
aaee. bee. aim. pranali/3

aaee. bee. aim. pranali/3 1969 mein pesh kiya gayaa ack aaee. bee. aim. madhya shreni kaa computer thaa, aur 1985 taka vipanan kiya gayaa thaa. ise minnesota mein aaee. bee. aim. rochester dwara ack nimn-anta vyaavsaayik computer key roop mein nirmit kiya gayaa thaa jiska uddeshya chhote sangathanon parr thaa joe abhee bhee aaee. bee. aim. 1400 shrinkhala key computer yaa ikai record upkaran kaa upayog karate they. aaee. bee. aim. key pahale sadasya ney apani "madhya shreni" pankti key roop mein sandarbhit kiya, isane aar. pee. jee. II prograaming bhasha bhee pesh kii. yeh utpaad shrinkhala mein pahala poorvaj haye jiska vartamaan sanskaran aaee. bee. aim. aaee. shrinkhala haye aur isamen/400 key roop mein atyadhik safal shamil haye.
itihas.
1969 mein isake launch key samay yeh 1000 dollar/maheene mein upalabdh thaa-ack aaee. bee. aim. pranali/360 model 20 kii aadhi laagat seey bhee cumm; aaee. bee. aim. pranali/360 parivaar kaa sabse chhota sadasya.
kaee mool pranali/3 model 10 ikaaiyon koo disk rahit bhej diyaa gayaa thaa, kewal naee aaee. bee. aim. 5424 multifunction card ikai (aim. aff. see. yuu.) key saath joe usee samay pesh kiye gaye nae, chhote 96-collum vaale punch card koo padhati, punch karati, chhaapati aur krambaddh karati thee.
aaee. bee. aim. ney nimnalikhit model vitarit kieh
pranali/3 aur uttaradhikari model pranali/32, pranali/34, pranali/36 aur pranali/38 koo aam taur parr aaee. bee. aim. shabdawali mein "madhya-shreni pranali" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye-aaee. bee. aim. key mukhya frame key vipareet.
hardware.
aaee. bee. aim. pranali/3 koo ack computer pranali key roop mein ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa jisamen shuru mein shamil theh
smriti.
pravesh model mein 4k (4096) bites kii chumbakiya-core memori thee.
pratyaksh abhigam bhandaran.
badey paimaane parr bhandaran key liye, pranali/3 ney aaee. bee. aim. 5444 ekal-platter disk kaa upayog kiya, joe lagbhag ack badey pizza key aakar kaa thaa; shuru mein pratyek platter mein 2.5 mb detta thaa. bhandaran key liye maanak vinyas ack yaa dou nishchit disk they, pratyek ack alag pull-out daraaj mein, joe aamtaur parr operating system aur upayogkarta-vikasit karyakramon koo aayojit kartaa thaa. isake alawa, pratyek nishchit disk mein ack hataane yogya cartridge disk sanlagn hoe sakati haye; inmein aam taur parr vibhinn anuprayogon seey judee detta-faailen hoti hain, udaaharan key liye perol, aur upayogkartaon key paas aksar unamen seey kaee hoti theen. iss prakaar nimn-anta pranali adhikatam 10 mb online bhandaran (dou nishchit, dou hataane yogya) kaa samarthan curr sakati haye, halanki vyavhaar mein yeh bahut mahanga thaa aur aam naheen thaa.
system/3 aaee. bee. aim. 5445 disk drive (20aim. bee.) key saath bhee upalabdh thaa aur baad mein model 15 ney "winchester" shally 3340 drive kii anumati dee. chhote models parr, jabaki aap 5445 drive sanlagn curr sakate they, aapako operating system aur anya prograaming pustakalayon key liye 5444 rakhna thaa, haalaanki usa seema koo elimin8 naamak software key saath badal diyaa gayaa thaa jisane 5445 drive koo 5444 koo poori tarah seey badalane kii anumati dee thee. anya companiyaan jaise kii memorax ney pranali/3 key liye sangat 5445 drive kaa nirmaan kiya.
bahu-kaary card ikai.
sabse aam punch-card upkaran aaee. bee. aim. 5424 multifunction card unit (aim. aff. see. yuu.) thaa joe nae, chhote 96-collum punch card koo padhata, punch kartaa, mudrit kartaa aur krambaddh kartaa thaa. classic 80-collum aaee. bee. aim. card mein aaytaakaar ghoonse key bajaay, nae card mein chhote (1 mimi), golakar chhed they joe kagaj key tape kii tarah they. detta koo chhah-bitt dwiaadhaari-kodit dashamlav code mein sangraheet kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen pratyek mein 32 varnon kii teen panktiyaan theen, yaa 8-bitt ebcdi mein, sheersh panktiyon mein sthit dou atirikt chhed they.
nae cardon mein 32 varnon kii chaar panktiyon mein 128 mudrit aksharon key liye jagah thee. way puraane 80 collum card key aakar key lagbhag 1/3 they lekin 20 pratishat adhik paath detta rakhate they. chhote aur iss prakaar halke card koo tej upkaran aur cumm jaam key saath sansaadhit kiya jaa sakata haye.
80-collum cardon koo sambhaalane key liye "rpq" (vishesh order upkaran) key roop mein upalabdh ibm 2560 multifunction card machine (mfcm) thee joe padh, punch, vyakhya aur chhantaai curr sakati thee, aur ibm 1442 joe kewal padh aur punch curr sakati thee.
chumbakiya tape.
offline bhandaran ack baahari tape drive kii khareed key saath upalabdh thaa joe maanak aaee. bee. aim. 9-track tape koo padhata aur likhata thaa.
pranali/3 modd 10 vaikalpik roop seey aaee. bee. aim. 3410 chumbakiya tape upa-pranali shamil thee.
prachaalak kansol suvidha.
system/3 operator kansol suvidha (oh. see. aff.) mein yaa tou computer mein ack sanshodhit aaee. bee. aim. chuninda typewriter interfaces kiya gayaa thaa, yaa ack vishesh uddeshya aaee. bee. aim. 3270 display shamil thaa.
oh. see. aff. key bheetar, una prakriyaon aur/yaa karyon koo 'radd' karane kii kshamata thee joe chala rahey they, jisamen yaa tou vibhajan (pee1 yaa pee2) shamil thaa. pranali kewal dou karyakramon koo ack saath chalaa sakati thee, sivaay model 15 yaa sanchaar niyantran karyakram, ccp koo chalaane vaale pranaliyon key. ccp ack system controll prograaming suvidha thee joe terminals key online network kaa samarthan karane kii anumati detee thee.
printer.
mukhya pranali seey ack chhota (aaee. bee. aim. 5203) printer judaa huaa thaa. 5203 ack chain printer thaa jisamen vinimeya kartus they. yeh model key aadhar parr 100 yaa 200 line prati minut parr chala sakata haye. baad mein, aaee. bee. aim. ney maujooda aaee. bee. aim. 1403 printer line key kaee model pesh kiye, jinhen mool roop seey aaee. bee. aim. 1401 computer key liye banaaya gayaa thaa.
floppy disk.
aaee. bee. aim. 3740 detta pravishti pranali key aagaman key saath, pranali/3 model 10 koo ell. see. aeye. (sthaaniya sanchaar anukoolak) naamak ack suvidha millie, jisane ack aaee. bee. aim. 3741 station koo detta sanchaarit/praapt karane key liye pranali seey "sanlagn" honey kii anumati dee. system/3 key baad key model jaise model 8 cardless they aur 8 "3740 shally kii floppy disk kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa.
nirdesh sett.
nirdesh sett koo utpaad key dou pramukh pahaluon key liye anukoolit kiya gayaa thaah mukhya smriti kii seemit upalabdhata, aur aar. pee. jee. II prograaming bhasha. mool aiss/3 (model 10 aur phir 6,8 aur 12) mein 29 nirdesh they, joe sabhi 3 aur 6 bites (24 seey 48 bits) key beach they.
pahale 4 bits ney bahut saaree jaankaari deeh "1111" kaa matlab thaa kii yeh binaa operand key ack nirdesh thaa, jise kamaand key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. ee.jee. aaee/oh shuru karein (aaee/oh opp koo pahale seey load kiye gaye aaee/oh rajistaron dwara paribhaashit kiya jaa rhaa haye). "11xx" aur "xx11" kaa arth ack shakha jaise 1-sanchaalan nirdesh thaa. yadi xx 00 thaa tou operand koo isake poorna 16-bitt patey seey sambodhit kiya gayaa thaa. xx = 1 yaa 10 kaa arth thaa aadhar-visthaapan pataa, anukramanika register 1 yaa 2 kaa upayog karke upayog kiya gayaa thaa. ack aadhar pataa pahale dou soochkaank rajistaron mein seey ack mein load kiya gayaa hoga aur nirdesh mein kewal 256 bites (sambodhan key 8 bits) taka kaa visthaapan hotaa haye.
iss pahale aadhe-bite key liye anya pattern ney 2-operand nirdesh kaa sanket diyaa.
"0000" kaa matlab thaa kii donon operand koo unake seedhe 16-bitt patey seey sambodhit kiya gayaa thaa.
"0100": operand 1 apane aadhar key roop mein regg 1 kaa upayog kartaa haye; operand 2 seedhe sambodhan kaa upayog kartaa haye.
"110": operand 1 apane aadhar key roop mein regg 1 kaa upayog kartaa haye, operand 2 regg 2 kaa upayog kartaa haye.
aur isi tarah.
pahale bite key shesh 4 bits ney nirdesh koo aage paribhaashit kiya.
iss sanrachana kaa matlab thaa kii kull milakar 64 sanchaalan karane kii kshamata theeh
16 adesh (halanki poore utpaad shreni mein kabhi bhee paanch seey adhik naheen they);
16 1-sanchaalan nirdesh 11xx seey shuru hotey hain;
16 1-sanchaalan nirdesh joe xx11 seey shuru hotey hain;
16 2-sanchaalan nirdesh.
saath hii dou soochkaank register pahale seey hii ullikhit (1 aur 2 key roop mein sandarbhit, yaa dwiaadhaari 1 aur 10) anya register they. "regg 4" (0100) nirdesh pataa register (aaee. aeye. aar.) thaa joe vartamaan nirdesh kii or ishara kartaa haye. "regg 8" (1000) pataa ricaul register (arr) thaa, joe kuchh nirdeshon dwara nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. inmein seey ack sashart shakha (smriti sambandhi bee. see.) thee joe shakha sanchaalan key turant baad ise bite kii or ingit karane key liye upayog karati thee. aaee. bee. aim. mainframe vyavhaar key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale programmers key liye, iska matlab thaa kii aiss/3 shakha sanchaalan koo ack sashart baalar (shakha aur link register) seey tulanaa kii jaa sakati haye-ack upa-rutein mein shakha karate samay bahut upayogi, aur ise sansaadhit karane key baad lautana. anta mein, "regg 16" (00010000) karyakram sthiti register (pee. aiss. aar.) thaa, jisamen ack tulanaa nirdesh key parinam key roop mein aisee cheejen hoti theen. dhyaan dein kii rajistaron kaa upayog kewal sambodhan aur karyakram kii sthiti key liye kiya jaataa thaa, naa kii ankganit key liye.
29 nirdeshon mein pradaan kiye gaye ankganitiya nirdesh dwiaadhaari jodd/ghataav (patey mein herfer karane mein madad key liye pradaan kiye gaye) aur dashamlav jodd/ghataav they. gunan aur vibhajan maanak hardware dwara pradaan naheen kiye gaye they, aur unhein software rutein dwara sambhala jaanaa thaa. vahaan koee floating point praavdhaan naheen thaa. yeh sub baad kii aur aam taur parr adhik parishkrit pranaliyon/34 aur 36 key saath bhee sach banaa rhaa.
uparokt sabhi pranali/3 model 15, aur pranali/34 aur/36 key saath adhik jatil hoe gaye. halanki abhee bhee 16-bitt sambodhan kaa upayog karate hue, yeye sabhi pranaaliyan 64k seey adhik mukhya bhandaran (512k taka aur saiddhaantik roop seey adhik) kaa samarthan curr sakati theen, isaliye pataa anuvaad kaa upayog ack 64k patey sthaan seey dusare mein badalane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. pataa anuvaad register kissy bhee ack samay upayog mein vaastavik pataa sthaan koo paribhaashit karane key liye sett kiye gaye they, unaki samagri koo ack vaastavik pataa utpann karane key liye ack prograam dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale 16-bitt patey key saath jodaa jaa rhaa thaa. yeye "aeye. tii. aar. aiss" visheshaadhikaar praapt they, joe kewal operating system key liye upalabdh they.
mool aiss/3 model 10 (aur baad key model 12) mein bahu-prograaming kaa ack vaikalpik kachcha roop thaa jise dohri karyakram suvidha kahaa jaataa haye. isane koee aur mukhya smriti pataa naheen diyaa, lekin rajistaron aur nirdeshon key dou sett diye joe ack "prograam star" seey dusare mein palat gaye. jaba aaee/oh shuru kiya gayaa thaa tou maanak aaee/oh nirdeshon koo bhee sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa.
abb taka, nirdesh key kewal pahale bhaag koo yahaan samajhaaya gayaa haye. agala ("q") bite aam taur parr ack yogyata thaa, jaise kii ack chaal varna opp mein sthanantarit kiye jaane vaale bites kii sankhya yaa ack shakha mein pareekshan karane kii sthiti nirdisht karna. kuchh nirdeshon ney iss bite kaa upayog 1-bite "tatkaal" operand key liye kiya. shesh bite (oun) visthaapan (oun) yaa operand key liye pataa (ee. aiss.), yaa kuchh aadeshon key liye vivaran key liye they.
ack udaaharan-ack sadharan adesh, sashart kood, ack vishesh prakaar kii sashart shakha (kewal aage, 256 bites taka) joe mukhya roop seey code key chhote blocks parr koodane key liye upayukt haih opp code bite = f2 (yeh hexadecimal mein haye, hakes f dwiaadhaari 1111 haye, hakes 2 (0010) opp koo paribhaashit kartaa haye); q bite = 00000001 nirdisht kartaa haye kii humm "koodate hain" yadi sthiti register mein "barabar" bitt haye; operand = 00011000: yadi shart poori hoti haye tou humm 24 bites aage koodate hain.
sanketak dwiaadhaari switch they jinka upayog karyakram pravaah koo niyantrit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. inmein seey 100 seey adhik programmer key liye upalabdh they. oopar bataae gaye nirdesh praarupon kaa upayog karke, kaee sanketak-unmukh sanchaalan kewal 3 bites mein fitt hoe sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, aar. pee. jee. kii ack pankti "onn" key liye ack sanketak kaa pareekshan curr sakati haih "opp parr pareekshan bits" key liye 3 bites; phir ack kood key liye 3 bites, jaisa kii pahale varnit haye, aur aar. pee. jee. sankalak key liye upayogi haye. yahaan visham bite koo bachaana aur vahaan achchha thaa jaba aapke paas khelane key liye kewal 64k thaa-aur, aiss/3 parr hii, jisamen operating system shamil honah thaa (joe "sanchaar niyantran karyakram", ccp kii shuruat key saath model 10 parr lagbhag 20k taka badh gayaa).
sanchaalan niyantran bhasha.
operation controll language (oh. see. ell.) naamak ack saral naukari niyantran bhasha satahi roop seey naukari niyantran bhasha (jey. see. ell.) key samaan thee.
prachaalak niyantran adesh.
prachaalak niyantran aadeshon (oh. see. aiss.) kaa upayog pranali key saath samvaad karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa.
bhaashaaen.
pranali/3 samarthit aar. pee. jee. II, fortran IV, kobol aur "assembler".
aar. pee. jee. II sankalak.
pranali/3 ack aar. pee. jee. II sankalak key saath maanak aaya. kewal card pranali mein, aar. pee. jee. II sankalak koo dou charanon key roop mein aapoorti kii gaee thee. pahale charan koo aim. aff. see. yuu. key ack input hopper seey boot kiya jaayega, aur phir srot koo sankalak key baad padhaa jaayega. ack madhyavarti roop koo card parr mukka maaraa jaataa thaa, jise phir sankalak key dusare charan dwara padhaa jaataa thaa. ack nishpaadan yogya karyakram deck koo phir mukka maaraa gayaa. iss nishpaadan yogya koo phir vaanchhit prasanskaran karane key liye boot kiya jaa sakata haye ("praarambhik prograam load" key liye "aaee. pee. ell. 'dee"). iss prakriya mein ack mahatvapurna aakar key karyakram key liye ack ghante seey adhik kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
pranali/3 key saath samasyaaen.
pranali/3 mein ack baar chalane key baad kissy prakriya koo rokane kaa koee praavdhaan naheen thaa. udaaharan key liye, yadi pahale prishth parr kissy truti key kaaran ack sankalan whiffle hoe jaataa haye, tou upayogkarta koo kabhi-kabhi poori tarah seey print karane key liye ack badee sankalan soochi kii prateeksha karni padati haye. upayogkarta printer key neeche pahunchana seekhate hain aur kagaj key nirvahan choote koo takkar dete hain, jisase machine "pee3" (printer truti) pradarshit honey key saath rook jaayegi. upayogkarta phir runn koo radd karane key liye pratikriya code aff. aff. dial curr sakata haye. ise rokane kaa ack aur tarika thaa kansol parr harey rung kaa "start" button dabana, jisase system reboot hoe gayaa.
truti code dou ankon vaale saat-khand pradarshan parr pradarshit kiye gaye they (pahale dekhe gaye mein seey ack, aur led key bajaay lamp key saath banaaya gayaa thaa). truti code kii seema mein naa kewal dashamlav aur hexadecimal ank shamil they (kyonki saat-khand pradarshan aamtaur parr upayog kiye jaate hain) balki anya aksharon kaa ack seemit sett bhee shamil thaa; udaaharan key liye, "pee3" kaee printer truti code mein seey ack thaa. ack motee niyamavali joe pranali/3 key saath aaee thee, ney operator koo truti code kii vyakhya karane mein sahaayata kii aur punarpraapti prakriyaon kaa sujhaav diyaa. system/3 mein koee shravya chetavani upkaran naheen thaa, isaliye ack prograam joe print naheen curr rhaa thaa, card padh rhaa thaa, yaa anya spasht gatividhi kaa kaaran naheen thaa, rook sakata thaa aur operator koo yeh taba taka naheen pataa thaa jaba taka kii way sthiti pradarshan koo naheen dekhate. dohare karyakram suvidha vaale model mein dou alag-alag sthiti pradarshan they.
adhikansh/kaee upayogkartaon ney kansol naheen kharida. isake bajaay oh. see. ell. code koo yaa tou poori tarah seey dabaa diyaa gayaa thaa yaa 5203 printer parr mudrit kiya gayaa thaa. aaee. bee. aim. dwara prastaavit kansol ney oh. see. ell. aadeshon koo chhaapane parr karyakram key nishpaadan koo bahut dheema curr diyaa, kyonki yeh mool roop seey ack chuninda typewriter thaa.
kansol key madhyam seey apane mukka lagaae gaye cardon koo kunji banaane kii avadharana ack vipanan chaal thee. vaastav mein, pranali/3 ack hii samay mein ack computer aur ack kii-punch naheen hoe sakata thaa, isaliye jaba yeh ack kii-punch thaa, tou koee computing sambhav naheen thee. mool aaee. bee. aim. pranali/3, jise julaai 1969 mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa, mein kii-punch kansol thaa taaki way $2,000/maheene seey cumm mein ack computer kii peshkash curr sakein. vaastav mein yeh kaam karane yogya naheen thaa aur lagbhag hamesha upayogkartaon ney ack stand-alone kii-punch/verifier praapt kiya.
baad mein kaee oh. ee. aim. companiyon ney 96-collum keepanch, sorters aur coulter banaae. isane aim. aff. see. yuu. key 'bhaari uthaane' koo hataa diyaa aur vaastavik computing karyon key liye pranali/3 koo mukt curr diyaa.
adhikansh anubhavi pranali/3 upayogkartaon ney aim. aff. see. yuu. kaa upayog jitna sambhav hoe utanaa cumm kiya, kyonki yeh ack pranali kii baadha thee.
anukaran.
baad kii pranali/32, aaee. bee. aim. pranali/34 aur aaee. bee. aim. pranali/36 sabhi pranali/3 anuprayogon koo anukaran key madhyam seey chalaane mein saksham they.
system/32 ney 16-bitt microcode shabdon key saath ack urdhvaadhar microcoded processor kaa upayog kiya, joe system/3 nirdesh sett kaa anukaran kartaa haye, balki dheere-dheere, microcode mein. system/34 aur system/36 donon mein dou processor theh ack niyantran bhandaran processor (see. aiss. pee.), system/32 mein, joe adhikansh paryavekshak aur input/output sanchaalan koo sambhalata haye, aur ack mukhya bhandaran processor (aim. aiss. pee.). yeh baad vaalaa system/3 model 15 processor kaa punah karyanvayan thaa; prabhaavi roop seey system/3 kaa "hardware amulation" pradaan kartaa haye.