soviyat sangh mein maudrik sudhaar, 1991

1991 kaa maudrik sudhaar (jise pavlov sudhaar key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) soviyat sangh mein iss tarah kaa antim sudhaar thaa. sudhaar kaa ack zabt karane vaalaa charitra thaa. isaki shuruat 22 janwari, 1991 koo hui thee. isake vastukar vitt mantri valentin pavlov they, joe 14 janwari, 1991 koo soviyat sangh key antim pradhaanmantri banane vaale they.
avalokan.
22 janwari 1991 koo, yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. key rashtrapati mikhail gorbachev ney tatkalin vartamaan 1961 key 50 aur 100 rubal key noton key prachalan seey vaapsee aur sevaanivritti parr ack adesh parr hastakshar kiye. halanki, hastakshar seey sirf dou hafte pahale, pavlov ney ack bhaashan mein kahaa thaa kii iss tarah key koee sudhaar naheen honge.
usee dinn masco samayanusar raat 1 baje television parr farman parr hastakshar karane kii soochana dee gaee thee. usa samay taka lagbhag sabhi vittiya sansthaan aur dukaanen dinn bhar key liye bund theen. jinn logon koo iss khabar kaa pataa chalaa, way una sansthanon key madhyam seey apane prabhaavit noton koo badalane key liye daude joe dair seey khule they aur sambhaavit roop seey anjaan they, jaise kii pargaman station aur taxiyaan.
kuchh dair seey khule dakgharon, railway stations parr, rishtedaron yaa khud koo 24 ghante kaam karate hue badee raashi bhejane mein saksham they. kuchh loga agrim rail aur havaai tikat khareedane mein kamyab rahey aur prabhaavit noton key saath bhugtan karane mein kamyab rahey taaki unhein vaidh noton mein vaapas karane key liye vaapas kiya jaa sakey.
sudhaar mein 1961 key maanak key 50 aur 100-rubal key noton koo kaaryasthal-sangathit vinimay sthaanon key madhyam seey prati vyakti yaa parivaar seemit matra mein chhote moolyavarg key noton yaa 50 aur 100 rubal moolyavarg key nae-nirgam (1991) noton mein badalane key liye bhunaane yogya honey kaa praavdhaan shamil thaa.
vinimay mahatvapurna seemaon key adheen thaah
halanki, vaastavik vinimay bhee vinimay sthaanon key liye upalabdh nakadi kii raashi seey seemit thaa. yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. key bachat baink mein nikasi-ekmatra upabhokta baink-bhee prati jamakarta prati maah 500 rubal seey adhik taka seemit naheen thee.
vaastav mein, vibhinn shaharon sahit kaee bachat bainkon mein jamaa kii anumati thee aur aam thee. choonki vibhinn khaaton koo jodane kaa koee takniki tarika naheen thaa, isaliye passport key antim prishth parr nikasi key nott banaane kaa ack tadarth nirnay liya gayaa, jahaan baink key adhikaariyon ney jamaa seey nikali gaee raashi kaa ack chihn banaaya.
parinam.
sarkari yojanaaen kewal aanshik roop seey safal huin, aur iska jabardast nakaratmak prabhaav padaah jabt karane kii prakriya 14 arab rubal nakad key prachalan seey vaapas leey lii gaee, lekin aashcharyajanak sudhaar, jiska uddeshya atkalon, anarjit aaya, jaali, taskari aur bhrashtachar key khilaf ladaai mein madad karna thaa, key parinamswarup sarkaar key karyon mein janata kaa vishvaas cumm hoe gayaa.
pavlov key netritva mein soviyat sangh mein alokpriya shock therapy sudhaar jaari rahey.
2 aprail koo, thheek usee tarah jaise achaanak, upabhokta kimaton (taba sarkaar dwara niyantrit) mein lagbhag teen gunaa vriddhi huih udaaharan key liye, rotty 300%, ack kilogram gomans 400%, ack leater doodh 350%. sarkaar dwara 60 rubal key ekmusht bhugtan key saath majdoori mein kewal 20-30% kii vriddhi hui. yeh sudhaar arthavyavastha key patan aur soviyat sangh key antim raajneetik patan koo rokane mein asamarth thaa.

