neeli senaa (polland)

neeli senaa (polishah "blèkitna armia"; fransisih "armee bleue"), yaa holler kii senaa, pratham vishva yuddh key baad key charanon key dauran fraans mein banaai gaee ack polish sainya tukadi thee. yeh naam sainikon dwara pahani jaane vaali francisi-jaari neeli sainya vardi seey aaya haye. sainikon kaa varnan karane key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa prateekaatmak shabd baad mein general jozef holler wonn hallenberg dwara paschimi europe mein ladane vaale sabhi nae sangathit polish senaaon kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye apanaaya gayaa thaa.
senaa kaa gathan 4 juuna 1917 koo kiya gayaa thaa, aur pratham vishva yuddh key dauran france mein sahayogi balon key saath seva karane vaale polish swayamsevakon seey banaa thaa. paschimi morche parr ladane key baad, senaa koo polland mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, jahan vaha polland kii swatantrata kii vaapsee key liye ladane vaali anya polish sainya sanrachanaon mein shamil hoe gaee. neeli senaa ney polish-ukraini yuddh mein polish jeet sunishchit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, aur baad mein holler key sainikon ney polish-soviyat yuddh mein aage badh rahey bolshevik balon kii polland kii haar mein bhaag liya.
itihas.
prishthabhoomi.
kanadai mool.
1914 mein shuru, uttari america mein polish samudaay ney ack swatantra polland key antim lakshya key saath ack sainya sangathan sthaapit karane kii ummeed mein sangathit karna shuru kiya. 1914 key anta mein ack pratinidhimandal koo polish-americi samooh pee. key. aar. (polsky centralany comitate raitunkovi/polish kendriya raahat samiti) dwara kanada bheja gayaa thaa, taaki uttari amerikiyon seey bunny ack polish ikai sthaapit kii jaa sakey. jaise hii yuddh aage badhaa, unhone phir seey koshish kii aur quebeck udyogpati villium ivan price III mein ack samarthak paaya. unake samparkon key saath, polish pratinidhimandal ney kanadai milicia aur raksha mantri saim huges seey mulakat kii, aur teen bataliyanon seey banaa "kanada kaa polish sainya dall" khadaa kiya. iss samay kaafee ruchi thee, aur kanadai logon ney niyagra-onn-dha-lake mein ack polish senaa shivir sthaapit karane key liye british uchch kamaan seey anumati maangi aur dee gaee. nirvaasit polish senaa koo anumati dene key saath, ack polish deshbhakt kaa sammaan karate hue, jisane 1794 key koshiyusko vidroh kaa netritva kiya, jisane desh koo shaahi roose aur prussia key raajya seey mukt karane key uddeshya seey apane shivir koo "tedues koshiyusko shivir" kahaa. kanada mein prashikshit 20,000 seey adhik purush, france dwara susajjit aur bhugtan kiye gaye. phir bhee bhale hii shivir kanada mein thaa aur francisi dwara aarthik roop seey samarthit thaa, americi ise apani tatasthata key liye ack khatare key roop mein dekhate they.
america yuddh mein pravesh kartaa haye.
neeli senaa kaa uday aprail 1917 mein pratham vishva yuddh mein americi pravesh key saath nikatata seey judaa thaa. ack maheene pahale, ignacy zaan pederevsky ney yuu koo ack prastaav prastut kiya.aiss. polland kii swatantrata key naam parr paschimi morche parr seva key liye polish-americi swayamsevakon koo sweekaar karane key liye pratinidhiyon kaa sadan. lagbhag 24,000 khambhe liye gaye (38,000 mein seey jinhone aavedan kiya) aur ack sankshipt sainya prashikshan key baad, unhein kaee mahila swayamsevakon (pee. aiss. key.) sahit general holler mein shamil honey key liye france bheja gayaa. polish-americi swatantrata aur americi shally key loktantra key liye ladane key liye utsuk they kyonki way khud una samrajyon dwara utpeedan seey butch gaye they jinhone ack sadee pahale polland kaa vibhajan kiya thaa. jaba yuddh chhid gayaa, tou americi polonia ney yuddh key prayaas mein madad karane key liye polish kendriya raahat samiti kaa gathan kiya, halanki nasleeya roop seey polish swayamsevak sabhi polish pravaasi logon seey usee samay france pahunche, jinaki sankhya antatah 90,000 seey adhik thee. willson key likhit vaade (8 janwari 1918 koo jaari) key saath, france mein gathit polish rashtriya samiti (dmovsky key netritva mein) koo polland kii antarim sarkaar key roop mein maanyata dekar, unaki jeet key baad ack samprabhu polish raajya koo phir seey banaane key liye, unhone pratikriya vyakt kii. polland kaa lambe samay taka kabja karane vaalaa, zaarvaadi roose, yuddh seey baahar hoe gayaa, bolshevikon dwara parajit kiya gayaa, jinhone 3 march 1918 koo breast-litovsk mein ack sandhi parr hastakshar kiye, jise navambar 1918 mein shaahi germany koo ukhaad fenkane key baad radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur 11 navambar 1918 mein krantikari sarkaar ney aatmasamarpan curr diyaa thaa.
sahyogiyon aur germany key beach yuddhaviram key baad neeli senaa koo aupchaarik roop seey polish senaa mein vilay curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss beach, teen antarim polish sarkaaren ack dusare seey swatantra roop seey ubhari. lublin mein daszinsky key netritva mein ack samajwadi sarkaar kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. rashtriya samiti craco mein ubhari. daszinsky (samarthan kii kamee) ney pisudsky key saath senaa mein shamil honey kaa faisala kiya jise abhee-abhee germans ney magdeberg seey riha kiya thaa. 16 navambar 1918 koo polland ney swatantrata kii ghoshana kii. nae ganarajya koo paribhaashit karane vaalaa ack farman 22 navambar 1918 koo varsau mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. ack maheene baad, pederevsky france seey shamil hoe gaye. lagbhag usee samay, "sitchovi strill" (sitch rifleman) key bhaari sashastr ukraini logon ney lemberg shahar parr kabja curr liya, aur shahar key niyantran key liye ladaai pilsudsky key sainikon key khilaf shuru hoe gaee. yeh ack uchch daanv vaalaa juaa thaa jisamen sabhi paksh janwari 1919 key varsaay mein europeeya shaanti sammelan seey pahale ack nayaa shasson sthaapit karane kaa prayaas curr rahey they. 27 disambar 1918 koo poznan mein isi tarah key polish vidroh hue, agast 1919 mein oopari sileshiya mein phir seey 1920 mein aur maee 1921 mein-sthaaniya nivaasiyon key roop mein kaary karane vaale german agents kii train key saath tadarth (yaa poori tarah seey avaidh) janmat sangrah dwara alag kiya gayaa. 1919 key vasant mein, neeli senaa (abb paschim mein isaki aavashyakta naheen thee) koo train seey polland leey jaaya gayaa thaa. german senaayen peechhe hatane mein bahut dheemi theen. kull milakar, polish diasporon seey france mein bharti neeli senaa key lagbhag 2,100 sanic ladaai mein maare gaye, jinamen holler key saath seva karane vaale 50 seey adhik adhikaari shamil they. 1600 seey adhik loga ghayal hue they. holler kii senaa mein german aur austriyai senaaon dwara unaki ichcha key khilaf taiyar kiye gaye 25,000 jaatiya khambhe shamil they, jinamen seey 50,000 dall vibhajan kiye gaye polland seey aae they. way 1919 mein itali mein paav shiviron seey holler mein shamil hue. polland kii antim seemaaen kewal octuber, 1921 mein leag off nations dwara nirdhaarit kii gaee theen.
pratham vishva yuddh.
paschimi morcha.
francisi rashtrapati raymond poinkere aur polish rajneta ignacy zaan pederevsky dwara 1917 key gathbandhan parr aadhikarik hastakshar key baad pahale prabhagon kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. adhikansh bharti, jinamen seey lagbhag 35,000, yaa tou francisi senaa mein seva karane vaale khambhe they yaa poorv kabja kiye gaye yuddh key polish kaidi they, jinhen german heer aur austriyai shaahi landwaher senaaon mein seva karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. duniya bhar seey kaee anya dhruv bhee shamil hue-inn ikaaiyon mein sanyukt raajya seey atirikt 23,000 polish-americi swayamsevakon aur france mein russie abhiyaan bull key poorv sainikon key saath bharti shamil they. brazil mein polish pravaasi samudaay key sadasya senaa mein shamil hoe gaye, jisamen 300 seey adhik purush swayamsevi bhee they.
neeli senaa koo shuru mein seedhe francisi sainya niyantran mein rakhaa gayaa thaa aur general luis archinard dwara isaki kamaan sambhali gaee thee. haalaanki, 23 farwari 1918 koo, raajneetik aur sainya samprabhuta polish rashtriya samiti koo dee gaee thee, aur usake turant baad, senaa koo seedhe swatantra polish adhikaariyon dwara kamaan dee gaee thee. isake alawa, adhik ikaaiyon kaa gathan kiya gayaa, vishesh roop seey roose mein chauthe aur paanchven rifle division. 28 sitambar 1919 koo, russie sarkari adhikaariyon ney aupchaarik roop seey entent key saath ack samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye, jisane aadhikarik taur parr france mein polish sainya ikaaiyon koo "ekmatra swatantra, sahayogi aur saha-ladaakoo polish senaa" key roop mein maanyata dee."4 octuber 1918 koo, rashtriya samiti ney general jozef holler wonn hallenberg koo france mein polish senaa key mukhya commander key roop mein niyukt kiya. paschimi morche parr ladaai mein pravesh karane vaali pahali ikai pahali rifle resiment ("1 pulek strazelco polskitch") thee joe julaai 1918 seey shampen aur voces pahaadon mein lada rahee thee. octuber taka, puuraa pahala rifle division rambervillers aur ronn-ll 'atape key kshetra key aspas key abhiyaan mein shamil hoe gayaa thaa.
polland mein sthanantaran.
pratham vishva yuddh key anta key baad senaa ney bharti karane vaalon koo ikattha karna jaari rakhaa. inmein seey kaee nae swayamsevak jaatiya dhruv they jinhen german, austriyai aur russie senaaon mein bharti kiya gayaa thaa, aur baad mein 11 navambar 1918 koo yuddhaviram samjhaute parr hastakshar key baad chhutti dey dee gaee thee. 1919 kii shuruat taka, neeli senaa mein 68,500 purush they aur francisi sarkaar dwara poori tarah seey susajjit thee. german adhikaariyon dwara danzig ("gdansk") key baltic bandargah shahar key madhyam seey polland mein pravesh karane kii anumati seey incar karane key baad, rail key madhyam seey parivahan kii vyavastha kii gaee thee.
usa varsh aprail aur juuna key beach, sabhi senaa ikaaiyon koo seelband train kaaron mein germany key paar ack nae swatantra polland mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. hathiyaron koo alag-alag dibbon mein surakshit kiya gayaa thaa aur ack videshi senaa key apane kshetra mein jaane key baare mein german chintaon koo shaant karane key liye unhein suraksha key tahat rakhaa gayaa thaa. isake aagaman key turant baad, divisions koo niyamit polish senaa mein ekikrit kiya gayaa aur purvi galicia mein ladey jaa rahey polish-ukraini yuddh mein ladane key liye agrim pankti mein bheja gayaa. 1919 key vasant mein france (krantikari germany key madhyam seey) seey polland taka kii khatarnak yatra koo una logon dwara pralekhit kiya gayaa thaa joe isake madhyam seey rahate they.
kaptan stanislav I. nastalah "prasthaan kii taiyari kuchh samay taka chully. pargaman kaa prashn ack kathin aur jatil samasya bunn gayaa. anta mein ack lambe intezar key baad ack nirnay liya gayaa aur sahyogiyon aur germany key beach aadhikarik roop seey sahamati bunny. neeli senaa key saath pahala parivahan aprail, 1919 key pahale bhaag mein shuru huaa. train key baad train germany seey matribhoomi, polland taka chully gaee."
mejar stephen vaaikzolkovskih "15 aprail 1919 koo resiment ney chaar parivahanon mein, mainz, erfert, leapsig, kaalisaz aur varsau key madhyam seey, beyan rail station seey polland kii apani yatra shuru kii, aur polland mein pahunchi, jahan yeh vyaktigat bataliyanon mein quarter mein thee; chelm 1st batalian, supernumerary company aur resiment kii kamaan; cowell mein teesari batalian; aur vlodysemiers mein doosari batalian.
mejar stanislav bobrowskih "13 aprail 1919 koo resiment polland key liye germany key paar ravaana hui, taaki yuddh key beach matribhoomi mein banaai jaa rahee polish senaa kii anya ikaaiyon koo majboot kiya jaa sakey, apane yuva stanon key saath punarjeevit polland koo bachaaya jaa sakey.
mejar georgy dabowskih "aakhirkaar 18 aprail 1919 koo resiment kaa pahala parivahan polland key liye ravaana huaa. 23 aprail 1919 koo polish rifleman kii teesari resiment key pramukh divisions ney polish mitty parr pair rakhaa, abb apane swayam key prayason key kaaran mukt hoe gaye.
ell. tii. vincenti skarzinskih "saptah beet gaye. aprail 1919 mein aaya-phir yojanaon koo badal diyaa gayaah yeh aparivartaniya roop seey hamari senaa koo germany key madhyam seey trains key bajaay gdansk taka leey jaane kaa nirnay liya gayaa. kaee adhikaari polland seey aae they, jinamen pramukh goreki bhee they, joe samanya holler key saath takniki vivaran kaa samanvaya karane key liye aae they."
polish-ukraini yuddh.
holler key sainikon ney galicia aur volhinia mein shakti key santulan koo badal diyaa. unake aagaman ney dhruvon koo ukraini logon koo peechhe hataane aur 14 maee 1919 koo zabrook nadee parr ack seemankan rekha sthaapit karane kii anumati dee. neeli senaa paschimi sahyogiyon dwara susajjit thee, aur anubhavi francisi adhikaariyon dwara samarthit thee, vishesh roop seey polish-soviyat yuddh mein bolshevikon key khilaf ladane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin paschimi ukraini zana ganarajya kii senaaon koo naheen. rajanyik sharton key bavjood, poul ney bolshevikon key bajaay pahale ukraini logon key khilaf holler kii senaa bheji. purvi galicia mein gatirodh koo todane key liye saamarik pahal kii gaee thee. jawab mein, sahyogiyon ney kaee taar bheje aur polish sarkaar koo apane aakraman koo rokane kaa adesh diyaa, kyonki paschimi ukraini logon key ganarajya key khilaf sahayogi-susajjit senaa kaa upayog vishesh roop seey francisi sainya salaahkaaron kii sthiti kaa khandan kartaa thaa, lekin maangon koo nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa. neeli senaa dwara aakraman gatirodh koo todane mein safal rhaa aur paschimi ukraini senaa kaa patan hoe gayaa. julaai 1919 mein, ukraini morche parr jeet hassil karane key baad, neeli senaa koo silasia mein germany key saath seema parr sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, jahan usane paschim seey polland parr sambhaavit german aakraman key khilaf rakshaatmak sthiti taiyar kii.
polish-bolshevik yuddh.
polish-bolshevik yuddh key dauran kaee neeli senaa sanrachanaon koo niyamit polish senaa key saath vilay curr diyaa gayaa aur 49veen hatsul rifle resiment aur 18veen paidal senaa division banaane key liye ack saath shamil kiya gayaa. holler key achchi tarah seey prashikshit aur atyadhik prerit sainikon key saath-saath unake british nirmit bristol aff. 2 tohi vimaanon, italvi ney ack 1 bailila ladaakoo vimaan aur french phut-17 tank banaae, jinhone bhee yuddh mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. polish-americi ney pahali baar 18 juuna 1919 koo rivane (polish mein "roven") shahar key paas bolshevik balon koo shamil kiya. bolshevikon koo poorv kii or dhakelane key baad, neeli senaa kii pragati rook gaee aur yuddh key anta taka sanic chhoti jhadapon mein lagey rahey. holler key sanic bolshevik sainikon kii chhoti ikaaiyon koo fansaane key saath-saath bhojan, golaa-barud key liye aur dushman key beach dahashat failaane key liye chhapamari karane kii koshish karate they.
yuddh key baad.
pratham vishva yuddh key anta key baad neeli senaa kii 15veen paidal senaa rifle resiment ney 49veen hatsul rifle resiment (11veen carpathian paidal senaa division kaa hissa) key liye ack aadhar banaaya.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad polland mein saamyavaadi kaarravaai key dauran, polish-soviyat yuddh aur neeli senaa seey sambandhit adhikansh itihas koo soviyat adhikaariyon dwara sensor, vikrit aur dabaa diyaa gayaa thaa.
yahudi virodhi hinsa.
ukraini morche parr ladaai key dauran, neeli senaa key sainikon ney sthaaniya yahoodiyon parr hamla kiya, yeh maanate hue kii unamen seey kuchh polland key dushmanon key saath sahyog curr rahey they. purvi galicia mein isamen soloman leinberg key netritva mein ukraini galician senaa kii ack yahudi batalian seey ladanaa shamil thaa.
27 maee 1919 koo stanislav dzideki key naam seey ack sanic, jisane seztochova mein neeli senaa key rifle divisions mein seey ack mein seva kii, gasht key dauran goli markar ghayal hoe gayaa. ack yahudi darji parr golibari kaa sandeh thaa, aur holler key sainikon aur unake saath aae nagrikon dwara turant usey maar diyaa gayaa, joe yahudi gharon aur vyavsaayon koo lootane key liye aage badhe, jisamen 5-10 yahudi maare gaye aur kaee darjan seey adhik ghayal hoe gaye. pavel korjek ney likhaa kii jaise-jaise senaa ney aage poorv kii yatra kii, kuchh holler key sainikon ney, sateek pratishodh key tareeke key roop mein, yahudi sampattiyon koo lootana aur hinsa mein shamil honah jaari rakhaa. villion hegen ney nagrik bheed key saath holler key sainikon koo yahudi puliskarmiyon parr hamla karane, upasakon koo peetane aur purvi chelm mein aradhanalayon mein yahudi prarthana pustakon koo nasht karane key roop mein varnit kiya. polish pulis aur niyamit senaa key sanic kabhi-kabhi holler key sainikon koo rokane mein saksham they.
haward sechar key anusaar, neeli senaa key aagaman seey dedh saal pahale, kshetra mein yahudi hatahaton kii kull sankhya 400 aur 500 key beach thee; holler key sainikon kii hinsa key kaaran yeh sankhya doguni hoe gaee. morganthou report ney anuman lagaaya kii polish senaa (neeli senaa sahit) dwara kii gaee kaarrvaaiyon key parinamswarup maare gaye yahoodiyon kii kull sankhya 200-300 seey adhik naheen thee. neeli senaa kii gatividhiyon key parinamswarup, sanyukt raajya america mein general holler kii yatra koo americi yahudi aur ukraini samudaayon key virodh kaa saamana karna padaa. tedeuses pyotrovsky ney likhaa kii adhikansh mamalon mein aam loot aur sanic krurta seey binaa kissy anuchit yahudi-virodhi koo alag karna asambhav haye. unakaa daavaa haye kii yahudi nagrikon kii jaanboojhkar hatyaa key sweekrit arth mein "narsamhar" shabd una adhikansh ghatnaaon parr lagu naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa jinamen neeli senaa shamil thee.
kaaran.
alekjendar prusin key anusaar polish balon key yahudi-virodhi krityon key kaee kaaran they. bhoomi sudhaaron aur jamindar varg key saath yahoodiyon key millen key sambandh mein samajik-aarthik tanaavon key kaaran shatruta kii bhaavanaaen paida huin. isake alawa, polish sainikon koo uchit sarkari muaavaje kii kamee key kaaran sainikon ney yahoodiyon kii loot koo unaki seva key liye aanshik punar-muaavaje key roop mein dekhaa. paschimi polland key sainikon key liye, jinhone yaad kiya kii 1919 mein haal key polish-german sangharsh key dauran kitane yahoodiyon ney pahale germany key saath sahyog kiya thaa, isane polish rashtra key dushmanon parr pratishodh key roop mein yahudi-virodhi hamalon koo taiyar karane kii anumati dee. isake alawa, kaee dhruvon key liye yahudi bolshevism seey judey they, aur vishesh roop seey anta mein yahudi bolshevism key roodhivaad koo badhaava diyaa. isi tarah, joanna michael key anusaar, yahudi virodhi hinsa key kuchh apraadhiyon ney rashtriya aatmaraksha key naam parr apane karyon koo vaidh banaa diyaa. neeli senaa mein adhikaariyon aur sainikon ney inn pravrittiyon koo vyakt kiya, aur aksar yahudi samudaayon key paaramparik dhaarmik charitra aur raajneetik vividhata key bavjood sabhi yahoodiyon koo communist key roop mein maanaa. durvyavahar kii kuchh adhik mahatvapurna ghatanaaen polish-americi swayamsevakon dwara kii gaeen. yeh sambhavana haye kii paschimi ukraine mein rahane vaale aparichit jaatiya, raajneetik aur dhaarmik samoohon kii bheed dwara khud koo saamana karane key saanskritik sadame ney bhedyata kii bhavna paida curr dee, jisane badale mein hinsak prakop koo uksaayaa. encyclopaedia judaica likhate hain kii apane francisi sambandhon key kaaran neeli senaa ney mukhya polish kamaan seey swatantrata kaa anand liya, aur isake kuchh sainikon ney galicia mein yahudi samudaayon key khilaf anushaasanheen kaarravaai mein shamil honey parr iska fayda uthaaya.
karmi.
polish-americi swayamsevakon kii anubhavi sthiti.
yuddh key baad, holler kii senaa key bheetar seva karane vaale polish-americi swayamsevakon koo americi yaa polish sarkaaron dwara diggajon key roop mein maanyata naheen dee gaee thee. isake kaaran sanyukt raajya america mein polish samudaay aur polish sarkaar key beach takraav huaa, aur isake parinamswarup polish-amerikiyon dwara phir seey sainya roop seey polish uddeshya kii madad karane seey incar curr diyaa gayaa.
yahudi swayamsevak.
polish yahudi sainikon, doctors aur nurses key roop mein seva karate hue neeli senaa key bheetar jaatiya dhruvon key saath bharti hue aur ladey. dha galitzianer" mein edward goldstein key lekhan key anusaar, paul valasek dwara sankalit 1,381 hatahaton key naamon kii soochi kii jaanch karane parr, unhone soochi mein 62 (yaa lagbhag 5 pratishat) yahudi dhwanik naamon kii pehchaan kii.
yuddh kaa crum.
yuddh kaa crum ack sainya abhiyaan yaa abhiyaan mein bhaag lene vaale sashastr bull key padaanukramit sangathan koo darshaata haye. yuddh kaa neela senaa crum iss prakaar thaah 
granth soochi.
notes
sandarbh

