gair-aakramak sookshm-pareekshan praudyogiki

gair-aakramak sookshm-pareekshan praudyogiki (aine. aim. tii.) ack vaigyaanik anusandhaan praudyogiki haye jiska upayog akshunna javic namoonon kii shaaririk ghatnaaon koo maapane key liye kiya jaataa haye. aine. aim. tii. kaa upayog kaee javic kshetron jaise jeane kaary, paadap shareer vigyaan, jaiv chikitsa anusandhaan aur paryaavaran vigyaan mein anusandhaan key liye kiya jaataa haye.
adhikansh jeevit cheejen javic prakriyaon key parinamswarup apane aspas key saath ayanon aur anuon key nirantar adaan-pradaan kaa anubhav karati hain. aine. aim. tii. ack akshunna namoone key chaaron or fluxes naamak iss gatishil aayan/anu gatividhi koo maapane key liye microelectrode seey praapt vishesh fluxes sensor kaa upayog kartaa haye. yeye pravaah shaaririk ghatnaaon key baare mein jaankaari prakat karate hain.
pratyek nmt fluxes samvedak pasand key ack vishesh aayan/anu key liye chayanaatmak yaa vishisht hotaa haye. kuchh adhik samanya roop seey prakaashit aayan/anu pravaah samvedak way hain joe vyaavsaayik roop seey upalabdh hain, jaise kii ca2 +, h +, k +, Na +, cl−, mg2 +, cd2 +, nh4 +, n3−, pb2 +, cu2 +, o2, h2o2, aur iaa (indol-3-acetic acid). kuchh anya fluxes sensors mein glutamate, glucose, glucose +, + + aur anya shamil hain jinhen alag-alag prayogshalaon dwara design kiya gayaa haye.
aine. aim. tii. maapata haye kii chune gaye aayan/anu kitane, kitane teji seey aur kiss disha mein aage badh rahey hain. ise prasaar pravaah key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, joe prati ikai kshetra prati ikai samay mein padaarth kii matra haye.
1990 key dashak mein kuchh alag-alag prayogshalaon dwara nmt key pravaah koo maapane key siddhant kaa varnan kiya gayaa thaa; samudri javic prayogshala mein lionel jaff ney compan jaanch takneek kaa varnan kiya, aur tasmania vishvavidyalaya mein ian neuman ney miffetum takneek kaa varnan kiya. aisee takneeken bhee hain joe iss siddhant kaa upayog karati hain.
buniyaadi prakriya.
live namuna taiyari.
alag-alag namoonon koo taiyar karane key liye alag-alag matra kii aavashyakta hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, chhote jeevon, sanghanit angon aur samvardhit koshikaon, ootakon yaa angon koo thode parivartan key saath maapa jaa sakata haye, lekin maapane key liye twacha yaa badey jeevon kii satah key neeche kii kissy bhee cheez koo ujagar kiya jaanaa chaahiye. aam taur parr, ack baar namuna taiyar honey key baad taaki vaanchhit maap sthal kaa pataa chaley, nmt pareekshan mein koee aur nuksan yaa hastakshep naheen kartaa haye; iss vajah seey, nmt kaa upayog aamtaur parr jeevit, akshunna namoonon koo maapane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
jeevit namoone koo petri vyanjan mein surakshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye taaki yeh naa hill sakey yaa naa badale. ekal koshika kaa paalan polylycin-lepit slide jaise sadhanon seey kiya jaa sakata haye; yeh sanghanit angon jaise anya chhote namoonon key liye bhee kaam kartaa haye. jadon jaise badey ootak namoonon koo filter pepper aur raal tailon key saath bhaarit kiya jaa sakata haye. bahut saare anya badey namoonon koo bhee maapa jaa sakata haye, jaise kii anga yaa zebrafish jaise poore chhote jeev.
taral media sanrachana.
namuna taral madhyam seey ghiraa honah chaahiye, joe namoone key prakaar, pareekshan key uddeshya aur ayanon/anuon key aadhar parr alag hoga jinhen maapa jaayega. yeh media davaaon, tanaav yaa anya javic/ajaivik uttejanaon jaisi cheejon koo jodkar namoone key vatavaran mein herfer karane kaa ack upayogi tarika haye.
yeh kadam sabse chunautipurna hoe sakata haye kyonki yeh pareekshan herfer key liye kaee sambhaavanaon kii anumati detaa haye. ack vishisht nae pareekshan koo design karane mein shuru karane key liye, taral madhyam kii safal sanrachana kaa dastavejikaran karane key liye bahut saare saahitya hain.
recording.
taiyar kiye gaye namoone koo ack fluxes sensor key saath ack sookshmadarshi key neeche rakhaa jaataa haye jise ack computer dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa haye. prachaalak ack sookshmadarshi cameray kii sahaayata seey fluxes samvedak koo vaanchhit bindu aur namoone seey doori taka leey jaane key liye teer kunji kaa upayog kartaa haye.
aine. aim. tii. fluxes samvedak pravaah koo maapata haye aur pareekshan key dauran detta koo screen parr plot kiya jaataa haye. inn pravaahon koo aksar ikai 10−12 molls seey. mee. −2·sus. −1 mein maapa jaataa haye, yaa kabhi-kabhi 10−15 molls seey. mee. −2·sus. −1 jitna chhota hotaa haye, jisase pravaah koo ack koshika key roop mein chhoti cheez seey maapa jaa sakata haye. pareekshan key dauran, aage key parivartanon koo ack tanaav yaa anya ajaivik uttejana kii tarah pesh kiya jaa sakata haye, aur shaaririk parivartanon koo dikhaane key liye pravaah key pattern screen parr badal jaayenge. udaaharan key liye, pareekshan key dauran ghol mein burf-thandaa pareekshan buffer jodkar thhand key tanaav kaa adhyayan kiya jaa sakata haye.
vividhataaen.
1-ayami.
yeh sabse aam nmt pareekshan haye jisamen fluxes sensor koo namoone key sandarbh mein ack disha mein sthanantarit kiya jaataa haye, aamtaur parr namoone kii seemaon key lambavat.
2-ayami.
nmt mein 2-ayami maap kaa adhik pralekhit anuprayog naheen haye; 1998 mein degenhart aitt all dwara compan jaanch takneek key saath sambhavana kaa pradarshan kiya gayaa thaa. unhone fluxes sensor koo donon lambavat aur phir ack paudhe kii jarh key samanantar sthanantarit kiya, phir 2-ayami fluxes disha utpann karane key liye fluxes vactor koo sankshep mein prastut kiya. iss tarah seey, nmt usee software kaa upayog karke 2dee fluxes koo bhee maap sakata haye joe 3dee fluxes koo maapata haye.
tri-ayami.
3dee aayan/anu pravaah maanchitran key agraduton mein seey ack joseph kunkel hain. fluxes kaa tri-ayami drishya utpann karane key liye, fluxes samvedak koo ack namoone key chaaron or pratyek bindu parr x, y aur z dishaaon mein maap lena chaahiye. 2006 mein, ack parag nully key chaaron or aich + aur oh2 3dee fluxes vactor kaa ack drishya yuu xu dwara vikasit mazflux software kaa upayog karke banaaya gayaa thaa.
ack saath.
aine. aim. tii. fluxes sensor koo ack hii samay mein dou yaa dou seey adhik alag-alag aayan/anu pravaahon koo maapane key liye sthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase upayogkarta koo ack saath pravaah parivartanon koo dekhane aur unake beach sambandh koo dekhane kii anumati milati haye. ack saath dou vishesh pravaah maapon kaa sanyojan shaaririk ghatnaaon kaa ack majboot sanketak hoe sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, tumour key namoone seey ack saath aich + aur oh2 donon koo maapane seey (daaeen or kaa chitra dekhein) cancer chayapachaya key baare mein mahatvapurna jaankaari mill sakati haye joe ack baar mein kewal ack koo maapane kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik upayogi haye.
aavedan.
aanuvanshiki.
yeh vyaapak roop seey sweekaar kiya jaataa haye kii antahkoshikiya aur baahyakoshikiya ionic aur aanvik gatividhiyaan donon kaee shaaririk prakriyaon key liye mahatvapurna hain, joe unhein jeane karyon key upayogi sanketak bhee banaati hain. gatishil aayan/anu pravaah koo mapkar, nmt ney sheet tanaav, namak sahishnuta, cademium grahan aur paudhon mein poshak tatvon key grahan jaise karakon seey sambandhit jeane parr shodh mein madad kii haye. jaiv chikitsa aanuvanshik anusandhaan mein, nmt ney pravaahon key madhyam seey jeane abhivyakti kii jaanch karane key liye yakrit koshikaon jaise namoonon koo maapa haye.
paadap jeev vigyaan.
nmt koo ajaivik/javic tanaav, paadap poshan, paadap vikas aur vikas, paadap/sookshmajeev antahkriya, paadap raksha, prakaash sanshleshan, sanket pargaman anusandhaan aur bahut kuchh jaise kshetron mein paadap jeev vigyaan mein vyaapak roop seey lagu kiya gayaa haye. kaee anya paudhon key namoonon jaise patti key ootak, jarh key baal, rakshak koshikaaen, namak granthi koshikaaen, mesophil koshikaaen aur chloroplast aur vacule jaise sanghanit angon key alawa jadon koo aamtaur parr maapa jaataa haye.
nmt una paudhon kii pehchaan karane mein madad curr sakata haye joe namak, tapman, sookha aur bimari jaise tanaav key liye adhik pratirodhi hain. yeh jarh kii satah parr poshak tatvon key sevan kii darr kii nigrani jaise tarikon seey paadap poshan avashoshan aur viniyaman tantra kaa adhyayan karane key liye bhee ack upayogi upkaran haye.
jaiv chikitsa.
aine. aim. tii. koo vibhinn kshetron jaise tantrika vigyaan, tumour anusandhaan, dawa jaanch, chayapachaya aur huddy anusandhaan mein jaiv chikitsa anusandhaan mein lagu kiya jaataa haye.
aine. aim. tii. ootak key namoonon mein madhumeh aur cancer jaisi beemariyon key upchaar key prabhaavon kaa mulyankan karane key liye ack upayogi upkaran haye, kyonki yeh upchaar key jawab mein pravaah parivartanon koo maap sakata haye. maapa gayaa namoone tumour ootak, neurons, mastishk ootak, yakrit koshika, huddy, maanspeshiyon aur kaee anya shamil hain. chayapachaya darr koo oh2 aur aich + pravaahon kaa upayog karke nmt dwara maapa jaa sakata haye. huddy anusandhaan mein, aine. aim. tii. dwara maapa jaane vaalaa see. aeye. 2 + kaa pravaah huddy upchaar aur vikas parr anusandhaan mein madad kartaa haye.
paryaavaran.
paryaavaran anusandhaan key vibhinn kshetron mein jinamen nmt lagu kiya gayaa haye, unamen jall pradooshan kaa pataa lagaana, javic praarambhik chetavani, jall gunavatta mulyankan aur bhaari dhaatu kaa pataa lagaana shamil haye.
fasalon key vaishvik bhaari dhaatu pradooshan mein vriddhi key saath, shodh mein una paudhon kii pehchaan karane key liye adhik nmt bhaari dhaatu pravaah samvedak jaise jaise +, + + aur aur + kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye joe phytoramediation key saath iss samasya seey nipat sakate hain. 
jall kii gunavatta aur pradooshan anusandhaan key liye, jall sanyantron aur shaiwal key saath-saath jaiv filmon aur machhali bhroon koo maapa gayaa haye.

