
cicilian barok

 cicilian barok barok vastukala kaa vishisht roop haye joe itali key dakshini tata seey door sisili dweep parr vikasit huaa, jaba yeh spanish samrajya kaa hissa thaa. shally koo naa kewal isake vishisht barok vakr aur phalane-phoolane seey pahachaana jaa sakata haye, balki vishisht muskuraane vaale mask aur putti aur ack vishesh tej-tarrar shally seey bhee pahachaana jaa sakata haye jisane sisili koo ack advitiya vaastushilp pehchaan dee haye.
cicilian barok shally 1693 mein badey paimaane parr bhookamp key baad punarnirmaan key ack badey uchhaal key dauran falati-phoolati aaee. pahale, barok shally kaa upayog dweep parr ack saral aur sankeern tareeke seey kiya gayaa thaa, joe rome key mahaan barok vastukaron seey praapt honey key bajaay sankar deshi vastukala seey vikasit hui thee. bhookamp key baad, sthaaniya vastukaron, jinamen seey kaee rome mein prashikshit they, koo adhik parishkrit barok vastukala koo phir seey banaane key liye prachur avsar diye gaye joe mukhya bhoomi itali mein lokpriya hoe gaee thee; inn sthaaniya vastukaron kaa kaam-aur vastukala nakkashi kii naee shally joe unhone shuru kii-ney adhik sthaaniya vastukaron koo unake netritva kaa paalan karane key liye prerit kiya. 1730 key aspas, cicilian vastukaron ney barok shally key apane upayog mein vishvaas vikasit kiya thaa. unaki vishesh vyakhya ney dweep parr ack vyaktigat aur atyadhik sthaaniya kalaa roop key liye aage vikas kiya. 1780 key dashak key baad seey, shally koo dheere-dheere nae fashionable neoclassism dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
atyadhik sajawati cicilian barok avadhi mushkil seey pachas varshon taka chully, aur dweep kii samajik vyavastha koo poori tarah seey usa samay pratibimbit kartaa thaa jaba, nammatra spen dwara shaasit, yeh vaastav mein ack ameer aur aksar asadharan abhijaat varg dwara shaasit thaa, jisake haathon mein mukhya roop seey krishi arthavyavastha kaa swaamitva atyadhik kendrit thaa. isaki barok vastukala dweep koo ack vaastushilp charitra detee haye joe 21veen shatabdi taka chully haye.
visheshataaen.
barok vastukala 17veen shatabdi key itali mein utpann ack europeeya ghatana haye; yeh shandar aur naatakiya haye, aur vaastushilp murtikala aur "chiaroscuro" key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa ack prabhaav dwara samriddh roop seey alankrit haye, joe dravyamaan aur chhaaya dwara banaai gaee imarat parr prakaash aur chhaaya kaa ranneetik upayog haye.
sisili mein barok shally kaafee hudd taka church dwara banaai gaee imaraton aur cicilian abhijaat varg key liye niji awas, palaazi taka seemit thee. iss shally key sabse shuruati udaharanon mein vyaktigatata kii kamee thee aur aam taur parr rome, florence aur naples mein cicilian agantukon dwara dekhi jaane vaali imaraton key bhaari-bharakam bhoo-chitra they. haalaanki, iss praarambhik charan mein bhee, praantiya vastukaron ney sisili kii purani vastukala kii kuchh sthaaniya visheshtaon koo shamil karna shuru curr diyaa thaa. 18veen shatabdi key madhya taka, jaba sisili kii barok vastukala mukhya bhoomi seey ullekhaniya roop seey alag thee, tou isamen aam taur parr nimnalikhit visheshtaon mein seey cumm seey cumm dou yaa teen shamil they, joe design kii ack anoothi swatantrata key saath hoti haye jise shabdon mein chitrit karna adhik kathin hotaa haih
jabaki yeye visheshtaen ack hii imarat mein kabhi bhee ack saath naheen hoti hain, aur koee bhee cicilian barok key liye advitiya naheen haye, yeh ack saath yugman haye joe cicilian barok koo apani vishisht havaa detaa haye. khidakiyon parr tooty hui pediments, moortiyon kaa asadharan upayog, ghumaavdaar sheersh khidakiyan aur darwaaje aur baahari seedhiyon kii udaanen jaisi anya barok visheshtaen barok vastukala key prateek hain, aur yeye sabhi poore europe mein barok imaraton parr paae jaa sakate hain.
praarambhik cicilian barok.
sisili, madhya bhoomadhya sagar mein ack jwalamukhi dweep, italvi praaydweep seey door, yoonaniyon dwara upaniveshit kiya gayaa thaa, aur phir roman, byzantine, ostrogoth, musalman, norman, hohenstouffen, angivin aur aragonese dwara shaasit thaa. isake baad yeh spanish samrajya kaa ack praant bunn gayaa aur baad mein 1860 mein itali key raajya mein avashoshit honey seey pahale, dou sisiliyon key borban samrajya kaa hissa thaa. iss prakaar, cicilians koo vibhinn sanskritiyon key samriddh anukram key sampark mein laaya gayaa haye, joe dweep parr vastukala kii asadharan vividhata mein parilakshit hotaa haye.
1530 key dashak seey sajawati shaastriya vastukala kaa ack roop vikasit honah shuru hoe gayaa thaa. khandahar yunani vastukala aur dweep parr norman cathedral seey prerit, isamen aksar nukile mehraabon aur khidki key chhidron jaisi gothik visheshtaon key saath greek pramukh pattern jaise greek vaastushilp rupankanon koo dair seey norman vastukala mein shamil kiya jaataa haye. cicilian norman vastukala mein kuchh byzantine tatvon koo shamil kiya gayaa joe shayed hii kabhi norman vastukala mein kaheen aur paae jaate hain, aur anya roman vastukala kii tarah yeh gothic visheshtaon koo shamil karane key liye chalaa gayaa. yeh praarambhik alankrit vastukala mukhya bhoomi europe seey bhinn haye kyonki yeh punarjagaran vastukala seey vikasit naheen hui haye; isake bajaay, ise samanya shailiyon seey vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. punarjagaran vastukala shayed hii sisili koo chhooti haye; palermo kii rajdhani mein, uchch punarjagaran kaa ekmatra avashesh fontana pretoria haye, joe mool roop seey florentin kalakaron franceseco camilliani aur michael angelo neserino dwara donn pietro dee toleda key liye banaaya gayaa ack paani kaa fawwara haye aur jaba yeh pahale seey hii 20 saal purana thaa (chitran 5).
joe bhee kaaran hoe kii punarjagaran shally kabhi bhee sisili mein lokpriya naheen hui, yeh nishchit roop seey agyaantaa naheen thee. 1536 mein punarjagaran shally mein antonello gagini kaa nirmaan beach mein hii hoe rhaa thaa jaba unaki mrityu hoe gaee; unhein vastukar antonio scaglion dwara pratisthaapit curr diyaa gayaa, jinhone ack samanya shally mein imarat koo puuraa kiya. aisaa lagata haye kii iss shally ney lagbhag 1693 key bhookamp key samay taka cicilian vastukala koo prabhaavit kiya thaa. yahaan taka kii vyavhaarvaad bhee dweep seey gujar gayaa. kewal messina kii vastukala mein hii punarjagaran prabhaav koo aanshik roop seey bhaugolik karanon seey dekhaa jaa sakata haih mukhya bhoomi itali aur sisili mein sabse mahatvapurna bandargah kii drishti mein, messina hamesha dweep key baahar prachalit fashion key jwaar key liye adhik anukool thaa. shahar key kuleen sanrakshak aksar unhein ack vastukar pradaan karane key liye florence yaa rome koo bulaate they; ack udaaharan florentin jiyovanni angelo montorsoli thaa, jisane 16 veen shatabdi key madhya mein vastukala aur murtikala kii tuscan shailiyon kii sthaapana kii thee. haalaanki, yeye prabhaav kaafee hudd taka messina aur aspas key jile taka hii seemit rahey. roman catholic church kaa sanrakshan, roman fashion key prabhaavon seey hataakar, vaastushilp swaad mein roodhivaadi rhaa aur isaki shakti mein doorgaami rhaa.
iska matlab yeh naheen haye kii sisili europe mein anya sthaanon key rujhaanon seey poori tarah seey alag thaa. dweep key pramukh shaharon mein vastukala moortikaar domenico gagini key parivaar seey bahut prabhaavit thee, joe 1463 mein florence seey aae they. murtikaaron aur chitrakaron key iss parivaar ney churchon aur imaraton koo alankrit sajawati aur alankarik murtikala seey sajaaya thaa. unake parivaar dwara dweep key churchon (1531-1537) koo saavdhaanipoorvak sajana shuru karane key ack sadee seey bhee cumm samay baad, antonello gagini ney trapany mein "santuario dell 'annunjita" mein "capella della madona" key prosenium jaise mehrab koo puuraa kiya. abhayaranya key iss pedimented mehrab mein bhittistambh hain-bansuri naheen, balki santon kii raahat pratimaon seey bhaari sajaaya gayaa haye; aur, vastukala key sandarbh mein, sabse mahatvapurna baat, pediment koo kendriya dhaal seey judey jhoole kaa samarthan karane vaale santon dwara sajaaya gayaa haye joe pediment kaa mukut haye. yeh alankrit paadap, halanki abhee bhee akhand thaa, pahale sanketon mein seey ack thaa joe sajawati vastukala kii apani shally banaa rhaa thaa. isi tarah kii shally mein 1564 aur 1633 key beach nirmit cheesa dell gesu (chitran 14) haye, joe cicilian barok key shuruati sanketon koo bhee darshaata haye.
iss prakaar, 1693 key bhookamp seey bahut pahale barok vastukala kaa ack vishesh brand vikasit honah shuru hoe gayaa thaa. jabaki una imaraton mein seey adhikansh jinhen spasht roop seey 1650 key aspas kii shally mein barok key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye, inn alag-thalag, 17 veen shatabdi key vaastushilp itihas key jeevit udaharanon kii kamee praakritik aapada seey turant pahale vastukala kaa poori tarah seey aur sateek mulyankan karna mushkil banaati haih bhookamp ney naa kewal adhikansh imaraton koo nasht curr diyaa, balki unake adhikansh dastavejikaran koo bhee nasht curr diyaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran baad key bhookampon aur gambhir bambari mein abhee taka aur adhik khou gaye hain.
dweep parr barok kaa sabse pahala udaaharan giulio lasso kaa quatro kaanti haye, joe ack ashtakoniya piaza yaa circus haye, jiska nirmaan 1610 key aspas shahar kii dou pramukh sadakon key chauraahe parr kiya gayaa thaa. iss chauraahe key chaaron or chaar khule paksh hain, sadaken honey key kaaran, aur samaan koney vaale chaar samaan imaaraten hain. chaar imaraton key kinare ghumaavdaar hain, joe circus kii parat vaali imaraton key barok design koo aur unchaa karate hain. circus parr haavi inn chaar mahaan imaraton koo ack fawware dwara badhaaya gayaa haye, joe rome mein pope sixtus banaam quatro fontaine kii yaad dilaata haye. haalaanki, palermo mein barok vishay imaraton kii teen manjilon taka jaari haye, joe chaar mausamon, sisili key chaar spanish raajaon aur palermo kii chaar sanrakshakiyonh sant christina, ninfa, olivia aur agata koo darshaane vaali moortiyon seey saji hui hain.
jabaki quatro kaanti kaa pratyek agrabhag aankh koo prasann kartaa haye, ack yojana key roop mein yeh piaza key seemit aakar key saath anupaat seey baahar haye aur, praarambhik cicilian barok key adhikansh anya udaharanon kii tarah, baad key vikas kii tulanaa mein praantiya, nadan aur bhaari maanaa jaa sakata haye. isaki yogyata joe bhee hoe, yeh spasht haye kii 17veen shatabdi key dauran sthaaniya vastukaron aur murtikaaron key haathon mein barok shally pahale seey hii itali kii mukhya bhoomi seey vichalit thee. mukhyadhara key barok parr yeh sthaaniyakrit bhinnata sisili key liye vishisht naheen thee, lekin bavaria aur roose key roop mein door taka hui, jahaan narishkin barok apane cicilian chachere bhaai key roop mein utanaa hii sanaki hoga.
1693 seey cicilian barok.
bhookamp aur sanrakshak.
1693 key mahaan cicilian bhookamp ney cumm seey cumm 45 kasbon aur shaharon koo nasht curr diyaa, jisase lagbhag 60,000 logon kii maut hoe gaee. aapada kaa kendra apatatiya thaa, halanki sateek sthiti agyaat haye. jinn shaharon koo gambhir roop seey nuksan huaa way ragsa, modika, skickley aur ispica they. punarnirmaan lagbhag turant shuru hoe gayaa.
iss aapada seey utpann honey vaali vastukala kii bhavyata usa samay sisili kii rajneeti seey judee hui haih sisili abhee bhee aadhikarik roop seey spanish shasson key tahat thaa, lekin shasson prabhaavi roop seey mool abhijaat varg koo saunp diyaa gayaa thaa. iska netritva kaimastra key duke ney kiya thaa, jinhen spanish ney abhijaat varg koo khush karane key liye vaaysaraay niyukt kiya thaa, joe kaee they. adhikansh europe kii tulanaa mein abhijaat varg apekshaakrit kendrit thaa, aur ack kuleen varg gayab thaa. 18veen shatabdi mein, ack anuman key anusaar 228 kuleen parivaar they, jinhone 58 rajkumaron, 27 duke, 37 markes, 26 ginati, ack wiscount aur 79 bairanon seey yukt ack shaasak varg pradaan kiya; cicilian kuleen varg kii swarn pustak (aakhiri baar 1926 mein prakaashit) aur bhee adhik soochibaddh karati haye. inke alawa parivaaron key yuva vanshaj they, jinake shishtachar mein "nobil" yaa bairan kii upaadhi thee.
vastukala hii normans kii ekmatra viraasat naheen thee. kisaanon parr shasson (koee sthaapit madhyam varg naheen thaa) bhee ack samanti pranali dwara lagu kiya gayaa thaa, joe 1071 kii samanya vijay key baad isaki shuruat key baad seey aparivartit thaa. iss prakaar, cicilian abhijaat varg key paas naa kewal dhana thaa, balki vishal shramshakti thee, joe iss samay taka europe key kaee anya hisson mein cumm hoe gaee thee. dakshini spen kii tarah, vishal graameen sampadaaen lagbhag utani hii kendrit raheen jitani taba theen jaba way roman "latifundi" they. cicilian arthavyavastha, halanki bahut hudd taka krishi adharit thee, bahut majboot thee, aur 18 veen shatabdi key dauran adhik kushal hoe gaee kyonki shipping adhik kushal hoe gaee aur muslim samudri dakaiti kaa khatra door hoe gayaa. nimbu key liye niryaat bajar (nimbu jall key liye mahaan 18veen shatabdi key fashion key liye) aur sharaab mein bahut vriddhi hui, aur cicilian gehuun banaa rhaa, jaisa kii yeh roman samay seey thaa, arthavyavastha kii reedh. vaha aapada joe garibi kii apani aadhunik pratishtha koo dene key liye thee, arthaat madhya-paschim mein americi koo gehuun-kheti key liye kholane key liye, ack sadee door thee. jaba yeh aaya, tou isane gehuun kii keemat koo sthaayi roop seey ghataakar aadhe seey bhee cumm curr diyaa, aur purani arthavyavastha koo hamesha key liye nasht curr diyaa.
abhijaat varg ney apani shakti kewal roman catholic church key saath saajha kii. church ney agale jeevan mein abhishaap key darr aur vartamaan mein poochtaachh key darr seey shasson kiya, aur parinamswarup uchch aur nimn donon vargon ney sabhi pramukh santon key dinon mein jitani udaartaa seey curr sakate they utani udaartaa seey diyaa. kaee pujari aur bishap abhijaat varg key sadasya they. sisili mein church kii sampatti koo kuleen varg key chhote bachchon koo mathon aur mathon mein pravesh karane key liye dabaav daalane kii parampara seey aur badhaaya gayaa thaa, taaki parivarik sampadaon koo vibhajan seey sanrakshit kiya jaa sakey; haalaanki, yeh shayed hii kabhi ack sastaa vikalp thaa kyonki kharch aur church koo jaari "bhaari rakharkhaav" kaa bhugtan karna padata thaa. iss prakaar, kuchh dhaarmik vyavasthaon kii sampatti iss samay kissy bhee anya samooh key aarthik vikas key sabhi anupaat seey badhee. yeh ack kaaran haye kii kaee cicilian barok church aur mathh, jaise kii saine martino delle scale, 1693 key baad itane bhavya paimaane parr punarnirmit kiye gaye they.
ack baar punarnirmaan shuru honey key baad, garibon ney pahale kii tarah hii apane buniyaadi aavason kaa punarnirmaan kiya. isake vipareet, sabse dhanee nivasi, dharmnirpeksh aur aadhyatmik donon, lagbhag bhawan key unmaadi naatak mein funce gaye. kuleen varg key adhikansh sadasyon key paas sisili mein kaee ghar they. ack baat key liye, spanish vaaysaraay ney saal key chhah maheene palermo mein aur chhah maheene catania mein bitaaye, pratyek shahar mein darbar aayojit kiya, aur isaliye abhijaat varg key sadasyon koo pratyek shahar mein ack shahar key palazzo kii aavashyakta thee. ack baar jaba tabah catania mein palaazi koo nae tareeke seey punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa, tou palermo mein palaazi tulanaa mein pracheen lugg rahey they, isaliye unhein bhee antatah punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa. isake baad, 18veen shatabdi key madhya seey, sharad ritu mein sevaanivritt honey key liye vilaa, anivarya roop seey sthiti prateek, bageria mein fashionable enclave mein banaae gaye they. iss pattern koo chhote paimaane parr, sisili key chhote shaharon mein dohraya gayaa thaa, pratyek shahar apane desh kii sampatti kii tulanaa mein praantiya abhijaat varg key liye ack adhik manoranjak samajik jeevan aur ack chumbakiya aakarshan pradaan kartaa haye. desh kii sampatti bhee imarat key unmaad seey naheen bachee. aksar pracheen mahalon mein barok wings yaa nae agrabhag jode jaate they, yaa desh key vilaa koo poori tarah seey punarnirmit kiya jaataa thaa. iss prakaar, bhawan nirmaan key unmaad ney taba taka gati praapt kii jaba taka kii inn bhogwadi sanrakshkon dwara maang kii jaane vaali kalpanashil barok vastukala 18veen shatabdi key madhya mein apane charam parr naheen pahunch gaee.
nae shahar.
bhookamp key baad, punarnirmaan kaa ack karyakram teji seey lagu kiya gayaa thaa, lekin isake shuru honey seey pahale kuchh mahatvapurna nirnay liye gaye they joe kaee cicilian shaharon aur kasbon koo anya europeeya shahari vikas seey sthaayi roop seey alag karenge. shahar kii yojana mein nae rujhaanon seey avagat kaimastra key duke vaaysaraay ney faisala sunaaya kii tanga sadakon kii madhyayugeen yojana mein punarnirmaan key bajaay, nae punarnirmaan seey aksar ack tarksangat grid yojana parr, vishal aur vyaapak mukhya sadakon kii peshkash hogi. poori yojana aksar ack jyaamitiya aakar lene key liye thee jaise kii ack poorna varg yaa ack shatkon, punarjagaran aur barok shahar yojana kii vishishtata. grammichel shahar inn nae shaharon kaa ack udaaharan haye joe shatkon yojana mein punarnirmit kiye gaye hain.
yeh avadharana 1690 key dashak mein bhee bahut naee thee, aur europe mein kuchh nae shaharon kaa nirmaan honey kaa kaaran thaa-christopher raine kii shahar yojana 1666 mein landan kii bheeshan aag key baad, vahaan bhoomi swaamitva kii jatilataon key kaaran aswikar curr dee gaee thee. kuchh anya udaaharan they jaise kii richeliu, aur baad mein sent pietersberg. prototype achchi tarah seey terra dell soul kaa nayaa shahar hoe sakata haye, jiska nirmaan 1564 mein kiya gayaa thaa. chhote galiyon aur sadakon key vikas key bajaay samroopata aur vyavastha kaa upayog karke yojana banaai jaane vaali pahali kasbon mein seey ack dakshini peedmont mein alessandria thaa. kuchh samay baad, 1711 seey, dakshin america key hyspanic upaniveshon mein, vishesh roop seey brazil mein purtagaliyon dwara, yojana key iss barok roop kaa samarthan kiya gayaa thaa. europe key anya hisson mein, vitt kii kamee, jatil bhoomi swaamitva aur vibhajit janmat ney aapada key baad kattarpanthi punah yojana banaana bahut mushkil banaa diyaah 1666 key baad, landan koo apani pracheen yojana parr phir seey banaaya gayaa, halanki paschim mein nae vistaar aanshik roop seey grid pranali parr they. aam taur parr, janmat (sattaaroodh varg key baahar kissy kii bhee raay) koo kuchh bhee naheen maanaa jaataa thaa, aur isaliye nagar niyojan kii inn krantikari naee avadhaaranaon koo swatantra roop seey nishpaadit kiya jaa sakata thaa.
sisili mein, nirnay naa kewal fashion aur roop key liye liya gayaa thaa, balki isaliye bhee liya gayaa thaa kyonki isase sampatti koo nuksan cumm hoga aur bhavishya mein bhookamp mein jeevan key honey kii sambhavana hogi. 1693 mein, tanga awas aur sadakon key kaaran imaaraten dominos kii tarah ack saath dhaha gaee theen. haalaanki bhookamp key baad raaste chaude hoe gaye they aur awas kaa ghanatva kull milakar cumm hoe gayaa thaa, awas key tanga aur sankeern kshetra abhee bhee baney hue they, joe garibon key liye khatra paida curr rahey they. vastukala aur saundarya kii drishti seey, nagar niyojan key nae crum kaa badaa laabh yeh thaa kii kaee italvi kasbon aur shaharon key vipareet, jahaan aksar asangat padosiyon key beach ack smaarak punarjagaran church nichod chhat-fashion kaa saamana kiya jaataa haye, shahari barok design mein koee bhee peechhe hutt sakata haye aur vaastav mein vastukala koo isake anupaat aur pariprekshya key sambandh mein adhik anukool setting mein dekh sakata haye. yeh badey paimaane parr punarnirmit shaharon caltagiron, vail dee catania mein millichello, catania, modika, nott, palazolo ekadaaid, ragusa aur skisley mein sabse ullekhaniya haye.
iss naee shahari yojana key behtareen udaharanon mein seey ack noto (chitran 9) mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, shahar koo mount alvaria parr apane mool sthal seey lagbhag punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa. puraane barbad shahar koo abb "noto antica" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jise abhee bhee apani vinashkari sthiti mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. ack raikhik grid jaisi yojana koo behtar dhang seey suvidhajanak banaane key liye chuni gaee naee site purani kii tulanaa mein sapaat thee. pramukh sadaken poorv seey paschim kii or chalati hain taaki way behtar roshni aur adhik dhoop seey labhanvit houn. nagar niyojan kaa yeh udaaharan seedhe taur parr ack vidwan sthaaniya abhijaat varg, jiyovanni batista landolina koo shreya diyaa jaataa haye; teen sthaaniya vastukaron dwara sahaayata praapt, unhein swayam nae shahar kii yojana banaane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye.
inn nae shaharon mein, abhijaat varg koo uchch kshetron kaa aavantan kiya gayaa thaa, jahaan havaa thhandi aur taaza thee aur sabse achche drishya they. church koo shahar key kendra mein rakhaa gayaa thaa (chitran 8), donon kii suvidha key liye aur church kii vaishvik aur kendriya sthiti koo pratibimbit karane key liye; cathedral aur episcopal "palazzo vescoville" kii jodee key chaaron or convent banaae gaye they. vyapariyon aur dukandaron ney mukhya pajja seey aage nikalane vaali yojnabaddh chaudi sadakon parr apana sthaan chunaa. anta mein, garibon koo apani sadharan eenton kii jhopadiyan aur una kshetron mein ghar banaane kii anumati dee gaee joe koee aur naheen chaahata thaa. vakeelon, doctors aur kuchh vyavsaayon key sadasyon mein adhik kushal karigar shamil they-joe sakhti seey uchch aur nimn varg key beach aatey they-aur bhukhandon kaa nirmaan karane mein saksham they, aksar vaanijyik aur uchch varg key aavaasiya kshetron kii paridhi mein rahate they, lekin samaan roop seey aksar yeye loga garib kshetron mein apane padosiyon kii tulanaa mein badey yaa badey ghar mein rahate they. haalaanki, punarnirmaan parr kaam karane vaale kaee kushal kalakar apane sanrakshkon key vistaarit parivaaron key hisse key roop mein rahate they. iss tarah barok shahar kii yojana raajneetik adhikaar kaa prateek aur pratibimbit karane key liye aaee, aur baad mein isaki shally aur darshan angreji america mein anapolis aur sawana taka fail gayaa, aur vishesh roop seey 19 veen shatabdi mein peris key hassan key punah design. abb munch barok vastukala key visfot key liye taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, joe 19 veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka sisili mein pramukh thaa.
baad mein, kaee anya cicilian shahar aur shahar joe yaa tou bhookamp seey bahut cumm kshatigrast hue they yaa poori tarah seey achhoote they, jaise kii palermo, bhee barok shally seey badal gaye, kyonki fashion fail gayaa aur abhijaat varg catania mein ack palazzo key saath rajdhani mein apane palazzo key dusare shahar kii tarah bhavya honey kii ichcha rakhate they. 1566 mein shuru huaa palermo, shahar mein 18 veen shatabdi mein barok shally mein rangeen sangamarmar key saath phir seey sajaaya jaane vaale kaee logon mein seey ack thaa.
nae church aur palaazi.
sisili key apane barok key roop mein, 1693 key baad, yeh kahaa gayaa haye, "iss aapada key maddenajar kalpana kii gaee imaraton ney sajawat kii ack halki-phulki swatantrata vyakt kii, jisaki asangat ullas kaa uddeshya shayed, bhaya koo shaant karna thaa. jabaki yeh ack shally kaa sateek vivaran haye joe lagbhag patthar mein "joy dee vivre" kaa utsav haye, yeh pasand kaa kaaran honey kii sambhavana naheen haye. sabhi vaastushilp shailiyon key saath, shally kaa chayan seedhe vartamaan fashion seey judaa hoga. varsaay koo 1688 mein ack bahut hii kathor barok shally mein puuraa kiya gayaa thaa; lui Xiv key nae mahal koo turant europe mein kissy bhee kuleen yaa samprabhu dwara dhana, swaad yaa shakti key liye ichchuk kiya gayaa thaa. iss prakaar, yeh sisili key "beghar ameeron" key liye spasht vikalp thaa, jinamen seey saikadon they. halanki, sisili mein banaae jaane vaale barok-shally key palaazi aur country vilaa kii jyadatiyon ney jald hii varsaay koo sanyam kaa ack model banaa diyaa.
18veen shatabdi key aarambh mein, cicilian vastukaron koo nae palaazi aur church banaane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. yeye vastukar, aksar sthaaniya, 17veen shatabdi key anta kii tulanaa mein adhik parishkrit shally mein design karane mein saksham theh kaee koo mukhya bhoomi itali mein prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa aur barok muhaware kii adhik vistrit samajh key saath laut aae they. unake kaam ney cumm yatra karane vaale cicilian designers koo prerit kiya. bahut mahatvapurna baat yeh haye kii inn vastukaron koo domenico dee rossie dwara utkirnan kii pustakon dwara bhee sahaayata dee gaee thee, jinhone pahali baar apane utkirnan key saath paath likhaa thaa, joe rome mein kaee pramukh punarjagaran aur barok agrabhag key sateek ayam aur maap dete they. iss tarah, punarjagaran antatah chhadm roop seey dair seey aaya.
apane vikas key iss charan mein, cicilian barok mein abhee bhee shally kii swatantrata kii kamee thee jise baad mein praapt kiya jaanaa thaa. jiyovanni batista vaikaarini iss avadhi key dauran pramukh cicilian vastukar they. vaha 1730 mein dweep parr pahunche aur apane saath bernini aur boromini kii avadhaaranaon kaa ack mishran laae, aur dweep kii vastukala mein ack ekikrit andolan aur vakron kaa ack khel pesh kiya, joe rome mein hii asweekarya hotaa. haalaanki, unaki kritiyon koo aaney vaale karyon kii tulanaa mein cumm gunavatta vaalaa maanaa jaataa haye. ullekhaniya kaary joe iss avadhi key hain, way hain 18veen shatabdi key catania mein palazzo biskari key pankh aur catania mein bhee vacarini key catedrail dee sant 'gaataa. iss imarat parr vacarini ney gwarino gwarini key "architura sivil" seey rajdhaniyon kii kaafee spasht roop seey nakal kii. yeh sthaapit designs kii yeh baar-baar nakal haye joe iss avadhi seey vastukala kaa kaaran banati haye, jabaki bhavya, anushaasit aur lagbhag niyantrit bhee hoti haye. 1736 mein shahar key vastukar niyukt vaikaarini kii shally agale dashakon taka catania parr haavi rahane vaali thee.
cicilian vastukaron key liye ack doosari baadha yeh thee kii way aksar kewal ack kshatigrast sanrachana kaa punarnirmaan curr rahey they, aur isake parinamswarup unake designs koo pahale yaa shesh key saath milan karna padaa. modica mein saine giorgio kaa cathedral (udaaharan 10) ack udaaharan haye. yeh 1613 key bhookamp mein buri tarah seey kshatigrast hoe gayaa thaa, 1643 mein madhyayugeen leout koo rakhate hue ack barok shally mein punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa, phir 1693 mein phir seey kshatigrast hoe gayaa thaa. 1702 mein phir seey punarnirmaan shuru huaa, ack agyaat vastukar dwara; rosario gagliardy ney 1760 mein agrabhag key puuraa honey kaa nireekshan kiya,
iss samay kaam parr anya prabhaav bhee they. 1718 aur 1734 key beach sisili parr vienna key charles vee dwara vyaktigat roop seey shasson kiya gayaa thaa, aur isake parinamswarup austriyai vastukala key saath ghanishth sambandhon koo dekhaa jaa sakata haye. dweep parr kaee imaaraten fisher wonn erlach key karyon kii besherm nakal hain, jinhone 1686 mein barok key ack saral roop mein sconbrun mahal kaa punarnirmaan karna shuru kiya thaa; iss roop koo baad mein apane barok yug key antim varshon mein sisili mein punah prastut kiya gayaa thaa. mahal mein ack baahari seedhi bhee thee (1746 mein hataa dee gaee) joe baad mein sisili mein vikasit hui thee. ack cicilian vastukar, ack bhikshu, tomamo napoli ney shatabdi kii shuruat mein dou baar vienna kaa daura kiya, utkirnan aur chitron key bhandar key saath lautate hue. baad mein way praarambhik cicilian barok kaal key dou deshi vilaa key vastukar they, joe unaki avtal aur uttal divaaron aur unaki baahari seedhiyon key jatil design key liye ullekhaniya they. 1705 mein shuru huaa unakaa ack vilaa, bageria mein sthit ack vilaa, sisili key barok yug mein nirmit kissy bhee imarat kaa sabse jatil aur saral haih seedhi udaanon kii dohri seedhi, joe aksar disha badalati rahati haye, cicilian barok kii ack vishisht visheshta kaa prototype honah thaa.
baad mein, vastukaron kii ack naee lahar joe barok bhaavanaon mein mahaarat hassil karegi, barok parr prabhutva hassil karane key liye kaheen aur shuru honey vaali rokoko aantarik shailiyon seey avagat hogi, tej-tarrar aur "antariksh kii lochdaar avadhaaranaon" koo vikasit karegi joe aaj cicilian barok shabd kaa paryaay hain.
uchch cicilian barok.
1730 key aspas, barok shally dheere-dheere barok kii paribhaashit roman shally seey alag honey luggy aur dou karanon seey ack aur bhee majboot vyaktitva praapt karane lageeh punarnirmaan kii bheed cumm hoe rahee thee aur nirmaan adhik aaraam seey aur vichaarsheel hoe rhaa thaa; aur ghar mein vikasit cicilian vastukaron kaa ack nayaa samooh sabse aage aaya. iss naee peedhi ney barok mein punarnirmaan koo dekhaa thaa, aur mukhya bhoomi seey adhik baar aaney vaali nakkashi aur vaastushilp pustakon aur granthon kaa adhyayan kiya thaa. haalaanki, way apane poorvavartiyon (romanon key poorv chhatron) kii tarah naheen they, aur parinamswarup way apani khud kii majboot vyaktigat shailiyon koo taiyar karane mein saksham they. inmein andrea palma, rosario gagliardy aur tomamo napoli shamil they. naples aur rome key barok koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, unhone abb sthaaniya jarooraton aur paramparaon key liye apane designs koo anukoolit kiya. sansadhanon kaa unakaa upayog aur sthalon kaa dohan aksar betahasha aavishkaarsheel thaa. nepoli aur phir vacarini ney baahari seedhiyon key upayog koo badhaava diyaa thaa, jise abb ack nae ayam mein leey jaaya gayaa thaah pahaadi churchon taka rome mein vacarini key maargdarshak franco dee sanctis key spanish kadmon koo ujagar karane vaale kadmon kii kaalpanik udaanon dwara pahuncha jaayega.
churchon key agrabhag aksar pooja sthalon key bajaay shaadi key cake key samaan hotey they kyonki vastukaron mein aatmavishvaas, kshamata aur qada mein vriddhi hui thee. church key andaruni hisse, joe iss tarikh taka thode paidal yatri they, vishesh roop seey palarmo mein vibhinn prakaar key rangon key sangamarmar key dangon mein sajaae jaane key liye aae they. anthany blunt ney iss sajawat koo "yaa tou aakarshak yaa pratikaarak key roop mein varnit kiya haye, lekin haalaanki vyaktigat darshak iss parr pratikriya curr sakata haye, yeh shally cicilian utsaah kii ack visheshta abhivyakti haye, aur ise dweep parr barok kalaa kii sabse mahatvapurna aur mool rachanaon mein vargeekrit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yeh cicilian barok kii kunji haih yeh aadarsh roop seey cicilian vyaktitva key saath mell khaata thaa, aur yahee kaaran thaa kii yeh dweep parr itna naatakiya roop seey vikasit huaa. sisili mein kaheen bhee naee barok shally kaa vikas ragsa aur catania kii tulanaa mein adhik spasht naheen haye.
ragsa.
1693 mein ragusa bahut buri tarah seey kshatigrast hoe gayaa thaa. shahar dou hisson mein haye, jise "vaile dei ponti" key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ack gahari khaai dwara vibhajit kiya gayaa haih ragusa ibla kaa purana shahar, aur uchch ragusa superior.
nichale shahar, ragsa ibla mein barok vastukala kii ack prabhaavshaali shrinkhala haye, jisamen 1738 mein design kiya gayaa rosario gagliardy dwara saine giorgio kaa duomo shamil haye (chitran 12). iss church key design mein, gagliardi ney pahaadi sthal key kathin bhoobhaag kaa dohan kiya. church lagbhag 250 seedhiyon kii ack vishal sangamarmar kii seedhi parr prabhaavshaali roop seey tower, ack barok visheshta, vishesh roop seey dweep kii sthalaakriti key kaaran sisili mein upayog kiya gayaa. tower agrabhag seey visfot hotaa prateet hotaa haye, stambhon aur ghumaavdaar divaaron key khilaf lagaae gaye bhittistambhon seey adhik. darvaajon aur khidakiyon key chhidron key oopar, pediments scroll aur vakr swatantrata aur andolan kii bhavna key saath joe bernini aur boromini seey prerit una pahale key vastukaron key liye akalpaniya thaa. neoclassical gumbad koo 1820 taka naheen jodaa gayaa thaa.
ragsa ibla koo ragsa superior seey jodane vaali ack gully mein saanta maria delle scale kaa church haye. yeh church dilchasp haye, halanki bhookamp mein buri tarah seey kshatigrast hoe gayaa. kewal aadhe church koo barok shally mein punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki bache hue aadhe koo mool norman (gothic visheshtaon key saath) mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, iss prakaar cicilian barok key vikas kaa pradarshan kiya gayaa thaa.
palazzo zaako shahar kii adhik ullekhaniya barok imaraton mein seey ack haye, isake corinthian stambh adbhut lohe key kaam kii balkani kaa samarthan karate hain, jabaki raaste mein jaane vaale logon koo thhattha, sadma yaa manoranjan kaa sahaara dete hain. 18veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein bairan melafi dee saine antonio dwara palazzo kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. baad mein ise tambaku parivaar dwara adhigrahit kiya gayaa thaa, jisake naam parr iska naam rakhaa gayaa haye. iss imarat mein dou sadak agrabhag hain, jinamen seey pratyek mein chhah chaudi balkani hain jinamen melfi parivaar key haathon kaa coat haye, acanthus key patton kaa ack frame haye jisase ack puto jhukata haye. balkani, joe kii palazzo kii ack visheshta haye, vibhinn corbell key liye ullekhaniya haye joe unhein samarthan dete hain, jisamen putti seey laker sangeetkaron aur grotsk taka shamil hain. mukhya agrabhag key kendra bindu teen kendriya balkani hain, joe corinthian rajdhaniyon key saath stambhon dwara vibhajit hain. yahaan balkani mein vichitra cheharon vaale sangeetkaron kii chhaviyaan hain.
ragsa superior mein ragsa cathedral 1718 aur 1778 key beach banaaya gayaa thaa. iska pramukh agrabhag shuddh barok haye, jisamen maheen nakkashi aur moortiyaan hain. cathedral mein usee shally mein ack uchch cicilian belfree haye. alankrit barok interior koo teen stambhit galiyaron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. 1693 mein cathedral key aspas ragusa superior koo phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa aur yeh cicilian barok kii ack asamanya ghatana koo pradarshit kartaa haih yahaan key palaazi iss shahar key liye vishisht hain, kewal dou manjila aur lambi, kendriya khaadi key saath kewal ack balkani aur aantarik bageeche key liye ack mehrab dwara jore diyaa gayaa haye. yeh bahut hii purtagaali shally, shayed bhavishya key bhookampon mein nuksan koo cumm karane key liye design kii gaee haye, joe kii ragusa ibla mein palaazi seey bahut alag haye, joe sahee cicilian shally mein hain. asamanya roop seey, barok 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka yahaan banaa rhaa. yahaan banaaya gayaa antim palazzo barok roop mein thaa lekin roman doric aur neoclassical balkani key stambhon key saath thaa.
catania.
sisili kaa doosara shahar, catania, 1693 mein sabhi badey shaharon mein sabse adhik kshatigrast thaa, jisamen kewal madhyayugeen castello ursino aur cathedral key teen tribune shesh they; iss prakaar ise phir seey banaaya gayaa aur punarnirmit kiya gayaa. naee design ney shahar koo quarters mein vibhajit kiya, jise piaza dell duomo (cathedral squire) key roop mein jaane jaane vaale ack chauraahe parr dou sadakon kii baithak seey vibhajit kiya gayaa. punarnirmaan kii dekhrekh catania key bishap aur shahar key ekmatra jeevit vastukar dwara kii gaee thee. dee benedetto ney messina seey bulaaye gaye junier vastukaron kii ack team kaa netritva kiya, jisane jaldi seey punarnirmaan karna shuru curr diyaa, pahale piaza dell duomo parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. teen palaazi yahaan sthit hain, bishap kaa mahal, seminario aur ack anya. vastukaron ney poorna samanjasya key saath kaam kiya aur unake kanishth sahyogiyon seey benedetto key kaam koo alag karna asambhav haye. 17veen shatabdi kii cicilian shally mein sajaae gaye jung key saath kaam saksham haye lekin ullekhaniya naheen haye, lekin aksar oopari manjilon parr sajawat satahi hoti haye. yeh bhookamp key turant baad iss avadhi key barok kii vishishtata haye.
1730 mein, vacarini shahar key niyukt vastukar key roop mein catania pahunche aur turant roman barok shally kii vastukala parr prabhaav daala. bhittistambh apane jung koo khou dete hain aur roman prakaar key cornis aur entablature, yaa ghumaavdaar pediments, aur mukt stambh balkani kaa samarthan karate hain. vacarini ney sthaaniya kaale laava patthar kaa upayog ack samanya nirmaan samagri key bajaay ack sajawati visheshta key roop mein kiya, ise anya samagriyon key saath beach-beach mein upayog kiya, aur catanian heraldic haathi key peechhe ack obelisk key liye shandar roop seey, nae town holl key saamane bernini kii shally mein ack fawware key liye. sainta agata koo samarpit catania key cathedral key liye vacarini kaa pramukh agrabhag, cicilian barok key iss antim charan mein bhee majboot spanish prabhaav dikhaata haye. shahar mein stephano itaar kaa basilica della collegiata bhee haye, joe 1768 key aspas banaaya gayaa thaa, aur sabse shaileegat roop seey saral cicilian barok kaa ack udaaharan haye.
church key andaruni hisse.
cicilian church key baahari bhaag koo 17veen shatabdi kii pahali timahi seey murtikala, gadde, bhitti chitra aur sangamarmar (chitran 14) key paryaapt upayog key saath vistrit shailiyon mein sajaaya gayaa thaa. jaise-jaise bhookamp key baad key church 1720 key dashak key anta mein poore honey lagey, andaruni hisse bhee iss baahari sajawat koo pratibimbit karane lagey, halke aur cumm teevra hoe gaye (chitran 14 kii tulanaa chitran 15 key baad key aantarik bhaag seey karein), stambhon, cornis aur pediments key prachur murtikala alankaran key saath, aksar putti, vanaspatiyon aur jeevon key roop mein. jatil pattern mein farsh aur divaaron parr utkeern rangeen sangamarmar shally kii sabse paribhaashit visheshtaon mein seey ack haye. porphiri key golon key saath yeye pattern aksar europe key norman cathedral mein paae jaane vaale designs seey praapt hotey hain, joe phir seey cicilian vastukala key norman mool kaa pradarshan karate hain. oonchi vedi aamtaur parr "pease dee resistance" hoti haih kaee udaharanon mein rangeen sangamarmar kaa ack block, jise gilt scroll aur festoon seey sajaaya jaataa haye, aur aksar lapis lajuli aur agate jaise anya pattharon key saath ander rakhaa jaataa haye. vedi munch kii or jaane vaali seedhiyaan avtal aur uttal key beach ghumaavdaar hoti hain aur kaee mamalon mein rangeen sangamarmar seey saji hoti hain. iska ack udaaharan palermo mein sent zitaa key church mein haye.
sisili key churchon key nirmaan koo aam taur parr naa kewal vyaktigat dhaarmik aadeshon dwara balki ack kuleen parivaar dwara bhee vitt poshit kiya jaataa thaa. lokpriya dhaarana key vipareet, sisili key adhikansh kuleen logon ney apane nashwar avasheshon koo catacombe dei capuchini mein anant kaal key liye pradarshit karane kaa vikalp naheen chunaa, lekin unhein paaramparik roop seey apane parivaar key churchon key neeche tahakhaane mein dafnaya gayaa thaa. halanki, yeh kahaa gayaa haye kii "ack cicilian abhijaat varg kaa antim sanskar unake jeevan key mahaan kshanon mein seey ack thaa, aur iss jeevan mein unhone joe vilasita kaa anand liya thaa, vaha unhein agale jeevan mein leey jaanaa thaa. antim sanskar dhana key jabardast pradarshan bunn gaye; iss dikhaava kaa parinam yeh thaa kii dafan bhandar koo cover karane vaale patthar key smaarak slab aaj kissy bhee vishisht samay mein barok aur sangamarmar kii jadaai takneekon key vikas kaa ack sateek barometer pradaan karate hain. udaaharan key liye, 17veen shatabdi key poorvaardh key loga sadharan safed sangamarmar key hain jinhen ack utkeernit shastra, naam, tithi aadi seey sajaaya gayaa haye. seey, rangeen sangamarmar key jadane kii chhoti matra dikhaai detee haye, joe pattern banaati haye, aur ise taba taka vikasit hotey dekhaa jaa sakata haye, jaba taka kii sadee key anta taka, hathiyaron aur sulekh key coat poori tarah seey sajawati pattern vaali seemaon key saath, ander key rangeen sangamarmar key hotey hain. 1780 key dashak mein barok key fashion seey girane key lambe samay baad, barok sajawat koo abhee bhee nae, moortipoojak-adharit neoclassism kii tulanaa mein catholic anushthaan key liye adhik upayukt maanaa jaataa thaa.
catania mein saine benedetto kaa church (chitran 15) ack cicilian barok interior kaa ack achchha udaaharan haye, jise 1726 aur 1762 key beach sajaaya gayaa thaa, vaha avadhi jaba cicilian barok apane fashion aur vyaktitva kii oonchaai parr thaa. chhat koo kalakar jiyovanni tuchchaari dwara bhitti chitra banaaya gayaa thaa. church kii sajawat kaa sabse shandar hissa nanon kaa gaanaa bajaana haye (chitran 15), jise iss tarah seey banaaya gayaa thaa kii nanon kii awazon koo sevaaon key dauran sunaa jaa sakey, lekin nana khud abhee bhee baahar kii cumm aadhyatmik duniya seey kaafee alag aur andekhi theen.
palaazi andaruni.
aksar palaazi key andaruni hisse sisili key barok churchon kii tulanaa mein cumm vistrit hotey hain. kaee koo bahut cumm alankrit aantarik sajawat key saath samaapt kiya gayaa thaa kyonki unhein banaane mein itna lamba samay lagaa thaah jaba taka way poore hoe gaye, barok fashion seey gujar gayaa thaa; inn mamalon mein, pramukh kamaron koo aksar 18 veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein cicilian anglomenia seey prabhaavit ack neoclassical shally mein sajaaya jaataa thaa aur vishesh roop seey robert addam aur wayswood pottery kii prashansa kii jaati thee. haalaanki, sachchi cicilian shally mein, iss adhik pavitra shally koo aksar barok "trompey-ll 'aail" aakritiyon aur rangeen cicilian tyle vaale farshon seey alankrit kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii bageria mein vilaa spedaloto mein paaya jaa sakata haye.
aksar dou shailiyon kaa ack sanlayan paaya jaataa haye, jaisa kii 1763 mein andrea giganti dwara nirmit palermo mein palajo azutamicristo key ballroom wing mein paaya jaataa haye, jahan ballroom kii chhat koo plaster mein barok gilded motif dwara banaae gaye roopak drishyon key saath guseppe crestadoro dwara bhittichitrit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh chhat pahale seey hii puraane jamaane kii thee jaba yeh samaapt hoe gaee thee, aur baaki kamare koo bahut saral mode mein sajaaya gayaa thaa. jaba barok interior decoration huaa, itali mein kaheen aur kii tarah, sabse achche aur sabse sajaae gaye kamare piano nobal parr they, joe mehmaanon aur manoranjan key liye aarakshit they. halanki, kabhi-kabhi, puuraa honey kii dair kii tarikh kaa matlab haye kii sajawat koo rokoko key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye-barok yug kaa tej huns geet.
barok sajawat kii anupasthiti kaa ack aur kaaran, aur sabse aam, yeh haye kii adhikansh kamare kabhi bhee saarvajanik drishya key liye naheen they aur isaliye, mahangi sajawat. kaee palaazi vishal they; palaazi biskari mein 700 kamare hain. yeh aavashyak thaa kyonki ack cicilian abhijaat varg key ghar mein, joe khud seey, usaki patni aur kaee bachchon seey shuru hotaa thaa, aam taur parr garib rishtedaron aur anya vistaarit parivaar key sadasyon kaa sangrah bhee hotaa thaa, jinamen seey sabhi key ghar mein chhote apartment they. isake alawa, vetan praapt karmchari they, jinamen aksar ack niji paadari yaa ikbalia, ack majerdomo, governess, sachiv, abhilekhak, lekhakar, librarian aur asankhya nichale sevak shamil they, jaise kii ack kulee joe aaney vaale atithi key pada key anusaar nirdhaarit sankhya mein ghanti bajaata thaa. aksar sevakon key vistaarit parivaar, vishesh roop seey yadi bujurg, bhee palazzo mein rahate they. iss prakaar, ghar key liye kaee kamaron kii aavashyakta thee. inn rosemarra key rahane vaale aavason, yahaan taka kii "ustaad aur ustaad dee kaasa" key shayankakshon koo bhee aksar aasaani seey sajaaya aur susajjit kiya jaataa thaa. gerard geffen ney apani pustak "sisili, laind off dha lepard prince" mein kahaa haye kii shayankakshon koo kathor rakhaa gayaa thaa kyonki way pralobhan aur paap seey ladane key liye kamare they, jitna kii soney key liye.
cicilian parampara key anusaar, sthaaniya sarayon mein kewal parichit logon koo bhee rahane kii anumati dene key liye yeh kharaab prajanan kaa sanket thaa. kissy bhee videshi koo, vishesh roop seey ack door key europeeya mahanagar seey, ack vishesh trophy key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa aur samajik pratishtha koo jodaa jaataa thaa. isaliye cicilian abhijaat varg kaa ghar shayed hii kabhi khaali yaa shaant hotaa thaa.
piano nobal key kamaron mein aupchaarik roop seey ack baahari barok double seedhi seey pravesh kiya gayaa thaah unamen badey aur chhote sailoon kaa ack suit shamil thaa, jisamen ack bahut badaa sailoon ghar kaa pramukh kamra thaa, jise aksar ballroom key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa thaa. kabhi-kabhi atithi shayankaksh bhee yahaan sthit they, lekin 18veen shatabdi key anta taka way aksar oopar kii doosari manjil parr they. yadi barok yug key dauran sajaaya jaataa haye, tou kamare bahut alankrit honge. divaaron koo aksar pratibimbit kiya jaataa thaa, divaaron mein soney key rung key frame mein darpan ander aatey they, aksar isi tarah key chitron key saath baari-baari seey frame kiye jaate they, jabaki moulded apsaraon aur charvaahon ney beach key sthaanon koo sajaaya thaa. chhatein oonchi aur bhittichitrit theen, aur chhat seey murano kaanch key vishal rangeen jhoomar latakaae gaye they, jabaki divaaron koo sajaane vaale darpanon key buggle mein soney key rung key jhoomar seey aage kii roshni aaee. iss shally mein sabse ullekhaniya kamaron mein seey ack palermo key palazzo valgurnara-gaangi (chitran 16) mein darpanon kii gallery haye, jise "sisili kaa sabse prasiddh palazzo" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. halanki, iss barok palazzo mein kuchh barok kamaron mein seey ack haye, jise (1750 seey) isake malik mariana valguernara dwara vistaarit aur parivartit kiya gayaa thaa, joe jyaadaatar baad kii neoclassical shally mein thaa. barok interior sajawat antatah itani utsaah mein pahunch gaee kii ise rokoko key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaah iska udaaharan 1763 mein poori hui palazzo biskari mein aantarik seedhi (chitran 17) haye.
barok yug key dauran furniture shally key anusaar thaah alankrit, soney seey sajaaya gayaa aur aksar tablet key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale sangamarmar key saath. ghar key bheetar furniture kshanik thaa, aksar aavashyakta key anusaar kamaron key beach sthanantarit kiya jaataa thaa, jabaki anya kamaron koo anupalabdh chhod diyaa jaataa thaa. kabhi-kabhi furniture vishesh roop seey ack nishchit kamare key liye banaaya jaataa thaa, udaaharan key liye ack silt frame key bheetar ack resham kii deewaar key panel seey mell khaane key liye. 18veen shatabdi key adhikansh bhaag key liye furniture koo hamesha ack deewaar key khilaf vyavasthit kiya jaataa thaa, kabhi bhee baad kii baatchit shally mein ack kamare key kendra mein naheen, joe barok yug mein hamesha khaali chhod diyaa jaataa thaah ack vyavastha joe sangamarmar, yaa adhik baar syremic, pattern vaali farsh tailon koo pradarshit karati thee.
church aur palaazi donon key liye aam interior design stucco kaa kaam thaa. stuco barok design aur darshan kaa ack mahatvapurna ghatak haye, kyonki yeh vastukala, murtikala aur chitrakala koo tri-ayami roop mein nirbaadh roop seey jodata haye. barok bhramaatmak chitrakala mein "trompey ll 'ill" chhat aur divaaron key saath iska sanyojan vaastaviktaa aur kalaa koo bhramit kartaa haye. jabaki churchon mein gadde foolon key jhande seey judey swargadooton aur putti kaa pratinidhitva curr sakate hain, ack niji ghar mein yeh sangeet vaadyayantron yaa malik key pasandida khaadya padarthon kaa pratinidhitva curr sakata haye.
pichhale 250 varshon mein upayog mein badalaav ney palazzo sajawat koo aur saral banaa diyaa haye, kyonki abb bhootal aamtaur parr dukaanen, baink yaa restaraan hotey hain, aur oopari manjilen apartment mein vibhajit hoti hain, unakaa andaruni hissa khou jaataa haye yaa sarh jaataa haye.
dair seey cicilian barok.
barok antatah fashion seey baahar hoe gayaa. europe key kuchh hisson mein, yeh rokoko mein rupaantarit hoe gayaa, lekin sisili mein naheen jahaan rokoko kewal aantarik roop seey paaya jaataa haye. 1735 seey aadhikarik taur parr sisili key raajya parr naples key raajaa, ferdinand IV dwara shasson kiya gayaa thaa. isaliye palermo pramukh rajdhani naples key saath nirantar judaav mein thaa, jahan vastukala kii adhik shaastriya shailiyon key liye vastukala kii drishti seey ack badhata huaa parivartan thaa. isake saath, kaee adhik sanskari cicilian kuleen varg ney darshan seey laker kalaa, fashion aur vastukala taka sabhi cheejon key saath ack fashionable junoon vikasit kiya. unamen seey kaee inn ruchiyon kii khoj mein peris gaye aur navintam vaastushilp nakkashi aur saiddhaantik granthon key saath laut aae.
francisi vastukar lyon duforney 1787 aur 1794 key beach dweep parr pracheen yunani mandiron kaa adhyayan aur vishleshan karane key liye sisili mein they. iss prakaar cicilians ney apane pracheen ateet kii phir seey khoj kii, joe apane shaastriya muhaware key saath abb fashion kii oonchaai thee. swaad mein badalaav ratonrat naheen aaya. barok dweep parr lokpriya rhaa, lekin abb cicilian balkani, joe hamesha kii tarah asadharan thee, koo gambhir shaastriya stambhon key buggle mein rakhaa jaayega. duforney ney palermo mein design karna shuru kiya, aur palermo vanaspati udyaan mein unakaa "pravesh mandir" (1789) yunani doric crum parr adharit shally mein sisili mein pahali imarat thee. yeh shuddh neoclassical vastukala haye, jaisa kii 1760 seey ingland mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh aaney vaali cheejon kaa sanket thaa.
yeh duforney kaa mahaan mitra aur saathi vastukar guseppe marvuglia thaa joe cicilian barok key kramik patan kii adhyakshata karane vaalaa thaa. 1784 mein unhone palezzo belmonte riso (chitran 21) koo design kiya, joe vastukala sankraman kii avadhi kaa ack achchha udaaharan haye, jisamen barok aur neoclassical rupankanon donon kaa sanyojan haye, joe ack arcade aangan key chaaron or banaaya gayaa haye joe prakaash aur chhaaya key barok dravyamaan pradaan kartaa haye, yaa "chiaroscuro". vishal bhittistambhon dwara viram chihnit mukhya agrabhag mein bhee vishisht visheshtaen theen, lekin kshitij akhand thaa. bhittistambh binaa sajawat key, saral aur ionic they, aur ack binaa sajawat vaale pravesh koo sahaara dete they. khidakiyon key oopar shaastriya akhand pediments they. cicilian barok cumm hoe rhaa thaa.
18veen shatabdi key antim varshon taka, garib sisili parr kamjor ferdinand IV aur unaki pramukh patni ney naples seey shasson kiya thaa. 1798 mein aur phir 1806 mein, raajaa koo aakramankari francisi dwara naples seey sisili bhaagne key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. francisi koo kewal 17,000 british sainikon key ack abhiyaan bull dwara sisili seey door rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur sisili parr abb naam key binaa britten dwara shasson kiya gayaa thaa. raajaa ferdinand ney taba 1811 mein sisili kaa pahala curr lagaaya, ack hii jhatake mein apane abhijaat varg koo alag curr diyaa.
haalaanki, sisili mein british prabhaav cicilian barok koo ack antim phalane-phoolane key saath pradaan karna thaa. marvuglia ney sabhi british cheejon key liye nae fashion koo pahachaante hue, 1784 mein palazzo belmonte riso mein pahali baar saavdhaanipoorvak upayog kii gaee shally vikasit kii, jisamen palladian designs key bajaay palladian rupankanon key saath barok key kuchh saade, adhik thhos tatvon koo jodaa gayaa. 18veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein ingland mein lokpriya barok key samaan hii dair seey cicilian barok shally mein thaa, jise surr johnn weinbrug ney blenheim palace jaisi imaraton key saath lokpriya banaaya thaa. ack udaaharan marvuglia kaa church off saine franco dee cells haye, joe barok kii apani vyakhya mein lagbhag angreji haye. haalaanki, yeh kewal ack asthaayi safalata thee aur neoclassical shally jald hii pramukh hoe gaee. kuchh abhijaat abb nirmaan kaa kharch uthaa sakate they, aur naee shally kaa upayog mukhya roop seey saarvajanik aur nagrik bhavanon jaise kii palermo vanaspati udyaan mein kiya jaataa thaa. cicilian vastukar-yahaan taka kii andrea giganti, joe kabhi barok mein ack saksham vastukar they-ney abb neoclassical shally mein design karna shuru curr diyaa, lekin fashionable france dwara apanaae gaye neoclassical key sanskaran mein. ack udaaharan bageria mein unakaa vilaa galletti haye, joe ainj-jacks gabriel key kaam seey prerit haye. ack samkaaleen yatri, comte dee borch ney francisi prabhaav koo nott kiya, jisamen vilaa koo "dekori aeye laa frankage, awake trumox, boiseries legeres, aadi key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa."
girawat.
cicilian barok kaa patan apariharya thaa. aam taur parr naa kewal swaad badal rhaa thaa, balki kuleen dhana samaapt hoe rhaa thaa. 17veen shatabdi key dauran, abhijaat varg mukhya roop seey apani bhoomi parr rahata thaa, unaki dekhbhal aur sudhaar kartaa thaa, aur isake parinamswarup unaki aaya mein bhee vriddhi hui. 18veen shatabdi key dauran, kuleen varg dheere-dheere shaharon kii or chaley gaye, vishesh roop seey palermo mein, vaaysaraay key darbar aur catania key samajik anand kaa anand lene key liye. unake shahar key palaazi aakar aur bhavyata mein badhe, jisase parityakt sampattiyon koo nuksan pahuncha, jinase abhee bhee rajaswa pradaan karane kii ummeed thee. samay key saath bhoo-pratinidhi joe sampadaon koo chalaane key liye chhod diye gaye they, way cumm kushal yaa bhrasht hoe gaye, aksar donon. natijatan, kuleen aaya mein girawat aaee. abhijaat varg ney jaagiron kaa upayog karke dhana udhaar liya, jaba taka kii upekshit jaagiron kaa moolya unake khilaf udhaar liye gaye dhana seey cumm naheen hoe gayaa. isake alawa, sisili abb taka raajneetik roop seey utanaa hii asthir thaa jitna kii isaki kuleenata aarthik roop seey thee.
1811 key ferdinand key alokpriya curr koo 1812 mein angrejon dwara radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jinhone taba dweep parr ack british shally kaa samvidhaan lagu kiya thaa. abhijaat varg key liye vishesh parinam key iss samay kaa ack kanuni navachar yeh thaa kii lendar, joe pahale kewal rinn yaa bandhak parr byaaj key punarbhugataan koo lagu karane mein saksham they, abb sampatti koo jabt curr sakate they. nilami mein sampatti chhote-chhote hisse mein badalane luggy aur isake parinamswarup ack bhoomi-swaamitva vaalaa poonjipati varg turant panapane lagaa. 1821 aur 1848 mein borbans key khilaf vidrohon ney kuleen varg koo vibhajit curr diyaa, aur udaarvaad havaa mein thaa. inn karakon key saath-saath 19veen shatabdi mein nimnalikhit punrutthan key samajik aur raajneetik uthal-puthal kaa matlab thaa kii cicilian abhijaat varg ack barbad varg thaa, jise apani rajdhani seey door rehna thaa. resorgimento key turant baad, nae italvi raajya mein sisili kaa vilay dweep key liye aarthik roop seey vinashkari thaa, videshi mudra mein chhoot key kaaran koee chhota hissa naheen thaa, joe kewal nae raajya key adhik audyogik uttar key liye fayademand thaa, lekin adhik krishi dakshin koo uttar americi vastu baajaron mein pratispardha karane key liye majboor kiya. isake alawa, samanti pranali key ack aavashyak tatva, "kuleen baadhya" kii unaki upeksha aur upeksha key kaaran, graameen ilaakon parr aksar bund gaanvon key baahar bandiyon dwara shasson kiya jaataa thaa, aur ack samay key bhavya graameen vilaa kshay hoe rahey they. cicilian uchch varg kaa prabhutva samaapt hoe gayaa thaa.
cicilian barok key shuruati dinon kii tarah, nae neoclassical yug kii pahali imaaraten aksar dou shailiyon kii pratiyaan yaa sankar theen. 1746 mein palazzo ducezio (chitran 19) shuru kiya gayaa thaa, aur prakaash aur chhaaya kaa khel banaane vaale arcade key saath ground flore shuddh barok haye. haalaanki, jaba kuchh varshon baad oopari manjil koo jodaa gayaa, khidakiyon key oopar barok tooty hui pediments key upayog key bavjood, neoclassical french prabhaav bahut spasht haye, jise kendriya ghumaavdaar khaadi dwara ujagar kiya gayaa haye. cicilian barok dheere-dheere aur dheere-dheere francisi neoclassism dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
viraasat.
cicilian barok koo aaj ack vaastushilp shally key roop mein maanyata dee gaee haye, joe kaafee hudd taka sackeveral sitwell key kaam key kaaran haye, jisaki 1924 kii "dakshini barok kalaa" shally kii sarahana karane vaali pahali pustak thee, jisake baad 1968 mein anthany blunt kaa adhik shaikshanik kaam kiya gayaa.
19veen shatabdi key dauran adhikansh barok palaazi niji swaamitva mein baney rahey, kyonki puraane abhijaat varg ney yaa tou madhyam varg key paise seey shaadi kii yaa aage curge mein doob gaye. kuchh apavaad they aur inmein seey kuchh aaj bhee apane paitrik palaazi koo banaae rakhate hain. cicilian logon kii nirantar dhaarmik bhakti key kaaran, cicilian barok churchon mein seey kaee aaj bhee upayog mein hain, jisake liye unhein design kiya gayaa thaa. messina key badey hisse, joe 1783 key bhookamp key baad punarnirmit kiye gaye they, 1908 mein ack anya dwara nasht curr diye gaye they.
haalaanki, itane saare palaazi key sanrakshan kii kshay aur vinashkari sthiti key liye bahut adhik dosh naa kewal maalikon parr padata haye joe parivartan koo sweekaar karane key liye taiyar naheen hain, balki lagaatar samajwadi sarkaaron key raajneetik agende parr bhee padata haye. 1943 key sanyukt raajya america key bambari key baad kuchh behtareen barok vilaa aur palaazi abhee bhee khandahar mein hain. kaee mamalon mein, unhein bahaal karane yaa surakshit karane kaa koee prayaas naheen kiya gayaa haye. joe loga achchi marammat mein chhaapon seey butch gaye, aur unamen seey kuchh joe naheen bache, jinamen lampedusa key rajkumaron kaa palermo ghar, palazzo lampedusa shamil haye, aksar karyalayon yaa apartment mein vibhajit hotey hain, unake barok andaruni hisson koo dhwast curr diyaa jaataa haye, vibhajit kiya jaataa haye, aur becha jaataa haye.
cicilian abhijaat varg key shesh sadasya joe abhee bhee apane paitrik palaazi mein rahate hain, kuchh uttari, vishesh roop seey angreji samkakshon key vipareet, paryatan key liye apane gharon koo kholane koo aaya kaa ack pramukh srot banaane mein asamarth hain. rashtriya nyaas key sthaaniya samkaksh bahut chhota haye, aur samanya aabaadi key beach sthaaniya ruchi bahut cumm haye. rajkumar, markes aur abhee bhee apane gharon mein rahane vaale sisili kii ginati shandar algaav mein rahati haye, joe aksar sundarta aur kshay seey ghiri hoti haye. yeh aaj hii haye kii malik aur raajya donon iss sambhavana key prati jaagrit hoe rahey hain kii yadi jald hii kaarravaai naheen kii gaee tou cicilian viraasat key iss vishesh hisse koo bachaane mein bahut dair hoe jaayegi.
jaise-jaise abb raajneetik roop seey adhik sthir, surakshit aur cumm bhrasht vatavaran bunn jaataa haye, barok palaazi dheere-dheere ack utsuk bhugtan karane vaale janata, americi aur uttari europeeya key liye apane darwaaje kholane lagey hain. 1963 mein, jaba film "dha lapered" release hui thee, tou gaingi palace ballroom ack film sett honey key naate lagbhag advitiya thaa, lekin aaj lambe samay seey aprayukt sailoon aur ballroom corporate aur saarvajanik karyakramon kii mejbani curr rahey hain. kuchh palaazi bhugtan karane vaale mehmaanon koo bistar aur nashte kii seva pradaan curr rahey hain, ack baar phir agantukon koo prabhaavshaali aatithya pradaan curr rahey hain, jiss uddeshya key liye way mool roop seey abhipret they.
2002 mein, unesco ney chuninda roop seey wall dee noton key barok smarakon koo apani vishva viraasat soochi mein shamil kiya, joe "dair seey barok kalaa aur vastukala kii prafullit pratibha koo utkrisht gawahi pradaan kartaa haye" aur "europe mein barok kalaa kii parakashtha aur antim phool kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye.

