
aadam cock

addam ignacy cock (31 agast 1891-3 farwari 1969) ack polish rajneta, saansad, sanic, patrakaar aur freemason they. cock, jinake paas kaee "nomes dee gyure" (wild, szlachetni, addam krajevsky, addam warminsky aur wild warminsky) they, pratham vishva yuddh mein aur polish-soviyat yuddh mein polish ikaaiyon mein ladey.
apani yuvavastha mein, way rashtra key yuvaaon key krantikari sangh, sakriya sangharsh key sangh aur rifleman sangh key sadasya they. isake baad vaha pahale yuddh key zile mein aur phir isake pramukh senapati key roop mein polish sainya sangathan key commandant baney. addam cock polish senaa key adhikaariyon mein seey ack they aur tathaakathit convent off organization aeye key sadasya they.
dusare polish ganarajya mein, addam cock disambar 1919 mein polish sashastr balon mein shamil hoe gaye, jahan unhein varsau kii raksha kii 201 paidal senaa resiment kii kamaan dee gaee, joe baad mein ack swayamsevak prabhaag (31 julaai-3 disambar 1920) bunn gayaa. isake baad, unhone sainya mamalon key mantralaya mein vibhinn padon parr kaary kiya. maee takhtapalat mein ack pratibhaagi, unhein 1926 mein lvo mein core key vee. aaee. jile kii kamaan key pramukh key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa, ack pada joe unhone 1928 taka sambhala thaa.
pilsudsky key curnell samooh key sadasya maane jaane vaale, way teen baar sejam key liye chune gaye they aur ack baar senate key liye chune gaye they. way kaee baar karyalaya mein bhee rahey, jyaadaatar vittiya padon parr (way koshagar key upa-mantri aur polland key baink key pramukh they). vaha britten aur france seey dusare polish ganarajya koo rinn dene vaale vartakaron mein seey ack they.
ack swaasthya rajneta key roop mein, unhone 1929 seey 1939 taka prakaashit samachar patra "gajta polska" kaa nirmaan kiya. way 1929 mein isake swaasthya poorvavarti "gloss praddi" key pradhaan sampaadak they.
maee 1935 mein pisudsky kii mrityu key baad, addam cock edward rids-smiggly key karib logon mein shamil hoe gaye. vaha polish senapatiyon key sangh key pramukh senapati bunn gaye.
1936-1937 mein, cock ney ack naee raajneetik ikai, rashtriya ekataa (ozn) kaa shivir, kaa saha-nirmaan shuru kiya. ack saal baad vaha isake pramukh baney. vaha kattarpanthi rashtriya kattarpanthi shivir falanga aur dakshinpanthi rashtriya loktantra key prati ozn key drishtikon key vichaar key samarthak they.
jaise hii dwiteeya vishva yuddh shuru huaa, cock ney polland key swarn bhandar key baink kii nikasi kaa samanvaya kiya. 1940 mein sanyukt raajya america bhaagne seey pahale unhone 1939 mein ack chhoti avadhi key liye vitt, vyaapaar aur udyog mantri key roop mein kaary kiya. way sanyukt raajya america key joseph pilsudsky sansthaan key sakriya sadasyon mein seey ack bunn gaye aur 1969 mein nirvaasan mein rahate hue unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
praarambhik jeevan.
addam cock kaa janm podlechia key ack kuleen parivaar mein huaa thaa. yeh sambhav haye kii parivaar biyala podlaska key paas key kshetra seey nikla hoe.
unake daadaa, leone, janwari vidroh key ack anubhavi they aur philipo aur sereje key mahapour they, donon suvalki, cock key grihnagar key paas, jabaki unaki daadi, valeria, polish rashtriya sarkaar kaa hissa theen. aadam key pitaa, vloadzimears (1848-1925) pracheen bhaashaon key shikshak they. helena ("nee" pisanko) key saath unaki shaadi seey teen bachche hueh stephen (1889-1908), khud addam ignacy aur unamen seey sabse chhote leone vakla (1892-1954).
1894 mein aadam kii maan kii mrityu key baad, unaki chaachi, elbita pisanko ney unaki dekhbhal kii. paanch saal baad, parivaar suvalki mein kiraaye key flat mein chalaa gayaa. unhone 1900 mein school shuru kiya aur unhone suvalki mein russie ladakon key vyayamshala mein bhaag liya. yeh vahaan haye, sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii 1901 mein, cock swatantrata samarthak gatividhiyon mein shamil hoe gayaa, swa-sikhaae gaye atirikt vyakhyanon mein bhaag liya.
1905 kii kranti key dauran way hadtaal kaarravaai vyayamshala samiti kaa hissa they. natijatan, unhein aur bhavishya key rajneta aur saansad alexander putra koo school seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa. usa samay, vaha rashtriya shramik sangh key sadasya they, joe rashtriya loktantra key saath ghanishth sambandh rakhane vaalaa ack sangathan thaa. unhone janwari 1906 mein suvalki (abb school union aine. aar.) mein nae khole gaye polish niji saat-shreni vyaapaar vidyalaya mein apani shiksha jaari rakhee. 4). baad mein, unake pitaa ney aadam koo craco mein bheja, jahan unhone jagilonian vishvavidyalaya key daarshanik mahavidyalaya mein bhaag liya. aisaa karane key liye, unhein craco key vyayamshalaon mein seey ack mein antim pariksha utteern karni padee. unhone 20 juuna 1912 koo aisaa kiya, taba podgers (taba ack alag shahar) mein sthit shaastriya vyayamshala (abb IV tedues kosiyuzko lysium) kaa naam diyaa gayaa, kaafee nimn star parr (jyaadaatar, unhein ack "santoshjanak" grade milaa, jisamen kewal greek aur lattin ack "achche" parr utteern hue), joe kii vahaan polish adhyayan shuru karane key liye paryaapt thaa.
swatantrata samarthak gatividhi (1909-1914).
pratham vishva yuddh seey pahale.
cock teen saal seey craco mein they jaba unhone 1912 mein apani "matura" pariksha likhi thee. usa samay unhone swatantrata samarthak sajish sangathanon key liye pratibaddhata jataai thee, aur kattarpanthi yuvaaon mein soochibaddh they. vladislav studniki unake maargdarshak they, jabaki alexander putra, bolslav kunk aur bolslav dabrowski unake nikatatam sahayogi they. 1909 key anta mein, cock rashtra key yuvaaon key nava nirmit krantikari sangh (jaid. aar. aim. aine.) mein shamil hoe gayaa, jise studniki dwara sakriya sangharsh (jaid. doubleu. see.) key shadyantrakari sangh mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, iss darr key bavjood kii sangathan mein ack samajwadi charitra thaa. vahaan, cock koo apana pahala chhadm naam, "wittold" milaa. unake bhaai, leone, 1911 mein sangathan mein shamil hoe gaye, jaba aadam ney unhein pesh kiya.
cock rifleman association mein lagaa huaa thaa, joe jadedblucy seey sambandhit ack kanuni sangathan thaa. shuru mein vaha craco shakha kii vittiya sthiti key liye jimmedaar thaa, lekin cock koo maee 1910 key anta mein casemeres sosnowski aur jozef pisudsky (jahan unake sevaanivritt pitaa rahate they) dwara grodo bheja gayaa thaa, taaki kille kaa vistrit vivaran diyaa jaa sakey. yeh kaary achchi tarah seey kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki maanchitra aur rekhaachitra alexander prister key madhyam seey bheje gaye they. yeh sambhav haye kii yeh kaaran thaa kii cock adhikaari kaa pathyakram puuraa curr sakaa, joe 1912 mein austriyai galicia mein limanova key paas stroza mein sakriya sangharsh key sangh dwara aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, aur isaliye ack saal baad jadedblucy mein uchch pada parr padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. 1914 key vasant mein, unhone ack pariksha utteern kii jisamen unhein jaid. doubleu. see. mein ack adhikaari kaa pada aur ack adhikaari kaa starr "parasol" puraskar diyaa gayaa. saath hii, cock octuber 1913 seey shuru honey vaale russie vibhajan mamalon key liye rifleman sangathan key mukhya mukhyalaya kaa sahayak thaa.
polish sainya sangathan (1914-1919).
10 agast 1914 koo, cock russie vibhajan mein sakriya sangharsh key sangh kii sthaaniya shakha kii kamaan sambhaalane key liye valeri slack key adesh parr druskinankai seey varsau aaya. isake turant baad, sakriya sangharsh kaa sangh aur congress polland mein rifleman sangh, poorv mein polish rifle daston key commandant karol ribassivics key netritva mein ekjut hoe gayaa. cock unake upa baney, aur agast 1914 mein, nae nikaay kaa naam polish sainya sangathan (paav) rakhaa gayaa, jiska netritva pisudsky key doot, teduce zulinsky ney kiya. nae sangathan kaa mukhya lakshya russie senaa key peechhe todfod karna thaa. cock paav key mukhya adesh key sadasyon mein seey ack thaa. isake alawa, cock ney 1915 kii shuruat seey sangathan key yuddhonmukh jile kii kamaan sambhali. farwari 1915 mein unhein zulinsky dwara podporuchic key liye unnat kiya gayaa thaa.
cock dridhata seey saamane key rusiyon seey ladanaa chaahata thaa, pisudsky key sainikon key beach, ack aisaa avsar joe taba taka sambhav hoe sakata thaa jaba taka kii 1915 key vasant taka saamane sthir naa hoe jaae. phir, zulinsky ney usey pavu kii gatividhi parr report key saath pisudsky (taba sakriya roop seey ladaai mein) bheja. aam taur parr, aisaa vyakti pahale morche parr polish senaa kii pahali brigade taka jaa sakata thaa, lekin yeh asambhav saabit huaa. iss kaary koo puuraa karane key liye, cock koo finland aur sweeden key madhyam seey uttari maarg kaa upayog karna padaa. urf aadam krajevsky, cock ney 25 maee 1915 koo apane ghode kii sthiti koo chhodate hue varsau chhod diyaa.
vaha petrograd mein pahuncha, aur roose aur finland key mahaan duchy key beach kii seema koo avaidh roop seey paar karate hue helsinki kii or badhane lagaa. phir, cock koo finish samarthak swatantrata sangathanon key saath samjhaute mein stockholm leey jaaya gayaa. vahaan, vaha paav key ack aur doot, alexander sulkieves seey milaa. austro-hangri veeja praapt karane mein samasyaaen, donon koo coppenhagen mein unakaa intezar karna padaa. dastaavez praapt karane key baad, cock piotraco tribunalsky (taba triple gathbandhan milicia dwara kabja curr liya gayaa) mein pahunche, jahan way addam squarzinsky seey mille. phir vaha antatah anopole, phir pilsudsky key mukhyalaya taka pahunch gayaa. report dee gaee thee, aur, cock kii vaseeyat parr, unhein senaa mein bhaag lene kii anumati dee gaee thee.
polish senaayen (1915-1918).
zulinsky dwara diye gaye kaary koo puuraa karane key baad, vaha 5veen paidal senaa resiment mein shamil hoe gaye, joe polish senaa kii pahali brigade kaa hissa thee. yeh lagbhag 1915 kii garmiyon mein kendriya shaktiyon key deshon key lublin key kabje key saath huaa.
unhein apane pahale key jeevan key anubhav key saath ack kaary milaah nae bulaaye gaye lublin key rashtriya vibhaag kaa samarthan karna-ack sangathan jiska uddeshya pisudsky kii neetiyon key prachaar (kendriya shaktiyon dwara niyantrit senaaon kii kamaan kaa mukabala karna) karna thaa. aisaa karke, unhone austro-hangerian milicia key beach sandeh paida kiya, isaliye unhein agrim pankti mein bhej diyaa gayaa. cock pneumonia aur maleria seey joojh rhaa thaa, joe usaki drishti kii samasyaon seey badh gayaa thaa. cock ney apane raajya parr tippani keeh
18 sitambar 1916 koo, volhinia mein sitovic kii ladaai mein cock gambhir roop seey ghayal hoe gayaa thaa. ack jasusi mission parr rahate hue unhein unake yakrit key paas goli maar dee gaee thee. sulkieves koo goli maar dee gaee thee. felikjan slavos skladkovsky ney yuddh key maidan mein unaki dekhbhal kii. ghayal cock koo lublin mein senaa key clinic mein leey jaaya gayaa, aur phir craco mein leey jaaya gayaa.
unhone 31 janwari 1917 koo clinic mein apana ilaaj puuraa kiya. cock senaa mein raajneetik jeevan mein laut aae, jahan way tathaakathit analfabate association key sansthapakon mein seey ack bunn gaye-5 veen paidal senaa resiment mein ack shadyantrakari sainya sangathan joe pilsudsky kii swatantrata samarthak neeti kaa samarthan kartaa haye. usa samay taka vaha "pisudzic" (pisudsky kaa ack samarthak) mein seey ack thaa joe pahale seey hii senaa mein ack achchha adhikaari rhaa haye.
unake karyon parr austro-german generalon kaa dhyaan naheen gayaa, isaliye cock koo atirikt schooly shiksha key liye, sajaa key roop mein, ostru mazovika key paas bheja gayaa. shapath sankat (9-11 julaai 1917) key baad cock koo atirikt pareshani hui, jaba, senaa key adhikaariyon mein seey ack key roop mein, vaha beniamino mein shivir mein kaid thaa, jabaki usake bhaai leone koo szizipiorno (abb kaalisaz kaa hissa) mein kaid kiya gayaa thaa. beniyaminov mein, cock ney anya kaidiyon koo pilsudsky mein shamil honey aur pratirodh jaari rakhane key liye manaane key liye kaam kiya. cock koo 22 aprail 1918 koo riha kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen unakaa swaasthya bigad gayaa thaa.
polish sainya sangathan (1918).
yuddh key kaidi shivir seey mukt honey key baad, cock phir seey polish sainya sangathan mein shamil hoe gaye. zaan zdanoviz-opilinsky, joe taba paav jilaa sankhya 1 (joe yuddh mein apane mukhyalaya seey german-kabje vaale kshetra parr shasson kartaa thaa) kaa mukhya commandant thaa, ney usa samay key pramukh, edward rids-smiggly koo apani kamaan koo cock koo sthanantarit karane key liye aashvast kiya.
paav key mukhya commandant key roop mein, cock ney apani kamaan koo punargathit kiya, aur edward rids-smiggly key crum parr, todfod key karyon key liye teji seey chalane vaale daston kaa nirmaan kiya. unhone german pulis key khilaf virodh pradarshan shuru kiya aur polish samajwadi party key sashastr daston key saath samanvayit sainya gatividhi shuru kii. unaki safaltaon ney sainya sangathanon mein unake adhikaar koo badhaa diyaa. mukhya commandant key roop mein, unhone farjee maidzinsky (joe raajneetik nirvaachan kshetron, jyaadaatar polish raajneetik dalon key saath patrachar key liye jimmedaar they) aur rids-smiggly key saath ghanishth sambandh banaae. baad vaale ney jald hii sitambar 1918 mein apane karyon koo cock koo saunp diyaa.
usee samay, sangathan aeye key convent mein tedues kaspraziki key liye koo pratisthaapit kiya gayaa, jise 1917 kii garmiyon mein, pisudsky samarthakon key ack shadyantrakari samooh key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa.
tathaakathit lublin sarkaar kii prakriya key roop mein (navambar 1918 kii shuruat mein), german netritva vaali sainya parishadon koo yuddh mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. cock ney unamen seey kuchh hisse key sainyikaran kii shuruat kii.
10 navambar 1918 koo, polland key raajya kii regency parishad key hisse rajkumar zdzislav lubomirsky key saath, unhone jozoff pisudsky aur apane saathi yoddhaon mein seey ack, casemeres sosnowski kaa swaagat kiya, joe magdeberg mein nazarbandi seey train seey vaarsaav laut aae. phir, cock ney apane adheensthon koo yuddh mein german sainikon koo nirastra karane kaa adesh diyaa. aisaa karane parr, jozoff pisudsky aur polland ganarajya kii asthaayi logon kii sarkaar phir nae banaae gaye polish ganarajya parr shasson shuru karane key liye shaantipoorvak yuddh mein pravesh curr sakati thee.
polish senaa (1918-1930).
swatantrata (1918-1920).
bhale hii cock mukhya commandant key roop mein vyast thaa, lekin usane disambar 1918 key madhya taka pow nigman key mamalon parr polish sashastr balon key aaee vibhaag (sangathanaatmak) key liye ack referenter key roop mein kaary kiya. taba pow division koo samanya karmchaariyon key vi section (soochanaatmak) key saath vilay curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisake pramukh mein koo. see. thaa. 11 maee 1919 koo iska naam badalkar polish general staff kaa doosara vibhaag curr diyaa gayaa. pahale tou unhone dusare vibhaag key khufiya beuro mein kaam kiya. baad mein unhein 13 juuna seey 1 disambar 1919 taka atirikt schooly shiksha key liye "vogena sazkola saztabu generalnego" (samanya karmchaariyon key sainya school) mein nirdeshit kiya gayaa.
baad mein, 17 janwari 1920 koo, polish sashastr balon key commander-inn-cheef, jozef pisudsky key farman dwara, cock koo aadhikarik taur parr polish sashastr balon mein ack kaptan key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa (vaha anaupchaarik roop seey 17 disambar 1918 koo pada parr unnat hoe gaye they). usee tarikh koo, ack aur decree (dinank 1 janwari 1920) prakaashit hui, jise unhein gunee sainya key rajat cross seey sammaanit kiya gayaa. usa samay taka, unhein vee. aaee. anubhaag (prachaar aur sainikon kii dekhbhal) key pramukh key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. phir bhee, unhone mukhya commandant key roop mein apane kartavyon koo jaari rakhaa. haalaanki, yeh spasht naheen haye kii unake kaun seey kaary unake aadhikarik kartavyon kaa hissa they.
polland mein sabse pratishthit sainya puraskar praapt karane key baad, vaha "gunee sainya" puraskar kii asthaayi parishad key sachiv baney (agast 1919 mein 21 janwari 1920 koo isaki bahaali key baad seey puraskar key 11 pahale praaptakartaon mein seey ack key roop mein). way qaanoon aayog kaa bhee hissa they. haalaanki, unhein jald hii chhodana padaa, kyonki unhein sanchaar key muddon mein simone petlura kii sahaayata key liye juuna 1920 taka maee mein ukraine jaanaa thaa aur baad mein, jeevit rahane vaale sanic.
soviyat samajvadiyon key ganarajya key sangh key saath yuddh (1920).
11 juuna 1920 koo, sainya mamalon key mantralaya key adesh parr, cock koo anya polish sainya adhikaariyon key saath leftinent curnell key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. jald hii unhein 201veen paidal senaa resiment (18 julaai 1920) kii kamaan dee gaee, jisamen mukhya roop seey sanic shamil they. resiment koo vladislav sikorsky key adheen curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur phir, resiment koo 22 vein paidal senaa division mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, saath hii isake oopar bhee. sabhi milicia koo swayamsevak senaa key hisse key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa, joe khud polish sashastr balon key liye jutaane kaa parinam thaa.
sabse pahale, julaai key anta mein, cock aur unaki resiment bialistoke key paas suraaz mein tainaat theen. resiment ney soviyat balon key khilaf ladanaa shuru curr diyaa. jaise hii resiment koo swayamsevak prabhaag mein shamil kiya gayaa, cock ney uttari morche parr ladaai jaari rakhee. unaki senaa kii safalataaen sangharsh key modd key baad hii shuru huin. udaaharan key liye, ack dinn pahale sikorsky key jawabi hamale key baad, agast 1920 mein, unake sainikon ney nasilsk parr kabja curr liya. cock heck bizishkyan key netritva mein teesari ghudsavaar senaa koo poori tarah seey nasht karane mein asamarth thaa, kyonki soviyat ghudsavaar senaa gherabandi seey butch gaee thee.
isake turant baad, cock key division koo edward rids-smiggly kii teesari senaa mein shamil kiya gayaa, jahan cock ney grodo parr safal hamale mein bhaag liya. 22vein division key hisse ney zeligowski key vidroh mein bhaag liya, jabaki baaki (koo. oh. see. shamil) 3 disambar 1920 taka ladey, jaba unakaa division bhang hoe gayaa.
shaanti (1921-1925).
jaise hii polish-soviyat sangharsh cumm huaa, cock varsau mein aae, jahan unhone 20 janwari 1921 seey uchch rank key adhikaariyon key liye soochanaatmak vyakhyanon kaa ack pathyakram liya.
tritiya vibhaag mein seva.
jaise hii yuddh aadhikarik roop seey samaapt huaa, pilsudsky ney reserve mamalon kii taiyari key liye samanya karmchaariyon key nae bulaaye gaye vibhaag III kii kamaan sambhali. unakaa kaary una sangathanon kaa samarthan karna thaa joe sambhaavit sainya sangharsh key liye aabaadi koo taiyar karna thaa. vibhaag ney polish yuvaaon aur aarakshit kshetron kii sainya shiksha koo niyantrit kiya.
cock ney sainya mamalon key mantralaya kii or seey antarrashtriya rifleman sangathan parishadon mein bhaag liya. way senaa key bheetar sambandhon key loktantrikaran aur logon aur senaa key beach majboot sambandhon key liye ack adhivakta they, jisane unhein apane adheensthon key beach sammaan dilaaya. saath hii, vaha niyamit roop seey "strazelech, razaad aaee vozsko" aur "belona" sainya patrikaon mein prakaashit hotey they. inn tathyon key parinamswarup, curnell marian kukil dwara apane boss dwara III vibhaag mein kiye gaye kaam key baare mein sakaratmak raay millie, lekin uchchatam sainya halakon mein, arthaat, stanislav septici, joe taba sainya mamalon key mantri they. 3 maee 1922 koo, koke koo placement mein ack laabh diyaa gayaa thaa. unhein varishth paidal senaa key sainikon key 135vein sthaan parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.
aaee. aaee. aaee. vibhaag mein seva karate samay, cock "onar aaee ojizna" (1921-23) naamak ack shadyantra sangathan kaa hissa thaa, joe nae sainikon koo prashikshit karane, manobal banaae rakhane aur senaa kii sanrachana koo bhrasht karane key liye thaa. casemiers mlodzianovsky key saath, cock, polish sainya sangathan aur senaa key pratinidhi key roop mein, adhyaay kaa hissa thaa. sangathan kaa nirmaan swayam ack dakshin-madhya rajneta vladislav sikorsky dwara kiya gayaa thaa, phir bhee, cock koo baain or key jozef pisudsky aur casemiers sosnowski seey sahamati millie.
usa samay, cock kavita likh rhaa thaa (urf "addam warminsky). unaki kavita aur gadya kii pustak 1921 mein prakaashit hui thee.
samajwadi adhigrahan kaa pahala prayaas.
disambar 1922 key madhya mein, jaba gabriel narutoviz kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee, tou cock ney dwiteeya vibhaag key mukhyalaya mein pilsudsky key adhikaariyon kii baithak mein bhaag liya. baithak kaa uddeshya pisudsky key sainya hastakshep (halanki pisudsky key paas aisaa karane kii koee aupchaarik shakti naheen thee) aur antatah, polland mein satta sambhaalane key liye banaai gaee sthiti koo shaant karna thaa. upasthit adhikaariyon (cock, boguslav midzinsky, ignacy maituzevsky, ignacy borner, konrad libiki, kaazimiyerz stamirovsky aur heinrich floyer-rajman sahit) ney ack samanya hadtaal aayojit karane key liye polish samajwadi party (pee. pee. aiss.) key mukhyalaya seey sampark kiya, ack aisee yojana joe jeevant naheen hui kyonki ignacy dazinsky ney sahyog karane seey incar curr diyaa.
poorv-takhtapalat gatividhi.
2 navambar 1923 seey, cock ney "vizza zakola vogena" mein ack aur schooly pathyakram mein bhaag liya. apani sainya padhaai poori karane key baad, unhein varsau mein dwiteeya senaa nireekshan mein (лучя селигосki key tahat) aaee referenter key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa. bhale hii unhone senaa key nireekshan mein kaam kiya, isake alawa, unhein 5veen senaa kii paidal senaa resiment kaa pramukh banaaya gayaa thaa.
1 disambar 1924 koo, cock koo curnell key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa, joe unakaa sarvocch sainya pada thaa, aur polish paidal senaa mein varishthata kii soochi mein 17vein sthaan parr thaa. dou maheene baad, curnell cock koo rambertou (taba ack alag shahar) mein vyaavhaarik senaa kii schooly shiksha key kendra key commandant key upa key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa.
23 march 1928 koo 1921 mein pada seey hatane seey pahale cock ack freemason bunn gayaa. 1925-1926 mein, rambertou mein seva karate hue, cock polland key rashtriya bhavya lodge kaa hissa thaa, joe kii pilsudsky kii sifarish parr thaa.
cock-samooh.
1924 key madhya seey 1925 kii sardiyon taka, baithaken cock key apartment mein aur varsau mein mazovika street parr "maalaa ziemianska" kaife mein huin. pilsudzi" halakon key pratibhagiyon (jisamen jozef beck, ignacy maituzevsky, boguslav meedzinsky, casemeres stamirovsky, casemeres schwitalsky, heinrich floyer-rajman aur starzi bhaai roman aur stephen shamil hain) ney ack "takhtapalat dee 'attat" kaa samarthan kiya, isaliye baithaken jyaadaatar karyakram kii taiyari key baare mein theen. halanki, disambar 1925 mein, pilsudsky dwara taiyari mein baadha daali gaee thee. unake nilamban key bavjood, unakaa bhavishya mein 1926 kii ghatnaaon parr kuchh prabhaav padaa.
takhtapalat aur usase aage (1926-1930) hoe sakata haye.
takhtapalat hoe sakata haye.
11 aprail 1926 koo, cock ney sainya mamalon key mantralaya mein gair-catholic dharmon key vibhaag key pramukh key roop mein seva karna shuru kiya. iss sthiti ney unhein takhtapalat seey pahale key maheene key liye yuddh mein leey jaaya thaa, samay cock ise vyavasthit karane mein madad karane key liye istemal kiya jaataa thaa. unaki bhoomika kuchh piludsky adhikaariyon koo agami satta adhigrahan key baare mein ghatana seey thheek pahale soochit karna thaa. unhone apana mission 11/12 maee koo puuraa kiya, unhone, anatol minkowski, felix quietech (donon leftinent curnell) aur karol lillionfeld-krazevsky (mejar), 36 veen paidal senaa resiment key commandant casemiers soyiki kaa daura kiya aur 28 veen paidal senaa division key commandant tedues piscore seey sampark kiya, taaki kaarravaai key liye pisudsky kii taiyari kaa sanket diyaa jaa sakey. jaba takhtapalat kii prakriya chala rahee thee, tou cock shayed polish rail seva parr hadtaal kaarravaai kii ghoshana parr baatchit curr rhaa thaa. haalaanki, vaha stanislav vojisichovsky key sthaan key baare mein naheen zaan sakaa, ack aisaa tathya jisane pilsudsky koo pareshan kiya.
pahale "swaasthya" varsh.
maee takhtapalat key baad, unhein 14 sitambar 1926 koo (4 march 1928 taka unakaa karyalaya) lvo mein vee. aaee. sainya jile kii kamaan key pramukh key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. unake namankan kaa uddeshya vivaad kaa vishay haye. marian romeco key anusaar, unhein apane malik, vladislav sikorsky kii "nigrani" karni thee, ack sanskaran jise boguslav midzinsky ney khariz curr diyaa thaa, jinhone daavaa kiya thaa kii tathaakathit cock-samooh key anya adhikaariyon key saath cock koo varsau seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, bhale hii marzek ney yeh naheen bataaya kii aisaa kyon aur kaise huaa. yeh sambhav hoe sakata haye kii takhtapalat key dauran vojasichovsky kaa pataa lagaane key unake anurodh key baad pilsudsky koo koo mein nirash kiya gayaa thaa. ack anya sanskaran yeh thaa kii pilsudsky ack vittiya ghotale seey dartaa thaa, joe zaan lecho key vyavhaar key kaaran huaa thaa. cyrulic warszawski" (cock ack aarambhakarta aur haasya patrika key aayojak they) key sampaadak patrika kaa samarthan karane key liye cock kii udaartaa kaa upayog curr rahey they, joe iss aadhar parr naee raajneetik pranali parr chhaaya daal sakata haye kii bajat key paise kaa upayog raajneetik uddeshyon key liye kiya gayaa thaa.
15 varshon taka lvo mein seva karane key baad, vaha paidal senaa key adhikaariyon key commandant bunn gaye. taba taka, cock ney raajneetik paridrishya mein pravesh karane kaa faisala kiya. vaastav mein, cock ack saansad key roop mein seva karate hue sainya seva seey sevaanivritt hoe gaye. way 30 aprail 1930 koo sainya mamalon seey poori tarah seey sevaanivritt hoe gaye.
raajneetik jeevan (1927-1938).
praarambhik gatividhi.
cock kaa raajneetik jeevan 1927 mein shuru huaa jaba unhone mantriparishad key pramukh key mantrimandal mein bhaag liya. vahaan, swaasthya neetiyon parr nirnay liye gaye. unhone lvo kshetriya viodership samiti mein pravesh kiya, joe "pisudsky" party key chunavi abhiyaan kaa samanvaya karane vaali kaee sanrachanaon mein seey ack thee.
disambar 1928 mein dusare sejam deekshant samaroh mein, cock koo swatantrata key cross (polish swatantrata kii 10 veen varshgaanth key uplakshya mein) key mukhya puraskar aayog mein aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa, joe isake pahale praaptakartaon mein seey ack bunn gayaa thaa.
aim. pee. aur patrakaar.
march 1928 key sansadiya chunaavon mein, cock koo sarkaar (bbwr) nirvaachan kshetra key saath sahyog key liye gair-pakshapaatpurna gutt seey sarv-raajya soochi seey sejam key liye chunaa gayaa thaa.
cock koo "pilsudsky key curnell" mein seey ack honey kaa daavaa kiya jaataa haye, jiska tatparya haye kii vaha pilsudsky key sabse karibi mps mein seey ack thaa aur vaha bee. bee. doubleu. aar. aur polland key sattaaroodh varg mein seey ack thaa. kuchh lekhak iss kathan parr sawal uthaate hainh andrez choznowski likhate hain kii "coca aur mizinsky koo kuchh hudd taka (mukhya padon seey) pisudsky dwara hataa diyaa gayaa thaa", jabaki itihaaskaar antony sizubinsky ney daavaa kiya kii coca kabhi bhee usa samooh seey sambandhit naheen thaa.
sarkaar key saath sahyog key liye gair-pakshapaatpurna gutt key ack saansad key roop mein, vaha tathaakathit purvi "malopolska" (i.ee. 1928 seey 1929 taka aur phir 1930 seey lvo, stanislav aur tarnopole viodership key kshetra. usee samay, way bee. bee. doubleu. aar. key prachaar anubhaag key nideshak they, jisane 30 octuber 1929 koo unhein ack nayaa "safai samarthak" samachar patra-"gajta polska" banaane mein madad kii, jahan unhone sankshipt roop seey pradhaan sampaadak key roop mein kaary kiya. epoca" koo "gloss prody" samachar patron mein vilay curr diyaa gayaa (koo. oh. see. ney baad vaale koo janwari 1929 seey nirdeshit kiya). kaak koo samachar patra sanskaran key liye naamit karane kaa mukhya kaaran vojich stipikzinsky key kattarpanthi vampanthi vichaaron seey chhutkara paanaa thaa, joe valeri slack key liye anukool naheen they, joe kii pisudsky key curnell aur bbwr key pramukh kaa hissa they. bbwr roodhivaadi dalon mein samarthan khojane kii koshish curr rhaa thaa, aanshik roop seey vipaksh key "kendriya" prabhaavon seey ladane key liye, aur aanshik roop seey dakshinpanthi dalon (mukhya roop seey rashtriya loktantra) key saath bhavishya kaa gathbandhan karane key liye, joe sansad aur sarkaar mein bahumat banaae rakhane key liye aavashyak thaa.
bhale hii vaha ack saansad they aur aupchaarik roop seey apane sainya kartavyon kaa nishpaadan bund curr diyaa, lekin way abhee bhee sainya sangathanon mein sakriya they jahaan way lambe samay seey bhaag leey rahey they. unhein rifleman association kii parishad key upa-nideshak key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. march 1928 mein, cock "peok association" key pramukh baney, jinhone paav key diggajon koo ekjut kiya.
koshagar key upa-mantri (1930-1935).
23 disambar 1930 koo, moskiki ney curnell koo koshagar key upa-mantri key liye naamit kiya. usa samay pahale vitt mantri ignacy maitusevsky they, baad mein unake baad zaan pisudsky aur vladislav zawadzki aae. mahaa-avasaad key dauran, cock ney stock exchange aur bainkon (polland key kendriya baink aur niji vittiya sansthaan donon), rinn aur videshi vittiya sambandhon key sangathan koo niyantrit kiya. cock key jeevanikaar jaanasaz miyerzawa key anusaar, unhein apane vinamra aur imandar charitra key kaaran anubhav kii kamee key bavjood iss tarah key pada parr bulaaya gayaa thaa. pilsudsky koo anya logon parr bharosa naheen hoe sakata thaa, kyonki polland key baink mein rishwat kii afavaahen unake paas aaee theen. ack anya kaarak jisane unake namankan mein sahaayata kii hogi, vaha thaa stephen starzinsky kii statist mahatvakankshaon kaa maituzevsky kaa darr. isake alawa, cock aarthik muddon key baare mein bhavuk they. sabse pahale, cock koo arthavyavastha parr madhyam udaar vichaaron kaa samarthan karate hue dekhaa gayaa thaa, lekin vaha mukhya roop seey hastakshepvadi yaa yahaan taka kii saankhyikiya karyon key samarthak key roop mein vikasit hue.
1932 kii shuruat mein, cock baink off polland key liye raajya aayukt baney. unhone 4 saal taka seva kii.
francisi aur british rail rinn.
kyonki cock apane videshi samkakshon key saath antarrashtriya vittiya sambandhon key liye jimmedaar thaa, cock tathaakathit "koyla trunk-line" koo samaapt karane key liye france seey rinn parr charcha mein sakriya roop seey lagaa huaa thaa-ack ranneetik roop seey mahatvapurna sanchaar railmarg joe polish silesia kii koyla khadanon koo gdinia key saath jodana thaa, joe ack teji seey vikasit hoe rhaa bandargah thaa.
farwari 1931 key madhya mein, sanchaar mantralaya kii or seey, rinn key vittiya pahaluon parr charcha karane key liye cock peris pahunche. france mein hastaaksharit nirnay key anusaar (joe 31 disambar 1975 taka vaidh honah thaa), francisi-polish rail sangh koo nirmanadhin line key hisson (herby noway-innoverocla aur nova veeus veelka-gdinia) key saath-saath seastochova-simkovis section (line key karib) parr buniyaadi dhaanche kaa dohan karane key adhikaar diye gaye they. yeh sandhi pahala mamla thaa jaba railway line kaa ack hissa ack videshi niji udyam koo upayog key liye diyaa gayaa thaa, sarkaar dwara ack kadam kii sarahana kii gaee thee (ee.jee. polish-francisi sambandhon key liye polish rinn key mahatva koo darshaate hue), lekin vipaksh dwara samaan roop seey aalochana kii gaee. cock ney teen saal seey adhik samay taka rail sangh key upa-nideshak key roop mein kaary kiya.
cock ney francisi adhikaariyon seey ack aur rinn key liye baatchit karane kaa vyarth prayaas kiya-iss baar yuddh rail gaanth kaa vidyuteekaran karane key liye. haalaanki, vaha british bhagidaron key saath baatchit jaari rakhate hue safal rahey. 8 julaai 1933 koo, angreji electric aur metropolitan-wickers electrical company key beach ack sandhi. ell. tii. dee.ack taraf, aur doosari taraf, koshagar mantralaya parr, 19.8 laakh pound (taba lagbhag) rinn pradaan karane key liye hastakshar kiye gaye they. 60 milliane).
rinn kii shartein francisi sharton kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik anukool theenh pariyojana koo 3-4 varshon mein puuraa karna thaa, polland mein bunny samagri kaa upayog karke aur british rajdhani kaa upayog karke varsau key paas atirikt vidyut-takniki suvidhaon key saath-saath ack bijli sanyantra kaa nirmaan karna thaa. samjhaute parr 2 agast 1933 koo hastakshar kiye gaye they, tathya yeh thaa kii cock bahut santusht thaah
ack aur rail maarg aadhunikikaran rinn parr 24 aprail 1934 koo hastakshar kiye gaye they-iss baar, westinghouse break aur saxiby company key saath. ell. tii. dee.polish malgadiyon parr air break lagaane key liye. rinn kaa moolya vahee £19.8 laakh thaa.
landan mein antarrashtriya aarthik sammelan (1933).
cock ney polland koo mahaan avasaad seey baahar nikaalane key liye kaam kiya. juuna aur julaai 1933 mein, cock landan mein antarrashtriya aarthik sammelan mein polish pratinidhimandal key pramukh they. cock ney avasaad kaa mukabala karane parr apane vichaar prastut kiye. unhone daavaa kiya kii mukhya lakshya vyaapaar udaarikaran aur seema shulk mein kamee yaa unmoolan key madhyam seey mudraon koo sthir karna thaa. 3 julaai koo france, itali, switzerland, neetherland aur belgium key saath "swarn deshon" kii ghoshana parr hastakshar karate hue cock ney swarn maanak kaa samarthan kiya. ghoshana mein kahaa gayaa, "aaj key samaantaa key anusaar mukt swarn maanak koo banaae rakhane kii ichcha [soney kii or mudraon kii] apane deshon mein, jaisa kii astitva mein maudrik kaanoonon mein [likhaa gayaa] haye."
1935.
1935 polland key liye ack mahatvapurna modd thaa. 12 maee 1935 koo, pisudsky kii mrityu hoe gaee. apani mrityu key uplakshya mein, cock ney jozef pisudsky smaarak kii mukhya samiti mein pravesh kiya. sashastr balon key general inspector (jisz) kaa sthaan khaali hoe gayaa (abb piludsky dwara kabja naheen kiya gayaa), kaee ummidvaaron koo prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa. cock ney casemiers sosnowski koo pasand kiya, lekin moskiki ney edward smiggly-rids koo chunaa, ack aisaa vyakti jise unhone socha kii vaha anupasthit thaa, vishesh roop seey jaba sosnowski kii tulanaa mein. namankan key baad cock ney valeri slack key saath ekjut hocker, unase piludsky kii mrityu key kaaran hue kahar mein satta sambhaalane kii ummeed kii. haalaanki, slavec, iss baat key saboot key bavjood kii pisudsky ney anaupchaarik roop seey unhein apane uttaradhikari key roop mein naamit kiya thaa, moskiki koo pada chhodane key liye manaane mein asamarth thaa, aur antatah slavec koo polish raajneetik paridrishya seey bahishkrit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. isane pisudsky dalon key apghatan koo gahara curr diyaa. edward rids-smiggly key badhate mahatva koo sweekaar karate hue, cock koo apana abhivinyas badalana padaa. boguslav midzinsky aur vojsic stipzinsky key saath, unhone tathaakathit "gisz samooh" kaa saha-nirmaan kiya, ack anya anaupchaarik samooh-"groupa zamkova" (mahal samooh, jiska naam moskiki key nivaas key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye-yuddh mein shaahi mahal) key badhate prabhaav kaa mukabala karane kaa prayaas karate hue, jiska netritva moskiki aur unake "protege"-eugenous kwiyatkowski ney kiya. usee samay, unhein aur ignacy maitusevsky koo pisudsky key curnell samooh key sabse sahee rajneta maanaa jaataa thaa.
vidhansabha chunaav sitambar 1935 mein honey vaale they. yeh ack chhoti samasya thee, kyonki cock koo doosari baar 67,408 maton key saath phir seey chunaa gayaa thaa.
sitambar 1935 key madhya mein, way sanyukt raajya america mein upa-mantri key roop mein apani antim videsh yaatraon mein seey ack mein gaye. unakaa uddeshya ack missionary rinn praapt karna thaa (i.ee. arthavyavastha mein adhik dhana laane key liye dusare desh seey rinn). america pahunchane parr, cock ney polonia key pratinidhiyon aur franklin delano roozvelt seey mulakat kii. baad mein, cock ney newyork stock exchange aur aarthik halakon key kuchh pratinidhiyon kaa daura kiya. isake bavjood, yatra kaa mukhya lakshya hassil naheen kiya jaa sakaa.
jaba cock polland laut aaya, tou valeri slack kii sarkaar koo 12 octuber 1935 koo moskiki dwara bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa. agale dinn, eugenous kwiyatkowski koo koshagar mantri aur upa-pradhaanmantri key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. kwiyatkowski koo ack autarkist key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, jabaki cock shaastriya vidyalaya seey sambandhit they, aur donon saha-astitva mein naheen reh sakate they. moskiki ney pradhaan mantri key roop mein cock koo sthaapit karane key liye smiggly key prastaav koo aswikar curr diyaa. cock ney disambar mein istifa dey diyaa. kwiyatkowski seey garmajoshi seey vidaai key saath.
baink off polland (1936).
7 farwari 1936 koo, moskiki ney cock koo polland key baink key pramukh key roop mein naamit kiya. apane namankan key baad, cock ney polland key antarrashtriya rinn muddon kaa prabandhan karate hue videsh kii yatra kii. france mein, vaha apane francisi samkaksh, jeane tannery, saath hii videsh mantri, piyare-attien flandin aur vitt mantri, marcel regnier seey mille. unhone baink off ingland key tatkalin governor montagu norman seey milane key liye grate britten kii bhee yatra kii.
cock ney laabhdaayak udyamon key liye samarthan aur baink off polland aur niji vittiya sansthanon key beach ghanishth sahyog kii vakaalat kii. 1933 mein, cock ney swarn maanak kii raksha kii aur vishal polish swarn bhandar kii raksha karane kii koshish kii. jaba cock karyalaya mein thaa, tou polland kaa baink stock aur mudra herfer kaa samarthan naheen curr rhaa thaa. haalaanki, yeh neeti march 1936 key anta mein videshi mudra bhandar mein achaanak girawat kii samasya kaa samadhan naheen curr sakee.
moskiki ney vibhinn adhikaariyon kii ack baithak bulaai (jisamen pradhaan mantri zindram-kosialkovsky, rids-smiggly, tedues kaspraziki, vladislav raxkivies, roman gorki, julius ulrich aur juliusz poniatovsky shamil hain). cock ney rashtriya mudra key avamoolyan key liye ack rashtrapati key adesh kaa prastaav rakhaa, lekin ise moskiki dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa. polland key baink key pramukh nishchit roop seey iss tarah key samadhan key khilaf they, jisase koo. oh. see. ney 8 maee koo istifa dey diyaa. jaane seey pahale, cock ney sadak nirmaan parr kaam karane key liye logon koo kaam parr rakh curr berojgari kaa mukabala karane key liye polland key baink seey 20 million dollar ($3.77m) sthanantarit karane key liye moskiki koo aashvast kiya.
polland key baink key pramukh key roop mein cock kaa namankan, jabaki unake boss kwiyatkowski karyalaya mein they, vivaad kaa vishay haye. miyerzawa ney daavaa kiya kii naa tou kwiyatkowski aur naa hii moskiki key paas behtar vikalp thaa, jiska arth haye kii "mahal samooh" key rajneta ack behtar vikalp kii talash curr rahey they, isaliye cock ney unhein kuchh samay diyaa.
cock 1938 mein baink handlow mein shamil hoe gaye, 30 march 1939 koo apani sarkari seva jaari rakhate hue isake upa-nideshak baney. 1939 taka, cock ney kewal ack vidhaayak key roop mein kaary kiya.
rashtriya ekataa (ozn) gatividhi kaa shivir (1936-1938).
pragaitihasik.
pisudsky kii mrityu key saath, adhikansh dakshinpanthi rajneta edward shmigali-ridz key aspas ikattha hoe gaye. valeri slack ney samarthan khou diyaa. 30 octuber 1935 koo, valeri slack ney sarkaar key saath sahyog key liye gair-pakshapaatpurna gutt koo bhang curr diyaa. shmigali-rids aur unake bhagidaron ney isake pratisthaapan parr kaam karna shuru curr diyaa. shmigali-rids ack sainya sangathan-polish sainyavaadiyon key sangathan (jdlp) parr niyantran sunishchit karane kii koshish curr rhaa thaa. 24 maee 1936 koo, cock ney slack kii sthiti leey lii. usee dinn, shmigali-ridz ney polland kii raksha karane aur apane sainya balon koo vikasit karane kii aavashyakta parr prakaash daalate hue ack bhaashan diyaa.
usa samay taka, cock koo shmigali-rids key nikatatam sahkaariyon mein seey ack key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, yahee kaaran thaa kii bhavishya key marshel ney unhein ack naee raajneetik ikai key nirmaan kii nigrani key liye chunaa. midzinsky ney disambar 1936 mein vaha kaam sambhala.
midzinsky ney dakshinpanthi dalon key saath sahyog kaa samarthan kiya. 1937 kii shuruat mein, mizinsky ney "gazetta polska" mein ack lekh likhaa, joe anivarya roop seey shmigali-rids shivir dwara ack ghoshana thee kii yeh ack naee raajneetik ikai banaayega. usee lekh mein, meedzinsky ney adhikaar (rashtriya loktantra kaa ullekh karate hue) key saath sahyog karane kii vakaalat kii. saath hii, midzinsky aur cock yuva rashtravadi party-rashtriya kattarpanthi shivir falanga (onaar "falanga") key saath vivaad curr rahey they. jaba baatchit chala rahee thee, tou mizinsky ney party kii ghoshana kaa masauda taiyar kiya, jise naa tou shmigali-rids aur naa hii cock ney sweekaar kiya. meedzinsky ney krishi sudhaar key baare mein bahut cumm ullekh kiya, joe kii krishi dalon mackies rataaj aur zaan dabski key saath baatchit whiffle honey key karanon mein seey ack thaa, isake alawa jeet kii vaapsee aur ack naee chunavi pranali key vishay parr aam sahamati kii kamee thee.
shmigali-ridz ney apana khud kaa masauda banaane kaa faisala kiya. masaude ney krishi dalon key saath pahale seey hii asahaj baatchit koo pangu banaa diyaa kyonki isamen krishi sudhaar parr vichaar naheen kiya gayaa thaa. mizinsky ney chetavani dee kii aggar kuchh bhee naheen badala tou vaha sanation camp chhodane vaale they.
aam sahamati praapt karane key liye, janwari 1937 mein, cock, midzinsky aur shmigali-rids ney marshel kii pariyojana mein sudhaar pradaan karane key liye zacopen mein mulakat kii. dou dinon kii charcha key baad, cock koo ack antim masauda praapt huaa, jisamen krishi sudhaar parr kuchh aspasht bindu they.
srijan.
21 farwari 1937 koo, cock ney ack naee raajneetik ikai kii ghoshana karane key liye ack radio prasaran kiya. party ney 1935 key samvidhaan key raajya kii praathamik bhoomika aur nagrik ekjutata key bayaan kii pushti kii. ghoshana mein raajya kii sainya suraksha (desh kaa netritva karane vaali milicia sahit) aur saamyvaad seey doori banaae rakhane kii aavashyakta koo darshaaya gayaa thaa. iss kathan kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa shmigali-ridz kaa samarthan karane kii appeal thee. karyakram mein roman catholic church key mahatva key baare mein ansh shamil they. ghoshana ney yahoodiyon koo chhodkar jaatiya alpsankhyakon key prati sahishnuta kii vakaalat kii.
rashtriya ekataa key shivir (ozn) parr dakshinpanthi aur yahudi virodhi key roop mein hamla kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh rashtriya loktantra key pratinidhiyon ney tark diyaa kii ozn ney vaichaarik saahityik chori kii thee. aalochana vipakshi samachar patron seey aaee (udaa.jee. dakshinpanthi "kurier poznansky") aur kuchh vampanthi samarthak "pisudsky" pratinidhi. doosari or, "gajata polska" jaise sarkari samachar patron ney ghoshana kii prashansa kii aur anya raajneetik sangathanon key utsaah koo vyakt kiya.
ozn kaa sir.
ack naee raajneetik ikai (bolchal kii bhasha mein "ozon", ozon key liye polish) key nirmaan mein sarkaar kii ruchi thee, jisase cock apani ghoshana key teen dinn baad rashtrapati seey milane gayaa.
22 juuna 1937 koo, yuva polland (jaid. aim. pee.) key sangh, ozn kaa ack yuva sangathan banaaya gayaa thaa. aupchaarik roop seey, addam cock isake nideshak baney, lekin yeh unake upa-karyakari, georgy rutkovsky dwara "vaastavik" roop seey niyantrit thaa. antatah, 28 octuber koo, rutkovsky ney kamaan sambhali. rutkovsky kattarpanthi-dakshinpanthi raajneetik paridrishya (onr) seey they, lekin cock ney unake aur onr "falanga" key beach kissy bhee sambandh seey incar kiya. yeh kadam cock aur one key netaa, bolslav piyaseki key beach sahyog kaa ack utpaad thaa. udaaharan key liye, craco mein zlup kii xiv samanya congress mein, sainya aur paav halakon mein isaki vyaapak roop seey ninda kii gaee thee. jaise-jaise aalochana badhati gaee, ozn ney 22 aprail 1938 koo yuva polland key sangh key saath sahyog samaapt curr diyaa. cock pahale hii stanislav skwarsinsky key paksh mein netaa key roop mein pada chhod chuke they. aisaa karane kaa aaveg ack swatantra sangathan banaane key liye rutkovsky kii ghoshana aur ozn seey unakaa istifa thaa.
hatyaa kaa prayaas.
18 julaai 1937 koo 10.15 p parr.aim.ack hatyare ney cock koo maarne kaa prayaas kiya, jabaki cock apane chhote seey ghar mein baithaa thaa. isake bajaay hatyare koo usake apane bumm seey maar diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki yeh ummeed seey pahale visfot hoe gayaa thaa.
baad kii jaanch key parinamon seey pataa chalaa kii aparaadhi crotosin key paas rosopol seey vojich bigneck thaa, saath mein usake saha-shadyantrakari aur bhaai, zaan, jise asafal prayaas key agale dinn giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh safai samarthak prakashanon ney sujhaav diyaa kii bigneck unakaa virodh karane vaale raajnetaon key beach ack sajish kaa hissa thaa.
takhtapalat" key liye yojana.
kuchh reports key anusaar, hatyaa kaa prayaas, saath hii saath ozn kii ghatati lokpriyata, ozn aur onar "falanga" donon key liye ack sanket thaa kii way octuber 1937 (una dinon mein jaba shmigali-rids koo romenia mein honah thaa) koo doosara sainya takhtapalat karane kaa prayaas karenge. reports mein daavaa kiya gayaa haye kii cock kissy prakaar kii "sent" kii yojana banaa rhaa thaa. bartholomeu kaa narsamhar "yaa" lambe chaku kii raat ", kathit taur parr, shmigali-ridz key samarthan key saath, joe ozn kaa virodh karane vaale sanational raajnetaon koo shaaririk roop seey samaapt karane key liye maanaa jaataa thaa. yojana logon kii hatyaa karane aur samaan sankhya mein kaid karane kii thee, jisamen shamil theh moskiki; slack; kwiyatkowski; janina pristorova, senate key tatkalin marshel, alexander prestore kii patni; aur alexander pisudska, jozef pisudsky kii vidhwa, georgy pasiorkowski aur zigment venda key saath narsamhar kaa netritva curr rahee thee.
vichaar key samarthakon kaa daavaa haye kii kaarravaai kii ack prastaavana shmigali-ridz kaa sarkaar koo wittold grabowski koo pm key roop mein sthaapit karane key liye aadhikarik prastaav thaa (unaki kattar neetiyon key liye yaad kiya jaataa haye), ack vichaar jisaki stanislav kaar, sejam key ack prabhaavshaali marshel dwara ninda kii gaee thee. isake alawa, afavaahen prasaarit hoe rahee theenh kendra key saamane key morchon (netaa key roop mein ignacy zaan pederevsky), polland kii avaidh communist party, vampanthi sanation gutt aur tathaakathit "mahal samooh".
itihaskaron ney iss dhaarana kaa virodh kiya kii yojana kaa koee thhos pramaan maujood naheen haye. isake alawa, cock, joe kii pratyaksh ayojakon mein seey ack thaa, koo prastaavit peediton mein seey ack moskiki dwara koshagar key upa-mantri key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. isake alawa, vladislav sikorsky, ack vyakti joe swaasthya seey alag hoe gayaa thaa, ney koshagar mantri, udyog aur vyaapaar mantri aur baad mein, koshagar key upa-mantri key roop mein sahyog key liye cock koo bulaaya. unake anusaar, afvaahon koo "ack safal raajneetik ukasaave" key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye, jise shmigali-rids koo sambodhit kiya gayaa haye.
takhtapalat key mukhya parinamon mein seey ack cock kii ghoshana thee kii unake paas "falanga" key saath kuchh bhee samaan naheen thaa.
tyagpatra dein.
rydes-smiggly ney daavaa kiya kii cock shasson karane key liye ayogya thaa. cock ack saarvajanik vyakti naheen thaa, jaisa kii eugenous kwiyatkowski kahate hain. iss tathya ney cock key liye netritva karna mushkil banaa diyaa. isake alawa, cock "kwiyatkowski key saath jhagadon seey thuck gayaa thaa, uska swaasthya bigad rhaa thaa", aur "usane apane boss key adesh key roop mein party kii sthiti [ise maanate hue] lii. isake alawa, cock vipaksh key mahatva kii upeksha yaa cumm aankalan curr rhaa thaa. mamalon koo badhaane key liye, cock key tahat ozn koo vyaapak roop seey faasivaad key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa (mukhya roop seey piyaseki key prabhaav key kaaran, yeh daavaa karane key bavjood kii "ozn aur falanga mein kuchh bhee samaan naheen thaa"), slack key purnataavaad aur atee-loktantra key vipareet. aakhirkaar, 10 janwari 1938 koo, cock ney kharaab swaasthya key kaaran aupchaarik roop seey ozn key pramukh key roop mein apane pada seey istifa dey diyaa. aadhikarik sanskaran key bavjood, itihaskaron kaa daavaa haye kii cock koo smiggly-rids dwara stanislav skwarsinsky key paksh mein istifa dene key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa.
25 juuna 1938 koo, polish senapatiyon key sangh (jdlp) key commandant-inn-cheef key roop mein cock kii sthiti koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa (halanki cock ney janwari 1938 taka sangathan parr shasson karna "vaastavik" chhod diyaa thaa). iss tarah, cock ack sadharan mp bunn gayaa.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale (1938-1939).
navambar 1938 mein polish sansadiya chunaavon mein, cock koo senate key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. unhone senate key qaanoon aayog mein kaary kiya. isake alawa, cock chamber key sainya aayog key pramukh they.
cock aaee. dee. 1 mein baink handlow key karmchari they, jahan way 30 march 1939 koo upa-nideshak baney.
march 1939 mein cock apane niyokta key liye niryaat credit praapt karane key liye baatchit key liye doosari baar landan gaye. anaupchaarik roop seey, vaha sanyukt raajya mein polland kii chhavi banaae rakhane key liye kaam curr rhaa thaa, joe pichhale varsh trance-olza key vilay seey tabah hoe gayaa thaa. cock ney videsh mantri, joseph beck kii yatra kii taiyari key liye sarkaar aur arthshastriyon key pratinidhiyon seey mulakat kii. vaapas aaney key baad, shmigali-ridz kii sahamati seey, cock ney sarkaar koo ack samagri aur british seey ack vittiya rinn key baare mein baatchit shuru karane key liye aashvast kiya. 10 juuna 1939 koo, cock koo eugenous kwiyatkowski seey anaupchaarik nirdesh praapt hue aur unhein landan key liye aadhikarik rinn pratinidhimandal key pramukh key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa. shuru mein, pratinidhimandal ney £ 50-60 mln (lagbhag 1.24-1.49 bln zl) kii aavashyakta kaa anuman lagaaya, jise baad mein ghataakar £24 million (ca. 600 milliane). baatchit asahaj thee. polish pratinidhimandal key bheetar mukhya samasya sterling kshetra mein pravesh kaa sawal thaa, joe rinn jamaa karane kii sharton mein seey ack thee. kwiyatkowski key vipareet, cock koo iss tarah key maudrik sangh kaa vichaar pasand aaya. anta mein, polish pratinidhimandal juuna 1939 mein rinn praapt karane mein kamyab naheen huaa (halanki sharad ritu mein baatchit jaari rakhee jaani thee). yuddh shuru honey seey pahale britten seey praapt ekmatra dhana 2 agast 1939 koo 8 million pound kaa samagri rinn thaa.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh (1939-1945).
soney kii nikasi koo polish karein aur france bhaag jaaen.
sitambar abhiyaan kii shuruat mein, cock polland kii senaa dwara aavashyak sainya upkaranon kii khareed key vittaposhan key liye polland key bhandar seey soney key hastaantaran kaa samarthak thaa. sangharsh shuru honey key dou dinn baad, cock ney sainya mamalon key upa-mantri aur senaa prashaasan key pramukh alexander litvinoviz koo samanya karmchaariyon key vittiya vibhaag mein niyukt karane key liye kahaa, jise general ney sweekaar curr liya. iss prakaar cock koo sainya seva mein phir seey sakriya curr diyaa gayaa. baad mein, unhone warsau seey buss dwara soney kii nikasi kii taiyari kaa samanvaya kiya. vaha 5 sitambar koo ack kafile key saath nickle gayaa, jahan usane maal koo ignacy maitusevsky aur heinrich floyer-rajman koo saunp diyaa.
10 sitambar 1939 koo, cock koo moskiki dwara koshagar key upa-mantri key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. agale dinn, cock polland seey seasurnioves bhaag gayaa. vahaan, unhone buchest mein polland key rajdoot, roser razinsky key saath milkar, romenia key madhyam seey soney key pargaman kii anumati praapt karane kii koshish kii. usee samay, cock koo sainya key liye dhana kaa upayog karane key liye british rinn vaarta koo samaapt karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. kuchh dinon baad, cock bucharest chaley gaye, jahan unhone ack mahatvapurna vyavasaayi, heinrich gruber koo newyork shahar (yaa peris) mein "powzzkna kaasa ozzzznoski" (pee. key. oh.) shakha koo 2 million dollar kaa rinn dene kaa anurodh bhejane key liye aashvast kiya, joe, jahir taur parr, senaa key liye aavashyak thaa. "jahir haye" kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, kyonki cock ney iss lenden key uddeshya key baare mein pee. key. oh. koo soochit naheen kiya thaa, yahee kaaran thaa kii yeh kabhi naheen huaa.
peris pahunchane key baad (16 aur 18 sitambar key beach), cock ney polish koshagar mantralaya kii sanrachanaon kaa ayojan karna shuru curr diyaa. usa samay, polish sarkaar koo nazarband curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur moskiki ney istifa dey diyaa thaa, jisase france mein polish sarkaar key sarvocch pratinidhi key roop mein cock reh gaye they. kuchh samay key liye, vaha sarkaar key roop mein kaary karane vaali parishad kaa hissa they, france mein rajdoot, julius zlucassives; videsh mamalon key upa-mantri, zaan zembeck aur stanislav berhardt-bukaki key saath. yeh jaanate hue kii ack gathbandhan sarkaar aavashyak thee, unhone vipaksh key saath sampark banaae rakhaa (udaaharan key liye, vladislav sikorsky).
sikorsky kii sarkaar key liye kaam karein (1939-1941).
udyog aur vyaapaar mantri aur kosh mantri.
30 sitambar 1939 koo, coca, vladislav sikorsky key mantrimandal mein dou "pisudsky" mein seey ack (agast zaleski, videsh mamalon key mantri key saath), apane pahale mantri pada, koshagar mantri baney, aur duss dinon baad udyog aur vyaapaar mantri koo jodaa. sikorsky key mantrimandal mein rahate hue, cock rashtra key rinn, sonaa, dhana aur pratibhootiyon koo sanrakshit karane kii koshish curr rhaa thaa, joe sabhi polish sarkaar kii kanuni sthiti key kaaran ack samasya thee. isake alawa, cock romania, france aur hangri mein polish sharanarthiyon kii madad karane kaa prayaas curr rhaa thaa. cock ney kharchon koo nyuntam (ee dwara) taka cumm karane kii koshish kii.jee. yuddh key baad kii bahaali key liye jitna sambhav hoe utanaa sonaa sanrakshit karane key liye, 10 octuber 1939 koo ack ghoshana key madhyam seey adhikansh sarkari shramikon koo avaitanik chhutti denaa). unaki neeti kaa saransh iss prakaar diyaa jaa sakata haih "main sampatti key oopar seey aise uda jaaoonga jaise main ack giddh huun. usee samay, cock byaaj kharch koo cumm karane kii koshish curr rhaa thaa. neeti koo sakar karane key liye, cock ney pahale key £8 million rinn koo poori tarah seey kharch karane seey pahale, angrejon koo £5 million kaa rinn dene key liye aashvast kiya.
karyalaya mein rahate hue, ignacy maitusevsky ack ghotale mein funce gayaa. curnell, soney key parivahan parr ack report banaate samay, sevaaon parr anuchit vittiya vyay aur kuchh anya mamuli "anaavashyak" khareed key liye aalochana kii gaee thee, jaise.jee. sirdard kaa pouder. aaropon koo sunane key baad, maitusevsky ney apane dost cock parr una parr pratikriya kii kamee key liye hamla kiya aur phir sujhaav diyaa kii cock aalochana kaa ukasaane vaalaa thaa.
shayed sabse buraa hamla, halanki, sikorsky sarkaar mein upa-shaam aur sanation seey judee harr cheej key liye ack prabal dushman, stanislav coat seey aaya thaa. coat ney una parr polish rinn parr atkalen lagaane kaa prayaas karane, cock key apane laabh key liye polish niryaat parr ekadhikar rakhane aur anya logon koo prabhaavit karane kaa aarop lagaaya taaki pilsudsky koo adhik shakti dee jaa sakey. isake alawa, coat ney yeh saabit karane kii koshish kii kii cock sarkari paisa barbad curr rhaa thaa, udaaharan key liye, alexandra pilsudska koo £30 hazaar kii vittiya sahaayata dete hue; coat bhee cock key kaam kii dheemi gati seey nakhush thaa. isake baad 9 disambar 1939 koo apane donon karyalayon seey istifa dey diyaa.
khajaanon key upa-mantri.
cock ney taba treasury key upa-mantri key roop mein kaary kiya, shayed henrique strasberger key aagrah parr. nae kosh mantri key saath kaam karane seey kissy bhee dall key liye koee samasya naheen hui. france mein polish apravasiyon kii madad seey sainya udyog key sangathan key liye cock jimmedaar thaa (jahaan nirvaasit polish sarkaar sthit thee). iss kaarravaai kaa uddeshya sarkaar key sansadhanon koo badhaana aur polish senaa koo vikasit karna thaa, jabaki sharanarthiyon koo naukari khojane mein madad karna thaa (turkey mein, yadi france mein naheen).
polish soney kaa swabhaav ansulajha rhaa. polland kaa baink soney koo berut seey grate britten yaa sanyukt raajya america mein sthanantarit karna chaahata thaa, ack anurodh jise khajaane mein samarthan naheen milaa. cock parr baad mein polland key tata dwara hamla kiya gayaa thaa kyonki vaha (sambhavatah) uttar africa seey soney kii nikasi key khilaf mantralaya mein ekmatra vyakti thaa, jahaan yeh pro-german witchy france coloniyon mein funce gayaa thaa. vivaad ney unaki sthiti koo nuksan pahunchaaya. preggier kaa sujhaav haye kii cock ney "aprail 1940 seey kuchh saptah pahale" istifa dey diyaa thaa, jabaki miyerzawa ney baad kii tarikh kaa prastaav rakhaa thaa jaba sikorsky kii sarkaar punargathan key adheen thee. baad key sanskaran koo sweekaar karate hue, cock key mantralaya chhodane kaa ack aur kaaran yeh thaa kii vaha france seey bahut jaldi (18 juuna 1940 koo bordo seey, hms "nylon" parr savaar hocker) nickle gayaa. teen dinn baad, cock ney landan paddington mein polland key rashtrapati vladislav raskieves kaa swaagat kiya, joe unaki diarry mein darj ack tathya haye.
polish gold vadication.
pahale seey hii grate britten mein, raxkivicz dwara sikorsky koo aashvast karane key baad kii cock soney key bhandar key nuksan mein nirdosh thaa, cock koo polish soney key samarthan kaa mission diyaa gayaa thaa, jise dakaar mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. choonki witchy france aksh kii kathputali raajya thee, isaliye naazi germany yaa itali seey francisi upaniveshon key baahar soney key parivahan kii anumati praapt karna asambhav thaa. usee samay, baink off france key paas newyork mein kuchh sou million dollar key soney key bhandar they. iss prakaar, cock ney tatkaal rinn kii maang karate hue francisi bhandar koo jabt karane key liye hamein manaane kaa faisala kiya (kyonki polish sonaa abhee taka vaapas naheen kiya jaa sakaa). unhone apane desh key bhavishya key punarnirmaan mein americi vittiya sansthanon kii sambhaavit bhagidari kaa aaklan karane key liye bheja.
sitambar 1940 key madhya mein, cock leaverpool seey america key liye ravaana huaa, octuber kii shuruat mein aaya. vahaan, unhone khulasa kiya kii belgium key adhikaariyon ney francisi soney koo jabt karane kaa bhee anurodh kiya thaa. cock koo swarn pushti samiti kaa pramukh naamit kiya gayaa thaa, ack namankan kaa virodh heinrich strasberger, koshagar mantri, aur bohan winniersky, ack dakshinpanthi rajneta aur phir baink off polland key pramukh ney kiya thaa. juuna 1941 mein, sikorsky ney samiti kii gatividhi koo nilambit curr diyaa.
baad mein jeevan.
yuddh key baad, vaha newyork key samudri chattan aur newyork key waldorf astoria mein ack pension mein ack rasoiya bunn gaye. unhone america key joseph pisudsky sansthaan key board mein bhee kaary kiya.
3 farwari 1969 koo newyork mein cock kii mrityu hoe gaee. unhein ingland mein volverkote kabristan mein kabr ell 2-245 mein dafnaya gayaa thaa; unaki prateekaatmak kabr (chihnit cadeblue. aeye 12-7-29) varsau key powazki kabristan mein sthit haye.

