
ghoomana

roaming ack wireless dursanchar shabd haye jiska upayog aamtaur parr mobile upkaranon jaise mobile phone key saath kiya jaataa haye. yeh ack mobile phone koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jiska upayog apane mool network kii seema key baahar kiya jaa rhaa haye aur ack anya upalabdh cell network seey judaa huaa haye.
takniki paribhasha.
adhik takniki shabdon mein, roaming kaa arth haye "ack cellular graahak key liye swachaalit roop seey voyce coll karane aur praapt karane, detta bhejane aur praapt karane, yaa home detta sevaaon sahit anya sevaaon taka pahunchane kii kshamata, jaba vaha home network key bhaugolik coverage kshetra seey baahar yatra kartaa haye, tou ack visit kiye gaye network kaa upayog karke. udaaharan key liyeh yadi koee graahak apani cell phone company kii transmitter seema seey parey yatra kartaa haye, tou yadi upalabdh hoe tou unakaa cell phone swachaalit roop seey kissy anya phone company kii seva parr aaa jaayega.
yeh prakriya gatishilata prabandhan, pramanikaran, pradhikaran aur lekha billing prakriyaon (aaa yaa 'triple aeye' key roop mein jaani jaati haye) kii dursanchar prakriyaon dwara samarthit haye.
samanya roop seey ghoomana.
roaming koo "sima-adharit roaming" aur "upayogkarta naam/password-adharit roaming" mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, jisake tahat takniki shabd "roaming" mein vibhinn network manakon key network key beach roaming bhee shamil haye, jaise.jee. doubleu. ell. aeye. aine. (wireless lokal eriya network) yaa jee. aiss. aim. (mobile sanchaar key liye vaishvik pranali). upkaran upkaran aur karyakshamta, jaise sima card kshamata, antina aur network interfaces, aur bijli prabandhan, pahunch kii sambhaavanaon koo nirdhaarit karate hain.
doubleu. ell. aeye. aine./jee. aiss. aim. roaming key udaaharan kaa upayog karke, nimnalikhit paridrishyon koo alag kiya jaa sakata haye (see. aff. jee. aiss. aim. association sthaayi sandarbh dastaavez aa.39):
haalaanki yeye upayogkarta/network paridrishya jee. aiss. aim. network operator key network seey ghoomane parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain, spasht roop seey ghoomana dwi-dishaatmak hoe sakata haye.ee. saarvajanik doubleu. ell. aeye. aine. prachaalak seey laker jee. aiss. aim. network taka. ack hii maanak key network mein paaramparik ghoomana, ee.jee. doubleu. ell. aeye. aine. seey doubleu. ell. aeye. aine. yaa jee. aiss. aim. network seey jee. aiss. aim. network taka, pahale seey hii oopar varnit kiya gayaa haye aur isi tarah gharelu graahak register mein graahak pravishti key prakaar key aadhar parr network kii videshita dwara paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye.
satra nirantarta key mamle mein, vibhinn prakaar kii sevaaon taka nirbaadh pahunch pradaan kii jaati haye.
roaming electric vaahan charging network sahit anya network parr bhee praasangik hoe sakati haye.
ghar aur daura kiye gaye network.
"home network" usa network koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jisake saath graahak panjikrit haye.
"agantuk network" usa network koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe ack graahak asthaayi roop seey ghoomata haye aur "home network" kii seema seey baahar hotaa haye.
roaming samjhaute.
praapt sevaaon key billing key liye roaming bhagidaron key beach baatchit kiye gaye kanuni roaming vyaavsaayik pahaluon koo aamtaur parr tathaakathit roaming samjhauton mein nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye."jee. aiss. aim. association apane sadasyon key liye maankeekrit roop mein iss tarah key roaming samjhauton kii samagri koo vyaapak roop seey rekhaankit kartaa haye. aaney vaale graahak key pramanikaran, pradhikaran aur billing key kanuni pahaluon key liye, roaming samjhauton mein aamtaur parr nyuntam suraksha maanak shamil hoe sakate hain, jaise kii ee.jee. sthaan adyatan prakriyaaen yaa vittiya suraksha yaa warranty prakriyaaen.
roaming prakriya.
roaming prakriya kaa vivaran cellular network key prakaron key beach bhinn hotaa haye, lekin samanya roop seey, prakriya nimnalikhit key samaan hoti haih
sthaan adyatan karein.
sthaan adyatan vaha tantra haye jiska upayog nishkriya sthiti mein ack ms key sthaan koo nirdhaarit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye (network seey judaa huaa haye, lekin koee sakriya coll naheen haye).
mobile coll bund curr diyaa.
udaaharan key liye, yeh taba hotaa haye jaba ack roaming cell phone parr coll kiya jaataa haye.
sanket prakriyaah
taaki ack graahak ack visit kiye gaye network parr panjikaran karane mein saksham hoe, visit kiye gaye network aur home network key beach ack roaming samjhauta honah chaahiye. yeh samjhauta ireg (antarrashtriya roaming visheshagya samooh) aur toddig (hastaantarit khaata detta adaan-pradaan samooh) naamak pareekshan prakriyaon kii ack shrinkhala key baad sthaapit kiya gayaa haye. jabaki aaee. aar. ee. jee. pareekshan sthaapit sanchaar link key uchit kaary kaa pareekshan karane key liye haye, taddig pareekshan coll kii bill kshamata kii jaanch karane key liye haye.
ack graahak dwara ack visit kiye gaye network mein upayog koo see. dee. aim. aeye., aeye. aim. pee. aiss. aadi key liye jee. aiss. aim./see. aaee. bee. aar. (cellular intercarrier billing exchange record) key liye tapp (hastaantarit khaata prakriya) naamak ack file mein kaid kiya jaataa haye... file aur home network mein sthanantarit kiya jaataa haye. ack tapp/cyber file mein graahak dwara kiye gaye coll kaa vivaran hotaa haye. sthaan, coll party, coll party, coll kaa samay aur avadhi, aadi. tapp/cyber faailon koo daura kiye gaye operator dwara lagaae gaye shulk key anusaar mulyankan kiya jaataa haye. home operator phir apane grahakon koo inn coll kaa bill detaa haye aur sthaaniya roop seey lagu maark-upp/curr leey sakata haye.
haal hii mein kaee vaahakon ney apani khudra darr yojanaaen aur roaming key liye bandalon koo shuru kiya haye, null record kaa upayog aam taur parr kewal thoke antar-operator niptan key liye kiya jaataa haye.
shulk.
roaming shulk aamtaur parr wireless voyce seva key liye prati minut key aadhar parr, bheje gaye aur praapt kiye gaye prati paath sandesh aur detta seva key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale prati megabyte/aiss detta key aadhar parr liya jaataa haye, aur way aamtaur parr seva pradaata kii moolya nirdhaaran yojana dwara nirdhaarit kiye jaate hain.
sanyukt raajya america aur bhaarat donon mein kaee vaahakon ney apani rashtravyapi moolya nirdhaaran yojanaon mein inn shulkon koo samaapt curr diyaa haye. sabhi pramukh vaahak abb moolya nirdhaaran yojanaaen pradaan karate hain joe upbhoktaon koo rashtravyapi roaming-mukt minut khareedane kii anumati dete hain. haalaanki, vaahak "rashtravyapi" koo alag-alag tarikon seey paribhaashit karate hain. udaaharan key liye, kuchh vaahak "rashtravyapi" koo yuu mein kaheen bhee paribhaashit karate hain.aiss.jabaki anya ise vaahak key network key bheetar kaheen bhee paribhaashit karate hain.
britten mein, mukhya network pradaata aam taur parr upayogkartaon koo salah dene key liye paath chetavani bhejate hain kii abb unase antarrashtriya darein lii jaayengi, isaliye yeh spasht haye kii yeh kaba lagu hoga. videshon mein yuke detta roaming shulk phone samjhaute kii prakriti key aadhar parr bhinn hotey hain (yaa tou bhugtan key roop mein aap jaate hain yaa masik anubandh). tii-mobile aur virgine mobile sahit kuchh vaahak bhugtan kii anumati naheen dete hain kyonki aap grahakon koo antarrashtriya "aid onn" yaa "boult onn" kii poorv-khareed key binaa antarrashtriya roaming kaa upayog karane key liye jaate hain."
agantukon koo roaming sevaayen pradaan karane kaa irada rakhane vaalaa ack operator una shulkon koo prakaashit kartaa haye joe samanya sthitiyon mein isake karyanvayan seey cumm seey cumm saath dinn pahale unake network mein lagaae jaayenge. daura kiye gaye prachaalak shulk mein curr, chhoot aadi shamil hoe sakate hain. aur yeh voyce coll key mamle mein avadhi parr adharit hoga. detta coll key liye, shulk bheja aur praapt detta matra parr adharit hoe sakata haye. kuchh prachaalak coll setup key liye ack alag shulk bhee lete hain.ee. ack coll kii sthaapana key liye. iss avesh koo "jhande kaa avesh" kahaa jaataa haye.
europeeya sangh key bheetar ghoomana.
europeeya sangh mein, roaming shulk parr viniyaman 30 juuna 2007 koo shuru huaa, jisase seva pradaataon koo 28-sadasyiya block mein apane roaming shulk koo cumm karane key liye majboor honah padaa. baad mein isamen ee. ee. aeye. key sadasya raajya bhee shamil hue. viniyaman ney outgoing coll key liye prati minut €3.39 (2007 mein €4,08 mein €4,2009 mein €4) aur aaney vaali coll key liye prati minut €0.15 (2007 mein €2.2,2008 mein €2,2009 mein €0.19) kii moolya seema nirdhaarit kii-curr koo chhodkar. yeh abhee bhee paaya gayaa haye kii bajar kii sthitiyon ney ee. ee. aeye. key bheetar roaming kii seema koo hataane koo uchit naheen thaharaaya, aayog ney 2012 mein kaanoon koo badal diyaa. 2012 key viniyaman key tahat, khudra roaming seema shulk 2017 mein samaapt hoe gayaa aur thoke seema shulk 2022 mein samaapt honey vaale hain. 2009 key madhya mein aiss. aim. aiss. paath sandesh key liye ack € 0.11 (curr koo chhodkar) adhikatam moolya bhee thaa jise iss viniyaman mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.
11 juuna 2013 koo europeeya aayog ney pahali baar mobile roaming shulk koo samaapt karane key liye matdan kiya.
15 disambar 2016 koo europeeya aayog key matdan key baad, europeeya sangh key bheetar roaming shulk koo juuna 2017 taka samaapt curr diyaa jaanaa thaa. jabaki europeeya aayog (ee. see.) kaa maanana thaa kii roaming shulk samaapt karane seey udyamita aur vyaapaar koo badhaava milega, mobile operators koo parivartanon key baare mein sandeh thaa.
15 juuna 2017 koo, viniyaman (eu) 2016/2286, jiska upnaam "ghar parr ghoomana" thaa aur usee varsh maee mein europeeya sansad aur aayog dwara hastaaksharit kiya gayaa thaa. isane europeeya sangh, iceland, lactainstein aur norwey key bheetar sabhi roaming shulkon koo samaapt curr diyaa.
anya deshon key beach ghoomana.
joe desh ack atee-rashtriya pradhikaran saajha naheen karate hain, unhone bhee antarrashtriya roaming sevaaon key praavdhaan kii jaanch shuru curr dee haye. aprail 2011 mein, singapur aur malaysia ney ghoshana kii kii way apane donon deshon key beach ghoomane key liye aavaaj aur aiss. aim. aiss. daron koo cumm karane key liye operators key saath sahmat hue hain. agast 2012 mein, australia aur newzealand ney roaming sevaaon parr samanvit kaarravaai kaa prastaav karate hue ack masauda report prakaashit kii. isake baad farwari 2013 mein ack antim report mein sifarish kii gaee kii donon desh apane dursanchar niyamakon koo niyaamak upchaaron key ack vistaarit pallet seey lais karein, jaba way antarrashtriya roaming kii jaanch karate hain. australia aur newzealand key pradhaanmantriyon ney baad mein ghoshana kii kii way antim report kii sifaarishon koo prabhaavi banaane key liye kaanoon pesh karenge.
19 farwari 2020 koo, bolivia, columbia, aquador aur peru ney andean samudaay key tatvavdhan mein, aapas mein ghoomane kii phees koo samaapt karane key liye matdan kiya. yeh samjhauta 2022 mein shuru honey vaalaa haye.
1 julaai 2021 koo, serbia, albania, montenegro, bosnia aur herzegovina, north macedonia aur kosovo ney mini shengen pariyojana key hisse key roop mein roaming shulk koo samaapt curr diyaa, jisase una deshon key sima dharakon koo apane gharelu packages kaa upayog karane kii anumati millie. samjhaute parr aprail 2019 mein hastakshar kiye gaye they. koee atirikt shulk naheen hain, jaise kii europeeya sangh kii "ghar kii tarah ghoomana" pariyojana mein.
navambar 2021 mein, cameroon, madhya african ganarajya, congo, bhoomadhyarekhiya ginny, chaad aur gabon shulk uthaane aur paraspar sambandh shulk mein katauti karane key liye dwipakshiya samjhauton key liye pratibaddh they.
anya prakaar key ghoomana.
kshetriya yaa aantarik ghoomana.
iss prakaar kaa upayog mobile operator ("aantarik roaming") key rashtriya coverage key bheetar ack kshetra seey dusare kshetra mein jaane kii kshamata koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. shuru mein, prachaalak kissy kshetra (kabhi-kabhi kissy shahar) taka seemit vaanijyik prastaav pradaan curr sakate hain. jee. aiss. aim. kii safalata aur laagat mein kamee key kaaran, kshetriya roaming shayed hii kabhi grahakon koo dee jaati haye, sivaay america, roose, bhaarat aadi jaise vyaapak bhaugolik kshetron vaale deshon key., jisamen kaee kshetriya sanchaalak hain.
roose mein desh bhar key operator bhee iss baat parr nirbhar karate hue alag-alag shulk lete hain kii upayogkarta apane "grih kshetra" key bheetar hain yaa baahar. prachaalak key virodh key kaaran "aantarik roaming" koo hataane key kaee vidhaayi prayaas whiffle rahey. 2014 mein crimea key vilay key baad russie operators koo mahatvapurna aalochana kaa saamana karna parh rhaa haye kyonki way seedhe crimea key ander apani sevaaen pradaan naheen karate hain, bhale hii aupchaarik roop seey ise roose key ander ack niyamit sanghiya vishay key roop mein maanyata praapt hoe.
rashtriya roaming.
yeh prakaar ack hii desh mein ack mobile operator seey dusare mein jaane kii kshamata koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, tii-mobile yuu. aiss. aeye. kaa ack postpaid graahak jise aitt aind tii mobility aur/yaa kshetriya vaahakon koo wireless aur yuu key madhyam seey ghoomane kii anumati haye.aiss. cellular network key paas rashtriya roaming adhikaar honge; doosari or prepaid pradaata aamtaur parr laagat karanon seey kewal adhik pratibandhit rashtriya roaming kshamata kii anumati dete hain. vaanijyik aur licenses karanon seey, iss prakaar key roaming kii anumati taba taka naheen haye jaba taka kii bahut vishisht paristhitiyon mein aur niyaamak jaanch key tahat naa hoe. yeh aksar taba hotaa haye jaba ack naee company koo ack mobile telephony licenses saunpa jaataa haye (jaise kii wind tray key saath muft italia kaa 10 saal kaa rashtriya roaming sauda), nae praveshak koo sthaapit operators kii tulanaa mein coverage kii peshkash karane kii anumati dekar adhik pratispardhi bajar banaane key liye (maujooda operators koo roaming kii anumati dene kii aavashyakta hoti haye jabaki nae praveshak key paas apana swayam kaa network banaane kaa samay hotaa haye), yaa jahaan mobile network buniyaadi dhaanche koo praakritik yaa maanav nirmit sadhanon dwara nasht curr diyaa gayaa haye, jaise kii 2022 key ukraine key russie aakraman key dauran jahaan ukraini mobile operators koo kathit aakraman mein nasht network buniyaadi dhaanche kii bharpai key liye ack dusare key saath rashtriya roaming koo jaldi seey lagu karna padata thaa.
bhaarat jaise desh mein, jahaan kshetriya operators kii sankhya adhik haye aur desh koo "dursanchar mandaliyon" mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, iss prakaar kii roaming aam haye. 15 julaai 2015 koo britten mein kankad network key shubharambh key baad, kankad network sima card kaa upayog karke binaa kissy atirikt laagat key pramukh yuke network mein rashtriya roaming sambhav hoe gaee haye.
antarrashtriya roaming.
iss prakaar kii roaming ack videshi seva pradaata key network mein jaane kii kshamata koo sandarbhit karati haye. isake parinamswarup, yeh antarrashtriya paryatakon aur vyaavsaayik yaatriyon key liye vishesh ruchi kaa vishay haye. motey taur parr, jee. aiss. aim. maanak kaa upayog karate samay antarrashtriya roaming aamtaur parr sabse aasaan hoti haye, kyonki iska upayog duniya key 80 pratishat seey adhik mobile operators dwara kiya jaataa haye, aur adhikansh upkaran iska samarthan karate hain. haalaanki, taba bhee, samasyaaen hoe sakati hain, kyonki deshon ney jee. aiss. aim. sanchaar key liye alag-alag aavritti baind aavantit kiye hain (deshon key dou samooh hainh adhikansh jee. aiss. aim. desh 900/1800 mhz kaa upayog karate hain, lekin sanyukt raajya america aur america key kuchh anya deshon ney 850/1900 mhz aavantit kiya haye): ack phone key liye ack alag aavritti aavantan key saath ack desh mein kaam karane key liye, ise usa desh kii ack yaa donon aavrittiyon kaa samarthan karna chaahiye, aur iss prakaar yeh tri yaa chaturth shreni kaa honah chaahiye. yadi antarrashtriya roaming yatri koo apani yatra key dauran judey rahane kii anumati detee haye, tou yeh upayogkartaon key liye mahatvapurna laagat bhee utpann curr sakati haye, kyonki vaahak moolya nirdhaaran key kaaran antarrashtriya star parr jee. aiss. aim. kaa upayog atyadhik haye yadi yatri apani vartamaan phone seva key liye ack vaikalpik aidon naheen khareedane kaa vikalp chunata haye. vaastav mein, apane mool desh key baahar mobile network key upayog seey isake mool mobile detta operator dwara unaki vartamaan phone seva mein ack aidon key binaa mahatvapurna billing hoe sakati haye.
antar-maanak ghoom rahey hain.
iss prakaar kaa dou manakon key beach ghoomana sandarbhit kartaa haye. yeh shabd abb mobile sanchaar mein vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaataa haye jahaan vishesh roop seey see. dee. aim. aeye. graahak apane phone kaa upayog una kshetron mein karna chaahte hain jahaan koee see. dee. aim. aeye. network naheen haye yaa upayog kiye gaye maanak parr roaming kaa samarthan karane key liye koee roaming samjhauta naheen haye. europe mein shayed hii koee see. dee. aim. aeye. network hain. adhikansh see. dee. aim. aeye. graahak america yaa sudur poorv seey aatey hain. unhein europe mein ghoomane mein saksham banaane key liye antar-maanak roaming samadhan haye. europe mein aaney vaale see. dee. aim. aeye. graahak upalabdh jee. aiss. aim. network parr panjikaran curr sakate hain.
choonki mobile sanchaar praudyogikiyan mahadweepon mein swatantra roop seey vikasit hui hain, isaliye inn praudyogikiyon mein nirbaadh roaming praapt karane mein mahatvapurna chunauti haye. aam taur parr, inn praudyogikiyon koo vibhinn udyog nikaayon dwara nirdhaarit takniki manakon key anusaar lagu kiya gayaa thaa aur isaliye iska naam rakhaa gayaa haye. udyog nikaayon koo banaane vaale kaee maanak ack saath aae hain taaki antar-maanak roaming praapt karane key saadhan key roop mein praudyogikiyon key beach antar-sanchaalan koo paribhaashit kiya jaa sakey aur praapt kiya jaa sakey. yeh vartamaan mein ack nirantar prayaas haye.
mobile signature roaming.
mobile signature roaming kissy bhee antim upayogkarta seey mobile hastakshar praapt karane key liye ack pahunch bindu kii anumati detaa haye, bhale hii appy aur antim upayogkarta ney ack hii mssp key saath vaanijyik sambandh naheen kiya hoe. anyatha, ack appy koo adhik seey adhik msps key saath vaanijyik sharton kaa nirmaan karna hoga, aur yeh ack laagat bojh hoe sakata haye. iska matlab haye kii ack aavedan pradaata dwara jaari mobile hastakshar lenden upayukt mssp taka pahunchane mein saksham honah chaahiye, aur yeh appy key liye pardarshi honah chaahiye.
inter-aim. aiss. see. roaming.
ack hii prachaalak seey sambandhit lekin vibhinn kshetron mein sthit network tatva (ack vishisht sthiti jahaan sthaaniya licenses kaa assignment ack samanya abhyaas haye) jodee switch aur usake sthaan parr nirbhar karati haye. isaliye, software parivartan aur adhik prasanskaran kshamata kii aavashyakta hoti haye, lekin isake alawa yeh sthiti prati prachaalak aadhar key bajaay prati msc aadhar parr roaming kii kaafee naee avadharana koo pesh curr sakati haye. lekin yeh vaastav mein ack bojh haye, isaliye isase bachaa jaataa haye.
sthaayi ghoomana.
iss prakaar kaa upayog una grahakon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe sthaayi roop seey ghoomane yaa off-network honey key iraade seey mobile phone operator key saath seva khareedate hain. yeh badhati lokpriyata aur "free roaming" seva yojana kii upalabdhata key kaaran sambhav hoe jaataa haye, jahaan network key upayog key beach koee laagat antar naheen haye. ack mobile phone operator seey seva praapt karane key laabh, joe ack upayogkarta key liye sthaaniya naheen haye, mein sastee darein, yaa suvidhaaen aur phone shamil hoe sakate hain joe unake sthaaniya mobile phone operator parr upalabdh naheen hain, yaa kissy vishesh mobile phone operator key network taka pahunchane key liye usa mobile phone operator key anya grahakon koo muft mobile seey mobile suvidha key madhyam seey muft coll praapt karane key liye.
adhikansh mobile phone operators koo graahak key rahane yaa billing patey kii aavashyakta hogi joe unake coverage kshetra key ander hoe yaa cumm baar sarkaar dwara jaari mobile phone operator key radio aavritti licenses key ander hoe, yeh aamtaur parr ack computer anuman dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye kyonki coverage kii guaranti denaa asambhav haye. yadi kissy sambhaavit graahak kaa pataa usa mobile phone operator kii aavashyaktaon key bheetar naheen haye, tou unhein seva seey vanchit curr diyaa jaayega. sthaayi roop seey ghoomane key liye graahak ack galat pataa aur online billing, yaa ack rishtedaar yaa dost kaa pataa joe aavashyak kshetra mein haye, aur ack teesare paksh key billing vikalp kaa upayog curr sakate hain.
adhikansh mobile phone operator sthaayi roop seey ghoomane koo hatotsaahit yaa pratibandhit karate hain kyonki unhein network operator koo prati minut darr kaa bhugtan karna padata haye, jiss parr unakaa graahak ghoom rhaa haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki way usa atirikt laagat koo grahakon ("muft roaming") parr naheen daal sakate hain.
trombone ghoom rhaa haye.
sthaaniya shulk kshetra key bheetar roaming coll, jaba cumm seey cumm ack phone usa kshetra key baahar kaa hoe. aamtaur parr "trombone rooting" key saath lagu kiya jaataa haye jise "tromboning" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.

