nashville dharna

nashville dharna, joe 13 farwari seey 10 maee, 1960 taka chalaa, tenacy key downtown nashville mein lunch counters parr nasleeya algaav koo samaapt karane key virodh kaa hissa thaa. nashville chhaatr andolan aur nashville isai netritva parishad dwara samanvit dharna abhiyaan, apani praarambhik safalata aur anushaasit ahinsa parr jore dene key liye ullekhaniya thaa. yeh ack vyaapak dharna andolan kaa hissa thaa joe uttari carolina mein greensboro dharna-pradarshan key maddenajar poore dakshini sanyukt raajya mein fail gayaa.
nashville key dharna abhiyaan key dauran, kendriya vyaparik jile mein kaee dukaanon parr dharna diyaa gayaa. pulis dwara adesh diye jaane parr dukaan key lunch counter khaali karane seey incar karane key liye 150 seey adhik chhatron koo antatah giraftar curr liya gayaa. mukadame mein, chhatron kaa pratinidhitva jaid key netritva mein 13 vakeelon key ack samooh dwara kiya gayaa thaa. alekjendar lubi. 19 aprail koo lubi key ghar parr bambari kii gaee, halanki vaha binaa kissy chot key butch gayaa. usa dinn baad mein, cumm seey cumm 3,000 logon ney badhati hinsa key baare mein meyer bayne west kaa saamana karane key liye city holl kii or cooch kiya. yeh poochhe jaane parr kii kyaa unhein lagata haye kii nashville mein dopahar key bhojan key counters koo alag kiya jaanaa chaahiye, west ney sahamati vyakt kii kii unhein karna chaahiye. dukaan maalikon aur virodh netaaon key beach baad kii baatchit key baad, maee key pahale saptah key dauran ack samjhauta huaa. 10 maee koo, shahar key chhah dukaanon ney pahali baar apane dopahar key bhojan key counters parr ashwet grahakon koo seva denaa shuru kiya.
halanki praarambhik abhiyaan ney safaltapurvak downtown lunch counters koo alag curr diyaa, dharna-pradarshan, pickett aur anya alag-alag suvidhaon key khilaf virodh 1964 key nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam key paarit honey taka nashville mein jaari rhaa, jisane rashtravyapi roop seey spasht, kanuni roop seey sweekrit algaav koo samaapt curr diyaa. nashville dharna key kaee aayojak nagrik adhikaar andolan mein mahatvapurna netaa bunn gaye.
prishthabhoomi.
1896 mein, sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya kaa nirnay "placy banaam. fergusson ney "alag lekin samaan" key siddhant key tahat nasleeya algaav kii samvaidhaaniktaa koo barkarar rakhaa. iss nirnay key kaaran poore sanyukt raajya mein zim kauve kaanoonon kaa prasaar huaa. inn kaanoonon ney saarvajanik jeevan key lagbhag sabhi kshetron mein algaav koo anivarya yaa spasht roop seey anumati dee aur desh bhar mein, vishesh roop seey dakshini sanyukt raajya america mein nasleeya bhedbhaav koo panapane kii anumati dee.
adhikansh dakshini shaharon kii tarah nashville mein, african americi zim kauve key algaav kii pranali key tahat gambhir roop seey vanchit they. cumm vitt poshit schools mein nirvaasit honey aur kaee saarvajanik aavason seey pratibandhit honey key alawa, african amerikiyon key paas kushal rojgar kii cumm sambhaavanaaen theen aur way shwet bahusankhyak seey lagaatar bhedbhaav key adheen they.
halanki 1905 kii shuruat mein nashville mein zim kauve kaanoonon kaa virodh karane key liye gambhir prayaas kiye gaye they, lekin 1958 taka nashville isai netritva parishad key gathan key saath nashville kaa african americi samudaay nasleeya algaav koo samaapt karane kii neenv naheen rakhega.
poorvavarti aur sangathan.
nashville christian leadership council (yaa aine. see. ell. see.) kii sthaapana reverand kellie miller smith dwara kii gaee thee, joe first baptist church, capital hill key paadari they. yeh sangathan martin luther king junier kaa ack sahayogi thaa.'dakshini isai netritva sammelan (aiss. see. ell. see.) aur ahinsak savinay avagya key madhyam seey african amerikiyon key liye nagrik adhikaaron koo badhaava dene key liye sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. smith kaa maanana thaa kii shwet americi algaav key prati adhik sahaanubhooti rakhate hain yadi african americi nyaayik pranali yaa hinsak takraav key bajaay shantipurna pradarshan key madhyam seey apane adhikaar praapt karate hain.
26 seey 28 march, 1958 taka, aine. see. ell. see. ney algaav koo chunauti dene key liye ahinsak ranneeti kaa upayog karane parr kaee karyashalaon mein seey pahali karyashala aayojit kii. inn karyashalaon kaa netritva james losson ney kiya thaa, jinhone bhaarat mein ack missionary key roop mein kaam karate hue ahinsak pratirodh key siddhanton kaa adhyayan kiya thaa. baad kii karyashalaon mein mukhya roop seey fisk vishvavidyalaya, tenacy aeye aind aaee (baad mein tenacy state university), americi baptist theological seminary (baad mein americi baptist college) aur mehri medical college key chhatron ney bhaag liya. losson key satron mein bhaag lene vaalon mein way chhaatr they joe nagrik adhikaar andolan mein mahatvapurna netaa banenge, unamen seh marrian bairi, james bevel, bernard lafayet, johnn luis, dyne naish aur see. tii. vivian.
inn karyashalaon key dauran yeh nirnay liya gayaa kii samooh key karyon kaa pahala lakshya downtown lunch counter honge. usa samay, african amerikiyon koo downtown kii dukaanon mein kharidari karane kii anumati thee, lekin unhein dukaanon key restaraan mein khaane kii anumati naheen thee. samooh ney mahsoos kiya kii lunch counter ack achchha uddeshya thaa kyonki way atyadhik dikhaai dene vaale, aasaani seey sulabh they, aur harr dinn ashwet dakshini logon key saamane aaney vaale anyaay kaa ack spasht udaaharan pradaan karate they.
1959 key anta mein, james losson aur aine. see. ell. see. kii pariyojana samiti key anya sadasyon ney department store key malik fred harvey aur johnn slone seey mulakat kii, aur unhein swechha seey apane dopahar key bhojan key counters parr african amerikiyon kii seva karane key liye kahaa. donon logon ney yeh kahate hue manaa curr diyaa kii unhein jitna laabh hoga usase adhik vyaapaar khou denge. isake baad chhatron ney dharna pradarshan key liye jasusi karna shuru curr diyaa. pahala pareekshan 28 navambar koo nashville shahar key haarvez department store mein huaa, usake baad 5 disambar koo caine-lone store mein chhatron key chhote samoohon ney dukaanon parr saman kharida aur phir apane dopahar key bhojan key counters parr baithe aur bhojan order karane kaa prayaas kiya. unakaa lakshya pratyek dukaan mein manodasha aur pratirodh kii degree koo mahsoos karane kii koshish karna thaa. haalaanki unhein donon dopahar key bhojan counters parr seva dene seey incar curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin pratikriyaaen kaafee bhinn theen. harvey mein, unhein aashcharyajanak roop seey vinamra pratikriyaaen mileen, jabaki caine-lone mein unake saath avamaanana kaa vyavhaar kiya gayaa. yeye jasusi kaarravaai cumm mahatvapurna thee aur shahar key kissy bhee samachar patra koo unake baare mein soochit naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
poorna paimaane parr pradarshan.
nashville mein chhatron koo apani yojanaon koo aupchaarik banaane kaa mauka milane seey pahale, anya sthaanon parr honey vaali ghatnaaon ney prayaas koo nae sire seey tatkalikta pradaan kii. farwari 1960 key pahale saptah key dauran, uttari carolina key greensboro mein ack chhota saa dharna pradarshan ack mahatvapurna virodh pradarshan mein badal gayaa, jisamen teesare dinn assie seey adhik chhatron ney bhaag liya. haalaanki isi tarah key pradarshan pahale bhee anya shaharon mein hue they, lekin yeh pahala aisaa pradarshan thaa jisane media kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya aur janata kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya. jaba losson kaa samooh agale shukravaar kii raat milaa, tou lagbhag 500 nae swayamsevak iss kaary mein shamil honey key liye aae. halanki losson aur anya vayask ayojakon ney deree key liye tark diyaa, chhaatr netaaon ney jore dekar kahaa kii kaarravaai kaa samay aaa gayaa haye.
pahala badey paimaane parr aayojit dharna shaniwar, 13 farwari, 1960 koo thaa. lagbhag aaee. dee. 1 baje, 124 chhaatr, jinamen seey adhikansh ashwet they, shahar key oonalvarth mein chaley gaye. aich. crace, aur mcclellan store aur dopahar key bhojan key counters parr parosane key liye kahaa. jaba karmchaariyon ney unhein parosane seey incar curr diyaa, tou way dou ghante taka dukaanon mein baithe rahey aur phir binaa kissy ghatana key chaley gaye.
pahale dharna key baad somwar koo, 79 mandaliyon kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale nashville key baptist mantri key sammelan ney sarvasammati seey chhaatr andolan kaa samarthan karane key liye matdan kiya, iss prakaar nashville key ashwet dhaarmik samudaay kaa vajan chhatron key peechhe fenk diyaa. sthaaniya dhaarmik netaaon ney sadbhavana vaale logon seey shahar key una vyapariyon kaa bahishkaar karane kaa ahwan kiya joe algaav kaa abhyaas karate they. nashville key ashwet samudaay ney bahishkaar kaa purjor samarthan kiya, jisase vyapariyon key liye aarthik kathinaaee paida hui.
doosara dharna guruwar, 18 farwari koo huaa, jaba 200 seey adhik chhatron ney woolworth mein pravesh kiya. aich. crace, mcclellan aur anudan. dopahar key bhojan key counter turant bund curr diye gaye. chhaatr lagbhag aadhe ghante taka rahey aur phir binaa kissy ghatana key chaley gaye. teesara dharna 20 farwari koo huaa jaba lagbhag 350 chhatron ney pichhali chaar dukaanon aur downtown walgreen dawa kii dukaan mein pravesh kiya. jaise hii chhaatr counters parr baithe, kaee dukaanon mein gorey yuvaaon kii bheed jamaa hoe gaee. pulis ney sabhi paanch sthaanon parr najar rakhee, lekin hinsa kii koee ghatana naheen hui. chhaatr pahale baptist church mein ack saamoohik sabhaa key liye sthagit honey taka lagbhag teen ghante taka rahey.
agale saptah tanaav badh gayaa kyonki dharna pradarshan anya shaharon mein fail gaye aur paas key chattanooga mein nasleeya dange bhadak gaye. 27 farwari koo, nashville chhaatr kaaryakartaon ney woolworth, mcclellan aur walgreen kii dukaanon parr chautha dharna diyaa. pradarshankariyon koo taanaa maarne aur pareshan karane key liye gorey yuvaaon kii bheed phir seey dukaanon mein jamaa hoe gaee. lekin iss baar pulis maujood naheen thee. antatah, kaee dharna pradarshankariyon parr mcclellan aur woolworth kii dukaanon mein hangama karane vaalon dwara hamla kiya gayaa. kuchh koo unaki seeton seey kheencha gayaa aur peeta gayaa, aur ack pradarshankari koo seedhiyon kii udaan seey neeche dhakel diyaa gayaa. jaba pulis pahunchi tou gorey hamlawar bhaag gaye aur kissy koo giraftar naheen kiya gayaa. pulis ney taba teenon sthaanon parr pradarshankariyon koo dukaanon koo chhodane kaa adesh diyaa. jaba pradarshankariyon ney jaane seey incar curr diyaa, tou unhein giraftar curr liya gayaa aur pulis key vaahanon mein bhar diyaa gayaa, kyonki darshakon ney taaliyan bajaain. ikasi chhatron koo giraftar kiya gayaa aur una parr bhatakane aur avyavasthit aacharan kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa.
giraftari ney dharna abhiyaan mein media coverage mein vriddhi kii, jisamen rashtriya television samachar coverage, nashville key donon dainik samachar patron mein pahale prishth kii khabaren aur ack sambaddh press story shamil thee. chhaatr aam taur parr kissy bhee media coverage koo apane uddeshya key liye sahayak key roop mein dekhate they, vishesh roop seey jaba yeh ahinsa key prati unaki pratibaddhata koo darshaata haye.
agale dou maheenon mein kaee anya dharna-pradarshan hue, jisake parinamswarup adhik giraftariyan huin aur dharna-pratibhagiyon key khilaf aage hamale hue. 150 seey adhik chhatron koo giraftar kiya gayaa. pradarshanon key dauran, chhaatr kaaryakartaon ney anushaasit ahinsa kii neeti banaae rakhee. unaki likhit aachar sanhita anya shaharon mein pradarshankariyon dwara anusaran kiya jaane vaalaa ack aadarsh bunn gayaah
"durvyavahar honey parr palatwar yaa shaap naa dein. hansiye mutt. flore walker key saath baatchit naa karein. jaba taka aapke netaa ney aapako aisaa karane kii anumati naheen dey dee haye, taba taka apani seat naa chhoden. baahar kii dukaanon key pravesh dwaar aur naa hii ander key galiyaron koo avaruddh naa karein. harr samay apane aap koo vinamra aur milansar dikhaaen. seedhe baithen; hamesha counter kaa saamana karein. sabhi gambhir ghatnaaon kii soochana apane netaa koo dein. soochana chahane vaalon koo vinamra tareeke seey apane netaa key paas bhejen. yeeshu, gaandhi, martin luther king kii shikshaon koo yaad rakhein. prem aur ahinsa hii maarg haye."
mukadame aur losson nishkasana.
dharna-pratibhagiyon key parikshanon ney poore nashville aur aspas key kshetra mein vyaapak ruchi aakarshit kii. 29 farwari koo, mukadame key pahale dinn, 2000 seey adhik logon kii bheed prativaadiyon key liye apana samarthan dikhaane key liye shahar key nyayalaya key aspas kii sadakon parr kataar mein khadee thee. jaid key netritva mein 13 vakeelon kaa ack samooh. alekjendar lubi ney chhatron kaa pratinidhitva kiya. shuru mein, mukadame kii adhyakshata shahar key nyayadhish andreau jey. ney kii thee. doyle. doyle ney chhatron key khilaf lightering key aaropon koo khariz curr diyaa aur phir bench seey istifa dey diyaa, aur mukadame koo vishesh shahar key nyayadhish johnn aaee koo saunp diyaa. harris.
ashwet samudaay key majboot samarthan key bavjood, giraftar kiye gaye sabhi chhatron koo avyavasthit aacharan kaa doshi thaharaaya gayaa aur 50 dollar kaa jurmana lagaaya gayaa. chhatron ney jurmana dene seey incar curr diyaa, halanki, aur isake bajaay county kaaryasthal mein taintis dinn bitaane kaa vikalp chunaa. diane naish ney chhatron kii or seey ack bayaan jaari curr nirnay kii vyakhya keeh "hamein lagata haye kii aggar humm inn jurmaane kaa bhugtan karate hain tou humm prativaadiyon kii giraftari aur doshasiddhi mein kiye gaye anyaay aur anaitik prathaon mein yogdan aur samarthan karenge."
usee dinn mukadame shuru hue, james losson sahit ashwet mantriyon key ack samooh ney mahapour bayne west seey baithak kii aur dharna-pradarshan parr charcha kii. sthaaniya press dwara baithak kii coverage, jisamen losson kii "flannel-mouth andolankari" key roop mein ninda karane vaale "nashville banner" mein ack teekhe sampadakiya ney losson kii gatividhiyon koo vanderbilt vishvavidyalaya key dhyaan mein laaya, jahaan unhein ack divyata school key chhaatr key roop mein namankit kiya gayaa thaa. akhbar kaa swaamitva james jee key paas thaa. stallman, ack vanderbilt trusty joe "dridhata seey ekikaran virodhi" they; isane bhraamak kahaaniyan prakaashit keen, jisamen yeh sujhaav bhee shamil thaa kii losson ney dusaron koo "kaanoon kaa ullanghan karane key liye uksaayaa thaa."jaba losson kaa saamana vanderbilt kii karyakari samiti seey huaa aur kahaa kii unhein dharna mein apani bhagidari samaapt karni hogi, tou losson ney incar curr diyaa. unhein turant kuladhipati harvi branscomb dwara vishvavidyalaya seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa aur agale dinn unhein giraftar curr liya gayaa. deane jey. robbert nelson ney virodh mein istifa dey diyaa aur apane teen sahyogiyon key saath losson kii jamaanat kaa bhugtan kiya, aur school koo american association off theological schools dwara ack saal key liye pariveeksha parr rakhaa gayaa.
dvivaarshik samiti.
3 march koo, dharna-pradarshanon key kaaran paida hue nasleeya tanaav koo cumm karane key prayaas mein, meyer west ney shahar key nasleeya sangharsh kaa samadhan khojane key liye ack dvivaarshik samiti key gathan kii ghoshana kii. samiti mein shahar key dou ashwet vishvavidyalayon key adhyaksh shamil they, lekin isamen chhaatr andolan key koee pratinidhi shamil naheen they. samiti ney agale maheene mein kaee baar baithak kii aur 5 aprail koo ack report mein apani sifaarishen deen. samiti ney shahar key lunch counters koo aanshik roop seey ekikrit karane kii sifarish kii. pratyek dukaan mein ack khand hoga joe kewal goron key liye thaa aur doosara khand goron aur ashweton key liye thaa. iss samadhan koo chhaatr netaaon dwara aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jinhone sifaarishon koo naitik roop seey asweekarya aur algaav kii neeti parr adharit maanaa thaa. dvivaarshik samiti dwara apani report jaari karane key ack saptah seey bhee cumm samay baad, dharna phir seey shuru hoe gayaa aur shahar key vyavsaayon kaa bahishkaar tej curr diyaa gayaa.
lubi nivaas bambari.
19 aprail koo subah 5:30 baje dynamite koo jaid kii saamane kii khidki seey fenka gayaa thaa. uttari nashville mein alekjendar lubi kaa ghar, jahir taur parr pradarshankariyon key samarthan key badale mein. halanki visfot ney ghar koo lagbhag nasht curr diyaa thaa, lekin lubi aur usaki patni, joe pichhale shayankaksh mein sou rahey they, ghayal naheen hue. visfot seey paas key ack chhatrawas kii 140 seey adhik khidakiyan toot gaeen.
pradarshankariyon koo hatotsaahit karane key bajaay, iss karyakram ney andolan key liye ack utprerak key roop mein kaam kiya. kuchh hii ghanton mein, bambari kii khabar poore samudaay mein fail gaee. dopahar key aspas, lagbhag 4000 logon ney mahapour kaa saamana karane key liye chupchaap city holl kii or cooch kiya. meyer west ney adalat kii seedhiyon parr julus nikaalane vaalon seey mulakat kii. sammaan see. tii. vivian ney ack taiyar bayaan padhaa jisamen mahapour parr algaav seey judey naitik muddon kii andekhi karane aur hinsa aur anyaay kii or aankhen moond lene kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa. dyne naish ney taba mahapour seey poochha kii kyaa unhein lagata haye kii kissy vyakti key saath poori tarah seey unaki nasl yaa twacha key rung key aadhar parr bhedbhaav karna galat haye. west ney jawab diyaa kii vaha sahmat haye kii yeh galat thaa. naash ney taba unase poochha kii kyaa unakaa maanana haye kii shahar mein dopahar key bhojan key counters koo alag kiya jaanaa chaahiye. west ney jawab diyaa, "haan", phir jodaa, "yeh nishchit roop seey dukaan prabandhakon parr nirbhar kartaa haye."
nashville key dou pramukh samachar patron key beach iss ghatana kii coverage kaafee bhinn thee. "tensen" ney mahapour key samjhaute parr jore diyaa kii dopahar key bhojan key counters koo alag kiya jaanaa chaahiye, jabaki "nashville banner" ney mahapour key bayaan parr jore diyaa kii yeh shahar key vyapariyon koo taya karna haye kii unhein alag karna haye yaa naheen. yeh kaafee hudd taka iss mudde parr donon patron key virodhi rukh kaa sanket thaa. isake bavjood, mahapour kii pratikriya koo baad mein kaaryakartaon aur nashville vyavasaay maalikon donon dwara ack mahatvapurna modd key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa.
bambari key agale dinn, martin luther king junier. fisk vishvavidyalaya mein bolane key liye nashville aae. bhaashan key dauran, unhone nashville dharna andolan kii prashansa karate hue kahaa kii yeh dakshin bhoomi mein sabse achchha sangathit aur sabse anushaasit andolan haye."unhone aage kahaa kii vaha nashville" prerana laane key liye naheen balki iss samudaay mein hue mahaan andolan seey prerana praapt karane key liye aae they."
vibhajan.
vyapariyon aur virodh netaaon key beach hafton kii gupt baatchit key baad, maee key pahale saptah key dauran ack samjhauta huaa. samjhaute key anusaar, african amerikiyon key chhote, chayanit samooh vyapariyon koo pahale seey gyaat ack dinn mein shahar key dopahar key bhojan counters parr bhojan kaa order denge. vyaapaari apane karmchaariyon koo karyakram key liye taiyar karate they aur unhein binaa kissy pareshani key grahakon kii seva karane kaa nirdesh dete they. yeh vyavastha kuchh hafton taka niyantrit tareeke seey jaari rahegi aur phir sabhi niyantran hataa diye jaayenge, jiss samay vyaapaari aur virodh netaa parinamon kaa mulyankan karane key liye phir seey baithak karenge. samjhaute key hisse key roop mein, media koo samjhaute key baare mein soochit kiya jaanaa thaa aur kewal sateek, gair-samvedi coverage pradaan karane kaa anurodh kiya jaanaa thaa.
10 maee koo, shahar key chhah dukaanon ney pahali baar ashwet grahakon key liye apane dopahar key bhojan key counter khole. dopahar key samay graahak dou yaa teen key samoohon mein pahunche aur unhein binaa kissy ghatana key seva dee gaee. usee samay, african amerikiyon ney shahar key dukaanon key apane chhah saptah puraane bahishkaar koo samaapt curr diyaa. yojana safaltapurvak jaari rahee aur dopahar key bhojan key counters koo hinsa kii aage kii ghatnaaon key binaa ekikrit kiya gayaa. nashville iss prakaar dakshini sanyukt raajya america kaa pahala pramukh shahar bunn gayaa jisane apani saarvajanik suvidhaon koo alag karna shuru curr diyaa.
haalaanki dharna abhiyaan key anta ney nashville mein nagrik adhikaar kaaryakartaon key liye ack sankshipt raahat laaee, sansthaagat naslavaad poore shahar mein ack samasya bunny rahee. agale kuchh varshon mein, poore nashville mein restaraan, movie theatre, saarvajanik swimming pool aur anya alag-alag suvidhaon mein aage dharna, pickett aur anya kaarravaai kii jaayegi. yeye kaarravaai taba taka jaari rahee jaba taka kii congress ney 1964 key nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam koo paarit naheen kiya, jisane poore sanyukt raajya mein saarvajanik sthaanon parr algaav koo pratibandhit curr diyaa. usa varsh, james losson aur kellie miller smith sahit dharna kii kaee pramukh hastiyon kaa robbert paine warren dwara unaki pustak "huu speaks forr dha nigro?" key liye sakshatkar liya gayaa thaa.", jisamen unhone apane anubhavon parr vichaar kiya.
pachaasvin varshgaanth.
nashville dharna-pradarshan kii pachaasvin varshgaanth key avsar parr 2010 mein kaee karyakram aayojit kiye gaye they. 

