
router (computing)

router ack networking upkaran haye joe computer network key beach detta packets koo aage badhaata haye. router network aur vaishvik internet key beach yatayat nirdeshan kaary karate hain. network key madhyam seey bheja gayaa detta, jaise kii web pays yaa email, detta paiket key roop mein hotaa haye. ack paiket koo aam taur parr ack router seey dusare router mein una networkon key madhyam seey agreshit kiya jaataa haye joe ack internetwork (jaise.jee. internet) jaba taka kii yeh apane gantavya node taka naheen pahunch jaataa.
ack router alag-alag aaee. pee. network seey dou yaa dou seey adhik detta lines seey judaa hotaa haye. jaba ack detta paiket ack line parr aataa haye, tou antim gantavya nirdhaarit karane key liye router paiket header mein network patey kii jaankaari padhata haye. phir, apani rooting table yaa rooting neeti mein jaankaari kaa upayog karate hue, yeh paiket koo apani yatra parr agale network parr leey jaataa haye.
sabse parichit prakaar key aaee. pee. router ghar aur chhote karyalaya router hain joe ghar key computer aur internet key beach aaee. pee. packets koo aage badhaate hain. adhik parishkrit router, jaise kii udyam router, badey vyavasaay yaa aaee. aiss. pee. network koo shaktishali core routers seey jodate hain joe internet kii reedh kii huddy kii optical fiber lines key saath uchch gati seey detta koo aage badhaate hain.
router maanak computer bhaagon seey banaae jaa sakate hain lekin jyaadaatar vishesh uddeshya-nirmit computer hotey hain. praarambhik routers ney software-adharit agreshan kaa upayog kiya, joe ack cpu parr chalata thaa. adhik parishkrit upkaran pradarshan badhaane yaa unnat filtering aur firewall karyakshamta jodane key liye anuprayog-vishisht ekikrit paripath (aeye. aiss. aaee. see.) kaa upayog karate hain.
operation.
jaba aapas mein judey network mein kaee routers kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, tou router ack rooting protocol kaa upayog karke gantavya paton key baare mein jaankaari kaa adaan-pradaan curr sakate hain. pratyek router ack rooting table banaata haye, joe ack dusare seey judey network parr dou computer system key beach maargon kii ack soochi haye.
router koo chalaane vaalaa software dou karyatmak prasanskaran ikaaiyon seey banaa hotaa haye joe ack saath kaam karate hain, jinhen "plain" kahaa jaataa haih
anuprayog.
ack router mein kaee prakaar key bhautik parat connections key liye interfaces hoe sakate hain, jaise kii tambe key cable, fiber optic yaa wireless sancharan. yeh kaee network parat sancharan manakon kaa bhee samarthan curr sakata haye. pratyek network interfaces kaa upayog detta packets koo ack sancharan pranali seey doosari mein agreshit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. routers kaa upayog dou yaa dou seey adhik taarkik computer upkaranon key samoohon koo jodane key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye jinhen subnet key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, pratyek ack advitiya network upsarg key saath.
router udyamon key bheetar, udyamon aur internet key beach, yaa internet seva pradaataon (aaee. aiss. pee. aiss.) network key beach sampark pradaan curr sakate hain. sabse badey router (jaise sisko see. aar. aiss.-1 yaa juniper pee. tii. aiks) vibhinn aaee. aiss. pee. koo aapas mein jodate hain, yaa badey udyam network mein upayog kiye jaa sakate hain. chhote router aamtaur parr vishisht ghar aur karyalaya network key liye sampark pradaan karate hain.
sabhi aakar key router udyamon key ander paae jaa sakate hain. sabse shaktishali router aamtaur parr ips, shaikshanik aur anusandhaan suvidhaon mein paae jaate hain. badey vyavsaayon koo intranet detta traffic kii lagaatar badhati maangon kaa saamana karane key liye adhik shaktishali routers kii bhee aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. badey network mein antar-connecting routers key liye ack padaanukramit internetworking model aam upayog mein haye.
pahunch, mool aur vitaran.
chhote karyalaya/grih karyalaya (soho) model sahit abhigam router ghar aur graahak saiton jaise shakha karyalayon parr sthit hain jinhen apane swayam key padaanukramit maarg kii aavashyakta naheen haye. aam taur parr, way cumm laagat key liye anukoolit hotey hain. kuchh soho router vaikalpik mukt linux-adharit firmware jaise tamatar, openvert yaa dee. dee.-doubleu. aar. tii. chalaane mein saksham hain.
vitaran router kaee abhigam routers seey yatayat koo ekatrit karate hain. vitaran router aksar ack vistrit kshetra network (vaan) mein seva kii gunavatta koo lagu karane key liye jimmedaar hotey hain, isaliye unake paas kaafee memori sthaapit hoe sakati haye, kaee vaine interfaces connection hoe sakate hain, aur paryaapt onboard detta processing rutein hoe sakate hain. way file sarvaron key samoohon yaa anya baahari networkon koo bhee sampark pradaan curr sakate hain.
udyamon mein, ack core router ack dhwast reedh pradaan curr sakata haye joe ack parisar kii kaee imaraton, yaa badey udyam sthaanon seey vitaran star key routers koo aapas mein jodata haye. way uchch bandwidth key liye anukoolit hotey hain, lekin kinare key router kii kuchh visheshtaon kii kamee hoti haye.
suraksha.
baahari network koo sthaaniya network kii samagr suraksha ranneeti key hisse key roop mein saavdhaanipoorvak maanaa jaanaa chaahiye. ack router mein ack firewall, vee. pee. aine. handling aur anya suraksha kaary shamil hoe sakate hain, yaa unhein alag-alag upkaranon dwara sambhala jaa sakata haye. router aamtaur parr network pataa anuvaad bhee karate hain joe baahari connections seey shuru kiye gaye connections koo pratibandhit kartaa haye lekin sabhi visheshagyon dwara ack suraksha suvidha key roop mein maanyata praapt naheen haye. kuchh visheshagyon kaa tark haye kii open source router bund srot routers kii tulanaa mein adhik surakshit aur vishvasaniya hain kyonki open source router galatiyon koo jaldi seey khojane aur thheek karane kii anumati dete hain.
vibhinn networkon koo root karna.
routers koo aksar usa network key aadhar parr bhee alag kiya jaataa haye jisamen way kaam karate hain. ekal sangathan key sthaaniya kshetra network (laine) mein ack router koo "aantarik router" kahaa jaataa haye. internet kii reedh mein sanchaalit ack router koo "baahari router" key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye. jabaki ack router joe ack laine koo internet yaa ack vistrit kshetra network (vaine) seey jodata haye, usey "border router" yaa "getway router" kahaa jaataa haye.
internet sampark aur aantarik upayog.
isp aur pramukh udyam sampark key liye abhipret router aamtaur parr seema getway protocol (bgp) kaa upayog karke maarg soochana kaa adaan-pradaan karate hain. bee. jee. pee. routers key prakaron koo unake karyon key anusaar paribhaashit kartaa haih
itihas.
interfaces computer" kii avadharana pahali baar 1966 mein aine. pee. ell. network key liye donald davis dwara prastaavit kii gaee thee. isi vichaar kii kalpana agale varsh wesley clark dwara arpnet mein upayog key liye kii gaee thee. interfaces message processor" (imps) naamak inn computers mein mool roop seey vahee karyakshamta thee joe aaj ack router mein haye. ack router (jise usa samay "getway" kahaa jaataa thaa) kaa vichaar shuru mein computer networking shodhkartaon key ack antarrashtriya samooh key madhyam seey aaya thaa jise antarrashtriya networking kaary samooh (aaee. aine. doubleu. jee.) kahaa jaataa thaa. 1972 mein vibhinn networkon koo jodane mein shamil takniki muddon parr vichaar karane key liye ack anaupchaarik samooh key roop mein sthaapit, yeh usa varsh baad mein soochana prasanskaran key liye antarrashtriya mahasangh kii ack upasamiti bunn gaee. yeye getway upkaran dou tarikon seey adhikansh pichhali paiket switching yojanaon seey alag they. sabse pahale, way vibhinn prakaar key networkon koo jodate they, jaise kii serial line aur sthaaniya kshetra network. doosara, way connection rahit upkaran they, jinaki yeh ashvasana dene mein koee bhoomika naheen thee kii yatayat vishvasaniya roop seey vitarit kiya gayaa thaa, aur usa kaary koo poori tarah seey mejbaanon parr chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh vishesh vichaar, anta seey anta taka kaa siddhant, pahale cyclades network mein agrani thaa.
dou samkaaleen karyakramon key hisse key roop mein ack prototype pranali kaa utpaadan karane key iraade seey iss vichaar koo adhik vistaar seey khoja gayaa thaa. pahala praarambhik darpa-shuru kiya gayaa karyakram thaa, jisane aaj upayog mein tcp/ips vastukala banaai. doosara naee networking praudyogikiyon kaa pataa lagaane key liye zerox park mein ack karyakram thaa, jisane pars saarvbhaumik paiket pranali kaa utpaadan kiya; corporate bauddhik sampada chintaon key kaaran ise varshon taka zerox key baahar bahut cumm dhyaan diyaa gayaa. 1974 kii shuruat key kuchh samay baad, pahale zerox router chaalu hoe gaye. pahala sachcha aaee. pee. router bee. bee. aine. mein ginni strazisar dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, usa darpa-shuru kiye gaye prayaas key hisse key roop mein, 1975-1976 key dauran. 1976 key anta taka, teen pee. dee. pee.-11-adharit router praayogik prototype internet mein seva mein they.
pahale multiprotocol router swatantra roop seey 1981 mein aim. aaee. tii. aur steinford key karmchari shodhkartaon dwara banaae gaye they aur donon bhee pee. dee. pee.-11 parr adharit they. steinford kaa router prograam villium yegger dwara aur mitts noel chiappa dwara thaa. lagbhag sabhi networking abb tcp/ips kaa upayog karate hain, lekin multiprotocol router abhee bhee nirmit hain. way computer networking key vikas key shuruati charanon mein mahatvapurna they jaba tcp/ips key alawa anya protocol upayog mein they. aaee. pee. vee. 4 aur aaee. pee. vee. 6 donon koo sambhaalane vaale aadhunik router bahu-protocol hain lekin appletock, dennet, aaee. pee. aiks. aur zerox protocol koo sansaadhit karane vaale upkaranon kii tulanaa mein saral upkaran hain.
1970 key dashak key madhya seey aur 1980 key dashak mein, samanya-uddeshya vaale laghu computers ney router key roop mein kaam kiya. aadhunik uchch gati vaale router network processor yaa atyadhik vishesh computer hain jinamen atirikt hardware twaran hotaa haye, joe samanya rooting karyon, jaise kii paiket agreshan, aur ipsec encryption jaise vishesh karyon koo gati dene key liye jodaa jaataa haye. anusandhaan aur anya anuprayogon key liye open source rooting code chalaane vaali linux aur unix software-adharit machines kaa paryaapt upayog kiya jaataa haye. sisko aaee. oh. aiss. operating system koo swatantra roop seey design kiya gayaa thaa. pramukh router operating system, jaise kii junos aur nx-os, unix software key vyaapak roop seey sanshodhit sanskaran hain.
aage badhana.
ack router kaa mukhya uddeshya kaee networkon koo jodana aur seedhe judey network yaa adhik doorasth network key liye niyat agravarti packets koo jodana haye. ack router koo ack parat-3 upkaran maanaa jaataa haye kyonki iska praathamik agreshan nirnay parat-3 aaee. pee. paiket mein jaankaari, vishesh roop seey gantavya aaee. pee. patey parr adharit hotaa haye. jaba ack router ack paiket praapt kartaa haye, tou vaha paiket key gantavya ips patey aur routing table mein ack patey key beach sabse achchha milan khojane key liye apani routing table kii khoj kartaa haye. ack baar jaba ack milan mill jaataa haye, tou paiket koo talika pravishti mein ingit outgoing interfaces key liye parat-2 detta link frame mein shamil kiya jaataa haye. ack router aamtaur parr paiket payload mein naheen dekhta haye, lekin kewal parat-3 patey parr ack agreshan nirnay lene key liye, saath hii vaikalpik roop seey header mein anya jaankaari parr sanket key liye, udaaharan key liye, seva kii gunavatta (kyu. oh. aiss.). shuddh aaee. pee. agreshan key liye, ack router koo vyaktigat packets seey judee raajya jaankaari koo cumm karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. ack baar paiket koo agreshit kiye jaane key baad, router paiket key baare mein koee aitihaasik jaankaari naheen rakhta haye.
rooting table mein vibhinn sroton seey praapt jaankaari hoe sakati haye, jaise kii ack default yaa sthir maarg joe manual roop seey configure kiye gaye hain, yaa rooting protocol seey gatishil pravishtiyaan jahaan router anya routers seey maarg seekhata haye. ack default maarg vaha haye jiska upayog sabhi yatayat koo maarg dene key liye kiya jaataa haye jiska gantavya anyatha maarg talika mein dikhaai naheen detaa haye; yeh samanya haye-yahaan taka kii aavashyak bhee-chhote network mein, jaise kii ghar yaa chhote vyavasaay mein jahaan default maarg buss sabhi gair-sthaaniya yatayat koo internet seva pradaata koo bhejata haye. default maarg koo manual roop seey configure kiya jaa sakata haye (ack sthir maarg key roop mein); gatishil maarg protocol dwara seekha jaa sakata haye; yaa dhcp dwara praapt kiya jaa sakata haye.
ack router ack samay mein ack seey adhik rooting protocol chalaa sakata haye, vishesh roop seey yadi yeh ack network key una hisson key beach ack swaayatt pranali seema router key roop mein kaary kartaa haye joe alag-alag rooting protocol chalaate hain; yadi aisaa kartaa haye, tou usee router parr chalane vaale vibhinn protocol key beach jaankaari saajha karane key liye punarvitaran (aamtaur parr chuninda) kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye.
yeh taya karane key alawa kii ack paiket koo kiss interfaces parr agreshit kiya jaataa haye, jise mukhya roop seey rooting table key madhyam seey sambhala jaataa haye, ack router koo bheed kaa prabandhan bhee karna padata haye jaba paiket router kii prakriya seey adhik darr parr pahunchate hain. aamtaur parr upayog kii jaane vaali teen policiyaan hain tail drop, yaadrichhik praarambhik pehchaan (laal), aur bhaarit yaadrichhik praarambhik pehchaan (laal). tail drop sabse saral aur sabse aasaani seey lagu kiya jaane vaalaa haih router mein buffer space samaapt honey key baad router buss nae aaney vaale paiket chhod detaa haye. jaba kataar buffer key poorv-configure kiye gaye hisse seey adhik hoe jaati haye, taba laal sambhaavit roop seey datagram jaldi gir jaataa haye, jaba taka kii yeh poorv-nirdhaarit adhikatam taka naheen pahunch jaataa haye, jaba yeh sabhi aaney vaale packets koo chhod detaa haye, iss prakaar yeh peechhe kii or gir jaataa haye. yatayat key prakaar parr adhik aasaani seey nirbhar paiket chhodane key liye redd koo configure kiya jaa sakata haye.
ack anya kaary joe ack router kartaa haye vaha haye yatayat vargeekaran aur yeh taya karna kii kiss paiket koo pahale sansaadhit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. ise kyu. oh. aiss. key madhyam seey prabandhit kiya jaataa haye, joe kii voyce over aaee. pee. koo tainaat karane parr mahatvapurna hotaa haye, taaki atyadhik vilambata naa hoe.
ack anya kaary joe ack router kartaa haye usey neeti-adharit rooting kahaa jaataa haye jahan vishesh niyamon kaa nirmaan rooting table seey praapt niyamon koo override karane key liye kiya jaataa haye jaba ack paiket agreshan nirnay liya jaataa haye.
packets koo sansaadhit karane key liye samay nirdhaaran key oopar seey bachane key liye kuchh karyon koo ack anuprayog-vishisht ekikrit paripath (aeye. aiss. aaee. see.) key madhyam seey kiya jaa sakata haye. anya koo cpu key madhyam seey pradarshan karna parh sakata haye kyonki inn packets parr vishesh dhyaan dene kii aavashyakta hoti haye jise ack aeye. aiss. aaee. see. dwara niyantrit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye.