andrey linde

andrei dmitriyevich linde (; janm 2 march, 1948) ack russie-americi saiddhaantik bhautik vigyaani aur stanford vishvavidyalaya mein bhautiki key herauld trap fris professor hain.
linde mudrasfeeti brahmand siddhant key mukhya lekhakon mein seey ack haye, saath hii saath shashwat mudrasfeeti aur mudrasfeeti bahu-vividhata key siddhant mein seey ack haye. unhone masco raajya vishvavidyalaya seey vigyaan mein snaatak kii degree praapt kii. 1975 mein, lind koo masco mein lebedev bhautik sansthaan seey phd seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. unhone 1989 seey serren (paramanu anusandhaan key liye europeeya sangathan) mein kaam kiya aur 1990 mein sanyukt raajya america chaley gaye, jahan way steinford vishvavidyalaya mein bhautiki key professor baney. mudrasfeeti parr apane kaam key liye unhein praapt vibhinn puraskaron mein seey, 2002 mein unhein dirac padak seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa, saath hii saath prinston vishvavidyalaya key mitt aur paul steinhardt key alaan guth seey bhee sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. 2004 mein unhein mudrasfeeti brahmand vigyaan key vikas key liye brahmand vigyaan mein kathor puraskar milaa. 2012 mein vaha, alaan guth key saath, maulik bhautiki mein safalata puraskar key udghaatan puraskar vijeta they. 2014 mein unhein khagol bhautiki mein "brahmandiya mudrasfeeti key siddhant key liye agrani" key liye alaan guth aur alexei starobinsky key saath kavali puraskar milaa. 2018 mein unhein gamo puraskar milaa.
brahmand sambandhi charan sankraman aur purani mudrasfeeti.
1972 seey 1976 key dauran, david kirnits aur andrei linde ney brahmand sambandhi charan sankraman kaa ack siddhant vikasit kiya. iss siddhant key anusaar, bahut praarambhik brahmand mein kamjor, majboot aur vidyut chumbakiya antahkriyaon key beach bahut adhik antar naheen thaa. yeye antahkriyaaen ack dusare seey dheere-dheere alag hoe gaeen, jaba brahmand key charan parivartan hue jaba brahmand kaa tapman kaafee cumm hoe gayaa. 1974 mein, linde ney paaya kii vibhinn antahkriyaon key beach samroopata koo todane vaale scalar kshetron kaa oorjaa ghanatva einstein samikaranon mein nirvaat oorjaa ghanatva (brahmand sambandhi sthiraank) kii bhoomika nibha sakata haye. 1976 aur 1978 key beach, lind ney pradarshit kiya kii brahmand sambandhi charan sankraman key dauran iss oorjaa kii rihaai brahmand koo germ karane key liye paryaapt hoe sakati haye.
yeye avalokan 1980 mein alaan guth dwara prastaavit mudrasfeeti brahmand siddhant key pahale sanskaran key mukhya tatva bunn gaye. yeh siddhant, jise abb "purana mudrasfeeti siddhant" kahaa jaataa haye, iss dhaarana parr adharit thaa kii brahmand shuru mein germ thaa. isake baad isane brahmand sambandhi charan sankraman kaa anubhav kiya aur asthaayi roop seey ack supercooled metastable vacuum state (ack galat vacuum) mein funce gayaa. brahmand taba teji seey vistaarit huaa-"phool gayaa"-jaba taka kii galat nirvaat kshay naheen hoe gayaa aur brahmand phir seey germ naheen hoe gayaa. iss vichaar ney bahut dhyaan aakarshit kiya kyonki yeh maanak bigg baing siddhant kii kaee kathin samasyaon kaa ack anootha samadhan pradaan curr sakata haye. vishesh roop seey, yeh samajha sakata haye kii brahmand itna badaa aur itna samaan kyon haye. haalaanki, jaisa kii guth ney turant mahsoos kiya, yeh paridrishya iraade key anusaar kaam naheen curr sakaah galat nirvaat kaa kshay brahmand koo behad asamaroop banaa dega.
naee mudrasfeeti.
1981 mein, quantum gurutvaakarshan parr stephen hocking dwara ack seminar key dauran, linde ney mudrasfeeti siddhant kaa ack aur sanskaran vikasit kiya jise unhone "naee mudrasfeeti" kahaa. unhone pradarshit kiya kii bulbule shamil naheen hoe rahey hain ("samay kaa ack sankshipt itihas", adhyaay 8 kaa prishth 138 dekhein) yadi koee bulbula thaa jisamen brahmand kaa hamara kshetra thaa tou hull kiya jaa sakata thaa. unhone yeh bhee kahaa kii charan sankraman dheere-dheere bulbule key ander huaa hoga. iss siddhant ney apani adhikansh aakarshak visheshtaon koo sanrakshit karate hue guth dwara prastaavit mool model kii samasyaon koo hull kiya. kuchh maheenon baad, andreus albrecht aur paul steinhardt dwara isi tarah kaa paridrishya prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen lind key kagaj kaa ullekh kiya gayaa thaa. usake turant baad, yeh mahsoos kiya gayaa kii nae mudrasfeeti paridrishya koo bhee kuchh samasyaon kaa saamana karna padaa. unamen seey adhikansh maanak dhaarana key kaaran utpann hue kii praarambhik brahmand shuru mein bahut germ thaa, aur mudrasfeeti brahmand sambandhi charan sankraman key dauran hui.
arajak mudrasfeeti.
1983 mein, linde ney purani aur naee mudrasfeeti key kuchh pramukh siddhanton koo chhod diyaa aur ack adhik samanya mudrasfeeti siddhant, arajak mudrasfeeti kaa prastaav rakhaa. praarambhik taapiya santulan kii dhaarana kii aavashyakta key binaa, arajak mudrasfeeti siddhanton key ack bahut vyaapak varg mein hoti haye. iss paridrishya key buniyaadi siddhant mudrasfeeti siddhant key vartamaan mein maujood adhikansh yathaarthvaadi sanskaranon mein shamil hoe gaye. arajak mudrasfeeti ney mudrasfeeti kii shuruat key baare mein hamaare sochane key tareeke koo badal diyaa. baad mein, hybrid mudrasfeeti paridrishya koo vikasit karke, linde ney mudrasfeeti koo samaapt karane key tareeke mein ack sambhaavit sanshodhan kaa bhee prastaav rakhaa. usa model mein, "jalprapaat" asthirta key kaaran mudrasfeeti samaapt hoe jaati haye.
brahmand mein padaarth kaa nirmaan.
mudrasfeeti siddhant key anusaar, brahmand mein sabhi praathamik kann mudrasfeeti key anta key baad ubhare, ack prakriya mein jise punah taapit kiya jaataa haye. punah taap key siddhant kaa pahala sanskaran, joe anivarya roop seey brahmand mein padaarth key nirmaan kaa siddhant haye, 1982 mein alekjendar dolgov aur linde dwara aur ell dwara bhee vikasit kiya gayaa thaa.aff. abot, edward farhi aur maark bee. buddhiman. 1994 mein, iss siddhant koo ell dwara sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa.aeye. coffman, linde aur alexei starobinsky. unhone dikhaaya haye kii mudrasfeeti key baad dravya key nirmaan kii prakriya parametric anunaad key prabhaav key kaaran bahut adhik kushal hoe sakati haye. 
mudrasfeeti bahu-vividhata aur shashwat arajak mudrasfeeti.
shayed lind dwara kii gaee sabse doorgaami bhavishyavani abb mudrasfeeti bahu-vividhata key siddhant yaa string siddhant paridrishya seey sambandhit thee. 1982-1983 mein, steinhardt, linde aur alekjendar vilenkin ney mahsoos kiya kii nae mudrasfeeti paridrishya mein ghaatiya vistaar, ack baar jaba yeh shuru hoe jaataa haye, tou brahmand key kuchh hisson mein binaa kissy anta key jaari rahata haye. iss paridrishya key aadhar parr, linde ney vibhinn bhaagon seey yukt ack swa-prajanan mudrasfeeti brahmand key ack model kaa prastaav rakhaa. mudrasfeeti key kaaran yeye bhaag teji seey badey aur ack jaise hain. isaliye, sabhi vyaavhaarik uddeshyon key liye inn bhaagon mein seey pratyek ack alag laghu-brahmand, yaa pockett brahmand kii tarah dikhta haye, joe brahmand key anya hisson mein kyaa hotaa haye, usase swatantra haye.
inn bhaagon mein seey pratyek key nivasi soch sakate hain kii brahmand harr jagah samaan dikhta haye, aur praathamik kanon key dravyamaan, saath hii saath unaki antahkriya key niyam, poori duniya mein samaan honey chaahiye. haalaanki, mudrasfeeti brahmand vigyaan key sandarbh mein, vibhinn pockett brahmaandon mein unamen seey pratyek mein cumm-oorjaa bhautiki key alag-alag niyam hoe sakate hain. iss prakaar hamari duniya, ack ekal golakar samamit vistaar gubbara honey key bajaay, ack vishal asthibhang bunn jaati haye, ack mudrasfeeti bahu-varg jisamen vibhinn gunon key saath kaee alag-alag pockett brahmand hotey hain. isane brahmand sambandhi manavshastriya siddhant kii ack saral vaigyaanik vyakhya pradaan keeh hamari duniya mein vibhinn bhaag hoe sakate hain, lekin humm kewal bahu-brahmand key una hisson mein reh sakate hain joe jeevan kaa samarthan curr sakate hain jaisa kii humm jaanate hain.
inn vichaaron ney usa samay adhik dhyaan aakarshit naheen kiya, aanshik roop seey kyonki maanav siddhant bahut alokpriya thaa, aanshik roop seey kyonki nae mudrasfeeti paridrishya ney kaafee kaam naheen kiya aur arajak mudrasfeeti paridrishya dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, 1986 mein lind ney paaya kii arajak mudrasfeeti paridrishya key kaee sanskaranon mein, brahmand key kuchh hisson mein brahmand key ghaatiya vistaar kii prakriya bhee hamesha key liye jaari haye. linde ney iss prakriya koo shashwat mudrasfeeti kahaa. shashwat arajak mudrasfeeti key dauran utpann quantum utaar-chadhaav itane badey hotey hain kii way aasaani seey brahmand key vibhinn hisson koo ack nirvaat avastha seey doosari nirvaat avastha mein dhakel sakate hain, aur yahaan taka kii antariksh kaal kii prabhaavi ayamita koo bhee badal sakate hain. isane bahu-brahmand key siddhant kaa ack bahut hii shaktishali bodh pradaan kiya.
linde aur unake steinford sahayogi viety vanturine ney sabhi sambhaavit brahmaandon kii sankhya kii ganana kii, lagbhag 10 10 16 aggar humm iss tathya parr vichaar naheen karate hain kii paryavekshakon key roop mein manushya adhik brahmaandon koo alag karane kii unaki kshamata mein seemit hain. yadi ise dhyaan mein rakhaa jaae, tou 10 10 7 brahmand hoe sakate hain. dheemi-roll mudrasfeeti tantra kaa vishleshan karke joe shuru mein quantum utaar-chadhaav utpann kartaa haye, vaigyaanik 10 10 10 7 parr parinami brahmaandon kii sankhya kaa anuman lagaa sakate hain.
mudrasfeeti aur string siddhant.
iss kshetra mein ack mahatvapurna pragati taba praapt hui jaba mudrasfeeti bahu-vividhata key siddhant koo string siddhant key sandarbh mein lagu kiya gayaa thaa. 2000 mein, rafale bauso aur joseph polchinsky ney brahmand sambandhi nirantar samasya koo hull karane key liye string siddhant mein kaee alag-alag riktiyon key beach shashwat mudrasfeeti aur sankraman key shasson kaa upayog karane kaa prastaav rakhaa. usa samay, string siddhant kaa koee sthir yaa metastable vaikua vaastav mein gyaat naheen thaa. string siddhant vacuum sthirikaran kaa ack sambhaavit tantra 2003 mein shamit kachru, renata kallosh, linde aur sandip trivedi dwara prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone yeh bhee paaya kii brahmand kaa vistaar karane vaale inn sabhi vacua koo metastable maanaa jaataa haye.ee. unhein antatah kshay honah chaahiye (kklt tantra dekhein). phir michael aar. dugglus aur unake sahyogiyon ney anuman lagaaya kii vibhinn string vaikua kii kull sankhya 10500 yaa usase bhee adhik hoe sakati haye, aur leonard suskind ney vibhinn string siddhant vaikua key beach brahmand sambandhi charan sankraman kii jaanch key aadhar parr string siddhant paridrishya paridrishya vikasit kiya.
iss siddhant kii mukhya chunautiyon mein seey ack brahmand key inn vibhinn hisson mein seey pratyek mein rahane kii sambhavana kaa pataa lagaana haye. haalaanki, ack baar string siddhant kaa ahwan kiye jaane key baad, ekal brahmand kii pichhali tasveer parr lautana behad mushkil haye. aisaa karane key liye, kissy koo yeh saabit karane kii aavashyakta hogi kii string siddhant key kaee riktiyon mein seey kewal ack hii vaastav mein sambhav haye, aur kaee samasyaon kaa ack vaikalpik samadhan prastaavit karna hoga jise mudrasfeeti bahuswar key siddhant key sandarbh mein manavshastriya brahmand siddhant kaa upayog karke hull kiya jaa sakata haye.,
linde ney mudrasfeeti bahu-vividhata key siddhant parr apana kaam jaari rakhaa haye. vishesh roop seey, renata kallosh aur andrei linde ney apane sahyogiyon key saath milkar brahmand sambandhi aakarshan kaa ack siddhant vikasit kiya. yeh mudrasfeeti brahmand vigyaan key sanskaranon kaa ack vyaapak varg haye joe navintam avalokan detta key liye sabse upayukt mein seey ack pradaan kartaa haye.
sammaan aur puraskar.
julaai 2012 mein, linde maulik bhautiki mein safalata puraskar key udghaatan puraskar vijeta they, bhautik vigyaani aur internet udyami yuri milner kaa nirmaan. 2014 mein, vaha norwegian vigyaan aur patra akadami dwara pradaan kiye gaye kavali puraskar key saha-praaptakarta they, jisamen alaan guth aur alexei starobinsky shamil they.
linde rashtriya vigyaan akadami aur americi kalaa aur vigyaan akadami key sadasya hain.
vyaktigat jeevan.
linde kaa vivaah renata kallosh seey huaa haye. unake dou bete hain.
unake maataa-pitaa soviyat bhautik vigyaani irina rakobolskaya aur they.
raajneetik sthiti.
farwari-march 2022 mein, unhone russie vaigyaanikon dwara 2022 key russie aakraman kii ninda karate hue ack khule patra parr hastakshar kiye, aur usee sandesh key saath ack aur khula patra safalata puraskar vijetaon dwara likhaa gayaa.

