
trichothesine

trichothesine rasayanik roop seey sambandhit mycotoxin kaa ack badaa parivaar haye. way "fuserium", "myrothesium", "trichoderma"/"podostroma", "trichothesium", "cephalosporium", "vertichimonosporium" aur "statchibotris" kii vibhinn prajaatiyon dwara utpaadit hotey hain. rasayanik roop seey, trichothesine sesquiterpane kaa ack varg haye.
trichothesine kii javic gatividhi kaa kaaran banane vaali sanrachanaatmak visheshtaon mein 12,13-apoxy ring, trichothesine naabhik parr upayukt sthitiyon mein hydroxyl yaa acetyl samoohon kii upasthiti, aur side-chain kii sanrachana aur sthiti shamil hain. way vibhinn anaaj jaise kii gehuun, jou yaa makke parr vibhinn "fuserium" prajaatiyon dwara utpaadit kiye jaate hain, jinamen "aff" bhee shamil haye. graminiyaram, "aff. sporotricioids, "aff. poe "aur" aff. barabar.
kuchh saanche joe trichothesine mycotoxin kaa utpaadan karate hain, udaaharan key liye "statchibotris chartaram", nama indor vatavaran mein badh sakate hain. yeh paaya gayaa haye kii macrocyclic trichothesine aiss dwara utpaadit hotey hain. chartrum "havaa mein beh sakata haye aur iss prakaar bhawan mein rahane vaalon key liye swaasthya samasya mein yogdan curr sakata haye. japan aur chean key mool nivasi ack jaharile mashroom, "podostroma cornu-daame" mein chhah trichothesine hotey hain, jinamen satratoxin aich, roridine ee aur verukerin shamil hain.
vargeekaran.
samanya vargeekaran.
trichothesine rasayanik roop seey sambandhit 150 seey adhik mycotoxin kaa ack samooh haye. pratyek trichothesine ack mool sanrachana pradarshit kartaa haye jisamen ack ekal chhah-sadasyiya valay hotaa haye jisamen ack ekal oxygen paramanu hotaa haye, joe dou carbon valayon seey ghiraa hotaa haye. iss core ring sanrachana mein 12,13 carbon sthitiyon parr ack apoxide, yaa tricyclic eather hotaa haye, saath hii 9,10 carbon sthitiyon parr ack dohra bandhan hotaa haye. yeye dou karyatmak samooh mukhya roop seey protein sanshleshan koo rokane aur samanya cytotoxic prabhaavon koo utpann karane kii trichothesine kshamata key liye jimmedaar hain. vishesh roop seey, yeh mool sanrachana empepathic haye, jisamen dhruviya aur gair-dhruviya donon bhaag hotey hain. sabhi trichothesine iss samanya sanrachana key madhyam seey sambandhit hain, lekin pratyek trichothesine mein carbon 3,4,7,8 aur 15 parr sambhaavit sthalon parr karyatmak samoohon vaale oxygen kaa ack anootha pratisthaapan pattern bhee hotaa haye. yeye karyatmak samooh ack vyaktigat trichothesine key gunon koo niyantrit karate hain aur vishaakt padarthon key iss parivaar key liye sabse adhik upayog kii jaane vaali vargeekaran pranali key aadhar key roop mein bhee kaam karate hain. yeh vargeekaran pranali trichothesine parivaar koo chaar samoohon mein vibhajit karati haih prakaar aeye, bee, see aur dee.
trichothesine key prakaar mein hydroxyl, ester yaa core ring sanrachana key aspas koee karyatmak samooh pratisthaapan naheen hotaa haye. inke samanya udaaharan carbon 8 parr hydroxyl pratisthaapan key saath neosolanial aur carbon 8 parr ester pratisthaapan key saath tii-2 toxin hain.
prakaar bee trichothesine koo core ring sanrachana key aspas pratisthaapit carbonyl karyatmak samoohon kii upasthiti dwara vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye. inke samanya udaharanon mein nivellenol aur trichotacin shamil hain, jinamen donon mein carbon 8 parr ack keaton karyatmak samooh haye.
see prakaar key trichothesine mein ack atirikt carbon 7, carbon 8 apoxide samooh hotaa haye. inca samanya udaaharan crotosin haye. jisamen carbon 4 parr ack ester karyatmak samooh bhee haye.
prakaar dee trichothesine mein carbon 4 aur carbon 15 key beach ack atirikt valay hotaa haye. inn valayon mein vividh atirikt karyatmak samooh hoe sakate hain. inke samanya udaaharan hain roridine aeye aur satratoxin aich.
haalaanki inn vargeekaran prakaron key vishisht karyatmak samooh pratyek trichothesine key advitiya rasayanik guna dete hain, lekin unakaa vargeekaran prakaar spasht roop seey unaki saapeksh vishaaktata kaa sanket naheen detaa haye. jabaki type dee trichothesine koo sabse vishaakt maanaa jaataa haye, type aeye aur bee mein apekshaakrit mishrit vishaaktata hoti haye.
vaikalpik vargeekaran.
oopar varnit vargeekaran pranali trichothesine parivaar key samooh anuon key liye sabse adhik upayog kii jaati haye. haalaanki, inn jatil anuon key liye vibhinn prakaar kii vaikalpik vargeekaran pranaaliyan bhee maujood hain. trichothesine koo aam taur parr saral yaa macrocyclic key roop mein bhee varnit kiya jaa sakata haye. saral trichothesine mein aeye, bee aur see prakaar shamil hain, jabaki macrocyclic trichothesine mein dee prakaar shamil haye aur carbon 4-carbon 15 pull kii upasthiti kii visheshta haye. isake alawa, jey. aff. grove ney trichothesine key teen samoohon mein vargeekaran kaa prastaav rakhaa joe ring kankal key karyatmak pratisthaapan pattern parr bhee adharit thaa. samooh 1 trichothesine mein kewal karyatmak samooh hotey hain jinhen teesare, poori tarah seey santript carbon ring parr pratisthaapit kiya jaataa haye. samooh 2 trichothesine mein 9,10 carbon dohare bandhan vaale core ring parr atirikt karyatmak samooh hotey hain. anta mein, samooh 3 trichothesine mein carbon 8 parr ack keaton karyatmak samooh hotaa haye; yeh prakaar bee trichothesine key liye samaan mandand haye.
vikaasvaadi aanuvanshiki key kshetra mein pragati ney bhee unake jaiv sanshleshan key maarg key aadhar parr trichothesine vargeekaran pranaliyon key prastaav koo janm diyaa haye. mycotoxin key jaiv sanshleshan key liye jimmedaar jeane aamtaur parr samoohon mein sthit hotey hain; "fuceriomy" mein inhen trie jeane key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. trie jeane pratyek ack enzyme key utpaadan key liye jimmedaar hain joe trichothesine key jaiv sanshleshan mein ack vishisht charan koo puuraa kartaa haye. inn jeane mein utparivartan seey vibhinn prakaar key trichothesine kaa utpaadan hoe sakata haye aur isaliye inn anuon koo saajha jaiv sanshleshan charanon key aadhar parr vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, trichothesine key jaiv sanshleshan mein ack saajha charan jeane "trie4" dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa haye. yeh enzyme utpaad kramshah isotricodiol yaa isotricotriol banaane key liye trichodine mein teen yaa chaar oxygen key judaav koo niyantrit kartaa haye. phir inn madhyavarti padarthon mein seey kissy ack seey vibhinn prakaar key trichothesine koo sanshleshit kiya jaa sakata haye aur isaliye unhein yaa tou tii-prakaar key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye yadi isotricotriol seey sanshleshit kiya jaataa haye yaa dee-prakaar yadi isotricodiol seey sanshleshit kiya jaataa haye.
kaarravaai kaa tantra.
trichothesine kii vishaaktata mukhya roop seey protein sanshleshan avrodhakon key roop mein unaki vyaapak roop seey uddhrit kaarravaai kaa parinam haye; yeh avrodh protein sanshleshan key teenon charanon key dauran ribosome mein hotaa haih deeksha, vistaar aur samaapti. deeksha key dauran, trichothesine yaa tou dou ribosomal upa-ikaaiyon key sambandh koo roque sakate hain, yaa start coden key saath pahale trana key sambandh koo rokkar paripakva ribosome key kaary koo roque sakate hain. lambe honey parr avrodh sabse adhik sambhavana trichothesine key kaaran hotaa haye joe peptidile hastaantaran kaary koo rokta haye, enzyme joe 60 key dashak key ribosomal subunit parr nae peptide bandhan key gathan koo utprerit kartaa haye. samaapti key dauran avrodh peptidile hastaantaran avrodh yaa iss antim charan mein aavashyak jall apghatan koo rokane key liye trichothesine kii kshamata kaa parinam bhee hoe sakata haye.
yeh dhyaan rakhna dilchasp haye kii trichothesine key ring core kaa pratisthaapan pattern vishaakt padaarth kii kriya koo yaa tou deeksha key avarodhak key roop mein yaa vistaar/samaapti key avarodhak key roop mein prabhaavit kartaa haye. trichothesine mein 12,13 carbon apoxide ring parr hamla karane key liye sakriya site theol samoohon kii pravritti key kaaran samanya cellular enzyme kaary koo prabhaavit karane kii kshamata bhee hoti haye. inn avarodhak prabhaavon koo sakriya roop seey failati koshikaon mein sabse naatakiya roop seey dekhaa jaataa haye jaise kii gastroentestinal tract yaa asthi majja mein.
protein sanshleshan koshika key koshika-dravya key saath-saath mitochondria key luminal space mein hotaa haye, joe koshika kii oorjaa key utpaadan key liye jimmedaar koshika-dravyamaan anga haye. yeh ack enzymatic maarg key madhyam seey kiya jaataa haye joe atyadhik aukseekrit anuon koo utpann kartaa haye jinhen pratikriyaasheel oxygen prajaati kahaa jaataa haye, udaaharan key liye hydrogen peroxide. pratikriyaasheel oxygen prajaatiyan jhilli, protein aur dee. aine. aeye. sahit koshika key kaee mahatvapurna hisson key saath pratikriya curr sakati hain aur unhein nuksan pahuncha sakati hain. mitochondria mein protein sanshleshan kaa trichothesine avrodh pratikriyaasheel oxygen prajaatiyon koo koshika mein nirmaan karane kii anumati detaa haye joe anivarya roop seey oxidative tanaav aur prograam kiye gaye koshika mrityu maarg, apoptosis key preran kii or leey jaataa haye.
pratikriyaasheel oxygen prajaatiyon key uchch star vaali koshikaon mein apoptosis kaa preran vibhinn prakaar key koshika sanket maargon key kaaran hotaa haye. pahala pee53 maarg haye jise tii-2 vish dwara viniyamit dikhaaya gayaa haye. pee53 koshika chakr koo niyantrit karane key liye jimmedaar ack protein haye, lekin iss protein kii gatividhi mein vriddhi seey koshika mein backs protein kii sakriyata mein bhee vriddhi hoti haye. yeye backs protein mukhya roop seey mitochondrial jhilli kii pargamyata badhaane aur cytochrome see aur pratikriyaasheel oxygen prajaatiyon key release key liye jimmedaar hain. mitochondria seey cytochrome see kii rihaai caspace kii assembly shuru karke apoptosis koo prerit karati haye, yaa protein joe koshika koo bheetar seey kharaab karane key liye jimmedaar hotey hain.
isake alawa, tii-2 jaise trichothesine koo koshikaon mein see-juna aine-terminal kinnez sanket maarg koo badhaane key liye bhee dikhaaya gayaa haye. yahaan, see-juna aine-terminal kinnez apane lakshya, see-juna key phosphorylation koo apane sakriya roop mein badhaane mein saksham haye. sakriya see-juna koshika kendrak mein ack pratilekhan kaarak key roop mein kaary kartaa haye joe protein key liye downstream apoptotic maarg koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye mahatvapurna haye.
lakshan.
trichothesine mycotoxin manushyon, anya standhaariyon, pakshiyon, machhliyon, vibhinn prakaar key aksheruki jeevon, paudhon aur eukariotic koshikaon key liye vishaakt hain. vishisht vishaaktata vishesh vishaakt padaarth aur pashu prajaatiyon key aadhar parr bhinn hoti haye, haalaanki prashaasan kaa maarg ghaataktaa nirdhaarit karane mein kaafee adhik bhoomika nibhaata haye. vishaaktata kaa prabhaav sampark kii ekagrata, samay kii lambai aur vyakti key sampark mein aaney key tareeke parr nirbhar karega. atyadhik kendrit ghol yaa vishaakt padaarth key gaisiya roop kii badee matra seey mrityu sahit gambhir prabhaav honey kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye. sevan parr, vish ribosomal protein, dee. aine. aeye. aur aar. aine. aeye. sanshleshan koo rokta haye, mitochondrial koshika vibhajan kaary kartaa haye jabaki saath hii ribotoxic tanaav pratikriya naamak ack cellular tanaav pratikriya koo sakriya kartaa haye.
trichothesine mycotoxin koo saamyik, maukhik aur shwasan maargon key bavjood avashoshit kiya jaa sakata haye aur upa-koshikiya, koshikiya aur javic pranali key star parr atyadhik vishaakt hotey hain.
trichothesine adhikansh anya sambhaavit hathiyar vishaakt padarthon seey alag hotey hain kyonki way twacha key madhyam seey kaary curr sakate hain, joe unaki amphipathic aur lipophilic visheshtaon key liye jimmedaar haye. trichothesine kii chhoti empepathic prakriti unhein aasaani seey koshika jhilli koo paar karane aur mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum (er) jaise vibhinn angon key saath baatchit karane kii anumati detee haye. aur chloroplast trichothesine kii lipophilic prakriti unhein twacha fuffusiya shleshma aur aant key madhyam seey aasaani seey avashoshit karane kii anumati detee haye. seedhe twachiya anuprayog yaa trichothesine key maukhik antargrahan seey twacha yaa aanton key shleshma mein teji seey jalan hoti haye. ack twachiya jalan aur fafole key agent key roop mein, yeh sulfur sarason kii tulanaa mein 400 gunaa adhik maadak honey kaa aarop haye.
mycotoxin, aahar vishaakt elukia key liye shareer mein pratikriya, sevan key kaee dinon baad, chaar charanon mein hoti haih
sankraman ack chhoti see chot key roop mein ack cutt, kharonch yaa gharshan key roop mein shuru kiya jaa sakata haye.
nimnalikhit lakshan pradarshit hotey hainh
niyaamak mudde.
jaba pashu aur maanav bhojan kii baat aatee haye, tou ack trichothesine type karein (ee.jee. tii-2 toxin, ht-2 toxin, diasetoxycyrpenol) vishesh ruchi key hain kyonki way anya khaadya janit trichothesine kii tulanaa mein adhik vishaakt hain.ee. bee samooh prakaar (ee.jee. deoxynivalenol, nivellenol, 3-aur 15-acetyldioxinivalenole). haalaanki, deoxynivalenol chinta kaa vishay haye kyonki yeh europe mein sabse adhik prachalit trichothesine haye. trichothesine key pramukh prabhaav-vastu mein unaki ekagrata seey sambandhit-cumm feed uptech, ulti aur pratiraksha-daman hain.
apekshaakrit kuchh deshon ney, mukhya roop seey europeeya sangh mein, bhojan aur pashu aahar mein inn mycotoxin key liye adhikatam seema kii sifarish kii haye. haalaanki, trichothesine kaa aksar kaheen aur pareekshan kiya jaataa haye, taaki unhein khaadya shrinkhala mein pravesh karane seey rokaa jaa sakey aur pashu utpaadan mein nuksan koo rokaa jaa sakey.
itihas.
aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran soviyat sangh dwara 1932 mein roose key orenberg mein trichothesine kii khoj kii gaee thee. lagbhag 100,000 loga (60 pratishat mrityu darr) aahar vishaakt elukia seey peedit honey lagey aur marane lagey, joe vikiran seey milate-julate lakshnon vaali ack ghaatak bimari haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii soviyat nagrik dooshit rotty peene aur dooshit ghaas, dhool aur vayu sanchaar pranaliyon key madhyam seey saans lene seey beemar hoe gaye they. maanaa jaataa haye kii aparaadhi vishaakt padaarth "fuserium sporotricoids" aur "fuserium poe" hain joe tii-2 vish key uchch utpaadak hain. "fuserium" prajaatiyan shayed sabse adhik uddhrit aur trichothesine-utpaadak kavak kii sabse prachur matra mein hain.
trichothesine ack aadarsh javic yuddh agent banaate hain, joe ghaatak aur badee matra mein utpaadan karane key liye sastaa hotaa haye, failaav key liye ack aerosol key roop mein sthir hotaa haye, aur prabhaavi teekaakaran/upchaar key binaa. sakshya bataate hain kii mycotoxin kaa upayog pahale seey hii javic yuddh key roop mein kiya jaa chuka haye.
taba seey duniya bhar mein trichothesine kii soochana millie haye. maanav aur pashu jeevan key nuksan, swaasthya dekhbhal aur pashu chikitsa dekhbhal kii laagat mein vriddhi, pashudhan utpaadan mein kamee, dooshit khaadya padarthon aur feed kaa niptan, aur mycotoxin samasya kii gambhirta koo cumm karane key liye anusandhaan aur anuprayogon mein nivesh jaise karanon seey unakaa duniya parr mahatvapurna aarthik prabhaav padaa haye. inn mycotoxins seey salana laakhon dollar kaa nuksan hotaa haye, joe aksar maanav niyantran (paryaavaran, paaristhitik yaa bhandaran vidhi) seey parey honey vaale karakon key kaaran hotaa haye.
khaadya sandushan.
makai, gehuun, jou, jou, chawal, raaee, sabjiyaan aur anya fasalon mein trichothesine kii khatarnak sandrata kaa pataa chalaa haye. sankraman key parinamswarup honey vaali beemariyon mein beej sadana, ankur roga, jarh sadana, danthal sadana aur kaana sadana shamil hain. trichothesine murgi key aahar key samanya sandooshak bhee hain aur murgi key swaasthya aur utpaadaktaa parr unake pratikool prabhaavon kaa vyaapak roop seey adhyayan kiya gayaa haye.
kaee adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii kavak key vikas key liye ishtatam sthitiyaan aavashyak roop seey vish utpaadan key liye ishtatam naheen hain. vishaakt padaarth kaa utpaadan uchch aardrata aur 6-24 °C key tapman key saath sabse adhik hotaa haye. fangal prasaar aur utpaadan uchch tapman aur namee key star key saath ushnakatibandhiya sthitiyon mein badhaaya jaataa haye; mansoon, achaanak baadh aur fasal key dauran bemausam barish. havaa key namoonon mein trichothesine kaa pataa lagaaya gayaa haye joe yeh sujhaav detaa haye kii unhein bijaanuon yaa chhote kanon parr aerosolize kiya jaa sakata haye. 
asia, africa, dakshin america, europe aur uttari america mein tii. see. tii. kii praakritik ghatana kii soochana millie haye.
suraksha.
trichothesine key sampark mein aaney key liye koee gyaat pratyaksh antidotes naheen hain. isaliye, dooshit kshetron mein jokhim prabandhan mukhya roop seey jokhim key lakshnon key upchaar key saath-saath bhavishya key jokhim kii roktham dwara paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye.
upchaar.
trichothesine vishaakt padarthon key sampark mein aaney key vishisht maargon mein saamyik avashoshan, antargrahan aur shwas shamil hain. lakshnon kii gambhirta khuraak aur sampark key prakaar parr nirbhar karati haye, lekin upchaar mukhya roop seey mycotoxin dwara kshatigrast shaaririk pranaliyon kaa samarthan karane parr kendrit haye. adhikansh sampark mamalon mein pahala kadam sambhaavit roop seey dooshit kapadon koo hataana aur sampark sthalon koo paani seey achchi tarah seey flush karna haye. yeh peedit koo baar-baar sampark mein aaney seey rokta haye. gastroentestinal kshati key uchch star vaale peediton koo cumm path avashoshan key prabhaavon koo cumm karane key liye taral padaarth aur electrolytes diye jaa sakate hain. halki shwasan samasya key vikas parr taaji havaa aur sahayak shwasan bhee diyaa jaa sakata haye. teji seey gambhir lakshnon key liye unnat chikitsa sahaayata key anuprayog kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. leukopania kii shuruat, yaa shwet rakt koshika ginati mein kamee, kaa ilaaj plasma yaa platelet aadhaan seey kiya jaa sakata haye. hypotension kaa ilaaj norpenephrine yaa dopamine key prashaasan seey kiya jaa sakata haye. hriday aur fefadon kii gatividhi koo sthir karane key liye gambhir hriday-fuffusiya sankat key vikas key liye intubation aur atirikt dawa upchaar kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
isake alawa, vibhinn prakaar key rasayan hain joe apratyaksh roop seey koshikaon aur ootakon parr trichothesine key hanikarak prabhaavon koo cumm curr sakate hain. sakriya charcoal samadhanon koo aksar ack adhishoshak key roop mein antargrahan mamalon mein prashaasit kiya jaataa haye. yahaan, charcoal vishaakt padaarth koo baandhane key liye ack chhidrapurna padaarth key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, jathrantra path key madhyam seey isake avashoshan koo rokta haye aur aantr visarjan key madhyam seey shareer seey ise hataane mein vriddhi kartaa haye. isi tarah key vishaakt padaarth koo dooshit karane parr pashu aahar mein bhee jodaa jaa sakata haye taaki sevan parr vish kii jaiv upalabdhata koo cumm kiya jaa sakey. koshikaon mein utpann pratikriyaasheel oxygen prajaatiyon kii vriddhi key jawab mein trichothesine key hanikarak prabhaavon koo cumm karane mein antioxidant bhee upayogi hain. aam taur parr, probiotics, vitamin aur poshak tatvon, protein aur lipidis seey bharpur ack achchha aahar trichothesine vishaaktata key lakshnon koo cumm karane mein prabhaavi maanaa jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, vitamin ee koo murgiyon mein tii-2 vish dwara prerit lipid peroxide key gathan kaa mukabala karane key liye paaya gayaa thaa. isi tarah, tii-2 vish kaa sevan karane vaale murgiyon key aahar mein sanshodhit glucomanon aur selenium key poorak seey bhee yakrit mein antioxidant key vishaakt padaarth seey judey kshay key hanikarak prabhaav cumm hoe jaate hain. ack pratyaksh antidote naheen honey key bavjood, yeye antioxidant trichothesine exposure kii gambhirta koo cumm karane mein mahatvapurna hoe sakate hain.
roktham.
trichothesine, mould dwara utpaadit mycotoxin hain joe anaaj utpaadon key bhandar koo aksar dooshit karate hain. yeh trichothesine sandushan koo ack mahatvapurna saarvajanik swaasthya samasya banaata haye, aur kaee kshetron mein anumat trichothesine samagri parr sakht seemaaen hain. udaaharan key liye, europeeya sangh mein, maanav upbhog key liye banaae gaye bekari utpaadon mein kewal. 025 ppm tii-2 toxin kii anumati haye. trichothesine kaa utpaadan karane vaale saanche uchch namee vaale andhere, samshitoshna sthaanon mein achchi tarah seey badhate hain. isaliye, khaadya utpaadon mein trichothesine sandushan koo rokane key sarvottam tarikon mein seey ack haye saanche key vikas koo rokane key liye sansadhanon koo uchit paristhitiyon mein sangraheet karna. udaaharan key liye, aam taur parr kewal 15 pratishat seey cumm namee vaale kshetron mein anaaj koo sangraheet karane kii salah dee jaati haye. haalaanki, yadi koee kshetra pahale seey hii trichothesine vishaakt padarthon seey dooshit hoe chuka haye, tou aage key sampark koo rokane key liye vibhinn prakaar kii sambhaavit kitanushodhan ranneetiyaan hain. 0. 1 meater sodium hydroxide (naoh) mein 4-5 ghanton key liye 1 pratishat sodium hypochlorite (naokal) key saath upchaar tii-2 vish kii javic gatividhi koo rokane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye. lagbhag 25 ppm parr jaleey ozon key saath ushmaayan koo 9,10 carbon dohare bandhan key okseekaran seey judey tantra key madhyam seey vibhinn prakaar key trichothesine koo cumm karane key liye bhee dikhaaya gayaa haye. yuvi exposure koo sahee paristhitiyon mein prabhaavi bhee dikhaaya gayaa haye.
bhautik aur rasayanik kitanushodhan kii ranneetiyon key baahar, aanvik aanuvanshiki mein anusandhaan koo aage badhaane seey bhee javic kitanushodhan drishtikon kii kshamata mein vriddhi hui haye. bacteria, khameer aur kavak sahit kaee sookshmajeevon ney enzymatic jeane utpaadon koo vikasit kiya haye joe trichothesine mycotoxin key vishisht aur kushal ksharan koo suvidhajanak banaate hain. inmein seey kaee enzyme vishesh roop seey 12,13 carbon apoxide ring koo cumm karate hain joe trichothesine kii vishaaktata key liye mahatvapurna haye. udaaharan key liye, ubacteria strain bbsh 797 dee-apoxidase enzyme kaa utpaadan kartaa haye joe 12,13 carbon apoxide ring koo ack dohare bandhan samooh mein cumm curr detaa haye. inhen, trichothesine vishaakt gunon koo vyakt karane vaale anya roganuon key saath, upbhog parr dooshit feed key vishaakt prabhaav koo rokane key liye feed store mein upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. isake alawa, inn vishaharan enzymon key utpaadan key liye jimmedaar jeane kii aanvik cloning krishi utpaadon key upbhedon key utpaadan mein upayogi hoe sakati haye joe trichothesine vishaaktata key liye pratirodhi hain.
apoxytricothesine.
apoxitrichothesine uparokt kaa ack sanskaran haye, aur ack baar purvi germany mein sainya upayog key liye aur sambhavatah poore soviyat gutt mein iska pataa lagaaya gayaa thaa. ack baar apoxythechothasine vishaaktata key lakshan prakat honey key baad koee vyavharya upchaar naheen haye, halanki prabhaav binaa kissy sthaayi kshati koo chhode cumm hoe sakate hain.
badey paimaane parr jaiv-hathiyar key roop mein upayog kii yojanaon koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki praasangik apoxytricothesine yuvi prakaash aur garmi key saath-saath chlorine key sampark mein aaney seey bahut jaldi kharaab hoe jaate hain, jisase way khule hamalon aur paani kii aapoorti key vishaaktata key liye bekaar hoe jaate hain.

