
spanish grihyuddh mein lokpriya morche parr mahilaaen

spanish grihyuddh mein lokpriya morche parr mahilaaen 1936 key spanish aam chunaavon seey pahale sthaapit ack vyaapak vampanthi gathbandhan kaa hissa theen. doosara spanish ganarajya ack badalate saanskritik aur raajneetik paridrishya kaa pratinidhitva kartaa thaa jisamen mahilaaon key raajneetik sangathan pahali baar phal-phool sakate they. yeh mahilaaon koo poori tarah seey sashakt banaane mein whiffle rhaa, kyonki way aksar raajneetik sangathanon mein shasson kii bhoomikaon aur padon seey baahar theen. kaee sangathanon ney mahilaaon key khilaf bhedbhaav karna jaari rakhaa, kyonki markswadi vichardhara unhein vishesh jarooraton vaale ack advitiya samooh key roop mein naheen balki badey varg samooh key hisse key roop mein dekhti thee jisamen varg samaantaa koo prathamikta dene kii aavashyakta thee.
spanish grihyuddh julaai 1936 mein shuru huaa, aur yeh lokpriya morche kii sarkaar kii gantantra balon key khilaf dakshinpanthi rashtravadi taakton koo khadaa karega. mahilaaon koo gantantra key samarthan mein badee sankhya mein jutane key liye protsaahit karane key liye vampanthiyon koo manaane key liye lokpriya morche kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa. isamen unhein ghar chhodane aur gharelu kshetra seey cumm judee gatividhiyon mein shamil honey key liye protsaahit karna shamil thaa. iss jalavaayu mein hii kaee mahatvapurna mahila sangathanon kaa nirmaan yaa vikas huaa. kuchh mamalon mein, mahilaaon koo usa tarah kaa netritva praapt karane key liye prerit kiya joe unhone pahale hassil naheen kiya thaa, jaise kii andaruni senaa. isane lokpriya morche key ander hii mahilaaon key beach ekikaran koo prerit naheen kiya kyonki kaee vibhajan maujood they, joe antatah vampanthi-sangathit aantarik shuddhikaran kii or leey gaye aur lokpriya morche kii partiyon ney ack-dusare parr hamla kiya.
yuddh key anta aur francovad kii shuruat mein mahilaaon key liye catholic spen kii paaramparik ling bhoomikaon kii or vaapsee dekhi gaee. isamen una mahilaaon kaa bahishkaar aur karawas dekhaa gayaa joe saamane key lokpriya morche key liye ladeen. isane kaee mahilaaon koo bheedbhaad vaali jailon mein bheja, jahan vahaan paida hue bachchon koo uchch mrityu darr kaa saamana karna padaa. kaee anya mahilaaen nirvaasan mein chully gaeen. lokpriya morche key sadasyon key roop mein gantantra paksh key liye ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaane key bavjood, inn mahilaaon kii viraasat koo kaafee hudd taka nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa haye. yeh lingwad, prachaar seey utpann hotaa haye jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii way vichalit they, aur praathamik sroton kii kamee thee.
prishthabhoomi.
lokpriya morcha vampanthi dalon kaa ack gathbandhan thaa joe 1936 key chunaavon seey pahale dusare spanish ganarajya key dauran congress dee diputados mein vampanthi bahumat sunishchit karane key tareeke key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa. aisaa karane kii kshamata kaee jatil karakon kaa parinam thee, lekin spen key samudayik dall key spanish samajwadi kaaryakartaon kii party key saath judane key nirnay seey sahaayata millie aur unhein poonjipati varg key aprasangik samarthakon key roop mein khariz naheen kiya gayaa. 1933 mein dakshinpanthi guton dwara chunaav jeetane key baad unakaa lakshya sarkaar koo vaapas jeetana thaa. 1933 key chunaavon seey pahale gathbandhan kaa pichla prayaas see. aine. tii. dwara virodh key kaaran kaafee hudd taka whiffle hoe gayaa thaa.
doosara spanish ganarajya (1931-1937).
1936 key chunaav.
farwari 1936 key chunaavon mein vampanthi sarkaar kii vaapsee hui. vibhinn vampanthi samoohon ney milkar lokpriya morcha banaaya. unhone pichhale dou varshon seey satta mein rahee damankari sahee jhukaav vaali sarkaar koo badal diyaa. lokpriya morche ney farwari 1936 mein ack pragatisheel munch parr chunaav jeetaa, jisamen sarkaar koo badey sudhaaron kaa vaadaa kiya gayaa. isake jawab mein, jaba vampanthiyon ney pichhali sarkaar mein roodhivaadi prayason koo poorvavat karane key liye sudhaar yojanaon koo shuru kiya, taba bhee senaa ney apane samarthakon koo hathiyar dene aur naee sarkaar koo ukhaad fenkane kii yojana banaana shuru curr diyaa. isake vipareet, lokpriya morche ney apane swayam key samarthakon koo iss darr seey hathiyar dene seey incar curr diyaa kii way taba sarkaar seey ladane key liye apane hathiyaron kaa upayog karenge.
dolores ibruri ney 1936 key chunaavon seey pahale lokpriya morche key sadasya key roop mein court mein ack dipty key liye prachaar kiya. asturia mein, unhone samajvadiyon, communists, faasivaad virodhi aur ganarajyavadiyon key samoohon key saamane prachaar kiya. unhone apane vaktaaon koo shamil karane mein safal vaktaaon koo dekhkar apane vaktaa kaushal mein sudhaar kiya joe baad mein grih yuddh key dauran unaki seva karenge. ibruri ney jeet hassil kii aur communist alpasankhyak mein lokpriya morche key sadasya key roop mein court mein pravesh kiya. unake kuchh vampanthi sathiyon key vipareet, unhone aur anya communists ney aaney vaale sangharsh key roop mein joe dekhaa, usaki taiyari mein nagrikon koo hathiyar uthaane kii vakaalat kii. 1936 key chunaavon mein julia alvaarez rezano ney sansad mein pee. aiss. oh. ee. key sadasya key roop mein pravesh kiya. vaha court mein aaee thee, jisane pahale bhoomi shramikon key spanish sangh key liye ack bachaav vakeel key roop mein kaary kiya thaa. 1936 mein matilde day laa torre ney phir seey chunaav jeetaa.
raajneetik gatividhi.
dusare ganarajya key badalate raajneetik paridrishya kaa matlab thaa kii pahali baar ack aisaa vatavaran thaa jisamen mahilaaon key raajneetik sangathan phal-phool sakate they. isake bavjood, iss avadhi mein mahilaaon koo badey paimaane parr sangathit raajneetik samoohon aur karyakramon seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa, taba bhee jaba unake samoohon ney langic samaantaa key liye honey kaa daavaa kiya thaa. usa samay key pramukh trade union jaise kii yuu. jee. tii. aur see. aine. tii. ney mahilaaon kii vishisht jarooraton koo nazarandaj curr diyaa, jisamen prasooti avkash, baal dekhbhal praavdhaan aur samaan vetan shamil they; isake bajaay unhone samanya jarooraton yaa purushon kii jarooraton parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, jinka way pratinidhitva karate they. see. aine. tii. ney langic asamaanta koo kayam rakhaa, apane mahila karmchaariyon koo tulaniya padon parr purushon kii tulanaa mein cumm bhugtan kiya. 1932 taka yuu. jee. tii. kii sadasyata mein kewal 4 pratishat mahilaaen theen.
vampanthi mahilaaon key saamane sabse badee chunautiyon mein seey ack markswad thaa joe langic muddon parr varg samaantaa key mudde koo prathamikta detaa thaa. arajaktavadiyon, trade yooniyanvadiyon, communist aur samajwadi mahilaaon key liye, isake parinamswarup aksar purush netritva mahilaaon kii jarooraton koo khariz curr detaa haye. mahilaaon koo unake agende mein bhaag lene kii anumati naheen dee jaa sakati haye kyonki unaki zarooraten seedhe varg sangharsh seey sambandhit naheen theen. raajneetik aur shram sangathanon donon mein kuchh vampanthi purushon ney bhee mahilaaon key karyabal mein pravesh karane parr virodh kiya, yeh maanate hue kii unaki cumm majdoori seey niyoktaon koo purush shramikon kii majdoori cumm karni padegi.
vichardhara mein matbhedon key bavjood, communist, ganarajya aur samajwadi usa samay key raajneetik muddon parr charcha karane key liye milate hain. unhone mahilaaon koo una muddon key virodh mein jutaane key liye bhee kaam kiya jinhen way mahatvapurna samajhate they. aisaa hii ack andolan 1934 mein huaa, jaba gantantra sarkaar ney morakko mein sainya kaarravaai key liye apane aarakshit balon koo bulaane parr vichaar kiya. sadakon parr khabar aaney key kuchh hii ghanton key bheetar, communist, ganarajyavadi aur samajwadi mahilaaon ney prastaavit kaarravaai key virodh mein madrid mein mahilaaon kaa march aayojit kiya thaa. kaee mahilaaon koo giraftar kiya gayaa, pulis mukhyalaya leey jaaya gayaa aur baad mein riha curr diyaa gayaa.
grihyuddh kii shuruat.
17 julaai 1936 koo, sangh sainya spen ney uttari africa aur spen mein ack takhtapalat shuru kiya. unakaa maanana thaa kii way aasaani seey jeet sakate hain. way dusare ganarajya key prati logon key lagaav kaa anuman lagaane mein whiffle rahey. ganarajya ney kaafee hudd taka apani nausena parr niyantran banaae rakhaa, franco aur senaa mein anya logon ney adolph hitler koo uttar africa seey spanish sainikon koo iberian praaydweep taka parivahan pradaan karane key liye safaltapurvak aashvast kiya. inn karyon ney vibhajit spen aur spanish grihyuddh kii lambi ghatnaaon koo janm diyaa. yeh aadhikarik taur parr 1 aprail 1939 taka samaapt naheen hoga.
franco key praarambhik gathbandhan mein rajtantravadi, roodhivaadi ganarajyavadi, fallange espanola sadasya, carlist paramparaavaadi, roman catholic paadari aur spanish senaa shamil they. unhein fasiwadi itali aur naazi germany kaa samarthan praapt thaa. gantantra paksh mein samajwadi, communist aur vibhinn anya vampanthi abhineta shamil they.
desh bhar mein radio parr sainya vidroh kii ghoshana kii gaee, aur loga turant sadakon parr utar aae kyonki unhone sthiti kii seema nirdhaarit karane kii koshish kii, aur kyaa yeh ack sainya yaa raajneetik sangharsh thaa. ibruri ney vakyansh "noo pasran!" gadhaa."kuchh dinon baad, 18 julaai 1936 koo madrid mein aantarik mantralaya key radio station seey prasaran karate hue kahaa," ghutanon key bull jeene seey apane pairon parr marna behtar haye. naheen, koee naheen!"
grate britten, france, germany, itali aur soviyat sangh ney agast 1936 mein gair-hastakshep sandhi parr hastakshar kiye, jisamen kissy bhee paksh koo yuddh key liye bhautik samarthan pradaan naheen karane kaa vaadaa kiya gayaa thaa, yahaan taka kii germany aur itali pahale seey hii spen key faasivaadiyon koo samarthan pradaan curr rahey they.
spanish grihyuddh (1936-1939).
mahilaaon koo gantantra key samarthan mein badee sankhya mein jutane key liye protsaahit karane key liye vampanthiyon koo manaane key liye lokpriya morche kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa. unhein ghar chhodane aur gharelu kshetra seey cumm judee gatividhiyon mein shamil honey key liye protsaahit kiya gayaa thaa. iss jalavaayu mein hii kaee mahatvapurna mahila sangathan banaae gaye yaa pragaadh hue. inmein association dee mujeres antifacist (amaa) aur mujeres libres shamil they.
raajneetik dall aur shram sangathan.
spanish grihyuddh key dauran, gantantra paksh kii vibhinn raajneetik aur sarkari taakton ney mahilaaon kii bhagidari koo protsaahit karane kii koshish kii. kewal ack samooh ney nariwadi lakshyon parr khule taur parr kaam kiya, arthaat mujeres libres. shesh raajneetik dalon, shram samoohon aur sarkari sangathanon key liye, mahila adhikaaron aur naarivaadiyon key lakshya unaki pramukh chintaon mein seey naheen they. gantantra paksh mein mahilaaon koo raajneetik gatividhi seey baahar rakhaa gayaa. sangh key sadasyon key beach mahilaaon key adhikaaron key liye honey vaali baithakon mein kewal purush hii bhaag leey sakate hain, kyonki mahilaaon koo raajneetik karyakramon mein bhaag lene kii anumati dene kaa vichaar aksar alag thaa.
arajaktavadiyon aur samajvadiyon donon key saath shamil kamkaji varg kii ladakiyan aksar anya gaanvon kii mahilaaon koo bahishkrit karati theen joe vibhinn vampanthi raajneetik dalon seey aatee theen. ekjutata kii kamee thee. piller vivancos ney ise mahilaaon key beach shiksha kii kamee key parinamswarup samajhaaya, jisamen partiyon key bheetar pitrisatta kaa upayog mahilaaon kii mukti kii disha mein saamoohik roop seey kaam karane key bajaay mahilaaon koo ack-dusare key khilaf sthaapit karane key liye kiya jaa rhaa thaa. way naheen samajh paae kii iska vaastav mein kyaa arth haye, aur isane unhein raajneetik shuddhatavad key prati samvedansheel banaa diyaa joe baad mein vampanth mein fail gayaa.
iss avadhi key dauran vampanthi vibhinn raajneetik dall ack-dusare key saath kaam karenge aur yuddh key baad key charanon mein ack-dusare key khilaf kaam karenge. pee. see. ee. aksar isake adhikansh hisse key kendra mein hotaa, joe vibhinn vampanthi guton seey apani kattar saamyavaadi vichardhara key liye samarthan aakarshit karane kii koshish kartaa thaa. jaba way seedhe sahyog karane kii koshish naheen curr rahey they, tou sadasyata mein kaee saamyavaadi mahilaaon koo anya sangathanon mein shamil hotey hue dekhaa jaayega.
samanya taur parr, spen key ander dakshinpanthi abhinetaon kaa mukabala karane key liye ack adhik ugravaadi drishtikon kaa samarthan karna shuru curr diyaa, iss soch koo jaari rakhate hue kii dusare ganarajya kaa itihas shram sanghrshon aur purush netritva key jhagadon kii badhati sankhya key saamane haye. nelken, sou kii mahila shakha key raajneetik netaa they. usaki nariwadi maanyataaen chintit theen aur court mein usake purush sahyogiyon koo dhamki dee. isake bavjood, nelken dusare ganarajya key dauran ekmatra mahila theen jinhone samajvadiyon key liye teen chunaav jeete they. 1931, 1933 aur 1936 mein unaki chunaav jeet hui. party key saath mohbhang key kaaran unhein 1937 mein communist party kii sadasyata badalani padee.
tatkaal poorv-grih yuddh kii avadhi key dauran, campoamore ney spanish samajvadiyon key saath phir seey judane kii koshish kii, lekin baar-baar aswikar curr diyaa gayaa. saarvbhaumik matadhikar, nariwadi lakshyon aur talaak key unake samarthan ney unhein purush pradhaan party netritva key liye ack abhishaap banaa diyaa thaa. antatah, 1938 mein, vaha argentine mein nirvaasan mein chully gaee. samanya taur parr, spen key ander dakshinpanthi abhinetaon kaa mukabala karane key liye ack adhik ugravaadi drishtikon kaa samarthan karna shuru curr diyaa, iss soch koo jaari rakhate hue kii dusare ganarajya kaa itihas shram sanghrshon aur purush netritva key jhagadon kii badhati sankhya key saamane haye.
arajaktawadi.
grihyuddh key dauran, aksar tanaav aur anya arajaktawadi samooh they. samajik lakadi key kaam key udyog kii aarthik parishad aur solidaridad international antifacista donon mein uchch star key netritva key padon parr aur netritva key sthaanon mein mahilaaen theen. isake vipareet, mujer libres ack sahayak thaa, aur mahilaaon koo aksar mez parr ack vishisht sthaan seey incar curr diyaa jaataa thaa kyonki arajaktawadi netaaon key beach ack vichaar thaa kii nirnay lene vaale vayaskon koo honah chaahiye, mahilaaon koo naheen. arajaktawadi aksar iss samay ling adharit samasyaon kaa mukabala karane vaali mahilaaon key prati ekjutata dikhaane key liye taiyar naheen they. hamesha sawal hotey they kii kyaa mahilaaon koo poori tarah seey ekikrit honah chaahiye yaa vishisht lakshyon koo praapt karane key liye mahilaaon key kewal samoohon mein kaam karna chaahiye. isake parinamswarup mahilaaon seey sambandhit lakshyon koo puuraa karane mein andolan cumm prabhaavi hoe gayaa.
grihyuddh key tatkaal prakop key dauran banaae gaye adhikansh sainya dall nagrik samaaj key samoohon jaise trade yuniyanon aur raajneetik dalon seey aae they. see. aine. tii., yuu. jee. tii. aur anya sanghon ney inmein seey kaee milicia key liye rasad sahaayata pradaan karane key liye kadam rakhaa. sangathit mahilaaon kii sankhya kabhi adhik naheen thee. adhikansh loga raajneetik vichardharaon kaa samarthan karane key liye shamil hue jinka unhone samarthan kiya. adhikansh see. aine. tii., faaee aur fizzle jaise ugravaadi udaarvaadi sangathanon seey aae they. inn miliciaon mein aksar apani vichardharaon kaa behtar pratinidhitva karane aur sthaaniya aabaadi koo behtar dhang seey jutaane key liye vishisht sainya sanrachana kaa abhaav hotaa thaa.
mujeras libres.
mujeris libres grihyuddh key dauran sabse mahatvapurna mahila arajaktawadi sangathanon mein seey ack bunn gayaa. unake grihyuddh key rankon koo mahilaaon dwara apane sangathan mein bhagidari kii or badhane mein sahaayata dee gaee thee. sangathan kaa mahatva una gatividhiyon kaa parinam thaa joe way curr rahey they. inmein shaikshik karyakram chalaana aur mahilaaon key beach saksharta darr badhaane kii koshish karna shamil thaa. way saamoohik rasoi, maataa-pitaa niyantrit decare kendron kaa ayojan bhee curr rahey they, aur garbhavati maataa-pitaa koo prasavpurv aur shishu swaasthya jaankaari pradaan curr rahey they. grihyuddh key dauran unakaa sabse badaa sangharsh veshyavritti seey ladanaa thaa. shiksha koo iska ack pramukh pahalu maanaa jaataa thaa, kyonki unakaa maanana thaa kii shikshit mahilaaon key veshyavritti kii or rukh karane kii sambhavana cumm hogi. 1938 taka unake 20,000 seey adhik sadasya they. mujeres libres ney bhee isi naam kii ack patrika prakaashit kii. isamen paae gaye lekhan vyaktigat swaayatta, mahila pehchaan key nirmaan aur atmasamman parr kendrit they. yeh aksar ack mahila honey aur ack maan honey key beach pehchaan mein sangharsh koo bhee sambodhit kartaa haye, aur mahilaaon koo maatri aakritiyon key roop mein apani pehchaan kaise navigate karni chaahiye.
octuber 1938 mein barcelona mein hui see. aine. tii. congress mein pandrah mahilaaon key majboot pratinidhimandal koo pravesh karane seey rokte hue mujeres libres koo bund curr diyaa gayaa. mahilaaon koo pahale bhaag lene kii anumati dee gaee thee, lekin kewal anya, mishrit ling arajaktawadi sangathanon key pratinidhiyon key roop mein. ack mahila sangathan koo bardasht naheen kiya gayaa thaa. mahilaaon ney iska virodh kiya, aur 11 farwari 1939 koo see. aine. tii. kii ack asadharan baithak taka unhein koee jawab naheen milaa. jaba unakaa jawab aaya, tou yeh thaa kii "ack swatantra mahila sangathan swatantrata andolan kii samagr taakat koo kamjor curr dega aur anaikyata kaa tatva aur tatva joe shramik varg key hiton aur sampoorn roop seey swatantrata andolan key vikas key liye nakaratmak parinam dega."
videshi arajaktavadiyon ney aksar mujer libres jaise sangathanon koo chaunka diyaa, kyonki spanish arajaktawadi mahilaaon dwara mahilaaon key adhikaaron key baare mein charcha aksar adhikaaron key vistaar key ird-gird adharit thee, jabaki saath hii saath paaramparik ling bhoomikaon koo banaae rakhaa. badey sadasya aksar chhote logon kii aalochana karate they, jinhen way kaam karane mein bahut sankoch key roop mein dekhate they aur yaunata, janm niyantran aur garbhpaat taka pahunch jaise muddon parr apane kathit junoon key roop mein dekhate they.
grihyuddh key anta taka mujer libres koo modd diyaa gayaa.
fasiwadi virodhi sangathan.
faasivaad virodhi sangathanon ney aksar ack visham sadasyata koo aakarshit kiya. yeh kaee baar badey antar, visangatiyon aur prathmiktaon kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye jaba yeh faasivaad virodhi karyakramon koo lagu karane kii baat aatee haye. samajvadiyon, communists aur arajaktavadiyon sahit vibhinn samooh kabhi-kabhi inn sangathanon key bheetar iska laabh uthaane key liye kaam karate they.
partido obrero dee unificion marxista (paum).
iss avadhi key dauran asantusht communist party partido obrero dee unifacian marxista (paum) thee. mahilaaon key liye unaki bhagidari mein shamil honey key liye vishisht mahila upa-sangathan banaane kii koshish karna shamil haye. juuna 1937 mein, franco shasson aur gantantra kshetron key niyantran mein communists donon ney paum koo avaidh ghoshit curr diyaa, jisase samooh kaa vighatan hoe gayaa. paum mahilaaon ney morche parr seva kii, lekin paum shasson, lekhan aur pomm seey sambaddh prakashanon koo prakaashit karane aur nagrik aabaadi key beach shikshakon key roop mein seva karane sahit kaee anya mahatvapurna bhoomikaon mein bhee luggy hui theen.
samaaj key virodhi.
jabaki agropacion dee mujeres antifacistas (amaa) ney vibhinn prakaar kii raajneetik prishthabhoomi seey mahilaaon kaa pratinidhitva kiya, yeh nagrik yuddh key gantantra paksh mein saamyavaadi uddeshya kaa samarthan karane key liye gatishil mahilaaon key liye design kiye gaye saamyavaadi roodhivaadita key vaahan key roop mein kaary kartaa haye.
saamyavaadi sangathan.
1936 mein grihyuddh kii shuruat key turant baad, association dee mujeres contra laa gyura vaaee ell fascismo kaa doosara naam badal gayaa. unakaa nayaa naam Agrupación de mujeres antifascistas thaa. vahaan seey, samooh yuddh mein agrim pankti mein mahilaaon koo bhejane aur unakaa samarthan karane mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhaayega.
spen key logon kaa saath.
jabaki anya saamyavaadi sangathan maujood they, partido communista dee espana pramukh banaa rhaa. grihyuddh key pahale varsh mein, pee. see. ee. ney teji seey apani sadasyata mein lagbhag teen gunaa vriddhi kii. kisaanon mein mahilaaon ney pee. see. ee. kii sadasyata kaa lagbhag ack tihai hissa pratinidhitva kiya.
grihyuddh key dauran, ibruri ney khud koo "laa pasnaria" upnaam arjit kiya kyonki unhone francovadi balon key virodh mein bolane key liye desh kii yatra kii thee. unhone apane sandesh koo failaane key liye radio kaa bhee upayog kiya, purushon aur mahilaaon koo hathiyar dene key liye prasiddh honey key saath kahaa, "naheen!"grihyuddh mein unhone joe sabse prasiddh vakyansh boley they, unamen seey ack thaa," ghutanon key bull jeene seey apane pairon parr marna behtar haye."communist party ney halanki unake niji jeevan koo manjuri naheen dee, unhein ack purush party sadasya key saath apane rishte koo samaapt karane key liye kahaa joe unase satrah saal chhota thaa, joe unhone kiya.
mahila stalinvadiyon ney barcelona mein paum aur trotskite shuddhikaran mein sakriya roop seey bhaag liya. teresa paimi jaisi mahilaaon koo jaanboojhkar pomm seey sambaddh mahilaaon koo baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa, bhale hii unhone sou key saath pull banaane kii koshish kii hoe. teresa pammies ney yuddh key dauran kaee saamyavaadi prakashanon key liye likhaa, jabaki vaha kewal ack kishore thee. inn prakashanon mein juliol, treball aur laa rambla shamil they. grihyuddh key dauran, terresa pammies ney jey. aiss. yuu. kii catalan shakha kii sthaapana kii. yuddh key anta key karib, vaha sanyukt raajya america mein wasser college mein dusare vishva yuva shaanti sammelan mein ack pratinidhi theen. vahaan rahate hue, vaha paum koo chhodkar sabhi spanish vampanthi guton seey ghiri hui thee. peamies, paum key yuva sangathan, juventudes communistas ibricas koo iss tarah seey alag karane key liye bhee jimmedaar honge kii yeh usake haathon parr khoon chhod dega. pome kaa bahishkaran ullekhaniya haye kyonki unake chachere bhaai sangathan kaa hissa they, aur unake baare mein unaki raay thee kii way faasivaad virodhi they.
grihyuddh kii shuruat key baad, matilde landa ney madrid mein ack pce sambaddh yuddh aspatal mein kaam kiya.
samajwadi.
grihyuddh key dauran, vyaapak samasyaaen joe isase pahale kii theen, jaari raheen, aur iska matlab thaa kii samajwadi samoohon mein mahila bhagidari kii kamee thee. jaba samajwadi mahilaaen shamil honah chaahati theen, tou unhein yaa tou samajwadi yuva sangathanon key madhyam seey aisaa karna padaa yaa unhein saamyavaadi key prati nishtha badalani padee, joe mahilaaon koo adhik sweekaar curr rahey they aur unhein netritva key padon parr rakhane kii adhik sambhavana thee.
videshon mein, samajwadi mahilaaen spanish grihyuddh key virodh mein adhik sakriya theen. belgium kii mahila samajwadi spen key grih yuddh key dauran apani samajwadi party kii tatasthata key khilaf theen. iska mukabala karane key liye, yeye mahila samajwadi sharanarthiyon koo nikaalane kii koshish mein sakriya theen. unaki uplabdhiyon mein march 1937 mein 450 bask bachchon koo belgium seey nikaalana thaa. belgium key redd cross aur communist kii redd aid kii sahaayata seey, samajwadi mahilaaon ney 4,000 spanish sharanarthiyon koo niyukt karane kaa ayojan kiya.
sou ney grihyuddh key dauran mahilaaon kii anoothi samasyaon koo nazarandaj karna jaari rakhaa. jaba mahilaaen party mein shamil honey mein ruchi rakhti theen, tou way khud koo netritva key padon seey baahar paate they. sou ney mahilaaon koo saamane bhejane seey bhee incar curr diyaa, iss langic vishvaas koo kayam rakhate hue kii ack mahila ghar parr rahkar yuddh key prayaas kii sabse achchi seva curr sakati haye.
ladaai mein aur saamane kii or mahilaaen.
prishthabhoomi.
jabaki communist party kii rashtriya shaakhaon ney antarrashtriya brigedon mein grih yuddh mein ladane key liye videshi ladaakon koo spen bhejane kaa samarthan kiya, way aksar apani mahila sadasyon key jaane kaa virodh karate they. jaba way kabhi-kabhi dridh sankalpit mahilaaon koo spen bhejane key liye sahmat hotey they, tou yeh aksar samvaaddaataon yaa pracharakon key roop mein samarthan bhoomikaon mein hotaa thaa. spen mein party tantra ney taba mahilaaon koo saamane seey door rakhane key liye sakriya roop seey kaam kiya.
yuddh key maidan mein marane vaali pahali spanish ganarajya kii mahila almeria thee joe 13 sitambar 1936 koo "miliciana" leana odena seey sambaddh thee. rashtravadi balon ney apani sthiti koo paar curr liya, unit commander ney guadics mein ack ladaai mein aatmasamarpan karane key bajaay aatmahatya karane kaa faisala kiya. unaki mrityu koo ganarajyavadi aur baazavaadi pracharakon donon dwara vyaapak roop seey saajha kiya jaayega. rashtravadi taakton ney usey dhamki dee kii aggar vaha aatmasamarpan naheen karati haye tou moorish sainikon dwara balatkar kii sambhavana haye, ganatantravaadi usey ack nirdosh key roop mein daalane mein saksham they jinhone apamaanit honey aur apana sammaan khone key bajaay maut koo chunaa. baaz prachaar ney kahaa kii vahaan kabhi naheen thaa aur naa hii balatkar kaa koee khatra thaa. isase odena kii mrityu arthaheen hoe gaee. isake alawa, baaz prachaar kaa matlab thaa kii odena kuchh hafte pahale ack catholic pujari kii hatyaa kaa doshi thaa, usaki aatmahatya sajaa seey bachane kaa ack tarika thaa.
jutana.
spanish grihyuddh 17 julaai 1936 koo ack takhtapalat key saath shuru huaa. grihyuddh shuru karane vaalaa sainya vidroh kuchh hudd taka safal naheen huaa kyonki mahilaaon ney sahaj vidroh mein bhaag liya thaa.
spen key itihas mein mahilaaon kii sabse mahatvapurna saamoohik jutaanon mein seey ack rashtra-virodhi morche parr unaki bhagidari thee. grihyuddh kii shuruat key turant baad, lagbhag 1,000 spanish mahilaaon ney gantantra paksh kii agrim pankti mein seva karane key liye swechha seey kaam kiya. jinn shaharon mein sabse adhik sankhya mein sashastr mahilaaon ney apani raksha kii, unamen seey ack shahar madrid thaa. mahilaaon kii yeh twarit gatishilata iss kaaran kaa hissa thee kii rashtravadiyon koo twarit jeet naheen millie, aur yuddh ack adhik lamba mamla bunn gayaa.
mahilaaon koo anya mahilaaon dwara ladane key liye bulaaya jaataa thaa, jaise kii dolores ibruri. madrid parr gantantra key niyantran key antim dinon mein, unhone purushon aur mahilaaon donon seey shahar mein rashtravadi taakton key khilaf hathiyar uthaane kaa anurodh kiya. shaharon key samarthan mein morche key peechhe jutai gaee aur sashastr mahilaaon kii sankhya agrim pankti mein maujood mahilaaon kii sankhya seey adhik thee. adhik seey adhik, shayed 1,000 mahilaaon ney agrim pankti mein ladaai ladee, jabaki kaee hazaar ney shahar kii raksha mein seva kii. baad vaale mein ack mahila batalian shamil thee joe madrid mein seva karati thee.
samyavadiyon aur arajaktawadi stambhon ney gantantra morche parr sabhi raajneetik samoohon mein sabse adhik mahilaaon koo aakarshit kiya. paum ney mahila ladaakon koo aakarshit kiya, lekin cumm sankhya mein. partido socialista obrero aspenol (pee. aiss. oh. ee.) yuddh mein bhaag lene vaali mahilaaon key vichaar koo turant aswikar karane vaale ekmatra pramukh abhinetaon mein seey ack they. yeh vichaar unake liye bahut kattarpanthi thaa, aur unakaa maanana thaa kii mahilaaon koo ghar parr nayakon key roop mein kaam karna chaahiye, joe agrim pankti key peechhe nagrik aabaadi koo samarthan pradaan karati haye. joe mahilaaen sou kii sadasya theen jinhone saamyavaadi aur samajwadi yuva samoohon mein shamil hocker yuddh karane kaa raasta khoj liya.
saamane.
saamane, mahilaaon key liye mishrit ling batalian ikaaiyon mein seva karane kaa maanak thaa. sainya bull kii atirikt sainya aavashyakta key aadhar parr unhein spen key aspas sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. punarvyavasthit "miliciana" samoohon key kewal mahila bataliyanon mein sangathit honey kii adhik sambhavana thee, aur rakshaatmak ikaaiyon key hisse key roop mein usee sthaan parr adharit honey kii adhik sambhavana thee. natijatan, pratyek dwara nibhai gaee bhoomikaaen alag-alag hoti theen.
saamane kii mahilaaon koo aksar ladane aur sahayak sahaayata pradaan karane kii apeksha key dwandwayuddh key bojh kaa saamana karna padata thaa. purush netritva key nirnayon key liye gantantra key ander iss prabalit lingwad kii aavashyakta hoti haye, mahilaaon koo yuddh mein seva karke ling maandandon koo todane kii anumati dekar, lekin saath hii unhein paaramparik roop seey ling karyon mein sanlagn honey key liye majboor karna.
agrim pankti kii bhoomikaon mein sewarat adhikansh mahilaaon key pada communist, arajaktawadi yaa paum netritva dwara paribhaashit kiye gaye they. inmein seey adhikansh ney mahilaaon koo yuddh mein samaan bhoomikaaen deen, aur samaan sainya yogdan pradaan kiya. yuddh kaa anubhav batalian kii raajneetik sambaddhata key aadhar parr mahatvapurna roop seey bhinn naheen thaa, jisase yuddh mein mahilaaen judee hui theen.
antarrashtriya brigedon mein sewarat mahilaaon mein seey adhikansh ney nurses, pharmacists yaa doctors key roop mein kaam kiya. kuchh yahudi, polish aur americi mahilaaen spen gaeen aur yuddh mein seva kii. arajaktavadiyon dwara unhein aisaa karane seey sakriya roop seey hatotsaahit kiya gayaa thaa, aur communists dwara aisaa karane seey poori tarah seey pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. argentine garsia octuber 1937 mein saine esteban dee laas cruses mein saamane thaa. yuddh mein communist kii bahaduri koo unaki astrus batalian mein kaptan key roop mein padonnati key saath maanyata dee gaee thee.
demobilisation.
itihaskaron dwara virodhabhasi vivaran hain kii kaba mahilaaon koo gantantra paksh seey hataane kaa nirnay liya gayaa thaa. ack paksh 1936 key anta mein nirnay kii tarikh bataata haye jaba pradhaan mantri francisco largo cabellero ney adesh diyaa thaa. anya loga 1937 key march key adesh kii tarikh bataate hain. sabse adhik sambhavana yeh haye kii vibhinn raajneetik aur sainya netaaon ney apani maanyataon key aadhar parr apane swayam key nirnay liye, jisake kaaran mahila ladaakon key vibhinn samoohon koo dheere-dheere morche seey vaapas leey liya gayaa. lekin joe bhee tarikh nirdhaarit kii gaee thee, mahilaaon koo sitambar 1936 taka morcha chhodane key liye protsaahit kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
march 1937 mein mahilaaon koo gwadalajara mein saamane seey jaane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa. yuddh key baad, kaee logon koo kaaron mein bhar diyaa gayaa aur lines key peechhe kii sthiti mein leey jaaya gayaa. kuchh logon ney jaane seey incar curr diyaa, aur unakaa bhaagya anishchit haye, halanki doston koo sandeh haye kii sabse adhik ladaai mein maare gaye. nishkaasit sainikon mein durruti stambh key antarrashtriya samooh key leopoldin cock shamil they. kuchh vighatit mahilaaon ney saamane seey chhod diyaa, aur medrid aur barcelona jaise shaharon kii raksha mein gharelu morche parr mahilaaon key stambhon mein shamil hoe gaeen. jaba juan negrin maee 1937 mein ganarajya sashastr balon key pramukh baney, tou yuddh mein mahilaaon kaa samay samaapt hoe gayaa kyonki unhone ganarajya balon koo niyamit karane key prayaas jaari rakhe.
saamane seey unhein hataane key baad, "miliciana" aur samanya roop seey mahilaaon ney gantantra prachaar mein bhaag lena bund curr diyaa. drishya roop seey, way yuddh seey pahale apane jeevan mein laut aae, jahan unaki praathamik bhoomika ghar parr parde key peechhe thee. samyavadiyon aur arajaktawadi stambhon ney gantantra morche parr sabhi raajneetik samoohon mein sabse adhik mahilaaon koo aakarshit kiya. paum aatankvaadiyon key baare mein kahaaniyan adhik prasiddh hoe gaeen kyonki unaki yaadon koo prakaashit karane yaa antarrashtriya media key saath behtar sampark honey kii adhik sambhavana thee.
maut kii sajaa aur jail mein jeevan.
jailon mein ganarajya kii mahilaaon koo aksar una sthitiyon kaa saamana karna padata thaa jinase unake purush samkakshon koo nipatna naheen padata thaa. apane purush samkakshon key vipareet, kaee mahilaaon koo sainya vidroh key liye maut kii sajaa dee gaee thee, jinhen aam apraadhiyon kaa darja diyaa gayaa thaa. rashtravadi kshetron mein kuchh mahilaaon ney apane patiyon koo giraftar kiya aur fansi dee kyonki ack rashtravadi sanic ney unhein pasand kiya thaa. bachchon koo unaki maataon seey hataa diyaa gayaa, parivaar kii dekhbhal mein chhod diyaa gayaa yaa sadakon parr rahane key liye chhod diyaa gayaa. gantantra key liye ladane vaale beton vaali kuchh mahilaaon koo unhein prataadit yaa fansi parr chadhaate hue dekhane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. jail jaane seey pahale, kuchh mahilaaon ney khud koo purush pulis adhikaariyon dwara balatkar kiya huaa paaya. kuchh mahilaaon koo raat mein baazon dwara jail seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa joe taba unake saath balatkar karate they. inn raaton key dauran jail seey door baaz senaaon dwara, kuchh mahilaaon koo juaa aur teeron seey bhee chihnit kiya gayaa thaa. itali mein musolini kii senaa dwara upayog kii jaa rahee pratha seey udhaar lete hue, jail mein mahilaaon koo aksar dast dene key iraade seey arandi kaa tail peene key liye majboor kiya jaataa thaa. iska uddeshya inn mahilaaon koo apamaanit karna thaa jaba way khud koo maila karati theen. jail mein mahilaaon key liye aksar harr 200 mahilaaon key liye ack shauchalaya kaa anupaat hotaa thaa. grihyuddh key anta taka, laas ventas model jail 500 mahila kaidiyon seey badhkar 11,000 seey adhik hoe gaee thee.
grihyuddh key anta taka, laas ventus model jail 500 mahila kaidiyon seey badhkar 11,000 seey adhik hoe gaee thee. 5 agast 1939 koo madrid mein chhappan kaidiyon key ack badey samooh key hisse key roop mein 21 varsh seey cumm umr kii saat ladkiyon koo maar diyaa gayaa thaa. samooh trace rossa key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, aur sabhi sanyukt samajwadi yuvaaon (jey. aiss. yuu.) seey sambandhit they. casado junta ney jey. aiss. yuu. sadasyata bhoomikaon taka pahunch praapt kii thee, aur phir unhein franco key samarthakon dwara paaya jaane key liye chhod diyaa thaa. isase trace rosas kii giraftari mein suvidha hui, kyonki fasiwadi key paas jey. aiss. yuu. sadasyon key naam aur vivaran they.
1937 key maee key dinn.
maee key dinon kii ghatnaaon key netritva mein, soviyat sangh key saath gathbandhan karane vaale communists ney badey paimaane parr bandargaahon parr niyantran curr liya thaa, jahaan desh bhar mein vitaran key liye aaney vaali adhikansh sahaayata samagri aur raahat sahaayata soviyat sangh seey thee. way jald hii ack vaastavik pulis bull bunn gaye, aur pahale seey hii arajaktavadiyon koo kamjor karane key liye kaam curr rahey they. 1 maee 1937 koo hajaaron sashastr arajaktawadi sadakon parr utar aae aur sarkaar aur pulis koo unhein nirastra karane kaa saahas dikhaaya. 3 maee 1937 koo telephonica bhawan key saamane khula sangharsh shuru huaa. 4 maee 1937 koo, shahar mein mukhya sadakon parr machineganon key saath kaam poori tarah seey bund hoe gayaa thaa. 8 maee 1937 koo badee ladaai key samaapan taka, 1,000 seey adhik loga maare gaye aur anya 1,5000 ghayal hoe gaye. paum netritva 16 juuna 1937 koo yeh sub ack dukhad sir parr aataa jaba andress ninn aur paum karyakari koo giraftar curr liya gayaa. agale dinn, videshi paum sadasyon aur samarthakon koo hotal baaz mein saamoohik roop seey giraftar kiya gayaa aur jail leey jaaya gayaa. antatah, samooh mein paum key kaee videshi samarthakon koo patrakaar george national key karyon key kaaran aanshik roop seey bachaaya jaayega. americi vanijya dutawas ney, national koo karawas kii jaankaari dee, aur unamen seey kaee kii rihaai sunishchit karane key liye kaam kiya.
11 octuber, 1938 koo barcelona mein paum netritva key avasheshon parr mukadama chalaaya gayaa thaa. ibruri koo unake aarop key baare mein yeh kahate hue uddhrit kiya gayaa thaa, "yadi koee kahawat haye joe kahati haye kii samanya samay mein ack nirdosh koo dandit karane kii tulanaa mein sou doshiyon koo burry karna behtar haye, jaba ack logon kaa jeevan khatare mein hoe tou ack nirdosh koo burry karane seey sou nirdosh logon koo doshi thaharaana behtar haye."
francovadi spen (1938-1973).
joe mahilaaen gantantra rekhaaon key peechhe theen, way khud koo kaee vyavsaayon seey baahar paaee kyonki way kahaan rahati theen. isamen sivil seva kii naukariyan, shikshan pada, patrakaarita kii naukariyan aur peshevar sangathanon mein sthaan shamil they.
ling bhoomikaaen.
grihyuddh key anta aur fasiwadi taakton kii jeet ney spen mein paaramparik ling bhoomikaon kii vaapsee dekhi. isamen senaa mein yuddh bhoomikaon mein seva karane vaali mahilaaon kii asweekaryata shamil thee. jahan langic bhoomikaaen adhik lachili theen, yeh aksar rojgar key muddon key aspas thaa jahan mahilaaon koo apani aavaaz sunaane key liye ack aarthik aavashyakta mahsoos hoti thee. mahilaaon key liye ghar key baahar kaam karna bhee adhik sweekarya thaa, halanki vikalp abhee bhee paaramparik roop seey mahila key roop mein paribhaashit bhoomikaon taka seemit they. isamen nurses key roop mein, yaa soop kitchen yaa anathalayon mein kaam karna shamil thaa. halanki, kull milakar, grihyuddh kaa anta gantantra kii mahilaaon key liye ack dohri kshati saabit huaa, kyonki isane pahale seemit raajneetik shakti aur pehchaan koo chheen liya kyonki mahilaaon ney dusare ganarajya key dauran jeet hassil kii thee aur yeh unhein apane gharon mein vaapas jaane key liye majboor curr diyaa.
milician.
grihyuddh key anta aur fasiwadi taakton kii jeet ney spen mein paaramparik ling bhoomikaon kii vaapsee dekhi. isamen senaa mein yuddh bhoomikaon mein seva karane vaali mahilaaon kii asweekaryata shamil thee. yuddh key baad, kaee "milicians" koo kathinaaiyon kaa saamana karna padaa. isamen aam aabaadi koo ack prachaar yuddh key adheen kiya jaanaa shamil thaa jisane sangharsh mein unaki bhagidari kaa upahaas kiya thaa. usee samay, naee sarkaar ney unhein jail mein daalane yaa unhein prataadit karane kii maang kii. kaee ladaake bhee anpadh they, aur unhone paaya kii yeh baad kii gatividhiyon koo pratibandhit kartaa haye. yeh france mein nirvaasan key dauran kuchh logon parr lagaae gaye pratibandhon key saath jodaa gayaa thaa joe unake avsaron koo seemit curr dete they. joe loga raajneetik roop seey sakriya rahey, unhein communist party aur arajaktawadi halakon mein khule lingwad seey nipatna padaa.
yuddh kii kuchh mahila poorv sanic kabhi sevaanivritt naheen huin. isake bajaay unhone aatankvaad jaisi ranneeti kaa upayog karate hue saamyavaadi aur arajaktawadi prakoshthon key hisse key roop mein raajya key khilaf sakriya hinsa jaari rakhee. isamen guardia sivil padon parr bambari, bainkon koo lootana aur fallnage key karyalayon parr hamla karna shamil thaa. iss pratirodh prayaas mein shamil mahilaaon mein victoria pujolar, adlaida abarca aur angelita ramis shamil theen. inn mahilaaon aur unake jaisi mahilaaon ney france mein nirvaasit netaaon aur spen mein jameen parr rahane vaalon key liye gobetween key roop mein kaam kiya. unhone hamalon kii yojana banaane key liye communist party key netaaon key saath kaam kiya.
jail.
yuddh key anta taka, madrid mein mahilaaon key ekmatra laas venta model jail mein 14,000 seey adhik mahilaaen theen. jail mein inn mahilaaon mein seey kaee kaa guards dwara balatkar kiya gayaa thaa aur way garbhavati theen. isase jail kaa aakar badh gayaa thaa aur isamen 12,000 aur ganatantravaadi baal kaidi shamil they. vahaan seey, antonio vallejo nagera key adesh parr, inn bachchon koo unaki maataon seey hataa diyaa gayaa aur unhein "markswadi kattarta" seey dooshit honey seey rokane key liye anathalayon mein daal diyaa gayaa."
mairi topete fernandez medrid mein nursing maataon key liye jail mein jail netritva kaa hissa theen. europe mein apani tarah key pahale model key roop mein rakhe jaane key kaaran, jail mein shishu mrityu darr key saath samasyaaen theen. jabaki juuna 1941 mein maatri aur shishu swaasthya key kaanoon ney shishu mrityu darr koo ack chhote seey ansh seey cumm curr diyaa, 1943 taka kaid ganarajya kii mahilaaon mein sudhaar darr naheen dekhi gaee, aur 1952 taka mahatvapurna sudhaar dekhaa gayaa jaba jail kii raashan pranali koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaa.
nirvaasit.
1938 mein ganarajya key patan aur farwari 1939 mein rashtravadi sarkaar kii maanyata kii sthaapana key baad, kaee mahilaaen nirvaasan mein chully gaeen. france mein sharanarthi shiviron mein mahilaaen aksar khud koo kharaab sthiti mein paati theen. garbhavati mahilaaon key paas janm dene key liye kuchh suvidhaaen theen aur way aksar kharaab anukool theen. swiss sahaayata karyakarta elizabeth edenbenz disambar 1939 mein seema parr shiviron mein pahunchi, aur turant prasooti sevaaon mein sudhaar key baare mein shuru kiya. disambar 1939 aur farwari 1944 key beach kii avadhi mein, unhone spanish, polish aur yahudi mahilaaon key 597 janmon koo sthaapit karane mein madad kii. edenbanz ney kaee mahilaaon koo apane aur apane bachchon key liye kagjat aur veeja praapt karane mein sahaayata kii. behtar suvidhaon key bavjood, cesarian section sahit kaee cheejen naheen kii jaa sakee. parinamswarup, soochana naitikta kii darr cumm rahee, jisamen kaee navjat shishu apane janm key hafton key bheetar marr gaye.
nazarandaj curr diyaa aur mitaa diyaa gayaa.
gantantra paksh mein ladane vaali spanish mahilaaon key moolyavaan yogdan kii soochana cumm dee gaee haye, aur mahilaaon kii apani kahaaniyon koo aksar nazarandaj kiya gayaa haye. isake pramukh karanon mein seey ack usa samay maujood lingwad thaah mahilaaon aur mahilaaon kii samasyaon koo mahatvapurna naheen maanaa jaataa thaa, vishesh roop seey francovadi vijetaon dwara. jaba grihyuddh mein mahilaaon kii bhagidari parr charcha kii gaee, tou ise yuddh key vyaapak aakhyanon key saapeksh naheen, balki kahaaniyon key ack samooh key roop mein maanaa gayaa. usee samay, kyonki rashtravadi taakton ney yuddh jeetaa, unhone itihas likhaa joe baad mein aaya, kyonki way paaramparik ling maandandon kii or lautane kaa pratinidhitva karate they, unake paas yuddh key haarne vaale paksh parr mahilaaon kii bhagidari key mahatva parr charcha karane key liye gantantra balon kii tulanaa mein bhee cumm kaaran thaa.
francovadi prachaar ney yuddh mein unaki bhagidari kaa upahaas karate hue sakriya roop seey "miliciana" koo lakshit kiya. yuddh samaapt honey key dashakon baad bhee kaee "miliciana" koo kaid yaa prataadit kiya gayaa thaa. isake parinamswarup, yuddh key dauran ladane vaali kaee mahilaaon koo chup rahane key liye majboor honah padaa. pahali baar spen key "miliciana" parr khule taur parr charcha 1989 mein salamanka mein grih yuddh key baare mein ack sammelan mein hui thee.
grihyuddh mein gantantra paksh mein spanish mahilaaon kii bhoomika koo nazarandaj karane kaa ack aur kaaran praathamik sroton kii kamee haye. yeh aksar sarkari balon dwara dastavejon koo nasht karane yaa mahilaaon dwara swayam virodh karane key liye dastavejon koo nasht karane kaa parinam thaa. kaee mamalon mein yuddh mein apani bhagidari koo chhipaane seey unhein apani zaan bachaane mein madad millie. anya mamalon mein, yuddhon key parinamswarup moolyavaan dastavejon kaa vinash huaa jisamen mahilaaon kii bhagidari parr charcha kii gaee.