dwiparmanvik anu

dwiparmanvik anu () kewal dou parmaanuon seey baney anu hotey hain, joe ack hii yaa alag-alag rasayanik tatvon key hotey hain. yadi ack dwiparmanvik anu mein ack hii tatva key dou paramanu hotey hain, jaise kii hydrogen () yaa oxygen (), tou ise summ-paramanu kahaa jaataa haye. anyatha, yadi ack dwiparmanvik anu mein dou alag-alag paramanu hotey hain, jaise kii carbon monoxide () yaa nitric oxide (), tou anu koo visham paramanu kahaa jaataa haye. ack samana aanvik dwiparmanvik anu mein bandhan gair-dhruviya hotaa haye.
maanak tapman aur dabaav (stp) (yaa 1 baar aur 25 degree celsius kii vishisht prayogshala sthitiyon) parr sthir samana aanvik dwiparmanvik anu banaane vaale ekmatra rasayanik tatva gaisen hydrogen (), nitrogen (), oxygen (), florin (), aur chlorine () hain.
utkrisht gaisen (helium, neon, argan, cryptone, zenon aur raydon) bhee aiss. tii. pee. parr gaisen hain, lekin way ekparmanvik hain. samnadhikar dwiparmanvik gasses aur utkrisht gasses koo ack saath "maulik gaisen" yaa "aanvik gaisen" kahaa jaataa haye, taaki unhein anya gasses seey alag kiya jaa sakey joe rasayanik yaugik hain.
thode uchch tapman parr, bromin () aur iodene () bhee dietomic gaisen banaate hain. estatin aur tenanesine koo chhodkar sabhi helogens koo dietomic anuon key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye, joe anishchit hain.
anya tatva vaashpit honey parr dwiparmanvik anu banaate hain, lekin yeye dwiparmanvik prajaatiyan thandaa honey parr punah polymer hoe jaati hain. taap ("daraar") tatva phosphorus diphosphorus () detaa haye. sulfur vaashp jyaadaatar disulfur () hotaa haye. delethium () aur diodium () gais charan mein gyaat hain. gais charan mein sextuple bonned key saath ditungston () aur demolybdenum () banate hain. dirubidium () dwiparmanvik haye.
visham paramanu anu.
anya sabhi dwiparmanvik anu dou alag-alag tatvon key rasayanik yaugik hain. tapman aur dabaav key aadhar parr kaee tatva visham paramanu dwiparmanvik anuon koo banaane key liye sanyojan curr sakate hain.
udaaharan gais carbon monoxide (koo), nitric oxide (naheen) aur hydrogen chloride (aich. see. ell.) hain.
kaee 1:1 dwiaadhaari yaugikon koo aam taur parr dwiaadhaari naheen maanaa jaataa haye kyonki way kamare key tapman parr polymeric hotey hain, lekin way vaashpit honey parr dwiaadhaari anu banaate hain, udaaharan key liye gaisiya aim. jee. oh., sio. aur kaee anya.
ghatana.
prithvi key vatavaran mein, prayogshala mein aur antartarkiya antariksh mein saikadon dwiparmanvik anuon kii pehchaan kii gaee haye. prithvi key vayumandal kaa lagbhag 99 pratishat bhaag dou prajaatiyon key dwiparmanvik anuon seey banaa haih nitrogen (78 pratishat) aur oxygen (21 pratishat). prithvi key vayumandal mein hydrogen hydrogen kii praakritik prachurta kewal prati million bhaagon key crum mein haye, lekin lekin brahmand mein sabse prachur matra mein dwiparmanvik anu haye. antartarkiya madhyam mein hydrogen parmaanuon kaa prabhutva haye.
aanvik jyaamiti.
sabhi dwiparmanvik anu raikhik hotey hain aur ack ekal mapdand dwara chihnit hotey hain joe dou parmaanuon key beach bandhan kii lambai yaa doori haye. dwiaaparmaanvik nitrogen mein teen bandhan hotey hain, dwiaaparmaanvik oxygen mein dohare bandhan hotey hain, aur dwiaaparmaanvik hydrogen, florin, chlorine, iodene aur bromin sabhi mein ack hii bandhan hotaa haye.
aitihaasik mahatva.
19veen shatabdi mein tatva, paramanu aur anu kii avadhaaranaon koo spasht karane mein dwiparmanvik tatvon ney mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, kyonki hydrogen, oxygen aur nitrogen jaise kuchh sabse aam tatva dwiparmanvik anuon key roop mein paae jaate hain. johnn dalton kii mool paramanu parikalpana ney maanaa kii sabhi tatva ekparmanvik they aur yaugikon mein parmaanuon mein aam taur parr ack dusare key sambandh mein sabse saral paramanu anupaat hoga. udaaharan key liye, dalton ney paani kaa sootra hoe maanaa, jisase oxygen kaa paramanu vajan hydrogen key lagbhag 16 key aadhunik moolya key bajaay aathh gunaa hoe gayaa. isake parinamswarup, lagbhag aadhi sadee taka paramanu vajan aur aanvik sootron key baare mein bhram thaa.
1805 kii shuruat mein, gey-lusak aur wonn humbolt ney dikhaaya kii paani hydrogen key dou khandon aur oxygen key ack khand seey banaa haye, aur 1811 taka amedio avogadro paani kii sanrachana kii sahee vyakhya parr pahunch gayaa thaa, jise abb avogadro key niyam aur dwiparmanvik tatva anuon kii dhaarana kahaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, inn parinamon koo 1860 taka jyaadaatar nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aanshik roop seey iss vishvaas key kaaran kii ack tatva key parmaanuon kaa ack hii tatva key parmaanuon key prati koee rasayanik sambandh naheen hoga, aur aanshik roop seey avogadro key niyam key spasht apvaadon key kaaran bhee jinhen baad mein anuon koo alag karane key sandarbh mein samajhaaya naheen gayaa thaa.
1860 mein paramanu bhaar parr carlsruhe congress mein, canizaro ney avogadro key vichaaron koo punarjeevit kiya aur unakaa upayog paramanu bhaar kii ack susangat talika kaa utpaadan karane key liye kiya, joe jyaadaatar aadhunik moolyon seey sahmat haye. dimitra mendeleev aur lother meyer dwara aavadhik niyam kii khoj key liye yeye bhaar ack mahatvapurna poorv shart they.
uttejit electronic avasthaaen.
dwiparmanvik anu aam taur parr apani sabse nichali yaa jamini sthiti mein hotey hain, jise paaramparik roop seey sootra _ 1 avastha key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. jaba diatomic anuon kii gais parr urjaavaan electrons dwara bambari kii jaati haye, tou kuchh anu uchch electronic avasthaon key liye uttejit hoe sakate hain, jaisa kii praakritik aurora mein hotaa haye; uchch oonchaai vaale paramanu visfot; aur rockett seey paida honey vaale electron bandook prayog. iss tarah kaa uttejana taba bhee hoe sakati haye jaba gais prakaash yaa anya vidyut chumbakiya vikiran koo avashoshit karati haye. uttejit avasthaaen asthir hoti hain aur swabhavik roop seey vaapas jamini sthiti mein aaraam karati hain. uttejana key baad vibhinn cumm samay key taraju parr (aamtaur parr ack sekand kaa ack ansh, yaa kabhi-kabhi ack sekand seey adhik lamba yadi uttejit sthiti metastable haye), sankraman uchch seey nimn electronic avasthaon mein aur antatah jamini sthiti mein hotaa haye, aur pratyek sankraman key parinamon mein ack photon utsarjit hotaa haye. iss utsarjan koo pratideepti key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. kramik roop seey uchch electronic avasthaon koo paaramparik roop seey sootra _ 2, sootra _ 3, sootra _ 4, aadi naam diyaa jaataa haye. (lekin iss parampara kaa hamesha paalan naheen kiya jaataa haye, aur kabhi-kabhi nimn-varna aksharon aur varnanukram seey baahar key aksharon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, jaisa kii neeche diye gaye udaaharan mein diyaa gayaa haye). uttejana honey key liye uttejana oorjaa electronic avastha kii oorjaa seey adhik yaa usake barabar honey chaahiye.
quantum siddhant mein, ack dwiparmanvik anu kii ack electronic sthiti koo aanvik shabd prateek dwara darshaaya jaataa haye.
jahan sootra _ 6 kull electronic spin quantum sankhya haye, sootra _ 7 aantarik paramanu aksh key saath kull electronic koniya samveg quantum sankhya haye, aur sootra _ 8 compan quantum sankhya haye. sootra _ 7 0,1,2, key maanon parr letaa haye..., joe electronic avastha prateekon sootra _ 10, sootra _ 11, sootra _ 12 dwara darshaae jaate hain..
udaaharan key liye, nimnalikhit talika mein prithvi key vayumandal mein sabse prachur matra mein paaee jaane vaali gais, dwiparmanvik nitrogen nitrogen key sabse cumm compan star (sootra _ 13) kii oorjaa key saath samanya electronic avasthaon (compan quantum sankhyaon key binaa) koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye. 
sootra _ 7 key baad abhilikhit aur atee-likhit electronic avastha key baare mein atirikt quantum yaantrik vivaran dete hain. superscript sootra _ 15 yaa sootra _ 16 yeh nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii kyaa aantarik paramanu aksh vaale tala mein pratibimb tarang falan mein ack sanket parivartan kaa parichay detaa haye. upa-lipi sootra _ 17 yaa sootra _ 18 samaan parmaanuon key anuon parr lagu hotaa haye, aur jaba aanvik aksh key liye ack samtal lambavat key saath sthiti koo pratibimbit kartaa haye, tou joe raajya naheen badalate hain unhein sootra _ 17 (gered) label kiya jaataa haye, aur kahate hain kii parivartan sanket koo sootra _ 18 (ungerade) label kiya jaataa haye.
uparokt pratideepti vidyut chumbakiya varnakram key alag-alag kshetron mein hoti haye, jise "utsarjan baind" kahaa jaataa haih pratyek baind ack uchch electronic sthiti aur compan star seey nimn electronic sthiti aur compan star (aamtaur parr, kaee compan star ack uttejit gais mein shamil hotey hain) mein ack vishesh sankraman seey mell khaata haye. udaaharan key liye, n2 sootra _ 2-formula _ 1 utsarjan baind (a.key.aeye. wegard-kaplan baind) 0.14 seey 1.45 microne (micrometer) taka varnakramiya seema mein maujood hotey hain. ack dee gaee patti koo vidyut chumbakiya tarang dairdhya sthaan mein kaee nanometres mein failaaya jaa sakata haye, anu kii ghoornan quantum sankhya, sootra _ 23 mein honey vaale vibhinn sankramanon key kaaran. inhen sootra _ 23 mein parivartan key aadhar parr alag-alag upa-patti shaakhaon mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye. sootra _ 25 shakha sootra _ 26 seey mell khaati haye, sootra _ 27 shakha sootra _ 28 seey, aur sootra _ 29 shakha sootra _ 30 seey. pattiyon koo spectrum koo maapane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale spectrometer key seemit varnakramiya sankalp dwara aur bhee failaaya jaataa haye. varnakramiya sankalp upkaran key bindu prasaar kaary parr nirbhar kartaa haye.
oorjaa kaa star.
aanvik shabd prateek koniya kshan kii ack sankshipt abhivyakti haye joe ack dwiparmanvik anu kii electronic quantum avasthaon koo darshaati haye, joe electronic aanvik hamiltonian key eigenstate bhee hain. dravyamaan rahit spring dwara judey dou-bindu dravyamaan key roop mein ack dwiparmanvik anu kaa pratinidhitva karna bhee suvidhajanak aur samanya haye. anu kii vibhinn gatiyon mein shamil urjaaon koo phir teen shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih anuvadatmak, ghoornan aur compan oorjaa.
itihas key sambandh mein, quantum yantriki key saath dwiparmanvik anuon kaa pahala upchaar 1926 mein lucie mensing dwara kiya gayaa thaa.
anuvaad oorjaaen.
anu kii anuvaarshvik oorjaa gatij oorjaa abhivyakti dwara dee jaati haih
jahan sootra _ 32 anu kaa dravyamaan haye aur sootra _ 8 iska wegg haye.
ghoornan oorjaaen.
shaastriya roop seey, ghoornan kii gatij oorjaa haye
sookshmadarshi, anu jaisi paramanu-star pranaliyon key liye, koniya samveg mein kewal vishisht asatat moolya hoe sakate hain joe isake dwara diye gaye hain
ack dwiparmanvik anu key liye bhee jadata kaa kshan haye
isaliye, koniya samveg aur jadata key kshan koo ksheen mein pratisthaapit karate hue, ack dwiparmanvik anu key ghoornan oorjaa staron koo iss prakaar diyaa jaataa haih
compan oorjaaen.
ack dwiparmanvik anu kii ack anya prakaar kii gati pratyek paramanu key liye dou parmaanuon koo jodane vaali rekha key saath dolan-yaa compan karane key liye hoti haye. compan oorjaa lagbhag ack quantum harmonic ausilator kii haih
ghoornan aur compan oorjaa antaral key beach tulanaa.
compan oorjaa staron key beach ack vishisht spectroscopic sankraman kii doori aur oorjaa, ghoornan oorjaa staron key beach ack vishisht sankraman kii tulanaa mein lagbhag 100 gunaa adhik haye.
hund key mamle.
ack dwiparmanvik anu key liye achchi quantum sankhya, saath hii ghoornan oorjaa staron key achche anuman, hund key mamalon kaa upayog karke anu kaa pratiroopan karke praapt kiye jaa sakate hain.
smriti.
nemonics "brinklehoff", uchchaaran "brinklehoff", "honclebrief", uchchaaran "honkelbrief", "hoberfincle", uchchaaran "hoberfinkel", aur "hofbrinkle", uchchaaran "hofbrinkle", koo dietomic tatvon kii soochi koo yaad karane mein sahaayata key liye gadhaa gayaa haye. ack anya vidhi, angreji bolane vaalon key liye, vaakya haih nitrogen, hydrogen, florin, oxygen, iodene, chlorine, bromin key pratinidhitva key roop mein "burf seey thhandi bear kaa kabhi darr naa rakhein".

