
gillardia

"gillardia" samudri dwi-flaglet cryptomonade shaiwal kaa ack vansh haye jisamen ack laal shaiwal key maadhyamik endosymbiosis key madhyam seey praapt ack plasted hotaa haye.
mool roop seey 1960 key dashak mein richard gillard dwara connecticut mein pehchaane gaye, "gillardia" mein kewal ack varnit prajaati haye. yeh vansh jangli mein durlabh haye, lekin sanskritiyon kii achchi tarah seey aur isaki mool khoj key baad seey aksar adhyayan kiya gayaa haye. chhoti koshika kii samanya aakriti vigyaan kaa achchi tarah seey varnan kiya gayaa haye, aur anya cryptomonades key saath kaee samaantaaen saajha karati haye, halanki isamen periplasm kaa ack anootha sangathan hotaa haye. "gillardia" ekmatra cryptomonade haye jiska puuraa naabhik, nucleomorph aur plasted genome anukramit haye. iss gyaan ney chloroplast, paitrik laal shaiwal nucleomorph aur naabhik key beach jeane hastaantaran parr aage key adhyayan key saath-saath plasted key bheetar prakaash sanshleshit aur koshika chakr jeane abhivyakti key viniyaman koo prerit kiya haye. yeh vansh javic vishayon mein anusandhaan mein bhee mahatvapurna haye; "gillardia" apani sanskriti aur anukramit genome kii aasaani key kaaran cryptomonades mein maadhyamik endosymbiosis aur prakaash sanshleshan key adhyayan mein ack model jeev key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. dou aayan channelrodopsin koo bhee optogenetic avrodhakon key roop mein tantrika jeev vigyaan anusandhaan anuprayogon key liye "gillardia" theeta seey alag kiya gayaa haye.
vyutpatti.
mool roop seey iss vansh koo "cryptomnass prajaati theeta" yaa "flaglet theeta" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa. taba iska naam pahaadi dwara "gillardia" aur dow. key naam parr vedarbi rakhaa gayaa thaa. robbert gillard, shodhkarta jinhone mool roop seey vansh koo alag kiya thaa.
prakaar prajaatiyanh "gillardia theeta".
gyaan kaa itihas.
cryptomnade "gillardia theeta" koo pahali baar dow. 1963 mein connecticut mein robbert gillard, jahan unhone samudri dietums mein nitrogen key carbonic sroton parr ack sangoshthi mein ise "flagelet theeta" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya. taba seey, jeev koo kaee baar safaltapurvak samvardhit kiya gayaa haye. 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein jaba ise "cryptomnass theeta" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa, tou flazella aur ack advitiya periplast kaa varnan kiya gayaa thaa. inn adhyayanon key baad, plasted genome koo mapp kiya gayaa aur 1990 mein pahaadi aur mausam kii madhumakkhi koo genus kaa naam diyaa gayaa aur visheshta dee gaee, isase pahale kii 1999 mein plasted genome koo poori tarah seey anukramit kiya gayaa thaa, joe laal shaiwal key saath plasted key samanya vansh kii pushti kartaa haye. inn mool adhyayanon key baad seey, iss jeev key kaee anya pahaluon kii pehchaan kii gaee haye, jisamen nucleomorph aur plasted vibhajan key tantra aur unake viniyaman, aur prakaash sanshleshit varnakon, tantra aur viniyaman shamil hain. kyonki yeh sanskriti mein itani achchi tarah seey badhata haye, "gillardia theeta" kaa upayog aksar aadhunik samay key adhyayanon mein ack model jeev key roop mein kiya jaataa haye joe cryptomnades visheshtaon kii jaanch kartaa haye.
nivaas aur paaristhitiki.
jangli mein, "gillardia theeta" ack durlabh planctonic samudri jeev haye, aur adhikansh adhyayan sanskritiyon seey poore kiye gaye hain. yeh vansh mool roop seey connecticut mein milford bandargah seey alag kiya gayaa thaa, aur isaki mool khoj key baad seey denmark mein kewal ack anya sthaan parr paaya gayaa haye. milford bandargah mein kaee alag-alag kshetra jaise jwaranadmukh, mitty key samtal, samudri besin, marina, samudra tata, daldal aur tateey tata shamil hain joe vibhinn prakaar key jeevon koo awas pradaan karate hain. halanki sateek algaav sthaan darj naheen kiya gayaa thaa, lekin maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh vansh samudri besin key sthir paani mein phytoplankton key roop mein failata haye.
aeye. larson ekmatra anya shodhkarta hain jinhone denmark mein waden sagar key bheetar jangal mein "gillardia" kii pehchaan kii haye. haalaanki, yeh kewal pahaadi aur mausam key saath ack vyaktigat vigyapti key madhyam seey prakat kiya gayaa thaa, aur kabhi prakaashit naheen kiya gayaa thaa.  ack anya uttari samudri nivaas, waden sagar mein rait key taton kaa ack samooh haye joe sthaaniya paaristhitiki tantra koo muhaane, khula paani, daldal aur retile samudra tata awas pradaan kartaa haye.
choonki vansh jangli mein apekshaakrit durlabh haye, paaristhitiki tantra mein isaki bhoomika koo achchi tarah seey samajha naheen gayaa haye. "gillardia" dou plastids key saath ack prakaash sanshleshit phytoplankton haye, joe pranali key bheetar praathamik utpaadan mein ack bhoomika kaa sanket detaa haye. isake alawa, ciliates sanskriti mein vansh key shikariyon key roop mein jaane jaate hain, joe jaleey pranaliyon key bheetar shikaar key roop mein "gillardia" kii bhoomika kaa sujhaav dete hain. "mesodenium pulex", ack achchi tarah seey adhyayan kiya gayaa phagotrophic siliot joe samudri, khaare aur taaje paani key vatavaran mein aam haye, "gillardia" theeta sanskritiyon parr grahan kiya aur vikasit huaa.
varnan.
aakriti vigyaan.
gillardia" vansh kii aakriti vigyaan kaa achchi tarah seey varnan kiya gayaa haye. koshika dorso-ventry roop seey chapti hoti haye aur lagbhag 7-11 microne lambi hoti haye. cryptomonades key sadasya key roop mein, isamen ack poorvavarti gullet hotaa haye aur isamen nucleolus key saath ack naabhik, ack double lobe, pyrinoid key saath chaar jhillidaar plasted, plasted, mitochondria, dou flazella seey judey golgi upkaran, starch jamaa aur gullet aur periplast parr ejectosome key saath ack nucleomorph hotaa haye. periplasm kii sanrachana, kristaliya upa-ikaaiyon seey bunny aniyamit plates seey bunny patali chadaron kii ack parat, vansh kii ack paribhaashit visheshta haye. "gillardia key aantarik periplasm mein plasma jhilli key buggle mein ack ekal sheet hoti haye jabaki anya cryptomonades key aantarik periplasm samaan aakar kii plates seey baney hotey hain. donon prakaar key periplasm mein, paridhiya bahirgaman putikaon mein periplasm key neeche sthit hotey hain aur ack gair-kristaliya samagri periplasm koo plasma jhilli seey alag karati haye.
gillardia" aur anya gupt-mudraon mein bahirgaman kaa upayog mukhya roop seey raksha aur bachaav key liye kiya jaataa haye, joe koshika key gullet koo astar mein rakhta haye. gillardia" mein, asman lambe taar putikaon key bheetar hotey hain, jabaki taar kii lambai anya cryptomnade vansh mein bhinn hoti haye. taar kii lambai 200 nm seey 3.6 microne taka hoti haye. teji seey ph parivartan, parasaran parivartan, yaa prakaash kii teevrata parivartan jaise baahari tanaavon key jawab mein, kundaliyan aspas key vatavaran mein apane putikaon seey baahar nikalati hain. kissy anya jeev jaisi vastu key saath bahishkrit taaron kaa prabhaav shikari seey bachane key liye "gillardia" kii asman peechhe kii gati kaa kaaran banata haye.
plasted.
gillardia" mein plasted ack laal shaiwal koshika kii ack maadhyamik endosymbiosis ghatana seey utpann huaa. anya gupt-mudraon kii tarah, "gillardia" maadhyamik endosymbiosis koo samajhane key liye mahatvapurna haye kyonki yeh ack periplastidial dibbe key bheetar ack nucleomorph key roop mein shaiwal endosymbient key naabhik koo banaae rakhta haye aur plastidial parisar key aspas chaar jhilli rakhta haye. sabse baahari jhilli koo paitrik phagocytic putika kaa avashesh maanaa jaataa haye aur yeh "gillardia" endoplasmic reticulum key saath nirantar haye. nucleomorph mein sthaaniya tubelin jeane key kaaran, chhote periplastidial cytoplasm koo isake cytoskeleton key ghatakon koo banaae rakhane key liye bhee parikalpana kii gaee haye. jabaki kaee plastidial protein nucleomorph mein rahate hain, joe mezban naabhik mein endosymbiotic jeane hastaantaran seey gujare hain, unhein dvidaliya aine-terminal sanket anukram key saath saha-anuvadatmak sthanantaran key madhyam seey sabse baahari jhilli key madhyam seey vaapas lakshit kiya jaataa haye. pratyek baad kii jhilli joe protein seey gujarati haye, advitiya sthanantaran tantra koo banaae rakhti haye. plasted key bheetar eukariotic ribosome aur ack starch granule bharaa huaa pyrenoid bhee hotaa haye, jahan carbonic dioxide kaa sthirikaran rubisco enzyme key madhyam seey hotaa haye.
anya cryptomonades kii tarah, plastidial chloroplast key halke kataai varnak phycobiliprotein aur chlorophil aeye/see-binding protein hain, joe laal shaiwal vansh mein paae jaane vaale samaan hain. laal shaiwal key vipareet, "gillardia" mein phycobiliprotein antina koo shaiwal prakaash sanshleshan kii visheshta vaale thylacoid jhilli seey judey badey antina key bajaay chhote ghulansheel protein parisaron key roop mein thylacoid lumen mein sthaaniyakrit kiya jaataa haye. gillardia" mein prakaash sanshleshit varnakon koo niyantrit karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale tantra vikas charan key aadhar parr bhinn hotey hain. laghuganak vikas charanon mein, "gillardia" oorjaa nivesh koo sanshodhit karane key liye avastha sankraman kaa upayog kartaa haye, jabaki sthir vikas charan mein, koshika gair prakaash rasayanik shaman kaa upayog karati haye, joe paudhon aur shaiwal koo uchch prakaash teevrata seey bachaane key liye ack tantra haye. yeh spasht naheen haye kii oorjaa nivesh koo viniyamit karane key dou tantra "gillardia" key vibhinn vikas charanon mein alag-alag kyon hain.
gatishilata.
gatishilata mukhya roop seey dou asmamit flazella key madhyam seey hoti haye, joe gullet seey sabse lamba aage nikalata haye, jabaki chhota flazellum koshika key peechhe kii or ishara kartaa haye. ack prakand aur jarh pranali bhee "gillardia" kii gatishilata mein yogdan karati haye. dilchasp baat yeh haye kii "gillardia" theeta "key prakashrodhak tantra, joe gati pratikriya shuru karane key liye aayan channelrodopsin koo shamil karate hain, kaa upayog tantrika vigyaan anuprayogon mein optogenetic avarodhak key roop mein kiya gayaa haye.
koshika vibhajan.
alaingik roop seey thheek seey vibhajit karane key liye, "gillardia" koo apani koshika key saath-saath plasted key nucleomorph aur chloroplast koo dohrana chaahiye. vansh mitosis key madhyam seey vibhajit hotaa haye, aur kabhi bhee yaun roop seey vibhajit naheen dekhaa gayaa haye; haalaanki, ardhasutri vibhaajak seey sambandhit jeane naabhik mein paae gaye hain, joe sujhaav dete hain kii isamen aisaa karane kii kshamata haye. gillardia" mein mitosis plasted vibhajan key baad shuru hotaa haye, mitotic spindle key gathan aur besal boddy aur flazella vibhajan kii shuruat key saath. kaee anya flagelated proteast kii tarah, donon pahale seey maujood flazella dotter locomotion flazellum bunn jaate hain, jabaki nae besal boddy flazeller parivartan key madhyam seey peechhe kii flazellum mein vikasit hotey hain. metafage key madhyam seey, surangon key saath ack chromatin plate paramanu jhilli key vighatan key parinamswarup hoti haye. anaphase key dauran, microtubul plate surangon key madhyam seey dhaage koo jodata haye aur plate koo dou bhaagon mein vibhajit karate hue chromatin seey judataa haye. paramanu jhilli key avashesh bhee mitosis key dauran endoplasmic reticulum key sampark mein rahane vaale mitotic spindle koo kinare parr dikhate hain. cytokinesis metafage aur anaphase key dauran "gillardia" mein hotaa haye, jisamen microtubul sanrachanaon key bajaay anakar padarthon kii ack patali parat hoti haye.
plastidial vibhajan preprofes mein flazeller vibhajan seey pahale hotaa haye, aur nucleomorph aur chloroplast vibhajan donon prati "gillardia" koshika chakr mein ack baar hotey hain. plasted vibhajan prishthiya pull key sankuchan key madhyam seey hotaa haye joe plasted key dou khandon koo jodata haye. chloroplast vibhajan key puuraa honey seey pahale, nucleomorph aantarik aur baahari nucleomorph jhilli koo sakriya karke vibhajit hotaa haye. chloroplast, nucleomorph aur mezban koshika vibhajan kaa samanvaya laal shaiwal endosymbient key ack organel mein vikas key liye mahatvapurna haye. nucleus encoded nucleomorph histone aich2aeye mrna aiss charan key dauran jamaa hotaa haye, jabaki nucleomorph encoded jeane joe nucleomorph pratikriti aur vibhajan koo niyantrit karate hain, lagaatar vyakt kiye jaate hain. isase pataa chalata haye kii endosymbient ney pratikriti chakr parr nirbhar pratilekhan koo viniyamit karane kii kshamata khou dee, lekin mezban naabhik koshika-chakr parr nirbhar jeane kaa niyantran nucleomorph aur chloroplast pratikriti aur vibhajan koo niyantrit kartaa haye.
genome kii visheshataaen.
"gillardia" "theeta" "ack poorna anukramit genome key saath pahala cryptomnade thaa. iska naabhik haploid haye, jisamen ack tetraploid nucleomorph aur mitochondria aur uchch pratilipi sankhya vaale plasted hain. mool anukraman key baad seey, plasted aur nucleomorph genome koo bhee anukramit kiya gayaa haye aur vansh key plasted aur vargeekaran itihas key shaiwal vansh koo behtar dhang seey samajhane key liye maanchitran kiya gayaa haye.  paramanu genome 21,000 anumaanit protein koo encoding karane vaale aakar mein lagbhag 87 mega bases jode hain, 57 pratishat poori tarah seey advitiya hain aur anya jeevon mein koee gyaat samroopata naheen haye. genome mein endomembrane pranali, pratilekhan, aar. aine. aeye. prasanskaran aur anuvaad, anuvaad key baad sanshodhan, protein turnover aur cytoskeletal jeane sahit lagbhag sabhi eukariotic jatilata lakshan hotey hain. gillardia" paramanu genome mein kaee splisosomal intron aur anumaanit tyrosine kinnez kaa ack badaa parivaar bhee paaya gayaa thaa. gillardia" naabhik mein 7451 jeane mein seey 508 koo shaiwal vansh mein utpann honey key liye nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. aankadon key bavjood kii inmein seey adhikansh jeane harey shaiwal vansh seey utpann hotey hain, yeh tulanaa vishvasaniya naheen haye kyonki kaee genome databases harey shaiwal jeane key prati pakshapaati hotey hain.
nucleomorph anukraman seey 487 protein jeane key saath ack apekshaakrit chhote genome kaa pataa chalata haye, kuchh housekeeping jeane, jisamen kewal 31 jeane plasted key liye lakshit kiye jaate hain. yeh spasht haye kii nucleomorph kaa aakar kaafee cumm hoe gayaa haye aur lagbhag poori tarah seey periplastidial complexes key liye protein lakshyikaran parr nirbhar kartaa haye. pratilekhan seey sambandhit proteins key liye mezban paramanu genome code joe sambhavatah nucleomorph mein jeane abhivyakti koo niyantrit karane key liye kaary karate hain, saath hii koshika pratikriti seey judey dna pratikriti protein aur protein kinnez. inn jeenon kaa mezban genome mein sthanantaran spasht roop seey plasted endosymbient kii aatmanirbharta key nuksan koo darshaata haye.  haalaanki, paramanu aur nucleomorph donon genomes key poorna anukram seey sanket milata haye kii endosymbient jeane hastaantaran key dauran, protein aksar nae kaary karate hain aur vibhinn khandon parr kabja curr lete hain, isaliye vikaasvaadi itihas key aadhar parr kaary nirdhaarit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. "gillardia key genome mein mezban naabhik, nucleomorph, plasted aur anya videshi shaiwal seey praapt protein seey praapt jeane key saath mosassism kaa ack uchch star hotaa haye.
gillardia theeta" kaa plasted genome ack nucleomorph yukt jeev seey pahala plasted bhee thaa jise plasted kii endosymbiotic utpatti koo spasht karane key liye bhautik roop seey mapp aur anukramit kiya gayaa thaa. genome mein 121 kilo aadhar jode hotey hain, jinamen seey 4key. bee. pee. ribosomal utpaadan key liye dou aar. aar. aine. aeye. cystron koo kootbaddh kartaa haye. coding kshetron mein, 46 jeane prakaash sanshleshan key liye hain, 10 jeane jaiv sanshleshit, pratikriti aur vibhajan jeane hain, 44 kootbaddh ribosomal protein hain, aur 7 pratilekhan aur anuvaad mein shamil hain. kuchh jeane overlap hotey hain aur genome key bheetar koee intron naheen hotey hain, jisase yeh kaafee compact hoe jaataa haye. isake alawa kaee polycystronic jeane hain joe ack laal shaiwal, "porphira perpuria" key plasted mein pehchaane jaane vaale samaan hain. yeh "gillardia" aur "porphira" donon mein plasted key samanya vansh kaa sujhaav detaa haye.
vyaavhaarik mahatva.
"gillardia" kaa upayog aksar shaiwal endosymbient genomics aur kaee anya cryptomnade adhyayanon key liye ack model cryptomnade key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. kyonki vansh sanskriti itani achchi haye, yeh pahala cryptomonade thaa jiska puuraa paramanu, nucleomorph aur plasted genome anukramit thaa. iss detta seey praapt jaankaari ney endosymbiotic laal shaiwal plasted vaale proteast vansh mein maujood maadhyamik endosymbiosis key tantra koo spasht karane mein madad kii. aanvik anukraman key alawa, "gillardia" jeevon key plasted mein shamil pratikriti tantra aur prakaash sanshleshit tantra kaa anya cryptophyte prajaatiyon key liye ack model key roop mein achchi tarah seey adhyayan kiya gayaa haye. iss vansh kaa upayog cryptophytes mein periplast starch sanshleshan kaa adhyayan karane key liye ack model key roop mein bhee kiya gayaa thaa, yeh darshaate hue kii "gillardia theeta" periplast starch koo sanshleshit karane key liye yuu. dee. pee.-glucose adharit maarg kaa upayog kartaa haye.
isake alawa, "gillardia theeta" seey aayan channelrodopsin protein optogenetic parakh mein neuron hyperpolarisation koo prerit karate paae gaye hain. channelrodopsin halke gated aayan channel hain joe shaiwal mein prakaash sroton kii or flazeller andolan koo prerit karate hain. maanav adhyayanon mein, chloride sanchaalit atidhruveekaran koo prerit karane key liye aayan channelrodopsin koo tainaat kiya jaa sakata haye, joe vishisht samay binduon parr lakshit neurons koo chup curr detaa haye. yeh tantrika vaigyaanikon koo photo-daman vishisht neurons dwara neuronal circuitry kaa adhyayan karane kii anumati detaa haye. gillardia" mein aayan channelrodopsin kii khoj seey pahale, neurons key optogenetic silencing key tareeke cumm prabhaavi aur sateek they. jabaki yeh khoj tantrika vigyaan anusandhaan key liye avishvasaniya roop seey upayogi bunny hui haye, aage key shodh ney ack "rhodomonas salina" aayan channelrodopsin kaa pradarshan kiya jisamen uttejana aur channel kholane key beach pratikriya samay mein kamee aaee haye. iss prakaar, "gillardia" channelrodopsin kaa upayog abb tantrika vigyaan parakh key liye aksar naheen kiya jaataa haye.
isake alawa, iska upayog "mesodenium" ciliates jaise anya jeevon key samvardhan aur adhyayan key liye shikaar key roop mein kiya gayaa haye.