
polland mein berojgari

polland mein berojgari 19veen shatabdi mein audyogikaran key dauran dikhaai dee, aur vishesh roop seey mahamandi key dauran gambhir thee. saamyavaadi shasson key tahat polland mein aadhikarik taur parr poorna rojgar thaa, halanki chhipi hui berojgari maujood thee. polland key bajar arthavyavastha mein sankraman key baad berojgari darr mein teji seey vriddhi hui, joe 1993 mein 16 pratishat seey oopar thee, phir baad mein gir gaee, lekin 1993 seey pahale key star seey kaafee oopar rahee. uchch berojgari kii ack aur avadhi 2000 key dashak kii shuruat mein hui jaba darr 20 pratishat taka pahunch gaee. jaise hii polland ney 2004 mein europeeya sangh (ee. yuu.) aur isake naukari bajar mein pravesh kiya, uchch berojgari ney pravaas kii ack lahar shuru curr dee, aur isake parinamswarup gharelu berojgari ney ack girawat kii pravritti shuru curr dee joe 2008 kii mahaan mandee kii shuruat taka jaari rahee. haal key varshon mein berojgari darr mein 8 pratishat seey cumm seey 10 pratishat (eurostat) seey adhik yaa 10 pratishat seey cumm seey 13 pratishat (gais) taka kii vriddhi dekhi gaee haye. 2013 key anta mein darr mein phir seey girawat shuru hui. polish sarkaar (jee. yuu. aiss.) ney navambar 2015 mein 9.6% panjikrit berojgari kii soochana dee, jabaki europeeya sangh key eurostat ney 7.2% diyaa. eurostat key aankadon key anusaar, 2008 seey polland mein berojgari lagaatar europeeya sangh key ausat seey cumm rahee haye. polland mein berojgari darr mein mahatvapurna kshetriya antar maujood hain.
paribhasha aur maap.
berojgari darein polish kendriya saankhyikiya karyalaya aur europeeya sangh key eurostat karyalaya dwara soochit kii jaati hain. report kiye gaye aankadon mein antar una samayojanon key kaaran haye joe eurostat europe key deshon mein berojgari darr koo tulaniya banaata haye.
gus dwara report kii gaee berojgari darr koo aarthik roop seey sakriya aabaadi mein seey binaa kaam key logon key pratishat key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. berojgar key roop mein giney jaane key liye ack vyakti koo chaar maandandon koo puuraa karna hotaa haih 1) 17 aur 74 varsh kii ayu key beach honah, 2) kaam seey baahar honah, 3) pichhale chaar hafton mein sakriya roop seey berojgari kii maang kii haye, aur 4) yadi peshkash kii jaati haye tou cumm avadhi key bheetar rojgar lene key liye taiyar they. isake alawa, darr una logon key roop mein ginny jaati haye jinhen naukari key liye kaam parr rakhaa gayaa haye lekin jinhone abhee taka sakriya kaam shuru naheen kiya haye.
eurostat antarrashtriya shram sangathan kii paribhasha key aadhar parr europeeya sangh key sabhi deshon key liye berojgari kii samaan susangat paribhasha kaa upayog kartaa haye. yeh paribhasha gus dwara upayog kii jaane vaali paribhasha key samaan haye, lekin 17 aur 74 varsh kii ayu key bajaay 15 aur 74 key beach key logon koo maanati haye, aur berojgaaron koo shram bull key pratishat key roop mein ginati haye.
itihas.
19veen shatabdi key anta mein polland mein berojgari kii utpatti hui aur audyogikaran key parinamswarup yeh prakat hui. roose shaasit congress polland mein, 1904 mein japan key saath yuddh kii shuruat ney ack avasaad paida kiya joe agale varsh kii kranti key saath gahara huaa. iss beach, udyog koo roose mein sthanantarit karane key sarkaar key prayason key kaaran deerghakaalik audyogik mandee aaee. karkhane key shramikon kii bhaari berojgari hui, jisake parinamswarup shahari aur graameen donon dhruvon parr palayan karane key liye prerit kiya gayaa. dusare polish ganarajya (1918-1939) mein, berojgari arthavyavastha kii sabse buri samasyaon mein seey ack thee, vishesh roop seey mahamandi (1929-1934) key dauran. panjikrit berojgaaron kii sankhya 1928 mein 185,000 seey badhkar 1936 mein 466,000 hoe gaee; 1932 mein, 240,000 berojgar audyogik shramik they, yaa usa kshetra mein kull kaa ack tihai thaa. naa kewal audyogik shramik balki buddhijivi varg key sadasya bhee prabhaavit hue. iss avadhi key liye aadhikarik aankade kewal gair-krishi majdoori aur vetan kamaane vaalon key liye hain joe shram vinimay key saath berojgar key roop mein panjikrit hain. iss prakaar, sarkari detta berojgari kii vaastavik sankhya kaa kewal ack hissa haye. ack vidwan ney shahari aabaadi mein praakritik vriddhi aur graameen kshetron seey pravaas koo dekhate hue, 1929 key liye 13 pratishat aur 1931 key liye 25 pratishat kii gair-krishi majdoori-arjit berojgari darr kii ganana kii, joe 1938 key liye ack "kaafee adhik" aankada thaa.
polish peepuls republic (1945-1989) aadhikarik taur parr lagbhag poorna rojgar kii visheshta thee, naa kii anaupchaarik chhipi hui berojgari key liye. 1989 kii kraantiyon key baad polland key saamyavaadi seey poonjiwadi arthavyavastha mein parivartan key baad, berojgari 1990 mein aadhikarik roop seey 0 pratishat seey badhkar 6.5 pratishat hoe gaee, 1993 mein 16.4% parr pahunch gaee, aur phir 1997 mein lagbhag 10.3% parr aaa gaee. berojgari darr phir seey 2002 taka badhane luggy, joe usa samay key aspas lagbhag 20 pratishat key charam parr pahunch gaee. jaise hii polland ney 2004 mein europeeya sangh aur isake naukari bajar mein pravesh kiya, berojgari key kaaran badey paimaane parr pravaas ney aankada cumm curr diyaa. sitambar 2008 mein yeh ghatkar 8.9 pratishat reh gayaa, lekin phir seey badhane lagaa, joe pichhale kuchh varshon mein lagbhag 13 pratishat taka pahunch gayaa. 2000 key dashak key anta aur 2010 key dashak kii shuruat mein berojgari mein vriddhi kaa kaaran usa avadhi mein vaishvik mandee koo maanaa gayaa haye.
farwari 2019 taka, polland kii berojgari darr 6,1% (gais) aur 3,4% (europeeya kendriya baink, eurostat) key roop mein darj kii gaee haye, aur pichhale varshon mein see key pichhale uchch star seey lagaatar cumm hoe rahee haye. 2000 key dashak kii shuruat mein 20 pratishat. mukhya roop seey 2015 key baad seey, arthavyavastha mein sudhaar aur raajya bhar mein berojgari mein bhaari girawat, shramikon kii kamee kii gambhir samasya kaa kaaran banati haye. polland mein shram bull kii kamee ack sthaayi samasya bunn gaee haye, aur yeh teji seey polish arthavyavastha key bhavishya key pradarshan parr bhaari parh rhaa haye. ack niji company key sahyog seey, shramikon kii mahatvapurna kamee key kaaran, polish sarkaar doshi kaidiyon koo niyukt karane kii anumati detee haye. 2015 seey, lagbhag 20 laakh ukraini logon koo polish kaary anumati dee gaee thee.
kshetriya vitaran.
polland kii berojgari kii visheshtaon mein seey ack kshetron key beach kaa antar haye, jisamen purvi kshetron koo aamtaur parr badatar roop seey prabhaavit dekhaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, detta polland aeye aur bee ("samriddh paschim" banaam "garib poorv") vibhajan key saath spasht sahsambandh naheen dikhaata haye. maee 2019 mein, sabse adhik berojgari darr poorvottar germ-masurian voivododship (9.2%), uttar madhya kuyevian-pomeranian voivodship (8.1%) aur dakshin-poorv podkarpaki voivodship (8.1%) dwara darj kii gaee thee. sabse cumm berojgari darr madhya-paschim grater polland viododeship (2.9%), dakshini silacian viododeship (4.0%) aur cumm polland viododeship (4.4%) dwara darj kii gaee thee. 2019 key aankade 1990 key baad seey raajya bhar mein darj kii gaee sabse cumm, kshetriya berojgari koo darshaate hain.
kaaran aur parinam.
2008 key antarrashtriya vittiya sankat key baad vaishvik mandee ney polland mein berojgari mein vriddhi mein yogdan diyaa haye. gharelu star parr, uchch berojgari key peechhe key tatvon mein seey ack aksham shram kaanoon hain joe naukari srijan koo mushkil banaate hain, aur varishth karmchaariyon (56 varsh seey adhik ayu key) kii anuchit roop seey raksha karate hain.
polland mein sanrachanaatmak berojgari vishesh roop seey samasyagrast haye, jisamen 2013 taka 46 pratishat berojgar deerghakaalik roop seey berojgar hain. 2011 kii ack report mein usa varsh kii kull berojgari darr key liye 3.6 pratishat key deerghakaalik berojgari key liye ack 3.6 pratishat kaa aankada bataaya gayaa haye.
ack anya samasya asthaayi anubandhon key kuchh roopon seey sambandhit haye, jise "junk contract" () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe karmchaariyon koo shram kaanoonon koo darkinar karane, ghatiya majdoori kii peshkash karane aur bahut cumm yaa koee sthirata yaa samajik suraksha kii anumati detaa haye. 2010 mein yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii polland mein kaaryarat logon mein seey 27 pratishat alpakaalik "junk contract" parr kaam curr rahey honge.
polland mein yuvaaon mein berojgari adhik haye. 2011 mein yeh badhkar 25 pratishat seey adhik hoe gayaa haye aur march 2014 taka yeh 26.3% parr haye, aur 16.3% key ausat seey adhik haye. yuvaaon mein berojgari key uchch honey key parinamon mein seey ack anya europeeya deshon mein yuvaaon key pravaas kii apekshaakrit uchch darr rahee haye, 2014 mein anumaanit 20 laakh (polland kii lagbhag 4 karod aabaadi mein seey).
berojgari polland kii arthavyavastha key saamane sabse gambhir muddon mein seey ack haye. berojgar ack aisaa samooh haye joe garibi seey prabhaavit honey key vishesh jokhim mein haye (polland mein garibi dekhein).
upakhyan key anusaar, vaishvik vittiya sankat key dauran polland mein berojgari darr mein lagbhag 3 pratishat kii kamee aaee, jisamen deerghakaalik berojgari mein 1 pratishat kii girawat aaee (2007-2012 key liye). polland mein 18 pratishat shramikon ney kahaa kii unhone "kharaab kaary vatavaran" mein kaam kiya, joe pratishat europeeya ausat seey thodaa cumm thaa. uchch berojgari aur berojgar honey key mahatvapurna jokhim koo oh. key. dee. dwara polland key liye sabse kharaab kaam karane kii sthiti mein seey ack honey key karanon mein seey ack key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye, joe ise turkey aur maxico seey kewal aage rakhta haye. upakhyan deshon key beach berojgari key jokhim key sandarbh mein, polland sanyukt raajya america key saath tulaniya thaa, aur turkey, hangri, slovakia, astonia, ireland, grees aur spen seey aage thaa, lekin adhikansh uttar-paschimi europeeya deshon key saath-saath australia, japan aur dakshin koria seey bhee neeche thaa.
berojgari laabh.
polland mein berojgari laabh praapt karane key liye, kissy koo upayukt sarkari karyalaya mein panjikaran karna hoga aur "ukt karyalaya dwara prastaavit gatividhiyon key kshetra mein niyojit honey yaa peshevar roop seey sakriya honey kii sambhavana kii kamee koo pradarshit karna hoga, ukt sarkari karyalaya mein panjikaran karane seey pahale 18 maheene kii avadhi mein cumm seey cumm 365 dinon taka kaam kiya haye."march 2014 mein yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii panjikrit berojgaaron mein seey 13.6% berojgari laabh key liye paatr they.