
barma abhiyaan (1942-1943)

dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dakshin-poorv asiai rangmanch mein barma abhiyaan 1942 seey 1945 taka chaar varshon mein huaa. abhiyaan key pahale varsh key dauran, shaahi japani senaa ney bermi vidrohiyon kii sahaayata seey british senaa aur cheeni senaa koo barma seey baahar nikaal diyaa thaa, aur desh key adhikansh hisse parr kabja curr liya thaa. maee seey disambar 1942 taka, adhikansh sakriya abhiyaan bund hoe gayaa kyonki mansoon kii barish ney bhaarat aur barma key beach vann aur pahaadi seema mein saamarik aavaajaahi koo lagbhag asambhav banaa diyaa, aur sahyogiyon aur japaniyon donon koo gambhir rasad baadhaon kaa saamana karna padaa.
jaba barish bund hui, tou sahyogiyon ney dou hamale shuru curr diye. ack, tateey arakan praant mein ack hamla, sahayogi manobal parr gambhir prabhaav key saath, whiffle rhaa. ise aanshik roop seey prashaasan aur prashikshan mein sudhaar dwara bahaal kiya gayaa thaa, aur aanshik roop seey brigadier ord winget key tahat sainikon dwara chhaape key bahut prachaarit parinamon dwara. iss chhaape ney japani commanders koo agale varsh badey hamale karane key liye prerit kiya hoga, joe vinashkari roop seey whiffle rahey.
bhaarat aur barma, maee-disambar 1942.
kull lagbhag 450,000 sahayogi sainikon ney 300,000 japaniyon kaa saamana kiya. haalaanki, sambaddh aur japani donon sanchaalan bhoobhaag aur rasad dwara baadhit they. barma aur bhaarat key beach kaa seemavarti kshetra adhikansh bhaag key liye lagbhag durgam desh thaa, jisamen jangal seey dhaki pahaadiyon key madhyam seey bahut cumm vyaavhaarik maarg they. japani rail aur nadee parivahan kaa upayog kewal chindwin nadee parr kaleva key bandargah taka curr sakate they, jabaki sahayogi brahmaputra nadee ghaati mein dimapur key liye aparyaapt rail aur nadee sampark parr nirbhar they, jahan seey ack hii sadak imphal mein aadhar taka jaati thee.
sahayogi.
britten mein chiefs off staff kameti dwara sudur purvi rangmanch koo sabse cumm prathamikta dee gaee thee. isake bajaay british sainya prayaas madhya purvi rangmanch parr kendrit they, aanshik roop seey rashtrapati franklin roozvelt key tahat sanyukt raajya sarkaar kii ghoshit "germany pratham" neeti key anusaar. bhaarat koo kuchh sansaadhan aavantit kiye gaye they, aur vaastav mein british bhaaratiya senaa key nae banaae gaye gathanon koo disambar 1942 taka jangal yuddh key bajaay registani yuddh mein prashikshit kiya jaa rhaa thaa, jaba yeh spasht thaa kii uttar african abhiyaan sabhi uddeshyon aur uddeshyon key liye samaapt hoe gayaa thaa.
usa samay purvi bhaarat key avyavasthit raajya key kaaran bhaarat mein sahayogi prayason mein bhee baadha aaee thee. 1942 key shuruati maheenon mein sahayogi sainya aapadaon key baad, bangal aur bihaar mein bhaarat chhodo andolan key hinsak virodh pradarshan hue, jinhen dabaane key liye badee sankhya mein british sainikon kii aavashyakta thee. bangal mein ack vinashkari akaal bhee thaa jisake kaaran antatah bhookh, bimari aur sampark key kaaran 30 laakh mautein hui hongi. haalaanki tatkaal kaaran ack toofaan thaa jisane octuber 1942 mein badey kshetron koo tabah curr diyaa aur aakraman key mamle mein japaniyon koo sansadhanon seey vanchit karane key liye purvi bangal mein ack samay seey pahale jalaa huaa prithvi abhiyaan thaa, raahat key liye upalabdh khaadya bhandar koo cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki aam taur parr barma seey aayatit chawal aur anya theatres mein niryaat kiye gaye chawal kii sambaddh maangon key kaaran, jabaki chhitput japani bambari key kaaran visthaapan, aur bangal sarkaar mein bhrashtachar aur akshamta ney sahaayata key kissy bhee uchit vitaran, yaa kaee maheenon taka kiye jaa rahey anya kathor upaayon koo roque diyaa.
aksh.
japani barma mein apani sthiti majboot curr rahey they. japani pandrahavin senaa key commander leftinent general shojiro idaa seey uchch mukhyalaya ney unaki raay poochhi kii barish bund honey key baad aakraman phir seey shuru kiya jaae yaa naheen. badale mein unhone apane agrim divisions key commanders seey paramarsh kiya, jinhone mahsoos kiya kii ilaka bahut kathin thaa aur rasad samasyaon koo door naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa. leftinent general renya mutaguchi, joe japani 18vein division kii kamaan sambhal rahee theen, vishesh roop seey teekhi theen. tadnusar hamale kii yojana koo chhod diyaa gayaa.
barma key bheetar, japaniyon ney barma swatantrata senaa koo bhang curr diyaa, joe barma parr japani aakraman key dauran teji seey badhee thee, lekin kewal shithil roop seey sangathit thee aur kuchh mamalon mein japani niyantran kaa virodh karati thee. japaniyon ney ise japani adhikaariyon dwara prashikshit barma raksha senaa key saath badal diyaa. unhone ack bermi sarkaar (barma raajya) banaane kii bhee taiyari kii, jise antatah maee 1943 mein baa maav key tahat sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. iss sarkaar key paas bahut cumm vaastavik shakti thee, aur japaniyon kaa barma key prashaasan key adhikansh pahaluon parr niyantran banaa rhaa. bermi arthavyavastha, joe pahale seey hii ladaai seey kshatigrast hoe chuki thee, parivahan buniyaadi dhaanche koo nuksan (pichhale varsh kii ladaai aur british vidhvans key parinamswarup) aur niryaat kiye gaye chawal aur anya utpaadon key liye vaanijyik baajaron kii kamee key kaaran aur gir gaee.
leftinent general idaa ney barma key hiton koo badhaava dene key prayaas kiye, lekin unhein baar-baar tokyo key nirdeshon seey khariz curr diyaa gayaa, aur 1943 mein unhein raahat mill gaee, aanshik roop seey kyonki unhone barma mein tokyo kii aarthik neetiyon parr apatti jataai thee.
sanchaalan.
pahala arakan abhiyaan.
apani kathinaaiyon key bavjood, sahyogiyon ney shushk mausam key dauran dou abhiyaan chalaae. pahala barma key tateey arakan kshetra mein ack chhote paimaane parr aakraman thaa. leftinent general noel irvin key netritva mein bhaaratiya purvi senaa kaa irada mayu praaydweep aur akyab dweep parr phir seey kabja karna thaa, joe ack mahatvapurna havaai kshetra parr kabja kartaa thaa. 21 disambar 1942 seey, 14vaan bhaaratiya division praaydweep key anta seey kuchh hii meal kii doori parr rathedoung aur doneback kii or badhaa. yahaan unhein ack chhote seey japani bull (shuru mein kewal dou bataliyanon key saath lekin bhaari topkhaane key samarthan key saath) dwara rokaa gayaa thaa, jisane lagbhag abhedya bankaron parr kabja curr liya thaa. bhaaratiya aur british sainikon ney binaa bakhtarband samarthan key baar-baar saamane key hamale kiye, aur bhaari hatahaton key saath unhein vaapas fenk diyaa gayaa.
japani sudridhikaran, ack cumm shakti vibhajan key barabar, kendriya barma seey aaya. nadiyon aur parvat shrinkhalaon koo paar karate hue, jinhen sahyogiyon ney durgam maanaa thaa, way 3 aprail 1943 koo 14vein division key khule baaen hisse seey takra gaye aur kaee ikaaiyon koo paar curr gaye. division key mukhyalaya koo 26vein bhaaratiya division dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jisane boothidong shahar key dakshin mein ack rakshaatmak rekha koo pakadane kaa prayaas kiya, aur yahaan taka kii japaniyon koo gherne kaa prayaas kiya kyonki unhone apana laabh uthaaya. joe samaapt ikaaiyaan division koo viraasat mein millie theen, way iss rekha koo banaae rakhane mein asamarth theen aur unhein bahut saare upkaranon koo chhodane aur lagbhag bhaaratiya seema parr vaapas aaney key liye majboor honah padaa.
aanshik roop seey iss aapada key parinamswarup irvin koo barkhast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. unhone purvi senaa key upkaranon, prashikshan aur manobal kii sthiti key baare mein kaee apmaanjanak tippaniyan keen. halanki way poori tarah seey galat naheen they, lekin way vyaapak roop seey naraj they. irvin key uttaradhikari, general george gifford ney senaa key prashaasan aur manobal koo bahaal karane parr dhyaan kendrit kiya.
pahala chindit abhiyaan.
doosari kaarravaai bahut adhik vivadaspad thee. brigadier orde winget kii kamaan mein, 77veen bhaaratiya paidal senaa brigade, jise chindit key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye, ney japani agrim lines key madhyam seey ghuspaith kii aur barma mein mukhya uttar-dakshin railway koo kaatane key praarambhik uddeshya key saath barma mein gaharaai taka cooch kiya. operation (kootnam operation "long cloth") kii mool roop seey ack bahut badey samanvit aakraman key hisse key roop mein kalpana kii gaee thee, jise aapoorti aur shipping kii kamee key kaaran radd karna padaa thaa. chindits key prashikshan koo barbad karane key bajaay, winget ney operation koo anjam diyaa, bhale hii iska mool uddeshya amaanya thaa.
lagbhag 3,000 loga saat stambhon mein barma mein pravesh kiya. unhone uttari barma mein japaniyon key sanchaar koo kuchh nuksan pahunchaaya, jisase sambhavatah dou saptah taka railway mein katauti hoe gaee. haalaanki, unhein bhaari hatahaton kaa saamana karna padaah 818 maare gaye, ghayal yaa laapata, mool bull kaa 27 pratishat. joe loga laute way bimari seey peedit they aur aksar bhayaanak shaaririk sthiti mein they. halanki sanchaalan key parinamon parr sawal uthaaye gaye they, usa samay aur baad mein, chhaape kaa upayog british aur bhaaratiya sainikon koo yeh saabit karane key liye badey prachaar prabhaav key liye kiya gayaa thaa kii way jangal mein japaniyon kii tarah prabhaavi dhang seey reh sakate hain, chala sakate hain aur lada sakate hain, 1942 kii shuruat kii ladaai key baad paida hui dhaarana kaa mukabala karate hue kii japaniyon koo aise ilaake mein haraaya naheen jaa sakata haye.
yuddh key baad japani commanders dwara yeh bhee kahaa gayaa thaa kii barma mein japaniyon ney baad mein chindit operation key pratyaksh parinam key roop mein vishuddh roop seey rakshaatmak rukh apanaane key bajaay 1944 mein aakraman karane kaa faisala kiya.
kendriya morcha.
imphal key dakshin kii seema parr lagaatar gashti gatividhi aur cumm mahatvapurna ladaai hoti thee, lekin kissy bhee senaa key paas nirnaayak abhiyaan chalaane key liye sansaadhan naheen they. 17vein (halke) bhaaratiya division ney imphal key dakshin mein ack anishchit aapoorti line key anta mein tiddim shahar key aspas sthitiyaan aayojit keen, aur japani 33vein division kii ikaaiyon key saath jhadap hui. japaniyon key paas chindwin nadee parr kaleva key bandargah seey ack chhoti aur aasaan aapoorti line thee aur 1942 aur 1943 key adhikansh samay key liye unakaa dabdaba thaa.
vee bull, barma aur bhaarat key seemavarti kshetron mein jee. aich. kyu. bhaarat dwara khadaa kiya gayaa ack aniyamit bull, donon senaaon dwara niyantrit badey kshetron mein gasht aur khoj bhee kartaa thaa, lekin japani abhiyaanon parr koee nirnaayak prabhaav naheen daal sakata thaa.
barma road aur "koobad".
americi aagrah parr, pramukh sahayogi ranneetik uddeshyon mein seey ack chiang kaaee-shake key tahat rashtravadi cheeni sarkaar koo aapoorti kaa rakharkhaav thaa. jaba japaniyon ney barma parr kabja curr liya thaa, tou rangoon key madhyam seey aapoorti maarg koo kaat diyaa gayaa thaa. amerikiyon ney himalaya parvat shrinkhala key oopar aapoorti kaa ack airlift aayojit kiya. maarg aur airlift ney khud koo koobad kaa upnaam praapt curr liya. maarg key praakritik khatron seey bhaari nuksan huaa, aur yuddh key iss charan mein, sambaddh parivahan vimaan uttari barma mein mayitkina havaai kshetra seey sanchaalit japani ladaakoo vimaanon key prati samvedansheel they.
americi joseph stillwell key aagrah parr, joe anya niyuktiyon key saath-saath chiang kaaee-shake key cheef off staff they, sahyogiyon ney bhaarat koo chean seey jodane key liye ledo road kaa nirmaan bhee shuru kiya, joe ack vishal engineering kaary saabit karna thaa. japani kabje vaale uttari aur purvi barma seey hocker iss sadak koo chalaane kii taiyari key hisse key roop mein, 1942 mein bhaarat mein peechhe hatane vaale cheeni sainikon key dou prabhagon koo bihaar key ramgarh mein shiviron mein amerikiyon dwara phir seey susajjit aur prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa. winget key chhaape aur 1943-1944 key prachaar satra key liye unaki senaa key vistaar key baad, amerikiyon ney lambi doori kii pravesh ikai kaa bhee gathan kiya, jise baad mein maryl key marauders key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa aur unhein ledo mein tainaat kiya gayaa.
amerikiyon ney rasad ikaaiyon (vishesh roop seey nirmaan ikaaiyon aur railway sanchaalan karmiyon) kii bhee aapoorti kii, jinhone 1944 mein sambaddh hamalon kii taiyari mein uttar purvi bhaarat mein sambaddh railway lines aur nadee parivahan mein sudhaar aur rakharkhaav kiya.
fort heartz.
1942 key madhya mein, ack chhote seey tohi dall koo barma key sudur uttar mein fort heartz mein mitekina aur chauki kii jaanch karane key liye mitekina kshetra mein parachute seey pravesh karaaya gayaa thaa, joe bhaarat seey cutt gayaa thaa. fort heartz abhee bhee mitra deshon key haathon mein paaya gayaa thaa. sampark aur engineering dalon koo fort heartz mein udaaya yaa parachute seey bheja gayaa, aur sthaaniya roop seey ack aniyamit bull, kachin shulk, sthaapit kiya gayaa. havaai patti koo "koobad" maarg seey udaan bharane vaale vimaanon key liye ack aapaatkaaleen landing patti banane key liye sudhaar kiya gayaa thaa.
halanki kachin levi koo pahale purvi senaa (aur baad mein chaudahavin senaa) dwara seedhe niyantrit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin baad mein unhein americi uttari yuddh kshetra kamaan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, taaki ledo seey aasann americi aur cheeni pragati key saath adhik nikatata seey sahyog kiya jaa sakey.
barma railway.
sahyogiyon kii tarah, japaniyon ney dakshin poorv asia key bheetar apani sanchaar lines mein sudhaar karane kii koshish kii. iss uddeshya key liye, unhone barma railway kaa nirmaan kiya joe dakshini barma mein maulmeen koo siyam mein bancock seey jodata thaa. nirmaan 22 juuna 1942 koo shuru huaa aur 17 octuber 1943 koo puuraa huaa. yeh pariyojana shram bull (180,000 anivarya asiai majdooron mein seey 90,000 aur 60,000 sahayogi yuddh kaidiyon mein seey 16,000) key beach mauton key liye kukhyaat hoe gaee.
isake baad.
sambaddh kamaand parivartan.
sahyogiyon ney bhaarat mein kamaan sanrachana koo aksham maanaa. jee. aich. kyu. india (general archibald wewell kii kamaan mein) faras aur iraq (jahaan 1942 key anta taka uttari africa aur coccus mein german balon dwara safalata kii ashanka thee) aur barma mein japaniyon key khilaf, aur bhaarat key vyaapak kshetron mein aantarik suraksha aur teji seey badhati bhaaratiya senaa key prashaasan key liye bhee jimmedaar thaa. jee. aich. kyu. india kaa swayam atee-karmchari aur aksham honey key roop mein upahaas kiya gayaa thaa. australiyai yuddh samvaadaata wilfred burchet ney iska varnan iss prakaar kiya... curnell blimps kaa ack puravashesh.
agast 1943 mein, barma aur hind mahasagar mein japaniyon key khilaf sanchaalan key niyantran aur yojana banaane key liye naee sahayogi dakshin poorv asia kamaan kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. navambar mein, admiral luis mountbatten koo naee kamaan key commander inn cheef key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. kyonki rangmanch americi prashaasnik chean barma india theatre yaa see. bee. aaee. seey judaa huaa thaa, aur kyonki americi vayu senaa ikaaiyon aur rasad sansadhanon kii badhati sankhya koo bhaarat bheja jaa rhaa thaa, general stillwell koo upa sarvocch commander niyukt kiya gayaa thaa.
iss beach wewell bhaarat key vaaysaraay bunn gaye aur turant bangal mein akaal koo sambodhit kiya, halanki sankat kewal tabhi cumm huaa jaba britten mein sarkaar koo bangal koo bhojan kii raahat aapoorti bhejane key liye raaji kiya gayaa. unaki jagah bhaaratiya senaa key commander inn cheef key roop mein general clod auchinlake ney lii, jinhen ack saal pahale madhya poorv kamaan key commander inn cheef key roop mein mukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. arakan abhiyaan key dauran yeh dhyaan diyaa gayaa thaa kii aparyaapt roop seey prashikshit bhaaratiya sainikon key beach manobal iss hudd taka gir gayaa thaa kii kaee palayan hoe gaye they, aur yahaan taka kii bhaaratiya rashtriya senaa mein dalbadal bhee hoe gayaa thaa. (british sainikon key beach isi tarah kaa cumm manobal udasinta aur maleria sankraman kii bahut uchch darr key roop mein prakat huaa.) auchinlake ney bhaaratiya senaa key mukhyalaya aur usake pichhale kshetra aur prashikshan pratishthanon koo punarjeevit kiya. bhaaratiya senaa key manobal mein sudhaar key liye anya sudhaar kiye gaye; sainikon key vetan mein vriddhi kii gaee, gair-commission adhikaariyon aur vaaysaraay key commission adhikaariyon koo behtar prashikshan aur adhik jimmedaari dee gaee, aur bhaaratiya rashtriya senaa key prachaar kaa mukabala karane key prayaas kiye gaye.
purvi senaa koo chaudahavin senaa mein bhee vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, joe dakshin poorv asia kamaan kaa hissa thaa aur manipur aur arakan mein abhiyaanon key sanchaalan key liye jimmedaar thaa, aur "purvi kamaan", joe jee. aich. kyu. bhaarat koo report karati thee aur pichhale kshetra kii suraksha aur sanchaar lines key liye jimmedaar thee.
japani adesh parivartan aur yojanaaen.
march 1943 mein, japaniyon ney barma mein abhiyaanon koo niyantrit karane key liye ack nayaa senaa-star kaa mukhyalaya, barma kshetra senaa, banaaya. leftinent general masaakaazuu kawabe koo iska commander niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. senaa ney desh key uttar aur poorv mein pandrahavin senaa kii kamaan sambhali, aur pahale desh key dakshin aur paschim mein seedhe niyantrit ikaaiyon koo niyantrit kiya. adtisvin senaa kaa gathan 6 janwari 1944 koo baad kii jimmedaari sambhaalane key liye kiya gayaa thaa.
agast mein, leftinent general ida koo pandrahavin senaa key commander key roop mein 18veen division key poorv commander leftinent general mutaguchi dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. jiss kshan seey unhone padbhar sambhala, mutaguchi ney agale varsh key liye bhaarat mein ack saahasik aakraman kii jordar vakaalat kii, isake vipareet iss tarah key hamale key safal honey kii sambhaavanaon koo pahale khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa. aakramak yojana, jiska kootnam "yuu-goo" thaa, kaa shaahi samanya mukhyalaya dwara samarthan kiya gayaa thaa aur agale varsh ise shuru kiya gayaa thaa.