chaap loach

ganit aur arthshastra mein, chaap loach dou diye gaye binduon key beach ack charr key sambandh mein dusare kii loach haye. yeh dou ankon key beach ack charr key pratishat parivartan kaa anupaat haye aur dusare charr key pratishat parivartan kaa anupaat haye. yeh "bindu loach" key vipareet haye, joe chaap loach kii seema haye kyonki dou binduon key beach kii doori shoonya key karib pahunchati haye aur isaliye jise ack jodee binduon key bajaay ack bindu parr paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye.
bindu loach kii tarah, chaap loach praarambhik bindu key aadhar parr moolya mein bhinn hoe sakati haye. udaaharan key liye, utpaad kii keemat key sambandh mein kissy utpaad kii aapoorti kii chaap loach taba badee hoe sakati haye jaba shuruati aur anta donon keematen cumm houn, lekin jaba way donon high.20%/10%=2 houn tou chhoti hoe sakati haye.
sootra.
x" kii "y" chaap loach koo iss prakaar paribhaashit kiya gayaa haih
jahan bindu 1 seey bindu 2 taka jaane mein pratishat parivartan kii ganana aamtaur parr madhya bindu key saapeksh kii jaati haih
madhya bindu chaap loach sootra (parivartan key aadhar key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale madhya bindu key saath, praarambhik bindu ("x" 1 ", y" 1) key bajaay, jiska upayog pratishat kii ganana key liye lagbhag sabhi anya sandarbhon mein kiya jaataa haye) kaa upayog r dwara kiya gayaa thaa. jee. dee. upayog key liye ellen jaba "x" maang yaa aapoorti kii gaee kissy vastu kii matra koo sandarbhit kartaa haye aur "y" nimnalikhit gunon key kaaran isaki keemat koo sandarbhit kartaa haih (1) yeh dou kimaton aur maatraon key sambandh mein samamit haye, (2) yeh maap kii ikaaiyon seey swatantra haye, aur (3) yeh ekataa kaa moolya detaa haye yadi dou binduon parr kull rajaswa (moolya samay matra) barabar haye.
chaap loach kaa upayog taba kiya jaataa haye jaba dou charon key sambandh key liye koee samanya kaary naheen hotaa haye, lekin sambandh parr dou bindu gyaat hotey hain. isake vipareet, bindu loach kii ganana key liye karyatmak sambandh key vistrit gyaan kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur jahaan bhee kaary paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye, usaki ganana kii jaa sakati haye.
tulanaa key liye, "x" kii "y" bindu loach dwara dee jaati haye
arthshastra mein anuprayog.
maang kii gaee matra (yaa aapoorti kii gaee matra) q kii chaap loach kii ganana moolya p key sambandh mein kii jaati haye, jise maang (yaa aapoorti) kii chaap moolya loach key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. 
udaaharan key liye.
maan leejiye kii maang vakr parr dou bindu, sootra _ 6 aur sootra _ 7, gyaat hain. (maang vakr key baare mein aur kuchh naheen jaanaa jaa sakata haye.) phir sootra <br kaa upayog karke chaap loach praapt kii jaati haye>
maan leejiye kii football khelon key aadhe samay mein hott dogg kii maang kii gaee matra koo dou alag-alag khelon mein maapa jaataa haye, jinn parr dou alag-alag keematen lii jaati hainh ack maap parr maang kii gaee matra 80 ikaaiyaan haye, aur dusare maap parr yeh 120 ikaaiyaan haye. ausat key mukabale maapa jaane vaalaa pratishat parivartan (120-80)/(120+80)/2) = 40 pratishat hoga. yadi maap koo vipareet anukram (pahale 120 aur phir 80) mein liya jaataa haye, tou pratishat parivartan kaa poorna moolya samaan hoga.
isake vipareet, yadi maang kii gaee matra mein pratishat parivartan koo praarambhik moolya key viruddh maapa jaataa haye, tou ganana kii gaee pratishat parivartan (120-80)/80 = 50 pratishat hogi. avalokan key vipareet anukram key liye pratishat parivartan, 120 ikaaiyon seey 80 ikaaiyon mein, (80-120)/120 =-33.3% hoga. madhya bindu sootra kaa laabh yeh haye kii a seey b mein pratishat parivartan koo poorna moolya mein maapa jaataa haye jaisa kii b seey a mein ack key samaan hotaa haye.
maan leejiye kii hott dogg kii keemat mein parivartan, jisake kaaran 80 seey 120 taka kii maang kii gaee matra mein yeh parivartan huaa, $3 seey $1 taka thaa. madhya bindu key khilaf maapa gayaa moolya mein pratishat parivartan (1-3)/2 =-100% hoga, isaliye maang kii keemat loach 40%/(-100%) yaa-0.4 haye. iss prakaar football prashansakon kii chaap moolya loach kii maang 0.40 haye.

