
electrophilic sugandhit nirdeshan samooh

electrophilic sugandhit pratisthaapan pratikriyaon mein, sugandhit valay parr maujooda pratisthaapan samooh samagr pratikriya darr koo prabhaavit karate hain yaa banane vaale utpaadon key sthitigat isomer parr nirdeshan prabhaav daalate hain. ack electron daan karane vaalaa samooh (aeye. dee. jee.) yaa electron jaari karane vaalaa samooh (sanrachanaatmak sootron mein aeye. aar. jee., jaid.) ack paramanu yaa karyatmak samooh haye joe apane kuchh electron ghanatva koo anunaad (mesomerism) yaa prerak prabhaav (yaa preran) key madhyam seey sanyugmit π pranali mein daan kartaa haye-jise kramshah + m yaa + i prabhaav kahaa jaataa haye-iss prakaar π pranali koo adhik nucleophilic banaata haye. inn electronic prabhaavon key parinamswarup, ack sugandhit valay jisamen aisaa samooh judaa hotaa haye, electrophilic pratisthaapan pratikriya mein bhaag lene kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye. isaliye dhaar koo aksar sakriya karane vaale samoohon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, halanki steric prabhaav pratikriya mein hastakshep curr sakate hain.
ack electron vaapas lene vaale samooh (ee. doubleu. jee.) kaa valay kii nabhikiyata parr vipareet prabhaav padegaa. ee. doubleu. jee. ack π pranali seey electron ghanatva koo hataa detaa haye, jisase yeh iss prakaar kii pratikriya mein cumm pratikriyaasheel hoe jaataa haye, aur isaliye ise nishkriya samooh kahaa jaataa haye.
kinare aur eadbluesy sugandhit valay parr sthiti (apane saapeksh) bhee nirdhaarit karate hain jahaan pratisthaapan pratikriyaen honey kii sabse adhik sambhavana hoti haye; isaliye yeh guna carbonic sanshleshan kii prakriyaon mein mahatvapurna haye.
electron daan karane vaale samooh aam taur parr electrophilic sugandhit pratisthaapan key liye ortho/paira nideshak hotey hain, jabaki electron vaapas lene vaale samooh aam taur parr helogen key apavaad key saath metaa nideshak hotey hain joe "ortho"/"paira" nideshak bhee hotey hain kyonki unake paas electrons key ekal jode hotey hain joe sugandhit valay key saath saajha hotey hain.
shreniyaan.
electron daan karane vaale samoohon koo aam taur parr sakriya karane kii kshamata key teen staron mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye ("charam" shreni koo "majboot" key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye.) electron vaapas lene vaale samoohon koo samaan samoohon koo saunpa jaataa haye. sakriya pratisthaapan "ortho" aur "paira" sthitiyon key baare mein electrophilic pratisthaapan kaa paksh lete hain. kamjor samooh "ortho-" aur "paira-" sthitiyon mein benzene anu parr hamla karane key liye seedhe electrophile koo nishkriya karate hain, jabaki samoohon koo dridhata seey aur madhyam roop seey nishkriya karate hue "metaa-" sthiti parr seedhe hamale karate hain. yeh metaa-sthiti jaise paira-aur ortho-nirdeshan karyatmak samoohon key paksh mein naheen haye, balki "ortho"-aur "paira"-sthiti koo "metaa"-sthiti koo napsand karane seey adhik napsand kartaa haye.
samoohon koo sakriya karna.
sakriya samooh jyaadaatar anunaad daataa (+ aim) hotey hain. haalaanki inmein seey kaee samooh bhee prerak roop seey vaapas leey rahey hain (-i), joe ack nishkriya karane vaalaa prabhaav haye, anunaad (yaa mesomeric) prabhaav lagbhag hamesha majboot hotaa haye, sivaay see. ell., bee. aar. aur aaee. key.
samanya taur parr, teesari avadhi aur usase aage key tatvon kaa anunaad prabhaav apekshaakrit kamjor hotaa haye. yeh mukhya roop seey carbon key 2p kakshiya key saath pratisthaapan key 3p (yaa uchchatar) kakshiya key apekshaakrit kharaab kakshiya ativyaapi key kaaran haye.
bhaari halogens kii tulanaa mein ack majboot anunaad prabhaav aur prerak prabhaav key kaaran, florin visangat haye. fluorobenzine parr electrophilic sugandhit pratisthaapan kaa aanshik darr kaarak aksar "paira" sthiti mein ack seey badaa hotaa haye, jisase yeh ack sakriya samooh bunn jaataa haye. isake vipareet, yeh "ortho" aur "metaa" sthitiyon mein madhyam roop seey nishkriya haye, inn sthitiyon kii electronegative floro pratisthaapan kii nikatata key kaaran.
samoohon koo nishkriya karna.
jabaki sabhi nishkriya karane vaale samooh prerak roop seey vaapas leey rahey hain (-i), unamen seey adhikansh bhee anunaad (-m) key madhyam seey vaapas leey rahey hain. halogen pratisthaapan ack apavaad hainh way anunaad daataa (+ m) hain. halides key apavaad key saath, way "metaa" nirdeshit samooh hain.
halides "ortho", "paira" nirdeshit samooh hain lekin adhikansh "ortho", "paira" nideshakon key vipareet, halides halke seey aaren koo nishkriya curr dete hain. iss asamanya vyavhaar koo dou gunon dwara samajhaaya jaa sakata haih
prerak aur anunaad guna ack dusare key saath pratispardha karate hain lekin pratidhvani prabhaav pratikriyashilta key sthalon koo nirdeshit karane key uddeshyon key liye haavi hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye, nitration key liye, florin dridhata seey "paira" sthiti kii or jaataa haye kyonki "ortho" sthiti prerak roop seey nishkriya hoe jaati haye (86% "paira", 13% "ortho", 0.6% "metaa"). doosari or, iodene tulanaatmak roop seey "ortho" aur "paira" sthitiyon (54 pratishat "paira" aur 45 pratishat "ortho", 1.3 pratishat "metaa") kii or jaataa haye.
benzene parr vibhinn samoohon kaa prabhaav.
carbonyl, sulphonic acid aur nitro.
inn samoohon mein seey pratyek key liye seedhe ring seey judey tatva parr poorna yaa aanshik sakaratmak avesh key kaaran, una sabhi mein madhyam seey majboot electron-nikasi prerak prabhaav (jise-i prabhaav key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) hotaa haye. way electron-kheenchane vaale anunaad prabhaav bhee pradarshit karate hain, (jise-aim prabhaav key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye):
iss prakaar, yeye samooh sugandhit valay koo benzene key saapeksh bahut electron-garib (δ +) banaate hain aur isaliye, way valay (i) koo dridhata seey nishkriya curr dete hain.ee. benzene mein una pratikriyaon kii tulanaa mein inn samoohon koo dhaaran karane vaale valayon mein pratikriyaen bahut dheemi gati seey aage badhati hain.)
anilyn, phenol aur eather (jaise anisol).
carbon aur oxygen/nitrogen key beach vidyut rinaatmaktaa antar key kaaran, prerak prabhaav (jise-i prabhaav key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) key madhyam seey thodaa electron vaapas lene kaa prabhaav hoga. haalaanki, anunaad naamak anya prabhaav ring mein electron ghanatva koo vaapas jodata haye (jise + m prabhaav key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) aur prerak prabhaav parr haavi hotaa haye. isaliye parinam yeh haye kii way kinare aur "ortho"/"paira" nideshak hain.
phenol ack ortho/paira nideshak haye, lekin aadhar kii upasthiti mein, pratikriya adhik tej hoti haye. yeh phenolate aayan kii uchch pratikriyashilta key kaaran hotaa haye. nakaratmak oxygen koo carbon koo electron ghanatva dene key liye 'majboor' kiya gayaa thaa (kyonki iska ack nakaratmak avesh hotaa haye, iska ack atirikt + i prabhaav hotaa haye). jaba thhand aur tatasth (aur apekshaakrit kamjor) electrophiles key saath bhee, pratikriya abhee bhee teji seey hoti haye. 
alkill samooh.
alkill samooh electron daan karane vaale samooh hain. usa parr carbon sp3 sankarit haye aur sp2 sankarit kii tulanaa mein cumm vidyut rinaatmak haye. way carbon-hydrogen bandhan (yaa "turt"-beautlebenzene jaise yaugikon mein carbon-carbon bandhan) parr ring pee orbital key saath overlap karate hain. isaliye way benzene kii tulanaa mein adhik pratikriyaasheel hain aur "ortho"/"paira" nideshak hain.
carboxylate.
prerak roop seey, nakaratmak roop seey aaveshit carboxylate aayan, bandhan mein electrons koo ring seey jodkar, madhyam roop seey peechhe hataata haye. iss prakaar, ack kamjor electron-daan + i prabhaav haye. lagbhag shoonya-aim prabhaav hotaa haye kyonki carbonyl samooh kii electron-kheenchane kii anunaad kshamata koo oxygen parr aayan key nakaratmak avesh key delocalisation dwara prabhaavi roop seey hataa diyaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar samagr roop seey carboxylate samooh (carboxyl samooh key vipareet) kaa sakriya prabhaav hotaa haye.
alchylamonium aur trifluoromathyl samooh.
inn samoohon mein ack majboot electron-nikasi prerak prabhaav (-i) hotaa haye yaa tou unake sakaratmak avesh key aadhar parr yaa helogens kii shaktishali vidyut rinaatmaktaa key kaaran. koee anunaad prabhaav naheen haye kyonki koee kakshiya yaa electron jode naheen hain joe ring key saath overlap curr sakate hain. carboxylate aayan key liye prerak prabhaav iss tarah seey kaary kartaa haye lekin vipareet disha mein (i.ee. yeh "ortho" aur "paira" sthitiyon parr chhote sakaratmak avesh utpann kartaa haye lekin "metaa" sthiti parr naheen aur yeh welland madhyavarti koo asthir kartaa haye.) isaliye yeye samooh nishkriya curr rahey hain aur "metaa" nirdeshan curr rahey hainh
halides key pratispardhi prabhaav.
preran banaam anunaad.
iss paristhiti mein florin ack visangati haye. oopar, ise ack kamjor electron vaapas lene vaale samooh key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye lekin yeh kewal aanshik roop seey sach haye. yeh sahee haye kii florin kaa ack-aaee prabhaav hotaa haye, jisake parinamswarup electrons koo prerak roop seey vaapas leey liya jaataa haye. haalaanki, ack anya prabhaav joe ack bhoomika nibhaata haye vaha haye + m prabhaav joe benzene ring mein electron ghanatva koo vaapas jodata haye (iss prakaar-i prabhaav kaa vipareet prabhaav hotaa haye lekin ack alag tantra dwara). ise mesomeric prabhaav (isaliye + m) kahaa jaataa haye aur florin key liye parinam yeh haye kii + m prabhaav lagbhag-i prabhaav koo radd curr detaa haye. paira" sthiti mein fluorobenzine key liye iska prabhaav pratikriyashilta haye joe benzene key saath tulaniya (yaa usase bhee adhik) haye. kyonki prerak prabhaav nikatata parr dridhata seey nirbhar karate hain, fluorobenzine kii "metaa" aur "ortho" sthiti benzene kii tulanaa mein kaafee cumm pratikriyaasheel hoti haye. iss prakaar, fluorobenzine parr electrophilic sugandhit pratisthaapan dridhata seey "paira" chayanaatmak haye.
yeh-i aur + m prabhaav sabhi halides key liye sahee haye-pratyek key kuchh electron vaapas lene aur daan karane vaale charitra hain. yeh samajhane key liye kii pratikriyashilta mein parivartan kyon hotaa haye, hamein pratyek mein honey vaale kakshiya ativyaapi parr vichaar karane kii aavashyakta haye. florin key sanyojak kakshiya 2p kakshiya hain joe carbon key liye samaan hain-isaliye way oorjaa mein bahut karib honge aur kakshiya ativyaapi anukool hoga. chlorine mein 3p sanyojakta kakshiya hotey hain, isaliye kakshiya oorjaaen aur adhik alag hongi aur jyaamiti cumm anukool hogi, jisase carbocatanic madhyavarti koo cumm daan seey sthir kiya jaa sakata haye, isaliye chlorobenzine fluorobenzine kii tulanaa mein cumm pratikriyaasheel hotaa haye. haalaanki, bromobenzine aur iodobenzine chlorobenzine kii tulanaa mein lagbhag samaan yaa thodaa adhik pratikriyaasheel hotey hain, kyonki halanki anunaad daan aur bhee badatar hotaa haye, lekin unaki cumm vidyut-rinaatmaktaaon key kaaran prerak prabhaav bhee kamjor hoe jaataa haye. iss prakaar pratikriyashilta kaa samagr crum yuu-aakar kaa hotaa haye, jisamen chlorobenzine/bromobenzine (benzene kii tulanaa mein saapeksh nitration darr = 1 koshthak mein): phf (0.18)> phcl (0.064) ~ phbr (0.060) <faaee (0.12). lekin phir bhee, sabhi helobenzen benzene kii tulanaa mein dheemi pratikriya karate hain.
dhyaan dein kii iodobangine abhee bhee fluorobangine kii tulanaa mein cumm pratikriyaasheel haye kyonki dhruvikaran bhee ack bhoomika nibhaata haye. yeh yeh bhee samajha sakata haye kii phosphane mein phosphorus preran (i.) key madhyam seey carbon koo electron ghanatva kyon daan naheen curr sakata haye.ee. + i prabhaav) halanki yeh carbon kii tulanaa mein cumm vidyut rinaatmak haye (2.19 banaam 2.55, vidyut rinaatmaktaa soochi dekhein) aur kyon hydroiodic acid (pee. key. aeye. =-10) hydrophloric acid (pee. key. aeye. = 3) kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik amleeya haye. (yeh hydrophloric acid kii tulanaa mein 1013 gunaa adhik amleeya haye)
nirdeshan prabhaav.
electrons kii ekal jodee key kaaran, electron daan karane key liye halogen samooh upalabdh hain. isaliye way "ortho"/"paira" nideshak hain.
nitroso samooh.
preran.
carbon aur nitrogen key beach vidyut rinaatmaktaa key antar key kaaran, nitroso samooh kaa prabhaav apekshaakrit majboot hotaa haye, lekin nitro samooh jitna majboot naheen hotaa haye. (alchylamonium keshan aur nitro samoohon parr sakaratmak roop seey aaveshit nitrogen parmaanuon kaa bahut adhik majboot-i prabhaav hotaa haye)
anunaad.
nitroso samooh mein ack + aim aur-aim prabhaav donon hotey hain, lekin-aim prabhaav adhik anukool hotaa haye.
nitrogen mein electrons kii ack ekal jodee hoti haye. haalaanki, isake monomer roop kii ekmatra jodee anunaad key madhyam seey daan karane key liye pratikool haye. + m prabhaav key liye kewal diamer roop upalabdh haye. haalaanki, ack ghol mein diamer roop cumm sthir hotaa haye. isaliye, nitroso samooh electron daan karane key liye cumm upalabdh haye.
vipareet roop seey, electron ghanatva koo vaapas lena adhik anukool haih (daaeen or kii tasveer dekhein).natijatan, nitroso samooh ack nishkriyak haye. haalaanki, yeh welland madhyavarti key dauran benzene ring koo electron ghanatva daan karane key liye upalabdh haye, jisase yeh abhee bhee ack "ortho"/"paira" nideshak haye.
steric prabhaav.
benzene parr 2 "ortho" position, 2 "metaa" position aur 1 "paira" position hoti haye jaba ack samooh isase judaa hotaa haye. jaba ack samooh ack "ortho/paira" nideshak hotaa haye, jisamen "ortho" aur "paira" sthiti ack hii aanshik darr kaarak key saath pratikriya karati haye, tou humm iss saankhyikiya prabhaav key kaaran "paira" utpaad key roop mein "ortho" utpaad seey doguna kii ummeed karenge. haalaanki, "ortho" aur "paira" sthitiyon mein aanshik darr kaarak aam taur parr barabar naheen hotey hain. udaaharan key liye, ack florin pratisthaapan key mamle mein, "ortho" sthiti parr ack majboot prerak vaapsee prabhaav key kaaran, "ortho" aanshik darr kaarak "paira" kii tulanaa mein bahut chhota haye. inn prabhaavon key alawa, aksar ack steric prabhaav bhee hotaa haye, joe "ortho" sthiti mein steric baadha mein vriddhi key kaaran hotaa haye, lekin "paira" sthiti key kaaran naheen, jisase "paira" utpaad kii badee matra hoe jaati haye.
electrophilic sugandhit nitration key liye alag-alag steric maang key alkill pratisthaapan key saath electrophilic sugandhit pratisthaapan key liye prabhaav koo chitrit kiya gayaa haye.
toluen mein methyl samooh chhota hotaa haye aur yeh "ortho" utpaad koo pramukh utpaad banaayega. doosari or, "tii"-butyle samooh bahut bhaari haye (ack hii carbon seey judey 3 methyl samooh hain) aur pramukh key roop mein "paira" utpaad kaa netritva karega. toluen key saath bhee, utpaad 2:1 naheen haye, lekin thodaa cumm "ortho" utpaad haye.
kaee pratisthapanon parr prabhaav kaa nirdeshan karna.
jaba dou pratisthaapan pahale seey hii ring parr maujood honge, tou teesare pratisthaapan kaa sthaan ack sthit sthaan parr hoga. pratisthaapan key liye niyam iss prakaar hainh
nirdeshan prabhaavon kaa tarksangatkaran.
jabaki steric prabhaav ack vichaar haye, electron-daan aur electron-nikasi samoohon kaa pramukh tarksangatkaran sugandhit valay key electronic vitaran kaa unakaa vikshobh haye, jyaadaatar mesomeric prabhaavon key madhyam seey joe poore sanyugmit pranali key madhyam seey failate hain, atyadhik yaa kamee vaale electron ghanatva key kshetron kaa nirmaan karane key liye. anunaad roopon kaa vichaar iss sambandh mein upayogi haye, kyonki way inn gadbadi key sthaanon koo nirdhaarit karane kaa ack suvidhajanak saadhan pradaan karate hain. adhik vishesh roop seey, laghu anunaad yogadankartaon mein koee bhee aupchaarik nakaratmak yaa sakaratmak avesh (joe praakritik dhruvikaran key anusaar hain lekin aavashyak roop seey ashtak niyam kaa paalan naheen karate hain) uchch oorjaa vaale aanvik kakshiya (oun) mein kramshah badey yaa chhote gunank vaale sthaanon koo darshaate hain. electrophile key saath adhik anukool kakshiya ativyaapi honey key kaaran, ack badey gunank key saath ack carbon paramanu parr adhimaantah hamla kiya jaayega.
sanyugma electron-nikasi yaa electron-daan samooh key vikshobh key kaaran π electron vitaran kramshah electron-kamee benzyl catayan yaa electron-atyadhik benzyl aayan key samaan hotaa haye, halanki electron vitaran mein parivartan inn seemit mamalon kii tulanaa mein cumm hotaa haye. iss prakaar, humm inn saral prajaatiyon kaa upayog curr sakate hain, jinake π electron vitaran kii ganana saral huckle siddhant kaa upayog karke kii jaa sakati haye, joe electrophilic sugandhit pratisthaapan key regiochemical parinam koo tarksangat banaane key liye model key roop mein haye. jaisa kii dekhaa jaa sakata haye, ack electron-nikasi samooh key mamle key liye "ortho" aur "paira" sthitiyon mein π electron jansankhya samaapt hoe jaati haye, jisase "metaa" hamla cumm seey cumm apriya vikalp key roop mein hotaa haye. isake vipareet, jaba ack electron daan karane vaalaa samooh maujood hotaa haye, tou "metaa" sthiti kii tulanaa mein "ortho" aur "paira" sthiti mein π electron kii jansankhya mein vriddhi hoti haye, joe "metaa" sthiti parr "ortho" aur "paira" sthiti parr hamale kaa samarthan karati haye.
yeh thheek vahee parinam haye joe anunaad sanrachanaon key chitra seey bhavishyavani hogi. udaaharan key liye, nitrobenzine mein anunaad sanrachanaon mein valay pranali key chaaron or sakaratmak avesh hotey hain (neeche dee gaee tasveer dekhein):
hamla "metaa" sthiti mein hotaa haye, kyonki "ortho" aur "paira" sthiti mein (aanshik) aupchaarik sakaratmak avesh hotey hain joe inn sthitiyon mein π electron kii kamee kaa sanket dete hain, jisase "metaa" sthiti thodi adhik electron ghanatva chhod detee haye.
doosari or, anilyn mein anunaad sanrachanaon mein ring system key chaaron or nakaratmak avesh hotey hain (neeche dee gaee tasveer dekhein):
hamla "ortho" aur "paira" sthitiyon parr hotaa haye, jinamen (aanshik) aupchaarik nakaratmak avesh hotey hain joe inn sthitiyon mein π electron kii adhikta kaa sanket dete hain.
ack anya samanya tark, joe samaan bhavishyavaniyaan kartaa haye, "ortho"/"paira" yaa "metaa" sthitiyon parr electrophilic hamale key parinamswarup wheeland madhyavarti key pratisthaapan dwara sthirikaran yaa asthirta parr vichaar kartaa haye. hammond postulate taba yeh nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii saapeksh sankraman avastha oorjaaen wheeland madhyavarti kii jamini avastha urjaaon mein antar koo pratibimbit karengi. (iss tark key vivaran key liye "electrophilic sugandhit pratisthaapan" dekhein.")
kinaaron aur ee. doubleu. jee. key saath dekhi gaee chunindaataon kaa pahali baar 1892 mein varnan kiya gayaa thaa aur inhen crum braun-gibson niyam key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.