anushasana nireekshan key liye kendriya aayog

kendriya anushasana nireekshan aayog (see. see. dee. aaee.) cheeni communist party (see. see. pee.) kaa sarvocch aantarik niyantran sansthaan haye, jise aantarik niyamon aur viniyamon koo lagu karane aur party mein bhrashtachar aur kadachar kaa mukabala karane kaa kaam saunpa gayaa haye. choonki sarkaar key sabhi staron parr adhikansh adhikaari communist party key sadasya bhee hain, isaliye aayog vyavhaar mein chean mein sheersh bhrashtachar-rodhi nikaay haye.
aadhunik aayog kii sthaapana disambar 1978 mein 11veen kendriya samiti key teesare poorna satra mein kii gaee thee. niyantran pranaaliyan pahale 1927 mein ack sankshipt avadhi key liye aur phir 1955 aur 1968 key beach aur 1949 seey 1955 taka isake vartamaan naam key tahat "kendriya niyantran aayog" key naam seey maujood theen. ise 1969 mein saanskritik kranti key dauran bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1993 mein, agency aur sarkaar key paryavekshan mantralaya (aim. oh. aiss.) key aantarik sanchaalan kaa vilay curr diyaa gayaa thaa. halanki aayog saiddhaantik roop seey see. see. pee. key karyakari sansthanon jaise kendriya samiti aur usake polit beuro seey swatantra haye, aitihaasik roop seey, see. see. dee. aaee. kaa kaam party key sheersh netaaon dwara nirdeshit kiya gayaa haye. haalaanki, navambar 2002 mein cheeni communist party key mahasachiv key roop mein huu jintaao key karyakal seey shuru hocker, aur vishesh roop seey navambar 2012 mein shee jinping key party netritva kii dhaarana key baad, see. see. dee. aaee. mein kendriya samiti key tahat party key sanchaalan seey ise aur adhik swatantra banaane key liye mahatvapurna sudhaar kiye gaye hain.
see. see. pee. key samvidhaan key anusaar, see. see. dee. aaee. key sadasya rashtriya congress dwara chune jaate hain aur paanch saal kii avadhi key liye seva karate hain. rashtriya congress jisamen yeh chunaa jaataa haye, key baad see. see. dee. aaee. apane sachiv, upa sachiv, mahasachiv aur sthaayi samiti kaa chunaav karane key liye baithak kartaa haye. nirvaachit adhikaariyon koo taba padbhar sambhaalane key liye kendriya samiti dwara anumodit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. see. see. dee. aaee. key sachiv, 1997 seey, polit beuro sthaayi samiti key sadasya rahey hain aur 2009 seey, nireekshan kaary key liye kendriya pramukh samooh key netaa key roop mein kaary kiya haye. vartamaan sachiv lii xi hain, jinhone 23 octuber 2022 koo padbhar sambhala.
itihas.
janvaadi ganarajya seey pahale.
ack niyantran pranali kaa vichaar "raajya aur kranti" mein vladmir lenin seey prerit thaa. lenin ney tark diyaa kii pratyek communist agrani party koo, sabhi staron parr, party-aadhikarik chunaavon, barkhastagi aur pradarshan kii nigrani key liye ack pranali kii aavashyakta haye. unake lekhan ney soviyat kendriya niyantran aayog kii sthaapana kii. niyantran pranali aur party sanrachana koo chean mein ayaat kiya gayaa thaa. see. see. pee. kii sthaapana key baad seey anushasana aur paryavekshan key mahatva parr jore diyaa gayaa thaa. doosari rashtriya congress ney party key samvidhaan mein sanshodhan kiya, jisamen party anushasana key liye ack adhyaay samarpit kiya gayaa. haalaanki, party key maandandon kii raksha karane yaa cadder key vyavhaar kii nigrani key liye koee sansthaan sthaapit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. 1927 mein 5veen rashtriya congress mein kendriya niyantran aayog (see. see. see.) kii sthaapana taka, sthaaniya party samitiyaan sadasyon kii nigrani key liye jimmedaar theen.
5veen rashtriya congress ney phir seey party key samvidhaan mein sanshodhan kiya, jisamen niyantran aayogon aur unake uddeshyon parr ack adhyaay jodaa gayaa, lekin unake sanchaalan parr bahut cumm dhyaan diyaa gayaa. aanshik roop seey isi key kaaran, niyantran aayogon ney 1920 key dashak key anta aur 1930 key dashak kii shuruat mein kaee party sudhaar abhiyaanon mein sakriya roop seey bhaag liya. usa samay, aayogon ney raajneetik sanghrshon mein bhaag liya, vishesh roop seey jhaang guotao aur wang ming key shuddhikaran.
niyantran pranali koo kendriya sameeksha samiti (1928-1933), kendriya party mamalon kii samiti (1933-1945) aur kendriya niyantran aayog (1945-1949) key roop mein punargathit kiya gayaa thaa. inn parivartanon key bavjood, 1945 mein 7veen rashtriya congress mein party key samvidhaan mein sanshodhan taka niyantran nikaayon key kartavya aur jimmedariyan aspasht raheen. haalaanki yeh tark diyaa jaa sakata haye kii 1945 key sanshodhanon ney niyantran nikaay kii bhoomika koo spasht karane key liye bahut cumm kiya, party netritva ney apane astitva key saiddhaantik karanon parr vistaar kiya. party key samvidhaan mein yeh tark diyaa gayaa thaa kii niyantran pranali kaa janm "ack leninist party kii apani vaichaarik aur sangathanaatmak samekan kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane key liye huaa thaa. party sangathan key bheetar aur baahar apane vaastavik yaa kathit dushmanon key khilaf party key lagaatar abhiyaanon mein iss tarah kii bhoomika koo majboot kiya gayaa thaa."
1949 mein, kendriya samiti ney kendriya anushasana nireekshan aayog (see. see. dee. aaee.) kii sthaapana kii. yeh kaee mayanon mein apane poorvavartiyon seey alag thaa. yeh polit beuro key prati uttardaayi thaa, aur isake sthaaniya sangathan apane vyavhaar koo pratibandhit karane key samitiyon key adhikaar key bavjood apani sambandhit party samitiyon key liye jimmedaar they. vaastav mein, see. see. dee. aaee. kii sthaapana kendriya netritva koo chhodkar sabhi party sangathanon kii jaanch karane key liye kii gaee thee.
raajneetik itihas.
apane shuruati varshon key dauran, see. see. dee. aaee. ack shaktishali sansthaan naheen thaa. haalaanki yeh party key diggajon aur varishth adhikaariyon dwara durvyavahar parr kendrit thaa, lekin see. see. dee. aaee. shayed hii kabhi una samasyaon kii jaanch (yaa samadhan) key roop mein usa samay record parr dikhaai diyaa. press mein see. see. dee. aaee. nireekshakon key kuchh ullekhon ney unaki viphaltaon koo ujagar kiya. maao tse tung aur kendriya party netritva key samarthan key bavjood, yeh aksar praanton mein apane janadesh koo puuraa karane mein asamarth thaa. peepuls delly" key ack sampadakiya key anusaar, party nireekshakon ney sangharsh chhod diyaa aur khud koo jaari rakhane mein asamarth saabit kiya... jaba unhein badee baadhaon kaa saamana karna padata haye tou party anushasana kii garima koo banaae rakhna."yaan sudhaar andolan kii safaltaon aur see. see. dee. aaee. kii viphaltaon seey avagat, party netritva ney 1950 key dashak key dauran party bhrashtachar seey nipatane key liye zana andolan aur vaichaarik abhiyaanon kaa upayog kiya. gaao giroh-raav shushi key sambandh key maddenajar, see. see. dee. aaee. koo see. see. see. dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
halanki see. see. see. agale varshon mein ack shaktishali raajneetik shakti bunn gaee, 1956 mein 8veen rashtriya congress mein, isake nireekshakon koo apani shakti kaa durupyog karane aur apani sthaaniya party samitiyon seey swatantra honey key baare mein chetavani dee gaee thee. aage badhane kii badee chhalang key dauran isaki shakti cumm hoe gaee, lekin bhrashtachar seey nipatane aur dakshinpanthiyon parr faisalon koo ulatane key liye badee chhalang key baad see. see. see., sachivalaya aur sangathan vibhaag mukhya hathiyar bunn gaye. see. see. see. ney saanskritik kranti taka apani naee bhoomika nibhai, ack samajik-raajneetik andolan joe 1966 seey 1976 taka chalaa, jaba yeh shuddhikaran seey prabhaavit thaa (aanshik roop seey peng jhen key saath isake karibi sambandhon key kaaran, joe saanskritik kranti key dauran shuddh kiye gaye pahale uchch shreni key adhikaariyon mein seey ack thaa). 1969 mein 9veen rashtriya congress mein, see. see. see. koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa, party key samvidhaan seey hataa diyaa gayaa, aur maao aur kaang sheng key tahat gathit vishesh-mamle sangathanon (jaise kendriya mamle kii pariksha samooh) dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. congress mein isake unmoolan key bavjood, saanskritik kranti key dauran see. see. see. kii bahut cumm aalochana hui; haalaanki see. see. see. key upa sachiv minn yifan kii aalochana redd guards dwara kii gaee thee, joe saanskritik kranti key dauran party seey swatantra (lekin maao seey prerit) ack krantikari yuva andolan thaa. unaki adhikansh asweekriti see. see. see. key bajaay sthaaniya samitiyon parr unake currier parr kendrit thee. party key aantarik niyantran pranali kii charcha maao kii mrityu aur 1976 mein chaar logon key giroh kii giraftari taka phir seey saamane naheen aaee.
1977 mein 11veen rashtriya congress mein see. see. dee. aaee. koo phir seey sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. isake teen lakshya theh chaar key giroh key samajik prabhaav koo hataana, netritva kii cadder neeti koo lagu karna, aur "nirankush" sthaaniya party sachivon koo hataana, aur saanskritik kranti key dauran diye gaye kharaab faisalon koo ulatana. deng giaoping aur huaa guofeng key beach satta sangharsh key kaaran, niyantran pranali koo 1977-1978 mein lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa. disambar 1978 mein 11veen kendriya samiti key teesare poorna satra ney apane 1949-1955 naam key tahat ack naee niyantran pranali kaa gathan kiya, jisamen isake unmoolan seey pahale see. see. see. key samaan jimmedariyan theen. teesare poorna satra key baad, see. see. dee. aaee. ney apana pahala poorna satra bulaaya aur chain yoon koo pratham sachiv, deng yingchao koo dwiteeya sachiv, huu yaobang koo tritiya sachiv aur huang ketcheng koo sthaayi sachiv key roop mein chunaa. haalaanki, inn logon (aur anya) kaa chunaav vishuddh roop seey prateekaatmak thaa; nae see. see. dee. aaee. mein aam taur parr aise loga shamil they joe kabhi bhee niyantran mamalon mein shamil naheen they, aur bahut cumm umr key sadasyon koo gambhirta seey naheen liya jaa sakata thaa. apane pahale poorna satra mein, see. see. dee. aaee. ney teen vyaapak lakshyon koo bataayah "party sadasyon key adhikaaron kii raksha karna", "vyakti dwara shram vibhajan key saath saamoohik netritva kii pranali koo lagu karna aur usaki raksha karna", aur aam taur parr ack vyakti mein satta key adhik-ekagrata kaa virodh karna. yeh party mein bhrasht pravrittiyon kaa mukabala karega aur vyaktigat shikayaton koo sambhaalega.
haalaanki press aur see. see. dee. aaee. ney bhrashtachar key khilaf apani ladaai koo ujagar kiya, lekin aayog kaee "sthaaniya tanashahon" key khilaf shaktiheen thaah aise netaa jinhone badey paimaane parr shasson kiya. 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein, 11veen kendriya samiti koo bhrashtachar seey nipatane key liye aapaatkaaleen upaay karane key liye majboor honah padaa. bhrasht adhikaariyon seey ladane key bajaay, see. see. dee. aaee. kii sthaaniya shaakhaon ney pada aur file parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. yeh "vampanthiyon" (jinhone saanskritik kranti key dauran pragati kii yaa iska samarthan kiya) aur "dakshinpanthiyon" (poonjipati loktantra key samarthak) key khilaf ack sangathanaatmak hathiyar thaa. jhaao ziang key tahat kamjor honey key baad, 1989 key tianmen chauk virodh pradarshanon key baad deng aur jiang zemin key sanrakshan mein see. see. dee. aaee. shakti mein vriddhi hui.
party aur chean kii pramukh bhrashtachar-rodhi agency key roop mein aayog kii sthiti key bavjood, isake netaaon ney apane kaam mein gambhir kamiyon koo sweekaar kiya haye. see. see. dee. aaee. key sachiv wei gianuxing ney kathit taur parr aayog kii napunsakta key virodh mein 2000 mein 15veen kendriya samiti key 5vein poorna satra kii poorv sandhya parr apana istifa dey diyaa. unake uttaradhikari vu gwanjheng ney kathit taur parr agast 2005 mein apana istifa dete hue khud koo isi tarah kii sthiti mein paaya. halanki naa tou unakaa karyakal samaapt honey seey pahale unhone istifa dey diyaa thaa, way samitiyon seey see. see. dee. aaee. kii swatantrata badhaane yaa kendriya sachivalaya key hastakshep koo samaapt karane mein asamarth they.
2013 key anta mein, polit beuro sthaayi samiti (pee. aiss. see.) key ack poorv sadasya aur chean kii suraksha agencies key pramukh, jhou yongkang koo see. see. dee. aaee. dwara shakti key durupyog aur bhrashtachar key liye jaanch key tahat rakhaa gayaa thaa, ack nirnay raajya media ney julaai 2014 mein ghoshana kii thee. jhou pahale pee. aiss. see. sadasya they-aur sabse varishth rank vaale adhikaari they-peepuls republic off chaina kii sthaapana key baad seey jinn parr bhrashtachar seey sambandhit aaropon kaa mukadama chalaaya gayaa aur unhein doshi thaharaaya gayaa. unaki jaanch key baad, jhou koo see. see. pee. seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa. 11 juuna 2015 koo, zau koo rishwat, shakti key durupyog aur tianzin mein madhyavarti adalat dwara raajya key rahasyon key jaanboojhkar prakateekaran kaa doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. kahaa jaataa haye kii jhou aur unake parivaar key sadasyon ney 129 million yuan (2 karod dollar seey adhik) rishwat lii thee. usey aajivan karawas kii sajaa sunai gaee.
vidwan shuezi guo key anusaar, "1992 seey 2009 taka, chean ney lagbhag 20 laakh karmiyon key khilaf anushasanatmak pratibandh lagaae. see. see. dee. aaee. ney samaan sankhya kaa hawala diyaah "[bee] julaai 2003 aur disambar 2008 key beach, see. see. dee. aaee. ney 852,000 mamalon kaa mukadama chalaaya aur unhein bund curr diyaa, jisake parinamswarup 881,000 adhikaariyon koo anushasanatmak pratibandh praapt hue."2009 mein, see. see. dee. aaee. ney 106,626 party sadasyon aur adhikaariyon parr anushasanatmak pratibandh lagaae; 2010 mein 1,46,517; 2011 mein 1,42,893; 2012 mein 160,718, aur 2013 mein 182,000.2012 seey octuber 2017 taka, 14 laakh communist party key sadasyon key khilaf anushasanatmak kaarravaai shuru hui. 2014 taka, 31 see. dee. aaee. sachivon mein seey paanch mahilaaen theenh huang shiaowei, haang kiang, jhaang shiaolan, maa yongxia aur song airong. inmein seey jhaang, 50 saal kii umr mein, vartamaan mein sabse cumm umr key sewarat see. dee. aaee. praantiya sachiv they.
sansthaagat itihas.
sthaapana, unmoolan aur punarsthapana (1949-1980).
cheeni niyantran pranali soviyat niyantran sansthanon, vishesh roop seey party niyantran samiti (pee. see. see.) seey prerit thee. halanki, lenin key anusaar, soviyat pee. see. see. kii sthaapana party kii naukarshahi kii buraaiyon koo thheek karane key liye kii gaee thee, lekin yeh party sachivon dwara sanchaalit ack upkaran key roop mein vikasit huaa. see. see. dee. aaee. pranali koo apane soviyat samkaksh key samaan adhikaar naheen they, kyonki maao ney burey vyavhaar parr ankush lagaane key liye party key anushasanatmak upaayon parr zana-jutaav aur vaichaarik abhiyaanon kaa samarthan kiya thaa. yahaan taka kii joe loga sangathanaatmak aatm-sudhaar key prati soviyat aakarshan saajha karate they, jaise kii liu shocky aur dong bivu, unhone bhee "vaigyaanik prashaasan" key prati apana junoon saajha naheen kiya.
see. see. dee. aaee. bojhil thaa; ack adhikaari koo jaanch key tahat rakhane seey pahale sattais alag-alag prakriyaon koo puuraa karna padaa. anya samasyaaen sansthaagat theen; udaaharan key liye, aayog kaa koee sangathan praantiya star seey neeche naheen thaa. see. see. dee. aaee. kii viphaltaon key jawab mein, cheeni communist party kii 8veen rashtriya congress ney see. see. see. kii sthaapana kii. pratinidhiyon ney kahaa kii see. see. dee. aaee. kii samasyaaen party samitiyon seey swatantrata kii kamee aur ack star parr niyantran aayog aur uchch star parr niyantran aayog key beach saarthak sahyog kii kamee thee. sansthaagat santulan pakshapaati party samitiyon ney kuchh (jaise gaao gaing aur raav shushi) koo anushasana nireekshan (see. dee. aaee.) key liye sthaaniya aayogon koo wafadaron key saath paik karane key liye prerit kiya, jinhen apani jimmedariyon koo nibhaane mein koee ruchi naheen thee. niyantran aayogon key paas samiti key nirnayon key khilaf appeal karane kii shakti thee, aur unhein uchch-stariya niyantran aayog koo apane kaam kii report karane kii aavashyakta thee. see. see. dee. aaee. key vipareet, see. see. see. kaa sangathan praantiya star seey neeche thaa. ise "nichali niyantran samitiyon dwara nirnayon kii jaanch, anumodan aur parivartan" karane kaa adhikaar thaa, praantiya star parr aur usase neeche niyantran samitiyon kii sanrachana koo satyaapit karane kii aavashyakta thee, aur ichcha parr avishvasaniya tatvon kii jaanch karane kii shakti thee. teji seey badhate party sangathan aur ack teji seey vistrit raajya naukarshahi" parr bhrashtachar virodhi agencies key niyantran koo majboot karane key liye paryavekshan mantralaya (aim. oh. aiss.) aur sarvocch zana procuratorate key saath baand banaae gaye they.
inn sudhaaron kaa mukhya lakshya sthaaniya sattaaroodh samitiyon seey niyantran aayogon kii swaayatta koo majboot karna aur kendra kii shaktiyon kii raksha karna thaa, joe gaao giroh-raav shushi mamle key dauran khatare mein theen. haalaanki, see. see. pee. netritva peechhe hutt gayaa; 8veen rashtriya congress mein, see. see. see. aur niyantran aayogon kii swaayatta cumm curr dee gaee. congress ack roodhivaadi vatavaran mein aayojit kii gaee thee, jisamen netritva ney sabhi sansthanon key saamoohik netritva kaa ahwan kiya thaa; see. see. see. aur sthaaniya niyantran aayogon kii avadharana joe apane kartavyon koo puuraa karane key liye "vishesh adhikaar" rakhate hain, saamoohik nirnay lene key vipareet thee. see. see. see. koo 9veen congress (saanskritik kranti key dauran) mein samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur 11veen rashtriya congress mein phir seey sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. 11veen rashtriya congress ney party key samvidhaan mein sanshodhan karate hue kahaa kii "party kii kendriya samiti, county star parr aur usase oopar kii sthaaniya party samitiyon aur sainya ikaaiyon mein resiment star aur usase oopar kii party samitiyon koo anushasana key nireekshan key liye aayogon kaa gathan karna chaahiye. yeh pranali disambar 1978 taka lagu hoe gaee thee, aur senaa mein ack sambandhit niyantran pranali 1981 mein kendriya sainya aayog key anushasana nireekshan key liye aayog key roop mein sthaapit kii gaee thee. see. see. dee. aaee. key mahatva koo ack party viniyaman dwara sansthaagat kiya gayaa thaa kii isake pramukh koo polit beuro sthaayi samiti kaa sadasya honah chaahiye.
"dohri-netritva" pranali (1980-2002).
laurence sullivan key anusaar, 1980 key dashak key dauran kuchh caders ney see. see. dee. aaee. kii swatantrata kii kamee koo samasyagrast key roop mein dekhaa; unhone tark diyaa kii ise kendriya samiti seey swatantra honah chaahiye, naa kii samiti key shakti sanghrshon mein khud koo shamil karna chaahiye. see. see. dee. aaee. netritva ney iska virodh kiya, huang ney kahaa kii kendriya samiti key prati nishtha bhrashtachar seey ladane seey "adhik mahatvapurna" thee. 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein mukhya samasya sthaaniya party samitiyon key saath see. see. dee. aaee. sambandh they. sthaaniya samitiyon ney apane star parr anushasana nireekshan (see. dee. aaee.) key liye aayog kaa chunaav kiya, lekin uchch-stariya see. dee. aaee. prastaavit samiti kaa samarthan yaa aswikar curr sakata haye. isane sthaaniya see. dee. aaee. koo see. see. dee. aaee. key bajaay apani party samiti key prati jimmedaar banaa diyaa. halanki pranali key aayojak khatare seey avagat they, unakaa maanana thaa kii see. dee. aaee. (kendriya netritva key saath apane sambandh key madhyam seey) usa samiti dwara apane chunaav key bavjood apane saunpe gaye kaary koo puuraa karane mein saksham honge jiska unhein nireekshan karna thaa. iss sansthaagat visangati ney bhrasht (yaa "nirankush") samiti key sadasyon kii sthiti koo surakshit curr liya.
iss sansthaagat sanrachana key kaaran, see. see. dee. aaee. key liye apane janadesh koo puuraa karna lagbhag asambhav thaa. kuchh avsaron parr jaba isane pramukh adhikaariyon kii jaanch karane kaa prayaas kiya, tou isane aksar jawabi kaarravaai kaa anubhav kiya. yeye samasyaaen vyaapak theen, jisase teesare sachiv ney kahaa kii "[see. see. dee. aaee. key] kaam mein kaafee aur kuchh mamalon mein, chaunkaane vaali baadhaaen [aksar] aaeen."party netritva ney 1982 mein 12veen rashtriya congress mein see. see. dee. aaee. adhikaar kshetra aur adhikaar kaa vistaar karke inn samasyaon koo hull karane kaa prayaas kiya. party key sanshodhit samvidhaan mein kahaa gayaa haye kii see. see. dee. aaee. kii jimmedaari "party key samvidhaan aur anya mahatvapurna niyamon aur viniyamon kii raksha karna, party shally koo sudhaarne mein party samitiyon kii sahaayata karna, party key rukh, siddhanton, neetiyon aur prastaavon key karyanvayan kaa nireekshan karna thaa."aayog party roodhivaad, party sangathan, niyam aur vinium, kendriya samiti aur loktaantrik kendriyavaad (kendriya samiti kaa paalan karane key roop mein paribhaashit) kaa rakshak bunn gayaa. sanshodhan ney sthaaniya see. dee. aaee. koo "apane mamle koo agali uchch party samiti mein leey jaane" kii anumati dee yadi way apane star parr samiti key nirnay koo doshpurna maanate hain. 12veen rashtriya congress ney sthaaniya see. dee. aaee. mein "dohra netritva" pesh kiya; way apane (aur uchch) star parr party samitiyon aur uchch-star key see. dee. aaee. key liye jimmedaar they. halanki pratyek see. dee. aaee. ack sthaayi samiti kaa chunaav kartaa haye, 12veen rashtriya congress ney ack viniyaman banaae rakhaa kii sthaayi samiti koo apani party samiti kaa samarthan praapt karna chaahiye. yahee kaaran thaa kii rashtriya congress dwara nirvaachit see. see. dee. aaee. (kendriya samiti naheen, jaisa kii pahale thaa) kendriya samiti key adheen rahee. yadi kendriya samiti key kissy sadasya parr sandeh thaa, tou see. see. dee. aaee. koo jaanch shuru karane key liye kendriya samiti koo soochit karna hoga (aur usase nirnay lena hoga).
12veen rashtriya congress key vipareet, 1987 mein 13veen rashtriya congress ney see. see. dee. aaee. kii shakti koo cumm curr diyaa. sudhaarvaadi mahasachiv jhaao jiang chean kii kanuni pranali mein see. see. dee. aaee. key hastakshep koo samaapt karna chaahte they aur party-anushasana key muddon key liye isake dayare koo cumm karna chaahte they. kendriya mantralayon aur party sangathanon mein untalis see. see. dee. aaee. anushasana-nireekshan samoohon koo congress mein samaapt curr diyaa gayaa (sabhi nireekshan samoohon kaa 75 pratishat), aur see. see. dee. aaee. key pramukh ney polit beuro sthaayi samiti mein apani seat khou dee. tianmen chauk pradarshanon key baad, jhaao ziang key sudhaaron koo radd curr diyaa gayaa aur poorv see. see. dee. aaee. nireekshan samoohon koo phir seey sthaapit kiya gayaa. commission kii shakti badhaa dee gaee, aur see. see. dee. aaee. ney "paanch nishedh" jaari kiye; party key sadasya "(1) vyavasaay sanchaalit curr sakate they, (2) aarthik ikai mein kaam curr sakate they, (3) stock mein vyaapaar curr sakate they, (4) upahaar sweekaar curr sakate they, yaa (5) bhavya manoranjan key liye saarvajanik dhana kaa upayog curr sakate they."1992 mein 14veen rashtriya congress ney see. see. dee. aaee. aur sthaaniya see. dee. aaee. jaanch shaktiyon koo majboot kiya. sanshodhit party samvidhaan key anusaar, sthaaniya see. dee. aaee. aupchaarik jaanch shuru honey seey pahale see. dee. aaee. key star parr sthaaniya party samiti key sadasyon key khilaf praarambhik jaanch shuru curr sakate hain. yadi ack poorna jaanch kii aavashyakta hoti haye, tou sthaaniya see. dee. aaee. koo apane uchch-stariya see. dee. aaee. aur sambandhit party samiti seey anumodan praapt karna padata haye. 1995 mein, isaki shaktiyon koo aur badhaa diyaa gayaa, jisamen pratyek see. dee. aaee. koo ack pada parr unaki niyukti seey pahale pashu chikitsak adhikaariyon koo jimmedaari dee gaee. shuanggui" pranali (neeche dekhein) kii sthaapana 1994 mein see. see. dee. aaee. key crum seey kii gaee thee. iska pahali baar aadhikarik roop seey paksh key anushasana ullanghan key mamalon seey nipatane key liye viniyaman key anuchhed 28 mein ullekh kiya gayaa thaa, joe 1 maee 1994 koo prabhaavi huaa thaa.
sansthaan-nirmaan (2002-vartamaan).
2002 mein 16veen rashtriya congress mein see. see. dee. aaee. mein aur sudhaar kiya gayaa thaa. see. see. dee. aaee. sachiv abb mukhya bhoomi parr sabhi bhrashtachar-rodhi prayason key mukhya samanvayak they, ack pada jise baad mein nireekshan kaary key liye kendriya pramukh samooh key netaa key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. ise 2004 aur 2005 mein "aantarik paryavekshan viniyaman" (aaee. aiss. aar.) key saath samhitaabaddh kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen aantarik-party paryavekshan pranali koo sansthaagat banaaya gayaa thaa aur sangathan aur bhrashtachar virodhi karyon key samanvaya mein party samitiyon kii sahaayata karane mein dee. aaee. aiss. kii bhoomika parr antarim praavdhaan they. congress mein bhrashtachar key khilaf ladaai mein upayog kii jaane vaali shabdawali koo badal diyaa gayaa thaa; "bhrashtachar seey ladanaa" "bhrashtachar seey ladanaa" aur "bhrashtachar koo rokna" bunn gayaa. huu gintave key netritva mein, joe 16veen-18veen rashtriya congress taka chalaa, see. see. dee. aaee. shakti aur prabhaav mein vriddhi dekhi gaee, joe see. see. dee. aaee. poorna satron mein pee. aiss. see. sadasyon kii badhati upasthiti seey sabse spasht roop seey pradarshit hui.
sachiv woo gwanjheng key adheen, see. see. dee. aaee. ney agast 2003 mein apani pahali kendriya nireekshan teams kii sthaapana kii. yeye dall, sevaanivritt mantri star key adhikaariyon key netritva mein aur sthaaniya party samitiyon key bajaay see. see. dee. aaee. koo report karane key liye, jaanch shuru karane, sakshatkar aayojit karane aur praasangik dastavejon kii sameeksha karane key liye sashakt they. kendriya nireekshan dall kii raay yeh nirdhaarit karane mein ack mahatvapurna kaarak thee kii kissy adhikaari koo anushaasit kiya gayaa thaa yaa naheen, aur teams ney bhrashtachar key kaaran party seey shanghai party key pramukh (aur polit beuro key sadasya) chain liangue koo nishkaasit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai.
huu jintaao key karyakal key dauran dohri netritva pranali mein sudhaar kiya gayaa thaa. shanghai pension ghotale key baad, kendriya party netritva ney chaar pratyaksh-niyantrit nagar paalikaon (beijing, shanghai, tianjin aur chongking) key see. dee. aaee. netaaon koo niyukt kiya aur praanton mein baahari logon koo see. dee. aaee. netaaon key roop mein prathamikta dene kaa sujhaav diyaa. 2009 mein shuru hocker, praant star seey neeche key ilaakon ney pratyek party-niyantrit sangathan mein ack niyantran nikaay kii pratha koo samaapt karna shuru curr diyaa. sudhaaron seey pahale, pratyek sangathan (nagrik, party yaa sarkaar) key paas ack antarnihit party samiti yaa party samooh key saath ack sambandhit see. dee. aaee.-shally kaa vibhaag thaa. sudhaaron ney praant-yaa county-star key see. dee. aaee. key tatvavdhan mein niyantran aur paryavekshan sansadhanon (vitt aur karmiyon sahit) koo samekit kiya, joe apane adhikaar kshetra mein sabhi party-niyantrit nikaayon aur usase neeche key nikaayon kaa ack "chhatra paryavekshan anga" bunn gayaa. chhatra sangathan ney party sangathanon key karmchaariyon kaa see. dee. aaee. niyantran diyaa, jise isaki dekhrekh karane kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa, see. dee. aaee. sansadhanon key adhik kushal upayog kii anumati denaa aur ack party samiti key sanchaalan mein see. dee. aaee. karmchaariyon kii bhagidari seey utpann honey vaale hiton key sambhaavit sanghrshon koo cumm karna jise ise viniyamit karna thaa.
see. see. dee. aaee. ney mahasachiv shee jinping key tahat sudhaaron kaa ack aur daur puuraa kiya, joe 2012 mein 18veen rashtriya congress key turant baad chune gaye. see. see. dee. aaee. key sachiv wang kishen ney party key dinn-pratidin key sanchaalan seey see. see. dee. aaee. kii swatantrata koo aur sansthaagat banaa diyaa, jisase ack "pramanik" niyantran nikaay key roop mein kaary karane kii isaki kshamata mein sudhaar huaa. 2013 key anta mein 18veen kendriya samiti key teesare poorna adhiveshan mein, party ney ghoshana kii kii vaha 'dohri netritva pranali' koo adhik paribhaashit, prakriya-unmukh aur sansthaagat banaakar [see. see. dee. aaee. parr] majboot karegi."vyavhaar mein, yeh netritva key iraade kaa sanket detaa haye kii desh bhar mein see. dee. aaee. party tantra seey alag kaam karate hain, jisamen sthaaniya see. dee. aaee. lagbhag sabhi mahatvapurna mamalon mein uchch-stariya see. dee. aaee. key liye jimmedaar hain. 2014 kii shuruat mein, desh bhar mein see. dee. aaee. pramukhon ney samvarti karyakari padon koo chhodana shuru curr diyaa joe hiton key takraav paida curr sakate hain (udaaharan key liye, ack see. dee. aaee. pramukh joe upa-mahapour yaa vibhaag pramukh key roop mein bhee kaary curr rhaa haye); see. dee. aaee. karmiyon ney bhee khud koo "pramukh samoohon" aur isi tarah key neeti-samanvaya aur paramarsh samoohon seey hataana shuru curr diyaa. inn parivartanon kaa uddeshya see. dee. aaee. sansadhanon koo "kewal anushasana koo lagu karane key kaam parr dhyaan kendrit karane" key liye mukt karna thaa.
18veen rashtriya congress key baad seey, see. see. dee. aaee. ney chaar nae anushasana aur nireekshan karyalayon sahit kaee nae sangathanon kii sthaapana kii haye. 28 march 2013 koo, kendriya samiti ney see. see. dee. aaee. mein prachaar aur sangathan vibhagon kii sthaapana kaa adesh diyaa, joe kendriya samiti key alawa kendriya star key sansthaan mein iss tarah key pahale vibhaag hain. chean key vidwan villie laim key anusaar, ack see. see. dee. aaee. sangathan vibhaag kii sthaapana kaa matlab haye "kii see. see. dee. aaee. netritva see. see. pee. sangathan vibhaag key sthaapit chainalon key baahar caders kii bharti curr sakata haye, joe 1949 seey party key maanav sansaadhan seey sambandhit sanchaalan key liye jimmedaar haye."
2014 mein, see. see. dee. aaee. ney anushasana pranali key adhikaariyon kii dekhrekh key liye ack aantarik karyalaya kii sthaapana kii. karyalaya, joe see. see. dee. aaee. adhikaariyon parr ack aantarik jaanch haye, yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii anushasana lagu karane key liye jimmedaar adhikaari swayam niyamon key bheetar kaam karate hain aur sabhi prashaasnik staron parr see. dee. aaee. adhikaariyon parr unakaa adhikaar kshetra haye. see. see. dee. aaee. kaa irada swayam anushasana kaa ullanghan karane vaale see. dee. aaee. adhikaariyon key prati "shoonya sahishnuta" kaa haye, aur yadi way niyamon kaa ullanghan karate hain tou unhein "media mein naam seey ujagar kiya jaayega". usa varsh, see. see. dee. aaee. ney kendriya samiti (jaise sangathan aur prachaar vibhaag) aur raajya parishad nikaayon koo seedhe report karane vaale nikaayon mein karyalaya sthaapit kiye. yeye karyalaya, jinhen "commission nikaay" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, seedhe see. see. dee. aaee. koo report karate hain aur una sansthanon key prati uttardaayi naheen hotey hain jinamen way sthit hain.
sangathan.
kendriya star.
sachiv, jise chain yoon key karyakal (1978-1987) key dauran pratham sachiv key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, see. see. dee. aaee. kaa pramukh hotaa haye. isake sachiv, upa sachiv aur mahasachiv key chunaav isake pahale poorna satra mein aayojit kiye jaate hain, joe ack rashtriya congress key turant baad aayojit kiya jaataa haye. see. see. dee. aaee. ack kendriya samiti key pahale poorna satra key liye ack nirvaachit sachiv kaa prastaav rakhta haye, joe unhein manjuri yaa aswikar curr sakata haye. see. see. dee. aaee. sachiv key kaee nirvaachit pratinidhi hotey hain. vartamaan mein aathh upasachiv hain. 2003 seey pratyek see. see. dee. aaee. sachiv ney nireekshan kaary key liye kendriya pramukh samooh kaa netritva kiya haye.
1978 seey, sabhi see. see. dee. aaee. pramukh pee. aiss. see. key sadasya rahey hain, halanki wei gianuxing 1997 seey 2002 taka sadasya they, lekin 1992 seey 1997 taka naheen. 12veen rashtriya congress mein aavashyak thaa kii see. see. dee. aaee. pramukh pee. aiss. see. parr samvarti roop seey seva karein, lekin 1987 mein 13veen rashtriya congress mein jhaao jiyaang dwara ise radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa. halanki jhaao jiyaang key adhikansh sudhaaron koo baad mein swayam radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa, 1997 mein 15veen rashtriya congress taka samvarti pee. aiss. see. sadasyata koo phir seey shuru naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
sthaayi samiti sarvocch nikaay haye jaba see. see. dee. aaee. koo poorna satra key liye naheen bulaaya jaataa haye. see. see. dee. aaee. key pahale poorna satra dwara chune jaane parr, ise padbhar sambhaalane key liye kendriya samiti key pahale poorna satra seey anumodan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. sthaayi samiti pratyek poorna satra mein see. see. dee. aaee. koo ack report prastut karati haye; baad vaalaa ekmatra rashtriya star kaa sangathan haye, jisamen rashtriya zana congress aur kendriya samiti haye, joe ack varsh mein cumm seey cumm ack poorna satra aayojit karati haye. see. see. dee. aaee. key poorna satra, joe isake ateet aur bhavishya key karyon parr charcha karate hain, aamtaur parr janwari mein aayojit kiye jaate hain. 18veen sthaayi samiti mein 19 sadasya hain, jinamen seey ack (huang shiaowei) ack mahila haye.
see. see. dee. aaee. mein lagbhag 1,000 loga kaam karate hain. 1993 mein moss key saath apane aantarik karyon key vilay key baad seey, yeh badhkar 27 beuro aur karyalaya hoe gayaa haye. inmein seey anushasana nireekshan aur paryavekshan key liye karyalaya, mamle kii sunavaai karyalaya aur paripath nireekshan kaary key liye karyalaya sabse mahatvapurna hain. oh. dee. aaee. aiss. aur isake duss prabhaag party anushasana key ullanghan aur party key sadasyon dwara gairkaanooni krityon kii jaanch key liye jimmedaar hain. duss prabhagon mein seey, chaar upa-mantralaya star aur usase oopar key mamalon kii jaanch karate hain; shesh chhah praantiya rajyapal, upa-rajyapal, rashtriya zana congress kii praantiya sthaayi samitiyon key adhyaksh aur upaadhyaksh, praantiya raajneetik salaahkaar sammelanon key adhyaksh aur upaadhyaksh, shahar key mahapour aur pratinidhiyon key star key adhikaariyon kii jaanch karate hain."isake alawa, baarah sansthaan hain joe seedhe see. see. dee. aaee. key adheen hain.
nimn star aur nireekshan dall.
kendriya star seey neeche, anushasana nireekshan (see. dee. aaee.) key liye kaee aayog hain. see. dee. aaee. kii sanrachana see. dee. aaee. dwara taya kii jaati haye joe usase oopar kaa star haye, aur isaki party samiti aur usase behtar samiti dwara samarthit haye. sthaaniya star parr anushasana aayogon kii sthaapana kaa nirnay party kii uchch stariya samiti dwara kiya jaataa haye. sthaaniya see. dee. aaee. key mukhya kartavya aur jimmedariyan party key sadasyon koo unake kartavyon aur adhikaaron key baare mein shikshit karna, party anushasana koo sanrakshit karna, party key nirnayon koo banaae rakhna, yeh dekhana haye kii party key sadasya party key samvidhaan key anusaar apane kartavyon kaa paalan karate hain, mamalon kii jaanch karate hain aur bhrashtachar kii jaanch karate hain. ummeed kii jaati haye kii vaha apane nishkarshon koo niyamit roop seey apani sambandhit star kii party samiti koo soochit karega. yadi sthaaniya party samiti kaa koee sadasya bhrashtachar mein shamil haye, tou sthaaniya see. dee. aaee. koo party samiti koo sambandhit star parr aur see. dee. aaee. koo uparokt star parr poori jaanch koo manjuri dene key liye kahana chaahiye. 2014 key sudhaaron seey pahale, see. dee. aaee. key liye apani jimmedariyon koo nibhana mushkil thaa. haalaanki unhein abb sambandhit star kii party samiti key sachiv seey anumodan kii aavashyakta naheen thee, see. dee. aaee. adhikaariyon koo aksar una sansthanon key bheetar satta key padon parr niyukt kiya jaataa thaa jinhen unhein paryavekshan karane kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa (oopar dekhein). 2004 key sudhaaron ney party samiti seey see. dee. aaee. kii swatantrata koo badhaa diyaa. unhein pahale sambandhit star kii party samiti dwara chunaa gayaa thaa, lekin 2004 mein shuru hocker, see. dee. aaee. sadasyata kaa chayan uchch star key see. dee. aaee. dwara kiya gayaa thaa. 2013 mein 18veen kendriya samiti key teesare poorna satra ney phir seey see. see. dee. aaee. kii sanrachana mein sudhaar kiya, jisamen pratyek see. dee. aaee. seedhe see. see. dee. aaee. key prati jimmedaar thaa.
paripath nireekshan kaary key liye karyalaya sthaaniya see. dee. aaee. kii madad key liye poore desh mein nireekshan dall bhejata haye. 2003 mein, paanch nireekshan dall they, aur 2013 taka yeh sankhya badhkar baarah hoe gaee thee. 2010 mein, see. see. dee. aaee. koo peepuls liberation armi (pee. ell. aeye.) mein nireekshan dall bhejane key liye adhikrit kiya gayaa thaa. isake bavjood, isake sansthaagat design mein kaee kamjoriyan hain iss mayane mein kii see. see. pee. niyam key kuchh anaupchaarik pahalu aadhipatya key liye aupchaarik prakriyaon (kii see. see. dee. aaee. aur isake nichale star key angon koo paryavekshan kaa kaam saunpa jaataa haye) key saath pratispardha karate hain. udaaharan key liye, jaisa kii zuezi guo ney rekhaankit kiya haye, "aspasht sansthaagat sthiti, samay key saath prabhaavon mein vriddhi, jamini star parr sanrakshak-graahakvaad yaa" gwanxi "network key prati bhedyata, aur 'khule' yaa 'gupt' jaanch kii duvidha. see. see. dee. aaee. aur isaki nireekshan teemen sabhi staron parr party sangathanon kaa samanya aur gahan nireekshan shuru karati hain aur praanton mein kaee logon kii nazar mein, ack "nyaay nyayadhikaran" haih doshiyon koo nirnay denaa aur nirdoshon koo doshmukt karna.
nireekshan dalon koo aupchaarik jaanch shuru karane, giraftari karane yaa sajaa dene kaa adhikaar naheen haye. yadi koee nireekshan dall samanya roop seey galat kaam aur bhrashtachar parr ikattha hotaa haye, tou jaankaari yaa tou sangathan vibhaag yaa see. see. dee. aaee. koo dee jaati haye. jaba koee jaanch poori hoe jaati haye, tou unhein nireekshan kaary key liye kendriya pramukh samooh koo, usa kshetra koo, jiska unhone nireekshan kiya thaa, aur una vyaktiyon koo, joe jaanch key lakshya they, ack report prastut karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. isake baad report koo see. see. dee. aaee. kii website parr upload kiya jaataa haye aur saarvajanik kiya jaataa haye. nireekshan dall dwara sanchaalit niyamon mein kahaa gayaa haye kii unhein sthaaniya party samitiyon kii reports seey seekhana chaahiye; party kii anushasanatmak baithakon mein bhaag lena chaahiye; whisselbloer patron, phone coll aur yaatraon kaa prabandhan karna chaahiye; party key sadasyon yaa adhikaariyon key muddon key sambandh mein; sthaaniya netaaon kii saarvajanik raay koo samajhane key liye manchon kaa ayojan karna chaahiye; vyaktiyon key saath samvaad karna chaahiye; praasangik dastavejon aur record kii sameeksha karna chaahiye; sarvekshan karna chaahiye aur janata kii raay kaa mulyankan karna chaahiye; sthaaniya beuro yaa vyaktigat vibhaag kaa daura karna chaahiye; aur muddon koo behtar dhang seey samajhane key liye anya sarkari vibhagon seey paramarsh karna chaahiye."
anya sansthanon key saath kaam karein.
kendriya sainya aayog.
senaa kaa apana anushasana-pravartan nikaay haye, jise kendriya sainya aayog (see. dee. aaee. see. aim. see.) key anushasana nireekshan aayog key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur yeh see. see. dee. aaee. parr adharit haye. see. dee. aaee. see. aim. see. kii see. see. dee. aaee. aur kendriya sainya aayog key prati "dohri jimmedaari" haye, aur isaki sadasyata kaa chayan kendriya sainya aayog dwara kiya jaataa haye. pahala sainya anushasanatmak sangathan 1955 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur saanskritik kranti key dauran ise bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa. see. dee. aaee. see. aim. see. key aadhunik avtaar kaa gathan janwari 1980 mein communist party kii kendriya samiti key nirdesh parr kiya gayaa thaa. 1990 key baad seey, cdicmc kaa kaam kaafee hudd taka pla key samanya raajneetik vibhaag dwara kiya gayaa haye, joe senaa kaa sarvocch raajneetik nikaay haye. cdicmc key pramukh paaramparik roop seey samanya raajneetik vibhaag key upa pramukh bhee hotey hain, aur (2002 mein 16veen party congress key baad seey) anushasana nireekshan key liye kendriya aayog key samvarti upa sachiv hotey hain.
kabhi-kabhi, see. see. dee. aaee. ney pee. ell. aeye. key uchch padasth adhikaariyon seey judey mamalon mein seedhe hastakshep kiya haye. see. see. dee. aaee. kii pratyaksh bhagidari kaa hawala kewal hyee-profile mamalon mein diyaa gayaa haye, jaise kii 2005 mein wies admiral wang shauye aur 2012 mein leftinent general goo janshan. jaba see. dee. aaee. see. aim. see. iss tarah kii jaanch poori kartaa haye, tou mamla aamtaur parr sainya abhiyojan adhikaariyon koo court-marshel key liye diyaa jaataa haye. see. see. dee. aaee. mamalon key vipareet (jinake nishkarsh aam taur parr press vigyapti mein ghoshit kiye jaate hain), see. dee. aaee. see. aim. see. mamalon kaa vivaran shayed hii kabhi saarvajanik roop seey darj kiya jaataa haye. see. dee. aaee. see. aim. see. kabhi-kabhi ack sainya adhikaari dwara kathit galat kaam kii "praarambhik jaanch" karega, phir mamle koo "aage kii jaanch" key liye see. see. dee. aaee. koo saunp dega.
rashtriya paryavekshi aayog.
paryavekshan mantralaya (aim. oh. aiss.) kii sthaapana raajya parishad dwara 1987 mein sarkari vibhagon, raajya angon aur saarvajanik adhikaariyon mein paryavekshan karane aur prashaasnik anushasana banaae rakhane key liye kii gaee thee."apani sthaapana key baad seey, mose kaa adhikaar kshetra spasht naheen thaa. party key adhikaariyon key roop mein adhikansh sarkari karmchari see. see. dee. aaee. key dayare mein they. 1987 seey pahale, see. see. dee. aaee. saarvajanik adhikaariyon koo prashaasnik pratibandh jaari karane key liye jimmedaar thaa. choonki isane party anushasana koo lagu kiya aur moss ney raajya kaanoon koo lagu kiya, siddhant roop mein "donon agencies alag-alag kshetron mein kaam karati theen. vaastaviktaa cumm spasht thee. adhikansh lock sevak party key sadasya they, aur aim. oh. aiss. aur see. see. dee. aaee. ney paaramparik roop seey ack hii vyakti kii alag-alag jaanch shuru kii. inn dohri jaanchon mein, see. dee. aaee. (aur kabhi-kabhi see. see. dee. aaee.) ney mahatvapurna pakshakaron seey judey mamalon parr praathamik adhikaar kshetra kaa daavaa kiya aur moss koo apana kaam karane seey rokane kii koshish kii. iss samasya koo hull karane key liye, mose aur see. see. dee. aaee. koo prabhaavi roop seey 1993-1994 mein vilay curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki unaki sangathanaatmak pehchaan alag rahee, mose key aantarik karyalayon kaa see. see. dee. aaee. mein vilay hoe gayaa. taba seey, see. see. dee. aaee. ney moss kaa kaam kiya haye. paryavekshan mantri paaramparik roop seey see. see. dee. aaee. key upa sachiv key samvarti pada parr rahate they, aur sangathanon ney ack website saajha kii.
13 march 2018 koo, party aur raajya nikaayon key vyaapak punargathan key hisse key roop mein, moss koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa aur rashtriya paryavekshi aayog (aine. aiss. see.) key saath pratisthaapit curr diyaa gayaa; moss key vipareet, joe raajya parishad key tahat thaa, aine. aiss. see. seedhe rashtriya zana congress key liye jimmedaar haye. aine. aiss. see. see. dee. aaee. key saath saha-sthit haye, aur isane prabhaavi roop seey see. see. dee. aaee. kii raajya shakha key roop mein kaary kiya haye, isake pahale nideshak yang shiyaodu ney see. see. dee. aaee. key upa sachiv key roop mein kaary kiya haye.
kartavya aur jimmedaariyaan.
aantarik-paksh paryavekshan.
see. see. dee. aaee. (aur isake sthaaniya sahayogi) aantarik-paksh paryavekshan pranali koo lagu karate hain. haalaanki iss pranali kaa itihas 1970 aur 1980 key dashak kaa haye, lekin 2004 key "aantarik paryavekshan viniyaman" (aaee. aiss. aar.) taka ise aupchaarik roop naheen diyaa gayaa thaa. aaee. aiss. aar. ney see. see. dee. aaee. kii shaktiyon kii pushti kii, kendriya nireekshan dalon koo sansthaagat banaaya aur party key nirnay lene vaale sansthanon koo spasht roop seey apane paryavekshi sansthanon seey alag curr diyaa. aaee. aiss. aar. key saath, see. see. pee. ney see. see. dee. aaee. aur usake sthaaniya sahyogiyon dwara nireekshan key adheen sadasya jimmedariyon kii ack soochi jaari kii. sadasya paryavekshan nayaa naheen thaa. haalaanki, kyaa paryavekshit kiya gayaa thaa (aur cheejon kii dekhrekh kyon kii gaee thee) key baare mein jaankaari naveen thee. party kaa pratyek sadasya paryavekshan key adheen haye, lekin isr iss baat parr jore detaa haye kii netaa iska dhyaan kendrit karenge. yeh shayed iss tathya kii pratikriya mein thaa kii kendriya party netritva (sthaaniya see. dee. aaee. sahit) koo chhodkar kissy bhee sansthaan mein nichale star key party sansthanon kii nigrani karane kii "vaastavik" kshamata naheen thee.
aaee. aiss. aar. aantarik-paksh paryavekshan key teen roopon koo paribhaashit kartaa haih oopar seey neeche, neeche seey oopar aur pier-too-pier. inn teenon mein seey, neeche seey oopar taka sabse cumm sansthaagat haye aur ise party key aam sadasyon kii naitik-lekin sansthaagat-jimmedaari key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa. party key uchch stariya adhikaariyon key khilaf shikayat darj karane yaa unhein barkhast karane kaa prastaav dene kaa tantra anirdisht thaa. ting gong key anusaar, mukhya samasya yeh haye kii yadi koee aam party sadasya koee shikayat darj kartaa haye yaa kissy adhikaari parr bhrashtachar kaa aarop lagaata haye, tou "iss baat kii koee guaranti naheen haye kii vyaktigat yachikaon koo samaayojit kiya jaayega yaa yahaan taka kii sansaadhit kiya jaayega kyonki way aage kii jaanch aur uchch star key adhikaariyon kii manjuri key adheen hain.
oopar seey neeche kii pranali key liye nichale star kii samitiyon kii nigrani key liye uchch star parr party samitiyon kii aavashyakta hoti haye. isr key anusaar, kendriya party netritva koo niyamit roop seey kshetron, raajya sangathanon aur raajya key swaamitva vaale udyamon mein kendriya nireekshan dall bhejana chaahiye. kendriya nireekshan dalon kii sanrachana mein isr dwara sudhaar kiya gayaa thaa. isase pahale, way bhrashtachar key khilaf ladaai mein "tadarth" sansthaan they. aaee. aiss. aar. ney ack kendriya nireekshan dall mein shamil honey key liye aupchaarik mandand pesh kiye aur apane jaanch pradhikaran koo sashakt banaaya.
pier-too-pier paryavekshan koo niyamit "loktaantrik jeevan baithakon" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye aur sthaayi samitiyon kaa kartavya haye kii way apane kaam kii report party samiti koo dein, jisake liye way jimmedaar hain. pier-too-pier paryavekshan kaa praathamik lakshya party sadasyon koo samagr roop seey party key liye saamoohik roop seey jimmedaar mahsoos karakar unaki vyaktiparak jimmedaari koo majboot karna haye. iss pranali kii nigrani party samiti aur agale uchch star parr see. dee. aaee. dwara kii jaati haye.
adhikaar kshetra.
party anushasana nireekshan pranali kaa adhikaar kshetra moss key adhikaar kshetra koo darshaata haye, jisamen see. see. dee. aaee. party sadasyon dwara party anushasana aur raajya kaanoon key ullanghan seey judey mamalon key liye jimmedaar haye. moss kii tarah, see. see. dee. aaee. mein nyaayik adhikaar kaa abhaav haye aur yeh bhrashtachar aur party anushasana key ullanghan key aaropon kii jaanch taka seemit haye. choonki see. see. dee. aaee. key paas mukadama chalaane kii shakti naheen haye, isaliye maanaa jaataa haye kii vaha mamalon koo (jaanch key baad) sarvocch lock procuratorate yaa sarvocch lock adalat mein sthanantarit curr sakata haye. isake bavjood, iska aupchaarik adhikaar kshetra shithil roop seey paribhaashit haye. see. dee. aaee. kii jaanch shuru karane aur paksh key pratibandhon koo prashaasit karane kii kshamata ney aksar mamalon koo sarvocch logon key procuratorate mein dheere-dheere sthanantarit (yaa kabhi-kabhi koee hastaantaran naheen) kiya haye.
graham young key anusaar, see. see. dee. aaee. kii jimmedaariyaan chaar prakaar key apraadhon seey sambandhit hainh [doubleu] ork galatiyan, [pee] maukhik galatiyan, [ell] inn galatiyan, [aur] [see] onter-krantikari kaary. andru wederman ney likhaa haye kii "praantiya vaarshik pustakon mein nihit praantiya dastavejon kii vaarshik reports key aadhar parr apraadhon" koo dekhkar, isaki jimmedaari mein 20 prakaar key aparaadh shamil hain; "[aeye] satta kaa manmani aur tanashahi abhyaas, [aeye] narchism, [aff] actionvaad, [aff] durachar, [aaee] adheenata, [aich] aparamparaagat (jaise kii poonjiwadi aadhyatmik pradooshan, vampanth), [pee] durachar kii talash, [aine] apane parivaaron, doston aur rishtedaron koo aage badhaane key liye party pradhikaran kaa upayog, [bee] ahankar, [aeye] prashaasnik akshamta, [see] omandism, [aich] ording, [pee] etty bhrashtachar, [aff] rodd, [aff] azelment, [aff] herapheri, [aff] herapheri, [aff] aur [aff] saarvajanik dhana kii herapheri, [bee] herapheri aur videshi mudra adhigrahan, [aeye] herapheri, [aeye] sarkari akshamta, [see] omandism, [aich] ording, [aich] etty bhrashtachar, [aff] etty [aff] bhrashtachar, [ jeffrey becker key anusaar, "cdic pustikaon aur viniyamon mein aam taur parr chhah samanya prakaar kii galatiyon (" kyuvu ") koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye; raajneetik, aarthik, sangathanaatmak, apane kartavya kii upeksha, party kii samajwadi naitikta kaa virodh, aur akhandata kaanoonon aur viniyamon kaa ullanghan."halanki see. see. dee. aaee. moss koo overlap kartaa haye, lekin isaki adhik jimmedariyan hain kyonki yeh party key niyamon, maandandon aur anya gair-aaparaadhik vyavhaar key ullanghan koo rokane key liye baadhya haye. party kaa samvidhaan aspasht roop seey see. see. dee. aaee. key adhikaar kshetra koo paribhaashit kartaa haih
party kii buniyaadi neeti, siddhant aur neetiyon koo dridhata seey lagu karein... logon dwara unhein saunpi gaee shaktiyon kaa sahee dhang seey prayog karein, imandar aur imandar banein, logon key liye kadee mehnat karein, khud koo ack udaaharan banaaen, kadee mehnat aur sadharan jeevan shally koo aage badhaaen, janata key saath ghanishth sambandh banaaen, party kii janrekha koo banaae rakhein, janata dwara aalochana aur paryavekshan koo sweekaar karein, naukarshahi kaa virodh karein, aur vyaktigat laabh key liye apani shakti kaa durupyog karane kii aswasthyakar pravritti kaa virodh karein.
yachika pranali, jaanch prakriyaaen aur "shuanggui".
kissy mamle kii jaanch key liye, ack vyakti koo see. see. dee. aaee. yachika daayar karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. yadyapi mukhya yachika karyalaya shikayat karyalaya haye, yachikaon koo aamtaur parr anya karyalayon aur sansthanon (jaise sarvocch lock adalat, sarvocch lock procuratorate, rashtriya lock congress aur party netritva jaise uchch pee. aiss. see.) koo bhee bheja jaataa haye. yaachikaaen see. see. dee. aaee. website parr bhee daayar kii jaa sakati hain, aur aayog circuit nireekshan kaary (joe poore desh mein nireekshan dall bhejata haye) key liye karyalaya key madhyam seey mamle praapt kartaa haye. odisha key poorv tritiya prabhaag nideshak aur mamle kii sunavaai karane vaale karyalaya key nideshak lii huiran dwara sambhaale gaye ack mamle mein, yachikakarta koo niyukt karane vaale mantralaya key sabhi vibhaag pramukhon, see. see. dee. aaee. aur pee. aiss. see. sadasyon key kaee karyalayon jiang jamine, lii peng, jhu rongji aur wei gianxing koo ack yachika bheji gaee thee.
jaanch key aathh charan hotey hainh "praarambhik sakshya aur shikayat prabandhan, anushasanatmak ullanghan kii praarambhik pushti, mamla kholane key liye anumodan, jaanch aur sakshya sangrah, mamle kii sunavaai, anushasanatmak pratibandhon kaa karyanvayan, anushaasit adhikaari dwara appeal, aur mamle kaa nirantar paryavekshan aur prabandhan. pahala kadam ack yachika kii praapti key saath shuru hotaa haye, jise aupchaarik roop seey taba sweekaar kiya jaataa haye jaba see. see. dee. aaee. key paas galat kaam kaa pramaan (yaa sandeh) hotaa haye. yeh prakriya abhiyukt kii sthiti parr nirbhar karati haye; yadi vyakti key paas upa-mantralayi yaa upa-rajyapal kaa pada haye, tou jaanch koo pahale see. see. dee. aaee. sthaayi samiti dwara anumodit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yadi manjuri mill jaati haye, tou see. see. dee. aaee. sthaayi samiti poorna jaanch key liye pee. aiss. see. seey anumati kaa anurodh karegi. praantiya party key netaa kii jaanch koo polit beuro dwara sweekaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye. polit beuro yaa pee. aiss. see. key kissy sadasya kii jaanch karane key liye, pee. aiss. see. aur sevaanivritt uchch-stariya netaaon key poorna samarthan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. jaba koee mamla sweekrit hoe jaataa haye, tou vishay "shuanggui" ("dohra padnam") mein pravesh kartaa haye aur ack nirdisht samay parr "nirdisht sthaan" parr dikhaai denaa chaahiye."shuanggui" key dauran, vishay seey vishisht anushasanatmak ullanghanon key baare mein sawal kiya jaataa haye. shuanggui" kii lambai anirdisht haye, aur vishay raajya kanuni pranali dwara sanrakshit naheen haye. yeh pranali party netaaon kii jaanch mein kanuni pranali parr see. see. dee. aaee. koo prathamikta detee haye. cheeni media key anusaar, "shuanggui" kii sthaapana kissy vishay kii suraksha koo usake sanrakshak yaa ack network ("gwanxi") dwara rokane key liye kii gaee thee aur ting gong aur coney meaney jaise vidwan iss baat seey sahmat hain kii "gwanxi" see. see. dee. aaee. jaanch dalon key liye ack vaastavik khatra haye. sandigdh koo taba 'sthaaniya sanrakshanvaad' aur 'gutbaji (' gwanxi ') key hastakshep koo rokane key liye' off-site hirasat 'key adheen kiya jaataa haye, jisase jaanch kii akhandata koo sanrakshit kiya jaa sakey.
chhah seey nau "saath rakshakon" (jaisa kii unhein aadhikarik taur parr kahaa jaataa haye) kii ack team dwara 24 ghante kii aatmahatya nigrani key tahat vishay koo ack anirdisht sthaan parr hirasat mein liya jaataa haye, joe aathh ghante kii paali mein kaam kartaa haye. "shuanggui" shaaririk dund koo sweekaar naheen kartaa haye aur siddhant roop mein, doshi saabit honey taka aaropi key saath sammaanpurvak vyavhaar kiya jaataa haye. bull key iss pratibandh key bavjood, vanaspati sapio key anusaar yeh "aasaani seey hoe sakata haye kyonki" shuanggui "shuru hotey hii sabhi buniyaadi prakriyaatmak guaranti hataa dee jaati haye. sthaaniya see. dee. aaee. dwara niyantrit kshetron mein aparyaapt roop seey prashikshit adhikaariyon key saath "shuanggui" key saath samasyaaen, jaise kii jabaran sweekaarokti, hui hain.
niyam.
pratyek star parr see. dee. aaee. key paas, unake sabse mahatvapurna kartavyon mein seey ack key roop mein, viniyamon koo jaari karane aur unaki vyakhya karane kaa adhikaar haye. haal key varshon mein, see. see. dee. aaee. ney kendriya samiti kii or seey kaee niyam jaari kiye hain, jinamen 2004 mein "aantarik paryavekshan viniyaman"; "aantarik-paksh paryavekshan parr niyam", "see. see. pee. key anushasanatmak dund parr praavdhaan" aur 2005 mein "party nirmaan aur swachchh sarkaar key liye jimmedaari pranali sthaapit karane key baare mein praavdhaan", aur 2006 mein "antarim shartenh agrani cadder kii akhandata report" shamil hain.
1980 key dashak kii shuruat seey hii bhrashtachar key khilaf sangharsh mein kaanoon key mahatva parr jore diyaa jaa rhaa haye. deng ney 1980 mein bataaya kii bhrashtachar virodhi prayaas ack raajneetik sangharsh thaa, jise safal honey key liye, ack sansthaagat vatavaran mein ladaa jaanaa chaahiye. 2000 mein 15vein see. see. dee. aaee. key chauthe poorna satra mein, jiang ney ack samaan nishkarsh nikaalah "sabse mahatvapurna baat sansthanon kii ack aisee pranali koo banaae rakhna aur sudharna haye joe party key majboot netritva aur samajwadi samriddhi kii guaranti dey sakey, aur yeh sunishchit karey kii pranali kaanoonon, viniyamon, neetiyon aur shiksha key madhyam seey kaam curr rahee haye."isake bavjood, 16veen rashtriya congress taka, see. see. pee. kii bhrashtachar-rodhi pranali aupchaarik prakriyaon key bajaay abhiyaan-shally kii ghatnaaon parr adharit thee (aanshik roop seey 1940 key dashak key yaan sudhaar andolan aur isaki viraasat key kaaran). yeh vichaar kii deng key tahat pramukh roop seey bhrashtachar key khilaf abhiyaan-naa kii sansthaan-sabse achchha hathiyar they, aur 1980 key dashak key dauran kendriya party sudhaar sanchaalan samiti kii sthaapana mein sabse achchha dekhaa gayaa haye. yeh bhrashtachar seey nipatane key liye see. see. pee. kendriya netritva kaa pasandida tarika thaa, kyonki iska pravartan kaafee hudd taka netritva parr nirbhar thaa. haalaanki, 1990 key dashak key dauran bhrasht gatividhiyon mein tej vriddhi ney party koo apana rukh badalane key liye prerit kiya.
15vein see. see. dee. aaee. ney 16veen rashtriya congress seey pahale bhrashtachar seey sambandhit party key anumaanit 1,600 niyamon aur dastavejon kii sameeksha kii. inmein seey anumaanit 1,100 koo abhee bhee vyavharya maanaa jaataa thaa. iss avadhi key dauran, isane party kii bhrashtachar-rodhi pranali koo sansthaagat banaane key prayaas mein "2004 seey 2007 taka imandar naitikta key nirmaan aur bhrashtachar koo niyantrit karane kii yojana" aur chhah khandon vaale "party key bheetar imandar naitikta key nirmaan aur bhrashtachar koo niyantrit karane parr poorna niyam" prakaashit kiye. apani prakriyaon koo aupchaarik banaane key liye, 16veen see. see. dee. aaee. sthaayi samiti ney sabhi sthaaniya see. dee. aaee. koo kanuni tarikon seey bhrashtachar seey nipatane key liye aavashyak niyam paarit kiye. see. see. pee. vishleshak shaao daosheng key anusaar, see. see. dee. aaee., see. see. pee. key sangathan vibhaag, mose aur raajya key swaamitva vaale parisampatti paryavekshan aur prashaasan aayog ney 2005 mein "raajya dwara sanchaalit udyamon key netaaon dwara imandari seey vyavasaay karane parr sanyukt niyam" jaari kiye. see. see. pee. dwara sansthaagat bhrashtachar-rodhi [vikas] kii gati abhootpoorv rahee haye."

