vostok karyakram

vostok karyakram (, "orient" yaa "east") ack soviyat maanav antariksh udaan pariyojana thee joe pahale soviyat nagrikon koo prithvi kii nichali kaksha mein rakhane aur unhein surakshit roop seey vaapas laane key liye thee. sanyukt raajya america kii pariyojana paaraa key saath pratispardha karate hue, yeh 12 aprail, 1961 koo vostoke 1 mein ack hii kaksha mein pahale maanav, yuri gagarin koo antariksh mein rakhane mein safal rhaa. vostoke capsule koo zenit jasusi upgrah pariyojana seey vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, aur isake prakshepan vaahan koo maujooda aar-7 semiorca antarmahadvipiya ballistic missile (icbm) design seey anukoolit kiya gayaa thaa. vostok" naam koo taba taka vargeekrit jaankaari key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa jaba taka kii gagarin kii udaan kaa pahali baar saarvajanik roop seey vishva press key saamane khulasa naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
karyakram ney 1961 aur 1963 key beach chhah chaalak dall kii antariksh udaanen keen. sabse lambi udaan lagbhag paanch dinon taka chully, aur antim chaar koo ack dinn key antaral parr jode mein launch kiya gayaa. yeh pariyojana paaraa kii 34 ghante seey adhik kii sabse lambi udaan aur ekal mission kii pradarshit kshamataon koo paar curr gayaa.
vostok key baad 1964 aur 1965 mein dou voskhod karyakram udaanen huin, jisamen vostok capsule key teen aur dou-vyakti sanshodhanon aur ack badey prakshepan rockett kaa upayog kiya gayaa.
prishthabhoomi.
duniya kaa pahala kritrim upgrah, sputnik 1,1957 mein soviyat sangh dwara kaksha mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. antariksh anveshan key itihas mein agala meal kaa patthar antariksh mein ack maanav koo rakhna hoga, aur soviyat aur americi donon hii pahale banana chaahte they.
antariksh yatri chayan aur prashikshan.
janwari 1959 taka, soviyat sangh ney maanav antariksh udaan kii taiyari shuru curr dee thee. soviyat vayu senaa key chikitsakon ney jore dekar kahaa kii sambhaavit antariksh yatri ummidwar yogya vayu senaa key pilot honge, yeh tark dete hue kii unake paas uchch jee-balon key sampark mein aaney jaise praasangik kaushal honge, saath hii saath ejection seat kaa anubhav bhee hoga; amerikiyon ney aprail 1959 mein paaraa saat koo chunaa thaa, jinamen seey sabhi kii vimanan prishthabhoomi thee. ummidvaaron koo buddhiman, uchch tanaav kii sthitiyon mein sahaj aur shaaririk roop seey swasth honah thaa.
soviyat antariksh karyakram key mukhya designer, sergei corolev ney faisala kiya kii antariksh yatri purush honey chaahiye, 25 seey 30 varsh key beach, 1.75 meater seey adhik lamba naheen honah chaahiye, aur 72 kilogram seey adhik vajan naheen honah chaahiye. antariksh yaatriyon key liye antim vinirdeshon koo juuna 1959 mein manjuri dee gaee thee. sitambar taka sambhaavit antariksh yaatriyon key saath sakshatkar shuru hoe gaye they. halanki pilots koo yeh naheen bataaya gayaa thaa kii way antariksh mein udaan bhar rahey honge, lekin chayan prakriya key prabhaari chikitsakon mein seey ack kaa maanana thaa kii kuchh pilots ney iska anuman lagaaya thaa. kewal 200 seey adhik ummidvaaron ney sakshatkar prakriya key madhyam seey ise banaaya, aur octuber taka cumm dabaav key sampark mein aaney aur ack apkendrit pareekshan jaise shesh logon parr shaaririk parikshanon kii ack shrinkhala aayojit kii gaee. 1959 key anta taka, 20 purushon kaa chayan kiya gayaa thaa. corolev ney nassa key saat antariksh yaatriyon kii team seey badaa samooh rakhane parr jore diyaa. inn 20 mein seey paanch vaanchhit ayu seema seey baahar they; isaliye, ayu kii aavashyakta mein dheel dee gaee thee. nassa key antariksh yatri samooh key vipareet, iss samooh mein vishesh roop seey anubhavi pilot shamil naheen they; belyev 900 udaan ghanton key saath sabse anubhavi they. soviyat antariksh yaan americi samkakshon kii tulanaa mein adhik swachaalit thaa, isaliye mahatvapurna pilot anubhav aavashyak naheen thaa.
11 janwari, 1960 koo, soviyat sangh key mukhya marshal off aviation constantin varshinan ney antariksh yatri prashikshan kendra sthaapit karane kii yojanaon koo manjuri dee, jiska vishesh uddeshya antariksh yaatriyon koo unaki agami udaanon key liye taiyar karna hoga; shuru mein iss suvidha mein lagbhag 250 karmchari honge. varshinin ney pahale seey hii prasiddh vimaan chaalak nikolai kamnin koo suvidha mein sanchaalan kii nigrani karane key liye niyukt kiya. march taka, adhikansh antariksh yatri prashikshan suvidha mein pahunch gaye they; varshinin ney 7 march koo ack swaagat bhaashan diyaa, aur joe loga maujood they unhein aupchaarik roop seey antariksh yatri samooh mein shamil kiya gayaa. juuna key madhya taka sabhi bees sthaayi roop seey kendra mein tainaat they. march mein antariksh yaatriyon koo dainik swaasthya vyavastha parr shuru kiya gayaa thaa, aur unhein rockett antariksh pranali, nauparivahan, bhubhautiki aur khagol vigyaan jaise vishayon parr kakshaaen sikhai gaeen.
praarambhik suvidha kii sthaan seemaon key kaaran, antariksh yaatriyon aur karmchaariyon koo starr city (jise taba "zeleni" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa) mein ack naee suvidha mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, joe 60 seey adhik varshon seey roose key antariksh yatri prashikshan karyakram kaa ghar rhaa haye. yeh kadam aadhikarik taur parr 29 juuna, 1960 koo uthaaya gayaa thaa.
agradoot chhah.
gromov udaan anusandhaan sansthaan mein, ack antariksh yaan simulator banaaya gayaa thaa, jise "tdk-1" kahaa jaataa haye. simulator mein sabhi 20 antariksh yaatriyon koo prashikshan dene mein asamarthata key kaaran, yeh nirnay liya gayaa kii way chhah purushon kaa chayan karenge joe twarit prashikshan seey gujarenge. iss samooh, jise "agradoot chhah" key roop mein jaanaa jaayega, kaa nirnay 30 maee, 1960 koo liya gayaa thaa, aur shuru mein isamen gagarin, kartashov, nikolayev, popovic, titave aur varlamov shamil they. alexei leonov yaad karate hain kii yeye chhah 20 key samooh mein sabse chhote they.
julaai mein, starr city mein sthanantarit honey key turant baad, chhah mein seey dou koo chikitsa aadhar parr badal diyaa gayaa. sabse pahale, 8 "graam" key apkendran pareekshan key dauran, kartashov koo kuchh aantarik kshati hui, jisase unaki peeth parr mamuli raktasraav huaa. gagarin key rahane key anurodh key bavjood, doctors ney chhah key samooh seey kartashov koo hataane kaa faisala kiya. baad mein julaai mein, varlamov ack tairaki durghatana mein shamil hoe gayaa thaa. prashikshan kendra key paas ack jheel mein gotaa lagaane key dauran, vaha ack grieva kasheruka koo visthaapit karate hue apane sir koo neeche seey maar detaa haye. isaliye julaai key anta taka, agradoot chhah theh gagarin, baikovsky, nelyubov, nikolev, popovic aur titove.
janwari 1961 taka, inn chhahon ney parachute aur punarpraapti prashikshan key saath-saath simulator mein teen divasiya shasson samaapt curr liya thaa. 17 janwari koo, chhahon ney apani antim pareekshaon mein bhaag liya, jisamen ack simulator mein bitaaye gaye samay aur ack likhit pariksha shamil thee. inn parinamon key aadhar parr, kamnin dwara paryavekshit ack aayog ney nimnalikhit crum mein antariksh yaatriyon key upayog kii sifarish keeh gagarin, titove, nelyubov, nikolayev, baikovsky, popovic. iss star parr gagarin antariksh mein pahale vyakti honey key liye spasht roop seey pasandida thaa, naa kewal pariksha key aadhar parr, balki ack anaupchaarik sahakarmi mulyankan key beach bhee.
mission.
vostok 1, aprail 1961 mein pahali maanav antariksh udaan, kaee praarambhik udaanon seey pahale thee. 1960 key madhya mein, soviyat sangh koo pataa chalaa kii americi janwari 1961 kii shuruat mein ack upa-kakshiya maanav antariksh udaan shuru curr sakate hain. corolev ney ise ack mahatvapurna samay seema key roop mein dekhaa, aur amerikiyon dwara apane maanav upa-kakshiya mission koo shuru karane seey pahale ack chaalak dall kakshiya mission koo launch karane key liye nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. aprail 1960 taka, sergei corolev key design beuro key designers ney, jise taba "okebi-1" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, pahale vostok antariksh yaan key liye ack masauda yojana poori curr lii thee, jise "vostok 1key" kahaa jaataa thaa. iss design kaa upayog pareekshan uddeshyon key liye kiya jaayega; unaki yojana mein "vostok 2key" bhee thaa, ack jasusi upgrah jise baad mein zenit 2 key roop mein jaanaa jaayega, aur "vostok 3key", jiska upayog sabhi chhah chaalak dall vaale vostok missions key liye kiya jaayega.
soviyat sangh key bahut badey bhaugolik aakar key bavjood, desh key bheetar ground stations seey kakshiya antariksh udaanon kii nigrani key liye spasht seemaaen theen. iska samadhan karane key liye, soviyat sangh ney duniya bhar mein lagbhag saat nausainik jahaajon yaa tracking jahaajon koo tainaat kiya. pratyek ground station yaa tracking jahaaj key liye, ack parikrama karane vaale antariksh yaan key saath sanchaar kii avadhi paanch seey duss minut key beach seemit thee.
corable-sputnik 1.
pahala "vostok" antariksh yaan ack prakaar thaa jise kaksha seey baramad karane key liye design naheen kiya gayaa thaa; sanskaran koo "vostok "vostok (yaa "1pee") bhee kahaa jaataa thaa. corolev key sujhaav parr, media antariksh yaan koo "corable-sputnik" ("upgrah-jahaaj") kahega; iss bindu parr "vostok" naam abhee bhee ack gupt kootnam thaa. iss pahale vostoke antariksh yaan koo 15 maee, 1960 koo safaltapurvak kaksha mein bheja gayaa thaa. ack pranali kii kharabi key kaaran, antariksh yaan kii 64 veen kaksha mein thrusters koo daaga gayaa aur ise aur bhee uchch kaksha mein bheja gayaa. kaksha antatah kshay hoe gaee, aur yeh kaee varshon baad vayumandal mein phir seey pravesh kiya.
vostok 1key.
agale chhah prakshepan "vostok 1key" design key they, joe jeevan-samarthan suvidhaon seey lais they, aur kaksha key baad punarpraapt karane kii yojana banaai gaee thee. 28 julaai, 1960 koo prakshepit pahala antariksh yaan dou antariksh kutton koo leey gayaa, jinka naam chayaka aur lisichka thaa. prakshepan key turant baad ack visfot ney antariksh yaan koo nasht curr diyaa, jisamen donon kutte maare gaye, aur mission koo koee naam naheen diyaa gayaa. agala mission, naamit corable-sputnik 2,19 agast, 1960 koo shuru kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen dou aur kutte, belka aur strelka key saath-saath vibhinn prakaar key anya javic namoone jaise kii choohe, keede aur maanav twacha key pattiyan theen. yeh mission safal rhaa aur belka aur strelka kaksha seey baramad honey vaale pahale jeevit prani bunn gaye. antariksh yaan kaksha seey baramad honey vaali kewal doosari vastu thee, pahala pichhale saptah americi khojkarta 13 kaa vaapsee capsule thaa. mission key dauran belka aur strelka key swaasthya key liye kuchh chinta thee, jaba belka ulti kii tasveeren onboard camers seey praapt kii gaee theen. 26 ghante kii antariksh udaan key baad antariksh yaan aur kutton koo baramad kiya gayaa, aur vyaapak shaaririk parikshanon seey pataa chalaa kii kutton kaa swaasthya achchha thaa. yeh vostok karyakram key liye ack mahatvapurna safalata kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye.
corable-sputnik 2 kii safalata ney designers koo maanav antariksh udaan key liye ack yojana koo aage badhaane kaa vishvaas diyaa. vostok karyakram key liye ack yojana key sambandh mein ack dastaavez, dinank 10 sitambar, 1960, aur 1991 mein avargeekrit, communist party kii kendriya samiti koo bheja gayaa thaa, aur pradhaan mantri nikita khrushchev dwara anumodit kiya gayaa thaa. iss dastaavez parr usa samay soviyat raksha udyog key sheersh netaaon dwara hastakshar kiye gaye they, sabse varishth upaadhyaksh dmitriya ustinov they; yeh dastaavez key uchch mahatva kaa sanket detaa haye. yojana mein ack yaa dou aur "vostok 1key" udaanon kaa ahwan kiya gayaa, jisake baad dou binaa chaalak dall vaali "vostok 3key" udaanen, isake baad disambar 1960 mein ack chaalak dall kii udaan.
24 octuber koo ack badaa jhataka lagaa, jaba ack rockett visfot mein topkhaane key mukhya marshel mitrophan nedeline sahit 100 seey adhik loga maare gaye, jise abb nedeline aapada kahaa jaataa haye. yeh antariksh udaan key itihas mein sabse kharaab aapadaon mein seey ack thee. isamen ack rockett shamil thaa jise corolev dwara design naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur vostok karyakram key liye aavashyak naheen thaa; rockett pratidvandi designer mikhail yangel dwara thaa, jiska uddeshya antarmahadvipiya ballistic misaailon kii ack naee peedhi honah thaa. vostok karyakram parr kaam jaari rahane mein dou saptah lagenge, aur yeh mahsoos kiya gayaa kii disambar key chaalak dall key prakshepan kaa mool lakshya avaastavik thaa.
1 disambar, 1960 koo, press dwara corable-sputnik 3 naamak agale "vostoke 1key" antariksh yaan koo launch kiya gayaa thaa. yeh dou kutton pchiyolka aur mushka koo leey gayaa. lagbhag 24 ghanton key baad, injanon koo phir seey pravesh shuru karane key liye aag lagaane kaa irada thaa, lekin unhone ummeed seey cumm samay key liye golibari kii. iska matlab thaa kii antariksh yaan vayumandal mein pravesh karega, lekin soviyat kshetra key oopar naheen. iss kaaran seey aatm-vinash pranali sakriya hoe gaee thee, aur antariksh yaan aur dou kutton koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. usa samay, press ney bataaya kii ack galat oonchaai key kaaran kebin koo phir seey pravesh karane parr nasht curr diyaa gayaa.
agala "vostok 1key" antariksh yaan 22 disambar, 1960 koo prakshepit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin yeh agyaat thaa kyonki yeh kaksha taka pahunchane mein whiffle rhaa. isamen dou kutte they, jinka naam kometa aur shatka thaa. prakshepan pranali key teesare charan mein kharabi aaa gaee, aaa aapaatkaaleen palayan pranali sakriya bhaa gaee. antariksh yaan prakshepan sthal seey 3,500 kilometres neeche utar gayaa. parinamswarup bachaav abhiyaan mein-40 degree celsius kii sthiti mein kaee dinn lagey. kuchh dinon key baad, donon kutte jeevit baramad hoe gaye, aur kuchh hafton baad antariksh yaan koo masco vaapas curr diyaa gayaa. press key saamane iss viphalata kii ghoshana karane kii corolev kii ichcha key bavjood, raajya aayog ney iss vichaar koo veeto curr diyaa.
vostok 3key.
pahali maanav udaan seey turant pahale dou chaalak rahit missions ney chaalak dall key missions key samaan antariksh yaan design kaa upayog kiya, ack design jise "vostoke 3kaa" (yaa "3aeye") kahaa jaataa haye. kewal antar yeh thaa kii way ack kutte koo kaksha mein leey jaayenge, ack jeevan-aakar key model koo mukhya ejection seat mein bandha jaayega, aur (chaalak dall key missions key vipareet) unake paas ack aatm-vinash pranali thee. vostok 1key kii halia viphalataaen utsaahjanak naheen theen, lekin "vostok 3kaa" key ack swachaalit sanskaran key prakshepan key saath aage badhane kaa nirnay liya gayaa, antariksh yaan design joe ack maanav antariksh udaan kaa sanchaalan karega. ack chaalak dall key mission kii manjuri dou swachaalit "vostok 3kaa" missions kii safalata parr nirbhar thee. pichhali "vostok 1key" udaanon key vipareet, dou binaa chaalak vaali "vostok "vostok udaanon koo pahali maanav udaan kii yojana kaa anukaran karane key liye kewal ack kaksha mein chalane kii yojana banaai gaee thee.
inn chaalak rahit udaanon mein seey pahali, corable-sputnik 4,9 march, 1961 koo launch kii gaee thee. yeh kutte key chernushka koo kaksha mein leey gaee thee, saath hii saath ivan ivanovic naamak ack model, jisane ack kaaryasheel aiss. key.-1 spacesuit pahana thaa. kutte koo ack chhote seey dabaav vaale gole mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, jisamen 80 choohe, kaee ginny suar aur anya javic namoone bhee they. atirikt choohe, ginny suar aur anya namoonon koo model key bheetar rakhaa gayaa thaa. ack kaksha key baad, avrohan module safaltapurvak vayumandal mein phir seey pravesh kiya, model koo surakshit roop seey baahar nikaal diyaa gayaa, aur kutta aur anya namoone parachute dwara avrohan module mein alag seey utare. antariksh udaan 106 minut taka chully aur kutte koo utarane key baad jeevit baramad curr liya gayaa. mission poori tarah seey safal rhaa.
23 march koo, agale mission seey pahale, prashikshan key dauran ack durghatana hui, jisake kaaran antariksh yatri ummidwar valentin bondarenko kii mrityu hoe gaee. oxygen seey bharpur prithak kaksh mein aag lagane seey vaha jall gayaa aur ghatana key aathh ghante baad aspatal mein usaki maut hoe gaee. bondarenko kii mrityu pahali gyaat antariksh yatri yaa antariksh yatri kii mrityu thee. yeh spasht naheen haye kii kyaa anya antariksh yaatriyon koo unaki mrityu key baare mein turant bataaya gayaa thaa; media koo bondarenko kii mrityu key baare mein-yaa unake astitva key baare mein bhee-kaee varshon baad, 1986 mein taka naheen pataa chalaa thaa. anya antariksh yatri kii mauton kii apramaanit reports ney khoye hue antariksh yatri kaa mithak banaaya.
agali chaalak rahit udaan, corable-sputnik 5, koo bandarenko kii mrityu key dou dinn baad 25 march koo launch kiya gayaa thaa. pichhali "vostok 3kaa" udaan kii tarah, yeh kewal ack kaksha key liye chully, ack model aur ack kutta, zvezdochka ("starlett", yaa "chhota taaraa") leey gaee. yeh mission bhee ack poorna safalata thee, joe ack chaalak dall key mission key liye anumodan praapt karane key liye aavashyak antim kadam thaa. corable-sputnik 5 antariksh yaan key punah pravesh module, jise "vostok 3kaa-2" bhee kahaa jaataa haye, kii nilami sothbi mein 12 aprail, 2011 koo pahali maanav antariksh udaan kii 50veen varshgaanth, vostok 1. ack russie nivesh banker, evageny yurchenko ney capsule key liye $2,882,500 kaa bhugtan kiya thaa.
mission radd curr diye gaye.
ack alag (1963) aur saat mool (aprail 1966 taka jaane vaali) vostok udaanon kii mool roop seey yojana banaai gaee theeh
inn sabhi mool missions koo 1964 kii shuruat mein radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur ghatakon koo voskhod karyakram mein punarnaveenikaran kiya gayaa thaa, jiska uddeshya antariksh mein adhik soviyat pratham praapt karna thaa.

