
nivesh neeti vivaran

niyam.
kanuni aur niyaamak nireekshan key dou star hainh una grahakon key liye kanuni aavashyaktaaen joe ack khaate key liye nyasi yaa nyasi hain, aur ack salaahkaar key abhyaas parr lagu niyam. pratyek key liye aavashyaktaon koo samajhana mahatvapurna haye.
arissa.
vyaktigat niveshakon koo chhodkar, lagbhag sabhi niveshak paristhitiyon mein ack nivesh neeti kii aavashyakta hoti haye. 1974 key americi karmchari sevaanivritti aaya suraksha adhiniyam key anusaar, pratyek yogya company sevaanivritti yojana (ee.jee.401 [key], laabh bantwara, pension, 403 [bee] ack vivekpurna visheshagya kii dekhbhal, kaushal, vivek aur parishram key saath yojana parisampattiyon key prabandhan key liye aur yojana key nivesh mein vividhata laane key liye kuchh nyasi jimmedariyan hain taaki badey nuksan key jokhim koo cumm kiya jaa sakey. aaee. pee. aiss. inn nyasi jimmedariyon koo dastavej kartaa haye aur yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii nyasi inn jimmedariyon kaa paalan curr rahey hain.
jaba ack arissa yojana kaa lekha pareekshan kiya jaataa haye, tou yuu.aiss. shram vibhaag niyamit roop seey sambandhit aaee. pee. aiss. kii sameeksha karane key liye kahata haye. yeh irisa niyamon key kaaran haye jisamen yeh sunishchit karane key liye karmchari laabh yojanaon kaa prabandhan kiya jaataa haye kii nivesh firm aisee yojanaon dwara cover kiye gaye karmchaariyon key prati apani vittiya jimmedaari koo puuraa karate hain. irisa key tahat, sabhi yogya yojana nyasiyon kii yojana pratibhagiyon key ekmatra laabh key liye apani yojana parisampattiyon kaa "vivekpurna" prabandhan karane kii vishesh jimmedaari hoti haye. irisa aur shram vibhaag ney yojana nyasiyon key liye nimnalikhit vivekpurna prakriyaaen sthaapit kii hainh
ack thheek seey likhit aaee. pee. aiss. koo inn aavashyak prakriyaon kaa anupaalan sunishchit karane mein madad karni chaahiye. aaee. pee. aiss. yojana kii parisampattiyon key prabandhan key liye uddeshyon, pratibandhon, dhana aavashyaktaon aur samanya nivesh sanrachana koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye, aur yojana key nivesh parinamon key mulyankan key liye aadhar pradaan kartaa haye. nivesh aur nivesh prabandhakon key chayan key liye mandand aur prakriyaon koo sthaapit karke, yadi nivesh pradarshan nirashajanak haye tou ack aaee. pee. aiss. somwar subah quarterback koo cumm curr sakata haye.
ack aaee. pee. aiss. nyasiyon koo nivesh prakriya mein sahaayata karane vaalon, jaise nivesh salaahkaar yaa dhana prabandhakon koo yojana key nivesh dishaanirdeshon aur prakriyaon koo sampreshit karane mein bhee madad curr sakata haye. anta mein, aur sabse mahatvapurna baat, ack aaee. pee. aiss. bhavishya mein nivesh nirnay lene key liye ack maargdarshak pradaan kartaa haye. neeti vivaran kaa honah aur uska upayog karna nyasiyon koo adhik anushaasit aur vyavasthit honey key liye majboor kartaa haye, jisase nivesh lakshyon koo puuraa karane kii sambhaavanaon mein sudhaar honah chaahiye.
upiya aur anya kaanoon.
americi samaan vivekpurna niveshak adhiniyam (upiya) raajya dwara apanaaya gayaa kaanoon haye joe niji parivarik nyaason key nivesh aacharan koo niyantrit kartaa haye. pahali baar 1994 mein adhiniyamit, yeh baad key kaanoon kii pehchaan key roop mein kaary kartaa haye (saath hii saath adaalaten abb irisa seey sambandhit aisee aavashyaktaon kii vyakhya kaise karati hain). upiya key liye pratyek nyaas key liye ack likhit nivesh neeti kii aavashyakta hoti haye jisamen nyasi dusaron key laabh key liye parisampattiyon kaa prabandhan karate hain. upiya koo aupchaarik roop seey kull portfolio parr dhyaan kendrit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, bajaay isake kii isake pahale key niyaamak margadarshan kaa paalan kiya jaae kii vyaktigat niveshon kaa mulyankan swatantra roop seey kiya jaanaa chaahiye kii way portfolio samavesh key liye upayukt they yaa naheen. jokhim aur vaapsee key beach vyaapaar kaa nirnay lete samay kull portfolio abb nyasi kaa kendriya vichaar haye. portfolio mein shamil kiye jaa sakane vaale niveshon key prakaron parr koee aur pratibandh naheen hain; nyasi kissy bhee aisee cheez mein nivesh curr sakata haye joe nyaas key jokhim/vaapsee uddeshyon koo praapt karane mein madad karati haye aur joe vivekpurna nivesh kii anya aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karati haye.
upiya nirdisht kartaa haye kii vividhikaran vivekpurna nivesh kii paribhasha kaa hissa haye. yeh bhee spasht kartaa haye kii yadi uchit nivesh prakriyaaen lagu hain aur unakaa paalan kiya jaataa haye, tou nyasiyon koo parinamon key liye jimmedaar naheen thaharaaya jaayega. upiya key tahat, nivesh aur prabandhan karyon key pratinidhimandal koo anumati dee jaati haye aur protsaahit kiya jaataa haye. ack aaee. pee. aiss. kii sthaapana aur rakharkhaav aise pratinidhimandal koo suvidha pradaan kartaa haye.
sarkari aur sansthaagat kosh.
nimnalikhit dou adhiniyam kaafee hudd taka apiya key samaan hain; donon key liye ack likhit aaee. pee. aiss. kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
upabhokta sanrakshan.
vittiya udyog niyaamak pradhikaran (finra) sadasya firm aur panjikrit nivesh salaahkaar (riyas) upabhokta sanrakshan key sandarbh mein dou praathamik daayitvon key adheen hainh "upayuktata" aur "nishpaksh sauda.riya farmon koo dekhbhal aur graahak suraksha key atirikt nyasi manakon koo puuraa karna chaahiye. inn aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane key liye suvichaarit prakriyaaen mahatvapurna hain. ack aaee. pee. aiss. inn prakriyaon key uchit karyanvayan kaa dastavejikaran karke niyaamak lekha parikshakon koo santusht karane mein madad curr sakata haye.
finra sadasya firm ack "upayuktata" aavashyakta key adheen hain; iska varnan vittiya udyog niyaamak pradhikaran (finra) niyam 2310 mein kiya gayaa haye. jaba ack dalal sifarish kartaa haye kii ack graahak ack vishesh pratibhooti khareede yaa beche, tou usa dalal key paas yeh vishvaas karane key liye ack uchit aadhar honah chaahiye kii sifarish usa graahak key liye upayukt haye. iss mulyankan koo karane mein, dalal koo anya cheejon key alawa graahak kii jokhim sahishnuta, anya suraksha holdings, vittiya sthiti (aaya aur shuddh moolya), vittiya jarooraton aur nivesh uddeshyon parr vichaar karna chaahiye. panjikrit nivesh salaahkaar upayukt sifaarishon key liye nyasi manakon key adheen hain.
upayuktata kii aavashyakta key alawa, dalal ack "uchit saude" kii aavashyakta key adheen hain, jiska varnan vitt varsh 2310 mein bhee kiya gayaa haye. iss niyam key anusaar, bikri key prayason kaa nirnay iss aadhar parr kiya jaayega kii kyaa unhein una vyaktiyon key liye uchit vyavhaar kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye kahaa jaa sakata haye jinake liye bikri key prayaas nirdeshit kiye jaate hain. uchit saude key daayitva" kaa arth haye kii dalalon key paas yeh vishvaas karane key liye uchit aadhar honah chaahiye kii unaki pratibhooti sifaarishen grahakon kii vittiya jarooraton, uddeshyon aur paristhitiyon key aalok mein kuchh grahakon key liye upayukt aur upayukt hain.
ack achchi tarah seey taiyar kiye gaye aaee. pee. aiss. mein dalal key liye aavashyak sabhi praasangik jaankaari shamil hogi taaki yeh sthaapit kiya jaa sakey kii upayuktata aur uchit saude kii aavashyaktaaen donon poori hoe gaee hain.
panjikrit nivesh salaahkaar farmon key liye atirikt aavashyaktaaen.
riya farmon koo nivesh prabandhan sevaaen pradaan karane key liye yuu. aeye. mein seey kissy ack key saath panjikrit honah chaahiye.aiss. pratibhootiyaan aur vinimay aayog (seik) yaa samkaksh raajya karyalaya key saath. riyas mein achchi aastha, imandari, satyanishtha, nishtha aur labharthi key hita kii avibhajit seva key saath apani jimmedariyon koo nibhaane key liye nyasi maanak dwara sthaapit dekhbhal kaa ack aur bhee uchch maanak haye.sadbhavana khand key liye riyas koo uchit roop seey kaary karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye taaki labharthi key hiton koo laparwahi seey sambhala jaa sakey, aur graahak key hita parr nyasi sahit kissy aur key hita kaa paksh naa liya jaa sakey.
nyasi jimmedariyon koo puuraa kiya gayaa haye yaa naheen, yeh nivesh pradarshan seey nirdhaarit naheen hotaa haye, balki yeh iss baat seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye kii vivekpurna nivesh prathaon aur manakon kaa paalan kiya gayaa thaa yaa naheen. una prathaon aur manakon koo sthaapit karane key liye, aaee. pee. aiss. kii taiyari riya key sabse mahatvapurna karyon mein seey ack haye. isake mahatva parr jore dene key liye, kuchh sekon jilon mein, prati lekhaapareekshak graahak sambandhon key namoone key liye aaee. pee. aiss. dekhane key liye kaha rahey hain.
aaee. pee. aiss. aur nivesh prakriya.
nivesh prakriya koo chhah charanon mein hotey hue dekhaa jaa sakata haye, jaisa kii neeche varnit haye. kaee visheshagyon kaa maanana haye kii iss prakriya mein ips kaa nirmaan sabse mahatvapurna kadam haye. anya sabhi kadam yaa tou ips mein jaate hain, yaa ips dwara nirdeshit hotey hain.
samay key saath graahak aur unaki aavashyaktaaen badalati hain. isaliye yeh mahatvapurna haye kii salaahkaar samay-samay parr pahale charan "khoj" parr lautata haye taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii graahak kii tatkalin vartamaan aavashyaktaon aur ichchhaon koo sambodhit kiya jaa rhaa haye. harr saal yaa dou baar, aaee. pee. aiss. kii sameeksha graahak aur salaahkaar dwara kii jaani chaahiye taaki isake praavdhaanon key saath nirantar samjhauta sunishchit kiya jaa sakey.
aavashyak ghatak.
kuchh bhee aisee cheezon mein shamil naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye jinake liye salaahkaar yaa graahak pratibaddh naheen hoe sakate hain aur sunishchit houn kii unhein lagu kiya jaayega.
ack aaee. pee. aiss. mein aamtaur parr paanch pramukh ghatak hotey hain joe pratyek graahak key liye advitiya honey chaahiye.
1. graahak key baare mein sabhi pramukh tathyaatmak detta, jisamen graahak kii sampatti kahaan rakhee gaee haye, portfolio prabandhak key prabandhan key tahat unaki sampatti kii raashi, aur khaate mein nyasiyon yaa ichchuk pakshon kii pehchaan shamil haye. yeh jitna vaanchhit hoe utanaa vistrit yaa saral hoe sakata haye.
2. graahak key nivesh uddeshyon, nivesh samay kshitij, pratyaashit nikasi yaa jamaa, bhandar yaa taralata kii aavashyakta, aur jokhim aur asthirta key liye sahishnuta key sambandh mein drishtikon kii charcha aur sameeksha.
3. parisampattiyon parr koee bhee baadha aur pratibandh, jaise kii taralata aur vipanan aavashyaktaaen, vividhikaran ekagrata, salaahkaar kii nivesh ranneeti (curr prabandhan sahit), khaate key prakaar (curr yogya banaam curr-vilambit) key anusaar parisampattiyon key sthaan, graahak khaaton koo kaise prabandhit kiya jaa rhaa haye (yadi koee hoe), aur kissy bhee lenden parr pratibandh.
4. portfolio mein shamil yaa baahar rakhe jaane vaale suraksha prakaar aur parisampatti varg, aur parisampatti shreniyon key beach buniyaadi aavantan aur iss aavantan key liye bhinnata (punarsantulan) seema.
5. pratyek paksh kii nigrani aur niyantran prakriyaaen aur jimmedaariyaan.
aaee. pee. aiss. aur salaahkaar-graahak sambandh.
aaee. pee. aiss. vikas prakriya salaahkaaron aur grahakon key beach ack safal sambandh kii neenv rakhti haye. jarooraton, prakriyaon aur apekshaon koo spasht karane mein upayog aur aaee. pee. aiss. kaa ack mahatvapurna laabh yeh haye kii grahakon koo iss baat kii behtar samajh haye kii salaahkaar apane paise key saath kyaa karane jaa rhaa haye, aur unake salaahkaar key drishtikon key baare mein. grahakon key paas pratyek kaarravaai kiye jaane key karanon koo samajhane kaa avsar hotaa haye. natijatan, grahakon koo salaahkaar kii kshamataon mein adhik vishvaas hotaa haye.
jaba bajar girawat kii avadhi seey gujarate hain tou samajh aur aatmavishvaas kaa vaha badhaa huaa star mahatvapurna hoe jaataa haye. aaee. pee. aiss. nivesh dishanirdesh aur deerghakaalik nivesh soch key liye ack ruprekha sthaapit kartaa haye aur jaba cheejen vishesh roop seey asthir hoti hain tou tantrikaon koo shaant karane mein madad curr sakata haye.

