pramaan patra

kaanoon mein, pramanpatra ack nichali adalat yaa sarkari agency key faisale kii nyaayik sameeksha karane key liye ack adalat kii prakriya haye. "pramaan patra" ack angreji visheshaadhikaar ritt key naam seey aataa haye, joe ack uchch nyayalaya dwara jaari kiya jaataa haye taaki yeh nirdesh diyaa jaa sakey kii nichali adalat key record koo sameeksha key liye uchch nyayalaya koo bheja jaae. yeh shabd "nishchit kiya jaanaa" key liye lattin haye, aur iss tarah key ritt kii shuruati pankti seey aataa haye, joe paaramparik roop seey lattin shabdon "certifiorari volumous" key saath shuru huaa thaa..."(humm nishchit honah chaahte hain...").
angreji samanya kaanoon seey vyutpann, "pramanan" samanya kaanoon kaa upayog karane vaale yaa usase prabhaavit deshon mein prachalit haye."yeh pratyek rashtra kii kanuni pranali mein vikasit huaa haye, kyonki adalat key nirnay aur vaidhaanik sanshodhan kiye jaate hain. aadhunik kaanoon mein, "pramanpatra" koo kaee kshetradhikaron mein maanyata praapt haye, jisamen ingland aur wells (abb jise "quashing order" kahaa jaataa haye), kanada, bhaarat, ireland, phillippeans aur sanyukt raajya shamil hain. 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi mein prashaasnik kaanoon key vistaar key saath, prashaasnik nikaayon key saath-saath nichali adalaton key nirnayon kii sameeksha karane key liye "pramanpatra" key ritt kaa kaee deshon mein vyaapak upayog huaa haye.
vyutpatti.
pramaanak" shabd (angreji mein, yaa; yuu. key. angrejeeh yaa) inn lekhan kii shuruat mein upayog kiye gaye shabdon seey aataa haye jaba way lattin mein likhe gaye theh "pramaanak [volumous]" [humm chaahte hain] nishchit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. "pramanpatra" lattin kriya "pramanpatra, pramanpatra" ("soochit karane key liye, jaankaari dene key liye, dikhaane key liye") kaa vartamaan nishkriya anant haye. ise aksar sankshipt roop seey pramaanit kiya jaataa haye. sanyukt raajya mein, vishesh roop seey nichali adalat key faisale kii sameeksha key liye sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya mein avedanon key sambandh mein.
utpatti.
pracheen rome.
aitihaasik upayog roman kaanoon seey shuru hotaa haye. roman kaanoon mein, "pramanan" kaa sujhaav ack mamle kii sameeksha key sandarbh mein diyaa gayaa thaa-jitna kii aaj shabd lagu kiya jaataa haye-haalaanki iss shabd kaa upayog likhit roop mein bhee adalat key faisale key anya pakshon koo soochit karane kii aavashyakta yaa kartavya koo ingit karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. yeh ack atyadhik takniki shabd thaa joe kewal nyayshastra lattin mein dikhaai detaa thaa, joe aksar ulpiyan key karyon mein hotaa thaa.
pramaanak" shabd aksar kaanoon parr roman saahitya mein paaya jaataa haye, lekin kissy mamle kii sameeksha yaa mamle key pahaluon kii kaarravaai key sambandh mein moort tareeke key bajaay daarshanik tareeke seey lagu kiya jaataa haye. anivarya roop seey, yeh kahata haye kii mamle kii sunavaai kii jaayegi.
angreji visheshaadhikaar ritt.
angreji samanya kaanoon mein, "pramaan patra" ack paryavekshi ritt thaa, joe "sabhi nimn adhikaar kshetron koo unake adhikaar kii seema key bheetar rakhane kii seva kartaa thaa... twarit aur sankshipt antarveshan dwara vishay kii swatantrata kii raksha karna. ingland aur wells mein, raajaa kii peeth key nyayalaya koo sabhi nichali adalaton kii nigrani karane kaa kartavya saunpa gayaa thaa, aur usa kartavya key nirvahan key liye aavashyak sabhi ritt jaari karane kii shakti thee; usa adalat key nyayadhishon key paas iss baare mein koee vivekadhikar naheen thaa kii kyaa ise sunaa gayaa thaa, jaba taka kii "pramaan patra" key bill key liye ack aavedan sthaapit maandandon koo puuraa kartaa haye, kyonki yeh unake paryavekshan key kartavya seey utpann huaa thaa.
jaise-jaise samay beetata gayaa, "pramaanik" kaanoon key ack mahatvapurna niyam key roop mein vikasit huaah
australia.
australia mein, "pramaan patra" jaari karane kii shakti uchch nyayalayon key antarnihit adhikaar kshetra kaa hissa haye.
kanada.
kanada mein, "pramanan" ack durlabh roop seey upayog kii jaane vaali shakti haye, joe uchch nyayalayon key antarnihit adhikaar kshetra kaa hissa haye. iska upayog aamtaur parr ack spasht galati key kaaran nichali adalat key faisale koo radd karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. 
aar mein. vee. 2018 aiss. see. see. 45, kanada kii sarvocch adalat ney aaparaadhik mamalon mein" pramanpatra "key upayog koo pratibandhit curr diyaa. isane faisala sunaaya kii "pramaanak" kaa upayog kewal adhikaar kshetra kii trutiyon koo sahee karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, arthaat.ee. jaba koee adalat koee nirnay letee haye joe karane kii usaki shakti seey baahar haye; iska upayog kanuni trutiyon koo thheek karane key liye naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, i.ee. jahan ack adalat nirnay letee haye, usey nirnay lene kii anumati haye, lekin galat nirnay letee haye. baad kii prakaar kii truti koo kewal ack baar jaba adalat mamle mein antim nirnay letee haye, tou ack appeal key madhyam seey chunauti dee jaa sakati haye. yeh aaparaadhik mamalon mein antarvarti apeelon parr ack samanya nishedh kaa hissa haye. "pramaan patra" bhee upalabdh haye yadi koee nirnay kissy teesare paksh key adhikaaron koo prabhaavit kartaa haye joe nirnay key khilaf appeal karane key liye khadaa naheen hoga. sarvocch nyayalaya ney yeh taya karane seey incar curr diyaa kii kyaa "pramaan patra" ack kanuni truti koo sambodhit karane key liye upalabdh hoga joe ack paksh key adhikaaron koo apuraniya nuksan pahunchaane kaa khatra haye jise appeal parr thheek naheen kiya jaa sakata haye.
ingland aur wells.
ingland aur wells kii adalaton mein, "pramaan patra" kaa upaay ack samanya upaay key roop mein vikasit huaa, joe ack nimn adalat, nyayadhikaran yaa saarvajanik pradhikaran key nirnayon koo sameeksha key liye uchch nyayalaya key samaksh laane key liye, sadharan truti key sudhaar key liye thaa taaki adalat yeh nirdhaarit curr sakey kii aise nirnayon koo radd kiya jaae yaa naheen.
ingland aur wells mein ack saarvajanik nikaay key nirnay koo nyaayik sameeksha dwara radd karane key baad ack upaay key roop mein upayog mein iss vikas koo darshaate hue, sivil prakriya (sarvocch nyayalaya adhiniyam 1981 kaa sanshodhan) adesh 2004 dwara "pramanan" key aadeshon yaa riton kaa naam badalkar "radd karane key adesh" curr diyaa gayaa, jisane varishth nyayalaya adhiniyam 1981 mein sanshodhan kiya.
bhaarat.
bhaarat kaa samvidhaan samvidhaan key bhaag III dwara guaranteekrit maulik adhikaaron koo lagu karane key uddeshya seey bhaarat key sarvocch nyayalaya mein "pramaan patra" jaari karane kii shakti nihit kartaa haye. bhaarat kii sansad key paas sarvocch nyayalaya kii "pramaanik" shakti key alawa maulik adhikaaron koo lagu karane key liye kissy bhee anya nyayalaya koo isi tarah kii "pramaanik" shakti dene kaa adhikaar haye.
maulik adhikaaron kii raksha key liye "pramaan patra" jaari karane kii shakti key alawa, sarvocch nyayalaya aur uchch nyayalayon sabhi key paas anya kanuni adhikaaron kii suraksha key liye "pramaan patra" jaari karane kaa adhikaar kshetra haye.
newzealand.
jaba 1841 mein newzealand key sarvocch nyayalaya kii sthaapana ack uchch nyayalaya key roop mein kii gaee thee, tou usey nimn adalaton aur nyayadhikaranon koo niyantrit karane key liye "pramaan patra" jaari karane kaa antarnihit adhikaar kshetra thaa. pramaan patra" jaari karane key liye samanya kaanoon kshetradhikar koo 1972 mein kaanoon dwara sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa, jaba naee zeeland sansad ney "nyaayik sanshodhan adhiniyam" paarit kiya thaa. iss adhiniyam ney ack nayaa prakriyaatmak tantra banaaya, jise "sameeksha key liye aavedan" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jiska upayog "pramaan patra" aur anya visheshaadhikaar ritt key sthaan parr kiya jaa sakata haye. nyaayik sanshodhan adhiniyam" ney "pramaan patra" aur anya riton koo samaapt naheen kiya, lekin yeh ummeed kii gaee thee kii sameeksha key liye nae aavedan key upayog key liye anukoolit kanuni peshe key roop mein, riton kaa upayog bund hoe jaayega.
phillippeans.
phillippeans ney adalat key niyamon key tahat nagrik karyon mein "pramaan patra" key asadharan ritt koo phillippeans key sarvocch nyayalaya seey nyaayik sameeksha kii prakriya key roop mein anukoolit kiya haye.
sanyukt raajya america.
sanghiya adaalaten.
sanyukt raajya america key samvidhaan key anuchhed teen key masaude key liye mukhya roop seey jimmedaar vyakti, joe sanyukt raajya america kii sanghiya sarkaar kii nyaayik shakha kaa varnan kartaa haye, sahayak nyayadhish james willson (1742-1798) key roop mein bataate hainh
sanyukt raajya america mein, "pramaan patra" koo aksar usa ritt key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye kii sanyukt raajya america kaa sarvocch nyayalaya kanuni truti (prativarti truti) key liye nichali adalat key faisale kii sameeksha karane key liye nichali adalat koo jaari kartaa haye aur sameeksha kartaa haye jahaan koee appeal upalabdh naheen haye. 1891 key nyaypalika adhiniyam seey pahale, joe mamle sarvocch nyayalaya taka pahunch sakate they, unaki sunavaai adhikaar key mamle key roop mein kii jaati thee, jiska arth haye kii adalat koo una mamalon mein seey pratyek mein nirnay jaari karna aavashyak thaa. yaani, adalat koo yogyata parr sabhi uchit roop seey prastut apeelon kii sameeksha karni thee, maukhik tark sunana thaa aur nirnay jaari karna thaa. jaise-jaise unnisvin shatabdi mein sanyukt raajya kaa vistaar huaa, sanghiya nyaayik pranali teji seey tanaavpurna hoe gaee, aur sarvocch nyayalaya mein kaee varshon taka lambit mamalon kaa ack lamba khand thaa. adhiniyam ney adalat kii adhikansh pratyaksh apeelon koo nava nirmit circuit adalaton mein sthanantarit karke inn samasyaon koo hull kiya, jinake nirnay una mamalon mein aam taur parr antim hotey they. sarvocch nyayalaya ney apane nyaypalika adhikaar koo poori tarah seey naheen chhoda kyonki isane "pramaan patra" key ritt key madhyam seey apane vivek parr appeal nyayalayon key nirnayon kii sameeksha karane kii kshamata praapt kii.
1925 key nyaypalika adhiniyam aur 1988 key sarvocch nyayalaya mamle chayan adhiniyam key baad seey, adhikansh mamalon koo adhikaar key mamle key roop mein sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya mein appeal naheen kii jaa sakati haye. ack paksh joe chaahata haye kii sarvocch nyayalaya sanghiya yaa raajya adalat key nirnay kii sameeksha karey, vaha sarvocch nyayalaya mein "pramaan patra key liye yachika" daayar kartaa haye. ack "yachika" pustika key praarup mein mudrit kii jaati haye aur 40 pratiyaan adalat mein daayar kii jaati hain. yadi adalat yachika koo manjur karati haye, tou mamla sankshipt vivaran dakhil karane aur maukhik tark key liye nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye. nau nyayadhishon mein seey cumm seey cumm chaar nyayadhishon koo "pramaan patra" kaa ack ritt dene kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jise "chaar kaa niyam" kahaa jaataa haye. adalat adhikansh yachikaon koo aswikar karati haye aur iss prakaar nichali adalat key nirnay koo sameeksha key binaa khadaa honey key liye chhod detee haye; yeh pratyek avadhi mein lagbhag 80 seey 150 mamalon koo letee haye. udaaharan key liye, juuna 2009 mein samaapt hue karyakal mein, lagbhag 1.1 pratishat kii anudan darr key saath 8,241 yaachikaaen daayar kii gaeen. bhugtan kiye gaye pramaan patra parr mamalon koo "inn forma popperis" dockett kii tulanaa mein kaafee adhik manjuri diye jaane kii sambhavana haye. sarvocch nyayalaya aam taur parr kewal una mamalon koo chunane key liye savdhan rahata haye jinn parr nyayalaya kaa adhikaar kshetra haye aur jinhen nyayalaya paryaapt roop seey mahatvapurna maanata haye, jaise kii gahare samvaidhaanik prashnon seey judey mamle, apane seemit sansadhanon key upayog key yogya honey key liye, jaise kii pramaan patra pool kaa upayog karna. jabaki adhikaar aur pramaan yachikaon donon kii appeal aksar apeeliya sameeksha key liye nichali adalaton kii kaee kathit trutiyon koo prastut karati haye, adalat aam taur parr "pramaan patra" yachika mein prastut kewal ack yaa dou prashnon kii sameeksha pradaan karati haye.
sarvocch nyayalaya kabhi-kabhi "circuit vibhajan" koo hull karane key liye "pramaan patra" kaa ack ritt pradaan kartaa haye, jaba dou (yaa adhik) sanghiya nyaayik paripathon mein sanghiya appeal adalaton ney samaan sthitiyon mein alag-alag faisala sunaaya haye. inhen aksar "parcolating issues" kahaa jaataa haye.
"pramanpatra" koo kabhi-kabhi anaupchaarik roop seey "pramaan" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.", aur uchchatam nyayalaya key dhyaan koo" "pramaanit" "key roop mein aavashyak karane vaale mamle."yogya. ritt dene kaa matlab yeh naheen haye kii sarvocch nyayalaya nichali adalat key faisale seey asahmat haye. pramaan patra" kii ritt dene kaa matlab kewal yeh haye kii cumm seey cumm chaar nyayadhishon ney yeh nirdhaarit kiya haye kii yachika mein varnit paristhitiyaan adalat dwara sameeksha key liye paryaapt hain. 
isake vipareet, sarvocch nyayalaya dwara "pramaan patra" key liye yachika seey incar koo kabhi-kabhi galat samajha jaataa haye kyonki iska matlab haye kii sarvocch nyayalaya nichali adalat key faisale koo manjuri detaa haye. jaisa kii adalat ney "misauri banaam" mein samajhaaya. jenkins, "iss tarah kaa incar" mamle key guna-dosh parr koee raay naheen detaa haye.  vishesh roop seey, "pramaan patra" key ack ritt key incar kaa matlab haye kii incar dwara hii koee badhyakari poorvavarti naheen banaaya jaataa haye, aur nichali adalat key nirnay koo kewal usa adalat key bhaugolik (yaa sanghiya paripath key mamle mein, vishay-vishisht) adhikaar kshetra key bheetar anivarya pradhikaran key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. pramaanak" key incar koo antarnihit anumodan key roop mein kyon naheen maanaa jaa sakata haye, isake kaaran "maryland banaam. baltimore radio show, ink."(1950), jisamen adalat ney kaee tarkon koo samajhaaya joe ack ritt key incar koo rekhaankit curr sakate hain jiska mamle key guna-dosh seey koee lena-denaa naheen haye.
raajya adaalaten.
kuchh sanyukt raajya raajya adalat pranaaliyan ack hii shabdawali kaa upayog karati hain, lekin anya mein, "sameeksha kii ritt", "appeal karane key liye chhod dein", yaa "appeal key liye pramanan" kaa upayog "pramaan patra kii ritt" key sthaan parr nichali adalat key faisale kii vivekadhin sameeksha key naam key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. pensylvania kaa sarvocch nyayalaya vishisht roop seey usee prakriya key liye "alokatur" (anaupchaarik roop seey) aur "appeal kaa bhatta" (aupchaarik roop seey) shabdon kaa upayog kartaa haye. mutthi bhar raajyon mein madhyavarti apeeliya adalaton kii kamee haye; inmein seey adhikansh mein, unaki sarvocch adaalaten ack anivarya sameeksha vyavastha key tahat kaam karati hain, jisamen sarvocch nyayalaya koo haarne vaale key ack appeal key paaramparik adhikaar koo sanrakshit karane key liye sabhi apeelen lenny chaahiye (aaparaadhik mamalon koo chhodkar jahaan prativaadi koo burry curr diyaa gayaa thaa). virginia mein ack madhyavarti appeal adalat haye, lekin parivarik kaanoon aur prashaasnik mamalon koo chhodkar vivekadhin sameeksha key tahat kaam karati haye. una sabhi raajyon mein jahaan maut kii sajaa maujood haye, anivarya sameeksha bunny hui haye; una raajyon mein, maut kii sajaa key khilaf raajya kii sarvocch adalat mein swatah appeal kii jaati haye.
dou raajyon mein binaa madhyavarti appeal adalat (nyu hampshire aur west virginia) key, sarvocch nyayalaya sabhi mamalon mein vivekadhin sameeksha key tahat kaam kartaa thaa, chaahe vaha diwani hoe yaa aaparaadhik. iska matlab yeh thaa kii kissy bhee raajya mein appeal kaa koee adhikaar naheen thaa, kewal nyu hampshire mein maut kii sajaa key mamle apavaad they; west virginia ney 1965 mein apani maut kii sajaa koo samaapt curr diyaa. nyu hampshire ney 2004 mein shuru hue adhikansh mamalon key liye anivarya sameeksha mein sankraman kiya, jabaki west virginia ney 2010 mein shuru honey vaale sabhi mamalon key liye anivarya sameeksha mein sankraman kiya.
texas iss niyam kaa ack asamanya apavaad haye kii raajya sarvocch nyayalaya dwara "pramaan patra" seey incar karane kaa arth aam taur parr nichali adalat key faisale key guna-dosh koo sweekaar yaa asweekrit karna naheen haye. march 1927 mein, texas vidhaayika ney texas sarvocch nyayalaya koo truti key ritt key liye avedanon koo sunane seey "incar" karane kaa nirdesh dete hue ack kaanoon banaaya, jaba usey vishvaas thaa kii appeal kii adalat ney kaanoon koo sahee dhang seey kahaa haye. iss prakaar, juuna 1927 key baad seey, texas kii appeal adalaton key 4,100 seey adhik nirnay texas sarvocch nyayalaya key liye vaidh badhyakari udaaharan bunn gaye hain kyonki uchch nyayalaya ney unhein aswikar karane key bajaay truti key ritt key liye avedanon koo aswikar curr diyaa aur iss tarah sanket diyaa kii usane raajya key kaanoon key roop mein unaki hissedari koo manjuri dey dee haye. 
jabaki texas kii anoothi pratha ney raajya key sarvocch nyayalaya koo una muddon parr raajya bhar mein samaan udaaharan banaane key liye apekshaakrit chhote mamalon kii sunavaai karane seey bachaaya, yeh appeal kii adalaton kii raay key liye lambe uddharan bhee detaa haye, kyonki mamle key baad key ritt itihas koo hamesha nott kiya jaanaa chaahiye (ee.jee.koee ritt, ritt aswikar, ritt aswikar, aadi naheen.) paathak key liye ack nazar mein yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye kii kyaa uddhrit raay kewal appeal kii adalat key jile mein badhyakari poorvavarti haye jisamen yeh nirnay liya gayaa thaa, yaa poore raajya key liye badhyakari poorvavarti haye. isake vipareet, california, florida aur newyork ney ack samaan misal banaane kii samasya koo kewal yeh maanate hue hull kiya kii kaanoon key ack nae prashn taka pahunchane key liye pahali madhyavarti apeeliya adalat hamesha poore raajya key liye badhyakari misal sthaapit karati haye, jaba taka kii koee anya madhyavarti apeeliya adalat pahale key saath spasht roop seey asahmat naa hoe. iss beach, kuchh raajya, jaise kii pensylvania aur nyu jersey, poori tarah seey kshetriyakrit apeeliya adalaton koo chhodkar iss mudde seey bachate hain; inn raajyon mein madhyavarti apeeliya adaalaten apane vishay-kshetradhikar key bheetar raajya key sabhi hisson seey mamalon kii sunavaai curr sakati hain.
prashaasnik kaanoon.
prashaasnik kaanoon key sandarbh mein, "pramaan patra" kii samanya-kaanoon ritt kaa upayog aitihaasik roop seey sanyukt raajya mein nichali adalaton dwara ack pratikool sunavaai key baad ack prashaasnik agency dwara kiye gaye nirnayon kii nyaayik sameeksha key liye kiya jaataa thaa. kuchh raajyon ney raajya adalaton mein "pramaan patra" key iss upayog koo barkarar rakhaa haye, jabaki anya ney ise vaidhaanik prakriyaon key saath badal diyaa haye. sanghiya adalaton mein, "pramaan patra" key iss upayog koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa haye aur sanyukt raajya kii jilaa adalat mein prashaasnik prakriya adhiniyam key tahat ack nagrik kaarravaai dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye yaa kuchh paristhitiyon mein sanyukt raajya kii appeal adalat mein sameeksha key liye ack yachika haye.

