
lactainstein rashtriyata kaanoon

lactainstein rashtriyata kaanoon una sharton kaa vivaran detaa haye jinake dwara ack vyakti lactainstein kaa rashtriya haye. inn aavashyaktaon koo niyantrit karane vaalaa praathamik kaanoon nagrikta key adhigrahan aur haani parr kaanoon haye, joe 4 janwari 1934 koo lagu huaa.
lichtenstein europeeya mukt vyaapaar sangh (ee. aff. tii. aeye.) aur shengen kshetra kaa ack sadasya raajya haye. sabhi lactainstein nagrikon koo kissy bhee europeeya sangh (eu) yaa efta desh mein rahane aur kaam karane kii swachaalit aur sthaayi anumati hoti haye.
cumm seey cumm ack maataa-pitaa key ghar mein paida honey vaalaa koee bhee vyakti janm key samay nagrikta praapt kartaa haye, chaahe vaha janm sthaan kaa hoe. videshi nagrik cumm seey cumm 5 varshon taka desh mein rahane key baad, kissy bhee pichhali rashtriyata koo tyagane, lokpriya vote dwara nagarpalika key sthaaniya nagrik key roop mein sweekaar kiye jaane aur german bhasha mein praveenta pradarshit karane key baad swabhavik hoe sakate hain.
itihas.
19veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, german bhoomi atyadhik vikendrikrit pavitra roman samrajya kaa mool hissa thee. samrajya key bheetar lagbhag 1,800 vyaktigat raajneetik sansthaon mein seey pratyek kii alag-alag (yaa gair-maujood) paribhaashaaen theen kii way kise apani rajneeti kaa sadasya maanate they. "iss sandarbh mein "nagrikta" ack vishesh nagarpalika mein ack vyakti key niptan seey bandhi thee aur unake nivaas key samanya sthaanon key baahar paae jaane vaale vyaktiyon koo shaahi kshetra key anya hisson mein nirvaasit kiya jaa sakata thaa.
riyasat mein pravesh aur prasthaan koo sakhti seey niyantrit kiya gayaa thaa; kissy bhee vyakti koo joe lactainstein mein pravesh karna chaahata thaa, usey sthaaniya swami key prati nishtha rakhane vaale samanti bandhuon kii leag mein apani sweekriti khareedane kii aavashyakta thee. lichtenstein mein graameen samudaayon ney sthaaniya graameen sahakaari samitiyon mein bhaag lene key liye vyaktiyon key liye aavashyak pravesh shulk key saath nae nagrikon kii sankhya koo bhee pratibandhit curr diyaa. ack mahila joe apane gaanv key baahar shaadi karati haye, apane aap apane pichhale sahakaari adhikaaron koo khou detee haye aur usake pati koo apane sthaaniya samudaay mein apane adhikaaron key liye bhugtan karna padata haye. ack anya lactainstein nagarpalika seey ack patni koo laane kii phees ack videshi patni kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm thee. janm key samay bachchon ney apane pitaa key gaanv key adhikaar apane aap praapt curr liye. joe loga lactainstein key vishay they lekin sthaaniya samudaay seey sambandhit naheen they, unhein iss naam seey jaanaa jaataa thaa.
nagriktak aadhunik avadharana, ekta vyaktike aaa rajyake beach ekta aupchaarik aaa kanuni sambandhak roopme jey dhaarakken visheshaadhikaar pradaan karait chhaik aaa ekta sthiti jey kshetriya nivaasasan parey seho bunnel rahait chhaik, francisi kranti key dauran ubharalae. 1806 mein pavitra roman samrajya key vighatan key baad, nagrikta key iss model koo german kshetron mein ayaat kiya gayaa thaa joe raain key francisi netritva vaale sangh kaa hissa bunn gayaa thaa, halanki iss avadhi seey koee bhee lagu kaanoon 1810 key dashak mein napolean yuddhon mein francisi haar key turant baad nirast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss parisangh key baahar, austriya ney 1811 mein aadhunik nagrikta avadharana key aadhar parr apane pahale samhitaabaddh niyamon koo lagu kiya. lactainstein rajkumaron aur habsberg key ghar key beach ghanishth sambandhon key kaaran, desh ney 1812 mein sthaaniya kaanoon mein austriyai niyamon koo apanaaya. iss kaanoon key tahat, videshi nagrik seva mein pravesh karke, una vyavsaayon mein kaaryarat hocker nagrikta praapt curr sakate they jinake liye lactainstein mein nivaas kii aavashyakta hoti thee, yaa cumm seey cumm 10 varshon taka riyasat key bheetar reh sakate they. nagrikta dene key liye rajkumar yaa ack upayukt adalat key adhikaari key vivek parr manjuri dee gaee thee. lactainstein nagrik pitaaon key janm key baad paida hue bachchon koo janm key samay hii nagrikta mill jaati haye.
1842 aur 1843 mein vidhaayi sudhaaron ney sthaaniya nagrikta kii avadharana koo aupchaarik roop diyaa (lichtenstein nagrikta key vipareet), jisamen paaramparik roop seey sthaaniya gaanvon dwara diye gaye sahakaari adhikaar aur samudayik sampattiyon kaa saha-swaamitva shamil thaa. sthaaniya nagrikta swachaalit roop seey vansh dwara bachchon koo paarit kii gaee thee yaa ack samudaay mein nivaas kii khareed dwara praapt kii jaa sakati thee. anya sabhi vyakti sthaaniya nagrik key roop mein pravesh key liye aavedan curr sakate hain. halanki kaanoon dwara aavashyak naheen haye, samudayik prashaasan aksar aavedan key saath aage badhane seey pahale shulk key bhugtan kii maang karate hain. usa ilaake kii samudayik sabhaaen (matdan karane key liye paatr pratyek nagrik seey bunny) jisamen aavedak baad mein shamil honey kaa irada rakhate they, unake pravesh parr vichaar-vimarsh kiya. sabhi aavedan kendra sarkaar dwara antim anumodan key adheen they, joe kissy bhee anudan koo veeto karane kii vivekadhin shakti rakhta thaa. 1842/1843 sanshodhanon key tahat, nae lactainstein nagrikon koo raajya key prati nishtha kii shapath lene aur apane janmasthan, pichhale rojgar aur vittiya sampattiyon kaa vivaran dene vaale dastaveji sakshya prastut karane kii aavashyakta hoe gaee.
german parisangh key bheetar neeti sanrekhan.
vienna kii congress key parinamswarup, german sangh koo 1815 mein pavitra roman samrajya key sthaayi pratisthaapan key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa aur isamen lagbhag poorv samrajya kaa puuraa kshetra shamil thaa. yeh raajneetik sanrachana ack sanghiya raajya naheen thee aur samprabhu shakti 38 vyaktigat sadasya raajyon key saath bunny rahee. pratyek raajya ney nagrikta parr adhikaar kshetra banaae rakhaa, lekin unamen seey adhikansh ney 19veen shatabdi key madhya taka iss vishay parr koee vishisht samhitaabaddh kaanoon paarit naheen kiye.
parisangh mein koee bhee lagu samkaaleen kaanoon raajyon key beach asangat thaa aur aam taur parr kissy vishesh vyakti kii nagrikta nirdhaarit karane mein aprabhaavi thaa. raajya key niyamon ney aksar kissy prakaar kii nagrikta kaa astitva maanaa joe ack bachche koo unake janm key samay unake pitaa seey viraasat mein milegi. haalaanki, 18veen shatabdi mein paida huaa koee bhee vyakti joe pavitra roman samrajya key usa kshetra kaa nagrik hotaa joe abb ack raajneetik ikai key roop mein maujood naheen thaa, usey raajya kaanoon mein ack avyakhyayit sthiti praapt hoti.
isake vipareet, pratyek raajya ney 1820 key dashak taka sangh key kuchh yaa sabhi anya sadasyon key saath cumm seey cumm ack sandhi kii thee jisamen raajya kii nagrikta key binaa avaanchhaniya vyaktiyon key nirvaasan aur "antarnihit prakritikkaran" kii prakriya kaa vivaran diyaa gayaa thaa. ack german joe cumm seey cumm 10 varshon taka dusare raajya mein rhaa thaa, usey apane nae adhivaas mein nihit roop seey swabhavik maanaa jaataa thaa. ack antarnihit roop seey swabhavik pitaa ney apane badale hue nagrikta key darje koo apane poore parivaar koo apane aap paarit curr diyaa hoga. saat raajyon mein, iss prakriya koo kissy bhee videshi key liye vistaarit kiya gayaa thaa joe nyuntam nivaas kii aavashyakta koo puuraa kartaa thaa. inn antarrajyiya sandhiyon ney aspasht sthiti vaale vyaktiyon kii sthiti koo bhee spasht kiya, jinhen unake janmasthan kii samkaaleen maujooda nagrikta dee gaee thee (yadi vaha anishchit thee, tou vaha sthaan jahan way paae gaye they). germans ney apani raajya nagrikta khou dee yadi way sthaayi roop seey kaheen aur rahane key iraade seey raajya kshetra chhod dete hain, pravaas karane kii aupchaarik anumati praapt curr lete hain, yaa anyatha cumm seey cumm 10 varshon taka lagaatar apane grih raajya key baahar rahate hain.
saiddhaantik roop seey, german sangh key samvidhaan ney ack samanya german rashtriyata kaa nirmaan kiya. dastaavez key anuchhed 18 mein pratyek german key liye buniyaadi adhikaaron key ack samooh kaa vivaran diyaa gayaa haye; ack german raajya kaa koee bhee vishay parisangh key kissy bhee hisse mein swatantra roop seey sampatti khareedane, unhein pravesh dene key ichchuk anya raajyon mein pravaas karane, dusare raajya key sashastr balon yaa nagrik seva mein soochibaddh honey aur pravaas parr curr seey mukt honey kaa hakdar thaa. vyavhaar mein, sadasya raajyon ney anya raajyon key germans koo apane kshetron mein swatantra roop seey pravaas karane kii anumati naheen dee, jisase inn samvaidhaanik adhikaaron parr aam taur parr vivaad huaa. frankfurt sansad ney ack ekikrit german rashtriyata key iss vichaar parr vistaar kiya; alpakaalik 1848-1849 german samrajya kaa koee bhee raajya nagrik bhee ack german rashtriya thaa, aur sabhi german nagrikon koo kissy bhee german raajya key nagrikon key samaan adhikaar they.
1849 mein german sangh key punargathan key baad raajyon key beach bahupakshiya vaarta phir seey shuru hui. prussia aur 20 anya raajya 1851 mein gotha sandhi parr sahmat hue, jisane antarnihit prakritikkaran key liye nivaas kii aavashyakta koo paanch saal taka cumm curr diyaa aur anya german raajyon mein pravaas aur sangh key baahar key kshetradhikaron mein pravaas key beach ack aupchaarik antar pesh kiya. sabhi german raajyon ney 1861 taka iss sandhi koo sweekaar curr liya thaa. 1866 mein austriya-russie yuddh key parinamswarup german sangh key patan key baad, lactainstein ney apani senaa koo samaapt curr diyaa aur ack tatasth swatantra raajya bunn gayaa. shesh sangh raajyon kaa adhikansh hissa navgathit prussian key netritva vaale uttar german sangh mein shamil hoe gayaa, joe baad mein 1871 mein german samrajya bunn gayaa.
naagariktaaen khareed lii.
1864 taka, lichtenstein nagrikon key liye sthaaniya nagrikta naheen rakhna sambhav thaa. usa varsh kii shuruat mein, kissy bhee vyakti koo ack lactainstein nagrik key roop mein swabhavik roop seey sweekaar karane kii guaranti ack sthaaniya samudaay dwara dee jaayegi, basharte kii way pravesh shulk kaa bhugtan curr sakein joe inn samudaayon dwara liya jaanaa jaari rakhaa gayaa hoe. videshi purushon seey shaadi karane vaali mahilaaon ney swachaalit roop seey apani nagrikta khou dee, aur videshi mahilaaen joe purushon seey shaadi karati hain, way nagrik bunn gaeen. 1864 key parivartanon ney bhee visangat sthiti koo thheek karane kaa prayaas kiya. jabaki way pahale kewal samudaayon key vivek parr sthaaniya nagrik banane mein saksham they, way adhikaar dwara usa sthiti koo praapt karane key liye paatr hoe gaye, halanki kewal ack pravesh shulk key bhugtan key saath. kuchh sthaaniya samudaay iss samooh koo ekikrit karane seey incar karane mein lagey rahey aur unake pravesh koo avaruddh karane key liye atyadhik shulk kii maang kii, jisase kendra sarkaar dwara hastakshep kiya gayaa.
1920 taka kewal sthaaniya nagrikta praapt karane key liye shulk liya jaataa thaa. usa varsh vidhaayi sudhaar ney raajya koo lactainstein nagrikta key liye avedakon seey maudrik shulk lena shuru karane kii anumati dee, joe nagarpalikaon dwara lagaae gaye shulk kaa cumm seey cumm 20 pratishat hoga. isake alawa, rashtriya sarkaar "vishesh vichaar key yogya mamalon mein" pichhali rashtriyataon koo tyagane kii aavashyakta koo maaf curr sakati haye. inn "khareede gaye nagrikon" key liye shulk mein lagaatar vriddhi kii gaee thee; pratyek aavedak 1934 mein sthaaniya nagrikta key liye 15,000 swiss frank aur rashtriya nagrikta key liye 7,500 kaa bhugtan karane kii ummeed curr sakata thaa, joe 1938 taka badhkar 25,000 aur 12,500 frank hoe gayaa thaa. nagrikta key iss maarg key liye avedakon koo leachtenstein mein rahane kii aavashyakta naheen thee aur naa hii unhein desh key saath kissy parivarik connection kii aavashyakta thee, lekin prakritikkaran prakriya key hisse key roop mein unhein sthaaniya nagrikta bhee praapt naheen hui thee. khareede gaye nagrik honey key naate una vyaktiyon key janm lene vaale bachchon koo samanya roop seey mool roop seey nagrikta praapt hui, jisake kaaran 1938 mein kewal 50 yaa usase adhik ayu key vyaktiyon koo hii nagrikta dee gaee.
switzerland aur germany iss nagrikta maarg key liye atyadhik mahatvapurna they, vishesh roop seey nivaas kii aavashyakta kii kamee key liye. haalaanki 1934 key rashtriyata kaanoon key sanshodhan key tahat teen saal key nivaas kii avadhi takniki roop seey aavashyak hoe gaee, lekin ise kabhi bhee lagu naheen kiya gayaa. switzerland ney prakritikkaran kii iss vidhi parr chinta vyakt karna jaari rakhaa aur baad mein anurodh kiya kii unaki sarkaar koo lactainstein nagrikta key nae anudan koo manjuri dene kaa adhikaar diyaa jaae. lactainstein ney 1941 mein swiss key saath hastaaksharit ack aapravaasan samjhaute key tahat ise sweekaar kiya, jisane donon deshon key beach vyaktiyon kii swatantra aavaajaahi bhee sthaapit kii. doosari or, switzerland ney iss samjhaute key tahat ack videshi nivasi key liye ack prakritikkaran koo ack lactainstein nagrik key roop mein sansaadhit karane kaa adhikaar banaae rakhaa; swiss sarkaar apane swayam key kadey rashtriyata kaanoon koo darkinar curr sakati thee taaki vaha prabhaavi roop seey uchch moolya curr nivaasiyon koo praakritik banaa sakey.
1955 key noteboham mamle mein, antarrashtriya nyayalaya ney faisala sunaaya kii gwatemala kaa ack aise nagrik koo rajanyik suraksha dene kaa koee daayitva naheen thaa jisane desh mein nivaas kii avadhi key binaa usa rashtriyata koo praapt kiya thaa. iss faisale key baad, lactainstein ney khareed dwara nagrikta key anudan koo bund curr diyaa aur 1960 mein iss maarg key liye kanuni praavdhaanon koo poori tarah seey hataa diyaa.
europeeya ekikaran.
switzerland key saath apane seema shulk sangh key madhyam seey 31 varshon kii anaupchaarik sadasyata key baad, 1991 mein lactainstein europeeya mukt vyaapaar sangh mein shamil hoe gayaa. 1992 mein europeeya sangh kaa gathan aur isake parinamswarup europeeya sangh kii nagrikta key nirmaan ney sabhi europeeya sangh key deshon key nagrikon koo kissy bhee anya sadasya raajya mein rahane aur kaam karane kii anumati dee. inn mukt andolan adhikaaron key dayare kaa vistaar 1994 mein europeeya aarthik kshetra (ee. ee. aeye.) kii sthaapana key saath kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen sabhi ee. ee. aeye. sadasya raajyon key nagrik shamil they, jisamen lichtenstein aur switzerland koo chhodkar puuraa ee. aff. tii. aeye. shamil thaa. 1992 key swiss janmat sangrah key baad ee. ee. aeye. kii sadasyata koo aswikar karate hue, lactainstein ney ee. ee. aeye. mein ekmatra bhagidari kii anumati dene key liye switzerland key saath apane seema shulk sangh parr phir seey baatchit kii, jise usane 1995 mein sweekaar curr liya. switzerland ney ee. yuu. key saath ack alag mukt andolan samjhaute kaa nishkarsh nikala joe 2002 mein lagu huaa.
rashtriyata kaa adhigrahan aur haani.
vansh yaa god lene seey praapt adhikaar.
cumm seey cumm ack maataa-pitaa key paas paida huaa koee bhee vyakti joe ack lactainstein nagrik haye, janm key samay swachaalit roop seey lactainstein nagarikatva praapt kartaa haye. avivaahit maataon key liye paida hue vyakti joe kii samlaingik nagrik hain, unhein bhee janm key samay hii nagrikta praapt hoe jaati haye, jabaki avivaahit pitaaon key liye paida hue logon koo apani janm tithi seey purvavyaapi nagrikta kaa daavaa karane kaa adhikaar haye. desh mein paae jaane vaale parityakt bachchon koo lactainstein nagrik key roop mein paida honey kaa anuman lagaaya jaataa haye, aur god liye gaye bachche god lene key samay nagrikta praapt karate hain.
swaichhik adhigrahan.
gair-nagrik joe lactainstein nagrik seey vivaahit hain, cumm seey cumm 10 saal taka desh mein rahane key baad sahaj prakritikkaran dwara nagrik bunn sakate hain. vivaah key baad nivaas kaa samay iss aavashyakta key prati doguna maanaa jaataa haye, jisase paanch saal adhivaas kii nyuntam avadhi bunn jaati haye. cumm seey cumm 30 varshon taka desh mein rahane vaale vyaktiyon koo bhee prakritikkaran kii suvidha kaa adhikaar haye, jisamen 20 varsh kii ayu seey pahale desh mein bitaaye gaye samay kii ginati doguni haye. lactainstein mein paida hue aur cumm seey cumm paanch saal seey nivasi rajyaviheen vyakti bhee paatr hain. vivaah dwara nagrik banane vaale videshi bhee apane jeevansathi kii nagarpalika nagrikta praapt karate hain, jabaki joe nivaas kii aavashyakta key tahat yaa rajyaheenta key aadhar parr paatr they, way usa nagarpalika key nagrik bunn jaate hain jahaan way antim nivasi they.
sahaj prakritikkaran key liye paatr naheen videshi 10 saal key nivaas key baad maanak prakriya key madhyam seey aavedan karane key liye yogya hoe jaate hain. avedakon koo saarvajanik matpatra key madhyam seey sthaaniya nagrikta adhikaar dene key liye ack sthaaniya nagarpalika seey yachika daayar karni chaahiye. joe ummidwar samudayik jeevan mein sakriya roop seey bhaag lete hain, unhein sweekaar kiye jaane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye, halanki isaki guaranti naheen haye. sthaaniya nivaasiyon key cumm seey cumm 30 varshon taka nivasi naheen honey vaale kissy bhee vyakti koo nagrikta dene key paksh mein matdan karane kii sambhavana naheen haye. 2012 mein 119 logon koo swabhavik banaaya gayaa thaa lekin kewal ack vyakti ney lokpriya vote seey nagrikta praapt kii thee. sugam aur maanak prakritikkaran donon prakriyaon key sabhi avedakon koo german bhasha key paryaapt gyaan (bhaashaon key liye sandarbh key samanya europeeya dhaanche mein cumm seey cumm bee1 star parr) kaa pradarshan karna aur pichhali sabhi rashtriyataon kaa tyag karna aavashyak haye.
tyag aur abhaav.
lactainstein kii nagrikta koo tyag kii ghoshana karke tyag diyaa jaa sakata haye, basharte kii udghoshak key paas pahale seey hii koee anya rashtriyata hoe yaa vaha usey praapt karane kaa irada rakhta hoe. nagrikta dene vaale vyakti key nabalig bachche bhee nagrik naheen reh jaate hain. yadi way vaastav mein prakritikkaran aavashyaktaon koo puuraa naheen karate paae gaye hain tou praakritik nagrikon seey ise praapt karane key paanch varshon key bheetar unaki nagrikta chheen lii jaa sakati haye. dhokhadhadi seey ise praapt karane vaale vyakti seey kissy bhee samay nagrikta seey vanchit kiya jaa sakata haye.

