
sanyukt raajya america kaa vishvaas kaanoon

sanyukt raajya trust kaanoon kaanoon kaa ack nikaay haye joe sampatti rakhane key liye kanuni saadhan koo viniyamit kartaa haye jise trust key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
sanyukt raajya mein nyaason key nirmaan aur prashaasan koo viniyamit karane vaalaa adhikansh kaanoon abb raajya star parr vaidhaanik haye. agast 2004 mein, samaan raajya kaanoonon parr ayukton key rashtriya sammelan ney pachas raajyon key liye ack samaan vaidhaanik sanhita mein nyaason key sambandh mein aam taur parr sweekrit samanya kaanoon siddhanton koo samhitaabaddh karane kaa pahala prayaas kiya, jise samaan nyaas sanhita (utc) kahaa jaataa haye. julaai 2012 taka, 25 raajyon ney yuu. tii. see. key kuchh thhos roop koo apanaaya haye aur teen anya ney ise apanaane key liye vidhaayika mein pesh kiya haye. 
samaan kaanoon kaa lakshya trust key kaanoon koo adhik hudd taka maankeekrit karna haye, kyonki samriddh logon key liye praathamik sampatti yojana tantra key roop mein "antim ichcha aur vasiyatnama" key vikalp key roop mein unakaa upayog badhaaya gayaa haye. samaan kaanoon key bavjood, halanki, matbhed baney hue hain, kyonki raajyon mein abhee bhee nyasi kaanoon mein samriddh matbhed hain. yuu. tii. see. koo apanaane vaale pratyek raajya ney apane code key sanskaran mein parivartanon koo shamil kiya haye, joe apane raajya key kaanoon mein kuchh vishisht yaa lambe samay seey chaley aaa rahey apvaadon koo darshaata haye jinhen vidhaayak sanrakshit karane kaa irada rakhate hain.
avalokan.
nyaas anivarya roop seey anubandh key prani hain. lagbhag sabhi nyaas likhit roop mein banaae jaate hain, yaa tou ack "inter vivos" yaa "leaving trust" upkaran (jaba basane vaalaa jeevit hotaa haye tou banaaya gayaa) yaa ack vaseeyat (joe ack vasiyatnama vishvaas banaata haye) key madhyam seey. isaliye, ack nyaas mein kuchh sharton koo samajhane mein, vaseeyaton yaa anya vasiyatnama dastavejon kii vyakhya key sambandh mein nirmaan key samanya niyam lagu honge. nyaason kii kuchh maulik aavashyaktaon key adheen, yuu. tii. see. aam taur parr kahata haye kii ack nyaas saadhan kii shartein, jaisa kii basane vaale dwara likhi gaee hain, yuu. tii. see. key "default niyamon" parr niyantran rakhengi. jahaan kissy dastaavez mein aisaa praavdhaan naheen haye joe anyatha utc key default niyamon dwara cover kiya gayaa haye, utc niyantrit karega.
jahaan kissy dastaavez mein apriya, avyavahaarik, avyaavhaarik yaa purani bhasha hoti haye, labharthiyon aur nyasiyon koo sthaaniya adalaton kaa sahaara lena hotaa haye, joe samanya roop seey nyaay mein samanya adhikaar kshetra mein hotey hain, taaki ack ghoshanaatmak nirnay, nyaayik nirmaan yaa nyaas key sudhaar key liye ise mool iraade key anupaalan mein laaya jaa sakey. saath hii, adalat koo una paristhitiyon seey nipatane key liye bhee bulaaya jaa sakata haye joe usa samay basane vaale dwara kalpana naheen kii jaa sakati thee jaba trust koo "saai press" yaa mool iraade key jitna sambhav hoe utanaa karib banaane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa.
nyaas anubandh kii ack vishesh nasl haye jisamen way aksar sampatti key swabhaav koo usee tarah niyantrit karate hain jaise ack "antim vaseeyat aur vasiyatnama" ack probate kaaryavaahi key madhyam seey kartaa haye. jeevan key dauran banaae gaye nyaason kii vyakhya aur prashaasan key sambandh mein kaee raajya apani prakriyaon key baare mein bhinn hain (i.ee.inter vivos" trust) banaam ack vaseeyat mein banaae gaye joe aamtaur parr probate kaaryavaahi (testamentary trust) mein adhikaar kshetra key adheen hain. yuu. tii. see. trust form aur unaki aavashyaktaon donon kii samanya "sanrachana" koo maankeekrit karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye, lekin aam taur parr samagr vishay-mamle key adhikaar kshetra aur truston seey judee kaaryavaahi key anya pahaluon key roop mein "prakriyaatmak" prashnon koo sambodhit karane kaa prayaas naheen kartaa haye. isake bajaay, vibhinn raajya aur sthaaniya prakriyaatmak niyamon kii anishchitataaen aam taur parr lagu hongi.
jaba sampatti kaa sheershak diyaa jaataa haye yaa kissy maujooda nyaas kaa ullekh kiya jaataa haye, tou vyavsaayiyon ney nyaason koo "tra" key roop mein sandarbhit karna jaari rakhaa. yuu/aeye "(samjhaute key tahat nyaas, i.ee., inter vivos trust) yaa "tra. yuu/doubleu "(trusts under will, aaee.ee., testamentary trust). udyog sammelan mein basane vaale kaa naam sheershak mein dikhaai detaa haye. sanyukt raajya america mein, naam vaadya key prakaar key liye ack sankshipt naam kaa anusaran kartaa haye. isalieh "tra. yuu/aeye johnn smith aff. bee. oh. alma smith "yaa, yadi upayukt hoe, tou" tra. yuu/aeye johnn smith aff. bee. oh. alma smith aparivartaniya "(aff. bee. oh. kaa arth haye laabh key liye). shirshakon mein aksar adhik jaankaari bhee shamil hoti haye jaise kii ack seey adhik nyasi (saha-tr) kaa astitva. yuu/aeye johnn smithah "koo-tr" kaa arth haye saha-nyasi) yaa kii ack yaa adhik nyasi mool nyasi naheen hain (uttaradhikari koo-tr. yuu/aeye johnn smith).
americi nyaas kaanoon koo samajhane mein, vibhinn shabdon kii shabdawali aur paribhashaon koo samajhane mein yeh sahayak haye kyonki way nyaason seey sambandhit hain. nimnalikhit khand mein inmein seey kuchh shabdon kii charcha haye.
nyaason key prakaar.
sanyukt raajya america mein nyaason kii kaee vividhataaen maujood hain. neeche soochibaddh truston key kuchh adhik samanya udaaharan hain joe banaae gaye hain.
naatak mein "teen paatr".
ack nyaas key nirmaan aur prashaasan mein aam taur parr teen "vyakti" shamil hotey hainh (aeye) ack settler yaa anudankarta joe nyaas banaata haye; (bee) ack nyasi joe nyaas aur usaki parisampattiyon kaa prashaasan aur prabandhan kartaa haye; aur (see) ack labharthi joe nyaas mein prashaasit sampatti kaa laabh praapt kartaa haye. kaee udaharanon mein jahaan ack radd karane yogya leaving trust shamil haye, ack vyakti ack saath anudaandaataa, trusty aur labharthi key roop mein seva curr sakata haye jaba taka kii way marr naheen jaate. kaee anya udaharanon mein, vishesh roop seey praarambhik anudaandaataa kii mrityu key baad, nyasi (oun) yaa labharthi (aaee. ee. aiss) key roop mein naamit vibhinn vyakti honge. kissy bhee samay kissy bhee nyaas mein inmein seey ack seey adhik "vyakti" hoe sakate hain.
basaane vaalaa/anudan dene vaalaa.
sakhti seey kahein tou, ack nyaas kaa anudan dene vaalaa kewal vaha vyakti hotaa haye joe nyaas kaa nirmaan kartaa haye, aamtaur parr ack nyaas samjhaute koo nishpaadit karke joe nyaas key niyamon aur sharton kaa vivaran detaa haye. iss tarah kaa nyaas nirast yaa aparivartaniya hoe sakata haye. ack nirast nyaas vaha haye jisamen basane vaalaa kissy bhee samay nyaas koo badalane, badalane yaa yahaan taka kii radd karane kii kshamata rakhta haye aur kissy bhee samay usase dhana nikaalata haye. ise kabhi-kabhi anudaandaataa nyaas key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. "neeche dekhein. puraane samanya kaanoon niyamon key vipareet, samaan nyaas sanhita yeh maanati haye kii sabhi nyaas taba taka nirast kiye jaa sakate hain jaba taka kii nyaas kii shartein vishesh roop seey anyatha naheen bataati hain. aam taur parr, anudaandaataa vaha bhee hotaa haye jiss parr trust mein praarambhik parisampattiyon key vittaposhan kaa aarop lagaaya jaataa haye, yaa tou ack saadhan (i.ee.vilekh, suraksha pramaan patra, nyaas key naam mein punarnamit khaate) yaa ghoshana (i.ee., aupchaarik sheershak key binaa moort vyaktigat sampatti key liye).
aitihaasik aur vyaavhaarik donon drishtikon seey, nyaason koo aam taur parr kewal ack anudan dene vaale key liye design kiya gayaa haye. yeh una jatilataon key kaaran haye joe vishesh roop seey gair-samudayik sampatti kshetradhikaron mein, nyaas mein jamaa sampatti kii prakriti aur isake bheetar kaee anudaandaataon key yogdan kii aanupaatikta kaa nirdhaaran karane mein utpann hoe sakati hain. haalaanki, patiyon aur patniyon key liye ack badhati pravritti "sanyukt nyaas" banaana haye, jahan donon nyaas key "anudankarta" hain, iss prakaar sanyukt kiraayedaari swaamitva kii parichit avadharana koo pratibimbit karate hain.
ack nirast nyaas key liye, anudankarta nyaas key liye pratyaksh lenden kii shakti rakhta haye, bhale hii koee teesara paksh nyasi key roop mein kaary karey. isamen aisee paristhitiyaan bhee shamil hoe sakati hain jahan anudan dene vaale key nirdesh aur nyaas kii vaastavik sharton mein takraav hoe sakata haye. ack aparivartaniya vishvaas mein, ack tathaakathit vishvaas rakshak kaa badhata upayog vikasit huaa haye. yeh aam taur parr ack asambaddh, teesara paksh (aksar ack vakeel yaa ack lekhakar) hotaa haye jise curr yaa nyasi kaanoon mein apratyaashit parivartanon, nyaas kii paristhitiyon mein apratyaashit parivartanon yaa anya aakasmiktaon koo samaayojit karane key liye nyaas kii sharton mein sanshodhan yaa parivartan karane kii shakti dee jaati haye. sanhita aise teesare pakshon key upayog koo ack aparivartaniya nyaas koo bhee sanshodhit karane yaa badalane kii anumati detee haye. nyasi koo aisee shaktiyon key anusaar kaary karna haye jaba taka kii "prayaas kaa abhyaas nyaas kii sharton key spasht roop seey vipareet naa hoe yaa nyasi koo pataa hoe kii prayaas kaa abhyaas nyaas key labharthiyon key prati pratyayi kartavya kaa gambhir ullanghan hoga."isake alawa, sanhita yeh maanati haye kii aise nyaas rakshak ack nyasi kshamata mein kaary karate hain aur nyaas key uddeshyon aur labharthiyon key sarvottam hiton key sammaan mein achche vishvaas key saath kaary karna chaahiye.
curr kaanoon mein "anudaandaataa nyaas" shabd kaa bhee ack vishesh arth haye. anudaandaataa nyaas koo aantarik rajaswa sanhita key tahat paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye jisamen nyaas kii nivesh gatividhiyon key sanghiya aaykar parinam poori tarah seey anudaandaataa yaa kissy anya vyakti kii jimmedaari hoti haye jisake paas sabhi parisampattiyon koo lene kii nirankush shakti hoti haye. anya nyaason key vipareet, anudaandaataa nyaas poori tarah seey nyaas key bheetar lenden key sabhi aaykar parinamon seey gujarta haye aur nyaas swayam ack aabhaasi kavach haye. yeh aam taur parr vartamaan curr mahaul mein anukool haye kyonki adhikansh mamalon mein cumm aaya parr curr lagaaya jaayega jaba ack nyaas koo "anudaandaataa nyaas" key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye."
nyasi.
nyasi way vyakti hotey hain jinhen nyaas key kaary karane key liye aavashyak sabhi kartavyon kaa prabandhan karane key liye niyukt kiya jaataa haye. adhikansh mamalon mein, karyavahak nyasi (aur usa nyasi key uttaradhikari kii sthiti mein nyasi abb seva naheen curr sakata haye) kaa naam vishesh roop seey nyaas key saadhan mein rakhaa jaataa haye. nyasi key roop mein naamit vyakti nyasi key roop mein seva karane seey incar curr sakata haye yaa yadi seva curr rhaa haye tou nyaas key labharthiyon koo notice dene parr nyasi key roop mein istifa denaa chuna sakata haye. kuchh udaharanon mein, nyaas saadhan yeh bhee nirdisht curr sakata haye kii nyasiyon koo hataaya jaa sakata haye. kissy bhee radd kiye jaane vaale nyaas kaa koee bhee anudankarta trust mein sanshodhan yaa usey radd karane kii apani shakti koo dekhate hue, kissy teesare paksh key nyasi key saath iss shakti koo nihit roop seey dhaaran karega. ack aparivartaniya nyaas mein, nyaas saadhan, kuchh udaharanon mein, labharthiyon koo bahumat mutt seey nyasi koo hataane kii shakti pradaan curr sakata haye. iss praavdhaan key abhaav mein, adhikansh utc kshetradhikaron mein, anya saha-nyasi yaa labharthi kewal adalat kii kaarravaai seey hii nyasi koo hataa sakate hain. haalaanki, utc key tahat hataane kii seema paryaapt naheen haye. adhikansh mamalon mein, sabhi adalaton koo yeh pataa lagaana chaahiye kii "paristhitiyon mein paryaapt parivartan" huaa haye jisamen hataane seey "sabhi labharthiyon key hiton kii seva hogi" aur yeh nyaas key bhautik uddeshya seey asangat naheen haye, aur ack upayukt nyasi yaa uttaradhikari nyasi upalabdh haye."
ack nyaas mein ack yaa kaee nyasi hoe sakate hain. kaee nyasiyon kii sthiti mein, puraane samanya kaanoon niyamon key anusaar sabhi nyasiyon koo sarvasammati seey kaary karna aavashyak haye. yuu. tii. see. mein parilakshit aadhunik niyam saha-nyasiyon koo bahumat seey kaary karane kii anumati detaa haye. jahaan ack saha-nyasi umr yaa bimari key kaaran nyaas key prabandhan mein sakriya roop seey shamil honey mein asamarth haye, shesh saha-nyasi aam taur parr nyaas kii or seey kaary curr sakate hain taaki nyaas key uddeshyon koo praapt kiya jaa sakey yaa nyaas kii sampatti koo nuksan seey bachaaya jaa sakey."halanki, saha-nyasi key liye aam taur parr yeh behtar abhyaas haye kii vaha yaa tou istifa dey yaa anyatha apane nirnay lene key karyon koo saunp dey jabaki ack yaa sabhi shesh saha-nyasiyon koo asamarth curr dey. ack nyasi joe apane saathi saha-nyasiyon key saath ack nishchit tareeke seey kaary karane seey asahmat hotaa haye, vaha sanhita key tahat daayitva seey sanrakshit hotaa haye basharte nyasi ney apani asahamati kaa sanket diyaa hoe aur kewal bahumat saha-nyasiyon key nirdesh key aadhar parr kaary kiya hoe. vyaavhaarik roop seey, saha-nyasiyon kaa upayog aksar bhaari hoe sakata haye. code aam taur parr ise nott kartaa haye aur una vakeelon key liye bahut dekhbhal kii salah detaa haye joe kaee saha-nyasiyon kaa upayog karane vaale dastavejon kaa masauda taiyar karate hain.
nyasi saksham vyakti yaa raajya yaa sanghiya roop seey chartered nigam hoe sakate hain jinake paas nyaas shaktiyaan (aamtaur parr baink yaa nyaas companiyaan) hoti hain. aam taur parr corporate nyasiyon ney apane nyasi sangathan koo apane nivesh prabandhan yaa niji banking samoohon mein ekikrit kiya hoga. kissy vyakti key liye baink nyasi key saath nyasi key roop mein seva karna asamanya naheen haye. vyaktigat aur corporate nyasi donon apani sevaaon key liye shulk leey sakate hain, halanki vyaktigat nyasi aamtaur parr "muft" seva pradaan karate hain jaba way basane vaale key parivaar kaa hissa hotey hain yaa basane vaale swayam. saha-nyasi" shabd yaa tou baink nyaas adhikaari yaa vyaktigat saha-nyasi koo yeh sochane mein moorkh banaa sakata haye kii unaki bhoomikaaen samaan hain. yadi dastaavez mein bhoomikaon koo aage paribhaashit naheen kiya gayaa haye, tou unaki bhoomikaaen kanuni roop seey samaan hain. halanki, ack vyaavhaarik mamle key roop mein, corporate trusty lagbhag hamesha abhiraksha kaa kaam karega aur kitaaben rakhega. lekin kaee dastaavez vyaktigat saha-nyasi shaktiyon koo denge joe corporate nyasiyon seey alag hain. udaaharan key liye, vyaktigat saha-nyasi key adhikaar aur kartavya mooldhan aur aaya key vivekadhin vitaran, nyaas mein aayojit vyaktigat nivaas kii bikri, yaa kissy "hriday-taar vaali sampatti" kii bikri taka seemit hoe sakate hain."
sabhi nyasiyon key paas lambe samay seey chaley aaa rahey samanya kaanoon key sanhita aur samanya siddhanton dwara lagaae gaye kaee maulik kartavya aur jimmedariyan hain. nimnalikhit inn kartavyon kaa ack sankshipt vivaran haye joe samaan nyaas sanhita mein ullikhit haye aur way aam taur parr nyasiyon dwara nyaas key vaastavik prashaasan mein kaise lagu hotey hain.
vivekpurna prashaasan kaa kartavya.
yeh binaa kahey chalaa jaataa haye kii nyasi anivarya roop seey nyaas koo "chalaate hain". way nyaas parisampattiyon koo ekatra karane, nyaas niveshon seey praaptiyon koo ekatra karane, nyaas key aavashyak kharchon kaa bhugtan karane, usaki or seey daavon koo lagu karane aur unakaa bachaav karane, nyaas samjhaute key tahat pradaan kii gaee raashi (yadi koee hoe) labharthiyon koo vitarit karane key liye nirdhaarit karane, aisee praaptiyon aur samvitaranon aur kaee anya karyon kaa thheek seey record banaane key liye jimmedaar hain. yuu. tii. see. aam taur parr kahata haye kii nyasiyon koo inn gatividhiyon kaa sanchaalan "sadbhavana" mein, isake niyamon aur uddeshyon aur labharthiyon key hiton key anusaar aur iss [sanhita] key anusaar karna chaahiye."nyasi kaary naheen curr sakate (yaa kaary karane seey butch sakate hain) yadi nyaas key uddeshya avaidh hain, praapt karna asambhav haye yaa saarvajanik neeti key khilaf hain. yuu. tii. see. key tahat ack nyasi key karyon key liye maanak yeh haye kii ack nyasi koo nyaas key uddeshyon, sharton, vitaran aavashyaktaon aur anya paristhitiyon parr vichaar karke ack vivekpurna vyakti key roop mein kaary karna chaahiye."iss maanak koo santusht karane mein, nyasi koo uchit dekhbhal, kaushal aur savdhani baratani chaahiye.
nyasi key liye sabse mahatvapurna jimmedariyon mein seey ack nyaas kii parisampattiyon kaa vivekpurna prabandhan karna haye. eksamaan nyaas sanhita yeh maanati haye kii nyasiyon koo usee maanak parr rakhaa jaayega joe vivekpurna niveshak adhiniyam [upiya] mein eksamaan vidhi ayukton dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa. nyasi koo nyaas kii parisampattiyon kaa nivesh aur prabandhan karna chaahiye kyonki vaha nyaas key uddeshyon, sharton, vitaran aavashyaktaon aur anya paristhitiyon parr vichaar karke "vivekpurna niveshak" hoga. iss maanak koo santusht karane mein, nyasi uchit dekhbhal, kaushal aur savdhani kaa prayog karega. upiya "vivekpurna nivesh" key manakon key liye ack bahut hii samagr drishtikon apanaata haye."nyasi key aacharan kii sameeksha kissy ack nirnay yaa ack nivesh holding key aadhar parr naheen kii jaani haye, balki portfolio aur samagr roop seey isake prabandhan parr kii jaani haye. kissy bhee vishesh nivesh koo isamen nihit kuchh aantarik jokhim key kaaran "seema seey baahar" naheen maanaa jaataa haye-kunji yeh haye kii kyaa aise vyaktigat nivesh ack trust portfolio kaa hissa hain joe ack vyaapak ranneeti key anuroop haye "jokhim aur vaapsee key uddeshyon key saath joe trust key liye uchit roop seey upayukt hain."saath hii, nyasi seey vishisht nirnayon key sambandh mein parinamon kii bhavishyavani karane key liye ack" "chrystal ball" "honey kii ummeed naheen kii jaati haye. jaisa kii upiya kahata haye, "vivekpurna niveshak niyam kaa anupaalan nyasi key nirnay yaa kaarravaai key samay maujood tathyon aur paristhitiyon key aalok mein nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye, naa kii peechhe hatkar."ack nyasi nivesh ranneeti taiyar karane mein jinn karakon parr vichaar curr sakata haye, unamen seey (1) samanya aarthik sthitiyaan; (2) mudrasfeeti yaa apasfeeti kaa sambhaavit prabhaav; (3) nivesh nirnayon yaa ranneetiyon key apekshit curr parinam; (4) samagr nyaas portfolio key bheetar pratyek nivesh yaa kaarravaai kii bhoomika, jisamen vittiya parisampattiyaan, nikatata seey aayojit udyamon mein hita, moort aur amoort vyaktigat sampatti aur vaastavik sampatti shamil hoe sakati haye; (5) aaya seey apekshit kull laabh aur poonji kii vriddhi; (6) labharthiyon key anya sansaadhan; (7) taralata, aaya kii niyamitata, aur poonji key sanrakshan yaa vriddhi kii aavashyaktaaen; aur (8) nyaas key uddeshyon key liye yaa labharthiyon key ack yaa adhik key liye ack parisampatti kaa vishesh sambandh yaa vishesh moolya, yadi koee hoe, shamil hain."
upiya mein praathamik maargdarshak balon mein seey ack aadhunik portfolio siddhant kaa udbhav aur vibhinn parisampatti vargon key pradarshan mein sahsambandh kii avadharana haye. udaaharan key liye, adhikansh mamalon mein, yeh sthaapit kiya jaataa haye kii stock aur bonned kaa ack diye gaye samay seema mein pradarshan key sandarbh mein cumm sahsambandh haye. iska matlab haye kii jaba stock ausat seey behtar pradarshan karate hain, tou bonned ausat seey cumm pradarshan karate hain. iska ulta bhee sach haye. sahsambandh kii yeh avadharana ack portfolio key vividhikaran kii anumati detee haye taaki ack portfolio vibhinn aarthik jalavaayu mein adhik nirantarta seey pradarshan curr sakey, jisamen vibhinn parisampatti varg, vishisht anupaat mein, trust portfolio mein houn. upiya kaa default niyam ack nyasi koo anivarya kartaa haye kii vaha ack nyaas portfolio mein vividhata laae "jaba taka kii nyasi uchit roop seey yeh nirdhaarit naa karey kii vishesh paristhitiyon key kaaran, nyaas key uddeshyon koo vividhata key binaa behtar dhang seey puuraa kiya jaataa haye."upiya mein yeh bhee kahaa gayaa haye kii nyasiyon koo ack varg key labharthiyon key prati pakshapaat key binaa dusare varg (i.ee.vartamaan aaya praapt karane vaale labharthi banaam nyaas seey isaki samaapti parr mooldhan praapt karane vaale labharthi.)."
yadi kissy nyasi key paas vishesh kaushal yaa visheshagyata haye, yaa nyasi key pratinidhitva parr bharosa karate hue nyasi naamit kiya jaataa haye kii nyasi key paas vishesh kaushal yaa visheshagyata haye, tou usey unakaa upayog karna chaahiye. kaee mamalon mein, ack nyasi, vishesh roop seey ack vyakti, jisake paas vibhinn kshetron mein kuchh visheshagyata naheen hoe sakati haye (i.ee.nivesh, achal sampatti prabandhan, chala rhaa vyavasaay prabandhan, aadi.) ack aise agent kaa upayog karna chaah sakata haye joe ack visheshagya haye aur trust prashaasan kii kuchh ghatnaaon key roop mein usa visheshagya koo adhikaar saunp sakata haye. sanhita isaki anumati detee haye, basharte kih (que) kaary ack vivekpurna nyasi haye joe tulaniya kaushal kaa paristhitiyon mein uchit roop seey pratyaayojit curr sakata haye; (kha) nyasi vivekpurna tareeke seey abhikarta kaa chayan kartaa haye, abhikarta key kaary kaa uchit daira aur kaary nirdhaarit kartaa haye; aur (gaga) samay-samay parr abhikarta key pradarshan aur usake kartavyon key anupaalan kii nigrani kartaa haye. ack baar dhaara 807 (aeye) key tahat uchit roop seey pratyaayojit honey key baad, usa kaary koo karane mein uchit dekhbhal karane kaa kartavya trusty seey agent key paas sthanantarit hoe jaataa haye, aur trusty abb agent dwara kiye gaye kissy bhee kaary yaa chook key liye uttardaayi naheen hotaa haye.
kaee nyaas nyasiyon koo labharthiyon koo nyaas parisampattiyon key vitaran mein vivek kaa upayog karane kaa praavdhaan karate hain. aksar, yadi anudankarta vishesh roop seey labharthiyon key kharch karane kii prakriti seey savdhan haye, tou vaha nyasi koo dhana vitarit karane yaa vitarit naheen karane key liye atyant vyaapak shaktiyan dey sakata haye. halanki, iss tarah kii vyaapak sharton key bavjood, utc key liye aam taur parr nyasiyon koo "sadbhavana" mein aur nyaas key niyamon aur uddeshyon aur labharthiyon key hiton key anusaar aisee vivekadhin shaktiyon kaa prayog karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye."utc seey pahale, jaise kii" "lineback baay hutchens vee. stout (uttar carolina appeal adalat, 1986) ney una mamalon mein bhee nyasiyon key adhikaaron koo paribhaashit kiya jahaan labharthi koo sarkari samarthan praapt hoe rhaa thaa.
nishtha kaa kartavya.
nyasiyon key sabse puraane aur sabse sammaanit kartavyon mein seey ack "hiton key takraav" seey bachana rhaa haye."sadiyon key angreji aur americi samanya kaanoon ney nyasiyon key liye niyamon koo vistrit kiya haye taaki donon pratyaksh sanghrshon seey bachaa jaa sakey aur" "anuchitata kii upasthiti" "seey bachaa jaa sakey joe labharthiyon key liye ack nishpaksh nirnay nirmaata key roop mein nyasi kii sthiti seey samjhauta curr sakata haye. nyasiyon koo labharthiyon key ekmatra laabh key liye nyaas kaa prashaasan karna chaahiye, una sabhi anya logon key khilaf joe nyaas parisampattiyon seey laabh yaa laabh praapt karna chaahte hain.
pahala mukhya siddhant yeh haye kii nyasi koo nyaas sampatti key sambandh mein honey vaale kissy bhee lenden seey vyaktigat roop seey laabh naheen uthaana chaahiye. samanya kaanoon mein, ise aam taur parr "aage koee jaanch naheen" niyam key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye, jiska arth haye kii ack nyasi dwara apane khaate key liye kiye gaye lenden koo "aage kii koee jaanch naheen" key saath sandigdh maanaa jaataa haye aur labharthiyon dwara kii gaee kaarravaai parr amaanya maanaa jaataa haye.
isake alawa, yadi nyasi kissy lenden mein "labharthi parr mahatvapurna prabhaav daaltaa haye aur jisase nyasi koo laabh praapt hotaa haye", bhale hii vaha nyaas sampatti seey sambandhit naa hoe, tou nyasi koo kewal nyaas aur usake labharthiyon key liye kaary karane key liye apane pradhaan kartavya kaa ullanghan karane key liye uttardaayi thaharaaya jaa sakata haye. isamen aamtaur parr nyaas sambandh key baahar vyaavsaayik lenden shamil hotey hain, lekin phir seey nyasi kii sampatti parr shakti key kaaran "anuchitata kii upasthiti" hoe sakati haye, jisake liye labharthi kaa adhikaar hoe sakata haye. nyasi aam taur parr laine-daine kaa poori tarah seey khulasa karke upasthiti koo door curr sakata haye, apane nyasi kii sthiti kaa koee laabh naheen uthaa sakata haye, aur dikhaa sakata haye kii laine-daine key vastunishth tathya sabhi pakshon koo uchit aur uchit lagate hain. nyasi apane shreshth gyaan yaa nyasi key roop mein apane karyakal key dauran paae gaye avsar kaa laabh bhee naheen uthaa sakate hain taaki way adhikansh sthitiyon mein apane khaate mein khud koo laabh pahuncha sakein.
iss pramukh niyam koo dheere-dheere samay key saath niyantrit kiya gayaa haye, joe kaanoon kii maanyata key aadhar parr haye kii kaee mamalon mein, corporate nyasi lenden mein sanlagn hotey hain kyonki way ack laabh key liye vyavasaay mein hotey hain. iss prakaar apvaadon ney samanya niyam mein teji seey pravesh kiya haye. iss prakaar, ack nyasi koo una sthitiyon mein sampatti parr "swa-sauda" niyamon seey burry kiya jaa sakata haye jahaanh (1) lenden nyaas kii sharton dwara adhikrit thaa; (2) lenden koo adalat dwara anumodit kiya gayaa thaa; (3) labharthi ney seema key kaanoonon key tahat anumat samay key bheetar nyaayik kaaryavaahi shuru naheen kii thee; (4) labharthi ney kissy tarah nyasi key aacharan key liye sahamati dee, lenden kii pushti kii, yaa nyasi koo riha curr diyaa; yaa (5) lenden mein nyasi dwara kiya gayaa anubandh shamil haye yaa nyasi banane seey pahale nyasi dwara praapt daavaa shamil haye. isake alawa, corporate nyasiyon key liye, yadi nyasi mutual fund yaa samanya nyaas nidhi kaa upayog kartaa haye jisamen unhein nidhi key prabandhan key liye kshatipurti dee jaati haye (saath hii ack paaramparik nyasi shulk), tou aisee vyavasthaon koo hiton kaa takraav naheen maanaa jaataa haye basharte kii sambandh key labharthiyon koo poorna prakateekaran hoe. anta mein, code kuchh lendenon koo kewal isaliye naheen maanata haye kyonki way labharthiyon key sambhaavit nuksan key liye "anya" koo shamil karate hain. inmein ack corporate trusty shamil hoe sakata haye joe anya truston key saath lenden kartaa haye jisamen ikai ack trusty, ack sampatti kaa nishpaadak yaa anya nyasi bhee hoe sakati haye. kewal yeh aavashyak haye kii lenden sabhi pakshon key liye uchit aur uchit dikhaai dein.
wafadari key kartavya key hisse key roop mein, nyasiyon kaa bhee kartavya haye kii way nyaas labharthiyon key sambandh mein nishpaksh roop seey kaary karein. yadi kissy nyaas key dou yaa dou seey adhik labharthi hain, tou nyasi nyaas kii sampatti key nivesh, prabandhan aur vitaran mein nishpaksh roop seey kaary karega, jisase labharthiyon key sambandhit hiton koo uchit sammaan milega.
abhilekh rakhna aur report karna kartavya haye.
nyasiyon koo labharthiyon koo nyaas key prashaasan aur unake hiton kii raksha key liye aavashyak bhautik tathyon key baare mein uchit roop seey soochit rakhna aavashyak haye. yadi koee labharthi jaankaari maangata haye, tou nyasi seey ise dene kaa aarop lagaaya jaataa haye (jaba taka kii anurodh kissy tarah seey paristhitiyon mein anuchit naa hoe). isamen labharthi koo nyaas samjhaute kii ack prati pradaan karna, nyasi kii sweekriti yaa parivartan kii soochana aur nyasi key liye sampark jaankaari, yeh notice denaa kii anudankarta kii mrityu key kaaran nyaas aparivartaniya hoe gayaa haye, aur nyasi kii muaavaje kii darr mein koee bhee parivartan shamil haye.
nyasi koo aam taur parr nyaas key prashaasan kaa paryaapt record bhee rakhna chaahiye. sabhi nyaas sampatti koo nyasi kii apani vyaktigat sampatti seey alag rehna chaahiye aur ise "mishrit" naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye."ack nyasi prabandhan kii aasaani key liye kuchh pratibhootiyon koo, aamtaur parr saarvajanik roop seey karobar kii jaane vaali pratibhootiyon koo" sadak key naam "yaa namankit panjikaran mein rakh sakata haye. haalaanki, way abhee bhee iss niyam key adheen hain kii aisee pratibhootiyon koo vishesh roop seey ack vishisht nyaas khaate key record mein "nirdhaarit" kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
labharthiyon koo.
samaan nyaas sanhita key tahat samanya shabd "labharthi" koo ack aise vyakti key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye jiska (aeye) nyaas mein vartamaan yaa bhavishya kaa laabhkaari hita haye, nihit yaa aakasmik; yaa (bee) nyasi key alawa anya kshamata mein, nyaas sampatti parr niyukti kii shakti rakhta haye. labharthi nyaas parisampattiyon key "nyaaysangat adhikaar" key dhaarak hain aur nyaas sampatti key laabh praapt karate hain, joe nyasi key "kanuni adhikaar" swaamitva aur anudankarta dwara sthaapit nyaas samjhaute kii sharton key tahat niyantran key adheen haye.
sanhita nyaas mein vaastav mein aayojit parisampattiyon aur lenden key sambandh mein nyasiyon key liye paaramparik reporting aavashyaktaon key sambandh mein labharthiyon key kuchh vargon key beach antar karati haye. puraane samanya kaanoon key tahat, kewal vartamaan labharthi (kabhi-kabhi "aaya labharthi" kahaa jaataa haye) trust lenden kii report yaa lekha praapt karane key hakdar they aur aisee report una vartamaan labharthiyon key hiton kii raksha key liye paryaapt theen. haalaanki, sanhita ney abb "yogya labharthiyon" koo cumm seey cumm nyasi kii nyaas lenden aur parisampattiyon kii aavadhik report praapt karane key unake adhikaar key baare mein soochit karane kii anumati dee haye aur yadi way vaastav mein anurodh karate hain tou way ise praapt karane key hakdar hain. "yogya labharthiyon" koo ack aise labharthi key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye, joe labharthi kii yogyata nirdhaarit honey kii tarikh koh (que) nyaas aaya yaa mooldhan kaa vitaran yaa anumeya vitarankarta haye; (kha) nyaas aaya yaa mooldhan kaa vitarankarta yaa anumeya vitarankarta bunn jaayega yadi koee nyaas usa tarikh koo nyaas koo samaapt kiye binaa byaaj vitarit kartaa haye; yaa (gaga) nyaas usa tarikh koo samaapt honey parr nyaas aaya yaa mooldhan kaa vitarankarta yaa anumeya vitarankarta bunn jaayega. anivarya roop seey, iska matlab haye kii bhavishya key labharthi (i.ee.bachche yaa potey) koo aisee jaankaari mill sakati haye joe anudan dene vaale kaa kewal vartamaan labharthiyon koo dene kaa irada haye. halanki yuu. tii. see. ney sanhita key adhiniyaman key baad kartavyon koo sweekaar karane vaale nyasiyon key liye reporting aavashyaktaon koo seemit curr diyaa haye, kaee raajyon ney maanak yuu. tii. see. bhasha koo badal diyaa haye, aksar aisee aavashyaktaon kii bharipan aur bhavishya key vishvaas labharthiyon key hastakshep karane aur trust key sanchaalan key baare mein vivaad paida karane key khatare key baare mein corporate nyasiyon kii chintaon key jawab mein.
nyaas key uddeshya.
nyaason key uddeshyon aur upayogon kaa sambandh aitihaasik roop seey malik kii anupasthiti mein sampatti key prabandhan seey thaa, jyaadaatar madhyayugeen samay key dauran jaba ack swami yuddh mein ladane key liye chalaa gayaa thaa. dheere-dheere, upkaran koo "kabr seey parey" sampatti koo niyantrit karane key liye bhee upayogi paaya gayaa, halanki shashwatata key khilaf tathaakathit niyam ney iss shakti koo seemit curr diyaa. "vishvaas kaanoon dekhein. sanyukt raajya america mein aadhunik samay mein, nyaason key kaee pramukh uddeshya hain.
parisampatti prabandhan.
nyaas aam taur parr advitiya hotey hain kyonki way kaee parivarik peedhiyon key liye vyaapak parisampatti prabandhan pradaan curr sakate hain, kuchh aisaa joe anya sampatti yojana upkaran poori tarah seey dohra naheen sakate hain. nyaas lagbhag anant sankhya mein swaamitva rakh sakate hain aur saarvajanik roop seey karobar kii jaane vaali pratibhootiyon seey laker taral roop seey nikatata seey rakhe gaye vyaavsaayik hiton, achal sampatti, yahaan taka kii sangrahaniya aur moort vyaktigat sampatti taka, vibhinn prakaar kii parisampattiyon key prakaar koo apane adhikaar mein rakh sakate hain. swaamitva hastaantaran key anya tarikon key vipareet, nyaas parisampattiyon key nirantar prabandhan kii anumati detaa haye, malik kii durbalata yaa mrityu key bavjood, unhein uttaradhikari nyasiyon koo nirdisht karane kii anumati detaa haye kii sampatti kaa prabandhan kaise kiya jaae aur bhavishya key labharthiyon key liye iska upayog kaise kiya jaae. yeh kaee peedhiyon taka yaa kuchh adhikaar kshetron mein bhee, shashwat roop seey vistaarit hoe sakata haye (jaisa kii kuchh raajyon ney kuchh udaharanon mein aise nyaason key nirmaan kii anumati dee haye joe shashwatata key khilaf niyam seey parey reh sakate hain).
dusare key laabh key liye sampatti kaa teesare paksh kaa prabandhan vishesh roop seey una vyaktiyon key liye moolyavaan haye jinake paas kissy prakaar kii asamarthata, durbalata haye yaa joe paise key upayog key saath moorkh hain. kaee loga parivaar key sadasyon koo khud seey bachaane key liye nyaas banaate hain. yeh dekhana asamanya naheen haye kii chaar bachchon koo apane pitaa seey vishvaas yaa kissy anya bojh seey mukt dhana milata haye, lekin paanchven bachche key dhana koo sabhi yaa jyaadaatar vishvaas mein rakhaa jaataa haye. yeh aamtaur parr achche kaaran seey honey vaale nashili davaaon key durupyog, paise koo pakadane mein asamarthata, talaak kaa darr, aaparaadhik gatividhi, dhana koo apane potey-potiyon koo jaane kii ichcha aadi key liye hotaa haye. aise nyaas aise vyaktiyon kii deerghakaalik jarooraton key liye parisampattiyon key sanrakshan mein madad karate hain aur avivekpurna khareed yaa nuksan key madhyam seey parisampattiyon key "barbad" koo dheema karane yaa samaapt karane mein madad karate hain.
isake alawa, parisampattiyon parr nyasiyon kii shaktiyaan avishvasaniya roop seey vyaapak aur lachili hoe sakati hain aur adalat kii paryavekshi najar kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye (aur parichar iss tarah kii atirikt laagat paida curr sakata haye). vishesh roop seey una mamalon mein jahaan ack corporate trusty kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, anudankarta aur baad key labharthiyon koo vittiya sevaaon key portfolio prabandhan, achal sampatti aur vyavasaay prabandhan, bill bhugtan, beema daavaa prasanskaran, curr aur kanuni sahaayata, aur vittiya yojana key laabh praapt hotey hain.
revocable leaving trust koo aksar "probate seey bachane" kii unaki kshamata aur isake aspas kii lagaton aur jatilataon key kaaran moolyavaan maanaa jaataa thaa aur unakaa vipanan kiya jaataa thaa. halanki probate seey bachana nishchit roop seey ack "leaving trust" key upayog mein ack vichaar haye, kaee anya sampatti yojana takneeken hain joe probate seey bhee bachati hain. halanki, aam taur parr, aise vikalp usa tarah key samekit parisampatti prabandhan pradaan naheen karate hain joe ack nyaas curr sakata haye. halanki nyaas nishchit roop seey sampatti yojana key sandarbh mein sabhi key liye naheen hain, yahaan taka kii mamuli nival moolya vaale vyakti bhee aksar jeevit nyaas koo ack aadarsh yojana upkaran paate hain.
sampatti curr seey bachana.
sanghiya sampatti curr key prabhaavon seey bachane key liye ameer vyaktiyon key liye ack sampatti yojana key anusaar aksar nyaas banaae jaate hain. vartamaan sanghiya sampatti curr kaanoon key tahat, 2008 mein, aise vyakti joe kissy bhee sampatti (vyaktigat roop seey swaamitva, sanyukt roop seey aayojit, yaa anyatha) mein apane hita rakhate hain, joe $20 laakh key uchit bajar moolya seey adhik haye, mrityu parr sampatti curr key adheen haye; 2009 mein, raashi $35 laakh haye. 2010 mein koee sanghiya sampatti curr naheen haye jaba taka kii congress kaary naheen karati haye. usa moolya seey adhik sampatti parr vartamaan kaanoon key tahat 45 pratishat kii darr seey curr kaa bhugtan kiya jaayega. swabhavik roop seey, yeh darr apane parivaar key liye curr key prabhaav koo cumm karane yaa samaapt karane key liye vibhinn sampatti niyojan upkaranon kaa upayog karane key liye paryaapt dhana vaale kaee logon key beach ack badaa pralobhan haye. neeche kuchh vishisht takneekon kaa sankshipt saransh diyaa gayaa haye joe aisee bachat praapt karane key liye nyaason koo vaahan key roop mein niyojit karati hain. 2010 key anta mein congress ney 35 pratishat sampatti curr darr aur 35 laakh dollar kii chhoot key star key saath dou saal kii avadhi kaa nirmaan kiya. vartamaan mein 2020 taka, chhoot $11,580,000 haye.
credit aashray nyaas.
credit shelter trust abb taka kaa sabse aam upkaran haye jiska upayog vivaahit jodon key liye lagu credit (2018 mein $10 million) kaa vistaar karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. iss takneek mein, pratyek jeevansathi ack nyaas banaata haye aur apani sampatti (aamtaur parr samaan roop seey) donon nyaason key beach vibhajit kartaa haye. credit aashray nyaas kii sharton mein yeh praavdhaan haye kii pahale jeevansathi kii mrityu parr, dusare koo vartamaan sanghiya chhoot key barabar sanghiya sampatti curr taka jeevit jeevansathi key laabh key liye nyaas mein ack raashi chhod dee jaati haye. iss prakaar ack vyakti apani patni key liye ack karod dollar kaa nyaas chhod dega (usaki sampatti seey ack karod dollar baahar rakhega), apani vidhwa koo usake nyaas seey shuddh aaya dega, aur shesh raashi usaki mrityu parr apane bachchon key liye chhod dega. aantarik rajaswa sanhita sampatti curr uddeshyon key liye mrityu key samay jeevit jeevansathi kii sampatti mein shamil pahale jeevansathi key trust mein sampattiyon koo naheen maanati haye, kyonki "credit aashray" trust key mooldhan key liye jeevansathi key adhikaar trust parisampattiyon key poorna swaamitva kaa gathan naheen karate hain. sankshep mein, yeh dampati koo abb kewal 10 million dollar (dusare jeevansathi kii mrityu parr) key bajaay 2 karod dollar kii sampatti mein aashray dene kii anumati detaa haye.
credit shelter trust" jeevit pati yaa patni koo trust seey mooldhan taka pahunchane kii anumati dey sakata haye. haalaanki, aaee. aar. aiss. aam taur parr iss shakti koo kewal jeevit jeevansathi key "swaasthya, shiksha, rakharkhaav yaa samarthan" key liye mooldhan vitarit karane key liye seemit kartaa haye. yeh bhasha apane vyaavhaarik anuprayog mein apekshaakrit vyaapak haye; haalaanki, aaee. aar. aiss. ney sahamati vyakt kii haye kii yeh ack paryaapt seema haye kii "credit aashray" trust koo dusare jeevansathi kii sampatti mein naheen ginaa jaa sakata haye jaba vaha marr jaataa haye.
rinn aashray" kaa ack atirikt laabh yeh haye kii bhavishya mein nyaas parisampattiyon kii vriddhi bhavishya key labharthiyon (i.ee., bachche yaa potey) sampatti curr seey mukt. isaliye, udaaharan key liye, yadi jeevit jeevansathi ack aur 10 saal taka jeevit rhaa aur pahale jeevansathi key "credit aashray" key ander kii sampatti badhkar 15 million dollar hoe gaee, tou vriddhi moolya parr sampatti curr key binaa bachchon koo moolyavriddhi dee jaayegi, kyonki sampatti curr moolya pahale pati yaa patni kii mrityu parr "bund" thaa.
credit shelter trust" aam taur parr kewal vivaahit jodon key liye kaam kartaa haye kyonki (aeye) curr sanhita aseemit vaivaahik katauti key madhyam seey vivaahit vyaktiyon key beach aseemit raashi key liye sampatti sthanantarit karane kaa avsar pradaan karati haye; aur (bee) aisaa karane kaa prayaas karane vaale avivaahit vyakti jeevan key dauran "upahaar curr" seey prabhaavit honge. haalaanki, yeh tantra aksar "kaee" vivaah sthitiyon mein upayogi hotaa haye taaki jeevansathi dwara aaya key upayog kii anumati dee jaa sakey, jabaki "stepperant" key nidhan key baad baad mein bachchon key liye mooldhan bhee sanrakshit kiya jaa sakey.
dharmarth shesh/pramukh nyaas.
nyaason koo aksar ack daan mein yogdan karane aur apane yaa parivaar key kissy anya sadasya key liye kuchh laabh banaae rakhane key tareeke key roop mein banaaya jaataa haye. ack samanya takneek ack dharmarth shesh ikai ("crutt") banaana haye. aam taur parr, inn aparivartaniya nyaason koo aisee parisampattiyon key saath vitt poshit kiya jaataa haye jinaki aksar atyadhik sarahana kii jaati haye, jiska arth haye kii poonji laabh curr uddeshyon key liye unakaa laagat aadhar unake vartamaan uchit bajar moolya key saapeksh bahut cumm haye. yeh achal sampatti, atyadhik prashansit stock yaa cumm (yaa shoonya) curr aadhar key saath ack vyaavsaayik byaaj hoe sakata haye.
ack baar nyaas koo vitt poshit kiye jaane key baad, aam taur parr parisampatti koo becha jaataa haye aur adhik vividh nivesh portfolio mein nivesh kiya jaataa haye joe nyaas saadhan key tahat aur aaee. aar. aiss. niyamon key tahat pradaan kiye gaye ack nirdhaarit pratishat key aadhar parr ack yaa dou vyaktigat vyaktiyon koo "vaarshiki" pradaan karane key liye aaya yaa taral pratibhootiyan pradaan curr sakata haye. vaarshiki koo varshon kii ack nishchit avadhi key liye nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakata haye yaa vyaktigat labharthi (aaee. ee. aiss.) key jivankal key liye hoe sakata haye. phir, vaarshiki avadhi samaapt honey key baad, nyaas kaa mooldhan nyaas dastaavez mein naamit daandaata koo ack daan yaa daan key liye jaataa haye.
yadi nyaas aaee. aar. aiss. niyamon kii aavashyaktaon koo puuraa kartaa haye, tou nyaas key anudankarta koo upahaar key ganana kiye gaye bhavishya key moolya key liye ack dharmarth aaya curr katauti praapt hogi. isake alawa, jaba vaha sampatti koo aparivartaniya roop seey chhoti tokri mein sthanantarit kartaa haye, tou usa sampatti kaa moolya sampatti curr uddeshyon key liye bhee usaki sampatti seey baahar hotaa haye, bhale hii vaha swayam nyaas mein vyaktigat vaarshiki byaaj praapt kartaa hoe. kaee mamalon mein, jaba uchit roop seey sanrachit kiya jaataa haye, tou yeh chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti chhoti haalaanki, parisampattiyon kaa yeh "tyag" aksar kaee logon koo iss takneek koo chhodane kaa kaaran banata haye, jisase sambhaavit curr parinamon kii parwah kiye binaa parisampattiyon koo seedhe bachchon koo chhodana pasand kiya jaataa haye.
anudaandaataa ney vaarshiki nyaason koo banaae rakhaa.
truston kaa nirmaan agali peedhi key liye dhana praapt karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye jahaan mahatvapurna dhana haye aur sanghiya bahishkaran upahaar pahale hii upayog kiye jaa chuke hain. iss tarah key ack samanya vaahan koo anudankarta dwara banaae rakhaa gayaa vaarshiki nyaas (nihshulk) kahaa jaataa haye. sanghiya curr kaanoon vishesh roop seey iss vaahan key liye anumati detaa haye. yahaan anudaandaataa nyaas mein ack sampatti rakhta haye jisaki usey ummeed haye kii nyaas kii avadhi key dauran teji seey vriddhi hogi. dastaavez key liye nyasi koo nyaas key jeevan key dauran kuchh antaral parr ack vishisht raashi (vaarshiki) kaa bhugtan karna aavashyak haye. yadi avadhi key anta mein nyaas mein parisampattiyaan hain, tou way parisampattiyaan shesh logon koo sampatti yaa upahaar curr key binaa jaati hain. yahaan ack vishisht mamla haih settler saarvajanik roop seey karobar karane vaali company mein cumm laagat key aadhar parr stock key badey block kaa malik haye. vaha stock koo bechana aur poonjigat laabh curr kaa bhugtan naheen karna chaahata haye. usey sampatti curr kii bhee samasya haye kyonki jaba vaha martaa haye tou usaki kull sampatti $10 million yaa usase adhik honey kii sambhavana haye. uska vakeel ack muft draft taiyar kartaa haye jisamen vaha ekal company key stock kaa $20 laakh rakhta haye. dastaavez mein sabse chhoti kanuni byaaj darr (sanghiya sarkaar dwara masik roop seey prakaashit) kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jiska bhugtan trust kii avadhi key madhyam seey kiya jaataa haye. nyaas kii samaapti parr, vaarshiki kaa bhugtan anudaandaataa koo vaapas curr diyaa jaataa haye aur shesh raashi shesh logon (aamtaur parr bachchon) koo binaa curr key vitarit kii jaati haye. abb daandaata seey binaa upahaar yaa sampatti curr key usake bachchon koo paisa diyaa gayaa haye. koee poonjigat laabh curr naheen lagaaya gayaa haye.
sarkari laabh sanrakshan.
kissy vyakti key kalyan yaa anya raajya laabhon kii raksha key liye nyaas banaae jaa sakate hain. inhen aamtaur parr "vishesh aavashyakta nyaas" kahaa jaataa haye."aam taur parr, ack vyakti key paas chikitsa sahaayata aur samajik suraksha poorak suraksha aaya (aiss. aiss. aaee.) aatee haye. aise vyakti koo taba aam taur parr 2,000 dollar ("ganana yogya" parisampattiyaan) seey adhik kii dhanrashi taka pahunch dee jaati haye, jisase usake sarkari laabhon kii tatkaal samaapti kaa jokhim hotaa haye. vyakti koo samajik suraksha jaanch seey kuchh adhik aasaani seey jeevan kaa ashvasana dene key liye, parivaar kaa ack sadasya jeevan mein kuchh atirikt cheejon key liye kaee laakh dollar koo vishesh jarooraton key vishvaas mein rakhegaah raat kaa khaana, janmadin kii party, kuchh nae kapade, aadi. aise nyaason key liye "elder low" baar key sadasya kii visheshagyata kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur inhen bahut savdhani key saath prashaasit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. parivaar key kissy sadasya koo saha-yaa ekmatra nyasi key roop mein rakhna sabse achchha haye. inn nyaason key chhote aakar koo dekhate hue, way aam taur parr ack corporate nyasi key liye laabhdaayak naheen hotey hain.
ack nyaas kaa nirmaan.
nyaas kaa nirmaan nimnalikhit dwara kiya jaa sakata haih (1) adhivasi key jivankal key dauran nyasi key roop mein kissy anya vyakti koo sampatti kaa hastaantaran yaa adhivasi kii mrityu parr prabhaav daalane vaali vaseeyat yaa anya swabhaav dwara; (2) sampatti key malik dwara ghoshana kii swami nyasi key roop mein pehchaan yogya sampatti rakhta haye; yaa (3) nyasi key paksh mein niyukti kii shakti kaa prayog. angreji samanya kaanoon kaa pracheen niyam yeh haye kii ack nyaas taba taka sthaapit naheen hotaa jaba taka kii usake paas sampatti yaa "rez" naa hoe. haalaanki, nyaas key nirmaan aur usake liye aavashyak vaastavik sampatti byaaj kuchh bhee mahatvapurna naheen haye. isake alawa, sampatti key byaaj koo nyaas key hastakshar key saath samkaaleen roop seey sthanantarit karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye. kaee nyaas atirikt jamaa (nakad, pratibhootiyaan, achal sampatti, aadi) kii anumati dete hain.) basane vaale yaa anya logon key nirdesh parr, basharte kii nyasi una parisampattiyon koo sweekaar karane key liye taiyar hoe. ise mrityu key baad bhee anudankarta kii antim vaseeyat mein "pravaah-over" praavdhaan dwara vitt poshit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisamen sampatti koo sampatti seey nyaas mein sthanantarit karane key usake iraade koo nirdisht kiya jaataa haye. ise adalat key adesh yaa kaanoon dwara bhee banaaya jaa sakata haye, jisamen vishesh sampatti key roop mein kuchh adhikaar, kartavya aur jimmedariyan lagu kii jaa sakati hain.
iraade seey.
nyaason key nirmaan key liye kuchh aavashyaktaaen hoti hain. sabse pahale, anudan dene vaale koo ack nyaas banaane kaa irada dikhaana chaahiye. ekroopata sun, anudan dene vaale key paas ehan irada banaabai aaro vishvaas banaabai. yadi anudan dene vaale koo dhokhadhadi, dabaav yaa anuchit prabhaav key kaaran trust banaane key liye "majboor" kiya gayaa thaa, tou ise amaanya maanaa jaataa haye.
vyaktiyon dwara banaae gaye lagbhag sabhi nyaas kissy naa kissy prakaar key lekhan (yaa tou ack nyaas samjhauta yaa ack vaseeyat) kaa vishay hain, joe naa kewal nyaas banaane key iraade kaa, balki isake ichchit sanchaalan sharton kaa pramaan pradaan kartaa haye. haalaanki, puraane samanya kaanoon key niyamon kaa paalan karate hue, samaan nyaas sanhita yeh pehchaanati haye kii ack nyaas "maukhik roop seey" banaaya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, iss tarah key nyaas kii sharton koo saabit karane key liye kewal "spasht aur vishvasaniya sakshya" seey sthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye."iss tarah key maukhik nyaas aadhunik vyavhaar mein behad durlabh hain.
kabhi-kabhi, ack nyaas banaane kaa irada "prati vyakti" key lekhan seey naheen, balki una paristhitiyon seey prakat hotaa haye jinamen "anudankarta" ney sampatti kii dekhbhal dusare paksh koo saunpi haye. ise aksar ack rachanaatmak nyaas yaa parinami nyaas key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. phir seey, aise upkaran aam taur parr durlabh hotey hain aur kuchh sampatti key "swaamitva" key roop mein pakshon key beach mukdamebaji key kaaran adalat dwara lagaae gaye nyaaysangat upaay key parinamswarup banaae jaate hain.
nishchit labharthi.
doosara, nyaas mein kuchh "nishchit labharthi" honah chaahiye, ack vyakti yaa vyaktiyon kaa varg jisaki pehchaan kissy naa kissy roop mein nirdhaarit kii jaa sakati haye. anudan dene vaale dwara nyaas banaane key samay vyaktiyon kii vishisht pehchaan koo "gyaat" karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye; yeh paryaapt hoga yadi vyakti ack nishchit samay avadhi key bheetar "aasaani seey pataa lagaa sakein". usa samay kii avadhi, aitihaasik roop seey, puraane angreji samanya kaanoon "shaashvataon key khilaf niyam" key tahat nirdhaarit kii gaee thee, jisake liye aavashyak thaa kii byaaj key nirmaan mein "astitva mein jeevan" kii mrityu key baad ekvees varshon key bheetar byaaj nihit honah chaahiye.
ack nishchit labharthi key sambandh mein iss praavdhaan key kuchh apavaad hain."sabse spasht roop seey ack" dharmarth nyaas "key mamle mein haye joe ack aise sangathan key laabh key liye haye joe aamtaur parr gair-laabhkaari haye aur jiska uddeshya" garibi seey raahat, shiksha yaa dharm kii unnati, swaasthya koo badhaava denaa, sarkari yaa nagarpalika uddeshyon, yaa anya uddeshyon key liye haye, jisaki upalabdhi samudaay key liye fayademand haye."ack anya apavaad ack janwar key laabh key liye bahut prachaarit (aur aksar upahaasit) vishvaas haye, joe aamtaur parr mrityu seey pahale anudan dene vaale key swaamitva mein hotaa haye. anta mein, utc key default niyamon key tahat ack nishchit avadhi (21 varsh, utc key default niyamon key tahat) key liye ack nishchit gair-dharmarth uddeshya key liye ack nyaas banaaya jaa sakata haye.) ack vishisht gair-dharmarth uddeshya key liye ack nyaas kaa sabse aam udaaharan ack kabristan bhukhand kii dekhbhal key liye ack nyaas haye.
sakriya nyasi.
yuu. tii. see. key tahat teesari aavashyakta yeh haye kii nyasi key paas kartavya honey chaahiye joe usey karna chaahiye. anyatha, yadi labharthi apani ichcha key anusaar sampatti kaa prabandhan karane mein saksham hain, tou koee "vishvaas" naheen haye."
sampatti hiton kaa koee vilay naheen.
anta mein, yuu. tii. see. key liye aavashyak haye kii ack nyaas mein ekmatra nyasi aur ekmatra labharthi key roop mein ack hii vyakti naa hoe. pracheen samanya kaanoon key siddhanton key tahat, ack nyaas taba taka maujood naheen hoe sakata thaa jaba taka kii cumm seey cumm kuchh "sheershak vibhajan" naheen hotaa thaa, yaani ack hii vyakti aam taur parr ack hii samay mein sabhi kanuni aur sabhi nyaaysangat khitaab naheen rakh sakata haye. yadi kanuni aur nyaaysangat adhikaar ack hii vyakti mein vilay hoe jaataa haye, tou tathaakathit vilay siddhant key tahat nyaas koo astitvaheen maanaa jaataa haye.
anya adhikaar kshetron mein vishvaas kii vaidhata.
yuu. tii. see. mein kahaa gayaa haye kii ack nyaas vaidh haye yadi, usa adhikaar kshetra key kaanoon key tahat jisamen ise banaaya gayaa thaa, ise thheek seey banaaya gayaa thaa. adhikansh mamalon mein, yeh anudankarta key adhivaas key adhikaar kshetra kaa kaanoon hoga. nyaason koo bhee, sanhita key tahat, ack kanuni uddeshya honah chaahiye jise praapt karna sambhav haye. udaaharan key liye, ack nyaas koo aaparaadhik yaa yatanapurna aacharan koo protsaahit karke, vivaah karane kii swatantrata mein hastakshep karke yaa talaak koo protsaahit karke, dhaarmik swatantrata koo seemit karke, yaa anyatha tuchchh yaa manmauji hocker saarvajanik neeti kaa ullanghan naheen karna chaahiye.
"audball" trust.
yuu. tii. see. mein ack aise janwar kii dekhbhal key uddeshya seey banaaya gayaa trust bhee shamil haye joe anudan dene vaale kii mrityu key samay jeevit thaa yaa ack gair-dharmarth uddeshya key liye ack trust thaa, lekin iska koee pataa lagaane yogya labharthi naheen haye (jaise kii ack kabristan trust.) code aise nyaason parr kaee seemaaen lagaata haye. pahala, trust kewal janwar key jivankal (yaa ack samooh mein antim jeevit janwar) yaa kabristan trust key mamle mein 21 saal seey adhik naheen reh sakata haye. saath hii, nyaas key kosh koo kewal pashu yaa kabristan key bhukhand kii dekhbhal key ichchit upayog parr lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. sankshep mein, ack adalat yeh nirdhaarit curr sakati haye kii yadi nyaas key paas sampatti haye joe pashu kii dekhbhal key liye aavashyak raashi seey adhik haye, tou adalat hastakshep curr sakati haye aur anudan dene vaale key uttaradhikariyon koo byaaj mein dhana vitarit curr sakati haye.
nyaas kii samaapti/sudhaar.
kuchh dharmarth nyaason key apavaad key saath joe sthaayi roop seey chala sakate hain, vyaktigat labharthiyon key saath lagbhag sabhi nyaason koo ack nishchit tithi parr samaapt honah chaahiye. beshak, yadi kissy anudaandaataa key paas aisaa karane kii shakti haye, tou ack nyaas taba samaapt hoe jaataa haye jaba usey radd curr diyaa jaataa haye. anudan dene vaale bhee nyaas mein sanshodhan curr sakate hain kyonki way apane jivankal key dauran upayukt samajhate hain, jaba taka kii way aisaa karane kii kshamata banaae rakhate hain. aparivartaniya nyaason key liye, nyaas taba samaapt hoe jaataa haye jaba koee nyaas "apani sharton key anusaar samaapt hoe jaataa haye, nyaas kaa koee uddeshya praapt naheen kiya jaanaa haye, yaa nyaas key uddeshya gairkaanooni hoe gaye hain, saarvajanik neeti key vipareet, yaa praapt karna asambhav hoe gayaa haye."aam taur parr, aisee ghatanaaen taba hoti hain jaba labharthiyon key ack nishchit varg koo sabhi nyaas sampatti poori tarah seey praapt hoti haye, nyaas samjhaute key pratibandh seey mukt, aur nyaas prashaasan taba" "samaapt" "hoe jaataa haye aur nyaas bund hoe jaataa haye.
halanki, kuchh udaharanon mein, trust kii sharton koo badalana yaa trust koo usa tareeke seey samaapt karna vaanchhaniya hoe sakata haye jiss parr mool anudankarta ney vichaar naheen kiya thaa. udaaharan key liye, nyaas iss hudd taka samaapt hoe sakata haye kii ack peshevar dwara nyaas kaa prabandhan aarthik roop seey aksham hoe sakata haye. anudan dene vaale kii mrityu key baad nyaas key gathan key aspas key kaanoon yaa paristhitiyon mein parivartan nyaas kii sharton (yaa nyaas kii samaapti) mein parivartan koo nirdeshit curr sakate hain.) sabse kukhyaat udaaharan aise labharthi honge joe nyaas (yaa nyasi) dwara nyaas kii parisampattiyon parr lagaai jaane vaali sakht seemaon key aadhar parr nyasi key khilaf "nyaas kaa bhandaphod" karane kaa ahwan karate hain. inmein seey kaee mamalon mein, yuu. tii. see. kuchh niyamon key tahat nyaas sampatti key niptan key liye aavashyak lachilaapan pradaan karane key liye labharthiyon (aur nyasiyon) koo raahat pradaan kartaa haye.
sahamati seey sudhaar/samaapti.
sanhita, dhaara 411 mein, ack gair-dharmarth aparivartaniya nyaas key sanshodhan yaa samaapti kii anumati detee haye yadih (que) anudankarta aur sabhi labharthi sahamati dete hain aur (kha) uchit adhikaar kshetra kaa ack nyayalaya ise manjuri detaa haye. adalat iss tarah key parivartan yaa samaapti koo manjuri dey sakati haye, bhale hii aisaa nyaas key mool uddeshyon key saath asangat hoe. yadi anudankarta sahamati naheen detaa haye (yaa mrit haye), lekin yadi gair-dharmarth aparivartaniya nyaas key sabhi labharthi sahamati dete hain, tou adalat mein yachika parr, nyaas koo samaapt kiya jaa sakata haye "yadi nyayalaya yeh nishkarsh nikaalata haye kii nyaas koo jaari rakhna nyaas key kissy bhee bhautik uddeshya koo praapt karane key liye aavashyak naheen haye."adalat sabhi labharthiyon kii sahamati seey trust mein sudhaar bhee curr sakati haye jaba taka kii parivartan trust key bhautik uddeshya key saath asangat naa hoe.
iss antar kaa kaaran anudan dene vaale key saath nihit haye. yadi anudankarta jeevit haye aur kissy aise parivartan key liye sahmat haye joe vishvaas koo maulik roop seey badal detaa haye yaa ise poori tarah seey samaapt curr detaa haye, tou utc pakshon koo anivarya roop seey poorvavat karane kii anumati detaa haye joe mool roop seey poorvavat naheen kiya jaanaa thaa. yadi anudankarta mrit haye yaa sahamati naheen detaa haye, tou utc kaa maanana haye kii anudankarta labharthiyon kii ichchhaon kii parwah kiye binaa, samjhauta kiye gaye trust key "bhautik uddeshya" koo naheen chaahega.
sabhi" labharthiyon kii sahamati praapt karna lagbhag asambhav lugg sakata haye. nishchit roop seey, labharthiyon key liye kuchh aise "pratinidhi" spasht hain (i.ee., aksham vyaktiyon key liye sanrakshak, nabaligon key liye maataa-pitaa, aadi.) halanki, yuu. tii. see. kuchh vyaktiyon koo labharthiyon key roop mein anya door-daraaj, sambhaavit labharthiyon aur unake hiton kaa pratinidhitva karane kii anumati dene key liye niyam pradaan kartaa haye. mukhya baat yeh haye kii kyaa way labharthi joe "khade hoe sakate hain" aur door key labharthiyon koo baandh sakate hain, kyaa way "prashn key sambandh mein kaafee hudd taka samaan byaaj" rakhate hain..."
vishvaas koo thheek karane" key liye sudhaar.
sanhita ack adalat koo gair-dharmarth aparivartaniya nyaason koo sudhaarne (yaa samaapt karane) kii anumati detee haye taaki way anivarya roop seey behtar kaam curr sakein, kaanoon yaa aspas kii paristhitiyon mein parivartan key kaaran vikasit hui samasya koo thheek curr sakein, yaa nyaas mein galatiyon koo thheek curr sakein. yadi parivartan "apratyaashit parinamon" key kaaran haye, tou sanhita key tahat adalat kaa lakshya samasya koo samadhan karna haye "joe kii basane vaale key sambhaavit iraade key anusaar haye."nyaas kii sharton koo badala jaa sakata haye yadi nyaas koo usaki sharton key tahat jaari rakhna" avyavahaarik yaa vyarth, shayed anaavashyak "hoga yadi adhivasi kaa irada aur vishvaas kii shartein tathya yaa kaanoon mein kissy galati kaa parinam theen, yaa adhivasi key apoorna roop seey poorna curr parinamon koo praapt karane key liye.
gair-aarthik nyaason koo bund karane key liye samaapti.
sanhita mein ack nyaas key saath ack nyasi koo ise samaapt karane kii anumati dene kaa praavdhaan bhee haye, jisake paas parisampattiyon kii ack seemant raashi haye. yogya labharthiyon koo notice dene key baad, trust sampatti seey yukt trust kaa trusty, jiska kull moolya 50,000 dollar seey cumm haye, trust koo samaapt curr sakata haye yadi trusty yeh nishkarsh nikaalata haye kii trust sampatti kaa moolya prashaasan kii laagat koo sahee thaharaane key liye aparyaapt haye. ack adalat (dollar kii raashi kii parwah kiye binaa) ack nyaas koo sanshodhit yaa samaapt curr sakati haye yaa nyasi koo hataa sakati haye aur ack alag nyasi niyukt curr sakati haye yadi yeh nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii nyaas sampatti kaa moolya prashaasan kii laagat koo uchit thaharaane key liye aparyaapt haye. inn praavdhaanon key tahat samaapti parr, nyasi koo nyaas key uddeshyon key anuroop tareeke seey dhana vitarit karna haye."aam taur parr, iska matlab trust key yogya labharthiyon koo unake hiton key beemakrit moolya key anupaat mein ekmusht vitaran hoga.
aaya curr nihitarth.
nyasi curr kaanoon sanghiya (aantarik rajaswa sanhita dekhein) aur raajya donon haye. sanyukt raajya america mein sanghiya aaykar uddeshyon key liye, kaee prakaar key nyaas hainh anudaandaataa nyaas jinake curr parinam seedhe settler key form 1040 (yuu.aiss. vyaktigat aaykar vivarani) aur raajya vivarani, sadharan nyaas jisamen banaai gaee sabhi aaya ack yaa adhik labharthiyon koo vitarit kii jaani chaahiye aur isaliye gair-settler labharthi (jaise.jee. divangat pati dwara banaae gaye nyaas kii vidhwa), chaahe aaya vaastav mein vitarit kii gaee hoe (aisaa hotaa haye), aur jatil nyaas, joe samanya roop seey, sabhi nyaas joe anudan nyaas yaa saral nyaas naheen hain. kuchh nyaas kuchh sharton key tahat saral aur jatil key beach vaikalpik hoe sakate hain. kaee lekin sabhi nyaas sangathan apana curr kaary swayam karate hain, joe atyadhik vishisht hoe sakata haye.
sabhi saral aur jatil nyaas aparivartaniya hain aur donon hii mamalon mein portfolio mein praapt kissy bhee poonjigat laabh parr nyaas kosh yaa mooldhan parr curr lagaaya jaataa haye.