proteolysis

proteolysis protein kaa chhote polypeptides yaa amino acid mein tootana haye. binaa utprerit, peptide bandhanon kaa jall apghatan behad dheema hotaa haye, jisamen saikadon saal lagate hain. proteolysis aamtaur parr protease naamak cellular enzymon dwara utprerit hotaa haye, lekin antar-aanvik paachan dwara bhee hoe sakata haye.
jeevon mein proteolysis kaee uddeshyon koo puuraa kartaa haye; udaaharan key liye, paachan enzyme jeev key liye amino acid pradaan karane key liye bhojan mein protein koo todate hain, jabaki ack sakriya protein key utpaadan key liye isake sanshleshan key baad polypeptide shrinkhala kaa proteolytic prasanskaran aavashyak hoe sakata haye. yeh apoptosis sahit kuchh shaaririk aur koshikiya prakriyaon key viniyaman key saath-saath koshikaon mein avaanchhit yaa galat tareeke seey fold kiye gaye protein key sanchay koo rokane mein bhee mahatvapurna haye. natijatan, proteolysis key viniyaman mein asamanyata roga kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye.
proteolysis kaa upayog prayogshala mein protein kaa adhyayan karane key liye ack vishleshanatmak upkaran key roop mein bhee kiya jaa sakata haye, aur iska upayog udyog mein bhee kiya jaa sakata haye, udaaharan key liye khaadya prasanskaran aur daag hataane mein.
javic kaary.
anuvaad key baad proteolytic prasanskaran.
protein sanshleshan mein anuvaad key dauran yaa baad mein polypeptide kaa seemit proteolysis aksar kaee proteins key liye hotaa haye. isamen aine-terminal methionine, signal peptide koo hataana aur/yaa ack nishkriya yaa gair-karyatmak protein koo sakriya protein mein badalana shamil hoe sakata haye. protein key antim karyatmak roop key agradoot koo proprotein kahaa jaataa haye, aur inn proprotein koo pahale preproprotein key roop mein sanshleshit kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, albumin koo pahale preprolbumin key roop mein sanshleshit kiya jaataa haye aur isamen ack ashuddh sanket peptide hotaa haye. yeh sanket peptide key tootane key baad proelbumin banaata haye, aur aine-terminal 6-avashesh propeptide koo hataane key liye aage kii prakriya seey protein kaa paripakva roop praapt hotaa haye.
aine-terminal methionine koo hataana.
navjat protein key anuvaad key dauran praarambhik methionine (aur, procariotes mein, aff. aim. tii.) koo hataaya jaa sakata haye. ee" key liye. kolai, "aff. aim. tii. koo kushalata seey hataa diyaa jaataa haye yadi doosara avashesh chhota aur binaa charge kiya huaa haye, lekin taba naheen jaba doosara avashesh bhaari aur charge kiya gayaa hoe. procariotes aur eukariotes donon mein, ujagar aine-terminal avashesh aine-aind niyam key anusaar protein key ardh-jeevan koo nirdhaarit curr sakate hain.
sanket anukram koo hataana.
jinn proteins koo kissy vishesh angak yaa sraav key liye lakshit kiya jaanaa haye, unamen ack aine-terminal signal peptide hotaa haye joe protein koo usake antim gantavya taka leey jaataa haye. iss sanket peptide koo ack jhilli key madhyam seey unake parivahan key baad proteolysis dwara hataa diyaa jaataa haye.
polyprotein kaa vichhedan.
kuchh protein aur adhikansh eukariotic polypeptide harmon koo ack badey agradoot polypeptide key roop mein sanshleshit kiya jaataa haye jise polyprotein key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jisake liye alag-alag chhoti polypeptide shrinkhalaon mein proteolytic daraar kii aavashyakta hoti haye. polyprotein pro-opiomelanocourtin (pomak) mein kaee polypeptide harmon hotey hain. halanki, pomak kaa daraar pattern vibhinn ootakon key beach bhinn hoe sakata haye, jisase ack hii polyprotein seey polypeptide harmon key vibhinn sett praapt hotey hain.
kaee virus shuru mein apane protein kaa utpaadan ekal polypeptide shrinkhala key roop mein karate hain jinhen polycystronic aim. aar. aine. aeye. seey anuvaadit kiya gayaa thaa. iss polypeptide koo baad mein alag-alag polypeptide shrinkhalaon mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye. polyprotein key samanya naamon mein retrovirus mein "gagg" (samooh-vishisht pratijan) aur nedoviral mein mein shamil hain. baad vaalaa naam iss tathya koo sandarbhit kartaa haye kii aim. aar. aine. aeye. mein ack fislan vaalaa anukram joe polypeptide key liye code kartaa haye, ribosomal frameshifting kaa kaaran banata haye, jisase lagbhag nishchit anupaat parr peptidic shrinkhalaon ("aeye" aur "aeye. bee") kii dou alag-alag lambai hoti haye.
poorvavarti protein kaa vichhedan.
kaee protein aur harmon apane poorvavartiyon-zymogen, proenzyme aur prehormone key roop mein sanshleshit hotey hain. inn proteins koo unaki antim sakriya sanrachanaon koo banaane key liye vibhajit kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, insulin koo preproinsulin key roop mein sanshleshit kiya jaataa haye, joe sanket peptide key tootane key baad proinsulin paida kartaa haye. proinsulin koo phir dou sthitiyon mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye taaki dou diasulphide bandhanon seey judee dou polypeptide shrinkhalaaen utpann hoe sakein. bee-chain seey dou see-terminal avasheshon koo hataane seey paripakva insulin praapt hotaa haye. protein folding ekal-shrinkhala proinsulin key roop mein hoti haye joe antim antar-peptide dysulphide bandhan aur antim intra-peptide dysulphide bandhan key nirmaan kii suvidha pradaan karati haye, joe insulin kii mool sanrachana mein paaya jaataa haye. 
vishesh roop seey protease koo nishkriya roop mein sanshleshit kiya jaataa haye taaki unhein koshikaon mein surakshit roop seey sangraheet kiya jaa sakey, aur aavashyakta padane parr paryaapt matra mein chhodane key liye taiyar hoe. yeh sunishchit karane key liye haye kii protease kewal sahee sthaan yaa sandarbh mein sakriya haye, kyonki inn protease kaa anuchit sakriyan kissy jeev key liye bahut vinashkari hoe sakata haye. zymogen key proteolysis seey ack sakriya protein praapt hotaa haye; udaaharan key liye, jaba trypsinogen koo tripsin banaane key liye vibhajit kiya jaataa haye, tou protein sanrachana kaa thodaa saa punarvyavastha hoti haye joe protease key sakriya sthaan koo puuraa karati haye, jisase protein sakriya hoe jaataa haye.
isaliye, proteolysis nishkriya protein koo sakriya protein mein badalkar javic prakriyaon koo viniyamit karane kii ack vidhi hoe sakati haye. ack achchha udaaharan rakt key thakke kaa cascade haye jisamen ack praarambhik ghatana kaee vishisht protease key kramik proteolytic sakriyan key cascade koo trigger karati haye, jisake parinamswarup rakt jumm jaataa haye. pratiraksha pratikriya kii poorak pranali mein ack jatil anukramik proteolytic sakriyan aur antahkriya bhee shamil hoti haye jisake parinamswarup aakramankari rogjanakon parr hamla hotaa haye.
protein kaa ksharan.
protein kaa ksharan antahkoshikiya yaa baahyakoshikiya roop seey hoe sakata haye. bhojan key paachan mein, paachan enzymon koo baahya koshikiya paachan key liye vatavaran mein chhoda jaa sakata haye, jisake madhyam seey proteolytic daraar protein koo chhote peptides aur emino acid mein todati haye taaki unhein avashoshit kiya jaa sakey aur upayog kiya jaa sakey. jaanvaron mein bhojan koo vishesh angon yaa aanton mein baahya koshikiya roop seey sansaadhit kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin kaee bacteria mein bhojan koo phagocytosis key madhyam seey aantarik kiya jaa sakata haye. paryaavaran mein protein key sookshmajeev ksharan koo poshak tatvon kii upalabdhata seey niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, protein (carbon, nitrogen aur sulfur) mein pramukh tatvon key liye seema kavak "neurospora crassa" key saath-saath mitty key jeev samudaayon mein proteolytic gatividhi koo prerit karati haye.
koshikaon mein protein amino acid mein toot jaate hain. protein kaa yeh antahkoshikiya ksharan kaee karyon koo puuraa kartaa haih yeh kshatigrast aur asamanya protein koo hataa detaa haye aur unake sanchay koo rokta haye. yeh enzymon aur niyaamak proteins koo hataakar koshikiya prakriyaon koo viniyamit karane kaa bhee kaam kartaa haye jinaki abb aavashyakta naheen haye. amino acid kaa phir seey protein sanshleshan key liye upayog kiya jaa sakata haye.
lysosome aur protesome.
protein key antahkoshikiya ksharan koo dou tarikon seey praapt kiya jaa sakata haye-lysosome mein proteolysis, yaa ack ubquitin-nirbhar prakriya joe avaanchhit protein koo protesome key liye lakshit karati haye. autofaggy-lysosomal maarg aam taur parr ack gair-chayanaatmak prakriya haye, lekin yeh bhookh lagane parr chayanaatmak hoe sakata haye, jisake dwara peptide anukram kfrk yaa isi tarah key protein chuninda roop seey toot jaate hain. lysosome mein cathepsin jaise protease kii ack badee sankhya hoti haye.
ubquitin-madhyasth prakriya chayanaatmak haye. ksharan key liye chihnit protein sahsanyojak roop seey ubquitin seey judey hotey hain. ubiquitin key kaee anuon koo ksharan key liye niyat protein key saath jodaa jaa sakata haye. polyubiquinated protein ack atp-nirbhar protease complexes, proteojom key liye lakshit haye. ubiquitin koo chhoda aur punah upayog kiya jaataa haye, jabaki lakshit protein kaa ksharan hotaa haye.
antahkoshikiya protein ksharan kii darr.
vibhinn protein alag-alag daron parr avakramit hotey hain. asamanya protein jaldi seey kharaab hoe jaate hain, jabaki samanya protein key ksharan kii darr unake karyon key aadhar parr vyaapak roop seey bhinn hoe sakati haye. mahatvapurna chayapachaya niyantran binduon parr enzymon kaa una enzymon kii tulanaa mein bahut teji seey ksharan hoe sakata haye jinaki gatividhi sabhi shaaririk sthitiyon mein kaafee hudd taka sthir hoti haye. sabse teji seey ksharan honey vaale proteins mein seey ack ornithin decarboxylase haye, jiska aadhaa jeevan 11 minut kaa hotaa haye. isake vipareet, actin aur myosine jaise anya proteins kaa aadhaa jeevan ack maheene yaa usase adhik kaa hotaa haye, jabaki, saar mein, haemoglobin ack erythrocyte key poore jeevan-kaal taka rahata haye.
aine-aind niyam aanshik roop seey ack protein key ardh-jeevan koo nirdhaarit curr sakata haye, aur prolin, glutamic acid, serine aur threonin (tathaakathit keat protein) seey samriddh khandon vaale protein kaa ardh-jeevan cumm hotaa haye. ksharan darr koo prabhaavit karane vaale anya karakon mein glutamine aur asperagin kii darr kaa demination aur cysteine, hystidine aur methionine kaa okseekaran, sthir ligand kii anupasthiti, sanlagn carbohydrate yaa phosphat samoohon kii upasthiti, mukt α-emino samooh kii upasthiti, protein kaa nakaratmak charge, aur protein kaa lachilaapan aur sthirata shamil hain. aantarik vikaar kii badee degree vaale proteins mein bhee cumm koshikiya ardh-jeevan hotaa haye, jisamen avyavasthit khandon koo proteojom dwara ksharan kii kushal shuruat kii suvidha key liye prastaavit kiya gayaa haye. 
proteolysis kii darr jeev kii shaaririk sthiti parr bhee nirbhar curr sakati haye, jaise kii isaki harmonal sthiti key saath-saath poshan kii sthiti. bhookh key samay, protein ksharan kii darr badh jaati haye.
paachan.
maanav paachan mein, bhojan mein protein koo pepsin, tripsin, chimotrypsin aur elastes jaise paachan enzymon dwara chhoti peptide shrinkhalaon mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye, aur carboxypaptidase, aminopeptidase aur dipeptidase jaise vibhinn enzymon dwara amino acid mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye. protein koo chhote peptides (tripeptides aur dipeptides) aur emino acid mein todana aavashyak haye taaki unhein aanton dwara avashoshit kiya jaa sakey, aur avashoshit tripeptides aur dipeptides koo bhee raktapravaah mein pravesh karane seey pahale antahkoshikiya roop seey emino acid mein toda diyaa jaataa haye. vibhinn enzymon mein unake substrate key liye alag-alag vishishtata hoti haye; udaaharan key liye, tripsin, ack sakaratmak aaveshit avashesh (arginine aur lycine) key baad peptide bandhan koo todata haye; ack sugandhit avashesh (phenylanine, tyrosine aur tryptophan) key baad chimotrypsin bandhan koo todata haye; elastes ack chhote gair-dhruviya avashesh jaise kii elenin yaa glycine key baad bandhan koo todata haye.
paachan enzymon key anuchit yaa samay seey pahale sakriya honey seey rokane key liye (udaaharan key liye, way agnyashay key swa-paachan koo trigger curr sakate hain jisase agnashayshoth hoe sakata haye), inn enzymon koo nishkriya zymogen key roop mein sraavit kiya jaataa haye. pepsin kaa agradoot, pepsinogen, pett dwara sraavit hotaa haye, aur kewal pett mein paae jaane vaale amleeya vatavaran mein sakriya hotaa haye. agnyashay tripsin aur chimotrypsin jaise kaee protease key agraduton koo sraavit kartaa haye. tripsin kaa zymogen trypsinogen haye, joe ack bahut hii vishisht protease, enterokinage dwara sakriya hotaa haye, joe duodenum key shleshma dwara sraavit hotaa haye. ack baar sakriya honey key baad, tripsin anya trypsinogen key saath-saath anya protease jaise kii chimotrypsin aur carboxypeptidase key agraduton koo bhee sakriya curr sakata haye.
bacteria mein, ack nishkriya zymogen yaa presimogen koo niyojit karane kii ack samaan ranneeti kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. subtilicin, joe "basilus subtillis" dwara utpaadit hotaa haye, preprosubitilicin key roop mein utpaadit hotaa haye, aur kewal tabhi jaari kiya jaataa haye jaba signal peptide vighatit hoe jaataa haye aur autocatalytic proteolytic sakriyan huaa hoe.
koshikiya viniyaman.
proteolysis enzymon, pratilekhan karakon aur receptors koo sakriya yaa nishkriya karke kaee koshikiya prakriyaon key viniyaman mein bhee shamil haye, udaaharan key liye collestroll key jaiv sanshleshan mein, yaa protease-sakriya receptors key madhyam seey thrombin signalling kii madhyasthata.
mahatvapurna chayapachaya niyantran binduon jaise ornithin decarboxylase parr kuchh enzyme poori tarah seey isake sanshleshan kii darr aur isake ksharan kii darr seey niyantrit hotey hain. anya teji seey ksharan honey vaale proteins mein proto-oncogenes key protein utpaad shamil hain, joe koshika vikas key viniyaman mein kendriya bhoomika nibhaate hain.
koshika chakr viniyaman.
cycline protein kaa ack samooh haye joe koshika vibhajan mein shamil kinnez koo sakriya kartaa haye. cycline kaa ksharan pramukh kadam haye joe mitosis seey baahar nikalane aur agale koshika chakr mein pragati koo niyantrit kartaa haye. koshika chakr key dauran cycline jamaa hoe jaate hain, phir mitosis key anaphase seey thheek pahale achaanak gayab hoe jaate hain. cycline koo ack ubquitin-madhyasth proteolytic maarg key madhyam seey hataaya jaataa haye.
apoptosis.
caspage protease kaa ack mahatvapurna samooh haye joe apoptosis yaa kramaadeshit koshika mrityu mein shamil hotaa haye. caspage, prokespage key agraduton koo proteolysis dwara ack protein parisar key saath isake judaav key madhyam seey sakriya kiya jaa sakata haye joe apoptosome banaata haye, yaa gransime bee dwara, yaa mrityu receptor maargon key madhyam seey.
autoproteolysis.
autoproteolysis kuchh proteins mein hotaa haye, jisake dwara peptide bandhan koo ack swa-utprerit intramolicular pratikriya mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye. zymogen key vipareet, yeye autoproteolytic protein ack "ekal karobar" pratikriya mein bhaag lete hain aur prithakkaran key baad aage kii pratikriyaon koo utprerit naheen karate hain. udaharanon mein wonn willebrand kaarak prakaar dee (weedbludy) domen aur "niseriya meningitidis" frpc swa-prasanskaran domen key subset mein asp-pro bonned kaa daraar, "salmonella" fhb protein ", yersinia" yasku protein mein ansn-pro bonned kaa daraar, saath hii saath samudri archin shukranu protein, enterokinage aur agreen (samudri) domen key subset mein gly-sair bonned kaa daraar shamil haye. kuchh mamalon mein, peptide bandhan key sanrachanaatmak tanaav dwara autoproteolytic daraar koo badhaava diyaa jaataa haye.
proteolysis aur roga.
asamanya proteolytic gatividhi kaee beemariyon seey judee hui haye. agnyashayshoth mein, protease kaa risaav aur agnyashay mein unaki samay seey pahale sakriyata key parinamswarup agnyashay kaa swa-paachan hotaa haye. madhumeh melitus vaale logon mein lysosomal gatividhi mein vriddhi hoe sakati haye aur kuchh proteins kaa ksharan kaafee badh sakata haye. rheumatoid arthuritis jaisi purani soojan sambandhi beemariyon mein lysosomal enzymon koo baahya koshikiya sthaan mein chhodana shamil hoe sakata haye joe aspas key ootakon koo toda dete hain. asamanya proteolysis key parinamswarup kaee umr seey sambandhit tantrika sambandhi beemaariyaan hoe sakati hain jaise kii alzheimer key kaaran peptides key utpaadan aur aprabhaavi nishkasana joe koshikaon mein ekatrit hotey hain.
protease koo antiprotes yaa protease avrodhakon dwara niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye, aur protease aur antiprotes key beach asantulan key parinamswarup beemariyan hoe sakati hain, udaaharan key liye, tambaku key dhumrapan seey honey vaale vaatasfeeti mein fefadon key ootakon key vinash mein. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii dhumrapan seey fefadon mein neutrophil aur macrophage mein vriddhi hoti haye joe elastes jaise proteolytic enzymon kii atyadhik matra chhodate hain, jaise kii unhein abb α1-antitrypsin jaise sarpin dwara baadhit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, jisake parinamswarup fefadon mein sanyoji ootak toot jaate hain. anya protease aur unake avarodhak bhee iss bimari mein shamil hoe sakate hain, udaaharan key liye matricks metalloproteiness (aim. aim. pee. aiss.) aur metalloproteiness (timps) key ootak avarodhak.
asamanya proteolysis seey judee anya beemariyon mein muscular dystrophy, apakshayi twacha vikaar, shwasan aur gastroentestinal roga aur ghaatak shamil hain.
gair-enzymatic prakriyaaen.
protein kii reedh kii haddiyaan tatasth ph aur kamare key tapman parr paani mein bahut sthir hoti hain, haalaanki vibhinn peptide bandhanon key jall apghatan kii darr bhinn hoe sakati haye. samanya paristhitiyon mein peptide bandhan kaa aadhaa jeevan 7 saal seey 350 saal taka hoe sakata haye, joe sanshodhit terminus yaa protein aantarik key bheetar sanrakshit peptide key liye aur bhee adhik hoe sakata haye. halanki jall apghatan kii darr koo ph aur garmi kii charam seema seey kaafee badhaaya jaa sakata haye. protein key swatahsfurt vichhedan mein serine aur threonin parr jastaa dwara utpreran bhee shamil hoe sakata haye.
majboot khanij acid aasaani seey protein (acid hydrolysis) mein peptide bonned kaa hydrolysis curr sakate hain. vishleshan key liye ack protein yaa peptide koo usake ghatak amino acid mein hydrolyse karane kaa maanak tarika haye kii ise 6 meater hydrochloric acid mein lagbhag 24 ghante key liye 105 degree celsius taka germ kiya jaae. halanki, kuchh protein acid hydrolysis key liye pratirodhi hotey hain. ack prasiddh udaaharan ribonucleus aeye haye, jise kachche ark koo germ sulfuric acid key saath upchaarit karke shuddh kiya jaa sakata haye taaki anya protein kharaab hoe jaaen jabaki ribonucleus aeye koo barkarar rakhaa jaae.
kuchh rasayan vishisht avasheshon key baad hii proteolysis kaa kaaran banate hain, aur inca upayog prayogshala vishleshan key liye protein koo chuninda roop seey chhote polypeptides mein vibhajit karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, sinogen bromide methionine key baad peptide bandhan koo toda detaa haye. isi tarah key tarikon kaa upayog vishesh roop seey tryptophanil, aspartil, systenyl aur asperaginil peptide bandhanon koo todane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. daraar key liye trifluoroacetic acid aur formic acid jaise acid kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye.
anya jaiv anuon kii tarah, protein koo bhee kewal uchch garmi seey todaa jaa sakata haye. 250 degree celsius parr, peptide bandhan koo aasaani seey hydrolyse kiya jaa sakata haye, jiska aadhaa jeevan lagbhag ack minut taka gir jaataa haye. pyrolysis key madhyam seey hydrolysis key binaa bhee protein koo todaa jaa sakata haye; ksharan parr chhote visham-chakreeya yaugik banane lugg sakate hain. 500 degree celsius seey oopar, polycyclic sugandhit hydrocarbon bhee bunn sakate hain, joe tambaku key dhuein mein carcinogen key utpaadan aur uchch garmi parr khaana pakaane key adhyayan mein ruchi rakhta haye.
prayogshala anuprayog.
proteolysis kaa upayog anusandhaan aur naidaanik anuprayogon mein bhee kiya jaataa haih 
protease enzyme.
protease koo isake sakriya sthal mein shamil utprerak samooh key anusaar vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye.
jahar.
kuchh prakaar key jahar, jaise kii jaharile saampon dwara utpaadit, bhee proteolysis kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain. yeye jahar vaastav mein jatil paachan taral padaarth hain joe shareer key baahar apana kaam shuru karate hain. proteolytic vish vishaakt prabhaavon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala kaa kaaran banata haye, jisamen prabhaav shamil hainh

