
cheeni shahar kii deewaar

cheeni shahar kii deevaaren () poorv-aadhunik samay mein chean mein kasbon aur shaharon kii raksha key liye upayog kii jaane vaali rakshaatmak pranaliyon koo sandarbhit karati hain. divaaron key alawa, shahar kii raksha mein aksar meenaaren aur dwaar shamil hotey they.
chengqiang" shabd kaa arth haye.
shahar kii deewaar key liye sabse vishisht cheeni shabd "chengkiang" (shahar) haye, jiska upayog aadhunik cheeni bhasha mein dou arthon mein kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh motey taur parr chean kii mahaan deewaar sahit sabhi rakshaatmak divaaron koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, saath hii chean key baahar key kshetron mein samaan rakshaatmak sanrachanaon jaise kii hadrian kii deewaar koo bhee sandarbhit kartaa haye. vishesh roop seey chengqiang ack shahar yaa shahar key aspas nirmit rakshaatmak divaaron koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. haalaanki, shaastriya cheeni mein, charitra "cheng" (shahar) "aantarik shahar" kii rakshaatmak deewaar koo darshaata haye jisamen sarkari imaaraten theen. charitra "guo" (<unk>) "baahari shahar" kii rakshaatmak deewaar koo darshaata haye, jisamen mukhya roop seey awas hain. vakyansh changcheng (<unk>), shaabdik roop seey "lambi deewaar", mahaan deewaar koo sandarbhit kartaa haye.
bolchal kii bhasha mein "cheng" kaa arth divaaron aur shahar donon koo sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye taaki donon ack dusare key paryaay they. ack shahar binaa divaaron vaalaa shahar naheen thaa, chaahe vaha kitna bhee badaa kyon naa hoe.
itihas.
samrajyavad seey pahale.
shahar kii deewaar key aavishkaar kaa shreya ziya rajvansh key ardh-aitihaasik rishi bandook (<unk>) koo diyaa jaataa haye, joe mahaan yuu key pitaa they. paaramparik kathaa bataati haye kii bandook ney rajkumar kii raksha key liye aantarik deewaar aur logon koo basaane key liye baahari deewaar kaa nirmaan kiya. ack vaikalpik kathaa mein pahali shahar kii deewaar koo peele samrat key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye.
haal key varshon mein paryaapt bastiyon key aspas kaee navpashan divaaron kii khudai kii gaee haye. inmein ack liyangjhu sanskriti sthal parr ack deewaar, sanxingdui mein ack patthar kii deewaar aur longshan sanskriti sthal parr kaee nama mitty kii deevaaren shamil hain.
15veen shatabdi eesaa poorv mein shang rajvansh ney aeo key sthal key chaaron or badee divaaron kaa nirmaan kiya, jisaki chaudaai aadhar parr thee aur kuchh varg key kshetra koo gher liya thaa. jhaao raajya kii pracheen rajdhani, handan (386 eesaa poorv mein sthaapit) mein bhee isi tarah key aayamon kii deevaaren paaee gaeen, jisaki chaudaai aadhar parr, oonchaai mein aur lambai mein dou aaytaakaar kinaaron key saath thee.
mahatvapurna aakar kii adhikansh bastiyon mein jhau rajvansh key baad seey ack shahar kii deewaar thee. pingyao kii shahar kii deewaar kaa nirmaan pahali baar 827 eesaa poorv aur 782 eesaa poorv key beach zau key raajaa juan key shasankal key dauran kiya gayaa thaa. soojhou kii shahar kii divaaron ney baad mein 5 veen shatabdi eesaa poorv mein vu jixu dwara banaai gaee usee yojana key tahat anusaran kiya. aur 1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein unake vidhvans taka chalaa. shahar kii divaaron kii gherabandi (nausainik ladaaiyon key saath) koo yuddharat raajyon (5veen shatabdi eesaa poorv seey 3 veen shatabdi eesaa poorv) key kansya 'huu' jahaajon parr chitrit kiya gayaa thaa, jaise kii 1965 mein chean key chengdu, sichuan mein paae gaye they.
yuddharat raajyon key liye vasant aur sharad ritu mein nirmit divaaron key ack udaaharan mein kii kii mahaan deewaar shamil hoe sakati haye, jise vibhinn prakaar kii samagriyon aur nirmaan takneekon key saath banaaya gayaa thaa-jaise kii ack khand pattharon seey banaa thaa aur doosara khand kshatigrast prithvi seey banaa thaa.
haan rajvansh.
haan rajvansh changan kii deevaaren 189 eesaa poorv mein poori huin aur 25.5 kimmy kii paridhi koo cover kiya gayaa, jabaki luoyang kii baad kii purvi haan rajdhani 4.3 kimmy aur 3.7 kimmy maapi gaee.
woo bee.
purvi haan rajvansh key anta taka sthaaniya kuleen varg, kulon aur graminon ney chaukor kilon key roop mein adhik seemit rakshaatmak sanrachanaon kaa nirmaan kiya, jinhen "woo bee" (<unk>) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeye dooradraj key ilaakon mein banaae gaye they aur inmein vishesh roop seey oonchi deevaaren, koney vaale watch tower aur saamane aur peechhe key darwaaje they. stephen turnbull key anusaar, "woo bee" ack europeeya mahal kii avadharana key sabse karib haye joe cheeni itihas mein kabhi maujood rhaa haye.
1596 mein likhane vaale zaan vaine linshotan key anusaar, spasht roop seey cheeniyon key paas mahal yaa kille naheen they, balki raksha key liye kewal shahar kii deevaaren theenh
suee rajvansh.
suee rajvansh key tahat, changan kii rajdhani kaa naam badalkar daa jhingcheng curr diyaa gayaa aur isaki baahari deewaar kaa vistaar 35 kimmy kii paridhi koo cover karane key liye kiya gayaa.
taang rajvansh.
taang rajvansh key tahat, changan kii baahari divaaron kii rajdhani 9.72 kimmy poorv seey paschim taka 8.65 kimmy uttar seey dakshin taka maapi gaee.
jinn rajvansh.
jinn rajvansh key tahat jhongadu kii rajdhani kii deevaaren 24 kimmy kii paridhi koo cover karati theen aur 12 meater kii oonchaai taka pahunchati theen.
rachana.
samagri.
chean mein deewaar nirmaan kaa sabse purana roop ryamd arth kaa thaa. neenv key liye patthar key malabe kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. eenton kaa bhee upayog kiya jaataa thaa lekin way cumm aam theen. zau rajvansh seey, eenten edob seey bunny theen, jaba taka kii haan rajvansh, jaba beck kii gaee eenten aam hoe gaeen. yeh nishchit naheen haye kii shang aur jhau rajvanshon key dauran eenton key saamane kii deevaaren kitni aam theen. ziya (solah raajyon) key raajya mein, ziongnu engineer chigan allie ney shramikon koo deewaar nirmaan key liye eenten banaain, aur aggar ack hathauda prahaar unamen ack inch gahara avasaad banaa sakata haye, tou vaha jimmedaar karmchari koo maar dega. unhone deewaar koo kadaa karane key liye chawal key saath ubla huaa banaane key liye mitty kaa bhee upayog kiya thaa. jabaki cheeni shahar kii divaaron mein hamesha ack mitty kaa mool hotaa thaa, baahari mukh yaa tou choone key mortar mein rakhee gaee eenton key hoe sakate they, yaa patthar jahaan yeh aamtaur parr upalabdh thaa, jaise kii sichuan mein. 16veen shatabdi mein beijing shahar kii deewaar key neeche seaver network key nirmaan key liye bhee eenton kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. taili hui mitty key alawa, cheeni divaaron koo kabhi-kabhi lakadi seey majboot kiya jaataa thaa. shinziang mein haan kilon key ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii unamen brushwood aur poppler temped prithvi kii paraton key beach faile hue they.
ayam.
shang rajvansh key dauran 15veen shatabdi eesaa poorv key roop mein shahar kii divaaron key avashesh paae gaye hain, jinhone aadhar parr chaudaai key aayamon key saath aeo key sthal key chaaron or badee divaaron kaa nirmaan kiya aur kuchh varg key kshetra koo sanlagn kiya. jhaavo raajya kii pracheen rajdhani, handan (386 eesaa poorv mein sthaapit) mein bhee isi tarah key aayamon kii deevaaren paaee jaati hain, jisaki chaudaai aadhar parr, oonchaai mein aur lambai mein dou aaytaakaar kinaaron key saath hoti haye. changan kii poorv haan rajdhani mein, yang yangcheng dwara lagbhag 200 eesaa poorv mein nirmit shahar kii deewaar 15 meater lambi aur 12 meater chaudi thee. yeh 45 meater chaudi khaai dwara bhee sanrakshit thaa jisaki gaharaai 4.5 meater thee. yuan rajvansh key dauran, soojhou kii deevaaren 7 meater seey adhik lambi aur aadhar parr 11 meater motee aur sheersh parr 5 meater motee theen. ming rajvansh key dauran, praantiya aur praantiya rajdhani kii deevaaren aadhar parr aur sheersh parr motee theen. adhikansh cheeni deevaaren urdhvaadhar key bajaay dhalaan vaali theen. kabhi-kabhi divaaron koo ack aadhar yaa sahayak munch parr uthaaya jaataa thaa. deewaar key buggle mein hii ghadee tower aur gett tower lagey hue they, joe aamtaur parr dou yaa teen manjila lambe hotey they. 
deewaar kii eenten kshetriya vividhataon key aadhar parr kaee aayamon mein aatee theen. uttar mein, 30 semi x 23 semi x 15 semi sabse aam thaa, aur dakshin mein, 15 semi x 13 semi x 3 semi.
deerghakaalik ranneetik vichaaron kaa matlab thaa kii mahatvapurna shaharon kii divaaron ney aksar vikas key liye atirikt kshamata sunishchit karane aur yuddh key samay mein lakadi aur krishi bhoomi jaise sansadhanon koo surakshit karane key liye maujooda shahari kshetron kii tulanaa mein bahut badey kshetra koo gher liya. fujian mein kwanjhou kii shahar kii deewaar mein 1945 taka ack chauthai khaali bhoomi thee. chean yug key ganarajya dwara soojhou kii shahar kii deewaar abhee bhee krishi bhoomi key badey hisse koo gherati thee. ming rajvansh key dauran nirmit nanjing shahar kii deewaar ney aadhunik samay mein ack havaai adde, baans key jangalon aur jheelon key liye paryaapt kshetra koo gher liya.
dwaar.
divaaron key saath-saath darvaajon koo samamit roop seey rakhaa gayaa thaa. mukhya dwaar paaramparik roop seey dakshin deewaar key kendra mein sthit thaa. gatehouse aam taur parr lakadi aur eent seey baney hotey they, joe deewaar key ack uthaaye gaye aur vistaarit hisse key oopar baithe they, joe kii cranalated yuddhpoton seey ghire hue they. gatehouse key neeche ack surang thee, jisamen kaee dhaatu key darwaaje aur lakadi key darwaaje they. chhipi hui rakshaatmak sthiti koo surang key saath rakhaa jaataa haye (hatyaa key chhed key samaan prabhaav mein). gatehouse taka ramp dwara pahuncha jaataa thaa, jise horse ramp yaa briddle paath kahaa jaataa thaa, (), joe gett seey satey deewaar key khilaf baithata thaa.
barbican.
ack "tirandaji meenar" koo aksar mukhya dwaar key saamane rakhaa jaataa thaa, jisase ack barbican () banata thaa. ming aur king rajvanshon key dauran apane antim roop mein, tirandaji meenar ack vistrit nirmaan thaa, joe mukhya dwaar key barabar oonchaai kaa thaa, joe mukhya dwaar key saamane kuchh doori parr khadaa haye. isake aadhar parr ack dwaar thaa. tirandaji meenar kaa naam tirandaji (aur baad mein tope) kii apani panktiyon key sthaan key kaaran rakhaa gayaa haye, jisase rakshak hamlaavaron parr prakshepya daag sakate they. sahayak deevaaren, mukhya deewaar key lambavat chalati hain, tirandaji meenar koo mukhya dwaar seey jodati hain, joe ack aaytaakaar kshetra koo gherati hain. yeh kshetra ack buffer zone key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, yadi pahale gett kaa ullanghan kiya jaae. iska cheeni naam, "jaar wall", usa ichchit ranneeti koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jisake tahat tirandaji tower key madhyam seey aaney vaale hamlawar barbican mein funce jaate hain, joe sabhi taraf seey hamale key liye khule hotey hain.
badey dwaaron mein kaee barbican hoe sakate hain-nanjing (chean kaa dwaar, nanjing) key mukhya dwaar mein teen barbican they, joe chean mein abhee bhee astitva mein sabse vistrit pranali banaate hain.
meenaaren.
deewaar seey nikalane vaale meenar niyamit antaral parr deewaar key saath sthit they. badey aur vistrit meenar, jinhen koney key meenar (<unk>, "geolu") kahaa jaataa haye, koo rakhaa gayaa thaa jahan dou deevaaren juda gaeen (i.ee. konon mein). yeye deewaar kii tulanaa mein kaafee oonche they, aur rakshakon koo shahar aur usake aspas donon parr ack pakshi kaa drishya diyaa.
khaai.
badey shaharon mein, ack khaai deewaar koo gher letee haye. ise shahar aur baahar donon mein naharon yaa nadiyon seey jodaa jaa sakata haye, iss prakaar ack raksha aur ack suvidhajanak parivahan maarg donon pradaan kiya jaa sakata haye. nikatvarti jalmaargon koo khaai seey jodane key liye apanaaya jaa sakata haye yaa badala jaa sakata haye.
topkhaane key khilaf prabhavsheelta.
jabaki chean barud kaa janmasthan thaa, vahaan bandooken apekshaakrit chhoti aur halki raheen, jinka vajan badey key liye 80 kilogram yaa usase cumm thaa, aur praarambhik ming yug key dauran chhote key liye kewal kuchh kilogram thaa. bandooken khud poore chean mein fail gaee theen aur gherabandi key dauran ack aam drishya bunn gaee theen, isaliye sawal yeh haye kii chean mein pahali baar badee bandooken kyon vikasit naheen kii gaeen. tonio andrade key anusaar, yeh dhaatu vigyaan kaa mamla naheen thaa, joe chean mein parishkrit thaa, aur ming rajvansh ney 1370 key dashak mein badee bandookon kaa nirmaan kiya, lekin baad mein kabhi bhee iska paalan naheen kiya. naa hii yeh yuddh kii kamee thee, jise anya itihaskaron ney mamla honey kaa sujhaav diyaa haye, lekin yeh jaanch key liye khadaa naheen hotaa haye kyonki deevaaren yuddh kaa ack nirantar kaarak theen joe beesavin shatabdi mein pracheen kaal seey kaee cheeni senaaon key raaste mein khadee theen. iska jawab aur vyaapaar kewal yeh haye kii cheeni deevaaren bambari key liye bahut cumm samvedansheel theen. andrade kaa tark haye kii paaramparik cheeni divaaron koo madhyayugeen europeeya divaaron seey alag tareeke seey banaaya gayaa thaa, jisase way tope kii aag key liye adhik pratirodhi bunn gaye they.
cheeni deevaaren madhyayugeen europeeya divaaron seey badee theen. beesavin shatabdi key madhya mein kilebandi mein ack europeeya visheshagya ney unaki vishaalata parr tippani keeh "chean mein... pramukh shahar aaj taka divaaron seey itane badey, oonche aur durjeya hain kii europe key madhyayugeen kille kii tulanaa mein way bahut hii kharaab hain."cheeni deevaaren motee theen. ming praantiya aur praantiya rajdhani kii deevaaren aadhar parr aur sheersh parr motee theen.
europe mein deewaar nirmaan kii oonchaai roman samrajya key tahat pahunch gaee thee, jisaki deevaaren aksar oonchaai taka pahunchati theen, joe kaee cheeni shahar kii divaaron key samaan thee, lekin kewal motee thee. rome kii servian deevaaren motai aur oonchaai mein pahunch gaeen. anya kille bhee samrajya mein inn vinirdeshon taka pahunch gaye, lekin yeye sabhi samkaaleen cheeni divaaron kii tulanaa mein cumm hoe gaye, joe charam mamalon mein aadhar parr ack motai taka pahunch sakate they. yahaan taka kii sthir logon kii deevaaren bhee jinhen "sabhya duniya mein raksha kii sabse prasiddh aur jatil pranali" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, ack pramukh cheeni shahar kii deewaar seey mell naheen khaa sakee. yadi sthiraank kii baahari aur aantarik donon divaaron koo jodaa jaataa, tou way chean mein ack pramukh deewaar kii chaudaai key lagbhag ack tihai seey thodaa adhik taka hii pahunch jaate. philo key anusaar topkhaane kaa saamana karane mein saksham honey key liye deewaar kii chaudaai motee honey chaahiye thee. 1200 aur 1300 key dashak kii europeeya deevaaren roman samkaksh taka pahunch sakati theen, lekin shayed hii kabhi lambai, chaudaai aur oonchaai mein unase adhik hoti theen, joe lagbhag motee rahati theen. yeh dhyaan rakhna upayukt haye kii madhyayugeen europe mein ack bahut motee deewaar kaa ullekh karate samay, aamtaur parr iska matlab chaudaai kii deewaar haye, jise cheeni sandarbh mein patali maanaa jaataa haye. kuchh apavaad hain jaise kii otgenhausen kaa pahaadi kilaa, kuchh hisson mein ack motee celtic ringfort, lekin praarambhik madhyayugeen kaal mein celtic kille key nirmaan kii prathaaen samaapt hoe gaeen. andrade ney dhyaan diyaa kii chang 'aine key "bazar" kii deevaaren pramukh europeeya rajdhaniyon kii divaaron kii tulanaa mein motee theen.
apane vishal aakar key alawa, cheeni deevaaren bhee madhyayugeen europe mein nirmit divaaron seey sanrachanaatmak roop seey alag theen. madhyayugeen europeeya divaaron kaa nirmaan jyaadaatar patthar seey kiya gayaa thaa, joe bajari yaa malabe seey bharaa huaa thaa aur choona patthar key mortar seey bandha huaa thaa. cheeni divaaron mein sansadhanon kii upalabdhata aur samay avadhi key aadhar parr vibhinn prakaar kii samagriyon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa-pattharon seey laker eenton seey laker mitty taka. 
kabhi-kabhi, ack hii deewaar key vibhinn khandon mein vibhinn samagriyon aur nirmaan takneekon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa-jaise kii ack khand pattharon seey banaa thaa aur doosara khand kshatigrast mitty seey banaa thaa. madhyayugeen kaal taka, cheeni deevaaren, jisamen mitty key core they, topkhaane kii goliyon kii oorjaa koo avashoshit curr letee theen, aam theen. kshatigrast prithvi kii divaaron ney khanan dwara ghuspaith koo rokane mein bhee madad kii kyonki kewal sthaaniya khand hii dhwast hoe jaate they. divaaron kaa nirmaan lakadi key dhaanche kaa upayog karke kiya gayaa thaa joe mitty kii paraton seey bharey hue they aur ack baar jaba yeh puuraa hoe gayaa tou agali deewaar khand mein upayog key liye dhaanche koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. kuchh nishchit samay key dauran jaise kii geet rajvansh aur baad mein, kataav koo rokane key liye eenton yaa patthar kii ack baahari parat seey mitty kii divaaron koo dhakaa gayaa thaa, aur mishran key dauran, mitty key kaam patthar aur malabe key saath bikhare hue they. adhikansh cheeni deevaaren bhee dhalaan vaali theen, joe urdhvaadhar key bajaay prakshepya oorjaa koo behtar tareeke seey vikshepit karati theen.
cheeni deewaar siddhant anivarya roop seey ack laagat laabh parikalpana parr adharit haye, jahaan ming ney sanrachanaatmak kshati key liye apani divaaron kii atyadhik pratirodhi prakriti koo pahachaana, aur usa samay unake liye upalabdh bandookon key kissy bhee kifayati vikas kii kalpana naheen curr sakate they joe ukt divaaron koo todane mein saksham hoe. 1490 key dashak key anta taka ack florentine rajanyik ney francisi daave koo hasyaspad maanaa kii "unaki topkhaane kii motai aathh feat kii deewaar mein ack ullanghan banaane mein saksham haye" aur francisi "swabhaav seey bahadur"."vaastav mein" beesavin shatabdi key visfotak gole mein mitty kii tanga divaaron mein daraar paida karane mein kuchh kathinaaee thee.
andrade sawal karate hain kii kyaa europeeya logon ney pahale sthaan parr badey topkhaane key tukade vikasit kiye hotey yadi way adhik durjeya cheeni shally kii divaaron kaa saamana karate, iss nishkarsh parr aatey hain kii apane praathamik uddeshya koo puuraa karane mein asamarth hathiyaron mein iss tarah key atyadhik nivesh aadarsh naheen hotey.
shahar kii maujooda deevaaren.
chean kii antim shaahi rajdhani, beijing kii shahar kii deevaaren 1950 key dashak mein kaafee hudd taka poorna roop seey jeevit raheen. lekin varjit shahar key alawa, jisaki deevaaren achchi tarah seey sanrakshit hain, ming rajvansh kii shahar kii divaaron koo dashakon mein thoke vidhvans kaa saamana karna padaa haye. kewal bache hue khandon mein kianmen kaa gett aur teer tower, dessengmen kaa teer tower, deewaar kaa ack khand aur dakshin-poorv koney kaa tower joe ming shahar kii deewaar avashesh park mein sanrakshit haye, aur jibianmen koney kaa tower shamil hain. yongdingmen gett kaa 2005 mein punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa.
anya pramukh aitihaasik shaharon kii divaaron mein seey, nanjing, zian aur caffeng kii deevaaren apane sanrakshan kii sthiti key liye ullekhaniya hain. nanjing aur zian kii deevaaren vyaapak qing rajvansh aur aadhunik punarsthapana key saath mool ming rajvansh hain, jabaki aaj dikhaai dene vaali caffeng kii deewaar kaafee hudd taka qing rajvansh kii bahaali kaa parinam haye.
kuchh chhote shaharon aur kasbon kii deevaaren kamobesh barkarar hain. inmein shanxi mein pingyao kii deevaaren, yunnan mein daali, hubei mein jingjhou aur liaoning mein jingcheng shamil hain. chhote sainya-rakshak kasbon yaa kilebandi mein chongking key paas dioyu, beijing mein marco polo pull key paas wanping county kilebandi, shanhai darre kaa sainya-rakshak shahar, taiyuan mein jinyuan jilaa, jhangjiyakou mein wankwan jilaa, yongtai kachhua shahar, hebei mein gwangfu pracheen shahar, gwangdong mein jhaoking aur huludao, liaoning mein kiansu shamil hain.
aaj kaee anya shaharon mein alag-alag avashesh aur kuchh aadhunik manoranjan dekhe jaa sakate hain. henan mein luoyang kii deevaaren bhaari ksharan avasheshon key roop mein jeevit hain. henan mein shangkiyu kii bachee hui deevaaren, jabaki vyaapak hain, samay key saath bahut kharaab hoe gaee hain. kyufu mein confucian parisar kii raksha karane vaali shahar kii divaaron key kewal chhote hisse pramanik hain, baaki 1978 mein dhwast curr diye gaye they aur haal key varshon mein punarnirmit kiye gaye they. haingjhou aur soojhou (vishesh roop seey panman gett) key kuchh alag-alag dwaar yaa tou butch gaye hain yaa phir unakaa punarnirmaan kiya gayaa haye. hebei mein jhengding key faatakon key paryaapt avashesh butch gaye hain lekin divaaron koo kaafee hudd taka unake mitty key mool mein hataa diyaa gayaa haye. shanghai kii shahar kii deewaar kaa ack chhota saa hissa aaj dikhaai detaa haye.
yahaan akshunna shahar kii divaaron vaale shaharon kii poori soochi dee gaee haih

