
ingland kii toponymi

ingland kii sthalaakriti vibhinn prakaar kii bhashai utpatti seey utpann hoti haye. bhasha parivartanon key kaaran kaee angreji toponium varshon seey dooshit aur toot gaye hain, jisake kaaran mool arth khou gaye hain. kuchh mamalon mein, inn sthaanon key naamon mein upayog kiye jaane vaale shabd una bhaashaon seey liye gaye hain joe vilupt hoe chuki hain, aur jinaki koee gyaat paribhasha naheen haye. sthaan-naam bhee alag-alag avadhiyon seey dou yaa dou seey adhik bhaashaon seey praapt tatvon seey baney yaugik hoe sakate hain. adhikansh sthalnam norman vijay seey shuru hue angreji bhasha mein krantikari parivartanon seey pahale key hain, aur kuchh celtic naam pahali sahasrabdi mein anglo-saxon key aagaman seey pahale key hain.
adhikansh anya kshetron kii tarah ingland key sthaan-naamon key bhee aam taur parr aise arth hotey hain joe ack ilaake key basane vaalon key liye mahatvapurna they (halanki yeye jaruri naheen kii pahale basane vaale houn). kabhi-kabhi yeye arth aadhunik angreji bolane vaalon key liye spasht rahey hain (udaaharan key liye nucasal aur sevenox); haalaanki, unhein spasht karane key liye purani bhaashaon key adhyayan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. jaise-jaise naamon ney yaa tou ack naee bhasha kii shuruat yaa bhashai pravaah key kaaran apane mool arth khou diye, way dheere-dheere badal gaye, yaa nae tatvon key saath jode gaye. ack udaaharan leicessire mein pahaadi parr nasl haye, jiska naam vartamaan mein bolly jaane vaali bhasha mein pahaadi parr jore dene vaale tatvon key badhane seey badhaa haye.
utpatti.
ingland key sthaanon key naamon kii utpatti vividh haye, joe kaafee hudd taka bhasha aur sanskriti mein aitihaasik parivartanon key kaaran haye. yeye alag-alag samay parr aur alag-alag hudd taka alag-alag kshetron koo prabhaavit karate hain. inn bhashai/saanskritik parivartanon kii sateek prakriti aksar vivadaspad hoti haye, lekin samanya sahamati iss prakaar haye.
british dweepon mein patthar aur kansya yug key dauran aise loga rahate they jinaki bhaashaaen agyaat hain. lauh yug key dauran, grate britten kii aabaadi ney paschimi europe mein rahane vaale celtic logon key saath ack sanskriti saajha kii. bhoomi upayog key tareeke kansya yug seey kaafee naheen badalate hain, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii aabaadi "sthiti mein" bunny hui haye. iss avadhi key sakshya, mukhya roop seey sthaan-naamon aur vyaktigat naamon key roop mein, yeh spasht karate hain kii ack celtic bhasha, jise samanya britonic kahaa jaataa haye, lohe key yug key anta taka ingland mein bolly jaati thee. yeye bhaashaaen kiss bindu parr faili, yaa vaastav mein kiss kshetra mein vikasit hui, iss parr bahas key liye khula haye, jisamen adhikansh anuman kansya yug mein kissy bindu parr girate hain.
british toponyms kaa pramukh substrate iss prakaar mool mein celtic haye, aur adhik vishesh roop seey british ('british'), aadhunik velsh key liye paitrik aur ireland aur scotland kii goidelic bhaashaon seey adhik door seey sambandhit haye. ingland mein sabse puraane sthaan-naam nadiyon key naam prateet hotey hain, jinamen seey kaee koo mool mein britonic honey key roop mein vyakhya kii jaati haye. ingland key una kshetron mein jahaan apekshaakrit haal hii mein (kambriya, cornwall) taka britonic bhaashaon koo pratisthaapit naheen kiya gayaa thaa, kaee basti naam abhee bhee anivarya roop seey britonic hain.
roman vijay key baad, kaee akshansh sthaan-naam dikhaai dete hain, vishesh roop seey sainya bastiyon seey judey. aksar, yeye kewal maujooda naamon kaa ack laitinkaran thaa, jisamen "verlamione" (sent albans) key liye "verulium" aur "dervent" (malton) key liye "derventio" shamil they. roman britten key patan key baad, inmein seey kuchh sthaanon key naam butch gaye. inn bastiyon mein aksar baad key naamon seey jaanaa jaataa haye; kaee koo "chester/cester/caster" pratyay (lattin "castra" = shivir seey udhaar liya gayaa ack purana angreji) dwara roman gadh key roop mein chihnit kiya jaataa haye, joe shayed hii kabhi roman/roman-celtic naam parr chitrit hotaa haye. iss prakaar british sthaan-naamon parr lattin kaa prabhaav aam taur parr kewal mamuli haye.
roman samrajya key anta key baad, uttari samudri tata parr rahane vaali kaee german janjaatiyon ney britten mein palayan karna shuru curr diyaa, vibhinn prakaar seey visthaapit hocker, aapas mein shaadi karke yaa sthaaniya aabaadi parr shasson karna shuru curr diyaa. inn basane vaalon kii bhasha (joe purani angreji bunn jaayegi) nichale britten key adhikansh hisson mein bolly jaane luggy. bhasha aur jansankhya vriddhi key iss pratisthaapan key kaaran, aadhunik ingland mein adhikansh basti naam mool roop seey puraane angreji hain. unamen seey ack badey anupaat mein basane vaalon aur unake vanshajon key vyaktigat naam hain.
kuchh angreji sthaan-naam gair-isai dharmon kaa smaran karate hain, isake bajaay puraane german dharm kaa ullekh karate hainh britten mein gair-isai dhaarmik sthaanon-naamon kii soochi dekhein.
kuchh shataabdiyon key baad, aid 850-1050 key aspas, ingland key uttar aur poorv mein dennish aur norwey key 'wikings' dwara basaaya gayaa thaa. inn kshetron mein kaee toponium iss prakaar puraane norse mool key hain. choonki purani norse mein purani angreji key saath kaee samaantaaen theen, isaliye danla mein kaee sankar angreji/norse sthaan-naam bhee hain, joe ack samay key liye dennish shasson key tahat ingland kaa hissa thaa. norse toponyms mein aksar vyaktigat naam bhee hotey hain, joe yeh sujhaav dete hain kii unakaa naam ack sthaaniya sardar key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.
1066 mein ingland key norman aakraman key baad, kuchh norman french prabhaavon kaa pataa jagah-naamon mein lagaaya jaa sakata haye, vishesh roop seey "seern" aur "-cester" mein "see" seey "see" kaa saralikaran, aur samanti prabhuon key naamon key pratyay jaise kii stoke mandeville, yaa church/kirk/bishap (aiss) (upsarg) yaa episcope/abot (tii) aiss (shayed hii kabhi purvanirdhaarit) church seey sambandhit kaee mamalon mein. ingland kii sthalaakriti praarambhik maanak kaal seey apekshaakrit sthir rahee haye, halanki naamon koo aam taur parr saral banaaya gayaa haye, aadhunik dhwaniyon key saath samanjasya sthaapit kiya gayaa haye aur aadhunik roopon key liye 'vatavaran' banaaya gayaa haye.
bhaashaaen.
kaee bhaashaon ney ingland key namkaran koo aakar diyaa haye aur soochit kiya haih vibhinn celtic bhaashaaen (jisamen brythonic, goidelic (purana ayrish), velsh aur cornish (dakshin paschim mein), lattin, anglo-saxon, old norse, norman french aur anya shamil hain.
pree-celtic.
vartamaan mein patthar aur kansya yug key dauran british dweepon mein sabse pahale rahane vaalon kii pehchaan key baare mein bahut bahas hoe rahee haye. britten mein bhoomi upayog key pattern inn avadhi key dauran aur lauh yug mein jansankhya kii nirantarta kaa sujhaav dete hain. haalaanki, yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii europe kii mool aabaadi ('puraane europeeya' yaa proto-european) koo navpashan kaal key anta seey indo-europeeya bhasha bolane vaale logon dwara 'pratisthaapit' kiya gayaa thaa, joe antatah british dweepon taka pahunch gaye they. isaliye yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii british dweepon kii aabaadi kansya yaa lauh yug key dauran celtic bhaashaon koo apanaane seey pahale abb ack agyaat bhasha yaa kaee agyaat bhaashaaen bolati thee. british dweepon mein kuchh aspashteekrit sthaan-naam (vishesh roop seey nadiyon key, joe sabse puraane naam hotey hain) inn khoye hue bhaashaon seey liye jaa sakate hain.
celtic.
lauh yug mein britten mein bolly jaane vaali mukhya bhasha koo samanya britonic key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jisase cornish, velsh aur brayton kii aadhunik bhaashaaen nikalati hain. combrick, ack abb vilupt chautha vanshaj, 11veen shatabdi taka uttari ingland aur nichale scotland key kuchh hisson mein bolly jaati thee.
britten key dakshin aur poorv mein britonic sthaan-naam, yaa britonic tatvon vaale naam bahut cumm hain. uttar aur paschim kii or badhate hue, halanki, way aavritti mein kaafee badh jaate hain (udaaharan key liye, somerset mein "crookern" aur lancashire mein "morcambe"). cornish toponyms mool roop seey atyadhik celtic hotey hain. kambriya mein, celtic sthaan-naam jyaadaatar praakritik visheshtaon key saath judey hotey hain, naa kii bastiyon key saath, jaise kii pahaad "blancathra" aur "helvelin".
lattin.
bahut cumm roman naam apane mool roop mein roman britten key anta mein butch gaye, halanki kaee roman bastiyon parr phir seey kabja curr liya gayaa thaa. inca naam aam taur parr badal diyaa gayaa thaa, halanki aamtaur parr lattin (shivir) seey "caster"/"chester" pratyay key saath. celtic key madhyam seey kaee lattin naam bache rahey, jaise kii "carlisley" (see. aff.). key liye), "porthlevan" ('bandargah' key liye tulanaa) aur kuchh isai dharm seey judey jaise "accless" (yunani seey lattin, 'church' key saath tulanaa). kaee sthaanon mein lattin (pakki sadak) seey vyutpann tatva "sadak" hotaa haye; yeye aam taur parr ack roman sadak key maarg parr hotey hain, jaise.jee. "chester-leey-street", "stratton-onn-dha-phos."haalaanki, yeh shabd lagbhag nishchit roop seey angreji-saxons key britten mein pravaas seey pahale german bhaashaon mein udhaar liya gayaa thaa, aur iska upayog german bhashi basane vaalon dwara mool roop seey kiya gayaa hoga.
british sthaan-naamon mein anya lattin tatvon koo madhyayugeen kaal mein prabhaav key roop mein apanaaya gayaa thaa. isamen adhik samanya "mahaan/chhota"; ee kaa upayog aur isake bajaay shamil haye.jee. "chyu magna", "linstead magna" aur "linstead parav". kuchh lattin tatva abhee bhee adhik haal key hainh udaaharan key liye, george v seey unake thheek honey key baad "bognor regis" koo iska sammaanjanak pratyay (jiska arth haye 'raajaa kaa') praapt huaa.
angrezi.
purani angreji paschimi german bhasha thee jise angles, saxon aur joot jaisi german janjaatiyon dwara ingland aur dakshinpurvi scotland mein laaya gayaa thaa. purani angreji koo aam taur parr uttar-uttari, marki, paschimi saxon aur cantish boliyon mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye. yeh bhasha madhya angreji mein vikasit hui, jiska upayog samanya vijay key lagbhag 100 varshon baad seey madhya yug key anta taka kiya gayaa thaa. aadhunik angreji seedhe madhya angreji seey lii gaee haye. 
ingland mein adhikansh sthaan-naam puraane angreji mool key hain, vishesh roop seey dakshin-poorv mein. kaee ack vishesh anglo-saxon settler key naam seey vyutpann hotey hain.
inn pratyayon koo kabhi-kabhi sanyukt kiya jaataa haye, jaisa kii "birmingham" aur "southampton" mein hotaa haye.
scandinavian bhaashaaen.
purani norse, ack uttari german bhasha, jisase dennish aur norwegian donon vyutpann hain, scandinavian basane vaalon dwara bolly jaati thee, jinhone wiking yug key dauran british dweepon key uttar mein kaee sthaanon parr kabja curr liya thaa. ingland mein, daine aam taur parr purvi madhyabhoomi aur yorkshire mein buss gaye, jabaki norwey key loga uttar-paschim mein buss gaye. norse-vyutpann sthalnamon kaa kshetriya vitaran inn niptan pattern koo darshaata haye.
haalaanki daine aur norwey kii bhaashaaen bahut samaan theen, donon key beach antar sthaan-naamon mein paae jaa sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, "-baaee" aur "torp" denmark key sthaan-naamon mein bahut adhik aam hain, jabaki "toft/toft" aur "bister/stere/boast" norwey key naamon mein adhik aam hain; inn sabhi tatvon kaa anivarya roop seey arth haye 'settlement/nivaas'.
norman french.
samanya vijay key kaaran, kuchh sthaanon key naamon ney ack yogaatmak, mukhya roop seey ack pratyay praapt kiya, joe unake nae maalikon key naam detaa haih udaaharan key liye gray thurrock joe durlabh upsarg sanskaran haye aur vishisht stoke mandeville; stanton lessie; newport pagnel. prabhaav aksar norman french sanyojanon key saath sthaan-naamon koo spasht kartaa haye, jaise kii hartlepool (haart-leey-pool kahaa jaataa haye), chappel-aine-leey-frith, chester-leey-street. aage kii aspashtata taba hui aur/yaa sadiyon baad pramukh roop bunn gayaa, jaise kii henley-inn-garden aur henley-onn-themus.
british toponymi mein prakriyaaen aur pattern.
sthalnam prakriyaon kii samanya soochi key liye, sthaan naam kii utpatti dekhein.
kshetra key anusaar sthalaakriti.
adhikansh angreji sthaan-naam puraane angreji hain. vyaktigat naam aksar sthaan-naamon key bheetar dikhaai dete hain, sambhavatah namkaran key samay bhoomi maalikon key naam. uttar aur poorv mein, norse mool key kaee sthaan-naam hain; isi tarah, inmein kaee vyaktigat naam hain. samanya taur parr, purani angreji aur norse sthaan-naam mool mein saansaarik hotey hain, sabse aam prakaar [vyaktigat naam + basti/khet/sthaan] yaa [khet kaa prakaar + khet/basti] hain; adhikansh naam "witch", "tunn", "haim", "baay", "thorp", "stoke"/"stock" mein samaapt hotey hain.
kambriya mein, iss kshetra kii poorv brythonic bhasha combrick seey kaee sthaan-naam baney hue hain, udaaharan key liye carlisley, hellin aur blancathra.
adhikansh purani roman bastiyon, chaahe way vaastav mein basey hue houn yaa naheen, koo purani angreji mein "chester/caster" kii upaadhi dee gaee thee ('camp' key liye lattin "castrum" seey); pratyek key liye vishisht naamon kaa kewal roman naamon seey bahut cumm sambandh hoe sakata haye (ee.jee. aadhunik chester koo vaastav mein romanon dwara deva kahaa jaataa thaa). aadhunik winchester "vent belgaram" thaa, joe "vent" seey vyutpann "winn-" tatva thaa, joe dakshin wells mein "vent siluram" seey "carvent" aur "gwent" naamon key samaan thaa.
cornwall mein, adhikansh sthaan-naam mool roop seey cornishah ee.jee. "kalam" (pavitra sheersh bhoomi). purvi cornwall mein, naam ack majboot angreji prabhaav dikhaate hain. dakshin hams, uttar devon aur paschim somerset mein bhee cornish mool key sthaan-naam paae jaate hain. brythonic lekin gair-cornish sthaan-naam, joe kabhi-kabhi cornish yaa velsh prabhaav dikhaate hain, uttar somerset aur dorset key kuchh hisson mein paae jaate hain.
uttari ingland mein, vishesh roop seey yorkshire aur linkenshire mein, naamon ney mahatvapurna scandinavian prabhaav darj kiya haye. udaaharan key liye, "haau" aur "greenho" (donon uttari yorkshire mein) naam puraane norse shabd "haugar" koo darshaate hain jiska arth haye ack pahaadi yaa teela.