duniya kii machhaliyan

americi echithologist joseph aiss dwara duniya kii machhaliyan. nelson (1937-2011) machhali pranali vigyaan key liye ack maanak sandarbh haye. abb apane paanchven sanskaran (2016) mein, yeh kaam vigyaan key liye jaani jaane vaali 30,000 seey adhik machhali prajaatiyon kii vividhata aur vargeekaran kaa ack vyaapak avalokan haye.
pustak kii shuruat echithology key samanya avalokan key saath hoti haye, halanki yeh aatm-nihit naheen haye. cordata aur gair-machhali curr parr ack chhote seey khand key baad, kaam sabhi gyaat machhali parivaaron koo ack vyavasthit tareeke seey soochibaddh kartaa haye. pratyek parivaar koo cumm seey cumm ack anuchhed milata haye, aur aamtaur parr ack mukhya ruprekha rekhaachitra milata haye; badey parivaaron mein upa-parivaar aur janjaatiyaan bhee hoti hain jinka varnan kiya gayaa haye. ullekhaniya vansh aur prajaatiyon kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye, jabaki pustak aam taur parr prajaati-star kii vividhata seey sambandhit naheen haye. uchch varg kii jatilataon kaa sankshipt varnan kiya gayaa haye, jisamen kathin binduon key liye kaee sandarbh hain. pustak mein rangeen chitra shamil naheen hain.
chautha sanskaran dee. aine. aeye. vishleshan key vyaapak upayog koo shamil karane vaalaa pahala sanskaran thaa, jisamen pahale key kaee vargeekaranon koo sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa.
pahala sanskaran 1976 mein, doosara 1984 mein, teesara 1994 mein (johnn villie aind suns), chautha march 2006 mein (), aur paanchvaan aprail 2016 mein () dikhaai diyaa.

