villium ernest hocking

villium ernest hocking (10 agast, 1873-12 juuna, 1966) harvard vishvavidyalaya mein ack americi aadarshvaadi daarshanik they. unhone anubhavvaad, prakritivaad aur vyavharikta koo ekikrit karane aur usamen fitt honey key liye aadarshvaad koo sanshodhit karane mein apane daarshanik shikshak josia royce (americi aadarshvaad key sansthaapak) key kaam koo jaari rakhaa. unhone kahaa kii tatvamimansa koo anubhav seey prerana lenny hoti haih "joe kaam naheen kartaa vaha sach naheen haye."unake adhyayan kaa pramukh kshetra dharm kaa darshan thaa, lekin unaki 22 pustakon mein darshan aur manvadhikar, vishva rajneeti, press kii swatantrata, maanav prakriti kaa daarshanik manovigyaan; shiksha aur bahut kuchh shamil they. 1958 mein unhone america key aadhyatmik samaaj key adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya. unhone 1932 mein mukhya protestant churchon mein missions key ack atyadhik prabhaavshaali adhyayan kaa netritva kiya. unaki "aam logon kii jaanch" ney shiksha aur samajik kalyan, sthaaniya samoohon koo shakti key hastaantaran, prachaar aur dharmaantaran parr cumm nirbharta aur sthaaniya dharmon key liye bahut adhik sammaanpurna sarahana parr adhik jore dene kii sifarish kii.
praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha.
villium ernest hocking kaa janm 1873 mein villium hocking (1839-1903) aur julia praat (1848-1936) key ghar cleveland, ohiyo mein huaa thaa. vaha americi mool key they. unhone hyee school key madhyam seey saarvajanik schools mein padhaai kii. unhone pahale ack maanchitra nirmaata, chitrakaar aur printer key shaitan key roop mein kaam kiya, isase pahale kii way 1894 mein ayova state college off agriculture aind mechanical arts mein pravesh karein, jahan unakaa ack engineer banane kaa irada thaa. villium james key kaam "manovigyaan key siddhanton" koo padhane seey unhone darshan kaa adhyayan karane key liye harvard jaane kaa faisala kiya, lekin unhone apani padhaai key liye paisa kamaane key liye pahale chaar saal taka ack shikshak aur hyee school key pracharya key roop mein kaam kiya.
1899 mein unhone harvard mein pravesh kiya, jahan unhone 1901 mein darshanshastra mein josia royce key saath bhee adhyayan kiya, apani master degree arjit kii. 1902 seey 1903 taka unhone germany mein, gottingen mein adhyayan kiya, jahan way admond hasral key saath adhyayan karane vaale pahale americi they, aur berlin aur heidelberg mein. way harvard laut aae aur 1904 mein apani phd poori kii.
carrier.
hocking ney dharamshastriya madarse mein tulanaatmak dharm mein ack prashikshak key roop mein shikshan shuru kiya. 1906 mein way aur unaki patni paschimi tata parr chaley gaye, jahan way george howson key netritva mein california vishvavidyalaya, berkley mein darshan sankaay mein shamil hoe gaye. 1908 mein unhein yell key liye bulaaya gayaa, jahan unhone ack sahayak professor key roop mein kaary kiya aur apana pahala pramukh kaam, "maanav anubhav mein bhagwan kaa arth" (1912) prakaashit kiya.
1914 mein hocking harvard laut aae, jahan way antatah praakritik dharm, naitik darshan aur nagrik rajneeti key professor bunn gaye. pratham vishva yuddh key dauran, 1917 mein way france mein agrani honey vaale pahale americi sivil engineeron mein seey they. 1918 mein unhein senaa key prashikshan shiviron mein "yuddh muddon" key pathyakramon key nireekshak key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. unake anubhav ney unhein manobal key baare mein apani doosari pustak likhane key liye prerit kiya. yuddh key baad harvard lautate hue, hocking ney apana shesh currier vahaan banaaya. unhein 1921 mein american academy off arts aind sciences key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. 1920 seey 1930 key dashak key anta taka, hocking newport, road dweep mein nausena yuddh mahavidyalaya mein ack niyamit vyakhyata they, jahan unhone "manobal", "manovigyaan" aur "netritva" parr vyakhyan diyaa."
apani chean yatra seey prabhaavit hocker, hocking ney baarahavin shatabdi key cheeni daarshanik zuu zee kaa ack charitravaadi khule dimag vaalaa adhyayan prakaashit kiya. unhone tark diyaa kii zuu zee kaa vichaar "vaigyaanik" thaa, jiska daavaa sabhi europeeya daarshanik naheen curr sakate they, aur isaliye loktantra key baare mein paschimi logon koo sikhaane key liye kuchh thaa.
1936 mein, hocking koo ingland mein oxford aur cambridge vishvavidyalayon mein hibert vyakhyan dene key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa. yeye anya vishva dharmon key saath isai dharm key sambandh key baare mein unaki soch koo darshaate they, kyonki unhone ack saarvbhaumik dharm kaa samarthan karna shuru curr diyaa thaa. apane vyakhyanon vaali pustak key "samay" kii sameeksha key anusaar, hocking ney socha kii mahatvapurna tatva they
daayitva mein vishvaas, cheejon key srot mein joe achchi haye, joe swayam mein vaastavik haye, aur devta key maanviya pahalu mein kissy prakaar kii sthirata mein vishvaas."vaha dharmshastriyon kii tulanaa mein duniya bhar key aam logon parr apani aashaa adhik rakhta haye, unamen" bhagwan kii upasthiti kaa saarvbhaumik arth, aur usa disha kaa antargyaan paataa haye jisamen bhagwan kii ichcha nihit haye.
hocking 1943 mein americi daarshanik samaaj key liye chune gaye they. usee varsh, way nyu hampshire key maddison mein sevaanivritt hue aur 23 saal baad apani mrityu taka vahaan rahey.
missions kaa adhyayan.
1930-1932 mein, unhone mulyankan aayog kaa netritva kiya, jisane bhaarat, barma, chean aur japan mein chhah protestant sampradayon key videshi mission key kaam kaa adhyayan kiya. protestant missionary unnisvin shatabdi seey asia mein prachaar kaary curr rahey they, lekin kaee samoohon ney daan aur rashtravadi pratirodh mein girawat kaa ullekh kiya, jisase pataa chalata haye kii parivartanon kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
aayog kii report, jiska sheershak "(1932)" thaa aur jise "hocking report" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, anya sanskritiyon mein paschimi missionaryon kii bhoomika key baare mein badalate vichaaron koo darshaati haye, aur bhayankar bahas paida karati haye. aayog key sadasyon ney missionaryon aur sthaaniya logon seey milane key liye asiai shaharon kii yatra kii. chean mein, hocking ney motee key saath paramarsh kiya. buck, joe missions kii ack samaan aalochana vikasit curr rhaa thaa aur jisane baad mein aayog kii report key peechhe apana samarthan diyaa. aayog ney shiksha aur kalyan parr adhik jore dene, sthaaniya samoohon koo shakti key hastaantaran, prachaar parr cumm nirbharta, sthaaniya dharmon key prati sammaanpurna prashansa kii sifarish kii. ack anushansit sambandhit lakshya sthaaniya netritva aur sansthanon kaa sankraman thaa. aayog ney protestant missions key liye ack ekal sangathan banaakar missionary prayason kaa samanvaya aur dhyaan kendrit karane key liye sanyukt raajya america mein punargathan kii bhee sifarish kii.
daarshanik kaary.
raajneetik darshan mein, hocking ney daavaa kiya kii udaarvaad koo vyaktivaad key ack nae roop dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaanaa chaahiye jisamen siddhant haih "pratyek vyakti ack sampoorn vyakti hoga."unakaa maanana thaa kii manushyon kaa kewal ack hii praakritik adhikaar haih" ack vyakti koo una shaktiyon kaa vikas karna chaahiye joe usake bheetar hain."sabse mahatvapurna swatantrata" apani swatantrata koo poorna karane kii swatantrata haye."unhone isai dharm koo vishva sabhyata key nirmaan mein ack mahaan pratinidhi maanaa. lekin unakaa maanana thaa kii koee bhee hathdharmita dhaarmik gyaan kaa maarg naheen haye; balki, yeh vyaktigat maanav anubhav key sandarbh mein vikasit kiya gayaa haye.
unhone apane samay key kaee german daarshnikon kaa anusaran kiya, joe bahut prabhaavshaali they. germany mein adhyayan karate samay, unhone wilhelm dilthy, paul natorap, admond hasral, wilhelm windleband aur heinrich rickert key vyakhyanon mein bhaag liya thaa. sanyukt raajya america mein aadarshvaad key ack kattar samarthak, hocking "dharm", "itihas" yaa "superpersonal" key liye isake arth key baare mein sochane key liye mahatvapurna thaa."kaee mamalon mein way aadarshvaad key ack german aalochak wilhelm luetgert seey sahmat they; haalaanki, unhone apani sthiti koo naheen chhoda. hocking kaa maanana thaa kii kuchh bhee aisaa naheen haye joe "hoe sakata haye" antatah tarkaheen thaa. unhone ghoshana kii kii "kyaa thaa" mein koee agyaat naheen thaa."
nakaratmak vyavharikta.
shayed darshan mein hocking kaa sabse mahatvapurna yogdan "nakaratmak vyavharikta" haye, jiska arth haye kii joe "kaam kartaa haye" vyaavhaarik roop seey sach hoe sakata haye yaa naheen bhee hoe sakata haye, lekin joe kaam naheen kartaa haye vaha galat honah chaahiye. sahakian aur sahakian raajya key roop mein... yadi koee vichaar kaam naheen kartaa haye, tou yeh sambhavatah sach naheen hoe sakata haye, kyonki sachchai hamesha kaam karati haye...". yeh naa kewal satya kaa ack mandand haye, balki yeh ack paribhasha bhee haye. yeh nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii satya ack nirantar haye-"satya hamesha kaam kartaa haye. sahakian vishleshan ingit kartaa haye kii humm joe sach soch sakate hain vaha kewal ack bhram hoe sakata haye-"joe kaam curr rhaa haye vaha sach hoe sakata haye yaa naheen bhee. udaaharan key liye, yeh kahana kii soorya uga rhaa haye yaa ast hoe rhaa haye, halanki drishya roop seey sach prateet hotaa haye, galat haye kyonki yeh prithvi kii gati key kaaran haye, naa kii prithvi key sambandh mein soorya key oopar yaa neeche jaane key kaaran. iss bhram key kaaran pracheen loga vartamaan mein sweekrit suryakendrit drishtikon key bajaay bhoo-kendrit brahmand mein galat vishvaas karate they.
hocking key mandand kii pushti 20veen shatabdi key madhya mein ack bhautik vigyaani richard fenman ney kii thee, jinhone nobel puraskar jeetaa thaa. fenman kaa kahana haye kii kuchh bhee sach key roop mein varnit haye... kabhi bhee sahee saabit naheen hoe sakata thaa, kyonki cull kaa prayog galat saabit karane mein safal hoe sakata haye joe aapako sahee lagaa thaa..."aur",.. yadi yeh prayog seey asahmat haye, tou yeh galat haye."anta mein, sahakian aur sahakian aparyaptataon koo nott karate hain aur satya key anya sabhi maandandon key liye seemit anuprayog prastut karate hain, lekin way nakaratmak vyavharikta koo cumm naheen karate hain. kissy bhee mandand mein aparyaptata kaa pataa lagaana nakaratmak vyavharikta kaa ahwan karna haye. kissy bhee mandand mein viphalata koo darshana yeh dikhaana haye kii yeh kaise "prayog seey asahmat haye" (fenman) aur/yaa "kaam naheen kartaa haye" (hocking). iss tarah, way nakaratmak vyavharikta koo "vaastavik" mandand key roop mein upayog karate hain jisake dwara anya sabhi maandandon kaa nirnay liya jaataa haye.
shaadi aur parivaar.
hocking ney 28 juuna, 1905 koo agness oh 'railey seey shaadi kii. vaha patrakaar aur kavi johnn boyley oh' railey aur unaki patni mairi marfi kii ayrish-americi betty theen, joe ack patrakaar bhee theen. unake teen bachche theh richard (1906-2001), hester (1909-1998) aur johnn (1911-2000). cambridge lautane key baad, agness hocking ney apane ghar parr ack open-air school shuru kiya, jise unhone chhayadar pahaadi school key roop mein vikasit kiya. yeh harvard varg key paas jaari haye.
richard darshan key professor bunn gaye aur unaki betty hester nagrik adhikaaron key liye sent augustein andolan seey sambaddh hoe gaee aur aprail 1964 mein hester koo teen anya mahilaaon (massachusets key tatkalin governor andicot peabody kii maan mairi parkman peabody sahit) key saath shahar mein ack alag lunch baar mein virodh karane key liye giraftar kiya gayaa, iss karyakram ney usa samay pahale prishth parr samachar banaa diyaa. johnn key pati edward aeye. crack junier. way chean key itihaaskaar they.
antim varsh aur mrityu.
1955 mein hocking kii 50 saal kii patni kii 78 saal kii umr mein mrityu hoe gaee, hocking ney 1956 mein apani antim pustak "dha cumming worled civilisation" prakaashit kii.
12 juuna, 1966 koo, hocking kaa 92 varsh kii ayu mein nyu hampshire key maddison mein apane khet mein nidhan hoe gayaa. unake teen bachche aur aathh potey-potiyaan reh gaye.
saanskritik sandarbh.
villium hocking kaa jeevan, kaary, unake poorvavartiyon, unake sahyogiyon aur vishesh roop seey unake jeevit vyaktigat pustakalaya, west wind, johnn kaag key "americi darshanah ack prem kahani" key liye prerana haye.

