kanada mein paramanu shakti

kanada mein paramanu oorjaa 13.5 gigawatt (gw) kii shuddh kshamata vaale 19 vaanijyik reactors dwara pradaan kii jaati haye, joe kull 95.6 terrawatt-ghante (dou ghante) bijli kaa utpaadan karate hain, joe 2015 mein desh key kull vidyut oorjaa utpaadan kaa 16.6% haye. inmein seey ack reactor koo chhodkar sabhi ontario mein sthit hain, jahaan unhone 2019 (90.4 dou ghante) mein praant kii 61 pratishat bijli kaa utpaadan kiya. saat chhote reactors kaa upayog anusandhaan key liye aur paramanu chikitsa mein upayog key liye radiopharmaceuticals kaa utpaadan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
vartamaan mein sanchaalit sabhi kanadai paramanu reactor gharelu design key dabaav vaale bhaari-jall reactor (phwr) hain, kaindu reactor. kaindu reactors koo bhaarat, pakistan, argentine, dakshin koria, romania aur chean koo niryaat kiya gayaa haye. kanada yaa anya jagahon parr naee candus key liye koee yojana naheen haye, kanada bhaari jall reactors aur praakritik euranium eendhan reactors mein adhik vyaapak roop seey ack praudyogiki netaa banaa huaa haye. bhaaratiya aaee. aff. doubleu. aar.-line kaindu kaa ack swadeshi vyutpann haye, jabaki kewal ack chhoti sankhya mein dabaav vaale bhaari jall reactor kaindu-line seey swatantra banaae gaye they, mukhya roop seey argentine mein etucha paramanu oorjaa sanyantra.
itihas.
kanada mein paramanu udyog (euranium udyog seey alag) 1942 seey shuru hotaa haye jaba kanada kii rashtriya anusandhaan parishad key prashaasan key tahat montrial, quebeck mein ack sanyukt british-kanadai prayogshala, montrial prayogshala, sthaapit kii gaee thee, taaki ack bhaari paani vaale paramanu reactor key liye ack design vikasit kiya jaa sakey. iss reactor koo rashtriya anusandhaan prayogaatmak (aine. aar. aiks.) reactor kahaa jaataa thaa aur puuraa honey parr yeh duniya kaa sabse shaktishali anusandhaan reactor hoga.
praayogik reactor.
1944 mein, ontario mein chaak nadee paramanu prayogshalaon mein chhote jeep (shoonya oorjaa prayogaatmak dher) pareekshan reactor key nirmaan key saath aage badhane key liye manjuri dee gaee thee aur 5 sitambar, 1945 koo dopahar 3.45 baje.aim.10-vaat kii jeep ney sanyukt raajya america key baahar pahali aatmanirbhar paramanu pratikriya hassil kii.
1946 mein, montrial prayogshala koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur chaak nadee paramanu prayogshalaon mein kaam jaari rhaa. aanshik roop seey jeep seey praapt prayogaatmak detta parr adharit, rashtriya anusandhaan prayogaatmak (aine. aar. aiks.)-ack praakritik euranium, bhaari jall sanyamit anusandhaan reactor-22 julaai, 1947 koo shuru huaa. yeh 43 varshon taka sanchaalit huaa, radioisotope kaa utpaadan kartaa thaa, kaindu reactors key liye eendhan aur samagri vikas kaary kartaa thaa, aur bhautiki prayogon key liye neutron pradaan kartaa thaa. antatah 1957 mein 200 megawatt (aim. doubleu.) key badey rashtriya anusandhaan saarvbhaumik reactor (aine. aar. yuu.) dwara isamen shamil kiya gayaa.
1967 seey 1970 taka, kanada ney slopok (surakshit cumm-shakti mahatvapurna prayog key liye sankshipt naam) naamak ack prayogaatmak "laghu" paramanu reactor bhee vikasit kiya. pahala prototype chaak nadee mein ikattha kiya gayaa thaa aur kaee slopok banaae gaye they, mukhya roop seey anusandhaan key liye. kanada mein abhee bhee dou slopok aur ack kingsten, jamaika mein upayog mein hain; udaaharan key liye, 1976 seey ikole polytechnic dee montrial mein ack chala rhaa haye.
paramanu oorjaa sanyantra.
1952 mein, kanadai sarkaar ney kanada limitted (aeye. ee. see. ell.) kii paramanu oorjaa kaa gathan kiya, joe paramanu oorjaa key shantipurna upayog koo vikasit karane key liye ack mukut nigam thaa. kanada key pahale paramanu oorjaa sanyantra, paramanu oorjaa pradarshan (aine. pee. dee.) key nirmaan key liye aeye. ee. see. ell., ontario hydro aur kanadian general electric key beach ack saajhedaari kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. 20 aim. doubleu. ee. aine. pee. dee. ney juuna 1962 mein sanchaalan shuru kiya aur praakritik euranium eendhan, aur bhaari jall madhyasth aur sheetlak kaa upayog karke bijli seey eendhan bharane kii anoothi avadhaaranaon kaa pradarshan kiya. inn visheshtaon ney kanada aur anya jagahon mein nirmit aur sanchaalit kaindu power reactors (kaindu kanada deuterium euranium key liye ack sankshipt naam haye) key bede kaa aadhar banaaya. 1961 mein shuru honey vaale aeye. ee. see. ell. ney ontario, cubec aur nyu brunswick mein 24 vaanijyik kaindu reactors key nirmaan kaa netritva kiya.
pahala poorna paimaane kaa kaindu reactor 26 sitambar, 1968 koo ontario mein huron jheel key tata parr dugglus bindu parr seva mein pravesh kiya. dou saal baad cubec mein sant laurence nadee key saath tulaniya shakti kaa lekin ack alag design kaa ack reactor chaalu hoe gayaa. gentilly-1 ack prototype kaindu-bwr reactor thaa jisaki visheshtaon kaa uddeshya isaki laagat aur jatilata koo cumm karna thaa. lagbhag saat varshon mein kewal 180 onn-power dinon key barabar (ack 5.7% jivankal kshamata kaarak) key baad, gentilly-1 koo juuna 1977 mein bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. dugglus point, joe 55.6% key jivankal kshamata kaarak key saath avishvasaniyata seey bhee peedit thaa, koo vittiya viphalata maanaa gayaa aur maee 1984 mein bund curr diyaa gayaa.
agast 1964 mein, ontario hydro ney paareshan laagat koo bachaane key liye torrento shahar seey kewal 30 kilometres door ontario jheel parr picker karane key liye kanada mein pahale badey paimaane parr paramanu oorjaa sanyantra kaa nirmaan karane kaa faisala kiya. laagat koo cumm karane key liye reactors ney niyantran aur aapaatkaaleen core sheetlan pranali sahit suraksha pranaliyon koo saajha kiya. ack station koo chunane key liye 1971 mein 716 million dollar (1965) kii laagat seey sanchaalan shuru kiya gayaa. isake baad 1977 mein dugglus point reactor key samaan sthaan parr 1.8 arab dollar kii laagat seey banaaya gayaa ack station banaaya gayaa. 1983 kii shuruat mein chaar bee reactors koo maujooda pickering ikaaiyon mein jodaa gayaa thaa, jinamen seey sabhi ack reactor key roop mein samaan buniyaadi dhaanche koo saajha karate they. inn chaar nae reactors kii antim laagat $3.84 billion (1986) thee. isi tarah $6 billion key liye, 1984 mein shuru honey vaale broose site mein chaar nae reactor jode gaye, lekin nae reactors key liye saajha buniyaadi dhaanche key apane sett key saath ack alag imarat mein. agast 1983 mein pickering reactor aeye2 mein sheetlak durghatana key nuksan key baad, chaar reactors ney 1983 aur 1993 key beach 1 arab dollar (1983) kii laagat seey apane dabaav tubes koo badal diyaa thaa.
choonki paramanu oorjaa kaa adhikansh vikas ontario mein hoe rhaa thaa, cubec rashtravadi ack ashajanak praudyogiki seey laabh uthaane key liye utsuk they. hydro-quebeck ney shuru mein praant mein 40 reactors key nirmaan kii yojana banaai thee, lekin sarkaar ney isake bajaay panbijali mega-pariyojanaon koo aage badhaane kaa faisala kiya (james bey pariyojana dekhein). 1970 key dashak key anta mein, paramanu oorjaa key baare mein janmat sthanantarit hoe gayaa, aur 1983 taka gentilly mein kewal ack nayaa reactor chaalu hoe gayaa thaa. usee varsh, ack anya reactor ney point lipro, nyu brunswick mein sanchaalan shuru kiya, joe 1973 key tail sankat key baad seey apane oorjaa sroton mein vividhata laane key liye ack praant thaa.
1977 mein, torrento, darlington key paas ack nae sanyantra koo 1988 mein $3.9 billion (1978) kii anumaanit laagat seey puuraa karane key liye manjuri dee gaee thee. bahut vivaad key baad antim ikai paanch saal baad seva mein aaee. taba taka laagat badhkar 14.4 arab dollar (1993) hoe gaee thee. iss laagat key kaaran, ack darlington bee sanyantra koo radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss samay, sanchaalan kanadai reactors key bede mein picking site parr aathh ikaaiyaan, broose site parr aathh ikaaiyaan, darlington site parr chaar ikaaiyaan, quebeck mein gentilly mein ack ikai, aur nyu brunswick mein ack ikai, 14.7 jee. doubleu. ee. kull parichaalan kshamata key liye, shamil thee.
navinikaran yaa bund karna.
1995 taka ack ikai koo uthaane aur usey nasht karane key liye navinikaran kii aavashyakta thee kyonki 25 varshon key prabhaavi poorna bijli varshon key sanchaalan key baad, bhang eendhan chainalon koo tootane key badhate jokhim kaa saamana karna padata haye aur unhein badala jaanaa chaahiye. navambar 1995 mein ack rakharkhaav durghatana key kaaran ack ikai 2 koo bund karane vaalaa pahala reactor thaa. ontario panbijali sanyantra prabandhan kii aalochana aur kaee ghatnaaon key baad, 31 disambar, 1997 koo, pickering mein chaar reactor aur broose aeye mein unit 1 koo achaanak bund curr diyaa gayaa. unake baad teen maheene baad shesh dou tukadiyon koo maar diyaa gayaa. ontario kii 5 gigawatt seey adhik bijli kshamata achaanak bund hoe gaee thee, lekin iss samay, juuna 2000 seey shuru honey vaale chhah maheene key antaral parr reactors koo phir seey shuru karna thaa.
1999 mein, rinagrast ontario panbijali koo ontario bijli utpaadan (oh. pee. jee.) dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. agale varsh, oh. pee. jee. ney apane broose aeye aur bee paramanu stations koo broose power koo patte parr diyaa, joe british oorjaa key netritva mein ack sangh thaa. pickering key aeye4 aur aeye1 reactors koo kramshah 1999 seey 2003 aur 2004 seey 2005 taka navinikrit kiya gayaa thaa. ontario key koyale seey jalane vaale sanyantron koo charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt karate hue bijli kii kamee koo rokane key liye, ack ikai 3 aur 4 koo kramshah janwari 2004 aur octuber 2003 mein seva mein vaapas curr diyaa gayaa, aur phir ikaaiyon 1 aur 2 koo poori tarah seey 4.8 arab dollar (2010) mein navinikrit curr diyaa gayaa. aathh ikaaiyon mein seey chaar kaa navinikaran kiya gayaa thaa, dou koo binaa navinikaran key phir seey shuru kiya gayaa thaa, aur dou (aeye2 aur aeye3 koo chunana) nishchit roop seey bund curr diye gaye they.
aprail 2008 mein, navinikaran bindu parr shuru huaa aur sitambar 2009 mein $1.4 billion kii laagat seey puuraa honey kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa. deree seey grast, kaam koo teen saal dair seey aur badey paimaane parr bajat seey adhik antim roop diyaa gayaa thaa. hydro-quebeck ney agast 2008 mein isi tarah seey gentilly-2 koo 2011 mein shuru karane kaa faisala kiya thaa. kyonki point leepreu punarnirmaan mein deree hui thee, aur panbijali adhishesh vaale praant mein aarthik karanon seey, sanyantra koo disambar 2012 mein sthaayi roop seey bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. ise dhwast honey seey pahale 40 aur varshon taka nishkriya rehna chaahiye.
2011 kii japani paramanu durghatanaon key baad, kanadai paramanu suraksha aayog (see. aine. aiss. see.) ney sabhi reactor operators koo apani suraksha yojanaon parr phir seey vichaar karane aur aprail 2011 key anta taka sambhaavit sudhaaron parr report karane kaa adesh diyaa. antarrashtriya paramanu oorjaa agency (aaee. aeye. ee. aeye.) ney baad mein japan key fukushima daichi paramanu oorjaa sanyantra mein ghatnaaon key liye see. aine. aiss. see. kii pratikriya kii sameeksha kii, aur nishkarsh nikala kii yeh "twarit, majboot aur vyaapak thaa, aur yeh ack achchha abhyaas haye jiska upayog anya niyaamak nikaayon dwara kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
badey paimaane parr navinikaran.
2022 taka, oh. pee. jee. 2024 taka 2 pickering ikaaiyon koo bund karane aur pickering bee ikaaiyon koo 2026 taka sanchaalit rakhane kii yojana banaa rhaa haye. haalaanki, oh. pee. jee. ney apani parichaalan yojana kii sameeksha kii aur nirnay liya kii pickering bee 2026 taka sanchaalan jaari rakh sakata haye aur chaar pickering bee ikaaiyon koo navinikrit karane aur unake jeevan mein 30 varshon key sanchaalan koo jodane kii vyavaharyata koo phir seey bataa rhaa haye. iss beach, darlington reactors mein dheere-dheere 12.8 arab dollar kaa poorna navinikaran kiya jaa rhaa haye, joe vartamaan mein ikaaiyon 1 aur 3 parr chala rhaa haye, jabaki ikai 2 ney 2020 mein safaltapurvak apana navinikaran puuraa kiya haye. yeh aur bhee badaa upakram janwari 2020 mein shuru huaa aur isaki laagat 13 arab dollar honey chaahiye. nava navinikrit darlington aur broose reactors koo cumm seey cumm 2050 taka aur 2064 taka kaam karna chaahiye. kaee reactors key bund honey key karyakram kii bharpai key liye, ontario kii sarkaar ney janwari 2016 mein ack sanyantra koo chunane kii sevaanivritti kii tarikh koo 2024 taka dhakelane kaa faisala kiya, jabaki navinikaran pickering bee kii sambhavana kii sameeksha kii.
nae reactor prastaav.
2000 key dashak kii shuruat mein poore kanada mein nae reactors key nirmaan koo badhaava dene key liye jeevaashm eendhan kii badhati keematen, ack umr badhane vaale reactors kaa bedaa aur greenhouse gais koo cumm karane key baare mein naee chintaaen sanyukt roop seey. haalaanki, jise paramanu punarjagaran key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, koee nayaa nirmaan shuru naheen huaa haye.
ontario.
broose site.
agast 2006 mein, broose power ney chaar naee paramanu oorjaa ikaaiyon key nirmaan key liye apane broose site koo taiyar karane key liye licenses key liye aavedan kiya. julaai 2009 mein, bijli kii ghatati maang ney utpaadan kshamata key vistaar koo uchit naheen thaharaaya, isaliye yojana koo sthagit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. broose power ney isake bajaay apane aeye aur bee sanyantron koo navinikrit karane koo prathamikta dee.
darlington site.
sitambar 2006 mein, oh. pee. jee. ney chaar naee paramanu oorjaa ikaaiyon key nirmaan key liye apane darlington sthal koo taiyar karane key liye licenses key liye aavedan kiya. iss pariyojana key liye sabse pahale reactor designs parr vichaar kiya jaa rhaa thaa, aeye. ee. see. ell. kaa aeye. see. aar.-1000, westinghouse kaa aeye. pee. 1000 aur areva kaa ee. pee. aar.. 2011 mein, vardhit kaindu 6 ney pratiyogita mein pravesh kiya aur jald hii oh. pee. jee. kaa pasandida bunn gayaa. 17 agast, 2012 koo paryaavaran aaklan key baad, oh. pee. jee. koo see. aine. aiss. see. seey site taiyar karane kaa licenses milaa. 2013 mein, pariyojana koo roque diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki oh. pee. jee. ney maujooda darlington ikaaiyon key navinikaran parr dhyaan kendrit karane kaa nirnay liya thaa.
octuber 2013 mein, ontario sarkaar ney ghoshana kii kii darlington naee nirmaan pariyojana ontario kii deerghakaalik oorjaa yojana kaa hissa naheen hogi, ghoshana key samay praant mein uchch poonji laagat anumaanon aur oorjaa adhishesh kaa hawala dete hue.
navambar 2020 mein, oh. pee. jee. ney licenses dene kii gatividhiyon koo phir seey shuru kiya, iss baar ack chhote modular reactor (aiss. aim. aar.) key nirmaan key liye.
alberta.
oorjaa alberta nigam ney 27 agast, 2007 koo ghoshana kii kii unhone uttari alberta mein laakh cardinal (shaanti nadee key shahar seey 30 kimmy paschim) mein ack nae paramanu sanyantra key nirmaan key liye licenses key liye aavedan kiya thaa, dou acr-1000 reactors key liye 2017 mein oorjaa-gahan tail rait nishkarshan prakriya key liye bhaap aur bijli sroton key roop mein online jaa rhaa thaa, joe praakritik gais kaa upayog kartaa haye. haalaanki, ack sansadiya sameeksha ney sujhaav diyaa kii vikas prayason koo roque diyaa jaae kyonki yeh tail rait nishkarshan key liye aparyaapt hoga.
ghoshana key teen maheene baad, company koo broose power dwara kharida gayaa, jisane kull 4 jee. doubleu. ee. key liye sanyantra koo chaar ikaaiyon taka vistaarit karane kaa prastaav rakhaa. inn yojanaon koo laker chinta jataai gaee aur broose ney janwari 2009 mein laak cardinal key liye apana aavedan vaapas leey liya, isake bajaay shaanti nadee key uttar mein 30 kimmy kii doori parr ack nae sthal kaa prastaav rakhaa. aakhirkaar, disambar 2011 mein, vivadaspad pariyojana koo chhod diyaa gayaa.
saskatchevan.
saskatchevan kii sarkaar praant mein ack chhote seey paramanu sanyantra key nirmaan key baare mein hitachi limitted kii bijli pranaliyon key saath baatchit curr rahee thee, jisamen 2011 mein shuru honey vaale paanch saal key adhyayan shamil they.
2014 mein ack adhyayan ney paramanu oorjaa key liye saarvajanik samarthan dikhaaya aur praant mein euranium ayask kii vishvasaniya aapoorti parr prakaash daala, lekin praant aage badhane key liye utsuk naheen haye aur 2011 key baad seey kissy bhee sthal kii pehchaan naheen kii gaee haye.
nyu brunswick.
agast 2007 mein, kaindu naamak ack samooh ney purvi samudra tata koo bijli kii aapoorti karane key liye, point lipro parr ack unnat kaindu reactor kii sthaapana key sambandh mein ack vyavaharyata adhyayan shuru kiya. julaai 2010 mein, nyu brunswick aur nb power kii sarkaar ney point lipro mein ack naee halki jall paramanu ikai kii vyavaharyata kaa adhyayan karane key liye areva key saath ack samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye, lekin dou maheene baad ack nava nirvaachit sarkaar ney yojana koo sthagit curr diyaa.
anya takneeken.
kaee kanadai startup nae vaanijyik paramanu reactor design vikasit curr rahey hain. march 2016 mein, okville, ontario sthit company sthaliya oorjaa koo kanada kii sarkaar dwara apane chhote aaee. aim. aiss. aar. pighale hue namak reactor key vikas koo aage badhaane key liye $57 laakh kaa anudan diyaa gayaa thaa. thorium power kanada ink.torrento seey, chilly mein banaae jaane vaale thorium-eendhan vaale compact pradarshan reactor key liye niyaamak anumodan kii maang kii jaa rahee haye jiska upayog 20 million-leater/dinn vilavaneekaran sanyantra koo bijli dene key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. 2002 seey, british kolambiya key barnabi seey samanya sanlayan ney 2017 seey shuru honey vaale chumbakit lakshya sanlayan parr adharit ack sanlayan reactor prototype banaane key liye saarvajanik aur niji niveshakon seey $100 million jutaaye hain.
bijli reactor.
1958 kii shuruat mein, kanada ney 35 varshon key dauran 25 paramanu oorjaa reactors kaa nirmaan kiya, jinamen seey kewal teen ontario key baahar sthit they. isane praant key dakshini hisse koo duniya key sabse paramanu kshetron mein seey ack banaa diyaa, jisamen 1987 key baad seey kissy bhee samay 120 kilometres key dayare mein 12 seey 20 sakriya reactor hain.
sabhi kanadai reactor kewal saat alag-alag sthalon mein kendrit hain, jinamen seey dou (pickering aur broose) kull reactor ginati key hisab seey duniya key sabse badey paramanu utpaadan kendra hain. aathh sakriya reactors aur ack bund (dugglus point) key saath broose site kull reactor ginati, parichaalan reactors kii sankhya aur 2012 aur 2020 key beach kull utpaadan key hisab seey duniya kaa sabse badaa sanchaalit paramanu oorjaa kendra rhaa haye.
sabhi reactor phwr prakaar key hain. kyonki kaindu reactors koo sanchaalit karate samay eendhan bharaa jaa sakata haye, pickering unit 3 ney 1977 mein duniya mein taba kaa uchchatam kshamata kaarak hassil kiya aur pickering unit 7 ney 1994 seey 2016 taka binaa kissy bund (894 dinn) key nirantar sanchaalan key liye vishva record banaaya. 2021 mein, darlington unit 1 dwara ack nayaa vishva record (1106 dinn) sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. kull milakar, 2000 key dashak kii shuruat mein pwr dwara pratisthaapit kiye jaane taka sabhi paschimi peedhi key reactors mein phwr reactors kaa jivankal ausat bhaar kaarak sabse achchha thaa.
ullekhaniya durghatanaaen.
pinwa.
navambar 1978 mein sheetalyantra durghatana key nuksan ney pinwa, manitoba mein whitshell prayogshalaon mein prayogaatmak wr-1 reactor koo prabhaavit kiya. 2, 739 leater sheetlak tail (terfinyl isomer) kaa risaav huaa, iska adhikansh hissa winnipeg nadee mein chalaa gayaa, aur kuchh vikhandan utpaadon key jaari honey key saath teen eendhan tatva toot gaye. marammat koo puuraa karane mein shramikon koo kaee saptah lugg gaye.
darlington.
2009 mein, shramikon dwara galati seey galat tank koo treated paani seey bharane key baad 200,000 leater seey adhik paani jisamen tritium aur hydrazine kii kuchh matra thee, ontario jheel mein gir gayaa. haalaanki jheel mein isotope kaa star nivaasiyon koo nuksan pahunchaane key liye paryaapt naheen thaa.
point lipro.
13 disambar, 2011 koo navinikaran key dauran nyu brunswick key point lepru paramanu utpaadan station parr ack radiodharmi risaav huaa. chhah leater taka bhaari paani farsh parr chhidka gayaa, jisase reactor bhawan koo khaali karaane aur sanchaalan koo rokane key liye majboor honah padaa. phir, 14 disambar koo, nb power ney ack samachar vigyapti jaari kii, jisamen sweekaar kiya gayaa kii teen saptah pahale ack aur prakaar kaa risaav huaa thaa.
eendhan chakr.
kanada mein kaam karane vaale kaindu prakaar key reactors mein apani uchch neutron arthavyavastha key kaaran praakritik euranium kaa eendhan key roop mein upayog karane mein saksham honey kii visheshta haye. isaliye, adhik prachalit halke paani key reactor prakaron key liye aavashyak mahange eendhan samvardhan kadam seey bachaa jaa sakata haye. haalaanki yeh bhaari paani key upayog kii laagat parr aataa haye, joe udaaharan key liye, darlington sanyantra kii poonji laagat kaa 11 pratishat (1.5 arab dollar) haye.
praakritik euranium mein cumm euranium-235 ghanatva (0.7% (3-5% samriddh euranium (3-5% (3-5% kii tulanaa mein iska tatparya haye kii vikhandan darr key bahut cumm honey seey pahale cumm eendhan kii khapat kii jaa sakati haye, yeh bataate hue kii kaindu reactors (7.5 seey 9 gw) mein eendhan kyon jalata haye.dinn/tunn) pwr reactors (50 gw) kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm haye.dee/tii). isaliye, bahut adhik eendhan kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye aur parinamswarup utpaadit oorjaa kii ack nishchit matra (140 tunn) key liye candus dwara bahut adhik eendhan kaa utpaadan kiya jaataa haye.ack kaindu banaam 20 tii key liye jee. doubleu. ee./varsh.ack pwr key liye jee. doubleu. ee./varsh). phir bhee khanan kiye gaye euranium kaa upayog ack kaindu mein lagbhag 30 pratishat cumm haye kyonki ayask prasanskaran key dauran eendhan mein koee vyarth samvardhan kadam naheen haye. kanada mein virodhabhasi roop seey bhaari-jall reactor cumm euranium kaa upayog karate hain lekin apane halke paani key samkakshon kii tulanaa mein adhik kharch kiye gaye eendhan kaa utpaadan karate hain.
euranium khanan.
2009 mein, kanada key paas duniya kaa chautha sabse badaa punarpraapt karane yogya euranium bhandar thaa (130 yuu. aiss. dee./kii. graa. seey cumm kii laagat parr) aur usa tarikh taka duniya kaa sabse badaa utpaadak thaa. vartamaan mein kewal sakriya khadaanen aur sabse pramukh euranium bhandar uttari saskatchevan key athabaska besin mein hain. 2000 mein kholi gaee comco kii emcarther nadee khadaan, duniya mein sabse badee uchch shreni kii euranium jamaa aur sabse badee utpaadak donon haye.
kanada key euranium utpaadan kaa lagbhag 15 pratishat gharelu reactors koo eendhan dene key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye, baaki kaa niryaat kiya jaataa haye.
eendhan utpaadan.
kanada aur anya jagahon kii khadanon seey euranium ayask sandra (yelocake) koo duniya kii sabse badee vaanijyik euranium refinery, kamko key blind river plant mein euranium trioxide trioxide mein sansaadhit kiya jaataa haye. euranium kaa yeh shuddh roop port hope, ontario mein honey vaale prasanskaran key agale charan key liye kachcha maal haye. vahaan, aaee. see. oh. kii roopaantaran suvidha videshi euranium samvardhan suvidhaon key liye euranium hexafluoride (yuu. aff. 6) aur sthaaniya eendhan nirmaataon key liye euranium dioxide (yuu. oh. 2) kaa utpaadan karati haye. comco kii port hope aur bwxt kii pieterboro aur toronto eendhan nirmaan suvidhaaen euranium dioxide pouder koo syremic chharron mein badal detee hain, isase pahale kii inhen zirconium tubes mein seal curr diyaa jaae taaki kanada aur anya jagahon parr kaindu reactors key liye bandalon mein ikattha eendhan kii chhaden banaai jaa sakein.
apashisht niptan.
america yaa finland kii tarah, kanada kii neeti paramanu eendhan koo phir seey sansaadhit karane kii naheen haye, balki aarthik karanon seey iska seedhe niptan karane kii haye.
1978 mein kanada kii sarkaar ney ack paramanu eendhan apashisht prabandhan karyakram shuru kiya. 1983 mein, kharch kiye gaye paramanu eendhan key bhandaran seey judee bhoogarbhiya sthitiyon kaa adhyayan karane key liye manitoba mein shwet shale prayogshalaon mein ack bhoomigat prayogshala kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. 420 meater gahari suvidha koo ack antim prayog karane key liye 2010 mein jaanboojhkar bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 2002 mein paramanu apashisht prabandhan sangathan (aine. doubleu. aim. oh.) kii sthaapana udyog dwara ack sthaayi apashisht ranneeti vikasit karane key liye kii gaee thee.
nimn aur madhyavarti star kaa apashisht.
kanadai paramanu prayogashaalaaen (see. aine. ell.) 2021 seey shuru honey vaale apane nimn-stariya radiodharmi kachare key niptan key liye chaak nadee sthal parr satah niptan suvidha (aine. aiss. dee. aff.) key paas 1 million aim. 3 banaane kii yojana banaa rahee hain.
teen ontario paramanu oorjaa sanyantron dwara utpaadit nimn-stariya aur madhyavarti-stariya radiodharmi apashisht kaa prabandhan paschimi apashisht prabandhan suvidha (doubleu. doubleu. aim. aff.) dwara kiya jaataa haye joe ontario key tiverton mein broose paramanu sthal parr sthit haye. oh. pee. jee. ney doubleu. doubleu. aim. aff. key nikat ack gahare bhoovaigyaanik bhandar kaa nirmaan karane kaa prastaav rakhaa taaki iss apashisht key lagbhag 200,000 ghana meater key liye ack deerghakaalik bhandaran samadhan key roop mein kaam kiya jaa sakey. haalaanki, janwari 2020 mein saujen ojibwe rashtra dwara ack vote mein pariyojana koo manjuri naheen dee gaee thee. oh. pee. jee. ney pahale rashtra kii manjuri key binaa aage naheen badhane kaa vaadaa kiya thaa. pariyojana juuna 2020 mein radd curr dee gaee thee. oh. pee. jee. vaikalpik apashisht niptan samadhan kii talash karega.
eendhan kharch kiya.
juuna 2019 taka, kanadai reactors ney 2.9 laakh kharch kiye gaye eendhan bandalon yaa lagbhag 52,000 tunn uchch-stariya kachare kaa utpaadan kiya thaa, joe america key baad duniya mein doosari sabse badee raashi haye. vartamaan reactor bede key niyojit jeevan key anta mein yeh sankhya badhkar 5.5 laakh bandalon (103,000 tunn) hoe sakati haye.
kharch kiya gayaa eendhan pratyek reactor saiton parr yaa tou eendhan pool (kull kaa 58 pratishat) yaa sookhe dabba bhandaran (42 pratishat) mein sangraheet kiya jaataa haye jaba yeh paryaapt thandaa hotaa haye. halanki adhik kharch kiya gayaa eendhan kaindu reactors dwara utpaadit kiya jaataa haye, lekin diye gaye bijli utpaadan key liye shushk bhandaran laagat kii tulanaa pwr reactors kii laagat key saath kii jaa sakati haye kyonki kharch kiye gaye eendhan koo adhik aasaani seey sambhala jaa sakata haye (koee eendhan kii aavashyakta naheen). yahee baat kachare key sthaayi niptan key liye laagat aur sthaan kii aavashyaktaon key saath bhee sach haye.
2005 mein, aine. doubleu. aim. oh. ney kharch kiye gaye paramanu eendhan koo bhoomigat roop seey sangraheet karane key liye samarpit ack gahara bhandar banaane kaa faisala kiya. iss 500 seey 1000 meater bhoomigat tahakhaane kii 24 arab dollar kii keemat kaa bhugtan paramanu utpaadan companiyon dwara samarthit ack nyaas nidhi dwara kiya jaanaa haye. kharch kiye gaye eendhan key bandalon koo 3 gunaa 3 (kull 324 eendhan key bandalon) key saath ack saath lapeta gayaa steel kii tokri mein jung pratirodhi tambe mein rakhaa jaayega taaki cumm seey cumm 100,000 varshon taka chalane key liye design kiye gaye container banaae jaa sakein. paatron koo bhandar kii surangon mein bentonite mitty kii soojan seey gher liya jaayega, lekin lagbhag 240 varshon taka punah praapt karane yogya rahega. 2010 seey, iss tarah kii deerghakaalik suvidha key liye ack uchit sthaan kii pehchaan karane kii prakriya jaari haye. 22 ichchuk samudaayon mein seey dou, joe uttar-paschimi ontario mein ignace key aspas sthit hain aur dakshin-paschimi ontario mein dakshin broose, sambhaavit sthalon key roop mein adhyayan kiye jaa rahey hain.
janmat.
kanadai paramanu sangh kii or seey abhinav shodh samooh dwara 2012 key ack sarvekshan key anusaar, 37 pratishat kanadai paramanu shakti key paksh mein hain, jabaki 53 pratishat iska virodh karate hain. yeye donon aankade 2011 (kramshah 38 pratishat aur 56 pratishat) seey ack girawat kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, aur aabaadi joe naa tou samarthan karati haye aur naa hii virodh karati haye yaa naa hii apani raay jaanati haye, 9 pratishat taka badh gaee haye. samarthan ontario mein 54 pratishat key uchch seey laker quebeck mein 12 pratishat key nimn taka haye. anya ullekhaniya jansankhyikiya vivaranon mein aam taur parr mahilaaon kii tulanaa mein purush paramanu shakti key adhik samarthak hotey hain, aur yuva aabaadi kii tulanaa mein badee aabaadi thodi adhik sahayak hoti haye. japan key fukushima daichi paramanu oorjaa kendra (54 pratishat seey 56 pratishat) mein march 2011 kii ghatnaaon key baad kanada mein paramanu shakti key virodh mein koee mahatvapurna badalaav naheen huaa thaa, aur cumm seey cumm 70 pratishat kanadai logon ney iss mudde kaa kuchh hudd taka bariki seey paalan kiya thaa.
paramanu virodhi andolan.
kanada mein ack sakriya paramanu virodhi andolan haye, jisamen greenpeace aur siera club jaise pramukh abhiyaan sangathan shamil hain. greenpeace kii sthaapana venkuvar mein siera club key poorv sadasyon dwara amchitka dweep parr paramanu hathiyaron key pareekshan key virodh mein kii gaee thee. kanada mein 300 seey adhik janahit samoohon ney paramanu charanbaddh samaapti (cnp) key liye abhiyaan key janadesh kaa samarthan kiya haye. kuchh paryaavaran sangathanon jaise kii oorjaa jaanch, pembina sansthaan aur kanadai gathbandhan paramanu jimmedaari (see. see. aine. aar.) ney paramanu oorjaa aur oorjaa muddon parr kaafee visheshagyata vikasit kii haye. euranium khanan key swadeshi virodh kii ack lambe samay seey chully aaa rahee parampara bhee haye.
british kolambiya praant dridhata seey ack sakht paramanu-rahit neeti banaae rakhta haye. crown corporation, bee. see. hydro, "bee. koo lagu karane mein paramanu shakti key vichaar koo aswikar karke iss siddhant koo barkarar rakhta haye.see.'swachchh oorjaa ranneeti."

