nantcate key arther gorden pima kii kathaa

dha narative off arther gorden pima off nantcate (1838) americi lekhak edger ellen poe dwara likhit ekmatra poorna upanyaas haye. yeh kaam yuva arther gorden pima kii kahani seey sambandhit haye, joe "gramps" naamak ack whaling jahaaj parr savaar hocker door chalaa jaataa haye. jaine vyakti" key chaalak dall dwara bachaaye jaane seey pahale, jahaaj tootana, vidroh aur narbhakshan sahit vibhinn romanch aur dussahas hotey hain. iss pott parr savaar, pima aur derk peater naamak ack navik dakshin mein apane romanch jaari rakhate hain. bhoomi parr docking karate hue, way samudra mein vaapas bhaagne seey pahale shatrutapurna kaale-chamadi vaale mool nivaasiyon kaa saamana karate hain. upanyaas achaanak samaapt hoe jaataa haye kyonki pima aur peater dakshin dhruv kii or badhate hain.
kahani samudra mein ack kaafee paaramparik romanch key roop mein shuru hoti haye, lekin ise vargeekrit karna teji seey ajib aur kathin hoe jaataa haye. poe, joe ack yathaarthvaadi kahani prastut karane kaa irada rakhate they, samudri yaatraon key kaee vaastavik jeevan key vivaranon seey prerit they, aur geremia aine seey bahut adhik aakarshit they. khokhla prithvi siddhant koo phir seey vikasit aur sandarbhit kiya. unhone samudra mein apane swayam key anubhavon seey bhee aakarshit kiya. upanyaas key vishleshan aksar sambhaavit aatmakathaatmak tatvon key saath-saath jaati key chitran aur kaam kii antim panktiyon mein prateekvaad parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain.
apane laghu kathaa-lekhan currier kii shuruat mein saahityik safalata paane mein kathinaaee ney kavita koo ack lamba kaam likhane key liye prerit kiya. dha narative off arther gorden pima off nantcate" kii kuchh kramik kishten pahali baar "dakshini saahityik sandeshvaahak" mein prakaashit kii gaeen, halanki kabhi poori naheen hui. puuraa upanyaas julaai 1838 mein dou khandon mein prakaashit huaa thaa. kuchh alochakon ney iss kaam koo bahut hii veebhats honey aur anya karyon seey bahut adhik laabh uthaane key liye nakaratmak pratikriya dee, jabaki anya ney isake romanchak romanch kii prashansa kii. poe ney baad mein ise "ack bahut hii murkhtapurna pustak" kahaa. upanyaas ney baad mein harman melville aur jools verne koo prabhaavit kiya.
kathaanak kaa saransh.
iss pustak mein ack prastaavana, 25 adhyaay aur ack baad kaa shabd shamil haye, jisamen kull 72,000 shabd hain.
areal" (adhyaay I) parr.
arther gorden pima kaa janm nantcate dweep parr huaa thaa, joe apane machhali pakadane key bandargah aur whale shikaar key liye prasiddh haye. uska sabse achchha dost, augustus barnard, ack whaling jahaaj key kaptan kaa betaa haye. ack raat, donon ladke nashe mein dhut hoe jaate hain aur augustus kii sanak parr, havaa kaa laabh uthaane aur pima kii paal nauka, "areal" parr baahar nikalane kaa faisala karate hain. haalaanki, havaa ack hinsak toofaan kii shuruat saabit hoti haye. sthiti taba gambhir hoe jaati haye jaba augustus nashe mein baahar nickle jaataa haye, aur anubhavaheen pima koo dingi parr niyantran rakhna chaahiye. areal" koo "penguin", ack lautane vaalaa whaling jahaaj ney peechhe chhod diyaa haye. kaptan kii ichcha key khilaf, "penguin" kaa dall augustus aur pima donon kii khoj aur bachaav key liye vaapas aaa jaataa haye. jaba way surakshit roop seey vaapas aaa jaate hain, tou way iss prakaran koo apane maataa-pitaa seey gupt rakhane kaa faisala karate hain.
gramps" (adhyaay II-xiii) parr.
unakaa pahala samudri dussahas phir seey naukaayan seey pima koo naheen rokta haye; balki, unaki kalpana anubhav seey prajwalit hoti haye. usaki ruchi ack navik key jeevan kii kahaaniyon seey aur badh jaati haye joe augustus usey bataata haye. pima augustus key pitaa kii kamaan mein ack whaling pott "gramps" parr savaar ack stove key roop mein augustus kaa anusaran karane kaa faisala kartaa haye joe dakshini samudron key liye baadhya haye. augustus usake liye ack chhipane kii jagah taiyar karke aur jahaaj parr bagh, pima key wafadar kutte kii taskari karke pima kii madad kartaa haye. augustus paani aur bhojan key saath pima pradaan karane kaa vaadaa kartaa haye jaba taka kii jahaaj vaapas aaney key liye tata seey bahut door naheen haye, usa samay pima khud koo prakat karega.
andhera aur tanga pakad mein bharaa huaa vatavaran aur vaashp key kaaran, pima dinon key saath teji seey komaa aur prakshubdh hoe jaataa haye. vaha augustus key saath samvaad naheen curr sakata haye, aur vaadaa kii gaee aapoorti aaney mein whiffle rahati haye, isaliye pima mein paani khatm hoe jaataa haye. apani agnipareeksha key dauran, usey apane kutte key bagh seey rakt mein likhaa ack patra milata haye, jisamen usane pima koo chhipaaye rahane kii chetavani dee thee, kyonki uska jeevan usa parr nirbhar kartaa haye.
augustus aakhirkaar rahasyamay sandesh koo samajhaate hue, saath hii apane dost koo punah praapt karane mein deree karate hue, pima koo mukt curr detaa haih whale jahaaj parr ack vidroh chhid gayaa thaa. dall key ack hisse koo vidrohiyon dwara maar diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki augustus key pitaa sahit ack anya samooh koo ack chhoti naav mein fansaaya gayaa thaa. augustus butch gayaa kyonki usane vidrohiyon mein seey ack, derk peaters seey dosti kii thee, joe abb vidroh mein apane hisse key liye pachhta rhaa haye.
peater, pima aur augustus jahaaj parr niyantran paane kii yojana banaate hainh pima, jisaki upasthiti vidrohiyon key liye agyaat haye, ack toofaan kaa intezar karega aur phir ack bhoot key roop mein chhadm vesh mein haal hii mein mrit navik key kapadon mein kapade pahanega. andhavishwasi naavikon key beach bhram mein, peater aur augustus, bagh kii madad seey, phir seey jahaaj parr kabja curr lenge. sub kuchh yojana key anusaar hotaa haye, aur jald hii teen loga "gramps" key swami hoe jaate hainh sabhi vidrohiyon koo maar diyaa jaataa haye yaa jahaaj parr fenk diyaa jaataa haye, sivaay ack, richard parker key, jise way jahaaj chalaane mein unaki madad karane key liye chhod dete hain. (iss bindu parr, kutta bagh upanyaas seey gayab hoe jaataa haye; uska agyaat bhaagya kathaa mein ack dheela anta haye.)
toofaan bull mein badhata haye, mastak koo todata haye, paal koo faadata haye aur pakad mein baadh laataa haye. chaaron khud koo patwar parr maar curr jeevit rahane mein kamyab hoe jaate hain. jaise-jaise toofaan cumm hotaa haye, way iss samay key liye khud koo surakshit paate hain, lekin praavdhaanon key binaa. agale dinon mein, purushon koo bhookh aur pyaas seey mrityu kaa saamana karna padata haye.
way ack galat tareeke seey chalane vaale dutch jahaaj koo deck parr ack laal-dhankdar navik key saath dekhate hain, joe spasht roop seey abhivaadan mein sir hilaate hue aatey hain. shuru mein mukti kii sambhavana seey khush, way jaldi seey bhayabheet hoe jaate hain kyonki way ack bhayaanak durgandh seey door hoe jaate hain. unhein jald hii ehsas hotaa haye kii jahira taur parr khushmizaz navik vaastav mein jahaaj kii rigging mein ack shav haye, usaki "muskurahat" uska aanshik roop seey saree hui khopadi key roop mein chalane kaa parinam haye kyonki ack seagal ise khaata haye. jaise-jaise jahaaj gujarta haye, yeh spasht hoe jaataa haye kii usamen rahane vaale sabhi loga sadatee hui laashen hain.
jaise-jaise samay beetata jaataa haye, bhoomi yaa anya jahaajon kaa koee sanket naheen hotaa haye, parker kaa sujhaav haye kii unamen seey ack koo dusaron key liye bhojan key roop mein maar diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. way samudra kii pratha kaa paalan karate hue pual kheenchate hain, aur parker kaa balidan diyaa jaataa haye. isase dusaron koo raahat milati haye, lekin jaba way "gramps" koo phir seey praapt karate hain tou augustus jald hii ghaavon seey marr jaataa haye, aur kaee aur toofaan pahale seey hii buri tarah seey kshatigrast jahaaj koo maar dete hain. pima aur peater oopar kii or bahate hain aur mrityu key karib hotey hain jaba unhein leaverpool seey baahar ack jahaaj "jaine aadami" dwara bachaaya jaataa haye.
jaine vyakti" (adhyaay xiv-xx) parr.
jaine vyakti" parr, pima aur peater chaalak dall kaa hissa bunn jaate hain aur samudri bachhadon aur farr key liye muharon kaa shikaar karane aur dakshini mahasagaron kaa pataa lagaane key liye apane abhiyaan mein jahaaj mein shamil hoe jaate hain. pima achchi aashaa key cape key aspas key dweepon kaa adhyayan kartaa haye, penguin, albatross aur anya samudri pakshiyon kii samajik sanrachanaon mein ruchi letaa haye. unake aagrah parr, kaptan agyaat antarctic kshetron kii or dakshin kii or jaane key liye sahmat hoe jaataa haye.
jahaaj ack burf kii baadha koo paar kartaa haye aur khule samudra mein dakshin dhruv key karib aataa haye, halanki ack halki jalavaayu key saath. yahaan "jaine aadami" ack rahasyamay dweep parr aataa haye jise salal kahaa jaataa haye, jisamen kaale logon kii ack janjaati rahati haye, jahir taur parr dostana mool nivasi jiska netritva bahut-buddhiman naamak ack pramukh kartaa haye. safed rung dweep key nivaasiyon key liye videshi haye aur unhein pareshan kartaa haye, kyonki usa rung kaa kuchh bhee vahaan maujood naheen haye. yahaan taka kii mool nivaasiyon key daant bhee kaale hotey hain. dweep mein vanaspatiyon aur jeevon kii kaee andekhi prajaatiyan bhee paaee jaati hain. iska paani anya jagahon key paani seey bhee alag haye, joe ajib tarah seey motee haye aur bahurangi nason kaa pradarshan karati haye.
naavikon key saath mool nivaasiyon key sambandh shuru mein sauhaardpurna hotey hain, isaliye bahut-chatur hotey hain aur kaptan vyaapaar shuru curr detaa haye. haalaanki, unaki mitrata ack chhal saabit hoti haye aur jahaaj key prastaavit prasthaan kii poorv sandhya parr, mool nivasi ack sankeern ghaati mein chaalak dall parr ghaat lagaate hain. pima aur peater koo chhodkar sabhi koo maar diyaa jaataa haye, aur "jaine aadami" koo dusht janjaati dwara kuchal diyaa jaataa haye aur jalaa diyaa jaataa haye.
taslal aur door dakshin (adhyaay xxi-xxv).
pima aur peater ghaat key sthal key aspas key pahaadon mein chhip jaate hain. way pahaadiyon mein divaaron parr ajib nishan vaale maargon kii ack bhulbhulaiya kii khoj karate hain, aur iss baare mein asahmat hotey hain kii yeye kritrim yaa praakritik karanon kaa parinam hain yaa naheen. bhojan kii kamee kaa saamana karate hue, way ack hatash bhaagate hain aur mool nivaasiyon seey ack pirog churaate hain, dweep seey bachkar bhaagate hain aur isake nivaasiyon mein seey ack koo kaidi banaa lete hain.
chhoti naav teji seey germ paani kii dhaara parr dakshin kii or bahati haye, joe doodhiya safed rung kii hoe gaee haye. kaee dinon key baad way raakh kii barish kaa saamana karate hain aur phir kohre yaa dhundh key ack vishal motiyabind kaa nireekshan karate hain, joe unake pravesh dwaar koo samaayojit karane key liye khula rahata haye. mool nivasi marr jaataa haye kyonki unake saamane ack vishal safed aakriti dikhaai detee haye.
yahaan upanyaas achaanak samaapt hoe jaataa haye. pustak key sampadakon dwara likhit ack sankshipt post-scriptural nott bataata haye kii ack durghatana mein pima kii maut hoe gaee thee aur anuman lagaata haye kii usake saath usake antim dou yaa teen adhyaay khou gaye they, halanki janata koo ashvasana dete hue kii aggar adhyaay paae jaate hain tou paath mein adhyaay bahaal curr diye jaayenge. nott aage bataata haye kii peater ilinois mein jeevit hain lekin vartamaan mein unakaa sakshatkar naheen liya jaa sakata haye. sampaadak taba bhulbhulaiya key aakar aur deewaar key nishan kii tulanaa arabi aur misra key aksharon aur chitralipi seey karate hain, jinake arth "chhayankit", "safed" aur "dakshin mein kshetra" hain.
srot.
kahani koo ack pramanik anveshan key roop mein prastut karane key liye, samkaaleen yatra patrikaon seey kavitaaen lii gaeen. poe kaa sabse mahatvapurna srot khojkarta geremia aine thaa. reinolds, jinake kaam "prashant mahasagar aur dakshin samudron key liye ack sarvekshan aur anveshan abhiyaan key vishay parr sambodhan" kii janwari 1837 mein poe dwara anukool sameeksha kii gaee thee. poe ney adhyaay xvi mein reinolds key sambodhan key lagbhag 700 shabdon kaa upayog kiya, joe adhyaay kii lagbhag aadhi lambai haye. 1843 mein, poe ney "graham kii patrika" mein mudrit "sanyukt raajya america key anveshan abhiyaan" kii khojon aur parinamon key ack sankshipt vivaran "kii sameeksha mein reynolds kii bhee prashansa kii. yeh agyaat haye kii kyaa poe aur reinold kabhi mille hain. poe kii rahasyamay mrityu seey kuchh samay pahale, kahaa jaataa haye kii usane apane chittabhram mein "reinolds" naam rakhaa thaa. yadi yeh sach haye, tou yeh geremia reinolds key prabhaav koo pratibimbit curr sakata haye.
adhyaay xiii key ack futnote mein, poe "polly" koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, ack khandahar joe 1811-1812 mein atlantic mahasagar mein chhah maheene taka bahata rhaa. poe ney shayed iss itihas koo 1836 kii ack pustak mein padhaa. thomas, "ullekhaniya ghatanaaen aur ullekhaniya jahaaj tootana", jisase way shabdashah uddhrit karate hain.
adhyaay xvi mein, poe ney kaptan james cook key "sankalp" parr savaar globe kii parikrama kaa varnan kiya joe 70°10 "akshansh taka pahunch gayaa. unhone "chaar yaatraon kii ack kathaa" (1832) seey bhee aakarshit kiya, joe benjamin morel kaa ack vivaran thaa joe ack bestseller bunn gayaa. "chaar yaatraon kii ack kathaa" ney unake upanyaas key sankshipt sheershak kaa vichaar diyaa hoga. poe ney apane pathakon koo yeh vishvaas dilaane key liye kii upanyaas ack aatmakathaatmak kathaa thee, inn vaastavik jeevan key vivaranon kaa upayog kiya hoga.
aitihaasik sroton key alawa, kavita kathaa lekhakon seey prabhaavit thee. "saimuel teller colories dwara" "pracheen navik kaa chuha" "ack samanya prabhaav thaa, aur ack gufa mein pima aur derk peater key drishya daniel dafe key" "robbinson cruso" "mein pratidhwanit hotey hain, jise kaee sameekshakon ney usa samay nott kiya thaa, jisamen landan prakaashan jaise" "court rajpatra" "aur" "mashal" "shamil they. shavon kaa jahaaj "flying dutchman" kii kinvadanti koo yaad kartaa haye, ack jahaaj joe shraapit haye aur ghar lautane mein asamarth haye. adhik veebhats aur manovaigyaanik tatva johnn neel dwara "logain" seey liye gaye honge, jinhen poe ney "pahale, yaa sabhi ghatnaaon mein dusare, hamaare nirvivaad" pratibha "key purushon mein maanaa.
poe ney reinolds aur johnn cleaves simms junier key siddhanton koo bhee shamil kiya. khokhali dharti parr. inn karyon kaa siddhant yeh thaa kii dakshin dhruv parr ack chhed grah key aantarik bhaag kii or leey gayaa, jahan andekhe sabhyataaen samriddh huin. jaisa kii simms ney likhaa haye, prithvi "khokhali, rahane yogya aur dhruvon key baare mein vyaapak roop seey khuli thee. iss siddhant koo, jise unhone 1818 kii shuruat mein prastut kiya thaa, unnisvin shatabdi mein gambhirta seey liya gayaa thaa. simz kaa siddhant pahale seey hii kaam curr chuka thaa jaba unhone 1831 mein likhaa thaa, "ms. ack bottle mein paaya gayaa, "aanshik roop seey" kendrit kshetron key simms siddhant "parr adharit, 1826 mein prakaashit. ack bottle mein paaya jaane vaalaa "drishya kii rachana, charitra chitran aur kathaanak key kuchh tatvon mein poe key upanyaas key samaan haye. anya lekhak jinhone baad mein iss siddhant koo kaalpanik banaaya, unamen edger rais baroj aur ell shamil hain. frank baam.
ack lambi samudri yatra parr jeevan kaa varnan karate hue, poe ney vyaktigat anubhav seey bhee aakarshit kiya. 1815 mein, ack chhah varsheeya poe ney apane paalak-maataa-pitaa key saath 34 dinon kii yatra key liye norphoke, virginia seey liverpool, ingland kii yatra kii. kathin yatra key dauran, yuva poe ney apane paalak pitaa, johnn ellen seey ack patra mein unhein shamil karane key liye kahaa joe vaha likh rahey they. ellen ney likhaa, "edger kahata haye kii paa merey liye kuchh kahein, kaho kii main samudra seey dartaa naheen thaa."parivaar 1820 mein" "martha" "parr savaar hocker sanyukt raajya america laut aaya aur 31 dinon key baad newyork mein dock kiya. poe ney apana upanyaas likhane key samay key karib, unhone apane sainya currier key dauran yatra kii thee, sabse lambi yatra boston seey charleston, dakshin carolina taka thee.
vishleshan.
"arther gorden pima off nantcate" kii kathaa ney saarvbhaumik roop seey sweekrit vyakhya kii avahelana kii haye. scott peeples ney likhaa kii yeh "ack baar mein ack nakali gair-kaalpanik anveshan kathaa, saahasik gaatha, buildungsroman, jhooth, badey paimaane parr saahityik yatra vrittaant aur aadhyatmik roopak" aur "americi saahitya key sabse mayawi pramukh granthon mein seey ack haye."jeevanikaar james aim. hutchison likhate hain kii kathaanak donon "kaalpanik saralata kii naee unchaaiyon parr chadhata haye aur moorkhata aur betuki key nae nichale star parr utarata haye.
bhram kaa ack kaaran poore upanyaas mein kaee nirantarta trutiyon seey aataa haye. udaaharan key liye, pima nott kartaa haye kii pakad mein fansate samay ack bottle todana usaki zaan bachaata haye kyonki khoj key dauran aavaaz ney augustus koo usaki upasthiti key liye satark curr diyaa thaa. haalaanki, pima nott kartaa haye kii augustus ney usey yeh taba taka naheen bataaya jaba taka kii "kaee saal beet naheen gaye", bhale hii augustus aathh adhyaayon key baad marr gayaa hoe. phir bhee, upanyaas kaa adhikansh hissa saavdhaanipoorvak rachaa gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, upanyaskar johnn barth ney nott kiya haye kii upanyaas kaa madhya bindu taba hotaa haye jaba pime bhoomadhya rekha, globe key madhya bindu taka pahunch jaataa haye.
vidwan shaun rosenheim kaa maanana haye kii upanyaas mein chitralipi kaa upayog guptalekhan mein poe kii ruchi key agradoot key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. chitralekh sambhavatah villium alekjendar caruthers dwara "dha kentkian inn nyu york" (1834) seey prerit they, jahan isi tarah kaa lekhan ack kaale gulam kaa kaam haye. pichhali samudri-yatra kahaaniyon key vipareet joe poe ney likhi thee, jaise "ms. ack bottle mein paaya gayaa, "pima uddeshya seey iss yatra koo curr rhaa haye. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii yeh yatra ack rashtriya americi pehchaan sthaapit karane key saath-saath ack vyaktigat pehchaan kii khoj key baare mein haye.
poe upanyaas mein sharaab key prabhaavon koo bhee prastut kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, shuruati prakaran seey pataa chalata haye kii nashe mein dhut loga kabhi-kabhi poori tarah seey shaant lugg sakate hain aur phir, achaanak, sharaab key prabhaav dikhaai dete hain. iss tarah kaa chitran arajakta aur vyavastha key beach virodhabhason parr upanyaas mein ack badey dhyaan kaa ack chhota sanskaran haye. prakriti bhee apraakritik lagati haye. udaaharan key liye, upanyaas key anta mein paani bahut alag haye, joe yaa tou rangeen yaa "aswabhavik roop seey spasht" dikhaai detaa haye."anta taka suraj" ack beemar peele rung kii chamak key saath chamakata haye joe koee nirnaayak prakaash naheen utsarjit kartaa haye "prateet honey seey pahale.
aatmakathaatmak tatva.
upanyaas key tatvon koo aksar aatmakathaatmak key roop mein padhaa jaataa haye. upanyaas arther gorden pima key saath shuru hotaa haye, joe edger ellen poe key samaan naam haye, joe edgartown, massachusets seey martha key daakh kii baari mein prasthaan kartaa haye. iss tarah seey vyakhya kii jaae tou naayak vaastav mein apane yaa apane ahankar seey door jaa rhaa haye. poe key alaan parivaar seey sambandh koo badalane mein "gorden" kaa madhya naam, george gorden byron key sandarbh mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa, ack kavi jisaki poe ney gaharaai seey prashansa kii thee. vaha drishya jahan pima apane daadaa seey khud koo prachhann kartaa haye, yeh dekhate hue kii vaha usase dhana praapt karane kaa irada rakhta haye, yeh bhee sanket detaa haye kii poe key liye khud koo parivarik daayitva seey mukt karane kii ichcha haye aur vishesh roop seey, apane paalak pitaa johnn ellen key paitrik koo badnam kartaa haye.
iss aatmakathaatmak pathan key liye bhee tithiyaan praasangik hain. paath key anusaar, pima 19 janwari koo poe key janmadin parr salal dweep parr aataa haye. kuchh vidwan, jinamen berton aar. polin aur richard wilber kaa sujhaav haye kii augustus kaa charitra poe key bachpan key dost ebenezer burling parr adharit thaa; anya logon kaa tark haye kii vaha poe key bhaai villium heinry leonard poe kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, jinhone dakshin america aur anya jagahon parr us "macedonian" parr ack navik key roop mein seva kii thee. upanyaas mein, augustus kii mrityu kii tarikh poe key bhaai kii mrityu kii tarikh seey mell khaati haye. pahale adhyaay mein "areal" naamak pima key sloop koo dikhaaya gayaa haye, ack charitra kaa naam joe kabhi poe kii maan elija poe dwara khela gayaa thaa, aur persey baay shelly kii naav kaa naam bhee haye, jiss parr unaki mrityu hoe gaee thee, mool roop seey lord byron key sammaan mein "donn juan" naam diyaa gayaa thaa.
daud.
iss kahani key aalochanatmak vishleshan kaa ack sootra poe key kathaanak aur kalpana key sambhavatah naslavaadi nihitarth parr kendrit haye. aisaa hii ack kathaanak tatva kaalaa rasoiya haye joe "gramps" parr vidroh kaa netritva kartaa haye aur iska sabse raktapipasu pratibhaagi haye. derk peaters, safed aur mool americi vansh kaa ack sankar, ack ugra roop key roop mein varnit haye, jisamen lambe, baahar nikalane vaale daant, jhukate hue pair aur "adhikansh nigro key sir" kii tarah ack ganja sir hotaa haye."upanyaas mein antim aakriti kii shandar safedata kaali twacha vaale jangli logon key vipareet haye aur iss tarah key virodhabhas sanyukt raajya mein gulami key sawal parr badhate nasleeya tanaav koo dhyaan mein rakh sakate hain kyonki poe upanyaas likh rhaa thaa.
isake alawa, upanyaas usa samay key dauran prachalit dhaaranaon seey prerit thaa kii kaale rung key loga swabhavik roop seey heane they. dha naithur gorden pima off nantcate" mein nasl key upayog key ack aalochak tonny maurison hain. apani 1992 kii pustak mein, maurison charcha karati haye kii upanyaas mein african upasthiti kaa upayog ack "anya" key roop mein kaise kiya jaataa haye, jisake khilaf lekhak "safed", "mukt" aur "vyaktigat" koo paribhaashit kartaa haye. shwet americi saahitya mein african paatron key chitran key apane anveshan mein, maurison likhate hain kii "poe key upanyaas mein kaale aur safed key prateekvaad parr dhyaan kendrit karane key kaaran americi afrikiwad kii avadharana key liye poe kii tulanaa mein koee praarambhik americi lekhak adhik mahatvapurna naheen haye. mait johnson kii vyangyapurna kalpana "pima" (2011) mein iss sambhaavit nasleeya prateekvaad kaa aur adhik pataa lagaaya gayaa haye.
anta.
upanyaas achaanak ack vichitra aavaran vaali aakriti key achaanak prakat honey key saath samaapt hotaa haye, jisaki twacha burf kii sahee safedata kii hoti haye."kaee paathak iss anta seey asantusht reh gaye they kyonki, jaisa kii poe rishtedaar aur vidwan hairi lii poe ney likhaa thaa," yeh usa tarah key spasht anta seey mell naheen khaata thaa jisaki way ack upanyaas seey ummeed karate they."hoe sakata haye kii poe ney anta koo jaanboojhkar atkalon key vishay mein chhod diyaa hoe. kuchh vidvaanon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii anta pima kii aadhyatmik yatra key liye ack prateekaatmak nishkarsh key roop mein kaary kartaa haye aur anya sujhaav dete hain kii pima vaastav mein iss drishya mein marr gayaa haye, jaise kii usaki kahani kissy tarah maranoparant bataai jaa rahee haye. vaikalpik roop seey, kahani key punarvyakhyan mein pima thheek usee bindu parr marr sakata haye jiss parr usey vaastavik romanch key dauran "marna chaahiye thaa". poe dwara kiye gaye karyon mein anya paatron kii tarah, pima iss bhaagya key liye swechha seey samarpan kartaa haye, joe bhee hoe. keneth silverman ney nott kiya kii yeh aakriti dwidha bhaav koo failaati haye aur yeh spasht naheen haye kii yeh vinash yaa suraksha kaa prateek haye yaa naheen.
pustak key antim kshanon mein poore samudra mein khulane vaali daraaren khokhali prithvi siddhant seey praapt hoti hain. poul key sabse karib kaa kshetra bhee aashcharyajanak roop seey, thhand key bajaay germ haye, jaisa kii maanaa jaataa haye. simms kaa yeh bhee maanana thaa kii iss khokhali prithvi key ander sabhyataaen theen aur anta mein dikhaai dene vaali sannihit aakriti dhruv key paas aisee hii ack sabhyata kaa sanket dey sakati haye.
rachana aur prakaashan itihas.
poe ney 1830 key dashak mein apani kaee shuruati laghu kahaaniyon koo "tails off dha folio club" naamak ack khand mein ekatra karane kaa irada rakhaa thaa. iss sangrah koo samkaaleen saahityik aalochana key roop mein design kiye gaye delphian club parr adharit ack saahityik sangh key sadasyon dwara prastut kahaaniyon kii ack shrinkhala key roop mein ekikrit kiya jaayega. poe ney pahale inmein seey kaee kahaaniyon koo philadelphia "satterday courier" aur "baltimore satterday visitor" mein mudrit kiya thaa.
ack sampaadak, james kirke paulding ney iss sangrah koo prakaashit karane mein unaki sahaayata karane kii koshish kii. halanki, paulding ney kahaa kii harper aind brothers key prakashakon ney sangrah koo yeh kahate hue aswikar curr diyaa kii paathak upanyason jaisi saral, lambi kritiyon kii talash curr rahey they. unhone sujhaav diyaa, "aggar vaha pathakon kii vyaapaktaa kii samanya samajh key liye khud koo thodaa cumm curr dega, aur taiyar karega... ack hii kaam... way usake saath aisee vyavastha karenge joe udaar aur santoshjanak hogi."unhone sujhaav diyaa" yadi anya vyastataaen anumati detee hain... ack-dou khandon mein ack kahani shuru karein, kyonki yeh jadui sankhya haye."harper aur bhaaiyon kii pratikriya ney poe koo ack lamba kaam shuru karane key liye prerit kiya aur" "nantcate key arther gorden pima kii kathaa" "likhana shuru kiya. poe ney apane boss key saath "dakshini saahityik doot" mein apane upanyaas koo kaee kramik kishton mein prati prishth 3 dollar kii vetan darr parr prakaashit karane kii vyavastha kii.
haalaanki, poe 3 janwari, 1837 koo "massenger" mein apani bhoomika seey sevaanivritt hoe gaye, kyonki kishten prakaashit kii jaa rahee theen; kuchh vidvaanon kaa sujhaav haye kii unhein nikaal diyaa gayaa thaa aur isake kaaran unhein upanyaas koo chhodane key liye prerit kiya gayaa thaa. doot" key saath unake vibhajan kii shuruat ack "khaali avadhi" seey hui jahan unhone bahut kuchh prakaashit naheen kiya aur berojgari, garibi aur apane saahityik karyon mein koee safalata naheen paaee. poe ney jald hii mahsoos kiya kii ack pustak-lambai kii kathaa likhana ack aavashyak carrier nirnay thaa, aanshik roop seey kyonki unake paas koee sthir naukari naheen thee aur arthavyavastha 1837 kii dahashat seey peedit thee. unhone usa vishay mein janata kii achaanak ruchi koo bhunaane key liye antarctica kii khoj key roop mein kahani kaa hissa bhee sthaapit kiya.
virginia claim seey apani shaadi key baad, poe ney agali sardi aur vasant mein newyork mein iss upanyaas key liye apani pandulipi poori kii. unhone villium govans naamak ack boarder koo laker thodi raashi arjit kii. newyork mein apane pandrah maheenon key dauran, kathor aarthik jalavaayu key beach, poe ney kewal dou kahaaniyan prakaashit keen, "wonn jung, dha mystific" aur "seop. ack kathaa ". harper aind brothers ney ghoshana kii kii poe kaa upanyaas maee 1837 mein prakaashit hoga, lekin ghabarahat ney unhein deree karane key liye majboor curr diyaa.
upanyaas koo antatah julaai 1838 mein "dha narative off arther gorden pima off nantcate" sheershak key tahat pustak key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, halanki isamen poe kaa naam shamil naheen thaa aur isake bajaay khud pima dwara ack khaate key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa. poe ney pahale key krambaddh sanskaran koo yeh nott karke maaf curr diyaa kii "sandeshvaahak" ney galati seey ise "kalpana kii aadh mein" anukoolit curr liya thaa. jaisa kii harper aind brothers ney sifarish kii thee, yeh dou khandon mein mudrit kiya gayaa thaa. iska puuraa upasheershak thaah
dha narative off arther gorden pima off nantcate" kaa pahala videshi prakaashan kuchh maheenon baad hii dikhaai diyaa jaba ise landan mein poe kii anumati key binaa mudrit kiya gayaa thaa, halanki antim paragraph koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. upanyaas key iss praarambhik prakaashan ney poe mein british ruchi kii shuruat kii.
saahityik mahatva aur swaagat.
dha narative off arther gorden pima off nantcate" key liye samkaaleen sameekshaaen aam taur parr pratikool theen. isake prakaashan key pandrah maheene baad, isaki sameeksha luis gey lord clark dwara kii gaee thee, joe ack saathi lekhak they jinhone poe key saath ack mahatvapurna jhagada kiya thaa. dha nikarbokar" mein mudrit unaki sameeksha mein kahaa gayaa haye kii pustak koo "ack dheeli aur purchy-shail shally mein bataaya gayaa thaa, joe shayed hii kabhi rachana key kissy bhee adhik samanya aakarshan seey prabhaavit hoti haye."clark aage kahaa", yeh kaam bahut dilchasp haye, isake sabhi doshon key saath, jisamen seey cumm seey cumm yeh naheen haye kii yeh bahut udaartaa seey 'rakt aur yuddh kii bhayaanak paristhitiyon seey bharaa huaa haye.
kaee sameekshakon ney hinsak drishyon kii adhikta parr tippani kii. upanyaas key veebhats vivaranon koo dhyaan mein rakhane key alawa, "berton kii gentleman patrika" (sambhavatah villium evance berton swayam) mein ack sameeksha ney bhugol key udhaar liye gaye vivaran aur samudri jaankaari mein trutiyon kii aalochana kii. sameekshak ney ise ack saahityik jhooth maanaa aur ise "janata koo neecha dikhaane kaa aviveki prayaas" kahaa aur khed vyakt kiya "shree. agyaantaa aur prabhaav key itane badey paimaane key sambandh mein poe kaa naam. poe ney baad mein berton koo likhaa kii vaha sameeksha seey sahmat they, yeh kahate hue kii yeh "anivarya roop seey sahee thaa" aur upanyaas "ack bahut hii murkhtapurna pustak" thee.
anya sameekshaon ney ack sachchi kahani prastut karane key prayaas kii ninda kii. metropolitan patrika" key ack sameekshak ney kahaa kii halanki kahani kaalpanik key roop mein achchi thee, "jaba janata koo ack sachchi baat key roop mein dikhaaya jaataa haye, tou yeh ack gadbad vyavasaay key alawa kissy anya prakaash mein dikhaai naheen dey sakati haye-agyaani kii vishvasaniyata parr thopane kaa ack aviveki prayaas."phir bhee, kuchh pathakon kaa maanana thaa kii poe key upanyaas key kuchh hisse sach they, vishesh roop seey ingland mein, aur iss dhaarana key saath pustak kii betuki koo uchit thaharaaya kii lekhak pima sachchai koo badhaa-chadhaakar bataa rhaa thaa. prakaashak george putnam ney baad mein nott kiya kii "inn naee 'khojon' key poore stambh, jisamen chattanon parr paae gaye chitralipi (aiss. aaee. see.) shamil hain, koo kaee angreji deshi patron dwara shaant aitihaasik satya key roop mein coppy kiya gayaa thaa."
isake vipareet, 20veen shatabdi key argentine key lekhak george luis borges, jinhone poe koo ack majboot prabhaav key roop mein sweekaar kiya, ney upanyaas kii prashansa karate hue kahaa kii yeh poe kaa sabse badaa kaam haye. baad mein unhone kaalpanik praniyon key apane shabdakosh mein kahani key liye aavishkaar kii gaee prajaatiyon mein seey ack, "kaalpanik praniyon kii pustak", koo "ack janwar dwara sapane dekhaa gayaa" sheershak vaale ack adhyaay mein shamil kiya. aich. jee. kuon ney nott kiya kii "pima" bataata haye kii ack bahut hii buddhiman munn ack sadee pahale dakshin dhruviya kshetra key baare mein kyaa kalpana curr sakata thaa. phir bhee, adhikansh vidwan 1950 key dashak taka upanyaas kii bahut gambhir charcha yaa vishleshan mein shamil naheen hue, halanki france mein kaee logon ney iss kaam koo bahut pahale maanyata dee thee. 2013 mein, "dha guardian" ney "arther gorden pima off nantcate" kii kathaa koo angreji mein likhe gaye 100 sarvshreshth upanyason mein seey ack key roop mein uddhrit kiya, aur heinry james, arther connon doil, bee jaise baad key lekhakon parr isake prabhaav koo nott kiya. traven aur david morel.
dha narative off arther gorden pima off nantcate" kii vittiya aur aalochanatmak viphalata poe key currier mein ack mahatvapurna modd thaa. ack key liye, unhein saahityik kartavyon key liye prerit kiya gayaa thaa joe unhein paisa kamaayenge, vishesh roop seey aprail 1839 mein "dha concologist kii pahali pustak" key sampaadak key roop mein unaki vivadaspad bhoomika. unhone ack naee baltimore-adharit patrika key liye "saahityik laghu vaarta" naamak ack chhoti shrinkhala bhee likhi jise "american museum off science, literature aind dha arts" kahaa jaataa haye.
kaam kii aavashyakta key kaaran, poe ney apane upanyaas kii nakaratmak sameeksha key bavjood, "berton kii gentleman patrika" key liye sahayak sampaadak key roop mein prati saptah 10 dollar key cumm vetan parr naukari sweekaar kii. way gadya key lambe karyon key bajaay laghu kathaaon parr bhee apana dhyaan kendrit karane lagey; isake baad poe kii agali prakaashit pustak, unakaa ekmatra puuraa huaa upanyaas, 1840 mein "tails off dha grotsk aind arebsk" sangrah thaa.
prabhaav aur viraasat.
19veen shatabdi.
patrick aff sahit vidwan. quin aur johnn jey. mckeller ney, apane purush melville key "mobi-dick" aur "arther gorden pima off nantcate" aur anya poe karyon key beach samaantaon kaa ullekh kiya haye. quin ney kahaa kii melville ney poe key upanyaas kaa adhyayan kiya hoga aur yadi naheen kiya, tou yeh "saahitya mein sabse asadharan durghatanaon mein seey ack" hogi. mckeller ney nott kiya kii poe kii laghu kahani "dha faul off dha house off ashar" ney "mobi-dick" mein "ahab key trutipurna charitra" koo prerit kiya. scholar jack sherting ney "mobi-dick" aur poe key "ms" key beach samaantaon kaa bhee ullekh kiya. ack bottle mein paaya gayaa.
"arther gorden pima off nantcate" kii kathaa poe kii sabse adhik anuvaadit kritiyon mein seey ack bunn gaee; 1978 taka, vidvaanon ney 300 seey adhik sanskaranon, rupaantaranon aur anuvaadon kii ginati kii thee. yeh upanyaas france mein vishesh roop seey prabhaavshaali saabit huaa haye. francisi kavi aur lekhak charles boudelier ney 1857 mein upanyaas kaa anuvaad "less aventures dee 'arther gorden pima" key roop mein kiya. baudeler bhee apani kavita mein poe key upanyaas seey prerit they. "saithera kii yatra" poe key drishya key hisse koo phir seey likhati haye jahan pakshi maanav maans khaate hain.
francisi lekhak jools verne ney poe kii bahut prashansa kii aur 1864 mein ack adhyayan likhaa, "edger poe aitt cess uveress", poe kii kahani "ack saptah mein teen ravivaar" ney verne key upanyaas "assie dinon mein duniya bhar mein" (1873) koo prerit kiya hoga. 1897 mein, verne ney "dha narative off arther gorden pima off nantcate" kii ack seekwal prakaashit kii, jise "aine antarctic mystery" kahaa jaataa haye. poe key upanyaas kii tarah, verne ney sateek tathyaatmak vivaranon koo shamil karke ack vishvasaniya kahani key roop mein kalpana kii ack kalpanashil kriti koo prastut karane kaa prayaas kiya. dou khandon vaalaa upanyaas "hulbrain" key romanch kii khoj kartaa haye kyonki isake chaalak dall pima key uttaron kii khoj karate hain. iss paath key anuvaadon koo kabhi-kabhi "dha sphinx off aais" yaa "dha mystery off arther gorden pima" sheershak diyaa jaataa haye.
dha narative off arther gorden pima off nantcate" kii ack anaupchaarik agali kadee charles roman dack kaa 1899 kaa upanyaas "aeye vrange discovery" haye, jisamen kathakar, doctor benbridge, ney apane rogi derk peaters kii kahani koo varnit kiya haye, jisamen poe kii kavita "dha reven" kii charcha bhee shamil haye.
20veen sadee.
heinry james key upanyaas 'dha golden baul' (1904) mein prince amerigo ney "arther gorden pima off nantcate kii kathaa" koo yaad kiyaah "unhein yaad thaa kii unhone ack ladke key roop mein ellen poe kii ack adbhut kahani padhee thee... joe dikhaane key liye ack baat thee, vaise, amerikiyon kii kyaa kalpana hoe sakati theeh jahaaj key tootane vaale gherabandi kii kahani, kaun... paaya... safed havaa kii motai... doodh yaa burf kaa rung."
poe key upanyaas kaa bhee aich parr prabhaav thaa. pee. lovecraft, jiska 1936 kaa upanyaas "pagalpan key pahaadon parr" isi tarah kii vishayagat disha kaa anusaran kartaa haye aur upanyaas seey "tekeli-lii" yaa "takeli" kaa rotaa haye. prem-shilp key upanyaas kii agali kadee, arajakta kaa bhoomika nibhaane vaalaa saahasik "pagalpan key pahaadon seey parey" (1999) mein poe key upanyaas kaa ack "laapata anta" shamil haye, jisamen pima apane antarctic shahar mein prem-shilp key kuchh praniyon kaa saamana kartaa haye.
rene magrit kii 1937 kii painting "punah prastut naheen kii jaani chaahiye" mein kaam key nichale daaeen or poe kii pustak key 1858 key francisi sanskaran koo darshaaya gayaa haye.
ack aur francisi agali kadee dominic andrey dwara "laa conquet dee ll 'atternail" (1947) thee.
georges perek key 1969 key upanyaas "aeye woid" mein, jisamen ack bhee akshar "ee" naheen haye, poe key "dha reven" kaa ee-less punarlekhan haye, jise arther gorden pima koo shreya diyaa jaataa haye taaki poe key naam mein paae jaane vaale dou "ee" kaa upayog karane seey bachaa jaa sakey.
5 maee, 1974 koo, lekhak aur patrakaar arther coestler ney paathak nigel parker kaa ack patra "ravivaar key samay" mein prakaashit kiya, jisamen poe key upanyaas mein ack drishya aur dashakon baad hui ack vaastavik ghatana key beach ack aashcharyajanak sanyog key baare mein likhaa gayaa thaah 1884 mein, nauka "mignanet" doob gaee, jisamen chaar loga fanse hue they. binaa bhojan key hafton key baad, unhone faisala kiya kii unamen seey ack koo anya teen key liye bhojan key roop mein balidan diyaa jaanaa chaahiye, jaisa kii poe key upanyaas mein haye. haarne vaalaa ack yuva kebin ladka thaa jiska naam richard parker thaa, sanyog seey poe key kaalpanik charitra kaa naam hii thaa. parker key shipmate, tomm dudley aur advin stephens, parr baad mein ack poorvavarti angreji samanya kaanoon key mukadame, prasiddh "aar vee dudley aur stephens" mein hatyaa kaa mukadama chalaaya gayaa."
paul throoks key yatra vrittaant "dha old petagonian express" (1979) mein, throoks ney george luis borges koo "arther gorden pima off nantcate" kii kathaa key kuchh hisson koo padhaa. dha roux ney iss pustak mein ise "sabse bhayaanak" kahani key roop mein varnit kiya haye jise unhone kabhi padhaa thaa.
paul auster kii "city off glass" (1985) mein, mukhya charitra quin kaa ack rahasyodghatan haye joe usey poe key upanyaas key anta mein ajib chitralipi kii khoj key baare mein sochane parr majboor kartaa haye.
roy aur danne thomas dwara likhit 1988 kii ack "yuva aul-stars" comic book mein, arther gorden pima 19veen shatabdi key ack khojkarta hain jinhone allion diazon kii khoi hui archtic sabhyata kii khoj kii. pima aage jaakar jools verne kaa kaptan nemo bunn jaataa haye, joe antatah rms "titanic" koo dubata haye. iss kahani mein edward bulvar-litton key 1871 key upanyaas "vril" key tatvon kaa bhee upayog kiya gayaa haye.
21veen sadee.
yaan martel ney apane maine booker puraskar vijeta upanyaas "life off paaee" (2001) mein ack charitra kaa naam poe key kaalpanik charitra, richard parker key naam parr rakhaa. mait johnson kaa 2011 kaa upanyaas "pima", sanyukt raajya mein nasleeya rajneeti kii khoj karane vaali ack vyangyapurna kalpana, "nantcate key arther gorden pima kii kathaa" seey apani prerana letee haye, aur mool kaa bariki seey model banaati haye.
antim sanskar key liye bund baind ahab ney apane 2012 key album "dha giant" koo "nantcate key arther gorden pima kii kathaa" parr adharit kiya.

