paaristhitiki-shahar

ack paaristhitiki shahar yaa paaristhitiki "ack maanav basti haye joe praakritik paaristhitiki tantra kii aatmanirbhar lachili sanrachana aur kaary parr adharit haye", jaisa kii paaristhitiki nirmaataon dwara paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye (ack gair-laabhkaari sangathan jise richard register dwara shuru kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone pahali baar yeh shabd gadhaa thaa). seedhe shabdon mein kahein tou ack paaristhitiki-shahar ack paaristhitik roop seey swasth shahar haye. vishva baink ney paryaavaran-shaharon koo "aise shahar key roop mein paribhaashit kiya haye joe ekikrit shahari yojana aur prabandhan key madhyam seey nagrikon aur samaaj kii bhalai koo badhaate hain joe paaristhitik pranaliyon key laabhon kaa upayog karate hain aur aaney vaali peedhiyon key liye inn parisampattiyon kii raksha aur poshan karate hain. halanki 'iko-city' kii koee saarvbhaumik roop seey sweekrit paribhasha naheen haye, upalabdh paribhashaon mein seey, iko-city kii buniyaadi visheshtaon parr kuchh aam sahamati haye.
duniya kii aabaadi lagaatar badh rahee haye, joe nae shahari vikas kii aavashyakta key kaaran shaharon parr bhaari dabaav daalati haye. duniya bhar key shaharon koo paryaavaran adharit shahari vikas koo anukool banaane kii tatkaal aavashyakta haye taaki way sthirata kii disha mein kaam curr sakein. paaristhitiki key ayam hamari vartamaan asthir prathaon koo hull karke shaharon mein jeevan sthitiyon mein sudhaar key liye samadhan pradaan karate hain.
duniya bhar key shahar joe duniya kii shahari aabaadi seey judee sabse gambhir chunautiyon kaa saamana karate hain, way vikaasheel deshon mein hain. paryaavaran-shahar aamtaur parr nae-nirmaan vikas parr dhyaan kendrit karate paae jaate hain, vishesh roop seey chean jaise vikaasheel deshon mein, jahaan 500,000 yaa usase adhik nivaasiyon koo puuraa karane vaale nae paryaavaran-shaharon kii neenv rakhee jaa rahee haye.
itihas.
utpatti.
19veen shatabdi key poorvaardh mein, ebenezer howard key udyaan shahar, frank lloyd raait aur leey carbusier key shahari vichaar ney pratimaan key amulchul parivartan aur shahari yojana cannon mein ack vyaapak parivartan kii neenv rakhee.
yuddh key baad key yug key dauran, shahari jhuggiyon kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane key liye adhuniktawadi meenar khandon kaa prasaar huaa.
paryaavaran-shaharon key peechhe key praarambhik vichaaron kaa pataa 1975 mein shahari paaristhitiki naamak ack gair-laabhkaari sangathan key gathan key saath lagaaya jaa sakata haye. berkley, california mein richard register sahit doordarshi vastukaron aur kaaryakartaon key ack samooh dwara sthaapit, sangathan ney paryaavaran kii drishti seey swasth shaharon key nirmaan key aspas kendrit design avadhaaranaon koo taiyar karane mein madad karane key liye shahari yojana, paaristhitiki aur saarvajanik bhagidari key pratichhedan parr kaam kiya. unake kuchh prayason mein mukhya sadakon parr pedh lagaane key liye andolan shuru karna, saur greenhouse key nirmaan koo badhaava denaa, berkley shahar yojana prabhaag key saath kaam karke paryaavaran key anukool neetiyaan vikasit karna aur saarvajanik parivahan koo protsaahit karna shamil thaa. inn ranneetiyon key aadhar parr, richard register ney baad mein apani 1987 kii pustak "ecosity barkaleh ack swasth bhavishya key liye shaharon kaa nirmaan" mein 'ecosity' shabd gadhaa, jisamen ise ack aise shahar key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye jahaan manushya prakriti key saath sadbhaav mein rahate hain aur isaliye unake paaristhitik padchinh koo bahut cumm curr dete hain. shahari paaristhitiki ney isi tarah key jatil shahari muddon parr kendrit lekh prakaashit karna shuru kiya, jisane 1987 mein apani patrika, 'shahari paaristhitiki' key nirmaan key saath andolan koo aur badhaa diyaa. dou dashakon taka, way apani drishti koo aage badhaane key liye dou samachar patra, 'tikaau karyakarta' aur 'shahari paaristhitikivid' bhee prakaashit karate hain.
1990 key dashak mein, humm dou mahatvapurna ghatnaaon ney paaristhitiki-shahar vikas key liye pahal shuru kii. pahali ghatana mein brundtland report kaa prakaashan shamil thaa. brundtland report ney satat vikas kaa vichaar prastut kiya. doosari ghatana 1992 mein sanyukt rashtra prithvi shikhar sammelan mein hui thee. shikhar sammelan key sadasyon ney hamaare shaharon mein satat vikas koo lagu karane kii yojana banaai. iss avadhi key dauran vikasit kiye gaye paaristhitiki-shaharon mein satat vikas kii avadharana koo shamil kiya gayaa. haalaanki, adhikansh vikas ack paaristhitiki shahar kii drishti pradaan karane key liye kiye gaye they. paryaavaran-shahar abb sthaayi nae shahari vikas key liye ack lokpriya tarika bunn gaye hain.
chean mein paaristhitiki-shaharon koo teji seey shaharikaran aur jalavaayu parivartan key saath desh kii chunautiyon kaa saamana karane kii neeti key roop mein 2000 key dashak kii shuruat seey sarkaar seey majboot samarthan milaa haye. vishesh roop seey, chean abb duniya key sabse badey paryaavaran-shahar vikas karyakram kaa daavaa kartaa haye, jisamen vartamaan mein saikadon paryaavaran-shahar pariyojanaaen vikas mein hain.
antarrashtriya paaristhitiki sammelan shrinkhala urf paaristhitiki vishva shikhar sammelan.
shahari paaristhitiki ney andolan koo aur aage badhaaya jaba unhone 1990 mein berkley, california mein pahale antarrashtriya paaristhitiki sammelan kii mejbani kii. sammelan ney shahari sthirata samasyaon parr dhyaan kendrit kiya aur 13 deshon key 800 seey adhik pratibhagiyon koo behtar shahari paaristhitik santulan key liye shaharon mein sudhaar key liye sarvottam prathaon parr prastaav prastut karane key liye protsaahit kiya.
isake baad, 1992 mein, richard register ney sammelan mein ullikhit lakshyon key ack samooh koo aage badhaane key liye gair-laabhkaari sangathan ecosity builders kii sthaapana kii. apani avadharana key baad seey, sangathan antarrashtriya paaristhitiki sammelan shrinkhala kaa sanyojak rhaa haye, jise abb paaristhitiki duniya key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. aaee. ee. see. sabse lambe samay taka chalane vaali antarrashtriya sammelan shrinkhala rahee haye jisamen dvivaarshik paaristhitiki vishva shikhar sammelan (ee. doubleu. aiss.) shamil hain aur yeh adelide, australia (1992); yoff, senegal (1996); kuritiba, brazil (2000); shengen, chean (2002); bangalore, bhaarat (2006); saine francisco, sanyukt raajya america (2008); istanbul, turkey (2009); montrial, kanada (2011); nantice, france (2013); aboo dhaabi, yuu. aeye. ee. (2015), melburn, australia (2017); vancouver, kanada (2019); aur rotterdam, dha netherlands (2022) mein aayojit kii gaee haye.
anya pramukh hastiyon mein vastukar paul aff downton aur lekhak timothi beatley aur stephen lehmann shamil hain, jinhone iss vishay parr vyaapak roop seey likhaa haye.
vartamaan rujhaan.
mandand.
ack aadarsh paryaavaran-shahar koo aksar nimnalikhit aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane vaale key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haih
inke alawa, pratyek vyaktigat paaristhitiki shahar mein paaristhitik aur aarthik laabh sunishchit karane key liye aavashyaktaon kaa ack atirikt samooh hotaa haye joe shoonya-apashisht aur shoonya-carbon utsarjan jaise badey paimaane key lakshyon seey laker, jaisa kii sino-singapur tianzin paaristhitiki-shahar pariyojana aur aboo dhaabi masdar shahar pariyojana mein dekhaa gayaa haye, shahari punrutthan aur harit chhaton kii sthaapana jaise chhote paimaane key hastakshepon taka hoe sakate hain jaisa kii augustenberg, malmo, sweeden key mamle mein dekhaa gayaa haye. carbon mukt tikaau oorjaa key upayog aur greenhouse gais utsarjan key prabandhan parr dhyaan kendrit karane vaale shaharon koo shoonya-carbon shaharon key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaa sakata haye.
paaristhitiki dhancha aur maanak.
iss avadharana kii badhati lokpriyata key saath, pichhale kuchh dashakon mein, duniya bhar mein sthaapit paaristhitiki-shaharon kii sankhya mein teji seey vriddhi hui haye. inn paaristhitiki-shaharon key pradarshan kaa aaklan karane aur bhavishya kaa margadarshan pradaan karane key liye, british kolambiya praudyogiki sansthaan (bee. see. aaee. tii.) school off construction aind dha environment key takniki samarthan seey paaristhitiki nirmaataon dwara sthaapit paaristhitiki dhancha aur maanak, paaristhitiki-shaharon key ichchit lakshyon kii disha mein pragati sunishchit karane key liye isake liye ack vyaavhaarik karyapranali pradaan karate hain. iss dhaanche key chaar stambhon mein shamil hainh
inca upayog karate hue, antarrashtriya paryaavaran-nagar pahal ney haal hii mein duniya bhar mein yojana aur karyanvayan key vibhinn charanon mein 178 mahatvapurna paryaavaran-nagar pahalon kii pehchaan kii aur mulyankan kiya. iss janganana mein shamil honey key liye, pahalon koo cumm seey cumm apane paimaane mein jile-vyaapi honah chaahiye, jisamen vibhinn kshetron koo shamil kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur aadhikarik neetigat darja honah chaahiye. haalaanki aisee yojanaaen apani mahatvakankshaon, paimaane aur vaichaarik aadhar mein bahut vividhata pradarshit karati hain, lekin 2000 key dashak key anta seey shahari sthirata sanketkon aur vibhinn sandarbhon mein lagu karane key liye design kii gaee prakriyaon key dhaanche kaa antarrashtriya prasaar huaa haye. isase pataa chala sakata haye kii paryaavaran-shahar 'mankikaran' kii prakriya chala rahee haye.
vyaavhaarik seemaaen.
richard register ney ack baar kahaa thaa kii "paaristhitiki ack paaristhitik roop seey swasth shahar haye. aisaa koee shahar maujood naheen haye. paryaavaran-shaharon key vaichaarik paaristhitik laabhon key bavjood, vaastavik karyanvayan praapt karna mushkil hoe sakata haye. maujooda shaharon kaa paryaavaran-shaharon mein roopaantaran asamanya haye kyonki bhautik shahar leout aur sthaaniya naukarshahi donon key sandarbh mein buniyaadi dhancha aksar badey paimaane parr satat vikas key liye pramukh durgam baadhaaen hoti hain. paaristhitiki-shahar vikas key liye aavashyak takniki ekikaran kii uchch laagat ack badee chunauti haye, kyonki kaee shahar yaa tou kharch naheen uthaa sakate hain, yaa atirikt laagat lene key liye taiyar naheen hain. maujooda shaharon koo phir seey sthaapit karane kii atirikt chunautiyon aur seemaon key saath-saath aise mudde navanirmit paaristhitiki shaharon kii sthaapana mein yogdan karate hain. isake saath-saath, inn badey paimaane parr, dou-ayami pariyojanaon key prabandhan key liye aavashyak laagat aur buniyaadi dhaanche key vikas kaa vistaar adhikansh shaharon kii kshamataon seey parey haye. isake alawa, duniya bhar key kaee shahar vartamaan mein bajatiya muddon, cumm vikas darr aur parivahan akshamtaon key saath yathaasthiti banaae rakhane key liye sangharsh curr rahey hain, joe pratikriyaasheel, mukabala karane vaali neetiyon koo protsaahit karate hain. jabaki duniya bhar mein kaee udaaharan hain, paryaavaran-shaharon kaa vikas abhee bhee vishal chunautiyon aur sthirata seey judee uchch lagaton key kaaran seemit haye.
sambandhit shabdawali.
hamaare shaharon mein maujood vartamaan kii asthir pranaliyon key jawab mein paaristhitiki-shaharon koo vikasit kiya gayaa haye. saath hii, smart city, tikaau shahar aur biophilic shahar jaisi anya avadhaaranaaen bhee rahee hain joe vibhinn drishtikonon key madhyam seey shaharon mein sthirata praapt karane kii disha mein bhee prayaas karati hain. apani paribhashaon mein aspashtata aur apane lakshyon koo praapt karane key liye paribhaashit nikatata seey sambandhit maandandon key kaaran, inn avadhaaranaon kaa upayog unake alag-alag drishtikon key bavjood, aksar ack dusare key sthaan parr kiya jaataa haye.
aalochana.
teen khaamiyan.
pichhale kuchh dashakon mein shahar key nirmaan mein nirantarta kii disha mein pragati key swaroopon koo dekhate hue, valaria saai (kaigaliyari vishvavidyalaya) aarthik aur naitik sanghrshon aur samajik-sthaanik eutopia utpann karane vaale jokhimon key kaaran ack siddhant-abhyaas antar key astitva key madhyam seey ack badee aalochana kartaa haye. vaha tikaau shaharon (aur isaliye, paryaavaran-shaharon) kii avadharana mein teen khamiyon kii pehchaan karati haih
paaristhitiki-shahar alag-thalag sansthaon key roop mein.
paryaavaran-shaharon dwara saamana kii jaane vaali ack aur badee vaichaarik aalochana ack shabd key roop mein sthirata kii paribhasha mein aspashtata seey upaji haye. mike hodson aur saiman marvin ney 'maanav-kaal mein shahareekaranah paaristhitik shaharikaran yaa pramukh paaristhitik parikshetra' sheershak vaale apane lekh mein iska vistaar kiya haye, jisamen unhone kahaa haye kii "hamane samanya arthon mein sthirata kaa ullekh kiya haye, aur sthirata kii hamari charchaon koo kissy bhee aisee cheez key liye niyojit kiya jaa sakata haye joe ack visheshan key roop mein tikaau hoe. isake parinamswarup, pichhale dou dashakon mein vikasit paryaavaran-shaharon kii badhati sankhya mein ack vyaapak pravritti dekhi gaee haye joe hamari vartamaan vaishvik jalavaayu-parivartan chunautiyon kaa mukabala karane kaa daavaa karate hain. inmein seey kaee shahar apane swaamitva kii prakriti key kaaran anya maujooda shahari kendron seey alag paae jaate hain. iss algaav key kaaran, sansaadhan-pravaah kaa aantarikakaran aise shaharon mein paaristhitik sthirata kii ack uthali bhavna mein yogdan detaa haye.
utsarjan ganana key tarikon key sambandh mein shahar chunautipurna hoe sakate hain kyonki unake kshetra key bheetar vastuon aur sevaaon kaa utpaadan gharelu khapat yaa niryaat seey sambandhit hoe sakata haye. isake vipareet nagrik bhee aayatit vastuon aur sevaaon kaa upbhog karate hain. kissy bhee utsarjan ganana mein doguni ginati seey bachane key liye yeh spasht kiya jaanaa chaahiye kii utsarjan kii ginati kahaan kii jaani haih utpaadan yaa khapat key sthaan parr. vaishveekrit arthavyavastha mein lambi utpaadan shrinkhalaon koo dekhate hue yeh jatil hoe sakata haye. isake alawa, akshay oorjaa pranaliyon aur vidyut vaahan baitariyon key liye aavashyak badey paimaane parr kachche maal key nishkarshan kii moort oorjaa aur parinam isaki apani jatilataon kaa pratinidhitva curr sakate hain-upayog key sthaan parr sthaaniya utsarjan bahut cumm honey kii sambhavana haye lekin jeevan-chakr utsarjan abhee bhee mahatvapurna hoe sakata haye.
shahari paaristhitik suraksha (yuu. ee. aiss.) aur paryaavaran-shaharon key samajik, aarthik aur paryavaraniya prabhaav.
samajik stambh kii upeksha karate hue paryaavaran-shaharon kii sthirata key aarthik aur paryavaraniya stambhon key prati purvagrah rakhane key liye bhee aalochana kii gaee haye. avadharana key vyaavhaarik anuvaadon koo aalochana kaa saamana karna padaa haye kyonki paryaavaran-shahar seemit paaristhitik suraksha kii maang seey prerit hain. paryaavaran-shaharon key nirmaan koo badhaava dene vaale niji niveshon key parinamswarup paaristhitik suraksha koo kaarak banaate hue "premium paaristhitik enclave" kii peshkash karke, paryaavaran-shaharon key maujooda udaharanon kii vaastav mein tikaau samadhan naheen honey key liye aalochana kii jaati haye. isake vipareet, iss avadharana koo tikaau shaharon key metaa-narative mein rakhate hue, aaj key paaristhitik sankat mein muddon key vaastavik vaishvik paimaane seey alag-thalag padey gated samudaayon aur pramukh paaristhitik parikshetron key vikas key madhyam seey samaaj key iss vikhandan kaa jashn manaane key liye bhee inki aalochana kii gaee haye. udaaharan key liye, masdar aur hangkang key paaristhitiki-shahar ack samaan drishtikon rakhate hain, lekin shahari samaaj key vikhandan key srot key roop mein unaki aalochana kii gaee haye.
frankstein shaharikaran" shabd kaa upayog sanghiya kugurulo dwara usa avadharana kii iss aalochana koo roopak roop seey prateek karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa joe paaristhitik suraksha key badale mein samajik stareekaran koo badhaati haye, alag-alag sansthaon kaa nirmaan karati haye joe apane bheetar poori tarah seey kaam curr sakati hain, lekin ack badey drishtikon mein laae jaane parr alag hoe jaati hain.

