
department store

ack department store ack khudra pratishthaan haye joe store key vibhinn kshetron mein upabhokta vastuon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala pradaan kartaa haye, pratyek kshetra ("vibhaag") ack utpaad shreni mein visheshagyata rakhta haye. aadhunik pramukh shaharon mein, 19veen shatabdi key madhya mein department store ney ack naatakiya roop leey liya, aur sthaayi roop seey kharidari kii aadton aur seva aur vilasita kii paribhasha koo phir seey aakar diyaa. landan (whiteley key saath), peris () aur newyork (stuart) mein bhee isi tarah key vikas hoe rahey they.
aaj, vibhagon mein aksar nimnalikhit shamil hainh kapade, saundarya prasaadhan, ise swayam karein, furniture, bagwani, hardware, gharelu upkaran, gharelu saman, pent, khel kaa saman, prasaadhan samagri aur khilaune. isake alawa, khaadya, kitaaben, aabhushan, electronics, stationary, photographic upkaran, shishu utpaad aur paltu jaanvaron key liye utpaadon jaisi anya utpaadon kii shrinkhalaon koo kabhi-kabhi shamil kiya jaataa haye. graahak aam taur parr chhoot vaale department store mein store key saamane kii or jaate hain, jabaki uchch-stariya paaramparik department store mein pratyek vibhaag key bheetar bikri counter shamil hotey hain. kuchh dukaanen badee khudra shrinkhala key bheetar kaee mein seey ack hain, jabaki anya swatantra khudra vikreta hain.
1980 key dashak seey, way discounters key bhaari dabaav mein aaa gaye hain, aur 2000 key dashak seey ee-commers saiton seey bhee bhaari dabaav mein aaa gaye hain.
prakaar.
department store koo kaee tarikon seey vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haih
kuchh srot nimnalikhit prakaar key stores koo department store key roop mein sandarbhit curr sakate hain, yahaan taka kii unhein aam taur parr iss tarah naheen maanaa jaataa haih
itihas.
ingland mein utpatti, 1700 key dashak mein.
pahale department stores mein seey ack shayed bennet kaa derby mein thaa, jise pahali baar 1734 mein ack lauh nirmaata (hardware dukaan) key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh aaj bhee usee imarat mein vyaapaar kartaa haye. haalaanki, pahala vishvasaniya roop seey dinaankit department store harding, howell aind koo thaa., joe 1796 mein landan key paal maull mein khola gayaa. (sabse purani department store shrinkhala debenhams hoe sakati haye, jise 1778 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur 2021 mein bund kiya gayaa thaa. yeh sabse lambe samay taka bund honey vaalaa british khudra vikreta haye.) samkaaleen swaad aur fashion parr ack british patrika, "ackerman repository" mein ack paryavekshak lekhan, 1809 mein udyam kaa varnan iss prakaar haih
ghar kii lambai saamane seey peechhe taka ack sou pachas feat aur chaudaai aanupaatik haye. yeh bahut achche swaad key saath susajjit haye, aur vyaapak vyavasaay kii vibhinn shaakhaon key liye chaar vibhagon mein chamkile vibhajan dwara vibhajit haye, joe vahaan kiya jaataa haye. pravesh dwaar parr turant pahala vibhaag haye, joe vishesh roop seey farr aur pankhon kii bikri key liye viniyojit haye. dusare mein harr vivaran, resham, muslin, feeta, dastaane aur aadi key haberdassery key lekh hain. teesari dukaan mein, daaeen or, aap gahane, ormolu mein sajawati vastuon, french ghadiyon aur aadi key samriddh vargeekaran key saath milate hain.; aur baain or, shauchalaya key liye aavashyak sabhi vibhinn prakaar key itra key saath. chautha millinary aur kapadon key liye alag rakhaa gayaa haye; taaki mahila poshak yaa sajawat kaa koee lekh naa hoe, lekin yahaan bhavyata aur fashion kii pahali shally mein kyaa kharida jaa sakata haye. yeh chinta pichhale baarah varshon seey vartamaan maalikon dwara sanchaalit kii jaa rahee haye jinhone europe mein harr dusare parr shreshthata kii sthaapana sunishchit karane aur ise apani tarah seey poori tarah seey advitiya banaane key liye naa tou pareshani koo bakhsha haye aur naa hii kharch koo.
iss udyam koo department store kii sabhi buniyaadi visheshtaon key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye; yeh ack saarvajanik khudra pratishthaan thaa joe vibhinn vibhagon mein upabhokta vastuon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala kii peshkash kartaa thaa. bee. bee. see. key liye jonathan glancy likhate hainh
harding, howell aind koo fashionable mahilaaon kii jarooraton aur ichchhaon parr kendrit thaa. yahaan, anta mein mahilaaen ghar seey door aur purushon kii company seey door, surakshit aur sajawati roop seey brouse karane aur kharidari karane key liye swatantra theen. mukhya bhaag key liye, yeye naee samriddh madhyam varg kii mahilaaen theen, unakaa saubhagya-aur khud vibhaag kaa bhandar-audyogik kranti dwara poshit aur aakar diyaa gayaa. yeh urjaavaan mukt vyaapaar, feekand aavishkaar, bhaap aur paal aur kharch karane yogya saste shram kii ack athah aapoorti key aadhar parr landan aur britten kii lambai aur chaudaai mein jeevan koo badal rhaa thaa.
yeh agrani dukaan 1820 mein bund hoe gaee thee jaba vyaavsaayik saajhedaari bhang curr dee gaee thee. unnisvin shatabdi key madhya yaa anta taka british shaharon kii sabhi pramukh oonchi sadakon parr samriddh department store they. teji seey, mahilaaen mukhya graahak bunn gaeen. manchester mein kendall (poorv mein kendall milne aur fockner) pahale department store mein seey ack honey kaa daavaa kartaa haye aur 2005 mein house off fraser mein isake naam parivartan key bavjood, abhee bhee isake kaee grahakon key liye kendall key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. manchester sansthaan 1836 seey haye lekin 1796 seey vaat bajar key roop mein vyaapaar curr rhaa thaa. apane charam parr store mein deinsgate key donon or kii imaaraten ack bhoomigat maarg "kendall arcade" aur ack art noview tiled food holl seey judee hui theen. yeh dukaan vishesh roop seey cumm kimaton parr gunavatta aur shally parr jore dene key liye jaani jaati thee, jise "uttar key harrad" kaa upnaam diyaa gayaa thaa, halanki yeh 1919 mein store koo hassil karane vaale harrad key kaaran thaa. landan key harrad kaa pataa 1834 mein lagaaya jaa sakata haye, halanki vartamaan store kaa nirmaan 1894 aur 1905 key beach kiya gayaa thaa. 1870 key dashak mein praachya vastuon kii bikri key liye lokpriyata praapt kii. 1889 mein auskar wild ney likhaa thaa, "liberties kalaatmak kharidar kaa chunaa huaa sairgah haye.
perisian "magassins dee noviewts" mein utpatti.
peris department store kii jadein "magsin dee noviewts" yaa naveenata vaale store mein hain; pahala, tapis rooj, 1784 mein banaaya gayaa thaa. way 19 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein faley-phoole. balzack ney apane upanyaas "seasure byroto" mein unake kaary kaa varnan kiya haye. 1840 key dashak mein, peris mein rail maargon key aagaman aur unake dwara laae gaye kharidaaron kii badhati sankhya key saath, way aakar mein badhe, aur badee plate glass display khidakiyan, nishchit keematen aur moolya tagg, aur samachar patron mein vigyaapan honey lagey.
feeta, ribbon, chaadaren, gadde, button aur chhatari jaisi vastuon koo bechane key liye 1838 mein peris mein "auo bone march" naamak ack naveen dukaan kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. 1838 mein yeh 12 karmchaariyon seey badhkar 1879 mein 1,788 karmchaariyon taka pahunch gayaa. busicout apane vipanan navacharon key liye prasiddh thaa; patiyon key liye ack padhane kaa kamra jabaki unaki patniyon ney kharidari kii; vyaapak samachar patra vigyaapan; bachchon key liye manoranjan; aur grahakon koo bheje gaye 60 laakh catalog. 1880 taka aadhe karmchari mahilaaen theen; avivaahit mahila karmchari oopari manjilon parr chhatravason mein rahati theen.
"auo bone march" mein jald hii aadhaa darjan yaa usase adhik pratiyogi they, jinamen printmaps shamil they, jinaki sthaapana 1865 mein hui thee; laa samariten (1869), bajar dee hotal dee wille (beevi); aur gallery lafayet (1895). mahaan peris key bhandaron dwara laaee gaee rashtriya pratishtha mein francisi gauravshali they. mahaan lekhak emil zolaa (1840-1902) ney apane upanyaas (1882-83) koo vishisht department store mein sthaapit kiya, jisase yeh naee takneek kaa prateek bunn gayaa joe samaaj mein sudhaar curr rhaa thaa aur ise khaa rhaa thaa.
pahala australiyai department store.
australia sabse lambe samay taka lagaatar sanchaalit honey vaale department store, david johns key liye ullekhaniya haye. pahala david johns department store 24 maee 1838 koo, wells mein janme apravasi david johns dwara sidney, aine. aiss. doubleu. mein george aur bairak sadakon key koney mein ack "badey aur vishal parisar" mein khola gayaa thaa, coloney kii neenv key kewal 50 saal baad. australia key vibhinn raajyon mein kaee dukaanon taka vistaar karate hue, david johns duniya mein sabse purani lagaatar sanchaalit vibhaag franchisee haye. australia mein anya department stores mein 1885 mein sthaapit grace brothers shamil hain, joe abb myer key saath vilay hoe gaye hain, jisaki sthaapana 1900 mein hui thee.
pratham americi department store (1825-1858).
arnold constable pahala americi department store thaa. isaki sthaapana 1825 mein newyork shahar mein pine street parr ack chhote seey sookhe saman key store key roop mein kii gaee thee. 1857 mein yeh dukaan ack paanch manjila safed sangamarmar key sookhe saman vaale mahal mein sthanantarit hoe gaee jise sangamarmar key ghar key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. grihyuddh key dauran, arnold constable una pahale stores mein seey ack thaa jisane apane grahakon koo dvivaarshik aadhar key bajaay harr maheene credit key bill jaari kiye they. iss dukaan ney jald hii sangamarmar key ghar koo peechhe chhod diyaa aur 1869 mein chaude raaste aur unnisvin sadak parr ack kachcha loha imarat khadee kii; iss "vyaapaar key mahal" kaa vistaar varshon seey taba taka huaa jaba taka kii 1914 mein ack badey sthaan mein jaanaa aavashyak naheen thaa. vittiya samasyaon key kaaran 1975 mein diwaliyapan hoe gayaa.
1846 mein newyork shahar mein, alekjendar turney stevert ney chaude raaste parr, kakshon aur reed sadakon key beach "sangamarmar kaa mahal" sthaapit kiya. unhone vibhinn prakaar key sookhe saamanon parr nishchit kimaton parr europeeya khudra maal kii peshkash kii, aur sabhi sambhaavit grahakon koo "muft pravesh" pradaan karane kii neeti kaa vigyaapan kiya. halanki yeh ack punarjagaran palazzo kii tarah dikhane key liye safed sangamarmar seey dhakaa huaa thaa, imarat key lohe key nirmaan ney badee plate kaanch kii khidakiyon kii anumati dee joe vishesh roop seey chrismus kharidari key mausam mein pramukh mausami pradarshan kii anumati detee thee. 1862 mein, karbhari ney nauvin aur dasavin sadakon key beach ack poorna shahar block uptown parr aathh manjilon key saath ack nayaa store banaaya. unake navacharon mein nirmaataon seey nakad aur badee matra mein kharidana, unake markup koo chhota aur cumm rakhna, maal kii sachchi prastuti, ack-moolya neeti (isaliye koee saudebaji naheen thee), saral maal vaapsee aur nakad dhanwapasi neeti, nakad key liye bikri aur credit naheen, kharidar joe duniya bhar mein gunavatta vaale maal, vibhagiyakaran, urdhvaadhar aur kshaitij ekikaran, matra bikri aur grahakon key liye prateeksha kaksh aur khareed kii muft delivery jaisi muft sevaaen shamil theen. 1858 mein, roland hassi massie ney ack sookhe saman kii dukaan key roop mein massie kii sthaapana kii.
navachar 1850-1917.
marshel feeled aind company kii utpatti 1852 mein hui thee. yeh usa samay madhya paschim mein sabse vyast kharidari sadak parr pramukh department store thaa, joe shikago mein raajya sadak thee. marshels fields ney anya department stores key liye ack model key roop mein kaam kiya kyonki isamen asadharan graahak seva thee. marshel feeled key paas bhee pahale they; marshel feeled key kaee navacharon mein pahala europeeya khareed karyalaya thaa, joe manchester, ingland mein sthit thaa, aur pahala dulhan registry. vyaktigat kharidar kii avadharana koo pesh karane vaali company pahali thee, aur yeh seva pratyek kshetra key store mein binaa kissy shulk key pradaan kii jaati thee, jaba taka kii marshal kshetra key naam key tahat shrinkhala key antim dinon taka. yeh ghoomane key liye credit dene vaalaa pahala store thaa aur escalator kaa upayog karane vaalaa pahala department store thaa. raajya sadak dukaan mein marshel feeled kaa pustak vibhaag prasiddh thaa; isane "pustak hastakshar" kii avadharana kaa beedaa uthaaya. isake alawa, harr saal chrismus parr, marshal feeled kii downtown store kii khidakiyan downtown shopping district display key hisse key roop mein animated display seey bharee hoti theen; "theem" vindo display unaki saralata aur sundarta key liye prasiddh hoe gayaa, aur chrismus parr marshal feeled kii khidakiyon mein jaanaa shikago key logon aur agantukon key liye samaan roop seey ack parampara bunn gaee, kyonki ack sthaaniya pratha key roop mein raajya kii sadak parr apane samaan roop seey prasiddh chrismus tree key saath akhrot key kamare mein jaanaa yaa "ghadee key neeche" baithak karna lokpriya thaa.
1877 mein, johnn wanamaker ney khola joe kuchh daavaa thaa kii philadelphia mein sanyukt raajya america kaa pahala "aadhunik" department store thaah pratyek vastu parr chihnit nishchit kimaton kii peshkash karane vaalaa pahala aur vidyut roshni (1878), telephone (1879), aur department store vyavasaay mein nakadi aur dastavejon (1880) key parivahan key liye vayu nalikaon kaa upayog bhee shuru kiya.
department store kii avadharana mein kranti laane key liye ack aur store landan mein selfries thaa, jisaki sthaapana 1909 mein oxford street parr americi mool key hairi gorden selfries dwara kii gaee thee. company key naveen vipanan ney aavashyakta key bajaay anand key liye kharidari kii kattarpanthi dhaarana koo badhaava diyaa aur isaki takneekon koo duniya bhar mein aadhunik department stores dwara apanaaya gayaa. bhugtan vigyaapan key madhyam seey store koo badey paimaane parr badhaava diyaa gayaa thaa. dukaan key farsh koo sanrachit kiya gayaa thaa taaki saman koo grahakon key liye adhik sulabh banaaya jaa sakey. vahaan mamuli kimaton key saath suruchipurna restaraan, ack pustakalaya, padhane aur likhane key kamare, francisi, german, americi aur "aupaniveshik" grahakon key liye vishesh swaagat kaksh, ack praathamik chikitsa kaksh, aur ack maun kaksh, naram roshni, gahari kursiyon aur double-glazing key saath they, sabhi kaa uddeshya grahakon koo yathasambhav lambe samay taka store mein rakhna thaa. karmchaariyon koo grahakon kii "sahaayata" karane key liye taiyar rehna sikhaaya gayaa thaa, lekin bahut aakramak naheen, aur maal koo "bechana" sikhaaya gayaa thaa. selfries ney shaikshik aur vaigyaanik pradarshaniyon key saath kharidaaron koo aakarshit kiya; 1909 mein, luis blariot key monoplane koo selfries mein pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa (blariot angreji channel key oopar seey udaan bharane vaalaa pahala thaa), aur johnn loggy bayered dwara television kaa pahala saarvajanik pradarshan 1925 mein department store mein huaa thaa.
japan mein, pahala "aadhunik shally" kaa department store mitsukoshi thaa, jisaki sthaapana 1904 mein hui thee, jisaki jadein 1673 seey ichigoya naamak ack kimono store key roop mein hain. jaba jadon parr vichaar kiya jaataa haye, tou matsuzakaya kaa itihas aur bhee lamba haye, joe 1611 seey haye. 1910 mein kimono store koo ack department store mein badal diyaa gayaa. 1924 mein, jinza mein matsuzakaya store ney sadak key jooton koo ghar key ander pahanane kii anumati dee, joe usa samay kuchh naveen thaa. inn poorv kimono dukaan vibhaag kii dukaanon ney apane pahale key itihas mein bajar parr apana varchasva banaaya. way shandar utpaadon koo bechate they, yaa isake bajaay pradarshit karate they, jinhone unake parishkrit vatavaran mein yogdan diyaa. japani department store kaa ack anya mool railway companiyon seey haye. desh mein kaee niji railway sanchaalak rahey hain aur 1920 key dashak seey unhone apani lines key terminals seey seedhe judey vibhaagiya bhandar banaana shuru curr diyaa. seebu aur hancue iss prakaar key vishisht udaaharan hain.
navachar (1917-1945).
1920 key dashak key madhya mein, americi prabandhan siddhant jaise kii aff key vaigyaanik prabandhan.doubleu. teller europe mein failane lagaa. antarrashtriya prabandhan sansthaan (i.aim.aaee.) kii sthaapana 1927 mein geneva mein iss tarah key vichaaron key prasaar koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye kii gaee thee. 1928 mein peris mein kaee department stores ney milkar department stores kaa antarrashtriya sangathan banaaya taaki iss khudra praarup key liye ack charcha sthal banaaya jaa sakey.
maull taka vistaar.
yuu.aiss. bebi boom ney shopping maull sahit upnagariya pados aur upnagariya vaanijyik vikas kaa vikas kiya. bebi boomer kharch key badhate bajar key baad department store inn udyamon mein shamil hoe gaye. 

