
krum

krum (,), jise aksar krum dha feardom () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, 796 aur 803 key beach seey 814 mein unaki mrityu taka bulgaria kaa khaan thaa. unake shasankal key dauran bulgarian kshetra aakar mein doguna hoe gayaa, joe madhya denube seey neeper taka aur odrin seey tatra pahaadon taka fail gayaa. unake saksham aur urjaavaan shasson ney bulgaria mein kaanoon aur vyavastha laaee aur raajya sangathan key mool siddhanton koo vikasit kiya.
jeevani.
utpatti.
krum panonia kaa ack bulgar sardar thaa. unaki parivarik prishthabhoomi aur unake rajyabhishek key aspas key baare mein pataa naheen haye. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii crome apane ack bete kuber key madhyam seey khaan kubrat kaa vanshaj hoe sakata haye. crome naam turkey mool kaa haye, jiska arth haye "rajyapal rajkumar" ("kurum" shasson, netritva, prashaasan "seey).
naee seemaon kii sthaapana.
805 key aspas, krum ney awaar khagnat koo harakar shesh awaar koo nasht curr diyaa aur ongal mein bulgar adhikaar koo phir seey bahaal kiya, joe kii carpathian key paar aur purvi panonia mein denube key saath-saath denube key uttar kshetra key liye paaramparik bulgar naam thaa. isake parinamswarup spasht samrajya aur bulgaria key beach ack aam seema kii sthaapana hui, jiska mahatvapurna prabhaav krum key uttaradhikariyon kii neeti parr padegaa.
nickforos aaee key saath sangharsh.
kshetriya vistaar kii neeti mein lagey hue hain. 807 mein bulgarian balon ney struma ghaati mein byzantine senaa koo haraaya. 809 mein surakshit aacharan kii guaranti key bavjood 6,000 kii senaa koo maarte hue, krum ney gher liya aur serdica key aatmasamarpan koo majboor kiya. iss jeet ney zantaain samrat nickforos pratham dwara isaki raksha key liye seema key saath anatolian aabaadi koo basaane aur serdica koo phir seey lene aur phir seey gadhane kaa prayaas karane key liye uksaayaa, halanki yeh udyam whiffle rhaa.
811 kii shuruat mein, nicaphoros I ney bulgaria key khilaf ack badey paimaane parr abhiyaan chalaaya, joe marcel (carnobat key paas) kii or badhaa. yahaan krum ney 11 julaai 811 koo baatchit karane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin nickforos apani loot jaari rakhane key liye dridh thaa. unaki senaa ney kissy tarah balcon pahaadon mein bulgarian ghaaton seey bachaa aur moisia mein apana raasta banaaya. way 20 julaai koo plisca parr kabja karane mein kamyab rahey, kyonki kewal ack chhoti, jaldbaji mein ikattha hui senaa unake raaste mein thee. yahaan nickforos ney shahar mein aag lagaate hue aur apani senaa koo aabaadi parr palatate hue bulgarian logon key khajaane taka pahunchane mein apani madad kii. krum kii ack naee rajanyik pahal koo khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
12veen shatabdi key siriyai jacobite key kulpita, michael dha siriyan kaa itihas, nickforos kii krurta aur atyacharon kaa varnan kartaa haih "nickforos, byzantine samrajya key samrat, bulgarian bhoomi mein chaley gaeh vaha vijayi thaa aur unamen seey badee sankhya mein maare gaye. vaha unaki rajdhani mein pahuncha, usey jabt curr liya aur usey tabah curr diyaa. unakaa barbarta iss hudd taka pahunch gayaa kii unhone unake chhote bachchon koo laane kaa adesh diyaa, unhein dharti parr baandh diyaa aur unhein todane key liye anaaj key patthar banaae."
jabaki nickforos pratham aur usaki senaa ney bulgarian rajdhani koo loot liya aur loot liya, taba krum ney kisaanon aur mahilaaon koo bhee hathiyar dete hue adhik seey adhik sainikon koo jutaaya. iss senaa koo parvat darron mein ikattha kiya gayaa thaa taaki byzantine koo rokaa jaa sakey kyonki way constantinople mein laut aae they. 26 julaai koo subah, bulgarian loga peechhe hatane vaale nicaphoros koo verbita darre mein fansaane mein kamyab rahey. agami yuddh mein byzantine senaa kaa safaya curr diyaa gayaa aur nickforos koo maar diyaa gayaa, jabaki unake bete staurachios koo gardan parr lakvagrast ghaav milane key baad shaahi angarakshak dwara suraksha key liye leey jaaya gayaa. aisaa kahaa jaataa haye kii krum mein samrat kii khopadi chaandi seey panktibaddh thee aur ise peene key cup key roop mein istemal kiya jaataa thaa.
michael aaee rangabe key saath sangharsh.
staurachios koo ack sankshipt shasankal key baad tyag karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa (812 mein apane ghaav seey unaki mrityu hoe gaee), aur unake baad unake behnoi michael aaee rangabe ney padbhar sambhala. 812 mein crome ney ruzvelt koo leey jaate hue aur paas key kilon kii aabaadi koo constantinople kii or bhaagne key liye daraate hue zantaain thress dwara aakraman kiya. shakti kii iss sthiti seey, krum ney 716 kii shaanti sandhi mein vaapsee kii peshkash kii. kamjori kii sthiti seey samjhauta karane key liye taiyar naheen, nae samrat michael ney prastaav koo sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa, jahir taur parr palayan karane vaalon key adaan-pradaan key khand kaa virodh kiya. samrat parr adhik dabaav daalane key liye, 812 kii sharad ritu mein krum ney gher liya aur messembria (nesseber) parr kabja curr liya.
farwari 813 mein bulgarian logon ney thress parr chhaapa maaraa lekin samrat kii senaaon ney unhein peechhe hataa diyaa. iss safalata seey protsaahit hocker, michael pratham ney poore byzantine samrajya seey sainikon koo bulaaya aur ack nirnaayak jeet kii ummeed mein uttar kii or badhe. krum ney apani senaa koo dakshin kii or adrianople kii or leey jaaya aur versinica key paas shivir lagaaya. michael pratham ney bulgarian logon key khilaf apani senaa koo khadaa kiya, lekin donon pakshon ney dou saptah taka hamla naheen kiya. anta mein, 22 juuna 813 koo, byzantines ney hamla kiya lekin turant udaan bhar dee gaee. krum kii ghudsavaar senaa key saath peechha karate hue, michael aaee kii haar poori hoe gaee, aur krum constantinople parr aage badh gayaa. raaste mein, adhikansh kille, bulgarian senaa kii taakat key baare mein sunkar, binaa kissy ladaai key aatmasamarpan curr gaye. kewal adrian logon ney virodh kiya. iss shahar kii gherabandi kaa netritva krum key bhaai ney kiya thaa, jinhone byzantine rajdhani kii or aage badhana jaari rakhaa. basentine rajdhani kii divaaron key saamane, shaasak ney logon aur jaanvaron key prabhaavshaali moortipoojak balidan kiye. isane sthir nivaasiyon parr ack badaa prabhaav daala aur yahaan taka kii theophanes dwara confessor aur "scripter inserts" (811-820 kii avadhi kii ghatnaaon kaa varnan karane vaalaa ack anaam sankshipt itihas) mein bhee varnit kiya gayaa thaa. isake alawa, krum ney blacharne seey sunhare dwaar taka khudai key liye ack prachir key saath ack khaai kaa adesh diyaa. iss prakaar, rajdhani bhoomi kii or seey ghiri hui haye. bulgarian shaasak key yeye kaary shahar parr kabja karane key gambhir iradon kii tulanaa mein adhik shakti kaa pradarshan hain. iska uddeshya byzantine shasakon koo ack shaanti kaa nishkarsh nikaalane key liye majboor karna thaa jisake saath way bulgarian logon kii vijay koo pahachaanenge.
badnam michael koo tyag karane aur ack bhikshu banane key liye majboor kiya gayaa-teesara basentine samrat jise itane hii varshon mein krum dwara simhaasan chhodane key liye majboor kiya gayaa.
leo banaam armenian key saath sangharsh.
...nae samrat ney shaanti vaarta shuru kii, ack gupt vichaar key saath kii baatchit key dauran krum koo maar diyaa jaayega. donon shiviron key beach ack baithak key liye aavashyaktaaen yeh hain kii donon paksh sankhya mein chhote aur nihatthe houn. iss kaaran seey, kavahan iratis aur krum key damad constantin pasik (jinhen sambhavatah anuvaadak key roop mein istemal kiya jaataa thaa) krum key saath maujood they. isake vipareet, leo banaam armenian vyaktigat roop seey upasthit naheen hue. baithak kii shuruat mein hii bulgarian shaasak ney una sanketon koo dekhaa joe roman ghaat lagaakar sainikon koo dey rahey they, aur halanki vaha ghayal hoe gayaa thaa, vaha bhaagne mein kamyab rhaa. kavkhan koo maar diyaa gayaa aur constantin patsik koo usake bete (krum key bhatije) key saath pakad liya gayaa. romanon kii besnessi seey krodhit hocker, krum ney purvi thress mein churchon aur mathon koo lootane aur jalaane kaa adesh diyaa. unake krodh kii parinati adrian logon key kabje aur shahar kii raksha karane vaale 10,000 sainikon (bhavishya key samrat tulsi key maataa-pitaa sahit) key kabje mein hui. halanki krum ney byzantine rajdhani kii rakshaatmak kshamataon kaa ehsas kiya, lekin unhone nirantar logon parr hamale key liye badey paimaane parr taiyari kaa adesh diyaa, jisamen slave, awaar aur vishesh gherabandi upkaran ("kachhue", yuddh tower, "raam", flamethroer aadi) shamil they.). inn sabhi taiyari seey chintit hocker samrat ney shahar kii divaaron aur raksha koo majboot karna shuru curr diyaa. lekin bulgarian shaasak kii iss bhavya yojana koo lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa. 13 aprail, 814 koo, raktasraav aur aghaat kii sabse adhik sambhavana key kaaran, krum kii mrityu hoe gaee.
viraasat.
krum koo pahali gyaat likhit bulgarian kaanoon sanhita sthaapit karane key liye yaad kiya jaataa thaa, jisane sabhi garib bulgarian logon koo bhikhaari aur raajya suraksha key liye subsidy sunishchit kii thee. sharaab peena, gaali-galauj karna aur lootpaat koo kadee sajaa dee gaee. apane kaanoonon key madhyam seey vaha ack sakht lekin nyaaypurna shaasak key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, joe ack kendrikrit raajya mein slaav aur bulger koo laaya.
unake jeevan parr upanyaas likhe gaye hain, jaise kii damityar mantov (1973) aur ivan bogdanov (1990) dwara.