margaret shoot-lihotzki

margaret "grete" lihotzki (janm 23 janwari 1897 koo vienna, austriya-hangri key margaretan jile mein-18 janwari 2000) ack austriyai vastukar aur naziwad key khilaf austriyai pratirodh mein ack communist karyakarta they. aaj unhein jyaadaatar frankfurt kitchen key roop mein jaani jaane vaali cheezon koo design karane key liye yaad kiya jaataa haye.
praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha.
margaret lihotzki kaa janm 23 janwari 1897 koo margaretan mein ack burjua parivaar mein huaa thaa, joe 1850 seey vienna kaa hissa haye. unake daadaa gustaav lihotzki zernovitz, ducal bukovina key mahapour they, aur unaki maan juulii bode wilhelm wonn bode kii rishtedaar theen. unake pitaa ack udaar vichardhara vaale sivil sevak they, irvin lihotzki, jinake shantivad ney unhein 1918 mein habsberg samrajya key anta aur ganarajya kii sthaapana kaa swaagat kiya. lihotzki "kunstgeverbeshul", aaj applied arts vienna vishvavidyalaya mein pahali mahila chhaatra bunn gaeen, jahan joseph hoffman, anton hanak aur oskar kokoska jaise prasiddh kalakar padhaate they. lihotzki lagbhag ander naheen aaya. unaki maan ney ack karibi dost koo prasiddh kalakar gustaav climt seey sifarish patra key liye kahane key liye raaji kiya. 1997 mein, apana 100vaan janmadin manaate hue aur vastukala kaa adhyayan karane key apane faisale key baare mein yaad karate hue, unhone tippani kii kii "1916 mein kissy ney bhee ack mahila koo ghar banaane key liye niyukt karane kii kalpana naheen kii hogi-yahaan taka kii main bhee naheen."
lihotzki ney auskar stranad key tahat vastukala kaa adhyayan kiya, apane snaatak honey seey pahale hii apane designs key liye puraskar jeete. stranad vienna mein "sojiyalar wanbau" key agraduton mein seey ack they, joe kii kamkaji vargon key liye kifayati lekin aramdayak samajik awas thaa. unase prerit hocker, lihotzki ney samajha kii design koo karyakshamta seey jodana ack naee pravritti thee jisaki bhavishya mein maang hogi. snaatak honey key baad, apani anya pariyojanaon key beach, unhone adolph loose key saath sahyog kiya, pratham vishva yuddh key ayogya logon aur diggajon key liye bastiyon kii yojana banaai. iss samay key dauran unhone nava sthaapit austriyai basti aur aavantan udyaan sangh key sandarbh mein vastukar joseph frank aur daarshanik otto neurath key saath bhee kaam kiya, jahan unhone mukhya ghar vikasit kiye. inn aur kaee anya austriyai vastukaron aur buddhijiviyon kii unaki yaaden unaki pustak "warrom itch architectin woorde" ('main ack vastukar kyon banaa') mein ekatra kii gaee hain.
awas design.
1926 mein unhein vastukar aur shahar key yojnakar ernst dwara frankfurt aim maine, germany kii shahar parishad key "hoachboumt" mein bulaaya gayaa thaa, jahan unhone naee frankfurt pariyojana parr kaam kiya thaa. frankfurt key awas kii kamee koo hull karane key liye raajneetik shakti aur vittiya sansaadhan diye gaye honge. unhone aur shoot-lihotzki ney maee key baaki ikattha hue vaastushilp karmchaariyon key saath milkar shahar kii hajaaron awas ikaaiyon mein karyatmak spashtata aur maanviya moolyon koo safaltapurvak laaya.
lihotzki ney kindergarten, chhatron key gharon, schools aur isi tarah key samudayik bhavanon koo design karke apana kaam jaari rakhaa. shoot-lihotzki ney maria montessory key vichaaron key aadhar parr baalvaadi mandapon koo design kiya. frankfurt mein vaha apane sahakarmi wilhelm shoot seey mileen, jinase unhone agale varsh shaadi kii.
frankfurt rasoighar.
nae frankfurt-pariyojana key hisse key roop mein lihotzki ney 1926 mein frankfurt rasoi kaa nirmaan kiya, joe abb paschimi duniya mein prachalit antarnirmit rasoi kaa prototype thaa. yuu dwara vaigyaanik anusandhaan parr adharit.aiss. prabandhan visheshagya fredrick vinslo teller aur unake apane shodh, lihotzki ney nyuntam sthaan kaa upayog karke lekin adhikatam aaraam aur upkaran kii peshkash karate hue "grihini kii prayogshala" koo design karane key liye apane model key roop mein ack railroad dining kaar kitchen kaa upayog kiya. rasoighar kewal 1.9 x 3.4 meater maapa gayaa. rasoi kii satahon koo neele-harey rung seey rangaa gayaa thaa kyonki vaigyaanikon ney rung seey virakt makkhiyon kaa daavaa kiya thaa. frankfurt shahar parishad ney antatah nava-nirmit shramik-varg key apartment mein apane badey paimaane parr utpaadit, poorvanirmit rasoigharon mein seey 10,000 sthaapit kiye.
unake 100vein janmadin parr shoot-lihotzki ney tippani kii, "aapako ashcharya hoga kii 1926 mein frankfurt rasoi kii kalpana karane seey pahale, maine kabhi khud koo naheen pakaaya. ghar parr vienna mein merrie maan ney khaana pakaaya, frankfurt mein main "virthaus" [restaraan-pub] mein gayaa. maine rasoighar koo ack vastukar key roop mein design kiya, naa kii ack grihini key roop mein."
yuddhakaaleen gatividhiyaan.
jaise hii wimer ganarajya mein raajneetik sthiti bigadati gaee aur raajneetik adhikaar mein sthanantarit hoe gaee, shoot-lihotzki satrah vastukaron kii ack team mein shamil hoe gaye, "meey brigade", vastukar ernst key netritva mein aur unake pati aur erich mothner sahit, joe vienna seey bhee they. 1930 mein unhone train seey masco kii yatra kii. vahaan samooh koo dakshini graameen pahaadon mein magnitogorsk key audyogik shahar kaa nirmaan karke stallin kii paanch saal kii yojanaon mein seey pahali koo sakar karane mein madad karane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. unake aaney parr, shahar mein mitty kii jhopadiyan aur bairak shamil they. kuchh varshon mein yahaan 200,000 nivasi rahane vaale they, jinamen seey adhikansh loga ispat udyog mein kaam karate they. halanki teen varshon mein 20 shaharon key nirmaan kaa shreya meey brigade koo diyaa gayaa thaa, raajneetik paristhitiyaan kharaab theen aur parinam mishrit they. 1933 mein jaba unakaa anubandh puuraa hoe gayaa thaa, taba way roose chhod sakate they.
japan aur chean kii sankshipt vyaavsaayik yaatraon aur vyakhyan yaatraon key apavaad key saath, shoot-lihotzki 1937 taka soviyat sangh mein raheen. way aur unake pati pahale landan aur baad mein peris chaley gaye. 1933 mein shoot-leotzki ney shikago vishva melle mein apane kuchh kaam, "pragati kii shatabdi" prastut kiye they.
1938 mein shoot-lihotzki koo apane pati key saath istanbul, turkey mein lalit kalaa akadami mein padhaane aur nirvaasit german vastukar bruno tout key saath phir seey judane key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa. (durbhagya seey unake aaney key turant baad tout kii mrityu hoe gaee.) dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii poorv sandhya parr istanbul nirvaasit europeeya logon key liye ack panaahgaah thee, nirvaasit germans key liye ack aam gantavya thaa, aur shuton kaa saamana sangeetkaar bella bartok aur paul hindemith jaise kalakaron seey huaa.
istanbul mein shoot-lihotzki ney saathi austriyai herbert echolazar seey mulakat kii, joe ack vastukar they joe usa samay naazi shasson key prati saamyavaadi pratirodh koo sangathit karane mein vyast they. 1939 mein shoot-lihotzki austriyai communist party (key. pee. oh.) mein shamil hoe gaeen aur disambar 1940 mein, apani swatantra ichcha seey, icholzer key saath, austriyai communist pratirodh andolan seey gupt roop seey sampark karane key liye vienna vaapas chully gaeen. shoot-lihotzki ack pramukh pratirodh sadasya seey milane key liye sahmat hue, jiska upnaam "jarbar", irvin pushman thaa, aur istanbul key saath ack sanchaar line sthaapit karane mein madad karane key liye sahmat hue. vaha 22 janwari 1941 koo kaife victoria mein "jarbar" seey millie, jahan way usake aagaman key kewal 25 dinon baad, gestapo dwara aashcharyachakit aur giraftar kiye gaye. jabaki ichologer aur anya pratirodh ladaakon, jinhen bhee jabt curr liya gayaa thaa, parr uchch rajdroh kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, "wolksgerichtshoff" dwara maut kii sajaa sunai gaee thee aur 1943 mein unhein fansi dee gaee thee, shoot-leotzki koo 15 saal key karawas kii sajaa sunai gaee thee aur aichach, bavaria mein ack jail mein leey jaaya gayaa thaa. vaha aap dwara mukt kii gaee thee.aiss. 29 aprail 1945 koo sanic.
yuddh key baad.
1945 mein, yuddh samaapt honey key baad, vaha sofiya, bulgaria chully gaeen, jahan unhone baalvaadi pranali key saath kaam kiya, joe nagarpalika key liye design kii gaee yojanaon kii ack modular vastukala pranali thee. yeh maanate hue kii mahilaaon kii pragati seey badey paimaane parr samaaj koo laabh hoga, unhone sofiya mein apani baalvaadi pranali key baare mein likhaa, "desh key utpaadan aur saarvajanik jeevan key sabhi kshetron mein bulgarian mahilaaon kaa badhata pratishat aaney vaale varshon mein bachchon key sansthanon kii sthaapana koo teji seey mahatvapurna banaa dega."yeh bhee iss samay key dauran thaa kii vaha naazi shasson key khilaf saamyavaadi pratirodh mein apani bhagidari key liye chaar saal seey adhik samay taka jail mein rahane key baad apane pati wilheim shoot key saath phir seey judane mein saksham thee. 
margaret shoot-lihotsky antatah 1947 mein apane mool vienna laut aaeen. unake majboot raajneetik vichaar-vaha ack communist raheen-iss tathya key bavjood kii anginat imaraton koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur unakaa punarnirmaan kiya jaanaa thaa, unhein yuddh key baad austriya mein kissy bhee pramukh saarvajanik aayog koo praapt karane seey roque diyaa. natijatan, kuchh niji gharon koo design karane key alawa, shoot-lihotzki ney chean, cuba aur german loktaantrik ganarajya mein ack salaahkaar key roop mein kaam kiya. 1951 mein vaha apane pati wilhelm shoot seey alag hoe gaeen.
dair seey, unaki uplabdhiyon koo aadhikarik taur parr austriya mein maanyata dee gaee. unhein pahali baar unaki gair-vastukala gatividhiyon key liye maanyata dee gaee theeh 1977 mein unhein unake shaanti kaary key liye ack padak milaa aur 1978 mein, pratirodh mein unake kaam key liye ack sammaan baij milaa. unhein 1980 mein vienna shahar seey vastukala puraskar milaa. 1985 mein unhone apane sansmaran, "erineroongen aus dame widestand" ('pratirodh seey yaaden') prakaashit kiye. unhone 1988 mein austriyai sanghiya rashtrapati curt waldheim dwara waldheim key sandigdh yuddhakaaleen record key aadhar parr sammaanit honey seey incar curr diyaa. antatah unhein 1992 mein puraskar milaa. 1995 mein vaha austriyai narsamhar seey bache logon key ack samooh mein seey ack theen, jinhone romanon parr bumm hamalon parr austriyai sansad mein bahas key baad jorg hadder parr mukadama daayar kiya, jisamen hadder ney naazi yaatana shiviron koo "jail shivir" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya.
1990 mein frankfurt rasoi kaa ack scale model austriyai sangrahalaya mein vienna mein prayukt kalaa key liye pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa.
unhone 1997 mein apana 100vaan janmadin manaaya, vienna key meyer key saath ack chhote seey waltz parr nritya karate hue tippani kii, "ack ameer aadami key liye ack ghar kii rachana karane key liye, ack badalaav key liye, main iska anand letee."
margaret shoot-lihotzki kii mrityu 18 janwari 2000 koo 102 varsh kii ayu mein, unake 103vein janmadin seey paanch dinn pahale, influenzae key anubandh key baad jatilataon key kaaran hui. unhein vienna kendriya kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa thaa.
australiyai gaayak, lekhak aur nirdeshak robin tirandaj ney shoot-leotzki key jeevan parr adharit ack naatak likhaa. "architectin", jisamen helen morse, kesenja logos, kregg behena, dunken graham, antje ganter, michael habib aur nick pelomis shamil hain, dakshin australia kii raajya rangmanch company dwara nirmit aur addam cook dwara nirdeshit, 2 sitambar 2008 koo dunstan playhouse, adelaid, dakshin australia mein khola gayaa. rotifer kaa geet "dha frankfurt kitchen" unake kaam key liye ack aur shraddhanjali haye.

