
emmanuel dee. molinox havelet

emmanuel dee. molinox havelet (15 navambar, 1850-19 sitambar, 1929) ack americi vakeel, nyayadhish aur nagrik adhikaar karyakarta they. way 1883 mein sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya key baar mein bharti honey vaale pahale african amerikiyon mein seey they, aur sarvocch nyayalaya key samaksh mamalon parr bahas karane vaale pahale logon mein seey they. unhone 1890 seey 1906 taka washington, dee. see. mein shaanti key nyaay key roop mein kaary kiya.
praarambhik jeevan.
parivarik prishthabhoomi.
havelet kaa janm brooklin, newyork mein 15 navambar, 1850 koo huaa thaa, joe aaron molinox havelet (see. 1821-6 disambar, 1871) aur virginia josephine molinox havelet (nee luis, see. 1821-1882). unaki dou bahanen theen, virginia lind aur aronella, aur dou bhaai, aaron aur paul, ack shekspeare abhineta jinhone "paul molinox" naam seey abhinay kiya."
aaron aur virginia havelet unnisvin shatabdi key bhautik sanskriti andolan kaa hissa they. 1854 mein aaron havelet, joe pahale ack naaee aur kulee key roop mein kaam curr chuke they, ney brooklin mein molinox house naamak ack mukkebaji school khola. agale varsh parivaar versester, massachusets chalaa gayaa, jahan unhone ack lokpriya vyayamshala kholi. iss kadam key kaaran unhein 1859 mein harvard college key nae vyayamshala key pahale nideshak key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa, jahan unhone chaudah varshon taka kaam kiya, gymnastic, baseball, naukaayan aur mukkebaji, khel teams koo coaching dene aur zim key upkaranon kaa prabandhan karane mein prashikshak key roop mein kaary kiya. virginia havelet ack gymnastic prashikshak theen joe mahilaaon key liye pathyakram aayojit karati theen. harvard mein aaron key kaam key alawa way ack saath cambridge mein ack vyayamshala chalaate they.
aaron havelet massachusets mein african amerikiyon key liye nagrik adhikaaron kii ladaai mein sakriya they, saarvajanik sthaanon parr avaidh bhedbhaav koo chunauti dete they aur bhedbhavpurna sansthanon key vikalpon kaa samarthan karate they. aprail 1866 mein, jaba unhein aur unaki ack betty koo boston theatre key karmchaariyon dwara balkani mein baithane key liye majboor kiya gayaa, bhale hii unhone lakadi key bartan mein seeton key liye tikat khareede they, tou unhone massachusets key bhedbhaav-virodhi kaanoon mein badalaav key liye yachika daayar kii, iss aadhar parr kii vartamaan kaanoon spasht roop seey kaam naheen curr rhaa thaa. dou saal baad vaha bees logon key ack samooh kaa hissa they jinhone gairkaanooni bhedbhaav key aadhar parr cambridge skating rink kaa licenses radd karane kii yachika daayar kii thee. 1868 mein bhee, vaha ack aise samooh kaa hissa they jisane cambridge laind aind building association koo shamil kiya, joe african amerikiyon key liye rinn pradaan karane key liye banaaya gayaa ack sangathan thaa, joe shwet-sanchaalit bainkon seey seva praapt naheen curr sakate they.
shiksha.
havelet ney cambridge public schools mein padhaai kii aur cambridge hyee school seey snaatak kiya. isake baad unhone boston vishvavidyalaya key school off low mein adhyayan kiya aur 1877 mein isake pahale ashwet snaatak baney.
kanuni carrier.
havelet ney 1877 seey 1880 taka boston mein kaanoon kaa abhyaas kiya, phir washington, dee. see. chaley gaye. 1883 mein unhein united states court off claim aur united states supreme court baar mein bharti karaaya gayaa thaa.
1890 mein havelet koo rashtrapati benjamin harrison dwara kolambiya jile key liye shaanti kaa nyaay niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. unhein kull solah varshon kii seva key liye rashtrapati cleveland, mckinley aur theodor roozvelt dwara phir seey niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. shaanti key nyayadhishon ney ack "garib aadami kii adalat" kii adhyakshata kii, jiska adhikaar kshetra sivil mamalon taka seemit thaa jisamen $300.00 seey cumm shamil they. phir bhee, ise ack ashwet vakeel key liye ack pratishthit niyukti maanaa jaataa thaa. 1906 mein, jaba shaanti key nyayadhishon kii sankhya duss seey ghataakar chhah curr dee gaee thee, tou havelet koo rashtrapati roozvelt dwara phir seey niyukt naheen kiya gayaa thaa. african americi press mein kuchh logon ney tark diyaa kii yeh uchchatam star parr ack raajneetik nirnay thaa, jisamen rashtriya ashwet netaa booker tii. washington key shaanti key anya ashwet nyaay, robbert terrell key paksh mein.
sarvocch nyayalaya kii gatividhiyaan.
sarvocch nyayalaya key baar key sadasya key roop mein, havelet vakeel yaa saha-salaahkaar key roop mein duss mamalon mein shamil they, joe aksar ashwet dakshini prativaadiyon kii or seey daayar apeelon mein shamil hotey they. unhone baar mein pravesh key liye cumm seey cumm dou anya african americi vakeelon kii sifarish kii, noa doubleu. 1906 mein tenacy key paadari aur shelby jey. 1912 mein kentucky key davidson.
havelet jinn mamalon seey judey they, unamen seey kaee mamle sarvocch nyayalaya dwara samvidhaan mein punarnirmaan sanshodhanon kii vyaapak vyakhya hassil karane key prayaas they, jisamen yeh tark diyaa gayaa thaa kii ashwet prativaadiyon key nagrik adhikaaron, vishesh roop seey kaanoon key tahat samaan suraksha key adhikaar kaa ullanghan kiya gayaa thaa. charley smith vee. mississippi kii sthiti "162 yuu.aiss. 592 (1896) aur johnn jee. gibson vee. mississippi kii sthiti "162 yuu.aiss. 565 (1896), havelet ney vakeel cornelius jey. key saath kaam kiya. johns kaa tark haye kii doshi hatyaron smith aur gibson koo unake sathiyon key juurii seey incar curr diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki juurii koo matadaata soochi kaa upayog karke soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa jisamen ashwet nagrikon koo baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa. donon mamalon koo nyayalaya dwara adhikaar kshetra kii kamee key karanon seey khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa; kanuni vidwan aar. volney riser ney nott kiya kii yeh mississippi adalaton kii preranaon kii vyakhya karane key liye paryaapt saboot pradaan karane mein johns kii viphalata seey upaji hoe sakati haye. brownfield vee mein. uttari carolina "189 yuu.aiss. 426 (1903), havelet ney vakeelon jey. key saath kaam kiya.ell. michel aur doubleu.jey. ack aise mamle mein joe isi tarah kii daleelen detaa haye, phir seey iss aadhar parr hatyaa kii sajaa koo palatane kii maang kartaa haye kii kaale juurii sadasyon koo unaki nasl yaa rung key kaaran baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa. iss mamle mein, adalat ney nishkarsh nikala kii havelet aur unake sahayogi yeh saabit karane mein whiffle rahey they kii ashweton koo kaanoon key prashaasan dwara jaanboojhkar juurii seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa.
carter vee. texas "177 yuu.aiss. 442 (1900), jisamen havelet ney vakeel wilford aich key saath saha-salaahkaar key roop mein kaary kiya. smith, yeh ranneeti kuchh hudd taka safal rahee. smith ney tark diyaa kii hatyaa key liye sethh carter key abhiyog koo radd curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye kyonki texas key galveston matdaataon mein ashweton key ack chauthai honey key bavjood, ise prastut karane vaali grand juurii mein baithane key liye kissy ashwet koo naheen chunaa gayaa thaa. ise iss vichaar key liye ack jeet key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee haye kii ashwet prativaadiyon koo ack juurii kaa adhikaar thaa jisamen unake ashwet saathi shamil they, jisase smith sarvocch nyayalaya key samaksh safaltapurvak ack mamle parr bahas karane vaale pahale african americi vakeel bunn gaye; haalaanki, adalat kaa nirnay prakriya parr kendrit thaa, vishesh roop seey iss tathya parr kii carter koo kabhi bhee grand juurii (joe unake khilaf aarop daayar kiye jaane seey pahale soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa) kii sanrachana parr apatti karane kaa mauka naheen diyaa gayaa thaa, texas kaanoon kaa ullanghan karate hue.
aid johnson mamle mein, jisamen havelet ney noa warden key saha-salaahkaar key roop mein kaam kiya, warden ney samaan suraksha key aadhar parr tark diyaa kii aid johnson key mukadame, jinhen balatkar key liye doshi thaharaae jaane key baad maut kii sajaa kaa saamana karna padaa, ney johnson key samvaidhaanik adhikaaron kaa ullanghan kiya thaa, jisamen juurii seey ashweton koo baahar karna bhee shamil thaa. parden nyaayamurti johnn marshel harlen koo taba taka johnson kii fansi parr roque lagaane key liye manaane mein safal rahey jaba taka kii mamle parr poorna adalat key samaksh bahas naheen kii jaa sakati, lekin isaki kabhi sunavaai naheen hui kyonki johnson koo chattanooga, tenacy kii jail seey leey jaaya gayaa thaa aur unaki peat-peetkar hatyaa curr dee gaee thee. havelet ney "sanyukt raajya america banaam" mein bhaag naheen liya. ship "203 yuu.aiss. 563 (1906), vaha mamla joe sanghiya pradhikaran key iss nirsan key parinamswarup huaa.
kanuni sakriyata.
havelet ney ack vakeel key roop mein apane kaam mein naslavaad aur bhedbhaav kii anya abhivyaktiyon key khilaf bhee ladaai ladee. unhone apani or seey aur african americi grahakon key liye saarvajanik awas taka pahunch seey incar koo chunauti dete hue kaee mamle daayar kiye. 1884 mein, unhone washington pulis adalat mein ack steamboat clerk parr mukadama daayar kiya, jaba clerk ney unhein vaha bhojan dene seey incar curr diyaa, jisake liye way apane tikat key hakdar they. mamle koo khariz curr diyaa gayaa, nyayadhish ney samajhaaya kii havelet takniki roop seey sahee thaa, lekin sarkaar ney samaan pahunch koo lagu karane key mudde koo banaae naheen rakhaa thaa. 1889 mein, havelet ney george ell kaa pratinidhitva kiya. prior, virginia key norphoke key ack ashwet vakeel, washington mein harris key bijou theatre mein dwarpal key khilaf ack mukadame mein, joe theatre key peechhe prior aur ack saathi key saath baithe they, bajaay una seeton key joe unhone kharidi theen, aur 1900 mein way doubleu mein saha-paramarshdata they.tii. grand opera house key prabandhan key khilaf fergueson kaa mamla.
anya ashwet washingtonwasiyon key saath, havelet ney adalaton kaa upayog una baar aur restaraan key khilaf ladane key liye kiya joe 1872 aur 1873 key samaan seva adhiniyamon kaa ullanghan curr rahey they, sthaaniya dc kaanoon joe baar aur restaraan mein nasleeya bhedbhaav koo pratibandhit karate they, ashwet grahakon kii seva karane seey incar karke yaa unhein nazarandaj karane yaa unase adhik shulk lene jaisi ranneeti key madhyam seey unhein bhagaane kii koshish curr rahey they. 1887 mein, unhone lokpriya restaraan harvey key seep ghar key khilaf seva seey incar karane key liye shikayat darj karaai. harvey parr $100 kaa jurmana lagaaya gayaa thaa lekin appeal kii gaee, aur antatah mamla hataa diyaa gayaa. unhone 1907 mein kolambiya city holl key prabhaari sanghiya marshel koo sachet karke seva seey incar key khilaf bhee peechhe hutt gaye kii imarat mein ack dopahar key bhojan key kamare ney unhein aur ack ashwet sahayogi koo parosane seey incar curr diyaa thaa. halanki marshel, jisane lunch room operator koo jagah kaa muft upayog karane kaa mauka diyaa thaa, ney usey soochit kiya kii bhedbhaav avaidh thaa, usane iss aadhar parr restaraan koo bund curr diyaa kii usake gorey sanrakshak ashweton key saath ack suvidha saajha naheen karenge.
ack anya mudda jisake saath havelet kii sagaai hui thee, vaha antarjaatiya vivaah thaa. 1890 mein unhone "tuty banaam" key mamalon mein vakeel key roop mein kaary kiya. georgia raajya "aur" ward v. georgia raajya, "joe charles tuty, ack gorey aadami aur rossa ward tuty, ack ashwet mahila kii shaadi seey upaji thee. unaki shaadi washington, dee. see. mein hui thee, lekin jaba way georgia mein apane ghar laute, jahaan antarjaatiya vivaah avaidh thaa, tou unhein giraftar curr liya gayaa aur vyabhichaar kaa doshi thaharaaya gayaa. appeal parr, sawal yeh thaa kii kyaa way vyabhichaar curr rahey they kyonki way kanuni roop seey shaadi naheen curr sakate they (abhiyojan paksh kaa tark), yaa aisaa karane mein asamarth they kyonki way vivaahit they (havelet aur unake saha-salaahkaar nyayadhish parker jorden kaa tark). donon hii mamalon mein doshi thaharaae gaye faisale koo barkarar rakhaa gayaa. havelet ney shaanti key nyaay key roop mein apani bhoomika mein bhee iss mudde koo sambodhit kiya. 1902 mein, unhone baltimore seey julia johnson aur george willson kii shaadi mein kaary kiya, joe washington aae aur unaki adalat mein shaadi curr lii kyonki unake grih raajya maryland ney antarjaatiya vivaah parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa.
1915 mein, havelet cornelius jey dwara daayar ack varg-kaarravaai kshatipurti mamle mein shamil they. poorv daason key ack samooh kii or seey johns ney 1859 aur 1868 key beach daas shram kaa upayog karke utpaadit kapas parr 68 million dollar key curr key swaamitva kaa daavaa kiya. johns aur mamla 1915 key anta mein sanyukt raajya america key koshagar vibhaag aur dakghar seey utpeedan kaa lakshya bunn gayaa. navambar mein, havelet ney saarvajanik roop seey ghoshana kii kii vaha "mukadame mein koee yogyata naheen dekhate hain" aur mamle seey peechhe hutt rahey they.
nagrik gatividhiyaan aur sakriyata.
ack vakeel aur nyayadhish key roop mein apane kaam key alawa, havelet achal sampatti aur beema vyavsaayon kii ack shrinkhala kaa hissa they, jisamen alfa low, achal sampatti aur sangrah company (1892), dugglus jeevan beema company (1901) aur havett, horner, wats aind company shamil hain., ack achal sampatti firm (1906). aisee farmon ney ashwet samudaay koo saarvajanik seva pradaan kii. shwet-sanchaalit companiyaan aksar achal sampatti lenden karane yaa ashwet grahakon koo beema bechane key liye taiyar naheen theen, jinhen way swabhavik roop seey kharaab jokhim maanate they, isaliye inn udyamon ney ack aavashyak vikalp pradaan kiya.
way nagrik adhikaar samoohon seey sambandhit they joe terahavin, chaudahavin aur pandrahavin sanshodhanon key pravartan kaa samarthan karane aur bhedbhaav, algaav aur zim kauve kii kanuni pranali aur linching key khilaf ladane key liye beesavin shatabdi key anta mein ubhare. unhone aksar kanuni salaahkaar key roop mein kaary kiya. 1898 mein, way rashtriya nasleeya suraksha sangh aur african-americi parishad key sansthaapak sadasya they. 1910 aur 1920 key dashak key dauran way rashtriya samaan adhikaar sangh mein sakriya roop seey shamil they, aur pratham vishva yuddh key dauran unhone african americi sainikon key saath durvyavahar key khilaf washington, dee. see. mein virodh pradarshanon mein bhaag liya.
vyaktigat jeevan.
havelet jeevan mein dair taka kunwara rhaa aur usaki koee santan naheen thee. 1900 taka way elizabeth pee key ghar mein ack seema-rakshak key roop mein reh rahey they. brook, ack vidhwa; havelet aur brook kii shaadi 14 agast, 1920 koo hui thee. 1890 mein, unaki bahan virginia havelet dugglus (jinake sasur fredrick dugglus they) kii mrityu key baad, way virginia aur fredrick dugglus junier key dou nabalig bachchon, charles paul dugglus aur robbert smulls dugglus key sanrakshak bunn gaye.
elizabeth havelet kii mrityu julaai 1926 mein 77 varsh kii ayu mein hui. emmanuel havelet kii mrityu 19 sitambar, 1929 koo hui aur unhein washington, dee. see. mein kolambiyai sadbhaav kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa.

