
aiks-laa-chappel kii sandhi (1748)

1748 kii ikes-laa-chappel kii sandhi, jise kabhi-kabhi aachen kii sandhi kahaa jaataa haye, ney austriyai uttaradhikar key yuddh koo samaapt curr diyaa, 24 aprail 1748 koo aachen key swatantra shaahi shahar mein ack congress key ikattha honey key baad.
yuddh key dou mukhya virodhi, britten aur france ney 1746 mein dutch shahar breda mein shaanti vaarta shuru kii. samjhaute mein deree hui kyonki british apani sthiti mein sudhaar karane kii ummeed curr rahey they; jaba yeh whiffle rhaa, tou 30 aprail 1748 koo ack masauda sandhi parr sahamati bunny. 18 octuber 1748 koo britten, france aur dutch ganarajya dwara ack antim sanskaran parr hastakshar kiye gaye.
isake baad sharton koo anya yuddhkariyon key saamane prastut kiya gayaa, joe yaa tou unhein sweekaar curr sakate they yaa apane dumm parr yuddh jaari rakh sakate they. austriya, spen aur sardinia key paas anupaalan karane key alawa bahut cumm vikalp thaa, aur unhone alag seey hastakshar kiye. modena aur genoa 21 janwari 1749 koo ack saath shamil hue.
sandhi kaafee hudd taka yuddh key kaaran utpann muddon koo hull karane mein whiffle rahee, jabaki adhikansh hastaksharkarta sharton seey nakhush they. maria theresa ney vaarta seey austriya key bahishkaar kaa virodh kiya, aur usey riyaayaten sweekaar karane key liye majboor karane key liye britten koo doshi thaharaaya, jabaki british raajnetaon ney mahsoos kiya kii unhein usey dee jaane vaali vittiya subsidy key liye bahut cumm laabh milaa thaa. inn muddon key saath anya karakon ney rajanyik kranti key roop mein jaane jaane vaale ranneetik punargathan aur 1756 mein saat saal key yuddh key prakop kaa netritva kiya.
prishthabhoomi.
agast 1746 mein breda mein franco-british vaarta shuru hui, lekin british videsh neeti koo niyantrit karane vaale duke off nucasal ney jaanboojhkar isamen deree kii. julaai 1746 mein spen key phillip banaam kii mrityu borban gathbandhan koo todane kaa ack avsar lugg rahee thee, jabaki nucasal koo ummeed thee kii orangist kranti dutch yuddh key prayaas koo punarjeevit karegi, aur sahyogiyon koo austriyai neetherland koo punarpraapt karane kii anumati degi. donon dhaaranaaen galat saabit huin; spanish neeti kaafee hudd taka aparivartit rahee, dutch senaa dhwast hoe gaee, aur baad mein nucasal ney apani "agyaantaa, jiddipan aur vishvaas" key liye khud koo fatkaar lagaai.
haalaanki, flanders mein francisi jeet key bavjood, british nausena kii nakabandi kaa prabhaav aisaa thaa kii poore 1746 mein, vitt mantri ney baar-baar luis xv koo unaki vittiya pranali key aasann patan key baare mein chetavani dee. octuber 1747 mein cape finister kii doosari ladaai key baad sthiti mahatvapurna hoe gaee, kyonki francisi nausena abb apane vyaapaari kafile kii raksha key liye paryaapt majboot naheen thee.
maria theresa ney aprail 1745 mein bavaria key saath shaanti sthaapit kii, phir disambar mein prussia key saath; isake baad yuddh mein kewal british vittiya subsidy ney austriya koo rakhaa. disambar 1747 mein ack sammelan mein, austriyai mantri iss baat parr sahmat hue kii 'ack aur abhiyaan shuru karane kii tulanaa mein badatar shaanti behtar haye', aur itali mein gatirodh koo samaapt karane key liye prastaav taiyar kiye. way modena key duchy aur genoa ganarajya seey austriyai sainikon koo vaapas lene, naples parr spanish niyantran kii pushti karane aur kshetriya riyaayaten pradaan karane key liye sahmat hue joe spen key phillip koo ack italvi raajya pradaan karenge.
navambar mein, britten ney sainikon kii aapoorti key liye roose key saath ack samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye aur farwari 1748 mein, 37,000 kii ack russie senaa reinland mein pahunchi. flanders mein pragati kii kamee aur apane sahyogiyon koo subsidy dene kii laagat key liye gharelu virodh kaa matlab thaa kii britten bhee yuddh koo samaapt karane key liye taiyar thaa. france aur britten donon hii aavashyakta padane parr apane sahyogiyon parr shartein lagaane key liye taiyar they, lekin ack alag shaanti sandhi karke unhein chhodane seey bachana pasand karate they.
30 aprail 1748 koo france, britten aur dutch ganarajya ney ack praarambhik sandhi parr hastakshar kiye jisamen austriyai neetherland, dutch baadha kille, mastrich aur bergen opp zoom kii vaapsee shamil thee. unhone prussia koo silasia key austriyai samarpan key saath-saath parma key duchy aur spen key phillip koo gwastallah kii bhee guaranti dee. iska saamana karate hue, austriya, sardinia, spen, modena aur genoa ney kramshah 4 disambar 1748 aur 21 janwari 1749 koo dou alag-alag dastavejon mein sandhi koo antim roop diyaa.
sharton.
inmein nimnalikhit shamil they;
isake baad.
shaanti kii shartein kaafee hudd taka una muddon koo hull karane mein whiffle raheen joe pahale yuddh kaa kaaran baney, jabaki adhikansh hastaksharkartaon ney yaa tou apani riyaayaton kaa virodh kiya, yaa mahsoos kiya kii way joe unhein denaa thaa usey praapt karane mein whiffle rahey they. inn karakon key kaaran rajanyik punargathan huaa jise 1756 kii rajanyik kranti key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur baad key saat varshon kaa yuddh huaa.
silasia key adhigrahan key saath aakar aur dhana mein doguna honey vaalaa prussia sabse spasht labharthi thaa, austriya yakinan sabse badaa haare hue thaa. maria theresa ney vyaavhaarik manjuri koo kissy bhee tarah kii riyayat key roop mein sweekaar naheen kiya, jabaki unhone britten key austriya sede silesia aur itali mein dee gaee riyaayaton key aagrah kaa gahara virodh kiya. doosari or, habsberg ack sambhaavit vinashkari sankat seey butch gaye, austriyai neetherland koo phir seey hassil kiya aur badey paimaane parr itali mein apani sthiti banaae rakhee. prashaasnik aur vittiya sudhaaron ney ise 1750 mein 1740 kii tulanaa mein majboot banaa diyaa, jabaki isaki ranneetik sthiti koo uttar-paschim germany, reinland aur uttari itali mein pramukh kshetron key shasakon key roop mein habsberg sthaapit karke majboot kiya gayaa thaa.
spanish ney itali mein apane kshetriya laabh koo aparyaapt maanaa, menorca yaa gibralter koo punarpraapt karane mein whiffle rahey, aur america mein british vaanijyik adhikaaron key punah pratipaadan koo upman key roop mein dekhaa. sardinia key charles emmanuel III ney mahsoos kiya kii unhein duchy off parma kaa vaadaa kiya gayaa thaa, lekin unhein austriya seey mamuli sweekaron key saath khud koo santusht karna padaa. yuddh ney dutch ganarajya key ack mahaan shakti key roop mein patan kii pushti kii, aur unake baadha kilon kii kamjori koo ujagar kiya, joe aadhunik topkhaane key khilaf khade honey mein asamarth saabit hue.
kuchh francisi hatash vittiya sthiti koo samajh gaye jisake liye austriyai neetherland mein unake laabh kii vaapsee kii aavashyakta thee; prussia kii madad karane key liye thhos laabhon kii kamee key saath, yeh vakyansh "shaanti key roop mein murkhtapurna" hoe gayaa. iss drishtikon koo vyaapak roop seey saajha kiya gayaa thaa; kaee francisi raajnetaon ney mahsoos kiya kii lui xv ghabra gayaa thaa, jabaki angreji lekhak aur rajneta, horres walpole ney likhaa, "adbhut haye...francisi itane cumm uddeshya key liye itna khoon aur khajaana kyon khou chuke hain. sandhi charles edward stuart key parinamswarup, britten key simhaasan key liye jacobite dhong karane vaale koo giraftar curr liya gayaa aur france seey nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa.
ack sainya shakti key roop mein dutch ganarajya key patan ney george dwiteeya key german kabje, hanovar kii bhedyata koo ujagar curr diyaa. baadha kilon koo bahaal karane key badale mein, france ney luisberg kii vaapsee parr jore diyaa, jiss parr 1745 mein kabja yuddh kii kuchh spasht british safaltaon mein seey ack thaa. isase britten aur america donon mein rosh fail gayaa, jahan ise americi upaniveshon kii keemat parr dutch aur hannover koo labhanvit karane key roop mein dekhaa gayaa.
pramukh british vartakar lord sandwich sandhi kii praarambhik sharton mein nae sire seey kiye gaye anglo-spanish samjhauton kii soochi mein utract sharton koo shamil karane mein whiffle rahey. jaba unhone antim sanskaran mein sanshodhan karane kii koshish kii, tou spanish ney ise manjuri dene seey incar curr diyaa, jisase donon deshon key beach aakarshak ayaat aur niryaat vyaapaar koo khatra paida hoe gayaa. choonki yeh spanish key liye samaan roop seey moolyavaan thaa, isaliye way baad mein octuber 1750 kii madrid sandhi mein sharton parr sahmat hue, lekin yeh sandhi key saath lokpriya asantosh kaa ack aur srot thaa.
british 'bevafai' kii austriyai narajgi landan mein pratibimbit hui thee; kaee logon ney vienna koo dee jaane vaali vittiya subsidy key moolya parr sawal uthaaya, aur prussia koo ack adhik upayukt sahayogi key roop mein sujhaav diyaa. 1752 kii aranjyuj, austriya, spen aur sardinia kii sandhi mein itali mein ack-dusare kii seemaon kaa sammaan karane parr sahamati vyakt kii gaee, jisase lagbhag pachas varshon taka iss kshetra mein sangharsh samaapt huaa aur maria theresa koo germany parr dhyaan kendrit karane kii anumati millie. silasia koo phir seey hassil karane key liye unakaa dridh sankalp, ack bhavna key saath sanyukt thaa kii sandhi ney kaee muddon koo ansulajha chhod diyaa thaa, iska matlab thaa kii ise ack yuddhaviram key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, naa kii ack shaanti key roop mein.
sandhi ney pahale karnatak yuddh (1746-1748) key anta koo chihnit kiya.
sandhi parr hastakshar karane key landan samaroh mein vishesh roop seey george friederich handell dwara rachit sangeet, "shaahi atishbaji key liye sangeet" shamil thaa.