
david williams (daarshanik)

david williams (1738-29 juuna 1816) gyaan kaal key ack velsh daarshanik they. way ack niyukt mantri, dharamshastri aur raajneetik vivaadvaadi they, aur 1788 mein shaahi saahityik kosh key sansthaapak they, jisake way 1773 seey prastaavak they.
parvarish.
williams kaa janm carfilly key paas watford mein vaun valload naamak ack ghar mein huaa thaa. unaki praarambhik shiksha aanshik roop seey johnn smith, aglevicillan key wicker key adheen thee, aur way apane naam david williams dwara sanchaalit ack sthaaniya school mein gaye. unake pitaa, villium david koo howell harris dwara paddhati mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa thaa; yeh unake anurodh parr thaa kii david williams ney mantralaya mein pravesh kiya. rev. khadanon aur khanikon key aujaaron mein ack durbhagyapurna sattebaaj david kii 1752 mein mrityu hoe gaee; parivaar mein ack jeevit betaa aur dou betiyaan theen.
unake pitaa ney apani mrityushayya parr david seey vaadaa kiya kii way ack asantusht mantri key roop mein arhata praapt karane key liye karmarthan akadami mein pravesh karenge. unhone landan presbyterian board (1753 seey chrismus 1757) kii ack pradarshani key saath, johnn eims key ack chhaatr, ivan davis key tahat vahaan adhyayan kiya. akadami, joe abb taka calvinist thee, ney ack visham roodhivaadi pratishtha praapt karna shuru curr diyaa thaa. farwari 1755 seey landan mandali board ney deviyon key sahayak, saimuel thomas key kathit arianwad key kaaran koee chhaatr naheen bheja. david ney swayam 1759 mein arminionism key sandeh mein apani kursi seey istifa dey diyaa. villium key vichaar aparamparaagat they, kaafee hudd taka carmarton akadami mein unake chaar saal key adhyayan key liye dhanyavaad, aur unhein ack devvaadi key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa.
samanvaya.
villium koo 1758 mein 45 pound key wazife parr, somerset mein asahamati sabhaa key prabhaar key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. yeh vaha mandali thee jisase thomas morgan, devvaadi, koo 1720 mein khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa. williams key dharamshastriya vichaar santoshjanak saabit naheen hue. 1761 mein vaha james pears dwara sthaapit taksal baithak, exter mein chaley gaye. yahaan unhein phir seey niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. unhone "isai dharm key siddhanton parr ack dhaarmik prarthana" taiyar kii, jise unaki mandali dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa. jald hii unhone 'badey sadasyon' key saath jhagada kiya jinhone unaki raay parr apatti jataai. unhone unaki naitikta mein galati dhundhkar jawab diyaa. ack 'awas' key madhyam seey unhone 1769 key aspas southwood laine, highget mein ack ghatati hui mandali kaa prabhaar sambhaalane key liye baahar nickle gaye. iss mandali mein johnn wilks key pitaa ack coach-aind-six mein gaadi chalaate they. iss aarop mein aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii vaha 1773 taka baney rahey. unaki vaapsee koo swayam 'ack mahila kii sajish' key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya gayaa thaa, aur rahasyodghatan kii koee asweekriti naheen thee, jise unhone halke mein liya thaa. 1774 mein unake uttaradhikari joseph tower they. unakaa pahala prakaashan, "dha philosopher, inn three conversations", 1771, (lord mansfield aur bishap warberton koo samarpit), jisamen church sudhaar kii ack pariyojana thee, ney johnn jeb kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya. johnn lii key sahyog seey, landan mein ack prarthana-pustak key saath ack chappel kholane key liye ack prastaav paidal rakhaa gayaa thaa. williams koo saarvajanik patron key madhyam seey yojana kii or dhyaan aakarshit karna thaa. saarvajanik vigyapandata" key liye unake sanchaar "saarvajanik pooja, deshbhakti aur sudhaar kii pariyojanaon parr nibandh" key roop mein punah prakaashit kiye gaye, 1773, itane devvaadi they kii yojana koo samaapt curr diyaa.
david garrick koo patra.
naatak key liye ack swaad key kaaran david garrick key saath unakaa parichay huaa, jinase way usa samay kii ack parichaarika key ghar parr mille they.'iss mahila key saath vaha heinry mossup seey milane gaye, abhineta, jinhone apane durbhagya key liye garrick kii upeksha koo jimmedaar thaharaaya. williams ney mossup key drishtikon koo moort roop dete hue patron koo likhaa, lekin sanchaar mudrit naheen thaa. teen 
maheenon baad unhone david garrick koo apana utsuk lekin vaastavik patra, 1772 prakaashit kiya. british sangrahalaya mein johnn phillip kembal key ack nott key anusaar, ack doosara sanskaran thaa; williams, apane "vyakhyan", 1779, khand key anta mein ack vigyaapan mein. aaee., "patra" key lekhak honey kaa daavaa kartaa haye, aur pushti kartaa haye kii 'ack gupt sanskaran' thaa. galat tarikh (1770) key saath "patra" koo phir seey chhaapane vaale morris kaa kahana haye kii ise bikri seey vaapas leey liya gayaa thaa. david garrick key niji patrachar" mein, 1831, ack patra (2 octuber 1772) haye, jiss parr hastakshar kiye gaye hain. ws ney sanket diyaa kii prakaashit 'patra' ack aise yuvak dwara thaa joe khud koo hamein ack pratham shreni kii pratibha key roop mein zaan rhaa haye... uska naam williams haye. vaha kaptan paaee key saath antarang haye. sunar usey jaanata haye, aur maine usey johnson key ghar mein jaate dekhaa haye. patrachar' key sampaadak james boden lekhak (jahir haye kii khud williams) koo 'ghamandi ladka' kahate hain. mossup kii mrityu (18 navambar 1773) parr williams ney garrick koo likhaa aur unhein ack dill koo chhoo lene vaalaa jawab milaa.
school aur church.
1773 mein williams ney laurence street, chelsey mein ack ghar liya, mairi emilia seey shaadi kii, ack mahila jisake paas koee bhaagya naheen thaa, aur ack school sthaapit kiya. apane mantralaya key phal key roop mein unhone "updeshon, mukhya roop seey dhaarmik pakhand parr" (1774) kaa ack khand prakaashit kiya. unake shaikshik vichaar, joe johnn amos comenius key vichaaron parr adharit they, unhone apane "shiksha parr granth" (1774) mein moort roop diyaa. pustak-shiksha key liye unhone tathyon key pratyaksh gyaan key aadhar parr vaigyaanik prashikshan key adheenata praapt kii. unhone nashe mein dhut helot yojana kaa ack nayaa anuprayog kiya, ack kaaryasthal seey ack 'jhooth bolane vaalaa ladka' koo ack vastu paath key roop mein praapt kiya. unakaa vidyalaya 'unaki apekshaon seey parey samriddh huaa', lekin unaki patni kii mrityu (1774 mein) ney unhein kuchh samay key liye maanav rahit curr diyaa. unhone khud koo faad diyaa, 'apane vidvaanon koo apane liye sthanantarit karane key liye chhod diyaa', aur 'kaee maheenon key liye' khud koo ack door key desh mein alag curr liya. kuchh vivaranon key anusaar, vaha buxton gayaa; vaha kabhi bhee chelsey naheen lauta.
1774 mein benjamin franklin ney williams key ghar mein 'ack raajneetik toofaan seey sharan lii', aur ankganit sikhaane key apane tareeke mein ruchi lene lagey. franklin williams, nirmaata thomas bentley (josia wayswood key bhagidar) aur james "ethanian" stuart dwara chalsia mein gathit ack chhote seey club mein shamil hoe gaye. iss club mein williams ney vyathit lekhakon koo raahat dene key liye ack samaaj kii yojana kaa prachaar kiya, jise franklin ney aage badhaane key liye protsaahit naheen kiya. club mein yeh nott kiya gayaa thaa kii adhikansh sadasya, halanki 'achche loga', phir bhee 'kabhi church naheen gaye'. franklin koo 'bhakti key ack tarksangat roop' kii ichcha parr khed haye. isaki aapoorti karane key liye, williams ney franklin kii sahaayata seey ack form taiyar kiya. isake prayojakon koo santusht karane seey pahale ise chhah baar mudrit kiya gayaa thaa, aur antatah ise "dharm aur naitikta key saarvbhaumik siddhanton parr ack dhaarmik prarthana" key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, 1776. 
7 aprail 1776 koo, williams ney subah kii seva key liye ack khaali chappel khola, joe gufa chauk key paas thaa (imarat koo 1858 mein sabhi santon, margaret street dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa), apane dhaarmik prarthana kaa upayog karate hue, aur padhane key vyakhyanon key saath, aamtaur parr bible key granthon key saath, kabhi-kabhi classic lekhakon seey. unhein 'lagbhag lekha parikshakon kaa ack score' milaa, joe vishisht vyakti prateet hotey hain. udghaatan vyakhyan prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. dhaarmik prarthana kii pratiyaan fredrick dha grate aur voltaire koo bheji gaeen, jinhone kramshah kharaab french aur achchi angreji mein prashansa patra bheje. antarrashtriya vanaspati yatri surr joseph banks aur daniel solander 'abb aur phir chappel mein jhapakate hue, aur jitani jaldi hoe sakey utani jaldi door chaley gaye. villium kaa "pradarshankari asantushton key nikaay koo patra", 1777, aisee sahansheelata key liye ack yachika haye joe kanuni roop seey unaki jaisi sevaaon koo shamil karegi. sabhi kharch williams parr padey, joe kewal apane "dharm aur naitikta key saarvbhaumik siddhanton aur kartavyon parr vyakhyan" 1779 kii sadasyata seey barbad honey seey butch gaye they. yeye vyakhyan (rachanaatmak key bajaay mahatvapurna, aur vakpatu naheen, halanki achchi tarah seey likhe gaye) 1776-1777 mein chappel mein padhe gaye they. prayog key baare mein kahaa jaataa haye kii chaar saal taka chalaa thaa, lekin yeh sambhav haye kii dusare varsh key baad sevaayen margaret street mein aayojit naheen kii gaeen; unhein robbert melville kii salah parr, british coffey house, coxpur street, melville mein ack kamare mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen seva key baad sharaab banaane vaali sadak mein ack raat kaa khaana diyaa gayaa thaa, 'utkrisht medira'. thomas somerville kaa yeh bayaan kii melville unhein 1779-1785 kii avadhi mein 'portland' varg mein seva key liye leey gayaa, isamen koee sandeh naheen haye kii smriti kii ack purchy key kaaran haye. somerville kaa aage kaa bayaan kii 'usake jhund kaa failaav' williams kii 'anaitikta' key 'kukhyaat' honey key kaaran thaa, ack niradhar apaprachaar prateet hotaa haye. 1781 mein prakriti key pujari orpheus key vyangyapurna lampoon mein iska koee sanket naheen diyaa gayaa haye, joe isake vipareet, yeh pushti kartaa haye kii williams key siddhant unake sunane vaalon key liye bahut sakht they. kahaa jaataa haye kii 'prakriti kaa pujari' naam unhein sabse pahale franklin dwara diyaa gayaa thaa; 'orpheus' ise 'covent garden key ack socretic oonee-draper' key roop mein varnit kartaa haye. gregoire iss baat kii pushti karate hain kii unake paas yeh williams seey thaa kii unake kaee anuyaayi devvaad seey naastikvaad mein chaley gaye.
williams ney abb niji chhatron koo laker apana samarthan kiya. 17 march 1779 koo surr george seville key sahishnuta adhiniyam key sanshodhan key paksh mein bhaashan key baad, williams ney "bauddhik swatantrata kii prakriti aur seema" parr ack patra prakaashit kiya, jisamen daavaa kiya gayaa kii dhaarmik sahishnuta binaa kissy pratibandh key honey chaahiye. iska jawab manasshe davas ney diyaa. usee varsh, aur usee uddeshya key saath, unhone voltaire key "sahishnuta parr granth", "agyaani daarshanik" aur "bekkeriya parr tippani" kaa anuvaad aur prakaashan kiya. 1780 mein unhone "samvaidhaanik siddhanton parr sangathan kii yojana" jaari kii aur sansadiya sudhaar key liye county sanghon key gathan parr unhone apane "raajneetik swatantrata parr patra" (1782) prakaashit kiye. agale varsh jack piyare brisot dwara iska french mein anuvaad kiya gayaa, phir landan mein lysium kaa sanchaalan kiya gayaa. brisot key ack dost, vikomte dee laa platier, jeane-mairi roland, 1784 mein landan gaye, jaba williams ney unhein parichit karaaya.
iss avadhi mein williams key prakashanon mein "shiksha seey sambandhit patra" 1785 shamil hain; "cheltenham key daure parr shaahi yaaden" (anon.), 1788; "raajneetik siddhanton parr vyakhyan" 1789; "shiksha parr vyakhyan", 1789; "ack yuva rajkumar key liye sabak" (anon.), 1790.
saahityik kosh.
williams ney apane ravivaar key vyakhyanon (1780) key samaapan parr chhah vyaktiyon key ack samooh mein "vyathit pratibhaon" kii sahaayata key liye ack "saahityik kosh" kaa vichaar phir seey sujhaaya, aur wells key coffey-house, condute street key rajkumar seey mulakat kii. isake mool sadasyon mein, williams key alawa, kaptan thomas morris, johnn gardner (battersey key wicker) aur shayed printer johnn nicholls they. 1783 key baad villium pitt dha young (joe iss mamle koo bahut mahatvapurna maanate they), charles james fox, admond barke aur surr joseph banks key liye nishfal aavedan kiye gaye. ack vigyaapan prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa (octuber 1786), 'binaa kissy bhautik prabhaav key'. floyer sidenham kii ack dendaariyon kii jail (1 aprail 1787) mein mrityu ney williams koo iss mamle koo dabaane key liye prerit kiya. club, sarvasammat naheen honey key kaaran, bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur ack aur (aathh sadasyon kaa) gathan kiya gayaa thaa. isaki pahali baithak (1788 key vasant) mein williams dwara taiyar kiye gaye saahityik kosh key samvidhaan koo apanaaya gayaa, jisamen pratyek sadasya ack ginny kii sadasyata letaa haye. ack vigyaapan (10 maee 1788) ney aage sadasyata aamantrit kii. adhikaariyon key chunaav key liye pahali aam baithak mangalwar 18 maee 1790 koo prince off wells key coffey-house mein aayojit kii gaee thee. baarah varshon key dauran £1,738 105 vyaktiyon key beach vitarit kiya gayaa thaa. iss society koo 19 maee 1818 koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa; 1842 mein yeh shaahi saahityik kosh bunn gayaa. sadee key anta taka isaki aaya 4,000 pound seey adhik thee, joe aadhe nivesh seey aur aadhe vaarshik yogdan seey thee.
baad mein jeevan.
dow. key udaaharan parr. paint-vaaee-goeter key hooper aur tradegger key morgan, williams ney monmouthshire kaa itihas likhane kaa beedaa uthaaya, aur 1792 mein samagri ekatra karane key liye county kaa daura kiya. isake turant baad, aantarik mantri key roop mein apane dusare karyakal key dauran, roland ney williams koo peris mein aamantrit kiya. vaha lagbhag agast 1792 mein chalaa gayaa, usey ack francisi nagrik banaaya gayaa, aur lui XVI key nishpaadan (21 janwari 1793) taka banaa rhaa, ack upaay jise usane dridhata seey aswikar curr diyaa. peris mein unhone "presentation sur laa dernier constitution day laa france", 1793 prakaashit kiya. vaha apane saath, apani vaapsee parr, villium grainville, 1st bairan grainville koo ack patra laker aae, joe yuddh mantri, lebroon seey, joe williams koo donon sarkaaron key beach sanchaar kaa madhyam banaana chaahte they; lekin iska koee dhyaan naheen diyaa gayaa. humey key "ingland key itihas" koo jaari rakhane key liye pahale kii gaee ack sagaai koo unaki france yatra key kaaran raajneetik akrosh key kaaran radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa. unake "monmouthshire kaa itihas", 1796, chitron key saath aur unake dost maali dwara aanshik roop seey utkeern, aur ack bahut hii mamuli parichay, iss vishay parr ack maanak kaam maanaa jaataa thaa; durbhagya seey iska koee soochkaank naheen haye.
shaanti key baad (1802) unhone phir seey france kaa daura kiya. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii unhein angreji sarkaar dwara kuchh gopaniya mission saunpa gayaa thaa. jaane seey pahale unhone "saahitya key daave", 1802, saahityik kosh kaa ack adhikrit khaata prakaashit kiya thaa. apani vaapsee parr unhone ack yaa dou gumnam raajneetik lekh jaari kiye, joe bataate hain kii krantikari tarikon mein vishvaas cumm hoe gayaa haye. kuchh anaam prakashanon key unake lekhak honey parr sandeh haye. aantarik sakshya parr unhein "igeria", 1803 kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye, jiska uddeshya raajneetik arthavyavastha key liye samarpit ack patrika key pahale khand key roop mein thaa. unake aarthik sansaadhan unhein whiffle curr diye.
vaha lakvagrast hamalon seey peedit they, aur 1811 mein unhein gambhir aghaat huaa thaa, jisake baad seey unaki kshamata mein girawat aaee. unhein saahityik kosh, 36 gerard street, soho key ghar mein rahane key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa, aur way apani mrityu taka vahaan rahey, niyamit roop seey samaaj kii baithakon mein bhaag lete rahey. 25 julaai 1815 koo williams kii jaankaari key binaa aayojit samanya samiti kii ack vishesh baithak mein, samiti key 'apane samaaj key pahale siddhanton key prati lagaav' key pramaan key roop mein, unhein harr chhah maheene mein £50 kii peshkash karane kaa sankalp liya gayaa thaa. 29 juuna 1816 koo unaki mrityu seey pahale kewal ack kist kaa bhugtan kiya gayaa thaa. doosari kist unaki bhatiji aur ghar kii rakhwali karane vaali mairi watkins koo saunp dee gaee thee. 6 julaai koo unhein sent annie church, soho mein dafnaya gayaa thaa, jahan unaki smriti mein ack sankshipt shilalekh haye.
16 julaai 1814 kii unaki vaseeyat ney apane kagjat apane nishpaadakon, richard yates aur thomas whittingham key liye chhod diye; unaki anya sampatti unaki bhatiji aur housekeeper, mairi watkins (5 farwari 1845 mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee) key paas gaee, joe gerard street seey loer sloane street aur baad mein kings road, chelsey mein chaley gaye.
1911 mein carfilly mahal seey satey park mein williams kaa ack smaarak banaaya gayaa thaa, jise abb david williams park naam diyaa gayaa haye. yeh 1999 mein grade II mein soochibaddh thaa.

