
mandeville kii yaatraaen

surr johnn mandeville kii yatra, jise aamtaur parr mandeville kii yatra key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, 1357 aur 1371 key beach likhi gaee ack pustak haye joe bhaarat aur chean taka islami duniya mein surr johnn mandeville naamak ack angrej key yatra sansmaran honey kaa irada rakhti haye. sabse pahala jeevit paath french mein haye, jisake baad kaee anya bhaashaon mein anuvaad kiye gaye hain; iss kaam ney asadharan lokpriyata hassil kii. yaatraon kii atyant avishvasaniya aur aksar kaalpanik prakriti key bavjood, iska varnan kiya jaataa haye, iska upayog sandarbh key kaam key roop mein kiya gayaa thaah udaaharan key liye, christopher columbus, iss kaam aur marco polo kii pahale kii "yaatraon" donon seey bahut prabhaavit thaa.
pustak key anusaar, johnn dee mandeville ney 1322 mein samudra koo paar kiya. unhone turkey (asia minor aur silicia), tartary, faras, seeriya, arabia, misra, libia, ethiopia, chaldia, amezan kii bhoomi, bhaarat, chean aur iss kshetra key kaee deshon seey gujarna shuru kiya. vaha aksar jerusalam gayaa thaa, aur romans bhaashaon mein likhaa thaa kyonki way aam taur parr lattin kii tulanaa mein adhik vyaapak roop seey samajhe jaate they.
yeh kaafee spasht haye kii "surr johnn mandeville" ack aavishkaar lekhak they, aur vaastavik lekhak key baare mein vibhinn sujhaav diye gaye hain. inmein seey adhikansh france yaa nichale deshon key hain jinhone lekhak key roop mein vyaapak roop seey yatra naheen kii thee; kissy ney bhee samanya sweekriti praapt naheen kii haye. yeh pustak kaafee hudd taka anya yatra pustakon parr nirbhar karati haye, kabhi-kabhi pauranik yaa kaalpanik tatvon key saath kadhaai kii jaati haye. "mandeville kii yaatraon" mein vaastavik yaatraon aur poorv mein nivaasiyon dwara arjit tathya aur gyaan hoe sakata haye, cumm seey cumm pavitra bhoomi, misra, levant aur vahaan pahunchane key sadhanon parr kendrit khandon mein. prastaavana lagbhag vishesh roop seey pavitra bhoomi koo kaary key vishay key roop mein ingit karati haye. adhik door key kshetron kaa ullekh kewal iss prastaavana key anta mein aur (ack tareeke seey) ack vichaar key roop mein aataa haye. haalaanki, yeh isai 'scientia' (gyaan) key bajaay 'curiositas'-bhatakane parr mandeville key jore key anuroop haye.
sroton kaa spasht roop seey upayog kiya jaataa haye.
pustak key sroton kii albert bovention aur george aff dwara shramsadhya roop seey jaanch kii gaee haye. chetavani dene vaalaa. 
pordenone kii gandh.
trabizond seey laker harmon, bhaarat, malay dweepsamuh aur chean aur paschimi asia taka kii inn adhik door kii yaatraon kaa badaa hissa, frear gandh (1330) key akhyan seey liya gayaa haye. yeye maarg lagbhag hamesha antarveshtit vivaranon key saath sooje hue hotey hain, aamtaur parr ack asadharan prakaar key hotey hain. haalaanki, kaee mamalon mein lekhak una anshon koo samajhane mein whiffle rhaa haye jinhen vaha gandh seey apanaata haye aur apane anubhavon key roop mein dene kaa daavaa kartaa haye. iss prakaar, jahan gandh ney machhali pakadane key liye shaant jalcharon koo niyojit karane kii cheeni pratha kaa sabse adhik jigyasu aur vaastavik vivaran diyaa haye, vahaan jalcharon koo mandeville dwara "chhote jaanvaron mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye jinhen lloyers kahaa jaataa haye jinhen paani mein jaanaa sikhaaya jaataa haye" ("lloyer" shabd kaa upayog spasht roop seey yahaan "oodabilaav", "lutra" key liye kiya jaa rhaa haye, jisake liye proval "luria" yaa "loiya" haye).
bahut hii shuruati tarikh mein gandh kii kahaaniyon key saath mandeville kii kahaaniyon key sanyog koo maanyata dee gaee thee, aisaa naheen thaa kii gandh kii ack pandulipi joe mainz mein adhyaay pustakalaya mein thee yaa thee, inn shabdon key saath shuru hoti haih "incipit itinarius fidelis fratteris odorisi society millishis mendville prati indian; licet hick ill prius aitt posterius paregrenation suam descript". baad key dinn surr thomas herbert gandhapurna "hamaare surr johnn key yatra saathi" koo mandeville kahate hain aur cumm seey cumm ack ansh mein, gandh key saath yatra karane kii sambhavana kaa sujhaav dete hue aalochana kaa anuman lagaate hain.
hetom.
mandeville kaa adhikansh mamla, vishesh roop seey asiai bhugol aur itihas mein, hettom key "laa flore days astoires dee 'oriented" seey liya gayaa haye, joe riyasat parivaar kaa ack armenian thaa, joe premonstraint yaa premonstration order kaa bhikshu bunn gayaa thaa, aur 1307 mein poettiers mein francisi bhasha mein, asia aur usake itihas key saath apane asadharan parichay seey poorv mein iss kaam koo nirdeshit kiya. coricus key kille yaa mahal gauraiya kii ack kahani, mandeville kii pustak mein dikhaai detee haye.
marco polo.
ack apavaad key saath, mandeville mein koee maarg marco polo mein naheen paaya jaa sakata haye. yeh vaha jagah haye jahan vaha kahata haye kii harmon mein loga badee garmi key dauran paani mein rahate hain-ack aisee paristhiti jiska ullekh polo dwara kiya gayaa haye, halanki gandh seey naheen. yeh sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii iss tathya koo mandeville dwara upayog kii jaane vaali gandh kii prati mein prakshepit kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki aggar unhone ise seedhe polo seey udhaar liya hotaa tou vaha adhik udhaar leey sakate they.
jiyovanni daa piano dell carpine aur vincent dee beauvice.
tataron key shishtachar aur reeti-rivaajon key baare mein ack achchha sauda franciscan giovanni daa piano dell carpine key kaam seey spasht roop seey liya gayaa haye, joe 1245-1247 mein tataron mein pope key rajdoot key roop mein gaye they; lekin dow. warner kaa maanana haye kii mandeville key liye tatkaal srot vincent dee beauvice kaa "speculum historial" thaa. halanki prashn mein sabhi maarg lagbhag bilkul carpine mein paae jaate hain, abhivyakti sanghanit hoti haye aur crum badal jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye mandeville kii tulanaa karein, pee. 250, carpine key saath taataar mahilaaon dwara kiye gaye karyon parr, pee. 643; mandeville. pee. 250, khaane kii taataar aadton parr, carpine key saath, pp. 639-640; mandeville, pee. 231, mahaan khaan kii muharon parr dhaaran kii gaee shirshakon parr, carpine key saath, pee. 715, aadi.
prester johnn kaa vivaran usa kaalpanik shaktishali key prasiddh "patra" seey liya gayaa haye, joe 13veen shatabdi mein vyaapak roop seey faila thaa. kaee shandar kahaaniyan, phir seey, rakshason kii, jaise kii cyclops, skiapods, hippopods, anthrophophagy, monosalides, aur jinn purushon key sir apane kandhon key neeche badhe they; phoenix aur rote hue magarmachcha, jaise kii pliny ney ekatra kiya haye, yahaan aur vahaan pesh kiye gaye hain, isamen koee sandeh naheen haye, unase praapt kiya gayaa haye, solinus, bastearies, yaa vincent dee beauvis kaa "speculum natural". aur beach-beach mein, vishesh roop seey levent key baare mein adhyaayon mein, aisee kahaaniyan aur kinvadantiyaan hain joe pratyek teerthayaatri key liye khudra theen, jaise kii sett kii kinvadanti aur swarg key anaaj jinase cross kii lakadi ugaai gaee thee, joe kii lamek dwara puraane caine kii shooting kii thee, joe gauraiya-hock key mahal (joe melucin kii kahani mein dikhaai detaa haye), joe masaria mein balsam paudhon kii utpatti key they, coss key ajgar, nadee key sambation aadi.
lekhak.
prastaavana mein, sankalak khud koo ack shurveer kahata haye, aur kahata haye kii uska janm aur paalan-poshan ingland mein, sent albans shahar mein huaa thaa. haalaanki yeh pustak vaastavik haye, lekin vyaapak roop seey yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii "surr johnn mandeville" swayam naheen they. aam siddhant jehann aeye laa barbe key naam seey ack francisi kii or ishara karate hain. anya sambhaavanaon parr neeche charcha kii gaee haye.
kuchh aur haal key vidvaanon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii "mandeville kii yatra" sambhavatah ack flaming dwara likhi gaee thee, jisane lattin mein johannes longus key naam seey likhaa thaa. zaan dee langhey kaa janm 1300 key dashak kii shuruat mein yeapress mein huaa thaa aur 1334 taka sent-omer mein sent-bertin key mathh mein ack benedictine bhikshu bunn gaye they, joe callis seey lagbhag 20 meal door thaa. peris vishvavidyalaya mein kaanoon kaa adhyayan karane key baad, lange mathh mein laut aae aur 1365 mein mathadhish chune gaye. way ack vipul lekhak aur yatra vrittaanton key shaukeen sangraahak they, 1383 mein apani mrityu taka.
samkaaleen pushti.
cumm seey cumm "mandeville kii yaatraon" kaa hissa aur johnn mandeville kaa jeevan kewal aavishkaar haye. iss tarah key "jehann dee mandeville" key astitva kii koee samkaaleen pushti gyaat naheen haye. kuchh francisi paandulipiyaan, joe samkaaleen naheen hain, ingland key edward III koo unake dwara prastut kiye gaye ack lattin patra koo detee hain, lekin itna aspasht haye kii yeh kissy bhee vishay parr kissy bhee lekhak dwara likhaa gayaa hoe sakata haye.
aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii sankalan, badey hisse mein, ack lease chikitsak seey aaya haye jise johanns aeye leey barbe yaa jehann aeye laa barbe key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, anyatha jehann dee burgone. isake liye saboot lease herauld, luis abri (1643-1720) dwara uddhrit ack aadhunik ark seey aataa haye, johann days prece kii "myroor days histers" kii khoi hui chauthi pustak seey, shally dee 'walteremouse. isamen, "jeane dee bergogne, ditt aeye laa barbe" key baare mein kahaa jaataa haye kii usane apani mrityushayya parr khud koo dee 'waltremos key saamane prakat kiya thaa, jise usane apana nishpaadak banaaya thaa, aur apani vaseeyat mein khud koo "mesire jeane dee mandeville, chevlier, comte dee montfort aine angleter aitt segnier dee ell' aisal dee campody aitt doo cheto peros (ingland mein lord jeane dee mandeville, night, count dee montort aur campody dweep aur mahal peros key swami)" key roop mein varnit kiya thaa.
yeh jodaa gayaa haye kii, apane hii desh mein ack anaam ginati koo maarne kaa durbhagya honey key kaaran, unhone duniya key teen hisson mein yatra karane key liye khud koo vyast kiya, 1343 mein lease pahunche, ack mahaan prakritivaadi, gahan daarshanik aur jyotishi they, aur unhein bhautiki kaa ullekhaniya gyaan thaa. iss pehchaan kii pushti iss tathya seey hoti haye kii abb nasht hoe chuke gilmeen church mein mandeville kaa makbara thaa, ack lattin shilalekh key saath jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii unakaa naam anyatha "aid barbam" thaa, chikitsa key professor they, aur 17 navambar 1372 koo lease mein unaki mrityu hoe gaeeh iss shilalekh koo 1462 taka uddhrit kiya gayaa haye.
apani mrityu seey pahale bhee, lease chikitsak ney kaam key prasaar mein ack hisse aur isamen parivardhan koo sweekaar kiya haye. isake samanya lattin sankshipt sanskaran mein, see key anta mein. vii.lekhak kaa kahana haye kii carro mein sultan key darbar mein rukane parr vaha "hamaare" angon key ack aadaraniya aur visheshagya chikitsak seey mille, lekin way shayed hii kabhi baatchit mein aae kyonki unake kartavya ack alag tarah key they, lekin lambe samay baad lease mein unhone usee aadaraniya vyakti key upadesh mein aur madad ("giortatu aitt adutorio") key saath iss granth kii rachana kii, jaisa kii vaha isake anta mein bataayega.
aur antim adhyaay mein, vaha kahata haye kii 1355 mein, ghar lautane parr, vaha lease mein aaya, aur sadak mein vriddhavastha aur gathiya key saath rakhaa gayaa jise bassevenir kahaa jaataa haye, i.ee. besse-sauvenier ney chikitsakon seey paramarsh kiya. vaha joe apani umr aur safed baalon key kaaran dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik poojaniya thaa, spasht roop seey apani kalaa mein visheshagya thaa, aur aamtaur parr magistrate eohannes aid barbam kahaa jaataa thaa. baad vaale kii ack aakasmik tippani ney unake puraane carro parichit key navinikaran kaa kaaran banaa, aur usa vigyaapan barbam ney, mandeville parr apana chikitsa kaushal dikhaane key baad, tatkaal apani yatra likhane key liye unase vinati kii; "aur isaliye, unaki salah aur madad seey," monitu aitt adutorio ", iss granth kii rachana kii gaee thee, jisamen seey maine nishchit roop seey kuchh bhee likhane kaa prastaav naheen diyaa thaa jaba taka kii cumm seey cumm main ingland mein apane swayam key hisson taka naheen pahunch gayaa thaa. vaha khud key baare mein baat karate hain kii abb lease mein rakhaa gayaa haye, "joe ingland key samudra seey kewal dou dinn door haye"; aur yeh colophone (aur pandulipiyon mein) mein kahaa gayaa haye kii pustak pahali baar french mein isake lekhak mandeville dwara 1355 mein lease mein prakaashit kii gaee thee, aur isake turant baad usee shahar mein "lattin roop mein anuvaad kiya gayaa thaa. isake alawa, 1860 key baare mein lease mein maujood francisi paath kii ack pandulipi mein ack samaan bayaan thaa, aur kahaa gayaa kii lekhak "all host henkin levo" naamak ack chhatrawas mein rahata haih iss pandulipi ney chikitsak kaa naam "johains dee bergogne ditt eley barbe" key roop mein diyaa, joe nissandeh isake sthaaniya roop koo vyakt kartaa haye.
samkaaleen ullekh.
jehann dee mandeville naamak kissy bhee angreji night kaa koee samkaaleen angreji ullekh naheen haye, naa hii kahaa jaataa haye kii hathiyar kissy bhee gyaat mandeville hathiyaron kii tarah lease makbare parr they. haalaanki, george aff. warner ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii dee bergogne ack nishchit johann dee bergoyne hoe sakata haye, jise 20 agast 1321 koo sansad dwara tiraskariyon (yuva aur bujurg) parr hamale mein bhaag lene key liye kshama curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin jisaki kshama 1322 mein radd curr dee gaee thee, jiss varsh mein "mandeville" ingland chhodane kaa daavaa kartaa haye. isi tarah usee kuleen kii sifarish parr kshama kiye gaye vyaktiyon mein ack johann mangevilain thaa, jiska naam "dee mandeville" seey sambandhit prateet hotaa haye, joe "dee magnaville" kaa baad kaa roop haye.
mangavillan naam ingland key heinry aaee key shasankal key 16vein varsh kii shuruat mein yorkshire mein paaya jaataa haye, lekin yeh bahut durlabh haye, aur (mangaville naamak kissy bhee sthaan kaa asafal pramaan) kewal magnevillan kii ack bhinn vartani prateet hoti haye. iska arth kewal "magnaville", dee magnaville hoe sakata haye; lekin 14veen shatabdi key navers key bishap key parivaar koo "mandevillan" aur "dee mandevillan" donon kahaa jaataa thaa, jahaan mandevillan ack vyutpann sthaan-naam lagata haye, jiska arth haye magnaville yaa mandeville jilaa. dee mandeville" naam kaa sujhaav dee burgogne koo usake saathi aparaadhi mangavillan dwara diyaa jaa sakata haye, aur yeh bhee sambhav haye kii donon ack saath ingland bhaag gaye, misra mein ack saath they, lease mein phir seey mille, aur "yaatraon" key sankalan mein saajha kiye gaye.
yatra" key baad yaa tou dee borgogne yaa "mangavillan" ney ingland kaa daura kiya, yeh bahut sandigdh haye. sent albans abby mein ack neelam kii angoothi thee, aur canterbury mein ack chrystal orb thaa, jise mandeville dwara diyaa gayaa thaa; lekin yeye lease seey bheje gaye honge, aur yeh baad mein dikhaai dega kii lease chikitsak key paas keemati patthar they aur unhone unake baare mein likhaa thaa. sent albans key paas ack kinvadanti bhee thee, jise johnn norden key "speculum britania" (1596) mein darj kiya gayaa thaa kii mandeville kaa ack barbad sangamarmar kaa makbara (cross-legg aur kavach mein, talwar aur dhaal key saath) ack baar mathh mein khadaa thaa; yeh "mangavillan" key baare mein sach hoe sakata haye yaa yeh apocryphal hoe sakata haye. sent albans mathh key pravesh dwaar key paas ack shilalekh bhee haye, joe iss prakaar haih
vaastavik anubhavon kaa sambhaavit pratinidhitva.
pustak key una hisson mein bhee joe kuchh vaastavik anubhav kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, aise spasht nishan hain jinka upayog ack anya kaam mein kiya gayaa haye. yeh german night wilheim wonn boldensel kaa yatra karyakram haye, joe 1336 mein cardinal hailey dee tallyrand-pirigord kii ichcha parr likhaa gayaa thaa. mandeville key saath isaki ack sarsari tulanaa iss baat mein koee sandeh naheen chhodati haye kii baad vaale ney apane dhaage kaa paalan kiya haye, halanki harr taraf khudai kii haye, aur aksar german yatri kii ekvachan achchi bhavna koo samaapt curr diyaa haye. udaharanon mein cyprus, tyre aur pyalestine key tata, gaaja seey misra kii yatra, misra key babylone key baare mein maarg, makka key baare mein, misra key samanya khaate, pyramid, carro key kuchh chamatkar, jaise kii gulam-bajar, chikan-hatching stove aur swarg key seb (i.ee., paudhe), laal samudra, sinai parr convent, pavitra kabr key church kaa khaata, aadi.
udaaharan key liye, pyramids parr charcha karate samay, boldensel ney likhaa kii "desh key loga unhein firaun key anaaj bhandar kahate hain. lekin yeh bilkul bhee sach naheen hoe sakata haye, kyonki vahaan gehuun daalane key liye koee jagah naheen mill sakati haye. mandeville taba praapt madhyayugeen raay key paksh mein ise poori tarah seey ulat detaa haih "kuchh loga kahate hain kii way pracheen kaal key mahaan prabhuon kii kabrein hain, lekin yeh sach naheen haye, kyonki poore desh mein nikat aur door taka aam shabd yeh haye kii way joseph key anaaj bhandar hain... [kyonki] aggar way kabrein hoteen, tou way ander khaali naheen hoteen.
vaastav mein, pustak kaa kewal ack chhota saa avashesh haye, jisake liye lekhak key anubhavon koo shamil karate hue vaastavik charitra koo sambhavatah jimmedaar thaharaaya jaa sakata haye. phir bhee, jaisa kii soochit kiya gayaa haye, udhaar lii gaee kahaaniyon koo aksar iss tarah key anubhavon key roop mein daavaa kiya jaataa haye. pahale seey ullikhit logon key alawa, unhone aarop lagaaya kii unhone cansey mein transmigrated aatmaon key bageeche (gandh dwara varnit) kii jigyasu pradarshani dekhi thee.ee., hangcho. vaha aur unake saathi apane karmchaariyon key saath pandrah maheene taka kublai khaan key saath seva mein rahey they, joe maanzi key raajaa yaa dakshini chean key khilaf apane yuddhon mein kaith key samrat they, joe lagbhag sattar saal pahale ack alag raajya naheen reh gayaa thaa.
inn jhoothe bayanon mein seey sabse ullekhaniya "khatarnak ghaati" kii kahani kii gandh seey unake apanaane mein hotaa haye. yeh, apane mool roop mein, jahir taur parr uttejana aur andhavishwas kii dhundh key madhyam seey dekhe jaane vaale gandh key vaastavik anubhavon parr adharit haye. mandeville, vibhinn prakaar key asadharan sparshon key saath kahani key chamatkaron koo soojan dete hue, paathak kii sambhaavit khoj seey khud koo surakshit rakhta haye kii yeh antarveshan dwara chori kiya gayaa thaah "aur hamaare kuchh sathiyon koo pravesh karane key liye diyaa gayaa thaa, aur kuchh koo naheen. tou hamaare saath dou yogya purush they, joe chhote they, joe lombardy key they, jinhone kahaa kii aggar koee aadami pravesh karega tou way hamaare saath ander jaayenge. aur jaba unhone aisaa kahaa thaa, tou bhagwan aur unake anugrahapurna vishvaas parr, hamane saamoohik roop seey gaaya, aur harr aadami koo sikudaaya aur ghar banaaya; aur phir humm chaudah logon mein pravesh kiya; lekin baahar jaane parr humm kewal nau they.
iss parichhed kaa ullekh karate hue, yeh sweekaar karna uchit haye kii varnan (halanki sabse badey hisse kaa sujhaav gandh mein maujood haye) kalpanashil shakti kaa ack achchha sauda pradarshit kartaa haye; aur johnn bunyan key prasiddh roopak mein, mrityu kii chhaaya kii ghaati key madhyam seey isai key maarg key khaate mein bahut kuchh haye, joe iss sambhavana koo ingit kartaa haye kii bunyan ney iss prakaran koo mandeville yaa huckluit key "gandh" mein padhaa aur yaad kiya hoga.
aisaa naheen haye kii puuraa kaam udhaar liya gayaa haye yaa kaalpanik haye. yahaan taka kii mahaan moorish yatri ibn batoota, joe mukhya roop seey sateek aur sach haye, cumm seey cumm apane akhyan key ack hisse mein anubhavon kaa aavishkaar kartaa haye; aur, zaan vaine hease aur arnold wonn haaraf jaise karyon mein pavitra bhoomi key teerthyatriyon key udaaharan hain, jinake akhyan spasht roop seey shaant satya mein shuru hotey hain, aur dheere-dheere kalpana aur asadharanta key phalane-phoolane mein gujarate hain. mandeville mein bhee aise vivaran hain jinka pataa abhee taka anya lekhakon seey naheen lagaaya gayaa haye, aur isaliye jinhen yaa tou lekhak key apane anubhav yaa poorv mein bolchal kii bhasha mein sambhog dwara arjit gyaan key liye asthaayi roop seey saunpa jaa sakata haye.
chaahe mandeville vaastav mein yatra curr rhaa hoe yaa naheen, vaha jaruri naheen kii jaanboojhkar kahani banaa rhaa hoe. iss samay key sabhi yatra aakhyanon mein ack-dusare seey yaa yoonaniyon kii pichhali paramparaon seey liye gaye ack hii sroton kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. yeh parampara pathakon key liye vishvasaniya (yaa cumm seey cumm sweekarya) banaane key liye iss tarah key aakhyanon kaa ack abhinn hissa thee.
misra mein.
haal key misra key itihas key roop mein unake bayanon key charitra parr nirnay lena mushkil haye. usa desh key baare mein unake khaate mein, halanki commanion (bahari rajvansh key) sultaanon kii shrinkhala koo hettom seey mell echansar (all-nasir muhammad) key pravesh key liye udhaar liya gayaa haye, joe 1293 mein pahali baar simhaasan parr aae they, mandeville apane gyaan seey bolate hue dikhaai dete hain jaba way kahate hain kii yeh "melansar ney lambe samay taka shasson kiya aur buddhimani seey shaasit huaa". vaastav mein, halanki apane jeevan key shuruati bhaag mein dou baar visthaapit hue, all-nasir muhammad ney 1341 taka shasson kiya, joe muslim misra mein advitiya avadhi thee, jabaki kaam mein varnan kiya gayaa haye kii unake shasankal key antim tees varshon key dauran, misra dhana aur samriddhi key uchch star parr pahunch gayaa.
halanki, mandeville ney aage kahaa kii unake sabse badey bete, melechemeder koo safal honey key liye chunaa gayaa thaa; lekin iss rajkumar koo unake bhaai dwara gupt roop seey maar diyaa gayaa thaa, jinhone raajya koo meleclimadabrone key naam seey leey liya thaa. "aur jaba main una deshon seey chalaa gayaa tou vaha solden hoe gayaa. abb all-nasir muhammad key baad terah varshon mein unake cumm seey cumm aathh bete aae, jinamen seey pahale teen ney kull milakar kewal kuchh maheenon mein shasson kiya. mandeville dwara ullikhit naam aathh mein seey chauthe aur chhathe kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. all-salih ismel aur all-muzzafar hajji]; aur yeye mandeville key bayaan fitt naheen hotey hain.
shabd.
kaee avsaron parr, arabi shabd diye jaate hain, lekin hamesha pahchaanane yogya naheen hotey hain, shayed aise mamalon mein pratilipikaron kii laparwahi key kaaran. iss prakaar, humm himalayi balsam kii lakadi, phal aur russ key naam (santoshjanak roop seey pehchaane naheen gaye) paate hain; bitumen, "alkatran" ("all-katran"); teen alag-alag prakaar kii kaali mirch (lambi kaali mirch, kaali mirch aur safed kaali mirch) key naam "sorbotin, phulphul" aur "baano" yaa "baao" (kaali mirch key liye "phulphul" aam arabi shabd haye; anya koo santoshjanak roop seey samajhaaya naheen gayaa haye). lekin yeye, aur unaki kathaa key vivaran jinake liye abhee taka koee saahityik srot naheen milaa haye, vyaktigat anubhav kaa pramaan banaane key liye bahut cumm hain.
bhaugolik.
mandeville, phir seey, kuchh maargon mein prithvi key roop aur dhruv taare key avalokan dwara akshansh mein sthiti kaa pataa lagaane kaa sahee vichaar dikhaata haye; vaha jaanata haye kii antipod hain, aur yadi jahaajon koo khoj kii yaatraon parr bheja jaataa haye tou way duniya bhar mein yatra curr sakate hain. aur vaha ack jigyasu kahani bataata haye, joe usane apani yuvavastha mein sunee thee, kii kaise ack yogya vyakti ney poorv kii or yatra kii jaba taka kii vaha phir seey apane desh naheen aaya. lekin vaha baar-baar iss puraane vishvaas parr jore detaa haye kii jerusalam duniya key kendra mein thaa, aur isake pramaan mein kahata haye kii vishuv mein ack bhaala joe jerusalam mein khadaa thaa, dopahar mein koee chhaaya naheen daaltaa haye, joe aggar sach haye, tou prithvi kii golakarta key saath samaan roop seey shamil hoga, basharte kii shahar bhoomadhya rekha parr thaa.
paandulipiyaan aur anuvaad.
mool kii sabse purani gyaat pandulipi-ack baar jeane-baptist-joseph barois kii, baad mein bertram ashburnham, ashburnham kii chauthi earl, abb "nauv. aeye. see. kyu. frank. 1515 "mein rashtriya granth-1371 kaa haye, lekin phir bhee uchit naamon mein bahut galat haye. french seey baney ack praarambhik mudrit lattin anuvaad koo pahale hii uddhrit kiya jaa chuka haye, lekin chaar anya, aprakaashit, johann vogels dwara khoje gaye hain. way aathh pandulipiyon mein maujood hain, jinamen seey saat grate britten mein hain, jabaki aathven koo abingdon key ack bhikshu dwara coppy kiya gayaa thaa; isaliye, shayed, inn sabhi aprakaashit anuvaadon koo grate britten mein nishpaadit kiya gayaa thaa. 
unamen seey ack seey, vogels key anusaar, ack angreji sanskaran banaaya gayaa thaa jise kabhi mudrit naheen kiya gayaa thaa aur abb kewal mukt sankshipt roop mein maujood haye, joe bodlian pustakalaya mein dou 15 veen shatabdi kii pandulipiyon mein nihit haye-pandulipi "ee museo 116", aur pandulipi "rollinson dee. 99": poorv, joe behtar haye, poorv madhya angreji mein haye, aur sambhavatah assex mein sent ausith key augustinian priory seey sambandhit hoe sakata haye, jabaki baad vaalaa dakshini madhya angreji mein haye.
francisi seey pahala angreji anuvaad (cumm seey cumm 15 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein) ack pandulipi seey kiya gayaa thaa, jisake kaee prishth khou gaye they. califace' naam likhate hue, lekhak kaa kahana haye kii yeh "ack gambhir roop seey aaya haye. ii y solit oyor v. jitna raajaa kahana haye, utanaa hii". pahale 5 sultan huaa karate they. doshpurna french pandulipi mein ack prishth "il y so" key saath samaapt huaa; phir ack antaral aaya, aur agala prishth mount sinai key vivaran key hisse key saath chalaa gayaa, "aitt est cell valley multy froid". natijatan, sambandhit angreji sanskaran mein "kii vis koo heim key beach" royce ills "aur yeh vaile vis phul colled" haye! 1725 seey pahale key sabhi angreji mudrit granthon aur ashton key 1887 sanskaran mein inn doshpurna pratiyon kaa anusaran kiya gayaa haye, aur kewal dou gyaat pandulipiyon mein kamee kaa pataa lagaaya gayaa haye aur usey bharaa gayaa haye.
unamen seey ack british pustakalaya pandulipi agerton ms 1982 (uttari bolly, lagbhag 1410-1420?), jisamen, vogels key anusaar, sambandhit bhaag usa angreji sanskaran seey udhaar liya gayaa haye joe pahale seey hii lattin seey banaaya gayaa thaa. doosara british pustakalaya kii pandulipi "sooti titus xvi" mein haye."(madhyabhoomi bolly, 1410-1420 key baare mein?), francisi seey ack poorna paath kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, aur poore samay sanshodhit kiya jaataa haye, halanki ack saksham haath seey naheen. george warner dwara sampaadit "agerton text", roxberge club dwara mudrit kiya gayaa haye, jabaki sooti paath, joe pahale 1725-27 mein mudrit kiya gayaa thaa, vartamaan angreji sanskaran key aadhunik punarmudran mein haye.
kii angreji sanskaran kaa koee bhee roop usee haath seey naheen hoe sakata haye jisane mool likhaa thaa, anuvaad kii unaki spasht trutiyon dwara patent kiya gayaa haye, lekin sooti paath prastaavana mein daavaa kartaa haye kii yeh swayam mandeville dwara banaaya gayaa thaa, aur yeh daavaa haal hii mein angreji saahitya key lagbhag sabhi aadhunik itihaskaron dwara vishvaas parr liya gayaa thaa. mool shabd "jey yuse cest liverate miss aine lattin"... lekin... jey ll 'aeye miss aine roment" kaa galat anuvaad kiya gayaa jaise kii "jey yuse" kaa arth "mujhe honah chaahiye" key bajaay "merey paas thaa", aur phir (chaahe dhokhadhadi key iraade seey yaa ack aakasmik chook kii aapoorti karane key liye ack pratilipi banaane vaale kii galati seey) shabdon koo jodaa gayaa "aur ise angreji mein ack unmaad seey anuvaadit kiya gayaa."aisaa lagata haye kii matzner ney yeh dikhaane vaale pahale vyakti rahey hain kii vartamaan angreji paath sambhavatah khud mandeville dwara naheen banaaya jaa sakata haye. mool french kaa koee santoshjanak sanskaran naheen haye, lekin vogels ney ack mahatvapurna paath shuru kiya haye, aur warner ney apane agerton angreji paath mein ack british pustakalaya pandulipi kii french koo jodaa haye, jisamen teen anya key sanskaran shamil hain.
ack prakaashit madhya angreji prati see. 1440, sambhavatah burstead, kent seey, juuna 2011 mein landan kii nilami mein £289,250 praapt kiya.
mandeville key kaam kaa anuvaad 1475 key aspas praarambhik aadhunik ayrish mein kiya gayaa thaa.
naam kaa upayog karate hue anya kaary.
kuchh anya kritiyaan hain jinka naam mandeville yaa dee burgone haye.
ms. jodein. see. bodlian mein 280 "yaatraon" koo jodata haye, joe germany key sent alban kaa ack chhota francisi jeevan haye, jiska lekhak khud koo johann mandivil [ee], night, poorv mein sent alban shahar kaa kahata haye, aur kahata haye kii vaha apane deshvaasiyon key beach ack dhaarana koo sahee karane key liye likhate hain kii naam kaa koee anya sant naheen thaah iss jeevan key baad ack french jadee-bootiyon kaa hissa aataa haye.
mandeville (jinake dwara dee burgone kaa spasht roop seey arth haye) key liye jeane dee 'outremuse ack lattin "lapidire selon ell' oppinion days indois" kaa varnan kartaa haye, jisamen seey vaha baarah anshon koo uddhrit kartaa haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii lekhak (jise vaha night, lord off montfort, castelparouse aur aail off campody kahata haye) saat saal seey "belles aine alekjendar" thaa, aur ack sarsen dost dwara kuchh behtareen ratnon key saath prastut kiya gayaa thaa joe dee 'outrim key apane kabje mein chaley gaye theh iss lapidire kaa, ack french sanskaran, joe 1479 key baad puuraa huaa prateet hotaa haye, kaee baar mudrit kiya gayaa haye. 1862 mein bikri key liye pesh kii gaee mandeville kii yaatraon kii ack pandulipi koo paanch pustakon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih
jabaki catalog karane vaale koo maanaa jaataa haye kii mandeville "laa veniche dee nosre sineer jesu-christ feyale paar vespatian fitt dell emperior dee rome aitt kamit losef daramaithi fue delears dee laa prison" naamak ack samaapan tukade kaa lekhak thaa. jadee-bootiyon parr ack granth seey ack ansh uddhrit kiya gayaa haye jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii yeh lekhak key praakritik swami, edward III, ingland key raajaa key sammaan mein 1357 mein rachit kiya gayaa thaa. iss tarikh kii pushti edward koo diye gaye scotland key raajaa key khitaab seey hoti haye, jise 20 janwari 1356 koo balliol seey taaj aur shaahi garima kaa aatmasamarpan praapt huaa thaa, lekin 3 octuber 1357 koo raajaa david koo riha curr diyaa gayaa aur scotland key saath shaanti sthaapit kii gaeeh durbhagya seey yeh darj naheen haye kii kyaa granth mein lekhak kaa naam haye, aur yadi aisaa haye, tou kyaa naam haye.
tanner ("bibliotheca") kaa aarop haye kii mandeville ney chikitsa parr kaee kitaaben likhin, aur bodlian pustakalaya mein "ashmolean pandulipiyon" mein johnn dee magna vilaa (naheen. 2479), unake dwara ack ichemical raseed (naheen. 1407), aur johannes dee vilaa magna dwara ack aur rasaayanik raseed (naheen. 1441).
anta mein, dee burgone ney apane naam seey plaig parr ack granth likhaa, joe lattin, french aur angreji granthon mein aur lattin aur angreji sankshipt mein maujood haye. yahaan vaha khud koo johannes dee bargandia key roop mein varnit kartaa haye, jise anyatha saha barba kahaa jaataa haye, lease kaa nagrik aur chikitsa kii kalaa kaa professor; kahata haye kii usane chaalees varshon kaa abhyaas kiya thaa aur 1365 key plaig mein lease mein thaa; aur jodata haye kii usane pahale plaig key kaaran parr ack granth likhaa thaa, jyotish key sanketon key anusaar ("duce deorum" kii shuruat) aur ack anya roganu sambandhi rogon ("cumm nimiyam propter instance tempus epidemiate" kii shuruat) koo alag karane parr. "bargandia" koo kabhi-kabhi "berdaglia" mein bhrasht curr diyaa jaataa haye, aur sankshipt key angreji anuvaad mein lagbhag hamesha "birdues" (bordo, france) yaa pandulipi "rollinson dee" key roop mein dikhaai detaa haye. bodlian pustakalaya mein 251 "(15veen shatabdi) mein badee sankhya mein angreji chikitsa raseeden bhee hain, jinka sheershak haye" practica physicalia magistery johannis dee bargandia ".
sandarbh.
attribution

