rashtramandal matadhikar adhiniyam 1902

rashtramandal matadhikar adhiniyam 1902 (see. tii. aich.) australia kii sansad kaa ack adhiniyam thaa joe nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii australiyai sanghiya chunaavon mein kaun matdan karane kaa hakdar thaa. iss adhiniyam ney 1903 key australiyai sanghiya chunaav key samay mein, una logon key liye sanghiya chunaavon key liye matadhikar sthaapit kiya joe 21 varsh seey adhik ayu key british praja they joe chhah maheene taka australia mein rahey they. haalaanki, shwet australia neeti key anuroop, adhiniyam ney australia, asia, africa aur prashant dweepon (newzealand key alawa) key mool nivaasiyon koo sanghiya matadhikar seey baahar curr diyaa, jaba taka kii way pahale seey hii ack australiyai raajya mein matdan karane key liye namankit naa houn. iss adhiniyam ney australiyai mahilaaon koo sanghiya star parr matdan karane aur sansad key liye khade honey kaa adhikaar diyaa, jaba taka kii way matadhikar seey baahar kiye gaye logon kii shreniyon mein seey ack mein naheen aatee hain.
iss adhiniyam koo nirast curr diyaa gayaa aur rashtramandal chunavi adhiniyam 1918 dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa.
itihas.
1901 mein australia key sangh seey pahale, australia mein chhah upanivesh shamil they, jinamen seey pratyek kii apani matdan pranali aur matadhikar thaa. sangh key baad, upanivesh apani matdan pranali aur matadhikar nirdhaarit karane key liye samvaidhaanik shakti vaale raajya bunn gaye. dakshin australia aur paschimi australia koo chhodkar sabhi raajyon mein mahilaaon koo matdan seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa. paschimi australia mein, swadeshi australiyai, asiai aur african logon koo matdan seey taba taka baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa jaba taka kii way sampatti kii yogyata koo puuraa naheen karate. raani bhoomi mein, 'australia, bhaarat, chean yaa dakshin samudri dweepon key mool nivasi' taba taka matdan naheen curr sakate they jaba taka kii way sampatti kii yogyata koo puuraa naheen karate.
australia key samvidhaan kii dhaara 41 ney 1901 mein pahala sanghiya chunaav kaise aayojit kiya jaanaa thaa, ise niyantrit kiya. yeh pradaan kartaa haye kii koee bhee vyakti joe raajya key chunaav mein namankit thaa aur matdan karane key liye paatr thaa, vaha bhee sanghiya chunaav mein matdan curr sakata thaa, jabaki iss adhiniyam ney rashtriya star parr sanghiya chunaavon key liye matadhikar koo paribhaashit kiya. karyakari parishad key upaadhyaksh richard oh 'connor ney senate mein vidheyak pesh kiya aur baad mein grih mantri villium linn ney pratinidhi sabhaa mein pesh kiya. yeh sadan key samaksh senate mein pesh kiye jaane vaale kuchh pramukh kaanoonon mein seey ack haye.
kaary.
adhiniyam mein mool roop seey kewal paanch khand they. mukhya praavdhaan dhaara teen thee, jisamen yeh praavdhaan kiya gayaa thaa kii sanghiya chunaav mein nirvaachak swabhavik roop seey paida hue ekvees varsh seey adhik ayu key british vishay, purush yaa mahila, vivaahit yaa ekal, joe cumm seey cumm chhah maheene taka australia mein rahey they, aur joe kissy bhee sanghiya nirvaachan prabhaag mein matadaata soochi mein they. isaliye, mahilaaon koo sanghiya chunaavon mein matdan karane kaa adhikaar praapt huaa, bhale hii unhein unake raajya mein matadhikar naa diyaa gayaa hoe.
adhiniyam kii dhaara 4 ney dhaara 3 mein samanya paribhasha seey kaee ayogyataaen dee. joe loga kissy bhee samay rajdroh key doshi thaharaae gaye they, way matdan naheen curr sakate they. ack vyakti joe kissy bhee aparaadh key liye sajaa key tahat thaa yaa sajaa kii prateeksha curr rhaa thaa jise ack saal yaa usase adhik samay key liye karawas (australia, yaa sanyukt raajya key kaanoon key tahat, yaa samrajya key kissy anya prabhutva key) seey dandit kiya jaa sakata thaa, usey bhee matdan karane kii anumati naheen thee. aswasth dimag" key logon koo bhee ayogya ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. australia, asia, africa aur prashant dweepon (newzealand koo chhodkar) key mool nivasi taba taka sanghiya chunaav mein matdan karane key hakdar naheen they jaba taka kii way pahale seey hii kissy raajya mein namankit naa houn aur australiyai samvidhaan kii dhaara 41 kii aavashyaktaon koo puuraa naa karein.
samvidhaan kii dhaara 41 mein praavdhaan haye kii raajya sansad key chunaav mein matdan karane kaa adhikaar rakhane vaale kissy bhee vayask vyakti koo rashtramandal key kissy bhee kaanoon dwara sanghiya chunaav mein matdan karane seey rokaa naheen jaa sakata haye. iss dhaara kii baad mein sankeern roop seey vyakhya kii gaee thee kii kewal way loga joe adhiniyam key paarit honey seey pahale raajya chunaavon mein matdan karane key liye namankit they, unhein samvidhaan key iss khand key tahat sanrakshit matdan kaa adhikaar thaa.
samvidhaan kii dhaara 44 kaee logon koo pratinidhiyon key sadan yaa senate key liye nirvaachit honey seey ayogya thaharaati haye, jaise kii kissy videshi shakti (jaise kii kissy anya desh kaa nagrik) key prati nishtha rakhane vaalaa koee bhee vyakti, yaa koee bhee vyakti joe diwalia yaa diwalia haye. haalaanki, inn logon koo adhiniyam dwara matdan karane seey naheen rokaa gayaa thaa.
adhiniyam kii dhaara 5 mein praavdhaan kiya gayaa haye kii koee bhee vyakti chunaav mein ack seey adhik baar matdan naheen curr sakata haye.
mahilaaon kaa matadhikar.
mahila matadhikar key binaa chaar raajyon mein mahilaaon ney iss adhiniyam kii dhaara 3 key tahat rashtramandal chunaavon mein matdan kaa adhikaar hassil kiya.
mahila matadhikar parr praavdhaan lambi bahas kaa vishay thaa. kuchh rajneta iss baat koo laker chintit they kii mahilaaon koo matdan karane kii anumati dene seey vivaahit purushon key paksh mein bhedbhaav hoga, kyonki surr edward bradden key shabdon mein, "vivaahit purush, apane parivaar mein khush haye, jisaki patni kaa vote vaha haye jise vaha adesh dey sakata haye... dou vote honge."adhiniyam mein mahilaaon koo matadhikar dene kaa adhikansh virodh iss vishvaas parr adharit thaa kii, villium nox key shabdon mein," ack mahila key jeevan kii mukhya mahatvakanksha ack sammaanit aur imandar purush kii patni banana honah chaahiye."halanki, mahilaaon koo vote dene key liye bahut samarthan thaa, aur sansad key donon sadanon mein badee sankhya mein bahumat ney vidheyak koo manjuri dee.
nasleeya pratibandh.
barton sarkaar kaa mool roop seey irada thaa kii adiwasi australiyai logon koo sanghiya chunaavon mein matdan karane kaa adhikaar honah chaahiye, lekin prastaav koo sansad mein majboot virodh kaa saamana karna padaa. senator george pears ney tark diyaa kii badee swadeshi aabaadi vaale kshetron mein pashupaalak vishesh ummidvaaron koo vote dene key liye swadeshi logon koo jodd-toda curr rakh sakate hain. halanki, ack swadeshi sanghiya matadhikar key adhikansh virodhiyon ney daavaa kiya kii adiwasi australiyai chunaav mein matdan karane yaa sansad key liye khade honey key yogya naheen they. adhiniyam parr sansadiya bahas key dauran, raajaa oh 'maali ney kahaa, "ack adiwasi ack maori jitna buddhiman naheen hotaa haye. iss baat kaa koee vaigyaanik pramaan naheen haye kii vaha ack insan haye."
iss virodh key aalok mein vidheyak mein sanshodhan kiya gayaa thaa aur adhiniyam ney australia, asia, africa aur prashant dweepon (newzealand maori koo chhodkar) key mool nivaasiyon koo sanghiya chunaavon mein matdan karane key liye ayogya ghoshit curr diyaa thaa, jaba taka kii way samvidhaan kii dhaara 41 key tahat hakdar naa houn. matadhikar seey "rangeen" apravasiyon kaa bahishkaar safed australia neeti key anuroop thaa, jise vyaapak sansadiya aur samudayik samarthan praapt thaa. maori key liye apavaad kaa samarthan sansadon dwara iss aadhar parr kiya gayaa thaa kii maori koo newzealand mein vote thaa aur way "atyadhik sabhya" they.
sambandhit kaanoon.
adhiniyam ney sanghiya star parr ack pahale-pichhale-post matdan pranali, daak matdan aur anupasthit matdan kii sthaapana kii. 1908 mein, ack sthaayi matadaata soochi sthaapit kii gaee aur 1911 mein, sabhi paatr matdaataon key liye matadaata soochi mein namankan karna anivarya hoe gayaa. anivarya namankan key kaaran matdan mein badee vriddhi hui, bhale hii matdan abhee bhee swaichhik thaa. 1912 seey, chunaav shaniwar koo hue hain.
viraasat.
1918 mein, adhiniyam koo nirast curr diyaa gayaa aur rashtramandal chunavi adhiniyam 1918 dwara pratisthaapit curr diyaa gayaa. 1918 key adhiniyam key lagu honey key baad australiyai chunavi pranali kii kaee vartamaan visheshtaon koo pesh kiya gayaa thaa. 1918 mein pratinidhiyon key sadan key liye tatkaal matdan shuru kiya gayaa thaa, 1924 mein anivarya matdan shuru kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1949 mein senate key liye ekal hastantaraniya vote pesh kiya gayaa thaa. sabhi swadeshi australiyai logon koo 1962 mein sanghiya chunaavon mein matdan karane kaa adhikaar diyaa gayaa thaa. 1973 mein yogyata matdan kii ayu koo ghataakar 18 curr diyaa gayaa thaa.

