
cartasian vritt

cartasian vritt (jise arnauld key vritt key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) francisi daarshanik rene descartes key galat golakar tark kaa ack udaaharan haye. unhone tark diyaa kii ishwar kaa astitva vishvasaniya dhaarana seey saabit hotaa haye, jisaki guaranti swayam bhagwan dwara dee jaati haye.
tark.
descartes kaa tark haye-udaaharan key liye, apane "pratham darshan parr dhyaan" key teesare bhaag mein-kii joe kuchh bhee spasht roop seey aur spasht roop seey samajhata haye vaha sach haih "abb main ise ack samanya niyam key roop mein rakhane mein saksham prateet hotaa huun kii joe kuchh bhee main bahut spasht roop seey aur spasht roop seey samajhata huun vaha sach haye" (vii 35 parr). vaha usee dhyaan mein ack paropkari bhagwan key astitva key liye bahas karane key liye jaataa haye, taaki pahale dhyaan mein apane sandehpurna tark koo haraaya jaa sakey kii bhagwan ack dhokhebaaz hoe sakata haye. taba vaha kahata haye kii bhagwan key astitva key baare mein usake gyaan key binaa, uska koee bhee gyaan nishchit naheen hoe sakata thaa.
cartasian vritt uparokt kii ack aalochana haye joe iss roop mein letaa haih
kaee tippanikaron ney, usa samay key decartes ney likhaa thaa aur taba seey, tark diyaa haye kii isamen ack paripatra tark shamil haye, kyonki vaha ishwar key astitva key liye bahas karane key liye spashtata aur vishishtata key siddhant parr nirbhar kartaa haye, aur phir daavaa kartaa haye kii bhagwan usake spasht aur vishisht vichaaron key guaranter hain.
descart key samkaaleen.
iss aalochana koo uthaane vaalaa pahala vyakti marin mersen thaa, joe "dhyaan" key liye "apattiyon key dusare sett" mein thaah
aap abhee taka bhagwan key astitva key baare mein nishchit naheen hain, aur aap kahate hain kii aap kissy bhee cheez key baare mein nishchit naheen hain. isase yeh pataa chalata haye kii aap abhee taka spasht roop seey aur spasht roop seey naheen jaanate hain kii aap ack vichaarsheel cheej hain, kyonki, aapke apane sweekaar parr, kii gyaan ack maujooda bhagwan key spasht gyaan parr nirbhar kartaa haye; aur yeh aapane usa maarg mein saabit naheen kiya haye jahan aap nishkarsh nikaalate hain kii aap spasht roop seey jaanate hain kii aap kyaa hain. (vii 124-125 parr)
antoine ernauld decartes key virodhiyon mein seey ack aur thaa, isi tarah yeh tark dete hue kii bhagwan key astitva kaa upayog yeh saabit karane key liye naheen kiya jaa sakata haye kii joe spasht roop seey aur spasht roop seey samajhata haye vaha sach haye.
iss aalochana key liye descart kii apani pratikriya, apani "apattiyon key chauthe samooh key liye lekhak key jawabon" mein, sabse pahale vaha denaa haye joe smriti pratikriya key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye; vaha ingit kartaa haye kii paanchven dhyaan mein (vii 69-70 parr) usane yeh naheen kahaa kii usey apane spasht aur vishisht vichaaron key satya kii guaranti dene key liye bhagwan kii aavashyakta thee, kewal apani smriti kii guaranti key liyeh
jaba maine kahaa kii humm taba taka kuchh bhee nishchit roop seey naheen zaan sakate jaba taka kii humm yeh naheen jaanate kii bhagwan maujood hain, tou maine spasht roop seey ghoshana kii kii main kewal una nishkarshon key gyaan key baare mein boll rhaa thaa jinhen yaad kiya jaa sakata haye jaba humm abb una tarkon parr dhyaan naheen dey rahey hain jinake madhyam seey hamane unhein anuman lagaaya thaa. (vii 140 parr)
doosara, vaha spasht roop seey iss baat seey incar kartaa haye kii "kogito" ack anuman haih "jaba koee kahata haye kii 'main soch rhaa huun, isaliye main huun, yaa main maujood huun' tou vaha ack shabdansh key madhyam seey vichaar seey astitva kaa anuman naheen lagaata haye, lekin ise munn key ack saral antargyaan dwara kuchh swayam-spasht key roop mein pahachaantaa haye" (vii 140 parr). anta mein, vaha ingit karate hain kii spasht aur vishisht vichaaron kii nishchitata ishwar kii guaranti (vii 145-146 parr) parr nirbhar naheen karati haye. vishesh roop seey "kogito" aatm-satyapan, nirvivaad, sabse majboot sandeh key liye pratirakshit haye.
aadhunik tippanikar.
bernard williams smriti raksha koo iss prakaar prastut karate hainh "jaba koee vaastav mein kissy diye gaye prastaav koo antargyaan curr rhaa hotaa haye, tou isamen koee sandeh naheen haye kii uska manoranjan kiya jaa sakata haye. isaliye jaba koee prastaav koo sahaj roop seey naheen samajh rhaa hoe tou kissy bhee sandeh parr vichaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye."vaha tark dete hue aage badhate hainh" descartes kii pranali key saath samasya yeh naheen haye kii yeh golakar haye; naa hii yeh kii bhagwan key pramaan aur spasht aur spasht dhaaranaon key beach koee avaidh sambandh haye...] pareshani yeh haye kii ishwar key pramaan amaanya hain aur jaba way antargyaan mein bataae jaa rahey houn taba bhee unhein samajhaate naheen hain."
jaisa kii andrea christophido bataate hainh
yahaan upayukt antar yeh haye kii "sangyanatmak" aur "vaigyaanik" key beach; donon hii satya hain aur unakaa khandan naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin baad vaalaa "vastunishth roop seey" satya aur nishchit haye (ishwar kii guaranti key saath), jabaki pahala "vyaktiparak roop seey" satya aur nishchit haye, arthaat, samaybaddh, aur vastunishth roop seey sambhav haye (aur ishwar kii guaranti kii aavashyakta naheen haye).
vrittakarta key aarop key khilaf decarts kaa ack aur bachaav hairi frankfurt dwara apani pustak "rakshason, swapnadarshi aur pagal" mein vikasit kiya gayaa haye. frankfurt kaa sujhaav haye kii ishwar key astitva key liye aur kaaran kii vishvasaniyata key liye descart key tarkon kaa uddeshya yeh saabit karna naheen haye kii unake nishkarsh sach hain, balki yeh dikhaane key liye haye kii kaaran unhein prerit kartaa haye. iss prakaar, ack paropkari bhagwan key astitva koo pradarshit karane mein asamarth honey key liye isaki vaidhata seey incar karane key bajaay isaki apani vaidhata kii pushti karane key liye kaaran koo pramaanit kiya jaataa haye.

