
thissalonica kii gherabandi (676-678)

676-678 mein thissalonica kii gherabandi sthaaniya slavic janjaatiyon dwara thissalonica key byzantine shahar parr kabja karane kaa ack prayaas thaa, jisamen constantinople kii pahali arab gherabandi key pratihinsa key saath byzantine samrajya kii vyastata kaa laabh uthaaya gayaa thaa. gherabandi kii ghatnaaon kaa varnan "sant demetrius key chamatkar" kii doosari pustak mein kiya gayaa haye.
prishthabhoomi.
justinian aaee () key shasankal mein, slavic janjaatiyaan ("sclaveni") pahale seey hii byzantine samrajya kii denube seema parr dikhaai dey chuki theen. agale kuchh dashakon mein, unhone thress aur iliricum mein chhaapa maaraa, jabaki kabhi-kabhi way byzantine senaa mein bhaade key sainikon key roop mein seva karate they. 560 key dashak seey, slaav samudaay nava sthaapit awaar khagnat key niyantran mein aaa gaye. chhaape badey hoe gaye aur isake parinamswarup sthaayi basti bunn gaee, vishesh roop seey jaba awaar kileband shaharon parr kabja karane mein saksham they, jisase aspas key kshetron parr shaahi niyantran khou gayaa. jabaki byzantine poorv mein faarsiyon key khilaf vyast they, 580 key dashak mein balkan mein, yahaan taka kii dakshini grees mein bhee, adhik gahare aur adhik vinashkari chhaape dekhe gaye. isi avadhi mein balkan bheetari ilaakon mein badey paimaane parr slavic basti kii shuruat hui. faras key saath shaanti sthaapit karane key baad, samrat mauris jawabi hamalon kii ack shrinkhala shuru karane mein saksham they, jisane awaar aur unake daas sahyogiyon koo vaapas bhagaa diyaa, lekin raahat alpakaalik theeh 602 mein foka key hadapane key baad, aur ack aur kii shuruat, aur isase bhee adhik vinashkari, faras key saath yuddh, balcon lagbhag rakshaaheen reh gaye, aur denube seema ack baar phir dhwast hoe gaee, joe awaar aur slavic janjaatiyon dwara prabhaavit thee, joe iss kshetra mein buss gaye.
itihaaskaar johnn vaine entwerp fine key anusaar, 610 key dashak taka, thissalonica shahar badee slavic bastiyon seey ghiraa huaa thaa, joe apani deewaar key bheetar khud koo "ack slavic samudra mein ack roman dweep" taka seemit curr rhaa thaa. sant demetrius key chamatkar" kii pahali pustak mein usa samay shahar parr kabja karane key slaavon key prayason koo darj kiya gayaa haye, pahale slaav netaa chatzone dwara ack asafal hamla, usake baad 617 mein awaar aur slaav dwara ack asafal gherabandi. 7 veen shatabdi key madhya taka, poorv roman balcon mein adhik saamanjasyapurna slavic gathbandhan ("scalavinia") sthaapit kiye gaye they. ekmatra shaahi pratikriya 658 mein aaee, jaba samrat constance dwiteeya ney thress mein abhiyaan chalaaya, kaee "scalavinia" koo shaahi niyantran mein laaya, aur kaee slaavon koo asia minor mein sthanantarit curr diyaa.
gherabandi kaa tatkaal kaaran.
sant demetrius key chamatkar" kii doosari pustak mein ack shaktishali shaasak key roop mein "rainchinoi key raajaa" key naam pratiboundos hain, joe greek bolane mein saksham honey key liye paryaapt roop seey aatmasaat they, thessalonica key saath vahaan ack nivaas banaae rakhane key bindu taka sambandh they, aur yahaan taka kii byzantine shally mein bhee pahane hue they. chamatkaron" key anusaar, slaav aur byzantine key beach maujood shaanti taba samaapt hoe gaee jaba thissalonica key-anaam-byzantine park koo soochit kiya gayaa kii pratiboundos ney shahar key khilaf jaane kii yojana banaai. park ney byzantine samrat koo isaki soochana dee, jisane usaki giraftari kaa adesh diyaa. shahar key bujurgon koo soochit karane key baad, park ney shahar mein rahane key dauran pratigaami logon koo giraftar curr liya thaa, lohe mein daal diyaa thaa aur byzantine rajdhani, constantinople koo bhej diyaa thaa.
padosi streamon ghaati, stremonitai mein rahane vaali ack slavic janjaati key saath, rainchinoi, pratiboundos kii giraftari seey bahut pareshan they. unake anurodh parr, thissalonian dooton sahit ack sanyukt pratinidhimandal unaki or seey madhyasthata karane key liye logon key paas gayaa-ack anoothi ghatana, byzantinist paul lemerley key anusaar, joe byzantine shahar aur usake "berber" padosiyon key beach aashcharyajanak roop seey karibi aur sauhaardpurna sambandhon koo darshaata haye. chamatkar" key vakyansh seey spasht hotaa haye kii pratigaami kuchh ullanghan kaa doshi thaa, kyonki dutawas koo kshama kaa anurodh karane key liye bheja gayaa thaa, lekin doshmukt naheen kiya gayaa thaa. samrat, joe arabon key saath yuddh kii vyaapak taiyari key beach thaa, ney yuddh samaapt honey key baad seema paar logon koo mukt karane kaa vaadaa kiya. doot spasht roop seey isase santusht they, aur ghar laut aae; daason key beach andolan usa kshan key liye cumm hoe gayaa. baad kii ghatnaaon ney park key sandeh koo achchi tarah seey saabit curr diyaa. pratiboundos ack shaahi anuvaadak kii sahaayata seey bhaagne mein kamyab rahey, jinn parr slavic janjaatiyon seey sambandhit mamalon kaa aarop thaa. pratigaami logon key khilaf badey paimaane parr ack khoj shuru kii gaee thee, aur thissalonica parr ack aasann slavic kadam key darr key kaaran samrat ney shahar koo chetavani dene key liye ack twarit droman bheja aur gherabandi key mamle mein savdhani baratane aur bhojan kaa bhandar karane key liye isake netaaon koo nirdesh diyaa. chaalees dinon key baad pratiboundos koo bijye key paas anuvaadak kii sampatti mein chhipa huaa paaya gayaa. anuvaadak koo nishpaadit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin pratiboundos koo pahale kii tarah constinople mein kaid mein vaapas curr diyaa gayaa thaa. bhaagne key ack aur asafal prayaas key baad, unhone saarvajanik roop seey vidroh mein sabhi slavic janjaatiyon koo uthaane aur thissalonica koo jabt karane key apane iraade kii ghoshana kii. usake kabulname key baad, usey fansi dey dee gaee.
slavic vidroh aur gherabandi.
pratigaami logon key nishpaadan kii khabar milane parr, rainchinoi vidroh mein badh gayaa, jald hii stremonity aur ack anya padosi janjaati, sagaudatai key saath shamil hoe gayaa. haalaanki, kaee anya slavic janjaatiyaan vidroh mein shamil naheen huin, aur kuchh, jaise belegezitai, roman paksh kii sahaayata karane key liye taiyar saabit hue.
thissalunica mein nakabandi aur akaal.
iss slavic leag ney thissalonica koo bhoomi dwara avaruddh curr diyaa aur usake parivesh parr chhaapa maaraa, jisamen pratyek janjaati koo ack vishisht kshetra saunpa gayaa thaah poorv aur uttar seey stremonity, dakshin seey rinkinoi aur paschim seey sagaudatai parr hamla kiya gayaa. dou saal taka harr dinn teen yaa chaar chhaape, donon bhoomi aur samudra mein, shuru kiye gaye they; sabhi pashudhan koo leey jaaya gayaa, krishi bund curr dee gaee, aur samudri yatayat bund curr diyaa gayaa. joe koee bhee shahar kii divaaron seey baahar nikla, usake maare jaane yaa pakade jaane kii sambhavana thee. itihaaskaar florin curta ney tippani kii haye kii talwar "pichhale kissy bhee gherabandi kii tulanaa mein behtar sangathit dikhaai dete hain, jisamen tirandaajon aur yoddhaon kii vishesh ikaaiyon kii senaa hoti haye joe talwar, bhaale, dhaal aur talvaaron seey lais hoti haye.
shahar samrat seey bahut cumm sahaayata kii ummeed curr sakata thaa, joe arab khatare key bavjood kissy bhee sanic koo naheen chhod sakata thaa. shahar key adhikaariyon ney sthiti koo aur kharaab curr diyaa, jinhone samrat key nirdeshon kaa paalan karate hue anaaj key bhandar mein rakhe anaaj koo bandargah mein videshi jahaajon koo saat "modi" key liye "nomism" kii darr seey bechane kii anumati dee, joe nakabandi shuru honey seey ack dinn pahale thaa. chamatkar" key anaam lekhak apane lalach aur alpadrishti key liye vaanijyik aur nagrik abhijaat varg key liye atyadhik aalochanatmak hain, jisake kaaran shahar key ander akaal kii teji seey shuruat hui. paani kii kamee seey badhe hue akaal ney nivaasiyon key beach bahut peedaa paida kii, jiska varnan "chamatkaron" key paath mein kiya gayaa haye.
sthiti itani kharaab hoe gaee kii kaee thissalunikiyon ney gherabandi karane vaalon koo dalbadal curr diyaa, joe badale mein, unamen seey kaee byzantine key darr seey unhein balcon key aantarik anya slavic janjaatiyon koo gulam key roop mein betch diyaa; aur inmein seey kuchh daason key bhaagne key baad hii, thissalunica koo apane dukhon kii khabar dete hue, dalbadal bund hoe gaye. usee sandarbh mein, lekin gujarate hue, lekhak ney shahar key uttar mein daason key ack hisse key vishvaasghaat kaa ullekh kiya haye, joe shahar key saath vyaapaar karate hue dikhaai dete hain, "hamaare sabse bahadur saathi nagrikon key phool" koo maar daala. iss maarg kaa sateek arth spasht naheen haye; yeh gherabandi dwara ack asafal sainya abhiyaan, yaa shahar mein lautane kii koshish karane vaale dalbadalon key ack samooh key narsamhar kaa sanket dey sakata haye, lekin yeh bhee ingit kartaa haye kii gherabandi karane vaalon key cumm seey cumm ack hisse (shayed, unake sthaan key aadhar parr, stremonity seey sambandhit) ney shahar key saath sambandh banaae rakhe, aur yeh kii nakabandi poori tarah seey abhedya naheen thee.
byzantine squadron kaa aagaman aur mahaan slavic hamla.
duss sashastr parivahanon key ack daste key aagaman seey kuchh raahat millie, joe sub samrat bachaa sakata thaa, kyonki vaha arabon key saath "dusare yuddh mein" lagaa huaa thaa. haalaanki, "chamatkaron" key lekhak key anusaar, naavikon ney thissalunikiyon kaa laabh uthaaya, aur unhein atyadhik badhe hue moolyon parr anaaj betch diyaa, jabaki adhikaariyon ney unhein shahar mein anaaj key kissy bhee chhipe hue bhandar kii talash key liye maanav shakti key roop mein upayog kiya. nae aagaman shahar key parivesh mein gulamon koo swatantra roop seey kaam karane seey rokane key liye paryaapt naheen they; joe koee bhee shahar kii divaaron key baahar, bhoomi yaa samudra seey, bhojan kii talash mein nikla, usey hamale kaa khatra thaa. natijatan, nagrikon aur sthaaniya parishad kii ack sabhaa ney duss jahaajon koo bhejane kaa faisala kiya, saath hii shahar mein joe bhee jalyan paaya jaa sakata thaa, sabse jordar nagrikon dwara sanchaalit, belgazitai seey bhojan praapt karane key liye, joe they pegasetic khaadi key tata parr reh rahey they.
unaki anupasthiti kaa ullekh kiya gayaa aur slaves ney shahar parr hamla karane key liye itane saare rakshakon kii anupasthiti kaa fayda uthaane kaa faisala kiya. unhone darugaubitei, ack badee janjaati, yaa janjaatiyon key sangh, joe thissalonica key uttar-paschim mein rahate they, seey sahaayata maangi, jinhen gherabandi key injan banaane kaa gyaan thaa. gherabandi mein drugobitai kii bhagidari kii seema spasht naheen haye; lemerley key anusaar, unhone sambhavatah kewal injan aur shayed apane chaalak dall pradaan kiye. iss prakaar prabalit, slaavon ney 25 julaai koo "paanchven induction" (677) parr apana nirnaayak hamla shuru kiya.
chamatkaron" key vivaran key anusaar, sant demetrius key pahale chamatkari hastakshep key kaaran stremonity rook gayaa aur shahar kii divaaron seey teen meal door honey key baad vaapas muda gayaa; iss dalbadal key kaaran agyaat hain, lekin isane prabhaavi roop seey ladaai kaa khamiyaja uthaane key liye kewal rainchinoi aur sagaudtai koo chhod diyaa. chamatkar" kii charitraatmak prakriti aur samanya saahityik topoi key upayog key kaaran, khaate seey ladaai key baare mein vivaran praapt karna mushkil haye; nishchit roop seey drugaubatai dwara pradaan kiye gaye gherabandi injanon kaa ullekh ghatnaaon mein koee vishesh bhoomika nibhaane key roop mein naheen kiya gayaa haye. teen dinon mein, 25 seey 27 julaai taka, slaves ney shahar kii divaaron parr hamale shuru kiye, lekin swayam sant demetrius key "chamatkaron" key anusaar, rakshakon dwara sahaayata key saath, jinhen peechhe hataaya gayaa, jinhone hamalon koo peechhe hataane key liye kaee baar hastakshep kiya. vishesh roop seey unhein vyaktigat roop seey, paidal aur ack kudgel dhaaran karate hue, arctose naamak sthaan parr ack postern key khilaf drugobitei dwara kiye gaye hamale koo peechhe hataane key liye darj kiya gayaa haye-ack aisee ghatana jisaki vyakhya kuchh aadhunik tippanikaron ney iss baat kaa sanket dete hue kii slaav shahar mein ghus gaye they. 27 tarikh kii shaam koo, daason ney hamale koo chhod diyaa aur peechhe hutt gaye, apane saath gir gaye, lekin gherabandi key injanon koo chhod diyaa, jinhen thissalunikiyon ney shahar mein leey liya thaa. kuchh dinon baad, dasaili bheja gayaa abhiyaan gehuun aur sookhi sabjiyon seey bharaa huaa vaapas aaa gayaa.
shaahi abhiyaan aur nakabandi kaa anta.
hamale kii viphalata aur shahar kii khaadya aapoorti kii safal punahpurti key bavjood, slaavon ney apani nakabandi aur chhaapon key saath jaari rakhaa, shahar key chaaron or ghaat lagaakar hamla kiya, lekin shahar parr unakaa dabaav kuchh hudd taka cumm hoe gayaa. unakaa dhyaan abb samudra kii or sthanantarit hoe gayaa, aur samudri vyaparik yatayat key khilaf chhaape maare, naa kewal paaramparik adim monoxyla kaa upayog karate hue, balki vaastavik jahaajon kaa upayog karate hue, joe uchch samudron mein naukaayan karane mein saksham they. inke saath unhone uttari agean key paar chhaapa maaraa, yahaan taka kii dardanels mein pravesh kiya aur marmara key samudra mein proconessos taka pahunche.
yeh taba taka chalaa jaba taka kii samrat ney anya chintaon seey mukt hocker apani senaa koo thress key madhyam seey slaav (kewal stremonity kaa naam abb seey ullekh kiya gayaa haye) key khilaf aage badhane kaa adesh naheen diyaa. slaves kii haal kii samudri dakaiti gatividhi koo dekhate hue nausena key liye samaan aadeshon kii aashcharyajanak anupasthiti parr lemerley kii tippani, lekin yeh maanata haye kii abhiyaan kaa uddeshya samasya koo usaki jarh seey hull karna thaa, joe jimmedaar janjaatiyon key aavason parr hamla thaa. samrat key iradon kii khabar praapt karane vaale stremonity key paas apani raksha taiyar karane, paas aur anya ranneetik padon parr kabja karane aur anya janjaatiyon koo sahaayata key liye bulaane key liye paryaapt samay thaa. phir bhee, unhein shaahi sainikon dwara nirnaayak roop seey haraaya gayaa aur bhaagne key liye majboor kiya gayaa; yahaan taka kii thissalonica key paas kii bastiyon koo bhee chhod diyaa gayaa, kyonki daason ney aantarik bhaag kii or sharan lii. nihatthe mahilaaon aur bachchon sahit bhookhe thissalunikiyon ney bhojan key liye paas kii slavic bastiyon koo lootane kaa avsar liya. samrat ney yuddhpoton dwara majboot anurakshan key tahat ack anaaj bedaa bhee bheja, joe shahar key liye 60,000 gehuun key upaay leey jaa rhaa thaa, jise lemerley arab khatare key baad balcon mein nirnaayak roop seey hastakshep karane key liye byzantine kendra sarkaar kii naee kshamata kaa ack vakpatu pramaan maanata haye. isake baad, slaavon ney shaanti vaarta kaa anurodh kiya, jisake parinam kaa ullekh naheen kiya gayaa haye.
kalakram key prashn.
chamatkar" mein "paanchvin bolly" key alawa kissy vishisht tithi kaa ullekh naheen haye, jisase aadhunik vidvaanon dwara inn ghatnaaon key samay key baare mein atkalen lagaai jaati hain. kuchh vidvaanon ney unnisvin shatabdi key german itihaaskaar key prastaav kaa paalan kiya, jinhone 634 mein ghatnaaon koo rakhaa, lekin tatkalin shaasak samrat, hackrelius () sthir naheen they, aur naa hii arabon key saath sangharsh shuru huaa thaa. helen antoniades-bibicou aur haleena everut-kapesova ney ack alag punarnirmaan kaa sujhaav diyaa, jisamen 644 mein pratiboundos kii giraftari hui, usake baad thessalonica kii dou saal kii gherabandi, 647 mein "paanchven induction" parr mahaan slavic hamale key saath, usake baad 648/649 mein stremonitai key khilaf ack shaahi abhiyaan. charles dial aur anya logon ney baad vaale kii pehchaan 657-658 mein constance II key abhiyaan key saath kii; heinry gragoire ney 692 koo samanya hamale kii tarikh key roop mein sujhaaya, lekin byzantine aur arab taba seey pahale key varshon mein shaanti seey they. ack anya siddhant, jise anya logon key beach fraansis dwornick aur constantin jirechek dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, ney 687/688 mein justinian II () dwara shuru kiye gaye abhiyaan key saath gherabandi key anta mein abhiyaan kii pehchaan kii, jaba samrat ney thress aur macedonia key madhyam seey thissalonica taka vyaktigat roop seey ack abhiyaan kaa netritva kiya, iss prakaar baad vaale aur constantinople key beach jamini sambandh koo bahaal kiya. yeh varshon mein gherabandi karega, lekin ack baar phir, yeye varsh arabon key saath shaanti kii avadhi thee.
aaj adhikansh vidvaanon dwara sweekaar kiya gayaa kalakram vaha haye jise paul lemerley ney "chamatkaron" key apane aalochanatmak sanskaran mein sthaapit kiya haye, joe kaee karakon parr nirbhar kartaa haih pichhale slavic gherabandi key baad seey beet gayaa mahaan samay, jaisa kii kathaa seey anuman lagaaya gayaa haye, pahale kii taarikhon key bahishkaar kii or ishara kartaa haye; gherabandi key dauran shasson karane vaalaa samrat vahee thaa jaba vivaran sankalit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen nyaaysangat II koo shamil naheen kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki lekhak dwara vyaktigat roop seey arabon key saath unake aagaman kaa ullekh kiya gayaa hoga; aur samrat kii arabon key saath sangharsh mein vyastata, joe 662 koo hataa detee haye, jaba araab pahale fitna key kaaran zantium dwara shaanti mein they. yeh chhodata haye 676/677, jaba sangrodh IV () key tahat byzantine kaa saamana 671/672 mein umayyad khaleefaa dwara shuru kiye gaye vishal hamale seey huaa, joe 674-678 mein constantinople kii gherabandi mein samaapt huaa, kyonki srot mein varnit sabhi tathyon seey mell khaane vaalaa ekmatra "paanchvaan shabd". punarnirmit kalakram joe lemerley ney sujhaav diyaa kii 676 kii shuruat mein kissy samay pratiboundos kii giraftari aur nishpaadan kiya jaataa haye, jisamen slavic gathbandhan ney 676 kii garmiyon mein gherabandi shuru kii aur julaai 677 mein thissalonica key khilaf mahaan hamale mein samaapt huaa. stremonitai key khilaf shaahi abhiyaan, aur gherabandi koo uthaana, 678 kii garmiyon mein arab bede key vinash aur sthir logon key liye arab khatare key anta key baad huaa. andreas stratos ney ack aur bhee lambi samay-seema kaa prastaav rakhaa haye, jisamen pratigaami sambandh 672-674 mein kuchh samay key liye hoe rhaa haye, uska nishpaadan 674/675 mein hoe rhaa haye, jaise hii arab gherabandi gambhir roop seey shuru hui, usake baad 675 mein thissalonica parr slavic hamalon kii shuruat hui. baaki mein, vaha bhee lemerley key kalakram kaa paalan kartaa haye.

