
angreji kaanoon mein avaidh aparaadh

angreji aaparaadhik kaanoon mein, ack asamvaidhaanik aparaadh ack aaparaadhik kaary seey sambandhit aparaadh haye joe abhee taka naheen kiya gayaa haye yaa naheen kiya gayaa haye. mukhya avaidh aparaadh aparaadh karane kaa prayaas karna; aparaadh koo protsaahit karna yaa sahaayata karna (poorv mein uksana); aur karane kii sajish karna haye. aaparaadhik prayaas adhiniyam 1981 dwara shaasit prayason koo aisee sthitiyon key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye jahaan ack vyakti joe aparaadh karane kaa irada rakhta haye, vaha ack aisaa kaary kartaa haye joe aparaadh key aayog mein "kewal praarambhik seey adhik" haye. paaramparik roop seey iss paribhasha ney samasyaon kaa kaaran banaa haye, jisamen koee dridh niyam naheen haye kii "kewal praarambhik" adhiniyam seey adhik kyaa haye, lekin vyaapak nyaayik bayaan kuchh margadarshan dete hain. doosari or, uksana, samanya kaanoon key tahat ack aparaadh haye, aur aisee sthitiyon koo shamil kartaa haye jahaan ack vyakti kissy anya vyakti koo aisee gatividhiyon mein shamil honey key liye protsaahit kartaa haye jisake parinamswarup ack aaparaadhik kaary hoga, aur iss kaary key honey kaa irada rakhta haye. ack aaparaadhik gatividhi key roop mein, ukasaane kaa ack vishesh roop seey vyaapak laabh thaa, jisamen "ack sujhaav, prastaav, anurodh, protsaahan, ishara, tark, anunaya, pralobhan, chalbaji yaa kaptipan kii uttejana" shamil thee. gambhir aparaadh adhiniyam 2007 dwara ukasaane koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin anya apraadhon mein aur aparaadh key liye "protsaahit karane yaa sahaayata" karane key nae aparaadh key aadhar key roop mein jaari haye.
sajish ack vaidhaanik aur samanya kaanoon aparaadh donon haye. apane vaidhaanik roop mein, aaparaadhik kaanoon adhiniyam 1977 key tahat, isamen dou yaa dou seey adhik logon key beach aaparaadhik aparaadh karane key liye koee samjhauta hotaa haye. doosari or, samanya kaanoon kii sajish mein "dhokhadhadi kii sajish" aur "saarvajanik naitikta koo bhrasht karane kii sajish" shamil haye, halanki baad vaale mein koee thhos mamla kaanoon naheen haye aur ise ack aise aparaadh key roop mein naheen dekhaa jaataa haye jisake liye vyaktiyon parr mukadama chalaae jaane kii sambhavana haye. teenon avaidh apraadhon key liye iraade key "purush siddhant" kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur doshasiddhi parr, prativaadi koo sajaa sunai jaati haye jaise kii way prayaas, ukasaane yaa sajish key aparaadh koo karane mein safal rahey houn.
paribhasha.
inchoate kaa arth haye "abhee shuru huaa" yaa "avikasit", aur iska upayog angreji aaparaadhik kaanoon mein una sthitiyon koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye jahaan, halanki ack mahatvapurna aparaadh naheen kiya gayaa haye, prativaadi ney ise karane key liye kadam uthaaye hain, yaa dusaron koo aisaa karane key liye protsaahit kiya haye. inn sthitiyon koo aam taur parr teen shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye; prayaas, jahaan prativaadi ney "ack poorna aparaadh karane kii disha mein kadam uthaaye hain", uksana, jahaan prativaadi ney dusaron koo aparaadh karane key liye protsaahit kiya haye, aur sajish, jahaan prativaadi dusaron key saath aparaadh karane key liye sahmat hoe gayaa haye. pratyek mamle mein, prativaadi ney "swayam" actus reus "kaa pradarshan naheen kiya haye, lekin aisaa karane key liye paryaapt roop seey karib haye, yaa dusaron koo aisaa karane key liye raaji kartaa haye, taaki kaanoon usey dandit karane key liye uchit paae.
aparaadh.
prayaas karein.
prayaas aaparaadhik prayaas adhiniyam 1981 dwara shaasit hotey hain, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii "yadi, ack aparaadh karane key iraade seey, jiss parr [adhiniyam lagu hotaa haye], ack vyakti ack aisaa kaary kartaa haye joe aparaadh karane key liye kewal praarambhik seey adhik haye, tou vaha aparaadh karane kaa prayaas karane kaa doshi haye. ack aavashyak tatva irada haye, yaa "purush ree". aar vee nashpati" mein, ingland aur wells kii appeal kii adalat ney pushti kii kii 1981 key adhiniyam mein iraade kii paribhasha samanya kaanoon mein paribhasha key samaan haye. samanya kaanoon iraade koo "iska samanya arthah uddeshya yaa uddeshya" detaa haye, nyayadhishon koo salah dee jaati haye kii way adhikansh mamalon mein, paribhasha koo jatil banaane kaa prayaas naa karein. sashart irada-jahan kissy kaa irada kewal kuchh paristhitiyon mein aparaadh karane kaa haye-aparaadh key prayaas key liye abhiyog key liye bhee sweekarya maanaa gayaa haye. attorney-general key sandarbh mein (sankhya. 1979 key 1 aur 2), "appeal kii adalat ney samajhaaya kii chori karane kaa irada" chori karane key laayak kuchh bhee aarop key prayaas kaa aadhar bunn sakata haye yadi abhiyog kaa saavdhaanipoorvak masauda taiyar kiya gayaa thaa.  yeh pichhale spasht virodhabhas kaa ack prakriyaatmak samadhan thaa, lekin sujhaae gaye masaude mein prativaadi key karyon aur vaha joe chori karane kii yojana banaa rhaa thaa, usake beach paryaapt nikatata pradarshit naheen hoe sakati haye. ack "purush riya" aavashyakta koo sakht daayitva key apraadhon key prayaas mein jodaa jaataa haye (jahaan koee irada yaa kewal uddeshyapurna laparwahi naheen haye), halanki "attorney general key sandarbh mein nirnay (naheen. 1992 kaa 3) "ise cumm nishchit banaata haye.
dhaara 1 (1) mein yeh bhee praavdhaan haye kii "actus reus" "kewal praarambhik seey adhik" honah chaahiye. vyavhaar mein, akaadamik jonathan herring ney nott kiya kii "koee kathor aur tez niyam naheen haye kii kaba ack kaary kewal praarambhik seey adhik hoe sakata haye", halanki aise kaee mamle hain joe vyaapak margadarshan dete hain. aar vee gades" mein, ack aadami ney ack badey chaku, kuchh russie aur masking tape key roll key saath ack school mein shauchalaya mein pravesh kiya; yeh aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa kii vaha ack chhaatr kaa apaharan karane kaa irada rakhta thaa. appeal kii adalat ney pushti kii kii yeh doshasiddhi key liye paryaapt naheen thaa. haalaanki, kuchh samanya niyam nirdhaarit kiye gaye hain; yadi prativaadi ney apana aparaadh puuraa karane seey pahale antim kaary kiya haye, tou yeh ack prayaas haye. haalaanki, yeh sabhi sthitiyon mein aavashyak naheen haye, jaisa kii "aar vee gulfar" mein haye. poorna aparaadh key "actus reus" koo bhee dhyaan mein rakhaa jaataa haye; "aar vee toothil" mein, prativaadi parr peedit key bageeche mein atikraman karane aur unake darwaaje parr dastak dene key baad chori key prayaas kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. usey doshi paaya gayaa, kyonki usane sampatti mein pravesh kiya thaa-chori key liye "actus reus"-aur iss prakaar usake kaary kewal praarambhik seey adhik they. ack kaary kartaa haye" shabd mein kamee key liye daayitva koo rokaa jaataa haye, ack antar jise kaanoon aayog ney cumm seey cumm hatyaa key prayaas key mamle mein hataane key liye dekhaa haye.
kuchh cheejon kaa prayaas naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. inmein 1981 key adhiniyam kii dhaara 1 (4) key tahat aaparaadhik kaanoon adhiniyam 1967 kii dhaara 4 (1) key tahat ack aparaadhi kii sahaayata karna, ack aparaadh karane mein sahaayata karna, yaa adhikansh sankshipt aparaadh shamil hain, tark key saath kii way ack aaparaadhik doshasiddhi koo uchit thaharaane key prayason key liye bahut chhote hain. vyaktigat saransh apraadhon seey sambandhit prayason koo cover karane key liye alag-alag vaidhaanik apraadhon kii ack chhoti sankhya banaai gaee haye, jiss mamle mein, samanya prayaas kaanoon aur prakriya lagu hoti haye.
yadi koee vyakti kissy prayaas kaa doshi paaya jaataa haye, tou usey 1981 adhiniyam kii dhaara 4 (1) key tahat sajaa sunai jaati haye. yeh praavdhaan kartaa haye kii joe koee bhee aparaadh karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye, usey jail mein usee avadhi key saath dandit kiya jaayega jaise kii way safal hue they; kyonki chori mein adhikatam saat saal kii jail kii sajaa hoti haye, udaaharan key liye, chori key prayaas key doshi koo bhee adhikatam saat saal kii sajaa sunai jaayegi.
protsaahit karna yaa sahaayata karna.
gambhir aparaadh adhiniyam 2007 key tahat "aparaadh koo protsaahit karane yaa sahaayata karane" key aparaadh aparivartaniya aparaadh hain. pratyek mamle mein, "actus reus" kii aavashyakta yeh haye kii prativaadi kissy anya aparaadh koo karane key liye "protsaahit karane yaa sahaayata" karane mein saksham kaary kartaa haye. dhaara 44 key tahat ack aparaadh kiya jaataa haye, yadi aisaa karane key iraade seey kiya jaataa haye; dhaara 45 key tahat yadi yeh kiya jaataa haye kii "yeh vishvaas karate hue kii aparaadh kiya jaayega aur yeh adhiniyam isake aayog koo protsaahit yaa sahaayata karega"; yaa dhaara 46 key tahat jahaan kaee sambhaavit apraadhon koo protsaahit yaa sahaayata dee jaa rahee haye, aur cumm seey cumm ack kaa purvanuman haye. prativaadi key liye apane vichaaron koo kissy aur koo safaltapurvak sampreshit karane kii koee aavashyakta naheen haye. choonki yeh bahut vyaapak haye, isaliye adalaton koo ise kuchh maandandon dwara sankuchit karna hoga, shayed aparaadh key liye protsaahan kii doori key sandarbh mein. kartavya key tahat kaary karane mein whiffle rahane parr bhee yogyata praapt hogi.
"protsaahan" koo kaanoon mein paribhaashit naheen kiya gayaa haye aur ise ukasaane key pichhale aparaadh key samaan maanaa jaa sakata haye. isase koee fark naheen padata kii protsaahan yaa sahaayata kaa koee prabhaav naheen padata haye. "sahaayata" koo abhigamaatmak daayitva mein "sahaayata" key samaan maanaa jaane kii sambhavana haye. sahaayata apratyaksh roop seey pradaan kii jaa sakati haye, udaaharan key liye kissy teesare vyakti key madhyam seey.
jabaki uksana kewal tabhi kiya jaa sakata haye jaba prativaadi mukhya aparaadhi koo uksaataa haye, "protsaahit karane yaa sahaayata karane" key aparaadh mein sahayak kii madad karna shamil haye. jabaki dhaara 44 anya avaidh apraadhon (swayam sahit) key sambandh mein kiya jaa sakata haye, dhaara 45 aur 46 naheen hoe sakati hain. vaastav mein kaanoon key bajaay aise aparaadh joe abhee taka karna asambhav haye-lekin honge-bhee iss aparaadh key antargat aatey hain.
purush riya" key sandarbh mein, aabhaasi nishchitata sahit kissy bhee prakaar kii laparwahi, dhaara 44 key tahat aparaadh key liye aparyaapt haye, aanshik roop seey dhaara 45 aur 46 key astitva key kaaran joe isaki vyakhya mein sahaayata karati haye. dhaara 45 aur 46 key tahat aparaadh kewal tabhi kiye jaate hain jaba prativaadi kaa maanana haye kii donon aparaadh "kiye jaayenge", aur yeh kii kaary "aparaadhi koo protsaahit yaa sahaayata karegaah kii way" aisaa curr sakate hain "paryaapt naheen haye. haalaanki, inn apraadhon koo karna bhee sambhav haye yadi prativaadi kissy aparaadh koo karane key liye protsaahit karane yaa sahaayata karane mein saksham koee kaary kartaa haye, yeh irada yaa vishvaas karate hue kii pramukh aparaadhi "kaary" karega, jahaan yeh apane aap mein ack aparaadh naheen hoe sakata haye. haalaanki, yeh aavashyak haye kii prativaadi kissy bhee aavashyak paristhitiyon yaa parinamon key liye irada yaa laparwah hoe-udaaharan key liye, kii mrityu ack parinam thaa. isake atirikt, abhiyojan paksh koo yeh dikhaana chaahiye kii prativaadi kaa maanana thaa kii kyaa kaary aavashyak "purush riyaaj" key saath kiya jaayega, yaa prativaadi key paas swayam aparaadh key liye aavashyak "purush riyaaj" haye. yeye raashi bahut jatil praavdhaanon key liye haye.
baad mein adhiniyam seey vaapas lene kaa koee bachaav naheen haye; haalaanki, dhaara 50 key tahat "uchit roop seey kaary karna" kaa ack haye. yeh dou roop letaa haih yaa tou kaary swayam uchit they; yaa prativaadi una paristhitiyon mein yathochit roop seey vishvaas kartaa thaa joe una paristhitiyon mein maujood naheen they aur una paristhitiyon mein uchit roop seey kaary kiya. iss bachaav key astitva parr andreau cemester aur bobb sullivan dwara iss aadhar parr hamla kiya gayaa haye kii yeh adhiniyam key anya vargon mein atirikt sankshiptata kaa mukabala karane key liye ack "sope" key roop mein kaary curr sakata haye. peediton koo "tyrell" bachaav diyaa jaataa haye-kii koee bhee apane khilaf kissy aparaadh kii sahaayata, ukasaane, paramarsh yaa khareed naheen curr sakata haye-halanki vaastav mein jaba koee peedit sanrakshit hotaa haye tou yeh spasht naheen hoe sakata haye.
uksana.
ack anya aparaadh key liye ukasaane key samanya kaanoon key aparaadh koo 1 octuber 2008 koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, sivaay usa tarikh seey pahale poori tarah seey yaa aanshik roop seey kiye gaye apraadhon key sambandh mein. haalaanki, ukasaane kii bhasha anya vaidhaanik apraadhon mein barkarar rakhee gaee haye, jaise kii yaun aparaadh adhiniyam 2003 kii dhaara 8 key vipareet yaun gatividhi mein shamil honey key liye 13 varsh seey cumm umr key bachche koo uksana. inn mamalon mein vahee niyam lagu kiye jaate hain joe ukasaane parr kaanoon key maujooda nikaay key roop mein lagu hotey hain.
appeal kii adalat ukasaane koo aisee sthiti seey yukt maanati haye jisamen ack prativaadi "kissy anya koo aisaa kaary karane yaa karane key liye uksaataa haye yaa aisaa kaary kartaa haye joe yadi kiya jaataa haye, tou aparaadh yaa apraadhon koo dusare dwara karna shamil hoga; aur vaha irada yaa vishvaas kartaa haye kii doosara, yadi vaha uksaayaa gayaa kaary kartaa haye, tou aparaadh yaa apraadhon key liye aavashyak galati key saath aisaa karega yaa karega. prayason key vipareet, uksana ack samanya kaanoon aparaadh haye. ukasaane mein ack vishesh roop seey vyaapak "actus reus" haye; isaki vyakhya "ack sujhaav, prastaav, anurodh, upadesh, ishara, tark, anunaya, pralobhan, godding yaa cupdity kii uttejana" koo shamil karane key liye kii gaee haye. jabaki isamen ukasaane kaa kaary shamil honah chaahiye, yeh spasht aur nihit donon hoe sakata haye. kissy aparaadh key liye, uksaayaa gayaa kaary aaparaadhik prakriti kaa honah chaahiye, aur naa kewal ukasaane vaale vyakti key liye balki ukasaane vaale vyakti key liye bhee aparaadh honah chaahiye. kuchh apavaad kiye gaye hain; aaparaadhik kaanoon adhiniyam 1977 kii dhaara 5 (7) key tahat, sajish rachane key liye uksana koee aparaadh naheen haye, aur kissy sahaayata yaa prayaas key liye uksana vishesh roop seey aaparaadhik krityon key roop mein naheen diyaa jaataa haye. purush riya" key sandarbh mein, prativaadi koo uksaayaa gayaa aparaadh karane kaa irada honah chaahiye, aur sambhaavit parinamon key baare mein bhee jagrook honah chaahiye. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii irada aavashyak naheen honah chaahiye; yadi prativaadi koo pataa thaa kii usaki salah kaa paalan kiya jaayega, aur isake parinamswarup aparaadh hoga, tou usey doshi paaya jaanaa chaahiye.
sajish.
vaidhaanik sajish mein 1977 key adhiniyam kii dhaara 5 (1) aur (2) key tahat dou yaa dou seey adhik logon key beach aaparaadhik aparaadh karane kaa samjhauta hotaa haye. vaidhaanik shadyantron key liye, teen tatva honey chaahieh ack samjhauta, aacharan key ack pathyakram koo aage badhaane key liye jisamen ack aparaadh kaa aayog shamil haye, jahaan samjhaute key pakshakaron kaa aparaadh karane kaa irada haye. bhale hii paksh baad mein yojana key saath naheen jaane kaa nirnay lete hain, kyonki "actus reus" ack samjhaute parr pahunchana haye, phir bhee una parr aarop lagaaya jaa sakata haye. samjhaute kii kuchh shreniyaan hain joe aaparaadhik sajish key barabar naheen hoe sakati hain, haalaanki; pati aur patni key beach ack samjhauta 1977 adhiniyam kii dhaara 2 (2) (aeye) key tahat ack sajish naheen haye, aur naa hii aaparaadhik jimmedaari kii umr seey cumm key vyakti key saath, yaa aparaadh key ichchit peedit key saath ack samjhauta haye.
churchill banaam walton" key tahat yeh dikhaane kii koee aavashyakta naheen haye kii shadyantrakariyon koo pataa thaa kii unake prastaavit aacharan kaa tarika ack aparaadh thaa, lekin unakaa uddeshya parinam honah chaahiye; yadi dou loga peedit kii chaay mein jahar daalane kii sajish karate hain, tou yeh hatyaa kii sajish naheen haye jaba taka kii jahar peedit koo maarne kaa irada naheen thaa. prativaadi isi tarah doshi naheen paae jaayenge yadi way iss baat seey anjaan hain kii ack aparaadh kaa parinam hoga; yadi dou loga paudhe ugaane key liye sahmat hotey hain, tou way iss baat seey anjaan hain kii paudhe avaidh hain, way ack sajish mein shamil naheen hain. doosari or, yadi donon loga maanate hain kii paudhe avaidh hain, bhale hii way naheen hain, tou unhein doshi paaya jaa sakata haye.
doosari or, aam kaanoon kii saajishen dou shreniyon mein aatee hain; "dhokhadhadi kii sajish" aur "saarvajanik naitikta koo bhrasht karane kii sajish". ack teesari shreni joe 1977 key adhiniyam key samay maujood thee, "saarvajanik shalinta koo bhadkane kii sajish", abb ack vaidhaanik aparaadh bunn gayaa haye. vaastav mein, saarvajanik naitikta koo bhrasht karna ack vaidhaanik aparaadh bunn sakata haye; sthiti spasht naheen haye. dhokhadhadi kii sajish kii maanak paribhasha lord delhorn dwara "scott banaam metropolitan pulis commissioner" mein pradaan kii gaee thee, jaba unhone kahaa thaa kii dhokhadhadi kii sajish mein dou pramukh tatva shamil hain; kii sajish mein beimani shamil haye, aur yadi sajish kii gaee thee, tou peedit key sampatti key adhikaaron koo nuksan hoga. isake liye prativaadiyon key karyon koo seedhe dhokhadhadi mein parinam dene kii aavashyakta naheen haye; "aar vee hollinshead" mein, house off lords ney maanaa kii bijli meater reeding koo badalane key liye design kiye gaye upkaranon kaa utpaadan dhokhadhadi kii sajish kaa gathan kartaa haye, bhale hii vaastavik dhokhadhadi sajishkartaon key bajaay janata key sadasyon dwara kii jaayegi. dou sthitiyon mein, peedit key liye kissy bhee prakaar key vittiya nuksan key liye seedhe kaarravaai karna bhee aavashyak naheen hoga; yeye taba hotey hain jaba shadyantrakari saarvajanik pada parr baithe vyakti koo unake kartavyon key khilaf kaam karane key liye dhokha dene kii yojana banaate hain, aur jaba shadyantrakariyon koo pataa hotaa haye kii unake karyon seey peedit kii sampatti koo khatra hotaa haye, bhale hii jokhim kabhi naa hoe. bhrasht saarvajanik naitikta" kii sajish kaa koee nishchit mamla kaanoon naheen haye; yeh agyaat haye kii yeh ack thhos aparaadh haye yaa naheen, aur herring ise iss aparaadh key liye sajishkartaon parr mukadama chalaae jaane kii sambhavana key roop mein dekhta haye.
asambhavata kii raksha.
kuchh apavaad "asambhav prayason" key liye bhee kiye jaate hain, jinhen kanuni asambhavata, ayogyata aur shaaririk asambhavata key madhyam seey asambhavata mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye. kanuni asambhavata key mamle taba hotey hain jaba prativaadi kuchh aisaa karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye jise vaha avaidh maanata haye, joe vaastav mein naheen haye; yeh ack aparaadh naheen haye. haalaanki, yeh bachaav samanya kaanoon kii sajishon key liye banaa huaa haye. ayogyata key madhyam seey asambhavata vaha haye jahan prativaadi aparyaapt sadhanon key saath aparaadh karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye, jiss mamle mein usey doshi paaya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, abhiyojakon kaa vivek ack kaarak honey kii sambhavana haye, kyonki kuchh yojanaaen-udaaharan key liye ack woodoo gudiya key madhyam seey hatyaa-aparaadh key prayaas seey bahut adhik hataa dee jaa sakati haye. shaaririk asambhavata aisee sthitiyon koo shamil karati haye jahaan naa kewal kaarravaai aparyaapt haye, balki asambhav haye; ack udaaharan kissy aise vyakti kii hatyaa kaa prayaas (yaa hatyaa kii sajish) haye joe vaastav mein pahale seey hii marr chuka haye. iss tarah key kaary 1981 key adhiniyam kii dhaara 1 (2) aur 1 (3) dwara shaasit hotey hain, joe yeh pradaan kartaa haye kii way ack aparaadh kaa gathan karate hain yadi kaarravaai, mamle key tathya they jaisa kii prativaadi koo lagata haye kii way they, ack vaidh prayaas kaa kaaran banate; jaisa kii herring kahata haye, "yadi prativaadi koo vishvaas haye kii vaha avaidh davaaon mein kaam curr rhaa haye tou usey ack maadak padaarth-vyaapaar key prayaas key aparaadh kaa doshi thaharaaya jaa sakata haye, bhale hii vaastav mein vaha joe betch rhaa haye vaha chaak hoe. ack yojana joe prativaadi dwara paarit kiye jaane key iraade vaale aparaadh key binaa safaltapurvak safal hoti haye, prativaadi koo daayitva seey bhee raahat dey sakati haye, halanki "hogton vee smith" seey yeh nirnay asambhavata key anya bachaav key unmoolan seey alag karna kathin saabit huaa haye.
siddhant.
kaanoon key ack samanya siddhant key roop mein, aaparaadhik daayitva aam taur parr kewal "ack doshpurna abhineta parr lagaaya jaataa haye joe ack nishiddh nuksan kaa kaaran banata haye", aur jabaki joe loga aparaadh kaa prayaas karate hain way doshpurna hoe sakate hain, yeh tark diyaa jaa sakata haye kii koee nuksan naheen hotaa haye; udaaharan key liye, chori kaa prayaas kuchh bhee chori naheen kartaa haye. kaee siddhantkar joe safal aur asafal prayason key beach antar karate hain, way abhee bhee prativaadi koo aanshik roop seey uttardaayi maanate hain, udaaharan key liye cumm sajaa kii vakaalat karate hain. haalaanki, iss tarah key antar key khilaf dou alag-alag prativaad kiye gaye hain. pahala yeh haye kii jaba kissy aparaadh kaa prayaas kiya jaataa haye, tou ack nuksan hotaa haye, arthaat suraksha key liye khatra. vyaktiyon koo suraksha kaa adhikaar haye, donon apane aur apani sampatti key, aur ack aparaadh karane kaa prayaas iss adhikaar kaa ullanghan kartaa haye. doosara yeh haye kii, haani key siddhant kii parwah kiye binaa, prayason key liye aaparaadhik daayitva koo upayogitaavaadi shabdon mein uchit thaharaaya jaa sakata haye. ack vyakti joe aparaadh karane kii koshish kartaa haye, usane khud koo khatarnak dikhaaya haye, aur unhein aur dusaron key liye ack pratirodh pradaan karane key liye sanyamit aur punarvaas kiya jaanaa chaahiye. halanki kuchh sanyukt raajya kshetradhikaron mein ack alag drishtikon apanaaya jaataa haye, ack sajish mein hastakshep bahut jaldi hoe sakata haye aur prativaadiyon koo abhee bhee uttardaayi thaharaaya jaa sakata haye. jitani pahale deyata hogi, utani hii adhik vivadaspad hogi.
shadyantra key liye, maanak auchitya "samooh-khatare" kaa tark haye, joe kahata haye kii choonki aaparaadhik kaanoon kaa uddeshya samudaay koo nuksan seey bachaana haye, aur samudaay koo una hii iradon vaale vyakti kii tulanaa mein hanikarak iradon vaale logon key samooh seey adhik jokhim haye, isaliye sajishon koo swayam ack aparaadh banaaya jaanaa chaahiye. ukasaane kaa aparaadhikaran iss tark key saath uchit haye kii ukasaane seey sajish kaa prayaas hotaa haye; ukasaane vaale kaa uddeshya dusaron koo aaparaadhik krityon mein shamil honey key liye raaji karna haye, apane gyaan aur sahyog key saath, aur iss tarah "ack pratyaksh prayaas seey adhik khatarnak haye, kyonki yeh apraadhiyon key beach usa sahyog koo janm dey sakata haye joe ack vishesh khatra haye.

