
county magistrate

county magistrate yaa sthaaniya magistrate, jinhen kaee cheeni naamon seey jaanaa jaataa haye, shaahi aur praarambhik ganarajya chean mein kendriya sarkaar key sabse nichale star "zian" ("county") key prabhaari adhikaari they. magistrate vaha adhikaari thaa joe logon key saath aamane-saamane sambandh rakhta thaa aur samrat kii or seey sarkaar key sabhi pahaluon koo prashaasit kartaa thaa.
samrat ney una logon mein seey magistrate niyukt kiye jinhone shaahi pareekshaon mein utteern kiya thaa yaa samkaksh degree kharidi thee. confucian classics mein shiksha ney adhikaariyon koo ack saajha vichardhara key saath prerit kiya, jisase samrajya koo ekjut karane mein madad millie, lekin koee vyaavhaarik prashikshan naheen thaa. magistrate ney pada grahan karane key baad hii vishesh kaushal praapt kiya. ack baar karyalaya mein, magistrate apane varishthon kii maangon aur apane aksar-aniyantrit ghatakon kii jarooraton aur pratirodh key beach funce gayaa thaa. padonnati magistrate kii shaanti aur kanuni vyavastha banaae rakhane kii kshamata parr nirbhar karati thee kyonki vaha curr sangrah, sadakon, jall niyantran aur janganana kii dekhrekh kartaa thaa; abhiyojak aur nyayadhish donon key roop mein kanuni karyon koo sambhalata thaa; garibon yaa peediton key liye raahat kii vyavastha kartaa thaa; anushthaanon koo anjam detaa thaa; shiksha aur schools koo protsaahit kartaa thaa; aur koee bhee aage kaa kaary kartaa thaa jise samrat ney saunpa thaa.
kewal teen saal key liye kissy bhee ack sthaan parr seva karane kii anumati dee gaee, vaha sthaaniya drishya key gyaan key liye sthaaniya abhijaat varg kii dayaa parr bhee thaa. kathin samasyaon koo baad key magistrate key karyakal taka sthagit karane yaa unhein padosi magistrate key adhikaar kshetra mein dhakelane kaa pralobhan thaa. yongjheng samrat ney magistrate kii prashansa keeh "ack vyakti kii akhandata mein asankhya logon kii shaanti yaa nakhushi shamil haye."halanki, haal hii mein ack itihaaskaar ney magistrate key baare mein kahaa kii" aggar unake paas apane sabhi kartavyon koo nibhaane kii yogyata hoti, tou way ack pratibhashali hotey. isake bajaay, vaha ack chautarafa bhool karane vaalaa, ack pareshan jack-off-aul trade thaa..." 
chean ganarajya ney county sarkaar mein vyaapak sudhaar kiye, lekin magistrate kaa pada barkarar rakhaa gayaa. chean key janvaadi ganarajya key tahat, county magistrate kaa karyalaya, jise kabhi-kabhi "meyer" key roop mein anuvaadit kiya jaataa haye, abb kendra sarkaar kaa sabse nichala star naheen thaa, jisane seedhe gaanv key star taka apana niyantran badhaaya.
naam.
kinn seey 8veen shatabdi mein taang rajvansh key anta taka, ack county key mukhya magistrate koo zianling (xiánlíng) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. baad key rajvanshon mein, unhein zishiyaan () kahaa jaataa thaa. 1928 mein, sheershak koo badalkar xiánzh <unk> () curr diyaa gayaa. kyonki unase anushaasit lekin dekhbhal key tareeke seey shasson karane kii ummeed kii jaati thee aur kyonki logon seey aagya maanane kii ummeed kii jaati thee, county magistrate koo anaupchaarik roop seey "maataa-pitaa" yaa "maataa-pitaa key adhikaari" () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa.
itihas aur badalate kaary.
county ("zian") koo varsh 690 bee key aspas sthaaniya sarkaar kii mool ikai key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.see.ee.yuddharat raajyon kii avadhi key dauran chhote paimaane key raajyon key beach pratispardha hoti thee. kinn samrajya ney 221 eesaa poorv mein chean key adhikansh hisse koo ekikrit kiya. aur "juuna-zian" ("commandary"/"county") pranali kii sthaapana kii, jisane kshetra koo juuna ("commander") aur "zian" ("county") mein vibhajit kiya. kendra sarkaar dwara niyukt sthaaniya prashasakon ney samanti shaharon key netaaon koo badal diyaa. kaee parivartanon key bavjood, "zian" 20veen shatabdi taka sthaaniya sarkaar kii mool ikai bunny rahee.
221 eesaa poorv mein kinn ekikaran seey pahale, sthaaniya adhikaariyon koo viraasat mein pada milaa, jisane kendra sarkaar key khilaf mahaan parivaaron koo majboot kiya. usa ekikaran key baad, samrat koo chhodkar kissy bhee adhikaari koo viraasat mein yaa viraasat mein pada dene kii anumati naheen thee. sthaaniya sarkaar kaa niyantran taba kendriya naukarshahi key beach ack pratiyogita bunn gayaa, joe samrat key hiton kaa pratinidhitva karati thee, aur sthaaniya kuleen varg aur abhijaat varg. shaahi shakti ney sthaaniya abhijaat varg koo pariksha pranali key madhyam seey yogyata dwara chune gaye vidwan adhikaariyon koo niyukt karke kamjor curr diyaa, joe jaruri naheen kii kuleen vansh key houn. haan rajvansh ney sthiti koo niyamit kiya, aur "bachane kaa niyam" shuru kiya, joe parivaar yaa doston key prati bhaai-bhatijawad aur pakshapaat key khatare key kaaran ack magistrate koo apane grih county mein seva karane seey manaa kartaa thaa. 
chhathi shatabdi mein suee rajvansh key baad, bachane kaa niyam sakhti seey lagu kiya gayaa thaa; baad key rajvanshon mein ack magistrate sthanantarit honey seey pahale kissy bhee ack sthaan parr kewal chaar saal taka seva curr sakata thaa.
magistrate kii dekhrekh prefect ("jhiphu") yaa samkaksh dwara kii jaati thee, joe badale mein samanya roop seey circuit key tahat thaa, yaa shayed ack circuit jiska irada jall kaary, anaaj yaa namak jaisi vishesh jimmedariyon key saath thaa. unake oopar praantiya prashaasak aur rajyapal they. inn sub seey oopar, nishchit roop seey, kendra sarkaar aur samrat they. inmein seey pratyek parat sthaaniya magistrate koo adesh jaari curr sakati thee aur pratyek aavashyak report aur smaarak unase jaari curr sakati thee.
county magistrate ney county star seey neeche niyantran kii ikaaiyon kii nigrani kii. inmein gaanv key bujurg, sthaaniya sansthaan aur swa-shasson sangathan, vishesh roop seey township ("ziang"), jise haan rajvansh key tahat aupchaarik banaaya gayaa thaa, aur "baojia pranali", 11veen shatabdi mein wang anshi dwara aupchaarik roop seey aayojit aapsi jimmedaari kii ack pranali, shamil thee. yuan rajvansh mein mangol shasson key tahat, county magistrate sabhi mangol they, halanki unake adheenasth haan cheeni they. ming aur king rajvanshon mein arthavyavastha key vikas aur jansankhya mein vriddhi ney magistrates koo prashaasnik sachivon koo niyukt karane aur sthaaniya kuleen parivaaron yaa vidwan-sahayak parr bharosa karane key liye prerit kiya. inn sthaaniya abhijaat varg key aise dost they jinka prabhaav magistrate koo naraz karane parr unakaa mukabala curr sakata thaa.
jaba 1949 mein janvaadi ganarajya kii sthaapana hui, tou kendra sarkaar ney ack baar phir sthaaniya adhikaariyon koo niyukt kiya joe nagrik, aaparaadhik aur naukarshahi shakti kaa upayog karate they. kuchh logon kaa sujhaav haye kii shramikon aur graminon koo lagata haye kii way inn "pitaa aur maataa" adhikaariyon key adhikaar parr sawal naheen uthaa sakate hain, jisase bhrashtachar aur asahamati aur kathin hoe jaati haye.
jimmedaariyaan aur shaktiyaan.
magistrate kii jimmedaariyaan vyaapak theen lekin spasht roop seey paribhaashit naheen theen. samraton kaa maanana thaa kii swarg ney apani sarkaar koo bhautik brahmand, brahmandiya naitikta, maanav sansthanon aur samajik sadbhaav key saath sambandhon key liye saunpa haye, aur inn sabhi mamalon mein magistrate unakaa pratinidhi thaa.
phir bhee magistrate kii shakti koo gher liya gayaa thaa, jaisa kii iss kahawat mein parilakshit hotaa haye "swarg oonchaa haye aur samrat door haye."county sarkaar kii naukarshahi aabaadi key sambandh mein cumm thee, aur ack badey county key aadhikarik karmchaariyon mein kewal ack magistrate, ack upa-magistrate, shayed ack sahayak magistrate yaa recorder aur milicia kaa kaptan hoe sakata haye. 12veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein iss chhote samooh seey ack aisee aabaadi kii nigrani karane kii ummeed kii gaee thee joe desh key adhik ghanee aabaadi vaale vargon mein aasaani seey 150,000 hoe sakati haye. baad key rajvanshon mein, magistrates ney badey karmchaariyon koo niyukt kiya. samriddh nichali yangzi ghaati key county mein, clerk, sachiv, yamen dhaavak, chikitsa pareekshak, jailor aur aise anya cumm karmchaariyon key kull karmchari 100,000 seey 200,000 kii aabaadi key liye lagbhag 500 loga hoe sakate hain. prakhyaat itihaaskaar kung-chuan siao ney halanki tark diyaa kii sthaaniya sarkaar adhik nirankush hoe gaee aur county magistrate key paas logon koo niyantrit karane key liye aseemit shaktiyan theen.
curr sangrah aur shram.
county sarkaar ney bhoomi curr, anaaj curr aur seema shulk aur "lykin" koo chhodkar anya sabhi karon koo ekatra kiya, joe 19veen shatabdi mein pesh kiye gaye they. praantiya khajanedar ney pratyek county seey deya bhoomi aur shram seva curr key liye kotaa taiyar kiya, saath hii saath anya karon kii sankhya key anusaar, aur siddhant roop mein harr duss saal mein daron koo samaayojit kiya. magistrate key paas sthaaniya buniyaadi dhaanche aur sanchaar kii bhee jimmedaari thee. pratyek gaanv koo county sarkaar kii dekhrekh mein sthaaniya sadakon, naharon aur baandhon key nirmaan aur rakharkhaav key liye muft shram, yaa nadee kaa nirmaan karane kii aavashyakta thee.
bhoomi parr karon koo chaandi mein ekatra kiya jaataa thaa, jise magistrate kii adalat mein laaya jaataa thaa, jahaan ise unaki upasthiti mein ginaa jaataa thaa aur darj kiya jaataa thaa. unhein sthaaniya karyon key liye ack nirdisht raashi rakhane kii anumati dee gaee thee jaise kii vetan, sarkari school key chhatron key liye wazifa, aur garibon key liye raahat, phir baaki praantiya khajaane koo bhej diyaa gayaa. baad key rajvanshon mein, sthaaniya karyon key liye saunpa gayaa dhana bahut cumm thaa, aur magistrates ney aage shulk aur curr lagaae, jaise kii sheershak vilekh curr, dalali curr, girvi rakh curr, aur kaee anya.
kaanoon aur nyaayik kaary.
curr sangrah key baad, kaanoon pravartan aur kanuni vivaadon ney magistrate key adhikansh samay aur shakti parr kabja curr liya. samajik sadbhaav sarvopari thaa. padonnati key liye vaarshik sameeksha ney magistrate koo choron koo pakadane aur dakaiti kaa mukadama chalaane kii unaki kshamata parr shrenibaddh kiya. pratyek paanch mamalon key liye ack avamoolyan diyaa gayaa thaa jisamen unhone aadhe seey cumm apraadhiyon koo giraftar kiya thaa aur pratyek paanch mamalon key liye ack yogyata jisamen unhone aadhe seey adhik koo giraftar kiya thaa.
magistrate rahata thaa, kaam kartaa thaa aur yamen mein adalat aayojit kartaa thaa, ack deewaar vaale parisar mein joe sthaaniya sarkaar koo rakhta thaa. siddhant roop mein, koee bhee aam vyakti parisar key pravesh dwaar parr ack badee ghanti bajaane key baad mukadama, yachika yaa shikayat prastut curr sakata haye. magistrate nyaayik aur prashaasnik donon kaanoon kaa prashaasan kartaa thaa. paschim key vidvaanon ney ack baar mahsoos kiya thaa kii magistrate aksar nagrik vivaadon mein shamil naheen hotey they aur nagrik unhein sthaaniya adalaton mein laane key liye anichhuk they, lekin shodh seey pataa chalaa haye kii vaastav mein sthaaniya samaaj behad mukdamebaji kartaa thaa aur sthaaniya sarkaar sabhi prakaar key vivaadon mein shamil thee.
duniya key kuchh hisson mein kanuni pranaaliyan nagrik, aaparaadhik aur prashaasnik kaanoon mein antar karati hain, lekin cheeni kanuni pranali key tahat, magistrate nyaayik aur prashaasnik kaanoon donon kaa prashaasan kartaa haye. magistrate koo manmaane nirnay lene yaa sthaaniya prathaagat kaanoon parr bharosa karane kii anumati naheen thee, lekin shaahi aadeshon, jinamen kaanoon kaa bull thaa, aur kaanoon sanhita donon dwara vivash kiya gayaa thaa. inn vanshvaadi kaanoon sanhitaon, jaise kii taang sanhita yaa mahaan king sanhita, mein nagrik kaanoon aur aaparaadhik kaanoon donon shamil they. hatyaa aur chori seey laker iss aarop taka kii ack padosi ney apane ghode yaa kutte koo naheen bandha thaa yaa kissy koo laat maaree thee yaa kaataa gayaa thaa. vaadiyon ney vivaah, god lene, viraasat aur bhoomi parr vivaadon key saath magistrate key paas bhee jaanaa, aur inke aksar desh key rajaswa yaa karon aur curr sangrah key liye parinam hotey they. code ney apraadhon kaa vistaar seey varnan kiya, lekin magistrate koo niyam kaa upayog karke code key maujooda praavdhaan key saath ack saadrishya banaane kii bhee anumati dee gaeeh "joe koee bhee aisaa kartaa haye joe naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, usey halke baans key chaalees stroke praapt honge. yadi mamle koo aur gambhir maanaa jaataa haye, tou usey bhaari baans seey assie stroke seey dandit kiya jaayega."king key tahat maut kii sajaa kii samrat dwara sameeksha kii gaee thee, aur kissy bhee prakriti key gambhir mamalon kii appeal yaa sameeksha kii jaa sakati thee, kabhi-kabhi khud samrat koo bhee.
magistrate, mahadvipiya europeeya kaanoon kii jaanch pranali kii tarah, abhiyojak aur nyayadhish donon they. unhone nirnay liya kii kaun seey mamle sweekaar karane hain, sakshya aur gavaahon koo ikattha karane kaa nirdesh diyaa, phir yaatana key upayog sahit mukadama chalaaya. magistrate aparaadh yaa nirdoshta kaa ekmatra nyayadhish thaa aur usane sajaa yaa muaavaje kaa nirdhaaran kiya. phir bhee, unake nirnayon kii sameeksha uchch adhikaariyon dwara kii jaa sakati thee, yahaan taka kii rajdhani key mamalon mein samrat taka. choonki unhein poori tarah seey jaanch naheen karane, sahee prakriya kaa paalan naheen karane, yaa galat charitra likhane key liye bhee fatkaar lagaai jaa sakati thee, isaliye baad key rajvanshon mein magistrates ney vishesh clerk yaa sachivon koo kaam parr rakhaa, jinake paas kaanoon aur naukarshahi aavashyaktaon mein visheshagyata thee.
phir bhee kaanoon kewal sanhitaon aur prakriyaon kaa mamla naheen thaa. kaanoon koo naitik brahmand koo pratibimbit karane key liye samajha jaataa thaa, aur ack aaparaadhik yaa nagrik aparaadh usa brahmand koo iss tarah seey santulan seey baahar curr dega kii kewal sajaa hii bahaal curr sakati haye. king sanhita key tahat nirdhaarit aadhikarik paanch dandon ("vu jing") mein halke baans seey peetna, bhaari baans seey peetna, dandaatmak daasata, nirvaasan aur fansi shamil thee. dund koo maapane mein, magistrate koo naa kewal aparaadh kii prakriti koo dhyaan mein rakhna thaa, balki doshi paksh aur peedit key beach key sambandh koo bhee dhyaan mein rakhna thaa. ack bete dwara ack pitaa key khilaf kiya gayaa aparaadh ack pitaa dwara ack bete key khilaf kiye gaye aparaadh seey kaheen adhik gambhir thaa, isi tarah ack patni yaa parivaar key anya sadasya dwara kiya gayaa aparaadh.
vyavhaar mein magistrate kii bhoomika koo kaee anya baadhaon kaa saamana karna padaa. daudane vaale aur yamain adhikaari jinhen ack aparaadh kii jaanch key liye bheja gayaa thaa, way sthaaniya they, joe aksar apraadhiyon key saath leag mein hotey they. isaliye magistrate aam taur parr apraadhiyon koo laane key liye ack samay seema nirdhaarit karate they, aur samay seema poori naheen honey parr puliskarmi key parivaar key sadasyon koo bandhak banaane kii dhamki dete they. jaba aaropi koo usake saamane laaya gayaa, tou magistrate yaatana kaa upayog curr sakata thaa, jaise kii kode maarnaa yaa prativaadi koo lohe kii chain parr ghutane tekana, lekin spasht pratibandh they. vaadyayantra ack maanak aakar key honey chaahiye they aur vyaktigat roop seey agale uchch yamen dwara anumodit honey chaahiye they, aur kuchh kaa upayog mahilaaon yaa sattar varsh seey adhik ayu key logon parr naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa. magistrate takhane-squizer key upayog kaa adesh dey sakata thaa, udaaharan key liye, kewal hatyaa aur dakaiti key mamalon mein, aur isake upayog kii vishesh roop seey uchch star parr soochana dee jaani thee. kuchh adhikaariyon ney yaatana key upayog seey parhej kiya kyonki unhein darr thaa kii isase galat sweekaarokti hogi. magistrate koo yeh sunishchit karna thaa kii koee bhee sweekaarokti sateek roop seey darj kii gaee thee, shabd key liye shabd, taaki clerk koo jaanboojhkar trutiyon koo pesh karane seey rokaa jaa sakey joe mamle koo purvagrahit curr sakati hain. magistrate koo swayam dandit kiya jaa sakata haye yadi vaha galat kaanoon kaa upayog kartaa haye yaa ack aisee sajaa detaa haye joe yaa tou bahut kathor yaa bahut udaar thee.
vidyalaya aur naitik netritva.
magistrate ney dekhrekh kii aur samarthan kiya lekin shiksha kaa prashaasan naheen kiya. praathamik vidyalaya parivaaron, mandiron, gaanvon yaa kulon dwara sthaapit kiye gaye they aur unake sangathan aur vitt mein poori tarah seey niji they. lekin pathyakram lagbhag poori tarah seey shaahi pareekshaon koo paas karane key liye aavashyak confucian granthon parr adharit thaa. king rajvansh key tahat magistrate pavitra shilalekh kaa paath kartaa thaa aur vishesh roop seey sookhe, akaal yaa aapada key samay samarohon aur anushthaanon kaa sanchaalan kartaa thaa.
lipic aur sachiv.
badee aur badee aabaadi seey nipatane mein magistrate key vyaapak kartavyon key liye sachivon, clerks, jail guards aur dhaavakon kii madad kii aavashyakta hoti thee, lekin iss karmchari key liye bhugtan karane key liye koee bajat naheen thaa. isake bajaay, magistrate ney apane sachivon koo apani jeb seey bhugtan kiya, jise unase sthaaniya sroton seey phir seey bharane kii ummeed thee, aur anya karmchaariyon seey una logon seey shulk lene kii ummeed kii jaati thee joe unake sampark mein aaney key liye durbhagyapurna they. yeye shulk manmaane dhang seey aur jabaran vasuli hoe sakati haye, aur baad key rajvanshon mein bhrashtachar vyaapak thaa.
shaahi chean key anta mein parivartan.
ming aur king rajvanshon mein sthaaniya sarkaar ney sansadhanon mein vriddhi key binaa jimmedariyon koo sanchit kiya. jaise-jaise aabaadi badhati gaee, county kii sankhya lagbhag samaan bunny rahee, aabaadi joe shayed 200,000 taka badh sakati thee. ming shasakon ney bachane key niyam koo kadaa curr diyaa, jisase magistrate apane grih jilon mein seva karane seey roque gaye, jahaan yeh uchit roop seey darr thaa kii way apane doston aur parivaaron kaa paksh lenge, aur karyalaya kaa karyakal aam taur parr dou yaa teen saal taka seemit thaa. inn niyamon key kaaran magistrates koo una aparichit kshetron mein tainaat karane kaa khatra paida hoe gayaa jahaan way sthaaniya bolly naheen boll sakate they aur sthaaniya paristhitiyon kaa gyaan jamaa naheen curr sakate they. king sarkaar ney magistrate koo apane adheensthon koo sthaaniya karon seey bhugtan karane kii aavashyakta rakhane kii pratha jaari rakhee, naa kii kendra sarkaar key rajaswa seey; clerk, dhaavak, jailor aur logon seey iss tarah kii "anaupchaarik shulk" ekatra kii. confucian aadarshon kaa yeh bhee maanana thaa kii raajya koo aam logon key jeevan seey baahar rehna chaahiye, joe apane dumm parr saarvajanik suraksha karyon koo puuraa karate hain. graam pradhaan curr sangrah key liye jimmedaar thaa, aur magistrate ney usey kissy bhee kamee key liye vyaktigat roop seey jimmedaar thaharaaya.
samrajyavadi shasson key antim rajvansh, king rajvansh (1644-1911) key tahat, sthaaniya sarkaar aur bhee adhik majboot hoe gaee kyonki jansankhya aur dhana mein vriddhi hui lekin sarkari prashaasnik sansthaan-aur curr rajaswa-naheen. magistrate mushkil sthiti mein thaa. lambe samay taka mudrasfeeti key saath unakaa vetan naheen badhaa thaa. 1720 key dashak mein yongjheng samrat ney magistrate koo bhoomi curr seey "pighalane kii phees" kaatane kii anumati dee, lekin isase sanrachanaatmak samasya kaa samadhan naheen huaa. iska anpekshit parinam yeh huaa kii 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, sthaaniya sarkaar key pramukh karyon koo pareshan aur cumm vetan vaale magistrates dwara chhod diyaa gayaa thaa aur kuleen varg parr chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, joe vivaadon mein madhyasthata karate they, schools aur sinchai karyon kii dekhrekh karate they, sthaaniya milicia koo sangathit karate they, aur yahaan taka kii curr bhee ekatra karate they. haalaanki magistrate iss madad key liye aabhaari they, sthaaniya kuleen varg aksar inn karyon kaa upayog khud koo puraskrit karane aur apane dushmanon koo dandit karane key liye karate they.
haalaanki, king mein magistrate bhee kaee mamalon mein adhik peshevar bunn gaye. unhone prashaasan kaa adhyayan ack shilp key roop mein kiya, naa kii ack aisee cheez key roop mein joe ack vikasit confucian vidwan-naukarshah seey apeksha kii jaati thee kii vaha naitik prashikshan aur confucian classics key gyaan key aadhar parr pradarshan karey. choonki samrat ney nishtha koo puraskrit karane key liye, una logon key kote mein vriddhi kii jinhen padon kii sankhya badhaae binaa pariksha utteern karane kii anumati dee gaee thee, isaliye pravesh star kii niyuktiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik degree dhaarak they. inmein seey kaee asambaddh purushon ney county magistrates key sachivon yaa clerks key roop mein pada liye, kaanoon, jall-karyon, karadhan yaa prashaasan key vibhinn pahaluon parr visheshagyon kaa ack aabhaasi upa-vyavasaay banaaya. anya, vishesh roop seey way joe kewal nimn degree rakhate they, way cumm pratishtha yaa paryaapt aaya vaale shikshak yaa sthaaniya school shikshak bunn gaye.
beesavin shatabdi aur ganarajya chean.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein baad mein kiye gaye king sudhaaron ney buniyaadi badalaav kiye. kendriya prashaasit pariksha pranali key unmoolan key saath, magistrates kaa chayan sthaaniya yaa tadarth pareekshaon dwara kiya gayaa, cumm seey cumm siddhant roop mein, halanki sifarish aur vyaktigat sambandh vyavhaar mein adhik mahatvapurna they. bachane kaa kaanoon prabhaavi rhaa, halanki ise bhee abb sakhti seey lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur usa avadhi kii raajneetik arajakta teji seey karobar aur karyalaya key chhote karyakal mein parilakshit hui thee. ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii adhikansh magistrates koo sainyavaadiyon dwara niyukt kiya gayaa thaa joe kshetra koo niyantrit karate they. 1928 mein rashtravadi sarkaar kii sthaapana seey pahale key varshon mein, magistrates kii shiksha aur takniki prashikshan mein, vishesh roop seey kaanoon aur prashaasan mein, ullekhaniya sudhaar huaa. adhyayan ney yeh bhee nishkarsh nikala kii nagrik naukarshahi adhik seey adhik sainyikrit hoe gaee.
1928 mein rashtravadi sarkaar dwara paarit county javic kaanoon ney county koo sarkaar key buniyaadi star key roop mein paribhaashit kiya, aur nirdhaarit kiya kii county magistrate, jise abb "zianzang" kahaa jaataa haye, koo praantiya adhikaariyon dwara niyukt kiya jaayega. county kii dekhrekh rashtravadi party dwara bhee kii gaee thee, joe county sarkaar key samanantar kaam karati thee, joe party kii leninist sanrachana key anusaar ack vyavastha thee. isake alawa, naee sarkaar ney sthaaniya star parr ack badee naukarshahi kaa ayojan kiya. 
1927 mein shuru hue kaee dashakon taka chaley cheeni grihyuddh key dauran, cheeni communist party ney soviyat sangh koo ack model key roop mein upayog karate hue chean key kaee hisson mein ack naukarshahi aadhar banaaya. grihyuddh samaapt honey key baad, aar. oh. see. ney taiwan parr magistrate koo banaae rakhaa. kendra sarkaar dwara 1998 mein sabhi praanton koo suvyavasthit karane key baad way county key pramukh bunn gaye, joe prabhaavi roop seey gair-swa-shaasit nikaayon mein badal gaye, aur 2019 mein sabhi praantiya sarkari angon koo aupchaarik roop seey samaapt curr diyaa gayaa.
chean kaa janvaadi ganarajya.
1949 kii cheeni saamyavaadi kranti key baad, sthaaniya sarkaar ney cheeni itihas mein pahale seey kaheen adhik graameen jeevan parr niyantran curr liya, lekin sthaaniya adhikaariyon koo abhee bhee samrajya key tahat county magistrates key roop mein kaee samasyaon kaa saamana karna padaa. ack videshi vidwan ney 2015 mein apani tippaniyon seey likhaa kii "jamini star key sivil sevakon koo abhee bhee paitrik 'pitaa maataa adhikaariyon' key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, jinase aam logon kii dekhbhal karane kii ummeed kii jaati haye, uchch star key adhikaar kaa anand lete hain, lekin saath hii saath ack samaan roop seey uchch star kaa avishvaas bhee."
lokpriya sanskriti aur saahitya mein magistrate.
magistrate bahut lokpriya kathaa mein naayak they. udaaharan key liye, chean mein "jasusi kahani" ney "gongan" yaa "adalati mamle" kaa roop leey liya, jisamen naayak ack niji jasus yaa pulis adhikaari naheen haye, balki county magistrate haye, joe anveshak, abhiyojak aur nyayadhish haye. magistrate ack aparaadh kaa samadhan kartaa haye jiska varnan paathak koo pahale hii kiya jaa chuka haye, taaki rahasya aparaadhi kii khoj seey naheen balki yeh dekhane seey aae kii magistrate chatur chaalon key madhyam seey aparaadh koo kaise hull kartaa haye. inn magistrate-detectives mein aitihaasik taang rajvansh key adhikaari dee renzi they, jinhone nyayadhish dee kahaaniyon kii ack shrinkhala koo prerit kiya, aur geet rajvansh key adhikaari, baao jheng kahaaniyon aur opera key ack sett key naayak they.
choonki cheeni lokpriya dharm koo mrityu key baad jeevan kii duniya key baare mein maanaa jaataa haye, isaliye devta ack mahaan naukarshahi kaa hissa they, jisaki sanrachana shaahi naukarshahi key samaan thee. nyaay kii prakriya koo donon duniyaon mein ack hii honey key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. narak key magistrates ney ack adalat kii adhyakshata bahut hudd taka county magistrate kii tarah kii aur unake karyalaya dharti parr sthit logon seey milate-julate they.
chain ruoxy kii laghu kahani "meyer yinn kaa nishpaadan" (jisamen "zianzang" kaa anuvaad "meyer" key roop mein kiya gayaa haye) 1950 key dashak kii shuruat seey saanskritik kranti key madhyam seey meyer yinn key currier kaa varnan karati haye aur ack adhikaari kii duvidha koo naatakiya roop seey darshaati haye joe apane varishthon aur apane ghatakon donon kii seva karane kii aavashyakta key beach funce gayaa haye.

