
beijing shahar key kille

beijing shahar key kille 1400 key dashak kii shuruat mein beijing shahar, chean mein nirmit meenaron aur faatakon key saath divaaron kii shrinkhala they, jaba taka kii unhein 1965 mein beijing sabave kii doosari ring road aur line 2 key nirmaan key liye aanshik roop seey dhwast naheen kiya gayaa thaa. mool divaaron koo shahar key dakshin-purvi bhaag mein, beijing railway station key thheek dakshin mein sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa. shahar kii bheetari aur baahari divaaron kii poori paridhi lagbhag faili hui thee.
adhikansh yuan, ming aur king rajvanshon key liye beijing chean kii rajdhani thee, saath hii saath liao aur jinn rajvanshon key liye ack maadhyamik rajdhani thee. iss prakaar, shahar koo nishiddh shahar, shaahi shahar, aantarik shahar aur baahari shahar key aspas ack vyaapak kilebandi pranali kii aavashyakta thee. kilebandi mein gett tower, gett, archway, watch tower, barbican, barbican tower, barbican gett, barbican archway, slues gett, slues gett tower, dushman koo dekhane vaale tower, koney key gaard tower aur ack khaai pranali shamil thee. shaahi chean mein isaki sabse vyaapak raksha pranali thee.
1911 mein king rajvansh key patan key baad, beijing key kille dheere-dheere dhwast hoe gaye. varjit shahar kaafee hudd taka barkarar rhaa haye, aur mahal sangrahalaya bunn gayaa haye. kuchh kille barkarar hain, jinamen tianmen, jhengyangmen mein gett tower aur watchtower, deshengmen mein watchtower, dakshinpurvi koney mein gaard tower aur chongwenmen key paas shahar kii bheetari deewaar kaa ack hissa shamil haye. baad key dou ghatak abb ming shahar kii deewaar avashesh udyaan banaate hain. baahari shahar kaa koee bhee hissa barkarar naheen haye. 2004 mein yongdingmen kaa poori tarah seey punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa.
itihas.
ming aur king rajvanshon mein beijing key agradoot dadu shahar kaa nirmaan 1264 mein yuan rajvansh dwara kiya gayaa thaa. dadu key paas 11 shahar key dwaar they. purvi, dakshini aur paschimi pakshon mein prati paksh teen dwaar they, aur uttari deewaar mein dou dwaar they. uttar seey dakshin taka teen purvi dwaaron koo gwangximen (), chongrenmen () aur kihuamen () kahaa jaataa thaa. uttar seey dakshin taka teen paschimi dwaaron koo sukingmen (), heymen () aur pingsmen () kahaa jaataa thaa. paschim seey poorv taka teen dakshini dwaaron koo shunchengmen (), lijhengmen () aur weinmingman () kahaa jaataa thaa. paschim seey poorv taka dou uttari dwaaron koo giandemen () aur enjhenmen () kahaa jaataa thaa.
agast 1368 mein ming rajvansh key general zuu daa ney antim yuan samrat, samrat shuna seey shahar parr kabja curr liya. juu daa ney faisala kiya kii dadu kii kilebandi pranali gherabandi key dauran raksha karane key liye bahut badee thee, isaliye unhone shahar kii uttari divaaron koo mool sthaan key dakshin mein phir seey banaane kaa adesh diyaa. iss nirmaan ney shahar key niyojit uttari vistaar koo poorv-baadhit curr diyaa. naee deewaar kaa nirmaan eenton kii ack atirikt parat key saath kiya gayaa thaa, jisase shahar kii raksha aur majboot hui.
mool uttari divaaron koo 1372 key baad chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin phir bhee ming rajvansh key dauran ack maadhyamik raksha key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa thaa. daa key vidroh key dauran, una dwaaron parr kuchh ming sanic tainaat they. dadu shahar kii divaaron key uttari aur paschimi bhaagon kaa kewal ack chhota saa hissa bachaa haye, saath hii una kshetron mein khaai pranali key kuchh hisse bhee hain. sukwingmen mein barbican kii kshatigrast prithvi kii deewaar kaa dakshini aadhaa hissa bhee aaj bhee dikhaai detaa haye.
1370 mein hongwoo samrat ney apane chauthe bete, jhu dee (baad mein yongle samrat) koo, yaan nirbharta key raajaa kii upaadhi dee, jisaki rajdhani beeping (vartamaan beijing) mein thee. 1379 mein nayaa mahal puuraa huaa aur agale varsh zuu dee koo sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa.
1403 mein zuu dee ney shahar kaa naam beeping ("uttari shaanti") seey badalkar beijing ("uttari rajdhani") curr diyaa. 1406 mein unhone apani rajdhani koo nanjing seey beijing leey jaane kii yojana banaana shuru kiya. beijing taba kewal zuu dee key nirbhar raajya yaan kii rajdhani thee, aur isamen bahut vyaapak kille naheen they. naee rajdhani kii raksha aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane key liye vyaapak vistaar aur punarnirmaan kaary kii aavashyakta hogi taaki uttar seey chhitput mangol ghuspaith kaa saamana kiya jaa sakey. yeh beijing key kilebandi key ming khandon key nirmaan kii shuruat thee, jisake kuchh hisse aaj bhee maujood hain.
xinei ("aantarik paschim") parr nirmaan kaary 1406 mein yaan raajaa key mahal kii neenv parr shuru huaa. yeh agale varsh samaapt hoe gayaa. 1409 mein changping jile mein mount tianshou mein jianshouling poori kii gaee thee. 1416 mein varjit shahar parisar parr nirmaan kaary shuru huaa, ack aisee shally mein joe mool nanjing shaahi mahal kii nakal karati thee. iss samay shahar key nishiddh holl, mahal aur mandap, jaise taimiyao, poorvaj holl, mount vansui, taaee jheel, duss raajaon key nivaas, shaahi rajkumaron key nivaas, adhikaariyon key nivaas aur dhol aur ghanti key meenar banaae gaye they. bhavishya key shaahi shahar parisar key liye adhik jagah dene key liye dakshini shahar kii divaaron koo dakshin kii or sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa. 1421 mein chean key ming rajvansh kii rajdhani koo aadhikarik taur parr nanjing ("dakshini rajdhani") seey beijing ("uttari rajdhani") mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. swarg kaa mandir, prithvi kaa mandir aur zianong mandir taba dakshini upnagaron mein banaae gaye they. kuchh sroton seey sanket milata haye kii shahar kaa kendriya aksh poorv kii or pichhale rajvansh key kii (nayaa kii poorv seey aataa haye, jahaan suraj pratidin ugataa haye) koo vash mein karane key liye sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa.
shahar kaa doosara vistaar 1436 aur 1445 key beach, ming rajvansh key samrat ying key adesh parr huaa. pramukh karyon mein shahar kii divaaron key aantarik hisse mein eenton kii ack atirikt parat koo jodana, taaee jheel mein dakshini chhor kaa nirmaan, nau pramukh shahar key faatakon parr gett towers, barbican aur watchtowers kaa nirmaan, chaar koney key gaard towers kaa nirmaan, pratyek pramukh shahar key gett key baahar ack paffang sthaapit karna aur lakadi key khaai pulon koo patthar key pulon seey badalana shamil thaa. pulon key neeche slues banaae gaye they aur khaai key tatbandh mein patthar aur eenton key avashesh jode gaye they.
naee vistaarit shahar kii deewaar aur khaai pranali paridhi key aspas 45 ell. aaee. aiss. () thee, joe durjeya raksha pradaan karati thee. shaahi kabrein shahar key baahari ilaake mein banaai gaee theen. changing shahar, ack aapoorti shahar, mahaan deewaar key aantarik bhaag aur anya door key kilebandi koo gherabandi key dauran beijing kii suraksha key liye banaaya gayaa thaa.
shahar koo mangolon key kaee akramanon kaa saamana karna padaa. 1476 mein ack baahari shahar key nirmaan kaa prastaav rakhaa gayaa thaa. 1553 mein, mool shahar key dakshin mein ack badee aaytaakaar baahari shahar kii deewaar aur khaai pranali poori kii gaee, jisase "′" charitra key samaan aakar banaa. iss rakshaatmak paridhi koo lagbhag 400 varshon taka banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa.
deewaar aur khaai raksha pranali koo king rajvansh (1644-1912) dwara aparivartit rakhaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, shaahi shahar koo poori tarah seey phir seey design kiya gayaa thaa. kaee ghar joe ming rajvansh key aantarik cabinet adhikaariyon dwara awas key roop mein upayog kiye gaye they, unhein aam logon key liye awas mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jaisa kii kaee shaahi adhikaariyon key karyalaya, naukaron key awas, godam aur ghaas bhandaran bhandar they. haan cheeniyon koo baahari shahar mein yaa shahar key baahar rahane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki shahar key ander key nivaas vishesh roop seey samrat seey sambandhit aathh banners-manchus key liye ghar bunn gaye they. shaahi rishtedaron key liye shahar key ander atirikt awas banaaya gayaa thaa, saath hii saath jelag sampradaay key bauddh mandiron kaa bhee. paschimi upnagaron mein "teen parvat paanch udyaan" udyaan bhee iss samay banaaya gayaa thaa.
jaba british pahali baar king rajvansh key dauran beijing pahunche, tou unhone shahar key chaar hisson koo samachar patron mein darj kiyaah cheeni shahar (baahari shahar), tartar shahar (aantarik shahar), shaahi shahar aur nishiddh shahar.
todana.
aitihaasik abhilekhon seey sanket milata haye kii jaba lii jicheng 1644 mein shahar seey peechhe hutt gaye, tou unhone adesh diyaa kii ming shaahi mahal parisar aur pramukh shahar key faatakon mein aag lagaa dee jaae. lekin 1960 mein, jaba divaaron koo antatah dhwast curr diyaa gayaa, tou shramikon koo ehsas huaa kii dongjhimen aur chongwenmen tower aur gett section mool roop seey ming they.
1900 taka, ming aur king rajvanshon key dauran deewaar aur khaai pranaliyon koo achchi tarah seey banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa. kissy bhee chhed koo drill karane kii anumati naheen thee, koee mehrab naheen banaai gaee thee. kissy bhee nuksan kii-bhale hii kewal ack hii eent gayab hoe-turant adhikaariyon koo soochit kiya gayaa aur marammat kii gaee.
mukkebaaz vidroh (1898-1901) key dauran kilebandi koo bahut nuksan pahuncha thaa. dhaarmik sadbhaav samaaj ney jhengyangmen mein gett tower koo jalaa diyaa, aur isake watchtower koo bhaaratiya sainikon dwara nasht curr diyaa gayaa. chaoyangmen aur chongwenmen key watchtower japani aur british balon kii topon kii golibari seey nasht hoe gaye they, aur shahar key uttar-paschim koney mein gaard tower koo russie tope dwara nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. british sainikon ney yongdingmen mein baahari shahar kii divaaron key paschimi hisse aur swarg key mandir key aspas shahar kii divaaron koo faad diyaa. unhone beijing-fengtian railway key terminus koo shahar key baahar majiyapu seey swarg key mandir key maidan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa, jahan british aur americi balon kaa mukhyalaya thaa. ming rajvansh key baad yeh pahali baar thaa jaba shahar kii divaaron koo todaa gayaa thaa. 1901 mein british sainikon ney yongdingmen mein baahari shahar kii divaaron key purvi hisse koo faad diyaa taaki railway kaa poorv kii or jhengyangmen taka vistaar kiya jaa sakey. isane jhengyangmen purvi railway station (vartamaan kianmen station) key nirmaan koo saksham banaaya. yahaan, british dutawas aur vanijya dutawas key karmchari peechhe hatane kii aavashyakta kii sthiti mein tiensin (abb tianzin) key bandargah shahar kii yatra karane key liye trains mein savaar hoe sakate they. british sainikon ney beijing dongbianmen-tongjhou feeder railway key nirmaan key liye dongbianmen key paas baahari shahar kii deewaar key purvi hisse koo bhee faad diyaa.
1911 mein chean kii shaahi sarkaar dhwast hoe gaee. 1912 aur 1949 key beach, chean ganarajya kii beyang sarkaar aur rashtravadi sarkaar ney sabhi ney mamuli vighatan aur samaayojan kaary shuru kiya. jaba 1915 mein beijing shahar key chakkar mein railway kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, tou poorvottar aur dakshin-poorv konon mein drishya towers koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur inn konon mein gaard towers kii buggle kii divaaron parr relgaadiyon key liye maarg key roop mein mehrab banaae gaye they. trains chalane key liye deshengmen, auringmen, chaoyangmen aur dongjhimen mein barbican aur slues geton koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. kianmen kshetra mein yatayat koo aasaan banaane key liye jhengyangmen mein barbican koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. trains key liye mehraabon koo happingman, jiangomen, fuxingman aur kaee anya chhote faatakon key paas shahar kii divaaron mein kaataa gayaa thaa. dakshin seey dakshin-paschim khand koo chhodkar shaahi shahar kii divaaron koo poori tarah seey dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
rakharkhaav key liye dhana kii kamee key kaaran shahar key ander aur baahar donon pramukh dwaaron key dwaar meenar, watch tower aur koney key meenaron koo samay key saath dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. lekin jaba 1949 mein chean key janvaadi ganarajya kii sthaapana hui, tou adhikansh khaai aur gett tower maujood they, halanki ack jeern-sheern raajya mein.
1949 mein beijing nava sthaapit saamyavaadi sarkaar kii rajdhani bunn gaee. sarkaar dwara praayojit shahar yojana adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa kii shesh deewaar aur khaai sanrachanaaen yatayat pravaah mein baadha daal rahee theen aur vistaar aur vikas mein baadha theen. 1950 key dashak mein baahari shahar kii deewaar koo poori tarah seey dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur 1953 mein shuru honey vaali bheetari divaaron koo toda diyaa gayaa thaa.
iss beach, shahar kii shesh divaaron koo banaae rakhna yaa todana haye, iss parr bahas chala rahee thee. vastukar liang sicheng divaaron koo rakhane key liye ack pramukh adhivakta they. unhone naee sadakon koo samaayojit karane key liye aur adhik mehraabon koo kaatane kii sifarish kii joe yatayat kii badhati jarooraton koo puuraa karengi, aur paryaavaran koo sunder banaane key liye shahar kii divaaron aur khaai key turant baahar ack vishal shahar-paridhiya saarvajanik udyaan banaane kaa sujhaav diyaa. rakharkhaav samarthak mein radologist yuu pingbo, taba sanskriti vibhaag key upa mantri jheng jhenduo aur desh mein kaee soviyat shahar key yojnakar shamil they. raajneetik dabaav key kaaran rakharkhaav samarthak dall koo chup karaa diyaa gayaa thaa, aur aage kii badee chhalang (1958-1961) key anta taka, baahari shahar kii deewaar poori tarah seey dhwast hoe gaee thee aur bheetari deewaar kii lambai aadhi hoe gaee thee.
1960 key dashak key dauran, chean aur soviyat sangh key beach sambandhon mein khatas aaa gaee. sino-soviyat vibhajan key baad, logon ney mahsoos kiya kii soviyat sangh key saath yuddh apariharya thaa. bhoomigat bumm aashray, bhoomigat "aapoorti shahar" aur ack bhoomigat railway-beijing metro-koo chaalu kiya gayaa thaa. metro parr kaam 1 julaai 1965 koo shuru huaa. nirmaan takneek kaa upayog cutt-aind-cover kiya gayaa thaah jahaan bhee metro kaa raasta jaanaa thaa, satah parr sub kuchh dhwast karna padaa. choonki gharon koo dhwast karna aur logon koo sthanantarit karna itna badaa kaam hotaa, isaliye metro line banaane kaa nirnay liya gayaa thaa jahaan shahar kii deevaaren aur khaai sthit theen.
1965 mein shuru huaa vidhvans kaa kaam, beijing shahar sarkaar key sadak aur vikas vibhaag kii dekhrekh mein thaa. shahar key kilebandi seey nirmaan samagri taka pahunch praapt karane kii ummeed rakhane vaale loga aur karkhane vidhvans mein bhaag lene key liye swechha seey aae. metro pranali parr nirmaan shuru honey key baad, prakriya kii gati aur dakshata badhaane key liye vidhvans kaary mein madad karane key liye sainikon koo laaya gayaa thaa. divaaron key pahale hisse koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, joe shahar kii bheetari deewaar kaa dakshini hissa thaa, juanwomen aur chongwenmen, joe ack khaai koo peechhe chhod rahey they. doosara charan aantarik shahar key dakshin-poorv koney mein beijing railway station seey shuru huaa aur jiangomen, aurangmen, zizimen aur fuxingmen key sthalon seey hocker gujra. meenaron aur divaaron koo hataa diyaa gayaa aur ack aur khaai banaai gaee. lagbhag lambe samay taka zibianmen key paas deewaar key ack hisse kaa upayog kachche maal key bhandaran kshetra key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa, aur iss prakaar ise vidhvans seey bachaa liya gayaa thaa. ack anya khand mein chongwenmen seey laker shahar key bheetari koney mein gaard tower taka koo chhod diyaa gayaa, kyonki metro line beijing railway station kii or mudee hui thee. divaaron key sheersh koo toda diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase unake sheersh parr chalana sambhav naheen thaa. 1972 mein shuru hocker, metro key oopar doosari ring road koo pakka karane key liye, aur kianmen kshetra mein oonche apartment aur hotalon kii seva key liye, beijing key purvi, dakshini aur paschimi khaai koo cover kiya gayaa aur seaver mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa.
1979 mein, sarkaar ney shahar kii shesh divaaron koo dhwast karna bund curr diyaa aur unhein saanskritik viraasat sthalon kaa naam diyaa. iss samay taka, jhengyangmen mein gett tower aur watch tower, deshengmen mein watch tower, dakshin-poorv koney mein gaard tower, shahar key bheetari hisse kii uttari khaai, beijing railway station key dakshin mein shahar kii bheetari deewaar kaa hissa aur jibianmen key paas shahar kii bheetari deewaar kaa ack chhota hissa hii akshunna thaa.
raksha.
ming aur king rajvanshon key dauran beijing kii raksha pranali mein shahar kii deevaaren, khaai, gett tower, barbican, watch tower, corner gaard tower, dushman key drishti tower aur shahar key baahar aur ander sainya shivir shamil they. shahar key uttar mein pahaad aur una parvat shrinkhalaon parr aantarik mahaan deewaar khandon ney bhee ack rakshaatmak paridhi key roop mein kaam kiya.
ming rajvansh key dauran, beijing aur usake aspas sthaayi shivir key tahat sainikon koo jingjun yaa jingying ("rajdhani sanic") kahaa jaataa thaa. yongle yug (1402-1424) key dauran, unhein teen samoohon mein sangathit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhen wuzunying (adhikansh senaa seey milkar), sankianying (bhaade key aur sambaddh mangol sainikon seey milkar), aur shenziying (agneyastron kaa upayog karane vaale sainikon seey milkar) kahaa jaataa thaa. teen ying koo aage 72 vee mein vibhajit kiya gayaa, jinhen paanch samoohon mein sangathit kiya gayaa, jinake naam jhongjun (kendra), zuezun (baaen beach), yuezun (daaen beach), zuoshojun (baaen gaard) aur yaushojun (daaen gaard) they; inhen saamoohik roop seey wujuning ("paanch sanic") key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. adhikansh jingjun kaa mukhyalaya paschim deshenguan key baahar thaa. kuchh ney rajdhani kshetra key graameen jilon mein, nanyuan, tonjhou, lugaukiao, changping aur juyongguan aantarik mahaan deewaar mein derra daala. 1449 mein tumu sankat key dauran, poore jingjun koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen lagbhag 500,000 purushon kaa nuksan huaa thaa. yuu kian ney taba bull kii sangathanaatmak sanrachana koo badal diyaa, kaee alag-alag shiviron seey lagbhag 100,000 achchi tarah seey prashikshit sainikon koo ack supergroup mein laayaah 10-batalian supergroup. ise ming rajvansh key samrat shian key shasankal key dauran 12 bataliyanon taka badhaaya gayaa thaa. inhen dongguent aur ziganting mein aantarik shahar key bheetar seey adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. shahar kii divaaron key baahar drilling aur prashikshan kshetron kaa upayog asthaayi shiviron key roop mein bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. mool wujuning, sankioning aur shenziying koo shaahi shahar aur nishiddh shahar kii raksha key prabhaari rakshak ikaaiyon mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. baad mein shaahi guards key saath jinyiwei aur tengshiangwei shamil hoe gaye, jinake commanders mein "miyanyiwei dahan general", "hongkui general", "mingjia general", "bazong director" aur kaee anya shamil they. shaahi shahar mein "hongpu" naamak ack rakshak chauki kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. shahar key dwaar raat mein bund they aur kissy koo bhee ander yaa baahar jaane kii anumati naheen thee jaba taka kii vishesh anumati naheen dee gaee thee, halanki ack apavaad vaha gaadi thee joe lagaatar mount yukan seey vasant kaa paani laati thee. shahar kii sadakon parr raat mein lagaatar gasht karane vaale paharedar they. kuchh sadakon parr raat mein yatayat koo door rakhane key liye barricades lagaae gaye they. shahar kii divaaron parr aam taur parr dinn yaa raat station parr koee sanic naheen hotaa thaa. adhikansh loga divaaron key neeche shiviron mein rahate they, kuchh gett towers, watch towers aur dushman key drishti towers parr raat kii paali mein rahate they. kewal jaba dushman key hamale kaa khatra thaa, taba sanic shahar kii divaaron key oopar tainaat they. ming rajvansh key dauran, beijing aksar mangol aur manchu balon dwara gherabandi key adheen thaa. beijing shahar kaee baar poori tarah seey bund thaa, jisamen aam logon koo shahar mein pravesh karane seey manaa curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
king rajvansh key dauran, beijing kii raksha senaa mukhya roop seey ziaokiing parr nirbhar thee, joe aantarik shahar key bheetar shiviron mein bikhare hue they, taba mukhya roop seey manchus rahate they. unhein aathh banners mein sangathit kiya gayaa thaah endingmen mein zianghuang banner, desengmen mein zhenghuang banner, dongzimen mein zhengbai banner, chaoyangmen mein ziangbai banner, zizimen mein zianghong banner, fuchengmen mein zianghong banner, chongwenmen mein zianglan banner aur zuanwomen mein zianglan banner. pratyek banner mein ack karyalaya kaksh, kaee sainya bairak, ack gashti station aur ack godam thaa. ziaokiing key alawa, sainikon ney beijing aur usake aspas sthaayi roop seey derra daala, jisamen qianfenging, huzuning, bujun zunbeauing, jianruing, huokiing (topkhaane key prabhaari), shenizing (pahali baar 1862 mein shuru huaa), aur hookwianjing (bandookon key prabhaari) shamil they. yongjheng yug (1722-1735) key baad seey, shaahi avkash udyaanon kii raksha key prabhaari aathh banner gaard sainikon koo puraane grishmakaaleen mahal aur sugandhit pahaadiyon key aspas key kshetra mein derra daala gayaa thaa. shahar key bheetar key nau faatakon key liye aathh banners kii vahee pranali thee. sainikon mein manchu, mangol aur haan sainikon kaa samaan vitaran thaa. shahar key faatakon kii raksha karane key prabhaari changmenalling key sanic inn banners seey aaeh aur jhengalan banner, jhiyangalan banner, jhiyangbai banner, jhiyangong banner, jhiyangbai banner, jhiyangong banner, jhengbai banner, jhengong banner, jhengong banner, jhengong banner, jhengang banner, jhengang banner, jhengang banner, jhengang banner aur jhengyang banner key beach jhengyangmen ghoom rahey they. baahari shahar key saat dwaar haan sainikon dwara nimnalikhit banners seey banaae gaye theh dongbianmen zianguang banner, zibianmen zhenghuang banner, gwangkumen zhengbai banner, gwangman zhenghong banner, zuanmen zianglan aur ziangbai banner, yuu 'enman zianghong banner aur yangdingmen zenglan banner. 1728 mein jhengyangmen koo chhodkar, aantarik shahar mein aathh banners key liye sthaayi bairak banaae gaye they. pratyek dwaar mein ack ying key liye 460 kamare, pratibandh key liye 90 kamare aur ack geng key liye 15 kamare they, kull 3,680 kamare they. shahar kii divaaron key baahar ack atirikt 16,000 kamare they, jinamen seey pratyek banner mein 2,000 kamare they. manchu sainikon koo 1,500 kamare aur haan sainikon koo 500 kamare aavantit kiye gaye they. shahar kii bheetari divaaron key oopar 135 bhandaran kaksh bhee they, jinamen seey 106 sainya upkaranon jaise kii disha dhwaj, tope, barud aur bandookon key liye they. 1835 mein, teen kamaron key 241 gharon koo aantarik shahar key nau dwaaron mein jodaa gayaa, kyonki mool bhusa aur mitty key bairak bigad rahey they. atthais store room jode gaye, saath hii 3,616 baahari shahar bairak bhee jode gaye. king rajvansh (1644-1911) key dauran, ziaokiing sanic aamtaur parr shahar kii divaaron key bajaay shahar key faatakon key baahar rahate they. gherabandi key dauran shahar kii raksha key liye yeh aasaan saabit huaa. kewal jaba samrat yuanmingyuan yaa swarg key mandir key liye shahar seey nickle rhaa thaa, taba sanic khud koo divaaron key oopar khadaa karate they. ack apavaad juanwomen thaa; kyonki raat mein khula rahane vaalaa ekmatra dwaar, deewaar key sheersh parr lagaatar maanav nirmit thaa. samay koo chihnit karane key liye dopahar mein juanwomen key oopar topein chalaai gaeen.
ming aur king rajvanshon key dauran, pramukh rakshaatmak hathiyar aag, tope aur dhanush aur teer they. 1629 mein, haujin sainikon ney beijing parr hamla kiya, aur 1644 mein, lii jicheng key sainikon ney beijing kii gherabandi curr dee. donon gherabandi key dauran shahar kii divaaron key oopar sainikon ney badey paimaane parr topon kaa istemal kiya. dusare afeem yuddh (1856-1860) key dauran, shahar kii divaaron key baahar tainaat aakramankari sainikon ney haar maan lii, kyonki beijing bahut badey paimaane parr sanrakshit thaa. 13 agast aur 15 agast 1900 key beach, jaba aathh-rashtra gathbandhan ney beijing parr aakraman kiya, tou kille koo dou poore dinon taka tope key hamalon seey bambari kaa saamana karna padaa. king balon ney gathbandhan sainikon koo goli maarne key liye apani uchch oonchaai aur motee divaaron kii suraksha kaa puuraa laabh uthaaya. russie aur japani balon ney dongjhimen aur chaoyangmen mein deewaar mein ack antaral koo udaane key liye nitrocellulose kaa upayog karane kaa kaee baar prayaas kiya, lekin whiffle rahey kyonki sanic binaa goli maare fuse koo rotion karane key liye paryaapt karib naheen jaa sakey. barbican, dushman key drishti tower aur koney key gaard tower dushman key hamalon koo rokane mein kaafee prabhaavi saabit hue. udaaharan key liye, 13 agast kii raat koo, russie sanic dongbian key watch tower parr aakraman karane mein safal rahey, lekin barbican mein bhaari hataahat hue. 14 agast kii dair subah taka unhone dongbianmen key gett tower parr vijay praapt naheen kii thee, joe kewal ack doori parr thaa. baahari shahar aur aantarik shahar key gathbandhan balon key haathon mein jaane key baad bhee, shaahi shahar kii raksha abhee bhee bunny hui thee. 15 agast kii subah, americi balon ney tianmen faatakon koo nasht karane kii koshish mein kaee bandookon kaa istemal kiya, lekin unhone pakad liya. japani sainikon ney deewaar koo paar karane aur dwaar kholane key liye seedhi kaa upayog kiya, iss prakaar gathbandhan sainikon koo shaahi shahar mein pravesh karane kii anumati dee. 25 julaai 1937 koo ack ghatana mein, japani sainikon kii ack batalian ney fengtai jile mein derra daala, ghoshana kii kii unakaa irada "japani apravasiyon kii raksha karna" aur "dongziamin street key dutawas jile kii raksha karna" thaa, unhone beijing mein aage badhane kii koshish kii. jaba way gwang 'maine mein pravesh karane lagey, tou lagbhag bees cheeni sainikon ney gett tower key oopar seey una parr golibari kii, jisase unhein apani yojana koo chhodane key liye majboor honah padaa. iss prakaar 1930 aur 1940 key aadhunik yug mein bhee jeern-sheern kille abhee bhee rakshaatmak roop seey upayogi they.
bheetari shahar.
beijing key aantarik shahar koo jingcheng ("rajdhani shahar") yaa dacheng ("badaa shahar") bhee kahaa jaataa haye. purvi aur paschimi khand mool roop seey yuan shahar dadu kaa hissa they, jabaki uttari aur dakshini khandon kaa nirmaan hongwoo (1368-1398) aur yongle (1402-1424) yugon mein praarambhik ming rajvansh key dauran kiya gayaa thaa. deevaaren chattanon seey dhaki mitty seey bunny theen aur aantarik aur baahari donon taraf eenton kii ack parishkaran parat thee. ausat oonchaai 12 seey 15 meater thee. praarambhik ming rajvansh mein nirmit uttari aur dakshini khand, purvi aur paschimi khandon kii tulanaa mein motey they, joe yuan rajvansh (1271-1368) key dauran banaae gaye they. motey khandon kaa ausat aadhar parr 19 seey 20 meater aur sheersh parr 16 meater thaa, jisamen sheersh parr parapet they. shahar kii bheetari deewaar mein nau dwaar aur pratyek koney mein ack meenar thee. teen slues gett, 172 dushman dekhane vaale tower aur 11,038 yuddhapot they. shahar kii divaaron key turant baahar 30 seey 60 meater chaudi gahari khaai thee.
shahar kii bheetari deevaaren.
dadu kii shahar kii divaaron kaa upayog beijing key aantarik shahar kii divaaron kii neenv key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. 1368 mein, jaba ming sainikon ney dadu mein pravesh kiya, tou general zuu daa ney huaa jilong koo mool uttari shahar kii deewaar key dakshin mein kshatigrast prithvi kii doosari shahar kii deewaar banaane kaa nirdesh diyaa. naee deewaar koo baad mein pattharon aur eenton seey dhaka diyaa gayaa thaa. 1372 mein mool uttari shahar kii deewaar koo poori tarah seey dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur naee deewaar koo majboot karane key liye samagri kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. mool shaahi shahar kii paridhi koo usa samay 1,206 jhaang (lagbhag 4,020 meater) key roop mein maapa gayaa thaa. dakshini shahar kii paridhi 5,328 jhaang (lagbhag 17,760 meater) thee. dakshini shahar mein jinn rajvansh kii rajdhani jhongadu key avashesh shamil they.
1406 mein rajdhani koo beijing mein sthanantarit karane key baad, dakshini shahar kii deewaar koo 2 lii (lagbhag ack kilometres) dakshin mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. mool dadu shahar kii divaaron koo nasht naheen kiya gayaa thaa, sivaay ack chhote seey hisse key joe niyojit ming shaahi shahar koo overlap kartaa thaa. phir bhee, muft eenton aur pattharon kii talash mein logon dwara dadu kii dakshini shahar kii divaaron koo dheere-dheere faad diyaa gayaa. yongle yug (1402-1424) key dauran, dakshini, purvi aur paschimi divaaron koo pattharon aur eenton seey majboot kiya gayaa thaa. 1435 mein gett tower, watch tower, barbican, slues gett aur nau shahar key geton key liye koney key gaard towers kaa nirmaan shuru huaa. 1439 mein faatakon kii or jaane vaale pull banaae gaye they. 1445 mein shahar kii aantarik divaaron koo eenton seey majboot kiya gayaa thaa. iss prakaar aantarik shahar kii deewaar aur khaai pranali poori hoe gaee thee.
shahar key bheetari bhaag kii divaaron kii paridhi 24 kilometres thee. yeh lagbhag vargakar thaa, uttar aur dakshin kii divaaron koo unaki mool sthiti seey sthanantarit kiye jaane key kaaran poorv aur paschim kii deevaaren thodi lambi theen. uttar-paschimi khand mein ack sheersh kii kamee thee; ack maanchitra parr aisaa lagata haye jaise koney koo kaat diyaa gayaa hoe. cheeni pauranik kathaa mein nuwa ney swarg koo thheek kiya, "uttar-paschim mein akash gayab thaa, aur prithvi dakshin-poorv mein doob rahee thee. remot sensing key saath kii gaee vaigyaanik jaanch key anusaar, iss kshetra mein mool roop seey shahar kii deevaaren theen, joe daldal aur ardrabhoomi mein bunny theen. deewaar koo ack vikarn connection key paksh mein chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase shahar key baahar bhoomi kaa ack chhota saa trikon thaa.
beijing kaa aantarik shahar kaee baar gherabandi key dayare mein aaya; udaaharan key liye, ming rajvansh key dauran aandaa khaan aur haujin key aakraman aur mukkebaaz vidroh aur king rajvansh key dauran aathh deshon key gathbandhan key hamale. aathh deshon key gathbandhan koo chhodkar sabhi kaa safaltapurvak bachaav kiya gayaa.
1911 mein king rajvansh key patan key baad, jhengyangmen, chaoyangmen, juanvemen, dongjhimen aur aur aurangmen mein barbican koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa, saath hii dong 'aanmen aur shaahi shahar kii shahar kii divaaron koo, yatayat pravaah mein sudhaar karane aur shahar-seema railway key nirmaan kii anumati dene key liye. 1924 mein yatayat pravaah mein sudhaar key liye happingman mein ack nayaa dwaar banaaya gayaa thaa. iss avadhi key dauran kaee anya dwaar aur mehrab, jaise kii "kimmingmen" (vartamaan jiangomen) aur "cheng 'aanmen" (vartamaan "fuxingman"), khole gaye they.
1949 key baad, chean kii communist party ney shahar kii divaaron koo badey paimaane parr dhwast karane kaa adesh diyaa. koriyai yuddh key dauran, yatayat ghanatva koo cumm karane key liye, chhah nae mehrab maarg banaae gaye theh dayabo ailee archway, beimenkang archway (jise abb dongsi shitaao archway kahaa jaataa haye), north bell tower avenue archway, zinzico archway, west gwanyuan archway, aur songheen ailee archway.
shahar key bheetari dwaar.
beijing kii bheetari shahar kii deewaar mein gett tower they joe 12 seey 13 meater oonche aaytaakaar platforms parr baithe they aur shahar kii divaaron mein ekikrit they. pratyek pravesh dwaar, joe isake dwaar meenar key munch key beach mein kendrit thaa, mein dou vishal laal lakadi key dwaar they joe baahar kii or khulate they. darvaajon key baahari hisse mein lohe key bulb aur aantarik hisse mein tambe key bulb lagaae gaye they. jaba darwaaje bund they tou way vishal pedh-trunk-aakar key lakadi key beam seey bund they.
shahar key bheetari dwaar meang rajvansh (1435-1449) key jhengtong yug key dauran bahu-tarfa zeashanding shally mein banaae gaye they. chhatein dhusar null vaali chhat kii tailon aur hurry chamkili tailon seey dhaki hui theen. jhengyangmen key gett tower kii lambai saat kamare aur chaudaai mein paanch kamare they; chauyangmen aur fuchengmen teen kamare chaude they. pratyek gett tower kii ack alag manjil yojana thee. jhengyangmen mein gett tower sabse oonchaa aur sabse prabhaavshaali aantarik shahar gett tower thaa. chongwenmen aur juanwomen jhengyangmen seey thode chhote they. dongjhimen aur jizimen abhee bhee chhote they, aur desengmen, aur chingmen, chaoyangmen, sabse chhote fuchengmen they. pratyek dwaar meenar mein dou manjilen theen. dushman key nikat aaney kaa behtar drishya paane key liye sanic oopari star parr chadh sakate they.
pratyek gett tower key saamane seedhe ack watch tower thaa. way sabhi advitiya they. jhengyangmen mein watch tower 38 meater oonchaa, 52 meater chauda aur 32 meater gahara thaa, jise 12 meater oonche ack oonche munch parr banaaya gayaa thaa. kianmen" naam kaa yeh dwaar samrat key vishesh upayog key liye thaa. bahu-eved zeashanding shally mein nirmit, isamen sheersh parr harey rung kii chamkili tailon key saath gray tube vaali chhat kii tiles theen. dakshini taraf 52 teer key tukadon key saath saat kamare they, aur uttari taraf 21 teer key tukadon key saath paanch kamare they. purvi aur paschimi pakshon mein seey pratyek mein 21 teer they. anya aantarik shahar key watchtowers mein kianmen key samaan baahari design they, jisamen saamane mein bahu-susajjit sheashanding-shally key gett tower aur peechhe mein paanch kamaron kii ack shrinkhala thee. watch towers key oopari aur nichale donon star teer key tukadon seey lais they.
watch towers koo ander kii divaaron aur baahari divaaron donon seey ack sanrachana dwara jodaa gayaa thaa jise barbican kahaa jaataa thaa. dongjhimen yaa jizimen key barbican vargakar they; jhengyangmen aur dessengmen mein aaytaakaar they; dongbianmen aur jibianmen mein way ardhvrittakar they. adhikansh aantarik shahar key barbican mein goal koney they, joe behtar drishti rekhaaen pradaan karate they aur chadhaai yaa nasht karna adhik kathin thaa. pratyek aantarik shahar barbican kaa ack anootha design thaa.
jhengyangmen.
jhengyangmen ('dhaarmik soorya kaa dwaar'), 1419 mein puuraa huaa, joe shahar key bheetari hisse kii dakshini deewaar key kendra mein sthit thaa. iska nirmaan teen-tarfa sheashanding shally mein harey rung kii chamkili tailon key saath kiya gayaa thaa. mool roop seey lijhengmen ("sunder portal kaa dwaar") kahaa jaataa thaa, naam jhengtong yug (1435-1449) key dauran badal diyaa gayaa thaa. 
pratyek aantarik shahar barbican mein ack mandir thaa, aur jhengyangmen mein barbican mein dou theh paschim mein gwandemiao aur poorv mein gwaninmiao. gwandemiao mein mool moortiyaan millie hui theen, jinamen gwandemiao key "teen khajaane" shamil theh ack keemati talwar, ack gwandi painting aur ack safed jaid ghode kii moorti. king samrat gwandemiao kaa daura karate they aur harr baar jaba vaha swarg key mandir kii yatra seey lautate they tou kuchh dhoop jalaate they. saanskritik kranti key dauran gwandemiao aur gwaninmiao key mandiron koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
zengyangmen mein watch tower 1900 mein mukkebaaz vidroh key dauran aag seey kshatigrast hoe gayaa thaa. muslim general maa phulu key tahat hui aur dongshiang musalman kansu bahadur aathh-rashtra gathbandhan key khilaf jhengyangmen mein paking (1900) kii ladaai key dauran bhayankar ladaai mein lagey hue they. usa ladaai mein maa phulu aur unake ghar key 100 saathi hui aur dongshiang sanic maare gaye. bhaaratiya sainikon ney usa sardiyon mein kshatigrast meenar seey lakadi kaa upayog jalaau lakadi key roop mein kiya thaa. king rajvansh key baad key varshon mein dwaar kaa punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. aantarik mamalon key mantri jhu kikian ney 1915 mein yatayat kii bheed koo cumm karane key liye barbican koo dhwast karane kaa adesh diyaa. 1965 mein tatkalin pramukh jhau enlai key adesh parr watchtower aur gett tower koo vidhvans seey bachaaya gayaa thaa.
chongwenmen.
chongwenmen ('sammaanpurna sabhyata kaa dwaar'), jise aamtaur parr 'hadiman' kahaa jaataa haye, shahar key dakshini deewaar key purvi hisse mein sthit thaa. mool roop seey "weinmingman ('sabhyata kaa dwaar') kahaa jaataa haye, yeh 1419 mein banaaya gayaa thaa. naam jhengtong yug (1435-1449) key dauran badal diyaa gayaa thaa. nayaa naam "zuo zuaan" seey liya gayaa thaah "<unk> ̃" ('yeh sabhyata kaa sammaan karane kaa ack guna haye'). barbican, slues gett aur ack watchtower jhengtong yug mein banaae gaye they.
gett tower koo gray aur green glazed tailon key saath bahu-susajjit xieshanding shally mein banaaya gayaa thaa. 1900 mein gett tower koo paking kii gherabandi key dauran topkhaane kii aag seey nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa; 1920 mein ise poori tarah seey dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1950 mein barbican koo aur 1966 mein gett tower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
chongwenmen ack "dekhane kaa dwaar" thaa, jiska arth thaa "ack ujjwal aur samriddh bhavishya". iska prateek chongwen lauh kachhua thaa. vyast tonghui nadee key nikat honey key kaaran, yeh beijing kaa sabse vyast dwaar thaa. ching rajvansh, king rajvansh aur praarambhik gantantra yug key dauran chongwenmen mein pravesh aur prasthaan curr lagaae jaate they. maharani dovager sixi kaa "cosmetic kharch" aur praarambhik ganarajya chean key rashtrapati kaa vaarshik vetan seedhe iss dwaar parr lagaae gaye karon seey aataa thaa. 1924 mein, feng yuu shiang ney ack takhtapalat shuru kiya, jisake baad chongwenmen mein karadhan bund curr diyaa gayaa.
kewal chongwenmen key paas dinn key anta mein dwaar bund karane kii ghoshana karane vaali ghantiyaan theen. anya dwaaron mein ack sapaat vaadya yantra kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa joe ack "taang" dhwani utpann kartaa thaa. iss prakaar yeh kahawat utpann hui kii "nau dwaar, aathh taang, ack purani ghanti". yeh kahani beijing bolly mein ghante koo sandarbhit karane key liye "jhongadiyan" kii ack sambhaavit vyutpatti haye. ateet mein dakshini dexing jile mein kaee aasavan karkhane they. gaadiyan chongwenmen key madhyam seey nae banaae gaye aatmaon koo leey jaati theen. yeh kahawat kii utpatti haye, "chongwenmen key paas aatmaon koo leey jaane vaali gaadiyan hain joe pravesh karati hain; juanwomen key paas kaidiyon koo leey jaane vaali gaadiyan hain joe nikalati hain.
jaba saanskritik kranti key dauran chongwenmen koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa, tou shramikon ney paaya kii gett mool ming sanrachana thee, jisamen "fobe puvenensis" lakadi kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. baramad kii gaee lakadi mein seey kuchh kaa upayog varjit shahar aur tianmen mein punarnirmaan kaary key dauran kiya gayaa thaa.
juanwomen.
juanwomen ('yuddh kii vakaalat karane vaalaa dwaar') dakshini deewaar key paschimi bhaag mein sthit thaa. iska nirmaan 1419 mein kiya gayaa thaa jaba beijing kii dakshini divaaron kaa vistaar kiya gayaa thaa. jhengtong yug (1435-1449) seey pahale dwaar koo shunchengmen ('shuna cheng gett') kahaa jaataa thaa, jabaki aam loga ise shunjhimen key roop mein sandarbhit karate they. jhengtong yug key dauran gett tower koo poori tarah seey punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa, aur ack barbican, slues gett tower aur watch tower jodaa gayaa thaa. jhaang heng key "dongjing phoo" key uddharan seey naam badalkar "juanvu" ("yuddh kii vakaalat") curr diyaa gayaa thaah "yuddh kii akhandata kii ghoshana karna haye" vu "vu" "jee" "juan".  
1927 mein watch tower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1930 mein watch tower platform aur barbican koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur 1965 mein gett tower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. dopahar mein juanwomen parr vishal topein chalaai gaeen.
juanwomen koo anaupchaarik roop seey "mrityu dwaar" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki fansi key liye kaidiyon koo leey jaane vaali gaadiyon koo iss dwaar key madhyam seey dakshin mein kaishikau mein sthit fansi key maidan mein leey jaaya gayaa thaa. beijing key kaee kabristan dakshini upnagaron mein aur usake aspas sthit they. aam logon koo leey jaane vaali antim sanskar gaadiyan aksar juanwomen key madhyam seey shahar chhod detee theen.
beijing key nau aantarik shahar key dwaaron mein seey, juanwomen sabse cumm oonchaai parr banaaya gayaa thaa. haalaanki aam taur parr nadee pranali jhengyangmen key purvi slues geton key madhyam seey shahar seey paani key pravaah koo samaayojit karati thee aur nirdeshit karati thee, yeye bhaari barish key dauran aprabhaavi saabit hue, jaba adhikansh paani juanwomen seey baahar nickle jaataa thaa. gwangxu shantianfu jhee" key anusaar, 1695 mein beijing mein bhaari barish key toofaan ney juanwomen key dwaaron mein baadh laa dee, jisase unhein kholna asambhav hoe gayaa. chidiyaghar seey chhah haathiyon koo jabaran darwaaje kholane key liye laaya gayaa aur baadh antatah shahar seey baahar nickle gaee.
dongjhimen.
dongjhimen (тонг чемен). 'purvi seedha dwaar') shahar key bheetari purvi deewaar key uttari bhaag mein sthit thaa. yeh yuan yug key chongrenmen (<unk>) dwaar key sthaan parr banaaya gayaa thaa, joe dadu kii purvi shahar kii deewaar kaa kendriya dwaar thaa. 1419 mein naam badal diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa "<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> dongjhimen kaa gett tower bahu-taraashe gaye zeashanding shally mein banaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen harey chamkile kinaaron key saath gray tiles theen. barbican kaa nirmaan yuan rajvansh key antim varshon (1368 key anta mein) key dauran kiya gayaa thaa. mandir mein gwandi kii koee uchit moorti naheen thee; isake bajaay lakadi seey banaa ack chhota devta vahaan sthit thaa. isase puraane beijing kii kahawat koo janm milaah "nau dwaar, duss mandir, ack naitikta key binaa. 1915 mein jaba shahar key chaaron or railway kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, tou slues gett tower aur barbican koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1930 mein watch tower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur 1958 mein iska munch. 1965 mein gett tower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
dongjhimen key baahar ack pagoda thaa joe poori tarah seey lohe seey banaa thaa, jisamen yaowangye kii ack patthar kii moorti thee. kachchi lakadi leey jaane vaali kaee gaadiyan dongjhimen key madhyam seey shahar mein pravesh keen.
chauyangmen.
chauyangmen (чоянген) 'gett joe soorya kaa saamana kartaa haye') shahar key bheetari purvi deewaar key madhya bindu parr sthit thaa. kihuamen naamak dadu gett key sthaan parr nirmit, ise aam loga anaupchaarik roop seey usa naam seey jaanate they. 1900 mein japani balon dwara watch tower koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur 1903 mein iska punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. 1915 mein jaba shahar key chaaron or railway kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa tou barbican koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1953 mein gett tower aur usake munch koo aur 1958 mein watch tower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
chaoyangmen beijing kaa "bhojan dwaar" thaa, jisake madhyam seey kaee gaadiyan mukhya khaadya padarthon koo leey curr shahar mein pravesh karati theen. gett beijing-hangjhou grand kainal key sabse karib thaa, aur dakshin chean key maidanon seey gehuun aur chawal usa maarg seey aae. adhikansh bhojan chauyangmen key ander godamon mein sangraheet kiya jaataa thaa. iss prakaar isamen barbican gett key mehrab parr utkeern gehuun key anaaj kaa prateek haye. chauyangmen kaa anaupchaarik naam "dumen" haye, jiska arth haye "vishram sthal".
zizimen.
xizhiemen (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> 'paschimi seedha dwaar') shahar key bheetari paschimi deewaar key uttari bhaag mein sthit thaa. heymen (aur <unk>) naamak yuan yug key dwaar key sthaan parr nirmit, naam 1419 mein isake sthaan koo pratibimbit karane key liye badal diyaa gayaa thaa ("jizimen" kaa arth paschimi aksh dwaar haye). isake gwandi mandir koo 1930 mein dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. heymen kaa barbican 1360 mein yuan shund key shasankal key dauran banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh ming rajvansh key dauran 60 seey adhik varshon taka nirantar upayog mein thaa. jhengtong yug (1435-1449) key dauran, ack samay jaba shahar key anya aantarik dwaaron kaa poorna punarnirmaan kiya jaa rhaa thaa, yeh eenton seey dhakaa huaa thaa aur nae watchtower platform key saath vilay curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
beijing key bheetar paani kii kharaab aapoorti key kaaran, shaahi parivaar aur ameer parivaaron koo uttar-paschimi upnagaron mein mount yukan parr jharanon seey paani milata thaa. harr subah, jharanon kaa paani leey jaane vaali gaadiyan zizimen key madhyam seey shahar mein pravesh karati theen. iss prakaar, zizimen key barbican gett archway parr paani kaa ack prateek utkeern kiya gayaa thaa.
1969 mein poori tarah seey akshunna rahane vaalaa antim dwaar, jizimen koo poori tarah seey dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. vidhvans key dauran, shramikon ney paaya kii barbican gett key mehrab key kuchh hisse 13veen shatabdi key mool they.
fuchengmen.
fuchengmen (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ 'prachur safalata kaa dwaar') shahar key bheetari paschimi deewaar key madhya bindu parr sthit thaa. mool roop seey yuan yug key pingsmen (<unk> Â) dwaar kaa sthaan, iska naam badalane key baad bhee aam logon dwara anaupchaarik roop seey pingsmen key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. nayaa naam, "fuecheng", classic "shangshu", "juuna", "juuna", "juuna", "juuna", "juuna", "juuna", "juuna", "juuna", "juuna", "juuna", "juuna", "juuna", "juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna", juuna ", juuna" juuna ", juuna", juuna "juuna", juuna ", juuna" juuna ", juuna", juuna "juuna", juuna ", juuna" juuna ", juuna", juuna "juuna", juuna ", juuna" juuna ", juuna", juuna ". 1382 mein gett kii marammat kii gaee aur 1435 mein poori tarah seey punarnirmaan kiya gayaa. 1935 mein slues gett tower aur watch tower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa. 1953 mein barbican aur watch tower platform koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa, aur 1965 mein gett tower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa.
paschimi pahaadiyon aur mentaugau jile mein koyla bhandar key nikat honey key kaaran, koyale koo leey jaane vaali gaadiyan futchengmen key madhyam seey shahar mein pravesh karati theen. barbican gett archway mein ack bair key phool (plum phool "meii" aur koyla "meii" cheeni mein homophone hain. isake alawa, vasant mein futchengmen key paas bair key pedh khilate hain, usa samay key aspas jaba koyale kii aavashyakta naheen thee aur vitaran bund hoe gayaa thaa). yeh puraane beijing kahawat koo janm detaa haih "fuecheng key bair key phool nae vasant kii garmi key aagaman kii ghoshana karate hain. fuchengmen koo anaupchaarik roop seey "jingmen" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, jiska arth haye "nyaay".
desengmen.
desengmen (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ 'naitik vijay kaa dwaar') shahar key bheetari uttari deewaar key paschimi bhaag mein sthit thaa. iska naam praarambhik ming rajvansh key dauran mool "jeendmen" seey badal diyaa gayaa thaa. nae naam kaa tatparya thaa kii ming ney majboot naitikta aur naitikta key saath yuan mangolon key khilaf yuddh jeetaa. uttari deewaar koo 1372 mein mool sthiti key dakshin mein thodaa saa punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa. 1915 mein barbican koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1921 mein gett tower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur 1955 mein gett tower platform koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1979 mein watch tower koo hataane kaa prastaav rakhaa gayaa thaa, lekin ise barkarar rakhaa gayaa thaa.
beijing key aantarik shahar key saat dwaaron mein ack gwandi mandir thaa joe unake barbican maidan key bheetar banaaya gayaa thaa. isake bajaay aurangmen aur desengmen key paas jhenavu mandir they, kyonki inn dwaaron kaa upayog sanic shahar mein pravesh karate aur chhodate they.
kramshah yuan aur ming koo haraane key baad, ming aur king donon ney pahali baar desengmen key madhyam seey shahar mein pravesh kiya; "deseng" naam kaa arth haye "naitik roop seey vijayi". hathiyar leey jaane vaali gaadiyan shahar mein pravesh karate yaa chhodate samay bhaagya key liye iss dwaar kaa upayog karati theen. deshengmen koo anaupchaarik roop seey "τορεxiumen" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa, jiska arth haye "uchch naitik aur naitik maanak honah".
aur loga.
endingmen (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ 'surakshit shaanti kaa dwaar') shahar key bheetari uttari deewaar key paschimi hisse mein sthit thaa. iska nirmaan taba kiya gayaa thaa jaba praarambhik ming rajvansh key dauran enzenmen naamak dwaar koo dakshin mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iska naam badalkar endingmen curr diyaa gayaa, "swarg key neeche shaanti aur shaanti" kii ummeed mein. 1915 mein barbican koo aur 1969 mein gett tower aur watchtower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
aurangmain key paas ack jhenavu mandir they, kyonki iska upayog sanic shahar mein pravesh karate aur chhodate they.
endingmen koo anaupchaarik roop seey "life shengmen" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, jiska arth haye "bharpur fasal". samrat hamesha iss dwaar kaa upayog karate they jaba vaha shahar seey prithvi key mandir key liye nikalate they, jahan vaha bharpur fasal key liye prarthana karate they. baahar aur baahar key loga mull key liye bhandaran kshetra they, jinka upayog urvarak key liye kiya jaataa thaa. mull leey jaane vaali gaadiyan iss dwaar seey graameen ilaakon mein kheton key liye nikalati theen.
vighatan prakriya key dauran, isake dwaar meenar kii sanrachanaatmak akhandata kaa pareekshan karane key liye ack chhota prayog kiya gayaa thaa. yeh paaya gayaa kii gett tower sanrachana 15 degree taka aage jhuk sakati haye aur abhee bhee dhaha naheen sakati haye.
nae khole gaye mehrab.
shuiguanmen jhengyangmen key purvi slues gett key paas sthit thaa. 1905 mein dongjiao dutawas jile key jilaa kaary karyalaya ney mool khaai koo concreet seey dhaka diyaa. unhone ack nayaa dwaar banaane key liye mool slues gett key sthaan parr ack nayaa mehrab khola, jiska upayog jhengyangmen rail station taka teji seey peechhe hatane key saadhan key roop mein kiya jaa sakata thaa. dou lohe key dwaar jode gaye. mehrab key pratyek taraf ack rakshak station key roop mein kaam karane key liye ack khokhla kamra thaa.
happingman shahar key dakshini deewaar key ander, jhengyangmen aur juanwomen key beach sthit thaa. ise 1926 mein yatayat kii bheed koo cumm karane key liye khola gayaa thaa. dwaar mein koee rakshaatmak sanrachana naheen thee, lekin yeh shahar key ander aur baahar jaane kaa ack maarg thaa. mool roop seey "shinhuamen" naam diyaa gayaa thaa, 1927 mein naam badalkar "happingman" curr diyaa gayaa thaa taaki ise prasiddh shinhuamen seey alag kiya jaa sakey, joe kendra sarkaar key karyalayon key ack parisar, jhongananhai kaa pravesh dwaar haye. mehrab 13 meater oonche aur 10 meater chaude they, jisamen dou lohe key dwaar they. mehrab key sheersh koo 1958 mein hataa diyaa gayaa thaa aur dwaar deewaar mein ack saral udghaatan bunn gayaa thaa.
jiangumen shahar key bheetari hisse kii purvi deewaar key dakshini kinare parr sthit thaa. yeh beijing pracheen vedhshala key poorvottar kshetra mein thaa. 1939 mein gett koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur isake sthaan parr 7.9 meater chauda ack khula dwaar banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh ack ulte "aeye. jee." charitra key aakar mein thaa. haalaanki yeh kewal deewaar mein ack udghaatan thaa aur ack vaastavik dwaar naheen thaa, lekin ise ack dwaar kaa naam diyaa gayaa thaa-"kimmingmen". 1945 mein naam badalkar "jiangumen" curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1957 mein ise aspas key shahar kii divaaron key saath faad diyaa gayaa thaa.
fuxingmen shahar key bheetari hisse kii paschimi deewaar key dakshini kinare parr purvi deewaar parr jiangomen key samaan akshansh parr sthit thaa. 1939 mein gett koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur isake sthaan parr 7.4 meater chauda ack khula dwaar banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh ack ulte "aeye. jee." charitra key aakar mein thaa, joe jiangumen key samaan thaa. ise bhee ack dwaar kaa naam diyaa gayaa thaa-"cheng 'enman". 1945 mein naam badalkar "fuxingman" curr diyaa gayaa thaa jaba ack 12.6-metre-high platform banaaya gayaa thaa aur 10 meater chauda ack ekal-mehrab maarg jodaa gayaa thaa. 1955 mein poori sanrachana koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
shahar key bheetari koney key gaard tower.
gaard tower shahar kii bheetari divaaron key chaar konon mein sthit they. way sabhi isi tarah seey bahu-iva jheeshainding shally mein design kiye gaye they, jisamen harey chamkile kinaaron key saath gray tiles theen. towers kii oonchaai 17 meater thee, aur munch sahit kull oonchaai 29 meater thee. shahar seey door dou buggle kii taraf 35 meater chaudi theen. meenaaren chaar manjila oonchi theen aur pratyek manjil parr 14 teer slitt lagey hue they. shahar key saamane kii or dou buggle kii taraf pratyek manjil parr chaar teer they. shahar key saamane kii or bhee vaastavik khidakiyan theen jinhen ventilation aur prakaash key liye khola jaa sakata thaa, jabaki teer key slitt kewal teer yaa tope key gole chalaane parr khole jaate they. meenaron key andaruni hisse khokhale they; platform aur seedhiyaan divaaron koo teer key slitt taka pahunchane key liye bajaati theen.
kewal dakshin-purvi koney kaa gaard tower bachaa haye. jaba metro kaa nirmaan kiya jaa rhaa thaa, tou paas key mukhya train station parr rail seva koo baadhit karane seey bachane key liye metro koo shahar kii divaaron aur dakshin-purvi koney key gaard tower seey door curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss prakaar tower shahar kii bheetari deewaar key ack hisse key saath butch gayaa. poorvottar meenar koo 1920 mein dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur 1953 mein iska munch. uttar-paschimi meenar koo 1900 mein mukkebaaz vidroh key dauran russie tope kii aag seey nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1969 mein isake munch koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. dakshin-paschimi koney key gaard tower koo 1930 mein rakharkhaav key liye dhana kii kamee key kaaran dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1969 mein iska munch dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
baahari shahar.
baahari shahar koo "guocheng" yaa "vaiguo" bhee kahaa jaataa thaa. iska vistaar 1553 mein kiya gayaa thaa. deevaaren 7.5 seey 8 meater oonchi theen, aur neeche 12 meater chaudi aur sheersh parr 9 meater chaudi theen. kshetra mein cumm daldal seey bachane key liye dakshin-purvi koney koo vikarn parr banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh swarg koo thheek karane kii nuwa kii kinvadanti koo puuraa kartaa haih uttar-paschim mein akash gayab thaa aur prithvi dakshin-poorv mein doob rahee thee.
dakshini deevaaren swarg key mandir kii dakshini divaaron koo gherati hain, aur purvi aur paschimi deevaaren lagbhag 2 kilometres door shahar kii bheetari divaaron key samanantar theen. yeh vaha jagah thee jahan shuruati ming rajvansh key dauran hongwoo yug (1368-1398) key antim varshon mein parityakt honey seey pahale dadu key yuan shahar kii kshatigrast mitty kii deevaaren sthit theen. poorvottar aur uttar-paschimi khandon mein divaaron kaa nirmaan yuan seey takrai hui prithvi sanrachana seey baramad samagri kaa upayog karke kiya gayaa thaa. baahari shahar kii divaaron kii paridhi lagbhag 28 kilometres thee. aantarik aur baahari shaharon key poore ghere ney 60 kilometres kii paridhi key saath ack "′" aakar kaa nirmaan kiya. gyaarah dwaar banaae gaye they, jinamen seey teen-teen purvi, dakshini aur paschimi divaaron parr aur dou uttari divaaron parr (ack poorvottar khand parr aur ack uttar-paschimi khand parr).
jaba 1550 mein baahari shahar key vistaar kii yojana banaai jaa rahee thee, tou ack vichaar mein nau chhote shaharon koo nau aantarik shahar key dwaaron key aspas banaaya jaanaa thaa, joe shahar kii raksha key liye ack durjeya jodd hotaa. inmein seey teen chhote shaharon parr 1550 mein nirmaan shuru huaa. haalaanki, shahar key andaruni dwaaron kii nikatata key kaaran, jahan kaee aam logon key ghar aur dukaanen khadee hoe gaee theen, kaee imaraton koo dhwast karane kii aavashyakta thee. asantusht aam logon ney nirmaan shuru honey key kuchh hii samay baad pariyojana koo chhodane key liye majboor kiya. 1553 mein, yeh nirnay liya gayaa kii dadu key yuan shahar kii shesh kshatigrast mitty kii divaaron koo dhwast curr diyaa jaayega aur baahari shahar kii divaaron koo puuraa karane key liye kachche maal kaa upayog ack "jawab" banaane key liye kiya jaaegaah ack varg key bheetar ack varg. yojana mein baahari shahar kii divaaron kii paridhi 70 kilometres rakhane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa. poorv aur paschim kii deevaaren 17 kilometres aur uttar aur dakshin 18 kilometres kii hoteen. yojana mein 11 aur dwaar, 176 aur dushman drishti tower, jizimen aur tonghui nadee key baahar dou atirikt slues dwaar aur anya cumm daldali kshetron mein aathh aur slues dwaaron kaa ahwan kiya gayaa. baahari shahar kaa vistaar ack bhavya pariyojana thee, joe pichhale cheeni rajvanshon kii kissy bhee rajdhani seey adhik thee. samrat ney manjuri dee, aur 1554 mein nirmaan shuru huaa. yaan geet kii dekhrekh mein, pariyojana koo khandon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. dakshini divaaron kaa nirmaan sabse pahale jhengyangmen mein shahar key bheetari dwaar key dakshin mein halchal vaale vaanijyik jile key liye atirikt suraksha jodane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. pariyojana key dusare khand key liye purvi aur paschimi divaaron kii yojana banaai gaee thee. haalaanki, mangolon aur manchu key lagaatar akramanon key kaaran, sainikon koo mahaan deewaar kii raksha key liye uttari seemaon parr bulaaya gayaa thaa, aur iss prakaar kuchh koo nirmaan key liye bakhsha jaa sakata thaa. 1557 mein nishiddh shahar key ack badey hisse mein aag lugg gaee aur mahalon kii marammat aur punarnirmaan key liye shramikon aur dhana koo lagaaya gayaa. iss prakaar baahari shahar kii divaaron kaa vistaar kabhi puuraa naheen huaa. 1564 mein, baahari shahar key dwaaron key barbican banaae gaye they.
baahari shahar kii deevaaren.
baahari shahar kii divaaron mein chaar koney key gaard tower aur saat gett tower they. deewaar key baahar kaa hissa ausatan ack meater chaudaai vaale blocks seey dhakaa huaa thaa. adhikansh badey khand ming rajvansh key dauran aur chhote khand king rajvansh key dauran sthaapit kiye gaye they. aantarik satah parr block ausatan 0.7 meater they. baahari shahar kii divaaron kii ausat oonchaai 6 seey 7 meater thee. deewaar sheersh parr 10 seey 11 meater chaudi aur aadhar parr 11 seey 15 meater chaudi thee. paschimi khand sabse sankeern they, ausatan sheersh parr kewal 4.5 meater aur aadhar parr 7.8 meater.
baahari shahar kii divaaron, gett towers aur koney key gaard towers koo 1951 aur 1958 key beach dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
baahari shahar key dwaar.
beijing kii baahari shahar kii deewaar mein saat dwaar they, dakshini divaaron parr teen, purvi aur paschimi divaaron parr ack-ack, aur uttari divaaron parr dou taraf key dwaar (poorvottar aur uttar-paschimi khandon parr). baahari shahar key gett tower sabhi aantarik shahar kii tulanaa mein paimaane mein chhote they. sabse badaa kendriya dakshini dwaar thaah yongdingmen. yeh dwaar usee uttar-dakshin aksh parr sanrekhit thaa jaise aantarik shahar key jhengyangmen, shaahi shahar key tianmen aur nishiddh shahar key women. yongdingmen mein gett tower kii oonchaai lagbhag 20 meater thee, bahu-susajjit sheashanding shally mein, aur teen kamaron mein saat kamare they. aakar mein yongdingman key thheek neeche thodaa chhota gwangingman (vartamaan mein gwangman) thaa. gwangkumen, zu 'aanmen aur aap sabhi ack manjil key saath ekal-lahardaar xieshanding shally key they, aur kewal 15 meater lambe they. donon taraf key dwaar, dongbian aur zibian, aur bhee chhote they.
baahari shahar key dwaaron key barbican kaa nirmaan ming rajvansh taka naheen kiya gayaa thaa. inn chauk towers kaa nirmaan king rajvansh (1735-1796) key kianlong yug key dauran kiya gayaa thaa. baahari shahar kii deewaar key prahari meenar shahar key bheetari towers kii tulanaa mein chhote they. yongdingmen mein praharidurg baahari shahar kii deewaar parr sabse badaa thaa; isamen teer kii dou panktiyaan theen, jisamen pratyek pankti mein saamane kii or saat aur pratyek taraf teen kii dou panktiyaan theen. bheetari shahar key vipareet, watch towers key aantarik pahalu parr koee side tower naheen thaa; kewal ack mehrab thaa. gwang 'aanmen, gwangkumen, zu' aanmen aur yuu 'aanmen mein chaukor meenaron mein pratyek mein 22 teer they. dongbian aur zibianman key paas sabse chhote watchtower they, jinamen kewal aathh teer they. shahar kii bheetari deewaar key vipareet, baahari deewaar parr barbican sabhi gett towers key aadhar key bajaay watch towers key aadhar key chaaron or banaae gaye they, iss prakaar gett key mehrab key saath ack seedhi rekha banati haye. gwandi mandir baahari shahar key dwaaron key barbican mein naheen banaae gaye they.
yongdingmen.
yongdingmen (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ 'shashwat sthirata kaa dwaar') dakshini deewaar key madhya bhaag mein sthit thaa. yeh 1766 mein banaaya gayaa thaa, joe shahar key andaruni dwaaron kii bahu-susajjit xieshanding shally kaa anukaran kartaa haye, jisaki chhat chamkile harey rima key saath gray tailon key saath haye. watch tower gray roof tailon key saath single-eaved zeashanding shally mein thaa. mukkebaaz vidroh key dauran, 11 juuna koo, japani senaa key sachiv parr, yongdingmen key paas general dong fuxiang key musalman sainikon dwara hamla kiya gayaa aur maar diyaa gayaa, joe beijing kii deewaar vaale shahar key dakshini bhaag kii raksha curr rahey they. barbican koo 1950 mein dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur gett tower aur watch tower koo 1957 mein dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 2004 mein, gett tower koo apane mool sthaan key uttar mein thodaa punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa.
zuu 'aanmen.
zuu 'aanmen (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ 'shaanti kaa baaen dwaar') dakshini deewaar key purvi bhaag mein sthit thaa. gett tower aur watch tower koo gray chhat kii tailon key saath ekal-evand zeashanding shally mein banaaya gayaa thaa. 1930 key dashak mein gett tower aur watch tower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur 1953 mein gett tower platform, watch tower platform aur barbican koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
zuanmen koo aamtaur parr "jiangkaimen" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa thaa. "chung (jiang kaa)" aur "jiang (jiang kuo)" alag-alag lagate hain lekin unakaa arth ack hii haye. paaramparik cheeni vastukala mein, "jiang kyu", jise "jiang see" bhee kahaa jaataa haye, seedhi jaise kadmon key binaa patthar key kadam hain.
aap loga.
aap loga. 'shaanti kaa sahee dwaar') dakshini deewaar key paschimi bhaag mein sthit thaa. ise aamtaur parr "fengimen" yaa "shinanmen" ("dakshin-paschimi dwaar") key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, kyonki jhongadu key jinn rajvansh key shahar kaa fengimen paas mein sthit thaa. isake sabhi vinirdesh zuu 'aanmen key samaan they. barbican aur watchtower koo 1956 mein aur gett tower koo 1958 mein dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
gwangkumen.
gwangkumen (<unk>). 'vistaarit jalmarg kaa dwaar') purvi deewaar key madhya bhaag key uttar mein thodaa saa sthit thaa. iska aam naam "shaumen (<unk>)" thaa. isamen zuu 'aanmen key samaan vinirdesh they. 1930 key dashak mein watch tower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur 1953 mein barbican aur gett tower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
ming rajvansh key antim varshon mein, 1629 mein iss dwaar parr ming general yuan chonguan ney manchu haujin rajvansh kii senaa koo haraaya. 1900 mein, jaba aathh rashtra gathbandhan bull beijing pahunche, tou unhone shuru mein iss dwaar parr hamla naheen kiya, isaliye vahaan tainaat sainikon koo anya baahari shahar key dwaaron kii raksha mein madad karane key liye sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. british sainikon ney dwaar parr kabja karane kaa avsar liya. phir unhone swarg key mandir seey chongwenmen key aantarik shahar key dwaar parr bambari kii aur aantarik shahar mein pravesh kiya.
gwang 'maine.
gwang 'aanmen (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ 'vistaarit shaanti kaa dwaar') paschimi deewaar key madhya bhaag key uttar mein sthit thaa. ise ming rajvansh key dauran "gwangingmen (π π)" kahaa jaataa thaa, aur ise "jhangimen" bhee kahaa jaataa thaa, kyonki yeh jinn rajvansh key jhongadu shahar key jhangimen key samaan aksh parr thaa. king rajvansh key dauran naam koo "gwangingmen" seey "gwang 'maine" mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa, taaki king samrat juan kii aalochana seey bachaa jaa sakey, jise minning (<unk>) naam diyaa gayaa thaa. isake mool vinirdesh gwangkumen key samaan they. kyonki iska upayog dakshini cheeni praanton seey shahar mein pravesh karane vaale nae logon dwara kiya jaataa thaa, isaliye kianlong samrat ney dwaar koo adhik prabhaavshaali aur rajsi banaane kaa faisala kiya. gwang 'aanmen kaa vistaar 1766 mein ack aisee shally mein kiya gayaa thaa joe yongdingmen aur shahar key andaruni dwaaron kii nakal karati thee. gett tower ack dou manjila bahu-susajjit sheashanding shally kii imarat thee jisamen chamkile harey rima key saath gray chhat kii tiles theen. barbican mool roop seey ardh-vrittakar thaa. 1766 key vistaar key baad, yeh ghumaavdaar konon key saath aaytaakaar thaa. 1940 key dashak mein barbican aur watchtower koo aur 1957 mein gett tower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
dongbian.
dongbianmen (тонгия мен) 'purvi suvidhajanak dwaar') baahari shahar kii divaaron key poorvottar koney mein usa bindu parr sthit thaa jahan baahari deewaar chhoti hoe gaee aur shahar kii bheetari deewaar kii or muda gaee. baahari shahar kii divaaron key uttar-paschimi koney parr ack mell khaane vaalaa dwaar banaaya gayaa thaa. mool roop seey asthaayi honey key iraade seey, dwaaron koo pahale naam naheen diye gaye they. puuraa honey key lagbhag duss saal baad, faatakon kaa naam dongbianmen ("purvi taraf kaa dwaar") aur jibianmen ("paschimi taraf kaa dwaar") rakhaa gayaa. dongbianmen mein gett tower zuo 'aanmen mein ack key samaan thaa, lekin thodaa chhote paimaane parr. dwaar mein koee mehrab naheen thaa; isake bajaay ack taraf lakadi kaa ack chhota dwaar thaa. watch tower kaa nirmaan kianlong yug (1735-1796) key dauran kiya gayaa thaa. barbican aur watch tower donon koo 1930 key dashak mein rakharkhaav key liye dhana kii kamee key kaaran dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1958 mein jaba beijing kaa mukhya train station banaaya gayaa thaa, tou gett tower koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
zibianmen.
zibianmen (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ 'paschimi suvidhajanak dwaar') baahari shahar kii divaaron key uttar-paschimi koney mein sthit thaa. ise 1952 mein dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. barbican divaaron key kuchh hisse baney hue hain.
koney key gaard tower.
chaar koney key gaard tower 1554 mein baahari shahar kii divaaron key chaar sheershon parr banaae gaye they. way sabhi ekal-manjila imaaraten theen joe ekal-evand xieshanding cross (vargakar) shally mein theen. lagbhag 7.5 meater oonche, unamen 6 meater gunaa 6 meater maapane vaalaa ack kamra thaa. teer key dou star they, donon taraf pratyek star parr teen, aur donon taraf pratyek star parr dou, shahar kii or they. dakshin-paschimi aur poorvottar koney key gaard towers koo 1930 key dashak mein dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur dakshin-purvi aur uttar-paschimi koney key gaard towers koo kramshah 1955 aur 1957 mein dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
shaahi shahar.
beijing kaa shaahi shahar yongle yug (1402-1424) key dauran banaaya gayaa thaa. ise yuan rajvansh key shaahi shahar dadu kii neenv seey uttar, poorv aur dakshin kii or vistaarit kiya gayaa thaa, joe kii nishiddh shahar key vistaar key roop mein thaa, joe kewal shaahi parivaar key upayog key liye thaa. yeh aakar mein aaytaakaar thaa, sivaay dakshin-paschimi koney key, joe kii kingshou mandir kaa sthaan thaa. divaaron kii oonchaai ausatan 7 seey 8 meater thee, aur aadhar parr 2 meater motee aur sheersh parr 1.7 meater thee. ise baahari hisse parr laal rung seey chitrit kiya gayaa thaa, sheersh parr chamakdaar shaahi peele rung kii tiles theen. isaki paridhi 10.6 kilometres (uttar mein 2,506 meater, dakshin mein 1,701 meater, poorv mein 2,756 meater, paschim mein 3,724 meater) thee. saat dwaar they (kuchh sroton mein chaar, chhah yaa aathh dwaaron kii ginati hoti haye), jinamen seey chaar dwaar tianmen, dee 'aanmen, dong' aanmen aur zee 'aanmen hain, jinhen "aantarik shahar nau dwaar, baahari shahar saat dwaar, shaahi shahar chaar dwaar" kahaa jaataa haye.
shaahi shahar kaa mukhya madhya dakshini dwaar damingman thaa. yeh eenton seey banaa thaa, shahar key nishiddh dwaaron kii nakal mein. iska aadhar zumi neenv shally mein safed sangamarmar kaa thaa. gett tower chamakdaar shaahi peele rung kii chhat kii tailon key saath ekal-lahardaar sheashanding shally mein thaa. isake saamane paanch stambh, kendra mein teen mehrab maarg aur safed sangamarmar kii railing thee. iska naam 1644 mein badalkar dockingman (δε δ "mahaan king gett") curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba manchu ney pahali baar beijing mein pravesh kiya, jisase king rajvansh kii sthaapana hui. gett parr ack safed sangamarmar kii pattika kaa naam "dockingman" thaa joe ack neel prishthabhoomi parr soney mein utkeern thaa. 1912 mein, jaba king rajvansh koo ukhaad fenka gayaa aur chean ganarajya kii sthaapana kii gaee, tou gett kaa naam badalkar jhonghuamen (chean kaa gett) curr diyaa gayaa. shahar key yojnakaron ney tablet kaa punah upayog karane aur tablet key peechhe "jhonghueman" shabd likhane kaa faisala kiya. haalaanki, jaba ise neeche leey jaaya gayaa aur palat diyaa gayaa, tou unhone paaya kii shabd demingmen (δεχιρε "mahaan ming gett") pahale seey hii goli key peechhe dikhaai dey rahey they; iska pahale seey hii punah upayog kiya jaa chuka thaa. isake bajaay lakadi seey bunny ack naee goli banaai gaee thee. 1954 mein, taba beijing mein kaam karane vaale soviyat shahar key yojnakaron kii sifarish key saath, bhavishya key tianmen chauk key liye dwaar koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iska sthaan abb maao jedong key makbare kaa sthaan haye.
tianmen key dakshin-paschim mein sthit, chang 'aanzuomen, demingmen key samaan haye. ise "kinglongmen" yaa "longman" bhee kahaa jaataa thaa, jiska arth haye "dragon gett", kyonki ming aur king rajvanshon key dauran, shaahi pareekshaon key parinam iss dwaar parr post kiye gaye they. pareekshaon koo safaltapurvak utteern karane seey ack vyakti koo shaahi naukarshahi padon parr kaam karane key liye nishiddh shahar mein pravesh karane kii anumati millie, joe aam logon key liye aam taur parr varjit thaa. ise 1952 mein taba dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa jaba cheng 'aine avenue kaa vistaar kiya gayaa thaa.
tianmen key dakshin-poorv mein sthit, chang 'onuman, demingmen key samaan thaa. ise "baihumen" yaa "human" bhee kahaa jaataa thaa, jiska arth haye "bagh kaa dwaar", kyonki ming aur king rajvanshon key dauran, kaidiyon koo iss dwaar key thheek paschim mein maar diyaa jaataa thaa. ise 1952 mein taba dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa jaba cheng 'aine avenue kaa vistaar kiya gayaa thaa.
tianmen ("swargiya shaanti kaa dwaar"), jise mool roop seey chengtiyanjhimen kahaa jaataa thaa, kaa naam badalkar king rajvansh key dauran rakhaa gayaa thaa. yeh shaahi shahar kii dakshini deewaar key madhya bindu parr sthit thaa. daming huidian" (ming rajvansh key ekatrit qaanoon) ise shaahi shahar key mukhya dwaar key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain. tianmen una kaee dwaaron mein seey ack haye joe nishiddh shahar key mukhya pravesh dwaar parr uttar-dakshin aksh parr panktibaddh hain. iska munch 13 meater unchaa haye. isamen zumi shally kaa ack safed sangamarmar kaa aadhar aur paanch mehrab hain. gett tower koo chamakdaar shaahi peele rung kii chhat kii tailon key saath bahu-susajjit sheashanding shally mein banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh paanch kamaron seey nau kamare (mool roop seey praarambhik ming rajvansh key dauran teen kamaron seey paanch kamare) aur 33.7 meater oonchaa haye. 1958 mein iska poori tarah seey punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa aur baad mein kaee avsaron parr isaki marammat kii gaee thee.
duanmen seedhe tianmen key uttar mein sthit thaa. yeh tianmen key samaan thaa. ise women key baahari dwaar key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, joe nishiddh shahar kaa mukhya pravesh dwaar thaa. yeh "zau key paanch dwaar niyam key sanskar" "zimen" yaa "kumen" key anuroop haye.
dong 'aanmen shaahi shahar kii purvi deewaar key madhya bindu key thodaa dakshin mein sthit thaa. chamkile shaahi peele rung kii chhat kii tailon key saath ekal-evand zeashanding shally, yeh teen kamaron dwara saat kamare they, aur teen mehrab they, jinamen seey pratyek mein laal-chitrit sunhare nakhun vaale darvaajon kii ack jodee thee. yeh 1912 mein jhaang zuna key khilaf kaao kuna key vidroh key dauran aag seey nasht hoe gayaa thaa. 2001 mein iss sthal koo beijing imperial city site park banane key liye manjuri dee gaee thee.
zianmen shaahi shahar kii paschimi deewaar key madhya bindu key uttar mein sthit thaa. yeh dong 'enman key samaan thaa. ise 1 disambar 1950 koo galati seey jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa. gett tower kaa ack chhota sanskaran mool gett tower kii samaan samagri kaa upayog karke, ack smaarak key roop mein, isaki mool site parr banaaya gayaa thaa.
beyanmen shaahi shahar kii uttari deewaar key kendriya aksh parr sthit thaa. shaahi shahar key uttari dwaar, ise aamtaur parr ming rajvansh key dauran "hauzaimen" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa thaa. king rajvansh key dauran iska naam badalkar "dee 'aanmen" curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh dong 'enman key samaan thaa, lekin paimaane mein thodaa badaa thaa. ise 1954 aur 1956 key beach dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
varjit shahar.
beijing kaa mahal shahar yaa "varjit shahar" (tathaakathit kyonki adhikansh aabaadi koo pravesh karane seey manaa curr diyaa gayaa thaa) 1415 mein puuraa kiya gayaa thaa. isake aspas kii divaaron kii paridhi 3.4 kilometres, 10 meater kii oonchaai, aadhar parr 8.62 meater kii motai aur 6.66 meater kii sheersh motai thee. deewaar mein 0.84 meater lambe trikoniya aadhar parr shaahi peele rung mein chamkile chhat kii tailon kii dou panktiyaan theen. divaaron key aantarik aur baahari kinaaron koo pattharon key aspas 2 meater motee eenton aur mitty seey takra curr majboot kiya gayaa thaa. nishiddh shahar mein chaar koney key gaard tower they joe bahu-susajjit xieshanding shally mein banaae gaye they. chaar dwaar they.
women (<unk>). 'meridian gett') dakshini mukh vaalaa mukhya dwaar thaa. yeh shahar key kendriya aksh aur teen anya dwaaron key saath sanrekhan mein thaah baahari shahar key yongdingmen, aantarik shahar key jhengyangmen aur shaahi shahar key tianmen. yeh 13.5 meater oonche "avtal" aakar key munch parr banaaya gayaa thaa. gett tower mein nau kamare they aur paanch kamare bahu-tarrar baramade key tala vaale design mein they. isamen pratyek taraf dou taraf mandap tower they, aakar mein vargakar, pratyek paanch kamaron mein paanch kamare they. kendra seey faile dou pankhon koo aamtaur parr "baaz key pankhon key tower" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. inn pankhon mein seey pratyek mein dou kamaron key saath 13 kamare hain aur pankhon key anta mein ack vargakar mandap haye. pratyek pankhon mein munch key mukhya "shareer" key saath pratichhedan key paas ack chhota dwaar hotaa haye. munch key baaen aur daaen hisse mein suryakandh aur kaee anya samay maap upkaran hain. baahari shahar, aantarik shahar aur shaahi shahar key faatakon mein dekhe jaane vaale mehrab maargon key vipareet, dwaar aaytaakaar aakar key hain. dwaar key beach mein teen mehrab hain.
zuanwomen (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> iska gett tower ack bahu-tarfa baramade key tala vaale design mein teen kamaron mein paanch kamare they. isake teen aaytaakaar dwaar hain. ming aur king rajvanshon key dauran, iss dwaar key thheek baahar ack dwaar thaa jise beishangmen kahaa jaataa thaa, lekin ise 1950 mein dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
donghueman (<unk>) varjit shahar kaa purvi pravesh dwaar thaa, jiska design zuanwomen aur ziumen key samaan thaa. zuanwomen aur donghuamen key samaan design key saath zuamen varjit shahar kaa paschimi pravesh dwaar thaa.
king huidian" mein darj haye kii nishiddh shahar key chhah dwaar they. yeh women key dou "baahon" key dou chhote side geton koo dhyaan mein rakhta haye.
khaai, naharen aur anya jalvibhaajak pranaaliyan.
yuan rajvansh key dadu shahar mein aur usake aspas ack vyaapak khaai pranali thee. 1368 mein ming sainikon key dadu mein pravesh karane key baad, uttari deewaar koo mool key thodaa dakshin mein phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa. dadu kii khaai khodane seey bunny mitty kii pahaadi parr naee deewaar kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. mahal key teen mukhya dakshini dwaaron, shaahi aur aantarik shahar key quarters key liye ack naee khaai pranali kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. taba inn teen khaai koo dadu kii purvi aur paschimi khaai seey jodaa gayaa thaa. jaba jiazing yug (1521-1567) key dauran baahari shahar kaa punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, tou baahari deewaar key aspas ack aur khaai banaai gaee thee.
khaai key liye paani shahar key uttar-paschim mein mount yukwan aur baifukwan seey pravaahit kiya gayaa thaa. paani cheng key baad aaya aur phir jizimen mein dou sahayak nadiyon mein vibhajit hoe gayaa. ack maarg poorv kii or chalaa gayaa, jisase aantarik shahar kii khaai pranali bunny, aur phir desengmen mein dou aur sahayak nadiyon mein vibhajit hoe gayaa, ack dakshin kii or bahati haye, doosari poorv kii or. doosara maarg dakshin mein jishutan mein pravesh kiya, shaahi udyaanon kii teen jheelon kaa nirmaan kiya, aur anta mein tongzi mein khaai pranali mein phir seey shamil hoe gayaa. vahaan seey paani shahar kii deewaar kii vakrata key saath bahata haye aur jhengyangmen mein shahar kii dakshini khaai pranali mein shamil hoe jaataa haye. purvi maarg uttar-purvi koney key gaard tower parr 90 degree dakshin kii or muda gayaa aur dongbianmen key uttar-paschim mein shahar kii dakshini khaai pranali key saath mill gayaa. ack aur khaai paschim kii or aur phir dakshin kii or bahati haye, jisase baahari shahar kii khaai pranali banati haye. yeh dongbianmen mein aantarik shahar key dakshini aur purvi khaai pranaliyon key saath mill gayaa, aur anta mein tonghui nadee mein pravesh kiya.
jhengyangmen key dakshin-poorv mein 30 seey 50 meater kii doori parr shahar kii khaai pranali sabse chaudi thee. sabse sankeern bindu, chaudaai mein kewal 10 meater, dongjhimen aur chaoyangmen key beach kaa khand thaa. khaai apane sabse gahare bindu parr teen meater gahari thee, aur apane sabse uthale sthaan parr ack meater gahari thee, joe fuchengmen key paas thee. baahari khaai bheetari shahar kii tulanaa mein sankeern aur uthali thee. king rajvansh key anta taka, kritrim khaai pranali praakritik nadee pranali seey alag vyavhaar naheen karati thee.
beijing kii shahar kii divaaron key saath kaee sthaanon parr sthit jall maargon ney shahar mein paani kii aapoorti key pravaah koo anumati dene mein madad kii. shahar key bheetari hisse mein saat maarg theh desengmen paschim (aantarik shahar mein pravesh kiya, teen maarg), dongjhimen dakshin (shahar koo chhod diyaa, ack maarg), chaoyangmen dakshin (shahar koo chhod diyaa, ack maarg), chongwenmen poorv (shahar koo chhod diyaa, ack maarg), jhengyangmen poorv (shahar koo chhod diyaa, ack maarg), jhengyangmen paschim (shahar koo chhod diyaa, teen maarg), aur juanwomen paschim (shahar koo chhod diyaa, ack maarg). baahari shahar mein teen maarg theh zibianmen poorv (baahari shahar mein pravesh kiya, teen maarg), dongbianmen paschim (baahari shahar mein pravesh kiya, teen maarg), aur dongbianmen poorv (aantarik aur baahari shaharon key liye mukhya jall nikasi, teen maarg). maargon parr patthar kii slaab aur patthar kii eenton seey dhaki mitty kii neenv thee, jisake baad eenton kii ack parat thee. pratyek maarg parr lohe kii railing kii dou yaa teen paraten theen, aur bahut saare sanic pahara dey rahey they.
khaai pranali ney beijing key aam logon kii dainik gatividhiyon koo prabhaavit kiya. yongle yug (1402-1424) seey laker madhya-king rajvansh (1644-1912) taka, dakshini khaai pranali key purvi bhaagon kaa upayog shahar mein pravesh karane vaale mukhya khaadya padarthon key parivahan key liye naharon key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. aam loga purvi khaai pranali mein naavon parr savaar hoe sakate hain, shahar koo dongbianmen mein chhodane key liye dakshin kii or yatra curr sakate hain, aur tonghui nadee seey neeche jaa sakate hain, joe tongjhou key graameen kshetron kii or leey jaati haye. harr saal bhookhe bhoot utsav key dauran, loga paani parr mombattiyon vaale chhote jahaaj rakhate they. sardiyon mein jaba khaai jumm jaati thee, tou shahar key ander aur baahar shortcut key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa thaa. vahaan skating hogi, aur burf koo kaat diyaa jaayega aur garmiyon key maheenon mein upayog key liye bhoomigat roop seey bachaaya jaayega. khaai mein kaee machhaliyan aur battakh rahati theen.
1953 mein, beijing kii khaai pranali koo 41.19 kilometres parr maapa gayaa thaa. jaise-jaise shahar kaa vistaar jaari rhaa, khaai pranali kaa upayog naheen kiya gayaa aur iska adhikansh hissa bhoomigat thaa. 1960 key dashak key dauran teen mukhya dakshini dwaaron kii khaai pranali bhoomigat nadiyaan bunn gaeen. paschimi, purvi aur uttari khaai pranali 1970 key dashak mein shamil kii gaee thee. aantarik shahar kii uttari khaai pranali, baahari shahar kii dakshini khaai pranali aur shaahi aur varjit shahar kii pranaliyon key kuchh avashesh bache hue hain.
beijing kii kaee jheelen 1960 key dashak key madhya seey 1970 key dashak key madhya taka (udaaharan key liye, taiping jheel) bharee gaee theen, jiska kull kshetrafal 33.4 hectare thaa. longsugou aur lianhuachi jaise kaee anya, aanshik roop seey bharey jaane seey aakar mein cumm hoe gaye they. sarkaar ney shahar key baahar kaee jheelon koo bhee saaf kiya, jisase kuchh badee jheelen bunn gaeen. saarvajanik udyaan taoranting park, longton jheel, uyuantan aur zijhuyuaan mein banaae gaye they. 1950 key dashak key dauran kuchh naee nadee pranaliyon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa (kunyu nadee aur jingmi nadee).
prabhaav.
samrajya kaa raajneetik, saanskritik, sainya aur vaanijyik kendra, beijing, chean key antim teen rajvanshon kii rajdhani thee; yeh chean key itihas mein nirmit antim shaahi rajdhani thee. pahale key rajvanshon key nirmaan aur yojana paramparaon koo jaari rakhate hue aur sudhaar karate hue, beijing ney ming aur king rajvanshon key dauran shahar yojana key kshetra mein kuchh sarvocch uplabdhiyon koo moort roop diyaa. kilebandi pranali key nirmaan ney yuan yug key dadu aur ming yug key nanjing seey vichaaron koo udhaar liya, aur yuan aur uttar-yuan poorv-ganarajya yug shahar yojana shailiyon koo darshaaya. yeh chean kii 3,200 saal lambi vargakar aakar kii rajvanshatmak shahar yojana shally kaa antim udaaharan haye. yeh tanga rajvansh key changan key paimaane seey nikatata seey mell khaata thaa. praarambhik ming rajvansh key dauran shahar kii saavdhaanipoorvak yojana banaai gaee thee, jisamen ack kendriya aksh uttari aur dakshini divaaron key madhya binduon seey hocker gujarta thaa, joe shahar koo dou samaan bhaagon mein vibhajit kartaa thaa taaki "golden mean" (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ mahalon key uttar mein lambi ayu vaale parvat (jingshan) key saath, nishiddh shahar inn sabhi key kendra mein thaa. shaahi shahar, mahalon key aspas, nishiddh shahar key bheetar samrat kii jeevan shally key rakharkhaav key liye aavashyak sub kuchh pradaan kartaa thaa. shahar key dakshini bhaagon koo adhikaariyon aur naukarshahon koo aavantit kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki aantarik aur baahari shahar shaahi shahar aur mahal parisar key liye atirikt suraksha key roop mein kaary kartaa thaa. shahar kii sadaken, raaste aur chaude raaste seedhe aur chaude they, joe samrajyavadi aadarsh koo prastut karate they. bauddh mandiron, taovadi mandiron, vyaparik jilon, udyaanon aur shaahi parivaar key aavason sahit sub kuchh shahar key leout key anusaar yojnabaddh thaa, iska crum dadu kii tulanaa mein bahut sakht aur badey paimaane parr thaa. beijing key kilebandi key design ney uttari geet rajvansh (960-1127) key "wujing zongyao" aur dakshini geet (1127-1279) kii pahale seey hii atyadhik vikasit kilebandi nirmaan visheshagyata seey tatvon koo udhaar liya. sabhi sanrachanaon mein eenton aur pattharon kaa upayog mitty kii neenv key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa, jisamen watch tower, koney key gaard tower, barbican, dushman key drishti tower aur slues gett tower shamil they. shahar key liye ack samtal aur sthaanik raksha donon kaa nirmaan karate hue, yeh rajvansh kii sabse achchi kileband shahar raksha pranali thee, joe shahar key kilebandi design mein antim rajvansh kii chean kii sabse badee uplabdhiyon koo pradarshit karati thee.
beijing key kilebandi koo americi vastukar admond bekan ney "prithvi key chehare parr manushya kii sabse badee ekal vaastushilp upalabdhi" key roop mein varnit kiya thaa. swedish vidwan oswald siren ney apani pustak "dha walls aind gates off paking" mein kille key rajsi drishyon kaa varnan kiya haye. unhone likhaah "dwaaron koo shahar kaa muhana kahaa jaa sakata haye; way dwaar hain jinake madhyam seey aadhe million yaa usase adhik jeevon kaa yeh vishal deewaar vaalaa shareer saans letaa haye aur bolata haye. poore shahar kaa jeevan dwaaron parr kendrit hoe jaataa haye; joe kuchh bhee baahar yaa ander jaataa haye usey inn sankeern dwaaron seey gujarna padata haye. aur joe ander aur baahar jaataa haye vaha kewal vaahanon, jaanvaron aur manushyon kaa ack samooh naheen haye, balki vichaar aur ichchhaaen, aashaaen aur niraashaaen, mrityu aur vivaah aur antim sanskar-prakriyaon key aakar mein nayaa jeevan haye. faatakon parr poore shahar kii naadi koo mahsoos kiya jaa sakata haye, kyonki iska jeevan aur uddeshya sankeern dwaaron seey hocker bahata haye-ack naadi-dhadkan joe iss atyadhik jatil jeev key jeevan aur gatividhi kii lay detee haye jise paking kahaa jaataa haye."unhone ack nirashawadi drishtikon key saath nishkarsh nikala kii kyaa kille bhavishya mein barkarar rahenge. vaastav mein, baad mein kille koo ack-ack karke dhwast curr diyaa gayaa.
sanrakshan.
pracheen vastukala kii bahaali kaa ahwan 2008 key grishmakaaleen olympic taka kii avadhi mein majboot huaa, jisaki mejbani beijing mein kii gaee thee. mool "" "aakar kii shahar raksha pranali key poorna yaa aanshik punarnirmaan kii maang kii gaee thee. haal hii mein puuraa kiya gayaa yongdingman kaa punarnirmaan iss tarah key kaam kaa ack udaaharan haye, aur bhavishya mein anya logon dwara iska anusaran kiye jaane kii sambhavana haye. ack punarsthaapit aantarik aur baahari shahar kii khaai pranali saarvajanik jalmarg network kaa hissa bunn jaayegi; shahar key kendriya aksh key dakshin mein teen dwaaron (aur sambhavatah sabhi nau dwaar aur aantarik shahar key teen koney key gaard tower) key punarnirmaan parr adhikaariyon dwara charcha kii jaa rahee haye. haalaanki, fuchengmen, chaoyangmen aur juanwomen jaise faatakon key poorv sthal abb oonchi sadakon aur anya pramukh vikas key saath vyast hain. ack vikalp hoga kii cumm bheedbhaad vaale sthaanon parr unhein paas mein hii punarnirmit kiya jaae. kuchh adhik sambhaavit pariyojanaaen shesh kilebandi kii bahaali aur shahar kii divaaron key kuchh hisson kaa punarnirmaan hain, joe cumm chunautipurna hain aur jinake liye bahut cumm dhana kii aavashyakta hoti haye. 2001 aur 2003 key beach, beijing train station key thheek dakshin mein aantarik shahar kii deewaar key maujooda khand koo poori tarah seey bahaal curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur ise janata key liye ming shahar kii deewaar avashesh park key roop mein khol diyaa gayaa thaa. 2005 aur 2006 mein udyaan mein aur adhik deewaar khand jode gaye they. dakshin-poorv koney key meenar koo bahaal curr diyaa gayaa haye aur yeh udyaan kaa hissa haye. beijing pracheen vedhshala key paas shahar kii deewaar key hisse kii bahaali aur isake dushman drishti tower yojana key charanon mein hain, saath hii jhengyangmen mein barbican bhee haye.

