
nakaratmak kaa anand lein

jost dee negger (see. 1485-1544) lakadi key tukadon kaa ack cutter thaa aur 16 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein print kaa ack printer aur prakaashak bhee thaa, jyaadaatar augusberg, germany mein. vaha apane samay key ack pramukh "formationider" yaa block cutter they, lekin hamesha ack kalakar key design key liye. vaha "uttari europe mein maheen lakadi key vikas seey nikatata seey judaa huaa haye. addam wonn barch key liye, halanki way aamtaur parr design yaa drow naheen karate they, unake kaam kii gunavatta, huns lutzelberger aur hyronmous andree key saath aisee thee kii unhein ack kalakar key roop mein maanaa jaanaa chaahiye. kuchh print jahan designer agyaat haye, dee negger dwara varnit hain, lekin yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii ack kalakar thaa jisane design banaaya thaa, haalaanki yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii dee negger ack aakriti key chitra key liye ack paridrishya prishthabhoomi mein bhar sakata haye.
entwerp c.1485 mein janme, unhone 1508 taka neetherland mein ack cutter key roop mein kaam kiya, jaba lucas vaine leiden dwara unakaa ack print prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. vaha shayed usa varsh augusberg (nishchit roop seey 1512 seey pahale) chalaa gayaa aur apani print pariyojanaon parr pavitra roman samrat maximilian aaee key liye kaam kiya, saath hii saath hans bergcameyer dha elder aur anya logon dwara designs seey block kaatate hue. 1508 mein shayed bergcameyer ney apane pahale chiaroscuro lakadi key cutt parr unakaa upayog naheen kiya thaa, jisake liye kaee blocks koo sanrekhit karane key liye sateek kataai aavashyak thee, lekin 1510 taka baad key karyon parr unake saath kaam curr rhaa thaa. baad mein bergcameyer key dou sabse puraane chiaroscuro lakadi key cutt, "sent george" aur "ghode parr samrat maximilian" key ghudsavaar chitra, aur anya bergcameyer print, necker key naam aur kabhi-kabhi patey koo leey jaate hain, joe sujhaav dete hain kii vaha blocks key malik they, aur prakaashak key roop mein kaary curr rahey they, halanki abb yeh socha jaataa haye kii unhone shayed pahale vaale koo khud naheen kaataa hoga.
1512 mein dee negger ney samrat koo ack lamba patra likhaa, joe apane aap mein unaki sthiti kaa ack sanket thaa, joe anya baaton key alawa yeh spasht kartaa haye kii vaha kuchh samay seey adhikatam pariyojanaon parr kaam curr rahey they, aur unake paas dou sahayak they, jinhen swayam bhugtan kiya gayaa thaa. jaise-jaise maximilian key karyakram kaa vistaar huaa, aathh alag-alag kataron key hastakshar 1516-18 seey blocks key peechhe (albertina, vienna mein jeevit) paae gaye, jisamen usa avadhi key anya mahaan cutter, hains lutzelberger bhee shamil hain. aisaa lagata haye kii negger abhee bhee pariyojanaon key kaatane vaale paksh kaa samanvayak rhaa haye, halanki albrecht durer vijayi kamaan key liye apane swayam key aadami, kathin padanukram aur ree koo laaya. giulia bartrum kaa kahana haye kii "shaahi aayogon ney block-cutter aur printer jost dee negger koo apane peshe kii sthiti koo abhootpoorv roop seey uchch star taka badhaane mein saksham banaaya."
1519 mein maximilian kii mrityu parr, badee teemen unaki pariyojanaon key liye ikattha huin, aur dee negger ack cutter key roop mein ack prakaashak bunn gaye, bergcameyer, hans weeditz aur anya dwara kaee blocks koo banaae rakhaa, aur kaee karyon kaa ullanghan kiya jaise kii holbin dwara "maut kaa nritya", ack cutter key roop mein lutzelberger kii utkrisht kriti. iska negger sanskaran 1544 mein prakaashit huaa thaa, aur yeh unakaa antim gyaat kaary haye.
usa avadhi mein utpaadit adhikansh "ekal-patti" lakadi key tukadon (print) key cutter agyaat hain, kyonki unhein aamtaur parr kewal mudrit tukade parr shreya diyaa jaataa thaa yadi way prakaashak key roop mein bhee kaam karate they, yaa cumm seey cumm printer. yadi mool khand butch gayaa haye tou inhen chihnit yaa hastaaksharit kiya jaa sakata haye, jaisa kii way aam taur parr adhikatam pariyojanaon key mamle mein they, yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii sahee cutter koo badee teams seey bhugtan kiya gayaa thaa. anya saakshyon key abhaav mein, shally yaa gunavatta key aadhar parr ack cutter kii pehchaan parr anuman lagaana aamtaur parr saarthak naheen hotaa haye, isaliye inn varshon key dauran nakaratmak dwara kaate gaye kaee ekal print shayed avadhi key badey utpaadan mein apraapya rahate hain. pustakon key saath sheershak-prishthon seey adhik pramaan hain. unhein german chiaroscuro lakadi key cutt key saath sabse badee sankhya mein vibhinn rung blocks key saath kaataa gayaa haye, hans weeditz (1520) dwara hathiyaron kaa saat-block coat ack pustak key saamane key tukade key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye.
jost dee negger kaa vyavasaay cumm seey cumm 1560 key dashak key madhya taka unake bete david dee negger dwara jaari rakhaa gayaa thaa, jinhen unake block viraasat mein mille they aur augusberg chhodane key baad unhone leapsig aur vienna mein bhee kaam kiya thaa. ack aur (anumaanit) betaa, samson ney bhee block kaat diye.

