
1892 nyu orleans aam hadtaal

nyu orleans kii aam hadtaal yuu. aiss. mein ack samanya hadtaal thee.aiss. nyu orleans shahar, louisiana, sanyukt raajya america, joe 8 navambar, 1892 koo shuru huaa. nasleeya nafrat kii appeal key bavjood, kaale aur gorey shramik ekjut rahey. aam hadtaal 12 navambar koo samaapt hui, jisamen sanghon koo apani adhikansh mool maangen mill gaeen.
hadtaal.
triple gathbandhan.
1892 kii shuruat mein, nyu orleans mein streetcar conductors ney ack chhota kaary divas aur tarjihi bund dukaan jeeti. iss jeet ney kaee nyu orleans shramikon koo american federation off laber (aeye. aff. ell.) seey sahaayata lene key liye prerit kiya. 1892 kii garmiyon seey pahale shahar mein 30 nae shramik sanghon kaa ayojan kiya gayaa thaa. garmiyon key anta taka, 49 sangh aeye. aff. ell. seey sambandhit they. sanghon ney ack kendriya shram parishad kii sthaapana kii jise shramikon kii samaamelit parishad key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye joe 30,000 seey adhik shramikon kaa pratinidhitva karati haye. teen nasleeya roop seey ekikrit sangh-teamster, scaleman aur packers-ney "triple alliance" kahaa."triple gathbandhan key sanghon seey sambandhit kaee shramik african americi they.
24 octuber, 1892 koo, triple gathbandhan key 2,000 aur 3,000 sadasyon ney 10 ghante key kaary divas, overtime vetan aur tarjihi sangh kii dukaan jeetane key liye hadtaal kii. samaamelit parishad ney poore dill seey unakaa samarthan kiya.
vittiya aur vaanijyik hiton kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale nyu orleans vyaapaar board ney niyoktaon key liye nirnay lene key liye ack samiti niyukt kii. shahar kii seva karane vaale chaar mukhya railway aur badey kapas, cheeni aur chawal kii vastuon key adaan-pradaan ney vyaapaar board key liye apana samarthan dene kaa vaadaa kiya. unhone ack raksha kosh jutaane mein madad kii aur raajya key rajyapal seey hamale koo todane mein madad key liye milicia bhejane key liye kahaa. pahale saptah key dauran koee baatchit naheen hui.
niyoktaon ney shramikon koo vibhajit karane aur janata koo hadtaal karane vaalon key khilaf karane kii koshish karane key liye nasl-adharit apeelon kaa upayog kiya. vyaapaar mandal ney ghoshana kii kii vaha sharton seey sahmat anubandhon parr hastakshar karega-lekin kewal shwet-pradhaan taraju aur packers sanghon key saath. vyaapaar mandal ney ashwet prabhutva vaale teamsters key saath kissy bhee anubandh parr hastakshar karane seey incar curr diyaa. vyaapaar mandal aur shahar key samachar patron ney bhee saarvajanik unmaad paida karane key liye ack abhiyaan shuru kiya. samachar patron ney sadakon parr "kroor nigro hadtaal karane vaalon kii bheed" key baare mein, african americi sanghvaadiyon key "una sabhi koo peetane key baare mein", joe unake saath hastakshep karane kaa prayaas curr rahey they, aur ashweton kii bheed key akele gorey purushon aur mahilaaon parr hamla karane key baare mein baar-baar vrittaant prakaashit kiye.
hadtaal curr rahey shramikon ney nasleeya aadhar parr rank todane seey incar curr diyaa. scaleman aur packers yuniyanon key badey bahumat ney taba taka baahar rahane kii apani pratibaddhata kii pushti karate hue prastaav paarit kiye jaba taka kii niyokta anya yuniyanon koo dee gaee samaan sharton parr teamsters key saath ack anubandh parr hastakshar naheen curr lete.
aam hadtaal.
anya sanghon key sadasyon ney tihare gathbandhan kaa samarthan karane key liye aam hadtaal kaa ahwan karna shuru curr diyaa. kaee baithaken huin, jisake dauran bhavna itani prabal saabit hui kii samaamelit parishad seey sambandhit adhikansh sanghon ney aam hadtaal kaa ahwan karane vaale prastaav key paksh mein matdan kiya. aam hadtaal kaa netritva karane key liye paanch logon kii ack samiti kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. isake sadasyon mein sooti pench banaane vaalon kaa sangh, sooti yardman kaa sangh, printer, boiler nirmaata aur kaar chaalak sangh shamil they.
sangh kaa dabaav badh gayaa aur aam hadtaal kaa ahwan kiya gayaa. khatare key tahat, kuchh niyokta joe mool vivaad mein pakshakaar naheen they, toot gaye aur board parr baatchit key liye dabaav daala. ack asthaayi samjhauta toot gayaa aur mazdoor parishad ney phir seey ack aam hadtaal kaa ahwan kiya, joe dou sthagan key baad 8 navambar koo shuru hui. hadtaal mein shamil honey vaale 46 sanghon mein seey pratyek ney sangh kii dukaan aur unake sangh kii maanyata kii maang kii. kuchh ney cumm kaary divas yaa adhik vetan kii bhee maang kii. lagbhag 30,000 sangh key sadasyon-shahar key aadhe karyabal aur lagbhag isake sabhi sanghikrit shramikon-ney hadtaal kii. sadak parr chalane vaali gaadiyan chalana bund curr deen. rajyapal kii maangon aur shram samiti kii salah key khilaf haal hii mein sangathit upayogita karyakarta hadtaal mein shamil hue. 8 navambar koo shahar kii praakritik gais kii aapoorti whiffle hoe gaee, saath hii bijli grid bhee whiffle hoe gayaa aur shahar andhere mein doob gayaa. bhojan aur peya padarthon kii delivery turant bund hoe gaee, jisase shahar key nivaasiyon mein dahashat fail gaee. nirmaan, mudran, sadak kii safai, vinirmaan aur yahaan taka kii agnishaman sevaaen bhee thhap hoe gaee hain.
9 navambar koo, press ney nasleeya ghrina key liye apani apeelon koo tej curr diyaa. nyu orleans times-democrate" ney ghoshana kii kii african americi striker "shahar parr kabja karna chaahte they" (shwet mahilaaon parr kaale yaun hamalon kaa ack apratyaksh sandarbh) aur shwet mahilaaon aur bachchon koo pahale seey hii ashwet strikers dwara pareshan kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
lekin nasleeya ghrina key liye press kii appeal whiffle rahee. hinsak ghatanaaen kabhi naheen huin, aur pickett laainen itani shaant theen kii vyaapaar mandal ney kissy bhee shaaririk dhamki kaa saboot khojane kii koshish karane key liye logon koo sadakon parr bhej diyaa. niyokta, rail maargon kii sahaayata seey, galveston aur memphis seey hadtaal todane vaalon koo laae. lekin jaba vishesh pratinidhiyon key liye mahapour dwara coll kewal 59 swayamsevakon koo aaya, tou niyoktaon ney apane swayam key clerks aur prabandhakon koo danga duty key liye prashikshit karna shuru curr diyaa, ack raajya milicia coll-upp key liye kissy bhee laagat kaa bhugtan karane kii peshkash kii. mahapour ney saarvajanik sabhaon parr pratibandh lagaane key liye ack ghoshana jaari kii, anivarya roop seey marshel low kii ghoshana kii. halanki shahar shaant thaa, vyaapaar mandal ney naslavaadi loktaantrik governor, marfi jey. koo aashvast kiya. 10 navambar koo raajya key sainya balon koo bhejane key liye, lekin gherabandi key tahat ack shahar key bajaay, sainya netaaon ney shahar koo shaant aur vyavasthit paaya. governor foster koo 11 navambar koo milicia koo vaapas lene key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. hadtaal kii taakat nyu orleans mein baink clearing key unake poorv-hadtaal star key aadhe taka girane mein parilakshit hui thee.
basti.
vyaapaar mandal hadtaal koo nipataane key liye madhyasthata koo baadhya karane parr sahmat huaa. halanki way pahale tou peechhe hutt gaye, lekin niyokta shwet aur ashwet sangh key netaaon key saath baithane key liye sahmat hoe gaye. 48 ghante kii baatchit key baad, niyokta 10 ghante key dinn aur overtime vetan key liye sahmat hue, lekin union kii dukaan key liye naheen, aur naa hii way triple gathbandhan key sanghon koo maanyata denge. anya sanghon koo bhee cumm ghante aur adhik vetan milaa.
isake baad.
aam hadtaal key dauran apane upman seey vyaapaar mandal bahut naraj thaa. 13 navambar, 1892 koo vyaapaar mandal ney ack sanghiya abhiyojak koo samaamelit parishad seey sambandhit 44 sanghon key khilaf sanghiya adalat mein mukadama daayar karane key liye prerit kiya. sanghiya sarkaar ney sanghon parr vyaapaar koo rokane kii sajish rachkar sherman avishvaas adhiniyam kaa ullanghan karane kaa aarop lagaaya aur 45 hadtaal netaaon koo adhiniyam kaa ullanghan karane key liye sanghiya adalat mein aaropit kiya gayaa. ack jilaa adalat ney sanghon key khilaf ack asthaayi nishedhagya jaari kii. aeye. aff. ell. ney mamle kii appeal kii. nishedhagya parr roque lagaa dee gaee aur mukadame mein kaee varshon taka deree hui. sanghiya sarkaar ney kaee varshon baad chupchaap apana mukadama vaapas leey liya.
1892 kii aam hadtaal ney nyu orleans mein shram andolan koo majboot karane mein madad kii. adhikansh maujooda sanghon ney paryaapt sankhya mein sadasya praapt kiye. aam hadtaal key dauran teen nae sanghon kaa gathan kiya gayaa aur way samaamelit parishad seey sambaddh they.
alag-alag mulyankan.
usa samay, 1892 kii aam hadtaal koo ack safal maanaa gayaa thaa, joe darshaata haye kii kaale aur gorey shramik gahare dakshin mein ekjutata banaae rakh sakate hain. hadtaal karane vaalon ney hinsa seey parhej kiya thaa, apani adhikansh maangon koo jeet liya thaa, sainya daman seey bachaa thaa aur nasleeya ghrina parr kaaboo paane mein safal rahey they. saimuel gompers ney ghoshana keeh
haalaanki, baad key vishleshanon ney hadtaal koo whiffle ghoshit curr diyaa, aur yeh kii sanghon ney shramikon koo "betch diyaa" thaa kyonki sanghon ney sangh kii dukaan koo jeetane mein whiffle rahey they. ack maheene baad, "dha newyork times" ney sampadakiya mein kahaah "nyu-orleans mein shram kii haar; niyoktaon kii jeet poori hui."agale 40 varshon mein likhe gaye kaee itihason ney sujhaav diyaa kii hadtaal kii" "bhaari" "viphalata ney aeye. aff. ell. koo isake baad samanya hamalon koo poori tarah seey aswikar karane key liye prerit kiya aur seemit hamalon key liye bhee teevra shatrutapurna banaa rhaa.
haalaanki, haal hii mein, itihaskaron ney hadtaal kii safalata kaa punarmulyankan kiya haye. ack itihaaskaar ney ghoshana kii, "ack tarjihi sangh kii dukaan jeetane mein hadtaal karane vaalon kii viphalata sangharsh key mahatva koo cumm naheen karati haye."gahare dakshin key pramukh shaharon mein seey ack mein nasleeya vibhajan parr kaaboo paane mein shramikon kii safalata ullekhaniya haye (aur shayed hii kabhi 1960 key dashak taka phir seey hassil kii jaayegi), jaisa kii kushal aur akushal shramikon kaa ekikaran haye.

