
antarrashtriya kanuni siddhant

antarrashtriya kanuni siddhant mein vibhinn prakaar key saiddhaantik aur paddhatigat drishtikon shamil hain jinka upayog saarvajanik antarrashtriya kaanoon aur sansthanon kii samagri, gathan aur prabhavsheelta kii vyakhya aur vishleshan karane aur sudhaar kaa sujhaav dene key liye kiya jaataa haye. kuchh drishtikon anupaalan key sawal parr kendrit hainh raajya ack jabardasti shakti key abhaav mein antarrashtriya maandandon kaa paalan kyon karate hain joe anupaalan sunishchit kartaa haye. anya drishtikon antarrashtriya niyamon key gathan kii samasya parr dhyaan kendrit karate hainh kyon raajya swechha seey antarrashtriya kanuni maandandon koo apanaate hain, joe vishva vidhaayika key abhaav mein unaki kaarravaai kii swatantrata koo seemit karate hain. anya drishtikon neeti unmukh hain; way maujooda niyamon kii aalochana karane aur unamen sudhaar karane key tareeke parr sujhaav dene key liye saiddhaantik dhaanche aur upkaranon koo vistrit karate hain. inmein seey kuchh drishtikon gharelu kanuni siddhant parr adharit hain, anya antahvishay hain, jabaki anya koo antarrashtriya kaanoon kaa vishleshan karane key liye spasht roop seey vikasit kiya gayaa haye.
antarrashtriya kaanoon key liye shaastriya drishtikon.
praakritik kaanoon.
kaee praarambhik antarrashtriya kanuni siddhantkar swayamsiddh satyon seey sambandhit they jinhen praakritik kaanoon mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa. 16veen shatabdi key praakritik kaanoon lekhak, francisco dee vittoria, joe salamanka vishvavidyalaya mein dharamshastra key professor they, ney nyaaypurna yuddh, america mein spanish pradhikaran aur mool americi logon key adhikaaron key prashnon kii jaanch kii.
sargrahi yaa grotian drishtikon.
hyugo grotius, ack dutch dharamshastri, manavtawadi aur nyaayvid ney aadhunik antarrashtriya kaanoon key vikas mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. 1625 key apane "dee jeur bellie assie paisis libri trace" ("yuddh aur shaanti key kaanoon parr teen pustaken") mein, aur bible aur sent seey aarekhit. augustein key nyaaypurna yuddh siddhant mein, unhone tark diyaa kii rashtron key saath-saath vyaktiyon koo naitikta aur divya nyaay parr adharit saarvbhaumik siddhant dwara shaasit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. halanki, gharelu anubandh kaanoon seey, unhone tark diyaa kii raajyon key beach sambandh logon key kaanoon, "jass gentium" dwara shaasit honey chaahiye, joe "paikte sunt sarvanda" key siddhant key aadhar parr rashtron key samudaay kii sahamati seey sthaapit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, joe pratibaddhataon key paalan key aadhar parr haye. apani or seey, christian wonn wolf ney tark diyaa kii antarrashtriya samudaay koo ack vishva superstate ("civitas maxima") honah chaahiye, jiska ghatak sadasya raajyon parr adhikaar honah chaahiye. emerich dee wattel ney iss drishtikon koo khariz curr diyaa aur isake bajaay 18veen shatabdi key praakritik kaanoon dwara vyakt raajyon kii samaantaa key liye tark diyaa. leey droit days gens" mein, vattel ney sujhaav diyaa kii rashtron kaa kaanoon ack or pratha aur kaanoon aur doosari or praakritik kaanoon seey banaa thaa.
17veen shatabdi key dauran, grotian yaa sargrahi school key buniyaadi siddhant, vishesh roop seey kanuni samaantaa, kshetriya samprabhuta aur raajyon kii swatantrata key siddhant, europeeya raajneetik aur kanuni pranali key maulik siddhant bunn gaye aur 1648 kii westfelia kii shaanti mein sthaapit kiye gaye.
kanuni pratyakshvaad.
praarambhik sakaratmaktavadi school ney antarrashtriya kaanoon key sroton key roop mein prathaon aur sandhiyon key mahatva parr jore diyaa. praarambhik pratyakshavaadi vidwan alberico gentilly ney aitihaasik udaharanon kaa upayog yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye kiya kii sakaratmak kaanoon ("jass swaichhik") samanya sahamati seey nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. ack anya sakaratmaktavadi vidwan, richard zauche ney 1650 mein antarrashtriya kaanoon kii pahali niyamavali prakaashit kii.
kanuni pratyakshvaad 18veen shatabdi kaa pramukh kanuni siddhant bunn gayaa aur antarrashtriya kanuni darshan mein apana raasta banaa liya. usa samay, cornelius vaine binkershoke ney jore dekar kahaa kii antarrashtriya kaanoon key aadhar reeti-rivaaj aur sandhiyaan theen jinhen aamtaur parr vibhinn raajyon dwara sahamati dee jaati thee. johnn jacob moser ney antarrashtriya kaanoon mein raajya abhyaas key mahatva parr jore diyaa. george friedrich wonn martense ney sakaratmak antarrashtriya kaanoon parr pahala vyavasthit manual prakaashit kiya, "pressis doo droit days gens modern dee ll 'europe". 19veen shatabdi key dauran, raashtravaad aur hegelian darshan key kaaran pratyakshavaadi kanuni siddhant aur bhee adhik prabhaavshaali hoe gayaa. antarrashtriya vaanijyik kaanoon gharelu kaanoon kii ack shakha bunn gayaah niji antarrashtriya kaanoon, saarvajanik antarrashtriya kaanoon seey alag. pratyakshvaad ney naitikta aur naitikta parr tarksangatata kaa paksh lete hue antarrashtriya abhyaas kii seema koo sankuchit curr diyaa joe kaanoon key roop mein yogya hoe sakata haye. 1815 kii vienna congress ney europe kii sthitiyon key aadhar parr raajneetik aur antarrashtriya kanuni pranali kii aupchaarik maanyata koo chihnit kiya.
aadhunik kanuni sakaratmaktavadi antarrashtriya kaanoon koo niyamon kii ack ekikrit pranali key roop mein maanate hain joe raajyon kii ichcha seey utpann hoti haye. antarrashtriya kaanoon, jaisa kii yeh haye, ack "vastunishth" vaastaviktaa haye jise kaanoon seey alag kiya jaanaa chaahiye "jaisa kii honah chaahiye."classic sakaratmakvad kanuni vaidhata key liye kathor parikshanon kii maang kartaa haye. gair-kanuni tark, i.ee.aise tark jinka kaanoon parr koee paathya, pranaaleegat yaa aitihaasik aadhar naheen haye, unhein kanuni vishleshan key liye aprasangik maanaa jaataa haye. kewal kathor kaanoon haye, koee naram kaanoon naheen haye. sakaratmaktavadi antarrashtriya kanuni siddhant kii aalochanaon mein isaki kathorta, raajya kii sahamati parr iska dhyaan, vyakhya kii anumati diye binaa, aur yeh tathya shamil haye kii yeh kissy raajya key aacharan key sambandh mein naitik nirnayon kii anumati naheen detaa haye jaba taka kii yeh antarrashtriya maandandon kaa paalan kartaa haye.
antarrashtriya sambandh-antarrashtriya kaanoon drishtikon.
kanuni vidvaanon ney rajneeti vigyaan aur antarrashtriya sambandhon key kshetron mein chaar mukhya vichardharaon seey liya haih yathaarthvaad, udaarvaad, sansthagatata aur rachnaatmaktaa, ack antahvishay drishtikon key madhyam seey, kanuni niyamon aur sansthanon kii samagri kii jaanch karane key liye, yeh samajhaane key liye kii kanuni sansthaan kyon aur kaise baney aur way prabhaavi kyon hain. inn vidhiyon ney kuchh vidvaanon koo samanya roop seey antarrashtriya kaanoon koo phir seey avadharana mein laane key liye prerit kiya haye.
yathaarthvaad.
yathaarthvaad kaa tark haye kii, ack arajaktawadi antarrashtriya pranali mein, raajyon kaa mukhya uddeshya astitva key liye haye joe unhein apane kshetra aur astitva koo sanrakshit karane key liye apani saapeksh shakti koo adhikatam karane key liye baadhya kartaa haye. choonki antarrashtriya sahyog kewal isaliye sambhav haye kyonki yeh raajyon key aatm-hita key prati unaki shakti aur astitva kii sambhaavanaon koo adhikatam karane mein pratikriya detaa haye, isaliye raajya maanak pratibaddhataon key aadhar parr sahyog naheen karate hain. yathaarthvaadi kanuni vidvaanon key anusaar, raajya kewal antarrashtriya kanuni maandandon koo apanaate hain joe yaa tou apani shakti koo badhaate hain, kamjor raajyon key adheenata koo aupchaarik roop dete hain, yaa way jaanboojhkar apane laabh key liye ullanghan karane kaa irada rakhate hain. antarrashtriya kaanoon iss prakaar kewal paridhiya mamalon koo sambodhit curr sakata haye joe raajya kii shakti yaa swaayatta koo prabhaavit naheen karate hain. natijatan, yatharthvadiyon key liye, antarrashtriya kaanoon "tootane yogya daayitvon kaa ack kamjor jaal" haye."
yathaarthvaadi drishtikon key bheetar, kuchh vidvaanon ney ack "pravartan siddhant" kaa prastaav rakhaa haye jisake anusaar antarrashtriya kanuni mandand prabhaavi hain kyonki way "spasht niyamon kaa prachaar karate hain, anupaalan kii nigrani badhaate hain, aur ullanghan koo dandit karane key liye saamoohik prakriyaon koo sansthaagat banaate hain, jisase shakti key sthir santulan key nivaarak aur jabardasti prabhaavon koo badhaaya jaa sakata haye."iss prakaar, parasparikta aur pratibandhon kii bhoomika koo rekhaankit kiya gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, cull nott kartaa haye kih
udaarvaad.
udaar antarrashtriya sambandh siddhant key aadhar parr, kuchh vidvaanon kaa tark haye kii antarrashtriya kaanoon key prati raajyon kaa rukh unaki gharelu rajneeti aur vishesh roop seey, kaanoon key shasson key prati pramukh gharelu vyaktiyon aur samoohon kii prathmiktaon key ektrikaran dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye. iss prakaar, ack pratinidhi sarkaar vaale loktaantrik raajyon mein, gair-loktaantrik raajyon kii tulanaa mein gharelu aur antarrashtriya rajneeti donon key kanuni viniyaman koo sweekaar karane kii adhik sambhavana haye, aur antarrashtriya kaanoon koo sweekaar karane aur unakaa paalan karane kii adhik sambhavana haye. isake alawa, loktaantrik samaaj antarrajyiya, antar-rashtriya aur antar-sarkari sambandhon key ack jatil jaal seey judey hue hain taaki unaki videsh neeti naukarshahi aur unake nagrik samaaj donon antarrashtriya kanuni maandandon key nirmaan aur paalan key madhyam seey antar-rashtriya sahyog koo badhaava dene aur majboot karane mein ruchi rakhate hain. isaliye, loktaantrik raajyon key beach antarrashtriya kanuni maandandon koo apnana aur unakaa anupaalan gair-loktaantrik raajyon key beach antarrashtriya kaanoon key paalan kii tulanaa mein aasaan aur adhik shantipurna honah chaahiye. iss sambandh mein, vadh nott kartaa haye kih
tarksangat chayan aur khel siddhant.
kaanoon key prati yeh drishtikon baajaron key ander aur baahar vyavhaar koo adhikatam karane key kanuni nihitarth kii pehchaan karane key liye arthshastra key siddhanton koo lagu kartaa haye. arthshastra seemit paristhitiyon mein tarksangat chayan kaa adhyayan haye. tarksangat chayan yeh dhaarana haye kii vyaktigat abhineta apani prathmiktaon koo adhikatam karna chaahte hain.
yahaan prayukt adhikansh aarthik siddhant navshastriya paaramparik arthshastra haye. aarthik takneekon mein moolya siddhant shamil haye, joe abhinetaon key beach ranneetik baatchit kaa mulyankan kartaa haye. laine-daine laagat arthshastra, jisamen abhinetaon kii pehchaan karane, baatchit karane aur moolya siddhant mein samjhauton koo lagu karane kii laagat shamil haye. khel siddhant yeh pradarshit curr sakata haye kii kaise adhikatam vyavhaar vaale abhineta kaarravaai karane mein whiffle hoe sakate hain. saarvajanik vikalp baajaron key baahar kii samasyaon parr aarthik sadhanon koo lagu kartaa haye.
inn upkaranon kaa upayog kaanoon kaa varnan aur mulyankan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. inn upkaranon kaa upayog karke, aarthik dakshata key liye kaanoonon kaa pareekshan kiya jaataa haye. aarthik siddhanton kaa upayog kaanoon mein parivartan kaa prastaav dene key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye. yeh drishtikon dhana koo adhikatam karane vaale kaanoonon koo apanaane kaa aagrah kartaa haye.
iss drishtikon kaa sambhaavit anuprayog paath-adharit vyakhya key saath shuru hoga. ack doosari chinta yeh haye kii kyaa ack vaastavik "bajar" sandarbh achchi tarah seey kaam curr rhaa haye yaa naheen. teesara, apoorna bajar mein sudhaar key tareeke prastaavit kiye gaye hain.
iss drishtikon kaa upayog samanya kanuni prashnon kaa vishleshan karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, kyonki yeh drishtikon atyadhik nirdisht niyam pradaan kartaa haye aur unakaa upayog karane key liye tark pradaan kartaa haye.
yeh drishtikon inn dhaaranaon parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii poorna pratispardha maujood haye, aur vyakti apani prathmiktaon koo adhikatam karane key liye vyavhaar karenge. inn sthitiyon kii anubhavjanya upasthiti kaa nirdhaaran karna aksar mushkil hotaa haye.
antarrashtriya kanuni prakriya.
utkrisht antarrashtriya kanuni prakriya yeh adhyayan karane kii vidhi haye kii antarrashtriya kaanoon koo vyaavhaarik roop seey kaise lagu kiya jaataa haye, aur antarrashtriya neeti key bheetar kaary kartaa haye, saath hii saath iss baat kaa adhyayan bhee haye kii antarrashtriya kaanoon mein kaise sudhaar kiya jaa sakata haye. "yeh niyamon key pradarshan aur unaki samagri parr itna dhyaan kendrit naheen kartaa haye kii videsh neeti key nirmaataon dwara vaastav mein antarrashtriya kanuni niyamon kaa upayog kaise kiya jaataa haye. aaee. ell. pee. koo "antarrashtriya sambandhon key anushasana key yatharthvadiyon" key jawab mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone sheet yuddh kii shuruat key saath mahsoos kiya kii antarrashtriya mamalon mein antarrashtriya kaanoon ney kitni cumm bhoomika nibhai. aaee. ell. pee. koo 1968 kii kesbook antarrashtriya kanuni prakriya mein chez, erlich aur lovenfeld dwara ack vaidh siddhant banaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen americi kanuni prakriya vidhi koo ack antarrashtriya kanuni prakriya banaane key liye anukoolit kiya gayaa thaa. aaee. ell. pee. antarrashtriya kanuni prakriyaon key kaam karane key tareeke aur videshi karyalayon dwara antarrashtriya kaanoon koo shamil karane key aupchaarik aur anaupchaarik tarikon kaa varnan kartaa haye. aaee. ell. pee. yeh bhee maapata haye kii antarrashtriya sanghrshon mein durvyavahar key liye vyaktiyon koo kiss hudd taka jimmedaar thaharaaya jaataa haye. jabaki aaee. ell. pee. maanata haye kii antarrashtriya kaanoon nirnay nirmaataon key karyon koo majboor naheen kartaa haye, yeh sujhaav detaa haye kii antarrashtriya kaanoon ack auchitya, baadha aur sangathit upkaran key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. apani vidhi mein maanak gunon kii kamee kii aalochana key parinamswarup ack nae aaee. ell. pee. kaa uday huaa.
naee antarrashtriya kanuni prakriya (aine. ell. pee.) mein kaanoon koo kramshah ack prakriya aur pratyek samaaj key moolyon key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa haye. americi kanuni pranali key vipareet, yeh loktantra key alawa anya maanak moolyon parr vichaar kartaa haye, jaise kii "...narivad, ganatantravaad, kaanoon aur arthshastra, udaarvaad key saath-saath manvadhikar, shaanti aur paryaavaran kaa sanrakshan."aine. ell. pee. moolyon key vikas key anukool honey mein apane lachilepan mein advitiya haye. samay key saath kanuni manakon mein badalaav koo hull karane key liye vidhi kaa yeh ghatak mahatvapurna haye. aine. ell. pee.
sangharsh kii sthiti mein kyaa hotaa haye, saath hii saath kyaa honah chaahiye, yeh sambodhit karke yeh ilp seey isake vaastavik prasthaan koo darshaata haye.
neeti unmukh drishtikon.
nayaa aashray vidyalaya.
nayaa haven school antarrashtriya kaanoon parr ack neeti-unmukh pariprekshya haye jiska netritva myres aiss. ney kiya haye. mcdogal, harrold dee. laswell, aur doubleu. michael raceman. isaki bauddhik prishthabhoomi rosco pound key samajshastriya nyayshastra aur americi kanuni yatharthvadiyon kii sudhaarvaadi mahatvakankshaon mein nihit haye. nae aashray drishtikon key drishtikon seey, nyayshastra samajik vikalp chunane key baare mein ack siddhant haye. antarrashtriya kaanoon swayam kanuni adhikaariyon dwara niyantran key daavon dwara banaae gaye vyavhaar key sthir pattern key baare mein praasangik samudaay key sadasyon kii apekshaon koo darshaata haye. praathamik nyayshastra aur bauddhik kaary aise tarikon seey neeti kaa nirdhaaran aur anuprayog hain joe samudayik vyavastha koo banaae rakhate hain aur saath hii samudaay key samajik lakshyon kaa sarvottam sambhav anuman praapt karate hain. inn maanak samajik lakshyon yaa nae aashray drishtikon key moolyon mein dhana, gyaan, kaushal, kalyan, sneh, sammaan aur imandari jaise saajha samudayik moolyon koo adhikatam karna shamil haye. nae aashray vidyalaya nyayshastra kaa doorvigyaan lakshya nyuntam vishva saarvajanik vyavastha banaane kii ack pranali key roop mein antarrashtriya kaanoon kii vyakhya haye, jisamen saajha moolyon koo ack ishtatam crum mein vikasit karane kii disha mein nirantar pragati haye.
mahatvapurna kanuni adhyayan.
1970 key dashak key dauran america mein mahatvapurna kanuni adhyayan (see. ell. aiss.) ack kanuni siddhant key roop mein ubhara. yeh aaj bhee atyadhik saiddhaantik drishtikon seey antarrashtriya kaanoon kaa vishleshan karane kii ack vidhi key roop mein maujood haye. vidhi kaa prastaav haye kii antarrashtriya kaanoon kii prakriti seemit haye kyonki yeh bhasha dwara nirdhaarit kii jaati haye, joe pakshapaati haye aur abhee bhee rajneeti aur shakti kii paaramparik sanrachanaon mein fansi hui haye. aalochanatmak kanuni vidvaanon kaa tark haye kii shakti kii way sanrachanaaen una dwiaadhaari key bheetar paaee jaa sakati hain joe kanuni bhasha mein maujood hain (aadami banaam. mahila, bahumat banaam. alpasankhyak aadi.). antarrashtriya kaanoon key raajneetik pahalu koo pahachaante hue, inn vidvaanon kaa yeh bhee tark haye kii saarvbhaumiktaa asambhav haye. iss vidhi kii aalochana seey pataa chalata haye kii iss kattarpanthi abhyaas koo lagu karna asambhav haye. haalaanki, yeh antarrashtriya kaanoon (nariwadi, saanskritik saapekshvaadi, aadi) key liye anya drishtikonon koo aage badhaane mein safal rhaa.) bhasha key gahan vishleshan aur sabhi asantulan key kaaran joe yeh prakat kartaa haye.
kendriya mamla drishtikon.
kendriya mamla drishtikon manvadhikar sthitiyon koo dekhane kaa ack tarika haye. yeh drishtikon kuchh saarvbhaumik adhikaaron key astitva koo maanyata detaa haye. yeh ack kaalpanik aadarsh sthiti kaa nirmaan karke manvadhikar key mudde kaa vishleshan karna shuru kartaa haye jisamen una adhikaaron koo lagu kiya jaataa haye, ack maanak jisake khilaf ack vaastavik sthiti kii tulanaa kii jaati haye. kendriya mamle kaa drishtikon taba jaanch kartaa haye kii vaastavik sthiti aadarsh (yaa kendriya mamle) seey kiss hudd taka aur kiss tarah seey vichalit hoti haye.
kendriya mamle kaa drishtikon vishleshan kii paaramparik dwiaadhaari vidhi kii tulanaa mein adhik jatilata kii anumati detaa haye. dwiaadhaari shabdon mein, manvadhikaron kaa kewal ullanghan kiya jaataa haye yaa unhein barkarar rakhaa jaataa haye. yeh manvadhikar ullanghan kii gambhirta kii degree kii anumati naheen detaa haye, joe kissy sthiti key baare mein ack bhraamak roop seey saral drishtikon banaata haye.
johnn finis ney ack kendriya mamle kii avadharana vikasit kii kyonki yeh kanuni pranaliyon key aaklan parr lagu hotaa haye; taaee-heng cheng ney ise manvadhikaron parr lagu karane vaale pahale vyakti they. yadi nirnay nirmaataon dwara upayog kiya jaataa haye, tou kendriya mamla drishtikon manvadhikaron key hanan koo rokane mein prabhaavi hoe sakata haye. yeh vishisht manvadhikaron key hanan key alawa samaaj kii raajneetik aur samajik sthitiyon koo bhee dhyaan mein rakhta haye. yeh ise manvadhikaron key hanan key rujhaanon aur inn rujhaanon key peechhe key karanon kaa pataa lagaane mein saksham banaata haye. kendriya mamle key vishleshan kii gaharaai manvadhikaron key hanan kii vibhinn degree koo ujagar karati haye joe neeti nirmaataon koo adhik tatkalikta key saath sabse gambhir mamalon aur durupyog key pattern parr dhyaan kendrit karane kii anumati detee haye.
kendriya mamle kaa drishtikon una sthitiyon kii ack sateek aur lachili tasveer pradaan kartaa haye joe parivartan kii sthiti mein hain. jabaki ack dwiaadhaari mulyankan yeh nishkarsh nikaalata haye kii kyaa ack samay parr manvadhikar kaa ullanghan kiya gayaa thaa, kendriya mamla drishtikon badalati raajneetik aur samajik sthitiyon aur pattern kaa pataa lagaa sakata haye joe manvadhikaron kii sthiti key baare mein adhik sookshm drishtikon dete hain.
nariwadi kanuni siddhant.
nariwadi kanuni siddhant vartamaan kanuni shabdawali aur abhyaas kii yeh tark dekar aalochana kartaa haye kii yeh pitrisattaatmak haye, purushon koo maanak key roop mein aur mahilaaon koo maanak seey vichalan key roop mein prastut kartaa haye. nariwadi siddhantkaron ney kanuni bhasha koo mahilaaon key liye adhik samaveshi banaane key liye, yaa kaanoon parr poori tarah seey punarvichaar karane key liye, kanuni bhasha koo badalane kaa prastaav rakhaa haye, taaki nyaay aur samaantaa key vyaapak samajik lakshyon koo badhaava diyaa jaa sakey. nariwadi tareeke una purvagrahon koo ujagar karane kaa prayaas karate hain jinase antarrashtriya kaanoon likhaa jaataa haye aur vishesh roop seey iss dhaarana koo kii mahilaaen purushon kii tulanaa mein adhik asurakshit hain aur kaanoon key tahat vishesh suraksha kii aavashyakta haye. nariwadi siddhantkar hileri charlesworth ney mahilaaon key samvaad kii aalochana kii haye kii unhein purushon aur antarrashtriya kaanoon donon seey suraksha kii aavashyakta haye. isake alawa, unakaa tark haye kii pramukh bhasha kii vidambana yeh haye kii iska uddeshya vishesh roop seey mahilaaon kii raksha karna haye, lekin jore unake sammaan kii suraksha parr haye naa kii unake samajik, saanskritik aur aarthik adhikaaron kii suraksha parr.
ell. jee. bee. tii. kanuni siddhant.
samlaingik, samlaingik, ubhayalingi aur transgender/transexual (ell. jee. bee. tii.) antarrashtriya kaanoon siddhant ack mahatvapurna vichaar haye joe antarrashtriya kaanoon siddhant mein kweer siddhant key ekikaran key sambandh mein antarrashtriya kaanoon kii kamiyon koo mahsoos karane key saath vikasit hotaa jaa rhaa haye. jabaki manvadhikar sammelanon ney haal hii mein samaantaa aur isake praaptakartaon key sambandh mein saamaanyikaran karna shuru curr diyaa haye, ateet mein, yaun abhivinyas aur ling pehchaan kii koee bhee charcha kaafee hudd taka achhooti rahee haye. ell. jee. bee. tii. antarrashtriya kaanoon siddhant kaa andolan ell. jee. bee. tii. adhikaaron (aur vyaktiyon key sanrakshan) key samavesh aur jagrukta key saath-saath antarrashtriya kaanoon key dayare mein kweer siddhant key ekikaran parr kendrit haye.
jaise-jaise ell. jee. bee. tii. siddhant vidvaanon key karyon mein adhik pramukh hoe gayaa haye, antarrashtriya adalaton aur antarrashtriya kaanoon sangathanon (vishesh roop seey europeeya sangh parishad aur sanyukt rashtra) ney yaunata key aadhar parr kaaryasthal bhedbhaav parr vichaar kiya haye, samlaingik sanghon key sambandh mein parivaar kii paribhasha seey upaje mudde, kii sthiti
yaun abhivinyas key sawal mein transexual, samanya swaasthya vakaalat aur hiv/aids sankat key sambandh mein lgbt adhikaaron kii maanyata kii aavashyakta, un key bheetar aur lgbt vakaalat samooh koo shamil karna (salaahkaar key darje key saath), aur anya muddon key saath-saath samlaingik krityon mein shamil logon kaa sakriya utpeedan.
vidwan nancy levit key anusaar, samlaingik kanuni siddhant key liye dou tarah kii chunauti haih aupchaarik samaantaa aur avagya virodhi siddhanton donon kii kamjoriyon seey door jaanaa, aur yaun alpsankhyakon kaa pratinidhitva karane key tareeke vikasit karna joe unhein vyaapak saanskritik sandarbh mein adhik sweekarya banaayega, yadi moolyavaan naheen haye, tou yeh lgbt antarrashtriya kaanoon siddhant kaa mahatvapurna nikaay haye.
pracheen rome mein antarrashtriya kaanoon.
roman kaal mein antarrashtriya kaanoon kaa vichaar ack jatil haye. kyonki, naa kewal roman ganarajya aur usake baad kaa samrajya itihas mein ack lambe samay taka haavi rahata haye, balki iss baat parr bhee bahas hoti haye kii "antarrashtriya kaanoon" shabd ack lagu shabd haye yaa naheen, yeh abhee taka taya naheen kiya gayaa haye. kaee vidwan aur lekhak antarrashtriya kaanoon koo "samprabhu, kshetriya raajyon key beach sambandhon koo niyantrit karane vaale kaanoon" key roop mein paribhaashit karate hain."
roman kaanoon mein samaan samanantar khojane key kissy bhee prayaas koo aaee. yuu. aiss. gentium (rashtron key kaanoon) mein ack taarkik praarambhik bindu milega. ius gentium kii shuruat usa samay adhikansh raajyon mein paaee jaane vaali kanuni prathaon aur sansthanon (jaise gulami) kii roman maanyata key roop mein hui thee. kaanoon kaa yeh brand vaastav mein apane aap mein niji kaanoon thaa aur mukhya roop seey roman raajya koo vyaktigat videshiyon key saath vyavhaar karane kaa tarika nirdhaarit kartaa thaa, naa kii poore raajyon key saath. haalaanki, jaba 212 aeye mein samrajya mein sabhi swatantra purushon koo nagrikta dee gaee thee.dee. ius gentium ney apani mool paribhasha seey chipakana bund curr diyaa aur isake bajaay ise samagr roop seey raajyon parr lagu kiya gayaa. isaliye iss badalaav mein aadhunik antarrashtriya kaanoon kii kuchh jhalak paaee jaa sakati haye. inn utpatti kii vaastavik seema aur aadhunik kaanoon key liye unaki prasangikta ack aisaa vishay haye jise abhee taka kissy bhee gaharaai seey naheen dekhaa gayaa haye.
teesari duniya.
antarrashtriya kaanoon (twell) key liye teesari duniya kaa drishtikon antarrashtriya kaanoon key liye ack mahatvapurna drishtikon haye joe "kaanoon kyaa haye" parr sawal uthaane key sakht arth mein ack "vidhi" naheen haye. balki, yeh kaanoon key liye ack drishtikon haye joe chintaon aur vishleshanatmak upkaranon key ack vishesh samooh dwara ekikrit haye jisake saath unakaa pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haye. yeh ack aisaa drishtikon haye joe mukhya roop seey antarrashtriya kaanoon aur upaniveshit logon key beach muthbhed key itihas seey prerit haye. twell uttar-aupaniveshik adhyayan, nariwadi siddhant, mahatvapurna kanuni adhyayan, markswadi siddhant aur mahatvapurna nasl siddhant key saath kaee avadhaaranaon koo saajha kartaa haye. dohare chhatravritti apane adhyayan mein pratham vishva aur tritiya vishva key beach gatishil shakti aur tritiya vishva key logon key adheenata aur utpeedan koo vaidh banaane mein antarrashtriya kaanoon kii bhoomika koo prathamikta detee haye. dohare vidwan "teesari duniya" koo ack ekikrit, susangat sthaan key roop mein prastut karane seey bachane kii koshish karate hain, balki iss shabd kaa upayog una logon koo ingit karane key liye karate hain jinake paas avikasit aur haashiye parr rahane kaa saajha anubhav haye.
samkaaleen dohare chhatravritti kii utpatti bee jaise nyaayvidon key karyon mein hui haye. aiss. chimani, georges abii-saab, aff. garcia-amador aar.pee. anand, mohammad bedajaaui aur taslim oh. alias. inn varshon mein, kaee paschimi vidwan teesari duniya kii sthiti key prati sahaanubhooti rakhate rahey hain aur unhone chhatravritti key iss nikaay mein mahatvapurna yogdan diyaa haye, aur inmein see jaise vidwan shamil hain.aich. alexandrovies, richard falk, niko shriver aur pee. jey.aaee.aim. dha wart. david kenedi aur marty coscanemy ney bhee apane kaam mein samarthan diyaa haye. vidvaanon key ack khule network key roop mein abb taka kaee sammelan hue hain.

