
aparaadhi punarvaas adhiniyam 1974

britten kii sansad key aparaadhi punarvaas adhiniyam 1974 (see. 53) key tahat kuchh aaparaadhik doshiyon koo punarvaas avadhi key baad nazarandaj kiya jaa sakata haye. iska uddeshya yeh haye kii logon key ateet mein apekshaakrit mamuli aparaadh key kaaran unake record parr aajivan dhabba naa hoe. punarvaas avadhi swayam hii vaakya dwara nirdhaarit kii jaati haye. iss avadhi key baad, yadi aage koee doshasiddhi naheen hui haye tou doshasiddhi "kharch" kii jaati haye aur kuchh apvaadon key saath, poorv aparaadhi dwara kissy bhee sandarbh mein khulasa karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye jaise kii naukari key liye aavedan karate samay, beema praapt karate samay, yaa sivil kaaryavaahi mein. roa key uddeshyon key liye ack doshasiddhi mein grate britten key baahar jaari ack doshasiddhi shamil haye (1974 adhiniyam kii dhaara 1 (4) dekhein) aur isaliye videshi doshasiddhi roa kii suraksha praapt karane key liye paatr hain.
kanuni sahaayata, sajaa aur apraadhiyon key dund adhiniyam 2012 (dhaara 139) key tahat, adhiniyam jaisa kii yeh ingland aur wells mein lagu hotaa haye, koo naee punarvaas avadhi pradaan karane key liye adyatan kiya gayaa thaa-jisamen adhikansh doshasiddhi cumm samay mein kharch hoe rahee thee. vayaskon key liye, punarvaas avadhi samudayik aadeshon key liye ack varsh, chhah maheene yaa usase cumm kii hirasat kii sajaa key liye dou varsh, chhah maheene seey adhik kii hirasat kii sajaa key liye chaar varsh aur 30 maheene taka aur 30 maheene taka kii hirasat kii sajaa key liye saat varsh aur 48 maheene taka aur usase adhik kii hirasat kii sajaa key liye saat varsh haye. chaar saal seey adhik kii hirasat kii sajaa kabhi bhee kharch naheen hogi aur jaba aavashyak hoe tou iska khulasa jaari rehna chaahiye. 2012 key adhiniyam key tahat, punarvaas avadhi jurmaane key mamle mein doshasiddhi kii tarikh seey shuru hoti haye, lekin hirasat kii sajaa key liye yeh aparaadhi dwara sajaa poori karane (licenses parr samay sahit) key baad shuru hoti haye aur samudayik aadeshon key liye yeh taba shuru hoti haye jaba adesh samaapt hoe jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, ack aparaadhi jise dou saal kii jail kii sajaa millie haye, usey doshasiddhi kii tarikh seey chhah saal (dou saal kii sajaa aur chaar saal kii punarvaas avadhi) bitaane kii sajaa milegi. 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key apraadhiyon key liye, jaba unhein doshi thaharaaya jaataa haye, tou punarvaas avadhi ack vayask kii aadhi hoti haye.
british kaanoon key tahat kharch kii gaee sajaa koo kaheen aur naheen maanaa jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, sanyukt raajya mein pravesh karane key liye aavedan karate samay aaparaadhik doshasiddhi kaa khulasa kiya jaanaa chaahiye; kharch kiye gaye doshasiddhi koo hamaare kaanoon key tahat hamaare aapravaasan uddeshyon key liye baahar naheen rakhaa gayaa haye.
yeh adhiniyam aaparaadhik record taka pahunch rakhane vaale kissy bhee vyakti key liye kharch kiye gaye doshasiddhi kaa khulasa karna ack aparaadh banaata haye jaba taka kii aisaa karane key liye adhikrit naa hoe. yeh adhiniyam dhokhadhadi, beimani yaa rishwat key madhyam seey aisee jaankaari praapt karna adhik gambhir aparaadh banaata haye.
chhoot.
kuchh vyavsaayon aur rojgaaron koo adhiniyam seey chhoot dee gaee haye taaki vyaktiyon koo samaan kshetron mein padon key liye aavedan karate samay apani naukari key sambandh mein pichhale doshasiddhi key vivaran koo chhipaane kii anumati naa hoe. inn vyavsaayon mein shamil hainh
inn vyavsaayon aur vyavsaayon key alawa, kaanoon sangathanon koo bhee chhoot detaa haye yadi sawal poochha jaataa haih
haalaanki, jahaan aavashyak hoe, aaparaadhik doshasiddhi kaa prakateekaran.ee. aparaadhi punarvaas adhiniyam 1974 yaa 2014 key parivartan key baad, jisane sanrakshit doshasiddhi kii shuruat kii, kissy vishesh vyakti koo kissy diye gaye peshe mein rojgar seey swachaalit roop seey pratibandhit naheen kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, ullekhaniya mamalon mein gairi bell, ack poorv dhokhebaaz joe hyee-profile safal barrister aur raani kaa vakeel bunn gayaa; aur selvin stratchen, jise grenade mein hatyaa kaa doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa aur jisane 40 saal kii sajaa sunai thee. shiksha, chikitsa, gharelu rojgar key saath-saath anya peshe donon mein bhee isi tarah key mamle paae jaa sakate hain. sankshep mein, pratyek mamle kaa nirdhaaran apane gunon parr kiya jaataa haye, yahaan taka kii jahaan prakateekaran aavashyak haye kyonki doshasiddhi yaa tou kharch naheen kii jaa sakati haye yaa adhiniyam key sanrakshan seey mukt haye.
jahan pesha yaa rojgar apavaad yaa chhoot key adheen naheen haye.
ack kshetra mein rojgar key uddeshyon key liye joe aparaadhi punarvaas adhiniyam 1974 dwara cover kiya gayaa haye aur apavaad adesh key adheen naheen haye, ack baar doshasiddhi kharch honey key baad, vyakti koo punarvaas maanaa jaataa haye aur adhiniyam vyakti koo aisaa maanata haye jaise kii unhone kabhi aparaadh naheen kiya thaa. natijatan, adhikansh naukariyon, shaikshik pathyakramon, beema, awas avedanon yaa anya uddeshyon key liye aavedan karate samay vyakti dwara doshasiddhi yaa savdhani kaa khulasa karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye, jaba taka kii aavedan kii gaee bhoomika koo adhiniyam seey chhoot naheen dee jaati haye. yadi koee bhoomika adhiniyam dwara cover kii jaati haye, tou kissy niyokta key liye kissy vyakti koo niyukt karane seey incar karna (yaa kissy maujooda karmchari koo barkhast karna) gairkaanooni haye kyonki vyakti ney savdhani yaa doshasiddhi kaa kharch kiya haye. kissy sangathan key liye jaanboojhkar ack prakateekaran karna (yaa kissy aur koo praapt karane mein saksham banaana) aur usa vyakti parr usa bhoomika key liye jaanch karna bhee gairkaanooni haye joe adhiniyam dwara cover kii gaee haye. yadi koee bhoomika adhiniyam dwara cover kii jaati haye, tou niyokta kewal kanuni roop seey ack buniyaadi aaparaadhik jaanch karane kaa hakdar haye jise buniyaadi prakateekaran (dee. bee. aiss. dwara pradaan kiya gayaa) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye joe kewal binaa kharch kiye gaye doshon koo prakat karega.
god lene, badhaava dene aur agneyastra pramanpatron key liye aavedan.
ack "nyaayik pradhikaran" (vyaapak roop seey paribhaashit) key samaksh kaee kaaryavaahi bhee hain jinhen adhiniyam seey baahar rakhaa gayaa haye, aur jahaan kharch kiye gaye doshasiddhi kaa khulasa kiya jaa sakata haye. inmein god lene yaa badhaava dene key liye aavedan aur agneyastra pramaan patra shamil hain. god lene aur paalan-poshan sevaaon key liye avedakon key saath charcha karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye yadi unakaa aaparaadhik record haye aur kyaa isase god lene key madhyam seey maataa-pitaa honey key liye unaki upayuktata key baare mein chinta badh jaati haye. sabhi avedakon koo prakateekaran aur seva (dee. bee. aiss.) koo chhodkar aur anya vaidhaanik jaanch karni hogi. kissy bhee doshasiddhi koo god lene key uddeshya seey kharch naheen maanaa jaataa haye. dee. bee. aiss. jaanch sabhi pichhale doshasiddhi, savdhani aur bandhan ovaron koo darj karegi. yadi unakaa aaparaadhik record haye tou avedakon koo swachaalit roop seey baahar naheen kiya jaayega, halanki "bachchon key khilaf baad yaa gambhir prakriti key aparaadh" aam taur parr avedakon koo ayogya thahara denge.
aaparaadhik kaaryavaahi mein pichhali doshasiddhi kii bhoomika.
aaparaadhik kaaryavaahi mein pichhali doshasiddhi kaa ullekh kiya jaa sakata haye, bhale hii way kharch hoe jaaen. halanki, mukhya nyayadhish aur grih karyalaya ney adalaton koo salah dee haye kii bahut vishesh paristhitiyon koo chhodkar doshasiddhi kaa ullekh naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
aparaadhi punarvaas adhiniyam 1974 (adhiniyam) key tahat ack aparaadhi jise 48 maheene key karawas yaa usase cumm kii avadhi (yaa gair-hirasat kii sajaa) kii sajaa sunai jaati haye, adhiniyam dwara nirdisht samay kii ack nishchit avadhi key paarit honey key baad uska punarvaas kiya jaataa haye. iska matlab haye kii aparaadhi key saath kaanoon mein sabhi uddeshyon key liye aisaa vyavhaar kiya jaataa haye jaise kii usane aparaadh naheen kiya thaa yaa usa parr aarop naheen lagaaya gayaa thaa yaa usa parr mukadama naheen chalaaya gayaa thaa yaa aparaadh key liye doshi naheen thaharaaya gayaa thaa.
8 disambar 2008 seey saavdhaaniyaan, sashart saavdhaaniyaan, fatkaar aur chetaavaniyan sabhi adhiniyam key praavdhaanon key adheen hain.
1974 key adhiniyam kii dhaara 7 (2) (aeye) key aadhar parr punarvaas yaa kharch kiye gaye doshasiddhi aaparaadhik kaaryavaahi mein sweekarya hain jahaan way "kissy bhee mudde key nirdhaaran" key liye praasangik hain. yeh ack sankeern apavaad haye, joe sajaa dene vaali adalat koo uchit sajaa nirdhaarit karane mein kharch kiye gaye doshasiddhi sahit sabhi pichhale doshasiddhion koo dhyaan mein rakhane kii anumati detaa haye. haalaanki, adalat mein kharch kiye gaye doshon koo kaise prastut kiya jaanaa haye, isake baare mein vishesh niyam hain. yeye aaparaadhik abhyaas nirdeshon mein paae jaate hain [2013] see. pee. dee. sakshya 35aeye. parr aparaadh 1631: kharch kiye gaye doshasiddhi joe pradaan karati haih 
sajaa dene kii kaaryavaahi mein pichhale doshasiddhi kii bhoomika.
aaparaadhik nyaay adhiniyam 2003, aiss. 143 (2) mein kahaa gayaa haih
jaisa kii kuchh akaadamik vidvaanon ney ullekh kiya haye, yeh praavdhaan "spasht tanaav" paida kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, jabaki yeh dhaara ingit karati haye kii ack adalat pratyek pichhali sajaa koo ack uttejak kaarak key roop mein maanane key liye baadhya ('aavashyak') haye, anivarya shabd baad key vakyansh seey kuchh hudd taka naram hoe jaate hain, "yadi adalat maanati haye kii ise uchit roop seey iss tarah seey maanaa jaa sakata haye. aaparaadhik nyaay adhiniyam 2003 mein yeh praavdhaan sajaa key apane "seemit pratishodhvaad" siddhant key saath bhee tanaav mein haye, joe ingland aur wells mein sajaa dene key dhaanche koo rekhaankit kartaa haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki, aam taur parr, pichhale aparaadh key aadhar parr baad key apraadhon key liye sajaa mein vriddhi sajaa key pratishodhaatmak siddhanton key vipareet haye aur sajaa key upayogitaavaadi siddhanton key saath adhik nikatata seey sanrekhit haye. aage, vyavhaar mein (aur sanyukt raajya sajaa key dishanirdesh grid key vipareet, joe sanghiya pranali mein sajaa dene key abhyaas aur neeti koo niyantrit kartaa haye) pichhale doshasiddhi, chaahe kharch kiye gaye houn yaa kharch naheen kiye gaye houn (aur vayask doshasiddhi parr vichaar karane key liye duss saal kii samay seema haye), ingland aur wells mein sajaa mein raikhik vriddhi kaa kaaran naheen banate hain.
vishvavidyalaya mein pravesh aur vishvavidyalaya aavedan.
vishvavidyalaya key pathyakramon key liye avedakon koo kewal apane praasangik aaparaadhik doshasiddhi, chetavani aur maukhik roop seey apane yuu. see. aeye. formon parr pratibandh lagaane kii ghoshana karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. yuu. see. aeye. aavedankartaon koo kewal 'praasangik' aaparaadhik doshasiddhi ghoshit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, 'praasangik' koo vyakti key khilaf apraadhon key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaa rhaa haye, chaahe vaha hinsak hoe yaa yaun prakriti kaa, yaa niyantrit drugs yaa padarthon kii aapoorti seey judey aparaadh jahaan doshasiddhi vaanijyik drugg saude yaa taskari seey sambandhit haye. gair-praasangik aaparaadhik doshasiddhi, i.ee. jinhen vishesh roop seey praasangik key roop mein paribhaashit naheen kiya gayaa haye, unhein taba taka ghoshit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye jaba taka kii aavedan parr vishesh roop seey aavashyak naa hoe; aavedan jinamen gair-praasangik aaparaadhik doshasiddhi key prakateekaran kii aavashyakta hoti haye, way hain dawa, shikshan aur bachchon seey sambandhit yaa shamil naukariyan. aaparaadhik doshasiddhi koo dou shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, praasangik aur gair-praasangik, aur donon koo adhiniyam key tahat kharch kiya jaa sakata haye; ack baar doshasiddhi kharch hoe jaane key baad, chaahe koee doshasiddhi praasangik hoe yaa gair-praasangik, ise yuu. see. aeye. aavedan parr prakat naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye. haal hii mein, aaparaadhik doshasiddhi seey sambandhit prashn abb yuu. see. aeye. form parr anivarya naheen haye aur yeh ack pakad paida naheen karega. iss parivartan kaa uddeshya shiksha kii upalabdhata aur shiksha taka pahunch koo vyaapak banaana haye. kharch kiye gaye aaparaadhik doshasiddhi aiss dwara sanrakshit hain. 2 aur aiss. detta sanrakshan adhiniyam 1998 key 56 aur kissy vyakti key kharch kiye gaye aaparaadhik doshasiddhi kaa khulasa karna bhee ack aaparaadhik aparaadh haye.
angreji kaanoon key tahat manhani key liye punarvaas aur kaarravaai.
adhiniyam kii dhaara 8 key tahat, yadi koee vyakti yeh saabit curr sakata haye kii kharch kiye gaye doshasiddhi kaa vivaran vishay koo nuksan (dwesh) pahunchaane key praathamik uddeshya seey prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, tou prakaashak manhani key nuksan key adheen hoe sakata haye, chaahe vivaran sahee they yaa naheen. yeh usa sthiti mein lagu hotaa haye jahaan prakaashak yogya visheshaadhikaar yaa sachchai (yaa 2013 seey pahale kiye gaye aparaadh key mamle mein auchitya yaa nishpaksh tippani) key bachaav parr bharosa curr rhaa haye.
sandarbh pustak "media aind dha low" key anusaar, halanki british media kharch kiye gaye doshasiddhi key vivaran koo prakaashit karane key liye swatantra haye, basharte kii way dwesh seey prerit naa houn, way aam taur parr punarvaas key baad iss tarah key doshasiddhi kaa ullekh karane seey bachate hain. ack or, 2003 mein media barrister hyug tomlinson kyu. see. kii raay thee kii "vyavhaar mein, manhani kaa kaanoon kharch kiye gaye doshon key prakaashan key khilaf koee manjuri pradaan naheen kartaa haye. doosari or, ack pramukh vakeel tomm crone, jinhone hyee-profile samachar outlet key liye kaam kiya haye aur sandarbh pustak "kaanoon aur media" (manhani adhiniyam 2013 key paarit honey key baad lekin isake lagu honey seey pahale prakaashit) likhi haye, ney tark diyaa haye kii dhaara 8 key anusaar, joe yeh pradaan kartaa haye kii jahaan ack kharch kii gaee sajaa kaa prakaashan "durbhavanapurna tareeke seey kiya jaataa haye", manhani kii kaaryavaahi key liye ack prativaadi auchitya kii yachika parr jawab dene kaa hakdar naheen hoga. dusare shabdon mein, jahaan durbhavanapurna aparaadh saabit hotaa haye, vahaan davedar key apraadhon koo usaki manhani kii kaarravaai key uddeshyon key liye maanaa jaayega jaise kii way kabhi naheen hue they. dwesh koo angreji kaanoon mein "ack aprasangik, dweshpurna yaa anuchit uddeshya key saath prakaashit" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. yeh sanyukt raajya america key bilkul vipareet haye jahan media outlet bhee nishkaasit doshasiddhi parr report curr sakate hain, joe ack kanuni vaidhata haye (jiska arth haye kii way kanuni roop seey abb maujood naheen hain).
ingland aur wells mein, adhikansh udaharanon mein, davedar vibhinn samachar farmon key saath mukdamebaji seey pahale niptan praapt karane mein safal rahey hain, jahaan way yeh sthaapit curr sakate hain kii ack kharch kiye gaye doshasiddhi kaa prakaashan dwesh seey prerit thaa. isake alawa, kaee loga cju key haal key "bhool jaane key adhikaar" key nirnay key baad khoj injanon aur anya saarvajanik manchon seey kharch kiye gaye doshasiddhi koo hataane kaa anurodh karane mein safal rahey hain.
pulis ney chetaya.
iss adhiniyam koo 2008 mein pulis kii chetavaniyon koo cover karane key liye badhaaya gayaa thaa. jaise hii ise diyaa jaataa haye, ack savdhani kharch karane key liye maanaa jaataa haye.
2014 key sanshodhan.
ingland aur wells mein kanuni sahaayata, sajaa aur aparaadhi adhiniyam 2012 dwara kiye gaye aparaadhi punarvaas adhiniyam 1974 mein sanshodhan somwar 10 march 2014 koo prabhaavi hue aur kuchh punarvaas avadhi nirdhaarit karane key tareeke koo badal diyaa taaki way nishpaksh houn aur behtar houn.
naee pranali key tahat, samudayik aadeshon aur abhiraksha sajaaon key liye punarvaas avadhi mein sajaa kii avadhi aur ack atirikt nirdisht avadhi shamil haye, naa kii doshasiddhi kii tarikh seey shuru honey vaali sabhi punarvaas avadhi key bajaay kyonki yeh purani vyavastha key tahat thee. isaliye, udaaharan key liye, dhaaee saal kii hirasat mein sajaa paae ack vayask aparaadhi, jise pahale doshasiddhi kii tarikh seey duss saal key liye apani aaparaadhik sajaa ghoshit karni hoti, abb sajaa kii avadhi key liye apani sajaa kaa khulasa karna hoga aur aage chaar saal (kull 6.5 saal kii punarvaas avadhi dete hue).
sudhaaron key tahat, punarvaas avadhi mein badalaav kiya gayaah
abhiraksha key liye sajaah
gair-abhirakshak vaakyon key liyeh
pichhali yojana key saath, uparokt avadhi koo 18 varsh seey cumm umr key vyaktiyon key liye doshasiddhi kii tarikh koo aadhaa curr diyaa gayaa haye (6 maheene taka kii hirasat kii sajaa koo chhodkar, jahaan doshasiddhi kii tarikh koo 18 varsh seey cumm umr key vyaktiyon key liye buffer avadhi 18 maheene hogi). badalaav "antatah hamari jiddi uchch aparaadh darr seey nipatane key liye kiye gaye they joe vartamaan mein sabhi kaidiyon mein seey lagbhag aadhe koo rihaai key ack saal key bheetar aage aparaadh karate hue dekhate hain. ack online calculator kii kyaa ack doshasiddhi kharch kii gaee haye, doshasiddhi vaale logon key liye website parr paaya jaa sakata haye.