
pariyojana toofaan

pariyojana toofaan kaa prakop ushnakatibandhiya chakravaaton mein vimaan udaakar aur silver iodide key saath beej lagaakar unhein kamjor karane kaa ack prayaas thaa. yeh pariyojana 1962 seey 1983 taka sanyukt raajya sarkaar dwara chalaai gaee thee. parikalpana yeh thee kii silver iodide toofaan mein supercooled paani koo jamaane kaa kaaran banega, jisase toofaan kii aantarik sanrachana baadhit hogi, aur isase kaee atlantic toofaan paida honge. haalaanki, baad mein yeh dikhaaya gayaa kii yeh parikalpana galat thee. yeh nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa kii adhikansh toofaanon mein cloud seeding key prabhaavi honey key liye paryaapt supercooled paani naheen hotaa haye. isake alawa, shodhkartaon ney paaya kii gair-beejyukt toofaan aksar unheen sanrachanaatmak parivartanon seey gujarate hain joe beejyukt toofaanon seey apekshit they. iss khoj ney toofaan kii safaltaon parr sawal uthaaye, kyonki abb report kiye gaye parivartanon kii ack swabhavik vyakhya thee.
ummidwar toofaanon kii kamee aur aine. oh. aeye. aeye. key bede mein badalaav key kaaran 1971 mein antim prayogaatmak udaan bharee gaee thee. pichhale sanshodhan prayog key ack dashak seey adhik samay baad pariyojana toofaan koo aadhikarik taur parr radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki yeh pariyojana toofaanon kii vinashkarita koo cumm karane key apane lakshya koo praapt karane mein whiffle rahee, isake avalokan detta aur toofaan jeevan chakr anusandhaan ney mausam vigyaaniyon kii toofaanon kii gati aur teevrata kaa purvanuman lagaane kii kshamata mein sudhaar karane mein madad kii.
parikalpana.
cloud seeding kaa prayaas sabse pahale vincent schafer aur irving langmuir dwara kiya gayaa thaa. burf key chrystal key kritrim nirmaan koo dekhane key baad, langmuir mausam sanshodhan kaa ack utsaahi samarthak bunn gayaa. schafer ney paaya kii jaba unhone kuchali hui sookhi burf koo baadal mein fenk diyaa, tou burf key roop mein varsha hui.
toofaanon key sambandh mein, yeh parikalpana kii gaee thee kii ivol key aspas key kshetra koo silver iodide seey jodane seey, avyakt garmi chhodi jaayegi. isase ack naee ivol key nirmaan koo badhaava milega. choonki yeh naee ivol purani ivol seey badee thee, isaliye cumm dabaav pravanata key kaaran ushnakatibandhiya chakravaat kii havaaen kamjor hongi. toofaan kii havaaon kii gati mein ack chhoti see kamee bhee fayademand hogeeh choonki toofaan kii kshati kii kshamata havaa kii gati key varg key roop mein badh gaee haye, havaa kii gati mein thodi kamee seey vinashkarita mein badee kamee aaegi.
langmuir key prayason aur samanya vidyut mein schafer key shodh key kaaran, toofaanon koo kamjor karane key liye cloud seeding kaa upayog karane kii avadharana ney gati pakadi. vaastav mein, schafer ney 20 disambar, 1946 koo baadal paida karke ack badaa himpat kiya thaa. isake kaaran jee. ee. koo kanuni karanon seey padhaai chhodani padee. schafer aur langmuir ney yuu kii sahaayata kii.aiss. pariyojana siras key liye salaahkaar key roop mein senaa, cloud bhautiki aur mausam sanshodhan kaa pahala badaa adhyayan. iska sabse mahatvapurna lakshya toofaanon koo kamjor karane kaa prayaas karna thaa.
project siras.
project siras toofaan koo sanshodhit karane kaa pahala prayaas thaa. yeh general electric corporation, us armi signal corps, nausena anusandhaan karyalaya aur us air force kaa sahyog thaa. sarkari vaigyaanikon dwara kaee taiyari aur praarambhik sandeh key baad, ack toofaan koo sanshodhit karane kaa pahala prayaas 13 octuber, 1947 koo ack toofaan parr shuru huaa joe paschim seey poorv aur samudra kii or badh rhaa thaa.
pariyojana key dou bee-17 aur 53vein mausam tohi samooh key bee-29 koo toofaan koo rokane key liye mcdill feeled, florida seey bheja gayaa thaa. bee-17 ney toofaan key varsha patton key saath udaan bharee, aur lagbhag 180 pound (82 kilogram) kuchali hui sookhi burf koo baadlon mein giraa diyaa. chaalak dall ney "cloud deck key spasht sanshodhan" kii soochana dee. yeh gyaat naheen haye kii kyaa yeh beejan key kaaran huaa thaa. isake baad, toofaan ney disha badal dee aur georgia key sawana key paas landfall curr diyaa. janata ney beejan koo doshi thaharaaya, aur irving langmuir ney daavaa kiya kii ulatafer maanav hastakshep key kaaran huaa thaa. siras koo radd curr diyaa gayaa aur mukdamon koo dhamki dee gaee. kewal yeh tathya kii 1906 mein ack pranali ney isi tarah kaa raasta apanaaya thaa, saath hii saath yeh dikhaane vaale saboot kii jaba beej ugaana shuru huaa tou toofaan pahale hii mudanaa shuru hoe gayaa thaa, mukdamebaji koo samaapt curr diyaa. iss aapada ney gyaarah varshon taka toofaanon key beej ugaane kaa kaaran banaa diyaa.
shuru mein beejan koo aadhikarik roop seey aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur sarkaar koo ise sweekaar karane mein kaee saal lugg gaye. sitambar key anusaar. 12, 1965 mein fort lauderdale news aind sunn-centinal key sanskaran mein 1947 mein ack toofaan "ajib hoe gayaa" aur "baarah saal baad yeh sweekaar kiya gayaa kii toofaan" vaastav mein beejit hoe gayaa thaa.""
pariyojanaon key beach.
1955 mein sthaapit sanyukt raajya america key mausam beuro kii rashtriya toofaan anusandhaan pariyojana kaa ack uddeshya toofaan sanshodhan vidhiyon kii vaigyaanik vaidhata kii jaanch karna thaa. isake liye, agast 1958 mein toofaan dezzy mein silver iodide dispensor kaa pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa. bhadakane vaali aag koo toofaan kii ivol key baahar tainaat kiya gayaa thaa, isaliye yeh ack sanshodhan prayog key bajaay ack upkaran pareekshan thaa. ack udaan koo chhodkar sabhi mein upkaran kharaab hoe gaye, aur koee nirnaayak detta praapt naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
siras aapada key baad pahala beejan prayog 16 sitambar, 1961 koo aine. aar. aar. pee. aur sanyukt raajya america key nausena vimaanon dwara toofaan esther mein karane kaa prayaas kiya gayaa thaa. silver iodide key aathh cylinders koo esther kii ivol mein giraaya gayaa thaa, aur havaaen 10 pratishat kamjor honey key roop mein darj kii gaeen. agale dinn, aur beejan udaanen kii gaeen. iss baar, silver iodide ivol mein naheen giraa, aur havaa kii gati mein koee kamee naheen dekhi gaee. inn donon parinamon kii vyakhya prayog koo "safal" banaane key roop mein kii gaee thee.
toofaan esther mein beejan key kaaran 1962 mein pariyojana toofaan kii sthaapana hui. pariyojana toofaan sanyukt raajya america key vanijya vibhaag aur sanyukt raajya america kii nausena kaa ack sanyukt udyam thaa.
pariyojana batton.
pariyojana batton kaa uddeshya aandhi key jeevan itihas kaa vishleshan karna thaa. ack vibhaag
unnat anusandhaan pariyojana agency dwara samarthit raksha anusandhaan gatividhi, pariyojana batton ney mausam purvanuman, aag kii roktham aur sambhavatah mausam koo kritrim roop seey niyantrit karane mein sahaayata key roop mein toofaan bhautiki kii samajh kaa vistaar karane kii maang kii. dow. helmut weakman, yuu key ack karmchari key roop mein.senaa sanket anusandhaan aur vikas prayogshala, aur dow. paul mausam vigyaan anusandhaan, ink. key liye taiyar hain., pariyojana batton team key sanyukt netaa they.
1962 key julaai-agast key toofaan key mausam key dauran flagstaff, arizona mein, vaigyaanikon ney "ginny pig" toofaanon kaa chayan kiya, aur unhein rasayanon seey beejit kiya. samay-samaapti motion picture camers, stereo sthir camers, toofaan radar, bijli detectors aur vayu taap samvedak key saath jameen aur havaa seey prabhaavon kaa achchi tarah seey vishleshan kiya gayaa thaa. chayanit baadlon mein daale gaye agents mein "sanghanan naabhik" they, jinhone asthaayi roop seey baadal mein paani kii boondon kii sankhya mein vriddhi kii, aur sookhi burf koo kuchal diyaa, joe baadal key ack hisse koo maheen burf key chrystal mein badal detee haye joe oopar rahate hain. inn agents key upayog seey toofaan kii visheshtaon kaa adhyayan karane mein madad millie.
pariyojana kaa toofaan shuru hoe jaataa haye.
robbert simpson isake pahale nideshak baney, 1965 taka iss kshamata mein seva karate hue. kinn toofaanon koo beej denaa haye, iska chayan karane key liye kaee dishaanirdeshon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. toofaan key ack dinn key bheetar basey hue bhoomi key karib pahunchane kii sambhavana 10 pratishat seey bhee cumm honey chaahiye thee; yeh beejan vimaan kii seema key bheetar honah chaahiye thaa; aur yeh ack achchi tarah seey banaai gaee aankh key saath kaafee teevra toofaan honah chaahiye thaa. inn maandandon kaa praathamik prabhaav sambhaavit beejan lakshyon koo behad durlabh banaana thaa.
1962 key mausam mein koee upayukt toofaan naheen banaa. agale saal, toofaan kaa prakop sanchayi baadlon parr prayog karke shuru huaa. usa varsh 17 seey 20 agast taka 11 baadlon mein prayog kiye gaye, jinamen seey chhah koo beej diyaa gayaa aur paanch koo niyantrit kiya gayaa. chhah beej vaale baadlon mein seey paanch mein, kaary parikalpana key anuroop parivartan dekhe gaye.
23 agast, 1963 koo, toofaan beulah agale beejan prayaas kaa sthal thaa. isamen ack aspasht ivol thee. isake alawa, galatiyan kii gaeen, kyonki silver iodide key beejon koo galat sthaanon parr giraaya gayaa thaa. isake parinamswarup kuchh naheen huaa. agale dinn, ack aur prayaas kiya gayaa, aur seedaron ney apane lakshyon koo maaraa. ivol koo tootate hue dekhaa gayaa aur ack badee trijya key saath ack aur ivol dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. lagaatar chalane vaali havaaon mein bhee bees pratishat kii girawat aaee. kull milakar, byulah parr prayogon key parinam "utsaahjanak lekin anirnaayak they."
byulah key baad key chhah varshon mein, kaee alag-alag karanon seey koee beejan naheen kiya gayaa thaa. 1964 mein, maap aur avalokan upkaran upayog key liye taiyar naheen they. usake baad key varsh mein, sabhi udaanon kaa upayog gair-toofaan baadlon mein atirikt prayog key liye kiya gayaa thaa.
joen simpson 1965 mein isake nideshak baney.
1965 key atlantic toofaan key mausam key agast mein samudra mein jaate samay, toofaan key prakop key mausam vigyaaniyon ney faisala kiya kii toofaan betasi beejan key liye ack achchha ummidwar thaa. haalaanki, toofaan turant jameen kii or badh gayaa, aur 1 sitambar koo, niyojit udaanon koo radd curr diyaa gayaa. kissy kaaran seey, press koo soochit naheen kiya gayaa thaa kii koee seeding naheen thee, aur kaee samachar patron ney bataaya kii yeh shuru hoe gayaa thaa. jaise hii betasi bahamas key karib seey gujarta gayaa aur dakshini florida mein ghus gayaa, janata aur congress ney socha kii beej ugaane kaa kaam chala rhaa haye aur toofaan key prakop koo doshi thaharaaya. toofaan key prakop key adhikaariyon koo congress koo yeh samajhaane mein dou maheene lugg gaye kii baaji naheen lagaai gaee thee, aur pariyojana koo jaari rakhane kii anumati dee gaee thee. ack doosara ummidwar, toofaan elena, samudra seey bahut door rhaa.
betasi key baad, dou anya toofaan beej key karib aaa gaye. toofaan vishvaas koo ack sambhaavit ummidwar maanaa jaataa thaa, lekin yeh beejan vimaanon kii seema seey baahar rhaa. usee varsh, toofaan inez mein punah udaanen sanchaalit kii gaeen, lekin koee beejan naheen thaa. 1967 aur 1968 donon satra nishkriya they. iss vajah seey, una donon mausamon mein seey kissy mein bhee koee upayukt beejan lakshya naheen thaa.
dow. aar. cecil gentry 1968 mein toofaan key prakop kaa nideshak banaa. 1969 taka koee beej naheen thaa. antarim mein, upkaran mein sudhaar kiya gayaa thaa. kabhi haath seey sookhi burf fenkane kii adim vidhi koo silver iodide seey bharey rockett kanastaron seey badal diyaa gayaa thaa, aur phir havaai jahaaj key pankhon parr bandook jaise upkaran lagaae gaye they joe baadlon mein silver iodide daage jaate they. avalokan upkaran mein sudhaar kiya gayaa. kaaryasheel parikalpana koo sanshodhit karane key liye atirikt tohi detta kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. nae siddhant ney ivol key baahar sanchayi meenaron koo dhyaan mein rakhaa. sanshodhit siddhant key anusaar, meenaron koo beejit karane seey, avyakt garmi chhodi jaayegi. yeh nae samvahan kii shuruat koo trigger karega, joe taba ack naee ivol kaa kaaran banega. choonki naee ivol mool ivol key baahar thee, isaliye pahali ivol oorjaa seey goond jaayegi aur toot jaayegi. isake alawa, choonki naee ivol purani kii tulanaa mein chaudi thee, isaliye cumm tej dabaav antar key kaaran havaaen cumm hongi.
1969 mein toofaan debby ney pariyojana key toofaan key aadhar kaa pareekshan karane kaa sabse achchha avsar pradaan kiya. kaee mayanon mein yeh beejan key liye ekdam sahee toofaan thaah isase kissy bhee bhoomi koo khatra naheen thaa; yeh beejan vimaan kii seema key bheetar seey gujarta thaa; aur ack alag nazar key saath teevra thaa. 18 agast koo aur phir 20 agast koo, terah vimaanon ney toofaan kii nigrani aur beej lagaane key liye udaan bharee. pahale dinn havaa kii gati mein 31 pratishat kii girawat aaee. dusare dinn havaa kii gati mein 18 pratishat kii girawat aaee. donon parivartan toofaan key prakop kii kaary parikalpana key anuroop they. vaastav mein, parinam itane utsaahjanak they kii "ack bahut vistaarit shodh karyakram kii yojana banaai gaee thee."anya nishkarshon key beach lagbhag prati ghante key antaral parr baar-baar beejan kii aavashyakta thee.
1970 aur 1971 key mausamon mein koee upayukt beej-ropan ummidwar pradaan naheen kiye gaye. isake bavjood, toofaan adarak mein udaanen sanchaalit kii gaeen. adarak apani faili hui, aspasht prakriti key kaaran beejan key liye upayukt toofaan naheen thaa. beej kaa koee prabhaav naheen padaa. adarak pariyojana key toofaan key prakop seey kiya gayaa antim beej thaa.
beej key baad.
sabhi maandandon koo puuraa karane vaale atlantic toofaan behad durlabh they, jisane toofaan debby key saath "safalata" kii nakal koo behad kathin banaa diyaa. iss beach, mausam vigyaan key baahar key vikas ney toofaan sanshodhan key kaaran mein baadha daali.
1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein, nausena ney pariyojana seey apana naam vaapas leey liya. toofaan key prakop ney ushnakatibandhiya chakravaaton koo sanshodhit karane key bajaay samajhane parr apane prayason koo phir seey kendrit karna shuru curr diyaa. usee samay, pariyojana key bee-17 apane parichaalan jivankal key anta key karib they. $30 million (varsh agyaat) kii laagat seey dou lockheed pee-3 kaa adhigrahan kiya gayaa thaa. suraksha aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane vaale atlantic toofaanon kii durlabhata key kaaran, toofaan key prakop koo prashant mein sthanantarit karane aur vahaan badee sankhya mein toofaanon parr prayog karane kii yojana banaai gaee thee. iss kaarravaai key liye atlantic mein kaee samaan suraksha aavashyaktaon kii aavashyakta thee, lekin sambhaavit vishayon kii bahut adhik sankhya kaa laabh thaa.
1976 mein phir seey shuru karane kii yojana thee, aur guam seey baahar udkar toofaan kaa beej ugaane kii yojana thee. lekin raajneetik muddon ney yojana koo baadhit curr diyaa. chean janvaadi ganarajya ney ghoshana kii kii aggar ack beej vaalaa toofaan apana maarg badal letaa haye aur apane taton parr takaraata haye tou usey khushi naheen hogi, jabaki japan ney khud koo toofaan key kaaran honey vaali kathinaaiyon kaa saamana karane key liye taiyar ghoshit kiya kyonki usa desh mein aadhi seey adhik varsha ushnakatibandhiya chakravaaton seey hoti haye.
purvi uttar prashant yaa australiyai kshetra mein toofaan key prakop koo sanchaalit karane kii isi tarah kii yojanaaen bhee dhwast hoe gaeen.
kaary parikalpana kii viphalata.
isase pahale bhee bahut tej toofaanon mein kaee ivol paae gaye they, jinamen typhoon saaraa aur toofaan donna shamil they. dohare chashme aamtaur parr kewal bahut teevra pranaliyon mein dekhe jaate they. kuchh beejyukt toofaanon mein unhein beejan key baad bhee dekhaa gayaa thaa. usa samay, sambhavatah safal beejon key alawa, ivol vyaas mein teji seey parivartanon kii ekmatra avalokan, toofaan kii teevrata mein teji seey parivartan key dauran hui thee. yeh spasht naheen thaa kii kyaa beejon ney gauna ivol kaa kaaran banaa yaa kyaa yeh kewal ack praakritik chakr kaa hissa thaa (kyonki sahsambandh kaa arth kaaran naheen haye). shuru mein yeh socha gayaa thaa kii ivol mein beejon mein dekhe gaye parivartanon key samaan parivartan hotey hain, lekin gair-beejon vaali pranaliyon mein naheen, iss baat kaa pramaan pradaan kartaa haye kii pariyojana toofaan ack safal thee. lekin aggar baad mein yeh dekhaa gayaa kii iss tarah key ivol parivartan gair-seeded pranaliyon mein bhee aam they, tou iss tarah key avalokan pariyojana key toofaan koo chalaane vaali parikalpana aur dhaaranaon parr sandeh paida karenge.
tathya aur avalokan vaastav mein usa toofaan key prakop kii kaary parikalpana koo khariz karane key liye jamaa honey lagey. toofaan aneeta aur david seey shuru hocker, toofaan shikaar vimaanon dwara udaanon koo "safaltapurvak" beej vaale toofaanon mein hui ghatnaaon key samaan ghatnaaon kaa saamana karna padaa. aneeta key paas ack kendrit ivol chakr kaa ack kamjor udaaharan thaa, aur david key paas ack adhik naatakiya. agast 1980 mein toofaan elen atlantic, carabian aur maxico kii khaadi seey hocker gujra. isaki aankh key vyaas mein bhee parivartan huaa aur kaee ivol vikasit hue. yeh sub usa vyavhaar key anuroop thaa jisaki ummeed ellen seey kii jaati aggar ise beej diyaa jaataa. iss prakaar, joe toofaan key prakop key baare mein socha gayaa thaa kii usane beejan seey joe hassil kiya haye, vaha bhee apane aap hoe rhaa thaa.
toofaan aneeta, david, fredrick aur elen mein anya tippaniyon mein yeh bhee paaya gayaa kii ushnakatibandhiya chakravaaton mein bahut cumm supercooled paani aur burf key chrystal kaa ack badaa sauda hotaa haye. ushnakatibandhiya chakravaaton mein bahut cumm supercooled paani honey kaa kaaran yeh haye kii aisee pranali key bheetar updraft bahut kamjor hotey hain joe paani koo barish yaa jamane key roop mein girane seey rokte hain. choonki cloud seeding koo kaam karane key liye supercooled paani kii aavashyakta hoti thee, isaliye supercooled paani kii kamee kaa matlab thaa kii beejan kaa koee prabhaav naheen padegaa.
una tippaniyon ney pariyojana key toofaan key liye aadhar koo prashn mein daal diyaa. 1983 key madhya mein, isake prayason kaa margadarshan karane vaali parikalpana koo amaanya karane key baad toofaan kaa prakop antatah radd curr diyaa gayaa.
viraasat.
toofaanon koo unaki vinashkarita koo cumm karane key liye kamjor karane key arth mein, pariyojana toofaan kaa prakop poori tarah seey whiffle rhaa kyonki yeh ushnakatibandhiya chakravaaton mein praakritik ghatnaaon aur maanav hastakshep key prabhaav key beach antar naheen kartaa thaa. laakhon dollar kharch kiye gaye. anta mein, "[pariyojana] toofaan mein dou ghaatak khaamiyan theenh yeh naa tou sookshmabhautikiya roop seey thaa aur naa hii saankhyikiya roop seey sambhav thaa."
isake alawa, toofaan kaa prakop toofaan anusandhaan prabhaag key liye dhana kaa ack praathamik utpaadak thaa. jaba pariyojana chaalu thee, aich. aar. dee. kaa bajat lagbhag 100 logon key karmchaariyon key saath lagbhag 40 laakh dollar (1975 americi dollar; 16 million 2008 americi dollar) thaa. 2000 mein, aich. aar. dee. ney 30 logon koo rojgar diyaa aur harr saal lagbhag 26 laakh dollar kaa bajat haye.
haalaanki, pariyojana key toofaan key sakaratmak parinam bhee mille. udaanon key dauran praapt gyaan isaki parikalpanaon koo khariz karane mein amulya saabit huaa. anya vigyaan key parinamswarup ushnakatibandhiya chakravaaton kii adhik samajh hui. isake alawa, lockheed pee-3 ushnakatibandhiya chakravaaton parr detta ekatra karane key liye poori tarah seey upayukt they, jisase inn rakshasi toofaanon key behtar purvanuman kii anumati millie. una vimaanon kaa upayog 2005 taka aine. oh. aeye. aeye. dwara kiya jaataa thaa.
cuba key poorv rashtrapati fidel castro ney aarop lagaaya kii pariyojana toofaan toofaan koo hathiyar banaane kaa ack prayaas thaa.