francisi sudan

francisi sudan (; ") 1880 key aspas seey 1959 taka francisi paschim africa key sangh mein ack francisi aupaniveshik kshetra thaa, jaba yeh maali sangh mein shamil hoe gayaa, aur phir 1960 mein, jaba yeh maali kaa swatantra raajya bunn gayaa. iss coloney koo aupchaarik roop seey 1890 seey 1899 taka aur phir 1921 seey 1958 taka francisi sudan kahaa jaataa thaa, aur isake astitva key dauran isake vibhinn naam they. coloney koo shuru mein francisi sainikon key netritva mein ack sainya pariyojana key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin 1890 key dashak key madhya mein yeh nagrik prashaasan key tahat aaya.
1900 key dashak kii shuruat mein kaee prashaasnik punargathanon ney krishi, dharm aur gulami jaise muddon parr francisi prashaasan koo badhaaya. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, modibo ketaa key tahat african loktaantrik raili (rda) swatantrata key liye sabse mahatvapurna raajneetik shakti bunn gaee.
francisi sudan ney shuru mein france key saath ghanishth sambandh banaae rakhe aur 1959 mein senegal key saath ack alpakaalik sangh mein shamil hoe gayaa, lekin donon deshon key saath sambandh jaldi hii kamjor hoe gaye. 1960 mein, francisi sudan aupchaarik roop seey maali kaa ganarajya bunn gayaa aur senegal aur france seey aur door jaanaa shuru curr diyaa.
aupaniveshik sthaapana.
francisi sudan koo sainya chaukiyon key ack samooh key roop mein senegal mein francisi coloney key vistaar key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa. haalaanki iss kshetra ney france koo bahut cumm aarthik yaa ranneetik laabh kii peshkash kii, lekin senaa ney prabhaavi roop seey iss kshetra mein adhik seey adhik vijay kii vakaalat kii. yeh aanshik roop seey mahaan samrajyon key prati aakarshan key kaaran thaa, jaise kii maali samrajya aur songhe samrajya joe kshetra mein pramukhta seey ubhara, aur aanshik roop seey francisi sainya karmiyon key liye sainya vijay key prachaar key avsaron key kaaran thaa.
francisi vijay 1879 mein shuru hui, jaba joseph gallini koo ack kilaa sthaapit karane aur senegal mein dakaar seey niger nadee taka ack railmarg key liye bhoomi kaa sarvekshan karane key liye kshetra mein bheja gayaa thaa. isake baad 1880 key dashak kii shuruat mein iss kshetra mein vishisht netaaon key saath kaee francisi kilon aur raajneetik gathbandhanon kii sthaapana hui. kshetra kii prashaasnik sanrachana abhee bhee kaafee hudd taka senegal key francisi governor key niyantran mein thee, aur sabse mahatvapurna upanivesh kewal sainya kille aur chaukiyan theen, jinamen seey ack mahatvapurna kille kii sthaapana 1881 mein gustaav borganis-desboardes dwara kii gaee thee. halanki senegal key francisi governor key nagrik prashaasan ney aupchaarik roop seey kshetra parr shasson kiya, iss kshetra mein sainya adhikaariyon ney badey paimaane parr inn netaaon koo darkinar curr diyaa aur peris mein commanding adhikaariyon koo seedhe jawab diyaa. desboardes ney dheere-dheere adhik kshetra parr kabja curr liya, aksar antar-jaatiya pratidvandvita aur kshetra key netaaon key beach raajneetik tanaav kaa upayog karke francisi-samarthak netaaon koo niyukt kiya.
francisi nagrik prashasakon ney sainya netaaon key saath sangharsh kiya, aur donon balon ney kshetra mein kaee netritva parivartanon seey gujarna padaa, jaba taka kii 1892 mein luis archinard koo sainya governor niyukt naheen kiya gayaa. archinard ney samori turey, ahmadu lambe aur anya pratirodhi netaaon key khilaf sainya abhiyaanon kaa netritva kiya, jisamen vibhinn safalataaen mileen. archinard key abhiyaanon koo aksar nagrik nireekshan key binaa pratyaksh sainya niyantran key madhyam seey nishpaadit kiya jaataa thaa. jaise-jaise laagaten badhati gaeen, francisi prashaasan ney kshetra parr archinard key niyantran koo ack nagrik governor, luis albert grodet key saath badalane kaa faisala kiya.
prashaasan aur adhikaar kshetra.
iss kshetra koo 1880 aur 1960 key beach kaee alag-alag naamon key tahat shaasit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh kshetra 1880 seey 18 agast 1890 taka "oopari nadee" thaa, jaba iska naam badalkar "french sudan" curr diyaa gayaa, jisaki rajdhani kayes mein thee. 10 octuber 1899 koo, francisi sudan koo vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, dakshini sirkal tateey upaniveshon mein shamil hoe gaye they, aur baaki dou prashaasnik kshetron mein vibhajit hoe gaye jinhen "madhya niger" aur "oopari senegal" kahaa jaataa haye. 1902 mein, iss kshetra koo phir seey senegambia aur niger ("senegamby aitt niger") key naam seey ack ekikrit coloney key roop mein sangathit kiya gayaa thaa. 1904 mein naam phir seey badalkar oopari senegal aur niger ("haat senegal aitt niger") curr diyaa gayaa. anta mein, 1921 mein, naam badalkar "french sudan" ("saudan frankeis") curr diyaa gayaa.
isi tarah coloney kii seemaaen aur prashaasan kaee baar badal gayaa. mool roop seey, aur praarambhik avadhi key liye, senaa seey sainya prashaasan aur nagrik prashaasan key beach coloney khaali hoe gaee. 1893 mein, francisi sudan aupchaarik roop seey nagrik prashaasan key tahat aaya, joe 1899 taka chalaa. usa samay, coloney kaa punargathan 11 dakshini praanton koo french ginny, hathidant tata aur dahomi jaise anya francisi upaniveshon mein vibhajit curr diyaa.
jiss kshetra kaa punargathan naheen kiya gayaa thaa, vaha anya francisi upaniveshon seey judey dou prashasanon mein shaasit thaa. isake baad, 1902 mein coloney key kshetra koo phir seey sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. halanki seemaaen thodi sthanantarit hoe gaeen, 1933 taka bahut cumm kshetriya parivartan huaa thaa. usa samay, francisi oopari volta ("haute-volta", aadhunik burkina faso) kii coloney bhang hoe gaee, aur uttari kshetra koo francisi sudan mein jodaa gayaa.
1947 mein, oopari volta koo phir seey sthaapit kiya gayaa, aur francisi sudan seemaaen way bunn gaeen joe antatah maali kii seemaaen bunn gaeen. kayes 1890 key dashak seey 1908 taka mool rajdhani shahar thaa jaba rajdhani bamako mein sthanantarit hoe gaee, jahan yeh bunny hui haye.
krishi.
coloney ney apane pahale 30 varshon key liye seemit sinchai key saath jyaadaatar varsha-adharit krishi kaa samarthan kiya. kewal nagadi fasalen kayes aur bamako key beach rail maarg key paas ekatra kii gaee theen. haalaanki, pratham vishva yuddh key dauran paschim africa mein misra key kapas koo ugaane key safal parikshanon key baad, niger nadee key kinare ack badee sinchai pranali key nirmaan key liye abhiyaan shuru kiya gayaa. 1921 mein shuru hui, caulicoro key aspas mahatvapurna sinchai pariyojanaaen aur baad mein baguineda-camp aur segou circle mein paani laana shuru huaa. francisi logon kaa maanana thaa kii yeh pariyojana misra aur sanyukt raajya america key pramukh kapas ugaane vaale kendron koo takkar dey sakati haye.
francisi paschim africa mein anya krishi pariyojanaon key vipareet, francisi sudan sinchai pariyojana shuru mein aupaniveshik pradhikaran dwara sthaapit lines key saath swechha seey punarsthaapit parivaaron parr nirbhar thee. paryaapt swayamsevakon koo aakarshit karane mein asamarth, aupaniveshik adhikaariyon ney kapas pariyojana mein jabaran punarvaas kaa prayaas karna shuru curr diyaa. offices doo niger" kii sthaapana 1926 mein yojnabaddh, sinchit krishi pariyojanaon koo suvidhajanak banaane vaale mukhya sangathan key roop mein kii gaee thee. kisaanon ney jabaran punarvaas kaa virodh kiya aur sinchit bhoomi (joe aamtaur parr "offices doo niger" kii sampatti key roop mein rakhee jaati thee) key liye sthaayi bhoomi adhikaaron key liye yachika daayar kii. inn prayason key bavjood, francisi sudan mein ack mahatvapurna nakadi fasal arthavyavastha vikasit naheen hui.
dhaarmik neeti.
baaki francisi paschim africa kii tarah, upanivesh mein islam aur muslim samudaayon key sambandh mein kaee neetiyaan theen. aupaniveshik sarkaar kii sthaapana mein francisi dwara upanivesh mein arabi bhasha aur islami kaanoon koo prathamikta dee gaee thee, kyonki donon koo samhitaabaddh kiya gayaa thaa, aur iss prakaar maankeekrit karna aasaan thaa.
haalaanki unhone dharm key sambandh mein ack aupchaarik tatasthata neeti banaae rakhee, francisi aupaniveshik prashaasan ney 1900 key dashak kii shuruat mein islami shiksha koo viniyamit karna shuru curr diyaa. isake alawa, poore uttar africa mein ack akhil-islami raajneetik uday key darr aur sahel ney francisi koo aisee neetiyon koo apanaane key liye prerit kiya jiska uddeshya islam key prasaar koo rokna thaa jahaan yeh pahale seey maujood thaa aur muslim netaaon koo gair-muslim samudaayon koo shaasit karane seey rokna thaa. swadeshi dharm aur isai dharm cumm aupchaarik neetiyon key tahat maujood they, aur francisi prayason ney aksar inn kshetron mein islam key prasaar koo santulit karane key liye inca upayog kiya.
1940 key dashak mein, ack vyakti key darshan key aadhar parr saine circle mein "allah kaura" naamak ack dhaarmik andolan shuru huaa. sthaaniya prashasakon ney allah kaura andolan koo failaane aur abhyaas karane kii anumati dee, ise dakshin mein islam key prasaar parr ack sambhaavit seemit prabhaav key roop mein dekhaa. 1950 key dashak key anta mein, poore upanivesh mein muslim virodh aur dangon ney badhati swatantrata andolan mein yogdan diyaa.
gulami kii neeti.
baaki francisi paschim africa kii tarah, adhikaariyon ney iss kshetra mein gulami koo samaapt karane key prayaas mein spasht niyamon koo lagu kiya. 1903 mein, sarkaar ney francisi prashasakon koo nirdesh diyaa kii way abb "gulam" koo ack prashaasnik shreni key roop mein upayog naa karein. isake baad 1905 mein ack aupchaarik francisi farman jaari kiya gayaa jisane poore francisi paschim africa mein gulami koo samaapt curr diyaa.
francisi paschim africa mein lagbhag duss laakh daason ney apane maalikon seey door jaakar aur kaheen aur baskar iska jawab diyaa. francisi niger nadee key aspas bastiyaan banaakar aur anya samudaayon key liye kuein khodkar inn prayason kaa samarthan karate they taaki way apane poorv swaamiyon seey door kheti curr sakein.
iss prakriya ney vartamaan maali key dakshini aur paschimi hisson koo sabse adhik prabhaavit kiya, lekin coloney key uttari aur purvi hisson mein badee sankhya mein gulam apane maalikon kii daasata mein rahey. motey anumaanon key anusaar, vartamaan maali key poore kshetra mein, lagbhag ack tihai poorv gulam gulami key rishte seey door chaley gaye, jabaki dou-tihai apane maalikon key saath rahey. 1920 key dashak mein, adhikansh tuareg gharon mein abhee bhee gulam they joe ghar aur jaanvaron kii dekhbhal karate they.
haalaanki gulami bunny rahee, lekin francisi prashaasan key saath sambandhon key kuchh pahalu badal gaye. bhaag gaye gulamon koo shaharon mein seemit samay key liye francisi adhikaariyon dwara aadhikarik suraksha mill sakati thee. gulam kabhi-kabhi badali hui raajneetik sthiti mein apani daasata kii sharton parr phir seey baatchit curr sakate they. kuchh loga daasata mein rahane key liye sahmat they yadi unhein apane parivarik jeevan parr niyantran mill jaataa haye aur kuchh bhoomi apane bachchon koo dee jaati haye. isake alawa, francisi prashaasan ney daason parr hamla karane aur daas vyaapaar key sabse spasht abhivyaktiyon koo samaapt karane key liye sakriya roop seey kaam kiya, jisase daason koo praapt karane key una sadhanon koo bahut cumm kiya gayaa. haalaanki, 1905 mein gulami key unmoolan key baad kaee dashakon taka, francisi sudan key adhikansh hisson mein yeh pratha jaari rahee.
swatantrata.
1956 mein francisi rashtriya vidhansabha dwara loee cadder key paarit honey key baad, francisi paschim african upaniveshon mein kaee upaniveshon ney apane kshetron key atmanirnaya koo badhaane key liye chunaav karaana shuru curr diyaa. 1957 mein francisi sudan mein aayojit pahale chunaavon mein, african loktaantrik raili ("rassemblement democratic africane", jise aamtaur parr rda key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) ney francisi sudan mein chunaav jeete, saath hii saath padosi hathidant tata, french ginny aur oopari volta mein bahumat hassil kiya. 1958 key francisi samvaidhaanik janmat sangrah key baad, jise samarthan mein bhaari bahumat milaa, "24 navambar 1958 koo khud koo aantarik swaayatta key saath ack ganarajya ghoshit kiya gayaa. sudani ganarajya, jaisa kii abb iss kshetra koo kahaa jaataa thaa, francisi samudaay mein shamil honey key liye maidagaskar key baad doosara upanivesh thaa, jisane apani mudra, videsh neeti aur raksha koo france key saath jodate hue ise aantarik swaayatta pradaan kii.
janwari 1959 kii shuruat mein, swaayatt raajyon key sangh mein sudani ganarajya koo senegal, dahomi aur oopari volta key saath jodane key liye ack sangh kii yojana thee. aprail taka, halanki, naa tou dahomi aur naa hii oopari volta kii vidhaansabhaaon ney sangh kii pushti kii thee, aur isaliye kewal sudani ganarajya aur senegal key saath maali sangh kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. 1959 mein, modibo ketaa kii rda party ney sudani ganarajya mein vidhaayi chunaavon mein sabhi 70 seeten jeetin aur leopold sedar sengor key netritva mein senegal mein pramukh party key saath senaa mein shamil hoe gaee. sangh ney 20 juuna 1960 koo francisi samudaay key bheetar swatantrata praapt kii; haalaanki, sangh key shasson parr sengor aur ketaa key beach vibhajan key parinamswarup 20 agast 1960 koo iska vighatan huaa. francisi sudan key kshetra ney aupchaarik roop seey khud koo maali ganarajya ghoshit curr diyaa aur ketaa key badhate kattarpanth key saath, sitambar 1960 mein francisi samudaay koo chhod diyaa.
granth soochi.
pustaken aur patrika lekh
samachar patra (kalanukramik roop seey sangathit)

