
indiana kii sarkaar

indiana kii sarkaar indiana key samvidhaan dwara sthaapit aur viniyamit haye. raajya-stariya sarkaar mein teen shaakhaaen hoti hainh nyaayik shakha, vidhaayi shakha aur karyakari shakha. teenon shaakhaaen satta saajha karati hain aur sanyukt roop seey indiana raajya koo niyantrit karati hain. county aur sthaaniya sarkaaren bhee curr lagaane, kaanoon paarit karane aur sthaaniya saarvajanik buniyaadi dhaanche kaa nirmaan aur rakharkhaav karane key liye seemit adhikaar vaale samvaidhaanik nikaay hain.
indiana kii sarkaar kaa gathan pahali baar disambar 1816 mein kiya gayaa thaa aur isane indiana kshetra kii sarkaar koo badal diyaa thaa. praarambhik sarkaar kii aalochana 1820 key dashak kii shuruat mein hui thee kyonki kaee saarvajanik karyalayon mein niyukti aur nichale adhikaariyon koo adhikaar key pratinidhi kii kamee key kaaran talaak kii manjuri jaisi cheejon key liye raajya star key kaanoon kii aavashyakta thee. 1851 mein raajya dwara ack nayaa samvidhaan apanaaya gayaa, jisamen inmein seey kaee samasyaon kaa samadhan kiya gayaa aur kaee aur karyalayon koo saarvajanik chunaav key liye khol diyaa gayaa. 1971 mein mahatvapurna sarkari sudhaar phir seey lagu kiye gaye jaba raajya adalaton kaa punargathan kiya gayaa aur rajyapal koo naee shaktiyan dee gaeen joe aitihaasik roop seey ack kamjor sanstha thee.
indiana kii sarkaar mein padon koo bharane key liye chunaav chunaav key dinn aayojit kiye jaate hain, jisamen kabhi-kabhi apratyaashit riktiyon koo bharane key liye vishesh chunaav aayojit kiye jaate hain. raajya key pratinidhi dou saal key karyakal kii seva karate hain, jabaki anya sabhi nirvaachit raajya, county aur nagarpalika adhikaari chaar saal key karyakal kii seva karate hain. shartein iss tarah seey chaudi hain kii chunaav lagbhag harr saal aayojit kiye jaate hain, naa kii kewal summ-sankhya vaale varshon mein. sarkari naukarshahi mein adhikansh padon koo raajya yogyata pranali yaa raajya sanrakshan pranali key madhyam seey bharaa jaataa haye.
sarkaar kaanoon pravartan, buniyaadi dhaanche key nirmaan aur rakharkhaav, licenses aur panjikaran, curr sangrah, agni suraksha, vyavasaay aur upayogita viniyaman, upayogita sevaaon aur udyaan aur sanrakshan rakharkhaav prayason sahit sevaaon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala pradaan karati haye.
sangathan.
indiana kii sarkaar raajya kii rajdhani indianapolis mein sthit haye. teen shaakhaon mein seey pratyek indiana statehouse seey sanchaalit hoti haye. raajya kaee karyalaya bhavanon kaa rakharkhaav kartaa haye joe isake kaee beuro aur vibhagon koo dhaaran karate hain. raajya key adhikansh beuro indiana sarkari kendra mein sthit hain, joe statehouse key turant paschim mein sthit downtown indianapolis mein ack bhawan parisar haye.
vidhaayika.
indiana aam sabhaa indiana raajya kii vidhaayi shakha haye. yeh ack dwisadaniya vidhaayika haye jisamen ack nichala sadan, pratinidhiyon kaa indiana sadan aur ack oopari sadan, indiana senate shamil hain. aam sabhaa kii baithak prativarsh indiana key state house mein hoti haye.
aam sabhaa key sadasya una jilon seey chune jaate hain joe harr duss saal mein punarnirdhaarit hotey hain. pratinidhi dou saal key karyakal kii seva karate hain; senator chaar saal key karyakal kii seva karate hain. rajyapal koo prastut karane aur kaanoon mein lagu karane seey pahale donon sadanon koo ack vidheyak paarit karna hoga.
nyaypalika.
indiana sarvocch nyayalaya indiana mein sarvocch nyaayik nikaay haye. nyayalaya nichali adalaton aur aayogon kii dekhrekh kartaa haye joe sanyukt roop seey nyaayik shakha banaate hain. anya adalaton mein indiana curr adalat, indiana appeal adalat, aur circuit, uchchatar aur shahar yaa shahar kii adaalaten shamil hain. raajya key pratyek county mein ack circuit adalat haye, jisamen mukdamon key sabhi mamle daayar kiye jaa sakate hain, aur badey shaharon (jaise kii indianapolis, fort vene, south bend, evanceville aur tair haut) mein samvarti kshetradhikar kii adaalaten hain joe uchch yaa nagarpalika adalaton key roop mein kaary karati hain. nyayalayon koo kaee aayogon dwara sahaayata pradaan kii jaati haye joe nyaayik shakha kaa bhee hissa hain, jisamen nyaayik naamit aayog bhee shamil haye.
karyakari.
indiana key rajyapal indiana sarkaar key mukhya karyakari adhikaari hain. chaar saal key karyakal key liye chune gaye rajyapal raajya sarkaar key karyon key dinn-pratidin key prabandhan kii dekhrekh key liye jimmedaar hotey hain. uparajyapal aur mahanyayvadi sahit karyakari shakha key liye chune gaye anya adhikaariyon dwara rajyapal kii sahaayata kii jaati haye. 2017 seey governor erich holcomb (aar) hain, 2017 seey leftinent governor suzain crouch (aar) hain, attorney general 2021 seey todd rokita (aar) hain, 2023 seey raajya key sachiv diago morales hain, 2023 seey khajanchi daniel elliot (aar) hain, aur 2017 seey lekha pareekshak terra clutz (aar) hain.
jaanch aur santulan.
indiana key samvidhaan mein sarkaar kii kissy bhee ack shakha koo pramukh banane seey rokane key liye isake khandon mein kaee niyantran aur santulan banaae gaye hain. rajyapal key paas aam sabhaa dwara paarit kissy bhee vidheyak parr veeto karane kii shakti haye. aam sabhaa key paas ack sadharan bahumat key saath veeto koo override karane kii shakti haye. adalaton key paas kaanoonon koo asamvaidhaanik ghoshit karane aur unhein nirast karane kaa adhikaar haye, jabaki aam sabhaa key paas adalaton key nirnay koo override karane key liye samvidhaan mein sanshodhan shuru karane kii shakti haye. indiana key nyayadhishon kii niyukti rajyapal aur adalaton key pratinidhiyon seey baney aayog dwara kii jaati haye. adalaton key adhikaar kshetra koo aam sabhaa dwara viniyamit kiya jaa sakata haye.
prashaasnik prabhaag.
county sarkaar.
county parishadah saat seey pandrah sadasyon kii ack county parishad county sarkaar key sabhi kharch aur rajaswa koo niyantrit karati haye. pratyek county apane swayam key niyam nirdhaarit karati haye kii kyaa parishad kii sthiti badey paimaane parr haye yaa jilon dwara vibhajit haye. parishad key sadasya chaar saal key karyakal kii seva karate hain. way vetan, vaarshik bajat aur vishesh kharch nirdhaarit karane key liye jimmedaar hain. parishad key paas sthaaniya karon koo lagu karane kaa bhee seemit adhikaar haye, aamtaur parr ack aaykar key roop mein joe raajya-stariya anumodan, utpaad shulk, yaa seva karon key adheen haye, jaise kii bhojan yaa awas parr. 
ayukton kaa boardah karyakari nikaay mein teen seey paanch aayukt hotey hain. ayukton koo county-vyaapi chunaa jaataa haye, aur way chaar saal key karyakal kii seva karate hain, joe aamtaur parr alag-alag hotey hain. ayukton mein seey ack, aamtaur parr sabse varishth, adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. aayukt parishad dwara banaae gaye kaanoonon koo puuraa karane aur county sarkaar key dinn-pratidin key karyon key prabandhan key liye jimmedaar hotey hain.
board aur aayogah county key vibhinn pahaluon kii dekhrekh key liye county board aur aayogon kaa bhee upayog karate hain. inn boardon koo aamtaur parr janata seey seedhe chunaav, ayukton key board dwara niyukti, yaa donon tarikon key sanyojan seey bharaa jaataa haye. board aur aayog aam taur parr anya karyon key saath-saath jall suvidhaon, saarvajanik sadakon aur naee pariyojanaon key prabandhan kii dekhrekh karate hain. udaaharan key liye, pratyek vidyalaya jile mein ack board hotaa haye, jisake sadasyon koo saarvajanik chunaav key madhyam seey chunaa jaataa haye. county school board apane jile key bheetar saarvajanik school pranali key vittaposhan aur prabandhan key liye jimmedaar hain. adhikansh school vitt poshan sampatti karon seey aataa haye. curr kii darr raajya star kii manjuri key adheen haye aur kaanoon dwara seemit haye.
nyayalayah pratyek county kaa apana circuit court haye, joe indiana raajya key samvidhaan key anusaar banaaya gayaa haye. kuchh county mein atirikt adaalaten hain. paripath aur uchch nyayalaya samanya adhikaar kshetra key nyayalaya hain. marrian county sahit kaee county mein, shahar kii adalaton aur nagar adalaton key alawa, vaidhaanik roop seey paribhaashit kshetradhikar key saath, samarpit chhote daave adaalaten bhee hain.
county adhikaarih county mein kaee anya nirvaachit karyalaya hain; jinamen ack sheriff, coroner, auditor, treasurer, recorder, surveyor aur circuit court clerk shamil hain. inn nirvaachit adhikaariyon mein seey pratyek chaar saal key karyakal kii seva kartaa haye aur county sarkaar key ack alag hisse kii dekhrekh kartaa haye. county sarkari padon key liye chune gaye sadasyon koo party sambaddhata ghoshit karane aur county key nivasi honey kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
nagar sarkaar.
indiana mein kaee chhote samudaayon koo shaharon key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa haye. ack shahar mein teen yaa paanch sadasyiya nagar parishad shamil hoti haye joe mukhya roop seey sarkaar key vidhaayi kaary kii seva karati haye. vyaavhaarik karanon seey, nagar parishad kuchh karyakari karyon mein bhaag leey sakati haye. haalaanki, qaanoon key tahat, karyakari adhikaari kii bhoomika nagar parishad key adhyaksh kii hoti haye. nagar parishad kaa adhyaksh nagar parishad kaa ack nirvaachit sadasya hotaa haye, jise usake saathi nagar parshadon dwara parishad kaa netritva karane key liye chunaa jaataa haye. parishad nagarpalika sarkaar key dinn-pratidin key karyon kii dekhrekh key liye ack gair-pakshapaatpurna nagar prabandhak bhee niyukt curr sakati haye. parishad shahar key bajat aur curr daron koo nirdhaarit karane aur sabhi shahar key karmchaariyon koo kaam parr rakhane key liye jimmedaar haye. kuchh raajyon key vipareet, indiana nagar parishad key sadasyon koo karyalaya key liye aavedan karane parr ack raajneetik dall kii sambaddhata ghoshit karni chaahiye. indiana shahar clerk/khajaanedaron kaa bhee chunaav karate hain, joe shahar key vitt kaa prabandhan karate hain. nirvaachit adhikaariyon key roop mein, clerk/treasurer nagar parishad seey swatantra roop seey kaam karate hain, lekin parishad dwara anumodit bajat key bheetar.
nagar sarkaar.
adhikansh badey samudaayon koo shaharon key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa haye. ack shahar yaa tou teesare yaa dusare darje kaa shahar hoe sakata haye (pratham shreni kaa padnam indianapolis key liye aarakshit haye). shaharon kaa vargeekaran indiana code key anusaar hotaa haye, joe mukhya roop seey jansankhya key aadhar parr alag hotaa haye. badey shahar pratham shreni key hain, madhyam shahar dwiteeya shreni key hain aur chhote shahar tritiya shreni key hain. ack indiana shahar mein sarkaar kaa ack mahapour-parishad roop hotaa haye, lekin ack teesare darje kaa shahar ack shahar prabandhak niyukt curr sakata haye. mahapour, joe chaar saal key karyakal key liye chunaa jaataa haye, karyakari key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. indiana mein adhikansh mahapour pakshapaatpurna chunaavon mein chune jaate hain. vidhaayi shakha mein paanch, saat yaa nau sadasyiya nagar parishad hoti haye. parishad key sadasya chaar saal key karyakal kii seva karate hain, aur bhaugolik jilon yaa badey paimaane parr chune jaa sakate hain. indiana key adhikansh shahar jilon kaa upayog karate hain.
nagar palika sarkaar.
ack township trusty township kii nagrik sarkaar kaa prashaasan kartaa haye. nyasi kaa chunaav basti key nivaasiyon dwara chaar saal kii avadhi key liye kiya jaataa haye. nyasi anigamit kshetron mein agni suraksha aur ambulance seva pradaan karane, garibon koo kharaab raahat aur dafanaane key liye pradaan karane, kabristanon aur kabristanon koo banaae rakhane, padosiyon key beach baad vivaad koo hull karane, kutton dwara maare gaye pashudhan key daavon kii jaanch karane, kharpatwaron koo niyantrit karane, basti key bajat aur vittiya record kaa prabandhan karane aur ack vaarshik vittiya report taiyar karane key liye jimmedaar haye. nyasi sampatti curr nirdhaarak key roop mein bhee kaary kartaa haye. anya saarvajanik mamle jinamen ack nyasi kabhi-kabhi shamil hoe sakata haye, unamen kshetra, udyaan, pustakalaya, school, aashray aur samudayik kendra shamil hain.
nyasi koo teen sadasyiya township board dwara sahaayata pradaan kii jaati haye jisake sadasya chaar saal key karyakal key liye chune jaate hain. board key kartavyon mein vaarshik bajat koo apnana, vitt board key roop mein kaary karna aur township anubandhon koo manjuri denaa shamil haye. pratyek varsh janwari mein, nyasi mandal koo ack vaarshik report prastut kartaa haye jisamen nagar kii praaptiyon, vyay, nivesh aur rinon koo dikhaaya jaataa haye. isake baad sweekrit report koo saarvajanik nireekshan key liye sthaaniya patron mein prakaashit kiya jaataa haye.
rajneeti.
indiana koo lambe samay seey ack gantantra kaa gadh maanaa jaataa rhaa haye aur ise cook pakshapaati matdan soochkaank parr aar + 11 kaa mulyankan kiya gayaa haye. indiana key vartamaan governor ganarajya key erich holcomb hain, aur ganarajya key loga indiana mahasabha key donon kakshon mein atee bahumat rakhate hain. isane 1912 key baad seey kewal chaar baar rashtrapati key liye ack loktaantrik kaa samarthan kiya haye-1932,1936,1964 aur 2008 key chunaavon mein. aitihaasik roop seey, raajya ack swing raajya thaa, jisane 1816 seey 1912 taka chaar baar rashtriya vijeta key liye matdan kiya, 1824,1836,1848 aur 1876 key apvaadon key saath.
phir bhee, 20veen shatabdi mein indiana key aadhe rajyapal loktantravaadi they. indiana ney haal key varshon mein senate key liye kaee loktantravadiyon koo bhee chunaa haye. kuchh shahar bhee loktantravadiyon key paksh mein hain; gairi, indiana mein pichhale 77 varshon seey ack loktaantrik mahapour rhaa haye. 1900 key baad seey kewal paanch loktaantrik rashtrapati pada key ummidvaaron ney indiana koo chunaa haye, usa samay key dauran 11 loktantravaadi governor chune gaye they. 2005 mein mitch daniels key governor banane seey pahale, loktantravadiyon ney lagaatar 16 varshon taka pada sambhala thaa. haalaanki, taba seey, yeh karyalaya lagaatar ganarajyiyon dwara aayojit kiya jaataa rhaa haye. aam taur parr 1990 aur 2000 key dashak key dauran bhee loktantravadiyon kaa indiana house off representatives parr niyantran thaa. 
aitihaasik roop seey, raajya key purvi aur dakshini hisson key saath-saath raajya key pramukh shaharon key upnagaron mein gantantra sabse majboot rahey hain. pramukh shaharon key saath-saath raajya key uttar-paschimi aur madhya hisson mein loktantravaadi sabse majboot rahey hain. haalaanki, indianapolis, shikago upnagaron aur bloomington key baahar; raajya key loktantravaadi desh key baaki hisson mein apane samkakshon kii tulanaa mein kuchh adhik roodhivaadi hotey hain, vishesh roop seey samajik muddon parr.
sanyukt raajya america key pratinidhi sabhaa mein indiana kaa pratinidhimandal bhee poori tarah seey ganatantravaadi naheen haye. isake bajaay, yeh aam taur parr rashtra key raajneetik andolan key liye ack ghanti key roop mein kaam kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, 1994 kii gantantra kranti taka loktantravadiyon key paas bahumat seeten theen, jaba gantantravadiyon ney bahumat liya. yeh 2006 taka jaari rhaa, jaba teen gantantra congressies koo indiana mein haraaya gayaa; (criss chokola, johnn hostatler aur mike sodrell), jisase loktantravadiyon koo phir seey pratinidhimandal kaa bahumat milaa.

