
staber prakriya

staber prakriya ack rasayanik prakriya haye jiska upayog samagri vigyaan mein anuprayogon key liye niyantrit aur samaan aakar key silika () kanon koo taiyar karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. yeh agrani thaa jaba 1968 mein werner stober aur unaki team dwara isaki soochana dee gaee thee, aur aaj bhee silika nainokanon key liye sabse vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa geela rasayan vigyaan synthetic drishtikon banaa huaa haye. yeh ack soul-jail prakriya kaa ack udaaharan haye jisamen ack aanvik agradoot (aamtaur parr tetreithylorthosilicate) koo pahale ack maadak ghol mein paani key saath pratikriya kii jaati haye, jisake parinamswarup anu phir badee sanrachanaon kaa nirmaan karane key liye ack saath juda jaate hain. pratikriya sthitiyon key aadhar parr 50 seey 2000 nm taka key vyaas vaale silika kanon kaa utpaadan karati haye. isaki khoj key baad seey iss prakriya parr sakriya roop seey shodh kiya gayaa haye, jisamen isaki gativigyaan aur tantra koo samajhane key prayaas shamil hain-ack kann ektrikaran model praarambhik parikalpana kiye gaye lemar model kii tulanaa mein prayogaatmak detta key liye behtar fitt paaya gayaa thaa. naee arjit samajh ney shodhkartaon koo kann key aakar aur vitaran parr uchch star kaa niyantran karane aur parinami samagri key bhautik gunon koo thheek karane mein saksham banaaya haye taaki ichchit anuprayogon key anuroop hoe sakey.
1999 mein dou-charaniya sanshodhan kii soochana dee gaee thee jisane chhote chhed key saath silika kanon key niyantrit gathan kii anumati dee thee. yeh prakriya satah-sakriya anu kii upasthiti mein cumm ph parr kii jaati haye. sanghanan prakriya shuru karane key liye sodium fluoride jodane seey pahale ack sookshm emulsion key gathan key saath jall apghatan charan puuraa kiya jaataa haye. gair-ionic surfactant koo khaali chhidron kaa utpaadan karane key liye jalaa diyaa jaataa haye, jisase satah kaa kshetra badhata haye aur parinami kanon kii satah kii visheshtaon mein badalaav hotaa haye, jisase samagri key bhautik gunon parr bahut adhik niyantran hotaa haye. brihad chhidra sanrachanaon jaise kii brihadaakaar ekshila, polystyrene, cyclene yaa polymine aur carbon kshetron parr adharit khol-core kanon key liye bhee vikas kaary kiya gayaa haye.
stober prakriya kaa upayog karke utpaadit silika apane kann aakaron kii ekroopata (ekroopata) key kaaran colloid ghatnaaon kaa adhyayan karane key liye ack model key roop mein kaam karane key liye ack aadarsh samagri haye. staber prakriya kaa upayog karke taiyar kiye gaye nainokanon ney cellular sanrachanaon key bheetar davaaon key vitaran aur biosensor kii taiyari sahit anuprayog paae hain. chhidrapurna silika staber samagri key uchch satah kshetra aur unake samaan, tunable aur atyadhik krambaddh chhidra sanrachanaon key kaaran utpreran aur taral chromatography mein anuprayog hotey hain. atyadhik prabhaavi thermal insulator jinhen aerogel key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, unhein staber vidhiyon kaa upayog karke bhee taiyar kiya jaa sakata haye, aur gair-silika aerogel pranaliyon koo taiyar karane key liye staber takneekon koo lagu kiya gayaa haye. atee-mahatvapurna sukhaane kii takneekon koo lagu karate hue, 700 varg meater graam-1 key vishisht satah kshetra aur 0.040 graam semi-3 key ghanatva key saath ack staber silika aerogel taiyar kiya jaa sakata haye. nassa ney mars "pathpradarshak" aur "stardust" missions donon key liye ack staber-process drishtikon key saath silika aerogel taiyar kiye hain.
ack charaniya prakriya.
staber prakriya monodispers (samaan) golakar silika () samagri taiyar karane key liye ack soul-jail drishtikon haye jise werner staber key netritva mein ack team dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa aur 1968 mein report kiya gayaa thaa. prakriya, jerhard colbe key 1956 ph mein varnit shodh kaa ack vikas aur vistaar.dee. shodh prabandh, ack naveen khoj thee jisake 50 seey adhik varshon baad bhee vyaapak anuprayog hain. silika agradoot tetreithyl orthosilicate (, teos) koo utprerak key roop mein amonia kii upasthiti mein alcohol (aamtaur parr methanol yaa ethanol) mein hydrolyse kiya jaataa haih
pratikriya ethanol aur athoxycillanol (jaise, aur yahaan taka kii) kaa mishran paida karati haye, joe taba sharaab yaa paani key nuksan key saath teos yaa kissy anya silanol key saath sanghanit hoe sakati haih
athoxy samoohon key aage key jall apghatan aur baad key sanghanan seey paar-sanyojan hotaa haye. yeh ack charaniya prakriya haye kyonki jall apghatan aur sanghanan pratikriyaaen ack hii pratikriya pott mein ack saath hoti hain.
prakriya 50 seey 2000 nm taka key vyaas key saath colloidal silika key sookshm kanon koo pradaan karati haye; kann aakar pratikriyaasheel sandrata, utprerak aur tapman jaisi sthitiyon key chayan dwara nirdhaarit vitaran key saath kaafee samaan hotey hain. badey kann taba banate hain jaba paani aur amonia kii sandrata badh jaati haye, lekin isake parinamswarup kann-aakar vitaran kaa vistaar hotaa haye. teos kii praarambhik sandrata parinami kanon key aakar key vipareet aanupaatik hoti haye; iss prakaar, ausat parr uchch sandrata naabhikiya sthalon kii adhik sankhya key kaaran chhote kanon kii or leey jaati haye, lekin aakaron key adhik prasaar key saath. aniyamit aakar vaale kanon kaa parinam taba hoe sakata haye jaba praarambhik poorvavarti sandrata bahut adhik hoe. prakriya tapman-nirbhar haye, jisamen sheetlan (aur isaliye dheemi pratikriya darr) key saath ausat kann aakar mein ekmusht vriddhi hoti haye, lekin niyantran vitaran koo atyadhik cumm tapman parr banaae naheen rakhaa jaa sakata haye.
dou-charaniya prakriya.
1999 mein cedric boisier aur unaki team ney dou-charaniya prakriya vikasit kii, jisake tahat sodium fluoride (naaf) key jodd seey sanghanan pratikriya shuru honey seey pahale cumm ph (1-4) parr jall apghatan puuraa kiya jaataa haye. dou-charaniya prakriya mein antatah mesoporus silika kanon kaa utpaadan karane key liye ack gair-ionic surfactant template kaa sanyojan shamil haye. jall apghatan aur sanghanan pratikriyaon koo anukramit karane kaa mukhya laabh surfactant aur poorvavarti teos mishran kii poorna ekroopata sunishchit karane kii kshamata haye. natijatan, utpaad kanon kaa vyaas aur aakar key saath-saath chhidra aakar poori tarah seey pratikriya gativigyaan aur sodium fluoride kii matra dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye; uchch saapeksh fluoride star adhik sankhya mein naabhikiya sthalon kaa utpaadan karate hain aur isaliye chhote kann. jall apghatan aur sanghanan prakriya koo alag karane seey utpaad niyantran kaa ack star praapt hotaa haye joe ack-charaniya staber prakriya dwara wahan kiye jaane vaale utpaad seey kaafee behtar hotaa haye, jisamen kann kaa aakar lagbhag poori tarah seey sodium fluoride-seey-teos anupaat dwara niyantrit hotaa haye.
dou-charaniya staber prakriya teos, paani, sharaab aur ack gair-ionic surfactant key mishran key saath shuru hoti haye, jisamen hydrochloric acid koo ack sookshm emulsion kaa utpaadan karane key liye jodaa jaataa haye. iss ghol koo taba taka khadaa rahane diyaa jaataa haye jaba taka kii jall apghatan puuraa naheen hoe jaataa, bahut hudd taka ack-charaniya staber prakriya kii tarah lekin hydrochloric acid key saath utprerak key roop mein amonia kii jagah leey letaa haye. sodium fluoride koo parinami sajaatiya ghol mein jodaa jaataa haye, joe naabhikiya beej key roop mein kaary karke sanghanan pratikriya shuru kartaa haye. silika kanon koo nispandan dwara ekatra kiya jaataa haye aur dahan dwara gair-ionic surfactant template koo hataane key liye calcin kiya jaataa haye, jisake parinamswarup mesoporus silika utpaad hotaa haye.
prakriya key liye sthitiyon kaa chayan chhidra aakar, kann vyaas aur unake vitaran key niyantran key liye anumati detaa haye, jaisa kii ack-charan drishtikon key mamle mein hotaa haye. sanshodhit prakriya mein chhidrata koo soojan agent kii shuruat, tapman kii pasand aur sodium fluoride utprerak kii matra key madhyam seey niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye. ack soojan agent (jaise kii macetylene) matra mein vriddhi kaa kaaran banata haye aur isaliye chhidra key aakar mein, aksar vilaayak avashoshan dwara, lekin pranali mein agent kii ghulansheelata dwara seemit hotaa haye. chhidra kaa aakar seedhe tapman key saath badalata haye, joe satah key baadlon key nichale bindu aur paani key kwathnank seey bandha hotaa haye. sodium fluoride kii sandrata chhidrata mein pratyaksh lekin gair-raikhik parivartan paida karati haye, prabhaav cumm honey key saath kyonki atirikt fluoride kii sandrata ack oopari seema taka jaati haye.
gativigyaan.
hydrosol key gathan key gativigyaan key liye lemar model monodisper system key utpaadan key liye vyaapak roop seey lagu hotaa haye, aur yeh mool roop seey parikalpana kii gaee thee kii staber prakriya iss monomer jodd model kaa paalan karati haye. iss model mein sabhi kann vikas sthalon koo banaane vaale naabhikiya kaa ack teji seey visfot shamil haye, phir naabhikiya sthalon parr trithylcylanol monomers key sanghanan key liye darr-seemit charan key roop mein jall apghatan key saath aage badhata haye. monodisper kann aakaron key utpaadan kaa shreya badey kanon parr teos key prasaar-seemit dravyamaan hastaantaran key parinamswarup dheemi darr seey honey vaale monomer jodd koo diyaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, prayogaatmak sakshya seey pataa chalata haye kii hydrolysed teos kii sandrata pratikriya mein dair taka nabhikikaran key liye aavashyak seey oopar rahati haye, aur beej vriddhi naabhik kii shuruat ack monomer jodd prakriya key gativigyaan seey mell naheen khaati haye. natijatan, lemar model koo kann ektrikaran key madhyam seey vikas key aadhar parr ack gatij model key paksh mein aswikar curr diyaa gayaa haye.
ektrikaran-adharit model key tahat, naabhikiya sthalon koo lagaatar utpann aur avashoshit kiya jaa rhaa haye jahaan vilay kann vikas kii or leey jaataa haye. naabhikiya sthalon kii peedhi aur vilay kanon key beach paraspar kriya oorjaa pratikriya key samagr gativigyaan koo nirdhaarit karati haye. naabhikiya sthalon kii peedhi neeche diye gaye sameekaran kaa anusaran karati haih
jahan "jey" naabhikiya darr haye, "key" 1 aur "key" 2, aich2oh aur nh3 kii sandrata key aadhar parr darr sthiraank hain aur "gs" silika poorvavarti kii matra key aadhar parr saamaanyikaran kaarak haye. inn yaugikon key sandrata anupaat koo samaayojit karna seedhe usa darr koo prabhaavit kartaa haye jiss parr naabhikiya sthalon kaa utpaadan hotaa haye.
kanon key beach naabhikiya sthalon kaa vilay unaki paraspar kriya oorjaa seey prabhaavit hotaa haye. kull antahkriya oorjaa teen balon parr nirbhar karati haih samaan aaveshon kaa sthir vidyut pratikarshan, kanon key beach wonderwall aakarshan aur vilayan key prabhaav. yeye antahkriya oorjaaen (neeche diye gaye sameekaran) kann ektrikaran prakriya kaa varnan karati hain aur pradarshit karati hain kii kyon stubber prakriya aakar mein samaan kanon kaa utpaadan karati haye.
vaine dair walls aakarshan bull nimnalikhit sameekaran dwara shaasit hotey hainh
jahan "aaha" haimekar sthiraank haye, "aar" dou kanon key kendron key beach kii doori haye aur "aeye" 1 ", aeye" 2 dou kanon kii trijya haye. sthirvidyut pratikarshan bull key liye sameekaran iss prakaar haih
jahan "ε" madhyam kaa paraavartak sthiraank haye, "kb" boltzman kaa sthiraank haye, "e" praathamik avesh haye, "t" nirpeksh tapman haye, "κ" 1:1 electrolyte key liye vyutkram dibai lambai haye, "x" kanon key beach kii doori (charr) haye, aur "φ" 0 satah kshamata haye. kull antahkriya oorjaa kaa antim ghatak vilayan pratikarshan haye joe iss prakaar haih
jahan "key roop mein" poorv-ghaatiya kaarak (1.5 × 10−3jm−2) haye aur "l" kshay kii lambai (1 × 10−9m) haye.
niyantrit vikas ektrikaran key liye yeh model chhote konn aiks-ray prakirnan takneekon seey prayogaatmak tippaniyon key saath fitt baithata haye aur praarambhik sthitiyon key aadhar parr kann aakar kii sateek bhavishyavani kartaa haye. isake alawa, sookshm gurutvaakarshan vishleshan aur parivartaniya ph vishleshan sahit takneekon seey prayogaatmak detta samagr vikas model seey bhavishyavaniyon seey sahmat hain.
roopaatmak bhinnataaen.
pratikriya mishran mein rasayanik yaugikon koo jodkar staber prakriya kaa upayog karke kaee alag-alag sanrachanaatmak aur sanrachanaatmak rupankanon koo taiyar kiya jaa sakata haye. yeye yojak rasayanik aur/yaa bhautik madhyamon key madhyam seey silika key saath pratikriya key dauran yaa baad mein baatchit curr sakate hain, jisase silika kanon key roopvigyaan mein paryaapt parivartan hoe sakate hain.
mesoporus silika.
ack-charaniya staber prakriya koo pratikriya mishran mein ack surfactant template jodkar aur parinami kanon koo ghataakar chhidrapurna silika key nirmaan key liye sanshodhit kiya jaa sakata haye. jinn surfactants kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye unamen setrimonium bromide, cetyltrimethylamonium chloride aur glycerol shamil hain. surfactant mycels banaata haye, ack hydrophobic interior key saath chhoti nikat-golakar genden aur ack hydrophilic satah, jisake chaaron or silika network badhata haye, surfactant-aur vilaayak seey bharey chainalon key saath kanon kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. thhos koo ghataane seey dahan aur/yaa vashpikaran dwara surfactant aur vilaayak anuon koo hataa diyaa jaataa haye, jisase poore sanrachana mein mesopore riktiyaan reh jaati hain, jaisa kii daaeen or key chitran mein dekhaa gayaa haye.
surfactant sandrata mein parivartan chhidron key vyaas aur aayatan parr niyantran kii anumati detaa haye, aur iss prakaar utpaad samagri key satah kshetra parr. surfactant kii matra mein vriddhi seey kull chhidra matra mein vriddhi hoti haye aur isaliye kann satah kshetra mein vriddhi hoti haye, lekin vyaktigat chhidra vyaas aparivartit rahata haye. chhidra vyaas mein parivartan surfactant sandrata key saapeksh upayog kiye jaane vaale amonia kii matra koo badalkar praapt kiya jaa sakata haye; atirikt amonia adhik vyaas vaale chhidron kii or leey jaataa haye, lekin kull chhidra aayatan aur kann satah kshetra mein isi tarah kii kamee key saath. pratikriya key aage badhane key liye anumati diyaa gayaa samay bhee chhidrata koo prabhaavit kartaa haye, adhik pratikriya samay key saath kull chhidra aayatan aur kann satah kshetra mein vriddhi hoti haye. lambe samay taka pratikriya key samay seey samagr silika kann key aakar mein vriddhi hoti haye aur aakar vitaran kii ekroopata mein sambandhit kamee aatee haye.
macroporus monolith.
prakriya mein polyethylene glycol (pegg) key judane seey silika kann ack macroporus nirantar block mein ekatrit hotey hain, jisase ack akhand roopvigyaan taka pahunch hoti haye. 2000 graam moll-1 seey adhik key aanvik vajan vaale elil yaa silil aind samoohon vaale pegg polymer kii aavashyakta hoti haye. staber prakriya tatasth ph sthitiyon key tahat shuru kii jaati haye, taaki pegg polymer badhate kanon key baahar key aspas ikattha hoe jaaen, jisase sthirikaran hoe. ack baar jaba samuchchay paryaapt roop seey badey hoe jaate hain, tou khambhe-sthir kann sampark karenge aur khambhe kii shrinkhalaon key beach "chipchipa ektrikaran" dwara aparivartaniya roop seey ack saath fuse karenge. yeh taba taka jaari rahata haye jaba taka kii sabhi kanon kaa poorna pravaah naheen hoe jaataa haye aur monolith kaa nirmaan hoe jaataa haye, jiss bindu parr monolith koo calcin kiya jaa sakata haye aur khoonti koo hataa diyaa jaa sakata haye, jisake parinamswarup ack macroporus silika monolith hotaa haye. kann key aakar aur chipchipa ektrikaran donon koo aanvik vajan aur khoonti kii sandrata koo badalkar niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye.
shale-core kann.
polystyrene, cyclene aur polymine sahit kaee yojak, stubber prakriya mein shale-core silika kanon key nirmaan kii anumati dete hain. shale-core rupiki key dou vinyason kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye. ack ack silika core haye jisamen polystyrene jaisi vaikalpik samagri kaa baahari khol hotaa haye. doosara ack silika khol haye jisamen ack morphological roop seey alag core jaise kii polymine hotaa haye.
polystyrene/silika core samagr kanon kaa nirmaan ack-charaniya staber prakriya key madhyam seey silika core key nirmaan key saath shuru hotaa haye. ack baar banane key baad, kanon koo olic acid key saath upchaarit kiya jaataa haye, joe satah key silanol samoohon key saath pratikriya karane key liye prastaavit haye. styrene koo vasaayukt-aml-sanshodhit silika core key aspas bahulak banaaya jaataa haye. silika core key aakar vitaran key aadhar parr, styrene unake chaaron or samaan roop seey bahulak hotaa haye jisake parinamswarup mishrit kann samaan roop seey aakar key hotey hain.
cyclene aur anya polymine ligand key saath banaae gaye silika khol kann bahut alag tareeke seey banaae jaate hain. polymine koo praarambhik charanon mein teos agradoot key saath staber pratikriya mein jodaa jaataa haye. yeye ligand teos agradoot key saath baatchit karate hain, jisake parinamswarup jall apghatan kii gati mein vriddhi hoti haye; haalaanki, parinamswarup way parinami silika colloid mein shamil hoe jaate hain. ligand mein kaee nitrogen sthal hotey hain jinamen electrons key ekal jode hotey hain joe teos key hydrolysed aind samoohon key saath baatchit karate hain. natijatan, silika ligand key chaaron or sanghanit hoti haye joe unhein gherati haye. baad mein, silika/ligand capsule badey kann banaane key liye ack saath chipak jaate hain. ack baar jaba ligand kaa saaraa hissa pratikriya dwara upbhog curr liya jaataa haye tou shesh teos silika/ligand nanoparticles key baahar key aspas ekatrit hotey hain, jisase ack thhos silika baahari khol banata haye. parinami kann mein ack thhos silika khol aur silika-lipate ligand kaa ack aantarik core hotaa haye. abhikriya mein jodee gaee praarambhik sandrata key saath-saath ligand key aakar key chayan key madhyam seey kanon key core aur khol key aakar koo niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye.
carbon kshetra.
silika agradoot key sthaan parr resourcinol-formaldehyde raal kaa upayog karke monodisper carbon gole kaa utpaadan karane key liye ack stober jaisi prakriya kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye. sanshodhit prakriya chikani satahon aur 200 seey 1000 nm taka key vyaas key saath carbon golon key utpaadan kii anumati detee haye. silika-adharit staber prakriya key vipareet, yeh pratikriya tatasth ph parr poori hoti haye aur amonia kii bhoomika aatm-asanjan aur ektrikaran koo rokkar vyaktigat carbon kanon koo sthir karane key saath-saath ack utprerak key roop mein kaary karane mein bhee hoti haye.
laabh aur anuprayog.
staber prakriya kaa ack pramukh laabh yeh haye kii yeh silika kanon kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye joe lagbhag monodisper hain, aur iss prakaar colloidal ghatnaaon key adhyayan mein upayog key liye ack aadarsh model pradaan kartaa haye. yeh pahali baar prakaashit honey parr ack agrani khoj thee, joe niyantrit aakar key golakar monodispers silika kanon key sanshleshan kii anumati detee haye, aur 2015 mein silika nainokanon key liye sabse vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa geela rasayan vigyaan drishtikon banaa huaa haye.
yeh prakriya antahkoshikiya dawa vitaran aur jaiv samvedan sahit anuprayogon key liye silika nainokanon koo taiyar karane key liye ack suvidhajanak drishtikon pradaan karati haye. sanshodhit staber prakriyaon dwara taiyar kiye gaye mesoporus silika nanoparticles key utpreran aur taral chromatography key kshetra mein anuprayog hotey hain. monodispersity key alawa, inn samagriyon mein bahut badey satah kshetra key saath-saath samaan, tunable aur atyadhik krambaddh chhidra sanrachanaaen hoti hain, joe inn anuprayogon key liye mesoporus silika koo advitiya roop seey aakarshak banaati hain.
havaai jahaaj.
aerogel atyadhik chhidrapurna ultralite samagri hain jinamen ack jail key taral ghatak koo gais seey badal diyaa gayaa haye, aur thhos honey key liye ullekhaniya hain joe bahut cumm ghanatva vaale atyant prabhaavi thermal insulator hain. aerogel koo vibhinn tarikon seey taiyar kiya jaa sakata haye, aur halanki adhikansh silika parr adharit hain, zirconia, titania, cellulose, polyurethane aur resourcinol-formaldehyde pranaliyon parr adharit samagri, anya key beach, report aur khoj kii gaee haye. silika-adharit aerogel kaa pramukh nuksan isaki najukta haye, halanki nassa ney unakaa upayog mars rovers parr insulation key liye kiya haye, mars "pathpradarshak" aur unakaa upayog vaanijyik roop seey kambal koo insulate karane key liye aur pardarshi dinn-prakaash panels key liye kaanch key paine key beach kiya gayaa haye. staber prakriya dwara taiyar kiye gaye kann jail koo atyadhik prabhaavi silika aerogel key saath-saath gerogel kaa utpaadan karane key liye teji seey nirjalit kiya jaa sakata haye. way pramukh kadam jail sanrachana koo banaae rakhate hue jail seey paani nikaalane key liye atee mahatvapurna drav nishkarshan kaa upayog haye, joe aamtaur parr atee mahatvapurna carbon dioxide key saath kiya jaataa haye, jaisa kii nassa kartaa haye. parinamswarup aerogel bahut prabhaavi thermal insulator hain kyonki bahut chhote chhidron (nanometer renz mein) key saath unaki uchch chhidrata hoti haye. gais charan key madhyam seey garmi kaa chaalan kharaab haye, aur choonki sanrachana sanrachana key madhyam seey havaa key anuon kii gati koo bahut rokti haye, isaliye samagri key madhyam seey garmi hastaantaran kharaab haye, jaisa kii chhavi mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye jahaan ack bansen berner seey garmi itani kharaab roop seey sthanantarit hoti haye kii aerogel parr aaraam karane vaale crayon pighalate naheen hain. unake cumm ghanatva key kaaran, taarakiya dhool key kanon koo pakadane key liye bhee taarakiya mission key hisse key roop mein taarakiya dhool key kanon koo dheema karane mein nyuntam garmi parivartanon (kanon mein garmi-prerit parivartanon koo rokane key liye) key saath upayog kiya gayaa haye.
silika aerogel kaa utpaadan karane key liye ack vidhi ack sanshodhit staber prakriya aur atee mahatvapurna sukhaane kaa upayog karati haye. utpaad rele scattering key parinamswarup neele rung key saath parbhasi dikhaai detaa haye; jaba ise prakaash srot key saamane rakhaa jaataa haye, tou yeh mee scattering key kaaran peela hoe jaataa haye. iss vayupath kaa satah kshetra 700 m2 g−1 haye aur ghanatva 0.040 g cm−3 haye; isake vipareet, havaa kaa ghanatva 0.0012 g cm−3 (15°c aur 1 atm parr) haye.
silika aerogels ney 2011 mein "gineej worled record" mein samagri gunon key liye 15 pravishtiyaan aayojit keen, jinamen sarvshreshth insulator aur sabse cumm ghanatva vaale thhos key liye shamil they, halanki 2012 mein aerophyte ney baad kaa khitaab jeetaa.
kamare key tapman kii havaa key kewal 13 pratishat key ghanatva aur helium gais seey cumm ghaney key saath, 2013 mein vikasit sabse cumm ghanatva vaalaa thhos bunn gayaa. gair-silika pranaliyon mein aerogel kii taiyari mein stober jaisi vidhiyon koo lagu kiya gayaa haye. nassa ney sanrachana koo majboot karane key liye ack bahulak coating key saath silika aerogel vikasit kiye hain, joe samaan ghanatva key liye lagbhag dou matra mein majboot samagri kaa utpaadan karate hain, aur bahulak aerogel bhee, joe lacheele hotey hain aur ack modane yogya patali film mein banaae jaa sakate hain.
colloidal silika.
colloidal silika kaa vyaapak roop seey dhaatu casting mein upayog kiya jaataa haye.
synthetic opple.
stober prakriya kaa upayog chamakdaar opple khanij padaarth vikasit karane key liye golakar kanon kaa utpaadan karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.