
marshley bhasha

marshley bhasha (yaa), jise abone key naam seey bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, marshel dweepon mein bolly jaane vaali ack sookshm bhasha haye. jaatiya marshley logon dwara bolly jaane vaali yeh bhasha desh kii lagbhag 59,000 kii poori aabaadi dwara bolly jaati haye, jisase yeh desh kii pramukh bhasha bunn jaati haye. sanyukt raajya america mein lagbhag 27,000 marshley nagrik bhee rahate hain, jinamen seey lagbhag sabhi marshley bolate hain, saath hii nauru sahit anya deshon mein bhee.
dou pramukh boliyaan hainh ralik (paschimi) aur ratak (purvi).
vargeekaran.
marshleys, ack sookshm russie bhasha, austroneshiyai bhaashaon key purvi mahasagariya upsamooh kaa sadasya haye. marshleys key nikatatam bhashai rishtedaar anya micronesian bhaashaaen hain, jinamen chukzi, gilberties, kosarian, nauruan aur ponpeyan shamil hain. marshleys mein 33 pratishat shaabdik samaantaa ponpeon key saath dikhaai detee haye.
micronesian dweepsamuh key bheetar, marshley-baaki micronesian bhasha samooh key saath-yaap raajya mein adhik aspasht roop seey vargeekrit samudri bhasha yapez, yaa ponpei raajya mein polynesian baahari bhaashaon kapamarangi aur nukuro seey adhik nikatata seey sambandhit naheen haye, aur mariana dweepon mein palaau aur chamoro mein gair-mahasagariya bhaashaon palaavan seey bhee cumm nikatata seey sambandhit haye.
bhinnata.
marshel dweepon key ganarajya mein 34 pravaaldweep hain joe dou shrinkhalaon mein vibhajit hain, purvi ratak shrinkhala aur paschimi ralik shrinkhala. inn donon shrinkhalaon kii alag-alag boliyaan hain, joe mukhya roop seey shaabdik roop seey bhinn hain, aur parasparik roop seey samajhane yogya hain. paschim mein ujelang key pravaaldweep mein "thodi cumm sajaatiya bolly" honey kii soochana thee, lekin yeh 1980 seey nirjan haye.
ratak aur ralik boliyaan dhvanyaatmak roop seey bhinn hain kii way dohare vyanjanon seey shuru honey vaale tanon seey kaise nipatati hain. ratak marshley vyanjanon koo alag karane key liye ack swar daaltaa haye, jabaki ralik vyanjanon key pahale ack swar jodata haye (aur swar seey pahale ack alikhit vyanjan dhwani uchchaaran kartaa haye). udaaharan key liye, stame 'play', ralik marshleys aur ratak marshleys mein bunn jaataa haye.
sthiti.
marshley marshels dweepon kii aadhikarik bhasha haye aur iska jordar upayog kiya jaataa haye. 1979 taka, marshel dweepon mein 43,900 logon dwara yeh bhasha bolly jaati thee. 2020 mein sankhya 59,000 key karib thee. nauru aur sanyukt raajya america sahit anya deshon mein bolane vaalon key atirikt samoohon ney marshley bolane vaalon kii kull sankhya mein vriddhi kii, sanyukt raajya america mein lagbhag 27,000 marshley-americi rahane key saath-saath ponpeyan aur chookies, marshleys hajaaron bolane vaalon mein micronesian bhaashaon mein seey ack haye; adhikansh micronesian bhaashaon mein bahut cumm hain. ack shabdakosh aur cumm seey cumm dou bible anuvaad marshleys mein prakaashit kiye gaye hain.
dhvanyatmakta.
vyanjan.
marshleys mein ack badee vyanjan soochi hoti haye, aur pratyek vyanjan mein kissy prakaar kii maadhyamik abhivyakti (palatalisation, valerisation yaa goal) hoti haye. taalbaddh vyanjanon koo "halka" maanaa jaataa haye, aur taalbaddh aur goal vyanjanon koo "bhaari" maanaa jaataa haye, jisamen goal vyanjanon koo taalbaddh aur bhulbhulaiya donon maanaa jaataa haye. (yeh antar goidelic bhaashaon mein "patale" aur "vyaapak" vyanjanon key beach, yaa slavic bhaashaon mein "naram" aur "kathor" vyanjanon key beach key samaan haye.) "halke" vyanjanon koo adhik aramdayak uchchaaran maanaa jaataa haye.
halanki marshley vyanjanon mein koee swar virodhabhas naheen haye, lekin jaba way swaron key beach hotey hain aur jineekrit naheen hotey hain tou viram koo aanshik roop seey (,,) dhwani dee jaa sakati haye. (takniki roop seey, aanshik roop seey aavaaz vaale viram honge,, lekin iss lekh mein sadgi key liye aavaaz vaale pratilekhon kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye.) antim vyanjan aksar aprakaashit hotey hain.
glide kaee vatavaranon mein gayab hoe jaate hain, aspas key swar apani peeth aur golata koo aatmasaat karate hain. joe inn dhwaniyon key seemit satah vitaran key saath-saath anya sabooton seey prerit haye kii peechhe hatna aur goal honah marshley swaron key liye dhvanyaatmak roop seey nirdisht naheen hain. vaastav mein, vyanjan kabhi bhee dhvanyaatmak roop seey satah parr naheen aataa haye, lekin iska upayog pichhali ghatana koo samajhaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. (aur shabd-praarambhik aur shabd-antim sthitiyon mein dhvanyaatmak roop seey saamane aaa sakata haye aur phir bhee, lagaatar naheen.)
bender (1968) bataate hain kii ack samay yeh maanaa jaataa thaa kii satah kii avalokan kii praapti key kaaran chhah dwaiyonmukh vyanjan they, lekin unhone nirdhaarit kiya kii inmein seey dou, vaastav mein kramshah saamane key swaron seey pahale key alophone they aur peechhe key swaron seey pahale key alophone they. saamane key swaron seey pahale, vegit labil vyanjanon mein vaastav mein goal (labiovalorised) uchchaaran hotey hain, lekin way dhvanyaatmak star parr goal naheen rahate hain, aur koee alag dhwani naheen hotey hain. naan" (2014) dwara upayog kii jaane vaali uchchaaran margadarshika abhee bhee inn hii sthitiyon mein alag alophone prateekon key roop mein maanyata detee haye, jabaki yeh pehchaanati haye kii kewal palatalised aur valerised dhwani hain. iss lekh mein dhvanyaatmak pratilekhon kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye.
vyanjan koo dhvanyaatmak roop seey,,,,,, yaa (yaa unake kissy bhee swar roop,,,,,, yaa) key roop mein mukt bhinnata mein mahsoos kiya jaa sakata haye. shabd-aantarik roop seey yeh aamtaur parr ack mukhar fricative abhivyakti koo (yaa) key roop mein maanata haye lekin jaba jineekrit hotaa haye tou naheen. iska upayog videshi cibilant koo marshley mein anukoolit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. dhvanyaatmak pratilekhan mein, yeh lekh ack hii dhwani key swarheen aur mukhar alophone kaa upayog kartaa haye.
marshleys kaa koee alag dhwani naheen hotaa haye.
prishthiya vyanjan aamtaur parr weller hotey hain lekin jeebh thodi door peechhe hoti haye, jisase way uchchaaran mein weller aur uvular key beach kaheen hoe jaate hain. sabhi prishthiya dhvanyaatmak shabd "bhaari" (vegit yaa goal) hotey hain, aur koee bhee "halka" (palatalised) naheen hotaa haye. jaisa kii pahale kahaa gayaa haye, paletal vyanjan abhivyaktiyaan, aur palatalised "coronal" avarodhak key alophone key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, bhale hii paletal vyanjan shaaririk roop seey prishthiya houn. saralata key liye, yeh lekh dhvanyaatmak pratilekhan mein achihnit kaa upayog kartaa haye.
bender (1969) kaa varnan aur 'gahare' aar '-rung key honey key roop mein kiya gayaa haye, lekin yeh adhik vishisht naheen haye. marshleys-angrezi shabdakosh (maid) inhen bhaari dunt naak key roop mein varnit kartaa haye.
vyanjan, aur sabhi coronal vyanjan aur poorna trills hain. yeh spanish key samaan haye, jisamen vayukoshiya riz key thheek peechhe ack trill sthiti haye, ack postal vayukoshiya trill, lekin ack palatalised dental trill haye, joe saamane key daanton key peechhe aage kii or spasht haye. maid aind willson (2003) ney ratoric vyanjanon koo "retroflex" key roop mein varnit kiya haye, lekin yeh spasht naheen haye kii yeh unake dunt yaa vayukoshiya tril kii sthiti seey kaise sambandhit haye. (retroflex trill dekhein.) yeh lekh dhvanyaatmak pratilekhan mein upayog kartaa haye.
bhaari paarshv vyanjan aur gahare rung key hotey hain jaise angreji mein "mahsoos", spasht aur kramshah. yeh lekh dhvanyaatmak pratilekhan kaa upayog kartaa haye.
valerised vyanjanon (aur, vistaar seey, goal vyanjanon) koo arabi yaa mijrahi hibru mein jordar vyanjanon kii tarah valerised yaa grasaneekrit kiya jaa sakata haye.
swar.
marshleys mein kewal chaar swar dhwaniyon kii ack urdhvaadhar swar pranali hoti haye, jisamen seey pratyek mein aspas key vyanjanon key aadhar parr kaee alophone hotey hain.
dhvanyaatmak star parr, jabaki bender (1969) aur choi (1992) iss baat seey sahmat hain kii swar dhwaniyon koo oonchaai seey alag kiya jaataa haye, way inn dhwaniyon kii amoort prakriti kaa alag-alag varnan karate hain, bender key saath saamane kii goal satah kii praapti koo unaki shithil sthiti key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye joe vegit yaa goal vyanjanon kii nikatata seey badal jaati haye, jabaki choi amoort dhwaniyon aur satah kii praapti key liye poori tarah seey alag saamane, peechhe aur goal swar prateekon koo nott karane key liye tatasth tareeke seey kendriya swar prateekon kaa upayog kartaa haye. bender (1968,1969), maid (1976) aur willson (2003) chaar swar dhwaniyon koo pahachaante hain, lekin choi (1992) kewal teen dhwaniyon koo ack sthir gunavatta key roop mein dekhta haye, lekin siddhant detaa haye kii chaar seey teen taka kii kamee kii ack aitihaasik prakriya hoe sakati haye, aur anyatha chauthe dhwaniyon koo nazarandaj curr detaa haye. swaron key dhvanyaatmak pratilekhan key liye, yeh lekh chaar dhwaniyon koo pahachaantaa haye aur saamane key swar satah kii praapti koo pratinidhi dhwaniyon key roop mein maanane mein bender (1969) key drishtikon kaa paalan karate hue maid key saamane key goal swar sanketan kaa upayog kartaa haye.
dhvanyaatmak star parr, bender (1968), maid (1976), choi (1992), willson (2003) aur naan (2014) kuchh marshley swar satah kii uplabdhiyon koo ack dusare seey alag tareeke seey nott karate hain, aur way iss baat parr asahmat hain kii antarnihit dhwaniyon kii swar unchaaiyon koo kaise chihnit kiya jaae, willson (2003) ney chaar unchaaiyon koo vaastav mein dou unchaaiyon key roop mein maanane mein sabse alag drishtikon apanaaya haye, jisamen seey pratyek unnat jeebh kii jarh kii atirikt upasthiti (+ aeye. tii. aar.) yaa anupasthiti (-aeye. tii. aar.) key saath haye. bender (1968) satah key ehsas key liye kendriya swar prateekon koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii padosi valerised vyanjan, lekin maid (1976), choi (1992) aur willson (2003) badey paimaane parr inke liye golrahit swar prateekon koo vaapas nirdisht karate hain, apavaad key saath kii maid close-mid back golrahit swar key liye cardinal key bajaay upayog kartaa haye, aur choi (1992) aur willson (2003) open back golrahit swar key liye cardinal key bajaay upayog karate hain. "naan" (2014) apane swayam key swaron key liye ack swar anurekhan pradaan karane vaalaa ekmatra sandarbh haye, aur vishesh roop seey anya swar model seey dou sakshatkaron (vyanjanon seey pahale aur khule aksharon mein) key saamane key alophone koo vibhajit karane mein alag haye, vyanjanon key aur pahale kii tarah aur khule aksharon mein saamane key alophone koo vilay kartaa haye, aur key roop mein goal alophone koo vilay kartaa haye, aur saamane key alophone koo ack nikat-madhya kendriya goal swar key roop mein ingit kartaa haye, joe samanya roop seey uchch key saamane key alophone kii tulanaa mein bhee adhik uthaaya gayaa haye. swar satah kii praapti key dhvanyaatmak sanketan key liye, yeh lekh kaafee hudd taka maid key sanketan kaa upayog kartaa haye, lekin peechhe key goal swaron key liye kewal mukhya prateekon kaa upayog kartaa haye.
satahi roop seey, 12 marshley swar alophone nyuntam jode mein dikhaai dete hain, joe dhvanyatmakta key liye ack samanya pareekshan haye. udaaharan key liye, (, 'breadfruit'), (, 'lekin'), aur (, 'varjit') alag-alag marshley shabd hain. haalaanki, glide dhwaniyon key asman vitaran seey pataa chalata haye kii way antarnihit roop seey glide key saath samaapt hotey hain (iss prakaar,). jaba glide koo dhyaan mein rakhaa jaataa haye, tou yeh pataa chalata haye kii kewal 4 swar dhvanyaatmak swar hotey hain.
jaba ack swar dhwani vibhinn dwiteeyak uchcharanon key saath vyanjanon key beach dikhaai detaa haye, tou swar aksar ack swar alophone seey dusare mein ack sahaj sankraman key roop mein saamane aataa haye. udaaharan key liye, 'sharmila', dhvanyaatmak roop seey, aksar dhvanyaatmak roop seey mahsoos kiya jaataa haye. yeh iss prakaar haye kii marshley mein 24 sambhaavit chhote dipthong hainh
yeye dipthong dou gair-glide vyanjanon key beach chhote swaron kii vishisht praapti hain, lekin vaastav mein dipthong swayam dhvanyaatmak naheen hain, aur vibhinn maadhyamik abhivyaktiyon key saath dou vyanjanon key beach chhote swaron koo yaa tou ack chikna dipthong (jaise) yaa dou swar alophone (jaise) mein seey ack key monofthong key roop mein vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye, sabhi mukt bhinnata mein. bender (1968) ney yeh bhee dekhaa kii jaba dipthong ack pichhale goal swar seey shuru hotaa haye aur ack saamane key goal swar key saath samaapt hotaa haye, tou peechhe key goal swaron seey judaa ack swar alophone (iss lekh mein ullikhit) bhee swar kendrak mein hoe sakata haye. kyonki dhvanyaatmak pratilekhon mein itane saare dipthong koo nott karane kii sanchayi drishya jatilata unhein padhane mein adhik kathin banaa sakati haye, isaliye dhvanyaatmak roop seey marshley swar alophone koo kewal ack pramukh monofthongal alophone key roop mein pratilekhit karna asamanya naheen haye, taaki iss tarah key shabd koo adhik saralata seey ack sanghanit tareeke seey pratilekhit kiya jaa sakey. bender (1968) kii khoj seey pahale kii marshleys ney ack urdhvaadhar swar pranali kaa upayog kiya thaa, 12 swar monofthong dhwaniyon kii anumaanit soochi key saath iss tarah seey bhasha kaa pratilekhan karna paaramparik thaa, aur yeh kabhi-kabhi adhik sanghanit dhvanyaatmak pratilekhan key roop mein upayog mein rahata haye. yeh lekh chitran uddeshyon key liye dhvanyaatmak yaa dipthongal dhvanyaatmak pratilekhan kaa upayog kartaa haye, lekin adhikansh udaharanon key liye yeh sabse praasangik chhote swar alophone key saath sanghanit dhvanyaatmak pratilekhan kaa upayog kartaa haye joe motey taur parr marshleys vartani key anuroop haye jaisa kii maid dwara soochit kiya gayaa haye.
kuchh aksharon mein lambe swar hotey hainh 'bhavishya'. maanaa jaataa haye kii unamen ack antarnihit glide (, yaa) haye, joe dhvanyaatmak roop seey maujood naheen haye. udaaharan key liye, kaa antarnihit roop haye. halanki madhya glide koo dhvanyaatmak roop seey mahsoos naheen kiya jaataa haye, yeh swar kii gunavatta koo prabhaavit kartaa haye; jaise kii ack shabd mein, swar seey phir vaapas, key roop mein parivartit hotaa haye. sanghanit dhvanyaatmak pratilekhan mein, ack hii shabd koo yaa key roop mein vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye.
phonotactics.
marshleys mein akshar see. vee., see. vee. see. aur vee. see. pattern kaa paalan karate hain. marshley shabd hamesha antarnihit roop seey vyanjanon key saath shuru aur samaapt hotey hain. praarambhik, antim aur lambe swaron koo dhvanyaatmak star parr maujood naheen antarnihit glide key parinam key roop mein samajhaaya jaa sakata haye. praarambhik swaron koo kabhi-kabhi ack onglide key saath mahsoos kiya jaataa haye yaa lekin lagaatar naheen kiya jaataa haih
marshleys mein kewal samroop vyanjan anukramon kii anumati haye, jisamen glide koo chhodkar pratyek vyanjan kii jaminate kismein shamil hain. gair-samjeevi samooh shabd seemaon key paar bhee swar epinthesis dwara alag kiye jaate hain. kuchh samroop samoohon koo bhee anumati naheen haih
nimnalikhit samamelan banaae jaate hain, jisamen khaali sanyojan epinthesis kaa pratinidhitva karate hain.
ack appenthetic swar kii swar oonchaai dhvanyaatmak naheen hoti haye kyonki appenthetic swar swayam dhvanyaatmak naheen hotaa haye, lekin dou nikatatam anya swaron aur kyaa ack yaa donon samooh vyanjan glide hain, koo dekhate hue abhee bhee dhvanyaatmak roop seey anumaanit haye. bender (1968) vishesh roop seey dou gair-glides key beach epinthetic swaron kii swar oonchaai kii vyakhya naheen kartaa haye, lekin aise swaron vaale unake vibhinn udaharanon mein seey kissy bhee epinthetic swar kii oonchaai unake nikatatam padosi swaron mein seey kissy kii bhee oonchaai seey cumm naheen haye, aur epinthetic swar vaastav mein taba bunn jaataa haye jaba dou nikatatam swar donon houn. "naan" (2014) gair-glides key beach epinthetic swaron kii unchaaiyon koo dhyaan mein naheen rakhta haye, aur una sabhi koo dhvanyaatmak roop seey ack shwa key roop mein pratilekhit kartaa haye. lekin jaba ack samooh mein vyanjanon mein seey ack ack glide hotaa haye, tou unake beach key epinthetic swar kii oonchaai ack alag prakriya kaa paalan karati haye, yeh maanate hue kii usa glide key vipareet disha mein joe bhee swar haye, usee kii oonchaai koo maanate hue, anyatha mook glide key paar isake saath ack lamba swar banaata haye. epinthetic swar bolly jaane vaali bhasha kii lay koo prabhaavit naheen karate hain, aur kabhi bhee ack tanaavpurna shabdansh naheen hoe sakate hain. dhvanyaatmak pratilekhan ardh-swaron key samaan aaee. pee. aeye. sanketan kaa upayog karate hue dou gair-glides key beach upasheershak swaron koo gair-varnamala key roop mein ingit curr sakata haye. kuchh paschimi marshley sthaannaam epinthetic swaron koo spasht karate hainh
samanya roop seey arth koo prabhaavit kiye binaa epinthetic swaron koo chhoda jaa sakata haye, jaise kii geet mein yaa uchchaaran shabdansh viram mein. yeh lekh gair-glides key beach epinthetic swaron koo ingit karane key liye dhvanyaatmak aaee. pee. aeye. pratilekhan mein gair-aksharvaachak sanketan kaa upayog kartaa haye.
samay.
laghu swar aur anumaanit dhwani sabhi samay kii lagbhag samaan avadhi parr kabja karate hain. haalaanki way samay lete hain, lekin anumaanit koo aam taur parr glide key roop mein vyakt naheen kiya jaataa haye, aur choi (1992) pratinidhitva key gahare star seey incar naheen kartaa haye. vishesh roop seey, chhote swar samay kii ack ikai parr kabja karate hain, aur lambe swar (jisake liye ack anumaanit dhvanyaatmak shabd) teen gunaa lambe hotey hain.
gadya key roop mein, pratyek vyanjan aur swar dhvanyaatmak anukram kii lambai ack morah hoti haye, sivaay una anukramon key jahaan swar donon dhwaniyon key liye ack morah rakhta haye. iss prakaar sabhi morey koo anukramon mein yaa bund mein maapa jaataa haih
yeh marshleys koo finish, gilberties, havaiyan aur japani key samaan ack morah-layabaddh bhasha banaata haye.
aitihaasik dhwani parivartan.
marshley vyanjan aspas key proto-micronesian swaron dwara nirdhaarit vibhajan dikhaate hain. proto-micronesian * k * ng * r, dwibhajya aksharon koo chhodkar, jinake anya swar goal naheen hain, key buggle mein yaa yuu key buggle mein goal hoe jaate hain. * l aur * n key default parinam palatalised hotey hain; way * a seey pahale valerised yaa goal hoe jaate hain yaa kabhi-kabhi * o yadi kissy aasann akshar mein koee uchch swar naheen haye. phir, golata oopar key samaan niyam dwara nirdhaarit kii jaati haye.
vartani.
marshley lattin varnamala mein likhaa jaataa haye. dou pratispardhi vartani hain. purani" vartani missionaryon dwara pesh kii gaee thee. yeh pranali marshley kii awazon kaa pratinidhitva karane mein atyadhik susangat yaa wafadar naheen haye, lekin haal taka, isaki koee pratispardhi vartani naheen thee. vartamaan mein iska vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaataa haye, jisamen samachar patra aur sanket shamil hain. naee" vartani vishesh roop seey schools aur yuva vayaskon aur bachchon key beach lokpriyata praapt curr rahee haye. naee" vartani marshley bhasha kii dhwaniyon koo adhik imandari seey darshaati haye aur ebo aitt all dwara marshley-angreji shabdakosh mein upayog kii jaane vaali pranali haye.vartamaan mein ekmatra poorna prakaashit marshley shabdakosh haye.
yahaan vartamaan varnamala haye, jaisa kii marshel dweepon key ganarajya dwara prachaarit kiya gayaa haye. isamen 24 akshar hotey hain.
marshleys vartani dhvanyaatmak vishleshan key bajaay uchchaaran parr adharit haye. isaliye, swaron mein peechhe hatane koo allophonic honey key bavjood chihnit kiya jaataa haye (yeh arth naheen badalata haye), aur dhvanyaatmak star parr prastaavit glide key kaee udaaharan alikhit hain, kyonki way dhvanyaatmak roop seey vyanjanon key roop mein satah parr naheen aatey hain. vishesh roop seey, glide, joe kabhi bhee dhvanyaatmak roop seey vyanjan key roop mein saamane naheen aatee haye, hamesha alikhit hoti haye.
patra kaa upayog aam taur parr kewal teen sthitiyon mein kiya jaataa haih
 shabd-anta mein yaa kissy anya vyanjan seey pahale kabhi naheen likhaa jaataa haye.
paletal glide dhwani koo bhee likhaa jaa sakata haye lekin kewal pahale kii tarah, yaa donon mein seey ack seey pahale kii tarah. sanniktan kabhi bhee kissy seey pahale naheen likhaa jaataa haye. ack majboot ubhara huaa shaivaaliya glide, jise dhvanyaatmak roop seey saade key bajaay videshi gair-akshar vyanjan-swar-swar-swar anukram key roop mein vishleshan kiya jaataa haye, kissy bhee swar seey pahale shabd-praarambhik roop seey hoe sakata haye aur likhaa jaataa haye. aitihaasik karanon seey, kuchh shabdon jaise kii aeye key saath likhaa jaa sakata haye, joe anyatha marshley varnamala mein maujood naheen haye.
vartaneegat bhinnata kaa ack srot swaron key pratinidhitva mein haye. shuddh monofthong swar gunavatta key aadhar parr lagaatar likhe jaate hain. haalaanki, chhote dipthong koo aksar dou swar dhwaniyon mein seey ack key saath likhaa jaa sakata haye joe unamen shamil hain. (samaan dhvanyaatmak anukramon key liye vaikalpik dhvanyaatmak anubhav vishuddh roop seey chitran uddeshyon key liye pradaan kiye jaate hain.)
aadhunik vartani mein kuchh vartani vikalpon mein ack purvagrah haye jisamen donon sambhavanaen dou gair-aprabhaavi vyanjanon key beach samaan roop seey spasht hain.
ack aise shabdansh mein jiska pahala vyanjan goal hotaa haye aur jiska doosara vyanjan taalbaddh hotaa haye, unake beach key swar koo ack key roop mein likhaa jaanaa aam baat haye, joe aamtaur parr ack padosi valerised vyanjan seey judaa hotaa haih
apavaad dou morah ikaaiyon seey baney lambe swar aur lambe dipthong hain, joe lambe akshar key dhvanyaatmak kendrak key karib swar gunavatta key saath likhe jaate hainh
yadi shabdansh dhvanyaatmak roop seey khula haye, tou likhaa gayaa swar aamtaur parr dipthong mein doosara swar hotaa haih shabd aamtaur parr kissy anya tareeke seey naheen likhaa jaataa haye, lekin apavaad maujood hain jaise ("bhoomi; desh; dweep; atole"), jise prathamikta dee jaati haye kyonki vartani iss baat parr jore detee haye kii pahala (alikhit) glide dhwanifalak parshviya key bajaay prishthiya haye.
vyaakaranik sanlagnakon kii vartani, jaise () aur () iss tathya key bavjood cumm parivartaniya haye kii unake swar pichhale/nimnalikhit vyanjan parr nirbhar dusare sadasya key saath dipthong bunn jaate hainh upsarg koo mool key aadhar parr kissy bhee key roop mein uchchaaran kiya jaa sakata haye. shabd ("marshley loga") vaastav mein aisaa uchchaaran kiya jaataa haye jaise kii yeh thaa.
muddon koo pradarshit karein.
sabse adhik polish kiye gaye mudrit paath mein, akshar hamesha seedhe neeche aparivartit sedila key saath dikhaai dete hain, aur akshar hamesha seedhe oopar aparivartit macron key saath dikhaai dete hain. isake bavjood, dicritics koo aksar adhik samanya yaa adhik aasaani seey pradarshit honey vaale varnon kaa upayog karke tadarth vartani dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaataa haye. vishesh roop seey, "marshleys-angrezi online shabdakosh" (lekin print sanskaran naheen), yaa modd, nimnalikhit varnon kaa upayog kartaa haih
2019 taka, aksharon key liye unicode mein koee samarpit poorv-rachit akshar naheen hain; unhein sanyojan dicritics key saath saade lattin aksharon key roop mein pradarshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur yahaan taka kii kaee unicode font bhee sanyojanon koo thheek seey aur achche seey pradarshit naheen karenge. haalaanki yeye unicode mein poorv-rachit aksharon key roop mein maujood hain, lekin yeye akshar adhikansh unicode font mein marshley aksharon key roop mein thheek seey pradarshit naheen hotey hain. unicode aksharon koo ack sedila key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye, lekin latvian varnamala kii apekshaon koo prastut karane key kaaran font aamtaur parr unhein neeche alpaviram key saath pradarshit karate hain. kaee fonts key liye, ack samadhan inn aksharon koo aadhar akshar key roop mein kootbaddh karna haye, jisake baad ack shoonya-chaudaai gair-jodd aur phir ack sanyojan sedila, utpaadan kartaa haye. 
donon pranaliyon koo pahale seey hii aise font kii aavashyakta hoti haye joe mool lattin (key saath) aur lattin vistaarit-aeye (key saath) pradarshit karate hain. maanak vartani mein bhee sanyojan diacritic key liye dicritical nishaanon key sanyojan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. modd key vaikalpik aksharon mein kissy bhee unicode font mein sabhi poorv-rachit aksharon key roop mein badey kareene seey pradarshit honey kaa laabh haye joe mool lattin, lattin vistaarit-aeye key saath-saath lattin-1 poorak (key saath) aur lattin vistaarit atirikt (key saath) kaa samarthan karate hain. yadi koee font aasaani seey sanskrit lipyantaran kii antarrashtriya varnamala aur viyatnami varnamala donon koo pradarshit kartaa haye, tou yeh modd marshleys bhee pradarshit curr sakata haye.
yeh chart samanya web font aur samanya mukt unicode font mein pradarshan muddon koo ujagar kartaa haye joe maanak yaa modd marshley aksharon kaa samarthan karane key liye jaane jaate hain. alag-alag typeface kewal tabhi dikhaai dete hain jaba sanchaalan vatavaran unakaa samarthan kartaa haye. kuchh fonts mein diacritic sanrekhan key muddon kaa sanyojan hotaa haye, aur adhikansh fonts mein latvian diacritic mudda hotaa haye; neeche dikhaae gaye fonts mein seey, kewal noto shrinkhala marshley koo sahee dhang seey pradarshit karati haye.
vartani mein antar.
purani vartani abhee bhee naee vartani key samaan thee, lekin naee vartani kii tulanaa mein vartani mein cumm dhvanyaatmak antar kiya. naee vartani purani vartani key adhikansh vartani pattern kaa paalan karate hue dhvanyaatmak sthirata kaa prayaas karati haye, vishesh roop seey swaron aur aksharon key sambandh mein. isane purani vartani upayogkartaon key liye naee vartani koo seekhana apekshaakrit aasaan banaa diyaa haye. marshleys kii dhvanivigyaan kaa dastavejikaran bender (1969) dwara purani vartani kaa upayog karke likhit udaharanon key saath kiya gayaa thaa. naee aur purani vartani key beach kuchh antar yahaan diye gaye hainh
bender kii vartani.
apane 1968 key prakaashan "marshleys phonology" mein, bhashavid byron doubleu. bender ney vishuddh roop seey ack roopaatmak vartani taiyar kii, jisamen kewal gair-aaee. pee. aeye. prateek vyanjan dhwaniyon, swar dhwaniyon aur boliyon key beach niyamit prativart key anuroop hotey hain, jinka upayog shabdakoshon aur bhasha shikshan mein kiya jaataa haye. unake 1969 key tutorial "spoken marshleys" mein bhee dikhaai dene key alawa, yeh 1976 key "marshleys-angrezi shabdakosh" (maid) mein "naee" vartani key saath ack sanshodhit roop mein dikhaai diyaa, jisamen unhone yogdan diyaa. bender ney baad mein stephen trussel key saath sahyog kiya jaba maid koo "marshleys-angreji online dictionary" (modd) key roop mein website praarup mein anukoolit kiya gayaa, jisamen bender kii vartani phir seey sanshodhit roop mein dikhaai dee.
modd key bender kii vartani key sanskaran mein mode key pradarshan muddon key liye vishisht karanon key liye "naee" vartani aur 1976 key maid key bender kii vartani key sanskaran donon dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale sedila key bajaay under-dott dicritics kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye.
dhwaniyon key saade anukramon key alawa, bender kii vartani kuchh vishesh anukramon koo pehchaanati haye, jinamen seey kaee marshley kii ralik aur ratak boliyon key beach niyamit antar seey sambandhit hain.
vyaakaran.
aakriti vigyaan.
sangyaon koo sangyaon key roop mein chihnit naheen kiya jaataa haye, aur sankhya, ling yaa mamle key liye prabhaavit naheen karate hain. sangyaon koo aksar maukhik kiya jaataa haye aur binaa kissy spasht roopaatmak marker key kriyaon koo nammatra kiya jaataa haih
marshleys key nirdhaarak aur pradarshan hotey hain joe usa sangya kaa paalan karate hain jise way sanshodhit karate hain. inhen sankhya key liye chihnit kiya jaataa haye, aur bahuvachan mein ack maanav/amanviya antar koo bhee kootbaddh kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, ekvachan mein 'pencil' aur 'ladka' ack hii nirdhaarak lete hain, lekin bahuvachan mein 'pencil' aur alag-alag nirdhaarak hotey hain. anishchit ack apavaad hain; ekvachan mein unhein sangya (ee.jee. 'ack geet'), aur koee bahuvachan anishchit nirdhaarak naheen haye. marshley pradarshan pranali key paanch star hotey hainh vaktaa key paas (aiss. jee.). / pee. ell. maanav/pee. ell. amanviya), vaktaa aur shrota key paas (), shrota key paas (), vaktaa aur shrota donon seey door (), aur door lekin drishyamaan ().
marshleys mein pratham aur dwiteeya vyakti ekvachan sarvanamon key dou samooh hotey hain, jinhen "nirpeksh" yaa "prabal" sarvanamon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur "vastunishth" sarvanamon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. marshleys pratham vyakti bahuvachan clusivity key liye chihnit kartaa haye. tritiya vyakti vastunishth sarvanamon kaa upayog kewal manushyon key liye kiya jaa sakata haye; isake bajaay gair-maanav ack shoonya sarvanam lete hainh
prabal sarvanam samaantar vaakyon key vishayon key roop mein, purvadhaaranaaon key poorak key roop mein, vastuon parr jore dene key liye, samanvaya sanrachanaon mein, aur saamyik yaa kendrit vishayon key saath kaary karate hain. samaantar vaakyon mein aur saamyikakaran yaa dhyaan kendrit karane key liye ack vishesh prakaar key sarvanam kaa upayog karna mahasagariya bhaashaon mein aam haye.
vaakya rachana.
kaee sookshm bhaashaon kii tarah marshley bhee vaakyon koo dou prakaron mein vibhajit karate hainh poorvasoochak vaakya aur sameekaran vaakya. poorvasoochak vaakyon mein aiss. vee. oh. shabd crum aur ack mukhya kriya hoti haih
samanuyayi vaakyon mein, vishay aur vidheya donon sangya vakyansh hainh
shabdawali.
cardinal sankhyaaen.
isamen ralik bolly mein ack seey duss taka kii mukhya sankhyaaen shamil hain. jahan ratak key roop bhinn hotey hain, way koshthak mein soochibaddh hotey hain.
paath key udaaharan.
aadhunik vartani.
yahaan maanak marshleys vartani mein olavrishti mairi haih
purani vartani.
yahaan 1982 kii marshley bibil seey prabhu kii prarthana haye, joe purani vartani kaa upayog karati haih

