ascochita tarda

escochita tarda yaa foma tarda ack kavak paadap rogjanak haye joe coffey parr diaback aur leafspot kaa kaaran banata haye aur pahali baar 1954 (stevert, 1957) mein ethiopia mein dekhaa gayaa thaa. yeh coffey fasalon key liye sambhaavit roop seey gambhir khatra paida kartaa haye, lekin jalavaayu parivartan isake prasaar key liye anukool paryavaraniya sthitiyon key prasaar koo cumm curr sakata haye.
mahatva.
dye-back ack aisee sthiti haye jisamen ack pedh yaa jhaadi apane patton yaa jadon key sire seey peechhe kii or, bimari yaa pratikool vatavaran key kaaran marane lagati haye. iss rogjanak key saath foolon aur guldaste donon kaa necrosis bhee dekhaa jaataa haye aur yeh fasal kii upaj koo kaafee cumm curr sakata haye. shodhkartaon ney ack baar socha thaa kii rogjanak minas gerais raajya key uttar aur brazil key raajyon key uttar-poorv jaise kshetron mein sankramit naheen hoe paayega, lekin taba seey iss bimari kaa prasaar kaee baar bataaya gayaa haye (dee see. alves, aim., dee carvalo, ell.jee., pozza, ee.aeye., sanch, ell., aiss. maaya. jey.see.2011). jabaki "escochita tarda" aamtaur parr ack mahamari key roop mein maujood naheen hotaa haye, yeh iss tarah seey visfot curr sakata haye yadi paryavaraniya sthitiyaan rogjanak key liye patte parr paryaapt nuksan paida karati hain taaki patte key ootak mein pravesh karane kaa avsar mill sakey. thhandi jalavaayu, bhaari barish, tej havaa aur olavrishti sabhi aakramak mausam kii sthitiyaan hain joe sankraman kii sambhavana koo badhaati hain. iss rogjanak key liye konidiya key utpaadan, konidiya key ankuran aur mycelia key vikas key liye ishtatam tapman 25 see haye. (lorenzetti, ee.aar., pozza, ee.aeye., dee soozaa, pee.ee.2014).
1400 key dashak mein, logon koo ehsas huaa kii ise bhunaa jaa sakata haye, isake baad coffey kaa paudha lokpriya hoe gayaa. 1500 key dashak taka yeh arab coffey houses mein lokpriya hoe gayaa thaa aur isake turant baad europe mein ack lokpriya peya bunn gayaa. coffey kii lokpriyata kaa vyavasaay key uday parr prabhaav padaa aur coffey houses koo vichaaron key adaan-pradaan key liye ack kendra banaa diyaa, isake alawa kissy anya vyakti kii company mein ack cup kaa anand lena. 1773 key boston tii party key baad sanyukt raajya america mein coffey ney apani lokpriyata hassil kii; chaay peena desh-virodhi hoe gayaa thaa. kahaa jaataa haye kii francisi aur americi kranti donon kii yojana coffey houses mein banaai gaee thee. iss samay key dauran utpaadit kii jaa rahee coffey gulami kaa ack utpaad thaa jise abb haiti key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye; brazil mein gulami 1888 taka kanuni thee aur iss aarthik laabh ney europe mein ack slash aur burn culture koo protsaahit kiya jisane mitty mein poshak tatvon koo samaapt curr diyaa (zuraav, 2013). aeye" key prabhaav. vikasit deshon mein coffey peene vaalon dwara abhee taka tarda "mahsoos naheen kiya gayaa haye, lekin itihas mein coffey kii bhoomika key aadhar parr iss tarah key kavak kii mahamari key sambhaavit parimaan koo badhaaya jaa sakata haye. anya roga jaise coffey jung ("hemilia vestatrics") ney srilanka mein coffey key baganon koo nasht curr diyaa, jisase ingland 19veen shatabdi (kima, 2013) mein chaay peene vaalaa desh bunn gayaa.
mezban aur lakshan.
"escochita tarda" koo ethiopia, kenya aur cameroon aur dakshin-poorv asia key kuchh deshon mein arabi yaa arabi coffey key hanikarak rogjanak key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. patti kaa necrosis aur yuva shaakhaon parr vaapas marr jaanaa sabse spasht lakshan hain. yuva pattiyon mein necrotic dhabba vistaar seey bhoore patte key ghaavon kaa nirmaan kartaa haye joe badey paimaane parr lamina koo dhakte hain. pycnidia necrotic ootak mein paaya jaataa haye aur "tarda" konidiya mein septa key dair seey dikhane aur pycnosporus (stevert, 1957) kii dheemi paripakvata kii aadat koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. pycnidia vyaas mein 70-110 microne hain. paripakva bijaanuon mein andakar aur belnakar aakar hotey hain jinake ayam 2-3x 9-14 microne aur seedhe septa hotey hain. aparipakva beejaanu andakar aakar key hotey hain jinake ayam 2-3x 4-9 microne hotey hain joe mukhya roop seey yaa poori tarah seey assuptate (boerema, jee.aich., dee gruator, jey., nordelus, aim.aim., hammers, aim.ee.see., 2004 aur stuart, 1957).
paudhon kaa praathamik sankraman havaa mein honey vaale escospore dwara hotaa haye joe stomata key madhyam seey coffey key patton mein pravesh karate hain. praathamik sankraman coffey key patte mein ghaav key roop mein prastut hotaa haye; ghaavon mein pycnidia vikasit hotaa haye. pycnidia kaa dwiteeyak prasaar sampark aur varsha failaav key madhyam seey hotaa haye aur isase nae sankramit pattiyon mein ghaavon key saath pycnidia kaa adhik vikas hotaa haye. fasal key malabe parr mycelium aur pycnidia key roop mein rogjanak overvinter, sharad ritu mein boee gaee fasalen aur swayamsevak mezban.
paryaavaran.
"escochita tarda" vishisht tapman aur aardrata kii sthiti vaale coffey paudhon kii ack pramukh bimari haye. fangal sankraman aur bimari kii gambhirta parr patti kii aardrata kii avadhi key saath sanyukt tapman kii ack vistrit shrinkhala parr prabhaav kaa adhyayan kiya gayaa haye. yeh nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa kii kavak kii vriddhi, shankudhari utpaadan aur ankuran kramshah 22.9,29.8 aur 25.1 degree parr ishtatam they. vivo mein, rogjanak sankraman 15 seey 20 degree celsius taka kaheen bhee pasand kiya jaataa haye; yeh keetanu nully kii badhee hui lambai dwara sujhaaya gayaa thaa. ack roga pragati vakr kaa upayog karate hue, iss tapman seema mein patti kii aardrata kii avadhi mein vriddhi key saath vivo mein chhitputata mein vriddhi hui. cumm tapman anukool honey key kaaran, vaishvik jalavaayu parivartan aur tapman mein vriddhi una kshetron kii sankhya mein kamee laayegi jahaan yeh rogjanak panap sakata haye (lorenzetti aur anya.2014). brazil mein tapman key vitaran key adhyayan key aadhar parr, jalavaayu parivartan (bucker morres doubleu) key kaaran bhavishya key dashakon mein sabse badey jokhim kii avadhi key dauran foma patti key sthaan kaa prasaar cumm hoe jaayega., cintra dee jeesas, doubleu.jey, dee azevedo pixoto, ell., bucker morres, doubleu., morra kosar, aiss., cecílio, r.aeye, 2012). yeh ethiopia mein bhee ack mudda hoga jahaan coffey kii kheti ethiopia mein lagbhag 15 million kisaanon key liye aaya kaa srot haye aur vartamaan ugane vaale kshetra kaa 60 pratishat prabhaavit hoe sakata haye (khaai, jey., williams, jey., baina, aiss., wilkinson, tii., gole, tii.doubleu., chalaa, jaid.key., dimissue, aiss., david, aeye.pee.2017)

