
paramanu sankhya

ack rasayanik tatva kii paramanu sankhya yaa paramanu avesh sankhya (prateek "z") ack paramanu naabhik kii avesh sankhya haye. proton aur neutron seey baney sadharan naabhik key liye, yeh proton sankhya ("aine" pee) yaa usa tatva key pratyek paramanu key naabhik mein paae jaane vaale proton kii sankhya key barabar haye. paramanu sankhya kaa upayog vishisht roop seey samanya rasayanik tatvon kii pehchaan karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. ack sadharan charge naa kiye gaye paramanu mein, paramanu sankhya bhee electrons kii sankhya key barabar hoti haye.
ack sadharan paramanu key liye jisamen proton, neutron aur electron hotey hain, paramanu sankhya "z" aur neutron sankhya "n" kaa yog paramanu kii paramanu dravyamaan sankhya "a" detaa haye. choonki proton aur neutron kaa dravyamaan lagbhag ack hii hotaa haye (aur kaee uddeshyon key liye electrons kaa dravyamaan nagany hotaa haye) aur naabhik bandhan kaa dravyamaan dosh naabhik dravyamaan kii tulanaa mein hamesha chhota hotaa haye, kissy bhee paramanu kaa paramanu dravyamaan, jaba dalton mein vyakt kiya jaataa haye (ack matra koo "saapeksh samasthaanik dravyamaan" kahaa jaataa haye), tou yeh poori sankhya "a" key 1 pratishat key bheetar hotaa haye.
ack hii paramanu sankhya vaale paramanu lekin alag-alag neutron sankhya vaale paramanu, aur isaliye alag-alag dravyamaan sankhya vaale parmaanuon koo samasthaanik key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. praakritik roop seey paae jaane vaale tatvon key teen-chauthai seey thodaa adhik samsthaanikon key mishran key roop mein maujood hain (monoisotopic tatvon koo dekhein), aur prithvi parr ack paribhaashit vatavaran mein ack tatva (jise saapeksh paramanu dravyamaan kahaa jaataa haye) key liye ack samasthaanik mishran kaa ausat samasthaanik dravyamaan, tatva key maanak paramanu vajan koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye. aitihaasik roop seey, yeh tatvon key yeye paramanu bhaar (hydrogen kii tulanaa mein) they joe 19veen shatabdi mein rasaayanvidon dwara maapi jaane vaali maatraaen theen.
paaramparik prateek "jaid" german shabd "sankhya" seey aataa haye, joe rasayan vigyaan aur bhautiki seey vichaaron key aadhunik sanshleshan seey pahale, kewal aavart saarani mein ack tatva key sankhyaatmak sthaan koo darshaata thaa, jiska crum taba lagbhag thaa, lekin poori tarah seey naheen, paramanu bhaar dwara tatvon key crum key saath susangat thaa. 1915 key baad hii, iss sujhaav aur sakshya key saath kii yeh "z" sankhya paramanu avesh aur parmaanuon kii ack bhautik visheshta bhee thee, iss sandarbh mein shabd (aur isake angreji samkaksh "paramanu sankhya") kaa aam upayog huaa.
uparokt niyam hamesha videshi parmaanuon parr lagu naheen hotey hain jinamen proton, neutron aur electrons key alawa anya alpakaalik praathamik kann hotey hain.
itihas.
pratyek tatva key liye aavart saarani aur ack praakritik sankhya.
shithil roop seey kahein tou tatvon kii aavart saarani kaa astitva yaa nirmaan tatvon kaa ack crum banaata haye, aur isaliye unhein crum mein kramaankit kiya jaa sakata haye.
dimitra mendeleev ney daavaa kiya kii unhone paramanu vajan ("attamgavic") key crum mein apani pahali aavart saarani (pahali baar 6 march, 1869 koo prakaashit) kii vyavastha kii. halanki, tatvon key dekhe gaye rasayanik gunon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, unhone crum koo thodaa badal diyaa aur tellurium (paramanu vajan 127.6) koo iodene (paramanu vajan 126.9) seey aage rakhaa. yeh sthaan proton sankhya, "jaid" dwara tatvon koo krambaddh karane key aadhunik abhyaas key anuroop haye, lekin usa samay usa sankhya key baare mein pataa yaa sandeh naheen thaa.
halanki, aavart saarani kii sthiti parr adharit ack saral sankhya kabhi bhee poori tarah seey santoshjanak naheen thee. iodene aur tellurium key mamle key alawa, baad mein tatvon key kaee anya jode (jaise argan aur potasium, cobalt aur nickle) lagbhag samaan yaa vipareet paramanu bhaar key liye jaane jaate they, iss prakaar aavart saarani mein unake sthaan koo unake rasayanik gunon dwara nirdhaarit karane kii aavashyakta hoti thee. haalaanki adhik seey adhik rasayanik roop seey samaan lanthanide tatvon kii kramik pehchaan, jinaki paramanu sankhya spasht naheen thee, cumm seey cumm lutatium (tatva 71) seey tatvon kii aavadhik sankhya mein visangati aur anishchitata kaa kaaran bunny (iss samay hafnium gyaat naheen thaa).
rutherford-bohr model aur vaine daine broke.
1911 mein, ernest rutherford ney paramanu kaa ack model diyaa jisamen ack kendriya naabhik paramanu key dravyamaan kaa adhikansh hissa dhaaran kartaa haye aur ack sakaratmak avesh joe, electron key avesh kii ikaaiyon mein, paramanu key paramanu vajan key lagbhag aadhe key barabar honah thaa, hydrogen parmaanuon kii sankhya mein vyakt kiya gayaa thaa. iss prakaar yeh kendriya avesh paramanu bhaar kaa lagbhag aadhaa hoga (halanki yeh soney kii paramanu sankhya seey lagbhag 25 pratishat alag thaa), vaha ekal tatva jisase rutherford ney apana anuman lagaaya thaa). phir bhee, rutherford key anuman key bavjood kii soney kaa kendriya avesh lagbhag 100 thaa (lekin aavart saarani parr tatva thaa), rutherford key kagaj key prakat honey key ack maheene baad, antonius vaine daine broke ney pahali baar aupchaarik roop seey sujhaav diyaa kii ack paramanu mein kendriya avesh aur electrons kii sankhya aavart saarani mein apane sthaan key barabar thee (jise tatva sankhya, paramanu sankhya key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, aur prateek "z"). yeh antatah mamla saabit huaa.
mosley kaa 1913 kaa prayog.
1913 mein heinry mosley dwara shodh key baad prayogaatmak sthiti mein naatakiya roop seey sudhaar huaa. mosley, bohr key saath charcha key baad joe ack hii prayogshala mein thaa (aur jisane paramanu key apane bohr model mein vaine daine broke kii parikalpana kaa upayog kiya thaa), yeh dekhkar kii kyaa uttejit parmaanuon seey utsarjit varnakramiya rekhaaen bohr siddhant key abhidharana mein fitt hoti hain, vaine daine broke aur bohr kii parikalpana kaa seedhe pareekshan karane kaa faisala kiya kii varnakramiya rekhaaon kii aavritti "jaid" key varg key samanupati hogi.
aisaa karane key liye, mosley ney ack aiks-ray tube key ander chala anodic lakshyon kii ack shrinkhala key roop mein upayog kiye jaane vaale aluminium ("z" = 13) seey soney ("z" = 79) taka key tatvon dwara utpaadit sabse bheetari photon sankramanon (k aur l rekhaaon) kii tarang dairdhya koo maapa. inn photons kii aavritti kaa vargamool ack ankganitiya pragati mein ack lakshya seey dusare lakshya taka badh gayaa. isase yeh nishkarsh nikla (mosley kaa niyam) kii paramanu sankhya naabhik key ganana kiye gaye vidyut avesh, i key saath nikatata seey mell khaati haye (mosley key kaam mein, key-rekhaaon key liye ack ikai kii ack offset key saath).ee. tatva sankhya "z". anya cheejon key alawa, mosley ney pradarshit kiya kii lanthanide shrinkhala (lanthanum seey laker lutatium taka) mein 15 sadasya honey chaahiye-koee cumm aur koee adhik naheen-joe usa samay gyaat rasayan vigyaan seey spasht naheen thaa.
tatva gayab hain.
1915 mein mosley kii mrityu key baad, hydrogen seey laker euranium ("z" = 92) taka key sabhi gyaat tatvon kii paramanu sankhya kii unaki vidhi dwara jaanch kii gaee. paramanu sankhya 43,61,72,75,85,87 aur 91 key anuroop saat tatva ("z" <92 key saath) paae naheen gaye they aur isaliye abhee bhee andekhe key roop mein pehchaane gaye they. 1918 seey 1947 taka, inn sabhi saat laapata tatvon kii khoj kii gaee thee. iss samay taka, pahale chaar transuranium tatvon kii bhee khoj kii gaee thee, taaki aavart saarani poori hoe gaee thee aur curium ("z" = 96) taka koee antaral naheen thaa.
proton aur paramanu electrons kaa vichaar.
1915 mein, paramanu avesh kii matra "z" kii ikaaiyon mein honey kaa kaaran, jise abb tatva sankhya key samaan maanaa gayaa thaa, samajha naheen gayaa thaa. prout kii parikalpana naamak ack puraane vichaar ney yeh maanaa thaa kii sabhi tatva sabse halke tatva hydrogen key avasheshon (yaa "protyle") seey baney they, joe bohr-rutherford model mein ack ekal electron aur ack kaa paramanu avesh thaa. haalaanki, 1907 kii shuruat mein, rutherford aur thomas roydes ney dikhaaya thaa kii alfa kann, jinka charge + 2 thaa, helium parmaanuon key naabhik they, jinka dravyamaan hydrogen seey chaar gunaa thaa, naa kii dou gunaa. yadi prout kii parikalpana sach thee, tou bhaari parmaanuon key naabhik mein maujood hydrogen naabhik key kuchh avesh koo kuchh tatasth karna thaa.
1917 mein, rutherford ney alfa kanon aur nitrogen gais key beach paramanu pratikriya seey hydrogen naabhik utpann karane mein safalata praapt kii, aur unakaa maanana thaa kii unhone prout kaa niyam saabit curr diyaa thaa. unhone 1920 mein nae bhaari paramanu kanon koo proton kahaa (vaikalpik naam pruton aur protyle they). mojale key kaam seey yeh turant spasht hoe gayaa thaa kii bhaari parmaanuon key naabhik mein hydrogen naabhik seey baney honey seey apeksha kii gaee dravyamaan seey dogune seey adhik dravyamaan hotaa haye, aur iss prakaar sabhi bhaari naabhikon mein maujood anumaanit atirikt proton key tatastheekaran key liye ack parikalpana kii aavashyakta thee. ack helium naabhik koo chaar protons key saath dou "paramanu electrons" (naabhik key ander bandhe electrons) seey banaa maanaa jaataa thaa taaki dou aaveshon koo radd kiya jaa sakey. aavart saarani key dusare chhor parr, hydrogen key dravyamaan seey 197 gunaa adhik soney key naabhik mein 118 paramanu electron honey key baare mein socha gayaa thaa taaki ise + 79 kaa avashisht avesh diyaa jaa sakey, joe isaki paramanu sankhya key anuroop haye.
neutron kii khoj seey "z" proton sankhya bunn jaati haye.
paramanu electrons kaa sabhi vichaar 1932 mein james chadwick kii neutron kii khoj key saath samaapt hoe gayaa. soney key ack paramanu koo abb 118 paramanu electrons key bajaay 118 neutron key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, aur iska sakaratmak paramanu avesh abb poori tarah seey 79 proton kii samagri seey aataa haye. choonki mosley ney pahale dikhaaya thaa kii ack tatva kii paramanu sankhya "z" iss sakaratmak avesh key barabar haye, abb yeh spasht thaa kii "z" isake naabhik key proton kii sankhya key samaan haye.
rasayanik guna.
pratyek tatva mein tatasth paramanu mein maujood electrons kii sankhya key parinamswarup rasayanik gunon kaa ack vishisht samooh hotaa haye, joe "z" (paramanu sankhya) haye. inn electrons kaa vinyas quantum yantriki key siddhanton kaa anusaran kartaa haye. pratyek tatva key electron koshon mein electrons kii sankhya, vishesh roop seey sabse baahari sanyojakta kosh, isake rasayanik bandhan vyavhaar koo nirdhaarit karane mein praathamik kaarak haye. isaliye, yeh kewal paramanu sankhya haye joe ack tatva key rasayanik gunon koo nirdhaarit karati haye; aur yeh iss kaaran seey haye kii ack tatva koo diye gaye paramanu sankhya key saath parmaanuon key "kissy bhee" mishran seey milkar paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye. 
nae tatva.
nae tatvon kii khoj koo aamtaur parr paramanu sankhyaon kaa upayog karke varnit kiya jaataa haye. 1 seey 118 taka paramanu sankhya vaale sabhi tatvon koo dekhaa gayaa haye. nae tatvon kaa sanshleshan bhaari tatvon key parmaanuon parr ayanon key saath bambari karke kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii lakshya aur aayan tatvon kii paramanu sankhya kaa yog tatva kii paramanu sankhya key barabar hotaa haye. samanya taur parr, paramanu sankhya badhane parr ack nucleid kaa aadhaa jeevan cumm hoe jaataa haye, halanki proton aur neutron kii kuchh "jaadoo" sankhya key saath andekhe nucleids mein apekshaakrit lamba aadhaa jeevan hoe sakata haye aur isamen sthirata kaa ack dweep shamil hoe sakata haye. 
kewal neutron seey banaa ack kaalpanik tatva bhee prastaavit kiya gayaa haye aur isaki paramanu sankhya 0 hogi.

