
francis kirkman

francis kirkman (1632-see. 1680) satrahavin shatabdi key uttaraardh mein angreji saahitya jagat mein ack prakaashak, pustak vikreta, librarian, lekhak aur granthsuchikar key roop mein kaee bhoomikaon mein dikhaai dete hain. pratyek mein vaha lokpriya saahitya key liye ack utsaahi aur ack lokpriya vyavasaayi hain, jinhen ack aadhunik sampaadak ney "badmash kii seema parr mandarate hue" key roop mein varnit kiya haye.
praarambhik jeevan.
francis kirkman varishth francis kirkman (1602-61) key sabse badey bete they, joe lohar kii company key sadasya they aur landan shahar key nagrik they. unake prakashanon seey parey yuva kirkman key jeevan key baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari haye. unhone "durbhagyapurna nagrik" (1673) likhaa, jise aatmakathaatmak maanaa jaataa haye, halanki kirkman kuchh bhee lekin vishvasaniya thaa. haalaanki, jiss bhaag mein vaha saahitya kii apani khoj kaa ullekh karate hain, vaha sach haye, aur unaki shally aur udyam kaa ack achchha udaaharan haih
jaisa kii dekhaa jaayega, inmein seey kuchh pustakon key liye kirkman key utsaah ney unhein swayam prakaashit karane key liye prerit kiya. vaha daavaa kartaa haye kii usey yatra karane yaa pustak vyaapaar mein prashikshu honey seey manaa kiya gayaa thaa, aur vaha pahale lekhak seey bhaag gayaa thaa jisake paas vaha prashikshu thaa.
prakaashak aur pustak vikreta.
ack anya lekhak key paas prashikshu honey parr unhone apane upanyason aur natakon key sangrah koo apane karyalaya mein sthaapit kiya, unamen seey kaee koo "amadis dee gaul" (1652) kii chhathi pustak key apane swayam key anuvaad key prakaashan key vittaposhan key liye bechane seey pahale. yeh visheshta haye kii kirkman kaa pahala prakaashan pahale seey hii lokpriya kaam kaa unakaa apana vistaar thaa. unaki udyamsheelta kii pratibha hamesha pustak vyaapaar key lokpriya yaa ashleel anta kii or nirdeshit thee. haalaanki vaha lohar kii company kaa ack swatantra vyakti bunn gayaa thaa, lekin vaha kabhi bhee stationers company kaa sadasya naheen thaa.
1652 seey vaha landan key tower key paas ack chhoti see dukaan seey ack scriver aur pustak vikreta key roop mein kaam karate they, aur 1680 taka themus street, fenchurch street aur paul key yard mein vibhinn parisaron seey vyaapaar karna jaari rakhaa. 1657 seey vaha natakon kaa prakaashan curr rahey they, halanki heinry marsh, nathaniel brook aur thomas johnson key saath unaki saajhedaari samudri daku pustakon key aarop key baad samaapt hoe gaee, shayed beamont aur fletcher key "tiraskarpurna mahila" kaa ack sanskaran. unhone yeh bhee daavaa kiya kii unhein daldali seey dhokha milaa haye, jiska vyavasaay unhone 1666 mein apani mrityu key baad sambhala thaa. kirkman koo 1661 mein apane pitaa kii mrityu parr ack paryaapt viraasat millie thee, jise unhone barbad curr diyaa thaa, aur halanki unake paas ack udyami bhavna thee, unhein lagaatar vittiya samasyaon kaa saamana karna padaa.
kirkman ney kaee praarambhik upanyaas prakaashit kiye, jinamen seey kaee kaa french aur spanish seey anuvaad kiya gayaa thaa. 1652 mein unhone "dha loves aind adventures off clario aind lojia" prakaashit kiya, jiska unhone french seey anuvaad karane kaa bhee daavaa kiya. unaki sabse badee safaltaon mein seey ack upanyaas thaa, "dha inglish rugg" jiska pahala khand richard haid dwara likhaa gayaa thaa, aur 1665 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. 1666 mein kirkman ney ise phir seey jaari kiya, aur phir apane naam seey doosara khand (1668) likhaa, usake baad teesara aur chautha (1671), ack saha-lekhak key roop mein pramukh honey kaa daavaa karate hue. 1673 mein kirkman ney apane naam seey "nakali mahila kaa anaavaran" likhaa aur jaari kiya, joe ack dhokhebaaz aur badey aadami mairi carlton kii ack kaalpanik aatmakatha thee. unhone anya lokpriya prem kathaaen bhee prakaashit keen, jaise "dha donn bellionus off grees kaa prasiddh aur swaadisht itihas", (1671-1674), "dha sevan wies masters off rome" (1674).
kirkman koo bhee rangmanch mein ruchi badh gaee. 1661 mein unhone apana naatak "dha presbyterian laish" prakaashit kiya, joe zachaari crofton kii kukhyaat kahani parr adharit thaa, ack mantri jiss parr apani naukarani koo chabuk maarne kaa aarop thaa. saahitya mein aur attributions mein kirkman kaa picaresk key liye ack jhukaav thaa. unhone pandulipiyon koo bhee ekatra kiya, jinhen unhone prakaashit kiya, jisamen "ack koyal key liye ack ilaaj" aur "thracian ashcharya" (donon 1661) shamil hain, aur donon koo sahee dhang seey johnn webster aur villium rolly koo shreya diyaa gayaa haye. 1662 mein unhone "dha berth off marlin" prakaashit kiya, jiska galat tareeke seey shreya villium shekspeare aur villium rolly koo diyaa gayaa. ise "ack aisee mishran key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye jisamen pauranik itihas, prem romans, kaumarya kii bhavuk prashansa, khurdara aur gir-gir-khel, necromency aur sabhi prakaar key diablery ack dusare seey bhidate hain. vaha anya printers seey pirated natakon key prakaashan mein bhee shamil they. udaaharan key liye, 1661 mein kirkman ney johnn fletcher, francis beamont aur phillip massinger dwara "dha beggers busch" prakaashit kiya, joe humphrey robbinson aind annie mosley seey pirated thaa. unake jaldbaji mein dusare mudran mein ack soochana hoti haye; 
naatya granth soochi.
saahityik itihas mein kirkman kaa sabse badaa yogdan unake natakon kii soochi haye. 1671 mein unhone likhaa, "main inn bees varshon seey natakon kaa sangrahakarta rhaa huun, aur inn pachas varshon seey sangrah curr rahey logon seey baatchit kii haye aur unase poochtaachh kii haye. kirkman kii soochi kaa vistaar dou pichhali soochiyon parr huaa, joe "laparwah charvaahe" aur "puraane kaanoon" (donon 1656) key pahale chaturthansh mein prakaashit hui.
tomm tylor aur unaki patni" (1661) key ack sanskaran key saath sanlagn pahali soochi mein 690 ingland mein prakaashit naatak shamil they. kirkman ney una sabhi koo padhane kaa daavaa kiya, aur "uchit vichaaron parr" unhein bechane yaa udhaar dene key liye taiyar rahane kaa daavaa kiya. 1671 mein unhone 806 natakon kii soochi kaa vistaar kiya, joe piyare corneil key "nicomed" key anuvaad seey judey they. pahali baar unhone unhein sheershak seey naheen, balki lekhak dwara sabse lokpriya lekhakon key liye soochibaddh kiya. kirkman ney francis beamont aur johnn fletcher key 52 natakon koo soochibaddh kiya, jisamen bayne johnson 50 parr agale sabse adhik utpaadak they, aur villium shekspeare 48 key saath teesare sthaan parr they. yeh shayed usa samay unaki tulanaatmak lokpriyata kaa ack sateek pratinidhitva thaa. yeh unaki pratishtha kaa bhee sanket honah chaahiye kii kirkman ney "johnn fletcher key sir" key sanket parr bikri key liye pustakon kaa vigyaapan kiya, kewal dusare lekhak ney ise yogya maanaa, (pahala johnson thaa). shekspeare ney kabhi bhee iss soochi mein gerard langben key kaam kaa aadhar naheen diyaa, joe satrahavin shatabdi key anta taka angreji naatak kaa mukhya srot bunn gayaa.
pustakalaya kaa prasaar.
uparokt kirkman seey liya jaataa haye kii unhone apane sangrah key aadhar parr pahale parisanchari pustakalaya kaa sanchaalan kiya, joe 1660 mein westminster mein shuru huaa aur 1669 taka bishopgate mein chalaa gayaa.
"dha whits" (droll).
rangmanch key itihas mein bhee mahatvapurna thaa kirkman kaa droll, "khel key liye buddhi yaa khel" kaa sangrah. pahala bhaag heinry marsh dwara 1662 mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin aisaa lagata haye kii vivaad aur mukdamebaji mein padane seey pahale kirkman dwara taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. marsh stationers company kaa sadasya thaa, aur aisaa lagata haye kii usane printer aur pustak vikreta key roop mein kaam kiya thaa, jisamen kirkman prakaashak aur sampaadak key roop mein kaam curr rahey they. ise bhaag I key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin bhaag II taba taka dikhaai naheen diyaa jaba taka kii marsh kii mrityu naheen hoe gaee thee aur kirkman ney apana vyavasaay apane haath mein naheen leey liya thaa. 1672 mein kirkman ney bhaag I koo phir seey jaari kiya aur 1673 mein bhaag II jaari kiya.
kirkman ney kahaa, kii tukade "mujhe naheen pataa kii kaee logon dwara kaba likhe gaye they, mujhe naheen pataa kii kaun", halanki unhone "hamlet" seey kabristan key drishya aur "windser kii khush patniyon" seey uchhalate hue night jaisi vastuon koo shamil kiya, jiska lekhakatva unhein yaa unake darshakon koo agyaat naheen hoe sakata thaa. unhone kuchh kaa shreya ack abhineta, robbert cox koo diyaa, jinhone apane swayam key droll prakaashit kiye they, aur shayed unhein redd bull theatre mein aur landan key baahar pradarshan kiya thaa.
"dha whits" agale dou dashakon mein kaee sanskaranon seey gujra. kirkman ney samagri kaa varnan iss prakaar kiyaah -
kirkman ney kahaa kii 1642 aur 1660 key beach rashtramandal key dauran unaki lokpriyata key kaaran inn chitron kaa chayan kiya gayaa thaa, jaba cinemaghar aadhikarik taur parr bund theh -
way una logon key liye kaam kii sifarish karate hain joe anand key liye padhate hain, fiddler, bheed kii talash mein montebank, joe lambi samudri yaatraaen karate hain, aur tahalane vaale khilaadi, kyonki "kuchh samanya sampattiyan unhein sthaapit karane key liye paryaapt hain, aur ingland key kissy bhee shahar mein paisa praapt karate hain. yeye droll kiss hudd taka kiye gaye they, yeh bataana lagbhag asambhav haye. dha whits" kii kuchh samagri lagbhag nishchit roop seey kirkman dwara unake swaamitva vaali kaee naatak patkathaon seey sampaadit kii gaee thee. haalaanki, kuchh droll 1620 seey pahale key sanskaranon seey gyaat hain. isase pataa chalata haye kii, itane saare natakon kii tarah, way prakaashit honey seey pahale kaee varshon taka pandulipi mein maujood they. ack droll, "langada rashtramandal", "bhikhaari jhaadi" seey nikala gayaa ack canting interlood, ack atirikt khand shamil haye joe stagecraft koo record kartaa prateet hotaa haye. dha whits", "dafilo aind grenida" seey ack aur droll, pee dwara "grenida" naatak parr adharit haye.see. hooft. bascarville (1924) ney nott kiya kii 1822 mein keynsham, somerset seey ekatra kiye gaye ack chrismus naatak mein "dafilo aind grenida" key ack ansh key saath ack ullekhaniya samaantaa pradarshit karane vaalaa ack maarg haye, joe bataata haye kii kirkman key droll key paath koo lock naatak mein upayog key liye anukoolit kiya gayaa thaa.
"dha whits" koo johnn chantry dwara frontpeace key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh aksar laal bail rangmanch kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye maanaa jaataa haye, halanki yeh asambhav honey key roop mein vivaadit haye; ise 1809 seey pahale key roop mein varnit naheen kiya gayaa haye, aur isake baare mein joe jaanaa jaataa haye usake saath susangat naheen haye. yeh ack rangmanch key interior key shuruati chitron mein seey ack haye, jisamen munch key saamane jhoomar aur prakaash dikhaaya gayaa haye, ack pardaa pravesh dwaar, joe vaastavik pratinidhitva hoe sakata haye. haalaanki, dikhaae gaye vibhinn paatr ack soochi hain, naa kii ack drishya kaa udaaharan jaisa kii manchan kiya gayaa haye. inmein "falstaff" (abb taka satrahavin shatabdi kaa sabse lokpriya naatya charitra), ack "parichaarika", (shayed jaldi seey malkin), "khand" ("langada rashtramandal" seey), "french nritya shree", (ack nritya fiddler), "changing", aur "simpleton", cox dwara khela gayaa ack charitra shamil hain.
srot aur aage padhana.
rashtriya chitra gallery, landan mein ack agyaat kalakar dwara 1673 mein banaaya gayaa kirkman kaa chitra haye.