
vyaavsaayik abhilekh apavaad

vyavasaay yuu key liye apavaad darj kartaa haye.aiss. suniyojit niyam sanghiya sakshya niyamon (free) key niyam 803 (6) parr adharit haye. ise kabhi-kabhi vyaapaar pravesh niyam key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.
tark.
apavaad key liye mool tark yeh haye kii karmchaariyon koo vyaavsaayik tathyon koo dekhane, report karane aur darj karane mein sateek honey kaa kartavya haye. antarnihit vishvaas yeh haye kii vishesh vishvasaniyata niyamitata dwara pradaan kii jaati haye jisake saath record banaae jaate hain aur rakhe jaate hain, saath hii saath karmchaariyon koo sateek record rakhane key liye protsaahit kiya jaataa haye (samaapti yaa anya dund key khatare key tahat). karmchaariyon kii adalat mein gawahi key sthaan parr record kii anumati dene key liye apavaad kaary, lekin yeh kewal usee key sthaan parr hoe sakata haye jisake baare mein karmchari gawahi dey sakata haye. iss apavaad key uddeshyon key liye ghoshana karane vaale kii upalabdhata (karmchari jisaki gawahi koo record dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaa rhaa haye) aprasangik haye.
abhilekh mein diye gaye bayanon kii vishvasaniyata.
nyayadhish key liye yeh spasht honah chaahiye kii record vyavasaay key niyamit pathyakram mein banaaya gayaa thaa, i.ee.yeh kii iss tarah kii pravishti karna prathaagat pratha thee aur praveshkarta kaa kartavya thaa kii vaha ise darj karey (yaa tou kaanoon dwara yaa apane rojgar kii sharton dwara). abhilekh adhiniyam, ghatana yaa lenden key samay yaa usake nikat banaaya gayaa honah chaahiye. isake alawa, abhilekh mein yaa tou praveshkarta key vyaktigat gyaan key bheetar yaa praveshkarta koo jaankaari prasaarit karane key kartavya key saath kissy vyakti key vyaktigat gyaan key bheetar mamle shamil honey chaahiye.
iss antim bindu koo "johnson banaam" key mamle mein ladaa gayaa thaa. lutz, "253 aine.vaaee. 124, 170 aine.ee. 517 (1930), jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii ack vyaavsaayik record kewal tabhi sweekarya haye jaba ack karmchari dwara usa soochana koo pradaan karane key liye ack soochana dene vaale seey praapt jaankaari key baare mein banaaya jaataa haye, joe swayam usa jaankaari koo pradaan karane key liye ack vyaavsaayik kartavya key tahat thaa. "johnson" ney vishesh roop seey pulis reports kii sweekaryata key saath vyavhaar kiya, aur adalat mein aisee reports key upayog parr ack seema nirdhaarit kii. bhale hii pulis adhikaari kaa kartavya ack soochana dene vaale key bayanon koo thheek seey darj karna thaa, soochana dene vaalaa swayam ghatnaaon koo sahee dhang seey report karane key liye koee kartavya naheen thaa, aur isaliye soochana dene vaale kaa bayaan abhee bhee sunai naheen dey rhaa thaa.
mukdamebaji key liye taiyar kiye gaye abhilekhon kii sweekaryata parr seema.
palmer vee" key mamle mein. hoffman, ", sanyukt raajya america kii sarvocch adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii ack rail company dwara banaai gaee ack durghatana report joe peedit dwara mukadame kii pratyasha mein taiyar kii gaee thee, asweekarya thee, kyonki yeh vyavasaay key niyamit pathyakram mein taiyar naheen kii gaee thee. mukdamebaji naheen, balki rail yatra, rail maarg kaa praathamik vyavasaay thaa, aur isaliye report koo sakshya mein sweekaar karane key liye paryaapt vishvasaniya naheen maanaa gayaa thaa.
saboot key roop mein abhilekh kaa abhaav.
free 803 (7) mein vyaavsaayik abhilekhon key nakaratmak samkaksh koo apavaad key roop mein kahaa gayaa haih yeh saabit karane key liye kii koee lenden yaa ghatana naheen hui thee, yadi aisee ghatnaaon koo darj karna vyavasaay kaa niyamit abhyaas thaa yadi way vaastav mein hui theen.
anya prakaar key vyaavsaayik abhilekh.
free 803 (17) key tahat, bajar report aur uddharan, nirdeshikaaen aur anya prakaashit sanklanon koo aam taur parr sweekarya maanaa jaataa haye yadi way aam taur parr janata yaa vishesh vyavsaayon mein vyaktiyon dwara upayog kiye jaate hain aur una parr bharosa kiya jaataa haye. aisee jaankaari koo oopar varnit niji roop seey banaae gaye vyaavsaayik record seey alag aur sweekarya maanaa jaataa haye.

