
rajkoshiyata

rajkoshiyata ack aisaa shabd haye jiska upayog kabhi-kabhi aarthik siddhant koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye kii sarkaar koo vrihat aarthik neeti key mukhya saadhan key roop mein rajkoshiya neeti parr bharosa karna chaahiye. iss arth mein rajkoshiyata maudrik neeti parr nirbharta seey judee maudrik neeti key vipareet haye. rajkoshiya visheshagya gair-parivartaniya tairane kii darr pranali mein mudrikaran koo aksham key roop mein aswikar karate hain, yadi aprabhaavi bhee naheen hain. 
rajkoshiyata dou prakaar kii hoti haih
jadein.
rajkoshiyata keynesian siddhanton parr bahut adhik nirbhar karati haye joe bataati haye kii aarthik vikas aur sthirata sunishchit karane key liye ack sakriya sarkari hastakshep aavashyak haye.
rajkoshiya visheshagyon key liye rojgar praathamik chinta kaa vishay haye. y (aaya), paaee = mv mein swatantra charr haye (jahan pee = moolya star, aim = dhana kii raashi, vee = dhana kaa wegg/karobar), jisamen parivartan prabhaavi maang koo prabhaavit karate hain. isaliye rajkoshiya visheshagyon kaa maanana haye kii rajkoshiya neeti key madhyam seey y koo niyantrit karane kii aavashyakta haye, joe prabhaavi maang koo prabhaavit karati haye. prabhaavi maang laabh key avsar koo puuraa karane key liye nivesh koo aage badhaati haye, aur prabhaavi maang aaya-nirbhar haye, kyonki khapat koo bachat koo cumm karke, parisampattiyon koo bechkar yaa sthaayi roop seey udhaar laker vittaposhit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. yadi aapoorti aur maang ishtatam sansaadhan upayog parr sthir hoe jaati haye, tou unaki berojgari cumm hoe jaati haye.
rajkoshiyata aur aadhunik maudrik siddhant.
vrihad arthshastra kaa pavitra aadhar moolya sthirata key saath poorna rojgar haye, jiska arth haye moolya star koo niyantrit karate hue sansadhanon kaa atyadhik kushal upayog.
sabse pahale, aadhunik maudrik siddhant (mmt) maudrik vyakhya koo lagbhag poori tarah seey khariz curr detaa haye, yeh daavaa karate hue kii yeh koshagar, kendriya baink aur vaanijyik banking key vaastavik sanchaalan key galat drishtikon parr adharit haye, aur way kaise baatchit karate hain. doosara, aim. aim. tii. bataata haye kii vaaine godley dwara vikasit kshetriya santulan drishtikon aur abba learner dwara vikasit karyatmak vitt key rojgar key madhyam seey pavitra grail kii khoj mein kaise safal honah haye. iss drishtikon kaa jore mudra jarikarta key rajkoshiya santulan key saath gair-sarkari bachat kii ichcha kii bharpai karke poorna rojgar parr utpaadan (aapoorti) kii khareed key liye paryaapt prabhaavi maang banaae rakhna haye. yeh atyadhik maang key kaaran utpann honey vaali mudrasfeeti key jokhim key binaa poorna rojgar (jansankhya aur utpaadaktaa mein samagr maang parivartanon koo samaayojit karate hue) parr samagr maang aur samagr aapoorti koo sthir kartaa haye.
dhyaan dein kii yeh aapoorti sadame key kaaran badhate moolya star parr lagu naheen hotaa haye, jaise kii ekadhikar kaa prayog karane vaale gutt dwara uksaayaa gayaa tail sankat, yaa vaastavik sansadhanon kii kamee., ee.jee. praakritik aapada, yuddh yaa jalavaayu key kaaran. yeh ack alag mudda haye aur mmt key anusaar ise alag tareeke seey sambodhit kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
ack gair-parivartaniya tairati darr maudrik pranali mein, mudra jarikarta parichaalan key liye seemit naheen haye. ekmatra baadha vaastavik sansaadhan hain. yadi prabhaavi maang arthavyavastha kii kshamata koo puuraa karane key liye vistaar karane kii kshamata seey adhik hoe jaati haye, tou mudrasfeeti kaa parinam hoga. yadi prabhaavi maang poorna rojgar parr utpaadan karane kii arthavyavastha kii kshamata seey cumm hoe jaati haye, tou arthavyavastha sikud jaayegi, utpaadan antar khul jaayega, aur berojgari badhegi.
yeh drishtikon ack kosh-adharit maudrik vyavastha parr adharit haye, jisamen sarkari rajkoshiya vyay dwara madhyasthata karke mudra jaari karane key madhyam seey dhana banaaya jaataa haye. ghaate kii bharpai key liye kosh pratibhootiyon koo jaari karna ack aarakshit nikasi key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, joe ack maudrik sanchaalan key roop mein kaary kartaa haye joe kendriya baink koo vittaposhan seey judey rajkoshiya sanchaalan key bajaay apani lakshya darr koo praapt karane mein saksham banaata haye. isi tarah, karon koo sarkari vyay key liye ack vittaposhan sanchaalan key roop mein naheen dekhaa jaataa haye, balki prabhaavi maang koo niyantrit karane aur iss tarah kshetriya santulan drishtikon aur karyatmak vitt key liye mudrasfeeti key dabaav koo cumm karane key liye gair-sarkari shuddh vittiya parisampattiyon koo vaapas lene key saadhan key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.
yeh drishtikon mudrakaron key rinn-adharit maudrik anumaanon key bilkul vipareet haye, joe swarn maanak jaise parivartaniya nishchit darr shasson key liye upayukt haye, lekin vartamaan gair-parivartaniya tairati darr pranali key liye naheen haye joe 15 agast, 1971 koo rashtrapati nixon dwara swarn khidki koo bund karane key baad shuru hui thee, aur baad mein adhikansh deshon dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa, sivaay una logon key jinhone apani mudraon koo nirdhaarit kiya thaa, mudra board chalaae they, yaa mudra samprabhuta koo chhod diyaa thaa jaisa kii europeeya maudrik sangh key sadasyon ney euro koo ack samanya mudra key roop mein apanaane mein kiya thaa.
yeh dhyaan rakhna mahatvapurna haye kii aim. aim. tii. arthashastri koshagar-adharit maudrik pranali koo apanaane kii "sifarish" naheen karate hain. balki, way iss baat parr jore dey rahey hain kii vartamaan maudrik pranali pahale seey hii koshagar-adharit haye, bhale hii sarkaaren raajneetik pratibandh lagaane kaa vikalp chunati hain joe aprachalit prathaon kii nakal karate hain aur yeh dhaarana paida karate hain kii yeye parichaalan roop seey aavashyak hain.
aim. aim. tii. ney ack niyokta ashvasana karyakram (ell. aar., jey. jee.) kii bhee sifarish kii haye taaki niyojit logon kaa ack buffer stock banaaya jaa sakey jise niji kshetra aavashyakta key anusaar praapt curr sakey. yeh bekaar sansadhanon koo cumm kartaa haye aur moolya sthirata key saath vaastavik poorna rojgar (sankraman key liye 2 pratishat kii anumati) praapt karane kii sambhavana prastut kartaa haye, joe mudrikaran mudrasfeeti koo maanata haye. lr karyakram moolya sthirata key liye moolya aadhar key roop mein ack vetan star bhee sthaapit kartaa haye.

