
purvanirdharan

dharamshastra mein purvanirdharan, yeh siddhant haye kii sabhi ghatnaaon koo bhagwan dwara ichcha seey kiya gayaa haye, aamtaur parr vyaktigat aatma key antim bhaagya key sandarbh mein. poorvaniyukti kii vyaakhyaaen aksar swatantra ichcha key virodhabhas koo sambodhit karane kii koshish karati hain, jisake tahat ishwar kii sarvagyaan maanav swatantra ichcha key saath asangat prateet hoti haye. iss upayog mein, purvanirdharan koo dhaarmik nirdharanvad key ack roop key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye; aur aamtaur parr purvanirdhaaranvaad, jise dharamshastriya nirdharanvad key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.
itihas.
poorv-isai kaal.
kuchh logon ney tark diyaa haye kii hanok kii pustak mein ack nirdhaarak vishva drishtikon haye joe dwaitvaad key saath sanyukt haye. jubli kii pustak swatantra ichcha aur nirdharvad key siddhant koo saamanjasyapurna yaa ack saath milaati prateet hoti haye.
bayne siraa swatantra ichcha kii pushti kartaa haye, jahan bhagwan manushya key saamane burey yaa achche kaa chayan karane kii anumati dete hain aur iss prakaar way chuna sakate hain kii kise faulo karna haye.
nae vasiyatnama kii avadhi.
pahali shatabdi key ee. yuu. key purvanirdharan parr vichaaron key baare mein vidvaanon key beach kuchh asahamati haye, jisamen seey isai dharm aaya thaa. pahali shatabdi key dauran josephus ney likhaa kii iss prashn parr teen mukhya yahudi sampradaay alag-alag they. unhone tark diyaa kii saar aur farisiyon ney tark diyaa kii ishwar kaa praavdhaan sabhi maanav ghatnaaon kaa adesh detaa haye, lekin farisiyon ney abhee bhee kahaa kii loga sahee aur galat key beach chayan karane mein saksham hain. unhone likhaa kii sadookiyon key paas providence kaa siddhant naheen thaa.
bibil vidwan aine. tii. raait kaa tark haye kii inn samoohon kaa josephus kaa chitran galat haye, aur josephus dwara sandarbhit yahudi bahason koo purvanirdharan key baare mein daarshanik prashnon key bajaay israel koo mukt karane key liye bhagwan key kaam key roop mein dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye. raait kaa kahana haye kii ascence israel koo mukt karane key liye bhagwan kii prateeksha karane mein santusht they, jabaki farisiyon kaa maanana thaa kii yahoodiyon koo bhagwan key sahyog seey kaary karane kii aavashyakta haye. johnn barkley ney jawab diyaa kii josephus kaa varnan ack atee-saralikaran thaa aur inn samoohon key beach jatil antar honey kii sambhavana thee joe josephus dwara varnit key samaan hoe sakate hain. francis watson ney pahali shatabdi esvi key ack dastavej 4 ezra key aadhar parr bhee tark diyaa haye kii purvanirdharan mein yahudi vishvaas mukhya roop seey kuchh alag-alag yahoodiyon koo bachaane key liye bhagwan key vikalp seey sambandhit hain.
haalaanki, kumran samudaay mein kuchh loga sambhavatah purvanirdharan mein vishvaas karate they, udaaharan key liye 1 qs kaa kahana haye kii "bhagwan ney (apane chune hue logon) koo pavitra logon key uttaradhikar mein diyaa haye.
nae vasiyatname mein, roman 8-11 purvanirdharan parr ack kathan prastut karate hain. romanon mein, paul likhate hain,
bibil key vidvaanon ney iss parichhed kii vyakhya kaee tarikon seey kii haye. kaee loga kahate hain kii iska sambandh kewal seva seey haye, aur yeh moksh key baare mein naheen haye. catholic bibil key tippanikar brendon byrn ney likhaa kii iss parichhed mein ullikhit purvanirdharan kii vyakhya vyaktiyon key bajaay isai samudaay parr nigamit roop seey lagu honey key roop mein kii jaani chaahiye. ack anya catholic tippanikar, joseph fitzmeyer ney likhaa kii yeh ansh sikhaata haye kii bhagwan ney sabhi manushyon key moksh koo poorv nirdhaarit kiya haye. ack protestant bibil dubhashiya dugglus muu, iss parichhed koo yeh sikhaane key roop mein padhata haye kii bhagwan ney logon key ack nishchit samooh koo moksh key liye poorv nirdhaarit kiya haye, aur shesh manavata koo khandan (abhishaap) key liye poorv nirdhaarit kiya haye. isi tarah, raait kii vyakhya yeh haye kii iss parichhed mein paul sikhaata haye kii bhagwan una logon koo bachaa lenge jinhen usane chunaa haye, lekin raait iss baat parr bhee jore detaa haye kii paul kaa yeh sujhaav dene kaa irada naheen haye kii bhagwan ney maanav swatantrata yaa jimmedaari koo samaapt curr diyaa haye. isake bajaay, raait daavaa kartaa haye, paul kaha rhaa haye kii ishwar kii ichcha moksh koo puuraa karane key liye manushyon key madhyam seey kaam karati haye.
pitrisattaak avadhi.
pree-naiseen avadhi.
teesari shatabdi mein lekhan ney sikhaaya kii ishwar kaa adhikaar pratyek vyakti taka faila huaa haye. unakaa maanana thaa kii ishwar kii poorvaniyati pratyek vyakti key gunon key baare mein ishwar key purvagyaan parr adharit thee, chaahe vaha unake vartamaan jeevan mein hoe yaa pichhale jeevan mein.
gill aur gregg ellison ney tark diyaa kii rome kaa vibhajan moksh key poorv-kaal key drishtikon koo maanata haye.
soloman key kuchh chhand, joe ack isai dharm mein parivartit ack saar dwara banaae gaye they, sambhavatah ack purvavyaapi vishva drishtikon kaa sujhaav dey sakate hain, jahan bhagwan chunate hain kii kaun bachaaya gayaa haye aur swarg mein jaataa haye, haalaanki iss baare mein vivaad haye kii yeh kyaa sikhaata haye. soloman key odes bhagwan key baare mein baat karate hain "nirvaachit logon key astitva seey pahale unake chehare parr ack muhar chhaapana". thomsiyon ney khud koo prakaash key bachchon key roop mein dekhaa, lekin joe nirvaachit samudaay kaa hissa naheen they, way andhere key bete they. iss prakaar thomsiyon koo ack prakaar key chunaav yaa purvanirdharan mein vishvaas thaa, way khud koo nirvaachit key roop mein dekhate they kyonki way prakaash seey paida hue they.
valentinus purvanirdharan key ack roop mein vishvaas karate hain, unake vichaar mein manushya teen prakriti mein seey ack mein paida hotey hain, joe iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii vyakti mein kaun seey tatva prabal hain. valentinus key vichaar mein, ack vyakti joe buri prakriti key saath paida hotaa haye, usey kabhi naheen bachaaya jaa sakata haye kyonki vaha burai kii or bahut adhik jhukaav rakhta haye, kuchh logon mein ack prakriti hoti haye joe achche aur burey kaa mishran haye, iss prakaar way moksh kaa chayan curr sakate hain, aur anya mein ack achchha swabhaav hotaa haye, joe bachaaya jaayega, kyonki way achche mein jhukaav rakhate hain.
irenaeus ney valentinus dwara nirdhaarit purvanirdharan key siddhant parr bhee hamla kiya, yeh tark dete hue kii yeh anuchit haye. irenaeus key liye, manushya moksh chunane key liye swatantra they yaa naheen.
justine shaheed ney kuchh yunani daarshnikon key poorv-kaal key vichaaron parr hamla kiya.
niseen key baad kii avadhi.
baad mein chauthi aur paanchvin shatabdi mein, hippo key augustin (354-430) ney yeh bhee sikhaaya kii bhagwan maanav swatantrata koo sanrakshit karate hue sabhi cheejon kaa adesh dete hain. 396 seey pahale, augustein kaa maanana thaa kii purvanirdharan bhagwan key purvagyaan parr adharit thaa kii kyaa loga vishvaas karenge, kii bhagwan kii kripa "maanav sahamati key liye ack puraskar" thee. baad mein, pelagius key jawab mein, augustein ney kahaa kii garv kaa paap yeh maan lena haye kii "humm way hain joe bhagwan koo chunate hain yaa bhagwan hamein chunate hain (apane purvagyaan mein) kyonki humm mein kuchh yogya haye", aur tark diyaa kii yeh bhagwan kii kripa haye joe vyaktigat vishvaas key kaary kaa kaaran banati haye. vidwan iss baat parr vibhajit hain kii kyaa augustein kii shiksha kaa tatparya dohri poorvaniyati haye, yaa yeh vishvaas kii bhagwan kuchh logon koo dund key liye aur saath hii kuchh koo moksh key liye chunate hain. catholic vidwan iss baat seey incar karate hain kii unakaa aisaa drishtikon thaa, jabaki kuchh protestant aur dharmnirpeksh vidwan iss baat kii pushti karate hain kii augustein dohri poorvaniyati mein vishvaas karate they.
augustein kii sthiti ney aapattiyan uthaain. acclenum key juuliyan ney yeh vichaar vyakt kiya kii augustein church mein manichen vichaaron koo laa rhaa thaa. lerins key liye, yeh ack pareshan karane vaalaa navachar thaa. yeh nayaa tanaav antatah augustein aur pelagius key beach takraav key saath spasht hoe gayaa, jisaki parinati 431 mein affaces kii parishad mein pelagianism (jaisa kii augustein dwara vyakhya kii gaee) kii ninda mein hui. pelagius ney purvanirdharan key baare mein augustein key drishtikon seey incar kiya taaki yeh pushti kii jaa sakey kii mukti swatantra ichcha key kaary seey praapt kii jaati haye.
paanchvin shatabdi key anta mein arles kii parishad ney iss sthiti kii ninda kii kii "kuchh koo maut kii sajaa sunai gaee haye, anya koo jeevan key liye poorv nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye", halanki yeh augustein key shikshan seey anusaran kartaa prateet hoe sakata haye. 529 mein narangi kii doosari parishad ney bhee iss sthiti kii ninda kii kii "kuchh koo vaastav mein divya shakti dwara burai key liye purvanirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye.
aathvin shatabdi mein, damishk key johnn ney purvanirdharan key apane siddhant mein maanav ichcha kii swatantrata parr jore diyaa, aur tark diyaa kii logon kii ichchhaon seey utpann honey vaale kaary bhagwan key providence kaa hissa naheen hain. damassin sikhaata haye kii logon key achche kaary bhagwan key sahyog seey kiye jaate hain, lekin unake kaaran naheen hotey hain.
aquitain kaa samriddh honah (390-see. 455 esvi) ney ardh-pelagian key khilaf purvanirdharan key baare mein augustein key drishtikon kaa bachaav kiya. marrius mercator, joe augustein key chhaatr they, ney pelogionism key khilaf paanch kitaaben aur purvanirdharan key baare mein ack kitab likhi. raspe key fulgentius aur arles key cesarius ney iss vichaar koo khariz curr diyaa kii bhagwan vishvaas karane key liye swatantra vikalp dete hain aur isake bajaay purvanirdharan mein vishvaas karate hain.
cassian kaa maanana thaa kii purvanirdharan ack aisaa kaam honey key bavjood joe bhagwan karate hain, bhagwan kewal iss aadhar parr purvanirdhaarit karane kaa faisala karate hain kii manushya kaise pratikriya denge.
augustin ney swayam iss prakaar kahaah aur iss prakaar masih kaa church iss purvanirdharan key vishvaas koo banaae rakhane mein kabhi whiffle naheen rhaa haye, jiska abb inn aadhunik vidharmiyon-augustin key khilaf nae anurodh key saath bachaav kiya jaa rhaa haye.
madhya yug.
nauvin shatabdi key saxon bhikshu, gotschack off orbice ney tark diyaa kii bhagwan kuchh logon koo narak key saath-saath kuchh koo swarg key liye poorv nirdhaarit karate hain, ack drishtikon jise dohare purvanirdharan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. kaee dharmsabhaon ney unaki ninda kii, lekin unake vichaar lokpriya rahey. ayrish dharamshastri johnn scotts ariuzena ney gotschock kaa khandan kiya. ariuzena ney purvanirdharan parr augustein key shikshan koo chhod diyaa. unhone likhaa kii ishwar kii poorvaniyati koo logon kii pasand key baare mein unake purvagyaan key saath samaan kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
terahavin shatabdi mein, thomas aquinas ney sikhaaya kii bhagwan kuchh logon koo praniyon key bajaay poori tarah seey apani bhalai parr adharit sunder drishti key liye purvanirdhaarit karate hain. aquina kaa yeh bhee maanana thaa kii loga apani pasand mein swatantra hain, poori tarah seey apane paap kaa kaaran banate hain, aur isake liye poori tarah seey jimmedaar hain. aquina key anusaar, aise kaee tareeke hain jinase bhagwan kaary karna chaahte hain. vaha pratyaksh roop seey achche kii ichcha rakhta haye, apratyaksh roop seey achchi cheejon key burey parinamon kii ichcha rakhta haye, aur kewal burai kii anumati detaa haye. aquinas kaa maanana thaa kii burai kii anumati dene mein, bhagwan ise naheen karna chaahte hain yaa naheen kiya jaanaa chaahte hain.
terahavin shatabdi mein, okham key villium ney sikhaaya kii bhagwan maanav vikalpon kaa kaaran naheen banate hain aur purvanirdharan koo divya purvagyaan key saath tulanaa karate hain. haalaanki okham ney sikhaaya kii bhagwan logon key poorv nirdhaarit karyon key aadhar parr purvanirdhaarit karate hain, lekin unhone kahaa kii bhagwan kii ichcha aisaa karane key liye vivash naheen thee. purvanirdharan mein vishvaas karane vaale madhyayugeen dharmshastriyon mein shamil hainh johnn wycliffe (1320-1384), rimini kaa gregory (1300-1358), johann ruchrat wonn vessel (mrityu 1481), johann wonn stoppitz (mrityu 1460-1524), ratramnus (mrityu 868), thomas bradwardeen (mrityu 1300-1349) aur girolamo sevonarola (1452-1498).
madhyayugeen kaitharon ney manushyon kii swatantra ichcha seey incar kiya.
sudhaar.
johnn calvin ney iss vichaar koo aswikar curr diyaa kii bhagwan sakriya roop seey papiyon key saath-saath anya burai key dund kaa adesh dene key bajaay anumati dete hain. calvin bhagwan koo paap kaa doshi naheen maanate they, balki unhone bhagwan koo apani rachanaon parr paap karane kaa ack athah rahasya maanaa. haalaanki unhone yeh banaae rakhaa kii bhagwan kaa purvanirdharan dund key saath-saath moksh parr bhee lagu hotaa haye, unhone sikhaaya kii danditon kaa dund unake paap key kaaran hotaa haye, lekin yeh kii uddhariton kaa moksh kewal bhagwan key kaaran hotaa haye. huldrich zwingly sahit anya protestant sudharakon key bhee dohare poorv-nirdhaarak vichaar they.
isai shaakhaon key vichaar.
purvi roodhivaadita.
purvi roodhivaadi drishtikon koo bishap theophan ney iss sawal key jawab mein sankshep mein prastut kiya thaa, "divya praavdhaan aur hamari swatantra ichcha key beach kyaa sambandh haye?"
roman kaitholikwad.
roman kaitholikwad purvanirdharan kaa siddhant sikhaata haye. catholic church kaa catachism kahata haye, "bhagwan key liye, samay key sabhi kshan unaki tatkalikta mein maujood hain. isaliye jaba vaha "purvanirdharan" kii apani shashwat yojana sthaapit kartaa haye, tou vaha isamen pratyek vyakti kii apani kripa key liye swatantra pratikriya koo shamil kartaa haye."isaliye, purvanirdharan kii roman catholic avadharana mein, swatantra ichcha seey incar naheen kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, roman catholic dharamshastra ney iss vishvaas koo hatotsaahit kiya haye kii kissy key liye bhee purvanirdharan key sanchaalan aur parinamon key baare mein kuchh bhee jaanana yaa bhavishyavani karna sambhav haye, aur isaliye yeh aam taur parr roman catholic soch mein bahut chhoti bhoomika nibhaata haye.
roman kaitholikwad key bheetar vidharmi satrahavin aur athaarahavin shatabdi key sampradaay koo gensenism key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe dohare purvanirdharan key siddhant kaa prachaar kartaa haye, halanki gensenism ney daavaa kiya kii bachaaye gaye nirvaachit sadasyon key sadasya bhee paappurn, aprasann kaary karke apana moksh khou sakate hain, jaisa kii bible key puraane vasiyatname mein ezkeel 18:21-28 mein nihit haye. roman catholic church key anusaar, bhagwan kissy koo bhee ghaatak paap karane key liye naheen chaahte hain aur isaliye narak mein sajaa key yogya hain.
pope johnn paul dwiteeya ney likhaah
hippo key augustein ney purvanirdharan parr baad key roman catholic shikshan kii neenv rakhee. anugrah aur swatantra ichcha parr unaki shikshaon koo badey paimaane parr narangi kii doosari parishad (529) dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa, jinake adesh dweepsamuh key khilaf nirdeshit kiye gaye they. augustein ney likhaa,
augustein yeh bhee sikhaata haye kii logon koo apani ichcha kii swatantrata haye. udaaharan key liye, "anugrah aur swatantra ichcha" mein, (vishesh roop seey adhyaay II-IV dekhein) augustein kaa kahana haye kii "unhone [bhagwan] ney apane pavitra granthon key madhyam seey hamein bataaya haye kii manushya mein ichcha kaa ack swatantra chayan haye", aur yeh kii "bhagwan key upadesh swayam ack aadami key liye taba taka koee kaam naheen karenge jaba taka kii usake paas ichcha kaa swatantra chayan naa hoe, taaki unhein puuraa karke vaha vaadaa kiye gaye puraskar praapt curr sakey."(adhyaay. (kha)
purvanirdharan key baare mein thomas aquinas key vichaar kaafee hudd taka augustein key saath sahmat hain aur unake "summa dharamshastra" mein unake kaee lekhan dwara sankshep mein prastut kiya jaa sakata haih
protestantwad.
tulanaa karein.
yeh talika teen alag-alag protestant maanyataon key shaastriya vichaaron koo sankshep mein prastut karati haye.
luthranwad.
luthran aitihaasik roop seey moksh key liye binaa shart chunaav karate hain. lekin kuchh loga yeh naheen maanate kii kuchh loga aise hain joe moksh key liye poorv nirdhaarit hain, lekin joe loga bhagwan kii talash karate hain unake liye moksh poorv nirdhaarit haye. luthranon kaa maanana haye kii isaaiyon koo aashvast kiya jaanaa chaahiye kii way poorv nirdhaarit logon mein seey hain. haalaanki, way una logon seey asahmat hain joe purvanirdharitata koo masih key duhkh, mrityu aur punrutthan key bajaay moksh kaa srot banaate hain. kuchh kalvinvadiyon key vipareet, luthers koo dund key purvanirdharan mein vishvaas naheen haye. isake bajaay, luthran sikhaate hain kii shashwat dund avishvasiyon dwara paapon kii kshama aur avishvaas koo aswikar karane kaa parinam haye.
purvanirdharan key prati martin luther kaa ravaiya 1525 mein prakaashit unake "vaseeyat key bandhan parr" mein nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye. luther kaa yeh prakaashan 1524 mein deciderius erasmus dwara prakaashit granth key jawab mein thaa jise "swatantra ichcha parr" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
calvinism.
1561 key durbhavanapurna sweekaarokti ney pushti kii kii bhagwan una sabhi koo "nasht karane seey bachaate hain aur sanrakshit karate hain" jinhen unhone apani shashwat aur aparivartaniya parishad mein, kewal achchaae key liye masih yeeshu hamaare prabhu mein, unake karyon key sammaan key binaa chunaa haye "(anuchhed xvi). kailvinvadiyon kaa maanana haye kii bhagwan ney una logon koo chunaa jinhen vaha duniya key nirmaan seey pahale bachaa lenge aur apane saath swarg mein laayenge. unakaa yeh bhee maanana haye kii joe loga bhagwan naheen bachaate hain way narak mein chaley jaayenge. johnn calvin ney socha kii joe loga bachaaye gaye they, way kabhi bhee apana uddhaar naheen khou sakate aur "chune hue" (joe bhagwan bachaaye gaye they) koo pataa hoga kii way apane karyon key kaaran bachaaye gaye they.
iss samanya, shithil arth mein, purvanirdharan kii pushti karane yaa aswikar karane key liye, binaa shart chunaav key kalvinwadi siddhant kaa vishesh sandarbh haye. bible kii kailwinwadi vyakhya mein, iss siddhant kaa aam taur parr kewal mukti key ashvasana aur kewal anugrah dwara mukti key unmoolan seey sambandhit kewal dehaati moolya haye. haalaanki, chunaav aur purvanirdharan key siddhant key daarshanik nihitarth parr kabhi-kabhi inn vyavasthit seemaon seey parey charcha kii jaati haye. ishwar key siddhant (uchit dharamshastra) key vishay key tahat, ishwar kaa purvanirdhaarit nirnay usake baahar kissy bhee cheez parr nirbhar naheen hoe sakata haye, kyonki anya sabhi cheejen astitva aur arth key liye usa parr nirbhar hain. moksh key siddhanton (soteriology) key vishay key tahat, bhagwan kaa purvanirdhaarit nirnay bhagwan kii apani ichcha key gyaan seey kiya jaataa haye (romiyon 9hah15), aur isaliye yeh maanav nirnayon parr nirbhar naheen haye (balki, swatantra maanav nirnay bhagwan key nirnay key parinam hain, joe usa kull vaastaviktaa koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye jisake bheetar way nirnay vistrit vistaar seey kiye jaate hainh yaani, kuchh bhee mauka naheen chhodata haye). kalvinwadi yeh samajhane kaa naatak naheen karate hain kii yeh kaise kaam kartaa haye; lekin way iss baat parr jore dey rahey hain kii shaastra bhagwan key samprabhu niyantran aur maanav nirnayon kii jimmedaari aur swatantrata donon koo sikhaate hain.
kailwinwadi samooh kailwinwadi pranaliyon kaa varnan karane key liye atee-calvinvad shabd kaa upayog karate hain joe binaa kissy yogyata key daavaa karate hain kii kuchh koo nasht karane kaa bhagwan kaa irada dusaron koo bachaane key unake iraade key barabar haye. atee-kalvinvad key kuchh roopon mein nasleeya nihitarth hotey hain, jaba dutch kalvinwadi dharamshastri franciscus gomaras ney tark diyaa kii yahudi, yeeshu masih kii pooja karane seey incar karane key kaaran, gair-nirvaachit key sadasya they, jaisa kii johnn calvin ney khud bhee tark diyaa thaa, joe bible key nae vasiyatname mein aaee johnn 2:22-23 parr adharit haye. dakshin africa mein kuchh dutch basane vaalon ney tark diyaa kii ashwet loga haim key bete they, jinhen noa ney gulam honey kaa shaap diyaa thaa, utpatti 9:18-19 key anusaar, yaa unake aur kanadai logon key beach samaantaaen aakarshit kii, joe yahudi rashtra key samarthakon dwara samarthit "chune hue logon" kii vichardhara kaa sujhaav detee haye. yeh prithvi parr nasleeya padanukram key saath-saath mandaliyon key nasleeya algaav koo uchit thaharaata haye, lekin ashweton koo nirvaachit kaa hissa banane seey baahar naheen kartaa haye. anya kailvinvadiyon ney inn tarkon parr jordar apatti jataai (africanar calvinvad dekhein).
sahaanubhootipoorvak vyakt, kailwinwadi siddhant yeh haye kii bhagwan key paas dayaa haye yaa ise rokta haye, vishesh chetna key saath kii masih mein dayaa praapt karane vaale kaun hain. isaliye, vishesh vyaktiyon koo chunaa jaataa haye, manushyon kii kull sankhya mein seey, joe paap kii gulami aur mrityu key darr seey aur paap key kaaran sajaa seey mukt honge, hamesha usake saamane rahane key liye. joe loga bachaaye jaa rahey hain, unhein vishvaas key uphaaron, sanskaron aur prarthana aur achche karyon kii vriddhi key madhyam seey bhagwan key saath sahabhagita key madhyam seey ashvasana diyaa jaataa haye, kii masih key madhyam seey unake saath unakaa sulah bhagwan kii ichcha key samprabhu nirdhaaran dwara taya kiya jaataa haye. bhagwan koo una logon key baare mein bhee vishesh chetna haye joe unake chayan seey parey chaley jaate hain, joe unake khilaf apane vidroh key liye binaa kissy bahaane key hain, aur unake paapon key liye unakaa nyaay kiya jaayega.
calvinist aam taur parr purvanirdharan key mudde parr infralpserian (kabhi-kabhi 'sublapserian' kahaa jaataa haye) aur superapserian mein vibhajit hotey hain. infralapserian bhagwan key prem koo ujagar karane key liye bibil key chunaav kii vyakhya karate hain (1 johnn 4:8; efficience 1:4bee-5aeye) aur patan key baad kii sthiti koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue apane nirvaachit koo chunaa, jabaki supralapserian bhagwan kii samprabhuta (roman 9:16) koo ujagar karane key liye bibil key chunaav kii vyakhya karate hain aur yeh kii patan bhagwan key chunaav key adesh dwara nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. avaastaviktaa mein, chunaav patan key liye bhagwan kii pratikriya haye, jabaki atee-avaastaviktaa mein patan chunaav key liye bhagwan kii yojana kaa hissa haye. vibhajan key bavjood, kaee kalvinwadi dharamshastri avasanrachana aur ativaadi sthitiyon key aspas kii bahas parr vichaar karenge, jisamen kissy bhee disha mein bahut cumm shaastriya sakshya ekatra kiye jaa sakate hain, aur iska samagr siddhant parr bahut cumm prabhaav padata haye.
kuchh kalvinwadi ghatnaaon yaa vichaaron key crum key sandarbh mein bhagwan key shashwat adesh kaa varnan karane seey incar karate hain, aur bhagwan key kissy bhee kaary koo atkalon key sandarbh mein varnit karane mein shamil saralikaranon key khilaf kaee saavdhaaniyaan dete hain. adhikansh loga usa sakaratmak tareeke key beach antar karate hain jisamen bhagwan kuchh koo anugrah praapt karane key liye chunate hain, aur jiss tarah seey anugrah koo sachet roop seey rokaa jaataa haye taaki kuchh koo shashwat dund key liye niyat kiya jaa sakey.
samanya upayog key anusaar purvanirdharan key baare mein bahas abhishapt key bhaagya seey sambandhit haih kyaa bhagwan nyaaypurna hain yadi vaha bhaagya vyakti kii kissy vaastavik ichcha key astitva seey pahale taya hoe jaataa haye, aur kyaa vyakti kissy bhee saarthak arth mein apane bhaagya key liye jimmedaar haye yadi yeh bhagwan key shashwat kaary dwara taya kiya jaataa haye.
arminionism.
17veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, dutch dharamshastri jacobus arminius ney arminionism koo taiyar kiya aur vishesh roop seey chunaav aur purvanirdharan parr calvin seey asahmat they. arminionism koo ishwar key seemit providence mode dwara paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. providence kaa yeh tarika maanav swatantra ichcha aur divya purvagyaan key beach kii sangatata kii pushti kartaa haye, lekin dharamshastriya nirdharanvad key saath isaki asangatata kii pushti kartaa haye. iss prakaar arminionism mein purvanirdharan daiviya purvagyaan parr adharit haye, calvinism key vipareet. isaliye yeh purvagyaan dwara ack purvanirdharan haye.
iss drishtikon seey, usa vyakti parr ack sashart chunaav kii dhaarana aatee haye joe moksh key liye bhagwan mein vishvaas rakhna chaahata haye. iska matlab haye kii bhagwan poorv nirdhaarit naheen karate hain, balki isake bajaay achook roop seey jaanate hain kii kaun vishvaas karega aur dridhata seey bachaaya jaayega. haalaanki bhagwan duniya kii shuruat seey hii jaanate hain kii kaun kahaan jaayega, lekin chunaav abhee bhee vyakti key paas haye.
yeeshu masih kaa church baad key dinon key santon kaa church.
yeeshu masih kaa church off later-day saints (ell. dee. aiss. church) purvanirdharan key siddhant koo aswikar kartaa haye, lekin purvanirdharan mein vishvaas kartaa haye. ell. dee. aiss. church kaa ack mahatvapurna siddhant, purvanirdharan sikhaata haye kii poorv-nashwar astitva key dauran, bhagwan ney vishesh logon koo unake nashwar jeevan key dauran kuchh missions ("coll") koo puuraa karane key liye chunaa ("purvanirdhaarit"). udaaharan key liye, bhavishyavaktaon koo prabhu key sevak honey key liye poorv nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa (yirmyah 1:5 dekhein), joe sabhi pujari pada praapt karate hain, unhein usa ahwan key liye poorv nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeeshu koo praayashchit karane key liye poorv nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa.
ell. dee. aiss. church naitik agency key siddhant, apane liye chunane aur kaary karane kii kshamata, aur yeh taya karane kii kshamata sikhaata haye kii masih key praayashchit koo sweekaar karna haye yaa naheen.
purvanirdharan key prakaar.
sashart chunaav.
sashart chunaav yeh vishvaas haye kii ishwar shashwat moksh key liye una logon koo chunata haye jinhen vaha bhavishyavani kartaa haye kii unhein masih mein vishvaas hoga. yeh vishvaas vyakti kii swatantra ichcha key mahatva parr jore detaa haye. prati-drishtikon koo binaa shart chunaav key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur yeh vishvaas haye kii bhagwan kewal apane uddeshyon key aadhar parr aur kissy vyakti kii swatantra ichcha key alawa jise chaahen chunate hain. yeh lambe samay seey kailwinwadi-armeniyai bahas mein ack mudda rhaa haye. ack vaikalpik drishtikon corporate chunaav haye, joe "masih mein" samudaay jaisi corporate sansthaon key liye bhagwan key chunaav aur purvanirdharan koo alag kartaa haye, aur aise vyakti joe usa samudaay key chunaav aur purvanirdharan seey taba taka labhanvit hoe sakate hain jaba taka kii way usa samudaay seey sambandhit baney rahein.
atiaakramvaad aur avyaavhaarikvaad.
aviksittavad (jise upa-aviksittavad bhee kahaa jaataa haye) kaa maanana haye kii purvanirdharan taarkik roop seey manushya key paap mein padane key purvanirdharan key saath mell khaata haye. yaani, ishwar ney papiyon koo moksh key liye poorv nirdhaarit kiya thaa. isaliye, iss drishtikon key anusaar, bhagwan antim kaaran hain, lekin paap key nikat srot yaa "lekhak" naheen hain. awamchari aksar bhagwan key adesh (joe alanghaniya aur avaastavik haye), aur unaki prakat ichcha (jisake khilaf manushya avagyaakaari haye) key beach key antar parr jore dete hain. samarthak aam taur parr sabhi manushyon key prati bhagwan kii kripa aur dayaa parr bhee jore dete hain, halanki yeh bhee sikhaate hain kii kewal kuchh hii moksh key liye poorv nirdhaarit hain.
aam angreji bhasha mein, purvanirdharan key siddhant mein aksar kalvinvad key siddhanton kaa vishesh sandarbh hotaa haye. johnn calvin dwara samarthit purvaniyojan key sanskaran, jinake naam parr calvinism kaa naam rakhaa gayaa haye, koo kabhi-kabhi "dohri purvaniyojan" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye kyonki isamen bhagwan kuchh logon koo moksh key liye purvanirdhaarit karate hain (i.ee. binaa shart chunaav) aur kuchh ninda key liye (i.ee. anuyog) jiska parinam vyakti key apane paapon koo unaki ninda karane kii anumati dene seey hotaa haye. calvin swayam poorvaniyati koo "ishwar key shashwat adesh key roop mein paribhaashit karate hain, jisake dwara unhone apane aap koo nirdhaarit kiya kii way pratyek vyakti key sambandh mein joe kuchh bhee honah chaahte hain. sabhi samaan sharton parr naheen banaae gaye hain, lekin kuchh anant jeevan key liye poorv nirdhaarit hain, anya shashwat dund key liye; aur, tadnusar, jaisa kii inmein seey kissy ack uddeshya key liye banaaya gayaa haye, humm kahate hain kii vaha jeevan yaa mrityu key liye poorv nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye."
purvanirdharan seey sambandhit maanyataon key spectrum parr, calvinism isaaiyon key beach sabse majboot roop haye. yeh sikhaata haye kii ishwar kaa purvanirdhaarit nirnay pratyek vyakti aur ghatana key baare mein purvagyaan key bajaay apani ichcha key gyaan parr adharit haye; aur, bhagwan lagaatar poori swatantrata key saath kaary karate hain, taaki unaki ichcha koo poornata mein laaya jaa sakey, lekin iss tarah seey kii prani kii swatantrata kaa ullanghan naa hoe, balki sthaapit hoe.
poorvaniyukti key avikasit drishtikon rakhane vaale calvinist aamtaur parr usa shabd koo "upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa-upa - vibhinn shabdawali mein avaastaviktaa key calvinist dohare purvanirdharan sanskaran koo luthranwad key iss drishtikon seey alag karane kaa laabh haye kii purvanirdharan ack rahasya haye, joe gupt munn kii laabhaheen ghuspaith koo manaa kartaa haye kyonki bhagwan kewal maanav jaati koo aanshik gyaan kaa khulasa karate hain.
atiparisthaapanvaad yeh siddhant haye kii moksh aur pratyakhyan key liye purvanirdharan kaa ishwar kaa adesh taarkik roop seey maanav jaati key paap mein padane key unake purvanirdharan seey pahale haye. yaani, bhagwan ney bachaane kaa faisala kiya, aur dhikkaar haye; phir unhone una sadhanon koo nirdhaarit kiya jinake dwara yeh sambhav hoga. yeh vivaad kaa vishay haye kii kyaa swayam calvin ney yeh vichaar rakhaa thaa yaa naheen, lekin adhikansh vidwan unhein avaastavik sthiti seey jodate hain. haalaanki, yeh gyaat haye kii geneva mein calvin key uttaradhikari, theodor bezaa, supralapsarian drishtikon key saath they.
dohra purvanirdharan.
dohra poorvaniyukti, yaa dohra farman, vaha siddhant haye jise bhagwan sakriya roop seey aswikar karate hain, yaa kuchh koo dandit karane kaa adesh dete hain, saath hii saath una logon key liye moksh bhee dete hain jinhen unhone chunaa haye. protestant sudhaar key dauran johnn calvin ney yeh dohra purvanirdhaarit drishtikon rakhaah "purvanirdharan seey hamara matlab ishwar kaa shashwat farman haye, jisake dwara unhone apane saath nirdhaarit kiya kii vaha pratyek vyakti key sambandh mein joe kuchh bhee honah chaahte hain. sabhi samaan sharton parr naheen banaae gaye hain, lekin kuchh koo shashwat jeevan key liye, anya koo shashwat dund key liye purvanirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye; aur, tadnusar, jaisa kii inmein seey kissy ack uddeshya key liye banaaya gayaa haye, humm kahate hain kii vaha jeevan yaa mrityu key liye purvanirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye."
orbice key gotschock ney nauvin shatabdi mein spasht roop seey dohra purvanirdharan aur chaudahavin mein rimini kii gregory sikhai. kuchh loga iss siddhant kaa pataa paanchvin shatabdi kii shuruat mein augustein dwara diye gaye bayanon seey lagaate hain kii way apane aap mein bhee dohri poorvaniyati sikhaate hain, lekin unake anya lekhan key sandarbh mein yeh spasht naheen haye kii kyaa unakaa yeh drishtikon thaa. bhagwan key shahar" mein, augustein ney poori manavata koo moksh key liye poorv nirdhaarit honey key roop mein varnit kiya haye (i.ee., ishwar kaa shahar) yaa dund (i.ee.(manushya kaa saansaarik shahar); lekin augustein kaa yeh bhee maanana thaa kii sabhi manushya "nindaatmak" paida hue they, lekin "aavashyak roop seey rukane kii aavashyakta naheen" haye.
nigam chunaav.
nigam chunaav chunaav kaa ack gair-paaramparik arminian drishtikon haye. nigam chunaav mein, bhagwan yeh naheen chunate kii vaha srijan seey pahale kiss vyakti koo bachaayenge, balki bhagwan poore church koo chunate hain. yaa alag tarah seey kahein tou, bhagwan chunate hain kii vaha kiss prakaar key vyaktiyon koo bachaayenge. nayaa vasiyatnama ack aur tareeke seey yeh kahata haye kii bhagwan ney church koo masih mein chunaa (aff. 1: 4). dusare shabdon mein, bhagwan ney una sabhi koo bachaane key liye anant kaal seey chunaa joe bhagwan mein vishvaas karke masih mein paae jaayenge. yeh chayan mukhya roop seey shashwat vinash seey mukti key baare mein bhee naheen haye, balki duniya mein bhagwan kii chuni hui agency key baare mein haye. iss prakaar vyaktiyon koo iss baat kii poori swatantrata haye kii way church key sadasya banate hain yaa naheen. iss prakaar nigam chunaav ishwar key sarvagyaan parr khule drishtikon kii sthiti key anuroop haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii ishwar kaa purvagyaan vyaktigat swatantra ichcha key parinamon koo nirdhaarit naheen kartaa haye.
madhya gyaan.
madhya gyaan ack aisee avadharana haye jise jesuit dharamshastri luis dee molina dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh molinism naamak ack siddhant key tahat maujood haye. yeh ishwar key samprabhu adhikaar koo swatantra ichcha kii dhaarana key saath milakar purvanirdharan key vishay seey nipatane kaa prayaas kartaa haye. madhyam gyaan kii avadharana kaa maanana haye kii bhagwan koo sabhi swatantra praniyon key liye sachche poorv-swaichhik prati-tathyon kaa gyaan haye. arthaat, swatantra ichcha key saath koee bhee vyaktigat prani (udaa.jee. ack maanav) kissy bhee paristhiti mein karega. vipareet tathyon key baare mein bhagwan kaa gyaan unake divya rachanaatmak adesh (yaani, srishti seey pahale) seey pahale aur aavashyak satyon key unake gyaan key baad taarkik roop seey honey kaa tark diyaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar, madhyam gyaan kaa maanana haye kii duniya key nirmaan seey pahale, bhagwan jaanate they kii pratyek maujooda prani joe swatantra swatantrata mein saksham haye (jaise.jee. pratyek vyakti) swatantra roop seey sabhi sambhaavit paristhitiyon mein aisaa karna pasand karega. isake baad yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii iss jaankaari key aadhar parr, bhagwan ney inmein seey kaee sambhaavit duniyaon seey chunaa, duniya unaki antim ichcha key saath sabse adhik susangat haye, joe kii vaastavik duniya haye jisamen humm rahate hain.
udaaharan key liyeh
iss madhyam gyaan key aadhar parr, bhagwan mein usa duniya koo sakar karane kii kshamata haye jisamen ack aisee paristhiti mein rakhaa gayaa haye kii vaha swatantra roop seey vahee karane kaa vikalp chunata haye joe bhagwan kii antim ichcha key anuroop haye. yadi bhagwan ney nirdhaarit kiya kii duniya unake uddeshyon key liye sabse upayukt haye, tou ack aisaa duniya haye jisamen a swatantra roop seey z key bajaay y kaa chayan karega, tou bhagwan ack aise duniya koo sakar curr sakate hain jisamen mukt prani khud koo b paristhiti mein paataa haye.
iss tarah, isake samarthakon dwara madhyam gyaan koo kissy bhee dhaarmik siddhanton key anuroop maanaa jaataa haye joe bhagwan koo divya providence aur manushya koo swatantra swatantrata (jaise.jee. calvinism, kaitholikwad, luthranwad), aur inn chintaon kaa ack sambhaavit samadhan pradaan karna kii ishwar kaa sanrakshan kissy tarah manushya koo apani pasand mein sachchi swatantrata seey vanchit curr detaa haye.

