
giangiacomo feedrinelli

giangiacomo feedrinelli (19 juuna 1926-14 march 1972) ack prabhaavshaali italvi prakaashak, vyavasaayi aur raajneetik karyakarta they joe dwiteeya vishva yuddh aur itali key netritva key varshon key beach kii avadhi mein sakriya they. unhone mukhya roop seey antarrashtriya shram aur samajwadi andolanon key itihas mein dastavejon key ack vishal pustakalaya kii sthaapana kii.
1950 key dashak key anta mein soviyat sangh seey pandulipi kii taskari key baad boris pasternak key upanyaas "doctor jhivaago" kaa paschim mein anuvaad aur prakaashan karane key apane nirnay key liye fieldrinelli shayed sabse prasiddh hain. 1972 mein rahasyamay paristhitiyon mein unaki hinsak roop seey mrityu hoe gaee.
praarambhik jeevan.
giangiacomo feltrinelli kaa janm 1926 mein itali key sabse ameer parivaaron mein seey ack mein huaa thaa, joe shayed felrey mein utpann huaa thaa. unake pitaa, carlo feltrinally, ney "credit italiano", edison aiss sahit kaee companiyon koo niyantrit kiya.pee.aeye. aur "legnami feltrinally", joe madhya europe mein vishal lakadi kii joth kaa prabandhan kartaa thaa, kuchh ney unnisvin shatabdi mein italvi railway patariyon key vishal vistaar key liye sleeper pradaan kiye they. carlo kii mrityu 1935 mein hui. giangiacomo kii rajtantravadi maan, gianalisa key ukasaave parr, italvi tanashah benito musolini ney unhein 12 saal kii umr mein raajaa vittoriyo emmanuel III dwara march dee garganano banaaya thaa. feltrinally kii maan ney 1940 mein italvi samachar patra "koriyer della seraa" key sampaadak luigi barzini seey shaadi kii. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, parivaar ney saalo key uttar mein garganano mein vilaa feedrinelli koo musolini key kabje mein rahane key liye chhod diyaa, aur monte argentine chaley gaye.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh.
yuva fieldrinelli ney sabse pahale apane parivaar kii sampatti chalaane vaale karmchaariyon key saath charcha key dauran garib aur mazdoor varg kii jeevan sthitiyon mein ruchi lii. unakaa maanana thaa kii poonjeevaad key tahat adhikansh loga kabhi bhee unake visheshaadhikaar praapt naheen curr sakate they aur way udyogpatiyon aur bhoomi maalikon koo apane shram koo thode paise mein bechane key liye majboor they. yuddh key baad key charanon key dauran, filtrinelli "legnano" yuddh samooh mein shamil hoe gaye aur aakramankari german "wehrmatch" aur musolini key fasiwadi shasson key avasheshon seey ladate hue italvi communist party (pee. see. aaee.) mein dakhila liya.
yuddh key baad kii avadhi mein, pee. see. aaee. koo bahut adhik lokpriya samarthan aur raajneetik prabhaav thaa; 1948 key baad yeh mukhya vipaksh bunn gayaa. itali aarthik roop seey barbad hoe gayaa thaa aur party key musolini key pichhale virodh ney ise bahut lokpriyata dilaaee thee. pee. see. aaee. 1947 taka gathbandhan mein thaa.
viraasat.
carlo feedrinelli kii vaseeyat ney giangiacomo koo apani teen-chauthai sampatti kaa uttaradhikari banaa diyaa, joe 1947 mein 21 saal kii umr mein poori tarah seey unake niyantran mein aaa gaee. "bainka union" (poorv mein "bainka feedrinelli") 1968 taka giangiacomo dwara niyantrit thaa, jaba ise michel sindona dwara adhigrahit kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh vyakhyaon key anusaar, sindona koo vatican baink dwara filtrinelli koo khareedane key liye prerit kiya gayaa thaa, joe ack alpasankhyak sharedharak thaa joe ack communist bhagidar key saath sahvaas seey sharminda thaa.
pustakalaya.
1949 seey feedrinelli ney milan mein giangiacomo feedrinelli pustakalaya key liye dastaavez ekatra kiye, jisamen vichaaron key itihas kaa dastavejikaran kiya gayaa, vishesh roop seey antarrashtriya shram aur samajwadi andolanon key vikas seey sambandhit. pustakalaya baad mein ack sansthaan bunn gayaa; baad mein abhee bhee giangiacomo fieldrinelli foundation, jisamen lagbhag 200,000 durlabh aur aadhunik pustaken, samachar patron aur patrikaon (aitihaasik aur vartamaan donon) kaa vyaapak sangrah aur duss laakh seey adhik praathamik srot samagri thee.
prakaashan.
1954 key anta mein, fieldrinelli ney milan mein ack prakaashan company kii sthaapana kii, "giangiacomo feldrinelli edor". isaki pahali prakaashit pustak bhaarat key pahale pradhaanmantri jawaharlal nehru kii aatmakatha thee.
"dow. jhivaago ".
1956 key anta mein, ack italvi patrakaar ney russie lekhak boris pasternak dwara "doctor jhivaago" kii pandulipi koo feltrinally koo dikhaaya. fieldrinelli key daswadi salaahkaar ney unhein upanyaas prakaashit karane key liye kahaa, yeh kahate hue kii aisaa naa karna "sanskriti key khilaf aparaadh hoga". unake bete carlo kii fieldrinelli kii jeevani mein unake aur pasternak key beach ack patrachar darj haye kyonki unhone upanyaas key prakaashan koo rokane key soviyat shasson key anaadi prayason kaa safaltapurvak virodh kiya thaa. "doctor jhivaago" turant ack antarrashtriya bestseller bunn gayaa. 
feltrinally ney film key adhikaar metro-goldwyn-meyer koo $450,000 mein betch diye. 1965 mein nirmit, parinami roopaantaran abb taka kii sabse adhik kamai karane vaali aur sameekshakon dwara prashansit filmon mein seey ack bunn gaee. masco mein communist netritva, joe pustak koo prakaashit naheen karna chaahata thaa, ney fieldrinelli kii aalochana kii, jinhone badale mein 1957 mein apani pee. see. aaee. sadasyata koo navinikrit naheen karane kaa faisala kiya. jabaki fieldrinelli pee. see. aaee. key saath achche sambandhon parr rahey, party key netaa soviyat sangh kii aalochana koo maaf karane key liye anichhuk they.
"tendua.
"filtrinelli edore" ney 1958 mein ack aur takhtapalat kiya jaba isane ack anya mahatvapurna italvi prakaashak dwara aswikar kii gaee pustak prakaashit keeh giuseppe tomasi dee lampedusa dwara "dha lepard". kuchh logon dwara beesavin shatabdi key sabse mahaan upanyaas key roop mein varnit, "tendua" 19veen shatabdi key madhya key "resorgimento" key dauran cicilian kuleenata parr kendrit haye, jaba italvi madhyam varg hinsak roop seey ubhara aur guseppe garribaldi aur house off sevoy key tahat ack sanyukt itali kaa gathan kiya.
inn safaltaon key bavjood, "feeldrinly editor" koo ack varsh mein lagbhag 40 karod lear kaa nuksan huaa, kyonki feeldrinly koo adhikatam pathakon taka pahunch key liye apani kimaton koo cumm rakhane mein vishvaas thaa. phir bhee, 1956 mein "fieldrinelli libra" pustakon kii dukaan shrinkhala kii 12 karod leira kii nammatra kii poonji thee. agale varsh, fieldrinelli ney khudra dukaanon kii ack shrinkhala kaa nirmaan kiya joe unaki mrityu key baad itali mein sabse badee bunn gaee; isamen sou seey adhik pustakon kii dukaanen theen. "fieldrinelli mesnite", jisaki unhone adhyakshata kii, kaa 1965 mein 1 arab dollar kaa karobar huaa thaa. ack anya firm jisaki unhone achal sampatti key vikas parr salah dee thee, kii 1970 mein 40 karod dollar kii poonji thee. isaliye fieldrinelli key anya niveshon seey paryaapt dhana upalabdh thaa.
unakaa apana padhane kaa swaad joe bhee hoe, fieldrinelli hamesha "awant-garde" koo badhaava dene key liye utsuk they, jisamen prabhaavshaali saahityik circle samooh 63 kii kritiyaan bhee shamil theen. unhone heinry miller key "tropic off cancer" jaise italvi ashlilata kaanoonon key tahat pratibandhit upanyason koo prakaashit karane aur vitarit karane kaa jokhim bhee uthaaya.
1960 mein fieldrinelli ney german photographer inge sconthal seey shaadi kii, jinhone carlo naam key ack bete koo janm diyaa. ing antatah "fieldrinelli edor" key "vaastavik" pramukh bunn gaye kyonki fieldrinelli ney khud koo gupt raajneetik gatividhi mein samarpit curr diyaa, jise unhone aswikar curr diyaa. maan aur betaa aaj bhee ack saath prakaashan ghar chalaate hain.
sakriyata.
yuddh key baad kii avadhi mein, filtrinelli pee. see. aaee. mein lautane seey pahale italvi samajwadi party (pee. aiss. aaee.) mein shamil hoe gaye they, jise unhone 1957 mein phir seey chhod diyaa thaa.
teesari vishva sakriyata.
fieldrinelli ney 1960 key dashak mein duniya kii yatra kii aur vibhinn kattarpanthi teesari duniya key netaaon aur gurilla andolanon key saath sambandh banaae. photographer alberto corda key cuba key ghar mein, fieldrinelli ney dekhaa aur unhein coord kii chey gwera kii pratishthit tasveer dee gaee. chey kii hatyaa key chhah maheene key bheetar, fieldrinelli ney chhavi vaale 20 laakh seey adhik poster beche. 1964 mein, feltrinally cuba key pradhaan mantri fidel castro seey mille. 1967 mein way bolivia gaye aur regis debre seey mulakat kii.
fieldrinelli ney castro, chey aur hoe chee minh jaisi hastiyon key lekhan aur dakshin poorv asia aur madhya poorv mein ubharate vidrohon aur yuddhon parr parche kii ack shrinkhala prakaashit kii. vaha chhaatr netaa rudy dutske key karibi dost they, jinhen unhone hatyaa key prayaas mein dutske key gambhir roop seey ghayal honey key baad itali mein thheek honey key liye aamantrit kiya thaa. feltrinally ney anya karanon key saath-saath philistine mukti morche koo vittiya sahaayata dee. 
gurilla gatividhi.
1968 mein filtrinelli dweep parr vampanthi aur algavvadi samoohon key saath sampark karane key liye sardinia gaye, jiska uddeshya sardinia koo cuba key samaan ack samajwadi ganarajya banaana aur "ise upaniveshvaad seey mukt karna" thaa. graziano messina kii vidrohi senaaon koo majboot karane key unake prayaas koo antatah italvi sainya khufiya dwara radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
feldrinelli ney mazdoor varg kii or seey itali mein gurilla gatividhi kii teji seey vakaalat kii. 1970 mein, ack dakshinpanthi "takhtapalat dee 'attot" key darr seey, unhone ugravaadi "grouppy dee azion partigiana" (pakshapaatpurna kaarravaai samooh, yaa antaral) kii sthaapana kii. laal brigedon key baad, netritva key varshon key dauran gathit honey vaalaa antar itali kaa doosara sabse badaa aatankvaadi sangathan bunn jaayega. siyaa yaa mosad dwara hatyaa key prayason kaa anuman lagaate hue, filtrinelli ney ack "nome dee guerrey" ("oswaldo") grahan kiya aur bhoomigat hoe gayaa.
mrityu.
15 march 1972 koo, milan key paas segret mein ack bijli key toran key neeche filtrinelli mrit paaya gayaa, joe ack visfotak upkaran seey maaraa gayaa thaa jise vaha aur anya antaral sadasya ack dinn pahale lagaa rahey they. lagbhag 8,000 loga feedrinelli key antim sanskar mein shamil hue. unaki mrityu, unake pitaa kii 37 saal pahale kii tarah, khoji patrakaar camilla cederna sahit kaee buddhijiviyon dwara sandigdh key roop mein dekhi gaee thee, lekin barjini ney raajya praayojit hatyaa kii parikalpana koo khariz curr diyaah
1974 mein laal brigedon key ack aashray mein millie ack audio recording mein filtrinelli koo iss prakaar varnit kiya gayaa thaa 
1979 mein, ack aatankvaad-virodhi mukadame key dauran, laal brigade key prativaadiyon ney adalat mein ack hastaaksharit bayaan record kiya joe mahsoos kiya gayaa
prativaadiyon ney hatyaa key shodh prabandh seey incar karate hue daavaa kiya kii yeh prakaashak aur unake raajneetik vichaaron kaa smaran thaa, aur atirikt-sansadiya vampanthiyon key halakon koo sambodhit ack aalochana thee jinhone unhein aswikar karane kii koshish kii thee. unhone yeh bhee sweekaar kiya kii filtrinelli ack nava-fasiwadi takhtapalat key prati jununi naheen thaa, kyonki vaha itali mein sashastr sangharsh sthaapit karna chaahata thaa aur german laal senaa gutt key saath sampark rakhane vaale pahale logon mein seey ack thaah anta mein unhone pushti kii kii antaral aur rb key beach sambandhon koo adhikatam shuddhata dwara chihnit kiya gayaa thaa, binaa pratispardhi bhavna key.
mukadama gyaarah doshasiddhi, saat burry, dou parche aur nau maafi key saath samaapt huaa (iss kanuni sajaa kii kaafee hudd taka 1981 mein pushti hui thee).