
aaron nirdeshak

aaron nideshak (21 sitambar, 1901-11 sitambar, 2004) ack russie mool key americi arthashastri aur shikshaavid they jinhone kaanoon aur arthshastra aur shikago school off economics key vikas mein kendriya bhoomika nibhai. nideshak shikago vishvavidyalaya key vidhi vidyalaya mein professor they, aur apane behnoi, nobel puraskar vijeta milton friedman key saath, nideshak ney robbert bork, richard posner, antonin scalia aur mukhya nyayadhish villium rehunkvist sahit nyaayvidon kii agali peedhi key kuchh logon koo prabhaavit kiya.
praarambhik jeevan.
nirdeshak kaa janm 21 sitambar, 1901 koo russie samrajya (abb ukraine mein) key sterry chortorisk, volinian governor mein ack yahudi parivaar mein huaa thaa. 1913 mein, 12 varsheeya nideshak aur unakaa parivaar sanyukt raajya america mein buss gaye aur portland, oregan mein buss gaye. portland mein, nirdeshak ney linken hyee school mein padhaai kii jahan unhone vaarshik pustak kaa sampadan kiya. nirdeshak kaa bachpan portland mein kathin thaa, phir pratham vishva yuddh key maddenajar key. key. key. aur communist virodhi unmaad kaa kendra thaa. unhein yahudi-virodhi gaaliyon kaa saamana karna padaa aur unhein samajik halakon seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa.
nirdeshak ney taba yell vishvavidyalaya mein bhaag liya, jahan unake dost, kalakar maark rothko ney bhee bhaag liya. unhone teen saal key adhyayan key baad 1924 mein snaatak kii upaadhi praapt kii. yell mein, nirdeshak thorstein weblen aur aich seey prabhaavit they.ell. lekin, donon abhijaatya shikshaavidon kaa maanana thaa kii janata mein loktantra koo safal banaane key liye buddhimatta kii kamee thee, aur way antatah inn vichaaron koo bhee rakhane aae. unhone aur rothko ney gumnam roop seey "shaniwar shaam keat" naamak ack vyangyapurna samachar patra prakaashit kiya jisamen unhone likhaa thaa "sanyukt raajya kii paribhasha hamesha key liye aich hogi. ell. manken koo 112,000,000 moorkhon seey gher liya gayaa aur unhone "mansik roop seey satark aur jigyasu abhijaat varg" kaa ahwan kiya. 1926 mein, vaha portland laut aae jahan unhein portland laber college mein chalaane aur padhaane key liye kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. ack kattarpanthi key roop mein, communists aur wabley key liye unake nimantran ney aeye. aff. ell. shilp sanghon key saath takraav paida curr diyaa, jinhone college koo praayojit kiya. inn kattarpanthi samoohon key saath kaam karane mein, nirdeshak ney apani bhavna vikasit kii kii vyakti, vishesh roop seey abhijaat varg sarkaar kii tulanaa mein samajik parivartan koo prabhaavit karane key liye behtar roop seey susajjit they. 1927 key patan mein unhone shikago vishvavidyalaya mein ack saathi key saath snaatak vidyalaya mein pravesh kiya, jahan unhone apane kattarpanth koo aajivan udaarvaadi/shaastriya udaarvaadi vichardhara mein jodaa. unaki bahan, arthashastri rose director friedman ney 1938 mein milton friedman seey shaadi kii. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, unhone yuddh vibhaag aur vanijya vibhaag mein padon parr kaary kiya.
shaikshanik jeevan.
nobel puraskar vijeta austriyai arthashastri aur raajneetik siddhantkar friedrich heyak, joe usa samay ell. aiss. ee. mein arthshastra key professor they, nideshak key karib they. way ingland mein mille aur nideshak ney shikago vishvavidyalaya key press koo tathaakathit mukt bajar adhyayan key hisse key roop mein sanyukt raajya america mein hayek key "daasata key liye maarg" koo prakaashit karane key liye aashvast kiya, jiska unhone aur arthashastri heinry simens ney netritva kiya."hayek ney low school mein kaanoon aur samaaj karyakram koo sthaapit karane mein madad karane key liye nideshak koo sakriya roop seey badhaava diyaa. hayek ney misauri vyavasaayi harold luhano koo, joe kansas shahar mein ack foundation, volkar fund key pramukh hain, dhana pradaan karane key liye aashvast kiya. lakhanau ney paanch saal key liye shikago vishvavidyalaya key nideshak key vetan koo bhee vitt poshit kiya, joe vishvavidyalaya key liye ack durlabh ghatana haye.
shikago vishvavidyalaya mein, nideshak ney roodhivaadi nigamit mein apana sankraman puuraa kiya. mukt bajar adhyayan pahale simens kii paaramparik roodhivaadi ekadhikar virodhi rajneeti parr kendrit thaa, lekin 1946 mein unaki mrityu ney adhik kattarpanthi roodhivaad key liye dwaar khol diyaa. 1950 mein, nirdeshak ney abhee bhee simens key kuchh aarthik darshan koo dhaaran kiya, aur isake parinamswarup, unhein mukt bajar adhyayan seey hataane kii dhamki dee. 1940 aur 1950 key dashak kii iss avadhi key dauran, nirdeshak paaramparik roodhivaadi rajneeti seey alag hoe gaye, isake bajaay ise samajik sandehwad key saath jodd diyaa joe unhone weblen aur manken seey seekha thaa aur portland mein abhijaatya varg mein vikasit kiya thaa.
1946 mein shikago vishvavidyalaya key vidhi vidyalaya key sankaay mein nideshak kii niyukti ney bauddhik utpaadaktaa kii aadhi sadee shuru kii, halanki prakaashan key baare mein unaki anichha ney kuchh lekhan peechhe chhod diye. nideshak ney edward levi key saath low school mein avishvaas pathyakram padhaae, joe baad mein shikago key low school key deane, shikago vishvavidyalaya key adhyaksh aur yuu they.aiss. forad prashaasan mein attorney general.
1953 mein, nideshak antitrust project naamak ack nae adhyayan key pramukh baney, jiska uddeshya americi antitrust kaanoon kaa punargathan karna thaa. yeh pariyojana usa avadhi key saath mell khaati haye jisamen nirdeshak paaramparik roodhivaadi vichaaron seey alag hoe gaye aur unhein weblen aur manken key abhijaatya varg key saath milaa diyaa. unhone tark diyaa kii niji ekadhikar kewal sarkari kaarravaai key parinamswarup ubhara, jisake binaa, way ack samasya naheen banenge. iss badalaav ney shikago school off economics kaa dhyaan corporate shakti key punarnirmaan kii or modane mein madad kii.
nirdeshak ney shikago school key nirmaan mein madad karane key liye dou-bhaag kii ranneeti kaa upayog kiya. sabse pahale, unhone vidvaanon kii bharti key saath-saath unake shodh key liye dhana bhee diyaa. doosara, unhone unhein agyaani aur abhijaat varg key roop mein lakshyon kaa majaak udaane key liye manken key dhaanche kaa upayog karane key liye kahaa. nirdeshak key navudarwadi school mein pahale parivartit honey vaale dou loga friedman aur george stiggler they, joe puraane, shaastriya roop seey udaar shikago roodhivaadi parampara key vidwan they. friedman aur stiggler abhee bhee ekadhikar virodhi they, lekin 1950 key dashak key dauran, nirdeshak ney unhein aashvast kiya kii navudarwadi dhaanche key tahat ekadhikar ack samasya naheen hogi. taba seey, nirdeshak ney nae shikago school key "vaichaarik pravartak" key roop mein kaam kiya, jisamen friedman ney bayanbaji kii aur aarthik drishti koo kalankit kiya. nirdeshak key shikago school dhaanche key madhyam seey, friedman aur stiggler jaise vidvaanon ney saarvajanik-neeti kii vakaalat mein apani pahali pragati kii
shikago school mein nirdeshak kaa sabse badaa yogdan vidvaanon kii bharti karane aur unhein school key navudarwadi siddhant mein parivartit karane kii unaki kshamata mein nihit haye. unake kuchh chhatron ney unake avishvaas yaa arthshastra key pathyakramon koo dhaarmik roopaantaran mein leey jaane kii tulanaa nobel puraskar vijeta ronald coses key saath majaak mein kii kii "main apani bhoomika koo sant paul seey laker aaron nirdeshak key masih key roop mein maanata thaa. unhone siddhant koo aage badhaaya, aur mujhe joe karna thaa vaha ise gair-yahoodiyon key paas laana thaa."shikago school key mahaan karyon koo likhane key bajaay, vaha shikago vishvavidyalaya key poorv low school key deane paul bayered key anusaar" shikshakon key shikshak they."
nideshak ney 1958 mein "journal off low aind economics" kii sthaapana kii, jise unhone saha-sampadan key saath kiya, jisane kaanoon aur arthshastra key kshetron koo doorgaami prabhaav key saath ekjut karane mein madad kii. 1962 mein, unhone ack swatantra samaaj parr samiti sthaapit karane mein madad kii. kaanoon aur arthshastra andolan key peechhe vaigyaanik sarvasammati kaa varnan haye. shikago school anubhavjanya arthshastra mein ruchi dikhaane vaalaa pahala samooh naheen thaa, lekin unhone vigyaan kii bhasha kaa upayog ack majboot alankaarik upkaran key roop mein kiya. nideshak ney maanav prakriti koo nirdhaarak roop seey dekhaa isaliye unhone tark diyaa kii dakshata maap key madhyam seey arthshastra key vaigyaanik siddhanton dwara kaanoon koo pratisthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye.
nideshak aur unake chhatron key kaam ney arthshastra key muddon key aspas saarvajanik vimarsh koo maulik roop seey badal diyaa. 1954 mein, rashtrapati dwite dee. eisenhower ney una logon key baare mein kahaa jinhone nae saude key sudhaaron kaa virodh kiya "unaki sankhya nagany haye aur way moorkh hain", unhone kaaran diyaah "yadi koee raajneetik dall samajik suraksha, berojgari beema, aur shram kaanoonon aur krishi karyakramon koo samaapt karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye, tou aap hamaare raajneetik itihas mein usa party key baare mein phir seey naheen sunenge."1964 taka, robbert bork sahit nideshak chhaatr bairi goldwater key rashtrapati abhiyaan parr kaam curr rahey they. usa samay, shikago school abhee taka raajneetik vimarsh mein pramukh shakti naheen thaa, lekin duss varshon mein, yeh "nagany" seey bahumat key liye ack mahatvapurna virodh honey key liye chalaa gayaa thaa. 1973 mein, rashtrapati richard nixon dwara sanyukt raajya key solicitor general key roop mein bork koo niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. iss beach, sarvocch nyayalaya ney avishvaas kanuni udaharanon koo khariz karna shuru curr diyaa thaa. kewal dou dashakon mein, nirdeshak aur unake chhatron ney shikago school koo aspashtata seey americi rajneeti mein ack pramukh bauddhik shakti mein laa diyaa thaa.
1965 mein shikago vishvavidyalaya key vidhi vidyalaya seey sevaanivritt honey key baad, nideshak koo california mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa aur unhone steinford vishvavidyalaya key hoover sansthaan mein ack pada sambhala. 11 sitambar, 2004 koo loss altos hills, california mein apane ghar parr, apane 103vein janmadin seey duss dinn pahale, unakaa nidhan hoe gayaa.