sankraman

ack sankraman rogjanakon dwara ootakon kaa aakraman, unakaa gunan, aur sankraamak agent aur unake dwara utpaadit vishaakt padarthon key liye mezban ootakon kii pratikriya haye. ack sankraamak roga, jise ack pargamya roga yaa sanchari roga key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack sankraman key parinamswarup honey vaali bimari haye.
sankraman rogjanakon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala, sabse pramukh roop seey bacteria aur virus key kaaran hoe sakate hain. mezban apani pratiraksha pranali kaa upayog karke sankraman seey lada sakate hain. standhari mezban ack janmajaat pratikriya key saath sankraman parr pratikriya karate hain, jisamen aksar soojan shamil hoti haye, jisake baad ack anukuli pratikriya hoti haye.
sankraman key ilaaj key liye upayog kii jaane vaali vishisht davaaon mein antibiotic, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozole aur antihelminthics shamil hain. 2013 mein sankraamak rogon key parinamswarup 92 laakh mautein huin (sabhi mauton kaa lagbhag 17 pratishat). sankraman parr dhyaan kendrit karane vaali dawa kii shakha koo sankraamak roga kahaa jaataa haye.
prakaar.
sankraman sankraamak agents (rogjanakon) key kaaran hotey hain jinamen shamil hainh
sanket aur lakshan.
sankraman key sanket aur lakshan roga key prakaar parr nirbhar karate hain. sankraman key kuchh sanket aam taur parr poore shareer koo prabhaavit karate hain, jaise kii thakan, bhookh naa lagana, vajan cumm honah, bukhaar, raat mein pasina aanaa, thhand lagana, dard aur dard. anya shareer key alag-alag angon key liye vishisht hain, jaise kii twacha parr chakatte, khaansi yaa naak bahana.
kuchh mamalon mein, sankraamak roga ack diye gaye mezban mein bahut adhik yaa yahaan taka kii unake sabhi pathyakram key liye lakshanheen hoe sakate hain. baad key mamle mein, roga koo kewal ack "bimari" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye (jiska paribhasha dwara matlab ack bimari haye) joe mejbaanon mein ack lakshanheen vaahak key sampark mein aaney key baad doosari baar beemar hoe jaate hain. ack sankraman ack sankraamak bimari kaa paryaay naheen haye, kyonki kuchh sankraman ack mezban mein bimari kaa kaaran naheen banate hain.
jeevaanu yaa viral.
choonki jeevaanu aur viral sankraman donon ack hii prakaar key lakshnon kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain, isaliye yeh pahachaanana mushkil hoe sakata haye kii kaun saa ack vishisht sankraman kaa kaaran haye. donon mein antar karna mahatvapurna haye, kyonki viral sankraman koo antibiotic davaaon dwara thheek naheen kiya jaa sakata haye jabaki bacteria sankraman hoe sakate hain.
pathophysiology.
ghatnaaon kii ack samanya shrinkhala haye joe sankraman parr lagu hoti haye, jise kabhi-kabhi sankraman yaa sancharan shrinkhala kii shrinkhala kahaa jaataa haye. ghatnaaon kii shrinkhala mein kaee charan shamil hotey hain jinamen sankraamak agent, jalaashay, ack atisamvedansheel mezban mein pravesh karna, baahar nikalana aur nae mejbaanon koo sancharan shamil haye. pratyek link koo sankraman vikasit honey key liye kalanukramik crum mein maujood honah chaahiye. inn charanon koo samajhane seey swaasthya dekhbhal karmchaariyon koo sankraman koo lakshit karane aur ise honey seey rokane mein madad milati haye.
upanivesh.
sankraman taba shuru hotaa haye jaba koee jeev safaltapurvak shareer mein pravesh kartaa haye, badhata haye aur gunaa kartaa haye. ise upanivesheekaran kahaa jaataa haye. adhikansh manushya aasaani seey sankramit naheen hotey hain. jinn logon kii pratiraksha pranali kamjor yaa kamjor hoe jaati haye, unamen deerghakaalik yaa lagaatar sankraman kii samvedansheelta badh jaati haye. jinn vyaktiyon kii pratiraksha pranali dabaa dee gaee haye, way vishesh roop seey avasarvaadi sankramanon key prati atisamvedansheel hotey hain. mezban-rogjanak interfaces parr mezban key pravesh, aam taur parr maukhik guha, naak, aankhen, jannang, gudaa, yaa sookshmajeev jaise chhidron mein shleshma key madhyam seey hotaa haye joe khule ghaavon key madhyam seey pravesh curr sakata haye. jabaki kuchh jeev pravesh key praarambhik sthal parr badh sakate hain, kaee pravaas karate hain aur vibhinn angon mein pranaaleegat sankraman kaa kaaran banate hain. kuchh rogjanak mezban koshikaon (antahkoshikiya) key bheetar badhate hain jabaki anya shaaririk taral padarthon mein swatantra roop seey badhate hain.
ghaav upanivesheekaran ghaav key bheetar gair-pratikriti sookshmajeevon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jabaki sankramit ghaavon mein, pratikriti jeev maujood hotey hain aur ootak ghayal hoe jaate hain. sabhi bahukoshikiya jeev kuchh hudd taka baahya jeevon dwara upaniveshit hotey hain, aur inmein seey adhikansh mezban key saath parasparik yaa samanya sambandh mein maujood hotey hain. poorv kaa ack udaaharan avaayaviya bacteria prajaati haye, joe standhari brihadantra koo upaniveshit karati haye, aur baad vaalaa kaa ack udaaharan maanav twacha parr maujood staphylococcus kii vibhinn prajaatiyan hain. inmein seey kissy bhee upanivesh koo sankraman naheen maanaa jaataa haye. sankraman aur upanivesheekaran key beach kaa antar aksar kewal paristhitiyon kaa mamla hotaa haye. gair-rogjanak jeev vishisht sthitiyon koo dekhate hue rogjanak bunn sakate hain, aur yahaan taka kii sabse vishaakt jeev koo bhee ack jokhim bharey sankraman kaa kaaran banane key liye kuchh paristhitiyon kii aavashyakta hoti haye. kuchh upaniveshkaari bacteria, jaise "corinabacteria sp."aur" "viridan streptococci", "rogjanak bacteria key asanjan aur upanivesheekaran koo rokta haye aur iss prakaar mezban key saath ack sahajeevi sambandh rakhta haye, jisase sankraman koo rokaa jaa sakata haye aur ghaav koo teji seey thheek kiya jaa sakata haye.
ack rogjanak dwara ack mezban key teeka lagaae jaane key parinam mein shamil charr aur antim parinam mein shamil hainh
udaaharan key liye, kaee staphylococcal prajaatiyan twacha parr haanirahit rahati hain, lekin jaba samanya roop seey sterile sthaan mein maujood hoti hain, jaise kii jodd yaa peritonium key capsule mein, binaa pratirodh key gunaa karein aur nuksan pahunchaaen.
ack dilchasp tathya yeh haye kii gais chromatography-maas spectrometry, 16s ribosomal aar. aine. aeye. vishleshan, omics aur anya unnat praudyogikiyon ney haal key dashakon mein manushyon key liye adhik spasht curr diyaa haye kii sookshmajeev upanivesheekaran una vatavaranon mein bhee bahut aam haye jinhen manushya lagbhag sterile maanate hain. kyonki jeevaanu upanivesheekaran honah samanya haye, yeh jaanana mushkil haye kii kiss puraane ghaav koo sankramit key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye aur pragati kaa kitna jokhim maujood haye. naidaanik abhyaas mein bhaari sankhya mein ghaavon key bavjood, mulyankan kiye gaye lakshnon aur sanketon key liye seemit gunavatta vaale detta hain. american medical association kii "tarksangat naidaanik pariksha shrinkhala" kii patrika mein puraane ghaavon kii sameeksha ney sankraman key sanketak key roop mein badhe hue dard key mahatva koo nirdhaarit kiya. sameeksha seey pataa chalaa kii sabse upayogi khoj dard key star mein vriddhi haye [sambhavana anupaat (lr) seema, 11-20] sankraman kii adhik sambhavana banaata haye, lekin dard kii anupasthiti (nakaratmak sambhavana anupaat seema, 0.64-0.88) sankraman koo khariz naheen karati haye (saransh lr 0.64-0.88).
roga.
roga taba utpann hoe sakata haye jaba mezban kii surakshaatmak pratiraksha tantra seey samjhauta kiya jaataa haye aur jeev mezban koo nuksan pahunchaata haye. sookshmajeev vibhinn prakaar key vishaakt padarthon yaa vinashkari enzymon koo chhodkar ootak koo nuksan pahuncha sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, "claustridium tetani" ack vish chhodata haye joe maanspeshiyon koo lakvagrast curr detaa haye, aur staphylococcus vish chhodata haye joe sadma aur sepsis paida kartaa haye. sabhi sankraamak agent sabhi mejbaanon mein bimari kaa kaaran naheen banate hain. udaaharan key liye, poliyo seey sankramit 5 pratishat seey bhee cumm vyaktiyon mein bimari vikasit hoti haye. doosari or, kuchh sankraamak agent atyadhik vishaakt hotey hain. pagal gaay roga aur cretzfelt-jacob roga kaa kaaran banane vaalaa prion hamesha sabhi jaanvaron aur logon koo maar detaa haye joe sankramit hain.
lagaatar sankraman isaliye hotaa haye kyonki praarambhik sankraman key baad shareer jeev koo saaf karane mein asamarth hotaa haye. lagaatar sankramanon kii visheshta sankraamak jeev kii nirantar upasthiti haye, aksar sakriya sankraman key kabhi-kabhi punaravritti key saath avyakt sankraman key roop mein. kuchh virus hain joe shareer kii vibhinn koshikaon koo sankramit karke lagaatar sankraman banaae rakh sakate hain. kuchh virus ack baar praapt curr lete hain aur kabhi bhee shareer seey baahar naheen nikalate hain. ack vishisht udaaharan haye herpes virus, joe nason mein chhip jaataa haye aur vishisht paristhitiyaan utpann honey parr phir seey sakriya hoe jaataa haye.
lagaatar sankraman harr saal vaishvik star parr laakhon mauton kaa kaaran banata haye. kaee avikasit deshon mein parjivi dwara deerghakaalik sankraman uchch rugnata aur mrityu darr key liye jimmedaar haye.
sancharan.
jeevit rahane aur anya mejbaanon mein sankraman chakr koo doharaane key liye jeevon koo sankramit karane key liye, unhein (yaa unaki santan) ack maujooda jalaashay koo chhodana hoga aur kaheen aur sankraman kaa kaaran banana hoga. sankraman sancharan kaee sambhaavit maargon key madhyam seey hoe sakata haih
vishaanu banaam sankramansheelta" key beach sambandh jatil haye; adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii donon key beach koee spasht sambandh naheen thaa. abhee bhee bahut cumm pramaan hain joe aanshik roop seey vishaaktata aur sankramansheelta key beach ack sambandh kaa sujhaav dete hain.
nidan.
sankraamak roga key nidan mein kabhi-kabhi pratyaksh yaa apratyaksh roop seey ack sankraamak agent kii pehchaan karna shamil hotaa haye. vyavhaar mein adhikansh chhoti sankraamak beemaariyaan jaise masse, twachiya phode, shwasan pranali key sankraman aur dast rogon kaa nidan unaki naidaanik prastuti dwara kiya jaataa haye aur vishisht kaarak agent kii jaankaari key binaa ilaaj kiya jaataa haye. roga key kaaran key baare mein nishkarsh iss sambhavana parr adharit hain kii ack rogi ack vishesh agent key sampark mein aaya, ack samudaay mein ack sookshmajeev kii upasthiti, aur anya mahamari vigyaan sambandhi vichaar. paryaapt prayaas kiye jaane parr, sabhi gyaat sankraamak agents kii vishesh roop seey pehchaan kii jaa sakati haye. haalaanki, pehchaan key laabh aksar laagat seey bahut adhik hotey hain, kyonki aksar koee vishisht upchaar naheen hotaa haye, kaaran spasht hotaa haye, yaa sankraman kaa parinam saumya hotaa haye.
sankraamak roga kaa nidan lagbhag hamesha chikitsa itihas aur shaaririk pariksha dwara shuru kiya jaataa haye. adhik vistrit pehchaan takneekon mein ack rogi seey alag kiye gaye sankraamak agents kii sanskriti shamil haye. culture sankraamak jeevon kii sookshm visheshtaon kii jaanch karke, rogjanakon dwara utpaadit padarthon kii upasthiti kaa pataa lagaakar aur seedhe ack jeev koo usake genotype dwara pahchankar unaki pehchaan karane kii anumati detaa haye. anya takneekon (jaise aiks-ray, billi scan, paltu jaanvaron key scan yaa nmr) kaa upayog ack sankraamak agent key vikas key parinamswarup aantarik asaamaanyataon kii chhaviyon kaa utpaadan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. chhaviyaan huddy key phode yaa ack prion dwara utpaadit ack spungeform encephalopathy kaa pataa lagaane mein upayogi hain.
lakshanaatmak nidan.
nidan koo kissy bhee vyakti mein ack sankraamak roga key lakshnon koo prastut karane seey sahaayata milati haye, phir bhee sandeh kii pushti karane key liye aamtaur parr atirikt naidaanik takneekon kii aavashyakta hoti haye. kuchh sanket vishesh roop seey ack bimari kii visheshta aur sanket hain aur inhen rogsoochak sanket kahaa jaataa haye; lekin yeye durlabh hain. sabhi sankraman lakshanaatmak naheen hotey hain.
bachchon mein sinosis, teji seey saans lene, kharaab paridhiya perfusion, yaa ack petical raish kii upasthiti gambhir sankraman key jokhim koo 5 gunaa seey adhik badhaa detee haye. anya mahatvapurna sanketkon mein maataa-pitaa kii chinta, naidaanik pravritti aur 40 degree celsius seey adhik tapman shamil hain.
sookshmajeev samvardhan.
kaee naidaanik drishtikon upayukt naidaanik namoone seey ack rogjanak koo alag karane key liye sookshm jeevavaigyaanik sanskriti parr nirbhar karate hain. ack sookshmajeev samvardhan mein, ack vishisht abhikarmak key liye ack vikas madhyam pradaan kiya jaataa haye. sambhaavit rogagrast ootak yaa taral padaarth seey liye gaye namoone kaa pareekshan usa madhyam key bheetar badhane mein saksham ack sankraamak agent kii upasthiti key liye kiya jaataa haye. kaee rogjanak bacteria aasaani seey poshak tatva aggar parr ugaaye jaate hain, joe thhos madhyam kaa ack roop haye joe carbohydrate aur protein kii aapoorti kartaa haye joe vikas key liye aavashyak haye, saath hii paani kii prachur matra mein. ack ekal jeevaanu plate kii satah parr ack dikhaai dene vaale tealey mein vikasit hoga jise coloney kahaa jaataa haye, jise anya coloniyon seey alag kiya jaa sakata haye yaa ack "lonn" mein milaaya jaa sakata haye. ack coloney kaa aakar, rung, aakar aur roop jeevaanu prajaatiyon, isake vishisht aanuvanshik banaavat (isake tanaav) aur paryaavaran kii visheshta haye joe isake vikas kaa samarthan kartaa haye. pehchaan mein sahaayata key liye anya avayavon koo aksar plate mein jodaa jaataa haye. plates mein aise padaarth hoe sakate hain joe kuchh bacteria key vikas kii anumati dete hain aur dusaron koo naheen, yaa joe kuchh bacteria kii pratikriya mein rung badalate hain aur dusaron koo naheen. inn jaisi jeevaanu plates kaa upayog aamtaur parr sankraamak bacteria kii naidaanik pehchaan mein kiya jaataa haye. sookshmajeev samvardhan kaa upayog virus kii pehchaan mein bhee kiya jaa sakata haih madhyam, iss mamle mein, samvardhan mein vikasit koshikaon key roop mein, jisase virus sankramit hoe sakata haye, aur phir badal yaa maar sakata haye. viral pehchaan key mamle mein, mrit koshikaon kaa ack kshetra viral vikas seey hotaa haye, aur ise "pattika" kahaa jaataa haye. eukariotic parjivi koo kissy vishesh agent kii pehchaan karane key saadhan key roop mein bhee vikasit kiya jaa sakata haye.
upayukt plate culture takneekon key abhaav mein, kuchh sookshmajeevon koo jeevit jaanvaron key bheetar culture kii aavashyakta hoti haye. mycobacterium lepre" aur "traponema pallidum" jaise bacteria jaanvaron mein ugaaye jaa sakate hain, halanki serological aur microscopic takneeken jeevit jaanvaron key upayog koo anaavashyak banaati hain. virus kii pehchaan aamtaur parr sanskriti yaa jaanvaron mein vikas key vikalpon kaa upayog karke kii jaati haye. kuchh virus bhroon andey mein ugaaye jaa sakate hain. ack anya upayogi pehchaan vidhi zenodiagnosis haye, yaa ack sankraamak agent key vikas kaa samarthan karane key liye ack vector kaa upayog haye. chagas roga sabse mahatvapurna udaaharan haye, kyonki ack rogi mein kaarak agent, "trypanosoma cruzie" kii upasthiti koo seedhe pradarshit karna mushkil haye, jisase nishchit roop seey nidan karna mushkil hoe jaataa haye. iss mamle mein, zenodiagnosis mein chagas agent "tii" key vector kaa upayog shamil haye. cruzie, "ack asankramit triatomine bugg, joe sankramit honey key sandeh mein ack vyakti seey rakt bhojan letaa haye. baad mein bugg kaa "tii" key vikas key liye nireekshan kiya jaataa haye. cruzie "apane aant key bheetar.
sookshmadarshi.
sankraamak roga key nidan mein ack anya pramukh upkaran sookshmadarshi haye. oopar charcha kii gaee lagbhag sabhi sanskriti takneeken sankraamak agent kii nishchit pehchaan key liye sookshm pareekshan parr nirbhar karati hain. sookshmadarshi koo saral upkaranon key saath kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii yaugik prakaash sookshmadarshi, yaa ack electron sookshmadarshi key roop mein jatil upkaranon key saath. rogiyon seey praapt namoonon koo seedhe prakaash sookshmadarshi key tahat dekhaa jaa sakata haye, aur aksar teji seey pehchaan kii or leey jaa sakata haye. sookshmadarshi kaa upayog aksar jaiv rasayanik dhundhala karane kii takneekon key sanyojan mein bhee kiya jaataa haye, aur jaba antibody adharit takneekon key sanyojan mein upayog kiya jaataa haye tou ise utkrisht roop seey vishisht banaaya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, kritrim roop seey fluorescent (fluorescently label kiye gaye antibody) banaae gaye antibody key upayog koo ack rogjanak parr maujood ack vishisht antigen koo baandhane aur pahchaanane key liye nirdeshit kiya jaa sakata haye. ack pratideepti sookshmadarshi kaa upayog taba naidaanik namoonon yaa samvardhit koshikaon key bheetar aantarik pratijanon seey bandhe pratideepan kaa pataa lagaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. yeh takneek vishesh roop seey viral rogon key nidan mein upayogi haye, jahaan prakaash sookshmadarshi seedhe virus kii pehchaan karane mein asamarth haye.
anya sookshm prakriyaaen bhee sankraamak agents kii pehchaan karane mein sahaayata curr sakati hain. lagbhag sabhi koshikaaen nakaratmak roop seey aaveshit cellular anuon aur dye parr sakaratmak avesh key beach sthir vidyut aakarshan key kaaran aasaani seey kaee buniyaadi rangon seey daag lagaati hain. ack koshika aam taur parr ack sookshmadarshi key tahat pardarshi hoti haye, aur ack daag kaa upayog karane seey isaki prishthabhoomi key saath ack koshika kaa vipareet badh jaataa haye. ack koshika koo ack rung key saath daag lagaana jaise kii giema stein yaa chrystal violet ack sookshmadarshi koo isake aakar, aakar, aantarik aur baahari ghatakon aur anya koshikaon key saath isake sambandhon kaa varnan karane kii anumati detaa haye. vibhinn daag lagaane kii prakriyaon key liye bacteria kii pratikriya kaa upayog sookshmajeevon key vargeekaran vargeekaran mein bhee kiya jaataa haye. dou vidhiyaan, graam stein aur acid-fast stein, bacteria koo vargeekrit karane aur roga key nidan key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale maanak drishtikon hain. graam stein bacterial samoohon basilota aur actinomycetota kii pehchaan kartaa haye, jinamen seey donon mein kaee mahatvapurna maanav rogjanak hotey hain. acid-fast steining prakriya actinomycetota genera "mycobacterium" aur "nocardia" kii pehchaan karati haye.
jaiv rasayanik pareekshan.
sankraamak agents kii pehchaan mein upayog kiye jaane vaale jaiv rasayanik parikshanon mein ack vishesh sankraamak agent kii visheshta vaale chayapachaya yaa enzymatic utpaadon kaa pataa lagaana shamil haye. choonki bacteria apane vansh aur prajaatiyon kii visheshta vaale pattern mein carbohydrate koo kinvit karate hain, isaliye kinwan utpaadon kaa pataa lagaane kaa upayog aamtaur parr bacteria kii pehchaan mein kiya jaataa haye. acid, alcohol aur gasses kaa pataa aamtaur parr inn parikshanon mein taba lagaaya jaataa haye jaba bacteria koo chayanaatmak taral yaa thhos madhyam mein ugaaya jaataa haye.
sankramit ootak seey enzymon kaa algaav bhee ack sankraamak roga key jaiv rasayanik nidan kaa aadhar pradaan curr sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, manushya naa tou aar. aine. aeye. pratikriti banaa sakate hain aur naa hii riverse transcript, aur inn enzymon kii upasthiti visheshta haye., vishisht prakaar key viral sankraman. viral protein haemaglutinin kii laal rakt koshikaon koo ack saath ack pataa lagaane yogya matricks mein baandhane kii kshamata koo viral sankraman key liye ack jaiv rasayanik pareekshan key roop mein bhee varnit kiya jaa sakata haye, halanki sakhti seey bolate hue haemaglutinin ack "enzyme" naheen haye aur iska koee chayapachaya kaary naheen haye.
serological vidhiyaan atyadhik samvedansheel, vishisht aur aksar sookshmajeevon kii pehchaan karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale atyant tez pareekshan hotey hain. yeye pareekshan vishesh roop seey ack pratijan seey judane key liye ack antibody kii kshamata parr adharit hain. pratijan, aamtaur parr ack sankraamak agent dwara banaaya gayaa protein yaa carbohydrate, antibody seey bandha hotaa haye. yeh bandhan taba ghatnaaon kii ack shrinkhala koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye joe pareekshan parr nirbhar karate hue vibhinn tarikon seey spasht roop seey spasht hoe sakati haye. udaaharan key liye, "strape throat" kaa aksar minaton key bheetar nidan kiya jaataa haye, aur yeh kaarak agent dwara banaae gaye antigen kii upasthiti parr adharit hotaa haye. piogens, "joe ack rogi key galey seey ack sooti swab key saath praapt kiya jaataa haye. yadi upalabdh hoe tou serological pareekshan aamtaur parr pehchaan kaa pasandida maarg hotaa haye, haalaanki pareekshan vikasit karane key liye mahange hotey hain aur pareekshan mein upayog kiye jaane vaale abhikarmakon koo aksar prasheetan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. kuchh serological vidhiyaan behad mahangi hoti hain, haalaanki jaba aamtaur parr upayog kii jaati hain, jaise kii "strape test" key saath, way sastee hoe sakati hain.
jatil serological takneekon koo vikasit kiya gayaa haye jinhen immunoese key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. immunoaces ack vidyut-chumbakiya yaa kann vikiran sanket kaa utpaadan karane key liye aadhar key roop mein buniyaadi antibody-antigen binding kaa upayog curr sakate hain, jiska pataa kissy prakaar key upkaran dwara lagaaya jaa sakata haye. agyaat sanketon kii tulanaa lakshya pratijan kii matra nirdhaarit karane vaale manakon seey kii jaa sakati haye. sankraamak rogon key nidan mein sahaayata key liye, pratirakshaatmak roga ack videshi agent kii pratikriya mein ack sankramit jeev dwara utpann sankraamak agents yaa protein seey antigen kaa pataa lagaa sakate hain yaa maap sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, immunoesse aeye virus kann seey satah protein kii upasthiti kaa pataa lagaa sakata haye. doosari or immunoese bee ack jeev kii pratiraksha pranali dwara utpaadit antibody kaa pataa lagaa sakata haye yaa maap sakata haye joe virus koo beasar karane aur nasht karane kii anumati dene key liye banaae jaate hain.
antibody-antigen binding seey judee maadhyamik pratikriyaon dwara banaae gaye behad chhote sanketon koo padhane key liye upkaran kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. sankraamak roga key nidan key liye ack laagat prabhaavi swachaalit prakriya pradaan karane key liye upkaran namoone lene, abhikarmak upayog, pratikriya samay, sanket kaa pataa lagaane, parinamon kii ganana aur detta prabandhan koo niyantrit curr sakate hain.
pee. see. aar.-adharit nidan.
polymerase chain reaction (pee. see. aar.) vidhi parr adharit praudyogikiyan kaee karanon seey nikat bhavishya key nidan key lagbhag sarvavyaapi swarn maanak bunn jaayengi. sabse pahale, sankraamak agents kii soochi iss hudd taka badh gaee haye kii maanav aabaadi key lagbhag sabhi mahatvapurna sankraamak agents kii pehchaan kii gaee haye. doosara, ack sankraamak agent koo maanav shareer key bheetar roga paida karane key liye badhana chaahiye; anivarya roop seey ise ack bimari paida karane key liye apane swayam key nuclic acid koo badhaana chaahiye. sankramit ootak mein nuclic acid kaa yeh pravardhan pee. see. aar. kaa upayog karke sankraamak agent kaa pataa lagaane kaa avsar pradaan kartaa haye. teesara, pee. see. aar., primer koo nirdeshit karane key liye aavashyak upkaran, sankraamak agents key genome seey praapt hotey hain, aur samay key saath una genome koo pataa chala jaayega, yadi way pahale seey hii naheen hain.
iss prakaar, kissy bhee sankraamak agent kaa teji seey aur vishesh roop seey pataa lagaane kii takniki kshamata vartamaan mein upalabdh haye. nidan key ack maanak upkaran key roop mein pee. see. aar. key upayog key liye kewal shesh avrodh isaki laagat aur anuprayog mein hain, jinamen seey koee bhee durgam naheen haye. kuchh rogon key nidan seey pee. see. aar. vidhiyon key vikas seey laabh naheen hoga, jaise kii kuchh claustridial roga (dhanurvaat aur botulism). yeye beemaariyaan apekshaakrit cumm sankhya mein sankraamak bacteria dwara moolbhoot roop seey javic jahar hain joe atyant shaktishali neurotoxin kaa utpaadan karate hain. sankraamak agent kaa ack mahatvapurna prasaar naheen hotaa haye, yeh kissy bhee bacteria kii upasthiti kaa pataa lagaane key liye pee. see. aar. kii kshamata koo seemit kartaa haye.
metagenomic anukraman.
jeevaanu, viral, kavak, protozoal aur krimi rogjanakon kii vistrit shrinkhala koo dekhate hue, joe kamjor karane vaale aur jeevan key liye khatarnak beemariyon kaa kaaran banate hain, sankraman key kaaran kii jaldi seey pehchaan karane kii kshamata mahatvapurna haye, lekin aksar chunautipurna hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, mastishk koo prabhaavit karane vaali ack gambhir bimari, mastishkshoth key aadhe seey adhik mamle, dekhbhal key maanak (sookshm jeev vigyaan sanskriti) aur atyaadhunik naidaanik prayogshala vidhiyon kaa upayog karke vyaapak pareekshan key bavjood, nidan naheen kiye gaye hain. metagenomic anukraman-adharit naidaanik pareekshan vartamaan mein naidaanik upayog key liye vikasit kiye jaa rahey hain aur ack ekal sarv-vyaapak pareekshan kaa upayog karke sankraman kaa nidan karane key liye ack samvedansheel, vishisht aur teji seey tareeke key roop mein vaadaa karate hain. yeh pareekshan vartamaan pee. see. aar. parikshanon key samaan haye; haalaanki, ack vishisht sankraamak agent key liye primer key bajaay ack lakshit poore genome pravardhan kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. iss pravardhan charan key baad agali peedhi kii anukraman yaa teesari peedhi kii anukraman, sanrekhan tulanaa aur hajaaron rogjanak aur samanya sandarbh genome key badey databases kaa upayog karke vargeekaran vargeekaran kiya jaataa haye. saath hii, rogjanak aur plasmid genome key bheetar roganurodhi pratirodh jeane koo anukramit kiya jaataa haye aur ack roganurodhi pratirodh profile utpann karane key liye vargeekaranaatmak roop seey vargeekrit rogjanak genome key saath sanrekhit kiya jaataa haye-antibiotic samvedansheelta pareekshan key anuroop-roganurodhi prabandhan koo suvidhajanak banaane aur ack rogi key sankraman key liye sabse prabhaavi davaaon kaa upayog karke upchaar key anukoolan kii anumati dene key liye.
metagenomic anukraman nidan key liye vishesh roop seey upayogi saabit hoe sakata haye jaba rogi pratirakshaatmak roop seey kamjor hoe jaataa haye. sankraamak agents kii ack vyaapak shrinkhala pratiraksha daman vaale vyaktiyon koo gambhir nuksan pahuncha sakati haye, isaliye naidaanik jaanch aksar vyaapak honey chaahiye. isake alawa, lakshnon kii abhivyakti aksar asamanya hoti haye, jisase prastuti key aadhar parr naidaanik nidan adhik kathin hoe jaataa haye. teesara, roga nidan vidhiyaan joe antibody kaa pataa lagaane parr nirbhar karati hain, whiffle honey kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye. isaliye sabhi gyaat maanav rogjanakon key liye ack twarit, samvedansheel, vishisht aur lakshit pareekshan joe antibody key bajaay jeev key dna kii upasthiti kaa pataa lagaata haye, atyadhik vaanchhaniya haye.
parikshanon kaa sanket.
aamtaur parr ack sankraamak agent kii vishisht pehchaan key liye ack sanket kewal tabhi hotaa haye jaba aisee pehchaan roga key upchaar yaa roktham mein sahaayata curr sakati haye, yaa prabhaavi chikitsiya yaa nivaarak upaayon key vikas seey pahale ack bimari key pathyakram key baare mein gyaan koo aage badhaa sakati haye. udaaharan key liye, 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein, aids key upchaar key liye aizt key prakat honey seey pahale, rogi key rakt key namoonon kii sanrachana kii nigrani karke roga key pathyakram kaa bariki seey paalan kiya gayaa thaa, bhale hii parinam rogi koo koee aur upchaar vikalp pradaan naheen karega. aanshik roop seey, vishisht samudaayon mein aich. aaee. vee. kii upasthiti parr inn adhyayanon ney virus key sancharan key maarg key roop mein parikalpanaon kii pragati kii anumati dee. yeh samajhkar kii bimari kaise failati thee, nae sankramanon kii sankhya koo cumm karane key uddeshya seey abhiyaanon mein sabse adhik jokhim vaale samudaayon key liye sansadhanon koo lakshit kiya jaa sakata haye. aich. aaee. vee. kii vishisht serological naidaanik pehchaan, aur baad mein genotypic yaa aanvik pehchaan ney virus kii laukik aur bhaugolik utpatti key saath-saath anya parikalpanaon key asankhya parikalpanaon key vikas koo bhee saksham kiya. aanvik naidaanik upkaranon key vikas ney chikitsakon aur shodhkartaon koo anty-retroviral davaaon key saath upchaar kii prabhavkarita kii nigrani karane mein saksham banaaya haye. aanvik nidan kaa upayog abb aamtaur parr bimari kii shuruat seey bahut pahale swasth logon mein aich. aaee. vee. kii pehchaan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye aur aich. aaee. vee. sankraman key liye aanuvanshik roop seey pratirodhi logon key astitva koo pradarshit karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye. iss prakaar, jabaki abhee bhee sahaayata key liye koee ilaaj naheen haye, virus kii pehchaan karane aur sankramit vyaktiyon key rakt key bheetar virus key star kii nigrani karane key liye bahut badaa chikitsiya aur bhavishyasoochak laabh haye, donon rogi key liye aur badey paimaane parr samudaay key liye.
vargeekaran.
upa-naidaanik banaam naidaanik (avyakt banaam spasht).
lakshanaatmak sankraman "spasht" aur "naidaanik" hotey hain, jabaki ack sankraman joe sakriya haye lekin dhyaan dene yogya lakshan paida naheen kartaa haye, usey "aprabhaavi", "mook", "upa-naidaanik" yaa gupt kahaa jaa sakata haye. ack sankraman joe nishkriya yaa nishkriya haye, usey "avyakt sankraman" kahaa jaataa haye. avyakt jeevaanu sankraman kaa ack udaaharan avyakt tapedik haye. kuchh viral sankraman avyakt bhee hoe sakate hain, avyakt viral sankraman key udaaharan "herpesveridae" parivaar seey hain.
sankraman" shabd kissy vishesh rogjanak kii kissy bhee upasthiti koo darshaata haye (chaahe kitna bhee cumm kyon naa hoe) lekin aksar ack "naidaanik roop seey spasht" sankraman (dusare shabdon mein, sankraamak roga kaa mamla) koo ingit karane key arth mein bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye. yeh tathya kabhi-kabhi kuchh aspashtata paida kartaa haye yaa kuchh upayog charcha koo prerit kartaa haye; isake aspas jaane key liye swaasthya peshevaron key liye "upanivesheekaran" ("sankraman" key bajaay) kii baat karna aam baat haye jaba unakaa matlab haye kii kuchh rogjanak maujood hain lekin koee naidaanik roop seey spasht sankraman (koee bimari naheen) maujood naheen haye.
sankraman kaa course.
samay key saath sankraman kaise aur kahaan maujood hain, iska varnan karane key liye vibhinn shabdon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. ack "teevra" sankraman mein, lakshan teji seey vikasit hotey hain; iska pathyakram yaa tou teji seey yaa lamba hoe sakata haye. puraane" sankraman mein, lakshan aamtaur parr hafton yaa maheenon mein dheere-dheere vikasit hotey hain aur dheere-dheere thheek hotey hain. subacute" sankramanon mein, lakshan teevra sankramanon kii tulanaa mein vikasit honey mein adhik samay lete hain lekin puraane sankramanon kii tulanaa mein adhik jaldi utpann hotey hain. fokal" sankraman sankraman kaa ack praarambhik sthal haye jisase jeev raktapravaah key madhyam seey shareer key dusare kshetra mein jaate hain.
praathamik banaam avasarvaadi.
sookshmajeevon kii kaee kismon mein, apekshaakrit cumm swasth vyaktiyon mein bimari kaa kaaran banate hain. sankraamak roga una kuchh rogjanakon aur unake dwara sankramit mejbaanon kii raksha key beach paraspar kriya key parinamswarup hotaa haye. kissy bhee rogjanak key parinamswarup roga kii upasthiti aur gambhirta usa rogjanak kii mezban koo nuksan pahunchaane kii kshamata key saath-saath rogjanak kaa pratirodh karane kii mezban kii kshamata parr nirbhar karati haye. haalaanki, ack mezban kii pratiraksha pranali bhee sankraman koo niyantrit karane key prayaas mein mezban koo nuksan pahuncha sakati haye. isaliye chikitsak, sankraamak sookshmajeevon yaa sookshmajeevon koo mezban raksha kii sthiti key anusaar vargeekrit karate hain-yaa tou "praathamik rogjanakon" key roop mein yaa "avasarvaadi rogjanakon" key roop mein.
praathamik rogjanak.
praathamik rogjanak samanya, swasth mezban key bheetar unaki upasthiti yaa gatividhi key parinamswarup roga kaa kaaran banate hain, aur unaki aantarik vishaaktata (bimari kii gambhirta joe way paida karate hain), aanshik roop seey, prajanan aur prasaar kii unaki aavashyakta kaa ack aavashyak parinam haye. manushyon key kaee sabse aam praathamik rogjanak kewal manushyon koo sankramit karate hain, haalaanki, kaee gambhir beemaariyaan paryaavaran seey praapt jeevon yaa gair-maanav mejbaanon koo sankramit karane vaale jeevon key kaaran hoti hain.
avasarvaadi rogjanak.
avasarvaadi rogjanak avasaadgrast pratirodh (pratiraksha kii kamee) vaale mezban mein ack sankraamak roga kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain yaa yadi unaki shareer key ander asamanya pahunch haye (udaaharan key liye, aghaat key madhyam seey). avasarvaadi sankraman aamtaur parr mezban key sampark mein sookshmajeevon key kaaran hoe sakata haye, jaise kii gastroentestinal yaa oopari shwasan path mein rogjanak bacteria yaa kavak, aur way anya mejbaanon seey praapt (anyatha nirdosh) sookshmajeevon key parinamswarup bhee hoe sakate hain (jaise "claustridium deficile" colietis mein) yaa aaghaatjanak parichay key parinamswarup (jaise shalya chikitsa ghaav yaa yaugik fracture mein). ack avasarvaadi bimari key liye mezban raksha kii haani kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe aanuvanshik doshon (jaise kii purani granulomatous bimari), roganurodhi davaaon yaa pratiraksha damankari rasayanon (jaisa kii vishaaktata yaa cancer chemotherapy key baad hoe sakata haye), ayankari vikiran key sampark mein aaney, yaa pratiraksha damankari gatividhi (jaise khasra, maleria yaa hiv roga) key saath ack sankraamak roga key parinamswarup hoe sakati haye. praathamik rogjanak bhee avasaadgrast pratirodh vaale mezban mein adhik gambhir bimari kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain joe samanya roop seey ack pratirakshaatmak mezban mein hotaa haye.
dwiteeyak sankraman.
jabaki ack praathamik sankraman koo vyaavhaarik roop seey ack vyakti kii vartamaan swaasthya samasya key mool kaaran key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, ack maadhyamik sankraman usa mool kaaran kaa ack anukram yaa jatilata haye. udaaharan key liye, jalane yaa bhedan aghaat (mool kaaran) key kaaran honey vaalaa sankraman ack dwiteeyak sankraman haye. praathamik rogjanak aksar praathamik sankraman kaa kaaran banate hain aur aksar maadhyamik sankraman kaa kaaran banate hain. aamtaur parr, avasarvaadi sankramanon koo maadhyamik sankraman key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye (kyonki pratiraksha kii kamee yaa chot purvanirdhaarit kaarak thaa).
anya prakaar key sankraman.
anya prakaar key sankraman mein mishrit, itrogenic, nosocomial aur samudaay dwara praapt sankraman shamil hain. ack mishrit sankraman ack aisaa sankraman haye joe dou yaa dou seey adhik rogjanakon key kaaran hotaa haye. iska ack udaaharan appendicitis haye, joe "bacteroids fragilis" aur "escarichia kolai" key kaaran hotaa haye. doosara ack itrogenic sankraman haye. iss prakaar kaa sankraman vaha haye joe ack swaasthya dekhbhal karyakarta seey ack rogi mein failata haye. ack nosocomial sankraman bhee ack aisaa haye joe swaasthya dekhbhal setting mein hotaa haye. nosocomial sankraman way hain joe aspatal mein rahane key dauran praapt hotey hain. anta mein, ack samudaay dwara praapt sankraman vaha haye jisamen sankraman ack poore samudaay seey praapt hotaa haye.
sankraamak hoe yaa naa hoe.
yeh saabit karane kaa ack tarika kii ack dee gaee bimari sankraamak haye, coach key abhidhaaranaon koo santusht karna haye (pahale robbert coach dwara prastaavit), jisake liye aavashyak haye kii pahala, sankraamak agent kewal una rogiyon mein pahachaana jaa sakey jinake paas bimari haye, aur swasth niyantran mein naheen, aur doosara, kii sankraamak agent koo anubandh karane vaale rogiyon mein bhee bimari vikasit hoti haye. inn abhidhaaranaon kaa upayog pahali baar iss khoj mein kiya gayaa thaa kii mycobacteria prajaatiyan tapedik kaa kaaran banati hain.
haalaanki, coach key abhidhaaranaon kaa aamtaur parr naitik karanon seey aadhunik abhyaas mein pareekshan naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. unhein saabit karane key liye ack swasth vyakti key prayogaatmak sankraman kii aavashyakta hogi jisamen ack rogjanak shuddh sanskriti key roop mein utpaadit hotaa haye. isake vipareet, spasht roop seey sankraamak roga bhee hamesha sankraamak maandandon koo puuraa naheen karate hain; udaaharan key liye, "traponema pallidum", upadansh key kaarankaari spirochate koo "inn vitro" mein samvardhit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye-haalaanki khargosh key vrishan mein jeev koo samvardhit kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh cumm spasht haye kii ack shuddh sanskriti ack pashu srot seey aatee haye joe mezban key roop mein seva karati haye, jabaki yeh plate sanskriti seey praapt sookshmajeevon seey praapt hoti haye.
mahamari vigyaan, yaa kisake, kyon aur kahaan roga hotaa haye, aur kyaa nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii vibhinn aabaadi mein koee bimari haye yaa naheen, iska adhyayan aur vishleshan, sankraamak roga koo samajhane key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack anya mahatvapurna upkaran haye. mahamari vigyaani aabaadi key bheetar samoohon key beach antar nirdhaarit curr sakate hain, jaise kii kyaa kuchh ayu samoohon mein sankraman kii darr adhik yaa cumm haye; kyaa vibhinn padoson mein rahane vaale samoohon mein sankramit honey kii sambhavana adhik haye; aur anya karakon, jaise kii ling aur nasl dwara. shodhkarta yeh bhee aaklan curr sakate hain kii kyaa ack bimari kaa prakop chhitput haye, yaa kewal ack saamyik ghatana haye; sthaanik, ack kshetra mein honey vaale niyamit mamalon key sthir star key saath; mahamari, teji seey utpann honey vaale, aur ack kshetra mein asamanya roop seey adhik mamalon key saath; yaa mahamari, joe ack vaishvik mahamari haye. yadi sankraamak roga kaa kaaran agyaat haye, tou sankraman key sroton kaa pataa lagaane mein sahaayata key liye mahamari vigyaan kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye.
sankraamak.
sankraamak rogon koo kabhi-kabhi sankraamak roga kahaa jaataa haye jaba way kissy beemar vyakti key sampark mein aaney yaa unake sraav (jaise) seey aasaani seey failate hain.jee., influenzae). iss prakaar, ack sankraamak roga sankraamak roga kaa ack upasamuchchay haye joe vishesh roop seey sankraamak yaa aasaani seey failata haye. anya prakaar key sankraamak, pargamya yaa sanchari rogon key saath sankraman key adhik vishesh maargon, jaise kii vector sancharan yaa yaun sancharan, koo aamtaur parr "sankraamak" naheen maanaa jaataa haye, aur aksar prabhaavit logon key chikitsa algaav (kabhi-kabhi shithil roop seey sangrodh kahaa jaataa haye) kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye. haalaanki, "sankraamak" aur "sankraamak roga" (aasaan sancharan kshamata) shabd key iss vishesh arth kaa hamesha lokpriya upayog mein sammaan naheen kiya jaataa haye.
sankraamak roga aamtaur parr seedhe sampark key madhyam seey ack vyakti seey dusare vyakti mein failate hain. sampark key prakaar vyakti seey vyakti mein hotey hain aur boond failati haye. apratyaksh sampark jaise kii vaayujanit sancharan, dooshit vastuein, bhojan aur peyajal, pashu vyakti sampark, pashu jalaashay, keat kaatane aur paryavaraniya jalaashay sankraamak rogon key sanchaar kaa ack anya tarika hain.
shaaririk sthaan key anusaar.
sankraman koo shaaririk sthaan yaa sankramit anga pranali dwara vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisamen shamil hainh
isake alawa, soojan key sthaanon mein jahaan sankraman sabse aam kaaran haye, unamen pneumonia, meningitis aur salpingitis shamil hain.
roktham.
haath dhona, gaaun pahanana aur faces mask pahanana jaisi takneeken sankraman koo ack vyakti seey dusare vyakti mein jaane seey rokane mein madad curr sakati hain. 19veen shatabdi key anta mein chikitsa aur shalya chikitsa mein asseptic takneek kii shuruat kii gaee thee aur shalya chikitsa key kaaran honey vaale sankraman kii ghatnaaon koo bahut cumm curr diyaa thaa. avaanchhit jeevon key prasaar key khilaf baar-baar haath dhona sabse mahatvapurna raksha haye. roktham key anya roop hain jaise kii avaidh davaaon key upayog seey bachana, kandom kaa upayog karna, dastaane pahanana aur santulit aahar aur niyamit vyayam key saath swasth jeevan shally apnana. bhojan koo achchi tarah seey pakana aur lambe samay seey baahar rakhe gaye khaadya padarthon seey bachana bhee mahatvapurna haye.
sankraman key sancharan koo rokane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale roganurodhi padarthon mein shamil hainh
sankraamak rogon key sancharan koo rokane yaa dheema karane key tarikon mein seey ack vibhinn rogon kii vibhinn visheshtaon koo pahachaanana haye. kuchh mahatvapurna roga visheshtaon kaa mulyankan kiya jaanaa chaahiye jinamen vishanuta, prabhaavit logon dwara taya kii gaee doori aur sankramakta kaa star shamil hain. udaaharan key liye, ibola virus key maanav upabhed, sankramit logon koo bahut jaldi aksham curr dete hain aur jald hii unhein maar dete hain. natijatan, iss bimari seey prabhaavit logon koo praarambhik sankraman kshetra seey bahut door yatra karane kaa avsar naheen milata haye. isake alawa, yeh virus twacha key ghaavon yaa aankh jaisi pargamya jhilli key madhyam seey failna chaahiye. iss prakaar, ibola kaa praarambhik charan bahut sankraamak naheen haye kyonki isake peediton koo kewal aantarik raktasraav kaa anubhav hotaa haye. uparokt visheshtaon key parinamswarup, ibola kaa prasaar bahut teji seey hotaa haye aur aamtaur parr apekshaakrit seemit bhaugolik kshetra key bheetar rahata haye. isake vipareet, maanav pratiraksha kamee virus (aich. aaee. vee.) apane peediton kii pratiraksha pranali parr hamla karke bahut dheere-dheere unhein maar detaa haye. natijatan, isake kaee peedit yeh mahsoos karane seey pahale kii way bimari leey jaa rahey hain, virus koo anya vyaktiyon mein prasaarit karate hain. isake alawa, apekshaakrit cumm vishanuta isake peediton koo lambi doori kii yatra karane kii anumati detee haye, jisase mahamari kii sambhavana badh jaati haye.
sankraamak rogon key sancharan darr koo cumm karane kaa ack aur prabhaavi tarika haye chhote vishva network key prabhaavon koo pahachaanana. mahamari mein, aksar sankramit vyaktiyon key kendron yaa samoohon key bheetar vyaapak baatchit hoti haye aur atisamvedansheel vyaktiyon key asatat kendron key bheetar anya baatchit hoti haye. asatat kendron key beach cumm antahkriya key bavjood, yeh roga ack sankramit kendra key saath ack yaa kuchh antahkriyaon key madhyam seey ack atisamvedansheel kendra mein kood sakata haye aur fail sakata haye. iss prakaar, chhote vishva network mein sankraman darr koo kuchh hudd taka cumm kiya jaa sakata haye yadi sankramit kendron key bheetar vyaktiyon key beach baatchit koo samaapt curr diyaa jaae (chitra 1). haalaanki, sankraman kii darr koo kaafee cumm kiya jaa sakata haye yadi mukhya dhyaan kendra key beach sancharan kii roktham parr haye. aich. aaee. vee. vaale dawa upayogkartaon key uchch ghanatva vaale kshetron mein suee vinimay karyakramon kaa upayog iss upchaar vidhi key safal karyanvayan kaa ack udaaharan haye. ack anya udaaharan 2001 mein pair aur munh key virus key prasaar koo rokane key liye nikatvarti kheton mein sambhaavit atisamvedansheel pashudhan key ring cooling yaa teekaakaran kaa upayog haye.
vector-janit rogjanakon key sancharan koo rokane key liye ack samanya vidhi keat niyantran haye.
aise mamalon mein jahaan sankraman kaa kewal sandeh haye, vyaktiyon koo taba taka prithak-vaas mein rakhaa jaa sakata haye jaba taka kii ushmaayan avadhi samaapt naheen hoe jaati haye aur bimari khud prakat hoe jaati haye yaa vyakti swasth rahata haye. samoohon koo sangrodh seey gujarna parh sakata haye, yaa samudaayon key mamle mein, sankraman koo samudaay seey parey failane seey rokane key liye, yaa surakshaatmak prithakkaran key mamle mein, ack samudaay mein ack gherabandi kii jaa sakati haye. saarvajanik swaasthya adhikaari samajik doori key anya roopon koo lagu curr sakate hain, jaise kii school bund karna, lockdown yaa asthaayi pratibandh (jaise.jee. circuit breaker) ack mahamari koo niyantrit karane key liye.
pratiraksha.
adhikansh rogjanakon key saath sankraman key parinamswarup mezban kii mrityu naheen hoti haye aur roga key lakshan cumm honey key baad antatah ullanghan karane vaale jeev koo saaf curr diyaa jaataa haye. iss prakriya key liye rogjanak key inoculum koo maarne yaa nishkriya karane key liye pratiraksha tantra kii aavashyakta hoti haye. sankraamak rogon key khilaf vishisht arjit pratiraksha antibody aur/yaa tii lymphocytes dwara madhyasthata kii jaa sakati haye. inn dou karakon dwara madhyasthata kii gaee pratiraksha nimnalikhit dwara prakat hoe sakati haih
ack sookshmajeev key prati pratiraksha pranali kii pratikriya aksar uchch bukhaar aur soojan jaise lakshnon kaa kaaran banati haye, aur isamen ack sookshmajeev key kaaran honey vaale pratyaksh nuksan kii tulanaa mein adhik vinashkari honey kii kshamata hoti haye.
sankraman (pratiraksha) key prati pratirodh koo ack bimari key baad, rogjanak key lakshanheen parivahan dwara, ack samaan sanrachana (cross reacting) key saath ack jeev koo aashray dekar, yaa teekaakaran dwara praapt kiya jaa sakata haye. surakshaatmak pratijanon aur vishisht adhigrahit mezban pratiraksha karakon kaa gyaan avasarvaadi rogjanakon kii tulanaa mein praathamik rogjanakon key liye adhik poorna haye.
jhund pratiraksha kii ghatana bhee haye joe una kamjor logon koo suraksha pradaan karati haye jaba aabaadi key ack badey hisse ney kuchh sankramanon seey pratiraksha praapt curr lii haye.
ack sankraamak roga key prati pratiraksha pratirodh key liye yaa tou pratijan-vishisht antibody aur/yaa tii koshikaon key ack mahatvapurna star kii aavashyakta hoti haye jaba mezban rogjanak kaa saamana kartaa haye. kuchh vyakti kuchh agents kii satah key polysaccharides key liye praakritik seeram antibody vikasit karate hain, halanki unakaa agent key saath bahut cumm yaa koee sampark naheen hotaa haye, yeye praakritik antibody vayaskon koo vishisht suraksha pradaan karate hain aur navjat shishuon koo nishkriya roop seey preshit hotey hain.
aanuvanshik karakon kii mejbani karein.
ack vishisht sankraamak agent kii sankraamit kriya kaa lakshya joe jeev haye, usey mezban kahaa jaataa haye. ack paripakva yaa yaun roop seey sakriya charan mein ack agent koo aashray dene vaale mezban koo nishchit mezban kahaa jaataa haye. madhyavarti mezban larva charan key dauran sampark mein aataa haye. ack mezban kuchh bhee jeevit hoe sakata haye aur alaingik aur yaun prajanan praapt curr sakata haye.
rogjanakon kii nikasi, yaa tou upchaar-prerit yaa sahaj, yeh vyaktigat rogiyon dwara leey jaae gaye aanuvanshik roopon seey prabhaavit hoe sakati haye. udaaharan key liye, pagillated pagillated yaa pagillated pagillated (brand naam pegasis yaa pegg-intron) key saath ribavirin key saath ilaaj kiye gaye genotype 1 hepatitis see key liye, yeh dikhaaya gayaa haye kii maanav il28b jeane key paas aanuvanshik bahuroopata, encoding interferon lambda 3, virus key upchaar-prerit nikasi mein mahatvapurna antar seey judey hain. mool roop seey prakriti mein report kii gaee iss khoj seey pataa chalaa haye kii geantype 1 hepatitis see key rogi joe joe jeane key paas kuchh aanuvanshik sanskaran elil leey jaate hain, sambhavatah upchaar key baad dusaron kii tulanaa mein nirantar vishaanu sambandhi pratikriya praapt karane key liye adhik hain. prakriti seey baad mein praapt report seey pataa chalaa kii vahee aanuvanshik roop genotype 1 hepatitis see virus key praakritik nikasi seey bhee judey hain.
upchaar.
jaba sankraman shareer parr hamla kartaa haye, tou "anty-infective" davaaen sankraman koo dabaa sakati hain. lakshit jeev key prakaar key aadhar parr kaee vyaapak prakaar kii sankraamak-rodhi davaaen maujood hain; unamen jivanurodhi (antibiotic; antitubercular sahit), antiviral, antifungal aur antiparacetic (antiprotozole aur antihelminthic sahit) agent shamil hain. sankraman kii gambhirta aur prakaar key aadhar parr, antibiotic koo munh seey yaa injection dwara diyaa jaa sakata haye, yaa ise sheersh parr lagaaya jaa sakata haye. mastishk key gambhir sankramanon kaa ilaaj aamtaur parr antahshira antibiotic davaaon seey kiya jaataa haye. kabhi-kabhi, ack antibiotic key prati pratirodh honey kii sthiti mein kaee antibiotic davaaon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. antibiotic kewal bacteria key liye kaam karate hain aur virus koo prabhaavit naheen karate hain. antibiotic davaaon seey bacteria key gunan koo dheema kiya jaataa haye yaa bacteria koo maaraa jaataa haye. chikitsa mein upayog kiye jaane vaale antibiotic davaaon key sabse aam vargon mein penicillin, cephalosporin, aminoglycoside, macrolide, quinolone aur tetracycline shamil hain.
sabhi sankramanon key liye upchaar kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye, aur kaee swa-seemit sankramanon key liye upchaar laabhon kii tulanaa mein adhik dushprabhaav paida curr sakata haye. roganurodhi prabandhan yeh avadharana haye kii swaasthya seva pradaataon koo ack roganurodhi key saath sankraman kaa ilaaj karna chaahiye joe vishesh roop seey cumm seey cumm samay key liye lakshit rogjanak key liye achchi tarah seey kaam kartaa haye aur kewal tabhi ilaaj karane key liye jaba koee gyaat yaa atyadhik sandigdh rogjanak hoe joe dawa kaa jawab dega.
sankraman kii samvedansheelta.
covid-19 jaisi mahamariyan darshaati hain kii loga sankraman kii apani samvedansheelta mein naatakiya roop seey bhinn hotey hain. yeh samanya swaasthya, umr yaa unaki pratiraksha sthiti key kaaran hoe sakata haye.jee. jaba way pahale seey sankramit hoe chuke houn. haalaanki, yeh bhee spasht hoe gayaa haye kii aanuvanshik kaarak hain joe sankraman kii samvedansheelta koo nirdhaarit karate hain. udaaharan key liye, 40 pratishat taka saars-cove-2 sankraman lakshanheen hoe sakate hain, joe yeh sujhaav dete hain kii kaee loga praakritik roop seey bimari seey surakshit hain. badey aanuvanshik adhyayanon ney gambhir saars-cove-2 sankramanon key liye jokhim karakon koo paribhaashit kiya haye, aur gambhir covid-19 rogiyon key 659 genome anukramon seey aanuvanshik roopon kaa pataa chalaa haye joe jeevan key liye khatarnak bimari seey judey hue prateet hotey hain. inn adhyayanon mein pehchaane gaye ack jeane kaa prakaar aaee interferon (aaee. aff. aine.) haye. jeevan key liye khatra paida karane vaale covid-19 rogiyon key aaee. aff. aine. prakaar key khilaf auto antibody 13.7% taka paae gaye they, joe darshaata haye kii aanuvanshiki aur pratiraksha pranali key beach ack jatil baatchit covid key praakritik pratirodh key liye mahatvapurna haye.
isi tarah, tarah jeane mein utparivartan, endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase 2 koo encoding, plaig kii samvedansheelta koo badhaata haye, joe bacteria "yersinia pastice" key saath sankraman key kaaran honey vaali bimari haye. jinn logon koo vanshaanugat roop seey jeane key ack poorna sanskaran kii dou pratiyaan mileen, way plaig seey bachane kii sambhavana doguni thee, una logon kii tulanaa mein jinhen vanshaanugat roop seey ack katey hue sanskaran kii dou pratiyaan mileen.
samvedansheelta ney sankraman key mahamari vigyaan koo bhee nirdhaarit kiya, yeh dekhate hue kii vibhinn aabaadi mein alag-alag aanuvanshik aur paryavaraniya sthitiyaan hoti hain joe sankraman koo prabhaavit karati hain.
mahamari vigyaan.
2010 mein, lagbhag 1 karod loga sankraamak rogon seey marr gaye.
vishva swaasthya sangathan roga (aaee. see. dee.) sanhita shreniyon key antarrashtriya vargeekaran dwara vaishvik mauton parr jaankaari ekatra kartaa haye. nimnalikhit talika mein 2002 mein mauton kii sankhya key aadhar parr sheersh sankraamak roga koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye. tulanaa key liye 1993 key aankade shamil kiye gaye hain.
aich. aaee. vee./aids, tb aur maleria sheersh teen ekal agent/roga-nivaarak hain. jabaki lagbhag harr bimari key kaaran honey vaali mauton kii sankhya mein kamee aaee haye, hiv/aids key kaaran honey vaali mauton mein chaar gunaa vriddhi hui haye. bachpan kii beemariyon mein pertussis, polyomyelitis, diptheria, khasra aur dhanurvaat shamil hain. cumm shwasan aur dast seey honey vaali mauton mein bhee bachchon kii badee sankhya hoti haye. 2012 mein, lagbhag 3.1 laakh logon kii mrityu nimn shwasan sankraman key kaaran hui haye, jisase yeh duniya mein mrityu kaa number 4 pramukh kaaran bunn gayaa haye.
aitihaasik mahamari.
apratyaashit aur visfotak prabhaavon kii apani kshamata key saath, sankraamak roga maanav itihas mein pramukh abhineta rahey hain. mahamari (yaa vaishvik mahamari) ack aisee bimari haye joe ack vyaapak bhaugolik kshetra mein logon koo prabhaavit karati haye. udaaharan key liyeh
ubharate roga.
adhikansh mamalon mein, sookshmajeev aapsi yaa samanya baatchit key madhyam seey apane mejbaanon key saath samanjasya mein rahate hain. roga taba ubhar sakate hain jaba maujooda parjivi rogjanak bunn jaate hain yaa jaba nae rogjanak parjivi ack nae mezban mein pravesh karate hain.
kaee maanav gatividhiyon ney virus, bacteria, protozoa aur ricketsia sahit zoonotic maanav rogjanakon key udbhav kaa kaaran banaa haye, aur vector-janit rogon kaa prasaar, vaishvikaran aur roga aur vanyajeev roga bhee dekhein.
roganu siddhant.
pracheen kaal mein, yunani itihaaskaar theusidides (-) athens key plaig key baare mein likhane vaale pahale vyakti they, kii beemaariyaan ack sankramit vyakti seey dusaron mein fail sakati hain. apane "vibhinn prakaar key bukhaar parr" () mein, greco-roman chikitsak gallen ney anuman lagaaya kii plaig key kuchh beejon seey plaig failate they, joe havaa mein maujood they. sushrut sanhita mein, pracheen bhaaratiya chikitsak sushrut ney siddhant diyaah "kushth roga, bukhaar, sevan, aankh kii beemaariyaan, aur anya sankraamak roga yaun millen, shaaririk sampark, ack saath khaane, ack saath soney, ack saath baithane aur ack hii kapade, maalaa aur pest kaa upayog karke ack vyakti seey dusare vyakti mein failate hain."yeh pustak eesaa poorv chhathi shatabdi kii haye.
sankraamak siddhant kaa ack buniyaadi roop farsi chikitsak ibn sinaa (jise europe mein avicenna key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) dwara "dha cannon off medicine" (1025) mein prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa, joe baad mein 16veen shatabdi taka europe mein sabse aadhikarik chikitsa paathyapustak bunn gaee. cannon" kii pustak IV mein, ibn sinaa ney mahamariyon parr charcha kii, shaastriya miyasma siddhant koo rekhaankit kiya aur ise apane swayam key praarambhik sankraman siddhant key saath mishrit karane kaa prayaas kiya. unhone ullekh kiya kii loga saans seey dusaron koo bimari kaa sanchaar curr sakate hain, tapedik key saath sankraman kaa ullekh kiya, aur paani aur gandagi key madhyam seey bimari key sancharan parr charcha kii. adrishya sankraman kii avadharana parr baad mein ayubid saltanat mein kaee islami vidvaanon dwara charcha kii gaee, jinhone unhein "najasat" ("ashuddh padaarth") key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. fikah vidwan ibn all-huzz all-abdari (-1336) ney islami aahar aur swachchata parr charcha karate hue, iss baare mein chetavani dee kii kaise sankraman paani, bhojan aur vastron koo dooshit curr sakata haye, aur paani kii aapoorti key madhyam seey fail sakata haye, aur hoe sakata haye kii sankraman adrishya kanon key roop mein nihit hoe.
jaba 14veen shatabdi mein black death bubonic plaig all-andalus taka pahuncha, tou arab chikitsak ibn khatima () aur ibn all-khatib (1313-1374) ney parikalpana kii kii sankraamak roga "sookshm shareer" key kaaran hotey hain aur varnan kiya kii way kaise vastron, vaahikaon aur jhumakon key madhyam seey preshit kiye jaa sakate hain. punarjagaran key dauran europe mein sankraman key vichaar adhik lokpriya hoe gaye, vishesh roop seey italvi chikitsak girolamo fracastoro key lekhan key madhyam seey. anton vaine leuvenhoek (1632-1723) ney sookshmajeevon kaa avalokan karane vaale pahale vyakti key roop mein sookshmadarshi key vigyaan koo unnat kiya, jisase bacteria kii aasaani seey kalpana kii jaa sakati haye.
19veen shatabdi key madhya mein johnn snow aur villium budd ney dooshit paani key madhyam seey typhoid aur haija kii sankramakta kaa pradarshan karane key liye mahatvapurna kaam kiya. donon koo paani key sandushan koo rokane key upaayon koo lagu karke apane shaharon mein haija kii mahamariyon koo cumm karane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. lui pasteur ney sandeh seey parey saabit kiya kii kuchh beemaariyaan sankraamak agents key kaaran hoti hain, aur rabies key liye ack teeka vikasit kiya. robert coach ney sankraamak rogon kaa adhyayan ack vaigyaanik aadhar key saath pradaan kiya jise coach key abhidharana key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. edward genner, jonas salk aur albert sabin ney chechak aur poliyo key liye prabhaavi teeke vikasit kiye, jisake parinamswarup baad mein kramshah inn beemariyon kaa unmoolan aur lagbhag unmoolan hoga. alekjendar flaming ney duniya key pahale antibiotic, penicillin kii khoj kii, joe taba flore aur chain vikasit huaa. gerhard domag ney sulphonamides vikasit kiye, joe pahali vyaapak varnakram synthetic jivanurodhi davaayen hain.
chikitsa visheshagya.
sankraamak rogon kaa chikitsa upchaar sankraamak roga key chikitsa kshetra mein aataa haye aur kuchh mamalon mein prasaar kaa adhyayan mahamari vigyaan key kshetra seey sambandhit haye. aam taur parr, sankraman kaa nidan shuru mein praathamik dekhbhal chikitsakon yaa aantarik chikitsa visheshagyon dwara kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, ack "saral" pneumonia kaa ilaaj aam taur parr internist yaa fuffusiya visheshagya (fefadon key chikitsak) dwara kiya jaayega. isaliye sankraamak roga visheshagya key kaam mein rogiyon aur samanya chikitsakon key saath-saath prayogshala vaigyaanikon, pratiraksha visheshagyon, jeevaanuvigyaani aur anya visheshagyon key saath kaam karna shamil haye.
ack sankraamak roga dall koo taba satark kiya jaa sakata haye jabah
samaaj aur sanskriti.
kaee adhyayanon ney ack kshetra mein rogjanak bhaar aur maanav vyavhaar key beach sambandhon kii soochana dee haye. uchch rogjanak bhaar ack kshetra mein jaatiya aur dhaarmik samoohon key cumm aakar seey judaa huaa haye. yeh anya samoohon key bachane key paksh mein uchch rogjanak bhaar key kaaran hoe sakata haye, joe rogjanak sancharan koo cumm curr sakata haye, yaa ack uchch rogjanak bhaar badee bastiyon aur senaaon key nirmaan koo roque sakata haye joe ack samanya sanskriti koo lagu karate hain. adhik rogjanak bhaar adhik pratibandhit yaun vyavhaar seey bhee judaa huaa haye, joe rogjanak sancharan koo cumm curr sakata haye. yeh swaasthya key liye uchch prathmiktaon aur sathiyon mein aakarshan key saath bhee judaa huaa haye. uchch prajanan darr aur prati bachche cumm yaa cumm maataa-pitaa kii dekhbhal ack anya sangathan haye joe uchch mrityu darr key liye ack muaavaja hoe sakata haye. bahuvivaah key saath bhee ack sambandh haye joe uchch rogjanak bhaar key kaaran hoe sakata haye, jisase uchch aanuvanshik pratirodh vaale purushon kaa chayan teji seey mahatvapurna hoe jaataa haye. adhik rogjanak bhaar adhik saamoohikta aur cumm vyaktivaad seey bhee judaa huaa haye, joe baahari samoohon aur sankramanon key saath sampark koo seemit curr sakata haye. cumm seey cumm kuchh sanghon key liye vaikalpik spashteekaran hain, halanki inmein seey kuchh spashteekaran antatah rogjanak bhaar key kaaran hoe sakate hain. iss prakaar, bahuvivaah inn kshetron mein cumm purushah mahila anupaat key kaaran bhee hoe sakata haye, lekin yeh antatah sankraamak rogon seey mrityu darr mein vriddhi key kaaran hoe sakata haye. ack anya udaaharan yeh haye kii kharaab samajik-aarthik kaarak antatah aarthik vikas koo rokane vaale uchch rogjanak bhaar key kaaran hoe sakate hain.
jeevaashm record.
jeevaashm avasheshon mein sankraman kaa pramaan jeevaashm roga visheshagyon key liye ruchi kaa vishay haye, joe vilupt jeevan roopon mein choton aur bimari kii ghatnaaon kaa adhyayan karate hain. mansahari dynasore kii haddiyon mein sankraman key sanket paae gaye hain. haalaanki, jaba yeye sankraman maujood hotey hain, tou yeye shareer key kewal chhote kshetron taka hii seemit prateet hotey hain. praarambhik mansahari dynasore "hererasaurus echigulastensis" key liye jimmedaar ack khopadi soojan aur jharjhara huddy seey ghire gaddhe jaise ghaavon koo pradarshit karati haye. ghaavon key aspas huddy kii asamanya banaavat seey pataa chalata haye kii way ack alpakaalik, gair-ghaatak sankraman seey prabhaavit they. khopadi kaa adhyayan karane vaale vaigyaanikon ney anuman lagaaya kii kaatane key nishan ack anya "hererasaurus" key saath ladaai mein praapt hue they. sankraman key pralekhit sakshya key saath anya mansahari dynasore mein "acrocanthosorus", "allosaurus", "tyrenosaurus" aur kirtland gathan seey ack tyrenosaurus shamil hain. donon tyranosaurs seey sankraman ack ladaai key dauran kaate jaane seey praapt hue they, jaise kii "hererasaurus" namuna.
baahari antariksh.
2006 key ack antariksh shuttle prayog mein paaya gayaa kii "salmonella typhimurium", ack jeevaanu joe khaadya vishaaktata kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye, antariksh mein kheti karane parr adhik vishaakt hoe gayaa. 29 aprail, 2013 koo, nassa dwara vitt poshit renseller polytechnic sansthaan key vaigyaanikon ney bataaya kii, antarrashtriya antariksh station parr antariksh udaan key dauran, sookshmajeev antariksh paryaavaran key anukool honey key liye "prithvi parr naheen dekhe gaye" aur aise tarikon seey prateet hotey hain joe "vikas aur vishaaktata mein vriddhi kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain. haal hii mein, 2017 mein, bacteria antibiotic davaaon key liye adhik pratirodhi paae gaye they aur lagbhag vajanheenta mein panapate they. sookshmajeevon koo baahari antariksh key nirvaat seey bachane key liye dekhaa gayaa haye.

