
scotland kaa aarthik itihas

scotland kaa aarthik itihas praarambhik kaal seey, saat shataabdiyon key madhyam seey ack swatantra raajya key roop mein aur ingland key saath sangh key baad, teen shataabdiyon taka sanyukt raajya key desh key roop mein aarthik vikas koo chart kartaa haye. 1700 seey pahale scotland ack garib graameen kshetra thaa, jisamen kuchh praakritik sansaadhan yaa laabh they, joe europeeya duniya kii paridhi mein door sthit they. ingland aur uttari america mein baahari pravaas 1700 seey 20veen shatabdi taka bhaari thaa. 1800 key baad arthavyavastha ney teji seey shuruat kii aur kapada, koyla, loha, railmarg aur sabse prasiddh jahaaj nirmaan aur banking key saath teji seey audyogikaran kiya. glassgo scotish arthavyavastha kaa kendra thaa. 1918 mein pratham vishva yuddh kii samaapti key baad, scotland mein ack sthir aarthik girawat aaee, jisase hajaaron uchch vetan vaali engineering naukariyan chully gaeen, aur vishesh roop seey 1930 key dashak mein berojgari kii darr bahut adhik thee. dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein yuddh key samay kii maang ney asthaayi roop seey girawat koo ulat diyaa, lekin 1950 aur 1960 key dashak mein paristhitiyaan kathin theen. 1970 key dashak mein uttari samudri tail kii khoj ney naee sampatti laaee, aur uchhaal aur patan kaa ack nayaa chakr laaya, bhale hii purana audyogik aadhar kshay hoe gayaa thaa.
sabse pahale.
scotland ingland aur wells key aakar kaa lagbhag aadhaa haye, lekin krishi yogya yaa achchi graameen bhoomi kii matra kaa kewal paanchvaan aur chhathaa hissa haye, jisane seemant pashupalan kiya aur isaki vyaapak tatrekha (lagbhag utani hii matra mein tatrekha baaki sabhi grate britten key samaan) key saath, machhali pakadana, poorv-aadhunik arthavyavastha mein pramukh kaarak hain. scotland kii bhoomi kaa kewal paanchvaan hissa samudra tala seey 60 meater seey cumm oonchaai parr haye. isaki purvi atlantic sthiti kaa matlab haye kii isamen bahut bhaari varsha hoti haih aaj poorv mein lagbhag 700 semi prati varsh aur paschim mein 1,000 semi seey adhik. isane kambal peat bogh key prasaar koo protsaahit kiya, jisaki amlata, uchch star kii havaa aur namak key chhidkaav key saath, adhikansh dweepon koo vrikshaheen banaa diyaa. pahaadiyon, pahaadon, quicksand aur daldal key astitva ney aantarik sanchaar aur vijay koo behad kathin banaa diyaa.
madhyapashan shikari-sangrah shivir desh mein pahali gyaat bastiyaan hain, aur puraatatvidon ney lagbhag 8500 eesaa poorv key bigger key paas ack shivir kaa samay nirdhaarit kiya haye. navpashan kheti ney sthaayi bastiyaan laa deen, aur 3500 eesaa poorv seey papa vestare parr haavad key jhande parr adbhut roop seey achchi tarah seey sanrakshit patthar kaa ghar lagbhag 500 varshon seey paschim mukhya bhoomi, orkani parr scara brey mein isi tarah key gharon key gaanv seey pahale kaa haye. kansya yug key praarambh seey laker lagbhag 2000 eesaa poorv taka puraataatvik record seey pataa chalata haye kii badee naee patthar kii imaraton kii sankhya mein girawat aaee haye. parag vishleshanon seey pataa chalata haye kii iss samay kheti key tahat kshetra kii keemat parr jangal badh gaye they. kansya aur lauh yug kii dhaatu kii rachana koo dheere-dheere europe seey scotland mein ack lambi avadhi mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa. eesaa poorv doosari sahasrabdi mein scotland kii aabaadi badhkar shayed 300,000 hoe gaee.
dakshin mein sainya safaltaon kii ack shrinkhala key baad, gnaeus julius agricola key netritva mein balon ney 79 mein scotland mein pravesh kiya aur baad mein orkani dweepon taka tata key chaaron or gally kaa ack bedaa bheja. bhoogolvetta tolemy ney krishi andolan abhiyaanon key dauran ekatra kii gaee khufiya jaankaari seey 19 "shaharon" kii pehchaan kii. iss samay seey kissy bhee vaastavik shahari sthaan kaa koee puraataatvik pramaan naheen milaa haye aur naamon ney pahaadi kilon yaa asthaayi bajar aur sabhaa sthaanon kaa sanket diyaa hoga aur adhikansh naam aspasht hain. puraatatva aur dendrocronology seey pataa chalata haye kii dakshini scotland kaa kabja krishi bhoomi key aagaman seey pahale shuru huaa thaa. joe bhee sateek tarikh hoe, agale 300 varshon key liye rome kii dakshini seema parr kuchh upasthiti thee.
madhya yug.
praarambhik madhya yug.
476 vigyaapan-1000 vigyaapan
praarambhik madhya yug jalavaayu key bigadane kii avadhi thee, jisamen tapman mein girawat aur varsha mein vriddhi hui, jisake parinamswarup adhik bhoomi anutpaadak hoe gaee. britten key baaki hisson mein romanon key tahat banaae gaye shahari kendron kii kamee key kaaran, praarambhik madhya yug mein scotland kii arthavyavastha atyadhik krishi adharit thee. mahatvapurna parivahan samparkon aur vyaapak baajaron kii kamee key kaaran, adhikansh kheton koo maans, dayeri utpaadon aur anaaj kaa ack aatmanirbhar aahar kaa utpaadan karna padata thaa, jisake poorak key roop mein shikari-sangrah kiya jaataa thaa. seemit puraataatvik sakshya ingit karate hain kii poore uttari britten mein kheti ack ekal ghar yaa teen yaa chaar gharon key ack chhote samooh key aspas adharit thee, jisamen seey pratyek mein sambhavatah ack paramanu parivaar thaa, jisamen padosi gharon aur bastiyon key beach sambandh samanya honey kii sambhavana thee, joe viraasat key madhyam seey bhoomi key vibhajan koo darshaata haye. kheti ack aisee pranali key ird-gird adharit hoe gaee joe basti key aspas key kshetra, jahaan harr saal fasalen ugaai jaati theen aur baahar key kshetra, aur jahaan fasalen ugaai jaati theen aur phir alag-alag varshon mein gir jaati theen, key beach antar karati thee, ack aisee pranali mein joe 18veen shatabdi taka jaari rahati thee. haddiyon key sakshya seey pataa chalata haye kii maveshi abb taka kaa sabse mahatvapurna paltu janwar they, usake baad suar, bhed aur bakariyaan theen, jabaki paltu murgi bahut durlabh thee. usa avadhi key puraataatvik sthalon mein paae jaane vaale aayatit saamanon mein cheeni mitty aur kaanch shamil hain, jabaki kaee sthal lohe aur keemati dhaatu key kaam karane kaa sanket dete hain.
uchch madhya yug.
[lagbhag 1000 seey 1250 taka]
haalaanki iss avadhi kii scotish arthavyavastha mein abhee bhee krishi aur cumm doori key sthaaniya vyaapaar kaa prabhutva thaa, lekin iss avadhi mein videshi vyaapaar kii matra mein vriddhi hui, saath hii sainya loot key madhyam seey praapt vinimay bhee huaa. iss avadhi key anta taka, sikke vastu-vinimay kii jagah leey rahey they, lekin iss avadhi key adhikansh samay key liye adhikansh vinimay dhaatu mudra key upayog key binaa kiya jaataa thaa.
iss avadhi mein scotland kii adhikansh krishi sampatti krishi yogya kheti key bajaay pashupalan seey aaee thee. samanya kaal" mein krishi yogya kheti mein kaafee vriddhi hui, lekin bhaugolik antar key saath, nichale ilaakon mein uchch bhoomi, galloway aur dakshini uchch bhoomi jaise uchch kshetron kii tulanaa mein adhik krishi yogya kheti kii jaati haye. galloway, jee key shabdon mein.doubleu.aiss. bairo, joe pahale seey hii apane maveshiyon key liye prasiddh thaa, itna bhaari charwaha thaa kii usa kshetra mein kissy bhee sthaayi kheti key tahat bahut cumm saboot hain, solway tata key saath."scotland mein ack pati dwara upayog kii jaane vaali bhoomi kii ausat raashi lagbhag 26 ekad hoe sakati haye. iss baat key bahut saare pramaan hain kii deshi scots ney pashupalan kaa samarthan kiya, usa gallic lords mein francisi aur madhya angreji bolane vaale basane vaalon koo adhik bhoomi dene key liye adhik khush they, jabaki adhik uchch kshetron mein dridhata seey pakad rakhate they, shayed uchch bhoomi/galloway-nimn bhoomi vibhajan mein yogdan karate they joe baad key madhya yug mein scotland mein ubhara thaa. scotland mein bhoomi maap kii mukhya ikai "devok" (i.ee. "vaat"), jise lenox mein "arakor" kahaa jaataa haye. iss ikai koo "scotish hull-dwaar" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye."angreji bolane vaale lothian mein, yeh kewal hull thaa. ise 4 "rath" mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye. pashu, suar aur cheez sabse adhik utpaadit khaadya padarthon mein seey they, lekin nishchit roop seey bhed aur machhali, raaee aur jou seey laker madhumakkhi key mome aur shahad taka khaadya padarthon kii ack vishal shrinkhala kaa utpaadan kiya jaataa thaa.
poorv-davidian scotland mein koee gyaat chartered burg naheen they, halanki adhikansh, yadi sabhi naheen, tou taaj dwara diye gaye burg key charter david aaee key shasankal seey bahut pahale seey maujood they. unake charter ney unhein kanuni darja diyaa, maanyata kaa ack nayaa roop. scotland, lothian, lanarkshire, roxbergshire, berwickshire, angus, aberdenshire aur cumm seey cumm fife key baahar, badey paimaane parr bikhare hue bastiyon seey bharaa huaa thaa, aur usa kshetra key baahar, mahadvipiya shally key naabhikiya gaanv kii kamee thee. david aaee ney scotland mein pahale chartered burg kii sthaapana kii, jisamen berger charter aur "legs bergorum" (jeevan key lagbhag harr pahalu koo niyantrit karane vaale niyam aur burg mein kaam) kii nakal kii gaee. praarambhik berges aamtaur parr gallic scots key bajaay flamish, angreji, french aur german they. burg kii shabdawali poori tarah seey german aur francisi shabdon seey bunny thee. joe parishaden vyaktigat roop seey burg chalaati theen, unhein vyaktigat roop seey "jhooth dasaane" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, jiska arth haye darjan.
madhya yug key anta mein.
[lagbhag 1300-1500]
iss avadhi mein, kathin bhoobhaag, kharaab sadakon aur parivahan key tarikon key saath desh key vibhinn kshetron key beach bahut cumm vyaapaar thaa aur adhikansh bastiyaan sthaaniya roop seey utpaadit honey parr nirbhar karati theen, aksar kharaab varshon mein bahut cumm aarakshit hoti theen. adhikansh kheti nichale bhoo-bhaag key firmton yaa uchch bhoomi vaale baile parr adharit thee, mutthi bhar parivaaron kii bastiyaan joe sanyukt roop seey dou yaa teen hull teams key liye upayukt kshetra mein kheti karati theen, joe kirayedar kisaanon koo runn riggs mein aavantit kii jaati thee. way aamtaur parr neeche kii or daudate they taaki way geeli aur sookhi bhoomi donon koo shamil curr sakein, jisase charam mausam kii sthitiyon kii kuchh samasyaon koo door karane mein madad milati haye. adhikansh jutai lohe key coulter key saath ack bhaari lakadi key hull key saath kii jaati thee, jise bail dwara kheencha jaataa thaa, joe ghodon kii tulanaa mein adhik prabhaavi aur khilaane key liye sastaa thaa. sthaaniya swami key prati daayitvon mein aamtaur parr vaarshik aadhar parr swami kii bhoomi kii jutai key liye bail kii aapoorti karna aur swami kii mill mein makai peesane key liye bahut naraj daayitva shamil thaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii 13veen shatabdi mein graameen arthavyavastha mein teji aaee thee aur kaali maut key turant baad bhee uchhaal thaa, lekin 1360 key dashak taka aaya mein gambhir girawat dekhi jaa sakati thee, joe yug kii shuruat kii tulanaa mein ack tihai aur aadhe key beach lipic laabhon mein dekhi jaa sakati thee, jisake baad 15veen shatabdi mein dheemi gati seey sudhaar huaa.
adhikansh burg purvi tata parr they, aur unamen seey sabse badey aur sabse dhanee they, jinamen aberdeen, parth aur edinberg shamil they, jinka vikas mahadweep key saath vyaapaar seey sugam huaa thaa. haalaanki dakshin-paschim glassgo mein vikas shuru hoe gayaa thaa aur air aur kirkudbrite key spen aur france key saath kabhi-kabhaar sambandh they, ireland key saath samudri vyaapaar bahut cumm laabhdaayak thaa. iss yug mein pramukh shaahi burgon key alawa cumm aupaniveshik aur church key burgon kaa prasaar dekhaa gayaa, jisamen seey 51 1450 aur 1516 key beach banaae gaye they. inmein seey adhikansh apane shaahi samkakshon kii tulanaa mein bahut chhote they, antarrashtriya vyaapaar seey baahar they, way mukhya roop seey sthaaniya baajaron aur shilp kaushal key kendron key roop mein kaam karate they. samanya roop seey burg shayed apane bheetari ilaakon key saath kaheen adhik sthaaniya vyaapaar karate they, bhojan, kachche maal key liye una parr nirbhar karate they. iss avadhi kii shuruat mein oona kaa vyaapaar ack pramukh niryaat thaa, lekin bhed-scabe kii shuruat vyaapaar key liye ack gambhir jhataka thaa aur 15 veen shatabdi kii shuruat seey niryaat key roop mein isamen girawat aanee shuru hoe gaee aur ack star cumm honey key bavjood, niryaat mein ack aur girawat aaee kyonki 16 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein bajar gir gaye. ingland key vipareet, yeh badey paimaane parr kapade key utpaadan kii or badhane key liye prerit naheen kartaa thaa aur kewal kharaab gunavatta vaale khurdare kapade mahatvapurna prateet hotey hain.
iss avadhi mein scotland mein apekshaakrit cumm vikasit shilp they, halanki 15 veen shatabdi key anta taka ack deshi lohe key dhalai udyog kii shuruat hui, jisake kaaran tope aur chaandi aur sunar kaa utpaadan huaa, jisake liye desh koo baad mein jaanaa jaayega. isake parinamswarup, sabse mahatvapurna niryaat asansaadhit kachcha maal thaa, jisamen oona, khaal, namak, machhali, janwar aur koyla shamil they, jabaki scotland mein aksar lakadi, loha aur kharaab fasal key varshon mein anaaj kii kamee rahee. khaal aur vishesh roop seey salmon kaa niryaat, jahaan scots koo apane pratidvandiyon parr gunavatta mein nirnaayak laabh milaa thaa, plaig key baad europe mein samanya aarthik mandee key bavjood, oona kii tulanaa mein bahut behtar prateet hotaa haye. darbar, prabhuon, uchch paadari varg aur ameer vyapariyon key beach vilasita vastuon key liye badhati ichcha, jinhen badey paimaane parr ayaat kiya jaanaa thaa, key kaaran sarrafa kii purani kamee hoe gaee. yeh, aur shaahi vitt mein barahmasi samasyaon key kaaran, sikkon kii kaee girawat aaee, jisamen 14veen shatabdi key anta aur 15veen shatabdi key anta key beach ack paise mein chaandi kii raashi lagbhag paanchven hisse mein katauti kii gaee. 1480 mein lagu kiye gaye bhaari roop seey kamjor "kaale dhana" koo dou saal baad vaapas lena padaa aur hoe sakata haye kii isane vittiya aur raajneetik sankat koo badhaava dene mein madad kii hoe.
praarambhik aadhunik yug.
solahavin shatabdi.
solahavin shatabdi key madhya seey, scotland ney mahadweep mein kapade aur oona key niryaat kii maang mein girawat kaa anubhav kiya. scott ney namak, herring aur koyale key utpaadan mein vriddhi karate hue paaramparik vastuon kii badee matra mein bikri karke pratikriya dee. solahavin shatabdi key anta mein aarthik sankat kaa yug thaa, joe shayed badhate karadhan aur mudra key avamoolyan seey badh gayaa thaa. 1582 mein ack pound chaandi ney 640 shilling kaa utpaadan kiya, lekin 1601 mein yeh 960 thaa aur ingland key saath vinimay darr 1565 mein £6 scots seey £1 sterling thee, lekin 1601 taka yeh girkar £12 hoe gaee thee. majdoori teji seey 1560 aur sadee key anta key beach chaar yaa paanch gunaa key beach badh gaee, lekin mudrasfeeti key saath talmel rakhane mein whiffle rahee. yeh sthiti baar-baar fasal kii viphaltaon seey viramit thee, solahavin shatabdi key uttaraardh mein lagbhag aadhe varshon mein sthaaniya yaa rashtriya kamee dekhi gaee, jisase baltic seey badee matra mein anaaj kii dhulai kii aavashyakta padee. plaig key prakop seey bhee sankat badh gayaa thaa, iss avadhi mein pramukh mahamariyon key saath 1584-8 aur 1597-1609. iss avadhi mein audyogik nirmaan kii shuruat hui, aksar mahadweep seey visheshagyata kaa upayog karate hue, jisamen uttar-poorv mein vikaasheel kapada udyog mein naee takneekon koo sikhaane key liye flaming kaa upayog karane kaa whiffle prayaas shamil thaa, lekin ack deshi kaanch udaane vaale udyog koo vikasit karane mein madad karane key liye ack venesian koo laane mein adhik safal thaa. george broose ney culross mein apani koyla khadaan kii jall nikasi samasyaon koo hull karane key liye german takneekon kaa upayog kiya. 1596 mein edinberg mein sharaab banaane vaalon kii sanstha kii sthaapana kii gaee aur angreji hops key ayaat ney scotish bear banaane kii anumati dee.
satrahavin shatabdi.
satrahavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein akaal apekshaakrit aam thaa, 1620 aur 1625 key beach akaal kii kimaton kii chaar avadhiyon key saath. 1640 key akramanon kaa scotish arthavyavastha parr gahara prabhaav padaa, jisamen fasalon kaa vinash aur baajaron mein vyavadhaan key parinamswarup shatabdi kii kuchh sabse teji seey moolya vriddhi hui. rashtramandal key tahat, desh parr apekshaakrit atyadhik curr lagaaya jaataa thaa, lekin angreji baajaron taka pahunch praapt kii. punarsthapana key baad ingland key saath aupchaarik seema koo isake seema shulk key saath phir seey sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. 1660 seey 1688 taka aarthik sthitiyaan aam taur parr anukool theen, kyonki bhoomi maalikon ney behtar jutai aur pashu paalan koo badhaava diyaa. videshi vyaapaar parr shaahi burg kaa ekadhikar 1672 key adhiniyam aur adhiniyam dwara aanshik roop seey samaapt hoe gayaa thaa, jisase unhein sharaab, resham, masaale aur rangon kii purani vilasita key saath chhod diyaa gayaa thaa aur teji seey mahatvapurna namak, koyla, makai aur khaal aur america seey ayaat key vyaapaar koo khola gayaa thaa. angreji nauvahan adhiniyamon ney ingland kii badhati hui coloniyon key saath aakarshak vyaapaar mein sanlagn honey kii scots kii kshamata koo seemit curr diyaa, lekin inhen aksar darkinar curr diyaa gayaa, glassgo key saath ack teji seey mahatvapurna vaanijyik kendra bunn gayaa, americi coloniyon key saath vyaapaar koo kholaah west indies seey cheeni aur virginia aur maryland seey tambaku kaa ayaat. atlantic mein niryaat mein linnon, oonee saman, koyla aur grindstone shamil they. namak aur maveshiyon parr angreji surakshaatmak shulkon kii upeksha karna kathin thaa aur shayed raajaa dwara ise palatane key prayason key bavjood scotish arthavyavastha parr adhik seemaaen lagaa dee gaeen. haalaanki, shatabdi key anta taka, uchch bhoomi seey dakshin-paschim scotland seey uttar-poorv ingland taka faili hui sadakon koo majbooti seey sthaapit curr liya gayaa thaa. apane swayam key shulkon key saath iska mukabala karane key scotish prayaas kaafee hudd taka asafal rahey kyonki scotland key paas raksha key liye apekshaakrit cumm mahatvapurna niryaat they. kapada milon, sabun key karyon, cheeni ubalane vaale gharon, barud aur kagaj key karyon mein vilasita udyogon kaa nirmaan karane key liye niji parishad dwara kiye gaye prayaas kaafee hudd taka asafal saabit hue.
satrahavin shatabdi key antim dashak mein aam taur parr anukool aarthik paristhitiyaan dekhi gaeen joe bahaali key anta key baad seey haavi theen. 1689 seey 1691 taka baltic aur france key saath vyaapaar mein girawat aaee, joe francisi sanrakshanvaad aur scotish pashu vyaapaar mein parivartan key kaaran hui, jisake baad chaar saal kii asafal fasal (1695,1696 aur 1698-9), jise "saat beemar saal" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. iska parinam gambhir akaal aur jansankhya mein kamee thee, vishesh roop seey uttar mein. 1690 key dashak key akaal vishesh roop seey gambhir aanshik roop seey prateet hotey they kyonki satrahavin shatabdi key uttaraardh mein akaal apekshaakrit durlabh hoe gayaa thaa, jisamen kewal ack varsh kii kamee (1674 mein) thee aur 1690 key dashak kii kamee unaki tarah kii antim hogi.
1695 kii scotland kii sansad ney aise prastaavon koo lagu kiya joe hatash aarthik sthiti mein madad curr sakate hain, jisamen baink off scotland kii sthaapana bhee shamil haye. haal hii mein sthaapit cheeni gharanon koo glassgo aur leath mein protsaahit kiya gayaa thaa. africa aur indies key liye scotland vyaapaar kii company" koo saarvajanik sadasyata key madhyam seey poonji jutaane key liye ack charter praapt huaa. scotland kii company" ney sudur poorv key saath vyaapaar sthaapit karane kii ummeed mein panama key istamas parr ack coloney banaane key liye, baink off ingland key scotish sansthaapak villium patterson dwara taiyar kii gaee ack mahatvakankshi yojana, darren yojana mein nivesh kiya. choonki edinberg vyapariyon aur bhoomi dhaarak abhijaat varg key poonji sansaadhan aparyaapt they, isaliye company ney madhyam samajik rankon seey appeal kii, jinhone paise key ahwan key liye deshbhakti key utsaah key saath pratikriya dee; nichale aadeshon ney upaniveshvadiyon key roop mein swechha seey kaam kiya. yeh pariyojana ack aapada saabit hui, jisamen kewal ack jahaaj aur 1,000 upaniveshvaadi ghar laut aae. 150, 000 pound kii laagat ney scotish vaanijyik pranali parr gambhir dabaav daala.
18veen shatabdi.
18veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, scotland aur ingland key beach ack raajneetik sangh raajneetik aur aarthik roop seey aakarshak hoe gayaa, joe ingland key bahut badey baajaron key saath-saath badhate british samrajya key baajaron koo kholane kaa vaadaa kartaa thaa. scotland kii sansad ney 6 janwari 1707 koo 110 seey 69 taka sangh kii sandhi koo apanaane key liye matdan kiya. yeh ack poorna aarthik sangh thaa; vaastav mein, isake 25 lekhon mein seey adhikansh nae raajya key liye aarthik vyavasthaon seey sambandhit they jinhen "grate britten" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa."isane house off commons key 513 sadasyon mein 45 scots aur house off lords key 190 sadasyon mein 16 scots jode, aur scotish sansad koo samaapt curr diyaa. isane mudra, karadhan aur landan mein banaae gaye kaanoonon key saath vyaapaar koo viniyamit karane vaale kaanoonon kii scotish pranaliyon koo bhee badal diyaa. ingland mein usa samay scotland kii aabaadi kaa lagbhag paanch gunaa aur usase lagbhag 36 gunaa adhik dhana thaa.
krishi.
ingland key saath samparkon ney kuleen varg aur kuleen varg key beach krishi mein sudhaar key liye ack sachet prayaas koo janm diyaa. salgam aur pattiyon koo pesh kiya gayaa, bhoomi koo bund curr diyaa gayaa aur daldal koo nikaal diyaa gayaa, choone koo neeche daal diyaa gayaa, sadaken banaai gaeen aur jangal lagaae gaye. khudai aur buvaai aur fasal aavartan shuru kiya gayaa thaa. 1739 mein scotland mein aaloo kii shuruat ney kisaanon key aahar mein bahut sudhaar kiya. gheron ney runrig pranali aur mukt charagah koo visthaapit karna shuru curr diyaa. sudharakon kii society kii sthaapana 1723 mein kii gaee thee, jisamen isake 300 sadasya duke, earl, layered aur jamindar shamil they. 
scotish maalikon key paas apane angreji samkakshon kii tulanaa mein krishi sudhaaron koo nirdeshit karane key liye adhik kanuni shaktiyaan theen. udaaharan key liye, way patte key anta mein kiraayedaron koo bedkhal curr sakate they, jisase bhoomi koo samekit karane aur apane kiraaye kii sanrachana nirdhaarit karane key liye adhik swatantrata mill sakati thee. isake alawa, bhoomi malik patta anubandhon mein sudhaar khand daalane mein saksham they aur yeh sunishchit karane mein saksham they kii kiraayedaron ney sheriff adalaton key madhyam seey anupaalan kiya hoe.
lothian anaaj, pashu prajanan aur bhed kii seemaon kaa ack pramukh kendra bunn gayaa. haalaanki, kuchh sampatti dharakon ney apane visthaapit shramikon key jeevan kii gunavatta mein sudhaar kiya, lekin gheron key kaaran berojgari hui aur majburan burg yaa videshon mein palayan huaa.
niryaat.
sangh key aarthik laabh bahut dheeme dikhaai dene lagey, mukhya roop seey kyonki scotland bahut vistaarit mukt bajar key avsaron kaa dohan karane key liye bahut kharaab thaa. 1750 taka kuchh pragati dikhaai dee, jaise kii ingland mein linnon aur maveshiyon kii bikri, sainya seva seey nakadi pravaah, aur 1740 key baad glassgo dwara prabhutva vaale tambaku vyaapaar. haalaanki, glassgo ney turant lagbhag sabhi tambaku kaa phir seey niryaat kiya, isaliye yeh sthaaniya vyavasaay koo protsaahit naheen kartaa thaa, aur usa bandargah ney kuchh scotish utpaadon kaa niryaat kiya. americi kranti key dauran tambaku vyaapaar dhwast hoe gayaa, jaba americi bandargaahon kii british nakabandi key kaaran isake sroton mein katauti hoe gaee. paschimi indies key saath vikasit honey key liye ack mahatvapurna nayaa vyaapaar joe tambaku vyavasaay key nuksan kii bharpai kartaa haye. scotland kaa gyaan vaastav mein ack ullekhaniya bauddhik ghatana thee, lekin arthavyavastha key liye iska kuchh pratyaksh laabh thaa. 1700 mein scotland ack garib graameen, krishi samaaj thaa jisaki aabaadi 13 laakh thee. aadhunik udyog key ack samriddh netaa key roop mein iska parivartan achaanak aur apratyaashit roop seey aaya.
glassgo.
glassgo mein, jinn vyapariyon ney 1730-1790 yug mein americi vyaapaar seey laabh uthaaya, unhone chamada, kapada, loha, koyla, cheeni, russie, paal, kaanch key kaam, sharaab banaane kii ikaaiyon aur sabun key kaam mein nivesh karna shuru kiya, jisase 1815 key baad shahar key ack pramukh audyogik kendra key roop mein ubharane kii neenv padee. shuru mein kiraaye parr liye gaye jahaajon parr bharosa kiya gayaa, 1736 taka iska apana 67 hissa thaa, jiska ack tihai hissa naee duniya key saath vyaapaar curr rhaa thaa. glassgo tambaku vyaapaar key kendra key roop mein ubhara, vishesh roop seey france koo punah niryaat. iss aakarshak vyavasaay mein kaam karane vaale vyaapaari ameer tambaku swami bunn gaye, jinhone adhikansh shatabdi taka shahar parr prabhutva jamaaya.
1790 taka paschimi bhaartiyon key saath vistaarit aur samriddh vyaapaar ney kapas udyog, british mithaai udyog aur paschimi bhaartiyon mein herring aur linnon key saman kii maang key vyaapak vikas koo pratibimbit kiya. aaee. dee. 1. key dauran, 78 glassgo vyaapaari naa kewal paschimi bhaartiyon seey cheeni, kapas aur rumm key ayaat mein visheshagyata rakhate they, balki paschimi bhaaratiya baganon, scotish estate yaa kapas milon koo kharidkar apane hiton mein vividhata laae. vyaapaar key khatron, diwaliyapan kii ghatana aur glassgo kii arthavyavastha kii badalati jatilata key kaaran way aatm-sthaayi naheen they.
anya burgon koo bhee laabh huaa. greenock ney 1710 mein apane bandargah kaa vistaar kiya aur 1719 mein apana pahala jahaaj america bheja, lekin jald hii cheeni aur rumm key ayaat mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibha rhaa thaa.
linnon.
linnon udyog 18veen shatabdi mein scotland kaa pramukh udyog thaa aur baad mein kapas, joot aur oonee udyogon key liye bhee aadhar banaa. sansad key scotish sadasya linnon parr niryaat shulk lagaane key prayaas koo rokane mein kamyab rahey aur 1727 seey ise chhah varshon key liye prati varsh 2,750 pound kii subsidy millie, jisake parinamswarup vyaapaar kaa kaafee vistaar huaa. paisale ney dutch vidhiyon koo apanaaya aur utpaadan kaa ack pramukh kendra bunn gayaa. niryaat vyaapaar key liye nirmit glassgo, joe 1725 aur 1738 key beach doguna hoe gayaa.
scotland mein matsya paalan aur vinirmaan key liye nyasi mandal dwara scotish audyogik neeti banaai gaee thee, joe ingland key saath pratispardhi naheen, balki ack poorak arthavyavastha kaa nirmaan karane kii maang karati thee. choonki ingland mein oonee kapade they, isaliye iska matlab linnon thaa. nyasi mandal dwara protsaahit aur subsidy dee gaee taaki yeh german utpaadon key saath pratispardha curr sakey, vyaapaari udyami linnon nirmaan key sabhi charanon mein pramukh hoe gaye aur vishesh roop seey americi aupaniveshik bajar mein scotish linnon key bajar hisse kaa nirmaan kiya.
19veen shatabdi.
scotland kii aabaadi 19veen shatabdi mein lagaatar badhee, 1801 kii janganana mein 1,608,000 seey 1851 mein 2,889,000 aur 1901 mein 4,472,000 taka. paaramparik roop seey krishi parr adharit arthavyavastha kaa audyogikaran 1790 key baad shuru huaa. pahale paschim mein sthit pramukh udyog, kapas kii kataai aur bunai thaa. 1861 mein americi grihyuddh ney achaanak kachche kapas kii aapoorti koo bund curr diyaa aur sangh kii haar aur sangh kii bahaali key saath shaanti lagu honey seey pahale gambhir samajik sankat paida curr diyaa. isake baad kapada utpaadan mein sudhaar huaa, vishesh roop seey paisle, rainfrushire mein aur shatabdi key anta taka jey. & pee. coat, yakinan duniya kaa pahala bahurashtriya audyogik nigam, vishva star parr sooti dhaage kaa paryaay thaa, aur united kingdam mein sabse badee audyogik company thee. 
apane kaee udyamiyon aur engineeron aur aasaani seey khanan kiye gaye koyale key badey bhandar key kaaran, scotland engineering, jahaaj nirmaan aur locomotive nirmaan key liye ack vishva kendra bunn gayaa, jisamen 1870 key baad lohe kii jagah steel ney leey lii.
udaarvaad shahari scotland seey ubhara, mukt vyaapaar bhaavanaaen aur udyamiyon kaa majboot vyaktivaad, joe shiksha aur aatmanirbharta parr samudaay kii behtari key saadhan key roop mein kattarpanthi jore key saath vilay hoe gayaa. raajneetik chunautiyon key bavjood, vishesh roop seey 1900 key dashak taka, yeye vishisht udaar moolya majboot baney rahey.
banking.
pahale scotish baink, baink off scotland (edinberg, 1695), royal baink off scotland (edinberg, 1727) abhee bhee kaam curr rahey hain. 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka glassgo mein majboot baink bhee they aur scotland mein ack samriddh vittiya pranali thee. 400 seey adhik shaakhaaen theen, joe prati 7000 logon parr ack karyalaya key barabar theen, joe ingland mein doguni theen. ingland kii tulanaa mein bainkon koo adhik halke seey viniyamit kiya gayaa thaa. itihaaskaar aksar iss baat parr jore dete hain kii scotish banking pranali key lachilepan aur gatishilata ney 19veen shatabdi mein arthavyavastha key teji seey vikas mein mahatvapurna yogdan diyaa.
1746 mein sthaapit british linnon company, 18veen shatabdi mein scotish linnon udyog mein sabse badee firm thee, joe ingland aur america koo linnon kaa niryaat karati thee. ack sanyukt-stock company key roop mein, usey vachan patra yaa bonned jaari karane key madhyam seey dhana jutaane kaa adhikaar thaa. baink noton key roop mein apane bonned key kaam karane key saath, company dheere-dheere anya linnon nirmaataon koo udhaar dene aur chhoot dene key vyavasaay mein chully gaee, aur 1770 key dashak kii shuruat mein banking isaki mukhya gatividhi bunn gaee. 1906 mein british linnon baink kaa naam badalkar, yeh scotland key pramukh bainkon mein seey ack thaa jaba taka kii ise 1969 mein baink off scotland dwara kharida naheen gayaa thaa.
deshantar.
udyog key vikas key saath bhee paryaapt achchi naukariyan kabhi naheen theen, isaliye 1841-1931 yug key dauran, lagbhag 20 laakh scott uttari america aur australia chaley gaye, aur anya 750,000 ingland mein sthanantarit hoe gaye. 21veen shatabdi taka, kanada aur yuu donon mein scotish vansh key lagbhag utane hii loga they (dekhein scotch kanadian).aiss. (scotland mein shesh 5 million key roop mein scotish americi dekhein).
audyogik kranti.
audyogik kranti key dauran, scotland british samrajya key vaanijyik, bauddhik aur audyogik shaktiyon mein seey ack bunn gayaa. lagbhag 1790 kii shuruat mein scotland key paschim mein sabse mahatvapurna udyog kapada bunn gayaa, vishesh roop seey kapas kii kataai aur bunai, joe 1861 mein americi grih yuddh taka falaa-phoola, kachche kapas kii aapoorti mein katauti curr dee. haalaanki, usa samay taka scotland ney apane koyale aur lohe key sansadhanon key aadhar parr bhaari udyogon kaa vikas curr liya thaa. lohe koo galaane key liye germ visfot (1828) key aavishkaar ney scotish loha udyog mein kranti laa dee thee, aur scotland engineering, jahaaj nirmaan aur locomotive nirmaan kaa kendra bunn gayaa thaa. 19veen shatabdi key anta mein ispat utpaadan ney badey paimaane parr lohe key utpaadan koo badal diyaa. pravaasi andru kaarnegi ney americi ispat udyog kaa nirmaan kiya, aur apana adhikansh samay aur paropkar scotland mein bitaaya.
shaharon mein.
jaise-jaise 19veen shatabdi aage badhati gaee, nichale scotland adhik seey adhik bhaari udyog kii or muda gayaa. glassgo aur nadee clyde ack pramukh jahaaj nirmaan kendra bunn gaye. glassgo duniya key sabse badey shaharon mein seey ack bunn gayaa, aur landan key baad "samrajya key dusare shahar" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
audyogik vikas, jabaki way kaam aur dhana laae, itani teji seey they kii awas, nagar-yojana aur saarvajanik swaasthya key liye praavdhaan unake saath gati naheen rakhate they, aur kuchh samay key liye kuchh shaharon aur kasbon mein rahane kii sthiti bahut kharaab thee, bheedbhaad, uchch shishu mrityu darr aur tapedik kii badhati darr key saath.
dundy.
dundy ney apane bandargah kaa unnayan kiya aur khud koo ack audyogik aur vyaparik kendra key roop mein sthaapit kiya. dundy kii audyogik viraasat "teen jey. aiss.: joot, jaim aur patrakaarita" parr adharit thee. poorv-madhya scotland linnon, bhang aur joot parr bahut adhik nirbhar hoe gayaa. vyaapaar kii chakreeya prakriti key bavjood, jisane samay-samay parr kamjor companiyon koo barbad curr diyaa, 19veen shatabdi mein laabh achchi tarah seey banaa rhaa. 1890 key dashak mein seemit deyata kii shuruat key baad bhee, vishisht firm parivarik mamle they. laabh ney shahar koo videshi nivesh kaa ack mahatvapurna srot banaane mein madad kii, vishesh roop seey uttari america mein. haalaanki, linnon vyaapaar key alawa, laabh shayed hii kabhi sthaaniya roop seey nivesh kiya gayaa thaa. isake kaaran they kii cumm majdoori sthaaniya khapat koo seemit karati thee, aur kyonki koee mahatvapurna praakritik sansaadhan naheen they; iss prakaar dundy kshetra ney laabhdaayak audyogik vividhikaran key liye bahut cumm avsar pradaan kiya.
koyla.
koyla khanan ack pramukh udyog bunn gayaa, aur koyale key utpaadan kaa vistaar 20veen shatabdi mein gharon aur karkhanon koo germ karane aur bhaap injan, injan aur bhaap jahaaj aur rasayanik udyog dwara aavashyak kachche maal koo chalaane key liye eendhan kaa utpaadan karane key liye huaa. 
1841 mein 26,147 shramikon koo scotish khadanon aur khadanon mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa; 1911 taka 155,691 they.
kroor, gair-dhaarmik aur samajik roop seey alag-thalag padey daason key roop mein scotish koliyaron kii praarambhik roodhivaadita; ack atishayokti thee, kyonki unaki jeevan shally harr jagah koyla khanikon seey milati-julati thee, jisamen mardanagi, samtaavaad, samooh ekjutata aur kattarpanthi shram andolanon key samarthan parr jore diyaa gayaa thaa.
railway.
britten railway key nirmaan mein vishva mein agrani thaa, aur vyaapaar aur koyale kii aapoorti kaa vistaar karane key liye unakaa upayog kartaa thaa. pahali line 1831 mein kholi gaee. naa kewal 1840 key dashak key anta taka achchi yatri seva sthaapit kii gaee thee, balki maal dhulai lines kaa ack utkrisht network shipping koyale kii laagat koo cumm kartaa thaa, aur poore britten mein scotland mein nirmit utpaadon koo pratispardhi banaata thaa. udaaharan key liye, railway ney landan key bajar koo gomans aur doodh key liye khol diyaa haye. unhone aberdeen angus koo duniya bhar mein pratishtha kii ack pashu nasl banane mein saksham banaaya.
jahaaj nirmaan.
clydeside parr jahaaj nirmaan (glassgo aur anya binduon key madhyam seey nadee clyde) 1900-1918 yug mein varshon mein apane charam parr pahunch gayaa, jisamen 1913 mein 370 jahaajon kaa utpaadan puuraa huaa, aur pahale vishva yuddh key dauran aur bhee adhik. kuchh 300 farmon (yaani kissy bhee ack samay mein 30-40) seey kull utpaadan 25,000 jahaajon seey adhik hoe gayaa.
pahala chhota yard 1712 mein greenock mein scott parivaar key shipyard mein khola gayaa thaa. 1860 key baad clydeside shipyard lohe seey baney bhaap jahaajon mein visheshagyata praapt karate they (1870 key baad, steel seey baney), jisane teji seey vyaapaari bede aur duniya key yuddh bede donon key lakadi key naukaayan jahaajon koo badal diyaa. yeh duniya kaa pramukh jahaaj nirmaan kendra bunn gayaa. "clydibilt" gunavatta kaa ack udyog benchmark bunn gayaa, aur nadee key shipyard koo yuddhpoton key saath-saath pratishthit liner jaise yuddhpoton key liye anubandh diye gaye.
pramukh farmon mein dumberton key denny, greenock kii scott kii jahaaj nirmaan aur engineering company, port glassgo key lithgo, rainfrue key saiman aur lobnitz, alekjendar stephen aur linthouse key bete, govan key fairfield, pointhouse key inglis, whitinch key barclay curl, connell aur scotstowne key yaaro shamil they. inn jahaajon koo chalaane key liye machinary kii aapoorti karane vaali engineering farmein bhee utani hii mahatvapurna theen, boiler aur pump aur steering gear-rankin aind blackmore, hasties aur greenock key kincad, finneston key rovan, cathcart key wear, tradeston key houden aur rainfrue key babcock aur wilcox. sabse badaa graahak surr villium mackinnon they, jinhone 19veen shatabdi mein glassgo mein apane aadhar seey paanch shipping companiyan chalaai theen.
glassgo mein ack pratinidhi udyami villium lithgo (1854-1908) they, jinhen 16 saal kii umr mein £1,000 viraasat mein mille aur unaki mrityu parr £175 million kaa bhaagya bachaa. jinn bhagidaron koo unhone baad mein kharida, unake saath shuruat karate hue, unhone vinimeya ghatakon jaise naveen design aur avadhaaranaon koo niyojit kiya, apane grahakon koo unake jahaajon mein share kharidkar vittaposhit karane mein madad kii, aur lagaatar apane shipyard kaa vistaar kiya. 1880 aur 1890 key dashak key avasaad key varshon key dauran jaba pratidvandi diwalia hoe gaye, tou lithgo butch gaye. unake bachchon aur potey-potiyon ney 1950 taka company koo duniya kii sabse badee niji jahaaj nirmaan company mein badal diyaa, lekin parivaar ney 1977 mein yard koo sarkaar koo betch diyaa aur apani hissedari koo anya udyogon mein vividhata dee.
companiyon ney graameen shramikon key saath-saath catholic ireland key pravasiyon koo saste company awas dwara aakarshit kiya joe shahar kii malin bastiyon seey oopar kii or ack naatakiya kadam thaa. iss paitrik neeti ney kaee maalikon koo sarkaar dwara praayojit awas karyakramon key saath-saath sammaanit shramik varg key beach swa-sahaayata pariyojanaon kaa samarthan karane key liye prerit kiya.
graameen jeevan.
mutthi bhar shaktishali parivaar, joe argil, athol, bukluch aur aiss. doubleu. key duke dwara vargeekrit kiye gaye they, key paas bhaari matra mein bhoomi thee aur 1885 taka, raajneetik mamalon parr unakaa bahut prabhaav thaa. bhoomi swaamitva kii ekagrata kaa sachitra chitran 1878 mein 68 vyaktiyon dwara kiya gayaa haye joe lagbhag aadhe scotland key malik they aur 580 loga teen chauthai seey adhik key malik they.
1700 key baad nichale ilaakon mein krishi kaa lagaatar unnayan kiya gayaa aur maanak uchch baney rahey. haalaanki, 1846 mein makai kaanoonon key nirsan key baad, jaba britten ney ack mukt vyaapaar neeti apnai, tou america seey anaaj key ayaat ney fasal utpaadan kii laabhpradata koo cumm curr diyaa. iska parinam yeh huaa kii desh seey shaharon yaa aage ingland, kanada, america yaa australia mein nirantar palayan huaa.
teji seey badhate shahari madhyam vargon key saamane paaramparik bhoomi hiton ney raajneetik roop seey apana adhikaar rakhaa, kyonki madhya shatabdi key chunavi sudhaar ingland kii tulanaa mein scotland mein cumm doorgaami they. jamini hita yeh sunishchit karane mein kamyab rahey kii sankhya kaa raajneetik bhaar unake paksh mein asman roop seey tirchha hoe.
iss beach uchch bhoomi bahut garib aur paaramparik thee, jisamen scotish gyaan key utthaan key liye kuchh sambandh they aur audyogik kranti mein bahut cumm bhoomika thee. 100 yaa usase adhik dhanee jamindaaron koo landan key samaaj mein apani sthiti banaae rakhane key liye nakadi kii aavashyakta thee, aur abb yuddh key baad sainikon kii cumm aavashyakta thee. isaliye, way paise key kiraaye kii or rukh karate they, bhed paalane key liye visthaapit kisaanon kii or rukh karate they, aur paaramparik pitrisattaatmak sambandhon koo cumm karate they joe aitihaasik roop seey kulon koo banaae rakhate they. 18veen shatabdi key anta aur 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein pahali baar ubharate hue ack nayaa samooh, "crofters" dikhaai diyaa. way garib parivaar they joe "fasal" yaa bahut chhote kiraaye key kheton mein rahate they, joe aaloo ugaane key liye upayog kiye jaate they, jisamen calping, machhali pakadana aur linnon kii kataai aur sainya seva, rajaswa key mahatvapurna sroton key roop mein.
napolean yuddhon kaa yug, 1790-1815, uchch bhoomi mein samriddhi, ashawad aur aarthik vikas laaya. arthavyavastha kaa vikas calping udyog (jahaan purushon ney raakh key liye kelp jalaaya), matsya paalan aur bunai key saath-saath badey paimaane parr buniyaadi dhaanche parr kharch jaise kii caledonian nahar pariyojana dwara bhugtan kiye gaye vetan key kaaran huaa. purvi tata parr, krishi bhoomi mein sudhaar kiya gayaa aur maveshiyon key liye uchch kimaton ney samudaay koo dhana diyaa. senaa mein seva uchch bhoomi key yuvaaon key liye bhee aakarshak thee, joe vetan ghar bhejate they aur apani senaa kii pension key saath vahaan sevaanivritt hoe jaate they. 1815 key baad samriddhi samaapt hoe gaee, aur lambe samay taka nakaratmak karakon ney garib kirayedar kisaanon yaa "khetiharon" kii aarthik sthiti koo kamjor karna shuru curr diyaa, jaisa kii unhein kahaa jaataa thaa. 1750 key baad kii shatabdi mein bhoomi maalikon dwara bajar abhivinyas koo apnana uttar-paschim uchch bhoomi aur hybrid dweepon kii paaramparik samajik aur aarthik sanrachana koo bhang curr diyaa, jisase khetiharon key liye bahut vyavadhaan paida huaa. uchch bhoomi manjuri aur basti pranali key anta key baad bhoomi swaamitva aur kiraayedaari mein parivartan aur maveshiyon koo bhed dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa.
20veen sadee.
jansankhya.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein scotland kii aabaadi kaa mamuli darr seey vistaar huaa, joe 1911 kii janganana mein darj 4,760,904 seey badhkar 1951 mein 5,096,415 hoe gaee; isake baad yeh 5 million seey thodaa adhik logon parr sthir hoe gaee; 2001 kii janganana mein 5,064,200 kii aabaadi kii ganana kii gaee. 
scotland mein rojgar sanrachana, jaisa kii baaki united kingdam mein thaa, vinirmaan key saapeksh vyay parr seva kshetra key vikas koo darshaati haye.
trade union.
scuttish shramikon ney desh bhar mein aaee. dee. 1. key audyogik uthal-puthal mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai. rashtriya naavikon aur agnishaamak sangh ney britten key kaee bandargah shaharon mein hadtaal gatividhiyon kaa nirdesh diyaa, jabaki glassgo vyaapaar parishad key kaaryakartaon ney sthaaniya roop seey netritva kiya. hadtaal andolan key majboot sthaaniya charitra aur glassgo mein isake netritva ney donon hadtaalon koo aakar diyaa-joe kuchh anya kendron kii tulanaa mein glassgo mein adhik ekikrit aur susangat they-aur baad mein clyde parr waterfront sangathan kaa vikas, kyonki yeh docker aur seaman donon key beach swatantra sthaaniya roop seey adharit sanghon key udbhav seey chihnit thaa.
jahaaz.
1914 seey pahale clydeside shipyard duniya mein sabse vyast they, joe poore british utpaadan kaa ack tihai seey adhik hissa they. yuddh key dauran unhone naatakiya roop seey vistaar kiya, mukhya roop seey usa tarah key parivahan kaa utpaadan karane key liye joe german pandubbiyan doobane mein vyast theen. yuddh key baad key vistaar key prati aashvast, companiyon ney apani suvidhaon kaa vistaar karane key liye bhaari udhaar liya. lekin yuddh key baad, rojgar gir gayaa kyonki yard bahut badey, bahut mahange aur bahut aksham saabit hue; kissy bhee mamle mein duniya kii maang cumm thee. sabse kushal karigar vishesh roop seey kathin hitt they, kyonki unake vishesh kaushal key liye kuchh vaikalpik upayog they. engineering paksh mein ack gambhir kamjori turbine injan, deejal injan aur welding takneekon kii naee takneek key vikas mein ack antaral thaa. yard girawat kii ack lambi avadhi mein chalaa gayaa, kewal dusare vishva yuddh key asthaayi vistaar seey baadhit huaa. 21veen sadee mein, kewal mutthi bhar shipyard sakriya rahate hain.
machhali.
pratham vishva yuddh seey pahale key varsh tateey matsya paalan kaa swarn yug they. mukhya bandargah eberdin thaa. landing naee unchaaiyon parr pahunch gaee, aur scotish catch ney europe key herring vyaapaar parr prabhutva jamaaya, joe british catch kaa ack tihai hissa thaa. 1911 mein naukaaon ney 34,000 purushon koo niyukt kiya, aur tata parr 50,000 anya mahilaaon ney prasanskaran mein anshakaalik roop seey kaam kiya. adhik utpaadak bhaap-sanchaalit naukaaon mein sankraman key kaaran uchch utpaadaktaa aaee, jabaki europe key baaki machhali pakadane vaale bede dheeme they kyonki way abhee bhee paal dwara sanchaalit they. scotland key machuaaron ney 1914 taka lagbhag ack hazaar bhaap pravaah praapt curr liye they, jinka moolya 20 laakh pound seey adhik thaa. haalaanki, poonjigat vyay key badhate star key kaaran poonji key nae sroton kii aavashyakta padee; yeh mukhya roop seey vyapariyon aur machhali vikretaon seey aaya thaa. machuaaron koo abb apane munafe koo saajha karna padata thaa, aur way anaupchaarik anubandhon, bikri mein judaav aur teji seey jamaa honey vaale rinon mein ulajhe hue they. saajha saanskritik prishthabhoomi ney aapsi vishvaas koo sugam banaaya. raajya key hastakshep aur sarkari dhana key vikalp parr bahas kii gaee aur ise khariz curr diyaa gayaa.
2001 taka peterhead europe mein abb taka kaa sabse badaa machhali-utarane vaalaa bandargah thaa; padosi fraserberg key saath milkar, yuke mein utarane vaali machhali kaa ack tihai hissa scotland key uttar poorv mein utaraa thaa. 
 phir bhee, anya yuu. key. machhali pakadane key bandargaahon key saath aam taur parr, yuu. key. key europeeya sangh chhodane key baad peterhead mein machhali pakadane kii darr lagbhag 20 pratishat gir gaee.
audyogikaran.
1970 aur 1980 key dashak mein audyogikaran teji seey huaa, kyonki adhikansh paaramparik udyog kaafee sikud gaye yaa poori tarah seey bund hoe gaye. paaramparik bhaari udyogon koo badalane key liye ack naee seva-unmukh arthavyavastha ubhari.
tail.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad seey, arthavyavastha poori tarah seey samagr british arthavyavastha mein ekikrit hoe gaee haye, jisamen sabse vishisht visheshta uttari samudra mein apatatiya tail kii khoj haye. tail sabse alag-thalag kshetron mein naee sampatti aur nae logon koo laaya.
octuber 1970 mein vishal chaalees key tail kshetra kii khoj ack praarambhik sanket thaa kii scotland ack pramukh tail utpaadak rashtra banane vaalaa thaa, ack drishya kii pushti taba hui jaba shale expo ney agale varsh shetland key uttari samudra poorv mein vishal brent tail kshetra kii khoj kii. juuna 1975 mein argil kshetra (abb ardmore) seey tail utpaadan shuru huaa aur usake baad usa varsh navambar mein chaalees kaa utpaadan huaa.
clidebank mein johnn braun aind company key shipyard ney khud koo ack paaramparik jahaaj nirmaan vyavasaay seey uchch praudyogiki apatatiya tail aur gais drilling udyog mein ack kaarak mein badal diyaa. 1972 key baad, firm teen bahurashtriya nigamon key swaamitva mein rahee haye, aur drilling key liye iska anukoolan antarrashtriya baajaron mein utaar-chadhaav aur badalati praudyogikiyon kii jatilataon seey prabhaavit huaa haye. yard mein rojgar bahut cumm haye.
granth soochi.
praathamik srot.
yuke samudri matsya paalanh// doubleu. doubleu.goo.yuu. key./sarkaar/saankhyiki/yuu. key.-samudra-matsya paalan-vaarshik-saankhyiki-report-2019

