methylotroph

methylotroph sookshmajeevon kaa ack vividh samooh haye joe apane vikas key liye carbon srot key roop mein ack-carbon yaugikon, jaise kii methanol yaa meethen, kaa upayog curr sakate hain; aur bahu-carbon yaugik jinamen koee carbon-carbon bandhan naheen hotey hain, jaise kii diamethyl eather aur dimethylamine. sookshmajeevon key iss samooh mein ribulose bisfosphate maarg kaa upayog karke carbon dioxide key madhyam seey cumm ack-carbon yaugikon koo aatmasaat karane mein saksham bhee shamil hain. inn jeevon koo methanogens key saath bhramit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye joe isake vipareet carbon dioxide jaise vibhinn ack-carbon yaugikon seey upa-utpaad key roop mein meethen kaa utpaadan karate hain.
kuchh methylotroph greenhouse gais meethen koo cumm curr sakate hain, aur iss mamle mein unhein methanotroph kahaa jaataa haye. aamtaur parr upayog kii jaane vaali sharkara kii tulanaa mein methanol kii prachurta, shuddhata aur cumm keemat emino acid, vitamin, punarsanyojit protein, ekal-koshika protein, saha-enzyme aur cytochrome key utpaadan key liye saksham jeevon koo banaati haye.
chayapachaya.
methylotrophic chayapachaya mein pramukh madhyavarti formaldehyde haye, jise yaa tou aatmasaat karane vaale yaa apchayan maargon kii or modaa jaa sakata haye. methylotroph methanol aur/yaa meethen key okseekaran key madhyam seey formaldehyde kaa utpaadan karate hain. meethen okseekaran key liye meethen monoxyginase (aim. aim. oh.) enzyme kii aavashyakta hoti haye. iss enzyme key saath methylotroph koo methanotroff naam diyaa gayaa haye. meethen (yaa methanol) kaa okseekaran prakriti mein aatmasaat yaa apghataniya hoe sakata haye (chitra dekhein). yadi apghataniya haye, tou formaldehyde madhyavarti koo poori tarah seey <rasayan> <came> </rasayan> mein aukseekrit kiya jaataa haye taaki apchayi aur oorjaa kaa utpaadan kiya jaa sakey. yadi samaakalansheel haye, tou formaldehyde madhyavarti kaa upayog biomass key utpaadan key liye 3-carbon (<came> <came> </came>) yaugik koo sanshleshit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. kaee methylotroph anabolism key liye bahu-carbon yaugikon kaa upayog karate hain, iss prakaar formaldehyde key upayog koo apchayi prakriyaon taka seemit curr dete hain, haalaanki methanotroph aam taur parr kewal <came display = "inline"> c1 </came> chayapachaya taka seemit hotey hain. 
catabolism.
methylotrophes <came> <came> </came> yaugikon key okseekaran seey utpann oorjaa koo sanrakshit karane key liye electron parivahan shrinkhala kaa upayog karate hain. rasayanik roop seey sthir meethen key ksharan kii anumati dene key liye methanotrophic chayapachaya mein ack atirikt sakriyan charan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. methanol mein iss okseekaran koo aim. aim. oh. dwara utprerit kiya jaataa haye, joe ack oxygen paramanu koo <came> oh2 </came> seey meethen mein shamil kartaa haye aur dusare oxygen paramanu koo paani mein cumm curr detaa haye, jisake liye dou samkakshon kii aavashyakta hoti haye. methanol koo taba bacteria mein methanol dehydrogenase (aim. dee. aich.) kii kriya key madhyam seey formaldehyde mein aukseekrit kiya jaataa haye, yaa khameer mein ack gair-vishisht alcohol oxidase. methanol okseekaran seey electrons koo <came> aeye. tii. pee. </came> kaa utpaadan karane key liye electron parivahan shrinkhala key jhilli-sambaddh quinon mein paarit kiya jaataa haye.
apsaran prakriyaon mein, formaldehyde poori tarah seey <came> <came> mein aukseekrit hoe jaataa haye.
</rasayan> aur utsarjit. formaldehyde koo formaldehyde dehydrogenase (falled) kii kriya key madhyam seey banaane key liye aukseekrit kiya jaataa haye, joe seedhe electron parivahan shrinkhala kii jhilli seey judey quinon koo electron pradaan kartaa haye, aamtaur parr cytochrome bee yaa see. <came> naad + </came> sambaddh nirjalikaran key mamle mein, <came> naad </came> kaa utpaadan hotaa haye.
anta mein, formatt koo cytoplasmic yaa jhilli-baddh formatt dehydrogenase (aff. dee. aich.) dwara <came> <came> </came> mein aukseekrit kiya jaataa haye, joe <came> naadh </came> aur <came> <came> </came> kaa utpaadan kartaa haye.
anabolism.
methylotrophes key liye mukhya chayapachaya chunauti ekal carbon ikaaiyon koo biomass mein aatmasaat karna haye. dee novo sanshleshan key madhyam seey, methylotroph koo 1-carbon (<came> <came> </came>) anuon key beach carbon-carbon bandhan banaana chaahiye. yeh ack oorjaa gahan prakriya haye, jise facultative methylotroph badey carbonic yaugikon kii ack shrinkhala kaa upayog karke taalate hain. haalaanki, baadhya methylotrofe koo <came> <came> </came> anuon koo aatmasaat karna chaahiye. ack <came> <came> </came> anu utpann karane key samanya vishay key saath chaar alag-alag aatmasaat maarg hain. bacteria inmein seey teen maargon kaa upayog karate hain jabaki kavak ack kaa upayog karate hain. sabhi chaar maarg 3 <rasayan> c1 </rasayan> anuon koo bahu-carbon madhyavarti mein shamil karate hain, phir ack madhyavarti koo ack nae <rasayan> c3 </rasayan> anu mein vibhajit karate hain. shesh madhyavarti mool bahu-carbon madhyavarti koo punarjeevit karane key liye punarvyavasthit kiye jaate hain.
bacteria.
methylotrophic bacteria kii pratyek prajaati mein ack pramukh aatmasaat maarg hotaa haye. carbon aatmasaat key liye teen vishisht maarg ribulose monofosphate (rump) aur formaldehyde aatmasaat key serin maarg key saath-saath ribulose bisfosphate (rubb) aatmasaat kaa maarg hain.
ribulose bisfosphate (rubb) chakr.
anya aatmasaat karane vaale maargon key vipareet, rubb path kaa upayog karane vaale bacteria apane sabhi carbonic carbon koo <came> <came> </came> aatmasaat seey praapt karate hain. iss maarg koo pahali baar prakaash sanshleshit autotroff mein spasht kiya gayaa thaa aur ise calvin chakr key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. isake turant baad, iss maarg kaa upayog karate hue methylotrophic bacteria paae gaye joe cumm kiye gaye <came> <came> </came> yaugikon parr badh sakate they.
sabse pahale, ribulose 5-phosphat key 3 anu phosphorylated hotey hain aur ribulose 1,5-bisfosphate (rubb) hotey hain. ribulose bisfosphate carboxylase (rubisco) enzyme inn rubb anuon koo carboxylate kartaa haye joe 3-phosphoglycerate (pee. jee. aeye.) key 6 anuon kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. enzyme phosphoglycert kinnes phosphorylates pee. jee. aeye. 1,3-diphosphoglycert (dee. pee. jee. aeye.) mein parivartit hotaa haye. enzyme glyceraldehyde phosphat dehydrogenase dwara 6 dee. pee. jee. aeye. kii kamee seey <came> <came> </came> yaugik glyceraldehyde-3-phosphat (antaral) key 6 anu utpann hotey hain. ack antaral anu koo biomass kii or modd diyaa jaataa haye jabaki anya 5 anu rebulose 5-phosphat key 3 anuon koo punarjeevit karate hain.
ribulose monofosphate (rump) chakr.
ack nae maarg kaa sandeh taba huaa jaba rubisco methanotroph "methylmonas methanica" mein naheen paaya gayaa thaa. radio-labeling prayogon key madhyam seey, yeh dikhaaya gayaa thaa kii "aim. methanica "ney ribulose monofet (rump) maarg kaa upayog kiya. isake kaaran shodhkartaon ney yeh prastaav diyaa haye kii gaanth chakr rubb chakr seey pahale hoe sakata haye.
rubb chakr kii tarah, yeh chakr rebulose-5-phosphat key 3 anuon key saath shuru hotaa haye. haalaanki, phosphorillating ribulose-5-phosphat key bajaay, formaldehyde key 3 anu ack aldol sanghanan key madhyam seey ack see-see bandhan banaate hain, joe 3-hexulose 6-phosphat (hexulose phosphat) key 3 <came> <came> </came> anuon kaa utpaadan karate hain. hexulose phosphat key inn anuon mein seey ack koo antaral mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye aur yaa tou pyruvet yaa dihydroxysatone phosphat (dhaap). pyruvet yaa dhaap kaa upayog biomass kii or kiya jaataa haye jabaki anya 2 hexulose phosphat anuon aur antaral key anuon kaa upayog ribulose-5-phosphat key 3 anuon koo punarjeevit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
serine chakr.
anya aatmasaat karane vaale maargon key vipareet, serin chakr carbohydrate key bajaay carboxylic acid aur emino acid kaa upayog madhyavarti key roop mein kartaa haye. sabse pahale, formaldehyde key 2 anu amino acid glycine key 2 anuon mein jode jaate hain. yeh amino acid serin key dou anuon kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, joe iss maarg kaa pramukh madhyavarti haye. yeye syrine anu antatah 2-phosphoglycerate key 2 anuon kaa utpaadan karate hain, jisamen seey ack anu biomass kii or jaataa haye aur doosara glycine koo punarjeevit karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye. vishesh roop seey, glycine key punarjanan key liye <came> <came> </came> key anu kii bhee aavashyakta hoti haye, isaliye serin maarg bhee anya 3 maargon seey formaldehyde aur <came> <came> </came> donon kii aavashyakta seey alag hotaa haye.
yeast.
methylotrophic khameer chayapachaya mukhya roop seey upayog kiye jaane vaale enzymon aur carbon aatmasaat maarg key aadhar parr bacteria seey alag hotaa haye. bacteria key vipareet joe jeevaanu mdh kaa upayog karate hain, methylotrophic yeast ack gair-vishisht alcohol oxidase key saath apane peroxisome mein methanol koo aukseekrit karate hain. yeh formaldehyde key saath-saath hydrogen peroxide kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. peroxisome mein iss pratikriya kaa compartmentalisation sambhavatah utpaadit hydrogen peroxide koo alag kartaa haye. iss hanikarak upa-utpaad seey nipatane key liye peroxisome mein catales kaa utpaadan kiya jaataa haye.
dihydroxiactione (dee. aich. aeye.) chakr.
dihydroxiacetone (dee. aich. aeye.) maarg, jise zylulose monofosphate (exump) maarg key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey khameer mein paaya jaataa haye. yeh maarg pramukh madhyavarti key roop mein zylulose 5-phosphat key 3 anuon kaa upayog karke formaldehyde key teen anuon koo dhaap key 1 anu mein aatmasaat kartaa haye.
dee. aich. aeye. synthes ack sthanantaran (transcatolage) key roop mein kaary kartaa haye joe zylulose 5-phosphat key hisse koo dee. aich. aeye. mein sthanantarit kartaa haye. phir dee. aich. aeye. key inn 3 anuon koo triokinage dwara phosphorylated seey dhaap kiya jaataa haye. anya chakron kii tarah, 3 <rasayan> c3 </rasayan> anuon kaa utpaadan kiya jaataa haye jisamen 1 anu koo koshika samagri key roop mein upayog key liye nirdeshit kiya jaataa haye. anya 2 anuon kaa upayog zylulose 5-phosphat koo punarjeevit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
paryavaraniya prabhaav.
carbon chakr mein pramukh khilaadiyon key roop mein, methylotroph mukhya roop seey meethen aur anya greenhouse gasses key sevan key madhyam seey vaishvik tapman mein kamee laane key liye kaam karate hain. jaleey vatavaran mein, methanogenic bacteria duniya key meethen kaa 40-50% utpaadan karate hain. methanogens aur methanotrophic bacteria key beach sahajeevan vatavaran mein chhode gaye meethen kii matra koo bahut cumm curr detaa haye.
yeh sahajeevan samudri paryaavaran mein bhee mahatvapurna haye. samudri bacteria khaadya jaal aur jaiv-bhurasayanik chakron key liye bahut mahatvapurna hain, vishesh roop seey tateey satah key paani mein, lekin anya pramukh paaristhitiki tantra jaise hydrothermal vent mein bhee. mahasagar mein methylotroph key vyaapak aur vividh samoohon key pramaan hain joe samudri aur jwaranadmukh paaristhitiki tantra koo mahatvapurna roop seey prabhaavit karane kii kshamata rakhate hain.  methylotroph dwara carbon aur oorjaa srot key roop mein upayog kiye jaane vaale ack-carbon yaugik poore mahasagar mein paae jaate hain. inn yaugikon mein meethen, methanol, methylated amine, methyl halides aur methylated sulfur yaugik shamil hain, jaise kii dimethylsulphide (dee. aim. aiss.) aur dimethylsulfoxide (dee. aim. aiss. oh.). inmein seey kuchh yaugik phytoplankton dwara utpaadit hotey hain aur kuchh vayumandal seey aatey hain. ack-carbon substrate kii ack vyaapak shrinkhala koo shamil karane vaale adhyayanon mein methylotroph kii badhati vividhata paaee gaee haye, joe sujhaav detee haye kii iss jeevaanu samooh kii vividhata kaa abhee taka poori tarah seey pataa naheen chalaa haye.
kyonki yeye yaugik asthir hain aur jalavaayu aur vayumandal koo prabhaavit karate hain, inn ack-carbon yaugikon key saath inn bacteria kii baatchit parr shodh inn yaugikon key vayu-samudra pravaah koo samajhane mein bhee madad curr sakata haye, joe jalavaayu bhavishyavaniyon koo prabhaavit karate hain. udaaharan key liye, yeh anishchit haye kii kyaa mahasagar vayumandaliya methanol key shuddh srot key roop mein kaary kartaa haye yaa doobata haye, lekin methylotroph kaa ack vividh samooh apane mukhya oorjaa srot key roop mein methanol kaa upayog kartaa haye. kuchh kshetron mein, methylotroph methanol kaa shuddh sink paaya gayaa haye, jabaki anya mein methylotroph gatividhi kaa ack utpaad, methylamine, samudra seey utsarjit paaya gayaa haye aur aerosol banaata haye. inn pravaahon kii shuddh disha methylotroph dwara upayog parr nirbhar karati haye.
adhyayanon mein paaya gayaa haye kii methylotrophic kshamata ack pranali kii utpaadaktaa key saath bhinn hoti haye, isaliye methylotrophy key prabhaav mausami honey kii sambhavana haye. kyonki methylotrophes dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale kuchh ack-carbon yaugik, jaise kii methanol aur tii. aim. aeye. oh., phytoplankton dwara utpaadit hotey hain, unaki upalabdhata asthaayi aur mausami roop seey phytoplankton khilane, mausam kii ghatnaaon aur anya paaristhitiki tantra key aadanon key aadhar parr bhinn hogi. iska matlab haye kii methylotrophic chayapachaya seey samaan gatishilata kaa paalan karane kii ummeed haye, joe taba jaiv-bhurasayanik chakron aur carbon pravaahon koo prabhaavit karega.
gahare samudra key jall-taapiya chhidron mein bhee methylotroph key prabhaav paae gaye. methylotroph, sulfur oxidizer aur iron oxidizer key saath, carbon sthirikaran seey judey pramukh protein koo vyakt karate hain. iss prakaar key adhyayan gahare samudra mein carbon cycling aur gahare samudra aur satah parr carbon cycling key beach sampark koo aur adhik samajhane mein yogdan denge. omics praudyogikiyon key vistaar ney methylotroph kii vividhata, vibhinn prakaar key paryavaraniya sthaanon mein unaki prachurta aur gatividhi aur unaki antar-prajaatiyon kii baatchit parr shodh koo gati dee haye. inn bacteria aur samudra mein ack-carbon yaugikon key jeevaanu aharan aur parivartan key samagr prabhaav parr aage kaa shodh kiya jaanaa chaahiye. vartamaan sakshya carbon key chakran mein mahasagar mein methylotroph key liye sambhaavit roop seey mahatvapurna bhoomika kii or ishara karate hain, lekin sambhaavit roop seey vaishvik nitrogen, sulfur aur phosphorus chakron key saath-saath carbon yaugikon key vayu-samudra pravaah mein bhee, jiska vaishvik jalavaayu prabhaav hoe sakata haye.
krishi kshetra mein methylotroph kaa upayog ack aur tarika haye jisamen way sambhaavit roop seey paryaavaran koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain. paaramparik rasayanik urvarak mitty seey aasaani seey upalabdh poshak tatvon kii aapoorti naheen karate hain, lekin kuchh nakaratmak paryavaraniya prabhaav hoe sakate hain aur utpaadan karane mein mahange hotey hain. methylotroph mein kaee paudhon kii prajaatiyon key saath parasparik sambandh banaane kii kshamata key kaaran vaikalpik jaiv urvarakon aur jaiv-samvardhak key roop mein uchch kshamata hoti haye. methylotroph paudhon koo ghulansheel phosphorus aur nishchit nitrogen jaise poshak tatva pradaan karate hain aur ukt poshak tatvon key grahan mein bhee bhoomika nibhaate hain. isake alawa, way phytohormone key utpaadan key madhyam seey paudhon koo paryavaraniya tanaav kaa jawab dene mein madad curr sakate hain. methylotrophic vriddhi hanikarak paadap rogjanakon key vikas koo bhee rokti haye aur pranaaleegat pratirodh koo prerit karati haye. akele yaa rasayanik urvarakon key saath upayog kiye jaane vaale methylotrophic jaiv urvarakon koo poshak tatvon key nuksan key binaa fasal kii upaj aur gunavatta donon mein vriddhi karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye.

