
tunisia mein gulami

tunisia mein gulami arab daas vyaapaar kii ack vishisht abhivyakti thee, jise 23 janwari 1846 koo ahmed bey dwara samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. tunisia algeria key samaan sthiti mein thaa, ack bhaugolik sthiti key saath joe ise mukhya trance-sahaaran maargon seey jodati thee. samkaaleen gavaahon key anusaar, isamen kewal athaarahavin shatabdi mein soney key pouder aur daason key fezaan aur ghadames seey kaarvaan praapt hue. unnisvin shatabdi kii shuruat mein, gulam salana 500 aur 1,200 key beach kii sankhya mein aatey they. tunisia seey unhein levent key bandargaahon taka leey jaaya jaataa thaa.
utpatti.
tunisian daas dou pramukh kshetron seey vyutpann hainh europe aur paschim africa seey jheel chaad taka faila huaa ack badaa kshetra. bornu key raajyon aur fezaan key kshetra ney adhikansh kafile pradaan kiye. pratidvandi janjaatiyon key beach sthaaniya yuddhon mein yaa apaharan key chhaapon mein daason kaa badaa hissa gulami mein chalaa gayaa. kaee sahaaran kendron seey kaarvaan maarg tunis parr samaapt hoe jaate hain. gadames key alawa, joe beilic koo fezaan, morjauk aur bornau key raajya seey jodata thaa, timbaktu kaarvaan maarg key madhyam seey beilic key saath niyamit sampark mein thaa joe mazaab aur dajerid seey hocker gujarta thaa aur desh koo african samoohon aur bambra bhoomi, dajen shahar aur madhya paschim africa key kaee kshetron koo chhoone vaale ack badey kshetra key logon key sampark mein rakhta thaa. abhilekhiya dastavejon mein bataae gaye daason aur mukt sainikon key naam inn kaee, vividh mool kii pushti karate hainh bernaui, ghadamsi aur orgli jaise samanya naamon key alawa, paschim africa key anya kendron jaise jenaui aur tomboctoi mein mool kaa sanket dene vaale naam hain.
europeeya daason koo, unake hisse key liye, europeeya bhoomi key tata parr raziyaa key dauran, jyaadaatar itali, france, spen aur purtagaal, aur europeeya jahaajon key kabje seey pakada gayaa thaa. purushon kaa upayog vibhinn karyon (gulam chaalak, saarvajanik kaary, sanic, lock sevak aadi) key liye kiya jaataa thaa.), jabaki mahilaaon kaa upayog gharelu shramikon aur haram mein kiya jaataa thaa. purushon key vipareet, mahilaaon key liye mukt honah bahut durlabh thaa, halanki mahilaaon ney aksar islam mein parivartit kiya.
sankhyaaen.
haalaanki athaarahavin shatabdi key liye matratmak detta maujood naheen haye, unnisvin shatabdi key madhya mein kii gaee kuchh aanshik janganana poore desh mein daason kii sankhya key baare mein kuchh anumaanit nishkarshon kii anumati detee haye. lucet valency ney varsh 1861 mein tunisian mein lagbhag 7,000 daason yaa daason key vanshajon kaa anuman lagaaya, jisamen registers kaa upayog kiya gayaa jisamen maanav utsarjan kii soochi shamil haye. haalaanki, ashwet aabaadi key aise vyavasthit record kaee karanon seey prabhaavi naheen hainh gulami kaa unmoolan vishay aabaadi key pahale record koo mebba (1856 mein sthaapit ack curr) key liye liye jaane seey duss saal pahale huaa thaa, aur isaliye inn samoohon kaa ack achchha hissa, samaaj kii vibhinn paraton key madhyam seey bikhare hue, niyantran kii pranali seey butch gayaa thaa. rajkumar yaa rajkumari kii mrityu parr kaale daason key saamoohik maanav utsarjan kii aavritti kuchh mahatvapurna tulanaatmak sankhyaon koo prakat karati haye. 1823 mein, ack rajkumari kii mrityu parr 177 daason koo mukt curr diyaa gayaa. yaatriyon dwara pradaan kiye gaye aankadon key aadhar parr, ralf austin ney kuchh ausat sthaapit kiye, jisase kull 100,000 daason kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa. apane hisse key liye, tunis mein british vanijya doot thomas reed koo likhe ack patra mein luis ferrier ney anuman lagaaya kii 1848 mein 167,000 gulam aur mukt kiye gaye gulam they. europeeya daason key sambandh mein, mahilaaon kii sankhya nirdhaarit karna mushkil haye. kuchh itihaaskaar, jaise robbert see. davis, unaki sankhya kaa anuman lagbhag 10 pratishat haye, lekin yeye sankhyaaen daason key mochan parr adharit hain; yeh kewal yeh sanket dey sakata haye kii mahilaaon koo shayed hii kabhi bhunaaya gayaa thaa. 10 pratishat kaa yeh aankada vishesh roop seey sandigdh haye kyonki tateey rajiya mein arjit daason kii sankhya adhik thee aur inn rajiya mein bandee banaae gaye pratyek aathh logon mein seey ausatan paanch mahilaaen theen.
isake alawa, kshetron mein daason kaa vitaran samroop naheen thaa. dakshin-poorv mein, anupaat kaafee adhik thaa (vishesh roop seey os mein). kuchh gaanvon mein gulamon kaa spasht bahumat thaa, jaise kii gabes key dakshin mein. tunis mein, nirantar aapoorti key bavjood, samooh sambhavatah aabaadi kaa ack alpasankhyak banaa rhaa, joe kuchh hazaar seey adhik naheen thaa. iss prakaar daason kii ekagrata key kshetra tunis, sahel aur dakshin-poorv key beach faile hue they.
redd badder key anusaar, trance-sahaaran vyaapaar key anumaanon key aadhar parr, 1700 aur 1880 key beach tunisia koo 100,000 kaale gulam mille, jabaki kewal 65,000 ney algeria mein pravesh kiya, libia mein 400,000, morakko mein 515,000 aur misra mein 800,000.
sangathan.
paaramparik tunisian samaaj key samajik sangathan ney tunis mein daason key liye vishisht bhoomikaon kii ack shrinkhala kii peshkash kii. gulamon key sangh, aam taur parr bey key pahale napunsak, parr samoohon key beach vyavastha banaae rakhane aur maalikon aur daason key beach yaa khud daason key beach utpann honey vaale vivaadon parr shasson karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. abhilekh aur vivaran sangathan kii saapeksh swaayatta kii pushti karate hain joe tunis key daason koo dee gaee thee aur suraksha joe sarkaar ney unhein dee thee, joe islam dwara nirdhaarit achche aacharan aur daason key saath vyavhaar key niyamon key baare mein sarkaar kii teevra jagrukta koo prakat karati haye. vaastav mein, iss alpasankhyak kii raksha karke, sarkaar koo apani binaa shart wafadari kaa ashvasana diyaa gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey bey key guards kii, jinhen daason seey bharti kiya gayaa thaa. iss raajneetik-prashaasnik vyavastha key alawa, daason key paas spasht roop seey apane vishisht dhaarmik sangathan they, jinake kaary sadasyon key aadhyatmik jeevan taka seemit naheen they. sanghon ney kaee samajik karyon koo apanaaya joe ack daas key maanav visarjan key baad sabse adhik spasht hoe gaye. daason key liye, maanav-mukti aamtaur parr daas key swami key wardship seey confraternity key maarg kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, joe vistaarit parivaar yaa janjaati key liye pratisthaapit hotaa haye.
kaary.
aarthik bhoomika.
tunisia mein gulami ney mukhya roop seey nagrik samaaj kii jarooraton koo puuraa kiya. haalaanki, tunis shahar key mukhya vyavsaayon kaa adhyayan, joe kaee vidvaanon dwara kiya gayaa haye, shram-gahan kshetron mein daason key kendrit upayog kaa sanket naheen detaa haye. bunai, chechiya yaa chamada banaane jaise pramukh paaramparik udyog sthaaniya karyabal key liye aarakshit baney rahey. inn vyavsaayon mein shram abhee bhee swatantra logon dwara kiya jaataa thaa aur koee bhee gulami koo aarthik jarooraton key liye jimmedaar naheen thahara sakata thaa. haalaanki, dakshini tunisia key oss mein, daason key samoohon koo krishi aur vishesh roop seey sinchai karyon mein niyojit kiya jaataa thaa. yeh desh key dakshin mein thaa kii 1846 mein isake unmoolan key baad aur beesavin shatabdi mein gulami sabse pramukhta seey jaari rahee. vivian pakes isi tarah kii ghatnaaon seey sambandhit haye, "os mein, gulam vishesh roop seey gharelu naukaron key roop mein, kuon koo dubane aur naharon koo khodane key liye upayog mein they. way suryodaya seey suryast taka kaam karate they, unhein apani mehnat key liye kewal ack thaali cooscoos milati thee. jaba way "chauchen" bunn jaate hain, tou unaki sthiti "khammes" kii hoti haye aur unhein fasal kaa ack pratishat milata haye. lekin unakaa kaam kaa bojh vahee rahata haye..."
gharelu.
doosari or, tunisia mein gulami key bhaari gharelu charitra key baare mein srot sarvasammat hain. daason key kabje key saamane tunis mein kuleenata kaa ack nishan thaa aur gharelu karyon key liye ack yaa adhik daason kaa lagbhag saarvbhaumik kabja shaaririk kaam key liye avamaanana kii ack spasht pravritti koo pramaanit kartaa haye, joe ack paaramparik kuleen visheshta haye. tunis key darbar mein kuchh samanya prathaon ney iss parampara koo majboot karane mein yogdan diyaah hafeed kaal seey laker hussainad key rajkumaron ney kewal apane haram mein mahal key rakshakon aur sevakon key roop mein daason koo niyukt kiya. darbar key dainik jeevan mein daason koo ekikrit karke, rajkumaron ney darbar mein rahane vaale hajaaron abhijaat varg key liye aur nagrik kuleen varg key liye daas upayog kaa ack model pradaan kiya.
sarkaar.
isake alawa, jaisa kii francisi doctor aur prakritivaadi jeane-andrey passional ney nott kiya haye, europeeya mool key isai gulam joe islam mein parivartit hoe gaye they, way uchch padon parr bhee badh sakate they-yahaan taka kii raajya key mukhya karyalayon mein bhee, jaise kii muradid beez, jinake rajvansh kii sthaapana ack corsican gulam dwara kii gaee thee, yaa hussain rajvansh key kaee mantri, jaise kii haireddin paasha, jinhen corsear dwara pakad liya gayaa thaa aur istanbul daas baajaron mein betch diyaa gayaa thaa. kuchh rajkumar, jaise hammuda paasha aur ahmed aaee bey, gulam maataon key yahaan taka kii paida hue they.
europeeya mool key anya gulam islam mein parivartit honey key baad khud koo gulam banaa lete they aur anya europeeya daason koo pakad lete they (kabhi-kabhi apane hii grihnagar parr hamla karate hue).
unmoolan.
29 aprail 1841 koo ahmed aaee bey ney thomas reed key saath ack sakshatkar kiya, jinhone unhein daas vyaapaar parr pratibandh lagaane kii salah dee. ahmed main iss kaarravaai kii aavashyakta key baare mein aashvast thaa; swayam ack gulam kaa betaa, vaha pragati key liye khula maanaa jaataa thaa aur sabhi prakaar key kattarta key khilaf twarit kaarravaai karane key liye. unhone usee dinn daason key niryaat parr pratibandh lagaane kaa faisala kiya jaba way reede seey mille they. charanbaddh tareeke seey aage badhate hue, unhone agast mein tunis key daas bajar koo bund curr diyaa aur disambar 1842 mein ghoshana kii kii desh mein paida honey vaalaa harr koee isake baad swatantra hoga.
asantosh koo cumm karane key liye, ahmed ney ulma seey pahale seey hii butch-mufti sidi brahim raahi seey fatave praapt kiye, joe arab muslim duniya mein spasht roop seey aur binaa kissy misal key gulami koo manaa kartaa thaa. poore desh mein gulami key poorna unmoolan kii ghoshana 23 janwari 1846 key ack farman mein kii gaee thee. haalaanki, shahari aabaadi dwara unmoolan koo sweekaar curr liya gayaa thaa, lekin ise aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa-ibn abii dhiyaf key anusaar-dajerba mein, beduinon key beach, aur kisaanon key beach jinhen saste aur agyakari karyabal kii aavashyakta thee.
iss pratirodh ney 28 maee 1890 koo francisi dwara allie aaee bey key ack farman mein ghoshit dusare unmoolan koo uchit thaharaaya. iss farman ney una logon key liye vittiya pratibandhon (jurmaane key roop mein) aur dandaatmak pratibandhon (karawas key roop mein) koo jaari kiya joe daas vyaapaar mein sanlagn rahey yaa daason koo naukaron key roop mein rakhaa. aupaniveshik khaaton ney pahale unmoolan koo paar curr diyaa aur dusare parr dhyaan kendrit kiya.
unmoolan key baad.
unnisvin shatabdi key uttaraardh mein, adhikansh puraane gulam, purush yaa mahila, apane poorv swaamiyon parr bharosa karate hue yaa anishchit paristhitiyon mein rahate hue (baahari ilaakon mein paae gaye) ack shahari nimn varg kaa gathan karate they. aksar way rotty vikretaon, sadak key vyapariyon, murish snan mein malish karane vaalon, gharelu naukaron yaa sadharan apraadhiyon key roop mein kaam karate hain, jinhen nagar nigam pulis dwara sharaab peene yaa chhoti-motee loot key liye aasaani seey pakada jaa sakata haye. tunis mein 10 pratishat taka veshyaaen poorv daason key vanshaj hain. unmoolan key baad, puraane daason key nirdhanta aur samajik haashiye parr jaane kii prakriya hui kyonki matadhikar ney kanuni mukti hassil kii thee, lekin samajik swatantrata naheen.

