
gajani kaa mahmoud

yameen-uda-dawa abul-kasim mahmoud ibn sebuctain (2 navambar 971-30 aprail 1030), jise aamtaur parr gajhani key mahmoud yaa mahmoud ghaznavi () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ghaznavi samrajya key pahale sultan they, jinhone 998 seey 1030 taka shasson kiya thaa. unaki mrityu key samay, unakaa raajya ack vyaapak sainya samrajya mein badal gayaa thaa, joe uttar-paschimi iran seey laker bhaaratiya upmahadweep mein panjab taka, transoxiana mein khwarazam aur makran taka faila huaa thaa.
atyadhik dridh, mahmoud ney apane poorvavartiyon, samaniyon key naukarshahi, raajneetik aur saanskritik reeti-rivaajon koo jaari rakhaa. unhone panjab mein bhavishya key farsi raajya key liye aadhar sthaapit kiya, vishesh roop seey lahaur parr kendrit, ack shahar jise unhone jeetaa thaa. unaki rajdhani gajani islami duniya mein ack mahatvapurna saanskritik, vaanijyik aur bauddhik kendra key roop mein vikasit hui, joe baghdad key mahatvapurna shahar seey lagbhag pratidvandi thee. rajdhani ney all-biruni aur ferdausi jaisi kaee pramukh hastiyon koo aakarshit kiya.
mahmoud apane pitaa kii mrityu parr 27 varsh kii ayu mein simhaasan parr baithe, halanki apane bhaai ismel key saath uttaradhikar key ack sankshipt yuddh key baad. vaha "sultan" ("adhikaar") kii upaadhi rakhane vaale pahale shaasak they, joe apani shakti kii seema koo darshaate hue usee samay abbasid khalifaaon key aadhipatya key liye ack vaichaarik kadee koo sanrakshit karate they. apane shasson key dauran, unhone madhyayugeen bhaarat mein sabse ameer shaharon aur mandir kasbon, jaise kii mathura aur somnath parr satrah baar aakraman kiya aur lootpaat kii aur apani rajdhani gajani mein banaane key liye loot kaa istemal kiya.
janm aur prishthabhoomi.
mahmoud kaa janm 2 navambar 971 koo jabulistan (abb afghanistan) key kshetra mein gajani shahar mein huaa thaa. unake pitaa, sabuktigin, ack turkey gulam commander they, jinhone 977 mein gajani mein gajani rajvansh kii neenv rakhee, jisamen unhone samanid key adheenasth key roop mein shasson kiya, jinhone khorasana aur transoxiana parr shasson kiya. mahmoud kii maan jabulistan key kshetra mein ack ameer jamindar kuleen parivaar kii ack tajik mahila theen, aur isaliye kuchh sroton mein unhein "mahmoud-aeye-javuli" ("jabulistan seey mahmoud") key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. mahmoud key praarambhik jeevan key baare mein jyada jaankaari naheen haye, isake alawa kii vaha zabulistan key mool nivasi ahmed maymandi key school-saathi they aur unake paalak bhaai they.
parivaar.
mahmoud ney abul haret ahmed kii betty seey shaadi kii, aur unake judvaan bete, mohammad aur maa 'sood they, joe ack key baad ack unake uttaradhikari baney; masood dwara unakaa potaa, mavaad ghajnavi, bhee baad mein samrajya kaa shaasak banaa. unaki bahan, satra-aeye-muu 'allah, kaa vivaah daud binn ataullah alvi seey huaa thaa, jinhen ghazi salar saahuu key naam seey bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa, jinka betaa ghazi saiyyad salar masood thaa.
mahmoud kaa saathi ack georgian gulam, malik ayaz thaa, jisake baare mein kavitaaen aur kahaaniyan bataai gaee hain.
praarambhik carrier.
994 mein mahmoud samani ameer, noonh II kii sahaayata mein vidrohi pha 'ick seey khurasan parr kabja karane mein apane pitaa sabuktigin key saath shamil hoe gaye. iss avadhi key dauran, samani samrajya atyadhik asthir hoe gayaa, jisamen aantarik raajneetik jwaar-bhaata badal gayaa kyonki vibhinn gutt niyantran key liye pratispardha curr rahey they, unamen pramukh abul-kasim simjuri, fack, abuali, general bekhtuzin key saath-saath padosi buyd aur kaaraa-khanid khaanate they.
shasson karein.
sabuktigin kii mrityu 997 mein hui aur unake putra ismel ney ghaznavi rajvansh key shaasak key roop mein unakaa sthaan liya. sabuktigin dwara adhik anubhavi aur puraane mahmoud parr uttaradhikari key roop mein niyukt karane kaa kaaran anishchit haye. yeh sabuktigin key puraane guru, alptigin kii betty honey key kaaran hoe sakata haye. mahmoud ney jald hii vidroh curr diyaa, aur apane dusare bhaai, aabul-muzaffar, bust key governor kii madad seey, unhone agale varsh gajani kii ladaai mein ismel koo haraaya aur gajnavid raajya parr niyantran hassil curr liya. usa varsh, 998 mein, mahmoud ney balakh kii yatra kii aur ameer abul-harith mansoor bee koo shraddhanjali dee. noor II. isake baad unhone abul-hassan isfaraini koo apana vazeer niyukt kiya, aur phir ghazni seey paschim kii or nikalkar kandahar kshetra parr kabja curr liya, jisake baad bost (lashkar gaah) aaya, jise unhone ack sainya shahar mein badal diyaa.
mahmoud ney uttar bhaarat key kaee akramanon mein seey pahala aakraman shuru kiya. 28 navambar 1001 koo, unaki senaa ney peshawar kii ladaai mein kabul shaahi key raajaa jaipal kii senaa seey ladaai ladee aur unhein haraaya. 1002 mein mahmoud ney sistan parr aakraman kiya aur khaleef ibn ahmed koo gaddi seey hataa diyaa, jisase saifari rajvansh kaa anta hoe gayaa. vahaan seey unhone dakshin-poorv mein, vishesh roop seey panjab kshetra kii atyadhik upajaau bhoomi parr dhyaan kendrit karane kaa faisala kiya.
dakshin mein mahmoud kaa pahala abhiyaan ack ismaili raajya key khilaf thaa jise pahali baar 965 mein mutton mein fatimi khalifa key ack daaee dwara raajneetik paksh aur maanyata praapt karane key liye sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. iss samay, jaipal ney mahmoud key pitaa key haathon pahale kii sainya haar kaa badala lene kaa prayaas kiya, jinhone 980 key dashak key anta mein gajani koo niyantrit kiya thaa aur jaipal key vyaapak kshetra koo barbad curr diyaa thaa. unake putra anandpal unake uttaradhikari baney aur apane pitaa kii aatmahatya kaa badala lene key liye sangharsh jaari rakhaa. unhone ack shaktishali sangh koo ikattha kiya jise haar kaa saamana karna padaa kyonki unakaa haathi ack mahatvapurna kshan mein yuddh seey vaapas laut gayaa, 1008 mein lahaur mein ack baar phir mahmoud key paksh mein jwaar koo badal diyaa aur mahmoud koo udbandpura key shaahi prabhutva parr niyantran dilaaya.
bhaaratiya upmahadweep mein ghazanaavid abhiyaan.
bhaaratiya sangh kii haar key baad, unake sanyukt pratirodh key liye jawabi kaarravaai karane kaa nirnay lene key baad, mahmoud ney unake khilaf niyamit abhiyaan shuru kiye, vijay praapt raajyon koo hindu jagirdaron key haathon mein chhod diyaa aur kewal panjab kshetra koo apane kabje mein leey liya. unhone harr saal uttar-paschimi bhaarat key samriddh kshetra parr chhaapa maarne aur lootpaat karane kii bhee kasam khaai.
1001 mein gajani key mahmoud ney pahale aadhunik pakistan aur phir bhaarat key kuchh hisson parr aakraman kiya. mahmoud ney hindu shaahi shaasak jaipal koo haraaya, pakad liya aur baad mein riha curr diyaa, jisane apani rajdhani peshawar (aadhunik pakistan) mein sthanantarit curr dee thee. jaipal ney khud koo maar daala aur usake baad uska betaa anandpal aaya. 1005 mein gajani key mahmoud ney bhatia (shayed bhera) parr aakraman kiya, aur 1006 mein unhone multan parr aakraman kiya, jiss samay anandpal kii senaa ney una parr hamla kiya. agale varsh gajani key mahmoud ney snan key shaasak (joe shaahi raajya key khilaf vidroh karke shaasak bunn gaye they) sukhpal parr hamla kiya aur usey kuchal diyaa. 1008-1009 mein, mahmoud ney chaach kii ladaai mein hindu shahiyon koo haraaya. 1013 mein, purvi afghanistan aur pakistan mein mahmoud key aathven abhiyaan key dauran, shaahi samrajya (joe taba anandpal key putra trilochanpal key adheen thaa) koo ukhaad fenka gayaa thaa.
1014 mein mahmoud ney thanesar key liye ack abhiyaan kaa netritva kiya. agale saal unhone kashmir parr asafal hamla kiya. kashmir key shaasak sangramraj gaznaviyon key khilaf hindu shahiyon key sahayogi they aur mahmoud pratishodh chaahte they. sangramraj dwara trilochanpal kii madad karane key kaaran, mahmoud ney kashmir parr aakraman kiya. vaha tohi nadee ghaati key saath aage badhaa, tosmaidan darre seey kashmir mein pravesh karane kii yojana banaa rhaa thaa. haalaanki, loharkot key majboot kille dwara unaki pragati kii jaanch kii gaee thee. ack maheene taka kille koo gherne key baad, mahmoud ney gherabandi koo chhod diyaa aur peechhe hutt gayaa, raaste mein apane kaee sainikon koo khou diyaa aur lagbhag apani zaan bhee khou dee. 1021 mein, mahmoud ney phir seey kashmir parr aakraman karane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin phir seey loharkot kille seey aage badhane mein saksham naheen thaa. dou asafal aakraman prayason key baad, unhone phir seey kashmir parr aakraman karane kaa prayaas naheen kiya.
1018 mein mahmoud ney mathura parr hamla kiya aur vahaan shasakon key ack gathbandhan koo haraaya, jabaki chandrapala naamak ack shaasak koo bhee maar daala. mathura shahar koo "berahami seey nasht, nasht, apavitra aur nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. vishesh roop seey, all-utabi ney apane kaam "tarikh-aeye-yamini" mein ullekh kiya haye kii mahmoud ghaznavi ney mathura mein ack "mahaan aur shandar mandir" koo nasht curr diyaa thaa. firisht key anusaar, 16veen-17veen shatabdi mein "hindustan kaa itihas" likhate hue, mathura shahar bhaarat kaa sabse ameer shahar thaa, aur vasudev-krishna koo samarpit kiya gayaa thaa. jaba gajani key mahmoud ney usa parr hamla kiya, tou bees dinon kii avadhi key dauran "sabhi moortiyon" koo jalaa diyaa gayaa aur nasht curr diyaa gayaa, sonaa aur chaandi loot key liye pighlaya gayaa, aur shahar koo jalaa diyaa gayaa. isake baad mathur kii kalaa mein girawat aaee.
1021 mein mahmoud ney kannauj raajaa koo chandel gandaa key khilaf samarthan diyaa, joe parajit hoe gayaa thaa. usee varsh shaahi trilochanpal koo sahib mein maar diyaa gayaa aur unakaa putra bhimpal unakaa uttaradhikari banaa. lahaur (aadhunik pakistan) koo mahmoud ney apane kabje mein leey liya thaa. mahmoud ney 1023 mein gwaliyar koo gher liya, jahan unhein shraddhanjali dee gaee. mahmoud ney 1025 mein somnath parr hamla kiya aur isake shaasak bheem bhaag gaye. agale varsh, unhone somnath parr kabja curr liya aur bheem key khilaf kachch kii or cooch kiya. usee varsh mahmoud ney jude key jaaton parr bhee hamla kiya aur unhein haraaya. mahmoud dwara 1024 esvi mein gujaraat mein somnath mandir kaa upman karane seey rajput raajaa bhoja koo unake khilaf ack senaa kaa netritva karane key liye prerit kiya gayaa, halanki somnath chhaape key baad, mahmoud gajhanavi ney sindh key madhyam seey ack adhik khatarnak maarg chunaa, taaki bhoja kii shaktishali senaaon kaa saamana karane seey bachaa jaa sakey, vaha ack registan seey gujarta thaa, jahaan bhojan aur paani kii kamee ney apane sainikon aur jaanvaron kii ack badee sankhya koo maar daala, kitab zainul akhbar () ney 'abd all-heya guardizi' dwara,
nizamuddin ahmed key tabakat-aeye-akbari aur firista key lekhan mein bhee iss ghatana kaa ullekh haye.
christophe boumer ney nott kiya kii 1026 esvi mein, jaaton ney mahmoud kii senaa koo "bhaari nuksan" pahunchaaya, jaba vaha somnath seey multan kii or jaa rahee thee. baad mein 1027 esvi mein, unhone jaaton key hamale kaa badala liya, joe pichhale 300 varshon seey apane bede koo sindhu nadee mein barbad karke "jabaran islamikaran" kaa virodh curr rahey they. bhale hii jaaton key paas mahmoud seey badaa bedaa thaa, lekin kahaa jaataa haye kii unaki 1400 naukaaon mein seey pratyek parr lagbhag 20 teerandaaz they, jinamen naftha leey jaane vaale "vishesh prakshepya" they, jinhen way jaaton key bede koo jalaane key liye istemal karate they.
nagarkot, thanesar, kannauj aur gwaliyar key bhaaratiya raajyon koo jeet liya gayaa aur hindu, jaine aur bauddh raajaon key haathon mein jagirdar raajyon key roop mein chhod diyaa gayaa aur vaha gathbandhan karane aur sthaaniya logon koo apani senaaon mein shamil karane kii upeksha karane key liye paryaapt vyaavhaarik thaa. choonki mahmoud ney uttar-paschimi upmahadweep mein kabhi bhee sthaayi upasthiti naheen rakhee, isaliye vaha samrajya parr hamla karane key liye hinduon key kissy bhee kadam koo kuchalane key liye hindu mandiron aur smarakon koo nasht karane kii neeti mein lagey hue they; nagarkot, thanesar, mathura, kannauj, cullinger (1023) aur somnath sabhi koo saunp diyaa gayaa yaa una parr chhaapa maaraa gayaa.
ghatanaaen aur chunautiyen.
1025 mein mahmoud ney gujaraat parr chhaapa maaraa, somnath mandir koo loot liya aur isake "jyotirling" koo toda diyaa. vaha 20 laakh deenar kii loot leey gayaa. somnath kii vijay key baad anhilwada parr dandaatmak aakraman kiya gayaa. kuchh itihaskaron kaa daavaa haye kii 1038 mein mandir kii teerthyatraon key abhilekh hain jinamen mandir koo hue nuksan kaa ullekh naheen haye. haalaanki, turkey-farsi saahitya mein mahmoud key chhaape key baare mein jatil vivaran key saath shaktishali kinvadantiyaan vikasit hui theen, jinhone vidwan meenakshi jaine key anusaar muslim duniya koo "vidyuteekrit" kiya thaa.
somnath seey sambandhit itihas.
itihaskaron mein thapar, eaton aur aeye shamil hain. key. majumdar ney iss ghatana kii moortipoojak itihas rachana parr sawal uthaaye hain. thapar ney majumdar (1956) koo uddhrit kiyaah 
thapar ney prachalit kathaa key khilaf bhee tark diyaah 
raajneetik chunauti.
mahmoud key jeevan key antim chaar saal madhya asia aur bayid rajvansh seey oghuj aur seljuk turkon key pravaah key saath sangharsh karate hue bitaaye gaye they. shuru mein, mahmoud dwara khaded diye jaane key baad, seljuk khawarezm mein sevaanivritt hoe gaye, lekin togrul aur Çagrı ney unhein merve aur nishapur (1028-1029) parr kabja karane key liye prerit kiya. baad mein, unhone baar-baar khorasana aur balakh key paar apane uttaradhikariyon key saath kshetra parr chhaapa maaraa aur vyaapaar kiya aur 1037 mein gajani koo bhee barkhast curr diyaa. 1040 mein, dandankan kii ladaai mein, unhone mahmoud key bete, masudi koo nirnaayak roop seey haraaya, jisake parinamswarup masood ney apane adhikansh paschimi kshetron koo seljukon koo chhod diyaa.
sultan mahmoud kii mrityu 30 aprail 1030 koo hui. unakaa makbara afghanistan key gajani mein sthit haye.
abhiyaan kii samayrekha.
sultan key roop mein.
ghor aur muhammad ibn suurii koo phir mahmoud dwara pakad liya jaataa haye, muhammad ibn suurii key bete key saath kaidi banaa diyaa jaataa haye, aur gajani leey jaaya jaataa haye, jahan muhammad ibn suurii kii mrityu hoe jaati haye.
kshetra key prashaasan key liye sevakpal kii niyukti kartaa haye. anandpal kashmir kii paschimi seema parr pahaadiyon mein kille, kashmir mein bhaag jaataa haye.
dharm aur yuddh parr drishtikon.
gajani key mahmoud key shasankal mein, yeh kshetra prabhaav key samaan kshetra seey alag hoe gayaa. jabaki unhone abbasiyon koo khalifa key roop mein sweekaar kiya, unhein apani swatantrata kii maanyata mein sultan kii upaadhi bhee dee gaee.
999 mein abbasid khalifa dwara mahmoud kii maanyata key baad, unhone harr saal bhaarat parr "jihad" aur ack chhaape kaa vaadaa kiya. 1005 mein mahmoud ney abhiyaanon kii ack shrinkhala kaa sanchaalan kiya jisake dauran multin key ismeliyon kaa narsamhar kiya gayaa thaa.
romila thapar aur richard eaton jaise aadhunik itihaskaron ney nott kiya haye kii hinduon key prati unaki dhaarmik neetiyaan aadhunik yug mein unaki samanya chhavi key vipareet theen, kyonki unaki chhapemari vaastav mein "bhautik karanon seey kii gaee thee", naa kii dhaarmik kattarta key liye.
mahmoud ney apani looty hui sampatti kaa upayog apani senaaon key vittaposhan key liye kiya, jisamen bhaade key sanic bhee shamil they. bhaaratiya sanic, jinhen romila thapar hindu maanate they, senaa key ghatakon mein seey ack they, jinake commander koo "sipahsalar-aeye-hinduwan" kahaa jaataa thaa aur way apane dharm kaa paalan karate hue apane hii hisse mein rahate they. apane senapati suvendhraya key netritva mein bhaaratiya sanic mahmoud key prati wafadar rahey. baihaki key anusaar tilak naamak ack hindu koo dee gaee aagya key saath, unakaa upayog ack turkey vidrohi key khilaf bhee kiya gayaa thaa.
bhaaratiya itihaaskaar mohammad habib kaa kahana haye kii gajani key mahmoud key shasankal key dauran "gair-musalmaanon" parr jizyaa naheen thopi gaee thee aur naa hii "jabaran dharmaantaran" kaa koee ullekh kiya gayaa thaah 
aeye. vee. kolambiya vishvavidyalaya mein indo-irani bhaashaon key professor williams jackson ney apani pustak 'histry off india' mein likhaa haye, mahmoud ney kasam khaai haye kii harr saal vaha hindustan key kaafiron key khilaf ack pavitra yuddh chhedenge. unake shasankal key saatven varsh key dauran, lahaur key mahmoud taksal ney unhein "mahmoud" lekin-shikan "key roop mein shally dee. (mahmoud moortiyon kaa todan karane vaalaa)
viraasat.
unake shasankal key anta taka, ghaznavi samrajya paschim mein kiran seey laker uttar-poorv mein samarkand taka aur caspian samudra seey laker yamuna taka faila huaa thaa. haalaanki unake chhaape bhaaratiya upmahadweep mein unaki senaa koo leey gaye, lekin aadhunik pakistan mein panjab aur sindh kaa kewal ack hissa unake ardh-sthaayi shasson key tahat aaya; kashmir, doab, rajsthan aur gujaraat sthaaniya hindu rajvanshon key niyantran mein rahey.
gajani mein vaapas laaee gaee loot bahut badee thee, aur samkaaleen itihaaskaar (ee.jee. abolfazal behagi, ferdausi) rajdhani kii bhavyata key saath-saath vijeta key saahitya key udaar samarthan kaa varnan karate hain. unhone farsi saahitya key pahale kendra, gajani koo madhya asia key pramukh shaharon mein seey ack mein badal diyaa, vidvaanon koo sanrakshan diyaa, colleges kii sthaapana kii, udyaan banaae aur masjidon, mahalon aur kafile kaa nirmaan kiya. mahmoud ray aur isfahan seey laker gajani taka poore pustakalayon koo laker aae. unhone yeh bhee maang kii kii khwarizmashah adalat apane vidvaanon koo ghazni bhej dey.
mahmoud ney ullekhaniya kavi ferdausi koo sanrakshan diyaa, joe 27 saal kii mehnat key baad, gajani gaye aur unhein shahname prastut kiya. madhyayugeen granthon mein mahmoud dwara ferdausi aur unake jeevan key kaam mein dikhaai gaee ruchi kii kamee kaa varnan karane vaali vibhinn kahaaniyan hain. itihaskaron key anusaar, mahmoud ney shanhameh mein likhe gaye pratyek jile key liye ack dinaar kaa vaadaa kiya thaa (joe 60,000 dinaar hotaa), lekin baad mein apana vaadaa vaapas leey liya aur usey usa samay kewal 200 dinaar key barabar dirham (20,000 dirham) pradaan kiye. 1017 mein gangaa key maidanon mein unake abhiyaan ney all-biruni koo bhaartiyon aur unaki maanyataon koo samajhane key liye apane "tarikh all-hind" kii rachana karane key liye prerit kiya. mahmoud key shasson key dauran, ganit, dharm, manaviki aur chikitsa jaise vibhinn vishayon kaa adhyayan karane key liye vishvavidyalayon kii sthaapana kii gaee thee.
30 aprail 1030 koo sultan mahmoud kii 58 varsh kii ayu mein gajani mein mrityu hoe gaee thee. sultan mahmoud koo apane antim aakraman key dauran maleria hoe gayaa thaa. maleria seey honey vaali chikitsa jatilata ghaatak tapedik kaa kaaran bunny thee.
ghaznavi samrajya parr unake uttaradhikariyon ney 157 varshon taka shasson kiya. vistaar curr rahey seljuk samrajya ney adhikansh ghaznavi paschim koo avashoshit curr liya. ghoriyon ney 1150 mein gajani parr kabja curr liya aur muiz all-deen (jise ghori key muhammad key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) ney 1187 mein lahaur mein antim ghaznavi gadh parr kabja curr liya.
ack sainya commander key roop mein mahmoud kii ullekhaniya kshamataon key bavjood, vaha sookshm adhikaar key saath apane samrajya kii vijay koo majboot karane mein whiffle rhaa. mahmoud mein prashaasan key liye pratibha kii bhee kamee thee aur vaha apane shasankal key dauran apane raajya mein deerghakaalik sthaayi sansthanon kaa nirmaan naheen curr sakey.
pakistan kii senaa ney apani chhoti doori kii ballistic missile kaa naam ghazni key mahmoud key sammaan mein ghazni missile rakhaa haye. isake alawa, pakistani sainya akadami, jahan cadets koo pakistani senaa key adhikaari banane key liye prashikshit kiya jaataa haye, apani baarah companiyon mein seey ack kaa naam ghaznavi company rakhate hue gazanani key mahmoud koo shraddhanjali detee haye.
lokpriya sanskriti mein.
2005 mein aaee bhaaratiya tamil bhasha kii badala lene vaali film "gajani". aar. ack smritibhransh vyavasaayi key baare mein murugdas kaa naam sultan (jiska naam tamil mein "gajani" kahaa jaataa haye) key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye, joe kaee viphaltaon key bavjood unake lagaatar prayason key sandarbh mein haye. film koo baad mein 2008 mein isi naam seey hindi mein punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa jise "gajani-dha game" naamak ack video game key roop mein bhee rupaantarit kiya gayaa thaa.
vyaktitva.
sultan mahmoud ney khud koo "prithvi parr bhagwan kii chhaaya" key roop mein socha, ack poorna shakti jisaki ichcha kaanoon haye. unhone apane diwan (prashaasan) key pratyek vibhaag key kaam kii vyaktigat roop seey dekhrekh karate hue lagbhag harr cheej mein vivaran parr bahut dhyaan diyaa.
mahmoud ney apane sabhi mantriyon koo apane vajir (mukhya salaahkaar) yaa diwan koo salah diye binaa khud niyukt kiya, halanki kabhi-kabhi unhein aisaa karna padata thaa, kyonki unake dharm kaa adesh thaa kii musalmaanon koo sabhi muddon parr ack-dusare seey paramarsh karna chaahiye. adhikansh samay unhein apane mantriyon, vishesh roop seey vajir parr sandeh thaa, aur nimnalikhit shabdon koo vyaapak roop seey unakaa maanaa jaataa haih "vajir raajaon key dushman hain..."sultan mahmoud key poore samrajya mein kaee jasus (bulaaye jaane vaale) they, jinaki dekhrekh unake diwan key bheetar vishesh vibhaag dwara kii jaati thee.
mahmoud saahitya, vishesh roop seey kavita key sanrakshak they, aur way kabhi-kabhi apane mahal yaa shaahi bageeche mein pratibhashali kaviyon kii sangati mein paae jaate they. vaha aksar unake prati udaar thaa, unaki pratibha aur moolya key anusaar unake karyon key liye binaa kissy kharch key bhugtan kartaa thaa.

