
renal medula

gurde kaa sabse bheetari hissa gurde kaa medula hotaa haye. gurde kaa medula kaee khandon mein vibhajit hotaa haye, jise gurde key pyramid key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. rakt gurde mein gurde kii dhamani key madhyam seey pravesh kartaa haye, joe phir khandiya dhamniyon koo banaane key liye vibhajit hoe jaataa haye joe phir shaakhaon mein antahsth dhamani banaate hain. interlobar dhamaniyan pratyek shakha mein arcuate dhamniyon mein badal jaati hain, joe badale mein shaakhaon mein interlobular dhamniyon kaa nirmaan karati hain, aur yeye anta mein glomeruli taka pahunchati hain. glomerulus mein rakt ack atyadhik pratikool dabaav pravanata aur ack badey vinimay satah kshetra taka pahunchata haye, joe rakt key seeram hisse koo vahika seey baahar aur gurde kii nalikaon mein majboor kartaa haye. vrikk nalikaon key madhyam seey pravaah jaari rahata haye, jisamen sameepasth nalika, hennell kaa loop, doorasth nalika key madhyam seey aur anta mein gurde koo ekatra karane vaali nully key madhyam seey chhod detaa haye, jisase gurde kaa shroni, mootramaarg kaa faila huaa hissa hoe jaataa haye.
renal medula (laitinah 'medula renis' 'gurde kaa majja') mein rakt key namak aur paani key santulan koo banaae rakhane key liye jimmedaar nephron kii sanrachanaaen hoti hain. inn sanrachanaon mein vaasaa recte (spuria aur vera donon), venula recte, medulary capillary plexus, hennell kaa loop aur sangrah nalika shamil hain. gurde kaa medula nephron mein filtrate key liye hypertonic haye aur paani key punah avashoshan mein sahaayata kartaa haye.
glomerulus mein rakt koo vilayan aakar seey filter kiya jaataa haye. sodium, chloride, potasium aur calcium jaise aayan aasaani seey filter kiye jaate hain, jaisa kii glucose haye. protein apane badey aakar key kaaran glomerular filter key madhyam seey paarit naheen hotey hain, aur filtrate yaa mootra mein taba taka dikhaai naheen dete jaba taka kii koee bimari prakriya glomerular capsule yaa nephron key sameep aur doorasth ghumaavdaar nalikaon koo prabhaavit naheen karati haye.
halanki gurde key medula koo gurde key rakt pravaah kaa kewal ack chhota pratishat praapt hotaa haye, oxygen nishkarshan bahut adhik hotaa haye, jisase cumm oxygen tanaav hotaa haye aur isase bhee mahatvapurna baat yeh haye kii yeh hypotension, hypoxia aur rakt pravaah key prati ack mahatvapurna samvedansheelta haye. gurde kaa medula ~80% key anupaat mein oxygen nikaalata haye jisase yeh gurde key rakt pravaah mein chhote parivartanon key prati utkrisht roop seey samvedansheel hoe jaataa haye. kaee perioperative renal upman key tantra renal medula mein paryaapt rakt pravaah (aur isaliye oxygen vitaran) key vyavadhaan parr adharit hotey hain.
interstitium.
medulary interstitium medula mein hennell key loop key aspas kaa ootak haye. yeh ack uchch atiaatmata kaa nirmaan karke gurde key paani key punah avashoshan mein kaary kartaa haye, joe hennell key loop aur sangrah nalika pranali key patale avrohi anga seey paani nikaalata haye. atisbanakta, badale mein, aantarik medulary sangrah nalika seey euria key pravaah dwara banaai jaati haye.
pyramid.
gurde key aakar key ootak gurde key gurde key sir key aakar key ootak hain (yaa malpighian pyramid yaa malpigh key pyramid jinka naam marcello malpighi key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye, joe satrahavin shatabdi key shareer rachana visheshagya hain). manushyon mein, gurde kaa medula inn shankudhari upkhandon mein seey 10 seey 18 seey banaa hotaa haye. pratyek pyramid kaa vyaapak "aadhar" gurde key prantstha kaa saamana kartaa haye, aur iska sheersh, yaa papila, shroni kii or aantarik roop seey ingit kartaa haye. pyramid dhaaridaar dikhaai dete hain kyonki way nephron key ghunghrale aur sangrah nalikaon key seedhe samanantar khandon seey banate hain. pratyek pyramid kaa aadhar corticomedular seema parr utpann hotaa haye aur sheersh ack papila mein samaapt hotaa haye, joe ack chhote seey calix key bheetar sthit hotaa haye, joe mootra sangrah nalikaon key samanantar bandalon seey banaa hotaa haye.
papila.
renal papilla vaha sthaan haye jahan medula mein renal pyramid gurde mein minor calix mein mootra koo khaali karate hain. ootakiya roop seey yeh drav koo pravaahit karane key liye ack papillary duct banaane key liye parivartit honey vaali medulary sangrah nalikaon dwara chihnit kiya jaataa haye. sankramankalin upkala dikhaai dene lagati haye.
naidaanik mahatva.
gurde key liye kuchh rasayan vishaakt hotey hain, jinhen nephrotoxin kahaa jaataa haye, joe gurde key pepile koo nuksan pahunchaate hain. gurde key pepile koo nuksan key parinamswarup gurde key iss kshetra mein koshikaon kii mrityu hoe sakati haye, jise renal papillary necrosis kahaa jaataa haye. renal papillary necrosis key sabse aam vishaakt kaaran nirjalikaran key saath sanyojan mein ensad hain, jaise kii ibuprofen, acetylsalycillic acid aur phenylbutazone. gurde key papillary vikas koo bhee karyatmak baadha aur gurde key fibrosis kii shuruat seey judaa huaa dikhaaya gayaa haye.
gurde kii puppillary kshati koo nephrolithiasis seey bhee jodaa gayaa haye aur ise papillary grading score key anusaar maapa jaa sakata haye, joe samocch, pitt, plug aur randle pattika key liye jimmedaar haye.

