
cd-rome

cd-rome (, compact disk reed-onli memori) ack prakaar kii reed-onli memori haye jisamen ack poorv-dabaaye gaye optical compact disk hotey hain jisamen detta hotaa haye. computer padh sakate hain-lekin likh yaa mitaa naheen sakate-cd-roms. kuchh cd, jinhen vardhit cd kahaa jaataa haye, computer detta aur audio donon koo dhaaran karate hain, jisamen baad vaalaa cd player parr khelane mein saksham hotaa haye, jabaki detta (jaise software yaa digital video) kewal computer parr upayog karane yogya hotaa haye (jaise kii iso 9660 praarup pc cd-roms).
1990 key dashak aur 2000 key dashak kii shuruat key dauran, cd-roms kaa upayog computer aur paanchvin peedhi key video game kansol key liye software aur detta vitarit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. dee. vee. dee. ney 2000 key dashak kii shuruat mein inn bhoomikaon mein ise badalana shuru kiya.
itihas.
optical disk bhandaran parr sabse pahala saiddhaantik kaam sanyukt raajya america mein swatantra shodhkartaon dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen david paul gregg (1958) aur james russell (1965-1975) shamil they. vishesh roop seey, gregg key patent kaa upayog lazer disk vinirdesh key aadhar key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa jise mca key gregg key patent khareedane key baad mca aur phillips key beach saha-vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, saath hii saath jiss company kii unhone sthaapana kii thee, vaha goss electrophysics thee. lazer disk cd kaa tatkaal agradoot thaa, jisamen praathamik antar yeh thaa kii lazer disk ack analogue prakriya key madhyam seey encoded jaankaari kaa upayog kartaa thaa jabaki cd digital encoding kaa upayog kartaa thaa.
optical disk koo digital banaane key liye pramukh kaary toshi doee aur keys shauhamar dwara 1979-1980 key dauran kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone soney aur phillips key liye ack karyabal parr kaam kiya thaa. iska parinam compact disk digital audio (cd-dee. aeye.) thaa, jise 1980 mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa. cd-rome koo baad mein cd-dee. aeye. key vistaar key roop mein design kiya gayaa thaa, aur iss praarup koo 553 mb kii praarambhik bhandaran kshamata key saath digital detta key kissy bhee roop koo rakhane key liye anukoolit kiya gayaa thaa. soney aur phillips ney takniki maanak banaaya joe 1983 mein cd-rome key praarup koo paribhaashit kartaa haye, jise "yelo book" kahaa jaane lagaa. cd-rome kii ghoshana 1984 mein kii gaee thee aur 1985 mein pahale japani comedex computer show mein dennon aur soney dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa. navambar, 1985 mein, microsoft, phillips, soney, apple aur digital upkaran nigam sahit kaee computer udyog pratibhagiyon ney cd-roms key liye ack file system praarup koo paribhaashit karane key liye ack vinirdesh banaane key liye mulakat kii. parinami vinirdesh, jise uchch siera praarup kahaa jaataa haye, maee 1986 mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. ise antatah kuchh parivartanon key saath maankeekrit kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki 1988 mein iso 9660 maanak thaa. cd-rome parr janata key liye upalabdh karaae jaane vaale pahale utpaadon mein seey ack "grollier akaadamik vishvakosh" thaa, jise march 1986 mein microsoft cd-rome sammelan mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa.
cd-roms kaa upayog 1988 mein pc injan cd-romm2 (turbographx-cd) seey shuru honey vaale gharelu video game kansol mein kiya jaanaa shuru huaa, jabaki cd-romm drive bhee 1980 key dashak key anta taka gharelu computers key liye upalabdh hoe gaye they. 1990 mein, detta east ney ack arcade system board kaa pradarshan kiya joe cd-roms kaa samarthan kartaa thaa, joe 1980 key dashak key lazardisk video game key samaan thaa, lekin digital detta key saath, puraane lazardisk game kii tulanaa mein adhik lachilepan kii anumati detaa haye. 1990 kii shuruat taka, japan mein lagbhag 300,000 cd-rome drive beche gaye they, jabaki sanyukt raajya america mein 125,000 cd-rome disk kaa masik utpaadan kiya jaa rhaa thaa. 1990 key dashak mein vipanan kiye gaye kuchh computers koo "multimedia" computer kahaa jaataa thaa kyonki unhone ack cd-romm drive koo shamil kiya thaa, joe kaee sou megabyte video, chitra aur audio detta kii delivery kii anumati detaa thaa.
cd-romm disk.
media.
cd-roms audio cd key samaan hotey hain, aur detta koo bahut samaan tareeke seey sangraheet aur punarpraapt kiya jaataa haye (detta koo sangraheet karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale manakon mein audio cd seey kewal alag). disk polly carbonate plastic kii 1.2 mimi motee disk seey banaai jaati haye, jisamen ack paraavartak satah banaane key liye aluminium kii ack patali parat hoti haye. cd-rome kaa sabse aam aakar 120 mimi vyaas kaa hotaa haye, halanki 80 mimi vyaas key saath chhota mini cd maanak, saath hii kaee gair-maanak aakaron aur moldon (ee.jee., business card-aakar kaa media) bhee maujood haye.
detta koo disk parr "gaddhon" naamak sookshm indentation kii ack shrinkhala key roop mein sangraheet kiya jaataa haye, unake beach gair-indent kiye gaye sthaanon koo "bhoomi" kahaa jaataa haye. gaddhon aur bhoomi key pattern koo padhane key liye ack lazer koo disk kii paraavartak satah parr chamkaaya jaataa haye. kyonki gaddhon kii gaharaai disk koo padhane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale lazer prakaash kii tarang dairdhya kaa lagbhag ack chauthai seey ack-chhathaa hissa haye, paraavartit kiran kaa charan aaney vaali kiran key sambandh mein sthanantarit kiya jaataa haye, jisase vinashkari hastakshep hotaa haye aur paraavartit kiran kii teevrata cumm hoti haye. yeh dwiaadhaari detta mein parivartit hoe jaataa haye.
maanak.
compact disk parr sangraheet detta key liye kaee praarupon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, jise indradhanush pustakon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. 1983 mein banaai gaee "yelo book", cd-roms key liye vinirdeshon koo paribhaashit karati haye, jise 1988 mein iso/iec 10149 maanak key roop mein aur 1989 mein ee. see. aim. aeye.-130 maanak key roop mein maankeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. cd-romm maanak cd audio key liye mool "laal pustak" cd-diae maanak key sheersh parr banaata haye. anya maanak, jaise kii video cd key liye "safed pustak", cd-rome vinirdeshon key aadhar parr praarupon koo paribhaashit karate hain. pealy kitab" swayam swatantra roop seey upalabdh naheen haye, lekin sambandhit samagri key saath manakon koo iso yaa ekma seey muft mein download kiya jaa sakata haye.
kaee maanak hain joe paribhaashit karate hain kii cd-rome parr detta faailon koo kaise sanrachit kiya jaae. iso 9660 cd-rome key liye maanak file pranali koo paribhaashit kartaa haye. iso 13490 iss maanak mein ack sudhaar haye joe gair-kramik lekhan-ack baar aur punah likhane yogya disk jaise cd-aar aur cd-ardablue key saath-saath kaee satron key liye samarthan jodata haye. iso 13346 maanak koo iso 9660 kii adhikansh kamiyon koo door karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, aur iska ack upasamuchchay udf praarup mein vikasit huaa, jise dvd key liye apanaaya gayaa thaa. ack boot karane yogya cd vinirdesh, jise ell torito kahaa jaataa haye, janwari 1995 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa, taaki ack cd koo haard disk yaa floppy disk kaa anukaran kiya jaa sakey.
nirmaan.
poorv-dabaaye gaye cd-roms koo mudrankan kii ack prakriya dwara badey paimaane parr utpaadit kiya jaataa haye jahaan ack kaanch master disk banaai jaati haye aur "mudrank" banaane key liye upayog kii jaati haye, jinka upayog pahale seey maujood gaddhon key saath antim disk kii kaee pratiyon key nirmaan key liye kiya jaataa haye. record karane yogya (cd-aar) aur punarlekhan yogya (cd-ardablue) disk ack alag vidhi dwara nirmit kii jaati hain, jisake dwara una parr detta koo ack lazer dwara ack prakriya mein ack dye yaa charan sankraman samagri key gunon koo badalane key liye darj kiya jaataa haye jise aksar "jalana" kahaa jaataa haye.
cd-rome praarup.
cd-roms parr sangraheet detta "redd book" vinirdesh mein varnit maanak cd detta encoding takneekon kaa paalan kartaa haye (mool roop seey kewal audio cd key liye paribhaashit). isamen cross-interleaved reed-soloman coding (circ), aathh seey chaudah modulan (ee. aff. aim.), aur cd kii bhautik satah mein bits coding key liye gaddhon aur bhoomi kaa upayog shamil haye.
cd-rome parr detta koo samooh mein rakhane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali sanrachanaaen bhee "laal pustak" seey praapt hoti hain. audio cd (cd-diae) kii tarah, ack cd-rome "sector" mein upayogkarta detta key 2,352 bites hotey hain, joe 98 frames seey baney hotey hain, jinamen seey pratyek mein 33 bites (upayogkarta detta key liye 24 bites, truti sudhaar key liye 8 bites aur upkod key liye 1 bites) hotey hain. audio cd key vipareet, inn kshetron mein sangraheet detta kissy bhee prakaar key digital detta seey mell khaata haye, audio cd vinirdesh key anusaar encode kiye gaye audio namoone naheen. iss detta kii sanrachana, sambodhit karane aur suraksha key liye, cd-romm maanak dou sector mode, mode 1 aur mode 2 koo paribhaashit kartaa haye, joe ack kshetra key ander detta key liye dou alag-alag leout kaa varnan kartaa haye. cd-rome key ander ack track (sectors kaa ack samooh) mein kewal ack hii mode mein sector hotey hain, lekin yadi kaee track cd-rome mein maujood hotey hain, tou pratyek track key apane sector baaki track seey alag mode mein hoe sakate hain. way audio cd track key saath bhee saha-astitva mein hoe sakate hain, joe kii mishrit mode cd kaa mamla haye.
kshetra sanrachana.
donon mode 1 aur 2 kshetra sheersh soochana key liye pahale 16 bites kaa upayog karate hain, lekin truti sudhaar bites key upayog key kaaran shesh 2,336 bites mein antar hotaa haye. audio cd key vipareet, ack cd-rome antarveshan dwara truti chhipaane parr bharosa naheen curr sakata haye; punarpraapt detta kii uchch vishvasaniyata kii aavashyakta hoti haye. behtar truti sudhaar aur pataa lagaane key liye, mode 1, joe jyaadaatar digital detta key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye, truti kaa pataa lagaane key liye ack 32-bitt chakreeya atirek jaanch (see. aar. see.) code jodata haye, aur ack reed-soloman utpaad-jaise code (aar. aiss. pee. see.) kaa upayog karke reed-soloman truti sudhaar kii teesari parat jodata haye. isaliye mode 1 mein truti kaa pataa lagaane aur sudhaar key liye prati kshetra 288 bites hotey hain, jisase prati kshetra 2,048 bites detta key liye upalabdh rahate hain. mode 2, joe chhavi yaa video detta key liye adhik upayukt haye (jahaan sahee vishvasaniyata thodi cumm mahatvapurna hoe sakati haye), mein koee atirikt truti kaa pataa lagaane yaa sudhaar bites naheen hain, isaliye prati kshetra 2,336 upalabdh detta bites hain. donon mode, jaise audio cd, abhee bhee frame star parr truti sudhaar kii nichali paraton seey labhanvit hotey hain.
oopar varnit takneekon key saath ack disk parr sangraheet honey seey pahale, pratyek cd-romm kshetra koo kuchh samasyagrast pattern koo dikhaai dene seey rokane key liye scramble kiya jaataa haye. inn scramble kshetron koo antatah ack cd parr sangraheet karane key liye "laal pustak" mein varnit usee encoding prakriya kaa paalan karna chaahiye.
nimnalikhit talika cd-diae aur cd-roms mein kshetron kii sanrachana kii tulanaa dikhaati haih
cd-diae audio manakon kii tulanaa mein ack mode-1 cd-rome kii shuddh bite darr 44,100 heartz × 16 bits/namuna × 2 channel × 2,048/2,352/8 = 150 kebi/aiss (150 × 210) haye. yeh maan, 150 kbyte/s, "1 × gati" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. isaliye, mode 1 cd-roms key liye, ack 1 × cd-romm drive 150/2 = 75 lagaatar sector prati sekand padhata haye.
ack maanak cd kaa khelane kaa samay 74 minut yaa 4,440 sekand haye, joe 333,000 block yaa kshetron mein nihit haye. isaliye, ack mode-1 cd-rome kii shuddh kshamata 650 mb (650 × 220) haye. 80 minut key cd key liye, kshamata 703 mb haye.
cd-rom xa extension.
"cd-rome xa" cd-rome key liye "yelo book" maanak kaa ack vistaar haye joe sampeedit audio, video aur computer detta koo jodata haye, jisase sabhi koo ack saath axes kiya jaa sakata haye. iska uddeshya cd-rome aur cd-aaee (green book) key beach ack pull key roop mein thaa aur ise soney aur phillips dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, aur microsoft dwara samarthit, 1991 mein, pahali baar sitambar 1988 mein ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. xa vistaarit vastukala key liye khadaa haye.
see. dee.-rome aiks. aeye. dou nae kshetra leout koo paribhaashit kartaa haye, jinhen mode 2 form 1 aur mode 2 form 2 kahaa jaataa haye (joe mool mode 2 seey alag hain). xa mode 2 form 1 oopar varnit mode 1 sanrachana key samaan haye, aur xa mode 2 form 2 kshetron key saath antar-liv curr sakata haye; iska upayog detta key liye kiya jaataa haye. xa mode 2 form 2 mein upayogkarta detta key 2,324 bites hain, aur yeh maanak mode 2 key samaan haye, lekin truti kaa pataa lagaane vaale bites key saath jodaa gayaa haye (halanki koee truti sudhaar naheen haye). yeh xa mode 2 form 1 sector key saath interleave curr sakata haye, aur iska upayog audio/video detta key liye kiya jaataa haye. video cd, super video cd, photo cd, unnat sangeet cd aur cd-aaee inn sector mode kaa upayog karate hain.
nimnalikhit talika cd-rome xa mode mein kshetron kii sanrachana kii tulanaa dikhaati haih
disk chhaviyaan.
jaba ack cd-rome kii disk chhavi banaai jaati haye, tou yeh yaa tou "kachche" mode mein kiya jaa sakata haye (aantarik sanrachana seey swatantra, prati kshetra 2,352 bites nikaalana), yaa kewal kshetra key upayogi detta (2,048/2,336/2,352 2,324 bites cd-rome mode key aadhar parr) praapt kiya jaa sakata haye. kachche mode mein banaai gaee disk chhavi kaa file aakar hamesha 2,352 bites (ack block kaa aakar) kaa ack gunak hotaa haye. disk chhavi praarup joe kachche cd-rome kshetron koo sangraheet karate hain, unamen ccd/img, kyu/binn aur mds/mdf shamil hain. kshetron mein detta seey banaai gaee disk chhavi kaa aakar iss baat parr nirbhar karega kii yeh kiss prakaar key kshetron kaa upayog curr rhaa haye. udaaharan key liye, yadi ack cd-rome mode 1 chhavi kewal pratyek kshetra key detta koo nikalkar banaai jaati haye, tou iska aakar 2,048 kaa ack gunak hoga; yeh aamtaur parr iso disk chhaviyon key liye mamla haye.
74 minut key cd-aar parr, kachche mode kaa upayog karke 333,000 × 2,352 = 783,216,000 bites (~ 747 mb) taka badee disk chhaviyon koo fitt karna sambhav haye. yeh 74 minut yaa ± 650 mb "laal pustak" cd parr banaai gaee kachchi chhaviyon key liye oopari seema haye. 14.8% vriddhi truti sudhaar detta key tyag key kaaran haye.
kshamata.
see. dee.-rome kshamataon koo aam taur parr dwiaadhaari upsargon key saath vyakt kiya jaataa haye, joe truti sudhaar detta key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale sthaan koo ghataata haye. cd-rome kii kshamata iss baat parr nirbhar karati haye kii disk key baahari kinare taka baahari detta track koo kitna karib badhaaya jaataa haye. ack maanak 120 mimi, "700 mb" cd-rome vaastav mein truti sudhaar (yaa kull 847 mb) key saath lagbhag 703 mb detta rakh sakata haye. tulanaa mein, ack ekal-parat dee. vee. dee.-rome truti-sanrakshit detta key 4.7 gb (4.7 × 109 bites) koo dhaaran curr sakata haye, joe 6 cd-rome seey adhik haye.
cd-rome drive.
cd-romm disk koo cd-romm drive kaa upayog karke padhaa jaataa haye. ack cd-romm drive koo ack ids (ata), sci, saataa, firewire, yaa usb interfaces yaa ack malikana interfaces, jaise kii panasonic cd interfaces, lmsi/phillips, soney aur mitsumi manakon key madhyam seey computer seey jodaa jaa sakata haye. lagbhag sabhi aadhunik cd-rome drive sahee software key saath upayog kiye jaane parr audio cd (saath hii video cd aur anya detta maanak) bhee chalaa sakate hain.
lazer aur prakashiki.
cd-rome drive ack nikat-avarakt 780 nm lazer diode kaa upayog karate hain. lazer beam koo ack opto-electronic tracking module key madhyam seey disk parr nirdeshit kiya jaataa haye, joe taba pataa lagaata haye kii beam paraavartit hui haye yaa bikhare hue haye.
sthanantaran darein.
mool gati.
cd-romm drive koo sangeet cd key saapeksh gati kaarak key saath mulyankan kiya jaataa haye. yadi ack cd-rome koo ack audio cd key samaan ghoornan gati seey padhaa jaataa haye, tou detta hastaantaran darr 150 kbyte/s haye, jise aamtaur parr "1 ×" kahaa jaataa haye (sthir raikhik wegg, laghu "clive" key saath). iss detta darr parr, track lagbhag 1.2 meater/sekand parr lazer spott key neeche chalata haye. iss raikhik wegg koo banaae rakhane key liye kyonki optical haid vibhinn sthitiyon mein jaataa haye, koniya wegg aantarik kinare parr lagbhag 500 rpm seey laker baahari kinare parr 200 rpm taka bhinn hotaa haye. cd-rome (150 kbt/aiss) key liye 1 × gati rating dvd (1.32 mb/aiss) key liye 1 × gati rating seey alag haye.
gati pragati.
jaba disk koo ghumaane kii gati badhaai jaati haye, tou detta koo adhik daron parr sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, ack cd-rome drive joe 8 × gati seey padh sakata haye, disk koo 1600 seey 4000 rpm parr ghumaata haye, joe 9.6 meater/sekand kaa raikhik wegg aur 1200 kbite/sekand kii sthanantaran darr detaa haye. 12 × gati seey oopar adhikansh drive sthir koniya wegg (guha, sthir aar. pee. aim.) parr padhe jaate hain taaki motor koo ack gati seey doosari gati mein naheen badala jaa sakey kyonki sir disk parr ack sthaan seey dusare sthaan parr chaahata haye. guha mode mein "×" sankhya disk key baahari kinare parr sthanantaran darr koo darshaati haye, jahaan yeh adhikatam haye.
20x koo yaantrik baadhaon key kaaran adhikatam gati maanaa jaataa thaa jaba taka kii samsung electronics ney scr-3230, ack 32x cd-rome drive pesh naheen kiya, joe compan aur shore koo cumm karane key liye drive mein kataai disk koo santulit karane key liye ack gend assar pranali kaa upayog kartaa haye. 2004 taka, sabse tez hastaantaran darr aamtaur parr lagbhag 52 × yaa 10,400 aar. pee. aim. aur 7.62 aim. bee./aiss. upalabdh haye. uchch spin gati polly carbonate plastic kii taakat seey seemit hoti haye jisase disk banaai jaati hain. 52 × parr, disk key sabse baahari bhaag kaa raikhik wegg lagbhag 65 meater/sekand haye. haalaanki, kaee lazer pickup kaa upayog karke sudhaar abhee bhee praapt kiya jaa sakata haye jaisa kii kenwood trooks 72 × dwara pradarshit kiya gayaa haye joe saat lazer beam aur lagbhag 10 × kii ghoornan gati kaa upayog kartaa haye.
pahala 12x drive 1996 key anta mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. 12x gati seey oopar, compan aur garmi key saath samasyaaen hain. cave drive disk key baahari kinare parr maanak (sthir raikhik wegg, see. ell. vee.) 12 ×, yaa 32 × key samaan ghoornan gati key saath 30 × taka kii gati dete hain. haalaanki, guha kii prakriti key kaaran (aantarik kinare parr raikhik gati abhee bhee kewal 12 × haye, beach mein sucharu roop seey badh rahee haye) vaastavik pravaah kshamata vriddhi 30/12 seey cumm haye; vaastav mein, poori tarah seey poorna disk key liye lagbhag 20 × ausat, aur aanshik roop seey bharee hui disk key liye bhee cumm.
shaaririk seemaaen.
badey paimaane parr utpaadit media mein praapt karane yogya samroopata aur taakat kii seemaon key kaaran compan key saath samasyaon kaa matlab haye kii 1990 key dashak key anta seey cd-rome drive kii gati mein badey paimaane parr vriddhi naheen hui haye. 10 varshon key baad, aamtaur parr upalabdh drive 24x (slimline aur portable ikaaiyaan, 10x spin gati) aur 52x (aamtaur parr cd-aur kewal padhane key liye ikaaiyaan, 21x spin gati) key beach bhinn hotey hain, sabhi apane daave kii "adhikatam" gati praapt karane key liye guha kaa upayog karate hain, jisamen 32x seey 48x sabse aam gati hoti haye. phir bhee, yeye gati kharaab padhane (drive truti sudhaar pratikriya mein bahut parishkrit hoe gayaa haye) aur yahaan taka kii kharaab tareeke seey banaae gaye yaa shaaririk roop seey kshatigrast media koo bhee toda sakati haye, chhoti daraaron key saath teji seey vinashkari tootane mein badh rahee haye jaba 10,000-13,000 rPM (i.ee. 40-52 × cav). uchch ghoornan gati bhee disk compan, tej havaa aur spindle motor seey avaanchhaniya shore paida karati haye. 21veen sadee key adhikansh drive suraksha, sateek padhane yaa maun key liye majboor cumm gati vaale mode (chhote upayogita karyakramon key upayog seey) kii anumati dete hain, aur yadi kaee kramik padhane kii trutiyon aur punah prayason kaa saamana karna padata haye tou swachaalit roop seey vaapas aaa jaayenge.
samadhan.
padhane kii gati mein sudhaar key anya tarikon koo pareekshan kiya gayaa jaise kii kaee optical beemon kaa upayog karna, 10 × spin gati key saath 72 × taka thruput badhaana, lekin 90 ~ 99 minut record karane yogya media, geegrek aur double-density compact disk (baingani pustak maanak) recorder jaisi anya takneekon key saath, unaki upayogita koo upabhokta dvd-rome drive kii shuruat dwara radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa joe lagaatar 36 × samkaksh cd-drum gati (4 × dvd) yaa usase adhik mein saksham thaa. isake alawa, ack 700 mb cd-rome key saath joe 52 × guha parr 21⁄2 minut key bheetar poori tarah seey pathaniya haye, vaastavik detta hastaantaran darr mein vriddhi samagr prabhaavi drive gati parr cumm hoti jaa rahee haye jaba anya karakon jaise kii loading/unloading, media pehchaan, spin upp/down aur yaadrichhik seek samay koo dhyaan mein rakhaa jaataa haye, jisase vikas nivesh parr bahut cumm laabh hotaa haye. dee. vee. dee. key vikas mein taba seey isi tarah kaa stareekaran prabhaav dekhaa gayaa haye, jahaan adhikatam gati 16 × guha (18 × aur 22 × key beach asadharan mamalon key saath) aur kshamata 4.3 aur 8.5 gb (ekal aur dohri parat) parr sthir hoe gaee haye, isake bajaay uchch gati aur kshamata kii jarooraton koo blue-ray drive dwara puuraa kiya jaa rhaa haye.
gati rating.
cd-record karane yogya drive aksar teen alag-alag gati rating key saath beche jaate hain, ack gati lekhan-ack baar sanchaalan key liye, ack punah lekhan sanchaalan key liye, aur ack kewal padhane key sanchaalan key liye. gati aamtaur parr usa crum mein soochibaddh hoti haye; i.ee. ack 12 ×/10 ×/32 × cd drive, cpu aur media anumati, 12 × gati (1.76 mb/aiss) parr cd-aar disk koo likh sakate hain, 10 × gati (1.46 mb/aiss) parr cd-ardablue disk koo likh sakate hain, aur 32 × gati (4.69 mb/aiss) parr cd seey padh sakate hain.
copyrite key mudde.
software vitarak, aur vishesh roop seey computer game key vitarak, aksar mool cd-roms key alawa kissy bhee media seey chalane vaale software koo rokane key liye vibhinn prati suraksha yojanaon kaa upayog karate hain. yeh audio cd suraksha seey kuchh alag haye kyonki ise aamtaur parr media aur software donon mein lagu kiya jaataa haye. cd-rome mein disk kii nakal karna adhik kathin banaane key liye "kamjor" kshetra hoe sakate hain, aur atirikt detta joe cd-aar yaa disk chhavi mein coppy karna mushkil yaa asambhav hoe sakata haye, lekin joe software pratyek baar yeh sunishchit karane key liye jaanch kartaa haye kii yeh ack mool disk haye aur computer key cd-rome drive mein ack anadhikrit prati maujood naheen haye.
cd lekhakon (cd-aar yaa cd-ardablue) key nirmaataon koo sangeet udyog dwara yeh sunishchit karane key liye protsaahit kiya jaataa haye kii unake dwara utpaadit pratyek drive mein ack advitiya pahchankarta hoe, jise harr disk parr drive dwara encode kiya jaayega jise yeh record kartaa haih chhoot yaa recorder pehchaan code. yeh srot pehchaan code (side) kaa ack samkaksh haye, ack aathh varna code joe "aaee. aff. pee. aaee" seey shuru hotaa haye jise aamtaur parr cd recording sanyantron dwara utpaadit disk parr muhar lagaai jaati haye.

