
aristolochia

aristolochia () 500 seey adhik prajaatiyon key saath ack badaa paadap vansh haye joe aristolochia parivaar kaa prakaar haye. isake sadasyon koo aamtaur parr berthwart, pipewine yaa dutchman pipe key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur yeye vyaapak hain aur sabse vividh jalavaayu mein paae jaate hain. kuchh prajaatiyan, jaise "aeye. utriformis "aur" aeye. westlandy, "vilupt honey kaa khatra haye.
"isotrema" aamtaur parr yahaan shamil kiya jaataa haye, lekin ack vaidh vansh hoe sakata haye. yadi aisaa haye, tou isamen teen-lobe vaale calix vaali prajaatiyan hain.
varnan.
"aristolochia" sadabahar aur parnapaati lianas (lakadi kii belein) aur jadee-bootiyon vaale barahmasi kaa ack vansh haye. chikna tanaa seedha yaa kuchh hudd taka ghumaavdaar hotaa haye. sadharan patte vaikalpik aur taardaar, jhillidaar hotey hain, joe patte key danthal parr badhate hain. koee shart naheen haye.
phool pattiyon kii dhuri mein ugate hain. way ack lambi periyanth tube key roop mein jaari rahate hue, jeebh key aakar, chamkile rung key lobe mein samaapt hotey hue, aadhar parr phoolate aur globose hotey hain. koee korola naheen haye. calix ack seey teen chakkar vaalaa aur teen seey chhah daant vaalaa hotaa haye. seaples ekjut hain (gamosepalus). ack chakkar mein chhah seey 40 punkesar hotey hain. way shally key saath ekjut hotey hain, ack ginostemium banaate hain. andashay nimnatar hotaa haye aur chaar seey chhah sthaanik hotaa haye.
inn foolon mein ack vishesh paraagan tantra hotaa haye. paudhe sugandhit hotey hain aur unaki majboot sugandh keedon koo aakarshit karati haye. periyanth tube kaa aantarik bhaag baalon seey dhakaa hotaa haye, joe ack fly-trap key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. inn baal taba makkhi koo chhodane key liye murajha jaate hain, parag seey dhake hotey hain.
phal kaee endospermic beejon key saath dehicent capsule haye.
aam naam "dutchman pipe" aur "pipewine" (ee.jee. samanya pipewine, "aeye. durier) neetherland aur uttari germany mein ack samay mein aam puraane jamaane key meersham pipes kaa ack sanket haye. "janm-verta" (ee.jee. europeeya janm-crum "aeye. chlamatitis) inn prajaatiyon key foolon key aakar koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, joe janm nahar seey milata-julata haye. 
aristolochia kaa varnan pahali baar 4 see dwara kiya gayaa thaa. eesaa poorv yunani daarshanik aur vanaspatishastri theophrastus ney apane "paudhon kii jaanch" [ix.8.3] mein, aur vaigyaanik naam "aristolochia" pracheen yunani "aristos" ("άριστος") "sabse achchha" + "lokia" ("λοχεία"), "prasav" yaa "shishushay" seey vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, joe prasav mein isake gyaat pracheen upayog seey sambandhit thaa. roman vaktaa cicero ack alag parampara darj kartaa haye, kii paudhe kaa naam samanya yunani naam aristolocos key saath anyatha agyaat vyakti key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa, jisane ack sapane seey seekha thaa kii yeh saamp key kaatane key liye ack aushadhi thee.
svelotel titaliyaan.
aristolochia" kii kaee prajaatiyon koo svelotel titliyon key caterpillar larva dwara khaaya jaataa haye, iss prakaar way khud koo adhikansh shikariyon key liye apriya banaa dete hain. pipewine parr lapidoptera feeding mein shamil hainh
corriutidae
papilionidae
australia mein aakramak "aristolochia littoralis" "ornithoptera euphorian" aur "oh" key caterpillar key liye ghaatak haye. richmandia "aur apane uchit mezban koo visthaapit karane kii dhamki detaa haye", aeye. tagala ".
jadee-bootiyon kii lutt, vishaaktata aur cancer paida karane kii kshamata.
prajaati "aristolochia chlamatitis" koo pracheen misra, yoonaniyon aur romanon key baad seey aur praarambhik aadhunik yug taka ack aushadhiya paudhe key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa; yeh paaramparik cheeni chikitsa mein bhee ack bhoomika nibhaata haye. garbhashay seey isaki samaantaa key kaaran, hastakshar key siddhant mein kahaa gayaa thaa kii "janm-verts" bachche key janm mein upayogi thaa. prasav key baad mahilaaon koo naal koo baahar nikaalane key liye ack taiyari dee gaee thee, jaisa kii pahali shatabdi mein jadee-bootiyon key dioscurides dwara ullekh kiya gayaa thaa. pracheen chikitsa mein isaki upasthiti key bavjood, "aristolochia" mein ghaatak vishaakt padaarth aristolochic acid hotaa haye.
solahavin shatabdi key uttaraardh mein lii shee-jhen dwara sankalit "benkao gangmu", lekhak key anubhav aur pahale kii jadee-bootiyon seey praapt detta parr adharit thaa; yeh cheeni herble classic 1892 "drugs" (1110 chitron key saath) kaa varnan kartaa haye, jisamen "aristolochia" kii kaee prajaatiyan shamil hain. 400 varshon taka, "benkao gangmu" paaramparik cheeni chikitsa mein jaankaari kaa pramukh srot banaa rhaa aur iss kaam kaa kaee bhaashaon mein anuvaad kiya gayaa, joe chean key alawa anya deshon mein isake prabhaav koo darshaata haye. beesavin shatabdi key madhya mein, "benkao gangmu" koo aadhunik "materia medica" dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, sabse vyaapak srot "jhong huaa bayne kaao" ("cheeni materia medica kaa vishvakosh") thaa, joe 1999 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. "vishvakosh" mein "abhijaat varg" kii 23 prajaatiyon koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye, halanki vishaaktata kaa bahut cumm ullekh haye. cheeni sarkaar vartamaan mein nimnalikhit "aristolochia" jadee-bootiyon koo soochibaddh karati haih "aeye. mansurinces "(tanaa)", aeye. fangchi "(mool)", aeye. dabilis "(jarh aur phal), aur" aeye. contorta (phal), jinamen seey dou ("maduling" aur "kingmuxiang") chean key janvaadi ganarajya key 2005 key pharmacopoeia mein dikhaai dete hain.
paaramparik cheeni chikitsa mein "aristolochia" prajaatiyon kaa upayog teevra gathiya aur shoth key kuchh roopon key liye kiya jaataa haye.
aristolochic acid key vishaakt gunon key bavjood, praakritik chikitsak daavaa karate hain kii janm-verter kaa kaadha utpaadan koo uttejit kartaa haye aur shwet rakt koshikaon kii gatividhi koo badhaata haye, yaa usa pipewine mein ack kitanunashak hotaa haye joe ghaav bharane mein sahaayata kartaa haye. isake alawa, "aristolochia bractiolata" koo kathit kriminashak gatividhi key kaaran bolchal kii bhasha mein "krimi hatyara" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
"aristolochia" taxes kaa upayog sarisrip vikarshak key roop mein bhee kiya gayaa haye. "aeye. cerpentaria "(virginia snakerut) kaa naam iss prakaar rakhaa gayaa haye kyonki jarh kaa upayog saamp key kaatane key ilaaj key liye kiya jaataa thaa, kyonki" inn sarisripon key liye itna aakramak thaa kii way naa kewal una sthaanon seey bachate hain jahaan yeh badhata haye, balki usa yatri seey bhee bhaag jaate hain joe apane haath mein iska ack tukada leey jaataa haye.  "aeye. fiferi, "aeye. rugosa ", aur" aeye. trilobata kaa upayog lock chikitsa mein bhee saamp key kaatane key ilaaj key liye kiya jaataa haye.
vishaaktata aur carcinogenicity.
1993 mein, vajan ghataane key upchaar seey judey belgium seey antim charan key gurde roga key mamalon kii ack shrinkhala kii soochana millie thee, jahaan ack jadee-bootiyon kii taiyari mein "stephania tetrandra" koo "aristolochia fangchi" seey pratisthaapit kiye jaane kaa sandeh thaa. 1990 seey 1992 taka usee clinic seey iss taiyari key antargrahan key baad 105 seey adhik rogiyon kii pehchaan nephropathy key saath kii gaee thee. kaee koo gurde pratyaropan yaa dialysis kii aavashyakta thee. aristolochia kuchh cheeni jadee-bootiyon kii davaaon kaa ack ghatak haye.
"aristolochia" koo ack shaktishali carcinogen aur gurde key vish donon key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. aristolochia" yukt jadee-bootiyon key yaugikon koo cancer parr shodh key liye antarrashtriya agency dwara ack samooh 1 carcinogen key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. mahamari vigyaan aur prayogshala adhyayanon ney "aristolochia" koo ack khatarnak gurde kaa vish honey kii pehchaan kii haye; "aristolochia" koo gurde kii viphalata key 100 seey adhik mamalon seey judaa huaa dikhaaya gayaa haye. isake alawa, yeh europeeya janm-verter ("aeye") key saath anaaj key sandushan key roop mein dikhaai detaa haye. chlamatitis) balcon nephropathy kaa ack kaaran haye, joe dakshin poorv europe key kuchh hisson mein honey vaali ack gambhir gurde kii bimari haye. 2001 mein britten sarkaar ney kissy bhee aushadhiya utpaad kii bikri, aapoorti aur ayaat parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa jisamen genus aristolochia kaa paudha shamil haye yaa haye. kaee anya paudhon kii prajaatiyan joe khud koo gurde key vishaaktata kaa kaaran naheen banati hain, lekin jinhen aamtaur parr upchaar mein aristolochia key saath pratisthaapit kiya jaataa thaa, usee crum mein pratibandhit they.
2012 mein ack taiwani adhyayan mein aristolochic acid koo aristolochic acid seey judey mootranalika cancer seey jodaa gayaa thaa. 2013 mein, dou adhyayanon mein bataaya gayaa kii aristolochic acid ack majboot carcinogen haye. aristolochic acid key gyaat sampark vaale vyaktiyon key poore genome aur exome vishleshan seey dee. aine. aeye. mein shaaririk utparivartan kii uchch darr kaa pataa chalaa. aristolochic acid key chayapachaya koshika kendrak mein pravesh karate hain aur dee. aine. aeye. parr adduct banaate hain. jabaki jeane key bheetar pratilekhit dna strand parr adduct kaa pataa lagaaya jaataa haye aur pratilekhan-yugmit marammat dwara hataa diyaa jaataa haye, gair-pratilekhit strand parr adduct baney rahate hain aur antatah dna pratikriti trutiyon kaa kaaran banate hain. inn adduct mein adenine kshaaron key liye vareeyata hoti haye, aur aeye-too-tii sankraman kaa kaaran banati haye. isake alawa, yeye chayapachaya kaig aur tagg anukramon key liye ack vareeyata dikhaane key liye dikhaai dete hain.
udyaan kaa itihas.
apane shandar foolon key kaaran, kaee prajaatiyon kaa upayog sajawati paudhon key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey kathor. purvi uttar america kaa durier, joe johnn bartrum key british udyaanon key kaee parichayon mein seey ack thaa; 1761 mein bartrum ney ohiyo nadee ghaati mein ekatra kiye gaye beej landan mein peater collinson koo bheje they, aur collinson ney unhein nurseryman james gorden koo meal key anta mein ugaane key liye diyaa thaa. dow. johnn sims ney 1801 mein "vanaspati patrika" mein kahaa kii bell koo jald hii "soorya kii kiranon key liye abhedya ack chandwa, yaa madhyam barish" banaane key liye apanaaya gayaa thaa.

