conventum

conventum lagbhag 1030 kaa ack lattin paath haye joe pichhale bees varshon mein duke villium banaam aquitain aur lord hyug IV key beach sambandhon kaa varnan kartaa haye. paath kii sateek prakriti vidvatapurna asahamati kaa vishay haye. ise ack kanuni samjhaute key record key roop mein aur "chanson dee geste" koo prastut karane vaale "suee generis" saahityik paath key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye. yeh bhoomi aur mahalon parr hyug key vivaadon key saath aquitine key vibhinn anya bairanon aur villium kii madad karane mein viphalata seey sambandhit haye. paath hyug key drishtikon seey likhaa gayaa haye.
sancharan.
paandulipiyaan.
conventum" teen pandulipiyon mein sanrakshit haye, koee bhee mool naheen haye.
peris mein abb bibliothech national mein dou pandulipiyon mein, "conventum" chabanes key edemer key "itihas" key saath paaya jaataa haye. inmein seey pahale, lattin 5927, shayed "conventum" mein varnit ghatnaaon key dou dashakon key bheetar banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh sambhavatah mool dastaavez seey limos key sant-marshel key mathh mein pratilipi banaai gaee thee. conventum" prishthon 266-280 parr kabja curr letaa haye aur 341 yaa 342 panktiyaan lambi hoti hain. ise ack ekal lekhak dwara coppy kiya gayaa thaa jisane akshar sanyojan "aitt" key liye empersand ligature kaa upayog kiya thaa, yahaan taka kii jahaan yeh shabdon key bheetar hotaa haye.
baad kii granthasuchi pandulipi, lattin 9767,15veen shatabdi kii haye. isaki samagri lattin 5927 key samaan haye. "conventum" folios 62v-66r mein paaya jaataa haye. jools chaivanan ney tark diyaa kii yeh seedhe lattin 5927 seey nakal kii gaee thee. haalaanki, yeh adhik sambhavana haye kii yeh "conventum" kii ack doshpurna prati seey banaai gaee thee, kyonki ack badaa khand gayab haye, shayed isake udaaharan mein ack laapata folio key anuroop haye. yeh anyatha lattin 5927 key lagbhag samaan haye.
teesari prati, joe 11veen shatabdi key anta mein banaai gaee thee, lattin pandulipi aff key folios folios mein paaee jaati haye.vee.aaee. vee. aine. 3 sent pietersberg mein roose key rashtriya pustakalaya mein. yeh shayed lattin 5927 seey nakal kiya gayaa thaa.
teen gyaat pratiyon key alawa, peris seey 17 veen shatabdi kii pandulipi mein "conventum" kii shuruat seey ack "punarlikhit tukada" haye, joe abb bibliothech national mein 822 kaa sangrah haye. lekhak ney record kiya haye kii yeh "ack puraane codex seey nikla", joe ack baar maujood chauthi prati kaa sanket dey sakata haye.
sanskaran.
conventum" key paanch prakaashit sanskaran hain. pahala jeane besale dwara 1647 mein peris mein prakaashit apane "histoir days commets dee poicto aitt dukes dee gyene" key liye thaa. doosara 1657 mein peris mein phillip labbay dwara thaa, joe lattin 5927 parr adharit thaa. teesara sanskaran, dou pahale vaale parr adharit thaa, jise martin guldaste dwara 1767 mein "key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. besale aur guldaste key sanskaran bhrasht hain. 1969 mein jaine martindale dwara lattin 5927 parr adharit ack nayaa sanskaran banaaya gayaa thaa. navintam sanskaran, francisi aur angreji anuvaad key saath, 1995 mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa.
tithi aur lekhan.
conventum" mein koee tarikh naheen hoti haye. aantarik sakshya bataate hain kii joe ghatanaaen isake dwara darj kii gaee hain, way kaee varshon kii avadhi mein huin, shayed pandrah taka. isamen jinn sabhi pehchaan yogya vyaktiyon kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye, way lagbhag 1010 aur 1030 key beach sakriya they. adhik vishesh roop seey, kendriya vivaad koo lagbhag 1022 aur 1028 key beach rakhaa jaa sakata haye. yeh taba shuru huaa jaba gisselbert aur gerald aaee abhee bhee kramshah poetiers aur limos key bishap they, aur donon bishap 1023 mein marr gaye they. vivaad koo angauleme key count villium II kii madad seey hull kiya gayaa thaa, jinaki mrityu 1028 march mein hui thee. "conventum" shayed 1030 key aspas banaa thaa, kyonki yeh duke aur hyug donon koo jeevit key roop mein prastut kartaa haye, jabaki duke kii mrityu 1030 mein hui aur hyug 1032 mein.
conventum" kaa lekhak gumnam aur agyaat haye. aisaa lagata haye kii vaha uchch shikshit naheen thaa aur church key mamalon mein koee vishesh ruchi naheen dikhaata haye. yeh abhee bhee sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii vaha ack maulavi thaa, shayed ack bhikshu aur usa kshetra kaa mool nivasi thaa jahan kathaa sett kii gaee haye. yeh sambhavana haye kii usa samay aur sthaan seey koee bhee naheen balki ack maulavi hippo key augustin, seville aur jerom key isidor key gyaan kaa pradarshan curr sakata thaa, jaisa kii "conventum" key lekhak karate hain. sidney chitrakaar kaa kahana haye kii vaha ack bhikshu they. unake lattin kii gunavatta unaki pehchaan edemer key saath honey seey rokti haye, jiska "itihas" dou pandulipiyon mein "conventum" key saath preshit kiya gayaa haye. lekhak ney shayed angaulem mein kaam kiya.
bhasha aur shally.
conventum" kii bhasha ack aprachalit lattin haye, joe sthaaniya bhasha key romans seey bahut prabhaavit haye. haalaanki jeevit paath key kuchh vishishtataaen lekhakon key kaaran hoe sakati hain, vartani parr sthaaniya bhasha kaa prabhaav aur vyaktigat naamon kii vartani mein kull visangati shayed mool haye. naamon kii vartani "kshetra mein boley jaane vaale upayog" kaa pratinidhi haye, ee key saath.jee.gosphredus" (godfrey) key bajaay "isefrieds" (geophrey) koo pasand kiya jaataa haye.
conventum" 11veen shatabdi key france key kissy bhee anya paath key vipareet haye aur isaki shally bahas kaa vishay rahee haye. yeh sabhi pandulipiyon mein sheershakaheen haye. laib dwara ise saunpe gaye sheershak kaa poorna roop "conventio inter vilemum dusem aquitania aitt hugoname chilliarcham" haye, jise martindale dwara "conventum inter gilmum committem aquitorum aitt hugoname chilliarcham" mein sanshodhit kiya gayaa haye. paath kaa spasht paath, rajdhaniyon mein, padhata haye, jisake kaaran jeane ney ise "conventum inter committem aitt ugonem" kaa hakdar banaaya. sadharan paaramparik sheershak, "conventum" kaa tatparya haye kii yeh villium aur hyug key beach samjhaute kaa ack aupchaarik gyaapan haye. apane sanskaran mein, martindale ney ise "aadami aur swami key beach ack likhit samjhaute kii gyaarahavin shatabdi kii shuruat seey advitiya jeevit udaaharan kahaa."yeh aupchaarik" "suvidha" "key samaan haye, lekin ise ack key roop mein vargeekrit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. isamen charter key aupchaarik aur pramanik tatvon kaa abhaav haye aur yeh ack vishisht "suvidha" seey bahut lamba haye. halanki, "conventum" aur "suvidhajanak" shabd paath mein dikhaai dete hain.
iss sambhavana koo kii "conventum" itihaslekhan kaa ack tukada haye, george beach dwara iss aadhar parr khariz curr diyaa gayaa haye kii isamen tithiyon kaa abhaav haye aur yeh seedhe bhaashan kaa vyaapak upayog kartaa haye. chaalees pratishat seey adhik paath pratyaksh bhaashan haye, joe usa avadhi key aitihaasik lekhan mein atyadhik asamanya haye. naa hii "conventum" hagiography seey milata-julata haye. yeh shaileegat roop seey vulgate bibil key samaan haye.
saransh.
villium koo "aquitanian kii ginati" key roop mein pesh kiya gayaa haye. unhein kabhi bhee "duke" naheen kahaa jaataa haye, vaha upaadhi jisake dwara way aaj aam taur parr jaane jaate hain. hugh koo asamanya upaadhi yaa upnaam "chilliark" ("chiliyarkam") diyaa jaataa haye, jiska arth haye "ack hazaar kaa netaa", joe yeh ingit kartaa haye kii vaha ginati kaa commander-inn-cheef thaa.
villium ney hoog seey vaadaa kiya kii wiscount boso kii mrityu parr, vaha boso kii jagir ("prashansa mein hoog koo boso kaa sammaan dein") key saath hoog kaa mukabala karega. villium key kabje vaali bhoomi parr kabja karane vaale tauaaron kii wiscount, joe jangli kii mrityu parr, baad vaale ney ise bahaal karane kaa vaadaa kiya, lekin gupt roop seey ise jangli key bhaai ralf koo dey diyaa. taba hyug samaan yaa adhik moolya kii bhoomi key badale mein ralf kii betty seey shaadi karane key liye sahmat hoe gayaa, lekin villium ney usey ise todane key liye raaji kiya. isake bajaay, villium ney parthne key josleen kii jagir aur vidhwa koo pesh kiya. anta mein, hugg koo kuchh bhee naheen milaa aur vaha ralf key saath ack khule sangharsh mein pravesh curr gayaa, jisase usey bhaari nuksan huaa.
jaba ralf kii mrityu hoe gaee, taba bhee hyug koo apani hadap lii hui bhoomi naheen millie, jisaki pushti villium ney ralf key bhatije, geophrey parr kii. phir, "count kii or seey kiye gaye kukarmon key liye", geophrey ney apane chaacha key vivaad koo phir seey shuru kiya aur mauzeel key kille koo jalaa diyaa, aur kaee hyu key purushon koo pakad liya aur unhein apang curr diyaa. hugh kii adhik bhoomi parr kabja curr liya gayaa thaa aur usane badale mein tauaar key 43 ghudsavaaron koo pakad liya, jinhen usane 40,000 "saus" key liye bhee firauti dene seey incar curr diyaa. halanki, villium ney logon koo usey saunpane key liye majboor kiya.
apane chaacha josleen kii mrityu key baad, hyug koo bishap yassembert key saath sanyukt roop seey aayojit kiye jaane vaale vivon kaa mahal praapt huaa, lekin anta mein ginati ney sabse achchi bhoomi koo vaapas rakh liya. villium ney taba hyug koo adesh diyaa kii vaha sivare key mahal key liye ack bernard, count off laa marche koo shraddhanjali dey, joe hyug key pitaa dwara aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. hyug ney bernard koo baad vaale key jagirdar key khilaf sahaayata kii, joe kii ranson kaa lakshya thaa, jisane mahal koo jabt curr liya thaa. iss yuddh mein hyug koo bhaari nuksan huaa, lekin anta mein villium, jinhone "koohe naamak ack kille kaa nirmaan shuru kiya, lekin ise hugg key liye samaapt naheen kiya", ney uddeshya key saath ack samjhauta kiya aur hugg kii madad key liye kuchh naheen kiya."
phir bhee, hoog ney villium koo lakshyikaran key khilaf samarthan diyaa, jaba baad vaale ney chize key mahal koo jabt curr liya. unhone villium koo gherne aur malwal parr kabja karane mein madad kii. anta mein, villium ney hyug seey paramarsh kiye binaa lakshya key saath ack samjhauta kiya aur hyug koo usaki madad key liye kuchh bhee naheen milaa. jaba lakshya kii mrityu hoe gaee, tou hoog aur isi naam key lakshya key bete key beach ack nayaa vivaad paida hoe gayaa. shivre key mahal key loga, hyug key prabhu koo asahaniya paate hue, bernard key paas gaye, joe hyug key khilaf lakshya mein shamil hoe gaye.
bishap gerald kii madad seey, hyug ney laa marche mein ack kilaa banaaya, lekin villium ney ise dhwast curr diyaa. villium ney taba bernard aur hyug key beach ack yuddhaviram kii vyavastha kii aur hyug koo door bulaaya. jaba hyug villium aur count saancho key beach bleye mein ack sabhaa mein bhaag leey rahey they aur jaba yuddhaviram abhee bhee prabhaavi thaa, tou bernard ney confolence parr hamla kiya, jahan unhone 50,000 seey adhik "saus" nuksan kiya aur sevaanivritt honey seey pahale hyug kii patni koo gher liya.
hyug ney taba jenase key mahal parr kabja curr liya, jise vaha phir seey banaane aur ginati seey pakadane key liye sahmat hoe gayaa. jaba phulk ney kille kii maang kii, tou hoog ney "kille mein sabhi aavashyak aapoorti daal dee aur ise sabhi key khilaf rakhane key liye taiyar kiya", lekin anta mein ack aur jagir key badale mein villium koo aatmasamarpan karane key liye sahmat hoe gaye, iss shart parr kii jene koo lakshyikaran key liye naheen diyaa jaae. anta mein, hugg koo ginati seey kuchh bhee naheen milaa aur isaliye usane "ginati key saath vishvaas toda diyaa, ginati key shahar aur vyakti koo bachaaya, sabhi kii sunavaai mein."
isase villium aur hyug key beach yuddh chhid gayaa. hoog key logon kii kaee jaagiron koo jabt curr liya gayaa aur hoog ney chize key mahal koo leey liya, jiss parr unhone vanshaanugat adhikaar seey daavaa kiya. villium ney taba apane chaacha kii poorv jagir kii peshkash kii. sabhi poorv vivaadon koo hataa diyaa gayaa aur hoog ney chize koo aatmasamarpan curr diyaa. villium kaa betaa bhee iss samjhaute kaa pakshakaar thaa, jise lagu curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
conventum" inn shabdon key saath samaapt hotaa haye "yeh ginati aur hugg key beach samjhauton kaa anta haye."
aitihaasik moolya.
conventum" kii jadein aitihaasik vyaktiyon aur sthaanon mein aur ack nishchit avadhi mein hain. paath mein naamit athaarah vyaktiyon mein seey solah pehchaan yogya aitihaasik loga hain. sabhi lagbhag 1010 aur 1030 key beach rahate they. aantarik roop seey, "conventum" susangat aur prashansaniya haye, joe jaine martindale key anusaar, "itihaaskaar key liye apana samanya moolya sthaapit kartaa haye. phir bhee, "conventum" mein ullikhit aitihaasik ghatanaaen-jinamen seey george beach terah ginati karate hain-kissy anya srot mein report naheen kii gaee hain.
conventum" hyug key drishtikon seey likhaa gayaa haye. iss antarnihit purvagrah key bavjood, sidney chitrakaar paath koo ack tarah seey atyadhik nakaratmak tareeke seey padhata haye, jise vaha bhoomi aur mahalon key liye lalchi, aakramak aur "kadve aur kroor" yuddh key liye samarpit key roop mein darshaata haye, jabaki duke villium apani mahatvakankshaon koo avaruddh kartaa haye.

