
singapur kii appeal kii adalat

singapur kii appeal adalat singapur kii nyaayik pranali mein sarvocch adalat haye. yeh singapur key sarvocch nyayalaya kaa oopari prabhaag haye, jiska nichala bhaag uchch nyayalaya haye. appeal kii adalat mein mukhya nyayadhish hotey hain, joe adalat key adhyaksh hotey hain, aur appeal kii adalat key nyayadhish hotey hain. mukhya nyayadhish uchch nyayalaya key nyayadhishon koo vishesh mamalon kii sunavaai key liye appeal nyayalaya key sadasyon key roop mein baithane key liye kaha sakate hain. appeal nyayalaya kii peeth sarvocch nyayalaya kii imarat haye.
adalat kewal diwani aur aaparaadhik mamalon mein apeeliya adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog karati haye. dusare shabdon mein, iska koee mool adhikaar kshetra naheen haye-yeh pahali baar adalat key samaksh aaney vaale mamalon key mukdamon seey naheen nipatata haye. samanya taur parr, adalat uchch nyayalaya key nirnayon seey sivil apeelon kii sunavaai karati haye joe baad vaale key mool aur apeeliya kshetradhikar key prayog mein kiye gaye hain, yaani uchch nyayalaya mein shuru hue mamalon key nirnayon key saath-saath una nirnayon kii bhee joe singapur key raajya nyayalayon seey uchch nyayalaya mein appeal kiye gaye they. haalaanki, yeh niyam vibhinn pratibandhon key adheen haye. kuchh prakaar key uchch nyayalaya key nirnay appeal kii adalat mein appeal karane yogya naheen hotey hain, jabaki anya kewal tabhi appeal karane yogya hotey hain jaba adalat anumati (anumati) pradaan karati haye. jahaan aaparaadhik mamalon kaa sambandh haye, adalat kewal uchch nyayalaya mein utpann honey vaale mamalon seey apeelon kii sunavaai karati haye. raajya adalaton seey appeal parr uchch nyayalaya dwara suney gaye mamalon koo aage appeal kii adalat mein appeal naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, halanki kaanoon key prashnon koo nirdhaaran key liye adalat mein prastut kiya jaa sakata haye.
steyer desis" (nyaayik poorvavarti) key siddhanton key tahat, appeal nirnayon kii adalat uchch nyayalaya aur raajya adalaton parr badhyakari haye. singapur kii antim apeeliya adalat key roop mein, appeal kii adalat koo apane pichhale nirnayon aur poorvavarti adalaton jaise kii jaldamroomadhya niptan key sarvocch nyayalaya aur niji parishad kii nyaayik samiti key nirnayon kaa paalan karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye, aur yadi vaha uchit samajhati haye tou aise nirnayon seey hutt sakati haye yaa unhein radd curr sakati haye. haalaanki, yeh aam taur parr binaa kissy thhos kaaran key aisaa naheen karega. haalaanki, appeal kii adalat koo kuchh sthitiyon mein singapur ganarajya nyayadhikaran key samvidhaan key nirnayon kaa paalan karna aavashyak haye. singapur key samvidhaan mein kahaa gayaa haye kii jahaan rashtrapati ney kissy vidheyak parr samvidhaan key prabhaav seey sambandhit prashn nyayadhikaran koo bheja haye, vahaan koee bhee adalat-jisamen appeal kii adalat bhee shamil haye-baad mein vidheyak parr nyayadhikaran kii raay parr sawal naheen uthaa sakati haye yaa yeh maanate hue kii vidheyak samvaidhaanik paaya gayaa haye, vidheyak parr adharit kissy bhee kaanoon kii vaidhata.
itihas.
appeal kii adalat singapur kii sarvocch adalat haye, aur iss prakaar isaki antim appeal kii adalat haye. iska sabse pahala poorvavarti jaldamroomadhya bastiyon kaa sarvocch nyayalaya thaa, joe 1873 mein shuru kiye gaye kanuni parivartanon key baad, pratyek samjhaute mein cumm seey cumm teen nyayadhishon key saath appeal kii ack poorna adalat key roop mein aur ack mandal adalat key roop mein baithane kaa adhikaar kshetra thaa. haalaanki, jaldamroomadhya bastiyon kii appeal kii adalat coloney kii sarvocch apeeliya adalat naheen thee. 1826 seey, jaba singapur kaa pahala adalat-wells dweep, singapur aur malakka key rajkumar key nyaayik nyayalaya kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, tou raajaa-inn-council key paas appeal kii gaee thee. aisee apeelon koo 1844 seey niji parishad kii nyaayik samiti dwara liya gayaa thaa. appeal karane key ichchuk ack paksh koo aisaa karane key liye anumati (anumati) key liye nyaayik samiti koo yachika daayar karni thee. 1934 mein, jaldamroomadhya bastiyon mein aaparaadhik appeal kii ack alag adalat kii sthaapana kii gaee thee.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran sabhi adalaton kaa kaam bund hoe gayaa jaba farwari 1942 mein singapur parr japani kabja shuru huaa. haalaanki japani sainya adhikaariyon ney appeal kii adalat banaai, lekin isane kissy bhee mamle kii sunavaai naheen kii. 1945 mein kabje key anta key baad, sabhi yuddh-poorv adalaton koo punarjeevit kiya gayaa thaa. 1946 mein jaba jaldamroomadhya bastiyon koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa aur singapur apane aap mein ack mukut coloney bunn gayaa, taba nyaayik pranali mein koee badalaav naheen aaya, sivaay isake kii jaldamroomadhya bastiyon kaa sarvocch nyayalaya singapur key sarvocch nyayalaya key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa.
singapur 1963 mein british samrajya kaa hissa naheen rhaa jaba yeh malaysia key sangh mein shamil hoe gayaa. 1964 mein, singapur kii coloney key sarvocch nyayalaya koo singapur mein malaysia key uchch nyayalaya dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jisase kualalampur mein malaysia key sanghiya nyayalaya mein appeal kii gaee thee. privy council antim apeeliya adalat bunny rahee, halanki apeelkartaon ney abb apani yaachikaaen yang dee-pertuan agong (malaysia raajya key pramukh) koo prastut keen, jinhone unhein nyaayik samiti koo bhej diyaa. badale mein, nyaayik samiti ney yang dee-pertuan agong koo appeal parr apani sifaarishen preshit keen, jinhone taba antim adesh diye. singapur ney 1965 mein sangh chhod diyaa. rashtra kii poorna swatantrata key samay, nyaayik pranali mein koee badalaav naheen kiya gayaa thaa. 9 janwari 1970 seey hii singapur ganarajya key sarvocch nyayalaya kii sthaapana kii gaee thee jisamen appeal kii adalat aur uchch nyayalaya shamil they. nyaayik samiti adhiniyam 1966 koo singapur kii appeal kii antim adalat key roop mein apani bhoomika jaari rakhane key liye niji parishad koo saksham banaane key liye paarit kiya gayaa thaa, aur appeal karane key liye british samrat yaa yang dee-pertuan agong koo yachika daayar karane kii aavashyakta koo door karane key liye.
1985 mein, privy council dwara sunee gaee 14 apeelon mein seey 21 kii utpatti singapur seey hui thee. britten seey poorna kanuni swagat kii or kadam 1989 mein shuru hue, jaba 1988 key ack niji parishad key faisale key baad niji parishad key liye appeal seemit thee, jisane vipakshi rajneta jey.bee. check dhokhadhadi key doshi thaharaae jaane aur singapur key shramikon key dall key khaaton key baare mein jhoothi ghoshana karane key liye adhivaktaon aur vakeelon kii soochi seey baahar hoe gaye. privy council ney jairetnam koo singapur kii adalaton mein "gambhir anyaay" kaa shikaar honey kaa faisala kiya, "una apraadhon key liye jurmana lagaaya gayaa, kaid kiya gayaa aur saarvajanik roop seey apamaanit kiya gayaa, jinake liye [vaha aur uska saha-aaropi] doshi naheen they. nae niyamon key tahat, sivil mamalon mein niji parishad koo appeal karane key liye kaaryavaahi key sabhi pakshon koo sahamati deni hoti thee, jabaki aaparaadhik mamalon mein appeal kewal maut kii sajaa key mamalon mein taba laaee jaa sakati thee jaba aaparaadhik appeal kii adalat kaa nirnay sarvasammat naheen thaa. baad mein, 8 aprail 1994 seey, niji parishad key liye sabhi shesh apeelon koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa. aaparaadhik appeal kii adalat koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur sivil aur aaparaadhik apeeliya kshetradhikar donon kaa prayog karane vaali ekal sthaayi appeal adalat kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, jisamen mukhya nyayadhish key saath adalat key adhyaksh key roop mein baithe they, joe appeal key nyayadhishon key saath they, joe uchch nyayalaya key samanya nyayadhishon seey oopar they.
nyayalaya kii sanrachana.
appeal kii adalat mukhya nyayadhish, joe adalat key adhyaksh hain, aur appeal key nyayadhishon seey bunny hoti haye. mukhya nyayadhish appeal key nyayadhishon koo adalat key upaadhyaksh key roop mein niyukt curr sakata haye. 22 janwari 2023 taka, mukhya nyayadhish sundaresh menan they aur appeal key nyayadhishon mein judith prakaash aur taye yong kwang (donon koo 1 agast 2016 koo niyukt kiya gayaa), steven chong hornug seong (1 aprail 2017 koo niyukt) aur belinda aang saaen (1 navambar 2022 koo niyukt) they.
diwani aur aaparaadhik mamalon kii sunavaai karate samay, appeal kii adalat aamtaur parr appeal key teen nyayadhishon key saath baithati haye, jinamen seey ack mukhya nyayadhish hoe sakata haye. haalaanki, adalat appeal key nyayadhishon kii adhik asman sankhya key saath bhee baith sakati haye. yeh asamanya kathinaaee yaa mahatva key mamalon mein kiya jaataa haye. 5 nyayadhishon key saath baithane kaa sabse halia mamla 2022 kaa nirnay thaa "kaise weng phain aur anya banaam sengkang town council aur anya apeelen."
nyayalaya antar-samvaadi aadeshon aur anya aadeshon key khilaf diwani mamalon mein appeal mein kewal dou nyayadhishon key saath bhee baith sakata haye, isake alawa saman key ritt yaa anya praarambhik prakriyaon jaise kii saman key praarambh seey shuru hui sunavaai dwara shuru kiye gaye parikshanon key baad diye gaye nirnayon key alawa. uchch nyayalaya key nyayadhishon seey mukhya nyayadhish dwara vishisht apeelon koo sunane key liye appeal kii adalat key nyayadhishon key roop mein baithane kaa anurodh kiya jaa sakata haye. appeal key nyayadhish adalat key sadasyon key roop mein taba naheen baith sakate jaba appeal unake dwara diye gaye nirnayon yaa aadeshon, unake dwara diye gaye doshasiddhi yaa unake dwara paarit sajaaon, yaa unake dwara appeal key nyayalaya key liye aarakshit kaanoon key prashnon key khilaf hoti haye taaki way yeh taya curr sakein kii way uchch nyayalaya key nyayadhishon key roop mein kaba kaary curr rahey they. yadi nyayalaya koo lagata haye kii usey kissy vishesh mamle mein sahaayata kii aavashyakta haye, tou vaha usa mamle mein kaushal aur anubhav vaale vyaktiyon koo bulaa sakata haye jisase kaaryavaahi adalat key saath baithane aur moolyankankarta key roop mein kaary karane seey sambandhit haye.
adalat key samaksh mamalon kaa nirnay mamle kii sunavaai karane vaale adalat key adhikansh sadasyon kii raay key anusaar kiya jaataa haye. yadi kewal dou nyayadhish ack appeal kii sunavaai curr rahey hain aur way asahmat hain, tou appeal khariz curr dee jaati haye aur nirnay key khilaf appeal kii jaati haye.
adalat kii baithakon kaa karyakram harr saal mukhya nyayadhish dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye. samanya taur parr, adalat poore varsh chalati haye, sivaay varsh key madhya aur anta-varsh kii adalat kii chhuttiyon key (aamtaur parr maee key anta seey juuna key anta taka, aur disambar kii shuruat seey janwari kii shuruat taka). mukhya nyayadhish una sthaanon kii bhee niyukti kartaa haye jahan adalat baithati haye. jaba sarvocch nyayalaya ney 1 aur 3 sent andru sadak parr puraane sarvocch nyayalaya bhawan aur city holl bhawan seey kramshah 1 sarvocch nyayalaya laine parr vartamaan sarvocch nyayalaya bhawan mein sthanantarit kiya, tou mukhya nyayadhish ney aupchaarik roop seey naee imarat koo ack aise sthaan key roop mein niyukt kiya jahaan 20 juuna 2005 kii adhisuchana key madhyam seey appeal kii adalat baithati haye.
adhikaar kshetra.
appeal kii adalat kewal ack apeeliya adalat haye. yeh kewal uchch nyayalaya seey apeelon kii sunavaai kartaa haye, aur kissy bhee mukadame yaa anya pratham-udaaharan mamalon, yaani pahali baar adalat mein aaney vaale mamalon seey naheen nipatata haye.
apeeliya nagrik adhikaar kshetra.
samanya taur parr, adalat kissy bhee uchch nyayalaya key faisale yaa adesh seey diwani apeelon kii sunavaai karati haye. yeye uchch nyayalaya dwara apane mool adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog karate samay (dusare shabdon mein, uchch nyayalaya mein shuru honey vaale mamle) yaa isake apeeliya adhikaar kshetra (raajya nyayalayon seey uchch nyayalaya mein appeal kiye gaye mamle) dwara liye gaye nirnay hoe sakate hain. haalaanki, yeh samanya niyam kaee pratibandhon key adheen haye. jaba pakshakaron kii sahamati seey koee nirnay yaa adesh diyaa jaataa haye, aur jahaan koee kaanoon ghoshit kartaa haye kii uchch nyayalaya kaa nirnay yaa adesh antim haye, tou uchch nyayalaya dwara diye gaye kuchh antarvarti aadeshon seey koee appeal naheen kii jaa sakati haye. kuchh anya mamalon mein, appeal kewal uchch nyayalaya key nyayadhish kii anumati seey kii jaa sakati haye. inmein aise mamle shamil hain jahaan mukadame mein vishay-vastu kii raashi yaa moolya 250,000 dollar yaa usase cumm thaa, aur bachchon koo god lene, parivarik hinsa koo rokane key liye suraksha adesh dene aur patniyon aur bachchon key bharan-poshan key sambandh mein uchch nyayalaya kii apeelen shamil hain.
adalat mein apeelen sunavaai key madhyam seey kii jaati hain. adalat koo uchch nyayalaya dwara kiye gaye tathya yaa kaanoon key kissy bhee nishkarsh koo sweekaar karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye, lekin appeal mein muddon parr pakshon kii prastutiyon koo nae sire seey sunata haye aur ack swatantra nirnay parr aataa haye. haalaanki, adalat neeche dee gaee adalat mein pesh kiye gaye sakshya parr nirbhar karati haye aur kewal vishesh aadharon parr nae sakshya koo sweekaar karane kii anumati detee haye. ack appeal key dauran, adalat key paas uchch nyayalaya kii sabhi shaktiyaan aur kartavya hotey hain, aur "adalat key samaksh kissy bhee mamle mein nyaay karane key uddeshya seey nirdhaarit kiye jaane key liye aavashyak kissy bhee prashn koo nirdhaarit karane kii poori shakti hoti haye. vishesh roop seey, nyayalaya key paas uchch nyayalaya dwara kissy bhee mudde parr nae mukadame kaa adesh dene kii shakti haye, sivaay iss tathya key kii uchch nyayalaya ney anuchit roop seey sakshya koo sweekaar yaa aswikar curr diyaa haye, yeh nae mukadame kaa aadhar naheen hoga jaba taka kii appeal kii adalat kaa vichaar naheen haye kii kuchh mahatvapurna galat yaa nyaay kii viphalata hui thee. appeal kii adalat kewal ack nae mukadame kaa adesh dey sakati haye, yaa mahatvapurna aadharon parr uchch nyayalaya key faisale yaa adesh koo ulat yaa kaafee hudd taka badal sakati haye. yeh iss tarah seey abhautik trutiyon, doshon yaa aniyamitataon key aadhar parr kaary naheen karega joe mamle key guna yaa uchch nyayalaya key adhikaar kshetra koo prabhaavit naheen karate hain.
apeeliya aaparaadhik adhikaar kshetra.
aaparaadhik appeal.
appeal kii adalat kewal uchch nyayalaya key nirnayon seey apeelon kii sunavaai karati haye jaba uchch nyayalaya mool aaparaadhik adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog curr rhaa hotaa haye. dusare shabdon mein, raajya adalaton seey appeal parr uchch nyayalaya dwara suney gaye mamalon koo aage appeal kii adalat mein appeal naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, halanki kaanoon key prashn adalat dwara nirdhaaran key liye aarakshit kiye jaa sakate hain (neeche dekhein). uchch nyayalaya mein doshi thaharaae gaye loga doshasiddhi, sajaa yaa donon key khilaf appeal curr sakate hain. apavaad yeh haye kii joe loga doshi thaharaae jaate hain, way kewal sajaa kii seema yaa vaidhata key khilaf appeal curr sakate hain. baad kii sthiti mein, appeal kii adalat phir bhee usa vyakti koo doshi thaharaae jaane key khilaf appeal karane kii anumati dey sakati haye yadi vaha maanata haye kii yeh nyaay key hita mein haye. lock abhiyojak kissy abhiyukt vyakti koo burry karane yaa sajaa diye jaane key khilaf appeal curr sakata haye. adalat koo appeal koo sankshep mein aswikar karane kaa adhikaar haye yadi appeal key aadhar mein kaanoon kaa koee prashn shamil naheen haye, doshasiddhi sakshya dwara samarthit haye, aur mamle kii paristhitiyon mein aisaa kuchh bhee naheen haye joe iss baat parr uchit sandeh paida kartaa haye kii kyaa doshasiddhi sahee thee yaa adalat koo yeh sochane key liye prerit kartaa haye kii sajaa koo cumm kiya jaanaa chaahiye. appeal kii saransh asweekriti kewal appeal key nyayadhishon key sarvasammat nirnay parr kii jaa sakati haye.
yadi yeh vichaar haye kii atirikt sakshya kii aavashyakta haye, tou adalat yaa tou iss sakshya koo swayam leey sakati haye yaa nichali adalat koo ise lene kaa adesh dey sakati haye. adalat nichali adalat seey mukadame seey sambandhit kissy bhee mamle kii report dene key liye bhee kaha sakati haye.
appeal kii sunavaai key baad, adalat nichali adalat key faisale kii pushti curr sakati haye, ulat sakati haye yaa badal sakati haye. yeh ack punah vichaaran kaa adesh bhee dey sakata haye; kissy mamle parr uchch nyayalaya koo apani raay soochit curr sakata haye aur aage kii kaaryavaahi key liye usey usa nyayalaya mein vaapas bhej sakata haye; yaa koee anya adesh dey sakata haye jaisa kii vaha nyaaysangat maanata haye, kissy bhee shakti kaa prayog karate hue jiska prayog nichali adalat ney kiya hoga. adalat key paas nichali adalat dwara paarit sajaa koo radd karane aur usake sthaan parr cumm yaa jyada gambhir sajaa koo pratisthaapit karane kii shakti bhee haye. ack nichali adalat key faisale, sajaa yaa adesh koo kewal tabhi ulat diyaa jaa sakata haye yaa alag kiya jaa sakata haye jaba yeh kanuni roop seey galat thaa yaa sakshya key vajan key khilaf thaa. ack vaakya koo kewal tabhi badala jaa sakata haye jaba yeh mamle kii paristhitiyon mein spasht roop seey atyadhik yaa aparyaapt hoe. bhale hii adalat koo lagata haye kii appeal mein uthaaya gayaa ack bindu appelarthy key paksh mein taya kiya jaa sakata haye, vaha appeal koo khariz curr sakati haye yadi vaha maanata haye kii nyaay kaa koee mahatvapurna garbhpaat naheen huaa haye. adalat aam taur parr kewal ack hii nirnay jaari karati haye, halanki appeal key pithasin nyayadhish key nirdesh parr alag-alag nirnay diye jaa sakate hain.
2009 key nirnay mein "yong wui kaang vee. lock abhiyojak ney kahaa, "adalat ney iss mudde koo khula chhod diyaa kii kyaa nae saboot saamane aaney parr mamle koo phir seey kholane kii appeal key nishkarsh key baad iska antarnihit adhikaar kshetra thaa. isane yeh vichaar vyakt kiya kii "yeh nyaay key hita mein hoga kii adalat key paas galati koo sudhaarne kii shakti honey chaahiye, bajaay isake kii vaha nyaayik prakriya mein anivarya roop seey ack truti koo thheek karane key liye karyapalika parr bharosa karey", aur yeh maan lena uchit haye kii "yeh maan lena uchit haye kii adalat karyapalika kii tulanaa mein nae sakshya key guna-dosh kaa mulyankan karane key liye behtar haye. pahale key mamalon mein yeh vichaar liya gayaa thaa kii antimata key hita mein, ack appeal mein apana nirnay dene key baad adalat koo "karyatmak adhikaari" maanaa jaanaa chaahiye, yaani, usane poori tarah seey "apana karyalaya kiya haye" aur abb usake paas kaary karane kii koee kanuni shakti naheen haye. haalaanki, "yong wui kaang" mein adalat ney kahaah
ack sambhaavit tark, joe abhee taka adalat mein pesh naheen kiya gayaa thaa, vaha thaa kii samvidhaan kaa anuchhed 93, joe sarvocch nyayalaya mein singapur kii nyaayik shakti koo nihit kartaa haye, appeal kii adalat koo samaapt apeelon koo phir seey kholane kii shakti pradaan kartaa haye. yadyapi nyaayik shakti kaa prayog kewal tabhi kiya jaa sakata haye jaba nyayalaya key paas kissy mamle mein adhikaarita hoe, "jahaan scja [nyaayik adhiniyam kaa sarvocch nyayalaya] spasht roop seey yeh naheen bataata haye kii jaba aaparaadhik appeal mein uska adhikaar kshetra samaapt hoe jaataa haye, tou iss nyayalaya key liye kissy bhee samay nyaay kii viphalata koo thheek karane mein asamarth honey key liye apane swayam key adhikaar kshetra koo darkinar karane kaa koee kaaran naheen haye.
kaanoon key prashnon kaa nirdhaaran.
yadi kissy vyakti koo uchch nyayalaya dwara doshi thaharaaya gayaa haye, tou pareekshan nyayadhish aur lock abhiyojak appeal key nirnay key liye adalat key nirnay key liye koee bhee kaanoon key prashn aarakshit curr sakate hain joe mukadame key dauran utpann hue joe isake parinam koo prabhaavit karenge. kaaryavaahi kaa koee anya paksh bhee nichali adalat key nyayadhish key liye appeal key nirdhaaran key liye kaanoon key prashn parr ack mamla bataane key liye aavedan curr sakata haye, aur yadi nyayadhish aisaa karane seey incar curr detaa haye tou paksh adalat mein appeal key liye aavedan curr sakata haye taaki nichali adalat koo nirdesh diyaa jaa sakey. raajya adalat key mukadame key dauran, uchch nyayalaya kii raay key liye ack mamle koo bataane key liye trial jaj key liye aavedan karane key bajaay, kaaryavaahi kaa ack paksh seedhe usa adalat mein bataae jaane vaale mamle key liye anumati key liye appeal kii adalat mein aavedan curr sakata haye.
mamle kii sameeksha parr, appeal kii adalat prashn parr ack nirdhaaran karegi aur phir paarit sajaa koo badal sakati haye, sajaa paarit curr sakati haye, yaa aisaa nirnay dey sakati haye yaa aisaa adesh dey sakati haye joe vaha uchit samajhe. uchch nyayalaya dwara raajya nyayalaya seey appeal sunane yaa apane punareekshan adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog karane key baad uchch nyayalaya yaa lock abhiyojak dwara apane nirnay key liye aarakshit kaanoon key prashnon koo nirdhaarit karane key liye appeal kii adalat ack samaan shakti kaa prayog karati haye. kaanoon kaa koee bhee prashn jiss parr nyaayik pradhikaran kaa takraav haye, usey janahit kaa prashn maanaa jaataa haye.
nyaayik poorvavarti.
singapur kii sarvocch adalat aur isaki antim apeeliya adalat key roop mein, appeal kii adalat key "steyer desis" (nyaayik poorvavarti) nirnayon key siddhanton key tahat uchch nyayalaya aur raajya adalaton parr badhyakari hain. bhale hii inn adalaton key nyayadhish vishesh mamalon mein appeal kii adalat dwara diye gaye tark seey asahmat houn, unhein una mamalon mein nirdhaarit kanuni siddhanton koo lagu karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
8 aprail 1994 seey privy council koo sabhi apeelon key unmoolan key baad appeal kii adalat singapur kii antim apeeliya adalat bunn gaee. usa varsh 11 julaai koo, adalat ney ack abhyaas bayaan diyaa jisamen ghoshana kii gaee kii vaha khud koo apane yaa privy council key pichhale faisalon seey alag honey key liye swatantra maanegi.
adalat ney iss nae siddhant koo iss aadhar parr uchit thaharaaya kii "singapur key ack swatantra aur samprabhu ganarajya banane key baad seey singapur kii raajneetik, samajik aur aarthik paristhitiyaan bahut badal gaee hain. hamaare kaanoon key vikas mein inn parivartanon aur singapur samaaj key maulik moolyon koo pratibimbit karna chaahiye."
jahaan rashtrapati ney singapur ganarajya key nyayadhikaran key samvidhaan koo ack vidheyak parr samvidhaan key prabhaav seey sambandhit ack prashn kaa ullekh kiya haye, koee bhee adalat-jisamen appeal kii adalat bhee shamil haye-baad mein vidheyak parr nyayadhikaran kii raay parr sawal naheen uthaa sakati haye yaa yeh maanate hue kii vidheyak samvaidhaanik paaya gayaa haye, vidheyak parr adharit kissy bhee kaanoon kii vaidhata.

