
aarthik vikas

saarvajanik kshetra key arthshastra adhyayan mein, aarthik aur samajik vikas vaha prakriya haye jisake dwara kissy rashtra, kshetra, sthaaniya samudaay yaa kissy vyakti key aarthik kalyan aur jeevan kii gunavatta mein lakshit lakshyon aur uddeshyon key anusaar sudhaar kiya jaataa haye.
iss shabd kaa upayog 20veen aur 21veen shataabdiyon mein aksar kiya jaataa rhaa haye, lekin yeh avadharana paschim mein bahut lambe samay seey maujood haye. "aadhunikikaran", "pashchimeekaran" aur vishesh roop seey "audyogikaran" anya shabd hain jinka upayog aksar aarthik vikas parr charcha karate samay kiya jaataa haye. aitihaasik roop seey, aarthik vikas neetiyaan audyogikaran aur buniyaadi dhaanche parr kendrit hain; 1960 key dashak seey, isane garibi mein kamee parr teji seey dhyaan kendrit kiya haye.
jabaki aarthik vikas ack neetigat hastakshep haye jiska uddeshya logon kii bhalai mein sudhaar karna haye, aarthik vikas bajar utpaadaktaa kii ack ghatana haye aur jee. dee. pee. mein vriddhi; arthashastri amartya saine aarthik vikas koo "aarthik vikas kii prakriya kaa ack pahalu" key roop mein varnit karate hain. arthashastri mukhya roop seey vikas key pahalu aur arthavyavastha parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain, jabaki samudayik aarthik vikas key shodhkarta samajik-aarthik vikas key saath-saath khud koo bhee chintit karate hain.
paribhasha aur shabdawali.
aarthik vikas kii sateek paribhasha kaa virodh kiya gayaa haih jabaki 20veen shatabdi mein arthshastriyon ney vikas koo mukhya roop seey aarthik vikas key sandarbh mein dekhaa, samajshastriyon ney isake bajaay parivartan aur aadhunikikaran kii vyaapak prakriyaon parr jore diyaa. vikas aur shahari adhyayan key vidwan carle sidman ney aarthik vikas koo "ack samudaay yaa kshetra key liye behtar aur vyaapak roop seey saajha aarthik kalyan aur jeevan kii gunavatta utpann karane key liye bhautik, maanav, vittiya aur samajik parisampattiyon key nirmaan aur upayog kii ack prakriya key roop mein sankshep mein prastut kiya haye. daffney greenwod aur richard holt aarthik vikas koo aarthik vikas seey iss aadhar parr alag karate hain kii aarthik vikas ack samudaay key bheetar vyaktiyon key liye samagr "jeevan star" mein vyaapak roop seey adharit aur tikaau vriddhi haye, aur prati vyakti aaya jaise vikas key upaay jeevan kii gunavatta mein sudhaar key saath aavashyak roop seey sambandhit naheen hain.
aarthik vikas ack vyaapak avadharana haye aur isake gunaatmak ayam hain.
aarthik vikas kaa tatparya aarthik vikas key saath-saath kuchh mahatvapurna charon mein pragatisheel parivartanon seey haye joe logon kii bhalai koo nirdhaarit karate hain, jaise.jeeh swaasthya, shiksha.
iva vishvavidyalaya key antarrashtriya vitt aur vikas kendra kaa kahana haye kih
halanki iss avadharana kii utpatti anishchit haye, kuchh vidvaanon kaa tark haye kii vikas kaa sambandh poonjeevaad key vikas aur saamantvaad key patan seey haye. anya loga ise uttar aupaniveshik raajya seey jodate hain.
mansell aur wein yeh bhee kahate hain kii dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad seey gair-abhyasiyon dwara aarthik vikas koo aarthik vikas koo shamil karane key liye samajha gayaa haye, arthaat prati vyakti aaya mein vriddhi, aur (yadi vartamaan mein anupasthit haye) audyogik deshon key samkaksh jeevan star kii praapti. aarthik vikas koo ack sthir siddhant key roop mein bhee maanaa jaa sakata haye joe ack nishchit samay parr arthavyavastha kii sthiti kaa dastavejikaran kartaa haye. scompeter aur backhoss (2003) key anusaar, aarthik siddhant mein pralekhit iss santulan sthiti mein parivartan kewal baahar seey aaney vaale madhyavarti karakon key kaaran hoe sakate hain.
ack nayaa adhyayan ingit kartaa haye kii dharmnirpekshata-tarksangatata aur sarvajantantravaad samajik-aarthik vikas key ubharane key liye poorv sharton mein seey hain.
itihas.
aarthik vikas kii utpatti sanyukt raajya america dwara shuru kiye gaye punarnirmaan key yuddh key baad kii avadhi mein hui thee. 1949 mein, apane udghaatan bhaashan key dauran, rashtrapati hairi truman ney avikasit kshetron key vikas koo paschim key liye prathamikta key roop mein pahchaanaah
1945 key baad seey vikas siddhant key kaee pramukh charan rahey hain. alekjendar gerschenkron ney tark diyaa kii desh jitna cumm vikasit hoga, aarthik vikas (dusaron key saapeksh) kii shuruat mein hoga, kuchh sthitiyon key honey kii adhik sambhavana hogi. isaliye, sabhi desh samaan roop seey pragati naheen karate hain. 1940 seey 1960 key dashak taka raajya ney aadhunikikaran siddhant key vichaar kaa paalan karate hue vikaasheel deshon mein audyogikaran koo badhaava dene mein badee bhoomika nibhai. iss avadhi key baad 1970 key dashak mein maanav poonji vikas aur punarvitaran parr dhyaan kendrit karate hue buniyaadi aavashyaktaon key vikas kii ack sankshipt avadhi aaee. navudarwad 1980 key dashak mein mukt vyaapaar key agende koo aage badhaane aur ayaat pratisthaapan audyogikaran neetiyon koo hataane key liye ubhara.
arthshastra mein, aarthik vikas kaa adhyayan paaramparik arthshastra key vistaar seey paida huaa thaa joe poori tarah seey rashtriya utpaad, yaa vastuon aur sevaaon key samagr utpaadan parr kendrit thaa. aarthik vikas logon key adhikaaron key vistaar aur unaki sambandhit kshamataon, jaise kii rugnata, poshan, saksharta, shiksha aur anya samajik-aarthik sanketkon seey sambandhit thaa. keynesian arthshastra (sarkari hastakshep kii vakaalat), aur neoclassical arthshastra (cumm hastakshep parr jore) kii prishthabhoomi seey utpann, uchch-vikas vaale deshon (singapur, dakshin koria, hangkang) aur niyojit sarkaaron (argentine, chilly, sudan, uganda) key uday key saath, aarthik vikas aur aam taur parr vikas arthshastra 20 veen shatabdi key madhya mein inn saiddhaantik vyakhyaon key beach ubhara kii arthavyavasthaen kaise samriddh hoti hain. arthashastri albert oh. vikas arthshastra mein ack pramukh yogadankarta hirshman ney jore dekar kahaa kii aarthik vikas duniya key garib kshetron parr dhyaan kendrit karane key liye badhaa, mukhya roop seey africa, asia aur lattin america mein, phir bhee maulik vichaaron aur models key pravaah parr.
yeh bhee tark diyaa gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey buniyaadi dhaanche-adharit vikas key asiai aur europeeya prastavakon dwara, kii ubharate deshon mein sthaayi aarthik vikas sunishchit karane key liye parivahan, awas, shiksha aur swaasthya seva mein vyavasthit, deerghakaalik sarkari nivesh aavashyak hain.
vishva baink mein robbert mcnamara key 13 varshon key dauran, unhone pramukh parivartanon kii shuruat kii, vishesh roop seey, baink kii aarthik vikas neetiyon koo lakshit garibi mein kamee kii or sthanantarit kiya. vishva baink mein unake karyakal seey pahale, garibi parr antarrashtriya aur rashtriya aarthik vikas key hisse key roop mein paryaapt dhyaan naheen diyaa gayaa thaa; vikas kaa dhyaan audyogikaran aur buniyaadi dhaanche parr thaa. garibi koo bhee deshon key bajaay logon dwara saamana kii jaane vaali sthiti key roop mein punarparibhashit kiya gayaa. martha finnemore key anusaar, mcnamara key karyakal key tahat vishva baink ney anunaya aur jabardasti key mishran key madhyam seey garibi mein kamee kii sthiti koo "betch diyaa"."
aarthik vikas key lakshya.
kissy desh kaa vikas vibhinn avadhaaranaon seey judaa huaa haye, lekin aam taur parr uchch utpaadaktaa, raajneetik pranaliyon key madhyam seey aarthik vikas koo shamil kartaa haye joe apane nagrikon kii prathmiktaon kaa yathasambhav sateek roop seey pratinidhitva karati hain, sabhi samajik samoohon koo adhikaaron kaa vistaar aur unhein praapt karane key avsar aur sansthanon aur sangathanon kii uchit karyakshamta joe adhik takniki aur taarkik roop seey jatil karyon mein bhaag lene mein saksham hain (i.ee. karon koo badhaaen aur saarvajanik sevaaen pradaan karein). yeye prakriyaaen raajya kii arthavyavastha, rajneeti, samaaj aur saarvajanik prashaasan kaa prabandhan karane kii kshamataon kaa varnan karati hain. aam taur parr, aarthik vikas neetiyaan inn vishayon mein muddon koo hull karane kaa prayaas karati hain.
ise dhyaan mein rakhate hue, aarthik vikas aamtaur parr vibhinn kshetron yaa sanketkon (jaise saksharta darr, jeevan pratyasha aur garibi darr) mein sudhaar seey judaa hotaa haye, joe vishisht aarthik vikas karyakramon key parinamon key bajaay aarthik vikas key kaaran hoe sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, swaasthya aur shiksha mein sudhaar aarthik vikas seey nikatata seey sambandhit rahey hain, lekin aarthik vikas key saath kaaran spasht naheen hoe sakata haye. kissy bhee mamle mein, yeh ummeed naheen karna mahatvapurna haye kii vishesh aarthik vikas karyakram ack saath kaee samasyaon koo thheek karane mein saksham houn kyonki yeh unake liye durgam lakshya sthaapit karane key liye hoga jinhen way praapt curr sakate hain. kissy bhee vikas neeti koo seemit lakshya nirdhaarit karane chaahiye aur ack kramik drishtikon apnana chaahiye taaki kissy aisee cheez kaa shikaar naa hoe jise 'samay seey pahale bhaar wahan' kahaa jaataa haye.
kaee baar vishisht deshon key aarthik vikas lakshyon taka naheen pahuncha jaa sakata haye kyonki unamen aisaa karane key liye raajya kii kshamataon kii kamee hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, yadi kissy rashtra mein suraksha aur policing yaa mukhya seva vitaran jaise buniyaadi karyon koo karane kii cumm kshamata haye, tou yeh sambhavana naheen haye kii ack karyakram joe ack mukt-vyaapaar kshetra (vishesh aarthik kshetra) koo badhaava denaa chaahata haye yaa kamjor aabaadi koo teekaakaran vitarit karna chaahata haye, apane lakshyon koo puuraa curr sakata haye. kaee antarrashtriya sangathanon, sahaayata karyakramon aur yahaan taka kii bhaag lene vaali sarkaaron dwara isaki andekhi kii gaee haye joe carbon-coppy tareeke seey anya sthaanon seey 'sarvottam prathaon' koo cumm safalata key saath karane kaa prayaas karate hain. yeh samroop nakal-sangathanaatmak roopon koo apnana joe kaheen aur safal rahey hain, lekin joe kewal gharelu desh mein ise hull kiye binaa sansthaagat shithilata koo chhipaate hain-deshon koo 'kshamata jaal' mein fansaane mein yogdan dey sakate hain jahaan desh apane vikas lakshyon mein aage naheen badh rhaa haye. iska ack udaaharan videshi sahaayata kii kuchh aalochanaon aur deshon koo vikasit karane mein madad karane mein isaki safalata darr key madhyam seey dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
videshi sahaayata daan key liye honey vaali protsaahan sangatata samasyaon seey parey-kii videshi sahaayata dene vaale desh ise una deshon koo denaa jaari rakhate hain jinake aarthik vikas key bahut cumm parinam hotey hain, lekin bhrasht netaaon key saath joe deshon key bhoo-raajneetik hiton aur agende key saath judey hotey hain-videshi sahaayata key madhyam seey sarkari rajaswa kii ack mahatvapurna raashi praapt karane seey judee rajkoshiya najukta kii samasyaaen hain. joe sarkaaren iss srot seey rajaswa kii ack mahatvapurna raashi jutaa sakati hain, way apane nagrikon key prati cumm jawabdeh hoti hain (way adhik swaayatt hoti hain) kyonki una sansadhanon kaa vaidh roop seey upayog karane key liye unakaa dabaav cumm hotaa haye. jiss tarah seey tail jaise praakritik sansadhanon kii prachur aapoorti vaale deshon key liye iska dastavejikaran kiya gayaa haye, vaise hii jinn deshon key sarkari bajat mein badey paimaane parr videshi sahaayata daan shamil hain aur niyamit karon key bajaay prabhaavi saarvajanik sansthanon koo vikasit karane key liye protsaahan honey kii sambhavana cumm haye. yeh badale mein desh key vikas key prayason koo kamjor curr sakata haye.
aarthik vikas neetiyaan.
apane vyaapak arthon mein, aarthik vikas kii neetiyon mein teen pramukh kshetra shamil hainh
sankuchan maudrik neeti ack aisaa upkaran haye jiska upayog kendriya bainkon dwara desh key aarthik vikas koo dheema karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. ack udaaharan rinn koo cumm karane key liye byaaj daron koo badhaana hoga. sanyukt raajya america mein, sankuchan maudrik neeti key upayog ney mahilaaon kii berojgari mein vriddhi kii haye. seguino aur hentz pratyek 50 raajyon key liye ack panel dataset kaa upayog karate hain, jisamen berojgari, nasl dwara shram bull kii bhagidari aur vaarshik shram bajar key aankade shamil hain. isake alawa, sankuchan maudrik neeti key liye, way sanghiya nidhi darr kaa upayog karate hain, joe bainkon seey lii jaane vaali alpakaalik byaaj darr haye. seguino aur hentz seguino ney nishkarsh nikala kii shwet aur ashwet mahilaaon kii berojgari key saapeksh sanghiya nidhi darr mein ack pratishat bindu kii vriddhi kaa prabhaav kramshah 0.015 aur 0.043 haye.
aarthik vikas mein badhati samajh kshetriya samoohon aur ack sampann mahanagariya arthavyavastha koo badhaava denaa haye. aaj key vaishvik paridrishya mein, sthaan mahatvapurna haye aur pratispardhi laabh mein ack mahatvapurna bunn jaataa haye.
antarrashtriya vyaapaar aur vinimay darein aarthik vikas key pramukh mudde hain. mudraon kaa aksar yaa tou cumm moolya hotaa haye yaa adhik moolya hotaa haye, jisake parinamswarup vyaapaar adhishesh yaa ghaata hotaa haye. isake alawa, vaishvikaran key vikas ney aarthik vikas koo antarrashtriya vyaapaar key rujhaanon aur vaishvik moolya shrinkhalaon (jee. vee. see.) aur antarrashtriya vittiya baajaron mein bhagidari key saath jodaa haye. pichhale vittiya sankat kaa vikaasheel deshon kii arthvyavasthaon parr bahut badaa prabhaav padaa thaa. arthashastri jayati ghosh kaa kahana haye kii vibhinn prakaar key vittiya sansthaan pradaan karke vikaasheel deshon mein vittiya baajaron koo adhik lachila banaana aavashyak haye. isase chhote utpadakon kii vittiya suraksha bhee badh sakati haye.
sangathan.
aarthik vikas atyadhik vishisht vyavsaayiyon key ack peshevar udyog mein vikasit huaa haye. vyavsaayiyon kii dou pramukh bhoomikaaen hoti hainh ack neeti-nirmaan mein netritva pradaan karna haye, aur doosara neeti, karyakram aur pariyojanaon kaa prashaasan karna haye. aarthik vikas vyavasaayi aam taur parr raajya, kshetriya yaa nagarpalika star parr saarvajanik karyalayon mein yaa saarvajanik-niji bhagidari sangathanon mein kaam karate hain jinhen sthaaniya, kshetriya, raajya yaa sanghiya curr dhana dwara aanshik roop seey vitt poshit kiya jaa sakata haye. yeye aarthik vikas sangathan vyaktigat sansthaon key roop mein aur kuchh mamalon mein sthaaniya sarkaaron key vibhagon key roop mein kaary karate hain. unaki bhoomika nae aarthik avsaron kii talash karna aur apani maujooda vyaavsaayik sampatti koo banaae rakhna haye.
aise kaee anya sangathan hain jinka praathamik kaary aarthik vikas naheen haye joe aarthik vikaskartaon key saath saajhedaari mein kaam karate hain. inmein samachar media, foundation, upayogitaaen, school, swaasthya dekhbhal pradaata, vishvaas-adharit sangathan, aur college, vishvavidyalaya aur anya shiksha yaa anusandhaan sansthaan shamil hain.
vikas sanketak aur soochkaank.
kissy diye gaye kshetra yaa rashtra kii saapeksh aarthik pragati kaa aaklan karane key liye arthshastriyon aur bhoogolvidon dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale vibhinn prakaar key samashti aarthik aur samajik-saanskritik sanketak yaa "metricks" hain. vishva baink key "vishva vikas sanketak" aadhikarik roop seey maanyata praapt antarrashtriya sroton seey salana sankalit kiye jaate hain aur isamen rashtriya, kshetriya aur vaishvik anuman shamil hotey hain.
prati vyakti jee. dee. pee.-badhati vikas jansankhya.
prati vyakti jee. dee. pee. sakal gharelu utpaad haye jise madhya varsh kii aabaadi dwara vibhajit kiya jaataa haye. jee. dee. pee. arthavyavastha mein sabhi nivasi utpadakon dwara jode gaye sakal moolya kaa yog haye aur utpaad karon koo ghataakar utpaad key moolya mein shamil naheen kiya gayaa haye. isaki ganana mangadhant parisampattiyon key mulyahras yaa praakritik sansadhanon key hraas aur ksharan key liye katauti kiye binaa kii jaati haye.
aadhunik parivahan.
europeeya vikas arthshastriyon ney tark diyaa haye kii aadhunik parivahan network kaa astitva-jaise kii uchch gati rail avasanrachana kissy desh kii aarthik pragati kaa ack mahatvapurna sanketak haih iss pariprekshya koo buniyaadi rail parivahan avasanrachana soochkaank (jise britty soochkaank key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) aur sambandhit model jaise (sanshodhit) rail parivahan avasanrachana soochkaank (arti) key madhyam seey vishesh roop seey sachitra kiya gayaa haye.
jee. dee. aaee. aur ratna kaa parichay.
ack aisaa sanketak banaane key prayaas mein joe langic samaantaa koo maapane mein madad karega, sanyukt rashtra ney dou upaay kiye hainh ling-sambandhit vikas soochkaank (jee. dee. aaee.) aur ling sashaktikaran upaay (ratna). inn sanketkon koo pahali baar 1995 kii maanav vikas report mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa.
langic sashaktikaran upaay.
langic sashaktikaran upaay (ratna) vibhinn sanketkon koo ekatrit karane parr kendrit haye joe mahilaaon dwara kiye gaye aarthik, raajneetik aur vyaavsaayik laabhon koo pakadane parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain. ratna kewal teen charon seey banaa haih aaya arjit karane kii shakti, peshevar aur prabandhakiya naukariyon mein hissedari, aur sansadiya seeton kaa hissa.
ling vikas soochkaank.
ling vikas soochkaank (jee. dee. aaee.) maanav vikas kii uplabdhiyon mein ling antar koo maapata haye. yeh purushon aur mahilaaon key beach asamaanta koo teen charr, swaasthya, gyaan aur jeevan star key madhyam seey dhyaan mein rakhta haye.

