
iapysian

eapysian yaa apulian (;, "Âāpyges";, ambrian "iabuscer") ack indo-europeeya bhashi loga they, joe pahali sahasrabdi eesaa poorv aur pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv kii shuruat key beach dakshinpurvi italvi praaydweep key ack naamit kshetra mein rahate they. way teen adiwasi samoohon mein vibhajit theh downey, pyusi aur mesapian. chauthi shatabdi key anta seey romanon dwara dheere-dheere unaki bhoomi kaa upanivesh honey key baad aur antatah pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv kii shuruat taka roman ganarajya mein shamil honey key baad, ipigian poori tarah seey lattin hoe gaye aur roman sanskriti mein aatmasaat hoe gaye.
naam.
iss kshetra koo eesaa poorv 5veen shatabdi key yoonaniyon dwara "iapygía" (ιαπyγία) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, aur isake nivaasiyon koo "iápyges" (ιάπyγες) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. yeh shayed swadeshi logon dwara khud koo naamit karane key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa shabd thaa. ipages" naam kii tulanaa uttari dalmatia kii ack illerian janjaati "ipads" seey bhee kii gaee haye.
kuchh pracheen srot eapigian aur mesapian koo paryaay key roop mein maanate hain, aur roman kaal key kaee lekhakon ney unhein uttar mein "apuli", kendra mein "poediculi" aur dakshin mein "salentini" yaa "calabri" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. exonyms mein way visangatiyaan ingit curr sakati hain kii upa-jaatiya iapysian sanrachanaaen asthir theen aur kabhi-kabhi khandit theen. teesari shatabdi key madhya taka, ipigian aam taur parr teen logon key beach samkaaleen paryavekshakon dwara vibhajit theh uttar mein downian, kendra mein pusatian aur dakshin mein mesapian.
bhugol.
ipagea (aadhunik apulia) itailiyan praaydweep key dakshin-purvi bhaag mein, appenine pahaadon aur adriatic samudra key beach sthit thaa.
kshetra kaa poorvottar kshetra, jisamen monte gargano (1,055 meater) kaa prabhutva thaa, kaafee hudd taka krishi key liye anupayukt thaa aur jangalon key liye chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. gargano key dakshin aur paschim mein praayadveepiya itali key sabse badey maidan, tavolier delle pugali koo failaaya gayaa. halanki isamen mukhya roop seey rait aur bajari hoti haye, maidan koo kaee nadiyon dwara bhee paar kiya jaataa haye. pracheen kaal mein, yeh bhoomi anaaj kii kheti key liye aur sabse badhkar sardiyon mein bhed key charagah key liye sabse upayukt thee. itailiyan praaydweep kii sabse lambi nadiyon mein seey ack, offento nadee, maidan kii dakshini seema koo chihnit karati haye. unake naam key bavjood, maidan key paschim mein abhedya daunian pahaad (1,152 meater), ack auscan bhashi sumnite janjaati, hirpini dwara dridhata seey aayojit kiye gaye they.
madhya ayapigiya nadee mein ack kshetra, merge pathaar (686 meater) seey banaa thaa. pushtaini kshetra kaa paschimi aadhaa hissa kewal bhed charaane key liye upayukt thaa; samudra key paas, bhoomi kheti key liye adhik anukool thee, aur sambhavatah pracheen samay mein anaaj kaa utpaadan karane key liye upayog kii jaati thee.
salento praaydweep mein, paridrishya adhik vividh thaa, halanki abhee bhee nadee key gathan key binaa. iss kshetra mein poorv-roman avadhi key dauran jaitoon kii kheti kii gaee haye, lekin utpaadan kaa paimana anishchit haye. kaee yunani upanivesh tarranto kii khaadi key tata parr sthit they, dakshini iapigia mein swadeshi mesapian key paas, vishesh roop seey taras, joe 8 veen shatabdi eesaa poorv key anta mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, aur metapontion, joe 7 veen shatabdi key anta mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
sanskriti.
bhasha.
ayapigian ack "apekshaakrit sajaatiya bhashai samudaay" they joe ack gair-mahatvapurna, indo-europeeya bhasha bolate they, jise aamtaur parr 'mesapic' kahaa jaataa haye. yunani varnamala key roopon mein likhi gaee bhasha, eesaa poorv chhathi shatabdi key madhya seey doosari shatabdi key anta taka pramaanit haye. kuchh vidvaanon ney tark diyaa haye kii 'ayapigian bhasha' shabd koo una boliyon koo sandarbhit karane key liye prathamikta dee jaani chaahiye, aur 'mesapic' shabd celento praaydweep mein paae jaane vaale shilalekhon key liye aarakshit haye, jahaan vishisht mesapian loga poorv-roman yug mein rahate they. mesapic kii sabse nikatatam bhasha albanian haye, jisake saath yeh highlestead aind joseph (2022) mein "ilrick" naamak ack samanya shakha banaati haye. highlestead aind joseph (2022) ney haal kii granth soochi key saath samjhaute mein greco-frigian koo albanian-mesapic key sabse karib shakha key roop mein pahachaana haye. yeye dou shaakhaaen ack kshetriya samooh banaati hain-jise aksar armenian key saath "balcon aaee" kahaa jaataa haye.
eesaa poorv chhathi shatabdi key dauran, mesapia aur adhik mamuli roop seey pusasia, mukhya roop seey paas key taaraon seey saanskritik prabhaavon seey gujra. iss avadhi mein lekhan pranaliyon kaa upayog shuru kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen laconi-terrantine varnamala kaa adhigrahan aur mesapic bhasha key liye iska anukoolan kiya gayaa thaa. doosari mahaan hellenizing lahar eesaa poorv chauthi shatabdi key dauran aaee, iss samay mein dunia bhee shamil thaa aur hellenistic varnamala key ack sthaaniya sanskaran mein pusatian aur dounian epigraphic record kii shuruat koo chihnit kiya gayaa thaa, jisane purani mesapic lipi koo badal diyaa thaa.
apani basti key baad seey, mesapic kshetra kii itailik bhaashaon key sampark mein thaa. roman vilay seey pahale kii shataabdiyon mein, mesapic aur auscan key beach kii seema frantania-irpinia-lucania-apulia seey hocker gujarati thee. ack "oscanization" aur "sumnitisation" prakriya dheere-dheere hui joe samkaaleen sroton mein bastiyon key liye dohri pehchaan key satyapan key madhyam seey satyaapit kii jaati haye. inn kshetron mein ack auscan/leukenian aabaadi aur ack badaa daunian tatva vibhinn tarikon seey mishrit hotaa haye. larinum, ack basti jisane auscan anomastics key ack badey shareer kaa utpaadan kiya haye, koo ack "dounian shahar" aur horres key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye joe dounian aur leucanian key beach seema paar kshetra mein venusia seey thaa, jisane khud koo "leukenian yaa apulian" key roop mein varnit kiya. chauthi shatabdi eesaa poorv kii shuruat key baad dakshini itali mein roman upaniveshon key nirmaan kaa kshetra key laitinkaran mein bahut prabhaav padaa.
chauthi shatabdi eesaa poorv taka, kendriya ipagea key shilalekhon seey pataa chalata haye kii sthaaniya karigar varg ney yunani bhasha mein kuchh praveenta praapt curr lii thee, jabaki poori kshetriya abhijaat varg kaa upayog teesari shatabdi eesaa poorv taka lattin seekhane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. usa avadhi mein itailiyan logon dwara kshetra parr kabja karane key baad auscan bhasha bhee vyaapak hoe gaee. mesapic boliyon key saath, greek, auscan aur lattin koo parinamswarup romankaran avadhi key dauran iapigia key poore kshetra mein ack saath bolaa aur likhaa gayaa thaa, aur greek aur mesapic mein dwibhashikta shayed salento praaydweep mein aam thee.
dharm.
ipisions kaa poorv-roman dharm yunani tatvon key saath mishrit swadeshi maanyataon key ack substrate key roop mein dikhaai detaa haye. roman vijay ney shayed 8veen shatabdi eesaa poorv seey magna greecia key saath sampark seey pahale seey hii prabhaavit ack kshetra key hellenization koo tej curr diyaa. iss prakaar eapigia mein kamottejak aur ethena kii pooja kramshah "aprodita" aur "athana" key roop mein kii jaati thee. mool mool key kuchh devtaon koo bhee vidvaanon dwara ujagar kiya gayaa haye, jaise kii "zis" ('akash-devta'), "menzana" ('ghodon kaa swami'), "vena" ('ichcha'), "taaotar" ('loga, samudaay'), aur shayed "damatura" ('maan-prithvi').
poorv-roman dhaarmik sampradayon ney bhee kuchh bhautik nishan chhode hain. sanrakshit sakshya ingit karate hain kii swadeshi eapigian maanyataon mein devta menzana key liye jeevit ghodon key balidan, kissy bhee vyakti key liye orecal kii poorti joe ack balidan kii twacha mein lipate hue sote hain, aur podalyrius key "heron" mein paani kii upchaaraatmak shaktiyon koo darshaata haye, joe greek kahaaniyon mein sanrakshit haye. tata parr kaee gufa abhayaranyon kii pehchaan kii gaee haye, vishesh roop seey grota porsinara abhayaranya (saanta maria dee leuka), jisamen mesapian aur greek marine donon divaaron parr apani pratigyaaen likhate they.
yeh sambhavana haye kii pusettience key paas saarvajanik bhavanon kii aavashyakta vaale koee nagrik panth naheen they, aur yadi shahari abhayaranyon kii pehchaan daunia (teanum apulam, lavello yaa canosa mein) mein kii gaee haye, tou romankaran avadhi seey pahale koee vishisht imaaraten naheen paaee jaati hain.
kapade pahanen.
ipigeon loga apani sajawati poshak key liye jaane jaate they. eesaa poorv 7veen shatabdi taka, downian abhijaat varg atyadhik alankrit veshbhusha aur bahut saare aabhushan pahan rhaa thaa, ack pratha joe shaastriya kaal mein bunny rahee, jisamen lambe baalon vaale ipigian key chitran key saath, vistrit kinaaron key saath atyadhik pattern vaale chhote tunic pahane gaye they. yuva mahilaaon koo cummer parr lambe angarkhe key saath chitrit kiya gayaa thaa, aamtaur parr ack headband yaa mukut key saath. anushthaan yaa aupchaarik avsaron parr, kendriya ayapigiya kii mahilaaen apane sir parr ack vishisht roop kaa aavaran pahanati theen joe maathe key oopar dikhaai dene vaali topi chhod detee theen.
dafanaane.
ipaggian antim sanskar paramparaaen padosi itailik logon seey alag theenh jabaki baad vaale ney apani bastiyon key kinare parr vayask dafan koo nirvaasit curr diyaa, ipaggia key nivaasiyon ney apane mrit logon koo apani bastiyon key baahar aur ander dafnaya. haalaanki mahilaaon koo kabhi-kabhi hathiyaron, hathiyaron aur kavach key saath dafnaya jaa sakata haye, lekin iss tarah key kabr-saman aam taur parr purush antyeshti key liye aarakshit they.
eesaa poorv chauthi shatabdi key anta taka, daunian aur pusetians key beach samanya pratha thee kii shareer koo bhroon kii sthiti mein rakhaa jaae aur pairon koo chhaati kii or kheencha jaae, joe shayed dharti maataa key garbh mein aatma key punarjanm kaa prateek haye. isake vipareet, anya itailik logon kii tarah, mesapiyanon ney bhee apane mrit logon koo vistaarit sthiti mein rakhaa. teesari shatabdi eesaa poorv seey, shareer key saath isake peeth parr padey vistrit dafan dania aur pucatia mein dikhaai dene lagey, halanki pichhali pratha kuchh kshetron mein doosari shatabdi eesaa poorv taka achchi tarah seey bunny rahee.
itihas.
mool.
vidvaanon key beach pramukh drishtikon, jiska pahale seey hii pracheen sroton dwara ullekh kiya gayaa haye aur puraataatvik sakshya dwara samarthit haye, yeh haye kii eapigian shayed dakshini illyrian they joe pahali sahasrabdi eesaa poorv kii shuruat mein paschimi balcon seey dakshinpurvi itali kii or chaley gaye they.
poorv-roman avadhi.
ipgians ney sambhavatah 11veen shatabdi eesaa poorv seey itali key liye adriatic key purvi taton koo chhod diyaa, joe pahale seey maujood itailik aur mycenian sanskritiyon key saath vilay hoe gayaa aur ack nirnaayak saanskritik aur bhashai chhaap pradaan kartaa haye. teen mukhya eapigian adiwasi samoohon-dauni, pucitians aur mesapian-ney apane vikas key pahale charan mein ack ullekhaniya saanskritik ekataa hassil kii. haalaanki, 8veen shatabdi eesaa poorv key baad, unhone aantarik aur baahari karanon key kaaran vibhedan kii prakriya dwara chihnit ack charan shuru kiya.
eesaa poorv 8veen shatabdi key anta aur taaron kii sparton coloney kii neenv key baad mesapian aur yoonaniyon key beach sampark tej hoe gayaa, isase pahale poorv-aupaniveshik mycenian aakraman hue they, jisake dauran taaron key sthal ney pahale seey hii ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai haye. haalaanki, 7veen shatabdi key anta taka, ipagea aam taur parr yunani aupaniveshik kshetron key prabhaav key kshetra mein shamil naheen thaa, aur taaron key apavaad key saath, nivasi spasht roop seey iss kshetra mein anya yunani upaniveshon seey bachane mein saksham they. eesaa poorv chhathi shatabdi key dauran mesapia aur adhik mamuli roop seey pusasia, mukhya roop seey paas key taaraon seey saanskritik prabhaavon seey gujra.
mesapian aur tarrentine key beach sambandh samay key saath bigadate gaye, jisake parinamswarup 5 veen shatabdi eesaa poorv kii shuruat seey donon logon key beach sanghrshon kii ack shrinkhala hui. turrentine kii dou jeet key baad, eapigian ney una parr ack nirnaayak haar kaa kaaran banaa, jisase kuleen sarkaar kaa patan huaa aur taras mein ack loktaantrik sarkaar kaa karyanvayan huaa. isane lagbhag aadhi sadee taka yoonaniyon aur mool nivaasiyon key beach sambandhon koo bhee baadhit curr diyaa. kewal 5veen aur 6veen shatabdi key anta mein unhone sambandhon koo phir seey sthaapit kiya. doosari mahaan helnizing lahar eesaa poorv chauthi shatabdi key dauran aaee, iss samay mein bhee daunia shamil thaa.
roman vijay.
4 veen shatabdi key anta mein canucini aur teanance key adheenata key saath ipaggia kii roman vijay shuru hui. isane poore praaydweep mein roman aadhipatya kaa maarg prashast kiya, kyonki unhone sumnite yuddhon key dauran sumnite shakti koo niyantrit karane aur apane kshetra koo gherne key liye iss kshetra mein apani pragati kaa upayog kiya. teesari shatabdi kii shuruat taka, rome ney dou ranneetik upanivesh, luceria (314) aur venusia (291), ipagea aur samaniyam kii seema parr lagaae they.
samajik sangathan.
praarambhik avadhi mein, ipisian awas pranali poore kshetra mein bikhare hue jhopadiyon key chhote samoohon seey bunny thee, joe baad mein shaharon kii greco-roman parampara seey alag thee. graameen jilon key nivasi aam nirnayon key liye, daavaton key liye, dhaarmik prathaon aur sanskaron key liye aur baahari hamalon key khilaf apana bachaav karane key liye ikattha hue.
eesaa poorv chhathi shatabdi seey, pahali sahasrabdi eesaa poorv kii shuruat key aspas sthaapit kii gaee badee lekin cumm kabje vaali bastiyaan adhik sanrachit roop lene lageen. unamen seey sabse badey ney dheere-dheere patthar kii rakshaatmak divaaron koo khadaa karane aur antatah apane swayam key sikkon koo banaane key liye prashaasnik kshamata aur shramshakti praapt kii, joe shaharikaran aur raajneetik swaayatta key daave donon kaa sanket detaa haye.
thucidides key anusaar, inmein seey kuchh ayapigian samudaayon parr 5veen shatabdi eesaa poorv key anta mein shaktishali vyaktiyon kaa shasson thaa. unamen seey ack chhoti sankhya itani badee kileband bastiyon mein vikasit hoe gaee thee kii way shayed chauthi shatabdi key anta taka khud koo swaayatt shahar-raajya maanate they, aur usa avadhi key dauran kuchh uttari shahar ack vyaapak kshetra key niyantran mein prateet hotey they. arpy, jinake paas lauh yug mein ipagea kii sabse badee mitty kii prachir thee, aur canusium, jiska kshetra shayed tata seey venusia taka key tata parr faila huaa thaa, kshetriya aadhipatya shaktiyon mein vikasit huaa prateet hotaa haye.
shahari shakti kaa yeh kshetriya padanukram, jisamen kuchh pramukh shahar-raajya seemit sansadhanon parr apane swayam key aadhipatya kaa daavaa karane key liye ack-dusare key saath pratispardha karate they, sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii vibhinn iapysian samoohon key beach lagaatar aantarik yuddh huaa, aur unake aur videshi samudaayon key beach baahari sangharsh hue.
yuddh.
jaisa kii kabron mein paaee gaee vastuon aur laal-aakriti vaale phuldan chitron parr dikhaae gaye yoddhaon seey pataa chalata haye, eapigyan ney dhaal kii tulanaa mein thode anya rakshaatmak kavach key saath ladaai kii, kabhi-kabhi ack chamade kaa helmate aur ack jerkin, asadharan roop seey ack stanpatal. unakaa sabse adhik istemal kiya jaane vaalaa hathiyar bhaala thaa, usake baad bhaala thaa, jabaki talvaaren apekshaakrit durlabh theen. yoddhaon kii kabron mein kansya pattiyan bhee ack aam vastu paaee jaati theen.
laal-aakriti vaale phuldan chitron parr chitrit yuddh key drishya yeh bhee pradarshit karate hain kii vibhinn eapigian samudaay aksar ack-dusare key saath sangharsh mein shamil they, aur yuddh key kaidiyon koo firauti key liye yaa gulami mein bechane key liye leey jaaya gayaa thaa.
arthavyavastha.
puraataatvik sakshya bataate hain kii eesaa poorv pahali sahasrabdi key dauran poorv-roman iapysia mein transhumans kaa abhyaas kiya jaataa thaa, aur iss kshetra key vyaapak kshetron koo transhument bhed key liye charagah pradaan karane key liye aarakshit kiya gayaa thaa. eesaa poorv 5veen aur 4veen shatabdi mein bunai vaastav mein ack mahatvapurna gatividhi thee. oona seey baney vastra kaa vipanan sambhavatah tarranto kii yunani coloney mein kiya jaataa thaa, aur shayed tavolier maidan mein sthit ipisian pashupalakon kaa sheetkaleen gantavya, jahaan bunai udyog pahale seey hii saatvin yaa chhathi shatabdi eesaa poorv kii shuruat mein achchi tarah seey vikasit hoe chuka thaa, jaisa kii ack stelle parr kaam karane vaale bunkaron key chitran seey pataa chalata haye.

