
link ektrikaran

computer networking mein, link ektrikaran kaee tarikon mein seey kissy ack key samanantar kaee network connections kaa sanyojan (samuchchay) haye. link ektrikaran kull utpaadan koo ack ekal connection seey adhik badhaata haye, aur atirek pradaan kartaa haye jahaan sabhi bhautik link binaa sampark khoye whiffle hoe sakate hain. ack link ektrikaran samooh (antaral) bhautik bandargaahon kaa sanyukt sangrah haye.
avadharana kaa varnan karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale anya chhatra shabdon mein trunking, bundling, bonding, channeling yaa team shamil hain.
karyanvayan vikreta-swatantra manakon kaa paalan curr sakata haye jaise kii ethernet key liye link ektrikaran niyantran protocol (laakh), jise aaee. ee. ee. ee. 802.1ax yaa pichhale aaee. ee. ee. ee. 802.3ad mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, lekin swaamitva protocol bhee.
prerana.
link ektrikaran ethernet connection kii bandwidth aur lachilaapan koo badhaata haye.
bandwidth aavashyaktaaen raikhik roop seey naheen hoti hain. ethernet bandwidth mein aitihaasik roop seey pratyek peedhi mein duss gunaa vriddhi hui haih 10 megabit/aiss, 100 embit/aiss, 1000 embit/aiss, 10,000 embit/aiss. yadi koee bandwidth chhat mein takrana shuru curr detaa haye, tou ekmatra vikalp agali peedhi mein jaanaa thaa, joe laagat nishedhaatmak hoe sakata haye. 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein kaee network nirmaataon dwara pesh kiya gayaa ack vaikalpik samadhan, ack taarkik link mein dou bhautik ethernet link koo sanyojit karane key liye link ektrikaran kaa upayog karna haye. inmein seey adhikansh praarambhik samadhanon key liye connection key donon taraf manual vinyas aur samaan upkaran kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
ack vishisht port-cable-port connection key liye viphalata key teen ekal bindu nihit hain, yaa tou computer-too-switch yaa switch-too-switch vinyas menh cable swayam yaa cable mein plug kiye gaye port mein seey koee bhee whiffle hoe sakata haye. kaee taarkik connection banaae jaa sakate hain, lekin kaee uchch star key protocol koo poori tarah seey nirbaadh roop seey whiffle honey key liye design naheen kiya gayaa thaa. link ektrikaran kaa upayog karke ack taarkik connection mein kaee bhautik connections kaa sanyojan adhik lachila sanchaar pradaan kartaa haye.
vastukala.
network vastukar oh. aiss. aaee. model kii sabse nichali teen paraton mein seey kissy parr bhee ektrikaran koo lagu curr sakate hain. parat 1 (bhautik parat) parr ektrikaran key udaharanon mein bijli kii rekha (ee.jee. aaee. ee. ee. ee. 1901) aur wireless (ee.jee. aaee. ee. ee. ee. 802.11) network upkaran joe kaee aavritti baindon koo jodate hain. oh. aiss. aaee. parat 2 (detta link parat, ee.jee. ethernet frame lains mein yaa bahu-link ppp vaine mein, ethernet mack pataa) ektrikaran aamtaur parr switch porton mein hotaa haye, joe yaa tou bhautik port hoe sakate hain yaa ack operating system dwara prabandhit aabhaasi hoe sakate hain. osi model mein parat 3 (network parat) parr ektrikaran round-robbin scheduling, paiket header mein kshetron seey ganana kiye gaye haish moolyon, yaa inn dou tarikon key sanyojan kaa upayog curr sakata haye.
jiss parat parr ektrikaran hotaa haye, usaki parwah kiye binaa, sabhi link mein network load koo santulit karna sambhav haye. haalaanki, order seey baahar delivery seey bachane key liye, sabhi karyanvayan iska laabh naheen uthaate hain. adhikansh vidhiyaan fellover bhee pradaan karati hain.
sanyojan yaa tou iss tarah seey hoe sakata haye kii kaee interfaces ack taarkik pataa saajha karate hain (i.ee. ips) yaa ack bhautik pataa (i.ee. mack pataa), yaa yeh pratyek interfaces koo apana pataa rakhane kii anumati detaa haye. poorv kii aavashyakta haye kii ack link key donon chhor ack hii ektrikaran vidhi kaa upayog karein, lekin baad vaale parr pradarshan key faayade hain.
channel bandhan koo bhaar santulan seey alag kiya jaataa haye, jisamen bhaar santulan prati network saaket (parat 4) key aadhar parr network interfaces key beach yatayat koo vibhajit kartaa haye, jabaki channel bandhan kaa tatparya nichale star parr bhautik interfaces key beach yatayat kaa vibhajan haye, yaa tou prati paiket (parat 3) yaa ack detta link (parat 2) key aadhar parr.
aaee. ee. ee. link ektrikaran.
mankikaran prakriya.
1990 key dashak key madhya taka, adhikansh network switch nirmaataon ney apane switchon key beach bandwidth badhaane key liye ack swaamitva vistaar key roop mein ektrikaran kshamata koo shamil kiya thaa. pratyek nirmaata ney apani vidhi vikasit kii, jisase sangatata kii samasyaaen paida huin. aaee. ee. ee. ee. 802.3 kaary samooh ney ack antar-sanchaalit link parat maanak (aaee.ee. navambar 1997 kii baithak mein bhautik aur detta-link paraton donon koo shamil karna. samooh ney jaldi seey ack swachaalit vinyas suvidha koo shamil karane parr sahamati vyakt kii joe atirek koo bhee badhaa degi. yeh link ektrikaran niyantran protocol (laakh) key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa.
802.3aeye.
adhikansh gigabit channel-bandhan yojanaon mein link ektrikaran key aaee. ee. ee. ee. maanak kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa joe pahale aaee. ee. ee. ee. 802.3 maanak kaa khand 43 thaa jise march 2000 mein aaee. ee. ee. ee. 802.3 vigyaapan kaary bull dwara jodaa gayaa thaa. lagbhag harr network upkaran nirmaata ney apane swaamitva manakon parr iss sanyukt maanak koo jaldi seey apanaaya.
802.1एक्स।.
navambar 2006 mein 9veen sanshodhan pariyojana key liye 802.3 rakharkhaav kaary bull kii report mein kahaa gayaa kii kuchh 802.1 paraten (jaise kii 802.1x suraksha) link ektrikaran key neeche protocol stack mein sthit theen jinhen 802.3 upastar key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa. iss visangati koo hull karane key liye, 802.3ax (802.1 aksh) kaary bull kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa, jisake parinamswarup 3 navambar 2008 koo aaee. ee. ee. ee. 802.1 aksh-2008 key prakaashan key saath 802.1 samooh koo protocol kaa aupchaarik hastaantaran huaa.
link ektrikaran niyantran protocol.
aaee. ee. ee. ee. ee. ee. ee. ee. tii. manakon key bheetar, link ektrikaran niyantran protocol (laakh) ack taarkik link banaane key liye kaee bhautik link key ack saath bundling koo niyantrit karane key liye ack vidhi pradaan kartaa haye. laakh ack network upkaran koo apane sahakarmi koo laakh paiket bhejkar link key swachaalit bundling parr baatchit karane kii anumati detaa haye, ack seedhe judey hue upkaran joe laakh koo bhee lagu kartaa haye.
laakh kii visheshataaen aur vyaavhaarik udaaharan
vyaavhaarik notes.
laak una sabhi linkon koo neeche bhejkar kaam kartaa haye jinamen protocol saksham haye. yadi yeh ack link key dusare chhor parr ack upkaran paataa haye jisamen latch saksham bhee haye, tou vaha upkaran swatantra roop seey vipareet disha mein ack hii link key saath frame bhejega joe donon ikaaiyon koo apane beach kaee link kaa pataa lagaane mein saksham karega aur phir unhein ack hii taarkik link mein jodd dega. laakh koo dou tarikon mein seey ack mein configure kiya jaa sakata haih sakriya yaa nishkriya. sakriya mode mein, lapdus koo configure kiye gaye link key saath 1 prati sekand bheja jaataa haye. nishkriya mode mein, lapdus taba taka naheen bheja jaataa jaba taka kii ack doosari taraf seey praapt naheen hoe jaataa haye, ack bolane-jaba-bolane-seey protocol.
swaamitva link ektrikaran.
aaee. ee. ee. ee. link ektrikaran upmaanakon key alawa, sisko key eather channel aur port ektrikaran protocol, juniper key aggregated ethernet, avaaya key multy-link trunk, split multy-link trunk, root kiye gaye split multy-link trunk aur distributed split multy-link trunk, jaid. tii. ee. key smart group, huawei key aith-trunk aur connect key speedify sahit kaee swaamitva ektrikaran yojanaaen hain. adhikansh uchch-stariya network upkaran kissy naa kissy prakaar key link ektrikaran kaa samarthan karate hain. software-adharit karyanvayan-jaise * bee. aiss. dee. "laig" package, linux "bonding" driver, solaris "dladam egra", aadi. - kaee operating system key liye maujood haye.
linux driver.
linux "bandhan" chaalak dou yaa dou seey adhik tathaakathit "(nick) daason" key ekal taarkik bandhan interfaces mein kaee network interfaces niyantrakon (aine. aaee. see.) koo ekatrit karane key liye ack vidhi pradaan kartaa haye. adhikansh aadhunik linux vitaran ack linux kernell key saath aatey hain jisamen linux bonding driver ack bhaar yogya kernell module key roop mein ekikrit hotaa haye aur "effenslave" (yadi = [network] interfaces) upayogkarta-star niyantran karyakram poorv-sthaapit hotaa haye. donald becker ney mool linux bonding driver koo prograam kiya. yeh linux kernell 2 key liye bewulf cluster patch key saath upayog mein aaya.
linux bonding driver (network interfaces ektrikaran mode) key liye mode koo load samay parr kernell bonding module key liye maapdandon key roop mein aapoorti kii jaati haye. unhein kamaand-line key roop mein diyaa jaa sakata haye
insmode" yaa "modprobe" aadeshon key liye tark, lekin aamtaur parr ack linux vitaran-vishisht vinyas file mein nirdisht kiye jaate hain. ekal taarkik bandhan interfaces kaa vyavhaar isake nirdisht bandhan chaalak mode parr nirbhar kartaa haye. default parameter santulan-rr haye.
linux team driver bandhan chaalak kaa ack vikalp pradaan kartaa haye. mukhya antar yeh haye kii team driver kernell bhaag mein kewal aavashyak code aur shesh code (link satyapan, laakh karyanvayan, nirnay lena, aadi) hotaa haye.) koo userspace mein "team dee" dayman key ack hisse key roop mein chalaaya jaataa haye.
upayog karein.
network reedh.
link ektrikaran ack uchch kshamata vaale reedh kii huddy network koo sthaapit karane kaa ack sastaa tarika pradaan kartaa haye joe kissy bhee ekal port yaa upkaran kii tulanaa mein kaee gunaa adhik detta sthanantarit kartaa haye. link ektrikaran network kii reedh kii gati koo badhane detaa haye kyonki network parr maang badhati haye, binaa sub kuchh badale aur nae hardware koo tainaat kiye.
adhikansh reedh kii huddy kii sthaapanaaen shuru mein aavashyak seey adhik cabling yaa fiber optic jode sthaapit karati hain. aisaa isaliye kiya jaataa haye kyonki cable kii laagat seey shram laagat adhik hoti haye, aur yadi networking koo badalane kii aavashyakta hoti haye tou atirikt cable chalaane seey bhavishya mein shram laagat cumm hoe jaati haye. yadi bandargah upalabdh hain tou link ektrikaran inn atirikt kebalon key upayog seey cumm yaa binaa kissy atirikt laagat key reedh kii huddy kii gati koo badhaane kii anumati dey sakata haye.
frame kaa crum.
yatayat koo santulit karate samay, network prashaasak aksar ethernet frame koo phir seey vyavasthit karane seey bachana chaahte hain. udaaharan key liye, order seey baahar key packets key saath kaam karate samay tcp koo atirikt overhead kaa saamana karna padata haye. iss lakshya kaa anuman ack hii link parr ack vishesh satra seey judey sabhi frames koo bhejkar lagaaya jaataa haye. samanya karyanvayan mein ell2 yaa ell3 haish kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye (i.ee. mack yaa aaee. pee. paton key aadhar parr), yeh sunishchit karna kii ack hii pravaah hamesha ack hii bhautik link key madhyam seey bheja jaataa haye.
haalaanki, yeh trunk mein link key paar vitaran bhee pradaan naheen curr sakata haye jaba kewal ack yaa bahut cumm jode mezban ack dusare key saath samvaad karate hain, i.ee. jaba haish bahut cumm bhinnata pradaan karate hain. yeh prabhaavi roop seey kull milakar graahak bandwidth koo seemit kartaa haye. charam mein, ack link poori tarah seey load kiya gayaa haye jabaki anya poori tarah seey nishkriya hain aur kull bandwidth iss ekal sadasya kii adhikatam bandwidth taka seemit haye. iss kaaran seey, vaastavik jeevan key karyanvayan mein sabhi trunk link kaa ack samaan bhaar santulan aur poorna upayog lagbhag kabhi naheen hotaa haye.
network interfaces card parr upayog karein.
ack saath trunk kiye gaye nick kissy bhee ack nick key thruput seey parey network link bhee pradaan curr sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, yeh ack kendriya file server koo dou 1-gigabit nick kaa upayog karke ack saath milkar kull 2-gigabit connection sthaapit karane kii anumati detaa haye. dhyaan dein kii detta signalling darr abhee bhee 1 gbit/s hogi, joe link ektrikaran key baad pareekshan key liye upayog kii jaane vaali vidhiyon key aadhar parr bhraamak hoe sakati haye.
microsoft windows.
microsoft windows server 2012 link ektrikaran kaa samarthan kartaa haye. pichhale windows server sanskaran apane device driver software key bheetar suvidha key nirmaata samarthan parr nirbhar they. udaaharan key liye, intell ney intell fast ethernet aur gigabit card key liye unnat networking sevaaon (ans) koo jaari kiya.
envidia apane envidia network abhigam prabandhak/firewall upkaran key saath team kaa samarthan kartaa haye. hp mein hp-branded nix key liye ack team upkaran haye joe laah key saath 802.3ad sahit link ektrikaran key kaee tarikon kaa samarthan kartaa haye. isake alawa, ack buniyaadi parat-3 ektrikaran haye joe ack hii network parr kaee aaee. pee. interfaces vaale sarvaron koo load santulan karane kii anumati detaa haye, aur ack seey adhik internet connection vaale gharelu upayogkartaon key liye, sabhi interfaces parr load saajha karke connection kii gati badhaane key liye.
broadcom broadcom unnat niyantran soot (bac) key madhyam seey unnat kaary pradaan kartaa haye, jisake madhyam seey basp (broadcom unnat server prograam) kii team kaaryasheelata upalabdh haye, joe 802.3ad sthir antaral, latch aur "smart team" kii peshkash karati haye, jise kaam karane key liye switch parr kissy bhee vinyas kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye. vibhinn vikretaon key nick key mishran key saath back key saath team koo configure karna sambhav haye jaba taka kii unamen seey cumm seey cumm ack broadcom seey hoe aur anya nick key paas team kaa samarthan karane key liye aavashyak kshamataaen houn.
linux aur unix.
linux, freebsd, netbsd, openbsd, macos, openpolaris aur vaanijyik unix vitaran jaise kii ax uchch star parr ethernet bandhan koo lagu karate hain aur jaba taka kii nick kernell dwara samarthit haye, vibhinn nirmaataon seey yaa vibhinn drivers kaa upayog karke nick key saath sauda curr sakate hain.
virtualisation platform.
citrics zensarvar aur vee. aim. wayer ee. aiss. aiks. mein link ektrikaran key liye deshi samarthan haye. zensarvar sthir antaral key saath-saath laakh donon pradaan kartaa haye. vsphere 5.1 (Esxi) apane aabhaasi vitarit switch key saath mool roop seey sthir antaral aur laakh donon kaa samarthan kartaa haye.
microsoft kaa hyper-vee hypervisor star seey link ektrikaran samarthan pradaan naheen kartaa haye, lekin vindo key tahat team banaane key liye uparokt tareeke hyper-vee parr lagu hotey hain.
seemaaen.
ekal switch.
balance-rr", "balance-xor", "prasaran" aur "802.3ad" mode key saath, link ektrikaran samooh mein sabhi bhautik port ack hii taarkik switch parr rehna chaahiye, joe, sabse samanya paridrishyon mein, viphalata kaa ack bindu chhod dega jaba bhautik switch jisamen sabhi link judey hue hain, offline hoe jaate hain. sakriya-backup", "santulan-tlb" aur "santulan-lb" mode koo dou yaa dou seey adhik switchon key saath bhee sthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye. lekin fellover key baad (anya sabhi tarikon kii tarah), kuchh mamalon mein, sakriya satra whiffle hoe sakate hain (rp samasyaon key kaaran) aur unhein phir seey shuru karna padata haye.
haalaanki, lagbhag sabhi vikretaon key paas swaamitva vistaar hain joe iss mudde mein seey kuchh koo hull karate hainh way ack taarkik switch mein kaee bhautik switchon koo ekatrit karate hain. nortel kaa vibhajit bahu-link trunking (aiss. aim. ell. tii.) protocol kaee ethernet link koo ack dher mein kaee switchon mein vibhajit karane kii anumati detaa haye, viphalata key kissy bhee ack bindu koo rokta haye aur isake alawa sabhi switchon koo ekal pahunch dher seey kaee ektrikaran switchon mein santulit load karane kii anumati detaa haye. yeye upkaran ack antar-switch trunk (ist) mein iss tarah seey raajya koo samkaalik karate hain kii way ack ekal upkaran (switch block) key roop mein jodane vaale (abhigam) upkaran koo dikhaai dete hain aur kissy bhee paiket duplication koo rokte hain. aiss. aim. ell. tii. sabhi gati trunks key liye upa-sekand fellover aur upa-sekand recovery key saath unnat lachilaapan pradaan kartaa haye, jabaki antim upkaranon key liye pardarshi roop seey kaam kartaa haye.
bahu-chessis link ektrikaran samooh vikreta-anirdisht tareeke seey samaan suvidhaaen pradaan kartaa haye. judey hue upkaran key liye, connection ack samanya link samuchchay trunk key roop mein dikhaai detaa haye. isamen shamil kaee sroton key beach samanvaya koo vikreta-vishisht tareeke seey sambhala jaataa haye.
ack hii link gati.
adhikansh karyanvayanon mein, ektrikaran mein upayog kiye jaane vaale sabhi bandargaahon mein ack hii bhautik prakaar key hotey hain, jaise kii sabhi tambe key bandargah (10/100/1000 aadhar-t), sabhi bahu-mode fiber bandargah, yaa sabhi ekal-mode fiber bandargah. haalaanki, sabhi aaee. ee. ee. maanak kii aavashyakta yeh haye kii pratyek link poorna duplexes hoe aur una sabhi kii gati samaan hoe (10,100,1,000 yaa 10,000 aim. bitt/aiss).
kaee switch faai swatantra hotey hain, jiska arth haye kii ack switch mein tamba, sx, lx, lx10 yaa anya gbk/sfp modular transceiver kaa mishran hoe sakata haye. jabaki ack hii phaai koo banaae rakhna samanya drishtikon haye, ack link key liye 1000 bases-sx fiber aur dusare link key liye 1000 bases-lx (lamba, vividh maarg) koo ekatrit karna sambhav haye. ack path mein prasaar kaa samay adhik hoe sakata haye lekin choonki adhikansh karyanvayan ack hii bhautik link parr ack ekal yatayat pravaah rakhate hain (yaa tou mack patey, ips patey, yaa soochkaank key roop mein ips/parivahan-parat port sanyojanon key haish kaa upayog karke) yeh samasyagrast out-off-order delivery kaa kaaran naheen banata haye.
ethernet ektrikaran bemel.
"ektrikaran bemel" kaa arth haye link key donon siron parr ektrikaran prakaar kaa milan naheen karna. kuchh switch 802.1ax maanak koo lagu naheen karate hain lekin link ektrikaran key sthir vinyas kaa samarthan karate hain. isaliye, isi tarah key sthir roop seey configure kiye gaye switchon key beach link ektrikaran kaam curr sakata haye lekin ack sthir roop seey configure kiye gaye switch aur ack upkaran key beach whiffle hoe jaayega joe laakh key liye configure kiya gayaa haye.
udaaharan.
ethernet.
ethernet interfaces parr, channel bonding key liye ethernet switch aur host computer key operating system donon seey sahaayata kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jise network interfaces key paar frames key vitaran koo usee tarah seey "strip" karna chaahiye jaise kii i/o koo ack redd 0 sarani mein disk key paar strip kiya jaataa haye. iss kaaran seey, channel bandhan kii kuchh charchaaen saste nodes (barish) kii anaavashyak sarani yaa "swatantra network interfaces kii anaavashyak sarani" koo bhee sandarbhit karati hain.
modem.
analogue modem mein, bartanon parr kaee dial-upp link bandhe hoe sakate hain. aise bandhan connections parr thruput, rooting yojanaon key tahat input kii tulanaa mein bandhan link kii kull bandwidth key karib aaa sakata haye joe link parr baahar jaane vaale network connections koo load-balance karate hain.
dee. aiss. ell..
isi tarah, kaee dee. aiss. ell. lines koo uchch bandwidth dene key liye jodaa jaa sakata haye; united kingdam mein, adsl koo kabhi-kabhi 512kbit/s upload bandwidth aur 4 megabit/s download bandwidth dene key liye jodaa jaataa haye, una kshetron mein jahaan kewal 2 megabit/s bandwidth taka pahunch haye.
doxis.
cable tv (catvi) pranaliyon parr detta key liye doxis 3 aur 3.1 vinirdeshon key tahat, kaee chainalon koo jodaa jaa sakata haye. doxis 3 key tahat, 32 downstream aur 8 upstream chainalon koo bandha jaa sakata haye. yeye aamtaur parr 6 yaa 8 megahertz chaude hotey hain. doxis 3.1 star key upvaahakon aur badey kaalpanik chainalon parr ektrikaran seey judee adhik jatil vyavasthaon koo paribhaashit kartaa haye.
wireless broadband.
broadband bandhan ack prakaar kaa channel bandhan haye joe star chaar yaa usase oopar kii osi paraton parr kaee chainalon key ektrikaran koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. channel bandhe taar vaale link hoe sakate hain jaise kii tii-1 yaa dee. aiss. ell. line. isake alawa, ack samagr wireless bandhan link key liye kaee cellular link koo baandhana sambhav haye.
pichhali bandhan vidhiyaan nimn oh. aiss. aaee. paraton parr rahati theen, jinake karyanvayan key liye dursanchar companiyon key saath samanvaya kii aavashyakta hoti thee. broadband bandhan, kyonki ise uchch paraton parr lagu kiya jaataa haye, iss samanvaya key binaa kiya jaa sakata haye.
broadband channel bandhan key vaanijyik karyanvayan mein shamil hainh

