
khowar varnamala

khowar varnamala khowar bhasha key liye upayog kii jaane vaali daaen seey baaen varnamala haye. yeh urdu varnamala kaa ack sanshodhan haye, joe apane aap mein farsi varnamala aur arabi varnamala seey vyutpann haye aur sulekh nastalik lipi kaa upayog kartaa haye.
itihas.
chitral raajya key mehtar key shasson key dauran khowar bhasha kaa vikas huaa. beesavin shatabdi kii shuruat seey hii khowar koo khowar varnamala mein likhaa gayaa haye, joe urdu varnamala parr adharit haye aur naastalik lipi kaa upayog kartaa haye. isase pahale, bhasha maukhik parampara key madhyam seey chalati thee. aaj urdu aur angreji aadhikarik bhaashaaen hain aur kavayitri aur gadya rachana donon mein khowar kaa ekmatra pramukh saahityik upayog haye. 1960 key dashak seey kabhi-kabhi roman lipi key ack sanskaran mein bhee khowar likhaa jaataa haye jise roman khowar kahaa jaataa haye. 1996 mein khowar typewriter key aavishkaar key bavjood, 1990 key dashak key anta taka khowar lekhakon dwara hastalikhit lipiyon seey khowar samachar patra aur samachar patra prakaashit hotey rahey. masik jhaang pahala samachar patra haye joe "naasta 'lick" computer-adharit rachana kaa upayog karane vaalaa pahala khowar samachar patra thaa. computer aur internet parr adhik parishkrit aur upayogkarta key anukool khowar samarthan vikasit karane key prayaas chala rahey hain. aajkal, lagbhag sabhi khowar samachar patra, patrikaaen, patrikaaen aur patrikaaen vibhinn khowar software programon key madhyam seey computer parr banaai jaati hain.
nasta 'lick.
naastalik sulekh lekhan shally nask aur taalik lipiyon key farsi mishran key roop mein shuru hui. nastalic apane nask samkaksh kii tulanaa mein adhik ghumaavdaar aur bahata haye.
varnamala.
khowar varnamala key aksharon aur unake uchchaaran kii soochi neeche dee gaee haye. khowar mein arabi aur farsi seey kaee aitihaasik vartani hain, aur isaliye isamen kaee aniyamitataaen hain. arabi akshar "yaa" aur "haa" donon key khowar mein dou prakaar hainh "yaa" roopon mein seey ack kaa upayog dhwani key liye shabdon key anta mein kiya jaataa haye, aur "haa" roopon mein seey ack kaa upayog aspirated aur breathy voyce vyanjanon koo ingit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. retroflex vyanjanon koo bhee jodane kii aavashyakta thee; yeh sambandhit dunt vyanjanon key oopar ack superscript ("seey") rakhkar puuraa kiya gayaa thaa. kaee akshar joe arabi mein vishisht vyanjanon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, farsi mein mishrit hain, aur yeh khowar taka leey jaaya gayaa haye. kuchh mool arabi aksharon kaa upayog khowar mein naheen kiya jaataa haye.
yeh vyanjan uchchaaran dene vaale khowar aksharon kii soochi haye. inmein seey kaee akshar swar dhwaniyon kaa bhee pratinidhitva karate hain.
swar.
khowar mein swaron koo una aksharon dwara darshaaya jaataa haye jinhen vyanjan bhee maanaa jaataa haye. kaee swar dhwaniyon koo ack akshar dwara darshaaya jaa sakata haye. bhram paida hoe sakata haye, lekin sandarbh aamtaur parr sahee dhwani kaa pataa lagaane key liye paryaapt hotaa haye.
swar chart.
yeh praarambhik, madhya aur antim sthitiyon mein paae jaane vaale khowar swaron kii ack soochi haye.
laghu swar.
laghu swar ("aeye", "aaee", "yuu") koo vyanjan key oopar aur neeche key nishan dwara darshaaya jaataa haye.
"alif.
alif (aeye) khowar varnamala kaa pahala akshar haye, aur iska upayog vishesh roop seey ack swar key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. ack shabd kii shuruat mein, alif kaa upayog kissy bhee chhote swar kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, ee.jee. abdar, isam, urdu. shuruat mein bhee, ack alif (aeye) key baad yaa tou vaa 'oh (oh) yaa yuu (ee) ack lambi swar dhwani kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. haalaanki, shuruat mein kewal vaa 'oh (vaa) yaa yuu (ee) ack vyanjan kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye.
alif kaa ack prakaar bhee haye, jise alif maid (aeye) kahaa jaataa haye. iska upayog ack shabd kii shuruat mein ack lambe "aaa" kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, ee.jee. aap loga, adimad. ack shabd key beach yaa anta mein, lambe aaa koo kewal "alif" (aeye), ee dwara darshaaya jaataa haye.jee. baag baag, aaraam aaram.
"vaah".
vaa 'oh kaa upayog "ooo", "oh" aur "auo" swaron koo prastut karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. yeh vyanjanon "doubleu" aur "vee" koo bhee prastut kartaa haye, lekin kaee loga inn dou dhwaniyon key beach bhramit hoe jaate hain.
"aap.
aap dou roopon mein vibhajit hainh choti yuu aur baari yuu.
"choti yuu" (ee) sabhi roopon mein likhaa gayaa haye jaisa kii farsi mein likhaa gayaa haye. iska upayog lambe swar "ī" aur vyanjan "y" key liye kiya jaataa haye.
"baari yeye" (Â) kaa upayog swar "ee" aur "aaee" (aur) koo prastut karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. "burry yuu" koo lekhan mein choti seey kewal tabhi alag kiya jaataa haye jaba yeh ack shabd key anta mein aataa haye.
vishisht aksharon kaa upayog.
retroflex akshar.
retroflex vyanjan farsi varnamala mein maujood naheen they, aur isaliye vishesh roop seey khowar key liye banaae jaane they. yeh sambandhit dunt vyanjanon key oopar ack superscript ("seey") rakhkar puuraa kiya gayaa thaa.
"chashmi karo.
dou chashmi haye" (<unk>) akshar kaa upayog mool hindustani shabdon mein, akanksha aur shwas kii aavaaz key liye kiya jaataa haye. vyanjanon koo kabhi-kabhi alag-alag aksharon key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye, halanki way degraph hain.