
maanyata shodhaatmak

maanyata shodhaatmak, jise mool roop seey maanyata siddhant kahaa jaataa haye, kaa upayog nirnay aur nirnay lene key manovigyaan mein ack model key roop mein aur kritrim buddhimatta mein ack shodhaatmak key roop mein kiya gayaa haye. lakshya ack aise mandand key baare mein nishkarsh nikaalana haye joe smriti seey praapt maanyata key aadhar parr nirnay nirmaata key liye seedhe sulabh naheen haye. yeh taba sambhav haye jaba vikalpon kii maanyata mandand key liye praasangik hoe. dou vikalpon key liye, shodhaatmak koo iss prakaar paribhaashit kiya gayaa haih 
maanyata shodhaatmak gigeranger aur goldstein dwara prastaavit "tej aur mitavyayi" shodh key "anukuli upkaran boxes" kaa hissa haye. yeh inmein seey sabse mitavyayi haye, jiska arth haye kii yeh saral yaa kifayati haye. apane mool prayog mein, daniel goldstein aur gurd gigeranger ney germany aur sanyukt raajya america mein german aur americi donon shaharon kii aabaadi parr chhatron seey poochtaachh kii. pratibhagiyon koo shahar key naamon key jode praapt hue aur unhein yeh ingit karna thaa kii kiss shahar mein adhik nivasi hain. iss aur isi tarah key prayogon mein, maanyata shodhaatmak aamtaur parr pratibhagiyon key vikalpon key baare mein varnan kartaa haye, una mamalon mein jahaan way ack koo pahachaante hain lekin doosari vastu koo naheen (neeche iss upaay kii aalochana dekhein). aashcharyajanak roop seey, americi chhatron ney german shaharon mein adhik ank praapt kiye, jabaki german pratibhagiyon ney americi shaharon mein adhik ank praapt kiye, isake bavjood kii kewal videshi shaharon key ack ansh koo hii maanyata dee gaee. ise "cumm-adhik-prabhaav" aur ganitiya roop seey aupchaarik roop diyaa gayaa haye.
domen vishishtata.
maanyata shodhaatmak koo anuman key liye ack kshetra-vishisht ranneeti key roop mein prastut kiya jaataa haye. yeh paaristhitik roop seey tarksangat haye kii aap una kshetron mein maanyata parr bharosa karein jahaan mandand aur maanyata key beach ack sahsambandh haye. kissy diye gaye mandand key liye maanyata kii vaidhata jitani adhik hogi, iss shodh parr bharosa karna paaristhitik roop seey utanaa hii adhik tarksangat hoga aur logon key iss parr bharosa karane kii adhik sambhavana hogi. pratyek vyakti key liye, α kii ganana kii jaa sakati haye
jahan c sahee nishkarshon kii sankhya haye joe maanyata shodhaatmak banaayegi, sabhi jodon mein ganana kii jaati haye jisamen ack vikalp koo pahachaana jaataa haye aur doosara naheen haye, aur doubleu galat nishkarshon kii sankhya haye. jinn kshetron mein maanyata shodhaatmak koo safaltapurvak lagu kiya gayaa thaa, unamen bhaugolik gunon (jaise shaharon, pahaadon aadi key aakar) kii bhavishyavani shamil haye.), khel ayojanon (jaise kii wimbledon aur socker championship) aur chunaavon key liye. shodh seey yeh bhee pataa chalata haye kii maanyata shodhaatmak vipanan vigyaan key liye praasangik haye. maanyata adharit shodh-vigyaan upbhoktaon koo yeh chunane mein madad kartaa haye kii kaun seey brand aksar khareede jaane vaale shreniyon mein khareede jaaen. kaee adhyayanon ney iss sawal koo sambodhit kiya kii kyaa loga paaristhitik roop seey tarksangat tareeke seey maanyata parr bharosa karate hain. udaaharan key liye, swiss shaharon key naam kii maanyata unaki aabaadi (α = 0.86) kaa ack vaidh bhavishyavakta haye, lekin switzerland key kendra (α = 0.51) seey unaki doori naheen haye. pohl ney bataaya kii 89 pratishat nishkarsh jansankhya key nirnayon mein model key saath diye gaye hain, jabaki doori key nirnayon mein kewal 54 pratishat hain. adhik aam taur parr, maanyata vaidhata aur 11 adhyayanon mein maanyata shodh key anuroop nirnayon key anupaat key beach r = 0.64 kaa ack sakaratmak sahsambandh haye. pachur dwara kiye gaye ack anya adhyayan ney sujhaav diyaa kii maanyata shodhaatmak prerit maanyata (i.ee. prayogshala setting mein uksaayaa naheen jaataa haye) jaba smriti seey nishkarsh nikala jaataa haye. unake ack prayog mein, parinamon seey pataa chalaa kii ack prayogaatmak setting banaam pratibhagiyon key beach antar thaa. ack gair-prayogaatmak setting.
cumm prabhaav.
yadi α> β, aur α, β, n seey swatantra hain, tou ack cumm-adhik prabhaav dekhaa jaayega. yahaan, β gyaan kii vaidhata haye, jise sabhi jodon key liye c/(c + w) key roop mein maapa jaataa haye jisamen donon vikalpon koo pahachaana jaataa haye, aur n una vikalpon kii sankhya haye jinhen ack vyakti pahachaantaa haye. cumm prabhaav kaa matlab haye kii sateekta aur aine key beach kaa kaary neeras roop seey badhane key bajaay vyutkram yuu-aakar kaa haye. kuchh adhyayanon ney dou, teen, yaa chaar vikalpon aur samooh nirnayon mein anubhavjanya roop seey cumm prabhaavon kii soochana dee, jabaki anya aisaa karane mein whiffle rahey, sambhavatah kyonki prabhaav chhote honey kaa anuman haye (catsicopolos dekhein).
smithson ney kuchh mool dhaaranaon koo maanyata aur chunauti key saath "cumm-adhik-prabhaav" (choone) kaa pataa lagaaya. choone kaa utpaadan taba hotaa haye jaba ack "pehchaan-nirbhar agent key paas adhik jaankaar agent kii tulanaa mein behtar vastu chunane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye joe adhik vastuon koo pahachaantaa haye."choone kaa varnan karane mein ack ganitiya model kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye aur smithson key adhyayan ney iska upayog kiya aur ise sanshodhit karane kaa prayaas kiya. adhyayan ganitiya roop seey choone key honey kii samajh pradaan karane aur parinamon key nihitarth kii vyakhya karane key liye thaa. mukhya nihitarth yeh haye kii "maanyata sanket kaa laabh naa kewal sanket vaidhataon parr nirbhar kartaa haye, balki usa crum parr bhee nirbhar kartaa haye jisamen vastuon koo seekha jaataa haye.
tantrika-manovaigyaanik sakshya.
neuroimaging takneekon kaa upayog karke maanyata shodhaatmak koo bhee darshaaya jaa sakata haye. kaee adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii loga swachaalit roop seey maanyata kaa upayog naheen karate hain jaba ise lagu kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin isaki paaristhitik vaidhata kaa mulyankan karate hain. haalaanki, yeh cumm spasht haye kii iss mulyankan prakriya koo kaise model kiya jaa sakata haye. ack karyatmak chumbakiya anunaad imaging adhyayan ney pareekshan kiya kii kyaa dou prakriyaon, pehchaan aur mulyankan koo tantrika aadhar parr alag kiya jaa sakata haye. pratibhagiyon koo dou kaary diye gaye they; pahale mein kewal ack maanyata nirnay shamil thaa ("kyaa aapane kabhi modena key baare mein sunaa haye? millen?"), jabaki dusare mein ack anuman shamil thaa jisamen pratibhaagi maanyata parr bharosa curr sakate they (" kiss shahar mein badee aabaadi haih milan yaa modena?"). kewal maanyata nirnayon key liye, poorvasoochana mein sakriyan, ack aisaa kshetra joe maanyata vishvaas kaa jawab dene key liye swatantra adhyayanon seey jaanaa jaataa haye, kii soochana dee gaee thee. anuman kaary mein, poorvasoochana sakriyan bhee dekhaa gayaa, jaisa kii bhavishyavani kii gaee thee, aur sakriyan kaa pataa poorvavarti frontmedian cortex (aeye. aff. aim. see.) mein lagaaya gayaa thaa, jise pahale key adhyayanon mein mulyankan nirnayon aur aatm-sandarbhit prasanskaran seey jodaa gayaa haye. aeye. aff. aim. see. sakriyan paaristhitik tarksangatata key iss mulyankan key tantrika aadhar kaa pratinidhitva curr sakata haye.
kuchh shodhkartaon ney pehchaan key peechhe manovaigyaanik tantra kaa pareekshan karane key liye ghatana seey sambandhit kshamataon (erp) kaa upayog kiya haye. rosberg, mcclinger aur frings ney shahar key aakar kii tulanaa kaary key saath ack maanak prakriya kaa upayog kiya, joe goldstein aur gigeranger dwara upayog kiye jaane key samaan thaa. unhone pratibhagiyon key nirnayon kii bhavishyavani karane key liye uttejana kii shuruat key baad honey vaali parichitata-adharit pehchaan kaa upayog kiya aur vishleshan kiya. parichitata-adharit pehchaan prakriyaaen apekshaakrit swachaalit aur tez hoti hain isaliye yeye parinam iss baat kaa pramaan pradaan karate hain kii pehchaan khoj jaise saral khoj vigyaan buniyaadi sangyanatmak prakriyaon kaa upayog karate hain.
vivaad.
maanyata parr shodh ney kaee vivaadon koo janm diyaa haye.
vyaapaar-vinimay.
maanyata shodhaatmak ack model haye joe kewal maanyata parr nirbhar kartaa haye. yeh pareekshan yogya bhavishyavani kii or leey jaataa haye kii joe loga iss parr bharosa karate hain way majboot, virodhabhasi sanketon koo nazarandaj curr denge (i.ee., vyaapaar-vinimay naa karein; tathaakathit gair-pratipoorak nishkarsh). daniel aim dwara ack prayog mein. oppenheimer pratibhagiyon koo shaharon key jode key saath prastut kiya gayaa, jisamen vaastavik shahar aur kaalpanik shahar shamil they. haalaanki maanyata shodh bhavishyavani kartaa haye kii pratibhaagi vaastavik (pahchaanane yogya) shaharon koo badey honey kaa nirnay lenge, pratibhagiyon ney kaalpanik (aparichit) shaharon koo badaa honey kaa nirnay liya, yeh darshaate hue kii maanyata seey adhik aise nishkarshon mein ack bhoomika nibha sakate hain.
nevel aur fernandez ney inn daavon kaa pareekshan karane key liye dou prayog kiye kii maanyata shodhaatmak jaankaari key dwiaadhaari upchaar aur aage key gyaan kii asangatata key madhyam seey upalabdhata aur pravaah seey alag haye. unake prayogon key parinam inn daavon kaa samarthan naheen karate they. nevel aind fernandez aur richter aind speth ney maanyata key gair-pratipoorak bhavishyavani kaa pareekshan kiya aur kahaa kii "maanyata jaankaari kaa upayog sabhi yaa kissy key tareeke seey naheen kiya jaataa haye, lekin nirnay lene aur nirnay lene mein anya prakaar key gyaan key saath ekikrit haye."
halanki, ack vyaktigat star parr inn adhyayanon key punareekshan seey pataa chalaa kii aam taur parr lagbhag aadhe pratibhagiyon ney pratyek ekal pareekshan mein lagaatar maanyata kaa paalan kiya, yahaan taka kii teen virodhabhasi sanketon kii upasthiti mein bhee. isake alawa, una aalochanaon key jawab mein, marevsky aur anya. yeh bataaya kii uparokt adhyayanon mein seey kissy ney bhee maanyata shodhaatmak key khilaf ack kshatipurti ranneeti taiyar aur pareekshan naheen kiya, jisase una ranneetiyon koo chhod diyaa gayaa joe pratibhagiyon koo agyaat parr nirbhar karati theen. unhone paanch pratipoorak models kaa pareekshan kiya aur paaya kii koee bhee maanyata shodh key saral model seey behtar nirnayon kii bhavishyavani naheen curr sakata haye.
maap.
maanyata parr adhyayan kii ack pramukh aalochana joe uthaai gaee thee, vaha yeh thee kii kewal maanyata key anusaar heuristic isake upayog kaa ack achchha upaay naheen haye. ack vikalp key roop mein, hilbig aur anya. maanyata kaa pareekshan karane key liye shodhaatmak ney maanyata shodhaatmak key liye ack bahu-naamiya prasanskaran vriksh model koo adhik sateek roop seey taiyar kiya. ack bahu-naamiya prasanskaran vriksh model ack saral saankhyikiya model haye jiska upayog aksar sangyanatmak manovigyaan mein vargeekrit detta key liye kiya jaataa haye. hilbig aur anya. daavaa kiya kii maanyata aur aage key gyaan key beach key takraav key kaaran maanyata key shodhaatmak upayog key ack nae model kii aavashyakta thee. bahu-akshiya prasanskaran vriksh model koo prabhaavi aur hilbig aur anya dikhaaya gayaa thaa. daavaa kiya kii yeh maanyata shodhaatmak kaa ack nishpaksh upaay pradaan kartaa haye.
pachur ney kahaa kii yeh ack apoorna model haye lekin vartamaan mein yeh abhee bhee logon kii pehchaan-adharit nishkarshon kii bhavishyavani karane key liye sabse achchha model haye. unakaa maanana haye kii sateek parikshanon kaa mool roop seey ack seemit moolya hotaa haye kyonki maanyata key kuchh pahaluon koo aksar nazarandaj curr diyaa jaataa haye aur isaliye parinam asangat yaa bhraamak hoe sakate hain.
sahaj gyaan yukt ranneeti.
hilbig aur anya. yeh bataayen kii shodh-shaastra kaa uddeshya prayaas koo cumm karna haye aur yeh kii maanyata-shodh-shaastra ack hii sanket parr bharosa karke aur anya jaankaari kii andekhi karke nirnay lene key prayaas koo cumm curr detaa haye. apane adhyayan mein, unhone paaya kii pehchaan-shodhaatmak antargyaani vichaar kii tulanaa mein jaanboojhkar vichaar mein adhik upayogi haye. iska matlab haye kii yeh taba adhik upayogi hotaa haye jaba vichaar jaanboojhkar hotey hain aur sahaj vichaar key vipareet aavegpurna naheen hotey hain, joe sachet tark key bajaay aaveg parr adhik adharit hotaa haye. 
isake vipareet, pachur aur heartwig dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii yeh vaastav mein teji seey pratikriyaen hain joe maanyata shodh key anuroop hain. saath hii, samay key dabaav mein maanyata key saath nirnayon koo adhik dridhata seey diyaa gayaa. inn nishkarshon key anuroop, tantrika sakshya seey pataa chalata haye kii pehchaan khoj parr default roop seey bharosa kiya jaa sakata haye.
samarthan.
goldstein aur gigeranger kaa kahana haye kii isaki sadgi key kaaran, maanyata shodhaatmak seey pataa chalata haye kii kiss star parr aur kinn sthitiyon mein vyavhaar kii bhavishyavani kii jaa sakati haye. kuchh shodhkartaon kaa sujhaav haye kii maanyata shodh kaa vichaar sevaanivritt honah chaahiye lekin pachur kaa maanana haye kii isake pareekshan mein ack alag drishtikon apanaaya jaanaa chaahiye. kuchh shodhkarta hain joe maanate hain kii maanyata key vishisht upayog key sateek parikshanon kaa upayog karke maanyata shodh kii jaanch kii jaani chaahiye.
pachur dwara kiye gaye ack anya adhyayan ney sujhaav diyaa kii maanyata shodhaatmak prerit maanyata (i.ee. prayogshala setting mein uksaayaa naheen jaataa haye) jaba smriti seey nishkarsh nikala jaataa haye. unake ack prayog mein, parinamon seey pataa chalaa kii ack prayogaatmak setting banaam pratibhagiyon key beach antar thaa. ack gair-prayogaatmak setting.
saransh.
ack pratikool sahyog drishtikon kaa upayog karate hue, open axes journal "nirnay aur nirnay lene" key teen vishesh mudde maanyata key saath samarthan aur samasyaon koo ujagar karane key liye samarpit kiye gaye hain, joe mahamari kii sthiti kaa sabse halia aur vyaapak saransh pradaan karate hain. apane sampadakiya ank III mein, teen atithi sampaadak ack sanchayi siddhant ekikaran key liye prayaas karate hain.

