
gaama motor neuron

ack gaama motor neuron (γ motor neuron), jise gaama motoneuron yaa fucimotor neuron bhee kahaa jaataa haye, ack prakaar kaa nichala motor neuron haye joe maanspeshiyon key sankuchan kii prakriya mein bhaag letaa haye, aur maanspeshiyon mein jaane vaale lagbhag 30 pratishat (aγ) tantuon kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. alfa motor neurons kii tarah, unake koshika shareer reedh kii huddy key poorv gray collum mein sthit hotey hain. way mastishk mein pones key reticular gathan seey input praapt karate hain. unake akshatantu alfa motor neurons kii tulanaa mein chhote hotey hain, jinka vyaas kewal 5 microne hotaa haye. alfa motor neurons key vipareet, gaama motor neurons maanspeshiyon key lambe honey yaa chhote honey koo seedhe samaayojit naheen karate hain. haalaanki, unaki bhoomika maanspeshiyon key spindle koo tanga rakhane mein mahatvapurna haye, jisase alfa neurons kii nirantar firing kii anumati milati haye, jisase maanspeshiyon kaa sankuchan hotaa haye. yeye neurons maanspeshiyon kii spindle kii samvedansheelta koo samaayojit karane mein bhee bhoomika nibhaate hain.
gaama motor neurons mein myelination kii upasthiti 4 seey 24 meater prati sekand key chaalan wegg kii anumati detee haye, joe gair-myelinated akshtantuon kii tulanaa mein kaafee tej haye lekin alfa motor neurons kii tulanaa mein dheemi haye.
maanspeshiyon kii samanya prishthabhoomi.
maanspeshiyon key spindle.
maanspeshiyon key spindle maanspeshiyon key bheetar sthit samvedi receptors hain joe reedh kii huddy aur mastishk koo iss jaankaari key saath sanchaar kii anumati dete hain kii shareer antariksh mein kahaan haye (propreoception) aur antariksh (wegg) key sambandh mein shareer key anga kitni teji seey aage badh rahey hain. way iss mayane mein yaantrik grahankarta hain kii way khinchaav kaa jawab dete hain aur maanspeshiyon kii lambai mein parivartan kaa sanket dene mein saksham hotey hain. maanspeshiyon kii lambai mein parivartan kaa pataa lagaane kii samvedansheelta koo fucimotor neurons-gaama aur beeta motor neurons dwara samaayojit kiya jaataa haye. maanspeshiyon key spindle teen alag-alag prakaar key maanspeshiyon key tantuon seey baney hoe sakate hainh gatishil paramanu thaile key tantu (thaile 1 key tantu), sthir paramanu thaile key tantu (thaile 2 key tantu) aur paramanu shrinkhala key tantu.
nimn motor neurons key prakaar.
maanspeshiyon key spindle samvedi neurons aur motor neurons donon dwara antahsthaapit hotey hain taaki propreoception pradaan kiya jaa sakey aur motor neurons key firing key madhyam seey uchit andolan kiye jaa sakein. maanspeshiyon key sankuchan mein shamil teen prakaar key nichale motor neurons hotey hainh alfa motor neurons, gaama motor neurons aur beeta motor neurons. alfa motor neurons, sabse prachur matra mein prakaar, maanspeshiyon key sankuchan key liye vaastavik bull mein upayog kiya jaataa haye aur isaliye snaayuon key baahar maanspeshiyon key tantu (maanspeshiyon key spindle key baahar maanspeshiyon key tantu). doosari or, gaama motor neurons kewal intrafusal manspeshi fiber (maanspeshiyon key spindle key bheetar) koo antahsakriya karate hain, jabaki beeta motor neurons, joe bahut cumm matra mein maujood hotey hain, intrafusal aur extrafusal donon manspeshi koshikaon koo antahsakriya karate hain. beeta motor neurons mein donon anya prakaar key nichale motor neurons kii tulanaa mein adhik chaalan wegg hotaa haye, lekin beeta motor neurons key baare mein vartamaan mein bahut cumm jaankaari haye. alfa motor neurons bahut adhik matra mein hotey hain aur gaama motor neurons kii tulanaa mein aakar mein badey hotey hain.
alfa gaama saha-sakriyan.
jaba kendriya tantrika tantra alfa neurons koo aag lagaane key liye sanket bhejata haye, tou sanket bhee gaama motor neurons koo aisaa karane key liye bheje jaate hain. yeh prakriya maanspeshiyon key spindle kii kathorta koo banaae rakhti haye aur ise alfa gaama saha-sakriyan kahaa jaataa haye. spindle manspeshi koshikaon key kendrak inn spindle key beach mein sthit hotey hain, lekin atirikt manspeshi tantuon key vipareet, spindle tantuon kaa myofibril sankara eparati kewal spindle key donon siron parr sthit hotaa haye. gaama motor neurons dwara spindle kii prabhaavi uttejana myophibrils koo sankuchit karati haye, joe spindle key kendriya kshetra koo tanga karati haye-joe maanspeshiyon kii lambai mein parivartan key liye maanspeshiyon kii spindle kii samvedansheelta koo banaae rakhti haye.
gaama motor neurons key binaa, maanspeshiyon key spindle bahut dheele honge kyonki maanspeshiyaan adhik sikudati hain. yeh maanspeshiyon key spindle koo khinchaav kii sateek matra kaa pataa lagaane kii anumati naheen detaa haye kyonki yeh itna langada haye. haalaanki, alfa gaama saha-sakriyan aur alfa aur gaama donon neurons firing key saath, maanspeshiyon key bheetar maanspeshiyon key tantuon koo maanspeshiyon key andolan kaa kaaran banane vaale atirikt sankuchan key samanantar kheencha jaataa haye. alfa motor neurons key saath samanvaya mein gaama motor neurons kii firing fiber key dhruviya siron seey maanspeshiyon key spindle koo kheenchati haye kyonki yeh vaha jagah haye jahan gaama motor neurons maanspeshiyon koo antahsthaapit karate hain. spindle koo prakaar aaee. aeye. samvedi fiber dwara antahsthaapit kiya jaataa haye joe alfa motor neurons key saath samanvayit hotaa haye, gaama-loop koo puuraa kartaa haye. samanantar kheenchana maanspeshiyon koo tanga rakhta haye aur khinchaav mein minut parivartanon kaa aasaani seey pataa lagaane mein saksham hotaa haye.
fucimotor pranali.
kendriya tantrika tantra fucimotor pranali key madhyam seey maanspeshiyon kii spindle samvedansheelta koo niyantrit kartaa haye jisamen gaama motor neurons key saath maanspeshiyon kii spindle hoti hain jinhen fucimotor neurons bhee kahaa jaataa haye. beeta motor neurons antahsraavi maanspeshiyon key saath-saath antahsraavi maanspeshiyon key tantuon koo bhee antahsraavi karate hain, aur inhen vishesh roop seey "kankal-fucimotor neurons" naam diyaa gayaa haye. gaama motor neurons fucimotor system kaa ack hissa haye (kendriya tantrika tantra seey sanketon koo door bhejana), jabaki maanspeshiyon key spindle ack sahayak hissa hain, kyonki way maanspeshiyon seey reedh kii huddy aur mastishk kii or jaankaari prasaarit karane vaale sanket bhejate hain.
gaama purvagrah.
gaama bayas gaama motor neurons kii gatividhi kaa susangat star haye. chhote neurons koo badey neurons kii tulanaa mein apani seema taka pahunchane key liye cumm matra mein uttejak input kii aavashyakta hoti haye. isaliye, gaama motor neurons (alfa motor neurons kii tulanaa mein aakar mein chhote) mein badey alfa motor neurons kii tulanaa mein aag lagane kii sambhavana adhik hoti haye. yeh apekshaakrit kuchh alfa motor neurons key saath ack sthiti paida kartaa haye, lekin kuchh gaama motor neurons lagaatar una sthitiyon mein golibari karate hain jahaan maanspeshiyon kaa khinchaav yaa bull naheen hoe rhaa haye. manspeshi key spindle key samvedi anta (praathamik aur maadhyamik anta-aaee. aeye., aaee.) kii samvedansheelta gaama purvagrah key star (aaee.ee. gaama motor neuron nirvahan kaa kitna prishthabhoomi star hoe rhaa haye.)
prakaar.
sthir.
sthir gaama motor neurons sthir paramanu thaile fiber (bagg 2 fiber), ack prakaar kaa paramanu thaile fiber aur paramanu shrinkhala fiber koo antahsthaapit karate hain. yeye donon prakaar key fiber intrafusal maanspeshiyon key spindle fiber kaa hissa hain, jahan sthir gaama motor neurons antahsth hotey hain. paramanu shrinkhala tantuon key naabhik anudairdhya stambhon mein vyavasthit hotey hain, jahan seey iska naam milata haye, jabaki paramanu thaile key tantuon key naabhik maanspeshiyon key spindle key madhya bhaag mein jamaa hotey hain. paramanu shrinkhala tantuon aur paramanu thaile tantuon kaa lagbhag 2:1 kaa anupaat haye. sthir gaama motor neurons lambai mein parivartan key parimaan mein vriddhi key jawab mein apani firing koo badhaate hain aur khinchaav prativart kii sthir samvedansheelta koo niyantrit karate hain. iss kaaran seey, iss prakaar key gaama motor neuron kaa upayog jyaadaatar mudraon key rakharkhaav aur dheemi gati seey chalane jaise kii ack dibbe koo uthaane mein kiya jaataa haye, naa kii maanspeshiyon kii lambai mein teji seey parivartan key kaaran teji seey parivartan kii aavashyakta vaali gatividhiyon mein.
gatishil.
gatishil gaama motor neurons gatishil paramanu thaile key tantuon (bagg 1 fiber) koo antahsthaapit karate hain, ack anya prakaar kaa paramanu thaile kaa fiber sthir paramanu thaile key tantuon seey chhota hotaa haye. iss prakaar kaa gaama motor neuron, samvedi neurons kii samvedansheelta koo badhaa sakata haye. aisaa isaliye kiya jaataa haye kyonki gatishil paramanu thaile key tantu, joe gatishil gaama motor neurons dwara antahsthaapit hotey hain, samvedi antahsthaapan praapt karate hain. isake alawa, gatishil gaama motor neurons kii firing gatishil paramanu thailon mein shithilata koo hataa detee haye, jisase aaee. aeye. fiber firing kii seema key karib aaa jaate hain. gatishil gaama motor neurons maanspeshiyon kii spindle samvedansheelta koo badal dete hain aur maanspeshiyon kii lambai key wegg, parivartan kii darr key jawab mein isake nirvahan koo badhaate hain, naa kii kewal parimaan key roop mein jaisa kii yeh sthir gaama motor neurons key saath haye. isaliye, iss prakaar key gaama motor neuron kaa upayog una gatividhiyon key liye kiya jaa sakata haye jinamen maanspeshiyon kii lambai mein twarit parivartan kii aavashyakta hoti haye jaise kii rail parr santulan banaana.
paramanu shrinkhala tantuon key prabhaav.
praathamik chhor parr paramanu shrinkhala tantuon kaa prabhaav ack raikhik tareeke seey lagbhag 60 heartz kii aavritti taka nirvahan koo chalaana haye, jisake oopar nirvahan aniyamit hoe sakata haye. bagg2 fiber kii gatividhiyaan nirvahan mein ack praarambhik tej shikhar dikhaati hain, joe receptor key anukool honey key saath cumm hoe jaati haye. bagg2 fiber bhee aaee. aeye. efferent kii gatishil samvedansheelta koo cumm karate hain aur kabhi-kabhi lambai kii samvedansheelta koo bhee cumm karate hain. bagg 1 fiber key sakriyan kaa prabhaav lambai kii samvedansheelta aur praathamik anta kii gatishil samvedansheelta donon koo badhaane kaa hotaa haye.
aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii dwiteeyak samvedi anta dhruv parr paramanu shrinkhala tantuon kii lambai aur maanspeshiyon key sankuchan koo sthir γ-motorneuran key madhyam seey maapane kaa kaam karate hain, donon anta koo uttejit karate hain aur isaki lambai kii samvedansheelta koo badhaate hain. bagg1 aur bagg2 fiber koo maadhyamik chhor seey bahut cumm inversation praapt hotaa haye, aur inn tantuon key sakriyan kaa maadhyamik chhor key nirvahan parr nyuntam prabhaav padata haye.
vikas.
gaama motor neurons shuruat mein alfa motor neurons key samaan vikasit hotey hain. way besal plate mein utpann hotey hain, joe vikaasheel bhroon mein tantrika nully kaa nilay bhaag haye. sonic hezhog jeane (shh) vikas prakriya kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa hain joe notocord dwara sraavit hotey hain joe sandrata key pravanata kaa nirmaan karate hain. hezhog jeane key baad, vibhinn anya aanvik marker aur pratilekhan kaarak motor neurons koo vishisht gaama motor neurons mein alag karane mein bhoomika nibhaate hain.
sabhi koshikaon kii tarah, gaama motor neurons janm key samay vishisht aanuvanshik markers koo vyakt karate hain. prasav key baad key astitva key liye maanspeshiyon seey praapt jee. dee. aine. aff. neurotrophic kaarak bhee maujood honey chaahiye. doubleu. aine. tii. 7aeye ack sraavit sanket anu haye joe choohon key bhroon divas 17.5 taka gaama motor neurons mein chuninda roop seey hotaa haye. yeh gaama motor neurons mein maujood sabse pahala anu haye joe unhein alfa motor neurons seey alag kartaa haye, joe inn dou prakaar key nichale motor neurons key vichalan koo darshaata haye.
isake alawa, serotonin receptor 1dee (5-ht 1dee) koo gaama motor neurons key liye ack nayaa marker maanaa gayaa haye joe shodhkartaon koo vibhinn prakaar key nichale motor neurons key beach antar karane mein saksham banaata haye. iss serotonin receptor 1dee kii kamee vaale choohon ney nimn monosynaptic reflex (ack reflex aark jisamen kewal ack samvedi aur motor neuron shamil hotaa haye) pradarshit kiya, joe motor neurons mein samvedi uttejana key liye cumm pratikriya key kaaran hoe sakata haye. isake alawa, iss serotonin receptor key binaa nockout choohon ney santulan beam kaary parr adhik samanvaya kaa pradarshan kiya, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii andolan key dauran aaee. aeye. aeye. afferents dwara motor neurons kaa cumm sakriyan maanspeshiyon key utpaadan kii anaavashyak adhikta koo cumm curr sakata haye.
gaama motor neurons kaa ack aur vishisht aanvik marker pratilekhan kaarak haye. yeh gaama motor neurons mein uchch star parr vyakt kiya jaataa haye, lekin alfa motor neurons mein bahut cumm hotaa haye. doosari or, neuronal dna binding protein niyun, alfa motor neurons mein kaafee adhik matra mein maujood hotey hain. austiopontin, ack protein joe haddiyon mein bhee vyakt hotaa haye, isaliye "austio-" upsarg, alfa motor neurons key liye ack marker haye. yadi alfa motor neurons ruchi rakhate hain tou yeh badale mein vaigyaanikon koo gaama motor neurons koo samaapt karane kaa ack tarika pradaan curr sakata haye. vishesh roop seey ack adhyayan ney iss tathya key aadhar parr yeh nishkarsh nikala kii austiopontin badey koshika nikaayon mein maujood thaa, joe alfa motor neurons koo ingit kartaa haye kyonki unamen gaama motor neurons kii tulanaa mein badey koshika nikaay hotey hain.
maanspeshiyon kaa swar.
haalaanki maanspeshiyaan aaraam kii sthiti mein hoe sakati hain, maanspeshiyon mein tanaav kaa samanya vishram star hotaa haye. ise maanspeshiyon kaa swar kahaa jaataa haye aur ise maanspeshiyon koo ander seey tantrika tantra mein daalane vaale motor neurons dwara banaae rakhaa jaataa haye. iska uddeshya mudra banaae rakhna aur teji seey chalane mein sahaayata karna haye, kyonki yadi maanspeshiyaan poori tarah seey dheeli hoti hain, tou adhik neuronal firing kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
maanspeshiyon mein tanaav kii matra mukhya roop seey alfa motor neurons aur aaee. aeye. spindle afferents key vishram star key nirvahan parr nirbhar karati haye. gaama motor neurons bhee intrafusal maanspeshiyon parr apani kaarravaai key madhyam seey shamil hotey hain. intrafusal manspeshi fiber aaee. aeye. aeye. efferent maarg key vishram star koo niyantrit karate hain, joe badale mein alfa neuron gatividhi kaa ack sthir star banaata haye.
maanspeshiyon kaa swar gaama motor neurons key tonic nirvahan key kaaran bhee hoe sakata haye. inn neurons koo sakriya karna jyaadaatar suvidhajanak reticular gathan key avrohi tantuon seey hotaa haye. yeh maanspeshiyon key spindle key khinchaav, alfa motor neurons key sakriyan aur anta mein aanshik roop seey anubandhit maanspeshiyon kii or leey jaataa haye. cerebellum alfa-gaama motor neuron linkage haye. isaliye, pramastishk key saath maanspeshiyon kaa tanaav alfa motor neurons key saath-saath gaama motor neurons key madhyam seey banaae rakhaa jaataa haye.
asamanya gatividhi.
hypotonia alfa neurons yaa alfa neurons koo samvedi jaankaari leey jaane vaale aaee. aeye. aeye. afferents koo nuksan key kaaran hoe sakata haye. isase maanspeshiyon kii tone mein kamee aatee haye. isake vipareet, hypertonia avrohi maargon koo nuksan key kaaran hotaa haye joe reedh kii huddy mein samaapt hoe jaate hain. yeh apane samvedi input seey alfa motor neurons kii kull pratikriya koo badhaakar maanspeshiyon kii tone koo badhaata haye.
alfa aur gaama motor neurons kitna fayer curr rahey hain, isake beach kii asamaanta key kaaran ainthan hoe sakati haye.ee. ack yaa dusare kaa bahut adhik laabh. asantulan maanspeshiyon key spindle mein maanspeshiyon key receptors seey ack galat padhane kaa kaaran banata haye. isaliye, mastishk aur reedh kii huddy koo vaapas dene vaale samvedi neurons bhraamak hain. udaaharan key liye, yadi kissy rogi key paas sakriya gaama motor neurons hain, tou nishkriya andolan key liye ack pratirodh hoga joe kathorta paida karega, jise spesticity bhee kahaa jaataa haye. yeh aksar una vyaktiyon mein paaya jaataa haye joe uchch kendron koo nuksan pahunchaate hain joe avrohi maargon koo prabhaavit karate hain. yeh kabhi-kabhi ack gaama-bayas (kuchh gaama motor neurons kaa nirantar nirvahan) koo samanya seey adhik yaa cumm honey kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. adhik gaama purvagrah vaale rogiyon key mamle mein, maanspeshiyon key spindle key bheetar samvedi anta bahut baar nirvahan curr rahey hain jisase uchit seey adhik maanspeshiyon kii gatividhi hoti haye. isake alawa, gaama spindle loop mein yeh atee sakriyata spasticity kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye.
gaama motor neurons maanspeshiyon koo tanga rakhane mein sahaayata karate hain, iss prakaar samvedansheelta koo samaayojit karate hain. isaliye, yadi uchit gaama motor neuronal firing naheen hoti haye, tou maanspeshiyon kii gati pratikool roop seey prabhaavit hoe sakati haye. ungaliyon aur aankho key saath andolan jaise maheen motor kaushal sabse adhik prabhaavit hotey hain, kyonki maanspeshiyon key bheetar kathorta kii koee bhee kamee samvedi anta key madhyam seey khinchaav kii matra kaa pataa lagaane kii isaki kshamata mein baadha daalati haye. iska matlab haye kii maanspeshiyaan thheek seey usa anusaar naheen chala paayengi. nichale motor neurons mein oopari angon taka avrohi maargon koo niyantrit karane vaale ghaav, rogi kii thheek gati niyantran karane kii kshamata mein nuksan kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain.
naidaanik settings mein, yeh pareekshan karna sambhav haye kii kissy koo asamanya roop seey cumm yaa uchch gaama laabh haye yaa naheen, kewal rogi kii baanh koo hilaakar. gaama laabh vaha prakriya haye jahan twaran, wegg aur maanspeshiyon mein parivartan kii lambai koo samaan roop seey badhaaya jaataa haye, jisase uchit sthiti mein adhik sateek andolanon koo sambhav banaaya jaa sakata haye. yadi rogi kii kohni koo aage-peechhe modana adhik kathin haye, tou usey adhik gaama laabh hotaa haye, jabaki kissy vyakti koo jisaki baanh bahut aasaani seey chalati haye, usey cumm gaama laabh hotaa haye.
ausiloscope kaa upayog samanya manspeshi gatividhi kaa aaklan karane key liye motor neuron seey ack akshatantu kii kriya kshamata koo maapane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki yeh alfa motor neurons koo gaama motor neurons seey alag naheen curr sakata haye, yeh samajhane mein upayogi haye kii kyaa kissy mein asamanya motor neuron gatividhi haye. avrohi maarg kii gatividhi kii cumm darr key saath, cumm aur chhote motor neurons sakriya hotey hain, jisase maanspeshiyon kii ack chhoti matra mein bull hotaa haye. yeh ausiloscope parr y-aksh parr nichali chotiyon key roop mein dikhaai dega.