
baal kalaa

baal kalaa bachchon dwara banaae gaye chitra, chitra yaa anya kalaatmak kaary hain. yeh shabd 1890 key dashak mein franz sizek dwara gadhaa gayaa thaa. pratyek bachche kii kalaa unake aatm-jagrukta key star aur usa star koo darshaati haye jiss taka way apane paryaavaran key saath ekikrit hain.
"baal kalaa".
apane praathamik arth mein yeh shabd 1890 key dashak mein franz sizek (1865-1946) dwara banaaya gayaa thaa.
baal kalaa" shabd kaa samkaaleen lalit kalaa kii duniya mein bhee ack samanantar aur alag upayog haye, jahaan yeh una kalakaron kii ack upa-shally koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe apane karyon mein bachchon koo chitrit karate hain.
kishore pathakon key liye ack pustak mein chitron key anusaar, "baal kalaa" kaa teesara arth bachchon dwara dekhane key liye banaai gaee kalaa haye. aisee kalaa ack bachche yaa ack peshevar vayask chitrakaar dwara kii jaa sakati haye.
itihas.
jey dwara bachchon key liye kalaa key mahatva koo samajhane key liye parisar banaae gaye they.-jey. russo (1712-78), jey.aich. pastelogy (1746-1827), johnn ruskin (1819-1900), aur herbert spensor (1820-1903).
bachchon key liye kalaa shiksha key agende parr 1884 key antarrashtriya sammelan mein charcha kii gaee thee, joe landan mein swaasthya pradarshani mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. 1852 seey shuru honey vaale britten mein bachchon aur yuvaaon key peshevar prashikshan key liye vyaapak roop seey design key schools dwara charcha dhaanche koo aakar diyaa gayaa thaa. sammelan key kuchh pratibhagiyon ney bachchon key kalaatmak kaushal key vikas key liye rachnaatmaktaa, kalpana aur vishesh paddhati key mahatva koo rekhaankit kiya. ebenezer cook (1837-1913) ney bataaya haye kii "yadi koee bachcha apane jhukaav kaa anusaran kartaa haye aur jaanvaron koo apane tareeke seey kheenchata haye, tou unhein dohrata haye, unhein rekhaankit kartaa haye, aur unhein rung bhee detaa haye, tou vaha ack chitra kaa utpaadan karega joe ack seey adhik aitihaasik schools key pracheen kaal key saath tulaniya hoe sakata haye."sammelan kii kaaryavaahi, aid. ee dwara. cook, shiksha key vigyaan key vikas key liye samaaj dwara prakaashit 1885-86 "journal off ajucation" mein jaari kiye gaye they.
bachchon dwara chitron kii pahali europeeya pradarshani kaa ayojan landan, 1890 mein robbert ablet (1848-1945) dwara kiya gayaa thaa. 1250 bachchon key chitra aur murtikala key tukadon kaa pahala sangrah ack italvi kalaa itihaaskaar (1858-1934) dwara ikattha kiya gayaa thaa.
vayask prabhaav seey bedagh bachchon kii kalaa kii saundarya prashansa kii prashansa franz sizek ney kii, jinhone ack bachche key chitra koo "ack adbhut aur keemati dastaavez" kahaa. bachchon dwara akushal drishya abhivyakti kii saundarya gunavatta kii khoj adhuniktawad key saundaryashastra seey sambandhit thee aur, sizek key mamle mein, vienna algaav seey sambandhit thee.
1897 mein, sizek ney kishore kalaa varg khola, ack saptahant school joe vayask vyaavsaayik manakon dwara nirbaadh bachchon kii rachnaatmaktaa koo banaae rakhta haye. iss pahal koo unake algavvadi mitra-kalakaron dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa aur paaramparik kalaa shikshakon dwara iska virodh kiya gayaa thaa. kaksha ney 2 seey 14 varsh kii ayu key chhatron koo saptah mein dou ghante key liye, binaa kissy chayan key, muft mein sweekaar kiya. sijek ney daavaa kiya kii vaha "ack kalakar key roop mein kaam curr rahey they, naa kii ack shikshak key roop mein", aur vaastav mein "seekha aur naheen padhaaya". kaary mein, vikasatmak charanon key siddhant kaa prachaar kiya gayaa thaa.
bachchon kii kalaa mein manovaigyanikon kii ruchi george kerschensteiner (dye antwickelung dair zichnerichen begabang, 1905, kuchh 100,000 chitron key vishleshan key aadhar parr), ("less decins dee 'una enfant", 1912, lekhak kii 3 seey 8 saal kii betty key 1500 chitron kaa upayog karate hue), georges ruma ("leey langage graphic dee ell' enfant", peris, 1913), carle buhler (1918 aff. aff.) dwara kiye gaye karyon mein parilakshit hui thee.), florence goodenf, helga ing, robbert coles. dee key anusaar.dee. kellie, sangyanatmak manovigyaan key piagesian siddhant key parinamswarup prabhutva ney bachchon kii kalaa key manovaigyaanik adhyayan koo kaafee hudd taka haashiye parr daal diyaa, jinhen kewal 20 veen shatabdi key anta mein punarjeevit kiya gayaa thaa.
baal kalaa key charan.
jaise-jaise bachcha vikasit hotaa haye, unaki kalaa kaee charanon seey gujarati haye. unamen seey chaar pahali baar ee dwara paribhaashit kiye gaye they. cook, herbert spensor key vikaasvaadi siddhant key prabhaav mein.
vartamaan mein, aam taur parr charanon koo nimnanusar alag kiya jaataa haih
scribbling.
apane pahale janmadin key baare mein bachche ack crayon koo sambhaalane key liye badhiya motor niyantran praapt karate hain. pahale tou way likhate hain. sabse chhota bachcha baain aur daaeen gati kii ack shrinkhala key saath likhata haye, baad mein oopar, neeche aur phir golakar gati jodee jaati haye. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii bachche koo rekha dekhane yaa rangon koo dekhane seey kaafee anand milata haye. haalaanki aksar bachche prishth key kinaaron parr dhyaan naheen dete hain aur panktiyaan prishth kii seema seey parey jaati hain. bachche aksar shareer kii chitrakala mein bhee ruchi rakhate hain aur avsar diye jaane parr, apane haathon parr chitra banaate hain yaa apane chehare parr rung lagaate hain.
baad mein, unake dusare janmadin key baare mein, niyantrit scribbling shuru hoti haye. bachche saral aakaron key pattern kaa utpaadan karate hainh vritt, cross aur starr-burst. way vyavastha mein bhee ruchi lete hain aur rangeen kagaj key saral kolaj banaa sakate hain, yaa pattern mein patthar rakh sakate hain. ack baar jaba bachche niyantrit scribbling sthaapit curr lete hain tou way apane scribbles kaa naam rakhna shuru curr dete hain.
poorv-prateekvaad.
lagbhag teen saal kii umr seey, bachcha saral aakritiyaan banaane key liye vritton aur rekhaaon koo jodana shuru curr detaa haye. sabse pahale, logon koo binaa shareer key aur seedhe sir seey nikalane vaali baahon key saath kheencha jaataa haye. aksar aankhen badee hoti hain, chehare key adhikansh hisse koo bhar detee hain, aur haath aur pair chhod diye jaate hain. iss star parr bachche kii madad key binaa kalaa key vishay kii pehchaan karna asambhav hoe sakata haye.
iss munch key baad key chitron mein antariksh mein tairate hue aur aakar key chitra dikhaae gaye hain joe bachche key mahatva key drishtikon koo darshaate hain. iss umr mein adhikansh bachche yathaarthvaadi tasveer banaane seey chintit naheen hain.
prateekvaad.
bachche key vikas key iss charan mein, way chhaviyon kii shabdawali banaate hain. iss prakaar jaba ack bachcha ack billi kii tasveer kheenchata haye, tou way hamesha ack hii mool chhavi kheenchenge, shayed sanshodhit (udaaharan key liye, ack billi mein dhaariyan hoti hain jabaki doosari mein bindu hotey hain). chitrakaari kaa yeh charan lagbhag paanch saal kii umr mein shuru hotaa haye. mool aakritiyon koo prateek yaa yojana kahaa jaataa haye.
pratyek bachcha apane swayam key prateekon kaa samooh vikasit kartaa haye, joe avalokan key bajaay kyaa kheencha jaa rhaa haye, isaki unaki samajh parr adharit hotey hain. isaliye pratyek bachche key prateek bachche key liye advitiya hain. iss umr taka, adhikansh bachchon mein ack "vyakti" prateek vikasit hotaa haye jisamen ack thheek seey paribhaashit sir, dhad aur anga hotey hain joe kissy prakaar key motey anupaat mein hotey hain.
iss charan seey pahale bachche dwara kheenchi jaane vaali vastuein antariksh mein tairati dikhaai dengi, lekin lagbhag paanch seey chhah saal kii umr mein bachcha ack aadhar rekha kaa parichay detaa haye jisake saath vaha apane sthaan koo vyavasthit curr sakata haye. yeh aadhar rekha aksar kagaj key neeche ack hurry rekha (ghaas kaa pratinidhitva karane vaali) hoti haye. aankade iss rekha parr khade hain. thode badey bachche prishthabhoomi vastuon key liye maadhyamik aadhar rekha aur soorya aur baadlon koo pakadane key liye ack akash rekha bhee jodd sakate hain.
yeh iss star parr haye kii saanskritik prabhaav adhik mahatvapurna hoe jaate hain. bachche naa kewal jeevan seey aakarshit hotey hain, balki apane aspas kii chhaviyon kii nakal bhee karate hain. way cartoonon kii pratiyaan banaa sakate hain. bachche bhee ack tasveer mein kahani kahane kii sambhaavanaon key baare mein adhik jagrook hoe jaate hain. sthaan key adhik yathaarthvaadi pratinidhitva kii sabse shuruati samajh, jaise kii pariprekshya kaa upayog karna, aamtaur parr nakal karane seey aataa haye.
yathaarthvaad.
jaise-jaise bachche paripakva hotey hain, way apane prateekon koo seemit karna shuru curr dete hain. unhein ehsas hotaa haye kii ack vyakti key liye unaki yojana paryaapt lachili naheen haye, aur buss vaastavik cheez kii tarah naheen dikhati haye. iss star parr, joe nau yaa duss saal kii umr mein shuru hotaa haye, bachcha iss baat koo adhik mahatva dega kii kyaa chitra kheencha jaa rhaa vastu jaisa dikhta haye.
yeh kuchh bachchon key liye ack nirashajanak samay hoe sakata haye, kyonki unaki aakaankshaen unaki kshamataon aur gyaan seey adhik hain. kuchh bachche lagbhag poori tarah seey chitrakaari karna chhod dete hain. haalaanki anya loga kushal hoe jaate hain, aur iss star parr aupchaarik kalaatmak prashikshan seey bachche koo sabse adhik laabh hoe sakata haye. aadhar rekha koo hataa diyaa jaataa haye aur bachcha sthaan koo behtar dhang seey vyavasthit karane key liye pariprekshya jaise niyamon kaa upayog karna seekh sakata haye. kahani sunana bhee adhik parishkrit hoe jaataa haye aur bachche comic strip jaise aupchaarik upkaranon kaa upayog karna shuru curr denge.
upchaaraatmak.
kalaa chikitsa bachchon key liye apani bhaavanaon koo vikasit karane aur unase judane kaa ack prabhaavi tarika hoe sakata haye. autism vaale kuchh bachchon ney paaya haye kii drying unhein aisee bhaavanaon koo vyakt karane mein madad curr sakati haye joe unhein anyatha vyakt karane mein kathinaaee hoti haye. isi tarah jinn bachchon ney yuddh jaisi bhayavahataon kaa saamana kiya haye, unhein seedhe anubhav key baare mein baat karna mushkil hoe sakata haye. kalaa inn sthitiyon mein bachchon koo unaki bhaavanaon key saath talmel bithaane mein madad curr sakati haye.
aalochana.
1980 key dashak mein saine francisco mein bachchon key kalaa pradarshan kaa daura karane key baad, shikshak johnn holt ney kahaa kii, "...vayaskata kii samajh yeh samajhaana shuru curr sakati haye kii meraa kyaa matlab haye jaba main kahata huun kii bachchon kii kalaa key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa adhikansh ack vayask aavishkaar haye."
vishvasaniyata.
bachchon kii kalaa kii vishvasaniyata unake anubhavon key pramaan key roop mein peshevar bahas kaa vishay haye. haal key varshon mein duniya bhar kii adalaton ney bachchon kii kalaa koo sakshya key roop mein prastut karane koo teji seey sweekaar curr liya haye. 2004 mein antarrashtriya aaparaadhik adalat ney darfur mein yuddh key dauran manavata key khilaf kiye gaye apraadhon kii jaanch key dauran lagbhag 500 bachchon key chitron key ack samooh koo saboot key roop mein sweekaar kiya. 
aitihaasik pramaan key roop mein bachchon kii kalaa.
ateet mein bachchon key jeevan koo samajhane kii koshish karane vaale itihaskaron key liye bachchon kii kalaa bhee ack moolyavaan srot haye. kuchh udaharanon mein, bachchon kii kalaa unake anubhavon mein antardrishti pradaan curr sakati haye. 1945 mein, swiss redd cross ney aushwitz seey mukt hue bachchon koo chitra banaane key liye protsaahit kiya. una chitron mein seey kuchh kaa upayog itihaaskaar nicolaus stargard ney yaatana shiviron mein yahudi bachchon key anubhavon kaa nirmaan karane key liye kiya haye. itihaaskaar jack hodson kaa tark haye kii bachchon kii kalaa hamesha aspashtata key saath aaegi kyonki "unaki vyakhya karane kii aavashyakta" aur yeh aksar anushasana key liye alag haye joe kii sateek paath vivaranon parr samriddh haye."haalaanki, hodson" "bhaari sanchaar kshamata" "key kaaran unake upayog kii vakaalat kartaa haye, vishesh roop seey" "aparimeya bhaavanaon yaa bhaavanaon key sambandh mein."

