
nock-oriented vishvasaniya multicast

nock-oriented vishvasaniya multicast (maanak) ack parivahan parat internet protocol haye jise detta network mein multicast samoohon mein vishvasaniya parivahan pradaan karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. ise aupchaarik roop seey internet engineering task force (aaee. ee. tii. aff.) dwara tippaniyon key anurodh (aar. aff. see.) 5740 mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, joe navambar 2009 mein prakaashit huaa thaa.
maanak upayogkarta datagram protocol (yuu. dee. pee.) key sheersh parr kaam kartaa haye, aur sakaratmak sweekriti (aeye. key.) drishtikon key vipareet ack nakaratmak sweekriti (aine. aeye. key.), chayanaatmak swachaalit dohrao anurodh (aeye. aar. kyu.) tantra key aadhar parr vishvasaniya sanchaar sunishchit kartaa haye, joe maanak sancharan niyantran protocol (tii. see. pee.) upayog kartaa haye. dusare shabdon mein, maanak kaa upayog karane vaale receiver kewal taba pratikriya bhejate hain jaba unhein ack paiket praapt naheen hotaa haye, jaisa kii tcp model key vipareet hotaa haye, jahaan receiver niyamit roop seey paiket raseed koo isake protocol operation key hisse key roop mein sweekaar karate hain. yeh badey paimaane parr praaptakarta samoohon kaa samarthan karane key liye maanak kii anumati detaa haye. 
aage kii mapaniyata kaa samarthan karane key liye, maanak praaptakarta samooh seey anaavashyak naik pratikriya key daman key saath aage kii truti sudhaar (aff. ee. see.) code kaa upayog karke paiket erasure coding kaa bhee upayog kartaa haye. isake alawa, maanak koo uchch ashvasana vitaran key liye apane paiket erasure coding parr bharosa karate hue "silent receiver" key saath kaam karane key liye configure kiya jaa sakata haye, iss prakaar kewal prasaran protocol key roop mein kaam kiya jaa sakata haye. aff. ee. see. koo yaa tou pratikriyaasheel (nacking receivers key saath) yaa sakriya roop seey (mook receivers), yaa ack sankar tareeke seey upayog karane key liye configure kiya jaa sakata haye joe vilambata aur network overhead mein vyaapaar kii anumati detaa haye.
vishvasaniya parivahan kaa samarthan karane key saath, maanak tcp-sangat bheed niyantran key saath-saath anta seey anta taka pravaah niyantran bhee pradaan kartaa haye. tcp key vipareet, joe bheed niyantran aur pravaah niyantran key liye ack tantra kaa upayog kartaa haye, maanak pratyek key liye alag-alag tantra kaa upayog kartaa haye. yeh vibhinn anuprayog detta vitaran aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane key liye vibhinn prakaar key vinyas kii anumati detaa haye. 
maanak satra niyantran, anuprayog-niyantrit sakaratmak sweekriti, aur poorna bindu-seey-bindu aur samooh network sanchaar anuprayogon key nirmaan kii disha mein anya karyon koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye atirikt sanket tantra kaa bhee samarthan kartaa haye joe atyadhik majboot aur kushal hain.
halanki maanak mukhya roop seey bahu-pravaah samooh sanchaar kaa samarthan karane key liye vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, yeh ack-pravaah (bindu-seey-bindu) detta hastaantaran kaa bhee samarthan kartaa haye. 
prishthabhoomi.
tcp/ips network model mein, network kii parivahan parat (parat 4) detta key vishvasaniya parivahan key liye jimmedaar haye. tcp protocol vishvasaniya unicast (point-too-point) parivahan sunishchit karane kaa pramukh saadhan haye. tcp ack aka tantra key madhyam seey aisaa kartaa haye. 
ack tantra key saath, detta packets koo kramik roop seey kramaankit kiya jaataa haye, aur preshak ack paiket koo ack anukram mein taba taka naheen bhejata jaba taka kii vaha praaptakarta seey ack paavati (ack) praapt naheen kartaa kii pichla paiket safaltapurvak praapt hoe gayaa haye. yadi preshak koo ack nirdisht samay avadhi key baad ack aka praapt naheen hotaa haye, tou yeh sambandhit paiket koo phir seey bhejata haye. preshak aisaa taba taka kartaa rahega jaba taka kii usey ack aka praapt naheen hoe jaataa (halanki ack nishchit bindu seey parey preshak maan legaa kii connection khou gayaa haye aur satra koo roque dega). yeh ack maanav shrota key sir hilaane aur vyaktiyon key beach ack-seey-ack baatchit mein "uha-huh" kahane key samaan haye. (tcp kaa cyster protocol, udp, aisaa naheen kartaa haye. yuu. dee. pee. buss network parr detta packets koo sabse achche prayaas key saath bhejata haye aur yeh maanata haye kii packets koo achchi tarah seey praapt kiya gayaa haye.)
tcp key ack tantra key saath ack praarambhik samasya yeh thee kii yeh badey bahu-pravaah samooh sanchaar mein achchi tarah seey kaam naheen kartaa thaa. multicast samooh sanchaar mein, detta packets koo ack saath praaptakartaon key samooh mein preshit kiya jaataa haye. badey multicast samoohon mein, aiks kaa upayog "aiks implotion" banaa sakata haye, jisamen ack saath badee sankhya mein aiks bhejane vaale koo abhibhoot curr sakate hain. yeh ack vaktaa key baat karate samay apane sir hilaate hue aur "uha-huh" kahate hue maanav shrotaon key ack badey kamare key samaan haye.
multicast prasaar protocol (aim. dee. pee.) vishvasaniyata sunishchit karane aur nax key upayog key madhyam seey aka implotion kii samasya koo sambodhit karane kaa ack praarambhik prayaas thaa. aim. dee. pee. ney vishvasaniyata kaa samarthan karane key liye chayanaatmak nakaratmak sweekriti (naik) kaa upayog kiya. isake alawa, aim. dee. pee. ney multicast samooh mein anaavashyak nax koo dabaane key liye sambhaavit takneekon koo lagu kiya (aur iss tarah nax implosions seey bachein). 
aim. dee. pee. ney ack marammat tantra key roop mein paiket-star key aage kii truti sudhaar coding avadhaaranaon kaa bhee upayog kiya. encoded parity repair paiket aam taur parr receivers dwara marammat anurodhon key jawab mein bheje jaate they. iss tarah seey chayanaatmak punah prasaran vidhiyon key oopar koee atirikt protocol overhead naheen jodaa gayaa thaa. isake alawa, aim. dee. pee. ney mool detta sancharan khand mein sakriya marammat paiket bhejane key liye protocol koo vaikalpik roop seey configure karane kii anumati dee. 
aim. dee. pee. maanak kaa ack pratyaksh poorvavarti thaa, jisamen navambar 1996 mein prakaashit ack praarambhik aaee. ee. tii. aff. masauda thaa. rashtriya vaimaaniki aur antariksh prashaasan (nassa) ney antariksh missions key dauran vishvasaniya file hastaantaran key liye aim. dee. pee. koo apanaaya.aur yuu.aiss. senaa ney apane bull yuddh kamaan brigade mein aur neeche (aff. bee. see. bee. 2) pranali mein saamarik samooh sandesh key liye upayog kiya.
vishvasaniya multicast key liye kaee anya drishtikon lagbhag usee samay vikasit kiye jaa rahey they, aur aprail 1999 mein, aaee. ee. tii. aff. ney vishvasaniya multicast parivahan koo maankeekrit karane key liye vishvasaniya multicast parivahan kaary samooh (aar. aim. tii. doubleu. jee.) koo chartered kiya.
aar. aim. tii. doubleu. jee. ney building block aur protocol instantion vikasit karane kii ranneeti kaa anusaran kiya. iss ranneeti ney ack "ack aakar sabhi key liye upayukt" protocol seey bachaa, joe badale mein badee sankhya mein anuprayogon aur anuprayogon key prakaron koo samaayojit curr sakata haye joe vishvasaniya multicast kaa samarthan curr sakate hain.
building block koo "aasaani seey alag honey yogya motey-daane vaale modular ghatakon key ack samooh key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa joe amoort epis key saath kaee protocol key liye samanya hain joe ack building block key pahunch vidhiyon aur unake tarkon koo paribhaashit karate hain.praarambhik nirmaan khandon mein nakaratmak sweekriti, aage kii truti sudhaar, router sahaayata key liye ack samanya sanket tantra, aur parivahan suraksha shamil they.
protocol instantion koo "vinirdeshon key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa joe ack yaa adhik building block seey ack kaaryasheel protocol koo mahsoos karane key liye aavashyak gluing tark aur nyuntam atirikt karyakshamta koo paribhaashit karate hain.una vinirdeshon mein ack amoort api bhee shamil hoga joe protocol karyanvayan aur ack anuprayog key beach interfaces koo paribhaashit kartaa haye. dou protocol instantion chune gaye theh
julaai 2005 mein aar. aff. see. 3940 mein "praayogik" key roop mein naik-adharit protocol building blocks aur protocol instantation prastut kiye gaye they, aur navambar 2009 mein aar. aff. see. 5740 mein "naik-unmukh vishvasaniya multicast (maanak) parivahan protocol" koo manjuri dee gaee thee.
aar. aim. tii. doubleu. jee. koo sitambar 2013 mein vighatit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
maanak vaastushilp nirmaan.
nimnalikhit vaastushilp nirmaanon koo aar. aff. see. 5740 khand 2, vastukala paribhasha mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye.
maanak "sandesh" maulik maanak vaastushilp nirmaan haye. ack maanak sandesh yuu. dee. pee. datagram key detta kshetra mein nihit haye. 
ack maanak "vastu" ack maanak sandesh mein leey jaae gaye teen alag-alag prakaar key thoke detta mein seey ack koo sandarbhit kartaa haih
norm _ object _ detta static computer memori detta samagri koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jabaki norm _ object _ file computer bhandaran faailon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. donon sandesh prakaar samagri key seemit khandon key liye vishvasaniya parivahan pradaan karate hain, lekin praaptakartaon koo yeh nirdhaarit karane kii anumati dene key liye ack antar kiya jaataa haye kii praapt sandeshon kii samagri key liye kiss prakaar kaa bhandaran aavantit kiya jaae. 
maanak _ object _ stream nirantar detta samagri kii dhaaraon (gair-anant) koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. maanak tcp key samaan streaming detta key vishvasaniya parivahan kaa samarthan kartaa haye, ack apavaad key saath kii maanak receiver stream mein samay kii parwah kiye binaa stream samagri key swaagat mein shamil honey mein saksham hain.
ack maanak "satra" maanak kaa upayog karate hue dou yaa dou seey adhik network mejbaanon key beach jaankaari key adaan-pradaan koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. aam taur parr ack maanak satra poorv-nirdhaarit aaee. pee. paton aur port nambaron kaa upayog karke hotaa haye, joe aamtaur parr aaee. pee. multicast samooh paton seey judey hotey hain joe satra seey pahale nirdhaarit kiye jaate hain. inn paton koo anya protocol kaa upayog karke nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii satra vivaran protocol (aiss. dee. pee.) [aar. aff. see. 4566] yaa satra ghoshana protocol (aiss. aeye. pee.) [aar. aff. see. 2974]. halanki maanak vishesh roop seey bahu-pravaah samooh sanchaar key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, yeh ack-pravaah sanchaar kaa bhee samarthan kartaa haye.
ack maanak satra key baare mein ack maulik dhaarana yeh haye kii isamen ack ekal transmitter hoga joe receivers key ack samooh key saath samvaad karega. kaee preshak ack diye gaye maanak satra mein kaam curr sakate hain, halanki pratyek praaptakarta koo pratyek preshak key liye sthiti banaae rakhni chaahiye.
ack maanak "node" ack maanak satra mein bhaag lene vaale ack vyaktigat node koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. pratyek node mein ack advitiya pahchankarta hotaa haye. jaba ack node ack maanak sandesh prasaarit kartaa haye, tou iss pahchankarta koo "srot _ ids" key roop mein nott kiya jaataa haye. 
ack maanak "udaaharan" ack maanak satra key nirantar khand key sandarbh mein ack vyaktigat node koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. jaba ack node ack maanak satra mein shamil hotaa haye, tou isamen ack advitiya node pehchaan key saath-saath ack udaaharan pehchaan bhee hoti haye. yadi node kissy bhee kaaran seey satra koo chhod detaa haye, aur baad mein satra mein phir seey shamil hoe jaataa haye, tou node kii pehchaan vahee rahati haye, lekin udaaharan pehchaan badal jaati haye. vartamaan udaaharan koo "udaaharan _ ids" key roop mein nott kiya gayaa haye.
maanak sandesh sanrachana.
maanak mein dou samanya sandesh varg hain, preshak aur praaptakarta sandesh, joe aar. aff. see. 5740 khand 4, maanak sandesh praarupon mein paribhaashit hain. maanak preshak sandesh prakaar hainh maanak _ detta, maanak _ jaankaari, aur maanak _ semidi. maanak praaptakarta sandesh prakaar hainh maanak _ hack, maanak _ aka, aur maanak _ report.
sabhi maanak sandeshon mein ack anivarya samanya header, ack sandesh prakaar kaa header aur ack payload (detta) khand hotaa haye. ack vaikalpik vistaar kshetra joe upayog kiye jaa rahey truti sudhaar encoding, bheed niyantran algorithm, yaa anya satra prabandhan jaankaari koo nirdisht kartaa haye, koo header aur payload anubhagon key beach daala jaa sakata haye. 
<bee. aar.>
<bee. aar.>
samanya sandesh sheershalekh.
sabhi maanak sandesh nimnalikhit samanya header seey shuru hotey hain, jinhen aar. aff. see. 5740, khand 4 mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, samanya sandesh header aur vistaar.
<bee. aar.> <bee. aar.>
maanak _ detta sandesh prakaar.
maanak _ detta sandesh, jise aar. aff. see. 5740 khand 4.2.1 mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, maanak bhejane vaalon dwara preshit sabse aam sandesh prakaar haye. norm _ detta sandeshon mein norm _ object _ detta, norm _ object _ file aur norm _ object _ stream prakaron key liye khandit detta samagri hoti haye. 
<bee. aar.> <bee. aar.>
maanak soochana sandesh prakaar.
aar. aff. see. 5740 khand 4.2 mein paribhaashit maanak soochana sandesh, vaikalpik, baind seey baahar key detta koo detta samagri vastuon key saath sahyog mein bhejane kii anumati dete hain. yeh receivers koo preshit kii jaa rahee sambandhit samagri kii prakriti koo nirdhaarit karane kii anumati detaa haye, joe badale mein satra mein receiver node kii bhagidari key anuprayog-star key niyantran kii anumati detaa haye. 
maanak _ soochana samagri koo ekal maanak sandesh key payload bhaag mein fitt honah chaahiye. iss prakaar, ise paramanu maanaa jaataa haye. norm _ info upayog kaa ack udaaharan sambaddh norm detta samagri key liye mime-type jaankaari bhejana hoga. isase praaptakarta satra mein apani bhagidari key baare mein nirnay leey sakenge.
<bee. aar.> <bee. aar.>
maanak _ cmd sandesh prakaar.
maanak satron kaa prabandhan karane key liye maanak _ see. aim. dee. sandeshon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, jinhen aar. aff. see. 5740 khand 4.2.3 mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. yeye sandesh round-trip samay ekatra karane, bheed niyantran seey sambandhit detta ekatra karane aur bhejane, marammat khidakiyon koo samkaalik karane aur preshak kii sthiti kii adhisuchana banaane key liye kaam karate hain. nirdisht aur ganana kiye gaye maanak _ see. aim. dee. sandeshon kaa ack mukhya samooh haye, saath hii saath anuprayog-vishisht upayog key liye anya upalabdh prakaar bhee hain. 
<bee. aar.> <bee. aar.>
norm _ naik sandesh prakaar.
aar. aff. see. 5740 khand 4.3.1 mein paribhaashit norm _ naik sandeshon kaa upayog mukhya roop seey praaptakartaon key liye preshak samagri kii marammat kaa anurodh karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, inn sandeshon mein round-trip samay sangrah aur bheed niyantran seey sambandhit jaankaari bhejane vaale koo pradaan karane key liye kshetra hotey hain.
<bee. aar.> <bee. aar.>
<bee. aar.>
norm _ ack sandesh prakaar.
aar. aff. see. 5740 4.3.2 mein paribhaashit maanak-ack sandeshon kaa upayog mukhya roop seey bheed niyantran sanchaalan aur round-trip samay maap kaa samarthan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. 
<bee. aar.> <bee. aar.>
norm _ report sandesh prakaar.
aar. aff. see. 5740 khand 4.4.1 mein charcha kiya gayaa norm _ report sandesh ack vaikalpik sandesh haye. praarup vartamaan mein anirdhaarit haye.
maanak sheershalekh vistaar.
vaikalpik header extension, aar. aff. see. 5740 khand 4 mein paribhaashit, samanya header aur sandesh-vishisht header kaa paalan karein, aur way payload seey pahale (yadi ack haye). header extension aamtaur parr baseline fake, bheed niyantran sanchaalan aur anya satra prabandhan jaankaari seey sambandhit jaankaari leey jaate hain. dou prakaar key header extension hainh charr-lambai aur nishchit-lambai.
<bee. aar.>
<bee. aar.>
protocol operation.
samanya sanchaalan.
nimnalikhit samanya maanak protocol sanchaalan kaa varnan aar. aff. see. 5740 khand 5, vistrit protocol sanchaalan mein kiya gayaa haye.
1. ack maanak satra kii sthaapana key baad, ack preshak ack samanya vastu koo ack samanya-sankhya vaale anukram mein vibhajit kartaa haye. inn khandon koo maanak _ detta sandeshon key roop mein preshit kiya jaataa haye. detta samagri key alawa, maanak detta sandeshon koo advitiya pahchaankartaaon aur aff. ee. see. pahchaankartaaon key saath label kiya jaataa haye. preshak maanak detta samagri seey judey baind maanak soochana sandesh bhee bhej sakata haye joe praaptakartaon koo sambandhit samagri kii prakriti nirdhaarit karane kii anumati detaa haye, joe badale mein satra mein praaptakarta node kii bhagidari key anuprayog-star niyantran kii anumati detaa haye. 
usee samay, preshak samay-samay parr bheed niyantran aur anya satra prabandhan gatividhiyon key liye aavashyak pratikriya jaankaari ekatra karane key liye aavashyak maanak _ see. aim. dee. (see. see.) sandesh prasaarit kartaa haye.
2. jaba praaptakarta preshak seey gayab samagri kaa pataa lagaate hain, tou way aff. ee. see. tantra kaa upayog karke marammat kaa prayaas curr sakate hain. safal marammat koo chhodkar, praaptakarta preshak koo norm _ naik sandesh bhejenge. samanya roop seey sankhya vaali anukram jaankaari kaa upayog karate hue, praaptakarta guma samagri nirdisht karate hain. 
3. jaise hii preshak koo naik praapt hotaa haye, yeh marammat anurodhon koo ekatrit kartaa haye aur samanya roop seey sankhya vaale anukram jaankaari seey judee uchit marammat bhejata haye. 
4. jaba preshak marammat anurodhon key sangrah key anta taka pahunchata haye, tou yeh ack maanak _ see. aim. dee. (flush) sandesh prasaarit kartaa haye, joe sancharan key asthaayi anta kaa sanket detaa haye.
samanya sanchaalan key sandarbh mein, satra niyantran, bheed niyantran, pravaah niyantran, vishvasaniyata aur nishkriya prabandhan koo sambodhit karane key liye maanak mein vishisht tantra hain.
satra niyantran.
halanki maanak ack connection-unmukh protocol naheen haye, jaise tcp, isamen connection-unmukh aur connection-rahit donon visheshtaen hain.
connection-unmukh tcp protocol key vipareet, maanak ack setup tantra (i.ee., teen-tarfa haath milaane). balki, maanak purvanirdhaarit port nambaron aur paton kaa upayog kartaa haye joe bhejane vaalon aur praaptakartaon koo pataa honah chaahiye. yeh receivers koo chala rahey maanak satron mein shamil honey kii anumati detaa haye, aur yeh network outage key baad satra koo jaldi seey phir seey shuru karane kii anumati detaa haye.
usee samay, maanak bhejane vaale aur praaptakarta vishvasaniya hastaantaran sunishchit karane key liye raajya koo banaae rakhate hain, isaliye maanak poori tarah seey connection-rahit naheen haye.
maanak _ see. aim. dee. sandesh upa-prakaron kii ack shrinkhala satra niyantran protocol kaa samarthan karane key liye aarakshit haye joe bhavishya mein vikasit kiye jaa sakate hain.
bheedbhaad niyantran.
maanak ack tcp-anukool bheed niyantran yojana kaa upayog kartaa haye joe ise tcp aur anya parivahan protocol key saath upalabdh bandwidth koo uchit roop seey saajha karane mein saksham banaata haye. vishesh roop seey, maanak kii bheed niyantran yojana ack darr niyantran prakriya kaa upayog karati haye, aur yeh aar. aff. see. 4654 mein varnit tii. see. pee.-anukool multicast consation controll [tii. aff. aim. see. see.] protocol vinirdesh drishtikon kaa ack anukoolan haye. iss drishtikon koo tii. see. pee. aur multicast detta pravaah key saath achchi tarah seey kaam karane key liye pradarshit kiya gayaa haye. 
tii. aff. aim. see. see. bheed niyantran drishtikon ack sameekaran-adharit drishtikon haye. preshak sancharan darr paiket haani anumaanon key sangrah aur round trip samay parr nirbhar karati haye joe maanak _ see. aim. dee. (see. see.) sandeshon key saath ekatra kiye jaate hain. yeh jaankaari baadhaon kii pehchaan karati haye aur unhein samaayojit karane key liye preshak darr koo samaayojit karati haye. 
tcp key saath, maanak bheed niyantran yojana maanati haye kii paiket kaa nuksan buffer overflo key kaaran hotaa haye, aur parinami roop seey preshak ise sancharan darr seey vaapas leey letaa haye jaba paiket kaa nuksan ack nirdisht star taka pahunch jaataa haye. yeh wireless network mein seemaon kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye, jahaan paiket kaa nuksan aksar bitt trutiyon yaa vivaad key kaaran hotaa haye. 
kyonki maanak kaa darr niyantran tantra isake anya ghatakon seey alag haye, ee.jee.vishvasaniyata tantra, pravaah niyantran tantra, ise ack vaikalpik algorithm aur upayukt header extension key saath badala jaa sakata haye.
pravaah niyantran.
maanak mein pravaah niyantran key liye chaar vikalp hain, joe maanak preshak koo maanak praaptakartaon koo sancharan kii darr kaa prabandhan karane kii anumati detaa haye taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii praaptakarta abhibhoot naa houn.
1. spasht jalchinh. iss vikalp key saath preshak vartamaan sancharan mein ack nirdisht bindu, yaa jalchinh key safal swaagat key sambandh mein praaptakartaon key ack vishisht samooh seey sakaratmak sweekriti kaa anurodh kartaa haye. yadi sabhi praaptakarta jalchinh kii safal praapti koo sweekaar karate hain, tou preshak nayaa detta bhejana jaari rakh sakata haye. 
2. antarnihit jalchinh. yeh vikalp receiver sett seey nakaratmak sweekriti (nock) marammat anurodhon kii kamee parr adharit haye. preshak sanketit jalchinh key madhyam seey aavashyak kissy bhee marammat key liye praaptakartaon koo satark karane key liye maanak _ cmd (flush) kaa upayog kartaa haye. preshak taba taka prateeksha kartaa haye jaba taka kii flushing poori tarah seey puuraa naheen hoe jaataa. yadi koee nishkriya gatividhi naheen thee, tou preshak "watermark" puuraa honey kaa anuman lagaata haye aur nayaa detta bhejana jaari rakh sakata haye. 
3. naram, timer-adharit pravaah niyantran. yeh vikalp samooh round-trip timing (jee. aar. tii. tii.) aur naik gatividhi key aadhar parr detta sanchaarit kartaa haye aur marammat vindo kii pragati koo seemit kartaa haye. ack nyuntam, anukoolaniya samay seema nirdhaarit kii jaati haye, jisake baad preshak nayaa detta bhejana jaari rakh sakata haye. yeh samay seema preshak-anumaanit jee. aar. tii. aur nishkriya gatividhi kii kamee parr adharit haye. 
4. uddeshyapurna aksham karna. yeh vikalp jaanboojhkar pravaah niyantran tantra koo aksham kartaa haye aur anuprayog koo nae encue kiye gaye detta key saath sabse achche prayaas key saath sancharan koo aage badhaane kii anumati detaa haye.
vishvasaniyata.
maanak dou forward truti sudhaar coding yojanaon key upayog key madhyam seey vishvasaniya parivahan sunishchit kartaa haih vyavasthit code aur gair-vyavasthit code. aar. aff. see. 5740 khand 2, vastukala paribhasha mein inki charcha kii gaee haih
vyavasthit code key saath, preshak samagri key blocks koo prasaarit kartaa haye jisake baad aff. ee. see. key block hotey hain.
gair-vyavasthit code key saath, preshak prasaran seey pahale samagri koo aff. ee. see. key saath kootbaddh kartaa haye.
donon aff. ee. see. coding yojanaon kaa upayog yaa tou pratikriyaasheel yaa sakriya tareeke seey kiya jaa sakata haye. donon hii mamalon mein, aff. ee. see.-adharit marammat prabhaavit hoe sakati haye, joe receivers koo packets kii marammat karane kii anumati detee haye aur iss tarah marammat anurodhon aur marammat sancharan key star koo cumm curr detee haye.
mapaniyata aur nock prabandhan.
nax-unmukh bahu-pravaah sanchaar nax implosion key liye atisamvedansheel hain. yadi ack saath badee sankhya mein receiver nock hoe jaate hain, tou yeh preshak key saath-saath poore network koo bhee abhibhoot curr sakata haye. maanak ack naik daman tantra kaa upayog kartaa haye, jisaki charcha aar. aff. see. 5740, khand 5.3, receiver naik prakriya mein kii gaee haye, taaki naik implosion koo rokaa jaa sakey.
jaba ack receiver koo pataa chalata haye kii vaha preshak key maanak prasaran seey detta gayab haye, tou yeh apani nishkriya prakriya shuru kartaa haih 
maanak kaa nock daman tantra, apane aff. ee. see. tantra key saath sanyukt, maanak bahu-cast samoohon koo vishvasaniyata banaae rakhate hue bahut badey samooh aakaron taka paimaane kii anumati detaa haye.
sandarbh karyanvayan.
sanyukt raajya nausena anusandhaan prayogshala githab parr maanak protocol key swatantra roop seey upalabdh, sandarbh karyanvayan koo banaae rakhti haye. isamen srot code, ack vikaskarta kii margadarshika aur ack upayogkarta kii margadarshika shamil haye.

