
fukushima paramanu aapada

11 march 2011 koo japan key fukushima key ōkuma mein fukushima daichi paramanu oorjaa sanyantra mein ack paramanu durghatana hui. aapada kaa nikatvarti kaaran tohoku bhookamp aur sunami thaa, joe japan mein darj kiya gayaa abb taka kaa sabse shaktishali bhookamp haye. bhookamp ney ack shaktishali sunami koo janm diyaa, jisamen 13 seey 14 meater oonchi laharen paramanu oorjaa sanyantra key aapaatkaaleen deejal generator koo nuksan pahunchaati hain, jisase bijli kii haani hoti haye. parinam 1986 mein chernobyl aapada key baad seey sabse gambhir paramanu durghatana thee, jise shuru mein star paanch key roop mein vargeekrit kiye jaane key baad antarrashtriya paramanu ghatana paimaane (aaee. aine. ee. aiss.) parr star saat key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa, aur iss prakaar chernobyl koo iss tarah key vargeekaran koo praapt karane vaali ekmatra anya durghatana key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. jabaki 1957 mein mayak suvidha mein huaa visfot radiodharmita key kaaran doosara sabse kharaab thaa, inus aabaadi parr prabhaav key kaaran ghatnaaon koo rank kartaa haye, isaliye chernobyl (335,000 logon koo nikala gayaa) aur fukushima (154,000 logon koo nikala gayaa) graameen dakshini ural mein mayak site seey nikaale gaye 10,000 logon kii tulanaa mein adhik rank parr haye.
yeh durghatana tohoku bhookamp aur sunami seey shuru hui thee, joe shukravaar, 11 march 2011 koo japani mukhya bhoomi key poorv mein prashant mahasagar mein aaee thee. bhookamp kaa pataa lagaane parr, sakriya reactor swachaalit roop seey apani samanya bijli paida karane vaali vikhandan pratikriyaon koo bund curr dete hain. inn bund aur anya vidyut grid aapoorti samasyaon key kaaran, reactors kii bijli aapoorti whiffle hoe gaee, aur unake aapaatkaaleen deejal generator swachaalit roop seey shuru hoe gaye. gambhir roop seey, yeye una pampon koo vidyut shakti pradaan karane key liye aavashyak they joe reactors key core key madhyam seey sheetlak prasaarit karate they. yeh nirantar parisancharan avashisht kshay garmi koo hataane key liye mahatvapurna thaa, joe vikhandan bund honey key baad bhee utpann hotaa rahata haye. haalaanki, bhookamp ney ack sunami bhee utpann kii thee joe kuchh hii samay baad aaee, sanyantra kii samudri deewaar parr beh gaee, aur phir 1-4 ikaaiyon parr reactor imaraton key nichale hisson mein baadh aaa gaee. iss baadh key kaaran aapaatkaaleen generator kii viphalata hui aur parisanchari pampon koo bijli kaa nuksan huaa. reactor core cooling key parinamswarup nuksan key kaaran teen paramanu pighalane, teen hydrogen visfot aur 12 aur 15 march key beach ikaaiyon 1,2 aur 3 mein radiodharmi sandushan kii rihaai hui. pahale seey bund kiye gaye reactor 4 key kharch kiye gaye eendhan pool mein 15 march koo tapman mein vriddhi hui kyonki nae jode gaye kharch kiye gaye eendhan kii chhad seey garmi kshay hoe gaee, lekin eendhan koo ujagar karane key liye paryaapt roop seey cumm naheen huaa.
durghatana key baad key dinon mein, vatavaran mein chhode gaye vikiran ney sarkaar koo sanyantra key chaaron or ack badey nikasi kshetra kii ghoshana karane key liye majboor kiya, joe ack trijya key saath ack nikasi kshetra mein samaapt huaa. sabhi ney bataaya, kshatigrast reactors seey vaayujanit radiodharmi sandushan key kaaran parivesh ayanan vikiran key badhate star key kaaran sanyantra key aspas key samudaayon seey lagbhag 110,000 nivaasiyon koo nikala gayaa thaa.
aapada key dauran aur usake baad radiodharmi samsthaanikon seey dooshit paani kii badee matra prashant mahasagar mein chhod dee gaee. paryaavaran radiodharmita sansthaan mein radioisotope bhoovigyaan key professor michio ayama ney anuman lagaaya haye kii durghatana key dauran radiodharmi caesium-137 key 18,000 terrabequeral (tbq) koo prashant mein chhoda gayaa thaa, aur 2013 mein, caesium-137 key 30 gigabequeral (gbq) abhee bhee harr dinn samudra mein beh rahey they. sanyantra key sanchaalak ney taba seey tata key saath naee divaaron kaa nirmaan kiya haye aur dooshit paani key pravaah koo rokane key liye jamee hui prithvi kii ack lambi "burf kii deewaar" banaai haye.
tokyo vidyut oorjaa company (tepco) sanyantron seey shesh paramanu eendhan samagri koo hataane jaa rahee haye. tepco ney disambar 2014 mein ikai 4 seey 1535 eendhan sanyojanon koo hataane kaa kaam puuraa kiya aur farwari 2021 mein ikai 3 seey 566 eendhan sanyojanon koo eendhan pool mein kharch kiya. tepco ney 2031 taka ikaaiyon 1,2,5 aur 6 key kharch kiye gaye eendhan pool seey sabhi eendhan chhadon koo hataane aur 2040 yaa 2050 taka ikaaiyon 1,2 aur 3 key reactor seey shesh pighale hue eendhan malabe koo hataane kii yojana banaai. donon prabhaavit kshetron koo kitanurahit karane key liye ack chala rhaa gahan safai karyakram aur sanyantra koo sevamukt karane mein aapada seey 30 seey 40 saal lagenge, sanyantra prabandhan kaa anuman haye.
jabaki aapada key swaasthya prabhaavon parr vivaad chala rhaa haye, paramanu vikiran (aspasht) key prabhaavon parr sanyukt rashtra vaigyaanik samiti aur vishva swaasthya sangathan kii 2014 kii ack report mein durghatana key baad paida hue shishuon mein garbhpaat, mrit janm yaa shaaririk aur mansik vikaaron mein koee vriddhi kaa anuman naheen lagaaya gayaa haye. 2022 mein jaari ack anuvarti report, agyaat 2020/2021, motey taur parr mool report key pramukh nishkarshon aur nishkarshon kii pushti karati haye, agyaat 2013. janata kii suraksha key liye nikasi aur aashray, agyaat key anusaar, 10 key kaarak dwara sambhaavit vikiran jokhim koo kaafee cumm curr diyaa. unsear ney yeh bhee bataaya kii nikasi mein shamil logon key liye swayam key parinam they, jisamen nikasi seey sambandhit kaee mautein aur baad mein mansik aur samajik kalyan parr prabhaav (udaaharan key liye, kyonki nikasi apane gharon aur parichit parivesh seey alag hoe gaee thee, aur kaee logon ney apani aajeevika khou dee thee).
5 julaai 2012 koo, japan fukushima paramanu durghatana swatantra jaanch aayog (nike) key rashtriya aahar mein paaya gayaa kii durghatana key karanon kaa anuman lagaaya jaa sakata thaa, aur sanyantra sanchaalak, tokyo electric power company (tepco), jokhim mulyankan, sampaarshvik kshati koo rokane kii taiyari, aur nikasi yojanaon koo vikasit karane jaisi buniyaadi suraksha aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane mein whiffle rahee thee. aapada key teen maheene baad vienna mein ack baithak mein, antarrashtriya paramanu oorjaa agency ney arthavyavastha, vyaapaar aur udyog key japani mantralaya dwara laparwahi seey nireekshan karane mein galati karate hue kahaa kii mantralaya koo paramanu oorjaa udyog koo viniyamit karane aur badhaava dene donon key prabhaari sarkari agency key roop mein hiton key antarnihit sangharsh kaa saamana karna padaa. 12 octuber 2012 koo, tepco ney pahali baar sweekaar kiya kii vaha apane paramanu sanyantron key khilaf mukdamon yaa virodh pradarshanon koo aamantrit karane key darr seey aavashyak upaay karane mein whiffle rhaa thaa.
paadap kaa vivaran.
fukushima daichi paramanu oorjaa sanyantra mein chhah samanya vidyut (jee. ee.) halke paani key ubalate paani key reactor (bee. doubleu. aar. aiss.) they, jinaki sanyukt shakti 4.7 gigawatt thee, jisase yeh duniya key 25 sabse badey paramanu oorjaa kendron mein seey ack bunn gayaa. yeh pahala jee-design kiya gayaa paramanu sanyantra thaa jiska nirmaan aur sanchaalan poori tarah seey tokyo vidyut oorjaa company (tepco) dwara kiya gayaa thaa. reactor 1 julaai 1967 mein nirmit ack 439 aim. doubleu. ee. prakaar (bee. doubleu. aar.-3) reactor thaa, aur 26 march 1971 koo sanchaalan shuru kiya gayaa thaa. ise 0.18 graam () key charam bhoo-twaran aur 1952 kern county bhookamp parr adharit pratikriya spectrum key saath bhookamp kaa saamana karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. reactor 2 aur 3 donon 784 aim. doubleu. ee. prakaar key bee. doubleu. aar.-4 they. reactor 2 ney julaai 1974 mein sanchaalan shuru kiya, aur reactor 3 ney march 1976 mein. sabhi ikaaiyon key liye bhookamp design aadhar 0.02 graam () seey 0.06 graam () taka thaa. 1978 key miyagi bhookamp key baad, jaba 30 sekand key liye jameen kaa twaran 0.125 g () taka pahunch gayaa, tou reactor key mahatvapurna hisson koo koee nuksan naheen huaa. 1-5 ikaaiyon mein ack maark-1 prakaar (light bulb torus) niyantran sanrachana hoti haye (niyantran building#boiling jall reactor bhee dekhein); ikai 6 mein 2-prakaar (over/under) niyantran sanrachana hoti haye. sitambar 2010 mein, reactor 3 koo aanshik roop seey mishrit-oxide (mox) dwara eendhan diyaa gayaa thaa.
durghatana key samay, ikaaiyon aur kendriya bhandaran suvidha mein nimnalikhit sankhya mein eendhan sanyojan theh
ghatana key samay kissy bhee sheetlan talab mein koee mox (mishrit oxide) eendhan naheen thaa. ikai 3 reactor mein ekmatra mox eendhan bharaa gayaa thaa.
sheetlan.
paramanu reactors seey vikhandan pratikriya kii garmi kaa upayog karke bijli utpann hoti haye, jisase bhaap utpann hoti haye, joe bijli utpann karane vaale turbines koo chalaati haye. jaba reactor kaam karna bund curr detaa haye, tou eendhan mein asthir isotope kaa radiodharmi kshay ack samay key liye garmi (kshay garmi) utpann karna jaari rakhta haye, aur isaliye nirantar sheetlan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. yeh kshay garmi pahale vikhandan dwara utpaadit raashi kaa lagbhag 6.5% haye, phir bund key star taka pahunchane seey pahale kaee dinon mein cumm hoe jaati haye. baad mein, kharch kiye gaye eendhan kii chhad koo aamtaur parr ack kharch kiye gaye eendhan pool mein kaee varshon kii aavashyakta hoti haye, isase pahale kii unhein sookhe kask bhandaran jahaajon mein surakshit roop seey sthanantarit kiya jaa sakey. unit 4 mein prayukt eendhan pool mein kshay garmi mein prati dinn lagbhag paani ubalane kii kshamata thee.
reactor key mool mein, uchch dabaav pranali reactor dabaav pott aur ooshmaa vinimayakon key beach paani kaa chakr chalaati haye. yeye pranaaliyan aavashyak seva jall pranali key madhyam seey ack maadhyamik taap vinimaayak koo garmi hastaantarit karati hain, samudra yaa ack onsite cooling tower mein pump kiye gaye paani kaa upayog karati hain. ikaaiyaan 2 aur 3 mein bhaap turbine-sanchaalit aapaatkaaleen core sheetlan pranali thee jise seedhe kshay garmi dwara utpaadit bhaap dwara sanchaalit kiya jaa sakata thaa aur joe seedhe reactor mein paani kaa injection lagaa sakata thaa. valve aur nigrani pranaliyon koo sanchaalit karane key liye kuchh vidyut shakti kii aavashyakta thee.
ikai 1 mein ack alag, poori tarah seey nishkriya sheetlan pranali thee, algaav sanghanak (aaee. see.). isamen reactor key mool seey paani kii ack badee tunky key ander taka chalane vaale pipes kii ack shrinkhala shamil thee. jaba valve khole gaye, tou bhaap oopar kii or aaee. see. kii or bahati haye, jahan tank mein thandaa paani bhaap koo vaapas paani mein sanghanit kartaa haye joe gurutvaakarshan key tahat reactor key mool mein vaapas chalaa jaataa haye. 25 march 2014 koo tii. vee. aeye. koo prastut karane key dauran, tecuki ingaki ney samajhaaya kii ikai 1 kii aaee. see. koo reactor pott key star koo banaae rakhane aur core koo bahut jaldi thandaa honey seey rokane key liye beach-beach mein sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa, jisase reactor kii shakti mein vriddhi hoe sakati haye. jaise hii sunami ney station koo gher liya, aaee. see. valve bund curr diye gaye they aur bijli key nuksan key kaaran swachaalit roop seey phir seey naheen khole jaa sakate they, lekin ise manual roop seey khola jaa sakata thaa.
16 aprail 2011 koo, tepco ney ghoshana kii kii 1-4 ikaaiyon key liye sheetlan pranali marammat seey parey thee.
back-upp generator.
jaba koee reactor bijli kaa utpaadan naheen curr rhaa hotaa haye, tou usake sheetlan pampon koo anya reactor ikaaiyon, grid, deejal generator yaa baitariyon dwara sanchaalit kiya jaa sakata haye.
pratyek ikai key liye 1-5 aur ikai 6 key liye teen aapaatkaaleen deejal generator upalabdh they.
fukushima reactors koo ack badee sunami key liye design naheen kiya gayaa thaa, naa hii japan mein aur aaee. aeye. ee. aeye. dwara chintaon koo uthaaye jaane parr reactors koo sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa.
sanyantra key nirmaan key liye ge key mool vinirdeshon key anusaar, pratyek reactor key aapaatkaaleen deejal generator aur dc battery, bijli key nuksan key baad sheetlan pranali koo shakti dene mein mahatvapurna ghatak, reactor turbine imaraton key tahakhaane mein sthit they. madhya-stariya jee. ee. engineeron ney chinta vyakt kii, tepco koo bataaya kii isase way baadh kii chapet mein aaa gaye hain.
1990 key dashak key anta mein, naee niyaamak aavashyaktaon kaa paalan karane key liye, pahaadi parr sthit naee imaraton mein ikaaiyon 2 aur 4 key liye teen atirikt samarthan deejal generator rakhe gaye they. sabhi chhah ikaaiyon koo inn deejal generators taka pahunch dee gaee thee, lekin inn backup generators seey 1 seey 5 ikaaiyon key liye reactors key sheetlan pranaliyon koo bijli bhejane vaale switching station abhee bhee kharaab sanrakshit turbine imaraton mein sthit they. ikai 6 key liye kewal switching station ekal ge maark II reactor bhawan key ander sanrakshit thaa aur kaam karna jaari rakhaa. 1990 key dashak key anta mein jode gaye teenon generator sunami key baad poori tarah seey chaalu they. yadi switching stations koo reactor imaraton key aantarik bhaag mein yaa anya baadh-pratirodhi sthaanon parr sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa hotaa, tou inn generators dwara reactors key sheetlan pranaliyon koo bijli pradaan kii jaati aur iss prakaar aapada koo taalaa jaataa.
paas key fukushima naini paramanu oorjaa sanyantra parr bhee sunami aaee thee. haalaanki, iss bijli sanyantra ney design parivartanon koo shamil kiya thaa joe baadh key prati isake pratirodh mein sudhaar karate they, jisase baadh kii kshati koo cumm kiya gayaa thaa. deejal generator aur sambandhit vidyut vitaran upkaran jalrodhi reactor bhawan mein sthit they, aur isaliye yeh upkaran karyatmak banaa rhaa. aadhi raat taka, bijli grid seey bijli kaa upayog reactor-cooling pampon koo bijli dene key liye kiya jaa rhaa thaa. sheetlan key liye samudri jall pampon koo baadh seey sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa, aur halanki 4 mein seey 3 shuru mein whiffle rahey, unhein sanchaalan mein bahaal curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
kendriya eendhan bhandaran kshetra.
reactors seey lii gaee eendhan assembliyon koo shuru mein cumm seey cumm 18 maheenon key liye unake reactors seey satey pool mein sangraheet kiya jaataa haye. phir unhein kendriya eendhan bhandaran talab mein sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye. fukushima aaee key bhandaran kshetra mein 6375 eendhan sanyojan hain. aage thandaa honey key baad, eendhan koo sookhe dibbe key bhandaran mein sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisamen asaamaanyataon key koee sanket naheen dikhaai diye hain.
zirkaloy.
kaee aantarik ghatak aur eendhan sanyojan aavaran zirkaloy seey baney hotey hain kyonki yeh neutron koo avashoshit naheen kartaa haye. lagbhag samanya sanchaalan tapman parr, zirkaloy nishkriya hotaa haye. haalaanki, oopar, zirconium dhaatu mukt hydrogen gais banaane key liye paani key saath ooshmaa-bahirbhagiya pratikriya curr sakati haye. zirconium aur sheetlak key beach kii pratikriya adhik garmi paida karati haye, jisase pratikriya mein teji aatee haye. isake alawa, zirkaloy euranium dioxide key saath pratikriya karke zirconium dioxide aur euranium dhaatu banaa sakata haye. yeh ooshmaa-bahirdish abhikriya aur boron carbide kii steinless steel key saath abhikriya atirikt ooshmaa oorjaa chhod sakati haye, iss prakaar ack reactor key atyadhik germ honey mein yogdan curr sakati haye.
durghatana.
prishthabhoomi.
11 march 2011 koo tohoku bhookamp key samay, reactor 4,5 aur 6 koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, unake kharch kiye gaye eendhan pool koo abhee bhee thandaa karane kii aavashyakta thee.
bhookamp key praarambhik prabhaav.
9 megawatt kaa bhookamp shukravaar, 11 march 2011 koo 14:46 parr aaya, jiska kendra japan key sabse badey dweep honshu key paas thaa. isane kramshah 2,3 aur 5 ikaaiyon parr 0.56,052,056 key adhikatam ground jee-forces kaa utpaadan kiya. yeh nirantar sanchaalan key liye 0.45,0.45 aur 0.40 graam key bhookampiya reactor design sahishnuta koo paar curr gayaa, lekin bhookampiya moolya ikaaiyon 1,4 aur 6 parr design sahishnuta key bheetar they.
jaba bhookamp aaya, tou ikaaiyaan 1,2 aur 3 kaam curr rahee theen, lekin ikaaiyaan 4,5 aur 6 koo ack nirdhaarit nireekshan key liye bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. bhookamp key turant baad, bijli utpaadak reactor 1,2 aur 3 swachaalit roop seey ack suraksha prakriya mein niyantran chhad dalkar apani nirantar vikhandan pratikriyaon koo bund curr dete hain, jise scram key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, joe reactors kii samanya chalane kii sthiti koo niyantrit tareeke seey vikhandan pratikriya koo bund karke samaapt curr detaa haye. choonki reactor abb apane swayam key sheetlak pump chalaane key liye bijli utpann karane mein asamarth they, aapaatkaaleen deejal generator online aae, jaisa kii design kiya gayaa thaa, bijli electronics aur sheetlak pranaliyon key liye. yeye samanya roop seey taba taka sanchaalit hotey rahey jaba taka kii sunami ney reactors key liye generators koo nasht naheen curr diyaa 1-5. dou generator sheetlan reactor 6 binaa kissy nuksan key they aur apane reactor key saath padosi reactor 5 koo thandaa karane key liye seva mein dabaaye jaane key liye paryaapt they, jisase anya reactors koo adhik garmi kii samasyaon seey bachaa jaa sakaa.
sunami kaa aagaman.
sabse badee sunami lahar 13-14 m (43-46 feat) oonchi thee aur praarambhik bhookamp key lagbhag 50 minut baad luggy, jisase sanyantra kaa jamini star samudra tala seey oopar thaa. prabhaav kaa kshan ack cameray dwara record kiya gayaa thaa.
aapaatkaaleen generators koo aksham karna.
laharon ney bijli sanyantra kii turbine imaraton key tehkhaanon mein baadh laa dee aur lagbhag 15:41 parr aapaatkaaleen deejal generator koo aksham curr diyaa. tepco ney taba adhikaariyon koo "pratham-star kii apatkal" key baare mein soochit kiya. pahaadi key oopar sthit teen backup generators seey bijli pradaan karane vaale switching station taba whiffle hoe gaye jaba unhein rakhane vaali imarat mein baadh aaa gaee. sabhi assie bijli ikaaiyon 1-4 mein chully gaee thee. baadh key kaaran ikaaiyon 1 aur 2 parr sabhi dc bijli chully gaee thee, jabaki ikaaiyon 3 parr battery seey kuchh dc bijli upalabdh thee. bhaap seey chalane vaale pampon ney reactor 2 aur 3 koo thandaa paani pradaan kiya aur unake eendhan kii chhad koo adhik germ honey seey roque diyaa, kyonki vikhandan bund honey key baad chhaden garmi kaa kshay utpann karna jaari rakhti theen. antatah inn pampon ney kaam karna bund curr diyaa aur reactors ney adhik germ honah shuru curr diyaa. sheetlan jall kii kamee key kaaran antatah reactor 1,2 aur 3 mein pighalane kaa kaaran banaa.
aage kii baitariyan aur mobile generator site parr bheje gaye, lekin kharaab sadak kii sthiti key kaaran deree hui; pahala sunami key lagbhag chhah ghante baad, 21:00 11 march koo aaya. portable utpaadan upkaran koo bijli key paani key pampon seey jodane key asafal prayaas kiye gaye. turbine holl key tahakhaane mein connection bindu parr baadh aur upayukt kebalon kii anupasthiti key kaaran viphalata hui thee. tepco ney grid seey naee laainen sthaapit karane key apane prayason koo badal diyaa. ikai 6 mein ack generator ney 17 march koo phir seey kaam shuru kiya, jabaki baahari bijli kewal 20 march koo ikaaiyon 5 aur 6 mein laut aaee.
hydrogen visfot.
jaba shramikon ney reactors key sheetlak pranaliyon koo bijli kii aapoorti karane aur apane niyantran kakshon mein bijli bahaal karane key liye sangharsh kiya, tou teen hydrogen-vayu rasayanik visfot hue, pahala 12 march koo ikai 1 mein aur antim 15 march koo ikai 4 mein huaa. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii reactors mein bhaap dwara zirconium kaa okseekaran 1-3 hydrogen gais seey utpann hotaa haye. dabaav vaali gais koo reactor key dabaav pott seey baahar nikala gayaa thaa, jahaan yeh pariveshi havaa key saath mill jaati thee, aur antatah ikaaiyon 1 aur 3 mein visfotak sandrata seema taka pahunch gaee thee. ikaaiyon 3 aur 4 key beach pipe connection key kaaran, yaa vaikalpik roop seey ikai 4 mein hii kharch kiye gaye eendhan pool mein honey vaali usee pratikriya seey, ikai 4 bhee hydrogen seey bharee hui thee, jisake parinamswarup ack visfot huaa. pratyek mamle mein, hydrogen-vayu visfot pratyek ikai key sheersh parr, unake oopari maadhyamik niyantran bhavanon mein hue, joe ack ubalate paani key reactor (bee. doubleu. aar.) mein, steel panels seey banaae gaye hain, jinhen hydrogen visfot kii sthiti mein udaane kaa irada haye. 20 march koo drone overflight aur baad mein baahari sanrachanaon parr pratyek visfot key prabhaavon kii spasht chhaviyaan lii gaeen, jabaki ander kaa drishya chhaaya aur malabe seey kaafee hudd taka aspasht thaa. reactor 1,2 aur 3 mein, adhik germ honey seey paani aur zirkaloy key beach pratikriya hui, jisase hydrogen gais paida hui. 12 march koo, oxygen key saath hydrogen kaa risaav ikai 1 mein visfot hoe gayaa, jisase imarat kaa oopari hissa nasht hoe gayaa aur paanch loga ghayal hoe gaye. 14 march koo reactor 3 kii imarat mein isi tarah kaa visfot huaa, jisase chhat uda gaee aur gyaarah loga ghayal hoe gaye. 15 march koo reactor 3 key saath saajha vent pipe key kaaran reactor 4 kii imarat mein visfot huaa thaa.
ikaaiyaan 1,2 aur 3 mein mool pighalana.
durghatana key dauran reactor core dwara kiye gaye nuksan kii matra, aur niyantran imaraton key bheetar pighale hue paramanu eendhan ("corium") kaa sthaan, agyaat haye; tepco ney apane anumaanon koo kaee baar sanshodhit kiya haye. 16 march 2011 koo, tepco ney anuman lagaaya kii ikai 1 mein 70 pratishat eendhan pighal gayaa thaa aur ikai 2 mein 33 pratishat, aur usa ikai 3 kaa core bhee kshatigrast hoe sakata haye. 2015 taka yeh maanaa jaa sakata haye kii adhikansh eendhan reactor dabaav pott (aar. pee. vee.) key madhyam seey pighal jaataa haye aur praathamik niyantran pott (pee. see. vee.) key neeche aaraam curr rhaa haye, jise pee. see. vee. concreet dwara roque diyaa gayaa haye. julaai 2017 mein pahali baar ack doorasth niyantrit robot koo chitrit kiya gayaa, joe ikai 3 key reactor dabaav pott key thheek neeche, eendhan koo pighalaata haye.
tepco ney navambar 2011 kii ack report mein raajya aur eendhan key sthaan key baare mein aur anuman jaari kiye. report ney nishkarsh nikala kii aapada key dauran ikai 1 aar. pee. vee. kshatigrast hoe gaee thee aur pighla huaa eendhan kii "mahatvapurna matra" pee. see. vee. key nichale hisse mein gir gaee thee. mool pighalane key baad pighale hue eendhan dwara pee. see. vee. key concreet kaa ksharan lagbhag rukane kaa anuman thaa. gaharaai mein, jabaki niyantran kii motai motee hoti haye. report seey pahale kii gaee gais key namoone lene seey pahale pee. see. vee. key concreet key saath eendhan kii chala rahee pratikriya key koee sanket naheen mille aur ikai 1 mein sabhi eendhan "achchi tarah seey thandaa honey kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen reactor key neeche giraaye gaye eendhan bhee shamil thaa. ikaaiyon 2 aur 3 mein eendhan pighal gayaa thaa, halanki ikai 1 kii tulanaa mein cumm, aur eendhan koo abhee bhee aar. pee. vee. mein maanaa jaataa thaa, jisamen pee. see. vee. key neeche eendhan kii koee mahatvapurna matra naheen thee. report ney aage sujhaav diyaa kii "mulyankan parinamon mein ack seema haye" "aar. pee. vee. mein sabhi eendhan (pee. see. vee. mein koee eendhan naheen giraa) ikai 2 aur ikai 3 mein," aar. pee. vee. mein adhikansh eendhan (pee. see. vee. mein kuchh eendhan) "taka. ikai 2 aur ikai 3 key liye yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii "eendhan paryaapt roop seey thandaa haye. report key anusaar, ikai 1 mein adhik nuksan (jaba anya dou ikaaiyon kii tulanaa mein) lambe samay taka ikai 1 mein koee thandaa paani naheen diyaa gayaa thaa. isake parinamswarup bahut adhik kshay garmi jamaa hui, kyonki lagbhag 1 dinn key liye ikai 1 key liye paani kaa injection naheen thaa, jabaki ikai 2 aur ikai 3 mein paani key injection key binaa dinn kaa kewal ack chauthai thaa.
navambar 2013 mein, maaree yamaguchi ney sambaddh press key liye bataaya kii computer simulation hain joe sujhaav dete hain kii "ikai 1 mein pighlaya gayaa eendhan, jiska mukhya nuksan sabse vyaapak thaa, praathamik niyantran pott key nichale hisse koo toda diyaa haye aur yahaan taka kii aanshik roop seey isaki concreet neenv mein khaa gayaa haye, joe jameen mein risne key baare mein aaa rhaa haye"-ack kyoto vishvavidyalaya key paramanu engineer ney inn anumaanon key sambandh mein kahaah "humm taba taka sunishchit naheen hoe sakate jaba taka kii humm vaastav mein reactors key ander naheen dekhate."
disambar 2013 kii ack report key anusaar, tepco ney ikai 1 key liye anuman lagaaya kii "kshay garmi mein paryaapt kamee aaee hogi, pighla huaa eendhan pee. see. vee. (praathamik niyantran pott) mein banaa rahega.
agast 2014 mein, tepco ney ack nayaa sanshodhit anuman jaari kiya kii durghatana key praarambhik charan mein reactor 3 poori tarah seey pighal gayaa thaa. iss nae anuman key anusaar durghatana key pahale teen dinon key bheetar reactor 3 kii poori mukhya samagri aar. pee. vee. key madhyam seey pighal gaee thee aur pee. see. vee. key nichale hisse mein gir gaee thee. yeye anuman ack anukaran parr adharit they, joe ingit kartaa haye kii reactor 3 kaa pighla huaa core pee. see. vee. key thhos aadhar key madhyam seey pravesh kartaa haye, aur pee. see. vee. kii ispat deewaar key karib aataa haye.
farwari 2015 mein, tepco ney ikaaiyon 1,2 aur 3 key liye muon scanning prakriya shuru kii. iss scanning setup key saath rpv key bheetar shesh paramanu eendhan kii anumaanit matra aur sthaan nirdhaarit karna sambhav hoga, lekin pcv mein corium kii matra aur vishram sthaan naheen. march 2015 mein tepco ney ikai 1 key liye muon scan kaa parinam jaari kiya jisamen dikhaaya gayaa kii aar. pee. vee. mein koee eendhan dikhaai naheen dey rhaa thaa, joe sujhaav dega kii adhikansh naheen tou sabhi pighla huaa eendhan pee. see. vee. key neeche gir gayaa thaa-yeh ikai 1 seey eendhan koo hataane kii yojana koo badal dega.
farwari 2017 mein, aapada key chhah saal baad, ikai 2 niyantran bhawan key ander vikiran kaa star lagbhag 650 sv/ghanta honey kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa. anuman koo baad mein sanshodhit curr 80 aiss. vee./aich. curr diyaa gayaa. 2011 mein aapada key baad seey yeye reeding sabse adhik darj kii gaee thee aur pighalane key baad reactor key usa kshetra mein pahali baar darj kii gaee thee. chhaviyon mein reactor key dabaav vaale pott key neeche dhaatu kii grating mein ack chhed dikhaaya gayaa, jisase pataa chalata haye kii pighlaya huaa paramanu eendhan usa kshetra mein pott seey butch gayaa thaa.
farwari 2017 mein, tepco ney ack remot-niyantrit cameray dwara reactor 2 key ander lii gaee chhaviyon koo jaari kiya joe reactor key praathamik niyantran pott mein dabaav pott key neeche dhaatu kii grating mein ack vistrit chhed dikhaata haye, joe dabaav pott seey bachane vaale eendhan key kaaran hoe sakata thaa, joe sanket detaa haye kii niyantran kii iss parat key madhyam seey pighalana/pighalana huaa thaa. baad mein ikai 2 niyantran pott key ander lagbhag 210 seavert (aiss. vee.) prati ghante key aayaneekaran vikiran star kaa pataa chalaa. binaa kissy bachaav key duss saal key thhande bund key baad, binaa kissy nuksan key kharch kiye gaye eendhan kaa maan aamtaur parr 270 sv/aich hotaa haye.
janwari 2018 mein, ack remot-niyantrit cameray ney pushti kii kii paramanu eendhan kaa malba ikai 2 pee. see. vee. key neeche thaa, jisamen eendhan aar. pee. vee. seey butch gayaa thaa. paramanu eendhan assembly key sheersh seey handle bhee dekhaa gayaa thaa, joe pushti kartaa haye kii paramanu eendhan kii kaafee matra pighal gaee thee.
ikai 4 koo nuksan.
jaba bhookamp aaya taba reactor 4 kaam naheen curr rhaa thaa. sunami seey pahale ikai 4 seey sabhi eendhan kii chhaden reactor bhawan kii oopari manjil parr kharch kiye gaye eendhan pool mein sthanantarit curr dee gaee theen. 15 march koo, ack visfot ney ikai 4 kii chauthi manjil key chhat kshetra koo kshatigrast curr diyaa, jisase baahari imarat kii deewaar mein dou badey chhed hoe gaye. yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii kharch kiye gaye eendhan key pool mein paani ubal rhaa hoga. baad mein paaya gayaa kii visfot saajha pipes key madhyam seey ikai 3 seey ikai 4 taka hydrogen key jaane key kaaran huaa thaa. natijatan, visfot seey aag lugg gaee aur eendhan pool mein tapman badh gayaa. ikai 4 niyantran kaksh key ander vikiran ney shramikon koo lambe samay taka vahaan rahane seey roque diyaa. 30 aprail koo kharch kiye gaye eendhan pool key drishya nireekshan seey chhad koo koee mahatvapurna nuksan naheen huaa. talab key paani kii ack radiochemical jaanch ney pushti kii kii eendhan kaa bahut cumm hissa kshatigrast huaa thaa.
octuber 2012 mein, switzerland aur senegal mein poorv japani rajdoot, mitsuhei murata ney kahaa kii fukushima ikai 4 key tahat jameen doob rahee thee, aur sanrachana dhaha sakati haye.
navambar 2013 mein, tepco ney ikai 4 sheetlan pool mein 1533 eendhan chhad koo kendriya pool mein sthanantarit karna shuru kiya. yeh prakriya 22 disambar 2014 koo poori hui thee.
ikaaiyaan 5 aur 6.
jaba bhookamp aaya taba reactor 5 aur 6 bhee kaam naheen curr rahey they. reactor 4 key vipareet, unaki eendhan chhaden reactor mein bunny raheen. reactors kii bariki seey nigrani kii gaee thee, kyonki sheetlan prakriyaaen achchi tarah seey kaam naheen curr rahee theen. aapaatkaaleen sthiti key dauran ikai 5 aur ikai 6 donon ney ack kaaryasheel generator aur switchgear saajha kiya aur nau dinn baad 20 march koo ack safal sheet bund hassil kiya. sanyantra key sanchalakon koo upkaran koo kshatigrast honey seey rokane key liye upa-jall nikasi gaddhon seey samudra mein jamaa honey vaale cumm star key radiodharmi kachare key 1,320 tunn koo chhodana padaa.
kendriya eendhan bhandaran kshetra.
21 march koo eendhan talab mein tapman thodaa badh gayaa thaa, aur pool key oopar paani kaa chhidkaav kiya gayaa thaa. 24 march koo sheetlan pranali mein bijli bahaal curr dee gaee aur 28 march taka tapman mein girawat darj kii gaee.
pratikriya kaa vishleshan.
paramanu vaigyaanikon key bulletin mein ack vishleshan mein kahaa gayaa haye kii sarkari agencies aur tepco "cascading paramanu aapada" aur sunami key liye taiyar naheen they, jiska "paramanu aapada shuru hoe gaee thee aur iska anuman lagaaya jaanaa chaahiye thaa aur iss tarah key sankat mein saarvajanik aur niji sansthanon kii bhoomikaon key baare mein aspashtata fukushima mein kharaab pratikriya kaa ack kaarak thaa. march 2012 mein, pradhaan mantri yoshihiko noda ney kahaa kii sarkaar ney fukushima aapada key liye dosh saajha kiya, yeh kahate hue kii adhikaari desh kii "takniki achookata" mein ack jhoothe vishvaas seey andhe hoe gaye they, aur ack "suraksha mithak" dwara liye gaye they. noda ney kahaa, "harr kissy koo jimmedaari kaa dard saajha karna chaahiye."
sunami key dauran japan key pradhaan mantri naoto kaana key anusaar, desh aapada key liye taiyar naheen thaa, aur paramanu oorjaa sanyantron koo samudra key itane karib naheen banaaya jaanaa chaahiye thaa. kaana ney adhikaariyon key sankat seey nipatane mein khamiyon koo sweekaar kiya, jisamen paramanu niyamakon, upayogita adhikaariyon aur sarkaar key beach kharaab sanchaar aur samanvaya shamil haye. unhone kahaa kii aapada ney japan key paramanu udyog aur viniyaman mein aparyaapt suraksha dishaanirdeshon seey laker sankat prabandhan taka aur bhee badee maanav nirmit kamjoriyon koo ujagar kiya, jinn sabhi mein unhone kahaa kii sudhaar kii aavashyakta haye."
akshay oorjaa key ack pramukh samarthak, bhautik vigyaani aur paryavaranvid emory lavins ney kahaa kii japan kii "kathor naukarshahi sanrachana, buri khabar oopar kii or bhejane key liye anichha, chehra bachaane kii aavashyakta, neetigat vikalpon key kamjor vikas, paramanu shakti kii saarvajanik sweekriti koo sanrakshit karane kii utsukta, aur raajneetik roop seey najuk sarkaar, tepco kii bahut padaanukramit prabandhan sanskriti key saath, durghatana key saamane aaney key tareeke mein bhee yogdan diyaa. isake alawa, japani logon koo paramanu oorjaa key baare mein praapt jaankaari aur isake vikalpon koo lambe samay seey tepco aur sarkaar donon dwara sakhti seey niyantrit kiya gayaa haye."
kharaab sanchaar aur deree.
japan sarkaar ney sankat key dauran pramukh baithakon kaa record naheen rakhaa. speedy network seey detta praantiya sarkaar koo email kiya gayaa thaa, lekin dusaron key saath saajha naheen kiya gayaa thaa. nissa seey fukushima taka email, 12 march koo raat 11:54 baje seey 16 march koo subah 9 baje taka aur nikasi aur swaasthya salah key liye mahatvapurna jaankaari rakhate hue, naa padhe gaye aur hataa diye gaye. detta kaa upayog naheen kiya gayaa thaa kyonki aapada prati-maapan karyalaya ney detta koo "bekaar" maanaa kyonki jaari vikiran kii anumaanit matra avaastavik haye."14 march 2011 koo tepco adhikaariyon koo nirdesh diyaa gayaa kii way press sammelanon mein" "core meltdown" "vakyansh kaa upayog naa karein.
15 march kii shaam koo, pradhaan mantri kaana ney seki soramoto koo phone kiya, joe toshiba key liye paramanu sanyantron koo design karate they, aur badhate sankat key prabandhan mein unaki madad maangi. soramoto ney ack tatkalik salaahkaar samooh kaa gathan kiya, jisamen tokyo vishvavidyalaya mein unake poorv professor, toshiso cosaco, vikiran maap parr ack sheersh japani visheshagya shamil they. shree. chernobyl sankat key liye soviyat pratikriya kaa adhyayan karane vaale cosaco ney kahaa kii vaha iss baat seey hairan they kii pradhaanmantri karyalaya mein netaaon koo unake liye upalabdh sansadhanon key baare mein kitna cumm pataa thaa. unhone turant mukhya cabinet sachiv, yukio edano koo speedy kaa upayog karane kii salah dee, jisamen radiodharmi release key maap key saath-saath mausam aur sthalaakritik detta kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, taaki yeh anuman lagaaya jaa sakey kii radiodharmi samagri vatavaran mein chhode jaane key baad kahaan jaa sakati haye.
tokyo vidyut oorjaa company key fukushima paramanu oorjaa stations parr durghatana parr jaanch samiti ney antarim report mein kahaa kii japan kii pratikriya "kharaab sanchaar aur suvidha mein khatarnak vikiran risaav parr detta jaari karane mein deree" seey trutipurna thee. report mein japan kii kendra sarkaar key saath-saath tepco koo bhee doshi thaharaaya gayaa, "aapada key baad key dinon aur hafton mein tateey sanyantra kii sthiti bigadane key kaaran vikiran risaav koo rokane key liye nirnay lene mein asamarth adhikaariyon key ack drishya koo darshaata haye. report mein kahaa gayaa haye kii kharaab yojana ney aapada pratikriya koo kharaab curr diyaa, yeh dekhate hue kii adhikaariyon ney 9 teevrata key bhookamp key baad "sunami key jokhimon koo bahut cumm aanka thaa". sanyantra mein aaee uchch sunami adhikaariyon dwara bhavishyavani kii gaee uchchatam lahar kii oonchaai seey doguni thee. yeh galat dhaarana kii sunami key baad sanyantra kii sheetlan pranali kaam karegi, aapada koo aur kharaab curr dega. "sanyantra key shramikon key paas iss tarah kii aapada kaa jawab dene key liye koee spasht nirdesh naheen they, jisase galat sanchaar hotaa haye, khaskar jaba aapada ney backup generator koo nasht curr diyaa."
farwari 2012 mein, punarnirmaan japan pahal foundation ney varnan kiya kii kaise japan kii pratikriya pramukh abhinetaon key beach vishvaas key nuksan seey baadhit huih pradhaan mantri kaana, tepco key tokyo mukhyalaya, aur sanyantra prabandhak masaao yoshida. report mein kahaa gayaa haye kii inn sanghrshon ney "kabhi-kabhi virodhabhasi jaankaari key bhramit pravaah kaa utpaadan kiya. report key anusaar, kaana ney taaje paani key bajaay samudri paani key chayan parr sawal uthaakar reactors key thandaa honey mein deree kii, una parr pratikriya prayason koo sookshm roop seey prabandhit karane aur ack chhote, bund, nirnay lene vaale karmchari kii niyukti kaa aarop lagaaya. report mein kahaa gayaa haye kii japani sarkaar yuu seey sahaayata sweekaar karane mein dheemi thee.aiss. paramanu visheshagya.
dha economist" mein 2012 kii ack report mein kahaa gayaa thaah "parichaalan company kharaab tareeke seey viniyamit thee aur usey naheen pataa thaa kii kyaa hoe rhaa thaa. operators ney galatiyan keen. suraksha nireekshak key pratinidhi bhaag gaye. kuchh upkaran whiffle hoe gaye. pratishthaan ney baar-baar jokhimon koo cumm kiya aur radiodharmi plume key andolan key baare mein jaankaari koo dabaa diyaa, isaliye kuchh logon koo adhik halke seey adhik dooshit sthaanon seey nikala gayaa."
17 seey 19 march 2011 taka, americi sainya vimaan ney site key trijya key bheetar vikiran koo maapa. detta ney sanyantra key uttar-paschim mein prati ghante 125 microsivert vikiran darj kiye. america ney 18 march koo japani arthavyavastha, vyaapaar aur udyog mantralaya (metty) koo aur dou dinn baad shiksha, sanskriti, khel, vigyaan aur praudyogiki mantralaya (mext) koo vistrit maanchitra pradaan kiye, lekin adhikaariyon ney jaankaari parr kaarravaai naheen kii.
detta koo pradhaanmantri karyalaya yaa paramanu suraksha aayog (aine. aiss. see.) koo naheen bheja gayaa thaa, naa hii iska upayog nikasi key nirdesh key liye kiya gayaa thaa. kyonki radiodharmi padarthon kaa ack badaa hissa uttar-paschim mein jameen parr pahunch gayaa thaa, isaliye iss disha mein nikaale gaye nivaasiyon koo anaavashyak roop seey vikiran key sampark mein laaya gayaa thaa. aine. aiss. see. key pramukh tetsuya yamoto key anusaar, "yeh bahut khedjanak thaa kii hamane jaankaari saajha naheen kii aur uska upayog naheen kiya."praudyogiki mantralaya key vigyaan aur praudyogiki neeti beuro key ack adhikaari itaru vatnabe ney kahaa kii detta jaari karna japan key bajaay sanyukt raajya america key liye upayukt thaa.
radiodharmi padarthon key failaav parr detta yuu koo pradaan kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. 11 march key kuchh dinon baad japani vigyaan mantralaya dwara balon dwara; haalaanki, 23 march koo amerikiyon dwara apana naksha prakaashit kiye jaane taka detta saarvajanik roop seey saajha naheen kiya gayaa thaa, jiss bindu parr japan ney usee dinn jameen key maap aur speedy seey sankalit girawat key nakshe prakaashit kiye they. aahar seey pahale vatnabe kii gawahi key anusaar, americi senaa koo paramanu aapada seey nipatane key tareeke parr "unase samarthan lene key liye" detta taka pahunch dee gaee thee. haalaanki speedy kii prabhavsheelta aapada mein jaari raashi koo naa jaanane seey seemit thee, aur iss prakaar ise "avishvasaniya" maanaa jaataa thaa, phir bhee yeh failaav maargon kaa purvanuman lagaane mein saksham thaa aur sthaaniya sarkaaron koo adhik upayukt nikasi maargon koo nirdhaarit karane mein madad karane key liye iska upayog kiya jaa sakata thaa.
19 juuna 2012 koo, vigyaan mantri hirofumi hirano ney kahaa kii unakaa kaam kewal bhoomi parr vikiran key star koo maapana thaa aur sarkaar iss baat kaa adhyayan karegi kii kyaa khulasa nikasi key prayason mein madad curr sakata thaa.
28 juuna 2012 koo, paramanu aur audyogik suraksha agency key adhikaariyon ney pighalane key baad pahale dinon mein americi utpaadit vikiran maanchitron koo jaari karane mein whiffle rahane key liye kawauchi gaanv key meyer yuko endo seey maafi maangi. sarkaar dwara ise pravesh-rahit kshetra ghoshit kiye jaane key baad iss gaanv key sabhi nivaasiyon koo baahar nikaal liya gayaa. ack japani sarkari panel key anusaar, adhikaariyon ney gaanv key logon key jeevan aur garima key liye koee sammaan naheen dikhaaya thaa. ack nissa adhikaari ney viphalata key liye maafi maangi aur kahaa kii panel ney prakateekaran key mahatva parr jore diyaa thaa; haalaanki, meyer ney kahaa kii jaankaari atyadhik pradooshit kshetron mein nikasi koo rokti, aur ack saal bahut dair seey maafi maangane kaa koee matlab naheen thaa.
juuna 2016 mein, yeh pataa chalaa kii tepco adhikaariyon koo 14 march 2011 koo "pighalane" shabd kaa upayog karke reactor kshati kaa varnan naheen karane kaa nirdesh diyaa gayaa thaa. usa samay adhikaari iss baat seey avagat they kii eendhan kaa 25-55% kshatigrast hoe gayaa thaa, aur jiss seema key liye "pighalana" shabd upayukt hoe gayaa thaa (5 pratishat) usey bahut adhik curr diyaa gayaa thaa. tepco key adhyaksh naomi hiros ney media seey kahaah "main kahoonga kii yeh ack aavaran thaa... yeh behad khedjanak haye."
sarkaar ney shuru mein ack chaar-charaniya nikasi prakriya kii sthaapana keeh ack pratibandhit pahunch kshetra, ack satark kshetra aur ack nikasi taiyar kshetra. pahale dinn, anumaanit 170,000 logon koo pratibandhit pahunch aur alert kshetron seey nikala gayaa thaa. pradhaanmantri kaana ney alert kshetra key bheetar logon koo jaane kaa nirdesh diyaa aur taiyar kshetra mein rahane vaalon seey ghar key ander rahane kaa aagrah kiya. baad key samoohon seey 25 march koo khaali karane kaa aagrah kiya gayaa thaa. bahishkaran kshetra koo sadak avrodhon dwara sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii cumm loga vikiran seey prabhaavit honge. aspatalon aur nursing homon kii nikasi key dauran, 51 rogiyon aur bujurgon kii mrityu hoe gaee.
bhookamp aur sunami ney duss laakh seey adhik imaraton koo kshatigrast yaa nasht curr diyaa, jisase kull 470,000 logon koo nikaalane kii aavashyakta padee. 470, 000 mein seey, paramanu durghatana 154,000 logon koo nikaalane key liye jimmedaar thee.
poorv suraksha chintaaen.
1967: aapaatkaaleen-sheetlan pranali kaa leout.
1967 mein, jaba sanyantra kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, tou tepco ney samudra tata koo samtal curr diyaa taaki upkaran laana aasaan hoe sakey. yeh nae paudhe koo mool key bajaay samudra tala seey oopar rakhta haye.
27 farwari 2012 koo, paramanu aur audyogik suraksha agency ney tepco koo aapaatkaaleen sheetlan pranali key liye pipe leout koo badalane key apane tark kii report karane kaa adesh diyaa.
mool yojanaon ney algaav sanghanak mein dou reactors key liye pipe pranali koo ack dusare seey alag curr diyaa. halanki, nirmaan yojana kii manjuri key liye aavedan mein reactor key baahar dou pipe pranali judee hui dikhaai dee. niyamon key ullanghan mein parivartanon koo nott naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
sunami key baad, prithak-vaas sanghanak koo sheetlan pampon key kaary koo sambhalana chaahiye thaa, dabaav paatr seey bhaap koo paani mein sanghanit karke reactor koo thandaa karane key liye upayog kiya jaanaa chaahiye thaa. haalaanki, condensor thheek seey kaam naheen curr rhaa thaa aur tepco iss baat kii pushti naheen curr sakaa kii ack valve khola gayaa thaa yaa naheen.
1991: reactor 1 key backup generator mein baadh aaa gaee.
30 octuber 1991 koo, reactor 1 key dou backup generators mein seey ack reactor key tahakhaane mein baadh key baad whiffle hoe gayaa. disambar 2011 mein poorv karmchaariyon dwara bataae gaye anusaar, 20 cubic meater prati ghante kii darr seey ack kharaab pipe seey turbine imarat mein thandaa karane key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa samudri paani ris gayaa. ack engineer ney kahaa kii unhone apane varishthon koo iss sambhavana key baare mein soochit kiya kii sunami generator koo nuksan pahuncha sakati haye. generator kamaron mein paani key risaav koo rokane key liye tepco ney darwaaje lagaae.
japani paramanu suraksha aayog ney kahaa kii vaha apane suraksha dishaanirdeshon koo sanshodhit karega aur atirikt bijli sroton kii sthaapana kii aavashyakta hogi. 29 disambar 2011 koo, tepco ney inn sabhi tathyon koo sweekaar kiyaah isaki report mein ullekh kiya gayaa thaa kii kamare mein ack darwaaje aur cable key liye kuchh chhed they, lekin baadh seey bijli kii aapoorti naheen tooty thee, aur reactor koo ack dinn key liye roque diyaa gayaa thaa. dou bijli sroton mein seey ack poori tarah seey jalmagn thaa, lekin iska sanchaalan tantra aprabhaavit rhaa thaa.
2000 aur 2008: sunami adhyayanon koo nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa.
2000 mein ack inn-house tepco report ney sunami kii kshamata key aadhar parr samudri jall baadh key khilaf suraksha upaayon kii sifarish kii. tepco netritva ney kahaa kii adhyayan kii takniki vaidhata "satyaapit naheen kii jaa sakee."sunami key baad ack tepco report mein kahaa gayaa kii 2000 kii report mein charcha kiye gaye jokhimon kii ghoshana naheen kii gaee thee kyonki" anishchit jokhimon key baare mein jaankaari kii ghoshana chinta paida karegi."
2007 mein, tepco ney apani paramanu suvidhaon kii nigrani key liye ack vibhaag kii sthaapana kii. juuna 2011 taka, isake adhyaksh fukushima daichi pramukh masaao yoshida they. 2008 key ack aantarik adhyayan ney samudri jall dwara baadh seey suvidha koo behtar dhang seey bachaane kii tatkaal aavashyakta kii pehchaan kii. iss adhyayan mein sunami kii sambhavana kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye. mukhyalaya key adhikaariyon ney jore dekar kahaa kii iss tarah kaa jokhim avaastavik thaa aur unhone bhavishyavani koo gambhirta seey naheen liya.
sakriya fault aur bhookamp anusandhaan kendra key yukinobu okamura (2014 mein bhookamp aur jwalamukhi bhoovigyaan key anusandhaan sansthaan (aaee. ee. vee. jee.) dwara pratisthaapit), japan key bhoogarbhiya sarvekshan (jee. aiss. jey.), aeye. aiss. tii.) ney tepco aur nissa seey aagrah kiya kii way 869 sanriku bhookamp key baare mein apani team key nishkarshon key aadhar parr, sunami kii sambhaavit unchaaiyon key liye apani dhaaranaon koo sanshodhit karein, lekin usa samay iss parr gambhirta seey vichaar naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
yuu.aiss. paramanu niyaamak aayog ney 1991 (neureg-1150) mein aapaatkaaleen shakti khone key jokhim kii chetavani dee aur nissa ney 2004 mein usa report kaa ullekh kiya, lekin jokhim koo cumm karane key liye koee kaarravaai naheen kii.
sarkari samitiyon dwara dee gaee chetavaniyon, jaise kii 2004 mein cabinet karyalaya mein dee gaee chetavaniyon, kii sunami, tepco aur sarkari adhikaariyon dwara adhikatam purvanuman seey adhik lambi hoe sakati thee, koo bhee nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa.
bhookampon kii samvedansheelta.
japan, baaki prashant kshetra kii tarah, ack sakriya bhookampiya kshetra mein haye, joe bhookamp key liye pravan haye.
bhookamp vigyaani katsuhiko ishibashi ney 1994 mein "ack bhookamp vigyaani chetavani" naamak pustak likhi thee, jisamen shithil bhawan sanhitaon kii aalochana kii gaee thee, joe taba sabse adhik bikane vaali bunn gaee jaba kobe mein ack bhookamp ney isake prakaashan key turant baad hajaaron logon kii zaan leey lii. 1997 mein unhone "paramanu bhookamp aapada" shabd gadhaa, aur 1995 mein "antarrashtriya herauld tribune" key liye ack lekh likhaa jisamen fukushima aapada jaisi ghatnaaon key ack jharan kii chetavani dee gaee thee.
antarrashtriya paramanu oorjaa agency (aaee. aeye. ee. aeye.) ney japan key paramanu sanyantron kii bhookampon kaa saamana karane kii kshamata key baare mein chinta vyakt kii thee. tokyo mein jee8 key paramanu suraksha aur suraksha samooh kii 2008 kii ack baithak mein, ack aaee. aeye. ee. aeye. visheshagya ney chetavani dee kii ack shaktishali bhookamp joe adhik parimaan kaa hoe, japan key paramanu oorjaa stations key liye ack "gambhir samasya" paida curr sakata haye. iss kshetra mein 8 seey adhik teevrata key teen bhookamp aae they, jinamen 869 sanriku bhookamp, 1896 sanriku bhookamp aur 1933 sanriku bhookamp shamil they.
radiodharmi sandushan kii rihaai.
kaee karanon seey niyantran jahaajon seey radiodharmi samagri koo chhoda gayaa thaah gais key dabaav koo cumm karane key liye jaanboojhkar baahar nikaalana, samudra mein sheetlak paani kaa jaanboojhkar nirvahan, aur aniyantrit ghatanaaen. badey paimaane parr bijli chhodane kii sambhavana key baare mein chintaon key kaaran bijli sanyantra key aspas ack bahishkaran kshetra bunn gayaa aur sifarish kii gaee kii aspas key kshetra key loga ghar key ander rahein. baad mein, britten, france aur kuchh anya deshon ney apane nagrikon seey sandushan failaane key darr key jawab mein tokyo chhodane parr vichaar karane key liye kahaa. 2015 mein, japan key anya shaharon kii tulanaa mein tokyo mein null key paani kaa sandushan abhee bhee adhik thaa. iodene-131, caesium-134 aur caesium-137 sahit radiodharmita kii alp matra vyaapak roop seey dekhi gaee.
paramanu vikiran key prabhaavon parr sanyukt rashtra vaigyaanik samiti key ack anuman key anusaar, durghatana ney iodene-131 key 100-500 petabequerals (pbq) aur caesium-137 key 6-20 pbq koo vayumandal mein chhod diyaa. vayumandaliya utsarjan kaa lagbhag 80 pratishat samudra key oopar jamaa huaa thaa. isake alawa, iodene-131 kaa 10-20 pbq aur caesium-137 kaa 3-6 pbq seedhe samudra mein chhod diyaa gayaa thaa.
fukushima tata parr duniya kii kuchh sabse majboot dhaaraaen hain aur yeye dooshit paani koo prashant mahasagar mein door taka leey jaati hain, iss prakaar radiodharmi tatvon kaa bahut failaav hotaa haye. samudri jall aur tateey talchhat donon key maap key parinamon ney yeh anuman lagaaya kii durghatana key parinam, radiodharmita key sandarbh mein, sharad ritu 2011 key roop mein samudri jeevan key liye mamuli honge (paani mein radiodharmita kii kamjor ekagrata aur talchhat mein seemit sanchay). doosari or, paramanu sanyantra key paas tata key saath samudri jall kaa mahatvapurna pradooshan banaa reh sakata haye, kyonki dooshit mitty parr bahane vaale satah key paani dwara samudra kii or leey jaae jaane vaali radiodharmi samagri kaa nirantar aagaman hoe rhaa haye. khaadya shrinkhala key sheersh parr paani aur machhali koo chhaanane vaale jeev samay key saath caesium pradooshan key prati sabse samvedansheel hotey hain. iss prakaar fukushima key tateey jall mein machhali pakadane vaale samudri jeevan kii nigrani banaae rakhna uchit haye. japan key paani mein caesium isotopic sandrata durghatana seey pahale samanya sandrata seey 10 seey 1000 gunaa adhik honey key bavjood, vikiran jokhim aam taur parr samudri jaanvaron aur maanav upbhoktaon key liye hanikarak maane jaane vaale jokhim seey cumm hain.
tokyo vishvavidyalaya key paani key neeche praudyogiki anusandhaan kendra key shodhkartaon ney fukushima seey samudra key tala parr germ sthaanon kaa naksha banaane key liye naukaaon key peechhe detectors koo uthaaya. vishvavidyalaya key ack sahayogi professor blair thornton ney 2013 mein kahaa kii vikiran kaa star samudra tala key anya kshetron kii tulanaa mein saikadon gunaa adhik banaa huaa haye, joe sanyantra seey chala rahey sandushan (usa samay) kaa sujhaav detaa haye.
vyaapak paramanu-pareekshan-pratibandh sandhi sangathan (see. tii. bee. tii. oh.) key liye praarambhik aayog dwara sanchaalit ack nigrani pranali ney vaishvik star parr radiodharmita key prasaar koo track kiya. 40 seey adhik nigrani stations dwara radiodharmi samsthaanikon koo uthaaya gayaa thaa.
12 march koo, radiodharmi release pahale japan key takasaki mein ack ctbto nigrani station taka pahunch gaee. radiodharmi samasthaanik 14 march koo purvi roose mein aur dou dinn baad sanyukt raajya america key paschimi tata parr dikhaai diye. 15vein dinn taka, uttari golardh mein radiodharmita key nishan paae jaa sakey. ack maheene key bheetar, dakshini golardh mein ctbto stations dwara radiodharmi kanon koo nott kiya gayaa.
jaari radiodharmita key anuman chernobyl key 10 seey 40 pratishat taka they. kaafee dooshit kshetra chernobyl kaa 10-12% thaa.
march 2011 mein, japani adhikaariyon ney ghoshana kii kii "tokyo aur paanch anya praanton mein 18 jall-shuddhikaran sanyantron mein shishuon key liye suraksha seema seey adhik radiodharmi iodene-131 kaa pataa chalaa haye. 21 march koo, dooshit vastuon key vitaran aur khapat parr pahala pratibandh lagaaya gayaa thaa. japani sarkaar rashtra kii khaadya aapoorti mein radiodharmi samagri key prasaar koo niyantrit karane mein asamarth thee. 2011 mein utpaadit bhojan mein radiodharmi samagri kaa pataa chalaa thaa, jisamen paalak, chaay key patte, doodh, machhali aur gomans shamil they, joe paudhe seey 320 kilometres taka thaa. 2012 kii fasalon mein radiodharmita sandushan key sanket naheen dikhaai diye. pattagobhi, chawal aur gomans mein radiodharmita kaa star bahut cumm dikhaai diyaa. tokyo mein fukushima-utpaadit chawal bajar koo upbhoktaon dwara surakshit key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa.
sitambar 2011 kii pahali chhamaahi mein, tepco ney prati ghante lagbhag 200 mbq (megabeckeral, 5.4 millicovery) radiodharmita release kaa anuman lagaaya. yeh march kaa lagbhag ack karod kaa chaarvaan hissa thaa.
francisi vikiran sanrakshan aur paramanu suraksha sansthaan key anusaar, fukushima seey nikalane vaalaa padaarth abb taka dekhe gaye kritrim radiodharmita key sabse mahatvapurna vyaktigat samudri utsarjan kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. fukushima tata mein duniya kii sabse majboot dhaaraon (eurosio dhaara) mein seey ack haye. yeh dooshit paani koo door prashant mahasagar mein leey gayaa, jisase radiodharmita fail gaee. 2011 key anta mein samudri jall aur tateey talchhat donon key maapon ney sujhaav diyaa kii samudri jeevan key liye parinam mamuli honge. sanyantra key paas tata key saath mahatvapurna pradooshan banaa reh sakata haye, kyonki dooshit mitty koo paar karane vaale satah key paani dwara samudra mein leey jaae jaane vaali radiodharmi samagri kaa nirantar aagaman hoe rhaa haye. anya radiodharmi padarthon, jaise kii strontium-90 yaa plutonium kii sambhaavit upasthiti kaa paryaapt adhyayan naheen kiya gayaa haye. haal key maap fukushima tata parr pakadi gaee kuchh samudri prajaatiyon (jyaadaatar machhliyon) key lagaatar sandushan koo darshaate hain.
pravaasi pelogic prajaatiyan poore mahasagar mein radiodharmita key atyadhik prabhaavi aur teji seey parivahan karane vaali hain. california key tata parr pravaasi prajaatiyon mein caesium-134 kaa uchch star dikhaai diyaa joe poorv-fukushima mein naheen dekhaa gayaa thaa. vaigyaanikon ney california kii napa ghaati mein ack daakh kii baari mein ugaai jaane vaali sharaab mein radiodharmi isotope caesium-137 key badhate nishan bhee khoje hain. trace-leval radiodharmita prashant mahasagar mein dhool mein uda gaee thee.
march 2012 taka, vikiran seey sambandhit beemariyon kaa koee mamla saamane naheen aaya thaa. visheshagyon ney agah kiya kii swaasthya prabhaavon parr nishkarsh nikaalane key liye detta aparyaapt thaa. oita university off nursing aind health sciences mein vikiran sanrakshan key professor michiyaki kaaee ney kahaa, "yadi vartamaan vikiran khuraak key anuman sahee hain, (cancer seey sambandhit mautein) tou sambhavana naheen badhegi."
agast 2012 mein, shodhkartaon ney paaya kii 10,000 aas-paas key nivaasiyon koo 1 millisivert seey cumm vikiran key sampark mein laaya gayaa thaa, joe chernobyl nivaasiyon kii tulanaa mein kaafee cumm thaa.
octuber 2012 taka, radiodharmita abhee bhee samudra mein ris rahee thee. site key aspas key paani mein machhali pakadana abhee bhee pratibandhit thaa, aur pakadi gaee machhali mein radiodharmi 134see aur 137see kaa star aapada key turant baad seey cumm naheen thaa.
26 octuber 2012 koo, tepco ney sweekaar kiya kii yeh samudra mein pravesh karane vaali radiodharmi samagri koo roque naheen sakaa, halanki utsarjan darr sthir hoe gaee thee. binaa pataa chaley risaav seey incar naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa, kyonki reactor key tahakhaane mein baadh bunny hui thee. company site aur samudra key beach 2,400 phut lambi steel aur concreet kii deewaar kaa nirmaan curr rahee thee, joe jameen key neeche pahunch rahee thee, lekin yeh 2014 key madhya seey pahale samaapt naheen hogi. agast 2012 key aspas dou greenling tata key karib pakade gaye they. unamen prati kilogram caesium-137 (0.7 millie) key 25,000 seey adhik backrell they, joe aapada key baad seey maapa gayaa sabse adhik aur sarkaar kii suraksha seema kaa 250 gunaa thaa.
22 julaai 2013 koo, tepco dwara yeh khulasa kiya gayaa kii sanyantra ney prashant mahasagar mein radiodharmi paani kaa risaav jaari rakhaa, joe sthaaniya machuaaron aur swatantra jaanchkartaon dwara lambe samay seey sandeh kiya jaa rhaa thaa. tepco ney pahale iss baat seey incar kiya thaa kii aisaa hoe rhaa thaa. japani pradhaan mantri shinzo aabe ney sarkaar koo kadam uthaane kaa adesh diyaa.
20 agast koo, ack aur ghatana mein, yeh ghoshana kii gaee kii ack bhandaran tunky seey bhaari dooshit paani kaa risaav huaa thaa, lagbhag utani hii matra mein paani joe ack olympic aakar key swimming pool mein paaya gayaa thaa. paani kaa star itna radiodharmi thaa kii yeh paas key karmchaariyon key liye khatarnak thaa, aur risaav kaa aaklan antarrashtriya paramanu ghatana paimaane parr star 3 key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa.
26 agast koo, sarkaar ney aage radiodharmi paani key risaav koo rokane key liye aapaatkaaleen upaayon kaa prabhaar sambhala, joe tepco mein unake vishvaas kii kamee koo darshaata haye.
2013 taka, prati dinn lagbhag thandaa paani reactors mein pump kiya jaa rhaa thaa. ack aur bhujal sanrachana mein ris rhaa thaa. pratidin kuchh paani upchaar key liye hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, jiska aadhaa thandaa karane key liye phir seey upayog kiya gayaa thaa aur aadhaa bhandaran tankon mein modd diyaa gayaa thaa. antatah tritium key alawa anya radionuclide koo hataane key liye upchaar key baad dooshit paani koo prashant mein fenkana parh sakata haye. tepco ney reactor imaraton mein bhujal key pravaah koo rokane key liye ack bhoomigat burf kii deewaar banaane kaa faisala kiya. 30 karod dollar kii 7.8 megawatt kii sheetlan suvidha jameen koo 30 meater kii gaharaai taka freeze curr detee haye. 2019 taka, dooshit jall utpaadan prati dinn taka cumm hoe gayaa thaa.
farwari 2014 mein, aine. aich. key. ney bataaya kii tepco pahale kii tulanaa mein radiodharmita key bahut adhik star koo khojane key baad apane radiodharmita detta kii sameeksha curr rhaa thaa. tepco abb kahata haye kii julaai 2013 mein ekatra kiye gaye bhujal mein 5 mbq (0.12 millicuri) prati leater () kaa star paaya gayaa thaa, naa kii 900 kbq (0.02 millicuri) () joe shuru mein report kiya gayaa thaa.
10 sitambar 2015 koo, typhoon etau dwara sanchaalit baadh key paani ney japan mein badey paimaane parr nikasi koo prerit kiya aur prabhaavit fukushima paramanu sanyantra mein jall nikasi pampon koo abhibhoot curr diyaa. ack tepco pravakta ney kahaa kii isake parinamswarup saikadon metrick tunn radiodharmi paani samudra mein pravesh curr gayaa. dooshit mitty aur ghaas seey bharey plastic key thaile bhee baadh key paani mein beh gaye they.
purvi prashant mein sandushan.
march 2014 mein, aine. bee. see. sahit kaee samachar sroton ney bhavishyavani karna shuru curr diyaa kii prashant mahasagar key madhyam seey yatra karane vaalaa radiodharmi paani key neeche kaa plume mahadvipiya sanyukt raajya key paschimi samudra tata taka pahunch jaayega. aam kahani yeh thee kii radiodharmita kii matra haanirahit aur asthaayi hogi ack baar jaba yeh aaa jaayegi. rashtriya mahasagariya aur vayumandaliya prashaasan ney prashant mahasagar key binduon parr caesium-134 koo maapa aur kaee sarkari agencies dwara bhavishyavaniyon mein model kaa hawala dete hue ghoshana kii gaee kii vikiran uttari americi nivaasiyon key liye swaasthya key liye khatra naheen hoga. paramanu aur tilmook nadimukh saajhedaari seey parey key samoohon ney 2011 key baad nirantar isotope release key aadhar parr inn bhavishyavaniyon koo chunauti dee, jisase radiodharmita ney poorv mein apana raasta banaate hue adhik halia aur vyaapak maapon kii maang kii. yeye maap vann chhidra samudra vigyaan sansthaan key saath ack samudri rasaayanagya key margadarshan mein sangathanon key ack sahakaari samooh dwara liye gaye they, aur pataa chalaa kii kull vikiran star, jinamen seey kewal ack ansh mein fukushima key fingerprint hotey hain, maanav jeevan key liye koee seedha jokhim paida karane key liye paryaapt naheen they aur vaastav mein paryaavaran sanrakshan agency key dishaanirdeshon yaa surakshit maane jaane vaale vikiran jokhim key kaee anya sroton seey bahut cumm they. ekikrit fukushima mahasagar radionuclide nigrani pariyojana (soochana) bhee vikiran kii kissy bhee mahatvapurna matra koo dikhaane mein whiffle rahee aur isake parinamswarup isake lekhakon koo fukushima-prerit "uttar america mein cancer seey honey vaali mauton kii lahar" key samarthakon seey maut kii dhamki millie.
ghatana mulyankan.
iss ghatana koo antarrashtriya paramanu ghatana paimaane (aaee. aine. ee. aiss.) parr 7 kaa mulyankan kiya gayaa thaa. yeh paimana 0 seey chalata haye, joe binaa kissy suraksha parinam key ack asamanya sthiti kaa sanket detaa haye, 7 taka, joe gambhir swaasthya aur paryavaraniya prabhaavon key saath vyaapak sandushan kaa kaaran banane vaali durghatana kaa sanket detaa haye. fukushima seey pahale, chernobyl aapada record parr ekmatra star 7 kii ghatana thee, jabaki kishtim aapada koo 6 kaa mulyankan kiya gayaa thaa aur teen meal dweep durghatana aur pawan paimaane kii aag koo star 5 key roop mein mulyankan kiya gayaa thaa.
2012 mein jaari madhyavarti aur lambe samay taka chalane vaali radiodharmita key vishleshan mein chernobyl aapada seey jaari 10-20% key baare mein paaya gayaa. chernobyl mein lagbhag 85 pee. bee. kyu. caesium-137 kii tulanaa mein lagbhag 15 pee. bee. kyu. caesium-137 jaari kiya gayaa thaa, joe caesium-137 key jaari honey kaa sanket detaa haye.
chernobyl key vipareet, sabhi japani reactor thhos niyantran jahaajon mein they, joe strontium-90, americium-241 aur plutonium key release koo seemit karate they, joe pahale kii ghatana dwara jaari radioisotope mein seey they.
chernobyl mein lagbhag 1,760 pee. bee. kyu. kii tulanaa mein 500 pee. bee. kyu. iodene-131 jaari kiya gayaa thaa. iodene-131 kaa aadhaa jeevan 8.02 dinon kaa hotaa haye, joe ack sthir nucleid mein kshay hoe jaataa haye. duss aadhe jeevan (80.2 dinn) key baad, 99.9% ack sthir samasthaanik, zenon-131 mein kshay hoe gayaa haye.
isake baad.
ghatana key turant baad vikiran key sampark mein aaney seey koee maut naheen hui, halanki aas-paas kii aabaadi koo nikaalane key dauran kaee (lagbhag 1600 gair-vikiran sambandhi) mautein huin.
sitambar 2018 taka, ack cancer kii mrityu ack poorv paramanu station karmchari key parivaar key liye ack vittiya samjhaute kaa vishay thaa, jabaki bhookamp aur sunami key kaaran lagbhag 18,500 logon kii mrityu hoe gaee. raikhik noo-threshold siddhant key anusaar adhikatam anumaanit cancer mrityu darr aur rugnata kaa anuman kramshah 1,500 aur 1,800 haye, lekin kuchh sou kii seema mein, sakshya key sabse majboot vajan key saath ack anuman bahut cumm haye. isake alawa, aapada aur nikasi key anubhav key kaaran nikaale gaye logon key beach manovaigyaanik sankat kii darr japani ausat kii tulanaa mein paanch gunaa badh gaee. durghatana key baad kshetra mein bachpan key motape mein vriddhi kaa kaaran bachchon koo khelane key liye baahar jaane key bajaay ghar key ander rahane kii sifarish karna haye.
2013 mein, vishva swaasthya sangathan (joe) ney sanket diyaa kii jinn kshetron key nivaasiyon koo nikala gayaa thaa, way cumm matra mein vikiran key sampark mein they aur vikiran-prerit swaasthya prabhaav cumm honey kii sambhavana haye. vishesh roop seey, 2013 kii report joe bhavishyavani karati haye kii nikaale gaye shishu ladkiyon key liye, unake poorv-durghatana jivankal mein thyroid cancer key vikas key jokhim koo radioiodine key sampark mein aaney seey 1.25% taka badhaaya jaataa haye, jisamen purushon key liye vriddhi thodi cumm hoti haye. suraksha viphaltaon seey jaari anya cumm kwathnank vikhandan utpaadon key kaaran honey vaale jokhim key kaaran kaee atirikt vikiran-prerit cancers key jokhim bhee badhane kii ummeed haye. thyroid cancer key liye sabse badee vriddhi haye, lekin kull milakar, sabhi prakaar key cancer key vikas key liye kull milakar 1 pratishat adhik jivankal jokhim, shishu mahilaaon key liye bhavishyavani kii gaee haye, jisamen purushon key liye thodaa cumm jokhim haye, jisase donon sabse adhik vikiran-samvedansheel samooh bunn jaate hain. jinhone bhavishyavani kii thee kii maanav bhroon, unake ling key aadhar parr, shishu samoohon key samaan jokhim mein honge.
ack saal baad 2012 mein ack jaanch karyakram mein paaya gayaa kii fukushima praant mein ack tihai seey adhik (36 pratishat) bachchon kii thyroid granthiyon mein asamanya vriddhi hoti haye. agast 2013 taka, fukushima praant mein 40 seey adhik nae bachchon koo thyroid cancer aur anya cancer kaa pataa chalaa haye. 2015 mein, thyroid cancer kii sankhya yaa thyroid cancer key vikas kii pehchaan kii sankhya 137 thee. haalaanki, kyaa cancer kii yeye ghatanaaen apradooshit kshetron mein darr seey adhik hain aur isaliye paramanu vikiran key sampark mein aaney key kaaran theen, yeh iss star parr agyaat haye. chernobyl durghatana key aankadon seey pataa chalaa kii 1986 mein aapada key baad thyroid cancer kii darr mein ack spasht vriddhi 3-5 saal kii cancer ushmaayan avadhi key baad hii shuru hui.
5 julaai 2012 koo, japani rashtriya aahar dwara niyukt fukushima paramanu durghatana swatantra jaanch aayog (nike) ney japani aahar koo apani jaanch report prastut kii. aayog ney paaya kii paramanu aapada "maanav nirmit" thee, kii durghatana key sabhi pratyaksh kaaran 11 march 2011 seey pahale purvanumeya they. report mein yeh bhee paaya gayaa kii fukushima daichi paramanu oorjaa sanyantra bhookamp aur sunami koo sahan karane mein asamarth thaa. tepco, niyaamak nikaay (nissa aur aine. aiss. see.) aur paramanu oorjaa udyog (metty) koo badhaava dene vaalaa sarkari nikaay, sabhi sabse buniyaadi suraksha aavashyaktaon koo sahee dhang seey vikasit karane mein whiffle rahey-jaise kii nuksan kii sambhavana kaa aaklan karna, aisee aapada seey sampaarshvik kshati koo rokane kii taiyari karna, aur gambhir vikiran release key mamle mein janata key liye nikasi yojanaaen vikasit karna. iss beach, sarkaar dwara niyukt jaanch samiti ney tokyo vidyut oorjaa company key fukushima paramanu oorjaa stations mein durghatana parr 23 julaai 2012 koo apani antim report japani sarkaar koo prastut kii. steinford shodhkartaon dwara ack alag adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii sabse badee upayogita companiyon dwara sanchaalit japani sanyantra sambhaavit sunami key khilaf vishesh roop seey asurakshit they.
tepco ney pahali baar 12 octuber 2012 koo sweekaar kiya kii vaha apane paramanu sanyantron key khilaf mukdamon yaa virodh pradarshanon koo aamantrit karane key darr seey aapadaon koo rokane key liye majboot upaay karane mein whiffle rhaa thaa. sanyantra koo bund karane key liye koee spasht yojana naheen haye, lekin sanyantra prabandhan kaa anuman tees yaa chaalees saal kaa haye.
2018 mein, fukushima aapada kshetra mein jaane key liye yaatraaen shuru huin. sitambar 2020 mein, fukushima daichi bijli sanyantra key paas, futuba shahar mein mahaan purvi japan bhookamp aur paramanu aapada smaarak sangrahalaya khola gayaa thaa. sangrahalaya mein bhookamp aur paramanu durghatana key baare mein vastuen aur video pradarshit kiye gaye hain. videshon seey agantukon koo aakarshit karane key liye, sangrahalaya angreji, cheeni aur koriyai mein spashteekaran pradaan kartaa haye.
dooshit paani.
radiodharmi jall key nirvahan kii soochana aprail 2011 kii shuruat mein dee gaee thee. pighalate paramanu eendhan dwara bhujal key risaav koo aur dooshit honey seey rokane key prayaas mein ack jamey hue mitty key avrodh kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, lekin julaai 2016 mein tepco ney khulasa kiya kii burf kii deewaar bhujal koo bahane seey rokane mein whiffle rahee thee aur dhwast reactor imaraton key ander atyadhik radiodharmi paani key saath mill rahee thee, yeh kahate hue kii "iska antim lakshya bhujal key pravaah koo 'cumm' karna haye, ise rokna naheen haye. 2019 taka, burf kii deewaar ney bhujal key pravaah koo 2014 mein 440 cubic meater prati dinn seey ghataakar 100 cubic meater prati dinn curr diyaa thaa, jabaki dooshit jall utpaadan 2014 mein 540 cubic meater prati dinn seey ghatkar 170 cubic meater prati dinn hoe gayaa thaa.
octuber 2019 taka, sanyantra kshetra mein 11.7 laakh ghana meater dooshit paani sangraheet kiya gayaa thaa. paani koo ack shuddhikaran pranali dwara upchaarit kiya jaa rhaa haye joe tritium koo chhodkar radionuclide koo usa star taka hataa sakata haye, joe japani niyamon key anusaar samudra mein chhoda jaa sakata haye. disambar 2019 taka, 28 pratishat paani koo aavashyak star taka shuddh kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki shesh 72 pratishat koo atirikt shuddhikaran kii aavashyakta thee. haalaanki, tritium koo paani seey alag naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. octuber 2019 taka, paani mein tritium kii kull matra lagbhag 856 terrabequeral thee, aur ausat tritium sandrata lagbhag 0.73 megabequeral prati leater thee. japani sarkaar dwara gathit ack samiti ney nishkarsh nikala kii shuddh jall koo samudra mein chhod diyaa jaanaa chaahiye yaa vayumandal mein vaashpit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. samiti ney ganana kii kii ack varsh mein samudra mein sabhi paani kaa nirvahan karane seey sthaaniya logon koo 0.81 microsivert kii vikiran khuraak milegi, jabaki vashpikaran seey 1.2 microsivert honge. tulanaa key liye, japani logon koo praakritik vikiran seey prati varsh 2100 microsivert milate hain. aaee. aeye. ee. aeye. maanata haye kii khuraak ganana vidhi upayukt haye. isake alawa, aaee. aeye. ee. aeye. anushansa kartaa haye kii jall niptan parr nirnay tatkaal liya jaanaa chaahiye. naa key barabar khuraak key bavjood, japani samiti chintit haye kii jall niptan seey praant koo, vishesh roop seey machhali pakadane key udyog aur paryatan koo pratishtha kii kshati hoe sakati haye. 9 farwari 2021 koo, japan aur koria key catholic bishapon ney matsya paalan, sthaaniya praant parishadon aur jeju praant key governor dwara aage virodh kaa hawala dete hue samudra mein paani chhodane kii yojana key virodh mein aavaaj uthaai.
paani koo sangraheet karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale tankon koo 2023 mein bharey jaane kii ummeed haye. julaai 2022 mein, japan key paramanu viniyaman pradhikaran ney samudra mein upchaarit paani koo chhodane kii manjuri dee. americi raajya vibhaag key ack pravakta ney iss nirnay kaa samarthan kiya. dakshin koria key videsh mantri aur japan aur dakshin koria key kaaryakartaon ney ghoshana kaa virodh kiya. aprail 2023 mein, machuaaron aur kaaryakartaon ney prashant mahasagar mein 13 laakh tunn upchaarit paani key niyojit release key virodh mein phillippeans mein japani dutawas key saamane virodh pradarshan kiya.
dooshit jall shodhan prakriya key upotpaad key roop mein banaae gaye anya radiodharmi padarthon key saath-saath kshatigrast sanyantra seey dooshit dhaatu ney haal hii mein dhyaan aakarshit kiya haye kyonki radiodharmi ghol key liye 3,373 apashisht bhandaran paatr apeksha seey adhik teji seey kharaab hotey hue paae gaye they.
aayaneekaran vikiran seey jokhim.
haalaanki ghatana key sabse buri tarah seey prabhaavit kshetron mein logon koo leukemia, thhos cancer, thyroid cancer aur stun cancer jaise kuchh cancer honey kaa thodaa adhik khatra hotaa haye, lekin sanchit vikiran jokhim key parinamswarup bahut cumm cancer honey kii ummeed kii jaati haye. japan key baahar anumaanit prabhaavi khuraak koo antarrashtriya radiological sanrakshan samudaay dwara bahut chhote staron seey neeche (yaa usase bahut neeche) maanaa jaataa haye.
2013 mein, vishva swaasthya sangathan ney bataaya kii jinn kshetra key nivaasiyon koo nikala gayaa thaa, way itane cumm vikiran key sampark mein they kii vikiran-prerit swaasthya prabhaavon key pataa lagaane yogya star seey neeche honey kii sambhavana thee.
swaasthya jokhimon kii ganana roodhivaadi dhaaranaon koo lagu karke kii gaee thee, jisamen vikiran key sampark key roodhivaadi raikhik noo-threshold model shamil hain, ack model joe yeh maanata haye kii vikiran key sampark kii sabse chhoti matra bhee nakaratmak swaasthya prabhaav kaa kaaran banegi. report ney sanket diyaa kii sabse adhik prabhaavit kshetron mein una shishuon key liye, jeevan bhar key cancer kaa khatra lagbhag 1 pratishat taka badh jaayega. isane bhavishyavani kii kii sabse dooshit kshetron mein aabaadi koo shishuon key roop mein mahilaaon key liye thyroid cancer key vikas key 70 pratishat adhik saapeksh jokhim kaa saamana karna padata haye, aur shishuon key roop mein purushon mein leukemia kaa 7 pratishat adhik saapeksh jokhim aur shishuon key roop mein mahilaaon mein stun cancer kaa 6 pratishat adhik saapeksh jokhim hotaa haye. 19, 808 aapaatkaaleen karmchaariyon mein seey ack tihai ney cancer key jokhim koo badhaa diyaa hoga. bhroon key liye cancer kaa khatra 1 saal key shishuon key samaan thaa. bachchon aur vayaskon key liye cancer kaa anumaanit khatra shishuon kii tulanaa mein cumm thaa.
vishva paramanu sangh kii report haye kii fukushima key nikat rahane vaalon key liye vikiran kaa sampark jeevan bhar mein 10 aim. aiss. vee. seey cumm honey kii ummeed haye. tulanaa mein, jivankal mein praapt prishthabhoomi vikiran kii khuraak 170 aim. aiss. vee. haye.
ack raikhik noo-threshold model (ell. aine. tii. model) key anusaar, durghatana seey 130 cancer seey honey vaali mauton kii sabse adhik sambhavana haye. haalaanki, vikiran mahamari vigyaani roy shore ney iska virodh kiya kii anishchitataon key kaaran ell. aine. tii. model seey swaasthya prabhaavon kaa anuman lagaana buddhimani naheen haye."darshak sanghvi ney nott kiya kii nimn-stariya vikiran key prabhaav key vishvasaniya sakshya praapt karane key liye avyavahaarik roop seey badee sankhya mein rogiyon kii aavashyakta hogi, bhagyashali ney bataaya kii shareer key apane marammat tantra vikiran kii chhoti khuraak kaa saamana curr sakate hain aur aurengo ney kahaa kii" ell. aine. tii. model kaa upayog bahut cumm khuraak key prabhaav kaa anuman lagaane key liye naheen kiya jaa sakata haye..."maark jaid dwara mool kagaj. maark linas ney jacobson koo "junk science" key roop mein varnit kiya haye.
aprail 2014 mein, adhyayanon ney prashant yuu key taton parr radiodharmi tuna kii upasthiti kii pushti kii.aiss. shodhkartaon ney 2011 key bijli sanyantra aapada seey pahale pakade gaye 26 albacor tuna aur usake baad pakade gaye logon parr pareekshan kiye. haalaanki, radiodharmita kii matra ack kele mein praakritik roop seey paae jaane vaale radiodharmita kii matra seey cumm haye. caesium-137 aur caesium-134 koo 2016 taka tokyo khaadi mein japani shwet mein nott kiya gayaa haye. "japani shwet mein radiocesium kii sandrata samudra key paani kii tulanaa mein ack yaa dou crum adhik thee, aur talchhat kii tulanaa mein cumm parimaan kaa crum thaa."way abhee bhee khaadya suraksha seema key bheetar they.
juuna 2016 mein raajneetik vakaalat samooh "paramanu yuddh kii roktham key liye antarrashtriya chikitsakon" key saha-adhyaksh tillman ruff kaa tark haye kii 174,000 loga apane gharon mein lautane mein asamarth rahey hain aur paaristhitik vividhata mein kamee aaee haye aur pedon, pakshiyon aur standhaariyon mein vikritiyaan paaee gaee hain. halanki durghatana kshetra key aspas key kshetra mein shaaririk asaamaanyataon kii soochana dee gaee haye, vaigyaanik samudaay ney vikiran key kaaran honey vaale aanuvanshik yaa utparivarti kshati key aise kissy bhee nishkarsh koo kaafee hudd taka khariz curr diyaa haye, isake bajaay yeh dikhaane key liye kii ise prayogaatmak truti yaa anya vishaakt prabhaavon key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya jaa sakata haye.
ghatana key paanch saal baad, tokyo vishvavidyalaya key krishi vibhaag (joe prabhaavit kshetra key aspas kaee prayogaatmak krishi anusandhaan kshetron koo rakhta haye) ney nott kiya haye kii "durghatana key samay havaa key sampark mein aaney vaali kissy bhee cheez kii satah parr girawat paaee gaee thee. mukhya radiodharmi nucleid abb caesium-137 aur caesium-134 hain, "lekin yeye radiodharmi yaugik usa bindu seey bahut adhik naheen faile hain jahan way visfot key samay utare they", jiska anuman lagaana caesium key rasayanik vyavhaar kii hamari samajh seey bahut mushkil thaa.
vayumandal ack dhyaan dene yogya paimaane parr prabhaavit naheen huaa thaa, kyonki adhikansh kann yaa tou jall pranali key bheetar yaa paudhe key aspas kii mitty mein buss gaye they.
farwari 2018 mein, japan ney fukushima key nikatvarti kshetra seey pakadi gaee machhali key niryaat koo navinikrit kiya. praant key adhikaariyon key anusaar, aprail 2015 key baad seey japan suraksha manakon seey adhik vikiran star vaalaa koee samudri bhojan naheen paaya gayaa thaa. 2018 mein, thyland japan key fukushima praant seey taaji machhali kaa maal praapt karane vaalaa pahala desh thaa. vaishvik tapman vriddhi koo rokane mein madad karane key liye abhiyaan chalaane vaale ack samooh ney khaadya aur dawa prashaasan seey fukushima seey machhali key ayatak aur bancock mein japani restaraan key naam kaa khulasa karane kii maang kii haye. stop global warming association key adhyaksh srisuvan janya ney kahaa kii fda koo apane grahakon koo vaha jaankaari upalabdh karaane key liye fukushima machhali parosane vaale restaraan kaa adesh dekar upbhoktaon key adhikaaron kii raksha karni chaahiye, taaki way yeh taya curr sakein kii ise khaana haye yaa naheen.
farwari 2022 mein, japan ney fukushima seey kaali rockfish kii bikri koo nilambit curr diyaa, jaba yeh pataa chalaa kii ack pakad kanuni roop seey anumat star seey 14 gunaa adhik radiodharmi paaee gaee thee.
thyroid screening karyakram.
vishva swaasthya sangathan ney kahaa kii 2013 kaa thyroid ultrasound screening karyakram, screening prabhaav key kaaran, gair-lakshanaatmak roga key mamalon kaa jaldi pataa lagaane key kaaran darj kiye gaye thyroid mamalon mein vriddhi kii sambhavana thee. thyroid kii vriddhi kaa bhaari bahumat saumya vriddhi haye joe kabhi bhee lakshan, bimari yaa mrityu kaa kaaran naheen banegi, bhale hii vikas key baare mein kabhi kuchh naheen kiya gayaa hoe. anya karanon seey marane vaale logon parr shav pareekshan adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii takniki roop seey ack tihai seey adhik vayaskon mein thyroid vriddhi/cancer hotaa haye. ack udaaharan key roop mein, 1999 mein dakshin koria mein, unnat ultrasound thyroid pareekshaon kii shuruat key parinamswarup saumya thyroid cancer kaa pataa lagaane aur anaavashyak sergery honey kii darr mein visfot huaa. isake bavjood, thyroid cancer seey mrityu darr samaan rahee haye.
farwari 2013 mein jaari fukushima praant swaasthya prabandhan sarvekshan kii dasavin report key anusaar, fukushima praant key aspas jaanch kiye gaye 40 pratishat seey adhik bachchon mein thyroid nodule yaa sist kaa pataa chalaa thaa. ultrasonographic pataa lagaane yogya thyroid nodule aur sist behad aam hain aur vibhinn adhyayanon mein 67 pratishat taka kii aavritti parr paae jaa sakate hain. inmein seey 186 (0.5%) mein gaanthen aur/yaa sist seey badee theen aur aage kii jaanch kii gaee, jabaki kissy mein bhee thyroid cancer naheen thaa. fukushima medical university ney disambar 2013 taka thyroid cancer seey peedit bachchon kii sankhya 33 bataai aur nishkarsh nikala kii "yeh sambhavana naheen haye kii yeye cancer march 2011 mein paramanu oorjaa sanyantra durghatana seey aaee-131 key sampark mein aaney key kaaran hue they.
octuber 2015 mein, fukushima praant key 137 bachchon koo yaa tou nidan kiya gayaa thaa yaa thyroid cancer key vikas key sanket dikhaae gaye they. adhyayan key pramukh lekhak okema vishvavidyalaya key toshihide tsuda ney kahaa kii jaanch prabhaav key kaaran iska pataa lagaane mein vriddhi kaa hisab naheen lagaaya jaa sakata haye. unhone jaanch key parinamon koo "samanya roop seey apekshit 20 gunaa seey 50 gunaa" bataaya."2015 key anta taka, bachchon kii sankhya badhkar 166 hoe gaee thee.
haalaanki, media dwara unake pepper kii vyaapak roop seey report kiye jaane key bavjood, anya mahamari vigyaaniyon kii teams key anusaar, ack kamjor karane vaali truti, joe soodaa kii tippani koo ghaatak roop seey galat bataate hain, yeh haye kii soodaa ney fukushima sarvekshanon kii tulanaa karke seb aur santare kii tulanaa kii, joe unnat ultrasound upkaranon kaa upayog kartaa haye joe anyatha gair-unnat naidaanik pareekshaon key detta key saath, thyroid key vikas kaa pataa lagaate hain, joe unake "20 seey 50 gunaa apekshit" nishkarsh parr pahunchate hain. mahamari vigyaani richard wakeford key mahatvapurna shabdon mein, "fukushima screening karyakram key detta kii tulanaa japan key baaki hisson seey cancer registry detta key saath karna anuchit haye, jahaan samanya roop seey, itane badey paimaane parr koee screening naheen haye. wakeford kii aalochana una saat anya lekhakon key patron mein seey ack thee joe sudaa key patra kii aalochana karate hue prakaashit kiye gaye they. ack anya mahamari vigyaani takamura key anusaar, jinhone fukushima key paas naheen rahane vaale japani bachchon parr chhote paimaane parr unnat ultrasound parikshanon key parinamon kii jaanch kii, "thyroid cancer kaa prasaar [usee pehchaan takneek kaa upayog karke] fukushima praant mein honey vaale cancer seey saarthak roop seey alag naheen haye.
2016 ohira aur anya. fukushima praant seey thyroid cancer key rogiyon koo baahar nikaalane vaale kshetron key baahar key logon seey thyroid cancer kii darr key saath ack adhyayan kiya. ohira aur anya. paaya gayaa kii "durghatana aur thyroid pariksha key beach kii avadhi thyroid cancer key prasaar seey judee naheen thee. vyaktigat baahari khuraak aur thyroid cancer key prasaar key beach koee mahatvapurna sambandh naheen they. paramanu durghatana key baad pahale 4 varshon key bheetar fukushima bachchon mein thyroid cancer key prasaar key saath baahari vikiran khuraak judee naheen thee."
yamashita aitt all dwara 2018 kaa prakaashan. yeh bhee nishkarsh nikala kii thyroid cancer darr key antar koo screening prabhaav key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya jaa sakata haye. unhone nott kiya kii durghatana key samay rogiyon kii ausat ayu 10-15 varsh thee, jabaki 0 seey 5 varsh kii ayu key bachchon mein koee mamla naheen paaya gayaa thaa joe sabse adhik samvedansheel hotey. yamashita aur anya. iss prakaar yeh nishkarsh nikala jaataa haye kii "kissy bhee mamle mein, vartamaan mein aff. aine. aeye. see. key samay vyaktigat purvanuman koo sateek roop seey nirdhaarit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. isaliye naa kewal antahkriya aur shalya chikitsa key baad key purvanuman karakon kii khoj karna jaruri haye, balki aff. aine. aeye. see./poorv-shalya chikitsa charan mein purvanumanatmak karakon kii bhee khoj karna jaruri haye."
yamamoto aur anya dwara 2019 kii jaanch. pahale aur dusare jaanch daur kaa alag seey mulyankan kiya gayaa aur saath hii sanyukt roop seey 184 pusht cancer mamalon koo shamil kiya gayaa, joe 1.080 million dekhi gaee vyakti varshon mein paramanu durghatanaon key kaaran atirikt vikiran key sampark mein aaney key adheen thaa. lekhakon ney nishkarsh nikala kii "baahari prabhaavi khuraak-darr aur thyroid cancer kaa pataa lagaane kii darr key beach ack mahatvapurna sambandh maujood haih pataa lagaane kii darr anupaat (dee. aar. aar.) prati aim. yuu. aiss. vee./aich. 1.065 (1.013,1.119). vishleshan koo una 53 nagar paalikaon taka seemit karate hue jinhen 2 microve/ghanta seey cumm praapt huaa, aur joe kull 184 cancer mamalon mein seey 176 kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, sangh kaafee majboot prateet hotaa haih prati microve/ghanta 1.555 (1.096,2.206). juuna 2011 mein fukushima praant kii 59 nagar paalikaon mein ausat vikiran khuraak-darr aur octuber 2011 seey march 2016 kii avadhi mein sambandhit thyroid cancer kaa pataa lagaane kii darr saankhyikiya roop seey mahatvapurna sambandh dikhaati haye. yeh paramanu durghatanaon aur thyroid cancer kii baad kii ghatana key beach ack kaaran sambandh key liye sakshya pradaan karane vaale pichhale adhyayanon kii pushti kartaa haye."
2020 taka, vayu-khuraak aur aantarik-khuraak aur thyroid cancer key beach sambandh mein shodh jaari haye. ohba aur anya. ack nayaa adhyayan prakaashit kiya gayaa jisamen khuraak-pratikriya anumaanon kii sateekta aur nikasi mein khuraak modeling kii sateekta kaa aaklan kiya gayaa. ohira aitt all dwara sabse halia adhyayan mein., mulyankan kiye gaye praanton mein nikasi key liye khuraak daron key adyatan model kaa upayog yamoto aur anya dwara nishkarshon key jawab mein kiya gayaa thaa. 2019 mein lekhakon ney nishkarsh nikala kii vikiran key kaaran thyroid cancer key badhate nidan kaa koee saankhyikiya roop seey pataa lagaane yogya saboot naheen haye. tucky aur anya dwara ack adhyayan. yamoto aur anya key samaan nishkarsh paae gaye.haalaanki 2019 yamamoto aitt all key vipareet. adhyayan, tucky aur anya. screening prabhaav key samavesh key parinamon parr dhyaan kendrit naheen kiya. ohba aur anya.ohira aur anya., aur tucky aur anya. sabhi ney nishkarsh nikala kii khuraak-pratikriya sambandh aur ghatana cancer key prasaar koo samajhane key liye aage kaa shodh aavashyak haye.
thyroid cancer sabse jeevit cancers mein seey ack haye, jisamen pahale nidan key baad lagbhag 94 pratishat jeevit rahane kii darr haye. aggar jaldi pakada jaataa haye tou yeh darr lagbhag 100% uttarjeevita darr taka badh jaati haye. cancer shareer key dusare hisse mein fail sakata haye, haalaanki, aur jeevit bache logon koo apane thyroid koo hataane key baad jeevan bhar key liye harmonal davaaen lene kii aavashyakta hoti haye. janwari 2022 mein, aise chhah rogiyon ney joe aapada key samay bachche they, thyroid cancer vikasit honey key baad 616 million yenn key liye tepco parr mukadama daayar kiya.
chernobyl tulanaa.
chernobyl key safai karmchaariyon key ack adhyayan mein leukemia key jokhim mein saankhyikiya roop seey mahatvapurna vriddhi dekhi gaee haye. 20 saal key adhyayan mein shamil 110,645 ukraini safai shramikon mein seey, 2012 taka 0.1% mein leukemia vikasit huaa thaa, halanki sabhi mamle durghatana key parinamswarup naheen hue they. haalaanki, yeh maanaa jaataa thaa kii vikiran key sampark kii bahut cumm khuraak key kaaran fukushima safai shramikon mein jokhim mein koee maapane yogya vriddhi naheen hogi.
chernobyl key aankadon seey pataa chalaa kii 1986 mein aapada key baad thyroid cancer kii darr mein sthir lekin tej vriddhi hui thee, lekin kyaa iss detta kii tulanaa seedhe fukushima seey kii jaa sakati haye, yeh abhee taka nirdhaarit naheen kiya gayaa haye.
kishore aur baal ayu varg donon mein ghatana key 3-5 saal baad, 1989 seey 1991 taka, chernobyl thyroid cancer kii ghatana darr prati varsh prati 100,000 logon mein lagbhag 0.7 mamalon key poorv aadhar rekha moolya seey oopar naheen badhana shuru hui. durghatana key lagbhag 14 saal baad, 2000 key dashak mein prati 100,000 mein lagbhag 11 mamalon kii darr abb taka key apane uchchatam bindu parr pahunch gaee. 1989 seey 2005 taka, thyroid cancer key 4,000 seey adhik bachche aur kishore mamle dekhe gaye. inmein seey nau kii mrityu 2005 taka hui thee, 99 pratishat uttarjeevita darr.
nikasi parr prabhaav.
poorv soviyat sangh mein, chernobyl aapada key baad nagany radiodharmi sampark vaale kaee rogiyon ney vikiran sampark key baare mein atyadhik chinta pradarshit kii. unhone ghaatak sharaab mein vriddhi key saath-saath radiophobia sahit kaee manodaihik samasyaon koo vikasit kiya. jaisa kii japani swaasthya aur vikiran visheshagya shunichi yamashita ney nott kiyaah
aaee. aaee. tii. ee. tii. sthaaniya sarkaar dwara kiye gaye ack sarvekshan ney nikasi kshetra key bheetar lagbhag 1,743 logon seey pratikriya praapt kii. sarvekshan seey pataa chalaa kii kaee nivasi badhati hatasha, asthirta aur apane pahale key jeevan mein lautane mein asamarthata kaa anubhav curr rahey hain. saath pratishat uttardaataon ney kahaa kii nikasi key baad unakaa swaasthya aur unake parivaaron kaa swaasthya bigad gayaa thaa, jabaki 39.9% ney aapada seey pahale kii tulanaa mein adhik chidchida mahsoos karane kii soochana dee.
visthapiton kii vartamaan parivarik sthiti seey sambandhit sabhi prashnon key uttaron koo sankshep mein prastut karate hue, sarvekshan kiye gaye sabhi parivaaron mein seey ack tihai apane bachchon seey alag rahate hain, jabaki 50.1% parivaar key anya sadasyon (bujurg maataa-pitaa sahit) seey door rahate hain jinake saath way aapada seey pahale rahate they. sarvekshan seey yeh bhee pataa chalaa haye kii paramanu aapada key prakop key baad seey visthaapit logon key vetan mein 50 pratishat yaa usase adhik kii katauti hui haye. kull 36.8% ney neend kii kamee kii soochana dee, jabaki 17.9% ney dhumrapan karane yaa peene kii soochana dee joe kii unhein baahar nikaalane seey pahale kii tulanaa mein adhik thee.
tanaav aksar shaaririk beemariyon mein prakat hotaa haye, jisamen kharaab aahar vikalp, vyayam kii kamee aur neend kii kamee jaise vyavhaar parivartan shamil hain. bache hue logon, jinamen kuchh ghar, gaanv aur parivaar key sadasya bhee shamil they, koo mansik swaasthya aur shaaririk chunautiyon kaa saamana karna parh sakata thaa. adhikansh tanaav jaankaari kii kamee aur sthanantaran seey aaya.
pubmed, cycinfo aur ambase dwara anukramit 48 lekhon key 2014 key ack materiview mein, miyagi, ivate, ibaraki, tochigi aur tokyo key nivaasiyon key beach kaee manobhautikiya parinamon parr prakaash daala gayaa. parinami parinamon mein avasaad key lakshan, chinta, neend mein gadbadi, samajik karyapranali, samajik algaav, pravesh darr, aatmahatya darr aur mastishk sanrachana mein parivartan, khaadya suraksha parr prabhaav daalane vaale vikiran, maatri chinta aur maatri aatmavishvaas mein kamee shamil thee.
2017 key jokhim vishleshan mein, jeevan key sambhaavit maheenon key metrick parr bharosa karate hue, yeh nirdhaarit kiya gayaa kii chernobyl key vipareet, "fukushima key baad sthanantarit 160,000 logon key liye sthanantaran anuchit thaa", jaba fukushima key aspas vikiran key sampark mein aaney seey sambhaavit bhavishya kii mautein bahut cumm hoteen, aggar aashray protocol key vikalp koo tainaat kiya jaataa.
janwari 2015 mein, fukushima nikasi kii sankhya lagbhag 119,000 thee, jabaki juuna 2012 mein yeh sankhya lagbhag 164,000 thee.
duniya bhar mein media coverage koo "duss saal kii galat soochana" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen media aur paryaavaran sangathan niyamit roop seey bhookamp aur sunami key hatahaton koo paramanu ghatana key hatahaton key saath jodate hain. iss ghatana ney media coverage parr apana varchasva jamaaya, jabaki praakritik aapadaon key peediton koo "nazarandaj" curr diyaa gayaa, aur kaee media reports mein sunami key hajaaron peediton kaa galat varnan kiya gayaa jaise kii way "paramanu aapada" key peedit they.
radiodharmita release hoti haye.
juuna 2011 mein, tepco ney kahaa kii paryaapt varsha key kaaran parisar mein dooshit paani kii matra mein vriddhi hui thee. 13 farwari 2014 koo, tepco ney caesium-134 key 37 key. bee. kyu. (1 microcury) aur caesium-137 key 93 key. bee. kyu. (2.5 microcury) kaa pataa lagaaya, joe prati leater bhujal key namoone key roop mein ack nigrani kuein seey liye gaye they. 2017 mein reactors seey 4 kimmy door ekatra kiye gaye dhool key kanon mein caesium mein ghire pighale hue core namoonon key sookshm gaanth shamil they. hathiyaron key pareekshan key parinamswarup samudra key caesium mein dashakon kii ghaatiya girawat key baad, japan key samudra mein caesium key radiodharmi samasthaanik durghatana key baad 1.5 aim. bee. kyu./ell seey badhkar lagbhag 2.5 aim. bee. kyu./ell hoe gaye aur 2018 taka abhee bhee badh rahey hain, jabaki japan key purvi tata seey door way ghata rahey hain.
beema.
punarbimakarta munich ray key anusaar, niji beema udyog aapada seey kaafee prabhaavit naheen hoga. isi tarah swiss ney kahaa, "japan mein paramanu suvidhaon key liye coverage bhookamp key sadame, bhookamp aur sunami key baad aag, bhautik kshati aur daayitva donon key liye baahar haye. swiss ree kaa maanana haye kii fukushima paramanu oorjaa sanyantra kii ghatana key parinamswarup sampatti aur durghatana beema udyog key liye mahatvapurna pratyaksh nuksan kii sambhavana naheen haye."
kshatipurti aur sarkari kharch.
japani kardaataon kii laagat kaa praarambhik anuman 12 trillion yenn ($100 billion) seey adhik thaa. disambar 2016 mein sarkaar ney 21.5 trillion yenn (187 arab dollar) kii kitanushodhan, kshatipurti, sevavsan aur radiodharmi apashisht bhandaran laagat kaa anuman lagaaya, joe 2013 key anuman seey lagbhag doguna haye. 2021 taka 12.1 trillion yenn pahale hii kharch kiye jaa chuke they, jisamen muaavaje parr 7 trillion yenn, kitanushodhan parr 3 trillion yenn aur sevamukt karane aur bhandaran parr 2 trillion yenn kharch kiye jaa chuke they. chintaon key bavjood, sarkaar koo ummeed thee kii kull laagat bajat key tahat rahegi.
tepco dwara bhugtan kii jaane vaali muaavaje kii raashi 7 trillion yenn taka pahunchane kii ummeed haye.
march 2017 mein, ack japani adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii japani sarkaar kii laparwahi ney roktham key upaay karane key liye tepco koo majboor karane key liye apani niyaamak shaktiyon kaa upayog karane mein whiffle rahane seey fukushima aapada kaa kaaran banaa. tokyo key paas mebashi jilaa adalat ney durghatana key baad apane gharon seey bhaagne key liye majboor hue 137 logon koo () seey sammaanit kiya. 30 sitambar 2020 koo, sendai uchch nyayalaya ney faisala sunaaya kii japani sarkaar aur tepco aapada key liye jimmedaar hain, unhein nivaasiyon koo unaki khoi hui aajeevika key liye $9.5 laakh kaa nuksan kaa bhugtan karane kaa adesh diyaa. march 2022 mein, japan kii sarvocch adalat ney tepco kii ack appeal koo khariz curr diyaa aur lagbhag 3,700 logon koo 1.4 billion yenn ($12 million) kaa harjana dene key adesh koo barkarar rakhaa, jinake jeevan koo aapada seey nuksan pahuncha thaa. isake nirnay mein upayogita key khilaf daayar 30 seey adhik key beach teen varg-kaarravaai mukdamon koo shamil kiya gayaa.
17 juuna 2022 koo, sarvocch nyayalaya ney aapada seey prabhaavit 3,700 seey adhik logon koo sambhaavit muaavaje key sambandh mein kissy bhee galat kaam key liye sarkaar koo burry curr diyaa.
13 julaai 2022 koo, chaar poorv tepco adhikaariyon koo tepco sharedharakon dwara laae gaye nagrik mamle mein, fukushima daaee-ichi paramanu oorjaa sanyantra key sanchaalak koo 13 trillion yenn ($95 billion) key harjaane kaa bhugtan karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa.
oorjaa neeti key nihitarth.
march 2012 taka, aapada key ack saal baad, japan key dou paramanu reactors koo chhodkar sabhi koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa; bhookamp aur sunami seey kuchh kshatigrast hoe gaye they. poore varsh nirdhaarit rakharkhaav key baad anya koo phir seey shuru karane kaa adhikaar sthaaniya sarkaaron koo diyaa gayaa thaa, jinhone sabhi koo unhein phir seey kholane key khilaf faisala kiya. dha japan times" key anusaar, aapada ney lagbhag ratonrat oorjaa neeti parr rashtriya bahas koo badal diyaa. "paramanu oorjaa key baare mein sarkaar key lambe samay seey chaley aaa rahey suraksha mithak koo todkar, sankat ney naatakiya roop seey oorjaa upayog key baare mein saarvajanik jagrukta koo badhaaya aur majboot paramanu virodhi bhavna koo janm diyaa. octuber 2011 mein japani mantrimandal dwara anumodit ack oorjaa shwet patra mein kahaa gayaa haye kii aapada seey "paramanu oorjaa kii suraksha mein janata kaa vishvaas bahut kshatigrast hoe gayaa thaa" aur paramanu oorjaa parr rashtra kii nirbharta mein kamee kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa. isane paramanu oorjaa vistaar parr ack khand koo bhee hataa diyaa joe pichhale varsh kii neeti sameeksha mein thaa.
bhookamp key kendra key sabse karib paramanu sanyantra, ongawa paramanu oorjaa sanyantra, ney safaltapurvak tabahi kaa saamana kiya. reuters ney kahaa kii yeh paramanu lobby key liye ack "trump card" key roop mein kaam curr sakata haye, joe iss baat kaa saboot pradaan kartaa haye kii iss tarah key vinash kaa saamana karane key liye ack sahee dhang seey design aur sanchaalit paramanu suvidha key liye yeh sambhav haye.
desh kii utpaadan kshamata key 30 pratishat key nuksan key kaaran taral praakritik gais aur koyale parr bahut adhik nirbharta hui. asamanya sanrakshan upaay kiye gaye. isake turant baad, tepco dwara seva pradaan kiye gaye nau praanton ney bijli raashan kaa anubhav kiya. sarkaar ney pramukh companiyon seey bijli kii khapat koo 15 pratishat taka cumm karane key liye kahaa, aur kuchh ney bijli kii maang koo sucharu banaane key liye apane saptahant koo saptah key dinon mein sthanantarit curr diyaa. paramanu mukt gais aur tail oorjaa arthavyavastha mein parivartit karane parr vaarshik shulk mein arabon dollar kaa kharch aayega. ack anuman yeh haye kii aapada sahit, 2011 mein jeevan key adhik varsh nasht hoe jaate yadi japan ney paramanu key bajaay koyale yaa gais sanyantron kaa upayog kiya hotaa.
kaee raajneetik kaaryakartaon ney japan mein paramanu shakti koo charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt karane kaa ahwan kiya haye, jisamen amori lavin bhee shamil hain, jinhone daavaa kiya haye kii "japan eendhan mein garib haye, lekin akshay" oorjaa "mein sabhi pramukh audyogik deshon mein sabse ameer haye joe vartamaan yojanaon kii tulanaa mein cumm laagat aur jokhim parr ack oorjaa-kushal japan kii poori deerghakaalik oorjaa jarooraton koo puuraa curr sakata haye. japani udyog ise kissy kii tulanaa mein teji seey curr sakata haye-"yadi" japani neeti nirmaata ise sweekaar karate hain aur isaki anumati dete hain.  benjamin key. sovakul ney jore dekar kahaa kii japan isake bajaay apane akshay oorjaa aadhar kaa dohan curr sakata thaa. japan mein tatvarti aur apatatiya pawan turbine (222 gigawatt), bhoo-taapiya bijli sanyantra (70 gigawatt), atirikt panbijali kshamata (26.5 gigawatt), saur oorjaa (4.8 gigawatt) aur krishi avashesh (1.1 gigawatt) key roop mein kull 324 gigawatt kii praapt karane yogya kshamata haye."desertech foundation ney iss kshetra mein kendrit saur oorjaa key upayog kii sambhavana kaa pataa lagaaya.
isake vipareet, anya logon ney kahaa haye kii fukushima ghatana seey shoonya mrityu darr unaki raay kii pushti karati haye kii jeevaashm eendhan koo badalane key liye paramanu vikhandan ekmatra vyavharya vikalp haye. patrakaar george monbeoat ney likhaa, "fukushima ney mujhe chinta karna aur paramanu shakti seey pyaar karna kyon bund curr diyaa."isamen unhone kahaa," fukushima mein aapada key parinamswarup, main abb paramanu-tatasth naheen huun. abb main praudyogiki kaa samarthan kartaa huun."unhone aage kahaa," aparyaapt suraksha suvidhaon vaalaa ack kharaab purana paudha ack rakshas bhookamp aur ack vishal sunami seey prabhaavit huaa thaa. bijli kii aapoorti whiffle hoe gaee, jisase sheetlan pranali bund hoe gaee. reactors mein visfot honey lagaa aur way pighalane lagey. aapada ney kharaab design aur koney-kaatane kii ack parichit viraasat koo ujagar kiya. phir bhee, jahan taka humm jaanate hain, kissy koo bhee abhee taka vikiran kii ghaatak khuraak naheen millie haye."monbeoat key prati pratikriyaon ney unaki" galat ganana "koo nott kiya kii [paramanu sanchaalit bijli] kii aavashyakta haye, kii yeh aarthik roop seey kaam curr sakati haye, aur yeh kii yeh apane bhayaanak apashisht, sevamukt aur prasaar-suraksha key nuksan koo hull curr sakati haye... [maanav key saath] suraksha, swaasthya aur vaastav mein maanav manovigyaan key mudde."
sitambar 2011 mein, michael snider ney kahaa kii aapada koo oorjaa neeti parr "ise sahee karane key liye" ack advitiya avsar key roop mein samajha jaa sakata haye. "germany-ack akshay oorjaa karyakram parr adharit apane paramanu charan-samaapti nirnay key saath-aur japan-ack dardanaak sadame kaa saamana karna padaa haye lekin advitiya takniki kshamataon aur samajik anushasana key saath-vaastav mein ack sthaayi, cumm carbon aur paramanu-mukt oorjaa neeti kii or ack pramanik pratimaan badalaav mein sabse aage hoe sakata haye."
doosari or, jalavaayu aur oorjaa key vaigyaanikon james hanson, caine caldera, kerrie emmanuel aur tomm wigley ney ack khula patra jaari kiya jisamen vishva netaaon seey surakshit paramanu oorjaa pranaliyon key vikas kaa samarthan karane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii jalavaayu sthirikaran kaa koee vishvasaniya maarg naheen haye jisamen paramanu oorjaa key liye ack mahatvapurna bhoomika shamil naheen haye."disambar 2014 mein, australia key paramanu samarthak adhivakta bairi brook kii website parr 75 jalavaayu aur oorjaa vaigyaanikon key ack khule patra mein kahaa gayaa thaa kii" "paramanu shakti kaa vanyajeevon aur paaristhitiki tantra parr sabse cumm prabhaav padata haye-joe hamein duniya kii jaiv vividhata kii vikat sthiti koo dekhate hue chaahiye."paramanu oorjaa key liye brook kii vakaalat koo paramanu udyogon key virodhiyon dwara chunauti dee gaee haye, jisamen paryavaranvid zim green off dha arth shamil hain. brook ney australiyai harit raajneetik dall (sa shakha) aur australiyai yuva jalavaayu gathbandhan koo "dukhad" aur "teji seey aprasangik" bataaya haye, jaba unhone paramanu audyogik vikas key liye apana virodh vyakt kiya thaa.
japan ney fukushima tata seey door chhah 2 megawatt turbines key saath ack pilot apatatiya tairate pawan farm kaa nirmaan karane kii yojana banaai. pahala navambar 2013 mein chaalu huaa. 2016 mein mulyankan charan puuraa honey key baad, "japan kii yojana 2020 taka fukushima seey 80 tairate hue pawan turbine banaane kii haye." 2012 mein, pradhaan mantri kaana ney kahaa kii aapada ney unhein spasht curr diyaa kii "japan koo paramanu oorjaa parr apani nirbharta koo naatakiya roop seey cumm karane kii aavashyakta haye, joe sankat seey pahale apani bijli kaa 30 pratishat aapoorti kartaa haye, aur usey akshay oorjaa mein vishvaas karane vaale mein badal diyaa haye. japan mein saur panels kii bikri 2011 mein badhkar 1,296 megawatt hoe gaee, jise akshay oorjaa koo badhaava dene key liye ack sarkari yojana dwara sahaayata millie. kanada key saur koo japan mein 150 megawatt kii kshamata key saath ack karkhane key nirmaan kii apani yojanaon key liye vittaposhan praapt huaa, jiska utpaadan 2014 mein shuru honey vaalaa thaa.
sitambar 2012 taka, "loss angils times" ney bataaya kii "pradhaan mantri yoshihiko noda ney sweekaar kiya kii japan key adhikansh loga paramanu oorjaa parr shoonya vikalp kaa samarthan karate hain", aur pradhaan mantri noda aur japani sarkaar ney 2030 taka desh koo paramanu mukt banaane kii yojana kii ghoshana kii. unhone paramanu oorjaa sanyantron key nirmaan koo samaapt karane aur maujooda paramanu sanyantron parr 40 saal kii seema kii ghoshana kii. paramanu sanyantra koo nae swatantra niyaamak pradhikaran key suraksha manakon koo puuraa karna chaahiye.
16 disambar 2012 koo japan ney apana aam chunaav aayojit kiya. liberal democratic party (ell. dee. pee.) kii spasht jeet hui, jisamen shinzo aabe nae pradhaanmantri baney. aeye. bee. ee. ney paramanu oorjaa kaa samarthan karate hue kahaa kii sanyantron koo bund karane seey desh koo prati varsh 4 trillion yenn kii adhik laagat mein kharch karna parh rhaa thaa. yeh tippani junichiro koizumi key baad aaee, jinhone pradhaanmantri key roop mein unake uttaradhikari key roop mein abey koo chunaa, ney sarkaar seey paramanu shakti kaa upayog karane key khilaf rukh apanaane kaa aagrah karane key liye haal hii mein ack bayaan diyaa. janwari 2013 mein yomiyuri shimbun akhbar dwara sthaaniya mahapouron parr kiye gaye ack sarvekshan mein paaya gayaa kii paramanu sanyantron kii mejbani karane vaale shaharon seey unamen seey adhikansh reactors koo phir seey shuru karane key liye sahmat honge, basharte kii sarkaar unaki suraksha kii guaranti dey sakey. tokyo mein 2 juuna 2013 koo 30,000 seey adhik logon ney paramanu oorjaa sanyantron koo phir seey shuru karane key khilaf march kiya. march karane vaalon ney paramanu shakti kaa virodh karane vaali 80 laakh seey adhik yachikaon parr hastakshar kiye they.
octuber 2013 mein, yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii tepco aur aathh anya japani bijli companiyan durghatana seey pahale, 2010 kii tulanaa mein sanyukt aayatit jeevaashm eendhan laagat mein lagbhag 3.6 trillion yenn (37 billion dollar) adhik bhugtan curr rahee theen, taaki laapata bijli kii bharpai kii jaa sakey.
2016 seey 2018 taka desh ney cumm seey cumm aathh nae koyla bijli sanyantra lagaae. agale dashak mein atirikt 36 koyla stations kii yojana kissy bhee vikasit desh mein sabse badey niyojit koyla bijli vistaar hain. naee rashtriya oorjaa yojana jisamen 2030 mein japan kii bijli kaa 26 pratishat koyla hoga, koyale key hisse koo 10 pratishat taka cumm karane key pichhale lakshya koo chhod detee haye. koyale key punruddhar koo vayu pradooshan key liye khatarnak prabhaav key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye aur 2050 taka greenhouse gasses mein 80 pratishat kii katauti karane key apane sankalpon koo puuraa karane kii japan kii kshamata key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.
upkaran, suvidha aur parichaalan parivartan.
iss ghatana seey kaee paramanu reactor suraksha pranali sabak saamane aae. sabse spasht baat yeh thee kii sunami-pravan kshetron mein, ack bijli station kii samudri deewaar paryaapt roop seey lambi aur majboot honey chaahiye. 11 march key bhookamp aur sunami key kendra key karib, ongawa paramanu oorjaa sanyantra mein, samudra kii deewaar lambi thee aur sunami kaa safaltapurvak saamana curr rahee thee, jisase gambhir kshati aur radiodharmita release koo rokaa jaa sakaa.
duniya bhar key paramanu oorjaa station operators ney nishkriya swachaalit hydrogen punarsanyojak ("pars") sthaapit karna shuru curr diyaa, jinhen sanchaalit karane key liye bijli kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye. pars ack kaar key nikas parr utprerak convertor kii tarah kaam karate hain taaki hydrogen jaisi sambhaavit visfotak gasses koo paani mein badal diyaa jaa sakey. yadi aise upkaranon koo fukushima aaee reactor imaraton key sheersh parr rakhaa jaataa, jahaan hydrogen gais ekatra hoti, tou visfot naheen hotey aur radiodharmi isotope kii rihaai yakinan bahut cumm hoti.
niyantran bhawan vent lines parr aprachalit filtering system, jinhen filter kiye gaye containment ventoring system (aff. see. vee. aiss.) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, radiodharmi samagri koo surakshit roop seey pakad sakate hain aur iss tarah reactor core depressurisation kii anumati dey sakate hain, jisamen nyuntam radiodharmita utsarjan key saath bhaap aur hydrogen ventoring hoti haye. baahari jall tunky pranali kaa upayog karke nispandan europeeya deshon mein sabse aam sthaapit pranali haye, jisamen jall tunky koo niyantran bhawan key baahar rakhaa gayaa haye. octuber 2013 mein, kashiwazaki-kariva paramanu oorjaa kendra key maalikon ney geele filter aur anya suraksha pranaliyon koo sthaapit karna shuru kiya, joe 2014 mein puuraa honey kaa anuman thaa.
baadh yaa sunami pravan kshetron mein sthit peedhi II reactors key liye, back-upp baitariyon kii 3 + dinn kii aapoorti ack anaupchaarik udyog maanak bunn gaee haye. ack anya badalaav paani-tanga, visfot-pratirodhi darvaajon aur garmi key doobane vaale kamaron key saath back-upp deejal generator kamaron key sthaan koo kathor karna haye, joe paramanu pandubbiyon dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale samaan haye. duniya kaa sabse purana sanchaalit paramanu oorjaa kendra, bezanaau, joe 1969 seey kaam curr rhaa haye, mein bhookamp yaa gambhir baadh kii sthiti mein 72 ghanton key liye swatantra roop seey apani sabhi pranaliyon kaa samarthan karane key liye design kii gaee ack 'gair-sthaayi' kathor imarat haye. yeh pranali fukushima daichi seey pahale banaai gaee thee.
ack station blackout parr, fukushima kii back-upp battery aapoorti samaapt honey key baad hue ack key samaan, kaee nirmit peedhi III reactor nishkriya paramanu suraksha key siddhant koo apanaate hain. way pampon key upayog key binaa, kshay garmi koo sambhaalane key liye thandaa paani kii paryaapt aapoorti sunishchit karane key liye samvahan (germ paani badhane kii pravritti rakhta haye) aur gurutvaakarshan (paani girane kii pravritti rakhta haye) kaa laabh uthaate hain.
jaise hii sankat saamane aaya, japani sarkaar ney yuu. aiss. dwara vikasit roboton key liye ack anurodh bheja.aiss. sainya. robot paudhon mein gaye aur sthiti kaa aaklan karane mein madad karane key liye tasveeren leen, lekin way aamtaur parr maanav shramikon dwara kiye gaye karyon kii poori shrinkhala koo naheen curr sakey. fukushima aapada ney sachitra kiya kii roboton mein mahatvapurna karyon koo karane key liye paryaapt nipunata aur majbooti kii kamee thee. iss kamee key jawab mein, maanviya robot key vikas mein teji laane key liye darpa dwara pratiyogitaon kii ack shrinkhala kii mejbani kii gaee thee joe raahat prayason koo poorak banaa sakati thee.
antatah vishesh roop seey design kiye gaye roboton kii ack vistrit vividhata koo niyojit kiya gayaa (jisase kshetra mein robotics mein teji aaee), lekin 2016 kii shuruat mein unamen seey teen radiodharmita kii teevrata key kaaran turant gair-karyatmak hoe gaye they; ack dinn key bheetar ack nasht hoe gayaa thaa.
pratikriyaaen.
japan.
japani adhikaariyon ney baad mein shithil manakon aur kharaab nireekshan koo sweekaar kiya. unhone apatkal seey nipatane key liye aag lagaa dee aur nuksandeh jaankaari koo rokane aur incar karane key ack pattern mein lagey rahey. adhikaari kathit taur parr "bhoomi-durlabh japan mein mahange aur vighatankari nikasi key aakar koo seemit karna chaahte they aur raajneetik roop seey shaktishali paramanu udyog seey saarvajanik poochtaachh seey bachana chaahte they. janata kaa gussa iss baat parr ubhara kii kaee logon ney "durghatana key dayare aur sambhaavit swaasthya jokhimon koo cumm karane key liye ack aadhikarik abhiyaan" key roop mein dekhaa. japan key mukhyadhara key media ney bhee durghatana key baare mein sarkaar key kamtar ravaiye kaa bariki seey paalan karane key liye vyaapak saarvajanik avishvaas jeetaa, vishesh roop seey durghatana key pahale hafton aur maheenon mein.
kaee mamalon mein, japan mein kaee logon dwara, vishesh roop seey joe iss kshetra mein reh rahey they, japani sarkaar kii pratikriya koo paryaapt seey cumm maanaa gayaa thaa. kitanushodhan upkaran upalabdh karaane mein dheema thaa aur phir upayog karane mein dheema thaa. juuna 2011 key anta taka, barish bhee purvi japan mein bhaya aur anishchitata kaa kaaran bunny rahee kyonki isaki radiodharmita akash seey prithvi parr vaapas jaane kii sambhavana thee.
aashankaon koo door karane key liye, sarkaar ney sou seey adhik kshetron koo kitanurahit karane kaa adesh diyaa, jahaan prati varsh ack millisivert seey adhik atirikt vikiran kaa star thaa. yeh swaasthya kii raksha key liye aavashyak seema seey bahut cumm haye. sarkaar ney vikiran key prabhaavon parr shiksha kii kamee aur ausat vyakti key saamane aaney kii seema koo bhee door karane kii maang kii.
isase pahale adhik reactors key nirmaan key prastaavak, pradhaan mantri naoto kaana ney aapada key baad teji seey paramanu virodhi rukh apanaaya. maee 2011 mein, unhone bhookamp aur sunami kii chintaon koo dekhate hue puraane hoe rahey hamaoka paramanu oorjaa sanyantra koo bund karane kaa adesh diyaa, aur kahaa kii vaha nirmaan yojanaon koo roque denge. julaai 2011 mein, kaana ney kahaa, "japan koo paramanu oorjaa parr apani nirbharta koo cumm karna chaahiye aur antatah samaapt karna chaahiye. octuber 2013 mein, unhone kahaa kii yadi eendhan talabon mein pighalane key sabse kharaab paridrishya seey bachaa gayaa hotaa, tou ack dayare key bheetar 5 karod logon koo baahar nikaalana padata.
22 agast 2011 koo, ack sarkari pravakta ney iss sambhavana kaa ullekh kiya kii sanyantra key aspas key kuchh kshetra "kuchh dashakon taka ack nishiddh kshetra mein reh sakate hain. yomiyuri shimbun key anusaar japani sarkaar durghatanaon key baad radiodharmi hoe gaye kachare aur samagriyon koo sangraheet karane key liye nagrikon seey kuchh sampattiyan khareedane kii yojana banaa rahee thee. japan key videsh mantri chiaki takahashi ney videshi media reports kii atyadhik honey key roop mein aalochana kii. unhone kahaa kii way "paramanu sanyantra mein haal key ghatnakramon parr videshi deshon kii chintaon koo samajh sakate hain, jisamen samudri jall key radiodharmi sandushan bhee shamil haye.
safecast" naamak ack nagrik samooh ney japan mein vikiran star key vistrit detta koo darj kiya, joe tepco aur japani sarkaar key saath hatasha key kaaran "mahatvapurna swaasthya muddon parr alag, bhramit aur kabhi-kabhi virodhabhasi jaankaari pradaan kartaa haye".
japani sarkaar ney tokyo olympic key baad radiodharmi paani koo prashant mein pump karane kaa faisala kiya.
antarrashtriya.
aapada key prati antarrashtriya pratikriya vividh aur vyaapak thee. kaee antar-sarkari agencies ney turant madad kii peshkash kii, aksar ack tadarth aadhar parr. uttardaataon mein aaee. aeye. ee. aeye., vishva mausam vigyaan sangathan aur vyaapak paramanu pareekshan pratibandh sandhi sangathan key liye praarambhik aayog shamil they.
maee 2011 mein, yuu. key. key paramanu pratishthanon key mukhya nireekshak mike wetman ney ack antarrashtriya paramanu oorjaa agency (aaee. aeye. ee. aeye.) visheshagya mission key netritva key roop mein japan kii yatra kii. iss mission kaa mukhya nishkarsh, jaisa kii usa maheene aaee. aeye. aeye. mantri sammelan mein bataaya gayaa thaa, yeh thaa kii japan mein kaee sthalon mein sunami seey judey jokhimon koo cumm karke aanka gayaa thaa.
sitambar 2011 mein, aaee. aeye. ee. aeye. key mahanideshak yukia amano ney kahaa kii japani paramanu aapada ney "duniya bhar mein gahari saarvajanik chinta paida kii aur paramanu shakti mein vishvaas koo nuksan pahunchaaya. aapada key baad, "arthashastri" mein yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii aaee. aeye. aeye. ney 2035 taka atirikt paramanu utpaadan kshamata key nirmaan key apane anuman koo aadhaa curr diyaa thaa.
isake baad, germany ney apane paramanu oorjaa reactors koo bund karane kii yojanaon koo tej kiya aur 2022 taka baaki koo charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt karane kaa faisala kiya (germany mein paramanu shakti bhee dekhein). belgium aur switzerland ney bhee apani paramanu neetiyon koo sabhi paramanu oorjaa sanchaalan koo charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt karane key liye badal diyaa haye. itali ney ack rashtriya janmat sangrah aayojit kiya, jisamen 94 pratishat ney nae paramanu oorjaa sanyantron key nirmaan kii sarkaar kii yojana key khilaf matdan kiya. france mein, rashtrapati hollande ney sarkaar key paramanu upayog koo ack tihai taka cumm karane key iraade kii ghoshana kii. haalaanki, sarkaar ney bund karane key liye kewal ack bijli kendra nirdhaarit kiya-german seema parr purana facenheim paramanu oorjaa sanyantra-jisane kuchh logon koo hollande key vaade key liye sarkaar kii pratibaddhata parr sawal uthaane key liye prerit kiya. udyog mantri arnaud monteberg ney kahaa haye kii facenheim ekmatra paramanu oorjaa kendra hoga joe bund hoga. disambar 2014 mein chean kii yatra parr unhone apane darshakon koo aashvast kiya kii paramanu oorjaa bhavishya kaa ack kshetra haye aur france key bijli utpaadan mein "cumm seey cumm 50 pratishat" kaa yogdan karna jaari rakhegi. hollande kii samajwadi party key ack anya sadasya, aim. pee. christian battel ney kahaa kii hollande ney sansad mein apane harit gathbandhan bhagidaron key samarthan koo surakshit karane key liye paramanu ankush kii ghoshana kii.
chean ney apane paramanu vikas karyakram koo kuchh samay key liye nilambit curr diyaa, lekin isake turant baad ise phir seey shuru curr diyaa. praarambhik yojana 2020 taka bijli key paramanu yogdan koo 2 seey 4 pratishat taka badhaane kii thee, jisake baad ack badhate karyakram key saath. akshay oorjaa chean kii bijli kaa 17 pratishat aapoorti karati haye, jiska 16 pratishat panbijali haye. chean ney 2020 taka apane paramanu oorjaa utpaadan koo teen gunaa karane kii yojana banaai haye, aur 2020 aur 2030 key beach ise phir seey teen gunaa karane kii yojana banaai haye.
kuchh deshon mein naee paramanu pariyojanaaen chala rahee theen. key. pee. aim. jee. ney 2030 taka puuraa karane key liye 653 naee paramanu suvidhaon kii yojana yaa prastaav kii report kii haye. 2050 taka, chean koo ummeed haye kii paramanu kshamata kii 400-500 gigawatt hogi-joe abb kii tulanaa mein 100 gunaa adhik haye. kuchh saarvajanik apattiyon key bavjood united kingdam kii roodhivaadi sarkaar ack badey paramanu vistaar kii yojana banaa rahee haye. roose bhee aisaa hii haye. bhaarat bhee ack badey paramanu karyakram key saath aage badh rhaa haye, jaisa kii dakshin koria haye. bhaarat key uparaashtrapati aim. hamid ansari ney 2012 mein kahaa thaa kii bhaarat kii oorjaa aapoorti key vistaar key liye "paramanu oorjaa ekmatra vikalp haye", aur pradhaanmantri modi ney 2014 mein ghoshana kii thee kii bhaarat roose key sahyog seey 10 aur paramanu reactor banaane kaa irada rakhta haye.
aapada key maddenajar, senate viniyog samiti ney sanyukt raajya oorjaa vibhaag seey "reactor mein durghatanaon yaa kharch kiye gaye eendhan pool kii sthiti mein suraksha mein sudhaar key liye halke paani key reactors key liye unnat eendhan aur aavaran vikasit karane koo prathamikta dene kaa anurodh kiya. iss sankshipt vivaran ney durghatana sahishnu eendhan key chala rahey shodh aur vikas koo janm diyaa haye, joe vishesh roop seey ack vistaarit avadhi key liye sheetlan key nuksan kaa saamana karane, viphalata key liye samay badhaane aur eendhan dakshata mein vriddhi karane key liye design kiye gaye hain. yeh maanak eendhan chharron mein vishesh roop seey design kiye gaye yojakon koo shamil karke aur jung koo cumm karane, ghisane koo cumm karane aur durghatana kii sthiti key dauran hydrogen utpaadan koo cumm karane key liye eendhan aavaran koo badalane yaa badalane seey puuraa kiya jaataa haye. jabaki shodh abhee bhee jaari haye, 4 march 2018 koo advin aaee. baxley, georgia key paas hatch paramanu oorjaa sanyantra ney pareekshan key liye "ironclad" aur "kavach" (kramshah phee-cr-all aur lepit jdr cladding) lagu kiya haye.
jaanch.
fukushima aapada kii teen jaanchon mein aapada kii maanav nirmit prakriti aur isaki jadein bhrashtachar, milibhugat aur bhaai-bhatijawad key network seey judey niyaamak kabja mein dikhaai deen."newyork times kii ack report mein paaya gayaa kii japani paramanu niyaamak pranali ney lagaatar amakudari ('swarg seey vansh') kii avadharana key aadhar parr paramanu udyog kaa paksh liya aur badhaava diyaa, jisamen varishth niyamakon ney una companiyon mein uchch bhugtan vaali naukariyon koo sweekaar kiya jinka way ack baar nireekshan karate they.
agast 2011 mein, kaee sheersh oorjaa adhikaariyon koo japani sarkaar dwara nikaal diyaa gayaa thaa; prabhaavit padon mein arthavyavastha, vyaapaar aur udyog key liye upa-mantri; paramanu aur audyogik suraksha agency key pramukh, aur praakritik sansadhanon aur oorjaa key liye agency key pramukh shamil they.
2016 mein teen poorv tepco adhikaariyon, adhyaksh sunehisa katsumata aur dou upadhyakshon koo laparwahi key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa, jisake parinamswarup mrityu aur chot luggy thee. juuna 2017 mein pahali sunavaai hui, jisamen teenon ney peshevar laparwahi key liye doshi naheen honey kaa anurodh kiya, jisake parinamswarup mrityu aur chot luggy. sitambar 2019 mein adalat ney teenon purushon koo doshi naheen paaya.
nike.
fukushima paramanu durghatana swatantra jaanch aayog (nike) japan kii samvaidhaanik sarkaar key 66 saal key itihas mein rashtriya aahar dwara pahala swatantra jaanch aayog thaa.
nike panel key adhyaksh, tokyo vishvavidyalaya key maanad professor kiyoshi kurokawa ney jaanch report mein likhaa, "fukushima koo ack praakritik aapada key roop mein naheen maanaa jaa sakata haye. "yeh ack gahari maanav nirmit aapada thee-jiska purvanuman lagaaya jaa sakata thaa aur ise rokaa jaanaa chaahiye thaa. aur isake prabhaavon koo adhik prabhaavi maanav pratikriya seey cumm kiya jaa sakata thaa."aayog ney kahaa, "sarkaaron, niyaamak pradhikaranon aur tokyo vidyut shakti (tepco) mein logon key jeevan aur samaaj kii raksha key liye jimmedaari kii bhavna kaa abhaav thaa. "unhone paramanu durghatanaon seey surakshit rahane key rashtra key adhikaar koo prabhaavi dhang seey dhokha diyaa. unhone kahaa kii aapada "japan mein hui thee", kyonki yeh kuchh saanskritik lakshnon kii abhivyakti thee, yeh kahate hueh "isake maulik kaaran japani sanskriti key antarnihit sammelanon mein paae jaate hainh hamari pratibimbeet aagyakarita; adhikaar parr sawal uthaane key liye hamari anichha; 'karyakram key saath chipke rahane' key liye hamari bhakti; hamara samoohavaad; aur hamari avaastaviktaa."
aayog ney maanaa kii prabhaavit nivasi abhee bhee sangharsh curr rahey they aur gambhir chintaon kaa saamana curr rahey they, jisamen "vikiran key sampark key swaasthya prabhaav, visthaapan, parivaaron kaa vighatan, unake jeevan aur jeevan shally mein vyavadhaan aur paryaavaran key vishal kshetron kaa sandushan" shamil haye.
jaanch samiti.
fukushima paramanu oorjaa stations (iconps) mein durghatana parr jaanch samiti kaa uddeshya aapada key karanon kii pehchaan karna aur nuksan koo cumm karane aur isi tarah kii ghatnaaon kii punaravritti koo rokane key liye banaai gaee neetiyon kaa prastaav karna thaa. sarkaar dwara niyukt panel key 10 sadasyon mein vidwan, patrakaar, vakeel aur engineer shamil they. ise lock abhiyojakon aur sarkari visheshagyon dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa aur 23 julaai 2012 koo apani antim 448-prishth kii jaanch report jaari kii gaee thee.
panel kii report ney paramanu sankat prabandhan key liye ack aparyaapt kanuni pranali, sarkaar aur tepco key kaaran ack sankat-adesh avyavastha, aur sankat key shuruati charan mein pradhaanmantri karyalaya kii or seey sambhaavit atirikt hastakshep koo dosh diyaa. panel ney nishkarsh nikala kii paramanu suraksha aur kharaab sankat prabandhan key baare mein aatmasantushti kii sanskriti ney paramanu aapada kaa kaaran banaa.
sandarbh.
srot.
uddhrit kiya gayaa
anya