
gaban

gaban ack aisaa aparaadh haye jisamen aisee parisampattiyon key roopaantaran key uddeshya seey ack yaa adhik vyaktiyon dwara parisampattiyon koo roque curr rakhna shamil haye, jinhen parisampattiyon koo saunpa gayaa thaa, yaa tou rakhaa jaanaa thaa yaa vishisht uddeshyon key liye upayog kiya jaanaa thaa. gaban ack prakaar kii vittiya dhokhadhadi haye. udaaharan key liye, ack vakeel apane grahakon key nyaas khaaton seey dhana kaa gaban curr sakata haye; ack vittiya salaahkaar niveshakon key dhana kaa gaban curr sakata haye; aur ack pati yaa patni jeevansathi yaa sahakarmi key saath sanyukt roop seey rakhe gaye baink khaate seey dhana kaa gaban curr sakata haye.
gaban" shabd kaa upayog aksar anaupchaarik bhaashan mein dhana kii chori key liye kiya jaataa haye, aamtaur parr ack sangathan yaa company jaise niyokta seey.
gaban aamtaur parr ack poorv niyojit aparaadh haye, joe vidhi seey kiya jaataa haye, savdhani key saath joe sampatti key aaparaadhik roopaantaran koo chhipaata haye, joe peedit kii jaankaari yaa sahamati key binaa hotaa haye. aksar isamen vishvasaniya vyakti koo praapt honey vaale kull dhana yaa sansadhanon kaa kewal ack chhota saa hissa yaa niyantran shamil hotaa haye, taaki dhana yaa sansadhanon key galat aavantan kaa pataa lagaane key jokhim koo cumm kiya jaa sakey. jaba yeh safal hoe jaataa haye, tou gaban kaee varshon taka binaa pataa lagaae jaari reh sakata haye.
banaam larkeni.
gaban hamesha chori yaa chori kaa ack roop naheen hotaa haye, kyonki way paribhaashaaen vishesh roop seey kuchh aisaa lene seey sambandhit hain joe apraadhiyon seey sambandhit naheen haye. isake bajaay, gaban, adhik samanya roop seey, ack yaa adhik vyaktiyon dwara dhokhadhadi seey parisampattiyon koo gupt rakhane kaa ack kaary haye jinhen aisee parisampattiyon key saath "saunpa gayaa haye. aisee parisampattiyon key saath saunpe gaye vyaktiyon kii aisee parisampattiyon mein swaamitva hissedari hoe sakati haye yaa naheen bhee hoe sakati haye.
gaban teen tarikon seey larkeni seey alag hotaa haye. pahala, gaban mein, ack vaastavik "roopaantaran" honah chaahiye; doosara, mool lena atikraman naheen honah chaahiye, aur teesara, dund mein. yeh kahana kii lena atikraman naheen thaa, yeh kahana haye kii gaban karane vaale vyaktiyon koo vicharadhin sampatti rakhane, upayog karane yaa upayog karane kaa adhikaar thaa, aur aise vyaktiyon ney baad mein sampatti koo gupt rakhaa aur ack anpekshit yaa asweekrit upayog key liye parivartit curr diyaa. "roopaantaran" key liye aavashyak haye kii sraav sampatti key saath hastakshep karey, naa kii ise sthanantarit karane key liye. jaisa kii chori mein, yeh upaay gaban karane vaale key liye laabh naheen haye, balki parisampatti hitdhaarakon key liye nuksan haye. roopaantaran" kaa ack udaaharan taba hotaa haye jaba koee vyakti ack vishisht uddeshya key liye upayog kiye jaa rahey check register yaa lenden logg mein logg inn kartaa haye aur phir spasht roop seey dusare aur poori tarah seey alag uddeshya key liye checking khaate seey dhana kaa upayog kartaa haye.
jaba gaban chori key roop mein hotaa haye, tou gaban aur chori key beach antar karna mushkil hoe sakata haye. karmchaariyon dwara sampatti key durupyog seey nipatane key dauran antar karna vishesh roop seey kathin hotaa haye. gaban saabit karane key liye, raajya koo yeh dikhaana hoga kii karmchari key paas "apane rojgar key aadhar parr" maal kaa adhikaar thaa; yaani, karmchari ney aupchaarik roop seey maal parr paryaapt niyantran rakhane kaa adhikaar saunp diyaa thaa. aam taur parr, yeh nirdhaarit karane mein kii karmchari kaa paryaapt niyantran thaa yaa naheen, adaalaten naukari key sheershak, naukari key vivaran aur firm yaa sangathan kii vishesh parichaalan prathaon jaise karakon koo dekhenge. udaaharan key liye, ack department store mein ack jootaa vibhaag key prabandhak kaa sambhavatah store kii soochi (jootaa vibhaag key pramukh key roop mein) parr paryaapt niyantran hoga; kii yadi way saman koo apane upayog mein parivartit karate hain tou way gaban key doshi honge. doosari or, aggar vahee karmchari dukaan key saundarya prasaadhan vibhaag seey saundarya prasadhanon kii chori kartaa haye, tou aparaadh gaban naheen balki loot hogi. ack aise mamle key liye joe larkeni aur gaban koo alag karane kii kathinaaee kaa udaaharan detaa haye, dekhein "raajya v. bunkar, "359 aine.see. 246; 607 aiss.ee. 2dee 599 (2005).
uttari carolina apeeliya adalaton ney 1528 mein sansad dwara paarit ack adhiniyam key aadhar parr ack kaanoon kii galat vyakhya karke iss bhram koo badhaa diyaa haye. uttari carolina adalaton ney iss kaanoon kii vyakhya "karmchari dwara chori" naamak aparaadh key roop mein kii haye; ack aisaa aparaadh joe samanya kaanoon kii chori seey alag aur alag thaa. haalaanki, jaisa kii perkins nott kartaa haye, qaanoon kaa uddeshya ack nayaa aparaadh banaana naheen thaa, balki kewal iss baat kii pushti karna thaa kii qaanoon mein varnit kaary samanya kaanoon key tatvon koo puuraa karate hain.
iss kaanoon ney tatkalin uttari carolina coloney key uddeshya koo ack anubandhit sevak aur gulam-adharit raajneetik arthavyavastha key roop mein puuraa kiya. yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii ack anubandhit sevak (yaa koee bhee vyakti joe ack swami key liye shram kii seva key liye baadhya haye, ee.jee.ack gulam) apane malik key shram key liye rinee hoga; aur, yadi way apani anubandhit seva yaa baadhya shram koo gairkaanooni roop seey chhod dete hain, tou way joe shram paida karate hain, yaa tou apane liye (i.ee.swa-niyojit), yaa kissy aur key liye, parivartit maal hoga joe unhone avaidh roop seey apane malik, sahee malik seey liya thaa.
mahatvapurna roop seey (aur ise kaanoon key uddeshya key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye), aise anubandhit sevak yaa daas kaa koee bhee baad kaa niyokta, joe vaastav mein pahale seey maujood malik key liye shram kii seva key liye baadhya thaa, ack aparaadh key galat dund key saath aaropit hoga (yadi yeh saabit hoe jaataa haye kii way jaanate they kii karmchari abhee bhee ack malik key liye anubandhit thaa, yaa ack daas key roop mein swaamitva mein thaa); aur tathya key baad, aparaadh mein, naukar yaa daas key saath ack sahayak key roop mein prabharya; unaki madad karane mein, unhein niyukt karke, avaidh roop seey usa adhikaar koo lene mein joe kanuni roop seey baadhya thaa (malik-sevak sambandh key madhyam seey), anubandhit naukar yaa gulam key malik key liye.
vidhiyaan.
gaban mein kabhi-kabhi gatividhi koo chhipaane key liye abhilekhon kaa galat honah shamil hotaa haye. gaban karane vaale aamtaur parr ack lambe samay taka, ack vyavasthit yaa vyavasthit tareeke seey, apekshaakrit cumm matra mein baar-baar sraav karate hain, halanki kuchh gaban karane vaale ack baar mein ack badee raashi kaa sraav karate hain. kuchh bahut hii safal gaban yojanaaen kaee varshon taka jaari rahee hain, kyonki gabankarta key lenden kii prakriti koo chhipaane key kaushal yaa niveshakon yaa grahakon kaa vishvaas aur vishvaas praapt karane mein unake kaushal key kaaran pataa chalaa haye, joe taba dhana kii nikasi koo majboor karke gabankarta kii vishvasaniyata kaa "pareekshan" karane key liye anichhuk hain.
gaban koo cumm karane key saath bhramit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, joe cumm aaya aur antar koo cumm curr rhaa haye. udaaharan key liye, 2005 mein, seva pradaata aramark key kaee prabandhakon koo purvi sanyukt raajya america mein vending machine sthaanon kii ack shrinkhala seey cumm-reporting laabh paaya gayaa. jabaki pratyek machine seey chori kii gaee raashi apekshaakrit cumm thee, kaee machines seey samay kii avadhi mein lii gaee kull raashi bahut badee thee. kaee chhote samay key gabankartaon dwara niyojit ack takneek koo record koo galat saabit karke cover kiya jaa sakata haye. (udaaharan key liye, ack chhoti raashi koo hataane aur record koo galat saabit karane seey register susangat hoga, jabaki prabandhak laabh koo hataa dega aur float koo chhod dega; yeh vidhi prabhaavi roop seey agale upayogkarta key liye register koo chhota curr degi aur una parr dosh lagaayegi.)
ack anya tarika haye kii ack jhoothaa vikreta khaata banaaya jaae aur company koo gaban kiye jaa rahey jhoothe bilon kii aapoorti kii jaae taaki katauti kiye gaye check poori tarah seey vaidh dikhaai dein. ack aur tarika haye fantum karmchaariyon koo banaana, jinhen phir perol check key saath bhugtan kiya jaataa haye.
baad key dou tarikon koo niyamit lekha pariksha dwara ujagar kiya jaanaa chaahiye, lekin aksar aisaa naheen hotaa haye yadi lekha pariksha paryaapt roop seey gahan naheen haye, kyonki kagji kaarravaai crum mein prateet hoti haye. saarvajanik roop seey karobar karane vaali company koo harr paanch saal mein lekha parikshakon aur lekha pariksha companiyon koo badalana hoga. pahali vidhi seey yeh pataa lagaana aasaan haye kii kyaa sabhi lenden check yaa anya sadhanon dwara kiye gaye hain, lekin yadi kaee lenden nakad mein hain, tou isaki pehchaan karna bahut adhik kathin haye. niyoktaon ney iss samasya seey nipatane key liye kaee ranneetiyaan vikasit kii hain. vaastav mein, nakad rajistaron kaa aavishkaar sirf isi kaaran seey kiya gayaa thaa.
gaban key kuchh sabse jatil (aur sambhaavit roop seey sabse aakarshak) roopon mein ponji jaisi vittiya yojanaaen shamil hain, jahaan shuruati niveshakon koo uchch laabh kaa bhugtan baad key niveshakon seey praapt dhana seey kiya jaataa haye, yeh vishvaas karane mein kii way khud ack uchch-vaapsee nivesh yojana mein pravesh praapt curr rahey hain. madoff nivesh ghotala iss tarah kii uchch-stariya gaban yojana kaa ack udaaharan haye, jahaan yeh aarop lagaaya gayaa haye kii 65 arab dollar kii dhokhadhadi bholi niveshakon aur vittiya sansthanon seey kii gaee thee.
roktham.
aantarik niyantran jaise kii kartavyon kaa prithakkaran gaban key khilaf samanya bachaav haye. udaaharan key liye, ack cinema (cinema) mein, paise sweekaar karane aur grahakon koo theatre mein pravesh dene kaa kaary aamtaur parr dou naukariyon mein vibhajit hotaa haye. ack karmchari tikat bechata haye, aur doosara karmchari tikat letaa haye aur graahak koo theatre mein jaane detaa haye. kyonki computer mein bikri darj kiye binaa tikat naheen chhapa jaa sakata haye (yaa, pahale key samay mein, ack crum-sankhya vaale mudrit tikat kaa upayog kiye binaa), aur graahak binaa tikat key theatre mein pravesh naheen curr sakata haye, inn donon karmchaariyon koo gaban key liye millie-juli karni hogi taaki pataa naa chaley. yeh chori kii sambhavana koo kaafee cumm curr detaa haye, kyonki iss tarah kii sajish kii vyavastha karane mein atirikt kathinaaee aur donon karmchaariyon key beach aaya koo vibhajit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jisase pratyek key liye bhugtan cumm hoe jaataa haye.
gaban koo rokane kaa ack aur spasht tarika haye kii niyamit roop seey aur apratyaashit roop seey ack salaahkaar yaa saunpe gaye vyakti seey dusare koo dhana sthanantarit karna, jaba dhana nikasi yaa upayog key liye upalabdh honah chaahiye, yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii dhana kii "poori raashi" upalabdh haye aur bachat kaa koee ansh usa vyakti dwara gaban naheen kiya gayaa haye jise dhana yaa bachat saunpi gaee haye.
duniya bhar mein.
2020 mein, 37 pratishat karmchari dhokhadhadi aantarik niyantranon kii kamee yaa swatantra jaanch aur lekha pariksha kii kamee key kaaran hui, 18 pratishat aantarik niyantranon koo override karke, 18 pratishat prabandhan sameeksha kii kamee seey, 10 pratishat sheersh prabandhakon dwara nirdhaarit kharaab swar seey aur 17 pratishat anya karanon seey hui.
ingland aur wells.
gaban key aparaadh pahale larkeni adhiniyam 1916 kii dhaara 18 aur 19 dwara banaae gaye they.
gaban key poorv apraadhon koo chori adhiniyam 1968 kii dhaara 1 key vipareet, chori key nae aparaadh dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaataa haye.
sanyukt raajya america.
sanyukt raajya mein, gaban ack vaidhaanik aparaadh haye joe paristhitiyon key aadhar parr, raajya kaanoon, sanghiya kaanoon, yaa donon key tahat ack aparaadh hoe sakata haye, jisamen gaban key aparaadh kii paribhasha adhikaar kshetra key kaanoonon key anusaar bhinn hoe sakati haye jisamen aarop daayar kiye jaate hain. gaban key aparaadh key vishisht tatva usa vyakti dwara kissy anya vyakti kii sampatti kaa dhokhadhadi seey roopaantaran haye jisake paas sampatti kaa kanuni kabja haye.
sanyukt raajya america mein prati varsh gaban key liye 18,000 seey 22,000 giraftariyan huin, aur 2019 mein 13,500 giraftariyan huin. 2009 key ack journal lekh mein anuman lagaaya gayaa kii teen chauthai chikitsa peshevar apane currier mein cumm seey cumm ack baar gaban seey peedit honge.
2018 mein ausat gaban ney 360,000 dollar kii chori kii. 2005-2009 mein anumaanit nuksan (jisamen kaee kii giraftari naheen hui) prati varsh 400 arab dollar thaa. 2018 mein companiyon ney 45 pratishat mamalon mein shulk lagaaya.
85 pratishat ghatnaaon mein ack gabankarta shamil thaa joe prabandhak yaa usase adhik thaa. ausat ghatana mein teen gaban karane vaale shamil they, aur 79 pratishat ghatnaaon mein ack seey adhik gaban karane vaale shamil they. 70 pratishat mamle ack varsh seey adhik samay taka agyaat rahey aur 31 pratishat mamle teen varshon taka chaley. ausat gabankarta ney aathh saal taka company mein kaam kiya thaa. 39 pratishat vittiya peshevar jinhone gaban kaa anubhav kiya thaa, unhone isaki ack poorv ghatana kaa anubhav kiya thaa. gaban key baad, kewal 26 pratishat companiyon ney suraksha aur lekha pariksha kii aavashyaktaaen jodee, 27 pratishat ney lekha pariksha parr kharch mein vriddhi kii, aur 29 pratishat ney apane dhokhadhadi-rodhi niyantranon kii baar-baar sameeksha kii. haalaanki 97 pratishat companiyaan jinhone gaban kaa anubhav kiya thaa, unhein vishvaas thaa kii dhokhadhadi virodhi niyantran apane sthaan parr hain... bhavishya mein gaban koo rokaa jaa sakata haye.