pallium (neuroenatomy)

neuroenatomy mein, pallium gray aur safed padaarth kii paraton koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe kasheruki jeevon mein pramastishk kii oopari satah koo cover karati haye. telencephalone kaa gair-palliya bhaag upa-palliyam kaa nirmaan kartaa haye. besal kasheruki jeevon mein pallium ack apekshaakrit saral teen-parat vaali sanrachana haye, jisamen 3-4 ootajaatmak roop seey alag kshetra, aur ghraan bulb shamil hain.
yeh socha jaataa thaa kii pailyam courtex key barabar hotaa haye aur subpallium telensephalic naabhik key barabar hotaa haye, lekin aanvik markers dwara pradaan kiye gaye tulanaatmak sakshya key anusaar, yeh pataa chalaa haye kii pailyam donon courtical sanrachanaon (allocortex aur isocortex) aur pallial naabhik (claustromagdaloid complexes) kaa vikas kartaa haye, jabaki subpallium strattle, pallidal, vikarn-innominate aur preoptic naabhik vikasit kartaa haye, saath hii ghraan tuberculum kii corticoid sanrachana.
standhaariyon mein, pallium kaa courtical bhaag jatilata mein ack nishchit vikaasvaadi kadam koo darj kartaa haye, jisase mastishk prantstha banati haye, jisamen seey adhikansh mein uttarottar vistaarit chhah-parat vaale hisse isocortex hotey hain, jisamen saral teen-parat vaale courtical kshetra hotey hain. allocortex hippocample allocortex, madhya aur ghraan allocortex mein upa-vibhajit hotaa haye, paarshv roop seey (rostrally ghraan bulb aur poorvavarti ghraan kshetron sahit).
sanrachana.
pallium kaa samanya leout yaa shareer yojana pahale seey hii apekshaakrit saral mastishk vaale jaanvaron mein spasht roop seey paribhaashit haye, jisamen lamprey, shark aur ubhayachar shamil hain. telest machhali, sarisrip, pakshi aur standhaariyon mein, sanrakshit palliyal bauplan key vibhinn kshetron key vibhedak vikas aur visheshagyata key saath palliyal vastukala koo bahut sanshodhit kiya gayaa haye (machhali mein teji seey alag). sabhi kasheruki mastishkon mein, telensephalic forebrane mein dou golardh hotey hain, joe madhya rekha mein septum naamak kshetra seey judey hotey hain. septum poorvavarti kamishar dwara paribhaashit samtal key paar poorv-drishti kshetra key saath nirantar haye; yeh kaafee hudd taka upa-pailiya haye, lekin isamen ack chhota pailiya bhaag bhee hotaa haye, jahaan hippocample kamishar banata haye, joe madhya pailiya key saath sannihit hotaa haye. rostral coroidal tella (ack dyncephalic bhaag key saath lagaatar chhat kii plate) kaa telencephalic bhaag iss kamishar key peechhe ack sthaan parr daala jaataa haye jahaan standhari upa-baahya paridhiya anga koo dikhaate hain, aur baad mein antahshira foramen key oopar ack pankh key aakar key madhya telensphalic kshetra mein failata haye, jise tathaakathit coroidal daraar kahaa jaataa haye. yahaan coroidal ootak hippocampus (jise courtical heim kshetra key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) key fimbria seey judaa hotaa haye, joe madhya pailiya kii lambai kii seema seey lagaa hotaa haye. apane rostral aur kaudal chhor parr, madhya pailiya vaayuvya pallium seey sampark kartaa haye, joe paarshv uppallial seema key paar upapallium seey sampark karane vaale pailiya bhaag kaa nirmaan kartaa haye, joe paarshv telensphalic deewaar parr dekhaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar madhya aur nilay pailiya dwara gathit valay key ander ack prakaar kaa dweep haye jisamen prishthiya aur paarshv pailiya bhaag hotey hain. puraane saahitya mein pailyam koo kewal teen kshetron mein vibhajit kiya jaataa thaa, jinhen madhya pailyam, prishthiya (yaa dorsolateral) pailyam aur paarshv pailyam kahaa jaataa thaa. puraane parshviya pallium mein pallium key aadhunik paarshv aur nilay bhaag shamil they. madhya pailiya standhari hippocampus kaa poorvaj haye, aur maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh prajaatiyon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala mein sthaanik sangyanatmak maanchitran aur smriti nirmaan mein shamil haye. paarshv aur nilay pallium standhari pyriform cortex kaa poorvaj haye, aur pratyek prajaati mein ack ghraan kaary haye jisamen iska adhyayan kiya gayaa haye. prishthiya pallium key karyon mein vikaasvaadi vividhikaran aur visheshagyata koo samajhana adhik kathin rhaa haye. vyaapak roop seey maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh standhari mastishk prantstha key badey hisse kaa poorvaj haye, halanki isake liye saboot kuchh shareer rachnaavidon dwara abhee taka nirnaayak naheen maanaa jaataa haye. standhaariyon aur pakshiyon mein, prishthiya pallium aakar mein badh gayaa aur samvedi prasanskaran key liye pramukh mastishk kshetra bunn gayaa aur samvedi chetna kaa antim sthal bunn gayaa, jiska anumaanit kaaran paitrik standhaariyon kii nishaachar aur gart jeevan shally aur paitrik pakshiyon kii vrikshavanshi aur swachhand jeevan shally haye.
mahatvapurna roop seey, pallium key paarshv aur nilay bhaag bhee pailiya naabhik key uppayal ghraan prantstha sett key apane sambandhit kshetron mein gaharaai seey utpaadan karate hain, neurons clostrum mein pravesh karate hain, rostrally, aur pailiya emigdala, kaudali. hypopelium kii avadharana ghraan (pyriform) prantstha aur gahare pallial naabhik key iss ootajananaatmak roop seey ekaatmak parisar koo sandarbhit karati haye. sarisripon aur pakshiyon mein hypopalium alag-alag roop seey badaa hoe jaataa haye (magarmachcha aur pakshiyon mein sabse badaa, jiska ghraan prantstha phir bhee cumm hoe jaataa haye), jabaki standhaariyon mein yeh claustromagdaloid complexes aur apekshaakrit badhe hue ghraan (prepiriform aur pyriform) prantstha mein cumm hoe jaataa haye.
pallial emigdala mein mukhya roop seey tathaakathit basolateral emigdala hotaa haye, joe paarshv, basolateral (besal) aur basomedial (sahayak besal) naabhik koo shamil kartaa haye, saath hii isaki satah parr poorvavarti, amigdalophyrphorm aur posterolateral corticoid kshetra hotey hain. madhya pailiya bhee pailiya amigdala mein yogdan curr sakata haye, jisase amigdalohypocample naabhik aur posteromedial corticoid kshetra bunn jaataa haye. yeh abhinirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye kii paarshv ghraan path key naabhik kaa nirmaan karane vaale neurons prishthiya pallium seey praapt hotey hain aur apani antim sthiti kaudal mein ghraan tuberculum mein sthanantarit hotey hain. mool kasheruki agra mastishk yojana mein pallium key liye nilay sthit haye (halanki tantrika plate bhaagya maanchitron mein ack sheershiya roop seey rostral kshetra kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye) telensephalic gray matter kaa ack aur kshetra haye jise subpallium key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe besal ganglia key liye poorvaj kshetra haye, sanrachanaon kaa ack samooh joe vyavhaar key karyakari niyantran mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye. upapeliyam kshetra mein alag-alag dhaaridaar, pallidal, vikarn aur poorv-drishti upa-kshetra hain, joe telensfellon key pashch dhruv parr septal madhya rekha aur emigdala key beach tirchhe roop seey faile hue hain. cumm seey cumm stratum, pallidum aur vikarn kshetra emigdala mein faile hue hain, joe uppallial emigdala kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, joe isake kendriya aur madhya naabhik kaa nirmaan karate hain, saath hii saath bedd nucleus strai terminal key amigdaloid chhor kaa bhee nirmaan karate hain.
iss prakaar amigdala upa-palliya naabhik aur hypopallial ghraan aur amigdalohypocample corticonuclear koshika dravyamaan key ack visham samooh koo shamil kartaa haye joe bhavna aur prerana mein bhaari roop seey shamil hotey hain. palliyal bhaag iss parisar key vishleshanatmak yaa avdhaaranaatmak anta kaa nirmaan karate hain, jabaki upa-palliyal bhaag sambandhit utpaadan yaa prabhaavi karyatmak dhruv kaa pratinidhitva karate hain.
ghraan bulb ack vishisht ghraaniya vriddhi haye (shayed isase judey praathamik ghraan tantuon dwara prerit, ghraan placode mein vikasit samvedi neurons seey aaney vaale) jiska prakshepan neurons (mitral aur tufted neurons) mool mein ghraaniya hotey hain aur tadnusar uttejak hotey hain. isake vipareet, superfial periglomerulary neurons, vibhinn madhyavarti interneurons aur gahari danedar koshikaaen sabhi upapataliyal mool kii hoti hain aur tathaakathit rostral migratory stream key madhyam seey subpallium key strattle bhaag (jahir taur parr iss kshetra key ack prishthiya upa-kshetra seey) seey ghraan bulb mein sparshaatmak roop seey sthanantarit hoti hain. yeye bahut see uppallial koshikaaen sabhi avarodhak hain. ghraan bulb iss prakaar ekal roop seey alpasankhyak autochthonus pallial neurons aur adhikansh pravaasi avarodhak uppallial koshikaon dwara banaaya jaataa haye (phir bhee ise ventral pallium key ack hisse key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye). mukhya key aadhar parr ack sanshodhit sahayak ghraan bulb bhee haye, joe vishesh roop seey naak key septum mein paae jaane vaale jacobson key anga seey aaney vaale afferents seey judaa huaa haye. kuchh sarisripon mein sahayak ghraan maarg adhikatam roop seey vikasit hotaa haye (ee.jee., saamp) aur pakshiyon mein khou jaataa haye.
vikas.
prishthiya pallium kaa vikas abhee taka poori tarah seey samajh mein naheen aaya haye. kuchh lekhakon kaa maanana haye kii yeh standhari hippocample allocartical aur parahippocampal mesocartical (sankraman) kshetron mein kaafee hudd taka yogdan detaa haye. anya loga maanate hain kii yeh seedhe standhaariyon kii chhah-parat vaale isocortex (neocortex) visheshta mein badal jaataa haye, aur phir bhee anya maanate hain kii prishthiya pallium key madhya aur paarshv bhaag vaikalpik allocortical aur isocortical fates mein yogdan karate hain (shayed paarshv pallium key kuchh yogdan key saath).
manushyon mein.
isocortex kii vyaapak satah key vistaar key kaaran maanav pallium (lattin mein "clock") telencephalon key adhikansh hisse koo gher letaa haye. telencephalic pailyam koo shaastriya roop seey teen bhaagon key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haih archipalium, paleopallium aur neopalium, lekin inn avadhaaranaon koo abb aprachalit maanaa jaataa haye, jinhen pallial baplan key tahat oopar ullikhit madhya pailyam, prishthiya pailyam, paarshv pailyam aur ventral pailyam kii avadharana dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye. aitihaasik roop seey, shareer rachana kii pathyapustakon mein kahaa gayaa haye kii paileyam prantstha aur upapallium seey telensephalic naabhik key barabar haye. haalaanki, aanvik markers seey judey shodh seey sanket milata haye kii pailyam courtical sanrachanaon (allocortex aur isocortex) aur pallial naabhik (claustromagdaloid complexes) donon kaa vikas kartaa haye, jabaki upapailyam strattle, pallidal, vikarn-innominate aur preoptic naabhik vikasit kartaa haye, saath hii ghraan tuberculum kii corticoid sanrachana.
ubhaycharon aur anya anamniots mein.
ubhaycharon mein, telencephalon spasht roop seey pailiya key madhya, prishthiya, paarshv aur nilay bhaagon koo darshaata haye, saath hii besal naabhik key strattle, pallidal, vikarn aur poorv-netra bhaagon koo darshaata haye. haalaanki, pallial bhaag ack drishyamaan tukade tukade naheen dikhaate hain. unamen pahale seey hii glutamatorgic (uttejak) aur gabergic (avarodhak) neurons kaa mishran hotaa haye, jabaki subpallium mein badey paimaane parr avarodhak neurons hotey hain. yeh sanrachana aam taur parr anamoniotes mein paaee jaane vaali sanrachana key samaan haye, halanki cartilogenous machhaliyan apane pallial neurons kii ack paratdaar vyavastha dikhaati hain.
sarisripon aur pakshiyon mein.
sarisripon ney apane pallium key madhya aur prishthiya bhaagon kii ack alag teen-stariya sanrachana vikasit kii, ack roopaatmak yojana jise allocortex kii avadharana key saath sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. isake vipareet, sarisripon key paarshv aur nilay pailiya kshetron ney hypopallial sanrachana (satahi ghraan prantstha, joe gahare pailiya naabhik koo cover karati haye) koo apanaaya. hypopallial kshetra koo prishthiya nilay katak key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, jise poorv aur pashch (amigdaloid) kshetron key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye.
pakshiyon koo sarisrip aakriti vigyaan yojana key bheetar rakhate hue, anivarya roop seey bahut adhik koshikashilta dikhaai detee haye, joe isake madhya aur prishthiya pallial kshetron key bheetar parat key spasht gayab honey kii or leey jaati haye. ghraan aachchaadan bahut cumm hoe jaataa haye, jabaki hypopallial yaa prishthiya nilay riz naabhik aakar aur saapeksh vibhedan mein kaafee badh jaataa haye. agra seey pashch taka, bhaagon koo hyperpallium, mesopalium, nedopalium aur arcopalium naam diyaa gayaa haye.

