
bhoomi key maalikon kii vaapsee, 1873

bhoomi key maalikon kii dou-khand kii vaapsee, 1873,1086 kii gumbad pustak key baad seey grate britten mein bhoomi swaamitva key vitaran kii pahali poori tasveer haye, iss prakaar 1873 kii vaapsee koo kabhi-kabhi "aadhunik gumbad" kahaa jaataa haye. yeh victorian shaasi bhoomi vargon kii ichcha seey utpann huaa, jinamen seey kaee prabhuon key ghar mein baithe they, bhoomi key ekadhikar key baare mein badhati saarvajanik kolahal (press dwara protsaahit) kaa mukabala karane key liye.
1872 mein, sthaaniya sarkari board koo mulyankan abhilekhon seey bhoomi maalikon kii soochi sankalit karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. ingland aur wells (landan koo chhodkar) key liye ack vaapsee taiyar kii gaee thee, aur scotland (1874 mein) aur ireland (1876 mein) key liye alag-alag vaapsee taiyar kii gaee thee. vaapsee" mein bhoomi key aakar (ekad, chhaton aur khambhon mein) aur ack ekad seey adhik kii sabhi bhoomi key anumaanit vaarshik kiraaye koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye. yeh county aur bhoomi malik dwara pratyek bhoomi malik key liye ack pehchaan patey key saath nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye. vyaapak, bikhare hue bhoo-bhaag vaale bhoomi maalikon key liye, pataa bhoomi key sthaan key anuroop naheen hoe sakata haye aur prashn mein county key baahar hoe sakata haye. bhoomi kaa sthaan naheen diyaa gayaa haye. vaapsee" vyakhyatmak bayaan mein gumbad pustak sarvekshan key saath tulanaa kii gaee thee. 1873 key "vaapsee" mein ashuddhiyaan theen (kuchh mahatvapurna), aur ack sanshodhit sanskaran-"grate britten aur ireland key mahaan bhoomi malik"-1883 mein johnn batman (1839-1910) dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa.
utpatti.
1867 taka kewal vayask purush aabaadi key lagbhag aathven hisse koo hii matdan kaa adhikaar thaa, lekin dusare sudhaar vidheyak ney matadhikar koo lagbhag ack tihai taka badhaa diyaa. iska parinam yeh huaa kii british itihas mein pahali baar adhikansh matadaata bhoomi key malik naheen they. nava matadhikar praapt varg ney teji seey villium ewart gladstone kii udaar sarkaar koo chunaa, joe bhoomi maalikon aur roodhivaadiyon key liye yuddharat thee. richard coben, johnn brite aur johnn stuart mill jaise kattarpanthi raajnetaon ney shaastriya arthshastriyon jaise kii addam smith aur david ricardo key tarkon koo punarjeevit kiya kii bhoomi moolya vriddhi arjit dhana naheen thee jiss parr curr lagaaya jaanaa chaahiye. mill ney kahaah bhoomi kii matra seemit haye jabaki ack samriddh desh mein isaki maang lagaatar badh rahee haye. isaliye kiraya uttarottar badhata jaataa haye, naa kii malik key parishram yaa vyay key madhyam seey, jiss parr hamein apatti naheen karni chaahiye, balki kewal dhana aur jansankhya kii vriddhi seey. bhoomi maalikon kii aaya badhati jaa rahee haye, jaba way sou rahey hotey hain, shram aur anya logon key parivyay dwara utpann samanya samriddhi key madhyam seey.
unhone california vishvavidyalaya key arthashastri peater aich. lindertah 1870 key dashak mein asman swaamitva kaa mudda bhee germ hoe gayaa. brite ney 1861 kii janganana kaa upayog yeh aarop lagaane key liye kiya kii kewal 30,000 bhoomi-malik they, aur aarop lagaaya kii "ingland mein aadhi bhoomi" "ack sou pachas seey cumm logon key swaamitva mein thee", "bhoomi parr ack vyaavhaarik ekadhikar.. ".
vaha galat thaa. derby key pandrahaven earl koo yeh pataa thaa, lekin ujjwal kaa mukabala karane key liye koee detta naheen thaah
iss prakaar, ack sattaaroodh abhijaat varg dwara bhoomi swaamitva kii ekagrata key baare mein bhoomi vargon key virodhiyon dwara atishayokti aur jhoothe daave kiye gaye they, aur hamalon kaa khandan karane key liye vishvasaniya, swatantra detta kii aavashyakta thee. yeh sawal 19 farwari 1872 koo house off lords mein edward steinly, 15 veen earl off derby (1826-1893) dwara lord privy seal koo rakhaa gayaa thaa, "kyaa yeh unaki maharani kii sarkaar kaa irada thaa kii vaha pratyek malik key swaamitva vaali bhoomi kii matra key saath sanyukt raajya mein bhoomi aur gharon key maalikon kii sankhya kaa pataa lagaane key liye koee kadam uthaaye. sarkaar iss sujhaav seey sahmat thee, aur lord derby kaa sawal prakriya shuru karane key liye ack poorv-vyavasthit aupchaariktaa thee.
prakaashan.
lord halifax ney vaapsee key utpaadan key liye mamla sweekaar curr liya, ise sthaaniya sarkari board dwara taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, aur sansad key donon sadanon mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa. landan koo chhodkar, vaapsee mein ingland aur wells shamil hain-lagbhag 15,000 parrish, jinake record mein lagbhag 5,000,000 mulyankan they. sitambar 1872 mein sambandhit parrish adhikaariyon koo nirdesh jaari kiye gaye they, aur dou saal baad antim vaapsee praapt hui thee. vivarani kii pahali jaanch mein lagbhag 250,000 visangatiyon kaa khulasa kiya gayaa, jinhen patrachar aur jaanch key anya sadhanon dwara hull kiya gayaa thaa. malik key patey koo chhodkar, vaapsee mein sabhi bayaan aur jaankaari, kharaab kaanoon key tahat mulyankan key liye mulyankan soochiyon seey praapt kii gaee thee aur pahale seey hii pratyek parrish dwara aayojit kii gaee thee. ameer gharwale aur bhoomi malik sadakon, anya suvidhaon aur mukhya roop seey garibon kii sahaayata key liye curr (daron) kaa bhugtan karate they.
srot.
gumbad kii pustak key vipareet, 1873 kii vaapsee sarvekshankartaon dwara mool shodh parr adharit naheen thee, balki maujooda parrish detta koo sankalit kii gaee thee. 1873 kii mulyankan soochiyaan 1862 key sangh mulyankan samiti adhiniyam key praavdhaanon key tahat taiyar kii gaee theen, jise garib kaanoon board key adhyaksh charles pelham villiers dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa. garib vidhi ayukton ney 1836 seey kuchh samay pahale kharaab darr koo nirdisht karate hue ack adesh jaari kiya, aur sankeern mulyankan adhiniyam jisamen darr nirdhaarit karane vaalaa pahala vaidhaanik praavdhaan thaa. 1862 adhiniyam ney nirdhaaran uddeshyon key liye sangh key pratyek parrish mein curr yogya sampattiyon key mulyankan kii jaanch aur paryavekshan key liye pratyek sangh key sanrakshkon dwara ack mulyankan samiti kii niyukti key liye praavdhaan kiya. pratyek parrish key paryavekshakon koo sabhi curr yogya sampattiyon aur unake vaarshik moolya kii soochi nimnalikhit praarup mein banaane kii aavashyakta theeh adhibhogkarta, malik, sampatti kaa vivaran aur naam (yaa sthaan, anumaanit kshetra, sakal anumaanit kiraya, aur curr yogya moolya. 1873 mein pratyek parrish key liye mulyankan soochiyaan maujood theen, sivaay kuchh pairishon key joe sanrakshkon key alag-alag boardon key tahat they, jinn parr sangh mulyankan samiti adhiniyam lagu naheen hotaa thaa. parrish mulyankan soochiyaan yuniyanon key clerks key paas jamaa kii gaeen, aur una adhikaariyon koo 1873 kii vaapsee key liye vivaran taiyar karane aur prastut karane key liye aavedan kiya gayaa thaa; sangh mulyankan samiti adhiniyam key tahat naheen, balki parrish key sanrakshkon key liye isi tarah key aavedan kiye gaye they.
praarup.
stambhon koo baaen seey daaen kii or leey jaaya gayaah "upnaam, isai naam, ekad, chhad, purchess, £s. kshetra koo a/r/p key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye. "a" ekad (varg meal key liye 640) haye. "aar" ack jarh haih 220 gaj lambi (ack farlong) aur chaudi (ack chhad, khambhe yaa purch) ack jutai patti. chaar chhatein ack ekad key barabar hain. "pee" ack vargakar dhruv haye []; 40 vargakar dhruv ack chhat key barabar hain. kiraya £ (pound) aur s (shilling) mein haye; 20 shilling £1 key barabar haye. shirshakon koo paribhaashit karane mein samasyaon kaa saamana karna padaa.
ingland aur wells.
yeh vaapsee 1875 mein prakaashit hui thee aur pratyek koo 10s 6d () mein dou chamade seey bandhe khandon (johnn lambert dwara sampaadit) mein "ingland aur wells (mahanagar key vishesh) key roop mein becha gayaa thaah bhoomi key maalikon kii vaapsee, 1873; unaki mahima key adesh seey sansad key donon sadanon koo prastut kiya gayaa; landan, george edward ire aur villium spottiswod dwara mudrit. raani kii sabse utkrisht mahima key liye printer. unake mahamahim key stationary karyalaya key liye, 1875.
scotland.
scotish vaapsee 1874 mein "scotlandh bhoomi key malik aur viraasat 17 aur 18 vict" key roop mein prakaashit hui thee., cap. 91, 1872-3 vaapaseeh
i: ack ekad aur usase oopar key pratyek malik key naam aur patey kaa (20,000 seey adhik nivaasiyon vaale nagar nigam kii seemaon key baahar) anumaanit ekad aur bhoomi aur vyaktigat maalikon kii viraasat key vaarshik moolya key saath. aur pratyek county mein aise maalikon kii anumaanit kull ekad aur bhoomi aur viraasat key vaarshik moolya key saath ack ekad seey cumm key maalikon kii sankhya
ii: 20,000 seey adhik nivaasiyon vaale nagarpalika kshetron key liye ack samaan vaapsee.
sansad key donon sadanon koo unaki mahima key adesh seey prastut kiya gayaa; edinbergh murre aur gib dwara mudrit, printer unake mahima key stationary karyalaya, 1874.
ireland.
1873 mein, ireland key liye sthaaniya sarkari board ney ack ekad yaa usase adhik bhoomi key maalikon kii sankhya aur naamon kaa pataa lagaana shuru kiya. garib vidhi sanghon key clerks koo sampatti key mulyankan aur unaki hirasat mein darr pustakon seey aise logon kii soochi taiyar karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. 1875 key anta taka soochiyon koo sthaaniya sarkaar key board koo vaapas curr diyaa gayaa, countiyon mein vyavasthit kiya gayaa, varnamala mein, aur 1876 mein 200-prishth sanskaran mein "kaee countiyon, shaharon key countiyon aur ireland key kasbon key countiyon mein ack ekad aur usase adhik bhoomi key maalikon kii vaapsee" key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa.
lokpriyata.
haalaanki yeh vaapsee ack raajneetik kaaran seey prakaashit kii gaee thee, lekin yeh samanya roop seey samaaj (bhoomi vargon sahit) key beach padhane key liye lokpriya hoe gaee. johnn batman ney apane 1883 key kaam kii prastaavana mein (neeche dekhein) sthiti kaa saransh diyaah
sanshodhit aur vyutpann sanskaran.
johnn batman frags (1839-1910) ney 1873 kii vaapsee key aadhar parr 1876 mein "ingland kaa ekad-loktantra" prakaashit kiya. batman ney 1873 kii vaapsee kaa ack sahee aur sampaadit sanskaran prakaashit kiya, joe 1883 mein harrison chhaap key tahat mool seey kaafee alag thaa. unhone apani prastaavana mein truti key sabse aam sroton koo soochibaddh kiya. unake kaam kaa chautha (aur antim) sanskaran thaa "grate britten aur ireland key mahaan bhoomi malik, teen hazaar ekad aur usase adhik key sabhi maalikon kii ack soochi, jisaki keemat prati varsh 3,000 pound thee; saath hii, ingland, scotland, ireland aur wells mein dou hazaar ekad aur usase adhik key ack hazaar teen sou malik, unakaa kshetrafal aur bhoomi seey aaya," aadhunik gumbad pustak "seey lii gaee. ise 1971 mein leicester vishvavidyalaya press dwara 1883 key sanskaran key paath aur david spring dwara ack parichay key saath punah prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa.
sandarbh.
srot.
praathamik