
lekha soochana pranali

lekha soochana pranali (aeye. aaee. aiss.) vittiya aur lekha detta koo ekatra karane, sangraheet karane aur sansaadhit karane kii ack pranali haye jiska upayog nirnay nirmaataon dwara kiya jaataa haye. lekha soochana pranali aam taur parr soochana praudyogiki sansadhanon key sanyojan mein lekha gatividhi parr nazar rakhane key liye ack computer-adharit vidhi haye. parinami vittiya vivaranon kaa upayog prabandhan dwara aantarik roop seey yaa niveshakon, lendaaron aur curr adhikaariyon sahit anya ichchuk pakshon dwara baahari roop seey kiya jaa sakata haye. lekha soochana pranali koo lekha pariksha, vittiya lekha porting, prabandhakiya/prabandhan lekha aur curr sahit sabhi lekha karyon aur gatividhiyon kaa samarthan karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. lekha soochana pranali sabse vyaapak roop seey apnai gaee lekha pariksha aur vittiya reporting module hain.
itihas.
paaramparik roop seey, lekhankan vishuddh roop seey ack hastchaalit drishtikon parr adharit haye. lekhankan prakriyaon mein ack vyaktigat lekhakar kaa anubhav aur kaushal mahatvapurna haye. yahaan taka kii haath seey drishtikon kaa upayog karna bhee aprabhaavi aur aksham hoe sakata haye. lekhankan soochana pranali uparokt kaee muddon koo hull karati haye. aeye. aaee. aiss. badee matra mein detta koo sansaadhit karane key swachaalan kaa samarthan curr sakata haye aur samay parr aur sateek jaankaari kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye.
praarambhik lekha soochana pranaliyon koo 1970 key dashak mein perol karyon key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. shuru mein, lekhankan soochana pranaliyon koo "inn-house" vikasit kiya gayaa thaa kyonki koee packaged samadhan upalabdh naheen they. iss tarah key samadhan vikasit karna mahanga thaa aur unakaa rakharkhaav karna mushkil thaa. isaliye, kaee lekhankan vyavsaayiyon ney computer-adharit key bajaay hastchaalit drishtikon koo prathamikta dee. aaj, lekhankan soochana pranaliyon koo aamtaur parr microsoft, sez samooh, sapp aur orecal jaise badey vikretaon seey poorv nirmit software packages key roop mein becha jaataa haye, jahaan ise sangathan kii vyaavsaayik prakriyaon seey mell khaane key liye configure aur anukoolit kiya jaataa haye. chhote vyavasaay aksar lekhankan cumm laagat vaale software packages jaise kii tally kaa upayog karate hain.erp 9, myob aur quickbook. badey sangathan aksar ee. aar. pee. pranaliyon kaa chayan karate hain. jaise-jaise anya vyaavsaayik pranaliyon key beach sampark aur samekan kii aavashyakta badhee, lekhankan soochana pranaliyon koo badee, adhik kendrikrit pranaliyon udyam sansaadhan yojana (ee. aar. pee.) key saath milaa diyaa gayaa. isase pahale, vibhinn vyaavsaayik karyon koo prabandhit karane key liye alag-alag anuprayogon key saath, sangathanon koo ack-dusare key saath samvaad karane key liye pranaliyon key liye jatil interfaces vikasit karna padata thaa. ee. aar. pee. mein, ack lekha soochana pranali jaisi pranali koo anuprayogon key ack samooh mein ekikrit ack module key roop mein banaaya gayaa haye jisamen vinirmaan, aapoorti shrinkhala, maanav sansaadhan shamil hoe sakate hain. yeye module ack saath ekikrit hain aur ack hii detta taka pahunchane aur jatil vyaavsaayik prakriyaon koo nishpaadit karane mein saksham hain. aaj, cloud-adharit lekha soochana pranali cumm laagat key liye aiss. aim. ee. aiss. aur badey sangathanon donon key liye teji seey lokpriya hoe rahee haye. lekhankan soochana pranaliyon koo apanaane key saath, kaee vyavsaayon ney cumm kaushal, laine-daine aur parichaalan lekhankan bhoomikaon koo hataa diyaa haye.
vastukala kaa ack udaaharan.
ack aeye. aaee. aiss. aam taur parr ack bahuayami sanrachana kaa paalan kartaa haye joe upayogkarta key liye prastuti, anuprayog prasanskaran aur alag-alag paraton mein detta prabandhan koo alag kartaa haye. prastuti parat yeh prabandhit karati haye kii pranali key karyatmak upayogkartaon (mobile upkaranon, web brouser yaa client application key madhyam seey) koo jaankaari kaise pradarshit aur dekhi jaati haye. poori pranali ack kendrikrit databases dwara samarthit haye joe sabhi detta koo sangraheet kartaa haye. isamen mukhya vyaavsaayik prakriyaon (khareed, soochi, lekhankan) yaa sthir, master detta seey utpann lenden detta shamil hoe sakata haye joe detta (karmchari aur graahak khaata record aur vinyas settings) koo sansaadhit karate samay sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. jaise-jaise lenden hotey hain, detta koo vyaavsaayik ghatnaaon seey ekatra kiya jaataa haye aur system key databases mein sangraheet kiya jaataa haye jahaan ise punarpraapt kiya jaa sakata haye aur aisee jaankaari mein sansaadhit kiya jaa sakata haye joe nirnay lene key liye upayogi hoe. anuprayog parat logg databases parat mein rakhe gaye kachche detta koo punarpraapt karati haye, ise configure kiye gaye vyaavsaayik tark key aadhar parr sansaadhit karati haye aur ise upayogkartaon koo pradarshit karane key liye prastuti parat parr bhejati haye. udaaharan key liye, challan koo sansaadhit karate samay deya khaate vibhaag parr vichaar karein. ack lekha soochana pranali key saath, ack deya khaata clerk ack vikreta dwara pradaan kiye gaye challan koo usa pranali mein darj kartaa haye, jahaan ise databases mein sangraheet kiya jaataa haye. jaba vikreta seey maal praapt hotaa haye, tou ack raseed banaai jaati haye aur ise aeye. aaee. aiss. mein bhee darj kiya jaataa haye. deya khaata vibhaag dwara vikreta koo bhugtan karane seey pahale, pranali kaa aavedan prasanskaran star teen-tarfa milan kartaa haye jahaan yeh swatah raseed aur praarambhik khareed adesh parr raashi key khilaf challan parr raashi seey mell khaata haye. ack baar match puuraa honey key baad, anumodan key liye deya khaate prabandhak koo ack email bheja jaataa haye. yahaan seey ack voucher banaaya jaa sakata haye aur vikreta koo antatah bhugtan kiya jaa sakata haye.
laabh aur prabhaav.
computer-adharit lekha soochana pranaliyon kaa ack badaa laabh yeh haye kii way reporting koo swachaalit aur suvyavasthit karate hain, unnat modeling vikasit karate hain aur detta khanan kaa samarthan karate hain. nirnay lene aur vittiya reporting key liye upayog kii jaane vaali sankshipt, samay parr jaankaari koo sateek roop seey dekhane key liye sangathanon key liye reporting ack pramukh upkaran haye. lekhankan soochana pranali kendrikrit databases seey detta kheenchati haye, prakriya karati haye aur ise badal detee haye aur antatah usa detta kaa saransh jaankaari key roop mein utpann karati haye jise abb vyavasaay vishleshakon, prabandhakon yaa anya nirnay nirmaataon dwara aasaani seey upbhog aur vishleshan kiya jaa sakata haye. inn pranaliyon koo yeh sunishchit karna chaahiye kii report samay parr houn taaki nirnay nirmaata purani, aprasangik jaankaari parr kaary naa curr sakein aur isake bajaay, report key parinamon key aadhar parr jaldi aur prabhaavi dhang seey kaary karane mein saksham houn. samekan reporting kii visheshtaon mein seey ack haye kyonki logon koo badee sankhya mein lenden naheen dekhana padata haye. udaaharan key liye, maheene key anta mein, ack vittiya lekhakar pranali parr ack report chalaakar sabhi bhugtan kiye gaye vouchers koo samekit kartaa haye. pranali kii aavedan parat usa vishesh maheene key liye apane vikretaon koo bhugtan kii gaee kull raashi key saath ack report pradaan karati haye. badey nigamon key saath joe badee matra mein laine-daine detta utpann karate hain, yahaan taka kii ack aeye. aaee. aiss. key saath report chalaane mein dinn yaa saptah bhee lugg sakate hain.
tyco international, enron aur worldcom jaisi badee companiyon key corporate ghotalon kii lahar key baad, saarvajanik companiyon koo unaki lenden-adharit pranaliyon mein majboot aantarik niyantranon koo lagu karane key liye lagu karane parr pramukh jore diyaa gayaa. ise 2002 key surbanes-auxley adhiniyam key paarit honey key saath kaanoon mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen yeh nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa kii companiyon koo ack aantarik niyantran report taiyar karni chaahiye jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii sangathan kii aantarik niyantran sanrachana key liye kaun jimmedaar haye aur inn niyantranon kii samagr prabhavsheelta koo rekhaankit kartaa haye. choonki inmein seey adhikansh ghotale companiyon kii lekha prathaon mein nihit they, isaliye surbanes auxley kaa adhikansh jore computer-adharit lekha soochana pranaliyon parr diyaa gayaa thaa. aaj, vikreta apane shasson, jokhim prabandhan aur anupaalan suvidhaon kaa upayog yeh sunishchit karane key liye karate hain kii vyaavsaayik prakriyaaen majboot aur sanrakshit houn aur sangathan kii parisampattiyaan (detta sahit) surakshit houn.
karyanvayan.
haal key varshon mein kaee badey aur aiss. aim. ee. abb laagat prabhaavi cloud-adharit lekha soochana pranali koo apana rahey hain. haalaanki adhikansh maujooda swachaalit lekha pranaaliyan vishisht databases (dee. bee. aff., aim. aiss. aiss. kyu. ell., aim. aiss. axes aadi) kaa upayog karati hain.). 2020 mein lekhankan software ney 94 pratishat polly kaa upayog kiya.
varshon pahale peechhe mudkar dekhane parr, adhikansh sangathan, isase bhee badey sangathan, yaa tou software prakaashak yaa salaahkaaron seey baahari salaahkaaron koo niyukt karate hain, joe sangathan koo samajhate hain aur joe sabhi ghatakon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue aadarsh vinyas kaa chayan karane aur usey lagu karane mein madad karane key liye kaam karate hain.
lekhankan soochana pranali koo lagu karane key liye nimnalikhit kadam uthaaye gaye hainh
vikas.
lekhankan soochana pranali pichhale 50 varshon mein badee matra mein vibhinn drishtikonon aur karyapranali dwara chihnit kii gaee haye. pichhale models key pratibandhon aur kamjoriyon key kaaran pratyek nayaa model vikasit huaa. dilchasp baat yeh haye kii navintam takneek key utpaadan key baad vikas key nae yaa haal key model purani yaa pichhali takneek koo turant samaapt yaa pratisthaapit naheen karate hain. haalaanki, vibhinn sansthanon, sangathanon, samoohon key beach ack hii samay mein kaee peedhiyon aur pranaliyon key saathi maujood hain aur sambhavatah ack yaa ack hii sansthaan mein maujood hain. isi tarah adyatit nireekshak koo una sabhi drishtikon kii karyatmak visheshtaon key baare mein jagrook honey kii aavashyakta haye jinka saamana vaha curr sakata haye. vartamaan mein chaar drishtikonon kii pehchaan kii jaa sakati haye joe pichhale 50 varshon key dauran vikasit kiye gaye hain.
carrier.
kaee aeye. aaee. aiss. peshevar anya prakaar kii companiyon key saath-saath paramarsh farmon, badey nigamon, beema companiyon, vittiya farmon, sarkari agencies aur saarvajanik lekha farmon key liye kaam karate hain. takniki pragati key saath, paaramparik lekhankan abhyaas lekhankan soochana pranali abhyaas mein sthanantarit hoe jaayega. lekhankan aur soochana praudyogiki donon peshevar nikaay lekhankan karyakramon aur udyog prathaon kii naee dishaaon parr kaam curr rahey hain. system auditor pichhale dou dashakon mein sheersh vikalpon mein seey ack haye, way vyavsaayon dwara upayog kii jaane vaali sabhi prakaar kii soochana pranaliyon key niyantran, detta prasanskaran, detta akhandata, samanya sanchaalan, rakharkhaav, suraksha aur anya pahaluon koo dekhate hain. iss kshetra mein kuchh naukari key shirshakon mein vittiya prabandhak, vittiya pareekshak aur mukhya vittiya adhikaari shamil hain. anya naukari key shirshakon mein computer system vishleshak, ack computer soochana pranali prabandhak yaa ack computer software engineer yaa vittiya software mein visheshagyata rakhane vaalaa programmer shamil hain.
udyog sangh aise pramaan patra pradaan karate hain joe aisa kshetra seey sambandhit hain jinamen seesa, aisa, see. aaee. aiss. pee., see. aaee. aeye., aeye. aff. ee., see. aff. ee. aur see. aaee. tii. pee. shamil hain.