
chetavani denaa kartavya

chetavani denaa ack kartavya haye joe kaee paristhitiyon mein yaatana key kaanoon mein utpann hoti haye, joe ingit karati haye kii ack paksh koo dusare koo hui choton key liye uttardaayi thaharaaya jaayega, jahaan paksh koo dusare koo khatare key baare mein chetavani dene kaa avsar milaa thaa aur aisaa karane mein whiffle rhaa.
itihas.
dou aitihaasik kanuni mamalon ney chikitsak key kanuni daayitvon koo gopaniyata kaa ullanghan karane key liye sthaapit kiya yadi unhein lagata haye kii ack graahak apane yaa dusaron key liye jokhim paida kartaa haye. pahala thaa "tarasoff vee. california vishvavidyalaya key rajpratinidhiyon ney kahaa, "jahaan ack chikitsak ack yuva mahila aur usake maataa-pitaa koo ack graahak dwara dee gaee vishisht maut kii dhamkiyon key baare mein soochit karane mein whiffle rhaa. doosara mamla thaa "zablonsky baay pahalas vee. sanyukt raajya america ney pichhale record kii sameeksha koo shamil karke chetavani dene key liye kartavya kii jimmedariyon koo aage badhaaya jisamen hinsak vyavhaar kaa itihas shamil hoe sakata haye.
utpaad deyata.
utpaad deyata mamalon mein chetavani dene kaa kartavya utpann hotaa haye, kyonki nirmaataon koo unake utpaadon key kaaran honey vaali choton key liye uttardaayi thaharaaya jaa sakata haye yadi utpaad kissy upabhokta koo chot pahunchaata haye aur nirmaata utpaad kaa upayog karane key jokhimon key baare mein paryaapt chetavaniyon kii aapoorti karane mein whiffle rahata haye (jaise kii pharmacy key dushprabhaav) yaa yadi way utpaad key uchit upayog key liye paryaapt nirdeshon kii aapoorti karane mein whiffle rahate hain (jaise kii drill kaa upayog karate samay suraksha chashme kaa upayog karane key liye savdhani). yadi nirmaata inn chetavaniyon kii aapoorti karane mein whiffle rahata haye, tou kaanoon utpaad koo hii doshpurna maanega.
ack utpaad dwara ghayal ack paksh dwara ack mukadama, jahaan nirmaata thheek seey chetavani dene mein whiffle rhaa, aamtaur parr ack "laparwahi" kaarravaai key roop mein laaya jaataa haye, lekin ise "sakht deyata" daave key roop mein yaa "vyaapaar kii warranty key ullanghan" mamle key roop mein daayar kiya jaa sakata haye.
agast 2016 mein apane nott 7 smartphone koo launch karane key kuchh hii samay baad samsung koo phone jalane kii kaee khabaren mileen. samsung key paas sabhi galaxy nott 7 koo yaad karane key alawa koee vikalp naheen thaa, jisaki keemat company koo lagbhag $5.3bn thee. vaapas bulaaye jaane key baad, sanghiya vimanan prashaasan ney logon koo galaxy nott 7 koo chaalu karane, ise check kiye gaye saman mein paik karane aur vimaan mein rahate hue ise charge karane seey pratibandhit curr diyaa. 11 octuber, 2016 koo samsung ney utpaadan bund curr diyaa aur logon koo galaxy nott 7 koo bund karane aur abb iska upayog naheen karane kii chetavani jaari kii. samsung ney apane sabhi vaishvik bhagidaron seey utpaad kii suraksha key baare mein chintaon key kaaran phone bechana bund karane key liye kahaa. 200, 000 upkaranon aur 30,000 baitariyon key pareekshan key baad, samsung ney paaya kii adhik germ honey aur phone jalane kaa kaaran apane dou aapurtikartaon kii baitariyon koo design karane aur banaane mein truti thee.
utpaad deyata mamalon mein ack mudda yeh haye kii kyaa utpaad gyaat khatron key baare mein chetavani dene key liye ack kartavya kaa samarthan kartaa haye.
lokpriya 1994 mein "libeck banaam. mcdonalds restaraan kaa mamla jahaan vyaktigat libeck ney mcdonalds parr usaki god mein germ coffey key risaav key kaaran choton key liye harjaane kaa mukadama daayar kiya. mcdonalds ney upbhoktaon koo unake coffey utpaad key antarnihit khatare key baare mein thheek seey chetavani naheen dee thee. isake alawa, mcdonalds koo germ coffey kii choton seey pichhali choton key baare mein pataa thaa aur usane upbhoktaon koo thheek seey chetavani naheen dee thee, jisake parinamswarup adalat ney libeck koo $640,000 kaa harjana diyaa, jise baad mein ack agyaat raashi key liye nipataaya gayaa.
sampatti kaa swaamitva.
vishesh roop seey, sampatti parr vyakti kii sthiti key aadhar parr, sampatti key malik kaa kartavya haye kii vaha vibhinn khatron kii sampatti parr vyaktiyon koo chetavani dey. udaaharan key liye, sampatti key malik koo kissy pratyaashit yaa khoje gaye atikramankarta koo sampatti key malik koo gyaat ghaatak sthitiyon key baare mein chetavani deni chaahiye, lekin yeh atikramankarta seey chhipa hoga. sampatti key malik koo licensedhariyon koo "sabhi" gyaat khatron (chaahe ghaatak houn yaa naheen) key baare mein chetavani deni chaahiye, aur aamantrit logon koo una sabhi khatron key baare mein chetavani deni chaahiye joe sampatti key uchit nireekshan key madhyam seey sampatti key malik koo mill sakate hain.
naidaanik manovigyaan aur manochikitsa.
sanyukt raajya america mein naidaanik manovaigyaanik abhyaas mein, chetavani dene key liye ack chikitsak kii aavashyakta hoti haye jisake paas yeh vishvaas karane key liye uchit aadhar hoe kii ack graahak sambhaavit peediton koo chetavani dene key liye khud koo yaa dusaron koo nuksan pahunchaane key aasann khatare mein hoe sakata haye. chetavani denaa ack graahak key gopaniyata key adhikaar aur chikitsiya sambandh key sandarbh mein sambandhit gopaniya jaankaari banaae rakhane key liye chikitsak key naitik daayitva key kuchh apvaadon mein seey ack haye. americi manovaigyaanik sangh key manovaigyanikon key naitik siddhanton aur aachar sanhita mein, chikitsak kaa kartavya haye kii vaha chetavani dey kii graahak kii sahamati key binaa gopaniya jaankaari key prakateekaran key liye dishaanirdeshon key bheetar nihit haih "manovaigyaanik kewal vyakti kii sahamati key binaa gopaniya jaankaari kaa khulasa karate hain jaisa kii kaanoon dwara anivarya haye, yaa jahaan kaanoon dwara anumati dee gaee haye, jaise kii ack vaidh uddeshya key liye... graahak/rogi, manovaigyaanik yaa dusaron koo nuksan seey bachaaen."aisee sthitiyon mein jaba kissy graahak dwara kissy koo nuksan pahunchaane key baare mein gambhir chinta kaa kaaran hotaa haye, tou chikitsak koo pehchaan kiye gaye peedit/teesare paksh koo aasann khatare key baare mein chetavani dene key liye gopaniyata kaa ullanghan karna chaahiye. halanki kaanoon alag-alag raajyon mein kuchh hudd taka bhinn hotey hain, samanya roop seey, khatra aasann honah chaahiye aur gopaniyata kaa ullanghan kissy aise vyakti key liye kiya jaanaa chaahiye joe khatare key jokhim koo cumm karane kii sthiti mein hoe. joe loga aisee jaankaari key uchit praaptakarta honge, unamen ichchit peedit aur kaanoon pravartan shamil honge.
chetavani dene kaa kartavya "tarasoff banaam" key mamle mein california sarvocch nyayalaya key dou faisalon (1974 aur 1976) key aitihaasik sandarbh mein antarnihit haye. california vishvavidyalaya key rajpratinidhiyon. adalat ney kahaa kii mansik swaasthya peshevaron kaa kartavya haye kii way una vyaktiyon kii raksha karein jinhen ack rogi dwara shaaririk nuksan kii dhamki dee jaa rahee haye. mool 1974 key nirnay mein khatare mein padey vyakti koo chetavani denaa anivarya thaa, lekin 1976 mein california sarvocch nyayalaya dwara mamle kii sunavaai mein ichchit peedit kii raksha karane key liye "kartavya" kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa.
adalat key faisale mein spasht roop seey yeh siddhant thaa kii chikitsiya sambandh kii gopaniyata samaaj aur usake sadasyon kii suraksha key adheen haye. muvakkil aur unaki bhaavanaon kii raksha karane key moolya aur mahatva key bavjood, aur iss prakaar chikitsak-graahak sambandh, adalat ney nirnay liya kii usa samaaj key nagrik key roop mein samaaj key prati chikitsak kaa kartavya ack muvakkil key rahasyon key prati chikitsak kii wafadari parr kuchh seemaaen rakhta haye, joe chikitsiya sambandh key sandarbh mein prakat kiya gayaa haye.
gopaniyata kii seemaaen chikitsakon key liye ack mahatvapurna chinta haye, kyonki chikitsak aur graahak key beach vishvaas kaa sambandh chikitsiya vikas key liye poorv shart sandarbh haye. chikitsak dwara upchaaraatmak samvaad mein bataae gaye graahak key vishvaas kaa sammaan karane kii graahak kii apeksha key binaa, graahak koo sabse adhik pareshan karane vaale aur niji muddon kaa khulasa karane kii swatantrata naheen hogi joe atyadhik chinta key mamle hain aur hastakshep kii aavashyakta haye. kuchh logon kaa tark haye kii yadi graahak chikitsa seey sambandhit sabhi mamalon mein gopaniyata parr nirbhar naheen reh sakate hain, tou sambhaavit roop seey khatarnak graahak, jinhen manovaigyaanik sevaaon kii sabse adhik aavashyakta hoe sakati haye, chikitsa seey bachenge, iss prakaar hastakshep key avsar seey chook jaayenge. 
tarasoff mamle mein sambodhit muddon key samaan anya mamalon koo adalaton key dhyaan mein laaya gayaa haye, jaise kii pahal banaam dwara "zablonsky". sanyukt raajya america. usa mamle key nishkarsh ney iss nirnay key saath chetavani dene key kartavya mein nihit jimmedaari koo badhaa diyaa kii chikitsak pichhale record kii sameeksha karane mein viphalata key liye uttardaayi hoe sakata haye, jisamen pichhale hinsak vyavhaar kaa itihas hoe sakata haye, joe bhavishya mein sambhaavit hinsa kaa bhavishyavakta hoe sakata haye.
haal hii mein chetavani dene key liye kartavya koo lagu karane key vichaar ney grahakon key ahinsak vyavhaaron kii report karane key liye gopaniyata kaa ullanghan karane key liye chikitsak kii jimmedaari key baare mein sawal uthaaye hain, joe dusaron key liye khatra paida curr sakate hain, jaisa kii hiv/aids vaale grahakon key mamle mein haye.
nirmaan.
nirmaan mamalon mein chetavani dene key liye ack anubandh kartavya key astitva aur seema parr ingland aur wells uchch nyayalaya (praudyogiki aur nirmaan adalat) mein clitonhills banaam bembridge marine limitted aur anya (2012) key mamle mein charcha kii gaee haye.
aaparaadhik gatividhi.
website upayogkarta.
jaine doo noo" mein. 14 vee. internet brand, ink.", jaine doo vaadi ney aarop lagaaya kii internet brand, ink.'apani networking website, modelmahm key upayogkartaon koo chetavani dene mein viphalata.comm, usey ack balatkar yojana kaa shikaar banaa diyaa. usane aarop lagaaya kii prativaadi internet brand balatkariyon key baare mein jaanate they lekin usey yaa website key anya upayogkartaon koo chetavani naheen dee. usane internet brandon key khilaf ack kaarravaai daayar kii jisamen california kaanoon key tahat laparwahi key liye daayitva kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa joe usa chetavani mein viphalata key aadhar parr thaa. 31 maee, 2016 koo, 9vein circuit key liye americi appeal adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii sanchaar shalinta adhiniyam daave koo chetavani dene mein jaine doo kii viphalata koo rokta naheen haye.
ack kramik balatkari key sambhaavit lakshya.
"jaine doo vee. metropolitan torrento (nagarpalika) pulis aayukt.
24 agast, 1986 kii subah key samay, torrento mein doosari manjil key apartment mein rahane vaali ack mahila key saath paul callo ney chaku kii noke parr balatkar kiya, joe ack balkani seey usake apartment mein ghus gaee thee. usa samay, vaadi collo dwara isi tarah key apraadhon kaa paanchvaan shikaar thaa, jise "balkani balatkari" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. 1998 mein, yeh mahila iss aadhar parr harjaane key liye mahanagariya torrento pulis bull key khilaf apane mukadame mein safal rahee kii pulis bull ney laparwahi seey jaanch kii thee aur mahilaaon koo kalov dwara hamale key jokhim key baare mein chetavani dene mein whiffle rahee thee.
"jaine doo vee. royal newfoundland constabulary.
disambar 2012 mein, ack mahila, joe baad mein ack jaine doo vaadi bunn gaee, parr sent mein ack algerian apravasi sophian boalag dwara hamla kiya gayaa thaa. johnn, newfoundland. yeh hamla sitambar aur disambar 2012 key beach hue chhah hamalon mein seey aakhiri thaa. kaee peediton kii shikayaton key sambandh mein 23 aaparaadhik apraadhon kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. 2016 mein, usey dakaiti, ack hathiyar key saath yaun hamale key teen mamalon aur dumm ghutane sahit kaee apraadhon kaa doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa, jaba taka kii vaha baahar naheen hoe gaee. 
janwari 2016 mein, doo ney royal newfoundland constabulary key khilaf ack mukadama shuru kiya, jisamen aarop lagaaya gayaa kii pulis janata koo thheek seey chetavani dene mein whiffle rahee kii ack shikari yuva mahilaaon kaa peechha curr rhaa thaa. daave key bayaan key anusaar, sabhi hamale shahar key ack samaan hisse mein hue aur isamen samaan visheshtaon vaale loga shamil they-chhah yuva mahilaaen, jinamen 16 saal seey cumm umr kii ack ladki bhee shamil thee.
mahavidyalaya aur vishvavidyalaya key chhaatr.
1986 mein, 19 varsheeya jeane clary key saath usake uchch vishvavidyalaya key chhatrawas key kamare mein balatkar kiya gayaa aur usaki hatyaa curr dee gaee. usake maataa-pitaa ney nott kiyaah
kyonki usake maataa-pitaa key prayason key kaaran, clary adhiniyam lagu kiya gayaa thaa, jisake liye sanyukt raajya america mein colleges aur vishvavidyalayon koo parisar aparaadh report prakaashit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
2008 mein, purvi mishigan vishvavidyalaya parr clary adhiniyam kaa ullanghan karane key liye $357,500 kaa jurmana lagaaya gayaa thaa. americi sanghiya adhikaariyon ney apane nivaas holl mein laura dickinson kii hatyaa key baare mein janata koo soochit karane mein whiffle rahane key liye vishvavidyalaya kaa hawala dete hue kahaa kii yeh ack gambhir ullanghan haye.
yuu.aiss. khufiya samudaay.
julaai 2015 mein, rashtriya khufiya vibhaag key tatkalin nideshak james clapper ney aupchaarik roop seey sanyukt raajya america key khufiya samudaay kii agencies koo ack nirdesh jaari kiya kii unakaa kartavya haye kii way donon koo chetavani dein.aiss. aur gair-yuu.aiss. unake khilaf aasann nuksan key vyakti. nirdesh mein una avsaron key liye chhoot shamil thee jinamen samvedansheel "sroton aur tarikon" kii suraksha kii aavashyakta hoti thee, aise mamle jahaan ichchit peedit ack aatankvaadi samooh kaa sadasya yaa ack hinsak aparaadhi thaa, yaa yadi ichchit peedit pahale seey hii khatare seey avagat thaa. kaee yuu.aiss. clapper key nirdesh seey pahale dashakon taka khufiya agencies ney anaupchaarik roop seey iss tarah kii pratha kaa avalokan kiya thaa.
2019 mein, patrakaron kii suraksha key liye samiti ney trump prashaasan parr iss baare mein jaankaari key liye mukadama daayar kiya kii kyaa yuu.aiss. sarkaar ney maare gaye saudi-americi patrakaar jamaal khasogi key mamle mein apane "chetavani dene key kartavya" key siddhant kaa paalan kiya thaa. agast 2021 mein, ack yuu.aiss. appeal adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii yuu.aiss. khufiya agencies koo yeh khulasa karane kii aavashyakta naheen thee kii kyaa unake paas unaki hatyaa seey pahale khashogi key jeevan koo khatare kii jaankaari thee.

