
mcabian vidroh

makkabi vidroh () ack yahudi vidroh thaa jiska netritva makkabi logon ney celeucid samrajya key khilaf aur yahudi jeevan parr helenwadi prabhaav key khilaf kiya thaa. vidroh kaa mukhya charan 167-160 bc seey chalaa aur judia key niyantran mein chayan key saath samaapt huaa, lekin makkabi, hellenized yahoodiyon aur chayan key beach sangharsh 134 bc taka jaari rhaa, jisamen makkabi antatah swatantrata praapt curr rahey they. 
celeucid raajaa antiocus IV epiphanes ney 168 eesaa poorv mein yahudi dharm key khilaf daman kaa ack badaa abhiyaan shuru kiya. unhone aisaa kyon kiya, yeh poori tarah seey spasht naheen haye, lekin aisaa lagata haye kii yeh raajaa dwara yahudi purohit varg key beach ack aantarik sangharsh koo poorna paimaane parr vidroh key roop mein galat samajhane seey sambandhit haye. yahudi prathaon parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa, jerusalam koo seedhe chayan niyantran mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur jerusalam mein dusare mandir koo ack samanvayit moortipoojak-yahudi panth kaa sthaan banaaya gayaa thaa. iss daman ney thheek usee vidroh koo janm diyaa jiska antiocus IV koo darr thaa, jisamen yahudi ladaakon key ack samooh ney judas macabius (juda maikabi) key netritva mein 167 eesaa poorv mein vidroh kiya aur swatantrata kii maang kii. vidrohiyon koo samagr roop seey maikabi key roop mein jaanaa jaayega, aur unake karyon koo baad mein 1 maikabi aur 2 maikabi kii pustakon mein darj kiya jaayega.
vidroh kii shuruat yahudi graameen ilaakon mein ack gurilla andolan key roop mein hui, shaharon parr hamla kiya aur yunani adhikaariyon koo seedhe chayan niyantran seey door daraa diyaa, lekin isane antatah kileband chayan shaharon parr hamla karane mein saksham ack uchit senaa vikasit kii. eesaa poorv 164 mein, makkabi logon ney jerusalam parr kabja curr liya, joe ack mahatvapurna praarambhik jeet thee. mandir kii baad mein safai aur 25 kislev parr vedi kaa punah samarpan hanukka key tyohar kaa srot haye. chayankartaon ney antatah yahudi dharm koo tyag diyaa aur pratibandhit naheen kiya, lekin adhik kattarpanthi makkabi, kewal chayankari niyam key tahat yahudi prathaon koo phir seey sthaapit karane seey santusht naheen they, unhone chayankartaon key saath adhik seedhe break key liye jore dete hue ladanaa jaari rakhaa. judas macabius kii mrityu 160 eesaa poorv mein yunani general batchides key khilaf elasa kii ladaai mein hui thee, aur celesids ney kuchh samay key liye seedhe niyantran koo phir seey sthaapit kiya, lekin judas key bhaai jonathan appas key tahat maikabi key avashesh graameen ilaakon seey virodh karna jaari rakhaa. antatah, chayankartaon key beach aantarik vibhajan aur unake samrajya mein kaheen aur samasyaaen maikabi koo uchit swatantrata kaa mauka dengi. 141 eesaa poorv mein, saiman thassi ney yerushalam mein apane gadh seey yoonaniyon koo nikaalane mein safalata praapt kii. roman ganarajya key saath ack gathbandhan ney unaki swatantrata kii guaranti dene mein madad kii. saiman ack swatantra hasmonian raajya sthaapit karane key liye aage badhega.
vidroh kaa yahudi raashtravaad parr bahut prabhaav padaa, joe raajneetik swatantrata sthaapit karane aur sarkari yahudi-virodhi daman kaa virodh karane key liye ack safal abhiyaan kaa ack udaaharan thaa.
prishthabhoomi.
338 eesaa poorv mein, alekjendar dha grate ney farsi samrajya parr aakraman shuru kiya. 333-332 bce mein, alekjendar kii macedonian senaaon ney levent aur pyalestine parr vijay praapt kii. usa samay, judia kaee yahoodiyon kaa ghar thaa joe faarsiyon kii badaulat babylone mein nirvaasan seey laute they. alekjendar kii mrityu key baad 323 eesaa poorv mein alekjendar key samrajya key vibhajan key samay, yeh kshetra tolemic misra koo diyaa gayaa thaa. yunani uttaradhikari raajyon mein seey ack, celeucid samrajya, 235-198 bc seey abhiyaanon kii ack shrinkhala key dauran misra seey judia koo jeet legaa. tolemic aur celeucid donon shasanon key dauran, kaee yahoodiyon ney koeen greek seekha, vishesh roop seey uchch varg key yahoodiyon aur yahudi alpsankhyakon ney shaharon mein jerusalam seey aage aur adhik kshetra mein aur adhik yunani vyaapaar network seey judey hue they. yunani daarshanik vichaar philistine key madhyam seey bhee faile. shaastron kaa ack yunani anuvaad, septuagint, bhee eesaa poorv teesari shatabdi key dauran banaaya gayaa thaa. kaee yahoodiyon ney yunani naam aur hibru naam donon key saath dohare naam apanaae, jaise kii jayson aur joshua. phir bhee, kaee yahoodiyon ney arami bhasha bolna jaari rakhaa, vaha bhasha joe babylonian nirvaasan key dauran bolly jaane vaali bhasha seey utari thee.
samanya taur parr, iss avadhi key dauran sattaaroodh yunani neeti yahoodiyon koo apane mamalon kaa prabandhan karane denaa aur dhaarmik mamalon mein khule taur parr hastakshep naheen karna thaa. eesaa poorv teesari shatabdi mein yunani lekhak jinhone yahudi dharm key baare mein likhaa thaa, unhone jyaadaatar sakaratmak roop seey aisaa kiya. saanskritik parivartan huaa, lekin kaafee hudd taka videshon key vichaaron seey prerit yahoodiyon dwara sanchaalit thaa; yunani shasakon ney jabaran helnikaran key spasht karyakram naheen shuru kiye. antiocus IV epiphanes 175 eesaa poorv mein chayanakon key simhaasan parr aaya, aur iss neeti koo naheen badala. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii unhone pahale iss kshetra kaa virodh karane key liye bahut cumm kiya thaa, aur yahudi unake shasson mein kaafee hudd taka santusht they. ack tatva joe baad mein pramukhta seey aaya vaha thaa antiocus IV joe pradhaan pujari onias III kii jagah apane bhaai jayson key saath jayson dwara antiocus koo badee raashi kii peshkash key baad thaa. jayson ney jerusalam koo ack swa-shaasit "pulis" banaane kii anumati bhee maangi aur praapt kii, halanki jayson key saath nagrikta soochiyon koo niyantrit karane mein saksham thaa kii kaun vote karane aur raajneetik karyalaya rakhane mein saksham hoga. inn parivartanon ney turant jerusalam mein adhikansh nagrikon seey kissy vishesh shikayat koo janm naheen diyaa, aur sambhavatah unhone abhee bhee buniyaadi yahudi kaanoonon aur siddhanton koo banaae rakhaa. teen saal baad, mainlouse naamak ack nae vyakti ney mahayajak key pada key liye antiocus IV koo aur bhee badee rishwat kii peshkash kii. jayson, naraj, antiocus IV key khilaf hoe gayaa; isake alawa, ack afwah fail gaee kii mainlouse ney rishwat key liye soney key mandir kii kalakritiyon koo betch diyaa thaa, jisase nakhushi paida hui, vishesh roop seey shahar kii parishad jayson key beach sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh sangharsh saanskritik key bajaay kaafee hudd taka raajneetik thaa; iss samay, sabhi paksh "hellenized" they, chayankari shasson key saath santusht they, aur mukhya roop seey mainlouse key kathit bhrashtachar aur apavitrata parr vibhajit they. 
170-168 eesaa poorv mein, spasht karanon seey, sileucid aur tolemic misriyon key beach chhathaa siriyai yuddh utpann huaa. antiocus IV ney misra parr hamla karane key liye ack senaa kaa netritva kiya. safal abhiyaan key baad jerusalam key madhyam seey vaapas jaate samay, mahayajak mainlouse ney kathit taur parr dusare mandir key ander antiocus koo aamantrit kiya (yahudi kaanoon kaa ullanghan karate hue), aur usane 1800 pratibhaon key liye mandir key khajaane parr chhaapa maaraa. tolemic rajvansh key saath tanaav jaari rhaa, aur 168 eesaa poorv mein antiocus phir seey abhiyaan parr chalaa gayaa. jayson ney ack afwah sunee kii antiocus nasht hoe gayaa thaa, aur jerusalam mein mainlouse key khilaf ack takhtapalat kaa prayaas shuru kiya. yeh sunkar, antiocus, joe maraa naheen thaa, ney spasht roop seey iss gutt kii andaruni ladaai koo apane vyaktigat adhikaar key khilaf vidroh key roop mein vyakhya kii, aur jayson key sajishkartaon koo kuchalane key liye ack senaa bheji. 168-167 bce seey, sangharsh niyantran seey baahar hoe gayaa, aur sarkari neeti koo mool roop seey sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. jerusalam mein hajaaron loga maare gaye aur hajaaron aur gulam banaae gaye; shahar parr dou baar hamla kiya gayaa; nae yunani rajyapalon koo bheja gayaa; sarkaar ney jayson key samarthakon seey bhoomi aur sampatti jabt curr lii; aur jerusalam mein mandir koo ack samanvit yunani-yahudi dhaarmik samooh kaa sthal banaa diyaa gayaa, jisase ise bhakt yahoodiyon kii nazaron mein pradooshit kiya gayaa. ack nayaa gadh, jise yoonaniyon aur samarthak cellucid yahoodiyon dwara gher liya gayaa thaa, acra, jerusalam mein banaaya gayaa thaa. antiocus IV ney aadhikarik taur parr yahudi dharm koo dabaane key liye farman jaari kiye; vishayon koo suar kaa maans khaane aur yahudi aahar kaanoon kaa ullanghan karane, yahudi sabt parr kaam karane, apane beton kii khatna bund karane aadi kii aavashyakta thee. yahudi pooja kii sahishnuta kii neeti samaapt hoe gaee thee.
vidroh.
matathias vidroh koo janm detaa haye (167 eesaa poorv).
yahudi dhaarmik pratha koo pratibandhit karane vaale apane farmaanon koo jaari karane vaale antiocus IV key baad, yahudi graameen ilaakon mein mandir aur vedi-nirmaan key saath bhoomi jabt karane kaa ack abhiyaan chalaaya gayaa. modin key ack graameen yahudi pujari, hasmonian parivaar key matathias (hebruh matyahu) ney modin kii naee vedi parr yunani devtaon kii pooja karane seey incar karke celeucid samrajya key khilaf vidroh koo janm diyaa. matathias ney ack yahudi koo maar daala joe ack moorti key balidan mein matathias kii jagah lene key liye aage badhaa thaa aur saath hii saath usa yunani adhikaari koo bhee jise balidan koo lagu karane key liye bheja gayaa thaa. phir usane vedi koo nasht curr diyaa. isake baad, vaha aur unake paanch bete paas key pahaadon mein bhaag gaye, joe seedhe modin key buggle mein baithe they.
gurilla abhiyaan (167-164 bse).
lagbhag ack saal baad 166 eesaa poorv mein, unake bete judas macabius (hibruh juda maikabi) ney yahudi asantushton key ack samooh kaa netritva kiya joe antatah chayankari shasson key virodh mein anya samoohon koo avashoshit curr legaa aur ack senaa mein vikasit hoga. jabaki pahale tou chayan shakti parr seedhe hamla karane mein asamarth, judus kii senaa graameen ilaakon mein ghus gaee aur hellenized yahoodiyon parr hamla curr sakee, jinamen seey kaee they. makkabi logon ney gaanvon mein yunani vediyon koo nasht curr diyaa, ladakon kaa jabaran khatna kiya, gaanvon koo jalaa diyaa aur helnikrit yahoodiyon koo unaki bhoomi seey bhagaa diyaa. judas kaa upnaam "maikabi", jiska upayog abb yahudi pakshpaatiyon koo samagr roop seey varnit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, "hathauda" key liye hibru shabd seey liya gayaa haye; "maikabi" yaa "macabius" shabd kaa upayog judas key bhaaiyon key liye bhee ack sammaan key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa.
graameen ilaakon mein judas kaa abhiyaan ack poorna paimaane kaa vidroh bunn gayaa. mcabian balon ney gati aur gatishilata parr jore dete hue gurilla ranneeti kaa upayog kiya. jabaki cumm prashikshit aur maidan kii ladaai key liye cumm susajjit, maikabi niyantrit curr sakate they kii way kinn ladaaiyon koo leey gaye aur khatare mein padane parr jangal mein peechhe hutt gaye. unhone 167 eesaa poorv mein lebona key aarohan kii ladaai mein aur 166 eesaa poorv mein beth horon kii ladaai mein dou chhoti chayan balon koo haraaya. 165 eesaa poorv mein garmiyon key anta mein, antiocus IV apane samrajya key purvi aadhe hisse mein babylonia key liye ravaana huaa, aur paschimi aadhe hisse key prabhaari key roop mein lysius koo chhod diyaa. isake turant baad, ammos kii ladaai mein maikabi ney adhik mahatvapurna jeet hassil kii. guton ney ack samjhaute parr baatchit karane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin whiffle rahey; vidroh koo samaapt karane key liye ack badee chayan senaa bheji gaee. 164 eesaa poorv mein bett zur kii ladaai key saath-saath faras mein antiocus IV kii mrityu kii khabar key baad, celeucid sanic seeriya laut aae. makkabi vijay mein jerusalam mein pravesh kiya. unhone dusare mandir koo dhaarmik roop seey saaf kiya, vahaan paaramparik yahudi pooja koo phir seey sthaapit kiya; 25 kislev, hibru calender mein safai kii tarikh, baad mein vaha tarikh bunn jaayegi jaba hanukka kaa tyohar shuru hotaa haye. regent lysius, joe aantarik chayan mamalon mein vyast they, ack raajneetik samjhaute parr sahmat hue jisane yahudi prathaon parr antiocus IV key pratibandh koo radd curr diyaa. yeh ack buddhimani bharaa nirnay saabit huaah kaee hellenized yahoodiyon ney apane dharm key daman key kaaran vidroh kaa saavdhaanipoorvak samarthan kiya thaa. pratibandh key vaapas lene key saath, unake dhaarmik lakshya poore hoe gaye, aur hellenized yahudi adhik aasaani seey phir seey sambhaavit chayan wafadar hoe sakate they. haalaanki, maikabi ney apane lakshyon koo poorna naheen maanaa aur yunani prabhaav aur poorna raajneetik swatantrata seey ack sakht viram key liye apane abhiyaan koo jaari rakhaa. isake parinamswarup vidrohiyon koo narampanthiyon kaa samarthan khona padaa.
nirantar sangharsh (163-160 bce).
vidrohiyon key abb adhikansh jerusalam aur usake parivesh key niyantran mein honey key saath, vidroh kaa doosara charan shuru huaa. vidroh key paas atirikt sansaadhan they, lekin atirikt jimmedaariyaan bhee theen. pahaadon parr peechhe hatane mein saksham honey key bajaay, vidrohiyon key paas abb raksha karane key liye kshetra thaa; shaharon koo chhodane seey unake wafadar pratishodh key liye khule reh jaayenge yadi samarthak-cellucid balon koo phir seey niyantran karane kii anumati dee jaati. iss tarah, unhone atirikt prashikshit bhaari paidal senaa key saath khuli ladaai jeetane mein saksham honey parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. graameen ilaakon mein, vishesh roop seey adhik door key kshetron mein jahaan yahudi loga alpasankhyak they, nimn-stariya hinsa, pratishodh aur hatyaon kaa ack nagrik sangharsh utpann huaa. juda ney gair-yahudi idumian, ammonite aur galilean seey ladane key liye inn kshetron mein abhiyaan shuru kiye. unhone dharmanishth yahoodiyon kii bharti kii aur unhein apane sahyogiyon koo kendrit karane key liye judia mein bheja, jahaan unhein sanrakshit kiya jaa sakata thaa, halanki sharanarthiyon kii iss aamad seey jald hii desh mein bhojan kii kamee key mudde paida honge.
162 eesaa poorv mein, judas ney jerusalam mein kileband acra gadh kii ack lambi gherabandi shuru kii, joe abhee bhee celeucid wafadar yahoodiyon aur ack yunani senaa dwara niyantrit thee. rajpratinidhi lysius, joe virodhi sangh mein pratidvandiyon seey nipatane key baad, chayan balon kii sahaayata key liye ack senaa key saath judia laut aae. chayankartaon ney beth-zur koo gher liya aur binaa kissy ladaai key ise leey liya, kyonki yeh ack patit varsh thaa aur khaadya aapoorti cumm thee. unhone beth zakaria kii ladaai mein ack khuli ladaai mein judus kii senaa seey ladaai ladee, jisamen chayankartaon ney maikabi koo haraaya. judas key chhote bhaai elazar awaran yuddh mein ack yuddh haathi parr bahaduri seey hamla karane aur kuchale jaane key baad marr gayaa. isake baad lysius kii senaa ney jerusalam koo gher liya. donon taraf seey bhojan kii aapoorti cumm honey aur purvi praanton seey antioc lautane vaale ack raajneetik pratidvandi kii report key saath, lysius ney vidrohiyon key saath ack samjhaute parr hastakshar karane aur yahudi virodhi farmaanon key nirsan kii pushti karane kaa faisala kiya; badale mein, vidrohiyon ney celeucid acra kii apani gherabandi koo chhod diyaa. lysius aur usaki senaa taba antakia laut aae, aur praant mein aadhikarik roop seey shaanti thee, lekin naa tou hellenized yahudi aur naa hii makkabi ney apane hathiyar rakhe.
eesaa poorv key kissy bindu parr, lysius ney yahoodiyon key saath sulah key ack aur sanket key roop mein tiraskrit mahayajak mainlouse koo fansi dene kaa adesh diyaa. isake turant baad, rajpratinidhi lysius aur 11 varsheeya raajaa antiocus vee donon koo demetrius aaee sotter key saath uttaradhikar sangharsh khone key baad maar diyaa gayaa, joe nayaa chayan raajaa bunn gayaa. 162 eesaa poorv key anta seey 161 eesaa poorv kii shuruat taka sardiyon mein, demetrius ney mainlouse kii jagah lene key liye ack nayaa pradhaan pujari, alsimus niyukt kiya aur alsimus key station koo lagu karane key liye general batchides key netritva mein ack senaa bheji. judas ney yuddh naheen diyaa, shayed beth zakariah mein apani haar key baad bhee punarnirmaan kiya. alsimus koo jerusalam mein sweekaar curr liya gayaa thaa, aur yeh mainlouse kii tulanaa mein madhyam helenvaadiyon koo samarthak cellucid gutt key saath ekjut karane mein adhik prabhaavi saabit huaa thaa. phir bhee, makkabi aur hellenized yahoodiyon key beach hinsak tanaav jaari rhaa. batchides seeriya laut aae aur ack nae general, nikanor koo judia kaa sainya governor niyukt kiya gayaa. nikanor aur maikabi key beach kuchh samay key liye ack yuddhaviram kiya gayaa thaa, lekin jald hii toot gayaa. nikanor ney mandir mein ishninda karane aur usey jalaane kii dhamki dene kii report saamane aaney key baad makkabi logon seey nafrat kii. nikanor ney apani senaa koo maidan mein leey jaaya, aur pahale kaafar-salama mein aur phir 161 eesaa poorv kii sardiyon key anta mein adasa kii ladaai mein makkabi seey ladey. nikanor ladaai mein jaldi hii maare gaye aur unaki baaki senaa baad mein bhaag gaee.
judas roman ganarajya key saath baatchit curr rhaa thaa aur sambhaavit samarthan kaa ack aspasht samjhauta kiya thaa. jabaki yeh lambe samay mein chayan samrajya key liye savdhani kaa kaaran hoga, yeh alpaavadhi mein ack vishesh chinta kaa vishay naheen thaa, kyonki yadi nyaayik ashanti koo nirnaayak roop seey kuchal diyaa jaa sakata haye tou romanon key hastakshep karane kii sambhavana naheen hogi.
elasa kii ladaai (160 eesaa poorv).
160 eesaa poorv mein, celeucid raajaa demetrius pratham vidrohi timarcus seey ladane key liye poorv mein abhiyaan parr gayaa. unhone samrajya key paschimi bhaag parr shasson karane key liye apane general batchids koo chhod diyaa. batchids ney 20,000 paidal senaa aur 2,000 ghudsavaaron kii ack senaa kaa netritva kiya, joe ack dusare abhiyaan parr judia mein aaya, jiska uddeshya ashant praant koo phir seey jeetana thaa, isase pahale kii yeh swaayatta key liye bhee upayog kiya jaataa. vidrohi senaa kaa aakar vivaadit haye; 1 makkabi avishvasaniya roop seey daavaa karate hain kii ilasa mein judas kii senaa chhoti thee, jisamen seey kewal 3,000 purush ladenge. itihaskaron koo sandeh haye kii vaastavik sankhya badee thee aur sambhavatah 22,000 sanic they, aur lekhak ney haar koo samajhaane key prayaas mein unaki taakat koo cumm karke dikhaaya.
gallile mein ack narsamhar karane key baad chayan senaa ney judia key madhyam seey march kiya. yeh ranneeti judas koo khuli ladaai mein jawab dene key liye majboor karegi, aisaa naa hoe kii nishkriyata seey usaki pratishtha koo nuksan pahunche aur bhavishya mein logon koo hatyaon seey bachaane key liye vaha behtar sthiti mein thaa, yeh daavaa karke alsimus key gutt koo taakat mille. batchides jerusalam kii or badhe, jabaki judas ney celeucid senaa koo rokane key liye elasa mein khurdare ilaake mein derra daala. judas ney commander koo maarne kii ummeed mein chayan senaa key daahine hisse parr hamla karane kaa vikalp chunaa, joe adasa mein nikanor parr jeet key samaan thaa. dahini or key kuleen ghudsavaar peechhe hutt gaye aur vidrohiyon ney unakaa peechha kiya. haalaanki, yeh batchides kii ack ranneeti hoe sakati haye, kamjori kaa naatak karane aur maikabi koo aakarshit karane key liye jahan unhein gher liya jaa sakata thaa aur haraaya jaa sakata thaa, unakaa apana peechhe hatna bund hoe gayaa thaa. chaahe vaha jaanboojhkar kiya gayaa hoe yaa naheen, chayankartaon ney apane gathan koo phir seey hassil curr liya aur vidrohi senaa koo apane baaen hisse key saath fansaaya. antatah judus koo maar diyaa gayaa aur shesh judian bhaag gaye.
chayankartaon ney jerusalam mein apana adhikaar phir seey sthaapit curr liya thaa. desh bhar mein batchids ney kileband shaharon koo sthaapit kiya, sambaddh yunani-anukool yahoodiyon koo jerusalam mein kamaan mein rakhaa, aur yeh sunishchit kiya kii pramukh parivaaron key bachchon koo achche vyavhaar kii guaranti key roop mein bandhak key roop mein rakhaa jaae. judas key chhote bhaai jonathan appus (hibruh yonathan) makkabi key nae netaa baney. ack naee trasdi hasmonian parivaar parr taba aaee jaba jonathan key bhaai johnn gaddi koo nabatia mein ack mission key dauran pakad liya gayaa aur maar diyaa gayaa. jonathan ney kuchh samay key liye backides aur apane sainikon seey ladaai ladee, lekin donon ney antatah yuddhaviram key liye ack samjhauta kiya. batchides taba 160 eesaa poorv mein seeriya laut aae.
swaayatta (160-138 bce).
jabaki makkabi shaharon parr niyantran khou chuke they, unhone graameen ilaakon mein 160-153 bce seey ack pratidvandi sarkaar banaai haye. makkabi logon ney celeucid key saath seedhe sangharsh seey bachaa, lekin aantarik yahudi nagrik sangharsh jaari rahah vidrohiyon ney yahoodiyon koo pareshan kiya, nirvaasit kiya aur maare jinhen aparyaapt roop seey yunani virodhi key roop mein dekhaa gayaa. 1 maikabi key anusaar, "iss prakaar talwar israel seey bund hoe gaee. jonathan michmash mein buss gayaa aur logon kaa nyaay karna shuru curr diyaa; aur usane israel seey ishwarheenon koo nasht curr diyaa."maikabi koo ack avsar diyaa gayaa kyonki celeucid nagrik yuddhon kii ack shrinkhala, celeucid rajvansh yuddhon mein andaruni ladaai mein ghus gaye. simhaasan key liye chayan pratidvandi daavedaron koo apane sabhi sainikon kii kaheen aur aavashyakta thee, aur anya daavedaron koo sambhaavit sahyogiyon seey incar karna chaahte they, iss prakaar maikabi koo laabh denaa thaa. 153-152 bce mein, jonathan aur demetrius i key beach ack sauda huaa thaa. raajaa demetrius alekjendar balas seey ack chunauti koo roque rhaa thaa, aur bett-zur aur jerusalam koo chhodkar, judia mein kileband shaharon aur senaaon seey chayan balon koo vaapas lene key liye sahmat hoe gayaa. bandhakon koo bhee riha curr diyaa gayaa. judia parr chayan niyantran kamjor hoe gayaa thaa, aur phir aur kamjor hoe gayaa thaa; alekjendar balas dwara aur bhee behtar saude kii peshkash key baad jonathan ney turant demetrius koo dhokha diyaa. jonathan koo alekjendar dwara uchch pujari aur "ranneeti" donon kii upaadhi dee gaee thee, anivarya roop seey yeh sweekaar karate hue kii maikabi gutt helenwadi gutt kii tulanaa mein chayankarta netaaon key liye adhik praasangik sahayogi thaa. jonathan kii senaaon ney demetrius pratham key khilaf ladaai ladee, joe 150 eesaa poorv mein yuddh mein marr jaayega.
152-141 bc seey, vidrohiyon ney ack adhirajya key samaan anaupchaarik swaayatta kii sthiti hassil kii. yeh bhoomi chayan samrajya kaa "nyaayik" hissa thee, lekin jaari grih yuddhon ney makkabi koo kaafee swaayatta dee. jonathan koo unaki sahaayata key badale mein ack senaa banaane aur banaae rakhane kaa aadhikarik adhikaar diyaa gayaa thaa. iss avadhi key dauran, jonathan kii vaidh senaaon ney inn grih yuddhon mein ladaai ladee aur sambaddh chayankarta netaaon key paksh koo banaae rakhane key liye seema sangharsh kiya. chayankartaon ney iss avadhi key dauran ack senaa koo vaapas judia mein bheja, lekin jonathan ney ise taal diyaa aur yuddh seey incar curr diyaa jaba taka kii yeh antatah chayankarta hriday bhoomi mein vaapas naheen aaa gayaa. 143 eesaa poorv mein, regent diodotus triphone, shayed ashant praant parr niyantran phir seey sthaapit karane key liye utsuk they, jonathan koo ack sammelan mein aamantrit kiya. sammelan ack jaal thaa; jonathan key bhaai saiman dwara anurodhit firauti jutaane aur bandhakon koo bhejane key bavjood, jonathan koo pakad liya gayaa aur maar diyaa gayaa. iss vishvaasghaat key kaaran makkabi key nae netaa, simone thassi (hebruh simone), aur diodotus triphone key pratidvandi aur chayan simhaasan key davedar, demetrius II nicketer key beach gathbandhan huaa. demetrius II ney anivarya roop seey apani swatantrata koo sweekaar karate hue, judia koo eesaa poorv 14 mein karon key bhugtan seey chhoot dee. jerusalam mein celeucid basti aur garrison, acra, antatah saiman key niyantran mein aaa gayaa, shantipurna roop seey, jaisa kii beth-zur mein shesh celeucid garrison ney kiya thaa. saiman koo lagbhag 141 eesaa poorv mein pradhaan pujari niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, lekin unhone chayan raajaa dwara niyukt kiye jaane key bajaay yahudi logon seey prashansa karke aisaa kiya. jonathan aur abb saiman donon ney roman ganarajya key saath rajanyik sampark banaae rakhaa thaa; rome dwara aadhikarik maanyata 139 eesaa poorv mein aaee, kyonki roman yunani raajyon koo kamjor karane aur vibhajit karane key liye utsuk they. iss nae hasmonian-roman gathbandhan koo bhee kaee saal pahale judas macabius key aspasht samjhaute 22-23 kii tulanaa mein adhik dridhata seey kahaa gayaa thaa. pratidvandi chayan shasakon key beach nirantar sangharsh ney nae raajya kii aupchaarik swatantrata key liye sarkari pratikriya koo kathin banaa diyaa. nae chayankarta raajaa antiocus VII sidets ney apane aapsi dushman diodotus triphone kaa peechha karate hue saiman key sainikon seey madad kii peshkash koo aswikar curr diyaa, aur seema parr basey shaharon jopa aur gajaar kaa niyantran chhodane key liye simone key liye curr aur donon kii maang kii. antiocus VII ney 139 aur 138 eesaa poorv key beach kissy samay sandabius naamak ack general kii kamaan mein ack senaa koo judia bheja, lekin ise vaapas leey liya gayaa.
hasmonian netaaon ney turant khud koo "raajaa" yaa ack rajshahi sthaapit naheen kiya; saiman ney khud koo kewal "naasi" (hibru mein, "rajkumar" yaa "rashtrapati") aur "ethnerk" (koeen greek mein, "governor") kahaa.
isake baad.
135 eesaa poorv mein, saiman aur usake dou beton (mattathias aur judas) kii hatyaa usake damad, abubus key bete tolemy ney jericho mein ack dawat mein curr dee thee. mattathias key sabhi paanch bete abb simon key saath mrityu mein apane bhaaiyon key saath chaley gaye they, netritva agali peedhi key liye chhod diyaa. saiman kaa teesara betaa, johnn hierconus, israel kaa pradhaan pujari bunn gayaa. raajaa antiocus VII vyaktigat roop seey 134 eesaa poorv mein jerusalam parr aakraman karega aur gherabandi karega, lekin hierconus dwara firauti dene aur jopa aur gajaar key shaharon koo saunpane key baad, celeucid shaanti seey chaley gaye. sangharsh samaapt hoe gayaa, aur hierconus aur antiocus VII ack gathbandhan mein shamil hoe gaye, jisamen antiocus ney mandir mein ack balidan kaa sammaanpurvak daan kiya. raahat aur daan key liye, kritagya logon dwara antiocus VII koo "eusebs" ("pavitra") key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh samay key liye adhirajya koo phir seey sthaapit karane key saath, judia ney faras mein apane abhiyaanon mein antiocus VII kii sahaayata key liye sainikon koo bheja. 129 eesaa poorv mein antiocus VIII kii mrityu key baad, hasmonians ney ghatate hue celeucid samrajya key avasheshon koo sahaayata yaa shraddhanjali denaa bund curr diyaa. johnn hierconus aur unake bachche saiman kii tulanaa mein adhik shakti koo kendrikrit karate. hierconus key bete aristobulus I ney khud koo "basilius" (raajaa) kahaa, iss bahaane koo chhod diyaa kii uchch pujari raajneetik mamalon kaa prabandhan ack asthaayi vyavastha thee. hasmonians ney parishad yaa "gerussia" parr nirvaasit netaaon koo mahsoos kiya kii way apani shakti koo khatare mein daal sakate hain. bujurgon kii parishad-jise kuchh loga mahasabha key agradoot key roop mein dekhate hain-rajshahi parr ack swatantra niyantran naheen reh gayaa. mcabian vidroh kii safalata key baad, hasmonian rajvansh key netaaon ney judia key aspas key kshetron mein, vishesh roop seey alekjendar jaineyas key tahat apani vijay jaari rakhee. chayan samrajya ise rokane key liye aantarik ashanti seey bahut adhik grast thaa, aur tolemic misra ney kaafee hudd taka maitripurna sambandh banaae rakhe. jerusalam mein hasmonian adalat hellenic sanskriti aur bhasha seey ack tej viram naheen banaayegi, aur yahudi paramparaon aur yunani paramparaon key mishran key saath jaari rahegi. way yunani naamon seey jaane jaate rahey, apane sikkon parr hibru aur yunani donon kaa upayog karate they, aur yunani bhaade key sainikon koo kaam parr rakhate they, lekin yahudi dharm koo bhee yahudi mein pradhaantaa key sthaan parr bahaal kiya aur yahudi raashtravaad kii naee bhavna koo badhaava diyaa joe vidroh key dauran ankurit huaa thaa.
rajvansh 37 eesaa poorv taka chalaa, jaba mahaan naayak ney bhaari roman samarthan kaa upayog karate hue, antim hasmonian shaasak koo harakar ack roman graahak raajaa bunn gayaa.
ranneeti aur praudyogiki.
donon paksh helenwadi senaa kii sanrachana aur ranneeti seey prabhaavit they. mool hellenistic yuddh tainaati mein kendra mein bhaari paidal senaa, buggle mein ghudsavaar ghudsavaar aur agradoot mein mobile jhadap shamil they. sabse aam paidal senaa kaa hathiyar sarisa, macedonian pike thaa. sarisa ack shaktishali hathiyar thaa; yeh dou haathon mein rakhaa gayaa thaa aur isaki bahut adhik pahunch (lagbhag 6.3 meater) thee, jisase virodhiyon key liye sarisa-bhaar vaale paidal senaa key ack falenx taka surakshit roop seey pahunchana mushkil hoe gayaa thaa. hellenistic ghudsavaar senaa ney bhee pike kaa upayog kiya, halanki thode chhote. chayankartaon key paas bhaarat seey aayatit prashikshit yuddh haathiyon taka bhee pahunch thee, joe apani motee khaal mein praakritik kavach pahanate they aur virodhi sainikon aur unake ghodon koo daraa sakate they. shayed hii kabhi way kharonch vaale rathon kaa bhee upayog karate they. 
senaa key aakar key sandarbh mein, sammaanit itihaaskaar polybius ney bataaya kii 165 eesaa poorv mein, antiocus IV dwara aayojit celeucid rajdhani antioc key paas ack sainya pared mein 41,000 paidal sanic aur 4,500 ghudsavaar shamil they. yeye sanic poorv mein ack abhiyaan mein ladane kii taiyari curr rahey they, naa kii judia mein, lekin apane samrajya key paschimi bhaag mein chayan balon key kull aakar kaa ack motaa anuman dete hain joe shaasak koo jahaan bhee unaki aavashyakta hoti haye, vahaan tainaat honey mein saksham they, naa kii sthaaniya sahayakon aur senaaon koo. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii antiocus IV ney chayan koshagar kii keemat parr atirikt bhaade key sainikon koo kaam parr rakh curr apani senaa key aakar koo badhaaya haye. usa pared mein adhikansh balon koo nyaayik vidroh koo dabaane kii tulanaa mein chayan netritva key liye adhik mahatvapurna mamalon parr tainaat kiya jaayega, aur iss tarah unamen seey kewal ack hisse ney vidroh kii ladaai mein bhaag liya. haalaanki, unhein sthaaniya chayan-sahayogi milicia aur sainya balon dwara poorak kiya gayaa hoga. 
makkabi ack gurilla bull key roop mein shuru hue joe sambhavatah pahaadi ilaakon mein chhoti ikai key yuddh mein prabhaavi paaramparik hathiyaron kaa upayog karate theh teerandaaz, slinger aur talwar aur dhaal seey lais halke paidal senaa key peltast. baad key lekhakon ney maikabi koo aniyamit logon key roop mein ladane vaale aam logon key roop mein romantic roop seey chitrit kiya, lekin maikabi ney antatah hellenic-shally key bhaari paidal senaa key falenx, ghode parr ghudsavaar ghudsavaaron aur gherabandi key hathiyaron key saath chayan key samaan ack sthaayi senaa koo prashikshit kiya. haalaanki, jyaadaatar lakadi key sarisa kaa nirmaan vidrohiyon key liye aasaan hotaa, lekin unake shareer key kavach kii gunavatta cumm hoti. way sambhavatah dhatuon aur kaarigaron kii kamee key kaaran sadharan chamade key kavach kaa upayog karate they joe yunani shally key dhaatu kavach banaane mein saksham they. yeh anuman lagaaya jaataa haye kii tolemic misra aur pergamon jaise celeucid key prati shatrutapurna deshon mein pravaasi yahudi swayamsevakon key roop mein iss kaary mein shamil hoe sakate hain, joe apani sthaaniya pratibhaon koo vidrohi senaa mein laayenge.
vidrohi senaayen samay key saath badhati gaeen. vidroh kii shuruat key paas judas kii senaa mein 6,000 purush they, bett zur kii ladaai mein 10,000 purush they, aur sambhavatah elasa mein haar key samay taka 22,000 sanic they. kaee ladaaiyon mein, vidrohiyon key paas prashikshan aur upkaranon mein kamee kii bharpai karane key liye sankhyaatmak shreshthata hoe sakati haye. jonathan koo chayankarta shasakon dwara uchch pujari aur rajyapal key roop mein vaidh banaae jaane key baad, hasmonians koo bharti karane key liye aasaan pahunch thee; 139 eesaa poorv mein 20,000 sainikon koo pratihat karane vaale sandabius key roop mein bataaya gayaa haye.
vidroh mein adhikansh ladaai pahaadi aur pahaadi ilaakon mein hui, joe yuddh koo jatil banaati thee. pahaadi yuddh key liye prashikshit celeucid falenx khachakhach bharee nichali bhoomi sanrachanaon kii tulanaa mein ack dusare seey kuchh adhik doori parr ladate they, aur thode chhote lekin adhik kushal roman-shally key pike kaa upayog karate they.
lekhan.
mool itihas.
sabse vistrit samkaaleen lekhan joe butch gaye way they pratham maikabi aur dwiteeya maikabi kii deuterocanonical pustaken, saath hii saath josephus kii "yahudi yuddh" aur "yahudi puraavsheshon" kii pustak xii aur xiiii. lekhak udaseen pakshakaar naheen they; makkabi kii pustakon key lekhak makkabi key paksh mein they, sangharsh koo ack ishwariya roop seey sweekrit pavitra yuddh key roop mein chitrit karate they aur juda aur unake bhaaiyon key qada koo veertapurna star taka badhaate they. isaki tulanaa mein, josephus apane kaam key yunani moortipoojak pathakon koo naraz naheen karna chaahata thaa, aur vaha maikabi key prati dwidhamansh mein haye.
1 maikabi kii pustak koo jyaadaatar vishvasaniya maanaa jaataa haye, kyonki yeh hasmonian key shasankal kii shuruat mein ack chashmadid dwara likhaa gayaa thaa, sambhavatah johnn hierconus key shasankal key dauran. isake yuddhon key chitran vistrit aur sateek prateet hotey hain, halanki yeh bhagwan kii sahaayata aur judas kii pratibha parr behtar jore dene key liye badee sankhya mein chayansheel sainikon koo chitrit kartaa haye. yeh pustak ghatnaaon parr apane sampadakiya mein hasmonian rajvansh key prachaar key roop mein bhee kaary karati haye. hasmonians kaa nayaa shasson apane aantarik dushmanon key binaa naheen thaa; mahayajak key karyalaya parr peedhiyon seey mahayajak sadok key ack vanshaj kaa kabja thaa. hasmonian, jabaki pujari vansh (kohain) key, kuchh logon dwara hadap lene vaalon key roop mein dekhe gaye they, zadok seey naheen aae they, aur mool roop seey kewal ack chayan raajaa key saath ack saude key madhyam seey karyalaya liya thaa. iss prakaar, pustak iss baat parr jore detee haye kii hasmonian key kaary puraane granth key nayakon key anuroop they; way bhagwan key nae chune hue aur dharmi shaasak they. udaaharan key liye, yeh joseph aur zariah naamak anya commanders dwara jheli gaee haar koo khariz kartaa haye kyonki "unhone judas aur usake bhaaiyon kii baat naheen sunee. lekin way una logon key parivaar seey sambandhit naheen they jinake madhyam seey israel koo mukti dee gaee thee."
2 maikabi ack agyaat misra key yahudi dwara ack lekhak jayson off cyrene dwara khoye hue paanch-khand key kaam kaa ack sankshipt vivaran haye. yeh 1 maikabi seey alag kaam haye aur isaki nirantarta naheen haye. 2 makkabi kaa dhyaan 1 makkabi kii tulanaa mein adhik pratyaksh roop seey dhaarmik haye, joe 1 makkabi kii tulanaa mein ghatnaaon key liye bhagwan aur divya hastakshep koo adhik pramukhta seey shreya detaa haye; yeh anya hasmonian key bajaay vyaktigat roop seey juda parr bhee dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye. iska doosara mandir parr vishesh dhyaan haih mahayajak kii sthiti parr vivaad, mainlouse dwara ack yunani-yahudi mishran mein iska pradooshan, isaki antim safai, aur mandir mein nikanor dwara dhamkiyan. 2 makkabi bhee judia key baahar makkabi key kaaran koo lene key prayaas kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, kyonki yeh misra key yahoodiyon aur anya pravaasi yahoodiyon koo mandir (hanukka) kii safai kaa jashn manaane aur judas makkabis kaa sammaan karane key liye protsaahit kartaa haye. samanya taur parr, 2 mcbee 1 mcbee kii tulanaa mein shaanti aur sahyog kii sambhaavanaon koo adhik sakaratmak roop seey chitrit karate hain. 1 maikabi mein, yahoodiyon key liye sammaanpurvak chayankartaon key saath ack sauda karane kaa ekmatra tarika haye jisamen pahale unhein sainya roop seey harana aur karyatmak swatantrata praapt karna shamil haye. 2 maikabi mein, misra key yahoodiyon key darshakon key liye, joe abhee bhee yunani shasson key tahat rahate they, shantipurna saha-astitva sambhav thaa, lekin galatfahmi yaa pareshani paida karane vaalon ney yahoodiyon koo rakshaatmak kaarravaai karane key liye majboor curr diyaa.
vidroh key baad dou shataabdiyon mein josephus ney likhaa, lekin flavian rajvansh key roman samraton key saath unaki dosti kaa matlab thaa kii unake paas anya vidvaanon dwara sapane mein dekhe gaye sansadhanon taka pahunch thee. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii josephus ney apane itihas key liye apane mukhya sroton mein seey ack key roop mein 1 maikabi kaa upayog kiya haye, lekin ise yunani itihas key saath-saath agyaat anya sroton seey chayan samrajya kii ghatnaaon key gyaan key saath poorak kiya haye. aisaa lagata haye kii josephus itihaskaron polybius aur strabo key kaam seey parichit hain, saath hii saath damishk key nicolaus key jyaadaatar khoye hue kaam bhee.
daniel.
aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii daniel kii pustak vidroh key praarambhik charanon key dauran lagbhag 165 eesaa poorv key dauran likhi gaee thee, aur antatah ise hibru bible aur isai puraane vasiyatname mein shamil kiya jaayega. jabaki pustak kii setting babylone mein 400 saal pahale kii haye, yeh pustak vidroh key dauran judia kii sthiti key liye ack saahityik pratikriya haye ("sitz imm leben"); lekhak ney yaa tou goodh karanon seey yaa sensor honey seey bachane key liye setting koo sthanantarit karane kaa vikalp chunaa. yeh apane pathakon seey utpeedan kaa saamana karate hue dridh rahane kaa aagrah kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, babylone key raajaa nebuchadnessar ney apane darbar koo raajaa kaa samriddh bhojan khaane kaa adesh diyaa; bhavishyavakta daniel aur usake saathi kosher rakhate hain aur sabjiyon aur paani kaa aahar khaate hain, phir bhee raajaa key sabhi darbaariyon kii tulanaa mein swasth ubharate hain. sandesh spasht haih antiocus key adesh kii avahelana karein aur yahudi aahar kaanoon koo banaae rakhein. daniel bhavishyavani kartaa haye kii raajaa pagal hoe jaayega; antiocus kii upaadhi, "epiphanes" ("bhagwan kaa chunaa huaa"), kaa unake dushmanon dwara "epimen" ("pagal") key roop mein majaak udaaya gayaa thaa, aur vaha ajib aadton koo banaae rakhane key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. jaba daniel aur yahoodiyon koo maut kii dhamki dee jaati haye, tou way iska shaanti seey saamana karate hain, aur anta mein butch jaate hain, joe antiocus IV key yahudi virodh key beach ack praasangik sandesh haye.
daniel kii pustak key antim adhyaayon mein bhavishya key sarvanash darshan shamil hain. lekhak kaa ack uddeshya yeh thaa kii vaha dharmanishth yahoodiyon koo yeh vishvaas dill seey bataae kii unaki jeet kaa purvanuman 400 saal pahale kii bhavishyavani seey lagaaya gayaa thaa. daniel kii antim drishti antiocus epiphanes koo "uttar key raajaa" key roop mein sandarbhit karati haye aur unake pahale key karyon kaa varnan karati haye, jaise kii misra mein apane dusare abhiyaan mein romanon dwara khadeda aur apamaanit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin yeh bhee kii uttar kaa raajaa "apane anta koo puuraa karega. isake alawa, uttar key raajaa key adheen marane vaale sabhi logon koo punarjeevit kiya jaayega, jinn logon koo puraskrit kiya jaayega, jabaki joe samriddh hue they unhein sherm aur avamaanana kaa saamana karna padegaa. daniel seey lii gaee mukhya aitihaasik vastuein uttar key raajaa key mandir koo nirjan karane aur mandir mein dainik balidan, tameed koo rokane key chitran mein hain; yeye dusare mandir mein parivartanon key 1 aur 2 maikabi mein chitran seey sahmat hain. 
sambandhit kaary.
anya kritiyaan cumm seey cumm mcabian vidroh seey prabhaavit prateet hoti hain, jinamen judith kii pustak, moosa kaa vasiyatnama aur anoch kii pustak key kuchh hisse shamil hain. judith kii pustak ack aitihaasik upanyaas haye joe ack bhaari sainya khatare key khilaf yahudi pratirodh kaa varnan karati haye. jabaki samaantaaen daniel key roop mein kathor naheen hain, isake utpeedan key kuchh chitran antiocus key utpeedan seey prabhaavit prateet hotey hain, jaise kii samanya holofern mandiron koo dhwast karna, pavitra upavanon koo kaatna, aur raajaa key alawa anya sabhi poojaon koo nasht karane kaa prayaas karna. kahani kii nayika judith bhee "judas" naam kaa stree roop dhaaran karati haye. daniele kii pustak key samaan, moosa kaa vasiyatnama, vidroh kii or leey jaane vaale yahudi drishtikon kaa gawah pradaan kartaa haih yeh utpeedan kaa varnan kartaa haye, adharmi netaaon aur pujaariyon koo sahayogi key roop mein ninda kartaa haye, shahadat key gunon kii prashansa kartaa haye, aur atyachari logon parr bhagwan key pratishodh kii bhavishyavani kartaa haye. iss vasiyatnama koo aamtaur parr pahali shatabdi esvi mein likhaa gayaa maanaa jaataa haye, lekin yeh cumm seey cumm sambhav haye kii yeh bahut pahale likhaa gayaa thaa, mcabian yaa hasmonian yug mein, aur phir pahali shatabdi ce update key saath jodaa gayaa thaa. bhale hii yeh poori tarah seey pahali shatabdi esvi mein likhaa gayaa thaa, phir bhee yeh sambhavatah antiocus IV key shasankal key anubhav seey prabhaavit thaa. hanok key praarambhik adhyaayon kii pustak eesaa poorv key aspas likhi gaee thee, lekin samay key saath nae khandon koo noa key pardada, hanok key adhikaar kaa ahwan karate hue jodaa gayaa thaa. ack khand, "hafton kaa sarvanash", kii parikalpana 167 eesaa poorv key aspas kii gaee haye, jaba antiocus kaa utpeedan shuru huaa thaa. daniel key samaan, hafton key sarvanash key baad utpeedan key bindu taka vishva itihas kaa varnan karate hue, yeh bhavishyavani kartaa haye kii dharmi antatah jeetenge, aur pratirodh koo protsaahit karenge. anoch kaa ack aur khand, "sapanon kii pustak", sambhavatah vidroh key cumm seey cumm aanshik roop seey safal honey key baad likhaa gayaa thaa; yeh bhavishyasoochak swapn darshan key roop mein vidroh kii ghatnaaon koo chitrit kartaa haye.
ack adhik anishchit kaam jisane phir bhee bahut ruchi aakarshit kii haye, vaha haye kumran habakkuk tippani, joe mrit samudra scroll kaa hissa haye. kumran dhaarmik samudaay key saath jerusalam mein hasmonian dhaarmik pratishthaan key achche sambandh naheen they, aur maanaa jaataa haye kii unhone uchch pujari key uttaradhikar key liye jadokite line kaa paksh liya thaa. tippani ("pesher") ack aisee sthiti kaa varnan karati haye jisamen ack "dharmi shikshak" koo anuchit tareeke seey unake pada seey aur ack "dusht pujari" aur ack "jhooth bolane vaalaa vyakti" (sambhavatah vahee vyakti) dwara nirvaasit kiya jaataa haye. inn upadhiyon key peechhe logon kii pehchaan key roop mein kaee aakritiyon koo prastaavit kiya gayaa haye; ack siddhant yeh haye kii 159 eesaa poorv mein alsimus kii mrityu key baad joe bhee dharmi shikshak mahayajak key pada parr thaa, shayed ack jadokite. aggar yeh vyakti bhee maujood thaa, tou unhone jonathan appus key baad apani sthiti khou dee, jise unaki maikabi senaa aur celeucid shaahi davedar alekjendar balas key saath unake nae gathbandhan kaa samarthan praapt thaa, jinhone 152 eesaa poorv mein uchch pujari kaa pada sambhala. iss prakaar, dusht pujari jonathan hoga, aur usa yug key kumran samudaay mein hasmonian adhigrahan key liye dhaarmik virodh shamil hogaah pahala saar. kaam kii tarikh agyaat haye, aur anya vidvaanon ney dusht pujari kii sambhaavit pehchaan key roop mein alag-alag ummidvaaron kaa prastaav rakhaa haye, isaliye jonathan key saath pehchaan kewal ack sambhavana haye, phir bhee ack dilchasp aur prashansaniya haye.
baad mein vishleshan aur itihaslekhan.
makkabi logon kii pahali aur doosari pustakon mein, makkabi vidroh koo saanskritik utpeedan aur videshi shakti key prati rashtriya pratirodh key liye ack saamoohik pratikriya key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. vidroh puuraa honey key baad likhi gaee pustakon mein yahoodiyon key beach ekataa kaa aagrah kiya gayaa thaa; way unhein kanunvihin aur bhrasht kahane key alawa anya kuchh bhee naheen bataate hain, aur sangharsh mein unaki prasangikta aur shakti koo cumm karate hain. jabaki kaee vidwan abhee bhee iss buniyaadi dhaanche koo sweekaar karate hain, kii helenwadi kamjor they aur prabhaav rakhane key liye chayan sahaayata parr nirbhar they, iss drishtikon koo taba seey chunauti dee gaee haye. sanshodhanvaadi drishtikon mein, naayak aur khalnayak donon yahudi theh adhikansh yahoodiyon ney saavdhaanipoorvak uchch pujari mainlouse koo hellenize karane kaa samarthan kiya; antiocus IV key adesh kewal helenwadi yahoodiyon key dabaav key kaaran aae; aur vidroh koo graameen ilaakon mein paaramparik yahoodiyon aur shaharon mein hellenized yahoodiyon key beach ack grih yuddh key roop mein sabse achchi tarah seey samajha gayaa, jisamen kewal kabhi-kabhaar chayan hastakshep kiya gayaa thaa. alias bickerman koo aam taur parr 1937 mein iss vaikalpik drishtikon koo lokpriya banaane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye, aur martin hengal jaise anya itihaskaron ney tark jaari rakhaa haye. udaaharan key liye, josephus kaa vivaran seedhe taur parr mainlouse koo antiocus IV koo apane yahudi-virodhi farman jaari karane key liye raaji karane key liye doshi thaharaata haye. uchch pujari key roop mein mainlouse key pratisthaapan alsimus koo seedhe celeucid key bajaay 1 maikabi mein dharmanishth yahoodiyon key narsamhar koo ukasaane key liye doshi thaharaaya jaataa haye. maikabi swayam bhee ladate hain aur hellenists koo nirvaasit karate hain, sabse spasht roop seey acra seey antim nishkasana mein, lekin pahale key graameen ilaakon mein bhee hellenist-anukool yahoodiyon key tobiyad kabile key khilaf sangharsh karate hain.
samanya taur parr, vidvaanon kii raay haye kii helenwadi itihaaskaar pakshapaati they, lekin yeh bhee kii purvagrah key parinamswarup tathyon mein atyadhik vikriti yaa mangadhantata naheen hui, aur pakshapaat koo hataane key baad way jyaadaatar vishvasaniya srot hain. halanki, aise sanshodhanvaadi vidwan maujood hain joe praathamik itihas kii vishvasaniyata koo adhik aakramak roop seey cumm karane key liye ichchuk hain. daniel aar. schwartz kaa tark haye kii jerusalam parr antiocus IV key praarambhik hamale shuddh dwesh seey naheen they, jaisa kii 1 maikabi darshaate hain, yaa ack galatfahmi key roop mein 2 maikabi darshaate hain (aur adhikansh vidwan sweekaar karate hain), balki ack pramanik vidroh koo dabaate hain jisake sadasya itihas mein khou gaye they, kyonki hasmonian kewal khud koo jeet laane mein saksham key roop mein dikhaana chaahte they. silvi honigman kaa tark haye kii chayansheel dhaarmik utpeedan key chitran bhraamak aur sambhavatah jhoothe hain. vaha iss vichaar koo aage badhaati haye kii 168 eesaa poorv mein yahoodiyon dwara nagrik adhikaaron kaa nuksan badhe hue karon parr sthaaniya ashanti key baad ack prashaasnik sajaa thee; kii sangharsh maulik roop seey aarthik thaa, aur kewal dhaarmik roop seey peechhe kii or prerit key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee thee. vaha yeh bhee tark detee haye kii sroton key naitik jhukaav kaa matlab haye kii helenvaadiyon dwara adharmi krityon key unake chitran parr aitihaasik key roop mein bharosa naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, yeh daavaa kii mainlouse ney antiocus koo rishwat dene key liye mandir key bartan churaa liye, kewal una donon koo avaidh ghoshit karane key uddeshya seey haye. johnn maa kaa tark haye kii mandir koo 164 eesaa poorv mein mainlouse dwara antiocus koo yachika parr bahaal kiya gayaa thaa, naa kii maikabi dwara mukt aur punah samarpit kiya gayaa thaa. inn vichaaron ney aanshik samarthan aakarshit kiya haye, lekin way khud ack naee aam sahamati naheen bunn gaye hain. sroton key adhik pratyaksh pathan key aadhunik rakshakon ney uddhrit kiya haye kii iss tarah key ack aprakaashit lokpriya vidroh kaa pramaan bahut cumm haye. yeh maanate hue kii antiocus IV ney ataarkik karanon seey ack jaatiya-dhaarmik utpeedan shuru naheen kiya hoga, iss aalochana mein ack aitihaasik sthiti haye, kyonki pracheen aur aadhunik donon netaaon koo spasht roop seey dhaarmik chintaon seey prerit kiya gayaa thaa.
baad key vidvaanon aur puraatatvidon ney usa samay kii vibhinn kalakritiyon koo paaya aur sanrakshit kiya aur unakaa vishleshan kiya, jinhone itihaskaron koo pustakon mein vibhinn tatvon kii sambhaavyata key baare mein soochit kiya haye. haal key udaharanon key liye, 2007 mein ack stelle (helidorus stelle) kii khoj kii gaee aur ise 178 eesaa poorv key aspas seey samajha gayaa, aur vidroh seey turant pahale key yug mein chayan kii gaee sarkari niyuktiyon aur neeti key baare mein antardrishti detaa haye. 2007-2015 seey jerusalam mein diye gaye parking sthal mein khudai koo acra key sambhaavit saboot mille hain; yeh 1 mcbee sanskaran key paksh mein acra key bhaagya key baare mein josephus key khaate (usane daavaa kiya kii yeh faad diyaa gayaa thaa) aur 1 mcbee key khaate (yeh kewal kabja curr liya gayaa thaa) key beach ack prateet virodhabhas koo hull curr sakata haye.
viraasat.
hanukka kaa yahudi tyohar judas mcbays kii celeucid parr jeet key baad mandir key punah samarpan kaa jashn manaata haye. rabbiyon kii parampara key anusaar, vijayi makkabi kewal ack chhota saa tail kaa jug paa sakate they joe ack muhar key kaaran shuddh aur apradooshit rhaa thaa, aur haalaanki isamen kewal ack dinn key liye menora koo banaae rakhane key liye paryaapt tail thaa, yeh chamatkaarik roop seey aathh dinon taka chalaa, jiss samay taka aage tail kii khareed kii jaa chuki thee. hasmonian samrajya key yug key dauran, hanukka koo pramukhta seey manaaya gayaa thaa; isane vidroh kii safalata aur hasmonian shasakon kii vaidhata key uplakshya mein "hasmonian swatantrata divas" key roop mein kaary kiya. pravaasi yahoodiyon ney bhee ise manaaya, yahudi saamoohik pehchaan kii bhavna koo badhaava diyaah yeh sabhi yahoodiyon key liye ack mukti divas thaa, naa kii kewal yahudi yahoodiyon key liye. natijatan, hanukka ney sthaayi hamonian niyam koo chhod diyaa, halanki samay beetane key saath iska mahatva cumm hoe gayaa. 20veen shatabdi mein hanukka koo naee pramukhta milegi aur yeh makkabi mein apani utpatti mein ruchi koo phir seey jagaayega.
adasa kii ladaai mein yahudi jeet ney ack vaarshik utsav kaa bhee netritva kiya, halanki ack cumm pramukh aur hanukka kii tulanaa mein yaad kiya jaataa haye. celeucid general nikanor kii haar koo 13 adaar koo "yom nikanor" key roop mein manaaya jaataa haye.
aaghaatjanak samay avadhi ney sarvanash aur yahudi sarvanashvad kii shally koo paribhaashit karane mein madad kii. daniel kii pustak mein pavitra shahar jerusalam parr hamla karane vaale antiocus IV jaise dusht atyachari kaa chitran baad mein roman shasson key dauran ack aam vishay bunn gayaa, aur yeh masih virodhi kii isai avadhaaranaon mein yogdan dega.
antiocus key tahat yahoodiyon kaa utpeedan, aur maikabi kii pratikriya, ishwariya puraskaron aur dandon key sambandh mein yahudi vichaaron key nae rujhaanon koo prabhaavit karegi aur paida karegi. pahale key yahudi karyon mein, bhagwan key prati bhakti aur kaanoon key paalan ney jeevan mein puraskar aur dund kaa netritva kiyaah paalan karane vaalaa samriddh hoga, aur avagya key parinamswarup aapada hogi. antiocus IV key utpeedan ney iss shiksha kaa seedhe taur parr khandan kiyaah pahali baar, yahudi thheek isaliye peedit they kyonki unhone yahudi kaanoon kaa ullanghan karane seey incar curr diyaa thaa, aur iss prakaar sabse adhik bhakt aur paalan karane vaale yahudi sabse adhik peedit they. isake parinamswarup saahitya mein yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa kii joe loga apane parthiv jeevan mein peedit hue, unhein baad mein puraskrit kiya jaayega, jaise kii daniel kii pustak jisamen mritakon key bhavishya key punrutthan kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye, yaa 2 maikabi joe ack mahila aur usake saat beton kii shahadat kaa vistaar seey varnan karate hain, lekin jinhen unaki mrityu key baad puraskrit kiya jaayega.
kaee parr kuchh" kii jeet key roop mein, vidroh ney bhavishya key yahudi pratirodh andolanon key liye prerana key roop mein kaam kiya, jaise kii utsaahi. inn baad key vidrohon mein sabse prasiddh haye 66-73 CE mein pahala yahudi-roman yuddh (jise "mahaan vidroh" bhee kahaa jaataa haye) aur 132-136 CE seey baar kochba vidroh. inn vidrohon kii viphalata key baad, makkabian vidroh kii yahudi vyakhya adhik aadhyatmik hoe gaee; isake bajaay yeh sashastr shakti dwara samarthit ack swatantra yahudi rajneeti key liye vyaavhaarik yojanaon key bajaay, hanukka aur tail key bhagwan key chamatkar kii kahaaniyon parr kendrit thee. jaise-jaise samay beetata gayaa, makkabi logon parr bhee cumm charcha kii gaee; inn yahudi haar key baad way kewal mishna, tannem key lekhan mein shayed hii kabhi dikhaai dete hain. vidroh key baad hasmonian key baad key shasson key saath rabbiyon kii narajgi ney bhee isamen yogdan diyaa; yahaan taka kii jaba kahaaniyon koo spasht roop seey mcabian avadhi key dauran sett kiya gayaa thaa, tou naam seey juda key sandarbhon koo spasht roop seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa taaki hasmonian line kii naayak-pooja seey bachaa jaa sakey. maikabi kii pustakon koo yahudi parampara mein cumm karke dikhaaya gayaa aur unhein yahudi tanakh (hibru bible) mein shamil naheen kiya gayaa; yeh isai honge joe madhyayugeen yug key dauran maikabi koo sandarbhit karate hue adhik kalaa aur saahitya kaa utpaadan karenge, kyonki maikabi kii pustaken catholic aur roodhivaadi bibil key siddhant mein shamil theen. carolingian yug key dauran madhyayugeen isai logon ney maikabi koo veerata aur nighthood key shuruati udaharanon key roop mein maanaa, aur maikabi koo baad key madhya yug mein dharmyuddhon key dauran anukaran karane key liye pavitra yoddhaon key roop mein aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa. 14veen shatabdi mein, judus macabius koo nau yogyon mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, joe shurveeron key liye unake aacharan koo model karane key liye veerata key madhyayugeen udaaharan they.
19veen shatabdi aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein sadiyon baad yahudi logon dwara makkabi logon koo cumm karke dikhaane koo chunauti dee jaayegi, kyonki yahudi lekhakon aur kalakaron ney makkabi logon koo swatantrata aur jeet key udaaharan key roop mein rakhaa thaa. usa yug key yahudi raashtravaad key samarthakon ney pichhali ghatnaaon koo dekhaa, jaise kii maikabi, ack ashawadi sujhaav key roop mein joe sambhav thaa, joe navjat zionist andolan koo prabhaavit curr rhaa thaa. 1896 mein gathit ack british zionist sangathan kaa naam order off ancient mcbains rakhaa gayaa haye, aur yahudi khel sangathan makbi worled union ney unake naam parr apana naam rakhaa haye. vidroh koo natakkaron, yakov kahan aur moshe shameer key natakon mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. israel key aadhunik raajya mein vibhinn sangathan apana naam maikabi aur hasmonian key naam parr rakhate hain yaa anyatha unakaa sammaan karate hain.
baahari link.
[[vargahmaikaabiyan vidroh. ]]
[[vargah 160 bee. see. sangharsh]]
[[vargah hasmonian samrajya mein eesaa poorv doosari shatabdi]]
[[vargah eesaa poorv doosari shatabdi kaa yahudi dharm]]
[[vargah koel-seeriya]]
[[vargah yahudi vidroh]]
[[vargah yahudi dhaarmik raashtravaad]]
[[vargah samrajyon key khilaf vidroh]]
[[vargah asia mein vidroh]]
[[vargahdharm-adharit yuddh]]
[[vargah chayan samrajya seey judey yuddh]]
[[shrenihprachin israel key yuddh]]
[[vargah antiocus IV epiphanes]]