
pratilipi pareekshan

pratilipi pareekshan vipanan anusandhaan kaa ack vishesh kshetra haye joe upabhokta pratikriyaon, pratikriya aur vyavhaar key aadhar parr ack vigyaapan kii prabhavsheelta nirdhaarit kartaa haye. pree-testing key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, yeh television, print, radio, outdoor sinage, internet aur soshal media sahit sabhi media chainalon koo sambodhit curr sakata haye.
swachaalit pratilipi pareekshan vishesh roop seey digital vigyaapan seey sambandhit ack vishesh prakaar kaa digital vipanan haye. isamen digital vigyapanon kii pratiyon koo ack jeevant vatavaran mein tainaat karane aur vaastavik upayogkartaon seey detta ekatra karane key liye software kaa upayog karna shamil haye. yeye swachaalit pratilipi pareekshan aam taur parr parinamon key saankhyikiya mahatva koo nirdhaarit karane key liye ack jaid-pareekshan kaa upayog karenge. yadi ack vishisht vigyaapan bhinnata prati pareekshan mein aadhaarbhut pradarshan karati haye, tou saankhyikiya mahatva key vaanchhit star taka, iss naee prati bhinnata kaa upayog vipanak dwara kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
visheshataaen.
1982 mein, 21 pramukh vigyaapan agencies kaa ack sangh-jisamen aine. doubleu. ayyar, dee 'arcy, gray, mccain ericson, needham harper aind steers, ozilvi aind mather, jey. walter thompson aur young aind rubicum ney ack saarvajanik dastaavez jaari kiya jisamen samjhaute (sthiti vigyaapan pratilipi pareekshan) key siddhanton koo rakhaa gayaa haye joe ack achchi pratilipi pareekshan pranali kaa gathan karate hain. samjhauta kahata haye kii ack achchi pratilipi pareekshan pranali koo nimnalikhit maandandon koo puuraa karna chaahieh
pratilipi pareekshan maap key prakaar.
yaad rakhein.
1950 aur 1960 key dashak key pramukh prati pareekshan upaay, barke key dinn-baad key smaran (daar) kii vyakhya upabhokta key dimag mein "tootane" kii ack vigyaapan kii kshamata koo maapane aur deerghakaalik smriti (honomichal) mein brand seey ack sandesh koo panjikrit karane key liye kii gaee thee. ack baar jaba iss upaay koo proctor aur juaa dwara apanaaya gayaa, tou yeh ack shodh pradhaan (honomichal) bunn gayaa.
70, 80 aur 90 key dashak mein, satyapan prayason mein ricaul score aur vaastavik bikri (addams aind blair; blair; blair & kuse; blair & rabak; johns; johns & blair; masb; mondello; stuart) key beach koee sambandh naheen paaya gayaa. udaaharan key liye, proctor aur juaa ney 10 saal key vibhajit-saksham parikshanon (kull 100) kii sameeksha kii aur ricaul score aur bikri (yuva, pp) key beach koee mahatvapurna sambandh naheen paaya. 3-30). isake alawa, warton vishvavidyalaya key leonard laudish ney pareekshan bajar key parinamon kii aur bhee vyaapak sameeksha kii aur yeh bhee kii yeh vaapas bulaane aur bikri (laudish pp) key beach sambandh khojane mein whiffle rhaa. 125-139).
1970 key dashak mein "safalata" upaay kii phir seey jaanch bhee dekhi gaee. natijatan, rachanaatmak nishpaadan kii dhyaan aakarshit karane kii shakti aur vigyaapan koo kitni achchi tarah seey "branded" kiya gayaa thaa, isake beach ack mahatvapurna antar kiya gayaa thaa. iss prakaar, dhyaan aur branding key alag-alag upaayon kaa janm huaa (yuva, pee. 12).
anunaya.
1970 aur 1980 key dashak mein, bikri key ack kharaab bhavishyavakta key roop mein daar key dridh sankalp key baad, shodh udyog bikri key ack sateek bhavishyavakta key roop mein anunaya key ack upaay parr nirbhar honey lagaa. iss badalaav kaa netritva, aanshik roop seey, shodhkarta horres schwerin ney kiya, jinhone bataaya, "spasht sachchai yeh haye kii ack daave koo achchi tarah seey yaad kiya jaa sakata haye lekin utpaad key sambhaavit kharidar key liye poori tarah seey mahatvaheen haye-samadhan joe vipanak pradaan kartaa haye usey galat aavashyakta key liye sambodhit kiya jaataa haye" (honomichal). daar key saath, yeh proctor aur juaa kii ars anunaya upaay (jise brand vareeyata key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) kii sweekriti thee jisane ise ack udyog maanak banaa diyaa. nakal pareekshan reports mein abhee bhee iss samajh key saath ricaul score pradaan kiye gaye they kii anunaya vaha upaay thaa joe mayane rakhta thaa (sammaan).
maanchitra aur ross key herold ross ney paaya kii anunaya, bikri kii tulanaa mein behtar bhavishyavakta thaa aur bikri key liye ars anunaya kii bhavishyasoochak vaidhata kaee referee prakashanon (addams aind blair; johns aind blair; masb; mondello) mein darj kii gaee haye.
nidan.
naidaanik upaayon kaa mukhya uddeshya anukoolan haye. naidaanik upaayon koo samajhane seey vigyapandataon koo nishpaadan mein sudhaar key liye rachanaatmak avsaron kii pehchaan karane mein madad mill sakati haye (yuva, pee. 7).
gair-maukhik.
gair-maukhik upaayon koo iss vishvaas key jawab mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa kii ack vaanijyik prabhaav kaa adhikansh-ee.jee. bhaavnaatmak prabhaav-uttardaataon key liye maukhik mulyankan bayanon koo shabdon mein yaa paimaane parr rakhna mushkil hoe sakata haye. vaastav mein, kaee logon kaa maanana haye kii vaanijyik prabhaav chetna key star seey neeche kaam curr rahey hoe sakate hain (yuva, pee. 7). shodhkarta chuck young key anusaar, "hamaare pasandida sangeet kii pyaari awazon mein kuchh aisaa haye jise humm maukhik roop seey naheen boll sakate hain-aur yeh hamein una tarikon seey prerit kartaa haye jinhen humm vyakt naheen curr sakate hain" (yuva, pee. 22).
1970 key dashak mein, shodhkartaon ney mastishk tarang gatividhiyon parr nazar rakhate hue javic roop seey inn gair-maukhik upaayon koo maapane kii maang kii kyonki uttardaataon ney vigyaapan (krugman) dekhe. anya logon ney galvanic twacha pratikriya, aavaaj pitch vishleshan aur aankh-tracking (yuva, pee. 22). inn prayason koo lokpriya roop seey apanaaya naheen gayaa thaa, kuchh hudd taka praudyogiki kii seemaon key saath-saath vyaapak roop seey akaadamik key roop mein maani jaane vaali kharaab laagat-prabhavsheelta key kaaran, kaarravaai yogya anusandhaan naheen.
1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein vishleshanatmak drishtikon mein badalaav, ack vaanijyik koo maap kii maulik ikai key roop mein sochane seey, ise anubhav key ack sanrachit pravaah key roop mein sochane key liye, kshan-darr-kshan pranaliyon key saath prayog koo janm diyaa. inmein seey sabse lokpriya dial-aeye-meater pratikriya thee jisamen uttardaataon koo usa samay screen parr kyaa thaa, isake baare mein apani raay koo pratibimbit karane key liye ack meater, degree mein, ack paimaane key ack chhor yaa dusare kii or ghumaane kii aavashyakta thee.
haal hii mein, shodh companiyon ney nakal key bhaavnaatmak prabhaav koo maapane key liye manovaigyaanik parikshanon kaa upayog karna shuru curr diyaa haye, jaise kii stroke prabhaav. yeye takneeken iss dhaarana kaa fayda uthaati hain kii darshak naheen jaanate kii way kissy utpaad, chhavi yaa vigyaapan parr ack nishchit tareeke seey kyon pratikriya karate hain (yaa kii unhone bilkul bhee pratikriya dee) kyonki aisee pratikriyaen jagrukta key baahar, vichaaron, vichaaron aur chhaviyon key network mein parivartan key madhyam seey hoti hain.
raajneetik chunaavon mein nakal pareekshan.
pratilipi pareekshan kaa upayog vaanijyik vikas seey laker rashtrapati chunaav taka key kshetron mein kiya jaataa haye. 2007 mein, see. aine. aine. ney praathamik aur aam chunaav key dauran bajar pareekshan key iss roop koo niyojit kiya. dakshini paddhativaadi vishvavidyalaya key rita kirk aur danne shill ney rashtrapati pada key ummidvaaron key beach bahas parr matdaataon kii pratikriya kaa aaklan karane key liye cnn key saath kaam kiya. (HTTP:// Ww.cnn.comm/2011/politics/06/14 dial karein.pareekshan/soochkaank.aich. tii. aim. ell.)