
augar

ack augur shaastriya roman duniya mein ack pujari aur adhikaari thaa. unaki mukhya bhoomika aguri kaa abhyaas thaa, joe ack poorv nirdhaarit pavitra sthaan ("templum") key bheetar dekhi gaee ghatnaaon kaa adhyayan karke devtaon kii ichcha kii vyakhya thee. templum" oopar swargiya sthaan key anuroop thaa. augar key nirnay iss baat parr adharit they kii unhone vyaktigat roop seey "templum" key bheetar kyaa dekhaa yaa sunaa; unamen garaj, bijli aur girane vaali vastuon jaise koee bhee aakasmik sanket shamil they, lekin vishesh roop seey, pakshiyon key sanket; chaahe way pakshi samoohon mein udate hue dekhe yaa akele, udate samay unhone kyaa shore kiya, udaan kii disha, way kiss tarah key pakshi they, kitane they, yaa way kaise khilaate they. iss abhyaas koo "tatvavdhan lene" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. choonki paristhitiyaan hamesha jangli pakshiyon yaa mausam kii ghatnaaon key suvidhajanak roop kaa paksh naheen letee theen, iss uddeshya key liye rakhee gaee paltu murgiyon koo kabhi-kabhi templum mein chhod diyaa jaataa thaa, jahaan unake vyavhaar, vishesh roop seey unhein kaise khilaaya jaataa thaa, kaa adhyayan augar dwara kiya jaa sakata thaa.
yuddh, vanijya aur dharm key mamalon sahit roman samaaj mein kissy bhee pramukh upakram-saarvajanik yaa niji-key liye augar kaa augaral samaroh aur kaary kendriya thaa. augers ney kissy bhee prastaavit kaary key baare mein divya ichcha kii maang kii joe rome key "paiks", "fortuna" aur "sallus" (shaanti, saubhagya aur kalyan) koo prabhaavit curr sakati haye.
vyutpatti.
halanki pracheen lekhakon kaa maanana thaa kii "augur" shabd mein "avis" aur "gero" shabd shamil hain-"pakshiyon koo nirdeshit karane" key liye lattin, aitihaasik-bhashai sakshya mool "auge" key bajaay ingit karate hainh "badhaana, samriddh honah".
itihas aur saarvajanik bhoomika.
raajneetik, sainya aur nagrik karyon koo agri aur harspis dwara sweekrit kiya gayaa thaa.
aitihaasik roop seey, varishth magistrates kii or seey college off augers key pujaariyon dwara auguri kaa pradarshan kiya jaataa thaa. yeh abhyaas sambhavatah attruaria key padosi kshetra seey aataa haye, jahan adhikaariyon key roop mein augers kaa atyadhik sammaan kiya jaataa thaa. magistrates koo apane aadhikarik kartavyon key pradarshan key liye aavashyak roop seey augary kaa sanchaalan karane kaa adhikaar thaa. magistrates mein varishth sainya aur nagrik rank shamil they, joe isaliye apane swayam key adhikaar mein dhaarmik karyalaya they, aur magistrate seedhe rome key "paiks", "fortuna" aur "sallus" aur harr usa cheez key liye jimmedaar they joe roman thee.
ack augaral sanskar mein pithasin magistrate ney "auguri kaa adhikaar" ("ius auguri") rakhaa. nantiatio" kaa adhikaar-"exphysia oblativa" (apratyaashit sanket) kii upasthiti kii ghoshana-karyavahak augur key liye aarakshit thaa, jisake liye taba chala rahee kaaryavaahi mein vyavadhaan kii aavashyakta hogi.
rome kaa raajya.
roman itihaaskaar livy ney augers key mahatva parr jore diyaah "kaun naheen jaanata kii iss shahar kii sthaapana kewal tatvavdhan lene key baad kii gaee thee, kii yuddh aur shaanti mein, desh aur videsh mein, sub kuchh tatvavdhan lene key baad hii kiya gayaa thaa?"
509 eesaa poorv key anta mein, raaj-kaal mein, parampara yeh maanati haye kii ack samay mein teen augers they; teesari shatabdi eesaa poorv taka unaki sankhya nau thee; sulla ney unaki sankhya badhaakar pandrah curr dee. pradhaan dwara, unaki sankhya aur bhee badhkar anumaanit 25 sadasyon taka pahunch gaee.
roman ganarajya.
gantantra key dauran, purohiton koo vanijya-paramarsh, censorship aur vijay key roop mein bahut adhik moolyavaan maanaa jaataa thaa. sadasyata ney "ludy" aur saarvajanik bhojon mein pramukhta seey bhaag lene kaa aajivan adhikaar diyaa; augers ney garv seey karyalaya key prateek, "litus" koo pradarshit kiya.
roman augers pujaariyon key ack college (lattin "collegium") kaa hissa they joe pada key kartavyon aur jimmedariyon koo saajha karate they. 510 eesaa poorv mein ganarajya kii neenv parr, patrickians ney iss karyalaya parr ekmatra daavaa kiya; 300 eesaa poorv taka, karyalaya bhee lock-adhikaar vaale vyavasaay key liye khula thaa. collegium" key varishth sadasyon ney kissy bhee riktiyon key liye namankan kiye, aur sadasyon ney kise saha-chayan karane key liye matdan kiya.
cicero key anusaar, "ius augurum" key "octoritas" mein kaanoon kii prakriya koo sthagit karane aur palatane kaa adhikaar shamil thaah rajanyik chunaav udghaatan truti dwara amaanya hoe sakata thaa-aur thaa-. sisro key liye, isane augar koo ganarajya mein sabse shaktishali pradhikaran banaa diyaa. sisro koo apane currier mein dair seey hii college mein saha-chunaa gayaa thaa.
baad key ganarajya mein, auguri kii dekhrekh "pontifis" key college dwara kii gaee thee, ack pujari-jadugar karyalaya jisaki shaktiyon koo teji seey "cursus onram" mein bunaa gayaa thaa. pontifax maximus" kaa karyalaya antatah ack "vaastavik" rajanyik visheshaadhikaar bunn gayaa.
roman samrajya.
auguri kii prabhavsheelta koo kewal purvavyaapi roop seey aanka jaa sakata thaa; shaanti kii ishwariya roop seey nirdhaarit sthiti ("paiks deorum") safal auguri kaa parinam thaa. jinake karyon ney divya krodh ("iraa devaram") koo janm diyaa thaa, unake paas aguri ("ius auguram") kaa sachcha adhikaar naheen hoe sakata thaa. grihyuddh key sabhi nayakon mein seey kewal octavian key paas yeh hoe sakata thaa, kyonki akele unhone roman logon koo "paiks deorum" bahaal kiya thaa. princet key dauran likhate hue, lucan ney haal key grih yuddh koo "apraakritik" key roop mein varnit kiya-joe mahaan brahmand mein alaukik gadbadi kaa darpan haye. unaki kalpana shaahi panth key kattar samarthak dwara paaramparik siddhanton aur isaki vyaapak vyakhya key liye upayukt haye. stoic cosmology mein "paiks deorum" maanav mamalon mein praakritik vyavastha kii abhivyakti haye.
jaba unake sahayogi lapidus kii mrityu hoe gaee, tou augustus ney "pontifax maximus" key roop mein apana pada grahan kiya, raajya key daivagyon (sibilin pustakon sahit) parr purohit niyantran leey liya, aur "apramaanit" daivagyon key prasaar koo dabaane key liye apani shaktiyon kaa upayog sensor key roop mein kiya.
samrajya key tahat raajneetik prabhaav kii kamee key bavjood, apane saathi "kwatur emplicima collegia" key saath, augret ney apane sadasyon koo pratishtha pradaan karna jaari rakhaa.
augers, "auguria" aur "assosis".
pracheen rome mein "auguria" (augaral sanskar) koo "sanskar" ("pavitra cheejen" yaa "sanskar") key saath santulan mein maanaa jaataa thaa aur yeh ekmatra tarika naheen thaa jisake dwara devtaon ney apani ichcha kaa pataa lagaaya.
augers publici" (saarvajanik augers) kewal raajya seey sambandhit mamalon seey sambandhit hain. augar kii bhoomika raajaon key simhaasan parr baithane, magistrates aur pramukh "pavitra vyaktiyon" key apane karyon (udghaatan) aur sabhi saarvajanik udyamon key liye pravesh jaise kuchh karyon key baare mein devtaon kii ichcha seey paramarsh aur vyakhya karane kii thee. yeh kahane key liye paryaapt thaa kii agur yaa magistrate ney comitia key deekshant samaroh koo nilambit karane key liye ack taali sunee thee.
choonki "aguria public" aur magistrates key udghaatan raajneetik jeevan seey sakhti seey judey hue hain, isaliye yeh girawat aur durvyavahar key baare mein laaya joe pragatisheel aur aparivartaniya patan kii ninda karate hain, jisase ise sabhi dhaarmik moolyon seey hataa diyaa jaataa haye.
pracheen parampara.
verro key anusaar, unake samay seey pahale augers ney paanch prakaar key kshetron koo alag kiya thaah agger romanus, agger gabinus, agger peregrinus, agger hosticus, agger inserts. yeye bhed spasht roop seey latium key pragaitihasik kaal kii or ishara karate hain aur auguri kii kalaa kii pracheen gunavatta kii gawahi dete hain.
jass augurel" (augaral low) sakhti seey gupt thaa, isaliye samarohon aur anushthaanon key takniki pahaluon key baare mein bahut cumm darj kiya gayaa haye. hamaare paas kewal kuchh "auguria" key naam hainh
augurium" aur "assisisium" shabdon kaa upayog pracheen lekhakon dwara udaseen roop seey kiya jaataa haye. aadhunik vidvaanon ney iss mudde parr vistaar seey bahas kii haye lekin way ack vishisht paribhasha khojane mein whiffle rahey hain joe sabhi gyaat mamalon key liye hoe sakati haye. iss tarah key vichaaron seey dumazil sochata haye kii donon shabd vaastav mein ack hii dhaarmik kaary key dou pahaluon koo sandarbhit karate hainh
verro key shabdon mein "egere augurium, avus spit", "augurium kaa sanchaalan karane key liye", unhone pakshiyon kaa nireekshan kiya.
shreniyaan.
tatvavdhan koo dou shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaah manushya dwara anurodh kiya gayaa ("impetrativa") aur devtaon dwara swatah prastut kiya gayaa ("oblativa"). impetrativa" aur "oblativa" donon koo aage paanch upvargon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih
pakshiyon kii kewal kuchh prajaatiyan ("avus augerals") vaidh sanket dey sakati hain jinka arth prajaatiyon key anusaar bhinn hoga. unamen kauve, kathfodwa, ullu, ausifrage aur cheel they.
pakshiyon key sanketon koo udaan seey "alite" aur aavaaj seey "auskin" mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaah "alite" mein akash kaa kshetra, oonchaai aur udaan kaa prakaar, pakshi kaa vyavhaar aur vaha sthaan shamil thaa jahan vaha aaraam karane key liye aayega. auskin" mein dhwani kii pitch aur disha shamil thee.
anushthaan.
spectio" (tatvavdhan kaa avalokan) key adhikaar key saath kaanoon dwara sampann magistrate "tatvavdhan aaveg" ("anurodhit" yaa "vaanchhit" tatvavdhan; oopar dekhein) lene seey pahale anurodhit "tatvavdhan" (avalokan munch) sthaapit karenge. templum", yaa pavitra sthaan jisake bheetar operation hoga, usey sthaapit aur seemankit kiya jaanaa thaa (yeh vargakar honah chaahiye aur kewal ack pravesh dwaar honah chaahiye) aur shuddh ("ephari", "libraer").
samaroh key avalokan bhaag kii shuruat karane vaale anurodhit aashray key uchchaaran koo "legum dictio" kahaa jaataa thaa. avalokan kii sthitiyaan kathor theen aur operation kii vaidhata key liye poorna maun kii aavashyakta thee. takniki roop seey akash koo chaar vargon yaa kshetron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaah "dextera", "sinistra", "antica" aur "postica" (daaen, baaen, poorv aur pashch).
logon key udghaatan key anushthaan key prototype kaa varnan raajaa numba pompilius key udghaatan key livy key vivaran mein kiya gayaa haih augur jupiter seey poochata haih "see phaas est" (i.ee. yadi aisaa karna divya nyaay haye)... mujhe ack nishchit "sanket" (sanket) bhejen, phir augar ney "aashray" koo soochibaddh kiya jise vaha dekhana chaahata thaa. jaba way dikhaai diye tou unhein raajaa ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa.
vareeyata.
choonki avalokan jatil thaa, isaliye sanketon key beach sangharsh aam thaa. sanketon key beach ack padanukram taiyar kiya gayaa thaah ee.jee. ukaab seey ack sanket kathfodwa aur ausifrage (paaraa) seey usa parr prabal hoga.
ganarajya kii pichhali shataabdiyon key dauran "aiks kelo" aur "aiks tripudis" ney anya prakaron kaa sthaan leey liya, kyonki anya roopon kaa aasaani seey dhokhadhadi key tareeke seey upayog kiya jaa sakata thaa.ee. poochhane vaale vyakti kii ichcha key anuroop jhukana.
cicero ney dhokhadhadi key upayog kii ninda kii aur apane samay key sanketon dwara siddhant key gyaan key star mein girawat kii ninda kii, lekin vaastav mein agale upa-khand mein varnit nakaratmak sanketon kii chori seey durupyog vikasit huaa.
chori.
sanketon kii vyakhya vishal aur jatil thee, aur magistrates ney nakaratmak sanketon seey lakvagrast honey seey bachane key liye surakshaatmak chaalen apnai. nakaratmak "aashray oblativa" key khilaf sweekaar kii gaee prakriyaon mein shamil hainh
etus navius.
rome mein maujood anya divya prathaon key vipareet (ee.jee. haraspicina, libri sibilini) roman auguri kaa paramarsh autochthonus aur poorv-aitihaasik, mool roop seey lattin yaa itailik prateet hotaa haye, aur anya lattin janjaatiyon key beach igvin table ("avif asseria") mein satyaapit kiya gayaa haye.
rome kii neenv kii kahani yaa kinvadanti auguri parr adharit haye. akash aur pakshiyon key avalokan key madhyam seey devtaon kii ichcha kaa nirdhaaran. romulus aur raymus ney vaastav mein augers key roop mein kaam kiya aur romulus koo unake poore jeevan key dauran ack mahaan augers maanaa jaataa thaa.
kalaa kaa sabse achchha pratinidhitva aur chitran karane vaalaa charitra atas navius thaa. unaki kahani sisro dwara sambandhit haih
unakaa janm ack bahut hii garib parivaar mein huaa thaa. ack dinn usane apana ack suar khou diyaa. phir usane devtaon seey vaadaa kiya kii aggar usey yeh mill gayaa, tou vaha unhein apane daakh kii baari mein ugane vaale sabse badey angur kii peshkash karega. apana suar thheek karane key baad vaha apane angur key yard key beach mein dakshin kii or khadaa thaa. unhone akash koo chaar bhaagon mein vibhajit kiya aur pakshiyon koo dekhaah jaba way dikhaai diye tou unhone usa disha mein chalana shuru kiya aur ack asadharan badaa angur paaya joe unhone devtaon koo chadhaaya.
unaki kahani turant prasiddh hoe gaee aur vaha raajaa kaa agur bunn gayaa (raajaa tarquinius key saath prakaran key oopar dekhein joe livy dwara varnit haye). abb seey unhein aggers kaa sanrakshak maanaa jaataa thaa.

