
bhaugolik samanvaya pranali

bhaugolik samanvaya pranali (jee. see. aiss.) akshansh aur deshantar key roop mein prithvi parr seedhe sthitiyon koo maapane aur sanchaarit karane key liye ack golakar yaa bhoo-samamit samanvaya pranali haye. yeh upayog mein aaney vaali vibhinn sthaanik sandarbh pranaliyon mein sabse saral, sabse purani aur sabse vyaapak roop seey upayog kii jaane vaali pranali haye, aur adhikansh anya key liye aadhar banati haye. yadyapi akshansh aur deshantar ack cartasian nirdeshank pranali kii tarah ack nirdeshank tupple banaate hain, bhaugolik nirdeshank pranali cartasian naheen haye kyonki maap konn hain aur samtal satah parr naheen hain.
ack poorna jee. see. aiss. vinirdesh, jaise kii ee. pee. aiss. jee. aur aaee. aiss. oh. 19111 manakon mein soochibaddh, mein bhoo-samamiti (prithvi deerghavritt sahit) kaa ack vikalp bhee shamil haye, kyonki vibhinn dattansh ack hii sthaan key liye alag-alag akshansh aur deshantar maan pradaan karenge.
itihas.
ack bhaugolik samanvaya pranali key aavishkaar kaa shreya aam taur parr cyrene key eratosthenis koo diyaa jaataa haye, jinhone teesari shatabdi eesaa poorv mein alekjendar key pustakalaya mein apana abb khoya huaa "bhugol" banaaya thaa. ack shatabdi baad, nikea key hipparcus ney saur oonchaai key bajaay taarakiya maap seey akshansh kaa nirdhaaran karke aur mrit ganana key bajaay chandra grahan key samay seey deshantar kaa nirdhaaran karke iss pranali mein sudhaar kiya. pahali yaa doosari shatabdi mein, tyre key marinus ney ack vyaapak rajpatrak sankalit kiya aur sabse paschimi gyaat bhoomi parr ack pramukh meridian seey poorv mein maapa gayaa nirdeshank kaa upayog karke ganitiya roop seey vishva maanchitra taiyar kiya, bhagyashali dweepon koo naamit kiya, paschimi africa key tata seey door cannery yaa cape verde dweepon key aspas, aur asia minor seey door roads dweep key uttar yaa dakshin mein maapa gayaa. tolemy ney unhein madhya garmi key dinn kii lambai key sandarbh mein akshansh koo maapane key bajaay deshantar aur akshansh koo poori tarah seey apanaane kaa shreya diyaa.
tolemy key doosari shatabdi key "bhugol" mein usee pramukh meridian kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, lekin isake bajaay bhoomadhya rekha seey akshansh koo maapa gayaa thaa. 9veen shatabdi mein unake kaam kaa arabi mein anuvaad honey key baad, all-khwarizmi kii "prithvi key vivaran kii pustak" ney bhoomadhya sagar kii lambai key baare mein marinus aur tolemy kii trutiyon koo thheek kiya, jisase madhyayugeen arabi maanchitran tolemy kii rekha key lagbhag 10° poorv mein ack pramukh meridian kaa upayog karane key liye prerit huaa. 1300 seey thodaa pahale tolemy key paath kii maximus planudes kii punarpraapti key baad europe mein ganitiya maanchitran phir seey shuru huaa; 1407 key aspas jacopo dee 'angelo dwara paath kaa florence mein lattin mein anuvaad kiya gayaa thaa.
1884 mein, sanyukt raajya america ney antarrashtriya meridian sammelan kii mejbani kii, jisamen panchish deshon key pratinidhiyon ney bhaag liya. unamen seey bice greenwich, ingland mein shaahi vedhshala key deshantar koo shoonya-sandarbh rekha key roop mein apanaane key liye sahmat hue. dominican ganarajya ney prastaav key khilaf matdan kiya, jabaki france aur brazil ney matdan seey parhej kiya. france ney 1911 mein peris vedhshala dwara sthaaniya nirdharanon key sthaan parr greenwich maadhya samay koo apanaaya.
akshansh aur deshantar.
akshansh" (sankshipt roopah akshansh.prithvi kii satah parr ack bindu kaa, yaa faaee) bhoomadhyarekhiya tala aur usa seedhi rekha key beach kaa konn haye joe usa bindu seey hocker gujarati haye aur prithvi key kendra seey (yaa usake karib) gujarati haye. prithvi kii satah parr samaan akshansh key binduon mein shamil honey vaali rekhaaen samanantar kahalaati hain, kyonki way bhoomadhya rekha aur ack dusare key samanantar hoti hain. uttari dhruv 90°n haye aur dakshini dhruv 90°s haye. akshansh key 0° samanantar koo bhoomadhya rekha naamit kiya gayaa haye, joe sabhi bhaugolik samanvaya pranaliyon kaa maulik tala haye. bhoomadhya rekha globe koo uttari aur dakshini golardhon mein vibhajit karati haye.
deshantar" (sankshipt roopah lamba.,, yaa lambda) prithvi kii satah parr ack bindu kaa konn ack sandarbh meridian key poorv yaa paschim mein ack anya meridian key liye hotaa haye joe usa bindu seey gujarta haye. sabhi meridian badey deerghavritt (jinhen aksar badey vritt kahaa jaataa haye) key aadhe bhaag hain, joe uttar aur dakshin dhruvon parr milate hain. dakshin-poorv landan, ingland mein greenwich mein british shaahi vedhshala kaa meridian antarrashtriya pramukh meridian haye, halanki kuchh sangathan-jaise kii francisi-aantarik uddeshyon key liye anya meridian kaa upayog karna jaari rakhate hain. pramukh meridian uchit purvi aur paschimi golardhon koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye, halanki maanchitra aksar purani duniya koo ack taraf rakhane key liye inn golardhon koo aur paschim mein vibhajit karate hain. greenwich kaa antipodal meridian 180° doubleu aur 180° ee donon haye. ise antarrashtriya tithi rekha key saath naheen jodaa jaanaa chaahiye, joe raajneetik aur suvidha karanon seey kaee sthaanon parr isase alag hoe jaati haye, jisamen sudur purvi roose aur sudur paschimi aleutian dweepon key beach shamil hain.
inn donon ghatakon kaa sanyojan oonchaai yaa gaharaai parr vichaar kiye binaa prithvi kii satah parr kissy bhee sthaan kii sthiti koo nirdisht kartaa haye. akshansh aur deshantar kii rekhaaon dwara banaae gaye maanchitra parr drishya grid koo "upchhaaya" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. iss pranali kaa mool/shoonya bindu ginny kii khaadi mein tema, ghaana key dakshin mein sthit haye, ack sthaan jise aksar nakali dweep kahaa jaataa haye.
bhoo-ganitiya datum.
urdhvaadhar" aur "kshaitij" satah kii disha key baare mein spasht honey key liye, jisake oopar way maap rahey hain, maanchitra nirmaata ack diye gaye mool aur abhivinyas key saath ack sandarbh deerghavritt kaa chayan karate hain joe kshetra koo maanchitrit karane kii unaki aavashyakta key liye sabse upayukt haye. isake baad way usa dirghvrittakar parr golakar samanvaya pranali kaa sabse upayukt maanchitran chunate hain, jise sthaliya sandarbh pranali yaa bhoo-ganitiya datum kahaa jaataa haye.
datum vaishvik hoe sakate hain, jiska arth haye kii way poori prithvi kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, yaa way sthaaniya hoe sakate hain, jiska arth haye kii way prithvi key kewal ack hisse key liye ack dirghvrittakar sabse upayukt kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. chandrama aur soorya key kaaran mahadvipiya plate gati, avakraman aur dainik prithvi jwaariya gati key kaaran prithvi kii satah parr bindu ack dusare key saapeksh chalate hain. yeh dainik gatividhi ack meater taka hoe sakati haye. mahadvipiya andolan ack varsh yaa ack shatabdi taka hoe sakata haye. ack mausam pranali uchch dabaav kshetra ack doobane kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. pichhale himm yug kii burf kii chadaron key pighalane key parinamswarup scandinavia ack saal seey badh rhaa haye, lekin padosi scotland kewal badh rhaa haye. yadi sthaaniya datum kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye tou yeye parivartan mahatvaheen hain, lekin yadi vaishvik datum kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye tou saankhyikiya roop seey mahatvapurna hain.
vaishvik datum key udaharanon mein vishva bhoo-ganitiya pranali (doubleu. jee. aiss. 84, jise ee. pee. aiss. jee.: 4326 key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye), vaishvik sthiti pranali key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa default datum, aur antarrashtriya sthaliya sandarbh pranali aur frame (aaee. tii. aar. aff.) shamil hain, jinka upayog mahadvipiya bahaav aur crustle viroopan kaa anuman lagaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. prithvi key kendra kii doori kaa upayog bahut gahari sthiti aur antariksh mein sthiti donon key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
ack rashtriya maanchitran sangathan dwara chune gaye sthaaniya datum mein uttari americi datum, europeeya aid 50 aur british osgb 36 shamil hain. ack sthaan koo dekhate hue, datum akshansh sootra _ 1 aur deshantar sootra _ 2 pradaan kartaa haye. united kingdam mein upayog mein teen samanya akshansh, deshantar aur oonchaai pranaaliyan hain. wgs84 greenwich mein prakaashit maanchitron osgb36 parr upayog kiye jaane vaale seey lagbhag 112 meater alag haye. naato dwara upayog kii jaane vaali sainya pranali aid50, lagbhag 120 meater seey 180 meater taka bhinn hoti haye.
sthaaniya datum key khilaf banaae gaye maanchitra parr akshansh aur deshantar ack jee. pee. aiss. receiver seey praapt akshansh key samaan naheen hoe sakata haye. nirdeshank koo ack datum seey dusare datum mein parivartit karane key liye ack datum parivartan kii aavashyakta hoti haye jaise kii helmert parivartan, halanki kuchh sthitiyon mein ack saral anuvaad paryaapt hoe sakata haye.
lokpriya jee. aaee. aiss. software mein, akshansh/deshantar mein prakshepit detta koo aksar "bhaugolik samanvaya pranali" key roop mein darshaaya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, akshansh/deshantar mein detta yadi datum 1983 kaa uttari americi datum haye tou ise 'jee. see. aiss. uttari americi 1983' dwara darshaaya jaataa haye.
ack degree kii lambai.
bhoomadhya rekha parr samudra tala parr jee. aar. aiss. 80 yaa doubleu. jee. aiss. 84 golakar parr, ack akshansh doosara maap 30.715 aim., ack akshansh minut 1843 meater aur ack akshansh degree 110.6 kimmy haye. deshantar key vritt, meridian, bhaugolik dhruvon parr milate hain, akshansh badhane key saath ack sekand kii paschim-poorv chaudaai swabhavik roop seey cumm hoe jaati haye. samudra tala parr bhoomadhya rekha parr, ack anudairdhya doosara maap 30.92 m haye, ack anudairdhya minut 1855 meater haye aur ack anudairdhya degree 111.3 kimmy haye. 30° parr ack anudairdhya sekand 26.76 m haye, greenwich (51°28′38′n) parr 19.22 m haye, aur 60° parr yeh 15.42 m haye.
doubleu. jee. aiss. 84 spheroid parr, akshansh parr akshansh kii degree key meater mein lambai (yaani, akshansh mein 1 degree sthanantarit karane key liye aapako uttar-dakshin rekha key saath yatra karane key liye meater kii sankhya, jaba akshansh parr hoe), lagbhag haye.
meater prati degree akshansh kaa vaapas kiya gayaa maap akshansh key saath lagaatar badalata rahata haye.
isi tarah, deshantar kii degree kii lambai kii ganana meater mein iss prakaar kii jaa sakati haye -
sootra donon meater prati degree kii vaapsee ikaaiyaan hain.
akshansh sootra _ 1 parr anudairdhya degree kii lambai kaa anuman lagaane key liye ack vaikalpik vidhi ack golakar prithvi koo maan lena haye (prati minut aur sekand chaudaai praapt karane key liye, kramshah 60 aur 3600 seey vibhajit karein):
jahan prithvi kii ausat meridian trijya sootra _ 4 haye. choonki prithvi ack oblet golakar haye, golakar naheen, isaliye parinam ack pratishat key kaee dasaven hisse taka bund hoe sakata haye; akshansh sootra _ 1 parr anudairdhya degree kaa behtar anuman haye
jahan prithvi kaa bhoomadhyarekhiya trijya sootra _ 6 6,378,137 m aur sootra _ 7 key barabar haye; grs80 aur wgs84 spheroids key liye, sootra _ 8. (sootra _ 9 koo cumm (yaa parametric) akshansh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye). goal karane key alawa, yeh akshansh key samanantar key saath sateek doori haye; sabse chhote maarg key saath doori praapt karna adhik kaam hoga, lekin way donon doori hamesha ack dusare key 0.6 meater key bheetar hoti hain yadi donon bindu deshantar key ack degree key antar parr hotey hain.
vaikalpik kootlekhan.
bahu-ankiya sankhyaon kii kissy bhee shrinkhala kii tarah, akshansh-deshantar jode koo samvaad karna aur yaad rakhna chunautipurna hoe sakata haye. isaliye, jee. see. aiss. nirdeshank koo varnaanukramik string yaa shabdon mein kootbaddh karane key liye vaikalpik yojanaaen vikasit kii gaee hainh
yeye alag-alag samanvaya pranaaliyan naheen hain, kewal akshansh aur deshantar maap koo vyakt karane key liye vaikalpik tareeke hain.

