shiksha taka saarvbhaumik pahunch

shiksha taka saarvbhaumik pahunch sabhi logon kii shiksha mein samaan avsar praapt karane kii kshamata haye, chaahe unakaa samajik varg, nasl, ling, kamukta, jaatiya prishthabhoomi yaa shaaririk aur mansik akshamataaen kuchh bhee houn. iss shabd kaa upayog madhyam aur nimn vargon key liye college pravesh mein aur viklangon key liye sahayak praudyogiki mein kiya jaataa haye. kuchh alochakon koo lagata haye kii uchch shiksha mein yeh pratha, ack sakht yogyata key vipareet, nimn shaikshanik manakon kaa kaaran banati haye. sabhi taka shiksha kii pahunch koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye, deshon koo shiksha kaa adhikaar haye.
shiksha taka saarvbhaumik pahunch samajik, saanskritik, aarthik, rashtriya aur javic prishthabhoomi kii vividhata mein gyaan key prasaar koo puuraa karane key liye vibhinn prakaar key shaikshanik drishtikonon koo protsaahit karati haye. shuru mein samaan avsar pahunch aur seekhane yaa shaaririk aur mansik viklang chhatron key samavesh key vishay key saath vikasit, shiksha key liye saarvbhaumik pahunch koo niyantrit karane vaale vishayon ney abb kshamata aur vividhata key sabhi roopon mein vistaar kiya haye. haalaanki, vividhata kii paribhasha apane aap mein ack vyaapak samamelan haye, saarvbhaumik pahunch kaa prayog karane vaale shikshak lagaatar chunautiyon kaa saamana karenge aur shiksha key samaan avsar key vishayon koo badhaava dene key liye apani paath yojana mein samaayojan koo shamil karenge.
kyonki saarvbhaumik pahunch yuu mein shamil kii jaa rahee haye.aiss. college star parr shiksha pranali, professors aur prashikshakon koo (kuchh udaharanon mein kaanoon dwara) apani kakshaon mein saarvbhaumik pahunch koo suvidhajanak banaane key tarikon parr punarvichaar karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. mahavidyalaya shiksha taka saarvbhaumik pahunch mein seekhane aur pratidhaaran key vibhinn mulyankan vidhiyon kaa praavdhaan shamil hoe sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye kii samagri kaa kitna hissa seekha gayaa thaa, ack professor mulyankan key kaee tarikon koo soochibaddh curr sakata haye. mulyankan key tarikon mein ack vyaapak pariksha, ikai pariksha, vibhaag, shodh patra, saahitya sameeksha, maukhik pariksha yaa grihakarya kaary shamil hoe sakate hain. seekhane aur pratidhaaran kii seema kaa aaklan karane key liye vibhinn tareeke pradaan karane seey saarvbhaumik pahunch mein antaral kii pehchaan karane mein madad milegi aur saarvbhaumik pahunch mein sudhaar key tarikon koo bhee spasht kiya jaa sakata haye.
unesco key anusaar.org, mahilaaon, (aur phir bachchon) mein samaaj mein una logon kii shreni kaa ack badaa hissa shamil haye joe gunavattapurna shiksha taka pahunch kii kamee rakhate hain, jinake paas 131.7 million bachchon kaa chaunka dene vaalaa record haye jinhone school chhod diyaa haye yaa jinake paas school shuru karane kaa mauka naheen haye. 
shiksha mein gair-bhedbhaav aur samaantaa.
manvadhikaron koo antarrashtriya star parr saarvbhaumik adhikaaron key roop mein maanyata praapt haye, isaliye iska arth haye kii yeh sabhi parr samaan roop seey aur binaa kissy bhedbhaav key lagu hotaa haye. haalaanki, shiksha taka pahunch koo rokane vaale bhedbhaav key kaaran badee sankhya mein loga shiksha seey chook jaate hain.
shiksha taka pahunch key mamle mein bhedbhaav sabse pramukhta seey hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye, ladkiyon koo baal vivaah, garbhavastha aur ling-adharit hinsa jaisi ling-adharit baadhaon kaa saamana karna parh sakata haye joe aksar unhein school jaane seey rokti haye yaa unhein school chhodane mein yogdan detee haye. viklang logon koo aksar shaabdik pahunch key muddon kaa saamana karna padata haye, jaise kii ramp kii kamee yaa aparyaapt school parivahan, jisase school jaanaa adhik kathin hoe jaataa haye. pravasiyon koo aksar prashaasnik baadhaon kaa saamana karna padata haye joe unhein namankan karane seey rokti hain, aur unhein shiksha pranaliyon seey prabhaavi roop seey rokti hain. 
haalaanki, shiksha pranaliyon key bheetar bhee bhedbhaav taba hotaa haye jaba kuchh samooh dusaron kii tulanaa mein shiksha kii nimn gunavatta praapt karate hain, udaaharan key liye, shahari schools mein shiksha kii gunavatta graameen kshetron kii tulanaa mein adhik hoti haye. 
shiksha key baad bhee bhedbhaav hotaa haye jahaan logon key vibhinn samoohon koo apani schooly shiksha seey samaan laabh praapt karane kii sambhavana cumm hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, shikshit ladke samaan roop seey shikshit ladkiyon kii tulanaa mein uchch vetan kshamata key saath school chhod dete hain.
antarrashtriya manvadhikar kaanoon (aaee. aar. ell.) mein paae jaane vaale gair-bhedbhaav aur samaantaa key praavdhaan yeh sunishchit karane key liye maujood hain kii antarrashtriya manvadhikar saarvbhaumik hain, yeh siddhant vyavhaar mein lagu kiya jaataa haye. gair-bhedbhaav aur samaantaa antarrashtriya manvadhikar kaanoon (aaee. aar. ell.) key tahat amoort avadhaaranaaen naheen hain. way vyaapak manvadhikar hain joe dashakon seey logon key beach dainik bhedbhaav koo door karane key liye vikasit kiye gaye hain. vishesh roop seey shiksha jahaan gair-bhedbhaav aur samaantaa key adhikaaron koo kaee manvadhikar sandhiyon mein shiksha key adhikaar parr lagu kiya gayaa haye, jisamen iss mudde key liye samarpit ack mudda bhee shamil haye, jise shiksha mein bhedbhaav key khilaf unesco sammelan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. 
gair-bhedbhaav aur samaantaa kaanoon kii taakat key bavjood, bhedbhaav aur asamaantaon koo samaapt karna ack chunauti haye jiska vyaktigat raajyon aur antarrashtriya samudaay koo saamana karna padata haye. ise 2015 mein sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa jaba antarrashtriya samudaay ney 'kissy koo bhee peechhe naheen chhodane' kii kasam khaai thee. 
antarrashtriya aur kshetriya manvadhikar sandhiyaan vishisht haashiye parr padey samoohon key shiksha key adhikaar key liye gair-bhedbhaav aur samaantaa key adhikaaron koo lagu karati hain. haashiye parr rahane vaale samooh way hain jinhone lambe samay taka aur aitihaasik bhedbhaav kaa saamana kiya haye, aamtaur parr, lekin vishesh roop seey naheen, pehchaan (ling, udaaharan key liye), visheshtaon (jaatiyata, nasl), yaa paristhitiyon (sharanarthi, pravaasi, aantarik roop seey visthaapit vyakti) key aadhar parr. haashiye parr padey samoohon key bhedbhaav key kaee, yaugik yaa pratichhedan roopon key adheen honey kii bahut sambhavana haye.
haashiye parr padey samoohon key udaharanon mein shamil hainh
nasleeya alpsankhyakon mein shiksha taka pahunch.
maadhyamik shiksha key baad key sandarbh mein, shiksha taka pahunch kii kamee haye joe alpasankhyak chhatron koo asman roop seey prabhaavit karati haye. uchch shiksha praapt karane vaale chhatron kii sankhya uchch vidyalaya seey snaatak honey vaale chhatron kii sankhya parr bahut adhik nirbhar karati haye. 1970 key dashak key anta seey, jiss darr mein 25 seey 29 varsh kii ayu key yuva vayaskon ney uchch vidyalaya seey snaatak kiya haye aur diploma yaa samkaksh praapt kiya haye, vaha 85 seey 88 pratishat key beach sthir hoe gayaa haye. nasl key sandarbh mein, alpasankhyak samoohon kii snaatak kii darr aur shwet chhatron kii snaatak kii darr key beach ack saankhyikiya antar haye. 2006 mein, uchch vidyalaya snaatak kii darr 93 pratishat thee, ashwet chhatron key liye 86 pratishat thee, aur unake panic chhatron key liye 63 pratishat thee.
halanki alpasankhyak mahavidyalayon mein upasthiti varshon seey badhee haye, lekin asamaanta bunny hui haye. 2010 mein, uchch vidyalaya puuraa karane key sandarbh mein, shwet (47 pratishat) aur asiai (66 pratishat) chhatron key uchch vidyalaya seey snaatak honey kii adhik sambhavana thee. isaki tulanaa mein, kewal 39 pratishat prashant dweepwasi, 37 pratishat ashwet chhaatr, 31 pratishat hyspanic aur 28 pratishat mool americi ney uchch vidyalaya puuraa kiya. yeh alpasankhyak samoohon mein chhatron kii sankhya mein sthanantarit hotaa haye jinhone college mein dakhila liya haye, bhale hii inn chhatron kii college mein jaane kii badee aakaankshaaen houn. namankan sankhya kii jaanch karate samay, kaale (23 pratishat) aur hyspanic (19 pratishat) chhatron ney shwet (45 pratishat), asiai (53 pratishat) aur bahujaatiya (37 pratishat) chhatron kii tulanaa mein cumm daron parr 2-varsheeya aur 4-varsheeya vishvavidyalayon mein dakhila liya aur bhaag liya. haalaanki, ashwet aur unake spanish chhatron key 2-varsheeya vishvavidyalayon mein dakhila lene kii adhik sambhavana haye.
asamaantaon key kaaran.
uchch shiksha taka pahunch mein asamaanta mukhya roop seey inn chhatron key anubhav mein college kii taiyari mein antar key kaaran haye. mahavidyalaya kii taiyari seey tatparya haye kii chhaatr uchch shiksha key liye kitane taiyar hain. haalaanki ise paribhaashit karane key kaee tareeke hain, college kii taiyari mein chhaatr key pradarshan key chaar pahaluon koo maapana shamil haih buniyaadi kaushal, kuchh vishay-vastu kshetron kaa gyaan, grade point everage (jee. pee. aeye.), aur college gyaan, jise samajik poonji bhee kahaa jaataa haye. buniyaadi kaushal mein sthitiyon key baare mein vishleshanatmak roop seey padhane, likhane aur sochane mein saksham honah shamil haye; samagri kshetron mein chhatron koo angreji aur ganit kaa gyaan honah chaahiye. donon pahalu college kii taiyari key liye mahatvapurna hain kyonki unake vaastavik duniya key anuprayog key kaaran, aur yadi koee chhaatr inn dou kshetron mein nipun naheen haye, tou unake vishvavidyalaya mein adhyayan karane kii sambhavana bhee cumm haye. haalaanki, kaee alpasankhyak chhatron key liye way colleges aur vishvavidyalayon key liye buniyaadi aavashyaktaon koo puuraa naheen karate hain.
jee. pee. aeye. aur mahavidyalaya gyaan key sandarbh mein, nasleeya asamaantaaen maujood hain. jee. pee. aeye. key sambandh mein, alpasankhyak aur shwet chhatron key beach school key pradarshan mein antar mahatvapurna haye. yeh antar alpasankhyak chhatron kii college mein bhaag lene kii aakaankshaon koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye, joe alpasankhyak namankan darr koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. mahavidyalaya gyaan key sandarbh mein, kaee alpasankhyak chhatron key paas samajik poonji taka pahunch naheen haye kyonki unaki safalata sunishchit karane key liye unhein sansadhanon kii kamee haye. alpasankhyak chhatron mein iss baare mein gyaan kii kamee bhee haye kii kaun seey sansaadhan upalabdh hain, vishesh roop seey kyonki unamen seey kaee pahali peedhi key chhaatr hain.
behtar pahunch kii disha mein kaam karein.
halanki college kii taiyari mein nasleeya asamaantaaen maujood hain, lekin unakaa mukabala karane key kaee tareeke hain. ack tarah seey chhatron key samudaay unakaa samarthan karate hain. unake salaahkaaron, shikshakon aur maataa-pitaa koo unake saath kaam karna chaahiye taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii unake school record, shaikshanik record aur aise colleges aur vishvavidyalayon koo sateek roop seey soochit kiye gaye hain. anya mahatvapurna kaarak joe alpasankhyak namankan kii uchch darr mein yogdan karenge, unamen college seey sambandhit jaankaari parr dhyaan kendrit karane key liye neetiyon aur puraskaron key madhyam seey chhatron koo protsaahit karna, schools koo aavashyak sansaadhan pradaan karna aur chhatron key kaushal koo protsaahit karane key liye kaksha kaa vatavaran vikasit karna shamil haye taaki way college key liye behtar tareeke seey taiyar hoe sakein. college pravesh paramarsh key liye rashtriya sangh jaise sangathanon koo bhee iss mudde key baare mein adhik jagrook honah chaahiye aur saath hii inn asamaantaon parr adhik dhyaan aakarshit karane key liye aur adhik karna chaahiye. alpasankhyak chhatron koo behtar safalata key liye sansthaan star parr bhee parivartan honey chaahiye.
maryland vishvavidyalaya, baltimore county mein vikasit kiye gaye karyakram alpasankhyak chhatron mein uchch shiksha kii pahunch mein asamaantaon koo samaapt karane kii disha mein kaam karate hain. unake karyakram jyaadaatar alpsankhyakon kii behtar pahunch aur vigyaan, praudyogiki, engineering aur ganit (mool) kshetron mein adhik shamil honey parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain. ack karyakram, myerhoff scholars karyakram, samajik poonji pahalu college kii taiyari koo sambodhit karke chhatron kii sahaayata kartaa haye. yeh karyakram chhatron koo vittiya sansadhanon key saath-saath shaikshanik aur samajik samarthan seey jodata haye, aur way anusandhaan key avsar bhee praapt karate hain aur parisar key karmchaariyon key saath judate hain. sakriya karyakram aur navachar karyakram key liye saajhedaari jaise anya karyakram mayerhoff vidwan karyakram seey utpann hue hain. inn alpsankhyakon ney maadhyamik shiksha key baad kii shiksha taka pahunch aur usey puuraa karane mein safalata kii or agrasar kiya haye, vishesh roop seey mool kshetron mein. desh bhar key anya karyakramon ney bhee alpasankhyak chhatron koo uchch shiksha mein safal honey mein sahaayata kii haye.
kaanoon dwara shiksha taka pahunch.
2009 mein bhaaratiya sansad key sadan aur bhaarat key rashtrapati donon ney ack vidheyak parr hastakshar kiye aur usey manjuri dee joe chhah seey chaudah varsh kii ayu key bachchon key liye anivarya shiksha key liye muft kaanoon pradaan karega. ise sabhi key liye saarvbhaumik shiksha kii disha mein ack badaa kadam maanaa jaataa thaa. bachchon kaa muft aur anivarya shiksha kaa adhikaar adhiniyam, 2009: chhoot gaye avsar kii kahani" lekh key lekhak ney pahunch, shiksha kii gunavatta, vittiya nihitarth aur bhedbhaav key muddon parr charcha kii aur una parr prakaash daala.
sanyukt raajya america mein, braun banaam. shiksha board ack aitihaasik nirnay thaa kyonki isane paaya aur ghoshit kiya kii "alag-alag shaikshik suvidhaaen swabhavik roop seey asman hain. isase kaee schools mein prithakkaran kii prakriya shuru hui joe abhee taka prithakkaran naheen hue they. braun banaam kaa mahatva board sabhi chhatron kaa saarvbhaumik adhikaar thaa kii way chhatron koo alag karane key liye nasleeya algaav kaa upayog karane key bajaay shaikshanik sansthanon mein samaan roop seey bhaag lein. rashtra kii sherm key lekhak jonathan kozol iss baare mein baat karate hain kii kaise "inn nae ekikrit schools mein shaaririk sthitiyaan aam taur parr adhik prafullit theen...algaav key baad shikshakon aur bachchon key munn kii sthiti [adhik uchch-utsaahi] thee.
saarvbhaumik pahunch.
shiksha taka saarvbhaumik pahunch koo kissy bhee shiksha pranali mein bhaag lene key samaan avsaron key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. haalaanki, kuchh vyaktiyon, samoohon yaa jaatiya samoohon koo samaan pahunch key liye baadhaon kaa saamana karna padata haye. viklang vyaktiyon key liye ack chinta key roop mein saarvbhaumik pahunch key vartamaan vichaar key liye sanyukt raajya koo shreya diyaa jaataa haye. dou antarrashtriya agencies (vishva swaasthya sangathan aur vishva baink) kaa anuman haye kii duniya bhar mein lagbhag ack arab logon koo vibhinn prakaar kii akshamataaen hain. unamen seey 93 seey 15 karod key beach bachche hain. antarrashtriya yojana seey pataa chalaa kii inn bachchon key school jaane kii sambhavana cumm haye, aur yadi namankit hain, tou way aksar apane sathiyon seey alag hoe jaate hain. shiksha key liye vaishvik saajhedaari ney kahaa kii nimn aur madhyam aaya vaale deshon key lagbhag 90 pratishat viklang bachche school seey baahar hain. aitihaasik roop seey, inn chhatron koo samanya shiksha pranali seey baahar rakhaa gayaa haye aur vishesh shikshan vidyaalayon mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye.
sabhi sudhaaron key bavjood, aaj taka kii shiksha vishva star parr laakhon schooly bachchon key liye durgam haye. praathamik shiksha kii ayu key 72 million seey adhik bachche school seey baahar hain, aur lagbhag 75.9 karod vayask ashikshit hain. unake paas apani, apane parivaaron kii aur apane deshon kii sthiti koo vikasit karane key liye sansaadhan naheen hain. garibi shiksha kii kamee kaa kaaran banati haye. lagbhag sabhi deshon (vikaasheel aur vikasit) mein, bachchon koo shiksha key liye baadhaon kaa saamana karna padata haye joe swaasthya, ling aur dharm, bhasha aur jaatiya mool jaisi saanskritik pehchaan seey utpann asamaantaon key parinamswarup hoti hain. garibi seey judey karakon mein berojgari, maataa-pitaa key beach niraksharta aur beemariyan gair-schooly shiksha aur padhaai chhodane kii darr kii sambhavana koo badhaati hain. saarvbhaumik praathamik shiksha koo kaee deshon key liye ack pramukh mudde key roop mein vyaapak roop seey jaanaa jaataa haye. inmein seey adhikansh vikaasheel raajyon key paas schools key nirmaan, pustaken aur anya samagri pradaan karane aur shikshakon kii bharti, prashikshan aur bhugtan key liye aavashyak vittiya sansaadhan naheen hain. upa-sahaara african kshetra duniya kaa sabse adhik prabhaavit kshetra haye kyonki lagbhag 32 million african bachche abhee bhee ashikshit hain. isake baad madhya aur purvi asia key saath-saath 27 million seey adhik ashikshit bachchon key saath prashant kshetra bhee aataa haye. haalaanki, paryavekshakon ney nott kiya kii 2030 taka shiksha taka saarvbhaumik pahunch ack praapya lakshya banaa huaa haye.

