
aitihaasik gair-maanyata praapt raajyon aur nirbhartaon kii soochi

aitihaasik gair-maanyata praapt yaa aanshik roop seey maanyata praapt "raajyon yaa sarkaaron" kii yeye soochiyaan vilupt bhoo-raajneetik sansthaon kaa avalokan detee hain joe samprabhu raajyon key roop mein maanyata praapt karna chaahte they, lekin duniya bhar mein rajanyik maanyata kaa anand naheen lete they. yahaan soochibaddh pravishtiyon kaa apane daave vaale kshetra parr "vaastavik" niyantran thaa aur way poorna swatantrata kii ichcha key saath swa-shaasit they; yaa yadi unake paas apane kshetra parr iss tarah key niyantran kaa abhaav thaa, tou unhein cumm seey cumm ack anya maanyata praapt rashtra dwara maanyata dee gaee thee.
samavesh key liye mandand.
iss soochi mein shamil karane key mandand seemit maanyata vaale raajyon kii soochi key samaan hain. yahaan shamil kiye jaane key liye, ack raajya vyavastha ney samprabhuta kaa daavaa kiya hoga, apane "vaastavik" astitva key ack mahatvapurna hisse key liye cumm seey cumm ack vyaapak roop seey sweekrit raajya dwara maanyata naheen dee hogi, aur yaa toh
apane kshetra parr vaastavik niyantran key saath aitihaasik gair-maanyata praapt yaa aanshik roop seey maanyata praapt raajya.
africa.
poore kshetra mein asthirta key kaaran african mahadweep mein deshon kii kull sankhya bhinn hoti haye. vartamaan soochi key liye africa mein samprabhu raajyon aur aashrit kshetron kii soochi dekhein.
paschim africa mein netaaon key adheen bhrashtachar seey badee asthirta paida hui thee.
kaee netaaon ney jaatiya samoohon koo haashiye parr daal diyaa aur raajneetik laabh key liye jaatiya sanghrshon (jinamen seey kuchh aupaniveshik shasson dwara badhe hue they, yaa yahaan taka kii banaae gaye they) koo badhaava diyaa. kaee deshon mein, senaa koo ekmatra samooh key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa joe prabhaavi roop seey vyavastha banaae rakh sakata thaa, aur isane 1970 aur 1980 key dashak kii shuruat key dauran africa mein kaee deshon parr shasson kiya. 1960 key dashak kii shuruat seey 1980 key dashak key anta taka kii avadhi key dauran, africa mein 70 seey adhik takhtapalat aur 13 rashtrapati kii hatyaaen huin. seema aur kshetriya vivaad bhee aam they, kaee deshon kii europeeya-adhiropit seemaon kaa vyaapak roop seey sashastr sanghrshon key madhyam seey mukabala kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
africa kii raajneetik asthirta key liye kaee anya karanon koo doshi thaharaaya gayaa haye, jisamen sanyukt raajya america aur soviyat sangh key beach sheet yuddh sangharsh, videshi sahaayata parr atyadhik nirbharta key saath-saath antarrashtriya mudra kosh kii neetiyaan shamil hain. jaba koee desh pahali baar swatantra huaa, tou vaha samarthan praapt karane key liye aksar dou mahashaktiyon mein seey ack key saath khud koo sanrekhit kartaa thaa. uttari africa key kaee deshon koo soviyat sainya sahaayata millie, jabaki madhya aur dakshini africa key kaee deshon koo sanyukt raajya america, france yaa donon kaa samarthan praapt thaa. 1970 key dashak mein ack vriddhi dekhi gaee, kyonki nae swatantra angola aur mosambic ney khud koo soviyat sangh key saath gathbandhan kiya, aur paschim aur dakshin africa ney vidroh andolanon koo vittaposhit karke soviyat prabhaav koo rokane kii koshish kii. ethiopia mein ack badaa akaal padaa, jaba laakhon loga bhookhe marr gaye. kuchh logon ney daavaa kiya kii markswadi/soviyat neetiyon ney sthiti koo aur kharaab curr diyaa. aadhunik swatantra africa mein sabse vinashkari sainya sangharsh doosara kango yuddh rhaa haye; iss sangharsh aur isake baad key parinam mein anumaanit 55 laakh loga maare gaye hain. 2003 seey darfur mein sangharsh chala rhaa haye joe ack maanviya aapada bunn gaee haye. ack anya ullekhaniya dukhad ghatana 1994 kaa ravandan narsamhar haye jisamen anumaanit 800,000 logon kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee. uttar-aupaniveshik africa mein sahaayata bhee ack prachalit mudda rhaa haye.
21veen sadee mein, halanki, africa mein sashastr sanghrshon kii sankhya mein lagaatar kamee aaee haye. udaaharan key liye, angola mein grihyuddh lagbhag 30 varshon key baad 2002 mein samaapt hoe gayaa. behtar sthirata aur aarthik sudhaaron key kaaran kaee african deshon mein videshi nivesh mein badee vriddhi hui haye, mukhya roop seey chean seey, jisane kaee deshon mein twarit aarthik vikas koo badhaava diyaa haye, jisase dashakon kii thaharaav aur girawat kaa anta huaa haye. 2011 taka kaee african arthavyavasthaaen duniya kii sabse teji seey badhati arthvyavasthaon mein seey theen aur yeh vriddhi 2019 taka jaari rahee. iss vriddhi kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa soochana praudyogikiyon aur vishesh roop seey mobile phone key sugam prasaar koo bhee jimmedaar thaharaaya jaa sakata haye.