
ack aatmahatya shaanti parr patra

ack raaj-hatyaa shaanti yaa patron parr patra... france kii rajhatya nirdeshika key saath shaanti key prastaavon parr admond barke dwara 1790 key dashak key dauran pradhaanmantri villium pitt key krantikari francisi nideshalaya key saath shaanti kii maang key virodh mein likhe gaye chaar patron kii ack shrinkhala thee. yeh 1796 mein puuraa huaa aur prakaashit huaa.
barke ney 1790 key anta mein pahale hii lokpriya "france mein kranti parr pratibimb" likh diye they, aur 1795 taka unaki kaee nirashajanak bhavishyavaniyaan sach hoe gaee theen. 
prishthabhoomi.
janwari 1796 taka, burke apane "ack raaj-hatyaa shaanti parr patra" koo samaapt curr rahey they, aur isake kuchh hisse pahale seey hii mudrit they. haalaanki, kaam mein deree hui aur ise 20 octuber 1796 koo dusare patra key saath, "ack aatmahatya shaanti parr dou patron" key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa. ack anadhikrit sanskaran, joe johnn owen dwara mudrit thaa, ack printer jisane varsh kii shuruat mein patron parr kaam kiya thaa, barke key sanskaran key prakaashit honey seey ack dinn pahale dikhaai diyaa. burke key patra lokpriya they, aur 1796 key anta taka yeh kaam 11 sanskaranon mein chalaa gayaa. likhe gaye patron mein seey antim, lekin shrinkhala mein teesara, pitt key mantralaya kii france key saath shaanti banaane mein asamarthata key kaaran thaa; 19 disambar 1796 koo, britten key doot koo francisi dwara nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. patra mein upasheershak "vaarta key tootane parr, prastaavit shaanti kii shartein, aur yuddh jaari rakhane key liye desh key sansaadhan" shamil they.
villium fitzvillium koo sambodhit chautha patra, villium addon kii "octuber 1795 key chauthe saptah mein yuddh kii spasht paristhitiyon parr kuchh tippaniyon" key baare mein burke key padhane key baad likhaa gayaa thaa. jaba pitt kii sarkaar ney france key saath shaanti vaarta karane kii koshish kii, tou barke ney patra likhana bund curr diyaa aur isake bajaay pahale dou patra prakaashit kiye, jinhen "ack raaj-hatyaa shaanti parr dou patra" kahaa jaataa haye. burke ney fitzvillium koo patra phir seey likhane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin vaha marane seey pahale samaapt naheen huaa. unake karyon key 1812 key sanskaran mein chauthe patra kii ack prati shamil thee jise ack pandulipi seey ack saath jodaa gayaa thaa, ack binaa sahee pandulipi, aur teesare patra key pramaan patra key hisse.
patra.
barke, teesare patra mein, france key saath shaanti kii ichcha rakhane vaale sabhi british dalon parr hamla kartaa haye, kyonki france britten parr hamla karane kaa irada rakhta thaah
mujhe darr haye kii vaha dinn "sthaaniya" deshbhakti kaa ghaatak shabd thaa. usa dinn, mujhe darr haye, hamaare desh naamak sambandhon kii usa sankeern yojana kaa anta hoe gayaa thaa, jisamen isake sabhi garv, isake purvagrah aur isake aanshik prabhaav they. sabhi chhoti-chhoti shaant nadiyaan, joe ack vinamra, ack anubandhit, lekin ack anutpaadak khet koo paani detee hain, france kii hatyaa key apashisht vistaar aur aseem, banjar samudra mein khou jaati hain. yeh abb ack naee shakti key vikas kaa uddeshya naheen haye, joe ack professor key roop mein sikhaata haye kii paropkar unaki kursi parr haye; jabaki yeh hathiyaron dwara prachaar kartaa haye, aur vijay dwara sthaapit kartaa haye, saarvbhaumik bhaichare kii vyaapak pranali. yeh sub ack mahaan sabhaa mein kiss prakaash mein dekhaa jaataa haye? joe party vahaan netritva karati haye, usey abb koee ashanka naheen haye, sivaay una aashankaon key joe usa biradari key mahanagar key saath sabse karibi aur sabse gopaniya sambandhon mein pravesh naheen honey seey utpann hoti hain. vaha sattaaroodh dall abb apane pasandida vishay, una bhayavahataon key pradarshan koo naheen chhoota haye, joe europe key dill mein baithe aise swabhaav aur siddhanton key saath ack shakti key astitva mein shamil honah chaahiye.
chauthe patra mein, barke ack angreji darshakon key liye france mein ghatnaaon koo vyaktigat kartaa haih
kyaa hamein swarg kaa aur prithvi parr joe bhee nyaay abhee haye, uska paalan naheen karna chaahiye? utpeedan buddhiman logon koo pagal banaa detaa haye; lekin unakaa vyabhichaari abhee bhee buddhimanon kaa pagalpan haye, joe moorkhon kii sanyam seey behtar haye. unakaa rona pavitra dukh kii aavaaz haye, joe jangli raag mein naheen, balki bhavishyavani aur prerana key pavitra unmaad mein unchaa haye-aatma kii usa kadvaahat mein, punya key usa krodh mein, nirasha key utthaan mein, ack bhayaanak chetavani kii aavaaz key saath, aur raajaon parr prateeksha karane vaale vinash kii ninda karate hue, angreji wafadari koo prataadit naheen karega?
vishay-vastuein.
barke francisi kranti kii ghatnaaon koo ingland seey jodane key liye ack kishore shally parr nirbhar kartaa haye. upayog kii jaane vaali bhasha gyaan kii tulanaa krodh seey karati haye aur krodh kii bhaavanaon koo sahee jeevan shally seey jodati haye. vaha, kishore kii tarah, apane darshakon seey bhavna aur sadgun donon mein adharit pratikriya key saath kshaysheel duniya parr pratikriya karane kaa ahwan kartaa haye. yeh bhasha milton aur hommer donon kii mahakavya parampara seey judati haye, jisamen unake mahakavyon seey chhaviyon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye joe logon koo ghatnaaon koo honey dene key bajaay kaary karane key liye kahate hain.
patron ney francisi rashtra koo khush karane key roop mein france key saath shaanti kii disha mein pitt key karyon koo bhee kalankit kiya, joe burke key drishtikon mein kaary karane kaa galat tarika thaa. barke koo vishvaas thaa kii france key khilaf yuddh krantikari france key khilaf chalaaya gayaa thaa, aur angreji francisi rashtra key khilaf naheen balki una krantikariyon key khilaf lada rahey they joe ack vichardhara faila rahey they. teesare patra mein, barke ney ullekh kiya haye kii francisi key paas ack bedaa thaa joe ireland mein sainikon koo bhej sakata thaa aur britten key khilaf vidroh karane mein ayrish kii sahaayata curr sakata thaa. francisi, usee samay jaba unhone kahaa kii way shaanti vaarta jaari rakhna chaahte they, aakraman karane key liye sainikon koo bhej rahey they. iss tarah, france key saath shaanti kii maang key liye pitt key sambhaavit mahaabhiyog kaa sanket dete hain.
sanyog seey, jaba patra prakaashit kiye jaa rahey they, francisi nausena ney chrismus 1796 mein ireland mein bantry bey mein 15,000 purushon kii ack senaa koo lagbhag utaar diyaa, jise "ell 'expedition dee' airland" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
barke key patra seey fitzvillium mein "ack raaj-hatyaa shaanti parr patron" mein parivartan ney unhein yeh sambodhit karane key liye modate hue dikhaaya kii sarkaar shaanti key sandarbh mein kyaa curr rahee thee. unake pahale dou patron mein vichaaron ney iss baat parr jore diyaa kii kaise jacobin raajneetik vishvaas france key saath shaanti kii anumati naheen denge. halanki patra koo iss samay honey vaali ack ghatana seey nipatna thaa, lekin deree ney isaki samayabaddhata koo baadhit curr diyaa. prakaashit patra "sajjan kii patrika" koo samajhaane mein saksham they, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii aisee shaanti asambhav hogi. francisi kranti parr barke kaa rukh fitzvillium key samaan thaa, aur donon ney apani aapsi sthiti kii vakaalat kii, jisamen francisi rajshahi kii bahaali aur yeh bhavna shamil thee kii france key saath shaanti britten key liye upman aur haar hogi.
pratikriya.
haalaanki yeh kaam lokpriya thaa, lekin kaee logon ney raajneetik spectrum key donon pakshon key pahale dou aksharon parr hamla kiya. sarkaar key pepper "true britten" ney barke kii bhasha parr hamla kiya aur daavaa kiya kii francisi raajaon koo bahaal karane key baare mein unake vichaar asambhav honge. "dha morning chronicle", ack vipakshi akhbar ney daavaa kiya kii barke sarkaar key saath kaam curr rhaa thaa aur patra france key saath shaanti key virodh mein sarkaar kii sajish thee.
ack loktaantrik aur kattarpanthi, johnn thailwal, apane iss vishvaas seey pareshan they kii burke ney maanaa kii aabaadi key kewal ack hisse, jaankaar vyaktiyon koo janata key roop mein samajha jaanaa chaahiye. dolwal ney british jacobin key baare mein barke key vivaran kaa bhee virodh kiya aur maanaa kii barke unake nishpaadan koo vaidh banaana chaahte they. james macintosh kaa maanana thaa kii barke key paas ack majboot bhashai shakti thee aur way iss baat parr sahmat they kii yuddh aavashyak hoe sakata haye lekin france key saath naheen. francisi rajshahi koo bahaal karane key liye, macintosh key liye, ack rashtra key roop mein france key adhikaar key khilaf jaayega aur isaki swatantrata koo hataa dega. france key virodhiyon key liye joe sahee haye vaha karane kaa ekmatra tarika unake liye vastunishth aur santulit honah haye. villium rosco, ack ektaavaadi udaarvaadi, kaa maanana thaa kii barke ney francisi kranti koo galat samajha aur british iss sthiti mein hamlawar they.

