
malian americi

maali americi (fraansisih "emericanes malines") maali mein utpann honey vaale amerikiyon kaa ack jaatiya samooh haye. americi janganana beuro vansh sarvekshan key anusaar, lagbhag 1,800 amerikiyon ney kahaa kii unake paas malian vansh they, jisase way malian americi bunn gaye. sarvekshan mein avaidh pravasiyon yaa una logon koo dhyaan mein naheen rakhaa gayaa jinhone sarvekshan mein bhaag naheen liya thaa, jiska arth yeh hoe sakata haye kii kaee aur gair-ganit maali poore sanyukt raajya mein rahate hain.
itihas.
upaniveshon mein laae gaye malian mool key pahale loga mukhya roop seey mandinka gulam they, joe maali samrajya (1230-1600) seey ack muslim jaatiya samooh thaa, joe samrajya key vistaar key madhyam seey poore paschim africa mein bikhare hue thaa. 17veen seey 19veen shatabdi key dauran unhein senegal jaise sthaanon seey sanyukt raajya america mein gulamon key roop mein leey jaaya gayaa thaa. louisiana mein, maali key gair-muslim bambra ack badaa samooh thaa. bhaarat key gair-muslim logon koo bhee shamil kiya gayaa thaa. african daason koo aksar anya african jaatiya samoohon key saath sangharsh key parinamswarup pakada jaataa thaa. taba unhein sangharsh key vijeta dwara gulam banaa liya gayaa thaa, aur baad mein african taton parr europeeya aur americi gulam vyapariyon koo betch diyaa gayaa thaa.
1865 mein sanyukt raajya america mein gulami key unmoolan key baad, 20veen shatabdi taka kuchh maali loga sanyukt raajya america mein pravaas curr gaye. aapadaon key kaaran 1970 aur 1980 key dashak mein maali pravaas kii pahali swaichhik lahar aaee.
1990 key dashak taka malian apravasiyon kii sabse badee lahar sanyukt raajya america mein naheen aaee thee. usa samay, adhikansh malian apravasi yuu. aiss. mein they.aiss. aur europe apane desh mein garibi aur akaal aur raajneetik ashanti seey butch rhaa thaa. dashak kii shuruat mein, newyork mein pravaas karane vaale adhikansh maali maali sangeetkaar aur diula (vyaapaari) they. newyork mein, unhone apane utpaadon koo bechane key liye nae baajaron kii maang kii. samay key saath, way shikago, seatle aur philadelphia sahit anya shaharon mein chaley gaye. inn pravaason key parinamswarup, shikago ack malian samudaay key saath sanyukt raajya america key pramukh shaharon mein seey ack bunn gayaa. isake alawa, iss dashak key dauran pravaas karane vaali kaee maali mahilaaen theen joe aarthik aur shaikshik avsaron kii khoj mein newyork aur washington dc aaee theen. isake alawa, sarkaar dwara praayojit chhatravritti key tahat adhyayan karane vaale snaatak chhatron kaa ack chhota samooh, green card praapt karane key liye lottery pranali kaa upayog karane vaale parivaar key sadasyon key saath america chalaa gayaa. lagbhag 3,500 maali harr saal asthaayi veeja parr sanyukt raajya mein pravesh karate hain, lekin kewal lagbhag 85 maali vaastav mein harr saal hamaare nagrik bunn jaate hain. kuchh malian apravasi, mukhya roop seey mahilaaen joe paschim africa mein mahila jannang vichhedan key vyaapak abhyaas seey sharan leey rahee hain, bhee sharan praapt karane kii koshish karati hain.
jansankhyiki.
kaee maali loga sanyukt raajya mein avaidh roop seey rahate hain, aur mool roop seey janme bachchon kaa paalan-poshan karate hain. isake alawa, bahuvivaah kii pratha muslim deshon mein maujood haye aur abhee bhee sanyukt raajya america mein malian samudaay mein bunny hui haye.
sabse mahatvapurna aabaadi vaale shahar hainh newyork shahar (malian mool key anumaanit 20,000 loga, jyaadaatar bronx mein jahan lagbhag 8,000 rahate hain), washington, dc, atlanta, shikago aur baltimore. malian americi french koo pahali yaa doosari bhasha, angreji, bambra yaa anya african bhaashaon key roop mein boll sakate hain. adhikatar musalman hain. newyork mein aapravaasan key kaaran malian samudaay teji seey badh rhaa haye.
sangathan aur dall.
adhikansh maali musalman hain. kaee maali loga niyamit roop seey partiyon aur chhuttiyon key liye milate hain; muslim aur isai donon chhuttiyaan shamil hain. way malian swatantrata divas jaise paaramparik malian chhuttiyon key saath-saath sanyukt raajya america mein manaae jaane vaale chhuttiyon, jaise dhanyavaad aur americi swatantrata divas, donon koo manaate hain.
anya jaatiya samoohon kii tarah, kaee maali sangathan maujood hain. ack, maali sangathan, ack parasparik sahaayata sangathan haye joe una sadasyon kii madad kartaa haye joe vittiya samasyaon kaa saamana karate hain. masik baithaken aayojit kii jaati hain jahan samudaay koo prabhaavit karane vaali vibhinn samasyaon parr charcha kii jaati haye. 2001 mein sthaapit, yeh kaee maali logon dwara samarthit haye. sangathan aur samudaay bimari yaa mrityu jaisi aapaat sthitiyon mein upayog karane key liye vittiya yogdan karate hain.
paschim africa mein anya jaatiya samoohon key saath kaee maliyanon koo baandhane vaale saanskritik sambandhon key kaaran, kaee malian niyamit roop seey shikago mein anya paschim african sangathanon key karyakramon aur baithakon mein bhaag lete hain aur, halanki yeye samooh badey paimaane parr rashtriya aadhar parr aayojit kiye jaate hain, sangathanon key beach bahut taralata haye. natijatan, shahar mein ack badey paschimi african sangathan key gathan kii baat hoe rahee haye.
viraasat.
itihaaskaar mait schafer kaa maanana haye kii americi dakshini angreji, "apani sabhi kismon key bavjood, anivarya roop seey ack african-americi daas uchchaaran haye, aur sambhavatah ack mandinka uchchaaran haye, anya african uchcharanon key saath, aupaniveshik british uchchaaran key saath."