
johnn rufguarden

johnn rufguarden (janm 13 march 1946) ack americi paaristhitikivid aur vikaasvaadi jeevvigyaani hain. vaha carribean kii "anolys" chhipkaliyon mein saha-vikas aur pratispardha key siddhant aur avalokan mein luggy hui haye, aur california aur oregan key chattani antar-jwaariya kshetron mein bharti seema mein luggy hui haye. vaha haal hii mein yaun chayan kii asweekriti, apane aastik vikasvad aur holobian vikas parr apane kaam key liye jaani jaati haye.
vyaktigat jeevan aur shiksha.
rufguarden kaa janm sanyukt raajya america key nyu jersey key patterson mein huaa thaa. unhone jeev vigyaan mein snaatak (vishishtata aur faaee beeta kappa key saath) aur 1968 mein rochester vishvavidyalaya seey uchchatam sammaan key saath darshan mein snaatak aur baad mein ph. dee. praapt kii.dee. 1971 mein harvard vishvavidyalaya seey jeev vigyaan mein. 1998 mein, rufguarden transgender key roop mein saamane aaee aur apana naam badalkar johnn curr liya, jisase unake 52vein janmadin parr unaki website parr ack aaney vaali post aaee.
carrier.
rufguarden ney 1970 seey 1972 taka massachusets boston vishvavidyalaya mein jeev vigyaan key ack prashikshak aur sahayak professor key roop mein kaam kiya. 1972 mein vaha steinford vishvavidyalaya mein jeev vigyaan vibhaag key sankaay mein shamil hoe gaeen. poorna professor banane key baad vaha 2011 mein sevaanivritt huin aur emeritus professor baneen. unhone steinford mein prithvi pranali karyakram kii sthaapana aur nirdeshan kiya aur snaatak shiksha kii seva key liye puraskar praapt kiye hain. 2012 mein vaha havaai chully gaeen, jahan way havaai institute off marine biology mein sahayak professor baneen. apane shaikshanik currier mein, rufguarden ney 20 ph kii salah dee.dee. chhaatr aur 15 postdoctoral adhyeta.
rufguarden ney kitaaben aur 180 seey adhik vaigyaanik lekh likhe hain. 1979 mein paaristhitik aur vikaasvaadi siddhant parr ack paathyapustak key alawa, rufguarden ney carribean chhipkaliyon aur california tata key saath barnacle aur unake larva key saath paaristhitik kshetra adhyayan kiya haye. 2015 mein, unhone kaalpanik upanyaas raam-2050 likhaa, joe "ramayan" kii ack vigyaan-kathaa haye."
shodh.
carribean anoles aur antar-vishisht pratispardha.
1970 aur 80 key dashak mein rufguarden key shuruati kaam ney carribean kii "anolys" chhipkaliyon koo vikas aur paaristhitiki key liye ack mahatvapurna model pranali key roop mein vikasit karane mein madad kii. udaaharan key liye, unhone dou carribean dweepon parr dou-prajaatiyon key pariveshak prayogon kaa upayog kiya taaki antar-vishisht pratispardha kii badhati taakat koo pradarshit kiya jaa sakey kyonki sansaadhan vibhajan mein kamee aatee haih pratispardha siddhant key liye ack kendriya siddhant. anolys" pranali ney iss prakaar ack paryaavaran-vikaasvaadi pratikriya kaa ack praarambhik udaaharan pradaan kiya, aur jonathan losos aur anya logon dwara aage key vikas key saath, anukuli vikiran kaa ack mahatvapurna udaaharan bunn gayaa haye.
barnacle aur bharti seema.
hopkins samudri station mein ack prayogshala sthaapit karane key baad, rufguarden ney antar-jwaariya acorn barnacle ("balnus" aur "chathamalus" spp) kaa adhyayan karke kshetra anusandhaan key saath saiddhaantik sanyojan key apane drishtikon kaa vistaar karane kii maang kii. joseph connell, bobb paine aur anya logon dwara pahale kiye gaye kaam ney sujhaav diyaa thaa kii chattani antar-jwaariya samudaayon kii visheshta kshetra koo mukhya roop seey shikaar dwara sanrachit kiya gayaa thaa, (udaaharan key liye "pisaster" seastars dwara) aur pratispardha dwara, jisamen pramukh "balnus" prajaatiyon ney "chathamalus" prajaatiyon koo uchch antar-jwaariya kshetron mein visthaapit kiya thaa. apane chhaatr, steve gains key saath, rufguarden ney dikhaaya kii yeye antar-vishisht baatchit antar-jwaariya ilaakon aur barnacle key uchch ghanatva vaale samudaayon mein sabse mahatvapurna thee, jaise kii connell aur anya ney scotland mein adhyayan kiya thaa. halanki, kendriya california mein hopkins mein, barnecle ghanatva cumm thaa, aur larva bharti kii aavadhik daalon dwara khaali sthaan kii matra koo sabse achchi tarah seey samajhaaya gayaa thaa.  apane chhaatr seane connolly key saath, unhone anubhavjanya avalokan aur modeling donon key madhyam seey dikhaaya kii uttar america key paschimi tata key saath oopar kii or rahane mein ack akshansh dhaal ney uttar (oregan aur washington) mein bahut ghaney barnecle bharti kaa nirmaan kiya, jahaan oopar kii or rahane kii kshamata kamjor thee, aur dakshin (california) mein bahut cumm barnecle bharti, jahaan oopar kii or rahane kii kshamata majboot thee. isake badale mein yeh samajhaaya gayaa kii uttar mein kshetra adhyayanon ney antar-vishisht antahkriyaon koo mahatvapurna kyon paaya thaa, jabaki dakshin mein unake apane kshetra adhyayanon ney antar-jwaariya aabaadi kii sanrachana key liye larva bharti koo sabse mahatvapurna paaya thaa. iss kushal sanshleshan ney samudri paaristhitiki mein ack pratimaan parivartan laane mein madad kii, jisane vayask baatchit parr larva failaav aur bharti gatishilata parr jore diyaa aur door key ilaakon seey larva bharti key liye khuli aabaadi key jansankhyikiya model koo pasand kiya, joe 1990 key dashak key dauran kshetra mein haavi they.
yaun chayan kii aalochana.
apane sankraman key samay key aspas, rufguarden ney apane shodh kaa dhyaan darwin key yaun chayan key siddhant parr kendrit karna shuru curr diyaa. 2004 mein unaki pustak, "avolution indradhanush" mein, rufguarden vishleshan karati haye kii jeev vigyaan kaise maanav kamukta aur ling pehchaan koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye aur samlaingik, samlaingik aur trance jaisi maanav yaun shreniyon koo samajhane kii disha mein ack nazar key saath poore pashu samrajya mein sambhog pranaliyon aur kamukta kii paryaapt vividhata kii khoj kartaa haye. iss pustak mein, aur usee samay key aspas key anya lekhon mein, unhone una prajaatiyon key udaaharan pradaan karke yaun chayan siddhant kii aalochana kii joe isaki bhavishyavaniyon (jaise bonobos, haathiyon aur chhipkaliyon mein samlaingik vyavhaar) seey alag hain aur saath hii jansankhya aanuvanshik siddhant aur yaun chayan siddhant key beach virodhabhason koo ujagar karate hain. unhone samajik chayan naamak yaun chayan key liye ack vaikalpik siddhant kii shuruat bhee pradaan kii, jise way vibhedak santan utpaadan key aadhar parr praakritik chayan parr kendrit honey key roop mein varnit karati hain, jahaan yaun chayan vibhedak sambhog kii safalata parr kendrit haye.
2006 mein journal "science" mein unake chhaatr erol akey aur miko oshi key saath ack lekh mein khel siddhant key sandarbh mein samajik chayan key siddhant koo aupchaarik roop seey prastut kiya gayaa. naash pratispardhi santulan (aine. see. ee.) seey parey, johnn menard smith dwara vikaasvaadi sthir ranneeti, rufguarden aitt all key roop mein vikaasvaadi jeev vigyaan mein aayatit. naish saudebaji samadhan (aine. bee. aiss.) parr charcha karein, joe baatchit key madhyam seey praapt aine. see. ee. key vikalp key roop mein maujood haye. vikasatmak samay mein khelate samay (vikaasvaadi samay key vipareet), ack khel khilaadi joe apane pratiyogi key saapeksh vyaktigat fitness khou detaa haye, vaha ack upa-ishtatam ranneeti khelane kaa vaadaa karke ack khatare kaa bindu sthaapit curr sakata haye. baatchit key madhyam seey, udaaharan key liye ack side bhugtan key madhyam seey, khilaadi baar-baar khele jaane vaale khelon mein mishrit ranneetiyon koo khelkar aine. bee. aiss. parr pahunch sakate hain joe kissy bhee ack khilaadi key bajaay sahakaari "team" (jisamen donon khilaadi shamil hotey hain) kii fitness koo adhikatam kartaa haye. khurdara udyaan aadi. iss tarah key sahakaari khel prakriti mein kaisa dikhaai dega, isake kaee udaaharan pradaan karein, aur phir samajik chayan key vikaasvaadi siddhant koo paribhaashit karein joe vikasatmak star mein aise sahakaari team khelon koo adim raajya key roop mein maanata haye, jisamen yaun sangharsh vyutpann raajya key roop mein hotaa haye. unakaa tark haye kii samajik chayan siddhant yaun chayan key vikaasvaadi siddhant key saath parasparik roop seey ananya haye, joe yaun sangharsh koo adim sthiti aur yaun sahyog key roop mein maanata haye.
vigyaan" pepper key baad, chaalees vaigyaanikon ney duss mahatvapurna patron kaa utpaadan kiya jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii lekh bhraamak thaa, jisamen galatfahmi aur galat prastutiyaan theen, kii yaun chayan prastut kiye gaye sabhi detta key liye jimmedaar thaa aur khurdara udyaan key saiddhaantik vishleshan koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa, aur usa yaun chayan ney detta koo samajhaaya joe uska siddhant naheen curr sakata thaa. traay day ney kahaa kii "kaee logon ney mahsoos kiya kii yeh poori tarah seey ghatiya vigyaan aur kharaab chhatravritti thee, joe sabhi ack vyaktigat agenda seey prerit thee. rufguarden ney kahaa kii vaha asahamati kii matra seey "poori tarah seey aashcharyachakit naheen" theen aur unakaa siddhant yaun chayan siddhant kaa vistaar naheen thaa.
oxford vishvavidyalaya key tima clutton-broke ney 2007 mein "vigyaan" mein ack adhik vistrit khandan likhaa, jisamen unhone iss baat koo sweekaar kiya kii purush mahilaaon parr yaun chayan mein sanlagn hoe sakate hain, yahaan taka kii una prajaatiyon mein bhee jahaan parichaalan ling anupaat purushon key prati pakshapaati haye, yeh kahate hueh "parinamswarup, ling antar key vikas key santoshjanak spashteekaran key liye mahilaaon key saath-saath purushon mein yaun chayan key sanchaalan kii samajh kii aavashyakta hoti haye. phir bhee, clutton-broke ney nishkarsh nikala kii yaun chayan ack majboot saiddhaantik dhancha haye, joe kabhi bhee antar-yaun sahyog aur sangharsh kii dhruviyata mein saiddhaantik antar koo sambodhit kiye binaa haye.
apani 2009 kii pustak "dha genial jeane" mein, rufguarden ney yaun chayan siddhant key khilaf ack mamla banaana jaari rakhaa haye aur ack vikalp key roop mein samajik chayan siddhant koo prastut kiya haye. iss pustak kaa sheershak richard dockins kii lokpriya pustak, "dha swarthi jeane" kii pratikriya key roop mein haye, joe prakriti key "nava-spensorian" drishtikon "daant aur panje mein laal" kaa varnan kartaa haye jisamen pratispardha aur sangharsh haavi hain. yaun chayan koo paribhaashit karane aur hamla karane vaale ack praarambhik khand key baad, "genial jeane" mein, samajik chayan kii paribhasha key roop mein santan-utpaadan mein antar key aadhar parr, sambhog kii safalata mein antar key bajaay.
doosara khand samajik chayan key aanuvanshik aadhar parr kendrit haye. pahala adhyaay yeh bataata haye kii yaun prajanan kaise pahale sthaan parr vikasit huaa, aur khurdara udyaan key portfolio parikalpana key liye mamla banaata haye, joe iss baat parr jore detaa haye kii yaun prajanan punarsanyojan key madhyam seey aanuvanshik vividhata paida kartaa haye, jaisa kii adhik samanya roop seey pasandida muller key rachet key vipareet haye, joe iss baat parr jore detaa haye kii sex punarsanyojan key madhyam seey hanikarak utparivartan koo hataa detaa haye. doosara adhyaay yugmak prakaron (shukranu banaam shukranu) key dwiaadhaari vitaran kii vyakhya kartaa haye. andaa) paraspar virodhi gametic ranneetiyon key parinamswarup honey key bajaay gametic sampark koo adhikatam karane kii ranneeti key roop mein. ack antim adhyaay kaa tark haye kii gonocorism key bajaay stree-purush-bhed, kamukta kii adim sthiti haye.
teesara khand samajik chayan siddhant koo vikasit karane key liye dou-stariya drishtikon apanaata haye. ack vyavhaar star khel siddhant aur naish saudebaji samadhanon parr kendrit haye jaisa kii unake 2006 key pepper mein ullikhit haye. ack dusare jansankhya aanuvanshik star kaa varnan kiya jaataa haye joe vyavhaar star key kaee punah pradarshanon key parinamswarup sanchaalit hotaa haye.  pustak 26 ghatnaaon koo soochibaddh karke samaapt hoti haye, joe rufguarden key anusaar, yaun chayan siddhant dwara alag-alag tareeke seey samajhaai gaee hain aur samajik chayan siddhant dwara behtar tareeke seey samajhaai gaee hain. vaha kahati hain kii yaun chayan siddhant swabhavik vyavhaar key drishtikon seey utpann hotaa haye joe swarthi-samanya avadharana, pratispardha aur dhokhe parr adharit hotaa haye, jabaki samajik-chayan siddhant team work, imandari aur aanuvanshik samaantaa seey praapt hotaa haye. 2012 taka unhone adhyayan karna jaari rakhaa haye kii kyaa yaun chayan key vipareet samajik chayan prawal yaa shayed manushyon jaisi aupaniveshik prajaatiyon key liye vikas kaa ack adhik mahatvapurna chaalak haye.
yaun chayan kii rufguarden kii aalochana koo vaigyaanik samudaay dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa haye, aur iss parr unake patron koo vaigyaanik saahitya mein kuchh uddharan praapt hue hain. 2019 key ack sakshatkar mein, unhone kahaa kii "adhikansh jeevvigyaani yaun chayan siddhant key prati rakshaatmak baney rahate hain.
2013 mein, rufguarden ney rashtriya vikaasvaadi sanshleshan kendra mein ack utprerak baithak koo vitt poshit kiya, jiska lakshya "yaun chayan adhyayanon kii sthiti aur chunautiyon aur bhavishya kii dishaaon koo ingit karane" parr bahas aur sameeksha karna thaa. samooh ney yaun chayan kii sarvasammati seey paribhasha parr aaney key liye sangharsh kiya, lekin ack upsamooh ney ack paribhasha kii peshkash kii kii pahali baar yaun chayan key liye spasht roop seey prajanan chayan "sensu strictu" koo alag kiya.
aastik vikas.
rufguarden ney isai dharm aur vigyaan key beach key sambandh parr likhaa haye. unaki pustak "avolution aind christian feethah reflections off aine evolutionary biologist" mein shaastra key aise ansh prastut kiye gaye hain joe unake iss vishvaas parr jore dete hain kii bible vikaasvaadi jeev vigyaan key saath sangharsh naheen karati haye aur yeh kahate hue kii sabhi jeevan aapas mein judey hue hain, isai dharm aur vikas seey sambandhit haye, kyonki ack vishvaas samudaay key sadasya judey hue hain. khurdara udyaan srijanvaad aur buddhiman design kaa virodh kartaa haye, lekin vikas mein bhagwan kii bhagidari mein apane vishvaas kaa daavaa kartaa haye. vaha 2006 mein sangoshthi mein vaktaa theen.
holobian vikas.
professor "emerita" key roop mein, dow. rufguarden ney holobian kii ubharati avadharana kii or apana dhyaan kendrit kiya, jise unhone "ack janwar yaa paudhe key mezban key roop mein paribhaashit kiya, jisamen yaa usa parr rahane vaale sabhi sookshmajeev, exosymbient aur endosymbient, kramshah hain.yeh avadharana, joe 1943 mein utpann hui thee, doosari aur teesari peedhi key dna anukraman vidhiyon key uday key saath badhati hui maanyata praapt hui haye joe sookshmajeev samudaayon (i.ee. ack mezban key sookshmajeev) kii jaanch kii jaani haye. sookshmajeev aur isake mezban key beach ghanishth sambandh ney kaee logon koo yeh sujhaav dene key liye prerit kiya haye kii holobiont chayan kii ack vikaasvaadi ikai hoe sakati haye, jisamen mezban key jeane kaa sanyojan isake sookshm jeev key saath ack vistaarit genome, yaa hologenome kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. haalaanki, hologenome avadharana kii aalochana iss aadhar parr kii gaee haye kii sookshm jeev aamtaur parr maataa-pitaa seey bachche mein urdhvaadhar roop seey preshit naheen hotey hain, jisase praakritik chayan key pramukh siddhanton mein seey ack maanaa jaane vaalaa ullanghan hotaa haih ack mendelian fashion mein viraasat mein millie bhinnata.
holobiant avadharana key anya prastavakon key saath, rufguarden ney vishay kii 2018 kii sameeksha likhi jisamen unhone ack javic ikai key roop mein holobiant key liye sakshya kii jaanch kii. unhone iss avadharana key liye ack neenv pradaan karane key liye mezban aur sookshmajeev sahajeevon key beach shaaririk, vikasatmak, prajanan aur yahaan taka kii pratirakshaatmak ghatakon key tanga ekikaran parr vichaar kiya. udaaharan key liye standhari maataon key doodh mein aisee sharkara hoti haye joe sookshmajeevon key laabh key liye prateet hoti haye, kyonki unhein navjat dwara chayapachaya naheen kiya jaa sakata haye.  way syncitine key liye dna coding key kshaitij adhigrahan kaa bhee hawala dete hain, ack protein joe placental standhaariyon key vikas mein ack pramukh kadam key roop mein placenta key gathan kii anumati detaa haye, joe holobienut mein anukuli vikas koo bhee pradarshit kartaa haye. 
iss sameeksha mein, khurdara udyaan holobiant vikas key ack jansankhya aanuvanshik model koo sketch karna shuru kartaa haye, jisamen ack mezban prajaati aur ack ekal sookshmajeev sahajeevi hotaa haye, aur jisamen chayan kewal mezban dwara praapt sahajeevi genome kii pratiyon kii sankhya parr adharit hotaa haye. model mein prati peedhi teen anukramik prakriyaaen hoti hainh sookshmajeev mejbaanon key beach jaa sakate hain, way mejbaanon key bheetar fail sakate hain aur holobiant jeevit reh sakate hain yaa praapt sahajeeviyon kii sankhya key aadhar parr nasht hoe sakate hain. yeh model yeh dikhaane key liye paryaapt thaa kii, urdhvaadhar sancharan key saath, ack hanikarak prateek holobiants (aur prateek) kii sankhya koo cumm curr dega, jabaki ack laabhkaari prateek donon samoohon key aakar koo badhaayega. haalaanki, kshaitij sancharan "swatantra samudaayon key sangrah key bajaay sookshm jeevon key sangrah koo ack ekikrit pranali, ack metaa-samudaay mein baandhata haye.
rufguarden ney iss sameeksha kaa dou shodh patron key saath anusaran kiya joe unake holobian vikas key model koo aage badhaate hain. pahale ney dikhaaya kii, jaba sookshmajeev ack poison vitaran key baad mejbaanon koo upaniveshit karate hain, tou kshaitij sancharan abhee bhee holobienut vikas kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye jaba laabhkaari prateek apane mejbaanon kii safalata koo badhaate hain aur iss prakaar sookshmajeev srot pool mein baadh aaa jaati haye (parjivi sookshmajeevon key saath bhee parivartit mamla sach haye). vaha iss ghatana koo "saamoohik viraasat" kahati haye joe kii vanshavali mendelian viraasat key vipareet haye. doosara pepper model mein ack doosari sookshmajeev prajaati jodata haye, saath hii ack "upanivesheekaran parameter" dee ", joe aanshik roop seey poison darr parameter nirdhaarit kartaa haye. dee" parameter sandarbh key aadhar parr mezban key aspas sahajeevi tanaav key ghanatva, yaa sahajeevi prajaatiyon key liye mezban kii chayanaatmaktaa kaa anuman lagaata haye. kyonki mezban kaa sookshmajeev upanivesheekaran ack poison vitaran kaa anusaran kartaa haye, koee hardy-weinberg analogue naheen haye, aur dishaatmak chayan urdhvaadhar sancharan key tahat apeksha kii tulanaa mein adhik faila huaa hotaa haye. phir vaha iss dou-sookshmajeev model seey yeh kaaran bataati haye kii mezban pratyek sookshmajeev prajaati key liye "dee" koo sanshodhit karane key liye antibody aur "probody" kaa upayog karane kii sambhavana rakhta haye, prabhaav mein cheejon koo vyavasthit kartaa haye taaki kewal sookshmajeev joe apane mezban key prati kuchh nyuntam matra mein paropkar pradaan karate hain, unhein mezban key saath sahajeevan mein rahane kii anumati dee jaati haye. sookshmajeev key drishtikon seey, way prajaatiyan joe mezban kii seema koo saaf karane key liye paropkar kii nyuntam matra pradaan karati hain, way una logon koo pachhaad detee hain joe adhik pradaan karate hain. yeh pepper dhyaan seey pradarshit kartaa haye kii yeh mezban-vyavasthit prajaati chayan prakriya saha-vikas yaa bahu-stariya chayan seey vaichaarik roop seey alag haye aur poore jeevan key eukariotic vriksh mein paae jaane vaale mejbaanon aur unake sookshmajeevon key tanga ekikaran kii bhavishyavani aur vyakhya curr sakati haye.
puraskar aur sammaan.
rufguarden ney kaee shaikshanik patrikaon key sahayogi sampaadak key roop mein kaary kiya haye, jisamen "jeev vigyaan mein darshan aur siddhant" (2008 seey), "americi prakritivaadi" (1984-1989), "paaristhitiki" (1979-1982), aur "saiddhaantik jansankhya jeev vigyaan" (1975-1986) shamil hain. vaha aaee. dee. 1 key dauran america key paaristhitik samaaj key saiddhaantik paaristhitiki khand kii upaadhyaksh aur adhyaksh theen. unhone gair-laabhkaari sangathan board forr dha oceanic society (saine francisco), paaristhitiki pranaliyon aur sevaaon key sanrakshan parr ee. pee. aeye. vigyaan salaahkaar board samiti, aur prashant mahasagar sanrakshan network (california) key vigyaan salaahkaar board aur channel dweep rashtriya samudri abhayaranya (saanta barbara) mein kaam kiya haye.

