
feng logon

amamfeng" (jhosa bhasha mein "ampheng", bahuvachan "amafeng") jhosa kulon kaa ack sandarbh thaa jinake poorvaj sharanarthi they joe 19 veen shatabdi key madhya mein bhoomi aur suraksha kii talash mein amphecan seey bhaag gaye they. inn sharanarthiyon koo jhosa rashtra mein aatmasaat curr liya gayaa thaa aur unhein aadhikarik taur parr tatkalin raajaa dwara maanyata dee gaee thee. yeh shabd xhosa kriya "ukumfenguza" seey nikla haye jiska arth haye seva kii talash mein bhatakana.
6vein seema yuddh key dauran, unhein cape coloney dwara damankari jhosa sarkaar seey swatantrata kaa vaadaa kiya gayaa thaa aur unhein dakshin africa key purvi cape mein apani bhoomi dee jaayegi jise purvi jhosalaind key dakshin-paschimi bhaag, fingland kahaa jaayega.
itihas.
gathan aur praarambhik itihas.
amamfeng" naam kaa anuvaad "bhatakane vaale" key roop mein hotaa haye aur amphengue loga-jaise bhaaka, bhele, hluby aur dalamini loga-una janjaatiyon seey baney they jinhen shaaka aur unaki zulu senaaon dwara amphecan yuddhon mein toda diyaa gayaa thaa aur titar-bitar curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
unamen seey adhikansh paschim kii or bhaag gaye aur jhosa key beach buss gaye. 1820 key dashak mein gkeleka jhosa (joe feng logon koo apana "kutta" kahate they) dwara kuchh varshon key utpeedan key baad, unhone 1835 mein cape sarkaar key saath ack gathbandhan banaaya aur surr benjamin dee 'urban ney 17,000 koo iss kshetra mein mahaan machhali nadee key tata parr basane key liye aamantrit kiya joe baad mein siskei key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa.
timothi stapleton aur ellen webster sahit kuchh vidvaanon kaa tark haye kii engu logon kii paaramparik kathaa vaastav mein aupaniveshik missionaryon aur prashasakon dwara nirmit ack jhooth haye. way aupaniveshik sampark seey pahale ack alag samooh key roop mein feng logon key astitva parr sawal uthaate hain, isake bajaay yeh kahate hain kii yeh shabd cape coloney mein british sarkaar dwara zosa dalbadal, pravaasi majdooron aur shramik kaidiyon key sangrah kaa varnan karane key liye gadhaa gayaa thaa.
praarambhik seema yuddh (1835-56).
way baad mein apane poorv utpeedakon key khilaf seemavarti yuddhon mein cape coloney key ullekhaniya sahayogi bunn gaye. iss kshamata mein, unhone apane jhosa dushmanon (vishesh roop seey gkeleka jhosa) key khilaf kaee jeet hassil kii, aur kshetriya vyaapaar key chatur aur safal prabandhan key madhyam seey, ack vikasit aur bhautik roop seey safal rashtra kaa gathan kiya. isake alawa, kaee logon ney kheton koo kharida aur chhote shaharon mein vyavasaay shuru kiye joe cape frontier key usa hisse mein ubhar rahey they.
pashu-hatyaa andolan (1856-58).
1857 mein hue mahaan pashu-hatyaa mein feng logon ney bhaag naheen liya, jisane jhosa logon koo tabah curr diyaa.
jabaki jhosa ney apane maveshiyon koo maar daala aur apani fasalen jalaa deen, kaee feng logon ney isake bajaay bahut cumm kimaton parr jhosa maveshiyon koo kharida, kewal baad key akaal key dauran unhein laabh parr phir seey bechane key liye. way apane bhookhe padosiyon key liye iss samay badey paimaane parr anaaj kaa utpaadan karate they. pashu-hatyaa seey utpann akaal ney purvi cape mein sashastr pratirodh koo prabhaavi roop seey samaapt curr diyaa.
feng-gkeleka yuddh (1877-79).
saapeksh shaanti aur aarthik vikas key ack dashak seey adhik samay, joe 1870 key dashak key madhya mein charam parr thaa, koo paar-paar vinashkari sookhe kii ack shrinkhala dwara samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase antar-janjaatiya sambandhon parr gambhir dabaav padane lagaa thaa. unaki gambhirta 1877 taka badh gaee, jaba antim badaa yuddh joe feng logon ney ladaa thaa, nauvaan seema yuddh, feng aur gkeleka mehmaanon key beach ack feng kii shaadi mein baar ladaai key baad shuru huaa. iss samay taka kaee feng loga cape nagrik they, isaliye cape coloney ney yuddh key baare mein ack pakshapaatpurna drishtikon apanaaya, jisase yeh gkeleka balon key saath sangharsh mein aaa gayaa.
cape sarkaar ney yuddh mein cape kii senaaon (mukhya roop seey fengu, thembu aur boer commando seey bunny) kaa saha-netritva karane key liye fengu kaptan bikitsa koo niyukt kiya. unhone dushman koo karari haar kaa saamana karna padaa aur kewal teen saptah key antaral mein apani senaaon koo titar-bitar curr diyaa. cape coloney key governor surr heinry bartle freyer kii kritaghnata, jinhone turant cape key feng sahyogiyon koo jabaran nirastra karke apamaanit kiya, ney feng koo zosa key saath adhik pehchaan karane key liye prerit kiya, aanshik roop seey aupaniveshik adhikaariyon seey badhate utpeedan kii pratikriya key roop mein bhee.
transkei aur siskei.
rangbhed sarkaar dwara sthaapit transkei aur siskei key bantustan mein feng rahate they. siskei "pratyaavartan" kii rangbhed neeti key parinamswarup rarhab aur feng key beach raajneetik pratidvandvita kaa drishya thaa, jisake parinamswarup aitihaasik roop seey behtar shikshit aur apekshaakrit aarthik roop seey labhanvit feng key prati narajgi paida hui, aur iss pratidvandvita kii parinati 1973 mein feng netaa mukhya nyayadhish thandathu jongilizwe maballa kii jagah lene vaale ack rarhab, lenox sebe key chunaav mein hui, halanki baad mein sebe ney apani feng virodhi bayanbaji koo chhod diyaa.
feng samudaay mein isai dharm.
isai dharm ney aim. aff. ee. see. aine. yuddhon key baad luptapray fengue logon key astitva mein rahane mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai. unake prati shatrutapurna honey vaale gkeleka jhosa key sampark mein aaney key baad, feng logon koo rev mein aaraam milaa. butterworth mein missionary johnn eliph, jinhone agale 30 varshon taka khud koo janjaati key liye samarpit curr diyaa. 1835 mein, 14 maee 1835 koo, ileaf ney 17,000 aur 22,000 maveshiyon key sir koo paddy karane key liye netritva kiya, pengu loga revani kii upasthiti mein, paddy jile mein ack puraane doodh key pedh key neeche ikattha hue. johnn ileaf ney raani kaa paalan karane, isai dharm koo sweekaar karane aur apane bachchon koo shikshit karane kii shapath lii. iss samjhaute koo 'fingo-oth' key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. isai dharm koo sweekaar karane key turant baad, fengu dakshin africa mein hull kaa upayog karane vaalaa pahala bantu bunn gayaa, missionaryon dwara unhein pradarshit kiya gayaa, aur gehuun lagaane vaalaa pahala bhee. ack chhota samooh tsitsikamma chalaa gayaa aur apane saath apane isai reeti-rivaajon koo leey gayaa. feng, joe sabse zyaadaa weslian they, jald hii grahmstowne chaley gaye jahan unhone 1850 seey 1853 key aathven seema yuddh mein angrejon key paksh mein ladaai ladee aur 1855 mein grahmstowne mein fingo key roop mein jaane jaane vaale ack freehold gaanv mein bhoomi seey puraskrit kiya gayaa. shikshit fengua port elizabeth taka gaye, jahan unhone bandargah parr kaam kiya aur cape town mein shahari samudaayon kii sthaapana kii, jahan unhone isai key roop mein abhyaas karna bhee jaari rakhaa. jiss dinn seey 'fingo-oth' kii shapath lii gaee thee, 14 maee koo fingo mukti divas key roop mein manaaya gayaa haye aur puraane doodh key pedh key neeche ack samaroh aayojit kiya gayaa haye jahaan shapath lii gaee thee.
zimbabwe mein fengue loga.
1893 mein metbelland parr kabja karane key baad, 1896 mein endebelle ney endebelle raajya koo phir seey sthaapit karane key prayaas mein hathiyar uthaaye. cecil johnn roads ney fengva ladaakon key ack samooh koo laaya (joe british paksh mein ladey they) aur 1896 mein "cape boys" key roop mein jaane jaate they. yuddh key baad, roads ney dakshini rhodesia mein adhik fengva jaise "endebelle logon koo aamantrit karke unhein" beasar "karane kii koshish kii. "unhone fengus key teen 'bhandar' kaa vaadaa kiya, jinn parr way iss praavdhaan key saath samjhauta curr sakate hain kii pratyek vyakti varsh mein teen maheene kaam karega. 36 maheene key shram key baad, pratyek koo ack vyaktigat upaadhi dee jaayegi. adhik feng netaa dakshini rhodesia mein wesleyan paddhatividon, mokshvaadiyon, anglican, presbyterian aur luthran key roop mein chaley gaye. 2000 mein, mbembasy feng/jhosa samudaay ney zimbabwe mein apani shatabdi manai. zimbabwe mein feng, joe jhosa bolane vaale hain, dow. hlaze kunju dwara jhosa mein likhi gaee pahali pee. aich. dee. thesis kaa vishay hain jiska sheershak ishiksosa ulvimi abangesininzi azimbabweh ukufila nokulondolozwa kwaso (zimbabwe mein ack alpasankhyak bhasha key roop mein jhosaah uttarjeevitaah aur rakharkhaav) haye.
weldtman bikitsa (1829-1912).
19veen aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, fenguon kaa netritva kaptan weldtman bikitsha ney kiya thaa. shuru mein ack sipahi joe 8vein seema yuddh mein cape key liye mahaan seva kaa thaa, usey baad mein padonnat kiya gayaa aur cape key fengu commando key ack vaastavik sainya netaa key roop mein seva kii gaee.
pradhaan mantri johnn molteno, joe bikitsha key baare mein bahut uchch raay rakhate they, ney unhein 1877 mein 9vein seema yuddh mein cape balon (mukhya magistrate charles griffith key saath) key netaa key roop mein niyukt kiya, jahan unhone teji seey gkeleka key khilaf shandar jeet kii ack shrinkhala jeeti. 9vein seema yuddh key dauran, bikitsha aur uska sthaan gkeleka senaaon key hamalon key liye ack kendra bindu thaa aur atyadhik sainya dabaav mein aaya.
seemavarti yuddhon mein unaki sainya pratibha ney unhein kaafee prasiddhi dilaaee aur way cape coloney mein vyaapak roop seey sweekaar kiye gaye netaa they. unake saahas kaa bhee aksar ullekh kiya jaataa thaa. vaha ack baar prasiddh roop seey ack ghayal aur tej sinh parr kood gayaa, usey poonchh seey pakadkar, usey kuchal diyaa aur usey maar daala. unhein 1889 mein landan aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa, jahan raani victoria ney unaki sevaaon key liye unhein dhanyavaad dene key liye unase milane kaa anurodh kiya thaa. unhone pratishthit roop seey usase kahaa, "hamane kabhi bhee ack gorey aadami seey darr naheen dekhaa haye, aur hamane kabhi bhee aapke kissy bhee logon key khilaf apana haath naheen uthaaya haye."
unhone transkei samanya parishad kii sthaapana kii, aur baad key jeevan mein cape coloney key liye ack juurii aur aayukt key roop mein kaary kiya.
johnn tengo jabaavu (1859-1921).
jaise-jaise fengu itihas sainya raksha seey raajneetik sangharsh kii or badhaa, vaise-vaise mahaan fengu rajneta aur karyakarta johnn tengo jabaavu bikitsa key sainya netritva key samaapt honey key baad pramukhta seey ubhare.
jabaavu ney jhosa mein likhe jaane vaale pahale samachar patron kaa sampadan kiya aur 1876 seey unhone "isigidimi samaxosa" ("jhosa sandeshvaahak") kaa sampadan kiya. 1884 seey unhone "imvo zabantsundu" ("kaalaa raay") kaa sampadan kiya. unhone african raashtravaad key khatare, dakshin africa kii ashwet aabaadi key liye samaan adhikaaron aur mahilaaon key adhikaaron key samarthan mein likhaa.
jabavu key netritva key yug key dauran, jabu key netritva key dauran, adhik ekataa koo protsaahit kiya gayaa thaa, feng aur gkeleka jhosa key beach pratidvandvita, joe pahale yuddh mein toot gaee thee, mein girawat aaee. phir bhee, kuchh vibhajan baney rahey. jabaavu key mukhya raajneetik pratidvandi, walter rubusana, jhosa they. 1890 key dashak mein rubusana kaa uday naee gkeleka-prabhutva vaali dakshin african deshi rashtriya congress aur unake samachar patra "izvi labantu" ("logon kii aavaaj") key madhyam seey huaa thaa, jise cecil roads dwara vittaposhit kiya gayaa thaa. jhosa sansthanon key uday kaa matlab thaa kii jabaavu aur feng abb cape key ashwet samudaay mein ekmatra netritva pradaan karane kii sthiti mein naheen they.
agale kuchh dashakon mein, jabavu key andolan "ibumba" ("sangh") aur rubusana kii dakshin african deshi rashtriya congress key beach vibhajan banaa rhaa. haalaanki pratidvandvita koo antatah samaapt curr diyaa gayaa aur nava naamit african rashtriya congress key tahat sangh thaa. iss andolan key shuruati uddeshyon mein seey ack antatah "jhosa-fingo jhagade key vichalan" koo shaant karna thaa."
british vilay.
british kafraria koo 1866 mein cape coloney mein milaa diyaa gayaa thaa. 1877 aur 1878 mein sankshipt vidroh koo chhodkar, jaba gkeleka ney apane fengue padosiyon parr hamla kiya, tou kei nadee key poorv mein bhoomi kaa british vilay uchit roop seey aage badhaa, lekin aam taur parr nirbaadh thaa. sitambar 1879 mein isake baad 1885 mein idutava reserve aur fenguland aur gkalekaland kaa gathan kiya gayaa. yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii inn kshetron kaa butterworth, idutava, sentani, encomecway, tsomo aur vilovale key vibhajan mein punargathan inn samay seey huaa haye.
samajik parivartan aur anukoolan kshamata.
mool roop seey kisaanon, feng logon ney jaldi seey apane school banaae, apane swayam key samachar patra banaae aur sampaadit kiye, aur antarrashtriya saahitya kaa apani bhasha mein anuvaad kiya. feng logon key badalati paristhitiyon (jaise kii poonjeevaad aur shaharikaran) key liye itane prabhaavi dhang seey anukool honey kaa kaaran yeh thaa kii unake paas ack nishchit adiwasi samajik-sanrachana aur padanukram kii kamee thee (sambhavatah zulu seey apani pahale kii udaan mein ise khou diyaa thaa). samajik parivartan aur lachilepan kii iss sthiti ney unhein europeeya vistaar key saath jaldi seey samaayojit karane, naee takneekon koo seekhane aur anukoolit karane aur usake baad key uthal-puthal kaa laabh uthaane kii anumati dee. anya janjaatiyaan aksar baahari vichaaron parr sandeh karati theen aur parinamswarup aupaniveshik khatare kaa saamana karane key liye kissy bhee parivartan kaa virodh karati theen. anya janjaatiyon kii tarah feng key paas koee sarvopari pramukh naheen thaa, lekin cape commander, weldman bikitsha, ack feng thaa aur feng kii sainya kshamata parr adhikaar rakhta thaa.
kaee fengua baad mein anya jaatiya samoohon key saath bhee antar-vivaah curr chuke hain, vishesh roop seey jhosa aur zulu key saath, jabaki kuchh abhee bhee zimbabwe mein rahate hain.
kshetra.
jiss kshetra koo baad mein transkei key roop mein jaanaa gayaa thaa, usey mool roop seey idutava reserve, fingland aur galacaland (galekaland) key roop mein jaane jaane vaale kshetron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. fingland ney kii nadee key thheek uttar mein, transkei key sudur dakshin mein seemavarti bhoomi rakhee.
haalaanki, angrejon dwara unake vilay key baad, unhein butterworth, tsomo aur nagkaamakve key vibhajan mein punargathit kiya gayaa; fingland key liye sentani aur villowell; aur idutwa reserve key liye idutwa.
vartamaan dakshin africa.
aaj lagbhag sabhi feng logon ney anya jaatiya samoohon key saath, vishesh roop seey jhosa aur zulu key saath, antar-vivaah kiya haye. kaee logon koo abb aksar maanaa jaataa haye-vishesh roop seey baahari logon dwara-jaatiya roop seey jhosa aur anya zulu, unaki samanya bhasha aur kuchh samaan reeti-rivaajon key kaaran. kaafee sankhya mein mishrit nasleeya prishthabhoomi haye, vishesh roop seey cape praanton mein aur unake aspas.

