
chumbakikrit lakshya sanlayan

chumbakikrit lakshya sanlayan (aim. tii. aff.) ack sanlayan shakti avadharana haye joe chumbakiya nirodh sanlayan (aim. see. aff.) aur jadatviya nirodh sanlayan (aaee. see. aff.) kii visheshtaon koo jodati haye. chumbakiya drishtikon kii tarah, sanlayan eendhan koo chumbakiya kshetron dwara cumm ghanatva parr seemit kiya jaataa haye jabaki ise ack plasma mein germ kiya jaataa haye. jadatviya drishtikon key saath, eendhan ghanatva aur tapman koo bahut badhaane key liye lakshya koo teji seey nichodkar sanlayan shuru kiya jaataa haye. halanki parinami ghanatva aaee. see. aff. kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm haye, yeh socha jaataa haye kii lambe samay taka kaid samay aur behtar garmi pratidhaaran key sanyojan seey aim. tii. aff. kaam karega, phir bhee nirmaan karna aasaan hoga. magnetto-jadatviya sanlayan" (aim. aaee. aff.) shabd samaan haye, lekin isamen vibhinn prakaar kii vyavasthaaen shamil hain. donon shabdon koo aksar prayogon mein ack dusare key badale lagu kiya jaataa haye.
sanlayan avadhaaranaaen.
sanlayan mein, halke parmaanuon koo bhaari paramanu banaane key liye jodaa jaataa haye. aisaa karane key liye sabse aasaan eendhan hydrogen key samasthaanik hain. aam taur parr yeye pratikriyaaen ack plasma key ander hoti hain. ack plasma ack germ gais haye, jahan sabhi electrons koo hataa diyaa gayaa haye; gais poori tarah seey aayanit hoe gaee haye. aayan sakaratmak roop seey aaveshit hotey hain, isaliye way sthir vidyut bull key kaaran ack dusare koo peechhe hataate hain. sanlayan taba hotaa haye jaba dou aayan uchch oorjaa parr takaraate hain, jisase majboot bull koo cumm doori parr sthir vidyut bull koo door karane mein madad milati haye. naabhik koo ack saath bull dene key liye jiss oorjaa kii aavashyakta hoti haye, usey "coolomb barrier" yaa "fusion barrier energy" kahaa jaataa haye. bulk plasma mein sanlayan honey key liye, ise laakhon degree taka germ kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur paryaapt samay key liye uchch dabaav parr sampeedit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. ise ack saath "triple utpaad" kahaa jaataa haye (losson mandand dekhein). sanlayan anusandhaan uchchatam sambhav tiguna utpaad taka pahunchane parr kendrit haye.
chumbakiya sanlayan ack kamjor plasma (1014 aayan prati semi3) koo uchch tapman taka germ karane key liye kaam kartaa haye, lagbhag (~ 200 million see). pariveshi havaa lagbhag 100,000 gunaa ghanee haye. inn taapmaanon parr ack vyaavhaarik reactor banaane key liye, eendhan koo 1 sekand key crum parr lambe samay taka seemit rehna chaahiye. vartamaan mein 20 minut taka kii puls lambai key saath chumbakiya drishtikon kaa pareekshan karane key liye itter tokmak design banaaya jaa rhaa haye.
jadatviya sanlayan bahut adhik ghanatva kaa utpaadan karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye, joe seese key ghanatva seey lagbhag 100 gunaa adhik haye. yeh pratikriyaon koo bahut jaldi honey kaa kaaran banata haye (~ 1 nanosecond). karawas kii aavashyakta naheen haye; haalaanki pratikriyaon dwara banaai gaee garmi aur kanon seey plasma baahar kii or futt jaayega, yeh gati sanlayan pratikriyaon kii tulanaa mein dheemi haye.
paramanu sanlayan key yeye donon tareeke kaee dashakon key shodh key baad shuddh oorjaa (q> 1) key star key karib hain, lekin vyaavhaarik oorjaa-utpaadak upkaranon seey bahut door hain.
drishtikon.
jabaki aim. see. aff. aur aaee. see. aff. alag-alag dishaaon seey losson mandand samasya parr hamla karate hain, aim. tii. aff. donon key beach kaam karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye. aim. tii. aff. kaa uddeshya iss ghanatva parr aim. see. aff. () aur aaee. see. aff. () key beach ack madhyavarti plasma ghanatva key liye haye, karawas kaa samay 1 microne key crum parr honah chaahiye, phir seey anya dou key beach madhyavarti honah chaahiye. aim. tii. aff. plasma key nuksan koo dheema karane key liye chumbakiya kshetron kaa upayog kartaa haye, aur jadatviya sampeedan kaa upayog plasma koo germ karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
samanya shabdon mein, aim. tii. aff. ack jadatviya vidhi haye. ack spandit operation key madhyam seey ghanatva mein vriddhi hoti haye joe eendhan koo sampeedit kartaa haye, plasma koo germ kartaa haye, jaise sampeedan ack sadharan gais koo germ kartaa haye. paaramparik aaee. see. aff. mein, lakshya koo sampeedit karane vaale lejaron key madhyam seey adhik oorjaa jodee jaati haye, lekin vaha oorjaa kaee chainalon key madhyam seey ris jaati haye. aim. tii. aff. ack chumbakiya kshetra koo niyojit kartaa haye joe sampeedan seey pahale banaaya jaataa haye joe eendhan koo seemit aur insulate kartaa haye taaki cumm oorjaa khou jaae. aaee. see. aff. kii tulanaa mein parinam kuchh hudd taka ghanaa, kuchh hudd taka germ eendhan dravyamaan haye joe madhyam pratikriya darr parr sanlayan seey gujarta haye, isaliye ise kewal madhyam samay key liye seemit kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
jaise-jaise eendhan kii goli koo sampeedit kiya jaataa haye, plasma mein garmi aur dabaav badhata haye. patan kii darr aam taur parr raikhik hoti haye, lekin dabaav aayatan parr adharit hotaa haye, joe sampeedan key ghana key saath badhata haye. kuchh bindu key roop mein dabaav rukane aur phir patan koo ulatane key liye paryaapt haye. eendhan key chaaron or dhaatu liner key dravyamaan kaa matlab haye kii iss prakriya koo honey mein kuchh samay lagata haye. aim. tii. aff. avadharana iss "nivaas samay" parr adharit haye joe sanlayan prakriyaon key liye paryaapt haye.
aaee. see. aff. aur cumm ghanatva vaale plasma sanlayan donon parr aim. tii. aff. key faayade hain. isaki oorjaa nivesh apekshaakrit kushal aur sastee haye, jabaki aaee. see. aff. vishesh uchch-pradarshan vaale lazer kii maang kartaa haye joe vartamaan mein cumm dakshata pradaan karate hain. inn lejaron kii laagat aur jatilata, jinhen "chaalak" kahaa jaataa haye, itani badee haye kii paaramparik aaee. see. aff. vidhiyaan vaanijyik oorjaa utpaadan key liye avyaavhaarik rahati hain. isi tarah, halanki aim. tii. aff. koo eendhan koo sthir karane aur insulate karane key liye chumbakiya karawas kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jabaki ise sampeedit kiya jaa rhaa haye, aavashyak karawas samay aim. see. aff. kii tulanaa mein hajaaron gunaa cumm haye. aim. tii. aff. key liye aavashyak adesh key karawas samay kaa pradarshan varshon pahale aim. see. aff. prayogon mein kiya gayaa thaa.
aim. tii. aff. dwara aavashyak ghanatva, tapman aur karawas samay kalaa kii vartamaan sthiti key bheetar achchi tarah seey hain aur baar-baar pradarshit kiye gaye hain. loss alamos rashtriya prayogshala ney iss avadharana koo "sanlayan key liye cumm laagat vaalaa maarg" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya haye.
upkaran.
aff. aar. aiks.-ell.
agrani prayog mein, loss alamos rashtriya prayogshala key aff. aar. aiks.-ell. mein, ack plasma koo pahale ack quartz tube (aamtaur parr pareekshan uddeshyon key liye ack gair-eendhan gais) key ander ack gais key madhyam seey ack vidyut pravaah koo transformer-yugmit karke cumm ghanatva parr banaaya jaataa haye. yeh plasma koo lagbhag (~ 23 laakh degree) taka germ kartaa haye. baahari chumbak tube key bheetar eendhan koo seemit karate hain. plasma vidyut pravaahit hotey hain, jisase ack dhaara unake madhyam seey gujarati haye. yeh dhaara, ack chumbakiya kshetra utpann karati haye joe dhaara key saath antahkriya karati haye. plasma koo vyavasthit kiya jaataa haye taaki ack baar sthaapit honey key baad kshetra aur vartamaan plasma key bheetar sthir hoe jaae, jisase plasma koo aatm-seemit kiya jaa sakey. iss uddeshya key liye aff. aar. aiks.-ell. kshetra-ulat vinyas kaa upayog kartaa haye. choonki tapman aur karawas kaa samay mcf kii tulanaa mein 100 gunaa cumm haye, isaliye karawas kii vyavastha karna apekshaakrit aasaan haye aur adhikansh aadhunik mcf prayogon mein upayog kiye jaane vaale jatil aur mahange superconducting magnet kii aavashyakta naheen haye.
aff. aar. aiks.-ell. kaa upayog kewal plasma nirmaan, pareekshan aur nidan key liye kiya jaataa haye. yeh ack-modd chumbakiya-kshetra kundaliyon mein ack dhaara koo chalaane key liye 1 aim. jey. taka oorjaa kaa bhandaran karane vaale chaar uchch-voltage (taka) sandharitra bainkon kaa upayog kartaa haye joe ack vyaas vaali quartz tube koo gherate hain. plasma generator key roop mein apane vartamaan roop mein, aff. aar. aiks.-ell. ney tapman, chumbakiya kshetron aur unake jivankal key beach ghanatva kaa pradarshan kiya haye. yeye sabhi ack oorjaa-sakaratmak machine key liye aavashyak parimaan key crum key bheetar hain.
aff. aar. aiks.-ell. koo baad mein ack "injector" pranali jodane key liye unnat kiya gayaa thaa. yeh quartz tube key aspas sthit haye aur isamen chumbakiya kundaliyon kii ack shankwakar vyavastha hoti haye. jaba sanchaalit hotey hain, tou kundal ack kshetra utpann karate hain joe tube key ack chhor parr majboot hotaa haye aur dusare parr kamjor hotaa haye, jisase plasma koo badey chhor seey baahar dhakel diyaa jaataa haye. pranali koo puuraa karane key liye, injection koo albuquerq, nm mein curtland vayu senaa adde parr vayu senaa anusandhaan prayogshala kii nirdeshit oorjaa prayogshala mein maujooda shiv starr "caine crusher" key kendra seey oopar rakhane kii yojana banaai gaee thee.
aff. aar. aich. aiks.
2007 mein, aff. aar. see. aich. aiks. naamak ack prayog koo shiv starr parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. aff. aar. aiks.-ell. key samaan, yeh ack peedhi kshetra kaa upayog kartaa haye aur plasma bundle koo shiva starr liner sampeedan kshetra mein inject kartaa haye. shiv taaraa 1 mimi motee aluminium liner kii gatij oorjaa mein lagbhag 1.5 aim. jey. pradaan kartaa haye, joe lagbhag belnakar roop seey gir jaataa haye. yeh plasma bundle koo chaaron or ghanatva taka dhwast curr detaa haye aur tapman koo lagbhag badhaa detaa haye, ack dee-dee eendhan kaa upayog karke neutron "prati shott" key crum parr neutron kii paidawar kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. aim. jey. kii seema mein badey shots mein jaari shakti koo ack saptah key crum parr upkaran koo reset karane kii avadhi kii aavashyakta hoti haye. upkaran key kaaran honey vaali vishal vidyut chumbakiya naadi (emp) nidan key liye ack chunautipurna vatavaran banaati haye.
sanlayan pradarshan sanyantra.
kanada kaa samanya sanlayan, britten key paramanu oorjaa pradhikaran key saath saajhedaari mein, ack vyaavsaayik roop seey vyavharya pilot sanyantra key agradoot key roop mein, ingland key kulhaim mein ack pradarshan sanyantra kaa nirmaan karna haye. pratikriya pott taral dhaatu kaa ack teji seey ghoomane vaalaa cylinder hoga (seesa, neutron sakriyan key madhyam seey baney tritium kii kataai key liye lithium koo shamil karna) joe bhaap dwara sanchaalit samkaalik piston kii kriya seey ack gole mein banata haye. plasma key roop mein chumbakit sanlayan eendhan koo gole mein inject kiya jaataa haye kyonki yeh sankuchan hotaa haye, joe sanlayan pratikriya key liye paryaapt tapman aur dabaav paida kartaa haye. taral dhaatu koo bhaap pradaan karane key liye ooshmaa vinimayakon key madhyam seey prasaarit kiya jaataa haye.
nirmaan 2022 mein shuru honey kii ummeed haye, jiska sanchaalan 2025 mein shuru hoga.
chunauti.
aim. tii. aff. sanlayan shakti key liye pahala "nayaa drishtikon" naheen haye. jaba 1960 key dashak mein aaee. see. aff. kii shuruat kii gaee thee, tou yeh ack krantikari nayaa drishtikon thaa jisase 1980 key dashak taka vyaavhaarik sanlayan upkaranon kaa utpaadan honey kii ummeed thee. anya drishtikonon koo apratyaashit samasyaon kaa saamana karna padaa haye jisase utpaadan shakti key utpaadan mein kathinaaee badh gaee haye. mcf key saath, yeh plasma mein apratyaashit asthirta thee kyonki ghanatva yaa tapman mein vriddhi hui thee. aaee. see. aff. key saath, yeh oorjaa kaa apratyaashit nuksan thaa aur beam koo "chikna" karane mein kathinaaiyaan theen. inhen badey aadhunik yantron mein aanshik roop seey sambodhit kiya gayaa haye, lekin kewal badey kharch parr.
samanya arth mein, aim. tii. aff. kii chunauti aaee. see. aff. kii tarah hii prateet hoti haye. prabhaavi dhang seey bijli kaa utpaadan karane key liye, ghanatva koo ack kaary star taka badhaaya jaanaa chaahiye aur phir adhikansh eendhan dravyamaan key sanlayan seey gujarane key liye paryaapt samay taka rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye. yeh taba hoe rhaa haye jaba dhaatu liner koo ander kii or chalaaya jaa rhaa haye. sanlayan eendhan key saath dhaatu kaa mishran pratikriya koo "bujhaa" dega (ack samasya joe mcf pranaliyon mein taba hoti haye jaba plasma pott kii deewaar koo chhoota haye). isi tarah, "germ dhabbon" seey bachane key liye patan kaafee samamit honah chaahiye joe plasma koo asthir curr sakata haye jabaki yeh jalata haye.
vaanijyik vikas mein samasyaaen kissy bhee maujooda sanlayan reactor design key samaan hain. machine key kendra mein uchch shakti vaale chumbakiya kshetron koo banaane kii aavashyakta aantarik seey garmi nikaalane kii aavashyakta key saath pratikool haye, jisase reactor kii bhautik vyavastha ack chunauti bunn jaati haye. isake alawa, sanlayan prakriya badee sankhya mein neutron (cumm seey cumm samanya pratikriyaon mein) kaa utsarjan karati haye joe neutron bhangurta kii or leey jaati haye joe samarthan sanrachanaon kii taakat aur dhaatu taaron kii chaalakta koo cumm karati haye. vishisht aim. see. aff. yojanaon mein, neutron koo ack lithium khol mein pakadane kaa irada haye taaki eendhan key roop mein adhik tritium utpann kiya jaa sakey, jisase samagr vyavastha aur jatil hoe jaae. deuterium-deuterium sanlayan, nishchit roop seey, iss aavashyakta seey butch jaayega.
kope kii samasya.
aim. tii. aff. avadharana key liye ack aur chinta kaa naam "copec samasya" haye. copex russie mudra ikai haye joe penny yaa sent key samaan haye, jisamen 100 copex seey rubal haye. americi dollar key liye 75 rubal kii vinimay darr parr, ack copec kaa moolya cumm haye. naam kaa uddeshya dhana key ack chhote seey moolya koo ingit karna haye.
samasya yeh haye kii baseline aim. tii. aff. mein upayog kiye jaane vaale dhaatu key liner pratikriya key dauran upbhog kiye jaate hain. badale mein, upkaran bijli paida karega. halanki, usa bijli kaa moolya kuchh paison key crum parr bahut cumm haye. iss prakaar, shuddh sakaratmak nakadi pravaah utpann karane key liye, upkaran koo prati shott bhaari matra mein oorjaa utpann karni hoti haye, avaastavik roop seey uchch matra mein, yaa eendhan sanyojan kii laagat cumm honey chaahiye, lagbhag ack copec.
copec samasya key dou sambhaavit samadhanon kii pehchaan kii gaee haye; "hotspot ignition" (paaramparik aaee. see. aff. mein bhee khoja gayaa) kaa upayog oorjaa input kii tulanaa mein oorjaa release mein badee vriddhi kii anumati detaa haye, iss prakaar laabh paksh seey samasya kaa samadhan hotaa haye. doosara kuchh ghatakon koo recycle karane kaa prayaas karna haye, yaa drav-deewaar pranaliyon key mamle mein, pahale sthaan parr koee samagri naa khoyen.