
thomas rainbaro

thomas rainbaro, yaa rainbaro, 6 julaai 1610 seey 29 octuber 1648, ack angreji dhaarmik aur raajneetik kattarpanthi they jinhone teen raajyon key yuddhon key dauran sansad kii nausena aur naee model senaa mein seva kii. una kuchh samkaaleenon mein seey ack jinka vyaktigat karishma aur lokpriyata oliver cromwell seey pratidvandi thee, unhein "prabhaavshaali peshevar kshamata aur advitiya saahas key sanic" key roop mein bhee varnit kiya gayaa haye. 
abb way 1647 kii putni bahason mein apani bhagidari key liye sabse prasiddh hain, jaba unhone tark diyaa thaa kii "sabse garib hii... ingland mein jeene key liye ack jeevan haye, sabse mahaan key roop mein."
vyaktigat vivaran.
thomas rainbaro kaa janm 6 julaai 1610 koo landan key bandargah key paas, villium rainbaro (1587-1642) key sabse badey bete, wapping mein huaa thaa. 1637 mein ack ameer vyaapaari aur levant company key sadasya villium koo pesh kiya gayaa thaa, lekin morakko key saath shaanti sandhi parr baatchit karane mein unaki madad key liye ack beronetci seey incar curr diyaa. thomas kii maan key dou aur bachche they, villium rainsboro (1612-1673), aur martha (1617-1660), 1624 seey kuchh samay pahale unaki mrityu hoe gaee thee. unake pitaa kii doosari shaadi seey judith hoxton (mrityu 1638) key saath unake teen jeevit sautele bhaai-bahan bhee they; judith, johnn aur edward (1639-1673 key baad).
1629 seey 1640 taka vyaktigat shasson kii avadhi key dauran oliver cromwell aur anya puritance kii tarah, thomas ney nyu ingland mein pravaas parr vichaar kiya, halanki unhone antatah isake khilaf faisala kiya. 1630 key dashak key anta mein, unake bhaai villium massachusets mein buss gaye, jaisa kii dou bahanen, martha, sankshipt roop seey johnn winthrop kii chauthi aur antim patni, coloney key governor, aur judith, jinhone apane bete stephen winthrop seey shaadi kii. baad vaalaa 1645 mein ingland laut aaya aur naee model senaa mein curnell bunn gayaa. 
apani mrityu seey kuchh saal pahale, thomas ney margaret naamak ack mahila seey shaadi kii, jisake baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari haye, isake alawa kii unakaa ack betaa, villium aur cumm seey cumm ack anya bachcha thaa.
pahala angreji grihyuddh.
apane pitaa kii tarah, thomas rainbaro levent company mein shamil hoe gaye aur shuddh vyapariyon aur naavikon key ack karibi samooh kaa hissa bunn gaye, jinamen seey kaee trinity house key sadasya bhee they. charles key tahat shaahi nausena key vistaar ney anubhavi kaptanon kii maang mein vriddhi kii aur apane saath key dashak mein honey key bavjood, villium rainbaro northumberland key earl, taba lord hyee admiral dwara chune gaye logon mein seey ack thaa. northumberland ack shuddhatavadi sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalaa thaa, jisane isi tarah kii prishthabhoomi seey adhikaariyon kii bharti karke bede key bheetar apana prabhaav badhaane kii maang kii, surr villium batton ack aur udaaharan they. 
jaba agast 1642 mein pahala angreji grihyuddh shuru huaa, tou adhikansh shaahi nausena ney sansad key liye ghoshana kii aur thomas koo apane parivaar key samparkon kii madad seey isake ack jahaaj kaa kaptan niyukt kiya gayaa. ack mahatvapurna shaahi nausena kii anupasthiti kaa matlab thaa kii bede koo badey paimaane parr tateey sanchaalan yaa aapoorti lines koo kaatane mein sahaayata karane key liye niyojit kiya gayaa thaa, aur unake bhaai villium key saath, joe uttar america seey laute they, rainbaro ney yuddh key pahale varsh kaa adhikansh samay ayrish samudra mein gashti duty parr bitaaya. 
unhone 1643 kii garmiyon mein nausena koo chhod diyaa aur gherabandi kiye gaye sansad key gadh mein shamil hoe gaye aur nae mahal key markes dwara kiye gaye hamale koo rokane mein madad kii. 1644 mein purvi sangh kii senaa mein curnell key roop mein padonnat honey key baad unhein ack naee paidal senaa resiment kii kamaan dee gaee, jisake sadasyon mein nyu ingland key kaee swayamsevak shamil they, jinamen unake behnoi, stephen winthrop aur poorv padosi, nahemiya borne shamil they. octuber mein, unhone ack sahsi hamale mein iss resiment kaa netritva kiya, jisane linkenshire mein crolland abby key shaahi gadh parr kabja curr liya.
aprail 1645 mein, rainbaro koo haal hii mein gathit naee model senaa mein ack paidal senaa resiment kaa curnell banaaya gayaa thaa, halanki unaki niyukti kaa shuru mein sansad parr haavi madhyam presbyterians dwara virodh kiya gayaa thaa. way cromwell aur unake sahyogiyon dwara naamit vibhinn adhikaariyon key dhaarmik vichaaron seey chintit they, jabaki rainbaro koo naa kewal samooh key prati sahaanubhooti rakhane key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa, jise baad mein paanchven rajtantravadiyon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, balki anabaptist bhee they, joe poore europe mein mukhyadhara key virodhiyon dwara prataadit ack sampradaay thaa. unake bhaai villium kii kaptan key roop mein niyukti koo bhee unake dhaarmik aur raajneetik vichaaron key kaaran chunauti dee gaee thee. 
juuna 1645 mein nasby kii ladaai mein ladane key liye rainbaro key commission koo samay parr manjuri dee gaee thee, jahan unaki resiment ney rajkumar rupert kii ghudsavaar senaa dwara ack safalata koo rokane mein madad kii thee. julaai mein, unhone leicester koo phir seey hassil karane mein madad kii, aur phir paschimi abhiyaan mein bhaag liya, langport mein vishishtata key saath ladaai ladee, aur brijwater aur bristol mein gherabandi yuddh key liye apane kaushal kaa pradarshan kiya. disambar 1645 mein berkley mahal koo lene key baad, vaha oxford kii gherabandi parr chaley gaye, jisane juuna 1646 mein aatmasamarpan curr diyaa, jisase pahale angreji grihyuddh mein mahatvapurna shaahi pratirodh samaapt hoe gayaa. rainbaro ney taba versester kii gherabandi koo samaapt karane mein madad kii aur julaai 1646 mein shahar kaa rajyapal niyukt kiya gayaa. unhein janwari 1647 mein droytwich key paas key nirvaachan kshetra key liye saansad bhee chunaa gayaa thaa, lekin aatm-aswikar adhyadesh key bavjood apane sainya aayog koo banaae rakhaa, jisake liye unhein ack yaa dusare koo chunana thaa.
1647 putni bahas.
1647 kii shuruat taka, naee model senaa parr 300,000 pound seey adhik kaa vetan bakaaya thaa, joe usa avadhi key liye ack badee raashi thee, jabaki sansad ack tooty hui arthavyavastha, bubonic plaig key prakop aur charles key shaanti samjhaute parr sahmat honey seey incar key saath sangharsh curr rahee thee. yeh isaliye mahatvapurna thaa kyonki denzil holes jaise madhyam varg key logon ney 1642 mein yeh sunishchit karane key liye hathiyar uthaaye kii raajaa ney sansad key saath saajhedaari mein shasson kiya, naa kii unhein hataane key liye, aur rainbaro jaise kattarpanthiyon koo shaahi shasakon kii tulanaa mein ack badey khatare key roop mein dekhaa. dharm mein badey paimaane parr presbyterian, udaarvaadi gutt ney sansad mein bahumat hassil kiya, aur landan prashikshit baind, paschimi sangh kii senaa aur adhikansh nausena dwara samarthit they. isase way atee-aatmavishvaas mein aaa gaye aur aprail mein unhone nae model koo ireland bhejane kaa prastaav paarit kiya, jisamen kahaa gayaa kii kewal vahee loga joe jaane key liye sahmat hue, unhein bhugtan kiya jaayega. jaba unake pratinidhiyon yaa andolankariyon ney sabhi key liye agrim roop seey poorna bhugtan kii maang kii, tou senaa koo aadhikarik taur parr bhang curr diyaa gayaa, lekin isake netaaon ney iska paalan karane seey incar curr diyaa. 
unake prabhaav aur pratishtha kaa matlab thaa kii rainbaro koo samanya parishad mein saha-chunaa gayaa thaa, joe naee model senaa key hiton kii raksha key liye sthaapit ack nikaay thaa. isamen varishth adhikaari yaa "grandy" jaise cromwell aur surr thomas fairfax key saath-saath unake resiments dwara chune gaye andolankari shamil they, jinamen seey ack villium rainboro they. parishad ney ack shaanti samjhaute key apane sanskaran kaa masauda taiyar kiya, jise prastaavon key pramukhon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur julaai mein rainbaro usa pratinidhimandal kaa hissa thaa jise ise charles koo prastut karane key liye bheja gayaa thaa, jinhone sharton koo poori tarah seey khariz curr diyaa. curnell villium goff, ack paanchven rajtantravadi aur baad mein raaj-hatyaa sahit anya logon key saath, rainbaro koo vishvaas hoe gayaa kii raajaa key saath aage kii baatchit vyarth thee, aur cromwell parr unhein jaari rakhane kii maang mein "aadhar daasata" kaa aarop lagaaya. 
agast 1647 mein, rainbaro aur unaki resiment koo landan mein shaahi samarthak dangon koo dabaane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa, jahan way rahey. iss avadhi key dauran, vaha ack samvaidhaanik samjhaute key liye prastaavon mein shamil they, baad mein "logon kaa ack samjhauta" sheershak seey ack parche mein rakhaa gayaa. prastaavon key pramukhon" kii tarah, isaki sharton mein gair-catholics key liye pooja kii swatantrata shamil thee, lekin samajik sthiti kii parwah kiye binaa kaanoon key samaksh samaantaa kii maang karke aur 21 varsh seey adhik umr key sabhi purushon key liye saarvbhaumik matadhikar kii maang karke aage badhaa. donon vichaaron kaa virodh bhavya logon dwara kiya gayaa thaa, joe nae model key bheetar star key prabhaav key vikas seey chintit they. 
yeh 28 octuber seey 8 navambar 1647 key beach sent sent mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. mairi church, putni, putni bahason ney sansad key saath apane vivaad mein ack ekikrit senaa kii sthiti parr sahmat honey kii maang kii. baatchit mein eirton kaa varchasva thaa, joe grandies key liye boll rahey they, aur rainbaro, joe leveller mamle kaa pratinidhitva curr rahey they. ireton ney saarvbhaumik matadhikar koo "kewal arajakta" key roop mein khariz curr diyaa; rainbaro ney jawab diyaah
"...kyonki vaastav mein mujhe lagata haye kii ingland mein sabse garib vyakti key paas sabse mahaan vyakti key roop mein jeene key liye jeevan haye; aur isaliye, vaastav mein, surr, mujhe lagata haye kii yeh spasht haye, kii harr aadami jise ack shasson key tahat rehna haye, usey pahale apani sahamati seey khud koo usa shasson key tahat rakhna chaahiye; aur mujhe lagata haye kii ingland mein sabse garib vyakti usa sarkaar key liye sakht arth mein bilkul bhee baadhya naheen haye kii usake paas khud koo adheen karane key liye ack aavaaj naheen haye."(putni debate record book 1647, versester college, oxford, ms 65. mool pandulipi mein vartani aur badey aksharon mein likhaa gayaa haye.)
star parr tainaat logon ney senaa key anushasana aur ekataa koo khatare mein daal diyaa, 8 navambar koo bhavya logon ney bahas koo bund curr diyaa, sabhi andolankariyon koo apani ikaaiyon mein vaapas jaane kaa adesh diyaa aur samanya parishad koo bhang curr diyaa, jaldi seey adhikaariyon kii parishad key roop mein sudhaar kiya. 15 navambar koo aayojit vidhaansabhaaon kii ack shrinkhala mein, sabhi nae model resiments koo apane adhikaariyon key prati wafadari kii shapath parr hastakshar karane kii aavashyakta thee; adhikansh ney binaa kissy sawal key aisaa kiya, lekin godam, hertfordshire mein aayojit ack mein ack mamuli vidroh huaa, jahaan rainbaro maujood thaa. unhein maidan seey leey jaaya gayaa kyonki way bhaag lene key hakdar naheen they, sitambar 1647 mein sansad kii nausena key wies-admiral banaae jaane key baad apane senaa aayog koo chhod diyaa, ack niyukti sansad abb radd curr dee gaee.
dwiteeya angreji grihyuddh aur mrityu.
jaise hii ack aasann shaahi uday kii afvaahon key beach raajneetik sthiti bigadati gaee, adhikaariyon kii parishad koo nausena key prabhaari key roop mein ack vishvasaniya vyakti kii aavashyakta thee, jiska netritva vartamaan mein villium batton curr rahey they, joe cromwell key sansadiya virodh key presbyterian samarthak they. disambar key madhya mein, unhone sansad seey apane commander key roop mein rainbaro kii pushti karane kaa aagrah kiya, ack anurodh jise antatah kuchh hichkichaahat key baad anumodit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. ack saath deal casal key kaptan niyukt, rainbaro ney janwari 1648 mein apane pramukh key roop mein "nirantar sudhaar" kaa upayog karate hue apane nae padon koo sambhala. haalaanki, adhikansh bede ney binaa charcha key una parr ack senaa adhikaari koo thope jaane parr apatti jataai, vishesh roop seey unake raajneetik aur dhaarmik vichaaron key saath; nausena key bheetar star parr tainaat karane vaalon yaa dhaarmik swatantra logon key liye bahut cumm samarthan thaa. 
doosara angreji grihyuddh farwari 1648 mein shuru huaa, joe scots angrejon, angreji rajgharanon key sadasyon aur una sansadon key beach gathbandhan kaa parinam thaa, joe nae model koo apane pichhale virodhiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik khatra maanate they. villium batton key netritva mein 27 maee koo chhah jahaajon ney raajaa key liye apana samarthan ghoshit kiya, jisamen "nirantar sudhaar" bhee shamil thaa, jisake chaalak dall ney landan kii or jaane vaali ack chhoti naav mein rainbaro daal diyaa. aage dalbadal kii sambhavana seey chintit, sansad ney vaarvik key presbyterian earl koo lord hyee admiral key roop mein bahaal curr diyaa, ack pada joe vaha pahale 1642 seey 1645 taka rakhta thaa. rainbaro senaa mein laut aaya aur surr thomas fairfax mein shamil hoe gayaa, jisaki senaa colchester koo gher rahee thee. 19 agast koo preston mein shaahi balon parr cromwell kii jeet ney aage key pratirodh koo vyarth banaa diyaa, aur colchester ney agast key anta mein aatmasamarpan curr diyaa. 
rainbaro abb pontefract mahal kii gherabandi parr chalaa gayaa, joe antim shesh shaahi gadhon mein seey ack haye. 29 octuber kii raat koo, chaar loga paas key doncaster mein unake ghar mein ghus gaye, kathit taur parr shaahi ghudsavaar netaa, marmaduke langdale key liye unakaa adaan-pradaan karane kii ummeed mein. rainbaro ney virodh kiya aur madad key liye bulaane key bavjood usey sadak parr baahar ghasita gayaa, jahan usaki maut hoe gaee. march 1649 mein, leveller johnn lilburn ney "ingland kii naee shrinkhalaon kaa doosara bhaag" naamak ack lekh prakaashit kiya, jisamen anya baaton key alawa adhikaariyon kii parishad parr rainbaro kii mrityu mein shamil honey kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. ack samkaaleen sansadiya jaanch ney iss vichaar koo khariz curr diyaa, jabaki baad mein itihaskaron koo iss tarah key siddhant kaa samarthan karane key liye koee saboot naheen milaa haye. 
apane bhaai villium dwara aayojit ack antim sanskar samaroh key baad aur lagbhag 3,000 samarthak sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon dwara bhaag lene key baad, rainbaro koo sent johnn church mein apane pitaa key buggle mein dafnaya gayaa, aur jhapaki lii. sansad ney unaki vidhwa margaret koo prati varsh £200 kii vaarshik pension key saath 1,300 pound seey adhik kii bakaaya raashi pradaan kii; kuchh varshon baad, unhein somerset aur lancashire mein bhoomi bhee millie. unaki mrityu 1648 key ack gaathaagit kaa vishay thaa jiska sheershak thaa "colonal rainborov bhoot". 
maee 2013 mein, sent johns church mein itihaaskaar aur lekhak johnn rees aur poorv mp tonny bayne dwara rainbaro kii yaad mein ack pattika kaa anaavaran kiya gayaa thaa. channel 4 key naatak "dha devils whore" mein michael fassbender ney rainbaro koo chitrit kiya haye. vaha 2013 mein prakaashit robbert wilton key aitihaasik upanyaas "gaddaar key kshetra" mein ack chhoti lekin mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaate hain.