
ashton-tett

ashton-tett nigam ack americi software company thee jise lokpriya debase databases anuprayog vikasit karane aur baad mein agrani nigam seey dhancha praapt karane aur multimate international seey multimate praapt karane key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. yeh ack chhoti garrage-adharit company seey ack bahurashtriya nigam banane key liye vikasit hui. ack samay "badee teen" software companiyon mein seey ack, jisamen microsoft aur kamal shamil they, company 1980 key dashak key anta mein ladkhadaati gaee aur sitambar 1991 mein borland koo betch dee gaee.
itihas.
ashton-tett aur debase kaa itihas ack dusare seey judaa huaa haye aur iss tarah, samanantar mein charcha kii jaani chaahiye.
praarambhik itihaasah debase II (1981-1983).
1978 mein, martin marita programmer wein ratliff ney football pool key liye chayan karane mein unaki madad karane key liye valkan, ack databases application likhaa. intell 8080 assembly bhasha mein likhaa gayaa, yeh cp/aim operating system parr chalata thaa aur jey. pee. ell. dee. aiss. parr model kiya gayaa thaa, joe jey. pee. ell. mein upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack univac 1108 prograam thaa aur saathi programmer jeb long dwara likhaa gayaa thaa. ashton-tett kii shuruat george tett aur haal lashley dwara 1981 mein ratliff seey valkan kii khoj karane aur ise licenses dene key parinamswarup kii gaee thee (ashton tait kaa baad mein-tathya totaa thaa, jiska pinjra usake puliya shahar key karyalaya mein rakhaa gayaa thaa) mool samjhauta ack prishth parr likhaa gayaa thaa, aur ratliff koo saral, udaar royalty bhugtan key liye kahaa gayaa thaa.
tett aur lashley ney pahale hii teen safal start-upp companiyon kaa nirmaan curr liya thaah chhoot software (jisake adhyaksh ronn dennis they, aur upbhoktaon koo mell key madhyam seey computer software prograam bechane vaali pahali companiyon mein seey ack they), software vitarak (see. ee. oh. linda johnson/maark vidovic) aur software center international, pahali yuu.aiss. 32 raajyon mein dukaanon key saath software store khudra shrinkhala. (glain johnson tett aind lashley key saath saha-sansthaapak they. vigyaan koo baad mein wein green prakaashan koo betch diyaa gayaa.)
valkan koo aiss. see. dee. pee. pranaliyon dwara becha gayaa thaa. sansthapakon koo software kaa naam badalane kii aavashyakta thee, kyonki harris nigam key paas pahale seey hii valkan naamak ack operating system thaa. haal pavluk, joe unaki vigyaapan agency key liye kaam karate they, ney badey akshar sahit "debase" kaa sujhaav diyaa. unhone yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa kii utpaad "II" key pahale sanskaran kaa arth yeh hoga kii yeh pahale seey hii apane dusare sanskaran mein thaa, aur isaliye ise pahale sanskaran kii tulanaa mein adhik vishvasaniya maanaa jaayega. mool niyamavali polluck key drishtikon seey bahut jatil thee, isaliye unhone ack doosari niyamavali likhi, jise pahale key saath package mein vidhivat shamil kiya gayaa thaa. polluck ney george key antim naam koo kaalpanik ashton upnaam key saath jodkar naee prakaashan company kaa naam banaaya, kathit taur parr isaliye kii yeh mahsoos kiya gayaa kii "ashton-tett" "lashley-tett" kii tulanaa mein behtar lagata haye, yaa uchchaaran karna aasaan thaa.
debase II kii ack asamanya guaranti thee. grahakon koo software kaa ack viklang upkaran sanskaran aur poorna sanskaran key saath ack alag, seelband disk praapt hui; way 30 dinon key bheetar dhanwapasi key liye naa kholi gaee disk koo vaapas curr sakate they. guaranti ney sambhavatah kaee logon koo $700 aavedan khareedane kaa jokhim uthaane key liye raaji kiya. 1981 mein sansthapakon ney david see. koo kaam parr rakhaa. coley koo unake companiyon key samooh kaa adhyaksh, adhyaksh aur mukhya karyakari adhikaari honah chaahiye. samooh koo "software plus" kahaa jaataa thaa. yeh apane naam seey vyaapaar naheen kartaa thaa, lekin teen startup key liye ack holding company theeh chhoot software, software vitarak aur ashton-tett. cole koo vyavasaay chalaane key liye swatantra niyantran diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki george tett mukhya roop seey ashton-tett mein shamil rahey. iss samay taka ashton-tett mein lashley dinn-pratidin key aadhar parr kuchh cumm shamil they, halanki way hamesha teenon vyavsaayon key baare mein jaanate they aur unhein gati dene key liye taiyar they, aur way ack sakriya board sadasya aur spie key adhikaari they.
juuna 1982 mein cole ney rodd turner koo ashton-tett key liye oem bikri key nideshak key roop mein niyukt kiya. kuchh hafton mein turner ney ack bikri aayog yojana key mudde koo hull kiya, joe kuchh samay seey george tett koo pareshan curr rhaa thaa, sheersh pradarshan karane vaale vikreta (barbara wengarten-gurra) key saath, aur tete aur coley ney turner koo unake praarambhik kaam key teen saptah baad vishva-vyaapi bikri key upaadhyaksh key roop mein padonnat kiya. turner ashton tett key lagbhag 12vein karmchari they. choonki company vaastav mein boot-strap thee, koee baahari udyam poonji kaa upayog naheen karate hue, sansthapakon ney anubhavi diggajon koo kaam parr rakhane kaa abhyaas naheen kiya, aur ashton-tett mein adhikansh team yuva aur utsaahi thee, lekin anubhavaheen thee. zim teller shuruati dinon mein utpaad prabandhan key liye jimmedaar they, aur unhone debase II parr wein ratliff aur anya pramukh developers key saath milkar kaam kiya. 1982 mein perry laurence aur nelson tso dou developers they joe ashton-tett mein kaaryarat they, jabaki wein ratliff ney jeb koo apani royalty stream seey bahut door rakhaa thaa.
aaee. bee. aim. pc.
debase II koo aaee. bee. aim. pee. see. (i.ee. ms-doss operating system) aur sitambar 1982 mein bheja gayaa. polluck ney aaee. bee. aim. pc key liye debase II koo badhaava dene vaale vigyaapan maheenon taka chalaae, isase pahale kii yeh bheja gayaa. jaba aaee. bee. aim. pee. see. key liye debase II bheja gayaa, tou yeh computer parr upalabdh kuchh pramukh anuprayogon mein seey ack thaa, aur yeh tathya, sanyukt raajya america aur antarrashtriya star parr achche prachaar aur bikri key saath, debase II kii bikri mein teji seey vriddhi kaa kaaran banaa. turner ney ashton-tett key antarrashtriya vitaran prayason kaa vistaar kiya aur pramukh baajaron mein vishesh vitarakon koo debase II kaa angreji seey gair-angreji sanskaranon mein anuvaad karane key liye protsaahit kiya. antarrashtriya baajaron mein debase II kii praarambhik upasthiti, kyonki aaee. bee. aim. ney una baajaron mein computer koo shuru kiya, debase key liye bikri aur bajar hissedari mein teji seey vriddhi kii suvidha pradaan kii. 1983 mein ack samay parr, company key francisi vitarak "laa kamaand electronic" (jiska malik hugues lablanc thaa) ney daavaa kiya kii "france mein ack computer key duss mein seey ack kharidar debase II khareed rhaa haye."
1982 kii sardiyon mein, turner ney ashton-tett kii pahali sahayak company, ashton-tett yuke key liye prabandh nideshak (david imberg, abb david inbar) kii bharti kii. turner ney pahale 18 maheenon mein (poorv britten vitarak kii matra koo ack praarambhik bindu key roop mein upayog karate hue) prati maah 15 pratishat chakravriddhi rajaswa vriddhi praapt karane kaa lakshya rakhaa, jise inbar ney puuraa kiya. baad mein unhone germany aur neetherland mein sahayak companiyon key saath poore europe mein ashton-tett key sanchaalan kaa vistaar kiya. jaba turner koo prashikshit karane key liye ashton-dett key corporate mukhyalaya, culver city, california mein laaya gayaa, tou karyalayon mein itani bheed thee kii inbar key liye kewal ack chhoti see desk upalabdh thee, jisamen ack badee photocopier key buggle mein koee phone line naheen thee; karyalayon mein itani bheed thee kii jaba turner koo ack gopaniya baithak aayojit karane kii aavashyakta hoti thee, tou vaha usey paas key shauchalaya mein khadaa curr detaa thaa.
personnel computer parr lagaatar badee haard drive kii badhati lokpriyata key saath, debase II ack badaa vikreta saabit huaa. apane samay key liye, debase behad unnat thaa. yeh pahale databases utpaadon mein seey ack thaa joe ack sookshm computer parr chalata thaa, aur isake prograaming vatavaran (debase bhasha) ney iska upayog vibhinn prakaar key custom anuprayogon key nirmaan key liye karane kii anumati dee. haalaanki usa samay microcomputers mein seemit smriti aur bhandaran thaa, phir bhee debase ney badee sankhya mein chhote seey madhyam aakar key karyon koo swachaalit karane kii anumati dee. debase kaa upayog karke anuprayog vikasit karane vaale moolya vardhit punarvikreta (wars) debase key liye ack mahatvapurna praarambhik bikri channel bunn gaye.
janwari 1982 mein samaapt honey vaale vittiya varsh key anta taka, firm kaa rajaswa lagbhag 37 laakh dollar thaa aur parichaalan nuksan 313,000 dollar thaa.
cole key shuruati karyon mein ack vittiya pranali sthaapit karane, ack prabandhan sanrachana sthaapit karane aur sanchaalan aur aadeshon key prabandhan key liye prakriyaon koo shuru karane key liye ack lekhakar koo niyukt karna thaa. cole kaa mission "una logon seey shakti key santulan koo sthanantarit karna thaa joe samajhate hain kii computer kaise kaam kartaa haye, una logon koo joe computer kyaa curr sakate hain."
cole ney 1982 mein dou utpaadon koo licenses diyaa, joe unaki prakaashan prishthabhoomi parr adharit thaa. yeye dou asafal utpaad octuber 1982 mein launch kiye gaye theh vittiya yojnakar aur mukhya rannitikar. vittiya yojnakar ack parishkrit vittiya pratiroopan pranali thee joe apani aantarik bhasha kaa upayog karati thee-lekin yeh supercalk jaisi spreadsheet key roop mein vyaapak roop seey aakarshak naheen thee. mukhya rannitikar ack template vittiya vishleshan pranali thee jisamen bahut seemit lachilaapan aur kaary thaa. donon koo debase II key samaan keemat parr jaari kiya gayaa thaa, lekin donon mein seey kissy bhee utpaad kaa aakramak roop seey vipanan naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur donon koo turner dwara saumya-upeksha mode mein daal diyaa gayaa thaa jaba yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii unamen badee kshamata naheen haye.
ashton-taitah ipo aur debase III (1983-1985).
janwari 1983 key anta taka company laabhdaayak thee. farwari 1983 mein company ney debase II runtime jaari kiya, jisane developers koo debase application likhane aur phir unhein grahakon koo debase key "poorna" sanskaran koo khareedane kii aavashyakta key binaa vitarit karane kii anumati dee. rajaswa mein vriddhi karmchaariyon mein vriddhi key barabar thee. company ney apane pahale maanav sansaadhan prabandhak koo kaam parr rakhaa, apane pahale laabh package koo ack saath rakhaa, aur mukhyalaya koo puliya shahar mein 10150 west jefferson bulleward mein sthanantarit curr diyaa.
maee 1983 mein cole ney spie holding company kaa naam badalkar ashton tett curr diyaa, jisane company koo sahayak key roop mein ack mell order company "discount software" aur "software vitarakon" key honey kii sthiti mein daal diyaa. naee naamit holding company ney turant chhoot software aur software vitarakon koo betch diyaa. cole ney wein ratliff key saath ack samjhaute parr baatchit kii jisamen ratliff ney debase parr apani bhavishya kii royalty dhaara koo ashton tett mein equity mein badal diyaa, jisase company kii laabhpradata mein kaafee vriddhi hui.
coley ney ack aantarik vikas sangathan (harvey jeane, poorv mein jey. pee. ell. key, vee. pee. engineering key roop mein) banaakar aur dou baahari vikas teams koo vitt poshit karke vividhata laane key liye apani praudyogiki koo niyantrit karane key liye kadam uthaaeh agrani nigam (utpaad kaa vikaskarta jise baad mein "framework" naam diyaa gayaa) aur kataar sahayogi. usa vasant mein, ashton tett shukravaar koo release hui!. navambar 1983 aaee. pee. oh. key samay taka company badhkar 228 karmchaariyon taka pahunch gaee thee. ipo ney 14 million dollar jutaaye. janwari 1984 mein jaba vittiya varsh samaapt huaa, tou rajaswa dogune seey adhik badhkar $43 million hoe gayaa thaa aur shuddh aaya $11 laakh (vittiya varsh 1983) seey badhkar $35 laakh hoe gaee thee.
1984 kii shuruat taka "infoworld" ney anuman lagaaya kii ashton-tett duniya kii chhathi sabse badee micro computer-software company thee. debase II key paas kathit taur parr micro computer-databases bajar kaa 70 pratishat hissa thaa, jisaki 150,000 seey adhik pratiyaan bikin. ashton-tett ney bhasha mein likhe gaye 700 seey adhik anuprayogon koo soochibaddh karate hue ack soochi prakaashit kii, aur 30 seey adhik pustak, audio, video aur computer tutorial debase koo padhaate hain. anya companiyon ney saikadon upayogitaon kaa utpaadan kiya joe databases key saath kaam karati theen, joe ratliff kaa maanana thaa kii ashton-tett kii safalata mein yogdan detaa haye; "aap kaha sakate hain kii aisaa isaliye haye kyonki software adhura haye. debase key saath 'samasyaaen' hain-anya software developers key liye bharane key liye chook. unhone nott kiya kii "aggar way hamaare saath naheen hotey, tou way hamaare khilaf hotey", aur coley ney ack nae utpaad kii ghoshana karane yaa debase key vipanan koo badalane seey pahale hamesha teesare paksh koo soochit karane kaa vaadaa kiya. maee mein company ney debase III koo debase II key uttaradhikari key roop mein ghoshit kiya aur julaai mein bhej diyaa. julaai mein framework kaa vimochan bhee dekhaa gayaa, joe agrani nigam dwara vikasit aur ashton-tett dwara vitt poshit ack ekikrit karyalaya suit haye. software piracy koo rokane key prayaas mein pratilipi suraksha yojanaon key saath jaari kiye gaye yeye company key pahale utpaad they.
debase III see prograaming bhasha mein likhi gaee pahali release thee jisase anya platforms koo samarthan aur port karna aasaan hoe gayaa. punarlekhan koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye, mool valkan code koo see. pee./aim. jaid-80 aur doss 8088 assembly bhasha code seey see mein badalane key liye ack swachaalit roopaantaran karyakram kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, jisake parinamswarup viraasat code aadhar koo banaae rakhna mushkil hoe gayaa joe aaney vaale kaee varshon taka company koo pareshan karega. iska dushprabhaav karyakram koo kuchh dheema chalaane kaa bhee thaa, joe pahali baar bheje jaane parr kuchh chinta kaa vishay thaa. jaise-jaise naee masheenen saamane aaeen, hardware key pradarshan mein vriddhi key madhyam seey samasya koo mitaa diyaa gayaa, aur "samasya" buss door hoe gaee.
1984 key anta mein company key 500 seey adhik karmchari they aur vaha prati varsh 4 karod dollar kii bikri curr rahee thee (europe mein lagbhag 15 karod dollar key saath), jiska adhikansh hissa debase yaa sambandhit upayogitaon seey thaa.
aid esber.
ashton tett ney agast 1984 kii shuruat mein california key lambe samudra tata mein queen mairi parr savaar ack badaa company vyaapi sammelan aayojit kiya aur shukravaar jaise nae utpaadon koo prastut kiya! saikadon grahakon aur karmchaariyon key liye. queen mairi sammelan key turant baad, 10 agast, 1984 koo 40 varsh kii ayu mein george tett kii achaanak dill kaa daura padane seey mrityu hoe gaee. david cole ney 29 octuber koo apane istife kii ghoshana kii aur aid esber koo ceo banane key liye chhodate hue ziff-davis key liye ravaana hoe gaye. cole ney esber koo kaam parr rakhaa kyonki vaha vipanan visheshagya they jinhone visaikalk launch kiya aur jinhone vyaktigat computer software key liye pahale vitaran channel banaae. (visaikalk pahali spreadsheet thee aur ise vyaktigat computer kranti koo badhaava dene kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye aur yeh pahala vyaavsaayik roop seey safal vyaktigat computer software package thaa.)
esber key saat saal key karyakal key dauran, ashton tett key sabse samriddh varsh they aur isake kuchh sabse vivadaspad varsh they. yeh taba bhee haye jaba ashton-tett una "badee teen" vyaktigat computer software companiyon mein seey ack bunn gaee thee jinhone 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein "shakeout" kaa saamana kiya thaa, aur ise microsoft aur kamal key vikas key barabar maanaa jaataa thaa. unake netritva mein ashton-dett kii bikri 40 million dollar seey badhkar 318 million dollar seey adhik hoe gaee.
navambar mein, esber key padbhar sambhaalane key turant baad, debase III sanskaran 1.1 koo jaari kiya gayaa thaa taaki 1.0 release mein paae gaye kaee bagon mein seey kuchh koo thheek kiya jaa sakey. jaise hii 1.1 release bheji gaee, vikas kaa dhyaan agale sanskaran parr kendrit hoe gayaa, jise aantarik roop seey debase III sanskaran 2 key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye. anya cheejon key alawa, 2.0 release mein gati badhaane key liye ack nayaa kernell hoga, aur anuprayog vikas mein sudhaar key liye nae kaary honge.
halanki, wein ratliff key saath esber key sambandh uthal-puthal bharey they, aur ratliff ney kaee maheenon baad ise chhod diyaa. antatah bikri aur vipanan karmchaariyon kaa ack samooh ashton tett key saath pratispardha karane key liye pravaasi nigam mein ratliff mein shamil honey key liye ravaana hoe gayaa. baad mein (janwari 1987), ashton-tett vyaapaar rahasyon key kathit durupyog key liye pravaasi parr mukadama karega. ratliff antatah ashton-tett mein phir seey shamil honey key baare mein esber seey sampark karega aur seedhe usey report karane parr jore dega. jeb ney ratliff kii anupasthiti mein debase key mukhya vastukar key roop mein lambe samay taka kaam kiya.
octuber 1985 mein company ney debase III developer kaa sanskaran jaari kiya. aantarik roop seey iss sanskaran koo sanskaran 1.2 key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. isamen kuchh naee suvidhaaen theen joe agami 2.0 sanskaran mein honey kii ummeed thee, jisamen naee kernell aur suvidhaaen mukhya roop seey anuprayog developers key liye upayogi theen. sanskaran 1.2 sabse sthir debase sanskaranon mein seey ack thaa jise ashton-dett ney kabhi jaari kiya thaa, yadi "sabse sthir" naheen. yeh sabse cumm gyaat aur aksar bhulaa diye jaane vaale mein seey ack thaa. jyaadaatar, yeh 2 (debase III +) kii prateeksha curr rahey developers koo khush karane key liye ack release thee.
1985 key anta mein company ney apane mukhyalaya koo 20101 hamilton avenue mein antim sthaan parr sthanantarit curr diyaa. vikas poore california mein faila huaa thaa, halanki debase vikas glendale karyalayon mein kendrit thaa.
debase III + aur tritiya paksh clone (1986-1987).
debase III +, upayog mein aasaani key liye charitra-adharit menu sahit ack sanskaran, paripakva honey mein pareshani kaa saamana curr rhaa thaa aur pratilipi-suraksha yojana mein galat setting key kaaran 1986 kii shuruat mein isake release seey thheek pahale ise vaapas bulana padaa thaa. haalaanki company ney ise kuchh utsaah key saath sambhala, aur haalaanki kuchh graahak prabhaavit hue they, ashton-tett dwara samasyaon koo sambhaalane seey graahak sambandhon mein sudhaar huaa naa kii unhein khatta kiya. debase III + utanaa hii safal hoga jitna kii debase II rhaa thaa, jisase company koo 1987 mein bikri mein 318 million dollar kaa laabh huaa.
debase pichhale kuchh varshon mein bhaari huaa thaa, isaliye esber ney client-server software kii naee duniya key liye debase koo phir seey banaane key liye mike benson key tahat ack pariyojana shuru kii. yeh ack poorna punarlekhan honah thaa, jise agali peedhi key debase key roop mein design kiya gayaa thaa.
debase ack jatil utpaad thaa, aur iska samarthan karane key liye ack samriddh tritiya-paksh udyog ubhara. debase key kuchh pahaluon, prograaming aur dinn-pratidin key sanchaalan donon mein sudhaar key liye kaee utpaadon koo pesh kiya gayaa thaa. jaisa kii ashton-dett ney debase key nae sanskaranon kii ghoshana kii, way aksar aadhar pranali kii visheshtaon key roop mein teesare paksh dwara pradaan kii gaee kuchh karyakshamta koo shamil karane kaa nirnay lete they. anumaanit roop seey, tritiya-paksh sanskaran kii bikri turant bund hoe jaayegi, chaahe debase key nae sanskaran mein vaastav mein vaha suvidha shamil hoe yaa naheen. iss tarah kii kaee vashpotpadak ghoshanaon key baad, tritiya-paksh vikaskarta pareshan honey lagey.
tritiya-paksh aid-onn key crum mein ack vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna jodd debase sanklakon kaa antim vimochan thaa, joe ack debase pariyojana legaa aur ise sankalit karega aur ise ack stand-alone runnable prograam mein jodega. isase naa kewal parinami pariyojana koo antim upayogkartaon koo vitarit karna aasaan hoe gayaa, balki ise usa machine parr debase sthaapit karane kii aavashyakta naheen thee. inn sanklakon ney anivarya roop seey iss samasya key liye ashton-tett key apane samadhan koo badal diyaa, debase kii $395 prati machine "runtime" prati, aur iss tarah unaki aaya key ack srot koo hataa diyaa. iss tarah kaa sabse safal sankalak nantcate software kaa clipper thaa. antatah inmein seey kaee koo poorna vikasit debase clone mein vikasit kiya gayaa.
esber una companiyon seey pareshan they jinhone debase utpaadon kii pratiroopan kii thee, lekin hamesha teesare paksh key developers kaa samarthan karate they, jinhen way debase paaristhitiki tantra key ack mahatvapurna hisse key roop mein dekhate they. unhone naa tou una companiyon parr vishvaas kiya aur naa hii unakaa samarthan kiya joe debase kii pratiroopan karati theen, iss prakriya mein unake sharedharakon ney debase key bajar koo bhugtan kiye gaye laakhon dollar kaa laabh uthaaya thaa. chhoti-motee kaarrvaaiyon seey shuru karate hue, unhone antatah pratirupakon koo rokane key liye sangharsh viram patron aur kanuni kaarravaai kii dhamkiyon key saath kaafee hudd taka prayaas kiya. ack udyog sammelan mein vaha khade hoe gaye aur dhamki dee kii joe koee bhee debase clone banaayega, usa parr mukadama daayar karega, aur chillata haye, "meraa dinn banaao!". isane computer bhaashaon key swaamitva key baare mein badee bahason koo janm diyaa aur "mukdamebaji naheen navachar" key naaron koo janm diyaa.
iss nirantar sangharsh key parinamswarup, tritiya-paksh samudaay ney dheere-dheere apane kuchh chhote vyaavsaayik grahakon koo debase seey door curr diyaa. saubhagya seey ashton-tett key liye, badey nigam debase parr maankeekrit curr rahey they.
debase IV: girawat aur girawat (1988-1990).
ashton-tett 1986 key aspas shuru honey vaale core debase utpaad shrinkhala key ack nae sanskaran kaa vaadaa curr rhaa thaa. nayaa sanskaran adhik shaktishali, tej aur databases banaane mein aasaan honey vaalaa thaa. isamen soochkaank aur networking mein sudhaar hoga, aantarik roop seey aiss. kyu. ell. kaa samarthan karane key saath-saath aiss. kyu. ell. server key saath baatchit hogi, aur isamen ack sankalak shamil hoga. ashton-dett ney farwari 1988 mein debase IV kii ghoshana kii, jisamen usa varsh julaai key liye ack pratyaashit release nirdhaarit kii gaee thee. debase IV koo antatah octuber 1988 mein dou utpaadon key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaah maanak aur vikaskarta sanskaran.
durbhagya seey, debase IV dheema aur bahut kharaab donon thaa. ack pramukh utpaad adyatan mein bugg utane aashcharyajanak naheen hotey hain, kuchh aisaa jise aam taur parr bahut adhik nuksan honey seey pahale "dott-vann" release key saath thheek kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, yeh sthiti debase III key saath hui thee, aur ashton-tett ney samasyaon koo jaldi seey thheek curr diyaa thaa. haalaanki kaee muddon ney debase IV 1 koo ack aapada banaane kii sajish rachee.
inmein seey koee bhee mudda apane aap utpaad koo nasht naheen karega. debase key bahut badey anuyaayi they aur utkrisht naam maanyata thee. kewal ack adyatan kii aavashyakta thee joe samasyaon koo sambodhit kartaa thaa. isake release key samay, ashton-dett key bheetar ack aam sahamati thee kii 1 release key chhah maheene key bheetar ack bugg-fixes sanskaran jaari kiya jaayega. yadi aisaa huaa hotaa, tou wafadar upayogkarta utpaad koo adhik sweekaar curr rahey hotey.
aisaa karane key bajaay, ashton-tett prabandhan ney isake bajaay apana dhyaan agali peedhi key anuprayogon kii or kendrit kiya, jiska code "heera" thaa. heera ack naee, ekikrit utpaad shrinkhala honey thee joe sabhi anuprayogon mein detta key badey sett koo saajha karane mein saksham thee. yeh prayaas varshon seey chala rhaa thaa aur pahale seey hii company key glendale, torrence, akhrot khaadi aur loss gatos (uttari california utpaad kendra) karyalayon mein kaee sansadhanon kii khapat curr rhaa thaa. haalaanki, ack baar jaba yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii heera ack utpaad banane seey kaee saal door haye, aur kharaab sameekshaon aur debase IV kii bikri mein girawat key saath, ashton-dett ney debase IV koo thheek karane parr apana dhyaan kendrit kiya.
yeh debase IV 1.1 seey lagbhag dou saal pahale thaa joe antatah (julaai 1990 mein) bheja gayaa thaa. iss dauran kaee grahakon ney haal hii mein dikhaai dene vaale debase clone key sainikon koo aajmaane kaa avsar liya, vishesh roop seey foxbases aur clipper.
debase kii bikri mein girawat aaee thee. 1988 mein company key kull databases bajar kaa lagbhag 63 pratishat thaa, aur 1989 mein kewal 43 pratishat thaa. ack company key roop mein antim chaar timaahiyon mein, ashton-dett koo lagbhag 4 karod dollar kaa nuksan huaa. agast 1989 mein, company ney apane 1,800 karmchaariyon mein seey 400 seey adhik koo naukari seey nikaal diyaa. ashton-tett/microsoft aiss. kyu. ell. server naamak sanskaran key liye microsoft saajhedaari bhee bekaar hoe gaee, kyonki ashton-tett key bikri channel usa samay ack uchch-stariya databases koo bechane key liye taiyar naheen they. aiss. kyu. ell. server kaa pahala sanskaran bhee kewal aaee. bee. aim. os./2 parr chalata thaa, jisane isaki safalata koo bhee seemit curr diyaa. debase kaa ack sanskaran joe seedhe aiss. kyu. ell. server key saath sanchaar kartaa thaa, jise debase IV server sanskaran kahaa jaataa haye, 1990 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa, aur aiss. kyu. ell. server key liye sabse achche upalabdh graahak key roop mein sameeksha kii gaee thee (databases salaahkaar aur dee. bee. aim. aiss. patrikaon donon mein), lekin utpaad ney kabhi bhee aakarshan praapt naheen kiya aur yeh borland adhigrahan key hatahaton mein seey ack thaa. microsoft ney antatah isake bajaay iss bhoomika mein pahunch jaari kii.
borland koo bikri (1991).
esber varshon seey adhigrahan yaa anya software companiyon key saath taakton key sanyojan key madhyam seey company koo vikasit karane kii koshish curr rhaa thaa, jisamen 1985 mein kamal key saath vilay charcha aur phir 1989 mein ashton-tett key ranneetik roop seey aksham board ney udyog-badalate vilay key liye kaee avsaron koo chhod diyaa. ashton-tett key board ney jinn anya vilay charchaon koo khariz curr diyaa yaa gatirodh parr pahunch gaye, unamen cullinet, computer associates, informics, cementech aur microsoft shamil they. (microsoft ney baad mein fox software kaa adhigrahan kiya jaba borland ney ashton-tett kaa adhigrahan kiya aur sanyukt raajya america key nyaay vibhaag ney borland koo debase bhasha key swaamitva kaa daavaa naheen karane key liye majboor kiya.)
1990 mein esber ney borland key saath vilay kaa prastaav rakhaa. pahali charcha key dauran, board ney peechhe hatkar esber koo yeh sochkar barkhast curr diyaa kii vaha chhote pratiyogi borland key saath barabar (maujooda bajar mulyankan parr companiyon koo milakar) key vilay kaa manoranjan karane key liye pagal haye, aur 11 farwari, 1991 koo, villium pee key saath ceo key roop mein unaki jagah lii. "bill" leones. gair-aadhar vyavasaay chalaane key liye lyon koo kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa aur isase pahale bhee way asafal rahey they. lyon debase IV 1.1 bhejate they, ack utpaad esber prabandhit thaa aur jaba jaane diyaa gayaa tou pahale seey hii beeta mein thaa.
board koo vilay kshatipurti package (250 hazaar dollar key vyaktigat bonus sahit) dene aur prabandhan dall koo moolya nirdhaarit vikalp aur golden parachute dene key baad, board aur lyon ney borland key saath phir seey charcha shuru kii, lekin iss baar ashton-tett key vartamaan bajar mulyankan parr ack mahatvapurna premium key saath ashton-tett key adhigrahan key roop mein sanrachit kiya gayaa, lekin keemat seey kaafee cumm parr esber ney baatchit kii thee.
wall street koo sauda pasand aaya aur borland stock vilay seey kuchh samay pahale aur baad mein naee oonchaai parr pahunch jaayega. kuchh logon ney maanaa kii unhone joe 43.9 karod dollar kaa stock diyaa thaa, vaha bahut adhik thaa. borland key mukhya karyakari adhikaari phillip kaana ney loss angils kii saptahant kii yatra parr ashton tett hassil karane key liye pratibaddh honey seey pahale spasht roop seey apani prabandhan team seey paramarsh naheen kiya thaa.
borland kaa vilay sucharu naheen thaa. borland vishesh roop seey debase key saath pratispardha karane key liye virodhabhas databases kaa vipanan curr rhaa thaa, aur isake programmers ney maanaa kii unaki pranali debase seey kaheen behtar haye. jaba bhee debase key roop mein ullekh kiya gayaa thaa, tou virodhabhas samooh bahut pareshan thaa, aur company key bheetar ack teevra turf yuddh chhid gayaa. borland khidakiyon key liye borland debase sankalak naamak ack pratispardhi utpaad bhee vikasit curr rhaa thaa. iss utpaad koo gregor friend dwara design kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone debase key iss tej, object-oriented sanskaran koo vikasit karane vaali ack chhoti team kaa netritva kiya thaa. yeh taba thaa jaba borland ney ashton-tett team koo utpaad dikhaaya kii unhone aakhirkaar sweekaar kiya kii way debase key liye ladaai haar gaye they.
phir bhee, kaana computer bajar mein rujhaanon parr najar rakhate they, aur unhone nirnay liya kii donon utpaadon koo vaastav mein microsoft windows-adharit banane key liye aage badhaaya jaanaa chaahiye. oo-debase sankalak debase IV kii tulanaa mein khidakiyon key neeche chalane mein saksham naheen thaa, jisake kaaran borland ney 1993 mein donon code aadharon koo chhod diyaa aur ack nayaa utpaad banaane key liye ack naee team banaai, jise antatah 1994 mein khidakiyon key liye debase key roop mein vitarit kiya gayaa. iss beach, developer bajar mein virodhabhas koo jaanboojhkar cumm curr diyaa gayaa kyonki debase abb sabse badaa borland utpaad thaa. microsoft ney 1992 key anta mein pahunch kii shuruat kii, aur antatah lagbhag sabhi windows databases bajar parr kabja curr liya. isake alawa, 1992 kii garmiyon mein microsoft ney ohiyo-adharit fox software kaa adhigrahan kiya, joe debase jaise utpaadon foxbases + aur foxpro key nirmaata they. foxpro key peechhe microsoft key saath, kaee debase aur clipper software developers isake bajaay foxpro mein kaam karna shuru curr denge. jaba taka khidakiyon key liye debase jaari kiya gayaa thaa, taba taka bajar parr shayed hii dhyaan diyaa gayaa thaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii adhigrahan key baad microsoft ney foxpro kii upeksha kii thee, shayed isaliye kii way debase key seedhe pratidvandi microsoft axes key malik they aur usey badhaava bhee dete they. nishchit roop seey, foxpro koo khareedane key unake saude key parinamswarup computer databases bajar bahut cumm pratispardhi hoe gayaa.
jaba borland ney antatah apane quatro pro aur paradox utpaadon koo novell koo betch diyaa, jahaan unhein microsoft offices seey mell khaane key prayaas mein wordperfect key saath jodaa jaayega, tou borland key paas interbases reh gayaa, jise esber ney 1980 key dashak key anta mein kharida thaa aur isaki utpatti disambar mein rdb databases kaary key vyutpann key roop mein hui thee. borland kii chala rahee ranneeti client-server anuprayogon key saath corporate bajar mein apane vikas upkaranon parr phir seey dhyaan kendrit karna thaa, taaki interbases koo ack nimn-anta upkaran aur prototyping key liye ack achche samanya aiss. kyu. ell. databases key roop mein fitt kiya jaa sakey. yeh ashton-tett adhigrahan kaa sabse lambe samay taka chalane vaalaa aur sabse sakaratmak hissa saabit huaa, vidambanapurna kyonki yeh lagbhag ack nireekshan thaa aur jaba taka unhone ashton-tett kaa adhigrahan naheen kiya, taba taka borland key liye bahut cumm gyaat thaa.
kull milakar, ashton-tett kii khareed asafal saabit hui. kaee varshon key baad, phillip kaana ney vittiya pradarshan mein girawat key beach borland chhod diyaa, jisamen kaee varshon kaa nuksan bhee shamil thaa.
patan.
jabaki ashton-tett key patan kaa kaaran kaee kaarak hoe sakate hain, unamen seey pramukh theh
inmein seey koee bhee ack samasya door karane yogya hoti, lekin sanyukt roop seey way company kii teji seey girawat laae.
debase parr ashton-tett kii nirbharta samajh mein aatee haye. yeh wordstar aur (anya platforms parr) visical key saath see. pee./aim. duniya mein sabse shuruati ghaatak anuprayogon mein seey ack thaa, aur apane prabhutva koo banaae rakhane key liye aaee. bee. aim. pc mein sankraman karane mein saksham thaa. kewal isaki safalata ney hii pahale nau varshon taka company kaa nirmaan aur usey banaae rakhaa. haalaanki, rajaswa key liye debase parr atee nirbharta kaa company parr vinashkari prabhaav padaa jaba debase IV kii bikri mein girawat aaee.
anta mein, kharaab gunavatta aur debase IV key bahut dair seey jaari honey seey maujooda graahak door chaley gaye aur nae graahak ise sweekaar karane seey butch gaye. nakadi gaay key liye rajaswa kaa yeh nuksan company key liye wahan karane key liye bahut adhik thaa, aur prabandhan kii galatiyon key saath milkar, antatah upstart borland international koo bikri kaa kaaran banaa.
gair-debase utpaad.
1980 key dashak key madhya mein esber ney teji seey company kii holding mein vividhata laane kii koshish kii, aur ashton-tett lineup mein aaney key liye kaee utpaad khareede. inmein seey adhikansh adhigrahan whiffle rahey aur isake parinamswarup apekshit rajaswa naheen milaa. yeh anubhav teji seey badalate takniki bajar mein adhigrahit companiyon aur utpaadon koo ekikrit karane kii kathinaaee kaa ack aur udaaharan haye.
shukravaar!
shukravaar ashton-tett mein david cole yug key dauran parikalpit ack utpaad thaa. robbinson cruso key aadami shukravaar key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye, kyonki, karyakram kaa upayog karke, maanaa jaataa haye kii koee bhee "shukravaar taka sub kuchh curr sakata haye!", yeh ack sadharan vyaktigat soochana prabandhak (pee. aaee. aim.) karyakram thaa joe usa sankshipt naam key lokpriya honey seey kaee saal pahale 1983 key aspas likhaa gayaa thaa. isane debase III utpaad seey pahale debase II key anukoolit sanskaran kaa upayog kiya. beeta-pareekshan mein kaee design khaamiyan saamane aaeen jinake liye ack pramukh design aur code key punarlekhan kii aavashyakta thee. yeye parivartan zim luis dwara apane aap kiye gaye they joe jald hii ack pramukh vikaskarta aur utpaad prabandhak key roop mein ashton-tett mein shamil hoe gaye. ack mahatvapurna vigyaapan abhiyaan aur mamuli ruchi key baad, shukravaar! antatah bajar seey vaapas leey liya gayaa. (microsoft bobb bhee dekhein.)
bhaala.
10 aprail, 1986 koo, ashton-tett ney sanyukt raajya america aur kanada key baahar bhaala naamak apane vittiya modeling software koo vitarit karane key liye bhaala software key saath ack vipanan samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye.
framework.
breakout mein unakaa sabse safal prayaas framework key saath thaa. framework, isase pahale debase kii tarah, ack ekal lekhak, robbert kaar key dimag kii upaj thee, jinhone mahsoos kiya kii ekikrit anuprayogon ney ack hii kaam karane vaale alag-alag aips key chayan parr bhaari laabh pradaan kiye. 1983 mein unhone apane utpaad kaa ack pradarshan kiya aur ise ashton-tett koo dikhaaya, jinhone turant vipanan adhikaaron key badale vikas kaa samarthan karane key liye ack samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye.
framework ack ekikrit doss-adharit dastaavez-adharit karyalaya soot thaa jisamen fred naamak ack samvaadaatmak computer bhasha thee joe ack outliner mein ack word processor, spreadsheet, mini-databases application, charting tool aur ack terminal prograam koo jodati thee. baad key sanskaranon mein ee-mell samarthan aur ack fred runtime sanskaran key saath ack fred developer kaa toolkit bhee jodaa gayaa jisane developers koo framework key muft sanskaranon koo vitarit karane kii anumati dee joe fred anuprayogon koo chalaate hain. dhaanche koo 14 seey adhik bhaashaon mein upalabdh honey kaa gaurav bhee praapt thaa, aur yeh uttari america kii tulanaa mein europe mein adhik safal rhaa. halanki doss adharit, framework charitra graphics (borland key ullu key samaan) key aadhar parr ack poori tarah seey karyatmak jee. yuu. aaee. kaa samarthan kartaa haye.
mukhya roop seey kamal symphany key saath aur baad mein microsoft works key saath, framework antatah ack udyog yuddh mein funce gayaa. bajar shuru mein kabhi badaa naheen thaa, kyonki adhikansh grahakon ney anuprayogon key badey, akhand sanskaranon koo khareedane kaa vikalp chunaa, bhale hii unhone kabhi bhee atirikt karyakshamta kaa upayog naheen kiya hoe. borland ney baad mein framework koo chayan aur karyon koo betch diyaa, joe aaj bhee ise betch rahey hain.
bahugunit.
multimate ack word processor package thaa jise computer parr ack wang samarpit word processor workstation key mool sanchaalan kii pratilipi banaane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein kaee companiyon ney inn mahange ekal-uddeshya pranaliyon koo pc key saath badalane key liye multimate kaa upayog kiya, multimate unhein ack aasaan pravaas maarg pradaan kartaa haye. halanki usa samay yeh spasht naheen thaa, yeh pravaas kaafee hudd taka taba taka puuraa hoe gayaa thaa jaba ashton-tett ney disambar 1985 mein multimate international seey lagbhag 2 karod dollar mein company koo kharida thaa, jise ack ashton-state press vigyapti ney "microcomputer software udyog mein abb taka kaa sabse badaa" kahaa. bikri sthir thee, haalaanki way usa samay bhee kaafee prabhaavshaali theen. mool roop seey wang pranali kii nakal karane kaa ack jaanboojhkar kiya gayaa prayaas abb utpaad koo nirashajanak roop seey purana banaa detaa haye, aur ise upayogi baney rahane key liye ack badey unnayan kii aavashyakta hogi. wordperfect ney inn muddon kaa laabh uthaaya aur bajar hissedari koo ack hudd taka anivarya roop seey multimate key liye ghaatak banaa diyaa.
utpaadon kii master shrinkhala.
ashton-tett ney 1986 mein westport, connecticut key nirnay sansadhanon koo kharida. nirnay sansadhanon ney chart master, saain master, mapp master aur aarekh master prograam banaae they. yeye saral, prabhaavi vyaavsaayik charting/drying karyakram they joe vibhinn spreadsheet karyakramon parr charting mein itane kharaab honey kii ginati karate they kii loga unhein behtar banaane key liye khushi-khushi ack aur karyakram key liye bhugtan karenge. jaba taka ashton-tett ney company koo kharida, taba taka yeh spasht thaa kii spreadsheet karyakramon kii naee peedhiyan apani charting kshamataon mein iss hudd taka sudhaar karengi kii nirnay sansaadhan utpaadon kii aavashyakta naheen hogi, lekin company ack nae drying package parr bhee kaam curr rahee thee joe lambe samay mein adhik dilchasp thaa.
khareed poori honey key baad yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii drying utpaad aparyaapt thaa. haalaanki ise drow taaliyon key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa, lekin yeh kabhi bhee achchi tarah seey naheen bick paaee.
byline.
byline ack praarambhik desktop prakaashan karyakram thaa jise company skissoft dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa aur ashton-tett dwara vitarit aur vipanan kiya gayaa thaa. jaba ise 1987 key aspas pesh kiya gayaa thaa, tou yeh kaafee sastaa aur upayog mein aasaan donon thaa, aur ack chhota lekin samarpit anusaran praapt kiya. upayogkartaon ney ack onscreen form bharkar ack prishth taiyar kiya jisamen prishth kii visheshtaon kaa varnan kiya gayaa haih margine, collum, font aur aakar, aadi. karyakram ney prishth aur ack onscreen purvavlokan banaaya. kaam karane kii yeh vidhi aldus pagemaker aur ventura prakaashak dwara liye gaye adhik seedhe samvaadaatmak vicivig drishtikon key vipareet thee, joe khidakiyon kii pranali aur gues key roop mein adhik lokpriya hoe gayaa. saath hii, jaise-jaise samay beetata gayaa, lokpriya word processing software mein adhik seey adhik tathaakathit desktop prakaashan suvidhaon koo jodaa gayaa, jisase shayed iss tarah key nimn-anta desktop prakaashan karyakram key liye bajar cumm hoe gayaa. ajib tarah seey, byline koo agali prograaming bhasha mein likhaa gayaa thaa.
rapidfile.
octuber 1986 mein shuru kiya gayaa ack sapaat-file databases prograam jiska upayog aamtaur parr daak label banaane aur doss operating system chalaane vaale pc parr patra banaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. rapidfile anya software programon seey aayatit detta koo vyavasthit karane aur herfer karane mein bhee nipun thaa. ise una logon key liye ack tez, upayog mein aasaan aur cumm kharchila databases key roop mein design kiya gayaa thaa jinhen debase kii parishkrit kshamataon kii aavashyakta naheen thee. isane ashton-tett key liye madhyam safalata hassil kii, lekin microsoft windows key liye ack sanskaran kabhi vikasit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. rapidfile asamanya haye kyonki ise prograaming bhasha mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa.
rapidfile sanskaran 1.2 1986 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa, jisake sanskaran angreji, french aur dutch sahit kaee bhaashaon mein upalabdh they. halanki rapidfile koo doss operating system key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, jaankaari rapidfile databases software upalabdh haye, ashton tett dwara yeh dikhaane key liye kii ise microsoft windows 95,98,2000 aur xp key doss boxes mein uchit roop seey achchi tarah seey kaam karane key liye raaji kiya jaa sakata haye, aur dosemu dosemu mukhya prishth anukaran software kaa upayog karke linux key tahat bhee.
apple mckintosh utpaad.
jaba apple computer 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein mckintosh ("mack") pesh curr rhaa thaa, tou ashton-tett una "badee teen" software companiyon mein seey ack thee joe apple apane nae platform kaa samarthan karna chaahati thee. jaba sampark kiya gayaa, tou ashton-tett ney nae bajar mein ack pramukh khilaadi banane mein ruchi kaa sanket diyaa.
1984 kii sardiyon mein, mckintosh kii shuruat key kuchh hii maheenon baad, company ney ack chhoti mckintosh databases vikas team koo niyukt kiya aur unhein apane glendale vikas kendra mein sthanantarit curr diyaa taaki usa parr kaam kiya jaa sakey jise baad mein debase mack key roop mein jaanaa jaayega. isake turant baad, 1985 kii shuruat mein, way mcrite key poorv pariyojana pramukh randy wigginton dwara vikasit kiye jaa rahey spreadsheet karyakram key vikas key liye dhana dene parr sahmat hue. varshon baad unhone aine arber softworks seey ack "uchch-anta" word processor jodaa, joe poorna lekhan peshevar koo jaari karane kii koshish karate hue ack saarvajanik parajay key beach they, joe abb lagbhag ack saal dair seey thaa.
aid esber aur apple computer key adhyaksh johnn scully ney sanyukt roop seey california key paalo aulto mein ashton tett key mack utpaadon key parivaar kii ghoshana kii. debase mack antatah sitambar 1987 mein bheja gayaa, lekin yeh kewal naam mein debase thaa. upayogkarta yeh jaankar nirash they kii computer parr debase mein apane pramukh nivesh key saath baatchit karane key liye, unake anuprayogon koo nae sire seey phir seey likhana hoga. unaki hatasha koo yeh tathya badhaa rhaa thaa kii yeh aksar durghatanagrast hotaa thaa aur behad dheema thaa. yeh dekhate hue kii karyakram vaastav mein ack poori tarah seey nayaa mack-kewal pranali thee, ise anya mack-kewal databases pranaliyon jaise chauthe ayam, helix aur filemaker key saath pratispardha karni thee.
poorna lekhan aur poorna prabhaav 1988 mein jaari kiye gaye they. donon koo sameekshakon dwara pasand kiya gayaa thaa aur inmein pramukh dhaar visheshtaen theen. fullrite ack utkrisht utpaad thaa, jabaki poorna prabhaav kaa durbhagya thaa kii microsoft axel key ack badey nae release aur informics wings key release key thheek baad samay parr kiya gayaa thaa.
teenon utpaad apane mool mein utkrisht they, lekin unhein ack parivaar key roop mein naheen dekhaa gayaa aur unhein adhik saaf-suthare tareeke seey ack saath jodane kii aavashyakta thee. una sabhi koo kuchh bugg aur pradarshan key muddon koo sambodhit karane key liye ack thhos anuvarti release kii bhee aavashyakta thee. haalaanki, poorna lekhan yaa debase mack key liye kabhi bhee koee badaa unnayan naheen bheja gayaa thaa, aur poorna prabhaav key liye ekmatra pramukh unnayan jaari honey key dou saal baad bheja gayaa thaa. microsoft word aur axel key release ney jald hii kuchh feature antaral koo bund curr diyaa, aur jaise-jaise mack os ney utpaadon koo badalana mushkil hoe gayaa. microsoft ney ashton-tett key utpaadon koo badnam karane aur unhein maarne key liye ack abhiyaan shuru kiya, ack samay mein poorna lekhan key liye system aavashyaktaon koo badhaa-chadhaakar pesh kiya, aur mack dealers key pradarshan computers seey ashton-tett software koo hataane taka gayaa.
baad mein 1994 mein borland dwara poorna lekhan koo akimbo pranaliyon koo betch diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin usa samay taka microsoft word ney bajar mein prabhutva hassil curr liya thaa aur unhone bhee antatah ise chhod diyaa thaa. debase mack koo 1990 mein betch diyaa gayaa thaa aur ise nubes key roop mein phir seey jaari kiya gayaa thaa, lekin yeh safal naheen rhaa aur ack saal key bheetar chalaa gayaa. puuraa prabhaav buss gayab hoe gayaa.
aiss. kyu. ell. server.
debase aur isi tarah key utpaadon key saath ack samasya yeh haye kii yeh client-server model parr adharit naheen thaa. iska matlab haye kii jaba kissy databases kaa upayog kissy network parr kaee upayogkartaon dwara kiya jaataa haye, tou system aam taur parr upayogkarta kii desktop machine mein poori faailon koo vitarit karane key liye antarnihit network software parr nirbhar kartaa haye, jahaan vaastavik querry kaary kiya jaataa haye. yeh network parr bhaari bhaar paida kartaa haye, kyonki pratyek upayogkarta databases faailon koo "neeche kheenchata haye", aksar ack hii prashn koo baar-baar karane key liye. isake vipareet, ack client-server pranali upayogkarta kii machine seey kewal chhote "adesh" praapt karati haye, server parr sthaaniya roop seey adesh koo sansaadhit karati haye, aur phir kewal una parinamon koo lautaati haye jinhen upayogkarta dhoondh rhaa thaa. samagr network upayog naatakiya roop seey cumm hoe gayaa haye.
client-server databases debase jaisi paaramparik ekal-upayogkarta pranali kii tulanaa mein maulik roop seey alag prakaar kii pranali haye, aur halanki way kaee visheshtaon koo saajha karate hain, lekin aam taur parr maujooda ekal-upayogkarta utpaad koo lena aur ise ack vaastavik client-server pranali mein badalana ack saral kaary naheen haye. jaise-jaise vyaapaar jagat teji seey network hoe rhaa haye, ashton-tett kii pranali client server yug mein adyatan kiye binaa aprasangik hoe jaayegi.
aid esber aur bill gates ney newyork mein ack sanyukt samvaadaata sammelan mein duniya key saamane aiss. kyu. ell. server pesh kiya. mool vichaar aiss. kyu. ell. server koo back-aind key roop mein aur debase koo front-aind key roop mein upayog karna thaa, jisase maujooda debase bajar koo aiss. kyu. ell. pranali key sheersh parr apane form aur prograaming gyaan kaa upayog karane kii anumati milati haye. aiss. kyu. ell. server vaastav mein cbes nigam dwara vikasit ack utpaad thaa, jise microsoft ney licenses diyaa thaa. vyaavsaayik drishtikon seey iska cumm seey cumm alpaavadhi mein company parr bahut cumm pratyaksh prabhaav padaa.
debase kii achchi bikri jaari rahee, aur company antatah vaarshik bikri mein 318 million dollar parr pahunch gaee. iss avadhi key dauran, esber ney udyog mein kuchh sabse shandar databases engineeron koo kaam parr rakhaa, jinamen dow. aaee. bee. aim., hairi wong aur mike benson (joe baad mein ack nae debase key punarnirmaan key liye esber key prayason kaa netritva karenge) seey moshe zloof.
tait prakaashan.
ashton-tett key tett prakaashan vibhaag ney shuru mein ashton-tett key software key baare mein kitaaben prakaashit keen; octuber 1988 mein yeh teesare paksh key software mein shakha bunn gayaa.
mukadame.
esber ney pahale debase upayogkartaon key ack samooh koo dhamki dee thee joe ack maanak debase file praarup koo paribhaashit karane kaa prayaas curr rahey they. iss maanak key saath, koee bhee ack debase sangat pranali banaa sakata haye, jisaki esber buss anumati naheen dega. lekin jaise hii unhein sangharsh viram jaari kiya gayaa, unhone buss "exbase" key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa ack "nayaa" maanak banaane key apane prayaas koo badal diyaa.
esber ney pahale shamil clone companiyon mein seey ack parr mukadama karane kaa faisala kiya thaa, jise taba fox software key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. 1990 mein jaba taka mamla adalat mein chalaa, taba taka fox software ney foxpro jaari curr diyaa thaa aur bajar mein hissedari badhaane mein vyast thaa. yadi adalati mamla safal rhaa, tou ashton-tett foxpro koo roque sakata thaa aur anya clone koo bhee rokane key liye udaaharan kaa upayog curr sakata thaa, jisase debase koo ack paydan phir seey hassil karane aur debase IV ghatana seey ubarane kii anumati mill sakati thee.
yeye ummeeden taba samaapt hoe gaeen jaba mamla adalat seey baahar fenk diyaa gayaa. praarambhik kaaryavaahi key dauran yeh pataa chalaa kii debase kaa file praarup aur bhasha jey. pee. ell. mein upayog kiye jaane vaale ack mainframe utpaad parr adharit thee, jahan ratliff kaam curr rhaa thaa jaba usane pahali baar valkan banaaya thaa. ashton tett mein rahate hue swaamitva key unake vaikalpik daavon aur phir unake jaane key baad jey. pee. ell. mein jadon kaa samarthan karane seey ratliff kii vishvasaniyata khatare mein parh gaee thee. sabhi tathyon koo kabhi bhee hull naheen kiya gayaa aur ashton-tett key pratiyogiyon key paas nyaaymitra sankshipt lekh likhane mein ack swarth prerit kshetra divas thaa.
jaba sanghiya nyayadhish ney apane clerks key kaam kii sameeksha kii tou unhone apane pahale key faisale koo palat diyaa aur iss mamle kii sunavaai karane kaa faisala kiya kii ashton-tett bhasha kaa malik haye yaa naheen. aprail 1991 mein, nyayadhish ney debase key vikas aur vipanan mein ashton-tett key kaee sou million key nivesh kii raksha karane key esber key faisale koo sahee thaharaaya, yeh faisala dete hue kii ashton-tett bhasha kaa malik thaa. durbhagya seey, unake pahale key faisale ney pahale hii kaafee nuksan pahuncha diyaa thaa. antatah, borland key saath vilay key hisse key roop mein, americi nyaay vibhaag ney aavashyak kiya kii borland menu kamaand aur debase kii kamaand bhasha key liye copyrite daavon kaa daavaa naa karey. isase microsoft key liye fox software khareedane kaa maarg prashast huaa.

