
tenophora

tenophora (; tenofore;) mein samudri aksheruki jeevon kaa ack vansh shamil haye, jise aamtaur parr kanghi jailey key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe duniya bhar mein samudri jall mein rahata haye. way siliya key samoohon key liye ullekhaniya hain jinka upayog way tairane key liye karate hain (aamtaur parr "kanghi" key roop mein sandarbhit), aur way siliya kii madad seey tairane vaale sabse badey janwar hain.
prajaatiyon key aadhar parr, vayask tenofore kuchh millimeter seey laker aakar taka hotey hain. kewal 100 seey 150 prajaatiyon koo maanya kiya gayaa haye, aur sambhavatah anya 25 koo poori tarah seey varnit aur naamit naheen kiya gayaa haye.
unake shareer mein jailey kaa ack dravyamaan hotaa haye, jisamen ack parat dou koshikaaen hoti hain joe baahar kii or motee hoti hain, aur ack anya parat aantarik guha kii hoti haye. vansh mein shareer key roopon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala hoti haye, jisamen andey key aakar key cydipid shamil hain, jisamen ack jodee peechhe hatane yogya tambu hain joe shikaar koo pakadate hain, sapaat aam taur parr kambal rahit platectanids aur badey munh vaale beroids, joe anya tenofore parr shikaar karate hain.
lagbhag sabhi tenofore shikari key roop mein kaary karate hain, joe sookshm larva aur rotifers seey laker chhote crustatian key vayaskon taka kaa shikaar karate hain; apavaad dou prajaatiyon key kishore hain, joe una lavanon parr parjivi key roop mein rahate hain jinn parr unaki prajaati key vayask bhojan karate hain.
unake naram, gelatin shareer key bavjood, jeevaashm joe kii lagbhag 52.5 karod saal pahale cambrian key roop mein bahut pahale key laserstaton mein dikhaai dete hain, joe kii tenofore kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. aanvik jatijanan vigyaan adhyayanon mein "jeevan key vriksh" mein tenophores kii sthiti parr lambe samay seey bahas kii gaee haye. jeevvigyaani ney prastaav diyaa kii tenofore doosari sabse pahali shakha vaale pashu vansh kaa gathan karate hain, jisamen spunge anya sabhi bahukoshikiya jaanvaron (poriphera bahan parikalpana) key liye bahan-samooh hain. anya jeevvigyaani tark dete hain kii tenofore spunge (tenophora bahan parikalpana) kii tulanaa mein pahale ubhar rahey they, joe swayam sinidarian aur dwaipaakshik key beach vibhajan seey pahale dikhaai diye they. pisani aur anya. detta kaa punah vishleshan kiya aur sujhaav diyaa kii vishleshan key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale computer algorithm vishisht citophore jeane kii upasthiti seey gumrah they joe anya prajaatiyon seey spasht roop seey alag they. wheelen aur anya dwara anuvarti vishleshan. (2017) ney tenophora bahan parikalpana key liye aur samarthan diyaa, aur yeh mudda vargeekaran vivaad kaa mamla banaa huaa haye. schultz "aur anya."(2023) ney baaki jaanvaron seey milkar baney, mariazoa, tenophora kii bahan mein kritrimata mein aparivartaniya parivartan paae.
vishishtataaen.
pashu jaati mein, tenofore spunge kii tulanaa mein adhik jatil hotey hain, lagbhag sinidarian (jelifish, samudri animon, aadi) key roop mein jatil hotey hain.), aur dwaipaakshik kii tulanaa mein cumm jatil (jisamen lagbhag sabhi anya janwar shamil hain). spunge key vipareet, donon citophore aur sinidarian mein hainh
citophore koo anya sabhi jaanvaron seey alag kiya jaataa haye, joe chipchipe hotey hain aur shikaar key liye chipke rahate hain, halanki kuchh citophore prajaatiyon mein unaki kamee hoti haye.
spunge aur sinidarian kii tarah, citophore mein koshikaon kii dou mukhya paraten hoti hain joe jailey jaisi samagri kii ack madhya parat koo sandwich karati hain, jise sinidarian aur citophore mein mesogley kahaa jaataa haye; adhik jatil jaanvaron mein teen mukhya koshika paraten hoti hain aur koee madhyavarti jailey jaisi parat naheen hoti haye. isaliye tenofore aur sinidarian koo paaramparik roop seey spunge key saath diploblastic label diyaa gayaa haye.
donon tenofore aur sinidarian mein ack prakaar kii maanspeshiyaan hoti hain joe adhik jatil jaanvaron mein, madhya koshika parat seey utpann hoti hain,
aur isake parinamswarup kuchh halia paathya pustaken tenofore koo triploblastic key roop mein vargeekrit karati hain, jabaki anya abhee bhee unhein diploblastic maanati hain. kanghi jailey mein 80 seey adhik vibhinn prakaar kii koshikaaen hoti hain, joe placozoan, spunge, sinidarian aur kuchh gahari shakha vaale dwaipaakshik jaise anya samoohon kii sankhya seey adhik hoti hain.
aakar mein lagbhag,
tenofore sabse badey gair-aupaniveshik janwar hain joe siliya ("baal") kaa upayog apani mukhya gati key roop mein karate hain. adhikansh prajaatiyon mein aathh pattiyan hoti hain, jinhen kanghi kii panktiyaan kahaa jaataa haye, joe unake shareer kii lambai koo chalaati hain aur kanghi kii panktiyon key saath "seaten" naamak siliya key kanghi jaisi pattiyan dhaaran karati hain, taaki jaba siliya dhadakati haye, tou pratyek kanghi key way neeche kii kanghi koo chhoo sakein. tenophora" naam kaa arth haye "kanghi dhaaran karna", yunani "κτείς" (mool roop κτεν-) seey jiska arth haye "kanghi" aur yunani pratyay "-φορος" jiska arth haye "leey jaanaa".
varnan.
apekshaakrit cumm prajaatiyon vaale ack vansh key liye, tenophores key shareer kii yojanaon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala hoti haye. tateey prajaatiyon koo laharon aur ghoomate talchhat kanon kaa saamana karane key liye paryaapt kathor honey kii aavashyakta haye, jabaki kuchh samudri prajaatiyan itani najuk hain kii unhein adhyayan key liye barkarar rakhna bahut mushkil haye. isake alawa, samudri prajaatiyan achchi tarah seey sanrakshit naheen hoti hain, aur mukhya roop seey tasveeron aur paryavekshakon key noton seey jaani jaati hain. isaliye haal taka sabse adhik dhyaan teen tateey vanshon-"pleurobrachia", "bero" aur "nemiopsis" parr kendrit rhaa haye. cumm seey cumm dou paathyapustaken apane citophores key vivaran koo cydipid "pleurobrachia" parr adharit karati hain.
choonki kaee prajaatiyon kaa shareer "lagbhag" radial roop seey samamit haye, mukhya aksh maukhik seey aboral (munh seey vipareet chhor taka) haye. haalaanki, choonki statosist key paas kewal dou naharen gudaa chhidron mein samaapt hoti hain, isaliye tenophores mein koee darpan-samroopata naheen hoti haye, halanki kaee mein ghoornan samroopata hoti haye. dusare shabdon mein, yadi janwar aadhe vritt mein ghoomata haye tou yeh vaisa hii dikhta haye jaisa vaha shuru huaa thaa.
samanya visheshataaen.
tenofore failam mein shareer key roopon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala hoti haye, jisamen chapate, gahare samudra mein platictanids shamil hain, jisamen adhikansh prajaatiyon key vayaskon mein kanghi kii kamee hoti haye, aur tateey beroids, jinamen tambu kii kamee hoti haye aur badey, kathor siliya key samoohon seey lais vishal munh kaa upayog karke anya tenofore parr shikaar karate hain joe daanton key roop mein kaary karate hain.
shareer kii paraten.
jaise kii neiderian, (jelifish, samudri animon, aadi.), tenophores key shareer mein ack apekshaakrit motee, jailey jaisi mesogla hoti haye joe dou upkalaaon key beach hoti haye, koshikaon kii paraten joe antar-koshika connection seey bandhi hoti hain aur ack reshedar tahakhaane kii jhilli dwara joe way sraavit karati hain. tenophores key upkala mein ack key bajaay koshikaon kii dou paraten hoti hain, aur oopari parat mein kuchh koshikaon mein prati koshika kaee siliya hoti hain.
epidermis (baahari twacha) kii baahari parat mein samvedi koshikaaen hoti hain; koshikaaen joe shleshma kaa sraav karati hain, joe shareer kii raksha karati hain; aur antaraaliya koshikaaen, joe anya prakaar kii koshikaon mein badal sakati hain. shareer key vishesh hisson mein, baahari parat mein colloblast bhee hotey hain, joe tambu kii satah key saath paae jaate hain aur shikaar koo pakadane mein upayog kiye jaate hain, yaa kaee badey siliya vaali koshikaon koo gati key liye. epidermis kii aantarik parat mein ack tantrika jaal hotaa haye, aur myopithalial koshikaaen joe maanspeshiyon key roop mein kaary karati hain.
aantarik guha key roopah ack munh jise aamtaur parr maanspeshiyon dwara bund kiya jaa sakata haye; ack grasni ("galaa"); kendra mein ack vyaapak kshetra joe pett key roop mein kaary kartaa haye; aur aantarik naharon kii ack pranali. yeye shaakhaaen mesogley key madhyam seey janwar key sabse sakriya hisson mein jaati hainh munh aur grasni; tambu kii jadein, yadi maujood hain; pratyek kanghi pankti key neeche key hisse key saath; aur munh seey door anta mein samvedi parisar key chaaron or chaar shaakhaaen-inn chaar shaakhaon mein seey dou gudaa chhidron mein samaapt hoti hain. guha kii aantarik satah koo ack upkala, gastrodermis key saath panktibaddh kiya jaataa haye. munh aur grasni donon mein siliya aur achchi tarah seey vikasit maanspeshiyaan hoti hain. nahar pranali key anya hisson mein, gastrodermis usa anga key nikatatam kinaaron parr alag hotaa haye joe yeh aapoorti kartaa haye. nikat paksh lambi poshak koshikaon seey banaa hotaa haye joe vacule (aantarik dibbon) mein poshak tatvon koo sangraheet karati hain, roganu koshikaaen joe andey yaa shukranu kaa utpaadan karati hain, aur photocytes joe bioluminascence kaa utpaadan karati hain. anga seey sabse door kii or ciliated koshikaon seey dhaki hoti haye joe naharon key madhyam seey paani koo prasaarit karati hain, siliyari rosset, chhidron seey viramit hoti hain joe siliya key dohare ghoornan seey ghiri hoti hain aur mesogley seey judati hain.
bhojan, visarjan aur shwasan.
jaba shikaar koo nigal liya jaataa haye, tou ise grasni mein enzymon dwara aur grasni key maanspeshiyon key sankuchan dwara draveekrit kiya jaataa haye. parinami ghol koo siliya kii pitai seey nahar pranali key madhyam seey bahaaya jaataa haye, aur poshak koshikaon dwara pachaaya jaataa haye. naharon mein siliyari rosset mesogla mein maanspeshiyon taka poshak tatvon koo leey jaane mein madad curr sakate hain. gudaa chhidra avaanchhit chhote kanon koo baahar nikaal sakate hain, lekin adhikansh avaanchhit padaarth munh key madhyam seey punarnirmit hotey hain.
koshikaon dwara utpaadit apashisht utpaadon seey citinophore kaise chhutkara paate hain, isake baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari haye. gastrodermis mein siliyari rosset mesoglea seey kachare koo hataane mein madad curr sakate hain, aur mesoglea mein yaa baahar paani pump karke janwar kii utplavanta koo samaayojit karane mein bhee madad curr sakate hain.
gati.
baahari satah parr aamtaur parr aathh kanghi panktiyaan hoti hain, jinhen tairaki-plate kahaa jaataa haye, jinka upayog tairaki key liye kiya jaataa haye. panktiyaan munh ("maukhik dhruv") key paas seey vipareet chhor ("maukhik dhruv") taka chalane key liye unmukh hoti hain, aur shareer key chaaron or cumm yaa jyada samaan roop seey doori parr hoti hain, halanki doori key pattern prajaatiyon key anusaar bhinn hotey hain aur adhikansh prajaatiyon mein kanghi panktiyaan munh kii or maukhik dhruv seey doori kaa kewal ack hissa hii badhaati hain. kanghi" (jise "seaten" yaa "kanghi plate" bhee kahaa jaataa haye) pratyek pankti mein chalati haye, aur pratyek mein hajaaron asamanya roop seey lambi siliya hoti haye, joe lagbhag sabhi prakaar kii hoti haye. paaramparik siliya aur flazella key vipareet, jisamen 9 + 2 pattern mein ack filament sanrachana vyavasthit haye, inn siliya koo 9 + 3 pattern mein vyavasthit kiya jaataa haye, jahaan atirikt compact filament mein ack sahayak kaary honey kaa sandeh haye. yeye aam taur parr iss tarah seey dhadakte hain kii pranodan aghaat munh seey door hoe, halanki way vipareet disha mein bhee jaa sakate hain. isaliye jelifish key vipareet, tenofore aamtaur parr usa disha mein tairate hain jisamen munh khaa rhaa hotaa haye. jaba ack prajaati shikariyon seey bachane kii koshish karati haye, tou vaha apani samanya gati seey chhah gunaa adhik teji seey badh sakati haye; kuchh anya prajaatiyan apane bachane key vyavhaar key hisse key roop mein kanghi plate siliya key power stroke koo ulatkar disha koo ulat sakati hain.
yeh anishchit haye kii kaise tenofore apani utplavanta koo niyantrit karate hain, lekin prayogon seey pataa chalaa haye kii kuchh prajaatiyan vibhinn ghanatvon key paani key anukool honey key liye parasaran dabaav parr nirbhar karati hain. unake shareer key taral padaarth aam taur parr samudri jall key roop mein kendrit hotey hain. yadi way cumm ghaney khaare paani mein pravesh karate hain, tou shareer guha mein siliyari rosset ise mesogley mein pump curr sakate hain taaki isake thoke koo badhaaya jaa sakey aur isake ghanatva koo cumm kiya jaa sakey, taaki doobane seey bachaa jaa sakey. isake vipareet, yadi way khaare seey poorna-shakti vaale samudri jall kii or badhate hain, tou gulab apane aayatan koo cumm karane aur isake ghanatva koo badhaane key liye mesogley seey paani baahar nikaal sakate hain.
tantrika tantra aur indriyaan.
tenophores mein koee mastishk yaa kendriya tantrika tantra naheen hotaa haye, lekin isake bajaay ack upa-twachiya tantrika jaal (balki ack cobweb kii tarah) hotaa haye joe munh key chaaron or ack valay banaata haye aur kanghi panktiyon, grasni, tambu (yadi maujood hoe) aur munh seey sabse door samvedi jatil jaisi sanrachanaon key paas sabse ghanaa hotaa haye. tantrika koshikaon key beach sanchaar dou alag-alag tarikon kaa upayog kartaa haye; kuchh neurons mein synaptic connection paae jaate hain, lekin tantrika jaal mein neurons koo synapse dwara judey honey key bajaay ack syncitium mein fuse karke atyadhik vishisht hotey hain. tenophores key baahar kuchh jaanvaron mein bhee tantrika koshikaon kaa sanyojan hotaa haye, lekin kabhi bhee iss hudd taka naheen kii way ack sampoorn tantrika jaal banaate hain. jeevashmon seey pataa chalata haye kii cambrian prajaatiyon mein ack adhik jatil tantrika tantra thaa, jisamen lambi nasein theen joe munh key chaaron or ack valay key saath judee hui theen. aaj lambi nason key saath ekmatra gyaat tenophorus cydippida crum mein "euplocomis" haye. unaki tantrika koshikaaen usee poorvaj koshikaon seey utpann hoti hain joe colloblast key roop mein hoti hain.
isake alawa ack cumm sangathit mesogelal tantrika jaal haye jisamen ekal tantrika tantra shamil hain. sabse badee ekal samvedi visheshta maukhik anga (munh seey vipareet chhor parr) haye, jise apane swayam key tantrika jaal key saath rekhaankit kiya jaataa haye. iss anga kaa mukhya ghatak ack statosist haye, ack santulan samvedak jisamen ack statolith, calcium carbonate kaa ack chhota anaaj hotaa haye, joe siliya key chaar bandalon parr samarthit hotaa haye, jise "balancer" kahaa jaataa haye, joe isake abhivinyas koo samajhata haye. statosist lambe, sthir siliya seey baney ack pardarshi gumbad dwara sanrakshit haye. ack tenofore swachaalit roop seey sabhi balancers parr statolith koo samaan roop seey rakhane kii koshish naheen kartaa haye. isake bajaay, isaki pratikriya janwar key "manodasha" seey nirdhaarit hoti haye, dusare shabdon mein, tantrika tantra kii samagr sthiti. udaaharan key liye, yadi peechhe kii or rahane vaale tambu key saath ack tenofore shikaar koo pakad letaa haye, tou yeh aksar kuchh kanghi panktiyon koo peechhe kii or daal dega, jisase munh shikaar kii or ghoom jaayega.
shodh iss parikalpana kaa samarthan kartaa haye kii niderian aur dwaipaakshik logon mein ciliated larva ack pracheen aur samanya mool saajha karate hain. larva kaa epical anga tantrika tantra key gathan mein shamil hotaa haye. kanghi jailey kaa maukhik anga anya jaanvaron mein epical anga key saath samroop naheen haye, aur isaliye unake tantrika tantra key gathan kii ack alag bhroon utpatti haye.
anya jaanvaron kii tulanaa mein tenofore tantrika koshikaon aur tantrika tantra mein alag-alag jaiv rasayan hotey hain. udaaharan key liye, unamen serotonin, dopamine, nitric oxide, octopamine, noradrenaline aur anya jaise neurotransmitters key nirmaan key liye aavashyak jeane aur enzymon kii kamee hoti haye, anyatha anya sabhi jaanvaron mein ack tantrika tantra key saath dekhaa jaataa haye, jiname seey pratyek key liye receptors key liye jeane coding hoti haye. monofunctional catales (billi), antioxidant enzymon key teen pramukh parivaaron mein seey ack haye joe hydrogen peroxide koo lakshit kartaa haye, joe synaptic aur neuronal gatividhi key liye ack mahatvapurna sanket anu haye, joe jeane key nuksan key kaaran bhee anupasthit haye. way ack neurotransmitter key roop mein ell-glutamate kaa upayog karane key liye paae gaye hain, aur anya metazone kii tulanaa mein glutamate sanshleshan aur parivahan key liye ionotropic glutamate receptors aur jeane kii asamanya roop seey uchch vividhata haye. tantrika tantra key jeenon kii genomic samagri kissy bhee janwar mein sabse chhoti gyaat haye, aur ack karyatmak tantrika tantra key liye nyuntam aanuvanshik aavashyaktaon kaa pratinidhitva curr sakati haye. tathya yeh haye kii tantrika tantra key kuchh hisson mein seedhe sanlipt neurons hotey hain, binaa synapse key, yeh sujhaav detaa haye kii tenophores anya metazone key liye ack bahan samooh banaa sakate hain, jinhone swatantra roop seey ack tantrika tantra vikasit kiya haye. yadi anya sabhi metazonon key liye citinophorus bahan samooh hain, tou tantrika tantra yaa tou spunge aur placozone mein khou gayaa hoga, yaa metazonon key beach ack seey adhik baar utpann hoe sakata haye.
cydippids.
cydipid tenofore mein shareer cumm yaa jyada goal hotey hain, kabhi-kabhi lagbhag golakar aur kabhi-kabhi adhik belnakar yaa andey key aakar key hotey hain; aam tateey "samudri goojberry", "pleurobrachia", mein kabhi-kabhi ack andey key aakar kaa shareer hotaa haye jiska munh sankeern chhor parr hotaa haye, halanki kuchh vyakti adhik samaan roop seey goal hotey hain. shareer key vipareet pakshon seey lambe, patale tambu kii ack jodee faili hui haye, pratyek koo ack aavaran mein rakhaa gayaa haye jisamen ise vaapas liya jaa sakata haye. cydippids kii kuchh prajaatiyon mein shareer hotey hain joe vibhinn hudd taka chapate hotey hain taaki way tambu key tala mein chaude houn.
cydipid tenofore key tambu aamtaur parr tambu ("chhote tambu") key saath kinare hotey hain, halanki kuchh vanshon mein inn sidebranch key binaa saral tambu hotey hain. tambu aur tambu sookshm colloblast seey ghaney dhanke hotey hain joe shikaar koo pakadate hain. colloblast epidermis kii baahari parat mein vishesh mashroom key aakar kii koshikaaen hoti hain, aur inke teen mukhya ghatak hotey hainh putikaon (kakshon) key saath ack gumbad vaalaa sir jisamen chipakane vaalaa hotaa haye; ack danthal joe epidermis kii nichali parat mein yaa mesogla mein koshika koo lunger daaltaa haye; aur ack sarpil dhaga joe danthal key chaaron or kundalit hotaa haye aur sir aur danthal kii jarh seey judaa hotaa haye. sarpil dhaage kaa kaary anishchit haye, lekin jaba shikaar bhaagne kii koshish kartaa haye tou yeh tanaav koo avashoshit curr sakata haye, aur iss prakaar collobast koo alag honey seey roque sakata haye.
colloblast key alawa, genus "hekelia" key sadasya, joe mukhya roop seey jelifish khaate hain, apane peediton key stinging nematocytes koo apane swayam key tambu mein shamil karate hain-kuchh nideria khaane vaale nudibranch isi tarah raksha key liye apane shareer mein nematocytes koo shamil karate hain. euplocomis" kaa tambu anya cydepieds seey kaafee alag hotaa haih unamen dhaaridaar maanspeshiyaan hoti hain, joe kii ack prakaar kii koshika hoti haye joe anyatha failam tenophora mein agyaat hoti haye; aur way aaraam karane parr kundalit hotey hain, jabaki anya sabhi gyaat tenophorus kaa tambu aaraam karane parr lamba hoe jaataa haye. "euplocomis" key tambu mein teen prakaar key andolan hotey hain jinka upayog shikaar koo pakadane mein kiya jaataa haih way bahut jaldi baahar nickle sakate hain (40 seey 60 millisecond mein); way hill sakate hain, joe chhote planctonic keede kii tarah vyavhaar karke shikaar koo lubha sakate hain; aur way goal shikaar koo jodate hain. advitiya flicking ack uncoiling andolan haye joe dhaaridaar maanspeshiyon key sankuchan dwara sanchaalit hotaa haye. hilane vaali gati chikani maanspeshiyon dwara utpann hoti haye, lekin ack atyadhik vishisht prakaar kii hoti haye. shikaar key chaaron or kundal kaafee hudd taka tambu kii nishkriya sthiti mein vaapsee seey puuraa hotaa haye, lekin kundaliyon koo chikani maanspeshiyon dwara kadaa kiya jaa sakata haye.
kanghi kii aathh panktiyaan hoti hain joe munh key paas seey vipareet chhor taka chalati hain, aur shareer key chaaron or samaan roop seey doori parr hoti hain. kanghi" ack maxican lahar kii tarah ack metaa-cronel lay mein beat karate hain. statosist mein pratyek santulan seey gumbad key neeche ack siliyari khancha nikalata haye aur phir dou aasann kanghi panktiyon key saath judane key liye vibhajit hoe jaataa haye, aur kuchh prajaatiyon mein kanghi panktiyon key saath chalata haye. yeh siliya dwara banaai gaee jall gadbadi key madhyam seey, kanghi seey santulankartaon taka taal kii lay koo prasaarit karane key liye ack "yaantrik" pranali banaata haye.
lobates.
lobata mein lobe kii ack jodee hoti haye, joe shareer key maanspeshiyon vaale, couplike vistaar hotey hain joe munh seey parey prakshepit hotey hain. unake aprabhedya tambu munh key konon seey utpann hotey hain, ghumaavdaar khaanchon mein daudate hain aur lobe kii aantarik satah parr failate hain (cydippida kii tarah, bahut peechhe peechhe jaane key bajaay). munh key donon taraf key khandon key beach, kaee prajaatiyon key lobe mein chaar aurical hotey hain, siliya key saath gelatinus prakshepan joe paani kii dhaaraon kaa utpaadan karate hain joe munh kii or seedhe sookshm shikaar mein madad karate hain. sanrachanaon kaa yeh sanyojan lobates koo nilambit planctonic shikaar parr lagaatar bhojan karane mein saksham banaata haye.
lobe mein aathh kanghi-row hotey hain, joe aboral poul seey utpann hotey hain aur aamtaur parr shareer seey parey lobe taka naheen failate hain; (chaar) oricles vaali prajaatiyon mein, oricles koo kinare karane vaali siliya, kanghi kii chaar panktiyon mein siliya key vistaar hain. adhikansh lobates paani key madhyam seey aage badhane parr kaafee nishkriya hotey hain, pranodan key liye apani kanghi panktiyon parr siliya kaa upayog karate hue, halanki "leukothia" mein lambe aur sakriya oricles hotey hain jinaki harkatein bhee pranodan mein yogdan detee hain. lobet vansh "bathosiro" aur "ausyropsis" key sadasya apane lobe koo taali bajaakar khatare seey butch sakate hain, taaki nishkaasit paani kaa jett unhein bahut jaldi vaapas chalaa dey. cydipid key vipareet, lobates key kanghi kii gatividhiyon koo siliya dwara banaai gaee paani kii gadbadi key bajaay tantrikaon dwara samanvit kiya jaataa haye, phir bhee usee pankti parr kanghi usee maxican tarang shally mein beat karati haye joe cydipid aur beroid kii yaantrik roop seey samanvit kanghi panktiyon key roop mein hoti haye. isase lobates koo cydippids seey badaa honey aur andey jaisi cumm aakritiyon mein vikasit honey mein saksham banaaya jaa sakata haye.
2000 mein pahali baar varnit ack asamanya prajaati, "lobetolampia tetragona" koo ack lobe key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye, halanki lobe "adim" hotey hain aur samudra tala parr aaraam karate samay shareer medusa jaisa aur disk jaisa hotaa haye.
beroids.
beroida, jise nuda key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, mein koee feeding appendage naheen hotey hain, lekin unakaa badaa grasni, badey munh key ander aur thaili jaise shareer key adhikansh hisse koo bharate hue, maukhik chhor parr "macrosilia" dhaaran kartaa haye. kaee hazaar badey siliya key yeye fused bundles shikaar key una tukadon koo "kaatane" mein saksham hain joe poore nigalane key liye bahut badey hotey hain-lagbhag hamesha anya tenofore. macrosilia key kshetra key saamane, "bero" kii kuchh prajaatiyon mein munh "honth" parr, pett kii deewaar parr chipakane vaali upkala koshikaon kii sankeern pattiyon kii ack jodee hoti haye joe janwar key khilaane key binaa munh koo "zip" karati haye, vipareet chipakane vaali patti key saath antarkoshikiya sambandh banaakar. yeh tanga bund janwar key saamane koo suvyavasthit kartaa haye jaba yeh shikaar kaa peechha curr rhaa hotaa haye.
anya shareer key roop.
ganeshida mein ack jodee chhote maukhik khand aur ack jodee tambu hotey hain. shareer cross-section mein andakar key bajaay golakar hotaa haye, aur grasni lobe kii aantarik satahon parr failata haye.
thalasocalysida, kewal 1978 mein khoja gayaa aur kewal ack prajaati seey jaanaa jaataa haye, medusa-jaisa haye, jisamen shareer maukhik-maukhik disha mein chhote hotey hain, aur munh seey sabse door satah parr chhote kanghi-row hotey hain, joe maukhik dhruv key paas seey utpann hotey hain. way ghanti kii gatividhiyon aur sambhavatah dou chhote tambu kaa upayog karke shikaar koo pakadate hain.
cestida ("belt janwar") ribbon key aakar key planctonic janwar hain, jinka munh aur khurli anga ribbon key vipareet kinaaron key beach mein sanrekhit hotey hain. pratyek khurdar kinare parr kanghi-row kii ack jodee hoti haye, aur maukhik kinare key saath ack khaanche seey nikalane vaalaa tambu hotaa haye, joe shareer kii adhikansh pankh jaisi satah parr vaapas bahata haye. seasteads apane shareer koo laharaate hue aur saath hii apane kanghi-row kii pitai seey tair sakate hain. germ aur germ-samshitoshna paani mein duniya bhar mein vitaran key saath dou gyaat prajaatiyan hainh "seastom veneris" ("venus 'girdle") sabse badey tenophores mein seey ack haye-lambe samay taka, aur dheere-dheere yaa kaafee teji seey badal sakata haye. "velamen parallum", joe aamtaur parr lambe seey cumm hotaa haye, bahut teji seey aage badh sakata haye jise "darting motion" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye.
adhikansh platictanida mein andakar shareer hotey hain joe maukhik-maukhik disha mein chapate hotey hain, jisamen maukhik satah parr tambu-dhaaran karane vaale tambu hotey hain. way grasni koo oopar karke aur ise ack manspeshi "pair" key roop mein upayog karke satahon parr chipak jaate hain aur reng jaate hain. gyaat platictanid prajaatiyon mein seey ack key alawa sabhi mein kanghi-row kii kamee hoti haye. platictanids aamtaur parr gupt roop seey rangeen hotey hain, chattanon, shaiwal, yaa anya aksheruki jeevon kii shareer kii satahon parr rahate hain, aur aksar kaee taraf kii shaakhaon key saath unake lambe tambu dwara prakat hotey hain, joe citanophore key peechhe seey dhaara mein pravaahit hotey hue dekhe jaate hain.
prajanan aur vikas.
adhikansh prajaatiyon key vayask kshatigrast yaa hataae gaye ootakon koo phir seey utpann curr sakate hain, halanki kewal platictanids cloning dwara prajanan karate hain, unake sapaat shareer key tukadon key kinaaron seey vibhajit hotey hain joe nae vyaktiyon mein vikasit hotey hain.
tenophores kaa antim samanya poorvaj (ell. see. aeye.) hermaphroditic thaa. kuchh ack saath hermaphrodite hotey hain, joe ack hii samay mein andey aur shukranu donon kaa utpaadan curr sakate hain, jabaki anya anukramik hermaphrodite hotey hain, jisamen andey aur shukranu alag-alag samay parr paripakva hotey hain. koee roopaantaran naheen haye. cumm seey cumm teen prajaatiyon koo alag-alag lingon (dioc) key roop mein vikasit kiya gayaa haye; genus ausiropsis mein "ausiropsis chrystallina" aur "ausiropsis maculata" aur genus bathosiro mein "bathosiro fostery". gonad kanghi panktiyon key tahat aantarik nahar network key hisson mein sthit hotey hain, aur andey aur shukranu epidermis mein chhidron key madhyam seey jaari kiye jaate hain. nishechan aam taur parr baahari hotaa haye, lekin platictanids aantarik nishechan kaa upayog karate hain aur andey koo prajanan kakshon mein taba taka rakhate hain jaba taka kii way naa nickle jaaen. swa-nishechan kabhi-kabhi "nemiopsis" vansh kii prajaatiyon mein dekhaa gayaa haye, aur yeh socha jaataa haye kii adhikansh hermaphroditic prajaatiyan swa-upajaau hain.
nishechit andon kaa vikas pratyaksh hotaa haye; koee vishisht larva roop naheen haye. sabhi samoohon key kishore aam taur parr planctonic hotey hain, aur adhikansh prajaatiyan laghu vayask cydippids seey milati-julati hain, dheere-dheere unake vayask shareer key roopon koo vikasit karate hain jaise-jaise way badhate hain. halanki, "bero" vansh mein, kishoron key munh badey hotey hain aur vayaskon kii tarah, unamen bhee tambu aur tambu donon kii kamee hoti haye. kuchh samoohon mein, jaise kii sapaat, neeche rahane vaale platictanids, kishore sachche larva kii tarah vyavhaar karate hain. way plankton key beach rahate hain aur iss prakaar apane maataa-pitaa seey ack alag paaristhitik sthaan parr kabja curr lete hain, kewal ack adhik kattarpanthi ontogeny dwara vayask roop praapt karate hain. samudra tala parr girane key baad.
cumm seey cumm kuchh prajaatiyon mein, kishore tenofore chhoti matra mein andey aur shukranu kaa utpaadan karane mein saksham dikhaai dete hain, jabaki way vayask aakar seey kaafee cumm hotey hain, aur vayask andey aur shukranu kaa utpaadan taba taka karate hain jaba taka unake paas paryaapt bhojan hotaa haye. yadi unake paas bhojan kii kamee haye, tou way pahale andey aur shukranu kaa utpaadan bund curr dete hain, aur phir aakar mein sikud jaate hain. jaba khaadya aapoorti mein sudhaar hotaa haye, tou way samanya aakar mein vaapas badh jaate hain aur phir prajanan phir seey shuru karate hain. yeye visheshtaen citophore koo bahut jaldi apani aabaadi badhaane mein saksham banaati hain. lobata aur cydippida key sadasyon mein ack prajanan roop bhee hotaa haye jise disogeny kahaa jaataa haye; dou yaun roop seey paripakva charan, pahale larva key roop mein aur baad mein kishore aur vayaskon key roop mein. larva key roop mein apane samay key dauran way samay-samay parr gamet koo chhodane mein saksham hotey hain. apani pahali prajanan avadhi samaapt honey key baad way baad taka phir seey adhik gamet kaa utpaadan naheen karenge. madhya baltic samudra mein "mertentia oviewm" kii aabaadi baljanan hoe gaee haye, aur isamen kewal 1.6 mimi seey cumm yaun roop seey paripakva larva hotey hain.
nemiopsis leady" mein, nose vayask ootakon mein maujood hotaa haye aur baad key bhroon charanon mein alag-alag roop seey vyakt kiya jaataa haye joe vikasatmak tantra mein koee bhagidari naheen honey kaa sujhaav detaa haye.
rung aur bioluminascence.
satah key paas rahane vaale adhikansh tenofore jyaadaatar rangheen aur lagbhag pardarshi hotey hain. haalaanki kuchh gahari jeevit prajaatiyan dridhata seey varnak hain, udaaharan key liye "tortuga laal" key roop mein jaani jaane vaali prajaati (yahaan chitran dekhein), jiska abhee taka aupchaarik roop seey varnan naheen kiya gayaa haye. platictanids aam taur parr anya samudra-tala jeevon seey judey rahate hain, aur aksar inn mezban jeevon key samaan rung hotey hain. gahare samudra mein paae jaane vaale "bathosiro" key aant laal hoti haye, joe apane dwara nigal liye gaye coppods key bioluminascence koo chhupaati haye.
adhikansh planctonic tenofore kii kanghi panktiyaan indradhanush prabhaav paida karati hain, joe bioluminascence key kaaran naheen hoti hain, balki kanghi key chalane key saath prakaash key prakirnan key kaaran hoti hain. adhikansh prajaatiyan bhee bioluminacent hoti hain, lekin prakaash aamtaur parr neela yaa haraa hotaa haye aur kewal andhere mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. haalaanki kuchh mahatvapurna samooh, jinamen sabhi gyaat platictanids aur cydipped genus "pleurobrachia" shamil hain, bioluminascence mein asamarth hain.
jaba kuchh prajaatiyan, jinamen "bathectana chuni", "euplocomis stationis" aur "eurhamphia vacceligera" shamil hain, pareshan hoti hain, tou way sraav (syaahi) kaa utpaadan karati hain joe unake shareer key samaan tarang dairdhya parr chamakati hain. kishore apane shareer key aakar key sambandh mein vayaskon kii tulanaa mein adhik chamkile roop seey chamkenge, jinaki chamak unake shareer parr faili hui haye. vistrit saankhyikiya jaanch ney naa tou citophores key bioluminascence key kaary kaa sujhaav diyaa haye aur naa hii isake sateek rung aur jaanvaron key vatavaran key kissy bhee pahalu key beach koee sambandh paida kiya haye, jaise kii gaharaai yaa kyaa way tateey yaa madhya-mahasagar key paani mein rahate hain.
tenophores mein, bioluminascence photocytes naamak koshikaon mein photoprotein naamak calcium-sakriya protein key sakriyan key kaaran hotaa haye, joe aksar aathh kanghi panktiyon key neeche kii meridianal naharon taka seemit hotey hain. nemiopsis leady" key genome mein duss jeane photoprotein koo kootbaddh karate hain. yeye jeane "nemiopsis leady" key vikaasheel photocytes mein opsin jeane key saath saha-abhivyakt hotey hain, jisase iss sambhavana koo badhaava milata haye kii inn jaanvaron mein prakaash utpaadan aur prakaash kaa pataa lagaana ack saath kaam curr sakata haye.
paaristhitiki.
vitaran.
adhikansh samudri vatavaranon mein tenofore paae jaate hainh dhruviya jall seey laker ushnakatibandhiya taka; taton key paas aur madhya-mahasagar mein; satah key paani seey laker samudra kii gaharaai taka. sabse achchi tarah seey samajha jaane vaalaa vansh "pleurobrachia", "bero" aur "nemiopsis" hain, kyonki yeye planctonic tateey roop tata key paas ekatra kiye jaane kii sabse adhik sambhavana haye. taaje paani mein koee citophore naheen paae gaye hain.
2013 mein, samudri tenofore "nemiopsis leady" koo misra kii ack jheel mein darj kiya gayaa thaa, jise galati seey machhali (mallet) talane key parivahan dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa; yeh ack vaastavik jheel seey pahala record thaa, halanki anya prajaatiyan tateey lagoon aur jwaranadmukh key khaare paani mein paaee jaati hain.
kuchh tateey sthaanon mein garmiyon key maheenon key dauran tenofore prachur matra mein hoe sakate hain, lekin anya sthaanon parr, way asamanya hain aur unhein dhoondhana mushkil haye.
khaadi mein jahaan way bahut adhik sankhya mein paae jaate hain, tenofore dwara shikaar chhote zooplanktonic jeevon jaise kii copepods kii aabaadi koo niyantrit curr sakata haye, joe anyatha phytoplankton (planktonic paudhe) koo mitaa sakate hain, joe samudri khaadya shrinkhalaon kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa hain.
shikaar aur shikari.
lagbhag sabhi tenofore shikari hain-koee shakahari naheen hain aur kewal ack vansh haye joe aanshik roop seey parjivi haye. yadi bhojan prachur matra mein haye, tou way prati dinn apane vajan kaa 10 gunaa khaa sakate hain. jabaki "bero" mukhya roop seey anya tenofore parr shikaar kartaa haye, anya satah-jall prajaatiyan sookshmadarshi seey laker molsk aur machhali key larva sahit aakar mein chhote vayask crustatian jaise coppods, empepods aur yahaan taka kii crill taka zooplankton (planctonic janwar) kaa shikaar karati hain. hekelia" vansh key sadasya jelifish kaa shikaar karate hain aur apane shikaar key nematosist (stinging koshikaaen) koo colloblast key bajaay apane swayam key tambu mein shamil karate hain. shikaar koo pakadane key liye apani takneekon kii vistrit shrinkhala mein tenophores kii tulanaa makadiyon seey kii gaee haye-kuchh apane tambu koo "jaal" key roop mein upayog karke paani mein binaa gati key latakate hain, kuchh khaare koodane vaali makadiyon kii tarah ghaat lagaakar shikaar karane vaale hotey hain, aur kuchh ack chikani boond koo ack maheen dhaage key anta mein latakaate hain, jaisa kii bolas makadiyan karati hain. yeh vividhata shareer key roopon kii vistrit shrinkhala koo ack vansh mein kuchh prajaatiyon key saath bataati haye. dou-tanga "cydipid" lampia "vishesh roop seey salps, samudri-squart key karibi rishtedaron koo feed kartaa haye joe badee shrinkhala jaisi tairati kaaloniyan banaate hain, aur" lampia "key kishore khud koo parjivi kii tarah salps seey jodate hain joe unake liye nigalane key liye bahut badey hotey hain. cydipid genus "pleurobrachia" aur lobet "bolinopsis" key sadasya aksar ack hii sthaan aur samay parr uchch jansankhya ghanatva taka pahunchate hain kyonki way vibhinn prakaar key shikaar mein visheshagya hotey hainh "pleurobrachia" key lambe tambu mukhya roop seey vayask coppods jaise apekshaakrit majboot tairaakon koo pakadate hain, jabaki "bolinopsis" aam taur parr chhote, kamjor tairaakon jaise rotifers aur molsk aur crustatian larva koo khaata haye.
samudri khaadya shrinkhalaon mein tenofore koo "mrit chhor" maanaa jaataa thaa kyonki yeh socha jaataa thaa kii carbonic padarthon aur namak aur paani key cumm anupaat ney unhein anya jaanvaron key liye ack kharaab aahar banaa diyaa thaa. sambhaavit shikariyon key pett mein tenofore key avasheshon kii pehchaan karna bhee aksar mushkil hotaa haye, halanki kanghi kabhi-kabhi ack surag pradaan karane key liye paryaapt lambe samay taka barkarar rahati hain. chama salmon, "oncorincus ketaa" kii vistrit jaanch seey pataa chalaa kii yeye machhaliyan jheenga key barabar vajan kii tulanaa mein 20 gunaa teji seey tenofore pachaati hain, aur yadi unake aspas paryaapt matra mein hain tou tenofore ack achchha aahar pradaan curr sakate hain. beroids mukhya roop seey anya tenophores kaa shikaar karate hain. kuchh jelifish aur kachhue badee matra mein tenophore khaate hain, aur jelifish asthaayi roop seey tenophore aabaadi koo mitaa sakati haye. choonki tenofore aur jelifish kii aabaadi mein aksar badee mausami bhinnata hoti haye, isaliye una parr shikaar karane vaali adhikansh machhaliyan saamaanyavaadi hoti hain aur visheshagya jailey-khaane vaalon kii tulanaa mein aabaadi parr adhik prabhaav daal sakati hain. yeh laal samudra mein khilane key dauran jaanboojhkar gelatinus zooplankton koo khaane vaali shakahari machhliyon key avalokan dwara rekhaankit kiya jaataa haye. kuchh samudri animon key larva, jaise kii kuchh flatworm key larva, joe machhali koo vayask honey parr parjivi banaate hain, parjivi hotey hain.
paaristhitik prabhaav.
adhikansh prajaatiyan hermaphrodite hain, aur cumm seey cumm kuchh prajaatiyon key kishore vayask aakar aur aakar taka pahunchane seey pahale prajanan karane mein saksham hain. hermaphroditism aur praarambhik prajanan kaa yeh sanyojan chhoti aabaadi koo visfotak darr seey badhane mein saksham banaata haye.
tenophorus samudri paaristhitiki tantra koo sabhi phytoplankton (planctonic paudhe) koo khaane seey rokkar santulit curr sakate hain, joe gair-carbonic avayavon seey carbonic padaarth key pramukh samudri utpaadak hain.
doosari or, 1980 key dashak key anta mein paschimi atlantic tenofore "nemiopsis leady" koo galati seey jahaajon key ballast tankon key madhyam seey azov key kaale samudra aur samudra mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, aur machhali key larva aur chhote crustatian donon koo khaane seey machhali pakadane mein tej boonden aaney key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa haye joe anyatha vayask machhali koo khilaayenge. "nemiopsis" nae kshetron parr aakraman karane key liye achchi tarah seey susajjit haye (halanki isaki bhavishyavani taba taka naheen kii gaee thee jaba taka kii yeh itane safaltapurvak kaale samudra mein upanivesh naheen curr letaa thaa), kyonki yeh bahut teji seey prajanan curr sakata haye aur paani key tapman aur lavanata kii ack vistrit shrinkhala koo sahan curr sakata haye. deerghakaalik atee machhali pakadane aur utrofication dwara prabhaav mein vriddhi hui, jisane poore paaristhitiki tantra koo ack alpakaalik badhaava diyaa, jisase "nemiopsis" kii aabaadi samanya seey bhee teji seey badh gaee-aur sabse badhkar inn pesh kiye gaye tenophores parr kushal shikariyon kii anupasthiti seey. "una kshetron mein "nemiopsis" aabaadi koo antatah "nemiopsis" kii aakasmik shuruat-khaane vaale uttari americi tenofore "bero ovata", aur 1991 seey 1993 taka sthaaniya jalavaayu key thandaa honey seey niyantran mein laaya gayaa, jisane janwar key chayapachaya koo kaafee dheema curr diyaa. haalaanki iss kshetra mein plankton kii prachurta koo poorv-"nemiopsis" star parr bahaal karane kii sambhavana naheen haye.
1990 key dashak key anta mein caspian samudra mein "nemiopsis" dikhaai diyaa. "bero ovata" jald hii aaya, aur isake cumm honey kii ummeed haye lekin vahaan "nemiopsis" key prabhaav koo samaapt naheen karega. "nemiopsis" 1990 key dashak key anta mein purvi bhoomadhya sagar mein bhee pahuncha aur abb uttari samudra aur baltic samudra mein falataa-phoolata dikhaai detaa haye.
vargeekaran.
gyaat jeevit tenofore prajaatiyon kii sankhya anishchit haye kyonki naam aur aupchaarik roop seey varnit kaee anya vaigyaanik naamon key tahat gyaat prajaatiyon key samaan hoe gaye hain. claudia milon kaa anuman haye kii lagbhag 100 seey 150 vaidh prajaatiyan hain joe duplicate naheen hain, aur cumm seey cumm 25 anya, jyaadaatar gahare samudra key roopon koo, ack aupchaarik vivaran aur namkaran kaa samarthan karane key liye paryaapt vistaar seey vishleshan naheen kiya gayaa haye.
praarambhik vargeekaran.
praarambhik lekhakon ney donon samoohon key beach roopaatmak samaantaon key kaaran cinetarian key saath citophores koo ack ekal vansh mein jodaa jise coelanterrata kahaa jaataa haye. sinidarian kii tarah, tenophores key shareer mein jailey kaa ack dravyamaan hotaa haye, jisamen koshikaon kii ack parat baahar kii or hoti haye aur doosari aantarik guha kii parat hoti haye. halanki, tenophores mein, yeye paraten dou koshikaaen gahari hoti hain, jabaki sinidarian mein kewal ack koshika gahari hoti haye. paachan aur shwasan donon key liye shareer guha key madhyam seey paani key pravaah parr bharosa karane mein, saath hii mastishk key bajaay vikendrikrit tantrika jaal honey mein bhee tenophorus sinidarian key samaan hotey hain.
genomic adhyayanon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii anya pashu neurons seey kaee mayanon mein bhinn honey vaale tenophora key neurons anya jaanvaron key neurons seey swatantra roop seey vikasit hue hain aur comb jailey aur anya coelantarata key beach key antar key baare mein jagrukta badhaane seey haal key lekhakon koo donon koo alag-alag faila key roop mein vargeekrit karane key liye raaji kiya gayaa haye. jaanvaron key vikaasvaadi parivaar key pedh mein tenophores kii sthiti parr lambe samay seey bahas hoe rahee haye, aur vartamaan mein aanvik jatijanan parr adharit adhikansh drishtikon yeh haye kii sinidarian aur dwaipaakshik donon hii tenophores kii tulanaa mein ack dusare seey adhik nikatata seey sambandhit hain.
aadhunik vargeekaran.
paaramparik vargeekaran setophore koo dou vargon mein vibhajit kartaa haye, joe tambu (tentaculata) vaale aur joe (nuda) key binaa hain. nuda mein kewal ack crum (beroida) aur parivaar (beroidae), aur dou vansh, "bero" (kaee prajaatiyan) aur "nees" (ack prajaati) hain.
tentaculata koo nimnalikhit aathh aadeshon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih
vikaasvaadi itihas.
unake najuk, gelatin shariron key bavjood, jeevashmon koo tenophores kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye socha jaataa haye-jahira taur parr koee tambu naheen haye lekin aadhunik roopon kii tulanaa mein kaee adhik kanghi-row-leggerstaton mein paae gaye hain, joe kii praarambhik cambrian key roop mein bahut pahale seey paae gaye hain. phir bhee, haal key aanvik phylogenetics vishleshan ney nishkarsh nikala haye kii samanya poorvaj kii utpatti lagbhag 350 million varsh pahale hui thee, joe pichhale anumaanon key saath virodhabhasi haye joe bataata haye kii yeh cretaceous-peliogen vilupt honey kii ghatana key baad huaa thaa.
jeevaashm record.
apane naram, gelatinus shareer key kaaran, citanophore jeevashmon key roop mein behad durlabh hain, aur jeevaashm jinhen citanophore key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee haye, kewal laserstaton mein paae gaye hain, una sthaanon parr jahaan paryaavaran naram ootak key sanrakshan key liye asadharan roop seey upayukt thaa. 1990 key dashak key madhya taka kewal dou namoone gyaat they joe vishleshan key liye paryaapt they, donon crown samooh key sadasya, praarambhik devonian (amshian) avadhi seey. isake baad bergus shale aur isi umr kii anya kanadai chattanon mein teen atirikt anumaanit prajaatiyan paaee gaeen, joe lagbhag madhya-cambrian avadhi mein theen. inn teenon mein tambu kii kamee thee, lekin 24 aur 80 kanghi panktiyon key beach thee, joe 8 vishisht jeevit prajaatiyon seey kaheen adhik thee. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii unamen aantarik anga jaisi sanrachanaaen theen joe jeevit tenophores mein paaee jaane vaali kissy bhee cheez key vipareet theen. pahali baar 1996 mein report kii gaee jeevaashm prajaatiyon mein seey ack kaa munh badaa thaa, joe spasht roop seey ack mudey hue kinare seey ghiraa huaa thaa joe maanspeshiyon seey bharaa huaa hoe sakata haye. ack saal baad chean seey mille sakshya seey pataa chalata haye kii cambrian mein aise tenofore vyaapak they, lekin shayed aadhunik prajaatiyon seey bahut alag they-udaaharan key liye ack jeevaashm key kanghi-row pramukh vaine parr lagaae gaye they. mukut samooh key baahar ack prajaati kaa sabse chhota jeevaashm dair seey devonian seey prajaati dihuoids haye, aur ack besal samooh seey sambandhit haye jise 140 million seey adhik saal pahale vilupt hoe gayaa thaa.
ediakaran "eoendromeda" ack kanghi jailey kaa pratinidhitva curr sakata haye. isamen aathh gunaa samroopata haye, jisamen aathh sarpil bhujaaen ack tenofore kii kanghi jaisi panktiyon seey milati-julati hain. yadi yeh vaastav mein ack citophore haye, tou yeh samooh koo dwaipaakshik key mool key karib rakhta haye.
chean key chengjiang laserstate seey praarambhik cambrian cecil frond jaise jeevaashm "stromatoveris", aur lagbhag dinaankit, pichhale ediakaran kaal key vendobionta key samaan haye. dee-gaan shoo, saiman conway morris "aur anya."isaki shaakhaon parr way siliya kii panktiyon koo maanate they, joe filter feeding key liye upayog kiya jaataa thaa. unhone sujhaav diyaa kii "stromatoveris" tenophores kii ack vikaasvaadi "chaachi" thee, aur yeh kii tenophores kii utpatti cecil jaanvaron seey hui thee jinake vanshaj tairak bunn gaye aur siliya koo ack aahar tantra seey ack pranodan pranali mein badal diyaa. anya jeevaashm joe cecil roopon seey vikasit honey vaale tenophores key vichaar kaa samarthan curr sakate hain, way hain "denomistus" aur "daihua sankiong", joe samudra tala parr bhee rahate they, unake munh key chaaron or javic kankal aur siliya seey dhake tambu they, halanki sabhi abhee taka iss baat seey sahmat naheen hain kii yeye vaastav mein comb jailey they.
chean key chengjiang seey 520 million varsh puraane cambrian jeevaashm bhee abb poori tarah seey vilupt honey vaale catanophore key varg koo dikhaate hain, jise "scleroctanophora" naam diyaa gayaa haye, jisamen lambi reedh key saath ack jatil aantarik kankal thaa. kankal ney aathh naram shareer vaale flap koo bhee sahaara diyaa, jinka upayog tairane aur sambhavatah khaane key liye kiya jaa sakata thaa. ack roop, "thomactana", mein teer keedon key samaan ack suvyavasthit shareer thaa aur yeh ack furtila tairak hoe sakata thaa.
anya pashu samoohon key saath sambandh.
baaki metazoa key saath tenophores kaa jatijanya sambandh jaanvaron key praarambhik vikas aur bahukoshikta kii utpatti kii hamari samajh key liye bahut mahatvapurna haye. yeh kaee varshon seey bahas kaa kendra rhaa haye. citophores koo bilatoria kii bahan vansh, cinedaria kii bahan, cinedaria kii bahan, placozoa aur bilatoria aur anya sabhi jaanvaron kii bahan maanaa jaataa haye.
walter garstang ney apani pustak "larva roop aur anya prani shaastra key chhand" ("muleria aur tenofore") mein yeh bhee siddhant vyakt kiya kii tenofore ack polyclad key ack neotanic "muleria" larva seey nikale they.
adhyayanon kii ack shrinkhala joe jeane parivaaron key sadasyon kii upasthiti aur anupasthiti aur sanket maargon (ee.jee.homeobox, nuclear receptors, doubleu. aine. tii. signalling pathway aur sodium chainalon) ney baad key dou paridrishyon key saath samaan sakshya dikhaaya, kii tenophores yaa tou nideria, placozoa, aur bilatoria yaa anya sabhi pashu faila kii bahan hain.
anya anukramit pashu genome key saath citophores key poorna anukramit genome kii tulanaa karane vaale kaee aur halia adhyayanon ney anya sabhi jaanvaron key liye bahan vansh key roop mein citophores kaa bhee samarthan kiya haye. iss sthiti seey pataa chalata haye kii tantrika aur maanspeshiyon kii koshika key prakaar yaa tou pramukh pashu vanshavali mein khou gaye they (ee.jee.poriphera aur placozoa) yaa tenofore vansh mein swatantra roop seey vikasit huaa.
anya shodhkartaon ney tark diyaa haye kii anya sabhi jaanvaron key liye bahan key roop mein tenophora kaa sthaan ack saankhyikiya visangati haye joe tenofore genome mein vikas kii uchch darr key kaaran hoti haye, aur poriphera (spunge) isake bajaay sabse pahale-modane vaalaa pashu vargeekaran haye. unake paas mitochondrial vikas kii atyadhik uchch darein bhee hain, aur jaanvaron mein aim. tii. dee. aine. aeye. genome kii sabse chhoti gyaat aar. aine. aeye./protein samagri haye. iss prakaar, tenophora ack besal diploblast clade prateet hotaa haye. baad key bindu key saath sahamati mein, metazone vargeekaran paimaane parr ack bahut badey anukram sanrekhan kaa vishleshan (kull 1,719 protein caa. 400, 000 amino acid sthiti) seey pataa chalaa kii tenofore dusare sabse shuruati shakha vaale pashu vansh key roop mein ubharate hain, aur spunge anya sabhi bahukoshikiya jaanvaron key liye bahan-samooh hain. musine jeane parr shodh, joe ack janwar koo shleshma kaa utpaadan karane kii anumati detaa haye, seey pataa chalata haye kii spunge mein kabhi bhee way naheen they, jabaki kanghi jailey sahit anya sabhi janwar ack samanya mool key saath jeane saajha karate dikhaai dete hain. aur yeh pataa chalaa haye kii unake sabhi antaron key bavjood, tenophoran neurons senidarian neurons key roop mein ack hii neenv saajha karate hain, jaba nishkarsh bataate hain kii peptide-expressing neurons shayed rasayanik neurotransmitter key paitrik hain.
ack aur adhyayan iss parikalpana koo dridhata seey khariz kartaa haye kii spunge anya sabhi maujooda jaanvaron key liye bahan samooh hain aur anya sabhi jaanvaron key liye bahan samooh key roop mein tenophora key sthaan koo sthaapit karate hain, aur antim-ullikhit pepper key saath asahamati koo usa kaam mein vishleshan mein paddhatigat samasyaon dwara samajhaaya jaataa haye.
naa tou tenofore yaa spunge mein hyphe maarg hotey hain, aur yeye ekmatra gyaat pashu faila hain jinamen kissy bhee vaastavik hocks jeane kii kamee hoti haye. anya faila kii kuchh prajaatiyan; nemertian pilidium larva, foronid prajaati key larva phoronopsis harmeri aur acorn verm larva "schizocardium california", apane larva vikas mein hocks jeane parr nirbhar naheen karate hain, lekin unake vayask roop taka pahunchane key liye unhein rupantar key dauran unaki aavashyakta hoti haye.
tenophora key bheetar sambandh.
tenophora key bheetar sambandh.
choonki beroids koo chhodkar sabhi aadhunik tenophores mein cydipid jaise larva hotey hain, isaliye yeh vyaapak roop seey maanaa gayaa haye kii unake antim samanya poorvaj bhee cydippids seey milate-julate they, jinake shareer mein andey key aakar kaa shareer aur ack jodee vaapas lene yogya tambu they. 1985 mein richard harbison key vishuddh roop seey aakriti vigyaan vishleshan ney nishkarsh nikala kii cydippids monophylatic naheen hain, dusare shabdon mein sabhi mein naheen hain aur kewal ack hii samanya poorvaj key vanshaj hain joe swayam ack cydipid they. isake bajaay unhone paaya kii vibhinn cydipid parivaar anya cydipid kii tulanaa mein anya citophore order key sadasyon key samaan they. unhone yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa kii aadhunik tenophores kaa antim samanya poorvaj yaa tou cydipid jaisa yaa beroid jaisa thaa. 2001 mein ack aanvik phylogeny vishleshan, jisamen haal hii mein khoji gaee 4 prajaatiyon sahit 26 prajaatiyon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, ney pushti kii kii cydippids monophylatic naheen hain aur nishkarsh nikala kii aadhunik tenophores kaa antim samanya poorvaj cydipid-jaisa thaa. yeh bhee paaya gayaa kii inn prajaatiyon key beach aanuvanshik antar bahut chhote they-itane chhote kii lobata, cestida aur thalasocalysida key beach sambandh anishchit rahey. isase pataa chalata haye kii aadhunik tenophores kaa antim samanya poorvaj apekshaakrit haal hii mein thaa, aur shayed cretaceous-peliogen vilupt honey kii ghatana seey butch gayaa, jabaki anya vansh nasht hoe gaye. jaba anya jaati key pratinidhiyon koo shamil karane key liye vishleshan koo vyaapak banaaya gayaa, tou yeh nishkarsh nikala gayaa kii sinidarian shayed donon samoohon kii tulanaa mein dwaipaakshik logon seey adhik nikatata seey sambandhit hain, lekin yeh nidan anishchit haye. mertentia", "charistefen" aur "euplocomis" sahit ack vansh anya sabhi tenophores key liye bahan vansh hoe sakata haye.
aanvik detta seey anumaanit vichalan samay ney lagbhag sanket diyaa kii kitane million saal pahale (maay) pramukh clade vividh theh anya tenophora key saapeksh cydippida key liye 350 maay, aur beroida aur lobata key saapeksh platictanida key liye 260 maay.

