
jelaaz affair

jelaaz mamla ("") () navambar 1911 mein tunisian pradarshankariyon aur francisi sanrakshit tunisia key adhikaariyon key beach ack hinsak takraav thaa joe jelaaz kabristan seey shuru huaa thaa. dou dinon key dauran, yeh sadakon parr ladaai aur hamalon kii ack shrinkhala bunn gaee, jisamen mukhya roop seey tunisian aur italvi basane vaale shamil they. yeh tunis mein hinsa kaa sabse gambhir prakop thaa, aur 1881 mein sanrakshit raajya kii sthaapana key baad pahali baar francisi sainikon ney nagrik aabaadi parr golibari kii. isaliye yeh tunisian rashtravadi andolan key vikas mein ack mahatvapurna modd thaa.
prishthabhoomi.
navambar 1911 seey pahale key maheenon mein tunis mein tanaav badhane key kaee kaaran they.
dhaarmik nyaas aur bhoomi swaamitva.
jelaaz kabristan tunisiyon key liye bahut dhaarmik aur saanskritik mahatva kaa thaa. iska naam sheikh aboo abdullah muhammad taaj-deen all-jallaaz (d.1205) key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa, jinhone bhoomi kaa adhigrahan kiya thaa aur ise ack dhaarmik nyaas key roop mein pradaan kiya thaa, yaa "habus" () (kaee anya deshon mein "wakf" () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye). kabristan kii pahaadi parr madhyayugeen morakko key soofi abul hassan ashh-shadili dwara sthaapit pahala zavia khadaa thaa, aur 1911 mein yeh tunis mein lagbhag 5,000 purushon key liye aadhyatmik aadhar thaa joe unake dwara sthaapit shadili soofi adesh key sadasya they. sidi all basheer kaa ack aur zavia bhee kabristan mein khadaa thaa, aur tunis key kaee sabse prasiddh parivaaron ney apane mrit rishtedaron koo vaheen dafnaya thaa. islami kaanoon key tahat, nivaas sampatti koo ack labharthi dwara daan kiya jaataa thaa aur kuchh saarvajanik laabh key liye nyaas mein rakhaa jaataa thaa; ack baar vishvaas mein aaney parr ise kharida yaa becha naheen jaa sakata thaa. haalaanki 1880 key dashak seey aupaniveshik kaanoonon kii ack shrinkhala ney tunisia mein francisi koo badhati matra mein nivaas bhoomi kaa sheershak yaa upayog karane kii anumati dee thee. iss prakaar sthaaniya samudaayon key laabh key liye sampann bhoomi lagaatar francisi jamindaaron key niji niyantran mein aaa gaee aur kuchh udaharanon mein bhoomi parr kabja karane yaa kaam karane vaale tunitian visthaapit hoe gaye.
rashtriyata kaanoon.
jiss tarah seey nivaas key swaamitva mein parivartan ney ack lambe samay seey sthaapit dhaarmik sansthaan aur unnat francisi sampatti adhikaaron koo nasht curr diyaa, usee tarah rashtriyata kaanoon mein parivartan aabaadi koo vibhajit curr rahey they. 3 octuber 1910 koo, ack francisi rashtrapati key adesh ney francisi rashtriyata kaa daavaa karane key aadhar koo kaafee vyaapak banaa diyaa, jisamen sainya sevaaon key liye swayamseva shamil thee; dou degree yaa doctor off medicine yaa kaanoon kii upaadhi; ack francisi mahila seey shaadi karna, yaa francisi raajya key liye asadharan seva. iss kaanoon ney yahudi samudaay key tunitian logon key liye koee spasht praavdhaan naheen kiya, lekin tunicia mein ise kaafee hudd taka unake liye ruchi key roop mein samajha gayaa thaa, isaliye arab rashtravadiyon dwara ise vibhajankari key roop mein dekhaa gayaa kyonki isane mool roop seey janme tunitian logon key ack samooh koo apani matribhoomi key prati apani wafadari kaa tyag karane aur kabja karane vaale key saath apani pehchaan banaane key liye protsaahit kiya.
agadir aur tripoli.
padosi deshon mein hue ghatnakramon ney 1911 mein tunitian musalmaanon key beach gusse aur anyaay kii bhavna koo tej curr diyaa. sabse pahale, morakko key sultan key khilaf ack vidroh key kaaran france ney aprail mein phase mein sainikon koo tainaat kiya, jisase agadir sankat paida hoe gayaa, aur parinamswarup, france ney tunicia mein sainikon koo morakko mein ladane key liye bulaaya. jaise hii france ney vahaan prabhaavi niyantran curr liya, anya europeeya shaktiyon ney una kshetron mein 'kshatipurti' kii maang kii jinhen way apane hiton key liye mahatvapurna maanate they, aur isake kaaran 29 sitambar 1911 koo ottoman samrajya parr italvi yuddh kii ghoshana hui, jisake baad libia parr aakraman huaa. libia key sharanarthi jald hii aakraman seey bhaagate hue seema paar karke tunisia mein jaa rahey they.
italvi samudaay key saath tanaav.
tunis mein muslim arabon aur italvi logon key beach tanaav ney jelaaz mamle mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai. francisi sanrakshit raajya key tahat tunisia mein italvi aapravaasan teji seey badhaa thaa, aur 1900 taka, italvi upanivesh kii 80,000 logon kii europeeya aabaadi kaa lagbhag saat-aathvaan hissa they. 1903 mein, italvi vanijya doot ney ganana kii kii yahaan akele 80,000 italvi they, jabaki 1910 key ack anuman ney sanket diyaa kii tunisia mein 105,000 italvi they, jabaki kewal 35,0000 francisi loga they. kaee italvi tunisia key garibon mein pahunche aur unhein saarvajanik karyon yaa aupaniveshik sarkaar mein rojgar seey pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa jaba taka kii unhone francisi nagrikta koo naheen apanaaya. isake bajaay way aksar itali mein machuaaron, dukandaron, majdooron, kisaanon aur khanikon jaise vyaapaar karate they. inn aur isi tarah key vyavsaayon kaa matlab thaa kii way aksar mool tunitian shramikon aur vyapariyon key saath pratispardha mein paae jaate they.
jelaaz bhoomi kaa asafal panjikaran.
ack nivaas key roop mein, jelaaz kabristan koo ack vishesh agency dwara prashaasit kiya jaataa thaa, lekin tunis kii nagarpalika ney lagbhag bees saal pahale, isaki raksha aur rakharkhaav kii jimmedaari hassil curr lii thee. haalaanki, 1911 mein, kabristan koo achchi tarah seey prabandhit naheen kiya gayaa thaa aur isake aspas kii anya sampattiyon seey spasht roop seey seemankit naheen kiya gayaa thaa, isaliye vibhinn sthaanon parr kabron ney chhote khadanon aur katey hue pedon key liye sadak-maarg koo raasta diyaa. isake alawa, builder niyamit roop seey kabristan seey anya nirmaan pariyojanaon mein upayog key liye samagri kii chori karate they.
26 sitambar koo, shahar key logon koo pataa chalaa kii tunis kii nagarpalika kabristan koo nivaas agency seey hataane aur ise apani sampatti key roop mein panjikrit karane kii yojana banaa rahee thee. yeh atikramanon seey bachaane key kathit iraade seey kiya jaa rhaa thaa. haalaanki, nagar parishad key kuchh vyaktigat francisi sadasyon ney bhee apane naam parr kabristan kii bhoomi key parcel koo panjikrit karane key liye aavedan prastut kiye they. nagarpalika ack mishrit sansthaan thaa-mahapour ack tunitian musalman sadok ghileb they, lekin unake dou pratinidhi francisi they, aur nagar parishad kii satrah mein seey aathh seeten francisi logon key liye aarakshit theen. jelaaz kabristan bhoomi key prastaavit panjikaran key baare mein ghileb seey paramarsh naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur dipty meyer jeane-baptist curtellin ney 2 navambar koo nagar parishad kii baithak mein mamle koo agende seey door rakhane kii koshish kii. phir bhee abdeljelil zaauche ney panjikaran key khilaf jordar dhang seey baat kii aur anta mein, parishad iss vichaar koo chhodane parr sahmat hoe gaee. 7 navambar koo panjikaran key liye aavedan koo antim roop dene kii yojana thee, lekin parishad ney isake bajaay aavedan koo poori tarah seey vaapas lene key liye matdan kiya. yeh nirnay jayatuna masjid mein ack badee baithak mein janata koo diyaa gayaa thaa.
haalaanki, iss samay taka, ghileb ney yeh sunishchit curr liya thaa kii sabhi tunis mein poster lagaae jaaen, logon seey 7 navambar koo baithak mein bhaag lene kaa aagrah kiya jaae taaki way apani apattiyon koo bataa sakein, jaisa kii kaanoon mein praavdhaan kiya gayaa haye. jaba parishad mein iss baat koo laker matbhed they kii kyaa karna haye, taba tunis mein afavaahen fail rahee theen. yeh vyaapak roop seey maanaa jaataa thaa kii nagarpalika kaa irada ack tramway banaane key liye kabristan key hisse koo dhwast karna thaa-shayed iss tathya key aadhar parr kii kuchh saal pahale, casablanca mein, francisi adhikaariyon ney vaastav mein ack muslim kabristan key madhyam seey ack tramway kaa nirmaan kiya thaa. panjikaran kaa virodh karane key liye logon koo jutaane key baad, unhein yeh soochit karane key liye aparyaapt prayaas kiye gaye honge kii ise chhod diyaa jaa rhaa haye, yaa shayed yeh khabar janata key akrosh koo door karane key liye paryaapt naheen thee. jaba yeh sub chala rhaa thaa, libia parr italvi aakraman key baare mein tunis mein gussa fail rhaa thaa. panjikaran yojanaon kii khabar key kuchh hii dinon baad ottoman samrajya key liye itali kaa ultimatum jaari kiya gayaa thaa, aur itali ney panjikaran nirdhaarit honey seey dou dinn pahale 5 navambar koo libia key apane vilay kii ghoshana kii thee.
7 navambar koo honey vaali ghatanaaen.
7 navambar koo kabristan kii bhoomi kii seemaaen sthaapit karane key liye ack sarvekshan kiya jaanaa thaa. pulis koo pataa chalaa thaa kii usa subah kabristan mein ack pradarshan kii yojana banaai gaee thee, isaliye subah chhah baje, pulis aayukt espiau 150 adhikaariyon key saath kabristan gaye, aur paaya kii lagbhag 2,000 loga pahale seey hii gett key paas ikattha they. kabristan kii or jaate samay pulis koo baadhit karane key liye kuchh logon koo giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki kabristan kii raksha key liye logon koo bulaane vaale poster poore shahar mein lagaae gaye they, lekin 7 navambar koo ekatra hue adhikansh pradarshankari sthaaniya loga they joe kabristan key paas rahate they.
jald hii, vibhinn anya tunitian prasiddh logon key saath, nivaas kaa prabandhan karane vaali agency key prashaasak pahunche, aur bheed koo bataaya kii nagarpalika ney bhoomi koo panjikrit karane key liye apane aavedan koo chhodane kaa faisala kiya haye. saat baje bhoomi karyalaya key sarvekshankarta upasthit hue aur panjikaran key liye aavedan radd karate hue baithak key kaaryavritt koo post kiya. yeh sub binaa kissy ghatana key huaa, aur kaee bheed titar-bitar honey luggy. sarvekshankarta chaley gaye, aur espiau ney apane adhikaariyon koo door bhej diyaa, sivaay ack darjan key jise unhone kabristan mein yaa usake paas duty parr rakhaa thaa.
francisi press key anusaar, iss aadhikarik kaary key puuraa honey key baad hii gambhir pareshani shuru hui. tunis key mahapour sadok ghileb kabristan pahunche aur bheed ney unake chaaron or dabaav daala, aur maang kii kii way kabristan key darwaaje khol dein. unhein aashvast karane key liye, unhone aisaa kiya aur unamen seey kaee key saath ander chaley gaye. haalaanki bheed shaant naheen hui aur subah-subah giraftar kiye gaye logon kii rihaai kii maang shuru curr dee. ghileb ney taba aspiav koo bheja, joe kabristan laut aaya aur bheed koo hirasat mein liye gaye logon kii rihaai kaa ashvasana diyaa. haalaanki bheed badhati aur krodhit hoti gaee, aur espiau ney jaakar pulis sudridhikaran laane kaa faisala kiya. unhone logon kii bheed key beach seey mushkil seey apana raasta banaaya, aur jaba way aage badh rahey they tou unhein peechhe seey kaee pattharon seey maaraa gayaa thaa. ack hathapai shuru hoe gaee, pulis ney aspiav aur ghileb koo kabristan seey surakshit roop seey door leey jaane kii koshish kii, pradarshankariyon parr unaki dandon seey hamla kiya, jabaki bheed ney una parr malabe key tukade fenke. brigadier francois franchai maare gaye, jabaki dou pulis nireekshak aur chaar yaa paanch anya adhikaari ghayal hoe gaye. francisi press ney bataaya kii pulis ney bheed parr golibari kii, lekin kabristan mein pradarshankariyon key beach marane aur ghayal honey kii sankhya kii soochana naheen dee. shahar key anya hisson mein thaanon seey pulis jutai gaee lekin way sthiti parr niyantran paane mein asamarth raheen.
jaise-jaise ladaai faili, zauv aur chassers dee 'afreek donon koo vyavastha bahaal karane key liye bulaaya gayaa. zauvon ney shahar aur kabristan key beach ack rekha banaai, jisase adhik pradarshankariyon koo vahaan taka pahunchane seey rokaa gayaa joe abb sadakon parr bheed lagaa rahey they. abdeljelil zaauche ney shaanti sthaapit karane kii koshish kii, lekin kabristan mein, zauv key peechhe, pradarshankariyon ney una parr patthar fenkana shuru curr diyaa. zauvon ney aadhaa modd liya aur bheed parr golibari kii, jisamen lagbhag pandrah loga maare gaye. jaise-jaise subah aage badhati gaee, shahar key vibhinn hisson mein europeeya logon parr anya hamale hue, jinamen seey kuchh mein mautein huin aur kuchh gambhir roop seey ghayal hoe gaye. baab zedid aur baab aliua key beach key kshetra mein ladaai vishesh roop seey teevra thee, jahan aabaadi tunitian aur italvi logon kaa mishran thee. italvi logon ney apane gharon mein khud koo avarodhit curr liya, aur jinake paas hathiyar they, unhone unakaa istemal kiya, apani balkani seey sadakon parr goli chalaa dee. kissy samay ack tunitian ladka, reba degla, ack italvi goli seey maaraa gayaa thaa, aur isane poore shahar mein italvi logon key khilaf adhik krodh koo uksaayaa.
leftinent pinelli key netritva mein saath zauvon kii ack tukadi parr pattharon seey hamla kiya gayaa, aur jawab mein beyonet koo thheek kiya gayaa aur bheed parr hamla kiya gayaa. jaisa kii samachar patra "leey temps" ney kahaa (9 navambar 1911) 'ack bhee beyonet khoon seey laal naheen huaa thaa.'lagbhag duss baje mahanyayvadi ney khud koo ack dhamki bharee bheed seey gher liya jisane titar-bitar honey seey incar curr diyaa. zauv phir seey pahunche aur iss baar havaa mein golibari karke usey bachaane mein kamyab rahey. jaise hii shahar bhar mein ladaai jaari rahee, chassers dee 'afreek ney baab zedid key paas gyaarah baje drow sebar key saath hamla kiya. adhikansh bhaag key liye, dopahar ack baje taka poore shahar mein vyavastha bahaal curr dee gaee thee. 
shahar mein idhar-udhar dopahar key samay hamale aur jhagade hotey they. jyaadaatar yeye alag-thalag they, halanki way adhik mauton kaa kaaran baney. baab suika mein aur ladaai hui, jahan ack italvi kii hatyaa ney 600 anya italvi logon koo firauti lene key liye baahar laaya, jaba taka kii unhein topkhaane dwara khaded naheen diyaa gayaa. jaba dou italvi logon koo hafouin mein berahami seey maar diyaa gayaa, tou pachas anya logon ney arabon key saath ladane key liye bheed jutai, aur unhein jeevit goliyon key saath bhagaa diyaa gayaa, jisase ack aur kii maut hoe gaee. dopahar mein, bisarte aur hammam-liff seey aur adhik sanic pahunche taaki shaam taka, shahar bhar mein 1,000 sainikon koo tainaat kiya gayaa aur ack asahaj shaanti banaae rakhee gaee. shahar mein shaam nau baje seey curfue lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa aur samachar patron parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa. sabhi kaife kholane parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa, aur hathiyar leey jaane key sabhi licenses koo sankshep mein radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa. akhbar 'leey temps' (10/11/1911) key anusaar usa raat teen francisi aur chaar italvi maare gaye they. marane vaale arabon kii sankhya duss bataai gaee thee.
8 navambar koo honey vaali ghatanaaen.
agale dinn hinsa kaa star bahut cumm thaa. laa gaulette kii sadak parr ell auina mein ack norwey key navik kii maut hoe gaee thee. arabon aur italvi logon key beach aur ladaai hui-subah teen italvi baab suika mein maare gaye. 200 italvi logon key ack samooh ney arabon koo baab cartagena mein chauk koo paar karane seey rokane kii koshish kii, aur aaney vaale ladaaiyon mein, kaee arabon key saath durvyavahar kiya gayaa.
tunis mein adhikansh hinsa key italvi-virodhi charitra koo dekhate hue, italvi mahavyavasthapak, botesini ney 7 navambar kii raat koo francisi nivasi-general, gabriel alapetite key ghar parr apane parivaar key saath sharan lii thee. agali subah, italvi pradarshankariyon kaa ack samooh unhein khojane aaya, aur unase una sabhi italvi logon kii rihaai sunishchit karane key liye kahaa, jinhen ack dinn pahale resident-general seey giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. unhone aisaa karane kaa prayaas kiya lekin unake anurodh koo aswikar curr diyaa gayaa aur pradarshan sainikon dwara titar-bitar curr diyaa gayaa.
baaki dinn key liye, ghudsavaar senaa aur paidal senaa key gashti dall sadakon parr chaley gaye, kissy koo bhee giraftar kiya joe unhein sashastr paaya aur kissy bhee tunitian koo paaramparik "dripa" nyayadhikaran key sankshipt nyaay key liye hathiyar laker bheja. tunisian logon key samooh abhee bhee sadakon parr ikattha hoe rahey they, lekin senaa ney unakaa peechha kiya.
gadbadi key turant baad resident-general ney ack jaanch kaa adesh diyaa, jiss parr francisi press ney baad mein ghatnaaon key apane khaate key liye kaafee hudd taka bharosa kiya.
mukadame aur sajaayen.
marane vaalon kii sankhya 8 europeeya aur agyaat sankhya mein tunisian they. lagbhag aathh sou giraftaariyaan kii gaeen aur 71 mamalon parr mukadama chalaaya gayaa. 
mukhya aaparaadhik mukadama.
francisi adhikaariyon dwara yuva tunitian logon koo jelaaz ghatnaaon seey jodane key prayason key bavjood, dangon mein bhaag lene key liye kissy bhee purush koo doshi naheen paaya gayaa aur andolan mein netritva key padon parr naheen rhaa.
mukhya aaparaadhik mukadama 3 juuna 1912 koo tunis key adalat mein shuru huaa, jisamen paul dumas pithasin nyayadhish they. nyayadhikaran mein teen magistrate aur chhah moolyankankarta shamil they, jinamen seey teen francisi aur teen tunitian they. abhiyukton parr unnis hatyaon yaa europeeya logon kii hatyaa key prayaas kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, aur chaudah vakeelon dwara unakaa bachaav kiya gayaa thaa, jinamen seey koee bhee tunitian naheen thaa. satrah ghante key vichaar-vimarsh key baad, nyayadhikaran antatah apane faisale parr pahunch gayaa. chauntis abhiyukton koo burry curr diyaa gayaa aur dou nabalig apane maataa-pitaa kii dekhrekh mein pratibaddh they, lekin battis abhiyukton key khilaf vidroh key aarop koo barkarar rakhaa gayaa. paul dumas ney phir hatyaa key liye saat maut kii sajaa sunaaih jellaaz kabristan mein franchai kii hatyaa aur vibhinn hatyaon key prayason key liye chedley ell guettari aur manobi dzardzer; breyarda dee bertholo kii hatyaa key liye abdullah ouli; mukio kii hatyaa key liye mohammad chedley; fota aur solate kii hatyaa key prayaas key liye mohammad gharbi; pietri dajilani kii hatyaa key prayaas key liye mohammad ell gabbi; aur durin kii hatyaa key prayaas key liye bayne abdullah. adalat ney abdullah bayne darmaul koo aajivan aur hajj bayne belgasim aur freds aiss-saudani koo kramshah duss aur bees saal key kathor shram kii sajaa sunai. mohammad lakhangi belgesem, bayne mohammad aur manobi all guetari koo teen seey paanch saal key beach kii kadee mehnat kii sajaa sunai gaee, aur shesh prativaadiyon koo jail kii sajaa sunai gaee. adhikansh maut kii sajaa koo baad mein aajivan kathor shram mein badal diyaa gayaa, lekin dajardar aur guttari koo doshi thaharaaya gayaa.
doosara aaparaadhik mukadama.
agast 1912 mein jelaaz ghatana key dauran vanel naamak ack francisi upaniveshvaadi kii hatyaa aur chhah italvi gaadi chalakon kii hatyaa kaa prayaas adalat mein aaya. teen abhiyukton, allie bayne ataaya, hassen elghaul aur allie bahli koo nirdosh paaya gayaa, doshiyon mein seey, abdullah bayne dijeballah aur amore bayne mabrook koo maut kii sajaa sunai gaee, halanki baad mein unaki sajaa koo aajivan kathor shram mein badal diyaa gayaa. mohammad gaaraa koo bhee aajivan karawas kii sajaa sunai gaee, jabaki mohammad bayne kadaur, abdelkadar chitiki aur mohammad buzgaya koo pandrah saal kii kadee mehnat dee gaee.
manhani kaa mukadama.
teesara mukadama 26 navambar koo victor dee carniers dwara apane samachar patra collon franchise mein lagaae gaye ack aarop seey utpann ack diwani mamla thaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii yuva tunisian logon key ack pramukh sadasya abdeljelil zaauche ney dangon kaa netritva kiya thaa aur unamen bhaag lene key liye vyaktiyon koo bhugtan kiya thaa. 30 navambar koo zauche ney apane hii samachar patra mein jawab diyaa, "leey tunisian", carniers parr manhani kaa aarop lagaate hue. inn aaropon seey anya prashaasnik yaa nyaayik madhyamon seey nipatane key asafal prayason key baad, zauche ney unake khilaf mamla darj kiya. aaparaadhik mukadame samaapt honey key baad 26 octuber 1912 taka mamla adalat key samaksh naheen aaya. carniers kaa bachaav yeh thaa kii vaha tunisiyon seey lii gaee afvaahon parr bharosa curr rhaa thaa. pithasin nyayadhish ney zauche koo 'ack achchha aadami' bataaya aur mahanyayvadi ney unake karyon koo kewal prashansa key yogya bataaya. phir bhee adalat ney mamle koo iss aadhar parr khariz curr diyaa kii zauche key baare mein carniers ney joe kuchh bhee hanikarak kahaa thaa, vaha kewal gauna mahatva kaa thaa, aur unakaa praathamik uddeshya francisi hiton kii raksha karna thaa. adalat ney yeh bhee faisala sunaaya kii zauche koo kaarravaai kii laagat kaa bhugtan karna chaahiye, joe upaniveshvadiyon key beach iss vichaar kaa samarthan kartaa haye kii aarop achchi tarah seey sthaapit they. adalat dwara doshmukt kiye jaane key baad, carniers ney apane samachar patra mein zauche aur yuva tunitian logon parr apane hamale jaari rakhe. zaauche ney algiers mein appeal kii adalat mein mamle kaa peechha kiya, jahan tunis mein basane vaale samudaay mein khade carniers kii ginati cumm thee. algeriors kii adalat ney zauche key paksh mein paaya aur usake burey vishvaas aur badnam karane key iraade koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue usey carniers key khilaf byaaj key saath bhugtan kiya. haalaanki adalat ney 'paristhitiyon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue' yeh bhee faisala kiya kii vaha tunis samachar patron mein apane faisale kii ghoshana naheen karegi, jiska arth thaa kii yeh kaafee hudd taka kissy kaa dhyaan naheen gayaa.
pratikriyaaen aur parinam.
francisi adhikaariyon ney jelaaz ghatana key kaaran key roop mein itali virodhi bhavna key mahatva koo nibhana uchit paaya, jaise kii pulis aur prashaasan kii kaee aadhikarik reports key anusaar, ashanti kabristan kii bhoomi koo panjikrit karane key kadam seey naheen, balki ack italvi dwara ladke reba degla kii goli markar paida hui thee. "leey temps" ney 10 navambar koo tippani kii kii gadbadi kaa kaaran "ack jhoothi report" (aiss. aaee. see.) thee kii jelaaz bhoomi koo panjikrit kiya jaanaa thaa. isane kabristan mein pradarshankariyon koo 'kattarpanthi' bataaya, kahaa kii samasya kaa 'vaastavik' kaaran italvi aur arab aabaadi kaa 'atee utsaah' thaa, aur apane pathakon koo aashvast kiya kii jelaaz kii ghatana nishchit roop seey ack francisi virodhi danga naheen thaa. samachar patron ney italvi logon key 'narsamhar' kaa ullekh kiya, inn ghatnaaon koo lagbhag poori tarah seey arabon dwara italvi logon parr kiye gaye hamalon yaa dou (gair-francisi) janjaatiyon dwara ack-dusare kii hatyaa key roop mein chitrit kiya. unhone jore dekar kahaa kii kabristan bhoomi panjikaran parr galatfahmi durbhagyapurna thee, lekin isake baad kyaa huaa, yeh samajhaane key liye aparyaapt thee, aur tunisiyon kii ataarkiktaa aur dhaarmik kattarta kii ninda kii.
jelaaz kii ghatana key baad, francisi adhikaariyon ney lagbhag ack dashak taka tunis parr marshel low lagu kiya. halanki maheenon key bheetar, tunis traum bahishkaar mein lokpriya asantosh prakat hoe gayaa. jawab mein adhikaariyon ney yuva tunitian andolan parr kadee kaarravaai kii, jisake kaee netaaon koo desh seey nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. isake baad andolan, jisane aam taur parr france key sahyog seey tunisia kii pragati key liye kaam karane kii koshish kii thee, iss drishtikon seey mohbhang hoe gayaa. jaba netaa nirvaasan seey laute, tou unhone ack alag raajneetik drishtikon apanaaya aur 1920 mein dester party kii sthaapana kii.

