trishul (yuu. key. paramanu karyakram)

trishul, jise trishul paramanu karyakram yaa trishul paramanu nivaarak key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, sanyukt raajya mein paramanu hathiyaron key vikas, khareed aur sanchaalan aur unake vitaran key sadhanon koo shamil kartaa haye. jaisa kii raksha mantralaya ney kahaa haye, iska uddeshya "hamari rashtriya suraksha aur jeevan shally key liye sabse charam khatron koo rokna haye, joe anya tarikon seey naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. trishul, trishool II dee-5 ballistic misaailon seey lais chaar aiss kii ack parichaalan pranali haye, joe kaee swatantra roop seey lakshit punah pravesh vaahanon (mirav) seey thermonuclear warhead dene mein saksham haye. yeh shaahi nausena dwara sanchaalit haye aur scotland key paschimi tata parr clyde nausena adde parr sthit haye. samudra mein nirantar kshamata pradaan karane key liye cumm seey cumm ack pandubbi hamesha gasht parr rahati haye. misaailon kaa nirmaan sanyukt raajya america mein kiya jaataa haye, jabaki yuddh key hathiyar british hain.
british sarkaar ney shuru mein trishul aaee see-4 missile kii khareed key liye carter prashaasan key saath baatchit kii. 1981 mein, reegan prashaasan ney apane trishul koo nae trishul II dee-5 missile mein upgraded karane key apane faisale kii ghoshana kii. isake liye baatchit aur riyaayaton key ack aur daur kii aavashyakta padee. julaai 1980 mein yuu. key. trishul karyakram kii ghoshana kii gaee thee aur disambar 1994 mein gasht shuru hui. 1968 seey 1996 taka chala rahey trishul ney pandubbi-adharit dhruviya pranali koo badal diyaa. 1998 mein saamarik we.177 mukt-patan bamon key sevamukt honey key baad seey yuu. key. dwara sanchaalit ekmatra paramanu hathiyar pranali trishul haye.
1991 mein soviyat sangh key patan key baad naato kii sainya mudra mein dheel dee gaee thee. trishul yuddh key hathiyaron koo kabhi bhee ack parichaalan gashti parr vishisht lakshyon parr lakshit naheen kiya gayaa haye, lekin aise samanvayon kii prateeksha karein jinhen unake computers mein prograam kiya jaa sakata haye aur kaee dinon key notice key saath chalaaya jaa sakata haye. halanki trishul koo ack ranneetik nivaarak key roop mein design kiya gayaa thaa, sheet yuddh key anta ney british sarkaar koo yeh nishkarsh nikaalane key liye prerit kiya kii ack upa-ranneetik-lekin saamarik-bhoomika kii aavashyakta naheen thee.
agragami" varg key pratisthaapan key liye ack karyakram chala rhaa haye. 18 julaai 2016 koo house off commons ney 2028 taka chaalu honey vaale aiss key bede key nirmaan key saath aage badhane key liye badey bahumat seey matdan kiya, jisamen vartamaan bedaa 2032 taka poori tarah seey samaapt hoe gayaa.
prishthabhoomi.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key shuruati bhaag key dauran, united kingdam (yuke) key paas ack paramanu hathiyar pariyojana thee, code-naamit tube mishra dhaatu, jise 1943 key quebeck samjhaute ney ack sanyukt americi, british aur kanadai pariyojana banaane key liye americi mainhattan pariyojana key saath vilay curr diyaa. british sarkaar koo ummeed thee kii sanyukt raajya america (yuu. aiss.) paramanu praudyogiki koo saajha karna jaari rakhega, jise vaha ack sanyukt khoj key roop mein maanata haye, lekin sanyukt raajya america paramanu oorjaa adhiniyam 1946 (mcmohan adhiniyam) ney takniki sahyog koo samaapt curr diyaa. algavvad key punrutthan key darr seey, aur apani mahaan shakti kii sthiti khone key kaaran, british sarkaar ney apane swayam key vikas prayaas phir seey shuru curr diye. pahale british paramanu bumm kaa pareekshan 3 octuber 1952 koo operation toofaan mein kiya gayaa thaa. hydrogen bumm key baad key british vikas, aur sputnik sankat dwara banaae gaye ack aakasmik antarrashtriya sambandhon key jalavaayu ney mcmohan adhiniyam key sanshodhan koo suvidhajanak banaaya, aur 1958 yuu. aiss.-yuu. key. parasparik raksha samjhauta (aim. dee. aeye.), jisane britten koo america seey paramanu hathiyar pranali praapt karane kii anumati dee, jisase paramanu sambandh bahaal hue.
1950 key dashak key dauran, britten kaa paramanu nivaarak shaahi vayu senaa (raaf) key vee-bamvarshakon key aspas adharit thaa, lekin radar aur satah seey havaa mein maar karane vaali misaailon mein vikas ney yeh spasht curr diyaa kii bamvarshak teji seey kamjor hoe rahey they, aur 1970 key dashak key madhya taka soviyat havaai kshetra mein pravesh karane kii sambhavana naheen thee. iss samasya koo hull karane key liye, britten ney blue streak naamak ack madhyam doori kii ballistic missile key vikas kii shuruat kii, lekin isaki apani bhedyata key baare mein chinta jataai gaee, aur british sarkaar ney ise radd karane aur americi skybolt air-launch ballistic missile koo praapt karane kaa faisala kiya. badale mein, amerikiyon koo scotland mein pavitra loach mein americi nausena kii dhruviya naukaaon koo aadhar banaane kii anumati dee gaee thee. navambar 1962 mein, americi sarkaar ney skybolt koo radd curr diyaa. johnn aff. sanyukt raajya america key tatkalin rashtrapati kenedi aur britten key tatkalin pradhaan mantri harold mcmillan ney naasaau samjhaute parr baatchit kii, jisake tahat america britten nirmit pandubbiyon key liye dhruviya pranaliyon koo bechega. ise polaris bikri samjhaute mein aupchaarik roop diyaa gayaa thaa.
pahali british polaris ballistic missile pandubbi (aiss. aiss. bee. aine.), 26 farwari 1964 koo kambriya mein bairo-inn-furness mein apane yard mein wickers-armstrong dwara rakhee gaee thee. usey 15 sitambar 1965 koo launch kiya gayaa thaa, 2 octuber 1967 koo commission kiya gayaa thaa, aur 15 farwari 1968 koo americi purvi renz mein ack pareekshan golibari kaa sanchaalan kiya gayaa thaa. usake baad, jise 29 sitambar 1968 koo wickers-armstrong dwara puuraa kiya gayaa thaa; aur dou naukaaon koo 15 navambar 1968 koo berconhead mein camel layered dwara banaaya gayaa thaa; aur, joe 4 disambar 1969 koo puuraa huaa thaa. chaar naukaaen aich. aim. aine. clyde parr sthit theen, joe kii see. ell. dee. key firth parr sthit thee, naa kii us nevi key lost port mein, jise paas key ack hathiyar bhandar mein agast 1968 mein khola gayaa thaa. aich. aim. dockyard, rosith koo 10vein pandubbi squadron key liye refit yard key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki dhruviya naukaaen chaalu hoe gaeen.
dhruviya dhruv vishvasaniya saabit huaa, aur isaki doosari-hadtaal kshamata ney kissy bhee pichhali british paramanu hathiyar pranali kii tulanaa mein adhik ranneetik lachilaapan pradaan kiya. haalaanki iska jivankal seemit thaa, aur 1990 key dashak taka isake aprachalit honey kii ummeed thee. yeh mahatvapurna maanaa jaataa thaa kii ack swatantra british nivaarak maujooda aur bhavishya kii soviyat anty-ballistic missile (aeye. bee. aim.) kshamataon mein pravesh curr sakata haye. ack aeye. bee. aim. pranali, aeye. bee. aim.-1 gallosch, ney masco kaa bachaav kiya, aur naato kaa maanana thaa kii yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. apani prabhavsheelta vikasit karna jaari rakhega. nivaarak tark key liye soviyat rajdhani aur anya pramukh shaharon key vinash koo khatare mein daalane kii kshamata kii aavashyakta thee. yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii ack vishvasaniya aur swatantra paramanu nivaarak banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa, britten ney ack behtar warhead package chevlin vikasit kiya, jisane ack dhruviya missile mein teen warhead mein seey ack koo kaee dcoy, chaff aur anya rakshaatmak jawabi upaayon seey badal diyaa. chevlin behad mahanga thaa; yeh una kaee muddon kaa saamana kartaa thaa jinhone 1950 key dashak kii british paramanu hathiyar pariyojanaon koo prabhaavit kiya thaa, aur sthagit curr diyaa thaa, lekin dhruviyata key aprachalit honey koo naheen taalaa.
roodhivaadi party kaa ack majboot raksha samarthak rukh thaa, aur usane british paramanu hathiyar karyakram kaa samarthan kiya, halanki yeh jaruri naheen kii paaramparik hathiyaron kii keemat parr hoe. pratidvandi laber party ney paramanu hathiyaron key adhigrahan kii shuruat kii thee, lekin 1950 key dashak key anta mein isake vampanthi paksh ney paramanu nirastreekaran kii neeti parr jore diyaa, jisake parinamswarup ack aspasht rukh banaa. 1964 seey 1970 aur 1974 seey 1979 taka karyalaya mein rahate hue, isane dhruviya kaa nirmaan aur rakharkhaav kiya, aur gupt chevline karyakram key madhyam seey iska aadhunikikaran kiya. 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein vipaksh mein, shram ney ektarafa paramanu nirastreekaran kii neeti apnai.
raajneetik matbhedon seey adhik mahatvapurna british rashtriya pehchaan kii saajha bhavna thee. britten koo vishva mamalon mein ack mahatvapurna khilaadi key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, isaki aarthik aur sainya kamjoriyon kii bharpai naato kii sadasyata aur saat key samooh, europeeya sangh kii taba kii sakriya sadasyata, sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishad mein isaki sthaayi seat, rashtramandal key rashtron kaa netritva aur america key saath paramanu vishesh sambandh dwara kii gaee thee. apane pracheen pratidvandi, france key mukabale heenata kii sthiti koo sweekaar karna akalpaniya thaa. isake alawa, britten khud koo duniya mein achche key liye ack shakti key roop mein dekhta haye, jisamen hastakshep karane kaa naitik kartavya haye, yadi aavashyak hoe tou sainya bull key saath, apane hiton aur apane moolyon donon kii raksha karane key liye. 1980 key dashak taka, paramanu hathiyaron key kabje koo british samrajya key nuksan key bavjood ack mahaan shakti key roop mein britten kii sthaayi sthiti kaa ack drishya sanket maanaa jaataa thaa, aur yeh rashtriya aatm-chhavi kaa ack ghatak bunn gayaa thaa.
baatchit.
cabinet sachiv, surr johnn hunt ney 28 navambar 1977 koo polaris parr cabinet koo jaankaari dee, yeh dekhate hue kii ack sambhaavit uttaradhikari koo seva mein laane mein 15 saal taka kaa samay lugg sakata haye, joe chuni gaee pranali kii prakriti parr nirbhar kartaa haye, aur kyaa ise yuke dwara vikasit kiya jaanaa thaa, yaa france yaa us key sahyog seey. chevlin key halia anubhav koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, vishuddh roop seey british pariyojana key vikalp koo aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. farwari 1978 mein videsh karyalaya mein raajya key upa-avar sachiv, surr antony duff kii adhyakshata mein ack samooh seey vikalpon kaa adhyayan shuru kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen raksha mantralaya key mukhya vaigyaanik salaahkaar, surr ronald messon they. duff-messon report 11 aur 15 disambar koo kuchh hisson mein pradhaan mantri james kailagan koo dee gaee thee. isane americi nausena key saath seva mein americi trishul aaee see-4 missile kii khareed kii sifarish kii. see-4 mein kaee swatantra roop seey lakshit punah pravesh vaahan (mirav) kshamata thee, jisaki aavashyakta soviyat aeye. bee. aim. raksha koo door karane key liye thee.
janwari 1979 mein kailghan ney rashtrapati jimmi carter seey sampark kiya, jinhone sakaratmak pratikriya dee, lekin pratibaddh naheen hue. carter prashaasan kii mukhya prathamikta soviyat sangh key saath namak II samjhauta thaa, jisane paramanu hathiyaron key bhandar koo seemit curr diyaa thaa. 18 juuna 1979 koo iss parr hastakshar kiye gaye they, lekin americi senate dwara isake anusamarthan koo surakshit karane key liye carter koo ack kathin ladaai kaa saamana karna padaa. 1972 key namak-1 samjhaute mein mirav praudyogiki ack badee khaamiyan saabit hui thee, jisamen misaailon kii sankhya seemit thee lekin yuddh-hathiyar naheen they. namak II vaarta key dauran america ney samjhaute mein british aur francisi paramanu balon koo shamil karane key soviyat prastaavon kaa virodh kiya thaa, lekin aisee chintaaen theen kii britten koo mirav praudyogiki kii aapoorti koo soviyat sangh dwara namak II mein gair-pariveshtan khand kii bhavna kaa ullanghan karate hue dekhaa jaayega.
3 maee 1979 koo aam chunaav key baad margaret thatcher ney kalghan kaa sthaan liya, aur unhone octuber mein carter key saath iss mudde parr charcha kii, joe see-4 kii aapoorti karane key liye sahmat hue, lekin unhone kahaa kii yuke disambar taka ack aupchaarik anurodh mein deree karey taaki vaha namak II kii pahale seey pushti curr sakey. iss beach, aim. dee. aeye., jisake binaa yuu. key. us paramanu hathiyar praudyogiki taka pahunchane mein saksham naheen hoga, koo 5 disambar koo paanch aur varshon key liye navinikrit kiya gayaa thaa, aur miss 7 cabinet samiti ney agale dinn see-4 khareedane key nirnay koo aupchaarik roop seey manjuri dee. jaba vaha 17 disambar koo phir seey carter seey milaa, tou usane abhee bhee adhik samay manga, lekin 24 disambar koo afghanistan parr soviyat aakraman ney senate dwara namak II key anusamarthan kii sabhi aashaon koo samaapt curr diyaa, jisase bikri key aage badhane kaa raasta saaf hoe gayaa.
british sarkaar koo ummeed thee kii trishul koo dhruviya key samaan sharton parr surakshit kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin jaba isake mukhya vartakar, robbert waid-gerry, apane americi samkaksh, david ell key saath baith gaye. aur, march 1980 mein, unhone paaya kii aisaa naheen thaa. dhruviya bikri samjhaute mein sahmat shodh aur vikas (aar aind dee) lagaton kii maanyata mein 5 pratishat shulk key bajaay, 1976 key ack kaanoon mein abb ack "pro reta" nishchit shulk bhugtan kii aavashyakta thee; shulk lagbhag 10 karod dollar hotaa, halanki nishchit shulk lagbhag 40 karod dollar thaa.
kaanoon koo maaf kiya jaa sakata haye yadi rashtrapati nirdhaarit karate hain kii aisaa karna hamaare hita mein thaa, lekin isake liye carter prashaasan yeh chaahata thaa kii britten raksha kharch koo utani hii raashi seey badhaayega, yaa britten mein raper baitariyon aur ground launch cruze missile (jee. ell. see. aim.) saiton koo sambhaalane vaale americi balon kii laagat kaa bhugtan karega. 2 juuna 1980 koo, thatcher aur americi raksha sachiv, harold braun, see-4 missile pranali key liye $2.5 billion, saath hii 5 pratishat aar aind dee levi, rapier baitariyon key liye british karmiyon aur diago garcia parr americi adde key vistaar parr sahmat hue, joe afghanistan parr soviyat aakraman key baad seey bahut mahatvapurna thaa. raksha raajya sachiv, francis pima ney 15 julaai 1980 koo trishul khareedane key nirnay key baare mein cabinet koo soochit kiya, aur usa dinn baad mein house off commons mein isaki ghoshana kii. samjhauta dhruviya bikri samjhaute mein sanshodhan karke, "dhruviya" koo "trishul" mein badalkar prabhaavi huaa.
haalaanki, 4 navambar 1980 koo, ronald reegan rashtrapati chune gaye. unake chunaav munch kaa ack hissa americi ranneetik paramanu balon kaa aadhunikikaran karna thaa. 24 agast 1981 koo, reegan prashaasan ney british sarkaar koo 1989 taka apane trishul koo nae trishul II dee-5 missile mein upgraded karane key apane iraade key baare mein soochit kiya, aur sanket diyaa kii vaha ise yuke koo bechane key liye taiyar thaa. naam key bavjood, dee-5 see-4 kaa ack behtar sanskaran naheen thaa, balki ack poori tarah seey naee missile thee. isaki khareed parr pahale seey hii duff-messon report mein vichaar kiya jaa chuka thaa, lekin ise aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki isaki atirikt kshamata-seey vistaarit seema-yuke dwara aavashyak naheen thee, aur yeh adhik mahangi thee. vaastav mein kitna adhik mahanga thaa, yeh anishchit thaa, kyonki yeh abhee bhee vikas key adheen thaa. usee samay, british sarkaar koo america key samaan hardware naheen honey kii laagat key baare mein achchi tarah seey pataa thaa. naa hii reegan prashaasan ney trishul key liye bhugtan karane key liye see-4 key samaan sharton parr dee-5 bechane kaa vaadaa kiya, british sarkaar ney 25 juuna 1981 koo anya raksha kharchon mein gahari katauti kii ghoshana kii.
8 farwari koo baatchit shuru hui, jisamen british dall ney phir seey vede-gairi key netritva mein kaam kiya. prastaavit british raksha katauti seey americi pareshan they, aur ack vachan key liye dabaav daala kii vimaan vaahak koo seva mein banaae rakhaa jaae, jise unhone belizen-gwatemala kshetriya vivaad parr pareshani koo taalane key liye aavashyak mahsoos kiya. unhone ack jawabi prastaav sweekaar kiya kii britten dou landing platform dock jahaajon koo banaae rakhega, aur jisake liye amerikiyon ney aar aind dee shulk koo cumm curr diyaa. samjhaute key tahat, britten 65 trishul II dee-5 misaailon kii khareed karega joe sanyukt raajya america mein nausena key pandubbi bases kings bey mein sthit hathiyaron key ack saajha pool key hisse key roop mein kaam karegi. america misaailon kaa rakharkhaav aur samarthan karega, jabaki britten misaailon parr jaane key liye apani pandubbiyon aur yuddhastron kaa nirmaan karega. warhead aur misaailon koo britten mein jodaa jaayega. kulport mein aathh varshon mein lagbhag 500 million pound kii bachat honey kaa anuman thaa, jabaki amerikiyon ney kings bey mein suvidhaon key unnayan parr 7 karod dollar kharch kiye. bikri samjhaute parr aupchaarik roop seey 19 octuber 1982 koo sanyukt raajya america mein british rajdoot, surr oliver raait aur americi raajya sachiv, george schultz dwara hastakshar kiye gaye they.
trishul karyakram kii laagat 5 arab pound honey kaa anuman thaa, jisamen chaar pandubbiyan, missile, kulport aur faslen mein naee suvidhaaen aur trishul II dee-5 aar aind dee mein yogdan shamil thaa. isase raksha bajat kaa 5 pratishat wahan honey kii ummeed thee. polaris key saath, paanchvin pandubbi (harr samay dou koo gasht parr rahane kii anumati) key vikalp parr charcha kii gaee, lekin antatah aswikar curr diyaa gayaa. fockland yuddh mein british jeet key parinamswarup thatcher kii lokpriyata mein vriddhi hui, jisamen una jahaajon ney ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, jinn parr amerikiyon ney jore diyaa thaa. trishul kaa bhavishya agale varsh surakshit hoe gayaa jaba roodhivaadi party ney 1983 key aam chunaav mein ack laber party koo harakar jeet hassil kii, jisane trishul koo radd karane kaa vaadaa kiya thaa. pahali trishul naav kaa adesh 30 aprail 1986 koo diyaa gayaa thaa. laber party key trishul key nirantar virodh koo dekhate hue, wickers ney jore dekar kahaa kii anubandh mein radd honey kii sthiti mein paryaapt muaavaja shamil haye.
britten kii paramanu neeti.
sheet yuddh.
trishul karyakram sheet yuddh key dauran shuru kiya gayaa thaa, aur ise gair-paramanu hathiyaron seey utpann khatron sahit britten aur usake naato sahyogiyon kii suraksha key liye pramukh khatron key khilaf ack swatantra roop seey niyantrit nivaarak pradaan karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa.
ack prabhaavi nivaarak pradaan karane key liye, trishul pranali kaa uddeshya "soviyat raajya shakti key pramukh pahaluon key liye ack sambhaavit khatra paida karna" thaa, jabaki ack ashcharya yaa poorv-nivaarak paramanu hamale key liye abhedya thaa. polaris key saath, trishul kaa swaamitva aur sanchaalan britten dwara kiya jaataa thaa, lekin naato key liye pratibaddh thaa aur sangathan key sarvocch sahayogi commander europe dwara nirdhaarit yojanaon key anusaar lakshit kiya jaataa thaa, joe paaramparik roop seey americi senaa mein ack varishth vyakti hain. dhruviya bikri vyavastha kii sharton key tahat, america key paas british paramanu hathiyaron key upayog parr veeto naheen haye, jise britten swatantra roop seey launch curr sakata haye, lekin yeh kewal tabhi hoga jaba "sarvocch rashtriya hiton" kii aavashyakta hogi.
misaailon koo daagne kaa antim nirnay pradhaanmantri kii jimmedaari haye, joe padbhar sambhaalane parr antim upaay key chaar samaan patra likhate hain, jinamen seey ack "agrani"-shreni kii pandubbiyon mein seey pratyek parr ack surakshit sthaan mein bund hotaa haye. yadi britten key saath sampark toot jaataa haye, tou pandubbi key commanding adhikaari koo patra mein diye gaye nirdeshon kaa paalan karna hoga yadi unhein lagata haye kii united kingdam koo bhaari hamale kaa saamana karna padaa haye. vikalpon mein paramanu hathiyaron seey jawabi kaarravaai karna, jawabi kaarravaai naheen karna, pandubbi koo kissy sahayogi kii kamaan mein rakhna yaa kaptan key roop mein kaary karna shamil haye. patron kii sateek samagri kaa kabhi khulasa naheen kiya jaataa haye, aur unhein ack nae pradhaan mantri key padbhar grahan karane parr khole binaa nasht curr diyaa jaataa haye.
sheet yuddh key baad.
disambar 1994 mein pahale "agradoot" gashti key samay taka, soviyat sangh kaa astitva naheen rhaa, aur sarkaar ney agale varshon mein apani paramanu neeti koo samaayojit kiya. trishul kii misaailon koo 1994 mein "agradoot" kii pahali yatra seey pahale "alag" kiya gayaa thaa. warhead vishisht lakshyon key liye naheen hotey hain, lekin una samanvayon kii prateeksha karate hain jinhen unake computer mein prograam kiya jaa sakata haye aur kaee dinon key notice key saath chalaaya jaa sakata haye.
1987 kii soviyat sangh key saath madhyavarti-doori kii paramanu bull sandhi kii sharton key tahat, america ney apane satah key nausainik paramanu hathiyaron aur cumm doori key paramanu balon koo vaapas leey liya. 1991 mein britten seey glams koo vaapas leey liya gayaa thaa, aur pavitra loach mein dhruviya pandubbi adde koo 1992 mein bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. pariyojana ee key tahat british seva mein antim americi warhead, warhead paramanu gaharaai bumm aur lens missile aur aur paramanu topkhaane key gole jinka upayog raain kii british senaa dwara kiya jaataa thaa, julaai 1992 mein vaapas leey liye gaye they. british roodhivaadi sarkaar ney iska paalan kiya. paramanu hathiyar leey jaane vaale jahaajon kii tainaati ney falkland yuddh key dauran sharmindagi paida kii, aur isake baad shaanti key samay mein unhein kinare parr rakhane kaa nirnay liya gayaa. 1992 mein paramanu gaharaai vaale bamon koo seva seey vaapas leey liya gayaa, isake baad 31 march 1998 koo shaahi nausena aur raaf dwara upayog kiye gaye we.177 free-fauls bumm. yeh trishul britten kii ekmatra paramanu hathiyar pranali key roop mein chhod diyaa gayaa.
halanki trishul koo ack ranneetik nivaarak key roop mein design kiya gayaa thaa, sheet yuddh key anta ney british sarkaar koo yeh nishkarsh nikaalane key liye prerit kiya kii ack upa-ranneetik-lekin saamarik-bhoomika kii aavashyakta thee, jisamen trishul misaailon ney pahale raaf key we.177 bamon dwara niyantrit bhoomika koo grahan kiya thaa. 1994 key raksha shwet patra mein kahaa gayaa thaah "hamein adhik seemit paimaane parr paramanu kaarravaai karane kii kshamata kii bhee aavashyakta haye... anivarya roop seey ranneetik paramanu adaan-pradaan koo trigger kiye binaa aakraamakta koo rokein. baad mein ack bayaan mein kahaa gayaah "humm apane nivaarak key upa-ranneetik aur ranneetik tatvon donon key liye vaahan pradaan karane key liye trishul key lachilepan kaa dohan karane kaa bhee irada rakhate hain... antarrashtriya sthiti mein sambhaavit pratikool rujhaanon key khilaf ack beema key roop mein. 19 march 1998 koo, raksha sachiv, george robertson koo "upa-ranneetik bhoomika key liye trishul warhead key cumm upaj vaale sanskaran key vikas parr" ack bayaan dene key liye kahaa gayaa thaa. unhone jawab diyaa, "britten key paas apani trishul misaailon parr yuddh key liye upaj key vikalp mein kuchh lachilaapan haye.
britten ney paramanu hamla shuru karane key sambandh mein pahale upayog naa karane kii neeti ghoshit naheen kii haye; poorv british raksha sachiv geoff hoon ney 2002 aur 2003 mein kahaa thaa kii aggar british sainikon key khilaf paramanu hathiyaron kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye tou britten unake saath dusht raajyon parr hamla karane key liye taiyar hoga. aprail 2017 mein raksha sachiv michael fallon ney pushti kii kii britten "sabse charam paristhitiyon" mein "poorv-praarambhik hamale" mein paramanu hathiyaron kaa upayog karega. fellon ney ack sansadiya uttar mein kahaa kii britten kii paramanu hathiyar neeti mein naa tou 'pahale upayog' yaa 'pahale upayog naheen' haye taaki usake virodhiyon koo pataa naa chaley kii britten kaba paramanu hamale karega.
march 2021 mein, britten ney apani ekikrit raksha sameeksha mein paramanu neeti mein badalaav kaa sujhaav diyaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa kii britten saamoohik vinash key hathiyaron key saamane paramanu hathiyaron kaa upayog karane kaa adhikaar surakshit rakhega, jisamen "ubharati praudyogikiyan shamil hain joe kaafee prabhaav daal sakati hain", jisamen cyber praudyogikiyan, rasayanik yaa javic hathiyar shamil hain. yeh maujooda yuu. key. neeti seey ack badalaav kaa prateek haye, jisamen paramanu hathiyaron koo kewal kissy anya paramanu shakti key khilaf yaa charam rasayanik yaa javic khatron key jawab mein launch kiya jaayega. haalaanki, isane iss baat parr jore diyaa kii britten paramanu hathiyaron key aprasaar parr sandhi 1968 key kissy bhee gair-paramanu hathiyar paksh key khilaf paramanu hathiyaron kaa upayog yaa upayog karane kii dhamki naheen dega, lekin kewal tabhi jaba raajya sandhi key daayitvon key "bhautik ullanghan" mein naheen haye. bhasha mein badalaav taba aaya jaba britten ney trishul paramanu hathiyaron kii sankhya parr 40 pratishat kii seema koo uthaaya, joe "vikasit suraksha vatavaran kii maanyata mein" 180 seey 260 taka hathiyar rakh sakata haye. britten ney yeh bhee kahaa haye kii vaha abb yeh ghoshana naheen karega kii jaanboojhkar aspashtata kii naee neeti mein usake paas kitane tainaat karane yogya hathiyar hain. iss kadam kaa uddeshya ack paramanu shakti aur ack americi raksha sahayogi key roop mein britten kii sthiti koo majboot karna haye. laber party key netaa kiir starmer ney, halanki paramanu pratirodh kaa samarthan kiya, naee neeti kii aalochana kii aur sawal kiya kii pradhaanmantri boris johnson kaa maanana thaa kii bhandar badhaana aavashyak kyon thaa. paramanu nirastreekaran key abhiyaan key kett hudson ney "naee paramanu hathiyaron kii daud" kii shuruat key khilaf chetavani dee.
design, vikas aur nirmaan.
"agragami"-shreni kii pandubbiyaan.
chaar "agragami" shreni kii pandubbiyon koo wickers jahaaj nirmaan aur engineering dwara bairo-inn-furness mein design aur banaaya gayaa thaa, abb bee. aeye. ee. system pandubbiyan, yuu. key. mein paramanu pandubbiyon key nirmaan kii suvidhaon aur visheshagyata key saath ekmatra jahaaj nirmaata hain. phir bhee, pariyojana key liye 62 million pound moolya key nae jahaaj nirmaan aur dock suvidhaon koo jodaa gayaa, jisamen devonshire dock holl vishesh roop seey isake liye banaaya gayaa thaa. praarambhik yojana "sankalp"-varg key nae sanskaranon kaa nirmaan karane kii thee, lekin julaai 1981 mein nae roll-royce roll-royce dabaav jall reactor koo shamil karane kaa nirnay liya gayaa thaa. shuru seey hii, "agragami" pandubbiyon koo trishool II dee-5 koo samaayojit karane mein saksham badhe hue missile tubes key saath design kiya gayaa thaa. missile dibbe americi parr upayog kii jaane vaali pranali parr adharit haye, halanki 24 parr savaar "ohiyo" naav key bajaay kewal 16 misaailon kii kshamata key saath. naaven "sankalp" varg kii tulanaa mein kaafee badee hain, aur unhein pahale yuddhpoton aur vimaan vaahak key saath judey naam diye gaye they, joe rajdhani jahaajon key roop mein unaki sthiti key anuroop they. ack mahatvapurna vichaar walney channel kii gaharaai parr thaa, joe bairo koo ayrish samudra seey jodata thaa, joe masaude koo seemit kartaa thaa, jabaki "ohiyo"-shreni kii naukaaon mein ack masauda thaa. pratyek naav lambi aur vyaas mein haye, aur 150 adhikaariyon aur rating key chaalak dall koo leey jaati haye.
pandubbiyaan ack saamarik-soochana aur hathiyar-niyantran pranali kaa upayog karati hain jise agali peedhi kii pandubbi kamaan pranali kahaa jaataa haye. yeh pranali microsoft key sahyog seey vikasit kii gaee thee, aur windows xp key samaan takneek parr adharit haye, jisake kaaran media ney ise "pandubbiyon key liye khidakiyan" kaa upnaam diyaa, jisamen yuu. key. raksha patrika tathya jaanch samooh ney windows xp parr chalane vaale jahaajon key daavon kaa mukabala kiya. missile tubes key alawa, pandubbiyon mein chaar tarpedo tube lagaae jaate hain aur way bhaala machhali tarpedo leey jaate hain, jisase way jalmagn yaa satah key lakshyon koo paar karane mein saksham hotey hain. dou aiss. aiss. ee. maark 10 lancher bhee lagaae gaye hain, jisase naukaaon koo type 2066 aur type 2071 decoy tainaat karane kii anumati milati haye, aur ack yuu. aeye. pee. maark 3 electronic samarthan upaay (ee. aiss. aim.) avarodhan pranali leey jaaya jaataa haye. pratyek naav key liye unaki lambi doori kii refit avadhi key dauran ack "core aich" reactor lagaaya jaataa haye, yeh sunishchit karate hue kii kissy bhee pandubbi koo aage punah eendhan kii aavashyakta naheen hogi.
thatcher ney 3 sitambar 1986 koo pahali naav, aich. aim. aiss. "agradoot" kii shuruat kii, aur ise 14 agast 1993 koo chaalu kiya gayaa thaa. usake baad unaki bahanon ney, jise 3 disambar 1987 koo sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur 7 janwari 1995 koo chaalu kiya gayaa thaa; jise 16 farwari 1991 koo sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur 2 navambar 1996 koo chaalu kiya gayaa thaa; aur, jise 1 farwari 1993 koo sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur 27 navambar 1999 koo chaalu kiya gayaa thaa. pahali british trishul missile kaa pareekshan 26 maee 1994 koo "agradoot" seey kiya gayaa thaa, aur usane usa varsh disambar mein apana pahala gasht shuru kiya thaa. shaahi nausena key anusaar, cumm seey cumm ack pandubbi taba seey hamesha gasht parr rahee haye.
yuddh key hathiyar.
british seva mein, trishul II misaailon koo holbrook naamak ack thermonuclear warhead seey susajjit kiya jaataa haye. warhead key paas dou warhead kaa vikalp hotaa haye, jisamen seey sabse adhik upaj maanaa jaataa haye, jisamen seey cumm upaj kii seema mein hoti haye. britten sarkaar inn aaropon key prati samvedansheel thee kii dhruv koo trishul seey badalane seey british paramanu hathiyaron kii sankhya mein vriddhi hogi. jaba 1982 mein trishul II khareedane key nirnay kii ghoshana kii gaee thee, tou iss baat parr jore diyaa gayaa thaa kii americi trishul naukaaon mein pratyek mein aathh warhead key saath 24 misaailen theen, kull 192 warhead, british trishul naukaaon mein 128 seey adhik warhead naheen they-joe dhruv key samaan sankhya thee. navambar 1993 mein, raksha raajya sachiv, malcum rifkind ney ghoshana kii kii pratyek naav 96 seey adhik warhead tainaat naheen karegi. 2010 mein ise ghataakar adhikatam 40 warhead curr diyaa gayaa thaa, joe aathh misaailon key beach vibhajit thaa. isake parinamswarup yuddh key hathiyaron key utpaadan aur navinikaran mein kamee seey duss saal kii avadhi mein 22 million pound kii bachat honey kaa anuman thaa. haalaanki 2021 mein boris johnson ney ghoshana kii kii kull warhead kii sankhya 180 seey 260 taka uthaai jaa rahee haye.
yuddh key hathiyaron kaa nirmaan mukhya roop seey vismay aldermeston mein kiya jaataa haye, anya bhaagon koo anya vismay suvidhaon jaise kii bergfield mein banaaya jaataa haye. british sarkaar kaa kahana haye kii warhead koo swadeshi roop seey design kiya gayaa haye, lekin huns aim sahit vishleshak. americi vaigyaanikon key sangh key saath christanson kaa maanana haye kii yeh kaafee hudd taka us doubleu design parr adharit haye. 1958 key us-yuke parasparik raksha samjhaute key tahat yuke koo humm parr warhead design kii jaankaari lene kii anumati haye, lekin trishul karyakram key liye warhead kaa nirmaan aur rakharkhaav vismay kii jimmedaari haye. americi rashtrapati george aich. doubleu. busch ney 1991 aur 1996 key beach yuu. key. mein paramanu warhead ghatakon key hastaantaran koo adhikrit kiya. pahala holbrook warhead sitambar 1992 mein samaapt huaa thaa aur utpaadan shayed 1999 mein samaapt huaa thaa. pratyek warhead koo yuu. aiss. mein baney shanku key aakar key punah pravesh vaahan mein rakhaa gayaa haye jise aim. key. 4 kahaa jaataa haye aur yeh vahee punah pravesh vaahan haye jiska upayog yuu. aiss. nausena dwara apane doubleu warhead key saath kiya jaataa haye. yeh khol prithvi key vayumandal mein punah pravesh karane parr anubhav kiye gaye uchch tapman seey isaki raksha kartaa haye. trishul warhead key fusing, arming aur firing tantra koo saavdhaanipoorvak design kiya gayaa haye taaki yeh kewal prakshepan aur ballistic tainaati key baad hii visfot curr sakey.
25 farwari 2020 koo, yuu. key. ney ack likhit bayaan jaari kiya jisamen rekhaankit kiya gayaa thaa kii vartamaan yuu. key. paramanu hathiyar koo badal diyaa jaayega aur yeh yuu. aiss. trishul aiss. ell. bee. aim. aur sambandhit pranaliyon seey mell khaayega. isase pahale, yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii commander us strategic kamaand, admiral charles richard ney senate kii sunavaai mein ullekh kiya thaa kii yuke pahale seey hii apane warhead koo badalane key liye kaam curr rhaa thaa, joe bhavishya key us us warhead seey mell khaata thaa.
britten key paas 215 yuddhastron kaa bhandar thaa, jinamen seey 120 parichaalan key liye upalabdh hain. 2022 mein yuu. key. sarkaar ney ghoshana kii kii "yuu. key. 260 seey adhik yuddhastron key samagr paramanu hathiyar bhandar kii or badhega."gashti parr british ssbn ney adhikatam 40 warhead aur 8 misaailen leey jaaee. 2011 mein yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii british warhead koo nae emke 4aeye punah pravesh vaahan aur kuchh yaa sabhi anya unnayan praapt honge joe doubleu doubleu warhead apane doubleu 76-1 jeevan vistaar karyakram mein praapt curr rahey they. kuchh reports ney sujhaav diyaa kii british warhead koo vahee hathiyar, fusing aur firing system (aeye. aff. aind. aff.) praapt hoga joe yuu. aiss. doubleu. 76-1 key roop mein haye. yeh naee aeye. aff. aind. aff. pranali, jise aim. see. 4700 kahaa jaataa haye, missile sailo aur bunker jaise kathin lakshyon key khilaf hathiyar kii ghaataktaa koo badhaa degi.
aar. aine. aeye. dee. kulport mein britten key paramanu hathiyar bhandaran dipo aur vismay aldermeston key beach kii doori key kaaran, holbrook (trishul) warhead koo raksha pulis mantralaya dwara bhaari sashastr kafile mein sadak dwara leey jaaya jaataa haye. ack dabaav samooh key anusaar, 2000 aur 2016 key beach vaahan 180 ghatnaaon mein shamil they, jisamen durghatanaon, virodh pradarshanon yaa kharaab mausam key kaaran deree aur modd seey laker ack laurie mein achaanak bijli kii haani taka shamil thee, jisane ack kafile koo roque diyaa aur aur motorway parr ack double laine bund aur ack telback kaa kaaran banaa. samooh key vishleshan mein kahaa gayaa haye kii 2013-2015 varshon mein ghatanaaen adhik baar hoti theen.
trishul II dee-5 misaailen.
trishul II dee-5 ack pandubbi seey prakshepit ballistic missile haye jise california key sanivel mein lockheed martin antariksh pranaliyon dwara banaaya gayaa haye aur americi nausena aur shaahi nausena dwara tainaat kiya gayaa haye. british sarkaar ney sanshodhit dhruviya bikri samjhaute key tahat apane anusandhaan aur vikas laagat kaa paanch pratishat yogdan diyaa. vikas anubandh octuber 1983 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa, aur pahala prakshepan janwari 1987 mein huaa thaa. pahali pandubbi prakshepan march 1989 mein kiya gayaa thaa. yeh prayaas whiffle rhaa kyonki missile key baad paani kaa plume ummeed seey adhik oonchaai taka badh gayaa, jisake parinamswarup motor key prajwalit honey parr paani nozzle mein thaa. ack baar jaba samasya samajh mein aaa gaee, tou saral parivartan jaldi kiye gaye, lekin samasya ney march 1990 taka trishul II kii seva mein pravesh mein deree kii.
trishul II dee-5 apane poorvavarti, trishul i see-4 kii tulanaa mein adhik parishkrit haye, aur isaki adhik payload kshamata haye. trishul II dee-5 key sabhi teen charan graphite apoxy seey baney hotey hain, jisase missile apane poorvavarti kii tulanaa mein bahut halki hoe jaati haye. ack british "agragami" shreni kii pandubbi kaa pahala pareekshan 1994 mein huaa thaa. missile lambi haye, vajan kii haye, isaki seema haye, over (mack 17.4) kii sheersh gati aur ack golakar truti sambhaavit (see. ee. pee.) sateekta "kuchh feat" key bheetar haye. yeh ack starr tracker key saath sanyukt ack jadatviya navigation pranali kaa upayog karke nirdeshit kiya jaataa haye, aur americi-sanchaalit vaishvik sthiti pranali (jee. pee. aiss.) parr nirbhar naheen haye.
1998 kii ranneetik raksha sameeksha ney ghoshana kii kii missile nikaayon kii sankhya pahale seey hii khareede gaye yaa order key tahat 58 taka seemit hogi, aur shaahi nausena koo pahale seey niyojit antim saat misaailen praapt naheen hongi. isase lagbhag 50 million pound kii bachat hui. yuu. key. misaailen americi nausena key atlantic squadron "ohiyo"-varg key ssbns key saath kings bey mein ack saajha pool banaati hain. pool "saha-mishrit" haye aur misaailon koo kissy bhee desh kii pandubbiyon parr load karane key liye yaadrichhik roop seey chunaa jaataa haye. pahali trishul naav, aich. aim. aiss. "agradoot" ney 1994 mein 16 misaailon kaa puuraa bhaar ekatra kiya, lekin 1995 mein "vijayi" ney kewal 12 aur 1997 mein "satark", 14 ekatra kiye, jisase shesh missile tube khaali reh gaye.
1999 taka, chhah misaailon kaa pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa, aur anya aathh koo pareekshan firing key liye nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. juuna 2016 mein, ack trishul II dee-5 missile florida key tata seey "pratishodh" seey prakshepit honey key baad "america kii or galat disha mein chully gaee". ghatana kaa khulasa janwari 2017 taka naheen huaa thaa; "ravivaar key samay" ney bataaya kii missile pranali key bhavishya parr mahatvapurna house off commons key matdan seey kuchh hafte pahale downing street ney ghatana koo "dhaka diyaa thaa"."baad kii media reports mein kahaa gayaa kii yeh hamaare anurodh parr thaa. 2000, 2005, 2009 aur 2012 mein shaahi nausena key safal pareekshan golibari hui thee. missile kii laagat 17 million pound key kaaran way kabhi-kabhi naheen hotey hain. agast 2016 taka 1989 seey trishul II dee-5 missile kaa 161 safal pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa, sabse halia agast 2016 mein kiya gayaa thaa. 10 seey cumm pareekshan udaanen whiffle rahee hain, aur shaahi nausena koo pichhali viphalata key liye naheen jaanaa jaataa haye.
laagat.
1990 key dashak mein, trishul karyakram kii kull adhigrahan laagat 9.8 arab pound thee, jiska lagbhag 38 pratishat america mein huaa thaa. 2005-06 mein, sanchaalan aur poonji laagat key liye vaarshik vyay kaa anuman £1.20 arab aur £1.7 arab key beach thaa aur 2007-08 mein paramanu hathiyaron kii sthaapana laagat sahit £2 billion seey £2.2 arab taka badhane kaa anuman thaa. 1994 mein trishul key chaalu honey key baad seey, vaarshik vyay vaarshik raksha bajat key 3 seey 4.5 pratishat key beach rhaa haye, aur raksha bajat key 5.5 pratishat taka badhane kaa anuman thaa. laagat mein ack mahatvapurna kaarak dollar aur pound key beach vinimay darr thee, joe sitambar 1980 mein 2.36 dollar seey ghatkar march 1982 mein 1.78 dollar hoe gaee.
operation.
gasht.
trishul key sanchaalan key siddhant koo nirantar samudra nirodh (cassed) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jiska arth haye kii cumm seey cumm ack pandubbi hamesha gasht parr hoti haye. ack anya pandubbi kaa rakharkhaav kiya jaa rhaa haye aur shesh dou bandargah yaa prashikshan abhyaas parr hain. gashti key dauran, pandubbi koo chup rahane kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur kewal aapaatkaaleen sthiti mein hii usey britten key saath sampark karane kii anumati hoti haye. yeh samudra tala kii maanchitrit samocch rekhaaon kaa upayog karke navigate kartaa haye aur kaee hazaar varg meal maapane vaale niyojit "bakse" kii ack shrinkhala parr gasht kartaa haye. aaney vaale sandeshon koo lene key liye pandubbi key peechhe kii satah parr ack havaai pagadandi. 150 chaalak dall key adhikansh sadasyon koo kabhi pataa naheen chalata kii way kahaan hain yaa way kahaan rahey hain. 350veen gashti 29 sitambar 2017 koo shuru hui. 15 navambar 2018 koo westminster mein 50 saal key jashn key avsar parr ack swaagat samaroh aayojit kiya gayaa thaa.
adesh aur niyantran.
kewal pradhaanmantri yaa ack naamit jeevit vyakti misaailon koo daagne key liye adhikrit curr sakata haye. yeye adesh sambhavatah madhya landan mein whitehall key tahat pinder kamaand bunker seey jaari kiye jaayenge. vahaan seey, adesh koo hertfordshire mein northwood mukhyalaya suvidha mein commander, task force 345 (ctf 345) sanchaalan kaksh koo bheja jaayega, joe gashti parr "agradoot" commander key saath samvaad karane kii anumati dene vaali ekmatra suvidha haye. penrith key paas skelton mein ack transmitter site seey vee. ell. aff. parr aaee. pee. key madhyam seey sanchaar prasaarit kiya jaataa haye. dou karmiyon koo shuru karane seey pahale prakriya key pratyek charan koo pramaanit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jisamen pandubbi commander kewal dou safe khole jaane key baad hii firing trigger koo sakriya karane mein saksham hotaa haye, jisamen jahaaj key karyakari aur hathiyar engineer adhikaari dwara rakhee gaee chaabiyan hoti hain. ack sansadiya uttar mein kahaa gayaa haye kii shaahi nausena kii ballistic pandubbiyon key commanding adhikaariyon koo 'sashastr sangharsh key kaanoon' mein prashikshan praapt hotaa haye.
aadhar.
trishul scotland key paschimi tata parr aich. aim. aine. bee. clyde parr sthit haye. iss aadhar mein dou suvidhaaen hain-hellensburg key paas geyar loach parr faslen nausainik aadhar, aur paschim mein kulport mein ack pahaadi mein sthaapit 16 concreet bankaron key saath ack ayudh dipo. faslen kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa aur pahali baar dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran ack aadhar key roop mein upayog kiya gayaa thaa. iss sthaan koo sheet yuddh kii oonchaai parr paramanu-sashastr pandubbiyon key liye aadhar key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa kyonki isaki sthiti clyde key gahare aur aasaani seey naugamya firth key karib thee. yeh uttari atlantic mein gasht kshetron key liye uttari channel key madhyam seey teji seey aur gupt pahunch pradaan kartaa haye, aur iceland aur scotland key beach key gick antar key madhyam seey norwey key samudra taka. paramanu-sanchaalit bede vaali pandubbiyaan (aiss. aiss. aine. aiss.) bhee hain. aar. aine. aeye. dee. kulport kaa upayog paramanu hathiyar koo sangraheet karane key liye kiya jaataa haye aur isamen docking suvidhaaen hain jahaan unhein gasht parr jaane seey pahale pandubbiyon parr load kiya jaataa haye aur jaba way aadhar parr lautate hain tou unhein utaar diyaa jaataa haye. agragami" shreni kii pandubbiyon kii marammat aur marammat plymouth, devon key paas aich. aim. aine. bee. devonport mein hoti haye.
jasusi.
varishth raaf adhikaariyon key anusaar 2011 mein nimrod samudri gashti vimaan kii sevaanivritti ney roose koo desh key paramanu pratirodh parr "moolyavaan khufiya jaankaari" praapt karane kii kshamata dee. isake parinamswarup, northrope groomman groomman tritton maanav rahit havaai vaahan khareedane kii yojana parr vichaar kiya gayaa. ranneetik raksha aur suraksha sameeksha 2015 ney ghoshana kii kii nau boing pee-8 posidon samudri gashti vimaanon koo raaf key liye kharida jaayega. way 3 aprail 2020 koo chaalu hoe gaye.
virodh.
paramanu nirastreekaran (see. aine. dee.) key liye abhiyaan 1950 key dashak key anta mein shuru mein paramanu pareekshan key virodh mein sthaapit ack rashtriya andolan thaa. yeh 1960 key aspas apane charam parr pahunch gayaa, usa samay taka yeh ack vyaapak andolan mein vikasit hoe gayaa thaa jisamen britten koo ektarafa roop seey paramanu hathiyaron koo chhodane, naato seey peechhe hatane aur britten mein paramanu-sashastr vimaanon key aadhar koo samaapt karane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa. vayumandaliya paramanu pareekshan, aantarik kalah aur anya karanon parr apani oorjaa koo kendrit karane vaale kaaryakartaon key anta ney teji seey girawat kaa kaaran banaa, lekin 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein naato double-track nirnay key tahat yuke mein glams kii tainaati kii anumati dene key liye thatcher sarkaar key disambar 1979 key nirnay aur julaai 1980 mein trishul khareedane key nirnay kii ghoshana key baad yeh punarjeevit huaa. sadasyata 1980 mein 3,000 seey ack saal baad 50,000 taka badh gaee, aur octuber 1981 aur juuna 1982 mein landan mein ektarafa paramanu nirastreekaran key liye railiyon ney 250,000 marchers koo aakarshit kiya, joe usa samay taka yuke mein abb taka kaa sabse badaa saamoohik pradarshan thaa.
1982 key laber party sammelan ney ack munch apanaaya jisamen dhruviya koo hataane, dhruviya koo hataane aur trishul koo radd karane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa. 1986 key sammelan dwara isaki pushti kii gaee thee. jabaki party koo fockland yuddh key baad 1983 kaa chunaav jeetane kaa bahut cumm mauka diyaa gayaa thaa, 1986 aur 1987 key chunaavon mein roodhivaadiyon seey aage shram dikhaaya gayaa thaa. 1987 key chunaav mein shram key asafal pradarshan key maddenajar, laber party key netaa neel kinnock ney apani ektarafa maanyataon key bavjood party kii nirastreekaran neeti koo chhodane key liye kadam uthaaya, jise unhone apani haar mein ack yogdan kaarak key roop mein dekhaa. party ney octuber 1989 mein aupchaarik roop seey aisaa karane key liye matdan kiya.
swatantrata samarthak scotish raajneetik dall-scotish national party (aiss. aine. pee.), scotish green party, scotish socialist party (aiss. aiss. pee.) aur ekjutata-scotland key sabse badey shahar glassgo key karib trishul pranali key aadhar key virodh mein hain. kuchh sadasyon aur una dalon key poorv sadasyon, jaise kii tommy sheridon aur lloyd quinan ney aadhar key avrodhon mein bhaag liya haye. 2007 mein aam sabhaa key ack pramukh sadan key liye, sansad key adhikansh scotish sadasyon (aim. pee. aiss.) ney pranali key unnayan key khilaf matdan kiya, jabaki angreji aur velsh aim. pee. aiss. key ack badey bahumat ney paksh mein matdan kiya. sadan ney 161 key mukabale 409 maton seey karyakram koo navinikrit karane kii yojana kaa samarthan kiya.
faslen shaanti shivir sthaayi roop seey faslen nausena adde key paas sthit haye. 12 juuna 1982 seey, vibhinn sthaanon parr, yeh lagaatar kabja curr liya gayaa haye. 2006 mein, ack saal key liye harr dinn aadhar koo avaruddh karane key uddeshya seey faslen mein trishul key aadhar parr ack saal taka virodh pradarshan kiya gayaa. 1, 100 seey adhik logon koo giraftar kiya gayaa.
2020 coronavirus mahamari key dauran bertrand russell pees foundation dwara mps koo ack patra prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa, "yeh poori tarah seey asweekarya haye kii britten swaasthya, jalavaayu parivartan aur vishva arthvyavasthaon key liye khatron kaa saamana karate samay trishul paramanu hathiyar pranali koo tainaat karane aur aadhunik banaane parr arabon pound kharch karna jaari rakhta haye.hastaksharkartaon mein commander robbert forcith rn (sevaanivritt), ack poorv paramanu pandubbi; commander robbert green rn (sevaanivritt), ack poorv paramanu-sashastr vimaan bombardier-navigator aur staff officer (khufiya) falklands yuddh mein synflate key liye; aur commander collin tabert rn (sevaanivritt), ack dhruviya pandubbi parr ack poorv varishth engineer adhikaari shamil they. isake baad modd ney saarvajanik sanchaar parr karmchaariyon koo apane online nirdesh notice koo adyatan kiya, yeh kahane key liye kii "media key saath sabhi sampark yaa sashastr balon key sadasyon dwara saarvajanik roop seey sanchaar aur modd nagrikon dwara jahaan yeh raksha yaa sarkari vyavasaay seey sambandhit haye, unhein pahale seey adhikrit kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
sameekshaaen.
royal united services institute.
royal united services institute (russie), ack british raksha aur suraksha think tank, ney julaai 2010 mein ack pepper jaari kiya, jisamen ack prabhaavi paramanu nivaarak banaae rakhane aur anumaanit bajat pratibandhon key aalok mein laagat koo cumm karane donon key liye chaar sambhaavit vikalpon kaa aaklan kiya gayaa thaa. yeye prastaav iss tathya seey prerit they kii trishul navikaran karyakram key liye dhana abb raksha bajat key mukhya mantralaya seey aanaa thaa. chaar vikalpon parr vichaar kiya gayaah nirantar gasht parr trishul pandubbiyaan; lagaatar gasht parr naheen trishul pandubbiyaan; paramanu cruze misaailon seey lais pandubbiyon parr hamla; aur bhoomi-adharit paramanu hathiyar. pepper ney nishkarsh nikala kii "paaramparik kshamataon key liye avsar laagat koo dekhate hue kii trishul navikaran key liye vartamaan yojanaaen agale dashak mein aaney vaali hain...abb iss uddeshya koo puuraa karane key liye cumm mahange saadhan hain yaa naheen, iss parr phir seey jaanch karane kaa mamla badh rhaa haye. iss tarah kii sameeksha kaa ack pramukh tatva ranneetik paristhitiyon mein cases key prati pratibaddhata banaae rakhane kii aavashyakta parr punarvichaar karane kii sambhavana haye joe abb una paristhitiyon seey bahut alag hain jinamen ise pahali baar pesh kiya gayaa thaa."
trishul vikalp sameeksha.
2013 kii trishul vikalp sameeksha cabinet karyalaya key netritva mein ack 18 maheene kaa adhyayan thaa jiska uddeshya yeh sthaapit karna thaa kii kyaa britten key pandubbi-adharit cases key vishvasaniya vikalp they yaa naheen. tadnusar, sameeksha ney sambhaavit lakshyon key khilaf unaki samarthya aur prabhavsheelta key sambandh mein vitaran pranaliyon aur warhead designs kii ack shrinkhala kaa vishleshan kiya. antatah, trishul key vikalpon kii sameeksha iss nishkarsh parr pahunchi kii trishul key vikalp they joe "britten koo mahatvapurna nuksan pahunchaane mein saksham banaayega jaise kii duniya bhar key adhikansh sambhaavit virodhi roke jaayenge", lekin koee bhee "vartamaan mudra key samaan lachilaapan kii degree pradaan naheen karega. sameeksha mein kahaa gayaa kii cruze missile-adharit pranaaliyan ack vishvasaniya vikalp pradaan karati hain yaa naheen, yeh ack raajneetik nirnay parr nirbhar thaa kii kyaa britten "bhedyata mein mahatvapurna vriddhi" koo sweekaar curr sakata haye aur iss mein kamee kii vaha kise roque sakata haye.
report key prakaashan koo aprasaar aur nirastreekaran key kshetra mein vibhinn raajneetik dalon aur gair-sarkari sangathanon (aine. jee. oh.) seey mishrit swaagat milaa. jabaki pradhaan mantri, david cameron dwara iska swaagat kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki unhone trishul key samaan pratisthaapan kii aavashyakta kii pushti kii thee, udaarvaadi loktaantrik cabinet mantri danny alekjendar ney ise iss tathya kaa pradarshan maanaa kii "paramanu pratirodh key liye yuke key vartamaan drishtikon key liye vishvasaniya aur vyavharya vikalp hain."british americi suraksha soochana parishad (buniyaadi), ack aprasaar aur nirastreekaran think-tank sahit aine. jee. oh. ney report key seemit dayare aur paryaavaran aur maanviya muddon sahit paramanu hathiyaron seey sambandhit vichaaron kii ack vyaapak shrinkhala key saath judane mein viphalata key liye isaki aalochana kii.
trishul aayog.
2011 mein, basic ney britten kii paramanu hathiyar neeti parr ack gahari rashtriya bahas shuru karane aur trishul navikaran key vivadaspad mudde key aspas key prashnon kii jaanch karane key liye ack swatantra cross-party aayog shuru kiya. aayog ney raksha key liye raajya key poorv shram sachiv, ladyton key lord braun; poorv roodhivaadi raksha aur videsh sachiv, surr malcum rifkind; aur surr menzis campbelle, liberal democrates key poorv netaa aur chhaaya videsh sachiv kii adhyakshata mein kaam kiya. teen saal key vichaar-vimarsh key baad, aayog ney 1 julaai 2014 koo apani antim report jaari kii. isane mahatvapurna chetavaniyon key saath sujhaav diyaa kii britten koo ack paramanu nivaarak banaae rakhna chaahiye. nishkarsh mein sweekaar kiya gayaa kii "yeh mahatvapurna haye kii britten antarrashtriya samudaay key bheetar apani sthiti key liye aur vaishvik paramanu nirastreekaran mein pragati praapt karane key liye saajha jimmedaari key liye gahara sammaan dikhaata haye."
report kii buniyaadi vyakhya bhee iss bindu parr kendrit thee, iss baat parr jore dete hue kii aayukt "iss baat parr sahmat they kii vaishvik ranneetik vatavaran, vishesh roop seey paramanu aprasaar, rashtriya suraksha key liye mahatvapurna haye aur ack kendriya vichaar haye. way britten key liye apane 'nirastreekaran kii disha mein aage badhane key raaste' koo banaae rakhane kii aavashyakta kii baat karate hain, taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii agali sarkaar dwara liye gaye navinikaran nirnayon mein haal kii sarkaaron dwara nirdhaarit prakshepavakra key saath nirantarta hoe, aur yeh kii britten koo bahupakshiya nirastreekaran prakriya mein sabse aage rehna chaahiye.'"
navikaran.
2006 raksha shwet patra.
agragami" shreni kii pandubbiyon kaa nirmaan 25 saal kii jeevan pratyasha key saath kiya gayaa thaa, joe unhein 2020 key dashak mein leey gayaa thaa. trishool II dee-5 misaailon key unnayan key baad cumm seey cumm 2040 taka seva mein baney rahane kii ummeed haye. disambar 2006 mein raksha mantralaya key ack shwet patra, jiska sheershak thaa "united kingdam key paramanu nivaarak kaa bhavishya", ney sifarish kii kii paramanu hathiyaron koo banaae rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye aur 2040 key dashak taka aisaa karane vaale upaayon koo rekhaankit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. isane vartamaan mein pasandida pandubbi-adharit pranali kii vakaalat kii, kyonki yeh upalabdh sabse sastaa aur sabse surakshit pratirodh vikalp banaa rhaa. iss vikalp key liye laagat kaa anuman £ 15-20 billion key aadhar parr haih
yeye 2006/07 keematen uttaradhikari-shreni kii pandubbiyon key liye lagbhag £25bn key barabar hongi kyonki unhein asthaayi roop seey naamit kiya gayaa thaa; 2011 kii praarambhik gett report ney yuddh key hathiyaron aur buniyaadi dhaanche key liye pratyek key liye £2-3bn key anumaanon kii pushti kii. inn laagat anumaanon mein "agradoot" paanch saal key jeevan vistaar aur sevamukt karane koo shamil naheen kiya gayaa haye, aur yeh spasht naheen haye kii jeevan vistaar karyakram key liye naee trishul misaailon koo khareedane kii aavashyakta hogi yaa naheen. 2006 kii kimaton parr chalane kii laagat prati varsh lagbhag 1.50 karod pound hogi. kagaj ney sujhaav diyaa kii maujooda trishul pranali key kuchh hisson koo unake jeevan koo badhaane key liye kuchh hudd taka sanshodhit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. haalaanki, "agragami" varg kii apekshaakrit chhoti (paanch saal) jeevan vistaar kshamata kaa matlab thaa kii aiss. aiss. bee. aine. key ack nae varg koo 2020 key dashak mein ise badalana chaahiye. naee aiss. aiss. bee. aine. shreni kii pahali naav koo design aur nirmit honey mein 17 saal lagenge, jisase "agradoot" varg kaa paanch saal kaa jeevan vistaar aavashyak hoe jaayega.
sansadiya samarthan.
4 disambar 2006 koo trishul key navinikaran parr nirnay liya gayaa thaa. pradhaan mantri tonny blair ney mps koo bataaya kii britten key liye apane paramanu hathiyaron koo chhodana "murkhtapurna aur khatarnak" hoga. unhone trishul misaailon key liye pandubbiyon kii ack naee peedhi parr 20 arab pound taka kharch karane kii yojana koo rekhaankit kiya. unhone kahaa kii pandubbi kii sankhya chaar seey ghataakar teen kii jaa sakati haye, jabaki paramanu hathiyaron kii sankhya mein 20 pratishat seey 160 kii katauti kii jaayegi. blair ney kahaa kii halanki sheet yuddh samaapt hoe gayaa thaa, britten koo paramanu hathiyaron kii aavashyakta thee, kyonki koee bhee yeh sunishchit naheen curr sakata thaa kii bhavishya mein ack aur paramanu khatra saamane naheen aayega.
14 march 2007 koo, shram sarkaar ney pandubbi pranali key navinikaran kii yojanaon key liye house off commons samarthan jeetaa. prastaavon koo 248 key bahumat seey paarit kiya gayaa thaa. iss spashteekaran key bavjood kii vote kewal naee pranali kii avadharana charan key liye thaa, 95 shram aim. pee. aiss. ney vidroh kiya, aur ise kewal vipakshi roodhivaadi party key samarthan seey paarit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh pahali baar thaa jaba aim. pee. aiss. koo iss baat parr matdan karane kaa mauka diyaa gayaa thaa kii kyaa britten koo paramanu shakti banaa rehna chaahiye, aur 2003 key iraq yuddh kii shuruat key baad seey sabse badaa vidroh.
shram sarkaar ney prastaav diyaa kii nirmaan kaa antim nirnay 2014 mein liya jaanaa chaahiye. naee 2010 kii gathbandhan sarkaar ney sahamati vyakt kii kii dhana key liye moolya sunishchit karane key liye trishul key navinikaran kii jaanch kii jaani chaahiye."praarambhik gett khareed nirnay key saath anusandhaan aur vikas kaary jaari rhaa, lekin 2015 key aam chunaav key baad, ack pratisthaapan key nirmaan key liye mukhya gett nirnay koo 2016 key liye punarnirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. 18 julaai 2016 koo house off commons mein uttaradhikari-varg kaa adesh dene parr matdan kiya gayaa thaa; prastaav mahatvapurna bahumat key saath paarit kiya gayaa, jisase karyakram kaa jeevan cumm seey cumm 2060 key dashak taka badhaa. halanki 48 laber aim. pee. ney isake khilaf matdan kiya, 41 ney matdan naheen kiya, aur 140 laber vote prastaav key paksh mein daale gaye.
2010 ranneetik raksha aur suraksha sameeksha.
2010 kii ranneetik raksha aur suraksha sameeksha ney nishkarsh nikala kii uttaradhikari shreni kii pandubbiyon key paas aathh parichaalan misaailen hongi joe unake beach 40 seey adhik parichaalan yuddhastron koo naheen leey jaayengi. isase britten koo apane parichaalan hathiyar key bhandar koo 160 seey ghataakar 120 karane mein madad milegi, aur samagr bhandar 225 seey cumm hocker 180 seey adhik naheen hoga. unhein america key sahyog seey design kiye gaye 12-missile samanya missile dibbe mein leey jaaya jaayega joe vartamaan trishul II dee-5 misaailon aur kissy bhee pratisthaapan missile koo samaayojit curr sakata haye jaba dee-5 2040 key dashak mein apane apekshit jeevan key anta taka pahunch jaataa haye.
visheshagya kii raay.
rusi aur royal institute off international affairs (aamtaur parr chaitham house key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) key visheshagyon key dou gair-pratinidhi sarvekshan 2010 mein aayojit kiye gaye they. rusi ney una logon key liye bahumat paaya joe sochate hain kii trishul key laabh laagat (53 pratishat) seey adhik hain, una logon kii tulanaa mein joe sochate hain kii laagat laabh (13 pratishat) seey adhik haye yaa samaan roop seey santulit (34 pratishat) haye. chaitham house poul mein trishul pratisthaapan (22 pratishat) key paksh mein ack alpamat paaya gayaa, jisamen ack sastee pranali (43 pratishat) key saath pratisthaapan key paksh mein adhik aur 29 pratishat ney kahaa kii yuu. key. koo trishul koo bilkul bhee pratisthaapit naheen karna chaahiye.
janmat.
aprail 2015 mein, ack yuu. jee. oh. vee. sarvekshan mein paaya gayaa kii 38 pratishat logon ney socha kii trishul koo poori tarah seey badal diyaa jaanaa chaahiye, 28 pratishat ney ise ack sastee pranali key saath badalana chaaha, 19 pratishat ney socha kii britten koo apane paramanu hathiyaron koo poori tarah seey chhodana chaahiye, aur 15 pratishat koo pataa naheen thaa. sitambar 2015 mein, ack survivation poul mein paaya gayaa kii 29 pratishat ney sahamati vyakt kii kii trishul koo sastaa banaane key liye sudhaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye, 26 pratishat ney kahaa kii ise poorna roop seey navinikrit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur 18 pratishat ney kahaa kii ise samaapt curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. 27 pratishat koo pataa naheen thaa. paramanu hathiyar desh kaa sabse badaa mudda naheen haye, kewal 2 pratishat logon kaa kahana haye kii maee 2015 mein yeh desh kii sabse badee chinta thee, jabaki juuna 1987 mein yeh 21 pratishat thee.
"dreadnot"-shreni kii pandubbi.
farwari 2016 mein, bee. aeye. ee. pranaliyon ney naee pandubbiyon key prototype parr design kaa kaam shuru kiya. 21 octuber 2016 koo uttaradhikari varg kaa naam aadhikarik taur parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. pandubbiyon key 2028 mein shuru honey kii ummeed thee, jisamen vartamaan bedaa 2032 taka charanbaddh roop seey samaapt hoe jaayega.
octuber 2015 mein, reuters ney anuman lagaaya kii isake 30 saal key jivankal mein 167 arab pound yaa prati varsh 5.56 arab pound kii laagat aaegi; iss aankade parr michael fallon dwara vivaad kiya gayaa thaa. raksha mantralaya ney 35 varshon mein pratisthaapan jahaajon key nirmaan, pareekshan aur chaalu karane kii laagat £31 billion (atirikt £10 billion kii aakasmikta nidhi) rakhee. yeh sarkari kharch kaa 0.20 pratishat yaa raksha kharch kaa 6 pratishat haye. videshi mamalon kii chayan samiti key adhyaksh, chrispin blunt ney julaai 2016 mein anuman lagaaya thaa kii iss karyakram parr apane jivankal mein kull £179 billion kii laagat aaegi.
vittiya varsh key liye rashtriya lekha pariksha karyalaya ney paaya kii paramanu nivaarak parr kharch karane parr £2.2 billion yaa raksha bajat kaa 14 pratishat kharch hoga, jisamen £600 million aakasmik vitt poshan kaa upayog kiya jaayega. agale 10 varshon mein laagat lagbhag 51 arab pound anumaanit thee, joe anumaanit bajat seey 2.9 arab pound adhik thee, joe pahale seey hii 3 arab pound kii bachat kaa anuman lagaa rahee thee, jise "dainik telegraph" ney 6 arab pound kii kamee key roop mein varnit kiya thaa.

