
abdel-haleem mahmoud

abdel-haleem mahmoud (12 maee 1910-17 octuber 1978; 2 jumada all-awal 1328 aeye.aich. - 14 all-keedah 1398 aeye.aich.) ney 1973 seey 1978 mein apani mrityu taka all-azhar key mahaan imam key roop mein kaary kiya. kuchh logon dwara "avankular aur priya" kahaa jaataa haye, vaha all-azhar vishvavidyalaya mein shikshan key liye apane aadhunikikaran drishtikon, sanyam kaa prachaar karane aur aadhunik vigyaan koo ack dhaarmik kartavya key roop mein apanaane key liye jaane jaate they.
praarambhik jeevan.
abdel-haleem mahmoud kaa janm 12 maee 1910 koo misra key carro seey 50 kilometres uttar poorv mein sharkia praant key abou ahmed (abb all salaam) gaanv mein huaa thaa. unhone cumm umr mein kurran koo yaad kiya aur phir all-azhar vishvavidyalaya mein apani padhaai shuru kii, jahan unhone 1932 mein snaatak kiya. phir unhone france mein apani padhaai jaari rakhee, jahan unhone 1940 mein university dee peris-laa sorbone seey darshanshastra mein doctorate kii degree praapt kii.
drishya.
vidvaanon moshe albo aur yoram meital key anusaar, mahmoud key lekhan mein joe vishay phir seey saamane aae way theh
gyaan aur shiksha kaa mahatva; islami naitikta aur naitikta kii shreshthata; muslim itihas kii vishishtata; islami aadhyatmikta aur nyayshastra kaa ekikaran; dusare kaa antim nishedh (ee.jee., paschimi, zionist, communist, dharmnirpeksh aur vidharmi); islami dharamshastra aur kaanoon kaa uday; aur islam key stambhon key anusaar misra kii rajneeti aur samaaj mein sudhaar kii aavashyakta.
islami kaanoon.
mahmoud misra key nagrik kaanoon sanhita koo shariya key saath badalane key liye ack susangat samarthak they. unhone tark diyaa kii hudud (way shariya dund joe anivarya aur nishchit hain) ack chor key haath key vichhedan kii sajaa bhagwan dwara nirdhaarit kii gaee thee aur jaba ibn saud dwara lagu kiya gayaa thaa tou saudi arab mein kaanoon aur vyavastha laaee gaee thee-bhale hii ise kewal saat baar kiya jaanaa thaa.
doosari or, mahmoud ney ladkiyon key liye solah kii nyuntam shaadi kii umr kaa samarthan karate hue ack shariya fatwa jaari kiya, iss tathya key bavjood kii unhone sweekaar kiya kii shariya parampara mein koee sateek umr nirdisht naheen kii gaee thee. unhone tark diyaa kii "vikasit samajon ney shaadi kii umr solah nirdhaarit kii haye, aur yeh uchit haye.
vigyaan.
mahmoud key liye, "koee bhee sudhaar-chaahe vaha vyaktigat star parr hoe yaa samaaj key star parr-vigyaan seey shuru hotaa haye, chaahe vaha vigyaan dhaarmik hoe yaa samagri... chaahe humm saiddhaantik vigyaan key anukool bindu seey sudhaar kaa maarg shuru karein yaa bhautik yaa anubhavjanya vigyaan seey, hamaare prayason koo ack uddeshya key saath aatmasaat kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yeh uddeshya ack islami daayitva haye, kyonki vigyaan koo ishwar kii or maarg kaa aadhar honah chaahiye. vaastav mein, gyaan pooja kaa ack roop aur jihad kaa ack roop haye."
mahaan imam key roop mein apane karyakal key dauran, all-azhar ney abhootpoorv sudhaar aur punrutthan dekhaa, jisamen nae sankayon, shikshan vidhiyon aur prabandhan shally kii shuruat shamil thee.
sufivaad.
abdel-haleem mahmoud koo iss mamle parr apane vipul lekhan aur vyakhyanon key madhyam seey sufivaad koo punarjeevit karane key liye bhee yaad kiya jaataa haye. vaha sudani soofi sheikh mohammad usman edbau all-burhani seey bahut prabhaavit thaa, jinake gyaan ney sufivaad parr unake vichaaron koo aakar diyaa. 
"abd all-haleem mahmoud (1910-1978) koo all-azhar key poorv rector key roop mein yaad kiya jaataa haye jinhone sufivaad parr ack mahaan sauda likhaa thaa. unhein 14veen shatabdi aeye mein unaki sammaanjanak upaadhi, 'all-ghazaali' dwara sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.aich.'2, ack upaadhi joe unhein islam key baahari aur goodh aayamon (jinhen aksar pahali nazar mein virodhabhasi maanaa jaataa haye) koo ekikrit karane kii unaki anoothi kshamata key kaaran dee gaee thee. vaha usa sadaat kaal mein prabhaavshaali bunn gayaa, jisamen islami punrutthaanvaad ney misra mein pramukhta praapt karna shuru kiya."
"abd all-haleem ney tasawuf koo ack vaigyaanik vidhi key roop mein prastut kiya haye joe logon koo antim vaastaviktaa koo samajhane mein saksham banaayega. tasawuf key saar koo aadhyatmik kshetra key gyaan (maa 'rifa) key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. tatvamimansa ishwar key chhipe hue pahaluon koo samajhaane aur unaki bhavishyavaniyon koo spasht karane kaa vigyaan haye. unhone 'rahasyavaad' key apane bhed parr jore diyaa-unhone prastaav diyaa kii taswuf kewal ack andhavishwasi vidhi naheen haye, balki vigyaan kaa ack kshetra haye (mahmoud all-munkidah 224-233). abad all-haleem' abbas mahmoud all-'akaad (dee. 1964) yeh kahate hue kii marifa ack bauddhik kshetra haye joe naa tou bhautik vigyaan, sangyaan (fikr), aur naa hii vibhinn prakaar kii mansik dhaarana (besira aadi) haye.) taka pahunch haye. tasawuf ekmatra vigyaan haye joe iss kshetra mein pravesh curr sakata haye, kyonki halanki anya vigyaan maanav kshamata seey bandhe hain, tasawuf naheen haye (ibid seey uddhrit. 352-353)."
"abd all-haleem key sufivaad mein teen tatva hotey hain-'ilm', 'jihad' aur 'ubudia'. pahala thaa 'ilm', islami kaanoon kaa gyaan. vaha shariyat key anusaar jeene key mahatva parr jore detaa haye, aur nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii islami kaanoon koo usee key anusaar samajha aur abhyaas kiya jaanaa chaahiye. isake alawa, unhone aboo hamid all-gazali key kaam kaa hawala diyaa, joe ghoshana kartaa haye kii bhagwan una logon koo aashirvaad denge jinhone kaanoon key baare mein apane gyaan key anusaar kaam kiya-chaahe way kitane bhee agyaani kyon naa houn-lekin una logon koo dandit karenge jinhone kaanoon kii andekhi kii, chaahe way unake gyaan kii parwah kiye binaa 4. doosara jihad haye, joe samajik vaastaviktaa key bheetar khud koo sthaapit karane aur kissy key saamane aaney vaali samasyaon koo hull karane kaa prayaas haye. abd all-haleem kii soofi kii aadarsh chhavi' rahasyavaadi '(joe ekant mein rahate hain, tapasweeta kaa abhyaas karate hain) kii avadharana key madhyam seey udaaharan naheen haye. way kahate hain kii soofi koo usa samay kii samasyaon koo hull karane key liye pratibaddh honah chaahiye, aur 'abd all-kadir all-jazaai' rully (d.1883) kaa udaaharan dete hain, jinhone france (ibid) key khilaf algeria kii raksha key liye ladaai ladee thee. 15-16). teesara haye 'ubudia, bhagwan kii daastaah sahee aur samarpit honah. jaba 'ubudia' praapt hotaa haye, tou 'maam' rifa 'pradaan kiya jaataa haye, aur bhagwan vishvaas karane vaale parr dayaa (ibid) kii varsha karate hain. 12).

