
nagnata aur upaniveshvaad

nagnata aur upaniveshvaad paschimi sanskritiyon key saath sampark key itihas mein swadeshi logon key binaa kapade pahane nikaayon kii bhoomika aur nasl kii avadhaaranaon key udbhav key baare mein haye. sabhi maanav samajon mein, kaee prakaar key shaaririk alankaran ashaabdik sanchaar kaa hissa hain, joe samajik sthiti, dhana aur vyaktitva kaa sanket dete hain. jalavaayu mein, jisamen kapadon kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye, swadeshi alankaran aksar shareer key rung, taitu aur scarification jaise sanshodhan, aur kapadon key bajaay gahane hotey hain.
europeeya logon ney apani sanskriti aur anubhavon key aadhar parr swadeshi nagnata kii vyakhya kii, joe nagnata key sambandh mein aspasht they. shaastriya yunani aur roman sanskritiyon mein nagnata kaee sthitiyon mein samanya thee, jinhen kalaa mein darshaaya gayaa thaa. pracheen kaal mein, kewal abrahamik dharmon ney shareer koo sharmanak maanaa, jisamen niji sthaanon koo chhodkar yaa jaba ling dwara alag kiya jaataa haye tou mamuli poshak kii aavashyakta hoti haye. shaastriya kaal key baad, saarvajanik nagnata naa kewal nimn sthiti key saath, balki isai maanyataon parr adharit naitik kshay key saath judee hui thee. punarjagaran key dauran paschim dwara yunani sanskriti kii punah khoj key saath, kalaa mein nagna aadarsh bunn gayaa, lekin rosemarra kii jindagi mein nagnata seey alag hoe gayaa.
africa, america, asia aur mahasagar key ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein, swadeshi aur paschimi sanskritiyon key beach muthbhedon key liye pratikriyaaen bhinn theen, aur upanivesh kii sadiyon key dauran badal gaeen, lekin aam taur parr paschimi logon aur sanskriti key adhik unnat honey kii dhaarana parr adharit theen. samkaaleen gair-paschimi samajon mein upaniveshvaad key prabhaav jaari hain. shahari kshetron key baahar, kuchh loga paaramparik nagnata sahit swadeshi saanskritik prathaon koo banaae rakhate hain yaa phir seey sthaapit karane kii koshish karate hain, jabaki shaharon mein nivaasiyon ney aam taur parr mamuli poshak kii paschimi avadhaaranaon koo apanaaya haye.
upaniveshvaad aur kapade utaarnaa.
upaniveshvaad ack sanskriti kaa doosari sanskriti dwara prabhutva haye, joe poore itihas mein huaa haye kyonki ack samaaj ney padosi kshetron parr niyantran badhaaya haye. iss prakriya kaa vistaar nauparivahan aur parivahan key liye praudyogikiyon key roop mein huaa, jisase duniya key adhik door key hisson key saath sampark kii anumati millie. europeeya vistaar key auchitya 1500 key dashak mein dharm aur lokkathaon key sandarbh mein shuru hue jisamen rakshason aur aadhe-maanav rakshason mein vishvaas shamil they. 18veen shatabdi taka europeeya vichaar adim seey laker krishi seey laker audyogikaran taka samajik pragati key vichaaron koo apana rhaa thaa. kaee europeeya logon ney upaniveshvaad koo sabhyata koo failaane key bajaay vijay key roop mein uchit thaharaaya.
kyonki kapade aur shareer key alankaran gair-maukhik sanchaar kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa hain, shareer key aavaran kii saapeksh kamee una pahali cheejon mein seey ack thee joe khojkartaon ney ushnakatibandhiya key swadeshi logon kaa saamana karate samay dekhi thee. 15veen shatabdi mein columbus key saath shuruat seey laker 19veen shatabdi mein bhaarat mein british taka, europeeya loga kapade utaarane kii sthitiyon key arth koo jimmedaar thaharaane key liye chintit they, jinhen way manushyon key liye ack praakritik raajya key roop mein naheen dekhate they. paschimi sanskritiyon mein thheek seey kapade pahanana itane arthon seey bharaa thaa kii dusaron kii cumm poshak yaa nagnata key liye ack spashteekaran kii aavashyakta thee, joe aam taur parr dharm dwara pradaan kiya jaataa thaa. gair-paschimi anya logon kii sthaayi roodhivaaditaon mein seey ack "nagna berber" haye joe iss vishvaas parr adharit haye kii kapade ack sabhya samaaj mein sadasyata kaa soochak honey key naate, kapadon kii kamee sanskriti kii poorna kamee kaa pratinidhitva karati haye. victorian ingland mein, nagna shareer naitik kshay kaa ack sambhaavit srot thaa, jise uchit poshak dwara paltu banaaya gayaa thaa. anuchit kapadon key madhyam seey shareer kii koee bhee jhalak sanyam, pavitrata aur samajik vyavastha key liye khatra thee. beagle kii yatra" mein, charles darwin ney tiara dell fugo key mool nivaasiyon key beach nagnata key prati udasinta key baare mein likhaa, joe "koee bhee shayed hii apane aap koo saathi jeevon aur usee duniya key nivaasiyon parr vishvaas karaa sakata haye. 
praarambhik aadhunik kaal key dauran gair-paschimi sanskritiyaan kewal paschimi maandandon kii tulanaa mein nagna theen. vayaskon key jannang yaa poore nichale shareer koo kaee sthitiyon mein dhakaa jaa sakata haye, jabaki purushon aur mahilaaon donon key oopari shareer koo aamtaur parr binaa kapade pahane rakhaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, shareer key sambandh mein sherm kii paschimi avadharana kaa abhaav, vyaavhaarik yaa aupchaarik uddeshyon key liye saarvajanik roop seey poorna nagnata aam thee. yauvan taka key bachche aur kabhi-kabhi shaadi taka kii mahilaaen nagna hoe sakati hain kyonki unake paas "chhipaane key liye kuchh naheen" haye.
paschimi dwidha.
sampark ney naa kewal gair-europeeya sanskritiyon koo prabhaavit kiya, balki europeeya sanskritiyon koo maanav honey kaa arth phir seey mulyankan karane key liye prerit kiya. pracheen yoonaniyon seey laker madhyayugeen kaal taka, dou prakaar key beach antar thaa, sabhya manushya aur berber joe maanav they, lekin sanskriti mein kamee thee. praarambhik aadhunik yug mein gyaat maanav samajon kii vividhata ney atirikt bhinnataon kaa utpaadan kiya, jisamen way bhee shamil they jinhen upaniveshvadiyon ney upa-maanav key roop mein dekhaa thaa. jangli logon koo poori tarah seey maanav maanaa jaa sakata haye, aur iss prakaar dhaarmik roopaantaran dwara sabhyata mein laae jaane mein saksham hoe sakata haye; yaa ack nimn nasl koo gulam banaaya jaa sakata haye yaa samaapt kiya jaa sakata haye. 
maanav shareer key baare mein paschimi dwidha koo mool nivaasiyon key nagnata koo yaa tou prabal kamukta key sanket key roop mein yaa "manushya key patan" seey pahale kii masumiyat key roop mein vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye. paschim kii dwidha mein bhugol aur jeev vigyaan shamil they. kuchh ney ushnakatibandhiya koo "swarg" key roop mein kalpana kii, lekin anya loga ise adim aur samshitoshna jalavaayu key roop mein adhik jatil maanate they. 19veen shatabdi mein, vikaasvaadi siddhant kii sweekriti key saath, yeh maanyata dee gaee kii maanav jaati kii utpatti vanaron key saath shaaririk samaantaon key aadhar parr ushnakatibandhiya mein hui thee. 
charles darwin ney socha kii yeh cumm aatithyashil jalavaayu kii or pravaas thaa joe aadhunik manushyon key vikas koo badhaava dene vaali chunautiyon kii peshkash kartaa thaa. aanuvanshiki key gyaan kii kamee, manushyon kii utpatti key baare mein vishvaas bahujananwad kii or rukh karate they, kii manushyon kii pratyek jaati ack alag rachana thee, joe europeeya logon mein ack alag aur behtar jaati honey key vishvaas key saath fitt baithati haye. darwin ney ekatmata kaa samarthan kiya, kii manushyon kaa ack hii samaan poorvaj thaa. aadhunik manushyon kii haal kii african utpatti key roop mein ekatmata samkaaleen jeevaashm-maanavvigyaani key beach pramukh siddhant haye.
jaati kii avadhaaranaon koo badalana.
17veen shatabdi seey, europeeya khojkartaon ney africa aur mahasagar mein apane saamane aae kapadon kii kamee koo prakriti kii ack adim sthiti key pratinidhi key roop mein dekhaa, joe apani shreshthata koo uchit thaharaata haye, jabaki way yunani moortiyon kii sundarta kii prashansa karna jaari rakhate hain. kalaa mein aadarsh nagnata aur swadeshi logon kii nagnata key beach ack antar europeeya logon dwara kiya gayaa thaa, joe asabhya thaa aur nasleeya heenata kaa sanket thaa.
19veen shatabdi key anta mein, thomas heinry huxley sahit british vaigyaanik tulanaatmak shareer rachana vigyaan parr adharit nasl key siddhanton key liye pramaan key roop mein british aupaniveshik karyalaya dwara pradaan kii gaee mool nivaasiyon kii nagna tasveeron kaa upayog curr rahey they. nagna mool nivaasiyon kii tasveeren lena gair-vaigyaanikon jaise yatra lekhakon aur missionaryon key beach bhee lokpriya hoe gayaa, jinhone swadeshi nagnata aur vigyaan key beach kii kadee kaa upayog chhaviyon key pradarshan koo sahee thaharaane key liye kiya, jinhen anyatha ashleel key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaayega. antatah iss tarah kii chhaviyaan vyaapak roop seey jigyasa key roop mein vitarit hoe gaeen, iss vichaar koo failaate hue kii upaniveshvaadi loga nagna jangli they.
upaniveshvaad aur twacha kaa rung.
nagnavastha aur twacha kaa rung donon hii antar key marker hain joe vishesh paristhitiyon mein sanyukt yaa alag hotey hain. ashwetata bibil kii vyakhyaon parr adharit sanskritiyon key beach sampark kaa ack kaarak thaa jiska upayog aitihaasik roop seey europeeya logon dwara ashwet logon key astitva kii vyakhya karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. 15veen shatabdi mein spen mein ack isai raajya kii sthaapana key saath, yahoodiyon aur musalmaanon koo nishkaasit karane key saath, janmajaat key roop mein jaati kii aadhunik avadharana ubharana shuru hoe gaee thee. kaee dharmaantarit honey key kaaran, vansh vishvaas key peshe key bajaay raajya mein samavesh kii pariksha bunn gayaa. jaise-jaise praakritik vigyaan vikasit huaa, manushyon koo chehare kii visheshtaon aur baalon kii banaavat jaisi atirikt visheshtaon key aadhar parr samoohon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, naa kii kewal twacha key rung seey.
kuchh swadeshi logon kii twacha dakshini europeeya logon kii tulanaa mein gahari naheen hoti haye, yaa soorya dwara tain kiye gaye shramikon key beach, iss prakaar unaki nagnata koo nimn sthiti key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee thee. nagnat key sanyojan mein, african aur australiyai logon mein gahari twacha aur anya satahi antaron koo unake maanav seey cumm honey key roop mein vyakhya kii jaa sakati haye. ack anya yogdan kaarak yeh dhaarana thee kii swadeshi loga bhee kaaran key saath yaa binaa, 19veen shatabdi mein saarvajanik aur niji snan key atirikt achche swachchata key laabhon key baare mein europeeya logon koo jagrook kiya. haalaanki, maanavvigyaani ney nott kiya haye kii kaee gair-paschimi samajon mein snan aur shuddhikaran key vistrit anushthaan hain.
america key mool nivasi loga aasaani seey maujooda shreniyon mein fitt naheen hotey they. columbus ney nott kiya kii way shaaririk roop seey aakarshak they, "maheen shareer aur sunder chehare" key saath lekin poori tarah seey kapadon yaa maanav sanskriti key anya sanketon kii kamee thee. amerigo vespuchi ney mool mahilaaon kii sundarta mein pralobhan kaa khatra paaya. nagnata key prati europeeya logon kii aitihaasik dwidha bhaav mool nivaasiyon key nirdosh yaa paapi key roop mein vaikalpik vichaaron kii or leey jaataa haye. nagna berber" kii avadhaaranaaen prabal theen, "mahaan kroor" kii avadharana aupaniveshik niyantran key uddeshyon koo puuraa karane mein whiffle rahee.
prashant dweepon mein, jahaan baad mein upanivesh huaa, mool nivaasiyon kii gahari twacha ack paridhan bunn gaee. kapadon kii kamee, vishesh roop seey mahilaaon dwara apane stanon koo naheen dhankana, kuchh europeeya logon dwara samaayojan key samay key baad abb dhyaan naheen diyaa gayaa thaa.
africa.
purvi africa.
purvi africa key paaramparik samajon mein jaise kenya mein samburu aur turkana, dakshini sudan key nuba, aur kaee anya loga jalavaayu key liye uchit kapade pahanana jaari rakhate hain, aksar kaam karate samay yaa snan karate samay poori tarah seey nagna hotey hain. 2014 mein uganda kii sansad ney ack ashlilata virodhi kaanoon paarit kiya jisamen ack dress code shamil thaa jisamen "anaitik" kapadon koo gairkaanooni ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa joe shareer key antarang hisson koo ujagar kartaa haye. yeh kaanoon rajdhani, kampala mein purush chaukas logon dwara lagu kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki karamajong loga paschimi moolyon seey achhoote kapade pahanana jaari rakhate they, lekin maanav shareer aur nagnata kii sweekriti kaa jashn manaate they.
 dress code kaa bachaav yaun hamalon kii samasya koo sambodhit karane key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa, jiska mahilaaon ney virodh kiya, yeh ingit karate hue kii yeh naa kewal purushon key bajaay mahilaaon parr hamalon kii jimmedaari koo anuchit roop seey letaa haye, balki iss tathya seey asangat thaa kii sadiyon seey mahilaaen cumm kapade pahanati theen, lekin balatkar durlabh thaa.
dakshini africa.
dakshin african praant natal (abb kwazulu-natal) 1994 taka ack british upanivesh thaa. shwet aupaniveshik alpasankhyak key beach isai missionaryon ney zulu bahusankhyak koo sabhya banaane kii neeti kaa paalan kiya, paschimi kapadon koo iss prayaas kaa ack drishya prateek banaaya. swadeshi logon ney mission station parr naheen honey parr yaa tou anuchit tareeke seey kapade pahankar yaa apani paaramparik poshak mein vaapas aakar virodh kiya.
paschim africa.
1350 key dashak mein maali mein yaatraon mein, muslim vidwan ibn batoota sultaanon key darbar mein bhee purushon aur mahilaaon key beach anaupchaarik sambandhon aur mahila daason aur sevakon kii saarvajanik nagnata seey hairan they.
19veen shatabdi mein, african logon koo europeeya kapadon mein apane nagnavastha koo dhakane key liye pahanana unhein isai dharm mein parivartit karane kaa pahala kadam thaa. 
19veen shatabdi mein, nagna swadeshi logon kii tasveeren europe mein vaanijyik jigyasaon (yaa kamukta) key roop mein banaae gaye logon aur vaigyaanik, yaa nasleeya chhaviyon kaa daavaa karane vaalon key beach spasht antar key binaa prasaarit honey lageen. photography kii sthiti koo dekhate hue, yeh spasht naheen haye kii kaun see chhaviyaan rosemarra kii poshak kaa pratinidhi honey key bajaay pesh kii gaee theen. george basden, ack missionary aur naslashastri joe nigeria key igbo logon key saath rahate they, ney 1920 aur 1930 key dashak mein tasveeron key dou khand prakaashit kiye. pustak mein binaa kapade pahane lekin vistrit roop seey sajaae gaye igo mahilaaon kii chhaviyon kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye joe paatr dulhan key roop mein unaki uchch sthiti kaa sanket detee hain joe khud koo nagna naheen samajhati theen. igo purushon koo bhee apani sthiti kaa sanket dene key liye kapade pahane jaate they, lekin binaa kissy sthiti key yuva purushon koo aksar kheton mein kaam karate samay poori tarah seey nagna kiya jaataa thaa. igo shishu aur ladke aam taur parr nagna hotey they, jabaki ladakiyan nyuntam sajawat pahanati theen.
nigeria key anang logon key sadasyon key saath nasleeya anusandhaan mein 1950-51 mein kiya gayaa thaa, jaba janjaati key bujurg pashchimeekaran key khatare key kaaran apane itihas aur sanskriti koo darj karna chaahte they. aise kaee loga they jinhone 1901 mein pahale gorey logon key aagaman koo yaad kiya. sabhi umr aur ling key logon ney khule taur parr yaun vishvaason aur vyavhaar key baare mein baat kii. iss tarah kii baatchit saanskritik paramparaon koo paarit karane key anang key apane reeti-rivaajon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue kii gaee thee. upaniveshvaad seey pahale, sabhi bachche yuvavastha taka nagna they, jisake baad yuva purush kewal ack lalaat pahanate they aur mahilaaen shaadi taka ack chhota kapada pahanati theen. ladakiyan apani cummer aur ediyon key chaaron or motee pahanati theen. donon lingon key liye vayask kapade ack kapada thaa joe cummer seey jameen taka pahunchata thaa. kapade mahilaaon key stanon koo dhakane key liye paryaapt lambe hotey hain, lekin yeh kaam karate samay naheen kiya jaataa haye. shareer mein koee sherm naheen honey key kaaran, donon ling khule taur parr nagna snan karate they. dulhan apane pahale vayask kapade diye jaane seey pahale apani shaadi mein nagna nritya karati haye. paschimi shodhkartaon ney dulhan key nritya koo yaun key roop mein dekhaa, lekin janjaati key sadasyon ney kahaa kii aisaa naheen thaa. yaun vyavhaar key mandand sakht they, vivaah seey pahale sambhog koo aswikar kiya jaataa thaa aur vyabhichaar ack aparaadh thaa, halanki bahuvivaah kaa abhyaas kiya jaataa haye.
america.
halanki america kii khoj kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye, christopher columbus kaa mahadweepon key baad key itihas mein bahut cumm mahatva thaa. unhein bhoomi yaa logon mein dilchaspi naheen thee, balki vyaapaar sthaapit karane aur dohan key liye sansaadhan khojane mein unaki ruchi thee. unhone yeh vichaar kabhi naheen chhoda kii jinn bhoomi kaa unhone saamana kiya way asia kaa hissa theen. apani diarry mein, columbus likhate hain kii gwanahani key mool nivasi, unaki pahali landing; poori tarah seey nagna they, purush aur mahila donon, aur komal they. iska matlab yeh bhee thaa kii unhein poori tarah seey maanav seey cumm aur shoshaniya key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa.
uttari america.
america key mool nivaasiyon kaa yaunata yaa nagnata key saath sherm yaa paap kaa koee sambandh naheen thaa. europeeya upaniveshvaadi anya prathaon key baare mein jagrook hoe gaye, jinamen vivaah seey pahale aur vivaahetar yaun sambandh, samalaingikta aur cross-dressing shamil hain, joe mool nivaasiyon koo isai dharm mein parivartit karane key unake prayason koo prerit karate hain. haalaanki, dusaron koo kroor key roop mein chitrit karna vijay aur visthaapan koo uchit thaharaane key liye hoe sakata haye. 1791 mein prashant tata parr ack abhiyaan key dauran apani diarry mein, alegendro malaspina ney dakshin-paschim key mool nivaasiyon kii nagnata aur visham poshak key prati europeeya pratikriya key baare mein likhaa haye, jisamen manoranjan seey laker shatruta taka, aur paschimi kapade sabhyata key liye ack roopak hain. vaha vishesh roop seey kuchh mool purushon dwara mahilaaon key roop mein kapade pahanane seey pareshan thaa. 
1520 mein spanish key aagaman seey pahale aztech shahar tenochtitlan assie hazaar kii aabaadi taka pahunch gayaa thaa. yeh texcoco jheel mein ack dweep parr banaaya gayaa thaa, yeh krishi key liye hydrolic engineering parr nirbhar thaa, joe bhaap snan (temazcales) aur tub donon key saath snan suvidhaon kii aapoorti bhee kartaa thaa. vijetaon ney swadeshi snan prathaon koo dekhaa, jisamen purush aur mahila donon nagna roop seey pravesh karate they, murtipuja aur yaun anaitikta key sandarbh mein aur unhein samaapt karane kii koshish kii. yukatan mein, maaya key purush aur mahilaaen nadiyaan nahaate they aur vinamrata kii bahut cumm chinta karate they. phir bhee iss kshetra mein germ jharanon kii sankhya key bavjood, swadeshi logon dwara snan key liye unake upayog kaa koee ullekh naheen haye.
kaee praarambhik upaniveshvadiyon ney mool amerikiyon koo apane seey alag rung key roop mein naheen dekhaa, aur iss prakaar dharmaantaran key baad unhein aupaniveshik samaaj mein aatmasaat kiya jaa sakata thaa. upaniveshvaadi mool nivaasiyon koo yaa tou agyakari yaa hinsak key roop mein dekh sakate they, joe dharmaantaran yaa unmoolan key liye apani pasand koo uchit thahara sakate they. rode dweep key roser williams, joe puritance mein durlabh hain, ney europeeya logon kii tulanaa mein mool nivaasiyon kii masumiyat kaa ullekh kiya, joe darshaata haye kii nagnata ney ise badhaava dene key bajaay kamukta koo radd curr diyaa.
dakshin america.
brazil.
amezan key kuchh swadeshi loga 20veen shatabdi mein binaa sampark key rahey, apani saanskritik paramparaon koo banaae rakhate hue, jisamen poshak bhee shamil thee. abb, baahari logon key saath unakaa sampark mukhya roop seey lakadi key loga hain joe jangal kaa shoshan curr rahey hain.
asia.
japan.
haalaanki japan anya samajon kaa upaniveshvaadi thaa, aur europeeya logon dwara upaniveshit naheen thaa, lekin meji yug (1868-1912) mein japan key agantukon key liye khulane seey paschimi dhaaranaaen aaeen. kapade utaarane kii pahale kii samanya sthitiyaan aur mishrit saarvajanik snan kii pratha, japan kii antarrashtriya pratishtha seey sambandhit netaaon key liye ack mudda bunn gaee. haalaanki aksar nazarandaj yaa darkinar kiya jaataa haye, nagnata key khilaf kaanoonon kaa una sthitiyon mein shareer key yaunkaran kaa prabhaav thaa joe pahale kamuk naheen they.
tokugawa kaal (1603-1868) mein uchch vargon key beach nagnata bahut cumm thee, kapade sthiti kaa ack viniyamit marker they. graameen aur shahari donon kshetron mein kaam karane vaali aabaadi aksar kewal lalaat pahane hoti haye, jisamen germ mausam mein aur nursing karate samay mahilaaen bhee shamil hoti hain. apane gharon mein snan kii kamee key kaaran, way saarvajanik snangrihon mein bhee jaate they jahan sabhi loga ack saath binaa kapade pahane rahate they.
mahasagar.
prashant dweepon mein buney hue kapade kii shuruat key vibhinn sanskritiyon mein vibhinn prabhaav padey. jabaki missionaryon ney isai dharm mein parivartan kii disha mein pragati key sandarbh mein shareer key aavaran koo dekhaa, deshi sanskritiyon ney naee takneek koo apane shareer key alankaran key maujooda reeti-rivaajon mein ekikrit kiya. sampark seey pahale key kapade chhaal key kapade seey banaae jaate they joe najuk hotey hain, vishesh roop seey jaba geele hotey hain. nayaa kapada lokpriya thaa, lekin kewal aavashyakta padane parr upayog kiya jaataa thaa, jisamen sheelata kaa sanrakshan shamil naheen thaa, aur iss prakaar aavashyak roop seey hataaya jaa sakata thaa.
australia.
1819 mein mool australiyai kewal jackett pahanate they, lekin paint naheen pahanate they.
missionary aur maanavvigyaani anya kshetron kii tulanaa mein bahut baad mein madhya australia aae, kyonki paani key sansadhanon kii kamee key kaaran isaki aabaadi cumm thee. pahala europeeya 1870 key dashak key anta mein 1930 key dashak mein doosari lahar key saath aaya. adiwasi logon ney kapadon kaa swaagat kiya, lekin ise apani nangipan koo dhakane key bajaay sajawat key roop mein upayog karate hain, joe baahari logon key liye pareshan karane vaalaa thaa. 19veen shatabdi key missionaryon ney saanskritik roopaantaran kii neeti apnai jisamen uchit poshak shamil thee, lekin 20veen shatabdi mein maanavvigyaani nagnata koo adhik sweekaar curr rahey they.
1950 mein ack arante maine kii aatmakatha mein, unhone apane logon koo nagna key roop mein varnit naheen kiya haye. isake bajaay, vaha bataate hain kii bachchon koo pratyek ling key liye upayukt vyavhaar sikhaaya jaataa thaa joe binaa kapadon key vinamrata banaae rakhta thaa, jaise kii dusaron seey door baithana. inn vyavhaaron koo usa samay europeeya loga naheen jaanate they yaa naheen samajhate they. unhone missionaryon kaa bhee varnan kiya joe ack arante samaroh koo rokane kii koshish curr rahey they jisamen purushon koo unake shareer koo pavitra nishaanon seey chitrit karke nagna kiya gayaa thaa. missionaryon ney unhein taba taka bhojan dene seey incar curr diyaa jaba taka kii way kapade naheen pahan lete.
jaise-jaise 20veen shatabdi jaari rahee, yeh paaya gayaa kii kapadon key parinam joe ichchit they usake vipareet they. jaba adiwasi bachche nange badey hue they, tou unhein vayaskata taka kamukta mein bahut cumm ruchi thee, lekin kapadon ney unhein adhik yaun jagrook aur samay seey pahale key liye jagrook curr diyaa.
indoneshiya.
baali.
1912 aur 1914 key beach neatherlands east indies armi mein ack chikitsa chikitsak key roop mein sewarat ack german nagrik kii ack pustak mein baali dweep koo paschimi agantukon key liye ack "eden" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. unaki prashansa mein baali kii mahilaaon kii sundarta shamil haye, joe rosemarra kii jindagi mein nangi chhaati vaali aur nahaate samay binaa kapade pahane theen. purush aur mahila donon ney kuchh sthitiyon mein apane oopari shareer koo dhaka diyaa, jaise kii ack mandir mein.
jald hii, dutch aupaniveshik prashaasan ney uchit poshak key sambandh mein paraspar virodhi adesh jaari karna shuru curr diyaa, jiska kuchh baali samarthak parampara, anya aadhunikikaran key kaaran seemit prabhaav padaa.
polynesia.
ushnakatibandhiya dweepon kii lokpriya kahaaniyon mein 18veen shatabdi mein nagna jangli logon key chitran ney europeeya lokpriya sanskriti mein pravesh kiya. vishesh roop seey, europeeya loga nange stanon vaali prashant dweep kii mahila kii chhavi seey mohit hoe gaye. jabaki bahut kuchh polynesian nagnata seey banaa thaa, europeeya kapade kaa swaagat shareer koo lapetane kii paramparaon key hisse key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. 20veen shatabdi mein, pukapuka key loga vayaskata taka nagna rahey.
havaai.
isai missionaryon kaa bahut prabhaav thaa, apane parivaaron key liye vaikalpik gaanvon kii sthaapana karna, schools key saath-saath churchon kaa nirmaan karna aur mool mahilaaon koo gharelu roop seey niyukt karna. inn laabhon koo praapt karane key liye uchit poshak ack poorv shart thee, halanki lagaatar naheen dekhaa gayaa. havaai mahilaaon ney kapadon koo sajawat key roop mein socha, naa kii apane nagnavastha koo dhakane key liye, aur aksar unhein kaam yaa snan key liye hataa diyaa.
surfing kaa abhyaas mool roop seey deshi anushthaan kaa hissa thaa, aur nagna kiya jaataa thaa. yeh isai missionaryon dwara varjit thaa, kuchh samay key liye surfing koo samaapt curr diyaa.
newzealand.
europeeya upanivesh seey pahale maori loga mausam seey suraksha aur samajik sthiti koo darshaane key liye buney hue kapade aur bhattiyan pahanate they. haalaanki, vinamrata key liye maanav shareer key bahut cumm hisse koo chhipaana padaa. anaupchaarik settings mein, purush ack belt key alawa nagna hoe gaye, jisamen ack door kaa tukada lagaa huaa thaa, joe unaki chamadi koo apane glans ling parr bund curr rhaa thaa. purushon kii upasthiti mein mahilaaon ney apane saarvajanik kshetra koo chhote apron yaa sugandhit paudhe kii samagri key guchhe seey dhaka diyaa-haalaanki inn hisson koo "vhakopohen" key roop mein jaane jaane vaale avamaanana key bhaav seey ujagar kiya jaa sakata haye. poorv-kishore bachche bilkul bhee kapade naheen pahanate they. mahilaaon key stanon key saath koee sherm yaa sheel naheen thaa, aur isaliye unhein chhipaane key liye koee vastra samarpit naheen thaa; abb "kaapa haakaa" pradarshan mein pahane jaane vaale rangeen buney hue bodis () kewal 1950 key dashak mein maanak poshak bunn gaye.
europeeya upaniveshvadiyon ney nagnata koo ack ashlilata maanaa. maori kii nagnata koo aksar "nagna kroor" vakyansh mein unaki nasleeya heenata key sanket key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa thaa, jise badale mein vetangi kii sandhi kii vaidhata parr sandeh karane key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa.
uttar-upaniveshvaad.
halanki poorv upaniveshon parr videshi niyantran kaafee hudd taka samaapt hoe gayaa haye, upaniveshvaad kaa prabhaav jaari haye. dou nigerian dharmshastriyon ney paaramparik african prathaon aur judo-isai moolyon mein mamuli poshak key sambandh mein sahamati paaee haye, aur samkaaleen vaishvikaran koo donon koo nasht karane key roop mein dekhaa haye. kampala aur antbay shaharon mein lagu kiye gaye uganda mein ack dress code key paarit honey key saath, abb europeeya agantukon koo aksar anuchit kapade pahane hue dekhaa jaataa haye.
baali mein, poshak key maandandon koo ulat diyaa gayaa haye, baali roodhivaadi hoe gayaa haye, jabaki paryatakon koo yeh bataane kii aavashyakta haye kii nagna tairaki avaidh haye, aur samudra tata parr tairane key liye upayukt naheen haye.
yaap raajya mein, micronesia, chrismus aur easter key liye catholic sevaaon mein mahilaaon dwara paaramparik poshak mein kiye jaane vaale nritya shamil hain joe unake stanon koo naheen dhakte hain.
1957 mein angreji shasson seey ghaana kii swatantrata key saath, pahale pradhaan mantri kwame nakrumah aur unake raajneetik dall ney ack karyakram shuru kiya jisamen mahila jannang vikriti, maanav taskari, veshyavritti aur nagnata sahit avaanchhaniya prathaon koo samaapt karane kii maang kii gaee. desh key uttari aur oopari kshetron mein frafra, dagarti, kokomba, buyilsa, kasena aur lobi logon dwara nagnata kaa abhyaas kiya jaataa thaa. haalaanki nagnata kaa kathit virodh hanikarak prathaon key saath iska sambandh thaa, lekin ack parampara key roop mein isaki vyaapaktaa koo duniya mein ghaana kii pratishtha aur aarthik vikas key liye hanikarak key roop mein dekhaa gayaa, nagnata koo adim pichhadepan seey jodaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki nagnata virodhi prayason ney mahilaaon key samaan darje koo bhee badhaava diyaa. kuchh paaramparik prathaaen bunny hui hain, ghaana key sefvi loga ack anushthaan karate hain, "bee mee true" jisamen aapada koo taalane aur prajanan kshamata koo badhaava dene key liye nagna mahilaaon dwara nritya, gaayan aur naatak shamil hain.
ethanotourism.
paschimi paryatak aksar ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein swadeshi logon key jeevan key pramanik tareeke parr adharit apekshaon key saath naheen aatey hain. paryatan companiyan aise pradarshan pradaan curr sakati hain joe inn apekshaon koo puuraa karate hain, lekin pratyek county key bheetar samoohon seey pratirodh bhee paate hain jinaki uttar-upaniveshvaad kii alag-alag avadhaaranaaen hain.
ack vaarshik karyakram joe hajaaron paryatakon koo aakarshit kartaa haye, vaha haye eswatini mein umkhosi vamalanga yaa "reed nritya". hajaaron zulu ladakiyan shaadi seey pahale kaumarya kii pratigya kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale ack samaroh mein bhaag letee hain, paaramparik poshak pahanati hain joe unake stanon koo naheen dhakti haye. paryatak "gaanvon" mein joe resorts kaa hissa hain, zulu kishoriyaan nangi chhaati seey pradarshan karati hain. ise mukhya roop seey apani sanskriti kii abhivyakti key roop mein dekhate hue, way purush paryatakon dwara yaun shoshan kiye jaane seey anjaan naheen hain.