
kabja (scott kaanoon)

scott kaanoon mein kabja taba hotaa haye jaba koee vyakti bhautik roop seey sampatti kaa upayog karane key iraade seey rakhta haye. kabze koo paaramparik roop seey vaastavik adhikaar (yaa "rame"/sampatti adhikaar mein adhikaar) key bajaay tathya kii sthiti key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye aur yeh scott kaanoon mein swaamitva key samaan avadharana naheen haye. abb yeh kahaa jaataa haye kii kuchh maalikon key paas atirikt roop seey "iyas posidendi" (adhikaar rakhane kaa adhikaar) kaa alag vaastavik adhikaar hoe sakata haye. scotland key adhikansh sampatti kaanoon kii tarah, kabje key kaanoon key siddhant mukhya roop seey roman kaanoon seey praapt hotey hain.
kabje mein, sampatti key sanrakshak (viraasat mein aur chala sampatti donon kabje mein saksham hain) koo "swami" kahaa jaataa haye aur yadi vaha aavashyak mansik iraade seey sampatti koo hirasat mein letaa haye tou usey sampatti kaa "kabje mein" bataaya jaataa haye. bhale hii ise ack vaastavik adhikaar maanaa jaae, kabja swaamitva key adhikaar seey alag haye, aur swaamitva key vaastavik adhikaar, yaa anya swaamitva vaastavik adhikaar key binaa, sampatti key liye ack swami key kanuni adhikaar seemit hain. haalaanki, swami key paas ack mahatvapurna kanuni adhikaar haye, avaidh roop seey bedkhal naheen honey kaa adhikaar, aur iska upaay, "spuilzie" (uchchaaran 'spooly') kii kaarravaai, abhee bhee aadhunik samay mein lagu kii jaa sakati haye. dhokhadhadi kii kaarravaai key bheetar upchaar mein sampatti kaa "punarsthaapan" (vaapsee) aur kshatipurti shamil haye. kabja scots kaanoon key kaee kshetron key liye praasangik haye.
swaamitva aur swaamitva.
swaamitva swaamitva kii avadharana seey alag haye, joe roman kaanoon mein paae jaane vaale samaan antar seey praapt hotaa haye. haalaanki, swaamitva key adhikaar key nirmaan mein isaki aavashyakta key kaaran (jaise kii vyavasaay dwara aur bhautik chala sampatti key hastaantaran key bheetar) swaamitva koo aamtaur parr swaamitva kii neenv maanaa jaataa haye. nicolaus ney roman kaanoon mein swaamitva aur swaamitva key beach key antar koo iss prakaar darshaayah "kissy vastu key honey aur usey rakhane key hakdar honey key beach samanya bhasha mein ack spasht antar haye. chor joe chori curr chuka haye, usake liye hakdar naheen haye, lekin phir bhee usake paas haye, aur isake vipareet jiss vyakti ney angoothi girvi rakhee haye, vaha abhee bhee isake hakdar haye, lekin abb usake paas naheen haye. kissy cheez key hakdar honey aur vaastav mein usake honey key beach kaa antar roman kaanoon mein iss antar kii jarh haye."roman nyaayvid ulpiyan ney yeh bhee likhaa kii" "swaamitva aur swaamitva mein kuchh bhee samaantaa naheen haye. isaliye scott kaanoon mein "kabje mein" shabd swaamitva key adhikaar seey sambandhit naheen haye, balki usa tathyaatmak sthiti seey sambandhit haye jisamen ack "swami" sampatti parr kabja kartaa haye yaa rakhta haye.
sudhaar.
jabaki swaamitva swaamitva seey ack alag avadharana haye, kuchh sudhaaron koo scott kaanoon mein pesh kiya gayaa haye joe una swaamiyon kii suraksha pradaan karate hain jinake paas apani sampatti mein swaamitva kaa vaidh adhikaar bhee naheen haye. bhoomi key liye, isamen bhoomi panjikaran (scotland) adhiniyam 2012 key tahat vilekh anudan praapt karane vaalon key liye upalabdh sadbhavana sanrakshan shamil hain. scotish vidhi aayog ney apani "chala sampatti key liye prescription aur swaamitva parr report" (slc report sankhya 228,2012) mein kuchh paristhitiyon mein bhautik chala sampatti key swaamitva kii anumati dene key liye maalikon key liye suraksha shuru karane kii sifarish kii haih "aayog dou nae niyamon kii sifarish kartaa haye joe swaamitva koo swaamitva mein badal denge. pahala taba lagu hoga jaba vastu rakhane vaalaa vyakti uchit roop seey maanata haye kii vaha malik haye, lekin aisaa naheen hotaa haye-aamtaur parr isaliye kii jiss vyakti seey vastu kharidi gaee thee vaha vaastavik malik naheen thaa. basharte kii swami sadbhavana mein hoe (aur udaaharan key liye, yeh vishvaas karane kaa kaaran naheen haye kii vastu chori hoe gaee thee), vaha 20 saal kii nirantar avadhi key liye vastu rakhane key baad malik bunn jaayega.
doosara niyam udhaar yaa jamaa kii gaee sampatti parr lagu hotaa haye jahaan malik kaa pataa naheen lagaaya jaa sakata haye. halanki niyam lagu karane mein samanya haye, lekin iska uddeshya vishesh roop seey sangrahalayon aur deerghaon kii madad karna haye. nae niyam key tahat, vastu kaa dhaarak swaamitva kaa daavaa karane mein saksham hoga yadi malik 50 varshon seey sampark mein naheen thaa aur uchit parishram kaa upayog karke uska pataa naheen lagaaya jaa sakaa thaa. swaamitva kii yeh nishchitata sangrahalayon aur deerghaon koo unake sangrah koo soochibaddh karane aur prabandhit karane mein sahaayata karegi."2020 taka, iss report kii sifaarishon koo scotish sansad dwara kaanoon mein lagu naheen kiya gayaa haye.
adhikaar kaa adhigrahan.
adhikaar key adhigrahan key liye dou aavashyaktaaen hainh
(1) shareer kaa kaary ("kosh kaa adhikaar").
adhikaar kii pahali aavashyakta shareer kaa ack kaary, yaa "kosh" haye, jisamen swami sampatti koo shaaririk roop seey hirasat mein rakhta haye. bhautik kaary key dou roop yaa "kosh" kahalaate hainh (1) praakritik adhikaar aur (2) nagrik adhikaar. donon roopon mein kissy naa kissy roop mein shaaririk sampark kii aavashyakta hoti haye. nagrik kabje key saath, swami sampatti key apratyaksh bhautik niyantran mein haye, nagrik adhikaar viraasat aur chala sampatti donon parr lagu hoe sakata haye (gair-praakritik sampatti koo chhodkar, neeche dekhein) "udaaharan key liyeh peater ack vaanijyik makaan malik seey ack dukaan kiraaye parr letaa haye, peater kaa praakritik kabja usake makaan malik koo nagrik adhikaar detaa haye. praakritik kabje mein, akele malik kaa seedha bhautik niyantran hotaa haye, "udaaharan key liyeh susan ack phuldan khareedata haye aur ise dukaan seey ekatra kartaa haye, susan key paas phuldan kaa praakritik kabja hotaa haye."
(2) munn kaa kaary ("animus posidendi").
adhikaar praapt karane kii doosari aavashyakta munn kaa ack kaary, yaa "shatruta" haye, jisamen swami kii dou aavashyak mansik sthitiyaan honey chaahiye.yeye hain (1) sampatti parr bhautik niyantran rakhane kaa irada aur (2) apane laabh key liye niyantran rakhane kaa irada. inn donon iradon koo ack saath jodkar, malik koo "apane swayam key upayog key liye sampatti key bhautik niyantran kaa prayog karane" kaa irada honah aavashyak haye (lattin menh "animus sibi hebendi"). mansik tatva ("shatruta") key binaa, ack dhaarak koo sampatti kaa sanrakshak kahaa jaataa haye naa kii ack swami, aur usey sampatti ("iyas posidendi") rakhane kaa adhikaar naheen haye.
paaramparik roop seey scott kaanoon mein, aur roman kaanoon kaa paalan karate hue, "animus" key liye pareekshan yeh thaa kii kyaa malik key paas malik key roop mein adhikaar kaa mansik tatva thaa ("animo dominy"). iska parinam yeh huaa kii patte parr lene vaalon (yaani patte parr dene vaale) jaise sampatti key adhibhogiyon koo kabja hassil karane vaalaa naheen kahaa jaa sakata thaa. haalaanki, munn key kaary key liye aadhunik pariksha abb vyaapak hoe gaee haye, jisase chor sahit gair-maalikon koo kabja karane kii anumati milati haye. anya adhikaar kshetra jaise angreji kaanoon karmchaariyon aur asthaayi dharakon koo chhodkar sampatti key kissy bhee dhaarak koo swami maanane kii anumati detaa haye. scott kaanoon mein swaamitva key vipareet, joe ack ekaatmak, yaa allodial, adhikaar haye, kabja alag-alag vyaktiyon dwara rakhaa jaa sakata haye, jaise kii ack kirayedar apane liye ack flat rakh sakata haye aur makaan malik kii or seey flat kaa malik hoe sakata haye."strathclyde pulis key mukhya sipahi banaam sharp" key baad, kyonki sampatti key gairkaanooni lene vaale kabja karane mein saksham hain (neeche dekhein) iss baat kii koee aavashyakta naheen haye kii adhigrahan sadbhavana ("" imandari "") mein hoe. 
shareer key ack kaary aur munn key ack kaary key baad, sampatti kaa dhaarak scott kaanoon key tahat kabja praapt kartaa haye. sampatti kaa kabja usake baad "akele astitva" (akele munn key kaary dwara) jaari reh sakata haye, isaliye sampatti parr kabja jaari rakhane key liye nirantar bhautik, pratyaksh yaa apratyaksh niyantran kii aavashyakta naheen haye.
adhikaar kaa anuman.
jahaan sampatti kaa kabja huaa haye, sampatti key vaidh yaa gairkaanooni adhigrahan kii parwah kiye binaa (neeche dekhein), swami scott kaanoon mein dou anumaanon kaa hakdar haye. yeye hain (1) swami ack vaidh swami haye, aur (2) swami sampatti kaa swami haye. anya adhikaar kshetron mein, inn anumaanon kii visheshta iss vakyansh seey haye kii 'adhikaar kaanoon kaa nau-dasvaan hissa haye'.
kabje key roop.
kabze key adhigrahan key niyamon key kaaran, yeh nimnalikhit haye kii kabze key teen mukhya roop hainh
(1) praakritik swaamitva.
ack swami "praakritik kabje" mein hoe sakata haye jahan way sampatti koo vyaktigat roop seey rakhate hain. "udaaharan key liyeh david koo sadak parr jameen parr ack batua milata haye aur vaha usey rakhane kaa faisala kartaa haye. david key paas batua swabhavik roop seey haye."
(2) nagrik adhikaar.
ack swami "nagrik kabje" mein hoe sakata haye jahan way kissy anya vyakti key praakritik kabje key madhyam seey sampatti rakhate hain. "udaaharan key liyeh susan ack dukaan seey ack phuldan khareedata haye lekin dukaandaar koo soochit kartaa haye kii vaha ise baad mein ekatra karegi. baad mein vaha margaret koo apani or seey dukaan seey phuldan lene key liye kahati haye, kahaa jaataa haye kii susan key paas phuldan kaa nagrik adhikaar haye."
(3) "animo solo" kaa adhikaar.
ack swami abhee bhee sampatti parr bhautik (kosh) niyantran key binaa kissy vastu key kabje mein hoe sakata haye. yeh adhikaar "animo solo" haye, jahan adhikaar kewal munn key kaary dwara banaae rakhaa jaataa haye. "udaaharan key liyeh jaba vaha dukaan parr jaati haye tou susan apana phuldan apane ghar mein chhod detee haye. susan key paas abhee bhee ekal roop seey animo dwara phuldan haye."
vaidh aur gairkaanooni kabja.
una swaamiyon key beach bhee ack aur antar kiya jaataa haye jinhone kanuni roop seey kabja hassil kiya haye aur una swaamiyon key beach joe avaidh roop seey sampatti kaa praakritik kabja lete hain. joe swami kanuni roop seey adhikaar praapt karate hain, jaise kii "vitaran" key tarikon seey (neeche dekhein), unhein "vaidh swami" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. joe swami avaidh roop seey kabja karate hain, jaise kii chori, unhein "gairkaanooni swami" kahaa jaataa haye. yeh maanyata praapt haye kii gairkaanooni bedkhal vahaan hotaa haye jahan sampatti koo swami kii sahamati key binaa, yaa swami seey sampatti koo hataane key liye adhikrit nyaayik adalat key adesh key binaa liya gayaa haye.
kabje kaa swaichhik hastaantaran (vitaran).
kabja swaichhik hastaantaran (jise scott kaanoon mein "vitaran" kahaa jaataa haye) yaa tou (1) vaastavik vitaran yaa (2) rachanaatmak vitaran dwara karane mein saksham haye. adhikaar key hastaantaran seey sambandhit niyam roman kaanoon seey praapt hotey hain aur bhautik chala sampatti key swaamitva key hastaantaran key tarikon key samaan hotey hain.
vaastavik vitaran.
vaastavik vitaran malik seey vyaktigat roop seey ack nae malik koo sampatti kaa bhautik hastaantaran haye.
rachanaatmak vitaran.
kabje kaa hastaantaran kaanoon key sanchaalan dwara sthanantarit kiye jaane mein saksham haye aur inhen "rachanaatmak vitaran" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. rachanaatmak vitaran" key nimnalikhit tareeke (arthaath kaanoon dwara maanyata praapt kabje kaa hastaantaran) hainh
(1) praakritik swami dwara vitaran.
kabja dene kaa yeh roop aamtaur parr taba hotaa haye jaba ack "praakritik" swami (bee) ack nagrik swami key liye sampatti rakhta haye (aeye) aur nagrik swami key pradhikaran key saath, sampatti koo ack nae swami koo hastaantarit kartaa haye (see) rachanaatmak vitaran key sanchaalan dwara."udaaharan key liyeh sujan dukaan parr lautata haye (oopar dekhein) aur teen chitra frame khareedata haye aur dukaandaar koo soochit kartaa haye kii vaha ack aur dinn frame ekatra karegi, jisase dukaandaar koo frame key praakritik kabje mein rakhaa jaayega. baad mein vaha margaret seey milati haye aur usey phuldan ikattha karane key liye dhanyavaad kahane key liye upahaar key roop mein chitra frame mein seey ack dene kaa faisala karati haye. susan dukaan koo phone karati haye aur dukaandaar koo apani ack tasveer key frame koo margaret key liye alag rakhane key liye kahati haye. margaret dukaan parr jaataa haye aur frame ikattha kartaa haye. margaret ney rachanaatmak delivery dwara kabja hassil curr liya haye."
(2) sankshipt delivery (delivery "bravy manu").
delivery "bravy manu", yaa sankshipt vitaran, taba hotaa haye jaba ack praakritik swami kissy anya (nagrik swami) key swaamitva vaali sampatti rakhta haye aur nagrik swami baad mein praakritik swami koo swaamitva hastaantarit kartaa haye, jisase praakritik swami koo puuraa adhikaar praapt hotaa haye. inn paristhitiyon mein, praakritik swami kaa shaaririk kaary ("kosh") aavashyak "shatruta" (munn kaa kaary) seey pahale hotaa haye."udaaharan key liyeh susan dukaan parr jaataa haye aur ack haar khareedata haye aur usey apane saath ghar leey jaataa haye. baad mein vaha apani bhatiji ishbell seey milati haye aur ishbell koo ack cocktail party mein pahanane key liye haar udhaar dene kaa faisala karati haye, ishbell koo haar key praakritik kabje mein rakhti haye jabaki sujan nagrik kabje mein rakhta haye. agale dinn, ishbell rinn key liye usey dhanyavaad dene key liye susan koo phone karati haye. ishbell koo aashcharyachakit karate hue, susan kahati haye kii vaha haar koo upahaar key roop mein rakh sakati haye. ishbell ney shorthand delivery dwara puuraa kabja hassil curr liya haye."
(3) longhand delivery (delivery "longa manu").
delivery "longa manu", yaa longhand delivery, aisee sthiti mein hoti haye jahaan badee yaa bhaari sampatti koo "vaastavik delivery" dwara aasaani seey bhautik roop seey praapt naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. isake bajaay, kabze koo longhand dwara sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisamen "kosh" (yaa bhautik kaary) koo kewal ingit karane yaa prateekaatmak vitaran taka seemit curr diyaa jaataa haye. lambe haath seey kabja
ishara karate hue.
ack nae malik koo "longa manu" kii delivery akele sampatti kii or ishara karke kii jaa sakati haye. jaisa kii nicolaus bataate hainh "aggar main aapako lakadi key dher kaa kabja denaa chaahata huun, tou yeh paryaapt haye yadi main unhein aapako ingit kartaa huun; yeh aavashyak haye kii aapako unhein chhoona chaahiye, tou yeh kewal pandityapurna hoga" yeh niyam bhoomi yaa badee chala sampatti jaisi sampatti koo aasaani seey paryaapt pehchaan dwara paarit karane kii anumati detaa haye.
prateek.
sampatti key prateek key kabje key hastaantaran key madhyam seey ack nae malik koo sampatti kaa "longa manu" vitarit karna bhee saksham haye. roman granthon mein uddhrit sabse aam udaaharan, godam kii chaabi kii prateekaatmak delivery dwara sthanantarit maal key saath maal kaa ack godam haye. scott kaanoon mein, kabje kii prateekaatmak delivery aamtaur parr bheje gaye maal key maal key hastaantaran key bill key madhyam seey hoti haye.
(4) "constitutum osserium" (akele munn dwara vitaran/"animo solo").
"samvidhaanik swaamitva" (i.ee. ack swaamitva samjhauta) koo vighatit swami koo praakritik adhikaar banaae rakhane kii anumati dekar vitaran "bravy manu" key vipareet key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, lekin nagrik adhikaar nae swami koo diyaa jaataa haye."udaaharan key liyeh ishbell apani patni key janmadin key liye james koo upahaar key roop mein apana haar bechati haye. halanki, james naheen chaahata kii usaki patni koo ghar parr haar mille, isaliye vaha ishbell seey apani patni key janmadin key karib aaney taka haar rakhane key liye kahata haye. ishbell sahmat hain. james ney samvidhaan swaamitva (swaamitva samjhauta) dwara nagrik adhikaar praapt kiya haye."
adhikaar kaa vaastavik adhikaar ("iyas posidendi").
jaisa kii oopar charcha kii gaee haye, kabze koo paaramparik roop seey ack kanuni adhikaar key bajaay tathya kii sthiti key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. yeh roman kaanoon key siddhanton kaa paalan kartaa haye kii kabja ack tathyaatmak mamla haye joe kuchh kanuni adhikaaron aur upchaaron koo janm detaa haye. halanki, kuchh maalikon key paas "aaee. yuu. aiss. posidendi" (adhikaar rakhane kaa adhikaar) key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa "adhikaar" rakhane kaa ack atirikt kanuni adhikaar bhee hoe sakata haye. abb aam taur parr yeh dekhaa jaataa haye kii scott kaanoon mein "aaee. yuu. aiss. posidendi" ack vaastavik adhikaar haye, halanki iss mudde parr bahut cumm kanuni adhikaar haye. jinake paas adhikaar kaa vaastavik adhikaar naheen haye ("aaee. yuu. aiss. posidendi") unhein sampatti parr adhikaar rakhane kaa kewal vyaktigat adhikaar (yaa "vyaktigat roop seey" adhikaar) haye. haalaanki, jaisa kii samajhaaya jaayega, "iyas posidendi" kaa vaastavik adhikaar apane aap mein ack swaayatt swatantra adhikaar naheen haye.
iyas posidendi" kaa adhigrahan.
aaee. yuu. aiss. posidendi" apane aap mein ack swatantra sthaayi vaastavik adhikaar naheen haye, joe ank khand key bheetar aaney vaale anya sabhi vaastavik adhikaaron key vipareet haye. isake bajaay "aaee. yuu. aiss. posidendi" usa vyakti parr nirbhar haye joe sampatti mein ack aur vaastavik adhikaar rakhta haye joe unhein adhikaar kaa hakdar banaata haye, arthaath "aaee. yuu. aiss. posidendi" koo apane adhikaar mein praapt naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh aamtaur parr swaamitva key mamle mein hotaa haye, jahaan yeh maanyata praapt haye kii ack malik koo apani sampatti mein adhikaar ("aaee. yuu. aiss. posidendi") kaa vyutpann adhikaar haye. nimn vaastavik adhikaaron key saath, "aaee. yuu. aiss. posidendi" koo patte parr yaa sampatti mein aajivan vaastavik adhikaar key madhyam seey pradaan kiya jaa sakata haye.
adhikaar rakhane key vaastavik adhikaar ("aaee. yuu. aiss. posidendi") key tahat upalabdh upchaar.
jabaki una swaamiyon key liye ack samanya upchaar upalabdh haye joe avaidh roop seey kabje seey vanchit rahey hain, jinhen aam taur parr spuilzie kii kaarravaai key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye (neeche dekhein), atirikt vishesh swaamitva upchaar "iyas posidendi" key dharakon koo diye jaate hain."yeye hainh
adhikaar mein rakhane mein saksham sampatti.
shaaririk viraasat sampatti (bhoomi).
sansthaagat lekhak kaa kahana haye kii bhautik viraasat mein praapt sampatti (arthaat bhoomi) kaa swami banane key liye, wiscount seedhi, "jisake paas ack khet haye, usey yeh sub karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye, yaa usake harr maidan koo chhoone kii aavashyakta naheen haye, apane yaa apane maveshiyon dwara, lekin ack hisse koo rakhane seey, poore kaa swaamitva kartaa haye, jaba taka kii vipareet swaamitva adhiniyam naa houn" iska matlab haye kii scott kaanoon key tahat, jahaan bhoomi kaa ack badaa kshetra haye, bhoomi key ack hisse parr nirantar kabja poore bhukhand koo cover karane key liye kabja karane kii anumati dega, udaaharan key liyeh "ack ghar kaa swaamitva poore bageeche parr kabja karane key liye faila huaa haye joe ghar kii bhoomi kaa hissa haye. haalaanki, jahaan ack vipareet adhikaar adhiniyam haye, jaise kii kissy anya vyakti kaa kabja, bhoomi key usa hisse koo swami key kabje mein naheen maanaa jaayega, "udaaharan key liyeh ack kabja karane vaalaa ghar key bageeche mein derra daalane key iraade seey derra daaltaa haye, tou kabja karane vaalaa kosh aur dushmani seey kabja praapt kartaa haye. ghar key malik key paas abb bageeche kaa adhikaar naheen haye."
bhautik chala sampatti.
shaaririk chala vastuein, arthaath aisee sampatti jise bhautik roop seey sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye jaise kii vyaktigat vastuein, furniture, kaaren aadi. ack "animus" aur "corpus" key saath rakhaa jaa sakata haye."bhautik chala sampatti kaa kabja scotland key aaparaadhik kaanoon mein aaparaadhik apraadhon key saath praasangik haye jisamen kabja shamil haye; jaise kii drugs seey sambandhit, drugs adhiniyam 1971 key durupyog key tahat," "avaidh padaarth rakhane" "key liye, yaa chori. haalaanki, garden jaise pratishthit scott kaanoon shikshaavidon dwara yeh tark diyaa jaataa haye kii scott aaparaadhik kaanoon mein kabje kii paribhasha scott sampatti kaanoon mein isaki paribhasha seey adhik vyaapak haye.
anaitik sampatti.
scott kaanoon mein kabje key liye "kosh" kii bhautik aavashyakta key kaaran, anaupchaarik sampatti koo kabje mein saksham naheen maanaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, ack vaastavik adhikaar abhee bhee ack vyakti mein nihit hoe sakata haye, jaise kii avyakt cheez kaa swaamitva. isake atirikt, kaanoon sampatti mein vishesh vaidhaanik adhikaar, yaa "ardh vaastavik adhikaar" banaa sakate hain, jaise kii bauddhik sampada adhikaar (udaaharan key liyeh patent, copyrite, trademark) joe takniki arth mein 'swaamitva' mein honey kii kshamata rakhate hain, halanki "kosh" kii anupasthiti key kaaran kanuni naheen hain.
visthaapan (spuilzie) aur spuilzie kii kriya.
spoolsy.
ack "spuilzie" taba hotaa haye jaba ack swami koo avaidh roop seey bhautik chala (yaani bhautik vastuein jinhen sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye) sampatti key kabje (jise "gairkaanooni" "bedkhal" bhee kahaa jaataa haye) seey vanchit kiya jaataa haye. ack gairkaanooni bedkhal vaha haye jahan vartamaan swami kii sahamati key binaa yaa adalat key adesh key binaa kabja kiya jaataa haye. spuilzie" shabd spoliation key liye scots haye. ghayal swami scott kaanoon mein "spuilzie kii kaarravaai" dwara vastu kii vaapsee kii maang curr sakata haye. sansthaagat lekhak wiscount seedhiyaan ack "spuilzie" kaa varnan iss prakaar karati hainh "malik kii sahamati yaa kaanoon kii vyavastha key binaa chala vastuon koo leey jaanaa, sabhi sambhaavit laabhon key saath, yaa ghayal key anuman key anusaar, unake" nyayshastra mein nyaay "[" arthaath 'kaarravaai mein shapath'] dwara kii gaee kshati kii bharpai key liye baadhya honah.  iss prakaar, cheejen chori yaa loot lii jaati hain... sansthaagat lekhak, erskin likhate hain kih "spuelzie dusare kii sahamati yaa kaanoon key adesh key binaa, dusare key kabje mein chala maal koo leey jaanaa yaa usake saath hastakshep karna haye. jaba koee dhokhadhadi kii jaati haye, tou aparaadhi key khilaf kaarravaai hoti haye, naa kewal poorv swami koo maal yaa unake moolya koo bahaal karane key liye, balki inn vastuon seey honey vaale sabhi laabhon key liye, aggar yeh dhokhadhadi key liye naheen hotaa."
spuilzie key vishesh roop.
nishkasana.
jahan ack swami koo avaidh roop seey bhoomi seey bedkhal kiya jaataa haye, vahaan spuilzie kii kaarravaai key iss roop koo "nishkasana" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. nishkasana kii poori charcha iss lekh key dayare seey baahar haye, lekin nishkasana nishkasana seey alag haye, joe aamtaur parr patte key tahat kiraayedaron koo hataane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali ack kanuni prakriya haye.
ghuspaith.
jahan adhikaar "ekal shatruta" (arthaat kewal munn dwara) rakhaa jaataa haye, joe aamtaur parr taba hotaa haye jaba swami kaa sampatti parr bhautik niyantran ("kosh") honah bund hoe jaataa haye, tou spuilzie kii kriya key iss roop koo "ghuspaith" kahaa jaataa haye.
spuilzie kii ack kaarravaai koo badhaana.
jaisa kii oopar diye gaye sansthaagat lekhakon ney ullekh kiya haye, spoolsy kii kaarravaai, skatish adalaton dwara spoolsy koo sambodhit karane key liye vikasit ack samanya kanuni upaay haye. yeh ack swaamitva upchaar key bajaay ack "vidhipoorvak" upchaar haye kyonki kabje kaa koee swaayatt vaastavik adhikaar naheen haye, isaliye poorv swami key paksh mein ack vyaktigat adhikaar key roop mein akele vitarakon key khilaf lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. iss tarah key upchaar kii upalabdhata "spoliates anty omniya est restuends" (laitinah 'jise loot liya gayaa haye usey kissy bhee cheez seey pahale kshatipurti praapt karni chaahiye') siddhant kaa paalan karati haye, ack siddhant jise cumm seey cumm 13 veen shatabdi seey scott kaanoon mein shamil kiya gayaa haye. isi tarah key kanuni upaay anya kshetradhikaron mein maujood hain jaise kii dakshin africa mein "anivarya vaine spolly" yaa samanya kaanoon kshetradhikaron mein dharmaantaran kaa atyachar.
itihas.
spuilzie scott kaanoon mein paae jaane vaale sabse puraane kanuni upchaaron mein seey ack haye, aur aadhunik samay mein isaki nirantar prasangikta haye. scotland mein isaki praarambhik utpatti 1438 mein paaee jaa sakati haye, jaba raajaa kii parishad ney dakaiti aur spoliation key liye ack kanuni upaay vikasit kiya, jise baad mein spuilzie kii kaarravaai key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. roman kaanoon mein, isi tarah key upchaar maujood they jinhen "actio aeye bonorum raptorum" (laitinah 'bull dwara lii gaee vastuon key liye kaarravaai'), "actio ferty" aur swaamitva vaale hastakshep key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. sansthaagat lekhak, spuilzie kii kaarravaai koo roman swaamitva vaale aadeshon key vyutpann key roop mein dekhate hain. haalaanki, spuilzie kii kaalpanik prakriti key kaaran ise teenon upchaaron key sanyojan key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. cannon kaanoon mein, "apvaadaatmak spolly" ack kanuni upaay thaa joe nishkaasit bishapon koo apani sampatti kii vasuli kaa kanuni adhikaar detaa thaa.
kahaa jaataa haye kii yeh upaay scotland samrajya kii vidhirahit prakriti aur asthirta key kaaran vikasit huaa thaa, jaisa kii dow. gau ney varnan kiya haih "[spuilzie] ack aisaa upaay jiska upayog vaastavik kabje kii raksha aur saarvajanik shaanti banaae rakhane key liye kiya gayaa prateet hotaa haye, ack desh mein nagrik ashanti aur sainya dandaatmak abhiyaanon key liye adhik ullekhaniya है।"16veen shatabdi mein" "dha layered off durie banaam duddingston" "(1549) mein ack praarambhik mamle kii pehchaan kii jaa sakati haye, jisamen adalat ney kahaa thaa kii ack kirayedar koo bhoomi seey bedkhal karke shaaririk viraasat sampatti (bhoomi) seey bedkhal curr diyaa gayaa thaa, makaan malik kabja karane vaalon key khilaf dhokhadhadi kii kaarravaai curr sakata thaa. 17veen shatabdi mein, spuelzie key kaary unake uchchatam upayog parr they. haalaanki, samay key saath spuizly key karyon kaa upayog cumm hoe gayaa, joe scotish nagrik samaaj kii badhati sthirata key kaaran huaa (jisase cumm uchch moolya kii sampatti koo gairkaanooni roop seey bedkhal kiya gayaa).
spuilzie kii kriya kii aavashyaktaaen.
ack "disposure" (arthaath vaha vyakti jisane avaidh roop seey praakritik adhikaar praapt kiya haye) key khilaf dhokhadhadi kii kaarravaai karane key liye, dou samanya aavashyaktaon koo puuraa kiya jaanaa chaahieh
(1) poorv swami ney adhikaar praapt curr liya thaa (oopar dekhein), aur
(2) poorv swami koo avaidh roop seey, jise "gambhir roop seey" bhee kahaa jaataa haye, bedkhal curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss arth mein gairkaanooni jiska arth haye sahamati key binaa lena, yaa aisee khareed koo adhikrit karane vaale adalat key adesh key binaa lena. praakritik swami kii sahamati kissy nagrik swami dwara laae jaa rahey kissy bhee daave koo rokegi.
spoolsy kii kaarravaai mein peechha karane vaale koo adalat koo yeh pradarshit karna chaahiye kii sambhaavanaon key santulan parr, inn dou aavashyaktaon koo puuraa kiya gayaa haye. iss mudde parr aage key mamle key kaanoon key lambit rahane parr, yeh akaadamik bahas kaa vishay haye kii kyaa shaaririk chala key sambandh mein dhokhadhadi kii kaarravaai karane key liye akele nagrik adhikaar paryaapt haye. haalaanki, dhokhadhadi kii kaarravaai mein yeh mayane naheen rakhta kii kyaa poorv swami ney kanuni/gairkaanooni roop seey kabja hassil kiya thaa. isaliye yeh upaay bhoomi key sabhi swaamiyon aur bhautik chala vastuon key praakritik swaamiyon key liye khula maanaa jaataa haye, jisamen way loga bhee shamil hain jinhone avaidh roop seey khud koo kabja curr liya haye (jaise kii chor) aur yahaan taka kii sampatti key malik key khilaf bhee iska upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. jaisa kii, sansthaagat lekhak ney nott kiyaah "peechha karane vaale kaa sheershak, dhokhadhadi kii kaarravaai mein, maal kaa kabja haye... aur yadi kabja shantipurna thaa, tou asli malik bhee, malik seey maal jabt karna, ack dhokhadhadi mein uttardaayi hoga... jiss paksh koo kabje seey hinsak roop seey vanchit kiya jaataa haye, usey pahale bahaal kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur phir sampatti key sawal parr vichaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye..."halanki, vyavhaar mein sampatti kaa malik sampatti key swaamitva kii vasuli key liye ack saath pushti (" "ray nyaay" ") yaa isi tarah kii kaaryavaahi kii kaaryavaahi uthaa sakata haye taaki malik key khilaf dhokhadhadi kii kaarravaai kaa upayog seemit hoe. phir bhee, siddhant roop mein, malik key khilaf dhokhadhadi kii kaarravaai karna kanuni roop seey maanya haye kyonki chori kewal kabje parr kendrit haye.
upchaar upalabdh hain.
ack peechha karane vaale key liye spoolsy kii kriya mein dou vyaapak upchaar upalabdh hain.yeye hainh
sampatti kii vaapsee.
jaisa kii oopar ullikhit sansthaagat lekhakon ney kahaa haye, dhokhadhadi kii kaarravaai key tahat upalabdh mukhya upaay parisampatti kaa parisampatti seey poorv swami koo vaapas karna (jise "punarsthaapan" kahaa jaataa haye) haye.
kshatipurti.
phir seey, jaisa kii oopar ullekh kiya gayaa haye, sabhi sambhaavit laabh kaa muaavaja bhee poorv dhaarak koo upalabdh haye. laabh key dou roop upalabdh hain. pahala "samanya laabh" haye, yeye sampatti seey kiye gaye kissy bhee laabh (jaise phal, fasalen, yuva, kiraya aadi) key sambandh mein deya hain.) sansthaagat lekhakon dwara "hinsak laabh" key roop mein varnit nuksan kaa doosara roop ack samanya apavaad haye kii scott kaanoon dandaatmak nuksan kii anumati naheen detaa haye. hinsak laabh aaya key uchchatam sambhav star seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye joe ack sampatti banaa sakati haye. bhoomi key gairkaanooni swaamiyon key "nishkasana" key sambandh mein hinsak laabh key vishesh roop upalabdh hain.
spuilzie key karyon kaa aadhunik upayog.
jaisa kii oopar charcha kii gaee haye, aadhunik samay mein "spuilzie" mein girawat aaee haye, "stove vee colvin" (1831) key baad seey dou sou seey adhik varshon mein spuilzie kii koee gyaat spasht kaarravaai kii soochana naheen haye. iss upchaar koo cumm upayog key kaaran disuitude key sanchaalan aur vipareet upayog seey vilupt maanaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, choonki spuilzie kii kaarravaai koo spasht roop seey samaapt naheen kiya gayaa haye, yeh scott kaanoon mein ack vaidh kanuni upaay banaa huaa haye. scotish vidhi aayog ney shaaririk chala upchaar parr apane gyaapan (aiss. ell. see. gyaapan sankhya 31,1976) mein spoolsy parr nimnalikhit vichaar vyakt kiyaah "humm sochate hain kii spoolsy kii kaarravaai ney ack aise vyakti koo turant bahaal karane mein upayogi nivaaran pradaan kiya joe galat tareeke seey vanchit thaa yaa kabje seey baahar thaa, aur uchit mamalon mein hinsak laabh dene mein bhee. haalaanki, anishchit dayare key pracheen upchaaron kaa ahwan aadhunik galatiyon key liye aadarsh samadhan naheen haye. hamein aisaa lagata haye kii anishchit kshamata aur dayare key pralobhan koo shayed spasht roop seey samaapt curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye, aur iss baat parr vichaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye kii isake sthaan parr kyaa, yadi koee hoe, kaarravaai yaa kaary shuru kiye jaane chaahiye."isake upayog parr kaanoon banaane yaa samanya kaanoon key upchaar koo poori tarah seey samaapt karane key sambandh mein anya sudhaaron kii maang kii gaee haye. haalaanki, yeh dhyaan diyaa gayaa haye kii spuilzie key upayog kii aadhunik prabhavkarita hoe sakati haye, joe kii kiraya-khareed samjhauton key tahat sampatti key praakritik swaamiyon key sambandh mein hoe sakati haye, jahaan praakritik swami koo aksar kiraaye parr lii gaee sampatti parr swaamitva kaa koee kanuni adhikaar naheen hoga. aaj taka, scotish sansad dwara spuilzie mein koee sudhaar naheen kiya gayaa haye, isaliye spuilzie kii kaarravaai koo uthaana maanya haye.
scott kaanoon mein adhikaar kaa anuprayog.
kabje kii avadharana scott sampatti kaanoon seey parey faili hui haye aur vibhinn kanuni settings mein lagu hoti haye. inmein shamil hainh

