dvidaliya abhiyaan sudhaar adhiniyam

2002 kaa dvidaliya abhiyaan sudhaar adhiniyam (,), jise aamtaur parr mccain-feingold adhiniyam yaa bee. see. aar. aeye. () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ack sanyukt raajya sanghiya kaanoon haye jisane 1971 key sanghiya chunaav abhiyaan adhiniyam mein sanshodhan kiya, joe raajneetik abhiyaanon key vittaposhan koo niyantrit kartaa haye. isake mukhya praayojak senator russ feingold (dee-vee) aur johnn mccain (aar-aiz) they. kaanoon 6 navambar 2002 koo prabhaavi huaa aur naee kanuni seemaaen 1 janwari 2003 koo prabhaavi huin.
jaisa kii "maconnell vee. mein ullekh kiya gayaa haye. aff. ee. see., "bee. see. aar. aeye. parr ack sanyukt raajya sarvocch nyayalaya kaa faisala, adhiniyam koo dou muddon koo sambodhit karane key liye banaaya gayaa thaah
haalaanki iss kaanoon koo "mccain-feingold" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, senate sanskaran vaha vidheyak naheen haye joe kaanoon bunn gayaa. isake bajaay, saathi kaanoon, aich.aar. 2356-pratinidhi dwara pesh kiya gayaa. criss shaze (aar-tii), vaha sanskaran haye joe kaanoon bunn gayaa. shaze-meehan koo mool roop seey aich key roop mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa.aar. 380.
bill kaa itihas.
watergate key baad, congress ney 1974 key sanghiya chunaav abhiyaan adhiniyam sanshodhanon koo paarit kiya, jisane abhiyaanon mein yogdan parr naee seemaaen lagaa deen. chaar saal baad, aff. ee. see. ney faisala sunaaya kii daandaata raajneetik dalon koo aseemit dhana daan curr sakate hain (lekin swayam ummidvaaron koo naheen) yadi party usa dhana kaa upayog matadaata panjikaran abhiyaan jaisi "party nirmaan gatividhiyon" key liye karati haye, lekin seedhe ummidvaaron kaa samarthan karane key liye naheen. gantantra aur loktaantrik donon dalon ney phir bhee apane ummidvaaron kaa samarthan karane key liye iss paise kaa upayog kiya, aur dalon koo daan kiye gaye paise koo soft munny key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. 1992 mein, rashtrapati george aich. doubleu. busch ney loktaantrik congress dwara paarit ack vidheyak parr veeto curr diyaa, joe anya cheejon key alawa, naram dhana key upayog koo pratibandhit kartaa. rashtrapati clinton ney isi tarah key bill key liye jore diyaa, lekin donon sadanon koo ack bill parr sahmat honey mein asamarth they.
1995 mein, senator johnn mccain (aar-aiz) aur russ feingold (dee-vee) ney sanyukt roop seey abhiyaan vitt sudhaar key liye ack opp-aid prakaashit kiya, aur apane swayam key bill parr kaam karna shuru kiya. 1998 mein, senate ney vidheyak parr matdan kiya, lekin yeh vidheyak ack philibuster koo haraane key liye 60 maton kii seema koo puuraa karane mein whiffle rhaa. sabhi 45 senate democrate aur 6 senate ganrajyon ney thakke key ahwan key liye matdan kiya, lekin shesh 49 ganrajyon ney thakke key ahwan key khilaf matdan kiya. isane 105veen congress key shesh key liye vidheyak koo prabhaavi roop seey maar daala.
rashtrapati key liye mccain key 2000 key abhiyaan aur ghotalon kii ack shrinkhala (enron ghotale sahit) ney 2001 mein abhiyaan vitt key mudde koo saarvajanik chetna key saamane laaya. mccain aur feingold ney senate mein vidheyak koo aage badhaaya, jabaki criss shaze (aar-tii) aur shaheed meehan (dee-aim) ney sadan mein vidheyak koo paarit karane key prayaas kaa netritva kiya. 1980 key dashak key baad seey nirvahan yachika key dusare safal upayog mein, loktantravadiyon aur ganarajyiyon key mishran ney speaker dennis hastert kii avahelana kii aur ack abhiyaan vitt sudhaar vidheyak paarit kiya. sadan ney 240-189 vote key saath vidheyak koo manjuri dee, jisase vidheyak koo senate koo bheja gayaa. bill ney senate koo ack 60-40 vote mein paarit kiya, joe philibuster koo door karane key liye aavashyak nyuntam thaa. bill parr congress kii ladaai key dauran, rashtrapati busch ney ack majboot sthiti lene seey incar curr diyaa, lekin gair-naitik ney march 2002 mein bill koo kaanoon mein hastaaksharit curr diyaa, jaba isane congress key donon sadanon koo manjuri dey dee.
kanuni vivaad.
kaanoon key praavdhaanon koo tatkalin-senate bahumat whip mitch maconnell key netritva mein vaadi key ack samooh dwara asamvaidhaanik key roop mein chunauti dee gaee thee, joe lambe samay seey vidheyak key virodhi they. rashtrapati busch ney vigyaapan mudde parr vyaapak pratibandh kii samvaidhaaniktaa key baare mein apattiyon key bavjood kaanoon parr hastakshar kiye."unhone ummeed jataai kii sarvocch nyayalaya apane kuchh pramukh praavdhaanon koo palat dega. lekin, disambar 2003 mein, sarvocch nyayalaya ney "maconnell banaam" mein adhikansh kaanoon koo barkarar rakhaa. aff. ee. see."
baad mein, raajneetik dalon aur "nigrani" sangathanon ney tathaakathit "527 sangathanon" dwara naram dhana jutaane aur kharch karane key baare mein aff. ee. see. key saath shikaayaten daayar kii hain-sangathan joe aantarik rajaswa sanhita () kii dhaara 527 key tahat "raajneetik sangathanon" key roop mein curr-chhoot kaa daavaa karate hain, lekin sanghiya chunaav abhiyaan adhiniyam key tahat "raajneetik samitiyon" key roop mein panjikaran naheen karate hain, joe ack alag kanuni paribhasha kaa upayog kartaa haye. inn sangathanon koo raajneetik galiyare key donon taraf sthaapit kiya gayaa haye, aur isamen media fund aur sachchai key liye swift boat diggajon jaise uchch-profile sangathan shamil hain. 527 koo badey hisse mein ameer vyaktiyon, shramik sanghon aur vyavsaayon dwara vittaposhit kiya jaataa haye. 527s poorv-dinaankit mccain-feingold lekin kaanoon key prabhaav mein aaney key baad lokpriyata mein vriddhi hui. maee 2004 mein, aff. ee. see. ney 527 sangathanon koo sanghiya abhiyaan vitt kaanoonon key anuprayog parr nae niyam naheen likhane key liye matdan kiya. halanki aff. ee. see. ney 2004 key anta mein ack nayaa niyam jaari kiya jisamen sanghiya abhiyaanon mein bhaag lene vaale kuchh 527 logon koo apane kharchon kaa bhugtan karane key liye cumm seey cumm 50 pratishat "kathin dhana" (sanghiya chunaav abhiyaan adhiniyam dwara viniyamit yogdan) kaa upayog karane kii aavashyakta thee, aff. ee. see. ney apane niyamon mein badalaav naheen kiya jaba 527 sangathan koo ack sanghiya "raajneetik samiti" key roop mein panjikrit honah chaahiye-pratinidhiyon koo shhey aur meehan koo aayog kii 527 niyam koo apanaane mein viphalata key liye aff. ee. see. key khilaf sanghiya adalat mein mukadama daayar karane key liye uksaayaa. sitambar, 2007 mein, ack sanghiya jilaa adalat ney congress key sadasyon shhey aur meehan key khilaf aff. ee. see. key paksh mein faisala sunaaya.
disambar 2006 mein aff. ee. see. ney teen 527 samoohon key saath samjhauta kiya, aayog ney 2004 key chunaav chakr key dauran "raajneetik samitiyon" key roop mein panjikaran karane mein whiffle rahane aur yogdan seema, srot nishedh aur prakateekaran aavashyaktaon kaa paalan karke sanghiya kaanoon kaa ullanghan kiya haye. satya key liye swift boat diggajon parr $299,500 kaa jurmana lagaaya gayaa thaa; leag off conservation votors parr $180,000 kaa jurmana lagaaya gayaa thaa.oh. aar. jee. parr 150,000 dollar kaa jurmana lagaaya gayaa thaa. farwari 2007 mein, americi matadaata kosh key liye 527 sangathan pragati parr isi tarah 2004 key chunaav chakr key dauran sanghiya abhiyaan vitt kaanoonon kaa paalan karane mein viphalata key liye 750,000 dollar kaa jurmana lagaaya gayaa thaa.
juuna 2007 mein yuu.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya ney "aff. ee. see. vee. mein abhinirdhaarit kiya. wisconsin raait too life, ink.", kii praathamik yaa cocus key 30 dinon key bheetar yaa aam chunaav key 60 dinon key bheetar ack ummidwar kaa ullekh karane vaale prasaran vigyapanon key corporate aur shram sangh key vittaposhan parr bee. see. aar. aeye. kii seemaaen asamvaidhaanik hain, jaisa kii ack vishisht ummidwar key liye yaa usake khilaf vote karane kii appeal key alawa anya uchit vyakhya key liye atisamvedansheel vigyapanon parr lagu hoti hain. kuchh chunaav kaanoon visheshagyon kaa maanana thaa kii nayaa apavaad bee. see. aar. aeye. key "chunaav prachaar sanchaar" praavdhaanon koo arthaheen banaa dega, jabaki anya logon kaa maanana thaa kii nayaa apavaad kaafee sankeern haye.
juuna 2008 mein, "karodpati sanshodhan" key roop mein jaane jaane vaale adhiniyam key khand koo sarvocch nyayalaya dwara "davis banaam" mein palat diyaa gayaa thaa. sanghiya chunaav aayog. iss praavdhaan ney abhiyaanon koo "barabar" karane kaa prayaas kiya thaa, jisamen yeh praavdhaan kiya gayaa thaa kii yogdan parr kanuni seema ack aise ummidwar key liye badhegi jise vyaktigat dhana kaa upayog karane vaale ack virodhi ummidwar dwara kaafee adhik kharch kiya gayaa thaa. 2008 mein kaanoon key saha-prayojakon mein seey ack, arizona key senator johnn mccain ney iss kaanoon key tukade aur anya koo bataaya jise unhone rashtrapati pada key liye apani bolly mein praayojit kiya thaa. senator mccain ney lagaatar abhiyaan prathaon aur unake vittaposhan parr chinta vyakt kii. "" "sammaan key sawal rajneeti mein vaastaviktaa key roop mein upasthit honey seey uthaaye jaate hain, aur kyonki way saarvajanik avishvaas koo bhadkaate hain, unhein spasht roop seey avaidh bhrashtachar key sabooton koo sambodhit karane seey cumm seedhe sambodhit karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye", "mccain ney apane 2002 key sansmaran mein likhaa. 'jaba taka main abhiyaan vitt sudhaar kaa ack pramukh samarthak banaa, taba taka main iss baat kii sarahana karane lagaa thaa kii janata key sandeh hamesha galat naheen they. paisa washington mein pahunch khareedata haye, aur pahunch prabhaav badhaati haye jisake parinamswarup aksar kaee logon kii keemat parr kuchh logon koo laabh hotaa haye.'"
march 2009 mein, yuu.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya ney "nagrik sanyukt banaam. sanghiya chunaav aayog, "pahaadi clinton key baare mein ack raajneetik vrittachitra koo ack raajneetik vigyaapan maanaa jaa sakata haye yaa naheen, jisake liye sanghiya chunaav abhiyaan adhiniyam key tahat viniyamit dhana key saath bhugtan kiya jaanaa chaahiye. janwari 2010 mein, sarvocch nyayalaya ney nigamon kii seemit gatividhi koo khariz karate hue kahaa, "yadi pahale sanshodhan mein koee bull haye, tou yeh congress koo nagrikon, yaa nagrikon key sanghon koo kewal raajneetik bhaashan mein shamil honey key liye jurmana lagaane yaa jail mein daalane seey pratibandhit kartaa haye."vishesh roop seey," "nagrik ekjut" "ney nigamon aur sanghon seey sambandhit abhiyaan vittaposhan kaanoonon koo nirast curr diyaa; kaanoon ney pahale rashtrapati key praathamik seey 30 dinon pahale aur aam chunaav seey 60 dinon pahale nigamon dwara bhugtan kiye gaye" "chunaav sanchaar" "key prasaran, cable yaa upgrah prasaran parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa. alpasankhyak ney tark diyaa kii adalat ney aseemit corporate kharch kii anumati dene mein galati kii, yeh tark dete hue kii corporate kharch loktaantrik swa-sarkaar key liye ack vishesh khatra paida kartaa haye.
rashtrapati baraak obama ney apane 2010 key raajya key sangh sambodhan key dauran sarvocch nyayalaya key faisale parr apani chinta vyakt karate hue kahaa, "shaktiyon key prithakkaran key liye sabhi uchit sammaan key saath, pichhale saptah sarvocch nyayalaya ney kaanoon kii ack sadee koo ulat diyaa, joe mujhe vishvaas haye kii hamaare chunaavon mein binaa kissy seema key kharch karane key liye videshi nigamon sahit vishesh hiton key liye baadh key dwaar khol dega. mujhe naheen lagata kii americi chunaavon koo america key sabse shaktishali hiton dwara niyantrit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, yaa isase bhee badatar, videshi sansthaon dwara. way americi logon dwara taya kiye jaane chaahiye. aur main loktantravadiyon aur ganarajyiyon seey ack vidheyak paarit karane kaa aagrah karunga joe inmein seey kuchh samasyaon koo thheek karane mein madad kartaa haye."rashtrapati obama ney iss nirnay koo" badey tail, wall street bainkon, swaasthya beema companiyon aur anya shaktishali hiton key liye ack badee jeet "bhee kahaa joe harr dinn washington mein apani shakti koo harr rose amerikiyon kii aavaaz koo dabaane key liye upayog karate hain."
prabhaav.
bee. see. aar. aeye. ney raajneetik abhiyaanon mein naram dhana kii bhoomika koo cumm curr diyaa kyonki kaanoon hita samoohon aur rashtriya raajneetik dalon key yogdan parr seema lagaata haye. bee. see. aar. aeye. key paas ack "stand baay yore aid" praavdhaan thaa, jisamen sanyukt raajya america mein sanghiya raajneetik karyalaya key liye ummidvaaron key saath-saath hita samoohon aur raajneetik dalon koo television aur radio parr raajneetik vigyapanon mein shamil karane key liye ack ummidwar kaa samarthan yaa virodh karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye."
bee. see. aar. aeye. kaa prabhaav pahali baar 2004 key chunaavon key saath rashtriya star parr mahsoos kiya jaane lagaa. ack turant pahchaanane yogya parinam yeh thaa kii, aapke vigyaapan praavdhaan key tathaakathit stand key parinamswarup, sabhi abhiyaan vigyapanon mein "main [ummidwar kaa naam] huun" key prabhaav key liye ack maukhik bayaan shamil thaa aur main iss sandesh koo manjuri detaa huun."

