
silurian

silurian () ack bhoovaigyaanik avadhi aur pranali haye joe ordovician avadhi key anta seey 24.6 laakh varshon taka faili hui haye, million varsh pahale (miyaa), devonian avadhi kii shuruat taka, miyaa. silurian paleozoic yug kii sabse chhoti avadhi haye. anya bhoovaigyaanik avadhiyon kii tarah, iss avadhi kii shuruat aur anta koo paribhaashit karane vaale chattanon kii achchi tarah seey pehchaan kii gaee haye, lekin kuchh million varshon taka sateek tithiyaan anishchit hain. silurian kaa aadhar pramukh ordovician-silurian vilupt honey kii ghatnaaon kii ack shrinkhala mein sthaapit kiya gayaa haye jaba 60 pratishat taka samudri vansh kaa safaya curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
iss avadhi mein ack mahatvapurna ghatana silurian-devonian sthaliya kranti key roop mein jaani jaane vaali sthaliya jeevan kii praarambhik sthaapana theeh samvahani paudhe adhik adim bhoomi paudhon seey ubhare, dicarian kavak ney glomeromicotton kavak key saath vistaar aur vividhikaran shuru kiya, aur arthropods key teen samooh (myriapod, arachnid aur hexapod) poori tarah seey sthaliya hoe gaye.
silurian key dauran ack mahatvapurna vikaasvaadi meal kaa patthar jabade vaali machhali aur asthi machhali kaa vividhikaran thaa.
adhyayan kaa itihas.
silurian pranali kii pehchaan pahali baar scotish bhoovigyaani rhoderic merchison dwara kii gaee thee, joe 1830 key dashak kii shuruat mein dakshin wells mein jeevaashm-dhaaran karane vaale talchhati chattan staron kii jaanch curr rahey they. unhone wells kii ack celtic janjaati key liye anukramon kaa naam diyaa, silyur, joe unake dost addam sedgwick seey prerit they, jinhone apane adhyayan kii avadhi kaa naam cambrian rakhaa thaa, joe wells key lattin naam seey thaa. yeh namkaran silurian chattanon kii ghatana aur silyuron dwara basey hue bhoomi (key beach kissy bhee sambandh kaa sanket naheen detaa haye. ). 1835 mein donon purushon ney "silurian aur cambrian pranaliyon parr" sheershak key tahat ack sanyukt pepper prastut kiya, jisamen usa crum koo pradarshit kiya gayaa jisamen puraane talchhati star ingland aur wells mein ack-dusare key safal hue, joe aadhunik bhoovaigyaanik samay paimaane kaa roganu thaa. jaisa kii pahali baar isaki pehchaan kii gaee thee, "silurian" shrinkhala jaba door ack kshetra kaa pataa lagaaya gayaa tou jaldi seey sedgwick key "cambrian" anukram koo overlap karane key liye aaee, haalaanki, krodhit asahamati koo ukasaate hue dosti koo samaapt curr diyaa.
angreji bhoovigyaani charles lapworth ney vivaadit bistaron sahit ack naee ayudh pranali koo paribhaashit karke sangharsh koo hull kiya. silurian kaa ack vaikalpik naam gottland key baltic dweep key star key baad "gottlandian" thaa.
francisi bhoovigyaani joachim barande ney merchison key kaam parr nirmaan karate hue, baad key gyaan dwara uchit honey kii tulanaa mein adhik vyaapak arthon mein "silurian" shabd kaa upayog kiya. unhone bohemia kii silurian chattanon koo aathh charanon mein vibhajit kiya. unaki vyakhya parr 1854 mein edward forbes dwara sawal uthaaya gayaa thaa, aur baad key charanon mein barrand; aff, jee aur aich koo devonian dikhaaya gayaa haye. staron key mool samoohon mein inn sanshodhanon key bavjood, yeh maanyata praapt haye kii barrand ney sabse puraane silurian jeevashmon key adhyayan key liye ack classic aadhar key roop mein bohemia kii sthaapana kii.
puralekh bhugol.
bhoomadhya rekha aur dakshini golardh key adhikansh hisse koo cover karane vaale supercontinent gondwana key saath, ack badey mahasagar ney globe key uttari aadhe hisse parr kabja curr liya. silurian key uchch samudra star aur apekshaakrit sapaat bhoomi (kuchh mahatvapurna parvat pattiyon key saath) key parinamswarup kaee dweep shrinkhalaaen huin, aur iss prakaar paryavaraniya settings kii samriddh vividhata.
silurian key dauran, gondwana ney dakshin kii or dheemi gati seey uchch dakshini akshaanshon kii or pravaah jaari rakhaa, lekin iss baat key pramaan hain kii silurian himnad dair seey ordovician himnad kii tulanaa mein cumm vyaapak they. iss avadhi key dauran dakshini mahadweep ekjut rahey. burf key dhakkan aur glaciers key pighalane seey samudra key star mein vriddhi hui, iss tathya seey pahachaana jaa sakata haye kii silurian talchhat seey ordovician talchhat kaa ksharan hoe gayaa, jisase ack asangatata paida hui. avalonia, baltica aur laurentia key mahadweep bhoomadhya rekha key paas ack saath chaley gaye, jisase ack dusare supercontinent kaa gathan shuru huaa jise euramerica key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
jaba proto-europe uttari america key saath takra gayaa, tou takkar uttari america key purvi tata aur europe key paschimi tata parr cambrian key baad seey jamaa hoe rahee tateey talchhat koo modd detee haye. yeh ghatana caledonian orogeny haye, joe kii newyork raajya seey sanyukt europe aur greenland seey laker norwey taka faili parvat imarat kaa ack bhaag haye. silurian key anta mein, samudra kaa star phir seey gir gayaa, jisase mishigan seey paschim virginia taka faile vaashpon key spasht besin reh gaye, aur naee parvat shrinkhalaon kaa teji seey ksharan hoe gayaa. tease nadee, joe uthale madhya-mahadvipiya samudra mein bahati haye, uttari ohiyo aur indiana mein silurian staron key bhandar banaate hue, ordovician avadhi key staron kaa ksharan karati haye.
uttari golardh key adhikansh hisse koo panthalasa kaa vishal mahasagar dhakta haye. anya chhote mahasagaron mein tethys key dou charan, proto-tethys aur pelio-tethys, reek mahasagar, ipetus mahasagar (avalonia aur laurentia key beach ack sankeern samudra) aur navgathit ural mahasagar shamil hain.
jalavaayu aur samudra star.
maanaa jaataa thaa kii silurian kaal mein apekshaakrit sthir aur germ tapman kaa anand liya gayaa thaa, isake vipareet isase pahale key ordovician key charam himnadon aur agami devonian kii atyadhik garmi key vipareet; haalaanki, abb yeh gyaat haye kii vaishvik jalavaayu mein silurian key dauran kaee bhaari utaar-chadhaav hue, iss bhoovaigyaanik avadhi key dauran kaee pramukh carbon aur oxygen isotope bhramnon seey pramaan milata haye. silurian key pahale aadhe hisse mein samudra kaa star unake hirnentian nimn seey badhaa; baad mein way baaki avadhi mein gir gaye, halanki iss samanya pravritti parr chhote paimaane key pattern adhiropit kiye gaye hain; pandrah uchch-stand (avadhi jaba samudra kaa star mahadvipiya shelf key kinare seey oopar thaa) kii pehchaan kii jaa sakati haye, aur uchchatam silurian samudra star shayed sabse nichale star taka pahunchane seey adhik thaa.
iss avadhi key dauran, prithvi ack germ greenhouse charan mein pravesh curr gaee, joe 4500 ppm key uchch carbon dioxide star dwara samarthit thee, aur germ uthale samudra bhoomadhyarekhiya bhoomi key adhikansh hisse koo cover karate they. silurian key praarambh mein, glacier dakshin dhruv mein vaapas chaley gaye jaba taka kii way lagbhag silurian key beach mein gayab naheen hoe gaye. toote hue gole (jise kokwina kahaa jaataa haye) kii paraten usa samay utpann hinsak toofaanon dwara prabhaavit jalavaayu kaa majboot pramaan pradaan karati hain jaisa kii abb germ samudra kii satahon dwara kiya jaataa haye.
pareshaaniyan.
jalavaayu aur carbon chakr silurian key dauran asthir prateet hotey hain, jisamen kissy bhee anya avadhi kii tulanaa mein samasthaanik bhraman (jalavaayu utaar-chadhaav kaa sanket) kii uchch aavritti thee. irvikan ghatana, mulde ghatana aur laau ghatana pratyek ack chhote seey saamoohik vilupt honey key baad samasthaanik bhraman kaa pratinidhitva karate hain aur teji seey samudra key star mein parivartan seey judey hotey hain. bhoo-rasayanik aur javic roop seey donon bhoovaigyaanik record mein pratyek ack samaan hastakshar chhodata haye; pelogic (mukt-tairaki) jeev vishesh roop seey kathor roop seey prabhaavit they, jaisa kii bracopod, prawal aur trilobite they, aur teji seey fatane kii ack teji seey shrinkhala mein vilupt honey kii ghatana shayed hii kabhi hoti haye. jalavaayu mein utaar-chadhaav koo himnadon key ack crum dwara sabse achchi tarah seey samajhaaya jaataa haye, lekin beach seey dair seey silurian mein tila kii kamee iss spashteekaran koo samasyagrast banaati haye.
vanaspati aur jeev.
kuchh jeevashmavidon dwara silurian avadhi koo dair seey ordovician saamoohik vilupt honey key baad ack vistaarit punarpraapti antaral key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye, jisane jaiv vividhata mein cascading vriddhi koo baadhit kiya joe poore cambrian aur adhikansh ordovician mein lagaatar chalaa gayaa thaa.
silurian pahali avadhi thee jaba jheelon aur dhaaraon key saath kaaee jaise laghu vanon key roop mein vyaapak sthaliya biota key megaphosyl dekhe gaye they aur badey, micorrhisal nematophytes key network, joe silurian-devonian sthaliya kranti kii shuruat kii shuruat karate they. haalaanki, bhoomi jeevon kaa prithvi parr taba taka koee badaa prabhaav naheen padaa jaba taka kii yeh devonian mein vividhata naheen laaya.
samvahani paudhon key pahale jeevaashm record, yaani, paani aur bhojan leey jaane vaale ootakon vaale bhoomi paudhe, silurian avadhi key dusare bhaag mein dikhaai diye. iss samooh key sabse pahale gyaat pratinidhi "cucsonia" hain. cucsonia" yukt adhikansh talchhat samudri prakriti key hotey hain. nadiyon aur dhaaraon key saath pasandida awas honey kii sambhavana thee. "baraganathia" lagbhag utanaa hii purana prateet hotaa haye, joe praarambhik ludlo (420 million varsh) seey sambandhit haye aur isaki shaakhaaen aur suee jaisi pattiyaan hoti hain. yeh paudha apane jeevaashm avasheshon kii ayu key sambandh mein uchch star kaa vikas darshaata haye. iss paudhe key jeevaashm australia, kanada aur chean mein darj kiye gaye hain. "eohostimala heethana" ack praarambhik, shayed sthaliya, "paudha" haye joe praarambhik silurian (bhoomi punarpraapti) yug key sampeedan jeevashmon seey jaanaa jaataa haye. isake jeevashmon kaa rasayan shaiwal key bajaay jeevaashm samvahani paudhon key samaan haye.
jinn jeevashmon koo sthaliya janwar maanaa jaataa haye, unhein silurian seey bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. millipied kaa abb taka kaa sabse purana nishchit record "compackeris obenensis" aur "archidesmus" sp haye. dair seey silurian (425 million saal pahale) key kerera seey. millipied, centipeed aur trigonotarbid arachnoids bhee hain joe ludlo (420 million saal pahale) seey gyaat hain. parbhakshi aksheruki sanket denge kii saral khaadya jaal they jinamen gair-parbhakshi shikaar janwar shamil they. praarambhik devonian biota, andru jeram "aur anya seey vaapas extrapolating."1990 mein sookshmajeevon parr abhee taka khoje gaye kitanurodhi aur charaane vaale khaadya jaal kaa sujhaav diyaa. kaui gathan seey millipied jaise "couidesmus" aur "neumodesmus" koo 428 million saal pahale madhya silurian seey sabse purana millipied maanaa jaataa thaa. haalaanki, iss gathan kii umr koo baad mein kuchh adhyayanon dwara isake bajaay praarambhik devonian seey honey key liye phir seey vyakhya kii gaee haye, halanki "neumodesmus" abhee bhee havaa mein saans lene key liye sarpil key sabse puraane nishchit pramaan key roop mein mahatvapurna haye.
pahali asthi machhali, austichthius, dikhaai dee, joe asthi taraju seey dhake acanthodian dwara pratinidhitva kii gaee. machhali kaafee vividhata taka pahunch gaee aur aage key dou yaa teen gill mehraabon key aadhar seey anukoolit chala jabade vikasit kiye. uripterids (samudri bichchu) key vividh jeev-jantu-jinamen seey kuchh kaee meater lambe hain-uttari america key uthale silurian samudron aur jheelon mein ghoomate hain; unake kaee jeevaashm newyork raajya mein paae gaye hain. silurian kaal key dauran bhee juun dikhaai diye. brachiopods prachur matra mein aur vividh they, jisamen vargeekaran sanrachana, paaristhitiki aur silurian brachiopods kii jaiv vividhata ordovician koo pratibimbit karati thee. rome seey bache brachiopods ney paryavaraniya tanaav key liye nae anukoolan vikasit kiye, aur way vilupt honey key baad ekal polyoplate key liye sthaanik they, lekin baad mein apani seema kaa vistaar kiya. sabse prachur matra mein brackiopod attripids aur pentamerides they; attripids loam key baad ruddenian mein punarpraapt aur punarvivardhit karane vaale pahale they, jabaki pentameride punarpraapti mein eranian taka deree hui thee. bryozoan ney ack vishesh shelf mein antahkaran kii mahatvapurna degree kaa pradarshan kiya. unhone sinidarian aur stromatolytes key saath sahajeevi sambandh bhee vikasit kiye. silurian bhandar mein kaee dwi-vibhaajak jeevaashm bhee paae gaye hain, aur pahale gahare-boaring dwi-vibhaajak iss avadhi seey gyaat hain. cheaton ney silurian key beach mein vividhata mein ack shikhar dekhaa. headeraloids ney silurian mein mahatvapurna safalata kaa anand liya, kuchh aupaniveshik rugoz coral "antellophilum" key saath sahajeevan vikasit curr rahey they. silurian tentaculitoids key liye ack sunhara dinn thaa, jisane mukhya roop seey baltoscandia mein kendrit ack vikaasvaadi vikiran kaa anubhav kiya, saath hii bhoomi mein unaki bhaugolik seema key vistaar aur wenlock. tribhujakar ruddenian mein thheek honey lagey, aur way silurian mein safalata kaa anand lete rahey jaisa kii unhone loam key parinamswarup clade vividhata mein kamee key bavjood ordovician mein kiya thaa. praarambhik silurian crinoids key liye karobar kaa ack arajak samay thaa kyonki way loam key baad punah vividh hotey they. flexibilia key sadasya, joe loam seey cumm seey cumm prabhaavit they, ney silurian samudron mein paaristhitik pramukhta koo badhaaya. monobathrid camerates, flexibles kii tarah, landwary mein vividh hotey hain, jabaki cythocrinids aur dendrocrinids baad mein silurian mein vividh hotey hain. cyphocrinoid lobolith achaanak antim silurian mein dikhaai diye, silurian-devonian seema seey kuchh samay pahale, aur achaanak gayab hoe gaye kyonki way apani pahali upasthiti key bahut jald baad dikhaai diye. prawal aur stromatoporoids mein endobiotic prateek aam they. rugoz prawal vishesh roop seey upaniveshit they aur epibionts kii ack vividh shrinkhala dwara gher liye gaye they, jisamen uparokt kuchh headeraloids shamil they.
chattanon kii prachurta bahut cumm thee; kabhi-kabhi, jeevaashm aksar hotey hain, lekin anya binduon parr, chattan record seey lagbhag anupasthit hotey hain.