mahilaaon koo aaraam

aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaen yaa aaraam seey rahane vaali ladakiyan, dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale aur usake dauran adhikrit deshon aur kshetron mein shaahi japani senaa dwara yaun gulami mein majboor kii jaane vaali mahilaaen aur ladakiyan theen. aramdayak mahila" shabd japani "" (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, japani sainikon ney koria, phillippeans, viyatnam, chean aur anya deshon kii saikadon hajaaron mahilaaon koo veshyalayon mein majboor kiya, jahaan unhein yaun roop seey gulam banaaya gayaa aur baar-baar balatkar kiya gayaa. kaee mahilaaon kii mrityu hoe gaee yaa unhone kroor durvyavahar aur nirantar shaaririk aur bhaavnaatmak peedaa key kaaran aatmahatya curr lii. yuddh key baad, japan kii mahilaaon kii aaraam kii durdasha koo sweekaar karna nyuntam thaa, jisamen poori maafi aur uchit kshatipurti kaa abhaav thaa, jisane dashakon taka asia mein japan kii pratishtha koo nuksan pahunchaaya.
anuman iss baat key liye bhinn hotey hain kii kitni mahilaaen shamil theen, adhikansh itihaaskaar 50,000-200,000 kii seema mein kaheen buss gaye; sateek sankhya parr abhee bhee shodh aur bahas kii jaa rahee haye. adhikansh mahilaaen koria, chean aur phillippeans sahit kabje vaale deshon seey theen. joe mahilaaen sainya "aaraam stations" key liye upayog kii jaati theen, way bhee barma, thyland, francisi indochina, malaaya, manchukuo, taiwan (taba ack japani nirbharta), dutch purvi bhaarat, purtagaali timer, papua nyu ginny (kuchh mishrit jaati japani-bapu sahit) aur anya japani-kabje vaale kshetron seey aatee theen. station japan, chean, phillippeans, indoneshiya, malay, thyland, barma, nyu ginny, haang kaang, makaau aur french indochina mein sthit they. europeeya mool kii mahilaaon kii ack chhoti sankhya bhee shamil thee, jyaadaatar neetherland aur australia seey, jisamen akele anumaanit 200-400 dutch mahilaaen theen, aur anya europeeya mahilaaon kii ack agyaat sankhya thee.
mool roop seey, veshyalayon kii sthaapana sainikon koo ack yaun outlet pradaan karane key liye kii gaee thee taaki yuddh key samay balatkar kii ghatnaaon koo cumm kiya jaa sakey, joe kabje vaale kshetron mein badhati japani virodhi bhavna kaa kaaran haye. haalaanki, balatkar aur yaun roga koo cumm karane key lakshya key bavjood, aaraam stations ney balatkar koo badhaa diyaa aur yaun rogon key prasaar koo badhaa diyaa. kaee mahilaaon koo veshyalayon mein kaam karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. gawahi key anusaar, kuchh yuva mahilaaon koo shaahi japani shasson key tahat deshon mein unake gharon seey apaharan curr liya gayaa thaa. japani mahilaaen sainya veshyalayon mein gulam banaae jaane aur japan, okinawa, japan kii upaniveshon aur kabje vaale kshetron aur videshi yuddh key maidanon mein taskari karane vaali pahali peedit theen. kaee mamalon mein, sthaaniya bichauliyon koo senaa key liye mahilaaon kii khareed kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa, jinhone unhein karkhanon yaa restaraan mein kaam karane key vaadon key saath dhokha diyaa. kuchh mamalon mein, prachaar ney uchch shiksha mein samaantaa aur mahilaaon key prayojan kii vakaalat kii. anya pralobhan chaukiyon yaa japani senaa key thikaanon parr nursing naukariyon key liye jhoothe vigyaapan they; ack baar bharti honey key baad, unhein apane deshon aur videshon donon mein aaraam stations mein kaid curr liya gayaa thaa. aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon kaa ack mahatvapurna pratishat nabalig thaa.
aaraam mahila pranali kii ruprekha.
japani senaa dwara sthaapana.
yeh dekhate hue kii japan mein veshyavritti vyaapak aur sangathit thee, japani sashastr balon mein sainya veshyavritti koo dhoondhana taarkik thaa. shaahi japani senaa key bheetar sainya patrachar seey pataa chalata haye kii aaraam stations koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye kaee uddeshya theh japani senaa key karmiyon dwara balatkar apraadhon koo cumm karane yaa rokane key prayaas mein japani senaa key khilaf bhavna koo bigadane seey rokane key liye, japani sainikon key beach yaun rogon koo cumm karane key liye, aur japani adhikaariyon key sampark mein aaney vaale nagrikon dwara sainya rahasyon key risaav koo rokane key liye. argentine key sarvocch nyayalaya key ack poorv sadasya, carmen argibe kaa kahana haye kii japani sarkaar kaa uddeshya balatkar aur yaun shoshan koo sainya-niyantrit suvidhaon taka seemit karke, yaa antarrashtriya press mein leak honey vaali ghatnaaon koo rokane key liye, jaise atyacharon koo rokna thaa. vaha yeh bhee kahati haye kii sarkaar yaun rogon key ilaaj parr chikitsa kharch koo cumm karna chaahati thee joe sainikon koo lagaatar aur vyaapak balatkar seey praapt huaa thaa, jisase japan kii sainya kshamata baadhit hui thee. aramdayak mahilaaen kharaab paristhitiyon mein rahati theen, aur japaniyon dwara unhein "saarvajanik shauchalaya" kahaa jaataa thaa. yuki tanaka kaa kahana haye kii senaa kii pahunch seey baahar sthaaniya veshyalayon mein suraksha key mudde they, kyonki aisee niji suvidhaon key shramikon key roop mein jasuson key bhesh mein honey kii sambhavana thee. japani itihaaskaar yoshiki yoshimi aage kahate hain kii japani senaa dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran asantusht sainikon koo santusht karane aur sainya vidroh koo rokane key liye aaraam seey mahilaaon kaa upayog karati thee. vaha yeh bhee daavaa karate hain kii balatkar aur yaun roga koo cumm karane key lakshya key bavjood, aaraam stations ney isake vipareet kiya-balatkar koo badhaana aur yaun roga key prasaar koo badhaana. aramdayak mahila station itane prachalit they kii shaahi senaa ney aramdayak stations kaa prabandhan karane key tareeke parr lekha kakshaon kii peshkash kii, jisamen mahilaaon kii beemakrit "sthaayitva yaa jaldi kharaab honey kii kshamata" kaa nirdhaaran karna shamil thaa."
ruprekha.
roose-japani yuddh mein, japan kii senaa ney manchuria mein niji roop seey sanchaalit veshyalayon koo bariki seey niyantrit kiya.
japani sainikon dwara cheeni mahilaaon key saath thoke balatkar key jawab mein 1932 mein shanghai kii ghatana key baad shanghai mein pahali baar aaraam grih sthaapit kiye gaye they. shanghai mein karmchaariyon key pramukh okamura yasuji ney aage balatkar koo rokane key liye aaraam gharon key nirmaan kaa adesh diyaa. 1937 mein nanjing narsamhar key dauran japani sainikon dwara kaee cheeni mahilaaon key balatkar key baad, japani balon ney japani kabje vaale cheeni kshetra mein vibhinn sthaanon parr aaraam station banaane kii samanya neeti apnai, "japani sainikon dwara balatkar key cheeni peediton key liye unaki chinta key kaaran naheen, balki cheeni nagrikon key beach shatruta paida karane key unake darr key kaaran."yoshiki yoshimi key anusaar, shanghai aur nanjing mein ladaai key beach badey paimaane parr balatkar key mamle key baad chean, sanyukt raajya america aur europe seey aalochana seey bachane key liye aaraam station sthaapit kiye gaye they.
jaise-jaise japan ney sainya vistaar jaari rakhaa, senaa ney khud koo japani swayamsevakon kii kamee paaya, aur sthaaniya aabaadi kii or rukh kiya-mahilaaon koo apaharan karna aur aaraam stations mein yaun daas key roop mein seva karane key liye majboor karna. kaee mahilaaon ney karkhane key shramikon yaa nurses key roop mein kaam karane key liye coll kaa jawab diyaa, aur unhein pataa naheen thaa kii unhein yaun gulami mein dabaaya jaa rhaa thaa.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key praarambhik charanon mein, japani adhikaariyon ney paaramparik madhyamon seey veshyaon kii bharti kii. shahari kshetron mein, apaharan key saath-saath bichauliyon key madhyam seey paaramparik vigyaapan kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. bichauliyon ney japan aur koria, taiwan, manchukuo aur chean key japani upaniveshon mein prasaarit samachar patron mein vigyaapan diyaa. yeye srot jald hii sookh jaate hain, vishesh roop seey mahanagariya japan mein. videsh mantralaya ney japani veshyaon key liye yatra veeja jaari karane kaa virodh kiya, yeh mahsoos karate hue kii isase japani samrajya kii chhavi dhumil hui haye. senaa ney mukhya bhoomi japan key baahar mahilaaon koo aaraam dene kii or rukh kiya, jyaadaatar koria aur kabje vaale chean seey. koria key bheetar licenses praapt veshyavritti kii ack maujooda pranali ney japan key liye badee sankhya mein mahilaaon kii bharti karna aasaan banaa diyaa.
kaee mahilaaon koo chhal kiya gayaa yaa sainya veshyalayon mein shamil honey key liye dhokha diyaa gayaa. japani yaa sthaaniya bharti agents dwara kiye gaye jhoothe charitra varnan aur bhugtan key aadhar parr, joe parivarik rinon koo door karane mein madad curr sakate hain, kaee koriyai ladkiyon koo naukari lene key liye soochibaddh kiya gayaa. isake alawa, dakshin poorv asia anuvaad aur poochtaachh kendra (samudri) manovaigyaanik yuddh poochtaachh bulletin sankhya 2 mein kahaa gayaa haye kii ack japani suvidha-prabandhak ney koriyai mahilaaon koo unaki shaaririk visheshtaon key aadhar parr 300 seey 1000 yenn mein kharida, joe taba unaki sampatti bunn gaeen aur anubandh mein nirdisht daasata sharton koo puuraa karane key baad bhee unhein riha naheen kiya gayaa. chean key uttari hebei praant mein, hui muslim ladkiyon koo manoranjankartaon key roop mein prashikshit karane key liye "huimin ladkiyon key school" mein bharti kiya gayaa thaa, lekin phir unhein yaun daason key roop mein seva karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. americi itihaaskaar gerhard weinberg ney likhaa kii ack pramukh mudda yeh thaa kii kissy bhee itihaaskaar ney yeh naheen dekhaa thaa kii kyaa bhaaratiya rashtriya senaa key sainikon ney aramdayak mahilaaon kaa upayog kiya thaa, kyonki isaki koee jaanch naheen hui thee. lebra ney likhaa, "boses kii bhaaratiya rashtriya senaa parr likhane vaalon mein seey kissy ney bhee iss baat kii jaanch naheen kii haye kii kyaa unhein japani senaa dwara prashikshit kiye jaane key bavjood, unhein shaahi japani senaa dwara apane shiviron mein yaun daas key roop mein rakhee gaee hajaaron apahrit koriyai yuva mahilaaon dwara pradaan kii gaee 'aaraam' mein bhaag lene kii anumati dee gaee thee. isase unhein japani prakriti key baare mein kuchh antardrishti millie hogi, jaisa kii british, aupaniveshik shasson key vipareet, saath hii saath unaki bahanon aur betiyon key liye kyaa hoe sakata haye."
yuddh key prayason key dabaav mein, senaa japani ikaaiyon koo paryaapt aapoorti pradaan karane mein asamarth hoe gaee; jawab mein, ikaaiyon ney sthaaniya logon seey aapoorti kii maang yaa loot karke antar paida curr diyaa. senaa aksar seedhe taur parr maang karati thee kii sthaaniya netaa veshyalayon key liye mahilaaon kii khareed karein, vishesh roop seey graameen ilaakon mein jahaan bichauliye durlabh they. jaba sthaaniya logon koo chean mein shatrutapurna maanaa jaataa thaa, tou japani sainikon ney "sabhi teen" neeti ("sabhi koo maar dalo, sabhi koo jalaa dou, sabhi koo loot dou") apnai, jisamen andhadhundh apaharan aur sthaaniya nagrikon kaa balatkar shamil thaa.
baad mein abhilekhagar.
17 aprail, 2007 koo, yoshiki yoshimi aur hirofumi hayshi ney tokyo parikshanon key abhilekhagar mein saat aadhikarik dastavejon kii khoj kii ghoshana kii, jisase pataa chalata haye kii shaahi sainya bull-jaise "tokitai" (nausena sainya pulis)-una mahilaaon koo majboor karate hain jinake pitaa ney "kenpitai" (japani senaa sainya pulis) parr hamla kiya thaa taaki way chean, indochin aur indoneshiya mein agrim pankti key veshyalayon mein kaam curr sakein. inn dastavejon koo shuru mein yuddh apraadhon key mukadame mein saarvajanik kiya gayaa thaa. inmein seey ack mein, ack leftinent koo ack veshyalaya kaa ayojan karane aur khud iska upayog karane kii baat sweekaar karate hue uddhrit kiya gayaa haye. ack anya srot "tokkitai" sadasyon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jinhone sadakon parr mahilaaon koo giraftar kiya aur unhein lagu chikitsa pareekshaon key baad veshyalayon mein daal diyaa.
12 maee, 2007 koo, patrakaar taichiro kazimura ney 1944 mein maglang mein ack jabaran saamoohik veshyavritti kii ghatana key saboot key roop mein tokyo nyayadhikaran koo prastut 30 dutch sarkari dastavejon kii khoj kii ghoshana kii.
dakshin koriyai sarkaar ney sitambar 2007 mein aaraam seey mahilaaon kii bharti key liye baae jiong-jaa koo ack samarthak japani sahayogi ("chinilpa") key roop mein naamit kiya.
2014 mein, chean ney iss mudde parr quantung senaa key abhilekhagar seey lagbhag 90 dastaavez taiyar kiye. chean key anusaar, dastaavez iss baat kaa loha-dhank pramaan pradaan karate hain kii japani senaa ney asiai mahilaaon koo dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale aur usake dauran agrim pankti key veshyalayon mein kaam karane key liye majboor kiya thaa.
juuna 2014 mein, japan kii sarkaar key abhilekhagar seey adhik aadhikarik dastavej saarvajanik kiye gaye, jisamen francisi indochina aur indoneshiya mein shaahi japani sainikon dwara kii gaee yaun hinsa aur mahilaaon koo yaun gulami mein majboor karane kaa dastavejikaran kiya gayaa thaa.
2015 key ack adhyayan mein abhilekhiya detta kii jaanch kii gaee, jise pahale praapt karna mushkil thaa, aanshik roop seey 1972 key chean-japan sanyukt vigyapti key kaaran jisamen cheeni sarkaar yuddh key samay key apraadhon aur ghatnaaon key liye kissy bhee kshatipurti kii maang naheen karane parr sahmat hui thee. chean mein khoje gaye nae dastaavez ack japani senaa parisar key bheetar sanchaalit aaraam stations key ander suvidhaon aur koriyai aaraam mahilaaon kii sthitiyon parr prakaash daalate hain. kuchh aramdayak mahilaaon koo khareedane key liye japani senaa koo vitt poshan agency key roop mein satyaapit karane vaale dastavejon kii khoj kii gaee thee.
shanghai mein dastaavez paae gaye they joe iss baat kaa vivaran dete they kii kaise japani senaa ney kabje vaale shanghai mein japani sainikon key liye aaraam station kholane key baare mein jaanaa. dastaavezon mein dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein kabje kii avadhi key dauran japani sarkaar aur japani pulis kii abhilekhiya faailon seey tianzin nagarpalika abhilekhagar shamil they. shanghai aur nanjing key nagarpalika abhilekhagar kii bhee jaanch kii gaee. ack nishkarsh yeh nikla kii koria mein praasangik abhilekhagar vikrit hain. adhyayan kaa ack nishkarsh yeh thaa kii japani shaahi sarkaar aur koria mein aupaniveshik sarkaar ney aaraam seey mahilaaon kii avaidh gatishilata koo darj karane seey bachane kii koshish kii. yeh nishkarsh nikala gayaa kii unhone aatmasamarpan seey turant pahale adhikansh abhilekhon koo jalaa diyaa; haalaanki, adhyayan ney pushti kii kii kuchh dastavej aur abhilekh butch gaye.
aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon kii sankhya.
professor sue jilliang ney nishkarsh nikala kii 1938 seey 1945 taka kii saat saal kii avadhi key dauran, japaniyon dwara kabja kiye gaye kshetra mein "aramdayak mahilaaon" kii sankhya 360,000 seey 4,10,000 thee, jinamen seey cheeni sabse badey samooh they, lagbhag 200,000.
aadhikarik dastavejon kii kamee ney aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon kii kull sankhya kaa anuman lagaana mushkil banaa diyaa haye. yuddh key anta mein japani sarkaar key adesh parr yuddh apraadhon seey sambandhit samagri kii vishal matra aur rashtra key sarvocch netaaon kii jimmedaari koo yaa tou nasht curr diyaa gayaa yaa chhipa diyaa gayaa. itihaaskaar jeevit dastavejon koo dekhkar vibhinn anumaanon parr pahunche hain, joe ack vishesh kshetra mein sainikon key anupaat aur mahilaaon kii sankhya aur mahilaaon kii pratisthaapan darr koo ingit kartaa haye.
adhikansh akaadamik shodhkarta aur media aamtaur parr yoshiki key anuman koo shamil mahilaaon kii sankhya kii sabse sambhaavit seema key roop mein ingit karate hain. yeh aankada sanyukt raajya america mein smarakon parr shilalekhon key vipareet haye jaise kii nyu jersey, newyork, virginia aur california mein, joe aaraam seey mahilaaon kii sankhya koo "200,000 seey adhik" bataata haye.
bee. bee. see. ney "200,000 seey 300,000" kaa hawala diyaa haye, aur nyaayvidon key antarrashtriya aayog ney "100,000 seey 200,000 mahilaaon key itihaskaron key anumaanon" kaa hawala diyaa haye."
mool key desh.
newyork state university key bhains professor yoshiko nozaki aur anya sroton key anusaar, adhikansh mahilaaen koria aur chean seey theen. chuu vishvavidyalaya key professor aur itihaaskaar yoshiki yoshimi ney 2,000 aramdayak mahila stations key astitva koo saabit karane vaale dastavejon aur gawahi kii bahutaayat kii khoj kii, jahaan lagbhag 200,000 koriyai, philipina, taiwani, indoneshiyai, bermi, dutch, australiyai aur japani mahilaaen, jinamen seey kaee kishore theen, koo seemit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur japani sainikon key saath yaun gatividhiyon koo karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. wasser college key kyu pepi key anusaar, aramdayak mahilaaon koo teji seey anya mahilaaon key saath badal diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase unakaa anuman 200,000-400,000 aramdayak mahilaaon kaa thaa, jisamen adhikansh cheeni mahilaaen theen. nihon vishvavidyalaya key ack professor, ikuhiko haataa ney anuman lagaaya kii licenses praapt anand timahi mein kaam karane vaali mahilaaon kii sankhya 20,000 seey cumm thee aur way 40 pratishat japani, 20 pratishat koriyai, 10 pratishat cheeni theen, jabaki anya 30 pratishat banaa rahey they. haataa key anusaar, dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran japan mein sarkaar dwara viniyamit veshyaon kii kull sankhya kewal 170,000 thee. anya loga phillippeans, taiwan, dutch purvi bhaarat aur anya japani kabje vaale deshon aur kshetron seey aae they. asia mein dutch upaniveshon mein kaid kii gaee kuchh dutch mahilaaon koo bhee yaun gulami mein majboor kiya gayaa thaa.
1940 seey yaun roga key upchaar key liye shaahi senaa key chikitsa record key aage key vishleshan mein, yoshimi ney nishkarsh nikala kii yadi mahilaaon key pratishat kaa ilaaj kiya jaataa haye tou kull aramdayak mahila aabaadi kaa samanya makeup parilakshit hotaa haye, koriyai mahilaaon kii sankhya 51.8 pratishat, cheeni 36 pratishat aur japani 12.2 pratishat haye.
1997 mein, koria key ack itihaaskaar, broose cummings ney likhaa kii japan ney aaraam mahila karyakram kii aapoorti key liye kotaa koo majboor kiya thaa aur koriyai purushon ney peediton kii bharti mein madad kii thee. cummings ney kahaa kii 100,000 seey 200,000 koriyai ladkiyon aur mahilaaon kii bharti kii gaee thee. koria mein, kuleen varg aur naukarshahi kii betiyon koo "aramdayak mahila dall" mein bheje jaane seey bachaa diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba taka kii way yaa unake parivaar swatantrata samarthak pravrittiyon key sanket naheen dikhaate they, aur koriyai ladkiyon kaa bhaari bahumat "aramdayak mahila dall" mein garibon seey aaya thaa. senaa aur nausena aksar ladkiyon koo koria mein "aramdayak mahila dall" mein lene key kaam koo thekedaaron key liye upa-anubandhit karate they, joe aamtaur parr sangathit aparaadh samoohon key saath kissy tarah seey judey hotey they jinhen ladkiyon key liye bhugtan kiya jaataa thaa. halanki koria mein thekedaaron mein seey ack badaa alpasankhyak japani they, lekin adhikansh koriyai they.
japani kabje key dauran phillippeans mein, lagbhag 1,000 philipino mahilaaon koo aramdayak mahilaaon mein banaaya gayaa thaa. peedit apani gulami key samay 12 saal key they. jaisa kii kaee jeevit bache logon koo yaad haye, poore phillippeans mein sainya-rakshak yaa aaraam station/veshyalaya faile hue they. sainyabal kagayan ghaati key uttari kshetra seey laker dakshin mein daavo kshetra taka sthit they.
dutch east indies key praarambhik aakraman key dauran, japani sainikon ney kaee indoneshiyai aur europeeya mahilaaon aur ladkiyon key saath balatkar kiya. kenpitai ney samasya koo niyantrit karane key liye aaraam mahila karyakram kii sthaapana kii. kenpitai ney kaee sou europeeya mahilaaon sahit kaee nazarband mahilaaon koo veshyaon key roop mein seva karane key liye majboor kiya aur majboor kiya. inmein seey kuchh ney veshyalaya mein kaee purushon key bajaay ack aadami koo yaun daas key roop mein seva dene key liye japani adhikaariyon key gharon mein rahane kaa vikalp chunaa. aisee hii ack europeeya mahila, scott vansh kii tantri ney apani agnipareeksha kaa varnan karate hue ack pustak likhi. ack dutch sarkari adhyayan ney japani senaa dwara mahilaaon koo balpurvak pakadane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale tarikon kaa varnan kiya. yeh nishkarsh nikala gayaa kii japani sainya veshyalayon mein paaee jaane vaali 200 seey 300 europeeya mahilaaon mein seey, "kuchh 65 koo nishchit roop seey veshyavritti key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. anya, sharanarthi shiviron mein bhukhmari kaa saamana karate hue, bhojan aur kaam key liye bhugtan kii peshkash karane key liye sahmat hue, jisaki prakriti unhein poori tarah seey prakat naheen kii gaee thee. kuchh mahilaaon ney bhee yuvaaon kii raksha karane kii ummeed mein swechha seey kaam kiya. isaliye veshyavritti mein majboor kii jaane vaali mahilaaen dutch record seey bahut adhik hoe sakati hain joe pahale sanket diyaa gayaa haye. dutch mahilaaon kii sankhya joe yaun utpeedan yaa chhedchhaad kii gaee thee, unhein bhee kaafee hudd taka nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa. jaba taka japani maanad rinon kii neenv jaise vyaktiyon aur samoohon ney japani vyavasaay key peediton key liye vakaalat karna shuru naheen kiya, taba taka dutch aaraam mahilaaon kii durdasha saamoohik vivek mein pravesh naheen curr paaee. harr dinn aur raat balatkar aur yaun utpeedan key saath-saath dutch ladakiyan pitai aur anya shaaririk hinsa key darr seey rahati theen.
jey.aff. vaine vagantonk aur dutch prasaran foundation ney anuman lagaaya kii kull 400 dutch ladkiyon koo shiviron seey aaraam seey rahane vaali mahila banane key liye leey jaaya gayaa thaa.
dutch mahilaaon key alawa, kaee jawani mahilaaon koo indoneshiya seey aramdayak mahilaaon key roop mein bhee bharti kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen lagbhag 1000 purvi timor kii mahilaaen aur ladakiyan shamil theen joe yaun daas key roop mein bhee istemal karati theen. adhikansh kishore ladakiyan theen jinaki ayu 14-19 thee jinhone kuchh shiksha poori kii thee aur tokyo yaa singapur mein uchch shiksha key vaadon key madhyam seey dhokha diyaa gayaa thaa. jaava seey aaraam seey aaney vaali mahilaaon key samanya gantavyon mein barma, thyland aur purvi indoneshiya shamil they. poorv aramdayak mahilaaon key saath kiye gaye sakshatkar seey yeh bhee pataa chalata haye kii kuchh mahilaaen foolon key dweep seey aaee theen. yuddh key baad, kaee jawani aramdayak mahilaaen joe butch gaeen, una sthaanon parr raheen jahan unhein taskari kii gaee thee aur sthaaniya aabaadi mein ekikrit hoe gaeen.
naee ginny kii melanie mahilaaon kaa bhee aaraam mahilaaon key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa thaa. sthaaniya mahilaaon koo rabaul seey aramdayak mahilaaon key roop mein bharti kiya gayaa thaa, saath hii japani pitaaon aur papuan maataon seey paida hui kuchh mishrit japani-papuan mahilaaon koo bhee bharti kiya gayaa thaa. ack australiyai kaptan, david hutchinson-smith ney kuchh mishrit-jaati, yuva japani-papuan ladkiyon kaa bhee ullekh kiya, jinhen aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon key roop mein bhee bharti kiya gayaa thaa.
aaj taka, kewal ack japani mahila ney apani gawahi prakaashit kii haye. yeh 1971 mein kiya gayaa thaa, jaba ack poorv aramdayak mahila koo taiwan mein show sainikon key liye kaam karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa, jisane suzuko shirota key chhadm naam key tahat apane sansmaran prakaashit kiye they.
japani senaa dwara 2,000 seey adhik taiwani mahilaaon koo yaun gulami mein majboor kiya gayaa thaa; 2020 taka, kewal dou koo abhee bhee jeevit maanaa jaataa thaa. yoshiki yoshimi ney nott kiya kii taiwani aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon mein seey aadhe seey adhik nabalig theen. 2023 mein aakhiri jeevit taiwan kii aramdayak mahila kii mrityu hoe gaee.
aaraam seey mahilaaon kaa upchaar.
1975 mein japani aahar key pratinidhi seyjuro araune dwara diye gaye ack bayaan key aadhar parr, jisamen unhone 1965 kii koria-japan sandhi vaarta key dauran koriyai adhikaariyon dwara pradaan kii gaee sankhya kaa hawala dene kaa daavaa kiya thaa, yuddh key dauran koriyai aaraam mahilaaon key teen-chauthai kii mrityu hoe sakati haye, halanki iss bayaan kii vaidhata parr taba seey sawal uthaaya gayaa haye kyonki sankhya iss mamle parr vaastavik jaanch parr adharit naheen lagati haye. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii balatkar key baad kaee balatkar yaa yaun rogon key kaaran adhikansh jeevit bache loga baanjh hoe gaye.
choonki aramdayak mahilaaon koo japani shaahi senaa key saath yuddh key maidanon mein yatra karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa, isaliye kaee aramdayak mahilaaen maare gaeen kyonki sahayogi balon ney japan kii prashant raksha koo abhibhoot curr diyaa aur japani shiviron koo nasht curr diyaa. kuchh mamalon mein, japani senaa ney koriyai aaraam seey mahilaaon koo taba maar daala jaba way sahayogi balon key saath ladaai haarne seey bhaag gaeen. 1944-45 mein japani balon key antim stand key dauran, "aramdayak mahilaaon" koo aksar aatmahatya karane key liye majboor kiya jaataa thaa yaa unhein maar diyaa jaataa thaa. truke nausena adde parr, apekshit americi hamale seey pahale 70 "aramdayak mahilaaen" maare gaye they kyonki nausena ney americi havaai hamale koo galat samajha thaa jisane truke koo americi landing kii prastaavana key roop mein nasht curr diyaa thaa, jabaki saipan kii ladaai key dauran "aramdayak mahilaaen" una logon mein seey theen jinhone saipan kii chattanon seey koodkar aatmahatya kii thee. barma mein, koriyai "aramdayak mahilaaon" key sinide kii goliyon koo nigalkar aatmahatya karane yaa unake khudai mein hathgola fenkkar maare jaane key mamle they. manila kii ladaai key dauran, jaba japani navik bhaagate they aur buss sabhi koo maar dete they, tou "aramdayak mahilaaon" key maare jaane key mamle they, halanki "aramdayak mahilaaon" koo maarne kii koee vyavasthit neeti naheen thee. japani sarkaar ney saipan parr japani upaniveshvadiyon koo bataaya thaa kii americi "safed shaitan" narbhakshi they, aur isaliye japani aabaadi ney americi "safed shaitanon" key haathon mein girane key bajaay aatmahatya karna pasand kiya. yeh sambhav haye kii kaee asiai "aramdayak mahilaaon" ney bhee aisaa maanaa hoe. barma mein ladane vaale british sainikon ney aksar bataaya kii koriyai "aramdayak mahilaaen" jinhen unhone pakad liya thaa, yeh jaankar aashcharyachakit they kii british unhein khaane naheen jaa rahey they. vidambana yeh haye kii iss daave koo dekhate hue, sudur prashant dweepon parr bhookhe japani sainikon key cutt jaane yaa narbhakshan kii or mudane vaale barma key jangalon mein funce jaane key mamle they, aur cumm seey cumm aise kaee mamle they jahaan barma aur prashant dweepon parr "aramdayak mahilaaon" koo shaahi japani senaa key liye protein pradaan karane key liye maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
ack uttarjeevi key ack khaate key anusaar, jaba usane balatkar kaa virodh karane kaa prayaas kiya tou usey peeta gayaa thaa. aramdayak mahila dall" mein shamil honey seey pahale joe mahilaaen veshya naheen theen, vishesh roop seey jinhen balpurvak liya gayaa thaa, unhein aam taur parr balatkar key kaaran "toda diyaa gayaa" thaa. ack koriyai mahila, kima huck-sunn ney 1991 key ack sakshatkar mein kahaa kii kaise unhein 1941 mein "comfort women corps" mein shamil kiya gayaa thaah "jaba main 17 saal kaa thaa, tou japani sanic ack truck mein aae, hamein peeta [usey aur ack dost], aur phir hamein peechhe kheench liya. mujhe bataaya gayaa thaa kii aggar mujhe taiyar kiya jaataa haye, tou main ack kapada karkhane mein bahut paisa kamaa sakata huun... pahale dinn merey saath balatkar huaa aur balatkar kabhi naheen ruke... main ack mahila key roop mein paida huaa thaa lekin kabhi ack mahila key roop mein naheen rhaa... jaba main ack aadami key karib aataa huun tou main beemar mahsoos kartaa huun. sirf japani purush hii naheen, balki sabhi purush-yahaan taka kii merey apane pati ney bhee jinhone mujhe veshyalaya seey bachaaya. jaba bhee main japani jhanda dekhta huun tou main kaamp jaataa huun... mujhe sharminda kyon honah chaahiye? mujhe sharminda honey kii zaroorat naheen haye."kima ney kahaa kii ack" "aramdayak mahila" "key roop mein apane samay key dauran varsh key harr dinn, dinn mein ack baar usake saath balatkar kiya gayaa thaa. unaki amanviya sthiti koo darshaate hue, senaa aur nausena key record jahaan "aramdayak mahilaaon" key andolan kaa ullekh karate hue hamesha "yuddh aapoorti kii ikaaiyaan" shabd kaa upayog karate they.
phillippeans mein philipino seey bache narsisa claveria key vivaran key anusaar, jinhen 13 saal kii umr mein 18 maheene key liye gulam banaaya gayaa thaa, dinn key dauran mahilaaon koo khaana pakaane, saaf karane aur kapade dhone key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. raat mein japani sainikon ney mahilaaon key saath balatkar kiya aur durvyavahar kiya. dinn mein ghar key kaam karane vaali aur raat mein yaun shoshan kaa shikaar honey vaali aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon kii kahani koo ack anya philipino uttarjeevi fedencia david ney bhee bataaya, jise 14 saal kii umr mein japani sainikon dwara apaharan curr liya gayaa thaa, jise yaad thaa kii unhein kapade dhone aur japani sainikon key liye khaana pakaane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. raat mein david key saath 5 seey 10 japani sainikon ney balatkar kiya thaa. dinn mein kaee baar balatkar key saath-saath mahilaaon koo apane parivaaron seey alag honey key adheen kiya jaataa thaa, aksar japani sainikon dwara apane parivaaron kii hatyaa hotey hue dekhaa jaataa thaa. ack jeevit bache vyakti ney bataaya kii jaba japani sanic usey leey gaye, tou sainikon ney usake pitaa kii twacha koo jeevit karna shuru curr diyaa."iss durvyavahar ney shaaririk aur bhaavnaatmak nishan chhod diye.
sainya doctors aur chikitsa karmchaariyon ney chikitsa parikshanon key dauran mahilaaon key saath aksar balatkar kiya. ack japani senaa key doctor, esso tetsuo ney gawahi dee kii "aramdayak mahilaaon" koo "mahila golaa-barud" aur "saarvajanik shauchalaya" key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa-shaabdik roop seey upayog kii jaane vaali aur durvyavahar kii jaane vaali cheejon key roop mein-kuchh "aramdayak mahilaaon" koo ghayal sainikon key ilaaj key liye rakt daan karane key liye majboor kiya jaa rhaa thaa. cumm seey cumm 80 pratishat "aramdayak mahilaaen" koriyai theen, jinhen nichale rank mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki japani aur europeeya mahilaaen adhikaariyon key paas gaeen. udaaharan key liye, dutch purvi indies (aadhunik indoneshiya) mein pakadi gaee dutch mahilaaon koo vishesh roop seey adhikaariyon key liye aarakshit kiya gayaa thaa. koria ack confucian desh haye jahan vivaah seey pahale yaun sambandh koo vyaapak roop seey asweekrit kiya gayaa thaa, aur choonki koriyai kishoron koo "aramdayak mahila core" mein lagbhag hamesha kunwari thee, isaliye yeh mahsoos kiya gayaa kii yeh yaun rogon key prasaar koo seemit karane kaa sabse achchha tarika thaa joe anyatha sainikon aur naavikon koo aksham curr dega.
farwari 1944 mein shaahi japani senaa key adhikaariyon dwara jaava mein jail shiviron seey duss dutch mahilaaon koo jabaran yaun daas banaane key liye jabaran leey jaaya gayaa thaa. unhein vyavasthit roop seey peeta gayaa aur dinn-raat balatkar kiya gayaa. ghatana key peedit key roop mein, 1990 mein, zaan ruff-oh 'hearn ney ack yuu key saamane gawahi dee.aiss. pratinidhi sabhaa samitih
veshyalaya mein unaki pahali subah, ruff-oh 'hearn aur anya kii tasveeren lii gaeen aur baramade parr rakhee gaeen, jiska upayog japani karmiyon key liye ack swaagat kshetra key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa joe inn tasveeron mein seey chunenge. agale chaar maheenon mein ladkiyon key saath dinn-raat balatkar kiya gayaa aur peeta gayaa, aur joe garbhavati hoe gaeen unhein garbhpaat karaane key liye majboor kiya gayaa. chaar kashtaprad maheenon key baad, ladkiyon koo paschim jaava mein bogor mein ack shivir mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, jahan way apane parivaaron key saath phir seey mill gaye. yeh shivir vishesh roop seey una mahilaaon key liye thaa jinhen sainya veshyalayon mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur japaniyon ney kaidiyon koo chetavani dee kii aggar kissy ney unhein bataaya kii unake saath kyaa huaa thaa, tou unhein aur unake parivaar key sadasyon koo maar diyaa jaayega. kaee maheenon baad oh 'hearn koo batavia mein ack shivir mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, jise 15 agast, 1945 koo mukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
sukki falconberg, ack aramdayak mahila uttarjeevi, ney apane anubhav saajha kieh 
blora mein, bees europeeya mahilaaon aur ladkiyon koo dou gharon mein kaid kiya gayaa thaa. teen saptah kii avadhi mein, jaise hii japani ikaaiyaan gharon seey gujarati gaeen, mahilaaon aur unaki betiyon key saath berahami seey aur baar-baar balatkar kiya gayaa.
bangka dweep mein, pakade gaye adhikansh australiyai nurses kii hatyaa seey pahale unake saath balatkar kiya gayaa thaa.
yuddh key anta mein japani adhikaariyon dwara japani adhikaariyon koo kuchh sajaa dee gaee. yuddh kii samaapti key baad, 11 japani adhikaariyon koo doshi paaya gayaa, jisamen ack sanic koo batavia yuddh aaparaadhik adalat dwara maut kii sajaa sunai gaee. adalat key faisale mein paaya gayaa kii aarop kaa ullanghan kewal swaichhik mahilaaon koo kaam parr rakhane key senaa key adesh kaa ullanghan thaa. purvi timor key peediton ney gawahi dee kii unhein taba bhee gulami mein majboor kiya gayaa thaa jaba way masik dharm shuru karane key liye paryaapt umr key naheen they. adalat kii gawahi mein kahaa gayaa haye kii inn apraaptavay ladkiyon key saath japani sainikon dwara baar-baar balatkar kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki joe loga iska paalan karane seey incar curr rahey they, unhein maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
australiyai rashtriya vishvavidyalaya key asia prashant anusandhaan vibhaag mein emeritus professor hank nelson ney rabaul mein japani senaa dwara sanchaalit veshyalayon key baare mein likhaa haye, joe abb dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran papua nyu ginny haye. vaha rabaul mein ack paav, gorden thomas kii diarry seey uddhrit kartaa haye. thomas likhate hain kii veshyalayon mein kaam karane vaali mahilaaen "sambhavatah ack dinn mein 25 seey 35 purushon kii seva karati theen" aur way "peele daas vyaapaar key shikaar" theen. nelson ney ack japani nausena sarjan kentaro igusa kaa bhee uddharan diyaa, joe rabaul mein tainaat thaa. igusa ney apane sansmaranon mein likhaa kii mahilaaon ney sankraman aur gambhir asuvidha key madhyam seey kaam karna jaari rakhaa, halanki way "roye aur madad key liye bheekh maange.
isake vipareet, barma mein mitekina kii gherabandi key baad pakade gaye 20 koriyai "" aramdayak mahilaaon "" aur dou japani nagrikon "kii poochtaachh parr adharit ack report ney sanket diyaa kii" aramdayak mahilaaon "" ney tulanaatmak roop seey achchi tarah seey jeevan bitaaya, kaee upahaar praapt kiye, aur unhein majdoori dee gaee, jabaki way barma mein theen. mool roop seey koria lautane vaali aramdayak mahilaaon kaa ullekh karate hue 'ghar vaapsee karane vaali mahilaaen' label dakshin koria mein yaun roop seey sakriya mahilaaon key liye ack apmaanjanak shabd key roop mein banaa huaa haye.
baanjhapan, garbhpaat aur prajanan.
japani senaa aur nausena ney yaun rogon seey bachane key liye badee hudd taka prayaas kiya aur badee sankhya mein kandom muft mein diye gaye. japani sainikon koo inn "hamla sankhya" kaa upayog karane kii aavashyakta thee. sex key dauran 1 "-branded kandom. udaaharan key liye, dastaavezon seey pataa chalata haye kii julaai 1943 mein senaa negri sembilan mein sainikon key liye 1,000 kandom aur perak mein sainikon key liye 10,000 kandom saunpe. haalaanki, jaba japani sainikon ney kandom pahanane seey incar curr diyaa tou mahilaaon mein virodh karane yaa apatti karane kii koee kshamata naheen thee.
"aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon" koo aamtaur parr salversan key saath injection diyaa jaataa thaa, joe balatkar key kaaran yoni koo nuksan key saath "aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon" key beach asamanya roop seey uchch baanjhapan key kaaran they.
jaise-jaise yuddh jaari rhaa aur americi pandubbiyon dwara lagbhag poore japani vyaapaari samudri key doobane key kaaran kamee aaee, "aramdayak mahilaaon" key liye chikitsa dekhbhal mein girawat aaee kyonki ghatati chikitsa aapoorti sainikon key liye aarakshit thee. jaise hii japani rasad toot gayaa kyonki americi pandubbiyon ney ack key baad ack japani jahaaj koo dubo diyaa, kandom koo dhona aur punah upayog karna padaa, jisase unaki prabhavsheelta cumm hoe gaee. "aramdayak mahilaaon" koo khud aur sthaaniya majdooron koo upayog kiye gaye kandom koo dhone aur punarnaveenikaran karane kii aavashyakta thee. phillippeans mein, "aramdayak mahilaaon" koo japani doctors dwara bill diyaa jaataa thaa yadi unhein chikitsa upchaar kii aavashyakta hoti haye. kaee mamalon mein, "aramdayak mahilaaen" joe gambhir roop seey beemar theen, unhein akele marane key liye chhod diyaa gayaa thaa.
japani sainikon dwara upayog kii jaane vaali koriyai aramdayak mahilaaon key sarvekshan mein kahaa gayaa haye kii sakshatkar mein shamil poorv koriyai aramdayak mahilaaon mein seey 30 pratishat ney javic bachchon kaa utpaadan kiya aur 20 pratishat ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad god liye hue bachchon kaa utpaadan kiya.
mudde kaa itihas.
1944 mein, sahayogi balon ney barma mein bees koriyai aramdayak mahilaaon aur dou japani aramdayak station maalikon koo pakad liya aur ack report jaari kii, japani yuddh kaidi poochtaachh report 49. report key anusaar, koriyai mahilaaon koo japaniyon dwara aramdayak mahilaaon key roop mein istemal karane key liye dhokha diyaa gayaa thaa; 1942 mein, iss uddeshya key liye koria seey barma mein lagbhag 800 mahilaaon kii taskari kii gaee thee, jaise kii aspatalon mein ghayalon seey milane yaa rolling bandage mein bharti honey key bahaane.
chean aur koria jaisi confucian sanskritiyon mein, jahaan vivaah seey pahale yaun sambandh koo sharmanak maanaa jaataa haye, 1945 key baad dashakon taka "aaraam mahilaaon" key vishay koo nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa kyonki peediton koo pariya maanaa jaataa thaa. confucian sanskritiyon mein, paaramparik roop seey ack avivaahit mahila koo apane jeevan seey oopar apani pavitrata koo mahatva denaa chaahiye, aur koee bhee mahila joe shaadi seey pahale apani kaumarya khou detee haye, usase aatmahatya karane kii ummeed kii jaati haye; jeene kaa vikalp chunkar, jeevit bache logon ney khud koo bahishkrit curr liya. isake alawa, 1952 kii saine francisco kii sandhi, saath hii 1965 kii sandhi, jisane japan aur dakshin koria key beach sambandhon koo samanya banaa diyaa, jaise dastavejon kii japani sarkaar dwara yuddh apraadhon seey sambandhit muddon koo nipataane key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee thee, iss tathya key bavjood kii unamen seey kissy ney bhee vishesh roop seey mahila suvidha pranali kaa ullekh naheen kiya thaa.
aramdayak mahila anusandhaan mein ack praarambhik vyakti lekhak kako senda they, jinhone pahali baar 1962 mein aramdayak mahilaaon kii tasveeron kaa saamana kiya, lekin tasveeron mein mahilaaen kaun theen, yeh samajhaane mein paryaapt jaankaari naheen mill sakee. senda ney, jaanch kii ack lambi prakriya key madhyam seey, 1973 mein "sainya aaraam mahila" sheershak seey iss vishay parr pahali pustak prakaashit kii. phir bhee, pustak ney vyaapak prachaar naheen paaya, aur unaki pustak kii vyaapak roop seey japani aur dakshin koriyai itihaskaron donon dwara tathyon koo vikrit karane key roop mein aalochana kii gaee haye. kissy bhee mamle mein, yeh pustak iss mudde parr 1990 key dashak kii sakriyata key liye ack mahatvapurna srot bunn gaee. aaraam mahilaaon key vishay parr ack koriyai dwara likhi gaee pahali pustak 1981 mein prakaashit hui. haalaanki, yeh jainichi lekhak kima ill-miyon kii 1976 kii japani pustak kii saahityik chori thee.
1982 mein, shiksha mantralaya dwara japani yuddhakaaleen aakraamakta aur atyacharon seey sambandhit itihas kii pathyapustakon mein kaee hataae jaane key adesh key baad itihas kii pathyapustakon parr ack vivaad paida hoe gayaa. isane chean jaise padosi deshon seey virodh koo prajwalit kiya aur kuchh japaniyon key beach iss vishay mein ruchi paida kii, jisamen kaee yuddh key diggaj bhee shamil they, jinhone apane pichhale karyon key baare mein adhik khule taur parr baat karna shuru curr diyaa. haalaanki, aaraam mahilaaon kaa mudda ack kendriya vishay naheen thaa aur isake bajaay aitihaasik hita mein iss punrutthan kaa adhikansh hissa nanjing narsamhar aur ikai 731 jaise anya vishayon kii or gayaa. phir bhee, itihaaskaar jinhone japan kii yuddhakaaleen gatividhiyon kaa gaharaai seey adhyayan kiya thaa, way pahale seey hii samanya roop seey aaraam mahilaaon key astitva seey avagat they.
1989 mein, seji yoshida kii gawahi kaa koriyai mein anuvaad kiya gayaa thaa. unaki pustak koo kuchh japani aur koriyai patrakaron dwara dhokhadhadi key roop mein khariz kiya gayaa thaa, aur maee 1996 mein yoshida ney sweekaar kiya kii unakaa sansmaran kaalpanik thaa, jisamen shukan shincho dwara ack sakshatkar mein kahaa gayaa thaa kii "pustakon mein sachchai likhane mein koee laabh naheen haye. tathyon koo chhipaana aur unhein apane swayam key daavon key saath jodana kuchh aisaa haye joe samachar patra bhee harr samay karate hain. agast 2014 mein, japani samachar patra "asahi shimbun" ney bhee una lekhon koo vaapas leey liya joe akhbar ney roodhivaadi kaaryakartaon aur sangathanon key dabaav key kaaran yoshida seey jaankaari key aadhar parr yaa shamil kiye they. peechhe hatane key baad, roodhivaadiyon key hamale badh gaye. ack patrakaar, takashi uemura, jinhone ack lekh likhaa thaa, roodhivaadiyon key isi tarah key hamalon kaa shikaar they, aur unake niyokta, hokusei gakuen vishvavidyalaya parr unaki sthiti koo samaapt karane key liye dabaav daala gayaa thaa. uemura ney manhani kaa mukadama daayar kiya lekin professor tsutomu nishioka aur japani samachar patrika "shookan banshun" key khilaf apana mamla haar gaye.
dakshin koria mein aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon kaa astitva aur unake paksh mein sakriyata 1987 mein loktantrikaran key baad gati banaana shuru curr diyaa, lekin koee bhee poorv aaraam seey rahane vaali mahila abhee taka saarvajanik roop seey aage naheen aaee thee. jaba japani sarkaar ney iss baat seey incar kiya kii raajya isamen shamil thaa aur juuna 1991 key aahar satra mein maafi aur muaavaje key ahwan koo khariz curr diyaa, tou kima huck-sunn agast 1991 mein apani kahani bataane vaali pahali mahila key roop mein aage aaee. usake baad kaee alag-alag deshon mein anya logon ney mukadama daayar karke japani sarkaar seey maafi kii maang kii. japani sarkaar ney shuru mein kissy bhee jimmedaari seey incar kiya, lekin janwari 1992 mein, itihaaskaar yoshiki yoshimi ney raksha agency key rashtriya raksha adhyayan sansthaan key abhilekhagar seey aadhikarik dastavejon kii khoj kii, joe "aaraam stations" kii sthaapana aur sanchaalan mein japani sainya bhagidari kaa sanket detaa haye."isake baad, pradhaan mantri keechi miyazawa pahale japani netaa baney jinhone vishesh roop seey mahilaaon key aaraam key mudde key liye maafi maangate hue ack bayaan jaari kiya. isase vishay mein bhee janata kii ruchi mein teevra vriddhi hui. 1993 mein, kaee gawahi key baad, japani sarkaar dwara jaari kiya gayaa konon bayaan (tatkalin mukhya cabinet sachiv yohei konon key naam parr) iss baat kii pushti kartaa haye kii mahilaaon koo aaraam dene mein jabardasti shamil thee.
inn sub key baad seey 1990 key dashak key madhya seey japani dakshinpanthi taakton kii or seey jawabi kaarravaai shuru hoe gaee haye, jisamen itihas kii pathyapustakon parr vivaad ack aam udaaharan haye. 1999 mein, japani itihaaskaar kazuko vatnabe ney japani mahilaaon mein bahanpan kii kamee key baare mein shikayat kii, ack sarvekshan kaa hawala dete hue kahaa kii 50 pratishat japani mahilaaen "aramdayak mahilaaon" kii kahaaniyon mein vishvaas naheen karati theen, yeh aarop lagaate hue kii kaee japani anya asiai logon koo "anya" maanate hain jinaki bhaavanaaen mayane naheen rakhti hain. 2004 mein, shiksha mantri nariaki nakayama ney itihas kii pathyapustakon seey aramdayak mahilaaon key sandarbhon koo hataane kii apani ichcha kaa khulasa kiya, aur 2005 mein anumodit pathyapustakon mein aramdayak mahilaaon kaa koee ullekh naheen thaa. 2007 mein, japani sarkaar ney iss mudde parr pradhaanmantri koo unaki sthiti key baare mein poochhe gaye prashnon kaa jawab jaari kiya, yeh nishkarsh nikaalate hue kii "koee saboot naheen milaa kii japani senaa yaa sainya adhikaariyon ney mahilaaon koo balpurvak jabt curr liya thaa."2014 mein, mukhya cabinet sachiv yoshihide suga ney report kii prishthabhoomi kii phir seey jaanch karane key liye ack team kaa gathan kiya. sameeksha ney cono bayaan kii rachana kii prakriya mein japan aur dakshin koria key beach samanvaya koo prakaash mein laaya aur nishkarsh nikala kii, seol key anurodh parr, tokyo ney mahilaaon kii bharti mein jabardasti kii thee. sameeksha key baad, suga aur pradhaan mantri shinzo aabe ney kahaa kii japan ney cono bayaan koo barkarar rakhaa haye.
2014 mein, chean ney dastaavez jaari kiye, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii "lohe seey dhake pramaan" they kii aramdayak mahilaaon koo unaki ichcha key khilaf veshya key roop mein kaam karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen japani quantung senaa sainya pulis core abhilekhagar key dastaavez aur manchuria mein japan key kathputali shasson key rashtriya baink key dastaavez shamil they.
2019 mein, japan key videsh mantralaya ney aadhikarik taur parr iss vichaar parr jore diyaa kii "yaun daas" abhivyakti tathyon kaa khandan karati haye aur iska upayog naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, yeh dekhate hue kii iss bindu kii pushti dakshin koria key saath japan-dakshin koria samjhaute mein kii gaee thee.
kshama yaachana aur kshatipurti 1951-2009.
1951 mein, baatchit kii shuruat mein, dakshin koriyai sarkaar ney shuru mein japani kabje key dauran shram aur sainya seva mein majboor koriyai logon key liye muaavaje mein $364 million kii maang keeh prati jeevit vyakti $200, prati mrityu $1,650 aur prati ghayal vyakti $2,000. japan ney peediton koo kshatipurti karane kii peshkash kii, lekin dakshin koria ney jore dekar kahaa kii japan kewal dakshin koriyai sarkaar koo vittiya sahaayata dey. 1965 kii sandhi mein hue antim samjhaute mein, japan ney 10 varshon mein 80 karod dollar kii sahaayata aur cumm byaaj vaale rinn package pradaan kiye. dakshin koriyai sarkaar ney "adhikansh paisa aarthik vikas parr kharch kiya, buniyaadi dhaanche aur bhaari udyog koo badhaava dene parr dhyaan kendrit kiya.
shuru mein, japani sarkaar ney aaraam mahila pranali mein kissy bhee tarah kii bhagidari seey incar kiya, jaba taka kii yoshimi yoshiaki ney japani aatmaraksha agency key pustakalaya seey dastavejon kii khoj aur prakaashan naheen kiya, jisamen pratyaksh sainya bhagidari kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa. 1994 mein, saarvajanik dabaav mein, japani sarkaar ney apani milibhugat koo sweekaar kiya aur poorv aramdayak mahilaaon koo kshatipurti dene key liye saarvajanik-niji asiai mahila kosh (aeye. doubleu. aff.) banaaya. iss fund kaa upayog iss mudde key baare mein ack aadhikarik japani kathaa prastut karane key liye bhee kiya gayaa thaa. 61 koriyai, 13 taiwani, 211 philipino aur 79 dutch poorv aramdayak mahilaaon koo tatkalin pradhaan mantri tomichi murayama seey hastaaksharit maafi pradaan kii gaee, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa, "japan key pradhaan mantri key roop mein, main una sabhi mahilaaon key liye apani sabse imandar maafi aur paschaataap vyakt kartaa huun jinhone athah aur dardanaak anubhav kiye aur mahilaaon key roop mein asaadhya shaaririk aur manovaigyaanik ghaavon kaa saamana kiya."kaee poorv koriyai aramdayak mahilaaon ney saiddhaantik roop seey kshatipurti koo aswikar curr diyaa-halanki asiai mahila kosh kii sthaapana japani sarkaar dwara kii gaee thee, iska paisa sarkaar seey naheen balki niji daan seey aaya thaa, isaliye muaavaja" "aadhikarik" "naheen thaa. antatah, 61 poorv koriyai aaraam mahilaaon ney 5 million yenn (lagbhag. hastaaksharit maafi key saath aeye. doubleu. aff. seey prati vyakti $42,000), jabaki anya koo koria sarkaar seey dhana praapt huaa. 31 march, 2007 koo kosh koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, aeye. doubleu. aff. kii sthaapana kii aalochana japani sarkaar key liye raajya kii jimmedaari seey bachane key ack tareeke key roop mein kii gaee thee; kosh kii sthaapana ney vibhinn asiai deshon seey virodh bhee prerit kiya.
teen dakshin koriyai mahilaaon ney disambar 1991 mein japan mein motee bandargah hamale kii 50veen varshgaanth key samay jabaran veshyavritti key liye muaavaje kii maang karate hue mukadama daayar kiya. 1992 mein, joe dastaavez 1958 seey sangraheet kiye gaye they jaba unhein sanyukt raajya key sainikon dwara vaapas kiya gayaa thaa aur joe sanket dete they kii senaa ney sanchaalan mein ack badee bhoomika nibhai thee jise saumyokti key roop mein "aaraam station" kahaa jaataa thaa, way japan kii aatmaraksha agency key pustakalaya mein paae gaye they. japani sarkaar ney sweekaar kiya kii shaahi japani senaa ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran hajaaron koriyai mahilaaon koo japani sainikon key saath yaun sambandh banaane key liye majboor kiya thaa. 14 janwari, 1992 koo, japani mukhya sarkaar key pravakta koichi kaato ney ack aadhikarik maafi jaari karate hue kahaa, "humm iss baat seey incar naheen curr sakate kii poorv japani senaa ney" aramdayak ladkiyon "key apaharan aur hirasat mein lene mein bhoomika nibhai thee, aur" humm apani maafi aur paschaataap vyakt karna chaahenge.  teen dinn baad 17 janwari, 1992 koo dakshin koria key rashtrapati roh taaee woo dwara diye gaye ratribhoj mein, japani pradhaan mantri keechi miyazawa ney apane mezban seey kahaah "hamein sabse pahale aur sabse mahatvapurna usa dukhad avadhi kii sachchai koo yaad karna chaahiye jaba japani karyon ney aapke logon koo peedaa aur dukh diyaa thaa. hamein iss parr apane paschaataap kii bhaavanaon koo kabhi naheen bhoolana chaahiye. japan key pradhaanmantri key roop mein, main inn karyon parr apane paschaataap koo phir seey ghoshit karna chahunga aur koria ganarajya key logon seey maafi mangunga."unhone agale dinn dakshin koria kii rashtriya sabhaa key samaksh ack bhaashan mein phir seey maafi maangi. 28 aprail, 1998 koo, japani adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii sarkaar koo mahilaaon koo kshatipurti deni chaahiye aur unhein pratyek koo puraskrit kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
2007 mein, jeevit mahilaaen japani sarkaar seey maafi chaahati theen. usa samay key pradhaan mantri shinzo aabe ney 1 march, 2007 koo kahaa kii iss baat kaa koee saboot naheen haye kii japani sarkaar ney yaun daason koo rakhaa thaa, bhale hii japani sarkaar ney pahale hii 1993 mein jabardasti key upayog koo sweekaar curr liya thaa. 27 march koo japani sansad ney ack aadhikarik maafi jaari kii.
2010 seey maafi aur kshatipurti.
20 farwari, 2014 koo mukhya cabinet sachiv yoshihide suga ney kahaa kii japani sarkaar adhyayan aur maafi parr punarvichaar curr sakati haye. haalaanki, pradhaanmantri aabe ney 14 march, 2014 koo spasht kiya kii unakaa ise tyagane yaa badalane kaa koee irada naheen thaa.
28 disambar, 2015 koo, pradhaan mantri shinzo aabe aur dakshin koriyai rashtrapati park gyun-haye vivaad koo nipataane key liye ack aupchaarik samjhaute parr pahunche. abey ney phir seey sabhi mahilaaon seey apani sabse gambhir maafi aur paschaataap vyakt kiya aur sweekaar kiya kii way athah aur dardanaak anubhavon seey gujri theen aur mahilaaon koo aaraam dene key roop mein asaadhya shaaririk aur manovaigyaanik ghaavon kaa saamana karna padaa thaa. unhone kahaa kii japan ney iss sthiti koo banaae rakhaa kii japan aur rock key beach sampatti aur daavon seey sambandhit muddon, jisamen aaraam mahilaaon kaa mudda bhee shamil haye, koo poori tarah seey aur anta mein 1965 key japan-rock daavon key samjhaute aur aarthik sahyog samjhaute dwara sulajha liya gayaa thaa aur iss tathya kaa swaagat kiya kii aaraam mahilaaon kaa mudda iss samjhaute key saath "anta mein aur aparivartaniya roop seey" hull hoe gayaa haye.
japan jeevit peediton kaa samarthan karane vaale kosh koo 1 arab yenn ($9.7 arab; $83 laakh) kaa bhugtan karane key liye sahmat huaa, jabaki dakshin koria iss mudde key sambandh mein japan kii aalochana karane seey bachane aur seol mein japani dutawas key saamane seey peediton key smaarak kii ack pratima koo hataane key liye kaam karane key liye sahmat huaa. yeh ghoshana japan key videsh mantri fumio kishida dwara apane samkaksh yoon bayung-seey seul mein milane key baad hui, aur baad mein pradhaan mantri shinzo aabe ney rashtrapati park gyun-haye koo phone karke kishida dwara pahale seey hii dee gaee maafi koo dohraya. koriyai sarkaar shesh chhiyalis bujurg aaraam mahilaaon key liye nidhi kaa prabandhan karegi aur mamle parr vichaar karegi "anta mein aur aparivartaniya roop seey hull". haalaanki, ack koriyai samachar sangathan, hancureh ney kahaa kii yeh yaun gulami kii pranali koo lagu karane key raajya-stariya aparaadh key liye japani sarkaar kii kanuni jimmedaari koo bataane key liye yaun gulami key uttarjeeviyon key anurodh koo shamil karane mein whiffle rahata haye. dakshin koriyai sarkaar ney isase sabse adhik seedhe prabhaavit mahilaaon-jeevit bache logon seey muddon parr drishtikon ekatra karane kaa prayaas naheen kiya. 15 disambar, 2015 koo videsh mantralaya key mahanideshak star kii vaarta key 11vein daur key dauran donon deshon key beach hue saude key sambandh mein, shaabdik roop seey, seol aur tokyo, aramdayak mahilaaon key mudde parr ack safalata taka pahunchane mein whiffle rahey. kaee aramdayak mahilaaon ney samjhaute kaa virodh kiya kyonki way daavaa karati hain kii way paisa naheen chaahati theen, lekin japani sarkaar dwara kanuni jimmedaari kii imandari seey sweekriti dekhane key liye. jeevit mahilaaon key ack samarthan samooh key saha-pratinidhi ney vyakt kiya kii japan key saath samjhauta aaraam seey mahilaaon kii ichcha koo pratibimbit naheen kartaa haye, aur unhone kanuni vikalpon kii sameeksha karke ise amaanya karane kii kasam khaai.
16 farwari, 2016 koo mahilaaon key khilaf bhedbhaav key unmoolan parr sanyukt rashtra kii samiti, saatvin aur aathvin aavadhik report, videsh mantralaya (japan) key upa mantri shinsuke sugiyama key saath aayojit kii gaee thee, jisamen japan aur dakshin koria key beach 1 arab yenn kaa bhugtan karane key liye aadhikarik aur antim samjhaute koo dohraya gayaa thaa. sugiyama ney usa samjhaute key liye japani sarkaar kii maafi koo bhee doharaayah "usa samay japani sainya adhikaariyon kii bhagidari key saath aaraam mahilaaon kaa mudda, badee sankhya mein mahilaaon key sammaan aur garima kaa gambhir upman thaa, aur japan kii sarkaar jimmedariyon key baare mein dardanaak roop seey jagrook haye."
agast 2016 mein, baarah aramdayak mahilaaon ney dakshin koria kii sarkaar key khilaf mukadama daayar kiya, jisamen ghoshana kii gaee kii sarkaar ney peediton key saath paramarsh kiye binaa aage kii kanuni jimmedaari kii maang naheen karane key liye ack samjhaute parr hastakshar karke japan seey harjaane kaa daavaa karane key peediton key vyaktigat adhikaaron koo radd curr diyaa thaa. mukadame mein daavaa kiya gayaa kii 2015 key saude ney 2011 key samvaidhaanik adalat key faisale kaa ullanghan kiya kii dakshin koriyai sarkaar koo "apana sahyog aur suraksha pradaan karni chaahiye taaki jinn nagrikon kii maanviya garima aur moolyon kaa ullanghan japan dwara kiye gaye avaidh karyon key madhyam seey kiya gayaa haye, way japan seey nuksan kii maang karane key apane adhikaaron kaa ahwan curr sakein."<ref naam =" "HTTP:// angrezi.honey.koo.kr-17 juuna 2018 "> </ref>
janwari 2018 mein, dakshin koria key rashtrapati moone jey-inn ney 2015 key samjhaute koo "nirvivaad" kahaa aur kahaa kii yeh "antatah aur aparivartaniya roop seey" donon deshon key beach ack aadhikarik samjhauta thaa; haalaanki, jaba unhone samjhaute key pahaluon kaa ullekh karate hue trutipurna paaya, tou unhone kahaah "ack gaanth galat tareeke seey bandhi jaani chaahiye."yeye tippaniyan sarkaar dwara 2015 key samjhaute koo navinikrit karane kii maang naheen karane kii ghoshana key ack dinn baad aaee hain, lekin vaha chaahata haye kii japan iss mudde koo hull karane key liye aur adhik karey. moone ney kahaah "ack vaastavik samjhauta hoga yadi peedit kshama curr sakate hain, japan key imandar maafi maangane aur anya kaarravaai karane key baad.
march 2018 mein, japani sarkaar ney tark diyaa kii 2015 key japan-dakshin koria samjhaute ney pushti kii kii iss mudde koo antatah aur aparivartaniya roop seey hull curr liya gayaa thaa aur rajanyik chainalon key madhyam seey dakshin koria mein ack majboot virodh darj karaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii "iss tarah kaa bayaan samjhaute key khilaf jaataa haye aur isaliye poori tarah seey asweekarya aur behad khedjanak haye.
15 juuna, 2018 koo, seol kendriya jilaa adalat key 20vein sivil division ney japan key saath 2015 key samjhaute parr hastakshar karane key liye dakshin koriyai sarkaar key khilaf harjaane kii maang karane vaale aaraam mahilaaon key mukadame koo khariz curr diyaa. adalat ney ghoshana kii kii antar-sarkari aaraam mahila samjhaute mein "nishchit roop seey paardarshita kii kamee thee yaa 'kanuni jimmedaari' koo maanyata dene mein kamee thee aur japani sarkaar dwara pradaan kiye gaye ack arab yenn kii prakriti parr thee. haalaanki, "samjhaute taka jaane vaali prakriya aur samagri kii jaanch koo harjaane kaa daavaa karane key vaadi key adhikaar key nirvahan key roop mein naheen dekhaa jaa sakata haye."bache hue logon key ack vakeel ney kahaa kii way iss nirnay key khilaf iss aadhar parr appeal karenge kii yeh 2015 key japan-dakshin koriyai samjhaute kii vaidhata koo maanyata detaa haye.
8 janwari, 2021 koo, seol kendriya jilaa adalat ney japan kii sarkaar koo baarah mahilaaon key parivaaron koo 10 karod vone (91,300 dollar) kaa bhugtan karane kaa adesh diyaa.
adalat key mamle mein, antarrashtriya kaanoon dwara guaranteekrit samprabhu pratiraksha key siddhant kaa ullekh karate hue, pradhaan mantri yoshihide suga ney kahaa kii "ack samprabhu raajya koo videshi adalaton key adhikaar kshetra mein naheen rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye", yeh daavaa karate hue kii mukadame koo khariz curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. aur suga ney jore dekar kahaa kii mudda pahale seey hii poori tarah seey aur anta mein, hull hoe gayaa haye.
usee dinn, videsh mantri toshimitsu motegi ney bhee brazil seey asadharan press conference mein lagaatar japani sarkaar key khilaf harjaane key daave key mukadame key baare mein baat kii.
25 juuna, 2021 koo, japani sarkaar ney ghoshana kii kii pradhaan mantri yoshihide suga dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein japan kii aakraamakta key liye maafi maangane vaale pichhale prashasanon dwara diye gaye bayanon key saath khade hain aur sweekaar karate hain kii "badey paimaane parr koriyai praaydweep seey" mahilaaon koo veshyalayon mein kaam karane key liye majboor karane mein senaa kii bhoomika thee.
vivaad.
2001 kii ack comic pustak, japani lekhak yoshinori kobyashi dwara "niyo gomanism manifesto special-onn taiwan", mein kimono-pahane hue mahilaaon koo ack japani sanic key saamane kartavya key liye saain upp karane key liye panktibaddh kiya gayaa haye. kobyashi kii pustak mein taiwan key udyogpati shee wein-long key saath ack sakshatkar haye, jinhone kahaa kii kissy bhee mahila koo seva karane key liye majboor naheen kiya gayaa thaa aur mahilaaon ney niyamit veshyaon kii tulanaa mein adhik swachchh paristhitiyon mein kaam kiya kyonki kandom kaa upayog anivarya thaa.
2001 kii shuruat mein, rashtriya saarvajanik prasarak aine. aich. key. seey judey ack vivaad mein, japan kii sainya yaun gulami parr mahilaaon key antarrashtriya yuddh aparaadh nyayadhikaran kaa coverage kyaa honah chaahiye thaa, jise sanshodhanvaadi vichaaron koo pratibimbit karane key liye bhaari roop seey sampaadit kiya gayaa thaa. 2014 mein, aine. aich. key. key nae rashtrapati ney yuddhakaaleen japani aaraam mahila karyakram kii tulanaa americi sainikon dwara aksar dekhe jaane vaale asiai veshyalayon seey kii, jiska paschimi itihaskaron ney japani aaraam stations key beach key antar kii or ishara karke virodh kiya, jisane mahilaaon koo japani sainikon key saath yaun sambandh banaane key liye majboor kiya, aur asiai veshyalaya, jahaan mahilaaon ney americi sainikon key liye veshyaon koo chunaa.
2007 key aspas key prakashanon mein, japani itihaaskaar aur nihon vishvavidyalaya key professor ikuhiko haataa kaa anuman haye kii aramdayak mahilaaon kii sankhya 10,000 aur 20,000 key beach honey kii adhik sambhavana haye. haataa kaa daavaa haye kii "kissy bhee aramdayak mahila koo jabaran bharti naheen kiya gayaa thaa. itihaaskaar chunghi saaraa soh ney kahaa kii haataa kaa praarambhik anuman lagbhag 90,000 thaa, lekin unhone raajneetik karanon seey usa sankhya koo ghataakar 20,000 curr diyaa. aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon kii kathinaaee koo cumm karane key liye anya japani vidvaanon dwara unaki aalochana kii gaee haye.
2012 mein, osaka key poorv mahapour aur japan bahaali dall key saha-netaa, toro hashimoto ney shuru mein kahaa kii "iss baat kaa koee saboot naheen haye kii logon koo aaraam mahilaaon koo hinsa yaa [japani] senaa dwara dhamki seey door leey jaaya gayaa thaa. baad mein unhone apani sthiti koo sanshodhit kiya, yeh kahate hue kii way "apane aas-paas kii kissy bhee paristhiti seey apani ichcha key khilaf" aramdayak mahilaaen bunn gaeen, phir bhee dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran apani bhoomika koo "aavashyak" key roop mein uchit thaharaate hue, taaki sanic "aaraam curr sakein.
2014 mein, videsh mantri hirofumi nakasone ney ack aayog kii adhyakshata kii, joe 1942 mein ack "aaraam station" kaa ayojan karane key bavjood, "aaraam mahilaaon key mudde key sambandh mein japan key sammaan koo bahaal karane key liye thhos upaayon" parr vichaar karane key liye sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jaba way japan kii shaahi nausena mein leftinent paymaster they.
2014 mein, japani videsh mantralaya ney apani ack paathyapustak seey mahilaaon koo aaraam dene key liye kaee paragraph koo mitaane key liye mcgra pahaadi parr dabaav daalane kaa prayaas kiya. yeh prayaas asafal rhaa aur americi shikshaavidon ney aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon key itihas koo sanshodhit karane key japani prayason kii aalochana kii.
2018 mein, "japan times" ney "aramdayak mahila" aur "jabaran mazdoor" shabdon key apane vivaran koo badal diyaa, jisase karmchaariyon aur pathakon key beach vivaad paida hoe gayaa.
18 agast, 2018 koo, sanyukt rashtra key adhikaar visheshagyon aur nasleeya bhedbhaav key unmoolan parr sanyukt rashtra samiti ney vyakt kiya kii japan koo yuddh key samay yaun gulami seey peediton key liye aur adhik karna chaahiye. japan ney yeh kahate hue jawab diyaa kii usane pahale hii kaee baar maafi maang lii haye aur peediton koo muaavaje kii peshkash kii haye.
choonki asiai mahila kosh dwara prakat kii gaee jaankaari kaa shreya 1965 mein japani aahar sadasya arafun ciuro dwara diye gaye bhaashan key kuchh hisson koo diyaa jaa sakata haye, isaliye kosh dwara ullikhit kuchh jaankaari vivadaspad bunny hui haye.
japani sarkaar aur osaka key mahapour ney anya deshon mein sthit aramdayak mahila smarakon koo hataane kii maang kii, iss baat seey incar karate hue kii dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran mahilaaon koo yaun gulami mein majboor kiya gayaa thaa. unhone sanyukt raajya america key polyceds park, nyu jersey mein aramdayak mahila moortiyon koo hataane kii maang kii haye; saine francisco, california, sanyukt raajya america; aur berlin, germany, pratyek maang koo sambandhit adhikaariyon dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa.
2019 mein, malay lolas key lagbhag 24 sadasyon, ack sangathan joe dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran yaun gulami seey philipina bache logon kaa samarthan kartaa haye, ney mahilaaon key khilaf bhedbhaav key unmoolan parr yuu. aine. kii samiti mein ack shikayat darj karaai (seedo) philipine sarkaar kii viphalata key sambandh mein unake kaaran key liye ladane mein, jisake parinamswarup aaraam seey mahilaaon key khilaf chala rhaa bhedbhaav, joe aaj bhee jaari haye. 2023 mein, seeda ack nirnay key saath aaya aur sarkaar koo shikayatkartaon koo poorna kshatipurti pradaan karane kii sifarish kii, jisamen samagri muaavaje aur jaari bhedbhaav key liye ack aadhikarik maafi shamil haye.
asahi shimbun tritiya-paksh jaanch samiti.
agast 2014 mein, japan key dusare sabse badey samachar patra "asahi shimbun" ney 1982 aur 1997 key beach prakaashit 16 lekhon koo vaapas leey liya. lekh poorv shaahi senaa adhikaari seji yoshida seey sambandhit they, jinhone daavaa kiya thaa kii unhone koriyai mahilaaon koo dakshin koria key jeju dweep kshetra seey yuddhakaaleen japani sainya veshyalayon mein jabaran leey jaaya thaa. lekhon key vaapas lene key baad, samachar patra ney japani patrakaar akira ikegami dwara iss mamle parr ack lekh prakaashit karane seey bhee incar curr diyaa. saarvajanik pratikriya aur aalochana ney samachar patra koo saat pramukh vidvaanon, patrakaron aur kanuni visheshagyon kii adhyakshata mein ack teesare paksh kii jaanch samiti koo naamit karane key liye prerit kiya. samiti kii report mein una paristhitiyon seey nipata gayaa jinake kaaran yoshida kii jhoothi gawahi kaa prakaashan huaa aur inn prakashanon kaa videshon mein japan kii chhavi aur vibhinn deshon key saath rajanyik sambandhon parr prabhaav padaa. yeh paaya gayaa kii asahi ney yoshida kii gawahi prakaashit karane mein laparwahi kii, lekin gawahi parr report kaa videshi media outlets aur reports parr "seemit" prabhaav padaa. doosari or, report mein paaya gayaa kii iss mudde parr japani adhikaariyon kii tippaniyon kaa japan kii chhavi aur usake rajanyik sambandhon parr kaheen adhik hanikarak prabhaav padaa.
samarthan samoohon key khilaf dhokhadhadi key aarop.
2004 mein, 13 poorv aramdayak mahilaaon ney koriyai parishad key khilaf ack shikayat daayar kii, jisamen sainya yaun gulami key liye mahilaaon kaa masauda taiyar kiya gayaa thaa aur inn donon sangathanon koo laabh uthaane aur peediton key pichhale anubhavon kaa dohan karane seey rokane key liye paschimi jilaa adalat key saath saajha karane kaa ghar thaa. peediton ney usa samay koriyai parishad key pramukh shinn haay-suu aur saajha karane key ghar key pramukh, geet hyun-seob parr mahilaaon key pichhale anubhavon kaa upayog video aur parche mein unaki anumati key binaa daan maangane aur phir peediton kii madad key liye iska upayog karane key bajaay paise rakhane kaa aarop lagaaya. shikayat mein aage kahaa gayaa haye kii 1998 mein sangathanon key virodh key kaaran japan dwara 1995 mein sthaapit nagrik-vitt poshit asiai mahila kosh key madhyam seey peediton kii ack badee sankhya koo muaavaja naheen milaa. isake alawa, unhone sansthanon parr chean seey chhah poorv aramdayak mahilaaon kii bharti karane aur unhein saptahik railiyon mein bhaag lene key liye bhugtan karane kaa aarop lagaaya. adalat ney maee 2005 mein shikayat koo khariz curr diyaa thaa.
phir seey, maee 2020 mein, peediton key liye ack aramdayak mahila uttarjeevi aur lambe samay taka karyakarta rahey lii yong-suu ney ack press conference kii aur koriyai parishad aur usake poorv pramukh, yoon mee-hyang parr dashakon taka raajneetik aur aarthik roop seey uska aur anya uttarjeeviyon kaa shoshan karane kaa aarop lagaaya, taaki virodh pradarshanon key madhyam seey sarkari dhana aur saarvajanik daan praapt kiya jaa sakey aur unaki sahaayata key liye bahut cumm paisa kharch kiya jaa sakey.
natijatan, ack nagrik samooh ney japan dwara sainya yaun gulami key muddon key liye nyaay aur smaran key liye ack nirvaachit saansad aur koriyai parishad key poorv pramukh yoon mee-hyang key khilaf shikayat darj karaai. ack jaanch key baad, paschimi jilaa abhiyojakon key karyalaya ney dhokhadhadi, gaban aur vishvaasghaat sahit aathh aaropon mein yoon koo doshi thaharaaya.  
aaropon mein seey, yoon koo 92 varsheeya jeevit bache gill wonn-oak key khilaf ardh-dhokhadhadi key liye aaropit kiya gayaa thaa. abhiyojan paksh ney kahaa kii gill dementia seey peedit haye aur yoon ney usaki cumm shaaririk aur mansik kshamataon kaa dohan kiya thaa aur navambar 2017 aur janwari 2020 key beach koriyai parishad koo kull 79.2 laakh wonn ($67,102) daan karane key liye dabaav daala thaa.
isake alawa, una parr sarkari sangathanon aur niji daataon seey lagbhag aadhe million dollar kii dhokhadhadi aur gaban kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, jinka upayog sampatti khareedane aur yahaan taka kii california vishvavidyalaya mein unaki betty kii shiksha key liye tution kaa bhugtan karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa.
yoon key samooh dwara niyantrit aaraam mahilaaon key aashray key ack forensic audit mein, yeh paaya gayaa kii 2015 seey uthaaye gaye isake badey $7.5 laakh key bajat kaa bamushkil 2.3% vaastav mein aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon kii jeevan aavashyaktaon kaa samarthan karane parr kharch kiya gayaa thaa, jinamen seey kaee tanga quarters mein rahate hain, ghatiya dekhbhal key saath, kuchh vilasita key saath.
sitambar 2020 mein, democratic party (dee. pee.) ney una aaropon key kaaran yoon kii party kii sadasyata koo nilambit curr diyaa, jinka vaha saamana curr rahee thee.
antarrashtriya nyaay nyayalaya.
aaraam seey bachee mahilaaon ney koriyai sarkaar seey kaee baar antarrashtriya nyayalaya key saamane apana mamla laane key liye kahaa haye, lekin dakshin koria ney abhee taka jawab naheen diyaa haye.
antarrashtriya adalat key mamle.
phillippeans mein samooh malay lolon key sadasyon ney japani adalaton mein mukadama daayar karane key liye tokyo jaane kaa prayaas kiya haye. lola mukadama daayar karane mein asamarth they kyonki japani sarkaar key anusaar lola antarrashtriya kaanoon key kaaran mukadama daayar naheen curr sakate they jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii malay lola koo phillippeans sarkaar dwara pratinidhitva karane kii aavashyakta haye. lolas ney phillippeans kii adalaton mein ack mamla daayar kiya, vinuya aur anya. vee. karyakari sachiv aur anya. mamla usa samay karyakari sachiv, alberto jee koo nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa. romulo aur mukhya vaadi malay lolon key netaa isabelita vinuya they. japani adalaton mein muaavaje key liye yachika daayar karane mein unakaa samarthan karane key liye phillippeans sarkaar koo praapt karane key liye lolon ney yeh mamla daayar kiya. phillippeans sarkaar ney adalat key saath mamla jeet liya aur kahaa kii phillippeans sarkaar "yachikakartaon key daavon kaa samarthan karane key liye kissy bhee antarrashtriya daayitva key tahat naheen haye."
antarrashtriya samarthan.
peedit deshon seey parey lambe samay seey iss kaaran kaa samarthan kiya jaa rhaa haye, aur amnesty international jaise sangathan una deshon mein abhiyaan chalaa rahey hain jahaan sarkaaron ney abhee taka australia yaa newzealand kii tarah iss kaaran kaa samarthan naheen kiya haye.
sanyukt raajya america mein samarthan lagaatar badh rhaa haye, vishesh roop seey 30 julaai, 2007 koo sanyukt raajya pratinidhi sabhaa key prastaav 121 key paarit honey key baad. prastaav mein vyakt kiya gayaa haye kii japan kii sarkaar koo apane sashastr balon dwara aaraam seey mahilaaon key upayog key liye aupchaarik roop seey sweekaar karna, maafi mangna aur aitihaasik jimmedaari sweekaar karna chaahiye; japan key pradhaan mantri seey saarvajanik maafi mangani chaahiye; aur aparaadh seey incar karane vaale kissy bhee daave kaa khandan karate hue aparaadh key baare mein antarrashtriya star parr sweekrit aitihaasik tathyon kaa upayog karke apane logon koo shikshit karna chaahiye. julaai 2012 mein, raajya hileri clinton key tatkalin sachiv, joe iss kaaran key ack majboot samarthak they, ney 'jabaran yaun daas' key roop mein sandarbhit kiye jaane key liye 'aramdayak mahilaaon' key saumyokti key upayog kii ninda kii. obama prashaasan ney iss mudde koo hull karane key liye japan kii aur adhik karane kii aavashyakta koo bhee sambodhit kiya. iss mudde parr dhyaan aakarshit karane key alawa, 2010 mein nyu jersey mein khadee kii gaee americi smaarak moortiyaan aur 2013 mein california ack antarrashtriya kaaran bunn gayaa haye.
13 disambar, 2007 koo europeeya sansad ney "aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon key liye nyaay" (dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale aur usake dauran asia mein yaun daas) parr ack prastaav apanaaya, jisamen japani sarkaar seey maafi maangane aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale aur usake dauran yuva mahilaaon koo yaun gulami mein majboor karane key liye kanuni jimmedaari sweekaar karane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa.
2014 mein, pope francis ney dakshin koria mein saat poorv aramdayak mahilaaon seey mulakat kii. 2014 mein bhee, yuu.aine. nasleeya bhedbhaav key unmoolan parr samiti ney japan seey kahaa, jaisa kii samiti key upa pramukh anastasia crickley ney kahaa, "senaa dwara 'aramdayak mahilaaon' key adhikaaron key ullanghan kii jaanch kaa samaapan karna aur jimmedaar logon koo nyaay key katghare mein laana aur inn muddon key liye ack vyaapak aur sthaayi samadhan kaa peechha karna. yuu.aine. manvadhikar aayukt navee pille ney bhee kaee baar mahilaaon key samarthan mein baat kii thee.
swaasthya sambandhi samasyaaen.
yuddh key baad, mahilaaon ney sainya veshyalayon mein kaam karate samay shaaririk aur mansik durvyavahar key anubhavon koo yaad kiya. rorsch pareekshan mein, mahilaaon ney vikrit dhaaranaaen, bhaavnaatmak pratikriyaon koo prabandhit karane mein kathinaaee aur aantarik krodh dikhaaya. 2011 key ack naidaanik adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii yuddh key anta key 60 saal baad bhee aramdayak mahilaaon mein post-traumatic strace disorder (ptsd) key lakshan dikhaai dene kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye.
jeevit bache.
antim jeevit peedit koria mein saarvajanik vyakti bunn gaye hain, jahan unhein "halmony" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, joe "daadi" key liye snehi shabd haye. dakshin koria mein poorv aaraam mahilaaon key liye ack nursing home haye, jise saajha karane kaa ghar kahaa jaataa haye. chean sakshya sangrah charan mein adhik banaa huaa haye, vishesh roop seey shanghai samanya vishvavidyalaya mein chean "aaraam mahila" ank anusandhaan kendra key madhyam seey, kabhi-kabhi koriyai shodhkartaon key sahyog seey. anya deshon key liye, peediton key saath anusandhaan aur baatchit cumm unnat haye.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad key varshon mein, jimmedaari aur peediton koo muaavaja dene key prayason key bavjood, kaee poorv koriyai aramdayak mahilaaen apane ateet koo prakat karane seey darti theen, kyonki way aswikar kiye jaane yaa aage bahishkrit kiye jaane seey darti theen.
smaarak aur sangathan.
chean.
1 disambar, 2015 koo, nanjing mein cheeni aaraam mahilaaon koo samarpit pahala smaarak holl khola gayaa thaa. yeh dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran aakramankari japani sainikon dwara sanchaalit ack poorv aaraam station key sthal parr banaaya gayaa thaa.
smaarak kaksh japani aakramankariyon dwara nanjing narsamhar mein peediton key smaarak kaksh key buggle mein khadaa haye.
juuna 2016 mein, cheeni aaraam mahilaaon key liye shodh kendra kii sthaapana shanghai samanya vishvavidyalaya mein kii gaee thee. yeh ack sangrahalaya haye joe chean mein mahilaaon key aaraam seey sambandhit tasveeron aur vibhinn vastuon koo pradarshit kartaa haye.
taiwan.
1990 key dashak seey, taiwan key jeevit bache loga taiwan key samaaj mein mahila aaraam key mudde koo prakaash mein laa rahey hain, aur mahila adhikaar kaaryakartaon aur nagrik samoohon seey samarthan praapt curr rahey hain. unaki gawahi aur yaadon koo samachar patron, pustakon aur vrittachitron dwara pralekhit kiya gayaa haye.
japan sarkaar key khilaf jeevit bache logon key daavon koo taipei mahila bachaav foundation (tii. doubleu. aar. aff.) dwara samarthit kiya gayaa haye, joe ack gair-laabhkaari sangathan haye joe mahilaaon koo hinsa aur yaun hinsa key khilaf madad kartaa haye. yeh sangathan taiwan kii aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon koo kanuni aur manovaigyaanik sahaayata detaa haye, aur gawahi kii recording aur vidvaanon key shodh karane mein bhee madad kartaa haye. 2007 mein, yeh sangathan vishvavidyalayon aur uchch vidyaalayon mein baithaken banaakar samaaj mein jagrukta koo badhaava dene key liye jimmedaar thaa, jahaan jeevit bache logon ney chhatron aur aam janata koo apani gawahi dee. tworf ney aisee pradarshaniyon kaa nirmaan kiya haye joe jeevit bache logon koo taipei mein sunane kaa avsar detee hain, aur tokyo mein sthit yuddh aur shaanti parr mahilaaon key sakriya sangrahalaya mein bhee.
samaaj mein iss badhati jagrukta key kaaran, aur tworf kii madad seey, taiwan kii aramdayak mahilaaon ney apani sarkaar kaa samarthan praapt kiya haye, jisane kaee avsaron parr japani sarkaar seey maafi aur muaavaje key liye kahaa haye.
navambar 2014 mein, vu hsiu-ching dwara nirdeshit aur tworf dwara nirmit ack vrittachitra "song off dha reed" ney antarrashtriya swarn panda vrittachitra puraskar jeetaa.
disambar 2016 mein, taipei mein mahilaaon koo aaraam dene key liye samarpit ack sangrahalaya khola gayaa.
14 agast, 2018 koo taiwan mein pahali 'aramdayak mahila' pratima kaa anaavaran kiya gayaa thaa. yeh pratima japani senaa key liye yuddhakaaleen veshyalayon mein kaam karane key liye majboor mahilaaon kaa prateek haye. kansya pratima key nirmaata key anusaar, ack ladki koo daman aur mook virodh key liye apane asahaay pratirodh koo vyakt karane key liye akash kii or donon haath uthaate hue chitrit kiya gayaa haye.
sitambar 2018 mein, japani dakshinpanthi karyakarta ney pratima koo laat maaree aur taiwan mein akrosh paida kiya, jisamen taiwan sarkaar ney unake vyavhaar koo asweekarya karaar diyaa. unase sambaddh ack japani dakshinpanthi samooh ney unake vyavhaar key liye maafi maangi aur kahaa kii unhone apane samooh key pada seey istifa dey diyaa.
dakshin koria.
budhwar koo pradarshan.
pratyek budhwar koo, aramdayak jeevan jeene vaali mahilaaen, mahila sangathan, samajik-nagrik samooh, dhaarmik samooh aur kaee vyakti budhwar koo seol mein japani dutawas key saamane pradarshanon mein bhaag lete hain, jise "japan dwara sainya yaun gulami key liye taiyar kii gaee mahilaaon key liye koriyai parishad (key. see. doubleu. dee. aim. aiss.)" dwara praayojit kiya jaataa haye. yeh pahali baar 8 janwari, 1992 koo aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, jaba japan key pradhaan mantri keechi miyazawa ney dakshin koria kaa daura kiya thaa. disambar 2011 mein, 1,000vein budhwar key pradarshan mein aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon kaa sammaan karane key liye japani dutawas key saamane ack yuva mahila kii pratima khadee kii gaee thee. japani sarkaar ney baar-baar dakshin koriyai sarkaar seey pratima koo giraane key liye kahaa haye, lekin ise naheen hataaya gayaa haye.
28 disambar, 2015 koo, japani sarkaar ney daavaa kiya kii koriyai sarkaar moorti koo hataane parr sahmat hui. 3 sitambar, 2016 taka, dakshin koriyai aabaadi key bahumat key samjhaute key virodh key kaaran moorti abhee bhee maujood thee. 30 disambar, 2016 koo, dakshin koria key busan mein japani dutawas key saamane ack aur aramdayak mahila pratima sthaapit kii gaee thee. 6 janwari, 2017 taka, japani sarkaar pratima koo hataane key liye baatchit karane kaa prayaas curr rahee haye. 11 maee, 2017 koo, navanirvaachit dakshin koriyai rashtrapati moone jey-inn ney ghoshana kii kii samjhauta apane vartamaan charan mein lagu naheen kiya jaayega aur aaraam mahila vivaad parr japan aur dakshin koria key beach ack saude key liye baatchit shuru karni hogi.
30 juuna, 2017 koo, busan kii sthaaniya sarkaar ney saapeksh adhyadesh paarit karke shaanti kii pratima kii raksha key liye kanuni neenv lagu kii. iss kaaran seey, sthal koo sthanantarit karna yaa moorti koo dhwast karna mushkil hoe gayaa haye.
14 agast, 2018 koo, dakshin koria ney japani senaa key liye yuddhakaaleen veshyalayon mein kaam karane key liye majboor koriyai mahilaaon key smaarak key liye ack smaarak kaa anaavaran samaroh aayojit kiya, kyonki rashtra ney apana pahala aadhikarik "aaraam mahila" smaarak divas manaaya.
21 navambar, 2018 koo, dakshin koria ney aadhikarik taur parr 2015 key samjhaute koo radd curr diyaa aur japan dwara vitt poshit comfort women foundation koo bund curr diyaa, jise peediton key liye samjhaute key niptan key vittaposhan key liye julaai 2016 mein shuru kiya gayaa thaa. iss samjhaute kii peedit samoohon seey aalochana hui thee.
saajha karane kaa ghar.
saajha karane kaa ghar mahilaaon key aaraam seey rahane key liye ack nursing home haye. saajha karane key ghar kii sthaapana juuna 1992 mein bauddh sangathanon aur vibhinn samajik-nagrik samoohon dwara jutai gaee nidhi key madhyam seey kii gaee thee aur yeh 1998 mein dakshin koria key gyongi-doo mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa thaa. saajha karane key ghar mein japani senaa dwara mahilaaon key saath kroor durvyavahar key baare mein sachchai failaane aur vanshajon aur janata koo shikshit karane key liye "japani senaa dwara yaun gulami kaa sangrahalaya" shamil haye.
aramdayak mahilaaon dwara abhilekhagar.
kuchh jeevit bache logon, kaang dook-kyung, kima jald hii-dook aur lii yong-niyo ney apane vyaktigat itihas koo ack drishya sangrah key roop mein apane chitron key madhyam seey sanrakshit kiya. asiai americi media kendra key nideshak, daaee sill kima-gibson ney college star key chhatron key madhyam seey key-12 key liye ack vrittachitra, ack aramdayak mahila video sangrah banaaya. nariwadi drishya aur video abhilekhagar ney peediton aur janata key beach ekjutata key liye ack sthaan koo badhaava diyaa haye. yeh umr, ling, seemaon, rashtriyata aur vichardharaon key bavjood logon koo ack saath laakar mahilaaon kii garima aur manvadhikaron key shikshan aur seekhane key liye ack rahane vaale sthal key roop mein kaary kartaa haye.
phillippeans.
phillippeans mein aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon, jinhen "lolas" (daadi) kahaa jaataa haye, ney koriyai jeevit bache logon key samaan vibhinn samoohon kaa gathan kiya. leela pilipina" (philipino mahilaaon kii leag) naamak ack samooh 1992 mein shuru huaa aur ack nariwadi sangathan, gabrilla kaa sadasya haye. apane vivaran-patra mein way apani maangon koo dou shreniyon mein soochibaddh karate hain, ack japani sarkaar key liye aur doosari phillippeans sarkaar key liye. japani sarkaar seey leela pilipina kii paanch maangen hainh
phillippeans sarkaar kii leela pilipina kii bhee paanch maangen hainh
leela pilipina ney malay lolon (swatantra daadi) key saath milkar japan key khilaf kanuni kaarravaai kii. yeye samooh phillippeans sarkaar seey japani sarkaar key khilaf apane daavon kaa samarthan karane key liye bhee kahate hain. inn samoohon ney japan key khilaf kanuni kaarravaai kii haye. malay lola ney japani adalaton mein mukadama daayar karane key liye tokyo jaane kaa prayaas kiya thaa. phir bhee, japani sarkaar key anusaar, antarrashtriya kaanoon key kaaran lola swayam mukadama daayar naheen curr sakey, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii lola koo phillippeans sarkaar dwara pratinidhitva karane kii aavashyakta haye. 2004 mein malay lolon ney ack kaaran daayar kiya, vinuya aitt all. vee. karyakari sachiv aur anya.japani adalaton mein muaavaje key liye yachika daayar karane mein phillippeans sarkaar kaa samarthan mangna. 28 aprail, 2010 koo phillippeans sarkaar kaa samarthan karate hue ack nirnay liya gayaa thaa. apane daavon koo vaapas lene key liye apani hii sarkaar key khilaf kanuni kaarravaai mein whiffle rahane key baad, unhone mahilaaon aur bachchon key khilaf bhedbhaav (see. dee. aeye. oh.) key unmoolan parr sanyukt rashtra samiti key mamle koo lene kii yojana banaai.
inn samoohon ney kaee avsaron parr manila mein japani dutawas key saamane pradarshan kiye hain, aur manila mein japani paryatakon koo gawahi dee haye. philipino samachar channel abbs-see. bee. aine. ney japani kabje key tahat lolon key anubhav key baare mein jagrukta laane aur logon koo yaad dilaane key liye jeevit lolon key saath sakshatkar kiya haye kii japan key aparaadh bahut pahale naheen kiye gaye they aur unhein bhulaaya naheen jaanaa chaahiye.
koriyai daadi key samaan, philipino "lola" key paas apani gawahi key sangrah key saath apani daadi kaa ghar haye. unamen seey dou ney dou aatmakathaatmak pustaken bhee prakaashit kii hainh rossa henson dwara "comfort vumanah slave off destiny" aur remedios felias dwara "dha hiddon battle off leiteh dha picture diarry off aeye gerl". yeh doosari pustak 1990 key dashak mein leela philipina key gathan key baad likhi gaee thee.
bulakan mein, ack khaali vilaa house bahaay naa pulaa (jiska arth angreji mein laal ghar haye) haye jise dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran japani sainikon dwara jabt curr liya gayaa thaa aur ack aaraam station key roop mein upayog kiya gayaa thaa jahaan philipino mahilaaon key saath balatkar kiya gayaa thaa aur unhein aaraam mahilaaon key roop mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. bahaay naa pulaa koo phillippeans mein vismrit philipino aaraam mahilaaon key smaarak key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.
8 disambar, 2017 koo, kalakar jonas rosses dwara 'philipina comfort women' pratima koo manila mein bevock, roxas bulleward mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. lagbhag chaar maheene baad, bevock key saath ack "jall nikasi sudhaar pariyojana" key kaaran sarkari adhikaariyon dwara pratima koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. baad mein 2019 mein ise laapata ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa thaa jaba pratima kalakar jonas rosses backleran church mein apani bahaali key liye pratima dene mein whiffle rahey they.
2019 mein, saine pedro, laguna mein bujurgon aur begharon key liye catholic dwara sanchaalit aashray mein isi tarah kii ack smaarak pratima koo janata key saamane anaavaran kiye jaane key kewal dou dinn baad hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. ack yuva mahila kii kansya pratima koo binaa kissy spashteekaran aur soochana key hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, jisaki mutthi usaki god mein rakhee gaee thee. japani dutawas kii shikayat key baad yeh kadam uthaaya gayaa.
sanyukt raajya america.
2010 mein, aramdayak mahilaaon koo samarpit pahala americi smaarak naee jersey key polyceds park mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
8 march, 2013 koo, bergen county ney hackensack, aine. jey. mein bergen county courthouse key lonn parr ack aramdayak mahila smaarak banaaya.
2013 mein, mahilaaon koo santvana dene key liye ack smaarak pratima, jise "glendale kaa shaanti smaarak" kahaa jaataa haye, glendale, california mein sthaapit kii gaee thee. pratima koo hataane key kaee kanuni prayason key adheen kiya gayaa haye. pratima koo hataane kii maang karane vaalaa 2014 kaa mukadama khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
30 maee, 2014 koo virginia mein fairfax county sarkari kendra key peechhe ack smaarak samarpit kiya gayaa thaa.
16 agast, 2014 koo dakshin kshetra, mishigan mein mahilaaon key aaraam kaa sammaan karane vaali ack naee smaarak pratima kaa anaavaran kiya gayaa.
juuna 2017 mein, brookhaven, georgia ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii aaraam seey rahane vaali mahilaaon key smaarak key roop mein ack pratima kaa anaavaran kiya.
22 sitambar, 2017 koo, sthaaniya cheeni-americi samudaay key netritva mein ack pahal mein, saine francisco ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii mahilaaon key liye ack niji vitt poshit saine francisco aaraam mahila smaarak banaaya. iss pahal key kuchh japani aur japani-americi virodhiyon kaa tark haye kii yeh pratima poore samudaay mein ghrina aur japani virodhi bhavna koo badhaava degi aur japan koo alag karane vaali pratima parr apatti karegi. japan key osaka key mahapour toro hashimoto ney apatti jataai kii smaarak koo "una sabhi mahilaaon koo yaad karane key liye vyaapak banaaya jaanaa chaahiye, jinake saath duniya key deshon key sainikon dwara yaun utpeedan aur durvyavahar kiya gayaa haye. pratima kaa samarthan karate hue, saine francisco chronicle key header night ney saine francisco holocost memorial aur california mein aitihaasik japani nazarbandi shiviron kii or ishara kiya, joe iss baat key pramaan hain kii japan koo "alag naheen kiya jaa rhaa haye. pratima key virodh mein, osaka ney saine francisco key saath bahan shahar key sambandhon koo samaapt curr diyaa joe 1957 seey sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. jaba shahar ney 2018 mein pratima koo saarvajanik sampatti key roop mein sweekaar kiya, tou osaka key mahapour ney saine francisco key mahapour koo 10-prishth kaa patra bheja, jisamen ashuddhiyon kii shikayat kii gaee aur anuchit roop seey aalochana key liye japan koo alag curr diyaa gayaa.
coriatown, fort lii, nyu jersey mein ack smaarak banaane kaa 2010 kaa prastaav vivadaspad rhaa haye aur yeh anishchit thaa.
23 maee, 2018 koo fort lii, aine. jey. mein samvidhaan udyaan mein ack aramdayak mahila smaarak sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. fort lii mein koriyai americi hyee school key chhatron key netritva mein ack chhaatr sangathan, fort lii kii yuva parishad ney smaarak kaa design taiyar kiya.
germany.
march 2017 mein, europe mein pahali aramdayak mahila pratima koo germany key bavaria mein chunaa gayaa thaa. yeh moorti seol mein japani dutawas key saamane sthaapit kansya pratima kii pratikriti thee. ack anya german shahar, freeberg ney vahaan ack aramdayak mahila pratima sthaapit karane kii yojana banaai thee, lekin japan dwara "majboot baadha aur dabaav" key kaaran ise samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
kanada.
2016 mein, kanada mein mahilaaon koo aaraam dene key liye samarpit pahali pratima torrento mein rakhee gaee thee.
australia.
agast 2016 mein sidney mein ack aramdayak mahila pratima kaa anaavaran kiya gayaa thaa. koria seey aayatit 1.5-metre pratima mool roop seey strathfield mein ack saarvajanik park key liye thee, lekin sthaaniya parishad ney ise aswikar curr diyaa. isake baad bill chaalak dall key loga unake church key baahar moorti sthaapit karane key liye sahmat hue, ashfield church koo ekjut kartaa haye. unhone kahaa, "aakhirkaar usey ack ghar mill gayaa."
ullekhaniya poorv aramdayak mahilaaen.
kaee poorv aramdayak mahilaaen aage aaeen aur ack aramdayak mahila honey kii apani durdasha key baare mein baat keeh
sandarbh.
granth soochi.
online srot
aage padhein
baahari link.
akaadamik anusandhaan
japani aadhikarik bayaan
sanyukt raajya america key aitihaasik dastavej

