
graahak laagat

graahak laagat naa kewal kissy utpaad kii keemat koo sandarbhit karati haye, balki isamen khareed laagat, upayog laagat aur upayog key baad kii laagat bhee shamil haye. khareed laagat mein kissy utpaad kii khoj karane kii laagat, utpaad key baare mein jaankaari ekatra karane aur usa jaankaari koo praapt karane kii laagat shamil haye. aamtaur parr, sabse adhik upayog laagat una tikaau vastuon key liye utpann hoti haye jinaki sansadhanon parr uchch maang hoti haye, jaise kii oorjaa yaa paani, yaa uchch rakharkhaav laagat vaale. upayog key baad kii laagat mein utpaad key sangrah, bhandaran aur niptan kii laagat shamil haye jaba vastu koo fenk diyaa jaataa haye.
moolya key vipareet kull upabhokta laagat.
moolya shabd aamtaur parr kissy utpaad yaa seva key liye lii gaee raashi koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. yeh upabhokta dwara kiye gaye bhugtan kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye aur jaba utpaad yaa seva kaa swaamitva vikreta seey kharidar koo hastaantarit kiya jaataa haye tou nirmaata dwara praapt hotaa haye. kissy utpaad kii keemat key alag-alag kaary hotey hainh utpaadak key liye, sabse mahatvapurna haye rajaswa kaa utpaadan karna aur kissy utpaad key utpaadan, vitaran aur bikri kii laagat koo puuraa karna. moolya gunavatta kaa bhee sanket detaa haye aur maujooda aapoorti aur maang koo darshaata haye. yeh vibhinn vipanan uddeshyon koo praapt karane mein madad karke aur bajar vibhajan kii anumati dekar pratispardhi laabhon koo badhaava dey sakata haye.
upabhokta key liye, moolya kissy utpaad kii kull laagat kaa kewal ack hissa haye. upabhokta key paas parivahan, upayog aur antatah utpaad key niptan kii atirikt laagat hoti haye. inn lagaton koo kull graahak laagat (tii. see. see.) key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. moolya key vipareet, joe ack utpaadak-unmukh avadharana haye, tii. see. see. upabhokta parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye aur isamen samagr upbhog prakriya key sabhi charan shamil hain.
paaramparik vipanan aur sookshm aarthik siddhant maanate hain kii upabhokta apane laabhon koo adhikatam karane aur apani laagat koo cumm karane kaa irada rakhate hain. natijatan, upabhokta apekshit laabh aur utpaad praapt karane kii laagat key beach uchchatam antar key saath utpaad kaa chayan karate hain.
laagat mulyankan prakriya mein moolya kaa vishesh mahatva haye, kyonki yeh maudrik sandarbh mein vyakt kiya jaataa haye aur khareed seey pahale upabhokta koo pataa hotaa haye. moolya bhee agrim laagat kaa ack hissa haye, aur upbhoktaon kii pravritti bhavishya key nuksan yaa laabh kii tulanaa mein vartamaan lagaton parr adhik dhyaan kendrit karane kii hoti haye.
laagat mulyankan vyaktiyon key beach bhinn hotaa haye, aur vibhinn vyaktigat aur sthitijanya karakon parr nirbhar kartaa haye, jaise kii samajik-paaristhitik jagrukta aur gyaan, aaya, sahakarmi samooh aur khareed kii sthiti. anya utpaadon kii tarah, tikaau utpaadon koo kewal tabhi kharida jaayega jaba unakaa kathit shuddh laabh paaramparik utpaadon mein seey ack kii tulanaa mein adhik hoe.
kull graahak laagat key tatva.
khareed laagat.
khareed laagat mein kissy utpaad kii khoj karane, usake baare mein jaankaari ekatra karane aur usey leey jaane kii laagat shamil haye, jise saamoohik roop seey "lenden laagat" bhee kahaa jaataa haye.
kissy utpaad kii praarambhik khareed mein khoj aur soochana kii laagat sabse adhik hoti haye. upabhokta parichit utpaadon kii khareed kii tulanaa mein atirikt jokhimon koo bhee mahsoos curr sakata haih
soochana arthshastra mein, utpaad gunon koo teen prakaron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih
adhik paaramparik utpaadon kii laagat kii tulanaa mein tikaau utpaadon kii khareed laagat aksar adhik hoti haye. uchch laagat kaa kaaran yeh haye kii inn utpaadon koo alag karane vaali visheshtaen aksar yaa tou vyaktigat anubhav yaa vishvaas key gunon dwara nirdhaarit kii jaati hain, jinamen sabse adhik khoj aur soochana laagat hoti haye.
parivahan laagat utpaad kii upalabdhata parr nirbhar hoe sakati haye. yeh bajar mein pravesh karane vaale nae tikaau utpaadon key liye ack aur kathinaaee paida curr sakata haih yadi vitaran kii teevrata cumm haye, tou graahak key liye sambhaavit yatra kii doori adhik haye, jisake parinamswarup utpaad kii khareed key liye adhik laagat aatee haye.
kharchon kaa upayog karein.
lambe samay taka chalane vaale utpaadon, jaise kii kaar yaa gharon koo oorjaa aur rakharkhaav kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jisake parinamswarup upayog mein aaney parr kaafee parichaalan laagat aatee haye. jaba upabhokta koee utpaad khareedata haye tou inn upayog seey sambandhit lagaton koo aksar nazarandaj yaa cumm aanka jaataa haye. upayog laagat mein ack nae utpaad parr switch karane kii laagat bhee shamil haye. yadi utpaad koo upayog key ack alag tareeke kii aavashyakta hoti haye tou upabhokta koo parivartan kii laagat kaa saamana karna padata haye. isake liye ack charam udaaharan kaar key malik seey kaar-sajhakaran yaa saarvajanik parivahan pranaliyon kaa upayog karane key liye aavashyak nae vyavhaar pattern honge.
yeh kathit laagat upbhoktaon koo nae pesh kiye gaye tikaau utpaadon parr switch karane seey roque sakati haye, jinhen sansaadhan kushal honey key liye design kiya gayaa haye, iss prakaar paaramparik utpaadon kii tulanaa mein cumm upayog laagat haye. kapade dhone kii machine aur refrigerator jaise utpaad aise udaaharan hain joe jatil niyantranon kii keemat parr paani aur oorjaa kii mahatvapurna matra mein bachat karate hain.
upayog key baad kii laagat.
upayog key baad kii lagaton mein way laagaten shamil hoti hain, joe utpaad key jeevan key anta mein honey key baad hoti hainh lagaton mein vastu kaa sangrah, bhandaran aur niptan shamil hotaa haye. yeye laagaten packaging key prakaar aur matra, utpaad key design aur sthaayitva, punarnaveenikaran samagri key upayog aur sambhaavit punarvikraya, punarnaveenikaran aur nikshepan sambhaavanaon seey dridhata seey sambaddh hain.
aam taur parr upabhokta upayog key baad kii lagaton key baare mein bahut adhik jagrook naheen hotey hain. choonki vikasit deshon mein aamtaur parr sampatti yaa saarvajanik seva karon mein niptan laagat shamil hoti haye, isaliye yeye laagaten spasht roop seey utpaad seey sambandhit naheen hoti hain, sivaay isake kii jaba una atirikt lagaton kaa bill seedhe upabhokta koo diyaa jaataa haye.
kachare key niptan key liye, ise yaa tou sangrah bindu parr girana padata haye yaa kinare parr ekatra karna padata haye. pahale mamle mein upabhokta kii parivahan laagat hoti haye; dusare mamle mein upabhokta koo bhandaran laagat kaa saamana karna padata haye. isake alawa, kachare koo alag karane key liye chhipi hui laagat, usake dwara kharch kiye gaye samay aur niptan pranali kaise kaam karati haye, yeh jaanane key liye samay kii laagat bhee haye.
punarvikraya upayog key baad kii laagat koo cumm karane kaa ack tarika hoe sakata haye, aur eebe jaise cumm laagat vaale electronic bikri platforms key madhyam seey adhik aakarshak hoe gayaa haye. kissy utpaad kaa punarchakran jivankal koo bhee badhaata haye aur utpaad key bhautik moolya koo badhaata haye.
vipanak kaa drishtikon.
sthirata vipanan koo poori upbhog prakriya key liye kull graahak laagat parr vichaar karna chaahiye, joe kissy utpaad seey sambandhit sabhi lagaton key yog key barabar haye. isamen keemat, khareed laagat, upayog laagat aur upayog key baad kii laagat shamil hain. vipanak tikaau utpaadon koo badhaava dene key liye iss drishtikon koo ack vipanan ranneeti mein ekikrit karate hain. satat vipanan key dou mahatvapurna uddeshya hain kull graahak laagat mein kamee laana aur grahakon koo isake baare mein jagrook karna.
kull graahak laagat koo cumm karna.
keemat.
arthshastra mein, maang vakr siddhant darshaata haye kii kissy vastu kii maang pahale, usake moolya aur dusare kaa ack kaary haye, kii maang aam taur parr moolya parivartan kii vipareet disha mein chalati haye. yeh taba lagu naheen hotaa haye jaba upabhokta uchch kimaton koo gunavatta yaa vishishtata key sanketak key roop mein vyakhya karate hain. udaaharan key liye loha (swaasthya aur sthirata kii jeevan shally) aise upabhokta hain joe tikaau utpaadon koo mahatva dete hain aur gunavatta kaa sammaan karate hain. vaastav mein, maang kii moolya loach khareed key prakaron aur upabhokta vargon key beach bhinn hoti haye. yeh vaha prakriya haye jiska upayog companiyan moolya nirdhaarit karke maang koo samaayojit karane key liye karati hain. aam taur parr teen moolya nirdhaaran ranneetiyon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haih moolya-adharit moolya nirdhaaran, laagat-adharit moolya nirdhaaran aur kiraya/patta moolya nirdhaaran.
moolya adharit moolya nirdhaaran.
moolya-adharit moolya nirdhaaran ranneeti ack vibhedan ranneeti parr adharit haye, aur moolya key baare mein kharidar kii dhaaranaon kaa upayog karati haye, joe anubhav parr adharit hoti hain. yeh graahak-sanchaalit haye, aur bajar dwara wahan kii jaane vaali adhikatam seema taka uchchatam sambhav keemat nirdhaarit karane key sandarbh mein vyakt kiya jaataa haye. choonki tikaau utpaadon key paaramparik utpaadon kii tulanaa mein adhik mahange honey kii ummeed haye, isaliye yeh ranneeti unake liye vishesh roop seey upayukt haye. vaastav mein, aapurtikarta moolya badhaate hain kyonki moolya vriddhi antarnihit laagat sanrachana kii parwah kiye binaa, sthirata laabh jodkar utpaad mein moolya jodati haye. tikaau utpaadon key liye premium moolya nirdhaaran kaa anuprayog aur usa utpaad key liye graahak joe raashi kaa bhugtan karane koo taiyar hoga, way kewal dou prashn hain jinka uttar vipanak koo denaa hoga aur inhen dhyaan mein rakhna hogaah
laagat adharit moolya nirdhaaran.
laagat-adharit moolya nirdhaaran ranneeti vikreta kii laagat parr adharit hoti haye. yeh utpaad aur utpaadan laagat sanchaalit haye, jiska arth haye kii nirdhaarit moolya utpaadan kii sabhi lagaton koo shamil kartaa haye aur isamen ack lakshya laabh margine shamil hotaa haye. yeh cumm laagat vaali ranneetiyon key liye vishisht haye jiska uddeshya badey paimaane parr baajaron key liye cumm kimaton kii peshkash karane key liye khareed aur utpaadan prakriyaon mein laagat koo cumm karna haye. utpaadon koo cumm aaya vaale upbhoktaon key liye kifayati banaaya jaataa haye, aur way kuchh samajik maandandon koo puuraa karane key kaaran sthirata mein yogdan karate hain. haalaanki, grahakon koo cumm kimaton kii peshkash seey paaristhitik aur samajik lagaton key aantarikakaran kaa sawal khadaa hotaa haye. iska matlab haye kii udaaharan key liye, tikaau utpaad, jinhone khapat aur utpaadan seey judee samajik aur paaristhitik lagaton koo aantarik banaane kii koshish kii haye, unamen badhati laagat shamil hogi joe uchch upabhokta moolya mein parilakshit hoti haye, jaba unaki tulanaa una utpaadon seey kii jaati haye joe naheen karate hain. yeh ack sthirata vipanan ranneeti key karyanvayan key kaaran haye. bhale hii tikaau utpaadon key utpaadan key liye uchch praarambhik poonji laagat kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye, sanchaalan mein parivartan key parinamswarup aamtaur parr cumm deerghakaalik laagat aatee haye. vipanak key drishtikon seey, bikri kii matra mein vriddhi aur tikaau utpaadon kii utpaadan laagat mein katauti karke bachat praapt karna kull graahak laagat koo cumm karane kaa samadhan hoe sakata haye.
kiraya/patta moolya nirdhaaran.
kiraaye parr dene yaa patte parr dene kii moolya nirdhaaran ranneeti kaa siddhant yeh haye kii utpaad kaa upayog karane kaa adhikaar vikreta seey kharidar koo ack nirdisht avadhi (kiraaye key liye ghante yaa dinn aur patte parr dene key liye saal) key liye hastaantarit kiya jaataa haye, lekin sheershak kaa koee hastaantaran naheen hotaa haye. aisee koee kanuni prakriya naheen haye jisake dwara sampatti key ack tukade kaa swaamitva vikreta seey kharidar mein badal jaataa haye. nirdisht avadhi key anta mein vikreta utpaad koo punah upayog yaa punarchakran key liye vaapas leey jaataa haye. iss drishtikon key laabh yeh hain kii graahak koo poonjigat khareed laagat wahan naheen karni padati haye aur utpaad kii dakshata mein vriddhi hoti haye. poonjigat laagat, utpaad key swaamitva seey judey atmasamman, kiraaye aur lenden lagaton key beach ack samjhauta maujood haye.
ranneetik pahalu.
belz (2005) key anusaar hamane 21veen sadee kii shuruat seey dekhaa haye kii shaastriya bajar sanrachana badal gaee haye. upabhokta vastuon key bajar mein "dhruvikaran" kii visheshta haye, jiska arth haye kii madhyam moolya aur gunavatta khand mein kamee aaee haye, jabaki cumm moolya khand aur uchch gunavatta khand mahatva mein aur bajar sheyaron mein badhata haye. ateet mein, madhyam khand bajar mein adhikansh hissedari rakhta thaa aur aaj, ack badaa cumm moolya vaalaa khand aur kaaron, furniture aur bhojan jaise sheersh visheshta vaale baajaron mein ack badhata huaa premium gunavatta vaalaa khand haye. isaliye madhya khand mein sthit utpaadon aur brandon key liye bajar mein tike rehna mushkil hoga, jabaki joe oopari yaa nichale khand mein sthit hain, unake safal honey kii sambhavana honey chaahiye. aaee. key. ee. aeye. aur aich. aind. aim. jaise nichale khand mein maujood companiyaan lagaton parr pratispardha karati hain aur moolya-samvedansheel upbhoktaon koo lakshit karati hain, joe samajik-paaristhitik nishkriya hain. bhale hii way poori aapoorti shrinkhala key saath samajik aur paaristhitik jimmedaari leey sakate hain aur tikaau utpaadon kaa utpaadan curr sakate hain, unakaa mukhya uddeshya itna samajik-paaristhitik antar naheen haye, balki apani brand chhavi aur corporate pratishtha koo banaae rakhna haye.
khareed laagat.
khareed laagat kull graahak laagat kaa hissa haye joe upabhokta key khareed nirnayon kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa haye. anya laagat tatva joe khareed laagat key roop mein spasht naheen hain, aamtaur parr cumm mahatvapurna hotey hain, halanki way kull laagat mein mahatvapurna raashi kaa yogdan curr sakate hain. utpaadon kii pratispardhatmakta parinamswarup pratispardhi khareed lagaton parr nirbhar karati haye jisamen khoj, soochana aur parivahan laagat aur jokhim shamil hain joe upabhokta koo vishesh roop seey tikaau utpaadon key liye mahsoos hotey hain. zana-madhyam mein vipanan abhiyaanon key liye utpaadon kii uchch upalabdhata kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
kharchon kaa upayog karein.
upayog kii avadhi key bheetar vastuon kii khareed key baad upayog laagaten utpann hoti hain, aur aksar oorjaa kii khapat aur aavashyak rakharkhaav kii matra seey sambandhit hoti hain. utpaadon key safal prakshepan key liye, vishesh roop seey tikaau utpaadon key mamle mein, kshamataon kii bachat parr jore dene kii aavashyakta haye. upayog laagat mulyankan grahakon koo bhavishya kii lagaton parr adhik paryaapt roop seey vichaar karane mein bhee saksham banaata haye. upayog laagat mein upbhoktaon kii parivartan laagat bhee shamil haye. upayog key pattern mein sambhaavit parivartanon key kaaran honey vaali asuvidha aur jokhimon key kaaran parivartan laagat hoti haye. kissy utpaad key upayog aur upayog laagat key baare mein samajhane yogya, dilchasp aur vyaapak roop seey upalabdh jaankaari aavashyak haye, aur parivartan laagat koo kaafee cumm karati haye. utpaad gyaan key gahan star koo sunishchit karane key liye paryaapt karmchari prashikshan aavashyak haye, vishesh roop seey sthirata shakha mein bikri karmiyon key liye.
upayog key baad kii laagat.
upayog key baad kii lagaton koo pratyaksh aur apratyaksh donon lagaton key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye. upayog key baad kii pratyaksh laagat kaa bhugtan seedhe upabhokta dwara kiya jaataa haye aur yeh utpaadon key niptan aur parivahan key kaaran hotaa haye. upayog key baad kii laagat koo cumm karane key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack kushal maap upayog kiye gaye utpaadon kii marammat, punah upayog yaa unnayan key madhyam seey utpaad jeevan chakr kaa vistaar haye. iska parinam sansadhanon key samanya pravaah mein kamee haye.
apratyaksh lagaton key mamle mein, nirmaata 'vistaarit utpaadak jimmedaari' avadharana kaa paalan karate hue, upayog kii avadhi key baad utpaadon key niptan, punarvikraya yaa punarchakran kaa prabandhan kartaa haye, joe pahale seey hii kaee anya deshon mein aam haye. upabhokta istemal kiye gaye utpaadon kii adla-badali curr sakate hain, unhein paise key liye vaapas curr sakate hain, unhein daan curr sakate hain yaa patte parr diyaa gayaa laabh praapt curr sakate hain. iss avadharana kaa uddeshya companiyon koo apashisht koo cumm karane key liye protsaahit karna haye. yeh prakriyaon koo adhik kushalata seey design karke, punarchakran koo badhaakar aur dwiteeyak samagri key liye bajar sthaapit karke praapt kiya jaa sakata haye. ubharati naee laagat sanrachanaon seey bajar kii kimaton mein vriddhi yaa kamee hoe sakati haye, joe samagri bachat aur niptan aur punarchakran key liye anupaalan laagat key beach key adaan-pradaan parr nirbhar karati haye.
kull laagat key baare mein graahak kii jagrukta.
upabhokta apane khareed nirnayon koo utpaadon kii kull laagat key baare mein adhuri aur pakshapaati jaankaari parr adharit karate hain jise "seemit tarksangatata" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. cumm upayog laagat key kaaran bachat kii paryaapt ganana (jaise.jee. inn sthitiyon mein oorjaa kii khapat) aur vyaapaar-vinimay sambhav naheen hain, halanki bachat kii sambhavana haye. upbhoktaon kii yeh moolya samvedansheelta moolya kendrit vipanan takneekon dwara lagu kii jaati haye. isake parinamswarup tikaau vipanak utpaadak upkaranon jaise kii bachat calculator (jaise.jee. electrolux lights kii oorjaa bachat kshamata), jeevan chakr laagat soochana patra yaa labeling upkaran paaramparik utpaadon kii tulanaa mein cumm upayog laagat key laabhon parr jore dene key liye.
cases studdy.
sthirata vipanan mein graahak laagat kii avadharana koo behtar dhang seey samajhane key liye ack achchha udaaharan royal phillips electronics dwara utpaad "mairathan" kii shuruat haye.
1980 mein, phillips prakaash ney compact fluorescent light bulb (see. aff. ell.) kaa aavishkaar karke prakaash kshetra mein adhik oorjaa kushal aur paryaavaran key anukool praudyogiki kaa maarg prashast kiya. haalaanki nae shuru kiye gaye prakaash bulb kaa jivankal lamba thaa, adhik oorjaa kushal thaa aur garmi utsarjan koo cumm seey cumm curr diyaa, lekin bajar mein iska swaagat naheen kiya gayaa. isaki uchch adhigrahan moolya, asuvidhajanak aakar aur asantoshjanak karyakshamta key kaaran, prakaash bajar mein see. aff. ell. balbon kii pravesh darr 90 key dashak key madhya taka cumm (<0,1 see. aff. ell./americi ghar) rahee. puraskar vijeta "arth light" kii shuruat ney bhee paryaavaran key anukool see. aff. ell. bulb key prati upabhokta key drishtikon koo naheen badala. ack bajar sarvekshan ney pramukh samasyaon koo ujagar kiyaah bahut adhik adhigrahan moolya (taapdeept balbon key liye 0,55 € kii tulanaa mein 10,80 €) aur see. aff. ell. balbon kii karyakshamta aur jivankal kii apeksha key baare mein grahakon key beach bhram. inn samasyaon key baad, 2000 mein phillips ney lambe samay taka chalane vaale aur oorjaa kushal utpaadon kaa ack nayaa brand pesh kiya, jise "mairathan" kahaa jaataa haye, jisane apane poore jivankal (5-7 varsh) key dauran 25 pratishat taka oorjaa kii bachat kaa vaadaa kiya. mairathan" shrinkhala ney lambe samay taka chalane vaale aur oorjaa-kushal prakaash balbon kii ack shrinkhala pradaan kii, joe sabhi oorjaa starr dwara label kiye gaye they aur kaee sthaanon aur graahak kii vibhinn maangon key liye upayukt they.
isaliye phillips see. aff. ell. bulb key poore jivankal key dauran uchch adhigrahan laagat seey cumm kull laagat parr dhyaan kendrit karane mein saksham thaa. tikaau vipanankartaon key liye utpaadon kii kull laagat key baare mein grahakon key beach jagrukta paida karna ack mahatvapurna safalata kaarak haye.
moolya pranali kii prakriti.
sthirata vipanak key sabse chunautipurna karyon mein seey ack utpaad kii kull laagat key baare mein grahakon key beach jagrukta paida karna haye. ack anya chunautipurna kaary samajik aur paryavaraniya lagaton kii samasya haye, joe vaastavik moolya mein shamil naheen hain. inn baahari lagaton mein praakritik sansadhanon kaa dohan, karkhanon mein kaam karane kii kharaab sthiti, shramikon kaa cumm bhugtan, paaristhitiki tantra kaa vinash, utpaadan prakriya key dauran uchch carbon dioxide utsarjan aadi shamil hoe sakate hain. choonki yeye laagaten khareed moolya mein shamil naheen hain, isaliye asthir utpaadon kaa ack pratispardhi laabh haye aur inhen bajar mein sastee keemat parr pesh kiya jaa sakata haye. isaliye moolya pranali mein baahari laagat shamil naheen haye joe jyaadaatar paryaavaran, paaristhitiki tantra, aam janata aur vikaasheel deshon dwara banaae rakhee jaati haye.
iss samasya kaa ack samadhan laagat kaa aantarikakaran hoe sakata haye, joe samajik aur paryavaraniya vishayon key badhate mahatva key kaaran bhavishya mein honey kii sambhavana haye. sthirata vipanak kaa kaary graahak key vyavhaar mein parivartan kaa purvanuman lagaana aur lambe samay mein samajik aur paryavaraniya lagaton koo aantarik banaane key prabhaavon kaa vidhivat anuman lagaana haye.

