
sheetkaal lamba bairo

coldrum lamba bairo, jise coldrum patthar aur adscombe patthar key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, dakshin-purvi angreji county kent mein trotiscliffe gaanv key paas sthit ack kaksh lamba bairo haye. sambhavatah chauthi sahasrabdi eesaa poorv mein britten key praarambhik navpashan kaal key dauran nirmit, aaj yeh kewal khandahar kii sthiti mein jeevit haye.
puraatatvidon ney sthaapit kiya haye kii smaarak kaa nirmaan mahadvipiya europe seey britten mein krishi kii shuruat key turant baad pashupaalak samudaayon dwara kiya gayaa thaa. lambe bairo bhawan kii ack vaastushilp parampara kaa hissa joe poore navpashan europe mein vyaapak thaa, sheet pathri nadee key madhya maarg key aspas utpaadit bairo key ack sthaaniya kshetriya sanskaran seey sambandhit haye, jise abb medway megalith key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. inmein seey yeh sabse achchi jeevit sthiti mein haye. yeh nadee key paschimi hisse mein eddington lambe bairo aur chestnuts lambe bairo donon key paas sthit haye. dou aur jeevit lambe bairo, kitt kaa kotee house aur chhote kitt kaa kotee house, saath hii saath taaboot patthar aur safed ghode key patthar jaise sambhaavit jeevit loga, medway key purvi hisse mein sthit hain.
prithvi aur lagbhag pachas sthaaniya sarsen-patthar key mahapashanon seey nirmit, lambe bairo mein curb-pattharon seey ghiraa ack upa-aaytaakaar mitty kaa tumulus shamil thaa. tumulus key purvi chhor key bheetar ack patthar kaa kaksh thaa, jisamen praarambhik navpashan kaal key dauran cumm seey cumm dou alag-alag avsaron parr maanav avashesh jamaa kiye gaye they. inn avasheshon key asthi-puratatviya vishleshan seey pataa chalaa haye kii way cumm seey cumm satrah vyaktiyon key hain, purushon, mahilaaon aur bachchon kaa mishran. dafanaane seey pahale cumm seey cumm ack shav koo vikhandit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, joe sambhaavit roop seey avtaar aur maadhyamik dafanaane kii antim parampara koo darshaata haye. anya bairo kii tarah, coldrum koo mritakon key avasheshon koo rakhane key liye ack makbare key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee haye, shayed ack vishvaas pranali key hisse key roop mein jisamen poorvaj pooja shamil haye, halanki puraatatvidon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii isake aage dhaarmik, anushthaan aur saanskritik arth aur upayog bhee hoe sakate hain.
praarambhik navpashan kaal key baad, lamba bairo barbad hoe jaane kii sthiti mein gir gayaa, shayed madhyayugeen kaal key anta mein isai murtipoojakon yaa khajaane key shikariyon dwara jaanboojhkar vinash kaa anubhav kiya gayaa. sthaaniya lokkathaon mein, yeh sthal ack rajkumar key dafanaane aur anginat pattharon key rupankan seey judaa huaa thaa. khandahar ney 19veen shatabdi mein puraavsheshon kii ruchi koo aakarshit kiya, jabaki puraataatvik khudai 20veen kii shuruat mein hui thee. 1926 mein, swaamitva koo rashtriya nyaas key heritage charity koo hastaantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. binaa kissy shulk key poore varsh agantukon key liye khula, patthar ack raag pedh, ack maee day morris nritya aur vibhinn aadhunik moortipoojak anushthaanon kaa sthal hain.
naam aur sthaan.
coldrum pattharon kaa naam paas key ack khet, coldrum lodge key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye, jise taba seey dhwast curr diyaa gayaa haye. yeh smaarak dakshin-purvi angreji county kent mein trotiscliffe key paas key gaanv key uttar-poorv mein ack "balki alag-thalag sthal" mein sthit haye. yeh sthal pragaitihasik maarg seey bhee sthit haye jise teerthyatriyon key maarg key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. kabr taka ack maarg key saath pahuncha jaa sakata haye jise coldrum laine key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe kewal paidal hii pahuncha jaa sakata haye. coldrum laine key nikatatam kaar park trotiscliffe mein pinesfield laine seey paaya jaa sakata haye. eddington gaanv sthit haye 
 door.
sandarbh.
praarambhik navpashan kaal british itihas kaa ack krantikari kaal thaa. 4500 aur 3800 eesaa poorv key beach, isane jeevan shally mein vyaapak parivartan dekhaa kyonki british dweepon mein rahane vaale samudaayon ney krishi koo apane nirvaah key praathamik roop key roop mein apanaaya, jisamen shikari-sangrahakarta jeevan shally koo chhod diyaa gayaa joe pichhale madhyapashan kaal kii visheshta thee. yeh mahadvipiya europeeya samajon key sampark key madhyam seey aaya; yeh spasht naheen haye kii ise kiss hudd taka pravasiyon key pravaah yaa mahadweep seey krishi praudyogikiyon koo apanaane vaale swadeshi madhyapashan britton key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya jaa sakata haye. aadhunik kent kaa kshetra mahadvipiya europeeya basane vaalon aur agantukon key aagaman key liye mahatvapurna rhaa hoga, kyonki yeh nadee key muhaane parr sthit haye aur mahadweep seey isaki nikatata haye.
britten taba badey paimaane parr vanon seey ghiraa huaa thaa; kansya yug key anta taka (c.1000 seey 700 eesaa poorv) kent mein vyaapak vann nikasi naheen hui thee. nadee key madhya maarg key paas ack kathit roop seey pragaitihasik monolith, safed ghode key patthar key aspas key paryavaraniya detta, iss vichaar kaa samarthan kartaa haye kii yeh kshetra abhee bhee praarambhik navpashan kaal mein badey paimaane parr vanon seey ghiraa huaa thaa, joe oak, raakh, hazel/elder aur amigdaloid key jangal seey dhakaa huaa thaa. adhikansh britten mein, iss avadhi seey anaaj yaa sthaayi nivaas key bahut cumm pramaan hain, jisase puraatatvidon kaa maanana haye kii dweep kii praarambhik navpashan arthavyavastha kaafee hudd taka charwahi thee, joe maveshiyon key charvaahe parr nirbhar thee, jisamen loga khanabdosh yaa ardh-khanabdosh jeevan jee rahey they.
medway megalith.
paschimi europe mein, praarambhik navpashan kaal ney pahali avadhi koo chihnit kiya jisamen manushyon ney paridrishya mein smaarkeeya sanrachanaon kaa nirmaan kiya. inn sanrachanaon mein kaksh vaale lambe bairo, aaytaakaar yaa andakar mitty key tumuli shamil they, jinake ack chhor parr ack kaksh banaaya gayaa thaa. inmein seey kuchh kaksh lakadi seey banaae gaye they, jabaki anya badey pattharon kaa upayog karke banaae gaye they, jinhen abb "mahapashan" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeye lambe bairo aksar kabron key roop mein kaam karate they, joe unake kaksh key bheetar mritakon key bhautik avasheshon koo rakhate they. praarambhik navpashan kaal mein vyaktiyon koo shayed hii kabhi akele dafnaya jaataa thaa, isake bajaay unhein unake samudaay key anya sadasyon key saath saamoohik dafan mein dafnaya jaataa thaa. inn kakshit makbaron kaa nirmaan praarambhik navpashan kaal key dauran paschimi europeeya samudra tata key saath kiya gayaa thaa, dakshinpurvi spen seey laker dakshini sweeden taka, adhikansh british dweepon mein; chauthi sahasrabdi eesaa poorv key pahale bhaag mein mahadvipiya europe seey britten mein vastukala parampara kii shuruat kii gaee thee. haalaanki patthar kii imaaraten hain-jaise aadhunik turkey mein gobekali tepe-joe unase pahale kii hain, kaksh vaale lambe bairo patthar kaa upayog karke nirmaan kii manavata kii pahali vyaapak parampara kaa gathan karate hain.
haalaanki abb sabhi ack vinashkari sthiti mein hain aur apane mool roop koo banaae naheen rakhate hain, nirmaan key samay medway mahapashan britten mein kuchh sabse badey aur sabse adhik drishti seey prabhaavshaali praarambhik navpashan antim sanskar smaarak rahey honge. nadee key madhya maarg key saath samoohbaddh kyonki yeh uttar key nichale hisson seey gujarta haye, way british dweepon mein mahapashan smarakon key sabse dakshin-purvi samooh kaa gathan karate hain, aur purvi ingland mein ekmatra mahapashan samooh haye. puraatatvidon bryan philp aur mike duto ney medway megalith koo kent mein "kuchh sabse dilchasp aur prasiddh" puraataatvik sthal maanaa, jabaki puraatatvavid paul sb ney unhein "dakshini ingland mein apani tarah kii sabse bhavya aur prabhaavshaali sanrachanaon" key roop mein varnit kiya.
medway megalith koo dou alag-alag samoohon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih ack nadee medway key paschim mein aur doosara poorv mein neeli ghanti pahaadi parr, donon samoohon key beach kii doori key saath aur beach mein maapane key liye. paschimi samooh mein coldrum lamba bairo, eddington lamba bairo aur chestnuts lamba bairo shamil hain. purvi samooh mein smithe kaa mahapashan, kitt kaa coat house aur chhota kitt kaa coat house shamil hain, jabaki nadee key purvi hisse mein vibhinn patthar, vishesh roop seey taaboot patthar aur safed ghode kaa patthar bhee aisee sanrachanaon key hisse hoe sakate hain. yeh gyaat naheen haye kii kyaa way sabhi ack hii samay mein banaae gaye they, yaa kyaa unakaa nirmaan ack key baad ack kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki isi tarah yeh gyaat naheen haye kii kyaa way pratyek ack hii kaary karate they yaa unake upayog mein koee padanukram thaa.
medway lambe bairo sabhi ack hii samanya design yojana key anuroop hain, aur sabhi poorv seey paschim aksh parr sanrekhit hain. pratyek tealey key purvi chhor parr ack patthar kaa kaksh thaa, aur unamen seey pratyek mein pravesh dwaar key buggle mein ack patthar kaa mukhauta thaa. unake paas aantarik oonchaai thee, joe unhein britten mein adhikansh anya kaksh vaale lambe bairo kii tulanaa mein lamba banaati thee. kakshon kaa nirmaan sarasen seey kiya gayaa thaa, ack ghanaa, kathor aur tikaau patthar joe poore kent mein praakritik roop seey paaya jaataa haye, joe yuseen yug seey rait seey banaa haye. praarambhik navpashan kaal key nirmaataon ney sthaaniya kshetra seey blocks kaa chayan kiya hoga, aur phir unhein smaarak key nirmaan sthal parr leey jaaya jaayega.
medway megalith key beach yeye samanya vaastushilp visheshtaen ack majboot kshetriya samanjasya kaa sanket detee hain, jisamen british dweepon mein kaheen aur koee pratyaksh samaantaa naheen haye. phir bhee, praarambhik navpashan lambe bairo key anya kshetriya samoohon key saath-jaise kii dakshin-paschimi britten mein cotswold-severn samooh-vibhinn smarakon mein vibhinn vishishtataaen bhee hain, jaise kii coldrum key rectilinear aakar, chestnut key lambe bairo kaa mukhauta, aur eddington aur kitt key kotee mein lambe, patale tealey. yeye bhinnataaen kabron koo unake upayog key dauran parivartit aur anukoolit kiye jaane key kaaran hoe sakati hain; iss paridrishya mein, smaarak samagr sanrachanaaen hongi.
jinn logon ney inn smarakon kaa nirmaan kiya, way shayed pahale seey maujood makbare-mandiron seey prabhaavit they, jinake baare mein way pahale seey hii jaanate they. kyaa way loga sthaaniya roop seey badey hue they, yaa kaheen aur seey medway kshetra mein chaley gaye they, yeh gyaat naheen haye. unake vaastushilp designs key ack shaileegat vishleshan key aadhar parr, puraatatvavid stuart pigot ney socha kii medway megalith key peechhe kii yojana nimn deshon key aspas key kshetra mein utpann hui thee, jabaki saathi puraatatvavid glin daniel kaa maanana thaa kii vahee saboot scandinavia seey ack prabhaav dikhaate hain. johnn aich. isake bajaay evance ney germany mein ack mool kaa sujhaav diyaa, aur ronald aff. jesup ney socha kii unaki utpatti cotswold-severn megalithic samooh mein dekhi jaa sakati haye. sb ney nott kiya kii usee kshetra mein unaki nikat clustering mahadvipiya uttari europe kii mahapashan makbare-mandir paramparaon kii yaad dilaati haye, aur iss baat parr jore diyaa kii medway mahapashan praarambhik navpashan europe mein vyaapak parampara kii ack kshetriya abhivyakti thee. phir bhee unhone jore dekar kahaa kii upalabdh sakshya key saath mool kaa ack sateek sthaan "ingit karna asambhav" thaa.
design aur nirmaan.
sheet stambh lambe bairo mein mool roop seey ack sarsen patthar kaa kaksh thaa, joe ack cumm mitty key tealey seey dhakaa huaa thaa, joe prostate slab seey ghiraa huaa thaa. iss prakaar, aashbi ney jore dekar kahaa kii smaarak koo teen vishesh visheshtaon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih kaksh, bairo aur sarsen patthar. ise lagbhag 50 pattharon kaa upayog karke banaaya gayaa thaa. bairo yojana mein upa-aaytaakaar haye, aur lagbhag lambai mein haye. isake vyaapak, purvi chhor parr, jahan kaksh sthit haye, smaarak maapata haye, jabaki sankeern, paschimi chhor parr, yeh chaudaai mein haye. iss tarah, bairo ack "kataa huaa ways-aakar" haye.
sheet pathri key liye jimmedaar mahapashan nirmaataon ney ise uttar kii dhalanon seey satey ack chhote seey katak key sheersh parr rakhaa, aur ise nadee key madhya maarg kii or poorv kii or mukh karke banaaya. yeh ack badey linching scarp key kinare parr sthit haye, halanki yeh pataa lagaana mushkil haye kii nirmaan key samay smaarak seey kyaa drishya sambhav they, kyonki aspas key kshetra mein kitna ghanaa jangal thaa, iss baare mein jaankaari kii kamee thee. yadi kshetra atyadhik jangli naheen hotaa, tou aspas key paridrishya kaa 360° drishya sambhav hotaa. smaarak kaa aksh uttar kii or aur medway ghaati donon kii or ishara kartaa haye, joe anya medway megalith key samaan haye. puraatatvavid sian kilick ney sujhaav diyaa kii thhande kamare mein lambe bairo koo paas kii basti key drishya key bheetar banaaya gayaa hoga, aur yeh "kabron mein honey vaale samarohon aur anushthaanon key anubhav mein ack pramukh kaarak hoe sakata haye aur yeh bhee hoe sakata haye kii makbare key nirmaataon aur paridrishya key beach ack kadee koo paribhaashit kiya hoe."
sheet stambh lambe bairo koo anya medway megalith seey tulanaatmak roop seey alag kiya jaataa haye; isamen yeh advitiya haye, yeh dekhate hue kii anya jeevit udaaharan dou samoohon mein samoohit hain. yeh sambhav haye kii ack aur kakshit makbara paas mein sthit thaa; ack poorv-paschim abhivinyas key saath ack dhwast, lamba mitty kaa teela thhande pattharon key uttar mein ack chauthai meal key neeche ack khokhale mein sthit haye. yeh hoe sakata haye kii yeh ack anya aise smaarak key avasheshon kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye jisake pattharon koo hataa diyaa gayaa haye yaa dafnaya gayaa haye. thhande maidan key dakshin mein kaee badey sarsen, nasht honey key baad seey, iss tarah key ack aur makbare key avasheshon kaa pratinidhitva curr sakate hain.
kaksh.
aantarik kaksh lambai aur chaudaai mein maapata haye, halanki mool roop seey nirmit honey parr yeh sambhaavit roop seey bahut badaa thaa. kaksh kii aantarik oonchaai cumm seey cumm hoti. apani vartamaan sthiti mein, 
kaksh kaa uttari bhaag dou slab seey banaa haye. ack lamba, gahara aur motaa haye;
doosara lamba, lagbhag gahara aur motaa haye. isake vipareet, kaksh key dakshini bhaag mein ack ekal slab hotaa haye, joe lambai, gaharaai aur isake purvi chhor parr motai mein maapata haye.
kaksh key paschimi chhor koo lagbhag chaude maapane vaale ack slab key saath bund kiya jaataa haye, jisaki motai aur gaharaai chaaron or hoti haye. ack dhaha gayaa, toota huaa slab kaksh key purvi chhor parr haye. yeh bhee sambhav haye kii dhalaan key neeche ack badey paimaane parr aaytaakaar slab kabhi kaksh key purvi chhor kaa hissa thaa. khudai seey pataa chalaa haye kii flint chinai kaa upayog kaksh key chaaron or paik karane aur isake sarsen koo samarthan dene key liye kiya jaataa thaa; 20 veen shatabdi key navinikaran ney ise badey paimaane parr cement key saath badal diyaa haye, jisase patthar seedhe khade rahane mein saksham hoe gaye hain.
yeh sambhav haye kii kaksh key saamane ack mukhauta thaa, jaisa kii britten mein anya kakshit makbaron mein spasht haye, jaise kii west kennet long bairo aur welland kii smithi. yeh bhee sambhav haye kii kaksh key oopar ack portal patthar thaa, jaisa kii kitt key kotee house aur loer kitt key kotee house mein spasht thaa. smaarak key purvi chhor parr dhalaan seey neeche girane vaale patthar key kaee badey slab iss agrabhag yaa portal key hisse hoe sakate hain.
teela aur curb-patthar.
mitty kaa teela joe ack baar makbare koo dhakta thaa, abb kewal oonchaai mein ack lahar key roop mein dikhaai detaa haye. 19veen shatabdi mein, teela makbare key paschimi chhor parr adhik oonchaa thaa, haalaanki 1920 key dashak key dauran ise khudai dwara hataa diyaa gayaa thaa taaki neeche key sarsen koo prakat kiya jaa sakey. yeh sambhav haye kii praarambhik navpashan kaal mein, tealey key chaaron or ack khadaan khaai thee, aur yeh iss khaai key ander haye kii abb curb-patthar baithate hain.
makbare key chaaron or key curb-patthar kuchh pattern pradarshit karate hain; joe uttari taraf hain way jyaadaatar rectilinear hain, jabaki dakshini taraf key patthar chhote aur aakar mein kaafee hudd taka aniyamit hain. yeh sambhav haye kii bhoovaigyaanik lock-patthar key bistaron seey lohe key patthar key khandon kaa upayog karke ack sahayak sookhi-patthar kii deewaar kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, jaisa kii chestnuts lambe bairo mein spasht haye. yeh dekhate hue kii patthar key aise khand shayed hii kabhi praakritik roop seey hotey hain, hoe sakata haye kii iska utkhanan kiya gayaa hoe.
smaarak key paschimi chhor parr kendriya curb-pattharon mein seey ack parr aur smaarak key dakshin-poorv mein ack curb-patthar parr gharshan aur pollishing kii ack avtal rekha paaee jaa sakati haye. inn sarsen parr chakmak aur anya patthar kii kulhadi-blade key tej honey key liye inhen jimmedaar thaharaaya gayaa haye. yeh sambhav haye kii inn upkaranon koo lakadi key leaver aur strut koo kaatane aur taraashane mein upayog key liye tej kiya gayaa thaa, jinka upayog pattharon koo khadaa karane aur makbare key nirmaan mein kiya gayaa hoga. paschimi kennet lambe bairo key saath-saath baad mein pragaitihasik smarakon jaise stonehange mein upkaranon key tej honey key samaan pramaan paae gaye hain.
arth aur uddeshya.
britten key praarambhik navpashan samudaayon ney apane madhyapashan poorvajon kii tulanaa mein mritakon key anushthaan dafanaane parr adhik jore diyaa. puraatatvidon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii aisaa isaliye haye kyonki praarambhik navpashan britton ack poorvaj panth kaa paalan karate they joe mritakon kii aatmaon kii pooja kartaa thaa, yeh maanate hue kii way apane jeevit vanshajon key laabh key liye prakriti kii taakton key saath madhyasthata curr sakate they. puraatatvavid robbin holgate ney jore dekar kahaa kii kewal makbare honey key bajaay, medway mahapashan "una samudaayon key liye ack samajik kaary koo puuraa karane vaale sampradayik smaarak they jinhone unakaa nirmaan aur upayog kiya. iss prakaar, yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii praarambhik navpashan kaal key loga kabron mein pravesh karate they-joe mandiron yaa mandiron key roop mein doguna hoe gayaa thaa-mritakon key sammaan mein anushthaan karane aur unaki sahaayata kaa anurodh karane key liye. iss kaaran seey, itihaaskaar ronald hutton ney inn smarakon koo unake dohare uddeshya koo pratibimbit karane key liye "makbara-mandir" kahaa.
britten mein, yeye makbare aam taur parr pramukh pahaadiyon aur dhalanon parr sthit they, joe shayed vibhinn kshetron key beach key junction parr paridrishya koo dekhate they. puraatatvavid carolin melon ney nott kiya kii kabron ney vibhinn paridrishya markers mein seey ack key roop mein kaam kiya hoga joe "kshetra, raajneetik nishtha, swaamitva aur poorvajon" parr jaankaari detaa thaa. kaee puraatatvidon ney iss vichaar koo sweekaar kiya haye kii yeye makbare-mandir vibhinn janjaatiyon key beach kshetriya marker they; anya logon ney tark diyaa haye kii aise marker ack khanabdosh charvaahe samaaj key liye bahut cumm upayogi honge. isake bajaay yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii way charvaahon key maargon key saath markers kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. puraatatvavid richard bradley ney sujhaav diyaa kii inn smarakon kaa nirmaan bhoomi parr niyantran aur swaamitva koo chihnit karane key prayaas koo darshaata haye, iss prakaar shikari-sangrahakarta madhyapashan seey praarambhik navpashan kaal mein charvaahe mein parivartan dwara laaee gaee mansikta mein badalaav koo darshaata haye. anya logon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii inn smarakon kaa nirmaan una sthalon parr kiya gayaa thaa jinhen pahale seey hii madhyapashan shikari-sangrahakartaon dwara pavitra maanaa jaataa thaa.
maanav avashesh.
kaksh key bheetar maanav avashesh rakhe gaye they, jinhen unnisvin aur beesavin shatabdi kii shuruat key dauran antaral parr khoja aur hataaya gayaa haye. beesavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein khudai mein huddy key dou alag-alag bhandar paae gaye, jinamen seey pratyek koo ack patthar key slab key oopar dafnaya gayaa, ack dusare seey adhik oonchaa. kaksh key bheetar flint upkaran aur chhoti matra mein mitty key bartan bhee dabey hue they.
jansankhyiki.
sb ney sujhaav diyaa kii-isake aakar aur anya lambi bairo key saath tulanaa, jaise kii fasel key lodge, donon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue-sheet stambh key makbare mein sou seey adhik vyaktiyon key avashesh hoe sakate they. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein kii gaee khudai ney bice manushyon key avasheshon kii vidhipoorvak khoj aur unhein hataane kaa netritva kiya haye. inn avasheshon kii jaanch royal college off sarjan mein sangrahalaya key sanrakshak surr arther keath ney kii thee. unhone 1913 mein apane parinamon koo ack pepper mein prakaashit kiya, joe kaafee hudd taka shareer kii vivekpurna nasleeya visheshtaon seey sambandhit thaa. unhone apane pepper koo iss nishkarsh key saath samaapt kiya kii "poorv-isai kent key loga shaaririk roop seey isai kaal key kentis aadami seey bahut alag naheen they.
21veen sadee kii shuruat mein, inn haddiyon kaa forensic tafonomist michael waisauki key netritva mein ack team dwara phir seey vishleshan kiya gayaa thaa, jisake parinam 2013 mein prakaashit hue they. waisauki kii team ney "jansankhyiki, dafan prathaon, aahar aur nirvaah, aur sheetali aabaadi key kalakram" key baare mein adhik pataa lagaane key liye "osteological vishleshan, radiocarbon tithiyon kaa beyeshiyan modeling, aur carbon aur nitrogen sthir isotope vishleshan" kiya. pahale key nishkarshon parr vivaad karate hue, unaki report mein kahaa gayaa kii vyaktiyon kii nyuntam sankhya satrah thee. inki pehchaan sambhavatah nau vayaskon (shayed paanch purush aur chaar mahilaaen), dou upa-vayaskon (shayed 16 seey 20 varsh kii ayu), chaar badey bachchon aur dou chhote bachchon (ack lagbhag paanch varsh kii ayu key, dusare 24 aur 30 maheene key beach) key roop mein kii gaee thee.
keath kaa maanana thaa kii unhone jiss kapaal kii jaanch kii thee, vaha ack dusare key samaan visheshtaon koo pradarshit kartaa haye, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii iska matlab haye kii way sabhi "ack parivaar-yaa aam vansh dwara ekjut kaee parivaaron seey sambandhit they."britten mein anya lambe bairo seey kapaal key baare mein isi tarah key avalokan kiye gaye hain. osteoarcheologist martin smith aur megan brickley ney agah kiya kii iska matlab yeh naheen haye kii kissy bhee bairo mein sabhi vyakti ack hii parivaar key sadasya they, kyonki iss tarah key saajha kapaal lakshan bhee "ack aisee aabaadi key saath susangat honge joe abhee bhee apekshaakrit chhoti aur bikhare hue thee", jisamen adhikansh loga paraspar sambandhit they.
waisauki kii team ney nott kiya kii ack mamle koo chhodkar sabhi mein, haddiyon key fracture morphology sookhi huddy key tootane key saath susangat hain.
teen khopadi ney saboot pradarshit kiye kii unhone hinsa kaa anubhav kiya thaa; ack sambhaavit vayask mahila koo baain frontal huddy parr ack thheek naheen hui chot thee, ack anishchit ling key vayask koo baain frontal parr ack thheek naheen huaa fracture thaa, aur ack doosari vayask mahila koo daahine frontal parr ack udas fracture thaa.
avasheshon key samasthaanik vishleshan seey pataa chalaa kii haddiyon mein δ13c maan they joe kaee anya dakshini british navpashan sthalon parr paae jaane vaale moolyon key vishisht they, lekin unamen δ15n key moolya kaafee adhik they, joe samay key saath badhe. haalaanki iss detta kii vyakhya karna mushkil haye, khoji dall kaa maanana thaa kii yeh shayed darshaata haye kii inn vyaktiyon kaa sthaliya aahar pashu protein mein uchch thaa joe samay key saath taaje paani kii nadee yaa nadimukh key khaadya padarthon key saath teji seey poorak thaa. vriddh vyaktiyon key mamle mein jinake avashesh kabr mein dafan kiye gaye they, daant kaa tamchini ghis gayaa thaa aur mukut key chabaane vaale kshetra mein dentin ujagar hoe gayaa thaa.
maanav avasheshon kii radiocarbon detting ney sujhaav diyaa kii kuchh koo yaa tou 3980-3800 calibrated bc (95 pratishat sambhavana) yaa 3960-3880 cal bc (68 pratishat sambhavana) key beach site parr laaya gayaa thaa. isane aage sujhaav diyaa kii yaa tou 60-350 varshon (95 pratishat sambhavana) yaa 140-290 varshon (68 pratishat sambhavana) key antaral key baad, maanav avasheshon key atirikt bhandar makbare key ander kiye gaye they. yeh doosara charan shayed 3730-3540 Cal bse (95 pratishat sambhavana) yaa 3670-3560 Cal bse (68 pratishat sambhavana) mein shuru huaa.
maanav avasheshon kii radiocarbon detting aavashyak roop seey sheet stambh lambe bairo key nirmaan key liye ack tarikh pradaan naheen karati haye, kyonki yeh sambhav haye kii vyaktiyon kii smaarak key nirmaan seey pahale yaa baad mein kuchh samay key liye mrityu hoe gaee hoe.
postmortem mein bayaan.
kuchh haddiyon (dou maadaa, dou innominites aur ack cranium) parr cutt-maark kii pehchaan kii gaee thee, osteoarcheological visheshagyon kaa sujhaav thaa kii inhen postmortem banaaya gayaa thaa kyonki shareer tukade hoe gaye they aur haddiyon koo unake judey hue snayubandhan seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. unhone aage sujhaav diyaa kii kuchh haddiyon parr cutt-maark kii anupasthiti seey pataa chalata haye kii shareer pahale seey hii aanshik apghatan yaa vikhandan seey pahale naram ootakon koo hataane seey gujar chuka thaa. cutt-maark kii sateekta seey pataa chalata haye kii yeh vichhedan saavdhaanipoorvak kiya gayaa thaa; "way unmaad hacking yaa angachhed kaa sujhaav naheen dete hain."asthi-shastra-vigyaani haddiyon parr narbhakshan kaa nidan karane vaale maandandon mein seey koee bhee naheen paaya gayaa.
yeh cutt-maark maanav huddy sanyojan dakshini britten mein ack navpashan lambe bairo key bheetar seey pehchaane gaye sabse badey abhee taka kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, halanki vikhandan key liye isi tarah key saboot anya navpashan british sthalon, jaise kii west trump, iford, aldestrop aur headheinham seey paae gaye hain. iss samagri key vikasit honey kii dou sambhaavanaaen hain. pahala yeh haye kii mritakon key shavon koo avasheshon seey mukt yaa tatvon key sampark mein laaya gayaa thaa, isake baad makbare key bheetar ack maadhyamik dafan kiya gayaa thaa. doosara yeh haye kii unhein kabr mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, jahan maans sarh gayaa thaa, isase pahale kii shavon koo kabr key bheetar hii phir seey vyavasthit kiya jaae. inn prathaon key saath anya anushthaan yaa aupchaarik prathaaen hoe sakati hain, jinake liye pratyaksh pramaan naheen haye.
haddiyon parr cheeni mitty key shered jaise vyaavsaayik malabe kaa samavesh site key liye advitiya naheen thaa, lekin dakshini ingland seey kakshit makbaron mein aam thaa. kitt key kotee house mein khoje gaye ack udaaharan key aadhar parr, sb ney socha kii yeh spasht haye kii sheet kaksh kii samagri koo madhya slab dwara vibhajit kiya gayaa hoga, joe paschim kennet aur welland key smith key paarshv kakshon key samaan uddeshya koo puuraa kartaa haye.
kshati aur jeern-sheernata.
praarambhik navpashan kaal seey sabhi jeevit mahapashan kabron koo upeksha aur krishi key vinash kaa saamana karna padaa haye. sb ney nott kiya kii sheet pathri "kent key sabse cumm kshatigrast mahapashan lambe bairo" kaa pratinidhitva karati haye, halanki ise bhee kaafee nuksan huaa haye, joe isake mool nirmaan key baad seey chhah sahasraabdiyon mein jeern-sheern hoe gayaa haye aur alag hoe gayaa haye. sabse pramukh roop seey, purvi paksh kaafee hudd taka dhaha gayaa haye, pattharon key saath joe ack baar bairo key paksh koo pakadane mein madad karate they, dhalaan key neeche gir gaye they. isake vipareet, yeh sambhav haye kii dhalaan key neeche key sarsen mool smaarak kaa hissa naheen they, balki paas key kheton mein paae gaye patthar they joe kisaanon dwara vahaan jamaa kiye gaye they.
chestnuts key lambe bairo kii khudai seey pataa chalaa kii ise ack ghatana mein vyavasthit roop seey nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur aishabi ney sujhaav diyaa kii sheet pathri key saath bhee aisaa hii huaa hoga. unakaa maanana thaa kii bairo key chaaron or key curb-pattharon koo giraa diyaa gayaa thaa, aspas kii khaai mein sajda kiya gayaa thaa, aur phir 13 veen shatabdi key anta yaa 14 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein gair-isai smarakon koo mitaane kii maang karane vaale isaaiyon dwara dafnaya gayaa thaa. isake vipareet, puraatatvavid johnn alekjendar-jinhone 1957 mein chestnuts kii khudai kii thee-ney sujhaav diyaa kii medway kabron koo unake bheetar khajaane kii talash mein luteron dwara nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. sakshya key roop mein, unhone 1237 key nikat roll kii or ishara kiya, jisane khajaane kii khoj mein vitty dweep parr tumuli koo kholane kaa adesh diyaa, ack pratha joe lagbhag usee samay kent mein fail gaee hogi. alekjendar kaa maanana thaa kii kent mein vinash ack vishesh aayukt dwara laaya gayaa hoga, iss baat parr prakaash daalate hue kii chestnuts mein "dakaiti kii visheshagyata aur sampoornata" ney sansadhanon kii aavashyakta koo badhaa diyaa hoga, jisase ack sthaaniya samudaay shayed ikattha curr sakata thaa. aashbi ney aage sujhaav diyaa kii baad kii shataabdiyon mein, sthaaniya logon ney domat chaak aur patthar key liye kshatigrast thhande makbare parr chhaapa maaraa, jise taba nirmaan samagri key roop mein phir seey upayog kiya gayaa thaa.
lock kathaaen, lock parampara aur aadhunik moortipoojakvaad.
1946 key ack pepper mein, lock-lekhak johnn aich. ivaanon ney ack sthaaniya lock vishvaas key astitva koo darj kiya kii sheet pathri key sthal parr ack ladaai ladee gaee thee, aur ack "kaale rajkumar" koo isake kaksh key bheetar dafnaya gayaa thaa. unhone sujhaav diyaa kii iss sthal parr aur anya medway megalith mein honey vaali ladaaiyon kii kahaaniyan sthaaniya aabaadi key beach swatantra roop seey vikasit naheen hui theen, lekin "puraavsheshon key siddhanton seey neeche gir gaee theen" joe maanate they kii paanchvin shatabdi kii ilesford kii ladaai, joe nauvin shatabdi key "anglo-saxon chronicle" mein darj kii gaee thee, iss kshetra mein hui thee.
ewan ney sabhi medway mahapashanon parr lagu ack sthaaniya lock vishvaas koo bhee darj kiya aur joe "pichhali peedhi taka" vyaapak thaa; yeh thaa kii smarakon mein pattharon kii sankhya koo safaltapurvak ginana kissy key liye bhee asambhav thaa. yeh "anginat patthar" rupankan medway kshetra key liye advitiya naheen haye, aur britten mein vibhinn anya mahapashan smarakon mein paaya jaa sakata haye. isake liye sabse pahala paath sakshya 16veen shatabdi key ack praarambhik dastaavez mein paaya jaataa haye, jahaan yeh wiltshire mein patthar key ghere key patthar key ghere parr lagu hotaa haye, halanki 17veen shatabdi key ack praarambhik dastaavez mein ise fenkane vaalon parr lagu kiya gayaa thaa, joe cornwall mein teen patthar key ghere kaa ack samooh thaa. baad key abhilekhon seey pataa chalata haye kii yeh ingland mein vyaapak roop seey faila thaa, saath hii wells aur ireland mein ack-ack ghatana hui thee. lock-lekhak aiss. pee. menefi ney sujhaav diyaa kii iska shreya ack jeevavaadi samajh koo diyaa jaa sakata haye kii inn mahapashanon kaa apana jeevan thaa.
kaee aadhunik moortipoojak dharmon kaa abhyaas medway megalith mein kiya jaataa haye, jisamen cumm seey cumm 1980 key dashak key anta seey sheet pathri parr moortipoojak gatividhi hui haye. yeye murtipoojakon ney aamtaur parr inn sthalon koo vansh kii avadharana aur unake "prithvi oorjaa" key srot honey key saath jodaa. dharm key vidwan ethan doil white ney tark diyaa kii vishesh roop seey inn sthalon kii vyakhya donon poorvajon key saath sambandh honey key roop mein kii gaee thee kyonki way navpashan logon dwara banaae gaye they jinhen aadhunik murtipoojakon ney apane "aadhyatmik poorvajon" key roop mein dekhaa thaa aur kyonki inn sthalon koo ack baar kakshit makbare they, aur iss prakaar mritakon key avasheshon koo rakhaa gayaa thaa, jinhen swayam poorvajon key roop mein maanaa gayaa hoga. iss baad key bindu parr, inn sthalon parr moortipoojak drishtikon purani puraataatvik vyakhyaon dwara aakar diye gaye hain. murtipoojakon ney mahapashanon koo "prithvi oorjaa" key sroton koo chihnit karane vaale dhabbon key roop mein bhee uddhrit kiya, joe aksar lii lines parr sanrekhit hotey hain, ack vichaar joe shayed antatah johnn michel jaise prithvi rahasyon key prastavakon key prakashanon seey praapt hotaa haye.
murtipoojakon ney kabhi-kabhi akele yaa jode mein sthal kaa daura kiya, vahaan dhyaan karane, prarthana karane yaa anushthaan karane key liye, aur kuchh ney vahaan darshan kaa anubhav karane kii soochana dee haye. ack aadhunik druidic samooh jise rohern grove key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, iss sthal parr niyamit sanskar kartaa haye, vishesh roop seey aathh tyohaaron key dauran joe varsh kaa moortipoojak chakr banaate hain. sheetkaal mein maarg key moortipoojak sanskar bhee dekhe gaye hain; lagbhag 2000 mein, ack haath seey bhojan-yaa vikkan vivaah samaroh-vahaan aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. ack dhaarmik anushthaan, ack anyamatvaadi sangathan key ack sadasya ney sheet pathraav mein samooh koo apane "peshe kii shapath" dee kyonki unhein lagaa kii vahaan vishesh roop seey sakaratmak oorjaa maujood haye. iss sthal parr raajneetik roop seey prerit anushthaan bhee aayojit kiye gaye hain. 1990 key dashak key anta mein, moortipoojak sangathan kii dakshin landan shakha ney medway ghaati paridrishya key madhyam seey channel surang rail link key nirmaan koo rokane key asafal prayaas mein sheet pathraav mein ack anushthaan aayojit kiya. ack aur raajneetik roop seey prerit moortipoojak sanskar 2010 key dashak kii shuruat mein yoddha key ahwan dwara kiya gayaa thaa, ack samooh joe isake khilaf "albian kii paaramparik aatmaon" koo bulaakar sanyukt raajya mein fracking koo rokane kii maang curr rhaa thaa.
21veen sadee kii shuruat mein, ack parampara vikasit hui jisamen hartley morris purush, ack morris nritya paksh, harr maee dinn subah iss sthaan parr milate hain taaki "soorya koo gaa sakein. isamen bairo key oopar pattharon key bheetar kiye gaye nritya shamil hain, jisake baad smaarak key aadhar parr ack geet prastut kiya jaataa haye. uttari taraf thhande pattharon parr latakate pedh, vibhinn rangon key saikadon ribbon koo unaki shaakhaon seey bandhkar, rugg key pedh bunn gaye hain. yeh ack lock pratha haye jisamen kuchh murtipoojakon kaa judaav haye, halanki ise kaee anya vyaktiyon dwara bhee kiya jaataa haye; ack moortipoojak ney yeh kahate hue darj kiya haye kii usane apane chhote bete key saath pedh seey ack ribbon bandha haye, donon ack behtar bhavishya kii ichcha karane key liye aur "sthaan kii bhavna" koo ack bhent key roop mein. 2014 kii shuruat mein, inn pedon kii chaddi parr badey foothark varnamala mein likhi gaee runic nakkashi bhee spasht thee, jisamen norse devtaon thore aur odin key naam likhe gaye they; yeye shayed inn devtaon kii pooja karane vaale ack dhaarmik andolan key sadasyon, anya logon dwara nakkashi kiye gaye they.
pracheen aur puraataatvik jaanch.
praarambhik pracheen varnan.
sheetkaal key lambe bairo key sabse puraane pracheen vivaran kabhi prakaashit naheen hue they. aise daave hain kii 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, sammaanit maark kuleen, barming key rector ney "gentleman patrika" key liye site kii ack yojana taiyar kii, halanki ise satyaapit karane key liye koee pratiyaan taiyar naheen kii gaee hain. 1842 aur 1844 key beach, aadaraniya bell post ney "druidic avasheshon koo thhande mein" likhaa, jisamen unhone smaarak kaa varnan kiya. yeh usa samay aprakaashit rhaa. iss sthal koo britten key lauh yug key drude key saath jodate hue, post kaa sujhaav thaa kii "coldrum" naam bhashai roop seey celtic "gell-dunn" seey liya gayaa thaa, aur belgic pramukhon koo vahaan dafnaya gayaa thaa. unhone aage bataaya kii 1804 aur 1825 donon mein, site parr khopadi paaee gaee thee. 1844 mein, thomas raait naamak ack puravsheshshastri ney "puraataatvik patrika" mein sheet pathri aur anya medway mahapashanon parr ack nott prakaashit kiya. raait koo ack sthaaniya wicker, aadaraniya lambert bee dwara unake astitva key baare mein satark kiya gayaa thaa. larking karate hue, aur unake saath unase milane key liye aage badhe. sheetala kaa varnan karate hue, raait ney kshetra mein anya logon key liye "pattharon key ack chhote vritt" kaa ullekh kiya, jisamen "beach mein ack bhoomigat chromelech" thaa. unhone aage kahaa kii "yeh kisaanon kii parampara haye kii pattharon kii ack nirantar rekha sheet seey seedhe prasiddh smaarak, jise kitt kaa coat [sic] house kahaa jaataa haye, taka jaati haye", iss vishvaas koo poore paridrishya mein bikhare hue vibhinn mahapashanon key liye jimmedaar thaharaate hue.
1857 mein, jey. aim. british puraataatvik sangh kii kendriya samiti koo unake nishkarshon kii ack report pradaan karate hue, aadaraniya larking kii madad seey sthal parr khudai kii gaee. smaarak koo ack patthar key vritt key roop mein varnit karate hue, unhone jore dekar kahaa kii unhone site parr anglo-saxon mitty key bartanon kii khoj kii, aur nott kiya kii saath hii saath coldrum patthar kahaa jaane vaalaa, smaarak mein adscombe pattharon kaa naam bhee thaa, joe maanaa jaataa haye kii antim sanskar key dher key liye puraane angreji shabd "vigyaapan" seey utpann huaa thaa. agast 1863 mein, puraataatvik sansthaan key sadasyon-joe rochester mein apani saptah bhar kii baithak aayojit curr rahey they-ney pracheen charles roach smith dwara nirdeshit sthal kaa daura kiya. usa varsh, smaarak kaa varnan yorkshire key puratan charles moor jessop dwara "gentleman patrika" kii ack prati mein kiya gayaa thaa, joe maanate they kii yeh ack "celtic" patthar kaa vritt haye.
1869 mein, pracheen aeye. ell. luis ney pahali baar site kaa daura kiya, aur sthaaniya logon dwara soochit kiya gayaa kii kaee saal pahale ack khopadi kaksh key ander yaa paas seey ujagar hui thee, lekin unakaa maanana thaa kii yeh ack jipsey kii thee. baad mein ack vivaran mein iss parr vistaar seey bataaya gayaa kii dou vyaktiyon ney binaa anumati key kaksh key kendra mein khudai kii, ack maanav kankal kii khoj kii, jisaki khopadi koo meofam mein church key bageeche mein phir seey dafnaya gayaa thaa. 1878 mein "dha journal off dha anthropological institute off grate britten aind ireland" mein prakaashit ack nott mein, luis ney nott kiya kii jabaki kaee paryatak kitt key kotee house mein jaate they, "bahut cumm loga colderham yaa coldrum lodge mein pattharon key ack aur adhik jigyasu sangrah key baare mein jaanate hain. unakaa maanana thaa kii smaarak mein pattharon kaa ack "kaksh" aur ack "andakar" donon shamil they, joe yeh sujhaav dete hain kii way "dou alag-alag nirmaan" they. 1880 mein, puraatatvavid flinder petri ney apane cantish mitty key karyon kii soochi mein "coldreham" mein pattharon key astitva koo shamil kiya; halanki yeh dekhate hue kii ack pichhale tippanikar ney pattharon koo andakar key aakar mein bataaya thaa, unhone isake bajaay unhein kaksh key chaaron or "ack aaytaakaar gheraav" banaane key roop mein varnit kiya. isake baad unhone smaarak kii ack chhoti, buniyaadi yojana koo shamil kiya.
agast 1889 mein, dou shaukiya puraatatvavid, george peney aur ack. aeye. ernold, smaarak key paar aaya, jise unhone sthaaniya logon key beach "coldrum stone" aur "drude mandir" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa; paayane key anusaar, "vishal patthar itane badey they kii way bramble aur brushwood seey bharey hue they kii unhein pahachaana naheen jaa sakata thaa. vaha agale saal vaapas aaya, yeh dekhate hue kii taba seey mahapashanon koo prakat karane key liye brushwood koo kaat diyaa gayaa thaa. apani 1893 kii pustak "collectania cantiana" mein, paayane ney nott kiya kii halanki iska pahali baar 1844 mein print mein varnan kiya gayaa thaa, "usa samay seey kissy ney unhein thheek seey record karane yaa yojana banaane mein pareshani naheen lii haye", ack asamanya daavaa yeh dekhate hue kii unake pustakalaya mein petri kii prakaashit yojana kii ack prati maujood thee. iss kaaran seey, bhoomi malik seey anumati praapt karane key baad, unhone mejar aeye koo aashvast kiya. oh. green, brompton mein sarvekshan mein prashikshak, agast 1892 mein smaarak kaa sarvekshan karane key liye. unhone puraatatvavid augustus pitt-riverse koo bhee likhaa, unhein pracheen smaarak sanrakshan adhiniyam 1882 key tahat kanuni roop seey sanrakshit sthal key roop mein sheet pathri koo nirdhaarit karane key liye protsaahit kiya. paayane ney sheet pathri koo "county mein apane varg kaa sabse achchha smaarak, aur harr dekhbhal aur dhyaan key yogya key roop mein varnit kiya."britten mein apane prakaar key anya smarakon seey isaki tulanaa karate hue, unhone kahaa kii yeh nissandeh" "sepulkral mool kaa thaa, joe britten key roman prabhutva key purvakaal seey sambandhit thaa."paayane ney ack lock parampara kaa bhee ullekh kiya kii sheet koo eddington lambe bairo seey jodane vaale patthar key raaste they, lekin unhone kahaa kii vaha iss visheshta key kissy bhee bhautik pramaan kii khoj karane mein asamarth they.
1904 mein, george clinch ney shaahi maanav vigyaan sansthaan kii patrika, "maine" mein medway megalith parr ack nott prakaashit kiya, jisamen unhone sheet pathri koo "ack baar mein sabse ullekhaniya aur poori shrinkhala mein seey cumm seey cumm gyaat" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya."yeh sujhaav dete hue kii isaki rachana ingit karati haye kii yeh" "navpashan yug mein ack dair kii tarikh" "key dauran banaaya gayaa thaa, unhone mahapashan key utpaadan mein karigari kii tulanaa patthar key khoonte seey kii, halanki unhone nott kiya kii way iss baat mein bhinn they kii sheet stambh patthar spasht roop seey" "ack kabr key dher" "kaa pratinidhitva karate they. antatah, unhone pracheen smaarak sanrakshan adhiniyam 1900 key tahat site koo sanrakshit karane kaa aagrah karate hue apane nott koo samaapt kiya. usee mudde mein, luis ney ack atirikt nott shamil kiya jisamen unhone iss vichaar koo khariz curr diyaa kii smaarak koo ack baar mitty key tumulus dwara cover kiya gayaa thaa kyonki vaha dekh sakata thaa kii "iss tarah kii koee bhee cheej kabhi maujood naheen thee", aur isake bajaay unhone site kii vyakhya ack patthar key vritt key roop mein kii, isaki tulanaa avebury, arber low aur stanton key udaharanon seey kii, jisase pataa chalata haye kii kendriya kaksh ack mandir thaa.
puraataatvik utkhanan.
sheet pathri kii khudai kaee maukon parr kii gaee haye. 16 aprail 1910 koo, shaukiya puraatatvavid aff. jey. bennet ney iss sthal parr khudai shuru kii, jisamen pahale eddington lambe bairo seey nae pashan patthar key upkaran saamane aae they. unhone jald hii sheetkaal mein "kewal kuchh inch chakali mitty key neeche" maanav haddiyon kii khoj kii. agast 1910 mein vaha apani bhatiji aur usake pati key saath aage kii khudai key liye site parr laut aae, joe donon chraniology mein ruchi rakhane vaale dunt chikitsak they; usa dinn unhone ack maanav khopadi key tukadon kii khoj kii, jinhen way badey paimaane parr punarnirmaan karane mein saksham they. kuchh dinon baad vaha vastukar ee key saath kaksh key uttar-paschim koney mein khudai karane key liye laut aae. doubleu. filkins; usa dinn, unhein ack doosari khopadi, aage kii haddiyaan, ack chakmak upkaran aur mitty key bartan key tukade mille. iss mitty key bartan kii pehchaan baad mein anglo-saxon key roop mein kii gaee thee.
usa maheene key anta mein, george peney aur aff. doubleu. paathak ney apani khojon parr charcha karane key liye bennet seey mulakat kii. dou anya ichchuk shaukiya puraatatvidon, mister boyd aur miss harker, donon kii sahaayata seey sitambar kii shuruat mein khudai phir seey shuru hui. 2009 mein, puraatatvidon martin smith aur megan brickley ney nott kiya kii bennet kii khudai ney pitt-nadee kii salah parr dhyaan diyaa thaa kii khudai koo poori tarah seey darj kiya jaanaa chaahiye. unhone nott kiya kii bennet ney "spasht yojana aur khand chitra, smaarak kii tasveeren aur sthal nirmaan prakriyaon parr vichaar karane key saavdhaanipoorvak prayaas pradaan kiye they."yeh sujhaav dete hue kii smaarak kaa nirmaan krishi bhoomi parr kiya gayaa thaa, apani prakaashit report mein bennet ney" "golden boff" "mein maanavvigyaani james fraser key vichaaron kaa hawala dete hue prastaav diyaa kii coldrum patthar" "ack samay mein samarpit kiye gaye honge, halanki shuru mein aisaa jaruri naheen thaa, makai key devta aur krishi kii pooja key liye."unakaa maanana thaa kii sthal parr paae gaye maanav avashesh prajanan sanskar mein maare gaye maanav balidan key shikaar they; isake vipareet, eevan ney baad mein kahaa kii" hamaare paas yeh jaanane kaa koee saadhan naheen haye kii kyaa sthal parr maanav balidan huaa thaa.
sitambar 1922 mein, filkins ney phir seey sheetgrih mein khudai kii, iss baar kabron key nivasi charles gilbert kii sahaayata seey. unaki pariyojana koo british sangh aur puratan vastuon key samaaj dwara pradaan kiye gaye anudan key madhyam seey vittaposhit kiya gayaa thaa, filkins ney nott kiya kii isake praarambh key samay, site key aspas ack laghu jangal "badaa hoe gayaa thaa jise saaf kiya jaanaa thaa. cumm seey cumm 1926 taka khudai chhitput roop seey jaari rahee. maanav avasheshon kii khoj kii gaee, aur shalyachikitsakon key shaahi mahavidyalaya key surr arther keath key kabje mein rakhaa gayaa. yeh bhee darj kiya gayaa haye kii 1939 aur 1945 key beach kissy samay sthal parr paae gaye maanav avasheshon koo trotiscliffe key churchyard mein phir seey dafnaya gayaa thaa. iss khudai seey smaarak key aspas key sabhi maujooda sarsen kaa pataa chalaa, jinamen seey kaee koo pahale dafnaya gayaa thaa. kaksh key pattharon koo thhos neenv key saath tarasha gayaa thaa jahan filkins koo aavashyak maanaa jaataa thaa. halanki filkins kii khudai vyaapak thee, lekin isane patthar key chhed, packing pattharon aur tealey key saath unake sambandh koo nazarandaj curr diyaa. 1998 mein, sb ney nott kiya kii "vartamaan key drishtikon seey, [filkins kii khudai mein] kamiyaan dekhana sambhav haye...] iss shatabdi key shuruati hisse key samanya manakon key sandarbh mein, sarahana karane key liye bahut kuchh haye."
rashtriya nyaas dwara prabandhan.
kent key saath kaam karane vaale apane 1924 key prakaashan mein, puraatatvavid oh. jee. aiss. crofford, joe taba ayudh sarvekshan key liye puraataatvik adhikaari key roop mein kaam curr rahey they, ney anya medway megalith key saath sheet pathri koo soochibaddh kiya. 1926 mein, sheet stambh rashtriya nyaas koo diye gaye they, ack daan jisane ise cantish pragaitihasik benjamin harrison key smaarak key roop mein samarpit kiya thaa. ise chihnit karane key liye ack pattika khadee kii gaee thee, jise galati seey smaarak koo ack patthar kaa vritt kahaa gayaa thaa; 1953 mein, puraatatvavid leslie grinsell ney yeh vichaar vyakt kiya kii "yeh ummeed haye kii nikat bhavishya mein iss truti koo thheek kiya jaa sakata haye. abhee bhee trust key swaamitva mein, site poore varsh agantukon key liye muft mein khuli rahati haye. apani website parr, trust agantukon koo "bairo key sheersh seey aashcharyajanak drishyon" koo dekhane kii salah detaa haye. johnn aich. avance ney iss sthal koo medway megalith key "sabse prabhaavshaali" key roop mein varnit kiya, jabaki grinsell ney ise samooh key "sabse achche aur sabse poorna" key roop mein varnit kiya.
murtipoojakon mein seey joe apani anushthaan gatividhiyon key liye sheet pathri kaa upayog karate hain, trust key sthal key prabandhan seey samanya santushti hoti haye, halanki viklang agantukon key liye kharaab pahunch parr kuchh nirasha hoti haye. smaarak key kendra mein ghaas parr jhulasi hui mitty kaa ack tukada maujood haye, jiska upayog shayed murtipoojakon key saath-saath gair-murtipoojakon dwara kiya jaataa haye, aur site key liye jimmedaar trust warden ney ise beej lagaane key bajaay vahaan chhodane kaa faisala kiya haye, taaki joe koee bhee pattharon key karib honey key bajaay usee sthaan parr halki aag lagaane key liye protsaahit hoe sakey. site koo agantukon dwara chhode gaye kachare seey bhee samasya kaa saamana karna padata haye, jisamen murtipoojakon key saath joe niyamit roop seey site parr jaate hain, way ise saaf karate hain.