
ghasan kanaafaani

ghasan kanaafaani (, 8 aprail 1936-8 julaai 1972) ack falastini lekhak aur falastini mukti (pee. aff. ell. pee.) key liye lokpriya morche key ack pramukh sadasya they. 8 julaai 1972 koo mosad ney unaki hatyaa curr dee thee.
praarambhik jeevan.
ghasan faiz kanaafaani kaa janm 1936 mein ack madhyam vargiya falastini sunni parivaar mein huaa thaa, jisaki kurd prishthabhoomi falastini key liye british janadesh key tahat ekad (akka) shahar mein thee. vaha muhammad faayiz abd all razag key teesare bachche they, ack vakeel joe rashtriya andolan mein sakriya they joe british kabje aur yahudi aapravaasan key isake protsaahan kaa virodh kartaa thaa, aur jinhen angrejon dwara kaee maukon parr kaid kiya gayaa thaa jaba ghasan abhee bhee ack bachcha thaa. ghasan ney apani praarambhik shiksha jaffa mein ack francisi catholic missionary school mein praapt kii.
maee mein, jaba 1948 key arab-israel yuddh mein shatruta kaa prakop ekad mein fail gayaa, tou kanaafaani aur unake parivaar koo nirvaasan mein majboor honah padaa, joe philistine key palayan mein shamil hoe gaye. dashakon baad apane bete koo likhe ack patra mein, unhone usa teevra sherm koo yaad kiya joe unhone 10 saal kii umr mein apane parivaar key logon koo sharanarthi banane key liye apane hathiyaron kaa samarpan karate hue dekhaa thaa. uttar mein kuchh padosi lebnan mein bhaagne key baad, way philistine key sharanarthiyon key roop mein seeriya key damascus mein buss gaye. way apekshaakrit garib they; pitaa ney ack chhote seey vakeel kii practices kii, jisamen ladakon key anshakaalik kaam seey parivaar kii aaya mein vriddhi hoti thee. vahaan, kanaafaani ney apani maadhyamik shiksha poori kii, 1952 mein philistine key sharanarthiyon (unarva) key liye ack sanyukt rashtra raahat aur kaary agency shikshan pramaan patra praapt kiya. unhein pahali baar ack sharanarthi shivir mein lagbhag 1,200 visthaapit philistine key bachchon key liye ack kalaa shikshak key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, jahan unhone apane chhatron koo unaki sthiti koo praasangik banaane mein madad karane key liye laghu kathaaen likhana shuru kiya.
raajneetik prishthabhoomi.
1952 mein, unhone damishk vishvavidyalaya mein arabi saahitya vibhaag mein bhee dakhila liya. agale varsh, way george habash seey mille, jinhone unhein rajneeti seey parichit karaaya aur unake shuruati kaam parr ack mahatvapurna prabhaav dalna thaa. 1955 mein, isase pahale kii vaha apani degree poori curr sakein, "zionist saahitya mein nasl aur dharm" parr ack thesis key saath, joe unake 1967 key adhyayan "zionist saahitya parr" kaa aadhar banana thaa, kanaafaani koo arab rashtravadiyon (aadami) key andolan key saath unaki raajneetik sambaddhata key liye vishvavidyalaya seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen habash ney unhein bharti kiya thaa. kanaafaani 1956 mein apani bahan fayza kanaafaani key baad kuwait chaley gaye, joe unase pahale vahaan unake bhaai they, ack shikshak kaa pada sambhaalane key liye. unhone apana adhikansh khaali samay russie saahitya mein bitaaya. agale varsh way jorden key "all raay" ("raay") key sampaadak baney, joe ack maanav-sambaddh samachar patra thaa.
1960 mein, vaha phir seey sthanantarit hoe gaye, iss baar habash kii salah parr, jahaan unhone mukhpatra "all-hurriya" kaa sampadan karna shuru kiya aur markswadi darshan aur rajneeti mein ruchi lii. 1961 mein, way ack dennish shikshaavid aur baal adhikaar karyakarta annie hover seey mille, jinase unake dou bachche hue. 1962 mein, kanaafaani koo kuchh samay key liye bhoomigat honey key liye majboor honah padaa kyonki ack rajyaviheen vyakti key roop mein, unake paas uchit pehchaan patron kii kamee thee. way usee varsh baad mein berut mein phir seey dikhaai diye, aur nasserist samachar patra "all muharrir" ("muktidata") kaa sampadan shuru kiya, isake saptahik poorak "philastine" (palestine) kaa sampadan kiya. way 1967 mein ack anya naserwadi samachar patra, all anwar (roshni) key sampaadak baney, jinhone faris faris key chhadm naam seey nibandh likhe. way "asayad" patrika key sampaadak bhee they joe "all anwar" kaa sahayogi prakaashan thaa. usee varsh way philistine kii mukti key liye lokpriya morche mein bhee shamil hoe gaye aur 1969 mein, pee. aff. ell. pee. kii saptahik patrika, all hadaf ("lakshya") koo sampaadit karane key liye "all anwar" seey istifa dey diyaa, jabaki ack pee. aff. ell. pee. karyakram kaa masauda taiyar kiya gayaa jisamen andolan ney aadhikarik taur parr markswad-leninism koo apanaaya. yeh akhil-arab raashtravaad seey krantikari philistini sangharsh kii or prasthaan koo chihnit kartaa haye. kanaafaani 1968 mein shuru kii gaee aur misra aur soviyat sangh dwara vittaposhit ack patrika "kamal" key yogadankartaon mein seey ack they. apani hatyaa key samay, unhone videshi patrakaron aur kaee scandinavian yahudi-virodhi yahoodiyon key saath vyaapak sampark banaae. maanaa jaataa haye kii unake raajneetik lekhan aur patrakaarita ney usa samay arab vichaar aur ranneeti parr ack badaa prabhaav daala thaa.
saahityik parinam.
halanki ack raajneetik vichaarak, ugravaadi aur patrakaar key roop mein pramukh, kanaafaani ney yeh kahate hue record kiya haye kii saahitya unaki rajneeti key peechhe aakar dene vaali bhavna thee. kanaafaani kii saahityik shally koo "spasht aur seedha" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye; unaki adhuniktawadi kathaa takneek-flashback prabhaavon aur kathaa aavaajon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala kaa upayog-arabi kathaa mein ack vishisht pragati kaa pratinidhitva karati haye. ihab shallback aur faisal darraj kanaafaani key lekhan mein ack saral dwaitvaad seey laker ack achche philistini peedit taka, philistini uddeshya kii nyaypurnata kii naitik pushti taka ack path koo dekhate hain, jahaan bhale hii achche aur burey nirpeksh naheen hain, jaba taka kii donon seey asantusht, unhone iss baat kii sarahana karna shuru curr diyaa kii aatm-gyaan key liye dusare kii samajh kii aavashyakta haye, aur yeh kii kewal donon alag-alag aakhyanon koo ekikrit karke hii sangharsh kii gahari gatishilata koo samajha jaa sakata haye.
apani kaee kalpanaon mein, unhone vibhinn prishthabhoomi key philistiniyon koo saamana karane vaali jatil duvidhaon koo chitrit kiya haye. kanaafaani ney philistine key lekhan key sambandh mein "pratirodh saahitya" ("adaab all-mukawama") kii dhaarana koo lagu karane vaale pahale vyakti they; 1966 aur 1968 mein kramshah prakaashit dou karyon mein, ack aalochak, orit bashkin ney nott kiya haye kii unake upanyaas hathiyaron kii ack nishchit fetishwadi pooja koo dohrate hain, aur way sainya sadhanon koo philistine kii trasdi koo hull karane key ekmatra tareeke key roop mein chitrit karate hain.
ghasan kanafani ney laghu kathaaen likhana taba shuru kiya jaba way sharanarthi shiviron mein kaam curr rahey they. aksar bachchon kii nazaron seey dekhi jaane vaali kahaaniyan unake raajneetik vichaaron aur vishvaas seey prakat hoti hain kii unake chhatron kii shiksha koo unake aspas key parivesh seey sambandhit honah chaahiye. kuwait mein rahate hue, unhone russie saahitya aur samajwadi siddhant koo padhane mein bahut samay bitaaya, apani likhi kaee laghu kathaaon koo parishkrit kiya, aur ack kuwait puraskar jeetaa.
"soorya mein purush" (1962).
1962 mein, unakaa upanyaas, "maine inn dha sunn" ("rijal phee-aeye-shums"), jise "aadhunik arabi kathaa mein sabse prashansit aur uddhrit karyon mein seey ack" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, koo bahut aalochanatmak prashansa key saath prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. rasheed khalidi ise "poorvasiddh" maanate hain. yeh kahani sharanarthi shiviron mein philistiniyon key jeevan koo prabhaavit karane vaali paraajayvaadi nirasha, nishkriyata aur raajneetik bhrashtachar key varnan mein nakba key baad philistine kii aapada kaa ack roopak haye. kendriya charitra ack kadwa poorv sanic, abul khaizuraan haye, joe apane ghaavon seey vikrit aur napunsak hoe jaataa haye, jiska paise kii sanaki khoj aksar apane saathi deshvaasiyon koo nuksan pahunchaati haye. teen philistiniyon, bujurg aboo cases, asad aur yuva marwan, kuwait mein seema paar karane key liye ack laurie kii khaali paani kii tunky mein chhip jaate hain. way basra key roop mein paar karane mein kamyab rahey hain aur antim chauki taka pahunch gaye hain. truck chaalak abul khaizuraan, tej honey kii koshish kartaa haye, lekin usey apane sammaan kii raksha karane key liye ghasita jaataa haye kyonki iraqi chauki adhikaari usey yeh bataakar chidhaata haye kii vaha veshyaon key saath khilwad curr rhaa thaa. jall vaahak key bheetar garmi kii teevrata aisee hoti haye kii koee bhee kaee minaton seey adhik samay taka jeevit naheen reh sakata haye, aur vaastav mein way ander samaapt hoe jaate hain kyonki khaizuraan koo vyaparik upakhyanon mein kheencha jaataa haye joe ack gair-astitva mein veerata kii bhoomika nibhaate hain-way usey aise sambodhit karate hain jaise kii vaha stritvapurna thaa, aur ack karyalaya mein baahar gandi aboo bucker. unaki mauton key liye soorya kii garmi key dabaane vaale prabhaav koo doshi naheen thaharaaya jaanaa chaahiye, balki peedit honey parr unaki khamoshi banaae rakhane parr dosh diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. anta koo aksar apane mool philistine seey door ack naee pehchaan banaane kii koshish karane key philistine key prayason kii nirarthakta key liye ack trop key roop mein padhaa gayaa haye, aur abul khaizuraan kii aakriti philistine key netritva kii napunsakta kaa prateek haye. ammy zalman ney kahani mein antarnihit ack gupt leitmotif kaa pataa lagaaya haye, jisamen pyalestine koo priya mahila shareer key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye, jabaki purush aakritiyon koo dusare desh kii talash mein utpaadak honey seey napunsak banaaya gayaa haye. iss paath mein, philistiniyon key liye ack vaastavik rashtriya pehchaan kaa punargathan kewal ling kii jagrukta koo vaapas aaney kii aakaankshaon seey jodkar kiya jaa sakata haye. kahani parr adharit ack film, "all-makhadu 'una" ("dhokha diyaa gayaa" yaa "dhokhebaaz"), 1972 mein tevfik saleh dwara nirmit kii gaee thee.
"sub kuchh joe aapke liye bachaa haye" (1966).
"joe kuchh bhee aapke liye bachaa haye" ("maa tabakka lakum") (1966) gaaja patti mein ack sharanarthi shivir mein sthaapit haye. yeh ack mahila, mariam aur usake bhaai, hameed seey sambandhit haye, joe 1948 key yuddh mein anath hoe gaye they, unake pitaa yuddh mein marr gaye they-unake antim shabd yeh maang curr rahey they kii way rashtriya uddeshya koo jeetane taka shaadi seey door rahein-aur unaki maan unase alag hoe gaee. vaha jorden mein aatee haye, way gaza mein ack chaachi key saath samaapt hotey hain, aur odipal visthaapan key ack samooh mein ekjut rahate hain; hamid apani bahan mein ack maan-vikalp kii talash kartaa haye, jabaki mariam apane bhaai key liye ack ardh-anaitik pyaar kaa manoranjan karati haye. mariam antatah dou baar key gaddaar, zakaria seey shaadi karane key paitrik nishedh koo todata haye, kyonki vaha bahut badaa haye, aur kyonki usane israel koo ack bhoomigat yoddha koo pakadane key liye jaankaari dee thee, jisake parinamswarup baad vaale kii mrityu hoe gaee. hamid, krodhit hocker, jorden mein apani maan taka pahunchane kii ichcha rakhate hue negev key madhyam seey aage badhata haye. registan mein hamid key dou prakaran, aur zakaria key saath usake sambandhon key galey mein mariam, ack saath ack cross-kathaa mein goonje hue hainh yuvak kaa saamana ack bhatakate hue israeli sanic seey hotaa haye joe apani ikai key saath sampark khou chuka hotaa haye, aur usase apane hathiyaron seey kushti kartaa haye, aur registan key saath sangharsh karate hue ack tarah key punarjanm seey gujarta haye. mariam, jise usake pati ney apane bachche kaa garbhpaat karane kii chunauti dee thee, jise vaha hameed kahegi, zakaria koo markar bachche koo bachaane kaa faisala karati haye. iss kahani ney usa varsh lebnani saahitya puraskar jeetaa.
"umm saad" (1969).
ummad" (1969) mein, unake nae krantikari drishtikon kaa prabhaav spasht haye kyonki vaha ack maan kaa chitra banaata haye joe apane bete koo poori jagrukta mein ack pratirodh key roop mein hathiyar uthaane key liye protsaahit karati haye kii jeevan kaa chunaav usaki mrityu mein hoe sakata haye.
"haifa mein lautein" (1970).
"haifa kii vaapsee" ("" eed laa hayfa "") (1970) ack philistini jode, saeed aur usaki patni safiya kii kahani haye, joe lagbhag dou dashakon seey philistini shahar ramalla mein reh rahey hain, joe jorden key prashaasan key tahat thaa jaba taka kii chhah divasiya yuddh mein baaki paschimi tata parr vijay praapt naheen hoe gaee thee.  dampati koo iss tathya kaa saamana karna seekhana chaahiye kii unake paanch maheene key bachche, ack bete koo jise unhein 1948 mein hypha mein apane ghar mein chhodane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa, kaa paalan-poshan ack israeli yahudi key roop mein kiya gayaa haye, joe kii ekal nirnay kii pratidhvani haye. pitaa smriti key malabe key madhyam seey asli philistine kii khoj kartaa haye, kewal adhik malabe khojane key liye. israel key kabje kaa matlab haye kii unhein antatah vaapas jaane aur israel mein hypha jaane kaa avsar milaa. all-jaleel pahaad parr halisa jile mein unake ghar kii yatra ateet koo ujagar karati haye jaisa kii way ack baar jaanate they. yaad kiye gaye philistini ateet aur hypha aur usake parivesh key punarnirmit israeli vartamaan key beach visangati ack nirantar pravaasi kalanugatata paida karati haye. upanyaas dou nirnaayak dinon seey sambandhit haye, ack 21 aprail 1948, aur doosari 30 juuna 1967; pahale kii tarikh usa avadhi seey sambandhit haye jaba hagana ney shahar parr apana hamla shuru kiya thaa aur philistine key loga joe pratirodh karyon mein naheen maare gaye they, bhaag gaye they. saeed aur unaki patni koo british naukaaon parr ekad mein leey jaaya gayaa. ack polish yahudi aur narsamhar seey bache, ivarat kushan aur usaki patni, mariam, apane bete khaldun koo apane ghar mein paate hain, aur sampatti koo sambhal lete hain aur bachche koo ack yahudi key roop mein paalate hain, nae naam "dove" key saath. jaba way ghar jaate hain, tou kushen kii patni unakaa abhivaadan karati haih "main lambe samay seey aapka intezar curr rahee thee."kushen dwara aprail 1948 kii ghatnaaon koo yaad karna saeed key apane prabhaav kii pushti kartaa haye, kii shahar key patan kaa samanvaya british senaaon aur hagana dwara kiya gayaa thaa. unakaa doosara betaa, khalid, unake saath ramalla mein, apane pitaa key aashirvaad seey fadayeen mein shamil hoe gayaa thaa. jaba dove lautata haye, tou vaha ack aaee. dee. aff. vardi pahane hotaa haye, aur iss tathya seey badale mein naraj hotaa haye kii unhone usey chhod diyaa thaa. ghatana sthal seey ghar chhodane key liye majboor, pitaa yeh darshaata haye kii kewal sainya kaarravaai hii vivaad kaa samadhan curr sakati haye, haalaanki, yeh mahsoos karate hue kii aisee sthiti mein, yeh achchi tarah seey hoe sakata haye kii dove/khaldun yuddh mein apane bhaai khalid kaa saamana karega. upanyaas phir bhee parityag key kaary key liye philistiniyon kii aalochana koo vyakt kartaa haye, aur zionists key cumm seey cumm aasaan, jiddi aagrah key liye ack nishchit prashansa koo dhokha detaa haye, jinaki imandari aur dridh sankalp philistiniyon key liye unake bhavishya key sangharsh mein aadarsh honah chaahiye. areal blotch kaa vaastav mein tark haye kii dove, jaba vaha apane pitaa kii kamjori key khilaf chillata haye, tou khud kanafani key liye ack mukhpatra key roop mein kaam kartaa haye. saeed apratirodhya philistiniyon kaa prateek haye jinhone apani udaan aur apani matribhoomi key saath vishvaasghaat kii yaad koo dafna diyaa haye. saath hii, matribhoomi abb ack neenv key roop mein ateet key saath ack purani yaadon parr adharit naheen hoe sakati haye, balki ack sambaddhata joe dhaarmik aur jaatiya bhed koo nakaarati haye. philistiniyon key aarop aur israel key dushman key kattar rashtra-nirmaan key saath ack maun sahaanubhooti key bavjood, upanyaas kii satah parr bayanbaji sashastr sangharsh key madhyam seey rashtriya mukti key liye mahatvapurna bunny hui haye. kahani key ack kaalpanik parinam koo ack mool arabi bhashi israeli yahudi, israeli upanyaskar saami michael ney apane "yonim bey-trafalgar" (trafalgar varg mein kabootar) mein likhaa haye.
plo kii shodh kendra patrika, "shoo 'una philistinia" (philistine key mamle) mein prakaashit ijj-deen all-qasam parr unakaa lekh, philistine key sashastr sangharsh key agradoot key roop mein poorv kii chhavi koo failaane mein prabhaavshaali thaa, aur rashid khalidi key anusaar, philistine key akhyan koo majboot kiya joe viphalata koo ack jeet key roop mein darshaata haye.
hatyaa.
8 julaai 1972 koo, kanafani kii berut mein mosad, israeli videshi khufiya seva dwara hatyaa curr dee gaee thee. jaba kanaafaani ney apane austin 1100 kaa ignition chaalu kiya, tou ignition switch seey judey ack grenade mein visfot hoe gayaa aur badale mein bumper baar key peechhe lagaae gaye 3 kilo plastic key bumm mein visfot hoe gayaa. kanaafaani aur usaki 17 varsheeya bhatiji lamees najim, joe usake saath thee, donon koo maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
yeh hatyaa laude havaai adde key narsamhar key jawab mein kii gaee thee, jise japani laal senaa key teen sadasyon dwara kiya gayaa thaa. usa samay, kanaafaani pee. aff. ell. pee. key pravakta they, aur samooh ney hamale kii zimmedaari lii. kanaafaani hamale koo anjam dene seey kuchh samay pahale teen japani laal senaa key sadasyon key saath tasveeron mein bhee dikhaai diye. maark ensalaco key anusaar, kanafani ney julaai mein hamlaavaron dwara istemal kii gaee ranneeti koo uchit thaharaaya thaa. kamal nasser kaa kahana haye kii kanaafaani ney apane dipty, basam aboo shareef key saath milkar usa samay aam taur parr philistine key apaharan seey nipatane vaali press conference mein maang kii thee kii israel kaidiyon koo riha karey; haalaanki, nasser raajyon, kanaafaani aur aboo shareef ney shaanti seey kaam liya thaa aur andhadhundh hinsa key khilaf bolna shuru curr diyaa thaa. laude narsamhar key kaee dinon baad, kanaafaani kii ack tasveer ack japani aatankvaadi key saath prasaarit kii gaee thee. afavaahen prasaarit huin kii lebnan key suraksha bull isamen shamil they. basam aboo sharif, joe dou saptah baad apani zaan bachaane key prayaas mein butch gayaa, usey sandeh thaa kii kanafani aur baad mein khud parr kiye gaye prayason kaa adesh israel ney diyaa thaa, lekin usane ack arab madhyasth, shayed aboo ahmed unis koo niyukt kiya thaa; unis koo 1981 mein pee. aff. ell. pee. dwara maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
lebnan key "dha delly starr" mein kanafani key shoke sandesh mein likhaa gayaa haih "vaha ack commando they jinhone kabhi bandook naheen chalaai, jinka hathiyar ack ball-point paine thaa, aur unakaa akhaada samachar patron key prishthon parr thaa."
unaki mrityu key baad, unake upanyason mein kaee apoorna upanyaas paae gaye, jinamen seey ack 1966 mein likhe gaye they.
smaranotsav.
unake sammaan mein philistine kii pratirodh kavitaon kaa ack sangrah, "dha philistinian wading", jiska sheershak mahmoud darvesh kii isi naam kii kavita seey liya gayaa thaa, prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. way 1975 mein saahitya key liye afro-asia lekhak sammelan key kamal puraskar key maranoparant praaptakarta they. ghasan kanafani kii smriti koo ghasan kanafani saanskritik foundation key nirmaan key madhyam seey barkarar rakhaa gayaa thaa, jisane taba seey philistine key sharanarthiyon key bachchon key liye aathh baalvaadi sthaapit kiye hain. unaki viraasat philistiniyon key beach bunny hui haye, aur unhein mahantam aadhunik arabi lekhakon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye.
arabi mein kaam kartaa haye.
2013 kaa ghasan kanaafaani key poorna karyon (arabi sanskaran) kaa nayaa sanskaran, rimal prakashanon (cyprus) dwara prakaashit kiya gayaah
upanyaasah
laghu kathaaen
khelah
adhyayan

