
1866 kaa memphis narsamhar

1866 kaa memphis narsamhar hinsak ghatnaaon kii ack shrinkhala thee joe memphis, tenacy mein 1 seey 3 maee 1866 taka hui thee. americi grihyuddh key baad, punarnirmaan key shuruati charanon mein, raajneetik aur samajik naslavaad dwara nasleeya hinsa koo prajwalit kiya gayaa thaa. shwet puliskarmiyon aur ashwet diggajon key beach ack golibari key baad haal hii mein sangh senaa seey baahar nikalane key baad, shwet nivaasiyon aur puliskarmiyon kii bheed ney ashwet pados aur mukt sainikon key gharon mein dhawa boll diyaa, ashwet sainikon aur nagrikon parr hamla kiya aur unaki hatyaa kii aur dakaiti aur aagajani key kaee kritya kiye.
hinsa koo dabaane key liye sanghiya sainikon koo bheja gayaa aur teesare dinn shaanti bahaal kii gaee. ack sanyukt congress samiti kii baad kii report mein narsamhar kaa vivaran diyaa gayaa, jisamen ashweton koo abb taka sabse adhik chotein aur mautein huinh 46 ashwet aur 2 shwet loga maare gaye, 75 ashwet loga ghayal hue, 100 seey adhik ashwet vyaktiyon koo luutaa gayaa, 5 ashwet mahilaaon key saath balatkar kiya gayaa, aur 91 ghar, 4 church aur 8 school (harr ashwet church aur school) ashwet samudaay mein jalaa diye gaye. aadhunik anumaanon key anusaar sampatti kaa nuksan 100,000 dollar seey adhik haye, joe jyaadaatar kaale logon koo huaa haye. kaee ashwet loga sthaayi roop seey shahar seey bhaag gaye; 1870 taka, unaki aabaadi 1865 kii tulanaa mein ack chauthai taka gir gaee thee.
dangon aur julaay mein 1866 key nyu orleans narsamhar key saath atyacharon kii reports key baad janata kaa dhyaan aakarshit karane seey yuu. aiss. mein kattarpanthi ganrajyon dwara banaae gaye mamle koo majboot kiya gayaa.aiss. congress joe dakshini sanyukt raajya america mein swatantra logon kii raksha karane aur unhein nagrikon key roop mein poorna adhikaar dene key liye adhik kiya jaanaa thaa. inn ghatnaaon ney sanyukt raajya key samvidhaan mein chaudahaven sanshodhan key paarit honey koo prabhaavit kiya, jisane african amerikiyon koo poorna nagrikta pradaan kii, saath hii saath punarnirmaan adhiniyam, jisane kuchh raajyon mein sainya jilon aur nireekshan kii sthaapana kii.
dangon kii jaanch ney awas, kaam aur samajik sthaan key liye shramik varg mein pratispardha seey sambandhit vishisht karanon kaa sujhaav diyaah ayrish apravasi aur unake vanshajon ney inn sabhi shreniyon mein swatantra logon key saath pratispardha kii. safed bagan malik apane shram key saath kapas kii kheti kaa samarthan karane key liye mukt logon koo memphis seey baahar nikalkar baganon mein vaapas laana chaahte they. hinsa gulami key anta key baad samajik vyavastha koo lagu karane kaa ack tarika thaa.
prishthabhoomi.
yuddh key pahale varsh mein kapas kaa vyaapaar dhwast hoe gayaa, jisase paschim tenancy mein aarthik samasyaaen paida hoe gaeen. 1862 mein sangh balon dwara memphis parr kabja karane aur raajya key kabje key baad, shahar pratibandhit shiviron kaa kendra bunn gayaa aur poorv swaamiyon seey suraksha kii maang karane vaale sharanarthi daason key liye ack aashray bunn gayaa.
shelf county aur shahar key aspas key chaar aasann countiyon mein, 1860 mein kull gulam aabaadi 45,000 thee. jaise-jaise butch nikale aur mukt hue gulam shahar mein chaley gaye, memphis kii kaali aabaadi 1860 mein 3,000 seey badhkar 1865 mein lagbhag 20,000 hoe gaee. 1860 mein memphis kii kull aabaadi 22,623 thee aur jaba yeh teji seey badh rahee thee, tou hajaaron kaale logon kaa ack badaa prabhaav padaa. 1870 taka shahar kii kull sankhya 40,226 hoe gaee.
jabaki kuchh ashwet loga shiviron mein rahate they, teesari topkhaane key parivaar, ack ashwet ikai joe vahaan tainaat thee, ney kebin aur jhopadiyon kaa nirmaan kiya. way shahar kii seema seey parey kille key picker key paas buss gaye, jise dakshin memphis kahaa jaataa thaa. unake kaee parivaar usee kshetra mein chaley gaye.
lambe samay taka sainya kabje key kaaran raajyon key beach advitiya, yuddh key dauran tenancy ney ack prakaar kaa "vaastavik" kaalaa code banaaya, joe pulis, vakeelon, nyayadhishon, jailoron aadi kii milibhugat parr nirbhar kartaa thaa. tensi aur memphis kshetra key daas dharakon ney sangh lines key peechhe swatantrata key liye palayan karane vaale daason key kaaran shram kii kamee key saath sangharsh kiya, aur way abb jabaran shram seey honey vaale laabh parr bharosa naheen curr sakate they. shwet logon ney memphis mein badey paimaane parr kaee mukt logon parr narajgi jataai aur senaa seey ashwet logon koo kaam karane key liye majboor karane kaa aagrah kiya. senaa ney ashwet logon koo hirasat mein leey liya jinhen awara key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa aur unhein baganon parr shram anubandh sweekaar karane key liye majboor kiya.
memphis friedman beuro key liye iss shram neeti kii sthaapana karane vaale general nathan dudley key liye, sthaaniya shraddhaalu tii. ee. bliss ney likhaah
yeh kaise haye kii memphis mein rangeen bachche, "apane haathon mein vartani kii kitaabon key saath" bhee aapke adesh seey pakade jaate hain aur usee sthaan parr leey jaate hain aur vahaan abhadrata seey kahaa jaataa haye kii unhein 'behtar hoga kii way kapas uthaayen.'kyaa yeh unake puraane vidrohi maalikon key beach sulah karane aur unaki kapas kii fasal koo surakshit karane mein madad karane key uddeshya seey haye? kyaa yeh baat aaee haye kii inn garib logon key sabse aam adhikaaron koo una logon key laabh key liye kuchla jaanaa haye jinhone apane poore dinon mein una parr anyaay kiya haye?
kaale sainikon ney apane logon koo baganon mein vaapas laane key prayason kaa virodh kiya. general davis tilson dudley seey pahale memphis friedman beuro key pramukh they. khaali logon koo baganon parr kaam parr lautane kii dhamki dene key liye bheje gaye sainikon kii gatividhiyon kaa jikr karate hue unhone kahaa kii "rangeen sanic unaki mehnat mein hastakshep karate hain aur mukt logon koo bataate hain kii bayaan unhein diye gaye hain... yeye galat hain, jisase beuro key sanchaalan koo sharamsar kiya jaa sakata haye."
ayrish nivasi.
yuddh seey pahale, ayrish apravasiyon ney shahar mein nae logon kii ack pramukh lahar kaa gathan kiya thaah 1850 mein jaba shahar mein 8,841 loga they, taba jaatiya ayrish aabaadi kaa 9.9 pratishat thaa. 1860 taka jansankhya teji seey badhkar 22,623 hoe gaee aur ayrish 23.2 pratishat thaa. unhein kaafee bhedbhaav kaa saamana karna padaa, lekin 1860 taka, unhone pulis bull mein adhikansh padon parr kabja curr liya aur mahapour key karyalaya sahit shahar kii sarkaar mein kaee nirvaachit aur sanrakshan pada praapt curr liye. lekin ayrish ney shwet logon dwara aswikar kii gaee nimn-varg kii naukariyon key liye mukt ashwet logon key saath bhee pratispardha kii, jisase dou samoohon key beach dushmani paida hui (ayrish apravasiyon sahit shramik varg key shwet logon aur naukariyon key liye pratispardha karane vaale swatantra ashwet logon key beach isi tarah kii dushmani uttar mein hinsa key krityon key karanon mein seey thee, jisamen 1863 key newyork shahar key masauda dange bhee shamil they).
1840 key dashak key mahaan akaal key baad seey adhikansh ayrish madhya shatabdi kii shuruat mein aaa gaye they. kaee loga dakshin memphis mein buss gaye, joe dou khaadi parr nirmit ack nayaa aur jaatiya roop seey vividh pados thaa. dakshin memphis jyaadaatar kaarigaron aur ardh-kushal shramikon key parivaaron kaa ghar thaa. jaba senaa ney memphis parr kabja curr liya, tou unhone operation key aadhar key roop mein paas key kille koo apane kabje mein leey liya. friedman beuro ney bhee iss kshetra mein ack karyalaya sthaapit kiya. ashwet sharanarthi basti aage dakshin aur shahar kii seema key baahar kendrit thee.
kabje key shuruati varshon mein, sangh senaa ney nagrik sarkaar koo anumati dee, jabaki gyaat sangh key diggajon koo pada grahan karane seey pratibandhit kiya. iss vajah seey, kaee jaatiya ayrish ney iss avadhi key dauran pada praapt kiya. general washburn ney julaai 1864 mein shahar kii sarkaar koo bhang curr diyaa, lekin julaai 1865 mein sainya kabje key anta key baad ise bahaal curr diyaa gayaa.
badhata tanaav.
"dainik himskhalan" sthaaniya samachar patron mein seey ack thaa jisane ashwet logon key prati tanaav koo badhaa diyaa, saath hii yuddh key baad sanghiya punarnirmaan prayason key khilaf bhee. dangon key baad friedman beuro kii report mein kaale logon aur "nimn goron" key beach lambe "kadvaahat" kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye, joe unake beach haal kii kuchh ghatnaaon seey badh gaee haye. 1866 mein memphis key mahapour aur nagrikon dwara yeh bataae jaane key baad kii way vyavastha banaae rakh sakate hain, mejar general george stoneman ney kille kii picking mein apani senaa koo cumm curr diyaa thaa, aur vahaan kewal lagbhag 150 purushon koo niyukt kiya thaa. inca upayog kille mein badee matra mein mitty kii raksha key liye kiya jaataa thaa.
shahar mein samajik tanaav taba badh gayaa jaba americi senaa ney memphis mein gasht karane key liye ashwet sangh senaa key sainikon kaa istemal kiya. sainya aur sthaaniya sarkaar key beach pratispardha thee kii kaun prabhaari thaa; yuddh key baad, mukt sainikon key beuro kii vikaasheel bhoomika ney aspashtata koo badhaa diyaa. 1866 kii shuruat mein, shahar mein ghoom rahey kaale sainikon aur safed memphis puliskarmiyon key beach dhamkiyon aur ladaai key kaee udaaharan they, joe 90 pratishat ayrish apravasi they. kaee gavaahon ney jaatiya samoohon key beach tanaav kii gawahi dee.
friedman beuro key adhikaariyon ney bataaya kii pulis ney kaale sainikon koo mamuli apraadhon key liye giraftar kiya aur aamtaur parr unake saath krurta seey vyavhaar kiya, isake vipareet kii unake saath gorey sandigdhon key saath vyavhaar kiya gayaa. "ack itihaaskaar ney pulis bull kii sanrachana koo" "aniyantrit maveshiyon key jhund kii raksha key liye sheron kii ack tukadi lene" "key roop mein varnit kiya.aiss. ghar 1866:143)."pulis kaa upayog tenacy key daas kaanoonon key tahat ashwet logon key saath baatchit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa aur vardi mein sashastr ashwet purushon koo dekhkar unhein gussa aataa thaa.
pulis kii barbarta kii ghatanaaen badh gaeen. sitambar 1865 mein brigadier general johnn ee. smith ney "saarvajanik manoranjan, genden aur partiyon koo pratibandhit curr diyaa joe pahale iss shahar key rangeen logon dwara aksar diye jaate they."pulis ney kabhi-kabhi kaale samarohon mein hinsak hastakshep kiya, aur ack avsar parr veshyavritti key aadhar parr mahilaaon key ack samooh koo giraftar karane kaa prayaas kiya; way sabhaa mein sainikon seey shaadi curr rahey they. sainikon ney giraftari koo roque diyaa aur ack sashastr gatirodh paida hoe gayaa. pulis ney "upman" key samajik aparaadh key liye sadak parr ashwet logon koo peeta aur peeta."
dangon seey ack dinn pahale.
adhikaariyon ney inn mamalon mein sanyam baratane key liye ashwet sainikon kii sarahana kii. lekin shwet samudaay key beach afavaahen fail gaeen kii ashwet loga aisee ghatnaaon key liye kissy prakaar kaa sangathit badala lene kii yojana banaa rahey they. 30 aprail, 1866 koo adhikansh ashwet sangh sainikon (sanyukt raajya america kii teesari rangeen bhaari topkhaane resiment) koo senaa seey baahar nikaalane key baad pareshani kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa. poorv sainikon koo kaee dinon taka shahar mein rehna padaa, jabaki way apana nirvahan vetan praapt karane key liye intezar curr rahey they; senaa ney apane hathiyar vaapas leey liye, lekin kuchh purushon ney niji hathiyar praapt curr liye they. way shahar mein ghoomate hue, sharaab peete hue aur jashn manaate hue samay bitaate they.
30 aprail kii dopahar koo teen ashwet sainikon key ack samooh aur chaar ayrish puliskarmiyon key beach sadak parr ladaai shuru hoe gaee. donon taraf seey taanaa maarne aur shaaririk takkar key baad, ack pulis adhikaari ney ack sanic key sir parr agneyastra seey maaraa, joe usake hathiyar koo todane key liye kaafee thaa. adhik ladaai key baad, donon samooh apane alag-alag raaste chaley gaye. ghatana kii khabar poore shahar mein fail gaee.
dange.
kaale sainikon key saath sangharsh.
1 maee, 1866 koo, kaale sainikon, mahilaaon aur bachchon kaa ack badaa samooh ack saarvajanik sthaan parr ikattha huaa, ack tatkaal sadak party kaa gathan kiya. shaam karib 4 baje, shahar key recorder johnn creiton ney chaar pulis adhikaariyon koo samooh koo todane kaa adesh diyaa. pulis ney aagya kaa paalan kiya, halanki kshetra unake adhikaar kshetra seey baahar thaa, aur creiton unaki kamaan kii shrinkhala key baahar thaa.
sainikon key titar-bitar karane seey incar karane parr tanaav badh gayaa. chaar adhikaari, sankhya seey adhik honey key kaaran, peechhe hutt gaye aur sudridhikaran key liye bulaaya. sainikon ney peechha kiya aur golibari shuru hoe gaee. adhikaari stevens ney apani bandook kheenchate samay galati seey khud koo pair mein goli maar lii. unaki chot kaa aarop sainikon parr lagaaya gayaa thaa; yeh pulis sudridhikaran aur dangon mein anya pratibhagiyon key liye ack raili key kaaran key roop mein kaam kiya. sangharsh badh gayaa aur adhikaari finn koo goli maar dee gaee aur ack every sadak parr maar diyaa gayaa.
creiton aur oh 'neel ney ghatana sthal chhod diyaa aur bataaya kii dou pulis adhikaariyon koo goli maar dee gaee haye. shahar kii pulis aur gusse mein gorey nivaasiyon kaa ack bull kaale sainikon koo shamil karane key liye ikattha huaa. shaam koo kaee sainikon koo goli maar dee gaee aur maar diyaa gayaa, jinamen seey kuchh bhaag rahey they aur ghayal hoe gaye they, aur ack joe pahale seey hii giraftar thaa.
general george stoneman koo vyavastha bahaal karane key liye sainya bull kaa upayog karane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa; unhone manaa curr diyaa aur sujhaav diyaa kii sheriff sardiyon mein ack sthiti banaae. stoneman ney kaptan arther doubleu koo adhikrit kiya. kille kii picking seey sainikon kii dou ikaaiyon koo tainaat karane key liye elin. unhone shaam lagbhag 6 seey 10 yaa 11 baje taka memphis mein gasht kii, usa samay taka adhikansh ashwet sanic sevaanivritt hoe chuke they. pattharbaaj ney kille kii picking mein lautane vaale sabhi kaale sainikon koo nirastra karane aur aadhar parr rakhane kaa bhee adesh diyaa.
bheed hinsa.
dair shaam koo koee sanic naheen milaa, joe shwet bheed vahaan bunny thee, vaha ilaake key vibhinn kaale gharon parr hamla karane key liye muda gaee, lootpaat karane aur una logon parr hamla karane key liye joe unhein vahaan mille. unhone gharon, schools aur churchon parr hamla kiya, kaee koo jalaa diyaa, saath hii saath ashwet nivaasiyon parr andhadhundh hamla kiya, kaee logon kii hatyaa curr dee. kuchh logon kii maut hoe gaee jaba bheed ney unhein apane jalate hue gharon mein rahane key liye majboor kiya.
yeye gatividhiyaan 2 maee kii subah phir seey shuru huin aur poore dinn jaari raheen. pulis aur agnishamakon ney bheed kaa ack tihai hissa (kull samooh kaa kramshah 24 pratishat aur 10 pratishat) banaaya; unake saath chhote vyavasaay malik (28 pratishat), clerk (10 pratishat), karigar (10 pratishat) aur shahar key adhikaari (4.5 pratishat) shamil hue. johnn pendergast aur unake beton michael aur patrick ney kathit taur parr hinsa key ayojan mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai aur dakshin sent mein apani kiraane kii dukaan kaa upayog kiya. & causye St. sanchaalan key aadhar key roop mein. ack ashwet mahila ney bataaya kii pendergast ney usase kahaa, "main vaha aadami huun jisane iss bheed koo yahaan seey baahar nikala, aur way vahee karenge joe main unhein bataati huun."
pahale dinn key baad, jaisa kii general stoneman ney baad mein kahaa, ashwet logon ney dangon mein aakramak roop seey kaary naheen kiya aur jeevit rahane key liye sangharsh kiya. praarambhik ghatana sthal parr, shahar key recorder johnn creiton ney ack safed bheed koo haath seey uksaayaa aur kaale logon koo maarne aur unhein shahar seey bhagaane key liye gayaa. memphis key ashwet nivaasiyon key sashastr vidroh kii afavaahen sthaaniya shwet adhikaariyon aur upadraviyon dwara failai gaeen. memphis meyer johnn park sandigdh roop seey anupasthit they (kahaa jaataa haye kii way nashe mein they); friedman beuro key pramukh, general runclay key paas madad karane key liye aparyaapt bull they.
memphis mein sanghiya kabje vaale sainikon key commander general george stoneman dangon key shuruati charanon koo dabaane kii koshish mein anirnaayak they. unaki nishkriyata key parinamswarup nuksan key paimaane mein vriddhi hui. unhone 3 maee kii dopahar koo marshel low kii ghoshana kii aur balpurvak vyavastha bahaal kii.
tenacy attorney general villium wallace, 40 purushon key ack dall kaa netritva karane key liye pratiniyukt, kathit taur parr unhein maarne aur jalaane key liye protsaahit kiya.
hatahaton aur laagat.
kull milakar, 46 ashwet aur 2 shwet loga maare gaye (ack khud koo ghayal curr liya aur doosara anya shwet logon dwara maaraa gayaa), 75 loga ghayal hoe gaye (jyaadaatar ashwet), 100 seey adhik loote gaye, 5 ashwet mahilaaon ney balatkar kii soochana dee aur baad mein congress kii sunavaai samiti koo gawahi dee, aur 91 gharon koo jalaa diyaa (89 ashwet logon dwara aayojit, ack shwet dwara aayojit aur ack antarjaatiya jode dwara). chaar kaale church aur 12 kaale schools koo jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa. aadhunik anumaanon key anusaar sampatti kaa nuksan 100,000 dollar seey adhik haye, jisamen pahale muthbhedon mein pulis dwara ashwet diggajon seey liya gayaa bhugtan bhee shamil haye.
sangh key anubhavi bayne dennis koo 3 maee koo ack baar mein ack kaale dost key saath baatchit karane key liye maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
parinam seey pataa chalaa kii bheed ney kaale sainikon key gharon (aur patniyon) key khilaf apani hinsa koo kendrit kiya. aagajani sabse aam aparaadh thaa. bheed ney kuchh gharon koo alag curr diyaa, jabaki anya koo chhod diyaa, kyonki rahane vaalon kii kathit adheenata thee.
isake baad.
dainik himskhalan" ney ghatnaaon key dauran unake karyon key liye pattharbaaj kii prashansa kii, ack sampadakiya mein tippani karate hue kahaah "unhone iss vichaar parr kaam kiya haye kii aggar ashwet logon key adhikaaron kii raksha key liye yahaan sainikon kii aavashyakta haye, tou shwet sanic hamaare logon key liye cumm aparaadh key saath aisaa curr sakate hain. vaha iss desh kii ichchhaon koo jaanata haye aur dekhta haye kii nigro kheme kii tulanaa mein kapas key khet mein desh koo adhik achchha curr sakata haye."himskhalan" ney yeh bhee apana vishvaas vyakt kiya kii hinsa purani samajik vyavastha koo bahaal karegeeh "hamari sabhi pareshaniyon key mukhya srot koo door kiya jaa rhaa haye, humm aatmavishvaas seey cheejon kii purani vyavastha kii bahaali kii ummeed curr sakate hain. nigro aabaadi abb apana kartavya nibhaayegi... nigro purush aur nigro mahilaaen achaanak graameen kheton mein kaam kii talash mein hain... swarg koo dhanyavaad, shwet jaati memphis mein ack baar phir shaasak hain."
kanuni pratikriyaaen.
memphis dangon koo bhadkane vaalon yaa apraadhiyon key khilaf koee aaparaadhik kaaryavaahi naheen hui. sanyukt raajya america key attorney general, james speed ney faisala sunaaya kii dangon seey judee nyaayik kaarravaai raajya key adhikaar kshetra mein aatee haye. lekin, raajya aur sthaaniya adhikaariyon ney kaarravaai karane seey incar curr diyaa, aur kabhi bhee kissy grand juurii koo aamantrit naheen kiya gayaa.
haalaanki usa samay unaki nishkriyata key liye aalochana kii gaee thee, lekin samanya pattharbaaj kii jaanch kii gaee aur antatah ack congress samiti dwara unhein doshmukt curr diyaa gayaa. unhone kahaa kii vaha shuru mein hastakshep karane key liye anichhuk they, kyonki memphis key logon ney kahaa thaa kii way khud pulis curr sakate hain. unhein seedhe sanchaar aur mahapour aur parishad seey anurodh kii aavashyakta thee. 3 maee koo, jaba unhone ack pose koo ack saath rakhane mein unakaa samarthan maanga, tou unhone unase kahaa kii vaha isaki anumati naheen denge. unhone marshel low lagu kiya, samoohon koo ikattha honey kii anumati dene seey incar curr diyaa aur dangon koo dabaa diyaa. stoneman california chaley gaye, jahan baad mein unhein governor key roop mein chunaa gayaa, joe 1883-87 kii seva curr rahey they.
friedman beuro dwara jaanch.
memphis dangon kii jaanch friedman beuro dwara kii gaee thee, jise senaa aur tenancy inspector general dwara sahaayata pradaan kii gaee thee, jinhone isamen shamil logon seey shapath patra ekatra kiye they. isake alawa, ack congress samiti dwara ack jaanch aur report thee, joe 22 maee koo memphis pahunchi aur francisi thompson sahit 170 gavaahon kaa sakshatkar liya, jisamen kaale aur gorey donon logon seey vyaapak maukhik itihas ekatra kiya gayaa.
raajneetik prabhaav.
memphis dange aur isi tarah kii ghatana (1866 mein julaai 1866 mein nyu orleans narsamhar) kaa parinam kattarpanthi punarnirmaan key liye samarthan badhaana thaa. dangon key badnam rashtrapati andreau johnson kii report, joe tenacy seey they aur linken key tahat tenacy key sainya governor they. johnson key rashtrapati punarnirmaan key karyakram koo avaruddh curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur congress kattarpanthi punarnirmaan kii or badhee. kattarpanthi ganrajyon ney 1866 key congress key chunaavon mein jeet hassil kii, washington mein veeto-proof bahumat praapt kiya. baad mein, unhone punarnirmaan adhiniyamon, pravartan adhiniyamon aur sanyukt raajya key samvidhaan key chaudahaven sanshodhan jaise pramukh kaanoon paarit kiye, joe nagrikta, kaanoonon key samaan sanrakshan aur poorv daason key liye uchit prakriya kii guaranti detaa haye. raajneetik jalavaayu mein parivartan, nasl dangon kii pratikriya seey utprerit, antatah poorv daason koo nagrikta key poorna adhikaar praapt karane mein saksham banaaya.
tenancy vidhansabha key liye, dangon ney mukt purushon kii sthiti koo paribhaashit karane vaale raajya kaanoonon kii kamee koo ujagar kiya.
memphis.
kaee ashwet logon ney shatrutapurna vatavaran key kaaran sthaayi roop seey shahar chhod diyaa. friedman beuro ney shesh nivaasiyon kii raksha key liye sangharsh karna jaari rakhaa. 1870 taka, kaale logon kii aabaadi 1865 seey ack chauthai ghatkar lagbhag 15,000 hoe gaee thee, joe shahar kii kull 40,000 seey adhik aabaadi mein seey thee.
kaalaa samudaay virodh karna jaari rakhaa; 22 maee, 1866 koo, nadee mein dock shramikon ney hadtaal kii aur uchch majdoori key liye march kiya. (sabhi hadtaal karane vaalon koo giraftar curr liya gayaa.) garmiyon mein, haim bhraatri sangathan key ashwet putron ney ashwet matadhikar key liye pradarshan kiye. unhone ise 19veen shatabdi mein praapt kiya, lekin 20veen shatabdi key anta mein, tenacy ney matadaata panjikaran aur matdan mein baadhaaen paida karane mein anya dakshini raajyon key saath juda gaye, prabhaavi roop seey chhah dashakon seey adhik samay taka adhikansh ashwet logon koo raajneetik pranali seey baahar curr diyaa.
raajya vidhanmandal ney shahar key pulis bull kaa niyantran apane haath mein leey liya. isane ack kaanoon paarit kiya jisane memphis aaparaadhik sajaa pranali koo bhee badal diyaa, joe 1 julaai, 1886 koo prabhaavi hui.

