
marta vargara

marta vargara varas (2 janwari 1898-1995) ack chilly lekhak, sampaadak, patrakaar aur mahila adhikaar karyakarta theen. 1930 mein antarrashtriya narivad key saath pesh kii gaee, vaha mahilaaon key rashtriyata koo prabhaavit karane vaale kaanoonon parr dastavej ekatra karane mein madad karane vaale antar-americi mahila aayog (see. aaee. aim.) key vikas mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati hain. unhone samaantaa kii khoj mein kamkaji mahilaaon key muddon koo shamil karane key liye antarrashtriya narivad key dayare koo vyaapak banaane key liye doris stevens koo prerit kiya. chilly kii mahilaaon key mukti samarthak andolan () kii sansthaapak sadasya, vaha isake masik bulletin "laa mujer nueva" kii sampaadak theen. jaba unhein communist party seey bedkhal curr diyaa gayaa tou vaha europe chully gaeen aur yuddh key dauran ack patrakaar key roop mein kaam kiya. yuddh key anta mein, vaha washington laut aaee.see., aur chilly lautane seey pahale mahilaaon key matadhikar aur samaantaa key liye dabaav banaana jaari rakhate hue, jahan unhone apana lekhan currier phir seey shuru kiya.
jeevani.
marta vargara varas kaa janm 2 janwari 1898 koo valparaiso, chilly mein teen bahanon mein sabse chhoti clotilde varas valdovinos aur pedro vargara silva key ghar huaa thaa. unake shuruati saal tata parr bitaaye gaye they, jaba taka kii 1906 key valparaiso bhookamp ney unake parivaar key ghar koo nasht naheen curr diyaa aur unaki maan kii hatyaa curr dee. usa samay seey aage, parivaar tata aur rajdhani key beach aage-peechhe chalaa gayaa. 1920 key dashak key anta taka, vergara ack patrakaar key roop mein kaam curr rahee thee aur 1927 mein jaba carlos ibenez dell campo ney takhtapalat key baad apana netritva shuru kiya, tou vaha europe bhaag gaee. ell mercurio" key liye ack samvaadaata key roop mein kaam karate hue unhone anya patrakaron key saath sampark kiya.
narivad.
doris stevens una patrakaarita samparkon mein seey ack they. stevens ney iss adhyayan key liye vargara kii shuruat kii kii mahilaaon kaa antar-americi aayog (see. aaee. aim.) mahilaaon kii rashtriyata key sambandh mein kaam curr rhaa thaa, 1930 mein leag off nations key hegg codification sammelan key liye chilly kaa pratinidhi banane key liye usaki bharti curr rhaa thaa. agale varsh, vargara koo jineva, switzerland mein leag off nations kii baithak kii report key liye ack vaikalpik prastutkarta key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. sammelan key baad, vargara kaee maheenon taka mahilaaon key adhikaaron key liye geneva lobbing mein rahee. 1932 mein jaba vaha chilly lauti, tou unhone narivad key baare mein ack antarrashtriya drishtikon vaapas laaya aur paaya kii raajneetik ashanti joe unhein jaane key liye majboor curr rahee thee, nagrik swatantrataon koo bahaal karane key saath thheek hoe gaee thee. 1933 mein, vargara koo montevideo, urugue mein 1933 key paine-american sammelan mein chilly kaa pratinidhitva karna thaa, sammelan seey pahale, vaha aur stevens daarshanik vichaaron mein vibhajit hoe gaye they aur vargara vaapas leey liya thaa. vaha maanati thee kii yuu.aiss. drishti pramukh thee aur yeh kii kamkaji varg kii mahilaaon kii jarooraton koo agenda seey hataa diyaa jaa rhaa thaa. stevens koo likhe ack patra mein unhone kahaa kii aarthik asamaantaon seey nipate binaa koee bhee kewal raajneetik aur samajik uddeshyon koo sambodhit naheen curr sakata haye. stevens vargara key samarthan key binaa sammelan mein gaye aur mahilaaon kii rashtriyata parr sammelan koo surakshit karane mein kamyab rahey.agale varsh, chilly kii mahilaaon koo nagarpalika chunaavon mein matdan karane kaa adhikaar diyaa gayaa.
1935 mein, vargara ney elena caferena, flora heredia, evangelina mait, gracilla mandujano, aidaa parada, olga poblet, aur clara williams dee yung key saath milkar chilly kii mahilaaon (memach) key mukti samarthak andolan kii sthaapana kii. yeh sangathan chilly mein sabse mahatvapurna nariwadi sangathanon mein seey ack bunn jaayega aur mahilaaon key liye samajik-aarthik, saanskritik aur kanuni seemaon koo sambodhit karane parr dhyaan kendrit karega. vargara sangathan key masik bulletin, "laa mujer nueva" (naee mahila) key sampaadak baney, jisane vibhinn mahilaaon key muddon parr lekh aur antarrashtriya baithakon aur sammelanon parr jaankaari prakaashit kii. janwari, 1936 mein, vargara aur mem ney santiago mein aayojit antarrashtriya shram sangathan kii baithak mein bhaag liya. halanki vaha stevens seey asahmat thee kii poorna prasooti avkash samaantaa lakshyon key ullanghan kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, vargara sammelan mein mukhya kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye sahmat hoe gaee. stevens ack pratinidhi key samarthan key baare mein asahaj thee, ack mudda jise usane purushon aur mahilaaon key beach matbhedon parr aakarshit kiya. lekin, unhein samaan adhikaar sandhi key liye vargara aur memach key samarthan kii aavashyakta thee, joe americi raajya vibhaag key majboot virodh kaa saamana curr rhaa thaa aur samjhauta karane key liye taiyar thaa.
17 navambar 1936 koo, vargara ney chilly key santiago mein marcos chaamoodez retich seey shaadi kii. agale maheene, unhone argentine key buenos aayars mein sima sammelan mein bhaag liya. unhone aur stevens ney paine-american union key liye ack yachika prastut kii kii sabhi sadasya raajyon koo vishva shaanti koo badhaava dene key saadhan key roop mein mahilaaon koo matadhikar dene kii sifarish kii jaae. stevens aur ellis paul key vipareet, vargara key nariwadi vichaar unake saamyvaad key adhyayan seey prabhaavit they aur nishchit roop seey vampanthi they. iss vichaar key bajaay kii vyakti ack "maulik raajneetik ikai" thee, jaisa kii amerikiyon ney vakaalat kii, vargara ney socha kii parivaar aadarsh raajneetik ikai thee aur parivarik adhikaaron kii raksha key madhyam seey samajik ekjutata kii disha mein kaam kiya. unake pati, usa samay ack communist they, halanki baad mein unhone communist party koo aswikar curr diyaa. vargara unaki shaadi key baad communist party mein shamil hoe gaeen, phir bhee vaha aksar unaki rajneeti seey asahmat theen. buenos aayars sammelan mein, vargara aur stevens donon ney samaan adhikaar sandhi key paksh mein baat kii aur pahali baar stevens ney prasooti avkash vaapas lene parr sahamati vyakt kii. haalaanki mahilaaen sandhi key paksh mein ack prastaav paarit karane mein saksham theen, lekin badey paine-american sammelan ney 1936 mein yaa 1938 mein jaba stevens koo seema seey bedkhal curr diyaa gayaa thaa, taba kaanoon paarit naheen kiya thaa.
vargara ney 1937 mein kafrena key saath metch seey istifa dey diyaa, jaba yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii communist sadasya poori tarah seey kamkaji varg kii mahilaaon key saamane aaney vaale muddon parr dhyaan kendrit karane key liye sangathan kaa punarnirmaan karane kii koshish curr rahey they. phir 1939 mein unhein aur chaamoodez donon koo communist party seey bedkhal curr diyaa gayaa aur sanyukt raajya america chaley gaye. unhone newyork shahar mein kuchh samay key liye nivaas kiya aur apane dost pablo neruda key saath samay bitaaya. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, dampati europe mein rahate they, jahan unhone apana patrakaarita currier phir seey shuru kiya aur camdays, jinhone newyork mein apane samay key dauran ack photographer key roop mein prashikshan liya thaa, ack yuddh photographer bunn gaye, joe general patton key sainikon key peechhe they. vargara ney apani bahan key parivaar key saath bhee samay bitaaya, joe peris mein reh rahee theen. jaba yuddh samaapt huaa, tou vargara yuu mein laut aaya.aiss. aur see. aaee. aim. key liye ack purnakaalik karyakarta bunn gayaa. vaha see. aaee. aim. kii 1949 kii report key liye jimmedaar thee, jisamen americi raajyon key sangathan key sabhi sadasya raajyon koo mahilaaon key liye nagrik, aarthik aur raajneetik samaantaa key liye pratibaddh honey kii sifarish kii gaee thee. report koo bogota mein americi raajyon key nauvein antarrashtriya sammelan seey samarthan milaa aur usee varsh poorna matadhikar praapt karane key liye chilly kii mahilaaon key liye antarrashtriya laabh pradaan kiya gayaa.
dampati 1951 mein chilly laut aae aur chaamoodez ney ack photo-patrakaar key roop mein saamyvaad virodhi lekh likhane kaa kaam kiya. vergara ney 1962 mein apani aatmakatha "memorias dee unaa mujer irrerant" (ack asambaddh mahila key sansmaran) prakaashit kii, jise santigo nagarpalika saahitya puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. unhone taba taka likhana jaari rakhaa jaba taka kii unhone apani drishti khou naheen dee aur israel key nursing home taka seemit naheen reh gaeen. 1995 mein santiago mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee.