pratham udaaharan kii adalat (hangkang)

pahali baar kii adalat hangkang key uchch nyayalaya kii nichali adalat haye, oopari adalat appeal kii adalat haye. poorv mein hangkang key sarvocch nyayalaya key uchch nyayalaya, iska naam united kingdam seey chean mein hangkang parr samprabhuta key hastaantaran key baad buniyaadi kaanoon dwara pratham udaaharan key nyayalaya key roop mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa. 
pahali baar kii adalat hangkang kii sarvocch adalat haye joe sivil aur aaparaadhik donon mamalon mein aseemit adhikaar kshetra key saath mamalon kii sunavaai curr sakati haye. yeh mukhya roop seey diwani mamalon kii sunavaai kartaa haye, lekin pahali baar mein kewal apekshaakrit cumm aaparaadhik mamalon kii sunavaai kii gaee, jinamen jyaadaatar hatyaa key aparaadh, balatkar, gambhir maadak padarthon key aparaadh aur pramukh vaanijyik dhokhadhadi jaise sabse gambhir aparaadh shamil they. 
yeh ack apeeliya adalat bhee haye joe maalikon dwara kiye gaye nirnayon key saath-saath unake khilaf apeelon kii sunavaai karati haih
yeh hangkang kii ekmatra adalat haye jahan mamalon kii sunavaai ack nyayadhish dwara ack juurii key saath kii jaati haye (haalaanki coroner kii adalat mein jaanch mein ack juurii shamil hoe sakati haye). buniyaadi kaanoon kewal 'juurii dwara mukadama pahale hangkang mein abhyaas kiya jaataa thaa' lekin yeh juurii mukadame koo ack poorna adhikaar naheen banaata haye. chiang lilly banaam nyaay sachiv" key mamle mein, adalat ney pushti kii kii "hangkang mein, juurii dwara mukadame kaa koee poorna adhikaar maujood naheen haye aur naa hii koee aisaa tantra haye jisake dwara kissy vyakti parr abhiyog lagaane yogya aparaadh kaa mukadama chalaaya jaa sakata haye.). ack prativaadi koo kewal ack juurii mukadame kaa saamana karna padegaa yadi usey pahali baar adalat mein mukadama chalaaya jaataa haye, aur nirnay nyaay key liye sachiv kaa visheshaadhikaar haye.
pratham udaaharan kii adalat uchch nyayalayon key pichhale nirnayon (jisamen antim appeal kii adalat aur uchch nyayalaya kii appeal kii adalat key saath-saath sabhi hangkang mamle joe pahale niji parishad kii nyaayik samiti dwara taya kiye gaye they) key anupaat seey baadhya haye, jinhen khariz naheen kiya gayaa haye.

