
mario praaz

mario praaz (; 6 sitambar, 1896, rome-23 march, 1982, rome) kalaa aur saahitya key italvi mool key aalochak aur angreji saahitya key vidwan they. unaki sabse prasiddh pustak, "dha romantic agney" (1933), 18veen aur 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh key europeeya lekhakon kii visheshta vaale kshay, kamuk aur rugna vishayon kaa ack vyaapak sarvekshan thaa (unake ack adhyaay key sandarbh key liye "fame fattel" dekhein). yeh pustak pahali baar 1930 mein italvi mein "" key roop mein likhi aur prakaashit kii gaee thee; aur sabse halia sanskaran 1996 mein sansoni dwara florence mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa.
jeevani.
praaz ack baink clerk, luciano praaz (mrityu 1900) aur unaki patni, poorv giulia testa dee marciano (mrityu 1931), count elsibiade testa dee marciano kii betty key bete they. unake sautele pitaa carlo targioni (mrityu 1954) they, joe ack chikitsak they, jinase unaki maan ney 1912 mein shaadi kii thee.
unhone bologna vishvavidyalaya (1914-15) mein adhyayan kiya, rome vishvavidyalaya (1918) seey kaanoon kii degree praapt kii, aur florence vishvavidyalaya (1920) seey saahitya mein doctorate praapt kii.
praaz ney 17 march 1934 koo vivaah kiya (1942 mein alag, 1947 mein talaak leey liya), vivian leonora iles (1909-1984), liverpool vishvavidyalaya mein ack angreji-saahitya key vyakhyata, jinase praaz vahaan apane samay key dauran italvi adhyayan mein ack vishesh vyakhyata key roop mein mille they. vaha angreji upanyaskar aur nariwadi lekhak margaret leonora iles (1889-1960) kii betty theen, jinhone 1941 mein unhein "merrie dushman betty key liye" naamak ack aatmakathaatmak kaary key baare mein sambodhit kiya thaa. unhone 1948 mein apane dusare pati, kalaa itihaaskaar wolfgang fritz volbach key roop mein shaadi kii. praaz aur palakon kaa ack bachcha thaa, ack betty, lucia praaz (janm 1938).
praaz kaa ekmatra anya gyaat romantic lagaav parla kaisigura naamak ack anglo-italian mahila key saath thaa, jisase vaha 1953 mein mille they aur pustak mein "dha house off life" mein "diamente" kahaa thaa.
rome mein palazzo primoli mein praaz key nivaas koo museo mario praaz mein badal diyaa gayaa haye. orhan pamuk key upanyaas 'dha museum off masumiyat' mein iska ullekh "sabse shandar lekhak sangrahalaya jise maine dekhaa thaa" key roop mein kiya gayaa haye.
jeevan aur lekhan.
praaz ack sammaanit italvi-janm kalaa aalochak aur angreji bhasha key vidwan they. unhone 1932 aur 1934 key beach manchester key victoria vishvavidyalaya mein italvi adhyayan padhaaya. phir unhone 1934 seey rome vishvavidyalaya mein angreji saahitya padhaaya, jaba taka kii way 1966 mein sevaanivritt naheen hoe gaye. 1962 mein, unhein raani elizabeth dwiteeya dwara night kii upaadhi dee gaee aur way british samrajya key order key night commander bunn gaye. haalaanki praaz shayed angreji saahitya key kshetra mein apane lekhan key liye jaane jaate hain, unhone aantarik design aur aantarik sajawat donon kii avadhaaranaon, lekhan aur dhaarana mein majboot yogdan diyaa haye. unaki "romantic peedaa" mein prastut kii gaee avadhaaranaon koo unaki rachana aur kalaa aalochana mein aakar diyaa gayaa haye. iss lekhan shally koo praaz kii dou sabse ullekhaniya design pustakon, "dha house off life" aur "interior design mein ack sachitra itihas" mein safaltapurvak niyojit kiya gayaa haye. yeye kritiyaan ack sthaan key aantarikta key unake siddhanton koo ujagar karati hain, aur unaki avadhaaranaon koo prakat karati hain kii ack vyakti aantarik roop seey kaise rahata haye aur way ise apana banaane key liye ise kaise aakar dete hain. unakaa abhootpoorv kaary "satrahavin shatabdi kii kalpana mein adhyayan", pahali baar 1939 mein prakaashit huaa aur usake baad seey kaee baar phir seey jaari kiya gayaa, prateek aur vyaktigat upkaran kii praarambhik aadhunik roopak shailiyon kii ack vyavasthit soochi aur vishleshan kaa utpaadan karane key pahale prayason mein seey ack haye.
design lekhan.
praaz kaa naa kewal interior design aur sajawat key baare mein lekhan parr balki itihas aur design key vikas parr bhee gahara prabhaav padaa haye. pompei seey laker art nauvyu taka aantarik sajawat kaa ack sachitra itihas" ney ack photographic album key nirmaan kii anumati dee haye, "praaz kii iss chhoti lekin aakarshak kalaa kii punah khoj. . . yeh ack rahasyodghatan thaa, aur vishay key aitihaasik saundarya mahatva koo abb jaankaar sangrahakartaon key ack samooh dwara maanyata dee gaee haye. unakaa kaam "pracheen yunan seey laker kalaa nauvyu taka ghareluta key drishya pratinidhitva kaa chayan pradaan kartaa haye, aur una parr ack tippani pradaan kartaa haye."chhaviyaan 1770 aur 1860 kii avadhi key beach europe mein yunani, roman, madhyayugeen, punarjagaran aur victorian gharon kii aantarik sajawat aur design koo darshaati hain. rekhaachitra, chitra aur jall rung pratinidhitva samagr sthaan kii aantarikta aur sajawat key sthaanik gunon aur visheshtaon koo pakadate hain. chitra kamare key aakar, kaaleen seey laker furniture, chitra, kapade, deewaar kaa rung, parde key latakane aur prakaash key sthaan taka sateekta darj karate hain. praaz key kaam ney inn sabhi aantarik visheshtaon kaa dastavejikaran kiya haye joe athaarahavin aur unnisvin shatabdi mein nivaasiyon key liye sthaan koo aakar dete. iss kaam kaa naa kewal ack sthaan kii aantarikta parr shodh karane key prabhaav mein ack majboot yogdan rhaa haye, balki ack aantarik itihas koo record karane mein ack nayaa aadhar pradaan kiya haye.
isake alawa, beesavin shatabdi key madhya seey jiss tarah seey interior design kaa adhyayan aur pralekhan kiya gayaa haye, usa parr praaz ney ack prabhaavshaali prabhaav daala haye. unhone aitihaasik design adhyayan aur anusandhaan key vikas mein badalaav koo badhaava dene mein madad kii. unakaa kaam, "aantarik sajawat kaa ack sachitra itihas", aantarik sanyojan kii bhoomika key baare mein daarshanik vichaaron key saath ack paaramparik kalaa-aitihaasik drishtikon koo milata haye. praaz kalaa itihas key sandarbhon key beach sambandhon koo dekhane vaale pahale alochakon mein seey ack they, aur ise ack sthaan key aantarik karyon seey jodate they. vaha una pahale designers mein seey ack they jinhone dhyaan diyaa kii saaj-sajja vyakti kaa pratinidhitva thaa. yeh iss lekhan mein dikhaaya gayaa haye kyonki vaha kahate hain kii "saaj-sajja samajik itihas kii moort kalaakritiyaan hain. iss prakaashan key praarambhik avasthaon mein saaj-sajja kii aavashyakta key baare mein avadharana koo sambodhit kiya gayaa haye. praaz ghar aur usake aantarik hisse koo "ack nirantarta key roop mein dekhta haye, jise hamesha saaj-sajja kii aavashyakta hoti haye. iss avadharana key aadhar key madhyam seey, "praaz nivaas karane vaale vishay key vichaar koo letaa haye, aur interior aur isaki sajawat, iss itihas key nirmaan key liye poorv-dee gaee avadhaaranaon key roop mein, naa kii way joe vishesh aitihaasik sthitiyon seey ubhare hain", iss prakaar iska arth haye kii furniture, ghar aur interior sabhi ghar mein rahane vaale vyakti key "pratinidhitvaatmak udgam" key roop mein kaary karate hain, joe "charitra yaa vyavasaayi key vyaktitva" koo pratibimbit karate hain. antatah, praaz interior design aur sajawat kii avadharana koo chunauti detaa haye, iss baat parr prakaash daaltaa haye kii kaise vyakti poori tarah seey prabhaavit kartaa haye kii unake ghar kaa leout aur sajawat kaise prastut kiya jaayega. yeh avadharana kii aantarik vyakti kaa vyaktigat pratibimb haye, vyaktigat roop seey unaki sthaanik aatmakatha "jeevan kaa ghar" mein prakat hoti haye. aantarik sajawat key sachitra itihas" mein prastut kii gaee avadhaaranaon aur pralekhan shally koo anya alochakon aur itihaskaron dwara baad mein design lekhan key madhyam seey jaari rakhaa gayaa haye aur chunauti dee gaee haye.
"jeevan kaa ghar" vyakti kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale aantarik kii avadharana koo samajhane kaa sabse aasaan tarika haye. praaz kaa kaam darshakon koo "rome mein flat key kamare key vivaran key anusaar kamare, jisamen vaha tees saal taka rahey", pradaan karke unake apartment key vyaktigat aantarik dayare mein jaane kii anumati detaa haye. iss sthaan key aantarikta kaa poori tarah seey varnan "apartment koo dikhaata haye (ack television karyakram key tareeke seey), joe saaj-sajja key saath sanghon key aatmakathaatmak vivaran pradaan kartaa haye. yeh aatmakathaatmak itihas vastukala kaa varnan kartaa haye aur aantarik bhaag koo vyavasthit kartaa haye, jisase paathak koo apane ghar kaa puuraa vivaran milata haye aur "hamein gopaniyata key sachche maargon kaa paalan karane aur professor key brahmand koo phir seey banaane kaa mauka milata haye, joe maanav aankh key aayamon taka cumm hoe jaataa haye."unakaa lekhan sabse pahale iss baat kii antardrishti pradaan kartaa haye kii vaha usa sthaan taka kaise pahunchate hain jisamen way rahate hain, aur vaha usa sthaan mein kaise rahate hain. "jeevan kaa ghar" mool roop seey "ack sachitra itihas" kii lekhan shally kii nakal kartaa haye. iss vistrit vivaran aur lekhan shally koo baad key design lekhan mein nakal kiya gayaa haye, taaki ack sthaan kii aantarikta key harr pahalu koo dastaavez kiya jaa sakey.
kalaa kii avadharana praaz seey judee haye, jinhone avyavasthit drishya interior design koo sandarbhit karane key liye iss shabd kaa upayog kiya.
design patrikaon aur design adhyayan key bhavishya parr prabhaav.
praarambhik nishkarsh joe "aantarik sajawat key sachitra itihas" key madhyam seey prastut kiye gaye hain, unhone george savage key "aantarik design key sankshipt itihas" mein lekhan parr prabhaavshaali prabhaav daala haye. aantarik koo samajik itihas seey jodane kii avadhaaranaaen mool roop seey berber key kaam mein pratidhwanit hoti hain. 1960 key dashak key madhya mein praaz key lekhan kaa yeh praarambhik prabhaav beesavin shatabdi key shesh samay mein jaari rhaa. praaz key kaam mein sambodhit avadhaaranaaen "aantarik sajawat kaa ack sachitra itihas" ack peshe key roop mein, 21veen shatabdi key samajon mein interior designer key sandarbh koo ujagar karati hain. interior designer key kaam koo vyaktigat jarooraton aur ichchhaon kii nakal karane mein saksham honey kii aavashyakta hoti haye, taaki vyakti koo unake ghar key interior mein sahee dhang seey darshaaya jaa sakey. iss avadharana koo shuru mein praaz dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa aur iss parr prakaash daala gayaa thaa, aur yeh kathan iss baat kii antardrishti detaa haye kii interior key kaam kaise kiye jaate hain.
design lekhan parr aalochanatmak vichaar.
praaz key design kaary parr alag-alag raay siril connolly aur admond willson key lekhan mein dekhi jaa sakati haye. jabaki willson praaz key kaam kii "utkrisht kriti" key roop mein prashansa karate hain, connolly "jeevan kaa ghar" koo sabse ubaau pustakon mein seey ack kahata haye jise maine kabhi padhaa haye. . . . yeh avishvasaniya roop seey thakaa dene vaalaa haye. . . . isamen oob kaa saahas haye, ack saahas haye joe kissy koo apani aankho parr shayed hii vishvaas karaata haye."
aalochanatmak vichaar.
woss dietro laa skena" kii apani prastaavana menh "unn 'antologia personley", mario praaz videsh mein apani padhaai yaa apane vyaktitva kii galat vyakhyaon aur galat uddharanon key mamalon kii reporting mein apani vishisht vidambana aur alpokti koo darshaata haye. vaha nimnalikhit tathyon kii report karate hainh "surr admond gose key jeevan aur patron" mein, gose 17 navambar 1923 key ack patra mein likhate hainh "mario praaz ack dilchasp yuva professor hain, ack mahaan swinburnian hain."italvi pratiyogita mein, derek patmore kahate hainh" "dow. mario praaz, itane lambe samay taka ingland kaa ack kattar dost."charles doo boses 1923 mein apani diarry mein likhate hainh" maine abraham aur mario praaz key saath bhojan kiya. vaha vernan lii kaa ack mahaan mitra haye."benjamin chramiax kii vidhwa mairi-aine comney, disambar 1949 mein" "homes aitt mondes" "mein likhati hainh" "aadhikarik aalochak theh marco uchchaaran, francy, rossie, count morra aur medemoisel beloncy, paine club key mahaan animator."marco pron vaastav mein mario praaz haye, galat vartani. charles jackson "baahari kinaaron" mein kahate hainh "mario praaz aur bertold brecht ack yaun aparaadhi key liye duniya mein sabse achchha padhane kaa kaam karate hain."1950 key aspas, kaadar geno ney" "neoclassic swaad" "kaa hangerian mein anuvaad kiya; vaha daavaa karate hain kii comrade praaz poonjeevaad kaa ack kathor dushman haye.<inn majedar tathyon key alawa, halanki, praaz kii itali aur videshon mein atyadhik prashansa kii gaee haye. admond willson ney "dha jeaney off dha vaaya giulia" mein likhaa haye kii praaz "apane samay key sarvshreshth italvi lekhakon mein seey ack key roop mein bhaavi peedhi key liye jaanaa jaayega-jahan taka ack videshi nyaay curr sakata haye.

