
purana norse dharm

purana norse dharm, jise norse moortipoojak key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, german dharm kii ack shakha kaa sabse aam naam haye joe proto-norse avadhi key dauran vikasit huaa, jaba uttar german loga german logon kii ack alag shakha mein alag hoe gaye. ise isai dharm dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur scandinavia key isaikaran key dauran bhulaa diyaa gayaa thaa. vidwan aitihaasik bhashavigyan, puraatatva, sthalaakriti aur uttar german logon dwara chhode gaye abhilekhon dwara uttar german dharm key pahaluon kaa punarnirmaan karate hain, jaise kii yuva foothark mein runik shilalekh, joe runik varnamala kaa ack spasht roop seey uttar german vistaar haye. 13veen shatabdi key norse pauranik kathaaon key record key kaee puraane norse kaary, joe uttar german dharm kaa ack ghatak haye.
purana norse dharm bahudevaadi thaa, jisamen vibhinn devi-devtaon mein vishvaas thaa. norse pauranik kathaaon mein inn devtaon koo dou samoohon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, esir aur vaneer, joe kuchh sroton mein kahaa jaataa thaa kii way ack pracheen yuddh mein lagey hue they jaba taka kii unhein ehsas naheen huaa kii way samaan roop seey shaktishali they. sabse vyaapak devtaon mein odeen aur thore devta they. iss duniya mein baune, kalpit baune aur bhoo-rakshak sahit vibhinn anya pauranik jaatiyan bhee rahati theen. norse brahmand vigyaan ack vishva vriksh key ird-gird ghoomata haye jise ygdrasil key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jisamen manushyon key saath-saath vibhinn kshetra maujood hain, jinhen midguard naam diyaa gayaa haye. inmein kaee maranoparant jeevan shamil hain, jinamen seey kaee ack vishesh devta dwara niyantrit hain.
samhitaabaddh granthon key bajaay maukhik sanskriti key madhyam seey preshit, puraane norse dharm ney anushthaan abhyaas parr bahut adhik dhyaan kendrit kiya, jisamen raajaon aur pramukhon ney balidan key saarvajanik karyon koo karane mein kendriya bhoomika nibhai. vibhinn dhaarmik sthaanon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa; shuru mein, udyaanon aur jheelon jaise baahari sthaanon koo aam taur parr chunaa jaataa thaa, lekin teesari shatabdi key baad aisaa lagata haye kii dhaarmik gharon koo bhee uddeshyapurna roop seey anushthaan gatividhi key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, halanki way kabhi bhee vyaapak naheen they. norse samaaj mein "seedar" key vyavsaayiyon koo bhee shamil kiya gayaa thaa, joe jadugari kaa ack roop haye jise kuchh vidwan shamanwadi key roop mein varnit karate hain. vibhinn prakaar key dafanaane kaa sanchaalan kiya gayaa, jisamen inhumation aur daah sanskar donon shamil they, aamtaur parr vibhinn prakaar key kabr saman key saath.
isake poore itihas mein, padosi logon key beach paar-saanskritik prasaar key vibhinn star hue, jaise kii saami aur finn. 12veen shatabdi taka, puraane norse dharm koo isai dharm dwara pratisthaapit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen scandinavian lokkathaon mein tatva jaari they. 19veen shatabdi key romantikwadi andolan key beach puraane norse dharm mein ruchi kaa punruddhar huaa, jisake dauran isane kaee kalakritiyon koo prerit kiya. iss vishay mein akaadamik shodh 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein shuru huaa, joe shuru mein vyaapak romantic bhavna seey prabhaavit thaa.
shabdawali.
puraatatvavid anders andrine ney nott kiya kii "purana norse dharm" "paaramparik naam" haye joe scandinavia key poorv-isai dharmon parr lagu hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye vidwan sroton dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale anya shabdon mein "poorv-isai norse dharm", "norse dharm", "norse moortipoojak", "nordic moortipoojak", "scandinavian moortipoojak", "scandinavian ooshmaa", "scandinavian dharm", "uttari moortipoojak", "uttari ooshmaa", "uttari german dharm" yaa "uttar german moortipoojak" shamil hain. iss puraane norse dharm koo bhashai roop seey german europe mein paae jaane vaale ack vyaapak german dharm key hisse key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye; iss german dharm key vibhinn roopon mein, puraane norse kaa sabse achchha pralekhit haye.
anushthaan abhyaas aur maukhik parampara mein nihit, purana norse dharm poori tarah seey norse jeevan key anya pahaluon key saath ekikrit thaa, jisamen nirvaah, yuddh aur samajik baatchit shamil thee. purani norse maanyataon key khule samhitaakaran yaa tou durlabh they yaa gair-maujood they. iss vishvaas pranali key abhyasakon key paas swayam koee shabd naheen thaa jiska arth "dharm" thaa, jise kewal isai dharm key saath pesh kiya gayaa thaa. isai dharm key aagaman key baad, poorv-isai pranaliyon key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale puraane norse shabd "forren see" ("purani pratha") yaa "heidin see" ("oonche rivaaj") they, joe shabd swayam vishvaas key bajaay anushthaanon, karyon aur vyavhaaron parr jore dene kaa sujhaav dete hain. puraane norse shabd "heidin" kaa sabse pahala gyaat upayog kavita "hakonarmal" mein haye; isake upayog yahaan ingit karate hain kii isai dharm key aagaman ney puraane norse dharm koo ack alag dharm key roop mein chetna utpann kii haye.
puraane norse dharm koo ack jaatiya dharm key roop mein aur ack "gair-saiddhaantik samudayik dharm" key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. yeh samay key saath, vibhinn kshetron aur sthaanon mein aur samajik matbhedon key anusaar bhinn hotaa haye. yeh bhinnata aanshik roop seey samhitaabaddh granthon key bajaay maukhik sanskriti key madhyam seey isake sancharan key kaaran haye. iss kaaran seey, puraatatvidon andren, christina genbert aur catherina rodware ney kahaa kii "poorv-isai norse dharm ack samaan yaa sthir shreni naheen haye", jabaki vidwan curran beck-pedderson ney nott kiya kii "purani norse vishvaas pranali kii kalpana shayed bahuvachan mein, kaee pranaliyon key roop mein kii jaani chaahiye. dharm key itihaaskaar hilda ellis davidson ney kahaa kii yeh "jatil prateekvaad" kii abhivyaktiyon seey laker "cumm parishkrit logon key saral lock-vishvaason" taka hoga.
wiking yug key dauran, norse sambhavatah apani saajha german bhasha, purani norse key madhyam seey khud koo ack cumm yaa adhik ekikrit ikai key roop mein maanate they. scandinavian adhyayan key vidwan thomas aeye. dubois ney kahaa kii uttari europe mein puraane norse dharm aur anya poorv-isai vishvaas pranaliyon koo "alag-thalag, parasparik roop seey ananya bhasha-baddh sansthaon key roop mein naheen, balki saanskritik aur bhashai rekhaaon mein saajha kii gaee vyaapak avadhaaranaon key roop mein dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye, joe samaan paaristhitik karakon aur lambe aarthik aur saanskritik sambandhon dwara shartit hain. iss avadhi key dauran, norse ney anya jaatiya saanskritik aur bhashai samoohon key saath nikatata seey baatchit kii, jaise kii saami, balto-finn, anglo-saxon, greenlandic inuit, aur celtic aur slavic bhaashaon key vibhinn vaktaa. norwey aur inmein seey kaee anya samoohon key beach aarthik, vaivaahik aur dhaarmik adaan-pradaan huaa. british dweepon key gulam wiking yug key dauran poore nordic duniya mein aam they. puraane norse dharm key vibhinn tatvon kii vibhinn utpatti aur itihas they; kuchh pahalu pragaitihasik kaal kii gaharaai seey praapt hoe sakate hain, anya kewal isai dharm key saath muthbhed key baad ubhar rahey hain.
srot.
hilda ellis davidson key shabdon mein, puraane norse dharm key vartamaan gyaan mein "vishal antaral" hain, aur hamein satark rehna chaahiye aur "alag-alag vivaranon parr jangli dhaaranaon" koo aadhar banaane seey bachana chaahiye.
scandinavian paath srot.
dhaarmik samagri vaale kuchh runic shilalekh scandinavia seey bachate hain, vishesh roop seey thore koo ack smaarak patthar koo pavitra karane yaa usaki raksha karane key liye kahate hain; patthar parr apane hathaude koo taraashane seey bhee yeh kaary huaa.
kuchh runic tukadon key vipareet, saahityik aur aitihaasik sroton kaa ack badaa hissa lattin lipi kaa upayog karke purani norse pandulipiyon mein jeevit haye, joe sabhi scandinavia key isaikaran key baad banaae gaye they, adhikansh iceland mein. puraane norse dharm key liye pahala vyaapak nordic paath srot "kavyatmak edda" thaa. kuchh kavyatmak srot, vishesh roop seey, kavyatmak edda aur scaldic kavita, mool roop seey anyamatiyon dwara rachit hoe sakati haye, aur "havmal" mein naastik rahasyavaad aur jise ursula dronke ney "anushthaan daayitvon kaa ack round-upp" kahaa haye, donon kii jaankaari hoti haye. isake alawa gaathaon mein moortipoojak maanyataon aur prathaon key baare mein jaankaari haye, jisamen snorry sterlusson kii "hemscringla" aur iceland key basti aur praarambhik itihas koo yaad karate hue, aur icelandic vyaktiyon aur samoohon seey sambandhit icelanders kii tathaakathit gaathaaen, donon aitihaasik gaathaaen shamil hain; cumm yaa jyada kaalpanik pauranik kathaaen bhee hain. kaee scaldic chhand gaathaon mein sanrakshit hain. mool roop seey anyajaati key karyon mein, humm yeh naheen zaan sakate kii maukhik prasaran key dauran yaa isaaiyon dwara darj kiye jaane key parinamswarup kyaa parivartan hue; vishesh roop seey, icelanders kii gaathaon koo abb adhikansh vidvaanon dwara vistrit aitihaasik record key bajaay cumm yaa jyada aitihaasik kathaa key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. nissandeh pauranik kavitaon kii ack badee matra khou gaee haye.
ack mahatvapurna likhit srot snorry kaa "gadya edda" haye, jisamen cannings key nirmaan mein kaviyon key upayog key liye norse pauranik kathaaon kaa ack manual shamil haye; isamen kaee uddharan bhee shamil hain, jinamen seey kuchh khoye hue kavitaon kaa ekmatra record haye, jaise kii havinir kii "hustlong" kaa thjodoff. snorry kaa prastaavana trojan key roop mein esir koo ginati haye, joe "asia" seey "esir" praapt karati haye, aur kuchh vidvaanon koo sandeh haye kii kaee kahaaniyan joe hamaare paas kewal unase hain, way bhee isai madhyayugeen sanskriti seey praapt hain.
gair-scandinavian paath srot.
gair-scandinavian loga puraane norse key alawa anya bhaashaon mein atirikt srot likhate hain. puraane norse dharm key liye pahala gair-scandinavian paath srot tacitus 'germania' thaa joe lagbhag 100 esvi kaa haye aur kaee german logon kii dhaarmik prathaon kaa varnan kartaa haye, lekin isamen scandinavia kaa bahut cumm coverage haye. madhya yug mein, kaee isai tippanikaron ney bhee scandinavian moortipoojak key baare mein likhaa, jyaadaatar shatrutapurna drishtikon seey. inmein seey sabse prasiddh hain bremen key "gesta hummabergansis acclesia pontifium" (hamberg key bishapon kaa itihas) kaa addam, joe 1066 aur 1072 key beach likhaa gayaa haye, jisamen upsala mein mandir kaa ack vivaran shamil haye, aur saxo vyaakaran '12 veen shatabdi kaa "gesta danorum" (daine kaa itihas), jisamen norse mithakon key sanskaran aur moortipoojak dhaarmik prathaon parr kuchh samagri shamil haye. isake alawa, musalman arabon ney norse logon key baare mein likhaa, jinka way saamana karate they, jinamen seey sabse prasiddh ibn fadlan kaa 10veen shatabdi kaa "risala" haye, joe volga wiking vyapariyon kaa ack vivaran haye jisamen ack jahaaj koo dafanaane kaa vistrit vivaran shamil haye.
puraataatvik aur toponomic sakshya.
choonki puraane norse sroton kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale saahityik sakshya isaaiyon dwara darj kiye gaye they, isaliye puraataatvik sakshya, vishesh roop seey dhaarmik sthalon aur dafanaane key saboot, vishesh roop seey dharm parivartan seey pahale norse dharm parr jaankaari key srot key roop mein, bahut mahatvapurna hain. bhautik sanskriti key kaee pahalu-jisamen basti key sthaan, kalaakritiyaan aur imaaraten shamil hain-maanyataon parr prakaash daal sakate hain, aur dhaarmik prathaon key sambandh mein puraataatvik sakshya kalanukramik, bhaugolik aur varg key antar koo jeevit granthon dwara sujhaae gaye antar seey kaheen adhik ingit karate hain.
sthaanon key naam saboot kaa ack atirikt srot hain. devtaon key naamon kii ack jodee jahaan nikat hoti haye, una udaharanon sahit, hamaare praarambhik likhit sroton seey pahale key vibhinn kshetron mein una devtaon key dharm key mahatva kaa sanket pradaan karate hain. sthalnam sakshya kaafee kshetriya bhinnata dikhaata haye, aur kuchh devta, jaise kii ulr aur hearn, anya sthaanon mein odin sthaan-naamon kii tulanaa mein adhik baar paae jaate hain.
kuchh sthaanon key naamon mein aise tatva hotey hain joe darshaate hain kii way dhaarmik gatividhi key sthal theh way joe vibhinn prakaar key dhaarmik sthalon key liye-"way", "-" horg ", aur-" hoff ", aur sambhavatah way bhee joe" akr "yaa-" winn "," kshetra "key liye shabd, jaba ack devta key naam key saath jode jaate hain, key saath baney hotey hain. magnus olson ney norwey mein aise sthaanon key naamon kii ack prakaariki vikasit kii, jisase unhone mandir kii imaraton key upayog kii disha mein upavanon aur kheton seey moortipoojak pooja mein vikas kiya.
vyaktigat naam bhee kuchh devtaon kii lokpriyata parr jaankaari kaa ack srot hain; udaaharan key liye, thore kaa naam purushon aur mahilaaon donon key naamon mein ack tatva thaa, vishesh roop seey iceland mein.
aitihaasik vikas.
lauh yug kii utpatti.
andren ney puraane norse dharm koo ack "saanskritik patchwork" key roop mein varnit kiya joe pahale key scandinavian dharmon key prabhaavon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala key tahat ubhara. iska sambandh nordic kansya yug seey hoe sakata haih jabaki maanaa jaataa haye kii kansya yug scandinavia kii saur-unmukh vishvaas pranali 500 eesaa poorv key aspas samaapt hoe gaee thee, kaee kansya yug key rupankanon-jaise kii chakr cross-baad key lauh yug key sandarbhon mein phir seey dikhaai dete hain. ise aksar german lauh yug key logon key beach paaee jaane vaali poorv dhaarmik vishvaas pranaliyon seey vikasit maanaa jaataa haye. german bhaashaaen sambhavatah pahali sahasrabdi eesaa poorv mein vartamaan uttari germany yaa denmark mein ubhari, jisake baad way fail gaeen; puraane norse dharm key kaee devtaon key anya german samajon key beach samaantaaen hain. scandinavian lauh yug 500 seey 400 eesaa poorv key aspas shuru huaa.
inn praarambhik avadhiyon koo samajhane key liye puraataatvik sakshya vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna hain. iss samay key vivaran tacitus dwara prastut kiye gaye they; vidwan gabriel turville-petre key anusaar, tacitus key avalokan "baad mein puraane norse dharm koo samajhaane mein madad karate hain. tacitus ney german logon koo pujari, khuli havaa mein pavitra sthal aur mausami balidan aur daavaton key roop mein varnit kiya. tacitus ney nott kiya kii german loga bahudevaadi they aur unake kuchh devtaon kaa ullekh roman samkakshon key madhyam seey unhein samajhane kii koshish curr rahey hain, isaliye roman samajhane kii koshish curr sakate hain.
wiking ayu vistaar.
wiking yug key dauran, norse loga scandinavia chhod curr poore uttar-paschimi europe mein kaheen aur buss gaye. inmein seey kuchh kshetra, jaise kii iceland, orkani aur shetland dweep, aur faaro dweep, shayed hii aabaadi vaale they, jabaki anya kshetra, jaise ingland, dakshin-paschim wells, scotland, paschimi dweep, dweep samooh aur ireland, pahale seey hii bhaari aabaadi vaale they.
870 key dashak mein, norwey key basane vaalon ney apani matribhoomi chhod dee aur apani vishvaas pranali koo apane saath laate hue iceland kaa upanivesh kiya. sthaan-naam key sakshya seey pataa chalata haye kii thore dweep parr sabse lokpriya devta thaa, halanki iceland mein freer key bhakton key baare mein bhee kathaaen hain, jisamen baad kii "hraphencales gaatha" mein "freer key pujari" bhee shamil hain. dweep parr odin seey koee sthaan-naam naheen judey hain. anya nordic samajon key vipareet, iceland mein ack rajshahi kii kamee thee aur iss prakaar ack kendrikrit pradhikaran joe dhaarmik paalan koo lagu curr sakata thaa; apani pahali basti key samay seey puraane norse aur isai donon samudaay they.
scandinavian basane vaale nauvin shatabdi key uttaraardh key dashakon mein puraane norse dharm koo britten mein laae. kaee british sthaan-naam sambhaavit dhaarmik sthalon kaa sanket dete hain; udaaharan key liye, uttar yorkshire mein gulab key pedh koo baarahavin shatabdi mein othensburg key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, joe puraane norse "ódinesberg" ("ódin kii pahaadi") seey vyutpann naam thaa. kaee sthaanon key naamon mein dhaarmik sansthaon key puraane norse sandarbh bhee hain, jaise kii "alf", "scrati" aur "troll". angreji church koo iss aaney vaali aabaadi koo isai banaane key liye ack naee roopaantaran prakriya aayojit karane kii aavashyakta thee.
isaikaran aur girawat.
nordic duniya ney pahali baar pahale seey hii isai british dweepon mein apani bastiyon key madhyam seey aur novgorod aur byzantium mein purvi isaaiyon key saath vyaapaar samparkon key madhyam seey isai dharm kaa saamana kiya. jaba taka isai dharm scandinavia mein aaya, yeh pahale seey hii adhikansh europe mein sweekrit dharm thaa. yeh achchi tarah seey samajha naheen gayaa haye kii isai sansthanon ney inn scandinavian basane vaalon koo kaise parivartit kiya, aanshik roop seey iss roopaantaran prakriya key paath vivaran kii kamee key kaaran joe pahale key anglo-saxon roopaantaran key baare mein bede key vivaran key barabar haye. haalaanki, aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii scandinavian pravasiyon ney apane aagaman key pahale kuchh dashakon key bheetar isai dharm apana liya thaa. british dweepon key isai missionaryon key baad-jisamen sent willibird, sent boniface aur vilehad jaise loga shamil they-aathvin shatabdi mein uttari europe key kuchh hisson kii yatra kii thee, charlemen ney denmark mein isaikaran key liye dhakka diyaa, jisamen reims key ibbo, cambrey key halitgar aur nauvin shatabdi key dauran raajya mein bremen key villeric dharmaantaran key saath. dennish raajaa harald clock ney parivartit (826) kiya, jisase simhaasan key liye apane pratidvandiyon key khilaf pavitra lui key saath apana raajneetik gathbandhan surakshit karane kii sambhavana haye. horic II (854-see) key tahat dennish rajshahi puraane norse dharm mein vaapas aaa gaee. 867).
norwey key raajaa haakan dha good ney ingland mein rahate hue isai dharm apana liya thaa. norwey lautane parr, unhone apane vishvaas koo kaafee hudd taka niji rakhaa, lekin isai pujaariyon koo aabaadi key beach prachaar karane key liye protsaahit kiya; kuchh murtipoojakon koo gussa aaya aur-"hemscringla" key anusaar-trondheim key paas banaae gaye teen churchon koo jalaa diyaa gayaa. unake uttaradhikari, herauld greclock bhee ack isai they, lekin isi tarah unhein norwey kii aabaadi koo apane dharm mein parivartit karane mein bahut cumm safalata millie. hakon sigardson baad mein norwey key "vaastavik" shaasak bunn gaye, aur halanki vaha danish raajaa key dabaav mein bapatisma lene key liye sahmat hoe gaye aur isaaiyon koo raajya mein prachaar karane kii anumati dee, unhone utsaahpoorvak moortipoojak balidan prathaon kaa samarthan kiya, paaramparik devtaon kii shreshthata parr jore diyaa aur isaaiyon koo unaki pooja mein lautane key liye protsaahit kiya. unake shasankal (975-995) mein ack "raajya moortipoojak" kaa uday huaa, ack aadhikarik vichardhara joe moortipoojak pehchaan key saath norwey kii pehchaan koo ack saath jodati haye aur hakon key netritva key peechhe samarthan jutaati haye. 995 mein hakon koo maar diyaa gayaa aur agale raajaa olaf trigwasson ney satta leey lii aur utsaahpoorvak isai dharm koo badhaava diyaa; unhone uchch darja key norwey key logon koo dharm parivartan karane, mandiron koo nasht karane aur 'jadugar' kahane vaalon koo maarne key liye majboor kiya. sweeden aadhikarik roop seey parivartit honey vaalaa antim scandinavian desh thaa; haalaanki isaikaran kii prakriya key baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari haye, yeh gyaat haye kii swedish raajaon ney 11 veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka dharm parivartan curr liya thaa aur 12 veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka desh poori tarah seey isai thaa.
olaf trigwasson ney ack saxon missionary, thangbrander koo iceland bheja. kaee icelanders thangbrander key dharmaantaran seey naraj they, aur unakaa upman karane vaale kaee kaviyon kii hatyaa key baad unhein gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. dweep parr isaaiyon aur murtipoojakon key beach dushmani badhee, aur 998 mein donon pakshon ney ack-dusare key devtaon kii ninda kii. ekataa koo banaae rakhane key prayaas mein, 999 mein, ack samjhauta kiya gayaa thaa kii icelandic kaanoon isai siddhanton parr adharit hoga, halanki moortipoojak samudaay koo riyaayaton key saath. niji, halanki saarvajanik naheen, moortipoojak balidan aur sanskar kanuni baney rahane they.
poore german europe mein, isai dharm mein roopaantaran samajik sambandhon seey nikatata seey judaa huaa thaa; saamoohik roopaantaran vyaktigat roopaantaran key bajaay maanak thaa. raajaon key dharmaantaran key liye ack praathamik prerana isai shasakon seey samarthan kii ichcha thee, chaahe vaha dhana key roop mein hoe, shaahi manjuri key roop mein hoe yaa sainya samarthan key roop mein.
isai missionaryon koo yeh samajhaana mushkil lagaa kii donon vishvaas pranaaliyan parasparik roop seey ananya theen; puraane norse dharm kii bahudevaadi prakriti ney apane vyavsaayiyon koo yeeshu masih koo kaee logon mein ack bhagwan key roop mein sweekaar karane kii anumati dee.
isai dharm key saath muthbhed moortipoojak sanskriti kii naee aur naveen abhivyaktiyon koo bhee protsaahit curr sakati haye, udaaharan key liye vibhinn moortipoojak mithakon koo prabhaavit karane key madhyam seey. anya german samajon kii tarah, aaney vaali aur paaramparik vishvaas pranaliyon key beach samanvaya huaa. alag-thalag kshetron mein rahane vaalon key liye, poorv-isai vishvaas sambhavatah lambe samay taka jeevit rahey, jabaki anya lokkathaon mein jeevit rahane vaale key roop mein jaari rahey.
uttar-isai uttarjeevi.
12veen shatabdi taka, uttar-paschimi europe mein isai dharm dridhata seey sthaapit hoe gayaa thaa. dou shataabdiyon taka, scandinavian church key sadasyon ney moortipoojakvaad kii ninda karna jaari rakhaa, halanki yeh spasht naheen haye kii kyaa yeh abhee bhee isai prabhutva kaa ack vyavharya vikalp haye. inn lekhakon ney aksar murtipuja koo chhal yaa bhram parr adharit honey key roop mein prastut kiya; kuchh ney kahaa kii puraane norse devtaon koo devtaon key roop mein galat tareeke seey maanav banaaya gayaa thaa.
purani norse pauranik kahaaniyan cumm seey cumm dou shataabdiyon taka maukhik sanskriti mein jeevit raheen, joe 13veen shatabdi mein darj kii gaee theen. yeh pauranik kathaa kaise paarit kii gaee thee, yeh spasht naheen haye; yeh sambhav haye kii murtipoojakon key kshetron ney 11veen aur 12veen shatabdi key dauran apani vishvaas pranali koo banaae rakhaa, yaa yeh kii yeh ack saanskritik kalaakriti key roop mein jeevit rhaa thaa joe isaaiyon dwara paarit kii gaee thee, jinhone una kahaaniyon koo aswikar karate hue unamen kissy bhee shaabdik vishvaas koo barkarar rakhaa thaa. itihaaskaar judith jesh ney sujhaav diyaa kii isaikaran key baad, ack "saanskritik moortipoojak" banaa rhaa, joe kii kuchh saanskritik aur samajik sandarbhon mein poorv-isai mithak kaa punah upayog thaa joe aadhikarik taur parr isai hain. udaaharan key liye, gyaarahavin shatabdi key ack isai anglo-scandinavian raajaa, mahaan key darbar key liye rachit kavita mein puraane norse pauranik vishay aur rupankanon koo dekhaa jaataa haye.
saxo apane poorvajon kii poorv-isai maanyataon mein punarjeevit ruchi lene vaalaa sabse praarambhik madhyayugeen vyakti haye, aisaa unake vishvaas koo punarjeevit karane kii ichcha seey naheen balki aitihaasik ruchi seey kiya jaataa haye. snorry bhee iss punarjeevit ruchi kaa hissa thaa, ack saanskritik itihaaskaar aur pauranik itihaaskaar key roop mein apane drishtikon seey moortipoojak mithakon kii jaanch kartaa thaa. isake parinamswarup, nars pauranik kathaaen "devtaon kii kissy bhee pooja yaa vishvaas koo lambe samay taka naheen chhodati hain. haalaanki, isai dharm key scandinavia mein pramukh dharm banane key baad sadiyon taka norse moortipoojak anushthaanon key avashesh baney rahey (trolkirka dekhein). 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka swedish lokkathaon mein puraane norse devtaon kaa prakat honah jaari rhaa. prajanan kshamata parr frezza kii shakti mein vishvaas key saath-saath thore aur odin donon key saath muthbhedon key dastaveji vivaran hain.
vishvaas.
norse pauranik kathaaen, norse devtaon kii kahaaniyan, edic kavita mein aur snorry sterlusson key scalled key liye guide, "kavyatmak edda" mein sanrakshit hain. inmein seey kuchh kahaaniyon key chitran gottland mein chitra pattharon parr aur kuchh praarambhik isai cross sahit anya drishya record mein paae jaa sakate hain, joe iss baat kii pushti kartaa haye kii way kitane vyaapak roop seey gyaat they. mithak iss avadhi key anta taka vishuddh roop seey maukhik roop seey prasaarit kiye gaye they, aur bhinnata key adheen they; ack pramukh kavita, "vuluspa", vibhinn pandulipiyon mein dou prakaar key sanskaranon mein sanrakshit haye, aur snorry kii mithakon kii punah kathaa kabhi-kabhi anya paath sroton seey bhinn hoti haye joe sanrakshit hain. kissy vishesh mithak kaa koee ekal aadhikarik sanskaran naheen thaa, aur samay key saath aur ack sthaan seey dusare sthaan parr bhinnata koo "ack ekikrit vichaar" key bajaay maanaa jaataa haye. vishesh roop seey, uttari slaav, finn aur anglo-saxon sahit anya logon key saath baatchit seey prabhaav hoe sakata haye, aur isai pauranik kathaaon ney ack badhata prabhaav daala haye.
devta.
purana norse dharm bahudevaadi thaa, jisamen kaee maanav-aakriti devta aur devi theen, joe maanav bhaavanaon koo vyakt karate hain aur kuchh mamalon mein vivaahit hotey hain aur unake bachche hotey hain. ack devta, baldr, koo pauranik kathaaon mein kahaa gayaa haye kii vaha marr gayaa thaa. vishesh devtaon kii pooja parr puraataatvik sakshya viral hain, halanki sthaannaam una sthaanon kaa bhee sanket dey sakate hain jahan unaki pooja kii jaati thee. kuchh devtaon key liye, vishesh roop seey loki key liye, pooja kaa koee pramaan naheen haye; haalaanki, ise naee puraataatvik khojon dwara badala jaa sakata haye. kshetra, samudaay aur samajik varg sambhavatah una devtaon mein bhinn they jinaki way adhik yaa bilkul pooja karate they. una vyaktiyon key vrittaant bhee hain jinhone khud koo ack ekal devta key liye samarpit kiya, jise "purnaroop seey" yaa "winner" (vishvaspatra, mitra) key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, jaisa kii egil scalagrimson key apane "sontorrek" mein odin key saath apane sambandh key sandarbh mein dekhaa gayaa haye, udaaharan key liye dasavin shatabdi kii ack scaldic kavita. iss pratha kii vyakhya santon key isai panth seey prabhaavit kattar ateet key roop mein kii gaee haye. haalaanki hamaare saahityik srot apekshaakrit dair seey hain, lekin samay key saath parivartan key sanket bhee hain.
nars pauranik srot, vishesh roop seey snorry aur "vuluspa", devtaon key dou samoohon, esir aur vaneer key beach antar karate hain, jinhone ack yuddh ladaa jisake dauran vaneer ney esir key gadh, esgard kii divaaron koo toda diyaa, aur antatah ack yuddhaviram aur bandhakon key adaan-pradaan kaa upayog karke shaanti sthaapit kii. kuchh pauranik kathaaon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii yeh mithak vibhinn vishvaas pranaliyon key anuyaayiyon key beach scandinavia mein ack sangharsh kii yaad parr adharit thaa.
esir key pramukh devtaon mein thore (jinhen aksar saahityik granthon mein aasaa-thore key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye), odin aur teer shamil hain. bahut cumm vaneer key naam sroton mein diye gaye hainh enjour, unakaa betaa freer, aur unaki betty freeza; snorry key anusaar inn sabhi koo "vanagu" (vanir-godd) kahaa jaa sakata haye, aur freeza koo "vanadis" (vaneer-days) bhee kahaa jaa sakata haye. deva-devta key bheetar loki kii sthiti samasyagrast haye, aur "loksenna" aur "vuluspa" aur snorry key spashteekaran key anusaar, vaha ragnarok taka prithvi key neeche kaid haye, jaba vaha devtaon key khilaf ladegaa. jahan taka 1889 key sophus bugg kaa kahana haye kii yeh lucifer key mithak key liye prerana thee.
kuchh devi-skaadi, rinder, gerdar jotnar mool kii hain.
devi key liye samanya purana norse shabd "ásynjur" haye, joe thheek seey "αsir" kii stree haye. devi key liye ack purana shabd "diss" hoe sakata haye, jise mahila alaukik praniyon key ack samooh key naam key roop mein sanrakshit kiya gayaa haye.
sthaaniya aur paitrik devta.
pushtaini devta finno-ugric logon key beach aam they aur isaikaran key baad finn aur saami key beach ack majboot upasthiti bunny rahee. poorvajon kii pooja ney apane kheton aur gaanvon mein norse logon kii niji dhaarmik prathaon mein ack bhoomika nibhai hogi; 10veen shatabdi mein, norwey key murtipoojakon ney isai raajaa hakon koo kaee naamit devtaon key saath poorvajon koo ack bhojan peene key liye aamantrit karke devtaon koo ack bhent mein bhaag lene key liye protsaahit karane kaa prayaas kiya.
aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii norwey key ack divangat moortipoojak shaasak hakon sigardson dwara vyaktigat yaa parivarik devi kii pooja kii jaati haye.
sthaaniya aur parivarik prajanan panth honey kii bhee sambhavana haye; vaulasi key parivarik panth mein moortipoojak norwey seey ack udaaharan haye, jahaan ack devta jise maharneer kahaa jaataa haye.
anya jeev.
murgiyaan mahila aakritiyaan hain joe vyaktiyon key bhaagya koo nirdhaarit karati hain. snorry unhein teen key samooh key roop mein varnit kartaa haye, lekin vaha aur anya sroton ney navjat shishuon key bhaagya kaa faisala karane vaale badey samoohon kaa bhee sanket diyaa haye. yeh anishchit haye kii unaki pooja kii gaee thee yaa naheen.
vettir, bhoomi kii aatmaon, kuchh chattanon, jharanon, pahaadon aur pedon mein rahane key liye socha jaataa thaa, aur unhein prasaad diyaa jaataa thaa. kaee logon key liye, way dainik jeevan mein devtaon kii tulanaa mein adhik mahatvapurna rahey honge. granthon mein vibhinn prakaar key kalpit kalpit kalpit aur baune kaa bhee ullekh haye. aamtaur parr mahila, sanrakshak aatmaaen, filegazur, vyaktiyon aur parivaaron key saath judee hui theen. hamingjur, disir aur swanmeddence vishvaas pranali key bheetar anishchit qada kii mahila alaukik aakritiyaan hain; disir ney sanrakshak devi key roop mein kaary kiya hoga. vaalkareez odeen seey sambandhit mithakon seey judey they, aur helgi lez jaisi veertapurna kavitaon mein bhee paae jaate hain, jahan unhein rajkumariyon key roop mein chitrit kiya jaataa haye joe nayakon kii sahaayata aur vivaah karate hain.
pauranik kathaaon mein aur (aksar kramshah diggajon aur daityiyon key roop mein chamkaaya jaataa haye) key saath sangharsh ack niyamit rupankan haye. unhein devtaon key poorvaj aur dushman donon key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. devtaon kii shaadi hoti haye lekin devi-devtaon key saath vivaah karane key prayason koo darkinar curr diyaa jaataa haye. adhikansh vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii unaki pooja naheen kii gaee thee, halanki iss parr sawal uthaaye gaye hain. edic key apane baad key lokkatha samkakshon key saath samaantaa haye, halanki unake vipareet unake paas bahut gyaan haye.
brahmand vigyaan.
puraane norse cosmogany, yaa srishti mithak key kaee vivaran, jeevit paath sroton mein dikhaai dete hain, lekin iss baat kaa koee saboot naheen haye kii yeye nishchit roop seey poorv-isai kaal mein utpann kiye gaye they. yeh sambhav haye kii way isai dharm key saath muthbhed key dauran vikasit kiye gaye they, kyonki murtipoojakon ney isai dharm key pratidvandi key roop mein ack srishti mithak parisar sthaapit karane kii maang kii thee; yeye vivaran isai missionaryon kaa parinam bhee hoe sakate hain joe purani norse sanskriti mein paae jaane vaale kuchh tatvon aur kahaaniyon kii vyakhya karate hain aur unhein srishti mithakon aur ack brahmand key roop mein prastut karate hain, joe bible key samanantar haye, joe mool isai tatvon key upayog key madhyam seey puraane norse koo samajhane mein sahaayata karane key liye haye. samanvaya dekhein). 
voluspa" mein diye gaye vivaran key anusaar, brahmand shuru mein ack shoonya thaa jise ginungagap key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. vahaan ack, yameer, aur usake baad devta dikhaai diye, jinhone samudra seey prithvi koo uthaaya. ack alag vivaran "wafthrunismal" mein pradaan kiya gayaa haye, joe varnan kartaa haye kii duniya yameer key shareer key ghatakon seey bunny haih prithvi usake maans seey, pahaad usaki haddiyon seey, akash usaki khopadi seey, aur samudra usake rakt seey. "grimnismal" bhee sansar koo yameer key shav seey nirmit honey kaa varnan kartaa haye, halanki yeh vistaar seey bataata haye kii yeh ack vasant seey ubhara haye jise elivagar key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
snorry key "gilfaggining" mein, yeh phir seey kahaa gayaa haye kii purani norse cosmogany kii shuruat shoonya, ginungagap mein vishvaas key saath hui thee. isase dou kshetra ubhare, burfley, dhundhale niflam aur aag seey bharee muscul, baad vaale ney aag-, surter dwara shasson kiya. inn kshetron dwara utpaadit ack nadee koo yameer banaane key liye jamaaya gayaa, jabaki ack gaay jise audumbla key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, taba usey doodh pradaan karane key liye dikhaai dee. audumbla ney burry koo mukt karane key liye burf kaa ack tukada chaat diyaa, jisake bete boor ney bestla naamak ack vyakti seey shaadi kii. iss mithak kii kuchh visheshataaen, jaise kii gaay kaa audumbla, aspasht roop seey pramaanit hain; snorry ney yeh nirdisht naheen kiya haye kii unhone inn vivaranon koo kahaan seey praapt kiya jaisa kii unhone mithakon key anya hisson key liye kiya thaa, aur yeh hoe sakata haye kii yeye unake aavishkaar they.
"voluspa" ack vishal aish pedh key roop mein yggdrasil koo chitrit kartaa haye. "grimnismal" kaa daavaa haye kii devta nirnay dene key liye pratidin yagdrasil key neeche milate hain. yeh bhee daavaa kartaa haye kii ack saamp apani jadon koo kaatata haye jabaki ack hiran apani oonchi shaakhaon seey charata haye; ack gilhari donon jaanvaron key beach sandeshon kaa adaan-pradaan karati haye. "grimnismal" yeh bhee daavaa kartaa haye kii yagdrasil kii teen jadein hain; ack key neeche devi hell rahati haye, dusare key neeche frost-tharsar aur teesari manavata key tahat. snorry yeh bhee bataata haye kii hell aur frost-thursar dou jadon key neeche rahate hain, lekin manavata key bajaay devtaon koo teesari jarh key neeche rakhate hain.
yggr" shabd kaa arth haye "terrifier" aur yeh odin key liye ack paryaay haye, jabaki "drassil" ghode key liye ack kavyatmak shabd thaa; "ygdrasil" kaa arth haye "odin kaa ghodaa". ack brahmandiya vriksh kaa yeh vichaar vibhinn anya samajon key saath samanantar haye, aur ack samanya indo-europeeya viraasat key hisse koo pratibimbit curr sakata haye.
ragnarok kii kahani "voluspa" mein apani poorna vyakhya mein jeevit haye, halanki tatvon koo pahale kii kavita mein bhee dekhaa jaa sakata haye. ragnarok kii kahani bataati haye kii ack apariharya bhaagya kaa vichaar nervous vishva drishtikon mein vyaapt thaa. iss baat key bahut saare pramaan hain kii "voluspa" isai vishvaas seey prabhaavit thaa, aur yeh bhee sambhav haye kii sangharsh kaa vishay ack behtar bhavishya key dwara anusaran kiya jaa rhaa haye-jaisa kii ragnarok kahani mein parilakshit hotaa haye-shayed moortipoojak aur isai dharm key beach sangharsh kii avadhi koo darshaata haye.
jeevan key baad.
nordic poorv-isai dharm mein mrityu aur maranoparant jeevan key baare mein kaee poori tarah seey vikasit vichaar they. snorry kaee kshetron koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe mritakon kaa swaagat karate hain; haalaanki unake vivaran ack sambhaavit isai prabhaav koo darshaate hain, anya duniya kii bahulata kaa vichaar sambhavatah poorv-isai haye. isai dharm key vipareet, puraane norse dharm ney iss vishvaas kaa paalan naheen kiya haye kii naitik chintaon ney kissy vyakti key maranoparant key gantavya koo prabhaavit kiya haye.
yuddh mein marane vaale yoddha inherger bunn gaye aur unhein odin key holl, valhalla leey jaaya gayaa. vahaan way ragnarok taka intezar karate they jaba way esir key saath ladenge. grimnismal" kavita key anusaar, valhalla key 540 darwaaje they aur isake paschimi darwaaje key baahar ack bhediya khadaa thaa, jabaki ack cheel oopar seey uda rhaa thaa. usa kavita mein, yeh bhee daavaa kiya gayaa haye kii seharmir naamak ack suar koo harr dinn khaaya jaataa haye aur heydrun naamak ack bakri holl kii chhat key oopar khadee hoti haye joe meed kii antaheen aapoorti kaa utpaadan karati haye. yeh spasht naheen haye kii norse samaaj mein valhalla mein vishvaas kitna vyaapak thaa; yeh ack saahityik rachana hoe sakati haye jise sattaaroodh varg kii aakaankshaon koo puuraa karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa kyonki sainya seva key kaaran mrit yoddhaon kaa vichaar una yoddhaon aur unake swami kii samajik sanrachana key samanantar haye. valhalla mein vishvaas kii or spasht roop seey sanket karane vaalaa koee puraataatvik pramaan naheen haye.
snorry key anusaar, maare gaye logon mein seey aadhaa valahalla jaataa haye, jabaki anya loga frezya key holl, fokwangar mein jaate hain, aur joe loga bimari yaa budhaape seey marate hain, way hell key roop mein jaane vaale kshetra mein jaate hain; yeh vaha jagah thee jahan baldr apani mrityu key baad gayaa thaa. ack maranoparant sthaan key roop mein hell kii avadharana moortipoojak yug kii scaldic kavita mein kabhi dikhaai naheen detee haye, jahaan "hell" hamesha usee naam kii devi kaa sandarbh detaa haye. snorry ney gimley mein brimir key holl yaa nidafzol pahaadon mein sindari key holl taka pahunchane kii sambhavana kaa bhee ullekh kiya haye.
vibhinn gaathaaen aur eddick kavita "helgakvida hundingsbana II" una mritakon koo sandarbhit karati haye joe apani kabron mein rahate hain, jahan way sachet rahate hain. inn terahavin shatabdi key sroton mein, bhoot (dragar) jeevit logon koo pareshan karane mein saksham hain. laxdala gaatha" aur "irbigza gaatha" donon mein, moortipoojak dafan aur shikaar key beach sambandh banaae gaye hain.
pauranik vrittaanton mein, mrityu key saath sabse nikatata seey judey devta odin hain. vishesh roop seey, vaha fansi seey mrityu seey judaa huaa haye; yeh "kavyatmak edda" mein paaee jaane vaali kavita "hawal" mein spasht haye. hawal" key 138vein charan mein, odin apane aatm-balidan kaa varnan karate hain, jisamen vaha gyaan aur jadui shaktiyon koo praapt karane key liye nau raaton key liye khud koo vishva vriksh, yagdrasil parr latka detaa haye. gautrek kii gaatha" key anta mein, raajaa wicker koo fansi dee jaati haye aur phir ack bhaala seey puncture kiya jaataa haye; uska jallad kahata haye "abb main aapako odin koo detaa huun.
dhaarmik abhyaas.
paathgat vivaranon seey pataa chalata haye kii badey saarvajanik karyakramon seey laker adhik baar honey vaale niji aur parivarik sanskaron taka, joe dainik jeevan key saath judey hue honge. haalaanki, likhit srot norse anushthaanon key baare mein aspasht hain, aur kaee abb puraatatva kii sahaayata seey bhee hamaare liye adrishya hain. sroton mein kuchh vishesh devtaon koo sambodhit anushthaanon kaa ullekh haye, lekin puraane norse anushthaan aur mithak key beach sambandh kii samajh atkalon parr adharit haye.
dhaarmik anushthaan.
balidan.
aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii norse dharm mein praathamik dhaarmik anushthaan balidan yaa bloat thaa. kaee granth, puraane norse aur anya donon balidaanon kaa ullekh karate hain. hemscringla" mein "" achche key hakon kii gaatha "mein kahaa gayaa haye kii anivarya blott they, jinn parr jaanvaron koo vadh kiya jaataa thaa aur unakaa khoon, jise" hlaut "kahaa jaataa thaa, vediyon aur mandir kii ander aur baahar kii divaaron parr chhidka jaataa thaa, aur agami dawat key dauran anushthaan key dauran toast peete they; cup aag key oopar seey paarit kiye jaate they aur way aur bhojan koo sardar dwara ack anushthaan key saath pavitra kiya jaataa thaa; raajaa hakon, ack isai, koo bhaag lene key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa lekin cross kaa sanket banaaya gayaa thaa. bremen key "itihas" key aadam mein upsala mein mandir key vivaran mein harr nau saal mein ack tyohar kaa vivaran shamil haye jisamen harr tarah key nau narr pashuon kaa balidan kiya jaataa thaa aur shavon koo mandir key upavan mein latka diyaa jaataa thaa. balidan key kaee tareeke hoe sakate hainh kaee paath vivaranon mein vadh kiye gaye janwar key shareer yaa sir koo ack khambhe yaa pedh parr latakaae jaane kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye. mausami tyohaaron key alawa, ack pashu blott hoe sakata haye, udaaharan key liye, dwandwayuddh seey pahale, vyapariyon key beach vyaapaar key samaapan key baad, anukool havaa sunishchit karane key liye naukaayan seey pahale, aur antim sanskar mein. kaee prajaatiyon key jaanvaron key avashesh puraane norse kaal seey kabron mein paae gaye hain, aur ibn fadlan key ack jahaaj dafanaane key khaate mein ack kutte, masauda jaanvaron, gaayon, ack murga aur ack murgi key saath-saath ack naukar ladki kaa balidan shamil haye.
eddick kavita "handluljode" mein, freeza apane gaayak, auter dwara usey kiye gaye bail key kaee balidaanon key liye sarahana vyakt karati haye. hraphencales gaatha" mein, hraffenkel koo unake kaee balidaanon key liye "freesgody" kahaa jaataa haye. aise chinhak bhee hoe sakate hain jinake dwara humm odeen key balidaanon mein antar curr sakate hain, joe fansi seey judey they, aur kuchh granth vishesh roop seey ack suar key anushthaan koo tyag key balidan key saath jodate hain; lekin samanya roop seey, puraatatva usa devta kii pehchaan karane mein asamarth haye jisake liye ack balidan kiya gayaa thaa.
granthon mein aksar maanav balidan kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye. mandir key kuon mein jinamen logon koo balidan key roop mein duba diyaa gayaa thaa, uppasala key baare mein bremen key khaate key adam mein aur icelandic gaathaon mein ullekh kiya gayaa haye, jahaan unhein "blotcalda" yaa "bloatgraph" kahaa jaataa haye, aur bremen key adam mein yeh bhee kahaa gayaa haye kii uppasala mein pedon mein latakane vaalon mein maanav peedit shamil they. gautrex gaatha" mein, loga akaal key dauran chattanon seey koodkar apana balidan dete hain, aur "historia norweggy" aur "hemscringla" donon hii raajaa domaldi kii ichcha seey mrityu koo kharaab fasal key baad balidan key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain. logon koo "balidan kii sajaa" diye jaane aur apraadhiyon key khilaf "devtaon key krodh" kaa ullekh maut kii sajaa key liye ack pavitra arth kaa sujhaav detaa haye; "landnamabuck" mein fansi kii vidhi koo ack chattan parr peeth tootane key roop mein diyaa gayaa haye. yeh sambhav haye kii uttari germany aur denmark mein peat bogh seey baramad kiye gaye aur lauh yug key kuchh bogh shav maanav balidan they. iss tarah kii pratha koo apraadhiyon yaa yuddh key kaidiyon key nishpaadan seey jodaa jaa sakata haye, aur tacitus mein yeh bhee kahaa gayaa haye kii iss tarah key nishpaadan kaa upayog "kaayar, apriya aur ghrinit buraaiyon seey dagdar vyakti" key liye ack sajaa key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki inhen "aisee ashuddhiyaan maanaa jaataa thaa jinhen drishti seey baahar dafnaya jaanaa chaahiye"; doosari or, ack vyakti key baare mein kuchh paath mein ullekh kiya gayaa thaa kii ack vyakti koo ack devta koo "chadhaaya jaanaa chaahiye", jaise kii ack raajaa apane bete koo chadhaana, ack gair-balidan "samarpan" koo sandarbhit curr sakata haye.
puraataatvik sakshya ibn fadlan kii antim sanskar maanav balidan kii report kaa samarthan karate hainh vibhinn mamalon mein, kissy aise vyakti koo dafnaya jaataa haye jisaki praakritik karanon seey mrityu hoe gaee thee aur usake saath ack anya vyakti hotaa haye jisaki mrityu hinsak mrityu key saath hui thee. udaaharan key liye, birka mein ack sir kalam kiye hue yuvak koo hathiyaron key saath dafanaae gaye ack badey aadami key oopar rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur roskilde key paas gerdrup mein, ack mahila koo ack aadami key saath dafnaya gayaa thaa jisaki gardan toot gaee thee. ibn fadlan key khaate key kaee vivaran puraatatva dwara utpann hue hain aur yeh sambhav haye kii way tatva joe puraataatvik sakshya mein dikhaai naheen dete hain-jaise kii yaun muthbhedon-bhee sateek hain.
nikshepan.
pragaitihasik kaal key kaee avadhiyon key dauran ardrabhoomi mein kalakritiyon kaa jamaav scandinavia mein ack pratha thee. aam yug kii shuruati shataabdiyon mein, badee sankhya mein nasht kiye gaye hathiyaron koo ardrabhoomi mein rakhaa gayaa thaah jyaadaatar bhaale aur talvaaren, lekin dhaal, upkaran aur anya upkaran bhee. 5veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, ardrabhoomi key bhandar kii prakriti badal gaee; scandinavia mein, faibula aur bractates koo 5veen seey 6veen shatabdi key madhya taka ardrabhoomi mein yaa usake buggle mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur phir seey 8veen shatabdi key anta mein, jaba hathiyaron key saath-saath aabhushan, sikke aur upkaran phir seey jamaa honey lagey, tou yeh pratha 11veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka chully. yeh pratha gair-scandinavian kshetron mein faili hui thee, jahan norse loga rahate they; udaaharan key liye britten mein, ack talwar, aujaar, aur maveshiyon, ghodon aur kutton kii haddiyon koo nadee key patwar parr ack jetty yaa pull key neeche jamaa kiya gayaa thaa. iss tarah key bayanon key sateek uddeshya spasht naheen hain.
sookhi bhoomi parr anushthaanit bhandar dhoondhana kathin haye. haalaanki, sodermanland mein strangnus key paas lunda (jiska arth haye "grove") mein, puraataatvik sakshya doosari shatabdi eesaa poorv seey 10 veen shatabdi esvi taka sambhavatah anushthaan gatividhi kii ack pahaadi parr paae gaye hain, jisamen 7 veen seey 9 veen shatabdi taka binaa jaley hue motiyon, chaku aur teeron key jamaav shamil hain. fraso mein church mein khudai key dauran bhee, bhalu, elk, laal hiran, suar, maveshi aur bhed yaa bakariyon kii haddiyan ack berch key pedh key aspas paaee gaeen, joe 9veen yaa 10veen shatabdi mein jamaa hui theen; pedh mein sambhavatah balidan sambandhi sangh they aur shayed yagdrasil kaa pratinidhitva karate they.
maarg key sanskar.
ack bachche koo parivaar mein paani chhidakane key ack anushthaan (puraane norse "ausaa vaatani") key madhyam seey sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa, jiska ullekh dou edic kavitaon, "rigsthula" aur "havmal" mein kiya gayaa haye, aur baad mein usey ack naam diyaa gayaa. bachche kaa naam aksar ack mrit rishtedaar key naam parr rakhaa jaataa thaa, kyonki punarjanm mein ack paaramparik vishvaas thaa, vishesh roop seey parivaar mein.
puraane norse srot god lene key liye anushthaanon kaa bhee varnan karate hain (norwey kaa gulaa kaanoon god lene vaale pitaa koo nirdesh detaa haye, usake baad god lene vaale bachche, phir anya sabhi rishtedaron koo, ack vishesh roop seey baney chamade key joote mein kadam rakhane key liye) aur rakt bhaichare (ack anushthaan ghaas kii vishesh roop seey cutty hui patti key neeche nangi dharti parr khadaa haye, jise "jardarmen" kahaa jaataa haye).
shaadiyan icelandic parivarik gaathaon mein hoti hain. puraane norse shabd "broodlop" koo kaee anya german bhaashaon mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur iska arth haye "dulhan daudana"; yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii yeh dulhan-chori kii parampara koo ingit kartaa haye, lekin zaan dee vreez sahit anya vidvaanon ney ise dulhan koo usake janm parivaar seey usake nae pati taka pahunchaane key sanskar key roop mein vyakhya kii. dulhan ney linnon kaa ghoonghat yaa shirastraan pahana thaa; iska ullekh eddick kavita "rigsthula" mein kiya gayaa haye. kuchh saahityik sroton mein freer aur thore donon shadiyon seey judey hain. upsala mein moortipoojak mandir key baare mein bremen key khaate key adam mein, kahaa jaataa haye kii vivaah key avsar parr "frico" (sambhavatah freer) koo prasaad diyaa jaataa haye, aur eddick kavita "thrimskavida" mein, jaba ise vivaah key anushthaan mein usaki bheshaj god mein rakhaa jaataa haye tou thore apana hathauda vaapas leey letaa haye. "thrimskavida" "devi vaar kaa ullekh abhishek vivaah key roop mein bhee karati haye; snorry sterlusson" "gilfaggining" "mein kahati haye kii vaha purushon aur mahilaaon dwara ack-dusare key liye kii jaane vaali pratigyaon koo sunati haye, lekin usake naam kaa arth shayed puraane norse" "warar" "," "pratigyaon" "seey vyutpatti key roop mein judey honey key bajaay" "priya" "haye.
mritakon koo dafnana ack sanskar haye jisake baare mein hamaare paas sabse adhik puraataatvik pramaan hain. dafan prathaon mein kaafee bhinnata haye, donon sthaanik aur kalanukramik roop seey, joe antim sanskaron key baare mein hathdharmita kii kamee kaa sujhaav detaa haye. poore scandinavia mein daah sanskar aur antarveshan donon paae jaate hain, lekin wiking yug mein antarveshan they, lekin ack sambhaavit apavaad key saath, koee antarveshan naheen thaa. mrit loga gaddhon, lakadi key taabuton yaa kakshon, naukaaon yaa patthar kii dandon mein dabey hue paae jaate hain; antim sanskar kii chitaa key buggle mein, ack gaddhe mein, ack bartan yaa kegg mein dabey hue, aur jameen parr bikhare hue shav paae gaye hain. adhikansh kabristan kabristanon mein paae gaye hain, lekin ekant kabrein agyaat naheen hain. kuchh kabron koo achihnit chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, anya koo khade pattharon yaa dafan teelon key saath smaarak banaaya gayaa thaa.
kabron mein dafanaane aur daah sanskar donon mein kabron kaa saman hotaa haye. inmein aksar jaanvaron key avashesh hotey hain; udaaharan key liye, icelandic moortipoojak kabron mein, kutton aur ghodon key avashesh sabse aam kabr saman hain. kaee mamalon mein, kabr kii kabr kii vastuein aur anya visheshtaen samajik stareekaran koo darshaati hain, vishesh roop seey hdb aur kaupang jaise bajar shaharon mein kabristanon mein. anya mamalon mein, jaise kii burf kii bhoomi mein, kabristan isake bahut cumm saboot dikhaate hain.
jahaaj dafan puraataatvik record aur ibn fadlan key likhit khaate donon mein pramaanit abhijaat varg key amanviya roop kaa ack roop haye. khudai key udaharanon mein norwey mein tonsberg key paas osberg jahaaj dafan, ack aur clinta mein oland mein, aur ingland mein sutton huu jahaaj dafan shamil hain. norwey mein kaupang mein ack naav dafanaane mein ack aadami, mahila aur bachcha ack dusare key buggle mein ack ghode aur tukade kiye gaye kutte key avasheshon key saath padaa huaa thaa. stern mein ack doosari mahila kaa shareer hathiyaron, aabhushanon, ack kansya kadaahi aur ack dhaatu key laathi seey sajaaya gayaa thaa; puraatatvidon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii vaha ack jadugarani hoe sakati haye. nordic duniya key kuchh kshetron, arthaat tateey norwey aur atlantic upaniveshon mein, chhoti naavon key dafanaane paryaapt roop seey aam hain joe yeh ingit karate hain kii yeh abb kewal ack kuleen pratha naheen thee.
puraane norse saahityik-pauranik sangrah mein dou baar jahaaj dafanaane kaa bhee ullekh kiya gayaa haye. snorry sterlusson kii "yanglinga gaatha" mein ack ansh mein kahaa gayaa haye kii odin-jise vaha ack maanav raajaa key roop mein prastut kartaa haye, baad mein ack devta key roop mein galati seey-ney kaanoon sthaapit kiye kii mritakon koo unaki sampatti key saath ack chitaa parr jalaa diyaa jaayega, aur sabse ullekhaniya purushon key liye dafanaane key tealey yaa smaarak patthar banaae jaayenge. apane "gadya edda" mein bhee, bhagwan baldr koo unake jahaaj parr ack chitaa parr jalaa diyaa jaataa haye, "ringhorney", jise hirokkin kii sahaayata seey samudra mein chhod diyaa jaataa haye; snorry ney iceland key isaikaran key baad likhaa, lekin ulfruggeson kii scaldic kavita "husdrapa" parr aakarshit kiya.
rahasyavaad, jaadoo, jeevaad aur shamanvaad.
yagdrasil parr nau raaton key liye latakate hue odin kii eddick kavita "hawal" mein sanrakshit mithak, ack praarambhik sanskar seey milati-julati cheezon mein runn aur anya gyaan key gyaan koo surakshit karane key liye khud koo balidan karna, puraane norse dharm mein rahasyavaad kaa pramaan haye.
devta jaadoo key dou alag-alag roopon seey judey hue they. hawal" aur anya jagahon parr, odin vishesh roop seey runn aur galder key saath judaa huaa haye. aksar runn key saath judey aakarshan, puraane norse samaaj mein manushyon aur pashudhan donon mein bimari key upchaar kaa ack kendriya hissa they. isake vipareet seeder aur sambandhit spay, jisamen jaadoo aur bhavishyavaan donon shamil hoe sakate they, jyaadaatar mahilaaon dwara abhyaas kiya jaataa thaa, jinhen vaulur aur spay-wives key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, aksar ack graahak key anurodh parr ack sampradayik sabhaa mein. 9veen aur 10veen shatabdi kii mahila kabron mein lohe key laathi aur kabr key saman kii pehchaan iss aadhar parr seeder chikitsakon key roop mein kii gaee haye. seedar vanic devi freeza key saath judaa huaa thaa; "yanglinga gaatha" mein ack euhamourised khaate key anusaar, usane seedar koo esir koo sikhaaya, lekin isamen itna "ergi" ("amanviyata, prabhavsheelta") shamil thaa kii khud odin key alawa, iska upayog pujari key liye aarakshit thaa. haalaanki, "hemscringla" mein anya sthaanon sahit purush shramikon kaa ullekh haye, jahan unaki vikriti key liye ninda kii jaati haye.
puraane norse saahitya mein, seider key vyavsaayiyon koo kabhi-kabhi videshiyon key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey saami yaa finn yaa british dweepon seey durlabh mamalon mein. erich dha redd kii gaatha" mein thorbjorg littlevolva jaise chikitsakon ney sahaayata key liye aatma sahayakon seey appeal kii. kaee vidvaanon ney iss aur anya samaantaon kii or ishara kiya haye joe seedar aur spay samarohon aur shamanvaad key baare mein bataaya gayaa haye. dharm key itihaaskaar daag stromback ney ise saami yaa balto-finnish shamnik paramparaon seey udhaar lene key roop mein maanaa, lekin saami noaidi kii darj prathaon seey bhee antar hain. 19veen shatabdi key baad seey, kuchh vidvaanon ney puraane norse dharm key anya pahaluon kii vyakhya shamanvaad key saath tulanaa karke karane kii koshish kii haye; udaaharan key liye, vishva vriksh parr odin key aatm-balidan kii tulanaa finno-utric shamnik prathaon seey kii gaee haye. haalaanki, vidwan zaan dee vreez ney seedar koo norse key beach ack swadeshi shamnik vikas key roop mein maanaa, aur purani norse prathaon, yahaan taka kii seedar kii vyakhya key liye ack dhaanche key roop mein shamanvaad kii prayojyata parr kuchh vidvaanon dwara vivaad kiya gayaa haye.
dhaarmik sthal.
baahari sanskar.
dhaarmik prathaaen aksar baahar hoti theen. udaaharan key liye, trondlag, norwey mein, devtaon kii chhaviyon vaale padon kii ack pankti mein prasaad rakhe jaate they. vishesh roop seey baahari pooja seey judey shabd "way" (mandir) aur "horg" (carron yaa patthar kii vedi) hain. kaee sthaanon key naamon mein ack devta key naam key saath inn tatvon koo shamil kiya gayaa haye, aur udaaharan key liye sweeden key upland key brow parrish mein lilla ullevi (bhagwan ulr key naam key saath sanyojit) mein, puraatatvidon ney ack patthar seey dhakaa anushthaan kshetra paaya haye jisamen chaandi kii vastuon, angoothiyon aur maans key kaante sahit prasaad jamaa kiye gaye they. sthaan-naam key sakshya seey pataa chalata haye kii vibhinn prakaar key sthalon parr bhee dhaarmik prathaaen hoe sakati hain, jinamen khet aur ghaas key maidan ("vangar", "winn"), nadiyaan, jheelen aur daldal, upavan ("lunder") aur alag-alag pedh aur chattaanen shamil hain.
kuchh icelandic gaathaon mein pavitra sthaanon kaa ullekh haye. donon mein aur "irebigza gaatha" mein, ack parivaar key sadasya joe vishesh roop seey thore kii pooja karate they, kahaa jaataa haye kii way mrityu key baad parvat helgafel (pavitra parvat) mein chaley gaye, jise raktapaat yaa mull seey apavitra naheen kiya jaanaa thaa yaa yahaan taka kii pahale dhoye binaa dekhaa jaanaa thaa. parvat pooja kaa ullekh ack purani norwey kii parampara key roop mein bhee kiya gayaa haye, jisamen gahari soch vaale parivaar kii mrityu key baad vaapas laut aaya; vidwan hilda ellis davidson ney ise vishesh roop seey thore kii pooja seey judaa huaa maanaa. viga-glums gaatha" mein, feeled vitazzafi (kuchh dene vaalaa) freer seey judaa huaa haye aur isi tarah ise ashuddh naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye. vidwan stephen kagaar ney tark diyaa haye kii koee bhee poorv-isai scandinavia mein "pauranik aur pavitra bhugol" kii baat curr sakata haye.
mandir.
kaee gaathaaen panth gharon yaa mandiron koo sandarbhit karati hain, jinhen aam taur parr puraane norse mein hoff shabd seey jaanaa jaataa haye. badey mandiron kaa vistrit vivaran haye, jisamen devtaon kii chhaviyon key saath ack alag kshetra aur aspergillum key isai upayog jaise tahaniyon kaa upayog karke balidan key rakt kaa chhidkaav shamil haye, jaise kii "couselnessing gaatha" aur "irebigza gaatha" mein; snorry kaa "hemscringla" mein blott kaa vivaran rakt key chhidkaav key baare mein adhik vivaran jodata haye. bremen key 11veen shatabdi key lattin itihas key aadam mein upsala mein ack mahaan mandir kaa vistaar seey varnan kiya gayaa haye, jisamen niyamit roop seey maanav balidan hotey they, aur jisamen thore, votan aur frico (sambhavatah freer) kii moortiyaan hoti theen; ack "scholian" iss vivaran koo jodata haye kii ack sunhare rung kii shrinkhala gufaaon seey latakati thee.
yeye vivaran atiranjit prateet hotey hain aur shayed isai churchon key liye rinee hain, aur upsala key mamle mein soloman key mandir key bibil key vivaran key liye. samarpit panth gharon key liye puraataatvik sakshya kii kamee key aadhar parr, vishesh roop seey scandinavia mein praarambhik church imaraton key tahat, jahaan unake paae jaane kii ummeed thee, aur isake alawa "germania" mein tacitus key bayaan parr kii german janjaatiyon ney apane devtaon koo imaraton taka seemit naheen kiya thaa, kaee vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii hoffs kaafee hudd taka poorv-isai abhyaas kaa ack isai vichaar haye. 1966 mein, adhikansh scandinavia key ack vyaapak puraataatvik sarvekshan key parinamon key aadhar parr, dennish puraatatvavid olaf olson ney "mandir farm" key model kaa prastaav rakhaah kii ack samarpit imarat honey key bajaay, ack badaa lamba ghar, vishesh roop seey jile key sabse pramukh kisan kaa, aavashyakta padane parr samudayik saanskritik samarohon key liye sthaan key roop mein kaary kartaa thaa.
haalaanki, olson key sarvekshan key baad seey, mandir kii imaraton key puraataatvik sakshya scandinavia mein saamane aae hain. haalaanki suna lindqvist ney gamla upsala mein church key neeche ack oonchi chhat key saath lagbhag vargakar imarat key avasheshon key roop mein paae gaye chhed kii vyakhya ichchapurna thee, 1990 key dashak mein paas kii khudai mein ack basti aur ack lambi imarat donon kaa pataa chalaa joe yaa tou ack lambe ghar key roop mein mausami roop seey upayog kiya gayaa thaa yaa ack samarpit ghar thaa. iceland mein mivton key paas hofstadir mein bhawan sthal, joe kii olson key kaam kaa ack vishesh kendra thaa, taba seey phir seey tarasha gayaa haye aur imarat key leout aur anushthaanik roop seey vadh kiye gaye jaanvaron key avasheshon kii aage kii khoj seey abb pataa chalata haye kii yeh ack panth ghar thaa jaba taka kii anushthaanik roop seey tyag naheen diyaa gayaa thaa. anya imaaraten jinhen panth gharon key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee haye, way östergötland mein borg, Södermanland mein lunda aur scania mein uppakra mein paaee gaee hain, ack moortipoojak mandir key avashesh abb taka ack madhyayugeen church key tahat paae gaye hain, nord-trondlag, norwey mein mère mein.
norwey mein, aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii "hoff" shabd ney wiking yug key dauran baahari panth sthalon kaa ullekh karate hue puraane shabdon koo badal diyaa haye; yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii panth bhavanon kaa upayog teesari shatabdi mein isai churchon key aadhar parr scandinavia mein shuru kiya gayaa thaa, joe taba roman samrajya mein fail rhaa thaa, raajneetik aur dhaarmik parivartanon kii ack shrinkhala key hisse key roop mein joe nordic samaaj taba anubhav curr rhaa thaa. kuchh panth ghar joe paae gaye hain, way puraatatvidon dwara "kendriya sthaanon" key naam seey jaane jaane vaale kshetron mein sthit hainh vibhinn dhaarmik, raajneetik, nyaayik aur vyaparik karyon key saath bastiyaan. inmein seey kaee kendriya sthaanon mein dhaarmik sanghon key saath sthaan-naam hain, jaise kii goodme (devtaon kaa ghar), vaa ("way"), aur helgo (pavitra dweep). kuchh puraatatvidon ney tark diyaa haye kii unhein puraane norse brahmand vigyaan koo pratibimbit karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, iss prakaar anushthaan prathaon koo vyaapak vishva drishtikon key saath jodaa gayaa thaa.
pujari aur raajaa.
norse key beach ack peshevar pujari honey kaa koee saboot naheen haye, aur balki dhaarmik gatividhiyon koo samudaay key sadasyon dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jinake anya samajik kaary aur pada bhee they. puraane norse samaaj mein, dhaarmik adhikaar kaa upayog dharmnirpeksh adhikaar key liye kiya jaataa thaa; aarthik, raajneetik aur prateekaatmak sansthanon key beach koee algaav naheen thaa. norwey key raajaon kii gaathaaen aur bremen key khaate key aadam donon kaa daavaa haye kii raajaon aur sardaaron ney dhaarmik balidaanon mein pramukh bhoomika nibhai thee. madhyayugeen iceland mein, godi ack samajik bhoomika thee joe dhaarmik, raajneetik aur nyaayik karyon koo jodati thee, joe jile mein ack pramukh key roop mein seva karane, kanuni vivaadon parr baatchit karane aur apane logon key beach vyavastha banaae rakhane key liye jimmedaar thee. adhikansh sakshya bataate hain kii saarvajanik dhaarmik gatividhi kaafee hudd taka puraane norse samaaj mein uchch darje key purushon kaa sanrakshan thaa. halanki, apavaad hain. yeh "gija" key pada parr aaseen dou mahilaaon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jinamen seey donon sthaaniya mukhya parivaaron kii sadasya theen. ibn fadlan key russ key vivaran mein, unhone ack bujurg mahila kaa varnan kiya haye jise "mrityu key doot" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe ack antim sanskar kaa nireekshan karati thee.
vidvaanon key beach iss baat parr bahut bahas hui haye kii kyaa puraane nars samudaayon key beach pavitra raajatva kaa abhyaas kiya jaataa thaa, jisamen raajaa koo ack divya darja diyaa gayaa thaa aur iss prakaar yeh sunishchit karane key liye jimmedaar thaa kii ack samudaay kii jarooraton koo alaukik sadhanon key madhyam seey puuraa kiya gayaa thaa. isake liye sakshya "yanglingatal" kavita seey uddhrit kiya gayaa haye jisamen sweeden key loga akaal key baad apane raajaa, domalde koo maar dete hain. haalaanki, pavitra raajatva key alawa iss ghatana kii vyakhya sambhav haye; udaaharan key liye, domalde koo ack raajneetik takhtapalat mein maar diyaa gayaa hoga.
pratima aur chitra.
wiking yug key puraane norse dharm mein sabse vyaapak dhaarmik prateek mjolnir thaa, thore kaa hathauda. yeh prateek pahali baar nauvin shatabdi mein dikhaai detaa haye aur isai cross key prateekvaad key liye ack sachet pratikriya hoe sakati haye. halanki wiking duniya mein paae jaane vaale, mjolnir latkan aamtaur parr aadhunik denmark, dakshin-purvi sweeden aur dakshini norwey kii kabron mein paae jaate hain; unake vyaapak vitaran seey thore kii vishesh lokpriyata kaa pataa chalata haye. jaba manavheen kabron mein paae jaate hain, tou purushon kii tulanaa mein mahilaaon kii kabron mein mjolnir latkan paae jaane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye. pahale key udaaharan lohe, kansya yaa ember seey banaae gaye they, halanki chaandi key latkan dasavin shatabdi mein fashionable hoe gaye they. yeh isai cross tabij kii badhati lokpriyata kii pratikriya hoe sakati haye.
dou dhaarmik prateek nikatata seey saha-astitva mein hoe sakate hain; puraataatvik sakshya kaa ack tukada yeh sujhaav detaa haye kii yeh mamla denmark mein trangarden seey khoje gaye latkan koo dhaalane key liye ack sabun key patthar kaa sancha haye. iss saanche mein ack mjolnir aur ack crucifix latkan key liye jagah thee, joe sujhaav detaa haye kii inn latkanon kaa utpaadan karane vaale karigar donon dhaarmik samudaayon key liye they. inhen aam taur parr ack surakshaatmak prateek key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee haye, halanki prajanan kshamata key saath sambandh bhee hoe sakata haye, jise tabij, saubhagya key aakarshan yaa suraksha key sroton key roop mein pahana jaataa haye. haalaanki, khudai key dauran khoje gaye logon mein seey lagbhag 10 pratishat koo daah sanskar kalash key oopar rakhaa gayaa thaa, joe yeh sujhaav detaa haye kii kuchh antim sanskaron mein unakaa sthaan thaa.
devtaon aur deviyon koo moortiyon, latkanon, faibulon aur hathiyaron parr chhaviyon key madhyam seey chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. thore koo aamtaur parr chitran mein unake mjolnir koo leey jaane seey pahachaana jaataa haye. anya devtaon kaa sujhaav dene vaali pratima sambandhi samagri thore seey judey devtaon kii tulanaa mein cumm aam haye. kuchh sachitra sakshya, vishesh roop seey chitra pattharon key, baad key granthon mein darj pauranik kathaaon key saath pratichhed karate hain. wiking yug key dauran mukhya bhoomi scandinavia mein nirmit yeye chitra patthar, norse pauranik drishyon key sabse puraane gyaat drishya chitran hain. phir bhee yeh spasht naheen haye kii inn chitra-pattharon kaa kyaa kaary thaa yaa unakaa una samudaayon key liye kyaa matlab thaa jinhone unhein paida kiya thaa.
paanchvin aur chhathi shatabdi seey utpaadit vibhinn soney key bractates parr odin kii pehchaan kii gaee haye.
kuchh moortiyon koo devtaon key chitran key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee haye. sweeden key scan seey lindby chhavi koo aksar isaki laapata aankh key kaaran odin key roop mein vyakhya kii jaati haye; iceland mein ireland seey kansya moorti thore key roop mein kyonki isamen ack hathauda hotaa haye. sodermanland mein raalinge kii ack kansya moorti koo freer key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya gayaa haye kyonki isamen ack badaa falas haye, aur austergotland mein aask seey ack chaandi key latkan koo freeya key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye kyonki yeh ack haar pahanata haye joe brissingamen hoe sakata haye.
ack aur chhavi joe iss avadhi kii norse kalaakriti mein dohrati haye, vaha haye walknut (shabd aadhunik haye, purana naheen). inn prateekon kaa odin key saath ack vishisht sambandh hoe sakata haye, kyonki way aksar chitra pattharon parr yoddhaon kii chhaviyon key saath hotey hain.
prabhaav.
romantikwad, saundaryashastra aur rajneeti.
19veen shatabdi key romantikwadi andolan key dauran, vibhinn uttari europeeya logon ney puraane norse dharm mein ruchi badhaai, jisamen pracheen poorv-isai pauranik kathaaon koo dekhaa gayaa joe pramukh shaastriya pauranik kathaaon kaa ack vikalp pradaan karati theen. natijatan, kalakaron ney apane chitron aur moortiyon mein nars devtaon aur deviyon koo chitrit kiya, aur unake naam uttari europe key sabhi hisson mein sadakon, chaurahon, patrikaon aur companiyon parr lagu kiye gaye.
puraane norse aur anya german sroton seey praapt pauranik kahaaniyon ney vibhinn kalakaron koo prerit kiya, jinamen richard wagner bhee shamil they, jinhone inn kathaaon kaa upayog apane "dair ring days nibelungen" key aadhar key roop mein kiya. inn purani norse aur german kahaaniyon seey bhee prerit jey. aar. aar. tolkin, jinhone unhein apane kinvadanti key nirmaan mein istemal kiya, kaalpanik brahmand jisamen unhone "dha lord off dha rings" jaise upanyason koo sthaapit kiya. 1930 aur 1940 key dashak key dauran, puraane norse aur anya german dharmon key tatvon koo naazi germany dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa. naazi key patan key baad seey, vibhinn dakshinpanthi samooh apane prateekon, naamon aur sandarbhon mein puraane norse aur german dharm key tatvon kaa upayog karna jaari rakhate hain; udaaharan key liye, kuchh nava-naazi samooh ack prateek key roop mein mjolnir kaa upayog karate hain.
puraane norse dharm key ack shamnik ghatak key baare mein siddhanton koo nordic neoshmanwad key roopon dwara apanaaya gayaa haye; jinhen way "seeder" kahate hain, unakaa abhyaas karane vaale samoohon koo 1990 key dashak taka europe aur sanyukt raajya america mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
vidvatapurna adhyayan.
puraane norse dharm mein anusandhaan antahvishay rhaa haye, jisamen itihaaskaar, puraatatvavid, bhashashastri, sthaan-naam vidwan, saahityik vidwan aur dharm key itihaaskaar shamil hain. vibhinn vishayon key vidvaanon ney samagri key prati alag-alag drishtikon apanaane kii pravritti dikhaai haye; udaaharan key liye, kaee saahityik vidwan iss baare mein atyadhik sandeh karate rahey hain kii kitna sateek roop seey purana norse paath poorv-isai dharm koo chitrit kartaa haye, jabaki dharm key itihaskaron ney inn chitranon koo atyadhik sateek maanaa haye.
athaarahavin shatabdi mein norse pauranik kathaaon mein ruchi punarjeevit hui aur vidvaanon ney 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein iss parr apana dhyaan kendrit kiya. choonki yeh shodh europeeya premvaad kii prishthabhoomi seey prakat huaa, 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi mein kaam karane vaale kaee vidvaanon ney raashtravaad key madhyam seey apana drishtikon taiyar kiya, aur rashtratva, vijay aur dharm key baare mein romantic dhaaranaon seey unaki vyakhyaon seey dridhata seey prabhaavit they. saanskritik antahkriya kii unaki samajh bhee 19veen shatabdi key europeeya upaniveshvaad aur samrajyavad dwara rangeen thee. kaee loga poorv-isai dharm koo ekvachan aur aparivartaniya maanate they, seedhe rashtra key saath dharm kii barabari karate they, aur wiking yug key ateet mein aadhunik rashtriya seemaon koo pesh karate they.
naajiyon dwara purani norse aur german pratima key upayog key kaaran, dusare vishva yuddh key baad puraane norse dharm mein akaadamik shodh bahut cumm hoe gayaa. 20veen shatabdi key anta mein iss vishay mein vidvaanon kii ruchi phir seey punarjeevit hui. 21veen shatabdi taka, puraane norse dharm koo grees aur rome key saath-saath europe key sabse prasiddh gair-isai dharmon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa thaa.