
unnat mobile phone pranali

unnat mobile phone pranali (aeye. aim. pee. aiss.) ack analogue mobile phone pranali maanak thaa jise mool roop seey bell labs dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa aur baad mein bell labs aur motorola key beach ack sahakaari prayaas mein sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa. ise aadhikarik taur parr 13 octuber, 1983 koo america mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, aur kaee anya deshon mein bhee tainaat kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen 1986 mein israel, 1987 mein australia, 1988 mein singapur aur 1990 mein pakistan shamil they. yeh 1980 key dashak aur 2000 key dashak mein uttari america (aur anya sthaanon) mein praathamik analogue mobile phone pranali thee. 18 farwari, 2008 taka, sanyukt raajya america mein vaahakon koo abb emps kaa samarthan karane kii aavashyakta naheen thee aur aeye. tii. aind. tii. aur verizone sanchaar jaisi companiyon ney iss seva koo sthaayi roop seey bund curr diyaa haye. sitambar 2000 mein australia mein, octuber 2004 taka pakistan mein, janwari 2010 taka israel mein aur 2010 taka brazil mein emps koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
itihas.
cellular network key pahale prayaas bell labs mein aur motorola mein kiye gaye shodh key saath shuru hue. 
1960 mein, johnn aff. michel
motorola apane mobile-sanchaar utpaadon key liye mukhya engineer bunn gayaa, aur transister kaa upayog karane vaale pahale pager key vikas aur vipanan kaa nireekshan kiya.
motorola ney lambe samay seey automobile key liye mobile telephone kaa utpaadan kiya thaa, lekin inn badey aur bhaari model ney automobile key injan key binaa apane upayog kii anumati dene key liye bahut adhik shakti kii khapat kii. michel kii team, jisamen pratibhashali dow. martin cooper ney portable cellular telephony vikasit kii. cooper aur michel una motorola karmchaariyon mein seey they jinhen 1973 mein iss kaam key liye patent diyaa gayaa thaa. prototype parr pahali coll, kathit taur parr, ack galat number seey judee hui thee.
jaba motorola ack cellular phone vikasit curr rhaa thaa, 1968 seey 1983 taka bell labs ney unnat mobile phone system (aeye. aim. pee. aiss.) naamak ack pranali kaa kaam kiya, joe sanyukt raajya mein pahala cellular network maanak bunn gayaa. pahali pranali koo 1979 mein shikago, ilinois mein safaltapurvak tainaat kiya gayaa thaa. motorola aur anya logon ney isake liye aur anya cellular pranaliyon key liye cellular phone design aur nirmit kiye they.
motorola mein system division key poorv mahaprabandhak martin cooper ney ack team kaa netritva kiya jisane 1973 mein pahala cellular handset banaaya aur isase pahala phone coll kiya. 1983 mein motorola ney dynetuc 8000x pesh kiya, joe pahala vyaavsaayik roop seey upalabdh cellular phone thaa jise aasaani seey leey jaaya jaa sakata thaa. baad mein unhone tathaakathit bagg phone pesh kiya.
1992 mein, pahala smartphone, jise aaee. bee. aim. saiman kahaa jaataa haye, ney emps kaa upayog kiya. frank canova ney aaee. bee. aim. mein apane design kaa netritva kiya aur usa varsh comedex computer-udyog vyaapaar-pradarshan mein iska pradarshan kiya gayaa. utpaad kaa ack parishkrit sanskaran 1994 mein belsouth dwara saiman personnel communicator key naam seey upbhoktaon koo becha gayaa thaa. saiman pahala upkaran thaa jise thheek seey "smartphone" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaa sakata haye, bhale hii vaha shabd abhee taka gadhaa naheen gayaa thaa.
praudyogiki.
emps pahali peedhi kii cellular takneek haye joe pratyek baatchit key liye alag-alag aavrittiyon, yaa "chainalon" kaa upayog karati haye. isaliye badee sankhya mein upayogkartaon key liye isake liye kaafee bandwidth kii aavashyakta thee. samanya shabdon mein, emps purani "0jee" behtar mobile telephone seva key samaan thaa jise isane badal diyaa thaa, lekin aavrittiyon kaa chayan karane, laind lines parr baatchit karane aur billing aur coll setup koo sambhaalane key liye kaafee adhik computing shakti kaa upayog kiya.
puraane system seey vaastav mein joe alag emps haye vaha haye "back aind" coll setup karyakshamta. emps mein, cell kendra sanket shakti key aadhar parr handset koo lacheele dhang seey channel nirdhaarit curr sakate hain, jisase samaan aavritti kaa punah upayog kiya jaa sakata haye, binaa kissy hastakshep key, yadi sthaan paryaapt roop seey alag kiye gaye they. chainalon koo samoohbaddh kiya gayaa thaa isaliye ack vishisht sett paas key cell parr upayog kiye jaane vaale sett seey alag thaa. isase bhaugolik kshetra mein badee sankhya mein phone kaa samarthan kiya jaa sakaa. emps agraduton ney ack pranali key bheetar chhote shatkon "koshikaon" key upayog key kaaran "cellular" shabd gadhaa.
aaj kii digital praudyogikiyon kii tulanaa mein emps koo kaee kamjoriyon kaa saamana karna padaa. ack anuroop maanak key roop mein, yeh sthir aur shore key liye atisamvedansheel thaa, aur scanner yaa puraane tv sett kaa upayog karke 'jasusi' seey koee suraksha naheen thee joe 70-83 chainalon mein tune curr sakata thaa.
cloning.
1990 key dashak mein, "cloning" kii ack mahamari ney cellular vaahakon koo laakhon dollar kii laagat aaee. vishesh upkaran vaalaa ack jasusi yantra kissy handset key ee. aiss. aine. (electronic crum sankhya) aur aim. dee. aine. yaa see. tii. aine. (mobile nirdeshika sankhya yaa cellular telephone sankhya) koo roque sakata haye. electronic crum sankhya, ack 12 ankon kii sankhya joe handset dwara billing uddeshyon key liye cellular system koo bheji jaati haye, network parr usa phone kii vishisht roop seey pehchaan karati haye. system ney taba apani graahak file key aadhar parr coll aur/yaa suvidhaon kii anumati dee yaa unhein aswikar curr diyaa. ack vyakti joe ack ee. aiss. aine./aim. dee. aine. jodee koo rokta haye, vaha sanyojan koo ack alag phone parr clone curr sakata haye aur iska upayog anya kshetron mein binaa bhugtan kiye coll karane key liye curr sakata haye.
1990 key dashak mein cellular phone cloning off-dha-shelf takneek key saath sambhav hoe gaee. cloner banane key liye teen pramukh vastuon kii aavashyakta hoti haih
radio, jaba uchit aavritti key liye tune kiya jaataa haye, tou phone key ee. aiss. aine./aim. dee. aine. jodee vaale cell phone dwara preshit sanket koo praapt kartaa haye. yeh sanket computer key dhwani-card audio-input mein feed karega, aur bainpiya iss sanket seey ee. aiss. aine./aim. dee. aine. jodee koo decode karega aur ise screen parr pradarshit karega. hacker taba usa detta koo oh. key. aaee. 900 phone mein coppy curr sakata thaa aur ise reboot curr sakata thaa, jisake baad phone network oh. key. aaee. koo mool phone seey alag naheen curr sakaa, jiska signal praapt huaa thaa. isase cloner koo oki phone key madhyam seey, vaidh graahak kii mobile-phone seva kaa upayog karane kii kshamata millie, jiska phone clone kiya gayaa thaa-jaise kii vaha phone bhautik roop seey chori hoe gayaa thaa, sivaay isake kii graahak ney apana phone barkarar rakhaa thaa, iss baat seey anjaan thaa kii phone clone kiya gayaa thaa-cumm seey cumm taba taka jaba taka kii usa graahak koo apana agala bill praapt naheen hoe gayaa thaa.
samasya itani badee hoe gaee kii kuchh vaahakon koo coll karane seey pahale ack pinn kaa upayog karane kii aavashyakta thee. antatah, cellular companiyon ney aar. aff. fingerprinting naamak ack pranali shuru kii, jisake dwara yeh ack phone key dusare phone key signal mein sookshm antar nirdhaarit curr sakata thaa aur kuchh clone kiye gaye phone koo bund curr sakata thaa. kuchh vaidh grahakon koo isase samasyaaen theen, halanki yadi way apane phone mein kuchh badalaav karate hain, jaise kii battery aur/yaa antina koo badalana.
oh. key. aaee. 900 binaa kissy hardware sanshodhan key aeye. aim. pee. aiss. phone-coll koo sahee-seey-boxes mein suna sakata thaa.
maanak.
emps koo mool roop seey americi rashtriya maanak sansthaan (ansi) dwara ee. aaee. aeye./tii. aaee./aaee. aiss.-3 key roop mein maankeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. ee. aaee. aeye./tii. aaee. aeye./aaee. aiss.-3 koo ee. aaee. aeye./tii. aaee. aeye.-553 dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur digital praudyogikiyon key saath tii. aaee. aeye. antarim maanak, wireless seva kii laagat itani cumm haye kii cloning kii samasya lagbhag gayab hoe gaee haye.
aavritti baind.
emps cellular seva 850 megahertz cellular baind mein sanchaalit hoti haye. pratyek bajar kshetra key liye, sanyukt raajya sanghiya sanchaar aayog (aff. see. see.) ney dou licenses (network) kii anumati dee jinhen "aeye" aur "bee" vaahak key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. bajar key bheetar pratyek vaahak ney 21 niyantran chainalon aur 395 dhwani chainalon seey yukt aavrittiyon key ack nirdisht "block" kaa upayog kiya. mool roop seey, bee (wireline) side licenses aamtaur parr sthaaniya phone company key swaamitva mein thaa, aur aeye (gair-wireline) licenses wireless telephone pradaataon koo diyaa gayaa thaa.
1983 mein cellular kii sthaapana key samay, aff. see. see. ney bajar mein pratyek vaahak koo 333 channel jode (kull 666 channel) diye they. 1980 key dashak key anta taka, cellular udyog kaa graahak aadhar poore america mein laakhon mein badh gayaa thaa aur atirikt kshamata key liye channel jodana aavashyak hoe gayaa thaa. 1989 mein, aff. see. see. ney vaahak koo pichhale 666 chainalon seey antim 832 (416 jode prati vaahak) taka vistaar pradaan kiya. atirikt aavrittiyaan bhavishya (apariharya) vistaar key liye aarakshit baind seey theen. yeye aavrittiyaan maujooda cellular baind key turant buggle mein theen. inn baindon koo pahale yuu. aich. aff. tv chainalon 70-83 koo aavantit kiya gayaa thaa.
pratyek duplexes channel 2 aavrittiyon seey banaa thaa. inmein seey 416 mobile stations seey bases stations taka prasaran key liye 824-849 mhz renz mein they, jinhen bases stations seey mobile stations taka prasaran key liye 869-894 mhz renz mein 416 aavrittiyon key saath jodaa gayaa thaa. pratyek cell site ney hastakshep seey bachane key liye apane padosiyon kii tulanaa mein inn chainalon key ack alag upasamuchchay kaa upayog kiya. isane vaastavik duniya kii pranaliyon mein pratyek site parr upalabdh chainalon kii sankhya koo kaafee cumm curr diyaa. pratyek emps channel mein pratyek duplexes channel key liye kull 60 kilohertz key liye 30 kilohertz kii ack tarfa bandwidth thee.
america mein kaanoon paarit kiye gaye they joe kissy bhee receiver kii aff. see. see. prakaar kii sweekriti aur bikri koo pratibandhit karate they joe analogue emps cellular sevaaon dwara kabja kii gaee aavritti seema koo tune curr sakata thaa. haalaanki seva abb naheen dee jaati haye, yeye kaanoon lagu rahate hain (haalaanki unhein abb lagu naheen kiya jaa sakata haye).
sankeern baind emps.
1991 mein, motorola ney ack emps vriddhi kaa prastaav rakhaa jise naroband emps (namps yaa aine-emps) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
digital emps.
baad mein, kaee emps network koo aanshik roop seey dee-emps mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa, jise aksar tii. dee. aim. aeye. key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye (halanki tii. dee. aim. aeye. ack samanya shabd haye joe kaee 2jee cellular system parr lagu hotaa haye). dee-emps, 1993 seey vyaavsaayik roop seey tainaat, ack digital, 2jee maanak thaa jiska upayog mukhya roop seey aitt aind tii mobility aur yuu dwara kiya jaataa thaa.aiss. sanyukt raajya america mein cellular, kanada mein rosers wireless, mexico mein telsel, brazil mein telecom italia mobile (time), roose mein wimpelcom, venezuela mein movilnet aur israel mein salcom. adhikansh kshetron mein, dee-emps abb pesh naheen kiya jaataa haye aur ise adhik unnat digital wireless network dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye.
uttaradhikari praudyogikiyaan.
aeye. aim. pee. aiss. aur dee-aeye. aim. pee. aiss. koo abb see. dee. aim. aeye. 2000 yaa jee. aiss. aim. key paksh mein charanbaddh tareeke seey hataa diyaa gayaa haye, joe wap, multimedia messaging system (aim. aim. aiss.) aur wireless internet axes jaisi sevaaon key liye uchch kshamata vaale detta hastaantaran kii anumati detaa haye. kuchh phone hain joe ack phone mein (chaal maanak kaa upayog karke) emps, dee-emps aur jee. aiss. aim. kaa samarthan karane mein saksham hain.
analogue emps koo digital dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaa rhaa haye.
2002 mein, aff. see. see. ney 18 farwari, 2008 seey aeye. aur bee. vaahakon koo aeye. pee. aiss. seva kaa samarthan karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye. sabhi aeye. pee. aiss vaahakon ney see. dee. aim. aeye. 2000 yaa jee. aiss. aim. jaise digital maanak mein parivartit curr diyaa haye. jee. aiss. aim. aur see. dee. aim. aeye. 2000 jaisi digital praudyogikiyan ack hii channel parr kaee voyce coll kaa samarthan karati hain aur dou-tarfa text messaging aur detta sevaaon jaisi unnat suvidhaaen pradaan karati hain.
sanyukt raajya america key vipareet, kanadai radio-television aur dursanchar aayog (see. aar. tii. see.) aur udyog kanada ney kanada mein aeye. aim. pee. aiss. seva banaae rakhane key liye koee aavashyakta nirdhaarit naheen kii haye. rosers wireless ney apane emps network koo (iss-136 key saath) samaapt curr diyaa haye; network koo 31 maee, 2007 koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. kanada mein emps network kaa sanchaalan karane vaale bell mobility aur tellus mobility ney ghoshana kii kii way sanyukt raajya america mein fcc dwara ullikhit samay sarini kaa paalan karenge, aur isake parinamswarup farwari 2008 key baad taka apane emps network koo samaapt karna shuru naheen karenge.
onstar apane grahakon key liye uttari americi emps seva parr bahut adhik nirbhar thaa kyonki jaba pranali vikasit kii gaee thee, tou emps ney america mein sabse vyaapak wireless coverage kii peshkash kii thee. 2006 mein, aeye. dee. tii. ney aff. see. see. koo aeye. aim. pee. aiss. kii samay seema badhaane key liye kahaa kyonki unake kaee alarm system abhee bhee niyantran kendron key saath samvaad karane key liye analogue takneek kaa upayog karate hain. cellular companiyan joe aeye yaa bee licenses (jaise verizone aur altel) kii malik hain, unhein 18 farwari, 2008 taka analogue seva pradaan karane kii aavashyakta thee. usa samay key baad, adhikansh cellular companiyan emps koo bund karane aur digital sevaaon key liye shesh chainalon kaa upayog karane key liye utsuk theen. onstar ney airbiquity dwara vikasit detta parivahan praudyogiki kii madad seey digital seva mein parivartan kiya, lekin una grahakon koo chetavani dee jinhen digital seva mein upgraded naheen kiya jaa sakata haye kii unaki seva 1 janwari, 2008 koo sthaayi roop seey samaapt hoe jaayegi.

