dhvanyaatmak parivartan

aitihaasik bhashavigyan mein, dhvanyaatmak parivartan koee bhee dhwani parivartan haye joe kissy bhasha mein dhvanyaatmak key vitaran koo badal detaa haye. dusare shabdon mein, ack bhasha apane dhwaniyon key beach virodh kii ack naee pranali vikasit karati haye. puraane virodhabhas gayab hoe sakate hain, nae ubhar sakate hain, yaa unhein buss punarvyavasthit kiya jaa sakata haye. dhwani parivartan kissy bhasha kii dhvanyaatmak sanrachanaon mein parivartan key liye ack prerana hoe sakata haye (aur isi tarah, dhvanyaatmak parivartan dhwani parivartan kii prakriya koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye). dhvanyaatmak parivartan kii ack prakriya "refonemicisation" haye, jisamen dhvanyaatmak kaa vitaran yaa tou nae dhvanyaatmak sanyojan yaa maujooda dhvanyaatmak key punargathan seey badalata haye. vilay aur vibhajan punahsamagrata key prakaar hain aur neeche aage charcha kii gaee haye.
prakaar.
ack prakaratmak yojana mein pahale heinry aim dwara vyavasthit kiya gayaa. 1965 mein, ack aitihaasik dhwani kaanoon kewal teen tarikon mein seey ack mein ack dhvanyaatmak pranali koo prabhaavit curr sakata haih
yeh vargeekaran kewal uchchaaran mein parivartan parr vichaar naheen kartaa haye, yaani dhvanyaatmak parivartan, yahaan taka kii shrinkhala parivartan, jisamen naa tou sankhya aur naa hii dhvanyaatmak kaa vitaran prabhaavit hotaa haye.
dhvanyaatmak banaam. dhvanyaatmak parivartan.
dhvanyaatmak parivartan dhvanyaatmak soochi yaa dhvanyaatmak patrachar mein kissy bhee sanshodhan key binaa hoe sakata haye. yeh parivartan vishuddh roop seey allophonic yaa upa-phonemic haye. yeh dou parivartanon mein seey ack koo shamil curr sakata haih yaa tou dhwani ack nae alophone mein badal jaataa haye-jiska arth haye dhvanyaatmak roop mein parivartan-yaa dhwani parivartan key alophone kaa vitaran.
adhikansh bhaag key liye, dhvanyaatmak parivartan allophonic vibhedan yaa aatmasaat key udaaharan hain; i.ee.vishisht vatavaran mein dhwaniyaan naee dhvanyaatmak visheshtaon koo praapt karati hain yaa shayed dhvanyaatmak visheshtaon koo khou detee hain joe mool roop seey unake paas theen. udaaharan key liye, swarodon kaa vikriteekaran aur japani mein kuchh vatavaranon mein, naak seey pahale swarodon kaa anunasikaran (samanya lekin saarvbhaumik naheen), nikatvarti swarodon key prabhaav mein viram aur naak kii abhivyakti key bindu mein parivartan.
iss sandarbh mein dhvanyaatmak parivartan dhvanyaatmak punargathan kii kamee koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, dhwani parivartan kii ack chhoti see degree naheen. udaaharan key liye, shrinkhala parivartan jaise mahaan swar parivartan (jisamen angreji bhasha key lagbhag sabhi swar badal gaye hain) yaa mool roop seey, aiss/aiss/kaa allophonic antar, jaba taka sabhi phone poorak vitaran mein rahate hain, taba taka dhvanyaatmak parivartan key roop mein yogya naheen hotey hain.
kaee dhvanyaatmak parivartan baad key dhvanyaatmak navacharon key liye kachche tatva pradaan karate hain. udaaharan key liye, proto-aitik mein, intervocallic */s/bunn gayaa * [z]. yeh ack dhvanyaatmak parivartan thaa, kewal dhvanyaatmak pranali mein ack halki aur satahi jatilata thee, lekin jaba * [z] kaa */r/key saath vilay hoe gayaa, tou dhvanyaatmak pranali parr prabhaav adhik thaa. (udaaharan key liye neeche sharton key tahat vilay parr charcha kii jaayegi.)
isi tarah, indo-iranian key pragaitihasik kaal mein, velar */k/aur */g/ney saamane key swaron (*/e/, */i/, */ē// ī/) seey pahale vishisht roop seey spasht uchchaaran praapt kiya, taaki yeh uchchaaran kiya jaa sakey aur, lekin phone aur kewal usa vatavaran mein huaa. haalaanki, jaba */e/, */o/, */a/baad mein proto-indo-iranian */a/(aur */ē// ō// ā/isi tarah */ā/key roop mein ack saath gir gayaa, tou parinam yeh huaa kii allophonic paletal aur velar abb samaan vatavaran mein vipareet roop seey rook jaate hainh */kaa/aur/ča/,/gaa/aur/Âa/, aur isi tarah. antar dhvanyaatmak hoe gayaa. ("palatalon kaa niyam" dhvanyaatmak vibhajan kaa ack udaaharan haye.)
dhwani parivartan aam taur parr ack seemit avadhi key liye kaam karate hain, aur ack baar sthaapit honey key baad, nae dhvanyaatmak virodhabhas shayed hii kabhi unake paitrik vatavaran seey judey rahate hain. udaaharan key liye, sanskrit ney saadrishya aur udhaar key madhyam seey "nayaa"/kii/aur/jee/anukram praapt kiye, aur isi tarah/ču/,,/čm/, aur isi tarah kii naveenataaen; aur dipthong */aii/seey sanskrit/ē/mein kamee kaa pichhale weller stop parr koee prabhaav naheen padaa.
vilay.
dhvanyaatmak vilay dhvanyaatmak key beach antar kaa nuksan haye. kabhi-kabhi, shabd kamee dhvanyaatmak vilay koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. swarvigyaan mein "kamee" shabd key arth key saath bhramit naheen honah chaahiye, jaise kii swar mein kamee, lekin dhvanyaatmak parivartan dhvanyaatmak vilay mein yogdan curr sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, adhikansh uttari americi angreji boliyon mein, "bahut" shabd mein swar aur "taad" shabd mein swar ack hii dhwani bunn gaye hain aur iss prakaar unakaa vilay hoe gayaa haye. ingland kii adhikansh boliyon mein, gair-rotikta yaa aar-dropping dwara banaae gaye vilay key kaaran "pitaa" aur "door" shabd ack hii uchchaaran kiye jaate hain.
sharton vaalaa vilay.
shartabaddh vilay, yaa praathamik vibhajan, taba hotaa haye jaba kuchh, lekin sabhi naheen, ack dhwani key alophone, jaise kii aeye, kissy anya dhwani key saath vilay hoe jaataa haye, bee. tatkaal parinam yeye hainh
madhya angreji seey udaaharan.
ack saral udaaharan key liye, binaa kissy parivartan key, praarambhik madhya angreji/dee/tanaavgrast aksharon key baad/aar/bunn gayaa/δ/: "modor, fedder"> "maan, pitaa"/δr/, "wedder"> "mausam", aur isi tarah. choonki/δ/pahale seey hii bhasha mein ack sanrachana-bindu thaa, isaliye navachar key parinamswarup kewal adhik/δ/aur cumm/d/aur/d/key vitaran mein antar (halanki bahut vishisht naheen) huaa.
german mein aavaaz kaa vikas bund hoe jaataa haye.
shartabaddh vilay kaa ack tuchchh (yadi sarvavyaapi) udaaharan shabd-antim sthiti mein yaa ack yaugik seema seey turant pahale german mein aavaaj kaa vilayan haye (dekhein):
nishchit roop seey, antim sthiti mein mool aavaaj rahit thaharaav key kaee mamle bhee theh "bett" bistar, "" bunt "" rangeen "," stock "(chalana) chhadi, bent. sankshep mein, sanrachana binduon kii sankhya pahale kii tarah hii haye,/p t k b d g/, lekin pahale kii tulanaa mein/p t k/key adhik mamle hain aur/b d g/key cumm mamle hain, aur/b d g/key vitaran mein antar haye (way kabhi bhee shabd-antim sthiti yaa yaugik seema seey pahale naheen paae jaate hain).
lattin mein rotassism.
ack sashart vilay key baad kaa adhik vishisht lattin mein rotassism kaa prasiddh mamla haye (usee kshetra mein bolly jaane vaali kuchh sabelian bhasha mein bhee dekhaa jaataa haye): swaron key beach proto-aitik * s> lattin/r/: * "gesō" i do, act "> lattin. "gero" (lekin sahee "gessy" <* "gases-aiss"-aur "gastus" <* "gases-too"-, aadi mein bhaag lein., anya sabhi vatavaranon mein aparivartit * "s" key saath, ack hii pratimaan mein bhee).
yeh dhwani niyam kaafee poorna aur niyamit haye, aur isake tatkaal prabhaav mein swaron key beach/s/kaa koee udaaharan naheen thaa, sivaay kuchh shabdon key joe ack vishesh sthiti key they ("dayaniya", "seasury" "boodhe baal", "disser" ("see") "tuss" "vakpatu": yaani, jaba ack/aar/ney * "aiss" kaa paalan kiya tou rotacism naheen huaa thaa. haalaanki, swaron key beach ack naee fasal jald hii teen sroton seey utpann hui. (1) dipthong yaa lambe swar key baad/ss/kaa sankshiptakaranah "kaaran" mukadama "<*" kawsa "," kaasa "ghar '<*" kaasa "," fusas "daala gayaa, pighlaya gayaa" <* "χewssos". (2) ekvachanah "nissie" ("nissie") "jaba taka kii" <vakyansh * "ney seii", "kwasi" ("kwasi") "jaise kii" <vakyansh * "kwam seii". (3) udhaar, jaise "rossa" gulab/rossa/, ack sabelian srot seey (shabd spasht roop seey kissy tarah proto-aitik * "rooth"-"laal" seey haye lekin samaan roop seey spasht roop seey deshi lattin seey naheen), aur kaee shabd greek seey yaa usake madhyam seey liye gaye hain ("darshan, aadhar, kaisiya", "mesopotamia", aadi.aadi.).
lattin mein anunaasik samamelan aur "gn".
lattin mein ack sashart vilay kaa ack vishesh udaaharan vaha niyam haye jisake tahat shabdansh-antim bund hoe jaataa haye, jaba ack anunaasik vyanjan key baad, anunasikta mein isake saath aatmasaat kiya jaataa haye, jabaki unake mool abhivyakti bindu koo sanrakshit kiya jaataa haih
kuchh mamalon mein, antarnihit (poorv-ekikaran) jarh koo bhasha mein sambandhit shaabdik vastuon seey punarpraapt kiya jaa sakata haih ee.jee. "behtar" "uchch" ";" "sabini" "sumnites" ";" "soper" "(gahari) neend. kuchh shabdon key liye, kewal tulanaatmak sakshya mool vyanjan koo punah praapt karane mein madad curr sakate hainh udaaharan key liye, "enus" varsh "(*" atnos "key roop mein) kii vyutpatti gothik" athna "varsh kii tulanaa mein prakat hoti haye.
anunaasik samamelan key iss niyam key anusaar, anukram *-g-n aur *-k-n ack weller anunaasik key saath bunn jaaengeh
dhwani [ng] lattin kaa dhwani naheen thaa, balki/g/seey pahale/n/kaa ack alphone thaa.
crum koo niyamit roop seey vartani mein prastut kiya jaataa thaa .gn.. kuchh shilalekhon mein gair-maanak vartani bhee hain, jaise.jee. sainam" key liye sinnu, "igname" key liye "igname", "aag". yeye vaktaaon kii jhijhak key gawah hain kii anukram mein dhwani [ng] koo sabse achchha kaise transcribe kiya jaae.
lattin key niyamit anunaasik samamelan koo "vilay" key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, kyonki isake parinamswarup maukhik viram ("pee, bee", "tii", dee ") aur anunaasik viram (" aim "," aine ") key beach kaa antar niyamit roop seey tatasth kiya jaa rhaa haye.
virodhabhason kii sankhya key baare mein.
jaisa kii oopar ullikhit kiya gayaa haye, sashart vilay key lakshnon mein seey ack yeh haye kii virodhabhason kii kull sankhya samaan rahati haye, lekin iss tarah key vibhajan key liye virodhabhason kii sankhya koo cumm karna sambhav haye. yeh taba hotaa haye jaba sabhi sharton vaale vilay utpaad ack yaa dusare dhwani key saath vilay hoe jaate hain.
udaaharan key liye, lattin mein, poorv-lattin dhwani * θ (proto-aitik * "th" <pie * "dh" seey) teen anya dhwaniyon key saath vilay karke gayab hoe jaataa haih * "f" (pie * "bh" aur * "gwh" seey), * "d", aur * "b:"
shuru mein * θ> "f:"
madhya mein * "l, * r", yaa * "u" seey satey, * θ "b:" bunn jaataa haye."
kaheen aur, * θ d bunn jaataa haih
aitihaasik kahani koo dene key liye koee vikalp naheen haye, vahaan, aantarik punarnirmaan key madhyam seey; inn parivartanon key liye saboot lagbhag poori tarah seey tulanaatmak punarnirmaan seey haye. usa punarnirmaan seey lattin pratimaan "jube" "crum", "juicy" "paripurna", "jusus" "pratibhaagi key ajib roopon key peechhe kii kahani koo saral banaana aasaan hoe jaataa haye. yadi jarh viraasat mein millie haye, tou yeh paaee * "yavadh-" honah chaahiye thaa.
binaa shart vilay.
binaa shart vilay, yaani dou yaa dou seey adhik dhwaniyon key beach ack antar kaa poorna nuksan, bahut aam naheen haye. adhikansh vilay sharton key anusaar hotey hain. arthaat, aeye aur bee key adhikansh spasht vilay mein ack yaa dou vatavaran hotey hain jinamen aeye ney kuchh aur kiya, jaise kii drop yaa see key saath vilay.
vishisht roop seey binaa shart vilay haye joe paaee saade aavaaz kii shrinkhala key celtic sanyojan mein dekhaa jaataa haye joe saans-aavaaz shrinkhala key saath rukta haih * "bee * dee * * jee" key prativart seey celtic vyutpatti mein "bee * dee * * jee" aprabhedya hain. vipareet key patan koo poori shrinkhala key shabdon mein naheen kahaa jaa sakata haye kyonki prayogshaalaaen sahyog naheen karati hain. paaee * "gw" harr jagah proto-celtic * "bee" key roop mein * "bee" aur * "bh" key prativart key saath ack saath aataa haye, lekin * "gwh" pcelt bunn gayaa haye. *"jee. doubleu", pee. selt key saath astar mein. *"kw" "<pie *" "kw.
udaaharan.
ack aur udaaharan japani bhaashaon dwara pradaan kiya gayaa haye. proto-japani mein 8 swar they; aadhunik japani mein ise ghataakar 5 curr diyaa gayaa haye, lekin yayama mein, swar vilay aage badhkar 3 swar hoe gaye.
vibhajit.
ack vibhajan (honigswald kaa "dwiteeyak vibhajan") mein, ack nayaa virodhabhas taba utpann hotaa haye jaba ack dhwani key alophone poorak vitaran mein naheen hotey hain aur isaliye aavashyak roop seey swatantra sanrachana bindu hotey hain, i.ee. vipareet.
yeh jyaadaatar ack dhwani key ack yaa adhik alophone key vatavaran mein vishishtata key kuchh nuksan key kaaran hotaa haye.
ack saral udaaharan french mein anunaasik aur maukhik swaron key beach antar kaa uday haye. iss itihas kaa ack puuraa vivaran anunaasik swaron key dhvanyaatmak mein baad key parivartanon seey jatil haye, lekin vikas koo vartamaan francisi dhwaniyon/aeye/aur/aeye/key madhyam seey saargarbhit roop seey chitrit kiya jaa sakata haih
dhvanyaatmak vibhajan angreji mein aavaaj aur aavaajaheen fricative key beach antar key nirmaan mein ack pramukh kaarak thaa. mool roop seey, thodaa adhik saral banaane key liye, purani angreji fricative koo aavaaz kii aavaaz aur kaheen aur aavaaz key beach aavaaj dee gaee thee. iss prakaar/f/"fisk" machhali mein [f] thaa, "philan" "bharane key liye" [philan], "heft" "kaidi", "thurstead" [off thurstead] "pyaas", "life", "wolf" "bhediya". lekin "jeevan" key vyutpann ekvachan, joe kii "leaf" haye, kaa roop [leehvi] thaa (jaisa kii angreji mein "live", ack purana purvanirdhaarit vakyansh "onn leaf" honey key kaaran); "wolf, wolfass" kaa bahuvachan, [vulvas] thaa, jaisa kii abhee bhee "bhediyon" mein dekhaa jaataa haye. swarit fricative aamtaur parr kriyaon mein bhee dekhaa jaataa haye (aksar vividh sroton kii swar lambai mein bhinnataon key saath): "upahaar" lekin "dein", "shelf" lekin "shelf". iss tarah key parivartanon koo rinn shabdon mein bhee dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye, "pramaan" banaam "saabit" key roop mein (halanki udhaar liye gaye bahuvachan mein ack niyam key roop mein naheen, iss prakaar "pramaan, upayog", swarheen fricative key saath).
haani.
honigswald kii mool yojana mein, nuksan, ack khand key gayab honey, yaa yahaan taka kii ack poore dhwani key gayab honey koo vilay key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa, yeh iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa thaa kii nuksan shart yaa binaa shart thaa. tatva" joe ack gayab khand yaa dhwani key saath vilay hoe gayaa thaa "shoonya" thaa.
jiss sthiti mein ack atyadhik parivartit bhasha mein binaa kissy sanlagnak key sanrachanaaen hoti hain (udaaharan key liye lattin "parivartan" (dha) anya) kaafee aam haye, lekin yeh kewal ack hii haye (nammatra ekvachan pullingih "parivartan" nammatra ekvachan streeling, "parivartansheel" aropatmak ekvachan pullingi, aadi.) 30 roopon mein seey joe pratimaan banaate hain joe spasht roop seey ling, sankhya aur mamle key liye anta key saath chihnit naheen haye.
aitihaasik drishtikon seey, koee samasya naheen haye kyonki "parivartan" * "parivartan" (spasht roop seey nammatra ekvachan aur mardana) seey haye, jisamen *-"r"-key baad laghu swar kaa niyamit nuksan aur parinami shabd-antim samooh *-"rs" kaa chhantai hotaa haye. varnanatmak roop seey, halanki, yeh kahana samasyagrast haye kii "nammatra ekvachan purush" kissy bhee ephics kii anupasthiti seey sanketit hotaa haye. pratimaan mein anya 29 roopon kii tarah, mamle, sankhya aur ling key liye "chihnit" "parivartan" koo dekhane mein yeh adhik saral haye kii yeh kaisa dikhta haye,/parivartan/, ack sanlagnak dwara chihnit kiya gayaa haye. yeh kewal itna haye kii prashn mein "marker" ack dhwani yaa dhwani kaa anukram naheen haye, balki tatva/ω/haye.
raaste mein, yeh jaanana mushkil haye kii shoonya koo kaba rokna haye aur kyaa ack shoonya koo dusare seey alag maanaa jaae. udaaharan key liye, yadi shoonya naheen chihnit "curr sakata haye" (jaisa kii "vaha curr sakata haye") "teesare vyakti ekvachan" key roop mein vahee shoonya haye joe "hiran" koo "bahuvachan" key roop mein chihnit naheen kartaa haye, yaa yadi donon mool roop seey ack ekal aakriti vigyaan sthaandhaarak hain. yadi yeh nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye kii "teen hiran" mein "hiran" key anta mein ack shoonya haye, tou yeh anishchit haye kii kyaa angreji visheshan usee shoonya sanlagn kaa upayog karke, sangya kii sankhya seey sahmat hain jise way sanshodhit karate hain. (agyakari aisaa karate hainh "iss hiran, inn hiranon" kii tulanaa karein.) vaakya rachana key kuchh siddhanton mein ack vaakya mein ekvachan sangya parr ack spasht marker honah upayogi haye jaise kii "merey sir mein dard" kyonki vaakya rachana tantra koo kriya parr ekvachan pratyay utpann karane key liye kuchh spasht kii aavashyakta hoti haye. iss prakaar, sabhi angreji ekvachan sangyaon koo ack aur shoonya key saath chihnit kiya jaa sakata haye.
dhvanyaatmak parivartan kii ack alag buniyaadi shreni key roop mein nuksan koo maanate hue una sabhi muddon seey bachana sambhav lagata haye, aur isase shoonya chhod dein.
jaisa kii oopar kahaa gayaa haye, koee bhee nuksan koo ack prakaar key sashart vilay (jaba kewal ack dhwani key kuchh bhaav khou jaate hain) aur ack poori sanrachana bindu key gayab honey donon key roop mein maan sakata haye. poorvavarti kii tulanaa mein poorvavarti bahut adhik aam haye.
shabdon key chhoron parr aksar thhos kaanoon hotey hain joe kewal vahaan lagu hotey hain, aur aise kaee vishesh vikaason mein ack khand kaa nuksan hotaa haye. angreji key praarambhik itihas aur pragaitihasik kaal mein shabdon key anta seey, pahale proto-germanic mein, phir proto-west-germanic mein, phir puraane aur madhya aur aadhunik angreji mein, tatvon, swaron aur vyanjanon key nuksan kii kaee laharen dekhi gaee hain. aadhunik angreji mein paaee yaa proto-germanic key vistrit antarvarni aur vyutpann upkaran key baad kuchh bhee naheen bachaa haye kyonki inn pratyayon koo banaane vaale dhwaniyon key kramik kshay key kaaran.
kull binaa shart nuksan, jaisa kii ullekh kiya gayaa haye, bahut aam naheen haye. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii lattin/aich/romanian koo chhodkar sabhi prakaar key proto-romans mein harr jagah khou gayaa haye. proto-indo-europeeya swaryantra kewal shareer rachana bhaashaon mein vyanjanon key roop mein jeevit rahey, lekin unaki poorv upasthiti key bahut saare nishan chhod gaye (swaryantra siddhant dekhein).
dhvanyaatmak vibhedan.
dhvanyaatmak vibhedan ack bhasha kii ghatana haye joe apane dhvanyaatmak key beach dhwanik doori koo adhikatam karati haye.
udaaharan.
udaaharan key liye, angreji sahit kaee bhaashaon mein, adhikansh saamane key swar goal naheen hotey hain, jabaki adhikansh peechhe key swar goal hotey hain. aisee koee bhasha naheen haye jisamen sabhi saamane key swar goal houn aur sabhi peechhe key swar goal naa houn. isake liye sabse adhik sambhaavit spashteekaran yeh haye kii saamane key swaron mein pichhale swaron kii tulanaa mein uchch doosara swaroop swaroop hotaa haye, aur goal swaron mein goal swaron kii tulanaa mein uchch uchch hotaa haye. iss prakaar golrahit agra swar aur goal pashch swar adhikatam roop seey bhinn f2 hotey hain, joe unake dhvanyaatmak vibhedan koo badhaate hain.
dhvanyaatmak vibhedan kaa prabhaav daaya chronic dhwani parivartan parr parh sakata haye. shrinkhala paaliyon mein, dhvanyaatmak vibhedan banaae rakhaa jaataa haye, jabaki dhvanyaatmak vilay mein yeh khou jaataa haye. dhvanyaatmak vibhajan mein ack mein seey dou dhvanyaatmak kaa nirmaan shamil haye, joe phir dhvanyaatmak vibhedan key kaaran alag hoe jaate hain.
chain shift.
ack shrinkhala parivartan mein, ack dhwani dhwanik sthaan mein chalati haye, jisase anya dhwani bhee ishtatam dhwani bhed banaae rakhane key liye chalati haye. americi angreji kaa ack udaaharan uttari shaharon kaa swar parivartan haye, jahan swar key oopar uthaane seey ack agrabhag shuru huaa haye, jisane badale mein swar key neeche jaane koo prerit kiya haye, aur isi tarah aage.
dhvanyaatmak vilay.
yadi koee dhwani dhwani dhwani sthaan mein chalati haye, lekin usake padosi ack shrinkhala parivartan mein naheen chalate hain, tou ack "dhvanyaatmak vilay" hoe sakata haye. usa mamle mein, ack ekal dhwani kaa parinam hotaa haye jahaan bhasha key pahale charan mein dou dhwani hotey they (jise "dhvanyaatmak tatastheekaran" bhee kahaa jaataa haye). americi angreji mein dhvanyaatmak vilay kaa ack prasiddh udaaharan coat-catch vilay haye jisake dwara swar dhwaniyaan aur (kramshah "coat" aur "catch" shabdon dwara sachitra) kuchh lahaje mein ack hii dhwaniyon mein vilay hoe gaye hain.
dhvanyaatmak vibhajan.
ack dhvanyaatmak vibhajan mein, bhasha key praarambhik charan mein ack dhvanyaatmak shabd koo samay key saath dou dhvanyaatmak shabdon mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye. aamtaur parr, yeh taba hotaa haye jaba ack dhwani mein dou alophone alag-alag vatavaran mein dikhaai dete hain, lekin dhwani parivartan donon vatavaranon key beach key antar koo samaapt curr detaa haye. udaaharan key liye, german bhaashaon mein umlout mein, pichhale swaron mein mool roop seey nimnalikhit shabdansh mein swar seey pahale saamane key goal swar they. jaba dhwani parivartan key kaaran shabdansh khou jaate hain, tou ack dhvanyaatmak vibhajan key parinamswarup alag-alag dhvanyaatmak shabd bunn jaate hain.
kabhi-kabhi yeh nirdhaarit karna mushkil hotaa haye kii kyaa ack bolly mein dou dhvanyaatmak shabd hain joe ack bolly mein ack hii dhvanyaatmak shabd key anuroop hain yaa naheen; aamtaur parr usa bolly koo nirdhaarit karane key liye diachronic shodh kii aavashyakta hoti haye joe roodhivaadi haye aur joe naveen haye.
jaba maanak bhasha aur boliyon mein dhvanyaatmak parivartan alag-alag hotaa haye, tou bolly key uchchaaran koo gair-maanak maanaa jaataa haye aur ise kalankit kiya jaa sakata haye. varnanatmak bhashavigyan mein, halanki, yeh sawal kii kaun seey vibhajan aur vilay pratishthit hain aur kaun seey kalankit hain, aprasangik haye. haalaanki, iss tarah key kalank seey atee-sudhaar hoe sakata haye, jaba bolly bolane vaale maanak bhasha kaa anukaran karane kaa prayaas karate hain, lekin overshoot karate hain, jaisa kii "phut"-"strut" vibhajan key saath, jahaan vibhajan karane mein whiffle rahane parr uttari ingland mein kalankit kiya jaataa haye, aur gair-vibhajan vaale uchchaaran key bolane vaale aksar ise apane bhaashan mein pesh karane kii koshish karate hain, jisake parinamswarup kabhi-kabhi "pudding" kaa uchchaaran karane jaise atee-sudhaar hotey hain.
kabhi-kabhi, ack uchchaaran key vaktaaon koo vishvaas hoe sakata haye kii dusare uchchaaran key vaktaaon kaa vilay hoe gayaa haye, jaba vaastav mein ack shrinkhala parivartan huaa haye.

