
swatantra raajneetik kaarravaai key liye leag

leag forr independent political action (lipa) ack americi raajneetik sangathan thaa jisaki sthaapana navambar key anta yaa disambar 1928 kii shuruat mein newyork shahar mein hui thee. udaarvaadi aur samajvadiyon koo ack saath laane vaale sangathan koo sanyukt raajya america mein ack nae raajneetik dall key liye ack samanvaya agency key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, aisee koee party aaney vaali naheen thee, aur samooh 1930 key dashak key madhya varshon mein ack chhote seey sadasyata sangathan key roop mein astitva mein rhaa, jaba ise dheere-dheere franklin dee dwara nae saude key liye kadam seey aprachalit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. roozvelt aur loktaantrik party. 1936 mein sangathan koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
sangathanaatmak itihas.
sthaapana.
1928 key rashtrapati chunaav key ack maheene key bheetar, jisamen sanyukt raajya america key rashtrapati key roop mein herbert hoover kaa chunaav dekhaa gayaa, kaee pramukh udaarvaadi aur samajwadi americi raajneetik sthiti kaa aaklan karane key liye newyork shahar mein ekatra hue. ekatra hue loga america mein ack nae raajneetik dall kii aavashyakta parr sahmat hue, joe ack samanya karyakram key aspas pragatisheel dalon koo ack saath laae. baad mein atirikt baithaken aayojit kii gaeen, jisamen ack munch likhaa gayaa aur nae sangathan koo ack naam diyaa gayaa-swatantra raajneetik kaarravaai key liye leag (lipa). aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii yeh naam wisconsin key pragatisheel senator robbert aim key 1924 key swatantra rashtrapati abhiyaan key aadhikarik sangathan seey udhaar liya gayaa thaa. laa folate, shree.pragatisheel raajneetik kaarravaai key liye leag."
samooh ney jald hii "vaanchhitah ack nayaa raajneetik sanrekhan" sheershak seey ack praarambhik patrak prakaashit kiya, jisane nae sangathan key siddhanton koo spasht kiya. iss dastaavez ney ghoshana kii kii "ack raajneetik jaagriti aaa rahee haye" joe "gantantra-loktaantrik gathbandhan" koo darkinar curr dega."1928 key chunaav ney iss tathya koo prakat kiya thaa kii" "loktaantrik party key paas" "gantantra seey alag karane key liye ack bhee maulik aarthik mudda naheen thaa", "iss lipa sansthaapak dastaavez key anusaar.
lipa kii sthaapana ghoshana ney "samanya aur doorgaami audyogik parivartan" key anuroop ack nae "raajneetik punargathan" kii aavashyakta kii ghoshana kii, joe sanyukt raajya ney anubhav kiya thaa. isane audyogik utpaadan aur utpaad vitaran parr samajik niyantran badhaane key siddhant parr adharit ack naee party mein shamil honey key liye "maujooda raajneetik dalon mein pragatisheel logon aur maujooda dalon seey swatantra logon" kaa ahwan kiya.
karyakram.
samanya siddhant jinka samooh ney samarthan kiya, unamen "ranneetik udyogon kaa sarkari adhigrahan shamil thaa, joe abb saarvajanik upayogitaon, koyla khadanon aur parivahan pranali sahit niji hiton dwara ghor roop seey kuprabandhit kiye jaa rahey hain. sanyukt raajya mein dhana key asman vitaran key liye lipa mahatvapurna thaa, yeh ghoshana karate hue kii vartamaan pranali "kuchh logon koo apani aavashyakta seey bahut adhik aur aksar isake liye kaam kiye binaa rakhane kii anumati detee haye" aur "anarjit aaya, viraasat, aur bhoomi moolyon mein vriddhi parr pragatisheel karon key madhyam seey una adhishesh laabhon koo cumm karane kaa irada ghoshit kiya joe prabhaavi seva koo prerit karane key liye aavashyak naheen hain" yaa joe ekadhikar key upa-utpaad they.
lipa ney khud koo durghatana, kharaab swaasthya, berojgari aur vriddhavastha key khatron seey samajik beema key paksh mein bhee ghoshit kiya."inn uddeshyon kii upalabdhi key liye ack naee party aavashyak thee, sangathan ney ghoshana keeh
"niyokta inn buraaiyon seey kissy bhee tarah seey paryaapt roop seey raksha naheen karane jaa rahey hain. unhein laagat kaa bhugtan karane mein madad karni chaahiye aur aam taur parr aisaa taba taka naheen karenge jaba taka kii kaanoon dwara aisaa karane key liye majboor naheen kiya jaataa. puraane dalon key netaa inn kaanoonon koo lagu karane key liye kaam naheen karenge kyonki gantantra aur loktaantrik dall kewal mahaan vyaavsaayik sangathanon kii raajneetik abhivyaktiyaan hain... aggar humm samajik beema chaahte hain, tou hamein ack naee party banaane mein madad karni chaahiye."
sangathan ney cumm shulk key paksh mein bhee raay vyakt kii, iss baat parr jore dete hue kii loktaantrik party ney iss aitihaasik siddhant koo chhod diyaa thaa aur kisaanon aur upbhoktaon koo apane curr key bojh koo cumm hotey hue dekhana hoga kyonki desh lagaatar "mukt vyaapaar key antim lakshya kii or badh rhaa haye, joe kii sabse achchi samriddhi aur antarrashtriya sadbhavana key liye ack sahaayata haye, aur vishesh visheshaadhikaar, raajneetik bhrashtachar aur anukool hiton dwara shoshan koo cumm karane key uddeshya seey haye."
inn uddeshyon kii praapti key liye ack naee party aavashyak hogi, iss baar-baar aagrah karane key bavjood, lipa ney aadhikarik taur parr ghoshana kii kii vaha "khud koo naee party banane kaa irada naheen rakhta haye, balki una sabhi samoohon koo ack saath laane key liye ack samanvaya agency key roop mein kaary kartaa haye jinhen iss tarah key dall key gathan mein ekjut honah chaahiye."isake sthalon mein shamil they minnesota kii kisan-shram party, america kii samajwadi party, tathaakathit" "pragatisheel tatva joe abb puraane dalon mein kaam curr rahey hain", "trade unionwadi, pragatisheel kisan, peshevar, udaarvaadi patrakaar aur dhaarmik karyakarta.
sangathan kii karyakari samiti ney baad mein ack niyam apanaaya jisamen ganarajya yaa loktaantrik dalon key ummidvaaron key samarthan koo pratibandhit kiya gayaa thaa jaba bhee leag key samanya siddhanton kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale teesare paksh key ummidwar unake saath matpatra saajha karate they. haalaanki yeh nishedh leag key sabhi adhikaariyon aur shaasi rashtriya aur karyakari samitiyon key sadasyon key liye badhyakari thaa, sthaaniya shaakhaon aur unake adhikaariyon seey kewal "samaan niyamon kaa paalan karane kaa anurodh kiya gayaa thaa", jabaki vyaktigat sadasya aise mamalon parr "apane swayam key nirnay kaa paalan karane key liye swatantra they".
vikas.
lipa ney 1930 key chunaav mein apana pahala raajneetik samarthan kiya, jisamen minnesota kii kisan-shram party, newyork raajya mein samajwadi ummidvaaron (jisamen haywood braun, frank crosswaite, saimuel or, jacob pancain aur norman thomas shamil hain), wisconsin seey congress key liye samajwadi ummidvaaron kii ack jodee, aur niyagra fauls laber party aur nyu bedford, massachusets laber party key ummidvaaron kii ack jodee kii sifarish kii gaee.
1930 key chunaav key baad, leag ney pragatisheel kisaanon, trade yooniyanvadiyon aur raajneetik kaaryakartaon key raajya sammelan aayojit karane key lakshya key saath apane samarthakon koo kaaryasheel shaakhaon mein sangathit karane kaa prayaas kiya. jinn raajyon mein pahale seey hii koee kaaryasheel tritiya paksh naheen hain, inn raajya sammelanon koo nae raajya raajneetik dalon key gathan key liye utprerak key roop mein kalpana kii gaee thee.
lipa key shuruati dinon seey hii isake adhyaksh daarshanik johnn davie they. davie ney sangathan kii raajneetik shakti koo badhaane key liye aapke saath baithak karane kaa prayaas kiya.aiss. senator george doubleu. nebrasca key norris ney 23 disambar, 1930 koo pragatisheel madhya paschimi koo likhaa aur unhein "puraane dalon" donon koo tyagane aur yojana aur niyantran key siddhanton key aadhar parr ack nae raajneetik dall koo janm dene mein madad karane key liye kahaa. davie ney likhaa, "yeh nayaa sangathan khushahal jeevan, adhik nyaaypurna samaaj aur usa shantipurna duniya key nirmaan key uddeshya seey sahayak hoga, joe unakaa sapana thaa, jiska janmadin humm iss chrismus divas koo manaate hain.
senator norris iss raajneetik charam parr jaane key liye ichchuk naheen they, halanki, unhone likhaa kii "loga ack nae dall kii maang kaa jawab naheen denge sivaay ack mahaan apatkal key, jaba vyaavhaarik roop seey ack raajneetik kranti hoe."vidwan aur senator key beach iss adaan-pradaan koo lokpriya press mein vyaapak coverage millie.
davie dwara norris koo kii gaee appeal kaa ack koo alag karane kaa atirikt prabhaav padaa.jey. brookwood laber college key pramukh, muste, jinhone lipa karyakari samiti mein apane pada seey istifa dey diyaa, apane vishvaas kii ghoshana karate hue kii "hamein ack vaastavik shram dall key liye apani raajneetik machinary kaa nirmaan karna chaahiye", shramikon key aam logon koo sakriya karke, bajaay isake kii "aise vyaktiyon koo vyaavhaarik roop seey aamantrit karke ack naee party kaa gathan karein. istife mein, muste ney kahaa kii "vartamaan key liye masiha kii talash mein harr usa upasthiti seey bachana atyant mahatvapurna haye joe raajneetik swarg seey kissy teesare paksh koo neeche laana haye."
davie kii vyaapak roop seey prachaarit viphalata key bavjood, lipa ney abhee bhee mamuli sangathanaatmak vikas kaa prabandhan kiya, 1930 mein lagbhag 4,500 bakaaya bhugtan karane vaale sadasyon aur lagbhag 20 raajyon mein sthaaniya shaakhaon key saath samaapt huaa. poore varsh key liye ausat bhugtan sadasyata 1930 key liye 3,756 thee, joe 1931 mein badhkar 6,062 hoe gaee, lipa key karyakari sachiv, howard vaaee kii ack report key anusaar. williams.
1932 kii shuruat taka, kull 11 raajya samitiyaan, 51 sthaaniya shaakhaaen aur 43 sthaaniya pratinidhi leepa kii atirikt shaakhaon koo aayojit karane kaa irada rakhate they. leag ney sangathan koo badhaava dene key liye ratribhoj aur bhoj kaa upayog kiya, jabaki karyakari sachiv williams ney trade yuniyanon, mahila samoohon, krishi sangathanon, samudayik manchon aur anya sangathanon koo darjanon sambodhan diye.
lipa aupchaarik roop seey apane sadasyon key vaarshik sammelanon dwara shaasit thaa. meey 1931 kii sabhaa ney 1932 key chunaav abhiyaan mein ekikrit kaarravaai karane key prayaas mein teesare paksh key samoohon kaa ack sanyukt sammelan aayojit karane kaa sankalp liya.
1931 key anta mein, america mein vyaapak avasaad aur berojgaaron kii sankhya mein koee anta naheen honey key kaaran, lipa ney 1932 key abhiyaan key liye samooh key liye ack munch taiyar karane mein sahaayata key liye kaee arthshastriyon aur pragatisheel raajneetik kaaryakartaon koo aamantrit kiya. janwari 1932 mein bhaag lene vaale loga "chaar saal kii rashtrapati yojana, 1932-1936" naamak ack aupchaarik dastaavez kaa masauda taiyar karane key liye ekatra hue, jise leag karyakari samiti ney antim roop diyaa aur press koo jaari kiya. iss dastaavez ney phir seey rashtra kii buraaiyon koo hull karane key liye ack swatantra raajneetik dall kii aavashyakta parr jore dete hue ghoshana keeh
"humm udyog, rojgar aur vitt key dukhad tootane key beach mein hain, jisamen sabhi sahayak maanav peedaaen hain. gantantra aur loktaantrik dall apatkal kaa saamana naheen curr sakate kyonki way balon key aujaar aur sevak hain aur way loga jinhone una neetiyon koo badhaava diyaa haye joe badey paimaane parr sankat laae hain. kewal ack naee party hii sarkaar kii agencies koo logon kii seva mein bahaal curr sakati haye... yeh party kuchh logon key haathon mein dhana kii ekagrata parr hamla karke aur asuraksha, asman jokhim, bhaya aur mahatvapurna nagrik swatantrata key nuksan koo rokkar loktantra mein vaastaviktaa koo bahaal karegi joe kaee logon key liye bahut adhik haye."
1932 key munch ney uchch pragatisheel aaykar aur viraasat karon, cumm shulkon koo antim mukt vyaapaar, upayogitaon, koyla, tail aur railmargon key saarvajanik swaamitva kii disha mein prakriya jaari rakhane aur "atirikt-banking gatividhiyon" key saath-saath "nivesh nyaason" aur "vyaparik gatividhiyon" koo samaapt karane key liye banking udyog mein sudhaar kii vakaalat kii."sindikalwad kaanoonon key unmoolan, jasusi adhiniyam, aur pulis dwara gairkaanooni khojon aur tathaakathit" "thurd degree" "ranneeti key upayog key madhyam seey nagrik adhikaaron kii bahaali key liye praavdhaan shamil kiye gaye they. ashwet amerikiyon key liye samaan aarthik, raajneetik aur kanuni adhikaaron key saath-saath linching key prati kanuni dhilai koo samaapt karane kii maang kii gaee thee. "senaa, nausena aur vayu senaa parr sainya vyay key liye "lagbhag 50 pratishat kii bhaari katauti" kii maang kii gaee thee, jabaki ack samvaidhaanik sanshodhan key madhyam seey sainya bharti key unmoolan parr jore diyaa gayaa thaa.
vighatan aur viraasat.
franklin dee kaa chunaav. roozvelt aur nae saude kii udaar samajik neetiyon key udghaatan ney swatantra raajneetik kaarravaai key liye leag koo chalaane vaale raajneetik protsaahan koo cumm curr diyaa. 1933 kii shuruat mein, samooh key aadhikarik "masik bulletin" koo "samanya gyaan" patrika mein milaa diyaa gayaa thaa. ise aupchaarik roop seey usa varsh octuber mein samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
1930 key dashak key madhya key gatishil varshon key dauran anya raajneetik gatividhiyon mein lagey apane sadasyon key saath, swatantra raajneetik kaarravaai key liye leag ney teji seey sadasyon koo khou diyaa. yeh 1936 mein aupchaarik roop seey samaapt honey taka apane poorv swa key ack kavach key roop mein langada banaa rhaa.
lipa key masik anga kaa ack aanshik bhaag, "samachar bulletin", cleveland saarvajanik pustakalaya dwara aayojit master nakaratmak key saath microfilm parr upalabdh haye.
prakaashan.
swatantra raajneetik kaarravaai key liye leag kaa aadhikarik anga swatantra raajneetik kaarravaai key liye leag kaa samachar bulletin thaa. yeh juuna 1930 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur aprail 1933 mein "samanya gyaan" patrika mein vilay curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur usee varsh octuber mein samaapt hoe gayaa thaa. ("samanya gyaan" kaa prakaashan 1943 taka jaari rhaa.)
sangathan ney kaee raajneetik parche bhee prakaashit kiye, jinamen shamil hainh

