
gulam samudaay

dha slave communityh plantation life inn dha antibellum south americi itihaaskaar johnn doubleu dwara likhi gaee ack pustak haye. blasingham. 1972 mein prakaashit, yeh sanyukt raajya america mein gulami key pahale aitihaasik adhyayanon mein seey ack haye jise daason key drishtikon seey prastut kiya gayaa haye. "gulam samudaay" ney una itihaskaron kaa khandan kiya jinhone itihas kii vyakhya karate hue sujhaav diyaa thaa kii african-americi gulam agyakari aur agyakari "sambo" they, jinhone dakshini baganon parr paitrik swami-daas sambandh key laabhon kaa anand liya. manovigyaan kaa upayog karate hue, blassinghem 19veen shatabdi mein prakaashit bhagode daas aakhyanon kaa vishleshan kartaa haye taaki yeh nishkarsh nikala jaa sakey kii daason key beach ack swatantra sanskriti vikasit hui aur daason dwara pradarshit vibhinn prakaar key vyaktitva they.
haalaanki "daas samudaay" key mahatva koo americi gulami key vidvaanon dwara maanyata dee gaee thee, blassinghem key nishkarshon, karyapranali aur sroton kii bhaari aalochana kii gaee thee. itihaskaron ney gulam aakhyanon key upayog kii aalochana kii jinhen avishvasaniya aur pakshapaati key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa. unhone 1930 key dashak mein kaary pragati prashaasan (doubleu. pee. aeye.) dwara aayojit poorv daason key saath 2,000 seey adhik sakshatkaron koo baahar karane key blassinghem key nirnay parr sawal uthaaya. itihaskaron ney tark diyaa kii blassinghem kaa manovaigyaanik siddhant kaa upayog unaki vyakhya mein sahayak naheen saabit huaa. blassinghem ney 1976 mein african-americi jeevan aur itihas key adhyayan key liye sangh kii baithak mein apane nishkarshon kaa bachaav kiya aur 1979 mein "daas samudaay" kaa ack sanshodhit aur vistaarit sanskaran prakaashit kiya. aalochanaon key bavjood, "daas samudaay" dakshin mein daason key jeevan aur sanskriti key adhyayan mein ack moolbhoot paath haye.
aitihaasik prishthabhoomi.
ulrich bonnel phillips ney gulami seey sambandhit 20veen shatabdi kaa pahala pramukh aitihaasik adhyayan likhaa. americi nigro gulami" (1918) mein, phillips daason koo "nigro" key roop mein sandarbhit kartaa haye, joe adhikansh bhaag key liye apmaanjanak key bajaay nasleeya gunavatta key adheen they, udas, milansar aur udaseen key bajaay halke dill vaale they, aur jinake bahut hii doshon ney daman key bajaay pitrivaad koo aamantrit kiya thaa."americi nigro gulami" nasleeya bayanbaji seey bharaa huaa haye aur usa samay dakshini sanyukt raajya america mein aam kaale logon kii heenata key baare mein dhaaranaon koo banaae rakhta haye. halanki african americi shikshaavid jaise doubleu. ee. bee. doo bois ney phillips key daason key chitran kii aalochana kii, iss pustak koo 1950 key dashak taka america mein gulami parr aadhikarik paath maanaa jaataa thaa.
phillips kii gulami kii vyakhya koo keneth aim dwara chunauti dee gaee thee. vishisht sansthaah anty-belam south mein gulami" (1956) aur steinly aim mein stamp. alkins inn "slaveryh aeye problem inn american institutional aind intellectual life" (1958). stamp key adhyayan mein "americi nigro gulami" mein paaee gaee naslavaadi vyakhya kaa abhaav haye aur iss mudde koo iss sthiti seey drishtikon kartaa haye kii kaale aur gorey logon key beach koee janmajaat antar naheen haye. vaha phillips dwara varnit vrikshaaropan pitritva kii vaastaviktaa parr sawal uthaata haih "poorv-pett pitritva kii vaastaviktaa... isake kaalpanik parivesh seey alag honey aur aalochanatmak roop seey vishleshan karane kii aavashyakta haye."alkins phillips key iss daave koo bhee khariz karate hain kii african americi gulam janmajaat roop seey agyakari" "sambos" "they. unakaa tark haye kii isake bajaay gulamon koo gulam maalikon aur paryavekshakon key haathon praapt kroor vyavhaar seey shishu banaa diyaa gayaa thaa, yaa unhein sambo mein "banaaya" gayaa thaa. alkins ney iss prakriya kii tulanaa naazi yaatana shiviron mein yahoodiyon key sisukaran seey kii.
phillips, stamp aur alkins kii tarah, way bagan key abhilekhon aur daas maalikon key lekhan koo apane mukhya praathamik sroton key roop mein maanate they. stamp sweekaar kartaa haye kii "kuchh loga poochate hain kii gulam swayam bandhan key baare mein kyaa sochate hain."itihaskaron ney 19veen shatabdi key bhagode daas aakhyanon jaise daason key likhit karyon koo avishvasaniya aur pakshapaatpurna bataaya kyonki unmoolanvadiyon dwara unake sampadan key kaaran. vidvaanon ney 1930 key dashak key anta mein doubleu. pee. aeye. sanghiya lekhakon kii pariyojana dwara poorv daason key saath kiye gaye 2,300 sakshatkaron koo bhee nazarandaj curr diyaa. itihaaskaar george pee. ravik bataate hain kii aksar safed sroton koo adhik mahatva diyaa jaataa thaah "swami naa kewal ateet parr shasson karate they balki isake likhit itihas parr bhee shasson karate they."
haalaanki, 1970 key dashak mein, sanshodhanvaadi adhyayanon kaa prakaashan huaa joe gulami key paaramparik itihas seey alag hoe gaye. daas key drishtikon parr dhyaan kendrit karate hue, nae adhyayanon mein daas kathaaon aur doubleu. pee. aeye. sakshatkaron koo shamil kiya gayaah george ravik kii "dhoop seey suryast takah kaale samudaay kaa nirmaan" (1972), eugene dee. genovies kaa "roll, jorden, rolah dha worled dha slaves maid" (1974), peater aich. lakadi, "kaalaa bahumatah 1670 seey aupaniveshik dakshin carolina mein nigro, stono vidroh key madhyam seey" (1974), leslie howard ovens kii "sampatti kii yeh prajaatih puraane dakshin mein daas jeevan aur sanskriti" (1976), herbert jee. guttman kaa "gulami aur swatantrata mein kaalaa parivaar, 1750-1925" (1976), laurence doubleu. levin kii "black culture aind black chetanaah afro-american lock vichaar gulami seey swatantrata taka" (1977), aur albert jey. raboto kaa "daas dharmah antibellum dakshin mein" adrishya sanstha "(1978). inn adhyayanon mein seey ack adhik vivadaspad johnn doubleu thaa. blassinghem kaa "daas samudaay".
blassinghem kaa tark.
dha slave community" mein, blassinghem kaa tark haye kii "itihaskaron ney kabhi bhee americi daason key jeevan key anubhavon koo vyavasthit roop seey naheen khoja haye."way daavaa karate hain kii gulam malik parr dhyaan kendrit karke, itihaskaron ney vrikshaaropan jeevan key baare mein ack vikrit drishtikon prastut kiya haye joe" kissy bhee saarthak aur vishisht sanskriti, parivarik jeevan, dharm yaa purushatva key gulam koo chheen letaa haye."blassingham ney rekhaankit kiya kii bagan sroton parr nirbharta ney alkins jaise itihaskaron koo" "agyakari aadhaa aadami, aadhaa bachcha" "jaise gulamon kii bagan roodhivaadita kii nakal karane key liye prerit kiya. agency key daason key jeevan parr kabja karane parr dhyaan dete hue, vaha tark detaa haye, "apane malik key saath poori tarah seey pehchaan karane aur usake adheen honey key bajaay, gulam ney apani african sanskriti key kaee avasheshon koo pakad liya, quarter mein moolya kii bhavna praapt kii, apana adhikansh samay goron dwara nigrani seey mukt bitaaya, apane jeevan key mahatvapurna pahaluon koo niyantrit kiya, aur apani ichcha seey kuchh vyaktigat roop seey saarthak cheejen keen."
african saanskritik pratidhaaran aur daas sanskriti.
blassinghem key anusaar, african sanskriti koo daasata kii prakriya key madhyam seey daas sanskriti seey poori tarah seey hataa naheen diyaa gayaa thaa aur "itihaskaron key sandeh kii tulanaa mein gulami key liye bahut adhik pratirodhi thaa."african uttarjeevi" lock kathaaon, dharm aur aadhyatmikta, sangeet aur nritya aur bhasha key roop mein baney rahey. unhone daavaa kiya kii african sanskriti key pratidhaaran ney gulami key pratirodh key roop mein kaam kiyaah "sabhi cheejon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, satrahavin aur athaarahavin shatabdi key america mein gulam banaae gaye kuchh african apane dardanaak anubhavon seey butch gaye hain, binaa kissy ghor vinamra, shishu yaa adheenata key" aur "choonki unnisvin shatabdi key dakshini daason kaa ack bhaari pratishat mool americi they, isaliye way kabhi bhee iss tarah key sadame [madhya maarg] seey naheen gujare aur apane maalikon parr poorna nirbharta key khilaf manovaigyaanik raksha kaa nirmaan karane kii sthiti mein they."
blassinghem kaa kahana haye kii itihaskaron ney "aam taur parr gulam 'sanskriti' key roop mein varnit kiye jaane parr charcha kii haye, lekin quarter mein jeevan key baare mein bahut cumm thhos jaankaari dete hain."unakaa tark haye kii sanskriti gulam samudaay key bheetar gulam maalikon key prabhaav seey swatantra roop seey vikasit hui. blassinghem nott kartaa haye, "antibellum kaale daason ney kaee anoothe saanskritik roopon kaa nirmaan kiya, joe unake utpeedan key bojh koo halka karate they, samooh ekjutata koo badhaava dete they, aakraamakta koo maukhik roop dene, aashaa banaae rakhane, atmasamman kaa nirmaan karane key tareeke pradaan karate they, aur aksar jeevan key kshetron kaa pratinidhitva karate they joe badey paimaane parr goron key niyantran seey mukt they."
blassinghem nott kartaa haye kii daason dwara bataai gaee kaee lock kathaaon kaa pataa african vidvaanon dwara ghaana, senegal aur mauritania seey laker eeve, volof, hausa, temne, ashanti aur igo jaise logon taka lagaaya gayaa haye. way tippani karate hain, "jabaki inmein seey kaee kahaaniyon koo dakshin mein laaya gayaa thaa, african tatva pashu kahaaniyon mein sabse spasht roop seey dikhaai detaa haye."blassinghem dwara charcha kiya gayaa ack pramukh udaaharan" khargosh kyon bhaagata haye "kii kahani haye, joe ack chaalaak aur taar-bachche kii kahani haye jise dakshini daason dwara bataaya gayaa haye aur baad mein lekhak joel chandler harris dwara apane chaacha raymus kahaaniyon mein darj kiya gayaa haye. dakshini daason mein aksar haathi, shher aur bandar jaise african jaanvaron koo unaki lokkathaon mein paatron key roop mein shamil kiya jaataa thaa.
jaise hii isai missionaryon aur daas maalikon ney african dhaarmik aur aadhyatmik maanyataon koo mitaane kaa prayaas kiya, blassinghem kaa tark haye kii "sanyukt raajya mein, kaee african dhaarmik sanskaron koo ack-woodoo mein milaa diyaa gayaa thaa."woodoo pujari aur sannyasi daason seey vaadaa karate they kii way maalikon koo dayalu banaa sakate hain, dushmanon koo nuksan pahuncha sakate hain, pyaar sunishchit curr sakate hain aur bimari koo thheek curr sakate hain. blassinghem dwara ullikhit anya dhaarmik uttarjeeviyon mein antim sanskar, kabr kii sajawat aur anushthaanik nritya aur gaayan shamil hain.
gulam maalikon aur raajya sarkaaron ney 1739 mein patthar key vidroh kaa sanket dene key liye drum key upayog key kaaran daason koo sangeet vaadyayantra banaane yaa bajaane seey rokane kii koshish kii. haalaanki, blassinghem bataate hain kii pratibandhon key bavjood, gulam apani african viraasat parr ack majboot sangeet parampara kaa nirmaan karane mein saksham they. sangeet, geet aur nritya africa mein kiye gaye yaa bajaaye gaye nrityon key samaan they. daason dwara punah prastut vaadyayantron mein drum, teen taar vaale bainjo, lauki key choohe aur mandolin shamil hain.
phir bhee, blassinghem ney nishkarsh nikala kii dakshini baganon parr antar-saanskritik adaan-pradaan huaa, yeh tark dete hue kii "sanyukt raajya mein sanskriti mein dou sanskritiyon key beach aapsi baatchit shamil thee, jisamen europeeya aur african ack dusare seey udhaar lete they."blassinghem kaa kahana haye kii sabse mahatvapurna udaaharan protestant isai dharm (mukhya roop seey baptist aur methodist church) key ird-gird ghoomata haih" antibellum white churchon mein dhaarmik nirdesh praapt karane vaale ashweton kii sankhya mahatvapurna haye kyonki church bagan key alawa ekmatra anya sanstha thee jisane gulam koo samvardhit karane mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai thee."isai dharm aur gulam banaae gaye ashwet mantriyon ney dheere-dheere african dhaarmik uttarjeeviyon koo badal diyaa aur gulam sanskriti key ack anya pahalu kaa pratinidhitva kiya jiska upayog gulam apane swayam key samudaay banaane key liye karate they. jabaki mantri daas maalikon aur anya goron kii upasthiti mein aagyakarita kaa prachaar karate they, gulam aksar gupt roop seey milate they, "adrishya" sevaaon kii goron dwara binaa nigrani key. inn "adrishya churchon" mein, gulam swatantrata, swatantrata aur gulam maalikon key khilaf bhagwan key nirnay parr charcha curr sakate they.
gulam parivaar.
dakshini raajyon mein daas vivaah avaidh they, aur daas jodon koo aksar daas maalikon dwara bikri key madhyam seey alag kiya jaataa thaa. daas vivaah parr daas maalikon kaa niyantran thaa. unhone ack-vivaah sambandhon koo protsaahit kiya taaki "apane daason koo anushaasit karna aasaan hoe. ... ack kaalaa aadami, joe apani patni aur apane bachchon seey pyaar kartaa thaa, ack 'ekal' gulam kii tulanaa mein vidrohi honey yaa bhaagne kii sambhavana cumm thee."blassinghem nott kartaa haye kii jaba ack gulam jodaa usee bageeche mein rahata thaa, tou pati ney apani patni key saath kode maarne aur balatkar karane aur apane bachchon kii bikri dekhi. vaha tippani kartaa haye, "apani shaktiheenta kaa utanaa pradarshan kuchh bhee naheen thaa jitna kii gulam kii apani patni aur bachchon kii jabaran bikri koo rokane mein asamarthata."
phir bhee, blassinghem kaa tark haye kii "halanki aksar parivaar toot gayaa thaa, yeh mukhya roop seey gulam kii bagan parr poori tarah seey nirbhar aur apane malik key adheen hue binaa jeevit rahane kii kshamata key liye jimmedaar thaa."vaha tark detaa haih
blassinghem kaa kahana haye kii gulam maataa-pitaa ney shishuon aur chhote bachchon koo vrikshaaropan kii krurta seey bachaane kaa prayaas kiya. jaba bachche samajh gaye kii unhein gulam banaaya gayaa haye (aamtaur parr unaki pahali chabuk maarne key baad), tou maataa-pitaa ney gusse mein bhaagne yaa badala lene key aagrah koo manaa curr diyaa.
bachchon ney pitaaon koo dou prakaar key vyavhaar kaa pradarshan karate hue dekhaa. quarter mein, vaha "ack aadami kii tarah kaam kartaa thaa", apane aur apane parivaar key saath durvyavahar key liye goron koo dosh detaa thaa; maidan mein swami key liye kaam karate hue, vaha agyakari aur agyakari dikhaai diyaa. blassinghem key anusaar, "kabhi-kabhi bachche apane maataa-pitaa key sachche vyaktitva lakshnon aur virodhabhasi vyavhaar donon koo aantarik roop dete hain."unakaa maanana haye kii bachchon ney sajaa seey bachane key liye ack suvidhajanak tareeke key roop mein adheenata koo pahachaana aur quarter mein vyavhaar koo sachche vyavhaar model key roop mein pahachaana. blassinghem nishkarsh nikaalata haye, "[gulam pitaa key] parivaar mein, gulam ney naa kewal malik key praharon seey bachana seekha, balki apane sadasyon key pyaar aur sahaanubhooti koo bhee aakarshit kiya taaki vaha apana manobal badhaa sakey. sankshep mein, parivaar ack mahatvapurna uttarjeevita tantra thaa."
vyaktitva key prakaar.
blassinghem antibellum dakshin key saahitya mein teen roodhivaaditaon kii pehchaan kartaa haih
alkins key sisukaran shodh prabandh koo seedhe chunauti dete hue, blassinghem kaa tark haye kii itihaskaron ney sambo vyaktitva prakaar aur pitritva kii bhoomika parr bahut adhik dhyaan kendrit kiya haye. "sambo roodhivaadita antibellum dakshini saahitya mein itani vyaapak thee kii kaee itihaskaron kaa tark haye kii aage key shodh key binaa, yeh pramukh daas vyaktitva kaa ack sateek vivaran thaa."
blassinghem key anusaar, sambo aakriti african aur african amerikiyon key prati safed amerikiyon key drishtikon seey janmajaat berber, nishkriya, andhavishwasi aur bachche jaisi vikasit hui. dakshini lekhakon ney uttari unmoolanvadiyon dwara lagaae gaye durvyavahar aur krurta key aaropon seey gulami kaa bachaav karane kii aavashyakta mahsoos kii, isaliye sambo vrikshaaropan pitrivaad kii aavashyakta koo sahee thaharaane aur samajhaane key liye ack samanya chitran bunn gayaa. anta mein, daas maalikon ney apane daason kii sambhaavit vidrohita key baare mein apane swayam key darr aur chintaon koo cumm karane key liye sambo roodhivaadita kaa upayog kiya. blassinghem tippani, "iss sambandh mein, vaastav mein aur sambhaavit vidrohi, gulam kii shwet dhaaranaon key mool mein khadaa haye. pankhon mein barahmasi roop seey nutt key saath, dakshini kii bhaavnaatmak suraksha key liye sambo kaa nirmaan lagbhag anivarya thaa. jaise ack aadami apane saahas koo badhaane key liye andhere mein ct bajaata haye, usa gorey aadami koo gulam koo sambo key roop mein chitrit karna thaa."
daas key malik key pitritva aur adheenata key aaropon key bavjood, blassinghem kaa kahana haye, "praathamik sroton mein, apane bandhan key prati nigro key pratirodh aur swatantrata key liye usake amar prem key bhaari saboot hain."blassinghem ney daason key bhaagne aur vidroh karane key prayason koo rekhaankit kiya, vishesh roop seey 1739 kaa stono vidroh, 1811 mein charles deslonds kaa vidroh, 1831 kaa naat turner kaa vidroh, aur seminol yuddhon key dauran florida mein seminol key saath ladane vaale bhagode daason kii bhagidari. blassinghem ney nishkarsh nikala kii sambo aur nait roodhivaadi "vaastavik they."way bataate hain," goron koo nutt kaa jitna adhik darr thaa, utanaa hii dridhata seey sambo mein vishvaas karane kii koshish kii taaki way manobhransh seey butch sakein."
blassinghem ney nishkarsh nikala kii sambo aur nutt key dou charam seemaon key beach ack paimaane parr sthit daason dwara pradarshit vibhinn prakaar key vyaktitva they. unakaa tark haye kii baganon, paryavekshakon aur maalikon mein maujood vividhataon ney gulam koo "sanyam seey bahut adhik swatantrata aur adhik swatantrata aur swaayatta dee, joe usaki sansthaagat roop seey paribhaashit bhoomika kii anumati seey adhik thee. natijatan, gulam koo jeevit rahane key liye shishu yaa vinamra honah naheen padaa."blassinghem ney dakshini baganon parr gulami kii tulanaa naazi yaatana shiviron mein kaidiyon key ilaaj seey kii haye, yeh pradarshit karane key prayaas mein kii" shiviron mein shishuta, poorna nirbharta aur vinamrata paida karane mein sabse mahatvapurna kaarak mrityu kaa vaastavik khatra thaa, joe kaidiyon key liye kuchh, yadi koee hoe, tou vikalp chhod gayaa."way tippani karate hain", kull sansthanon kii nirantarta parr rakhaa gayaa, ekagrata shivir dakshini vrikshaaropan seey bahut door haye."blassinghem key anusaar, tarkaheen roop seey sangathit aur cumm karmchaariyon vaale vrikshaaropan kaa lakshya apane shramikon koo vyavasthit roop seey prataadit karna aur unakaa unmoolan karna naheen thaa, joe" "ack goli seey bhee adhik moolyavaan" "they.
karyapranali aur srot.
daas samudaay" mein, blassinghem antibellum baganon parr daason key vyavhaar kii vyakhya karane key liye manovaigyaanik hairi stack sullivan key parasparik siddhant kaa upayog kartaa haye. sullivan kaa daavaa haye kii "mahatvapurna anya", vyaktigat vyavhaar koo puraskrit karane aur dandit karane kii sabse adhik shakti vaale vyakti, mukhya roop seey vyavhaar nirdhaarit karane key liye jimmedaar they. parasparik siddhantkaron kaa tark haye kii "vyavhaar key pattern sthiti kii visheshtaon, vyakti unhein kaise samajhata haye, aur usa samay usake vyavhaar key swabhaav seey nirdhaarit hotey hain."vyaktitva kaa sabse mahatvapurna ghatak atmasamman haye. blassinghem bataate hain, "dusaron kii chhaviyon key baare mein hamari dhaarana seey hamaare atmasamman kii bhavna badh jaati haye yaa cumm hoe jaati haye."parasparik vyavhaar pramukh-agyakari akshon key ird-gird ghoomata haih" vyavhaar kaa ack roop isake poorak koo prakat kartaa haih prabhutva samarpan kii or leey jaataa haye aur isake vipareet. adheenata kii seema aksar usa samooh kii sanrachana parr nirbhar karati haye jisase vyakti sambandhit haye."
blassinghem dwara upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack anya manovaigyaanik siddhant bhoomika siddhant haye. iss siddhant key anusaar, "ack vyakti kaa vyavhaar aam taur parr samajik roop seey paribhaashit bhoomikaon yaa kuchh sthitiyon mein usase apekshit vyavhaar pattern dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye."blassinghem kaa kahana haye kii bhagode daas aakhyanon mein parasparik aur bhoomika siddhant koo lagu karane key madhyam seey, itihaaskaar yeh nirdhaarit curr sakate hain kii" daason ney kiss hudd taka apane maalikon seey apeksha kii thee kii way kaise vyavhaar karein "aur kaise sambo, jack aur nutt vyaktitva prakaar bhraamak hoe sakate hain.
blassinghem kaa tark haye kii itihaskaron ney poorv daason kii aatmakathaon, vishesh roop seey bhagode daas kathaaon koo "jaanboojhkar nazarandaj" kiya haye. "natijatan," blassinghem kaa tark haye ", iss adhyayan mein gair-paaramparik sroton parr bahut jore diyaa gayaa haye taaki daas key bandhan key drishtikon koo adhik spasht roop seey chitrit kiya jaa sakey aur pranali key kamkaj mein kuchh naee antardrishti kii khoj kii jaa sakey."vaha heinry bib, heinry clay broose, elizabeth kekale, saimuel holl, soloman northup, charles ball, germain wesley loguen, villium wells braun, johnn braun, robbert anderson, villium grims, austin stevard aur fredrick dugglus key aakhyanon parr bahut adhik nirbhar kartaa haye. african daas vyaapaar, madhya maarg aur african sanskriti kii blassinghem kii charcha olauda iquiano key "olauda iquiano, yaa gustavus vaasaa, african key jeevan kii dilchasp kathaa" (1794) parr adharit haye.
binaa kissy sawal key bhagode daas aakhyanon koo sweekaar karane key bajaay, blassinghem granthon key apane padhane kii jaanch karna sweekaar kartaa haye. unhone nott kiya kii itihaskaron dwara upayog kii jaane vaali inn aatmakathaon key upayog key khilaf tark vishvasaniyata key ird-gird ghoomate hainh "kaee itihaaskaar inn khaaton kaa upayog karane seey incar karate hain kyonki unhone mahsoos kiya haye kii bhagoda, sansthaan mein praathamik peedit key roop mein, bandhan kaa ack vastunishth vivaran dene mein asamarth thaa."phir bhee, blassinghem aatmakathaon parr apani nirbharta kaa bachaav karate hue kahate hain," gulami kii sanstha kaa chitra joe aakhyanon seey ubharata haye, prithvi parr narak kii saral tasveer naheen haye joe adhikansh itihaskaron ney hamein yeh vishvaas dilaaya haye kii unamen haye. isake bajaay, bhagodon key baganon mein nayakon aur khalnayak, kaale aur safed, kii ack hii shrinkhala key saath loga rahate hain, joe aam taur parr maanav jaati mein paaya jaataa haye."isaliye, blassinghem nishkarsh nikaalata haih
bhagode daas aakhyanon key alawa, blassinghem unmoolanvaadi patrikaon jaise "dha liberator", "rashtriya gulami virodhi maanak", "pensylvania freeman", "gulami virodhi biggle" aur "saarvbhaumik mukti kii pratibha" kaa upayog kartaa haye. blassinghem key anusaar, yeye patrikaaen daas sakshatkar, patra aur aatmakathaaen chhaapati theen, lekin "daason kii tulanaa mein shwet dakshini logon koo aur bhee adhik coverage detee theen aur aksar lekh, patra aur badee sankhya mein dakshini samachar patron kii kaaryavaahi koo punah mudrit karati theen.
ack praathamik srot joe blassinghem ney apane adhyayan mein paramarsh naheen kiya vaha doubleu. pee. aeye. slave sakshatkar thaa. jabaki vaha sweekaar karate hain kii "daas bandhan kii aantarik gatishilata key baare mein apane rahasyodghatan mein pratidvandi aatmakathaon kaa sakshatkar karate hain... doubleu. pee. aeye. sakshatkaron key bhaari sampadan seey unhein kaali aatmakathaon kii tulanaa mein upayog karna kaheen adhik kathin hoe jaataa haye."unhone" "journal off sadarn histry" "mein 1975 key ack lekh mein sakshatkaron kii apani aalochana key baare mein vistaar seey bataaya. vaha varnan karate hain kii kaise shwet sakshatkarkarta aksar dakshin kii pitrivaadi chhavi key vipareet samagri koo hataa dete hain jise way prastut karna chaahte they. blassinghem nishkarsh nikaalata haye, "sakshatkaron kaa gair-aalochanatmak upayog lagbhag anivarya roop seey ack paitrik sansthaan key roop mein vrikshaaropan key ack saral aur vikrit drishtikon kii or leey jaayega, jahaan jeevan kii mukhya visheshta maalikon aur daason key beach aapsi prem aur sammaan thaa."
blassinghem phillips, stamp aur alkins kii itihas rachana parr adharit haye, lekin vaha charles key prabhaav koo sweekaar kartaa haye. sidner kii "mississippi mein gulami" (1933), orwill doubleu. teller kii "arconsus mein nigro gulami" (1958), eugene dee. genoves kii "gulami kii raajneetik arthavyavastha" (1961), aur aine jey. laine key nibandhon kaa sankalan "gulami parr bahasah steinly alkins aur unake aalochak" (1971).
swaagat aur prabhaav.
gulam key drishtikon seey gulami key pahale adhyayanon mein seey ack key roop mein "gulam samudaay" key mahatva koo itihaskaron dwara maanyata dee gaee thee. phir bhee iss pustak kii shikshaavidon dwara bhaari aalochana kii gaee joe blassinghem key nishkarshon, karyapranali aur sroton seey asahmat they. itihaaskaar george pee. halanki, 1976 mein ravik ney kahaa kii aalochana "iss tathya koo aspasht naheen karna chaahiye kii [blassinghem kii] pustak aisee yogyata kii thee kii isake prakaashan key chaar saal baad isaki aalochana karane mein hamara samay kharch karna aavashyak hoe. phir bhee, kaee achchi kitaabon kii tarah, yeh bhee behtar honah chaahiye thaa."
aalochana.
itihas shikshak" mein, keath polacoff tippani karate hain kii "kewal blassinghem key kaam key prakaashan key saath humm pahali baar badey baganon parr daason key dainik jeevan kii vistrit jaanch praapt karate hain, jisamen una taakton key baare mein kuchh buddhiman atkalen hain jinake adheen way they. david goldfield ney "krishi itihas" mein likhaa haye kii yeh pustak abb taka key vrikshaaropan jeevan key prati daas kii pratikriyaon koo samajhane kaa sabse prabhaavshaali aur santulit prayaas thaa. carle aine. deagler ney "washington post" mein likhaa haye kii blassinghem kaa adhyayan "kissy bhee pichhale adhyayan kii tulanaa mein iss sawal kaa jawab dene key karib aataa haye kii 'gulam honah kaisa thaa?'"
phir bhee, blassinghem key nishkarshon, karyapranali aur sroton koo itihaskaron seey paryaapt aalochana millie. marian deb. americi aitihaasik sameeksha" mein killson kii sameeksha ney blassinghem key uddeshyon koo "apoorna roop seey mahsoos kiya" key roop mein varnit kiya kyonki unake paas "spasht vishleshanatmak drishtikon kaa abhaav haye. usane daas vyaktitva prakaron kii usaki charcha koo "aakarshak" aur "usake paddhatigat uddeshyon" paaya... mahatvapurna "lekin" vyavasthit roop seey peechha naheen kiya gayaa.  killson kaa maanana haye kii blassinghem antatah apane vishleshan mein whiffle rhaa kyonki "samajik aur manovaigyaanik abhivinyas key unake bauddhik ekikaran koo abhee taka poori tarah seey praapt naheen kiya gayaa haye."orwill doubleu. teller ney "journal off nigro histry" mein tark diyaa haye kii blassinghem mein "maulikta aur vishishtata key liye apramaanit daave" karane kii pravritti thee.
journal off political economy" mein, aarthik itihaaskaar steinly ell. german shikayat kartaa haye kii yeh pustak "arthshastriyon dwara yaa unake liye naheen likhi gaee haye" aur "aarthik vishleshan kaa seemit upayog" karati haye. unhone aage kahaa, "daas kii 'vyaktigat swaayatta' aur sanskriti key saath chinta koo dekhate hue, pustak kaa adhikansh hissa african viraasat key liye samarpit haye; daas sangeet, dharm aur lokkathaon key liye; aur daas parivaar aur anya vyaktigat sambandhon kii charcha key liye."german sweekaar kartaa haye kii" "daas samudaay" "gulami aur kaali sanskriti kii vyakhya mein sankraman key samay likhi gaee ack pustak haye, lekin" "lekhak kabhi-kabhi usa disha key baare mein anishchit lagata haye jisamen vaha ishara curr rhaa haye."unhone nishkarsh nikala kii blassinghem kaa" "vishleshan ack alag aur adhik jatil drishya kii prastuti mein adhura haye" "bhale hii vaha" "ekagrata-parisar chhavi aur sambo mithak kii kathinaaiyon koo prabhaavi dhang seey darshaata haye.
itihaskaron ney doubleu. pee. aeye. daas sakshatkaron koo khariz karane aur poori tarah seey bhagode daas aakhyanon parr bharosa karane key liye blassinghem kii aalochana kii. journal off american histry" mein, villie lii rose likhate hain kii blassinghem dwara bhagode gulam aakhyanon kaa upayog doubleu. pee. aeye. sakshatkaron kii unaki upeksha seey prabhaavit haye. kenneth wiggins porter mudrit sroton parr blassinghem kii nirbharta koo ack "pramukh kamjori" key roop mein maanate hain aur unakaa maanana haye kii way vrikshaaropan record aur yatra vivaran jaise paryaapt safed sroton kaa upayog naheen karate hain, vishesh roop seey fredrick low olmstead key dakshin mein jeevan key vivaran. george ravik key anusaar, "hamein aise kaam kii sakht jarurat haye joe gulami key tahat ashwet mahilaaon key jeevan koo darshaata haye aur unakaa vishleshan kartaa haye. hamaare paas gulami key baare mein bahut hudd taka purush pradhaan saahitya rhaa haye."vaha nott kartaa haye", durbhagya seey, iss kaary mein blassinghem hamari bilkul bhee madad naheen kartaa haye."ravik kaa anuman haye kii aggar blassinghem ney doubleu. pee. aeye. daas sakshatkaron seey paramarsh kiya hotaa, tou unhone" "apani or seey aur poore ashwet samudaay kii or seey ashwet mahilaaon key veertapurna sanghrshon" "kii ack tasveer vikasit kii hoti.
itihaskaron ney blassinghem key manovaigyaanik siddhant key upayog key liye alag-alag pratikriyaon kaa pradarshan kiya. villium aur mairi traimasik" mein ack sameeksha mein, george mulin vishesh roop seey blassinghem key manovigyaan key upayog kii aalochana karate hain, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii blassinghem "bhoomikaon aur manovaigyaanik visheshtaon key sawal key liye gulam vyavhaar aur sanskriti koo cumm kartaa haye. vaha nishkarsh nikaalata haye kii ack "ee. pee. americi ashwet samudaay key liye thomson gulami key dauran abhee bhee munch seey baahar haye, aur iss vishay koo ack samajik yaa aarthik itihaaskaar dwara anveshan kii aavashyakta haye. ravik kaa kahana haye kii blassinghem kii "pahali badee truti" key saath judey bahut hii sandigdh nirdhaarak samajik manovaigyaanik bhoomika siddhanton koo apanaane mein nihit haye... ering goffman aur hairi stack sullivan."vaha shikayat kartaa haye kii yeh" "utpeedit logon key 'manovigyaan' kii buniyaadi jatilata kii vidambana haye joe ack saath khud koo samajik roop seey nakaratmak shabdon mein dekhate hain aur apane aur apane vyavhaar key drishtikon key khilaf sangharsh karate hain. ravik koo vishvaas haye kii blassinghem manovigyaan key upayog key binaa sroton seey samaan nishkarshon parr pahunch gayaa hoga "kyonki aitihaasik sakshya jaisa kii daason key sanghrshon key prati ack bedagh pratibaddhata aur maalikon key prati samaan roop seey asambaddh shatruta key madhyam seey dekhaa gayaa haye, usey vahaan leey gayaa hoga."doosari or, eugene dee. genovies aur earl ee. thorpe ney manovaigyaanik siddhant key upayog key liye blassinghem kii prashansa kii, lekin sweekaar kiya kii way sullivanian siddhant kii tulanaa mein frydian aur markswadi vyakhyaon koo pasand karate hain.
prabhaav.
1976 mein, african-americi jeevan aur itihas key adhyayan key liye sangathan shikago mein milaa aur "daas samudaay" parr ack satra aayojit kiya. panelists mein mairi fraans berry, herbert guttman, leslie howard ovens, george ravik, earl thorp aur eugene genoves shamil they. blassinghem ney panel key prashnon aur aalochanaon kaa jawab diyaa. charcha ney all-tonny gillmore dwara sampaadit ack sankalan key prakaashan kaa netritva kiya jise "blassinghem key" daas samudaay "parr phir seey vichaar karna kahaa jaataa haih vidvaanon ney pratikriya dee" (1978). iss pustak mein panelists key saath-saath james dee key nibandh bhee shamil hain. anderson, ralf dee. carter, johnn heinrich clark aur steinly german. blassinghem kaa nibandh, "gulam samudaay koo phir seey paribhaashit karna": alochakon key liye ack pratikriya "khand mein dikhaai detaa haye.
1972 mein isake prakaashan aur 1979 mein sanshodhan key baad seey, "daas samudaay" ney sanyukt raajya mein gulami parr baad key aitihaasik karyon koo prabhaavit kiya haye. roll, jorden, roll" key 1976 key sanskaran mein, eugene genoves bataate hain kii blassinghem kii pustak "darshaati haye kii bhaage hue daason key prakaashit vivaran prakaashit hoe sakate hain. gulami key saath ganana" (1976) key lekhak "(1974) mein robbert villium foggle aur steinly engerman key daavon koo chunauti dene key liye blassinghem key nishkarshon kaa upayog karate hain. daas dharmah antibellum dakshin mein" "adrishya sanstha" (1978), albert jey.  raboto tippani karate hain, "hamein gulam dharm kii 'adrishyata' key baare mein vidambana key saath baat karni chaahieh yeh itihaskaron dwara gulam sroton kii upeksha haye joe iss adrishyata kaa mukhya kaaran rahee haye."raboto daas sroton key moolya kaa pradarshan karane key liye blassinghem aur anya koo shreya detaa haye. itihaaskaar charles joyner kaa prabhaavshaali adhyayan "nadee key kinaareh ack dakshin carolina daas samudaay" (1984) "daas samudaay" key nishkarshon seey prabalit haye aur isi tarah key sakshya parr nirbhar kartaa haye.
itihaaskaar deborah gray white ney "arr 'nt aaee aeye women?" mein daason key parivarik jeevan key baare mein blassinghem key shodh parr nirmaan kiya haye.: bagan dakshin mein mahila gulam "(1985). unakaa tark blassinghem key samaan haih "yeh vartamaan adhyayan america mein gulam mahilaaon parr ack nazar daaltaa haye aur tark detaa haye kii way adheen, adheenasth yaa vivekpurna naheen theen aur unase aisaa honey kii ummeed naheen thee."safed logon ney maimi aur jezbell roodhivaadita parr charcha kii joe aksar safed amerikiyon dwara african americi mahilaaon parr lagu kii jaati hain. vaha "gulam samudaay" koo "ack classic" kahati haye lekin tippani karati haye kii "blassinghem" ney iss tathya parr jore diyaa kii kaee maalikon ney purush koo parivaar key pramukh key roop mein maanyata dee. unhone dekhaa kii prem prasang key dauran purush mahilaaon kii chaplusi karate they aur apane kaushal koo badhaa-chadhaakar pesh karate they. haalaanki, gulam mahilaaon kii parasparik gatividhiyon key baare mein bahut cumm charcha hui."vaha nishkarsh nikaalati haye kii blassinghem" ney varnan kiya kii kaise gulam purushon ney parivaar mein darja praapt kiya, lekin usane mahilaaon key liye aisaa naheen kiya."
elizabeth fox-genoves ney "bagan gharaane key bhitarah puraane dakshin kii kaali aur safed mahilaaen" (1988) mein isi tarah kii tippaniyan kii hain. vaha nott karati hain kii "gulam samudaay", 1960 aur 70 key dashak mein nirmit anya itihaslekhan kii tarah, mahilaaon key itihas koo seedhe sambodhit naheen kartaa thaa, bhale hii kaee itihaaskaar mahilaaon key anubhav key prati samvedansheel they. adhikansh purush lekhakon ney ack anushasana key roop mein mahilaaon key itihas key vikas seey pahale apane kaam kaa ack badaa hissa kiya thaa, aur yahaan taka kii sabse samvedansheel bhee sroton kii kamee aur naarivaadiyon dwara jald hii uthaaye jaane vaale prashnon seey aparichit honey seey baadhit they."
sanshodhit sanskaran.
1976 mein african-americi jeevan aur itihas key adhyayan key liye sangathan aur 1978 mein "blassinghem key punah avalokan" key daas samudaay key prakaashan key baad, blassinghem ney 1979 mein "daas samudaay" kaa ack sanshodhit aur vistaarit sanskaran prastut kiya. naee prastaavana mein, blassinghem ney jore dekar kahaa kii pustak koo george bentley key kaaran sanshodhit kiya jaanaa thaa, joe tenacy key ack gulam, daasata samarthak adim baptist mantri they, jinhone 1850 key dashak mein ack safed church koo paster kiya thaa. blassinghem "george bentley dwara prastut asankhya duvidhaon koo hull karna chaahte they", lekin way "daas samudaay" key prakaashan key baad seey vidvaanon dwara uthaaye gaye prashnon, chunautiyon aur aalochanaon kaa bhee jawab denaa chaahte they.
blassinghem bataate hain kii unhone lambe virodh yaa tark key binaa "blassinghem key" gulam samudaay parr phir seey vichaar "mein prakaashit sujhaavon koo shamil kiya. paath mein kiye gaye sabse mahatvapurna parivartanon mein african saanskritik uttarjeeviyon, daas parivarik jeevan, daas sanskriti aur sanskriti kii aage kii charcha shamil haye. blassinghem ney "dha americanization off dha slave aind dha affreconisation off dha south" sheershak seey ack adhyaay jodaa, jisamen unhone americi dakshin mein african americi daason, lattin america mein african daason aur uttari africa aur ottoman samrajya mein europeeya daason key beach samaantaaen dikhaai. unhone dakshini raajyon mein daason key dharmaantaran kii tulanaa protestant isai dharm, uttari africa mein europeeya daason key islam mein aur lattin america mein african daason key catholic dharm mein kii.
blassinghem 1972 aur 1978 key beach sanshodhit sanskaran mein prakaashit gulami key itihas koo sambodhit kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, vaha robbert foggle aur steinly german key gulami key aarthik aur saankhyikiya adhyayan koo "cross parr samay" mein chunauti detaa haye. blassinghem likhate hainh
dakshini itihas kii patrika" mein sanshodhit sanskaran kii sameeksha karate hue, gairi bee. milon kaa sujhaav haye, "sabhi vivaad aur sanshodhan koo ack taraf rakhate hue," daas samudaay "ack mahatvapurna pustak bunny hui haye, aur lekhak kii sthiti haye kii gulamon aur gulam maalikon donon kaa badaa hissa roodhivaadi charam seemaon key beach haye joe tikaau saabit hotaa haye. ack seey duss key paimaane parr unakaa sateek sthaan hamesha raay kaa vishay rahega."
notes.
jaba taka kii ullekh naheen kiya gayaa haye, "daas samudaay" key sabhi uddharan 1979 key sanshodhit sanskaran seey hain.

