
cambridge rajdhani vivaad

cambridge capital vivaad, jise kabhi-kabhi "capital vivaad" yaa "dou cambridge bahas" kahaa jaataa haye, arthshastra mein dou alag-alag saiddhaantik aur ganitiya sthitiyon key prastavakon key beach ack vivaad thaa joe 1950 key dashak mein shuru huaa aur 1960 key dashak taka chalaa. bahas poonjigat vastuon kii prakriti aur bhoomika aur kull utpaadan aur vitaran key navshastriya drishtikon kii aalochana seey sambandhit thee. naam vivaad mein shamil pracharyon key sthaan seey utpann hotaa haih bahas kaafee hudd taka ingland mein cambridge vishvavidyalaya mein johnn robbinson aur piero srafa jaise arthshastriyon aur massachusets institute off technology mein paul samuelson aur robbert solo jaise arthshastriyon key beach thee.
angreji paksh koo aksar "post-keynesian" label kiya jaataa haye, jabaki kuchh ise "niyo-richardian" kahate hain, aur massachusets paksh koo "neoclassical" kahate hain.
adhikansh bahas ganitiya haye, jabaki kuchh pramukh tatvon koo ektrikaran samasya key hisse key roop mein samajhaaya jaa sakata haye. neoclassical capital theory kii aalochana koo yeh kahate hue sankshep mein kahaa jaa sakata haye kii siddhant sanrachana kii bhranti seey grast haye; vishesh roop seey, kii humm samagr roop seey samaaj dwara utpaadan key liye sookshm aarthik avadhaaranaon kaa vistaar naheen curr sakate hain. bahas key samadhan, vishesh roop seey isake nihitarth kitane vyaapak hain, parr arthshastriyon dwara sahamati naheen vyakt kii gaee haye.
prishthabhoomi.
shaastriya, roodhivaadi aarthik siddhant mein, aarthik vikas koo bahirjaagatik roop seey diyaa gayaa haih vikas bahirjaagatik charr parr nirbhar haye, jaise kii jansankhya vriddhi, takniki sudhaar aur praakritik sansadhanon mein vriddhi. shaastriya siddhant kaa daavaa haye kii utpaadan key kissy bhee kaarak mein vriddhi, i.ee. shram yaa poonji, jabaki anya sthir koo dhaaran karati haye aur koee takniki parivartan naheen maanati haye, utpaadan mein vriddhi karegi lekin ack ghatati darr parr joe antatah shoonya key karib pahunch jaayegi.
aarthik vikas kii tathaakathit praakritik darr koo shram bull key vikas aur shram utpaadaktaa key vikas key yog key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. vikas kii praakritik darr kii avadharana pahali baar roy haerod key 1939 key lekh mein dikhaai dee, jisamen ise "jansankhya mein vriddhi, poonji key sanchay, takniki sudhaar aur kaam/avkash vareeyata anusuchi dwara anumat vikas kii adhikatam darr key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, yeh maanate hue kii hamesha kissy naa kissy arth mein poorna rojgar hotaa haye."yadi vaastavik aarthik vikas darr praakritik darr seey cumm hoe jaati haye, tou berojgari darr badhegi; yadi yeh usase oopar badhati haye, tou berojgari darr gir jaayegi. natijatan, vikas kii praakritik darr vikas kii darr honey chaahiye joe berojgari kii darr koo sthir rakhti haye.
yadi vikas kii praakritik darr koo bahirjaagatik roop seey naheen diyaa jaataa haye, lekin maang key liye antarjaalik haye, yaa vikas kii vaastavik darr key liye, tou isake dou nihitarth hain. saiddhaantik star parr, herod key vikas model mein vriddhi kii praakritik daron aur aavashyak key beach samaayojan prakriya kii dakshata aur gati key liye nihitarth hain. vikas prakriya koo jiss tarah seey dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye, aur yeh samajhane key liye kii vikas darr deshon key beach kyon bhinn haih kyaa vikas koo aapoorti nirdhaarit key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye; yaa kyaa vikas koo maang nirdhaarit key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye; yaa aapoorti baadhaon key sanchaalan seey pahale maang parr baadhaon dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye.
harod ney vikas kaa ack ganitiya model taiyar kiya jisake dwara vikas kii praakritik darr dou mahatvapurna karyon koo puuraa karati haye. sabse pahale, yeh vaastavik vikas darr aur aavashyak vikas darr key beach vichalan kii seema nirdhaarit kartaa haye aur chakreeya vikas koo mandee mein badal detaa haye. natijatan, yeh vyaapaar-chakr model mein chakreeya vyavhaar utpann karane key liye mahatvapurna haye joe pratham-crum antar samikaranon parr nirbhar karate hain. doosara, yeh spasht roop seey vikas kii adhikatam praapya deerghakaalik darr pradaan kartaa haye. praakritik darr koo sakhti seey bahirjaagatik maanaa jaataa haye; yeh shram bull key vikas aur vikas seey aakar letaa haye.
shram utpaadaktaa mein vriddhi, binaa maanyata key aur naa hii yeh dhaarana kii donon maang key liye antajanan hoe sakate hain. isake alawa, iss siddhant mein koee rajkoshiya yaa anya aarthik tantra naheen thaa joe vikas kii praakritik darr key anuroop vikas kii aavashyak darr laa sakey.ee. samaaj key liye apane sansadhanon kaa poorna yaa poorna upayog praapt karna.
kendriya mudda.
yeh sawal kii kyaa praakritik vikas darr bahirjaagatik haye, yaa maang key liye antarjaalik haye (aur kyaa yeh input vriddhi haye joe utpaadan vriddhi kaa kaaran banati haye, yaa isake vipareet), neoclassical arthshastriyon aur keynesian/post-keynesian arthshastriyon key beach bahas key kendra mein haye. baad vaale samooh kaa tark haye kii vikas mukhya roop seey maang-sanchaalit haye kyonki shram bull key saath-saath shram utpaadaktaa mein vriddhi gharelu aur videshi donon maang key dabaav kaa jawab detee haye. unake vichaar kaa yeh matlab naheen haye kii maang vriddhi binaa kissy seema key aapoorti vriddhi koo nirdhaarit karati haye, balki way daavaa karate hain kii ack, ekal, poorna-rojgar vikas maarg naheen haye, aur kaee deshon mein, maang baadhaaen (atyadhik mudrasfeeti aur bhugtan santulan seey sambandhit kathinaaiyaan) aapoorti baadhaon taka pahunchane seey bahut pahale utpann hoti hain.
modeling.
harod-domer model.
roy haerod ney apane maulik lekh mein ack model vikasit kiya, jise baad mein russie mool key essie domer dwara parishkrit kiya gayaa, jiska uddeshya bachat key star aur poonji kii utpaadaktaa key sandarbh mein arthavyavastha kii vikas darr koo samajhaana haye. apane poorvajon key spasht roop seey keynesian drishtikon key bavjood, harod-domer model vaastav mein bahirjaagatik vikas model kaa agradoot thaa.
harod-domer model key anusaar teen prakaar kii vriddhi hoti haih aavashyak vriddhi kii darr; vaastavik vriddhi kii darr; aur vikas kii praakritik darr. aavashyak vikas darr vikas kii vaha darr haye jiss parr arthavyavastha anishchit kaal taka vistaar naheen karati haye yaa mandee mein naheen jaati haye. vaastavik vriddhi kissy desh key vaarshik jee. dee. pee. mein vaastavik darr-vriddhi haye. vikas kii praakritik darr vaha darr haye jiss parr ack arthavyavastha key vikas key liye poorna rojgar banaae rakhane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, yadi shram bull prati varsh 3 pratishat kii darr seey badhata haye, aur baaki sub kuchh samaan haye, tou poorna rojgar banaae rakhane key liye, arthavyavastha kii vaarshik vikas darr 3 pratishat honey chaahiye.
navshastriya arthshastriyon ney harod-domer model mein kamiyon kaa daavaa kiya, vishesh roop seey isake samadhan mein asthirta kii or ishara karate hue, aur 1950 key dashak key anta taka, unhone ack shaikshanik samvaad shuru kiya jisase solo-swan model kaa vikas huaa.
solo-swan model.
model koo 1956 mein robbert solo aur traver swan dwara alag seey aur swatantra roop seey vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, joe kii kathit keynesian haerod-domer model key jawab mein thaa. solo aur huns ney neoclassical arthshastra key dhaanche key bheetar deerghakaalik aarthik vikas key ack aarthik model kaa prastaav rakhaa. way poonji sanchay; shram vriddhi yaa jansankhya vriddhi; aur utpaadaktaa mein vriddhi, jise aamtaur parr takniki pragati key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, koo dekhkar deerghakaalik aarthik vikas kii vyakhya karane kaa prayaas karate hain. apane mool mein, model ack neoclassical (samagr) utpaadan kaary pradaan kartaa haye, jise aksar cob-dugglus prakaar key roop mein nirdisht kiya jaataa haye, joe model koo "sookshm arthshastra key saath sampark karane" mein saksham banaata haye.
vikas kaa uttar-keynesian siddhant.
uttar-keynesian arthshastriyon, jaise nicolaus caldor, luigi pacinetti, richard kaana aur johnn robbinson ney vikas key ack alag model kaa prastaav rakhaa. unake drishtikon mein, aaya vitaran mein samaayojan dwara vikas kii aavashyak darr koo vikas kii praakritik darr key saath samaantaa mein laaya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, halanki kaldor aur pacinetti mein ise sahee thaharaane key tareeke mein antar haye, laabh kii darr vikas kii darr kaa bhagfal aur laabh seey bachat darr kaa anupaat haye. iss sameekaran koo cambridge sameekaran key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. nivesh koo, keynes kii tarah, ack swatantra charr key roop mein liya jaataa haye, aur bachat koo nivesh key saath samaayojit kiya jaataa haye.
bahas.
harod-domer model mein ack aise tantra kii kamee haye joe vikas kii praakritik darr key anuroop vikas kii darr koo laa sakata haye, jisane 1950 key dashak key madhya mein vikas bahas koo janm diyaa, ack bahas jisane "dou dashakon seey adhik samay taka arthshastra key peshe mein kuchh mahaan dimagon koo shamil kiya."neoclassical aur niyo-keynesian pakshon kaa pratinidhitva paul samuelson, robert solo aur franco modigliani dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone sanyukt raajya america key massachusets key cambridge mein mait mein padhaaya thaa, jabaki keynesian aur post-keynesian pakshon kaa pratinidhitva nicolaus caldor, johnn robbinson, luigi pacinetti, piero sarafa aur richard kaana dwara kiya gayaa thaa, joe jyaadaatar ingland mein cambridge vishvavidyalaya mein padhaate they. donon sthaanon key samanya naam ney "dou cambridge bahas" yaa "cambridge rajdhani vivaad" shabdon koo janm diyaa."
donon shiviron ney aam taur parr vikas kii praakritik darr koo diyaa gayaa maanaa. bahas kaa lagbhag puuraa dhyaan sambhaavit tantra parr kendrit thaa, jisake dwara aavashyak vikas darr koo praakritik darr parr parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase ack deerghakaalik, santulan vikas-maarg mill sakata haye. americi cambridge paksh ney poonji-shram pratisthaapan key madhyam seey poonji/utpaadan anupaat mein samaayojan parr dhyaan kendrit kiya yadi poonji aur shram alag-alag daron parr badh rahey they. angreji cambridge paksh ney majdoori aur laabh key beach aaya key vitaran mein parivartan key madhyam seey bachat anupaat mein samaayojan parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, iss dhaarana parr kii laabh seey baahar nikalane kii pravritti majdoori seey adhik haye.
vaichaarik mudde.
bahas key peechhe kii adhikansh bhaavanaaen isaliye utpann huin kyonki seemant utpaadaktaa siddhant kii takniki aalochanaaen vaichaarik nihitarth key saath vyaapak tarkon seey judee hui theen. prasiddh navshastriya arthashastri johnn bates clark ney laabh kii santulan darr (joe poonjigat vastuon key maalikon kii aaya nirdhaarit karane mein madad kartaa haye) koo praudyogiki dwara nirdhaarit bajar moolya aur utpaadan mein "utpaadan key karakon" kaa upayog kiye jaane vaale saapeksh anupaat key roop mein dekhaa. jiss tarah majdoori shramikon key shram key liye puraskar haye, usee tarah laabh poonji key utpaadak yogdan key liye puraskar haih iss prakaar, pratispardhi paristhitiyon key tahat pranali key samanya sanchaalan poonji key maalikon koo laabh kaa bhugtan karate hain. samaaj parr latakate hue abhiyog" kaa jawab dete hue kii isamen "shram kaa shoshan" shamil haye, clark ney likhaah
iss kaary kaa uddeshya yeh dikhaana haye kii samaaj kii aaya kaa vitaran ack praakritik kaanoon dwara niyantrit haye, aur yeh kaanoon, yadi yeh gharshan key binaa kaam kartaa haye, tou utpaadan key pratyek agent koo vaha dhana kii raashi dega joe vaha agent banaata haye. haalaanki majdoori koo alag-alag purushon key beach swatantra roop seey kiye gaye saudebaji dwara samaayojit kiya jaa sakata haye.ee.shramik sanghon aur anya "bajar kii khamiyon" key binaa, iss tarah key lenden key parinamswarup vetan kii darein, yahaan daavaa kiya jaataa haye, udyog key utpaad key usa hisse key barabar haye joe shram key liye hii pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haye; aur haalaanki byaaj [i.ee.laabh] koo isi tarah mukt saudebaji dwara samaayojit kiya jaa sakata haye, yeh swabhavik roop seey aanshik utpaad key barabar hotaa haye joe alag seey poonji key liye pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haye.
inn munafon koo badale mein bachat key liye puraskar key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.ee.vartamaan khapat seey parhej, joe poonjigat vastuon key nirmaan kii or leey jaataa haye. (baad mein, johnn menard keynes aur unake school ney tark diyaa kii bachat seey swatah moort poonjigat vastuon mein nivesh naheen hotaa haye.) iss prakaar, iss drishtikon seey, laabh aaya una logon key liye ack puraskar haye joe bhavishya kii aaya koo atyadhik mahatva dete hain aur iss prakaar vartamaan anand kaa tyag karane key liye taiyar hain. lekin, sakhti seey kahein tou, aadhunik navshastriya siddhant yeh naheen kahata haye kii poonji yaa shram kii aaya kuchh naitik yaa maanak arthon mein "yogya" haye.
marxian school key kuchh sadasyon kaa tark haye kii bhale hii utpaadan key sadhanon ney apane seemant utpaad key aadhar parr "arjit" pratiphal praapt kiya hoe, iska matlab yeh naheen haye kii unake malik (i.ee., poonjipatiyon) ney seemant utpaad banaaya aur unhein puraskrit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. sarafian drishtikon mein, laabh kii darr "naheen" ack keemat haye, aur yeh spasht naheen haye kii yeh ack bajar mein nirdhaarit kii jaati haye. vishesh roop seey, yeh kewal aanshik roop seey unaki maang key saapeksh utpaadan key sadhanon kii kamee koo darshaata haye. jabaki vibhinn prakaar key utpaadan sadhanon kii keematen "keematen" hain, laabh kii darr koo marxian shabdon mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, joe usa samajik aur aarthik shakti koo darshaata haye joe utpaadan key sadhanon kaa swaamitva iss alpamat koo adhikansh shramikon kaa shoshan karane aur laabh praapt karane key liye detaa haye. lekin sarafa key sabhi anuyaayi iss markswadi tareeke seey unake utpaadan aur poonji key siddhant kii vyakhya naheen karate hain. naa hii sabhi markswadi sarafiyan model koo apanaate hainh vaastav mein, michael lebovitz aur frank roozvelt jaise lekhak sarafiyan vyakhyaon key atyadhik aalochak hain, sivaay neoclassical drishtikon kii ack sankeern takniki aalochana key. michael albert aur robbin hannell jaise marxian arthashastri bhee hain, joe kimaton, majdoori aur laabh key straphian siddhant koo marks key apane siddhant seey behtar maanate hain.
ektrikaran kii samasya.
neoclassical arthshastra mein, ack utpaadan kaary aksar maanaa jaataa haye, udaaharan key liye,
jahan q utpaadan haye, a praudyogiki kaa pratinidhitva karane vaalaa kaarak haye, k poonjigat vastuon key moolya kaa yog haye, aur l shram input haye. sajaatiya utpaadan kii keemat koo sankhya key roop mein liya jaataa haye, taaki pratyek poonjigat vastu kaa moolya utpaadan key saath sajaatiya key roop mein liya jaae. vibhinn prakaar key shram koo ack samanya ikai mein ghataaya jaataa haye, aamtaur parr akushal shram. donon niveshon kaa utpaadan parr sakaratmak prabhaav padata haye, jisamen cumm hoe rahey seemant laabh hotey hain.
neoclassical school dwara vikasit kuchh adhik jatil samanya santulan model mein, shram aur poonji koo visham maanaa jaataa haye aur bhautik ikaaiyon mein maapa jaataa haye. neoclassical vikas siddhant key adhikansh sanskaranon mein (udaaharan key liye, solo vikas model mein), halanki, kaary koo "poori arthavyavastha" parr lagu honey key liye maanaa jaataa haye. yeh drishtikon ack arthavyavastha koo ack badey karkhane key roop mein chitrit kartaa haye naa kii badee sankhya mein visham karyasthalon key sangrah key roop mein.
yeh drishti paathyapustak neoclassical arthshastra mein ack mukhya prastaav utpann karati haye.ee.pratyek "utpaadan key kaarak" (anivarya roop seey, shram aur "poonji") dwara arjit aaya isake seemant utpaad key barabar haye. iss prakaar, poorna utpaad aur nivesh baajaron key saath, majdoori (utpaad kii keemat seey vibhajit) shram key seemant bhautik utpaad key barabar honey kaa aarop lagaaya jaataa haye. yahaan charcha key liye adhik mahatvapurna roop seey, laabh kii darr (kabhi-kabhi byaaj kii darr key saath bhramit, i.ee., rinn raashi kii laagat) poonji key seemant bhautik utpaad key barabar maani jaati haye. (saralata key liye, "poonjigat vastuein" koo "poonji" key roop mein sankshipt karein.") doosara mukhya prastaav yeh haye kii utpaadan key ack kaarak kii keemat mein parivartan seey usa kaarak key upayog mein badalaav aayega-laabh kii darr mein vriddhi (ghatati majdoori seey judee) seey usa kaarak kaa adhik upayog hoga. ghatate seemant laabh key niyam kaa tatparya haye kii iss nivesh kaa adhik upayog ack nimn seemant utpaad koo ingit karega, baaki sub barabar haih choonki ack firm koo pichhale ack seey praapt poonjigat vastuon kii ack ikai koo jodane seey cumm mill rhaa haye, isaliye laabh kii darr koo badhaana chaahiye taaki usa atirikt ikai key rojgar koo protsaahit kiya jaa sakey, laabh adhikatam maan curr.
piero sarafa aur johnn robbinson, jinake kaam ney cambridge vivaad koo janm diyaa, ney bataaya kii aaya vitaran key iss model koo poonji mein lagu karane mein ack antarnihit maap samasya thee. poonjivaadi aaya (kull laabh yaa sampatti aaya) koo laabh kii darr koo poonji kii raashi seey gunaa karane key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, lekin "poonji kii raashi" key maap mein kaafee atulaniya bhautik vastuon koo jodana shamil haye-udaaharan key liye, lazer kii sankhya mein trucks kii sankhya koo jodana. arthaat, jiss tarah koee bhee visham "seb aur santare" naheen jodd sakata haye, usee tarah humm saral "poonji" ikaaiyon koo jodd naheen sakate hain."jaisa kii robbinson ney tark diyaa," "leats" "jaisi koee cheej naheen haye, joe pratyek poonjigat vastu kaa ack antarnihit tatva haye jise una vastuon kii kimaton seey swatantra roop seey jodaa jaa sakata haye.
sarafiyan prastuti.
neoclassical arthshastriyon ney maanaa kii yahaan koee vaastavik samasya naheen haye. unhone kahaah kull poonji praapt karane key liye inn sabhi vibhinn poonji vastuon key dhana moolya koo jodein (mudrasfeeti key prabhaavon koo sudhaarte hue). lekin sarafa ney bataaya kii poonji kii raashi kaa yeh vittiya upaay aanshik roop seey laabh kii darr seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye. yeh ack samasya haye kyonki neoclassical siddhant hamein bataata haye kii laabh kii yeh darr swayam upayog kii jaa rahee poonji kii raashi seey nirdhaarit kii jaani chaahiye. tark mein vrittakarta haye. laabh kii ghatati darr kaa pratyaksh prabhaav poonji kii raashi parr padata haye; yeh kewal isake adhik rojgar kaa kaaran naheen banata haye.
bahut saral shabdon mein, maan leejiye kii vartamaan mein poonji mein 10 truck aur 5 lazer hain. trucks kaa utpaadan aur bikri pratyek koo 50,000 dollar mein kii jaati haye, jabaki pratyek lazer 30,000 dollar mein jaataa haye. iss prakaar, hamari poonji kaa moolya (moolya) * (matra) = 10 * 50,000 dollar + 5 * 30,000 dollar = 650,000 dollar = key key yog key barabar hotaa haye.
jaisa kii ullekh kiya gayaa haye, yadi laabh kii darr badhati haye tou yeh key badal sakata haye. ise dekhane key liye, dou prakaar kii poonjigat vastuon key liye utpaadan kii keemat koo paribhaashit karein. pratyek vastu key liye, utpaadit vastuon key liye shaastriya arthshastra dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale moolya nirdhaaran niyam kaa paalan karein, jahaan moolya utpaadan kii spasht lagaton dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haih
yahaan, pee ack vastu kii keemat haye aur aar laabh kii darr haye. maan leejiye kii karkhanon key maalikon koo utpaadan key liye agrim poonji key aanupaatik aaya praapt karke puraskrit kiya jaataa haye (laabh darr dwara nirdhaarit anupaat key saath). maan leejiye kii prati ikai shram laagat pratyek kshetra mein doubleu key barabar haye (aur naheen badalati haye). pratispardha key kaaran donon kshetron key beach r aur w koo samaan maanaa jaataa haye.ee., kshetron key beach poonji aur shram kii gatishilata.
dhyaan dein kii moolya nirdhaaran kii yeh shaastriya avadharana maanak neoclassical "aapoorti aur maang" drishti seey alag haye. yeh deerghakaalik moolya nirdhaaran koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. yeh maanate hue kii utpaadan paimaane parr nirantar laabh kaa anusaran kartaa haye, ise navshastriya arthshastra key saath jodaa jaa sakata haye.
isake alawa, yeh sutrikaran laabh kii darr koo aapoorti aur maang dwara nirdhaarit moolya key roop mein naheen maanata haye. balki, yeh "samanya" laabh kii navshastriya avadhaaranaon key saath adhik fitt baithata haye. yeye una buniyaadi munafon koo sandarbhit karate hain joe poonji key maalikon koo apane kshetra mein vyavasaay mein baney rahane key liye praapt karna chaahiye. teesara, jabaki navshastriya arthshastra yeh maanata haye kii laabh kii "samanya" darr kull utpaadan (jaisa kii oopar charcha kii gaee haye) dwara nirdhaarit kii jaati haye, yeh sutrikaran laabh kii darr koo bahirmukhi roop seey diyaa jaataa haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki laabh-darr nirdhaaran key poore navshastriya siddhant parr sawal uthaaye jaa rahey hainh yadi humm poonji key seemant utpaad seey laabh darr taka jaa sakate hain, tou hamein laabh darr seey seemant utpaad taka jaane mein saksham honah chaahiye. kissy bhee ghatana mein, cambridge vivaad mein kuchh pratibhagiyon ney inn aadharon parr sarafiyan aalochana parr hamla kiya.
oopar diye gaye moolya nirdhaaran sootra parr vaapas jaaen. vaastavik duniya kii tarah, utpaadan kii poonji teevrata (prati ikai poonji laagat) vibhinn prakaar kii poonji vastuon kaa utpaadan karane vaale kshetron key beach bhinn hoti haye. maan leejiye kii lazer kaa utpaadan karane kii tulanaa mein trucks kaa utpaadan karane key liye prati ikai utpaadan mein doguni poonji lagati haye, taaki prati ikai poonji laagat trucks (tii) key liye $20,000 aur lazer (ell) key liye $10,000 key barabar hoe, jahaan inn gunankon koo shuru mein naheen badala jaataa haye. taba,
yadi doubleu = $10,000 aur aar = 1 = 100% (ganana koo spasht karane key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack charam mamla), tou peaty = $50,000 aur pl = $30,000, jaisa kii maanaa jaataa haye. oopar key roop mein, k = $650,000.
abb, maan leejiye kii r shoonya parr girata haye (ack aur charam mamla). taba pt = $30,000 aur pl = $20,000, taaki poonji kaa moolya 10 * $30,000 + 5 * $20,000 = $400,000 key barabar hoe. iss prakaar k kaa moolya laabh kii darr key saath bhinn hotaa haye. dhyaan dein kii yeh samanya mudrasfeeti yaa apasfeeti key anupaat mein bhinn naheen hotaa haye joe donon kimaton koo samaan pratishat seey badal detaa haih sateek parinam donon kshetron kii saapeksh "poonji teevrata" parr nirbhar kartaa haye.
yeh parinam iss tathya seey naheen badala haye kii donon vastuon key liye, prati ikai poonji laagat badal jaayegi kyonki dou keematen badalengi (oopar dee gaee dhaarana key vipareet). naa hii yeh taba badalata haye jaba prati ikai majdoori darr aur shram laagat (doubleu) badalati haye.
isake alawa, ack spasht pratikriya yeh haye kii humm kimaton key pahale sett kaa upayog karke aur dusare koo nazarandaj karke poonji kaa sangrah curr sakate hain, jaisa kii kaee mudrasfeeti sudhaaron key saath hotaa haye. haalaanki, yeh kaam naheen kartaa haye, kyonki laabh kii darr mein bhinnata koo ack aitihaasik prakriya key hisse key bajaay vishuddh roop seey ganitiya shabdon mein "samay mein vishisht bindu" parr honey key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. mudda yeh haye kii yadi neoclassical avadhaaranaaen ack vishisht samay (statics) parr kaam naheen karati hain, tou way gatishilata key adhik jatil muddon koo sambhal naheen sakati hain. neoclassical avadharana kii yeh aalochana ack vikalp prastut karane kii tulanaa mein siddhant mein isaki pramukh takniki khamiyon koo ingit karane kii baat haye.
samanya taur parr, yeh charcha kahati haye kii aaya (aur aar) kaa vitaran kewal usa raashi dwara nirdhaarit kiye jaane key bajaay poonji kii maapi gaee raashi koo nirdhaarit karane mein madad kartaa haye. yeh bhee kahata haye kii bhautik poonji visham haye aur ise vittiya poonji key roop mein naheen jodaa jaa sakata haye. baad vaale key liye, sabhi ikaaiyon koo dhana key sandarbh mein maapa jaataa haye aur iss prakaar aasaani seey jodaa jaa sakata haye. taba bhee, nishchit roop seey, vittiya poonji key yog kii keemat byaaj daron key saath bhinn hoti haye.
sarafa ney ack ektrikaran takneek (marxian arthshastra seey aanshik roop seey utpann) kaa sujhaav diyaa jisake dwara poonji kii matra kaa ack upaay kiya jaa sakata haih sabhi machines koo alag-alag varshon seey "dinaankit shram" key yog mein cumm karke. varsh 2000 mein utpaadit ack machine koo 1999 mein utpaadan key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale shram aur vastu nivesh key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye (laabh kii darr seey gunaa); aur 1999 mein vastu nivesh koo aage shram nivesh mein cumm kiya jaa sakata haye joe unhein 1998 mein banaaya gayaa thaa aur vastu nivesh (phir seey laabh kii darr seey gunaa); aur iss tarah jaba taka gair-shram ghatak koo nagany (lekin gair-shoonya) raashi taka cumm naheen kiya gayaa thaa. taba aap ack truck key dinaankit shram moolya koo lazer key dinaankit shram moolya mein jodd sakate hain.
haalaanki, sarafa ney taba bataaya kii iss sateek maap takneek mein abhee bhee laabh kii darr shamil haih poonji kii raashi laabh kii darr parr nirbhar karati haye. isane karyakaran kii usa disha koo ulat diyaa joe navshastriya arthshastra ney laabh kii darr aur poonji kii raashi key beach maani thee. aage, sarafa ney dikhaaya kii laabh kii darr mein parivartan poonji kii maapi gaee raashi koo badal dega, aur atyadhik gair-raikhik tarikon seh laabh kii darr mein vriddhi shuru mein lazer kii tulanaa mein truck key kathit moolya koo badhaa sakati haye, lekin phir laabh kii uchch daron parr prabhaav koo ulat sakati haye. neeche "reswitch" dekhein. vishleshan kaa aage tatparya haye kii utpaadan key ack kaarak kaa adhik gahan upayog, jisamen poonji kii tulanaa mein anya kaarak shamil hain, usa kaarak key uchch, cumm moolya seey naheen, judaa hoe sakata haye.
cambridge, ingland key alochakon key anusaar, yeh vishleshan iss prakaar ack gambhir chunauti haye, vishesh roop seey kaarak baajaron mein, kimaton kii kamee key soochkaankon key roop mein neoclassical drishti aur pratisthaapan key siddhant key saral neoclassical sanskaran key liye.
samanya santulan prastuti.
ektrikaran samasya koo samajhane kaa ack alag tarika shaastriya moolya nirdhaaran samikaranon koo shamil naheen kartaa haye. aar mein kamee key baare mein sochein, poonji parr vaapsee (doubleu mein vriddhi key anuroop, majdoori darr, yeh dekhate hue kii poonji aur praudyogiki kaa praarambhik star sthir rahata haye). isase aaya key vitaran mein parivartan hotaa haye, vibhinn poonjigat vastuon kii prakriti kii maang hoti haye, aur iss prakaar unaki kimaton mein parivartan hotaa haye. yeh k key moolya mein parivartan kaa kaaran banata haye (jaisa kii oopar charcha kii gaee haye). tou, phir seey, k (i) parr vaapsee kii darr.ee., r) vikas aur vitaran key neoclassical model mein maanaa gayaa haye kii k key maap seey swatantra naheen haye. kaaran donon tarah seey jaataa haye, k seey r aur r seey k taka. iss samasya koo kabhi-kabhi sonention-maintel-debru parinamon (ee.jee., maas-coley 1989 dwara) samanya santulan siddhant mein, joe darshaata haye kii pratinidhi agent model koo saiddhaantik roop seey uchit naheen thaharaaya jaa sakata haye, sivaay pratibandhaatmak sthitiyon key (dekhein kirman, 1992 ack ektrikaran samasya key roop mein sonenshein-maintel-debru parinamon key spashteekaran key liye). dhyaan dein kii yeh kahata haye kii yeh kewal k naheen haye joe ektrikaran samasyaon key adheen haih tou l haye.
saral ganitiya prastuti.
iss samasya koo dekhane kaa teesara tarika yeh yaad rakhna haye kii kaee navshastriya arthashastri maanate hain kii donon vyaktigat firm (yaa kshetra) aur poori arthavyavastha paimaane parr nirantar laabh key saath cob-dugglus utpaadan kaary mein fitt baithati haye. arthaat, pratyek kshetra "i" kaa utpaadan sameekaran dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haih
yahaan, a ack sthiraank haye (praudyogiki aur isi tarah kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye), k koo poonjigat vastuon key stock kaa pratinidhitva karna chaahiye (maapane yogya maanaa jaataa haye), aur l shram input kii matra haye. gunank a koo iss kshetra "i" key liye praudyogiki kaa pratinidhitva karna chaahiye. (isaki sadasyata suvidha key liye chhod dee gaee haye.)
samasya yeh haye kii jaba taka humm bahut majboot ganitiya pratibandh naheen lagaate hain, humm yeh "naheen" kaha sakate kii yeh cob-dugglus utpaadan kaary kshetra "i" key liye plus ack kshetra "j" (plus vaha kshetra "k" key liye, aadi) key liye haye.) samagr arthavyavastha key liye ack cob-dugglus utpaadan kaary koo jodata haye (key aur ell key saath sabhi vibhinn kshetriya moolyon kaa yog haye). sankshep mein, cob-dugglus utpaadan karyon key yog key liye ack cob-dugglus key barabar, sabhi vibhinn kshetron key liye utpaadan karyon mein aeye aur aeye key samaan moolya honey chaahiye.
punarvikas.
punarvyavahan kaa arth haye kii upayog kii jaane vaali utpaadan takneekon kii prakriti aur laabh kii darr key beach koee saral (acrus) sambandh naheen haye. udaaharan key liye, humm ack aisee sthiti dekh sakate hain jisamen utpaadan kii ack takneek cumm aur uchch laabh daron parr laagat-cumm karna haye, lekin ack anya takneek madhyavarti daron parr laagat-cumm karna haye.
punarkathan kaa tatparya poonji key ulatane kii sambhavana, uchch byaaj daron (yaa laabh kii daron) aur adhik poonji-gahan takneekon key beach ack sambandh haye. iss prakaar, punarkathan kaa tatparya poonji kii teevrata aur laabh kii darr key beach ack saral (acrus) gair-badhate sambandh kii asweekriti seey haye, jise kabhi-kabhi byaaj kii darr key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. jaise-jaise darein girati hain, udaaharan key liye, laabh chahane vaale vyavasaay takneekon key ack samooh (aeye) seey dusare (bee) mein aur phir vaapas aeye mein badal sakate hain. yeh samasya yaa tou ack vrihat aarthik yaa sookshm aarthik utpaadan prakriya key liye utpann hoti haye aur isaliye oopar charcha kii gaee ektrikaran samasyaon seey parey jaati haye.
1966 key ack lekh mein, prasiddh navshastriya arthashastri paul aeye. samuelson ney punarvyavritt bahas kaa saransh diyaah
samuelson ack udaaharan dete hain jisamen shram dwara nirmit nae utpaadon kii sarafiyan avadharana shamil haye jisamen poonjigat vastuon koo niyojit kiya gayaa haye joe mrit yaa "dinaankit shram" (ack swatantra bhoomika rakhane vaali machines key bajaay) aur "goal chakkar" kii "austriyai" avadharana-maanaa jaataa haye kii poonji kii teevrata kaa ack bhautik upaay haye.
kewal ack neoclassical utpaadan kaary koo halke mein lene key bajaay, samuelson ack utpaad kaa utpaadan karane key liye vaikalpik tarikon seey ack utpaadan kaary key nirmaan kii sarafiyan parampara kaa paalan kartaa haye. sthitigat vidhiyaan vibhinn prakaar key niveshon koo pradarshit karati hain. samuelson bataate hain kii kaise adhikatam laabh (laagat koo cumm karna) utpaadan key sarvottam tareeke koo ingit kartaa haye, ack baahari nirdisht majdoori yaa laabh darr koo dekhate hue. samuelson ney apane pahale key vichaar koo aswikar curr diyaa kii visham poonji koo ack ekal poonji key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye, joe khapat key saath samaan haye, ack "surrogate utpaadan kaary" key madhyam seey.
samuelson key "austriyai" drishtikon parr vichaar karein. unake udaaharan mein, dou takneeken hain, aeye aur bee, joe baad key samay mein 1 ikai key utpaadan kaa utpaadan karane key liye alag-alag samay ("-1", "-2", aur "-3", joe pichhale varshon kaa pratinidhitva karati hain) parr shram kaa upayog karati hain.
phir, iss udaaharan (aur aage kii charcha) kaa upayog karate hue, samuelson pradarshit karate hain kii austriyai daavon key vipareet, iss udaaharan mein dou takneekon key saapeksh "goal chakkar" koo paribhaashit karna asambhav haye. vaha darshaata haye kii 100 pratishat seey adhik laabh darr parr takneek a kaa upayog laabh-adhikatam karane vaale vyavasaay dwara kiya jaayega; 50 aur 100 pratishat key beach, takneek b kaa upayog kiya jaayega; jabaki 50 pratishat seey cumm byaaj darr parr, takneek a kaa phir seey upayog kiya jaayega. byaaj darr kii sankhya atyadhik haye, lekin adhik madhyam byaaj daron kaa upayog karke anya udaharanon mein iss ghatana koo dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
doosari talika mein teen sambhaavit byaaj darein aur parinamswarup dou takneekon key liye sanchit kull shram laagat dikhaai gaee haye. choonki donon prakriyaon mein seey pratyek key laabh samaan hain, isaliye humm buss laagat kii tulanaa curr sakate hain. samay 0 mein laagat kii ganana maanak aarthik tareeke seey kii jaati haye, yeh maanate hue kii shram kii pratyek ikai kii laagat $doubleu koo kiraaye parr lene key liye haih
jahan ell-aine samay mein shram input kii matra haye joe samay 0 seey pahale kii haye.
bolled-faces mein parinam ingit karate hain kii kaun see takneek cumm mahangi haye, joe reswitching dikhaati haye. byaaj darr aur "poonji kii teevrata" yaa utpaadan key goal chakkar key beach koee saral (ekaatmak) sambandh naheen haye, yaa tou samashti key macro-yaa sookshm aarthik star parr.
stand point.
swabhavik roop seey, donon pratispardhi school iss bahas key sambandh mein alag-alag nishkarshon parr pahunchate hain. inmein seey kuchh koo uddhrit karna upayogi haye.
sarafiyan drishya.
yahaan cambridge alochakon key kuchh vichaar diye gaye hainh
"poonji kaa ulatana nivesh pratisthaapan aur poonji kii kamee yaa shram kii kamee kii navshastriya avadhaaranaon koo arthaheen banaata haye. yeh arthavyavastha aur udyog donon staron parr poonji key navshastriya siddhant aur nivesh maang vakr kii dhaarana koo khatare mein daaltaa haye. yeh utpaadan aur rojgar nirdhaaran key neoclassical siddhanton key saath-saath vikseliyan maudrik siddhanton koo bhee khatare mein daaltaa haye, kyonki way sabhi sthirata seey vanchit hain. iss prakaar neoclassical vishleshan key parinam kaafee vinashkari hain. aamtaur parr yeh daavaa kiya jaataa haye kii kewal samagr navshastriya siddhant-aur isaliye samagr utpaadan karyon parr adharit samashti aarthik siddhant-poonji ulatane seey prabhaavit hotaa haye. haalaanki, yeh bataaya gayaa haye kii jaba neoclassical samanya santulan model koo lambe samay taka santulan taka badhaaya jaataa haye, tou sthirata pramaan key liye poonji ulatane (yojana 1997) key bahishkaar kii aavashyakta hoti haye. usa arth mein, sabhi neoclassical utpaadan model poonji ulatane seey prabhaavit honge."(lavoi 2000)
"yeye nishkarsh, udaaharan key liye, hexer-ohlin-samuelson antarrashtriya vyaapaar siddhant (jaise kii sergio parrinello, stanley metcaff, ian steadman aur linn mainwaring jaise lekhakon ney pradarshit kiya haye), takniki pragati avadharana kii hixian tatasthata (jaisa kii steadman ney dikhaaya haye), neoclassical curr ghatana siddhant (jaisa kii steadman aur metcaff ney dikhaaya haye), aur paryaavaran arthshastra mein lagu pigauviyai karadhan siddhant (jaisa kii gerke aur lazer ney dikhaaya haye) kii samanya vaidhata koo nasht curr dete hain."(geharke aur lazer 2000)
neoclassical drishya.
neoclassical arthashastri christopher bliss tippani karate hainh
"...jise koee poonji siddhant key astitvagat pahalu kaha sakata haye, usane pichhale 25 varshon mein jyada ruchi naheen lii haye. ack chhota baind
sachche vishvaasiyon' ney aaj taka poonji siddhant roodhivaadita parr hamla jaari rakhaa haye, aur unaki company seey cumm seey cumm merey saha-sampadakon mein seey ack aataa haye. main usa shithil roop seey judey school koo anglo-italian siddhantkar kahoonga. naheen
saral naam aadarsh haye, lekin maine joe chunaa haye vaha cumm seey cumm ingit kartaa haye kii piro kaa prabhaav
vishesh roop seey, sarrafa aur johnn robbinson kendriya mahatva key hain. usa mamle mein bhee, ack haye
havaa mein necrophilia kaa swaad. aggar koee sawal poochata haih kaun saa nayaa vichaar aaya haye
pichhale 20 varshon mein anglo-italian soch?ack vyakti ack sharmanak samajik sthiti paida kartaa haye. yeh
kyonki yeh spasht naheen haye kii purani, kadvi bahason seey kuchh bhee nayaa nikla haye.
iss beach mukhyadhara key siddhant ney alag-alag dishaaen lii hain. ruchi samanya santulan shally (uchch-ayam) model seey saral, mukhya roop seey ack-achche model mein sthanantarit hoe gaee haye. ramsey-shally key gatishil-anukoolan model ney kaafee hudd taka nishchit-bachat gunank drishtikon koo visthaapit curr diyaa haye. kaee upabhokta joe stiglitz koo neoclassical vikas modeling mein pratyaaropit kiya gayaa thaa, way vahaan naheen phalane-phoolane lagey. isake bajaay pratinidhi agent aamtaur parr model kaa chaalak hotaa haye. anta mein, 1960 key dashak aur baad mein joe bhee school seey vikas parr harod kii bahirjaagatik takniki pragati, aur adhikansh lekhak, kaee models dwara shamil kiye gaye hain joe kaee sambhaavit tarikon mein seey ack mein takniki pragati koo antarjaalik banaate hain...
...kyaa poonji key baare mein purani chintaon koo door kiya jaa sakata haye, dhool bharee jaa sakati haye aur samkaaleen models koo sambodhit kiya jaa sakata haye? yadi aisaa kiya jaa sakata haye, tou koee bhee ummeed karega kii iska yogdan parasparik roop seey aashvast vinash drishtikon kii tulanaa mein adhik rachanaatmak hoe sakata haye jisane 1960 key dashak kii kuchh bahason koo baadhit kiya. yeh spasht haye kii samriddh model samriddh sambhavanaen pradaan karate hain. way aisaa taba naheen karate jaba anukoolan model samadhanon koo sanchaalit kartaa haye. haalaanki, humm jaanate hain kii kaee agent model mein kaee santulan hoe sakate hain jaba sabhi agent anukoolit karate hain. usa disha mein aage badhane key liye faldaayi raaste hoe sakate hain.
puraane yogdaanon koo sabse achchha taba dafan kiya jaanaa chaahiye jaba way seemant siddhant koo haraane key liye ack chhadi key roop mein poonji kaa upayog karate hain. sabhi ishtatamta kissy naa kissy roop mein seemant sthitiyon koo darshaati haye. yeye sthitiyaan ack samagr samadhan kaa hissa hain. naa tou way aur naa hii unamen shamil maatraaen samagr samadhan seey pahale hain. yeh arthshastriyon aur unaki buddhi kii utsukta koo buri tarah seey darshaata haye kii yeh hamesha sabhi key liye spasht naheen thaa."(anand 2005)
apani 1975 kii pustak poonji siddhant aur aaya key vitaran mein anand ney dikhaaya kii samanya santulan mein, ack nivesh kii saapeksh kamee aur saapeksh moolya key beach koee sambandh naheen haye. haalaanki, pratyek kaarak parr vaapsee isaki alag-alag seemant utpaadaktaa key barabar rahati haye. 
nishkarsh.
iss bahas mein samasya kaa hissa uchch star key amurtata aur aadarshikaran key ird-gird ghoomata haye joe poonji aur aarthik vikas jaise vishayon parr aarthik model-nirmaan mein hotaa haye. robert solo aur traver swan dwara prastut samagr vikas key mool neoclassical model saral parinam aur saral nishkarshon key saath seedhe they, joe vaastavik, anubhavjanya, duniya key baare mein bhavishyavaniyon koo nihit karate they. robbinson aur sarrafa key anuyaayiyon ney tark diyaa kii adhik parishkrit aur jatil ganitiya model kaa arth haye kii solo-swan model key liye duniya key baare mein kuchh bhee kahane key liye, mahatvapurna avaastavik dhaaranaaen (kii solo aur swan ney andekhi kii thee) sach honey chaahiye.
ack aisaa udaaharan chunane key liye jise bahas mein adhik dhyaan naheen diyaa gayaa (kyonki yeh donon pakshon dwara saajha kiya gayaa thaa), solo-swan model sabhi sansadhanon key 'poorna rojgar' key saath lagaatar santulan maanata haye. keynesian arthshastra key vipareet, bachat inn models mein nivesh koo nirdhaarit karati haye (isake bajaay "isake vipareet"). tathya yeh haye kii aalochana koo poori tarah seey usee tarah kii avaastavik dhaaranaon kaa upayog karate hue kahaa gayaa thaa, iska matlab thaa kii kuchh bhee karna bahut mushkil thaa lekin soul aur huns kii 'aalochana' karna. yaani, sarafiyan model spasht roop seey anubhavjanya vaastaviktaa seey alag hoe gaye they. aur, jaisa kii bahason mein bahut aam haye, ack poorna paimaane parr vikalp vikasit karane kii tulanaa mein neoclassical siddhant koo nasht karna bahut aasaan thaa joe hamein duniya koo samajhane mein madad curr sakata haye.
sankshep mein, cambridge vivaad dwara utpann pragati, aisee dhaaranaon koo banaane kii aavashyakta key baare mein ack spasht chetna key liye avaastavik yaa agyaat dhaaranaon parr avaastavik nirbharta seey thee. lekin isane sarafiyon koo aisee sthiti mein chhod diyaa jahaan avaastavik dhaaranaon ney siddhant key aage key vikas key saath-saath adhikansh anubhavjanya anuprayogon koo roque diyaa. iss prakaar yeh ashcharya kii baat naheen haye kii anand poochata haih "pichhale 20 varshon mein anglo-italian soch seey kaun saa nayaa vichaar aaya haye?"
bhale hii sarafa, robbinson aur anya logon ney tark diyaa thaa kii isaki neenv niradhar thee, lekin poonjigat vastuon key ekal-moolya vaale kull stock parr adharit solo-swan vikas model neoclassical macro economics aur vikas siddhant kaa ack kendra bindu banaa huaa haye. yeh nae vikas siddhant kaa bhee aadhar haye."kuchh mamalon mein, ack samagr utpaadan kaary kaa upayog ack vaadya paddhati kii appeal aur anubhavjanya kaam mein sadgi kii aavashyakta key saath uchit haye.
anand (oopar uddhrit) jaise navshastriya siddhantkaron ney aam taur parr saral navshastriya model kii "anglo-italian" aalochana koo sweekaar kiya haye aur nae prashnon parr navshastriya arthshastra kii "adhik samanya" raajneetik-aarthik drishti koo lagu karate hue aage badhe hain. kuchh siddhantkaron, jaise kii bliss, advin bermister aur frank haan ney tark diyaa kii sookshm arthshastra aur antar-sthaanik samanya santulan model key sandarbh mein kathor neoclassical siddhant sabse uchit roop seey nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye.
pierangelo garegnani (2008), fabio petri (2009) aur bertram yojana (2005) jaise alochakon ney baar-baar tark diyaa haye kii aise model anubhavjanya roop seey lagu naheen hain aur kissy bhee mamle mein, poonji-saiddhaantik samasyaaen aise model mein ack alag roop mein phir seey dikhaai detee hain. aise models kii amoort prakriti ney aisee samasyaon koo spasht roop seey prakat karna adhik kathin banaa diyaa haye kyonki way lambe samay taka chalane vaale models mein dikhaai dete hain.
choonki samuelson iss vichaar key mukhya navshastriya rakshakon mein seey ack they kii visham poonji koo ekal poonji key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye, unake lekh (oopar charcha kii gaee) ney nirnaayak roop seey dikhaaya kii ack poonji key saath saralikrit model key parinam adhik samanya model mein aavashyak roop seey naheen hotey hain. iss prakaar vaha jyaadaatar neoclassical aggregate model key bajaay leontiff-sairafian parampara key bahu-kshetriya model kaa upayog kartaa haye.
aksar, neoclassical kewal vivaad koo nazarandaj curr dete hain, jabaki kaee loga isake baare mein naheen jaanate hain. vaastav mein, sanyukt raajya america mein arthshastra snaatak schools kaa vishal bahumat apane chhatron koo isake baare mein naheen padhaata haih
"record key liye yeh pahachaanana mahatvapurna haye kii bahas mein pramukh pratibhagiyon ney apani galatiyon koo khule taur parr sweekaar kiya. samuelson key arthshastra key saatven sanskaran koo trutiyon seey mukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. levhari aur samuelson ney ack pepper prakaashit kiya joe shuru huaa, 'humm record key liye yeh spasht karna chaahte hain kii hamaare saath judee gair-vichalan pramey nishchit roop seey galat haye. humm dow. key aabhaari hain. pacinetti...'(levhari aur samuelson 1966). leyland yegger aur maine sanyukt roop seey unaki pahale kii truti koo sweekaar karate hue aur hamaare saiddhaantik drishtikonon key beach sangharsh koo hull karane kaa prayaas karate hue ack nott prakaashit kiya. (bermister aur yegger, 1978).
haalaanki, nuksan hoe gayaa thaa, aur cambridge, yuu. key., 'jeet ghoshit' keeh levhari galat thaa, samuelson galat thaa, solo galat thaa, mitt galat thaa aur isaliye neoclassical arthshastra galat thaa. isake parinamswarup arthshastriyon key kuchh samooh hain jinhone shaastriya arthshastra key apane parishkaran key liye navshastriya arthshastra koo chhod diyaa haye. doosari or, sanyukt raajya america mein, mukhyadhara kii arthavyavastha iss tarah chalati haye jaise kii vivaad kabhi naheen huaa thaa. samashti arthshastra kii pathyapustakon mein 'poonji' parr charcha kii jaati haye jaise kii yeh ack achchi tarah seey paribhaashit avadharana thee-joe kii ack bahut hii vishesh ack-rajdhani-achchi duniya (yaa anya avaastavik roop seey pratibandhaatmak sthitiyon key tahat) koo chhodkar naheen haye. tarksangat apekshaon kii kranti' aur lagbhag sabhi aarthik karyon mein visham poonjigat vastuon kii samasyaon koo bhee nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa haye."(bermester 2000)

