aina gajal

aine gajal () ack navpashan puraataatvik sthal haye joe amman nagrik havaai adde seey lagbhag 2 kimmy uttar-paschim mein mahanagariya amman, jorden mein sthit haye. yeh sthal usa sthaan key liye ullekhaniya haye jahan 'aina gajal moortiyaan paaee gaeen, joe abb taka kii sabse purani badey aakar kii moortiyon mein seey hain.
prishthabhoomi.
aina gajal' ('gajel kaa vasant') mein basti pahali baar madhya poorv-mitty key bartan key navpashan kaal (aim. pee. pee. aine. bee.) mein dikhaai dee aur ise dou charanon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. charan I vartamaan (bp) seey pahale lagbhag 10,300 seey shuru hotaa haye aur c samaapt hotaa haye. 9, 950 bp, jabaki charan II c samaapt hotaa haye. 9, 550 bee. pee.
levent mein 9veen sahasrabdi aim. pee. pee. aine. bee. avadhi ney pragaitihasik jeevan mein ack badey parivartan kaa pratinidhitva kiya, joe chala shikari-sangrahakartaon key chhote samoohon seey bhoomadhya kshetra mein badey basey hue kheti aur charvaahe key gaanvon mein huaa, yeh prakriya kuchh 2-3 sahasraabdiyon pahale shuru kii gaee thee.
apane pramukh yug mein, lagbhag 7000 eesaa poorv (9000 bee. pee.), yeh sthal 10-15 hectare (25-37 assie) mein faila huaa thaa aur yahaan see. aeye. dwara basaa huaa thaa. 3000 loga (samkaaleen jericho kii aabaadi kaa chaar seey paanch gunaa). 6500 eesaa poorv key baad, haalaanki, aabaadi kuchh hii peedhiyon key bheetar teji seey girkar lagbhag chhathe sthaan parr aaa gaee, shayed paryaavaran ksharan key kaaran, 8.2 kilo-varsheeya ghatana (kohler-rolfson 1992).
sthaan aur bhautik ayam.
yeh uchch bhoomi jorden mein sabse lambi jall nikasi pranali, zarka nadee (vaadi zarka) key turant buggle mein ack apekshaakrit samriddh paryavaraniya setting mein sthit haye. yeh paschim mein oak-park jangal aur poorv mein khule maidan-registan key beach paaristhitiki key bheetar lagbhag 720 meater kii oonchaai parr sthit haye.
aina gajal ack vishisht asseramic, mamuli aakar key navpashan gaanv key roop mein shuru huaa. yeh ack ghaati key kinare seedhidaar jameen parr sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, aur aaytaakaar mitty-eent vaale gharon key saath banaaya gayaa thaa jisamen ack vargakar mukhya kamra aur ack chhota anteroom thaa. divaaron koo baahar kii or mitty seey plaster kiya gayaa thaa, aur ander choone key plaster key saath harr kuchh varshon mein navinikaran kiya gayaa thaa.
khudai seey baramad sakshya seey pataa chalata haye kii aspas key graameen ilaakon mein jangal they aur nivaasiyon koo vibhinn prakaar key aarthik sansaadhan pradaan kiye gaye they. iss sthal key aspas kii bhoomi mein krishi yogya bhoomi prachur matra mein haye. yeye charr nikat poorv mein kaee pramukh navpashan sthalon key asamanya hain, jinamen seey kaee seemant vatavaran mein sthit hain. phir bhee apani spasht samriddhi key bavjood, inn gajal kaa kshetra jalavaayu aur paryaavaran key prati samvedansheel haye kyonki yeh poore holocene mein utaar-chadhaav vaale maidan-vann seema seey nikat haye.
inn gajal mein, praarambhik mitty key bartanon kaa navpashan kaal see shuru hotaa haye. 6, 400 eesaa poorv, aur 5,000 eesaa poorv taka jaari haye.
arthavyavastha.
ack praarambhik krishak samudaay key roop mein, aina gajal loga gaanv key oopar key kheton mein anaaj (jou aur gehuun kii pracheen prajaati), faliyaan (mutter, same, daal aur chanaa) aur paltu bakariyon kii kheti karate they. isake alawa way jangli jaanvaron-hiran, gajel, equid, suar aur chhote standhaariyon jaise lomdi yaa khargosh kaa shikaar karate they.
aina gajal' seey aim. pee. pee. aine. bee. sthal kii anumaanit aabaadi 259-1349 vyaktiyon kii haye jinka kshetrafal 3.01-4.7 hectare haye. yeh tark diyaa jaataa haye kii aim. pee. aine. bee. kii shuruat mein isaki sthaapana key samay aim. pee. aine. bee. key anta taka lagbhag 2 hectare kaa aakar aur 5 hectare taka badhane kii sambhavana thee. iss samay unaki anumaanit aabaadi 600-750 loga yaa 125-150 loga prati hectare thee. 
ppnb 'aina gajal mein rahane vaalon kaa aahar ullekhaniya roop seey vividh thaa. gharelu paudhon mein gehuun aur jou kii prajaatiyan shamil theen, lekin faliyaan (mukhya roop seey daal aur mutter) pasandida cultigen prateet hoti hain. jangli paudhon kaa ack vistrit samooh bhee khaaya gayaa thaa. paltu jaanvaron kaa dridh sankalp, sensu stricto, bahut bahas kaa vishay haye. ppnb mein gajal bakariyaan ack pramukh prajaati theen, aur unakaa upayog gharelu arthon mein kiya jaataa thaa, halanki way aakriti vigyaan key anusaar gharelu naheen hoe sakate they. kaee baramad kiye gaye falang rogon koo pradarshit karate hain joe teathering kaa sanket dete hain. iss sthal parr jangli jaanvaron kii prajaatiyon kii ack prabhaavshaali shrinkhala kaa bhee sevan kiya gayaa thaa. gajel, boses, sus sp sahit 50 seey adhik taxes kii pehchaan kii gaee haye., lapus, aur vulps.
aina gajal ack aise kshetra mein thaa joe krishi key liye upayukt thaa aur phir usee gatishil key parinamswarup vikasit huaa. puraatatvidon kaa maanana haye kii madhya poorv mein lagbhag 700 varshon key ropan key baad adhikansh bhoomi samaapt hoe gaee thee aur isaliye krishi key liye anupayukt hoe gaee thee. una chhote gaanvon key logon ney apane anutpaadak kheton koo chhod diyaa aur apane gharelu jaanvaron key saath, behtar paaristhitik sthitiyon vaale sthaanon parr chaley gaye, jaise kii aina gajal joe badee aabaadi kaa samarthan curr sakati thee. anya sthalon key vipareet nae loga shayed kuchh sampatti aur sambhavatah bhookhe rahane key kaaran, varg bhed vikasit honey lagey. nae logon key aaney seey samajik taane-baane parr dabaav padaa-naee beemaariyaan, joe boya gayaa thaa usase adhik loga khilaane key liye aur adhik jaanvaron koo charaane kii aavashyakta thee.
inn gajal key sthal parr kaarigaron dwara aayojit utpaadan anukram key hisse key roop mein khanan gatividhiyon key pramaan hain, yeye sambhaavit anshakaalik visheshagya kissy tarah seey aise kachche maal taka niyantrit pahunch rakhate hain.
aanuvanshiki.
vaaee-dna haplogroup ee1bee1bee1bee2 75 pratishat ghazal aabaadi mein paaya gayaa haye, saath hii 60 pratishat ppnb aabaadi (aur ppnb key sabhi teen charanon mein maujood haye) aur adhikansh natofian mein paaya gayaa haye.
है। tii1aeye baad key madhya poorv-mitty key bartanon key neolithic bee (aim. pee. pee. aine. bee.) nivaasiyon mein paaya jaataa haye. vartamaan mein yeh kissy bhee pracheen sthal parr paaya jaane vaalaa sabse purana gyaat namuna haye, yeh praarambhik aur madhya aim. pee. pee. aine. bee. aabaadi key beach naheen paaya gayaa thaa. 
isaliye, yeh socha jaataa haye kii poorv-mitty key bartanon kii navpashan aabaadi jyaadaatar dou alag-alag aabaadi seey bunny haih praarambhik natufian sabhyata key sadasya aur upajaau ardhchandrakar iraq yaa sambhavatah, i seey aapravaasan key parinamswarup aabaadi.ee. dakshin-purvi anatolia.
sanskriti.
moortiyaan.
pahale key staron mein aina gajal mein chhoti cheeni mitty kii aakritiyaan hain jinka upayog vyaktigat yaa parivarik anushthaan aakritiyon key roop mein kiya gayaa haye. vahaan jaanvaron aur logon donon kii moortiyaan hain. pashu kii aakritiyaan seeng vaale jaanvaron kii hoti hain aur pashu kaa agala hissa sabse spasht roop seey pratiroopit hotaa haye. way sabhi gatishil bull kii chhaap dete hain. kuchh pashuon kii aakritiyon koo unake mahatvapurna hisson mein chaku maaraa gayaa haye; inn aakritiyon koo taba gharon mein dafnaya gayaa haye. anya moortiyon koo jalaa diyaa gayaa aur phir baaki aag key saath fenk diyaa gayaa. unhone anushthaanik imaraton kaa nirmaan kiya aur badee moortiyon yaa moortiyon kaa upayog kiya. unakaa vaastavik nirmaan ack kuleen samooh key liye una logon parr apane adhikaar koo pradarshit karane aur rekhaankit karane kaa ack tarika haye joe samudaay yaa kuleen shram koo seva key roop mein aur ack nae samudaay key hisse key roop mein ack saath bandhua shramikon key liye rinee hain. smaarak moortiyon key alawa, chhoti mitty aur patthar key tokan, kuchh jyaamitiya yaa praakritik aakaron key saath utkeern, aina gajal mein paae gaye they.baramad kii gaee 195 moortiyaan (40 maanav aur 155 pashu) aim. pee. pee. aine. bee. sandarbhon seey theen; 81 pratishat moortiyaan aim. pee. pee. aine. bee. seey sambandhit paaee gaee hain jabaki kewal 19 pratishat ell. pee. pee. aine. bee. aur pee. pee. aine. see. seey sambandhit hain. adhikansh moortiyaan maveshiyon kii hain, ack aisee prajaati joe pehchaane gaye namoonon (nisp) kii kull sankhya kaa kewal 8 pratishat haye. gharelu anushthaan key kshetra mein shikaar kiye gaye maveshiyon kaa mahatva bataa rhaa haye. vyaktigat parivaaron key liye yeh mahatvapurna prateet hotaa thaa kii aise sadasya houn jinhone maveshiyon key shikaar mein bhaag liya-sambhavatah ack samooh gatividhi-aur baad mein avasheshon parr dawat.
aina gajal' kuchh vishesh imaraton key aspas key gaddhon mein dabi hui maanav aakriti kii moortiyon key ack samooh key liye prasiddh haye, jinake anushthaan kaary hoe sakate hain. yeye moortiyaan aadhe aakar kii maanav aakritiyaan hain joe bundle kii hui tahaniyon key mool key chaaron or safed plaster mein banaai gaee hain. aakritiyon mein kapade, baal aur kuchh mamalon mein sajawati taitu yaa shareer kaa rung chitrit kiya gayaa haye. aankho koo bitumen putali aur dioptase highliting key saath plaster kaa upayog karke banaaya jaataa haye.
kull milakar, una plaster aakritiyon mein seey 32 dou kaishe mein paae gaye they, jinamen seey 15 poorna aakritiyaan, 15 bust aur 2 tukdedaar sir they. teen bust dou sir vaale they.
dafanaane kii prathaaen.
haal key varshon mein pee. pee. aine. bee. avadhi key dauran murdaghar prathaon key liye kaafee sabooton kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye. postmortem khopadi koo hataana, aamtaur parr kapaal taka seemit haye, lekin iss avsar parr anivarya sahit, aur spasht roop seey poorna shav key praarambhik praathamik antarveshan key baad. iss tarah key upchaar kii vyakhya aamtaur parr mrit logon kii pooja yaa "poorvaj pooja" key kissy roop seey judey anushthaanon kaa pratinidhitva karane key roop mein kii gaee haye.
jiss tarah seey mritakon key saath vyavhaar kiya jaataa haye, usa varg key pramaan hain. kuchh logon koo unake gharon key farsh mein dafnaya jaataa haye kyonki way anya navpashan sthalon parr hotey hain. maans barbad honey key baad kuchh khopadi koo vichhedit aur sajaaya gayaa thaa. yeh yaa tou sammaan kaa ack roop thaa yaa isaliye kii way ghar aur usamen logon koo apani shakti pradaan curr sakein. haalaanki, anya navpashan sthalon key vipareet, kuchh logon koo kachare key dher parr fenk diyaa gayaa thaa aur unake shareer barkarar hain. vidvaanon kaa anuman haye kii vayask dafanaane kaa ack tihai hissa kachare key gaddhon mein paaya gayaa thaa aur unake sir akshunna they. unhone nae logon koo nimn varg key roop mein dekhaa hoga.
aina gajal logon ney apane kuchh mritakon koo apane gharon key farsh key neeche dafnaya, anya logon koo aspas key ilaakon mein dafnaya. ander dabey logon mein seey, aksar sir koo baad mein baramad kiya gayaa aur khopadi koo ghar key farsh key neeche ack alag uthale gaddhe mein dafnaya gayaa. saath hii, kaee maanav avashesh kachare key gaddhon mein paae gaye hain, jahaan gharelu kachare kaa niptan kiya gayaa thaa, joe darshaata haye kii harr mritak koo aupchaarik roop seey aaraam naheen diyaa gayaa thaa. nivaasiyon key kewal ack chhote seey, chayanit hisse koo hii thheek seey dafnaya gayaa aur adhikansh kaa niptan ansulajha kyon reh gayaa. aisaa lagata haye kii dafan lagbhag harr 15-20 varsh mein hue hain, joe prati peedhi ack dafanaane kii darr kaa sanket detaa haye, halanki iss pratha mein ling aur ayu sthir naheen thee.
utkhanan aur sanrakshan.
yeh sthal amman key taarik aur basman jilon key beach kii seema parr sthit haye, isake buggle mein, aur all-shaheed sadak aur senaa sadak koo jodane vaale aina gajal interchange key liye naamit kiya gayaa haye (aina gajal sadak key uttar mein ack chhote seey gaanv kaa naam haye, joe abb taarik jile key bheetar haye).
iss sthal kii khoj 1974 mein developers dwara kii gaee thee joe armi sent, amman aur zarka koo jodane vaali sadak kaa nirmaan curr rahey they. khudai 1982 mein shuru hui, halanki iss samay taka, lagbhag 600 meater (1,970 feat) sadak iss sthal seey hocker gujarati thee. shahari vistaar seey hue nuksan key bavjood, 'aina gajal' mein joe kuchh bachaa thaa, usane bahut saaree jaankaari pradaan kii aur 1989 taka aisaa karna jaari rakhaa. inn pahali khudai key dauran ack adhik ullekhaniya puraataatvik khoj 1983 mein saamane aaee. ack bulldozer dwara nakkashidar raaste mein prithvi key ack cross section kii jaanch karate hue, puraatatvidon ney satah key neeche plaster moortiyon vaale 2.5 meater (8 feat) key badey gaddhe key kinare parr dekhaa.
gairi oh kii disha mein khudai kaa ack aur sett. rollfson aur zidaan kaafafi 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein hue they.
shahari vikas key atikraman key khatare kii or dhyaan aakarshit karane key liye vishva smaarak kosh dwara 2004 key vishva smarakon kii nigrani mein iss sthal koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa.

