
vikas mein teji

leaphrog vikas taba hotaa haye jaba vikaskarta shaharon seey aur door sastee bhoomi praapt karane key liye bhoomi chhod dete hain, iss prakaar, shahar aur nae vikas key beach vishal kshetra khaali reh jaate hain. ise taba dekhaa jaa sakata haye jaba adhik graameen kshetron key vikas yaa shaharikaran kii baat aatee haye.
tantra.
leaphrog vikas kaee karanon seey hoe sakata haye. aksar, developers key shaharon key karib bhoomi rakhane aur isake bajaay shahari kendron seey aage cumm moolyavaan bhoomi vikasit karane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye. isake alawa, kuchh developers badey khule kshetron mein nirmaan karna pasand karate hain kyonki yeh shaharon mein nirmaan kii tulanaa mein aasaan aur cumm pratibandhit hoe sakata haye. vikas key anya karanon mein gharelu praathamiktaaen, upalabdh suvidhaaen, cumm seey cumm parivarttan laagat aur nirmaan mein shamil laagat aur niyam shamil hain.
samanya mudde.
leaphrog vikas mein kaee samanya samasyaaen hoe sakati hain, jinamen shaharon aur vikas key beach khaali bhoomi, aksham bhoomi vitaran, yatayat aur bheed mein vriddhi key kaaran pradooshan mein vriddhi aur suvidhaon kaa vistaar joe mahangi hoe sakati hain.
awas karyakramon koo lagu karein.
jaba leaphrogging hoti haye, tou aksar infill vikas hotaa haye. shahar aur chhalang key beach khaali bhoomi key vikas koo anta mein infill kahaa jaataa haye. jaise-jaise poorna vikas badhata haye, teji seey vikas antatah samay key saath dheema hoe jaayega.
phoenix, arizona mein chhalang kaa vikas.
phoenix, arizona key shahari kendra key baahar bahut saare chhalang vaale vikas hain, joe iss tarah key vikas key prabhaavon kii jaanch karane key liye ise ack utkrisht vishay banaata haye. isake alawa, paschimi shahar aamtaur parr poorvottar aur madhya paschimi shaharon key mukabale cumm nirmit aur sanlagn hotey hain, jisase teji seey vikas aur unake prabhaav adhik dhyaan dene yogya hotey hain. 1940 key dashak mein shuru hocker, arizona mein developers ney phoenix seey kaafee door samudaayon koo vikasit karna shuru curr diyaa kyonki bhoomi kii keematen bahut cumm theen. inn samudaayon koo leaphrog vikas key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye kyonki bhoomi kii ack badee matra koo "chhod diyaa gayaa thaa.
phoenix mein aam mudde.
phoenix key pahale key niyojit samudaayon ney suvidhaaen pradaan keen, lekin yeh baad mein utpann honey vaali samasyaon koo naheen roque sakaa. udaaharan key liye, developers ney inn samudaayon key liye vyavasaay, naukariyan, pustakalaya aur anya suvidhaon koo laane kii yojana banaai, lekin badhati maang koo puuraa naheen curr sakey. inn samudaayon key bheetar seemit rojgar key avsaron key kaaran, inn vikas mein rahane vaale logon koo aanaa-jaanaa karna padaa, jisase pradooshan mein vriddhi key baare mein chinta paida hui. isake alawa, yeh shahar aur usake padosi kshetron seey nae door key samudaayon taka gais, seavage aur paani kii lines koo badhaane key liye mahanga paaya gayaa.
arizona sarkaar kii pratikriya.
arizona bhujal prabandhan adhiniyam.
1980 mein, arizona mein raajya aur sthaaniya sarkaaron ney arizona bhujal prabandhan adhiniyam paarit kiya, jisase adhik doorasth arizona kshetron mein chhalang lagaana adhik kathin hoe gayaa. iss adhiniyam key tahat, yeh dikhaane key liye vikas kii aavashyakta thee kii unake paas ack sou saal kii paani kii aapoorti taka pahunch thee joe bhujal kii kamee mein yogdan naheen karegi. prabhaavi roop seey, iska matlab thaa kii developers koo nagarpalika kii jall-lines parr bahut adhik bharosa karna padaa, jisase unake liye maujooda nagar paalikaon seey door key kshetron mein vistaar karna kaheen adhik mahanga hoe gayaa.
vikas prabhaav shulk.
buniyaadi dhaanche key vistaar kii laagat atyadhik hoe sakati haye, isaliye phoenix jaise kaee sthaanon ney vikas prabhaav shulk jaari kiya. yadi way shahar seey door nae samudaayon kaa nirmaan karate hain tou developers inn shulkon key adheen honge. atirikt kharch ney vikas koo hatotsaahit kiya aur inn vikas key liye buniyaadi dhaanche kaa vistaar karke shahar parr bhaari vittiya bojh key cumm seey cumm hisse koo hataa diyaa.
vikaskartaon aur vikas prabhaav shulk kaa virodh karane vaalon ney tark diyaa kii yeye shulk sampattiyon kii laagat badhaakar ghar kharidaaron koo nuksan pahunchaayenge. isake alawa, unhone tark diyaa kii badhate kiraaye aur naee kifayati awas ikaaiyon key nirmaan mein deree key kaaran shulk seey cumm aaya vaale parivaaron koo nuksan hoe sakata haye. ack anya chinta yeh thee kii prabhaav shulk logon, vyavsaayon aur sambandhit curr rajaswa koo vikas prabhaav shulk key binaa kshetron mein sthanantarit curr dega.
haalaanki, ack arizona kaary bull key parinam bataate hain kii prabhaav shulk kaa ghar key maalikon parr mahatvapurna prabhaav naheen padegaa. prabhaav shulk seey ghar kii kimaton mein bhaari vriddhi honey kii sambhavana naheen thee, "3,000 dollar shulk key saath 30 saal key star key bhugtan rinn key liye masik bandhak bhugtan mein 10 pratishat kii vriddhi $52.70 hogi." ekmatra udaaharan jisamen ghar key malik aur cumm aaya vaale parivaar nakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit honge, vaha sthiti hogi jisamen prabhaav shulk mein bhaari vriddhi hui. lekin iss paridrishya koo honey kii sambhavana key roop mein aanka jaataa haye.
phoenix ney shahar key ack hisse mein inn vikas prabhaav shulk koo nilambit karane kaa faisala kiya kyonki iss darr seey kii kaee vaanijyik vikas chaley jaayenge aur kaheen aur vikasit karane kaa vikalp chunenge.
phoenix kaa infill awas karyakram.
phoenix kaa infill awas karyakram 1995 mein shuru huaa. iss karyakram mein bhoomi parr vikas yaa gharon key nirmaan koo protsaahit karane key liye protsaahan kaa upayog kiya gayaa, joe kii leaphrog vikas aur usa shahar key beach thaa jise "chhod diyaa gayaa thaa". inn protsahanon mein permit, kshetrikaran aur paani key liye shulk kii kuchh yaa sabhi laagat koo samaapt karna, saath hii ack sambhaavit roop seey twarit vikas prakriya shamil thee. phoenix key mahapour ney kahaa kii infill awas karyakram safal prateet hotaa haye, lekin pragati dheemi haye.
phoenix kaa infill awas karyakram dheere-dheere kaam curr rhaa hoe sakata haye kyonki infill vikas anya prakaar key vikas kii tulanaa mein adhik dheere-dheere hotaa haye. maryland mein leaphrog vikas key ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii lagbhag ack pratishat kii vaarshik darr seey infill vikas hotaa haye, jiska arth haye kii bhoomi parr chhoot lagbhag ack pratishat prati varsh parr vikasit hoti haye.