
cd86

vibhedan 86 kaa samooh (jise cd86 aur bee7-2 key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) ack protein haye joe dendritic koshikaon, langerhans koshikaon, macrophage, bee-koshikaon (smriti bee-koshikaon sahit) aur anya pratijan-prastut karane vaali koshikaon parr rachanaatmak roop seey vyakt kiya jaataa haye. cd80 key saath, cd86 tii koshika sakriyan aur astitva key liye aavashyak laagat-uttejak sanket pradaan kartaa haye. ligand bound key aadhar parr, see. dee. 86 swa-niyaman aur koshika-koshika sangh key liye, yaa viniyaman aur koshika-koshika prithakkaran key ksheenan key liye sanket dey sakata haye.
cd86" jeane ack prakaar key aaee jhilli protein koo kootbaddh kartaa haye joe immunoglobulin super family kaa sadasya haye. vaikalpik vibhajan key parinam dou pratilekh roopon mein alag-alag isophorm koo encoding karate hain. atirikt pratilekh roopon kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye, lekin unake poorna-lambai key anukram nirdhaarit naheen kiye gaye hain.
sanrachana.
cd86 immunoglobulin super family key bee7 parivaar seey sambandhit haye. yeh 329 amino acid seey banaa 70 kilo dee. aeye. glycoprotein haye. cd80 aur cd86 donon ack sanrakshit amino acid rupankan saajha karate hain joe unake ligand binding domen koo banaata haye. cd86 mein ig-jaise baahya koshikiya kshetra (ack charr aur ack sthiraank), ack transmembrane kshetra aur ack chhota koshika-dravyamaan kshetra hotaa haye joe cd80 kii tulanaa mein lamba hotaa haye. laagat-uttejak ligand cd80 aur cd86 peshevar pratijan prastut karane vaali koshikaon jaise monocytes, dendritic koshikaon aur yahaan taka kii sakriya bee-koshikaon parr bhee paae jaa sakate hain. way anya prakaar kii koshikaon parr bhee prerit hoe sakate hain, udaaharan key liye tii koshikaaen. cd86 abhivyakti cd80 kii tulanaa mein adhik prachur matra mein haye, aur isake sakriyan parr cd86 cd80 kii tulanaa mein teji seey badh jaataa haye.
protein star parr, cd86 cd80 key saath 25 pratishat pehchaan saajha kartaa haye aur donon maanav gunasutra 3q13.33q21 parr kodit hain.
saha-uttejana, tii-koshika sakriyan aur avrodh mein bhoomika.
see. dee. 86 aur see. dee. 80 sabhi nishkapat tii koshikaon kii satah parr laagat-uttejak anu see. dee. 28 aur avarodhak receptor see. tii. ell.-4 (cytotoxic tii-lymphocyte antigen-4, jise see. dee. 152 key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) key liye ligand key roop mein baandhate hain. see. dee. 28 aur see. tii. ell. aeye.-4 kii tii. koshikaon kii uttejana mein mahatvapurna, lekin vipareet bhoomikaaen hain. cd28 key liye bandhan tii koshika pratikriyaon koo badhaava detaa haye, jabaki ctla-4 key liye bandhan unhein rokta haye.
ack paripakva, saral tii-koshika kii satah parr cd28 key saath ack pratijan-prastut koshika kii satah parr vyakt cd86 (cd80) key beach kii baatchit, tii-koshika sakriyan key liye aavashyak haye. sakriya honey key liye, lymphocyte koo ack hii pratijan-prastut karane vaali koshika parr pratijan aur laagat-uttejak ligand donon koo sanlagn karna chaahiye. tii cell receptor (tii. see. aar.) pramukh histocompatibility complexes (aim. aich. see.) varg II anuon key saath baatchit kartaa haye, aur iss sanket key saath laagat-prerak sanket honey chaahiye, joe ack laagat-prerak ligand dwara pradaan kiye jaate hain. yeye laagat-uttejak sanket allergy koo rokane key liye aavashyak hain aur cd80/cd86 aur cd28 laagat-uttejak anu key beach baatchit dwara pradaan kiye jaate hain.
yeh protein antahkriya tii lymphocytes key liye poorna sakriyan sanket praapt karane key liye bhee aavashyak haye, joe badale mein tii koshika vibhedan aur vibhajan, interleukin 2 key utpaadan aur clonel vistaar kii or leey jaataa haye. see. dee. 86 aur see. dee. 28 key beach kii antahkriya tii-koshika mein mitogen-sakriya protein kinnez aur pratilekhan kaarak aine. aff.-key. bee. koo sakriya karati haye. yeye protein anya cytokines key beach see. dee. 40ell. (bee-cell sakriyan mein upayog kiya jaataa haye), aaee. ell.-21 aur aaee. ell.-21aar. (vibhajan/prasaar key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye), aur aaee. ell.-2 key utpaadan koo niyantrit karate hain. antahkriya cd4 + cd25 + tragulatory koshika key homeostatis kaa samarthan karke aatm-sahishnuta koo bhee niyantrit karati haye, jise traigs key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.
ctla-4 ack saha-avarodhak anu haye joe sakriya tii koshikaon parr prerit hotaa haye. ctla-4 aur cd80/cd86 key beach kii antahkriya seey tii koshikaon mein nakaratmak sanketon kaa vitaran hotaa haye aur koshika kii satah parr laagat-uttejak anuon kii sankhya mein kamee aatee haye. yeh enzyme ido (indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase) kii abhivyakti key liye jimmedaar ack sanket maarg koo bhee trigger curr sakata haye. yeh enzyme amino acid tryptophan koo chayapachaya curr sakata haye, joe tii lymphocytes key safal prasaar aur vibhedan key liye ack mahatvapurna ghatak haye. ido paryaavaran mein tryptophan kii sandrata koo cumm kartaa haye, jisase paaramparik tii koshikaon key sakriyan koo dabaaya jaataa haye, jabaki niyaamak tii koshikaon key kaary koo bhee badhaava milata haye. 
see. dee. 80 aur see. dee. 86 donon see. tii. ell.-4 koo see. dee. 28 kii tulanaa mein uchch aatmiyata key saath baandhate hain. yeh see. dee. 80/see. dee. 86 binding key liye see. tii. ell.-4 koo see. dee. 28 seey baahar nikalane kii anumati detaa haye. see. dee. 80 aur see. dee. 86 key beach, see. dee. 80 mein see. dee. 86 kii tulanaa mein see. tii. ell.-4 aur see. dee. 28 donon key liye uchch aatmiyata prateet hoti haye. isase pataa chalata haye kii see. dee. 80 see. dee. 86 kii tulanaa mein adhik shaktishali ligand haye, lekin see. dee. 80 aur see. dee. 86 nockout choohon kaa upayog karane vaale adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii see. dee. 80 see. dee. 80 kii tulanaa mein tii cell sakriyan mein adhik mahatvapurna haye.
tregg madhyasthata.
bee7 mein maargah see. dee. 28 parivaar kii tii. koshika sakriyan aur sahishnuta key viniyaman mein pramukh bhoomikaaen hain. unake nakaratmak dusare sanket koshika pratikriyaon key downeragulation key liye jimmedaar hain. inn sabhi karanon seey inn maargon koo chikitsiya lakshya maanaa jaataa haye.
niyaamak tii koshikaaen see. tii. ell.-4 kaa utpaadan karati hain. see. dee. 80/see. dee. 86 key saath isaki baatchit key kaaran, tregg paaramparik tii koshikaon key saath pratispardha curr sakate hain aur unake laagat-uttejak sanketon koo avaruddh curr sakate hain. ctla-4 kii tregg abhivyakti prabhaavi roop seey apc parr cd80 aur cd86 donon koo cumm curr sakati haye, pratiraksha pratikriya koo dabaa sakati haye aur allergy mein vriddhi curr sakati haye. choonki ctla-4 cd28 kii tulanaa mein adhik aatmiyata key saath cd86 seey judataa haye, isaliye uchit tii-cell sakriyan key liye aavashyak saha-uttejana bhee prabhaavit hoti haye. yeh sagurachi samooh key ack kaam mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa kii tregg koshikaaen cd80 aur cd86 koo cumm karane mein saksham theen, lekin dc parr cd40 yaa mc varg II koo iss tarah seey naheen joe asanjan parr nirbhar thaa. anty-aiktala-4 antibody dwara downeragulation koo avaruddh curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur yadi tregg koshikaon mein ctla-4 kii kamee thee tou ise radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
jaba see. tii. ell. aeye.-4 seey bandha hotaa haye, tou see. dee. 86 koo ack aeye. pee. see. kii satah seey aur trogocytosis naamak prakriya mein tregg cell parr hataaya jaa sakata haye. anty-aiktala-4 antibody key saath iss prakriya koo avaruddh karna ack vishisht prakaar kii cancer immunotherapy key liye upayogi haye jise "nakaratmak pratiraksha viniyaman key avrodh dwara cancer therapy" kahaa jaataa haye. japani pratirakshaavid tasuku honjo aur americi pratirakshaavid james pee. ellison ney iss vishay parr apane kaam key liye 2018 mein shareer vigyaan yaa chikitsa mein nobel puraskar jeetaa.
pathology mein bhoomika.
cd80 aur cd86 donon kii bhoomikaon kaa adhyayan kaee vikritiyon key sandarbh mein kiya jaataa haye. allergy fuffusiya soojan aur vayumarg atee-pratikriya (aeye. aich. aar.) key ack model mein laagat-rodhi avrodhakon key chayanaatmak nishedh kii jaanch kii gaee thee. choonki "staphylococcus aureus" key liye praarambhik mezban pratikriya, vishesh roop seey tii koshikaon parr adharit pratiraksha pratikriya, teevra pneumonia key rogjanan mein ack yogdan kaarak haye, rogjanan mein cd80/cd86 maarg kii bhoomika kii jaanch kii gaee thee. bronchial esma, cancer mein tregg aur immunotherapy key sandarbh mein bhee laagat-uttejak anuon kii jaanch kii gaee thee.