ghoshanaatmak gyaan

ghoshanaatmak gyaan una tathyon kii jagrukta haye jinhen ghoshanaatmak vaakyon kaa upayog karke vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii yeh jaanana kii rajkumari dyna kii mrityu 1997 mein hui thee. ise saiddhaantik gyaan, varnanatmak gyaan, prastavatmak gyaan aur gyaan bhee kahaa jaataa haye. yeh ack vishisht upayog yaa uddeshya taka seemit naheen haye aur ise pustakon yaa computers mein sangraheet kiya jaa sakata haye.
gyanmimansa ghoshanaatmak gyaan kaa adhyayan karane vaalaa mukhya vishay haye. anya baaton key alawa, yeh ghoshanaatmak gyaan key aavashyak ghatakon kaa adhyayan kartaa haye. paaramparik roop seey prabhaavshaali drishtikon key anusaar, isake teen tatva hainh yeh ack aisaa vishvaas haye joe sach aur uchit haye. ack vishvaas key roop mein, yeh vishvaas kiye gaye daave kii sateekta key liye ack vyaktiparak pratibaddhata haye jabaki sachchai ack vastunishth pahalu haye. uchit honey key liye, ack vishvaas koo achche karanon parr adharit honey key kaaran tarksangat honah chaahiye. iska matlab haye kii kewal anuman gyaan key barabar naheen hain, bhale hii way sach houn. samkaaleen gyanmimansa mein, atirikt yaa vaikalpik ghatakon kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye. ack prastaav yeh haye kii koee virodhabhasi saboot maujood naheen haye. anya sujhaav hain kii yeh vishvaas ack vishvasaniya sangyanatmak prakriya key kaaran huaa thaa aur yeh vishvaas achook haye.
ghoshanaatmak gyaan key prakaron koo gyaan key srot, gyaat daave key prakaar aur gyaan kitna nishchit haye, key aadhar parr alag kiya jaa sakata haye. ack kendriya virodhabhas "ack pashchavarti" gyaan, joe anubhav seey utpann hotaa haye, aur "ack praathamik" gyaan, joe shuddh tarksangat pratibimb mein adharit haye, key beach haye. anya vargeekaranon mein kshetra-vishisht gyaan aur samanya gyaan, tathyon, avadhaaranaon aur siddhanton key gyaan key saath-saath spasht aur antarnihit gyaan shamil hain.
ghoshanaatmak gyaan aksar vyaavhaarik gyaan aur parichit dwara gyaan key vipareet hotaa haye. vyaavhaarik gyaan mein kaushal hotey hain, jaise ghode kii sawari karna. yeh gair-bauddhik gyaan kaa ack roop haye kyonki isamen sachche vishvaason koo shamil karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye. parichit dwara gyaan, chocolet kaa swaad jaanane jaisi kissy cheez key saath pahale anubhav parr adharit ack parichitata haye. yeh parichitata taba bhee maujood hoe sakati haye jaba vyakti key paas vastu key baare mein koee tathyaatmak jaankaari naa hoe. kuchh siddhantkar ghoshanaatmak gyaan kii tulanaa sashart gyaan, nirdeshaatmak gyaan, sanrachanaatmak gyaan, mamle key gyaan aur ranneetik gyaan seey bhee karate hain.
vibhinn gatividhiyon key liye ghoshanaatmak gyaan kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jaise kii labeling ghatnaaon key saath-saath unakaa varnan aur vyakhya karna. yeh samasya-samadhan aur nirnay lene kii prakriyaon kaa margadarshan curr sakata haye. kaee mamalon mein, iska moolya kissy key lakshyon koo praapt karane mein isaki upayogita parr adharit hotaa haye. haalaanki, isaki upayogita hamesha spasht naheen hoti haye aur ghoshanaatmak gyaan key sabhi udaaharan moolyavaan naheen hotey hain. school mein padhaaya jaane vaalaa bahut saaraa gyaan ghoshanaatmak gyaan haye. ise alag-alag tathyon koo rutt-toda curr yaad rakhane key madhyam seey seekha jaa sakata haye. lekin kaee mamalon mein, ack gahari samajh koo badhaava denaa fayademand haye joe naee jaankaari koo vyaapak sanrachanaon mein ekikrit karati haye aur ise pahale seey maujood gyaan seey jodati haye. ghoshanaatmak gyaan key srot dhaarana, aatmanireekshan, smriti, tark aur gawahi hain.
paribhasha aur shabdarth kshetra.
ghoshanaatmak gyaan tathyon kii jagrukta yaa samajh haye. ise ghoshanaatmak vaakyon kaa upayog karke bolly aur likhit bhasha key madhyam seey vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye aur iss prakaar maukhik sanchaar key madhyam seey praapt kiya jaa sakata haye. ghoshanaatmak gyaan key udaaharan yeh jaanana haye kii "rajkumari dyna kii mrityu 1997 mein hui" yaa "jaba unhone fost likhana samaapt kiya tou vaha 83 varsh key they. ghoshanaatmak gyaan mein avadhaaranaon, vichaaron, siddhanton aur samanya niyamon key roop mein mansik pratinidhitva shamil hain. inn abhyavedanon key madhyam seey, vyakti vaastaviktaa key ack vishesh pahalu key saath ack sambandh mein khadaa hotaa haye, yeh darshaata haye kii yeh kaisa haye. ghoshanaatmak gyaan sandarbh-swatantra hotaa haih yeh kissy vishisht upayog seey judaa naheen haye aur kaee karyon key liye niyojit kiya jaa sakata haye. isamen ghatnaaon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala shamil haye aur isamen vyaktigat tathyon aur samanya kaanoonon donon kaa gyaan shamil haye. vyaktigat tathyon key liye ack udaaharan yeh jaanana haye kii soney kaa paramanu dravyamaan 196.97 u haye. yeh jaanate hue kii sharad ritu mein kuchh pedon key patton kaa rung badalata haye, doosari or, samanya kaanoonon seey sambandhit haye. apani maukhik prakriti key kaaran, ghoshanaatmak gyaan koo pustakon aur harddisk jaise madhyamon mein sangraheet kiya jaa sakata haye. ise computer kaa upayog karke bhee sansaadhit kiya jaa sakata haye aur kritrim buddhimatta key vibhinn roopon mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye, udaaharan key liye, visheshagya pranaliyon key gyaan aadhar mein.
saiddhaantik gyaan, varnanatmak gyaan, prastavatmak gyaan aur gyaan jaise shabd-jinka upayog ghoshanaatmak gyaan key paryaay key roop mein kiya jaataa haye aur isake vibhinn pahaluon koo vyakt kiya jaataa haye. saiddhaantik gyaan ack vishisht lakshya koo praapt karane key baare mein ack vyaavhaarik drishtikon seey swatantra haye kii ateet, vartamaan yaa bhavishya mein kyaa mamla haye. varnanatmak gyaan vaha gyaan haye jisamen vaastavik yaa satta vastuon, ghatnaaon yaa avadhaaranaon kaa varnan shamil haye. prastaav gyaan iss baat parr jore detaa haye kii duniya key baare mein ack prastaav yaa daavaa sach haye. ise aksar usa khand kaa upayog karke vyakt kiya jaataa haye, jaisa kii "yeh jaanana kii kangaru hopp" yaa "yeh jaanana kii 2 + 2 = 4". iss kaaran seey, ise "gyaan-joe" bhee kahaa jaataa haye. ghoshanaatmak gyaan gair-ghoshanaatmak gyaan key vipareet haye, joe duniya key sambandh mein tathyaatmak jaankaari kii spasht samajh seey sambandhit naheen haye. iss sambandh mein, kaushal key roop mein vyaavhaarik gyaan aur anubhavaatmak parichitata key roop mein parichit gyaan ghoshanaatmak gyaan key roop naheen hain. ghoshanaatmak gyaan kii jaanch karane vaale mukhya anushasana koo gyanmimansa kahaa jaataa haye. yeh apani prakriti, yeh kaise utpann hotaa haye, iska kyaa moolya haye aur isaki seemaaen kyaa hain, yeh nirdhaarit karane kii koshish kartaa haye.
ghatak.
gyanmimansa mein ack kendriya mudda ghoshanaatmak gyaan key ghatakon yaa aavashyak visheshtaon koo nirdhaarit karna haye. jaanch key iss kshetra koo "gyaan kaa vishleshan" kahaa jaataa haye. iska uddeshya una sharton koo pradaan karna haye joe vyaktigat roop seey aavashyak hain aur ack raajya key liye sanyukt roop seey paryaapt hain joe ghoshanaatmak gyaan key liye hain. iss sambandh mein, yeh usee tarah haye jaise ack rasaayanagya sabhi rasayanik tatvon kii pehchaan karke ack namoone koo todata haye.
ack paaramparik prabhaavshaali drishtikon bataata haye kii ghoshanaatmak gyaan kii teen aavashyak visheshtaen hainh yeh (1) ack vishvaas haye joe (2) sach haye aur (3) uchit haye. iss sthiti koo gyaan key uchit-satya-vishvaas siddhant key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye aur aksar ise maanak drishtikon key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. 20veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein admond gatetier dwara diye gaye prati-udaharanon kii ack shrinkhala key baad iss drishtikon koo mahatvapurna aalochana kaa saamana karna padaa. isake jawab mein, ghoshanaatmak gyaan key tatvon key vibhinn vaikalpik siddhanton kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye. kuchh loga uchit vishvaas koo ack aavashyak shart key roop mein dekhate hain joe apane aap mein paryaapt naheen haye aur atirikt ghatakon parr charcha karate hain jinaki aavashyakta haye. ack anya pratikriya yeh haye kii iss baat seey incar karna kii auchitya kii aavashyakta haye aur ise badalane key liye ack alag ghatak kii talash karna haye. kuchh siddhantkar, jaise timothi williamson, iss vichaar koo aswikar karate hain kii ghoshanaatmak gyaan koo vibhinn ghatak bhaagon mein vighatit kiya jaa sakata haye. isake bajaay way tark dete hain kii yeh ack buniyaadi aur vishleshanatmak gyanmimansa kii sthiti haye.
vishvaas.
gyaan kaa ack aam taur parr sweekrit ghatak vishvaas haye. iss arth mein, joe koee bhee jaanata haye kii whale janwar hain, vaha bhee maanata haye kii whale janwar hain. ack vishvaas ack mansik sthiti haye joe pushti karati haye kii kuchh mamla haye. ack prastaav key prati ack drishtikon key roop mein, yeh gyaan key vyaktiparak paksh seey sambandhit haye. kuchh siddhantkar, jaise kii luis viloro, kamjor aur majboot maanyataon key beach antar karate hain. kamjor vishvaas honey kaa tatparya haye kii vyakti kewal yeh maanata haye kii kuchh mamla haye. way anuman lagaate hain kii daavaa shayed sahee haye, jabaki usee samay sweekaar karate hue kii way isake baare mein bahut galat hoe sakate hain. yeh dridh vishvaas key vipareet haye, joe kii vishvaas kiye gaye daave key prati ack paryaapt pratibaddhata kaa sanket detaa haye. isamen isake baare mein nishchit honey key roop mein nishchitata shamil haye. ghoshanaatmak gyaan key liye, vishvaas kii yeh majboot bhavna praasangik haye.
kuchh gyaanvigyaani, jaise kii katalin farcus, daavaa karate hain kii, cumm seey cumm kuchh mamalon mein, gyaan vishvaas kaa ack roop naheen haye, balki ack alag prakaar kii mansik sthiti haye. iss sthiti key liye ack tark "main ise naheen maanata, mujhe pataa haye" jaise bayanon parr adharit haye, jiska upayog yeh vyakt karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye kii vyakti bahut nishchit haye aur iss daave kii pushti karane key liye usake paas achchha kaaran haye. haalaanki, iss tark koo aam taur parr sweekaar naheen kiya jaataa haye kyonki kuchh jaanane kaa matlab yeh naheen haye kii vyakti daave koo aswikar kartaa haye. ack aur spashteekaran yeh haye kii yeh kathan iss baat parr jore dene key liye ack bhashai upkaran haye kii vyakti achchi tarah seey soochit haye. iss sambandh mein, yeh kewal iss baat seey incar kartaa haye kii ack kamjor vishvaas maujood haye, binaa iss baat koo aswikar kiye kii vishvaas kaa ack majboot roop shamil haye.
sach.
vishvaas yaa tou sach hain yaa galat, yeh iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii way vaastaviktaa kaa sateek pratinidhitva karate hain yaa naheen. satya koo aamtaur parr gyaan key aavashyak ghatakon mein seey ack key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. iska matlab haye kii ack aise daave koo jaanana asambhav haye joe galat haye. udaaharan key liye, yeh vishvaas karna sambhav haye kii hileri clinton ney 2016 kaa americi rashtrapati chunaav jeetaa thaa, lekin koee bhee ise naheen zaan sakata kyonki yeh ghatana naheen hui thee. yeh kii ack prastaav sach haye, iska matlab yeh naheen haye kii yeh samanya gyaan haye, kii ack akatya pramaan maujood haye, yaa kii koee isake baare mein soch rhaa haye. isake bajaay, iska kewal yeh matlab haye kii yeh cheejon koo vaisa hii prastut kartaa haye jaisa way hain. udaaharan key liye, jaba koee sikka flip kiya jaataa haye, tou yeh sach hoe sakata haye kii yeh nishchit roop seey bhavishyavani karna sambhav naheen honey parr bhee sahee hoga. satya gyaan kaa ack vastunishth kaarak haye joe vishvaas key mansik kshetra seey parey jaataa haye kyonki yeh aamtaur parr iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii vyakti key munn key baahar kii duniya cassie haye.
kuchh gyaanvigyaani maanate hain kii gyaan key cumm seey cumm kuchh roop hain jinamen satya kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, joseph thomas tolliver kaa tark haye kii kuchh mansik avasthaaen kewal unake karanon aur prabhaavon key kaaran gyaan key barabar hoti hain. yeh mamla taba bhee haye jaba way kissy bhee cheez kaa pratinidhitva naheen karate hain aur isaliye naa tou sach hain aur naa hii galat. gyaan key maanav vigyaan key kshetra mein ack alag drishtikon paaya jaataa haye, joe adhyayan kartaa haye kii gyaan kaise praapt kiya jaataa haye, sangraheet kiya jaataa haye, punarpraapt kiya jaataa haye aur sanchaarit kiya jaataa haye. iss vishay mein, gyaan koo aksar bahut vyaapak arthon mein samajha jaataa haye joe motey taur parr samajh aur sanskriti key barabar haye. iss sambandh mein, mukhya ruchi aamtaur parr iss baare mein hoti haye kii loga arth-samagri key liye satya moolyon koo kaise jodate hain, jaise kii jaba ack daave kii pushti karate hain, tou yeh daavaa sach haye yaa galat, iss baat seey swatantra haye. inn padon key bavjood, yeh vyaapak roop seey gyanmimansa mein sweekaar kiya jaataa haye kii satya ghoshanaatmak gyaan kaa ack aavashyak ghatak haye.
auchitya.
gyanmimansa mein, auchitya kaa arth haye kii ack daavaa sakshya dwara samarthit haye yaa kii ack vyakti key paas ise maanane key liye achche kaaran hain. iska tatparya tarksangatata key mulyankan maanak key sambandh mein mulyankan key kuchh roop seey haye. udaaharan key liye, ack vyakti jisane abhee-abhee apane baink khaate kii jaanch kii aur dekhaa kii unakaa shesh 500 dollar haye, usake paas yeh maanane kaa ack achchha kaaran haye kii unake baink khaate mein 500 dollar hain. haalaanki, apane aap mein auchitya kaa matlab yeh naheen haye kii ack vishvaas sach haye. udaaharan key liye, yadi koee apani ghadee seey samay padhata haye tou way vartamaan samay key baare mein ack uchit vishvaas banaa sakate hain, bhale hii ghadee kuchh samay pahale bund hoe gaee hoe aur abb ack galat samay dikhaati hoe. yadi kissy vyakti kaa ack uchit vishvaas haye tou way aksar iss vishvaas koo spasht karane mein saksham hotey hain aur iska samarthan karane vaale karanon koo bataate hue tark pradaan karate hain. haalaanki, apane karanon koo spasht karane kii yeh kshamata auchitya kii ack aavashyak aavashyakta naheen haye.
bhagyashali anumaanon koo baahar karane key liye praayashchit koo aamtaur parr gyaan key ack ghatak key roop mein shamil kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, ack badhyakari juari ack sikka flip curr rhaa haye, yeh nishchit hoe sakata haye kii iss baar yeh binaa kissy achche kaaran key saamane aaa jaayega. iss mamle mein, vishvaas gyaan key barabar naheen haye, bhale hii yeh pataa chaley kii yeh sach thaa. iss avalokan koo ack aavashyak ghatak key roop mein auchitya koo shamil karke aasaani seey samajhaaya jaa sakata haye. iska tatparya haye kii juari kaa vishvaas gyaan key barabar naheen haye kyonki isamen auchitya kaa abhaav haye. iss sambandh mein, gyaan sthaapit karane key liye kewal sachchi raay hii paryaapt naheen haye. gyanmimansa mein ack kendriya mudda auchitya key manakon seey sambandhit haye, i.ee., ack vishvaas koo uchit thaharaane key liye kinn sharton koo puuraa karna hoga. aantarikvaadi auchitya koo vishuddh roop seey vyaktiparak ghatak key roop mein samajhate hain, joe vishvaas key samaan haye. way daavaa karate hain kii ack vishvaas uchit haye yadi yeh vishvaas karane vaale kii anya mansik sthitiyon key saath sahee sambandh mein khadaa haye. udaaharan key liye, bodhgamya anubhav kathit vastu key baare mein vishvaason koo uchit thahara sakate hain. yeh baahari logon key saath virodhabhas haye, joe daavaa karate hain kii auchitya mein vastunishth kaarak shamil hain joe vyakti key dimag key liye baahari hain. aise karakon mein vishvaas key uddeshya key saath kaaran sambandh shamil hoe sakate hain yaa yeh kii vishvasaniya sangyanatmak prakriyaaen vishvaas key gathan key liye jimmedaar hain.
ack nikatata seey sambandhit mudda iss sawal seey sambandhit haye kii vibhinn mansik sthitiyon koo ack dusare seey kaise sambandhit honah chaahiye taaki unhein uchit thaharaaya jaa sakey. udaaharan key liye, ack vishvaas koo dusare vishvaas dwara samarthit kiya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, yeh savalia haye kii kyaa yeh auchitya key liye paryaapt haye yadi doosara vishvaas swayam uchit naheen haye. udaaharan key liye, ack vyakti koo vishvaas hoe sakata haye kii ford kaaren bmw kii tulanaa mein sastee hain kyonki unhone ack dost seey yeh sunaa thaa. haalaanki, yeh vishvaas uchit naheen hoe sakata haye yadi yeh sochane kaa koee achchha kaaran naheen haye kii mitra jaankaari kaa ack vishvasaniya srot haye. yeh ack anant pratigaman kii or leey jaa sakata haye kyonki mitra kii vishvasaniyata key liye joe bhee kaaran pradaan kiya gayaa haye, usamen auchitya kii kamee hoe sakati haye. iss samasya key liye teen lokpriya pratikriyaaen moolbhootvaad, susangatta aur aseemvaad hain. moolbhootvadiyon key anusaar, kuchh kaaran moolbhoot hain aur unake auchitya key liye anya karanon parr nirbhar naheen karate hain. susangatwadi iss vichaar koo bhee aswikar karate hain kii karanon kii ack anant shrinkhala kii aavashyakta haye aur tark dete hain kii vibhinn vishvaas ack dusare kii tulanaa mein adhik buniyaadi honey key binaa ack dusare kaa parasparik roop seey samarthan curr sakate hain. doosari or, anantvadi iss vichaar koo sweekaar karate hain kii karanon kii ack anant shrinkhala kii aavashyakta haye.
ghoshanaatmak gyaan kii prakriti key baare mein kaee bahasen auchitya kii bhoomika parr dhyaan kendrit karati hain, vishesh roop seey kyaa isaki aavashyakta haye aur isake poorak key liye aur kyaa aavashyak hoe sakata haye. iss sambandh mein admond gatetier dwara vichaar prayogon kii ack shrinkhala prabhaavshaali thee. way uchit satya maanyataon key thhos mamle prastut karate hain joe gyaan key barabar naheen hain. unaki viphalata kaa kaaran ack prakaar kaa mahamari bhaagya haye. iska matlab haye kii yeh vishvaas sach haye yaa naheen, iska auchitya praasangik naheen haye. ack vichaar prayog mein, smith aur johns naukari key liye aavedan karate hain aur aadhikarik roop seey parinam ghoshit karane seey pahale, company key adhyaksh smith seey kahate hain kii johns koo naukari mill jaayegi. smith ney dekhaa kii johns kii jeb mein 10 sikke hain isaliye vaha yeh uchit vishvaas banaane key liye aataa haye kii safal ummidwar kii jeb mein 10 sikke hain. anta mein, yeh pataa chalata haye kii smith koo aakhirkaar naukari mill jaati haye. saubhagya seey sanyog seey, smith kii jeb mein 10 sikke bhee hain. gatetier kaa daavaa haye kii, iss sanyog key kaaran, smith kaa vishvaas haye kii safal ummidwar key paas apani jeb mein 10 sikke hain, yeh gyaan key barabar naheen haye. vishvaas uchit aur satya haye lekin auchitya satya key liye praasangik naheen haye.
anya.
gatetier key vichaar prayogon key jawab mein, ghoshanaatmak gyaan key vibhinn anya ghatakon kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye. unamen seey kuchh koo vishvaas, satya aur auchitya key alawa atirikt tatvon key roop mein abhipret kiya jaataa haye, jabaki anya koo auchitya key pratisthaapan key roop mein samajha jaataa haye.
dalbadal key siddhant key anusaar, vishvaas key paksh mein sakshya honey key alawa ack atirikt kaarak yeh haye kii koee parajit karane vaalaa saboot maujood naheen haye. vishvaas key pramaan koo parajit karna vaha pramaan haye joe vishvaas key auchitya koo cumm kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, yadi koee vyakti khidki key baahar dekhta haye aur indradhanush dekhta haye tou yeh dhaarana unake iss vishvaas koo sahee thaharaati haye kii indradhanush haye. haalaanki, yadi vyakti ney sirf ack manodaihik dawa khaai haye tou yeh saboot koo parajit curr rhaa haye kyonki yeh unake anubhavon kii vishvasaniyata koo cumm kartaa haye. dalbadal siddhantkaron kaa daavaa haye kii iss mamle mein, vishvaas gyaan key barabar naheen haye kyonki saboot koo harana maujood haye. gyaan key ack atirikt ghatak key roop mein, unhein yeh aavashyak haye kii vyakti key paas vishvaas kaa koee parajit karane vaalaa pramaan naa hoe. kuchh siddhantkar iss majboot aavashyakta kii maang karate hain kii koee aisaa sachcha prastaav naheen haye joe vishvaas koo haraa sakey, iss baat seey swatantra kii vyakti iss prastaav seey avagat haye yaa naheen. ack nikatata seey sambandhit siddhant kaa maanana haye kii vishvaas kewal gyaan key barabar hoe sakate hain yadi way jhooth seey anuman naheen lagaae jaate hain.
ack aur siddhant iss vichaar parr adharit haye kii gyaan kii avasthaaen duniya key prati uttardaayi honey chaahiye. iss sambandh mein ack sujhaav diyaa gayaa ghatak yeh haye kii vishvaas surakshit yaa samvedansheel haye. iska matlab haye kii vyakti kaa vishvaas haye kyonki yeh sach haye lekin aggar yeh galat thaa tou way vishvaas naheen rakhenge. iss sambandh mein, vyakti kaa vishvaas duniya kii sthiti koo track kartaa haye.
kuchh siddhant atirikt aavashyaktaaen pradaan karane kaa prayaas naheen karate hain, balki isake bajaay vaikalpik ghatakon key saath auchitya koo badalane kaa prastaav karate hain. udaaharan key liye, kuchh prakaar key vishvasaniyataavaad key anusaar, ack sachcha vishvaas gyaan key barabar haye yadi yeh ack vishvasaniya sangyanatmak prakriya key madhyam seey banaaya gayaa thaa. ack sangyanatmak prakriya vishvasaniya haye yadi yeh vaastavik sthitiyon mein jyaadaatar sachche vishvaas paida karati haye aur vipareet sthitiyon mein bhee aisaa karati haye.
 vishvasaniya prakriyaon key udaaharan dhaarana aur tark hain. vishvasaniyata kaa ack parinam yeh haye kii gyaan manushyon taka hii seemit naheen haye. iska kaaran yeh haye kii kutte, bandar yaa choohon jaise anya jaanvaron mein bhee vishvasaniya vishvaas-nirmaan prakriyaaen maujood hoe sakati hain, bhale hii unake paas apane vishvaason kaa auchitya naa hoe. sadgun gyanmimansa ack nikatata seey sambandhit drishtikon haye joe gyaan koo gyanatmak gunon kii abhivyakti key roop mein samajhata haye. yeh niyamit roop seey vishvaas key saath sahmat haye kii gyaan bhaagya kii baat naheen haye, balki gyaan key mulyankankari pahalu aur isake liye jimmedaar antarnihit kaushal parr atirikt jore detaa haye.
gyaan key karanatmak siddhanton key anusaar, ack tathya koo jaanane kaa ack aavashyak tatva yeh haye kii yeh tathya kissy tarah isake gyaan kaa kaaran banaa. udaaharan key liye, yadi ghar key rung key baare mein koee vishvaas ack avdhaaranaatmak anubhav parr adharit haye, joe kaarantah ghar koo vishvaas seey jodata haye. yeh kaaran sambandh pratyaksh naheen honah chaahiye aur yaadon koo sakriya karane aur nishkarsh nikaalane jaise charanon key madhyam seey madhyasthata kii jaa sakati haye.
kaee mamalon mein, atirikt ghatakon kaa sujhaav dene kaa lakshya mahamari bhaagya key mamalon seey bachana haye. iss sambandh mein, kuchh siddhantkaron ney tark diyaa haye kii atirikt ghatak koo yeh sunishchit karna hoga kii vishvaas sach haye. yeh drishtikon iss vichaar mein parilakshit hotaa haye kii gyaan nishchitata key ack roop kaa tatparya haye. lekin yeh gyaan key manakon koo bahut uchch nirdhaarit kartaa haye aur isake liye aavashyak hoe sakata haye kii ack vishvaas koo gyaan key barabar honah chaahiye. iska matlab haye kii auchitya yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii vishvaas sach haye. udaaharan key liye, richard kirkham kaa tark haye kii gyaan key liye aavashyak auchitya swayam-spasht parisar parr adharit honah chaahiye joe dhaarit vishvaas koo anumaanit roop seey nihit kartaa haye. iss tarah kii sthiti gyaan key baare mein sandeh key ack roop kii or leey jaati haye kyonki adhikansh niyamit vishvaas inn aavashyaktaon parr kharaa naheen utarate hain. iska matlab yeh hoga kii loga bahut cumm jaanate hain aur joe loga ack nishchit tathya jaanane kaa daavaa karate hain, unamen seey adhikansh galat hain. haalaanki, gyaanvigyaani key beach ack adhik samanya drishtikon yeh haye kii gyaan koo achookata kii aavashyakta naheen haye aur rosemarra key jeevan mein kaee gyaan daave sach hain.
prakaar.
ghoshanaatmak gyaan kaee roopon mein utpann hotaa haye. gyaat samagri key prakaar key aadhar parr unake beach antar karna sambhav haye. udaaharan key liye, anubhavjanya gyaan avalokan yogya tathyon kaa gyaan haye jabaki vaichaarik gyaan samanya vargeekaran aur siddhanton key saath-saath unake beach sambandhon kii samajh haye. anya udaaharan naitik, dhaarmik, vaigyaanik, ganitiya aur taarkik gyaan key saath-saath aatm-gyaan bhee hain. ack aur antar iss baat parr kendrit haye kii kuchh kaise jaanaa jaataa haye. kaaran star parr, gyaan key vibhinn srot vibhinn prakaar key ghoshanaatmak gyaan key anuroop hotey hain. udaaharan hain dhaarana, aatmanireekshan, smriti, tark aur gawahi key madhyam seey gyaan.
taarkik star parr, gyaan key roopon koo iss aadhar parr alag kiya jaa sakata haye kii kaise ack gyaan daavaa isake parisar dwara samarthit haye. yeh vargeekaran taarkik tark key vibhinn roopon seey mell khaata haye, jaise kii katauti aur prerak tark. ack nikatata seey sambandhit vargeekaran auchitya key srot kii taakat parr kendrit haye. yeh sambhaavit aur apodictic gyaan key beach antar kartaa haye. doosari or, "ack prathamikta" aur "ack pashchavarti" gyaan key beach kaa antar srot key prakaar parr kendrit haye. yeye vargeekaran vibhinn binduon parr ack dusare key saath overlap hotey hain. udaaharan key liye, "ack praathamik" gyaan apodictic, vaichaarik, anumanatmak aur taarkik gyaan seey nikatata seey judaa huaa haye. "doosari or, "ack paschagaami" gyaan, sambhaavit, anubhavjanya, prerak aur vaigyaanik gyaan seey judaa huaa haye. aatm-gyaan kii pehchaan aatmanireekshan gyaan seey kii jaa sakati haye.
ack prathamikta" aur "ack pashchavarti" gyaan key beach kaa antar anubhav kii bhoomika seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye aur anubhavjanya aur gair-anubhavjanya gyaan key beach key antar seey mell khaata haye. "ack paschagaami" gyaan anubhav seey praapt gyaan haye. iska matlab haye kii anubhav, niyamit dhaarana kii tarah, isake gathan aur auchitya key liye jimmedaar haye. yeh jaanana kii kissy key ghar kaa darwaja haraa haye, "pashchavarti" gyaan kaa ack udaaharan haye kyonki kissy prakaar key samvedi avalokan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. doosari or, "ack praathamik" gyaan key liye, kissy anubhav kii aavashyakta naheen haye. yeh shuddh tarksangat pratibimb parr adharit haye aur naa tou anubhav key madhyam seey satyaapit kiya jaa sakata haye aur naa hii galat. udaaharan yeh jaanana haye kii 7 + 5 = 12 yaa joe kuchh bhee harr jagah laal haye vaha harr jagah neela naheen haye. iss sandarbh mein, anubhav kaa arth mukhya roop seey samvedi avalokan haye, lekin isamen aatmanireekshan aur smriti jaisi sambandhit prakriyaaen bhee shamil hoe sakati hain. haalaanki, isamen sabhi sachet ghatanaaen shamil naheen hain. udaaharan key liye, ack ganitiya samasya key samadhan mein ack tarksangat antardrishti honey kaa matlab yeh naheen haye kii parinami gyaan "ack pashchavarti" haye. aur yeh jaanana kii 7 + 5 = 12 ack "praathamik" gyaan haye, bhale hii chetna kaa kuchh roop "7" aur "+" jaise prateekon kaa arth seekhane aur sambandhit avadhaaranaon key baare mein jagrook honey mein shamil haye.
ack vargeekaran tathyon, avadhaaranaon aur siddhanton key gyaan key beach antar kartaa haye. tathyon kaa gyaan thhos jaankaari key sambandh seey sambandhit haye, udaaharan key liye, kii traffic light parr laal rung kaa arth haye "rukna" yaa christopher columbus 1492 mein spen seey america gayaa thaa. avadhaaranaon kaa gyaan adhik amoort aur samanya vichaaron parr lagu hotaa haye joe kaee vyaktigat ghatnaaon koo ack saath samoohit karate hain. udaaharan key liye, "jogging" kii avadharana key gyaan kaa tatparya yeh jaanana haye kii yeh chalane aur daudane seey kaise alag haye aur saath hii iss avadharana koo thhos mamalon mein lagu karane mein saksham honah haye. siddhanton kaa gyaan kaaran aur prabhaav key samanya swaroopon key baare mein jagrukta haye, jisamen angoothe key niyam bhee shamil hain. yeh cheejon koo samajhane kaa ack roop haye kii cheejen kaise kaam karati hain aur iss baat key spashteekaran seey avagat honah kii kuchh aisaa kyon huaa jiss tarah seey yeh huaa. udaaharan yeh haye kii aggar bijli girati haye tou garaj padegi yaa aggar koee vyakti baink lootata haye tou way jail jaa sakate hain. samaan vargeekaran vyaktiyon, ghatnaaon, siddhanton, adhikatam aur maandandon key ghoshanaatmak gyaan key beach antar karate hain.
ghoshanaatmak gyaan kii pehchaan paaramparik roop seey spasht gyaan key saath kii jaati haye aur yeh maun yaa antarnihit gyaan key vipareet hotaa haye. spasht gyaan vaha gyaan haye jisake baare mein vyakti jagrook haye aur jise vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye. doosari or, antarnihit gyaan, sannihit gyaan kaa ack roop haye jise vyakti vyakt naheen curr sakata haye. spasht gyaan key saath ghoshanaatmak gyaan kaa paaramparik sambandh hamesha samkaaleen saahitya mein sweekaar naheen kiya jaataa haye. kuchh siddhantkaron kaa tark haye kii antarnihit ghoshanaatmak gyaan key roop hain. ack sambhaavit udaaharan ack aisaa vyakti haye jisane ack avadharana seekhi haye aur abb iss avadharana key anusaar vastuon koo sahee dhang seey vargeekrit karane mein saksham haye, bhale hii way apane nirnay key liye ack maukhik tark pradaan karane mein saksham naa houn.
ack aur antar kshetra-vishisht aur samanya gyaan key beach haye. kshetra-vishisht gyaan ack sankeern vishay yaa ack vishesh kaary parr lagu hotaa haye lekin iss dhyaan key baahar bekaar haye. doosari or, samanya gyaan vyaapak vishayon seey sambandhit haye yaa isake samanya anuprayog hain. udaaharan key liye, vyaakaran key niyamon kaa ghoshanaatmak gyaan samanya gyaan seey sambandhit haye, jabaki kavita kii panktiyon koo yaad rakhane key baad kaua kshetra-vishisht gyaan haye. yeh antar una mamalon kii nirantarta parr adharit haye joe prakaron key beach ack spasht rekha key binaa cumm yaa jyada samanya hain. paul kurtz key anusaar, chhah prakaar key varnanatmak gyaan hainh upalabdh sadhanon kaa gyaan, parinamon kaa gyaan, vishesh tathyon kaa gyaan, samanya kaaran kaanoonon kaa gyaan, sthaapit moolyon kaa gyaan aur buniyaadi aavashyaktaon kaa gyaan. ack anya vargeekaran sanrachanaatmak gyaan aur bodh gyaan key beach antar kartaa haye.
gyaan key anya roopon key vipareet.
ghoshanaatmak gyaan aksar anya prakaar key gyaan key vipareet hotaa haye. gyanmimansa mein ack samanya vargeekaran ise vyaavhaarik gyaan aur gyaan seey parichit dwara alag kartaa haye. una sabhi koo "jaanane key liye" kriya key saath vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye lekin unake antar unhein spasht karane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali vyaakaranik sanrachanaon mein parilakshit hotey hain. ghoshanaatmak gyaan koo aamtaur parr usa khand key saath vyakt kiya jaataa haye, jaisa kii "aine jaanata haye kii koala jyaadaatar samay sote hain. vyaavhaarik gyaan key liye, isake bajaay ack kaise-khand kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, udaaharan key liye, "dave ack ghadee parr samay koo padhana jaanata haye. parichit dwara gyaan koo binaa kissy poorvadhaarana key ack pratyaksh vastu kaa upayog karke vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye, jaisa kii "emili vyaktigat roop seey obama koo jaanata haye.
vyaavhaarik gyaan mein kaushal shamil hotey hain. ghode kii sawari karna yaa gitar bajaana vyaavhaarik gyaan key roop hain. prakriyaatmak gyaan" aur "gyaan-kaise" shabdon kaa upayog aksar paryaay key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. yeh vibhinn pahaluon mein ghoshanaatmak gyaan seey alag haye. yeh aamtaur parr aspasht hotaa haye aur ise parisar seey katkar saabit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh gair-prastaavnaatmak haye aur, adhikansh bhaag key liye, thhos abhyaas key binaa amoort mein naheen padhaaya jaa sakata haye. iss sambandh mein, yeh gair-bauddhik gyaan kaa ack roop haye. yeh ack vishisht lakshya seey judaa huaa haye aur iska moolya sach honey mein naheen haye, balki yeh haye kii apane lakshya koo puuraa karna kitna prabhaavi haye. vyaavhaarik gyaan binaa kissy vishvaas key maujood hoe sakata haye aur isamen jhoothi maanyataaen bhee shamil hoe sakati hain. udaaharan key liye, ack anubhavi gend khilaadi koo galat vishvaas honey key bavjood gend koo pakadana pataa hoe sakata haye. way maan sakate hain kii unaki aankhen lagaatar gend koo track karati hain. lekin, vaastav mein, unaki aankhen achaanak andolanon kii ack shrinkhala kaa pradarshan karati hain joe gend key prakshepavakra kaa anuman lagaati hain naa kii uska anusaran karati hain. ack anya antar yeh haye kii ghoshanaatmak gyaan aamtaur parr kewal manushyon kii tarah atyadhik vikasit dimag vaale jaanvaron key liye haye. doosari or, pashu samrajya mein vyaavhaarik gyaan adhik prachalit haye. udaaharan key liye, cheentiyaan rasoi mein chalana jaanati hain, halanki sambhavatah iss ghoshanaatmak gyaan kii mansik kshamata kii kamee haye kii way rasoi mein chala rahey hain.
ghoshanaatmak gyaan bhee parichit gyaan seey alag haye, jise vastunishth gyaan aur gyaan key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. parichit dwara gyaan parichitata yaa pratyaksh jagrukta kaa ack roop haye joe ack vyakti key paas kissy anya vyakti, kissy vastu yaa sthaan key saath haye. udaaharan key liye, ack vyakti jisane chocolet kaa swaad chakhaa haye, iss arth mein "chocolet jaanata haye", jaise kii ack vyakti joe jheel taupo kaa daura kartaa haye "jheel taupo koo jaanata haye. parichit dwara gyaan kaa arth yeh naheen haye kii vyakti vastu key baare mein tathyaatmak jaankaari pradaan curr sakata haye. yeh gair-anumaanit gyaan kaa ack roop haye joe pratyaksh anubhav parr nirbhar kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, ack vyakti jisane kabhi apana desh naheen chhoda haye, vaha binaa kissy jaankaari key kitaaben padhkar anya deshon key baare mein bahut adhik ghoshanaatmak gyaan praapt curr sakata haye.
parichit dwara gyaan bertrand russell key gyaan-vigyaan mein ack kendriya bhoomika nibhaata haye. unakaa maanana haye kii yeh gyaan key anya roopon kii tulanaa mein adhik buniyaadi haye kyonki ack prastaav koo samajhane key liye, kissy koo isake ghatakon seey parichit honah padata haye. russell key anusaar, parichit dwara gyaan mein vichaaron, bhaavanaon, ichchhaon, smriti, aatmanireekshan aur indriya detta jaisi ghatnaaon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala shamil haye. yeh vishesh cheejon aur saarvbhaumiktaa key sambandh mein hoe sakata haye. doosari or, bhautik vastuon kaa gyaan ghoshanaatmak gyaan seey sambandhit haye, jise way "vivaran dwara gyaan" kahate hain. isaki ack kendriya bhoomika bhee haye kyonki yeh gyaan key kshetra koo una cheejon taka failata haye joe anubhav key vyaktigat kshetra seey parey hain.
kuchh siddhantkar, jaise aneeta woolfok aadi. all., sashart gyaan key saath ghoshanaatmak gyaan aur prakriyaatmak gyaan key vipareet. iss drishtikon key anusaar, sashart gyaan yeh jaanane key baare mein haye kii kaba aur kyon ghoshanaatmak aur prakriyaatmak gyaan kaa upayog karna haye. ganit kii samasyaon koo hull karane aur ack videshi bhasha seekhane jaise kaee muddon key liye, tathyon aur samanya prakriyaon koo jaanana paryaapt naheen haye yadi vyakti koo pataa naheen haye kii unhein kinn sthitiyon mein upayog karna haye. udaaharan key liye, kissy bhasha mein mahaarat hassil karane key liye, yadi kissy koo iss baat kaa sashart gyaan naheen haye kii unakaa upayog kaba karna uchit haye, tou kriya roopon kaa ghoshanaatmak gyaan praapt karna paryaapt naheen haye. kuchh siddhantkar sashart gyaan koo ack prakaar key ghoshanaatmak gyaan key roop mein samajhate hain naa kii ack alag shreni key roop mein.
ack aur antar, nirdeshaatmak gyaan key vipareet, ghoshanaatmak yaa varnanatmak gyaan key beach haye. varnanatmak gyaan yeh darshaata haye kii duniya cassie haye. yeh varnan aur vargeekrit kartaa haye kii vahaan kyaa ghatanaaen hain aur way ack dusare key prati kiss sambandh mein khade hain. yeh iss baat mein ruchi rakhta haye kii loga kyaa chaahte hain, swatantra roop seey kyaa sach haye. nirdeshaatmak gyaan iss baare mein naheen haye kii cheejen "vaastav mein cassie hain", balki way "cassie honey chaahiye". yeh vishesh roop seey iss sawal seey sambandhit haye kii logon koo kinn uddeshyon kaa paalan karna chaahiye aur unhein kaise kaary karna chaahiye. yeh logon koo apani jarooraton aur ichchhaon koo puuraa karane key liye kyaa karna chaahiye, yeh dikhaakar kaarravaai kaa margadarshan kartaa haye. iss sambandh mein, iska ack adhik vyaktiparak ghatak haye kyonki yeh iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii loga kyaa chaahte hain. kuchh siddhantkar nirdeshaatmak gyaan koo prakriyaatmak gyaan key barabar maanate hain. lekin anya loga iss daave key aadhar parr unhein alag karate hain kii nirdeshaatmak gyaan iss baare mein haye kii kyaa kiya jaanaa chaahiye jabaki prakriyaatmak gyaan iss baare mein haye kii ise kaise kiya jaae. anya vargeekaran sanrachanaatmak gyaan, metaa gyaan, shodhaatmak gyaan, niyantran gyaan, mamle key gyaan aur ranneetik gyaan key saath ghoshanaatmak gyaan key vipareet hain.
kuchh siddhantkaron kaa tark haye kii ack prakaar kaa gyaan dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik buniyaadi haye. udaaharan key liye, robbert ee. haskell kaa daavaa haye kii ghoshanaatmak gyaan gyaan kaa mool roop haye kyonki yeh samajh kii ack samanya ruprekha kaa gathan kartaa haye. unake anusaar, yeh gyaan key anya roopon koo praapt karane key liye ack poorv shart haye. haalaanki, iss sthiti koo aam taur parr sweekaar naheen kiya jaataa haye aur gilbert ryle jaise daarshanik virodhi shodh prabandh kaa bachaav karate hain joe ghoshanaatmak gyaan prakriyaatmak gyaan kaa anuman lagaata haye.
moolya.
vishva kii maanav samajh mein ghoshanaatmak gyaan ack kendriya bhoomika nibhaata haye. yeh una gatividhiyon koo rekhaankit kartaa haye jaise kii labeling ghatanaaen, unakaa varnan karna, unhein samajhaana aur unake baare mein dusaron key saath samvaad karna. ghoshanaatmak gyaan kaa moolya kuchh hudd taka logon koo unake uddeshyon koo praapt karane mein madad karane mein isaki upayogita parr nirbhar kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, kissy bimari key ilaaj key liye, usake lakshnon aur sambhaavit upchaaron kaa gyaan fayademand haye. yaa aggar kissy vyakti ney naee naukari key liye aavedan kiya haye tou yeh jaanana mahatvapurna haye kii sakshatkar kahaan aur kaba hotaa haye. apani sandarbh-swatantrata key kaaran, ghoshanaatmak gyaan kaa upayog vibhinn prakaar key karyon key liye kiya jaa sakata haye aur isaki saghan prakriti key kaaran, ise aasaani seey sangraheet aur punarpraapt kiya jaa sakata haye. ghoshanaatmak gyaan prakriyaatmak gyaan key liye upayogi hoe sakata haye, udaaharan key liye, ack kaushal koo nishpaadit karane key liye aavashyak charanon kii soochi koo jaanane seey. samasyaon koo samajhane aur hull karane mein bhee isaki mahatvapurna bhoomika haye aur yeh nirnay lene kii prakriya kaa margadarshan curr sakata haye. gyanmimansa key kshetra mein ack sambandhit mudda iss sawal seey sambandhit haye kii kyaa ghoshanaatmak gyaan sachche vishvaas seey adhik moolyavaan haye. yeh spasht naheen haye kyonki kaee uddeshyon key liye, sachcha vishvaas gyaan key roop mein apane lakshyon koo praapt karane key liye upayogi haye.
ghoshanaatmak gyaan mukhya roop seey una mamalon mein vaanchhit haye jahaan yeh turant upayogi haye. lekin gyaan key sabhi roop upayogi naheen hain. udaaharan key liye, videshi phone book mein paae jaane vaale phone nambaron koo andhadhundh roop seey yaad rakhane seey upayogi ghoshanaatmak gyaan kii sambhavana naheen haye. haalaanki, gyaan key moolya kaa aaklan karna aksar mushkil hotaa haye yadi koee aisee sthiti kaa purvanuman naheen lagaata haye jahaan yeh upayogi hoga. iss sambandh mein, yeh hoe sakata haye kii spasht roop seey bekaar gyaan kaa moolya bahut baad mein hii pataa chalata haye. udaaharan key liye, chumbakatva koo bijli seey jodane vaale maxwell key samikaranon koo khoj key samay bekaar maanaa jaataa thaa jaba taka kii prayogaatmak vaigyaanikon ney vidyut chumbakiya tarangon kaa pataa lagaane kaa tarika naheen khoja. kabhi-kabhi, gyaan kaa ack nakaratmak moolya hoe sakata haye, udaaharan key liye, jaba yeh kissy koo vaha karane mein baadha detaa haye jisaki aavashyakta hogi kyonki sambandhit khatron key baare mein unakaa gyaan unhein pangu banaa detaa haye.
seekhana.
shiksha key kshetra mein gyaan kaa moolya vishesh roop seey praasangik haye. yeh taya karane kii aavashyakta haye kii chhatron koo pathyakram kaa hissa banane key liye vishal gyaan kaa kaun saa hissa honah chaahiye. school mein kaee prakaar key seekhane mein ghoshanaatmak gyaan kaa adhigrahan shamil haye. ghoshanaatmak gyaan seekhane kaa ack roop tathaakathit ratte learning haye. yeh ack yaad rakhane kii takneek haye jisamen seekhane key daave koo baar-baar dohraya jaataa haye jaba taka kii ise poori tarah seey yaad naheen kiya jaataa haye. ghoshanaatmak gyaan seekhane key anya roop vishay kii samajh vikasit karane parr adhik dhyaan kendrit karate hain. iska matlab haye kii shikshaarthi koo naa kewal daave koo doharaane mein saksham honah chaahiye, balki ise samajhaane, varnan karane aur sankshep mein bataane mein bhee saksham honah chaahiye. ghoshanaatmak gyaan key upayogi honey key liye, yeh aksar fayademand hotaa haye yadi yeh ack saarthak sanrachana mein antarnihit hoe. udaaharan key liye, naee avadhaaranaon aur vichaaron key baare mein seekhane mein yeh samajh vikasit karna shamil haye kii way ack-dusare seey kaise sambandhit hain aur joe pahale seey hii gyaat haye.
ellen gagney key anusaar, ghoshanaatmak gyaan seekhana chaar charanon mein hotaa haye. pahale charan mein, shikshaarthi seekhane key liye samagri key sampark mein aataa haye aur usey samajhata haye. isake baad, way iss jaankaari koo prastaavon mein parivartit karate hain. isake baad, shikshaarthi kii smriti sambandhit prastaavon koo sakriya karati haye. antim charan key roop mein, nae sambandh sthaapit kiye jaate hain aur nishkarsh nikaale jaate hain. isi tarah kii prakriya kaa varnan johnn vee. dwara kiya gayaa haye. dempsy, joe iss baat parr jore detaa haye kii naee jaankaari koo vyavasthit, vibhajit aur maujooda gyaan seey jodaa jaanaa chaahiye. vaha seekhane key beach antar kartaa haye jisamen seekhane key vipareet jaankaari koo yaad karna shamil haye jisake liye kewal pattern koo pahchaanane mein saksham honey kii aavashyakta hoti haye. ack sambandhit siddhant kaa bachaav anthany jey dwara kiya jaataa haye. raam. unakaa maanana haye kii ghoshanaatmak gyaan seekhane kii prakriya mein naee jaankaari koo samoohon mein vyavasthit karna shamil haye. isake baad, samoohon key beach sambandh banaae jaate hain aur naee jaankaari pahale seey maujood gyaan seey judee hoti haye.
kuchh siddhantkar, jaise robbert gagney aur leslie briggs, sangyanatmak prakriyaon key aadhar parr ghoshanaatmak gyaan seekhane key prakaron key beach antar karate hainh label aur naamon, tathyon aur soochiyon aur sangathit pravachan kaa seekhana. label aur naamon koo seekhane key liye dou tatvon key beach ack mansik sambandh banaane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. udaharanon mein videshi shabdawali koo yaad rakhna aur pratyek raajya kii rajdhani shahar koo seekhana shamil haye. tathyon koo seekhane mein avadhaaranaon key beach sambandh shamil hain, udaaharan key liye, kii "aine richard 1991 mein texas key governor they. yeh prakriya aamtaur parr aasaan hoti haye yadi vyakti alag-alag tathyon key saath kaam naheen curr rhaa haye, lekin usake paas jaankaari kaa ack network haye jisamen nayaa tathya ekikrit haye. seekhane kii soochiyon kaa mamla samaan haye kyonki isamen kaee vastuon kaa sanyojan shamil haye. sangathit shikshan mein asatat tathya yaa vastuen naheen balki jaankaari key ack vyaapak samooh mein maujood arth kii vyaapak samajh shamil haye.
gyanmimansa mein ghoshanaatmak gyaan key vibhinn sroton parr charcha kii gaee haye. inmein dhaarana, aatmanireekshan, smriti, tark aur gawahi shamil hain. dhaarana koo aamtaur parr anubhavjanya gyaan key mukhya srot key roop mein samajha jaataa haye. yeh indriyon parr adharit haye, jaise kii khidki seey baahar dekhate samay barish hoe rahee haye. aatmanireekshan dhaarana key samaan haye lekin aantarik kshetra kaa gyaan pradaan kartaa haye naa kii baahari vastuon kaa. ack udaaharan haye pair kii anguli mein dard kii or dhyaan denaa taaki yeh aaklan kiya jaa sakey kii kyaa yeh tej hoe gayaa haye.
smriti dhaarana aur aatmanireekshan seey alag haye kyonki yeh nae gyaan kaa utpaadan naheen karati haye, balki kewal pahale seey maujood gyaan koo sangraheet karati haye aur punarpraapt karati haye. jaise, yeh anya sroton parr nirbhar kartaa haye. yeh iss sambandh mein tark key samaan haye, joe ack gyaat tathya seey shuru hotaa haye aur usase nishkarsh nikalkar nae gyaan parr pahunchata haye. anubhavvaadiyon kaa maanana haye kii yeh ekmatra tarika haye kii kaaran gyaan taka kaise pahunch sakata haye, jabaki tarkvaadiyon kaa tark haye kii kuchh daavon koo atirikt sroton seey swatantra roop seey shuddh kaaran seey jaanaa jaa sakata haye. gawahi anya sroton seey alag haye kyonki iska apana sangyanatmak sankaay naheen haye. balki, yeh iss dhaarana parr adharit haye kii loga dusaron key saath sanchaar key madhyam seey gyaan praapt curr sakate hain, udaaharan key liye, kissy seey baat karke yaa samachar patra padhkar. kuchh dhaarmik daarshnikon mein dhaarmik anubhav (tathaakathit indriya divyata key madhyam seey) divya gyaan key srot key roop mein shamil hain. haalaanki, iss tarah key daave vivadaspad hain.

