choi see-hyong

choi see-hyong (; 1827-1898), janm naam choi gyong-saang, kaa janm gyongju mein huaa thaa. unakaa maranoparant naam see-hyong thaa aur unaki sammaanjanak upaadhi haye-woll (<unk>) thee, aur unhein baad mein usa naam seey sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. vaha joson rajvansh aur koriyai samrajya key dauran donghak key dusare netaa they. 1864 mein joson adhikaariyon dwara chou jey-yuu (kalam naam, sue-una) key nishpaadan key baad vaha uttaradhikari banaa. sue-una key nishpaadan key baad, 36 varshon taka sarkari adhikaariyon dwara hevol kaa peechha kiya gayaa. iss avadhi key dauran, unhone sue-una kii kritiyon koo sankalit aur mudrit kiya; aur unhone apani saiddhaantik kritiyaan likhin. 1890 key dashak kii shuruat mein, unhone sue-una koo doshmukt karane key liye sarkaar koo yachika daayar karane mein madad kii. yeh antatah sashastr takraav kaa kaaran banaa, mukhya roop seey giola praant mein, jise 1894 kii donghak kisan kranti key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, bhale hii donghak anuyaayi vidrohiyon key beach alpasankhyak they. hevol ney shuru mein vidroh kaa virodh kiya lekin antatah isake saath chalaa gayaa, shayed isaliye kii yeh apariharya lugg rhaa thaa. vidroh, mukhya roop seey jeane bongjun key netritva mein, usa varsh baad mein dabaa diyaa gayaa thaa. vidroh key baad, donghak kaa vinash hoe gayaa. hevol ney ise kuchh safalata key saath bahaal karane kaa prayaas kiya, mukhya roop seey koria key anya hisson mein, lekin 1898 mein sarkari balon dwara kabja curr liya gayaa aur usey nishpaadit curr diyaa gayaa. unake baad putra bayong-hii ("uyam", 1861-1922) ney padbhar sambhala joe donghak kaa teesara netaa banaa.
jeevan.
1894 key vidroh seey pahale kaa jeevan.
hevol kaa bachpan vanchit thaa. unakaa janm 1827 mein gyongsang praant key gyengju mein huaa thaa. unaki maan kii mrityu taba hui jaba way chhah saal key they aur unakaa paalan-poshan unaki sauteli maan ney kiya thaa. unake pitaa kii mrityu taba hui jaba way 15 varsh key they. way aur unaki bahan aarthik roop seey tanaavgrast they aur khet key malik key roop mein kaam karate they. unhone apani kishoravastha key anta mein ack pepper mill mein kaam kiya aur phir slash aur burn kheti mein lagey rahey. vaha 1861 mein donghak key sansthaapak sue-una seey mille aur anushthaan jup, upvaas aur tapasya mein ack utsaahi pratibhaagi bunn gaye. vaha rahasyamay aavaazen sunane aaya joe usane nishkarsh nikala kii swarg key bajaay sue-una seey aaee theen. apane abhyaas key madhyam seey unhein ehsas huaa kii "aggar hanul (swarg) iss duniya mein sthaayi haye tou saansaarik duniya pavitra hoe sakati haye. 
kuchh khaaton key anusaar, sue-una ney unhein fansi seey kuchh maheene pahale agala netaa chunaa. haalaanki donghak itihas key alag-alag vivaranon seey iss baare mein kuchh bahas hoe rahee haye. isake alawa, unake naam kaa ullekh sue-una key lekhan yaa 1860-1863 seey poochtaachh record mein naheen kiya gayaa haye. kissy bhee ghatana mein, vaha cumm seey cumm 1860 key dashak key madhya taka donghak key dusare netaa key roop mein ubhare they. sue-una kii mrityu key baad yeh sambhavana haye kii hevol ney dakshini koria key aspas yatra kii, shikshan aur dharmaantaran kiya, jabaki adhikaariyon seey chhipa huaa thaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii unhone apana adhikansh samay gyongsang praant key uttari aantarik aur tateey kshetron mein bitaaya. hevol kii pramukh uplabdhiyon mein seey ack sue-una key lekhan kaa sankalan thaa joe donghak granth bunn gayaa. sue-una kii mrityu key baad inmein seey adhikansh lekhan khou gaye they, lekin hevol ney unhein smriti key liye pratibaddh curr diyaa thaa aur unhein bahaal karane aur nakkashidar lakadi key khandon kaa upayog karke unhein mudrit karane mein saksham thaa. yeh prakriya 1965 mein shuru kii gaee thee lekin sarkari utpeedan key kaaran 1980 key dashak kii shuruat taka poori naheen hui thee. yeh pariyojana kaee anya pramukh donghak netaaon kii sahaayata seey kii gaee thee. inn sanklanon ney sue-una key lekhan koo phir seey vyavasthit kiya aur unake sthaaniya koriyai aur shaastriya cheeni granthon koo dou alag-alag pustakon mein alag curr diyaa. 
1870 mein, yee pa 'ill-chey key netritva mein ack donghak vibhajan samooh, ack vidroh mein shamil thaa, halanki adhikansh vidrohi donghak anuyaayi naheen they. vidroh kii mukhya prerana sarkari neetiyon key prati asantosh thaa, aur ise sarkari balon dwara jaldi seey dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. hevol yee seey milaa thaa aur baad mein usane ghoshana kii kii vaha ack dhokhebaaz thaa. haalaanki hevol ney yee kaa virodh kiya thaa, lekin vidroh key baad giraftari seey bachane key liye unhein taibek parvat aur gangviondo gyongsangdo mein sobeck parvat aur chungcheongdo parr bhaagne key liye majboor honah padaa.
1870 key dashak key anta aur 1880 key dashak kii shuruat mein, donghak kaa sarkari daman aasaan honah shuru hoe gayaa kyonki sarkaar ney apana dhyaan videshi hastakshep jaisi anya chintaon parr kendrit curr diyaa. isake alawa, donghak gatividhiyaan mukhya roop seey dooradraj key kshetron mein theen, joe sarkari jaanch seey door theen. isane hevol koo donghak sangathanaatmak sanrachana koo bahaal karane mein saksham banaaya. yeh usee key samaan thaa jise unhone sue-una koo lagu karane mein madad kii. ack kendriya mukhyalaya thaa joe hevol dwara prashaasit thaa. yeh nirdeshit jilaa aur sthaaniya mukhyalaya kramshah pee 'oh aur jop kehlata haye. pratyek koo mukhya nireekshak, shikshak, mukhya prashaasak, nyayadhish, paramarshdata aur sensor sahit vishisht jimmedariyon vaale vyaktiyon dwara niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. sue-una key karyon koo sankalit karane key alawa unhone apane swayam key saiddhaantik kaary bhee likhe. inmein, unhone "swarg aur prithvi maataa-pitaa hain", "loga swarg hain aur swarg loga hain" aur "dusaron key saath aisaa vyavhaar karein jaise way swarg hain" jaisi ghoshanaon mein divya kii shreshthata kii sue-una kii avadharana kaa vistaar kiya. unhone maanaa kii bhagwan/swarg naa kewal logon mein balki anya praniyon aur nirjeev vastuon sahit sabhi srishti mein pratishthit thaa. unhone teen sammanon kii vakaalat kii, i.ee.swarg, logon aur prakriti key liye sammaan.
yaachikaaen aur 1894 kaa vidroh.
1890 key dashak kii shuruat taka, donghak anuyaayiyon kii sankhya vishesh roop seey chunakchenk aur giola praanton mein badh gaee thee, jahaan way adhik mukhar hoe gaye they. una praanton key netaa hevol aae aur unase sue-una koo doshmukt karane key liye sarkaar seey yachika karane koo kahaa. unhone anupaalan kiya, pahale una praanton key rajyapalon koo yaachikaaen bhejin. jaba una yachikaon koo khariz curr diyaa gayaa, tou yachikaon koo kendra sarkaar koo bheja gayaa. jaba way yaachikaaen whiffle hoe gaeen tou yeh nirdhaarit kiya gayaa kii raajaa koo seedhe yachika daayar kii jaani chaahiye. ack vishesh sivil seva pariksha key avsar parr, lagbhag 40 anuyaayiyon ney vidvaanon key roop mein khud koo prachhann kiya joe pariksha dene key liye vahaan they. unhone shaahi mahal key dwaar key baahar ack pradarshan kiya jisamen unhone sue-una koo doshmukt karane aur sthaaniya bhrashtachar seey raahat kaa anurodh kiya. raajaa unake anurodh kaa sammaan karane key liye sahmat hoe gaye yadi way ghar lautate hain. lekin, pratibaddhata koo lagu naheen kiya gayaa. andolan samaapt hoe gayaa kyonki hevol key aspas key donghak netaa hinsa key baare mein chintit they. 
isake baad, andolan sainyavaadi hoe gayaa, aur praathamik shikayat sthaaniya bhrashtachar key nivaaran key liye sue-una key naam koo hataane seey sthanantarit hoe gaee. jeane bongjun key netritva mein ack senaa koo ikattha kiya gayaa thaa. donghak anuyaayi senaa mein alpasankhyak they, lekin isake netaa donghak seey sambaddh they yaa donghak anuyaayi honey kaa daavaa karate they. joe loga vidroh mein shamil hue way mukhya roop seey dakshini vidhansabha mein they. apani senaa koo jutaane key liye, jeane ney donghak sangathanaatmak sanrachana kaa upayog kiya jahaan yeh maujood thee aur jahaan aavashyakta thee vahaan naee ikaaiyon (pee 'oh) kaa ayojan kiya. unake niyantran mein pee 'oh koo sthaaniya sainya niyantran ikaaiyon key roop mein punargathit kiya gayaa thaa.
hevol ney jeane koo "swarg kii ichcha" kii avahelana naheen karane kaa adesh diyaa, lekin iss adesh kii avahelana kii gaee. usa samay, uttari vidhansabha key sadasyon kii bhagidari bahut cumm thee. 1894 key vasant mein "donghak" vidroh kaa pahala charan shuru mein safal rhaa. jionju key saath kaee jilaa rajdhaniyon parr kabja curr liya gayaa. jeola praant kii praantiya rajdhani. vidroh key vasant charan key anta mein, vidrohi aur sarkari balon key beach ack samjhauta huaa; vidrohi 8 maee koo jionju seey vaapas chaley gaye; aur unaki kuchh maangon koo unaki apani shuruat mein puuraa kiya gayaa. inmein daason koo mukt karna aur sthaaniya prashaasnik ikaaiyon, jipganso (chipkangso) kii sthaapana shamil thee, jinake sadasya chune gaye they. jipgangso kaa mukhya uddeshya kisaanon key adhikaaron kii guaranti denaa aur sarkari durupyog mein sudhaar karna thaa.
haalaanki, shuru seey hii sangharsh viram asahaj thaa. sarkari balon ney donghak koo dabana jaari rakhaa; aur doosari or, vidrohi balon ney vighatan naheen kiya jaisa kii sahamati hui thee. usa samay taka koriyai sarkaar ney chean key king rajvansh seey madad kaa anurodh kiya thaa jisane sainikon koo bheja thaa. japan ney ise apani senaa bhejane key bahaane key roop mein istemal kiya. japani senaa ney 23 julaai koo raajaa aur rajdhani koo jabt curr liya. isake kaaran japan samarthak sarkaar kii kisht aur koria seey cheeni sainikon koo nishkaasit karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa. isase pahala cheeni-japani yuddh shuru huaa. jeane aur aam taur parr koriyai janata gusse mein thee. isake baad jeane ney vidroh kaa doosara, sharad ritu charan shuru kiya, iss baar japaniyon koo baahar nikaalane key liye.
hevol ney vidroh koo phir seey shuru karane parr apatti jataai jaisa kii ack aadhikarik ghoshana mein spasht kiya gayaa thaa jisamen unhone kahaa thaa kii dakshini vidhansabha key vidrohi raajya key gaddaar they aur donghak siddhant kaa ullanghan karate they. haalaanki, 16 octuber koo, anya netaaon dwara madhyasthata key prayason key baad, vaha antatah apane anuyaayiyon koo vidrohiyon mein shamil honey kii anumati dene key liye sahmat hoe gaye. lekin unhone donghak sadasyon koo bhee nirdesh diyaa kii way dange koo rokane key liye jeane koo manaane kii koshish karein.
dakshini vidhansabha balon koo kuchh praarambhik safalata millie aur way 16 octuber koo uttari vidhansabha key vidrohiyon key saath judane mein saksham they. haalaanki, sanyukt bull koo navambar kii shuruat mein ugamchi mein vinashkari haar kaa saamana karna padaa. jisake baad, japani senaa (koriyai balon kii madad seey) ney bahut behtar hathiyaron kaa upayog karke vidroh koo kuchal diyaa. jeane ney 28 navambar koo apani vidrohi senaa koo titar-bitar curr diyaa aur baad mein usey pakad liya gayaa aur maar diyaa gayaa. donghak anuyaayiyon, vishesh roop seey dakshini vidhansabha mein, koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. uttari vidhansabha cumm prabhaavit hui aur hevol bhaagne mein kamyab rhaa.
1894 key vidroh key baad kaa jeevan.
vidrohi haar key baad, sarkari balon dwara donghak netaaon koo pakadane key liye ack majboot prayaas kiya gayaa thaa. hevol ney gangwian aur chungcheng key pahaadon mein sharan lii, jahan vaha 1880 key dashak mein chhipa thaa. 1896 kii shuruat mein, unhone ack naee peedhi koo netritva hastaantarit karna shuru kiya. unhone apane sabse bharosemand anuyaayiyon key saath baithakon kii ack shrinkhala aayojit kii, jisamen unake bete bayong-hii, zim yone-gook (kima yone-gook) aur bete chion-minn (betaa chone-minn) ney unhein kramshah uyam, kuwam aur songam key dhaarmik naam diye. unhein samam (teen "aeye. aim", unake dhaarmik naamon key antim charitra kaa ullekh karate hue) kii samooh upaadhi dee gaee thee aur una parr hevol key nirdeshan mein donghak kaa prashaasan karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. yeh ack saamoohik netritva honah thaa joe "ack dill aur dimag" key saath kaary kartaa thaa. uttaradhikar yojanaon key baare mein srot alag-alag hain. hevol kii mrityu key baad ack matbhed thaa. bete bayong-hii kii shakha ney daavaa kiya kii vaha agala netaa banane vaalaa thaa. ack anya shakha ney daavaa kiya kii kima yone-gook netaa hoga. poorv aaj pramukh shakha haye. geet key daave key liye mukhya prerana yeh thee kii unhone aur hevol ney 1897 key vasant mein dou alag-alag sthaanon parr ack hii upadesh diyaa, yeh saabit karate hue kii unakaa munn ack hii thaa. 
1897 mein, hevol kamjor thaa, aur vaha burf seey dhake pahaadon parr yatra curr rahey bail gaadi mein pakade jaane seey butch gayaa. maee 1898 mein, unhone saam aur anya pramukh shishyon key saath sue-una key liye ack smaarak seva kii. baithak key baad unhone unhein ghar jaane key liye kahaa. agale dinn usey giraftar curr liya gayaa. phir unhein seol leey jaaya gayaa aur 20 julaai, 1898 koo unhein fansi dey dee gaee. 
viraasat.
hevol key uttaradhikari, uyam ney paschimi manakon key anusaar donghak kaa aadhunikikaran kiya aur 1905 mein iska naam badalkar chevondogyo curr diyaa. hevol key sue-una key lekhan aur unake apane lekhan kii bahaali koo chevondogyo dwara maanyata dee gaee haye. unakaa kaam "master hevol kii shikshaon parr charcha" naamak ack pustak mein sankalit kiya gayaa thaa.
koriyai dharamshastri aur jeevan andolan (koriyai prakriti kendrit paryavaranvad) aur koria key aupchaarik loktantrikaran key liye vakaalat karane vaale jung ill-mansoon, hevol seey prerit they. beck key anusaarah "jaisa kii hevol ney apane anuyaayiyon koo apane dimag koo vikasit karane aur jeevit rahane key liye apane samanya jeevan parr dhyaan kendrit karane key liye protsaahit kiya, jung ill-suun ney vaastaviktaa mein sudhaar aur usa parr kaaboo paane key liye vyakti aur samudaay key samanya jeevan key parivartan parr dhyaan kendrit kiya [koriyai yuddh key baad tanashahi avadhi key dauran utpeedan]. unaki viphaltaon ney unhein vidrohi andolan key baare mein sandeh paida curr diyaa joe paaramparik vishva drishtikon aur vichardhara parr adharit thaa. iss prakaar, unake vichaar mein, pratirodh kaa saar naitikta yaa naitik vichaar naheen haye, balki samanya jeevan parr adharit abhyaas haye."

