
sahaayata antaral shrinkhala

adgap jaanvaron aur paudhon key kathin samoohon mein pehchaan karane mein sahaayata key liye ack sankshipt naam haye.
sahaayata antaral shrinkhala kshetra adhyayan parishad dwara prakaashit pustakon kaa ack samooh haye. inca uddeshya chhatron aur ichchuk gair-visheshagyon koo britten mein aise samoohon kii pehchaan karane mein saksham banaana haye joe maanak kshetra guides dwara cover naheen kiye jaate hain. samanya taur parr, way british jeevon key saransh kii tulanaa mein cumm maang vaale hain.
sabhi sahaayata gap guide shuru mein pareekshan sanskaranon key roop mein utpaadit kiye jaate hain, joe chhatron, shikshan karmchaariyon aur paryaavaran peshevaron koo vyaapak roop seey vitarit kiye jaate hain, aur antim prakaashit sanskaranon mein feedback koo shamil kiya jaataa haye. kaee mamalon mein sahaayata raashi hii ekmatra gair-takniki kaary haye joe prashnagat curr samooh koo shamil kartaa haye.
shrinkhala kaa itihas.
kshetra adhyayan parishad ney apani sthaapana key turant baad pehchaan guide kii vyaapak aavashyakta koo maanyata dee, aur taba seey iss tarah kii samagri koo prakaashit karane kii ack lambi parampara sthaapit kii haye. inmein seey kaee upalabdh saahitya mein spasht antaral koo bharane key liye shikshan karmchaariyon dwara apani chaabiyan likhane key liye likhe gaye they (udaaharan key liye flatford kshetra key bhoomi ghonghe kii kunji, suffock (1959) dekhein). haalaanki, yeh teji seey spasht hoe gayaa kii drishtikon mein badalaav kii aavashyakta thee. bahut cumm guide upalabdh they joe una logon dwara upayog karane yogya they jinake paas pichhale anubhav bahut cumm they. paudhon aur jaanvaron key kaee samoohon kii upeksha kii gaee.
aff. aiss. see. ney 1976 mein ack salaahkaar panel key input key saath sahaayata pariyojana shuru kii, jisamen linian samaaj, maadhyamik shiksha mein shikshak aur peshevar chitrakaar jaise sangathanon kii ack shrinkhala shamil thee. panel dwara apanaae gaye dou mukhya uddeshya pahale una jeevon key samoohon kii pehchaan karna thaa jinhen ack upayukt kunji kii kamee key kaaran 'kathin' maanaa jaataa haye, aur doosara pratyek samooh key liye pehchaan kii kathinaaiyon koo cumm karane key tarikon kii jaanch karna thaa. panel ney ack 'pareekshan' charan koo shamil karane kaa bhee nirnay liya jisake dauran pehchaan guide koo sanshodhit aur behtar kiya jaa sakata haye.
aaj key vyavhaar mein, sahaayata-gap guides koo 'pareekshan sanskaranon' key roop mein taiyar kiya jaataa haye, jinhen phir cumm seey cumm 100 swayamsevi 'parikshakon' koo vitarit kiya jaataa haye, joe prishthabhoomi kii ack vistrit shrinkhala seey liye jaate hain. pareekshan sanskaran sahaayata-antaral web prishthon seey muft download key liye upalabdh hain. parikshakon seey pratikriya lekhak koo gumnam roop seey dee jaati haye, phir taiyar sahaayata gap guide key utpaadan koo soochit karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye.
sahaayata antaral shrinkhala mein sheershak.
pichhale tees varshon mein badee sankhya mein guide prakaashit kiye gaye hain. shrinkhala mein karyon kii soochi iss prakaar haye (abhee bhee mudrit guides kii soochi key liye neeche diye gaye link koo dekhein):