
uttar-paschim austin nagarpalika upayogita jilaa nam. 1 vee. dhaarak

uttar-paschim austin nagarpalika upayogita jilaa nam. 1 vee. dhaarak, 557 yuu.aiss. 193 (2009), 1965 key matdan adhikaar adhiniyam kii dhaara 5 key sambandh mein sanyukt raajya sarvocch nyayalaya kaa ack nirnay thaa, aur vishesh roop seey isaki aavashyakta thee kii kuchh raajyon mein prastaavit chunavi-kaanoon parivartanon koo sanghiya sarkaar dwara anumodit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. 9-0 key nirnay mein, adalat ney nishkarsh nikala kii jilaa prati dhaara 4 (aeye) seey chhoot (bellout) key liye aavedan karane kaa paatr thaa, kyonki dhaara 14 (see) (2) mein "raajneetik upkhand" kii paribhasha mein iss prakriti kaa ack jilaa shamil thaa. 8-1 raay mein, adalat ney samvaidhaanik parihar key siddhant kaa hawala dete hue usa praavdhaan kii samvaidhaaniktaa parr faisala dene seey incar curr diyaa.
prishthabhoomi.
apeelkarta, uttar-paschim austin nagarpalika upayogita jilaa nam. 1, texas key austin key uttar-paschim mein sthit ack chhota saa upayogita jilaa haye. jile koo ack nirvaachit board dwara chalaaya jaataa haye.
jile kaa kabhi bhee apane kissy bhee chunaav mein nasleeya bhedbhaav kaa koee itihas yaa daavaa naheen thaa. haalaanki, kyonki jilaa texas mein sthit haye, yeh 1965 key matdan adhikaar adhiniyam kii dhaara 5 kii aavashyaktaon key adheen thaa (yeh adhiniyam, joe bhedbhaav key itihas vaale raajyon parr lagu hotaa haye, vishesh roop seey dakshin mein zim kauve-yug key kaanoonon koo dekhate hue) aur raajya key bheetar kissy bhee "raajneetik upkhand" taka faila huaa haye.
haalaanki, adhiniyam kii ack anya dhaara, §4 (aeye), ack raajneetik upkhand koo "bellout" (i.ee.yadi kuchh sharton koo puuraa kiya jaataa haye tou poorv-manjuri aavashyaktaon seey mukt karein. iss prakaar jile ney sanyukt raajya america kii jilaa adalat mein kolambiya jile key liye mukadama daayar kiya, jisamen dhaara 4 (aeye) key tahat jamaanat kii maang kii gaee. jile ney vikalp mein tark diyaa kii, yadi dhaara 5 kii vyakhya ise jamaanat key liye ayogya banaane key liye kii gaee thee, tou dhaara 5 asamvaidhaanik thaa.
jilaa adalat ney donon daavon koo khariz curr diyaa. isane nishkarsh nikala kii dhaara 4 (aeye) key tahat bellout kewal countiyon, pairishon aur upa-ikaaiyon key liye upalabdh haye joe matdaataon koo panjikrit karate hain, naa kii jile jaisi ikai key liye joe apane swayam key matdaataon koo panjikrit naheen karati haye. isane yeh bhee nishkarsh nikala kii 2006 kaa ack sanshodhan 25 varshon key liye §5 kaa vistaar samvaidhaanik thaa.
29 aprail, 2009 koo daleelen aayojit kii gaeen. mukhya nyayadhish roberts aur nyaayamurti alito ney sawal kiya kii congress ney sabhi 50 raajyon mein dhaara 5 kaa vistaar kyon naheen kiya.
adalat kii raay.
khand I [kanuni aur aitihaasik prishthabhoomi].
kuchh bhaag mein, roberts ney pandrahaven sanshodhan key pravartan key samasyagrast itihas kaa varnan kiya, jisake kaaran matdan adhikaar adhiniyam paarit huaa, jisamen seey adhikansh mein una kshetron key liye "sakht upchaaron kii yojana" shamil haye, jahaan matdan bhedbhaav sabse adhik spasht rhaa haye."inn upaayon koo dhaara 5 dwara badhaava diyaa gayaa thaa, jisane raajya chunaav prakriya mein kissy bhee badalaav koo taba taka nilambit curr diyaa jaba taka kii sanghiya sarkaar ney pramaanit naheen kiya kii naa tou iska uddeshya haye aur naa hii nasl yaa rung key kaaran matdan key adhikaar koo aswikar karane yaa cumm karane kaa prabhaav hoga."inn upaayon koo spasht matadhikar key kshetron taka seemit karane key liye, adhiniyam unhein kewal una raajyon parr lagu kartaa haye joe kuchh spasht manakon koo puuraa karate hain. haalaanki, yeh maanate hue kii yeh coverage sootra "apani vyaapak sarkari ikaaiyon key bheetar kissy bhee gairkaanooni bhedbhavpurna matdan prathaon key doshi naheen hoe sakata haye, [congress] ney aise kshetradhikaron koo turant upalabdh suraksha pradaan kii... [aeye] 'bellout' mukadama."
roberts ney phir dee key tahat iss tarah key soot kii aavashyaktaon koo nirdhaarit kiya. see. 42 yuu. aiss. see. § 1973bee. unhone kahaa kii dhaara 4 aur 5 asthaayi praavdhaan they-way mool roop seey kewal paanch varshon key liye prabhaavi honey kii ummeed thee. dhaara 4 (aeye), 79 kaa praavdhaan. 438. haalaanki, congress ney 1970 (5 varshon key liye), 1975 (7 varshon key liye), aur 1982 (25 varshon key liye) mein adhiniyam koo phir seey adhikrit kiya; pratyek punah pradhikaran koo asamvaidhaanik key roop mein mukadama daayar kiya gayaa thaa, aur pratyek baar sarvocch nyayalaya ney isaki samvaidhaaniktaa koo barkarar rakhaa. haal hii mein, 2006 mein, congress ney §5 koo aur 25 varshon key liye badhaa diyaa. yeh navintam vistaar thaa joe abb adalat key samaksh thaa.
bhaag bee mein jile key mukadame key prakriyaatmak itihas kii visheshta haye.
dhaara II [samvaidhaanik daavaa].
dhaara II mein, nyaay roberts ney matdan adhikaar adhiniyam kii "nirvivaad" aitihaasik uplabdhiyon koo sweekaar kiya. haalaanki, yeh adhiniyam abb gambhir samvaidhaanik chintaon koo janm detaa haye."vishesh roop seey, §5", joe raajya aur sthaaniya neeti nirmaan key samvedansheel kshetron mein sanghiya ghuspaith koo adhikrit kartaa haye, paryaapt 'sanghiya laagat' lagaata haye, joe iss adalat key sadasyon koo §5 kii samvaidhaaniktaa key baare mein gambhir sandeh vyakt karane kaa kaaran banaa haye. iss beach, kuchh sharton parr adalat ney bharosa kiya jaba usane pahale iss vaidhaanik yojana koo barkarar rakhaa thaa, tou nirvivaad roop seey sudhaar huaa haye. "una sudhaaron mein koee sandeh naheen haye kii matdan adhikaar adhiniyam key mahatvapurna hisse key kaaran, aur isaki safalata key liye ack smaarak key roop mein khade hain", lekin adhiniyam vartamaan bojh koo lagu kartaa haye aur vartamaan aavashyaktaon dwara uchit thaharaaya jaanaa chaahiye. yeh adhiniyam raajyon key beach una tarikon seey bhee antar kartaa haye joe abb uchit naheen hoe sakate hain.
adalat yeh maanati haye kii congress key kissy adhiniyam kii samvaidhaaniktaa kaa nirnay lena "sabse gambhir aur sabse najuk kartavya haye jise iss adalat koo nibhaane key liye kahaa jaataa haye."jilaa adalat ney paaya kii record mein congress key yogdan ney nirantar nasleeya bhedbhaav koo pralekhit kiya, aur yeh kii §5 bhedbhavpurna parivartanon koo rokta haye. adalat vidhaayi atikramanon key khilaf ack seemit samvidhaan key gadh key roop mein apane kartavya seey sikud naheen jaayegi, lekin "[i] t haye. . . achchi tarah seey sthaapit. . . kii aam taur parr adalat kissy samvaidhaanik prashn kaa nirnay naheen karegi yadi mamle kaa niptara karane key liye koee anya aadhar haye."yahaan, jilaa aise anya aadhar pradaan kartaa haih yeh ack vaidhaanik daavaa uthaata haye kii yeh dhaara 4 aur 5 key tahat jamaanat key liye paatr haye. iss daave kaa astitva" "samvaidhaanik parihar" "key iss siddhant kaa ahwan kartaa haye, jaisa kii" "escombia county v" "mein visheshta haye. mcmillan.
adalat ney nyaayamurti thomas key iss tark seey asahamati jataai kii iss siddhant kaa yahaan koee auchitya naheen haye. unakaa tark haye kii aggar adalat ney jile key vaidhaanik tark koo apane paksh mein hull kiya, tou bhee usey samvaidhaanik prashn taka pahunchana hoga, kyonki jile key vaidhaanik tark seey vaha sabhi raahat naheen milegi joe vaha chaahata haye. haalaanki, jilaa spasht roop seey apani samvaidhaanik chunauti koo apane vaidhaanik tark key "vikalp mein" honey key roop mein varnit kartaa haye. jile key vakeel ney maukhik bahas mein isaki pushti kii.
dhaara III [vaidhaanik daavaa].
dhaara III mein, roberts ney jile key sankeern tark koo sambodhit kiya kii yeh dhaara 4 aur 5 kii aavashyaktaon key tahat jamaanat key liye paatr haye. prashn dhaara 14 (see) (2) mein upayog kiye gaye shabd "[pee] alitical subdivision" kii ichchit paribhasha parr tikaa huaa haye. adalat ney nishkarsh nikala kii "sabhi raajneetik upkhand-naa kewal dhaara 14 (see) (2) mein varnit-jamaanat yachika daayar karane key paatr hain", iss prakaar jilaa adalat koo palat diyaa gayaa.
aanshik roop seey sahamati aur aanshik roop seey asahamati.
justice clarence thomas ney aanshik roop seey sahamati vyakt kii aur aanshik roop seey asahamati jataai.
unhone iss faisale seey sahamati vyakt kii kii jile koo jamaanat yachika daayar karane mein saksham honah chaahiye. haalaanki, unhone §5 kii samvaidhaaniktaa koo sambodhit naheen karane key bahumat key nirnay seey asahamati jataai aur tark diyaa kii §5 abb samvaidhaanik naheen haye (ack sthiti joe vaha ack baar phir "shelby county banaam" mein lenge. dhaarak "jaba dhaara 5 kii samvaidhaaniktaa kaa mudda ack baar phir uthaaya jaayega).

