
marvin wolfgang

marvin eugene wolfgang (14 navambar 1924-12 aprail 1998) ack americi samajshastri aur aparaadh vigyaani they.
jeevani.
wolfgang dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein ack sanic thaa aur usane monte casino kii ladaai mein bhaag liya thaa. yuddh key baad unhone pensylvania vishvavidyalaya mein adhyayan kiya, jahan unake pradhaan shikshak thorsten selin they. paine mein, wolfgang ney samajshastra/aparaadh vigyaan mein apana ma (1950) aur phd (1955) liya. 1998 mein apani mrityu taka way pensylvania vishvavidyalaya mein aparaadh vigyaan key professor they.
1964 mein, unhone "aparaadh kaa maapan" prakaashit kiya, joe samaaj parr aparaadh key vaastavik prabhaav kaa pahala adhyayan thaa. teen saal baad, unhone "hinsa kii upasanskritih aparaadh vigyaan mein ack ekikrit siddhant kii or" koo puuraa kiya, joe ashweton key beach hinsa kii uchch darr aur ack ashwet upasanskriti key prabhaav parr kendrit thaa.
wolfgang ney apane poore jeevan mein 30 seey adhik pustaken aur 150 lekh likhe. unaki sabse prasiddh kriti, "janm samooh mein aparaadh", 1972 mein prakaashit hui thee. iss pustak ney aparaadh aur aparaadh key badey paimaane parr adhyayan kii shuruat kii. yeh 1945 mein philadelphia mein paida hue 10,000 seey adhik ladakon kaa ack adhyayan thaa. iska uddeshya yeh nirdhaarit karna thaa kii samooh key kinn sadasyon key pulis key saath aadhikarik sampark they, gair-doshiyon key saath doshiyon kii tulanaa karna, aur 18 varsh kii ayu taka key aparaadhi currier kii matra, aavritti aur charitra kaa pataa lagaana thaa. aankadon seey pataa chalaa kii 9,945 ladakon mein seey 3,475 ney cumm seey cumm ack pulis ghatana darj kii thee. anya aankadon seey pataa chalaa kii aparaadhi kii darr dheere-dheere 7 seey 11 varsh kii ayu taka badhee, 11 seey 16 varsh kii ayu mein teji seey badhee aur 17 varsh kii ayu mein girawat aaee. adhyayan ney nishkarsh nikala kii adhikansh apraadhon key liye apraadhiyon kii ack chhoti sankhya jimmedaar haye. isane yeh bhee kahaa kii "kishore nyaay pranali kathor mukhya apraadhiyon kii kaafee achchi tarah seey jaanch karane mein saksham rahee haye, lekin yeh aparaadh koo rokane, hatotsaahit karane yaa thheek karane mein asamarth rahee haye."
wolfgang ney kaee puraskar jeete, jinamen 1988 mein worled society off victimology seey hains wonn hentig puraskar, 1989 mein american society off criminology seey advin puraskar, 1997 mein german, austrian aur swiss society off criminology seey bekkeriya swarn padak shamil hain. way americi daarshanik samaaj aur american academy off arts aind sciences donon key sadasya they. 1993 mein, unake naam parr wolfgang criminology puraskar kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. 
wolfgang ney apane jeevan key baad key varshon mein maut kii sajaa aur ack aparaadhi key khilaf bandook key upayog jaise muddon key virodh koo darshaate hue lekhon mein bitaaya jaise kii "humm maarne key laayak naheen hain" aur "ack drishtikon key liye ack shraddhanjali jiska maine virodh kiya haye. jisamen vaha kahata haye kii usey gertz aur clake key nishkarsh pasand naheen hain kii aatmaraksha key liye bandook honah "upayogi hoe sakata haye" lekin unaki karyapranali koo galat naheen thahara sakata haye. haalaanki, unhone shodh kaa bhee hawala diyaa haye joe darshaata haye kii dakaiti key pratirodh seey chot kii sambhavana badh jaati haye, jabaki ack safal dakaiti kii sambhavana bhee cumm hoe jaati haye. isaliye, vaha kahata haye kii vaha ack bandook niyantran adhivakta banaa huaa haye, yeh kahate hue kii aggar vaha curr sakata haye, tou vaha "nagrik aabaadi seey aur shayed pulis seey bhee sabhi bandookon koo samaapt curr dega."
unakaa currier agnashay key cancer seey cumm hoe gayaa thaa, aur 12 aprail 1998 koo chean mein aparaadh key ack anudairdhya adhyayan key beach mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee. unake parivaar mein unaki patni, unaki dou betiyaan aur unake dou potey hain. british journal off criminology ney kahaa kii vaha "angreji bolane vaali duniya mein sabse prabhaavshaali aparaadh vigyaani they."
hathiyar pratisthaapan parikalpana.
wolfgang kii 1958 kii hathiyar pratisthaapan parikalpana hatyaa kii darr aur sambandhit hatyaon kii tulanaa parr adharit thee jisamen agneyastra maujood they. jabaki adhyayan mein vichaar kiye gaye varshon key liye pensylvania aur raajya key sabse badey shahar philadelphia mein hatyaa kii darr samaan thee, hatyaon mein agneyastron kaa kaaran pensylvania mein lagbhag doguna adhik aam thaa. wolfgang ney tark diyaa kii aggar golibari seey agneyastron koo hataa diyaa gayaa hotaa, tou bhee hamlawar ney agala sabse upayukt hathiyar chunaa hotaa aur apane iradon key saath aage badhaa hotaa. dusare shabdon mein, agneyastron kii upalabdhata ney hatyaa kii darr koo prabhaavit naheen kiya kyonki joe loga agneyastron kaa upayog karate hain way apane vinashkari chhor parr nirdhaarit hotey hain, maarne key liye nirdhaarit hotey hain, aur phir kissy anya vidhi kaa upayog karke maar denge.
jinn adhyayanon ney wolfgang key nishkarshon kaa ack prati yaa vaikalpik pradaan kiya, unamen zimmerings kii tippaniyan shamil theen kii "yadi bandookon key liye chaku pratisthaapit kiye jaate hain, tou hatyaa kii darr mein kaafee girawat aaegi" (hathiyar upkaran prabhaav). jabaki zimmerings key avalokan ney shodh kii ack naee disha pradaan kii, way sabhi hamlawar key iradon kii vyaktiparak prakriti kii ack hii samasya seey peedit they. hamlawar key iradon koo maapane mein paddhatigat vastunishthata kii kamee key parinamswarup 1990 key dashak kii shuruat taka wolfgang key shodh kaa mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa. wolfgang kii asweekrit hathiyar pratisthaapan parikalpana kaa bandook kii bahas parr prabhaav padegaa kyonki yeh bandook samarthak niyantran nishkarshon kaa sabse achchha mukabala karane mein saksham thaa. hathiyar upkaran prabhaav parr badhate shodh key kaaran 1990 key dashak mein iska prabhaav cumm hoga. yahaan taka kii wolfgang bhee aise detta koo prakaashit kartaa joe usaki hathiyaron key pratisthaapan parikalpana kaa khandan kartaa haye aur yahaan taka kii ise aswikar bhee kartaa haye. jabaki detta bataata haye kii yeh asatya haye, isaki nirnaayak roop seey pushti naheen hui haye.

