
idukki jilaa

idukki, bhaarat key keral raajya key 14 jilon mein seey ack haye. idukki jilaa keral mein paschimi ghaaton kii ilayachi pahaadiyon key beach sthit haye. idukki jile mein dou nagarpalika shahar hain-kattappana aur thodupuda. jile mein vartamaan mein paanch taluk shamil hain.
jile kaa gathan 26 janwari 1972 koo kottayam jile seey poorv uchch shreni prabhaag key pirumade, udumbanchola, devikulam taalukon aur ernakulam jile seey thodupuda taluk koo laker kiya gayaa thaa. isake prabhaag kaa mukhyalaya pahale kottayam shahar mein thaa, lekin juuna 1976 mein penvu aur cheruthony key paas kuyilimala mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. malayalam aur angreji jile kii dou aadhikarik prashaasnik bhaashaaen hain.
malayalam key baad tamil idukki mein doosari sabse adhik bolly jaane vaali bhasha haye.
keral kii lagbhag 66 pratishat bijli kii aavashyakta idukki jile mein vibhinn panbijali pariyojanaon seey aatee haye. poore jile mein kaee nakadi fasalon aur masalon kii kheti kii jaati haye, jisase yeh "keral kaa masala udyaan" bunn jaataa haye. jile kaa ack mahatvapurna kshetra aarakshit vanon aur vanyajeev abhayaranyon key roop mein sanrakshit haye. periyar nadee ack pramukh nadee haye joe idukki seey nikalati haye aur bahati haye. pamba nadee ack anya mahatvapurna nadee haye joe idukki jile seey nikalati haye.
halanki yeh kshetra key mamle mein iss kshetra kaa doosara sabse badaa jilaa haye, lekin keral key jilon mein iska jansankhya ghanatva sabse cumm haye. jile mein kewal dou nagarpaalikaaen hain aur shahari aabaadi apani pahaadi prakriti key kaaran graameen aabaadi kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm haye. anamudi kii oonchi choti, joe himalayon key baahar bhaarat mein sabse oonchi choti bhee haye, idukki jile key uttari bhaag mein sthit haye. idukki baandh asia key sabse oonche mehrab baandhon mein seey ack haye.
itihas.
idukki jile mein malyali, tamil aur vibhinn adiwasi sanskritiyon kaa ack aadarsh mishran paaya jaataa haye. idukki mein uchch shreni aur aspas key kshetron mein mandiron aur anya purani imaraton kaa madhyayugeen yug kii tamil-paandya vastukala shailiyon seey mahatvapurna prabhaav haye. bodinayakkanur (vibhinn parvat shrinkhalaon koo jodane vaale) aur kambam (joe purvi tamil desh koo thodupuda seey jodata haye) jaise parvat darron ney madhyayugeen kaal key dauran paschimi ghaaton key poorv mein sthit tamil-paandya desh aur isake paschim mein vibhinn keral raajyon key beach vyaapaar aur yatra kii suvidha pradaan kii haye. keral kii sabse lambi nadee periyar kaa udgam aur pravaah kaa pramukh hissa idukki jile mein haye. keral kii teesari sabse lambi nadee pamba kaa udgam bhee idukki jile mein hotaa haye. travancore yug key dauran, munnar ney travancore mein british nivaasiyon key grishmakaaleen nivaas key roop mein kaary kiya haye. idukki jile kii purvi seema parr anamudi jaisi oonchi chotiyon ney ateet mein malayalam raajyon aur samkaaleen tamil raajyon key beach ack praakritik seema key roop mein kaam kiya haye, jisase padosi tamil desh key saath-saath bhaaratiya praaydweep key anya hisson seey iss kshetra mein aakraman cumm hue hain. 17veen shatabdi key dutch kaary, "horts malabaricus" mein usa samay key kshetra kii vanaspatiyon aur jeevon key baare mein jaankaari haye.
poorv-itihas.
jile seey mille puraataatvik nishkarshon mein marayur kshetra mein navpashan yug key dolman shamil hain. inhen sthaaniya roop seey "muniyara" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe "muni" (sannyasi yaa rishi) aur "aaraa" (dolman) seey liya gayaa haye.
praayadveepiya bhaarat mein sabse adhik oonchaai parr sthit, ilayachi kii pahaadiyaan aur isake aspas key kshetron mein mahapashan yug key dauran hii manushya rahate they. jile key pahaadi kshetron seey kaee mahapashan smarakon kii khoj kii gaee haye. devikulam taluk key marayur mein vibhinn sthaanon seey kaee "kodumkalar" aur "kallar" key avashesh paae gaye hain. udumbanchola taluk mein kallarpattam coloney mein "kallar" aur "nadukallas" key mahapashan avashesh bhee paae jaate hain. vandiperiyar kshetra mein khudai sthalon seey bhee vishal "kodumkalar" aur "nadukallas" kii khoj kii gaee thee. idukki seey paae gaye mahapashan smaarak dakkan pathaar aur dakshin bhaarat key anya hisson seey khoje gaye samkaaleen avasheshon key saath kaee samaantaaen darshaate hain. dakkan kii mahapashan sanskriti mein lohe kaa upayog aam thaa. idukki jile mein apane maanav itihas kii praarambhik avadhi key dauran "malvedon", "malayarayon", "muthuvaanon" aur "paliyanon" jaisi vibhinn janjaatiyon kaa nivaas thaa.
pracheen shaastriya.
pracheen roman sikke thodupuda key paas edamaruku jaise kshetron seey paae gaye hain, joe pracheen rome aur pracheen kaal key dauran iss kshetra key beach pracheen vyaapaar kaa sanket dete hain. pracheen hind mahasagar vyaapaar key ack hisse key roop mein iss kshetra seey masalon kaa ayaat kiya gayaa thaa. idukki jile koo abhee bhee keral key masala udyaan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye."
chair rajvansh/keralaputra (5veen shatabdi esvi taka).
sangam kaal kii saahityik kritiyaan samkaaleen kaal parr ack nazar daalane mein madad karati hain. una karyon key anusaar, chair rajvansh (samanya yug kii pahali kuchh shataabdiyon) key praarambhik sadasyon kaa mool mukhyalaya pracheen tamilkam mein "kuttanad" mein "kujhumur" naamak kshetra mein thaa aur kabhi-kabhi unhein "kuttuvan" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. kuchh itihaskaron ney idukki jile key pirumade taluk mein "kujhumur" kii pehchaan kumili key saath kii haye. maurya samrajya key samrat ashok (322 eesaa poorv-184 eesaa poorv) key shilalekhon mein chair rajvansh kaa ullekh "keralaputra" key roop mein kiya gayaa haye. pracheen keralaputra samrajya mein "kuttanad" praant mein aadhunik samay key idukki, ernakulam, kottayam aur alappuda key kuchh hisse shamil they, jinhen vyaapak roop seey periyar aur pamba nadiyon key beach key kshetra key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh dakshin mein aya samrajya seey ghiraa huaa thaa, jisamen pamba nadee aur kanyakumari (cape comorin) key beach key kshetra aur uttar mein periyar aur chaliyar nadiyon (trissure, palakkad aur malappuram key aadhunik jilon) key beach sthit "kudanad" praant shamil thaa.
yeh uthian cheralathan (105-130 CE) key shasankal key dauran thaa kii chair rajvansh ney "kudnadu" aur "kongu nadu" key praanton parr vijay praapt karke "kuttanad" key uttari aur purvi kshetron kii or vistaar karna shuru kiya. baad mein rajvansh teen shaakhaon mein vibhajit hoe gayaa aur apani rajdhaniyon koo kramshah mujiris, tindis aur carora mein sthaapit kiya, jaisa kii pracheen yunani-roman yatra vrittaanton key saath-saath sangam kaal key puraane tamil saahityik karyon mein dekhaa gayaa haye. narmada cheral" key shasankal key dauran, ejhimaala raajya mein shamil kshetron koo bhee chair samrajya mein jodaa gayaa thaa.
lagbhag teen shataabdiyon taka 500 esvi aur 800 esvi key beach kalbhron, pallavon, chalukyon, paandyon aur rashtrakooton dwara kiye gaye nirantar akramanon key kaaran pracheen chair samrajya dhwast hoe gayaa.
mahodayapuram key chair perumal (800-1102 esvi).
lagbhag teen shataabdiyon taka idukki, mahodayapuram (800-1102 esvi) key chair perumal kii avadhi key dauran teen "nadu" (praant) kaa hissa thaa. thodupuda-muwattupuda kshetra iss samay key dauran "keejhamalanadu" naamak praant kaa hissa thaa, jiska mukhyalaya thodupuda key paas karikode mein thaa. uchch shreni kaa kshetra, joe "keejhamalanadu" key poorv mein sthit haye, sambhavatah dou praanton mein shamil thaa, naamatah "nantujhanadu" aur "vempolinadu" (sanskrit mein "bimbli desham" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye). iss avadhi mein thodupuda kshetra mein hindu dharm key vikas key saath-saath bauddh dharm aur jaine dharm kaa patan huaa, joe kabhi iss kshetra mein pramukh they. adiwasi sanskritiyaan shayed cumm aabaadi vaale uchch shreni key kshetra mein bunny rahee hongi. 11veen shatabdi esvi mein chair perumal aur madhyayugeen cholon key beach hue nirantar yuddh key parinamswarup 12veen shatabdi esvi kii shuruat taka mahodayapuram key chair perumal kaa kshetra kaee chhote samanti raajyon mein vighatit hoe gayaa.
keejhamalanadu kaa raajya (1102-1600 esvi).
chair-chola yuddhon key baad 1102 esvi mein mahodayapuram key chair perumal key praant keejhamalanadu ney raajneetik swaayatta praapt kii. kaee madhyayugeen kilon key avashesh thodupuda key paas karikode seey paae gaye hain, joe keejhamalanadu raajya kii rajdhani thee, jinamen seey kaee 14veen shatabdi esvi aur 16veen shatabdi esvi key beach key yug seey sambandhit hain. keejhamalanadu mein aadhunik samay key thodupuda aur muwattupuda taalukon key kuchh hisse shamil they. purtagaali khojkartaon ney 16veen shatabdi esvi key dauran achchi gunavatta vaali kaali mirch kii upalabdhata aur uchch star key utpaadan key kaaran iss kshetra koo "kaali mirch kaa desh" bataaya. keejhamalanadu kaa 1600 esvi key aspas vadakkumkur raajya mein vilay hoe gayaa.
vadakkumkur rajvansh (1600-1750 esvi).
vadakkumkur poorvavarti "vempolinadu" praant kii uttari shakha thee, jisane 1102 esvi mein mahodayapuram key cheraa perumal key patan key baad raajneetik swaayatta praapt kii. iss rajvansh key shasakon koo unake tekkumkur samkakshon kii tarah samkaaleen sanskrit kritiyon mein "bimblisha" aur "manikand" kii upaadhi seey bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa. vadakkumkur key raajya mein mool roop seey meenachil taluk key ack hisse key saath ettumanur aur viacom key aadhunik taluk shamil they.
keejhamalanadu kaa 1600 esvi key aspas vadakkumkur rajvansh mein vilay hoe gayaa. baad mein vadakkumkur raajaa aksar thodupuda key paas karikode mein rahate they, joe mool roop seey keejhamalanadu kaa mukhyalaya thaa. usa samay vadakkumkur kochin raajya kaa ack jagirdar raajya thaa. vadakkumkur kii paschimi seema koo vembanad jheel taka badhaaya gayaa thaa aur purvi seema paschimi ghaat thee, joe madhyayugeen paandya desh aur madurai naayak rajvansh key baad key kshetra seey lagati thee. dutch malabar joe 17veen shatabdi esvi aur 18veen shatabdi esvi key poorvaardh key dauran vadakkumkur key kshetra mein ack prabhaavshaali shakti bunn gayaa thaa, key vyaapaar kendra vadakkumkur mein they.
vadakkumkur raajaa uttari kshetron mein travancore key vistaar key khilaf odnad (kayamkulam), thekkumkur aur kochin key raajyon dwara gathit sanyukt sainya gathbandhan kaa ack hissa thaa. natijatan, aadhunik travancore key vastukar anijham tirunal martand verma ney 1750 mein vadakkumkur parr hamla kiya aur usey apane kabje mein leey liya. vadakkumkur raajaa ney kalikat key zamorin key raajya mein sharan maangi.
thekkumkur rajvansh (1102-1749 CE).
yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii idukki jile mein uchch shreni key kshetra kaa ack badaa hissa mahodayapuram key chair perumal key patan key thheek baad thekkumkur rajvansh kaa thaa. 11veen shatabdi esvi key chair-chola yuddhon key baad 1102 esvi mein mahodayapuram key chair perumalon key praant "vempolinadu" ("bimbli desham") koo raajneetik swaayatta praapt hui. vempolinadu" shaahi parivaar 12veen shatabdi esvi taka dou swatantra shaakhaon mein vikasit hoe gayaa-unamen seey dakshini shakha koo baad mein tekkumkur key raajya key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. isamen aadhunik samay key changanassery, kanjirapalli, kottayam aur thiruvalla key taalukon key saath-saath idukki jile kaa uchch shreni kaa kshetra bhee shamil thaa.
baad mein thekkumkur raajaon ney iss uchch shreni key kshetra koo punjar rajvansh koo saunp diyaa. dutch east india company idukki jile kii oonchi shrinkhalaon mein kaali mirch kii bhaari vriddhi seey aakarshit hui thee. 16 juuna 1664 koo hastaaksharit sandhi key anusaar, dutch malabar kaa tekkumkur raajaon key saath masalon, dalchini, afeem aadi parr vyaapaar anubandh thaa.
1740 key dashak key dauran travancore raajya key uttari raajyon mein hue sainya akramanon key khilaf thekkumkur raajaon ney kochin raajya aur odanad (kayamkulam) raajya key saath gathbandhan kiya. natijatan, aadhunik travancore key vastukar anijham tirunal martand verma ney 1746 mein kayamkulam key apane vilay key baad, 1749 mein changanassery kii ladaai key dauran thekkumkur key raajya parr hamla kiya aur usey travancore mein milaa liya. yuddh mein apani haar key baad thekkumkur raajaa ney kalikat key zamorin key raajya mein sharan lii.
punjar rajvansh (1160-1750 CE).
madhyakaal key cholon key vansh seey sambandhit kulothunga chola ney madurai key paandya rajvansh seey sambandhit manavikram kulshekhar perumal key saath yuddh mein pravesh kiya. yuddh mein viphalata parr, manavikram ney apane bhaai maravarman srivallabh koo paandya rajvansh kaa raajaa niyukt kiya aur madurai koo apane parivaar aur apane kuchh bharosemand sevakon key saath chhod diyaa. manavikram ney paschimi ghaat koo paar kiya aur keral mein raajneetik sharan maangi. thekkumkur key shaasak ney unhein menachil taluk key ack hisse seey sammaanit kiya, jisamen 1160 esvi mein idukki jile mein uchch shreni kshetra key saath-saath punjar kshetra bhee shamil thaa, joe mool roop seey thekkumkur raajaon kaa thaa. iss ghatana ney iss kshetra mein punjar rajvansh kii shuruat kii. 1749-1750 mein thekkumkur aur vadakkumkur kii riyasaton key vilay key baad travancore raajya ney punjar key kshetra parr kabja curr liya thaa.
travancore yug (1750-1947).
aadhunik samay key idukki jile kaa puuraa hissa 1750 esvi taka travancore kii poorvavarti british riyasat kaa hissa bunn gayaa. iss yug ney sabhi kshetron mein kaafee pragati aur samajik sudhaar koo chihnit kiya. iss avadhi key dauran saksharta darr jaise samajik vikas sanketkon mein kaafee sudhaar huaa. usa samay key british riyasat travancore key rajpratinidhi raani uthritathi tirunal gauri paarvati baaee dwara 1822 kii ilayachi kii ghoshana ney jile mein ilayachi pahaadiyon key jangal seey ilayachi ikattha karane key liye baahar seey logon koo laane kaa maarg prashast kiya. malayalam yug 15 medam 997 (joe 28 aprail 1822 key anuroop haye) parr jaari ghoshana mein, madras presidency key padosi jilon key tamil shramikon koo iss kshetra mein ilayachi kii kataai kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa.
uchch shreni kshetra parr kannan devan pahaadiyon koo 11 julaai 1877 koo punjar rajvansh key shaasak dwara landan key johnn daniel munro koo patte parr diyaa gayaa thaa. isane madras presidency key padosi jilon seey badee sankhya mein pravaasi tamil bagan shramikon kii iss kshetra mein aamad paida kii aur 19veen shatabdi esvi key antim dashakon key dauran devikulam aur pirumede key taalukon mein bhashai jansankhyiki mein mahatvapurna badalaav aaya. pahale iss kshetra mein malvedon, malyayaron, muthuvaanon aur paliyanon jaisi vibhinn adiwasi janjaatiyaan rahati theen aur isaki aabaadi bahut cumm thee. keral sarkaar ney baad mein kannan devan pahaadiyaan (bhoomi kii bahaali) adhiniyam, 1971 key madhyam seey bhoomi aur baganon koo phir seey shuru kiya.
munnar ney travancore mein british nivaasiyon key grishmakaaleen nivaas key roop mein kaary kiya haye. parampara key anusaar, 18veen shatabdi esvi key antim dashakon mein tipu sultan key travancore mein abhiyaan key dauran, curnell arther valesley, joe wellington key pahale duke they, munnar seey gujarane vaale pahale british vyakti they, lekin yeh apramaanit haye. bhoobhaag kaa pahala sarvekshan benjamin swen ward dwara 1816-1817 mein kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone paschimi ghaaton mein periyar nadee kaa anusaran kiya aur teen nadiyon key sangam parr ack shivir sthaapit kiya, jisase munnar kaa naam liya gayaa haye.
munro, heinry turn aur unake sautele bhaai aeye doubleu turner ney travancore key raajaa seey ilayachi kii pahaadiyon kaa swaamitva praapt kiya aur 1879 mein devikulam key aspas key jangalon koo saaf karna shuru kiya. munro ney 1879 mein uttari travancore bhoomi ropan aur krishi samaaj kaa gathan kiya. jald hii kaee anya europeeya logon ney 1880 key dashak key dauran iss kshetra mein chaay key bagan sthaapit karna shuru curr diyaa, ack tej, ack europeeya bagankarta key kshetra mein chaay kii kheti mein pravesh karane key baad. praarambhik baganon mein bahut cumm suvidhaaen theen aur way mukhya roop seey pual kii jhopadiyan theen. chaay baganon mein adhikansh mazdoor dalit they jinhen angrejon ney madarsa presidency key padosi jilon seey laaya thaa.
1897 mein, chaay baganon key sanchaalan key liye ack alag company, kannan devan hills corporation (key. dee. aich. see.) koo panjikrit kiya gayaa thaa, jise baad mein americi pratyaksh chaay vyaapaar company limitted dwara leey liya gayaa thaa.jinake paas 26 estate they, jinamen seey adhikansh coffey key saath aur kuchh "sincona" key saath, nichale kshetron mein kuchh koo chhodkar lagbhag sabhi kshetra mein they. munnar key madhyam seey poorv kundala ghaati railway, 1902 mein sthaapit, aadhunik keral raajya mein 1924 mein aaee "99 kii mahaan baadh" seey nasht hoe gayaa thaa. iss kshetra mein travancore shasson key dauran idukki jile mein kaee baandhon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. iss avadhi key dauran idukki key ghaney jangalon key madhyam seey parivahan suvidha mein bhee sudhaar kiya gayaa. iss avadhi key dauran vivadaspad mullaperiyar baandh kaa bhee nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa.
travancore prashaasan key dauran, travancore kii british riyasat koo chaar rajaswa prabhagon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa-uttari prabhaag jiska mukhyalaya kottayam mein thaa, kendriya prabhaag jiska mukhyalaya kollam mein thaa, dakshini prabhaag kaa mukhyalaya thiruvanthapuram mein thaa, aur devikulam mein mukhyalaya key saath uchch shreni kaa prabhaag.
travancore key poorvottar bhaag mein uchch shreni vibhajan mein devikulam aur pirumade key taluk shamil they. halanki thodupuda kshetra koo british riyasat travancore key sabse uttari vibhajan mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. kottayam travancore mein sabse uttari rajaswa prabhaag kaa mukhyalaya thaa jisamen thodupuda key alawa 1931 mein uttari paravoor, kunnathunad, muwattupuda, meenachil, changanassery, kottayam, viacom aur cherthala key taluk bhee shamil they.
swatantrata key baad (1947-vartamaan).
1949 mein travancore aur kochin kii british riyasaton key bhaarat key prabhutva mein ekikaran key baad travancore aur kochin raajya key travancore-kochin raajya mein ekikaran key samay, poorvavarti rajaswa prabhagon koo jilon mein punargathit kiya gayaa aur diwan peshkaron ney jilaa collectors koo raasta diyaa, jisase 1 julaai 1949 koo kottayam jile key janm kaa maarg prashast huaa, jisamen aadhunik samay kaa idukki jilaa bhee shamil thaa.
poorvavarti kochin raajya koo trissure jile mein punargathit kiya gayaa thaa aur uttari paravoor aur kunnathunad key taalukon koo usa jile mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. isi tarah 1 julaai 1949 koo cherthala taluk koo navgathit kollam jile mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. poorvavarti travancore key uchch shreni vaale vibhajan koo poorvavarti kottayam division key shesh taalukon key saath vilay curr diyaa gayaa thaa taaki 1 julaai 1949 koo nae bhaaratiya raajya travancore-kochchi key udghaatan key ack hisse key roop mein kottayam jile kaa gathan kiya jaa sakey. usa samay kottayam key nae jile mein aathh taluk they-changanassery, kottayam, viacom, meenachil, muwattupuda, thodupuda, devikulam aur pirumedi. isaliye 1956 mein keral raajya key gathan key samay idukki kottayam jile kaa hissa thaa.
kanyakumari jile key alawa, vartamaan idukki jile mein devikulam taluk mein 1940 key dashak key anta mein thodaa tamil bahulata thee. travancore tamilanadu congress (tii. tii. aine. see.) ney 1956 key agami raajya punargathan adhiniyam key ack hisse key roop mein ise madras raajya key saath vilay karane kaa anurodh kiya thaa. haalaanki, travancore-kochchi raajya kii 1951 kii bhashai janganana mein, yeh paaya gayaa kii usa samay devikulam taluk mein kull tamil bhashi aabaadi kaa lagbhag aadhaa hissa travancore-kochchi raajya key baahar paida huaa thaa aur unamen seey adhikansh madarsa presidency key apravasi they, jinhen mukhya roop seey british adhikaariyon dwara chaay bagan shramikon key roop mein ilayachi kii pahaadiyon mein laaya gayaa thaa.
isake alawa, travancore key pahale pradhaanmantri pattom thanu pillai dwara kuchh twarit nirnay liye gaye, taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii devikulam kaa taluk keral key aadhunik raajya mein banaa rahey, kyonki bhavishya key tateey raajya keral mein iss kshetra kaa adhik aarthik mahatva thaa. pattom ney ilayachi kii pahaadiyon kii jansankhyiki koo phir seey taiyar karane key liye ack upanivesheekaran pariyojana shuru kii. unaki upanivesheekaran pariyojana 8,000 malayalam bhashi parivaaron koo devikulam aur pearmade key taalukon mein sthanantarit karna thaa. inn taalukon mein lagbhag 50,000 ekad, joe 1940 key dashak taka tamil bahul kshetra bunn gaye they, koo upanivesheekaran pariyojana key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. swatantrata key baad travancore dwara kii gaee upanivesheekaran pariyojana kii jeet key roop mein, inn dou taalukon aur ilayachi pahaadiyon kaa ack badaa hissa raajya punargathan adhiniyam, 1956 key baad keral raajya mein barkarar rakhaa gayaa.
raajya punargathan adhiniyam, 1956 key anusaar nae bhaaratiya raajya keral key gathan key baad, raajya mein kaee adhikaar kshetra parivartan kiye gaye. kottayam jile mein 1 octuber 1956 koo dou nae taluk, kanjirapalli (changanassery aur thiruvalla seey) aur udumbanchola (devikulam aur pirumede seey) banaae gaye they. ack maheene key baad, changanassery aur ambalappuda seey kuttanad naamak ack nayaa taluk banaaya gayaa. kuttanad taluk koo 17 agast 1957 koo navgathit alappuda jile mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. thodupuda aur muwattupuda key taalukon koo 1 aprail 1958 koo navgathit ernakulam jile mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
keral sarkaar ney uchch shreni kshetra mein kannan devan pahaadiyon mein bhoomi aur vrikshaaropan koo kannan devan pahaadiyon (bhoomi kii bahaali) adhiniyam, 1971 key madhyam seey phir seey shuru kiya thaa. 26 janwari 1972 koo, idukki jile kaa gathan kottayam jile seey teen uchch shreni key taalukon, arthaat devikulam, udumbanchola aur pirumede koo alag karke kiya gayaa thaa. idukki jile kaa nirmaan karane key liye uchch shreni key kshetra koo ernakulam jile key thodupuda taluk mein milaa diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh usa samay kshetrafal key hisab seey keral kaa sabse badaa jilaa thaa. 1998 mein, kuttampuda gaanv koo ernakulam zile mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, jisase idukki keral kaa doosara sabse badaa zilaa bunn gayaa, kewal palakkad key baad.
uchch shreni kaa kshetra abhee bhee cumm aabaadi vaalaa haye aur vahaan vibhinn nakadi fasalon aur masalon kii badey paimaane parr kheti kii jaati haye. abb idukki jile mein vibhinn panbijali pariyojanaaen keral kii kull bijli jarooraton mein lagbhag 66 pratishat kaa yogdan detee hain. mullaperiyar baandh abhee bhee keral aur tamilanadu key beach antarrajyiya vivaad kaa srot banaa huaa haye.
bhugol.
idukki jilaa oobad-khabad pahaadi ilaakon, kaee nadee ghaatiyon aur gahari ghaatiyon key saath ack uchch oonchaai vaalaa pathaar banaata haye. jile kaa puuraa uttari bhaag jile key baaki hisson kii tulanaa mein ack upa pathaar banaata haye, iss kshetra mein anamudi jaisi sabse oonchi chotiyaan shamil hain aur isamen munnar, pallivasal, kanthallur, vattavada aur mankulam key aspas key kshetra shamil hain. pumber nadee ghaati (marayur, kijhantur) paschimi ghaaton kaa ack purvi dhalaan vaalaa varsha chhaaya kshetra banaati haye. jile kii purvi seema (kumili, kattapana, nedumkandam, rajkumari aur ramakkalamedu) cardman pahaadiyon kaa gathan karati haye. jile kaa paschimi bhaag ernakulam aur kottayam jile key purvi kshetron jaise neriyamangalam, vannapuram, thommankuttu, moolmattam, wagman aur kuttikanam kii seema seey lagey jangalon aur pahaadiyon seey ghiraa huaa haye. thodupuda, koothattukulam, udumbanur aur muttom jaise sthaan chhitput pahaadiyon key saath ardh-oonche thodupuda nadee key maidanon mein sthit hain. jile mein periyar nadee besin jisamen vandiperiyar, ayyappankoil, rajakkad, idukki, cheruthony aur adimali shamil hain, ack oonchaa pathaar haye joe nadee kii ghaatiyon seey ghiraa huaa haye aur jile key paschimi aur purvi hisson kii oonchi chotiyon key beach sthit haye. dakshini kshetra poori tarah seey periyar rashtriya udyaan key jangalon seey dhakaa huaa haye.
himalaya key dakshin mein bhaarat kii dou sabse oonchi chotiyaan anamudi aur meespulimala idukki jile mein sthit hain. anamudi devikulam taluk key kannan devan pahaadi gaanv mein adimali prakhand kii kuttampuda panchaayat mein sthit haye. jile kii terah anya chotiyaan oonchaai seey adhik hain. periyar, thodupujhayar, muthirappujhaayar aur thalyar jile kii mahatvapurna nadiyaan hain. asia kaa sabse badaa mehrab baandh idukki baandh idukki basti mein sthit haye. baandh usa bindu parr sthit haye jahan periyar dou oonchi aur vishal chattanon key beach bunny khaai seey hocker bahata haye jise 'kuravan' aur 'kurthi' key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye.
jalavaayu parivartan.
idukki mein ghaney vann kshetra aur shola vanon kaa ack badaa kshetra haye. yeh baadh aur sookhe key liye atyadhik samvedansheel haye aur keral mein alappuda, palakkad aur waynad jilon key saath-saath jalavaayu parivartan kaa ack pramukh sthal maanaa jaataa haye. shodhkarta idukki mein bhuskhalan kii badhati aavritti key liye jalavaayu parivartan aur vanon kii kataai koo jimmedaar thaharaate hain. jalavaayu parivartan key kaaran varsha key swaroop mein parivartan, vanon kii kataai aur badey paimaane parr nirmaan pariyojanaon key saath, una yogdan karakon mein seey hain jinake kaaran agast 2020 mein bhuskhalan huaa thaa jisamen bagan shramikon sahit 65 logon kii maut hoe gaee thee.
jansankhyiki.
2018 kii saankhyiki report key anusaar, idukki jile kii jansankhya 1,093,156 haye. 2011 kii janganana key anusaar yeh bhaarat key 640 jilon mein 416vein sthaan parr haye. jile mein jansankhya ghanatva haye. desh-pravaas aur cumm prajanan darr key kaaran iss dashak mein isaki jansankhya vriddhi darr 2001-2011 thee. idukki mein prati 1,000 purushon parr 1,006 mahilaaon kaa linganupat haye aur saksharta darr 92.2 pratishat haye. 4.69 pratishat aabaadi shahari kshetron mein rahati haye. anusoochit jaatiyan aur anusoochit janjaatiyaan kramshah jansankhya kaa 13.12% aur 5.03% banaati hain.
malayalam aur angreji jile kii dou aadhikarik prashaasnik bhaashaaen hain. idukki jile key lagbhag chaar-paanchven hisse key loga malayalam koo apani matribhasha key roop mein bolate hain. devikulam, pirumedu aur udumbanchola key taalukon mein kaafee tamil alpasankhyak aabaadi haye. haalaanki inn taalukon mein bhee malyali bahusankhyak hain. jile kii adiwasi janjaatiyaan apani boliyaan bolati hain jaise kii malvedan, maleria, muthuvan aur palian, joe malayalam aur tamil seey nikatata seey sambandhit hain.
dharm.
2011 kii janganana key anusaar, hinduon kii aabaadi 48.86% (541,854) haye, jisamen isai 43.42% (lattin sanskar, siro-malabar, jacobite, see. aaee., pentecostal aur malankara roodhivaadi) (481,507) aur musalman 7.41% (82,206) hain.
praudyogiki.
digital india abhiyaan key ack hisse key roop mein atee-tej broad baind pranali seey judane vaalaa idukki jilaa bhaarat kaa pahala jilaa thaa. yeh poore desh mein bsnl 4jee praapt karane vaalaa pahala company bhee thaa, jisase jile mein 4jee operators kii sankhya chaar hoe gaee, jisamen vodafone idea limitted, jio aur bhaarati airtel shamil hain.
paryatan.
munnar.
munnar dakshin mein british sarkaar kaa grishmakaaleen sairgah thaa. yeh shahar teen pahaadi dhaaraon, arthaat muthirappuda, nallathanni aur kundala key sangam parr sthit haye. munnar mein duniya key kuchh sabse badey chaay bagan hain. yeh hill station, joe samudra tala seey 5,000 feat seey adhik kii oonchaai parr haye, apane sunder paridrishyon key liye prasiddh ack paryatak aakarshan haye. baganon key nirmaan key parinamswarup gambhir nivaas vikhandan key kaaran munnar kii adhikansh deshi vanaspatiyaan aur jeev gayab hoe gaye hain. halanki, kuchh prajaatiyan paas key kaee sanrakshit kshetron mein jeevit rahati hain aur panpati hain, jinamen poorv mein nayaa kurinjimala abhayaranya, chinar vanyajeev abhayaranya, manjampatti ghaati aur poorvottar mein indira gaandhi vanyajeev abhayaranya kaa amrawati aarakshit vann, uttar mein iravikulam rashtriya udyaan aur anamudi shola rashtriya udyaan aur dakshin mein pumpdum shola rashtriya udyaan shamil hain. palani hills rashtriya udyaan koo idukki key poorv mein aaney kaa prastaav haye. yeye sanrakshit kshetra vishesh roop seey nilgiri tahar, grazzled vishal gilhari, nilgiri lakadi-kabootar, haathi, gaur, nilgiri langur, sambhar aur nilakurinji (joe baarah varshon mein kewal ack baar khilati haye) sahit kaee luptapray aur sthaanik prajaatiyon key liye jaane jaate hain.
munnar mein poorv kundala ghaati railway 1924 mein baadh seey nasht hoe gaee thee, lekin paryatan adhikaari paryatakon koo aakarshit karane key liye railway line key punarnirmaan parr vichaar curr rahey hain.
vanyajeev abhayaranya.
idukki vanyajeev abhayaranya.
idukki vanyajeev abhayaranya 1976 mein astitva mein aaya thaa. yeh idukki jile key thodupuda aur udumbanchola taalukon mein sthit haye. iska kshetrafal 105.364sq haye.kimmy. isaki oonchaai 450 seey 1272 meater taka haye. sabse oonchi choti vanjur medu (1272 meater) haye.
iss kshetra seey bahane vaali pramukh nadiyaan periyar aur cheruthoniar hain.
eravikulam vanyajeev abhayaranya.
eravikulam ack anya vanyajeev abhayaranya haye jise rashtriya udyaan key roop mein ghoshit kiya gayaa haye. yeh duniya mein nilgiri tahar kii sabse badee aabaadi kaa samarthan kartaa haye. anamudi choti iss udyaan key dakshini bhaag mein haye.
udyaan kaa adhikansh hissa ghaas kaa maidan haye aur isaki ausat oonchaai samudra tala seey 5000 feat seey adhik haye. bhaari barish aur tej havaaon key kaaran mansoon key mausam mein iss kshetra taka pahunch asambhav hoe jaati haye. prasiddh nilakurinji (strobilanthes kunthiana) yahaan ugati haye. iska phool chakr 12 saal kaa hotaa haye. udyaan mein standhaariyon kii chhattis prajaatiyon koo darj kiya gayaa haye, jisamen nilgiri taahar kii sabse badee jeevit aabaadi bhee shamil haye, jisaki anumaanit sankhya 750 haye. anya guchhedaar hiran gaur, bhaaratiya muntajaak aur sambhar hiran hain. golden siyar, jangli billi, jangli kutta, dhol, tendua aur bagh mukhya shikari hain. nilgiri langur, dhaaridaar gardan vaalaa nevla, bhaaratiya saahi, nilgiri marten, chhote panje vaalaa oodabilaav, rudy nevla aur goodedaar taad gilhari jaise kuchh cumm gyaat janwar bhee paae jaate hain. haathi mausami daure karate hain.
pakshiyon kii 132 prajaatiyan darj kii gaee hain jinamen kaale aur narangi rung key flycatcher, nilgiri pipit, nilgiri lakadi key kabootar, safed pett vaale shortwing, nilgiri flycatcher aur keral lafingthrush jaise sthaanik shamil hain.
shola-ghaas bhoomi paaristhitiki tantra taka seemit sthaanik titaliyaan jaise laal disk bushbron aur paalani chaar-pankh udyaan kii 101 prajaatiyon mein seey hain.
pampadumshola rashtriya udyaan.
pumpdum shola rashtriya udyaan dakshin bhaarat key keral raajya kaa sabse chhota rashtriya udyaan haye. iss udyaan koo keral key vann aur vanyajeev vibhaag, munnar vanyajeev vibhaag dwara prashaasit kiya jaataa haye, saath hii paas key mathiketan shola rashtriya udyaan, eravikulam rashtriya udyaan, anamudi shola rashtriya udyaan, chinar vanyajeev abhayaranya aur kurinjimala abhayaranya bhee hain. yeh udyaan prastaavit palani pahaadi vanyajeev abhayaranya aur rashtriya udyaan key bheetar allinagaram aarakshit vann seey sataa huaa haye. paschimi ghaat, anamalai upa-samooh, inn udyaanon sahit, unesco vishva dharohar samiti dwara vishva dharohar sthal key roop mein chayan key liye vicharadhin haye.
kurinjimala abhayaranya.
kurinjimala abhayaranya dakshin bhaarat mein keral raajya key idukki jile key devikulam taluk key kottakambur aur vattawada gaanvon mein luptapray nilakurinji paudhe key lagbhag 32 varg kii. mee. mool nivaas kii raksha kartaa haye.
sanrakshit kshetra.
iss jile mein dakshin mein periyar bagh abhayaranya, poorv mein kurinjimala abhayaranya, uttar-poorv mein chinar vanyajeev abhayaranya, uttar mein iravikulam rashtriya udyaan aur anamudi shola rashtriya udyaan aur dakshin mein pumpdum shola rashtriya udyaan sahit kaee sanrakshit kshetra hain. yeye sanrakshit kshetra bagh, nilgiri tahar, grazzled vishal gilhari, nilgiri lakadi-kabootar, haathi, gaur, sambhar hiran, baingani mendhak aur nilakurinji sahit kaee luptapray aur sthaanik prajaatiyon key liye jaane jaate hain.
thommankuttu jharna.
thommankuttu (томанту) jile mein thodupuda key paas ack sunder jharna haye. thomankuthu jharna ack bhee jharna naheen haye, balki 5 kilometres kii doori parr 12 jharanon kii ack shrinkhala haye. yeh idukki, keral mein pramukh paryaavaran-paryatan kendron mein seey ack haye.
prashaasan.
penavu shahar idukki jile kaa prashaasnik mukhyalaya haye. jile koo dou rajaswa prabhagon-idukki aur devikulam mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye.
nagar nigam.
jile mein 2 nagarpalika shahar hain. way hainh
vidhaayi pratinidhitva.
idukki mein ack loksabha nirvaachan kshetra haih idukki.
idukki jile mein keral vidhansabha kii paanch seeten hain.
taluk.
jile koo dou rajaswa prabhagon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye joe ack saath unake bheetar paanch taalukon koo shamil karate hain.
rajaswa gaanv.
idukki jile koo apane rajaswa prashaasan key aasaani aur vikendrikaran key liye 68 rajaswa gaanvon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. unhein aage 5 taalukon mein shamil kiya gayaa haye jaisa kii neeche bataaya gayaa haye.
sanskriti.
idukki mein sanskriti mishrit haye kyonki isamen keral key anya hisson seey aae pravaasi loga aur mool adiwasi shamil hain. badee sankhya mein janjaatiya aabaadi kii upasthiti idukki jile key liye vishisht haye. idukki mein kattappana key paas kovilmala, bhaarat mein abhee bhee sattaaroodh adiwasi raajaon mein seey ack, kovilmala raajaa mannan kaa ghar haye. kovilmala mannan samudaay kaa mukhyalaya haye joe kuchh reeti-rivaajon, paramparaon aur shasson key roop koo sanrakshit kartaa haye, jisase way ack anoothi adiwasi ikai bunn jaate hain. yahaan shasson kii pranali ack loktaantrik rajshahi haye jisamen ack raajaa koo shasson karane key liye logon dwara chunaa jaataa haye.
baandh aur panbijali pariyojanaaen.
keral kii lagbhag 66 pratishat bijli kii aavashyakta idukki jile mein vibhinn panbijali pariyojanaon seey aatee haye. keral kaa pahala aur sabse purana baandh mullaperiyar haye. iska udghaatan 1895 mein kiya gayaa thaa. keral mein sabse badaa baandh idukki baandh haye, joe asia key sabse badey aark-baandhon mein seey ack haye. iska nirmaan 1955 mein kiya gayaa thaa.
sampark.
rail.
vartamaan mein keral key idukki jile mein aur vahaan jaane key liye koee railway naheen haye. nikatatam railway station kottayam (station code-key. tii. aaee. aim.), aluva (alve, station code-aeye. doubleu. vaaee.), ernakulam dakshin (ernculum junction) hain.station code-ers) aur ernakulam uttar (ernakulam shahar, station code-ern).
aupaniveshik kaal key dauran jile mein ack rail line thee jise kundala ghaati railway kahaa jaataa thaa. yeh 1924 mein 99 kii mahaan baadh mein nasht hoe gayaa thaa. angmali koo punalur seey jodane vaali nirmanadhin sabarimala railway pariyojana idukki jile seey hocker gujaregi.
havaai adde.
satram havaai adda ack havaai patti haye jiska udghaatan 17 farwari 2021 koo kiya gayaa thaa lekin vahaan koee vaanijyik sanchaalan naheen hoe rhaa haye. vyaavhaarik roop seey kochin antarrashtriya havaai adda ernakulam jile key nedumbassery mein haye joe sabse nikatatam haye.

