satah dhaal

vector cullon mein, satah dhaal ack vector vibhedak prachaalak haye joe paaramparik dhaal key samaan haye. antar yeh haye kii satah kaa dhaal ack satah key saath prabhaav daaltaa haye.
ack scalar kshetra sootra _ 2 mein ack satah sootra _ 1 key liye, satah dhaal koo paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye aur isake roop mein nott kiya jaataa haye 
jahan sootra _ 4 satah key liye ack ikai samanya haye. paribhasha kii jaanch seey pataa chalata haye kii satah kaa dhaal (paaramparik) dhaal haye jisamen satah key liye samanya ghatak hataa diyaa gayaa haye (ghataaya gayaa), isaliye yeh dhaal satah key liye sparshrekha haye. dusare shabdon mein, satah kaa dhaal satah parr dhaal kaa orthographic prakshepan haye.
jaba bhee kissy satah parr matra kaa dhaal mahatvapurna hotaa haye tou satah kaa dhaal utpann hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye keshika satahon key adhyayan mein, sthaanik roop seey bhinn satah tanaav kaa dhaal adhik samajh mein naheen aataa haye, haalaanki satah dhaal kuchh uddeshyon koo puuraa kartaa haye.

