
nae audyogik deshon mein vigyaan

vaigyaanik anusandhaan vikasit duniya mein kendrit haye, jisamen baaki duniya kaa kewal ack mamuli yogdan haye. kaee nae audyogikrit desh vaigyaanik sansthanon koo sthaapit karane kii koshish curr rahey hain, lekin seemit safalata key saath. vigyaan key liye aparyaapt samarpit, prerit aur prerit shram samooh haye aur vigyaan shiksha mein aparyaapt nivesh haye.
nae audyogikrit deshon kii seemit safalata.
adhikansh nick (nae audyogikrit deshon) seey vishva star parr apani pehchaan banaane vaale itane cumm vaigyaanik honey kaa kaaran aanshik roop seey aitihaasik aur aanshik roop seey samajik haye-ack sachche vaigyaanik koo school seey laker vaigyaanik pratishthanon taka poshit kiya jaataa haye. yadi bahutaayat mein prerit aur samarpit school vigyaan shikshak houn, tou hii paryaapt sankhya mein prerit chhaatr honge joe vigyaan koo ack carrier vikalp key roop mein lena chaahenge aur joe ack dinn ack safal vaigyaanik bunn sakate hain.
aam dhaga.
vigyaan kii sthiti mein ack samanya sootra koo vaastav mein kaee vigyaan mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. iss prakaar, halanki pramukh vigyaan sansthanon mein adhikansh vigyaan pratishthaan kaafee achchha curr rahey hain, unamen seey koee bhee vikasit deshon kii tarah safal naheen rhaa haye.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, bhaarat, pakistan, brazil aur iraq jaise vikaasheel deshon mein ack chhota takniki abhijaat varg paida huaa, joe audyogik duniya mein vaigyaanikon key roop mein shikshit they. unhone inn deshon mein vigyaan key vikas kaa netritva kiya, yeh maanate hue kii paramanu oorjaa, electronics, pharmaceuticals yaa antariksh anveshan mein mainhattan pariyojana-prakaar key udyamon koo badhaava dekar way apane deshon mein vigyaan pratishthanon key vikas key nirashajanak roop seey nimn star koo paar curr sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, bhaarat ney ack paramanu oorjaa karyakram shuru kiya, jisamen hajaaron technicians koo jutaaya gayaa aur saikadon karod dollar kii laagat aaee, lekin usey seemit safalata millie. halanki chean, uttar koria, bhaarat aur pakistan paramanu hathiyaron koo tainaat karane mein safal rahey hain aur unamen seey kuchh paramanu hathiyar hain.jee. chean aur bhaarat ney kaafee safal antariksh karyakram shuru kiye hain, (udaaharan key liye, chandrayan aaee (sanskrit) jiska shaabdik arth haye "chandrama shilp", bhaaratiya antariksh anusandhaan sangathan dwara ack maanav rahit chandra mission haye aur yeh apane dusare chandrayan mission key ack hisse key roop mein 2010 yaa 2011 mein chandrama parr ack motor chaalit rover koo utaarane kii ummeed kartaa haye; chang 'aaee, chean kii chandrama jaanch pariyojana ack suvyavasthit tareeke seey poore joron parr chala rahee haye), tathya yeh haye kii inn karyon key liye jimmedaar adhikansh vaigyaanikon ney apani antim shiksha hamaare yaa europe mein kissy sansthaan yaa vishvavidyalaya seey praapt kii thee. isake alawa vigyaan mein shayed hii koee nobel puraskar vijeta rahey houn jinhone ack deshi vigyaan pratishthaan mein path-pradarshak shodh kiya hoe.
brazil mein vigyaan.
brazil kaa vigyaan prabhaavi roop seey 19veen shatabdi mein shuru huaa. taba taka, brazil ack garib coloney thaa, jisamen vishvavidyalaya, mudranalaya, pustakalaya, sangrahalaya aadi naheen they. yeh shayed purtagaali aupaniveshik shakti kii ack jaanboojhkar banaai gaee neeti thee, kyonki unhein darr thaa kii shikshit brazilian vargon kii upasthiti seey raashtravaad aur raajneetik swatantrata kii aakaankshaon koo badhaava milega.
brazilian vigyaan pratishthaan honey key pahale prayaas 1783 key aspas kiye gaye they, jisamen purtagaali prakritivaadi alekjendar rodrigues key abhiyaan key saath, jinhen purtagaal key pradhaan mantri, pombal key markis dwara brazil key jeevon, vanaspatiyon aur bhoovigyaan kaa pataa lagaane aur unaki pehchaan karane key liye bheja gayaa thaa. haalaanki, unake sangrah francisi key haathon khou gaye they, jaba napolean ney aakraman kiya, aur attien geophroy sent-hilayar dwara peris leey jaaya gayaa. 1772 mein, pahala vidwan samaaj, socidade scientica, riyo dee janeiro mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin kewal 1794 taka chalaa. saath hii, 1797 mein, pahala vanaspati sansthaan salvador, baahiya mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. beesavin shatabdi key dusare aur teesare dashakon mein, brazil mein mukhya vishvavidyalayon koo maujooda chikitsa, engineering aur kaanoon schools key ack samooh seey aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. brazil vishvavidyalaya 1927 seey haye, saao paulo vishvavidyalaya-aaj desh mein sabse badaa-1934 seey haye.
aaj, brazil mein vigyaan aur praudyogiki kaa ack achchi tarah seey vikasit sangathan haye. vigyaan mein buniyaadi anusandhaan kaafee hudd taka saarvajanik vishvavidyalayon aur anusandhaan kendron aur sansthanon mein kiya jaataa haye, aur kuchh niji sansthanon mein, vishesh roop seey gair-laabhkaari gair-sarkari sangathanon mein kiya jaataa haye. buniyaadi shodh key liye 90 pratishat seey adhik dhana sarkari sroton seey aataa haye.
anuprayukt anusandhaan, praudyogiki aur engineering bhee kaafee hudd taka vishvavidyalaya aur anusandhaan kendra pranali mein kii jaati haye, isake vipareet sanyukt raajya america, dakshin koria, germany, japan aadi jaise adhik vikasit deshon mein. haal hii mein ack mahatvapurna pravritti ubhar rahee haye. motorola, samsung, nokia aur aaee. bee. aim. jaisi companiyon ney brazil mein badey aar. aind. dee. aind. aaee. kendra sthaapit kiye hain. isake liye protsaahan karakon mein seey ack, apekshaakrit cumm laagat aur brazil kii takniki shramshakti key uchch parishkaar aur kaushal key alawa, tathaakathit soochana vigyaan kaanoon rhaa haye, joe dursanchar, computer, digital electronics aadi key kshetron mein uchch praudyogiki vinirmaan companiyon key sakal rajaswa key 5 pratishat taka key kuchh karon seey chhoot detaa haye. kaanoon ney brazil key anusandhaan aur vikas mein salana 1,5 arab dollar seey adhik kaa nivesh aakarshit kiya haye. bahurashtriya companiyon ney yeh bhee paaya haye kii braziliyon dwara design aur vikasit kuchh utpaad aur praudyogikiyan kaafee pratispardhi hain aur anya deshon jaise kii automobile, vimaan, software, fiber optics, electric upkaran aadi dwara unaki sarahana kii jaati haye.
brazil key vigyaan key saamane aaj joe chunautiyen hain way hainh gunavatta key saath pranali kaa vistaar karna, sthaapit kshamata kaa samarthan karna; anusandhaan kshetra seey udyog mein gyaan kaa hastaantaran karna; ranneetik kshetron mein sarkari kaarravaai shuru karna; maujooda karyakramon key mulyankan koo badhaana aur desh key liye praasangik kshetron mein naveen pariyojanaaen shuru karna. isake alawa, aadhunik jeevan mein vigyaan key mahatva key baare mein janata kii dhaarana koo badalane mein vaigyaanik prasaar ack maulik bhoomika nibhaata haye. sarkaar ney sansthaagat aadhar aur maujooda yogya vaigyaanikon key sanchaalan kaa upayog karke inn chunautiyon kaa saamana karane kaa kaam shuru kiya haye.
saarvajanik neetiyon, sahyog karyakramon aur uchch shiksha kshamataon key vistaar aur anusandhaan utpaadan key antarrashtriyakaran key liye samarthan key anya aarthik aur prashaasnik sroton koo kramshah 1970 aur 2000 key dashak mein samajik vigyaanon mein vistaarit kiya gayaa thaa. isase samajik vaigyaanikon kii ack naee peedhi key liye adhik antarrashtriya gatishilata hui, jinhone brazil lautane seey pahale videshon mein kuchh shiksha praapt kii. rajneeti vigyaan, samajshastra aur maanav vigyaan key kshetron mein, 1974 aur 1985 key beach snatkottar aur doctorate karyakramon mein namankan doguna hoe gayaa.
chean mein vigyaan.
chean vigyaan aur praudyogiki mein ming rajvansh key shuruati varshon taka vishva netaa thaa. cheeni khojon aur cheeni navacharon jaise kii kagaj banaana, mudran, kampas aur barud (chaar mahaan aavishkaar) ney poorv asia, madhya poorv aur europe mein aarthik vikas mein yogdan diyaa. chean kaa adhyayan karane vaale kaee itihaskaron key liye ack dilchasp sawal yeh haye kii chean ney vaigyaanik kranti vikasit naheen kii aur cheeni praudyogiki europe seey peechhe reh gaee. saanskritik seey laker raajneetik aur aarthik taka kaee parikalpanaaen prastaavit kii gaee hain. unhone tark diyaa haye kii chean mein vaastav mein 17veen shatabdi mein ack vaigyaanik kranti hui thee aur humm abhee bhee paschim aur chean kii vaigyaanik kraantiyon koo unake sabhi raajneetik, aarthik aur samajik prabhaavon mein samajhane seey bahut door hain. kuchh johnn key kii tarah. fairbank kii raay haye kii cheeni raajneetik pranali vaigyaanik pragati key prati pratikool thee.
needham ney tark diyaa, aur adhikansh vidwan iss baat parr sahmat hue kii saanskritik karakon ney inn cheeni uplabdhiyon koo "vigyaan" mein vikasit honey seey roque diyaa. yeh cheeni buddhijiviyon kaa dhaarmik aur daarshanik dhancha thaa jisane unhein prakriti key niyamon key vichaaron mein vishvaas karane mein asamarth banaa diyaa. haal key itihaskaron ney raajneetik aur saanskritik vyakhyaon parr sawal uthaaye hain aur aarthik karanon parr adhik dhyaan kendrit kiya haye. maark alwyn kaa uchch star kaa santulan jaal iss vichaar kaa ack prasiddh udaaharan haye, saath hii kenneth pomeranz kaa tark haye kii naee duniya key sansadhanon ney europeeya aur cheeni vikas key beach mahatvapurna antar banaaya haye.
iss prakaar, yeh naheen thaa kii cheeni logon key liye prakriti mein koee crum naheen thaa, balki yeh thaa kii yeh ack tarksangat vyaktigat astitva dwara nirdhaarit adesh naheen thaa, aur isaliye yeh koee vishvaas naheen thaa kii tarksangat vyaktigat prani apani cumm parthiv bhaashaon mein divya sanhita kii vartani karane mein saksham honge. vaastav mein, taovadiyon ney iss tarah key vichaar koo tiraskar kiya hoga kii way brahmand kii sookshmata aur jatilata key liye bahut saral hain kyonki way ise sahaj roop seey samajhate hain. paaramparik cheeni chikitsa key peechhe key darshan parr sawal uthaane key liye isi tarah key aadhar paae gaye hain, joe mukhya roop seey taovadi darshan seey vyutpann haye, joe shaastriya cheeni vishvaas koo darshaata haye kii vyaktigat maanav anubhav sabhi paimaane parr paryaavaran mein prabhaavi karanatmak siddhanton koo vyakt karate hain. kyonki iska siddhant vaigyaanik vidhi key upayog seey pahale kaa haye, isaliye ise vaigyaanik soch key aadhar parr vibhinn aalochanaaen millie hain. bhale hii acupuncture bindu yaa meridian key astitva key liye shaaririk roop seey satyaapit shaaririk yaa ootakiya aadhar hain, udaaharan key liye twacha chaalan maap anumaanit binduon parr vriddhi darshaate hain.
aaj, chean key janvaadi ganarajya mein vigyaan aur praudyogiki kii sthaapana teji seey badh rahee haye. bhale hii kaee cheeni vaigyaanik iss baat parr bahas karate hain kii cheeni vigyaan key liye kaun see sansthaagat vyavastha sabse achchi hogi, cheeni vigyaan akadami key sudhaar jaari hain. cheeni vigyaan akadami mein shodhkartaon kii ausat ayu 1991 aur 2003 key beach lagbhag duss saal cumm hoe gaee haye. haalaanki, unamen seey kaee sanyukt raajya america aur anya videshon mein shikshit hain.
cheeni vishvavidyalaya snaatak aur snaatak namankan 1995 seey 2005 taka dogune seey bhee adhik hoe gaye hain. vishvavidyalayon mein abb vigyaan uddharan soochkaank mein cases kii tulanaa mein adhik uddhrit pee. aar. see. pepper hain. kuchh cheeni vaigyaanikon kaa kahana haye kii vaigyaanik kaary kii samagr gunavatta parr cases abhee bhee aage haye lekin yeh netritva kewal paanch seey duss varshon taka chalega.
sanyukt raajya america mein kaee cheeni apravasiyon koo bhee nobel puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa haye, jinamen shamil hainh, saimuel see. see. ting, chain ning yang, tsung-daao lii, daniel see. tsui, aur gaao zingjian. vigyaan mein safalata hassil karane vaale anya videshi jaatiya cheeni logon mein fields medal praaptakarta shing-tung yaau aur terrence taao aur turing puraskar praaptakarta andru yaao shamil hain. tsian hyu-shein nassa kii jett pranodan prayogshala mein ack pramukh vaigyaanik they, jabaki chian-shung woo ney mainhattan pariyojana mein yogdan diyaa (kuchh logon kaa tark haye kii chayan samiti dwara lingwad key kaaran unhein apane sahyogiyon tsung-daao lii aur chain ning yang key vipareet kabhi nobel puraskar naheen milaa). anya mein charles key shamil hain. kaao, fiber optics praudyogiki mein agrani, aur dow. david hoe, pahale vaigyaanikon mein seey ack jinhone yeh prastaav diyaa kii aids ack virus key kaaran huaa thaa, iss prakaar baad mein iska mukabala karane key liye sanyojan antiretroviral therapy vikasit kii gaee. dow. hoe koo time patrika kaa 1996 kaa varsh kaa sarvshreshth vyakti naamit kiya gayaa thaa. 2015 mein, ack dawa rasaayanagya, thu yuu, praakritik vigyaan mein nobel puraskar praapt karane key liye, chean key janvaadi ganarajya mein vishesh roop seey paida hue aur shikshit aur shodh karane vaale pahale deshi cheeni vaigyaanik bunn gaye.
bhaarat mein vigyaan.
bhaarat mein vigyaan kaa sabse pahala anuprayog chikitsa, dhaatu vigyaan, nirmaan praudyogiki (jaise jahaaj nirmaan, cement aur rangon kaa nirmaan) aur kapada utpaadan aur rangai key sandarbh mein huaa. lekin rasayanik prakriyaon koo samajhane kii prakriya mein, bhautik prakriyaon aur prakriti kii taakton key baare mein kuchh siddhanton kaa netritva kiya gayaa jinka aaj rasayan vigyaan aur bhautiki key kshetron mein vishisht vishayon key roop mein adhyayan kiya jaataa haye.
aaj aryabhata jaise bhaaratiya ganitvidon ney kaee ganitiya avadhaaranaon mein yogdan diyaa haye.
bhaaratiya jaati vyavastha mein vaastav mein vaigyaanikon key liye koee sthaan naheen thaa. iss prakaar jaba vidwan brahmanon, yoddhaon, kshatriyon, vyapariyon, vaishyon aur mamuli shramikon key liye jaatiyan theen, shayed naukarshahon (kayath) key liye bhee samajik padanukram mein shayed hii koee aupchaarik sthaan thaa/naheen thaa, joe nae gyaan kii khoj karate hain yaa haal hii mein khoje gaye gyaan key aadhar parr nae upkaranon kaa aavishkaar karate hain, bhale hii bhaarat mein hamesha vaigyaanik swabhaav tark, tark aur gyaan praapt karane kii vidhi key roop mein rhaa haye. isaliye isamen koee ashcharya kii baat naheen haye kii kuchh bhaartiyon ney jaldi seey vigyaan koo mahatva denaa seekh liya, vishesh roop seey una logon koo joe dou shataabdiyon seey adhik samay taka chaley british aupaniveshik shasson key dauran visheshaadhikaar praapt brahmin jaati seey sambandhit they. kuchh bhaaratiya ullekhaniya safalata aur prasiddhi praapt karane mein safal rahey, udaharanon mein satyendra naath boses, meghnad saahaa, jagdish chandra boses aur see shamil hain. vee. raman bhale hii way alag-alag jaatiyon seey they. 1788 mein ack vaigyaanik patrika, asiatic shodh key prakaashan key saath vigyaan sanchaar shuru huaa thaa. isake baad, bhaarat mein vigyaan sanchaar kaee pahaluon mein vikasit huaa haye. isake baad, vaigyaanik sansthanon key gathan aur vaigyaanik saahitya key prakaashan mein nirantar vikas huaa haye. baad mein, athaarahavin shatabdi key anta taka bhaaratiya bhaashaon mein vaigyaanik prakaashan bhee dikhaai dene lagey. pracheen vaigyaanik saahitya aur pathyapustakon kaa badey paimaane parr prakaashan unnisvin shatabdi kii shuruat mein shuru huaa. haalaanki, lokpriya vigyaan lekhan key liye vaigyaanik aur takniki shabd lambe samay seey ack badee kathinaaee rahey they.
1980 key dashak seey, praakritik vigyaan aur engineering kii tulanaa mein samajik vigyaan key liye dhana kii gambhir roop seey upeksha kii gaee haye, joe vigyaan aur praudyogiki anusandhaan key liye bajat kaa 8 pratishat key roop mein cumm haye. samajik vigyaan kaa yeh sankuchan, jisane kshetron aur vishayon koo asman roop seey prabhaavit kiya haye, shaikshanik kaary sthitiyon koo kamjor curr detaa haye aur samajik vaigyaanik anusandhaan key antarrashtriyakaran koo rokta haye.