
paramanu hathiyaron kii soochi

yeh mool desh key anusaar soochibaddh paramanu hathiyaron kii soochi haye, aur phir raajyon key bheetar prakaar key anusaar.
sanyukt raajya america.
sabhi prakaar key americi paramanu hathiyaron-bumm, warhead, gole aur anya-koo ack hii anukram mein kramaankit kiya jaataa haye joe maark 1 seey shuru hotaa haye aur () doubleu91 key saath samaapt hotaa haye (jise seva mein aaney seey pahale radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa). sabhi design joe aupchaarik roop seey kissy samay hathiyar honey key iraade seey they, unhein ack sankhya padnam praapt huaa. shuddh pareekshan ikaaiyaan joe prayog theen (aur hathiyar honey kaa irada naheen thee) iss anukram mein kramaankit naheen hain.
praarambhik hathiyar bahut badey they aur kewal mukt patan bamon key roop mein upayog kiye jaa sakate they. inhen "maark" designers dwara jaanaa jaataa thaa, jaise maark 4 joe kii motey aadami key hathiyar kaa vikas thaa. jaise-jaise hathiyar adhik parishkrit hotey gaye, way bahut chhote aur halke bhee hoe gaye, jisase unhein kaee bhoomikaon mein upayog kiya jaa sakaa. iss samay hathiyaron koo unaki bhoomika key aadhar parr padnam praapt honey lagey; bamon koo upsarg "bee" diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki misaailon jaisi anya bhoomikaon mein upayog kiye jaane vaale usee warhead koo aam taur parr "doubleu" upsarg diyaa jaataa thaa. udaaharan key liye, doubleu-53 warhead kaa upayog bee53 paramanu bumm key aadhar key roop mein bhee kiya gayaa thaa. aise udaaharan ack hii anukram sankhya saajha karate hain.
anya mamalon mein, jaba sanshodhan adhik mahatvapurna hotey hain, tou roopon koo unaki apani sankhya dee jaati haye. ack udaaharan bee61 paramanu bumm haye, joe doubleu80, doubleu81 aur doubleu84 key liye mool design thaa. vishesh avsaron parr upayog kiye jaane vaale anukram sankhya aur anya upsargon key udaaharan bhee hain.
iss soochi mein aise hathiyar shamil hain jinhen ack model sankhya nirdhaarit kiye jaane taka vikasit kiya gayaa thaa (aur kaee mamalon mein, prototype kaa pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa), lekin jinhen sainya seva mein pravesh seey pahale radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa. una models koo unake karyakram key radd honey key varsh yaa tithi key saath radd key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye.
sthaayi bhandar bhee dekhein.
samanya paramanu praathamik.
kaee americi hathiyaron key design samanya ghatakon koo saajha karate hain. inmein neeche soochibaddh saarvajanik roop seey pehchaane gaye model shamil hain.
soviyat sangh/roose.
1988 mein apane shastragar key charam parr, roose key paas apane bhandar mein lagbhag 45,000 paramanu hathiyar they, joe sanyukt raajya america key shastragar seey lagbhag 13,000 adhik they, joe duniya mein doosara sabse badaa shastragar thaa, joe 1966 mein charam parr thaa.
france.
kahaa jaataa haye kii france key paas 2002 taka 350 paramanu hathiyaron kaa bhandar thaa.
chean.
maanaa jaataa haye kii chean key paas lagbhag 250 paramanu hathiyar hain, lekin usane apane shastragar kii samagri key baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari jaari kii haye.
bhaarat.
haalaanki bhaarat key paramanu karyakram aur isake vivaran atyadhik vargeekrit hain, antarrashtriya aankadon seey pataa chalata haye kii bhaarat key paas lagbhag 150 paramanu hathiyar hain, jisamen ack anya 150-200 paramanu hathiyaron (2020 kaa anuman) key liye paryaapt hathiyar-shreni plutonium haye. 1999 mein, bhaarat mein 800 kilogram alag reactor-grade plutonium honey kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen kull 8,300 kilogram nagrik plutonium thaa, joe lagbhag 1,000 paramanu hathiyaron key liye paryaapt thaa.
israel.
vyaapak roop seey maanaa jaataa haye kii israel key paas paramanu hathiyaron aur misaailon kaa ack badaa shastragar haye, jiska anuman 75-130 aur 100-200 warhead haye, lekin aadhikarik taur parr pushti karane yaa incar karane seey incar kartaa haye kii kyaa usake paas paramanu hathiyar karyakram haye, aise kissy bhee hathiyar kaa vivaran spasht naheen haye. israel key poorv paramanu technician mordchai vanunu ney 1986 mein ack paramanu hathiyar karyakram key astitva kii pushti kii.
apusht afvaahon ney saamarik paramanu topkhaane key gole, halke vikhandan bumm aur missile warhead aur shayed thermonuclear missile warhead kaa sanket diyaa haye.
bee. bee. see. samachar online website ney 28 maee 2008 koo ack lekh prakaashit kiya, jisamen poorv yuu.aiss. rashtrapati jimmi carter ney kahaa kii israel key paas cumm seey cumm 150 paramanu hathiyar hain. lekh mein kahaa gayaa haye kii yeh ack yuu dwara israel kii paramanu kshamata kii doosari pushti haye.aiss. yuu kii tippaniyon key baad pravakta.aiss. senate kii sunavaai mein raksha sachiv robert gates aur jahir taur parr kuchh samay baad israel key pradhaan mantri ehud olmert dwara pushti kii gaee thee.
pakistan.
juuna 2019 taka, pakistan key paas lagbhag 160 paramanu hathiyar honey kii dhaarana haye. isake hathiyar utpaadan key vinirdeshon kaa khulasa janata key saamane naheen kiya jaataa haye. paramanu parivahan key liye mukhya shrinkhala hatf (litt. "lakshya").
uttar koria.
uttar koria paramanu hathiyar rakhane kaa daavaa kartaa haye, haalaanki, isaki pranaliyon key vinirdesh saarvajanik naheen hain. anuman haye kii isamen cumm utpaadan vaale paramanu hathiyar hain (agast 2012 kaa anuman). 9 octuber 2006 koo, uttar koria ney apana pahala paramanu visfot kiya.
25 maee 2009 koo, uttar koria ney mool pareekshan key samaan sthaan parr paramanu hathiyaron kaa doosara pareekshan kiya. pareekshan hathiyar usee parimaan kaa thaa joe dusare vishva yuddh mein japan parr giraaye gaye paramanu bamon key samaan thaa. pareekshan key ack hii samay mein, uttar koria ney dou chhoti doori kii ballistic misaailon kaa pareekshan kiya. desh ney 2 farwari 2013 koo 7 kilo tunn paramanu hathiyar kaa pareekshan kiya. 3 sitambar 2017 koo, uttar koria ney ack bhoomigat thermonuclear pareekshan kiya, jisamen vibhinn sroton key anusaar 100 kilo tunn seey 250 kilo tunn kii anumaanit upaj thee.
2023 mein uttar koria ney duss warhead key saath hwasan-31 paramanu bumm kaa anaavaran kiya, 90 centimeter seey 1 meater lambai key saath 40 aur 50 centimeter vyaas key beach aayamon kaa anuman bhinn hotaa haye.
dakshin africa.
dakshin africa ney chhah yaa saat bandook-prakaar key hathiyar banaae. sabhi nirmit hathiyaron koo antarrashtriya paramanu oorjaa agency aur anya antarrashtriya paryavekshakon dwara satyaapit kiya gayaa thaa kii unhein poorna hathiyar karyakram key saath nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur unake atyadhik samriddh euranium koo hathiyaron key liye anupayukt cumm samriddh roop mein phir seey sansaadhit kiya gayaa thaa.