darter

darters, enhinga yaa saamp pakshi mukhya roop seey enhingidae parivaar mein ushnakatibandhiya jall pakshi hain, jinamen ack ekal vansh, "enhinga" hotaa haye. chaar jeevit prajaatiyan hain, jinamen seey teen bahut aam aur vyaapak hain jabaki chauthi durlabh haye aur iucn dwara lagbhag khatare key roop mein vargeekrit kii gaee haye. snakebird" shabd kaa upayog aamtaur parr binaa kissy parivardhan key kiya jaataa haye, joe kissy bhee ack kshetra mein poori tarah seey allopatric prajaati mein seey kissy koo bhee darshaata haye. yeh unaki lambi patali gardan koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, joe saamp jaisi dikhati haye jaba way apane shareer key saath doobate hain, yaa jaba jode apane bandhan pradarshan key dauran ise modate hain. "darter" kaa upayog ack bhaugolik shabd key saath kiya jaataa haye jaba vishesh prajaati kaa ullekh kiya jaataa haye. yeh bhojan praapt karane key unake tareeke kaa sanket detaa haye, kyonki way apani patali, nukili chonch seey machhliyon koo pakadate hain. americi darter ("aeye. anahinga) koo aamtaur parr anahinga key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. ise kabhi-kabhi dakshini sanyukt raajya mein "watter turkey" kahaa jaataa haye; halanki anahinga jangli turkey seey kaafee asambandhit haye, way donon badey, kaali poonchh vaale pakshi hain jinaki kabhi-kabhi bhojan key liye shikaar kiya jaataa haye.
varnan.
enhingeede yaun dwiroopi pankh vaale badey pakshi hain. way lagbhag lambai mein maapate hain, chaaron or ack pankh key saath, aur kuchh vajan karate hain. naron key paas kaale aur gahare bhoore rung key pankh hotey hain, gardan parr ack chhota stambhan shikhar aur maadaa kii tulanaa mein ack badaa bill hotaa haye. maadaon key pankh bahut peele hotey hain, vishesh roop seey gardan aur nichale hisson parr, aur kull milakar thode badey hotey hain. donon mein lambe scapular aur oopari pankh key aavaran parr gray stippling hoti haye. nukile nukile bill mein dantedar kinare hotey hain, ack agyaat taaloo hotaa haye aur koee baahari nasika naheen hoti haye. darter key pair poori tarah seey jaalidaar hotey hain, aur unake pair chhote hotey hain aur shareer parr bahut peechhe hotey hain.
grahan mein koee pankh naheen hotey hain, lekin nange bhaagon kaa rung saal bhar badalata rahata haye. prajanan key dauran, halanki, unaki chhoti guller thaili gulabi yaa peele seey kaale rung mein badal jaati haye, aur nange chehare kii twacha, anyatha pealy yaa pealy-hurry, firoza hoe jaati haye. iris mausami roop seey peele, laal yaa bhoore rung key beach rung mein badalata haye. yuva hatch nagna haye, lekin jald hii safed yaa tain hoe jaataa haye.
darter swaron mein udaan bharane yaa parching karate samay ack click yaa rattling shamil haye. ghonsale banaane vaali coloniyon mein, vayask crocks, grunt yaa rattle key saath samvaad karate hain. prajanan key dauran, vayask kabhi-kabhi "pankhe" yaa aaha yaa aaha dete hain. ghonsale chillaane yaa squaking coll key saath samvaad karate hain.
vitaran aur paaristhitiki.
darter vitaran mein jyaadaatar ushnakatibandhiya hotey hain, joe uposhnakatibandhiya aur mushkil seey germ samshitoshna kshetron mein hotey hain. way aam taur parr taaje paani kii jheelon, nadiyon, daldal, daldal mein rahate hain aur khaare muhaane, khaadi, lagoon aur mangrove mein samudra tata parr cumm paae jaate hain. adhikansh gatiheen hotey hain aur pravaas naheen karate hain; haalaanki, seema key sabse thhande hisson mein aabaadi pravaas curr sakati haye. udaan kaa unakaa pasandida tarika udanaa aur gliding haye; flapping udaan mein way kaafee bojhil hotey hain. sookhi bhoomi parr, darters ack oonchi seedhi vaali chaal key saath chalate hain, aksar santulan key liye pankh failate hain, jaise pelican karate hain. way jhundon mein ikattha hotey hain-kabhi-kabhi lagbhag 100 pakshiyon taka-aur aksar saaras, bagula yaa ibis key saath judate hain, lekin ghonsale parr atyadhik kshetriya hotey hainh ack aupaniveshik nester honey key bavjood, prajanan jode-vishesh roop seey narr-kissy bhee anya pakshi parr chhura ghonpenge joe unaki lambi gardan aur bill taka pahunchata haye. praachya darter ("aeye. melanogaster sensu stricto) ack nikat sankatgrast prajaati haye. anya maanav hastakshepon (jaise andaa sangrah aur keetnashakon kaa adhik upayog) key saath-saath awas vinash darter aabaadi mein girawat key mukhya kaaran hain.
aahar.
darter mukhya roop seey madhyam aakar kii machhliyon koo khaate hain; bahut cumm, way anya jaleey kasheruki aur tulaniya aakar key badey aksheruki jeevon koo khaate hain. yeye pakshi pair seey chalane vaale gotakhor hain joe chupchaap apane shikaar kaa peechha karate hain aur ghaat lagaate hain; phir way khaadya janwar koo latkaane key liye apane nukile bill kaa upayog karate hain. way gaharaai mein gotaa naheen lagaate hain, lekin apane cumm uchhaal kaa upayog karate hain joe geele pankh, chhote havaa kii thaili aur ghanee haddiyon dwara sambhav haye. grieva kasheruka 5-7 key neeche ack keel hoti haye, joe maanspeshiyon koo ack kaaj jaisi pranali banaane key liye sanlagn karane kii anumati detee haye joe gardan, sir aur bill koo bhaala fenkane kii tarah aage badhaa sakati haye. shikaar koo chaku maarne key baad, way usa satah parr lautate hain jahan way apana bhojan havaa mein fenkate hain aur usey phir seey pakadate hain, taaki way ise pahale nigal sakein. jalcharon kii tarah, unamen ack vestigial prene granthi hoti haye aur gotakhori key dauran unake pankh geele hoe jaate hain. gotakhori key baad apane pankhon koo sookhane key liye, darter ack surakshit sthaan parr jaate hain aur apane pankh failaate hain. darter apane sabhi praathamik aur maadhyamik key ack samkaalik moult seey gujarate hain joe unhein asthaayi roop seey udaan rahit banaate hain, halanki yeh sambhav haye kii kuchh vyakti adhure moult seey gujarate hain.
shikaar.
darters key shikari mukhya roop seey badey mansahari pakshi hain, jinamen australiyai kaua ("corvus coronoids") aur house kaua ("corvus splends") jaise pasreen aur shikaar key pakshi jaise marsh harriers ("circus aruginos" complexes) yaa pallas fish eagle ("heliatus leucorifus") shamil hain. crocodilus" magarmachhon dwara shikaar kaa bhee ullekh kiya gayaa haye. lekin kaee shikari ack darter koo pakadane kii koshish karane seey behtar jaanate hain. darting" tantra key saath sanyojan mein lambi gardan aur nukili bill pakshiyon koo badey mansahari standhaariyon key liye bhee khatarnak banaati haye, aur way vaastav mein nishkriya roop seey bachaav karane yaa bhaagne key bajaay hamla karane key liye ack ghuspaithiye kii or badhenge.
prajanan.
way aamtaur parr coloniyon mein prajanan karate hain, kabhi-kabhi jalchar yaa bagula key saath mishrit hotey hain. darters jodee cumm seey cumm prajanan key mausam key liye ack-vivaah bandhan banaati haye. sambhog key liye kaee alag-alag prakaar key pradarshanon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. purush apane pankhon koo oopar uthaakar (lekin failaakar naheen) mahilaaon koo aakarshit karane key liye pradarshan karate hain taaki unhein ack baari-baari seey laharaaya jaa sakey, bill jhukaaya jaa sakey aur chheen liya jaa sakey, yaa sambhaavit sathiyon koo tahaniyaan dee jaa sakein. jodee bandhan koo majboot karane key liye, bhagidar apane bilon yaa laharon koo ragadate hain, oopar kii or ishara karate hain yaa apani gardan koo ack saath jhukaate hain. jaba ack saathi dusare koo ghonsale mein aaraam dene key liye aataa haye, tou narr aur maadaa ack hii pradarshan kaa upayog karate hain joe purush prem prasang key dauran kartaa haye; parivartan key dauran, pakshi bhee ack dusare parr "jaangh" lagaa sakate hain.
prajanan mausami hotaa haye (march/aprail mein charam parr) apani seema key uttari chhor parr; kaheen aur way poore varsh prajanan karate paae jaa sakate hain. ghonsale tahaniyon seey baney hotey hain aur pattiyon seey panktibaddh hotey hain; way pedon yaa naliyon mein baney hotey hain, aamtaur parr paani key paas. aam taur parr, narr ghonsale banaane kii samagri ikattha kartaa haye aur ise maadaa key paas laataa haye, joe adhikansh vaastavik nirmaan kaary kartaa haye. ghonsale key nirmaan mein kewal kuchh dinn lagate hain (adhikatam teen), aur jode ghonsale kii jagah parr sambhog karate hain. clutch kaa aakar dou seey chhah andey (aamtaur parr lagbhag chaar) hotaa haye jinka rung peela haraa hotaa haye. andey 24-48 ghanton key bheetar rakhe jaate hain aur pahale rakhe jaane key baad shuru hocker 25 seey 30 dinon key liye ushmaayan kiya jaataa haye; way atulyakaalik roop seey nikalate hain. andey koo garmajoshi dene key liye, maataa-pitaa unhein apane badey jaal vaale pairon seey dhaka denge, kyonki unake rishtedaron kii tarah unake paas bhee santanon key liye ack patch kii kamee hoti haye. bachche koo khone vaalaa aakhiri bachcha aamtaur parr varshon mein bahut cumm bhojan upalabdh honey key saath bhukhmari seey marr jaataa haye. maataa-pitaa kii dekhbhal kii jaati haye aur yuvaaon koo paropkari maanaa jaataa haye. unhein yuva honey parr aanshik roop seey pachane vaale bhojan key punarjanan dwara khilaaya jaataa haye, jaise-jaise way badey hotey hain, way poore khaadya padarthon parr switch karate hain. bhaag jaane key baad, yuvaaon koo lagbhag dou aur hafton key liye khilaaya jaataa haye jabaki way khud key liye shikaar karna seekhate hain.
yeye pakshi lagbhag dou saal taka yaun paripakvata taka pahunch jaate hain, aur aam taur parr lagbhag nau saal taka jeevit rahate hain. darters kaa adhikatam sambhav jivankal lagbhag solah varsh prateet hotaa haye.
darter andey khaadya hotey hain aur kuchh logon dwara swaadisht maane jaate hain; unhein sthaaniya roop seey manushyon dwara bhojan key roop mein ekatra kiya jaataa haye. vayaskon koo bhee kabhi-kabhi khaaya jaataa haye, kyonki way mansahari pakshi hain (gharelu batakh key barabar); anya machhali khaane vaale pakshiyon jaise kii jalchar yaa samudri batakh kii tarah way vishesh roop seey achche naheen hotey hain. darter andey aur ghonsale bhee kuchh sthaanon parr chhote bachchon koo paalane key liye ekatra kiye jaate hain. kabhi-kabhi yeh bhojan key liye kiya jaataa haye, lekin asam aur bangal mein kuchh khanabadoshon koo jalchar machhali pakadane key liye kaam parr rakhaa jaataa haye. haal key dashakon mein khanabadoshon kii badhati sankhya key saath, yeh saanskritik viraasat khou jaane kaa khatra haye. doosari or, jaisa kii neeche diye gaye "anahinga" kii vyutpatti seey pataa chalata haye, tupi ney anahinga koo ack prakaar kaa ashubh shakun pakshi maanaa haye.
pranaaleegat aur vikas.
enhinga" vansh koo 1760 mein francisi prani vigyaani mathurin jacks brisson dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen enhinga yaa american darter ("enhinga enhinga") koo prakaar prajaati key roop mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa. "anahinga" tupi "" ajinga "" (jise "" aiyaa "" yaa "" aiyaa "" bhee likhaa gayaa haye) seey liya gayaa haye, joe sthaaniya pauranik kathaaon mein ack dusht rakshasi vann aatma koo sandarbhit kartaa haye; iska anuvaad aksar "" shaitan pakshi "" key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.  naam badalkar "anahinga" yaa "anhanga" curr diyaa gayaa kyonki ise tupi-purtagaali lingua geral mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, 1818 mein ack angreji shabd key roop mein apane pahale pralekhit upayog mein, yeh ack purani duniya key darter koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. taba seey, iska upayog aadhunik genus "anahinga" key liye bhee kiya jaataa rhaa haye.
yeh parivaar upavarg sulaa mein anya parivaaron seey bahut nikatata seey sambandhit haye.ee. falacrocoracidae (cormorants aur shags) aur suliday (gannet aur booby). jalchar aur darter apane shareer aur pair key kankal key sambandh mein behad samaan hain aur bahan varg hoe sakate hain. vaastav mein, kaee darter jeevashmon koo shuru mein jalchar yaa shagg maanaa jaataa thaa (neeche dekhein). kuchh pahale key lekhakon ney falacrocoracidae mein darters koo upa-parivaar enhingina key roop mein shamil kiya thaa, lekin aajkal ise aam taur parr overlumping maanaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, jaisa kii yeh jeevaashm sakshya key saath kaafee achchi tarah seey sahmat haye, kuchh ack super family falacrocoracoidia mein enhingidae aur falacrocoracidae koo ekjut karate hain.
soola apane vishisht pradarshan vyavhaar seey bhee ekjut hotey hain, joe shaaririk aur dna anukram detta dwara nirdhaarit jatijanan seey sahmat hotey hain. jabaki darters key kaee pradarshan vyavhaaron kii kamee gannet key saath saajha kii jaati haye (aur kuchh cormorants key saath), yeye sabhi sympliomorphies hain joe frigatebird, tropicbird aur pelican mein bhee anupasthit hain. jalcharon kii tarah lekin anya pakshiyon key vipareet, darter pradarshan mein guller thaili koo failaane key liye apani hyde huddy kaa upayog karate hain. kyaa saathi kaa ingit pradarshan darters aur cormorants kaa ack aur cinepomorphy haye jise baad vaale mein seey kuchh mein phir seey giraaya gayaa thaa, yaa kyaa yeh darters aur una cormorants mein swatantra roop seey vikasit huaa haye joe aisaa karate hain, yeh spasht naheen haye. purush uthaaye gaye pankh kaa pradarshan soole kaa ack samroopata prateet hotaa haye; lagbhag sabhi jalcharon aur shags kii tarah lekin lagbhag sabhi gannet aur booby key vipareet, darter apani kalaai koo jhukaaye rakhate hain kyonki way pradarshan mein pankhon koo uthaate hain, lekin unake baari-baari seey pankh laharaate hain, joe way tech-off seey pahale bhee dikhaate hain, advitiya haye. kii way aksar chalane key dauran apane faile hue pankhon key saath santulan banaate hain, shayed darters kaa ack autopomorphy haye, joe anya soole kii tulanaa mein unake kamjor honey key kaaran aavashyak haye.
sulaa koo paaramparik roop seey pelecaniform mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, phir "uchch jall pakshiyon" kaa ack paraphylatic samooh. unhein ekjut karane vaale kathit lakshan, jaise kii sabhi-jaal vaale pair kii ungaliyon aur ack nange guller thaili, abb abhisari honey key liye jaane jaate hain, aur pelican spasht roop seey soole kii tulanaa mein saaras key karibi rishtedaar hain. isaliye, soola aur frigate birds-aur kuchh pragaitihasik rishtedaar-teji seey suliform key roop mein alag hoe rahey hain, jise kabhi-kabhi "falacrocoraciform" kahaa jaataa haye.
jeevit prajaatiyan.
darters kii chaar jeevit prajaatiyan hain, joe sabhi "enhinga" vansh mein hain, halanki purani duniya mein aksar "aeye" kii upa-prajaati key roop mein ack saath mill jaati theen. melanogaster. way adhik vishisht anahinga key sambandh mein ack superspecius banaa sakate hainh
mauritious aur australia seey vilupt "darters" koo kewal haddiyon seey jaanaa jaataa thaa, jinhen "anahinga naana" ("mauritian darter") aur "anahinga parv" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. lekin yeye vaastav mein lambi poonchh vaale jalchar ("microcarbo/falacrocax africanus") aur chhote pied jalchar ("aim") kii galat pehchaan kii gaee haddiyaan hain./pee. melanoleucos), kramshah. poorv mamle mein, halanki, avashesh maidagaskar parr lambi poonchh vaale jalcharon kii bhaugolik roop seey sabse karibi maujooda aabaadi kii tulanaa mein badey hainh iss prakaar way ack vilupt upa-prajaati (mauritian jalchar) seey sambandhit hoe sakate hain, jise "microcarbo africanus nainas" (yaa "falacrocax aeye. nainas)-kaafee vidambanapurna roop seey, lattin shabd "nainas" kaa arth bauna haye. playstocene key anta mein "enhinga laticips" vishesh roop seey australiyai darter seey alag naheen haye; yeh antim himm yug kii ack badee jeevaashm prajaati hoe sakati haye.
jeevaashm record.
enhingidae kaa jeevaashm record kaafee ghanaa haye, lekin pahale seey hii bahut apomorphic haye aur isake aadhar kii kamee prateet hoti haye. falacrocoraciform mein rakhe gaye anya parivaar kramik roop seey poore eocene mein dikhaai dete hain, sabse alag-alag-frigate birds-lagbhag 50 ma (million saal pahale) seey jaane jaate hain aur shayed jeevaashm mool key hain. madhya-yuseen (see. 40 ma) aur isake turant baad dikhaai dene vaale jeevaashm jalchar, ack alag vansh key roop mein darters kii utpatti sambhavatah 50-40 ma key aspas thee, shayed thodaa pahale.
jeevaashm enhingidae praarambhik myocene key baad seey gyaat hain; abhee bhee jeevit logon key samaan kaee pragaitihasik darters kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye, saath hii kuchh aur alag-alag vansh abb vilupt hoe gaye hain. vividhata dakshin america mein sabse adhik thee, aur iss prakaar yeh sambhavana haye kii parivaar kii utpatti vahaan hui thee. kuchh vansh joe antatah vilupt hoe gaye they, bahut badey they, aur udaan rahit honey kii pravritti pragaitihasik darters mein dekhi gaee haye. unaki vishishtata parr sandeh kiya gayaa haye, lekin yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii "anahinga" freily "" macronhinga "key samaan honey key kaaran thaa, naa kii unake jeevit prajaatiyon seey milate julate honey key kaaranah
anahinga" key pragaitihasik sadasya sambhavatah aaj kii tarah hii jalavaayu mein vitarit they, joe germ aur aardr myocene mein europe taka they. apani kaafee sahanshakti aur mahadweep-vyaapi vitaran kshamataon key saath (jaisa kii anahinga aur purani vishva superspecies dwara pramaanit haye), chhoti vanshavali 20 seey adhik varshon taka jeevit rahee haye. jaisa kii bhoomadhya rekha key aspas kendrit jeevaashm prajaatiyon kii jaiv bhugol seey pataa chalata haye, jisamen america seey poorv kii or chhoti prajaatiyan hain, hadley koshika vansh kii safalata aur astitva kaa mukhya chaalak prateet hoti haih
"protoplotus", sumatra seey ack chhota peliogen felacrocoraciform, puraane samay mein ack adim darter maanaa jaataa thaa. haalaanki, yeh apane swayam key parivaar (protoplotidae) mein bhee rakhaa gayaa haye aur soola kaa ack besal sadasya hoe sakata haye aur/yaa cormorants aur darters key samanya poorvaj key karib hoe sakata haye.

