
gapworm

ack gapworm ("syngamus trackia"), jise laal krimi aur kantedar krimi key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack parjivi nematode krimi haye joe kuchh pakshiyon key shwasanali koo sankramit kartaa haye. parinami bimari, jise "gape" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, taba hoti haye jaba keede vayumarg koo bund curr dete hain aur baadhit karate hain. inn keedon koo unake laal rung aur narr aur maadaon key sthaayi prajanan sanyojan key kaaran "laal keede" yaa "kantedar keede" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. chhote, paltu murgon aur turkey mein gapworm aam hain.
jaba maadaa gapworm ack sankramit pakshi kii shwasanali mein apane andey detee haye, tou andey koo khansa jaataa haye, nigal liya jaataa haye, phir shauch kiya jaataa haye. jaba pakshi mull mein paae jaane vaale andon kaa sevan karate hain, yaa kenchuon, ghonghon ("planorbarius cornius", "bithinia tentaculata" aur anya) jaise parivahan mezban kaa sevan karate hain tou way parjivi seey sankramit hotey hain.
roopvigyaan.
narr aur maadaa sthaayi maithun kii sthiti mein ack saath judate hain, ack y aakar ("kantedar keede"). unhein unake rung key kaaran "laal keede" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. maadaaen (20 mimi taka lambi) purushon kii tulanaa mein bahut lambi hoti hain (6 mimi taka lambi). gapworm kaa jeevan chakr iss baat mein vishisht haye kii pakshi seey pakshi mein sancharan yaa tou seedhe (bhroon andey yaa sankraamak larva koo nigalkar) yaa apratyaksh roop seey (dooshit mitty koo khilaakar praapt kiye gaye mukt yaa encisted gapworm larva vaale kenchuon key antargrahan dwara) safaltapurvak puuraa kiya jaa sakata haye.
jeevan chakr aur rogjanan.
praarambhik charan mein, teesare charan mein sankraamak larva (ell3) andey key ander vikasit hotey hain jiss samay way nickle sakate hain. kenchue parivahan (paratenic) mezban key roop mein kaam karate hain. larva koo kenchuon kii maanspeshiyon mein teen saal seey adhik samay taka vyavharya rahane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye. anya aksheruki bhee partanic mezban key roop mein kaam curr sakate hain, jisamen sthaliya ghonghe aur slug shamil hain.
parjivi charan mein purvanirdharan sthal taka pahunchane key liye nishchit mezban mein paryaapt pravaas shamil haye. yuva pakshi larva aur vayaskon key fefadon key madhyam seey pravaas seey sabse adhik prabhaavit hotey hain jisase gambhir pneumonia hotaa haye. lymphoid gaanthen bronchi aur shwasanali mein keede key lagaav key bindu parr banati hain. vayask keede bhee rakt khaate dikhaai dete hain. bronchi aur shwasanali mein keede ack raktasravi shwasanali kaa shoth aur shwasanali kaa shoth koo ukasaate hain, badee matra mein shleshma banaate hain, vayu maarg koo jodate hain aur gambhir mamalon mein, dumm ghutane kaa kaaran banate hain.
teetar vishesh roop seey sankraman key prati atisamvedansheel prateet hotey hain jisake parinamswarup prakop key dauran mrityu darr 25 pratishat taka adhik hoti haye. teji seey badhate keede jald hii shwasanali key lumen koo baadhit karate hain, jisase dumm ghutane lagata haye. turkey paults, bebi chooje aur teetar chooje sankraman key liye sabse adhik samvedansheel hotey hain. turkey paults mein aamtaur parr gapworm key sanket pahale vikasit hoe jaate hain aur yuva murgiyon kii tulanaa mein sankraman key baad jaldi marna shuru hoe jaate hain. ghaav aamtaur parr turkey aur teetar key shwasanali mein paae jaate hain, lekin shayed hii kabhi yuva murgiyon aur ginny pakshiyon key shwasanali mein paae jaate hain.
narr krimi, ghaavon key roop mein, apane jeevan kii avadhi key dauran shwas nully kii deewaar seey sthaayi roop seey judaa rahata haye. maadaa keede bhojan kii adhik prachurta praapt karane key liye samay-samay parr alag aur phir seey judate hain.
mahamari vigyaan.
jaba murgi aur khel pakshiyon koo mitty parr paalaa jaataa haye tou kenchuon key parivahan mezban "syngamus trackia" key sancharan mein mahatvapurna kaarak hotey hain. kenchuon mein ell3aiss kii deerghaayu (3 saal taka) vishesh roop seey saal darr saal sankraman koo banaae rakhane mein mahatvapurna haye.
jangli pakshi sankraman key jalashayon key roop mein kaam curr sakate hain aur khel-pakshi kheton key saath-saath murgi paalan key kheton mein prakop mein sankraman key sroton key roop mein shamil kiye gaye hain. jangli jalaashay key mejbaanon mein teetar, ruffed grouse, teetar, jangli turkey, magpy, mido lark, americi robbin, grackle, jey, jackdo, rooks, starling aur kauve shamil hoe sakate hain.
iss baat key bhee pramaan hain kii jangli pakshi jalaashay mejbaanon seey "syngamus trackia" key upabhed gharelu pakshiyon mein cumm prabhaavi hoe sakate hain; yadi unake paas ell3aiss key antargrahan key madhyam seey seedhe sankraman key bajaay kenchue parivahan mezban haye, yaa ell3aiss vaale andey hain.
naidaanik sanket.
krimi aur shleshma key saath bronchi aur shwasanali mein rukawat seey sankramit pakshi havaa key liye haanf lenge. way apani gardan failaate hain, apana munh kholate hain aur havaa key liye haanfate hain jisase way aisaa karate hue ack shore paida karate hain. iss "gapping" mudra ney "syngamus trackia" kaa varnan karane key liye samanya shabd "gapworm" koo janm diyaa haye.
yeye naidaanik sanket pahale sankraman key lagbhag 1-2 saptah baad dikhaai dete hain. gapworm seey sankramit pakshi kamjori aur ksheenata key sanket dikhaate hain, aamtaur parr apana adhikansh samay aankhen bund karke aur sir koo shareer key khilaf peechhe kheenchkar bitaate hain. ack sankramit pakshi shwasanali seey baadha koo hataane key prayaas mein apane sir koo ack ainthan seey hilaa sakata haye taaki samanya saans phir seey shuru hoe sakey.
gambhir roop seey prabhaavit pakshi, vishesh roop seey chhote, teji seey bigadenge; way peena bund curr denge aur vishaakt hoe jaayenge. iss star parr, mrityu samanya parinam haye. vayask pakshi aamtaur parr cumm gambhir roop seey prabhaavit hotey hain aur kewal kabhi-kabhaar khansi yaa koee spasht naidaanik sanket bhee naheen dikhaa sakate hain.
nidan.
ack nidan aamtaur parr "gapping" key shaastriya naidaanik sanketon key aadhar parr kiya jaataa haye. kuchh krimiyon key saath upa-naidaanik sankraman kii pushti shwasanali mein maithun karane vaale krimiyon koo dhundhkar aur sankramit pakshiyon key mull mein vishisht andey dhundhkar bhee kii jaa sakati haye. sankramit pakshiyon key shwasanali kii jaanch seey pataa chalata haye kii shleshm jhilli mein badey paimaane parr jalan aur soojan hoti haye. khaansi spasht roop seey shleshm astar mein iss jalan kaa parinam haye.
niyantran aur upchaar.
roktham.
titaron key kritrim paalan mein, antaral ack gambhir khatra haye. kuchh saal pahale kii tulanaa mein chhote pakshiyon key paalan-poshan ney murgiyon mein samasya koo cumm curr diyaa haye. haalaanki, yeh parjivi kabhi-kabhaar turkey key saath ack samasya prastut kartaa rahata haye. broyler/pullet key paalan aur murgi bichhaane key kaaran murgi mein nematode sankraman kii matra aur vividhata parr kaafee prabhaav padaa haye.
adhikansh nematodes key liye, niyantran upaayon mein chemotherapy key bajaay swachchata aur jeevan chakr koo todana shamil haye. kachare parr bandee paalan kaafee hudd taka madhyavarti mejbaanon jaise kenchuon yaa tiddiyon kaa upayog karke nematode key saath sankraman koo rokta haye, joe aam taur parr murgi gharon mein naheen paae jaate hain. isake vipareet, pratyaksh jeevan chakr vaale sootrakrimi yaa joe beatle jaise madhyavarti mejbaanon kaa upayog karate hain, joe murgi gharon mein aam hain, way samriddh hoe sakate hain.
madhyavarti mejbaanon koo maarne key liye mitty yaa kachare kaa upchaar fayademand hoe sakata haye. kachra upchaar key liye upayukt keetnashakon mein carberal, tetrachlorivinfos (sterophos) shamil hain. haalaanki, upchaar aamtaur parr kewal vikas key beach kiya jaataa haye. yeh sunishchit karane key liye atyadhik dhyaan rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye kii bhojan aur paani dooshit naa houn. andaa koo maarne key liye renz mitty kaa upchaar kewal aanshik roop seey safal hotaa haye.
kachra badalana sankraman koo cumm curr sakata haye, lekin farsh kaa tail seey ilaaj karna bahut prabhaavi naheen haye. parjeeveevaad key sambandh mein vibhinn prajaatiyon yaa pakshiyon kii vibhinn umr koo ack saath yaa nikatata mein badhaana ack khatarnak prakriya haye. vayask turkey, joe gapworm key vaahak hain, iss bimari koo chhote choojon yaa titaron mein fail sakate hain, halanki puraane murgiyaan lagbhag sankraman key liye pratirodhi hoti hain.
upchaar.
fluebendazole (fluebenvate) murgi aur khel pakshiyon mein upayog key liye ekmatra licenses praapt kriminashak haye. kalam seey paalane vaale pakshiyon kii nirantar dawa kii sifarish kii gaee haye, lekin yeh kifayati naheen haye aur dawa pratirodh kii sambhavana koo badhaati haye. kaee anya yaugikon koo aiss key khilaf prabhaavi dikhaaya gayaa haye. praayogik sthitiyon mein shwasanali. mithayal 5-benzoil-2-benzemidazole taba prabhaavi thaa jaba usey turkey key palt koo rognirodhi roop seey khilaaya jaataa thaa. 5-isopropoxicarbony-2-(4-thizolil)-benzemidazole koo thiabendazole yaa dysophenol kii tulanaa mein adhik prabhaavi paaya gayaa.
3-4,6-7, aur 16-17 sankraman key baad key dinon mein cambendazole key teen upchaaron key saath niyantran kaa star murgiyon mein 94.9% aur turkey mein 99.1% thaa. levamisol (ergamisol), jise 2 dinon key liye 0.04% key star parr yaa pratyek maheene 1 dinn key liye 2 graam/gallen peene kaa paani diyaa jaataa haye, khel pakshiyon mein prabhaavi saabit huaa haye. 3-4 dinon key liye 20 milligram/kilogram parr fenbendazole (painakur) bhee prabhaavi haye. ivermectin injection pratirodhi upbhedon key ilaaj mein prabhaavi hoe sakate hain.