apekshit nuksan

apeksha kshati gair-ullanghan paksh dwara anubandh key ullanghan seey vasuli yogya kshati haye. apeksha kshati kaa puraskar dusare paksh key vaade dwara banaai gaee apeksha key moolya koo mahsoos karane mein ghayal paksh key hita kii raksha kartaa haye. iss prakaar, vaade parr ullanghan kaa prabhaav apekshit nuksan key puraskar key saath prabhaavi roop seey "poorvavat" kiya jaanaa haye.
pratyaashit kshati kaa uddeshya gair-ullanghan karane vaale paksh koo usa sthiti mein rakhna haye jiss parr vaha kabja curr letaa aggar anubandh puuraa hoe jaataa. apekshit kshati koo nirbharta kshati aur kshatipurti kshati key vipareet kiya jaa sakata haye, joe aise upaay hain joe lagu karane yogya vaadon mein shamil pakshon key anya prakaar key hiton koo sambodhit karate hain.
apekshit kshati key liye default maudrik kshati haye joe seemaon yaa apvaadon key adheen hain (neeche dekhein)
apekshit kshati koo moolya mein kamee, parinami aur aakasmik kshati key saath maapa jaataa haye.
itihas.
robbinson banaam harman mein, sarkari khajaane key adalat key bee park ney sthaapit kiya kii hopkins banaam key anusaar samanya kaanoon key niyam key tahat. haalaanki, vaadi harjaane kii vasuli kaa hakdar haye, jiska arth haye kii paisa, jaise kii anubandh kiya gayaa thaa. bee alderson ney sahamati vyakt kii, yeh aaklan karate hue kii kaanoon key samanya niyam key anusaar yadi koee anubandh kiya jaataa haye aur koee vyakti usa anubandh kaa ullanghan kartaa haye, tou nirdosh paksh koo hue poore nuksan kaa bhugtan kiya jaanaa chaahiye. iss prakaar, samakalan mein (mool sthiti mein bahaali) harjaane koo punarsthaapit karane mein maargdarshak samanya kaanoon siddhanton mein seey ack key tahat apekshit harjaane sthaapit kiye gaye they. iss mamle key baad kshatipurti key roop mein harjaane kii apeksha anubandh key ullanghan key mamalon mein harjaane key vibhajan mein maanak bunn gaee.
apekshit kshati koo maapana.
apekshit kshati mein, nuksan kaa maap, ullanghan karane vaale paksh seey praapt kissy bhee bhugtan aur ullanghan key parinamswarup bachee gaee kissy bhee laagat key saath parinami aur aakasmik kharchon key saath, joe diyaa gayaa thaa aur joe vaadaa kiya gayaa thaa, usake beach kaa antar haye. uchit raashi vaha haye joe gair-ullanghan karane vaale paksh koo saude kaa laabh detee haye."haalaanki, yeh dhyaan rakhna mahatvapurna haye kii apekshit nuksan dandaatmak naheen hain; iska saiddhaantik uddeshya ghayal, gair-ullanghan karane vaale paksh koo usee sthiti mein rakhna haye jiss parr way kabja curr lete yadi anubandh kaa puuraa pradarshan hotaa. dusare shabdon mein, yeh vaha raashi haye joe ghayal paksh koo ullanghan key prati udaseen banaati haye.
udaaharanonh 
vyaapaktaa.
apeksha kshati kaa kaaran yeh haye kii yeh vyaapak roop seey saabit hoe gayaa haye kii apeksha kshati kii vasuli kaa aakar aksar nirbharta kshati key samaan hotaa haye, lekin nirbharta kshati kii tulanaa mein saabit karna aasaan haye. australia mein, ack paksh aamtaur parr kewal usa mamle mein nirbharta nuksan kaa daavaa kartaa haye jisamen apekshit nuksan koo saabit karane mein asamarth maanaa jaataa haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki apeksha kshati mein laabh shamil haye jabaki nirbharta kshati kewal maanak roop seey barbad kharch haye isaliye nirbharta kshati shayed hii kabhi apeksha kshati seey adhik hoti haye.

