
sahraavi arab loktaantrik ganarajya

sahraavi arab loktaantrik ganarajya, jise sahraavi ganarajya aur paschimi sahaara key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack aanshik roop seey maanyata praapt raajya haye, jise paschimi maghreb mein sthit 45 yuu. aine. sadasya raajyon dwara maanyata praapt haye, joe paschimi sahaara key gair-swa-shaasit kshetra kaa daavaa kartaa haye, lekin usa kshetra key kewal purvi ack-paanchven hisse koo niyantrit kartaa haye. 1884 aur 1975 key beach, paschimi sahaara koo spanish sahaara key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, joe ack spanish coloney (baad mein ack videshi praant) thee. sadar dou african raajyon mein seey ack haye jisamen spanish ack mahatvapurna bhasha haye, doosari bhoomadhyarekhiya ginny haye.
27 farwari 1976 koo paschimi shahar key biir lehlau mein pulisario front dwara sadar kii ghoshana kii gaee thee. sadar sarkaar apane niyantran vaale kshetron koo "mukt kshetra" yaa "mukt kshetra" kahati haye. morakko vivaadit kshetra key baaki hisson koo niyantrit aur prashaasit kartaa haye, aur inn bhoomi koo apane dakshini praant kahata haye. sadar kii daavaa kii gaee rajdhani ell-ayun (layaun) (paschimi sahaara kii poorv rajdhani) haye. choonki sadar all-ayun koo niyantrit naheen kartaa haye, isaliye tifaariti mein isaki ack asthaayi rajdhani haye. sadar sarkaar kii seat algeria key tyndoff mein sahraavi sharanarthi shiviron mein haye.
sadar 45 sanyukt rashtron key saath rajanyik sambandh rakhta haye, aur african sangh kaa poorna sadasya haye. lagbhag aadhe million kii aabaadi key saath, yeh africa mein sabse cumm aabaadi vaalaa desh haye, aur duniya mein doosara sabse cumm aabaadi vaalaa desh haye.
vyutpatti.
sahraavi" naam arabi shabd kaa romankaran haye, jiska arth haye "registan kaa nivasi". taba yeh shabd arabi shabd () seey liya gayaa haye, jiska arth haye 'registan'.
itihas.
morakko key harit march key kaaran spen key logon kii nikasi key baad, spen, morakko aur mauritania ney 14 navambar 1975 koo, francisco franco kii mrityu seey chhah dinn pahale, madrid samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye. morakko aur mauritania ney paschimi sahaara key kshetra koo jodkar pratikriya dee. 26 farwari 1976 koo spen ney sanyukt rashtra (yuu. aine.) koo soochit kiya kii usa tarikh taka usane paschimi sahaara mein apani upasthiti samaapt curr dee thee aur apani jimmedariyon koo chhod diyaa thaa, jisase yeh kshetra kissy bhee prashaasnik shakti seey vanchit hoe gayaa thaa. naa tou morakko aur naa hii mauritania koo antarrashtriya maanyata millie, aur swatantrata kii maang karane vaale raajneetik morche key saath yuddh shuru huaa. sanyukt rashtra sangh pulis morche koo sahraavi logon kaa vaidh pratinidhi maanata haye, aur kahata haye kii paschimi sahaara key logon koo "atmanirnaya aur swatantrata" kaa adhikaar haye.
27 farwari 1976 koo sahraavi arab loktaantrik ganarajya key nirmaan kii ghoshana kii gaee thee, kyonki pulisario ney ack naee ikai kii aavashyakta kii ghoshana kii thee jise way jaane vaale spanish upaniveshvadiyon dwara chhodi gaee raajneetik shoonya maanate they. jabaki daavaa kii gaee rajdhani poorv paschimi sahaara rajdhani ell-aain (joe morakko-niyantrit kshetra mein haye) haye, ghoshana nirvaasit sarkaar kii asthaayi rajdhani, biir lehlau mein kii gaee thee, joe 1991 key sangharsh viram key tahat pulisario-niyantrit kshetra mein rahee (niptan yojana dekhein). 27 farwari 2008 koo, asthaayi rajdhani koo aupchaarik roop seey tifareeti mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, dinn-pratidin kaa vyavasaay algeria key tyndoff praant mein sahraavi sharanarthi shiviron mein kiya jaataa haye, jahan adhikansh sahraavi nirvaasit samudaay rahate hain.
samvidhaan.
1999 mein sahraavi arab loktaantrik ganarajya key ack nae samvidhaan ney kaee europeeya raajyon key sansadiya samvidhaanon key samaan roop leey liya, lekin kuchh paragraph key saath "poorna swatantrata" kii upalabdhi taka nilambit curr diyaa gayaa. pramukh binduon mein, raajya kaa pramukh samvaidhaanik roop seey pulisario morche kaa mahasachiv hotaa haye, jise "swatantrata poorv charan" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, samvidhaan mein praavdhaan key saath kii swatantrata parr, pulisario koo dhwast kiya jaanaa chaahiye yaa poori tarah seey alag kiya jaanaa chaahiye. swatantrata key saath shuru honey vaale ack asthaayi charan key liye praavdhaanon kaa vivaran diyaa gayaa haye, jisamen vartamaan sadar koo paschimi sahaara sarkaar key roop mein kaary karna chaahiye, joe ack samvaidhaanik sudhaar key saath samaapt hotaa haye aur antatah samvidhaan mein nirdisht tarj parr ack raajya kii sthaapana hoti haye.
ack antim paschimi sahaara raajya key liye samvidhaan mein nirdhaarit vyaapak dishaanirdeshon mein bajar arthavyavastha key saath antatah bahudaliya loktantra shamil haye. samvidhaan mein sahraaviyon koo musalman, african aur arab logon key roop mein bhee paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. samvidhaan maanav adhikaaron key siddhanton aur ack badey maghreb kii avadharana key prati pratibaddhata koo bhee akhil-arabvaad key ack kshetriya sanskaran key roop mein ghoshit kartaa haye.
sarkari sanrachana.
agast 1982 seey, ganarajya kaa sarvocch karyalaya shaharvi arab loktaantrik ganarajya kaa adhyaksh rhaa haye, joe pulisario front key mahasachiv dwara aayojit ack pada haye, joe vartamaan mein brahmin ghaali haye, joe pradhaanmantri kii niyukti kartaa haye, joe vartamaan mein boucheraya hammaudi bayaun haye. sadar kii sarkari sanrachana mein ack mantri parishad (pradhaanmantri key netritva mein ack mantrimandal), ack nyaayik shakha (rashtrapati dwara niyukt nyayadhishon key saath) aur sansadiya sahraavi rashtriya parishad (snc; vartamaan adhyaksh khatri adda) shamil hain. 1976 mein apani sthaapana key baad seey, vibhinn samvaidhaanik sanshodhanon ney ganarajya koo ack "tadarth" prabandhakiya sanrachana seey ack vaastavik shaasi tantra key karib laane vaale kuchh mein badal diyaa haye. 1980 key dashak key anta seey sansad ney shaktiyon key vibhajan koo sthaapit karane aur gantantra kii sanrachanaon koo raajneetik morche seey alag karane key liye kadam uthaana shuru kiya, halanki aaj taka spasht prabhaav key binaa.
isake vibhinn mantralaya vibhinn sevaaon aur karyon key liye jimmedaar hain. nyaypalika, joe poorna roop seey nichali adalaton, appeal adalaton aur ack sarvocch nyayalaya key saath, unheen kshetron mein kaam karati haye. nirvaasit sarkaar key roop mein, sarkaar kii kaee shaakhaaen poori tarah seey kaary naheen karati hain, aur isane sansthanon kii samvaidhaanik bhoomikaon koo prabhaavit kiya haye. sarkari sanrachanaon key samanantar sansthaan bhee raajneetik morche key bheetar utpann hue hain, joe sadar key shaasi tantra key saath judaa huaa haye, aur inn party aur sarkari sansthanon aur karyalayon key beach parichaalan kshamataon key saath ativyaapi haye. 2012 kii ack report mein sahraavi baar association key astitva kaa ullekh kiya gayaa thaa. 2016 mein, baar association (sahraavi vakeelon key sangh key naam seey jaanaa) ney raajneetik aur nagrik adhikaaron key karyanvayan key liye ack report jaari kii. durbhagya seey, iss baat kaa koee spasht sanket naheen haye kii mahilaaon jaise kuchh jansankhyikiya samoohon ney kanuni kshetra mein kaise pradarshan kiya haye.
aiss. aine. see. apani vidhaayi bhoomika mein kamjor haye, jise mukhya roop seey ack paramarsh aur sarvasammati-nirmaan sansthaan key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa haye, lekin isane baad key samvaidhaanik sanshodhanon key dauran apani saiddhaantik vidhaayi aur niyantran shaktiyon koo majboot kiya haye. anya baaton key alawa, isane samvidhaan mein maut kii sajaa parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa haye, aur 1999 mein avishvaas mutt key madhyam seey sarkaar koo neeche laa diyaa haye.
sahraavi rashtriya parishad 53 sadasyon seey bunny haye, joe sabhi sagua all-hamra aur riyo dee oro kii mukti key liye lokpriya morche seey hain.
sainya.
sahraavi logon kii mukti senaa sahraavi arab loktaantrik ganarajya kii raksha bull haye aur pahale gantantra kii neenv seey pahale pulisario morche key sashastr wing key roop mein kaary karati thee.
arthavyavastha.
apane niyantrit kshetron mein sadar mein sahraavi peseta kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, halanki desh kaa adhikansh hissa morocan dirham kaa upayog kartaa haye.
dharm.
sahraavi kshetron mein prachalit pramukh dharm sunni islam haye.
adhikaar kaa kshetra.
sadar ney paschimi algeria key tyndoff praant mein sthit sahraavi sharanarthi shiviron mein ack sarkari prashaasan key roop mein kaam kiya. iska mukhyalaya tindoof key dakshin mein sthit rabaauni shivir mein haye, halanki kuchh aadhikarik karyakram mukt kshetra key shaharon mein hue hain, jisamen asthaayi raajdhaaniyaan bhee shamil hain, pahale biir lehou 2008 taka, phir tifareeti. sadar kii sarkaar poore paschimi sahaara kshetra parr samprabhuta kaa daavaa karati haye, lekin kewal mukt kshetra key bheetar niyantran rakhti haye. sharanarthiyon key liye sanyukt rashtra uchchaayukt aur gair-sarkari sangathanon sahit kaee videshi sahaayata agencies shiviron mein lagaatar sakriya hain.
antarrashtriya maanyata aur sadasyata.
 raajyon. inmein seey 39 ney kaee karanon seey "jamey hue" yaa "vaapas leey liye gaye" maanyata praapt kii haye. kull 29 sanyukt rashtra raajya sadar seey ack dutawas banaae rakhate hain, jisamen viyatnam ekmatra rashtra haye joe dutawas kii mejbani naheen kartaa haye, lekin kewal apana mission bhejata haye [18 raajyon mein sahraavi dutawas maujood hain]. 6 sanyukt rashtron key anya rajanyik sambandh hain, jabaki 9 sanyukt rashtra aur dakshin ocesia bhee raajya koo yaa tou pichhale shasanon dwara yaa ateet mein antarrashtriya samjhauton key madhyam seey maanyata dete hain, lekin iss samay koee sakriya sambandh naheen hain [adhik vivaran key liye 'sahraavi arab loktaantrik ganarajya key videshi sambandh' dekhein].
chilly, australia, brazil aur sweeden ney sabhi ney aantarik roop seey sadar koo maanyata dene key liye matdan kiya haye, lekin abhee taka kissy ney bhee isaki pushti naheen kii haye.
halanki ise sanyukt rashtra dwara maanyata naheen dee gaee haye, lekin 1982 seey sadar ney african sangh (aeye. yuu., poorv mein african ekataa kaa sangathan, oh. yuu.) kii poorna sadasyata praapt kii haye. 1984 key dauran virodh mein morakko ney oh. yuu. seey peechhe hutt liya, aur 1994 mein dakshin africa key oh. yuu. mein pravesh key samay seey, ekmatra african yuu. aine. sadasya bhee oh. yuu. kaa sadasya naheen thaa, jaba taka kii ise 30 janwari 2017 koo phir seey naheen padhaa gayaa thaa. sadar gutnirpeksh andolan aur naee asiai-african ranneetik saajhedaari kii baithakon mein ack atithi key roop mein bhaag letaa haye, joe kii sadar kii bhagidari parr morocan apattiyon parr thaa.
sadar ney 2006 mein lattin americi aur carribean (koppal) key raajneetik dalon key sthaayi sammelan key ack sammelan mein bhee bhaag liya; nikaragua mein sadar rajdoot ney 2010 mein kendriya americi sansad key udghaatan sammelan mein bhaag liya, aur 2012 mein mexico shahar mein asiai raajneetik dalon key koppal aur antarrashtriya sammelan kii baithak mein ack sadar pratinidhimandal ney bhaag liya.
27 farwari 2011 koo, sadar kii ghoshana kii 35veen varshgaanth paschimi shahar tifareeti mein aayojit kii gaee thee. iss karyakram mein kaee deshon key sansadon, rajdooton, ngo aur kaaryakartaon sahit pratinidhimandalon ney bhaag liya.
sadar arab leag kaa sadasya naheen haye, naa hii arab maghreb union kaa, donon mein morakko koo poorna sadasya key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa haye.
prastaavit paschimi sahaara pradhikaran.
paschimi sahaara mein poorv mahasachiv kofi annan key vyaktigat doot james becker dwara banaai gaee becker yojana key tahat, sadar koo paanch saal key sankramankalin paschimi sahaara pradhikaran (doubleu. aiss. aeye.) key saath badal diyaa gayaa hoga, joe morakko dwara paryavekshit ack gair-samprabhu swaayatt kshetra haye, jisake baad swatantrata parr ack janmat sangrah hoga. 2003 mein yuu. aine. dwara iska samarthan kiya gayaa thaa. kyonki morakko ney bhaag lene seey incar curr diyaa haye, haalaanki, yojana mrit prateet hoti haye.
aprail 2007 mein, morakko kii sarkaar ney sujhaav diyaa kii ack swa-shaasit ikai, sahaara mamalon key liye shaahi salaahkaar parishad (corcas) key madhyam seey, paschimi sahaara key liye kuchh hudd taka swaayatta key saath kshetra koo niyantrit karey. pariyojana koo aprail 2007 key madhya mein sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishad key samaksh prastut kiya gayaa thaa. morocan prastaav parr gatirodh key kaaran sanyukt rashtra ney aprail 2007 mein "sanyukt rashtra mahasachiv kii report" mein partiyon koo parasparik roop seey sweekrit raajneetik samadhan taka pahunchane key liye pratyaksh aur binaa shart baatchit mein pravesh karane key liye kahaa.
rashtriya avkash.
isake alawa, muslim utsav chandra islami calender key anusaar rakhe jaate hain.

