
lii crossner

lenor "lii" crassner (janm lena crassner; 27 octuber, 1908-19 juuna, 1984) ack americi amoort abhivyaktivaadi chitrakaar they, jinake kolaj mein ack majboot visheshta thee. unhone jackson pollock seey shaadi kii thee. haalaanki unaki dou shailiyon key beach bahut adhik cross-paraagan thaa, lekin iss sambandh ney kuchh samay key liye unake yogdan koo kuchh hudd taka prabhaavit kiya. george bridgman aur hains hoffman seey prabhaavit crassner kaa prashikshan, vishesh roop seey maanav shareer rachana vigyaan key chitran mein, aur iss samriddh pollock key adhik sahaj aur asanrachit utpaadan mein, adhik aupchaarik thaa.
crassner koo abb amurtata key bheetar ack pramukh sankramankalin vyakti key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, jinhone 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein kalaa koo yuddh key baad key america key nae vichaaron seey jodaa, aur unake kaam kii nilami mein uchch keematen aatee hain. vaha una kuchh mahila kalakaron mein seey ack hain jinhone aadhunik kalaa sangrahalaya mein purvavyaapi pradarshan kiya haye.
praarambhik jeevan.
crassner kaa janm 27 octuber, 1908 koo brooklin, newyork mein lena crassner (parivaar key baahar unhein lenor crassner key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa) key roop mein huaa thaa. vaha spykov seey aae ukraini-yahudi aapravasiyon, chain (nee vees) aur joseph crassner kii betty thee. 
(abb speakive, ack yahudi samudaay joe abb ukraine haye). yahudi-virodhi aur russo-japani yuddh seey bachane key liye dampati sanyukt raajya america bhaag gaye, aur ack baar jaba vaha aaee tou chain ney apana naam badalkar enaa curr liya. lii chhah bachchon mein sabse chhote they, aur sanyukt raajya mein paida honey vaale ekmatra they.
shiksha.
chhoti umr seey hii, crassner koo pataa thaa kii vaha kalaa koo apana currier banaana chaahati haye. ack kalakar key roop mein unakaa currier taba shuru huaa jaba vaha ack kishore theen. unhone vishesh roop seey ladkiyon key liye washington irving hyee school mein namankan kii maang kii kyonki unhone ack kalaa pramukh kii peshkash kii thee. snaatak honey key baad, unhone chhatravritti parr mahila kalaa vidyalaya mein bhaag liya. vahaan, unhone kalaa mein shikshan pramaan patra key liye aavashyak pathyakram kaary puuraa kiya. crassner ney 1928 mein rashtriya design akadami mein aur adhik kalaa shiksha praapt kii, 1932 mein apana pathyakram puuraa kiya. jaba crassner ney uchch vidyalaya mein padhaai kii, tou vaha kalaa mein apane grade key aadhar parr lagbhag snaatak naheen hui, joe vaha vishay thaa jisake liye vaha school mein gaee thee, aur kaksha utteern karane key liye kewal 65 diye gaye they.
ack takniki kalaa vidyalaya mein bhaag laker, crassner ack vyaapak aur poori kalaatmak shiksha praapt karane mein saksham thee jaisa kii puraane guruon kii takneekon key baare mein apane gyaan key madhyam seey sachitra haye. vaha shaaririk roop seey sahee aakritiyon koo chitrit karane mein bhee atyadhik kushal hoe gaeen. kuchh swa-chitron aur abhee bhee jeevit honey key alawa iss avadhi seey apekshaakrit cumm kaary hain joe jeevit hain kyonki adhikansh kaary aag mein jalaa diye gaye they. ack chhavi joe abhee bhee iss avadhi seey maujood haye, vaha 1930 mein chitrit unakaa "swa-chitra" haye, joe abb kalaa key mahanagariya sangrahalaya mein haye. unhone ack nishchit varg mein namankan karane key liye ise rashtriya akadami koo prastut kiya, lekin nyayadhishon koo vishvaas naheen hoe rhaa thaa kii yuva kalakar ney ack swa-chitra banaaya. isamen, crassner khud koo prakriti seey ghiri ack avagyaapurna abhivyakti key saath darshaata haye. unhone 1928 mein nyu york kii kalaa chhaatr leag mein bhee sankshipt roop seey dakhila liya. vahaan, unhone george bridgman key netritva mein ack kaksha lii, jinhone maanav roop parr jore diyaa.
1929 mein aadhunik kalaa key sangrahalaya key udghaatan seey crassner bahut prabhaavit theen. vaha post-impressionism seey bahut prabhaavit theen aur rashtriya akadami mein seekhi gaee shally kii akaadamik dhaaranaon kii aalochana karane lageen. 1930 key dashak mein, unhone rachana, takneek aur siddhant key ghatakon koo seekhane key madhyam seey aadhunik kalaa kaa adhyayan karna shuru kiya. unhone 1937 mein hains hoffman seey kakshaaen lena shuru kiya, jisane nagna aur sthir jeevan key prati unake drishtikon koo aadhunik banaa diyaa. unhone chitra tala kii dwi-ayami prakriti aur sthaanik bhram paida karane key liye rung key upayog parr jore diyaa joe unake paathon key madhyam seey vaastaviktaa kaa pratinidhi naheen thaa. hofman key saath apani kakshaon key dauran, crassner ney cubism kii ack unnat shally mein kaam kiya, jise niyo-cubism key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. kaksha key dauran, ack maanav nagna yaa sthir jeevan setting vaha model hoga jisase crassner aur anya chhatron koo kaam karna hoga. unhone aam taur parr maanav model key lakadi key koyale key chitra aur sthir jeevan settings key kagaj key rung adhyayan parr tail banaaya. vaha aam taur parr roopon key vikhandan aur prakaash aur gahare rangon key virodh key madhyam seey praapt tanaav key saath ack cubist tareeke seey mahila nagnata koo chitrit karati haye. sthir jeevan ney fauvism mein usaki ruchi koo darshaaya kyonki usane safed prishthabhoomi parr chamkile rung key rangdravya koo nilambit curr diyaa thaa.
unake poorv chhaatr ney kahaa, "huns hoffman bahut nakaratmak they", lekin ack dinn way merey chitrafalak key saamane khade they aur unhone mujhe pahali baar prashansa dee joe mujhe ack kalakar key roop mein unase millie thee. unhone kahaa, 'yeh itna achchha haye, aapako kabhi pataa naheen chalega kii yeh ack mahila ney kiya thaa. unhein peat mondrian seey bhee prashansa millie, jinhone ack baar unase kahaa thaa kii "aapke paas ack bahut majboot aantarik lay haye; aapako ise kabhi naheen khona chaahiye."
praarambhik carrier.
crassner ney apani padhaai key dauran ack vetress key roop mein khud kaa samarthan kiya, lekin mahaan avasaad key kaaran yeh antatah bahut mushkil hoe gayaa. apane liye pradaan karna jaari rakhane key liye, vaha 1935 mein kaary pragati prashaasan kii sanghiya kalaa pariyojana mein shamil hoe gaeen, bhitti chitra vibhaag mein max spivak key sahayak key roop mein kaam curr rahee theen. unakaa kaam badey paimaane parr saarvajanik bhitti chitron key liye anya kalakaron key designs koo badaa karna thaa. jaisa kii bhitti chitron koo aam janata dwara aasaani seey samajhane aur saraahe jaane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, haalaanki, nirmit amoort kalaa crassner avaanchhaniya thee. naukari milane parr khush honey key bavjood, vaha asantusht thee kyonki usey anya kalakaron dwara banaai gaee alankarik chhaviyon key saath kaam karna pasand naheen thaa. 1930 key dashak key anta aur 1940 key dashak kii shuruat mein, unhone ack dinn ack amoort bhitti chitra banaane kii ummeed mein gauche rekhaachitra banaae. jaise hii doubleu. aine. aaee. see. radio station key liye bhitti chitra key liye unake ack prastaav koo manjuri dee gaee, kaary pragati prashaasan yuddh sevaaon mein badal gayaa aur sabhi kalaaon koo yuddh prachaar key liye banaaya jaanaa thaa. crassner ney yuddh key prayason key liye kolaj banaakar yuddh sevaaon key liye kaam karna jaari rakhaa, joe brooklin aur mainhattan mein unnis department store kii khidakiyon mein pradarshit kiye gaye they. way doubleu. pee. aeye. key saath apane rojgar key dauran kalakar sangh key saath gahan roop seey shamil theen, lekin jaba unhein ehsas huaa kii communist ise sambhal rahey hain tou way chhodane vaale pahale logon mein seey ack theen. haalaanki, iss sangathan kaa hissa honey key kaaran, vaha shahar mein aur adhik kalakaron seey milane aur apane network koo badhaane mein saksham thee.
chhodane key baad, vaha 1940 mein americi amoort kalakaron mein shamil hoe gaeen. ack sadasya key roop mein, unhone aam taur parr ack kaale-grid vaale closion shally mein cubist sthir jeevan kaa pradarshan kiya joe atyadhik kathor aur havbhavpurna they. vaha iss sangathan key madhyam seey bhavishya key amoort abhivyaktivaadiyon willem dee cooning, arshile gorki, franz cline, adolph gottlieb, maark rothco, barnet neuman, cliford still aur bradley walker tomlin seey mileen. jackson pollock key saath apane sambandh shuru honey key baad unhone kathor-dhaar jyaamitiya shally key upayog mein ruchi khou dee.
carrier.
crassner koo ack amoort abhivyaktivaadi key roop mein pahachaana jaataa haye kyonki unaki amoort, haavbhaav aur abhivyakti chitrakaari, kolaj painting, charcoal drying aur kabhi-kabhi mozek mein kaam karati haye. vaha aksar apane chitron aur chitron koo katkar apane kolaj chitra banaati thee. vaha apani gambhir prakriti key kaaran aam taur parr sanshodhit yaa poori tarah seey karyon kii ack poori shrinkhala koo nasht curr detee haye; parinamswarup, uska jeevit kaary apekshaakrit chhota haye. abrams dwara 1995 mein prakaashit unaki soochi mein 599 gyaat tukade soochibaddh hain.
unaki parivartansheel prakriti unake poore kaam mein parilakshit hoti haye, jisane alochakon aur vidvaanon koo unake aur unake karyon key baare mein alag-alag nishkarsh nikaalane key liye prerit kiya haye. crassner kii shally aksar classic sanrachana aur barok action, khule roop aur kathor aakar, aur ujjwal rung aur monochrom pallet key beach baari-baari seey aatee haye. apane poore currier key dauran, unhone ack advitiya, pahchaanane yogya shally koo apanaane seey incar curr diyaa aur isake bajaay aksar apane kaam key mood, vishay vastu, banaavat, samagri aur rachanaon koo badalkar parivartan koo apanaaya. aksar apani kaary shally koo badalkar, vaha anya amoort abhivyaktivaadiyon seey alag theen kyonki unamen seey kaee ney aparivartaniya pehchaan aur chitran key tarikon koo apanaaya thaa. inn gahan vividhataon key bavjood, unake karyon koo aam taur parr unaki haav-bhaav shally, banaavat, lay aur javic kalpana key chitran key madhyam seey pahachaana jaa sakata haye. swayam, prakriti aur aadhunik jeevan mein crassner kii ruchi aise vishay hain joe aamtaur parr unake karyon mein saamane aatey hain. vaha aksar apane kaam kii pratima parr charcha karane key liye anichhuk thee aur isake bajaay apani jeevani key mahatva parr jore dee kyonki usane daavaa kiya kii usaki kalaa usake vyaktigat vyaktitva aur usaki bhaavnaatmak sthiti key madhyam seey bunny thee.
1940 key dashak kii shuruat mein.
1940 key dashak key pahale bhaag mein, crassner ney aisee kalaa banaane key liye sangharsh kiya joe unake aalochanatmak swabhaav koo santusht karati thee. 1930 key dashak key dauran newyork chitrakala drishya mein kalakaron kaa ack bahut hii antarang samooh shamil thaa joe ack-dusare key prayason kaa adhyayan karate they lekin abhee taka deerghaon mein naheen dikhaae gaye they. 1940 key dashak ney "masumiyat key yug" seey shuddh abhivyakti kii adhuniktawadi mansikta mein parivartan koo chihnit kiya. 1942 mein pahali baar pollock key kaam koo dekhane seey vaha bahut prabhaavit hui, jisase unhein hoffman kii cubist shally koo aswikar karna padaa, jisake liye ack maanav yaa sthir jeevan model seey kaam karane kii aavashyakta thee. unhone iss nirashajanak samay key dauran nirmit kaam koo apana "gray slab paintings" kahaa."vaha maheenon taka ack canvas parr kaam karke, adhik pent karke, scrap karke yaa pent koo ragadkar, aur adhik varnak jodkar inn chitron koo banaayegi jaba taka kii canvas itane adhik pent buildup seey lagbhag monochrom naa hoe jaae. vaha antatah inn karyon koo nasht curr degi, yahee kaaran haye kii iss samay avadhi seey kewal ack hii painting maujood haye. crossner kaa cubism kaa vyaapak gyaan unaki rachanaatmak samasya kaa srot thaa kyonki unhein samkaaleen aur praasangik maane jaane key liye apane kaam koo adhik abhivyanjak aur havbhavpurna honey kii aavashyakta thee. 1945 key anta mein, crassner ney hoffman key saath apani padhaai key dauran banaai gaee apani kaee cubist kritiyon koo nasht curr diyaa, halanki 1938 seey 1943 taka banaai gaee adhikansh painting iss punarmulyankan seey butch gaee.
"chhoti chhaviyaanh" 1946-1949.
1946 mein shuru karate hue, crassner ney apani "chhoti chhavi" shrinkhala parr kaam karna shuru kiya. aam taur parr chhavi kii shally key aadhar parr mozek, webbed yaa chitralipi key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye, iss prakaar key chitra, kull 40 key aspas, unhone 1949 taka banaae they. mozek chhaviyon koo pent key motey nirmaan key madhyam seey banaaya gayaa thaa, jabaki unake webbed chitra ack drip takneek key madhyam seey banaae gaye they jisamen paintbrush hamesha canvas kii satah key karib thaa. choonki crassner ney ack drip takneek kaa upayog kiya thaa, kaee alochakon kaa maanana thaa kii pahali baar iss kaam koo dekhkar vaha pollock key arajak pent splatter kii punah vyakhya curr rahee thee. unake chitralipi chitra grid kiye gaye hain aur crassner kii rachana kii ack apathaniya, vyaktigat lipi kii tarah dikhate hain. yeye kaary unaki virodhi-aakriti sambandhi chintaon, canvas key prati drishtikon, haav-bhaav brushwork aur praakritik rung kii upeksha koo pradarshit karate hain. unamen rung kii bahut cumm bhinnata hoti haye lekin impasto key nirmaan key kaaran banaavat mein bahut samriddh hotey hain aur canvas seey parey bhee jagah jaari rakhane kaa sujhaav dete hain. inhen unaki pahali safal chhaviyaan maanaa jaataa haye joe unhone ack model key bajaay apani kalpana seey kaam karate hue banaai theen. chhaviyon key apekshaakrit chhote paimaane kaa shreya iss tathya koo diyaa jaa sakata haye kii unhone springs mein ack oopari shayankaksh mein apane chhote seey studio sthaan mein ack chitrafalak parr unhein chitrit kiya thaa.
kaee vidwan inn chhaviyon kii vyakhya crassner dwara hibru lipi key punarnirmaan key roop mein karate hain. apane currier key baad ack sakshatkar mein, crassner ney apane canvus parr daayan seey baaen avachetan roop seey kaam karane kii baat sweekaar kii, jisase vidvaanon kaa maanana thaa kii unaki jaatiya aur saanskritik prishthabhoomi ney unake kaam koo prabhaavit kiya. kuchh vidvaanon ney inn chitron kii vyakhya holocost kii trasdi key prati kalakar kii pratikriya kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye kii haye. anya logon ney daavaa kiya haye kii yuddh seva pariyojana key saath crassner key kaam key kaaran unhein paath aur code mein ruchi thee kyonki gupt vishleshan yuddh jeetane key liye ack mukhya chinta thee.
jaba unhone 1949 mein "little image" shrinkhala poori kii, tou crassner phir seey apane kaam key saath ack mahatvapurna charan seey gujare. unhone kaee naee shailiyon koo aajmaaya aur aswikar curr diyaa aur antatah 1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein apane adhikansh kaam koo nasht curr diyaa. iss baat key pramaan hain kii unhone swachaalit chitrakala key saath prayog karna shuru kiya aur 1950 mein badey canvus parr kaale aur safed, sankarit, rakshasi aakritiyaan banaai. yeye way chitra they joe betty parsons ney usa garmi mein springs kaa daura karate samay dekhe they, jisase gallery kalakar ney girawat mein crassner koo ack show kii peshkash kii. garmiyon aur sharad ritu key beach, crassner ney phir seey apani shally koo rangeen kshetra chitrakala mein sthanantarit curr diyaa thaa aur apane banaae gaye alankarik swachaalit chitron koo nasht curr diyaa thaa. 1945 key baad seey betty parson show crassner kii pahali ekal pradarshani thee. pradarshani key baad, crassner ney apane kolaj painting banaane key liye rangeen kshetra chitron kaa upayog kiya.
praarambhik kolaj chhaviyaanh 1951-1955.
1951 taka, crassner ney kolaj painting kii apani pahali shrinkhala shuru curr dee thee. unhein banaane key liye, crassner ney 1951 mein betty parson pradarshani key liye banaae gaye badey paimaane parr rangeen kshetra chitron mein seey dou koo chhodkar sabhi parr cutt-aind-torn aakaron koo chipkaya. yeh vaha samay haye jaba kalakar ney ack chitrafalak parr kaam karna bund curr diyaa thaa kyonki unhone inn karyon koo farsh parr sahaara dekar banaaya thaa. inn chhaviyon koo banaane key liye, vaha alag-alag tukadon koo ack canvas mein pinn karati aur taba taka rachana koo sanshodhit karati jaba taka kii vaha santusht naheen hoe jaati. phir vaha tukadon koo canvas parr chipka detee aur jaba vaanchhit hotaa tou brush key saath rung jodati. adhikansh kolaj painting joe unhone banaae hain, way paudhe yaa javic roopon koo yaad karate hain, lekin poori tarah seey ack jeevit jeev seey milate-julate naheen hain. kaee alag-alag samagriyon kaa upayog karke, vaha banaavat banaane aur chhavi koo poori tarah seey sapaat honey seey rokane mein saksham thee. kolaj key liye tatvon koo faadane aur kaatane kaa kaary crassner kii abhivyakti kaa prateek haye kyonki yeye kaary aakramak hain. unhone iss kaam key madhyam seey prakaash aur gahare rangon, kathor aur naram rekhaaon, javic aur jyaamitiya aakaron, aur sanrachana aur ashurachana key virodhabhason kaa pataa lagaaya. yeye kolaj paintings gair-uddeshya amurtata seey crassner key modd kaa pratinidhitva karati hain. iss avadhi key baad seey, unhone roopak aur samagri seey bharee kalaa kaa nirmaan kiya joe javic aakritiyon yaa paridrishyon kaa sanket detee haye.
1951 seey 1953 taka, unake adhikansh kaam kaali syaahi yaa prateekaatmak tareeke seey dhone mein kiye gaye fatey hue chitron seey banaae gaye they. kagaj koo kaatane key bajaay cheerkar, aakritiyon key kinare unake pichhale karyon mein jyaamitiya aur kathor aakaron kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik naram hotey hain. 1953 seey 1954 taka, unhone chhote aakar key kolaj chitra banaae joe avaanchhit karyon key tukadon seey baney they. unake dwara upayog kiye gaye kuchh asweekrit kaary pollock dwara poori kii gaee splatter paintings theen. kaee vidvaanon ney iss baare mein alag-alag vyaakhyaaen vyakt kii hain kii unhone apane saathi key avaanchhit canvus kaa upayog kyon kiya. kuchh loga daavaa karate hain kii unhone ack saath unaki kalaa key liye apani prashansa kaa pradarshan kiya, jabaki unaki chhaviyon koo ack kolaj roop mein herfer karke unaki aakramak shaaririktaa koo bhee punah prastut kiya. dusaron kaa maanana haye kii vaha apane beach antarangata kii bhavna paida curr rahee thee, joe iss samay avadhi taka unake vaastavik sambandhon mein kamee thee, unake karyon koo ack saath jodkar. 1955 taka, unhone badey paimaane parr kolaj painting banaai aur samarthan key liye upayog kii jaane vaali samagri mein vividhata laaee, yaa tou mesnite, lakadi yaa canvas kaa upayog kiya. inn karyon koo pahali baar 1955 mein newyork shahar mein stable gallery mein eleanor ward dwara pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin unhein clement greenberg seey achchi sameeksha key alawa bahut cumm saarvajanik prashansa millie.
"prithvi hurry shrinkhalaah" 1956-1959.
1956 kii garmiyon key dauran, crassner ney apani "arth green" shrinkhala shuru kii."jaba usane pollock kii mrityu seey pahale yeh kaam karna shuru kiya, tou unhein usake krodh, aparaadhbodh, dard aur usake marane seey pahale aur baad mein unake rishte key baare mein anubhav kii gaee haani kii bhaavanaon koo pratibimbit karane key liye maanaa jaataa haye. iss samay key dauran unhone joe teevra bhavna mahsoos kii, usake kaaran unaki kalaa apani aatm-abhivyakti kii adhik mukt rekhaaon key saath vikasit hui aur kalaa kii paaramparik, vikasit avadhaaranaon kii seemaon koo aage badhaaya. inn badey paimaane parr action paintings key madhyam seey, crassner sankar aakritiyon koo darshaata haye joe carbonic paudhe jaise roopon aur shaaririk bhaagon seey baney hotey hain, joe aksar purush aur mahila donon shareer key angon koo ingit karate hain. yeye roop canvas parr haavi hotey hain, jisase yeh bheedbhaad seey bharaa hotaa haye aur fatane aur ubhare hue aakaron seey bharaa hotaa haye. iss avadhi key dauran usane joe dard anubhav kiya, vaha rakt-laal lahaje key saath maans key swar key pramukh upayog key madhyam seey darshaaya gayaa haye joe ghaavon kaa sanket dete hain. usake canvas parr rung key boonden usaki gati aur poorna niyantran chhodane kii ichcha koo darshaati hain, donon usaki bhaavanaon koo chitrit karane key liye aavashyak hain.
1957 taka, crassner ney apane kaam mein alankarik amoort roopon kaa nirmaan karna jaari rakhaa, lekin way shaaririk key bajaay adhik pushp tatvon kaa sujhaav dete hain. unhone chamkile rangon kaa upayog kiya joe adhik jeevant they aur aamtaur parr rachana mein anya rangon key vipareet they. vaha rangon koo aur adhik pardarshi banaane key liye pent koo patala karati yaa sookhe brush kaa upayog karati.
1958 mein, crossner koo chaude raaste parr ack karyalaya bhawan key liye dou amoort bhitti chitra banaane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. unhone dou kolaj mcvette banaae joe imarat key dou pravesh dwaar key liye pushp rupankanon koo chitrit karate hain. inn bhitti chitron koo baad mein aag mein nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
"number shrinkhalaah" 1959-1961.
crassner kii "number shrinkhala" chitrakaari usa samay banaai gaee thee jaba kalakar anidra seey peedit thaa. choonki vaha raat key dauran kaam curr rahee thee, isaliye usey dinn key ujaale key bajaay kritrim prakaash seey pent karna padata thaa, jisase uska pallet ujjwal, jeevant rangon seey neeras, monochrom rangon mein badal jaataa thaa. vaha abhee bhee pollock kii mrityu aur apani maan kii haal hii mein hui mrityu seey nipat rahee thee, jisake kaaran unhein inn chhaviyon koo banaate samay ack aakramak shally kaa upayog karna padaa. yeye bhitti chitra gahare aur halke rangon key vipareet hain kyonki safed, gray, kaalaa aur bhura pramukh rung hain. usake animated brushwork key pramaan koo canvas parr rung key boonden aur chharron key madhyam seey dekhaa jaa sakata haye. inn karyon mein dhyaan kendrit karane key liye darshak key liye koee kendriya sthaan naheen haye, jisase rachana atyadhik gatishil aur layabaddh hoe jaati haye. itane badey paimaane parr pent karane key liye, crassner canvas koo ack deewaar seey jodata. inn chhaviyon kaa abb javic roop naheen haye, balki aksar hinsak aur ashant paridrishya key roop mein vyakhya kii jaati haye.
"praathamik shrinkhalaah" 1960 kaa dashak.
1962 taka, vaha chamkile rangon kaa upayog karna shuru curr detee haye aur foolon aur paudhon jaisi aakritiyon kaa sanket detee haye. yeye kritiyaan sanrachanaatmak roop seey unake monochrom chhaviyon key samaan hain kyonki unake badey aakar aur layabaddh prakriti key kaaran koee kendriya kendra bindu naheen haye. unake pattika aksar ack dusare key vipareet hotey hain aur ushnakatibandhiya paridrishya yaa paudhon kaa sanket dete hain. unhone iss shally mein kaam karna jaari rakhaa jaba taka kii unhein ack dhamnivisfar kaa saamana naheen karna padaa, gir gaye, aur 1963 mein unaki dahini kalaai toot gaee. kyonki vaha abhee bhee kaam karna chaahati theen, unhone apane baaen haath seey painting karna shuru curr diyaa. apane gair-pramukh haath seey kaam karane key liye, vaha aksar brush kaa upayog karane key bajaay seedhe ack tube seey canvas parr pent lagaati thee, jisase chhaviyon kii satahon parr safed canvas key badey dhabbe hotey they. inn karyon kaa bhaav aur shaaririktaa adhik sanyamit haye.
apani tooty hui bhuja seey ubarane key baad, crassner ney ujjwal aur sajawati samagr chitrakaari parr kaam karna shuru curr diyaa joe unake "arth green" aur number shrinkhala chitron kii tulanaa mein cumm aakramak hain. aksar, yeye chhaviyaan sulekh yaa pushp alankaran koo yaad karati hain joe crassner kii gyaat bhaavnaatmak sthiti seey spasht roop seey sambandhit naheen hain. pushp yaa sulekh aakar canvas parr haavi hotey hain, joe parivartansheel brushwork koo ack hii pattern mein jodate hain.
1960 key dashak key uttaraardh taka, alochakon ney newyork school mein ack chitrakaar aur aalochak key roop mein crassner kii bhoomika kaa punarmulyankan karna shuru curr diyaa, jinhone pollock aur greenberg koo bahut prabhaavit kiya. isase pahale, pollock key saath unake sambandhon key kaaran alochakon aur vidvaanon dwara ack kalakar key roop mein unaki sthiti koo aamtaur parr nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa. choonki unhone amoort abhivyaktivaadi andolan mein itani badee vyakti key roop mein kaary kiya, isaliye vidvaanon key liye abhee bhee pollock kaa kuchh kshamata mein ullekh kiye binaa unake kaam parr charcha karna aksar mushkil hotaa haye. yeh punarmulyankan unake chitron kii pahali purvavyaapi pradarshani mein parilakshit hotaa haye joe 1965 mein landan mein whitechappel gallery mein aayojit kii gaee thee. iss pradarshani koo newyork mein unake pichhale show kii tulanaa mein alochakon dwara adhik achchi tarah seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa.
1969 mein, crassner ney jyaadaatar gauche key saath kagaj parr kaam karane parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. inn karyon koo yaa tou "prithvi, paani, beej" yaa "chitralipi" naam diyaa gayaa thaa aur aksar ack rorsch pareekshan key samaan dikhaai detaa thaa. kuchh vidvaanon kaa daavaa haye kii yeye chhaviyaan canvas kii dwi-ayami prakriti key mahatva key baare mein greenberg key siddhant kii aalochana theen.
currier mein dair.
1960 aur 1970 key dashak key dauran, chitrakaar kaa kaam uttar-aadhunik kalaa seey kaafee prabhaavit thaa aur sanchaar key roop mein kalaa kii antarnihit samasyaon parr jore diyaa.
1970 mein shuru karate hue, crassner ney kathor-dhaar rekhaaon aur kuchh ujjwal rangon key ack pallet seey baney badey kshaitij chitra banaana shuru kiya joe ack dusare key vipareet they. unhone lagbhag 1973 taka iss shally mein chitrakaari kii. teen saal baad, unhone kolaj chhaviyon kii apani doosari shrinkhala parr kaam karna shuru curr diyaa. unhone apane studio kii safai key baad inn parr kaam karna shuru kiya aur kuchh lakadi key koyale key chitron kii khoj kii, joe jyaadaatar aakriti adhyayan key they, jinhen unhone 1937 seey 1940 taka puuraa kiya. kuchh koo bachaane key baad, crassner ney baaki koo kolaj kii ack naee shrinkhala mein upayog karane kaa faisala kiya. iss kaam mein, aakriti adhyayan key kaale aur bhoore rung key aakaron koo khaali canvas yaa chamkile rung key rung key saath jodaa jaataa haye. cutt drying key kathor aakaron koo ghumaavdaar aakaron mein punarnirmit kiya jaataa haye joe pushp pattern koo yaad karate hain. banaavat chikane kagaj aur khurdare canvas key vipareet key madhyam seey prerit hoti haye. choonki aakriti adhyayanon koo unake mool iraade yaa sandesh parr vichaar kiye binaa kaataa aur punarvyavasthit kiya jaataa haye, isaliye puraane chitron aur naee sanrachanaon key beach key antar atyadhik atiranjit hain. iss shrinkhala key sabhi kolaj key sheershak alag-alag kriya kaal hain, jinhen greenberg aur michael fried key aadhunik kalaa kii vartamaantaa parr jore dene kii aalochana key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee haye. iss shrinkhala koo badee sankhya mein darshakon dwara bahut achchi tarah seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa jaba unhein 1977 mein paces gallery mein pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa. ise iss baare mein ack bayaan bhee maanaa jaataa haye kii kalakaron koo apani shally kii punah jaanch karane aur phir seey kaam karane kii aavashyakta haye taaki way badey honey parr praasangik rahein.
ack dusare parr crossner aur pollock kaa aapsi prabhaav.
halanki kaee logon kaa maanana haye kii parag key gharelu jeevan aur currier koo poshit karane key liye crassner ney 1940 key dashak mein kaam karna bund curr diyaa thaa, lekin vaastav mein unhone kalaa banaana kabhi bund naheen kiya. jaba unakaa rishta vikasit huaa, tou unhone apana dhyaan pollock kii kalaa parr kendrit curr diyaa taaki unhein iss tathya key kaaran adhik maanyata praapt karane mein madad mill sakey kii unakaa maanana thaa kii unake paas "apani kalaa key saath dene key liye unake paas usase kaheen adhik thaa.
apane poore currier key dauran, crassner sangharsh key daur seey gujri jahan vaha naee shailiyon key saath prayog karati joe abhivyakti key liye usake sadhanon koo santusht karati aur kathor aalochana, sanshodhan yaa usa kaam koo nasht curr detee joe vaha utpann karati. iss aatm-aalochana key kaaran, aise samay hain jaba unakaa koee bhee kaam maujood naheen haye, vishesh roop seey 1940 key dashak key anta aur 1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein.
crassner aur pollock donon kaa ack-dusare kii kalaatmak shailiyon aur currier parr bahut prabhaav padaa. choonki crassner ney huns hoffman seey seekha thaa jabaki pollock ney thomas haart benton seey prashikshan praapt kiya thaa, isaliye pratyek ney apane kaam key liye alag-alag drishtikon apanaae. crassner ney hoffman seey prakriti seey amurtata key mahatva koo seekha aur canvas kii sapaat prakriti parr jore diyaa, jabaki pollock key prashikshan ney swachaalit drying seey jatil design key mahatva koo ujagar kiya. aadhunik kalaa key baare mein crassner key vyaapak gyaan ney pollock koo madad kii kyonki unhone unhein samkaaleen kalaa key baare mein bataaya. isaliye vaha adhik sangathit aur mahanagariya kaary karane mein saksham they. isake alawa, crassner kaee kalakaron, sangrahakartaon aur alochakon koo pollock seey parichit karaane key liye jimmedaar they, jinhone willem dee cooning, pegi guggenheim aur clement greenberg jaisi amoort kalaa kii sarahana kii. pollock ney crassner koo kaam karate samay cumm sanyamit honey mein madad kii. unhone usey maanav aur sthir jeevan model seey chitrakala bund karane key liye prerit kiya taaki usaki aantarik bhaavanaon koo mukt kiya jaa sakey aur usake kaam key madhyam seey adhik sahaj aur havbhavpurna bunn sakey.
crassner ney ack mahila aur pollock kii patni donon key roop mein apani pehchaan key liye janata key swaagat key saath sangharsh kiya. jaba way donon 1949 mein "kalakarah purush aur patni" naamak ack show mein pradarshit hue, tou ack "artnews" sameekshak ney kahaah "inmein seey kuchh patniyon mein apane pati kii shailiyon koo 'saaf' karane kii pravritti haye. lii crossner (shrimati. jackson pollock) apane pati kaa rung aur tamchini letee haye aur apani aniyantrit rekhaaon koo saaf-suthare chhote chaukor aur trikonon mein badal detee haye."1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein narivad key uday key baad bhee, crassner key kalaatmak currier koo hamesha pollock key sambandh mein rakhaa gayaa thaa kyonki unake kaam key baare mein kii gaee tippaniyon mein aksar tippani kii jaati thee kii kaise vaha pollock kii chhaaya seey baahar nikalkar ack safal kalakar bunn gaee theen. unake kaam key baare mein lekhon mein, pollock kaa lagaatar ullekh kiya jaataa haye. crassner koo abhee bhee kabhi-kabhi "action vido" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, ack shabd jise 1972 mein kalaa aalochak bee dwara gadhaa gayaa thaa. aich. friedman ney amoort abhivyaktivaadi kalakaron kii jeevit mahila bhagidaron parr apane purush bhagidaron parr kalaatmak nirbharta kaa aarop lagaaya. aam taur parr 1940 aur 1950 key dashak mein, crassner bhee lingheen praarambhik akshar "ell" key saath hastakshar karate hue kissy bhee kaam parr hastakshar naheen kartaa thaa.key.", yaa chitra mein usake hastakshar koo milaa dein taaki ack mahila key roop mein aur ack anya chitrakaar kii patni key roop mein usaki sthiti parr jore naa diyaa jaa sakey.
viraasat.
mairi beth addleson kii "kuchh jeevit americi mahila kalakar/antim ratribhoj" (1972) ney leonardo daa vincy key "antim ratribhoj" koo viniyojit kiya, jisamen crassner sahit ullekhaniya mahila kalakaron key pramukhon koo masih aur unake preriton key sir parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. mahilaaon key adheenata mein dhaarmik aur kalaa aitihaasik pratima kii bhoomika koo sambodhit karate hue chhavi, "nariwadi kalaa andolan kii sabse pratishthit chhaviyon mein seey ack bunn gaee."
crassner kii mrityu 19 juuna, 1984 koo 75 varsh kii ayu mein newyork aspatal mein hui, jahan unakaa aanton kii bimari aur teevra gathiya kaa ilaaj kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
unaki mrityu key chhah maheene baad, newyork shahar mein aadhunik kalaa sangrahalaya (moma) ney unake kaam kii ack purvavyaapi pradarshani aayojit kii. dha newyork times" mein ack sameeksha mein kahaa gayaa haye kii yeh "spasht roop seey newyork school mein crassner key sthaan koo paribhaashit kartaa haye" aur vaha "agrani amoort abhivyaktivaadi peedhi kii ack pramukh, swatantra kalakar hain, jinka uttejak kaam pichhali aadhi shatabdi mein yahaan utpaadit kiye gaye karyon mein uchch sthaan parr haye."2008 taka, crassner kewal chaar mahila kalakaron mein seey ack hain jinhone iss sansthaan mein purvavyaapi pradarshan kiya haye. anya teen mahilaaen luis burjua (1982), helen frankenthler (1989) aur elizabeth murre (2004) hain.
unake shodh patra 1985 mein americi kalaa key abhilekhagar koo daan kiye gaye they; unhein digital kiya gayaa thaa aur shodhkartaon key liye web parr post kiya gayaa thaa.
unaki mrityu key baad, unaki purvi hampton sampatti pollock-crassner house aur studio bunn gaee, aur janata key liye paryatan key liye khuli haye. ack alag sangathan, pollock-crassner foundation, kii sthaapana 1985 mein kii gaee thee. foundation crassner aur pollock donon key liye aadhikarik sampatti key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, aur unaki ichcha kii sharton key tahat, "vittiya aavashyakta key saath yogyata key vyaktigat kaam karane vaale kalakaron kii sahaayata key liye" kaary kartaa haye."yuu.aiss. pollock-crassner foundation key liye copyrite pratinidhi kalakar adhikaar samaaj haye.
11 navambar, 2003 koo, "utsav", 1960 kii ack badee painting koo cleveland sangrahalaya koo $19 laakh mein becha gayaa aur maee 2008 mein, "dhruviya bhagdad" $32 laakh mein bechi gaee. "aalochak robbert hugs ney kahaa, "aaj koee bhee unhein paridhiya pratibha kahane mein asamarth rhaa.
2017 mein crassner mairi gabriel kii pustak "nauvin sadak mahilaah lii crassner, elen dee cooning, grace hartigan, johnn michel aur helen frankenthalarh paanch chitrakaar aur andolan jisane aadhunik kalaa koo badal diyaa" key vishayon mein seey ack thaa.
2023 mein landan mein whitechappel gallery mein unake kaam koo pradarshani "action, jesture, pentah mahila kalakar aur vaishvik amurtata 1940-1970" mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.
lokpriya sanskriti mein.
crossner koo film "pollock" (2000) mein marcia gey harden dwara chitrit kiya gayaa thaa, joe unake pati jackson pollock key jeevan key baare mein haye. harden ney film mein apane pradarshan key liye sarvshreshth sahayak abhinetri kaa akadami puraskar jeetaa.
johnn updike key upanyaas "seek maaee faces" (2002) mein, mukhya charitra key jeevan kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa crassner parr adharit haye.
vyaktigat jeevan.
jackson pollock key saath sambandh.
crassner aur jackson pollock ney 1942 mein ack sambandh sthaapit kiya jaba way donon mcmillan gallery mein pradarshit hue. vaha unake kaam seey chintit thee aur iss tathya seey kii vaha naheen jaanati thee kii vaha kaun thaa, bhale hii vaha newyork mein kaee amoort chitrakaron koo jaanati thee. vaha usase milane key liye usake apartment gaee. 1945 taka, way east hampton, newyork key baahari ilaake mein springs mein chaley gaye. usa varsh kii garmiyon mein, unhone dou gavaahon key saath ack church mein shaadi curr lii.
jabaki donon jharanon mein farmhouse mein rahate they, unhone kalaa banaana jaari rakhaa. way ghar mein ack oopari shayankaksh mein crassner key saath alag-alag studio sthaanon mein kaam karate they, jabaki pollock apane pichwade mein godam mein kaam karate they. jaba donon kaam naheen karate they, tou apana samay khaana pakaane, pakaane, bagwani karane, ghar koo vyavasthit rakhane aur doston kaa manoranjan karane mein bitaate they.
1956 taka, unake sambandh tanaavpurna hoe gaye kyonki unhein kuchh muddon kaa saamana karna padaa. pollock ney apane sharaab key saath sangharsh karna shuru curr diyaa thaa aur uska rooth cligman key saath vivaahetar sambandh thaa. crassner garmiyon mein europe mein doston seey milane key liye chully gaee thee, lekin jaba pollock kii kaar durghatana mein mrityu hoe gaee tou usey jaldi seey lautana padaa.
dharm.
crassner kaa paalan-poshan unake bachpan aur kishoravastha key dauran ack roodhivaadi yahudi ghar mein huaa thaa. unakaa parivaar brounsville, brooklin mein rahata thaa, jahan garib yahudi pravasiyon kii ack badee aabaadi thee. unake pitaa ney apana adhikansh samay yahudi dharm kaa abhyaas karane mein bitaaya, aur unaki maan ney ghar aur parivaar kaa vyavasaay jaari rakhaa. crassner ney yahudi dharm key pahaluon jaise hibru lipi, prarthanaon aur dhaarmik kahaaniyon kii sarahana kii.
ack kishore key roop mein, vaha roodhivaadi yahudi dharm mein stree-virodhi key roop mein maani jaane vaali baaton kii aalochana karane luggy. apane jeevan mein baad mein ack sakshatkar mein, crassner ack prarthana anuvaad koo padhane aur yeh sochane koo yaad karati haye kii yeh "vaastav mein harr mayane mein ack sunder prarthana thee sivaay isake kii ise samaapt kiya jaae...yadi aap ack purush hain tou aap kahate hain, 'dhanyavaad, haye bhagwan, mujhe apani chhavi mein banaane key liye'; aur yadi aap ack mahila hain tou aap kahate hain, 'dhanyavaad, haye bhagwan, mujhe banaane key liye jaisa aapane upayukt dekhaa.'" unhone iss avadhi key dauran astitvavadi darshan koo padhana bhee shuru curr diyaa, jisase way yahudi dharm seey aur bhee aage badh gaeen.
jaba usane ack church mein pollock seey shaadi kii, tou crassner ney khud koo yahudi key roop mein pahachaanana jaari rakhaa, lekin dharm kaa paalan naheen karane kaa faisala kiya. ack yahudi mahila key roop mein unaki pehchaan ney prabhaavit kiya haye kii vidwan unaki kalaa key arth kii vyakhya kaise karate hain.
kuchh sansthaagat swaamitva.
metropolitan museum off art, newyork shahar
aadhunik kalaa kaa sangrahalaya, newyork shahar
anya sansthaanah
kalaa bajar.
2003 mein newyork mein christy kii nilami mein, canvas parr tail mein lii crassner kii kshaitij sanrachana, "utsav" (1960), ney apane poorv-bikri anuman koo chaar gunaa seey adhik badhaa diyaa kyonki yeh $1.9 laakh parr apani oopar kii or badh gayaa. 2019 mein, sothbi ney crassner key liye ack nayaa nilami record banaaya jaba "dha aaee ijj dha first circle" (1960) koo robbert menuchin koo $10 million mein becha gayaa.

