feeled aayan sookshmadarshi

feeled aayan microscope (aff. aaee. aim.) kaa aavishkaar 1951 mein muller dwara kiya gayaa thaa. yeh ack prakaar kaa microscope haye jiska upayog ack tej dhaatu kii noke kii satah parr parmaanuon kii vyavastha kii chhavi banaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
11 octuber, 1955 koo, irvin muller aur unake ph.dee. chhaatr, kanwar bahadur (pensylvania raajya vishvavidyalaya) ney ack teevra nukile tungsten tip kii satah parr alag-alag tungsten parmaanuon koo 21 key taka thandaa karke aur imaging gais key roop mein helium koo niyojit karke dekhaa. muller aur bahadur vyaktigat parmaanuon kaa seedhe avalokan karane vaale pahale vyakti they.
parichay.
fim mein, ack tej (<50 nm tip trijya) dhaatu kii noke kaa utpaadan kiya jaataa haye aur ack ultra hyee vacuum chamber mein rakhaa jaataa haye, joe helium yaa neon jaisi imaging gais seey bharaa hotaa haye. noke koo cryogenic tapman (20-100 k) taka thandaa kiya jaataa haye. 5 seey 10 kilovolt kaa sakaratmak voltage tip parr lagaaya jaataa haye. noke parr avashoshit gais paramanu noke key aspas key majboot vidyut kshetra dwara aayanit hotey hain (iss prakaar, "kshetra ayanan"), sakaratmak roop seey aaveshit hoe jaate hain aur noke seey peechhe hutt jaate hain. noke key paas satah kii vakrata ack praakritik aavardhan kaa kaaran banati haye-ayanon koo satah key lagbhag lambavat disha mein peechhe hataa diyaa jaataa haye (ack "bindu prakshepan" prabhaav). ack detector koo rakhaa jaataa haye taaki inn vikarshan ayanon koo ekatra kiya jaa sakey; sabhi ekatra kiye gaye ayanon seey bunny chhavi tip satah parr vyaktigat parmaanuon kii chhavi banaane key liye paryaapt resolution kii hoe sakati haye.
paaramparik sookshmadarshi key vipareet, jahaan sthaanik sankalp imaging key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale kanon kii tarang dairdhya dwara seemit haye, fim ack prakshepan prakaar kaa sookshmadarshi haye jisamen paramanu sankalp aur kuchh million baar kaa anumaanit aavardhan hotaa haye.
design, seemaaen aur anuprayog.
fim jaise kshetra utsarjan sookshmadarshi (feim) mein ack tej namuna tip aur ack pratideepti screen (abb ack bahu-channel plate dwara pratisthaapit) pramukh tatvon key roop mein hoti haye. haalaanki, kuchh aavashyak antar nimnanusar hainh
mahila kii tarah, sheersh parr kshetra kii taakat aamtaur parr kuchh v/ā hoti haye. prayogaatmak sett-upp aur chhavi nirmaan koo saath key aankadon mein darshaaya gayaa haye.
ack majboot kshetra kii upasthiti mahatvapurna haye. tip key paas imaging gais paramanu (vaha, nee) kshetra dwara dhruvikrit hotey hain aur choonki kshetra gair-samaan hotaa haye isaliye dhruvikrit paramanu tip satah kii or aakarshit hotey hain. imaging paramanu taba hops kii ack shrinkhala kaa pradarshan karate hue apani gatij oorjaa khou dete hain aur tip tapman koo samaayojit karate hain. antatah, imaging parmaanuon koo satah mein electrons koo surang banaakar aayanit kiya jaataa haye aur parinamswarup sakaratmak ayanon koo kshetra rekhaaon key saath screen parr twarit kiya jaataa haye taaki namuna tip kii atyadhik aavardhit chhavi banaai jaa sakey.
fim mein, aayaneekaran noke key karib hotaa haye, jahan kshetra sabse majboot hotaa haye. paramanu seey surangon vaale electron koo noke dwara uthaaya jaataa haye. ack mahatvapurna doori, xc haye, jiss parr surang banaane kii sambhavana adhikatam haye. yeh doori aamtaur parr lagbhag 0.40 nm hoti haye. paramanu paimaane parr visheshtaon key liye bahut uchch sthaanik sankalp aur uchch vipareetata iss tathya seey utpann hoti haye kii uchch sthaaniya vakrata key kaaran satah parmaanuon key aspas vidyut kshetra koo badhaaya jaataa haye. imaging aayan key thermal wegg dwara fim kaa resolution seemit haye. 1 key crum kaa sankalp (paramanu sankalp) tip key prabhaavi sheetlan dwara praapt kiya jaa sakata haye.
feim kaa upayog, jaise feim, una samagriyon dwara seemit haye jinhen ack tej noke key aakar mein banaaya jaa sakata haye, ack ultra hyee vacuum (uhv) vatavaran mein upayog kiya jaa sakata haye, aur uchch sthir vidyut kshetron koo sahan curr sakata haye. inn karanon seey, uchch pighalane key tapman key saath apavartak dhaatuen (ee.jee. doubleu, moe, peaty, ir) fm prayogon key liye paaramparik vastuein hain. maadaa aur chim key liye dhaatu key sujhaav patale taaron key vidyut-sankaran (vidyut-rasayanik chamak) dwara taiyar kiye jaate hain. haalaanki, inn yuktiyon mein aamtaur parr kaee guna hotey hain. antim taiyari prakriya mein kewal tip voltage koo badhaakar kshetra vashpikaran dwara inn vishamtaon koo hataana shamil haye. kshetra vashpikaran ack kshetra prerit prakriya haye jisamen satah seey parmaanuon koo bahut uchch kshetra shakti parr nikaalana shamil haye aur aamtaur parr 2-5 v/Â kii seema mein hotaa haye. iss mamle mein kshetra kaa prabhaav satah parr paramanu kii prabhaavi bandhan oorjaa koo cumm karna haye aur prabhaav mein, shoonya kshetron mein usa tapman parr apekshit vashpikaran darr key saapeksh bahut adhik vriddhi denaa haye. yeh prakriya swa-viniyamit haye kyonki uchch sthaaniya vakrata kii sthiti mein paramanu, jaise kii adatum yaa laze parmaanuon koo adhimaantah hataa diyaa jaataa haye. feim prayogon mein upayog kiye jaane vaale yuktiyaan mahila prayogon (tip trijya ~ 1000 Â) kii tulanaa mein adhik teekhi (tip trijya 100 ~ 300 Â haye) hoti hain.
satahon key gatishil vyavhaar aur satahon parr adatum key vyavhaar kaa adhyayan karane key liye fim kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye. adhyayan kii gaee samasyaon mein adhishoshan-avashoshan ghatana, adatum aur samoohon kaa satah prasaar, adatum-adatum antahkriya, charan gati, santulan chrystal aakar aadi shamil hain. haalaanki, seemit satah kshetra (i.ee. dhaar prabhaav) aur badey vidyut kshetra kii upasthiti seey.

