
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key archtic kafile

dwiteeya vishva yuddh key archtic kafile samudra mein jaane vaale kafile they joe sanyukt raajya, iceland aur uttari america seey soviyat sangh key uttari bandargaahon-mukhya roop seey roose mein arkangelsk (pradhaan doot) aur mermensk key liye ravaana hue they. agast 1941 aur maee 1945 key beach 78 kafile they, joe atlantic aur archtic mahasagaron key kaee samudron key madhyam seey naukaayan curr rahey they, julaai aur sitambar 1942 key beach dou antaral key saath, aur march aur navambar 1943 key beach koee naukayan naheen thaa.
lagbhag 1,400 vyaparik jahaajon ney anglo-soviyat samjhaute key tahat soviyat sangh koo aavashyak aapoorti kii aur shaahi nausena, shaahi kanadai nausena aur yuu. aiss. key jahaajon dwara anurakshit, us lend-lease karyakram.aiss. nausena. 85 vyaparik jahaaj aur 16 shaahi nausena key yuddhapot (dou cruiser, chhah vidhvansak, aathh anya anurakshak jahaaj) khou gaye they. naazi germany key "criegsmarine" ney ack yuddhapot, teen vidhvansak, 30 yuu-naukaaon aur kaee vimaanon sahit kaee jahaajon koo khou diyaa. kafile ney dusare morche key udghaatan seey pahale soviyat sangh kii madad karane key liye sahyogiyon kii pratibaddhata kaa pradarshan kiya aur germany key nausena aur vayu senaa key ack badey hisse koo baandh diyaa.
prishthabhoomi.
juuna 1941 mein, germany ney ussr parr aakraman karate hue operation barbarosa shuru kiya. agale maheene, britten aur soviyat sangh ney ack gathbandhan, anglo-soviyat samjhauta banaaya. britten ney agast kii shuruat mein ussr koo tank aur vimaan sahit samagri sahaayata pradaan karane key liye jaldi kiya taaki aksh shaktiyon key khilaf yuddh mein apane nae sahayogi koo banaae rakhane kii koshish kii jaa sakey. aapoorti key liye ack pramukh madhyam iran key madhyam seey thaa. german prabhaav koo beasar karane key liye donon deshon ney agast key anta mein iran parr sanyukt kabja karna shuru kiya. soviyat sangh sitambar mein landan mein dusare antar-sahayogi sammelan mein shamil huaa. isake baad yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. britten key saath dwiteeya vishva yuddh key "badey teen" sahyogiyon mein seey ack bunn gayaa aur disambar seey, sanyukt raajya america, aksh shaktiyon key khilaf lada rhaa thaa. americi rinn-patta karyakram parr march 1941 mein kaanoon mein hastakshar kiye gaye they. isane usa varsh octuber mein shuru honey vaale britten aur soviyat sangh koo seemit yuddh samagri pradaan kii thee. 1943 key dauran karyakram mein vriddhi shuru hui. british rashtramandal aur, kuchh hudd taka, soviyat sangh ney ack chhote seey riverse lend-lease karyakram key saath parasparik roop seey kiya.
kafile kaa sangathan.
agast 1941 mein code-naamit operation derwish key pahale kafile key baad, archtic kafile dou shrinkhalaon mein daudeh
kafile iceland (aamtaur parr hwalfazaurur seey) seey daude aur garmiyon key maheenon mein jaba burf kii anumati dee gaee tou zaan mayen dweep key uttar mein arkhangelsk kii yatra kii, dakshin kii or sthanantarit hotey hue jaise-jaise paik burf badhee aur mermensk mein samaapt hoe gaee. farwari 1942 seey way ekatra hue aur scotland mein loach eeve seey ravaana hue.
baahar jaane vaale aur ghar jaane vaale kafile koo ack saath chalaane kii yojana banaai gaee thee; baad mein vaapsee yatra karane key liye vyaapaari jahaajon key saath bandargah taka ack karibi anurakshan, jabaki "tirpitz" jaise jahaajon dwara udaanon seey bachane key liye bhaari satah ikaaiyon kaa ack aavaran bull bhee pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. escorts baahar jaane vaale kafile key saath ack cross-over point parr jaate they, baithak karate they aur phir ghar jaane vaale kafile kaa sanchaalan karate they, jabaki karibi anurakshak ney apane shulk key saath yatra samaapt kii.
soviyat bandargaahon key liye "raaste mein" maarg ney naurave koo adhikrit kiya. vishesh khatron mein shamil hainh
uddeshya aur ranneetik prabhaav.
maal mein tank, ladaakoo vimaan, eendhan, golaa-barud, kachcha maal aur bhojan shamil they. soviyat sangh mein kamee koo puuraa karane key liye vishesh roop seey shuruati kafile ney bakhtarband vaahanon aur feriwale toofaanon koo vitarit kiya. archtic kafile ney donon pakshon mein nausena key swabhaav mein badey badalaav kiye, jiska yakinan yuddh key anya kshetron mein ghatnaaon key pathyakram parr ack badaa prabhaav padaa. german tateey nauvahan parr vidhvansakon dwara praarambhik chhaapon aur vago parr commando chhaape key parinamswarup, hitler koo yeh vishvaas karane key liye prerit kiya gayaa kii british phir seey norwey parr aakraman karane kaa irada rakhate they. yeh, soviyat sangh taka pahunchane vaali aapoorti koo rokane kii spasht aavashyakta key saath, unhein nirdesh dene key liye prerit kartaa haye kii bhaari jahaajon, vishesh roop seey yuddhapot "tirpitz" koo norwey bheja jaae. channel dashes aanshik roop seey isi kaaran seey kiya gayaa thaa.
astitva mein bede" key roop mein, "tirpitz" aur anya german rajdhani jahaajon ney british sansadhanon koo baandh diyaa, jinka upayog kaheen aur behtar tareeke seey kiya jaa sakata thaa, udaaharan key liye, bhaaratiya mahasagar mein japaniyon kaa mukabala karna. 1941 kii shuruat mein operation berlin mein "neesenau" aur "scarnhorst" kii safalata ney sambhaavit german khatare kaa pradarshan kiya thaa. jaise hii sahyogiyon ney bahut lambi doori key vimaanon key saath uttari atlantic parr havaai antar koo bund curr diyaa, huff-duff (radio tribhuj upkaran) mein sudhaar huaa, vaayujanit centimetric radar pesh kiya gayaa aur kafile koo anurakshak vaahak suraksha praapt hui, vanijya chhaape kii gunjaish cumm hoe gaee.
march 1942 mein pee. kyu. 12 koo rokane key asafal prayaas aur sitambar 1943 mein spitsburgen parr ack chhaape key alawa, "tirpitz" ney dusare vishva yuddh kaa adhikansh samay norwey key fjords mein bitaaya. 12 navambar 1944 koo shaahi vayu senaa (raaf) dwara tromso fjord mein doobane taka usa parr baar-baar hamla kiya gayaa. anya criegsmarine rajdhani jahaaj yaa tou kabhi norwey naheen pahunche (ee.jee. "neesenau"), kaa peechha kiya gayaa, yaa uchch balon dwara duba diyaa gayaa (ee.jee. "sharnhorst"). vishesh roop seey, kafile jadeblue-51bee (barrents sagar kii ladaai) parr asafal hamla, jahaan ack majboot german nausena bull cruiser aur vidhvansak key british anurakshak koo haraane mein whiffle rhaa, hitler koo krodhit curr diyaa aur satah key hamlaavaron seey pandubbiyon mein ranneetik parivartan kaa kaaran banaa. kuchh badey jahaajon koo bhautik roop seey nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur tateey raksha mein hathiyaron kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa.
gherabandi key tahat, sainya dall seey aapoorti key liye, leninagrad mahatvapurna gantavyon mein seey ack thaa. 1941 seey british kafile seey relgaadiyon, naukaaon aur trucks dwara bhojan aur yuddhasamagri kii aapoorti kii gaee. aapoorti aksar naazi vayu-bambari dwara aur nausainik tukadi key dwara nasht curr dee gaee thee, jaba way leninagrad key raaste mein they. haalaanki, 1942,1943 aur 1944 key madhyam seey kafile ney bhojan kii delivery jaari rakhee. yuddh key anta mein aapoorti kaa bhautik mahatva shayed utanaa badaa naheen thaa jitna kii prateekaatmak moolya thaa isaliye inn kafile kii nirantarta-stallin key aagrah parr-soviyat sangh key german bhoomi aakraman key lambe samay baad.
yeh kahaa gayaa haye kii kafile kaa mukhya moolya raajneetik thaa, joe saabit kartaa haye kii sahayogi aise samay mein soviyat sangh kii madad karane key liye pratibaddh they jaba way doosara morcha kholane mein asamarth they.
british buddhimatta.
bletchley park mein german anigma code key tootane seey praapt ultra signal intelligence ney kafile kii antim safalata mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. anigma coding machine seey sambandhit german dastaavez operation tirandaji aur operation enclate (27 disambar 1941) key commando chhaape key dauran pakade gaye they. dastaavezon ney angrejon koo yuddh key baaki samay key liye satah key jahaajon aur archtic mein yuu-naukaaon ("hemish", baad mein "hydra" network; dolphin too dha british) dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale gharelu jall nausena key rahasya parr sandesh padhane mein saksham banaaya. janwari 1942 mein "luftwafe" bamvarshak, tarpedo-bamvarshak aur lambi doori key tohi vimaanon key sudridhikaran koo uttari norwey aur stavenger aur kirkens mein sthaapit nae kamaan sangathanon koo bheja gayaa, jisake baad "fleegerfuherer lofoten" parr norwey kii raksha aur sahayogi kafile key khilaf aakramak abhiyaanon kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa. kshetra mein teen yuu-naukaaon koo badhaakar nau curr diyaa gayaa aur anya chhah koo punarsthaapit karane aur sambaddh landing kaa virodh karane key liye bergen, trondheim aur narvik key beach vitarit kiya gayaa. maee mein, sabhi yuu-naukaaen archtic kamaan key tahat aaeen aur 23 maee koo, "admiral skier" aur "prinz usen" trondheim mein "tirpitz" mein shamil hoe gaye, usake baad "admiral hipper"; 26 maee taka "latzov" narvik pahunch gaye they.
british inn chaalon koo ultra intercept aur yatayat vishleshan seey raaf cheedle mein raaf vaaee-station seey padhate hain, joe "luftwaff" vimaan aur ground stations key beach sanchaar parr najar rakhta haye. archtic mein yuu-boat bull key sudridhikaran kaa march mein 12 aur agast mein 21 taka (vaastavik sankhya baad mein 23 paaee gaee), badey german jahaajon koo hastaantaran aadeshon key saath, 23 farwari koo trondheim seey pandubbi dwara "prinz yugen" key ghaat key liye agrani thaa. "prinz usen" ack tarpedo seey buri tarah seey kshatigrast hoe gayaa thaa aur agale dinn nausena koo ack rahasyodghatan dwara hitt kii soochana dee gaee thee. jaankaari parr hamesha kaarravaai naheen kii jaa sakati thee kyonki iska adhikansh hissa cumm samay mein praapt kiya gayaa thaa, lekin khufiya jaankaari ney shaahi nausena koo yuddh key liye taiyar honey kii anumati dee thee aur kafile koo uchit anurakshak bull diyaa jaa sakata thaa. scarnhorst" key avarodhan aur doobane mein ultra intercepts dwara bahut sahaayata kii gaee thee.
saahityik chitran.
scotish lekhak alastyre mccullan kaa 1955 kaa upanyaas "hms eulysis", jise nausena yuddh saahitya kaa ack utkrisht upanyaas maanaa jaataa haye aur dutch lekhak zaan dee hartog kaa 1967 kaa upanyaas "dha capton" archtic kafile key dauran sthaapit kiya gayaa haye. donon pustaken shally, charitra chitran aur darshan mein bhinn hain (dee hartog ack shantivadi thaa, jise mccullan key baare mein naheen kahaa jaa sakata haye). donon hii sanyukt charam yuddhaatmak kaarravaai aur aatithyaheen prakriti key vatavaran koo spasht roop seey vyakt karate hain, joe nayakon koo sahansheelata key kinare aur usase parey dhakelate hain. lekhak prati hanson dwara 1967 mein bhee "duss mein seey ack koo marna padaa" ("hower tynday maine mett doo") kaa norwegian aitihaasik vivaran dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran norwegian navik leaf heamstead aur norwegian vyaapaari bede key anya sadasyon key anubhav parr adharit haye. lekhak valentin pikul dwara 1973 key russie upanyaas "requium forr convoy pee. kyu.-17" ("recovium karavanu pee. kyu.-17") mein kafile pee. kyu. 17 key mission koo darshaaya gayaa haye, joe vyaapaari jahaajon aur unake escorts mein sadharan naavikon kii bahaduri aur saahas koo darshaata haye, jinhone sahayogi sahaayata pradaan karane key liye nashwar jokhim uthaaye they.
anya aapoorti dall.
archtic maarg ussr koo rinn-patta sahaayata key liye sabse chhota aur sabse seedha maarg thaa, halanki yeh sabse khatarnak bhee thaa.
kuchh 3,964,000 tunn maal archtic maarg seey bheja gayaa thaa; 7 pratishat khou gayaa thaa, jabaki 93 pratishat surakshit roop seey pahunch gayaa thaa. yeh yuddh key dauran ussr koo kull sahaayata kaa lagbhag 23 pratishat thaa. farsi galiyara ussr key liye sabse lamba maarg (aur sabhi mausam kaa ekmatra maarg) thaa, lekin 1942 key madhya taka poori tarah seey chaalu naheen thaa. isake baad isane kull kaa 27 pratishat, 4,160,000 tunn maal kaa maarg dekhaa. prashant maarg agast 1941 mein khola gayaa thaa, lekin motee bandargah parr hamale key saath japan aur america key beach shatruta kii shuruat seey prabhaavit thaa. disambar 1941 key baad, kewal soviyat jahaajon kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata thaa aur japan aur ussr ney ack-dusare key prati sakht tatasthata kaa avalokan kiya, kewal gair-sainya vastuon kaa parivahan kiya jaa sakata thaa. phir bhee, iss maarg seey tunn-tunn maal gayaa, joe kull kaa 50 pratishat thaa.
prashant maarg kii ack shakha ney juuna 1942 mein berring jaldamroomadhya key madhyam seey soviyat archtic tata taka maal leey jaanaa shuru kiya. julaai seey sitambar taka chhote soviyat kafile providence bey mein ikattha hue, cyberia koo uttar mein berring jaldamroomadhya key madhyam seey aur paschimi samudra maarg key saath burf todane vaalon dwara uttar mein leey jaaya gayaa aur udhaar-lease prashansaniya varg minesweeper. 120 jahaajon parr savaar kull 452,393 tunn berring jaldamroomadhya seey hocker gujare. iss uttari tunn bhaar kaa hissa alaska-cyberia havaai maarg key saath havaai kshetron key liye eendhan thaa. havaai kshetron key praavdhaanon koo badee cyberian nadiyon key muhaane parr nadee key jahaajon aur naukaaon mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. shesh jahaaj paschim kii or badhate rahey aur pradhaan doot taka pahunchane key liye kewal samudri maal they, jabaki 1943 aur 1944 kii garmiyon key dauran jey kafile koo nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.

