
aniyamit gati

aniyamit gati vaha gati haye joe tarang jaise andolan pattern dwara visheshta haye joe ack janwar koo aage badhaane key liye kaary kartaa haye. iss prakaar kii chaal key udaharanon mein saampon mein rengna, yaa deepak mein tairna shamil haye. haalaanki yeh aam taur parr angheen jaanvaron dwara upayog kii jaane vaali chaal kaa prakaar haye, kuchh angon vaale jeev, jaise kii salamander, kuchh vatavaranon mein apane pairon kaa upayog karna chhod dete hain aur aniyamit gati kaa pradarshan karate hain. robotics mein iss andolan ranneeti kaa adhyayan vibhinn prakaar key vatavaran koo paar karane mein saksham nae robotic upkaranon koo banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
paryavaraniya antahkriyaaen.
angheen gati mein, aage kii gati pashu key shareer kii lambai key saath lachili tarangon key prasaar seey utpann hoti haye. pashu aur aspas key vatavaran key beach utpann balon seey pakshiya balon kii ack peedhi paida hoti haye joe pashu koo aage badhaane key liye kaary karati haye. yeye bull bull aur khinchaav utpann karate hain.
hydrodynamics.
anukaran bhavishyavani kartaa haye kii cumm punarkathan sankhya parr chipchipa balon aur uchch punarkathan sankhya parr jadatviya balon dwara jore aur khinchaav kaa prabhutva haye. jaba janwar ack taral padaarth mein tairta haye, tou dou mukhya balon koo ack bhoomika nibhaane key liye socha jaataa haih
cumm reynold sankhya (ree-100) parr, twacha kaa gharshan lagbhag sabhi jore aur khinchaav key liye jimmedaar hotaa haye. una jaanvaron key liye joe madhyavarti reinold sankhya (ree-101) parr laharaate hain, jaise kii acidian larva, donon twacha gharshan aur bull banaate hain joe khinchaav aur jore key utpaadan key liye jimmedaar hain. uchch reynold sankhya (ree-102) parr, twacha gharshan aur bull donon dragg utpann karane key liye kaary karate hain, lekin kewal bull kaa nirmaan jore paida kartaa haye.
gativigyaan.
angon key upayog key binaa chalane vaale jaanvaron mein, gati kii sabse aam visheshta ack rostral seey kaudal lahar haye joe unake shareer key neeche kii or yatra karati haye. haalaanki, yeh pattern vishesh lahardaar janwar, paryaavaran aur usa metrick key aadhar parr badal sakata haye jisamen janwar anukoolit hoe rhaa haye (i.ee. gati, oorjaa aadi.). gati kaa sabse aam tarika saral utaar-chadhaav haye jisamen paarshv jhukana sir seey poonchh taka failata haye.
saamp sthaliya gati key 5 alag-alag tarikon koo pradarshit curr sakate hainh (1) paarshv tarang, (2) sidewinding, (3) concertina, (4) rectilinear, aur (5) slide-pushing. parshviya laharen chhipkaliyon, eel aur machhliyon jaise kaee anya jaanvaron mein dekhi jaane vaali saral laharon seey milati-julati hain, jisamen parshviya jhukane kii laharen saamp key shareer mein failati hain.
americi eel aamtaur parr ack jaleey vatavaran mein chalati haye, halanki yeh cumm samay key liye bhoomi parr bhee chala sakati haye. yeh parshviya laharon kii yatra tarangon kaa utpaadan karke donon vatavaranon mein safaltapurvak aage badhane mein saksham haye. haalaanki, sthaliya aur jaleey gati ranneeti key beach antar seey pataa chalata haye kii akshiya manspeshi koo alag tarah seey sakriya kiya jaa rhaa haye, (neeche maanspeshiyon key sakriyan pattern dekhein). sthaliya gati mein, shareer key saath sabhi bindu lagbhag ack hii maarg parr chalate hain aur isaliye, eel key shareer kii lambai key saath paarshv visthaapan lagbhag samaan hotaa haye. haalaanki, jaleey gati mein, shareer key saath vibhinn bindu paarshv ayam koo adhik pashchavarti roop seey badhaane key saath vibhinn maargon kaa paalan karate hain. samanya taur parr, paarshv tarang aur antahkasherukiya jhukaav kaa ayam jaleey kii tulanaa mein sthaliya gati key dauran bahut adhik hotaa haye.
musculoskeletal pranali.
maanspeshiyon kii vastukala.
kaee jaanvaron kii ack vishisht visheshta joe aniyamit gati kaa upayog karate hain, vaha yeh haye kii unaki maanspeshiyon yaa myomerase key khand hotey hain, joe unake sir seey poonchh taka chalate hain joe myosepta naamak sanyoji ootak dwara alag kiye jaate hain. isake alawa, kuchh khandit manspeshi samooh, jaise kii salamander mein paarshv hypexial manspeshi anudairdhya disha key konn parr unmukh hoti haye. inn tirchhe unmukh tantuon key liye anudairdhya disha mein tanaav maanspeshiyon key tantu kii disha mein tanaav seey adhik hotaa haye joe 1 seey adhik vaastushilp gear anupaat kii or leey jaataa haye. abhivinyas kaa ack uchch praarambhik konn aur adhik dorsoventral ubhaar ack tej maanspeshiyon key sankuchan kaa utpaadan kartaa haye lekin isake parinamswarup bull utpaadan kii cumm matra hoti haye. yeh parikalpana kii gaee haye kii janwar ack parivartaniya gearing tantra kaa upayog karate hain joe sankuchan kii yaantrik maangon koo puuraa karane key liye bull aur wegg key swa-niyaman kii anumati detaa haye. jaba ack pennet manspeshi cumm bull key adheen hoti haye, tou maanspeshiyon mein chaudaai parivartan key pratirodh key kaaran yeh ghoomati haye joe parinamswarup ack uchch vaastushilp gear anupaat (aeye. jee. aar.) (uchch wegg) kaa utpaadan karati haye. haalaanki, jaba ack uchch bull key adheen hotaa haye, tou lambavat fiber bull ghatak chaudaai parivartanon key pratirodh parr kaaboo paa letaa haye aur maanspeshiyaan cumm aeye. jee. aar. (uchch bull utpaadan banaae rakhane mein saksham) kaa utpaadan karati hain.
adhikansh machhaliyan anudairdhya laal maanspeshiyon key tantuon aur khandit akshiya maanspeshiyon key bheetar tirchhe unmukh safed maanspeshiyon key tantuon key sankuchan key madhyam seey tairane key dauran ack saral, sajaatiya kiran key roop mein jhukati hain. anudairdhya laal maanspeshiyon key tantuon dwara anubhav kiya gayaa fiber tanaav (εf) anudairdhya tanaav (εx) key barabar haye. gahari safed maanspeshiyon kii machhaliyan vyavastha mein vividhata dikhaati hain. inn tantuon koo shanku-aakar kii sanrachanaon mein vyavasthit kiya jaataa haye aur sanyoji ootak patron seey jodaa jaataa haye jinhen myosepta key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye; pratyek resha ack visheshta dorsoventral (α) aur madhya-parshviya (φ) prakshepavakra dikhaata haye. khandit vastukala siddhant bhavishyavani kartaa haye kii, εx> εf. iss ghatana key parinamswarup ack vaastushilp gear anupaat hotaa haye, joe fiber tanaav (εx/εf) dwara vibhajit anudairdhya tanaav key roop mein nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye, joe ack seey adhik aur anudairdhya wegg pravardhan haye; isake alawa, iss ubharate wegg pravardhan koo madhyantar aur dorsoventral aakar parivartanon key madhyam seey parivartaniya vaastushilp gearing dwara badhaaya jaa sakata haye, joe pennet maanspeshiyon key sankuchan mein dekhaa jaane vaalaa ack pattern haye. ack laal-seey-safed gearing anupaat (laal εf/safed εf) anudairdhya laal maanspeshiyon key fiber aur tirchhe safed maanspeshiyon key fiber upbhedon key sanyukt prabhaav koo pakadata haye.
samroop kiranon mein saral jhukane kaa vyavhaar bataata haye kii tatasth aksh (z) seey doori key saath ε badhata haye. yeh machhliyon aur salmonders jaise jaanvaron key liye ack samasya paida kartaa haye, joe aniyamit andolan seey gujarate hain. maanspeshiyon key tantu lambai-tanaav aur bull-gati vakron dwara baadhit hotey hain. isake alawa, yeh parikalpana kii gaee haye kii ack vishesh kaary key liye bharti kiye gaye maanspeshiyon key tantuon koo kramshah charam bull aur shakti utpann karane key liye upbhedon (ε) aur sankara vegon kii ishtatam seema key bheetar kaam karna chaahiye. aniyamit andolan key dauran gair-samaan ε peedhi ack hii kaary key liye bharti kiye gaye alag-alag maanspeshiyon key tantuon koo lambai-tanaav aur bull-gati vakr key alag-alag hisson parr kaam karane key liye majboor karegi; pradarshan ishtatam naheen hoga. alekjendar ney bhavishyavani kii kii machhali akshiya maanspeshiyon key safed tantuon kaa dorsoventral (α) aur medialateral (φ) abhivinyas vibhinn mesolateral fiber doori mein adhik samaan tanaav kii anumati dey sakata haye. durbhagya seey, machhliyon kii safed maanspeshiyon kii maanspeshiyon kaa ack samaan tanaav peedhi kaa adhyayan karane key liye bahut jatil haye; haalaanki, azizi aur anya."ack saralikrit salamander model kaa upayog karke iss ghatana kaa adhyayan kiya.
cyrene lassertian, ack jaleey salamander, uparokt machhliyon key samaan tairaki gati kaa upayog kartaa haye, phir bhee isamen hypexial maanspeshiyon key tantu (joe jhukane kaa kaaran banate hain) hotey hain, joe ack saral sangathan dwara visheshta haye. aiss key hypexial maanspeshiyon key tantu. lassertian tirchhe unmukh hotey hain, lekin pratyek khand key bheetar ack shoonya madhyasth (φ) prakshepavakra aur ack sthir dorsolateral (α) prakshepavakra hotaa haye. isaliye, dorsolateral (α) prakshepavakra key prabhaav aur maanspeshiyon key fiber tanaav (ε) parr dee gaee hypexial maanspeshiyon kii parat aur jhukane (z) key tatasth aksh key beach kii doori kaa adhyayan kiya jaa sakata haye.
azizi "aur anya."paaya gayaa kii nirantar aayatan hypexial maanspeshiyon key anudairdhya sankuchan kii bharpai dorsoventral aayamon mein vriddhi seey kii gaee thee. fusane key saath fiber rotation key saath-saath α hypexial fiber prakshepavakra aur vaastushilp gear anupaat (aeye. jee. aar.) donon mein vriddhi hui, ack ghatana joe pennet maanspeshiyon key sankuchan mein bhee dekhi gaee. azizi "aur anya."antim hypexial fiber konn, aeye. jee. aar. aur dorsoventral oonchaai kaa anuman lagaane key liye ack ganitiya model kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa, jahaanh λx = khand kaa anudairdhya vistaar anupaat (praarambhik anudairdhya lambai key liye sankuchan key baad antim anudairdhya lambai kaa portortion), β = antim fiber konn, γ = praarambhik fiber konn, f = praarambhik fiber lambai, aur εx aur εf = anudairdhya aur fiber tanaav kramshah.
yeh sambandh darshaata haye kii fiber konn mein vriddhi key saath γ seey β taka aeye. jee. aar. badhata haye. isake alawa, antim fiber konn (β) dorsolateral ubhaar (y) aur fiber sankuchan key saath badhata haye, lekin praarambhik fiber kii lambai key kaary key roop mein cumm hoe jaataa haye.
baad key nishkarshon kaa anuprayog aiss mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. lassertian. yeh jeev tairaki key dauran ack samroop kiran (machhliyon kii tarah) key roop mein parivartit hotaa haye; iss prakaar jhukane key dauran tatasth aksh (jaid) seey ack manspeshi fiber kii doori aantarik tirchhi manspeshi paraton (ioo) kii tulanaa mein baahari tirchhi manspeshi paraton (eo) key liye adhik honey chaahiye. eo aur ioo dwara anubhav kiye gaye upbhedon (ε) aur unake sambandhit jaid moolyon key beach sambandh nimnalikhit sameekaran dwara diyaa jaataa haih jahaan εeo aur εio = baahari aur aantarik tirchhi maanspeshiyon kii paraton kaa tanaav, aur zeo aur zio = tatasth aksh seey kramshah baahari aur aantarik tirchhi maanspeshiyon kii paraton kii doori.
εeo = εio (zeo/zio)
iss sameekaran key madhyam seey, humm dekhate hain kii z seedhe ε key samanupati haye; eo dwara anubhav kiya gayaa tanaav io seey adhik haye. azizi "aur anya."pataa chalaa kii eo mein praarambhik hypexial fiber α prakshepavakra ioo kii tulanaa mein adhik haye. kyonki praarambhik α prakshepavakra aeye. jee. aar. key samanupati haye, ee. oh. aaee. oh. kii tulanaa mein adhik aeye. jee. aar. key saath anubandh kartaa haye. parinami wegg pravardhan donon paraton kii maanspeshiyon koo samaan tanaav aur chhote wegg parr kaam karane kii anumati detaa haye; yeh eo aur ioo koo lambai-tanaav aur bull-wegg vakr key tulaniya bhaagon parr kaary karane mein saksham banaata haye. ack samaan kaary key liye bharti kii gaee maanspeshiyon koo bull aur shakti utpaadan koo adhikatam karane key liye samaan tanaav aur wegg parr kaam karna chaahiye. isaliye, cyron lassertian key hypexial manspeshi key bheetar aeye. jee. aar. mein parivartansheelta, vibhinn mesolateral fiber doori kaa mukabala karati haye aur pradarshan koo anukoolit karati haye. azizi "aur anya."iss ghatana koo khandit maanspeshiyon mein fiber strain sajaatiyataa kahaa jaataa haye.
maanspeshiyon kii gatividhi.
rostral seey kaudal gatij tarang key alawa, joe aniyamit gati key dauran jaanvaron key shareer seey neeche kii or yatra karati haye, maanspeshiyon key sakriyan kii ack sambandhit lahar bhee hoti haye joe rostro-kaudal disha mein yatra karati haye. haalaanki, yeh pattern aniyamit gati kii visheshta haye, yeh bhee paryaavaran key saath bhinn hoe sakata haye.
americi eel.
jaleey gatih americi eel kii electromyogram (ee. aim. jee.) recording seey jaleey andolan key dauran maanspeshiyon key sakriyan kaa ack samaan pattern pataa chalata haye jaisa kii machhali kaa hotaa haye. dheemi gati seey kewal eel kii maanspeshiyon kaa sabse pichla chhor adhik gati parr bharti kii gaee adhik poorvavarti maanspeshiyon key saath sakriya hotaa haye. kaee anya jaanvaron kii tarah, maanspeshiyon mein tanaav chakr key lambe charan mein maanspeshiyaan dair seey sakriya hoti hain, maanspeshiyon key chhote honey seey thheek pahale joe ack aisaa pattern haye joe maanspeshiyon seey kaary utpaadan koo adhikatam karane key liye maanaa jaataa haye.
sthaliya gatih ee. aim. jee. recording bhoomi parr gati key dauran maanspeshiyon kii gatividhi kii ack lambi poorna avadhi aur kartavya chakr dikhaati haye. saath hii, bhoomi parr nirpeksh teevrata bahut adhik hoti haye joe pashu parr kaary karane vaale gurutvaakarshan balon mein vriddhi seey apekshit haye. haalaanki, eel key shareer kii lambai key saath teevrata kaa star adhik pashchavarti roop seey cumm hoe jaataa haye. saath hii, maanspeshiyon key sakriyan kaa samay baad mein maanspeshiyon key chhote honey key tanaav chakr mein badal jaataa haye.
oorjaa.
lambe shareer vaale aur cumm yaa binaa pair vaale janwar apane anga sambandhi jaanvaron seey alag tareeke seey vikasit hue hain. ateet mein, kuchh logon ney anuman lagaaya haye kii yeh vikas angheen gati key saath judee cumm urjaavaan laagat key kaaran huaa thaa. iss tark kaa samarthan karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale jaiv-yaantrik tarkon mein shamil haye kii (1) aam taur parr anga vaale jaanvaron key saath paae jaane vaale dravyamaan key kendra key urdhvaadhar visthaapan key saath koee laagat naheen haye, (2) angon koo tej karane yaa dheema karane seey koee laagat naheen haye, aur (3) shareer koo samarthan dene key liye cumm laagat haye. iss parikalpana kaa adhyayan gati key vibhinn tarikon key dauran saamp mein oxygen kii khapat darr kii jaanch karke kiya gayaa haih paarshv oonchaa, concertina aur sidewinding. parivahan kii shuddh laagat" (aine. see. tii.), joe ack nishchit doori kii dravyamaan ikai koo sthanantarit karane key liye aavashyak oorjaa kii matra koo ingit kartaa haye, ack paarshv apavartak chaal key saath chalane vaale saamp key liye samaan dravyamaan key saath ack anga chhipakali key samaan haye. haalaanki, ack saamp joe concertina locomotion kaa upayog kartaa haye, parivahan kii bahut adhik shuddh laagat paida kartaa haye, jabaki sidewinding vaastav mein parivahan kii cumm shuddh laagat paida kartaa haye. isaliye, urjaavaan laagat nirdhaarit karate samay gati key vibhinn tareeke praathamik mahatva key hotey hain. kaaran yeh haye kii parshviya lahar mein anga vaale jaanvaron key samaan urjaavaan dakshata haye aur cumm naheen, jaisa kii pahale parikalpana kii gaee thee, shareer koo paarshv roop seey modane, isake kinaaron koo ack urdhvaadhar satah key khilaf dhakelane aur gharshan koo door karane key liye aavashyak bull key kaaran iss prakaar kii gatividhi seey judee atirikt jaiv-yaantrik laagat key kaaran hoe sakati haye.
tantrika tantra.
pratichhedan samanvaya.
tarangman motor pattern aamtaur parr yugmit khandiya ausilator kii ack shrinkhala seey utpann hotaa haye. pratyek khandiya ausilator samvedi pratikriya key abhaav mein ack layabaddh motor output kaa utpaadan karane mein saksham haye. aisaa hii ack udaaharan aadhaa kendra ausilator haye jisamen dou neurons hotey hain joe parasparik roop seey avarodhak hotey hain aur charan seey baahar 180 degree gatividhi kaa utpaadan karate hain. inn ausilators key beach charan sambandh ausilators key ubharate gunon aur unake beach yugman dwara sthaapit kiye jaate hain. aage kii tairaki yugmit ausilators kii ack shrinkhala dwara kii jaa sakati haye jisamen poorvavarti ausilators kii aavritti pashch ausilators kii tulanaa mein cumm hoti haye. iss mamle mein, sabhi ausilator ack hii avadhi mein chalaae jaayenge lekin poorvavarti ausilator charan mein netritva karenge. isake alawa, charan sambandhon koo ausilator key beach yugman mein vishamta yaa samvedi pratikriya tantra dwara sthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye.
juun dorsoventral undulation kaa utpaadan karke chalati haye. shareer key khandon key beach charan antaral lagbhag 20 degree haye aur chakr avadhi seey swatantra haye. iss prakaar, ausilator key donon ardh-bhaag ack sankuchan utpann karane key liye samkaalik roop seey aag lagaate hain. kewal madhya bindu taka ganglia rostral vyaktigat roop seey dolan utpann karane mein saksham hain. antarjan khand dolan mein yuu-aakar kaa dhaal hotaa haye aur saath hii pashu key beach mein honey vaali uchchatam dolan aavrittiyon key saath hotaa haye. halanki neurons key beach yugman poorv aur pashch donon dishaaon mein chhah khandon mein faila huaa haye, vibhinn antahsanyogon key beach vishamataaen hain kyonki ausilator teen alag-alag charanon mein sakriya hain. joe 0 degree charan pariyojana mein sakriya hain, way kewal avrohi disha mein hain, jabaki joe aarohi disha mein sakriya hain, way 120 degree yaa 240 degree parr sakriya hain. isake alawa, paryaavaran seey samvedi pratikriya parinami charan antaral mein yogdan curr sakati haye.
lamprey paarshv tarang kaa upayog karke chalata haye aur isake parinamswarup baaen aur daaen motor hemisegment charan seey baahar 180 degree sakriya hotey hain. yeh bhee paaya gayaa haye kii adhik poorvavarti ausilator kii antajanan aavritti adhik pashch ganglia kii tulanaa mein adhik hoti haye. isake alawa, lamprey pariyojana 14-20 khandon mein avarodhak interneuron kaudali roop seey hotey hain lekin chhote rostral anuman hotey hain. vikaaron kaa uchit jawab dene key liye samvedi pratikriya mahatvapurna hoe sakati haye, lekin uchit charan sambandhon key rakharkhaav key liye cumm mahatvapurna prateet hoti haye.
robotics.
salamander mein kendriya pattern generator key javic roop seey parikalpit connection key aadhar parr, ack robotic pranali banaai gaee haye joe vaastavik janwar kii samaan visheshtaon koo pradarshit karati haye. electrophysiology adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii salamender key mastishk mein sthit messencephalic locomotor kshetra (mlr) kii uttejana teevrata key star key aadhar parr tairaki yaa chalane key vibhinn prakaar kaa utpaadan karati haye. isi tarah, robot mein see. pee. jee. model tonic drive key nimn star parr chalane aur tonic drive key uchch star parr tairane kaa pradarshan curr sakata haye. model chaar dhaaranaon parr adharit haye kih
iss model mein salamander locomotion kii buniyaadi visheshtaen shamil hain.

