
aajaadi key pachas saal

swatantrata key pachas varshah ack key vichaaron key vikas kaa adhyayan. aiss. neel british shikshaavid kii 1972 kii bauddhik jeevani haye. aiss. neel baay ray hemmings. yeh pataa lagaata haye kii kaise hommer laine, wilheim reech, sigmund fried aur anya ney neel koo prabhaavit kiya kyonki unhone "samarhil vichaar" vikasit kiya, joe unake samarhil school key peechhe baal swaayatta kaa darshan haye. yeh pustak neel key praarambhik jeevan aur graameen, calvinist scotland mein currier kaa anusaran karati haye aur unake salaahkaaron, laine aur reech key prabhaav aur pratham vishva yuddh key baad grishmakaaleen kii utpatti key madhyam seey jaari haye. samarhil kii sthaapana key pachas saal baad likhaa gayaa, "pachas saal" neel key jeevan key dauran aur prakaashan key samay bauddhik aur shaikshik rujhaanon key sandarbh mein neel key vichaaron kaa ack samajik aur aitihaasik vishleshan haye. hemmings ney kshetra parr neel key prabhaav key baare mein pragatisheel school netaaon kaa bhee sarvekshan kiya, aur shikshak-chhaatr sambandhon parr prabhaav kii unaki dhaarana kii soochana dee. "pachas varsh" pahali baar 1972 mein ingland mein george elen aur anvin dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, aur baad mein iska naam badalkar bachchon kii swatantrata curr diyaa gayaa thaa. aiss. neel aind dha evolution off dha samarhil idea, isake 1973 key americi prakaashan key liye scockon books dwara.
samkaaleen sameekshakon ney neel kii "pachas varsh" koo sabse achchi upalabdh jeevani maanaa. unhone kaafee hudd taka isaki spashtata aur jeevani sambandhi vivaran aur antardrishti kii prashansa kii, lekin school key ack poorv shikshak key roop mein pustak key daarshanik khandon koo tulanaatmak roop seey kamjor aur lekhak koo pakshapaati paaya.
avalokan.
"pachas saal kii swatantrata" british shikshaavid kii ack bauddhik jeevani haye. aiss. neel joe hommer laine, wilheim reech, sigmund fried aur anya logon key prabhaav kaa pataa lagaata haye. school kii sthaapana key pachas saal baad jaari kii gaee yeh pustak ack samajshastriya aur aitihaasik vishleshan haye joe sambandhit samajik, raajneetik, shaikshik aur bauddhik rujhaanon key sandarbh mein neel key "samarhil vichaar"-unake samarhil school key darshan key vikas koo prastut karati haye. hemmings ney swayam iss kaary koo neel key vichaaron key vikas aur inn vichaaron key baahari swaagat key vishleshan kii tulanaa mein cumm jeevani key roop mein dekhaa. yeh pustak pahali baar 1972 mein ingland mein george elen dwara prakaashit kii gaee thee aur "pachas saal kii swatantrataah ack key vichaaron key vikas kaa adhyayan" key roop mein prakaashit kii gaee thee. aiss. neel, aur baad mein iska naam badalkar "bachchon kii swatantrata" curr diyaa gayaa. aiss. neel aind dha evolution off dha samarhil idea "scockon books dwara isake 1973 key americi prakaashan key liye. pustak mein tasveeren shamil hain.
yeh pustak neel key jeevan key crum kaa anusaran karati haye, joe kramik roop seey "graameen, calvinist scotland" mein unaki yuvavastha seey laker dou vishva yuddhon key beach garmiyon kii shuruat taka haye. hemmings shiksha key saath neel key sambandh parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye, lekin anya jeevani sambandhi vivaranon parr bhee dhyaan kendrit kartaa haih 1920 key dashak mein frydian manovishleshan aur hommer laine key siddhanton kaa prabhaav, aur 1930 key dashak mein wilheim reech key manovaigyaanik siddhanton kaa. hemmings neel key vichaaron kii tulanaa maria montessory, bertrand russell, fred clark, erich from, susan isaq, benjamin spock aur samkaaleen paul goodman, ivan ilich, aar key saath karate hain. dee. laing aur herbert marcus. bachchon kii shiksha mein kuchh gunon koo shamil karane kii vakaalat karane vaale russell jaise shikshaavidon kii tulanaa mein neel ney iss baat parr jore diyaa kii bachche koo vayask prabhaav aur herfer key alawa apane moolyon aur nirnayon koo lene key liye chhod diyaa jaae. hemmings neel key vichaar kii paripakvata key dauran swatantrata, adhikaar aur arajakta kii bhoomikaon kii bhee sameeksha karate hain. antim khand grishmakaaleen kii aantarik prakriyaon, darshan aur british aur vaishvik samajik vyavastha donon mein sthiti kii vyakhya karate hain. hemmings kaa kahana haye kii grishmakaaleen dhalaan apane siddhanton key anuroop rhaa haye, jabaki yeh 1920 key kaee shaikshik prayogon mein seey ack, 1930 key dashak mein ack gadh aur anaupchaarik 'shiksha' key liye dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad key andolan mein "bachchon kii swatantrata" key liye ack samarthak key roop mein bhoomikaon key madhyam seey saikil chalaa.
hemmings ney ack adhyayan kiya jisamen neel key prabhaav key baare mein shishu, praathamik aur maadhyamik vidyaalayon key 102 pragatisheel pramukhon kaa sarvekshan kiya gayaa. unaki pratikriyaon ney sanket diyaa kii peshe mein shikshak-chhaatr sambandhon koo kaise maanaa jaataa haye, iss parr neel kaa mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa. uttardaataon ney naitik aur yaun shiksha parr neel key mahatvapurna prabhaav kii bhee soochana dee. isake vipareet, neel kaa schooly pathyakram aur kaksha shikshan vidhiyon parr bahut cumm prabhaav padaa. raajya key vyaapak vidyaalayon key pramukhon seey hemmings koo bahut cumm pratikriya millie.
hemmings ney pahale grishmakaaleen pahaadi parr padhaaya thaa. 1973 mein, way leicester vishvavidyalaya mein shiksha key vyakhyata they. neel kii anya samkaaleen aur mahatvapurna jeevani mein neel kii aatmakatha ("neel! neel! narangi chhilka!", 1972) aur robbert skiddelsky kaa" angreji pragatisheel schools "(1969) kaa bhaag teen. jonathan croll kii "neel off samarhil" (1983) ney baad mein hemmings kii pustak kaa hawala diyaa.
swaagat.
halanki hemmings ney apane kaam koo jeevani key roop mein naheen socha, richard ell. hopkins ("tulanaatmak shiksha sameeksha") ney kahaa kii yeh anivarya roop seey ack key roop mein sabse majboot thaa. hopkins ney 1976 mein likhaa kii hemmings kii pustak usa samay upalabdh neel kii sabse achchi jeevani thee, aur ise "vyaapak", "uddeshyapurna" aur "sahanubhutipurna roop seey vichaarsheel" kahaa. tulanaa mein, neel kii aatmakatha "rambles" aur skiddelsky kii jeevani "chhoti antardrishti" parr "poorv" haye, jabaki hemmings "ack jatil duniya mein ack jatil vyakti" koo sandarbhit karane key liye badey muddon koo kholata haye. neel kii inn teen jeevani parr vichaar karate hue, hopkins ney kahaa kii hemmings kii pustak "tulanaatmak shikshakon" mein sabse adhik ruchi rakhegi, kyonki yeh dou binduon koo sambodhit karati haye joe pathakon koo neel key baare mein sabse dilchasp lagengeh unake vichaaron parr unake itihas kii bhoomika, aur baahari duniya mein unake vichaaron kii bhoomika. phir bhee, hopkins ney socha kii kaee pathakon koo yeh kaam "bahut lamba aur vistrit" lagega. hopkins ney khud heamings kii pustak koo "kaam karane key liye ack sangharsh" paaya, halanki neel key "aasaan", "chetna kii dhaara" gadya kii tulanaa mein adhik poorna. leonard doubleu. kauvi ("british journal off ajucational studies") ney kahaa kii "pachas saal" "mahaan kshamata" key saath likhaa gayaa thaa aur neel koo samajhane mein ruchi rakhane vaalon key liye "dilchasp aur aavashyak" donon hoga. "" "sabhi pathakon key staron key liye" "utkrisht khand" "kii sifarish kii gaee, aur ise neel kii apani aatmakatha seey adhik bataane vaalaa maanaa gayaa. shelli nedderback ("library journal") ney sahamati vyakt kii kii hemmings "prashansa" curr rahey hain... aitihaasik jeevani "spasht, shaant aur samaan roop seey bunny rahee. sarah curtis ("dha times literary supplement") ney 1972 mein likhaa kii hemmings kaa neel kaa vivaran "sabse spasht, udaseen lekin sahanubhutipurna" prakaashit thaa. unhone likhaa kii kissy bhee pranali ney vyaktigat swatantrata aur samajik viniyaman kii jarooraton koo puuraa naheen kiya haye.
pustak key sarvekshan adhyayan parr tippani karate hue, kaau ("british journal off ajucational studies") ney likhaa kii neel key vaastavik shaikshanik prabhaav kaa pataa lagaana mushkil thaa jaba raajya key schools, joe adhikansh schools kaa gathan karate hain, kii pratikriya darr kharaab thee. unhone kahaa kii pragatisheel shiksha key vishay neel seey sabse adhik prabhaavit honey kii soochana 1973 mein bhee vivadaspad rahey. kaui ney poochha kii kyaa sattawadi shiksha kii chunautiyon koo neel key tarikon seey pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa yaa arajakta dwara. hopkins ("tulanaatmak shiksha sameeksha") ney kahaa kii samajshastriya adhyayan neel kii bhoomika key baare mein unake darshan key vikas mein yogdan dene kii tulanaa mein adhik varnanatmak thaa. hopkins ney likhaa kii pustak ney ack jeevani key roop mein sabse achchha kaam kiya, aur isake darshan khand "vyaapak aur susangat" key bajaay "tukadon mein" aur "sketchi" they. vaastav mein, unhone mahsoos kiya kii adhyayan aur daarshanik bhaag neel key jeevan key "kissy bhee vyaapak chitra" kii tulanaa mein adhik prakashmay they. robbert bee. nordberg ("best cellers") ney pustak key kuchh "mahatvapurna binduon" kii sarahana kii, jaise kii kaee loga shaikshik swatantrata kii vakaalat karate hain, vyavhaar mein, isake bajaay bachchon koo niyantrit karane key liye adhik kapati takneekon kii talash karate hain. jabaki curtis ("dha times literary supplement") ney mahsoos kiya kii pustak mein bahut cumm naee samagri jodee gaee haye, unhone pustak key vivaran kii sarahana kii, jaise kii neel kaa "aeye dominese logg" vaastav mein kaalpanik naheen thaa.
kaee sameekshakon ney school key saath hemmings key judaav parr prakaash daala. kauvi ("british journal off ajucational studies") ney likhaa kii halanki neel shishya naheen chaahte they, lekin hemmings "aam taur parr 'samarhil vichaar' koo sweekaar karate hain aur bhoomika mein fitt baithate hain. nicolaus tucker ("nayaa rajneta") ney bhee apani pathaniyata aur gahan shodh key sanketon key bavjood pustak koo "bahut ektarafa, gair-aalochanatmak" key roop mein nott kiya. unhone kahaa kii grishmakaaleen kaa ack santulit vivaran "sansanikhej" press aur neel aur unake poorv chhatron kii "gulabi" yaadon key kaaran mayawi thaa, joe "puraane ladakon key clubon" key sansmaranon key samaan thaa. haalaanki, unhone likhaa kii hemmings kii sthiti usa aalochana parr vichaar karate samay samajh mein aatee thee kii grishmakaaleen aur anishchit roop seey "paaramparik shaikshik gyaan" aur "bhayabheet afvaahon" seey saamana kiya gayaa thaa, jisane school koo "ack prakaar key shaikshik lock mithak" mein badal diyaa thaa. phir bhee, prakaashan key samay taka tuck ney samarhil key bachaav key liye cumm kaaran dekhaa kyonki neel koo vyaapak sweekriti millie thee. vaha shiksha mein ack shaktishali vyakti bunn gaye they aur unakaa school americi mukt school andolan key liye ack template bunn gayaa thaa. kaui ney likhaa kii neel apane baad key jeevan mein adhik sweekriti kaa anand leey rahey they kyonki grishmakaaleen "usa bhayaanak school key roop mein apani vishishtata khou rhaa thaa. nordberg ("best cellers") ney kahaa kii jabaki hemmings kii neel aur "khuli shiksha" key liye kuchh aalochana haye, vaha mool roop seey ack utsaahi hain "jinhone ack" sahanubhutipurna chitran "likhaa. iss sahanubhutipurna konn seey bhee, nordberg ney mahsoos kiya kii neel ack atyadhik sakht aur maang karane vaale pitaa key bachche key roop mein saamane aaya, jisane apana shesh jeevan ack ayami dharmayuddh mein bitaaya haye, joe sabhi roopon mein adhikaar key khilaf tarksangat seey adhik aantarik haye."kull milakar, nordberg ney likhaa," "pachas saal" "apane" "grishmakaaleen vichaar parr vyavasthit, vidvatapurna nazar" "mein safal hotey hain, lekin apane samkaksh parr" "ack santulit, gahan nazar" "pradaan karane mein whiffle rahate hainh" "duniya mein sanyam, tarksangatata aur jimmedaari kii aavashyakta.
neel ney khud koo "pachas saal" pasand kiya aur socha kii hemmings ney ack "adbhut kaam" kiya thaa lekin "paryaapt aalochanatmak naheen thaa. unhone kahaa kii iss kaam koo unaki apani tulanaa mein cumm sameekshaaen mileen.

