apratyaksh anuvaad

apratyaksh anuvaad ack anuvaad kaa anuvaad haye. yeh mool yaa antim srot paath key anuvaadit sanskaran, yaa kaee anuvaadit sanskaranon parr adharit hoe sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, yadi arabi mein kissy paath kaa angreji key madhyam seey purtagaali mein anuvaad kiya jaataa haye, tou parinam ack apratyaksh anuvaad haye.
apratyaksh anuvaad antar-saanskritik adaan-pradaan kii ack deerghakaalik vaastaviktaa haye, vishesh roop seey bhaugolik, saanskritik aur bhashai roop seey door key samudaayon (jaise.jee. cheeni-purtagaali anuvaad) yaa tathaakathit chhoti bhaashaaen (ee.jee. catalan, check, dennish). yeh aaj key samaaj key vibhinn kshetron mein ack aam anuvaad pratha bunny hui haye.jee. drishya-shravya, computer-sahaayata praapt aur saahityik anuvaad, sthaaniyakaran, yaa samudaay aur sammelan vyakhya. vartamaan mein, iska upayog aksar vaishvikaran yaa antarrashtriya sangathanon key abhyaas seey judaa huaa haye, jahaan uchch sankhya mein kaaryasheel bhaashaon mein aksar bhasha yaa anya madhyasth bhaashaon key madhyam seey dastavejon kaa sampadan karna shamil haye.
anuvaad adhyayanon mein apratyaksh anuvaad-jise kabhi-kabhi "itt" yaa "itra" sankshipt roop seey sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye-koo "double, intermediate, madhyasth, mishrit, dhuri, rille (aid), yaa doosara (teesara, aadi) key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.)-hast anuvaad. apratyaksh anuvaadon koo kabhi-kabhi punah anuvaad kahaa jaataa haye, lekin iss shabd kaa upayog ack hii srot paath key ack lakshit bhasha mein kaee anuvaadon kaa varnan karane key liye adhik baar kiya jaataa haye. apratyaksh anuvaad pratyaksh anuvaad key khilaf haye, joe kii ack madhyasth paath key binaa, antim srot paath seey seedhe kiya gayaa anuvaad haye.
apratyaksh anuvaad key udaaharan.
saahitya key anuvaad mein.
1990 key dashak taka russie classics kaa anuvaad seedhe russie (ee.) key bajaay kewal french key madhyam seey europeeya purtagaali mein kiya gayaa thaa.jee. francisi key madhyam seey leo tolstoy key "enaa carenina" kaa jose saramago kaa anuvaad (1959).
ack aur udaaharan arabi "ack hazaar ack raat" kaa pahala russie anuvaad haye, jise alexei filatov ney 1763-1771 mein likhaa thaa. yeh 1717 mein antoine galland dwara nirmit ack francisi anuvaad parr adharit thaa. baad mein russie anuvaad bhee europeeya sanskaranon parr adharit they. udaaharan key liye, yulia doppelmyer (1889-1890) kaa anuvaad galland key paath parr adharit thaa aur ludemilla shelgunova (1894) kaa anuvaad edward villium laine (1838 seey 1840) dwara ack angreji anuvaad parr adharit thaa.
audio-visual anuvaad mein.
tv show breaking badd (2010, (2010 mein, tortuga charitra spanish bolata haye. polish upasheershak (prashansakon key liye) angreji madhyasth upasheershak seey banaae jaate hain.
dhaarmik granthon kaa anuvaad.
lattin mein kurran kaa pratyaksh anuvaad 1142-1143 mein kiya gayaa thaa; europeeya sthaaniya bhaashaon mein kaee apratyaksh anuvaad usa lattin sanskaran parr adharit they.
angreji bible (see. 1385) johnn wycliffe dwara paryavekshit lattin vulgate kaa upayog madhyasth paath key roop mein kiya gayaa. vulgate sent seey vyutpann haye. jerom kii bible (see. 400), swayam madhyasth yunani sroton kaa ack lattin anuvaad haye. 
mangaa aur anime key anuvaad mein.
russie scanlation mein angreji anuvaad key madhyam seey mangaa kaa anuvaad karna ack aam pratha haye joe swayam cheeni key madhyam seey apratyaksh anuvaad hain. anime key russie binaa licenses vaale anuvaad bhee aamtaur parr angreji anuvaad key madhyam seey kiye jaate hain. kyonki yeh ashcharya kii baat naheen honey chaahiye kii donon hii mamalon mein angreji key madhyam seey japani shabdon kaa pratilekhan dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
apratyaksh anuvaad key prati drishtikon.
apratyaksh anuvaad nakaratmak arthon seey bharaa huaa haye. ise aksar ack prati kii kharaab prati maanaa jaataa haye, jaisa kii zerox prabhaav mein hotaa haye, jahaan photocopy prakriya key madhyam seey pratyek kramik maarg mein vivaran kaa nuksan hotaa haye. apratyaksh anuvaad key prati iss nakaratmak drishtikon key udaaharan bataate hue unesco (1976) kii sifarish haye kii apratyaksh anuvaad kaa upayog "kewal tabhi kiya jaanaa chaahiye jahaan bilkul aavashyak hoe" yaa yeh tathya kii yeh aksar gupt haye, i.ee., spasht roop seey prastut naheen kiya gayaa.
haalaanki, shodh seey pataa chalaa haye kii apratyaksh anuvaad kaa sahaara lene seey bhee sakaratmak parinam mill sakate hain. yadi yeh pratha naheen hoti tou paridhiya yaa door kii sanskritiyon key kuchh saahityik karyon koo adhikansh bhaashaon mein prasaarit naheen kiya jaataa aur iss prakaar vishva saahitya key roop mein pratishthit kiya jaataa (yaa, cumm seey cumm, unake pratishthaapan mein deree hoti). isaliye apratyaksh anuvaad paridhiya yaa door kii sanskritiyon key saanskritik utpaadon key liye samavesh kaa sabse kushal aur kabhi-kabhi ekmatra saadhan hoe sakata haye. doosara, yeh anuvaad companiyon aur grahakon key liye samaan roop seey laabhdaayak honey kaa daavaa kiya gayaa haye, kyonki yeh anuvaad kharch koo cumm kartaa haye (yeh aksar ack chhoti bhasha seey seedhe anuvaad karane kii tulanaa mein sastaa hotaa haye). teesara, yeh madhyavarti sanskaran seey parichit sampadakon dwara saahityik anuvaad koo aswikar kiye jaane key jokhim koo cumm kartaa haye. anta mein, yeh daavaa kiya jaataa haye kii kuchh anuvaad companiyaan door kii sanskriti seey anuvaad karane key liye ack badee aur adhik pratishthit bhasha mein ack madhyavarti sanskaran kaa sahaara lena bhee pasand karati hain, kyonki isase anuvaad paathak yaa graahak kii apekshaon koo puuraa karane kii sambhavana badh jaati haye (jaisa kii ack chala rahey adhyayan dwara sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye).

