
jeevan kii kahani

lazar sinanu (, jise сеенену, janm seey elizer skiin bhee likhaa jaataa haye; franciciesed laazar sanion, yaa sainanu; 23 aprail, 1859-11 maee, 1934) moldavia aur valakia mein janme bhashavid, bhashavid, lokkathakar aur saanskritik itihaaskaar key ack sanyukt riyasat they. oriental aur romans adhyayan mein visheshagya honey key saath-saath ack germanwadi, way mukhya roop seey yiddish aur roman bhasha vigyaan mein apane yogdan, vikaasvaadi bhashavigyan mein apane kaam aur ack saahityik aur bhashashastriya tulanvaadi key roop mein apani gatividhi key liye jaane jaate they. balcon aur poorv madhya europeeya paramparaon key sambandh mein rakhe gaye roman lokkathaon kii jaanch aur sankalan mein bhee sinanu kaa abhinav yogdan thaa, saath hii saath ack badey balcon sandarbh mein romanian key aitihaasik vikas mein, aur romanian shabdakosh mein ack prasiddh praarambhik yogadankarta they. inn kshetron mein unaki mukhya pahal sangrahit pariyon kii kahaaniyon kaa ack badaa sangrah aur 1896 kaa "dictionarul universal all limbi roman" ("roman bhasha kaa saarvbhaumik shabdakosh") haye, joe sabse lokpriya roman vaigyaanik karyon mein seey ack haye.
gair-nirvaasit yahudi-romanian samudaay key sadasya, laazar сеinanu "haskalah" (yahudi gyaan) vichaaron key liye khade they, aur roman mukhyadhara mein yahudi ekikaran key paksh mein chune gaye. prakritikkaran key liye unake baar-baar kiye gaye anurodh antatah asafal rahey, lekin unhein ack raajneetik sangharsh key kendra mein dhakel diyaa, jisane sahishnuta key samarthakon key prati yahudi virodhi dhaara kaa virodh kiya. 1901 mein, sinanu aur unake parivaar ney romenia kaa raajya chhod diyaa aur france mein buss gaye, jahan vidwan apani mrityu taka rahey. madhya francisi key adhyayan key liye apane agrani kaam aur argot kii utpatti mein apani jaanch key saath-saath 16 veen shatabdi key lekhak francois rabelis parr apane aalochanatmak nibandhon key liye jaane jaane vaale, way 1908 key liye institute dee fraans key volani puraskar key praaptakarta they. prakaashak ralian samita key damad, sinanu key parivaar mein unake bhaai constantin they, joe ack prasiddh shabdakoshkar, patrakaar aur vivaadvaadi they.
jeevani.
praarambhik jeevan.
elizer skiin (jiska naam mool roop seey roman mein "laazar сain" yaa "shain" key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa) kaa janm ploesty shahar mein garib yahudi-roman nivaasiyon key ghar huaa thaa. unake pitaa, moisi, ack house painter aur shaukiya kalakar they, joe, jaba taka unake bete solah varsh key they, sanyukt raajya america mein kaam karane key liye chaley gaye they. elizer ney 5 saal kii umr seey niji shikshakon key saath adhyayan kiya, aur 10 saal kii umr mein niyamit school mein pravesh liya, jaba unhone doosari kaksha mein pravesh kiya. moisi skiin kii romenia lautane key turant baad mrityu hoe gaee, jisase elizer apani maan aur chhah bhaai-bahanon key liye ekmatra pradaata bunn gayaa. haalaanki way lekhak aur siddhantkar aayan heliad radulescu parr ack thesis key saath apani snaatak kii padhaai paas karane mein saksham theh "ian eliod radulescu kaa gramatic see philolog" ("ian eliod radulescu ack vyaakaranvid aur bhashashastri key roop mein").
1881 taka, ack vidhwa key sabse badey bete key roop mein roman bhoomi balon mein apane anivarya karyakal seey chhoot milane key baad, yuvak bucharest key patra sankaay vishvavidyalaya mein adhyayan karane key liye chalaa gayaa. shikshaavid bogdan petricicu hasdeu dwara padhaae gaye aur prashansa key saath maane jaane vaale, sinanu mukhya roop seey vyutpatti, shally vigyaan aur shabdarthshastra key chhaatr they (joe 1882 aur 1887 mein prakaashit unake pahale teen adhyayanon kaa aadhar thaa). unhone apana pahala adhyayan, 1883 kaa "cateva spacimen dee atimology popular romana" ("roman lock vyutpatti key kuchh namoone"), hasdue kii patrika "kolumna lui train" mein prakaashit kiya. taba taka, sinanu ney "anur pentru israel" ("israeliyon key liye vaarshik pustak") mein yogdan denaa shuru curr diyaa thaa, joe unake doston aur saathi vidvaanon moosa gaster aur moosa schwartzfeld dwara sampaadit brabist patrika thee, jisane mukhya roop seey yahudi itihas parr lekh prakaashit kiye aur ack madhyam atmasaatvaadi agenda ("haskalah") kaa samarthan kiya. gaster ney lokkathaon aur bhashavigyan parr sinanu key vibhinn adhyayanon koo bhee bheja, joe roman itihaaskaar grigor tossilescu dwara sthaapit aur netritva kii gaee sameeksha "rivista pentru istori, puraatatva see philology" mein prakaashit huaa. donon vidvaanon key beach seedha sampark 1885 mein samaapt hoe gayaa, jaba gaster koo romania seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki unhone rashtriya liberal party key mantrimandal dwara maaf kiye gaye yahudi virodhi upaayon kaa virodh kiya thaa.
1887 key "İncerchare asupra semasiologyii chromâne" ("nibandh roman ardh-vigyaan parr"), jise skiin dwara unake snaatak patra key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa, koo naslavigyaani iordon datku dwara isake abhinav moolya key liye purvavyaapi roop seey saraha gayaa thaa, aur usee tippanikar dwara tark diyaa gayaa thaa kii unhone "vastunishth alochakon" seey saarvbhaumik roop seey sakaratmak pratikriyaon koo aakarshit kiya haye. sinanu key vivaran key anusaar, francisi akaadamik michel brail dwara ack swatantra shakha key roop mein ardhvigyaan kii sthaapana key baad iska bariki seey paalan kiya gayaa. kathit taur parr isase unhein bhavishya key virodhi shiksha mantri aur rashtriya udaarvaadi rajneta demetry sturdja kii prashansa millie, jinhone kathit taur parr unhein videsh mein adhyayan karane kii sifarish kii, unhein aashvast kiya kii, gaster key mamle key vipareet, "humm aapka khuli baahon seey swaagat karenge."roman akadami key press dwara mudrit aur hasdue dwara prastut," "İncerchare" "ney manoh hillel chhatravritti arjit kii, jisaki raashi soney mein 5,000 lii thee.
iss anudan kaa upayog karate hue, unhone france mein, peris vishvavidyalaya mein, brail, gaston peris aur wilheim meyer-loobke key tahat aur baad mein ikole special days langues orientals mein apani padhaai koo aage badhaaya, jahan unhone praachya bhaashaon key adhyayan mein visheshagyata praapt kii. unhone apana ph.dee. german samrajya mein leapsig vishvavidyalaya mein, unake shodh prabandh koo institute dee france seey puraskar praapt huaa. itihaaskaar lucian nastasa key anusaar, vidwan kii pasand romanon kii ack samanya pratha kii pushti curr rahee thee, jinhone donon deshon mein baar-baar sthaanon parr jaakar francophilia aur germanophilia key beach kii khaai koo paatane kaa vikalp chunaa. jaisa kii sinanu ney gaster koo likhaa thaa, unhone "bauddhik kendra" leapsig key paksh mein faisala kiya thaa kyonki carle brugman, "vartamaan bhasha vigyaan key pramukh pratinidhi", vahaan kaam karate they aur padhaate they. unhone brugman aur august leskian donon key saath adhyayan kiya, apane kaam key liye bahut prashansa arjit kii aur vishesh paristhitiyon mein apana diploma lene key adhikaar (jisamen unake pichhale karyon koo dhyaan mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur unhein ack poorna aakar key nae shodh prabandh parr shodh karane kii aavashyakta naheen thee). sinanu apane german shikshakon kii vaigyaanik kathorta seey prasann they, lekin unakaa maanana thaa kii shikshashastra key mamle mein pranali koo bahut nuksan uthaana padata haye, aur iss sambandh mein francisi shikshaavidon koo bahut adhik pratibhashali maanaa jaataa haye. yuva vidwan ney antaral key dauran dou kritiyaan prakaashit keenh "legenda mesterului manol laa gracy moderni" (aadhunik yoonaniyon key beach "mesterul manol" kinvadanti) aur unakaa ph.dee. roman lokkathaon parr thesis, "less jors dee empront oh less jors dee laa vielle" ("udhaar liye gaye dinn yaa boodhi aurat key dinn"). baad vaale kii mejbani gaston peris kii patrika "romenia" ney kii thee.
ack shikshak key roop mein shuruat.
way lattin aur romanian key shikshak key roop mein romania laut aae, ack carrier maarg kaa peechha karate hue jisane antatah unhein buchest vishvavidyalaya mein ack pada arjit kiya. unhein ack hyee school shikshak key roop mein naukari dee gaee, aur patra vibhaag key pramukh hasdeu key sahayak key roop mein ack avaitanik vishvavidyalaya kaa pada praapt kiya. nastasa, joe apane kaam key liye sinanu key utsaah koo nott karate hain, likhate hainh "tulanaatmak bhasha vigyaan pathyakram key liye unakaa praarambhik vyakhyan-unake sabhi karyon kii tarah-romenia key kshetron mein kamobesh advitiya vidvata kaa pramaan haye."
apani yogyataon key bavjood, sinanu apani gair-nagrik sthiti key kaaran peshevar roop seey aage badhane mein asamarth they. yuva shodhkarta koo shiksha mantralaya key ack prashaasnik nirnay dwara bucharest gheroghe laazar hyee school mein lattin kaa vaikalpik shikshak bhee niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, joe avar sachiv atephan michelsku key yahudi virodhi virodh key bavjood liya gayaa thaa. iss pada parr unakaa karyabhar unake mitra aur poorv shikshak, lekhak aur puraatatvavid alekjendar odobescu kii madhyasthata key baad thaa, aur ack chhoti avadhi kaa udghaatan kiya jisake dauran sinanu ney pathyapustakon koo likhane parr dhyaan kendrit kiya.
isake turant baad, prabhaavshaali saahityik club "junimiya" key netaa aur khud lazer sinanu key poorv professors mein seey ack, roodhivaadi mantri titu maorescu ney unhein vishvavidyalaya mein ack pada parr niyukt kiya, itihas aur saahitya vibhaag key bheetar. aeye. eurasia. baad vaale, ack mukhar yahudi virodhi aur vipakshi rashtriya udaarvaadi samooh key pramukh sadasya, ney iss upaay key khilaf kadee pratikriya vyakt karate hue yeh daavaa kiya kii ack jaatiya roman key vipareet, ack yahudi "bhavishya key liye sabak seey ladee hamari ateet kii chhavi koo yuva peedhi key dimag aur dill mein kabhi naheen jagaa sakata thaa. sinanu kii apani yaad key anusaar, unhone swayam vishvavidyalaya mein niyukti key liye naheen kahaa thaa, aur sandeh thaa kii yeh unhein pahale sthaan parr diyaa gayaa thaa taaki gherghe laazar kaa pada "usa dinn key pasandida, rajkumar ferdinand key poorv shikshak koo saunpa jaae."phir bhee unhone nott kiya kii eurechia mein unaki niyukti kaa virodh karate samay hiton kaa takraav thaa, yeh dekhate hue kii unhone apani adhyakshata key aspas vibhaag kii rachana kii thee, aur yeh, vishvavidyalaya key shaikshanik alekjendar dee kii sahaayata seey. isake alawa, unhone sankaay parr apani pakad banaae rakhane key liye "dayaniya sajishon" kaa ack samooh shuru kiya thaa.
sinanu ney tossilescu key kathit dolanon parr bhee tippani kii, jinhone itihas khand kaa netritva karane key liye sahmat honey key baad, aur patra khand kii adhyakshata key liye apane yahudi sahayogi kaa samarthan karane key baad, eurechia key peechhe apana samarthan fenk diyaa. nastasa, joe eurechia aur tossilescu kii or seey sajish kaa ullekh kartaa haye, mosses gaster key esainanu koo likhe patra kaa hawala detaa haye, jisamen tossilescu koo ack double-crosser, "ack gandi twicer aur ack rakt-shoshak" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. jatilataon ney antatah sinanu koo apana istifa prastut karane key liye prerit kiya, aur maorescu ney ise sweekaar curr liya. unhone yaad kiyaah "pratyek samajhdaar vyakti nissandeh yeh maan legaa kii [...] narazgi shree. iss durbhagyapurna namankan key khilaf aayojit eurechia koo khush kiya gayaa hotaa. iss prakaar maan lene kaa matlab yeh hoga kii usa vyakti yaa roman samajik vatavaran koo achchi tarah seey naa jaanana, aur isase pahale kii bhavya deshbhakti phir seey apani ghrina key prabhaavon koo pradarshit karey, mushkil seey dou maheene beet gaye they."
yuva bhashavid ney "junimiya" dwara sampaadit ack patrika "convorbiri literere" mein bhee yogdan diyaa. yeh vahee thaa jahan, 1887 mein, unhone roman lokkathaon mein khazaron kii sambhaavit upasthiti parr apana adhyayan prakaashit kiyaah "jidovi sou taataari sou uriyasi" ("yahudi yaa taataar yaa uriyasi"). dragoslavel, shitu golesty aur radomir jaise muntanian aur oltanian ilaakon mein lokkatha sarvekshanon key aadhar parr nirmit, iss adhyayan kaa upayog baad mein unake raajneetik virodhiyon dwara unake khilaf kiya gayaa, joe yahoodiyon aur romanon key beach paaramparik sambandhon key liye isake prabhaavon seey naraj they.
vidvatapurna pramukhta aur praarambhik prakritikkaran key prayaas.
apane currier key usa kshan taka, sinanu tulanaatmak bhashavigyan parr kaee pustaken bhee prakaashit curr rahey they. shuru mein, unhone mukhya roop seey romantic sugandhit bhasha parr turkey aur ottoman turkey key prabhaav kaa aaklan karane parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, 1885 key adhyayan (sugandhit bhasha mein turkey tatva) kaa nirmaan kiya. 1889 mein, unhone german aur yiddish key beach sambandhon parr apana abhinav kaam prakaashit kiya, ("judo-german bhaashan parr ack dwandwaatmak adhyayan"). nastasa ney nott kiya kii unaki visheshagyata kaa kshetra taba taka romenia mein sabse vyaapak thaa, jisamen naa kewal yiddish aur romans bhashavigyan shamil thaa, balki proto-indo-europeeya, proto-slavic aur vibhinn anya bhaashaon aur boliyon kaa adhyayan bhee shamil thaa.
1889 mein bhee, sinanu ney prakritikkaran key liye aavedan kiya, joe 1866 key samvidhaan key anusaar, ack yahudi kewal roman sansad key vishesh adhiniyam dwara aur asadharan gunon key badale mein praapt curr sakata thaa. unake jeevan key lagbhag 12 varshon key prayaas ney unhein rajneeti aur vaigyaanik samudaay mein yahudi virodhi dhaara key khilaf khadaa curr diyaah unake prakritikkaran key sabse mukhar virodhiyon mein dou pramukh rashtriya udaarvaadi, eurechia aur sturdja they, jinake donon matdaataon key rashtravadi vargon key beach anuyaayi they. kanuni ekikaran parr sansadiya aayog key pramukh key roop mein, sturdja ney prastaavit kaanoon koo aswikar karane kii sifarish parr hastakshar kiye, jise pahale nyaay mantri george dee. dwara anumodit kiya gayaa thaa. vaastav mein, iss aadhar parr kii sinanu mein yogyata kii kamee thee. unakaa abhiyaan, jisamen sinanu koo romenia key virodhi key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa thaa, taba samaapt huaa jaba senate ney prakritikkaran anurodh key khilaf 79 seey 2 vote diye.
unake aavedan kaa pratirodh sinanu key liye ack ashcharya thaa, jinhone likhaah "mujhe iss raaste key baare mein pataa naheen thaa [...] yeh utanaa hii adhik kantedar haye jitna [vyakti key] guna adhik vaastavik hotey hain."unhone raajneetik pratishthaan parr sthaaniya bhrashtachar kaa bhee aarop lagaate hue likhaah" "koee bhee banker jisane prakritikkaran kii maang kii, usey binaa kissy kathinaaee key praapt huaa. agale antaral key dauran, sinanu key kaaran ney kathit taur parr raajaa caroll pratham, roodhivaadi pradhaan mantri laskar katargiu aur udaarvaadi rashtriya udaarvaadi raajneetik mihel koglenisanu kaa samarthan jeetaa. sthiti kii sameeksha karate hue, sinanu ney padosi austriya-hangri mein ack asamanya ghatana kaa hawala diyaa, jahaan sthaaniya roman "gyaapan" andolan key hisse key roop mein samooh adhikaaron mein vriddhi kii maang curr rahey they. saanskritik daman key baare mein unake tarkon koo hangri key buddhijiviyon key jawab key saath puuraa kiya gayaa, jinhone sinanu mudde koo iss baat key pramaan key roop mein uddhrit kiya kii austriya-hangri key paas romania kii tulanaa mein adhik peshkash karane key liye thaah "unake mamle mein sabhi romania they, lekin unhone [desh] koo adhikansh romanian devtaon kii tarah kaee sevaaen pradaan kii theen."1893 mein, prakritikkaran kaa anurodh nichale sadan key samaksh aaya, jisake parinamswarup paksh mein 76 aur virodh mein 20 vote padey. vidwan kii yaadon key anusaar, iss munch parr unakaa ekmatra virodhi unake poorv "convorbiri saahitya" sahayogi, lekhak icob negruzi they, jinhone kathit taur parr asamarthit daave koo bataaya kii esainanu ney "angreji mein" romenia key khilaf abhiyaan chalaaya thaa (esainanu kaa maanana thaa kii yeh "nissandeh" kahaa gayaa thaa kyonki [angreji] adhikansh kaksh sadasyon key liye poori tarah seey aparichit thaa ").
samanantar vivaad aur 1895 senate vote.
ack raajneetik ghotale mein shamil honey key bavjood, laazar sinanu ney bhashavigyan mein apane kaam mein koee baadha naheen daali. unaki 1891 kii pustak, (vyaakaran aur tark key beach sambandh), joe unake vishvavidyalaya key vyakhyanon key aadhar parr likhi gaee thee, mein bhasha kii utpatti parr unake vichaar shamil they aur yeh praakritik bhasha key bheetar taarkik pahaluon key adhyayan mein agrani khandon mein seey ack thaa. dattaku ney iss yogdan koo 1892 key "estoria philology roman" ("roman bhasha vigyaan kaa itihas") key saath, pradaan kii gaee "adyatan jaankaari" key liye nott kiya haye. lekhak ney baad vaale koo "naee peedhi koo kaam karane key liye protsaahit karane aur upayogi salah key madhyam seey isaki sahaayata key liye aaney key liye niyat" key roop mein samajhaaya thaa."inn donon khandon key saath heliad radulescu parr unaki praarambhik shodh prabandh kaa ack mudrit vistaar bhee thaa.
1895 mein, sinanu ney samanya roop seey lokkathaon mein apane pramukh yogdaanon mein seey ack aur vishesh roop seey romanian lokkathaon key adhyayan parr kaam puuraa kiyaah "basmel roman inn comparatioon kyu legendale antis classes see inn legtura kyu basmel poporel envasinate aiss aeye eley tuterer poporellore romanis" ("shaastriya prachinta aur sabhi romans logon kii kinvadantiyon kii tulanaa mein roman purry kathaaen"). ack vistrit monograph, isamen mukhya paath key lagbhag 1,000 prishth aur soochkaank key 100 prishth shamil they. khand koo anaam roop seey roman akadami koo prastut kiya gayaa thaa (isake niyamon key anusaar), aur ise iska heliad radulescu puraskar praapt huaa. lekhak dwara apane naam kaa khulasa karane key baad ghabarahat paida hoe gaee, jisase sturdza aur neegruzi ney akadami key faisale koo palatane key liye asafal roop seey poochha. iss avsar parr, eurechia (swayam ack akadami sadasya) ney saarvajanik roop seey kahaa kii unake virodhi ney puraskar khareed liya thaa, lekin, sinanu ney nott kiya, iss daave key liye kabhi saboot prastut naheen kiya.
usee varsh unaki nagrikta kaa mamla senate koo vaapas curr diyaa gayaa. taba taka, sinanu kii file koo puraskar pramaan patra, buchest city holl seey achche aacharan kii guaranti, aur hasdeu seey kaee anukool reports (baad vaale key apane yahudi virodhi pravachan key apavaad) key saath aur samriddh kiya gayaa thaa. hasdue ney unhein roman roodhivaadi mahanagariya ghenadi (joe prakritikkaran parr aayog key adhyaksh bhee they) key saath sakshatkar kii vyavastha kii, jabaki alekjendar odobescu ney mamle koo senate key roodhivaadi adhyaksh ghiorge grigor cantacusino key dhyaan mein laaya. isake baad senate mein ack badee bahas hui, jisake dauran eurechia ney apane poorv pratidvandi kii baar-baar aalochana kii, unaki tulanaa ack trojan horse seey kii aur saathi sansadon seey "ack videshi" koo "roman gadh" mein naheen jaane dene kii maang kii (bayanon parr kaee logon ney taaliyon key saath pratikriya dee). apane aur hasdeu key jawabon key saath apane vibhinn daavon koo soochibaddh karate hue, yahudi vidwan ney swayam bataaya kii eurechia antatah senate tribune mein yeh kahane key liye aaya kii "shree. sinanu ney desh key khilaf kuchh bhee prakaashit naheen kiya, lekin naa hii unhone rashtriya prashn key paksh mein likhaa.
praarambhik matdan ney sinanu key prakritikkaran key khilaf 33 seey 26 diye, joe aavashyak atee bahumat seey cumm thaa, lekin dusare tech key parinamswarup 61 key khilaf 12 key paksh mein thaa. board key yahudi virodhi varg ney iss jeet koo badey harshollas key saath manaaya, jaisa kii odobescu ney dekhaa, jinhone khud koo "narbhakshiyon kii chhavi kaa saamana karate hue mahsoos kiya joe ack sabhya vyakti koo kaatane aur nigalane parr jaanvaron kii tarah anandit they. shikshaavidon kii ack aur aavaaj thee kii way alexander phillipied key virodh key baare mein pratikool roop seey boll rahey they, jinhone likhaa thaah "main daarshanik naheen huun, lekin aggar kabhi koee prakritikkaran kaa yogya kike hotaa, tou vaha hotaa."iss ghatana key turant baad, nae rashtriya udaarvaadi mantri spiru haaret ney shikshan padon mein ferbadal kiya, aur sinanu, joe bucharest key escola normley superiore mein ack nae shikshak key pada parr they, ney khud koo berojgar paaya, aur peris aur berlin mein romania key baahar naukari paane kaa vikalp chunaa.
1890 key dashak key anta mein ghotale key kaary aur prabhaav.
junimiya" aavadhik "convorbiri literere" key liye karyon koo prakaashit karna bund kiye binaa, sinanu ney apane virodhi hasdeu koo baar-baar jaari rakhaa, aur apane kuchh anya nibandhon koo hasdeu kii patrika "rivista nou" mein yogdan diyaa. "basmel roman" key baad 1896 mein "studdy folcoloris" ("lokkathaon mein adhyayan") aaya, joe tulanaatmak pauranik kathaaon parr laghu lekhan kaa ack sangrah haye. usee varsh, unhone shabdakosh mein apana maulik kaam puuraa kiya, "dictionerul universal all limbi roman", jisane roman shabdakosh koo prachintavad aur dwandwaatmak kismon seey laker navvigyaan aur aadhunik shabdawali taka samhitaabaddh kiya, jisamen lagbhag 30,000 pravishtiyan aur 80,000 paribhaashaaen shamil theen. sthaaniya bhasha vigyaan vidyalaya key itihas mein apani tarah kii pahali vyaapak pariyojana, yeh apane pahale sanskaran seey unake sabse lokpriya yogdan koo saabit karane key liye thee, paristhitiyon koo lekhak aayan luka caragiale ney swayam roman sanskriti mein ack ghatana key roop mein varnit kiya thaa. kairajiyale, jinhone laazar esainanu koo "lokpriya banaane mein ack vaastavik pratibha" maanaa, ney pustak kii maulikta parr tippani keeh "[esainanu] ney aadhunik logon key jeevan mein poori abhivyaktiyon koo galey lagaane kii koshish kii...]. isaliye, yeh saarvbhaumik shabdakosh hamari vartamaan sanskriti kii ack cumm, lekin sateek chhavi pradaan kartaa haye, jaisa kii yeh bhasha mein parilakshit hotaa haye."iss sakaratmak mulyankan key vipareet, eurechia key bete elseu jaise rashtravadiyon ney saarvajanik roop seey pustak kaa majaak udaaya aur daavaa kiya kii isamen yogyata kii kamee haye.
samanantar mein, khand ney yahudi udyami eosif samita (institutul samita) key kreyova-adharit mudran ghar key saath Âinenanu key sahyog koo pavitra kiya, jahan vidwan ney 1895 key roman saahitya sankalan "autori romani moderney", "mitologia classica" ("shaastriya pauranik kathaa") bhee prakaashit kiya. yeh ack aisaa vishay haye joe ack dusare key liye mahatvapurna haye. all xix-lea (aadhunik roman lekhak. 19veen shatabdi key mukhya lekhakon seey ekatra kiye gaye padya aur gadya key namoone), aur angreji lekhak villium shekspeare parr 1897 kaa ack jeevani nibandh. sinanu dwara ralian samita kii betty, eosif key bete, sahayogi aur antim uttaradhikari seey shaadi karane key baad vyaavsaayik sambandh parivarik sambandhon mein badal gayaa. unaki ack betty thee, elizabeth.
Âineanu ney shabdawali aur samaaj mein samaan roop seey leventin upasthiti key baare mein ack vyaapak adhyayan key saath anusaran kiya, jise 1900 mein edura sosek dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa (key roop mein, "roman bhasha aur sanskriti parr praachya prabhaav") aur 1901 mein ack francisi bhasha sanskaran mein banaaya gayaa. ise akadami days shilalekhon aitt bails-latters seey dhyaan aakarshit kiya, aur parinamswarup sansthaan dee france key volney puraskar key liye namankan milaa. haalaanki, jise romenia mein lekhak key algaav key pramaan key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye, usey romanian akadami dwara nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisane usa varsh key liye apana puraskar ghodon key itihas parr ack khand koo pradaan kiya thaa. yeh pustak ack sthaapit itihaaskaar aur rashtravadi rajneta, sinanu aur nikola iorga key beach sangharsh kaa kaaran bhee thee. constantin radulescu-motru kii patrika "noa rivista romana" mein kii gaee garamagaram bahas, iorga kii sameeksha seey shuru hui, jisamen kuchh aavashyak sanshodhan pradaan karane kaa daavaa kiya gayaa thaa. sinanu ney iorga dwara ullikhit apattiyon koo tuchchh paaya, aur samagr paath, jisamen unake pratidvandi ney khud koo lagbhag 15 baar uddhrit kiya thaa, ahankari thaa.
iss pratikriya kaa saamana iorga dwara ack teekha jawab key saath kiya gayaa, jinake nae aarop yahudi virodhi pravachan seey liye gaye theh "[сеенену ney likhaa] kaee cheejon key baare mein joe vaha naheen samajhate hain. vaha apane anaadi haathon seey niyamavali, vyaakaran, sankalan, shabdakoshon kaa nirmaan curr rahey they taaki way satta laabh praapt curr sakein. haalaanki merey paas iss tarah key doshon key liye ack spashteekaran thaa. humm sabhi jaanate hain kii shree. sinanu ack roman naheen haye, aur humm jaanate hain kii vaha kaun haye. unake logon mein kaee aise lakshan hain joe bahut uchch aur mahaan hain, lekin kaee aise dosh bhee hain joe nimn aur anuchit hain. yeye, main khud seey kaha rhaa thaa, unake khoon mein hain; vaha unase kabhi chhutkara naheen paa sakata thaa. main binaa adhik nivesh key uchch prashansa aur kaee aaya key junoon key baare mein baat karna chaahata huun. 1907 mein, iorga aur unaki "neemul romnesk" patrika ney bhee ienanu key liye caragielle kii prashansa key khilaf pratikriya vyakt kii, caragielle koo "yahoodiyon key saath kaam karane vaalaa" kahaa, aur caragielle koo iorga kii apani vidvatapurna mahatvakankshaon parr vyangya karane key liye prerit kiya.
1899 sansadiya matdan aur swa-nirvaasan.
prakritikkaran prakriyaon koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye, laazar sainanu ney antatah yahudi dharm kaa tyag curr diyaa aur roman roodhivaadi church mein bapatisma sweekaar curr liya. unake godfather koo ionescu maanaa jaataa thaa, joe usa samay roodhivaadi party key rankon key bheetar ack badhati hui shakhsiyat thee. ionescu ney swayam shiksha mantri key roop mein kaary kiya, agyaat karanon seey unase doori banaane seey pahale vidwan kii antardrishti kii sarahana kii aur unaki company kaa anand liya. sinanu kaa mamla phir seey disambar 1899 mein senate anumodan key liye prastut kiya gayaa thaa, iss baar vishesh sansadiya aayog seey ack anukool sameeksha key saath, aur unake prakritikkaran key prastaav koo 37 seey 2 maton key saath pesh kiya gayaa thaa (yaa, sinanu key anusaar, 39-vote sarvasammati). halanki parinam sakaratmak thaa, vaigyaanik koo soochit kiya gayaa kii ack naee prakriya koo abhee-abhee poore sadan key samarthan seey paarit kiya gayaa haye, yeh nirdisht karate hue kii prakritikkaran koo kewal donon kakshon key ack samanya satra mein vote dwara lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. isaliye dastaavez koo 1899 key antim satra mein ack aur vote key liye prastut kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen koram kii kamee key kaaran radd honey seey pahale yahudi virodhi samoohon key hamalon koo phir seey soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa.
praarambhik parinam, jisane unhein "poori khushi mein duba diyaa", aur nae vote parr, jise way maanate they kii nyaay mantri constantin dsescu dwara uddeshya seey pesh kii gaee kewal ack taknikita thee, parr pratibimbit karate hue unhone yaad kiyaah "24 ghanton key liye main romanian rashtriyata key bheetar" raajneetik roop seey "[сеенену key transa] thaa!"unhone yaad kiya kii king caroll ney unhein praapt kiya thaa, joe kathit taur parr unake iss vishvaas seey sahmat they kii yeh kaarravaai apmaanjanak thee. taba taka, sinanu ney hasdeu kaa samarthan bhee khou diyaa, jinhone, ionescu lene kii tarah, vishvavidyalaya key punargathan koo apani manjuri dey dee, jisane yahudi vidwan koo unake maanad pada seey hataa diyaa. isake bajaay unhone peater pee seey samarthan manga. carp, roodhivaadi doyen, jinhone kathit taur parr aspasht lattin kahawat "gutta kaiwat lapidame" ("paani kii boond patthar key madhyam seey drill karegi") key saath unake anurodh kaa jawab diyaa. vibhajan key doosari or, sinanu parr hamalon kaa netritva yahudi virodhi patra "aparia naonol" ney kiya thaa, jisake lekh, vidwan ney tark diyaa, "moorkhata aur hasyaspadta key shikhar parr pahunch gaye".
14 disambar, 1900 koo, nichale sadan dwara lazar esainanu key prakritikkaran key mudde parr bhee punarvichaar kiya gayaa, aur prastaav koo 44 maton key saath 31 (75 key aparyaapt koram seey) key saath haraaya gayaa, isake baad 15 disambar koo ack nishchit vote huaa, jiss parr 95 mein seey 48 pratinidhiyon ney isake khilaf matdan kiya. iss parinam kaa jashn "aperia natinol" dwara manaaya gayaa thaa, jisane sampadakiya tippaniyon koo prakaashit kiya jaise kii "sabhi roman dilon ney apaar khushi key saath chhalang lagaa dee haye" aur "hamaare poorvaj apani kabron mein khushi seey kaamp gaye hain. nirnay kii ninda karane vaalon mein "laa rumani" patrika aur abhijaat alekjendar bibescu shamil they. 1901 mein, raajneetik pratikriya seey nirash aur romenia mein asahaj mahsoos karate hue, vidwan aur unakaa parivaar peris mein phir seey buss gaye, jahan unhone mukhya roop seey apane romani naam key franchisation kaa upayog kiya, "laazar sanion" key roop mein hastakshar kiye.
francisi carrier aur antim varsh.
agali avadhi key liye unaki mukhya ruchi vikaasvaadi bhashavigyan key siddhant they, jisamen neogrammerian drishtikon, ethanolingvistics aur cycolingvistics parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa thaa. unhone francisi argot kii abhootpoorv jaanch koo bhee apani ruchiyon mein jodaa, aur ack chhota sansmaran ("una carrier philologic aine rumani", "romenia mein ack philologist kaa currier") prakaashit kiya. Âineanu key adhyayanon ney balcon saahitya mein paae jaane vaale nirmaan anushthaanon key tulanaatmak shodh parr bhee dhyaan kendrit kiya, aur vishesh roop seey roman "mesterul manol" mithak (pustak ney francisi mein 1902 key roop mein "less richtus day laa construction dee 'aapres laa poesi populayar dee ll' europe oriental" key roop mein mudrit dekhaa). taba taka, way saathi bhashavid alfred landau key saath patrachar curr rahey they, jinake saath unhone yiddish key itihas parr charcha kii thee.
francisi key itihas mein éineanu kii samanantar jaanch mein unaki 1905-1907 "laa cration metaphoric aine francise aitt aine romanah images tirres doo monde days animax domestics" ("francisi aur romans bhaashaon mein roopak rachanaah gharelu jaanvaron kii duniya seey chhaviyaan") shamil thee, jise kaee tomes mein sanrachit kiya gayaa thaa, joe kramshah pramukh gharelu sathiyon koo samarpit they. unhone francisi shabdawali, "ll 'argot ancian" ("pracheen argot") aur isake saathi "less source dee ll' argot ancian" ("pracheen argot key srot", 1907) parr pramukh sanshleshanon parr bhee kaam shuru kiya. poorv ney unhein 1908 key liye volney puraskar dilaaya. 1999 mein likhate hue, itihaaskaar johnn leopold ney tark diyaa kii yeh ack mahatvapurna upalabdhi thee, kyonki volney aayog "videshiyon dwara pratyaksh pratispardha seey dartaa prateet hotaa thaa"-iss niyam key anya apavaad liu banong, wilheim schmitt aur mairi-luis sjostate they. leopold key anusaar, sinanu volney puraskar vijetaon mein seey they, "vishesh roop seey videshi", jinhen "kabhi bhee francisi akadamiyon key saath sambaddhata key liye naheen chunaa gayaa thaa."haalaanki, vaha yeh bhee bataati haye kii" "[1900-1909 key dauran] sammaanit koee upaadhi naheen thee jise abb bhashavigyan key itihas mein mahatvapurna key roop mein yaad kiya jaataa haye. vaha iss tathya koo rakhti haye kii sinanu ney "france mein pramukh vishvavidyalaya key padon koo praapt naheen kiya" joe mukhya roop seey kshetra kaary karane vaale vidvaanon (schmitt, adolph dee calacenti-motilinsky, george abraham grearson, leo reinish aur anya) koo puraskar dene kii pravritti key sambandh mein thaa. saahityik aalochak laslo alekjendar ney ack samaan nirnay paarit kiyaah "roman saanskritik sthaan seey laazar сенену key gayab honey kaa lagbhag sarvasammat maun key saath swaagat kiya gayaa thaa; lekin peris key vaigyaanik anusandhaan mein laazar sainan key udbhav kaa parinam apane baaki dinon key liye, bahut pratishthit aur poori tarah seey yogya vishvavidyalaya kii adhyakshata mein naheen hoga."
1912 aur 1922 key beach, sainanu ney rabelis key poorna karyon key annotated sanskaran koo prakaashit karane parr "society days attudes rubelicines" key saath kaam kiya. unakaa currier pratham vishva yuddh seey baadhit naheen huaa thaa, aur 1915 mein, unhone paschimi morche parr khade francisi sainikon kii vishesh bhasha ("ll 'argot days tranches", "trench argot") parr ack report prakaashit kii. perisian french mein argot key vikas parr unake 1920 key khand (, "19veen shatabdi mein perisian bhasha") koo phir seey volney puraskar key liye naamit kiya gayaa thaa.
1922 mein, éineanu ney "manual dee phonetic lattin" ("lattin dhvanyaatmak kii niyamavali") prakaashit kii, joe ack volani key liye chune jaane vaale unake yogdaanon mein seey antim thaa. taba taka, way francisi punarjagaran lekhak francois rubelice key kaam parr shodh karane mein bhee ruchi leey chuke they, mukhya roop seey madhya franch key unake upayog parr dhyaan kendrit karate hue-1920 aur 1923 key beach "laa langue dee rubelice" ("rubelice kii bhasha") key roop mein prakaashit ack vivaran. 1925 aur 1930 key beach, unhone ack badey paimaane kii pariyojana key khand prakaashit kiye, "less source indigence dee ll 'atmology frankage" ("francisi vyutpatti key swadeshi srot"), joe pratishthit roop seey vishesh shodh mein teen dashakon kaa parinam thaa. 1930 mein, sinanu ney rabelis parr ack aur pustak key saath anusaran kiya, joe mukhya roop seey unake aalochanatmak swaagat aur saanskritik viraasat ("ell 'influence aitt laa reputation dee rabelis", "rabelis kaa prabhaav aur pratishtha") koo samarpit thee. chaar saal baad peris key ack aspatal mein sergery kii jatilataon key baad unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
kaam karate hain.
prishthabhoomi aur siddhant.
vividh saanskritik prishthabhoomi jiss parr lazer sinanu ney bharosa kiya aur kaee paramparaon key saath unaki praarambhik parichitata koo kabhi-kabhi unaki vidvatapurna uplabdhiyon key srot key roop mein shreya diyaa jaataa haye. johnn leopold ney nott kiya kii roman mein janme vidwan vibhinn rashtriyataon key chaudah yaa pandrah yahoodiyon mein seey they, jinake kaam koo 19veen shatabdi key dauran volney samiti dwara vichaar mein liya gayaa thaa, joe aadhunik vigyaan key bheetar "talmudic aur [yahudi] bhashashastriya paramparaon" kii viraasat kii or ishara karate hain. unaki yahudi pehchaan, saahityik itihaaskaar george kalinsku ney 1933 mein ullekh kiya, romanian bhasha aur sanskriti key saath ack asadharan parichitata key saath; unake anya saathi yahudi roman buddhijiviyon kii tarah (jinamen seey kalinsku ney bhashashastri gaster aur barbu lezeranu, markswadi siddhantkar constantin dabrogenanu-gheria aur natakkar ronetti roman kaa hawala diyaa), sinanu key paas "ack aashcharyajanak roop seey samriddh romanian lexis" thaa.
romenia mein apane samay key dauran, vaigyaanik romani lokachar key aspas kii saanskritik bahason mein shamil they. moosa gaster key shishya aur "anur pentru israel" mein yogadankarta key roop mein, sinanu ney spasht roop seey ack "haskalah" vichardhara kaa samarthan kiya, saanskritik mukhyadhara mein yahudi ekikaran kaa samarthan kiya, aur "wissenshaft days judentum" vidhiyon key samaan yahudi itihas key liye vaigyaanik drishtikon kaa samarthan kiya. laslo alekjendar ney apane "maulik karyakram" koo "atmasaatvaadi thesis" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya haye, aur bataate hain kii, iss kaaran seey, vidwan ney "yojana" koo "сеенину" mein badal diyaa. vahee tippanikar nott kartaa haye kii sinanu ney bogdan petricicu husdue key prachaarit yahudi-virodhi koo nazarandaj curr diyaa jaba vaha vidvaanon key mamalon mein husdue key "utsaahi shishya" bunn gaye. apani deshbhakti kii bhavna key sandarbh mein, sinanu ney ack baar desh koo "merrie aankho key liye doguna pavitra-vaha bhoomi jahan meraa janm huaa thaa aur jahan merey maataa-pitaa apani shashwat neend mein sote hain."france key liye prasthaan key baad, unhone aage kahaa kii unhone poore roman logon parr" "ghrina kii chhaaya bhee naheen" "kii. saahityik itihaaskaar usen lavinescu key anusaar, vidwan kaa baad kaa patrachar "dashakon seey lambe samay taka apane mool desh key prati nishthapoorvak paalan aur khatron kaa pramaan haye. haalaanki, ack vivaran key anusaar, jaba sinanu peris mein nikole iorga seey unake vivaad key kuchh dashakon baad mille, tou unhone unhein french mein sambodhit karane kaa ack bindu banaaya, jise roman saanskritik vatavaran key saath ghrina key bayaan key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee thee.
sinanu ney bhashai vikas key sandarbh mein lattin varnamala aur vartani parr bahas key sambandh mein vyakt kiye gaye drishtikon key liye bhee khud koo jaanaa. kull milakar, sinanu ney tark diyaa kii praarambhik roman itihas jaisa kii unake jivankal mein padhaaya gayaa thaa, bhasha vigyaaniyon dwara behtar tareeke seey cover kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki, michael dha brave key samay seey pahale, isamen "ack jaatiya aur bhashashastriya charitra adhik thaa. unhone shodh key rajneetikaran aur inn aaropon key khilaf pratikriya vyakt kii kii unake apane kaam "rashtriya prashn" key lokpriya vichaaron kaa samarthan naheen karate hain. ack aise samay mein jaba cyrillic sanskaran koo tyag diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin naee vartani abhee bhee kaafee hudd taka aniyamit thee, vaha shabdon key aakar koo sanshodhit karane key prayason key mukhar alochakon mein shamil hoe gaye taaki unaki lattin utpatti kaa sujhaav diyaa jaa sakey. latinwadi" drishtikon, jiska prayog aaee key shabdakosh kaary mein kiya gayaa. see. massim aur agast trebonue laurian aur transylvanian school seey utpann honey vaale, roman akadami dwara kuchh samay key liye pasand kiya gayaa thaa, lekin 1880 key dashak taka vyaapak roop seey upahaas kiya gayaa thaa. vidwan key apane shabdon key anusaar, "lattin-manavtawadi pravrittiyaan" phir bhee rashtriya udaarvaadi jaise kii kathorta key saath maujood theen, aur moosa gaster key saath party key sangharsh mein ack prishthabhoomi vishay banaa. iss mamle parr "junimiya" samaaj key siddhanton kaa anusaran karate hue, sinanu ney "junimist" germanophilia kii bogdan petricicu hasdue kii aalochana koo bhee saajha kiya. 1897 mein, donon vidvaanon ney "aina triloji" ("ack trayi" key liye german) prakaashit kiya, jisamen samanya roop seey roman saahityik paridrishya parr ack kathit roodhivaadi aur "junimist" ekadhikar kii aalochana kii gaee, aur vishesh roop seey, wilheim rudo, ghiorge bogdan-duca aur icob negruzi dwara aadhikarik roop seey aitihaasik avalokan koo maaf curr diyaa gayaa, joe kissy bhee raajneetik roop seey asuvidhajanak saahityik yogdan kaa ullekh naheen kartaa thaa.
roman lokkathaon mein kaam karein.
lazer sainanu key adhikansh praarambhik yogdaanon ney unake bhashai shodh koo roman lokkathaon mein unaki ruchi seey jodaa. roman maukhik saahitya kaa ack vaastavik sangrah" banane key uddeshya seey, "basmel roman" kaa uddeshya sthaaniya bolly jaane vaali parampara mein pramukh vishayon koo pesh karna, lagbhag 500 kahaaniyon koo soochibaddh karna aur unakaa pratilekhan karna haye. lazer esainanu ney mudrit sanskaranon mein roman saahitya key maukhik star kii akhandata koo sanrakshit karane mein atirikt dhyaan diyaa, aur anya lokkathaon key vartakaron kaa sakshatkar karane vaale anya lokkathaon seey aagrah kiya kii way baad vaale kii vishesh pratibha parr nott rakhein. sandarbh koo sanrakshit karane mein iss tarah kii vyastata unake shabdakosh sambandhi kaam mein bhee paaee gaee thee; caragiale key anusaar, "dictionarul universal" abhootpoorv thaa kyonki isake lekhak ney shabdon aur arthon kii baarikiyon key pramanik saakshyon kaa samarthan karane key liye dhyaan rakhaa."
usee kshetra mein sinanu key shodh kaa ack vishesh khand tulanaatmak pauranik kathaaon koo samarpit thaa. unake yogdan ney loksaahityakaar linda degh koo "lokkathaon koo unake prakaar key anusaar vargeekrit karane mein agrani logon mein seey ack" maanaa haye. iss vidhi kaa upayog "basmel roman" mein kiya gayaa thaa, jisaki samagri koo donon prakaron aur "chakron" mein sanrachit kiya gayaa thaa. basmel roman" mein, hasdeu dwara prastut siddhanton koo lagu karane key paksh mein bahas karate hue, sinanu ney apani mool aur rashtriya samagri mein roman lock kathaaon kaa vishleshan kiya. phir bhee, unhone lokkathaon kii saarvbhaumiktaa parr anya lokkathaon key nishkarshon kaa paalan kiya, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii duniya kaa puuraa lokkatha saahitya kuchh dasiyon samoohon mein sanrachit thaa. studdy folchloris" key saath, shodhkarta ney pratyek mithak kii visheshtaon aur kathit utpatti mein ack manavshastriya jaanch kaa pareekshan kiya, vishesh roop seey "mesterul manol", "baaba dochia" aur "aaile" jeevon mein. less rictions day laa construction" mein, sinanu ney ack samaan nirmaan-aur ashuddhi-sambandhi vishay key saath gaathaagit key ack samooh parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, joe poore poorv madhya yaa purvi europe mein maujood haye, jisamen roman "mesterul manol" kinvadanti kii tulanaa serbian ("zidaanje skadra"), hangerian ("komuves keleman") aur anya kshetriya lokkathaon mein apane samkakshon seey kii gaee haye. alochakon johnn newbaur aur marcel cornis-pope key anusaar, way "purvi europe mein ashuddhikaran rupankan key kritrim upchaar kaa prayaas karane vaale pahale lekhak they. donon ney yeh bhee dhyaan diyaa kii éineanu, joe maanate they kii rupankan kewal purvi europe mein apane sambhaavit mahatva taka pahunch gayaa haye, gaathaagit key bhaugolik aur jaatiya sroton key aspas key vivaad seey spasht rahey (jabaki unake vishvaas koo nirdisht karate hue kii hangri sanskaran ack roman srot kaa anusaran kartaa haye), aur mithak key sabse adhik taiyar kiye gaye roopon key roop mein "zidaanje skadra" aur "mesterul manol" parr charcha kii.
roman lokkathaon mein sinanu key adhyayan kaa ack hissa yahudi itihas kii unaki jaanch seey judaa huaa haye. vidwan ney roman purry kathaaon mein pratidvandiyon key beach baar-baar honey vaali visheshtaon koo dekhaa, vishesh roop seey "uriyasi"-jise kabhi-kabhi "jidovi", "yahudi" yaa "taataari", "taataar" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. unhone iss tarah key lakshnon kaa shreya praarambhik madhyayugeen kaal mein kissy samay roman (yaa vlatch) aur ack turkey janjaati, khazar, jinhone yahudi dharm koo apanaaya thaa, key beach honey vaali sambhaavit sangharshapurna muthbhed koo diyaa. unaki vyakhya, jaisa kii swayam vidwan ney vyakhya kii thee, ney nishkarsh nikaalah "kyaa ateet mein koee aisaa loga thaa jisake baare mein koee nishchit roop seey daavaa curr sakata thaa kii vaha ack hii samay mein taataar aur yahudi donon they? iss sawal kaa meraa jawab haye kii aise loga maujood they, aur yeh itihas mein khazaron key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye...]. purvi europe parr apana prabhutva failaane key baad, yeye yahudi-taataar itihas key charan seey achaanak gayab hoe gaye. unakaa kyaa huaa? inn khajaaron key ack hisse ney transylvania mein ack aashray key liye shuru mein dekhaa hoga, jahan seey way danubian deshon mein, vishesh roop seey muntenia mein, vishesh roop seey massel aur romanati jilon mein, jahan unake baare mein paaramparik yaaden kendrit prateet hoti hain, gaye they. [.]..] bastiyon aur unake aavason ney mahatvapurna nishan chhode joe logon kii kalpana mein bhaari anupaat mein they. aisaa lagata haye kii alaukik aakar key loga jeevit they...] ack pracheen samay mein, jise boodhe shayed hii yaad curr sakate hain, aur hamaare kisan una vishal logon koo yahudi yaa taataar kahate hain."vidwan ney lokkathaon mein vibhinn sthirankon kaa ullekh kiyaah kisaanon kii gawahi joe yahoodiyon key liye badey patthar key khandharon kaa kaaran banati haye (jinhen way kabhi-kabhi daitya yaa alaukik roop seey shaktishali loga key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain) aur pariyon kii kahaaniyon mein" "laal" "virodhi jaise kii aayan kreng key" "harap alb" "(" "laal samrat", "" "laal aadami" "aur laal rung key chehare key nishan vaale loga, sabhi" "laal yahoodiyon" "mithak key sambandh mein sinanu dwara rakhe gaye hain). sinanu key raajneetik virodhi, jinamen vee shamil hain. aeye. eurechia ney iss siddhant mein kshetra mein roman upasthiti koo override karane key ack yahudi aitihaasik prayaas key saboot dekhe-ack vyakhya jise laslo alekjendar dwara "burey vishvaas mein" aur "nindaatmak" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye.
yiddish aur roman bhashavigyan.
vidwan ney yiddi bhasha vigyaan mein apane samanantar kaam key liye bahut maanyata arjit kii. americi shodhkarta gerold see. vaastav mein, vaha "unnisvin shatabdi key uttaraardh key pramukh vidvaanon" mein seey ack hain jinhone yiddish bhasha kaa adhyayan kiya haye, unake yogdan ney unhein max erich, soloman birnbaum, chone shameruk, max aur uriel weinrich key saath sthaan diyaa haye. hebrist robbert dee. key anusaar. raajaa, iss tarah key yogdaanon ney sinanu, alfred landau aur maticiohu misses koo "pahale vidvaanon mein sthaan diyaa haye jinhone yiddish koo gambhirta seey liya," dusaron koo ise gambhirta seey lene key liye majboor kiya "[raajaa key transa], vaichaarik roop seey iss murkhtapurna sthiti seey parey jaane key liye kii yiddish 'kharaab german' yaa 'shabdjal' thaa, joe ack bhasha kaa doosara-daraaz bahaana thaa."yiddish aur german koo jodane vaali madhyayugeen sanrachanaon mein unaki jaanch germanwadi dagmar see dwara dekhi jaati haye. jee. lorenz aur neel jee. ack mahatvapurna khoj key roop mein, сенену ney sabse pahale sanket diyaa kii "yiddish kaa german ghatak madhya uchch german sroton mein vaapas aataa haye" (jiska arth haye kii "yiddish kaa mulyankan abb nae uchch german key sandarbh mein naheen kiya jaanaa thaa"). vidwan kathit taur parr yiddish aur arami key beach ack seedhe sambandh kii khojkarta bhee they; isane iss nishkarsh parr pahunchane mein madad kii kii yahudi german bolly arami bhashi aur poorv-ashkenazi yahoodiyon key beach utpann hui, joe mool roop seey reinland mein askhenaazi ghar kii tulanaa mein aage poorv mein buss gaye they.
roman lexis mein turkey aur turkey udhaar key apane adhyayan mein, laazar сеineanu ney pravaas key yug kii or leey jaane vaali aitihaasik ghatnaaon parr dhyaan diyaa, jaise kii apekshaakrit aam roman shabdon jaise "buzdagan" ("gadaa"), "duyam" ("bheed"), "duseman" ("dushman"), "siye" ("ghode kii naal kii nakhun"), "koliba" ("jhopadi") aur "fota" ("scurt") kii sambhaavit pecheneg utpatti koo ujagar karate hue. haalaanki, unakaa ack praathamik dhyaan romanian aur anya bhaashaon key beach madhyasth key roop mein ottoman turkey parr thaah roman shabd "giwayar" ("gahana"), joe turkey "sevahir" seey liya gayaa thaa, lekin ack farsi srot seey utpann huaa thaa; "trampa" ("barter"), joe turkey "trampa" seey liya gayaa thaa, lekin turkey madhyasth key samaan italvi "tramutare" ("parivartan"); "talaaz" ("uchch lahar") seey praapt huaa, aur isake madhyam seey yunani θάλασα ("thalasa", "samudra") seey udhaar liya gayaa thaa. isake alawa, vidwan ney leventine kshetron kii door kii chhaap kaa dastavejikaran kiya, jaisa kii pahali baar ottoman sanskriti key madhyam seey pesh kiya gayaa thaa-jaisa kii misra key mool sandarbhon seey "misir" key roop mein darshaaya gayaa haye, arabi misra ("mishra") seey, adhik aadhunik key vipareet. unhone turkey mool key peshevar pratyay "-giu" aur "-angiu" parr bhee charcha kii, joe praarambhik aadhunik aur faneriot yug key dauran udhaar liye gaye shabdon mein maujood hain. mukhya udaharanon mein "barcagiu" ("nauka chaalak" yaa "ferryman"), "bragagiu" ("bozaa nirmaata"), "gamegue" ("khidki fitter"), "toptangiu" ("thoke vikreta") aadi shamil hain.lekin pratyay koo vibhinn anya sandarbhon mein bhee vidambanapurna roop seey lagu kiya jaataa haye-udaaharan key liye, "mahalagiyu" ("mahal" kaa nivasi, "upnagariya" yaa "ashisht vyakti") aur "duelgiu" ("dwandwa"). Âineanu key granthon mein "-Liu" mein samaapt honey vaale samaan shabdon key vikas kaa anusaran kiya gayaa (jaise "hazliu", "majakia", "haaj", "hansee" seey), bhaashan kii lokpriya hastiyon kaa seedhe unake turkey mool ("ack bee tutun", "tambaku peene key liye", yaa sawal "inn seey epe tey scalesy?"," aap kiss paani mein nahaate hain?"," key liye alankarik "aap kaisa mahsoos curr rahey hain?"), aur praachya sroton koo pratibimbit karane vaali majboot ashleelataaen. samanya taur parr, sinanu ney nishkarsh nikala, islam aur islami sanskriti dwara madhyasthata kiye gaye kshetra seey iss tarah kaa viniyog isai abhyaas aur bauddhik jeevan seey sambandhit kshetron mein maujood naheen thaa.
vishesh roop seey apane, éineanu mein poore balcon mein turkey udhaar key prasaar kaa pramaan diyaa gayaa, aur nishkarsh nikala kii unaki romanian kii tulanaa mein sugandhit mein adhik mahatvapurna upasthiti thee. unake samkaaleen, bhashashastri vasil bogriya ney iss khand koo "roman mein praachya tatvon kii bible" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya, jabaki lekhak ney khud ise "roman bhasha aur logon key liye merey pyaar kaa sarvocch pramaan" maanaa. lekhak aur aalochak alekjendru musina key anusaar, sinanu una bhashavidon mein agrani they jinhone romanon kii utpatti parr ack raikhik drishtikon koo chunauti dee, jaise alekjendru phillipied aur alekjendru sihaak, "hamari romans kii vijaatiya, bahuvikalpiya aur bahusaanskritik charitra", antarnihit "sanskriti kii prakriyaon" key saath. vishesh roop seey, musina nott karati haye, yeh turkey shabdon aur abhivyaktiyon kaa sinanu kaa adhyayan thaa joe rosemarra kii bhasha mein buss gayaa thaa jisane "ack" forma mentis ", samanya praachya, turkey-roman mansikta koo ujagar kiya."
francisi bhasha aur sabhyata kaa adhyayan.
laa cration metaphoric" key saath, shodhkarta ney madhyayugeen kaal key anta mein kaalpanik jaanvaron key pratinidhitva kaa aavishkaar kiyaah saahas key pratinidhitva key roop mein shher aur murg, ahankar key prateek key roop mein kutton kaa shikaar karna, petu key prateek key roop mein suar aadi. pustakon mein billiyon, bandaron aur vanaron key beach paaramparik shabdarth samaantaon koo vishesh roop seey dikhaaya gayaa haye, jaisa kii kaee romans bhaashaon mein samhitaabaddh kiya gayaa haye, aur lokpriya rakshasi vigyaan aur nashe key roopak key bheetar jaanvaron kii sambandhit bhoomikaon kii jaanch kii gaee haye. ll 'source indigence dee ll' atmology frankage" key saath, éineanu ney vibhinn fraansisi shabdon kii aspasht utpatti parr surag diyaa. αineanu ney iss prakaar francisi aur angreji "harlequin" koo "comedia dell 'arte" mein italvi bhasha "arlechino" seey parey aur madhya francisi mein ack madhyayugeen kinvadanti mein vaapas srot banaaya.
sinanu key kaee granthon mein french aur peris key samajik itihas key sambandh mein "argot" dwara cover kii gaee bhasha key pattern aur "jargan" key mool arth parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen "guex" (haashiye parr aur besahara pravasiyon) kii bhasha, kuchh madhyayugeen pradarshanon kii ashleel prakriti, sou saal key yuddh key dauran brigand dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale bhashai code aur kavi francois vilan yaa anya francisi punarjagaran lekhakon key kaam mein argot key prabhaav parr charcha kii gaee haye. 19veen shatabdi key shaharikaran seey ubharate hue argot key mishran key roop mein jinn cheezon koo сенену ney swayam paribhaashit kiya ("nimn perisian bhasha") key udbhav parr aanshik roop seey charcha kii. iss kshetra mein unakaa adhyayan francisi bhashavigyan mein ack ghatana kaa hissa thaah lagbhag usee samay jaba сенену, argot adhyayan arnold vaine genep aur raul dee laa grassery jaise shodhkartaon dwara kiye gaye karyon kaa mukhya vishay bunn rhaa thaa. argot kii utpatti aur ayu koo laker sinanu aur genep key beach asahamati huih genep ney apane sahayogi key iss daave kii aalochana kii kii "15veen shatabdi key baad kissy bhee europeeya argot key paas srot naheen hain", yeh tark dete hue kii iss tarah key bayaan satyaapit naheen they, aur unhone "kissy prakaar kii sahaj peedhi" kii dhaarana kii. genep key anusaar, sinanu una eurocentric vidvaanon mein seey they jinhone argot koo ack "avyavasthit rachana" key roop mein "terratological" drishtikon prastut kiya.
madhya francisi key adhyayan koo aage badhaane key apane prayason key hisse key roop mein, éineanu ney khud koo francois rubelice aur francisi saahitya mein apani bhoomika key ack vyaavhaarik adhyayan key liye samarpit kiya. russie sanketaatmak mikhail bakhtin dwara "ullekhaniya aur prachur matra mein pralekhit" kahaa jaane vaalaa "laa langue dee rabelis" rabeleshian shabdawali mein lagbhag 3,770 vyaktigat shabdon key upayog, sandarbh aur utpatti koo rekhaankit kartaa haye. yeh vishesh roop seey rabelis key abhivyakti key sadhanon mein vibhinn yogdaanon key vivaran key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa, jisamen tathaakathit "criss dee peris" (paaramparik roop seey peris key rehadi-patari vikretaon dwara utpaadit mantra) jaise francisi lokkathaon key mukhya ansh shamil they. jaisa kii bakhtin dwara varnit haye, rubelice key kaam key adhyayan mein unake kuchh anya yogdaanon mein "gargantua aur pantagruel" mein paae jaane vaale paak rupakon kii soochi aur iss baat key pramaan shamil hain kii rubelice koo samudri vyaapaar key saath ack nirantar parichitata thee. "laa langue dee rubelice" ney samalaingikta key 16veen shatabdi key vichaaron mein bhee surag diyaa, jisamen "bardechizer" ("sodomize") jaise prachintavad kii utpatti yaa rabelis kii samudri shabdawali aur samalingeeta key liye madhyayugeen pratikriyaon key beach key sambandh parr charcha kii gaee.
iss vishay parr apane kaam mein, sinanu iss dhaarana koo aswikar karane vaalon mein seey ack key roop mein bhee khade they kii rabelis key lekhan kaa ack vishesh virodhi arth haye, isake bajaay yeh tark dete hue kii maulavi samaaj kaa unakaa majaak udaanaa kewal samanya aur lokkathaon kaa ack pratipaadan thaa-ack nishkarsh joe analys school key itihaaskaar lucian febre dwara apane swayam key "solahavin shatabdi mein avishvaas kii samasya" mein sahamati mein uddhrit kiya gayaa thaa. fabver dwara bhee uddhrit kiye gaye hain "gargantua aur pantagruel" (jaise kii agnigranthi kaa chitran) mein islami aur "sarsen" ecos parr sinanu key vichaar, saath hii saath pahale kii romans kathaaon seey liye gaye chamatkaarik upchaaron key baare mein rabelis key sandarbh. lekhon kii ack samanantar shrinkhala mein, roman vidwan ney pracheen roman vichaarak pliny dha elder aur punarjagaran lekhak key beach sambandh parr bhee charcha kii, jisamen "praakritik itihas" mein paae jaane vaale rabellis key chikitsa prathaon key vivaran aur bayanon key beach samaantaa parr tippani kii gaee.
viraasat.
yahudi virodhi abhiyaanon aur swaichhik nirvaasan key bavjood, roman janata key saath éineanu kii pratishtha kaafee hudd taka aprabhaavit thee, aur unake kaam nae roman-bhasha sanskaranon seey gujareh akele "dictainarul universal" koo 2009 seey pahale kull nau baar phir seey jaari kiya gayaa thaa, aur kathit taur parr isake prakaashan key kshan seey saahityik chori key liye ack praathamik lakshya thaa. isake saath hii, sinanu key anurodh kii unake saathi lock kathaa vivaran pradaan karane vaale vyaktigat kathakaron parr vivaran prakaashit karein, kuchh logon dwara sammaan kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen alekjendar vasilue, "povesty see legende" ("kahaaniyan aur kinvadantiyaan", 1928) key sangraahak shamil they. sinanu kii mrityu key dou saal baad, unake bhaai constantin ney unake patrachar koo ekatra kiya aur sampaadit kiya, ise bucharest mein prakaashit kiya.
vidwan kii mrityu seey kuchh samay pahale aur baad mein, jaba alochakon kii naee peedhiyaan vigyaan key kshetra mein ack mahatvapurna yogdan key roop mein unake kaam koo phir seey hassil karane key liye aaeen, tou yuddh key dauran sinanu key kaam mein bahut ruchi paida hui. romenia aur france key baahar, rabelis key nenun key yogdan ney ayrish upanyaskar james joyce key 1939 key adhuniktawadi upanyaas "fingans wake" mein ack avalokan yogya nishan chhodaah jabaki joyce key paath mein rabelis key lekhan key liye pardarshi sanket hain, lekhak ney khud kabhi bhee mool naheen padhane kaa daavaa kiya, aur isake bajaay poori tarah seey ack vaigyaanik adhyayan parr nirbhar honey kaa daavaa kiya (badale mein shodh clod jacquet dwara "laa langue dee rabelis" key roop mein pahachaana gayaa).
antar-yuddh romanian buddhijiviyon, mukhya roop seey george calinescu aur usen lavinescu ney roman aur antarrashtriya sandarbh mein sinanu key yogdan kaa punarmulyankan karane aur dhyaan aakarshit karane mein ack bhoomika nibhai. sainanu kaa patrachar apane aap mein dou pratidvandi alochakon key beach vivaad kaa vishay thaah lavinescu ney khud koo ack patra seey prabhaavit dikhaaya jisamen sainanu ney kahaa thaa "ee. lavinescu aim 'impose "(" ee. lavnescu mujhe prabhaavit kartaa haye "), kalinsku ney nott kiya kii unake pratiyogi mein" sabhi cheejen unaki chaplusi karati hain, chaahe kitni bhee sastee kyon naa hoe."usee dashak key dauran, swayam france key liye ack swaichhik nirvaasan, vidwan lekhak panait istrati ney samajhaaya kii" "dictianarul universal" "unaki romanian kishoravastha kii" "pavitra pustak" "thee. haalaanki, lucian nastasa ney nott kiya, sinanu kii asweekriti seey parey yahudi virodhi prishthabhoomi (saath hii soloman sketcher seey judey samaan mamle) una varshon mein khud koo mahsoos karna jaari rakhaa, anya yahudi vidvaanon (leone ferraru yaa alekjendar gror) koo sakriya roop seey unake kshetra mein rojgar kii talash seey rokaa gayaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key adhikansh samay key dauran "conductor" aayan antonescu key hinsak yahudi virodhi aur sattawadi shasson kaa saamana karate hue, selensku ney apane mukhya sanshleshan, 1941 key "roman saahitya key itihas" mein roman saanskritik jeevan mein yahudi hastiyon key yogdan parr anukool tippani kii. isamen yahudi bhashavidon сенену, gaster, ion aurel candrea kaa ullekh vidvaanon key roop mein shamil thaa, jinake guna "incar karane key liye khedjanak" honge.
isake vipareet, roman sudur dakshinpanthi aur fasiwadi samoohon ney sinanu key haashiye parr jaane koo uchit maanaa. 1930 key dashak mein ack vivaad dekhaa gayaa, joe laslo alekjendar key anusaar, hasseu aur laazar aineenu key beach takraav koo yaad kartaa haih hasseu kaa sthaan akaadamik ney iniscu dwara rakhaa gayaa thaa, joe faasivaad aur yahudi-virodhi kii or badhe, jabaki aineenu kii sthiti iniscu key yahudi shishya, lekhak mihel sebastian dwara grahan kii gaee thee. 1934 key sebastian ghotale key dauran "azii" key liye likhate hue, patrakaar aine. fasiwadi lauh rakshak key ack sahayogi, rosu ney daavaa kiya kii "roman sanskriti jeevit rahegi" chaahe yahudi anupasthiti jaise kii sinanu aur gaster, kii kissy kii rachnaatmaktaa kissy kii "romaniyat" parr nirbhar karati haye, aur yeh kii bhasha vigyaan adhyayan kissy kii "samvedansheelta" koo darshaata haye. 1936 mein, vassil garcinanu naamak ack sanrakshak ney "dictionarul universal" koo ack vishisht yahudi kaam kahaa, joe satahi aur kharaab tareeke seey taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. faasivaad key saath ack aspasht sambandh vikasit karate hue, joe antatah unhein lauh rakshak key pada parr leey aaya, daarshanik mirsia eliod, joe ionescu key anya gyaat shishyon mein seey ack they, ney saarvajanik roop seey sinanu key samajik nirvaasan aur gaster key nishkasana kii ninda kii.
saamyavaadi kaal mein sinanu key kaam key aalochanatmak mulyankan key sambandh mein ack lamba antaral dekhaa gayaah 1962 mein, bhashavid dumitru makera ney apane poorvavarti koo "sabhi lekin vismrit" vyakti key roop mein sandarbhit kiya, aur sinanu key kissy bhee khand koo unake shabdakosh key 1947 sanskaran aur "basmel roman" key 1978 sanskaran key beach mudrit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki iss maunata koo vibhinn shikshaavidon kii sarahana seey alag kiya gayaa thaah iorgu iordon ney apani "asadharan vidvata" parr tippani kii, apane shishyon koo unake kaam kaa adhyayan karane kii sifarish kii, aur roman raajya dwara unake tiraskar koo "hamaare saarvajanik jeevan parr ack vaastavik daag" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. usa samay key dauran, iordon aur unake sahyogiyon perpesisius aur alekjendar rosetti ney sinanu key kaam parr naee tippani prakaashit kii, baad mein daarshanik constantin noika, lokkatha lekhak ovidiu barleya aur kaee anya buddhijiviyon ney bhee isamen bhaag liya.
dictainarul universal" key ack nae sanskaran ney 1989 kii kranti aur saamyvaad key anta key baad print dekhaa. lekhak aur shodhkarta rodica marian key anusaar, yeh "binaa hastakshep key" punah prakaashan, manakon key bigadane key anta mein, shabdakosh key "pichhale maapdandon" kii or lautane kaa pramaan haye. isake baad kaee anya pahal kii gaeen, jinake parinamswarup vishesh roop seey "studdy folcoloris" aur "insercare asupra semaciology romne" key punarmudran hue. 2003 mein likhate hue, alekjendar musina ney sinanu koo ack "mahaan", "durvyavahar" aur "gair-maanyata praapt" bhashavid key roop mein sandarbhit kiya, jise "unake moolyavaan kaam, abhee taka apratispardhit aur abhee bhee praasangik" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya. 2008 mein, sinanu kii prakritikkaran bolly key aspas kaa mamla ack jeevani adhyayan kaa vishay thaa, jise itihaaskaar george voyku dwara likhaa gayaa thaa aur romenia mein holocost kaa adhyayan karane key liye ellie veezel rashtriya sansthaan dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. sinanu key kaam france mein punarmudran kaa vishay bhee rahey hain, aur sanyukt raajya america mein shaikshanik sansthanon dwara maadhyamik sroton kii sifarish kii jaati rahee haye, jaba way pahali baar prakaashit hue they. unake maranoparant prakaashit lekhan mein "una carrier philologic aine rumani" kaa 1991 kaa sanskaran shamil haye.

