa. usee samay, gaunt jaise shaktishali magnet bhee kuchh koo banaae rakhate hue sthaaniya asantosh paida curr sakate hain aur, anivarya roop seey, dusaron koo chhodkar. doosari or, yeh bhee bataaya gayaa haye kii kaise, vishesh roop seey raajaon key liye, aatmiyata mein bharti ack spasht padonnati thee joe ack utsaahjanak nishtha key roop mein kaary curr sakati thee yaa raajneetik maafi kii peshkash curr sakati thee.