jansankhya vyutkram

bhautiki mein, vishesh roop seey saankhyikiya yantriki mein, ack jansankhya vyutkram taba hotaa haye jaba ack pranali (jaise parmaanuon yaa anuon kaa ack samooh) ack aisee sthiti mein maujood hoti haye jisamen pranali key adhik sadasya nimn, aprerit oorjaa sthitiyon kii tulanaa mein uchch, uttejit avasthaon mein hotey hain. ise "vyutkram" kahaa jaataa haye kyonki kaee parichit aur aam taur parr saamane aaney vaali bhautik pranaliyon mein, yeh sambhav naheen haye. yeh avadharana lazer vigyaan mein maulik mahatva kii haye kyonki jansankhya vyutkram kaa utpaadan ack maanak lazer key kamkaj mein ack aavashyak kadam haye.
boltzman vitaran aur taapiya santulan.
jansankhya vyutkram kii avadharana koo samajhane key liye, kuchh ushmaagatiki aur prakaash key padaarth key saath baatchit karane key tareeke koo samajhana aavashyak haye. aisaa karane key liye, ack lazer madhyam banaane vaale parmaanuon kii ack bahut hii saral assembly parr vichaar karna upayogi haye.
maan leejiye kii "aine" parmaanuon kaa ack samooh haye, jinamen seey pratyek dou oorjaa avasthaon mein seey ack mein honey mein saksham haih yaa tou
inn parmaanuon kii sankhya joe jamini avastha mein hain, "n" 1 dwara dee jaati haye, aur uttejit avastha mein sankhya "n" 2. kyonki kull milakar "n" paramanu hain,
donon avasthaon key beach oorjaa antar, dwara diyaa gayaa
prakaash kii visheshta aavritti sootra _ 3 nirdhaarit kartaa haye joe parmaanuon key saath antahkriya karega; yeh sambandh dwara diyaa jaataa haye
"aich" plank kaa sthiraank haye.
yadi parmaanuon kaa samooh taapiya santulan mein haye, tou maxwell-boltzman aankadon seey yeh dikhaaya jaa sakata haye kii pratyek avastha mein parmaanuon kii sankhya kaa anupaat dou boltzman vitaran, boltzman kaarak key anupaat seey diyaa jaataa haih
jahan "t" parmaanuon key samooh kaa ushmaagatikiya tapman haye, aur "k" boltzman kaa sthiraank haye.
humm ack oorjaa antar δ "e" key liye kamare key tapman ("t" ± 300k) parr donon avasthaon kii aabaadi key anupaat kii ganana curr sakate hain joe drishya prakaash (ν ± 5 × 1014 heartz) key anuroop aavritti key prakaash seey mell khaata haye. iss mamle mein δ "e" = "e" 2-"e" 1 ± 2.07 EV, aur "kt" ± 0.026 EV. choonki "e" 2-"e" 1 "kt", yeh iss prakaar haye kii uparokt sameekaran mein ghatank kaa tark ack badee rinaatmak sankhya haye, aur iss tarah "n" 2/"n" 1 gayab hoe rhaa haye; i.ee.uttejit avastha mein lagbhag koee paramanu naheen hotey hain. jaba taapiya santulan mein hotaa haye, tou yeh dekhaa jaataa haye kii nimn oorjaa avastha uchch oorjaa avastha kii tulanaa mein adhik aabaadi vaali hoti haye, aur yeh pranali kii samanya sthiti haye. jaise-jaise "tii" badhata haye, uchch-oorjaa avastha ("aine" 2 ") mein electrons kii sankhya badhati haye, lekin taapiya santulan parr ack pranali key liye" aine "2 kabhi bhee" aine "1 seey adhik naheen hotaa haye; balki, anant tapman parr, jansankhya" aine "2 aur" aine "1 barabar hoe jaate hain. dusare shabdon mein, ack jansankhya vyutkram ("aine" 2/"aine" 1> 1) kabhi bhee taapiya santulan parr ack pranali key liye maujood naheen hoe sakata haye. jansankhya vyutkram praapt karane key liye isaliye pranali koo ack gair-santulit sthiti mein dhakelane kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
dravya key saath prakaash kii antahkriya.
parmaanuon aur prakaash kii pranali key beach teen prakaar kii sambhaavit antahkriyaaen hain joe ruchi kii hainh
avashoshan.
yadi aavritti ν12 kaa prakaash (photon) parmaanuon key samooh seey gujarta haye, tou prakaash key electrons dwara avashoshit honey kii sambhavana haye joe jamini sthiti mein hain, jisase way uchch oorjaa sthiti key liye uttejit honge. avashoshan kii darr prakaash key vikiran ghanatva key samanupati haye, aur vartamaan mein jamini sthiti mein parmaanuon kii sankhya, "n" 1 key samanupati haye.
swatahsfurt utsarjan.
yadi paramanu uttejit avastha mein hain, tou bhoo-avastha mein swatahsfurt kshay kii ghatanaaen "aine" 2, uttejit avastha mein parmaanuon kii sankhya key samanupati darr seey hongi. donon avasthaon key beach oorjaa antar δ "e" 21 paramanu seey aavritti ν21 key photon key roop mein utsarjit hotaa haye jaisa kii oopar aavritti-oorjaa sambandh dwara diyaa gayaa haye.
photon yaadrichhik roop seey utsarjit hotey hain, aur uttejit parmaanuon key samooh seey utsarjit photon key beach koee nishchit charan sambandh naheen hotaa haye; dusare shabdon mein, sahaj utsarjan asangat haye. anya prakriyaon key abhaav mein, samay "tii" parr uttejit avastha mein parmaanuon kii sankhya, dwara dee jaati haye
jahan "n" 2 (0) samay "t" = 0 parr uttejit parmaanuon kii sankhya haye, aur τ21 donon avasthaon key beach sankraman kaa "ausat jivankal" haye.
uttejit utsarjan.
yadi koee paramanu pahale seey hii uttejit avastha mein haye, tou yeh ack photon key maarg seey uttejit hoe sakata haye jisaki aavritti ν21 haye joe uttejit avastha seey jamini avastha mein sankraman key oorjaa antaral δ "e" key anuroop haye. iss mamle mein, uttejit paramanu jameen kii sthiti mein aaraam kartaa haye, aur yeh aavritti ν21 kaa doosara photon utpann kartaa haye. mool photon paramanu dwara avashoshit naheen hotaa haye, aur isaliye parinam ack hii aavritti key dou photon hotey hain. iss prakriya koo "uttejit utsarjan" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
vishesh roop seey, ack uttejit paramanu ack chhote vidyut dwidhruv kii tarah kaary karega joe pradaan kiye gaye baahari kshetra key saath dolan karega. iss dolan key parinamon mein seey ack yeh haye kii yeh electrons koo sabse cumm oorjaa avastha mein kshay karane key liye protsaahit kartaa haye. jaba aisaa kissy photon seey vidyut chumbakiya kshetra kii upasthiti key kaaran hotaa haye, tou ack photon usee charan aur disha mein jaari kiya jaataa haye joe "uttejak" photon key roop mein hotaa haye, aur ise uttejit utsarjan kahaa jaataa haye.
jiss darr seey uttejit utsarjan hotaa haye, vaha uttejit avastha mein parmaanuon kii sankhya "aine" 2 aur prakaash key vikiran ghanatva key samanupati haye. ack uttejit paramanu mein uttejit utsarjan kaa kaaran banane vaale photon kii aadhar sambhavana koo albert einstein dwara dikhaaya gayaa thaa kii yeh jameen kii sthiti mein ack paramanu dwara avashoshit honey vaali photon kii sambhavana key barabar haye. isaliye, jaba bhoomi mein parmaanuon kii sankhya aur uttejit avasthaaen samaan hoti hain, tou uttejit utsarjan kii darr kissy diye gaye vikiran ghanatva key liye avashoshan kii darr key barabar hoti haye.
uttejit utsarjan kaa mahatvapurna vivaran yeh haye kii prerit photon kii aavritti aur charan aapatit photon key samaan hotaa haye. dusare shabdon mein, donon photon susangat hain. yeh vaha guna haye joe optical pravardhan aur lazer pranali key utpaadan kii anumati detaa haye. ack lazer key sanchaalan key dauran, oopar varnit teenon prakaash-padaarth antahkriyaaen hoe rahee hain. shuru mein, parmaanuon koo neeche varnit "pumping" naamak prakriya dwara jamini avastha seey uttejit avastha mein sakriya kiya jaataa haye. inmein seey kuchh paramanu swatahsfurt utsarjan key madhyam seey kshay hotey hain, jisase asangat prakaash aavritti key photon key roop mein jaari hotaa haye, ν. inn photons koo lazer madhyam mein vaapas diyaa jaataa haye, aamtaur parr ack optical anunaad dwara. inmein seey kuchh photon jamini avastha mein parmaanuon dwara avashoshit kiye jaate hain, aur photon lazer prakriya mein khou jaate hain. halanki, kuchh photon uttejit avastha parmaanuon mein uttejit utsarjan kaa kaaran banate hain, jisase ack aur susangat photon nikalata haye. vaastav mein, isake parinamswarup "optical amplification" hotaa haye.
yadi prati ikai samay mein pravardhit kiye jaa rahey photons kii sankhya avashoshit kiye jaa rahey photons kii sankhya seey adhik haye, tou shuddh parinam photons kii lagaatar badhati sankhya haye; lazer madhyam koo ekataa seey adhik laabh honey key liye kahaa jaataa haye.
oopar diye gaye avashoshan aur uttejit utsarjan key vivaranon seey yaad karein kii inn donon prakriyaon kii darein bhoomi mein parmaanuon kii sankhya aur uttejit avasthaon, kramshah "n" 1 aur "n" 2 key samanupati hain. yadi bhoo-avastha mein uttejit avastha ("aine" 1> "aine" 2) kii tulanaa mein adhik jansankhya haye, tou avashoshan prakriya haavi hoti haye, aur photon kaa shuddh ksheenan hotaa haye. yadi donon avasthaon kii jansankhya samaan haye ("n" 1 = "n" 2), tou prakaash key avashoshan kii darr utsarjan kii darr koo thheek seey santulit karati haye; taba madhyam koo "prakaash kii drishti seey pardarshi" kahaa jaataa haye.
yadi uchch oorjaa avastha mein nimn oorjaa avastha ("aine" 1 <"aine" 2) kii tulanaa mein adhik jansankhya haye, tou utsarjan prakriya haavi hoti haye, aur pranali mein prakaash kii teevrata mein shuddh vriddhi hoti haye. iss prakaar yeh spasht haye kii avashoshan kii tulanaa mein uttejit utsarjan kii teji seey darr kaa utpaadan karane key liye, yeh aavashyak haye kii donon raajyon kii aabaadi kaa anupaat aisaa hoe kii
"n" 2/"n" 1> 1; dusare shabdon mein, lazer sanchaalan key liye jansankhya vyutkram kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
chayan niyam.
vidyut chumbakiya vikiran seey judey kaee sankraman quantum yantriki key tahat sakhti seey nishiddh hain. anumat sankramanon koo tathaakathit chayan niyamon dwara varnit kiya jaataa haye, joe una sthitiyon kaa varnan karate hain jinake tahat ack vikiran sankraman kii anumati dee jaati haye. udaaharan key liye, sankraman kii anumati kewal tabhi dee jaati haye jaba δ "s" = 0 "s" pranali kaa kull spin koniya samveg hoe. vaastavik samagri mein, anya prabhaav, jaise kii chrystal jaali key saath baatchit, vaikalpik tantra pradaan karke aupchaarik niyamon koo darkinar karane key liye hastakshep karate hain. inn pranaliyon mein, nishiddh sankraman hoe sakate hain, lekin aamtaur parr anumat sankramanon kii tulanaa mein dheemi darr parr. ack utkrisht udaaharan phosphorescence haye jahan ack padaarth kii bhoo avastha "s" = 0 key saath, ack uttejit avastha "s" = 0 key saath, aur ack madhyavarti avastha "s" = 1 key saath hoti haye. prakaash key utsarjan dwara madhyavarti avastha seey bhoo sthiti mein sankraman chayan niyamon key kaaran dheema hotaa haye. iss prakaar baahari roshni koo hataane key baad utsarjan jaari reh sakata haye. isake vipareet samagri mein pratideepti utsarjan kii visheshta haye joe baahari roshni koo hataane parr bund hoe jaataa haye.
jinn sankramanon mein vikiran kaa avashoshan yaa utsarjan shamil naheen hotaa haye, way chayan niyamon seey prabhaavit naheen hotey hain. staron key beach vikiran rahit sankraman, jaise kii uttejit "s" = 0 aur "s" = 1 avasthaon key beach, "s" = 0 jansankhya key ack hisse koo hataane key liye paryaapt teji seey aage badh sakata haye, isase pahale kii yeh swatah hii jamini sthiti mein laut aae.
lezaron key optical pumping kii takneek key liye samagri mein madhyavarti avasthaon kaa astitva aavashyak haye (neeche dekhein).
jansankhya vyutkram banaana.
jaisa kii oopar varnit haye, lazer sanchaalan key liye jansankhya vyutkram kii aavashyakta hoti haye, lekin dou oorjaa-staron vaale parmaanuon key hamaare saiddhaantik samooh mein jaba way taapiya santulan mein hotey hain tou ise praapt naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. vaastav mein, koee bhee vidhi jisake dwara paramanu seedhe aur lagaatar bhoo-avastha seey uttejit avastha (jaise kii prakaashik avashoshan) mein uttejit hotey hain, antatah sahaj aur uttejit utsarjan kii uttejit karane vaali prakriyaon key saath santulan taka pahunch jaayegi. sabse achchha, donon avasthaon kii ack samaan jansankhya, "n" 1 = "n" 2 = "n"/2, praapt kii jaa sakati haye, jisake parinamswarup optical paardarshita hoti haye lekin koee shuddh optical laabh naheen hotaa haye.
teen-stariya lazer.
sthaayi gair-santulan sthitiyon koo praapt karane key liye, uttejit avastha koo aabaadi mein laane key liye ack apratyaksh vidhi kaa upayog kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yeh samajhane key liye kii yeh kaise kiya jaataa haye, humm thodaa adhik yathaarthvaadi model kaa upayog curr sakate hain, joe kii "teen-stariya lazer" kaa haye. phir seey "aine" parmaanuon key ack samooh parr vichaar karein, iss baar pratyek paramanu teen oorjaa avasthaon mein seey kissy mein bhee maujood rahane mein saksham haye, star 1,2 aur 3, urjaaon key saath "ee" 1 ", ee" 2, aur "ee" 3, aur jansankhya "aine" 1 ", aine" 2, aur "aine" 3, kramshah.
humm maanate hain kii "e" 1 <"e" 2 <"e" 3; yaani, star 2 kii oorjaa jamini avastha aur star 3 key beach hoti haye.
shuru mein, parmaanuon kii pranali taapiya santulan parr hoti haye, aur adhikansh paramanu jamini sthiti mein honge, i.ee., n" 1 ± "n", "n" 2 ± "n" 3 ± 0. yadi abb humm parmaanuon koo aavritti sootra _ 7 key prakaash key adheen karate hain, tou optical avashoshan kii prakriya jameen kii sthiti seey electrons koo star 3 taka uttejit karegi. iss prakriya koo "pumping" kahaa jaataa haye, aur jaruri naheen kii isamen hamesha seedhe prakaash avashoshan shamil hoe; lazer madhyam koo romanchak banaane key anya tarikon, jaise kii vidyut nirvahan yaa rasayanik pratikriyaon kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. star 3 koo kabhi-kabhi "pump star" yaa "pump baind" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, aur oorjaa sankraman "ee" 1 "" ee "3 koo" pump sankraman "key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, jise daaeen or aarekh mein chihnit teer pee key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye.
madhyam koo pump karane parr, parmaanuon kii ack saraahaniya sankhya star 3 mein parivartit hoe jaayegi, jaise kii "n" 3> 0. lazer sanchaalan key liye upayukt madhyam honey key liye, yeh aavashyak haye kii yeye uttejit paramanu jaldi seey star 2 taka kshay hoe jaaen. iss sankraman mein jaari oorjaa koo photon (sahaj utsarjan) key roop mein utsarjit kiya jaa sakata haye, halanki vyavhaar mein 3-2 sankraman (aarekh mein r label kiya gayaa haye) aamtaur parr "vikiran rahit" hotaa haye, jisamen oorjaa koo photon key utpaadan key binaa parmaanuon key aspas kii mezban samagri kii compan gati (garmi) mein sthanantarit kiya jaataa haye.
star 2 mein ack electron swatahsfurt utsarjan dwara bhoo-avastha mein kshay hoe sakata haye, aavritti "ν" 12 ("e" 2-"e" 1 = "hν" 12 dwara diyaa gayaa) kaa ack photon chhodata haye, jise aarekh mein "lazer sankraman" naamak sankraman l key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. yadi iss sankraman kaa jivankal, τ21 vikiran rahit 3 → 2 sankraman τ32 key jivankal kii tulanaa mein bahut lamba haye (yadi τ21 τ32, jise "anukool jivankal anupaat" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye), tou "e" 3 kii jansankhya anivarya roop seey shoonya ("n" 3 ± 0) hogi aur uttejit avastha parmaanuon kii jansankhya star 2 ("n" 2> 0) mein jamaa hogi. yadi iss avastha mein aadhe seey adhik "aine" parmaanuon koo jamaa kiya jaa sakata haye, tou yeh jamini avastha "aine" 1 kii jansankhya seey adhik hoe jaayega. iss prakaar star 1 aur 2 key beach ack jansankhya vyutkram ("aine" 2> "aine" 1) praapt kiya gayaa haye, aur aavritti ν21 parr optical pravardhan praapt kiya jaa sakata haye.
kyonki parmaanuon kii cumm seey cumm aadhi aabaadi koo jansankhya vyutkram praapt karane key liye jamini sthiti seey uttejit honah chaahiye, lazer madhyam koo bahut dridhata seey pump kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yeh teen-stariya lazer koo aksham banaata haye, bhale hii yeh pahala prakaar kaa lazer hoe jisaki khoj kii gaee hoe (1960 mein theodor maiman dwara rubi lazer madhyam parr adharit). teen-stariya pranali mein star 3 aur 2 key beach ack vikiransheel sankraman aur 2 aur 1 key beach ack gair-vikiransheel sankraman bhee hoe sakata haye. iss mamle mein, pumping kii aavashyaktaaen kamjor hoti hain. vyavhaar mein, adhikansh lazer "chaar-stariya lazer" hotey hain, jinka varnan neeche kiya gayaa haye.
chaar-stariya lazer.
yahaan, chaar oorjaa star hain, oorjaaen "ee" 1 ", ee" 2 ", ee" 3 ", ee" 4, aur jansankhyaaen "aine" 1 ", aine" 2 ", aine" 3 ", aine" 4, kramshah. pratyek star kii oorjaaen aisee hain kii "ee" 1 <"ee" 2 <"ee" 3 <"ee" 4.
iss pranali mein, pumping sankraman pee pump baind (star 4) mein jamini sthiti (star 1) mein parmaanuon koo uttejit kartaa haye. star 4 seey, paramanu phir seey ack tej, gair-vikiransheel sankraman aar. aeye. dwara star 3 mein kshay hoe jaate hain. choonki lazer sankraman ell kaa jivankal aar. aeye. (τ32 τ43) kii tulanaa mein lamba hotaa haye, isaliye ack jansankhya star 3 ("oopari lazer star") mein jamaa hoti haye, joe star 2 ("nimn lazer star") mein sahaj yaa uttejit utsarjan seey aaraam curr sakati haye. isi tarah iss star mein jamini avastha mein ack tej, gair-vikiransheel kshay aar. bee. hotaa haye.
pahale kii tarah, ack tej, vikiran rahit kshay sankraman kii upasthiti key parinamswarup pump baind kii aabaadi jaldi seey samaapt hoe jaati haye ("n" 4 ± 0). chaar-stariya pranali mein, nichale lazer star "ee" 2 mein koee bhee paramanu bhee jaldi seey uttejit naheen hotaa haye, jisase usa sthiti mein ack nagany jansankhya ("aine" 2 ± 0) hoti haye. yeh mahatvapurna haye, kyonki star 3 mein jamaa honey vaali koee bhee saraahaniya jansankhya, oopari lazer star, star 2 key sambandh mein jansankhya vyutkram banaayegi. yaani, jaba taka "n" 3> 0, taba taka "n" 3> "n" 2, aur jansankhya vyutkram praapt kiya jaataa haye. iss prakaar optical pravardhan aur lazer sanchaalan, ν32 ("e" 3-"e" 2 = "h" ν32) kii aavritti parr hoe sakata haye.
choonki jansankhya vyutkram banaane key liye kewal kuchh parmaanuon koo oopari lazer star mein uttejit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, ack chaar-stariya lazer teen-stariya lazer kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik kushal haye, aur adhikansh vyaavhaarik lazer iss prakaar key hotey hain. vaastav mein, lazer prakriya mein chaar seey adhik oorjaa star shamil hoe sakate hain, inn staron key beach jatil uttejana aur vishram prakriyaaen shamil hain. vishesh roop seey, pump baind mein kaee alag-alag oorjaa star yaa staron kii nirantarta hoe sakati haye, joe tarang dairdhya kii ack vistrit shrinkhala parr madhyam key optical pumping kii anumati detee haye.
dhyaan dein kii teen aur chaar star key donon lejaron mein, pumping sankraman kii oorjaa lazer sankraman kii tulanaa mein adhik hoti haye. iska matlab haye kii, yadi lazer koo optical roop seey pump kiya jaataa haye, tou pumping prakaash kii aavritti parinami lazer prakaash kii tulanaa mein adhik honey chaahiye. dusare shabdon mein, pump kii tarang dairdhya lazer tarang dairdhya seey cumm hoti haye. kuchh madhyamon mein pump star taka pahunchane key liye kaee nimn-oorjaa sankramanon key beach kaee photon avashoshan kaa upayog karna sambhav haye; aise lejaron koo "upp-conversion" lazer kahaa jaataa haye.
jabaki kaee lejaron mein lazer prakriya mein vibhinn electronic oorjaa avasthaon key beach parmaanuon kaa sankraman shamil hotaa haye, jaisa kii oopar diye gaye model mein varnit haye, yeh ekmatra tantra naheen haye jisake parinamswarup lazer kriya hoe sakati haye. udaaharan key liye, kaee samanya lazer hain (jaise.jee., dye lazer, carbon dioxide lazer) jahaan lazer madhyam mein poorna anu hotey hain, aur oorjaa avasthaaen anuon key dolan key compan aur ghoornan vidhiyon key anuroop hoti hain. yeh paani key messer key mamle mein haye, joe prakriti mein hotey hain.
kuchh madhyamon mein, ack atirikt optical yaa microwave kshetra lagu karke, bhoo-avastha seey uttejit-avastha sankraman kii sambhavana koo cumm karane key liye quantum susangatta prabhaavon kaa upayog karna sambhav haye. yeh takneek, jise binaa vyutkram key lessing key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, donon avasthaon key beach jansankhya vyutkram utpann kiye binaa optical pravardhan kii anumati detee haye.
jansankhya vyutkram banaane key anya tareeke.
uttejit utsarjan pahali baar vidyut chumbakiya spectrum key microwave kshetra mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, jisase vikiran key uttejit utsarjan dwara microwave pravardhan key liye sankshipt naam messer koo janm diyaa gayaa thaa. microwave kshetra mein, oorjaa avasthaon key beach anuon kaa boltzman vitaran aisaa haye kii kamare key tapman parr, sabhi avasthaon mein lagbhag samaan roop seey aabaadi hoti haye.
inn sthitiyon mein jansankhya vyutkram banaane key liye, gunon mein antar key aadhar parr pranali seey kuchh parmaanuon yaa anuon koo chuninda roop seey hataana aavashyak haye. udaaharan key liye, ack hydrogen messer mein, paramanu hydrogen mein prasiddh 21 semi tarang sankraman, jahaan akela electron apani spin sthiti koo paramanu spin key samanantar seey antiparallel mein flip kartaa haye, kaa upayog jansankhya vyutkram banaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye kyonki samanantar sthiti mein ack chumbakiya kshan hotaa haye aur antiparallel sthiti naheen hoti haye. ack majboot asamaroopi chumbakiya kshetra uchch oorjaa avastha mein parmaanuon koo mishrit avastha parmaanuon kii kiran seey alag karega. alag kii gaee jansankhya ack jansankhya vyutkram kaa pratinidhitva karati haye joe uttejit utsarjan pradarshit curr sakati haye.

