
mudit rakt-sambandhi kshetra prabhaav

twisted nematic effect ("tn-effect") ack mukhya praudyogiki safalata thee jisane lcd koo vyaavhaarik banaa diyaa. pahale key pradarshanon key vipareet, tn-koshikaon koo sanchaalan key liye pravaah kii aavashyakta naheen thee aur battery key saath upayog key liye upayukt cumm parichaalan voltage kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. tn-prabhaav pradarshanon kii shuruat ney pradarshan kshetra mein unake teji seey vistaar koo badhaava diyaa, jisase adhikansh electronics key liye monolithic led aur crt jaisi anya samanya takneekon koo teji seey aage badhaaya gayaa. 1990 key dashak taka, tn-prabhaav lcd portable electronics mein kaafee hudd taka saarvbhaumik they, halanki taba seey, lcd key kaee anuprayogon ney tn-prabhaav key vikalpon koo apanaaya jaise kii inn-plain switching (ips) yaa vertical sanrekhan (va).
chitra jaankaari key binaa kaee monochrom alphanumerical display abhee bhee tn lcd kaa upayog karate hain.
tn display anya lcd display takneek kii tulanaa mein tej pixel pratikriya samay aur cumm smearing seey labhanvit hotey hain, lekin kharaab rung prajanan aur seemit dekhane key konn seey peedit hotey hain, vishesh roop seey urdhvaadhar disha mein. jaba ack aise konn parr dekhaa jaataa haye joe pradarshan key lambavat naheen hotaa haye tou rung poori tarah seey ulta honey kii sthiti mein badal jaayenge.
varnan.
mudit sootrakrimi prabhaav ack lagu vidyut kshetra kii kriya key tahat vibhinn krambaddh aanvik vinyason key beach taral chrystal anuon key sateek niyantrit punarekeekaran parr adharit haye. yeh cumm bijli kii khapat aur cumm operating voltage parr praapt kiya jaataa haye. lagu kshetra mein taral chrystal anuon key sanrekhan kii antarnihit ghatana koo fredericks sankraman kahaa jaataa haye aur isaki khoj 1927 mein russie bhautik vigyaani vsvoload fredericks dwara kii gaee thee.
daaeen or key chitra "samanya roop seey safed" mode mein kaam karane vaale ack mudane vaale nematic light modulator liquid chrystal display key ekal chitra tatva ("pixel") key bund aur chaalu sthiti donon koo dikhaate hain.ee.ack aisaa mode jisamen prakaash taba sanchaarit hotaa haye jaba taral chrystal parr koee vidyut kshetra lagu naheen hotaa haye.
off state mein, i.ee.jaba koee vidyut kshetra lagu naheen kiya jaataa haye, tou dou kaanch kii plates key beach sootrakrimi taral chrystal anuon kaa ack muda vinyas (urf helical sanrachana yaa helix) banata haye, joe aakriti mein jee, kaee spacers dwara alag kiye jaate hain aur pardarshi electrode, ee1 aur ee2 key saath lepit hotey hain. electrode swayam sanrekhan paraton key saath lepit hotey hain (naheen dikhaae gaye) joe taral chrystal koo 90 degree seey thheek seey modate hain jaba koee baahari kshetra maujood naheen hotaa haye (baaen aarekh). yadi uchit dhruvikaran (lagbhag aadhaa) key saath ack prakaash srot lcd key saamane chamakata haye, tou prakaash pahale dhruvikaran, pee2 aur taral chrystal mein gujar jaayega, jahaan ise pechdar sanrachana dwara ghumaaya jaataa haye. prakaash koo phir dusare dhruvikaran, pee1, seey gujarane key liye thheek seey dhruvikrit kiya jaataa haye, joe pahale parr 90° parr sett hotaa haye. taba prakaash koshika key pichhale hisse seey gujarta haye aur chhavi, i, pardarshi dikhaai detee haye.
raajya mein, i.ee.jaba dou electrode key beach ack kshetra lagaaya jaataa haye, tou chrystal baahari kshetra (sahee aarekh) key saath khud koo phir seey sanrekhit kartaa haye. yeh chrystal mein saavdhaanipoorvak modd koo "todata haye" aur chrystal seey gujarane vaale dhruvikrit prakaash koo phir seey unmukh karane mein whiffle rahata haye. iss mamle mein prakaash koo peechhe key dhruvikaran, pee1 dwara avaruddh kiya jaataa haye, aur chhavi, aaee, apaardarshi dikhaai detee haye. apaardarshita kii matra koo voltage mein badalaav karke niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye. seema key paas voltage parr, kewal kuchh chrystal phir seey sanrekhit honge, aur pradarshan aanshik roop seey pardarshi hoga. jaise-jaise voltage badhata haye, adhik chrystal taba taka phir seey sanrekhit hoe jaayenge jaba taka kii yeh poori tarah seey "switch" naheen hoe jaataa. chrystal koo kshetra key saath sanrekhit karane key liye lagbhag 1 v key voltage kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur koee bhee dhaara chrystal key madhyam seey naheen gujarati haye. iss prakaar usa kriya key liye aavashyak vidyut shakti bahut cumm haye.
ack mudey hue sootrakrimi taral chrystal key saath jaankaari pradarshit karane key liye, pardarshi electrode koo photo-lithography dwara ack matricks yaa electrode key anya pattern banaane key liye sanrachit kiya jaataa haye. kewal ack electrode koo iss tarah seey pattern kiya jaanaa haye, doosara nirantar ("samanya" electrode) reh sakata haye. cumm jaankaari key liye sankhyaatmak aur alfa-sankhyaatmak tn-lcd, jaise digital ghadiyaan yaa calculator, khandit electrode paryaapt hain. yadi adhik jatil detta yaa graphics jaankaari pradarshit karni haye, tou electrode kii ack matricks vyavastha kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. isake kaaran, matricks display kaa voltage-niyantrit pataa, jaise kii computer monitor yaa flat television screen key liye lcd-screen mein, khandit electrode kii tulanaa mein adhik jatil haye. seemit sankalp key matricks key liye yaa ack badey matricks panel parr bhee dheemi gati seey badalate pradarshan key liye, electrode kaa ack nishkriya grid nishkriya matricks-patey koo lagu karane key liye paryaapt haye, basharte kii pratyek pankti aur collum key liye swatantra electronic chaalak houn. aavashyak twarit pratikriya key saath ack uchch-resolution matricks lcd (ee.jee. animated graphics aur/yaa video key liye) pradarshan key pratyek chitra tatva (pixel) mein atirikt gair-raikhik electronic tatvon key ekikaran kii aavashyakta hoti haye (ee.jee.binaa crosstock (gair-pataa pixel kaa anpekshit sakriyan) key vyaktigat chitra tatvon key sakriya matricks-patey kii anumati dene key liye, patali-film diode, tfd, yaa patali-film transister, tft).
itihas.
aar. see. aeye. anusandhaan.
1962 mein, aar. see. aeye. prayogshalaon mein kaam karane vaale ack bhautik rasaayanagya, richard williams ney naee bhautik ghatnaaon kii talash shuru kii joe vacuum tubes key binaa ack pradarshan takneek kaa utpaadan curr sakati hain. nematic taral chrystal seey judey shodh kii lambi rekha seey avagat, unhone yaugik pee-azoxynisol key saath prayog karna shuru kiya jiska pighalane kaa bindu haye. williams ney ack germ sookshmadarshi charan parr apane prayog sthaapit kiye, jisamen kaanch kii plates parr pardarshi tinn-oxide electrode key beach namoone rakhe gaye. unhone paaya kii dher parr lagu ack bahut majboot vidyut kshetra dhaaridaar pattern kaa kaaran banega. inhen baad mein "williams domen" kahaa gayaa. aavashyak kshetra lagbhag 1,000 volt prati centimeter thaa, joe ack vyaavhaarik upkaran key liye bahut adhik thaa. yeh mahsoos karate hue kii vikas lamba hoga, unhone shodh koo bhautik vigyaani george heilmyer koo saunp diyaa aur dusare kaam parr chaley gaye.
1964 mein, aar. see. aeye. key george aich. luis zanoni aur rasaayanagya lutian barton key saath heilmyer ney paaya kii kuchh taral chrystals koo vidyut pravaah key anuprayog key saath ack pardarshi sthiti aur ack atyadhik prakirnan apaardarshi key beach badala jaa sakata haye. prakaash srot kii or peechhe kii or bikhare jaane key vipareet, bichchuran mukhya roop seey aage, chrystal mein thaa. chrystal key door kii or ack paraavartak koo rakhkar, aapatit prakaash koo bijli seey chaalu yaa bund kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase hillmeyer koo "gatishil prakirnan" kahaa jaataa haye. 1965 mein joseph castellano aur joel goldmaker, carbonic rasaayanagyon ney aise chrystal kii maang kii joe kamare key tapman parr taral avastha mein baney rahey. chhah maheene key bheetar unhein kaee ummidwar mill gaye they, aur aage key vikas key saath, rca 1968 mein pahale taral chrystal pradarshan kii ghoshana karane mein saksham thaa.
halanki safal, gatishil prakirnan pradarshan key liye upkaran key madhyam seey nirantar vartamaan pravaah kii aavashyakta hoti haye, saath hii saath apekshaakrit uchch voltage kii bhee aavashyakta hoti haye. isase way cumm shakti vaali sthitiyon key liye aakarshak naheen they, jahan iss prakaar key kaee pradarshanon kaa upayog kiya jaa rhaa thaa. swayam-prakaashit naheen honey key kaaran, ell. see. dee. koo baahari prakaash kii bhee aavashyakta hoti haye yadi way cumm-prakaash sthitiyon mein upayog kiye jaane vaale they, jisane maujooda pradarshan praudyogikiyon koo samagr shakti key sandarbh mein aur bhee adhik anaakarshak banaa diyaa. ack aur seema darpan kii aavashyakta thee, joe dekhane key konn koo seemit karati thee. aar. see. aeye. team inn seemaon seey avagat thee, aur vibhinn prakaar kii praudyogikiyon kaa nirantar vikas karati rahee.
inmein seey ack sambhaavit prabhaav kii khoj 1964 mein heilmyer dwara kii gaee thee. vaha taral chrystal seey khud koo jodane key liye carbonic rung praapt karane mein saksham they, aur jaba way ack baahari kshetra dwara sanrekhan mein kheenche jaate they tou way sthiti mein rahate they. jaba ack sanrekhan seey dusare sanrekhan mein badal diyaa jaataa haye, tou rung yaa tou dikhaai detaa thaa yaa chhipa huaa thaa, jisake parinamswarup dou rangeen avasthaaen hoti hain jinhen "atithi-mezban prabhaav" kahaa jaataa haye. iss drishtikon parr kaam taba bund hoe gayaa jaba gatishil prakirnan prabhaav safaltapurvak pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa.
tn-prabhaav.
ack anya sambhaavit drishtikon twisted-nematic drishtikon thaa, jise pahali baar 1911 mein francisi bhautik vigyaani charles-victor maugin ney dekhaa thaa. maugin vibhinn prakaar key ardh-thhos taral chrystal key saath prayog curr rahey they jaba unhone nott kiya kii way chrystal koo unake paar kagaj kaa ack tukada kheenchkar sanrekhit curr sakate hain, jisase chrystal dhruvikrit hoe jaate hain. baad mein unhone dekhaa kii jaba unhone dou sanrekhit dhruvikaranakon key beach chrystal koo sandwich kiya, tou way unhein ack-dusare key sambandh mein modd sakate they, lekin prakaash sanchaarit hotaa rhaa. isaki ummeed naheen thee. aam taur parr yadi dou dhruvikaran sahee konon parr sanrekhit hotey hain, tou prakaash unake madhyam seey naheen bahata haye. maugin ney nishkarsh nikala kii chrystal key mudane seey hii prakaash koo phir seey dhruvikrit kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
wolfgang helfrich, ack bhautik vigyaani joe 1967 mein aar. see. aeye. mein shamil hue, maugin kii ghumaavdaar sanrachana mein ruchi lene lagey aur unhone socha kii iska upayog electronic pradarshan banaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. halanki aar. see. aeye. ney bahut cumm ruchi dikhaai kyonki unhone mahsoos kiya kii dou dhruvikaranakon kaa upayog karane vaale kissy bhee prabhaav mein badee matra mein prakaash avashoshan bhee hoga, jisake liye ise ujjwal roop seey prakaashit karane kii aavashyakta hogi. 1970 mein, helfrich ney aar. see. aeye. chhod diyaa aur switzerland mein hoffman-laroche kii kendriya shodh prayogshalaon mein shamil hoe gaye, jahan unhone ack thhos-avastha bhautik vigyaani martin scad key saath milkar kaam kiya. skedt ney electrode key saath ack namuna aur pebab (pee-athoxybengelidine-pee '-aminobenzonitrile) naamak ack taral-chrystal samagri kaa ack ghumaavdaar sanskaran banaaya, jise helfrich ney apane atithi-mezban prayogon key hisse key roop mein rca mein poorv adhyayanon mein report kiya thaa. jaba voltage lagaaya jaataa haye, tou pebab kshetra key saath khud koo sanrekhit kartaa haye, mudati sanrachana aur dhruvikaran key punarnirdeshan koo todata haye, jisase koshika apaardarshi hoe jaati haye.
patent kii ladaai.
iss samay braun, boveri aind see (bbc) bhee hoffman-laroche key saath ack poorv sanyukt chikitsa anusandhaan samjhaute key hisse key roop mein upkaranon key saath kaam curr rhaa thaa. bee. bee. see. ney america key ack bhautik vigyaani koo apane kaam kaa pradarshan kiya joe westinghouse anusandhaan prayogshalaon mein taral chrystal mein visheshagya james fargasana seey judey they. fargasana pradarshan key liye tn-prabhaav parr kaam curr rhaa thaa, jisane kent raajya vishvavidyalaya key taral chrystal sansthaan mein sardari arora aur alfred sope key sanyojan mein kiye jaa rahey shodh key vikas koo vyaavsaayikrit karane key liye ilixco kaa gathan kiya thaa.
jaba pradarshan kii khabar hoffman-laroche taka pahunchi, tou helfrich aur shadd ney turant ack patent key liye dhakka diyaa, jise 4 disambar 1970 koo daayar kiya gayaa thaa. unake aupchaarik parinam 15 farwari 1971 koo "lagu bhautiki patron" mein prakaashit kiye gaye they. pradarshan key liye nae prabhaav kii vyavaharyata koo pradarshit karane key liye, 1972 mein scad ney 4-ankon kaa pradarshan panel banaaya.
fergeson ney 9 farwari 1971 yaa 22 aprail 1971 koo america mein isi tarah kaa ack patent prakaashit kiya. yeh swiss patent daayar kiye jaane key dou maheene baad thaa aur teen saal key kanuni takraav key liye munch taiyar kiya gayaa thaa jise adalat seey baahar nipataaya gayaa thaa. anta mein, sabhi dalon koo royalty mein kaee laakhon dollar kaa hissa milaa.
taral chrystal samagri kaa vyaavsaayik vikas.
jaba pebab paani yaa kshaariya padarthon key sampark mein aataa thaa tou yeh toot jaataa thaa aur sandushan seey bachane key liye vishesh utpaadan kii aavashyakta hoti thee. 1972 mein george doubleu key netritva mein ack team. gray ney ack nae prakaar key sinobifinyl vikasit kiye jinhen pebab key saath milaaya jaa sakata haye taaki cumm pratikriyaasheel samagri kaa utpaadan kiya jaa sakey. inn yojakon ney parinami taral koo cumm chipchipa bhee banaa diyaa, jisase pratikriya kaa samay teji seey milata haye, jabaki saath hii unhein adhik pardarshi banaata haye, jisase shuddh-safed rung kaa pradarshan hotaa haye.
iss kaam key parinamswarup, darmstad mein merck gaa mein ludwig pohl, rudolf idenskink aur unake sahyogiyon dwara ack poori tarah seey alag varg key sootrakrimi chrystal kii khoj kii gaee, jise sinophenylcyclohaxynacs kahaa jaataa haye. way jaldi hii lagbhag sabhi ell. see. dee. kaa aadhar bunn gaye, aur aaj bhee merck key vyavasaay kaa ack pramukh hissa baney hue hain.

