serbia

serbia (;,), aadhikarik taur parr serbia ganarajya (,), dakshinpurvi aur madhya europe mein ack bhoo-ghiraa huaa desh haye, joe pannion besin aur balcon key chaurahon parr sthit haye. isaki bhoomi seemaaen uttar mein hangri, uttar-poorv mein romenia, dakshin-poorv mein bulgaria, dakshin mein uttar macedonia, paschim mein croatia aur bosnia aur herzegovina aur dakshin-paschim mein montenegro key saath saajha karati hain, aur kosovo key vivaadit kshetra key madhyam seey albania key saath ack seema kaa daavaa karati hain. kosovo key binaa serbia mein lagbhag 6.6 laakh nivasi hain, aur lagbhag 84 laakh aggar kosovo shamil haye. isaki rajdhani belgrade bhee sabse badaa shahar haye. 
pracheen pashan yug seey lagaatar basey hue, aadhunik samay key serbia key kshetra koo 6 veen shatabdi mein slavic pravaas kaa saamana karna padaa, praarambhik madhya yug mein kaee kshetriya raajyon kii sthaapana kii, jinhen kabhi-kabhi byzantine, frank aur hangerian raajyon kii sahayak nadiyon key roop mein maanyata praapt thee. serbian samrajya ney 1217 mein pavitra see aur constantinople dwara maanyata praapt kii, joe 1346 mein serbian samrajya key roop mein apane kshetriya sheersh parr pahunch gayaa. 16veen shatabdi key madhya taka, ottomans ney aadhunik samay key serbia kii sampoornata parr kabja curr liya; unake shasson mein kabhi-kabhi habsberg samrajya dwara baadha daali gaee thee, joe 17veen shatabdi key anta seey kendriya serbia kii or vistaar karna shuru curr diyaa, jabaki vozvodina mein pair banaae rakhaa. 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, serbian kranti ney iss kshetra key pahale samvaidhaanik rajshahi key roop mein rashtra-raajya kii sthaapana kii, jisane baad mein apane kshetra kaa vistaar kiya. pratham vishva yuddh mein hatahaton key baad, aur serbia key saath vozvodina key poorv habsberg crownland key baad key ekikaran key baad, desh ney anya dakshin slavian rashtron key saath yugoslavia kii saha-sthaapana kii, joe 1990 key dashak key yugoslav yuddhon taka vibhinn raajneetik sanrachanaon mein maujood thaa. yugoslavia key tootane key dauran, serbia ney montenegro key saath ack sangh kaa gathan kiya, jise 2006 mein shantipurna roop seey bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa, 1918 key baad pahali baar serbia kii swatantrata koo ack samprabhu raajya key roop mein bahaal kiya gayaa thaa. 2008 mein, kosovo kii vidhansabha key pratinidhiyon ney ektarafa roop seey swatantrata ghoshit curr dee, antarrashtriya samudaay seey mishrit pratikriyaon key saath, jabaki serbia ise apane samprabhu kshetra key hisse key roop mein daavaa karna jaari rakhta haye.
serbia ack uchch-madhyam aaya vaali arthavyavastha haye, joe maanav vikas soochkaank (63vaan sthaan) mein "bahut uchch" sthaan parr haye. yeh ack ekaatmak sansadiya samvaidhaanik ganarajya haye, joe yuu. aine., koo, ose, pee. aff. pee., bee. aiss. ee. see., see. ee. aff. tii. aeye. kaa sadasya haye aur doubleu. tii. oh. koo sweekaar curr rhaa haye. 2014 seey, desh 2025 taka europeeya sangh mein shamil honey key uddeshya seey apane europeeya sangh key pravesh parr baatchit curr rhaa haye. serbia aupchaarik roop seey sainya tatasthata kii neeti kaa paalan kartaa haye. desh apane nagrikon koo saarvbhaumik swaasthya dekhbhal aur muft praathamik aur maadhyamik shiksha pradaan kartaa haye.
vyutpatti.
serbia" naam kii utpatti spasht naheen haye. aitihaasik roop seey, lekhakon ney purvi germany key serb (/сроbi) aur sorab (oopari sorbiyanah "sarbaja"; nichale sorbiyanah "serby") kaa ullekh vibhinn tarikon seey kiya haih "servetis" ("sarvatis"), "gentis", "surbis", "sorabi", "soraborum", "sorabos", "surape", "sorabisi", "sorabeat", "sarbin", "swarbin", "servian", "sorbi", "sirabiya", "sirabiya", "sirabiya", "zirbia", "surbellant", "surabia", "serbulia", "sarbulia", "sorbulia", "anya key beach. inn lekhakon ney inn naamon kaa upayog una kshetron mein serb aur sorab koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya jahaan unaki aitihaasik aur vartamaan upasthiti vivaadit naheen haye (vishesh roop seey balcon aur lusatia mein). haalaanki, aise srot bhee hain joe duniya key anya hisson mein samaan yaa isi tarah key naamon kaa ullekh karate hain (vishesh roop seey coccus mein asiatic sarmatia mein).
nasleeya naam "* s rhbü" (plur) kii utpatti parr dou prachalit siddhant maujood hain. "* aiss. doubleu. bee.), ack" "parivarik sambandh" "aur" "gathbandhan" "key abhivyanjak arth key saath ack proto-slavic bhasha seey, jabaki doosari vibhinn arthon key saath ack irani-sarmatian bhasha seey. unake kaam, "dee administrado imperio" mein, constantine vii porpherogenitus seey pataa chalata haye kii serb kii utpatti francia key paas safed serbia seey hui thee. abhilikhit parampara key anusaar safed serb dou bhaagon mein vibhajit hoe gaye, aadhe key saath joe kii serb key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, way zantaain bhoomi mein basane key liye neeche aaa gaye.
1815 seey 1882 taka, serbia kaa aadhikarik naam serbia kii riyasat thaa. 1882 seey 1918 taka, iska naam badalkar serbia raajya curr diyaa gayaa, baad mein 1945 seey 1963 taka, serbia kaa aadhikarik naam peepuls republic off serbia thaa. 1963 seey 1990 taka iska phir seey samajwadi ganarajya serbia kaa naam badal diyaa gayaa. 1990 seey, desh kaa aadhikarik naam serbia ganarajya rhaa haye.
itihas.
pragaitihasik aur prachinta.
vartamaan serbia key kshetra mein purapashan bastiyon key puraataatvik pramaan durlabh hain. maanav jabade kaa ack tukada sichevo (maalaa balanica) mein paaya gayaa thaa aur maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh 525,000-397,000 saal purana haye.
lagbhag 6,500 varsh eesaa poorv, navpashan kaal key dauran, aadhunik belgrade key kshetra mein starsevo aur vinka sanskritiyaan maujood theen. way dakshinpurvi europe key adhikansh bhaag (saath hii saath madhya europe aur asia minor key kuchh hisson) parr haavi they. iss yug key kaee mahatvapurna puraataatvik sthal, jinamen lepensky veer aur vinsa-bello brado shamil hain, abhee bhee denube key taton key paas maujood hain.
lauh yug key dauran, 5veen seey doosari shatabdi eesaa poorv taka iss kshetra mein apane saanskritik aur raajneetik vistaar key dauran pracheen yoonaniyon dwara triballi, dardani aur auteriate kii sthaaniya janjaatiyon kaa saamana kiya gayaa thaa. teesari shatabdi eesaa poorv mein scordisky kii celtic janjaati poore kshetra mein buss gaee. isane ack adiwasi raajya kaa gathan kiya, jisamen kaee kille banaae gaye, jinamen unaki rajdhani singidunam (vartamaan belgrade) aur naisos (vartamaan niss) shamil hain.
eesaa poorv doosari shatabdi mein romanon ney adhikansh kshetra parr vijay praapt kii. 167 eesaa poorv mein, roman praant iliricum kii sthaapana kii gaee thee; shesh 75 eesaa poorv key aspas jeetaa gayaa thaa, jisase moessia superior kaa roman praant banaa; aadhunik samay key srem kshetra koo 9 eesaa poorv mein jeetaa gayaa thaa; aur dashian yuddhon key baad 106 esvi mein bakka aur baanat. isake parinamswarup, samkaaleen serbia poori tarah seey yaa aanshik roop seey kaee poorv roman praanton mein faila huaa haye, jisamen moshiya, panonia, prevelitana, dalmatia, dashia aur macedonia shamil hain.
oopari moessia (aur vyaapak) key mukhya shahar theh singidunam (belgrade), viminasium (abb purana costolac), remesiana (abb bella palanka), naisos (nees), aur syrmium (abb sremska mitrovica), jinamen seey baad vaalaa tetrarchy key dauran ack roman rajdhani key roop mein kaary kartaa thaa. satrah roman samraton kaa janm aadhunik samay key serbia key kshetra mein huaa thaa, joe samkaaleen itali key baad dusare sthaan parr thaa. inmein seey sabse prasiddh mahaan, pahale isai samrat they, jinhone poore samrajya mein dhaarmik sahishnuta kaa adesh dete hue ack adesh jaari kiya thaa.
jaba 395 mein roman samrajya vibhajit huaa thaa, tou adhikansh serbia purvi roman samrajya key adheen rhaa. usee samay, isake uttar-paschimi bhaag paschimi roman samrajya mein shamil they. 6 veen shatabdi taka, dakshin slaav badee sankhya mein byzantine samrajya key europeeya praanton mein chaley gaye. way sthaaniya roman aabaadi key saath vilay hoe gaye joe dheere-dheere aatmasaat hoe gaee thee.
madhya yug.
safed serb, safed serbia kii ack praarambhik slavic janjaati antatah saava nadee aur dinaarik alps key beach key kshetra mein buss gaee. 9veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, serbia ney raajya kaa darja hassil curr liya. serbia kaa isaikaran ack kramik prakriya thee, jise 9veen shatabdi key madhya taka antim roop diyaa gayaa thaa. 10veen shatabdi key madhya mein, serbian raajya adriatic samudra, neretwa, sheva, morawa aur skaadar key beach faila huaa thaa. 11veen aur 12veen shatabdi key dauran, serbian raajya aksar padosi byzantine samrajya key saath ladataa thaa. 1166 aur 1371 key beach, serbia parr nemanjik rajvansh (jisaki viraasat vishesh roop seey poshit haye) kaa shasson thaa, jinake tahat raajya koo 1217 mein ack raajya mein aur 1346 mein stephen dussan key tahat ack samrajya mein unnat kiya gayaa thaa. serbian roodhivaadi church koo 1219 mein ack swayambhu archbishop key roop mein sangathit kiya gayaa thaa, desh key sanrakshak sant, saava key prayaas key madhyam seey, aur 1346 mein ise pitrisatta key liye uthaaya gayaa thaa. nemanjik kaal key smaarak kaee mathon (kaee vishva dharohar sthal) aur kilebandi mein jeevit hain.
inn shataabdiyon key dauran serbian raajya (aur prabhaav) kaa kaafee vistaar huaa. uttari bhaag (aadhunik vojavodina) parr hangri raajya kaa shasson thaa. 1371 key baad kii avadhi, jise serbian samrajya key patan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, mein ack baar key shaktishali raajya koo kaee riyasaton mein vibhajit dekhaa gayaa, joe badhate ottoman samrajya key khilaf kosovo (1389) kii ladaai mein samaapt huaa. ottomans ney antatah 1459 mein serbian tanashah parr vijay praapt kii. ottoman khatare aur antatah vijay ney paschim aur uttar mein sarbon key badey paimaane parr pravaas koo dekhaa.
ottoman aur habsberg shasson.
ottomans dwara jeeti gaee sabhi serbian bhoomi mein, mool kuleen varg koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa aur kisaanon koo ottoman shasakon key paas bhej diyaa gayaa, jabaki adhikansh paadari bhaag gaye yaa alag-thalag mathon taka seemit they. ottoman pranali key tahat, sarbon key saath-saath isaaiyon koo bhee logon kaa ack nimn varg maanaa jaataa thaa aur way bhaari karon key adheen they, aur serbian aabaadi key ack hisse ney islamikaran kaa anubhav kiya. ottoman samrajya mein gulami key ack roop, devashirma pranali key dauran kaee sarbon kii bharti kii gaee thee, jisamen balcon isai parivaaron key ladakon koo jabaran islam mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur ottoman senaa kii paidal senaa ikaaiyon key liye prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhen janisari key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. petch key serbian pitrisatta koo 1463 mein bujhaa diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin 1557 mein phir seey sthaapit kiya gayaa, joe bajra pranali key tahat ottoman samrajya key bheetar serbian saanskritik paramparaon kii seemit nirantarta pradaan kartaa haye.
ottoman samrajya koo raajya kaa darja milane key baad, uttari kshetron (aadhunik vojavodina) mein, nammatra key nirankushon (1537 taka) aur jovan nenad (1526-1527) jaise lokpriya netaaon key tahat serbian pratirodh jaari rhaa. 1521 seey 1552 taka, ottomans ney belgrade aur siramiya, bakka aur baanat key kshetron parr vijay praapt kii. nirantar yuddhon aur vibhinn vidrohon ney lagaatar ottoman shasson koo chunauti dee. sabse mahatvapurna mein seey ack 1594 aur 1595 mein banaat vidroh thaa, joe habsberg aur ottoman key beach lambe yuddh (1593-1606) kaa hissa thaa. aadhunik vozvodina key kshetra ney habsberg samrajya koo aanshik roop seey karlovi kii sandhi (1699) aur poori tarah seey pozarevak kii sandhi (1718) dwara saunp diye jaane seey pahale ack sadee lambe ottoman kabje koo sahan kiya.
jaise hii mahaan serb pravaas ney dakshini serbia key adhikansh hisson mein aabaadi cumm curr dee, sarbon ney uttar mein vozvodina mein denube nadee key paar aur paschim mein sainya seema mein sharan lii, jahaan unhein 1630 key "statuta valakoram" jaise upaayon key tahat austriyai taaj dwara adhikaar diye gaye they. habsberg-ottoman yuddh (1683-1699) key dauran kendriya serbia kaa adhikansh hissa ottoman shasson seey habsberg niyantran (1686-91) mein badal gayaa. kaee yachikaon key baad, samrat leopold ney aupchaarik roop seey una sarbon koo manjuri dee joe uttari kshetron mein apani swaayatt mukut bhoomi kaa adhikaar basana chaahte they. sarbon kaa church kaa kendra bhee uttar kii or, karlovi key mahanagariya kshetra mein chalaa gayaa, aur petch key serbian pitrisatta koo 1766 mein ottoman dwara ack baar phir seey samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 
1718-39 mein, habsberg rajshahi ney kendriya serbia key adhikansh hisse parr kabja curr liya aur serbia key raajya koo crownland key roop mein sthaapit kiya. 1739 mein belgrade kii sandhi dwara una laabhon koo khou diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba ottomans ney iss kshetra koo phir seey leey liya thaa. aadhunik vozvodina key kshetra key alawa, joe habsberg samrajya key tahat banaa rhaa, serbia key madhya kshetron parr ack baar phir 1788-1792 mein habsbergs ney kabja curr liya thaa.
kranti aur swatantrata.
ottoman samrajya seey swatantrata key liye serbian kranti gyaarah varshon taka chully, 1804 seey 1815 taka. kranti mein dou alag-alag vidroh shamil they jinhone ottoman samrajya (1830) seey swaayatta praapt kii joe antatah poorna swatantrata (1878) kii or vikasit hui. pahale serbian vidroh (1804-1813) key dauran, vozad caradore petrovic key netritva mein, serbia lagbhag ack dashak taka swatantra thaa, isase pahale kii ottoman senaa desh parr phir seey kabja karane mein saksham thee. isake turant baad, doosara serbian vidroh 1815 mein shuru huaa. milos obrenovic key netritva mein, yeh serbian krantikariyon aur ottoman adhikaariyon key beach ack samjhaute key saath samaapt huaa. isi tarah, serbia saamantvaad koo samaapt karane vaale balcon key pahale rashtron mein seey ack thaa. 1826 mein akkerman sammelan, 1829 mein adrianpool kii sandhi aur anta mein, haat-aeye-sharif ney serbia key adhirajya koo maanyata dee. pahala serbian samvidhaan 15 farwari 1835 (pahale serbian vidroh key prakop kii varshgaanth) koo apanaaya gayaa thaa, jisase desh europe mein loktaantrik samvidhaan koo apanaane vaale pahale deshon mein seey ack bunn gayaa thaa. 15 farwari koo abb raajya divas key roop mein manaaya jaataa haye, joe ack saarvajanik avkash haye.
1862 mein belgrade mein ottoman senaa aur sarbon key beach jhadapon key baad, aur mahaan shaktiyon key dabaav mein, 1867 taka antim turkey sainikon ney riyasat chhod dee, jisase desh "vaastavik" swatantra hoe gayaa. 1869 mein ack nayaa samvidhaan lagu karke, port seey paramarsh kiye binaa, serbian rajnayikon ney desh kii "vaastavik" swatantrata kii pushti kii. 1876 mein, serbia ney bosnia-herzegovina aur bulgaria mein chala rahey isai vidrohon kaa paksh lete hue ottoman samrajya key khilaf yuddh kii ghoshana kii.
1878 mein berlin kii congress mein desh kii aupchaarik swatantrata koo antarrashtriya star parr maanyata dee gaee thee, jisane russo-turkey yuddh koo samaapt curr diyaa thaa; haalaanki, iss sandhi ney serbia koo anya serbian kshetron key saath ekjut honey seey pratibandhit curr diyaa, jisamen bosnia aur herzegovina koo austro-hangerian kabje key tahat rakhaa gayaa thaa, saath hii saath raska kshetra parr kabja curr liya gayaa thaa. 1815 seey 1903 taka, serbia kii riyasat parr 1842 aur 1858 key beach rajkumar alexander caradordevic key shasson koo chhodkar, obrenovic key gharaane dwara shasson kiya gayaa thaa. 1882 mein, serbia kii riyasat serbia kaa raajya bunn gaee, jiss parr raajaa milan i kaa shasson thaa. krantikari netaa caradorde petrovic key vanshajon, caradordevic key gharaane ney 1903 mein satta grahan kii. 
uttar mein, austriya mein 1848 kii kranti ney serbian vozvodina key swaayatt kshetra kii sthaapana kii; 1849 taka, iss kshetra koo serbia key vivodoship aur temeshwar key baanat mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa.
balkan yuddh aur pratham vishva yuddh.
1912 mein pahale balkan yuddh key dauran, balkan leag ney ottoman samrajya koo haraaya aur apane europeeya kshetron parr kabja curr liya, jisane serbia key raajya key kshetriya vistaar koo raska, kosovo, metohija aur verdian macedonia key kshetron mein saksham banaaya. doosara balcon yuddh jald hii shuru huaa jaba bulgaria apane poorv sahyogiyon parr palat gayaa, lekin parajit hoe gayaa, jisake parinamswarup bucharest kii sandhi hui. dou varshon mein, serbia ney apane kshetra koo 80 pratishat aur apani aabaadi koo 50 pratishat taka badhaa diyaa, pratham vishva yuddh kii poorv sandhya parr 36,000 seey adhik logon key maare jaane key saath, isamen bhee bhaari hataahat hue. austriya-hangri apani seemaon parr badhati kshetriya shakti aur sarbon aur anya dakshin slaavon key ekikaran key liye ack lunger banane kii isaki kshamata seey savdhan hoe gayaa, aur donon deshon key beach sambandh tanaavpurna hoe gaye.
yuva bosnia sangathan key ack sadasya, gavrillo principle dwara 28 juuna 1914 koo sarajevo mein austriya key archduke fraans ferdinand kii hatyaa key kaaran, 28 julaai 1914 koo austriya-hangri ney serbia parr yuddh kii ghoshana kii. sthaaniya yuddh badh gayaa jaba germany ney roose parr yuddh kii ghoshana kii aur france aur belgium parr aakraman kiya, iss prakaar grate britten koo sangharsh mein kheench liya joe pahala vishva yuddh bunn gayaa. serbia ney pratham vishva yuddh kii pahali pramukh ladaaiyaan jeetin, jinamen sair kii ladaai aur kolubara kii ladaai shamil thee, joe pratham vishva yuddh mein kendriya shaktiyon key khilaf pahali sahayogi jeet koo chihnit karati haye.
praarambhik safalata key bavjood, yeh antatah 1915 mein kendriya shaktiyon dwara parajit kiya gayaa thaa aur serbia parr ack austriya-hangerian kabja kiya gayaa thaa. isaki adhikansh senaa aur kuchh loga albania key madhyam seey grees aur corfu mein peechhe hutt gaye, raaste mein bhaari nuksan jhelana padaa. serbia parr kendriya shaktiyon kaa kabja thaa. anya morchon parr kendriya shaktiyon kii sainya sthiti bigadane key baad, serb senaa key avashesh poorv mein laut aae aur 15 sitambar 1918 koo dushman rekhaaon key madhyam seey antim safalata kaa netritva kiya, serbia koo mukt kiya aur bulgaria aur austriya-hangri koo haraaya. serbia, apane abhiyaan key saath, ack pramukh balcon pravesh shakti thee, jisane navambar 1918 mein balcon mein sahayogi jeet mein mahatvapurna yogdan diyaa, vishesh roop seey france koo balpurvak bulgaria key aatmasamarpan mein madad karke.
serbia key hatahaton kii kull sainya mauton mein 8 pratishat kii hissedari thee; yuddh mein serbian senaa key 58 pratishat (243,600) sanic maare gaye. hatahaton kii kull sankhya lagbhag 700,000 haye, joe serbia key yuddh seey pahale key aakar kaa 16 pratishat seey adhik haye, aur isaki kull purush aabaadi kaa bahumat (57 pratishat) haye. serbia koo pratham vishva yuddh mein sabse badee hataahat darr kaa saamana karna padaa.
yugoslavia kaa raajya.
pahale samanya dakshin slavian raajya key vichaar kii shuruat 1917 mein corfu dweep parr ack ghoshana parr hastakshar karna thaa. corfu ghoshana serbia raajya kii nirvaasit sarkaar aur yugoslav samiti (anty-habsberg south slaav emigress) key beach ack aupchaarik samjhauta thaa jisane serbia key raajya aur montenegro key raajya koo austriya-hangri key dakshin slaav swaayatt bhoomi key saath ekikrit karane kaa vaadaa kiya thaah croatia-slavonia kaa raajya, dalmatia kaa raajya, slovenia, vozvodina (hangri key raajya kaa taba kaa hissa) aur bosnia aur herzegovina yuddh key baad key yugoslav raajya mein. 20 julaai 1917 koo corfu parr hastakshar kiye gaye they.
jaise hii austro-hangerian samrajya dhwast huaa, 24 navambar 1918 koo siramiya kaa kshetra serbia key saath ekjut hoe gayaa. buss ack dinn baad, 25 navambar 1918 koo, baanat, bakka aur baranja mein serb, banjevi aur anya slaavon kii mahaan logon kii sabhaa ney inn kshetron (baanat, bakka aur baranja) key serbia raajya key saath ekikaran kii ghoshana kii.
26 navambar 1918 koo, podgorica vidhansabha ney petrovic-enjegos key ghar koo apadasth curr diyaa aur montenegro koo serbia key saath ekjut curr diyaa. 1 disambar 1918 koo, belgrade mein, serbian rajkumar regent alekjendar caradorevic ney serbia key raajaa peater I key tahat serb, croats aur sloven key raajya kii ghoshana kii.
agast 1921 mein raajaa peater key baad unake bete alekjendar ney padbhar sambhala. serb kendriyavaadi aur crot swaayattaavaadi sansad mein bhid gaye, aur adhikansh sarkaaren najuk aur alpakaalik theen. nikola pasik, ack roodhivaadi pradhaan mantri, apani mrityu taka adhikansh sarkaaron kaa netritva karate they yaa una parr haavi rahey. raajaa alekjendar ney 1929 mein yugoslav vichardhara aur ekal yugoslav rashtra kii sthaapana key uddeshya seey ack tanashahi kii sthaapana kii, desh kaa naam badalkar yugoslavia curr diyaa aur aantarik vibhajan koo 33 oblast seey badalkar nau nae banovina curr diyaa. alekjendar kii tanashahi kaa prabhaav yugoslavia mein rahane vaale gair-sarbon koo ekataa key vichaar seey aur alag karna thaa.
1934 mein ack aadhikarik yatra key dauran marcille mein alekjendar kii imro key sadasya vlado chernozemsky dwara hatyaa curr dee gaee thee. alekjendar key baad uska gyaarah varsheeya betaa peater dwiteeya aaya aur ack rajpratinidhi parishad kaa netritva usake chachere bhaai, rajkumar paul ney kiya. agast 1939 mein, sivetkovic-masek samjhaute ney croatian chintaon key samadhan key roop mein croatia key ack swaayatt pratibandh kii sthaapana kii.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh.
1941 mein, yuddh mein tatasth rahane key yugoslav prayason key bavjood, aksh shaktiyon ney yugoslavia parr aakraman kiya. aadhunik serbia kaa kshetra hangri, bulgaria, croatia key swatantra raajya, grater albania aur montenegro key beach vibhajit thaa, jabaki kabje vaale serbia key shesh hisse koo naazi germany key sainya prashaasan key tahat rakhaa gayaa thaa, jisamen milan akimovic aur milan nedic key netritva mein serbian kathputali sarkaaren theen, jinhen demeteries lajotic key fasiwadi sangathan yugoslav rashtriya andolan (zabor) kii sahaayata praapt thee.
yugoslav kshetra draza mihailovik kii kamaan vaale shaahi chetnik aur josip broze tito kii kamaan vaale communist pakshpaatiyon key beach grih yuddh kaa drishya thaa. serbian swayamsevak dall aur serbian raajya rakshak kii aksh sahayak ikaaiyon ney inn donon balon key khilaf ladaai ladee. crolljevo kii gherabandi serbia mein vidroh kii ack pramukh ladaai thee, jiska netritva chetnik balon ney naziyon key khilaf kiya thaa. yuddh shuru honey key kaee dinon baad german balon ney hamale key pratishodh mein crolljevo narsamhar key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ack ghatana mein lagbhag 2,000 nagrikon kaa narsamhar kiya. 
1941 mein paschimi serbia mein 2,950 graminon kaa draginack aur loznika narsamhar germans dwara kabje vaale serbia mein nagrikon kaa pahala badaa nishpaadan thaa, jisamen kragujevak narsamhar aur hangerian faasivaadiyon dwara yahoodiyon aur sarbon parr novi dukhad chhaapa sabse kukhyaat thaa, jisamen pratyek mamle mein 3,000 seey adhik peedit they. ack saal key kabje key baad, lagbhag 16,000 serbian yahoodiyon kii iss kshetra mein hatyaa curr dee gaee, yaa serbia mein narsamhar key dauran isaki yuddh-poorv yahudi aabaadi kaa lagbhag 90 pratishat. 
poore kshetra mein kaee yaatana shivir sthaapit kiye gaye they. bainjika yaatana shivir sabse badaa yaatana shivir thaa aur german senaa aur nedic key shasson dwara sanyukt roop seey chalaaya jaataa thaa, jisamen praathamik peedit serbian yahudi, roma aur serb raajneetik kaidi they.
iss avadhi key dauran, saikadon hajaaron jaatiya serb croatia key swatantra raajya key roop mein jaane jaane vaale aksh kathputali raajya seey bhaag gaye aur german-kabje vaale serbia mein sharan lii, badey paimaane parr utpeedan aur serb, yahoodiyon aur roma key narsamhar seey bachane kii maang kii. serb peediton kii sankhya lagbhag 300,000 seey 350,000 thee.
swayam tito key anusaar, dwiteeya vishva yuddh key poore pathyakram key liye sarbon ney faasivaad virodhi ladaakon aur yugoslav pakshakaron kaa vishal bahumat banaaya. 
uzis ganarajya pakshpaatiyon dwara sthaapit ack alpakaalik mukt kshetra thaa aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh europe mein pahala mukt kshetra thaa, jise ack sainya laghu-raajya key roop mein sangathit kiya gayaa thaa joe 1941 key sharad ritu mein adhikrit serbia key paschim mein maujood thaa. 1944 key anta taka, grihyuddh mein pakshpaatiyon key paksh mein belgrade aakramak hoe gayaa; pakshpaatiyon ney baad mein yugoslavia parr niyantran hassil curr liya. belgrade aakraman key baad, seerami front serbia mein dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii antim pramukh sainya kaarravaai thee. vladmir zerzavic dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein yugoslavia mein kull yuddh sambandhi mauton kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa haye, jisamen serbia mein 273,000 shamil hain.
samajwadi yugoslavia.
saamyavaadi pakshpaatiyon kii jeet key parinamswarup rajshahi kaa unmoolan huaa aur baad mein ack samvaidhaanik janmat sangrah huaa. yugoslavia kii communist party dwara jald hii yugoslavia mein ack-party raajya kii sthaapana kii gaee. yeh daavaa kiya jaataa haye kii saamyavaadi adhigrahan aur shuddhikaran key dauran serbia mein 60,000 seey 70,000 logon kii mrityu hoe gaee thee. sabhi virodh koo dabaa diyaa gayaa aur logon koo samaajvaad key virodh koo badhaava dene yaa algavvad koo badhaava dene key liye kaid yaa deshdroh key liye fansi dee gaee. serbia yugoslavia key samajwadi sanghiya ganarajya (aiss. aff. aar. aaee.) key bheetar ack ghatak ganarajya bunn gayaa jise serbia key samajwadi ganarajya key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur sanghiya communist party, serbia key communists kii leag kii ack ganarajya-shakha thee.
tito-yug key yugoslavia mein serbia key sabse shaktishali aur prabhaavshaali rajneta alexander rancovic they, joe tito, edward cardels aur milovan dilas key saath "badey chaar" yugoslav netaaon mein seey ack they. kosovo key namkaran aur serbia kii ekataa key sambandh mein asahamati key kaaran rankovic koo baad mein karyalaya seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. rankovic kii barkhastagi sarbon key beach atyadhik alokpriya thee. yugoslavia mein vikendrikaran samarthak sudhaarak 1960 key dashak key anta mein shaktiyon key paryaapt vikendrikaran koo praapt karane, kosovo aur vojavodina mein paryaapt swaayatta banaane aur ack vishisht "muslim" rashtriyata koo maanyata dene mein safal rahey. inn sudhaaron key parinamswarup, kosovo key namkaran aur pulis mein badey paimaane parr badalaav kiya gayaa, joe badey paimaane parr golibari key madhyam seey serb-prabhutva seey jaatiya albanian-prabhutva mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa. ashanti key jawab mein kosovo key jaatiya albanian logon koo aur riyaayaten dee gaeen, jisamen ack albanian bhasha sansthaan key roop mein pristina vishvavidyalaya kaa nirmaan bhee shamil thaa. inn parivartanon ney sarbon key beach dusare darje key nagrikon key roop mein vyavhaar kiye jaane kaa vyaapak darr paida curr diyaa.
aiss. aff. aar. yugoslavia aur aiss. aar. serbia kii rajdhani belgrade ney sitambar 1961 mein pahale gutnirpeksh andolan shikhar sammelan kii mejbani kii, saath hii saath europe (oh. aiss. see.) mein suraksha aur sahyog key liye sangathan kii pahali badee sabhaa kaa uddeshya octuber 1977 seey march 1978 taka helsinki samjhaute koo lagu karna thaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad seey europe mein sape kosovo aur aiss. aar. serbia key anya hisson mein 1972 kaa chechak kaa prakop chechak kaa antim pramukh prakop thaa.
yugoslavia kaa vighatan aur raajneetik parivartan.
1989 mein, sloboden milosevic serbia mein satta mein aae. milosevic ney kosovo aur vozvodina key swaayatt praanton key liye shaktiyon mein kamee kaa vaadaa kiya, jahaan unake sahyogiyon ney baad mein naukarshahi virodhi kranti key dauran satta parr kabja curr liya. isane yugoslavia key anya ganrajyon key communist netritva key beach tanaav koo prajwalit kiya aur yugoslavia mein jaatiya raashtravaad koo jagaaya, jisake parinamswarup antatah iska vighatan huaa, jisamen slovenia, croatia, bosnia aur herzegovina aur 1991 aur 1992 key dauran macedonia ney swatantrata kii ghoshana kii. serbia aur montenegro yugoslavia (fry) key sanghiya ganarajya key roop mein ack saath rahey. haalaanki, kharaab antar aayog key anusaar, desh koo kanuni roop seey poorv aiss. aff. aar. aaee. kii nirantarta naheen maanaa gayaa thaa, balki ack nayaa raajya maanaa gayaa thaa.
jaatiya tanaavon seey prerit hocker, croatia aur bosnia mein sabse gambhir sanghrshon key saath, yugoslav yuddh (1991-2001) chhid gaye, jahan badey jaatiya serb samudaayon ney yugoslavia seey swatantrata kaa virodh kiya. free sanghrshon key baahar hii rhaa, lekin yuddhon mein serb balon koo rasad, sainya aur vittiya sahaayata pradaan kii. isake jawab mein, yuu. aine. ney yugoslavia key khilaf pratibandh lagaae, jisake kaaran raajneetik algaav huaa aur arthavyavastha kaa patan huaa (gdp 1990 mein $24 billion seey ghatkar 1993 mein $10 billion seey cumm hoe gayaa). serbia parr 2000 key dashak mein padosi bosnia aur herzegovina aur croatia dwara kathit narsamhar key aaropon parr mukadama chalaaya gayaa thaa, lekin donon mamalon mein serbia key khilaf mukhya aaropon koo khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 
serbia mein bahu-daleey loktantra 1990 mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, aadhikarik taur parr ack-party pranali koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. milosevic key alochakon ney kahaa kii samvaidhaanik parivartanon key bavjood sarkaar sattawadi bunny rahee, kyonki milosevic ney raajya media aur suraksha tantra parr majboot raajneetik prabhaav banaae rakhaa. jaba serbia kii sattaaroodh samajwadi party ney 1996 mein nagarpalika chunaavon mein apani haar koo sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa, tou serbian sarkaar key khilaf badey virodh pradarshan mein lagey rahey. 
1998 mein, albanian gurilla kosovo mukti senaa aur yugoslav suraksha balon key beach nirantar jhadapon key kaaran chhota kosovo yuddh (1998-99) huaa, jisamen naato ney hastakshep kiya, jisase serbian balon kii vaapsee hui aur praant mein yuu. aine. prashaasan kii sthaapana hui. yugoslav yuddhon key baad, serbia europe mein sabse adhik sharanarthiyon aur aantarik roop seey visthaapit vyaktiyon kaa ghar bunn gayaa.
sitambar 2000 mein rashtrapati chunaav key baad, vipakshi dalon ney milosevic parr chunavi dhokhadhadi kaa aarop lagaaya. nagrik pratirodh kaa ack abhiyaan, jiska netritva serbia (doss) key loktaantrik virodh ney kiya, joe virodhi milosevic dalon kaa ack vyaapak gathbandhan thaa. yeh 5 octuber koo samaapt huaa jaba desh bhar seey aadhe million loga belgrade mein ekatra hue, jisase milosevic koo haar sweekaar karane key liye majboor honah padaa. milosevic key patan ney yugoslavia key antarrashtriya algaav koo samaapt curr diyaa. milosevic koo poorv yugoslavia key liye antarrashtriya aaparaadhik nyayadhikaran mein bheja gayaa thaa. doss ney ghoshana kii kii yugoslavia europeeya sangh mein shamil honey kii koshish karega. 2003 mein, yugoslavia key sanghiya ganarajya kaa naam badalkar serbia aur montenegro curr diyaa gayaa; europeeya sangh ney sthirikaran aur sangh samjhaute key liye desh key saath baatchit shuru kii. serbia kaa raajneetik mahaul tanaavpurna banaa rhaa aur 2003 mein, pradhaanmantri zoran dindic kii hatyaa sangathit aparaadh key halakon aur poorv suraksha adhikaariyon seey utpann ack sajish key parinamswarup kii gaee thee. 2004 mein kosovo mein ashanti hui, jisamen 19 loga maare gaye aur kaee serbian roodhivaadi church aur mathh nasht yaa kshatigrast hoe gaye.
samkaaleen kaal.
21 maee 2006 koo montenegro ney yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye ack janmat sangrah aayojit kiya kii serbia key saath apane sangh koo samaapt kiya jaae yaa naheen. parinamon mein swatantrata key paksh mein matdaataon kii 55.4% dikhaai dee, joe janmat sangrah dwara aavashyak 55 pratishat seey kuchh adhik thee. isake baad 5 juuna 2006 koo serbia kii swatantrata kii ghoshana hui, joe serbia aur montenegro key raajya sangh key antim vighatan koo chihnit karati haye, aur 1918 key baad pahali baar ack swatantra raajya key roop mein serbia kaa phir seey uday huaa. usee avsar parr, serbia kii rashtriya sabhaa ney serbia koo poorv raajya sangh kaa kanuni uttaradhikari ghoshit kiya. 
kosovo kii sabhaa ney 17 farwari 2008 koo ektarafa roop seey serbia seey swatantrata kii ghoshana kii. serbia ney turant ghoshana kii ninda kii aur kosovo koo kissy bhee raajya kaa darja dene seey incar karna jaari rakhaa. ghoshana ney antarrashtriya samudaay seey vibhinn pratikriyaon koo janm diyaa haye, kuchh ney iska swaagat kiya haye, jabaki anya ney ektarafa kadam kii ninda kii haye. serbia aur kosovo-albanian adhikaariyon key beach sthiti-tatasth vaarta brussels mein aayojit kii jaati haye, jisaki madhyasthata europeeya sangh dwara kii jaati haye.
serbia ney 22 disambar 2009 koo europeeya sangh mein sadasyata key liye aadhikarik taur parr aavedan kiya, aur disambar 2011 mein deree key baad 1 march 2012 koo ummidwar kaa darja praapt kiya. juuna 2013 mein europeeya aayog aur europeeya parishad kii sakaratmak sifarish key baad, europeeya sangh mein shamil honey key liye baatchit janwari 2014 mein shuru hui.
2012 mein alexander vusik aur unaki serbian pragatisheel party key satta mein aaney key baad seey, serbia koo loktaantrik roop seey sattawadi honey seey nuksan uthaana padaa haye, jisake baad media kii swatantrata aur nagrik swatantrata mein girawat aaee haye. march 2020 mein serbia mein covid-19 mahamari key failane key baad, apatkal kii sthiti ghoshit kii gaee aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad pahali baar serbia mein curfue lagu kiya gayaa. janwari aur farwari 2021 mein, serbia ney europe mein doosara sabse tej teeka rollout kiya. aprail 2022 mein, rashtrapati alexander wuseek koo phir seey chunaa gayaa.
bhugol.
madhya aur dakshini europe key beach chaurahon parr sthit ack bhoo-ghiraa huaa desh, serbia balkan praaydweep aur pannonian maidan mein sthit haye. serbia akshansh 41° aur 47°aine, aur deshantar 18° aur 23°ee key beach sthit haye. desh mein kull (kosovo sahit) shamil hain, joe ise duniya mein 113vein sthaan parr rakhta haye; kosovo koo baahar rakhane key saath, kull kshetra haye, joe ise 117vaan banaa dega. isaki kull seema lambaaih albania, bosnia aur herzegovina, bulgaria, croatia, hangri, uttari macedonia, montenegro aur romenia. albania (), uttari macedonia () aur montenegro () key saath kosovo kii sabhi seemaaen kosovo seema pulis key niyantran mein hain. serbia kosovo aur shesh serbia key beach kii lambi seema koo ack "prashaasnik rekha" key roop mein maanata haye; yeh kosovo seema pulis aur serbian pulis balon key saajha niyantran mein haye, aur 11 crossing point hain.
pannonian maidan desh key uttari teesare hisse (vozvodina aur makwa) koo cover kartaa haye jabaki serbia kaa sabse purvi chhor walchian maidan mein faila huaa haye. 
desh key madhya bhaag kaa bhoobhaag, isake kendra mein sumadiza key kshetra key saath, mukhya roop seey nadiyon seey gujarane vaali pahaadiyon seey banaa haye. serbia key dakshini teesare hisse mein pahaadon kaa varchasva haye. nadee drina aur ibar key pravaah key baad, paschim aur dakshin-paschim mein dinaarik alps faila huaa haye. purvi serbia mein uttar-dakshin disha mein carpathian pahaad aur balkan pahaad faile hue hain.
desh key dakshin-poorv koney mein pracheen pahaad rilo-rodop parvat pranali seey sambandhit hain. balkan pahaadon kii madhya shikhar (serbia mein sabse oonchi choti, kosovo koo chhodkar) seey laker prahovo mein denube nadee key paas key sabse nichale bindu taka kii oonchaai haye. sabse badee jheel durdup jheel (δερδαP Lake) haye aur serbia seey gujarane vaali sabse lambi nadee danube (δερδαπ Lake) haye.
jalavaayu.
serbia kii jalavaayu eurasia aur atlantic mahasagar aur bhoomadhya sagar key bhoobhaag key prabhaav mein haye. janwari key ausat tapman key saath, aur julaai key ausat tapman key saath, ise germ-aardr mahadvipiya yaa aardr uposhnakatibandhiya jalavaayu key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. uttar mein, jalavaayu adhik mahadvipiya haye, thhandi sardiyon key saath, aur germ, aardr garmiyon key saath-saath achchi tarah seey vitarit varsha key pattern key saath. dakshin mein, garmiyaan aur sharad rituein adhik shushk hoti hain, aur sardiyaan apekshaakrit thhandi hoti hain, pahaadon mein bhaari antardeshiya barfbari hoti haye.
oonchaai mein antar, adriatic samudra aur badey nadee besinon kii nikatata, saath hii havaaon key sampark mein rahane seey jalavaayu mein bhinnata aatee haye. dakshini serbia bhoomadhyasagariya prabhaavon key adheen haye. dinaarik alps aur anya parvat shrinkhalaaen adhikansh germ havaa key dravyamaan koo thandaa karane mein yogdan detee hain. sardiyon mein paster pathaar mein kaafee kathor hotey hain, kyonki pahaad ise gherate hain. serbia kii jalavaayu visheshtaon mein seey ack kosawa haye, ack thhandi aur bahut hii jhamaajham dakshinpurvi havaa joe carpathian pahaadon mein shuru hoti haye aur lohe key dwaar key madhyam seey uttar-paschim mein denube kaa anusaran karati haye, jahaan yeh ack jett prabhaav praapt karati haye aur belgrade karna jaari rakhti haye aur dakshin mein nees taka fail sakati haye.
usa avadhi key liye ausat vaarshik vayu tapman 1961-1990 haye jisaki oonchaai oopar haye. oonchaai vaale kshetron mein ausat vaarshik tapman lagbhag aur oonchaai seey adhik hotaa haye. serbia mein sabse cumm darj kiya gayaa tapman 13 janwari 1985 koo paster mein karajukika bunari thaa, aur sabse adhik 24 julaai 2007 koo smederwska palanka mein darj kiya gayaa thaa.
serbia una kuchh europeeya deshon mein seey ack haye jahan praakritik khatron (bhookamp, toofaan, baadh, sookha) key sampark mein aaney kaa "bahut adhik jokhim" haye. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii sambhaavit baadh, vishesh roop seey kendriya serbia key kshetron mein, 500 seey adhik badee bastiyon aur 16,000 varg kilometres key kshetra key liye khatra haye. sabse vinashkari maee 2014 kii baadh thee, jaba 57 logon kii maut hoe gaee aur 1.5 karod euro seey adhik kaa nuksan huaa thaa.
jalvigyaan.
serbia kii lagbhag sabhi nadiyaan denube nadee key raaste kaale samudra mein bahati hain. europeeya sangh kii doosari sabse badee nadee, denube, 588 kilometres (isaki kull lambai kaa 21 pratishat) key saath serbia seey hocker gujarati haye aur taaje paani key pramukh srot kaa pratinidhitva karati haye. yeh apani sabse badee sahayak nadiyon, mahaan morawa (poori tarah seey serbia mein sabse lambi nadee), savaa aur tisja nadiyon seey judati haye. ack ullekhaniya apavaad pasinja haye joe agean mein bahata haye. drina nadee bosnia aur herzegovina aur serbia key beach praakritik seema banaati haye, aur donon deshon mein mukhya kayaking aur rafting aakarshan kaa pratinidhitva karati haye.
bhoo-bhaag key vinyas key kaaran, praakritik jheelen viral aur chhoti hain; unamen seey adhikansh vozvodina key nichale ilaakon mein sthit hain, jaise kii aolian jheel paaleek yaa nadee key saath bahane vaali kaee oxbo jheelen (jaise zasavika aur carca baaraa). haalaanki, kaee kritrim jheelen hain, jyaadaatar panbijali baandhon key kaaran, sabse badee denube parr durdap (lohe key dwaar) haye joe serbian paksh parr haye (kull kshetra romania key saath saajha kiya gayaa haye); dryna parr perucac, aur vlacina. coponic mein sthit sabse badaa jharna, gelovernic, 71 meater unchaa haye. apekshaakrit apradooshit satah jall kii prachurta aur uchch jall gunavatta key kaee bhoomigat praakritik aur khanij jall sroton seey niryaat aur arthavyavastha mein sudhaar kaa mauka milata haye; haalaanki, botalband paani kaa adhik vyaapak dohan aur utpaadan haal hii mein shuru huaa.
paryaavaran.
serbia samriddh paaristhitiki tantra aur prajaatiyon kii vividhata kaa desh haye-poore europeeya kshetra kaa kewal 1.9% hissa shamil haye, serbia mein 39% europeeya samvahani vanaspatiyaan, 51% europeeya machhali jeev, 40% europeeya sarisrip aur ubhayachar jeev, 74% europeeya pakshi jeev aur 67% europeeya standhari jeev hain. pahaadon aur nadiyon kii isaki prachurta ise vibhinn prakaar key jaanvaron key liye ack aadarsh vatavaran banaati haye, jinamen seey kaee sanrakshit hain jinamen bhediye, links, bhalu, lomdi aur bagh shamil hain. poore desh mein 17 saamp prajaatiyan rahati hain, jinamen seey 8 vishaili hain. 
paschimi serbia mein taaraa kaa parvat europe key antim kshetron mein seey ack haye jahan bhalu abhee bhee poorna swatantrata mein reh sakate hain. serbia pakshiyon kii lagbhag 380 prajaatiyon kaa ghar haye. carca baaraa mein, kewal kuchh varg parr 300 seey adhik pakshi prajaatiyan hain. 
kilometres. uvac ghaati koo europe mein griffon giddh key antim aavason mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. desh key sabse uttari hisse mein sthit kikinda shahar key aspas key kshetra mein, kuchh 145 luptapray lambe kaana vaale ullu paae jaate hain, joe ise inn prajaatiyon kii duniya kii sabse badee basti banaate hain. desh chamgaadad aur titliyon kii luptapray prajaatiyon seey bhee kaafee samriddh haye.
serbia key 380 sanrakshit kshetra hain, joe 4,947 varg kilometres yaa desh key 6.4% hisse koo shamil karate hain. serbia ganarajya kii sthaanik yojana" mein kahaa gayaa haye kii 2021 taka kull sanrakshit kshetra koo 12 pratishat taka badhaaya jaanaa chaahiye. una sanrakshit kshetron mein 5 rashtriya udyaan (δερδαP, Tara, Kopaonik, fruska gora aur σAR parvat), 15 prakriti udyaan, 15 "utkrisht visheshtaon key paridrishya", 61 prakriti bhandar aur 281 praakritik smaarak shamil hain.
apane kshetra key vanon seey aachchhaadit honey key kaaran, serbia koo ack madhyam-vann vaalaa desh maanaa jaataa haye, jabaki vaishvik star parr vishva vann kshetra 30 pratishat aur europeeya ausat 35 pratishat haye. serbia mein kull vann kshetra 2,252,000 hectare (1,194,000 hectare yaa 53 pratishat raajya key swaamitva mein hain, aur 1,058,387 hectare yaa 47 pratishat niji swaamitva mein hain) yaa prati nivasi 0.3 hectare haye. iska 2019 vann paridrishya akhandata soochkaank ausat score 5.29/10 thaa, joe ise 172 deshon mein seey vaishvik star parr 105vein sthaan parr rakhta haye. sabse aam pedh oak, beach, pine aur farr hain. 
badey tambe key khanan aur galaane key kaam key kaaran boor kshetra mein vayu pradooshan ack mahatvapurna samasya haye, aur pansevo jahaan tail aur petrochemical udyog adharit haye. kuchh shahar kuprabandhan aur ateet mein cumm nivesh key kaaran jall aapoorti kii samasyaon seey peedit hain, saath hii saath jall pradooshan (jaise trapeca jink-leed combinate seey ibar nadee kaa pradooshan, crolljevo shahar koo prabhaavit kartaa haye, yaa zrenzanin mein bhoomigat jall mein praakritik arsenic kii upasthiti).
kharaab apashisht prabandhan koo serbia mein sabse mahatvapurna paryavaraniya samasyaon mein seey ack key roop mein pahachaana gayaa haye aur punarchakran ack naee gatividhi haye, jisamen isake kewal 15 pratishat kachare koo punah upayog key liye vaapas kiya jaa rhaa haye. 1999 kii naato bambari ney paryaavaran koo gambhir nuksan pahunchaaya, lakshit karkhanon aur refineries mein sangraheet kaee hazaar tunn jaharile rasayanon koo mitty aur paani key besin mein chhod diyaa gayaa.
rajneeti.
serbia ack sansadiya ganarajya haye, jisamen sarkaar vidhaayi, karyakari aur nyaypalika shaakhaon mein vibhajit haye.
serbia mein europe key pahale aadhunik samvidhaanon mein seey ack thaa, 1835 kaa samvidhaan (jise sratenze samvidhaan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye), jise usa samay europe mein sabse pragatisheel aur udaar samvidhaanon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa thaa. taba seey isane 10 alag-alag samvidhaanon koo apanaaya haye. vartamaan samvidhaan koo 2006 mein montenegro swatantrata janmat sangrah key baad apanaaya gayaa thaa, jisake parinamswarup serbia kii swatantrata koo navinikrit kiya gayaa thaa. samvidhaan key sambandh mein mamalon parr samvaidhaanik adalat niyam banaati haye.
ganarajya kaa rashtrapati ("predsednic ripab like") raajya kaa pramukh haye, jise lokpriya vote dwara paanch saal key karyakal key liye chunaa jaataa haye aur samvidhaan dwara adhikatam dou karyakalon taka seemit haye. sashastr balon key commander inn cheef honey key alawa, rashtrapati kaa sansad kii sahamati seey pradhaanmantri kii niyukti karane kaa prakriyaatmak kartavya haye, aur videsh neeti parr unakaa kuchh prabhaav haye. 2017 key rashtrapati chunaav key baad serbian pragatisheel party key alexander wuseech vartamaan adhyaksh hain. rashtrapati pada kii seat novi dwore haye.
sarkaar ("vlada") pradhaanmantri aur cabinet mantriyon seey bunny hoti haye. sarkaar kaanoon aur bajat kaa prastaav karane, kaanoonon koo nishpaadit karane aur videsh aur aantarik neetiyon kaa margadarshan karane key liye jimmedaar haye. vartamaan pradhaanmantri enaa branabic hain, jinhen serbian pragatisheel party dwara naamit kiya gayaa haye.
rashtriya vidhansabha ("narodana scupstina") ack eksadaniya vidhaayi nikaay haye. rashtriya sabhaa key paas kaanoon banaane, bajat koo manjuri dene, rashtrapati chunaav nirdhaarit karane, pradhaanmantri aur anya mantriyon kaa chayan karane aur unhein barkhast karane, yuddh kii ghoshana karane aur antarrashtriya sandhiyon aur samjhauton kaa anumodan karane kii shakti haye. yeh 250 aanupaatik roop seey nirvaachit sadasyon seey banaa haye joe chaar saal key karyakal kii seva karate hain. 2020 key sansadiya chunaav key baad, rashtriya vidhansabha mein sabse badey raajneetik dall lokpriya serbian pragatisheel party aur serbia kii samajwadi party hain, joe apane bhagidaron key saath, ack atee-bahumat sankhya seey adhik seeten rakhti hain.
2021 mein, uchch shreni key saarvajanik samarohon mein mahilaaon kii sankhya key aadhar parr serbia europe kaa 5vaan desh thaa.
kaanoon aur aaparaadhik nyaay.
serbia france, austriya aur neetherland key baad chautha aadhunik europeeya desh haye, jisamen ack samhitaabaddh kanuni pranali haye.
desh mein teen-stariya nyaayik pranali haye, jisamen antim upaay key roop mein sarvocch nyayalaya, apeeliya udaaharan key roop mein appeal kii adaalaten aur pahali baar mein samanya adhikaar kshetra key roop mein buniyaadi aur uchch nyayalaya shamil hain.
vishesh adhikaar kshetra kii adaalaten prashaasnik adalat, vaanijyik adaalaten (dusare udaaharan mein appeal kii vaanijyik adalat sahit) aur durachar adaalaten (dusare udaaharan mein uchch durachar adalat sahit) hain. nyaypalika kii dekhrekh nyaay mantralaya dwara kii jaati haye. serbia mein ack vishisht nagrik kaanoon kanuni pranali haye.
kaanoon pravartan serbian pulis kii jimmedaari haye, joe aantarik mantralaya key adheen haye. serbian pulis 27,363 vardidhari adhikaariyon koo maidan mein utaarati haye.
rashtriya suraksha aur prati-khufiya suraksha khufiya agency (bee. aaee. aeye.) kii jimmedaari haye.
videshi sambandh.
serbia ney malta key samprabhu sainya adesh, united kingdam key 191 sadasya raajyon, dha hollie see aur europeeya sangh key saath rajanyik sambandh sthaapit kiye hain. videsh mantralaya key madhyam seey videsh sambandh sanchaalit kiye jaate hain. serbia mein antarrashtriya star parr 65 dutaavaason aur 23 vanijya dutaavaason kaa ack network haye. serbia mein 69 videshi dutawas, 5 vanijya dutawas aur 4 sampark karyalaya hain.
serbian videsh neeti europeeya sangh (ee. yuu.) kaa sadasya raajya banane key ranneetik lakshya koo praapt karane parr kendrit haye. serbia ney 29 aprail 2008 koo sthirikaran aur sangh samjhaute parr hastakshar karke europeeya sangh mein shamil honey kii prakriya shuru kii aur 22 disambar 2009 koo europeeya sangh mein sadasyata key liye aadhikarik taur parr aavedan kiya. ise 1 march 2012 koo poorna ummidwar kaa darja milaa aur 21 janwari 2014 koo pravesh vaarta shuru hui. europeeya aayog 2025 taka pravesh koo sambhav maanata haye.
17 farwari 2008 koo, kosovo ney ektarafa roop seey serbia seey swatantrata kii ghoshana kii. virodh mein, serbia ney shuru mein una deshon seey apane rajdooton koo vaapas bulaa liya jinhone kosovo kii swatantrata koo maanyata dee thee. rashtriya sabhaa dwara 26 disambar 2007 key prastaav mein kahaa gayaa kii kissy bhee raajya dwara swatantrata kii kosovo ghoshana aur usaki maanyata donon antarrashtriya kaanoon kaa ghor ullanghan hoga.
serbia ney 2006 mein naato key saath sahyog aur samvaad shuru kiya, jaba desh shaanti karyakram aur euro-atlantic saajhedaari parishad key liye saajhedaari mein shamil huaa. desh kii sainya tatasthata koo aupchaarik roop seey disambar 2007 mein serbia kii sansad dwara apanaae gaye ack prastaav dwara ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa, joe kissy bhee sainya gathbandhan mein shamil honey key liye ack lokpriya janmat sangrah parr adharit haye, jise naato dwara sweekaar kiya gayaa haye. doosari or, roose key saath serbia key sambandhon koo aam taur parr media dwara "sadiyon puraane dhaarmik, jaatiya aur raajneetik gathbandhan" key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye aur kahaa jaataa haye kii roose ney 2014 mein roose key khilaf pratibandhon key lagu honey key baad seey serbia key saath apane sambandhon koo majboot karane kii maang kii haye. 2022 key ukraine parr russie aakraman key dauran, serbia ney aakraman kii ninda karane key liye matdan kiya, aur sanyukt rashtra key masauda prastaav koo apanaane kaa samarthan kiya, jisamen roose seey apani sainya senaaon koo vaapas lene kii maang kii gaee thee. haalaanki, serbia europe key ekmatra deshon mein seey ack haye jisane aakraman key baad roose parr pratibandh naheen lagaaya thaa.
sainya.
serbian sashastr bull raksha mantralaya key adheenasth hain, aur senaa aur vayu senaa seey baney hain. halanki ack bhoo-aachchhaadit desh, serbia ack nadee kaa bedaa sanchaalit kartaa haye joe denube, savaa aur teesa nadiyon parr gasht kartaa haye. samanya karmchaariyon kaa serbian pramukh raksha mantri koo report kartaa haye. cheef off staff kii niyukti rashtrapati dwara kii jaati haye, joe commander-inn-cheef hotaa haye. serbian raksha bajat 804 million dollar haye.
paaramparik roop seey badee sankhya mein sainikon parr nirbhar honey key kaaran, serbian sashastr balon koo ghataane, punargathan aur vyavsayikaran kii avadhi seey gujarna padaa. 2011 mein anivarya bharti koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. serbian sashastr balon mein 28,000 sakriya sanic hain, joe "sakriya aarakshit" dwara poorak hain, jisamen 20,000 sadasya hain aur lagbhag 170,000 key saath "nishkriya aarakshit" hain.
serbia netto vyaktigat saajhedaari kaary yojana karyakram mein bhaag liya, lekin mahatvapurna lokpriya asweekriti key kaaran naato mein shamil honey kaa koee irada naheen haye, joe kii 1999 mein yugoslavia parr naato bambari kii viraasat haye. yeh 2013 taka saamoohik suraksha sandhi sangathan (see. aiss. tii. oh.) kaa ack paryavekshak sadasya haye. desh ney dakshin purvi europe key liye sthirata samjhaute parr bhee hastakshar kiye. serbian sashastr bull lebnan, cyprus, hathidant tata aur liberia mein tainaati sahit kaee bahurashtriya shaanti abhiyaanon mein bhaag lete hain.
serbia iss kshetra mein sainya upkaranon kaa ack pramukh utpaadak aur niryaatak haye. 2018 mein raksha niryaat lagbhag 60 karod dollar thaa. raksha udyog mein pichhale kuchh varshon mein mahatvapurna vriddhi hui haye aur yeh vaarshik aadhar parr badh rhaa haye.
serbia duniya key una deshon mein seey ack haye jahan nagrik aabaadi mein sabse adhik agneyastra hain.
prashaasnik prabhaag.
serbia ack ekaatmak raajya haye joe nagarpalikaon/shaharon, jilon aur dou swaayatt praanton seey banaa haye. serbia mein, kosovo koo chhodkar, 145 nagarpaalikaaen ("opstein") aur 29 shahar ("gradovi") hain, joe sthaaniya swa-shasson kii buniyaadi ikaaiyaan hain. nagarpalikaon/shaharon key alawa, 24 jile hain ("okruzi", neeche soochibaddh 10 sabse adhik aabaadi vaale), jisamen belgrade shahar ack atirikt jile kaa gathan kartaa haye. belgrade koo chhodkar, jisamen ack nirvaachit sthaaniya sarkaar haye, jile raajya pradhikaran key kshetriya kendra hain, lekin unake paas apani koee shaktiyan naheen hain; way vishuddh roop seey prashaasnik prabhaag prastut karate hain.
serbia kaa samvidhaan dou swaayatt praanton, uttar mein vozvodina aur dakshin mein kosovo aur metohija key vivaadit kshetra koo maanyata detaa haye, jabaki kendriya serbia key shesh kshetra kaa apana kshetriya adhikaar kabhi naheen thaa. kosovo yuddh key baad, ack shaanti sainikon ney kosovo aur metohija mein pravesh kiya, unsk prastaav 1244 key anusaar. serbia kii sarkaar kosovo kii swatantrata kii farwari 2008 kii ghoshana koo avaidh aur avaidh maanate hue maanyata naheen detee haye.
jansankhyiki.
 janganana, serbia (kosovo koo chhodkar) kii kull jansankhya 6,647,003 haye aur samagr jansankhya ghanatva madhyam haye kyonki yeh prati varg kilometres 85.8 nivaasiyon parr haye. janganana kosovo mein aayojit naheen kii gaee thee, jisamen apani janganana kii gaee thee, jisamen unaki kull aabaadi 1,739,825 thee, jisamen serb-nivasi uttar kosovo koo chhodkar, usa kshetra key sarbon (lagbhag 50,000) ney janganana kaa bahishkaar kiya thaa.
serbia 1990 key dashak kii shuruat seey ack jansankhyikiya sankat kaa saamana curr rhaa haye, jisamen mrityu darr lagaatar apani janm darr seey adhik hoe gaee haye. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii 1990 key dashak key dauran 300,000 logon ney serbia chhod diyaa, jinamen seey 20 pratishat ney uchch shiksha praapt kii thee. serbia mein baad mein duniya kii sabse purani aabaadi mein seey ack haye, jisaki ausat ayu 43.3 varsh haye, aur isaki aabaadi duniya mein sabse tej daron mein seey ack parr sikud rahee haye. sabhi gharon mein seey paanchven hisse mein kewal ack vyakti hotaa haye, aur chaar aur adhik vyaktiyon mein seey kewal ack chauthai hotaa haye. janm key samay serbia mein ausat jeevan pratyasha 76.1 varsh haye.
1990 key dashak key dauran, europe mein serbia kii sabse badee sharanarthi aabaadi thee. serbia mein sharanarthi aur aantarik roop seey visthaapit vyakti (aaee. dee. pee. aiss.) usa samay isaki aabaadi key 7 pratishat aur 7.5 pratishat key beach they-lagbhag aadhe million sharanarthiyon ney yugoslav yuddhon kii shrinkhala key baad desh mein sharan lii, mukhya roop seey croatia (aur kuchh hudd taka bosnia aur herzegovina seey) aur kosovo seey aaee. dee. pee. aiss..
5,988,150 vaale serb serbia mein sabse badaa jaatiya samooh hain, joe kull aabaadi (kosovo koo chhodkar) kaa 83 pratishat pratinidhitva karate hain. serbia europeeya deshon mein seey ack haye jahan sabse adhik sankhya mein panjikrit rashtriya alpasankhyak hain, jabaki vozvodina praant apani bahu-jaatiya aur bahu-saanskritik pehchaan key liye pahachaana jaataa haye. 253, 899 kii aabaadi key saath, hangerian serbia mein sabse badey jaatiya alpasankhyak hain, joe mukhya roop seey uttari vozvodina mein kendrit hain aur desh kii aabaadi kaa 3.5% (vozvodina mein 13%) kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. 2011 kii janganana key anusaar romani aabaadi 147,604 haye, lekin anaupchaarik anumaanon key anusaar unaki vaastavik sankhya 400,000 aur 500,000 key beach haye. 145,278 key saath bosniaux dakshin-paschim mein raska (sandzac) mein kendrit hain. anya alpasankhyak samoohon mein crot, slovak, albanian, yugoslav, montenegrin, roman aur vlatch, macedonian aur bulgarian shamil hain. cheeni, anumaanit 15,000, ekmatra mahatvapurna gair-europeeya apravasi alpasankhyak hain.
adhikansh aabaadi, yaa 59.4%, shahari kshetron mein rahati haye aur kuchh 16.1% akele belgrade mein rahate hain. belgrade ekmatra shahar haye jahan duss laakh seey adhik nivasi hain aur vahaan chaar aur hain jahan 100,000 seey adhik nivasi hain.
dharm.
serbia kaa samvidhaan ise ack dharmnirpeksh raajya key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye jisamen nishchit dhaarmik swatantrata haye. 6,079,396 vaale roodhivaadi isai desh kii aabaadi kaa 84.5% shamil karate hain. serbian roodhivaadi church desh kaa sabse badaa aur paaramparik church haye, jisake anuyaayi bahut adhik serb hain. serbia mein anya roodhivaadi isai samudaayon mein montenegrin, roman, vlatch, macedonian aur bulgarian shamil hain.
2011 mein, roman catholics kii sankhya serbia mein 356,957 thee, yaa aabaadi kaa lagbhag 6 pratishat, jyaadaatar uttari vozvodina mein, joe hangerian, croats aur banjevasi jaise jaatiya alpasankhyak samoohon key saath-saath kuchh slovak aur chekon kaa ghar haye.
desh kii aabaadi kaa lagbhag 1 pratishat protestantwad haye, mukhya roop seey vozvodina mein slovakon key beach luthranwad key saath-saath sudhaar kiye gaye hungarians key beach calvinism. yunani catholic church kaa paalan lagbhag 25,000 nagrikon (aabaadi kaa 0.37%) dwara kiya jaataa haye, jinamen seey jyaadaatar vozvodina mein rusin hain.
musalman, 222,282 yaa 3 pratishat aabaadi key saath, teesara sabse badaa dhaarmik samooh banaate hain. islam kaa serbia key dakshini kshetron mein, mukhya roop seey dakshini raska mein ack majboot aitihaasik anuyaayi haye. bosnia mein sabse badaa islami samudaay bosnia haye, jisake baad albanian hain; anuman haye kii desh key lagbhag ack tihai roma loga musalman hain.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale 30,000 seey adhik kii tulanaa mein 2011 mein serbia mein kewal 578 yahudi they. naastikon kii sankhya 80,053, yaa aabaadi kaa 1.1% thee, aur atirikt 4,070 ney khud koo agyeyavaadi ghoshit kiya.
bhasha.
aadhikarik bhasha serbian haye, joe 88 pratishat aabaadi kii mool bhasha haye. serbian sakriya degraphia vaali ekmatra europeeya bhasha haye, jisamen cyrillic aur lattin varnamala donon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. serbian cyrillic koo samvidhaan mein "aadhikarik lipi" key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa haye aur ise 1814 mein serbian bhashashastri wook karadjik dwara taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone ise dhvanyaatmak siddhanton parr adharit kiya thaa. 2014 key ack sarvekshan seey pataa chalaa kii 47 pratishat serbian lattin varnamala key paksh mein hain, 36 pratishat cyrillic varnamala key paksh mein hain aur 17 pratishat koo koee vareeyata naheen haye.
maanak serbian bosnian aur croatian kii maanyata praapt alpasankhyak bhaashaon key saath parasparik roop seey samajhane yogya haye, kyonki teenon purvi herzegovina kii sabse vyaapak stokavian bolly parr adharit hain. anya maanyata praapt alpasankhyak bhaashaaen hainh hangerian, slovak, albanian, roman, bulgarian, rusin aur macedonian. yeye sabhi bhaashaaen nagarpalikaon yaa shaharon mein aadhikarik upayog mein hain jahan jaatiya alpasankhyak kull aabaadi key 15 pratishat seey adhik hain. vozvodina mein, praantiya prashaasan saha-aadhikarik roop seey serbian key alawa, paanch anya bhaashaon (slovak, hangerian, croatian, roman aur rusin) kaa upayog kartaa haye.
swaasthya seva.
serbia mein swaasthya seva pranali teen praathamik sansthanon dwara aayojit aur prabandhit kii jaati haih swaasthya mantralaya, serbia key saarvajanik swaasthya sansthaan "dow. milan jovanovic batut" aur sainya chikitsa akadami. swaasthya seva suraksha key adhikaar koo serbia mein ack samvaidhaanik adhikaar key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. serbian saarvajanik swaasthya pranali anivarya swaasthya beema yogdan key model parr aayojit samaantaa aur ekjutata key siddhanton parr adharit haye. niji swaasthya dekhbhal saarvajanik swaasthya pranali mein ekikrit naheen haye, lekin kuchh sevaaon koo anubandh dwara shamil kiya jaa sakata haye.
swaasthya mantralaya swaasthya seva neeti nirdhaarit kartaa haye aur swaasthya seva key kaam key liye manakon koo apanaata haye. mantralaya swaasthya dekhbhal pranali, swaasthya beema, nagrikon key swaasthya key sanrakshan aur sudhaar, swaasthya nireekshan, swaasthya seva key kaam parr paryavekshan aur swaasthya dekhbhal key kshetra mein anya karyon kaa bhee prabhaari haye.
serbia kaa saarvajanik swaasthya sansthaan "dow. milan jovanovic batut" chikitsa saankhyiki, mahamari vigyaan aur swachchata key liye jimmedaar haye. yeh kendriya, tritiyak sansthaan poore desh mein faile saarvajanik swaasthya key nagarpalika aur kshetriya kendron key ghaney network kaa prabandhan aur samanvaya kartaa haye, joe praathamik aur maadhyamik star parr mahamari vigyaan aur swachchata key kshetra mein sevaaen pradaan kartaa haye. ganarajya swaasthya beema sansthaan sabhi staron parr swaasthya dekhbhal key kamkaj kaa vittaposhan kartaa haye.
serbia mein sabse mahatvapurna swaasthya sansthanon mein seey ack belgrade mein sainya chikitsa akadami haye. yeh ack varsh mein lagbhag 30,000 rogiyon (sainya aur nagrik beemit) kii dekhbhal kartaa haye. akadami lagbhag 30,000 shalya chikitsa hastakshep aur 500,000 seey adhik visheshagya pareekshaon kaa pradarshan karati haye.
serbia kaa naidaanik kendra belgrade mein 34 hectare mein faila huaa haye aur isamen lagbhag 50 imaaraten hain, jabaki 3,150 bistar bhee hain jinhen europe mein sabse adhik sankhya maanaa jaataa haye, aur duniya mein sabse adhik haye.
anya mahatvapurna swaasthya sansthanon mein shamil hainh kbc dow. dragisha misovic, hriday sansthaan detine, kragujevak kaa naidaanik kendra, nees kaa naidaanik kendra, vozvodina kaa naidaanik kendra aur anya.
serbia key chikitsa visheshagyon ney kaee operation kiye hain jinhen "agrani kaary" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye.
arthavyavastha.
serbia kii uchch-madhyam aaya shreni mein ack ubharati bajar arthavyavastha haye. antarrashtriya mudra kosh key anusaar, 2022 mein serbian nammatra jee. dee. pee. kaa aadhikarik taur parr $65.697 billion yaa $9,561 prati vyakti anumaanit haye, jabaki kray shakti samaantaa jee. dee. pee. $153.076 billion yaa $22,278 prati vyakti thee. arthavyavastha mein sevaaon kaa varchasva haye joe jee. dee. pee. key liye 67.9% key liye jimmedaar hain, isake baad jee. dee. pee. key liye 26.1% key saath udyog aur jee. dee. pee. key liye 6 pratishat parr krishi haye. serbia kii aadhikarik mudra serbian dinaar (iso kodah rsd) haye, aur kendriya baink serbia kaa rashtriya baink haye. desh mein belgrade stock exchange ekmatra stock exchange haye, jiska bajar poonjikaran $8.65 billion haye aur belex 15 mukhya soochkaank key roop mein 15 sabse taral sheyaron kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. desh samajik pragati soochkaank mein 52vein sthaan parr haye aur saath hii vaishvik shaanti soochkaank mein 51vein sthaan parr haye.
vaishvik aarthik sankat seey arthavyavastha prabhaavit hui haye. lagbhag ack dashak key majboot aarthik vikas (prati varsh ausat 4.45%) key baad, serbia ney 2009 mein-3 pratishat kii nakaratmak vriddhi key saath aur phir 2012 aur 2014 mein kramshah-1 pratishat aur-1.8 pratishat key saath mandee mein pravesh kiya. jaise-jaise sarkaar sankat key prabhaavon seey lada rahee thee, saarvajanik rinn dogune seey bhee adhik hoe gayaa haih sankat seey pahale key star seey 30 pratishat seey cumm jee. dee. pee. key lagbhag 70 pratishat taka aur haal hii mein neeche kii or 50 pratishat taka jaa rhaa haye. shram bull 32 laakh haye, jisamen 56 pratishat seva kshetra mein, 28.1% udyog mein aur 15.9% krishi mein kaaryarat hain. maee 2019 mein ausat masik shuddh vetan 47,575 dinaar yaa 525 dollar thaa. berojgari ack gambhir samasya bunny hui haye, jisamen 12.7% kii darr haye.
2000 key baad seey, serbia ney pratyaksh videshi nivesh (aff. dee. aaee.) mein 40 arab dollar seey adhik aakarshit kiya haye. nivesh karane vaale blue-chip nigamon mein shamil hainh fiet chrysler automobile, seamens, bosch, phillip morris, michelin, coca-colla, carlsberg aur anya. oorjaa kshetra mein, russie oorjaa diggaj, gazprom aur lukoil ney badey nivesh kiye hain. dhaatu vigyaan kshetra mein, cheeni ispat aur tambe key diggajon, hesteel aur zijin khanan ney pramukh parisaron kaa adhigrahan kiya haye.
serbia mein ack pratikool vyaapaar santulan haih ayaat niryaat seey 25 pratishat adhik haye. haalaanki, serbia key niryaat ney pichhale kuchh varshon mein 2018 mein 19.2 arab dollar taka kii sthir vriddhi darj kii haye. desh key paas europeeya sangh key saath ack adhimanya vyaapaar vyavastha, europeeya sangh key saath ack adhimanya vyaapaar vyavastha, sanyukt raajya america key saath vareeyataon kii ack saamaanyikrit pranali, aur roose, bellaroos, kazakhstan aur turkey key saath vyaktigat mukt vyaapaar samjhaute hain.
krishi.
vibhinn krishi utpaadan key liye serbia mein bahut anukool praakritik paristhitiyaan (bhoomi aur jalavaayu) hain. isamen krishi bhoomi kaa 5,056,000 hectare (prati vyakti 0.7 hectare) haye, jisamen seey 3,294,000 hectare krishi yogya bhoomi (prati vyakti 0.45 hectare) haye. 2016 mein, serbia ney 3.2 arab dollar moolya key krishi aur khaadya utpaadon kaa niryaat kiya, aur niryaat-ayaat anupaat 178% thaa. krishi niryaat vishva bajar mein serbia kii sabhi bikri kaa paanchvaan hissa haye. serbia europeeya sangh (francisi bajar key liye sabse badaa, aur german bajar key liye doosara sabse badaa) key liye jamey hue phal key sabse badey pradaataon mein seey ack haye. 
upajaau panonian maidan parr vozvodina mein krishi utpaadan sabse pramukh haye. anya krishi kshetron mein makwa, pomoravalje, tamnawa, rasina aur jablanika shamil hain.
krishi utpaadan kii sanrachana mein, 70 pratishat fasal kshetra utpaadan seey aur 30 pratishat pashudhan utpaadan seey haye. serbia duniya kaa doosara sabse badaa alubukhara utpaadak (582,485 tunn; chean key baad doosara), raspberry kaa doosara sabse badaa utpaadak (89,602 tunn, polland key baad doosara) haye, yeh makka kaa ack mahatvapurna utpaadak bhee haye (64.8 laakh tunn, duniya mein 32vein sthaan parr) aur gehuun (20.7 laakh tunn, duniya mein 35vein sthaan parr). anya mahatvapurna krishi utpaad hainh surajmukhi, chukandar, soyabean, aaloo, seb, suar kaa maans, gomans, murgi aur dayeri.
serbia mein 56,000 hectare daakh kii baariyan hain, joe salana lagbhag 230 million leater sharaab kaa utpaadan karati hain. sabse prasiddh viticulture kshetra vozvodina aur sumadiza mein sthit hain.
udyog.
1990 key dashak key dauran sanyukt rashtra pratibandhon aur vyaapaar pratibandhon aur naato bambari aur 2000 key dashak key dauran bajar arthavyavastha mein sankraman seey udyog aarthik kshetra sabse adhik prabhaavit huaa thaa. audyogik utpaadan mein naatakiya girawat dekhi gaeeh 2013 mein yeh 1989 kii tulanaa mein kewal aadhaa honey kii ummeed thee. mukhya audyogik kshetron mein shamil hainh motor vaahan, khanan, alauh dhaatu, khaadya prasanskaran, electronics, pharmaceuticals, kapade. sitambar 2017 taka serbia mein 14 mukt aarthik kshetra hain, jinamen kaee pratyaksh videshi nivesh kiye jaate hain.
motor vaahan udyog (agradoot key roop mein fiet chrysler automobile key saath) mein kragujevak aur usake aspas key kshetron mein sthit cluster kaa prabhutva haye, aur lagbhag 2 arab dollar key saath niryaat mein yogdan detaa haye. desh dakshin poorv europe key vyaapak kshetra mein ack pramukh ispat utpaadak haye aur 2018 mein lagbhag 20 laakh tunn kachche ispat kaa utpaadan huaa thaa, joe poori tarah seey cheeni hesteel key swaamitva vaali smedervo steel mill seey aataa haye. serbia kaa khanan udyog tulanaatmak roop seey majboot haih serbia kolubara aur costolac besin mein badey bhandar seey nikaale gaye koyale kaa 18vaan sabse badaa utpaadak (europe mein 7vaan) haye; yeh duniya kaa 23vaan sabse badaa (europe mein 3raa) tamba utpaadak bhee haye jise 2018 mein cheeni zijin khanan dwara adhigrahit ack badee tambe kii khanan company, zijin boor copper dwara nikala jaataa haye; mahatvapurna soney kaa nishkarshan majdanpek key aspas vikasit kiya gayaa haye. serbia vishesh roop seey tesla smartphone naamak intell smartphone kaa nirmaan karati haye.
khaadya udyog kshetriya aur antarrashtriya donon roop seey jaanaa jaataa haye aur arthavyavastha key majboot binduon mein seey ack haye. kuchh antarrashtriya brand-naamon ney serbia mein utpaadan sthaapit kiyaah khaadya-prasanskaran kshetra mein pepsico aur nesley; peya udyog mein coca-colla (belgrade), heneken (novi sadd) aur carlsberg (bakka palanka); cheeni udyog mein nordzker. serbia key electronics udyog kaa 1980 key dashak mein apana charam thaa aur aaj udyog usa samay kii tulanaa mein kewal ack tihai haye, lekin pichhale dashak mein sabotika mein seamens (pawan turbine), swilajanak mein panasonic (prakaash upkaran) aur valjevo mein gorenje (vidyut gharelu upkaran) jaisi companiyon key nivesh key saath punruddhar kaa kuchh hissa dekhaa gayaa haye. serbia mein dawa udyog mein generic davaaon key ack darjan nirmaata shamil hain, jinamen seey versec mein haemopharm aur belgrade mein gallenica utpaadan kii matra kaa 80 pratishat haye. gharelu utpaadan sthaaniya maang key 60 pratishat seey adhik koo puuraa kartaa haye.
oorjaa.
oorjaa kshetra desh kii arthavyavastha key sabse badey aur sabse mahatvapurna kshetron mein seey ack haye. serbia bijli kaa shuddh niryaatak haye aur pramukh eendhan (jaise tail aur gais) kaa ayatak haye.
serbia mein koyale kii prachurta haye, aur tail aur gais key mahatvapurna bhandar hain. serbia key 5,5 billion tunn koyale key siddh bhandar duniya mein paanchven sabse badey (germany key baad europe mein dusare sthaan parr) hain. koyla dou badey bhandaron mein paaya jaataa haih kolubara (4 arab tunn bhandar) aur costolac (1.5 karod tunn). vishva star parr chhote honey key bavjood, serbia key tail aur gais sansadhanon (kramshah 77.4 laakh tunn tail key barabar aur 48.1 arab ghana meater) kaa ack nishchit kshetriya mahatva haye kyonki way poorv yugoslavia key kshetra key saath-saath balcon (romania koo chhodkar) mein sabse badey hain. khoj kiye gaye tail aur gais kaa lagbhag 90 pratishat baanat mein paaya jaataa haye aur way tail aur gais kshetra aakar key hisab seey pannion besin mein sabse badey hain lekin europeeya paimaane parr ausat hain.
2015 mein serbia mein bijli kaa utpaadan 36.5 arab kilowatt-ghante (kwh) thaa, jabaki antim bijli kii khapat 35.5 arab kilowatt-ghante (kwh) thee. utpaadit adhikansh bijli taap vidyut sanyantron (sabhi bijli kaa 72.7%) seey aur kuchh hudd taka panbijali sanyantron (27.3%) seey aatee haye. 3, 936 megawatt kii sthaapit shakti key saath 6 lignite-sanchaalit taap vidyut sanyantra hain; jinamen seey sabse badey 1,502 megawatt-nikola tesla 1 aur 1,160 megawatt-nikola tesla 2 hain, donon obrenovac mein hain. 9 panbijali sanyantron kii kull sthaapit shakti 2,831 megawatt haye, jisamen seey sabse badee 1,026 megawatt kii kshamata key saath 1 haye. isake alawa, 353 megawatt kii sthaapit shakti key saath majoot aur gais sanchaalit taap vidyut sanyantra hain. bijli kaa puuraa utpaadan saarvajanik vidyut-upayogita bijli company, electroprevereda sarbije (eps) mein kendrit haye.
serbia mein vartamaan tail utpaadan 11 laakh tunn seey adhik haye aur desh kii jarooraton kaa lagbhag 43 pratishat puuraa kartaa haye jabaki baaki aayatit haye. rashtriya petrol company, naftna industriesa sarbije (niss) kaa adhigrahan 2008 mein gazprom neft dwara kiya gayaa thaa. pansevo mein company kii refinery (4.8 laakh tunn kii kshamata) europe mein sabse aadhunik tail-refineries mein seey ack haye; yeh serbia mein 334 bharane vaale stations (gharelu bajar kaa 74 pratishat) aur bosnia aur herzegovina mein atirikt 36 stations, bulgaria mein 31 aur romania mein 28 kaa network bhee sanchaalit karati haye. paar-rashtriya adria tail pipeline key ack hisse key roop mein pansevo aur novi sadd refineries koo jodane vaali 155 kilometres kii kachche tail kii pipeline hain.
serbia praakritik gais key videshi sroton parr bahut adhik nirbhar haye, jisamen kewal 17 pratishat gharelu utpaadan seey aataa haye (2012 mein kull 491 million cubic meater) aur baaki mukhya roop seey roose seey ayaat kiya jaataa haye (gais pipelines key madhyam seey joe ukraine aur hangri seey gujarati hain). saarvajanik company sribijagas praakritik gais parivahan pranali kaa sanchaalan karati haye jisamen trunk aur kshetriya praakritik gais pipeline aur banatsky dwore mein 450 million cubic meater bhoomigat gais bhandaran suvidha shamil haye. 2021 mein, serbia key madhyam seey balkan dhaara gais pipeline kholi gaee.
parivahan.
serbia mein ack ranneetik parivahan sthaan haye kyonki desh kii reedh, morawa ghaati, mahadvipiya europe seey asia minor aur nikat poorv taka sabse aasaan bhoomi maarg kaa pratinidhitva karati haye.
serbian sadak network desh mein adhikansh yatayat koo wahan kartaa haye. sadakon kii kull lambai "varg-aaee. aeye. raajya sadaken" hain (i.ee. motorway); "shreni-aaee. bee. raajya sadaken" (rashtriya sadaken) hain; "shreni-3 raajya sadaken" (kshetriya sadaken) hain aur "nagarpalika sadaken" hain. adhikansh varg-aaee. aeye. sadakon koo chhodkar sadak network, pichhale 20 varshon mein unake rakharkhaav key liye vittiya sansadhanon kii kamee key kaaran paschimi europeeya manakon key mukabale tulanaatmak roop seey cumm gunavatta kaa haye.
pichhale dashak mein nae motorway kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa aur vartamaan mein atirikt nirmanadhin hainh aeye5 motorway (crusevac key uttar seey čačak taka) aur aeye2 kaa-lamba khand (čačak aur pozega key beach). coach parivahan bahut vyaapak haih desh mein lagbhag harr jagah buss dwara judaa huaa haye, sabse badey shaharon seey gaanvon taka; isake alawa antarrashtriya maarg hain (mukhya roop seey paschimi europe key deshon mein badey serb diaspora key saath). gharelu aur antarrashtriya donon maargon parr sou seey adhik antar-shahar coach sevaayen upalabdh hain, jinamen seey sabse badee seva lasta aur nees-express hain. vahaan 1,999,771 panjikrit yatri kaaren yaa prati 3.5 nivaasiyon parr 1 yatri kaar thee.
serbia mein rail patariyan hain, jinamen seey vidyuteekrit hain aur dohare patariyon vaali rail hain. pramukh rail kendra belgrade (aur cumm degree key liye nees) haye, jabaki sabse mahatvapurna railmargon mein shamil hainh belgrade-sabotika-budapest (hangri) (vartamaan mein uchch gati kii sthiti mein unnat), belgrade-baar (montenegro), belgrade-sid-zagreb (croatia)/belgrade-nees-sofiya (bulgaria) (paine-europeeya galiyare x kaa hissa), aur nees-thessalonici (grees). belgrade aur novi sadd key beach lagbhag 75 kimmy (46 meal) naee hyee-speed rail line 2022 mein kholi gaee thee aur novi sadd seey sabotika aur hangri key saath seema taka atirikt 108 kimmy (67 meal) vartamaan mein nirmanadhin haye aur 2025 mein khulane key kaaran haye. dakshin mein, nees shahar taka hyee-speed rail line key 212 kimmy lambe vistaar key liye nirmaan kaary 2024 mein shuru honey vaalaa haye aur desh key paanch sabse badey shaharon mein seey chaar key dashak key anta taka isake poorna honey kii yojana haye. rail sevaaon kaa sanchaalan sribija voz (yatri parivahan) aur sribija cargo (maal dhulai) dwara kiya jaataa haye.
2022 mein niyamit yatri sevaaon key saath teen havaai adde hain joe 60 laakh seey adhik yaatriyon taka pahunchate hain, jisamen seey adhikansh belgrade nikola tesla havaai adde parr hain, joe pramukh vaahak air serbia kaa kendra haye joe 32 deshon mein 80 gantavyon (newyork shahar, shikago aur tianzin key liye antarmahadvipiya udaanon sahit) key liye udaan bharata haye aur 2022 mein 2.75 laakh yaatriyon koo leey jaataa haye.
serbia mein ack vikasit antardeshiya jall parivahan haye kyonki vahaan naugamya antardeshiya jalmarg (naugamya nadiyon aur naugamya naharon key) hain, joe lagbhag sabhi desh key uttari teesare hisse mein sthit hain. sabse mahatvapurna antardeshiya jalmarg denube (paine-europeeya galiyare kaa hissa) haye. anya naugamya nadiyon mein saava, tissa, begez aur timmis nadiyaan shamil hain, joe sabhi serbia koo uttari aur paschimi europe key saath raain-maine-danube nahar aur uttari samudri maarg key madhyam seey, purvi europe koo tissa, begez aur danube kaale samudra maargon key madhyam seey, aur saava nadee key madhyam seey dakshini europe seey jodati hain. 2018 mein serbian nadiyon aur naharon parr 80 laakh tunn seey adhik maal kaa parivahan kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki sabse badey nadee bandargah hainh novi sadd, belgrade, pansevo, smedervo, prahovo aur shbaak.
dursanchar.
nishchit telephone laainen serbia mein 81 pratishat gharon koo jodati hain, aur lagbhag 9.1 laakh upayogkartaon key saath cellphone kii sankhya kull aabaadi 28 pratishat seey adhik haye. sabse badaa mobile operator telecom sribija haye jisake 4.2 laakh graahak hain, isake baad 2.8 laakh upayogkartaon key saath telenor aur lagbhag 2 million upayogkartaon key saath aeye1 haye. kuchh 58 pratishat gharon mein fixed-line (gair-mobile) broadband internet connection haye jabaki 67 pratishat koo bhugtan television sevaaen (yaani.ee. 38 pratishat cable television, 17 pratishat aaee. pee. tii. vee. aur 10 pratishat upgrah). digital television sankraman 2015 mein signal sancharan key liye dee. vee. bee.-tii. 2 maanak key saath puuraa kiya gayaa haye.
paryatan.
serbia ack saamoohik paryatan gantavya naheen haye, lekin phir bhee isamen paryatan utpaadon kii ack vividh shrinkhala haye. 2019 mein, kull 36 laakh seey adhik paryatak awas mein darj kiye gaye they, jinamen seey aadhe videshi they. paryatan seey videshi mudra aaya 1.50 karod dollar anumaanit thee.
paryatan mukhya roop seey desh key pahaadon aur spaa parr kendrit haye, joe jyaadaatar gharelu paryatakon dwara dekhe jaate hain, saath hii saath cumm darje key hain, aur kuchh hudd taka, nae hain, joe videshi paryatakon key pasandida vikalp hain (lagbhag dou-tihai sabhi videshi yaatraaen inn donon shaharon mein kii jaati hain). sabse prasiddh parvatiya resort coponic, taaraa planina aur zlatibor hain. serbia mein kaee spaa bhee hain, jinamen seey sabse badey hain vernja banja, soko banja aur banja kovilja. shahar-viram aur sammelan paryatan koo belgrade aur novi sadd mein vikasit kiya gayaa haye. anya paryatan utpaad joe serbia pradaan karate hain, way praakritik chamatkar hain jaise kii davolja varos, desh bhar key kaee roodhivaadi mathon key liye isai tirthayatra aur denube key saath nadee paribhraman. serbia mein kaee antarrashtriya star parr lokpriya sangeet utsav aayojit kiye jaate hain, jaise kii nikas (60 deshon seey aaney vaale videshi agantukon key saath) aur gucha trumpet utsav.
shiksha aur vigyaan.
2011 kii janganana key anusaar, serbia mein saksharta aabaadi kaa 98 pratishat haye jabaki computer saksharta 49 pratishat haye (poorna computer saksharta 34.2% haye). isi janganana mein shiksha key nimnalikhit staron koo dikhaaya gayaah 16.2% nivaasiyon key paas uchch shiksha haye (10.6% key paas snaatak yaa snatkottar kii degree haye, 5.6% key paas sahayogi degree haye), 49% key paas maadhyamik shiksha haye, 20.7% key paas praathamik shiksha haye, aur 13.7% ney praathamik shiksha poori naheen kii haye.
serbia mein shiksha shiksha aur vigyaan mantralaya dwara viniyamit kii jaati haye. shiksha yaa tou poorv vidyaalayon yaa praathamik vidyaalayon mein shuru hoti haye. saat saal kii umr mein bachche praathamik vidyaalayon mein dakhila lete hain. anivarya shiksha mein praathamik vidyalaya key aathh grade shamil hain. chhatron koo agale chaar varshon key liye vyayamshalaon aur vyaavsaayik vidyaalayon mein bhaag lene yaa 2 seey 3 varshon key liye vyaavsaayik prashikshan mein dakhila lene kaa avsar milata haye. vyayamshala yaa vyaavsaayik vidyaalayon key puuraa honey key baad, chhatron koo vishvavidyalaya mein bhaag lene kaa avsar milata haye. praathamik aur maadhyamik shiksha serbia mein maanyata praapt alpsankhyakon kii bhaashaon mein bhee upalabdh haye, jahan kakshaaen hangerian, slovak, albanian, roman, rusin, bulgarian key saath-saath bosnian aur croatian bhaashaon mein aayojit kii jaati hain. petnica vigyaan kendra pratibhashali chhatron parr dhyaan kendrit karane vaale paathyetar vigyaan shiksha key liye ack ullekhaniya sansthaan haye.
serbia mein 19 vishvavidyalaya hain (kull 86 sankayon key saath nau saarvajanik vishvavidyalaya aur 51 sankayon key saath duss niji vishvavidyalaya). aaee. dee. 1. shaikshanik varsh mein 210,480 chhatron ney 19 vishvavidyalayon mein bhaag liya (saarvajanik vishvavidyalayon mein 181,310 aur niji vishvavidyalayon mein lagbhag 29,170) jabaki 47,169 ney 81 "uchch vidyaalayon" mein bhaag liya. serbia mein saarvajanik vishvavidyalaya hainh belgrade vishvavidyalaya (sabse purana, 1808 mein sthaapit, aur 97,696 snaatak aur snatakon key saath sabse badaa vishvavidyalaya), novi sadd vishvavidyalaya (1960 mein sthaapit aur 42,489 key chhaatr nikaay key saath), niss vishvavidyalaya (1965 mein sthaapit; 20,559 chhaatr), kragujevak vishvavidyalaya (1976 mein sthaapit; 14,053 chhaatr), pristina vishvavidyalaya (uttar mitrovica mein sthit), novi bazar kaa saarvajanik vishvavidyalaya aur saath hii teen visheshagya vishvavidyalaya-kalaa vishvavidyalaya, raksha vishvavidyalaya aur aaparaadhik jaanch aur pulis adhyayan vishvavidyalaya. sabse badey niji vishvavidyalayon mein megatrained vishvavidyalaya aur singidunam vishvavidyalaya shamil hain, donon hii belgrade mein, aur nae vishvavidyalaya mein shikshaavidon key liye. belgrade vishvavidyalaya (2013 mein vishva vishvavidyalayon kii shanghai ranking mein 301-400 bracket mein rakhaa gayaa, athens aur thessalonici key baad dakshin poorv europe mein sarvshreshth sthaan parr vishvavidyalaya honey key kaaran) aur novi sadd vishvavidyalaya koo aam taur parr desh mein uchch shiksha key sarvshreshth sansthaan maanaa jaataa haye.
serbia ney 2017 mein vaigyaanik anusandhaan parr jee. dee. pee. kaa 0.9% kharch kiya, joe europeeya ausat seey thodaa cumm haye. serbia 2021 mein vaishvik navachar soochkaank mein 54vein sthaan parr thee, joe 2019 mein 57vein sthaan parr thee. 2018 seey, serbia serren kaa poorna sadasya haye. serbia kaa ganit aur computer vigyaan mein utkrishtata kaa ack lamba itihas rhaa haye jisane engineering pratibha kaa ack majboot pool banaaya haye, halanki 1990 key dashak key dauran aarthik pratibandhon aur shodh mein puraane cumm nivesh ney kaee vaigyaanik peshevaron koo desh chhodane key liye majboor kiya. phir bhee, aise kaee kshetra hain jinamen serbia abhee bhee utkrishtata praapt kartaa haye jaise kii badhata soochana praudyogiki kshetra, jisamen software vikas key saath-saath outsourcing bhee shamil haye. isane 2018 mein antarrashtriya niveshakon aur mahatvapurna sankhya mein gatishil gharelu udyamon seey 1.2 arab dollar seey adhik kaa niryaat kiya. serbia vigyaan mein mahilaaon key uchchatam anupaat vaale deshon mein seey ack haye.
serbia mein kaam karane vaale vaigyaanik sansthanon mein sabse badaa mihazlo pupin sansthaan aur vinka paramanu sansthaan hain, donon hii belgrade mein hain. serbian academy off sciences aind arts 1841 mein apani sthaapana seey vigyaan aur kalaa koo badhaava dene vaalaa ack vidwan samaaj haye.
sanskriti.
sadiyon seey poorv aur paschim key beach kii seemaon parr faila huaa, serbia kaa kshetra roman samrajya key purvi aur paschimi hisson key beach vibhajit thaa; phir byzantium aur hangri key raajya key beach; aur ottoman samrajya aur habsberg samrajya key beach praarambhik aadhunik kaal mein. inn ativyaapi prabhaavon key parinamswarup poore serbia mein saanskritik kismein paida hui hain; iska uttar jhukaav madhya europe kii ruprekha parr haye, jabaki dakshin vyaapak balcon aur yahaan taka kii bhoomadhyasagariya kii visheshta haye. serbia parr byzantine kaa prabhaav gahara thaa, joe praarambhik madhya yug mein purvi isai dharm kii shuruat key madhyam seey thaa. serbian roodhivaadi church mein madhya yug mein nirmit kaee mathh hain. serbia mukhya roop seey vyaapaar, saahitya aur roman vastukala key bavjood venis ganarajya seey bhee prabhaavit thaa.
serbia mein unesco kii vishva viraasat kii soochi mein paanch saanskritik smaarak ankit hainh praarambhik madhyayugeen rajdhani starry raas aur 13veen shatabdi kaa mathh sopochani; 12veen shatabdi kaa adhyayan mathh; gamjigrad-felix romuliana kaa roman parisar; madhyayugeen makbare statchy; aur anta mein kosovo mein luptapray madhyayugeen smaarak (visoki dechani key mathh, hamari lady off lajevis, grechanika aur petch key pitrisattaatmak mathh).
unesco key vishva karyakram kii smriti parr dou saahityik kaary hainh 12veen shatabdi kaa "miroslav gospel" aur vaigyaanik nikola tesla kaa sangrah. slava" (sanrakshak sant pooja), collo (paaramparik lock nritya), gusal key saath gaanaa, zlakusa mitty key bartan aur slivovitz (plum brandy) koo unesco kii amoort saanskritik viraasat soochiyon parr ankit kiya gayaa haye. sanskriti aur soochana mantralaya koo sthaaniya sarkaaron dwara kii jaane vaali aage kii gatividhiyon key saath rashtra kii saanskritik viraasat koo sanrakshit karane aur isake vikas kii dekhrekh karane kaa kaam saunpa gayaa haye.
kalaa aur vastukala.
roman aur praarambhik byzantine samrajya kii vaastushilp viraasat key nishan serbia key kaee shaahi shaharon aur mahalon mein paae jaate hain, jaise kii syrmium, felix romuliana aur justiniana prima, 535 seey justiniana prima key archbishop kii seat.
serbian mathh byzantine kalaa key prabhaav mein they, vishesh roop seey 1204 mein constantinople key patan key baad jaba kaee byzantine kalakar serbia bhaag gaye. mathon mein adhyayan shamil haye (1190 key aspas banaaya gayaa), joe baad key mathon key liye ack model thaa jaise kii mileseva, sopochani, jicha, grecanica aur visoki dechi. kosovo mein vinash sahit serbian itihas key vibhinn charanon mein kaee smaarak aur saanskritik sthal nasht curr diye gaye they. 14veen aur 15veen shatabdi key anta mein, morawa ghaati key aspas key kshetra mein morawa shally key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ack swachaalit vastukala shally vikasit hui. iss shally kii ack visheshta saamane kii church kii divaaron kii samriddh sajawat thee. isake udaharanon mein manasija, ravanika aur colonic mathh shamil hain. 
bhitti chitron mein safed doot (mileseva mathh), "crucifiction" (adhyayan mathh) aur "virgine kaa shayan" (sopochani) shamil hain.
desh mein kaee achchi tarah seey sanrakshit madhyayugeen kille aur kille hain jaise kii smedervo kilaa (europe mein sabse badaa nichale ilaakon kaa kilaa), goluback, maglich, soko grade, belgrade kilaa, austrivica aur raam.
ottoman kabje key tahat, habsberg rajshahi dwara shaasit bhoomi key baahar serbian kalaa lagbhag astitva mein naheen thee. paaramparik serbian kalaa ney 18veen shatabdi key anta mein barok prabhaavon koo dikhaaya jaisa kii nikola neskovic, teoder krakun, zahareeje orphelin aur jekav orphelin key karyon mein dikhaaya gayaa haye.
serbian chitrakala ney bidermayer aur neoclassism key prabhaav koo dikhaaya jaisa kii constantin denil, arsenije teodorovic aur pavel durkovic key karyon mein dekhaa gayaa haye. kaee chitrakaron ney 19veen shatabdi key romantikwad mein sthaapit kalaatmak rujhaanon kaa paalan kiya, vishesh roop seey dura jaaksik, steven todorovic, katrina ivanovic aur novak radonic.
20veen shatabdi key poorvaardh key serbian chitrakaron mein paajaa jovanovic aur yathaarthvaad key euros predic, cubist savaa sumenovic, milena pavlovic-barili aur prabhaavvaad key nadeja petrovic, abhivyaktivaadi milan konjovic shamil hain. 20veen shatabdi key uttaraardh key chitrakaron mein marco selebonovic, petter lubarda, milo milunovic, lubomir popovic aur vladmir velikovic shamil hain.
anastas jovanovic duniya key sabse shuruati photographers mein seey ack they. marina abramovic ack pradarshan kalakar hain. pirot kaaleen serbia mein ack paaramparik hastshilp haye.
serbia mein lagbhag 180 sangrahalaya hain, jinamen cerbia kaa rashtriya sangrahalaya bhee shamil haye, jisaki sthaapana 1844 mein hui thee, jisamen kaee videshi kalakritiyon sahit balcon mein sabse badey kalaa sangrhon mein seey ack haye. anya kalaa sangrahalayon mein belgrade mein samkaaleen kalaa kaa sangrahalaya, vozvodina kaa sangrahalaya aur novi sadd mein matika sarpska kii gallery shamil hain.
saahitya.
serbian bulgaria mein preslav saahityik vidyalaya mein bhaaiyon key siril aur methodius key chhatron dwara banaai gaee cyrillic varnamala kaa upayog kartaa haye. 11veen shatabdi kii shuruat seey serbian kritiyaan glagolitic mein likhi gaee hain. 12veen shatabdi seey shuru hocker, kitaaben cyrillic mein likhi jaati theen. 1186 key miroslav gospel koo serbian madhyayugeen itihas kii sabse purani pustak maanaa jaataa haye aur unesco key vishva register kii smriti mein soochibaddh hain.
madhyayugeen lekhakon mein sant saava, jefimiza, stephen lazarevic, coastnet key sangrodh aur anya shamil hain. ottoman kabje key tahat, jaba serbia europeeya punarjagaran kaa hissa naheen thaa, mahakavya kavita key madhyam seey maukhik kahani kahane kii parampara kosovo yuddh aur slavic pauranik kathaaon mein nihit lock kathaaon seey prerit thee. usa samay serbian mahakavya kavita koo rashtriya pehchaan koo sanrakshit karane key sabse prabhaavi tareeke key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa. sabse purani gyaat, poori tarah seey kaalpanik kavitaaen, "gair-aitihaasik chakr" koo banaati hain, jisake baad kosovo kii ladaai seey pahale, usake dauran aur usake baad kii ghatnaaon seey prerit kavitaaen aatee hain. kuchh chakr serbian mahaan naayak, marco kraljevik koo samarpit hain, anya hazduq aur euscock key baare mein hain, aur antim 19 veen shatabdi mein serbia kii mukti key liye samarpit haye. lock gaathagiton mein "jugovic parivaar kii maan kii mrityu" aur "aasan aaga kii kuleen patni kaa shoke geet" (1646) shamil hain, jinka europeeya bhaashaon mein goethe, walter scott, pushkin aur merimi dwara anuvaad kiya gayaa haye. serbian lokkathaon kii ack kahani nau mutter aur sunhare seb hain.
17veen shatabdi key anta mein serbian saahitya mein barok rujhaan ubhare. barok-prabhaavit lekhakon mein gavril stephanovic vanclovic, jovan rajik, zahareeje orphelin aur andriza zamaajevik shamil hain. dositz obradovic gyaan key yug key ack pramukh vyakti they, jabaki jovan steriza popovic ack classic lekhak they, jinake karyon mein romantikwad key tatva bhee shamil they. rashtriya punrutthan key yug mein, 19veen shatabdi key poorvaardh mein, wook stephanovic karadzik ney serbian lock saahitya ekatra kiya, aur serbian bhasha aur vartani mein sudhaar kiya, jisase serbian romantikwad kaa maarg prashast huaa. 19veen shatabdi key pahale bhaag mein romantic lekhakon kaa varchasva thaa, jinamen peater II petrovic-enjegos, branco radicivic, dura jaaksik, jovan jovanovic zamaaj aur lazaa coastic shamil they, jabaki shatabdi key dusare bhaag mein milovan glychic, lazaa lazarwick, simo matawulz, steven sremak, vojislav ilich, branislav nusik, redoje domanovic aur borisav stankovic jaise yathaarthvaadi lekhakon kaa varchasva thaa.
20veen shatabdi mein gadya lekhakon messa selimovic ("mrityu aur darvesh"), milos kranzansky ("pravaas"), isidora seculic ("ack chhote seey shahar key kabristan kaa itihas"), branco chopik ("eagle jaldi udate hain"), borislav pekich ("chamatkaron kaa samay"), denillo keesh ("mritakon kaa vishvakosh"), dobrica chiskick ("jadein"), alexander tisma ("aadami kaa upayog"), milorad pavik aur anya kaa prabhutva thaa. ullekhaniya kaviyon mein milan raaki, jovan ducic, vladislav petkovic diss, rastako petrovic, stanislav vinaivar, dussan mattic, branco milajkovic, vasco popa, auskar devicho, meodrag pavlovic aur steven raikovic shamil hain.
pavik 21veen sadee key serbian lekhak hain, jinake "khazars key shabdakosh" kaa 38 bhaashaon mein anuvaad kiya gayaa haye. samkaaleen lekhakon mein david albahari, swetislav basara, goran petrovic, gordana quick, wook draskovic aur vladislav bajak shamil hain. serbian comics 1930 key dashak mein ubhare aur yeh madhyam aaj bhee lokpriya haye.
ivo andric ("drina parr pull") ack serbian lekhak hain jinhone 1961 mein saahitya mein nobel puraskar jeetaa thaa. ack anya lekhak desanka maximovic they, joe saat dashakon taka "yugoslav kavita kii pramukh mahila" theen. unhein moortiyon, daak tikaton aur serbia bhar kii sadakon key naamon seey sammaanit kiya jaataa haye.
551 saarvajanik pustakalaya hain, jinamen seey sabse badaa haih lagbhag 60 laakh vastuon key saath belgrade mein serbia kaa rashtriya pustakalaya, aur lagbhag 35 laakh khandon key saath novi mein matika sarpska (sabse purana matika aur serbian saanskritik sansthaan, 1826 mein sthaapit). 2010 mein, 10,989 pustaken aur vivaran-pustikaaen prakaashit huin. pustak prakaashan bajar mein kaee pramukh prakashakon kaa varchasva haye jaise kii laguna aur valkan (donon joe apani khud kii pustakon kii dukaan shrinkhala sanchaalit karate hain) aur udyog kaa kendra bindu karyakram, vaarshik belgrade pustak mella, 2013 mein 158,128 agantukon key saath serbia mein sabse adhik dekhaa jaane vaalaa saanskritik karyakram haye. saahityik drishya kaa mukhya aakarshan ninn puraskar pradaan karna haye, joe 1954 seey harr janwari mein serbian mein sabse nae prakaashit upanyaas key liye diyaa jaataa haye.
sangeet.
sangeetkaar aur sangeetvid steven stozanovic mokranjak koo aadhunik serbian sangeet kaa sansthaapak maanaa jaataa haye. pahali peedhi key serbian sangeetkaron peater konjovic, steven christic aur miloje milojevic ney rashtriya abhivyakti koo banaae rakhaa aur romantikwad koo prabhaavvaad kii disha mein aadhunik banaaya. anya prasiddh shaastriya serbian sangeetkaron mein isidor bajich, stanislav binisky aur josif marinkovic shamil hain. serbia mein teen opera house hainh rashtriya rangmanch kaa opera aur madellanianum opera, donon belgrade mein, aur novi sadd mein serbian rashtriya rangmanch kaa opera. desh mein chaar symphonic orchestra kaam karate hainh belgrade philharmonic orchestra, nees symphany orchestra, novi sadd philharmonic orchestra aur serbia key radio television key symphonic orchestra. serbia key radio television kaa gaayak samooh desh mein ack pramukh mukhar samooh haye. bemus dakshinpurvi europe mein sabse pramukh shaastriya sangeet samarohon mein seey ack haye.
paaramparik serbian sangeet mein vibhinn prakaar key bagpipes, bansuri, horn, turahiyan, loots, salteri, drum aur jhaanjh shamil hain. collo" paaramparik saamoohik lock nritya haye, jisaki poore kshetron mein kaee kismein hain. sabse lokpriya way hain joe uzis aur morawa kshetra seey hain. sadiyon seey gaaya gayaa mahakavya serbian aur balcon sangeet kaa ack abhinn anga rhaa haye. serbia key uchch bhoomi mein yeye lambi kavitaaen aam taur parr ack taar vaali bell parr hoti hain jise "gusal" kahaa jaataa haye, aur itihas aur pauranik kathaaon key vishayon key saath khud koo sambandhit karati hain. 13veen shatabdi key raajaa stephen nemanjik key darbar mein "gusal" khele jaane key record hain.
popp sangeet kalakar zelzko joksimovic ney 2004 kii eurovision geet pratiyogita mein doosara sthaan jeetaa aur mariza serifovic ney 2007 mein "molitwa" geet key saath eurovision geet pratiyogita jeeti, aur serbia pratiyogita key 2008 sanskaran kii mezban thee. popp gayakon mein zadravko čolič, vlado jorgev, alexandra radovic, jelena tomasevic aur naata bequelock shamil hain.
serbian rock 1960,1970 aur 1980 key dashak key dauran poorv yugoslav rock drishya kaa hissa thaa. 1990 aur 2000 key dashak key dauran, serbia mein rock sangeet kii lokpriyata mein girawat aaee, aur halanki kaee pramukh mukhyadhara key kritya apani lokpriyata koo banaae rakhane mein kamyab rahey, ack bhoomigat aur swatantra sangeet drishya vikasit huaa. 2000 key dashak mein mukhyadhara key drishya kaa punruddhar aur badee sankhya mein ullekhaniya krityon kii upasthiti dekhi gaee. serbian rock krityon mein naastik rapp, bajaga aaee instructory, dorde balasevic, bjesovi, block out, krani biseri, darkwood, dabina keeme, ellipse, ektarina velika, alectricina orgazam, iva brune, galliza, generaceja 5, goblini, idoli, kanda, kodza aaee nebosa, curber, corney groupa, labertoriza zwuka, slada milosevic, neverne bebe, obozeni prograam, orthodox celts, partibrazers, pekinska patka, pelity, ribla, ribla, rita, ammab, amab, ritus, ritus shamil hain.aeye.aar.aiss., siluate, sremena naa wream, sarlo acrobata, popp masina, smack, yuu skripku, vaine gaag, yuu groupa, zaanaa aur anya.
lock sangeet apane mool roop mein pratham vishva yuddh key baad seey sofka nicolic kii praarambhik safalata key baad seey ack pramukh sangeet shally rahee haye. sangeet koo aage danica obrenic, andeliza millic, naada mamula dwara aur 60 aur 70 key dashak key dauran silvana armenulic, toma zadravkovic, lepa lukik, vasiliza radogic, vida pavlovic aur gordana stojisivic jaise kalakaron key saath badhaava diyaa gayaa haye.
turbo-lock sangeet ack upa-shally haye jise 1980 key dashak key anta aur 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein serbia mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa aur taba seey dragana mirkovic, zorica brunklick, саban сaulic, enaa bekuta, sinan saaki, vesna zamizaanaak, meal kitick, sneezaana durisic, семса сурисич, aur naada topsagic key karyon key madhyam seey apaar lokpriyata praapt hui haye. yeh popp aur nritya tatvon key saath lock sangeet kaa mishran haye aur ise lock sangeet key shaharikaran key parinamswarup dekhaa jaa sakata haye. haal key varshon mein, turbo-phok ney aur bhee adhik popp sangeet tatvon koo chitrit kiya haye, aur kuchh kalakaron koo popp-phok key roop mein label kiya gayaa haye. unamen seey sabse prasiddh hain seka (aksar serbia kaa sabse badaa sangeet sitara maanaa jaataa haye), jelena carleusa, akaa lucas, seka alexic, daara bubamara, indira radic, saasa mattic, viki milajkovic, stoja aur lepa brena, yakinan poorv yugoslavia key sabse pramukh kalakar.
balkan brass, yaa "truba" ("trumpet") ack lokpriya shally haye, vishesh roop seey madhya aur dakshini serbia mein jahan balkan brass kii utpatti hui thee. sangeet kii apani parampara pahale serbian vidroh seey haye. turah kaa upayog sainikon koo jagaane aur ikattha karane aur yuddhon kii ghoshana karane key liye ack sainya upkaran key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa, aur yeh downtime key dauran manoranjan kii bhoomika nibhaata thaa, kyonki sanic lokpriya lock geeton koo sthanantarit karane key liye iska upayog karate they. jaba yuddh samaapt huaa aur sanic graameen jeevan mein laut aae, tou sangeet nagrik jeevan mein pravesh curr gayaa aur antatah ack sangeet shally bunn gaee, jisamen janm, bapatisma, shaadiyan aur antim sanskar shamil they. iss shally kii dou mukhya kismein hain, ack paschimi serbia seey aur doosari dakshini serbia seey, jisamen brass sangeetkaar boban markovic aadhunik brass bandleaders kii duniya mein sabse sammaanit naamon mein seey ack hain.
sabse lokpriya sangeet utsav hain gucha trumpet utsav, 300,000 seey adhik vaarshik agantukon key saath, aur novi sadd mein baahar nikalen (2013 aur 2017 key liye europeeya tyohaaron key puraskaron mein sarvshreshth pramukh utsav puraskar jeetaa), 2013 mein 200,000 agantukon key saath. anya tyohaaron mein nees mein nisville jaiz utsav aur zazer mein gitarajada rock utsav shamil hain.
rangmanch aur cinema.
serbia mein ack achchi tarah seey sthaapit naatya parampara haye jisamen aadhunik serbian rangmanch key sansthaapak maane jaane vaale joakim vujik hain. serbia mein 38 peshevar theatre aur bachchon key liye 11 theatre hain, jinamen seey sabse mahatvapurna belgrade mein rashtriya theatre, novi sadd mein serbian rashtriya theatre, sabotika mein rashtriya theatre, nees mein rashtriya theatre aur kragujevak mein kanjayevsko-sarpsky teater (serbia mein sabse purana theatre, 1835 mein sthaapit) hain. 1967 mein sthaapit belgrade antarrashtriya rangmanch mahotsav-bitef, duniya key sabse puraane rangmanch samarohon mein seey ack haye, aur yeh paanch sabse badey europeeya tyohaaron mein seey ack bunn gayaa haye. doosari or, sterrino pojorje rashtriya natakon koo pradarshit karane vaalaa ack utsav haye. sabse mahatvapurna serbian natakkar jovan steriza popovic aur branislav nusik they, jabaki haal key prasiddh naam dussan kovevic aur biljana srablajanovic hain.
serbian cinema kii neenv 1896 mein shuru hui thee. pahali serbian feature film, jiska sheershak thaa "amar netaa caradorde kaa jeevan aur kaary", 1911 mein jaari kii gaee thee. 
serbia kaa film drishya sabse gatishil chhote europeeya cinemagharon mein seey ack haye. serbia key film udyog koo sarkaar dwara bhaari subsidy dee jaati haye, mukhya roop seey serbia key film kendra dwara anumodit anudan key madhyam seey. 2019 taka, serbia mein 26 feature filmon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, jinamen seey 14 gharelu filmein theen. desh mein 23 sanchaalit cinema hain, jinamen seey 13 multiplexes hain (sabhi lekin dou cineplexes yaa cinestar shrinkhalaon seey sambandhit hain), jinaki kull upasthiti 4.8 laakh taka pahunch gaee haye. kull bikane vaale tikaton kaa 20 pratishat gharelu filmon key liye thaa. aadhunik pee. aff. aaee. studio joe симаноночи mein sthit haye, aajkal serbia kaa ekmatra pramukh film studio parisar haye; isamen 9 dhwani charan hain aur mukhya roop seey antarrashtriya prastutiyon, mukhya roop seey americi aur paschimi europeeya koo aakarshit kartaa haye. yugoslav film sangrah poorv yugoslavia kaa huaa kartaa thaa aur abb serbia kaa rashtriya film sangrah haye-100 hazaar seey adhik film print key saath, yeh duniya key paanch sabse badey film abhilekhagar mein seey ack haye.
prasiddh serbian film nirmaata emir kusturika ney 1985 mein "jaba pitaa vyavasaay parr they" aur phir 1995 mein "bhoomigat" key liye cance film mahotsav mein sarvshreshth feature film key liye dou paam dee 'or jeete; unhone "arizona dream" key liye berlin film mahotsav mein ack rajat bhalu aur "black catt, white catt" key liye venis film mahotsav mein ack rajat shher bhee jeetaa haye. anya prasiddh nirdeshakon mein dussan makavejev, zelimir zylnic (golden berlin bear vijeta), alexander petrovic, zivojin pavlovic, goran pascalzevic, goran markovic, sradaan dragozevic, sardan golubovic aur milaa turajalik shamil hain. serbian-americi patkatha lekhak steve tessic ney film key liye 1979 mein sarvshreshth mool patkatha key liye akadami puraskar jeetaa.
serbia key pramukh film sitaaron ney yugoslavia kii chhayankan mein bhee ack prasiddh viraasat chhodi haye. zoran redmilovic, pawle vuisic, lubisha samardzic, olivera markovic, miza alexic, meodrag petrovic čkalja, ruzika sokik, velimir baata zivojinoviviic, danilo baata stozkovic, seka sublic, olivera katarina, dragon nicolic, meera stupika, nikola simic, borah todorovic aur anya ullekhaniya ullekh hain. milena draavik serbian cinematography mein sabse prasiddh abhinetriyon mein seey ack theen, jinhone 1980 mein cance film festival mein sarvshreshth abhinetri kaa puraskar jeetaa thaa.
serbian abhinetri jasna durich koo bosnian film "kwo vadis, ida" key liye 34vein europeeya film puraskar (efa) mein 2021 key liye europe mein sarvshreshth abhinetri kaa naam diyaa gayaa thaa.
media.
press kii swatantrata aur abhivyakti kii swatantrata kii guaranti serbia key samvidhaan dwara dee gaee haye. binaa seemaon key samvaaddaataon dwara sankalit 2019 press swatantrata soochkaank report mein serbia 180 deshon mein seey 90vein sthaan parr haye. report mein kahaa gayaa haye kii media outlet aur patrakaar sampadakiya neetiyon parr pakshapaatpurna aur sarkari dabaav kaa saamana karna jaari rakhate hain. saath hii, media abb vittiya roop seey jeevit rahane key liye vigyaapan anubandhon aur sarkari subsidy parr adhik nirbhar haye.
2018 mein ee. bee. yuu. shodh key anusaar, seb prati dinn ausatan saadhe paanch ghante television dekhate hain, jisase yeh europe mein doosara sabse adhik ausat haye. saat rashtravyapi free-too-air television channel hain, jinamen saarvajanik prasarak radio television off serbia (aar. tii. aiss.) teen (aar. tii. aiss. 1, aar. tii. aiss. 2 aur aar. tii. aiss. 3) aur niji prasarak chaar (gulabi, pee. aar. vee. aeye., happy aur oh. 2) sanchaalit curr rahey hain. 2019 mein, inn chainalon kaa pasandida upayog iss prakaar thaah aar. tii. aiss. 1 key liye 19.3%, gulabi key liye 17.6%, pee. aar. vee. aeye. key liye 10.5%, happy key liye 6.9%, oh. 2 key liye 4.1%, aur aar. tii. aiss. 2 key liye 1.6%. 28 kshetriya television channel aur 74 sthaaniya television channel hain. sthaliya chainalon key alawa darjanon serbian television channel kewal cable yaa upgrah parr upalabdh hain. inmein kshetriya samachar samachar, vaanijyik channel nova aiss, aur kshetriya khel channel khel club aur akhaada khel shamil hain.
serbia mein 247 radio station hain. inmein seey chhah rashtriya coverage vaale radio station hain, jinamen seey dou saarvajanik prasarak radio television (radio belgrade 1 aur radio belgrade 2/radio belgrade 3) aur chaar niji (radio aiss 1, radio aiss 2, play radio aur radio hitt fm) shamil hain. isake alawa, 34 kshetriya station aur 207 sthaaniya station hain.
serbia mein 305 samachar patra prakaashit hotey hain jinamen seey 12 dainik samachar patra hain. dainik "politica" aur "daana" serbia key record key patra hain, jinamen seey pahala 1904 mein sthaapit balcon kaa sabse purana samachar patra haye. sabse adhik prasaarit samachar patra "vesarnje novosti", "blick", "kurir" aur "informer" hain, jinaki 100,000 seey adhik pratiyaan bikin. khel koo samarpit ack dainik samachar patra (sportsky zernal), ack vyaavsaayik dainik ("pregradeny pregled"), dou kshetriya samachar patra ("devnick" novi sadd mein prakaashit aur "narodne novin" nees seey), aur ack alpasankhyak bhasha kaa dainik (hangerian mein "maigyar sou", sabotika mein prakaashit) haye.
desh mein 1,351 patrikaaen prakaashit hoti hain. inmein shamil hainh saptahik samachar patrikaaen "ninn", "wream" aur "nedelgenic"; lokpriya vigyaan patrika "politikin zabavanik"; mahilaaon kii patrika "lepota aind zadrawalje"; auto patrika "sait revija"; aur yeh patrika "sweat kompajutera". isake alawa, antarrashtriya patrikaon key serbian sanskaranon kaa ack vistrit chayan haye, jaise kii "cosmopolitan", "elle", "purushon kaa swaasthya", "rashtriya bhaugolik", "leey monde diplomatic", "playboy", aur "hallow!", anya logon key beach.
mukhya samachar agencies tanj, beeta aur phonet hain.
432 web-portalon mein seey (mukhya roop seey web-portal parr.rs domen) sabse adhik dekhe jaane vaale mudrit dainik samachar patron key online sanskaran hain-'blick' aur 'kurir', samachar web-portal web-portal aur 'kupujemprodajem' vargeekrit hain.
vyanjan.
serbian vyanjan kaafee hudd taka balcon aur vishesh roop seey poorv yugoslavia kii visheshta mein visham haye. isamen poorv mein turkey adhirajya key tahat bhoomi kii visheshta vaale khaadya padarthon key saath-saath madhya europe key anya hisson (vishesh roop seey austriya aur hangri) seey utpann honey vaale vyanjan bhee hain. bhojan serbian samajik jeevan mein bahut mahatvapurna haye, vishesh roop seey chrismus, easter aur dawat key dinon jaise dhaarmik chhuttiyon key dauran.ee. slava.
serbian aahar key mukhya aaharon mein rotty, maans, phal, sabjiyaan aur dayeri utpaad shamil hain. rotty serbian vyanjanon mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati haye aur dhaarmik anushthaanon mein paaee jaa sakati haye. mehmaanon koo rotty aur namak chadhaana paaramparik serbian swaagat haye. maans kaa vyaapak roop seey sevan kiya jaataa haye, jaise machhali kaa. leskovak kaa dakshini serbian shahar rostilgizada kaa mezban haye, joe ack vaarshik grilled meat barbecue-adharit tyohar haye jise balcon mein sabse badaa barbecue tyohar maanaa jaataa haye. 
anya serbian visheshtaon mein shamil hain-chiwapisi (bareek kiye gaye maans seey baney grill aur anubhavi caseless sossage), plajeskavika (suar kaa maans, gomans aur bhed key bachche key mishran seey baney masaledar maans patty), gibnica (panir paaee), beurek (maans, panir yaa sabjiyon key saath bharey hue ack patale paratdaar aate seey baney pakey hue pastery), sarma (bharaa huaa pattagobhi), panjena peprika (kaali mirch), musaka (kataa huaa maans, andey aur aaloo seey baney casarol), caradordeva snickla (wheel yaa pork schnitzel joe kajmak seey bharaa hotaa haye), duvek (maans aur sabji key stue), soop (soop), roast (laal mirch), corn-spread (roasted), corn-roasted (roasted), corn-roasted (roasted), corn-roasted (roasted), corn-roasted (roasted), (roasted), (roasted), (roasted
serbian apane desh koo rakia ("rakija") kaa janmasthan bataate hain, joe mukhya roop seey falon seey aasut ack atyadhik maadak peya haye. vibhinn roopon mein rakia poore balcon mein paaya jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey bulgaria, croatia, slovenia, montenegro, hangri aur turkey mein. slivovitz (слиvovica), ack bair brandy, ack prakaar kaa rakia haye jise serbia kaa rashtriya peya maanaa jaataa haye. 2021 mein, serbia key slivovica koo sanyukt rashtra kii amoort saanskritik viraasat soochi mein "manavata dwara sanrakshit kii jaane vaali poshit parampara" key roop mein jodaa gayaa thaa.
serbia mein wine banaane kii paramparaaen roman kaal seey hain. serbian wine kaa utpaadan 22 alag-alag bhaugolik kshetron mein kiya jaataa haye, jisamen safed wine kull matra mein haavi hoti haye. rakia aur sharaab key alawa, bear desh mein ack bahut hii lokpriya maadak peya haye. feeke lazer vartamaan mein sarbiyanon key liye paaramparik bear vikalp rahey hain. iss beach, dark lazer, abhee bhee lokpriya honey key bavjood, bahut cumm matra mein utpaadit aur upbhog kiye jaate hain. bear key sabse lokpriya gharelu brand zelen hain, jisake baad laav haye, joe donon feeke lazer hain.
poorv yugoslavia key baaki hisson kii tarah, coffey peena ack mahatvapurna saanskritik aur samajik abhyaas haye aur serbian coffey (turkey coffey kaa ack sthaaniya sanskaran) serbia mein sabse adhik sevan kiya jaane vaalaa gair-maadak peya haye.
khel.
khel serbian samaaj mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaate hain, aur desh kaa ack majboot khel itihas haye. serbia mein sabse lokpriya khel football, basketball, tennis, volleyball, watter polo aur handball hain.
serbia mein peshevar khel khel sanghon aur leegon (team khelon key mamle mein) dwara aayojit kiye jaate hain. serbian peshevar khelon kii visheshtaon mein seey ack kaee bahu-khel clubon (jinhen "sports society" kahaa jaataa haye) kaa astitva haye, jinamen seey sabse badaa aur sabse safal laal sitara, partizen aur belgrade mein byograid hain; novi sadd mein vozvodina; kragujevak mein radni; aur sabotika mein spartak.
football serbia mein sabse lokpriya khel haye, aur serbia kaa football sangh, jisamen 1,46,845 panjikrit khilaadi hain, desh kaa sabse badaa khel sangh haye. dragon dazaajik koo serbia key football sangh dwara aadhikarik taur parr "sabhi samay key sarvshreshth serbian khilaadi" key roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee, aur haal hii mein nemanja vidic, dayson stankovic, branislav ivanovic, alexander kolarov aur nemanja mattic jaise loga kuleen europeeya clubon key liye khelate hain, jisase footballers key duniya key sabse badey niryatakon mein seey ack key roop mein rashtra kii pratishtha vikasit hoti haye. serbia rashtriya football team koo apekshaakrit safalata naheen millie haye, halanki yeh pichhale chaar feefa vishva cup mein seey teen key liye arhata praapt curr chuki haye. serbia mein dou mukhya football club laal sitara (1991 europeeya cup key vijeta) aur partizen (1966 europeeya cup mein ack finalist) hain, donon belgrade seey hain. donon clubon key beach pratidvandvita koo "shashwat derby" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur aksar duniya mein sabse romanchak khel pratidvandvita mein seey ack key roop mein uddhrit kiya jaataa haye.
serbia vishva basketball key paaramparik powerhouse mein seey ack haye, kyonki serbia purushon kii rashtriya basketball team ney dou vishva championship (1998 aur 2002 mein), teen europeeya championship (1995,1997 aur 2001) aur dou olympic rajat padak (1996 aur 2016 mein) bhee jeete hain. mahila rashtriya basketball team ney dou europeeya championship (2015,2021) aur 2016 mein ack olympic kansya padak jeetaa haye. pichhale teen dashakon mein kull 31 serbian khilaadiyon ney nba mein khela haye, jisamen nikola jokic (2020-21,2021-22 nba mvp, 2023 nba champion, 2023 nba final mvp aur paanch baar nba aul-starr), predrag "peja" stojakovic (2011 nba champion aur teen baar nba aul-starr), aur vlad devac (2001 nba aul-starr aur basketball holl off famour) shamil hain. prasiddh "serbian coaching school" ney sabhi samay key sabse safal europeeya basketball kochon mein seey kaee kaa utpaadan kiya, jaise kii zelzko obradovic (jinhone ack coach key roop mein record 9 euro leag khitaab jeete), dussan ivcovic, swetislav pacic, aur igor kokov (aine. bee. aeye. mein mukhya coach key roop mein niyukt kiye jaane vaale uttar america key baahar paida hue aur paley-badhe pahale coach). key. key. partizen basketball club 1992 kaa europeeya champion thaa. 
serbia purushon kii rashtriya jall polo team sabse safal rashtriya teams mein seey ack haye, jisane 2016 aur 2020 mein olympic swarn padak, teen vishva championship (2005,2009 aur 2015), aur saat europeeya championship (2001,2003,2006,2012,2014,2016 aur 2018) jeeti hain. veeke partizen ney sanyukt record saat europeeya champion khitaab jeete hain.
serbian tennis khilaadiyon kii halia safalata ney desh mein tennis kii lokpriyata mein apaar vriddhi kii haye. novak jokovic ney 23 grand slam ekal khitabon kaa sarvakaalik record jeetaa haye aur number ack parr rahey hain. record avadhi key liye aeye. tii. pee. ranking mein 1 sthaan. vaha currier grand slam hassil karane vaale itihas key aathven khilaadi baney, ack baar mein sabhi chaar pramukh khitaab jeetane vaale teesare vyakti baney, teen alag-alag satahon parr aisaa karane vaale pahale vyakti baney, aur triple currier grand slam hassil karane vaale open yug mein pahale khilaadi baney. enaa ivanovic (2008 french open kii champion) aur yelena yankovic donon number ack sthaan parr theen. doubleu. tii. aeye. ranking mein 1. dou naheen they. 1 rank vaale tennis double khilaadi bheeh nenad gymongic (teen baar key purushon key double aur chaar baar key mishrit double grand slam champion) aur sloboden jivojinovic. serbia purush tennis rashtriya team ney 2010 davis cup aur 2020 atp cup jeetaa, jabaki serbia mahila tennis rashtriya team 2012 feed cup mein final mein pahunchi.
serbia duniya key pramukh volleyball deshon mein seey ack haye. isaki purushon kii rashtriya team ney 2000 olympic mein swarn padak jeetaa, europeeya championship mein teen baar, saath hii 2016 vishva leag mein bhee. mahila rashtriya volleyball team vartamaan vishva champion haye, jisane teen baar (2011,2017 aur 2019) europeeya championship jeeti haye, saath hii 2016 mein olympic rajat padak bhee jeetaa haye. 
jasna sekari, khel nishaanebaaj, olympic khelon mein sabse adhik upasthiti vaale athletes mein seey ack haye. unhone kull paanch olympic padak aur teen vishva championship swarn padak jeete hain. anya prasiddh serbian athletes mein shamil hainh tairak milorad eskawi (2009 vishva championship swarn aur rajat padak vijeta key saath-saath 2008 olympic rajat padak vijeta americi tairak michael felps key saath aitihaasik daud mein 100 meater titali parr) aur naada higgle (200 meater breaststroke mein 2009 vishva champion); track aur feeled athlete vera nicolic (800 meater mein poorv vishva record dhaarak) aur ivana ascovic (lambe samay taka koodane vaale; chaar baar key europeeya champion, 2016 olympic mein indor champion aur kansya padak vijeta); pahalwan dever escavic (2016 olympic swarn padak vijeta aur 2014 vishva champion), aur taikwando milika (2012 olympic swarn padak vijeta aur 2017 vishva champion).
serbia ney kaee pramukh khel pratiyogitaon kii mejbani kii haye, jisamen 2005 kii purush europeeya basketball championship, 2005 kii purush europeeya volleyball championship, 2006 aur 2016 kii purush europeeya watter polo championship, 2009 kii grishmakaaleen universiad, 2012 kii europeeya purush handball championship aur 2013 kii vishva mahila handball championship shamil hain. desh mein aayojit sabse mahatvapurna vaarshik khel ayojan belgrade mairathan aur tour dee serby cycling races hain.

