athaarahavin shatabdi mein scotish kalaa

athaarahavin shatabdi mein scotish kalaa, athaarahavin shatabdi mein scotland mein, scott dwara yaa scotish vishayon key baare mein banaai gaee drishya kalaa kaa ack hissa haye. iss avadhi mein vyavsayikta kaa vikas huaa, edinberg aur glassgo mein kalaa akadamiyon kii sthaapana kii gaee. kalaa navshastriyata, gyaan aur shatabdi key anta mein romantikwad seey teji seey prabhaavit thee, jisamen itali scotish kalaa kaa ack pramukh kendra bunn gayaa thaa.
scotland key paridrishya chitrakala kii parampara kii utpatti james nori aur unake beton dwara kiye gaye italvi aur dutch paridrishyon key capricios mein haye. inhen jacob morr dwara aage vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone scotish paridrishya mein ack romantic samvedansheelta jodee. alekjendar nasmith ney scotish paridrishya parampara koo khojane mein madad kii aur kalakaron kii baad kii peedhi parr edinberg mein ack shikshak key roop mein atyadhik prabhaavshaali they. johnn nox ney ise walter scott key romantic karyon seey jodaa aur glassgo key shahari paridrishya mein ruchi lene vaale pahale kalakaron mein seey ack they. aberdine mein janme johnn alekjendar aur villium mosman sadee key pahale aadhe key pramukh chitra kalakar they. ellen ramse madhya shatabdi key pramukh chitra chitrakaar key roop mein aur shaahi parivaar key liye ubhare, joe unake antarang pratinidhitva key liye jaane jaate hain. shatabdi key anta mein heinry reburn agrani chitrakaar aur scotland mein apane currier kaa adhikansh samay bitaane vaale pahale kalakaron mein seey ack key roop mein ubhare, jinhone apani seema koo gyaan key pramukh vyaktiyon taka vistaarit kiya aur "skating mantri" key apane chitran key liye sabse prasiddh they.
neoclassism kaa netritva gavin hamilton aur unake aashriton, bhaaiyon johnn aur alekjendar runseyman aur david ellen ney kiya thaa. alekjendar ransiman ney aitihaasik chitrakala kaa beedaa uthaaya aur alaan ney shally kalaa koo vikasit karane mein madad kii, donon koo agali shatabdi mein scotish kalakaron dwara liya jaayega. 1707 mein sangh key krityon key baad scotland mein kalaa key badey aur mahange karyon key liye bahut cumm sanrakshan thaa. nagrik vikas key vikas key saath saarvajanik pratima kii maang badh gaee aur chitra pratima bhee lokpriya hoe gaee. naee pratimaon key commission apekshaakrit saste seese aur isase bhee adhik kifayati chitrit yaa soney key rung key plaster mein banaae jaate they. athaarahavin shatabdi key anta seey scotish kalakaron key kaam key kuchh udaaharan hain.
prishthabhoomi.
vyavsayikaran.
athaarahavin shatabdi key shuruati bhaag key kaee scotish chitrakaar badey paimaane parr karigar baney rahey. rhoderic chalmers '(aff. ell.) 1709-30) painting "edinberg trade" (1720) mein kalakar koo khud koo dikhaaya gayaa haye, shayed vidambana yeh haye kii vaha burg key glazier, raait aur rajmistri key beach haye. thomas warrander (fl. 1673-1713) ney ack later board kaa "roopak sthir jeevan" (1708 key baad) kaa nirmaan kiya, joe 1707 key sangh parr ack tippani prateet hoti haye, lekin unhone villium addam sahit vastukaron key saath milkar kaam karate hue ack ghar sajaane vaale key roop mein apana jeevan yapan kiya. hoe sakata haye kii usane james nori (1684-1757) koo prashikshit kiya hoe, joe apane beton james (1711-36) aur robbert (d. 1766), scotland key paridrishyon key saath peerej key gharon koo chitrit kiya joe italvi aur dutch paridrishyon key pastitch they. unhone kaee kalakaron koo padhaaya aur unhein scotish paridrishya chitrakala kii parampara kii sthaapana kaa shreya diyaa gayaa haye joe athaarahavin shatabdi key anta seey falati-phoolati rahee. chitrakaar ellen ramse (1713-84), gavin hamilton (1723-98), bhaai johnn (1744-68/9) aur alekjendar ransiman (1736-85), jacob morr (1740-93) aur david ellen (1744-96), jyaadaatar nori kii parampara mein shuru hue, lekin europeeya mahatva key kalakar they, jinhone apane currier kaa kaafee hissa scotland key baahar kharch kiya. heinry reburn (1756-1823) scotland mein apane poore currier koo aage badhaane key liye usa avadhi key sabse mahatvapurna kalakar they, jinka janm edinberg mein huaa thaa aur 1786 mein itali kii yatra key baad way vahaan laut aae they.
1729 mein scotland mein kalaa kii pahali akadami kii sthaapana edinberg mein sent kii akadami key roop mein kii gaee thee. luke, sent key sanghon seey prerit. poore europe mein luke aur vishesh roop seey rome mein ademia dee saine leuka. rashtrapati george marshel they, joe sthir jeevan aur chitron key chitrakaar they aur khajanchi aur drying master utkeernak richard cooper senior (1701-1764) they. isake praayojak badey nori, kavi ellen ramse aur villium addam they. anya sadasyon mein cooper key chhaatr robbert strange, dou yuva nori, portrait painter johnn alekjendar (see. 1690-see. 1733) aur kavi key putra (1713-84) ellen ramse. akadami kaa vikas edinberg vishvavidyalaya mein shareer rachana visheshagya, alekjendar monro "primus" (1697-1767) key saath richard cooper key sahyog seey huaa, jahaan unhone aur ack nabalig kalakar, villium roberson (yaa robbinson) ney 1733 aur 45 key beach chikitsa nibandhon mein prakaashan key liye shaaririk namoone banaae aur utkeern kiye. samooh kii safalata kuchh hudd taka jacobitism key saath isake sanghon dwara seemit thee, vidrohiyon key liye ajib mudran baink noton key saath, lekin gambhir roop seey isane 1764 mein cooper kii mrityu taka monro kii shareer rachana mein jeevan seey chitra lene key liye suvidhaaen pradaan keen. foulis akadami kii sthaapana 1754 mein printmaking brothers robbert aur faulru dwara glassgo mein kii gaee thee, aur edinberg mein matsya paalan, nirmaan aur scotland mein sudhaar key liye nyasiyon kaa board, joe abb kewal nagrik jeevan sanrakshan kaa hissa naheen thaa, aur abb yeh darshaata haye kii 1760 mein pratishthit kiya gayaa thaa.
kalaa kaa badhata mahatva shaahi chitrakaar aur limner key pada mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, jise 1702 mein george ogilvi key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. kartavyon mein "hamaare gharon aur mahalon kii sajawat key liye hamaare [samrat key] vyakti yaa hamaare uttaradhikariyon yaa hamaare shaahi parivaar key anya logon kii tasveeren kheenchana" shamil thaa. haalaanki, 1723 seey 1823 taka karyalaya abercromby parivaar key sadasyon dwara aayojit ack anishchit thaa, joe jaruri naheen kii kalaatmak kshamata seey judaa hoe.
bauddhik rujhaan.
usa avadhi key sabhi pramukh chitrakaar navshastriyata key roopon seey prabhaavit they, jinhone kalaatmak abhivyakti key yunani aur roman roop koo punarjeevit kiya. itali scotish kalakaron key liye ack mahatvapurna sandarbh bindu bunn gayaa, jisamen pachas seey adhik kalakaron aur vastukaron ney ack bhavya daure key hisse key roop mein vahaan yatra kii, taaki kalaa koo chitrit kiya jaa sakey, namuna liya jaa sakey aur italvi guruon seey seekha jaa sakey. itane saare kalakaron key aaney yaa rahane key saath, rome scots key liye lagbhag ack "teesari akadami" bunn gaee. shatabdi key uttaraardh mein scots pracheen murtikala key vyaapaar mein pramukh hastiyaan bunn gaeen, vishesh roop seey gavin hamilton, collin maurison (1732-1801) aur james buyers (1734-1817), jisase way iss kshetra mein british swaad key madhyasth bunn gaye. haalaanki, unnisvin shatabdi seey pahale sangamarmar kaa ekmatra pramukh scotish sangrah james johnstone kaa thaa, joe anandale key dusare markes they.
athaarahavin shatabdi key uttaraardh mein scotish kalakar gyaan seey bahut prabhaavit they, joe tarkvaad aur maanav jaanch parr jore detaa thaa, jisake prabhaav kaa ack pramukh kendra scotland thaa. ellen ramsey jaise kalakaron ney daarshanik david humey aur addam smith key saath chuninda samaaj kaa gathan kiya aur swaad parr apane samvaad kaa nirmaan kiya, jisane saundaryashastra key adhyayan mein ack pramukh yogdan diyaa. james mcfursion key ausian chakr key prakaashan key madhyam seey romantic andolan kii utpatti mein scotland ney bhee ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai, jise shaastriya mahakavyon key samatulya key roop mein ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. "1762 mein likhi gaee "fingle" kaa kaee europeeya bhaashaon mein teji seey anuvaad kiya gayaa thaa, aur praakritik saundarya kii isaki gahari sarahana aur pracheen kinvadanti key upchaar kii udasi komalata ney europeeya mein romantic andolan key baare mein laane key liye kissy bhee ack kaam seey adhik kiya, aur vishesh roop seey german saahitya mein, joe usake premi aur premi koo prabhaavit kartaa haye.
roop.
paridrishya.
scotish paridrishya chitrakala parampara kii utpatti italvi aur dutch paridrishyon key norries capricios yaa pastitch mein haye. jacob morr, nori key saath prashikshit honey key baad, 1773 mein itali chaley gaye aur mukhya roop seey ack paridrishya chitrakaar key roop mein jaane jaate hain. iss avadhi mein samanya roop seey uchch bhoomi aur pahaadi paridrishyon key prati drishtikon mein badalaav dekhaa gayaa, unhein pratikool, khaali kshetron key roop mein dekhane seey laker, joe pichhade aur seemant logon dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa, unhein prakriti key saundarya kii drishti seey sukhad udaharanon key roop mein vyakhya karane key liye, oobad-khabad adim logon dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa, jinhen abb ack naatakiya tareeke seey chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. itali key liye unake prasthaan seey pahale nirmit, morr key chaar "clyde key jharane" (1771-73) chitron kii shrinkhala koo kalaa itihaaskaar dunken mcmillan dwara "ack prakaar key praakritik rashtriya smaarak" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye aur ise scotish paridrishya key liye ack romantic samvedansheelta vikasit karane mein ack praarambhik kaam key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye.
alekjendar nasmith ney itali kaa daura kiya aur landan mein kaam kiya, lekin apane adhikansh currier key liye apane mool edinberg laut aae. unhone kaee roopon mein kaam kiya, jisamen romantic kavi robbert burns kaa unakaa chitra bhee shamil haye, joe unhein ack naatakiya scotish prishthabhoomi key khilaf darshaata haye, lekin unhein mukhya roop seey unake paridrishyon key liye yaad kiya jaataa haye aur "kalaa key oxford shabdakosh" mein "scotish paridrishya parampara key sansthaapak" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. vaha edinberg mein nyasiyon kii drying akadami mein ack atyadhik prabhaavshaali shikshak bhee they. johnn nox (1778-1845) key kaam ney paridrishya key vishay koo jaari rakhaa, ise seedhe walter scott key romantic karyon seey jodaa. vaha glassgo key shahari paridrishya koo chitrit karane mein pramukh ruchi lene vaale pahale kalakaron mein seey ack they. alekjendar ransiman shayed pahale kalakar they jinhone shatabdi key anta mein ubhar rahee adhik romantic shally mein jall rangon mein scotish paridrishyon koo chitrit kiya thaa.
chitrakaari.
aberdine mein janme johnn alekjendar aur villium mosman sadee key pahale aadhe key pramukh chitra kalakar they. johnn alekjendar kaa janm aberdine mein huaa thaa aur vaha portrait painter george jameson key potey they. unhone landan aur rome mein adhyayan kiya, lagbhag 1720 mein scotland laut aae. unake yuva samkaaleen villium mosman (1700-71) bhee aberdine seey they aur rome mein adhyayan kiya. donon ney apane grih shahar key aspas mukhya roop seey uttar-poorv mein kaam kiya, lekin praarambhik-prabuddh edinberg key kaee chitron koo bhee chitrit kiya. alekjendar key sabse prasiddh kaam mein edinberg (1756) key lord provost george drummond kaa chitra shamil thaa, joe edinberg mein nae shahar aur shaahi aspatal key nirmaan key liye jimmedaar they, jise painting kii prishthabhoomi mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. moseman key kaam mein "baink key johnn campbelle" (1749) kaa unakaa chitra shamil thaa, joe scotland key shaahi baink key mukhya cashier they aur ack whig they, lekin jinhen haal hii mein nishiddh uchch bhoomi poshak mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye. apane jacobite sahaanubhooti key kaaran alekjendar koo 1745 key vidroh key baad mahadweep key liye jaane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa, aur rome mein unhone jacobite pravasiyon koo ack jeevit chitra banaaya, joe kuchh saal baad apani vaapsee seey pahale vahaan ikattha hue they.
ellen ramse ney sweeden, landan aur itali mein adhyayan kiya aur phir edinberg mein khud koo sthaapit kiya, jahan unhone khud koo scotish kuleen varg key liye ack pramukh chitra chitrakaar key roop mein sthaapit kiya aur unhone apane mitra daarshanik david humey aur mehmann jeane-jacks russo sahit scotish gyaan key kaee pramukh vyaktiyon key chitra liye. itali kii doosari yatra key baad way 1757 mein landan chaley gaye aur 1761 seey way george III key liye pramukh chitrakaar they. abb unhone shaahi chitron parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, jinhen aksar raajaa dwara rajdooton aur aupaniveshik rajyapalon koo prastut kiya jaataa thaa. unake kaam koo joshua reinolds key bhavya tareeke kaa anuman lagaane key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye, lekin unake kaee shuruati chitra, vishesh roop seey mahilaaon key, cumm aupchaarik aur adhik antarang adhyayan hain.
shatabdi key uttaraardh key pramukh chitra chitrakaar heinry reburn (1756-1823) they. vaha scotland mein apane poore currier koo aage badhaane vaale pahale mahatvapurna kalakar they. edinberg mein janme aur 1786 mein itali kii yatra key baad vahaan lautane vaale, vaha scotish jeevan mein pramukh hastiyon key apane antarang chitron key liye sabse prasiddh hain, joe abhijaat varg seey parey vakeelon, doctors, professors, lekhakon aur mantriyon taka jaate hain, joe joshua reynolds kii bhavya parampara mein romantikwad key tatvon koo jodate hain. unake liye sabse prasiddh painting "duddingston loach parr aadaraniya robbert walker skating" haye, jise "skating mantri" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. vaha 1822 mein ack shurveer bunn gayaa aur 1823 mein raajaa kaa chitrakaar aur limmer bunn gayaa, joe kalaa key utpaadan seey judey pada parr vaapsee koo chihnit kartaa haye.
neoclassism aur shally chitrakala.
gavin hamilton ney apana lagbhag puuraa currier itali mein bitaaya aur aitihaasik aur pauranik vishayon key ack agrani navshastriya chitrakaar key roop mein ubhare, jisamen hommer key "eliod" key drishyon key chitran key saath-saath british kalakaron, praarambhik puraatatvavid aur puraatatvavid key liye ack anaupchaarik shikshak bhee shamil hain. unake kaee karyon koo samaaj aur rajneeti kii utpatti key baare mein gyaanvardhak atkalon key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, jisamen "leukratia kii mrityu" (1768) shamil haye, joe roman ganarajya key janm key liye mahatvapurna maani jaane vaali ghatana haye. unaki shastriyata francisi kalakar jack-luis david (1748-1825) parr ack pramukh prabhaav hogi.
johnn aur alekjendar runsimmon donon ney pauranik aur aitihaasik vishayon key chitrakaron key roop mein pratishtha praapt kii. unhone itali kii yatra kii, jahan unhone hamilton key saath kaam kiya. johnn kii mrityu aaee. dee. 1 mein hui aur alekjendar ghar laut aaya. unakaa sabse vyaapak roop seey gyaat kaary, joe etching mein vitarit kiya gayaa thaa, pauranik thaa. painting kii utpatti" (1773) key unake sanskaran mein, deewaar parr ack yuva corinthian mahila kii kahani koo chitrit karate hue, uska haath kapid dwara nirdeshit haye, joe kalaa key liye antim prerana prem kaa sujhaav detaa haye. dou saal baad hamilton key ack anya protej, david ellen dwara isi vishay koo chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. athaarahavin shatabdi key anta mein ausian scotish kalakaron key liye ack aam vishay bunn gayaa, aur alekjendar runseyman aur david ellen dwara anya karyon koo shuru kiya gayaa thaa.
alekjendar ney ack scotish aitihaasik chitrakala key shuruati udaharanon mein seey ack kaa bhee nirmaan kiya, jisamen loach leven mahal seey scott kii raani mairi key palayan koo dikhaaya gayaa haye, joe unnisvin shatabdi mein ack pramukh roop bunn jaayega. ellen 1780 mein edinberg laut aae, 1786 mein kalaa akadami key nideshak aur master baney. yahaan unhone scotish jeevan key vishayon key chitron key saath apani sabse prasiddh kriti kaa nirmaan kiya, jisase unhein "scotish hogarth" kaa khitaab milaa. inmein "highland wading, blair athol" (1780) aur elder ellen ramsey key "gentle shaferred" (1788) key liye chitra shamil they. inn vishayon koo david wilkie (1785-1841) dwara liya jaayega, jinhen aksar shally chitrakala kii british parampara key sansthaapak key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
murtikala.
1707 mein sangh key krityon key baad shaahi parivaar ney scotland key mahalon mein bahut cumm samay yaa paisa kharch kiya aur kaee scott kuleen ingland key shaahi darbar mein chaley gaye, aur scotland mein apani sampatti key bajaay landan mein apane aavason key liye murtikala mein nivesh karane kii or rukh kiya. nagrik vikas key vikas key saath saarvajanik pratima kii badhati maang thee, aksar ack saarvajanik sansthaan key sanrakshan key saath, jaise kii 1753 mein edinberg mein nava sthaapit shaahi aspatal mein george dwiteeya kii pramukh aakriti yaa 1752 mein baahari sansad bhawan key liye nyayadhish dunken forbes kii aakriti. aantarik pradarshan key liye design kii gaee pratima bhee lokpriya hoe gaee. shatabdi key madhya taka abhijaat varg key beach chitron koo chitrit karane key liye pratimaon koo prathamikta dee gaee thee.
ingland kii tarah, naee pratimaon key commission apekshaakrit saste seese mein banaae jaate they aur isase bhee adhik kifayati chitrit yaa soney key rung key plaster mein banaae jaate they. landan mein johnn cheer key yard key plasterwork kii vishesh roop seey maang thee. johnn bekan (1740-99) key yard seey kaam bhee mahatvapurna thaa, jinhone robbert dundas (dee. 1787) borthwick church mein aur ack shrimati allardice (dee. 1787) paschimi church, aberdeen mein. bekan landan mein lambeth mein shrimati eleanor kode key "kritrim patthar karkhane" mein bhee bhagidar they. isane ack buff rangeen syremic kaa utpaadan kiya jise bareek vivaran pradaan karane key liye dhaala jaa sakata thaa, aur khandon mein daaga jaa sakata thaa, lekin paalaa aur aag key liye abhedya thaa. nakkashidar patthar kii tulanaa mein bahut sastaa, kode patthar kaa upayog sphinx, ballstrading, rajdhaniyon, coat off arms, goliyaan, sajawati phuldan, church key smarakon aur font key liye kiya jaataa thaa. addam bhaaiyon dwara iska vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaataa thaa, vishesh roop seey scotland mein banaae gaye gharon mein, jaise kii cullon, banf, kulzian casal, ireshire, dunbar casal, east lothian, register house, edinberg, gosphord house, east lothian aur wederburn, berwickshire. murtikala, candelabra aur sippy kii aapoorti key saath-saath, addam parivaar ney 1759 mein sthaapit caron company koo design kii aapoorti kii, jisane choolhe, safe, phuldan aur goliyon sahit lohe key utpaadon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala kaa utpaadan kiya.
athaarahavin shatabdi key anta seey scotish kalakaron key kaam key kuchh udaaharan hain. inmein 1776 mein ack "villie jeanes" dwara nakkashidar peniquic house key portico parr drude kii moortiyaan shamil theen; aspasht robbert burn (aff. ell.) dwara james gillespie kii sangamarmar kii pratima. 1790-1816) aur shahar key kakshon, edinberg mein roman kavach mein kansya aakriti, joe charles edward stuart yaa lui xv kaa pratinidhitva curr sakati haye. james tassy (1735-99) kaa janm glassgo mein huaa thaa aur unhone ack patthar mistri key roop mein prashikshan liya thaa. unhone doublin aur phir landan jaane seey pahale faulis akadami mein bhaag liya. unhone kaanch key pest mein cast banaane aur pracheen nakkashidar ratnon key cast banaane key liye ack sootra vikasit kiya. unhone chitra padak bhee banaae aur unake baithane vaalon mein scotland key bauddhik jeevan mein kaee pramukh hastiyaan theen, jaise kii addam smith, david humey aur heinry reburn. unake padak taba lokpriya they jaba wayswood jasper mein utpaadit kiye jaate they aur jinka upayog carron company dwara lohe mein daalane key liye kiya jaataa thaa.

