
wilheim shoorman-horster

wilhelm "villie" sheurman-horster (21 juuna 1900-9 sitambar 1943) ack german abhineta, natyakar aur nirdeshak they joe markswadi aur samarpit communist they, aur joe naajiyon key khilaf ack pratirodh senani bunn gaye. ack yuva vyakti key roop mein, shoorman-horster ney dusseldorf naatak school mein ack abhineta key roop mein prashikshit kiya. 1920 key dashak key dauran unhone reinland key cinemagharon mein vibhinn abhinay samoohon mein kaam kiya. 1930 key dashak key madhya taka, vaha ack communist bunn gaye they aur 1934 aur 1935 mein unhein raajneetik andolan key liye giraftar kiya gayaa thaa, lekin sabooton key abhaav mein unhein burry curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1937 mein berlin jaane key baad, way key aur erika wonn brokdorff seey mille aur unaki dosti hoe gaee. unake madhyam seey, samaan vichardhara vaale doston kaa ack charcha samooh banaaya gayaa, jinhone khule taur parr vartamaan mamalon parr charcha kii aur sherman-horster unake pravakta bunn gaye. samooh mein samparkon key madhyam seey, 1940 mein hairo schulz-boysen aur arvid harnack dwara sanchaalit ack pratirodh sangathanon key saath sambandh banaae gaye they. halanki sherman-horster hairo schulz-boysen key kalakaron mein ack shaaririk pratirodh senani naheen thaa, vaha naziyon kaa ack bauddhik virodhi thaa jisane munch parr apane vishvaas koo pradarshit kiya aur parinamswarup usake doston ney kabhi bhee kissy bhee operation mein bhaag naheen liya. 1941 mein beemar padane key baad, sherman-horster constanz chaley gaye jahan unhone grenadeland theatre mein ack naatak key roop mein kaam kiya. octuber 1942 mein, unhein "uchch rajdroh", "avaidh lekhan key prasaar" aur "dushman kii sahaayata aur ukasaane" key liye 2 vein wolksgerichshoff dwara giraftar kiya gayaa aur maut kii sajaa sunai gaee. unhein 9 sitambar 1943 koo plotzensi jail mein fansi dee gaee thee. unake karibi dost, dainik samachar patra "sudkuriyar" mein communist trade unionwadi ney unhein iss prakaar varnit kiya thaah
jeevan.
2 navambar 1928 koo, sherman-horster ney abhineta heda, nee linder-lutioner seey shaadi kii. octuber 1940 mein, sherman-horster ney apani doosari patni, clara harpath seey shaadi kii, joe ack praathamik vidyalaya kii shikshika theen. sherman-horster 1923 seey reinland theatre drishya seey harprath koo jaanate they. aprail 1941 mein, dampati kaa ack betaa huaa.
carrier.
apani schooly shiksha key baad, sherman-horster koo abhinay mein ruchi hoe gaee. 1918 mein, unhone german abhineta aur rangmanch nirdeshak luis dumont key tahat dusseldorf naatak vidyalaya (scouspealshul dusseldorf, ack niji naatak vidyalaya joe dusseldorf scouspealhoss seey judaa thaa) mein adhyayan karna shuru kiya. 1920 mein dusseldorf chhodane key baad, unhone reinland mein raajneetik rangmanch kaa manchan kiya aur abhinay kiya. usa samay, unhone anya logon key saath russie lekhak maxim gorki, german natakkar ernst toller aur bertolt bretch aur german natakkar jorg casser key saath kaam kiya. 1920 seey 1922 taka, wilheim sherman-horster ney "yuva kaaryakartaon kii leag" key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ack abhinay mandali mein remshed aur essen mein vayask shiksha colleges mein vyakhyata key roop mein kaam kiya. iss avadhi key dauran unhone pramukh saanskritik aur raajneetik patrikaon mein lekh prakaashit karna shuru kiya. 1923 mein, vaha germany kii communist party key sadasya bunn gaye, haalaanki, 1934 key mukadame key pratilekhon key anusaar, raajneetik matbhedon key kaaran unhein baahar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 28 sitambar 1924 koo unhone ack abhinay mandali kaa gathan kiya jise "jange action" ("young action") key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. 1926 seey 1928 taka, sheurman-horster ney ack abhinay mandali key saath shopplehos badd godsberg mein ack abhinay sagaai mein kaam kiya jise "notgaminschaft dusseldorf shoppiller" (dusseldorf abhinetaon key kathinaaee samudaay) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa jisamen unaki pichhali company key kaee sadasya shamil they. 1929 mein, vaha "truppe imm westen" key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ack mandali key saath raajneetik prachaar (andolan-prastaav, raajneetik rangmanch) key ack samarpit pravartak bunn gaye, jisane german doctor aur natakkar friedrich wolf key natakon kaa pradarshan kiya. naatak vishesh roop seey safal rahey, jisase abhineta 1932 taka kaam karna jaari rakh sakey. abhinetaon ney sthaaniya baar aur karkhanon mein natakon kaa manchan kiya, yeh maanate hue kii unhein vahaan khela jaanaa chaahiye jahan loga rahate they aur kaam karate they. 1933 key aspas, unhein dusseldorf cabrey "climpercastein" mein thode samay key liye nirdeshak kii bhoomika key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, jaba taka kii satta kii naazi jabti key kaaran pulis dwara theatre koo bund curr diyaa gayaa. unhone 1935 taka kharaab godsberg mein rangmanch kii vyastataon mein kaam karna jaari rakhaa.
27 sitambar 1934 koo, sherman-horster koo apane saathi herauld quedenfelt aur trade unionwadi rudy goguel key saath gestapo dwara giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. shoorman-horster 1919 seey ack munch designer aur baad mein rangmanch nirdeshak quedenfelt koo jaanate they aur 1923 mein bhagidar bunn gaye they. quedenfelt key maataa-pitaa irvin aur emma quedenfelt ney shoorman-horster koo ack paalak bachche key roop mein liya thaa. usa samay, dusseldorf-golzheim mein 41 schwerinstrasse mein unake ghar kaa upayog naazi key liye sthaaniya virodh key liye baithaken aayojit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. uchch rajdroh" key aarop koo saabit karane key liye abhiyog saabit naheen hoe sakaa aur donon koo dou dinn baad 29 sitambar koo riha curr diyaa gayaa. 23 janwari 1935 koo, sherman-horster koo phir seey giraftar kiya gayaa aur "uchch rajdroh" key liye aaropit kiya gayaa. choonki koee saboot naheen milaa, isaliye unhein ack baar phir dusseldorf adalat dwara manjuri dey dee gaee, haalaanki, khud aur quedenfelt donon koo gestapo dwara nirantar nigrani mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. 1935 key vasant key dauran, 70 anya communists key saath sherman-horster koo giraftar kiya gayaa aur haim mein uchch kshetriya adalat mein aarop lagaaya gayaa, lekin ack baar phir unhein burry curr diyaa gayaa.
1937 key baad seey, sherman-horster berlin mein rahate they, usa samay jyaadaatar berojgar they, kabhi-kabhi german film udyog mein ack swatantra roop seey kaam karate they. unhone "till ulenspiegeal" kii patkatha likhi aur rangmanch siddhant aur german classics key prashnon koo sambodhit kiya.
pratirodh.
1938 mein, sherman-horster ney berlin mein lalit kalaa akadami mein ack poshak party mein moortikaar key wonn brockdorff aur unaki patni erika wonn brockdorff seey mulakat kii. isake turant baad parichit charcha samooh mein vikasit hoe gayaa. 1938 mein, samaan kalaatmak hiton aur vaichaarik mahatva vaale kaee anya loga samooh mein shamil hoe gaye. berlin kalaa akadami mein murtikala kaa adhyayan karane vaale key wonn brockdorff key madhyam seey, sherman-horster ney chhaatr moortikaar ruthield haine seey mulakat kii, joe usee samay samooh kaa hissa bunn gayaa, hannah burger usa samooh kaa hissa bunn gayaa, jisaki praarambhik baithaken wilmersdorff mein nachodstrasse mein haine key apartment mein aayojit kii gaeen, jahaan kalaa, swatantrata, prem, vartamaan raajneetik ghatanaaen, naazi raajya kaa vikas aur unake liye iska kyaa arth thaa aur unake bhavishya parr charcha kii gaee. 1938 mein, samooh ney key wonn brokdorff key madhyam seey vivaahit jode jutta aur victor dubinsky seey mulakat kii. dampati chhaatr they aur kpd key sadasyon key roop mein pratibaddh communist they. 1938 mein bhee, ack vastukar joe erika wonn brokdorff koo jaanata thaa, baithakon mein bhaag lena shuru curr diyaa. waller hoffman aur villie senger key saath shawar pahale seey hii ack pratirodh kaksh mein kaam curr rahey they aur samaan vichardhara vaale samparkon kii talash curr rahey they. janwari 1939 mein, joe ack printer they, samooh mein shamil hoe gaye. baad mein 1939 mein, vaanijyik clerk aur kpd sadasya, carle bohem samooh kaa hissa bunn gaye. 1939 mein bhee, kopi koo pratibandhit kjvd key ack dost key madhyam seey shoorman-horster seey parichit karaaya gayaa thaa, aur unaki charchaon mein shamil hoe gayaa thaa.
1940 mein, samooh kopi key dost heinrich yojana key madhyam seey hairo schulz-boysen aur arvid harnack key sampark mein aaya, joe vyaktigat roop seey schulz-boyson koo jaanata thaa. schulz-boysen usa samay ack pratirodh samooh mein harnack key saath sahyog curr rahey they jise sitambar 1940 mein shuru hue jasusi sangathan mein phir seey shamil kiya jaayega, jisane soviyat sangh koo german khufiya jaankaari bheji. yeh agyaat haye kii kyaa shoorman-horster vyaktigat roop seey hairo schulz-boysen yaa arvid harnack koo jaanata thaa. nishchit roop seey rangmanch key raajneetik aur samajik pahaluon parr jeevit dastavej aur udaaharan key liye kalaatmak pratinidhitva key daarshanik nihitarth, joe apane peshe key prati sherman-horster kii pratibaddhata key hisse key roop mein banaae gaye they, yeh naheen darshaate hain kii vaha patrak likhane yaa soviyat khufiya key sampark mein yaa vaastav mein jasusi karane mein shamil they. isake bajaay, usa avadhi key dauran unhone theatre prakaashak key liye goethe key naatak "agmont" aur shiller key naatak "donn carlos" key sampadan parr kaam kiya, iss tarah seey jisane naziyon kii saanskritik neeti parr hamla kiya. octuber yaa navambar 1940 mein, samooh ney ack baatchit-dukaan honey key bajaay pratirodh key liye adhik majboot drishtikon apanaane kaa faisala kiya. shoorman-horster ney kpd key samaan sangathanaatmak sanrachana kaa upayog karke teen logon kaa chayan kiya. ack raajneetik netaa hoga, ack sangathanaatmak netaa hoga aur ack koo andolan prachaar netaa key roop mein chunaa jaayega. haalaanki, dou saptah key bheetar samooh dwara yeh nirnay liya gayaa kii yeh bahut khatarnak kaary thaa aur puuraa abhyaas chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. 1941 mein, haane key pati charchaon kaa hissa bunn gaye. pahale seey hii ack sakriya pratirodhak, unhone ack train seey parche fenke they, haans kopi koo pataa thaa kii bijli key usen neutrut koo jaanate they aur vaha 1941 kii sharad ritu mein gupt samooh kaa hissa bunn gaye.
constanz.
1941 kii shuruat seey, sherman-horster beemar thaa aur berlin key baahar rahata thaa, aur vaha samooh dwara aayojit kii jaa rahee kissy bhee niyamit baithak mein bhaag lene mein whiffle rhaa. unhone kshetron mein kaam khojane kii koshish kii, ack abhineta key roop mein naheen balki shaastriya natakon key nirdeshak key roop mein. usee samay, unhone apane nae theatre brief koo theatre koo niyantrit karane vaale reech adhikaariyon koo bheja, udaaharan key liye, aim. tii. rosenberg karyalaya aur reech chamber off culture kaa ack vibhaag anumodan key liye. sankshipt mein, unhone karuna key upayog, veerata key aadarsh aur classics key pradarshan mein durbhavanapurna kii atishayokti kii aalochana kii. unhone ack naee prayogaatmak abhinay mandali banaane kii peshkash kii joe classics kii phir seey jaanch karegi. lekin unake vichaaron koo aswikar curr diyaa gayaa.
1941 key sharad ritu mein sherman-horster constanz mein chaley gaye. navambar 1941 mein, unhone bodency, constanz onn lake constance mein nirdeshak aur naatak (naatakiya salaahkaar, anivarya roop seey prachaar key pramukh) key roop mein naukari praapt kii. unake dost wolfgang muller ney grenadeland theatre key kalaatmak nirdeshak fritz becker koo sherman-horster kii sifarish kii haye. usa samay theatre bund honey vaalaa thaa kyonki pichhale kalaatmak nirdeshak sahit adhikansh karmchari anivarya bharti key kaaran chaley gaye they. haalaanki, switzerland key saath isaki nikatata aur naziyon dwara niyojit upayog key kaaran, ise khula rakhane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. vaha aaney vaale natakon kii jaanch karane key liye jimmedaar they taaki yeh nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakey kii kyaa way saanskritik roop seey upayukt they, karyakram prastaav prastut karane aur press-release kaa upayog karke natakon kaa vigyaapan karane key saath-saath pustikaon koo design karane aur atithi pradarshanon kaa margadarshan karane key liye. constanz mein apane samay key dauran, unhone kabhi bhee ack abhineta key roop mein kaam naheen kiya. octuber 1941 aur maee 1942 key beach 247 pradarshan hue jinamen 84 opereta, 59 opera, 53 comedy aur 51 naatak shamil they.
15 march 1942 koo, sherman-horster ney ack dainik samachar patra, bodency rundshou key liye ack lekh likhaa. lekh mein, sherman-horster ney german classics, "wallenstein" key pradarshan kii aalochana karate hue kahaa kii durbhagyapurna trasdi key bajaay, unhein maanav chetna aur maanav samaaj kii samasyaon parr dhyaan kendrit karane key saath kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yeh unhein anand (key. dee. aff.) sangathan key madhyam seey avkash sangathan kii taakat key saath sangharsh mein leey aaya, jisane una parr "berlin-yahudi vyaavsaayik prathaon" ("berliner-judice gashaftsgabrain") koo lagu karane kaa aarop lagaaya. key. dee. aff. ney una parr ausat darje kaa honey aur kewal "jeern-sheern" natakon kii peshkash karane kaa aarop lagaaya joe pahale hii 25 baar yaa usase adhik pradarshan kiye jaa chuke they. fritz becker, nirdeshak ney unakaa samarthan kiya aur unakaa samarthan dikhaane key liye vetan vriddhi kii vyavastha kii. juuna 1942 mein, tikat bikri kii sankhya aur natakon kii setting parr key. dee. aff. key saath ack samjhauta kiya gayaa thaa. purush abhinetaon koo bulaaye jaane seey bachaane key liye, sherman-horster ney 1942 mein theatre season key anta key baad ack atirikt grishmakaaleen season kaa safaltapurvak ayojan kiya.
giraftari.
29 octuber 1942 koo, sherman-horster koo giraftar curr liya gayaa thaa, jaba theatre jahaaj coberlingen, constanz mein ack pradarshan seey laut rhaa thaa aur usey berlin leey jaaya gayaa thaa. anta taka, sherman-horster koo yakeen thaa kii vaha doshasiddhi seey butch jaayega. unake rangmanch nirdeshak fritz becker ney sherman-horster key samarthan mein dikhaai dene key liye berlin kii yatra kii, lekin koee fayda naheen huaa.
logon kii adalat kii doosari senate ney mamle kii sankhya 10 jey 13/43 jee mein 20-21 agast 1943 koo shoorman-horster, neutra aur thees koo maut kii sajaa sunai. shawar, boulter aur dubinsky koo aathh saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. schmitt aur haane koo chaar saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee, jabaki hempel koo dou saal, hoffman koo ack saal kii jail aur hannah berger koo burry curr diyaa gayaa. shoorman-horster koo 9 sitambar 1943 koo plotzency jail mein usee samay fansi dekar maar diyaa gayaa thaa jaba neutra aur thees they.