
dwirbal bhasha

dayarbal (dajirbal bhee) ack australiyai adiwasi bhasha haye joe uttar-purvi raani bhoomi mein dayarbal logon dwara bolly jaati haye. 2016 mein, australiyai saankhyiki beuro ney bataaya kii bhasha key 8 vaktaa they. yeh paama-nyungan parivaar kii chhoti dwidal shakha kaa sadasya haye. isamen kaee utkrisht visheshtaen hain jinhone ise bhashavidon key beach achchi tarah seey jaanaa haye.
1972 mein robert dixon dwara diarble vyaakaran prakaashit honey key baad key varshon mein, diarble lagaatar vilupt honey key karib chalaa gayaa haye kyonki yuva samudaay key sadasya ise seekhane mein whiffle rahey hain.
boliyaan.
dwirbal bhasha kii boliyaan bolane vaale kaee alag-alag samooh hain. shodhkarta robert dixon kaa anuman haye kii diarble mein apane charam parr 10 boliyaan theen.
boliyon mein shamil hainh
inn boliyon key bolane vaale apani boliyon koo kaafee hudd taka alag-alag bhaashaon key roop mein maanate hain. shodhkarta robbert dixon ney unhein boliyon key roop mein vargeekrit kiya, jinhone unhein bhashai mandand aur unaki samaantaon key aadhar parr vargeekrit kiya, kuchh boliyaan apani shabdawali kaa 90 pratishat taka saajha karati hain. choonki boliyon koo bolane vaalon dwara alag-alag bhaashaon key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa, isaliye bhasha kaa koee aupchaarik naam naheen thaa, isaliye dixon ney bhasha koo dirbal naam diyaa, iska naam jirbal key naam parr rakhaa, joe usa samay bolane vaalon kii sabse badee sankhya vaali bolly thee jaba vaha iska adhyayan curr rahey they.
padosi bhaashaaen.
kaee dwirbal boliyon key padosi bhaashaon mein shamil hainh
dhvanivigyaan.
dayarbal mein viram aur naak key liye kewal chaar uchchaaran sthaan hain, jabaki adhikansh anya australiyai adiwasi bhaashaon mein paanch yaa chhah hain. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki aamtaur parr inn bhaashaon mein paae jaane vaale dunt/vayukoshiya/retroflex vibhajan kaa abhaav hotaa haye. adhikansh australiyai bhaashaon kii tarah, yeh mukhar vyanjanon (jaise bee, dee, jee, aadi) key beach antar naheen karati haye.) aur swarheen vyanjan (sambandhit pee, tii, aur key, aadi. kramshah). pinyin kii tarah, maanak diarble vartani mein mukhar vyanjanon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, joe adhikansh australiyai bhaashaon key vaktaaon dwara pasand kiye jaate hain kyonki dhwaniyaan (joe aksar ardh-swar kii jaa sakati hain) aspirated "pee, tii, key" kii tulanaa mein angreji ardh-swar "bee, dee, jee" key karib hoti hain.
dwirbal swar pranali australia kii vishisht haye, jisamen teen swar hainh, aur, halanki kuchh vatavaranon mein mahsoos kiya jaataa haye aur jiss vatavaran mein dhwani dikhaai detaa haye, usake aadhar parr bhee mahsoos kiya jaa sakata haye. iss prakaar dhwaniyon kii vaastavik soochi dhwaniyon kii soochi seey adhik haye. hamesha ack shabd key pahale akshar parr aur aamtaur parr baad mein visham-sankhya vaale aksharon parr dabaav padata haye, sivaay altima key, joe hamesha tanaavheen hotaa haye. iska parinam yeh haye kii lagaatar tanaavgrast shabdansh naheen hotey hain.
vyaakaran.
yeh bhasha apani sangya vargon kii pranali key liye sabse achchi tarah seey jaani jaati haye, jisaki kull sankhya chaar haye. way nimnalikhit shabdarth rekhaaon key beach vibhajit hotey hainh
aamtaur parr "stree" (ii) label vaale varg ney george lacoff kii pustak "mahilaaen, aag aur khatarnak cheejen" key sheershak koo prerit kiya. kuchh bhashavid vargeekaran kii aisee pranaliyon aur vastuon key ling vibhajan key beach "stree", "mardana" aur (kabhi-kabhi) "napunsak" kii shreniyon mein antar karate hain joe udaaharan key liye, kaee indo-europeeya bhaashaon mein paae jaate hain.
diarble ack vibhajit-oorjaa pranali dikhaata haye. pratham yaa dwiteeya vyakti sarvanam vaale vaakyon mein unake kriya tark ack aise pattern mein mamle key liye chihnit hotey hain joe nammatra-abhishansak bhaashaon kii nakal kartaa haye. arthaat, pahala yaa doosara vyakti sarvanam cumm seey cumm chihnit mamle mein dikhaai detaa haye jaba yeh vishay hotaa haye (kriya kii pargamansheelta kii parwah kiye binaa), aur sabse adhik chihnit mamle mein jaba yeh pratyaksh vastu hoti haye. iss prakaar pratham aur dwiteeya vyaktiyon mein dwirbal roopaatmak roop seey aropatmak haye, lekin anya sthaanon mein roopaatmak roop seey doshpurna haye; aur yeh abhee bhee hamesha vaakya rachana kii drishti seey doshpurna haye.
varjit.
vahaan ack atyadhik jatil "varjit" pranali hoti thee joe kii dwirbal sanskriti mein hoti thee. vaktaa koo apani saas, sasur, pitaa kii bahan key bachche yaa maan key bhaai key bachche key saath baat karane aur inn logon key paas jaane yaa seedhe dekhane seey poori tarah seey manaa kiya gayaa thaa. vaktaaon koo vipareet ling key apane cross-chachere bhaaiyon key saath baat karane seey manaa kiya gayaa thaa kyonki way rishtedaar usa varg key they jinase ack vyakti koo shaadi karni chaahiye, lekin way pati yaa patni key roop mein chunane key liye bahut karibi they, isaliye bachane kaa aadhar kissy koo bhee yaun roop seey anupalabdh honey kaa sanket denaa hoe sakata thaa.
isake alawa, kyonki vivaah aamtaur parr ack peedhi seey oopar yaa neeche hotaa haye, vipareet ling kaa chachera bhaai aksar ack sambhaavit saas yaa sasur hotaa haye. isake alawa, jaba varjit rishtedaron kii sunavaai seema key bheetar ack vyakti koo anivarya roop seey ack hii dhwani aur vyaakaran key saath bhasha key ack vishesh aur jatil roop kaa upayog karane kii aavashyakta hoti thee, lekin ack shabdakosh key saath joe maanak bhasha key saath koee shabd saajha naheen kartaa thaa, sivaay chaar shaabdik vastuon key joe maataa aur pitaa key daadaa-daadi kaa ullekh karate hain.
varjit sambandh parasparik thaa. iss prakaar, ack vyakti koo apani saas key saath baat karane kii anumati naheen thee aur saas key liye apane damad seey baat karna bhee utanaa hii varjit thaa. yeh sambandh donon lingon key beach iss tarah prachalit thaa kii ack bahuu koo seedhe baat karane yaa apane sasur seey sampark karane seey manaa kiya gayaa thaa aur isake vipareet. yeh varjana samaan ling key sadasyon key beach maujood thee, lekin cumm dridhata seey lagu kii gaee thee, jaise kii ack purush vyakti koo apane sasur kii upasthiti mein bolane kii sammaanjanak shally kaa upayog karna chaahiye thaa, lekin sasur yeh taya curr sakate they kii apane damad kii upasthiti mein rosemarra kii shally yaa sammaanjanak shally kaa upayog karna haye yaa naheen.
bhasha key vishesh aur jatil roop, dyalangue, kaa upayog varjit rishtedaron kii upasthiti mein kiya jaataa thaa, jabaki adhikansh boliyon mein gwal key roop mein sandarbhit ack roop kaa upayog anya sabhi paristhitiyon mein kiya jaataa thaa. dainik bhasha key roop mein dialangue mein shaabdik vastuon kii matra kaa ack chauthai hissa thaa, joe ack varjit rishtedaar kii upasthiti mein vaastavik sanchaar mein shabdarth samagri koo cumm curr detaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, dialangue mein 'poochhana' kriya [baangaarmba-ell] haye. gwal mein, 'poochhana' [<unk>anba-l] haye, 'kissy koo aamantrit karna' [yumba-l] haye, 'kissy koo saath mein aamantrit karna' [bunma-l] haye aur 'pahale seey hii bataae jaane key baad poochhana' [gungi-y] haye. diyalangue mein gwal key anya 3 kriyaon key saath koee patrachar naheen hain.
iss seema koo paar karane key liye, diarble bolane vaale kaee vaakya rachana aur shabdarth yuktiyon kaa upayog karate hain taaki ack nyuntam shabdawali key saath kiya jaa sakey joe diarble kii shabdarth prakriti key baare mein bhashavidon koo bahut kuchh bataata haye. udaaharan key liye, gwal lexical kaaran kaa upayog kartaa haye, jaise kii sankramansheel "baanaa-" "break" aur akarmak "geniza-" "break" (angreji key samaan "mrit/maarnaa", "jhooth/bolna"). choonki diarble mein cumm lexum hotey hain, isaliye ack morphim "-rri-" kaa upayog ack akarmak vyutpann pratyay key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. iss prakaar uparokt dou shabdon key dialongue samkaksh sankramansheel "yuva" aur akarmak "yuva-rii-" they.
dialngue mein paae jaane vaale shaabdik itum mukhya roop seey teen sroton seey praapt kiye gaye theh "padosi boliyon yaa bhaashaon key rosemarra key register seey udhaar lena, bhasha kii apani rosemarra kii shally seey lexems key dhvanyaatmak viroopan dwara nae [dialngue] roopon kaa nirmaan, aur una shabdon kaa udhaar lena joe pahale seey hii ack padosi bhasha yaa bolly kii [dialngue] shally mein they.
boliyon key beach udhaar lene kaa ack udaaharan yideen aur nagadyan boliyon mein soorya key liye shabd haye. yidin mein, soorya key liye gwal shally kaa shabd [bungan] haye, aur yahee shabd nagadyan bolly mein soorya key liye shabd kii dialongui shally bhee thee. yeh parikalpana kii gaee haye kii diarble janjaatiyon key bachchon seey apane chachere bhaaiyon seey rosemarra kii bhaashan shally key adhigrahan key baad dialnuy bhaashan shally praapt karane kii ummeed kii jaati thee, joe unaki upasthiti mein dialnuy mein bolate they. yuvavastha kii shuruat taka, bachcha shayed dharapravah boll rhaa thaa aur uchit sandarbhon mein iska upayog karane mein saksham thaa. yeh ghatana, jise aamtaur parr saas kii bhaashaaen kahaa jaataa haye, swadeshi australiyai bhaashaon mein aam thee. yeh lagbhag 1930 taka astitva mein thaa, jaba varjit pranali upayog seey baahar hoe gaee.
yuva diarble.
1970 key dashak mein, dayarbal aur girame boliyon key vaktaaon ney australiyai sanghiya sarkaar kii sahaayata seey oopari murre mein bhoomi kharidi aur ack samudaay kaa gathan kiya. iss samudaay key bheetar bhasha mein badalaav honey lagaa, aur isake saath diarble key nae roop kaa uday huaa, jise shodhkarta annet schmitt "young diarble" yaa "widey" dwara dub kiya gayaa. yeh bhasha "paaramparik dwirbal" yaa "tii. dee." key vipareet haye.
yuva dwirbal vyaakaran kii drishti seey paaramparik dwirbal seey alag haye, kuchh mamalon mein angreji key samaan adhik haye, jaise kii ergative inflection kaa kramik nuksan, jaisa kii paaramparik dwirbal mein paaya jaataa haye, ack shally key paksh mein joe angreji mein paaee jaati haye.

