
kingsbury pratibaddhata

kingsbury pratibaddhata 1913 mein sanyukt raajya sarkaar kii americi telephone aur telegraph company (aeye. tii. aind. tii.) key khilaf adalat key baahar dursanchar udyog mein company key usa samay badhate urdhvaadhar ekadhikar key liye avishvaas chunauti kaa ack samjhauta haye. ekadhikarvadi key roop mein company key khilaf kanuni kaarravaai naheen karane key liye sarkaar key samjhaute key badale mein, aeye. tii. aind. tii. ney paschimi sangh telegraph company mein arjit niyantran hita koo vibhajit karane aur gair-pratispardhi swatantra telephone companiyon koo aeye. tii. aind. tii. lambi doori key network key saath aapas mein judane kii anumati dene parr sahamati vyakt kii.
itihas.
1907 mein, theodor aine. vail doosari baar aeye. tii. aind. tii. key adhyaksh baney. turant, unhone company koo drishti, company sangathan aur praudyogiki key mamle mein ack naee disha mein leey jaaya. unhone ack saarvajanik upayogita key roop mein telephone seva kii kalpana kii, aur apani company key netritva mein companiyon kii ack ekikrit pranali key roop mein americi telephone udyog key bhavishya kii kalpana kii. isake liye udyog key sabhi khilaadiyon dwara takniki manakon koo samajhane aur sweekaar karane kii aavashyakta thee. unhone paschimi vidyut company key liye bajar khola, isaki vinirmaan ikai jise company ney pahale kewal ghanti pranali companiyon koo utpaad bechane key liye pratibandhit kiya thaa, taaki swatantra operator sangat upkaran khareed sakein. unhone buniyaadi anusandhaan aur vikas parr dhyaan kendrit karane key liye paschimi vidyut key bheetar ack alag shodh prabhaag kaa ayojan kiya. aeye. tii. aind. tii. ney ghanti seey judee companiyon koo kharida thaa aur unhein nae padanukram mein sangathit kiya thaa. aeye. tii. aind. tii. ney kaee swatantra dalon koo bhee hassil curr liya thaa, aur paschimi sangh kaa niyantran khareed liya thaa, jisase ise telephone aur telegraph sanchaar donon mein ekadhikar kii sthiti millie. inn prayason aur vail key drishtikon koo "ack pranali-ack neeti-saarvbhaumik seva" key naare key tahat vipanan abhiyaanon dwara janata taka pahunchaaya gayaa thaa. 
aeye. tii. aind. teji seey ack urdhvaadhar roop seey ekikrit samooh bunn gayaa. sarkaar iss baat seey chintit thee kii aeye. tii. aind. tii. aur anya ghanti companiyaan udyog parr ekadhikar curr rahee theen. ghanti pranali kii ack pramukh ranneeti apane lambi doori key network koo-takniki roop seey, desh mein abb taka key sabse achche aur sabse vyaapak-swatantra vaahakon key saath jodane seey incar karna thaa. lambi doori kii sevaaon kii sambhavana key binaa, kaee swatantra operators kii bajar sthiti asamarthaniya hoe gaee. aeye. tii. aind. tii. kii ranneetiyon ney shikayaton koo prerit kiya aur nyaay vibhaag kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya.
samjhauta.
sarkari jaanch aur avishvaas ullanghan key liye ack sambhaavit mukadame kaa saamana karate hue, aeye. tii. aind tii. ney 1913 mein kaee maheenon taka baatchit mein pravesh kiya. nishkarsh aeye. tii. aind tii. key upaadhyaksh nathan kingsbury dwara ack patra key roop mein ack swaichhik pratibaddhata key roop mein aaya, jinhone prastut karane seey pahale adhikaariyon aur sarkari pratinidhiyon dwara anumodan praapt kiya. 19 disambar, 1913 key patra mein, aeye. tii. aind tii. ney attorney general james clark macrinolds key saath paschimi sangh key khud koo vibhajit karane, kuchh sharton key tahat swatantra vinimay koo lambi doori kii sevaaen pradaan karane aur antarrajyiya vanijya aayog dwara apatti jataane parr adhigrahan seey bachane key liye sahamati vyakt kii. nyaay vibhaag key adhikaariyon ney raay dee kii yojana ney sarkaar koo sub kuchh diyaa aur adalat mein praapt karane kii ummeed seey adhik, aur ise rashtrapati vudro willson kii manjuri millie, jinhone telephone company key ravaiye aur drishti key liye apani prashansa vyakt keeh
pratibaddhata ney nirdaliyon aur ghanti companiyon key beach sabhi matbhedon koo nipataaya naheen, lekin isane sanghiya adhigrahan koo taal diyaa jisaki kaee logon koo ummeed thee. aeye. tii. aind. tii. koo bajar-share khareedane kii anumati dee gaee thee, jaba taka kii yeh swatantra ummidvaaron koo barabar sankhya mein graahak bechata rhaa. mahatvapurna roop seey, jabaki kingsbury pratibaddhata ney ise apani lambi doori kii seva koo swatantra sthaaniya vaahakon seey jodane key liye baadhya kiya, aitt aind tii anya sthaaniya pradaataon key saath apani sthaaniya sevaaon koo aapas mein jodane key liye sahmat naheen thaa. aur naa hii swatantra lambi doori key vaahakon key saath kissy bhee antar-sambandh key liye sahmat hue. paschimi bijli company key saath aeye. tii. aind. tii. key sambandh koo sambodhit naheen kiya gayaa thaa aur swatantra nirmaata abhee bhee ghanti key bajar mein naheen betch sakate they, lekin operators koo lambi lines key network seey judane mein saksham honey key liye "maanak trunk" key liye ghanti upkaran kharidana padaa.
ekadhikar jaari rakhaa.
natijatan, aeye. tii. aind. tii. sabse adhik laabhdaayak shahari baajaron aur lambi doori key yatayat donon parr apane niyantran koo majboot karane mein saksham thaa.
sanyukt raajya america mein sabhi telephone networkon kaa juuna 1918 seey julaai 1919 taka pratham vishva yuddh key dauran rashtriyakaran kiya gayaa thaa. punah-nijikaran key baad, aeye. tii. aind tii. ney apani ekadhikar key karib sthiti phir seey shuru kii. 1921 key vilis graham adhiniyam ney antarrajyiya vanijya aayog (aaee. see. see.) key samanya nireekshan key saath aur adhik sthaaniya telephone pranaliyon koo praapt karane kii anumati dee, prabhaavi roop seey telephone vyavasaay koo ack praakritik ekadhikar key roop mein ghoshit kiya. 1924 taka, aaee. see. see. ney 234 swatantra telephone companiyon mein seey 223 key adhigrahan koo aind tii. dwara anumodit kiya. 1921 aur 1934 key beach, aaee. see. see. ney aeye. tii. aind. tii. key 274 khareed anurodhon mein seey 271 koo manjuri dee. 1934 key sanchaar adhiniyam dwara sanghiya sanchaar aayog key nirmaan key saath, sarkaar ney aeye. tii. aind. tii. dwara lagaae gaye daron koo viniyamit kiya.
1956 mein, aeye. tii. aind. tii. aur nyaay vibhaag 1949 mein aeye. tii. aind. tii. key khilaf laae gaye ack avishvaas mukadame koo samaapt karane key liye ack sahamati decree parr sahmat hue. decree key tahat, aeye. tii. aind. tii. ney apani gatividhiyon koo rashtriya telephone pranali chalaane seey sambandhit logon taka seemit curr diyaa, aur sanghiya sarkaar key liye vishesh pariyojanaaen.
1968 mein, aff. see. see. niyamakon ney hastakshep kiya jaba ghanti pranali ney ack mobile sanchaar pranali, carterphone koo telephone lines seey jodane seey rokane kii koshish kii. usa nirnay ney iss siddhant koo sthaapit kiya kii graahak kissy bhee vaidh upkaran koo telephone network seey jodd sakate hain, yahaan taka kii ack pratispardhi seva kii peshkash karane key liye bhee. 1970 key dashak key madhya mein, aim. see. aaee. aur sprint jaise ubharate lambi doori key pratiyogiyon koo paraspar sambandh seey incar karane kii ack hii ranneeti kaa saamana karna padaa, jise niyamakon ney radd curr diyaa, jisake baad ghanti pranali phone companiyon dwara pratispardha koo baahar karane key apratyaksh saadhan key roop mein paraspar sambandh kii laagat koo badhaane key prayason kii ack shrinkhala dwara. inn ladaaiyon key parinamswarup badee matra mein avishvaas mukdamebaji hui aur antatah 1982 mein ghanti pranali toot gaee.
1982 mein, aeye. tii. aind. tii. aur nyaay vibhaag 1974 mein aeye. tii. aind. tii. key khilaf daayar avishvaas mukadame key niptare key liye asthaayi sharton parr sahmat hue, jisake tahat aeye. tii. aind. tii. ney apane sthaaniya telephone sanchaalan seey khud koo alag curr liya, jise "bebi bails" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa."badale mein, nyaay vibhaag 1956 key sahamati adesh mein nihit aitt aind tii gatividhiyon parr pratibandhon koo hataane key liye sahmat huaa.