
bingo matdan

bingo woating pardarshi, surakshit, anta seey anta taka lekhapareeksha yogya chunaavon key liye ack electronic matdan yojana haye. ise 2007 mein carlsruhe praudyogiki sansthaan (kitt) key gupt lipi vigyaan aur suraksha sansthaan (aaee. key. aiss.) mein gens-mathias bohli, jorn muller-kwad aur stephen rohrik dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa.
yaadrichhik sankhya kaa upayog maton koo darj karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. iss yojana key kendra mein electronic matdan machines key saath matdan kendron mein vishvasaniya yaadrichhik sankhya utpann karane vaale upkaranon kaa upayog haye. isake kagji raseeden bhee mahatvapurna hain, joe yeh khulasa naheen karati hain kii vote kaise daala gayaa thaa, aur isaliye vote khareedane aur dhamki dene mein baadha daalati hain, phir bhee matdaataon koo yeh jaanchne kii anumati detee hain kii unakaa vote sahee tareeke seey ginaa gayaa thaa.
yeh yojana chunaav parinam kii shuddhata koo kewal yaadrichhik sankhya generators kii akhandata parr nirbhar karane key liye satyaapit karane kii anumati detee haye (isaliye "vishvasaniya"); shuddhata kaa pramaan electronic matdan machines kii akhandata parr nirbhar naheen kartaa haye, phir bhee cumm saabit karane kii aavashyakta haye.
matdaataon parr koee vishesh maang naheen rakhee jaati haye, aur naa hii matpatron kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. halanki, chunaav parinam key liye dhokhadhadi kii chunautiyon koo rokane key liye ack vishesh aavashyakta haye, raseedon key liye akshamya kagaj kaa upayog karna.
chunaav seey pahale.
chunaav seey pahale, "nakali maton", yaadrichhik sankhya kaa ack pool utpann hotaa haye. pratyek ummidwar key liye jitani sankhyaaen utpann hoti hain, utani hii sankhyaaen matadaata hoti hain. pratyek nakali vote koo ack gupt lipi sambandhi pratibaddhata yojana kaa upayog karke kootbaddh kiya jaataa haye-joe nakali voton koo "seelband lifaafon" mein rakhane key samaan haye."sabhi pratibaddhataon (encrypted dummy vote) kii ack soochi taba ack pramaan key saath prakaashit kii jaati haye kii sabhi ummidvaaron koo dummy vote samaan roop seey vitarit kiye jaate hain.
atirikt "ummidvaaron" koo virodh maton kaa samarthan karane key liye paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye, "uparokt mein seey koee bhee" mutt, aadi naheen.
matdan key dauran.
matdan kendra mein ack matadaata sambandhit matdan machine button dabaakar apane pasandida ummidwar kaa chayan kartaa haye. booth mein ack yaadrichhik sankhya utpann karane vaalaa upkaran phir ack taaja yaadrichhik sankhya utpann kartaa haye, ise pradarshit kartaa haye, aur ise matdan machine koo paarit kartaa haye, joe ise chayanit ummidwar koo aavantit kartaa haye. anya sabhi ummidvaaron key liye matdan machine yaadrichhik roop seey nakali vote pool seey ummidwar key nakali voton mein seey ack kaa chayan karati haye. ack nakali vote kaa upayog kewal ack baar kiya jaataa haye. ack matpatra mein, pratyek ummidwar key liye ack yaadrichhik sankhya hoti haye.
matdan machine matadaata koo ummidvaaron aur unake nirdhaarit yaadrichhik nambaron koo soochibaddh karane vaali ack mudrit raseed jaari karati haye. isaliye, booth chhodane seey pahale, matadaata yaadrichhik sankhya generator dwara pradarshit sankhya key saath raseed parr chune gaye ummidwar kii sankhya kii tulanaa karke yeh jaanch curr sakata haye kii vote sahee dhang seey darj kiya gayaa thaa.
raseed mein yeh naheen dikhaaya gayaa haye kii matadaata ney kaise matdan kiya kyonki matdan kendra mein jaari gair-nakali yaadrichhik sankhya pool seey nikaale gaye nakali maton seey aprabhedya haye. pool mein nakali vote chhipe rahate hain ("naa khole gaye" pratibaddhataon mein).
matdan key baad.
chunaav key baad sabhi matpatra ack krambaddh soochi mein prakaashit kiye jaate hain (way matdan key dauran, vaastavik samay mein prakaashit kiye jaa sakate hain). saath hii, sabhi aprayukt nakali maton kaa khulasa kiya jaataa haye (pratibaddhataon koo "khola" jaataa haye) aur prakaashit kiya jaataa haye.
chunaav kaa parinam inn aprayukt nakali maton kii sankhya seey praapt hotaa haih choonki ack ummidwar key liye ack mutt ack aprayukt nakali mutt mein parinam detaa haye, isaliye ack ummidwar kii sankhya koo usake aprayukt nakali maton kii sankhya key barabar honah chaahiye joe gair-matdaataon kii sankhya seey cumm haye. gair-matdaataon kii sankhya mool roop seey pratyek ummidwar key liye utpann nakali maton kii sankhya aur prakaashit matpatron kii sankhya key beach kaa antar haye.
anta mein, chunaav kii shuddhata-yeh tathya kii pratyek daale gaye matpatra mein bilkul ack gair-nakali vote hotaa haye aur pratyek aprakaashit nakali vote kaa upayog kewal ack matpatra parr kiya jaataa thaa-shoonya gyaan pramanon key madhyam seey saabit hotaa haye joe abhee bhee yeh prakat naheen kartaa haye kii pratyek vote kise diyaa gayaa thaa. pramaan prakaashit kiye jaate hain.
matadaata swayam koo aashvast curr sakate hain kii unake mutt kii ginati matpatron kii prakaashit soochi mein unaki raseed paakar kii gaee thee. koee bhee prakaashit soochiyon aur pramanon koo dekh sakata haye aur parinam koo satyaapit curr sakata haye.
vishvasaniya yaadrichhik sankhya generator.
vote kii gopaniyata, yeh tathya kii mudrit raseed seey yeh pataa naheen chalata haye kii vote kaise daala gayaa thaa, matdan kendra mein utpann sankhya parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii unhein paryaapt yaadrichhik roop seey pahachaana naheen jaa sakata haye.
yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii matdaataon koo booth mein utpann sankhya kii yaadrichhikta mein vishvaas haye, bingo matdan vidhi key lekhakon kaa sujhaav haye kii ack saral, pardarshi yaadrichhik sankhya generator kaa upayog kiya jaae, jaise kii ack yaantrik "bingo" sankhya generator, ack kataai pinjare key ander kramaankit gendon key saath prakaar (isaliye vidhi kaa naam). samvedak kaa upayog utpann sankhya koo padhane aur ise matdan machine koo dene key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. iss tarah key samadhan mein matdaataon kaa vishvaas adhik hoga lekin yeh avyaavhaarik hoe sakata haye. ack vaastavik jeevan kii pariksha mein, ack chhaatr sansad chunaav mein, lekhakon ney yaadrichhik sankhya generator key roop mein sanshodhit smart card pathakon kaa upayog kiya.
chunaav pradhikaran dwara utpann sankhya kaa anuman naheen lagaaya jaa sakata haye, yeh chunaav kii shuddhata key pramaan key liye poorv shart haih kewal tabhi jaba yaadrichhik sankhya generator parr bharosa kiya jaa sakey, tou yeh shuddhata kaa pramaan maanya haye. ack lekhak yeh baat kahata haye kii ack alag yaadrichhik sankhya generator koo ack matdan machine kii tulanaa mein herfer seey adhik prabhaavi dhang seey sanrakshit kiya jaa sakata haye.
dhyaan dein kii yaadrichhik sankhya kii yaadrichhikta kii jaanch chunaav key baad kii jaa sakati haye kyonki way sabhi prakaashit hainh poorv-utpann nakali mutt yaa tou upayog kiye jaate hain, yaani way matpatron parr dikhaai dete hain, yaa aprayukt aur matdan key baad prakaashit hotey hain. matdan key dauran matdan kendron mein utpann sabhi sankhyaaen matpatron parr hoti hain.
sudhaar.
carlsruhe praudyogiki sansthaan mein christian heinrich dwara 2012 kii phd thesis, mool lekhakon mein seey ack, jorn muller-kwad dwara paryavekshit, bingo matdan mein kaee parivartanon aur vriddhi kaa prastaav karati haih
aur behtar vidhi kii suraksha aur upayogyata kaa vishleshan pradaan kartaa haye.
ack anya 2012 kaa pepper, carmen kempka dwara, joe kitt mein ack shodhkarta bhee hain, ney shuddhata yaa jabardasti pratirodh key satyapan koo baadhit kiye binaa likhane vaale ummidvaaron kaa samarthan karane key liye bingo matdan key liye ack vistaar kaa prastaav rakhaa haye, halanki yeh ack vishvasaniya pradhikaran parr nirbhar kartaa haye.