
buniyaadi dhaanche kaa itihas

1700 seey pahale buniyaadi dhaanche mein mukhya roop seey sadaken aur naharen shamil theen. naharon kaa upayog parivahan yaa sinchai key liye kiya jaataa thaa. bandargaahon aur prakashastambhon dwara samudri nauvahan mein sahaayata kii gaee thee. kuchh unnat shaharon mein jalmarg they joe saarvajanik favvaaron aur snan kii seva karate they, jabaki cumm mein seaver they.
sabse pahale railway kaa upayog khaanon mein yaa jharanon koo darkinar karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, aur inhen ghodon yaa logon dwara kheencha jaataa thaa. 1811 mein johnn blankinsop ney pahale safal aur vyaavhaarik railway locomotive koo design kiya, aur middleton colliery koo leads seey jodane key liye ack line banaai gaee thee.
vidyut telegraph kaa pahali baar 25 julaai 1837 koo landan mein youston aur camden shahar key beach safaltapurvak pradarshan kiya gayaa thaa. yeh 9 aprail 1839 koo paddington station seey paschim drayton taka mahaan paschimi railway parr vaanijyik upayog mein aaya. 1876 mein, alekjendar graham bell ney spasht bhaashan kaa pahala safal telephone prasaran hassil kiya. jald hii, sanket key liye ack ghanti jodee gaee, aur phir ack switch-hook, aur telephone ney telegraph network mein pahale seey hii niyojit vinimay siddhant kaa laabh uthaaya.
1863 mein, landan bhoomigat banaaya gayaa thaa. 1890 mein, isane pahali baar vidyut karshan aur gahare star kii surangon kaa upayog karna shuru kiya. 1878 key peris pradarshani mein, avenue dee ell 'opera aur place dee ell' opera key saath electric aark lighting sthaapit kii gaee thee. 1925 mein, itali ack mukt maarg jaisi sadak banaane vaalaa pahala desh thaa, joe milan koo como seey jodata thaa.
1982 mein, internet protocol soot (tcp/ips) koo maankeekrit kiya gayaa thaa aur poori tarah seey aapas mein judey tcp/ips network kii vishva-vyaapi network kii avadharana koo internet kahaa gayaa thaa.
samay avadhi key anusaar.
1700 seey pahale.
1700 seey pahale buniyaadi dhaanche mein mukhya roop seey sadaken aur naharen shamil theen. naharon kaa upayog parivahan yaa sinchai key liye kiya jaataa thaa. bandargaahon aur prakashastambhon dwara samudri nauvahan mein sahaayata kii gaee thee. kuchh unnat shaharon mein jalmarg they joe saarvajanik favvaaron aur snan kii seva karate they, jabaki cumm mein seaver they.
pahali sadaken patariyan theen joe aksar khel key raaston kaa anusaran karati theen, jaise kii natches trace.
pahali pakki sadaken 4000 eesaa poorv mein ur mein banaai gaee prateet hoti hain. 3300 eesaa poorv mein ingland key glastenbury mein corduro sadakon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa aur lagbhag usee samay seey bhaaratiya upmahadweep mein sindhu ghaati sabhyata mein eenton seey bunny sadakon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. 500 eesaa poorv mein, darius aaee dha grate ney farsi (iran) mein shaahi sadak sahit ack vyaapak sadak pranali shuru kii.
roman samrajya key uday key saath, romanon ney ack antarnihit parat key roop mein kuchale hue patthar key gahare sadak tala kaa upayog karke sadakon kaa nirmaan kiya taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii way sookhe rahein. adhik yatra kiye gaye maargon parr, atirikt paraten theen jinamen chhah tarfa capstone, yaa pavers shamil they, joe dhool koo cumm karate they aur pahiyon seey khinchaav koo cumm karate they.
madhyayugeen islami duniya mein, poore arab samrajya mein kaee sadaken banaai gaeen. sabse parishkrit sadaken baghdad, iraq kii theen, jinhen 8veen shatabdi mein taar seey pakka kiya gayaa thaa.
sabse purani gyaat naharon kaa nirmaan mesopotamia see mein kiya gayaa thaa. 4000 eesaa poorv, joe abb iraq aur seeriya haye. bhaarat aur pakistan mein 3300 eesaa poorv seey sindhu ghaati sabhyata mein ack parishkrit nahar sinchai pranali thee. misra mein, naharen cumm seey cumm 2300 eesaa poorv kii hain, jaba aswan key paas neel parr motiyabind koo darkinar karane key liye ack nahar banaai gaee thee.
pracheen chean mein, nadee parivahan key liye badee naharen yuddharat raajyon (481-221 bce) taka sthaapit kii gaee theen. abb taka kii sabse lambi nahar chean kii bhavya nahar thee joe 609 esvi mein poori hui thee, joe aaj bhee duniya kii sabse lambi nahar haye.
europe mein, 12veen shatabdi seey vaanijyik vistaar key kaaran madhya yug mein nahar nirmaan shuru huaa. ullekhaniya naharen 1398 mein germany mein stechnitz nahar theen, 1642 mein france mein loyer aur seane koo jodane vaali brier nahar, isake baad 1683 mein atlantic koo bhoomadhya sagar seey jodane vaali nahar doo middy thee. 17veen aur 18veen shatabdi mein germany mein nahar nirmaan ney lagaatar pragati kii, jisamen teen mahaan nadiyaan, elbe, oder aur vesar koo naharon seey jodaa gayaa.
1700 seey 1870 taka.
jaise-jaise ingland mein yatayat kaa star badhaa aur sadaken bigadin, toll sadakon kaa nirmaan "turnpike trust" dwara kiya gayaa, vishesh roop seey 1730 aur 1770 key beach. turnpike kaa nirmaan baad mein sanyukt raajya america mein bhee kiya gayaa. way aamtaur parr ack sarkari matadhikar key tahat niji companiyon dwara banaae gaye they.
nadiyon aur naharon parr jall parivahan 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein appalachian pahaadon aur mississippi nadee key beach americi seema seey kaee krishi saman leey jaataa thaa, lekin pahaadon parr chhote sadak maarg key faayade they.
france mein, piyare-mairi-jerom traceguate koo vyaapak roop seey varsh 1764 key baare mein sadak nirmaan key liye pahale vaigyaanik drishtikon kii sthaapana kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. isamen chhoti bajari kii ack parat seey dhaki badee chattanon kii ack parat shamil thee. johnn laudon mcadam (1756-1836) ney pahale aadhunik rajmargon koo design kiya, aur mitty aur patthar key samuchchay kii ack sastee pakki samagri vikasit kii jise mcadam key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
europe mein, vishesh roop seey britten aur ireland mein, aur phir praarambhik america aur kanadai upaniveshon mein, audyogik kranti key praarambhik charan key dauran antardeshiya naharon ney rail maarg key vikas seey pahale. britten mein 1760 aur 1820 key beach sou seey adhik naharon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa.
sanyukt raajya america mein, naugamya naharen alag-alag kshetron mein pahunch gaeen aur unhein duniya key sampark mein laa deen. 1825 taka 82 taale vaali lambi eeri nahar ney aabaadi vaale poorvottar seey upajaau badey maidanon taka ack connection khol diyaa. 19veen shatabdi key dauran, naharon kii lambai ack seey adhik hoe gaee, kanada key saath ack jatil network key saath mahaan jheelon koo naugamya banaa diyaa gayaa, halanki kuchh naharon koo baad mein nikala gayaa aur railmarg key adhikaar key roop mein upayog kiya gayaa.
sabse pahale railway kaa upayog khaanon mein yaa jharanon koo darkinar karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, aur inhen ghodon yaa logon dwara kheencha jaataa thaa. 1811 mein johnn blankinsop ney pahale safal aur vyaavhaarik railway locomotive koo design kiya, aur middleton colliery koo leads seey jodane key liye ack line banaai gaee thee. liverpool aur manchester railway, jise duniya kii pahali intercity line maanaa jaataa haye, 1826 mein khola gayaa. agale varshon mein, railway poore united kingdam aur duniya mein fail gayaa, aur lagbhag ack sadee taka bhoomi parivahan kaa pramukh saadhan bunn gayaa.
sanyukt raajya america mein, massachusets mein 1826 grenite railway pahala vaanijyik rail maarg thaa joe nirantar sanchaalan key madhyam seey ack samanya vaahak key roop mein vikasit huaa. 1830 mein khola gayaa baltimore aur ohiyo, ack pramukh pranali mein vikasit honey vaalaa pahala thaa. 1869 mein, prateekaatmak roop seey mahatvapurna antarmahadvipiya rail maarg koo sanyukt raajya america mein promontary, utaah mein ack sunhare spike key sanchaalan key saath puuraa kiya gayaa thaa.
vidyut telegraph kaa pahali baar 25 julaai 1837 koo landan mein youston aur camden shahar key beach safaltapurvak pradarshan kiya gayaa thaa. yeh 9 aprail 1839 koo paddington station seey paschim drayton taka mahaan paschimi railway parr vaanijyik upayog mein aaya.
sanyukt raajya america mein, telegraph koo saimuel morse aur alfred vail dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. 24 maee 1844 koo, morse ney washington, dee. see. mein us capital mein supreme court chamber seey baltimore mein bee aind oh railroad baahari dipo (abb bee aind oh railroad sangrahalaya) koo ack sandesh bhejkar apane telegraph kaa pahala saarvajanik pradarshan kiya. agale dou dashakon mein morse/vail telegraph koo jaldi seey tainaat kiya gayaa thaa. 24 octuber 1861 koo pahali antarmahadvipiya telegraph pranali kii sthaapana kii gaee thee.
pahali safal atlantic paar telegraph cable 27 julaai 1866 koo poori hui, jisase pahali baar atlantic paar telegraph sanchaar kii anumati millie. youston station parr apani pahali sthaapana key 29 varshon key bheetar, telegraph network ney mahasagaron koo harr mahadweep parr paar kiya lekin antarctica, jisase pahali baar tatkaal vaishvik sanchaar sambhav hoe gayaa.
1870 seey 1920 taka.
19veen shatabdi key anta mein peris jaise shaharon mein makdam sadakon parr taar-baddh makdam, yaa tarmack lagu kiya gayaa thaa. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein damar aur concreet key pakka kshetra graameen ilaakon mein vistaarit kiye gaye they.
iss avadhi mein kaee ullekhaniya samudri naharen poori huin, jaise 1869 mein suez nahar, 1897 mein keel nahar aur 1914 mein panama nahar.
1876 mein, alekjendar graham bell ney spasht bhaashan kaa pahala safal telephone prasaran hassil kiya. pahale telephone mein koee network naheen thaa, lekin niji upayog mein they, joe jode mein ack saath taar they. joe upayogkarta alag-alag logon seey baat karna chaahte they, unake paas iss uddeshya key liye aavashyak roop seey kaee telephone they. ack upayogkarta joe bolna chaahata thaa, dusare paksh key sunane taka transmitter mein ct bajaata rhaa. haalaanki, jald hii, sanket dene key liye ack ghanti jodee gaee, aur phir ack switch-hook, aur telephone ney telegraph network mein pahale seey hii niyojit vinimay siddhant kaa laabh uthaaya. pratyek telephone koo ack sthaaniya telephone exchange mein taar seey jodaa jaataa thaa, aur exchange koo trunk key saath ack saath taar seey jodaa jaataa thaa. network ack padaanukramit tareeke seey ack saath judey hue they jaba taka kii way shaharon, deshon, mahadweepon aur mahasagaron mein faile hue they.
1878 key peris pradarshani mein, electric chaap prakaash vyavastha, electric yablochkov chaap lamp kaa upayog karate hue, avenue dee ell 'opera aur place dee ell' opera key saath sthaapit kii gaee thee, joe zenob graam ulternating current dynamos dwara sanchaalit thee.
yablochkov mombattiyon key liye uchch voltage kii aavashyakta hoti thee, aur yeh prayogkartaon dwara report kiye jaane seey bahut pahale naheen thaa kii chaap roshni koo saat meal (11 kimmy) circuit parr sanchaalit kiya jaa sakata thaa. ack dashak key bheetar kaee shaharon mein ack kendriya bijli sanyantra kaa upayog karke prakaash pranali hogi joe vidyut paareshan lines key madhyam seey kaee grahakon koo bijli pradaan karati haye. yeye pranaaliyan usa avadhi kii pramukh gais prakaash upayogitaon key saath seedhi pratispardha mein theen.
agnithi roshni kii aapoorti karane vaali pahali bijli pranali kaa nirmaan edison illuminating company dwara nichale mainhattan mein kiya gayaa thaa, joe antatah pearl street station parr chhah "jambo dynamo" key saath ack varg meal kii seva pradaan kartaa haye.
1891 mein frankfurt mein antarrashtriya vidyut-takniki pradarshani key dauran uchch voltage kaa upayog karke teen-charan vaikalpik dhaara kaa pahala sancharan huaa. 25 kilovolt kii ack sancharan line, lagbhag lambi, joe frankfurt key saath gardan parr loffen seey judee hui haye. 20veen shatabdi mein vidyut shakti sancharan key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale voltage mein vriddhi hui. 1914 taka 70,000 vee seey adhik parr kaam karane vaali pachas-paanch sancharan pranaaliyan seva mein theen, taba upayog kiya jaa rhaa uchchatam voltage 150,000 vee thaa.
19veen shatabdi mein haija key khatron key jawab mein landan mein pramukh upchaar kaary banaae gaye they. mahanagar jall adhiniyam 1852 lagu kiya gayaa thaa. "adhiniyam key tahat, kissy bhee jall company key liye 31 agast 1855 key baad them key jwaariya pahunch seey gharelu upayog key liye paani nikaalana gairkaanooni hoe gayaa, aur 31 disambar 1855 seey aise sabhi paani koo prabhaavi dhang seey chhaanana aavashyak thaa. seevaron kaa mahanagariya aayog" kaa gathan kiya gayaa, paani kaa nispandan anivarya curr diyaa gayaa, aur teddington lock key oopar them parr nae paani kaa sevan sthaapit kiya gayaa.
sampeedit taralikrit chlorine gais key upayog seey peene key paani key shuddhikaran kii takneek 1910 mein senaa key medical school mein rasayan vigyaan key professor, us armi mejar carle rosers darnal dwara vikasit kii gaee thee. darnal kaa kaam vartamaan nagarpalika jall shodhan pranaliyon kaa aadhar bunn gayaa.
1863 mein landan bhoomigat banaaya gayaa thaa. 1890 mein, isane pahali baar vidyut karshan aur gahare star kii surangon kaa upayog karna shuru kiya. isake turant baad, budapest aur kaee anya shaharon ney sabave pranaliyon kaa upayog karna shuru curr diyaa. 1940 taka, unnis sabave pranaaliyan upayog mein theen.
1920 seey.
1925 mein, itali ack mukt maarg jaisi sadak banaane vaalaa pahala desh thaa, joe milan koo como seey jodata thaa, jise autostrada dei laghu key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. germany mein, autobahan ney duniya mein pahala seemit-pahunch, uchch-gati sadak network banaaya, jisamen 1935 mein frankfurt aim maine seey darmstad udghaatan taka pahala khand thaa. sanyukt raajya mein pahala lambi doori kaa graameen mukt maarg aam taur parr pensylvania turnpike maanaa jaataa haye, joe 1 octuber, 1940 koo khola gayaa thaa. sanyukt raajya mein, antar-raajyiya rajmarg pranali 1956 key sanghiya-sahaayata rajmarg adhiniyam dwara adhikrit thee. adhikansh pranali 1960 aur 1990 key beach poori hui thee.
paiket switching mein shodh 1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein shuru huaa. vishesh roop seey arpenet ney internet kaary key liye protocol key vikas kaa netritva kiya, jahaan kaee alag-alag network koo network key network mein ack saath jodaa jaa sakata thaa.
29 octuber 1969 koo arpanet banane vaale pahale dou nodes aapas mein judey they. 1981 mein jaba rashtriya vigyaan foundation (aine. aiss. aff.) ney computer vigyaan network (see. aiss. aine. tii.) vikasit kiya tou arpanet taka pahunch kaa vistaar kiya gayaa thaa. 1982 mein, internet protocol soot (tcp/ips) koo maankeekrit kiya gayaa thaa aur poori tarah seey aapas mein judey tcp/ips network kii vishva-vyaapi network kii avadharana koo internet kahaa gayaa thaa. tcp/ips network kii pahunch kaa 1986 mein phir seey vistaar huaa jaba rashtriya vigyaan foundation network (nsfnet) ney anusandhaan aur shiksha sangathanon seey sanyukt raajya mein super computer saiton taka pahunch pradaan kii. vaanijyik internet seva pradaata (aaee. aiss. pee. aiss.) 1980 key dashak key anta aur 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein ubharane lagey. 1990 mein arpenet koo sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1995 mein jaba aine. aiss. aff. aine. tii. koo sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, taba internet kaa vyaavsaayikaran kiya gayaa thaa, jisase vaanijyik yatayat koo leey jaane key liye internet key upayog parr antim pratibandh hataa diye gaye they. 1980 key dashak key madhya seey anta taka europe aur australia mein aur 1980 key dashak key anta aur 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein asia mein internet kaa teji seey vistaar shuru huaa.
1990 key dashak key anta mein, yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii saarvajanik internet parr yatayat prati varsh 100 pratishat badhaa, jabaki internet upayogkartaon kii sankhya mein ausat vaarshik vriddhi 20 pratishat aur 50 pratishat key beach thee. 31 march 2011 taka, internet upayogkartaon kii anumaanit kull sankhya 2.095 billion (30.2% vishva kii aabaadi kaa) thee.

