niptan padanukram

ack basti padanukram unaki aabaadi yaa kuchh anya maandandon key aadhar parr ack padanukram mein bastiyon koo vyavasthit karane kaa ack tarika haye. iss shabd kaa upayog paridrishya itihaskaron dwara aur ingland key liye rashtriya pathyakram mein kiya jaataa haye. iss shabd kaa upayog britten aur ireland, bhaarat aur switzerland jaise kuchh anya deshon key liye yojana pranali mein bhee kiya jaataa haye. 1972 mein bhoogolvetta bryan roberts dwara iss shabd kaa upayog binaa tippani key kiya gayaa thaa.
avalokan.
europe mein, sadiyon purani bastiyaan krishi bhoomi seey ghiri hui theen aur ack chhor seey dusare chhor taka 30 minut seey adhik kii paidal doori parr naheen theen, jisamen ameer loga "shahar key kendra" parr ekadhikar rakhate they, aur garib loga shahar key baahari ilaakon yaa aas-paas key graameen ilaakon ("prabhaav kaa kshetra") mein rahate they. vikendrikaran praudyogikiyon key aagaman key saath (ee.jee.saikil, train, kaar aadi.), americi bastiyon ney apane santripti bindu taka pahunchane seey pahale iss pravritti koo ulat diyaa, jisamen nikatatam basti seey darjanon meal door sthit aavason dwara prabandhit vishal krishi bhoomi; nimn-aaya vaale samudaayon ney "kendra" parr kabja curr liya kyonki madhyam-aaya aur uchch-aaya vaale upnagaron mein chaley gaye. isane ack ghatana paida kii jise shahari kshay key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
ack basti kii jansankhya kaa aakar, iska bhaugolik kshetra, isaki sthiti aur sevaaon kii upalabdhata sabhi iss padanukram koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain. ack basti padanukram mein sthiti prabhaav key kshetra parr bhee nirbhar curr sakati haye. iss tarah loga basti mein sevaaon kaa upayog karane key liye kitni door kii yatra karengeh yadi loga aage yatra karate hain tou shahar adhik mahatvapurna hoe jaataa haye aur basti padanukram mein uchch sthaan parr hoe jaataa haye.
kissy basti key aakar koo maapane kii sabse vyaapak roop seey sweekrit ikaaiyon kaa sangrah iss prakaar haih
alag-thalag nivaas <gaanv <chhota shahar <badaa shahar <nagar
ack niptan padanukram kii avadharana key saath samasyaaen.
kissy bhee vyaapak roop seey sweekrit paribhasha key abhaav mein ack samjhaute key sheershak kaa upayog karna bhraamak hoe sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, sanyukt raajya mein shahar kii sthiti aitihaasik roop seey church key padanukram mein apane sthaan seey utpann hui. (aadhunik samay mein, shahar kaa darja dharmnirpeksh karanon seey diyaa jaataa haye lekin aakar key sandarbh key binaa.) iss prakaar, ingland key kuchh cathedral shahar (ee.jee.cambridgeshire) kii aabaadi kuchh shaharon (jaise) kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm haye.jee., lutone). sanyukt raajya key kuchh hisson mein, shahar aur shahar key beach kaa antar sthaaniya sarkaar dwara shamil karane key nirnay kaa mamla haye. isake alawa, padanukram mein staron kii sankhya yaa unhein kyaa kahaa jaanaa chaahiye, iss baare mein koee sahamati naheen haye. bastiyon kaa varnan karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale kaee shabd (ee.jee.gaanv) kii koee kanuni paribhasha naheen haye, yaa vibhinn kshetradhikaron mein virodhabhasi kanuni paribhaashaaen hoe sakati hain.
padanukram aur sthiti.
ack sweekrit niptan padanukram mein sthiti sthiti koo ingit curr sakati haye, joe badale mein padanukram mein niptan kii sthiti koo majboot karati haye. kissy raajaa yaa kuleen varg key uchch padasth sadasya kaa nivaas sthaan honey yaa kissy pramukh dhaarmik pratishthaan kaa sthaan honey seey sthiti praapt hoe sakati haye. bastiyon kaa ack aupchaarik padanukram, jise ack bahu-sampatti key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, 10veen shatabdi key ingland mein aam prateet hotaa haye. ack sampatti key kendra (jise aksar "kaipat" kahaa jaataa haye) koo sahayak bastiyon dwara samarthit kiya jaa sakata thaa, jinhen kabhi-kabhi vishesh bhoomikaaen dee jaati theen. udaaharan key liye, ack saxon shaahi sampatti koo cheez yaa jou key utpaadan mein visheshagyata rakhane vaali bastiyon yaa bhed key jhundon koo banaae rakhane seey samarthan mill sakata haye.
ack niptan padanukram kaa udaaharan.
iss udaaharan mein, ack sadak ghar sabse nichale star parr haye jabaki acumenpolis sabse adhik sankhya mein nivaasiyon key saath sheersh parr haih
yeh kewal ack udaaharan haye, aur anya sandarbhon mein, pratyek shreni key niptan key liye jansankhya mandand alag-alag hoe sakate hain.
notah yeh niptan padanukram constantinos apostolos doxidis key kaam seey 2010 kii vaastavik vartamaan vishva sthiti key liye anukoolit kiya gayaa haye, joe varsh 2100 key liye doxidis key aadarsh niptan padanukram key vipareet haye jise unhone apani 1968 kii pustak "echistics" mein rekhaankit kiya thaa.
uchch ghanatvah duss laakh seey adhik nivasi.
iss ghanatva parr, basti kii aabaadi, prabhaav key kshetra aur sakal gharelu utpaad cumm ghanatva vaale adhikansh deshon seey adhik hoe jaate hain. apane nagrikon key satat vikas aur nirantar samriddhi key liye prashaasnik prabhagon, saarvajanik parivahan, saarvajanik buniyaadi dhaanche aur anya sarkari saarvajanik sevaaon kii aavashyakta mahatvapurna haye. uchch aaya vaali naukariyaan aur gair-aavashyak vilasita sevaaen prachur matra mein hain (jaise.jee. kaar dealership, brain sergery center, airport, financing, computer store, coffey shop aadi.) kyonki inhen cumm ghanatva seey banaae naheen rakhaa jaa sakata haye. madhyam aaya rashtriya ausat seey adhik haye. 133 bee mein pracheen rome mein duss laakh nivaasiyon kii aabaadi taka pahunchane vaalaa pahala shahar darj kiya gayaa thaa.see. doosari audyogik kranti key dauran, landan, ingland 1810 mein iss mukam parr pahuncha aur sanyukt raajya america key newyork shahar ney 1875 mein ise banaaya.
uchch madhyam ghanatvah chauthai seey duss laakh nivasi.
iss ghanatva parr, adhik vishesh unnat sevaaon (jaise.jee. doctor, mechanic, college aadi.) paimaane kii arthvyavasthaon aur samooh kii arthvyavasthaon key kaaran.
nimn madhyam ghanatvah 100,000 seey 250,000 nivasi.
iss ghanatva parr, cumm vishesh sevaaon taka pahunch key liye taiyar haye lekin nivaasiyon koo kuchh paristhitiyon mein ack badey shahar kii yatra karane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
cumm ghanatvah 10,000 seey 100,000 nivasi.
ack laakh seey cumm nivasi. samanya "shahar kii visheshataaen" aur sevaaen jaise cleanic, pharmacy, baink, supermarket, pulis station, fayer station, school, aavaasiya pados, restaraan aadi. aakar cumm honey parr cumm upalabdh hoe jaataa haye. sthaaniya vaanijyik kshetron koo samarthan dene key liye ghanatva paryaapt hoe sakata haye jisamen ack "mukhya sadak" yaa ack shopping maull shamil hoe sakata haye.
sookshm ghanatva.
ack hazaar seey cumm nivasi. iss sankhya mein, bastiyaan bahut chhoti yaa bikhare hue hain jinhen "shahari" maanaa jaa sakata haye, aur inn bastiyon key bheetar sevaaen (yadi koee hoe) aam taur parr aavashyak vastuon taka seemit hainh ee.jee.church, kiraane kii dukaan, dakghar aadi. maanav itihas key adhikansh samay mein, bahut cumm bastiyaan 150 seey adhik logon kii aabaadi kaa samarthan curr sakati theen.
desh dwara niptan padanukram.
angreji yojana pranali mein niptan padanukram.
padanukram mein ack niptan kii sthiti kaa uddeshya awas jaise nae vikas key baare mein nirnayon koo soochit karna haye. jansankhya dwara padanukram koo paribhaashit karane key bajaay, padanukram key nirmaan kaa ack vaikalpik tarika una sevaaon parr adharit haye joe pratyek basti key bheetar upalabdh hain. bastiyon koo "star 1", "star 2", aadi key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. gaanv yaa shahar jaise shabdon kaa upayog karane key bajaay. sarkari yojana vivaran (pee. pee. aiss. 3) mein vishesh roop seey "niptan padanukram" kaa ullekh naheen haye, lekin chhoti graameen bastiyon key liye sevaaon kii upalabdhata key baare mein baat kii gaee haye. iss shabd kaa upayog yojana nirnayon key liye sakshya taiyar karane key liye margadarshan mein kaee baar kiya jaataa haye; ack basti padanukram ack alag nivaas, phir basti, phir gaanv, shahar, phir ack nagar key saath shuru hotaa haye.
german yojana pranali mein niptan padanukram.
german yojana pranali 1930 key dashak mein walter chrystaller dwara vikasit kendriya sthaan siddhant parr adharit haye aur pahali baar naazi yug mein, vishesh roop seey polland mein lagu kii gaee thee. pratyek basti koo kaary dwara vargeekrit kiya jaataa haih atyadhik kendriya shahar (ee.jee. hamberg, ushnakatibandhiya rogon key liye vishesh chikitsalayon key saath), madhya kendriya shahar (aavadhik karyon key liye ee.jee. pramukh vidyaalayon (5veen kaksha seey shuru) aur buniyaadi kendriya shaharon/untergentrum (ee.) key saath homberg (saar).jee. buniyaadi doctors aur supermarket key saath). nivaasiyon kii sankhya cumm mahatvapurna haih iss prakaar cassersloutern (100,000 loga) jaise shahar ack atyadhik vishisht shahar hoe sakate hain, kyonki yeh aspas key graameen kshetra key liye ack kendra haye.
iska upayog sanghiya star parr raajyon kii kshetriya yojana pranali aur "raajya vikas karyakramon" (landsentwicklung prograam) aur "kshetriya sthaanik sanrachana yojanaon" (kshetriya rumardnung plan) key liye kshetron kii yojana banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. yeye sabhi germany, poorv aur paschim key graameen aur shahari kshetron mein samkaksh jeevan star (gleachwartige labensveraltonis) jaise lakshyon koo praapt karane key liye raajneetik yojanaaen hain.

