
grand duchy off possen

posen kaa grand duchy (;) prussia key raajya kaa hissa thaa, jise polland key vibhajan key baad prussia dwara kabja kiye gaye kshetron seey banaaya gayaa thaa, aur 1815 mein napolean yuddhon key baad aupchaarik roop seey sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. vienna kii congress mein praapt samjhauton key anusaar ise kuchh swaayatta praapt thee. haalaanki, vaastav mein yeh prussia key adheen thaa aur polish vishayon key liye ghoshit adhikaaron koo poori tarah seey lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa. 9 farwari 1849 koo, prussian prashaasan ney grand duchy kaa naam badalkar possen praant curr diyaa. isake poorv naam kaa upayog baad mein kshetra koo darshaane key liye anaupchaarik roop seey kiya gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey dhruvon dwara, aur aaj aadhunik itihaskaron dwara 1918 taka vibhinn raajneetik sansthaon koo sandarbhit karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye. isaki rajdhani sthit thee.
itihas.
prishthabhoomi.
mool roop seey polland key raajya kaa hissa, yeh kshetra kaafee hudd taka adhik polland key saath mell khaata thaa. polland key vibhajan key dauran kshetra key purvi hisson koo prussia key raajya dwara leey liya gayaa thaa; pahale vibhajan (1772) key dauran, prussia ney sirf netz jile koo leey liya, nott () nadee key saath kaa hissa. prussia ney 1793 mein dusare vibhajan key dauran shesh koo jodaa. prussia ney 1794 mein koshiyusko vidroh key dauran kuchh samay key liye niyantran khou diyaa.
ise shuru mein dakshin prussia key praant key roop mein prashaasit kiya gayaa thaa. dhruv madhya europe mein napolean bonapart key praathamik sahayogi they, jinhone 1806 key badey polland vidroh mein bhaag liya aur apane abhiyaanon key liye sainikon kii aapoorti kii. napolean france dwara prussia kii haar key baad, 1807 mein tilsit kii sandhi dwara duchy off varsau kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa.
1815-1830.
vienna kii congress key anusaar, 1815 mein napolean key patan key baad kaarravaai mein daal diyaa gayaa, polland seey vibhajit russie kshetra key kuchh hisson koo roose koo saunp diyaa gayaa thaa. shesh seey posen kaa bhavya duchy banaaya jaanaa thaa, joe hohenzolern shasson key tahat ack nammatra swaayatt praant honah thaa, jisamen "polish rashtra, sanskriti aur bhasha key mukt vikas" key adhikaar they, aur german sangh key baahar thaa. mool roop seey bhavya duchy mein chelno aur torun shamil they. prussia ney halanki vienna kii congress key iss vaade kii avahelana kii. iss samay poznan shahar prashaasnik kendra aur poznan key rajkumar antony henrique radzivil kii seat thee. vaastav mein iss kshetra parr vaastavik prashaasnik shakti prussia dwara praantiya uchch-rashtrapati joseph zerboni dee sposetti koo pradaan kii gaee thee, joe german jaatiyata key ack prussian they.
polish kshetron key russie adhigrahan kii shuruat mein, dhruvon key bhedbhaav aur daman mein shiksha aur nyaayik pranali taka unaki pahunch koo cumm karna shamil thaa. russie adhikaariyon ney germankaran kii pehchaan nimn sanskriti kii tulanaa mein uchch sanskriti kii pragati key roop mein kii. natijatan, sthaaniya prashaasan ney khambhon key saath bhedbhaav kiya. 1824 key baad school pranali koo german banaane key prayason koo tej curr diyaa gayaa aur sarkaar ney poznan mein ack polish vishvavidyalaya sthaapit karane seey incar curr diyaa. polish raajnetaon ney prussian neetiyon key khilaf virodh pradarshan jaari kiya aur ack gupt, deshbhakt polish sangathan kii sthaapana kii gaee jise "tovarzistavo cosineero" (skythman kaa samaaj) kahaa jaataa haye. dhruvon kii pratirodh gatividhi key parinamswarup berlin seey pratikriya hui, jahan russie shaasit congress polland key dhruvon key saath grand duchy key dhruvon key beach sambandhon key sambandh mein ack pareekshan aayojit kiya gayaa thaa.
1830-1840.
1830 navambar mein congress polland key bheetar russie samrajya key khilaf vidroh koo grand duchy key dhruvon dwara kaafee samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa. isake baad, oberpresident edward flotwell key tahat prussian prashaasan ney dhruvavaad key khilaf daman kii ack sakht pranali pesh kii. russie adhikaariyon ney prashaasan seey dhruvon koo baahar nikaalane kaa prayaas kiya taaki polish kuleen varg koo usaki bhoomi kharidkar kamjor kiya jaa sakey, aur 1832 key baad, shiksha mein polish bhasha kii bhoomika koo kaafee dabaa diyaa gayaa. bhoomi-maalikon kii bhoo-sampadaon mein sthaaniya swa-shasson, jisamen polish kuleen varg kaa prabhutva thaa, koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa aur isake bajaay prussian raajya ney ayukton koo niyukt kiya. mathon aur unaki sampattiyon koo prussia dwara jabt curr liya gayaa thaa. rajyapal (stathulter) kaa karyalaya samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. sansthaan, shiksha key saath-saath upanivesheekaran key madhyam seey germankaran lagu kiya gayaa thaa.
1848 mein grand duchy mein daman tej honey seey pahale, censorship koo majboot kiya gayaa thaa, german jaatiyata key basane vaalon koo laaya gayaa thaa. polish loktaantrik samaaj key sadasya antony babinsky kii yaad mein badey deshbhakti pradarshan aayojit kiye gaye. vaha ack goli seey ghayal hoe gayaa thaa, jaba prussian genderm usey giraftar karane kaa prayaas curr rhaa thaa, usake saath ladaai mein lagaa thaa. bebinsky koo taba pakad liya gayaa, maut kii sajaa sunai gaee aur poznan mein fansi dee gaee. farwari 1847 mein unaki saarvajanik fansi key saath saarvajanik shoke bhee thaa. unake khoon mein bhigoye hue kapade aur anya avasheshon koo rashtriya avasheshon key roop mein vitarit kiya gayaa thaa. unaki smriti mein aksar prussia key aadeshon key khilaf badee praarthanaaen kii jaati theen. iss tarah kii sabhaon key sadasyon koo pulis dwara prataadit kiya gayaa thaa. usee samay polish aur german jaatiyata kii graameen aabaadi key beach rashtriya aatm-jagrukta samaan roop seey badhee. jabaki grand ducal aabaadi key dou tihai kii pehchaan jaatiya roop seey polish (jyaadaatar kendra, dakshin aur poorv mein) key roop mein kii gaee, ack tihai ney khud koo german jaatiya honey key roop mein kalpana kii. russie adhikaariyon dwara germankaran aur daman kii neeti kii pratikriya key roop mein russie virodhi bhavna badhee aur zwizek playbasusy naamak sajish sangathan koo ack shaktishali aadhar milaa. iska netritva pustak vikreta valenti stefansky, kavi risard barwinsky aur vakeel jacob crathofer-krotowski ney kiya thaa.
1848 kii frankfurt sansad aur duchy.
1848 kii kraantiyon key dauran frankfurt sansad ney grand duchy koo dou bhaagon mein vibhajit karane kaa prayaas kiyaah possen kaa praant, jise ack sanyukt germany key saath jodaa gayaa hoga, aur ginizano kaa praant, joe germany key baahar banaa rahata, lekin polish sansadon key virodh key kaaran yeye yojanaaen whiffle hoe gaeen aur grand duchy kii akhandata koo sanrakshit kiya gayaa. haalaanki, 9 farwari, 1849 koo, toote hue aashvasanon kii ack shrinkhala key baad, prussian prashaasan ney grand duchy kaa naam badalkar possen praant curr diyaa. phir bhee, yeh kshetra aupchaarik roop seey german sangh key vighatan aur 1866 key anta taka uttar german sangh kii sthaapana taka germany key baahar rhaa, jabaki villium II taka key prussian raajaa, german samrat abhee bhee 1918 taka "grand duke off possen" kii upaadhi rakhate they.
kshetra aur jansankhya.
yeh kshetra 28,951 varg kii. mee. thaa aur isamen adhik seey adhik polland key aitihaasik praant key adhikansh kshetra shamil they, jisamen duchy off varsau (posion, bidegoses, aanshik roop seey kaalisaz key vibhaag) key paschimi bhaag shamil they, jinhen vienna (1815) kii congress key anusaar prussia koo saunp diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen polish rashtra key swa-prashaasan aur mukt vikas kii antarrashtriya guaranti thee.
jansankhyaah
choonki 19veen shatabdi key poorvaardh mein koee janganana yaa anya aankade bhee naheen they joe grand duchy key nivaasiyon kii jaatiya pehchaan koo darj karate they, isaliye isaki jaatiya sanrachana kewal janganana mein darj kiye gaye isake dhaarmik swaroop seey praapt kii jaa sakati haye. 1815 taka grand duchy catholic bahusankhyak polish bhashi they, adhikansh protestant german key mool vaktaa they aur kaee yahudi taba yiddish bolate they. dhaarmik aankadon key aadhar parr yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii 1815 mein jaatiya dhruvon mein lagbhag 657,000 vyakti (yaa kull aabaadi kaa 73 pratishat) they, jabaki jaatiya german 225,000 (25 pratishat) aur 18,000 (yaa 2 pratishat) yiddi sanskriti key they. 1819 mein, george hassell key anusaar jaatiya dhruvon kii aabaadi 77 pratishat thee, jaatiya german 17.5% aur yahudi 5.5 pratishat they.
haalaanki, dharm aur jaatiyata kii ack saral pehchaan bhraamak haye.
jabaki 1812 mein tatkalin prussia mein yahoodiyon koo mukt aur praakritik banaaya gayaa thaa, grand duchy key yahoodiyon koo nagrik matadhikar seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa, lekin mahilaaon aur gair-peshevar vargon kii tarah kewal grand duke key vishay they. kewal isai purushon koo, yadi way bhoomi key malik hain, tou unhein nagrik key roop mein matadhikar diyaa gayaa thaa. jabaki isaaiyon koo grand duchy seey prussia jaane kii swatantrata thee, grand duchy key yahoodiyon koo prussia mein pravaas karane seey manaa kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, prussian neeti ney ack apavaad khola, germankrit yahoodiyon koo nagrikon key roop mein matadhikar diyaa gayaa aur unhein jaane kii swatantrata dee gaee. isaliye yiddish sanskriti key adhikansh anuyaayiyon ney cumm samay key bheetar khud koo german banaa liya. german bhasha kaa upayog karane vaale kaee paaramparik yaa nae sthaapit shaikshanik sansthanon mein sthaaniya yahudi bhaag lete they, joe prussian shaikshik aur german bhasha kaushal seey lais they, aksar prussia chaley jaate they aur kuchh loga apana currier banaate they. germankaran key prayason key bavjood, polish bhashi aabaadi doguni seey adhik hocker 1,344,000 hoe gaee aur bahusankhyak bunny rahee, haalaanki, 1910 taka iska pratishat ghatkar 64 pratishat reh gayaa. haalaanki, kshetriya antar they, jisamen madhya, poorv aur dakshin mein polish prachalit bhasha thee, aur paschim aur uttar mein german bolane vaale bahusankhyak they.
dharm.
1825 key samkaaleen aankadon key anusaar jansankhya mein 65.6% roman catholic, 28.1% protestant aur 6.3% yahudi shamil they. roman catholic mandaliyaan polland key primates key netritva mein genesian-posen key church key praant kaa hissa theen, joe kii 1821 mein ginizano aur poznan key archdioces koo milakar banaa ack roman catholic kshetradhikar thaa, joe 1946 mein phir seey alag hoe gayaa thaa. luthran aur sudhaar (calvinist) mandaliyon kaa badaa hissa 1817 key baad prussia mein evangelical church key bheetar "possen key church key praant" kaa hissa bunn gayaa, jisamen mandaliyaan aamtaur parr apane pichhale alag sweekaar koo banaae rakhti theen. churchon key iss prashaasnik prussian sangh key khilaf kuchh luthers key nirantar pratirodh key saath, 1841 mein prussia mein evangelical luthran church ubhara, jise 1845 mein sarkaar ney maanyata dee, jisamen kaee mandaliyon mein lagbhag 3,000 puraane luthran grand duchy key kshetra mein faile. poore bhavya duchy mein faili lagbhag 130 mandaliyon mein yahudi dhaarmik jeevan kaa ayojan kiya gayaa thaa. choonki sarkaar ney yahudi dharm koo sahan kiya, lekin ise maanyata naheen dee, isaliye koee yahudi chhatra sangathan, isai sampradayon yaa chaar deshon kii poorv parishad, 1764 mein nishiddh, grand duchy mein ubhara. 1850 taka, jaba way antatah praakritik hoe gaye, roose mein sthit yahoodiyon kaa pravaas jyaadaatar avaruddh thaa.
kshetriya prashaasan.
grand duke off posen kii upaadhi key saath grand dukey kaa samrat, prussia kaa hohenzolern raajaa thaa aur uska pratinidhi duke-governor (stathalter) thaah pahala rajkumar antony radzivil (1815-1831) thaa, jiska vivaah prussia kii rajkumari luis, raajaa key chachere bhaai seey huaa thaa. governor koo polish rashtriyata key mamalon mein salah dene key liye saunpa gayaa thaa, aur unhein prashaasan key nirnayon koo veeto karane kaa adhikaar thaa; vaastav mein, haalaanki, sabhi prashaasnik shakti praant key russie uchch-rashtrapati key haathon mein thee.
grand duchy key kshetra koo cover karane vaali prussian prashaasnik ikai koo varshon mein 1815-1849 mein "grand duchy off possen kaa praant" kahaa jaataa thaa, aur baad mein kewal possen (,) key praant koo saral banaane key liye.
grand duchy key kshetra koo dou kshetron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa (), joe kii bromberg aur possen kaa thaa, jinaki seemaaen bidegosz aur pichhale duchy off varsau key posion vibhaag koo pratibimbit karati theen. inn kshetron koo aage 26 mool jilon (,) mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, jinka netritva "landerate" ("jilaa paarshad") curr rahey they. baad mein inhen 40 jilon aur dou shahari jilon mein phir seey vibhajit kiya gayaa. 1824 mein, grand duchy koo ack praantiya parishad bhee millie (karyakal 1827 mein shuru huaa) lekin bahut cumm prashaasnik shakti key saath, salah pradaan karane taka seemit. 1817 mein, kulmerland (chelno bhoomi) koo paschim prussia mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1820 key dashak seey, grand duchy mein ack sansad thee, joe possen key grand duchy kaa sejam thaa.
sangathan.
samanya hita yaa praant-vyaapi uddeshyon key liye sangathanah
german sangathan.
german bhashi sanskriti, bastiyon koo badhaava dene yaa german bhashi darshakon koo spasht roop seey sambodhit karane key uddeshya seey sangathanah