saanta riparata, florence

saanta riparata florence, itali kaa poorv girjaghar haye. iska naam sant riparata koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, joe ack praarambhik kunwari shaheed hain joe florence key saha-sanrakshak sant hain. isake oopar florence cathedral kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa.
itihas.
teesari shatabdi key baad seey florence key uttar mein ack kshetra thaa joe isai dharm koo samarpit thaa aur madhya yug taka shahar key sabse mahatvapurna dhaarmik kendra kaa pratinidhitva kartaa thaa. 6 veen shatabdi key baad seey, 'pavitra aksh' naamak ack bhawan parisar kaa nirmaan poorv-paschim disha mein kiya gayaa thaa (piaza dell 'olio seey duomo key apsis key kshetra taka), jise paaramparik roop seey pracheen kaal key anta mein panth kshetra maanaa jaataa thaa, joe maujooda roman divaaron dwara sanrakshit thaa. iss sthaan mein bishap kaa mahal, saine giovanni kaa bapatisma, ack aspatal, ack parsonage, ack kabristan aur teen church shamil theh "salvatore all veskovo", "saine michel visadomini" aur "saanta riparata". pavitra aksh key bheetar mukhya bindu saanta riparata thaa, joe puralekh-isai mool kii ack pavitra imarat thee joe shayed iss bhawan parisar kaa pahala nirmaan thaa. sant zenobius (lagbhag 328 mein paida hue) kii haddiyon koo ack agyaat samay parr saanta riparata mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa (adhikansh vaigyaanikon key anusaar yeh 9veen shatabdi mein huaa thaa). iss samay saanta riparata bishap kii naee seat bunn gaee, joe usa samay seey pahale saine lorenzo key basilica mein thee.
utpatti key baare mein kinvadantiyaan.
sabse purani kinvadantiyaan ack hii ghatana seey sambandhit hain, radagysus key tahat shuturmurgon kaa aakramanah
yeh antim kinvadanti imarat key samay nirdhaaran key liye mahatvapurna thee. phir bhee, huddy hastaantaran kaa prakaran adhikansh vaigyaanikon dwara 9veen shatabdi kaa haye, kyonki jiss sanskaran key anusaar 5veen shatabdi mein sthanantaran huaa thaa, vaha bishap andru kii ack kahani parr adharit haye, jinhone badale mein iss kinvadanti kaa shreya milani bishap symplicianus koo diyaa, jinhone andru key anusaar, sant kii jeevani likhi thee. yeh jeevani 1130 key aspas likhi gaee ack nakali saabit hui.
bhale hii koee vishisht pramaan maujood naheen haye, itihaaskaar aam taur parr andreau key sanskaran key aadhar parr 9veen shatabdi mein sthanantaran kii tarikh bataate hain.
naa tou mool key baare mein anya dou kinvadantiyaan thhos sakshya parr adharit hain kyonki radagysus parr jeet agast 405 yaa 406 mein hui thee, lekin saanta riparata 8 octuber koo manaaya jaataa haye. kissy bhee darr parr, 1353 mein sthaaniya adhikaariyon, "sinorrhea" ney aadhikarik taur parr iss kinvadanti koo sweekaar kiya kii church kaa nirmaan saanta riparata key sammaan mein kiya gayaa thaa.
khudai.
1965 aur 1974 key beach chhah alag-alag khudai abhiyaan they. gumbad key baptistari aur seedhi key beach ack antim khudai 1971 seey 1972 taka kii gaee thee. saanta riparata key avasheshon kii khoj ney florence mein praarambhik isai yug key sabse thhos saboot diye hain, joe pahale achchi tarah seey pralekhit naheen kiye gaye they. usa samay seey pahale paae gaye saakshyon mein 1948 mein saanta felicita mein khudai, saine lorenzo key baare mein tippaniyon kaa ullekh paolino daa milano dwara abrosius kii jeevani mein kiya gayaa haye aur kuchh makbare aur sarkofagi, lekin bahut cumm hain.
khudai kaa adhyayan kanadai franklin tocker aur daa moroji dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone apane parinam prakaashit kiye hain. tocker ney puraatatvavid ee dwara kiye gaye adhyayanon parr apane kaam koo adharit kiya. 19veen shatabdi key pahale dou dashakon key dauran gully. tocker ney baptistery seey pahale kshetra mein phir seey khoje gaye makbaron key saath gully dwara kiye gaye tulanaatmak adhyayanon koo jaari rakhaa. inn kabron koo abb pradarshit naheen kiya gayaa haye, lekin gully ney apane shodh kaa ack vivaran prakaashit kiya haye. tokar key nishkarshon koo padhane key baad, busignani ney kaee visangatiyon koo paaya joe kabron parr adharit staron key detting parr kuchh savalia nishan daalate hain. saanta riparata kii paraton key beach roman mitty mein khoje gaye sikkon key detting parr shodh koo aadhar banaana adhik surakshit haye.
roman mitty mein paae gaye sabhi sikke samrat gordianus III (238 seey 244) key yug aur samrat onarius (395-423) key shasankal key samay kii seema key they. ack kaanch kii vastu bhee haye, ack aiss-aakar kaa gobalt, joe ack makbare mein paaya gayaa thaa jise basilica key mozek footpath mein daala gayaa thaa, aur isaliye mozek kii tulanaa mein baad mein dinaankit haye. samaan khojon key saath tulanaa karane key liye, jinake paas unake detting key liye vishvasaniya pramaan hain, goblet navintam roop seey saatvin shatabdi key anta kaa haye. anta mein, roman mitty mein inn khojon key baare mein, koee bhee kaha sakata haye kii way chauthi shatabdi seey pahale key hain. koee yeh bhee nishkarsh nikaal sakata haye kii saatvin yaa aathvin shatabdi key anta mein pahale seey hii mozek key saath tyle kiye gaye farsh koo aanshik roop seey punarnirmit karane kii aavashyakta thee kyonki kaanch kii vastu ack makbare mein paaee gaee thee jise ack aise kshetra mein rakhaa gayaa thaa jahaan farsh mein chhed they. busignani key anusaar, yeh iss baat key liye paryaapt pramaan haye kii basilica kaa nirmaan chauthi shatabdi key anta mein yaa agali shatabdi key pahale dashakon key dauran, radagysus parr roman senaa kii jeet key baad kiya gayaa thaa.
pahale church kii manjil yojana.
khudai ney pahale church key farsh kii yojana parr kuchh prakaash daala haye, jisamen badey mozek koo dikhaaya gayaa haye. baad mein kiye gaye punarnirmaan aur punarnirmaan mein kiye gaye parivartan bhee iss manjil yojana parr adharit hain. apani mool setting mein, saanta riparata ney khud koo teen gufaaon key saath ack basilica key roop mein prastut kiya, joe chaudah jode stambhon dwara alag kiye gaye they. isamen ardh-vrittakar apps they, joe chauthi shatabdi key anta taka hoe sakate they kyonki santulit kaal seey basilica kii vishisht jeevaashm-isai pratimaon kii vajah seey. florence mein iss pratima key saath kaam kartaa haye saanta felicita mein haye, aur shayed saine lorenzo mein kuchh kaam usa umr key hain.
yeh spasht naheen haye kii stambhon mein mehrab hotey hain yaa pravesh-sthaan; stambhon key beach kii jagah kii chaudaai, joe 3.19 meater haye, mehraabon kii adhik sambhavana banaati haye. sabhi basilica kii khudai naheen kii gaee thee; pahala bhaag, lagbhag chaar stambh chaude, church key varg aur saanta maria dell fior kii seedhi key neeche khoda gayaa thaa.
ayam.
yeh nishkarsh gumbad key agrabhag seey 13 meater kii doori parr saanta riparata key saamane seey judee neenv aur chapon kii khoj key kaaran haye. iss kshetra sahit, saanta riparata key maap ullekhaniya prateet hueh ander kii or 58,5 meater kii lambai, jisamen anuprasthata bhee shamil haye, tirchhi uttari deewaar key liye 25 seey 26 meater kii chaudaai. saanta maria dell fior 153 meater lamba, lagbhag 38 meater chauda, paar karane vaale naabhi kii lambai 90 meater haye, lalten taka kii oonchaai 86.7 meater haye.
mozek footpath.
sabse mahatvapurna khoj mahaan mozek haye jisane sabhi basilica koo pakka kiya, yeh baain naabhi mein, adhikansh madhya naabhi mein aur daaeen naabhi mein bhee paaya gayaa thaa. ack dusare key buggle mein alag-alag design hain, jinamen, samanya chaar pattedaar guldaste aur vritton yaa ashtak mein sir key buggle mein (lattin cross aur ack gobalt jaise isai prateekon key saath), vishesh roop seey hathiyaron key jatil coat hain jinake beach loseng utkeern hain joe beach kii naabhi mein adhikansh jagah lete hain; isamen, 14 prayojakon key naamon key saath ack shilalekh utkeern haye. ack morr kii chhavi (?) praayojak obsequentius key naam key saath aasann panel key kendra mein prateek. footpath key rupankanon kaa sambandh roman samrajya key yug key samanya pradarshanon seey haye (soloman key sir foolon mein imarat key mozek mein dikhaai dete hain) aur vibhinn panels kaa sanyojan adriatic kshetra mein kaee anya udaharanon mein paaya jaataa haye.
chauthi shatabdi mein florence.
paaee gaee samagri key mulyankan parr maujood tithiyon seey, chauthi aur chhathi shatabdi key beach mozek kii tarikh taka ack parikalpana taiyar kii jaa sakati haye. iss parikalpana koo samay key aitihaasik bindu key mulyankan key saath satyaapit karna abhee bhee aavashyak haye. yeh galat, balki vyaapak raay haye kii chauthi shatabdi key anta mein florence mahaan patan kii avadhi mein pravesh curr rhaa thaa, itna kii nirmaan gatividhi koo saanta riparata yaa baptistery key nirmaan key liye naheen rakhaa jaa sakata thaa. iss galat raay key anusaar donon kaa nirmaan 6 veen yaa 7 veen shatabdi seey pahale naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa. baptistry koo lombard yug kaa maanaa jaataa thaa kyonki yeh baptist koo samarpit thaa. haalaanki, iss tarah key patan kaa astitva vivaadit rhaa haye, kyonki 366 mein florence ack vishal praant aur sanyukt tuscany aur ambriya kii rajdhani thee, joe diocletian dwara prashaasnik sudhaar key kaaran thaa aur, 325 taka, yeh ack bishap kii seat rahee haye.
shahar vaise bhee praathamik mahatva kaa thaa aur kendriya shakti ney nishchit roop seey isaki upeksha naheen kii, kyonki isaki ranneetik sthiti ack aise bindu parr thee jahaan kaisiya key madhyam seey nadee arno koo paar karke rome kii or jaati thee. logness pegna ney kahaa kii kyonki chauthi shatabdi key lagbhag aadhe samay key dauran florence key ameer loga atyadhik lalchi vittiya pradhikaran seey khud koo bachaane aur curr ekatra karane kii vyaktigat jimmedaari lene vaale prashaasnik adhikaariyon seey karon seey bachane key liye florence koo chhodana pasand karate they, ameer bhoomi maalikon ney apane gharon koo chhod diyaa aur desh mein sevaanivritt hoe gaye. inn nagar gharon koo taba khandahar key roop mein samaapt curr diyaa gayaa.
lopes pegna key anusaar, baptistery key neeche paae jaane vaale vilaa jaise vilaa shayed playbian, chhote kaarigaron yaa vyapariyon dwara kabja curr liye gaye they. yeh bhee kii yeh imarat, shuturmurgon key hamale key samay, "porta aid aquilonum" dwara sanrakshit thee, aur vishesh roop seey barbaron dwara vibhinn hamalon aur tabahi key sampark mein aaee hogi, jinhone agast 405 yaa 406 mein uttari dwaar key khilaf khud koo fenk diyaa thaa. iss sambandh mein, busignani ney yeh naheen samajha kii shuturmurgon kaa hamla uttari dwaar parr iss bindu parr kyon kendrit honah chaahiye thaa.
yeh gyaat haye kii shuturmurgon key sainikon koo teen hisson mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, jinamen seey dou feesol kii pahaadiyon parr derra daale hue they, jabaki teesare paksh ney harr taraf seey usey gherate hue florence parr hamla kiya.
uttar kii or roman divaaron key sambandh mein, 1971 seey 1972 taka kii khudai seey yeh spasht hoe gayaa haye kii "porta daa aquilonum" aur saanta maria dell fior key kshetra key beach deewaar kaa kshetra pahale seey hii shaahi yug mein neeche thaa. yeh khoj bataati haye kii shahar koo aur majboot kiya jaanaa thaa, joe chauthi shatabdi key uttaraardh mein kiya gayaa thaa jaba berber hamlaavaron ney vaastav mein florence koo darana shuru curr diyaa thaa. yeh shahar kii sthiti rahee hogi jaba milan key bishap ambrose 393 mein florence aae aur shahar key gett "aid aquilonum" key baahar saine lorenzo key basilica kii sthaapana kii, lekin phir bhee ack nishchit tareeke seey sanrakshit kiya gayaa.
radagysus parr jeet ney florence koo ack nayaa mahatvapurna aaveg diyaa hoga aur isaikaran koo taba badhaava diyaa gayaa jaba ambrose ney barbaron parr jeet kii ghoshana kii. inn sub baaton koo dhyaan mein rakhane kii aavashyakta haye jaba jeet key baad key varshon mein dhaarmik bhavanon key nirmaan mein ack nayaa utsaah thaa. busignani key anusaar, nae bhavya basilica aur isake saamane baptistery kaa nirmaan ack aise karyakram key bheetar ack sanyukt prayaas mein kiya gayaa hoga jisake liye shahar key bheetar kushal sanrachanaon kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
yeh yuddhaviram lagbhag dedh sadee taka chalaa, jaba taka kii greek-gothik yuddh naheen huaa (devidsohan khand 1, pee. 81). iss nae yuddh mein shahar kii imaraton koo koee nuksan naheen huaa, jaba scarperia key buggle mein mugelo mein sashastr muthbhed hui.
yeh nishchit haye kii uparyukt shatabdi key madhya seey, stillicho aur radagysus key varshon aur justinian aur totila key varshon key beach, florence kii aabaadi key saath-saath poore itali mein ack pragatisheel aur mahatvapurna garibi thee. radagysus kii shakti seey patan key baad shuru hui iss nirdhanta ney basilica aur baptistery key samay seey pahale honey kii pushti kii. busignani key anusaar, baptistery apani vastukala sanrachana mein itani asamanya haye kii ise shaastriya roman vastukala key nikatata mein naheen tou samajhaaya naheen jaa sakata thaa, aur kyonki tark key anusaar, baptismal church key nirmaan seey pahale, basilica honah thaa, 405-406 kii jeet key anusaar ack detting aavashyak hoe gaee.
gothic yuddh key baad pahala punarnirmaan.
gothic yuddh 554 mein samaapt hue. iss lambe yuddh kii avadhi ney florence koo ack dayaniya sthiti mein badal diyaa. lombards key tahat florence ney luka key paksh mein tucia parr apana varchasva khou diyaa, jabaki aitihaasik dushman fisol ney bhee satta leey lii. parampara yeh chaahati haye kii charles dwara florence koo bahaal kiya gayaa thaa, bhale hii punarjanm kii baat karna adhik sahee hoe (vaastav mein yeh usa samay key roop mein manaaya jaataa thaa). aur abb punarjanm key iss yug mein saanta riparata key pahale punarnirmaan kaa pataa lagaana paryaapt taarkik haye.
khudai ney pracheen jeevaashm-isai church key oopar ack nae basilica parr prakaash daala haye joe bahut vividh hain, bhale hii paridhi parr deevaaren abhee bhee samaan theen (yaa behtar, way kuchh hudd taka pracheen key sheersh parr punarnirmit they). isaliye sanrachanaatmak jeev neeche varnit roop mein badal gayaa.
carolingian samay (8veen seey 9veen shatabdi) key dauran sanrachanaatmak parivartanon key baad, nae saanta riparata ney vastukala mein nae prakaar key ack prakaran kaa pratinidhitva kiya, kyonki yeh una sanrachanaon koo vyakt kartaa haye joe jeevaashm-isai churchon key anirdhaarit sthaan koo badalati hain (paath-petty dekhein). isamen ack crossing nev key samaan sanrachana thee.
jahan taka gupt gupt key upayog kii baat haye, joe iss samay iss basilica mein mahsoos kiya gayaa thaa, yeh astitva mein aaya aur carolingian yug key dauran fail gayaa, shahidon aur santon key ack panth seey bandha huaa thaa, jinhen aksar usa samay khudai kii gaee thee aur church key ander rakhaa gayaa thaah lagbhag sabhi vaigyaanikon kaa maanana haye kii sent kii haddiyaan. iss samay zanobus koo sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa haye.
sent kii haddiyon key saath. bishap kii kursi zanobus koo shayed saine lorenzo seey saanta riparata mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh jaanana asambhav haye kii kyaa sthanantaran bishap andru (869 seey 890) key samay huaa thaa, jaisa kii kuchh loga daavaa karate hain. yeh pralekhit haye kii andreau ney saanta reparta mein vedi koo samarpit kiya, joe basilica key dusare punarnirmaan key carolingian kalakram kii pushti karega. andreau sharleman key uttaradhikariyon key tahat florentine punarjanm key liye ack mahatvapurna vyaktitva thaa, yeh dekhate hue kii 871 mein vaha lui II (devidsohan khand 1 pee. 131) aur iss tarah chaar saal baad, 875 mein, edalbert, tucia key margrave key saath nirnay mein baithe; unhone samrat charles dha balled seey apane swayam key diosis key kshetra key liye pratiraksha praapt kii; aur varsh 876 mein way 18 bishapon mein seey ack they jinhone usee charles II koo itali key ganje raajaa key roop mein chunaa thaa.
9veen yaa 10veen shataabdih dou meenaron kaa jodd.
shayed, 9veen shatabdi mein, punarnirmaan key baad (yaa sambhavatah, lekin busigni key anusaar, 10veen shatabdi mein cumm sambhaavit) saanta riparata key upsis key kinare parr dou meenaaren yaa campanilly they; inmein seey khudai mein vishal neenv millie haye. yeh sambhavana haye kii meenaron mein rakshaatmak kaary they, kyonki 10veen shatabdi mein tuscany mein magyaron kii or seey aksar aakraman hotey they. uttari itali mein, apsis key kinaaron parr dou meenaron kaa upayog kewal 10 veen shatabdi key anta mein paaya jaataa haye; france, switzerland aur germany mein 11 veen shatabdi kii pahali timahi taka iska dastavejikaran kiya gayaa haye aur yeye aise udaaharan hain jinase nirmaataon ney aakarshit kiya haye.
florence kii parishad key drishtikon seey parivardhan.
4 juuna 1055 koo pope victor II ney florence kii pahali parishad kholi, jahan 120 bishap aur samrat heinry III ekjut they, joe saanta riparata mein kholi gaee. gerard dee burgone (1061 mein mrit) 10 varshon taka florence key bishap rahey they, aur florence mein apani kursi chhode binaa niklas II key naam seey pope baney. 9veen shatabdi key 6vein dashak key uttaraardh mein shahar kii sthiti mein kaee achaanak badalaav hueh florence "sitta della marca" (ack praantiya kendra) seey "sitta dell 'impero" ("shaahi shahar") aur phir seey "sitta della marca" (khand 1, devidsohan pee. (23).
aisaa lagata haye kii 1055 kii parishad koo dekhate hue, kaee gatividhiyon koo anjam diyaa gayaa thaah gupt gupt koo chauda karna, pramukh apsis key kinaaron parr dou epside jodana, ack arcade kaa nirmaan, jisaki neenv paaee gaee thee-aathh bhittistambhon yaa stambhon kii neenv, saanta maria dell fior key agrabhag key baahar lagbhag 13 meater parr. kissy bhee mamle mein, halanki yeh pralekhit haye kii pope nicolaus dwiteeya, joe navambar 1059 seey apane florentine diosis mein maujood they, ney una churchon koo pavitra kiya jinhen saanta felicita aur saine lorenzo seey punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa, hamaare paas pope yaa bishap dwara saanta riparata key abhishek seey sambandhit koee dastavej naheen haye. lekin jahan taka baptism kaa sambandh haye, 17veen yaa 18veen shatabdi key ack panel parr ack shilalekh haye, jiss parr ise 6 navambar 1055 koo saine giovanni koo samarpit kiya gayaa haye. haalaanki, yadi parishad key saamane parivardhan kiye gaye they, tou aisaa lagata haye kii nicolaus dwiteeya ney sant riparata koo taba pavitra kiya thaa jaba vaha abhee bhee bishap they. apses roman yug key hain kyonki jiss tarah seey unakaa nirmaan dou meenaron, vishesh roop seey dakshini meenar kii neenv key sambandh mein kiya gayaa haye, yeh sambhavana haye kii inhen iss avsar parr neeche laaya gayaa thaa. romnesk yug mein bhee gupt koo badhaaya gayaa thaa; chhat koo stambhon dwara leey jaaya gayaa thaa aur isake aayamon koo buggle mein dou chappel key pravesh taka chauda kiya gayaa thaa, jahaan dou seedhiyaan presbattery taka jaati hain.
jahan taka arcade kaa sambandh haye, stambhon kii neenv kii khoj seey isake baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari haye. phir bhee, atirikt chaap key saath, baptistery aur saanta riparata key beach kii jagah lagbhag 17 yaa 18 meater taka cumm hoe jaati haye. porphiri key dou stambh mool roop seey 1115 mein belleric dweepon key kabje kii yaad mein purvi dwaar seey chhah meater kii doori parr rakhe gaye they aur 1333 taka vaheen rahey.
yeh sambhavana haye kii saanta riparata key agrabhag koo baptistery kii tarah polychromous sangamarmar seey sajaaya gayaa thaa. lekin, jaisa kii khalnayak kahate hain, 13veen shatabdi mein florence kii naee mahatvakankshaon key liye ack nishchit bindu parr saanta reparta koo kathin aur bahut chhota lagana padaa, itna kii 1293 mein imarat kaa punarnirmaan karane kaa nirnay liya gayaa.
8 sitambar 1296 koo nae cathedral key liye adharshila rakhee gaee thee, lekin florence key logon ney saanta riparata kaa itna sammaan karna jaari rakhaa kii 13 veen shatabdi key madhya mein daaeen or key chhote seey apsis mein ack bhitti chitra key saath ack peeta thaa. usa samay, roman jamini star seey 1 meater oopar key star parr pracheen kaary 85 semi prithvi seey dhake hue they, jisake oopar roman jamini star seey 1.9 meater oopar cobblestone footpath rakhaa gayaa thaa; 80 semi oopar saanta maria dell fior kaa sangamarmar kaa footpath haye.

