
grih yuddh

ack grihyuddh ack hii raajya (yaa desh) key bheetar sangathit samoohon key beach ack yuddh haye.
ack paksh kaa uddeshya desh yaa kshetra parr niyantran karna, kissy kshetra key liye swatantrata praapt karna yaa sarkari neetiyon koo badalana hoe sakata haye.
yeh shabd lattin "belam sivil" kaa ack shabd haye jiska upayog eesaa poorv pahali shatabdi mein roman ganarajya key vibhinn grih yuddhon koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa.
adhikansh aadhunik grihyuddhon mein baahari shaktiyon dwara hastakshep shamil haye. patrick aim key anusaar. regan ney apani pustak "grih yuddh aur videshi shaktiyon" (2000) mein dwiteeya vishva yuddh key anta aur 2000 key beach 138 antarrajyiya sanghrshon key lagbhag dou tihai mein antarrashtriya hastakshep dekhaa, jisamen sanyukt raajya america ney inmein seey 35 sanghrshon mein hastakshep kiya.
grihyuddh ack uchch-teevrata vaalaa sangharsh haye, jisamen aksar niyamit sashastr bull shamil hotey hain, joe nirantar, sangathit aur badey paimaane parr hotaa haye. grih yuddhon key parinamswarup badee sankhya mein hataahat hoe sakate hain aur mahatvapurna sansadhanon kii khapat hoe sakati haye.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii samaapti key baad seey grih yuddh ausatan chaar varshon seey adhik samay taka chaley hain, joe 1900-1944 avadhi key dedh saal key ausat seey ack naatakiya vriddhi haye. jabaki 19veen shatabdi key madhya seey nae grih yuddhon key udbhav kii darr apekshaakrit sthir rahee haye, una yuddhon kii badhati lambai key parinamswarup kissy bhee ack samay mein yuddhon kii sankhya mein vriddhi hui haye. udaaharan key liye, 20veen shatabdi key pahale bhaag mein ack saath paanch seey adhik grih yuddh naheen chala rahey they, jabaki sheet yuddh key anta key karib 20 seey adhik samvarti grih yuddh they. 1945 key baad seey, grih yuddhon key parinamswarup 25 million seey adhik logon kii maut hui haye, saath hii laakhon logon koo jabaran visthaapit kiya gayaa haye. grih yuddhon key parinamswarup aarthik patan huaa haye; somalia, barma (myanmar), uganda aur angola una rashtron key udaaharan hain jinhen grih yuddhon mein shamil honey seey pahale ashajanak bhavishya maanaa jaataa thaa.
aupchaarik vargeekaran.
steinford vishvavidyalaya mein grihyuddh key vidwan james fearan ney grihyuddh koo "sangathit samoohon dwara ladey gaye desh key bheetar ack hinsak sangharsh key roop mein paribhaashit kiya haye jiska uddeshya kendra yaa kshetra mein satta lena yaa sarkari neetiyon koo badalana haye. aine hironaka aage nirdisht kartaa haye kii grihyuddh kaa ack paksh raajya haye. sthaayi kalyavas ney grihyuddh koo "una dalon key beach ack maanyata praapt samprabhu ikai kii seemaon key bheetar honey vaale sashastr yuddh key roop mein paribhaashit kiya haye joe shatruta kii shuruat mein ack samanya pradhikaran key adheen hain."jiss teevrata parr ack nagrik ashanti ack nagrik yuddh bunn jaati haye, uska virodh shikshaavidon dwara kiya jaataa haye. kuchh raajneetik vaigyaanik grihyuddh koo 1,000 seey adhik hatahaton key roop mein paribhaashit karate hain, jabaki anya aage nirdisht karate hain kii cumm seey cumm 100 pratyek paksh seey aaney chaahiye. yuddh key sahsambandh, sangharsh key vidvaanon dwara vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack dataset, grih yuddhon koo prati varsh yuddh seey sambandhit 1000 seey adhik hatahaton key roop mein vargeekrit kartaa haye. yeh darr dusare sudani grihyuddh aur cambodian grihyuddh mein maare gaye laakhon logon kaa ack chhota saa ansh haye, udaaharan key liye, lekin kaee atyadhik prachaarit sanghrshon koo baahar kartaa haye, jaise kii uttari ireland kii pareshaaniyan aur rangbhed yug dakshin africa mein african rashtriya congress key sangharsh.
prati varsh 1,000 hatahaton key mandand key aadhar parr, 1816 seey 1997 taka 213 grih yuddh hue, jinamen seey 104 1944 seey 1997 taka hue. yadi koee cumm-kathor 1,000 hatahaton key kull mandand kaa upayog kartaa haye, tou 1945 aur 2007 key beach 90 seey adhik grih yuddh hue, jisamen 2007 taka 20 chala rahey grih yuddh they.
geneva sammelan vishesh roop seey "grihyuddh" shabd koo paribhaashit naheen karate hain; phir bhee, way "sashastr sangharsh mein pakshon kii jimmedariyon kii ruprekha taiyar karate hain naa kii antarrashtriya charitra key. isamen grih yuddh shamil hain; haalaanki, sammelanon key paath mein grih yuddh kii koee vishisht paribhasha pradaan naheen kii gaee haye.
phir bhee, redd cross kii antarrashtriya samiti ney geneva sammelanon parr apani tippaniyon key madhyam seey kuchh spashteekaran pradaan karane kii maang kii haye, yeh dekhate hue kii sammelan "itane samanya, itane aspasht hain, kii kaee pratinidhimandalon koo darr thaa kii ise hathiyaron key bull seey kiye gaye kissy bhee kaary koo cover karane key liye liya jaa sakata haye. tadnusar, tippaniyan vibhinn 'sthitiyon' key liye pradaan karati hain jinn parr geneva sammelan kaa anuprayog nirbhar karega; tippani, halanki, ingit karati haye kii inhen kathor sthitiyon key roop mein vyakhya naheen kii jaani chaahiye. aaee. see. aar. see. dwara apani tippani mein soochibaddh shartein iss prakaar hainh
(kha) kii usane apane liye ack yuddharat key adhikaaron kaa daavaa kiya haye; yaa
(gaga) kii usane vidrohiyon koo kewal vartamaan sammelan key uddeshyon key liye yuddharat key roop mein maanyata dee haye; yaa
(gha) kii vivaad koo suraksha parishad yaa sanyukt rashtra kii mahasabha key agende mein antarrashtriya shaanti key liye khatra, shaanti kaa ullanghan yaa aakraamakta key kaary key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa haye.
(kha) kii vidrohi nagrik pradhikaran rashtriya kshetra key ack nirdhaarit hisse key bheetar aabaadi parr vaastavik adhikaar kaa prayog kartaa haye.
(gaga) sashastr bull ack sangathit pradhikaran key nirdesh key tahat kaary karate hain aur yuddh key samanya kaanoonon kaa paalan karane key liye taiyar hotey hain.
(gha) kii vidrohi nagrik pradhikaran sammelan key praavdhaanon seey baadhya honey key liye sahmat haye.
kaaran.
2017 key grihyuddh anusandhaan key sameeksha adhyayan key anusaar, grihyuddh key liye teen pramukh spashteekaran hainh lalach-adharit spashteekaran joe vyaktiyon kii apane laabh koo adhikatam karane kii ichcha parr kendrit hain, shikayat-adharit spashteekaran joe samajik-aarthik yaa raajneetik anyaay kii pratikriya key roop mein sangharsh parr kendrit hain, aur avsar-adharit spashteekaran joe una karakon parr kendrit hain joe hinsak gatishilata mein sanlagn honey koo aasaan banaate hain. adhyayan key anusaar, grihyuddh kii shuruat key liye sabse prabhaavshaali spashteekaran james fearan aur david lattin dwara unake 2003 key americi rajneeti vigyaan sameeksha lekh mein avsar-adharit spashteekaran haye.
lalach.
grihyuddh key kaaran kii jaanch karane vaale vidwan dou virodhi siddhanton, lalach banaam shikayat seey aakarshit hotey hain. motey taur parr kahaa gayaa haih kyaa jaatiyata, dharm yaa anya samajik sambaddhata key antar key kaaran sangharsh hotey hain, yaa sangharsh shuru hotey hain kyonki unhein shuru karna vyaktiyon aur samoohon key aarthik sarvottam hiton mein haye? vidvatapurna vishleshan iss nishkarsh kaa samarthan kartaa haye kii grihyuddh kii ghatnaaon kii bhavishyavani karane mein aarthik aur sanrachanaatmak kaarak pehchaan kii tulanaa mein adhik mahatvapurna hain.
21veen sadee kii shuruat mein vishva baink kii ack team dwara grihyuddh kaa ack vyaapak adhyayan kiya gayaa thaa. adhyayan dhancha, jise collier-hoffler model kahaa jaane lagaa, ney 1960 seey 1999 taka grih yuddh honey parr 78 paanch saal kii vriddhi kii jaanch kii, saath hii tulanaa key liye "koee grih yuddh naheen" kii 1,167 paanch saal kii vriddhi kii, aur vibhinn karakon key prabhaav koo dekhane key liye pratigaman vishleshan key liye detta sett koo adheen kiya. jinn karakon koo kissy bhee paanch saal kii avadhi mein grihyuddh honey kii sambhavana parr saankhyikiya roop seey mahatvapurna prabhaav daalane key liye dikhaaya gayaa thaa, way theh
rashtriya niryaat mein praathamik vastuon kaa ack uchch anupaat sangharsh key jokhim koo kaafee badhaata haye. sakal gharelu utpaad key 32 pratishat vaali vastuon key saath "charam khatare" mein ack desh mein, diye gaye paanch saal kii avadhi mein grih yuddh mein padane kaa 22 pratishat jokhim hotaa haye, jabaki ack desh jisamen koee praathamik vastu niryaat naheen hotaa haye, usake liye 1 pratishat jokhim hotaa haye. jaba alag-alag kiya jaataa haye, tou kewal petroleum aur gair-petroleum samoohon ney alag-alag parinam dikhaaeh petroleum niryaat parr apekshaakrit cumm nirbharta vaale desh mein thodaa cumm jokhim hotaa haye, jabaki niryaat key roop mein tail parr nirbharta key uchch star key parinamswarup kissy anya praathamik vastu parr rashtriya nirbharta kii tulanaa mein grih yuddh kaa thodaa adhik jokhim hotaa haye. adhyayan key lekhakon ney ise usa aasaani kaa parinam bataaya jisake dwara praathamik vastuon koo dhana key anya roopon kii tulanaa mein ugaahi yaa kabja kiya jaa sakata haye; udaaharan key liye, paridhan nirmaan yaa aatithya sevaaon key kshetra kii tulanaa mein soney kii khadaan yaa tail kshetra key utpaadan koo pakadana aur niyantrit karna aasaan haye.
vitt kaa doosara srot rashtriya pravaasi hain, joe videshon seey vidrohon aur vidrohiyon koo dhana dey sakate hain. adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii saankhyikiya roop seey adhyayan mein paae gaye sabse chhote seey desh key pravasiyon key aakar koo sabse badey mein badalane key parinamswarup grih yuddh kii sambhavana mein chhah gunaa vriddhi hui.
uchch maadhyamik vidyalaya mein purush namankan, prati vyakti aaya aur aarthik vikas darr, inn sabhi kaa grih yuddh kii sambhavana koo cumm karane parr mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa. vishesh roop seey, ausat seey 10 pratishat adhik purush maadhyamik vidyalaya mein namankan seey sangharsh kii sambhavana lagbhag 3 pratishat cumm hoe jaati haye, jabaki adhyayan ausat seey 1 pratishat adhik vriddhi darr key parinamswarup lagbhag 1 pratishat key grihyuddh kii sambhavana mein girawat aaee haye. adhyayan ney inn teen karakon kii vyakhya vidroh dwara maaf kii gaee kamai key liye proxy key roop mein kii, aur isaliye cumm maaf kii gaee kamai vidroh koo protsaahit karati haye. ack aur tareeke seey kahaa gayaah yuva purush (joe grih yuddhon mein ladaakon kaa vishal bahumat banaate hain) yadi way shiksha praapt curr rahey hain yaa unake paas aramdayak vetan haye, tou vidroh mein shamil honey kii sambhavana cumm hoti haye, aur uchit roop seey maan sakate hain kii way bhavishya mein samriddh honge.
cumm prati vyakti aaya koo shikayat key kaaran key roop mein prastaavit kiya gayaa haye, jisase sashastr vidroh koo badhaava milata haye. haalaanki, yeh sach honey key liye, koee bhee ummeed karega kii aarthik asamaanta bhee vidrohon mein ack mahatvapurna kaarak hogi, joe aisaa naheen haye. isaliye adhyayan ney nishkarsh nikala kii avsar laagat key aarthik model ney nishkarshon koo behtar tareeke seey samajhaaya.
shikayat.
shikayat" key liye adhikansh pratinidhi-yeh siddhant kii grih yuddh arthshastra key bajaay pehchaan key muddon key kaaran shuru hotey hain-aarthik samaantaa, raajneetik adhikaaron, jaatiya dhruvikaran aur dhaarmik anshikaran sahit saankhyikiya roop seey mahatvaheen they. kewal jaatiya prabhutva, jahaan sabse badey jaatiya samooh mein aabaadi kaa bahumat hotaa haye, ney grih yuddh key jokhim koo badhaa diyaa. jaatiya prabhutva vaale desh mein grihyuddh kii sambhavana lagbhag doguni hoti haye. haalaanki, jaatiya aur dhaarmik anshikaran key sanyukt prabhaav, i.ee. jaba taka desh jaatiya prabhutva seey bachata haye, taba taka iss baat kii adhik sambhavana haye kii koee bhee dou yaadrichhik roop seey chune gaye loga alag-alag jaatiya yaa dhaarmik samoohon seey honge, grih yuddh kii cumm sambhavana bhee mahatvapurna aur sakaratmak thee. adhyayan ney isaki vyakhya iss prakaar kii kii yadi alpasankhyak samoohon koo lagata haye kii unakaa prabhutva haye tou unake vidroh karane kii adhik sambhavana haye, lekin vidrohon key honey kii adhik sambhavana haye, aabaadi adhik sajaatiya haye aur iss prakaar vidrohiyon koo adhik ekjut kiya jaataa haye. iss prakaar inn dou karakon koo kaee mamalon mein ack-dusare koo cumm karane key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
lalach banaam shikayat" siddhant kii aalochana.
david utsuk, landan school off economics mein vikas adhyayan sansthaan mein ack professor lalach banaam lalach key pramukh alochakon mein seey ack hain. shikayat siddhant, mukhya roop seey paul collier dwara paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, aur iss bindu parr tark detaa haye kii ack sangharsh, halanki vaha ise paribhaashit naheen curr sakata haye, kewal ack uddeshya key liye nirdisht naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. unakaa maanana haye kii sangharsh bahut adhik jatil hain aur isaliye unakaa vishleshan saral tarikon seey naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye. vaha collier key matratmak anusandhaan tarikon seey asahmat hain aur unakaa maanana haye kii vyaktigat detta aur sangharsh mein logon key maanviya drishtikon parr adhik jore diyaa jaanaa chaahiye.
utsuk honey key alawa, kaee anya lekhakon ney aisee kritiyon koo pesh kiya haye joe yaa tou lalach banaam lalach koo galat saabit karati hain. anubhavjanya detta key saath shikayat siddhant, yaa isake antim nishkarsh koo khariz curr detaa haye. christina bodiya aur ibrahim elbadawi jaise lekhak, jinhone pravishti kaa saha-lekhan kiya, "dange, takhtapalat aur grihyuddhah lalach aur shikayat parr bahas parr phir seey vichaar karna", tark dete hain kii anubhavjanya detta lalach siddhant key kaee prastavakon koo galat saabit curr sakata haye aur vichaar koo "aprasangik" banaa sakata haye. way asankhya karakon kii jaanch karate hain aur nishkarsh nikaalate hain kii bahut saare kaarak sangharsh key saath khel mein aatey hain, jinhen kewal lalach yaa shikayat taka seemit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye.
anthany vincy ack majboot tark detee haye kii "shakti kii kavak avadharana aur astitva kii praathamik prerana sashastr samooh prerana aur adhik vyaapak roop seey, aantarik sanghrshon key aacharan kii behtar vyakhya pradaan karati haye.
avsar.
james fearan aur david lattin koo lagata haye kii jaatiya aur dhaarmik vividhata grih yuddh kii adhik sambhavana naheen banaati haye. isake bajaay way paate hain kii aise kaarak joe vidrohiyon key liye paidal sainikon kii bharti karna aur vidrohiyon koo banaae rakhna aasaan banaate hain, jaise kii "garibi-joe aarthik aur naukarshahi roop seey kamjor raajyon koo chihnit karati haye aur vidrohiyon kii bharti kaa bhee samarthan karati haye-raajneetik asthirta, kharaab bhoobhaag aur badee aabaadi" grih yuddhon kii adhik sambhavana banaate hain.
iss tarah key shodh seey pataa chalata haye kii grih yuddh isaliye hotey hain kyonki raajya kamjor haye; sattawadi aur loktaantrik donon raajya sthir hoe sakate hain yadi unake paas vidrohon koo dabaane kii vittiya aur sainya kshamata haye.
anya kaaran.
molbhaav kii samasyaaen.
grihyuddh seey vighatit raajya mein, ladane vaali shaktiyon key paas aksar yuddh koo samaapt karane key liye dusare paksh kii pratibaddhata mein vishvaas karane kii kshamata yaa vishvaas naheen hotaa haye. jaba ack shaanti samjhaute parr vichaar kiya jaataa haye, tou shamil paksh una uchch protsahanon seey avagat hotey hain joe ack baar vaapas lene key liye hotey hain jaba unamen seey ack ney aisee kaarravaai kii hoti haye joe unaki sainya, raajneetik yaa aarthik shakti koo kamjor curr detee haye. pratibaddhata kii samasyaaen ack sthaayi shaanti samjhaute koo roque sakati hain kyonki vicharadhin shaktiyan iss baat seey avagat hain kii unamen seey koee bhee bhavishya mein saudebaji key apane anta key liye pratibaddh naheen haye. raajya aksar majboot raajneetik aur kanuni sansthanon kii kamee key kaaran sangharsh key jaal (aavarti grih yuddh sangharsh) seey bachane mein asamarth hotey hain joe saudebaji koo prerit karate hain, vivaadon koo nipataate hain aur shaanti samjhaute koo lagu karate hain.
shasson.
raajneetik vaigyaanik barbara aff. walter kaa sujhaav haye kii adhikansh samkaaleen grihyuddh vaastav mein pahale key grihyuddhon kii punaravritti hain joe aksar taba utpann hotey hain jaba netaa janata key prati jawabdeh naheen hotey hain, jaba rajneeti mein janata kii cumm bhagidari hoti haye, aur jaba adhikaariyon aur janata key beach jaankaari kii paardarshita kii kamee hoti haye. walter kaa tark haye kii jaba inn muddon koo thheek seey ulat diyaa jaataa haye, tou way karyakari shakti parr raajneetik aur kanuni pratibandhon key roop mein kaary karate hain joe sthaapit sarkaar koo logon kii behtar seva karane key liye majboor karate hain. isake alawa, yeye raajneetik aur kanuni pratibandh sarkaar koo prabhaavit karane aur sthaapit shaanti sandhiyon kii pratibaddhata vishvasaniyata koo badhaane key liye ack maankeekrit maarg banaate hain. walter key anusaar, yeh kissy rashtra key sansthagatkaran aur sushasana kii taakat haye-naa tou loktantra kii upasthiti aur naa hii garibi star-joe ack baar phir grih yuddh kii sambhavana kaa number ack sanketak haye.
sainya laabh.
jansankhya key uchch star key failaav aur, kuchh hudd taka, pahaadi ilaakon kii upasthiti ney sangharsh kii sambhavana koo badhaa diyaa. yeye donon kaarak vidrohiyon kaa paksh lete hain, kyonki seemaon kii or faili aabaadi koo niyantrit karna ack kendriya kshetra mein kendrit aabaadi kii tulanaa mein kathin haye, jabaki pahaad aise ilaake pradaan karate hain jahaan vidrohi abhayaranya kii talash curr sakate hain. 2006 kii vyavasthit sameeksha mein khurdara bhoobhaag koo adhik mahatvapurna karakon mein seey ack key roop mein ujagar kiya gayaa thaa.
jansankhya kaa aakar.
jansankhya key aakar key saath grih yuddh key badhane key jokhim mein yogdan karane vaale vibhinn kaarak. kissy desh kii aabaadi key aakar key saath ack grihyuddh kaa jokhim lagbhag aanupaatik roop seey badhata haye.
garibi.
garibi aur grihyuddh key beach ack sambandh haye, lekin kaaran (joe dusare kaa kaaran banata haye) spasht naheen haye. kuchh adhyayanon mein paaya gayaa haye kii prati vyakti cumm aaya vaale kshetron mein grihyuddh kii sambhavana adhik haye. arthashastri simone dajankov aur marta renal-kwerol kaa tark haye kii sahsambandh nakali haye, aur yeh kii cumm aaya aur badhe hue sangharsh isake bajaay anya ghatnaaon key utpaad hain. isake vipareet, alex braithwaite aur unake sahyogiyon dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein "garibi seey sangharsh kii or badhane vaale ack kaaran teer" key vyavasthit pramaan dikhaae gaye.
asamaanta.
jabaki poorna kalyan staron aur grih yuddh key prakop kii sambhavana key beach ack kathit nakaratmak sahsambandh haye, saapeksh abhaav vaastav mein ack adhik praasangik sambhaavit kaaran hoe sakata haye. aitihaasik roop seey, uchch asamaanta key star ney uchch grihyuddh kii sambhavana koo janm diyaa. choonki aupaniveshik shasson yaa jansankhya kaa aakar grihyuddh key jokhim koo badhaane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye, isaliye koee bhee yeh nishkarsh nikaal sakata haye kii "adiwasi rekhaaon key paar seemaon key nirmaan aur upaniveshvadiyon dwara kharaab vyavhaar key kaaran upaniveshon kaa asantosh" nagrik sanghrshon kaa ack mahatvapurna kaaran haye. 
samay.
pichhale grihyuddh key baad seey jitna adhik samay beet gayaa haye, sangharsh kii punaravritti kii sambhavana utani hii cumm haye. adhyayan mein isake liye dou sambhaavit spashteekaran theh ack avsar-adharit aur doosara shikayat-adharit. beetata samay vidroh jiss bhee poonji parr ladaa gayaa thaa, usake mulyahras kaa pratinidhitva curr sakata haye aur iss prakaar sangharsh koo phir seey shuru karane key avsar laagat mein vriddhi hoe sakati haye. vaikalpik roop seey, beet gayaa samay purani nafaraton koo thheek karane kii kramik prakriya kaa pratinidhitva curr sakata haye. adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii pravaasi kii upasthiti ney samay key sakaratmak prabhaav koo kaafee cumm curr diyaa, kyonki pravaasi seey dhana vidroh-vishisht poonji key mulyahras koo cumm kartaa haye.
vikaasvaadi manovaigyaanik satoshi kanazawa ney tark diyaa haye kii antar-samooh sangharsh kaa ack mahatvapurna kaaran prajanan ayu kii mahilaaon kii saapeksh upalabdhata hoe sakati haye. unhone paaya kii bahuvivaah ney grih yuddhon kii aavritti mein bahut vriddhi kii, lekin antarrajyiya yuddhon mein naheen. gladits aur anya. bahuvivaah key saath jaatiya samoohon key beach sambandh naheen paaya gayaa aur grih yuddhon kii aavritti mein vriddhi hui, lekin kanuni bahuvivaah vaale deshon mein adhik grih yuddh hoe sakate hain. unhone tark diyaa kii stree-dwesh bahuvivaah seey behtar vyakhya haye. unhone paaya kii mahilaaon key adhikaaron mein vriddhi cumm grih yuddhon seey judee thee aur mahilaaon key adhikaaron key liye niyantrit honey key baad kanuni bahuvivaah kaa koee prabhaav naheen padaa.
yell vishvavidyalaya kii raajneetik vidwan elizabeth wood ney ack aur tark diyaa haye kii nagrik kyon vidroh karate hain aur/yaa grih yuddh kaa samarthan karate hain. salvadoran grihyuddh key apane adhyayan key madhyam seey, lakadi koo pataa chalata haye kii lalach aur shikayat kii paaramparik vyakhya usa vidrohi andolan key udbhav kii vyakhya karane key liye paryaapt naheen haye. isake bajaay, vaha tark detee haye kii "bhaavnaatmak vyastataaen" aur "naitik pratibaddhataaen" mukhya kaaran hain kii hajaaron nagrik, jinamen seey adhikansh garib aur graameen prishthabhoomi seey hain, vyaktigat roop seey uchch jokhimon aur lagbhag koee purvanumeya laabh donon kaa saamana karane key bavjood, farabando marty rashtriya mukti morche mein shamil hue yaa unakaa samarthan kiya. wood grihyuddh mein bhagidari kaa shreya vidrohiyon koo ell salvador mein badalate samajik sambandhon key liye diye gaye moolya koo bhee detee haye, ack anubhav jise vaha "agency key anand" key roop mein paribhaashit karati haye.
avadhi aur prabhaav.
kabhi naa khatm honey vaale yuddhon" key lekhak, aine hironaka, grih yuddhon key aadhunik itihas koo 19veen shatabdi seey pahale, 19veen shatabdi seey laker 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat aur 20veen shatabdi key anta mein vibhajit karate hain. 19veen shatabdi key europe mein, grih yuddhon kii avadhi kaafee hudd taka raajya key shakti kendra key liye sanghrshon kii prakriti, kendrikrit sarkaaron kii taakat aur aam taur parr sarkaar kaa samarthan karane key liye anya raajyon dwara twarit aur nirnaayak hastakshep key kaaran gir gaee. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad grih yuddhon kii avadhi 19veen shatabdi seey pahale key maanak seey aage badh gaee, joe kaafee hudd taka kaee uttar aupaniveshik raajyon kii kamjori aur sangharsh key donon pakshon kii pramukh shaktiyon key hastakshep key kaaran thee. grihyuddhon kii sabse spasht samaantaa yeh haye kii way najuk raajyon mein hotey hain.
19veen aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein.
19veen shatabdi mein aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein grih yuddh chhote they; 1900 aur 1944 key beach grih yuddh ausatan dedh saal taka chaley. adhikansh mamalon mein raajya ney swayam hii adhikaar kaa spasht kendra banaaya, aur iss prakaar raajya key niyantran key liye grih yuddh ladey gaye. iska matlab thaa kii rajdhani aur senaa parr jiska bhee niyantran thaa, vaha aam taur parr pratirodh koo kuchal sakata thaa. ack vidroh joe rajdhani koo jaldi seey jabt karane aur senaa key niyantran mein whiffle rhaa, samanya roop seey teji seey vinash key liye abhishapt paaya gayaa. udaaharan key liye, 1871 peris samudaay seey judee ladaai lagbhag poori tarah seey peris mein hui, aur ack baar jaba senaa ney varsaay mein sarkaar kaa paksh liya aur peris parr vijay praapt kii tou yeh jaldi hii samaapt hoe gaee.
gair-raajya abhinetaon kii shakti key parinamswarup 18veen aur 19veen shatabdi mein samprabhuta parr cumm moolya rakhaa gayaa, jisase grih yuddhon kii sankhya aur cumm hoe gaee. udaaharan key liye, berber tata key samudri dakuon koo unaki sainya shakti key kaaran "vaastavik" raajyon key roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee. iss prakaar berber samudri dakuon koo apani samprabhuta kii maanyata praapt karane key liye ottoman samrajya-unaki nammatra kii raajya sarkaar-key khilaf vidroh karane kii koee aavashyakta naheen thee. isake vipareet, sanyukt raajya america mein virginia aur massachusets jaise raajyon key paas samprabhu sthiti naheen thee, lekin kamjor sanghiya niyantran key saath mahatvapurna raajneetik aur aarthik swatantrata thee, jisase alag honey key liye protsaahan cumm hoe gayaa thaa.
dou pramukh vaishvik vichardharaon, rajtantra aur loktantra ney kaee grih yuddhon kaa netritva kiya. haalaanki, dou vichardharaon key beach vibhajit ack dwi-dhruviya duniya, vikasit naheen hui, joe jyaadaatar avadhi key dauran rajtantravadiyon key prabhutva key kaaran thee. iss prakaar rajtantravadi aam taur parr anya deshon mein loktaantrik andolanon koo niyantran mein lene aur loktaantrik sarkaaron key gathan koo rokane key liye hastakshep karate they, jinhen rajtantravadiyon dwara khatarnak aur apratyaashit donon key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa. mahaan shaktiyaan (1815 kii vienna congress mein united kingdam, habsberg austriya, prussia, france aur roose key roop mein paribhaashit) aksar anya deshon key grih yuddhon mein hastakshep kaa samanvaya karati theen, lagbhag hamesha maujooda sarkaar key paksh mein. mahaan shaktiyon kii sainya taakat koo dekhate hue, yeye hastakshep lagbhag hamesha nirnaayak saabit hue aur grih yuddhon koo jaldi seey samaapt curr diyaa.
iss avadhi key dauran twarit grih yuddhon key samanya niyam seey kaee apavaad they. americi grihyuddh (1861-1865) cumm seey cumm dou karanon seey asamanya thaah yeh kshetriya pehchaan key saath-saath raajneetik vichardharaon key ird-gird ladaa gayaa thaa, aur yeh rajdhani key niyantran parr nirnaayak ladaai key bajaay sangharsh key yuddh key madhyam seey samaapt huaa, jaisa kii maanak thaa. spanish grihyuddh (1936-1939) asadharan saabit huaa kyonki sangharsh mein "donon pakshon" koo madhyasth mahaan shaktiyon seey samarthan milaah germany, itali aur purtagaal ney vipakshi netaa francisco franco kaa samarthan kiya, jabaki fraans aur soviyat sangh ney sarkaar kaa samarthan kiya (chhadm yuddh dekhein).
1945 seey.
1990 key dashak mein, ack ausat varsh key dauran lagbhag bees grih yuddh samvarti roop seey hoe rahey they, joe 19veen shatabdi key baad seey aitihaasik ausat seey lagbhag duss gunaa adhik haye. haalaanki, nae grih yuddhon kii darr mein ullekhaniya vriddhi naheen hui thee; dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad chala rahey yuddhon kii sankhya mein bhaari vriddhi grih yuddhon kii ausat avadhi key teen gunaa badhkar chaar saal seey adhik honey kaa parinam thaa. yeh vriddhi raajyon kii badhati sankhya, 1945 key baad raajyon kii najukta, antarrajyiya yuddh mein girawat aur sheet yuddh pratidvandvita kaa parinam thee.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, pramukh europeeya shaktiyon ney badhati darr seey apane upaniveshon seey khud koo alag curr liyaah yuddh key baad poorv-aupaniveshik raajyon kii sankhya lagbhag 30 seey badhkar lagbhag 120 hoe gaee. 1980 key dashak mein raajya gathan kii darr cumm hoe gaee, jiss samay kuchh upanivesh baney rahey. adhik raajyon kaa matlab adhik raajya bhee they jinamen lambe grih yuddh honey chaahiye. hironaka saankhyikiya roop seey poorv-aupaniveshik raajyon kii badhati sankhya key prabhaav koo maapata haye kyonki dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad grih yuddh kii ghatnaaon mein poorv-1945 kii sankhya kii tulanaa mein + 165% kii vriddhi hui haye.
jabaki nae poorv-aupaniveshik raajya aadarsh raajya key khaake kaa paalan karate dikhaai diye-kendrikrit sarkaar, paribhaashit seemaon seey ghiraa kshetra, aur paribhaashit adhikaaron key saath nagrik-saath ack rashtriya dhwaj, ack rashtragaan, sanyukt rashtra mein ack seat aur ack aadhikarik aarthik neeti jaise sahayak upkaran, way vaastav mein paschimi raajyon kii tulanaa mein bahut kamjor they, jinake baad way model kiye gaye they. paschimi raajyon mein, sarkaaron kii sanrachana raajyon kii vaastavik kshamataon seey nikatata seey mell khaati haye, joe sadiyon seey kathin roop seey vikasit hui thee. majboot prashaasnik sanrachanaon kaa vikas, vishesh roop seey karon key nishkarshan seey sambandhit, 17veen aur 18veen shatabdi mein hinsak europeeya raajyon key beach teevra yuddh seey nikatata seey judaa huaa haye, yaa charles tilly key prasiddh sutrikaran menh "yuddh ney raajya koo banaaya aur raajya ney yuddh kiya. udaaharan key liye, 19veen shatabdi mein germany aur itali key aadhunik raajyon kaa gathan kramshah prussia aur sardinia-peedmont key netritva mein vistaar aur samekan key yuddhon seey nikatata seey judaa huaa haye. prabhaavi aur avaiyaktik naukarshahi banaane, kushal curr pranaliyon koo vikasit karane aur rashtriya kshetra koo ekikrit karane kii paschimi prakriya 20veen shatabdi taka jaari rahee. phir bhee, 20veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein jeevit rahane vaale paschimi raajyon koo saral kaaran seey "majboot" maanaa jaataa thaa kii way apane saathi raajyon dwara shikaar seey bachane key liye aavashyak sansthaagat sanrachanaon aur sainya kshamata koo vikasit karane mein kamyab rahey they.
isake vipareet, upaniveshvaad raajya gathan kii ack poori tarah seey alag prakriya thee. adhikansh samrajyavadi shaktiyon ney swatantrata key liye apane upaniveshon koo taiyar karane kii aavashyakta kaa anuman naheen lagaaya thaa; udaaharan key liye, britten ney bhaarat aur srilanka koo seemit swa-shasson diyaa thaa, jabaki british somaliland koo ack vyaparik pada seey thodaa adhik maanaa jaataa thaa, jabaki francisi upaniveshon key liye sabhi pramukh nirnay peris aur belgium mein kiye gaye they, jaba taka kii 1960 mein achaanak apane upaniveshon koo swatantrata naheen dee gaee thee. pichhali shataabdiyon key paschimi raajyon kii tarah, nae poorv-upaniveshon mein swaayatt naukarshahi kii kamee thee, joe ack vishesh hita samooh key paksh mein bhrashtachar aur bhaai-bhatijawad key laabh key aadhar parr nirnay lete they. aisee sthiti mein, gutt raajya koo laabh pahunchaane key liye jodd-toda karate hain yaa, vaikalpik roop seey, raajya key netaa apane swayam key hita koo aage badhaane key liye naukarshahi kaa upayog karate hain. vishvasaniya shasson kii kamee iss tathya seey aur badh gaee kii adhikansh upanivesh swatantrata key samay aarthik nuksankarta they, jinamen aarthik gatividhi seey sansadhanon koo prabhaavi dhang seey nikaalane key liye ack utpaadak aarthik aadhar aur ack karadhan pranali donon kii kamee thee. upaniveshvaad key unmoolan mein laabhdaayak durlabh raajyon mein bhaarat thaa, jisamen vidvaanon kaa tark haye kii uganda, malaysia aur angola koo shamil kiya jaa sakata haye. naa hii shaahi shaktiyon ney kshetriya ekikaran koo prathamikta dee, aur naa hii unhone apane shasson key liye khatare key roop mein navodit raashtravaad koo hatotsaahit kiya hoga. iss prakaar kaee nae swatantra raajyon ney khud koo garib paaya, ack khandit samaaj mein nyuntam prashaasnik kshamata key saath, jabaki ack aadhunik raajya kii maangon koo turant puuraa karane kii apeksha kaa saamana karna padaa. aise raajyon koo "kamjor" yaa "najuk" maanaa jaataa haye. majboot"-"kamjor" vargeekaran "paschimi"-"gair-paschimi" key samaan naheen haye, kyonki kuchh lattin americi raajya jaise kii argentine aur brazil aur madhya purvi raajya jaise misra aur israel koo "majboot" prashaasnik sanrachana aur aarthik buniyaadi dhancha maanaa jaataa haye.
aitihaasik roop seey, antarrashtriya samudaay ney kshetriya avashoshan yaa aupaniveshik prabhutva key liye kamjor raajyon koo lakshit kiya hoga yaa, vaikalpik roop seey, aise raajya itane chhote tukadon mein tukade hoe jaayenge kii prabhaavi roop seey prashaasit aur sthaaniya shakti dwara surakshit kiye jaa sakein. haalaanki, dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad samprabhuta key prati antarrashtriya maandandon mein aise tarikon seey badalaav aaya joe kamjor raajyon key astitva kaa samarthan aur rakharkhaav karate hain. kamjor raajyon koo anya raajyon key barabar "dee jeur" samprabhuta dee jaati haye, taba bhee jaba unake paas "vaastavik" samprabhuta yaa apane kshetra kaa niyantran naheen hotaa haye, jisamen antarrashtriya rajanyik maanyata aur sanyukt rashtron mein samaan vote key visheshaadhikaar shamil hain. isake alawa, antarrashtriya samudaay kamjor raajyon koo vikas sahaayata pradaan kartaa haye, joe ack kaaryasheel aadhunik raajya key roop koo banaae rakhane mein madad kartaa haye, yeh dikhaakar kii raajya niyantran aur vyavastha kii apani nihit jimmedariyon koo puuraa karane mein saksham haye. kshetriya aakraamakta key khilaf ack majboot antarrashtriya kaanoon shasson aur maandandon kaa gathan antarrajyiya yuddhon kii sankhya mein naatakiya girawat key saath dridhata seey judaa huaa haye, halanki iska shreya sheet yuddh key prabhaav yaa aarthik vikas kii badalati prakriti koo bhee diyaa gayaa haye. natijatan, kshetriya vilay key parinamswarup honey vaali sainya aakraamakta seey antarrashtriya ninda, rajanyik ninda, antarrashtriya sahaayata mein kamee yaa aarthik manjuri kii shuruat, yaa, jaise kii 1990 mein iraq dwara kuwait parr aakraman key mamle mein, kshetriya aakraamakta koo ulatane key liye antarrashtriya sainya hastakshep kii sambhavana badh gaee. isi tarah, antarrashtriya samudaay ney algavvadi kshetron koo maanyata dene seey kaafee hudd taka incar curr diyaa haye, jabaki kuchh algavvadi swa-ghoshit raajyon jaise somaliland koo rajanyik maanyata mein rakhaa haye. jabaki sambandhon kii jaanch karane vaale akaadamik kaary kaa ack badaa nikaay naheen haye, hironaka key saankhyikiya adhyayan mein ack sahsambandh paaya gayaa joe bataata haye kii pratyek pramukh antarrashtriya algavvadi virodhi ghoshana ney chala rahey grihyuddhon kii sankhya mein 10 pratishat yaa kull + 114% kii vriddhi kii 1945 seey 1997 taka. antarrashtriya samudaay dwara dee gaee rajanyik aur kanuni suraksha, saath hii kamjor sarkaaron koo aarthik samarthan aur algaav koo hatotsaahit karane key saath-saath iss prakaar grih yuddhon koo protsaahit karane kaa anpekshit prabhaav padaa.
baahari shaktiyon dwara hastakshep.
1945 key baad seey grih yuddhon mein bahut adhik antarrashtriya hastakshep huaa haye, jisamen kuchh ney yuddhon koo badhaane key liye kaam kiya haye. patrick aim key anusaar. regan ney apani pustak "grih yuddh aur videshi shaktiyon" (2000) mein dwiteeya vishva yuddh key anta aur 2000 key beach 138 antarrajyiya sanghrshon key lagbhag 2-3 bhaag mein antarrashtriya hastakshep dekhaa, jisamen sanyukt raajya america ney inmein seey 35 sanghrshon mein hastakshep kiya. jabaki antarrashtriya pranali key astitva key baad seey hastakshep kaa abhyaas kiya jaa rhaa haye, isaki prakriti kaafee badal gaee haye. raajya aur vipakshi samooh donon key liye videshi samarthan praapt karna aam baat hoe gaee, jisase gharelu sansaadhan samaapt honey key baad yuddhon koo jaari rakhane mein madad millie. europeeya mahaan shaktiyon jaisi mahashaktiyon ney hamesha apane hiton koo prabhaavit karane vaale grih yuddhon mein hastakshep karane mein koee sankoch mahsoos naheen kiya thaa, jabaki sanyukt raajya america jaisi door kii kshetriya shaktiyan apane madhya americi "pichwade" mein ghatnaaon key liye 1821 key hastakshepvadi monro siddhant kii ghoshana curr sakati theen. haalaanki, 1945 key baad kamjor raajyon kii badee aabaadi ney poorv aupaniveshik shaktiyon, kshetriya shaktiyon aur padosi raajyon dwara hastakshep kii anumati dee, jinake paas aksar durlabh sansaadhan they.
hastakshep kii prabhavsheelta.
hastakshep kii prabhavsheelta parr vyaapak roop seey bahas kii jaati haye, aanshik roop seey kyonki detta chayan purvagrah seey peedit haye; jaisa kii fortna ney tark diyaa haye, shaanti rakshak khud koo kathin mamalon mein chunate hain. iss prabhaav koo niyantrit karate samay, forta kaa maanana haye kii shaanti sthaapana yuddhon koo chhota karane mein shandar roop seey safal haye. haalaanki, anya vidwan asahmat hain. nouse aur karbhari hastakshepon kii prabhavsheelta key baare mein behad sandehpurna hain, yeh maanate hue kii way kewal tabhi kaam curr sakate hain jaba way atyadhik savdhani aur sandarbh key prati samvedansheelta key saath pradarshan kiye jaate hain, ack ranneeti jise way 'siddhant vriddhivaad' kaa label dete hain. unake liye kuchh hastakshepon ney iss tarah key drishtikon kaa pradarshan kiya haye. anya vidwan adhik vishisht aalochanaaen karate hain; udaaharan key liye, dube aur nayudu, yeh darshaate hain kii sainya sahaayata, hastakshep kaa ack cumm paaramparik roop, ardhsainik balon key liye durupyog kiya jaataa haye, iss prakaar hinsa koo badhaa detaa haye. weinstein kaa maanana haye kii hastakshep 'swaayatt punarpraapti' kii prakriyaon koo baadhit curr sakate hain, jisake tahat grih yuddh raajya-nirmaan mein yogdan detaa haye.
ausatan, antarrajyiya hastakshep key saath ack grihyuddh 300% binaa hastakshep key logon kii tulanaa mein lamba thaa. jaba alag-alag kiya jaataa haye, tou kewal ack paksh key hastakshep key saath ack grih yuddh 156% lamba hotaa haye, jabaki jaba donon pakshon parr hastakshep hotaa haye tou ausat grih yuddh atirikt 92 pratishat lamba hotaa haye. yadi hastakshep karane vaale raajyon mein seey ack ack mahashakti thaa, tou ack grihyuddh aur 72 pratishat lamba hotaa haye; angolan grihyuddh jaise sangharsh, jisamen ack mahashakti (vaastav mein, angola key mamle mein dou mahashaktiyon) sahit dou-tarfa videshi hastakshep hotaa haye, binaa kissy antarrashtriya hastakshep key grihyuddh kii tulanaa mein ausatan adhik lamba hotaa haye.
sheet yuddh kaa prabhaav.
sheet yuddh (1947-1991) ney samagri aur vaichaarik samarthan kaa ack vaishvik network pradaan kiya joe aksar grih yuddhon koo banaae rakhane mein madad kartaa thaa, joe mukhya roop seey kamjor poorv-aupaniveshik raajyon mein ladey gaye they, naa kii apekshaakrit majboot raajyon mein joe yuddh sandhi aur uttar atlantic sandhi sangathan key saath sanrekhit they. kuchh mamalon mein, mahashaktiyan sthaaniya sanghrshon parr sheet yuddh kii vichardhara koo adhiropit karatin, jabaki anya mein sheet yuddh kii vichardhara kaa upayog karane vaale sthaaniya abhineta samarthan praapt karane key liye ack mahashakti kaa dhyaan aakarshit karate hain. hastakshep key liye oopar upayog kii gaee tulanaa mein ack alag saankhyikiya mulyankan kaa upayog karate hue, grih yuddh jisamen samarthak yaa saamyavaadi virodhi bull shamil they, ausat gair-sheet yuddh sangharsh kii tulanaa mein adhik samay taka chaley, jabaki ack sheet yuddh grih yuddh jisane mahashakti hastakshep koo aakarshit kiya, key parinamswarup yuddh aamtaur parr anya grih yuddhon kii tulanaa mein teen gunaa adhik lambe samay taka chaley. isake vipareet, 1989 mein berlin kii deewaar girane seey chihnit sheet yuddh key anta key parinamswarup sheet yuddh key grihyuddh kii avadhi mein 92 pratishat kii kamee aaee yaa, ack anya tareeke seey, sheet yuddh key grihyuddhon key samadhan kii darr mein lagbhag duss gunaa vriddhi hui. lambe sheet yuddh seey judey nagrik sangharsh joe ack viram key liye jameen parr hain, unamen gwatemala (1960-1996), ell salvador (1979-1991) aur nikaragua (1970-1990) key yuddh shamil hain.
2003 key baad.
barbara aff key anusaar. walter, vaha tark detee haye 
prabhaav.
grihyuddhon key aksar gambhir aarthik parinam hotey hainh dou adhyayanon kaa anuman haye kii grihyuddh key pratyek varsh seey desh kii gdp vriddhi mein lagbhag 2 pratishat kii kamee aatee haye. iska kshetriya prabhaav bhee haye, jisase padosi deshon kii jee. dee. pee. vriddhi mein kamee aatee haye. grih yuddhon mein desh koo sangharsh key jaal mein fansaane kii kshamata bhee haye, jahaan pratyek sangharsh bhavishya key sangharsh kii sambhavana koo badhaata haye.

