
bhaashan utpaadan

bhaashan utpaadan vaha prakriya haye jisake dwara vichaaron kaa bhaashan mein anuvaad kiya jaataa haye. isamen shabdon kaa chayan, praasangik vyaakaranik roopon kaa sangathan, aur phir swar upkaran kaa upayog karke motor pranali dwara parinami dhwaniyon kii abhivyakti shamil haye. bhaashan utpaadan sahaj hoe sakata haye jaise kii jaba koee vyakti baatchit key shabd banaata haye, pratikriyaasheel jaise kii jaba way kissy chitra kaa naam lete hain yaa kissy likhit shabd koo jore seey padhate hain, yaa anukaranatmak, jaise kii bhaashan kii punaravritti mein. bhaashan utpaadan bhasha utpaadan key samaan naheen haye kyonki bhasha koo sanketon dwara bhee manual roop seey utpaadit kiya jaa sakata haye.
sadharan dharapravah baatchit mein loga apani shabdawali mein seey lagbhag chaar shabdansh, duss yaa baarah dhvanyaatmak shabd aur dou seey teen shabd (jisamen 10 seey 100 hazaar shabd hoe sakate hain) pratyek sekand mein uchchaaran karate hain. bhaashan utpaadan mein trutiyaan apekshaakrit durlabh hain joe sahaj bhaashan mein harr 900 shabdon mein lagbhag ack baar kii darr seey hoti hain. joe shabd aamtaur parr jeevan mein pahale boley jaate hain yaa seekhe jaate hain yaa aasaani seey kalpana kii jaa sakati haye, way una shabdon kii tulanaa mein jaldi kahane yogya hotey hain joe shayed hii kabhi kahey jaate hain, jeevan mein baad mein seekha jaataa haye, yaa amoort hotey hain.
aam taur parr bhaashan fefadon dwara pradaan kiye gaye fuffusiya dabaav key saath banaaya jaataa haye joe swaryantra mein glottis key madhyam seey dhwani dwara dhwani utpann kartaa haye jise phir swar path dwara vibhinn swaron aur vyanjanon mein sanshodhit kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, swar path key oopari bhaagon kaa upayog karke fefadon key upayog key binaa aur swaryantra bhaashan mein glottis kaa utpaadan hoe sakata haye. iss tarah key swaryantra bhaashan kaa ack udaaharan donald batakh kii baat haye.
vaani kaa mukhar utpaadan haath key haav-bhaav key utpaadan seey judaa hoe sakata haye joe kahaa jaa rhaa haye usaki samajh koo badhaane key liye kaary kartaa haye.
ack vyakti key poore jeevan mein bhaashan utpaadan kaa vikas ack shishu key pahale bakbak seey shuru hotaa haye aur paanch saal kii umr taka poori tarah seey vikasit bhaashan mein badal jaataa haye. bhaashan kaa pahala charan lagbhag ack varsh kii ayu (holophrastic charan) taka naheen hotaa haye. dedh aur dhaaee varsh kii ayu key beach shishu chhote vaakya (telegraph charan) kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye. dhaaee saal key baad shishu bhaashan utpaadan mein upayog kiye jaane vaale lemma kii pranali vikasit kartaa haye. lagbhag chaar yaa paanch bachchon key lemma kaafee hudd taka badh jaate hain; isase bachche kii sahee vaani kaa utpaadan badhata haye aur way abb ack vayask kii tarah bhaashan kaa utpaadan curr sakate hain. ack vayask abb chaar charanon mein bhaashan vikasit kartaa haih shaabdik avadhaaranaon kaa sakriyan, aavashyak lemma kaa chayan karein, roopaatmak aur dhvanyaatmak roop seey encode bhaashan, aur shabd dhvanyaatmak roop seey encode kiya gayaa haye.
teen charan.
bolly jaane vaali bhasha key utpaadan mein prasanskaran key teen pramukh star shamil hainh avadharana, nirmaan aur abhivyakti.
pahala avadharana yaa vaichaarik taiyari kii prakriya haye, jisamen bhaashan banaane kaa irada ack vaanchhit avadharana koo vyakt kiye jaane vaale vishesh boley jaane vaale shabdon seey jodata haye. yahaan poorv-maukhik ichchit sandesh taiyar kiye gaye hain joe vyakt kii jaane vaali avadhaaranaon koo nirdisht karate hain.
doosara charan sutrikaran haye jisamen vaanchhit sandesh kii abhivyakti key liye aavashyak bhashai roop banaaya jaataa haye. sutrikaran mein vyaakaranik kootlekhan, roopaatmak-dhvanyaatmak kootlekhan aur dhvanyaatmak kootlekhan shamil hain. vyaakaranik kootlekhan upayukt vaakya rachana shabd yaa shabdawali kaa chayan karane kii prakriya haye. chayanit lemma phir sankalpit sandesh key liye upayukt vaakya rachana frame koo sakriya kartaa haye. morpho-phonological encoding shabdon koo spasht bhaashan mein utpann karane key liye aksharon mein todane kii prakriya haye. udaaharan key liye, syllabification poorvavarti aur aage badhane vaale shabdon parr nirbhar kartaa haih
"aaee-comm-pree-aind" banaam. "aaee-comm-pree-aine-itt.
sutrikaran charan kaa antim bhaag dhvanyaatmak kootlekhan haye. isamen roopaatmak-dhvanyaatmak prakriya mein chayanit aksharon parr nirbhar vyakt karane vaale haav-bhaavon koo sakriya karna shamil haye, ack vyakt karane vaalaa ank banaana kyonki uchchaaran koo ack saath jodaa jaataa haye aur mukhar upkaran kii gatividhiyon kaa crum puuraa hoe jaataa haye.
bhaashan utpaadan kaa teesara charan abhivyakti haye, joe fefadon, glottis, swaryantra, jeebh, honth, jabade aur mukhar upkaran key anya hisson dwara abhivyakti score kaa nishpaadan haye jisake parinamswarup bhaashan hotaa haye.
tantrika vigyaan.
daaen haath key logon mein bolane key utpaadan key liye motor niyantran jyaadaatar baaen mastishk golardh key kshetron parr nirbhar kartaa haye. inn kshetron mein dwaipaakshik poorak motor kshetra, baaen pashch nimnagaami agrabhag, baaen insula, baaen praathamik motor cortex aur asthaayi cortex shamil hain. besal ganglia aur cerebellum jaise upa-cortical kshetra bhee shamil hain. mastishk shabdansh koo tez, chikane aur layabaddh roop seey vyavasthit shabdon aur lambe uchchaaran mein anukramit karane mein sahaayata kartaa haye.
vikaar.
bhaashan utpaadan kaee vikaaron seey prabhaavit hoe sakata haih
bhaashan utpaadan anusandhaan kaa itihas.
1960 key dashak key anta taka bhaashan parr shodh samajh parr kendrit thaa. jaise-jaise shodhkartaon ney bhaashan truti detta kii adhik matra ekatra kii, unhone bhaashan dhwaniyon key utpaadan key liye jimmedaar manovaigyaanik prakriyaon kii jaanch karna shuru curr diyaa aur dharapravah bhaashan key liye sambhaavit prakriyaon parr vichaar karna shuru curr diyaa. bhaashan truti anusandhaan key nishkarshon koo jald hii bhaashan utpaadan model mein shamil kiya gayaa. bhaashan truti detta seey sakshya bhaashan utpaadan key baare mein nimnalikhit nishkarshon kaa samarthan kartaa haye.
inmein seey kuchh vichaaron mein shamil hainh
bhaashan utpaadan model key pahalu.
bhaashan utpaadan key model mein vyavharya honey key liye vishisht tatva honey chaahiye. inmein way tatva shamil hain jinase bhaashan kii rachana kii gaee haye, joe neeche soochibaddh hain. bhaashan utpaadan key sweekrit model, jinn parr adhik vistaar seey charcha kii gaee haye, inn sabhi charanon koo yaa tou spasht roop seey yaa antarnihit roop seey shamil karate hain, aur joe abb puraane yaa vivaadit hain, unaki nimnalikhit charanon mein seey ack yaa adhik koo nazarandaj karane key liye aalochana kii gaee haye.
sweekrit bhaashan model kii visheshataaen hainh
que) ack vaichaarik charan jahan vaktaa amoort roop seey pehchaan kartaa haye kii way kyaa vyakt karna chaahte hain.
kha) ack vaakya rachana charan jahan ack frame chunaa jaataa haye jisamen shabdon koo rakhaa jaayega, yeh frame aamtaur parr vaakya sanrachana hoti haye.
gaga) ack shaabdik avastha jahan arth key aadhar parr ack shabd kii khoj hoti haye. ack baar jaba shabd kaa chayan kiya jaataa haye aur usey punarpraapt kiya jaataa haye, tou isake baare mein jaankaari vaktaa key liye upalabdh hoe jaati haye jisamen dhwani vigyaan aur aakriti vigyaan shamil hotey hain.
gha) ack dhvanyaatmak charan jahan amoort jaankaari koo bhaashan jaise roop mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye.
ee) ack dhvanyaatmak charan jahan nirdesh abhivyakti kii maanspeshiyon koo bheje jaane key liye taiyar kiye jaate hain.
saath hii, model koo aage kii yojana tantra, ack buffer aur ack nigrani tantra kii anumati deni chaahiye.
nimnalikhit bhaashan utpaadan key kuchh prabhaavshaali model hain joe pahale ullikhit charanon key liye jimmedaar hain yaa shamil karate hain aur isamen bhaashan truti adhyayan aur anya visangati detta key parinamswarup khoji gaee jaankaari shamil haye, jaise kii tip-off-dha-tong research.
model.
uchchaaran generator model (1971).
uchchaaran generator model fromkin (1971) dwara prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh chhah charanon seey banaa haye aur bhaashan truti anusandhaan key pichhale nishkarshon key liye ack prayaas thaa. uchchaaran generator model key charan ack vishesh uchchaaran key pratinidhitva mein sambhaavit parivartanon parr adharit they. pahala charan vaha haye jahan ack vyakti vaha arth utpann kartaa haye jise way vyakt karna chaahte hain. dusare charan mein sandesh kaa ack vaakya rachana sanrachana mein anuvaad kiya jaataa haye. yahaan, sandesh koo ack ruprekha dee gaee haye. fromkin dwara prastaavit teesara charan vaha haye jahan/jaba sandesh arth key aadhar parr vibhinn tanaav aur swar praapt kartaa haye. sujhaae gaye chauthe charan kaa sambandh shabdakosh seey shabdon key chayan seey haye. charan 4 mein shabdon key chayan key baad, sandesh dhvanyaatmak vinirdesh seey gujarta haye. paanchvaan charan uchchaaran key niyamon koo lagu kartaa haye aur una aksharon kaa utpaadan kartaa haye jinhen output kiya jaanaa haye. fromkin key uchchaaran generator model kaa chhathaa aur antim charan bhaashan key liye aavashyak motor aadeshon kaa samanvaya haye. yahaan, sandesh kii dhvanyaatmak visheshtaon koo mukhar path kii praasangik maanspeshiyon koo bheja jaataa haye taaki ichchit sandesh kaa utpaadan kiya jaa sakey. fromkin model kii saralata key bavjood, shodhkartaon ney bhaashan utpaadan kii iss vyakhya kii aalochana kii haye. halanki uchchaaran generator model kaee baarikiyon aur bhaashan truti adhyayanon dwara paae gaye detta key liye jimmedaar haye, shodhkartaon ney faisala kiya kii isamen abhee bhee sudhaar kii gunjaish haye.
garrett model (1975).
bhaashan utpaadan kii vyakhya karane kaa ack aur adhik halia (fromkin kii tulanaa mein) prayaas 1975 mein garrett dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. garrett ney bhee bhaashan truti detta koo sankalit karke iss model koo banaaya thaa. iss model aur fromkin model key beach kaee overlap hain, jinase yeh adharit thaa, lekin unhone fromkin model mein kuchh cheejen jodee joe anya shodhkartaon dwara bataae jaa rahey kuchh antaral koo bharati hain. garrett fromkin model donon teen staron key beach antar karate hain-ack vaichaarik star, aur vaakya star, aur ack motor star. yeye teen star bhaashan utpaadan kii samkaaleen samajh key liye samanya hain.
dell kaa model (1994).
1994 mein, dell ney shaabdik network key ack model kaa prastaav rakhaa joe bhaashan key utpaadan key tareeke kii samajh mein maulik bunn gayaa. shaabdik tantra kaa yeh model prateekaatmak roop seey shabdakosh kaa pratinidhitva karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye, aur badale mein, yeh samajhaata haye kii loga una shabdon koo kaise chunate hain jinhen way utpann karna chaahte hain, aur una shabdon koo bhaashan mein kaise vyavasthit kiya jaanaa haye. dell kaa model teen charanon, shabdarth, shabdon aur dhwaniyon seey banaa thaa. model key uchchatam charan mein shabd shabdarth shreni kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. (chhavi mein, shabdarth shreni kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale shabd sardiyon, joote, pair aur burf boot aur skate kii shabdarth shreniyon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain.) doosara star una shabdon kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye joe shabdarth shreni (chhavi, boot aur skate mein) koo sandarbhit karate hain. aur, teesara star dhvanyaatmak (shuruat, swar aur kodaa sahit shabdansh jaankaari) kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye.
star model (1999).
dell dwara prastaavit lexical network koo aur parishkrit kiya. bhaashan truti detta key upayog key madhyam seey, dell key model mein teen staron koo phir seey banaaya gayaa. vaichaarik star, sheersh aur sabse amoort star, mein ack vyakti key paas vishesh avadhaaranaon key vichaaron key baare mein jaankaari hoti haye. avdhaaranaatmak star mein iss baare mein vichaar bhee shamil hain kii avadhaaranaaen ack dusare seey kaise sambandhit hain. yeh vaha jagah haye jahan shabd chayan hoga, ack vyakti yeh chunata haye kii way kaun seey shabdon koo vyakt karna chaahte hain. agale, yaa madhya star, lemma-stratum mein, kaal aur kaary sahit vyaktigat shabdon key vaakya rachana karyon key baare mein jaankaari hoti haye. yeh star vaakya rachana banaae rakhane aur shabdon koo vaakya sanrachana mein sahee dhang seey rakhane key liye kaary kartaa haye joe vaktaa key liye samajh mein aataa haye. sabse nichala aur antim star vaha star haye jisamen, dell model key samaan, shabdansh kii jaankaari hoti haye. yahaan seey, star star parr sangraheet jaankaari motor prantstha mein bheji jaati haye jahan mukhar upkaran koo shaaririk roop seey vaani dhwaniyon kaa utpaadan karane key liye samanvit kiya jaataa haye.
abhivyakti key sthaan.
maanav naak, galey aur mukhar doriyon kii bhautik sanrachana kaee anoothi dhwaniyon key utpaadan kii anumati detee haye, inn kshetron koo aage abhivyakti key sthaanon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye. vibhinn kshetron mein vibhinn dhwaniyaan utpann hoti hain, aur vibhinn maanspeshiyon aur saans lene kii takneekon key saath. prabhaavi dhang seey samvaad karane key liye aavashyak vibhinn dhwaniyon koo banaane key liye inn kaushal kaa upayog karane kii hamari kshamata hamaare bhaashan utpaadan key liye aavashyak haye. bhaashan ack manoprerak gatividhi haye. dou logon key beach kii baatchit ack baatchit haye-way anaupchaarik, aupchaarik, tathyaatmak yaa laine-daine hoe sakate hain, aur bhasha sanrachana/kathaa shally sandarbh key aadhar parr bhinn hoti haye. prabhaav ack mahatvapurna kaarak haye joe bhaashan koo niyantrit kartaa haye, prabhaav key kaaran bhasha key upayog mein smriti koo baadhit karane vaali abhivyaktiyon mein tanaav kii bhaavanaaen, ashanka kii sthiti, saath hii matali jaise shaaririk sanket shamil hain. bhasha star kii abhivyaktiyaan joe prabhaavit karati hain, vaktaa kii hichkichaahat, punaraavrittiyaan, galat shuruat, apurnata, vaakya rachana mishran aadi key saath dekhi jaa sakati hain. abhivyakti key tareeke mein kathinaaiyaan bolane kii kathinaaiyon aur baadhaon mein yogdan curr sakati hain. yeh sujhaav diyaa jaataa haye kii shishu sambhaavit swar aur vyanjan dhwaniyon key poore varnakram koo banaane mein saksham hain. aaee. pee. aeye. ney sabhi sambhaavit bhaashan dhwaniyon koo samajhane aur vargeekrit karane key liye ack pranali banaai haye, jisamen dhwani key utpaadan key tareeke aur dhwaniyon key utpaadan key baare mein jaankaari shamil haye. yeh bhaashan utpaadan kii samajh mein behad upayogi haye kyonki bhaashan koo vartani key bajaay dhwaniyon key aadhar parr likhaa jaa sakata haye, joe bolly jaa rahee bhasha key aadhar parr bhraamak hoe sakata haye. bolane kii ausat darr 120 seey 150 shabd prati minut (doubleu. pee. aim.) kii seema mein haye, aur audiobook record karane key liye anushansit dishanirdesh bhee yahee hain. jaise-jaise loga ack vishesh bhasha key aadee hotey jaate hain, way naa kewal kuchh bolane kii dhwaniyon koo utpann karane kii kshamata khou dete hain, balki inn dhwaniyon key beach antar karane kii kshamata bhee khou dete hain.
abhivyakti.
abhivyakti, joe aksar bhaashan utpaadan seey judee hoti haye, vaha haye kii loga shaaririk roop seey bhaashan dhwaniyon kaa utpaadan kaise karate hain. joe loga dharapravah bolate hain, unake liye abhivyakti swachaalit hoti haye aur prati sekand 15 bhaashan dhwaniyon kaa utpaadan karane kii anumati detee haye.
bhaashan kii ack prabhaavi abhivyakti mein nimnalikhit tatva shamil hain-pravaah, jatilata, sateekta aur samajh.
vikas.
dhwani utpann karane seey pahale, shishu chehare key bhaavon aur gatividhiyon kaa anukaran karate hain. lagbhag 7 maheene kii umr mein, shishu apane munh koo kholane aur bund karane key saath dhwani utpann karane kii koshish karke sanchaar dhwaniyon key saath prayog karna shuru curr dete hain.
jeevan key pahale varsh taka shishu susangat shabd naheen banaa sakate, isake bajaay way ack baar-baar khilwad karane vaali dhwani paida karate hain. babling shishu koo arth mein bhaag liye binaa spasht dhwaniyon key saath prayog karane kii anumati detee haye. iss baar-baar kii jaane vaali gadgadaahat seey bhaashan kaa praarambhik utpaadan shuru hotaa haye. babling hamaare pahale shaabdik vastuon yaa shabdon key network kaa samarthan karane key liye vastu kii sthirata aur sthaan kii samajh key saath kaam karati haye. shishu kii shabdawali kaa vikas taba kaafee badh jaataa haye jaba way yeh samajhane mein saksham hotey hain kii vastuein taba bhee maujood hoti hain jaba way maujood naheen hoti hain.
arthapurna bhaashan kaa pahala charan ack varsh kii ayu taka naheen hotaa haye. yeh charan holophrastic charan haye. samagr charan kaa arth haye jaba shishu kii vaani mein ack samay mein ack shabd hotaa haye (i.ee. papa).
agala charan telegraph charan haye. iss charan mein shishu chhote vaakya banaa sakate hain (i.ee., daddy baithen, yaa maan peeyen). yeh aamtaur parr dedh aur dhaaee saal kii umr key beach hotaa haye. yeh charan vishesh roop seey unake shabdakosh key visfotak vikas key kaaran ullekhaniya haye. iss charan key dauran, shishuon koo arth yaa avadhaaranaon koo vyakt karane key liye vishisht avdhaaranaatmak lakshya shabd key liye shabdon key sangraheet pratinidhitva kaa chayan karna aur milan karna chaahiye. paryaapt shabdawali key saath, shishu dhwani key pattern koo nikaalana shuru curr dete hain, aur way shabdon koo dhvanyaatmak khandon mein vibhajit karna seekhate hain, jisase way seekhane vaale shabdon kii sankhya badh jaati haye. ack shishu key bolane key vikas key iss bindu parr unake shabdakosh mein 200 shabd yaa usase adhik hotey hain aur way bolane seey bhee adhik samajhane mein saksham hotey hain.
jaba way dhaaee saal taka pahunchate hain tou unakaa bhaashan utpaadan teji seey jatil hoe jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey isaki shabdarth sanrachana mein. ack adhik vistrit shabdarth network key saath shishu arthon kii ack vyaapak shrinkhala koo vyakt karna seekhata haye, jisase shishu koo lemma kii ack jatil vaichaarik pranali vikasit karane mein madad milati haye.
chaar yaa paanch varsh kii ayu key aspas baal lemma mein vividhata kii ack vistrit shrinkhala hoti haye, yeh unhein sahee bhaashan dene key liye aavashyak sahee lemma kaa chayan karane mein madad kartaa haye. shishuon koo padhana unake shabdakosh koo badhaata haye. iss umr mein, jinn bachchon koo padhaa gayaa haye aur joe adhik asamanya aur jatil shabdon key sampark mein hain, unamen bhashai roop seey garib bachche kii tulanaa mein 32 million adhik shabd hain. iss umr mein bachche koo vayask key samaan poorna vaakyon mein bolane mein saksham honah chaahiye.

