pratham vishva yuddh key dauran british senaa mein bharti

1914 kii shuruat mein british senaa key paas 710,000 sainikon kii sankhya thee, jisamen bhandar bhee shamil thaa, jinamen seey lagbhag 80,000 yuddh key liye taiyar peshevar sanic they. pratham vishva yuddh key anta taka grate britten aur ireland key sanyukt raajya kii kull purush aabaadi kaa lagbhag 25 pratishat, pachas laakh seey adhik purush shamil hoe gaye they. inmein seey 26.7 laakh swayamsevakon key roop mein aur 27.7 laakh anivarya roop seey shamil hue (halanki kuchh ney anivarya roop seey bharti honey key baad swechha seey kaam kiya aur sambhavatah unhein vaise bhee anivarya roop seey bharti kiya gayaa hoga). senaa key liye masik bharti darein naatakiya roop seey bhinn theen.
agast 1914.
4 agast 1914 koo yuddh key prakop key samay, british niyamit senaa kii sankhya 247,432 sewarat adhikaari aur anya rank thee. isamen samanya jutaav yaa kshetriya senaa key anshakaalik swayamsevakon koo vaapas bulaaye jaane key liye uttardaayi aarakshit shamil naheen they. shaanti-kaal key lagbhag ack tihai niyamit loga bhaarat mein tainaat they aur europe mein seva key liye turant upalabdh naheen they.
ack sadee taka british sarkari neeti aur janmat videshi yuddhon key liye anivarya bharti key khilaf they. pratham vishva yuddh kii shuruat mein british senaa mein chhah paidal senaa prabhaag shamil they, yuddh key prakop key turant baad sanyukt raajya mein ack ghudsavaar senaa prabhaag kaa gathan kiya gayaa aur chaar prabhaag videshon mein sthit they. chaudah kshetriya bull prabhaag bhee maujood they, aur 300,000 sanic aarakshit senaa mein they. yuddh key liye raajya key sachiv, lord kitchner, kshetriya bull koo aprashikshit aur bekaar maanate they. unakaa maanana thaa kii niyamit senaa koo tatkaal yuddh mein barbad naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, balki isake bajaay 70 divisions key saath ack naee senaa koo prashikshit karane mein madad karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye-francisi aur german senaaon key aakar-kii unhein kaee varshon taka chalane vaale yuddh ladane key liye aavashyakta hogi.
british senaa kii chikitsa shreniyaan.
sabhi bhartiyon kii senaa key chikitsa adhikaariyon dwara shaaririk pariksha kii gaee taaki yeh pataa lagaaya jaa sakey kii kyaa way sainya seva key liye upayukt honge, jisamen pratyek bharti key swaasthya koo vargeekrit karane key liye ack sankhya aur akshar pranali kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. nimnalikhit soochi 1914 mein british senaa dwara upayog kii jaane vaali shreniyaan hain.
pareekshaaen.
1 agast 1914 koo "senaa kii chikitsa sevaaon key liye niyamon, bharti key liye niyamon aur kshetriya bull key liye niyamon" key bheetar jaari yuddh karyalaya key nirdeshon key anusaar chikitsa pareekshaaen ack bahut hii vishisht tareeke seey aayojit kii gaeen. ack bharti key liye buniyaadi aavashyaktaaen yeh theen kii unaki oonchaai, vajan, chhaati kaa maap aur umr sabhi ack maanak talika key saath sahsambaddh they. chikitsa parikshakon koo unaki upasthiti aur shaaririk qada key aadhar parr bharti kii "spasht ayu" taya karane kaa vivekadhikar diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba way ayu key pramaan key liye santoshjanak dastavej naheen laae they.
shareer kii vistrit pareekshaon mein yaun sanchaarit rogon, teekaakaran key nishan, ghaav aur chakatte key sanketon kii talash karna shamil hoga; andkosh aur gudaa kii bhee jaanch kii jaayegi; hriday, fefde aur pett kii stethoscopic pariksha hogi; langadaapan, kamjori aur vikritiyon key liye haath aur pair, kohni aur ghutanon kaa adhyayan kiya jaayega; daanton (kharaab maukhik swachchata key kaaran chabaane mein asamarth honey key kaaran nuksan aur kshay key liye chikitsa pariksha mein whiffle honah ack samanya kaaran thaa); drishti aur shravan.
shaaririk parikshanon key alawa, pareekshak bharti kii buddhimatta, aavaaj aur charitra koo bhee una prashnon key jawab mein nott karenge joe way unase poochhenge. iska upayog ack manovaigyaanik profile banaane key liye kiya jaayega joe ummidwar kii yogyata nirdhaarit karane mein madad karega.
chikitsa asweekriti aur sthagan.
kaee chikitsa kaaran they kii bhartiyon koo seva key liye ayogya kyon maanaa jaa sakata haye.
swayamsevak senaa, 1914-15.
1914 mein, angrejon key paas lagbhag 55 laakh sainya ayu key purush they, aur 500,000 pratyek varsh 18 varsh kii ayu taka pahunchate they. pahala ahwan 100,000 swayamsevakon key liye thaa, joe 11 agast koo kiya gayaa thaa, usake baad 28 agast koo 100,000 aur logon ney kiya. 12 sitambar taka, lagbhag aadhe million purushon ney bharti kiya thaa. lagbhag 250,000 cumm umr key ladakon ney bhee swechha seey apani umr key baare mein jhooth bolkar yaa jhoothe naam dekar kaam kiya. yadi jhooth kaa pataa chalaa tou inhen hamesha aswikar curr diyaa jaataa thaa.
ack praarambhik visheshta 'dost batalian' kaa gathan thaah ack hii karkhane, football team, baink yaa isi tarah key purushon key samooh, ack saath judate aur ladate they. iss vichaar kaa sujhaav sabse pahale lord derby dwara ack saarvajanik sabhaa mein diyaa gayaa thaa. teen dinon key bheetar, unake paas teen bataliyanon key liye paryaapt swayamsevak they. lord kitchner ney lagbhag turant upaay key liye aadhikarik manjuri dey dee aur pratikriya prabhaavshaali thee. manchester ney nau vishisht mitra bataliyanon (teen aarakshit bataliyanon key saath) kaa gathan kiya; sabse chhoti bataliyanon mein seey ack lancashire mein ackerington thee, jisane ack batalian kaa gathan kiya. mitron kii bataliyanon kaa ack parinam yeh thaa kii ack poore shahar koo ack hii dinn kii bheeshan ladaai mein apane sainya-ayu varg key logon parr gambhir prabhaav parh sakata thaa.
mahilaaon kaa matadhikar andolan teji seey vibhajit thaa, thodaa saa bahumat bahut utsaahi deshbhakt bunn gayaa aur apane sadasyon seey sadakon parr una purushon koo safed pankh (kaayar kaa sanket) dene key liye kahaa joe sainya umr key prateet hue taaki unhein seva mein sharminda kiya jaa sakey. hamalon key prachalit honey key baad una purushon koo rajat yuddh baij jaari kiya gayaa thaa joe paatr naheen they yaa jinhen chikitsakiya roop seey chhutti dey dee gaee thee.
usa samay key lokpriya sangeet holl kalakaron ney bharti key liye utsaahpoorvak kaam kiya. hairi lauder ney sangeet kakshon kaa daura kiya, darshakon key saamane munch parr yuva sainikon kii bharti kii, aksar 'aaj raat pahali bharti key liye duss pound' kii peshkash kii. mairi lloyd ney ack bharti geet gaaya "main aapako bahut pasand naheen kartaa thaa isase pahale kii aap senaa mein shamil hue, johnn, lekin main aapako pasand kartaa huun, cockie, abb aapako yaar khaaki mill gayaa haye" (1914). vesta tilly ney "aaj kii senaa thheek haye" gaaya.
upalabdh pool mein lagbhag 15 laakh purush they jinhen "starr" kiya gayaa thaah aavashyak vyavsaayon mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. swaichhik roop seey kaam karane vaale lagbhag 40 pratishat purushon koo chikitsa karanon seey aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yuu. mein kuposhan vyaapak thaa.key. samaaj; 15 varsh key kamkaji varg kii ausat oonchaai kewal uchch varg kii ausat oonchaai thee.
shuru seey hii rasoiye ney jore dekar kahaa kii angrejon koo ack lambe yuddh key liye ack vishal senaa kaa nirmaan karna chaahiye, yeh tark dete hue kii angrej usee hudd taka jutane key liye baadhya they jaise francisi aur german. unakaa lakshya 70 prabhaag thaa, aur sahayak general ney prati maah 92,000 bhartiyon key liye kahaa, joe swayamseva kii sankhya seey kaafee oopar thaa (graph dekhein). spasht upaay anivarya bharti thaa, joe ack garmagarm raajneetik mudda thaa. pradhaanmantri aich sahit kaee udaarvaadi. aich. saiddhaantik roop seey way majburi key khilaf they, lekin 1915 taka way dagmaga rahey they.<bee. aar.>
15 julaai 1915 koo rashtriya panjikaran adhiniyam british sarkaar dwara paarit kiya gayaa thaa, thheek ack maheene baad 15 seey 65 varsh kii ayu key pratyek nagrik kii janganana hui, lagbhag 29 million form poore kiye gaye. pratyek registry koo ack gulabi rung kaa panjikaran card jaari kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen praasangik detta soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa. inn abhilekhon koo 1921 mein nasht karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa, phir bhee kuchh jeevit rahey, jisamen haal hii mein khoje gaye cyrencester mein rahane vaali 2,409 mahilaaon key roop shamil they, jaba seey unhein pratilekhit kiya gayaa aur saarvajanik roop seey upalabdh karaaya gayaa.
sitambar 1915 mein unake ekmatra shram sadasya, shiksha mantri arther henderson dwara prastut ack pepper mein cabinet koo ack kadee chetavani dee gaee thee. unhone tark diyaa kii kaee kamkaji purush ack aise rashtra kii seva karane kaa dridhata seey virodh karenge jisamen shasson mein unakaa vaidh hissa naheen thaa. way sansad dwara sambhaavit mrityu kaa saamana karane key liye majboor kiye jaane key vichaar seey naraj they, jinka chunaav mein koee hissa naheen thaa-21 varsh seey adhik umr key chaalees pratishat purushon koo matadhikar aur panjikaran kaanoonon dwara vote dene seey incar curr diyaa gayaa thaa (1918 key lock pratinidhitva adhiniyam taka). unake liye jabaran bharti ameer poonjipatiyon dwara kamkaji purushon key adhikaaron kii ack aur chori thee. sarkaar kewal ack hii jawabi tark dey sakati thee kii yeh poori tarah seey aavashyak thaa. shramikon koo aashvast honah chaahiye kii aavashyakta koo puuraa karane key liye bahut cumm swayamsevak they, jiska arth haye yuddh kaa nuksan aur britten kaa anta!senaa key netaaon koo sainya tathyon koo bataakar sangh key netaaon koo samajhaana chaahiye. ack saal baad yuddh mein henderson kaa apana betaa maaraa gayaa.
derby yojana.
derby yojana koo sharad ritu 1915 mein derby key earl dwara shuru kiya gayaa thaa, joe kii kitchner key nae mahanideshak kii bharti haye, yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye kii kitane nae bhartiyon koo saain upp kiya jaa sakata haye, niyukt canvasor kaa upayog karke joe ghar parr yogya purushon kaa daura curr rahey hain taaki unhein yuddh seva key liye 'swayamsevak' key liye raaji kiya jaa sakey.
yojana kii ghoshana ney bharti mein praarambhik vriddhi kaa kaaran banaa, kyonki kuchh logon ney apariharya key liye prateeksha karane key bajaay bharti karyalaya jaanaa pasand kiya. yeh prakriya pratyek paatr vyakti key registry card key saath shuru hui, agast 1915 kii rashtriya registry seey, ack anya card parr coppy kiya jaa rhaa thaa jise unake sthaaniya nirvaachan kshetra kii sansadiya bharti samiti koo bheja gayaa thaa. iss samiti ney 'pracharakon' koo niyukt kiya jinhen way "chatur aur prabhaavshaali purush" maanate they, aur swayam seva key liye uttardaayi naheen they, taaki way apane gharon mein purushon seey mill sakein. kaee pracharakon koo rajneeti mein anubhav thaa, halanki sevaanivritt poorv sainikon aur sewarat sainikon key pitaa sabse prabhaavi saabit hue, jabaki kuchh ney kewal manaane key liye dhamkiyon kaa istemal kiya. haalaanki mahilaaon koo canvas kii anumati naheen thee, lekin unhone una purushon kaa pataa lagaakar yogdan diyaa jinhone pataa sthanantarit kiya thaa.
pratyek vyakti koo derby key earl seey ack patra kii ack prati dee jaayegi, jisamen karyakram kii vyakhya kii jaayegi aur kahaa jaayega kii way "ack aise desh mein they joe apane astitva key liye lada rhaa thaa, jaisa kii hamara haye. aur yeh bataana padaa kii vaha soochibaddh honey key liye satyaapit karane key liye taiyar thaa yaa naheen.
joe loga pramanan key liye sahmat hue, unhein 48 ghanton key bheetar apane bharti karyalaya mein khud koo prastut karane kaa vaadaa karna thaa, jabaki kuchh turant vahaan saath they. yadi way ack chikitsa pariksha utteern karate hain, tou unhein shapath dilaaee jaati haye aur 2s 9d kaa 'hastakshar bonus' diyaa jaataa haye. agale dinn unhein senaa key aarakshit kshetra mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. shaahi mukut vaali ack khaaki baanh kii patti una sabhi koo pradaan kii gaee thee jinhone soochibaddh kiya thaa, yaa aadhikarik taur parr aswikar curr diyaa thaa, saath hii saath purushon koo abhinay aur chhutti dee thee. (yeh ack baar anivarya bharti shuru honey key baad bund hoe gayaa, jan.1916). <bee. aar.>
soochikarta key detta koo dusare card parr coppy kiya gayaa thaa aur usey 46 vivaahit yaa avivaahit ayu samoohon mein seey ack koo saunpa gayaa thaa, aur vaadaa kiya gayaa thaa kii 14 dinon kii poorv soochana key baad kewal poore samoohon koo sakriya seva key liye bulaaya jaayega. avivaahit purushon key samoohon koo shaadi seey pahale bulaaya jaataa thaa, joe koee bhee yojana shuru honey key dinn key baad shaadi kartaa thaa, unhein abhee bhee ekal key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa thaa. vivaahit purushon koo ashvasana diyaa gayaa thaa kii yadi bahut cumm ekal purush satyaapit hotey hain tou unake samooh koo naheen bulaaya jaayega-jaba taka kii anivarya bharti shuru naheen kii jaati.
yeh yojana navambar-disambar 1915 key dauran shuru kii gaee thee aur 318,553 chikitsakiya roop seey fitt ekal purush praapt kiye gaye they. haalaanki, 38 pratishat ekal purushon aur 54 pratishat vivaahit purushon ney yuddh mein shamil honey key liye niyojit dabaav kaa virodh kiya thaa, isaliye british sarkaar ney videshon mein badhati hatahaton key liye pratisthaapan kii aapoorti sunishchit karane key liye dridh sankalp kiya, isake bajaay 27 janwari 1916 koo anivarya bharti key sainya seva adhiniyam koo paarit kiya.
anivarya bharti 1916-1918.
choonki rank bharane key liye bahut cumm swayamsevak they, isaliye janwari 1916 mein sainya seva bill pesh kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen britten key itihas mein pahali baar anivarya bharti kii gaee thee. 18 seey 41 key beach pratyek avivaahit purush aur nihsantaan vidhur koo teen vikalp diye gaye theh
maee 1916 mein vidheyak koo vivaahit purushon key liye badhaa diyaa gayaa aur aprail 1918 mein oopari ayu koo 50 (yaa yadi aavashyakta hoe tou 56) taka badhaa diyaa gayaa. 1916 key easter vidroh key kaaran ireland koo baahar curr diyaa gayaa thaa, phir bhee kaee ayrish purushon ney abhee bhee swechha seey namankan kiya.
anivarya bharti key tatkaal prabhaavon mein seey ack britten mein 1914 key yuddh virodhi virodh pradarshanon key baad seey dekhaa gayaa sabse badaa virodh pradarshan thaa. hajaaron logon ney landan key purvi chhor seey trafalgar chauk taka march kiya, jahan unhone sylvia pankhurst aur ack glassgo paarshad key bhaashan suney jinhone bataaya kii engineer clyde key saath hadtaal parr aaa gaye they. yeh ghatana hinsa mein samaapt hui jaba sainikon aur naavikon key ack samooh ney bheed parr hamla kiya, unake banner faad diye aur unake chehare parr rung fenk diyaa. kuchh hamlaavaron koo giraftar curr liya gayaa, lekin sadak magistrates ney unhein nammatra key jurmaane aur "bhavishya mein inn moorkhon koo akela chhodane" kii chetavani key saath chhod diyaa.
jaisa kii arther henderson ney chetavani dee thee, majburi alokpriya thee, julaai 1916 taka, sainya seva key liye bulaaye gaye 93,000 (30 pratishat) upasthit honey mein whiffle rahey they (vaastav mein unake bachane kii bahut cumm sambhavana thee, halanki bhagyashali kuchh sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon dwara chhipe hue they) aur 748,587 ney chhoot kaa daavaa kiya thaa-purush, yaa unake niyokta, rashtriya mahatva key kaam, vyavasaay yaa gharelu kathinaaee, chikitsa kii ayogyata yaa kartavyanishtha key aadhar parr apane jile mein ack nagrik sainya seva nyayadhikaran mein appeal curr sakate they. inn mamalon seey nipatane key liye nyaayik adalaton mein kaam kiya jaataa thaa, halanki appeal nyayadhikaranon key maanak sandigdh theh york mein ack mamla ausatan gyaarah minut mein nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki dou minut paddington, landan mein vishisht they. soochibaddh karane parr apatti karane vaalon key alawa, pahale seey hii ack yuddh vyavasaay mein honey key roop mein pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa, beemar yaa pahale seey hii bimari key kaaran seva seey chhutti dey dee gaee thee; lagu kiya gayaa anivarya bharti adhiniyam antatah jeevan key liye sarkari maang koo puuraa karane mein whiffle rhaa.
haalaanki yeh yuddh key baad seey nyayadhikaranon kii chhavi kaa kendra rhaa haye, lekin appeal karane vaalon mein seey kewal dou pratishat hii kartavyanishth virodh curr rahey they. unamen seey lagbhag 7,000 koo gair-ladaakoo kartavya diye gaye, jabaki 3,000 koo vishesh kaary shiviron mein samaapt kiya gayaa. 6, 000 kaid kiye gaye. 42 koo sambhaavit roop seey ack golibari daste kaa saamana karane key liye france bheja gayaa thaa. paintees koo aupchaarik roop seey maut kii sajaa sunai gaee, lekin turant duss saal kii dandaatmak daasata key saath dandit kiya gayaa.
appeal karane vaalon mein seey kaee koo kissy prakaar kii chhoot dee gaee thee, aamtaur parr asthaayi (kuchh hafton aur chhah maheene key beach) yaa kaam parr yaa ghar parr unaki sthiti parr shart dee gaee thee kii way ghar parr rahane key liye paryaapt gambhir rahein. octuber 1916 mein 11.2 laakh purushon ney nyayadhikaran seey chhoot praapt kii yaa unake mamle lambit they, maee 1917 taka yeh ghatkar 780,000 chhoot praapt curr chuka thaa aur 110,000 lambit they. iss samay 18 laakh purushon koo chhoot dee gaee thee, joe british senaa key saath videshon mein seva karane vaale purushon kii tulanaa mein adhik they. kuchh purushon koo iss shart parr chhoot dee gaee thee kii way anshakaalik prashikshan aur gharelu raksha kartavyon key liye swayamsevak prashikshan dall mein shamil hoe gaye they; farwari 1918 taka, 101,000 purushon koo nyayadhikaranon dwara core mein nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa.
17 farwari 1916 koo ack samachar patra kii report mein anivarya bharti seey chhoot key liye paanch namuna apeelon aur unake parinamon koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa.
1917 mein commons ney 21 varsh seey adhik umr key sabhi purushon (aur kaee mahilaaon koo bhee) koo vote dene key liye ack vidheyak paarit kiya, lekin yeh 6 farwari 1918 taka kaanoon naheen banaa. usee maheene 18 seey 23 purushon key liye vyaavsaayik chhoot vaapas leey lii gaee, octuber 1918 mein aarakshit vyavsaayon mein 2,574,860 purush they. march 1918 mein shuru hue morchon parr 18⁄2 varsh kii ayu key purushon koo bheja gayaa, joe unhein 19 varsh taka surakshit rakhane kii pratigya kaa ullanghan karate they. sakriya seva key liye purushon kii upayuktata key saath bhee samasyaaen theen. swasth maanav shakti buss vahaan naheen thee-bhartiyon koo teen vargon, aeye, bee aur see mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa, agrim pankti kii seva key liye fitness key crum mein. 1918 mein, 75 pratishat koo aeye key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa, kuchh bee purushon koo bhee khaai mein bhejana padaa thaa.
anivarya roop seey bharti kiye gaye purushon kii sankhya kii oopari seema kii ganana aamtaur parr yeh maanate hue kii jaati haye kii 1 march 1916 key baad sabhi bhartiyaan anivarya roop seey kii gaee theenh 1,542,807 purush, 43.7% yuddh key dauran senaa mein seva karane vaalon mein seey. haalaanki, derby ney vishesh aarakshit bee mein 318,553 ekal purushon koo soochibaddh kiya thaa, jinhen 1916 key vasant mein bulaaya gayaa thaa, jisase bharti kiye gaye logon kii sankhya ghatkar 37 pratishat reh gaee. jinn vivaahit purushon ney derby yojana mein satyaapit kiya thaa, unhein vargeekrit karna kathin haye kyonki unhein aarakshit sthaan seey naheen bulaaya gayaa thaa, balki baaki key saath jodaa gayaa thaa. aisaa lagata haye kii senaa mein 35 pratishat seey bhee cumm purush seva karane key liye majboor they.
ireland.
1918 mein, ireland mein anivarya bharti kaa vistaar karane key uddeshya seey kaanoon kaa ayrish rashtravadiyon aur ireland mein catholic church key ack vyaapak andolan dwara virodh kiya gayaa thaa. iss andolan mein sinn phene kii kendriya bhoomika ney navambar key aam chunaav mein isaki lokpriyata koo badhaaya.
bharti key liye vigyaapan.
bhartiyon key liye aadhikarik vigyaapan sansadiya bharti samiti (pee. aar. see.) key niyantran mein thaa, lekin niji prayason jaise kii "landan raay" dwara rasoighar kii abb pratishthit chhavi key saath bhee taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. posters koo alag-alag aakaron mein taiyar kiya jaataa thaa, jahan unakaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa; dou aakar aam they. pee. aar. see. kaa gathan pradhaanmantri aur raajneetik dalon key pramukhon key saath kiya gayaa thaa, baad mein anya pratinidhiyon jaise kii trade union congress key liye shamil hue; isaki upa-samitiyon ney bharti samagri kii taiyari aur prakaashan koo sambhala.
yuddh key dauran pee. aar. see. 164 poster design aur 65 parche key liye jimmedaar thaa. una aur anya vigyaapan samagri key beach kull 54 million seey adhik vastuon kaa utpaadan 40,000 pound kii laagat seey kiya gayaa thaa. 
utpaadit posters kii sankhya key anusaar, sabse lokpriya aadhikarik pee. aar. see. poster theh
poster key roop mein punarmudrit "raajaa kaa sandesh" 290,000 pratiyon taka chalaa.
karmchaariyon kii bharti.
yuddh key dauran senaa mein bharti karane vaalon key roop mein seva dene vaale ullekhaniya purushon mein shamil theh

