
rafa narsamhar

suez sankat key baad sinai praaydweep aur gaaja sanrakshit kshetra parr israel key kabje key dauran 12 navambar, 1956 koo raafaa narsamhar huaa. misra-gaaja seema parr sthit rafa shahar, 1 navambar koo israel key raksha balon dwara patti mein praarambhik ghuspaith key dauran dou aakraman binduon mein seey ack thaa. jaisa kii pahale khaan yooni narsamhar key saath thaa, una ghatnaaon key aspas kii paristhitiyaan joe rafa aur paas key sharanarthi shivir key lagbhag 111 nivaasiyon kii maut kaa kaaran baneen, atyadhik vivaadit hain, jisamen israel ney naa tou incar kiya aur naa hii kissy galat kaam koo sweekaar kiya, jabaki yeh sweekaar kiya kii ack screening operation key dauran kaee sharanarthiyon koo maar diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh bhee daavaa kiya jaataa haye kii sharanarthiyon ney kabje vaali senaa kaa virodh karna jaari rakhaa. 
philistine key sanskaran mein kahaa gayaa haye kii hatyaon key baad sabhi pratirodh samaapt hoe gaye they. uttarjeevi kii gawahi key anusaar, idf sainikon ney philistine key fedayin aur misra kii senaa key "philistine brigade" key sadasyon koo jarh seey khatm karane key prayaas mein poore gaaja patti mein pandrah saal seey adhik umr key purush vyaktiyon koo gher liya. israel ney ghoshana kii kii 1 navambar 1956 seey 7 march 1957 taka chaley kabje key dauran israeli sainikon parr kissy bhee hamale key liye nagrik aabaadi koo saamoohik roop seey jimmedaar thaharaaya jaayega. darjanon philistiniyon koo sankshipt roop seey fansi dee gaee jinhen kaidi banaa liya gayaa thaa, aur saikadon nagrik maare gaye kyonki israel key balon ney khaan yooni jaise kshetron mein talashi lii thee, aur anya kaee alag-alag ghatnaaon mein maare gaye they. israel key shasson kii iss chaar maheene kii avadhi mein maare gaye philistiniyon kii kull sankhya kii ganana 330,000 kii aabaadi mein seey 930 aur 1,200 logon key beach hoti haye.
prishthabhoomi.
rafa aur paas key misra key shahar arish parr aakraman 1 navambar, 1956 key shuruati ghanton mein shuru huaa. apane sansmaran "dha sinai abhiyaan" mein, idf moshe dayan key karmchaariyon key pramukh ney rafa parr kabja karane key ranneetik mahatva key baare mein likhaa, "aggar ell arish aur rafa hamaare paas girate hain, tou gaaja patti alag hoe jaayegi aur akele, baahar rakhane mein asamarth hogi."patti mein israel key aagaman key kuchh hii ghanton key bheetar rafa kii raksha dhwast hoe gaee, aur dair subah taka israel key sanic shahar kii sadakon parr chala rahey they. kshetra mein misra key sainya adhikaariyon ney apani vardi hataa dee aur sthaaniya logon key saath ghulane-milane kaa prayaas karate hue rafaa key ander bhaag gaye. israeli senaaon aur misra key logon aur sthaaniya aatankvaadiyon key beach ladaai 7 navambar koo bund hoe gaee.
ghatanaaen.
prishthabhoomi-fedyeen koo pakadana.
1 navambar koo rafa kii aabaadi mein fedyeen koo jarh seey khatm karane key israel key prayaas nishfal saabit hue, ack sanic, ahmed jaudah koo chhodkar. jaba israeliyon ney rafa mein aakar sainikon key ack chhote samooh dwara registan mein khaded diyaa, aur maare jaane key turant baad jaudah koo usake ghar seey leey jaaya gayaa. afavaahen hain kii unhein dou jeepon dwara bandha gayaa thaa aur alag kiya gayaa thaa, lekin way apramaanik hain. jaise hii israel ney gaaja patti parr niyantran curr liya, usane vyavasthit roop seey fedyin balon key tatvon koo gherne kii koshish kii, anumaanit saikadon mein, iss kshetra mein abhee bhee fanse anumaanit 4,000 misra key sainikon aur philistine key sahayakon parr iss prathamikta koo nirdhaarit kiya. 3 navambar koo khaan yooni mein, kaee purushon koo roque diyaa gayaa thaa aur unhein tatkaal fansi dee gaee thee, aur 15 seey 60 varsh kii ayu key sabhi purushon koo adhikaariyon key saamane pesh honey, hirasat mein lene aur poochtaachh key adheen honey kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. baad mein, sandigdhon koo 3 navambar koo deir all-balaah mein, 4 navambar koo magaazi mein aur agale 6-7 navambar koo nusiraat mein gher liya gayaa, aur kabja karane vaale key kshetra mein ack adhikrit bhoomi key nivaasiyon koo hataane parr geneva sammelanon key ullanghan mein, hypha key paas atlit mein gaaja yaa israel kii jail mein leey jaaya gayaa. 10 navambar kii shuruat mein, gaza shahar mein, loudspeakers ney purushon koo poochtaachh key liye apane sthaaniya chaukon mein ikattha honey kaa adesh diyaa. natijatan, zetaun pados mein 17 seey 25 key beach kaee darjan yuvaaon koo giraftar kiya gayaa, aankho parr patti baandh dee gaee aur door leey jaaya gayaa. unakaa bhaagya agyaat haye lekin israel kii vaapsee key baad, ack kabr kii khudai kii gaee aur 36 shav baramad kiye gaye, aur ack gazaan adalat key doctor dwara zetaun seey desperacidos key roop mein pehchaane gaye.
purushon koo gherna.
rafaa shivir mein lagbhag 32,000 loga they. 12 navambar koo subah 6 seey 6:30 baje key beach, sthaaniya school house mein ikattha honey key liye 15 seey 60 varsh kii ayu key sabhi purushon (umr key gavaahon kii report alag-alag key liye kahaa gayaa) key liye loudspeaker key madhyam seey ack ghoshana kii gaee thee. israeli sainikon ney arab purushon koo jaldi seey school pahunchane key liye protsaahit kiya; unhone apani rifles koo havaa mein dagkar aur unhein chhitput roop seey dandon seey peetkar ise protsaahit kiya. school key raaste mein mushtimeya philistiniyon parr binaa kissy chetavani key goli chalaa dee gaee. ack anra adhikaari key anusaar, poore rafaa mein israeli loudspeaker saman naheen sunaa gayaa thaa, aur bulaaye gaye logon koo screening point taka pahunchane key liye aparyaapt samay diyaa gayaa thaa, taaki kaee sharanarthi dair seey naa aaney key liye bhaag gaye. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii sanic bheed koo dekhkar ghabra gaye aur bheed parr golibari shuru curr dee.
jaise hii purushon koo all-bahar sadak parr ack anra school mein ikattha kiya gayaa thaa, sadak key kinare tainaat israeli sanic unhein jaldi karane key liye apane sir parr goli chalaate they, lekin goli bhee chalaate they, yaa tou ghayal karane key liye yaa straggler koo maarne key liye, jinhen way khilaa rahey they. school key paas sainya ayu varg key purushon key ack sthir pravaah key roop mein, israeli sainikon ney kshetra mein kissy bhee shesh purush key liye gharon kii khoj kii, jinhone ghoshana kaa paalan naheen karane kaa faisala kiya thaa, jisase unhein joe bhee milaa vaha maare gaye. jaise hii goal kiye gaye arbo kii dhaara school key paas pahunchi, israeli sainikon parr aarop haye kii unhone una parr taanaa maaraa, aur "yeh ack fedayi haye!"jabaki unake agneyastron key saath unhein nishana banaate hue. school key praangan taka lambe samay taka, chhitput golibari hui, jisamen paidal chalane parr kaee mautein huin.
varshon baad ekatra kiye gaye maukhik vivaranon mein, julus antatah deewaar taka pahunch gayaa joe school aur sadak koo alag curr detaa thaa, jisake khilaf nagrik purushon koo khadaa kiya jaataa thaa. taba samooh koo deewaar key khilaf haath rakhate hue chalane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa, jabaki sthir machine gunn kii sthiti seey lagaatar goli chalaai jaa rahee thee. baad kii golibari mein bache logon koo school key gett seey gujarna padaa. jaise hii way school mein pravesh karate they, rafa key purush nivaasiyon koo sainikon dwara bhaari dandon seey maaraa jaataa thaa aur kantedar taar key ack hisse parr koodane key liye majboor kiya jaataa thaa. iss prakriya key baad, samooh school key praangan mein baith gayaa.
subah 11 baje taka purush lagaatar school key praangan mein aatey rahey. pratyakshadarshiyon ney bataaya kii sainikon dwara unhein daraya-dhamkaya aur apamaanit kiya gayaa. aangan mein baithe logon koo jameen parr sir jhukaane key liye kahaa jaataa thaa, jabaki rifle kii aag unake oopar ack yaa dou meater udatee thee. lambe samay taka rakhe jaane key kaaran, kaee logon koo poore samooh key saamane khud koo raahat dene key liye majboor honah padaa.
school key baahar, israeli senaa sakriya roop seey shahar key gharon kii khoj curr rahee thee, talashi key gharon kii divaaron koo pent seey chihnit curr rahee thee taaki yeh sanket mill sakey kii unaki khoj kii gaee thee. philistine key purushon kaa ack alag samooh, mukhya roop seey badey vyaktiyon koo, shahar key baahari ilaake mein rakhaa jaa rhaa thaa. inmein seey kaee logon koo poochtaachh key baad riha curr diyaa gayaa.
jaanch operation.
kuchh uchch padasth israeli adhikaariyon key aagaman parr, sainikon koo bandee arabon key siron key oopar golibari bund karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa, jinhen nae adhikaariyon dwara apane sir uthaane kii anumati dee gaee thee. isake baad, israeliyon ney school key ander sandigdh philistine key aatankvaadiyon seey poochtaachh kii, aur iss kaary key liye naamon kii ack soochi kaa ullekh kiya. unhone una logon koo bhee aatmasamarpan karane yaa mrityu kaa saamana karane key liye kahaa joe apani soochi mein naheen hain. philistine key sanic dheere-dheere bheed mein khade hoe gaye aur israel key sainikon ney unhein protsaahit kiya kii way una logon koo ingit karein joe apane rankon mein seey naheen they. antatah, ladaake yaa anya purush aabaadi key pratyek sadasya seey israeliyon dwara poochtaachh kii gaee. kabool kiya aur sandigdh sainikon koo bason mein gher liya gayaa aur uttari israel mein atlit bandee shivir mein leey jaaya gayaa. poochtaachh key baad, jisamen sahyogiyon kii gawahi saransh nishpaadan kaa kaaran bunn sakati thee, sandigdhon koo buss dwara atlit leey jaaya gayaa.
isake baad.
maare gaye logon key shavon koo rafah key paschimi hisse mein sthit zurab pados mein fenk diyaa gayaa, jahaan unake parivaar curfue kii avahelana karate hue apane rishtedaron key shavon koo lene aur unhein dafanaane gaye. yeye dafanaane binaa pehchaan key hue, jisake baad maare gaye logon key liye ack sateek aankade parr pahunchane key prayaas kathin hoe gaye. atlit mein kaid kiye gaye logon koo antatah vaapas bhej diyaa gayaa. israel, americi rashtrapati dwite dee dwara gair-lagaae gaye aarthik pratibandhon kii dhamkiyon key baad. eisenhower 16 march, 1957 koo gaaja patti seey vaapas chaley gaye. videshi press dwara ack rafah narsamhar kii khabar koo jaldi seey uthaaya gayaa, landan key samay mein bataaya gayaa kii kuchh 60 sharanarthi maare gaye they. 28 navambar koo, israel key pradhaan mantri david bayne-gurian ney ghutane key ack communist sadasya key ack prashn key uttar mein, ghatnaaon kaa aadhikarik sanskaran diyaa. misra key ukasaave key tahat rafaa mein ack danga chhid gayaa thaa aur unarva imarat parr hamla kiya gayaa thaa, aur ashanti koo shaant karane mein lagbhag 48 loga maare gaye they. videshi coverage key parinamswarup, gaaja patti mein saamoohik hatyaaen samaapt hoe gaeen, halanki israel ney saransh nishpaadan koo lagu karna jaari rakhaa. sanyukt rashtra paryavekshak mission key pramukh ney inn karyon kii vyakhya apani sharanarthi aabaadi kii gaaja patti koo hataane key uddeshya seey kii.
sanyukt rashtra kii report.
15 disambar, 1956 koo, 1 navambar 1956 seey madhya disambar 1956 kii avadhi koo cover karate hue nikat poorv (unarva) mein pyalestine sharanarthiyon key liye sanyukt rashtra raahat aur kaary agency key nideshak kii vishesh report sanyukt rashtra kii mahasabha koo prastut kii gaee thee. hatyaon key aspas kii paristhitiyon koo sweekaar karate hue, report mein 12 navambar kii screening mein kull 111 hatahaton kii soochana dee gaee haye. inmein 103 sharanarthi, saat sthaaniya nivasi aur ack misra kaa nagrik shamil thaa. philistine key sanskaran key anusaar, 197 maare gaye they aur 23 aur gayab hoe gaye they. israeli adhikaariyon ney unarva koo bataaya kii jaanch key prati ravaiya "shatrutapurna" thaa, aur sharanarthiyon dwara operation key prati pratirodh unake rankon key beach hatahaton key liye jimmedaar thaa. nirdeshak key noton mein khaan yooni key narsamhar parr bhee charcha kii gaee haye, khaan yooni key gaanv mein isi tarah kaa ack screening operation, jisake parinamswarup kathit taur parr rafa mein ghatana seey aathh dinn pahale cumm seey cumm 275 philistiniyon kii maut hoe gaee thee.
press coverage.
2009 mein, rafa kii ghatana ney mamuli saarvajanik ruchi hassil kii jaba ise graphic upanyaas "footnotes inn gaaja" mein shamil kiya gayaa, joe malties americi comics patrakaar joe saiko dwara khaan yuni kii hatyaon aur rafa hatyaon kaa ack pratyakshadarshi vivaran haye.