
curr dakshata

aarthik siddhant kaa mulyankan haye kii kaise curr sarkaar koo aavashyak vittiya sansaadhan (rajkoshiya dakshata) pradaan karane mein saksham hain aur samagr aarthik dakshata parr iss curr pranali key kyaa prabhaav hain. yadi curr dakshata kaa aaklan karane kii aavashyakta haye, tou curr laagat koo dhyaan mein rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye, jisamen prashaasnik laagat aur atyadhik curr bojh bhee shamil haye, jise curr key mrit bhaar haani (dee. doubleu. ell.) key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. pratyaksh prashaasnik lagaton mein curr pranali key sangathan key liye raajya prashaasan laagat, kardaataon key sakshya, curr sangrah aur niyantran shamil hain. apratyaksh prashaasnik lagaton mein curr vivarani bharane mein kharch kiya gayaa samay yaa curr salaahkaaron kaa bhugtan karane parr kharch kiya gayaa paisa shamil hoe sakata haye.
vyavhaar mein ack aadarsh curr pranali praapt karna sambhav naheen haye. haalaanki, karadhan kaa ishtatam roop khojane kaa prayaas kiya jaa rhaa haye. udaaharan key liye vyaktigat aaya karadhan koo pragatisheelta key madhyam seey uchch star kii equity kii guaranti deni chaahiye.
ack vittiya prakriya koo curr kushal kahaa jaataa haye yadi usa parr ack vaikalpik vittiya prakriya kii tulanaa mein cumm darr parr curr lagaaya jaataa haye joe usee lakshya koo praapt karati haye.
udaaharan key liye, kissy anudankarta dwara banaae gaye vaarshiki nyaas kaa upayog karke kissy kii sampatti koo apane uttaradhikariyon parr hastaantarit karna, uttaradhikariyon koo seedhe sampatti kaa uttaradhikari banaane kii tulanaa mein sambhaavit roop seey adhik curr kushal haye.
curr prabhaav.
pratyek curr key dou prabhaav hotey hainh
aaya prabhaav.
aaya prabhaav iss tathya koo vyakt kartaa haye kii ikai kaa curr apani disposable aaya key hisse mein katauti kartaa haye, yaa tou seedhe yaa maal upabhokta key liye uchch moolya kaa bhugtan karane key liye majboor karke. harr curr kaa yeh prabhaav hotaa haye. iska aakar curr kii raashi parr nirbhar kartaa haye. yeh ausat (prabhaavi) curr darr kii vriddhi key saath badhata haye.
pratisthaapan prabhaav.
pratisthaapan prabhaav kaa arth haye kii kardaataa vastuon, aaya, shram, avkash aadi kii khapat seey apane seemant laabh key roop mein apani prathmiktaon koo badalata haye. kewal sapaat karon seey hii yeh prabhaav naheen padata haye. iska aakar seemant curr darr parr nirbhar kartaa haye. seemant darr jitani adhik hogi, pratisthaapan prabhaav utanaa hii adhik hoga. upabhokta swabhavik roop seey una vastuon koo pasand karenge jinaki keemat gir gaee/vahee rahee, kyonki anya vastuon kii keemat curr lagaane key prabhaav key samaan/badhee hui haye. unaki pratikriya koo pratisthaapan prabhaav key roop mein label kiya gayaa haye, jahaan keemat mein saapeksh parivartan key kaaran matra kii maang mein parivartan hotaa haye.
karon kaa prabhaav.
mahatvapurna sawal yeh haye kii vaastav mein kaun curr kaa bhugtan kartaa haye. yeh hamesha raajya karon kaa bhugtan karane vaali ikai naheen honey chaahiye. curr prabhaav kaa arth haye joe antatah ack nishchit curr kaa bhugtan kartaa haye jiska arth haye kii vaha curr key bojh key adheen haye.
curr vishay apani laagat koo anya ikai mein sthanantarit curr sakata haye (curr koo upabhokta-vait, aapurtikarta yaa yahaan taka kii karmchari key liye curr kaa pichhade badalaav). curr parivartan kaa upayog karane kii sambhavana usa vastu key bajar mein maang aur aapoorti key lachilepan seey milati haye jiss parr curr lagaaya jaataa haye. yadi maang apekshaakrit asthir haye, tou vikretaon key liye curr koo kharidar parr sthanantarit karna aasaan haye. haalaanki, yadi maang apekshaakrit lachili haye, tou curr vikreta parr gir jaayega. curr key lakshya isake vaastavik prabhaavon key saath mell khaa sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, vilasita vastuon parr curr lagaane seey vilasita vastuon key utpadakon key rajaswa mein kamee aaa sakati haye, naa kii curr rajaswa mein vaastavik vriddhi.
curr kii laagat.
karon kii laagat key alawa aarthik aur samajik laagat bhee hoe sakati haye. yeye laagaten karon key prabandhan aur sangrah seey utpann hoe sakati hain. neeti nirmaataon key liye yeh mahatvapurna haye kii way kushal curr neetiyon koo taiyar karate samay karadhan kii laagat parr vichaar karein. jinn deshon mein karadhan kii laagat bahut adhik haye (curr neetiyaan aksham hain), vahaan curr seey bachane aur curr chori kii darein adhik hoe sakati hain. humm inn lagaton koo vargeekrit curr sakate hainh
dakshata laagat.
curr aarthik agents key protsahanon koo badal dete hain aur iss prakaar utpaadan nirnayon koo prabhaavit karate hain. uchch curr vastuon aur sevaaon koo adhik mahanga banaate hain jiska arth haye kii vyakti, firm aur sarkaaren vikalp khojengi. udaaharan key liye, aaya parr uchch curr vyaktiyon koo nivesh karane key liye protsaahan koo cumm karate hain joe arthavyavastha kii utpaadaktaa parr deerghakaalik prabhaav daal sakate hain.
dakshata laagat koo seemant dakshata laagat (aim. ee. see.) kaa upayog karke maapa jaa sakata haye. aim. ee. see. hamein vibhinn prakaar key karon key upayog key madhyam seey curr key $1 koo badhaane kii laagat bataata haye. udaaharan key liyeh yadi poonji curr kaa aim. ee. see. 0.50 dollar haye tou poonji karon seey 1 dollar ekatra karane key liye sarkaar koo 0.50 dollar kharch karane padate hain. karon kii seemant dakshata laagat neeti nirmaataon koo yeh taya karane mein madad curr sakati haye kii cumm aim. ee. see. key saath karon kaa paalan karke kiss parr curr lagu kiya jaae.
aim. ee. see. key aitihaasik anumaanon seey pataa chalata haye kii upbhog parr karon mein aaya parr karon kii tulanaa mein kaafee cumm aim. ee. see. hotaa haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki upbhog parr curr lagaane seey logon kii aaya parr curr lagaane key samaan kaee protsaahan naheen milate hain.
mrit vajan kii haani.
karadhan seey aarthik kalyan mein kamee aatee haye jise deadwaite loss key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh nuksan isaliye hotaa haye kyonki curr utpaadan key liye hatotsaahit karate hain. curr-mukt utpaadan aur curr-mukt utpaadan key beach kaa antar mrit vajan kaa nuksan haye. mrit vajan kii haani upabhokta aur utpaadak adhishesh donon koo cumm curr detee haye. mrit vajan key nuksan kaa parimaan aapoorti kii loach aur curr yogya vastu yaa seva kii maang parr nirbhar kartaa haye.
pragatisheelta aur curr dakshata.
curr dakshata kaa mulyankan karate samay pragatisheelta ack mahatvapurna avadharana haye. ack pragatisheel curr pranali vaha haye jisamen curr yogya raashi badhane parr ausat curr darr badhati haye. ack pragatisheel curr key peechhe kaa vichaar cumm bhugtan karane kii kshamata vaale logon parr curr key bojh koo cumm karna haye, kyonki unaki aaya cumm haye. pragatisheel karon koo aam taur parr aaya asamaanta koo cumm karke samaantaa aur samajik kalyan koo badhaava dene key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, pragatisheelta aur curr dakshata key beach sambhaavit vyaapaar-darr hoe sakate hain. jaise-jaise curr adhik pragatisheel hotey jaate hain, uchch aaya vaale vyaktiyon key liye kaam karane yaa nivesh karane key liye protsaahan badh sakata haye, kyonki way uchch seemant curr daron kaa saamana karate hain. isase samagr aarthik gatividhi mein kamee aaa curr dakshata mein kamee aaa sakati haye. neeti nirmaataon koo samajik kalyan koo badhaava dete hue inn vyaapaar-darr koo cumm karane aur aarthik vikas koo banaae rakhane key liye curr pranaliyon koo design karate samay pragatisheelta aur dakshata key beach santulan khojane kii aavashyakta haye.
anupaalan laagat.
curr salaahkaar yaa curr software koo kaam parr rakhna mahanga hoe sakata haye, vishesh roop seey chhote vyavsaayon aur vyaktiyon key liye. anupaalan laagat curr niyamon kaa paalan karane yaa unakaa paalan karane seey judee lagaton koo sandarbhit karati haye. isamen bahee-lekha rakhane, vivaran dene, ganana karane aur curr bhugtan karane kii laagat shamil haye. dakshata laagat key saapeksh anupaalan laagat kii matra nirdhaarit karna adhik kathin haye.
prashaasnik laagat.
sarkaar key curr rajaswa koo adhikatam karane mein prabhaavi curr neetiyaan mahatvapurna hain. iss tathya koo lafar vakr mein darshaaya gayaa haye, jahaan bahut adhik curr darr ishtatam curr darr kii tulanaa mein cumm curr rajaswa kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye. neeti nirmaataon koo kushal curr neetiyon koo taiyar karane aur unhein prashaasit karane parr bahut dhyaan dene kii aavashyakta haye. curr sangrah pranaliyon key sangrah, prashaasan aur prabandhan seey judee lagaton koo karadhan kii prashaasnik laagat key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. prashaasnik laagat sarkaar dwara wahan kii jaati haye lekin antatah adhik karon key roop mein nagrikon dwara wahan kii jaati haye.
curr kii laagat koo cumm karna.
jaisa kii pichhale khand mein charcha kii gaee haye, karadhan mein anya aarthik aur samajik laagaten hoe sakati hain joe aarthik agents key protsaahan koo prabhaavit karati hain aur aarthik vyavhaar mein badalaav karati hain. inn karanon seey neeti nirmaataon key liye curr rajaswa koo adhikatam karane key liye ack kushal curr pranali taiyar karane mein inn sambaddh lagaton koo cumm karna mahatvapurna haye. yahaan karadhan kii laagat koo cumm karane key liye kuchh sambhaavit drishtikon diye gaye hainh
curr kaanoonon kaa saralikaran.
yeh vyaktiyon aur vyavsaayon key liye anupaalan laagat koo cumm karane key saath-saath sarkaaron key liye prashaasnik laagat koo cumm karane mein madad curr sakata haye. curr kaanoonon kii jatilata koo cumm karke aur curr dakhil karane kii aavashyaktaon koo maankeekrit karke curr kaanoonon koo saral banaaya jaa sakata haye.
praudyogiki kaa upayog.
adhik takniki curr software key udbhav key saath, curr dakhil karane aur bhugtan karane kii prakriya swachaalit hoe sakati haye. yeh mahange curr salaahkaaron aur visheshagyon koo kaam parr rakhane key vikalp seey sastaa hoe sakata haye. praudyogiki kaa upayog karon key sangrah kii prakriya koo saral banaa sakata haye.
curr darr mein kamee.
curr daron koo cumm karane seey curr kii seemant dakshata laagat cumm hoe sakati haye. iss prakaar cumm curr darein karadhan dwara banaae gaye hatotsaahit karane vaale karyon koo cumm karengi aur adhik nivesh aur aarthik gatividhi kii anumati dene vaale bhaari nuksan koo cumm karengi. isake vipareet, curr daron koo bahut cumm karane seey aparyaapt rajaswa utpaadan hoe sakata haye, joe saarvajanik sevaaon aur sarkari karyon koo nakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit curr sakata haye.
curr dakshata mein sudhaar.
cumm seemant dakshata laagat vaale kshetron parr curr lagaane seey curr dakshata mein sudhaar kiya jaa sakata haye. jaisa kii pahale charcha kii gaee haye, aaya aur laabh parr karon mein upbhog parr karon kii tulanaa mein adhik aim. ee. see. honey kii sambhavana haye.
paardarshita badhaana.
curr kaanoonon aur viniyamon key baare mein spasht aur sulabh jaankaari pradaan karke aur sarkaar dwara curr rajaswa kaa upayog kaise kiya jaataa haye, karon kii paardarshita mein sudhaar kiya jaa sakata haye. isase anupaalan aur prashaasnik laagat koo cumm karane mein madad mill sakati haye.
lafar vakr.
arthshastra mein, lafar vakr karadhan kii daron aur sarkaar key curr rajaswa key parinami staron key beach ack saiddhaantik sambandh haye. yadi curr kii darein bahut adhik hain, tou shram aur nivesh koo hatotsaahit karate hue, curr daron mein kamee vaastav mein sarkari curr rajaswa mein vriddhi kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye, kyonki yeh sansthaon koo kaam karane aur nivesh karane key liye protsaahit karega.
jaisa kii tasveer seey pataa chalata haye, laffer vakr hamein bataata haye kii curr daron 0 pratishat aur 100% key liye sarkaar kaa curr rajaswa shoonya haye. beach mein rajaswa ack nishchit bindu taka lagaatar badh rhaa haye jahan seey yeh vaapas shoonya parr aaney lagata haye.
sarkari adhikaari kardaataon key vyavhaar aur isaliye rajaswa parr curr sudhaaron key parinamon kaa anuman lagaane kii koshish karate hain. ghaate key samay tantra koo samajhana ack badaa laabh haye, kyonki sarkaar koo adhik rajaswa kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur karon koo badhaana kuchh logon dwara ack samadhan key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. curr vriddhi key aalochak aksar iss tathya parr kayam rahate hain kii curr daron mein vriddhi kewal chhote sakaratmak parivartan karati haye kyonki logon kii karadhan seey bachane kii pravritti haye. isaliye, rajaswa parr iska joe cumm prabhaav padata haye vaha naa key barabar haye. anya loga tark dey sakate hain kii harr koee curr aadhar koo cumm karane (curr kii raashi koo cumm karane) kii koshish naheen karega, kyonki unake paas aisaa karane kaa koee tarika naheen haye. udaaharan key liye, nigamit karmchari apani aaya majdoori key roop mein praapt karate hain, joe kii ack sthir raashi haye.
lafar bindu (tii *) parr, curr rajaswa abb naheen badhata haye; isake vipareet, jaise-jaise curr kii darr badhati haye, rajaswa cumm hotaa jaataa haye. yeh iss tathya key kaaran haye kii kardaataa raajya koo uchch karon kaa bhugtan karane seey incar karate hain aur vaikalpik samadhan (anya deshon mein mukhyalaya, dhana shodhan, chhaaya arthavyavastha) kii talash karate hain. 
karadhan key liye vyavhaar pratikriyaaen.
curr dakshata iss baat seey prabhaavit hoe sakati haye kii vyakti aur vyavasaay curr neetiyon mein parivartanon key prati kaise pratikriya dete hain. aaya star, vyavasaay aur vishisht prakaar key curr mein badalaav jaise karakon key aadhar parr karadhan key liye vyavhaar pratikriyaen vyaapak roop seey bhinn hoe sakati hain. kuchh vyakti curr parivartanon key jawab mein apane kaam key ghanton, upbhog key pattern, yaa bachat aur nivesh ranneetiyon koo samaayojit curr sakate hain, jabaki anya loga bilkul bhee pratikriya naheen dey sakate hain. vyavasaay apane utpaadan star, rojgar nirnayon yaa moolya nirdhaaran ranneetiyon mein badalaav karke curr parivartanon kaa jawab dey sakate hain. curr neetiyon koo taiyar karate samay aur unakaa mulyankan karate samay neeti nirmaataon key liye inn vyavhaar sambandhi pratikriyaon koo samajhana mahatvapurna haye, kyonki inn vyavhaar sambandhi samayojanon key kaaran rajaswa srijan aur aarthik gatividhi parr curr parivartanon key vaastavik prabhaav unake ichchit prabhaavon seey bhinn hoe sakate hain. shodhkarta aksar inn vyavhaar pratikriyaon kaa anuman lagaane aur neetigat nirnayon koo soochit karane key liye anubhavjanya adhyayanon aur aarthik model kaa upayog karate hain.
sandarbh