
paramanu sangathan

paramanu sangathan ack koshika naabhik key bheetar chromatin key sthaanik vitaran koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. paramanu sangathan key kaee alag-alag star aur paimaane hain. chromatin dee. aine. aeye. kii ack uchch crum sanrachana haye.
sabse chhote paimaane parr, dee. aine. aeye. koo nucleosome naamak ikaaiyon mein paik kiya jaataa haye. inn nucleosomes kii matra aur sangathan sthaaniya chromatin kii pahunch koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye. iska aas-paas key jeane kii abhivyakti parr ack prabhaav padata haye, yeh atirikt roop seey nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii unhein pratilekhan karakon dwara niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye yaa naheen.
thode badey paimaane parr, dee. aine. aeye. looping bhautik roop seey dee. aine. aeye. tatvon koo ack saath laa sakati haye joe anyatha badee doori seey alag hoe jaate. yeye antahkriyaaen niyaamak sanketon koo badee genomic doori paar karane kii anumati detee hain-udaaharan key liye, samvardhankartaon seey laker pravartakon taka.
isake vipareet, badey paimaane parr, gunasutron kii vyavastha unake gunon koo nirdhaarit curr sakati haye. gunasutron koo dou khandon mein vyavasthit kiya jaataa haye, jinamen seey pratyek mein alag-alag guna hotey hain, jinhen aeye ("sakriya") aur bee ("nishkriya") label kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, poore gunasutra alag-alag kshetron mein alag hoe jaate hain jinhen gunasutra kshetra kahaa jaataa haye.
mahatva.
pratyek maanav koshika mein lagbhag dou meater dee. aine. aeye. hotaa haye, jise koshika naabhik key ander fitt honey key liye kaskar modana padata haye. haalaanki, koshika key kaary karane key liye, protein koo apani kaskar paik prakriti key bavjood, dee. aine. aeye. key bheetar nihit anukram jaankaari taka pahunchane mein saksham honah chaahiye. isaliye, koshika mein dee. aine. aeye. koo vyavasthit karane key tareeke koo niyantrit karane key liye kaee tantra hain.
isake alawa, paramanu sangathan koshika pehchaan sthaapit karane mein bhoomika nibha sakata haye. ack jeev key bheetar koshikaon mein lagbhag samaan nuclic acid anukram hotey hain, lekin aksar vibhinn phenotype pradarshit karate hain. ack tarika jisase yeh vyaktitva hotaa haye, vaha haye genome vastukala mein parivartan, joe jeane key vibhinn samoohon kii abhivyakti koo badal sakata haye. inn parivartanon kaa cellular karyon parr downstream prabhaav parh sakata haye jaise kii koshika chakr suvidha, dee. aine. aeye. pratikriti, paramanu parivahan aur paramanu sanrachana mein parivartan. paramanu sangathan mein niyantrit parivartan uchit koshikiya kaary key liye aavashyak hain.
itihas aur karyapranali.
naabhik key bheetar alag-alag kshetron mein gunasutron key sangathan kaa prastaav pahali baar 1885 mein carle rable dwara kiya gayaa thaa. baad mein 1909 mein, usa samay kii sookshmadarshi praudyogiki kii madad seey, theoder boveri ney yeh dekhane key baad kii gunasutra vyaktigat roop seey alag paramanu kshetron parr kabja curr lete hain, gunasutra kshetron koo gadhaa. taba seey, genome vastukala kaa maanchitran ack pramukh ruchi kaa vishay bunn gayaa haye.
pichhale duss varshon mein, teji seey karyapranali vikas ney iss kshetra mein bahut unnat samajh hassil kii haye. badey paimaane parr dee. aine. aeye. sangathan kaa mulyankan dee. aine. aeye. imaging key saath fluorescent tagg kaa upayog karke kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii dee. aine. aeye. florescence inn seetu hybridisation (machhali), aur vishesh sookshmadarshi. isake alawa, uchch-utpaadan anukraman praudyogikiyan jaise gunasutra sanrachana grahan-adharit vidhiyaan yeh maap sakati hain kii dna kshetra kitni baar nikatata mein hain. saath hii, genome-sampadan takneekon (jaise chrisper/cases9, jdfns aur tallen) mein pragati ney vishisht dna kshetron aur protein key sangathanaatmak kaary kaa pareekshan karna aasaan banaa diyaa haye. pratideepti sahsambandh spectroscopy aur isake roopon key madhyam seey adhyayan kiye gaye antar-gunasutriya sthaan key rheological gunon mein bhee ruchi badh rahee haye.
vastukala protein.
vastukala protein dee. aine. aeye. tatvon key beach bhautik antahkriya sthaapit karke chromatin sanrachana koo niyantrit karate hain. yeye protein adhikansh eukariotic prajaatiyon mein atyadhik sanrakshit hotey hain.
standhaariyon mein, pramukh vaastushilp protein mein shamil hainh
paramanu sangathan key star.
raikhik dee. aine. aeye. aur gunasutra mool baatein.
genome sangathan kaa pahala star iss baat seey sambandhit haye kii dna koo raikhik roop seey kaise vyavasthit kiya jaataa haye, aur ise gunasutron mein kaise paik kiya jaataa haye. dee. aine. aeye. naabhikiya aml key dou samanantar-virodhi taaron seey banaa hotaa haye, jisamen dou bandhe aur virodhi naabhikiya aml hotey hain jinhen dee. aine. aeye. aadhar jode key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. dna key chhote koshika naabhik key ander paik karane key liye, pratyek strand koo histone key chaaron or lapeta jaataa haye, jisase nucleosome sanrachanaaen banati hain. yeye nucleosome gunasutra banaane key liye ack saath paik karate hain. eukariot key aadhar parr, pratyek naabhik key bheetar alag-alag aakar key kaee swatantra gunasutra hotey hain-udaaharan key liye, manushyon mein 46 hotey hain jabaki jiraf mein 30 hotey hain.
gunasutra key kshetron key bheetar, dee. aine. aeye. aadhar jode kaa crum jeane abhivyakti aur dee. aine. aeye. pratikriti key liye vishisht tatvon koo banaata haye. kuchh adhik samanya tatvon mein protein coding jeane (exon aur intron yukt), gair-coding dna, samvardhak, pravartak, prachaalak, pratikriti kii utpatti, telomerase aur centromerase shamil hain. abhee taka, alag-alag gunasutron key saath yaa unake beach inn tatvon key vishisht crum key mahatva key baare mein jyada saboot naheen hain. udaaharan key liye, ack samvardhak aur ack pravartak key beach kii doori, antahkriya karane vaale tatva joe jeane abhivyakti kaa aadhar banate hain, kuchh sou aadhar jode seey laker saikadon key. bee. door taka hoe sakate hain. saath hii, vyaktigat samvardhankarta kaee alag-alag pravartakon key saath baatchit curr sakate hain aur yahee baat ack ekal pravartak key liye bhee sach haye joe kaee alag-alag samvardhankartaon key saath baatchit kartaa haye.
halanki, badey paimaane parr, gunasutra euchromatin aur heterochromatin sanrachana key sandarbh mein visham hotey hain. isake alawa, jeane samriddh aur kharaab kshetron aur koshika vibhedan, sakriya yaa dabaaye gaye jeane abhivyakti, dee. aine. aeye. pratikriti, aur dee. aine. aeye. punarsanyojan aur marammat seey judey vibhinn kshetron key pramaan hain. yeye sabhi gunasutra kshetron koo nirdhaarit karane mein madad karate hain.
dee. aine. aeye. looping.
dee. aine. aeye. looping paramanu sangathan kaa pahala star haye jisamen gunasutra taha shamil haye. dee. aine. aeye. looping ghatana mein, chromatin bhautik loop banaata haye, joe dee. aine. aeye. kshetron koo nikat sampark mein laataa haye. iss prakaar, raikhik gunasutra key saath door key kshetron koo bhee tri-ayami sthaan mein ack saath laaya jaa sakata haye. iss prakriya koo vastukala protein (mukhya roop seey ctcf aur kohesin), pratilekhan kaarak, saha-sakriyak aur ncrna sahit kaee karakon dwara sugam banaaya jaataa haye. mahatvapurna roop seey, dee. aine. aeye. looping kaa upayog jeane abhivyakti koo viniyamit karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye-looping kii ghatanaaen shamil tatvon key aadhar parr jeane koo dabaa sakati hain yaa sakriya curr sakati hain. maanaa jaataa haye kii lagbhag 50 pratishat maanav jeane dee. aine. aeye. looping kii prakriya key madhyam seey lambi doori taka chromatin kii antahkriya mein shamil hotey hain.
looping koo pahali baar 1878 mein walter flaming dwara dekhaa gayaa thaa jaba way ubhayachar andakoshikaon kaa adhyayan curr rahey they. yeh 20veen shatabdi key anta taka naheen thaa jaba dee. aine. aeye. looping jeane abhivyakti key saath sahsambaddh thee. udaaharan key liye, 1990 mein mandal aur unake sahyogiyon ney "ee kolai" mein galactose aur lactose opron koo dabaane mein dee. aine. aeye. looping key mahatva koo dikhaaya. galactose yaa lactose kii upasthiti mein, damnak protein dee. aine. aeye. koo loop karane key liye protein-protein aur protein-dee. aine. aeye. antahkriya banaate hain. yeh badale mein jeane pravartakon koo oopar aur neeche key prachalakon key saath jodata haye, pravartak parr pratilekhan poorv-praarambh parisar (chitra) sanyojan koo avaruddh karke aur isaliye pratilekhan aarambh koo rokkar jeane abhivyakti koo prabhaavi dhang seey dabaata haye.
jeane sakriyan mein, dee. aine. aeye. looping aam taur parr doorasth jeane pravartakon aur vriddhi karane vaalon koo ack saath laataa haye. samvardhak protein key ack badey samooh kii bharti curr sakate hain, jaise kii madhyasth parisar, chitra aur anya koshika vishisht pratilekhan kaarak, joe ack jeane key pratilekhan koo shuru karane mein shamil hain.
gunasutra kshetra.
aatm-baatchit kshetra.
aatm-paraspar kriya (yaa aatm-sambaddh) kshetra kaee jeevon mein paae jaate hain-bacteria mein, unhein gunasutra paraspar kriya kshetra (see. aaee. dee.) key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, jabaki standhari koshikaon mein, unhein sthalaakritik roop seey sambaddh kshetra (tii. aeye. dee.) kahaa jaataa haye. swa-antahkriya kshetra badey jeevon mein 1-2 mb paimaane seey laker ekal koshika jeevon mein dasiyon key. bee. taka hoe sakate hain. joe ack aatm-paraspar kriya karane vaale kshetra kii visheshta haye vaha samanya visheshtaon kaa ack samooh haye. pahala yeh haye kii swa-paraspar kriya karane vaale domen mein domen key bheetar gunasutra samparkon kaa anupaat isake baahar kii tulanaa mein adhik hotaa haye. way vaastushilp protein kii madad seey banate hain aur unake bheetar kaee chromatin loop hotey hain. iss visheshta kii khoj hyee-see takneekon kaa upayog karke kii gaee thee. doosara, aatm-paraspar kriya karane vaale kshetra jeane abhivyakti key viniyaman key saath sambandhit hain. aise vishisht domen hain joe sakriya pratilekhan aur anya domen seey judey hain joe pratilekhan koo dabaate hain. yeh kyaa alag kartaa haye kii kyaa koee kshetra ack vishesh roop letaa haye, yeh iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii vikas key vishesh charan, koshika chakr charan, yaa ack vishisht koshika prakaar key bheetar kiss sambandhit jeane koo sakriya/nishkriya honey kii aavashyakta haye. cellular vibhedan jeane key vishesh seton key chaalu yaa bund honey seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye, joe ack vyaktigat koshika key aatm-paraspar kriya domen key advitiya banaavat key anuroop hotaa haye. anta mein, inn kshetron kii baahari seemaon mein vaastushilp protein bandhan sthalon, kshetron aur sakriya pratilekhan, housekeeping jeane aur chhote antarit paramanu tatvon (saain) seey sahsambaddh epigenetic nishaanon kii uchch aavritti hoti haye.
swa-paraspar kriya karane vaale kshetron key subset kaa ack udaaharan sakriya chromatin hubb (aeye. aich. aiss.) haye. sakriya alfa-aur beeta-globin loki key avalokan key dauran inn kendron kii khoj kii gaee thee. aeye. aich. aiss. vyaapak dee. aine. aeye. looping key madhyam seey banate hain taaki jeane key ack upasamuchchay kii abhivyakti kaa samanvaya karane key liye niyaamak tatvon kaa ack "kendra" banaaya jaa sakey.
lamina seey sambandhit domen aur nucleolar seey sambandhit domen.
lamina seey sambandhit domen (lads) aur nucleolar seey sambandhit domen (nad) gunasutra key kshetra hain joe kramshah nuclear lamina aur nucleolus key saath baatchit karate hain.
genome kaa lagbhag 40 pratishat hissa banaane vaale ladakon mein jyaadaatar jeane kharaab kshetra hotey hain aur aakar mein 40kebi seey 30mb key beach hotey hain. dou gyaat prakaar key ladke hainh samvaidhaanik ladke (clad) aur sankaay ladke (flad). clad aeye-tii samriddh heterochromatin kshetra hain joe lamina parr rahate hain aur kaee prakaar kii koshikaon aur prajaatiyon mein dekhe jaate hain. iss baat key pramaan hain kii yeye kshetra antar-charan gunasutra key sanrachanaatmak gathan key liye mahatvapurna hain. doosari or, paraton mein alag-alag lamina antahkriya hoti haye aur isamen aise jeane hotey hain joe yaa tou sakriya hotey hain yaa alag-alag koshikaon key beach dabaaye jaate hain joe koshika-prakaar kii vishishtata kaa sanket dete hain. swayam-paraspar kriya karane vaale kshetron kii tarah, ladakon kii seemaaen pratilekhan tatvon aur vaastushilp protein bandhan sthalon seey samriddh hain.
nuds, joe genome kaa 4 pratishat haye, lagbhag sabhi samaan bhautik visheshtaon koo saajha kartaa haye. vaastav mein, inn dou prakaar key domen key dee. aine. aeye. vishleshan seey pataa chalaa haye kii kaee anukram overlap hotey hain, joe ingit kartaa haye kii kuchh kshetra lamina-binding aur nucleolus-binding key beach badal sakate hain. nads nucleolus function seey judey hotey hain. nucleolus naabhik key bheetar sabse badaa upa-anga haye aur aar. aar. aine. aeye. pratilekhan key liye pramukh sthal haye. yeh sanket pahchaanane vaale kann jaiv sanshleshan, protein prithakkaran aur viral pratikriti mein bhee kaary kartaa haye. nucleolus vibhinn gunasutron seey aar. dee. aine. aeye. jeane key aspas banata haye. haalaanki, ack samay mein kewal aar. dee. aine. aeye. jeane kaa ack upasamuchchay pratilekhit kiya jaataa haye aur nucleolus key aantarik bhaag mein loop karke aisaa kiya jaataa haye. shesh jeane upa-paramanu anga kii paridhi parr shaant visham chromatin avastha mein sthit hotey hain.
aeye/bee dibbe.
aeye/bee dibbon kii khoj pahali baar praarambhik uchch-see adhyayanon mein kii gaee thee. shodhkartaon ney dekhaa kii poore genome koo dou sthaanik dibbon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye, jinhen "aeye" aur "bee" label kiya gayaa haye, jahaan dibbe aeye mein kshetra bee dibbe seey judey kshetron kii tulanaa mein dibbe seey judey kshetron key saath adhimaantah baatchit karate hain. isi tarah, khand bee mein kshetra anya bee khand-sambandhit kshetron key saath judate hain.
aeye/bee dibbe seey judey kshetra bahu-aim. bee. paimaane parr hotey hain aur khule aur abhivyakti-sakriya chromatin ("aeye" dibbe) yaa bund aur abhivyakti-nishkriya chromatin ("bee" dibbe) key saath sahsambaddh hotey hain. ack dibbe jeane-samriddh hotey hain, uchch jee. see.-samagri hoti haye, sakriya pratilekhan key liye histone marker hotey hain, aur aamtaur parr naabhik key aantarik hisse koo visthaapit karate hain. saath hii, way aam taur parr aatm-baatchit karane vaale kshetron seey baney hotey hain aur inmein praarambhik pratikriti mool hotey hain. doosari or, bee dibbe jeane-garib, compact hotey hain, jinamen jeane koo shaant karane key liye histone marker hotey hain, aur paramanu paridhi parr sthit hotey hain. inmein jyaadaatar ladke hotey hain aur dair seey pratikriti utpann hoti haye. isake alawa, machine seekhane kii vidhiyon key saath uchch resolution hyee-see seey pataa chalaa haye kii aeye/bee dibbon koo upa-bhaagon mein parishkrit kiya jaa sakata haye.
yeh tathya kii khand aatm-antahkriya iss vichaar key anuroop haye kii naabhik protein aur anya karakon jaise kii lambi gair-coding aar. aine. aeye. (ell. aine. see. aar. aine. aeye.) koo unaki vyaktigat bhoomikaon key liye upayukt kshetron mein sthaaniyakrit kartaa haye. iska ack udaaharan poore paramanu aantarik bhaag mein kaee pratilekhan karkhanon kii upasthiti haye. yeye karkhane pratilekhan karakon (jaise pratilekhan protein machinary, sakriya jeane, niyaamak tatva aur navjat aar. aine. aeye.) kii uchch sandrata key kaaran pratilekhan key uchch star seey judey hain. lagbhag 95 pratishat sakriya jeane pratilekhan karkhanon key bheetar pratilekhit hotey hain. pratyek karkhana kaee jeane kaa pratilekhan curr sakata haye-inn jeane key samaan utpaad karyon kii aavashyakta naheen haye, naa hii unhein ack hii gunasutra parr rakhane kii aavashyakta haye. anta mein, pratilekhan karkhanon key bheetar jeane kaa saha-sthaaniyakaran koshika key prakaar parr nirbhar kartaa haye.
gunasutra kshetra.
sangathan kaa antim star naabhik key bheetar vyaktigat gunasutron kii vishisht sthiti seey sambandhit haye. gunasutra dwara kabja kiye gaye kshetra koo gunasutra kshetra (ct) kahaa jaataa haye. eukariotes mein, cts key kaee samanya guna hain. pahala, halanki gunasutra sthaan ack aabaadi key bheetar koshikaon mein samaan naheen hotey hain, vishesh kshetron key liye vyaktigat gunasutron key beach kuchh prathamikta haye. udaaharan key liye, badey, jeane-garib gunasutra aamtaur parr paramanu lamina key paas paridhi parr sthit hotey hain jabaki chhote, jeane-samriddh gunasutra samooh naabhik key kendra key karib hotey hain. doosara, alag-alag gunasutra vareeyata vibhinn prakaar kii koshikaon key beach parivartansheel hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, aiks-gunasutra gurde kii koshikaon kii tulanaa mein yakrit koshikaon mein adhik baar paridhi mein sthaaniyakrit hotaa haye. gunasutra kshetron kaa ack anya sanrakshit guna yeh haye kii samroop gunasutra koshika antah charan key dauran ack dusare seey bahut door hotey hain. antim visheshta yeh haye kii pratyek koshika chakr key dauran alag-alag gunasutron kii sthiti mitosis kii shuruat taka apekshaakrit samaan rahati haye. gunasutra kshetra visheshtaon key peechhe key tantra aur kaaran abhee bhee agyaat hain aur aage key prayog kii aavashyakta haye.