
vyutkram (mausam vigyaan)

mausam vigyaan mein, ack vyutkram oonchaai key saath ack vayumandaliya sampatti key samanya parivartan seey ack vichalan haye. yeh lagbhag hamesha havaa key tapman mein girawat kii darr key vyutkram koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, iss mamle mein ise tapman vyutkram kahaa jaataa haye. aam taur parr, oonchaai mein vriddhi key saath havaa kaa tapman cumm hoe jaataa haye, lekin ack vyutkram key dauran germ havaa thhandi havaa key oopar rakhee jaati haye.
ack vyutkram trap vayu pradooshan, jaise kii dhundh, jameen key karib. ack vyutkram "topi" key roop mein kaary karke samvahan koo bhee dabaa sakata haye. yadi yeh topi kaee karanon seey tooty hui haye, tou maujood kissy bhee namee kaa samvahan taba hinsak garaj key saath futt sakata haye. tapman vyutkram key parinamswarup thhandi jalavaayu mein thhand kii barish hoe sakati haye.
samanya vayumandaliya sthitiyaan.
aamtaur parr, nichale vayumandal (kshobhamandal) key bheetar prithvi kii satah key paas kii havaa isake oopar kii havaa kii tulanaa mein germ hoti haye, mukhya roop seey kyonki vayumandal neeche seey germ hotaa haye kyonki saur vikiran prithvi kii satah koo germ kartaa haye, joe badale mein vayumandal kii parat koo seedhe oopar germ kartaa haye, jaise.jee., taap dwara (samvahani ooshmaa hastaantaran). oonchaai mein vriddhi key saath havaa kaa tapman bhee cumm hoe jaataa haye kyonki uchch havaa cumm dabaav parr hoti haye, aur cumm dabaav key parinamswarup aadarsh gais niyam aur adiabetic antaral darr kaa paalan karate hue cumm tapman hotaa haye.
varnan.
sahee paristhitiyon mein, samanya urdhvaadhar tapman pravanata ulta hoe jaataa haye taaki havaa prithvi kii satah key paas thhandi hoe. yeh taba hoe sakata haye jaba, udaaharan key liye, ack germ, cumm ghaney havaa dravyamaan ack thhande, ghaney havaa dravyamaan key oopar seey aage badhata haye. iss prakaar kaa vyutkram germ morchon key aspas key kshetron mein hotaa haye, aur sanyukt raajya america mein california tata jaise mahasagariya upa-nivaas key kshetron mein bhee hotaa haye. thhandi parat mein paryaapt aardrata key saath, kohra aamtaur parr vyutkram topi key neeche maujood hotaa haye. ack vyutkram bhee taba utpann hotaa haye jaba prithvi kii satah seey vikiran soorya seey praapt vikiran kii matra seey adhik hotaa haye, joe aamtaur parr raat mein hotaa haye, yaa sardiyon key dauran jaba soorya akash mein bahut cumm hotaa haye. yeh prabhaav vastutah bhoomi kshetron taka hii seemit haye kyonki samudra garmi koo bahut lambe samay taka banaae rakhta haye. sardiyon key dauran dhruviya kshetron mein, bhoomi parr lagbhag hamesha vyutkram maujood rahate hain.
ack germ havaa kaa dravyamaan ack thhande key oopar seey aage badh rhaa haye joe kissy bhee samvahan koo "bund" curr sakata haye joe thhande havaa key dravyamaan mein maujood hoe sakata haih ise capping vyutkram key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, yadi yeh topi yaa tou topi parr kaaboo paane vaale atyadhik samvahan dwara yaa saamane yaa parvat shrinkhala key uthaane key prabhaav seey toot jaati haye, tou botalband-upp samvahani oorjaa kii achaanak rihaai-jaise kii ack gubbara fatna-key parinamswarup gambhir aandhi aaa sakati haye. iss tarah key capping vyutkram aamtaur parr madhya paschimi sanyukt raajyon mein bunders key vikas seey pahale hotey hain. iss udaaharan mein, "thhandi" parat kaafee germ hoti haye lekin phir bhee ghanee hoti haye aur aamtaur parr ise bund karane vaali vyutkram parat key nichale hisse kii tulanaa mein thhandi hoti haye.
avakraman vyutkram.
ack vyutkram havaa key dheere-dheere ack vistrit kshetra parr doobane aur adiabetic sampeedan dwara germ honey key parinamswarup oopar vikasit hoe sakata haye, joe aamtaur parr uposhnakatibandhiya uchch dabaav vaale kshetron seey judaa hotaa haye. isake parinamswarup samudra key oopar ack sthir samudri parat vikasit hoe sakati haye. haalaanki, yeh parat uttarottar germ paani key oopar seey gujarati haye, samudri parat key bheetar ashanti dheere-dheere vyutkram parat koo adhik oonchaai parr uthaa sakati haye, aur antatah ise chhed bhee curr sakati haye, jisase garaj key saath aandhi aatee haye, aur sahee paristhitiyon mein, ushnakatibandhiya chakravaat paida hotey hain. vyutkram key tahat jamaa dhuaan aur dhool jaldi seey akash koo laal curr detee haye, jise dhoop vaale dinon mein aasaani seey dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
vayumandaliya parinam.
tapman vyutkram prabhaavit kshetra mein honey vaale vayumandaliya samvahan (joe samanya roop seey maujood hotaa haye) koo rokta haye aur vayumandaliya pradushakon kii uchch sandrata kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. shahar vishesh roop seey tapman vyutkram key prabhaavon seey peedit hain kyonki way donon adhik vayumandaliya pradushakon kaa utpaadan karate hain aur graameen kshetron kii tulanaa mein adhik taapiya dravyamaan rakhate hain, jisake parinamswarup pradushakon kii uchch sandrata key saath adhik baar vyutkram hotaa haye. prabhaav taba aur bhee adhik spasht hoe jaate hain jaba koee shahar pahaadiyon yaa pahaadon seey ghiraa hotaa haye kyonki way vayu parisancharan mein ack atirikt baadha banaate hain. ack gambhir vyutkram key dauran, fanse hue vayu pradooshak ack bhoore rung kii dhundh banaate hain joe shwasan samasyaon kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain. landan, ingland mein 1952 kaa mahaan dhundh, iss tarah key vyutkram key sabse gambhir udaharanon mein seey ack haye. ise anumaanit 10,000 seey 12,000 mauton key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa.
kabhi-kabhi vyutkram parat itani adhik oonchaai parr hoti haye kii sanchayi baadal sanghanit hoe sakate hain lekin kewal vyutkram parat key neeche fail sakate hain. yeh jameen taka pahunchane vaale soorya key prakaash kii matra koo cumm kartaa haye aur nae taapiya padarthon koo banane seey rokta haye. jaise hii baadal failate hain, dhoop kaa mausam ack chakr mein baadal kii jagah letaa haye joe dinn mein ack seey adhik baar hoe sakata haye.
lahar prasaar.
prakaash.
jaise-jaise havaa kaa tapman badhata haye, havaa key apavartan kaa soochkaank cumm hoe jaataa haye, germ havaa kaa dushprabhaav cumm ghanaa hotaa haye. aam taur parr isake parinamswarup door kii vastuon koo urdhvaadhar roop seey chhota kiya jaataa haye, ack aisaa prabhaav joe suryast key samay dekhana aasaan hotaa haye jaba soorya andakar key roop mein dikhaai detaa haye. ack vyutkram mein, samanya pattern ulat jaataa haye, aur door kii vastuon koo isake bajaay faila diyaa jaataa haye yaa kshitij key oopar dikhaai detaa haye, jisase ack ghatana koo faataa morgana yaa miraj key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
vyutkram tathaakathit "green flashes" koo badhaa sakate hain-ack ghatana joe suryodaya yaa suryast parr hoti haye, aamtaur parr kuchh sekand key liye dikhaai detee haye, jisamen soorya kii hurry roshni failaav key kaaran alag hoe jaati haye. soorya key prakaash key neele ghatak key saath chhoti tarang dairdhya sabse adhik apavartit hoti haye, "poori tarah seey rele scattering dwara bikhra huaa", jisase haraa saur disk key oopari kinare seey pahala yaa antim prakaash dikhaai detaa haye.
radio tarangen.
bahut uchch aavritti vaali radio tarangon koo vyutkram dwara apavartit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase dhundhali raaton mein lambi doori seey fm radio sunana yaa vhf low-baind television prasaran dekhana sambhav hoe jaataa haye. sanket, joe aam taur parr oopar aur door antariksh mein apavartit hotaa haye, isake bajaay tapman-vyutkram seema parat dwara prithvi kii or apavartit hotaa haye. iss ghatana koo tropospheric ducting kahaa jaataa haye. sharad ritu aur vasant key dauran tatrekha key saath, prasaar key cumm nuksan key kaaran kaee station ack saath maujood honey key kaaran, kaee fm radio station gambhir sanket ksharan seey grast hain joe swaagat koo baadhit karate hain.
microwave jaisi uchch aavrittiyon mein, iss tarah key apavartan seey bahu path prasaar aur luptata hoti haye.
aavaaz.
jaba ack vyutkram parat maujood hoti haye, yadi koee dhwani yaa visfot jamini star parr hotaa haye, tou dhwani tarang tapman pravanata (joe dhwani kii gati koo prabhaavit karati haye) dwara apavartit hoti haye aur jameen parr laut aatee haye. isaliye, dhwani samanya seey bahut behtar yatra karati haye. yeh havaai addon key aspas key kshetron mein dhyaan dene yogya haye, jahaan vimaan key udaan bharane aur utarane kii aavaaz aksar dinn key anya samay kii tulanaa mein subah key aspas adhik doori parr sunee jaa sakati haye, aur vyutkram gadgadaahat joe kaafee jore seey hoti haye aur samanya paristhitiyon mein bijli girane seey utpann honey kii tulanaa mein aage kii yatra karati haye.
sadame kii laharen.
ack visfot seey aghaat lahar ack vyutkram parat dwara usee tarah seey pratibimbit hoe sakati haye jaise yeh ack vayu-visfot mein jameen seey uchhalati haye aur parinamswarup atirikt kshati kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye. iss ghatana ney soviyat aar. dee. aiss.-37 paramanu pareekshan mein dou logon kii maut curr dee jaba ack imarat dhaha gaee.