
guseppe maazini

giuseppe maazini (,,; 22 juuna 1805-10 march 1872) ack italvi rajneta, patrakaar aur itali (resorgimento) key ekikaran key liye karyakarta aur italvi krantikari andolan key pramukh they. unake prayason ney kaee alag-alag raajyon key sthaan parr swatantra aur ekikrit itali koo laane mein madad kii, jinamen seey kaee parr videshi shaktiyon kaa prabhutva thaa, joe 19veen shatabdi taka maujood they. aitihaasik kattarpanthi parampara mein ack italvi rashtravadi aur samajik-loktaantrik prerana key ganatantravaad key prastaavak, maazini ney ack ganarajya raajya mein lokpriya loktantra key liye aadhunik europeeya andolan koo paribhaashit karane mein madad kii.
itali key samvidhaan mein, europeeyavaad key baare mein italvi aur europeeya ganarajya key andolanon parr, aur baad kii avadhi key kaee raajnetaon parr, jinamen americi rashtrapati vudro willson aur british pradhaan mantri david lloyd george key saath-saath mahatma gaandhi, veer sawarkar, golda meer, david bayne-gurian, kwame nakrumah, jawaharlal nehru aur sunn yaat-saine jaise uttar-aupaniveshik netaa shamil they, maazini key vichaaron kaa bahut prabhaav thaa.
jeevani.
praarambhik varsh.
maazini kaa janm genoa mein huaa thaa, joe taba ligurian ganarajya kaa hissa thaa. unake pitaa giacomo maazini, mool roop seey chiyawari seey they, ack vishvavidyalaya key professor they, jinhone jacobin vichardhara kaa paalan kiya thaa, jabaki unaki maan maria drago apani sundarta aur dhaarmik janvaadi utsaah key liye prasiddh theen. bahut cumm umr seey hii, maazini ney seekhane key achche gunon key saath-saath rajneeti aur saahitya mein ack poorv ruchi dikhaai. unhein 14 saal kii umr mein vishvavidyalaya mein bharti karaaya gayaa thaa, 1826 mein kaanoon mein snaatak kiya gayaa thaa aur shuru mein unhone "garib aadami key vakeel" key roop mein abhyaas kiya thaa. maazini ney ack aitihaasik upanyaskar yaa natakkar banane kii bhee ummeed kii aur usee varsh unhone apana pahala nibandh, "dell 'amore petrio dee dante" ("dante key deshbhakti prem parr") likhaa, joe 1827 mein prakaashit huaa. 1828-1829 mein, unhone genois samachar patra "ell' indictore genoves" key saath sahyog kiya, jise jald hii peedmonteej adhikaariyon dwara bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. isake baad way francesco domenico gurrazi dwara livorno mein prakaashit "ll 'indictore livornies" key pramukh lekhakon mein seey ack bunn gaye, jaba taka kii iss pepper koo adhikaariyon dwara bund naheen curr diyaa gayaa.
1827 mein, maazini ney tuscany kii yatra kii, jahan vaha raajneetik uddeshyon key saath ack gupt sangathan, carbonary key sadasya bunn gaye. usa varsh 31 octuber koo, unhein genoa mein giraftar kiya gayaa aur savona mein nazarband curr diyaa gayaa. 1831 kii shuruat mein, unhein jail seey riha curr diyaa gayaa, lekin ack chhote seey gaanv mein seemit curr diyaa gayaa. isake bajaay unhone nirvaasan koo chunaa, jineva, switzerland chaley gaye.
asafal vidroh.
1831 mein, maazini marcei gaye, jahan way italvi nirvaasiton key beach ack lokpriya vyakti bunn gaye. vaha ack aadhunik vidhwa giuditta bellerio sidoli key apartment mein aksar aataa thaa, joe usaki premika bunn gaee. agast 1832 mein giuditta sidoli ney ack ladke koo janm diyaa, lagbhag nishchit roop seey maazini key bete, jiska naam usane demostein olivier key parivaar key sadasyon key naam parr joseph demostein adolpe abhijaat varg rakhaa, jinake saath maazini reh rahee thee. juuna 1833 mein jaba giudita aur maazini switzerland key liye ravaana hue tou oliviers ney bachche kii dekhbhal kii. farwari 1835 mein bachche kii mrityu hoe gaee.
maazini ney ack nae raajneetik samaaj kaa ayojan kiya jise young itali kahaa jaataa haye. yeh ack gupt samaaj thaa jiska gathan italvi ekikaran koo badhaava dene key liye kiya gayaa thaah "ack, swatantra, swatantra, gantantra rashtra."maazini kaa maanana thaa kii ack lokpriya vidroh ack ekikrit itali kaa nirmaan karega, aur ack europeeya-vyaapi krantikari andolan koo chhoo legaa. samooh kaa aadarsh vaakya "bhagwan aur loga" thaa, aur iska mool siddhant praaydweep key kaee raajyon aur raajyon kaa ekikaran thaa, joe kii italvi swatantrata kii ekmatra sachchi neenv key roop mein ack ganarajya mein thaa. nayaa rashtra "ack, swatantra, swatantra ganarajya" honah thaa.
maazini kii raajneetik sakriyata koo tuscany, abruzi, sisili, peedmont aur unake mool liguria mein kuchh safalata millie, vishesh roop seey kaee sainya adhikaariyon key beach. yuva itali ney 1833 mein lagbhag 60,000 anuyaayiyon kii ginati kii, jinaki shaakhaaen genoa aur anya shaharon mein theen. usa varsh maazini ney pahali baar vidroh kaa prayaas kiya, joe chamberry (taba sardinia key raajya kaa hissa), alessandria, turin aur genoa seey fail gayaa. haalaanki, chatur sarkaar ney sajish shuru honey seey pahale hii isaki khoj curr lii aur kaee krantikariyon (vincenzo geoberty sahit) koo giraftar curr liya gayaa. daman kroor thaah 12 pratibhagiyon koo maar diyaa gayaa, jabaki maazini key sabse achche dost aur "geovine italia" key genois khand key nideshak, jacopo rafini ney khud koo maar daala. maazini parr anupasthiti mein mukadama chalaaya gayaa aur usey maut kii sajaa sunai gaee.
iss jhatake key bavjood, jisake peediton ney baad mein maazini mein kaee sandeh aur manovaigyaanik kalah paida kii, unhone agale varsh key liye ack aur vidroh kaa ayojan kiya. italvi nirvaasiton key ack samooh koo switzerland seey peedmont mein pravesh karna thaa aur vahaan kranti failani thee, jabaki guseppe garibaldi, joe haal hii mein yuva itali mein shamil hue they, koo genoa seey bhee aisaa hii karna thaa. haalaanki, peedmonti sainikon ney nae prayaas koo aasaani seey kuchal diyaa. dennis mack smith likhate hainh
1834 key vasant mein, jaba burn mein, maazini aur itali, polland aur germany key ack darjan sharanarthiyon ney yuva europe key bhavya naam key saath ack nae sangh kii sthaapana kii. iska mool aur samaan roop seey bhavya vichaar yeh thaa kii, jaise-jaise 1789 kii francisi kranti ney vyaktigat swatantrata kii avadharana koo badhaaya thaa, rashtriya swatantrata key liye abb ack aur kranti kii aavashyakta hogi, aur unaki drishti aage badhee kyonki unhein ummeed thee kii nissandeh door key bhavishya mein swatantra rashtra apane samanya hiton koo viniyamit karane key liye kissy prakaar kii sanghiya sabhaa key saath ack shithil sanghiya europe kaa gathan curr sakate hain. ... unakaa irada 1815 mein vienna kii congress dwara sahmat europeeya samjhaute koo palatane seey cumm naheen thaa, jisane kuchh mahaan shaktiyon key damankari varchasva koo phir seey sthaapit kiya thaa aur chhote rashtron key udbhav koo avaruddh curr diyaa thaa. ... maazini ney ummeed kii, lekin bahut adhik vishvaas key binaa, kii swatantra rashtron key ack sangh yaa samaaj key baare mein unaki drishti unake apane jivankal mein sakar hogi. vyavhaar mein, yuva europe mein alpakaalik astitva seey adhik key liye dhana aur lokpriya samarthan kii kamee thee. phir bhee, vaha hamesha ack sanyukt mahadweep key aadarsh key prati wafadar rahey, jisake liye vyaktigat rashtron kaa nirmaan ack anivarya praarambhik hoga.
28 maee 1834 koo, maazini koo solothern mein giraftar kiya gayaa aur switzerland seey nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa. vaha peris chaley gaye, jahan unhein 5 julaai koo phir seey kaid curr liya gayaa. unhein ingland jaane kaa vaadaa karane key baad hii riha kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh italvi doston key saath, maazini janwari 1837 mein bahut kharaab aarthik sthitiyon mein landan mein rahane key liye chaley gaye.
landan mein nirvaasan.
30 aprail 1840 koo, maazini ney landan mein "geovine italia" mein sudhaar kiya, aur usee varsh 10 navambar koo unhone "apostolato popoler" ("logon kaa dharmprachar") jaari karna shuru kiya.
sisili, abruzi, tuscany aur lombardy-venetia mein aage key vidrohon koo badhaava dene key asafal prayason ney ack lambi avadhi key liye maazini koo hatotsaahit kiya, joe 1840 taka ghasita gayaa. usey sidoli dwara bhee chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, joe apane bachchon key saath phir seey judane key liye itali laut aaya thaa. unaki maan kii madad seey maazini koo "geovine italia" key maddenajar anya rashtron key ekikaran yaa mukti key uddeshya seey kaee sangathanon kaa nirmaan karane key liye prerit kiya gayaah "yuva germany", "yuva polland", aur "yuva switzerland", joe "yuva europe" ("geovine europe") key tatvavdhan mein they. unhone 10 navambar 1841 seey 5 graville street, landan mein sakriya garib logon key liye ack italvi school bhee banaaya. landan seey unhone europe aur dakshin america mein apane agents koo patron kii ack antaheen shrinkhala bhee likhi aur thomas carlile aur unaki patni jaine key saath dosti kii. yuva europe" andolan ney yuva turkey senaa cadets aur chhatron key ack samooh koo bhee prerit kiya, jinhone baad mein itihas mein khud koo "yuva turk" naam diyaa.
1843 mein, unhone bologna mein ack aur dange kaa ayojan kiya, jisane austriyai nausena key dou yuva adhikaariyon, atilio aur emilio bandera kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya. maazini key samarthan seey, way kosenza (naples kaa raajya) key paas utare lekin unhein giraftar curr liya gayaa aur maar diyaa gayaa. maazini ney british sarkaar parr napolitan logon koo abhiyaanon key baare mein jaankaari dene kaa aarop lagaaya, aur yeh sawal british sansad mein uthaaya gayaa. jaba yeh sweekaar kiya gayaa kii unake niji patra vaastav mein khole gaye they, aur isaki samagri videshi karyalaya dwara austriyai aur napolean sarkaaron koo prakat kii gaee thee, tou maazini ney british udaarpanthiyon key beach lokpriyata aur samarthan praapt kiya, joe unake niji patrachar mein sarkaar kii iss tarah kii spasht ghuspaith seey naraj they.
1847 mein, vaha phir seey landan chaley gaye, jahan unhone pope payas aiks koo ack lamba "khula patra" likhaa, jinake spasht roop seey udaar sudhaaron ney unhein itali key ekikaran key sambhaavit paladin key roop mein ack kshanik darja praapt kiya thaa, lekin pope ney jawab naheen diyaa. unhone peepuls international leag kii bhee sthaapana kii. 8 march 1848 taka, maazini peris mein they, jahan unhone ack nayaa raajneetik sangh, "associazione nazionle italiana" shuru kiya. 7 janwari, 1847 koo leads redemption society (ack samudayik prayog) key pahale vaarshik samaroh mein bhaag naheen lene key liye maafi maangate hue unhone ack abhidaata banane kii peshkash kii.
1848-1849 vidroh.
7 aprail 1848 koo, maazini milan pahuncha, jisaki aabaadi ney austriyai senaa key khilaf vidroh kiya thaa aur ack asthaayi sarkaar sthaapit kii thee. milan mein anukool paristhitiyon kaa fayda uthaane key liye peedmonti raajaa charles albert dwara shuru kiya gayaa pahala italvi swatantrata yuddh poori tarah seey whiffle hoe gayaa. maazini, joe kabhi bhee shahar mein lokpriya naheen rhaa thaa kyonki vaha chaahata thaa kii lombardy peedmont mein shamil honey key bajaay ack ganarajya baney, milan koo chhod diyaa. vaha bargamo mein garibaldi key aniyamit bull mein shamil hoe gayaa, usake saath switzerland chalaa gayaa. maazini action party key sansthapakon aur netaaon mein seey ack they, joe itali key itihas mein pahali sangathit party thee.
9 farwari 1849 koo, rome mein ack ganarajya ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen payas ix koo pahale seey hii pichhale navambar mein getaa bhaagne key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. usee dinn gantantra ghoshit kiya gayaa, maazini shahar mein pahunch gayaa. unhein 29 march koo carlo armelini aur aurelio sephi key saath nae ganarajya key trayi key sadasya key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, joe jald hii sarkaar key sachche netaa bunn gaye aur samajik sudhaaron mein achchi prashaasnik kshamataon koo dikhaaya. haalaanki, pope dwara bulaaye gaye francisi sainikon ney spasht curr diyaa kii garribaldi key netritva mein ganarajya key sainikon kaa pratirodh vyarth thaa. 12 julaai 1849 koo, maizini marcei key liye ravaana hue, jahan seey way phir seey switzerland chaley gaye.
dair seey honey vaali gatividhiyaan.
maazini ney 1850 kaa puuraa samay swiss pulis seey chhipane mein bitaaya. julaai mein unhone italvi mukti key liye aam sahamati aakarshit karane key liye landan mein "amisi dee italia" (itali key mitra) sangathan kii sthaapana kii. mantua (1852) aur milan (1853) mein dou asafal dange mazzinian sangathan key liye ack apang karane vaalaa jhataka they, jinaki pratishtha kabhi naheen sudhri. baad mein unhone crimean yuddh key liye austriya key saath shaavak dwara hastaaksharit gathbandhan kaa virodh kiya. 1853-1854 key karara mein felis aurasini kaa abhiyaan bhee vyarth thaa.
1856 mein, vaha vidrohon kii ack shrinkhala aayojit karane key liye genoa laut aaeh ekmatra gambhir prayaas calabria mein carlo pisaken kaa thaa, jiska phir seey nirashajanak anta huaa. maazini pulis seey bachane mein kamyab rahee lekin usey galati seey maut kii sajaa sunai gaee. iss kshan seey, maazini italvi resorgimento key naayak kii tulanaa mein ack darshak key roop mein adhik thaa, jisaki bagdor abb dridhata seey bahadur samrat vijeta emmanuel dwiteeya aur unake kushal pradhaan mantri, camillo benso, sandarbh guha key haathon mein thee. baad vaale ney unhein "hatyaron key pramukh" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya.
1858 mein, unhone landan mein ack aur patrika kii sthaapana kii, jise "pencio azion" ("vichaar aur kaarravaai") kahaa jaataa haye. 21 farwari 1859 koo, unhone peedmont aur france key samrat key beach gathbandhan key khilaf ack ghoshanapatra parr hastakshar kiye, jisake parinamswarup itali kii swatantrata kaa doosara yuddh aur lombardy kii vijay hui. 2 maee 1860 koo, unhone garibaldi taka pahunchane kii koshish kii, joe dakshini itali mein apane prasiddh hazaar key abhiyaan koo shuru karane jaa rahey they. usee varsh, unhone apane naitik, raajneetik aur samajik vichaaron key sanshleshan "doveri dell 'umo" ("manushya key kartavya") koo jaari kiya. sitambar key madhya mein, vaha napples mein thaa, taba garibaldi kii tanashahi key tahat, lekin sthaaniya upa-tanashah giorgio pallavicino dwara door jaane key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa.
itali kaa nayaa raajya 1861 mein kroor rajshahi key tahat banaaya gayaa thaa. 1862 mein, maazini rome koo mukt karane key apane asafal prayaas mein garibaldi key saath shamil hoe gaye. 1866 mein, itali austriya-russie yuddh mein shamil hoe gayaa aur venesia hassil kiya. iss samay, maazini aksar iss baat key khilaf bolate they kii kaise unake desh kaa ekikaran kiya jaa rhaa thaa. 1867 mein, unhone italvi pratinidhi mandal mein ack seat seey incar curr diyaa. 1870 mein, unhone sisili mein vidroh shuru karane kii koshish kii aur unhein giraftar curr liya gayaa aur getaa mein kaid curr liya gayaa. octuber mein, raajya dwara antatah rome koo lene aur disambar key madhya mein landan lautane key baad ghoshit maafi mein unhein riha curr diyaa gayaa.
maizini kii mrityu 1872 mein usa ghar mein pleurysi seey hui jise abb peesa mein domas maziniana key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye, 66 varsh kii ayu mein. unake shareer koo paolo gorini dwara lape kiya gayaa thaa. unakaa antim sanskar genoa mein kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen 100,000 loga bhaag leey rahey they.
vichardhara.
ack italvi rashtravadi, maazini ganatantravaad key ack utsaahi samarthak they aur ack ekjut, swatantra aur swatantra itali kii kalpana karate they. apane samkaaleen guseppe garibaldi key vipareet, joe ack ganarajyavadi bhee they, maazini ney rome parr kabja karane key baad taka sevoy key ghar key prati nishtha kii shapath lene seey incar curr diyaa. way aur unake anuyaayi samajik nyaay key sawal key prati samvedansheel they, samaajvaad key saath ack samvaad shuru karate they, aur vishesh roop seey sant-cymonian key saath kaee sambandh paate they. usee samay, maazini markswad kaa purjor virodh curr rhaa thaa, joe usake liye "varg hiton, vishesh roop seey varg sangharsh parr apane aagrah key kaaran upyogitaavaad kaa ack bhayaanak vikriti thee, ack sangharshaatmak drishti joe maazini key ektavaad key saath samanjasya naheen banaa sakati thee."maazini ney vyaktivaad key siddhant parr adharit gyaan key yug key shaastriya udaar siddhanton koo bhee khariz curr diyaa, jisaki unhone" "yaa tou aadhyatmik bhautikvaad yaa raajneetik naastikvaad" "key roop mein aalochana kii. carle landoir key "europeeya samaajvaad" key pahale khand mein, maazini kaa ullekh garibaldi key saath utkrisht "italvi krantikariyon" key roop mein kiya gayaa haye. albert charles brouse ney tark diyaa kii "samaajvaad apani sampoornata mein maazini key siddhant mein paaya jaataa haye", unakaa ganatantravaad "loktaantrik aur samajik" donon haye.
1871 mein, maazini ney france mein kattarpanthi, dharm-virodhi aur krantikari samajwadi vidroh kii ninda kii, jisake kaaran alpakaalik peris samudaay kaa nirmaan huaa. isake kaaran carle marks ney 1848 key baad maazini koo ack pratikriyaavaadi key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. isane arajaktawadi mikhail bakunin koo "maazini aur antarrashtriya key raajneetik dharamshastra" likhane key liye bhee prerit kiya, jinaki "antarrashtriya aur peris samudaay kii raksha ney itali mein halchal machaa dee aur maazini key kaee tyag aur press mein antarrashtriya key liye samarthan kii ghoshanaon koo uksaayaa", yahaan taka kii "sangathan mein sadasyata mein pahali rashtravyapi vriddhi" kii or leey gayaa. aar dwara ack sakshatkar mein. 1871 seey lander, marks ney kahaa kii maazini key vichaar "ack madhyam vargiya ganarajya key puraane vichaar seey behtar kuchh naheen" kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. marks kaa maanana thaa kii maazini kaa drishtikon, vishesh roop seey 1848 kii kraantiyon aur peris samudaay key baad, pratikriyaavaadi hoe gayaa thaa aur sarvahara varg kaa isase koee lena-denaa naheen thaa.
ack anya sakshatkar mein, marks ney maazini koo "vaha chirasthaayi purana gadhe" key roop mein varnit kiya. badale mein, maazini ney marks koo "ack vinashkari aatma key roop mein varnit kiya jiska dill maanav jaati key prem key bajaay ghrina seey bharaa huaa thaa" aur ghoshana kii kii "[dee] saamyavaadi samtaavaad key bavjood joe vaha [marks] upadesh detaa haye kii vaha apani party kaa poorna shaasak haye, sweekaar kartaa haye kii vaha sub kuchh swayam kartaa haye lekin adesh dene vaalaa bhee vaha ekmatra vyakti haye aur vaha koee virodh bardasht naheen kartaa haye."jabaki maazini ney peris samudaay koo" "samajik roop seey vibhajankari galati" "key roop mein dekhaa, kaee anya kattarpanthiyon ney samajwadi netritva kaa paalan kiya aur samudaay koo ack samajik kranti key roop mein pauranik roop diyaa (carle marks key shabdon mein 'ack nae samaaj kaa gauravshali agradoot')."iss ghatana ney kattarpanthi vampanthiyon key ack mahatvapurna varg koo, vishesh roop seey kavi aur vyangyakaar felis kaivaloti key netritva mein kattarpanthiyon kii ack yuva peedhi koo, aur akhbar" ill gazetino rossa "key chaaron or samoohbaddh karke, maazini aur maazeeniyaai rajneeti key siddhanton aur tarikon donon key saath khule taur parr aur nirnaayak roop seey tootane kii anumati dee. jabaki "ill gazetino rossa" ney maazini kii prashansa "itali key 'rakshak' aur shikshak" key roop mein kii, isane jore dekar kahaah
hamaare paas aur moortiyaan naheen hain, humm amoort, samajh seey baahar sootron koo sweekaar naheen karate hain. ... humm maazini mein jiss parr apatti karate hain, vaha apane aap mein unaki raay naheen haye, jitna kii unaki raay ack pranali aur ack raajneetik hathdharmita mein sthaapit kii gaee haye. humm bhautikvaadi hain, lekin humm apane bhautikvaad seey ack raajneetik school naheen banaate hain. hamaare liye isase koee fark naheen padata kii koee bhagwan mein vishvaas kartaa haye yaa naheen. ... [i] nusted maazini humm parr ack nayaa dharm thopana chaahata haye.
luci riyal key anusaar, "yuva kattarpanthiyon dwara 'samajik prashn' parr jore poore uttari aur dakshini itali mein 'antarrashtriyavadi' yaa samajwadi gatividhi (jyaadaatar buckuninist arajaktawad) mein vriddhi key samanantar thaa, jise peris samudaay dwara ack badaa badhaava diyaa gayaa thaa."iss samaajvaad kaa uday" maazini key liye ack vaastavik chunauti kaa pratinidhitva kartaa thaa aur rajneeti aur sanskriti parr maazini jore detaa thaa, aur 1872 kii shuruat mein maazini kii mrityu ney kewal iss prachalit bhavna koo rekhaankit kiya kii unakaa raajneetik yug samaapt hoe gayaa thaa. garibaldi abb nishchit roop seey maazini key saath toot gayaa, aur iss baar vaha usake baain or chalaa gayaa. vaha poori tarah seey peris samudaay aur antarrashtriyata key paksh mein saamane aaya, aur uska rukh usey yuva kattarpanthiyon key bahut karib leey aaya... aur unhein raajneetik jeevan parr ack nayaa patta diyaa. unake samarthan seey kattarpanthi vampanthiyon kii ack vyaapak party koo phir seey shuru karane kii pahal kaa janm huaa."
seamus flahert key liye, heinry heindman, joe maizini key prashansak they, ney socha kii "maizini kii mahanata... yuva samajvadiyon key liye 'antarrashtriya' key shuruati dinon mein marks key virodh aur peris samudaay kii thodi dair baad unaki jordar ninda seey aspasht thaa, iss baat parr jore dete hue kii 'maanav jeevan key aacharan kii maazini kii avadharana' ack uchch aur mahaan thee ', marks dwara rachit aur paarit "sangathan key bheetar maazini key anuyaayiyon key liye banaai gaee ack riyayat marks" key roop mein "samanya niyamon" mein "adhikaaron key binaa koee kartavya naheen" kaa ullekh karane kii prashansa karate hue. apani dou khandon vaali aatmakatha mein, heindman ney maizini key baare mein vistaar seey baat kii, yahaan taka kii unaki tulanaa marks seey bhee kii.
christopher bellie ney likhaa kii maazini "isi tarah key nishkarshon parr pahuncha thaa", "sangh key sant-cymonian vichaaron aur charles forier key 'aakarshan key niyam' kaa ullekh karate hue, lekin" ack bhaavnaatmak prakriya key madhyam seey joe tarksangatata key liye bahut cumm bakaaya thee.  jaisa kii isai samajwadi george dee key saath huaa thaa. heron, maazini kaa samaajvaad "anivarya roop seey ack dhaarmik aur naitik punrutthan" thaa. maazini ney varg sangharsh aur bhautikvaad key markswadi siddhanton koo khariz curr diyaa, varg sahyog kii aavashyakta parr jore diyaa. phir bhee, italvi ganarajya party, ack maaziniyan party key bheetar maazini key siddhant kii ack adhik kattarpanthi, samajwadi vyakhya thee, jahan "kaee loga they joe maanate they kii genois deshbhakt kii shikshaaen markswadi siddhant aur siddhant key saath sangat hoe sakati hain... vampanthi key saath gathbandhan koo vaidh aur vaanchhaniya maanaa jaataa haye."
maazini key italvi raashtravaad koo "mahanagariya deshbhakti" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. samajvadah rashtriya yaa antarrashtriya" mein, pahali baar 1942 mein prakaashit, franz borkenau ney maazini koo "usa prabhaavshaali genois" aur "italvi bhoomigat loktaantrik aur ektaavaadi andolan key netaa" key roop mein varnit kiya. maazini aur bhoomigat andolan key baare mein, borkenaau ney aage likhaah
maazini ney iss bhoomigat andolan koo sangathit karane aur ekjut karane key liye ack badaa sauda kiya, jise "yuva itali" key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye. unhone anya europeeya deshon mein samanantar sangathanon key vichaar kii kalpana kii, joe sabhi koo "yuva europe" andolan mein shamil honah chaahiye. iss yojana koo kewal praarambhik safalata millie thee aur itali iss bhoomigat andolan kaa ekmatra gadh banaa rhaa. lekin yeh vichaar, halanki iska vyaavhaarik nishpaadan naheen haye, anya europeeya deshon mein pakada gayaa. maazini kii aanshik viphalata kaa ack kaaran france aur ingland mein samaajvaad kaa uday thaa. france mein, kissy bhee darr parr, ack majboot bhoomigat andolan thaa, joe pahale key borban bahaali kii tulanaa mein luis-phillip key tahat bahut majboot thaa. lekin yeh andolan dheere-dheere baain or vikasit huaa. 1830 key baad france mein maazini prakaar key sadharan loktantravadiyon koo abb prataadit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. lekin unake baain or adhik unnat andolan hue.
jaba way ack samajwadi they, taba benito musolini ney maazini kii kathor aalochana kii, "vishesh roop seey dhaarmik maazini", vishesh roop seey maazini key 'pavitrikaran' kaa virodh curr rhaa thaa. pratham vishva yuddh mein hastakshep kii vakaalat karane aur soochibaddh karane key baad, musolini ney khud koo ack deshbhakti key vatavaran mein duba huaa paaya joe maaziniyan sandarbhon dwara vyaapt thaa."
dharm.
unaki janvaadi parvarish seey prabhaavit, maazini key vichaar ack majboot dhaarmik utsaah aur aadhyatmikta kii gahari bhavna seey prabhaavit hain. ack devvaadi joe divya providence mein vishvaas kartaa thaa, maazini ney khud koo ack isai key roop mein varnit kiya aur naastik aur tarkvaad kii teekhi ninda karate hue vishvaas aur bhagwan key saath sambandh kii aavashyakta parr jore diyaa. unakaa aadarsh vaakya "dio ee popolo" ("bhagwan aur loga") thaa. maazini ney deshbhakti koo ack kartavya aur pitribhoomi key liye prem key roop mein ack divya mission key roop mein maanaa, yeh kahate hue kii pitribhoomi "vaha ghar thaa jisamen bhagwan ney hamein ack samaan dharm, itihas aur bhasha key parivarik sambandhon seey judey bhaaiyon aur bahanon key beach rakhaa haye."aeye key anusaar. james gregor ney kahaa, "nae yug key liye maazini kaa panth iss prakaar unnisvin shatabdi key roodhivaadi markswad seey khud koo maulik roop seey alag kartaa haye. unakaa samaajvaad varg pehchaan key bajaay naitik uddeshya key saath jeevit thaa, joe uchch iraade seey bharaa huaa thaa aur vishesh roop seey varg key bajaay rashtriya bhavna seey prerit thaa. isane khud koo ack nae dharm key roop mein dekhaa, 'darshan key madhyam seey chadhaai' seey 'vishvaas' taka.'yeh ack aisaa dharm thaa joe ack ishwar, ack kaanoon, samanya aur aparivartaniya mein jeevit vishvaas parr adharit thaa... aur ack anta."
apane 1835 key prakaashan "faid aeye avenaire" ("vishvaas aur bhavishya") mein, maazini ney likhaah "hamein ack dhaarmik dall key roop mein phir seey ubharana hoga. dhaarmik tatva saarvbhaumik aur amar haye. ... ack naee duniya key aarambhakarta, humm ack naitik ekataa, ack maanviya kaitholikwad kii neenv rakhane key liye baadhya hain."haalaanki, catholic church aur pope key saath maazini kaa sambandh hamesha ack dayalu sambandh naheen thaa. jabaki unhone shuru mein pope payas aiks kaa samarthan kiya, unhein ack khula patra likhate hue, 1847 mein, baad mein maazini ney 1849 mein apane "sul 'ensikilika dee papa piyo" ("pope payas aiks key vishvakosh parr") mein pope key khilaf ack teekha hamla prakaashit kiya. haalaanki unake kuchh dhaarmik vichaar catholic church aur popsi key saath pratikool they, unake lekhan aksar clericalvad key saath judate they, maazini ney protestantwad kii bhee aalochana karate hue kahaa kii yeh "vibhajit aur ack hazaar sampradayon mein vibhajit haye, sabhi vyaktigat vivek key adhikaaron parr adharit hain, sabhi ack dusare parr yuddh karane key liye utsuk hain, aur usa arajakta koo kayam rakhate hain joe europe key logon key samajik aur raajneetik upadrav kaa ekmatra kaaran haye."
vichaar aur kaary.
maazini ney "manushya key adhikaaron" kii avadharana koo khariz curr diyaa, joe gyaan key yug key dauran vikasit hui thee, isake bajaay yeh tark dete hue kii vyaktigat adhikaar "adhikaaron" key bajaay kadee mehnat, tyag aur sadgun key madhyam seey jeetaa jaanaa ack kartavya thaa joe manushya key liye aantarik roop seey deya they. 1860 mein prakaashit apane "doveri dell 'umo" ("manushya key kartavya") mein maazini ney apane vichaar koo rekhaankit kiya. isi tarah, maazini ney "vichaar aur kaary" key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ack avadharana taiyar kii jisamen vichaar aur kaary koo ack saath jodaa jaanaa chaahiye aur pratyek vichaar kaa paalan kaarravaai dwara kiya jaanaa chaahiye, isaliye bauddhikta aur abhyaas seey talaak dene key siddhant kii dhaarana koo aswikar curr diyaa.
mahilaaon key adhikaar.
purush key kartavyon" mein, maazini ney mahilaaon key adhikaaron kii maanyata kaa ahwan kiya. ingland, france aur poore europe mein raajneetik daarshnikon key saath apane kaee mukabalon key baad, maazini ney faisala kiya thaa kii purushon aur mahilaaon key beach samaantaa kaa siddhant vaastav mein loktaantrik italvi rashtra key nirmaan key liye maulik thaa. unhone mahilaaon key samajik aur nyaayik adheenata koo samaapt karane kaa ahwan kiya. maazini kii jordar sthiti ney europeeya vicharakon key beach ling parr dhyaan aakarshit kiya joe pahale seey hii loktantra aur raashtravaad parr vichaar curr rahey they. unhone buddhijiviyon koo mahilaaon key adhikaaron koo kewal ack paridhiya vishay key roop mein naheen, balki puraane rashtron key punarjanan aur nae rashtron key punarjanm key liye aavashyak ack maulik lakshya key roop mein dekhane mein madad kii. maizini ney jessy white mario kii prashansa kii, jinhen guseppe garibaldi ney "aadhunik samay kii sabse bahadur mahila" key roop mein varnit kiya thaa. mario swatantrata key dusare italvi yuddh key dauran 1859-1860 abhiyaan key liye garibaldi kii laal shirt mein shamil hoe gaye. dainik samachar" key liye ack samvaadaata key roop mein, unhone lagbhag harr ladaai dekhi joe itali key ekikaran parr laaee thee.
viraasat.
maazini key samajik-raajneetik vichaar koo maaziniyanism aur unake vishva drishtikon koo maaziniyan avadharana key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye, joe shabd baad mein musolini aur italvi faasivaadiyon, jaise kii giovanni gair-yahudi, dwara unaki raajneetik vichardhara aur jeevan kii aadhyatmik avadharana kaa varnan karane key liye upayog kiye gaye they. 
carle sherge ney apani "yaadon" key pahale khand mein, maazini kaa ack jeevani rekhaachitra diyaa haye aur 1851 mein jaba way donon landan mein they taba unake saath hui dou baithakon koo yaad kiya haye. jabaki villium aar kii pustak "10,000 prasiddh freemason". denslo ney maizini koo ack rajmistri key roop mein soochibaddh kiya haye aur yahaan taka kii itali key grand orient key ack poorv grand master key roop mein bhee, itali kii apani website key grand orient parr lekhon mein sawal kiya gayaa haye kii kyaa vaha kabhi ack niyamit rajmistri they aur unhein ack pichhale grand master key roop mein soochibaddh naheen karate hain.
aksar usa samay key itali mein ack ishwar jaise vyakti key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa, phir bhee unake kaee hamvatan logon ney maazini koo deshdrohi key roop mein ninda kii thee. samkaaleen itihaskaron kaa maanana thaa kii unhone 1849 key baad kuchh bhee utpaadak yaa upayogi yogdan karna bund curr diyaa, lekin unake aadhunik samkaksh unake baare mein adhik anukool drishtikon rakhate hain. 1939 mein sanyukt raajya america mein italvi raajneetik sharanarthiyon dwara sthaapit antifacist maazini samaaj ney unakaa naam liya aur nirvaasan seey itali kii seva kii, jaisa kii unhone kiya thaa.
landan mein, maazini 155 north gover street parr, youston squire key paas rahata thaa, jise abb ack smaarak neeli pattika key saath chihnit kiya gayaa haye. 1850 key dashak key dauran landan key chhote seey itali mein clerkenwell mein lestal street parr ack pattika bhee maazini koo shraddhanjali detee haye, jise "aadhunik loktantra kaa prerit" kahaa jaataa haye."maizini kii ack pratima newyork key central park mein 67 veen aur 68 veen sadakon key beach west drive key paschim mein haye. europe key mahavidyalaya mein 1973-1974 shaikshanik varsh kaa naam unake sammaan mein rakhaa gayaa thaa.

