nyuntam sampark

nyuntam sampark ack aisaa shabd haye jiska upayog sanyukt raajya america key nagrik prakriya key kaanoon mein yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye kii ack raajya mein adalat key liye dusare raajya key prativaadi parr vyaktigat adhikaar kshetra kaa daavaa karna kaba uchit haye. sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya ney kaee mamalon kaa faisala kiya haye jinhone iss siddhant koo sthaapit aur parishkrit kiya haye kii ack adalat key liye kissy paksh parr adhikaar kshetra kaa daavaa karna anuchit haye jaba taka kii usa paksh key usa raajya key saath sampark aise naa houn jisamen vaha adalat baithati haye kii paksh usa raajya mein "adalat mein uchit roop seey pesh kiye jaane kii ummeed curr sakata haye". iss adhikaar kshetra koo "nishpaksh khel aur paryaapt nyaay kii paaramparik dhaaranaon koo aahat naheen karna chaahiye. ack anivasi prativaadi kaa forum raajya key saath nyuntam sampark hoe sakata haye yadi unakaa 1) raajya key saath seedha sampark haye; 2) raajya key nivasi key saath anubandh haye; 3) apane utpaad koo vanijya kii dhaara mein iss tarah seey rakhaa haye kii yeh forum raajya taka pahunch jaae; 4) forum raajya key nivaasiyon kii seva karna chaahte hain; 5) calder prabhaav pareekshan koo santusht kiya haye; yaa 6) forum raajya key bheetar ack gair-nishkriya website dekhi gaee haye.
sahamati aur chhoot.
kyonki nyuntam samparkon kii aavashyakta vyaktigat adhikaar kshetra (kissy vishesh paksh key sambandh mein daave koo sunane kii adalat kii shakti) kaa mamla haye, vishay kshetradhikar (iss tarah key daave koo sunane kii adalat kii shakti) key bajaay, ack paksh spasht roop seey yaa nihit roop seey mamle kii sunavaai karane vaali adalat parr apatti karane key apane adhikaar koo maaf curr sakata haye. nyuntam sampark sahamati seey sthaapit kiye jaa sakate hain jahaan ack paksh ack munch chayan khand key saath ack anubandh parr hastakshar kartaa haye, ack nirdisht munch mein mukadama chalaane key liye sahmat hotaa haye.
sivil prakriya key sanghiya niyamon key tahat, ack paksh joe adalat key adhikaar kshetra parr apatti karna chaahata haye, usey pahale ack khand parr hastakshar karna hoga jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii way mamle parr sahmat hain aur raajya aur/yaa desh dwara lagaae gaye sabhi kaanoonon/niyamon kaa paalan karenge, yaa aisee apatti uthaane kii kshamata khou denge. isake alawa, ack adalat anurodh curr sakati haye kii ack paksh iss baat kaa saboot pradaan karey kii usake sampark usa star taka naheen badhate hain joe adalat koo adhikaar kshetra kii anumati dega. sarvocch nyayalaya ney abhinirdhaarit kiya haye kii yadi koee paksh iss tarah key anurodh kaa paalan karane seey incar kartaa haye, tou nyayalaya unhein adhikaar kshetra parr apatti karane key apane adhikaar koo maaf karane vaalaa maan sakata haye.
adhikaar kshetra key aadhar key roop mein gatividhiyaan.
kissy raajya key bheetar kissy party kii gatividhiyaan usa raajya koo usa party parr adhikaar kshetra pradaan curr sakati hain. sarvocch nyayalaya ney abhinirdhaarit kiya haye kii raajya kissy paksh dwara kissy raajya dwara pradaan kiye gaye laabhon aur surakshaon key uddeshyapurna laabh key aadhar parr adhikaar kshetra kaa uchit roop seey daavaa curr sakata haye.
general banaam vishisht adhikaar kshetra.
kissy raajya key liye vyaktigat adhikaar kshetra kaa daavaa karane key liye ack paksh key paas aavashyak sampark sampark samparkon aur usa paksh key khilaf laae gaye daave key beach key sambandh key aadhar parr bhinn hoe sakate hain. "samanya adhikaarita" maujood haye jahaan kissy diye gaye raajya mein ack adalat kaa usa raajya mein prativaadi parr adhikaar kshetra haye, chaahe vaha daave kii prakriti kuchh bhee hoe; lekin yadi raajya parr prativaadi parr adhikaar kshetra honey kaa aarop lagaaya jaataa haye kyonki usa raajya mein prativaadi kii gatividhiyon ney daave koo janm diyaa haye, tou yeh "vishisht adhikaar kshetra" hoga.
udaaharan key liye, yadi ack florida santare kaa utpaadak alabama mein ack kharidar koo santare kaa ack bushel dene key vaade kaa ullanghan kartaa haye, tou usa samjhaute kaa ullanghan alabama adalaton key liye vishisht adhikaar kshetra kaa daavaa karane key liye paryaapt hoga, bhale hii florida utpaadak kaa alabama key saath koee anya sampark naa hoe, aur naa hii usane kabhi vahaan pair rakhaa hoe. kissy raajya koo kuchh dene key vaade kaa ekmatra sampark usa vaade key ullanghan seey utpann vivaadon parr raajya koo adhikaar kshetra dene key liye paryaapt haye. (kewal ack anubandh kii upasthiti vishisht adhikaar kshetra sthaapit karane key liye paryaapt naheen haye-"berger king corp. vee. rudjeviz-"kuchh aur chaahiye, shayed baad mein delivery hui hoti.) doosari or, yadi koee albama mein florida santare key utpaadak parr usa anubandh key alawa kissy anya mamle key liye mukadama kartaa haye, tou adalat koo yeh nirdhaarit karna hoga kii kyaa vaha samanya adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog curr sakati haye. 
helicopterus nacionales dee kolambiya banaam. holl, "ack helicopter durghatana key kaaran peru mein chaar amerikiyon kii maut hoe gaee. sarvocch nyayalaya ney paaya kii texas raajya usa prativaadi company parr samanya vyaktigat adhikaar kshetra kaa daavaa naheen curr sakata thaa jisane helicopters kii khareed parr baatchit kii thee aur texas mein apane pilots koo prashikshit kiya thaa, kyonki usa munch mein isaki gatividhiyaan nirantar aur vyavasthit prakriti kii naheen theen. yuu.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya ney abb taka kewal ack mamle mein samanya adhikaar kshetra paaya haye, "perkins banaam. benguate khanan company.", halanki yeh niyamit roop seey nichale staron parr paaya jaataa haye.
upasthiti.
ack paksh joe kissy raajya mein shaaririk roop seey upasthit rahate hue prakriya kii seva praapt kartaa haye (aupchaarik adhisuchana kii una parr mukadama chalaaya jaa rhaa haye) thheek seey usa raajya mein vyaktigat adhikaar kshetra key adheen haye. niyam kaa auchitya anishchit haye. burnham vee mein. california kii uchch adalat ney kahaa, "adalat ney sarvasammati seey sahamati vyakt kii kii yeh niyam abhee bhee prabhaavi thaa, lekin tark key roop mein vibhajit thaa. justice scalia ney chaar nyayadhishon key liye likhaa, jinhone mahsoos kiya kii niyam kewal isaliye lagu honah chaahiye kyonki yeh ack lambe samay seey chully aaa rahee parampara kii nirantarta thee. nyaayamurti brennon ney chaar nyayadhishon key liye likhaa, jinhone mahsoos kiya kii niyam lagu honah chaahiye kyonki paksh usa samay raajya mein rahane key laabhon kaa uddeshyapurna roop seey laabh uthaa rhaa thaa, aur yeh kii niyam aadhunik manakon key tahat uchit thaa kyonki yeh sarvavidit thaa, isaliye prativaadiyon koo kissy raajya mein mukadama karane kii unaki samvedansheelta key baare mein soochit kiya, yadi way shaaririk roop seey upasthit hain. nauvein mutt, justice stevens dwara, iss baat parr sahmat hue kii adhikaar kshetra uchit thaa, lekin scalia yaa brennon key pareekshan kaa samarthan naheen kiya.
vyaavsaayik gatividhiyaan.
kewal utpaadon koo "vanijya kii dhaara" mein rakhna una raajyon key saath nyuntam sampark pradaan karane key liye aparyaapt haye jahaan utpaad samaapt hotey hain. prativaadi koo munch raajya mein vipanan karane kaa prayaas karna chaahiye yaa anyatha usa raajya key sansadhanon kaa uddeshyapurna roop seey laabh uthaana chaahiye. haalaanki, choonki sarvocch nyayalaya key nau nyayadhishon mein seey kewal chaar iss raay mein shamil hue kii ack prativaadi koo apane utpaadon koo "vanijya kii dhaara" mein rakhane seey adhik karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, kuchh nichali adaalaten abhee bhee faisala detee hain kii aisaa karna adalat key liye vyaktigat adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog karane key liye paryaapt haye.
manhani key atyachar seey utpann honey vaale daavon key saath ack alag maanak dwara vyavhaar kiya jaataa haye.
internet gatividhiyaan.
adalaton ney nyuntam samparkon key srot key roop mein internet key saath sangharsh kiya haye. halanki sarvocch nyayalaya dwara nirdhaarit roop seey sthaapit naheen kiya gayaa haye, kaee adaalaten "zippo" pareekshan kaa upayog karati hain, joe iss baat kii jaanch karati haye kii prativaadi kii website kaa kiss prakaar kaa upayog kiya jaa rhaa haye. iss pareekshan key tahat, websites koo teen shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih
adhikaar kshetra key aadhar key roop mein sampatti.
sarvocch nyayalaya ney abhinirdhaarit kiya haye kii kissy raajya key bheetar sampatti key swaamitva kaa kewal tathya usa sampatti seey asambandhit mamalon kii sunavaai key liye adalat koo nyuntam sampark pradaan karane key liye "paryaapt naheen" haye. haalaanki, kewal sampatti hii usa bhaugolik kshetra parr adhikaar kshetra rakhane vaale nyayalaya key liye sampatti key swaamitva seey sambandhit daavon yaa vahaan hui choton seey sambandhit daavon parr nirnay lene key liye paryaapt sampark pradaan karati haye. usa mamle mein, nyayalaya dwara prayog kii jaane vaali adhikaarita koo "inn rame" adhikaarita key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye (i.ee. cheez parr adhikaarita), "vyaktigat roop seey" adhikaar kshetra key bajaay.
yuu.aiss. congress ney kaanoon banaaya haye joe iss tarah key adhikaar kshetra key uddeshyon key liye internet domen naamon koo sampatti ghoshit kartaa haye. isaliye, jaba koee webpage kissy trademark kaa ullanghan kartaa haye, tou trademark kaa malik "kissy bhee" kshetradhikar mein mukadama curr sakata haye jahaan webpage dekhaa jaa sakata haye-lekin kewal webpage key swaamitva koo trademark-dhaarak koo hastaantarit karane key upaay key liye.

