
vyaavsaayik ranneetiyon kii prakaariki

vyaavsaayik ranneetiyon koo kaee tarikon seey vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. ack lokpriya vidhi americi shikshaavidon raymond ee dwara prastut typology kaa upayog karati haye. meal aur charles see. sangathan ranneeti parr unaki 1978 kii pustak mein burf.
meelon aur burf kii typology.
meal aur burf teen prakaar kii pratispardhi ranneetiyon kii pehchaan karate hain, joe rakshak, vishleshak aur prospector prakaar key sangathan dwara apnai jaati hain, aur ack chautha, gair-ranneetik prakaar kaa sangathan, jiska pratispardhi vyavhaar kathit paryavaraniya sthitiyon key prati pratikriyaasheel haye jisake bheetar yeh sanchaalit hotaa haye. suvidha key liye reactor prakaar key drishtikon koo aksar pratispardhi ranneeti key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye.
prospector ranneeti.
yeh chaar ranneetiyon mein seey sabse aakramak haye. isamen aam taur parr nae baajaron mein vistaar karane aur nae avsaron koo protsaahit karane key liye sakriya karyakram shamil hotey hain. nae utpaad vikas koo jordar tareeke seey aage badhaaya jaataa haye aur aakramak vipanan yuddh ranneetiyaan atirikt bajar hissedari praapt karane kaa ack samanya tarika haye. way bajar key avsar key kissy bhee sanket parr jaldi seey pratikriya karate hain, aur bahut cumm shodh yaa vishleshan key saath aisaa karate hain.
unake rajaswa kaa ack badaa hissa nae utpaadon yaa nae baajaron seey aataa haye. way aksar atyadhik laabhprad hotey hain, kabhi-kabhi udyam poonjipatiyon dwara aayojit ack paryaapt equity sthiti key saath. utpaad kii viphalata yaa bajar asweekriti kaa jokhim adhik hotaa haye. unake bajar kshetra mein lagaatar utaar-chadhaav hotaa rahata haye kyonki nae avsar paida hotey hain aur pichhale utpaad kii peshkashon mein girawat aatee haye.
way ack udyog mein pahale honey key naate yeh sochkar mahatva dete hain kii unakaa "pahala prastaavak laabh" unhein premium moolya nirdhaaran key avsar aur uchch margine pradaan karega. vikas kii laagat koo phir seey praapt karane kaa ack samanya tarika moolya cumm karna haye. way takniki aur prabandhakiya donon tarah key pramukh karmchaariyon kaa peechha karane mein avasarvaadi hoe sakate hain. vigyaapan, bikri prachaar aur vyaktigat bikri laagat bikri kaa ack uchch pratishat haye.
aam taur parr firm koo pratyek ranneetik vyaavsaayik ikai key saath sanrachit kiya jaayega jisamen kaafee swaayatta hogi. jiss udyog mein way kaam karate hain, vaha apane jeevan chakr key parichay yaa vikas charan mein hotaa haye, jisamen kuchh pratiyogi aur vikasit praudyogiki hoti haye.
rakshak ranneeti.
iss ranneeti mein aakramak roop seey baajaron koo aage naheen badhaane kaa nirnay liya jaataa haye. natijatan, way una cheejon mein seey koee bhee naheen karate hain joe prospector karate hain. ack rakshak ranneeti mein ack surakshit aur apekshaakrit sthir bajar koo dhoondhana aur banaae rakhna shamil haye. takniki navachar, utpaad vikas aur bajar kii gatishilata key atyaadhunik honey key bajaay, ack rakshak jahaan bhee sambhav hoe, khud koo parivartanon seey bachaane kii koshish kartaa haye.
iss sthir bajar koo surakshit karane key apane prayaas mein way yaa tou kimaton koo cumm rakhate hain, vigyaapan aur anya prachaar lagaton koo cumm rakhate hain, urdhvaadhar ekikaran mein sanlagn hotey hain, utpaadon kii ack seemit shrinkhala kii peshkash karate hain, yaa behtar gunavatta vaale utpaadon yaa graahak seva kii peshkash karate hain. way nirnay lene mein dheemi gati seey hotey hain aur vyaapak shodh aur vishleshan key baad hii badalaav key liye pratibaddh honge.
unake lakshya prabhavsheelta unmukh honey key bajaay dakshata unmukh hotey hain. achchi tarah seey paribhaashit praudyogiki, utpaadon aur bajar khandon key saath udyog paripakva hoe jaataa haye. adhikansh bikri dohraya yaa pratisthaapan kharidari hoti haye. vyaktigat ranneetik vyaavsaayik ikaaiyon mein aam taur parr swaayatta kaa star madhyam seey nimn hotaa haye.
vishleshak.
vishleshak rakshak aur prospector key beach mein hotaa haye. way cumm jokhim lete hain aur ack prospector kii tulanaa mein cumm galatiyan karate hain, lekin rakshakon kii tulanaa mein sthirata key liye cumm pratibaddh hotey hain. adhikansh firm vishleshak hain. way shayed hii kabhi kissy udyog mein pahale sthaan parr hotey hain, lekin aksar dusare yaa teesare sthaan parr pravesh karate hain.
way apani maujooda mool kshamata key karib kshetron mein vistaar karate hain. way poori tarah seey nae utpaadon koo vikasit karane key bajaay, maujooda utpaadon mein vriddhisheel sudhaar karate hain. nae baajaron mein vistaar karane key bajaay, way dheere-dheere maujooda baajaron kaa vistaar karate hain. way kuchh sthir aaya utpadakon aur kuchh sambhaavit vijetaon key saath utpaadon key ack santulit portfolio koo banaae rakhane kii koshish karate hain. way apane udyog mein honey vaale vikas koo bariki seey dekhate hain, lekin taba taka kaary naheen karate jaba taka kii way sunishchit naheen hoe jaate kii samay sahee haye.
reactor.
reactor kii koee sakriya ranneeti naheen hoti haye, aksar ghatnaaon key honey parr pratikriya karate hain. aise vyavasaay kewal tabhi pratikriya dete hain jaba way vyaapak paryavaraniya dabaavon key liye majboor hotey hain. yeh chaar ranneetiyon mein seey sabse cumm prabhaavi haye. yeh binaa disha yaa dhyaan key haye.
meelon, burf "aur anya."(1978) ney sangathan reactor banane key teen karanon kii pehchaan kii haih