
autopaces

ack autaps ack rasayanik yaa vidyut synapse haye joe ack neuron seey apane aap mein hotaa haye. ise ack neuron key akshatantu dwara apane swayam key dendrite, "inn vivo" yaa "inn vitro" parr baney ack synapse key roop mein bhee varnit kiya jaa sakata haye.
itihas.
autaps" shabd pahali baar 1972 mein vaine dair loose aur glazer dwara gadhaa gayaa thaa, jinhone mool roop seey neocortex paripath kaa matratmak vishleshan karate hue khargosh ausipital cortex kii golgi taiyari mein unhein dekhaa thaa. 1970 key dashak mein bhee, kutte aur choohe key mastishk prantstha, bandar neostriatum aur billi kii reedh kii huddy mein autaps kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye.
2000 mein, unhein pahali baar aavarti tantrika network mein dridhata kaa samarthan karane key roop mein model kiya gayaa thaa. 2004 mein, unhein ausilatory vyavhaar kaa pradarshan karane key roop mein model kiya gayaa thaa, joe autops key binaa usee model neuron mein anupasthit thaa. vishesh roop seey, neuron uchch firing darr aur firing daman key beach dolan kartaa haye, joe aamtaur parr mastishk neurons mein paae jaane vaale spike fatane key vyavhaar koo darshaata haye. 2009 mein, autops, pahali baar, nirantar sakriyan seey judey they. isane ack tantrika paripath key bheetar uttejak swatahsfurtata key liye ack sambhaavit kaary kaa prastaav rakhaa. 2014 mein, vidyut swachaalit tantrika model network mein sthir lakshya aur sarpil tarangen utpann karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa thaa. isase sanket milata haye kii unhone tantrika tantra mein neurons key saamoohik vyavhaar koo uttejit karane aur viniyamit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. 2016 mein, anunaad kaa ack model pesh kiya gayaa thaa.
autaps kaa upayog "samaan koshika" sthitiyon kaa anukaran karane key liye kiya gayaa haye taaki shodhkartaon koo matratmak tulanaa karane mein madad mill sakey, jaise kii "aine"-methyl-dee-aspartate receptor (aine. aim. dee. aar.) virodhi kaise synaptic banaam extracineptic aine. aim. dee. aar. koo prabhaavit karate hain.
gathan.
haal hii mein, yeh prastaavit kiya gayaa haye kii neuronal signal sancharan avrodh key parinamswarup autaps sambhavatah bunn sakate hain, jaise kii vishaaktata yaa aayan chainalon koo baadhit karane seey prerit akshatantu chot key mamalon mein. ack sahayak akshatantu key alawa soma seey dendrite ack autaps banaane key liye vikasit hoe sakate hain joe neuron key sanket sancharan koo thheek karane mein madad curr sakata haye.
sanrachana aur kaary.
autaps yaa tou glutamate-release (uttejak) yaa gaaba-release (avarodhak) hoe sakate hain, jaise kii unake paaramparik synapse samkaksh. isi tarah, autaps prakriti seey vidyut yaa rasayanik hoe sakate hain.
motey taur parr, autaps mein nakaratmak pratikriya uttejak neurons koo rokti haye jabaki sakaratmak pratikriya shaant neurons koo uttejit curr sakati haye.
halanki avarodhak autaps kii uttejana ney neocortical slies kii parat v key interneuron mein hyperpolarising avarodhak post-synaptic kshamata koo prerit naheen kiya, lekin unhein uttejana koo prabhaavit karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye. autaps koo avaruddh karane key liye ack gaaba-virodhi kaa upayog karane parr, pahale vidhruveekaran charan key baad tatkaal baad key dusare vidhruveekaran charan kii sambhavana badh gaee. isase pataa chalata haye kii autaps dou nikat samaybaddh vidhruveekaran charanon mein seey dusare koo dabaakar kaary karate hain aur isaliye, way inn koshikaon parr pratikriya avrodh pradaan curr sakate hain. yeh tantra sambhaavit roop seey shunting avrodh kii bhee vyakhya curr sakata haye.
koshika samvardhan mein, autaps koo bee31/bee32 neurons key lambe samay taka sakriyan mein yogdan karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye, joe "applicia" mein khaadya-pratikriya vyavhaar mein mahatvapurna yogdan karate hain. isase pataa chalata haye kii swatah pratikriya sakaratmak pratikriya key madhyasthata mein bhoomika nibha sakati haye. yeh dhyaan rakhna mahatvapurna haye kii bee31/bee32 autaps neuron kii gatividhi koo shuru karane mein ack bhoomika nibhaane mein asamarth thaa, halanki aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii isane neuron kii vidhruveekrit sthiti koo banaae rakhane mein madad kii haye. autaps kiss hudd taka vidhruveekaran banaae rakhate hain, yeh spasht naheen haye, vishesh roop seey tantrika paripath key anya ghatakon key baad seey (i.ee. bee63 neurons) poore vidhruveekaran key dauran majboot synaptic input pradaan karane mein bhee saksham hain. isake alawa, yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii autaps bee31/bee32 neurons koo jaldi seey punahdhruvikaran karane kii kshamata pradaan karate hain. becker (2009) ney prastaav diyaa haye kii vishesh roop seey autaps key yogdan koo avaruddh karna aur phir avaruddh autaps key saath yaa usake binaa antar kaa aaklan karna autaps key kaary koo behtar dhang seey prakaashit curr sakata haye.
hindmarsh-gulab (aich. aar.) model neurons ney binaa autaps key visfot key arajak, niyamit spiking, shaant aur aavadhik pattern kaa pradarshan kiya haye. ack vidyut swatahsfurtata kii shuruat parr, aavadhik sthiti arajak sthiti mein badal jaati haye aur ack vaikalpik vyavhaar pradarshit karati haye joe adhik swatahsfurt teevrata aur samay deree key saath aavritti mein badh jaati haye. doosari or, uttejak rasayanik swatahsfurtata ney samagr arajak sthiti koo badhaaya. arajak sthiti koo cumm curr diyaa gayaa aur avarodhak rasayanik autaps key saath neurons mein dabaa diyaa gayaa. aich. aar. model neurons mein autaps key binaa, firing kaa pattern shaant seey aavadhik mein badal gayaa aur phir dc current key roop mein arajak hoe gayaa. aam taur parr, autops key saath hr model neurons mein kissy bhee firing pattern mein badalane kii kshamata hoti haye, chaahe vaha pahale kii firing pattern hoe.
sthaan.
mastishk key kaee kshetron jaise kii neocortex, substantia nigra aur hippocampus key neurons mein autaps paae gaye hain.
spiny stellet, double guldasta aur pyramidal koshikaon kii tulanaa mein billi key drishya prantstha kii gabergic tokri aur dendrite-lakshit koshikaon mein autaps apekshaakrit adhik prachur matra mein paae gaye hain, joe sujhaav dete hain kii neuron swa-srijan kii degree koshika-vishisht haye. isake alawa, dendrite-lakshit koshika autaps, ausatan, basket cell autaps kii tulanaa mein soma seey aage they.
choohe key neocourtis key vikas mein 80 pratishat parat v pyramidal neurons mein autaptic connection they, joe mukhya epical dendrite key bajaay besal dendrite aur epical tirchhe dendrite parr adhik sthit they. ack hii prakaar key koshika prakaar key synaptic connection kii dendritic sthiti autaps key samaan thee, joe sujhaav detee haye kii autaptic aur synaptic network gathan kaa ack samanya tantra saajha karate hain.
roga key prabhaav.
1990 key dashak mein, sookshm krishi mein ugaaye gaye ekal uttejak hippocample choohe key neurons key liye peroxismal depolarising shift-type intericutal epileptiform nirvahan koo mukhya roop seey autaptic gatividhi parr nirbhar honey kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye.
haal hii mein, jatil mirgi vaale rogiyon key maanav neocortical ootakon mein, fast-spiking (fs) neurons key gabergic output autaps mein gair-mirgi ootak aur fs neurons seey judey anya prakaar key synapse kii tulanaa mein majboot atulyakaalik release (ar) dikhaaya gayaa haye. adhyayan mein ack choohe key model kaa upayog karke bhee isi tarah key parinam paae gaye. aff. aiss. neurons mein kriya sambhaavit ayam key alawa avashisht see. aeye. 2 + ekagrata mein vriddhi kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa jisase mirgi ootak key aeye. aar. mein vriddhi hoti haye. mirgi-rodhi davaaen sambhaavit roop seey gaaba key iss ar koo lakshit curr sakati hain joe fs neuron autaps mein teji seey hoti prateet hoti hain.
davaaon key prabhaav.
glia-mukt shuddh choohe key retina ganglion sookshm samvardhan key ilaaj key liye glia-conditioned madhyam kaa upayog karane seey prati neuron autaps kii sankhya mein niyantran kii tulanaa mein kaafee vriddhi hoti haye. isase pataa chalata haye kii glia-vyutpann ghulansheel, protein key-samvedansheel kaarak choohe key drishtipatal ganglion koshikaon mein swatah patan key gathan koo prerit karate hain.