vaidh

nagrik kaanoon aur roman kaanoon mein, vaidh ("vaidh bhaag"), jise ack mritak kii sampatti kaa jabaran hissa yaa kanuni adhikaar hissa bhee kahaa jaataa haye, vaha sampatti kaa vaha hissa haye jisase vaha apane bachchon yaa apane maataa-pitaa koo paryaapt kanuni kaaran key binaa viraasat seey alag naheen curr sakata haye. yeh shabd francisi "hiritier legitime" seey aaya haye, jiska arth haye "sahee uttaradhikari."
vaidh aamtaur parr mritak kii sakal sampatti kaa ack vaidhaanik ansh hotaa haye aur samaan avibhajit sheyaron mein mritak key agale-rishtedaar koo sanyukt sampatti key roop mein paarit hotaa haye. jeevansathi yaa anya labharthi koo sampatti kaa adhik hissa dene key liye vaidh kaa ullanghan naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. isaliye, jaba kissy mritak key bachche hotey hain aur vaha vaseeyat chhod detaa haye, tou vasiyatkarta key liye vishesh upahaar dwara vaidh koo override karna gairkaanooni haye joe sampatti koo samaapt curr detaa haye yaa apane jeevansathi yaa anya vyakti koo ekmatra labharthi key roop mein naamit kartaa haye. ise "purvagaman" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye jaba chook seey utpann hotaa haye aur "viraasat vichhed" jaba uttaradhikari spasht roop seey vanchit hotey hain.
angreji samanya kaanoon.
angreji samanya kaanoon mein, koee vaidh naheen haye; vaseeyat kaa qaanoon, 32 murgi. viii c. 1, ack mritak kii poori sampatti key nirbaadh vitaran key liye pradaan kiya gayaa; ack vasiyatnama kissy bhee kaaran seey aur binaa kissy kaaran key apane sabhi bachchon koo viraasat seey bedkhal karane kaa hakdar haye. sanyukt raajya america mein adhikansh adhikaar kshetron ney aise kaanoon banaae hain joe ack vasiyatnama dene vaale koo jeevansathi koo viraasat seey bedkhal karane seey rokte hain, yaa basharte kii aisee vaseeyat kii sthiti mein pati yaa patni "vaseeyat key khilaf lene" kaa chunaav curr sakata haye aur ack mritak kii sampatti key vaidhaanik hisse kaa daavaa curr sakata haye. yeh dover aur shalinta key samanya kaanoon adhikaaron key vikalp key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.
aam taur parr ack nabalig aashrit bachche koo viraasat seey alag karna sambhav naheen haye.
kuchh kshetron mein.
brazil.
brazil mein, vanshajon (vaikalpik roop seey, maataa-pitaa yaa daadaa-daadi) aur jeevansathi koo iska cumm seey cumm 50 pratishat apane beach praapt karna chaahiye.
check ganarajya.
check ganarajya mein, nikatatam vanshajon koo apane aant key hisse key 1/4 kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye yadi way umr key hain yaa unake aant key hisse key 3/4 kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye yadi way umr seey cumm hain. (yadi mritak kaa koee bachcha usase pahale marr jaataa haye, tou usake bachche usake bajaay jabaran hissedari kaa daavaa curr sakate hain.)
grees.
grees mein, vanshajon aur jeevansathi koo cumm seey cumm 50 pratishat hissa praapt honah chaahiye joe unhein praapt huaa hoga yadi mritak nirvaseeyat roop seey marr jaataa haye, joe kii default niyamon key tahat unhein praapt honey vaale hisse kaa aadhaa haye.
louisiana.
louisiana mein, adhiniyam sankhya key paarit honey taka. 1989 key 788 mein sthiti alag thee. pahale, louisiana mein vaidh roop seey ack maataa-pitaa koo apane bachchon koo poori tarah seey viraasat seey bedkhal karane seey rokane key liye sanchaalit kiya jaataa thaa, jinhen abhee bhee jabaran uttaradhikari kahaa jaataa thaa. yadi mritak ack bachche key roop mein jaari kartaa haye, tou usa mudde koo mritak kii sampatti kaa cumm seey cumm 25 pratishat praapt honah chaahiye. yadi dou yaa dou seey adhik bachche they, tou unhein iska cumm seey cumm 50 pratishat aapas mein praapt karna chaahiye. isi tarah key praavdhaanon ney jeevit maataa-pitaa key saath ack mritak koo unhein viraasat seey bedkhal karane seey roque diyaa.
1989 key baad louisiana kaanoon kewal tabhi jabaran hissedari kaa praavdhaan kartaa haye jaba mritak key bachche 24 varsh seey cumm umr key houn, yaa sthaayi roop seey apani dekhbhal karane mein asamarth houn, jise anushaasit yaa pratibandh key adheen kahaa jaataa haye. anyatha, ack mritak kaa mudda poori tarah seey viraasat seey alag hoe sakata haye. yeh parivartan anivarya roop seey pareekshan kii swatantrata key samanya kaanoon siddhant kaa ayaat haye, lekin jabaran uttaradhikar koo poori tarah seey samaapt karane seey cumm haye kyonki yeh louisiana samvidhaan key anuchhed xii, dhaara 5 dwara spasht roop seey nishiddh haye.
scotland.
scotland mein, "vaidhata" mritak kii chala sampatti key moolya key ack paribhaashit hisse seey cumm naheen honey key mudde (vayask mudde sahit) kaa adhikaar haye. yadi mritak ney koee avashesh (vidhwa yaa vidhur) naheen chhoda haye, tou hissa aadhaa haye, yaa yadi koee avashesh thaa tou ack tihai haye. udaaharan key liye, yadi ack vasiyatnama dene vaale key dou bachche hain, aur koee jeevansathi naheen haye, aur usake/usake vasiyatname mein sub kuchh unamen seey ack parr chhod diyaa jaataa haye, tou doosara vaidh nidhi key aadhe hisse kaa hakdar hoga, jiska arth haye kull shuddh moolya kaa aadhaa chala sampatti. (yaa ack tihai kaa aadhaa aggar koee jeevansathi thaa.) vaidhata koo bern kii jodee yaa gear kaa hissa (scott "bern" 'child') bhee kahaa jaataa haye.
phillippeans.
phillippeans kii nagrik sanhita key tahat, vaidh vyakti koo diyaa jaataa haye aur/yaa mritak key anivarya uttaradhikariyon dwara saajha kiya jaataa haye. ise "anivarya uttaradhikar" bhee kahaa jaataa haye kyonki kaanoon ney ise anivarya uttaradhikariyon key liye aarakshit kiya haye aur iss prakaar, vasiyatnama karane vaale key paas ise apani pasand key kissy bhee vyakti koo dene kii koee shakti naheen haye. anivarya uttaradhikariyon mein bachche, yaa vanshaj (iss varg mein god liye gaye bachche aur vaidh bachche shamil hain), vaidh yaa avaidh; unake chook mein, vaidh maataa-pitaa, yaa vaidh aarohi; jeevit pati yaa patni, joe purvagaami vargon key saath sahmat hain; aur avaidh maataa-pitaa shamil hain.
iss prakaar, vaidh bachchon koo hamesha sampatti kaa aadhaa hissa milata haye, joe unake beach samaan roop seey vibhajit hotaa haye. jeevit pati yaa patni koo vaidh bachche key barabar hissa milata haye, sivaay isake kii jaba kewal ack vaidh bachcha hoe, tou usa sthiti mein usey sampatti kaa ack chauthai hissa milata haye. avaidh bachchon koo vaidh bachchon koo diye gaye hisse kaa aadhaa hissa milata haye.
vaidh maataa-pitaa yaa adhishthaataon koo vaidh bachchon yaa vanshajon dwara baahar rakhaa jaataa haye, lekin avaidh bachchon dwara naheen, aur aise mamalon mein sampatti kaa aadhaa hissa praapt karate hain. jeevit pati yaa patni yaa avaidh bachche, jaba maataa-pitaa yaa adhishthaataon key saath sahmat hotey hain, tou sampatti kaa ack chauthai hissa praapt karate hain. yadi sabhi sahmat hain, tou jeevit jeevansathi kaa hissa sampatti key aathven hisse taka cumm hoe jaataa haye.
jeevit pati yaa patni koo sampatti kaa aadhaa taba milata haye jaba koee anya uttaradhikari naheen hotaa haye, aur kuchh mamalon mein, jaba vivaah "mrityu key baad" hotaa haye, tou usey ack tihai milata haye. jeevit pati yaa patni koo bhee sampatti kaa ack tihai taba milata haye jaba way avaidh bachchon key saath sahmat hotey hain, jinhen bhee vahee hissa milata haye. haalaanki, jeevit pati yaa patni koo avaidh maataa-pitaa key saath sahamati jataane parr ack chauthai milata haye, jinhen sampatti kaa ack chauthai bhee milata haye.
avaidh bachche, harr kissy key chook mein, sampatti kaa aadhaa hissa praapt karate hain. avaidh maataa-pitaa, jinhen jeevit jeevansathi koo chhodkar sabhi dwara baahar rakhaa jaataa haye, unhein bhee sabhi key chook mein aadhaa milata haye.

