
shahari niyojan key takniki pahalu

shahari niyojan key takniki pahaluon mein takniki prakriyaaen, vichaar aur visheshtaen shamil hain joe bhoomi upayog, shahari design, praakritik sansadhanon, parivahan aur buniyaadi dhaanche key liye yojana banaane mein shamil hain.
saundaryashastra.
vikasit deshon mein, drishya vatavaran mein atyadhik maanav nirmit avyavastha key khilaf pratikriya hui haye, jaise kii signpost, sanket aur hoarding. shahari designers key beach majboot bahas paida karane vaale anya mudde paridhiya vikas, awas ghanatva aur naee bastiyon key beach tanaav hain. mishrit karyakal aur bhoomi upayog key baare mein bhee bahas hoti haye, banaam bhaugolik kshetron mein antar karna jahaan vibhinn upayog haavi hain. chaahe joe bhee hoe, sabhi safal shahari yojana shahari charitra, sthaaniya pehchaan, viraasat, paidal chalane vaalon, yatayat, upayogitaon aur praakritik khatron kaa sammaan karati haye.
yojnakar bhoomi key upayog key prabandhan key liye kshetra aur vikas prabandhan jaise upkaranon koo lagu karke shaharon key vikas kaa prabandhan karane mein madad curr sakate hain. aitihaasik roop seey, abb kaee shaharon koo sabse sunder maanaa jaataa haye joe bhawan key aakar, upayog aur visheshtaon key baare mein pratibandhon aur margadarshan kii ghanee, lambe samay taka chalane vaali pranaliyon kaa parinam hain. inase paryaapt swatantrataaen praapt huin, phir bhee shailiyon, suraksha aur aksar samagri koo vyaavhaarik tarikon seey lagu kiya gayaa. samkaaleen shabd smart groth kaa upayog karke kaee paaramparik yojana takneekon koo phir seey paik kiya jaa rhaa haye.
kuchh aise shahar hain jinaki yojana garbhadhaaran key baad seey banaai gaee haye, aur halanki parinam aksar yojana key anusaar naheen nikalate hain, praarambhik yojana key pramaan aksar baney rahate hain. ("niyojit shaharon kii soochi dekhein")
naee shaastriya vastukala key liye 20veen aur 21veen sadee kii pravritti shahari kshetron mein saundarya kii drishti seey sukhad smart vikas vikasit karane aur vastukala parampara aur shaastriya design koo jaari rakhane kaa prayaas karati haye.
suraksha aur suraksha.
aitihaasik roop seey madhya poorv, europe aur baaki purani duniya key bheetar, bastiyaan uchch bhoomi (raksha key liye) aur taaje paani key sroton key karib sthit theen. shahar aksar baadh aur toofaan key khatare mein tateey aur baadh key maidanon mein vikasit hue hain. shahari yojnakaron koo inn khatron parr vichaar karna chaahiye. yadi khatron koo sthaaniyakrit kiya jaa sakata haye tou prabhaavit kshetron koo parkland yaa green belt mein banaaya jaa sakata haye, aksar khule sthaan key praavdhaan key atirikt laabh key saath.
atyadhik mausam, baadh yaa anya aapaat sthitiyon koo aksar surakshit aapaatkaaleen nikasi maargon aur aapaatkaaleen sanchaalan kendron seey bahut cumm kiya jaa sakata haye. yeye apekshaakrit saste aur ghuspaith naa karane vaale hain, aur kaee loga inhen kissy bhee shahari sthaan key liye ack uchit savdhani maanate hain. kaee shaharon mein suraksha suvidhaon kii yojana banaai jaayegi, jaise kii tatbandh, deevaaren banaae rakhna aur aashray sthal.
haal key varshon mein, vyavsaayiyon seey yeh bhee ummeed kii jaati haye kii way vibhinn kshamataon vaale logon key liye ack kshetra kii pahunch koo adhikatam karein, "samaveshi design" kii dhaarana kaa abhyaas karein, aaparaadhik vyavhaar kaa anuman lagaaen aur parinamswarup "aparaadh koo design karein" aur shahari jeevan koo adhik sukhad banaane key tarikon key roop mein "yatayat koo shaant karane" yaa "paidal chalane vaalon" parr vichaar karein.
kuchh shahar yojnakar samajik-vastukala yaa vastukala nirdharanvad jaise siddhanton seey design kii gaee sanrachanaon key saath aaparaadhikta koo niyantrit karane kaa prayaas karate hain-paryaavaran nirdharanvad kaa ack upasamuchchay. inn siddhanton kaa kahana haye kii ack shahari vatavaran samajik niyamon aur shakti key star key prati vyaktiyon kii aagyakarita koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye. adhik jaankaari key liye faucault aur jail pranali key vishvakosh kaa sandarbh lein. siddhant aksar kahate hain kii manovaigyaanik dabaav adhik ghanee vikasit, alankrit kshetron mein vikasit hotaa haye. yeh tanaav kuchh apraadhon aur kuchh avaidh davaaon key upayog kaa kaaran banata haye. maanaa jaataa haye kii iska pratikaar karyatmakta key sthaan parr adhik vyaktigat sthaan aur behtar, adhik sunder design haye.
auskar neuman key rakshaatmak antariksh siddhant mein 1960 key dashak kii adhuniktawadi awas pariyojanaon koo paryavaraniya nirdharanvad key ack udaaharan key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye, jahaan flats key badey khand saajha aur alag-alag saarvajanik kshetron seey ghire hue hain, jinhen nivaasiyon key liye pahachaanana mushkil haye. kyonki cumm aaya vaale loga saarvajanik sthaan koo banaae rakhane key liye dusaron koo kaam parr naheen rakh sakate hain jaise kii suraksha gaard yaa ground keeper, aur kyonki koee bhee vyakti vyaktigat roop seey jimmedaar mahsoos naheen kartaa haye, saarvajanik sthaan kaa samanya roop seey bigadana algaav aur samajik avyavastha kii bhavna kii or leey gayaa.
jaine jacobs ack aur ullekhaniya paryavaraniya nirdhaarak haye aur "sadak parr nazar" avadharana seey judaa huaa haye. saajha bhoomi aur aas-paas key nivaasiyon kii suvidhaon kii 'praakritik nigrani' mein sudhaar karke, joe loga ise dekh sakate hain, unaki sankhya mein vriddhi karke aur nivaasiyon kii parichitata koo badhaakar, ack saamoohik key roop mein, nivasi avaanchhaniya yaa aaparaadhik vyavhaar kaa adhik aasaani seey pataa lagaa sakate hain, jaisa kii unhone tark diyaa, chhote paaramparik samudaayon mein huaa kartaa thaa.
halanki, jacobs ney iss 'praakritik nigrani' koo kaise praapt kiya jaae, iss vivaran parr jore dete hue, shahar kii sadakon parr kaee upayogon kii aavashyakta parr jore diyaa, taaki alag-alag loga shahar key ack sanghanit hisse mein vibhinn dukaanon aur udyaanon key saath saha-mill sakein. aisaa karke, saath hii saath shahar kii sadakon koo dilchasp banaakar, unhone shahar key ausat dinn key dauran samajik karyon key nirantar animation kaa siddhant taiyar kiya, joe shahar kii sadakon koo dilchasp aur 24 ghante kii avadhi key dauran achchi tarah seey vyast rakhega. unhone boston, massachusets mein uttari chhor koo aaparaadhik niyantran key liye ack model key roop mein, iss nirantar vyavasaay aur ack sanghanit shahar key sthaan mein kaary key aadarsh key roop mein prastut kiya.
tooty hui khidakiyon" key siddhant kaa tark haye kii upeksha key chhote sanketak, jaise tooty hui khidakiyan aur avyavasthit lonn, iss bhavna koo badhaava dete hain kii ack kshetra kshay kii sthiti mein haye. kshay kii ashanka rakhate hue, loga isi tarah apane gunon koo banaae rakhane mein whiffle rahate hain. siddhant seey pataa chalata haye kii parityag aparaadh kaa kaaran banata haye, naa kii parityag kaa kaaran banane vaale aparaadh kaa.
kuchh yojana vidhiyaan ack kuleen samooh koo aam nagrikon koo niyantrit karane mein madad curr sakati hain. peris key hauseman key navinikaran ney chaude pulon kii ack pranali banaai jisane sadakon parr avrodhakon key nirmaan koo roque diyaa aur sainya sainikon kii aavaajaahi koo aasaan banaa diyaa. rome mein, 1930 key dashak mein faasivaadiyon ney apraadhiyon aur garib vargon koo suruchipurna shahar seey door kendrit karane key liye kaee nae upnagaron kaa nirmaan kiya.
kshay.
shahari kshay ack aisee prakriya haye jisake dwara ack shahar, yaa ack shahar kaa ack hissa, marammat aur upeksha kii sthiti mein aaa jaataa haye. isaki visheshta jansankhya mein kamee, aarthik punargathan, sampatti parityag, uchch berojgari, khandit parivaar, raajneetik matadhikar kaa hanan, aparaadh aur nirjan shahari paridrishya hain.
1970 aur 1980 key dashak key dauran, shahari kshay aksar uttari america aur europe key shaharon key kendriya kshetron seey judaa huaa thaa. iss dauran, vaishvik arthvyavasthaon, jansankhyiki, parivahan aur neetiyon mein parivartanon ney shahari patan koo badhaava diyaa. kaee yojnakaron ney iss dauran "safed udaan" kii baat kii. yeh pattern uttari america aur paschimi europe key baahar kaee shaharon mein paae jaane vaale "baahari jhuggiyon" aur "upnagariya gheto" key pattern seey alag thaa, jahaan madhya shahari kshetron mein vaastav mein uchch achal sampatti moolya they.
1990 key dashak seey, uttari america key kaee madhya shahari kshetra badhate achal sampatti moolyon, behtar vikas, aprachalit samajik awas key vidhvans aur awas vikalpon kii ack vyaapak vividhata key saath shahari kshay key ulatafer kaa anubhav curr rahey hain. haalaanki, shahari kshay (narmi) key ulatane seey aksar aantarik shahar mein awas kii samarthya mein kamee aatee haye, jisake parinamswarup garib nivaasiyon koo aksar puraane aantarik aur madhya kshetra upnagaron mein dhakel diyaa jaataa haye. iss "garibi key upnagariyakaran" kaa kifayati awas aur parivahan aur samajik sevaaon kii yojana banaane key liye mahatvapurna prabhaav haye.
jhuggiyaan.
pichhali shatabdi key teji seey shaharikaran key kaaran duniya key pramukh shaharon mein, vishesh roop seey vikaasheel deshon mein adhik jhuggiyan paida huin. jhuggi-jhopadi vikas kii samasyaon koo hull karane key liye sansadhanon aur ranneetiyon kii yojana banaane kii aavashyakta haye. kaee yojnakar jhuggi-jhopadi mein sudhaar kaa ahwan curr rahey hain, vishesh roop seey rashtramandal yojnakar sangh. jaba shahari yojnakar jhuggiyon parr kaam karate hain, tou unhein nasleeya aur saanskritik matbhedon kaa saamana karna chaahiye taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii nasleeya sanchaalan naa hoe.
jhuggiyon koo aksar nikasi dwara "thheek" kiya jaataa thaa. haalaanki, adhik rachanaatmak samadhan ubharane lagey hain jaise kii nairobi kaa "agni shivir" karyakram, jahan sthaapit jhuggi-jhopadi nivasi sarkari dhana key binaa uchit ghar, school aur samudayik kendra banaane kaa vaadaa karate hain, usa bhoomi key badale mein jiss parr way 30 varshon seey avaidh roop seey baithe hue hain. camp off fayer" karyakram jhuggi-jhopadi nivaasiyon dwara shuru kii gaee kaee samaan pariyojanaon mein seey ack haye, jisake karyakram africa, asia aur dakshin america mein hain.
punarnirmaan aur navinikaran.
yuddh yaa aakraman seey tabah hue kshetra shahari yojnakaron koo chunauti dete hain. sansadhanon kii kamee haye. maujooda aabaadi kii zarooraten hain. imaraton, sadakon, sevaaon aur bijli, paani aur mull-nikasi jaisi buniyaadi dhanchagat suvidhaon koo aksar nuksan pahunchata haye, lekin bachaav yogya bhaagon key saath. aitihaasik, dhaarmik yaa samajik kendron koo bhee sanrakshit karane aur naee shahar yojana mein phir seey ekikrit karane kii aavashyakta haye. iska ack pramukh udaaharan kabul, afghanistan kii rajdhani haye, jahan dashakon key grih yuddh aur kabje key baad, malabe aur ujaad key kshetra hain. isake bavjood, swadeshi aabaadi iss kshetra mein rahati haye, bachaa lii gaee samagri seey asthaayi gharon aur dukaanon kaa nirmaan karati haye. kissy bhee punarnirmaan yojana, jaise kii hisaham ashkauri key prakaash vikas key shahar, koo iss samudaay aur isaki maujooda sanskriti aur vyavsaayon kii jarooraton key prati samvedansheel honey kii aavashyakta haye.
shahari punarnirmaan vikas yojanaon koo vyaavhaarik design vikasit karane key liye sarkari agencies key saath-saath niji hiton key saath bhee kaam karna chaahiye.
nae master-planned shahar.
21veen sadee mein, asia aur madhya poorv key deshon ney nae badey shaharon key nirmaan kii yojana shuru kii haye. masdar shahar, yuu. aeye. ee. mein ack nayaa shahar, kii laagat $18 billion haye.
ack visheshagya ney kahaa haye kii 10 laakh logon key liye ack nae shahar kaa nirmaan karna united kingdam mein ack "bhayaanak avadharana" key roop mein maanaa jaayega, jabaki asia mein nae badey shaharon kaa nirmaan kiya jaa rhaa haye.
inmein seey kaee nae shaharon kaa nirmaan naee takneekon kaa upayog karane key liye kiya gayaa haye jaise kii upahaar shahar mein jilaa sheetlan aur swachaalit apashisht sangrah yaa masdar shahar mein vyaktigat twarit pargaman.
saudi arab maujooda shaharon mein bheedbhaad aur failaav koo niyantrit karane key liye 5 nae shaharon kaa nirmaan curr rhaa haye. jabaki bhaarat maujooda shaharon mein jagah aur suvidhaaen pradaan karane key liye 7 nae shaharon kaa nirmaan curr rhaa haye, jaise kii saikil chalaane key raaste, park aur saarvajanik parivahan pratyek karyalaya aur ghar taka 10 minut kii paidal doori key bheetar.
parivahan.
shaharikrit kshetron mein parivahan advitiya samasyaaen prastut kartaa haye. shahari vatavaran kaa ghanatva yatayat koo badhaata haye, joe vyavsaayon koo nuksan pahuncha sakata haye aur pradooshan koo badhaa sakata haye jaba taka kii uchit roop seey prabandhit naa kiya jaae. niji vaahanon key liye parking sthaan key liye uchch ghanatva vaale kshetron mein badey parking garrage key nirmaan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. yeh sthaan aksar anya vikas key liye adhik moolyavaan hoe sakata haye.
achchi yojana pargaman unmukh vikas kaa upayog karati haye, joe uchch matra mein parivahan key paas naukariyon yaa nivaasiyon key uchch ghanatva koo rakhane kaa prayaas karati haye. udaaharan key liye, kuchh shahar rail stations aur bahustariya pulon key kewal ack khand key bheetar vanijya aur bahumanjila apartment bhavanon kii anumati dete hain, aur door ekal-parivaar awas aur udyaanon koo sweekaar karate hain. 
farsh kshetra anupaat kaa upayog aksar ghanatva koo maapane key liye kiya jaataa haye. yeh imaraton kaa farsh kshetra haye jise bhoomi kshetra seey vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. 1. 5 seey cumm kaa anupaat cumm ghanatva haye. paanch seey adhik kaa anupaat bahut adhik ghanatva kaa nirmaan kartaa haye. adhikansh upnagar dou seey cumm hain, jabaki adhikansh shahar key kendra paanch seey oopar hain. tahakhaane key garrage vaale walk-upp apartment aasaani seey teen kaa ghanatva praapt curr sakate hain. gaganchumbi imaaraten aasaani seey tees yaa usase adhik ghanatva praapt curr letee hain.
shahar key adhikaari prati vyakti buniyaadi dhaanche kii laagat koo cumm karane key liye uchch ghanatva koo protsaahit karane kaa prayaas curr sakate hain. britten mein, haal key varshon mein satat vikas koo behtar dhang seey praapt karane key liye aavaasiya vikas key ghanatva koo badhaane key liye ack thhos prayaas dekhaa gayaa haye. vikas ghanatva mein vriddhi kaa laabh zana parivahan pranali, jilaa taapikaran aur anya samudayik suvidhaon (school, swaasthya kendra, aadi) koo banaane mein haye.) adhik vyavharya. haalaanki iss drishtikon key aalochak vikas key ghanatva koo 'shahar mein bheed' key roop mein bataate hain aur daavaa karate hain kii yeh jeevan kii gunavatta koo cumm kartaa haye aur bajar key netritva vaale vikalp koo pratibandhit kartaa haye.
aksar lagbhag dou seey paanch key beach aavaasiya ghanatvon parr samasyaaen hoe sakati hain. yeye ghanatva automobile key liye yatayat jaam kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain, phir bhee trains yaa halki rail pranaliyon dwara vyaavsaayik roop seey seva pradaan karane key liye bahut cumm hain. paaramparik samadhan bason kaa upayog karna haye, lekin yeye aur halki rail pranaaliyan whiffle hoe sakati hain jahaan automobile aur atirikt sadak network kshamata donon upalabdh hain, jisase 2 pratishat seey cumm savaariyaan praapt hoti hain.
luis-mogriz sthiti kaa daavaa haye kii sadak kii jagah badhaana yatayat jaam koo door karane kaa ack prabhaavi tarika naheen haye kyonki samajik roop seey sahan karane yogya star kii bheed koo bahaal karane key liye avyakt yaa prerit maang hamesha ubharati haye.
upnagariyakaran.
kuchh deshon mein, shahari paryaavaran key saath santosh mein girawat koo chhote shaharon aur graameen kshetron (tathaakathit shahari palayan) mein nirantar pravaas key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya jaataa haye. safal shahari yojana samarthit kshetriya yojana ack bahut badey bheetari kshetra yaa shahar kshetra mein laabh laa sakati haye aur parivahan maargon parr bheedbhaad aur atyadhik awagaman seey nihit oorjaa kii barbadi donon koo cumm karane mein madad curr sakati haye.
paryavaraniya kaarak.
duniya bhar mein kaee yojana pranaliyon key liye paryaavaran sanrakshan aur sanrakshan atyant mahatvapurna hain. naa kewal vikas key vishisht prabhaavon koo cumm kiya jaanaa haye, balki sthaaniya aur vaishvik paryaavaran parr vikas key samagr prabhaav koo cumm karane key prayaas kiye jaa rahey hain. yeh aamtaur parr tikaau shahari buniyaadi dhaanche aur sookshm jalavaayu key mulyankan key madhyam seey kiya jaataa haye.
kshetra.
zoning kaa praathamik uddeshya una upayogon koo alag karna haye jinhen asangat maanaa jaataa haye. vyavhaar mein, kshetra kaa upayog nae vikas koo maujooda nivaasiyon yaa vyavsaayon mein hastakshep karane seey rokane aur ack samudaay key "charitra" koo sanrakshit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. kshetra nirdhaaran aamtaur parr sthaaniya sarkaaron jaise county yaa nagar paalikaon dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa haye, halanki kshetrikaran vyavastha kii prakriti raajya yaa rashtriya yojana pradhikaranon dwara yaa saksham kaanoon key madhyam seey nirdhaarit yaa seemit kii jaa sakati haye. australia mein, rashtramandal (sanghiya) sarkaar key niyantran mein bhoomi raajya yojana niyantran key adheen naheen haye. sanyukt raajya america aur anya sanghiya desh samaan hain. france aur germany mein kshetra aur shahari yojana rashtriya yaa sanghiya sanhitaon dwara viniyamit kii jaati haye. germany key mamle mein iss sanhita mein kshetra yojana kii samagri key saath-saath kanuni prakriya bhee shamil haye.
kshetra nirdhaaran mein una gatividhiyon key prakaron kaa viniyaman shamil hoe sakata haye joe vishesh sthaanon (jaise kii khuli jagah, aavaasiya, krishi, vaanijyik yaa audyogik) parr sweekarya honge, jinn ghanatvon parr una gatividhiyon koo kiya jaa sakata haye (cumm ghanatva vaale awas jaise ekal parivaar key gharon seey laker uchch ghanatva jaise kii uchch-vriddhi vaale apartment bhavanon taka), nirmaan prakriya kii oonchaai koo sthirata mulyankan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
prakaash aur dhwani.
shahari ghaati prabhaav ack bolchal kii bhasha mein, gair-vaigyaanik shabd haye joe bahut oonchi imaraton seey ghiri sadak sthaan kaa ullekh kartaa haye. iss prakaar kaa vatavaran adhikansh dinn key ujaale key ghanton key dauran seedhe suraj kii roshni seey footpath key star koo chhaaya sakata haye. jabaki ack baar-baar ghoshit ghatana, yeh bahut ghaney, atyadhik lambe shahari vatavaran koo chhodkar durlabh haye, jaise kii nichale aur madhya shahar mainhattan, shikago key loop aur hangkang key kauloon aur madhya mein paae jaane vaale.
shahari niyojan mein, dhwani koo aamtaur parr pradooshan key srot key roop mein maapa jaataa haye. shahari dhwaniyon parr ack anya pariprekshya dhwani paridrishya adhyayanon mein vikasit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen iss baat parr jore diyaa gayaa haye kii dhwani saundaryashastra mein shore koo cumm karane aur decible maap seey adhik shamil haye. headforce ney ack vishisht sthaan seey vishisht dhwaniyon koo sambandhit karane key liye shahari yojana mein ack upayogi avadharana key roop mein 'sonotop' gadhaa.
shahari aavaasiya kshetron mein prakaash pradooshan ack samasya bunn gayaa haye, naa kewal yeh raat key aasmaan parr isake prabhaavon seey sambandhit haye, balki kuchh prakaash itna ghuspaith haye kii aavaasiya kshetron mein sangharsh paida kartaa haye aur virodhabhasi roop seey anuchit roop seey sthaapit suraksha prakaash janata key liye khatra paida curr sakata haye, jisase atyadhik chamak paida hoe sakati haye. poorna cutoff sthirata key vikas, thheek seey sthaapit, ney iss samasya koo kaafee cumm curr diyaa haye.
jall aur swachchata avasanrachana.
pahunch aur swaasthya prabhaav.
shaharon kii yojana banaane mein jall aur swachchata sevaaen pramukh vichaar hain. isamen jall praavdhaan, apashisht jall upchaar aur mull-nikasi avasanrachana shamil hain. yeye sevaaen saarvajanik swaasthya key liye mahatvapurna hain-iss prakaar, shahari yojana kaa ack pahalu yeh vichaar karna haye kii shahari nivaasiyon koo prabhaavi aur laagat-samvedansheel tarikon seey inn sevaaon koo sarvottam tareeke seey kaise pradaan kiya jaae.
shahari vatavaran mein, inn sevaaon taka pahunch key sambandh mein kaee asamaantaaen hain. udaaharan key liye, 2006 taka, bhaarat kii shahari aabaadi key sabse garib chaturthansh mein seey, 80 pratishat seey adhik key paas ghar parr pipe seey paani kii pahunch naheen thee aur aadhe seey adhik key paas sanitary flush yaa gaddhe vaale shauchalaya naheen they. 2005-2006 mein ekatra kiye gaye aankadon seey pataa chalaa haye kii lagbhag 95 pratishat shahari gair-garib kii tulanaa mein aadhe seey cumm shahari garib paryaapt swachchata taka pahunch sakate hain. bhaarat mein, jhuggiyaan shahari paryaavaran kaa ack badaa hissa hain-jhuggiyon kii sthiti mein sudhaar key liye sabse badee baadhaon mein seey ack yeh haye kii kaee jhuggiyaan binaa pralekhit reh jaati hain. kyonki adhikansh jhuggiyaan anaupchaarik bastiyaan hain jinake paas koee karyakal adhikaar naheen hain, unaki avaidh sthiti unhein aadhikarik soochi seey baahar karati haye aur iss prakaar unhein nagarpalika jall aur swachchata sevaaon taka pahunch seey baahar karati haye.
aarthik sthiti shahari vatavaran mein jall aur swachchata seva kii pahunch seey atyadhik sahsambaddh haye. lekin aarthik sthiti aksar jaati, jaatiyata aur nasl jaisi anya jansankhyikiya visheshtaon seey judee hoti haye. isaliye, jall aur swachchata sevaaon taka pahunch ack samaan mudda haye joe shahari sarkaaron key liye kaam karane vaale shahari yojnakaron kaa saamana kartaa haye. inn buniyaadi suvidhaon kii asamaantaon koo door karane key liye neeti key abhaav mein, shahari garib aur alpasankhyak asman roop seey peedit hain. bhaarat mein shahari parivesh mein bachchon key swaasthya key samajik nirdharakon key ack adhyayan ney bhaarat key rashtriya parivaar swaasthya sarvekshan key aankadon koo dekhaa aur paaya kii garib shahari kshetron mein bhee, jaati kii sthiti, dharm aur ling pramukh kaarak hain joe parivarik rojgar aur shiksha key star koo nirdhaarit karate hain, joe kaarak swachchata aur paani taka pahunch koo prabhaavit karate hain.
jall aur swachchata key mudde seedhe swaasthya parinamon seey sambandhit hain kyonki aabaadi dwara anubhav kii jaane vaali bimari kii samvedansheelta key kaaran paryaapt pahunch kii kamee haye. 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi mein haija jaisi beemariyon kaa darr vishesh roop seey unake vinashkari prabhaavon aur kharaab apashisht prabandhan prathaon vaale kshetron mein unake prasaar key kaaran thaa. aaj dengu bukhaar, hepatitis aeye aur aanton key parjivi jaisi beemaariyaan shahari garibon koo prabhaavit karane vaali jall janit beemariyon key udaaharan hain. dast kii beemaariyaan shayed aaj jaljanit bimari kaa pramukh prakaar haye, jisamen jakarta jaise shaharon mein prati 1000 logon parr 50 mamle honey kii darr haye. bhaarat mein, jaljanit rogon seey salana lagbhag 180 million kaary divason kaa nuksan hotaa haye, joe lagbhag 12 arab rupaye key aarthik barabar haye. iss prakaar shahari garibon aur samajik roop seey vanchit logon key beach paani aur swachchata kii aparyaapt pahunch roga key liye vyavasthit bhedyata kii or leey jaati haye, jisake saarvajanik swaasthya aur aarthik donon parinam hotey hain.
uganda mein, inmein seey kuchh pahunch muddon koo sambodhit karane key liye, ngo aur samudaay-adharit sangathanon (see. bee. oh. aiss.) ney kadam uthaaya haye. uganda mein sarkaar ney garibon key beach saarvajanik swaasthya mein sudhaar mein swachchata kii bhoomika koo sweekaar kiya haye, lekin jaisa kii aine. jee. oh. aur see. bee. oh. ney bataaya haye, sarkaar shahari vatavaran mein inn sevaaon kii aavashyakta yaa niji seva pradaataon seey inn sevaaon kii khareed kii uchch laagat koo paryaapt roop seey sambodhit karane mein asamarth rahee haye. halanki, buniyaadi dhancha pariyojanaon koo shuru karane key liye anumati praapt karane kii aavashyakta aur unhein lagu karane kii uchch laagat key kaaran aine. jee. oh. aur see. bee. oh. swachchata sevaaen pradaan karane kii apani kshamata mein swabhavik roop seey seemit hain.
shauchalaya.
swachchata avasanrachana kaa ack pahalu joe jhuggiyon mein paryavaraniya swaasthya kaa ack pramukh nirdhaarak haye, vaha haye shauchalaya. shauchalayon aur mull-jall key aspas kaee parivartansheel hain joe shahari parivaaron key liye swaasthya parinamon koo nirdhaarit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibha sakate hain, jisamen shauchalaya kaa sthaan (ghar banaam ghar seey baahar), shauchalaya kaa upayog (parivaar banaam samudaay), aur shauchalaya kaa prakaar (udaaharan key liye gaddhe shauchalaya banaam shauchalaya) shamil hain. isake alawa, shauchalaya shahari gharelu star key leout aur design kaa ack mahatvapurna pahalu haye.
apashisht jall.
shahari niyojan mein apashisht jall sangrah aur upchaar hamesha ack mahatvapurna vichaar rhaa haye, lekin yeh teji seey mahatvapurna hotaa jaa rhaa haye kyonki shahari jansankhya kaa star badh rhaa haye aur jall sanrakshan ack badhati chinta bunn gayaa haye. kaee yojnakar abb iss baat parr vichaar curr rahey hain kii shahari vatavaran mein apashisht jall upchaar koo prabhaavi aur nyaaysangat tarikon seey kaise uchit roop seey shamil kiya jaae.
sanyukt raajya america mein, 19veen shatabdi seey pahale, shaharon mein aksar apashisht prabandhan key liye ack vikendrikrit niji tahakhaane-prasaadhan-pool model kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. shahari gharon mein unake shauchalayon key neeche tahakhaane yaa tub they, joe taba taka apashisht jall ekatra karate they jaba taka kii tehkhaanon koo paas key sespool mein khaali karane kii aavashyakta naheen hoti thee. yeh model usa samay apekshaakrit cumm shahari aabaadi key kaaran kaam kartaa thaa. haalaanki, 19veen shatabdi key dauran audyogikaran, shaharikaran aur jansankhya vriddhi ney america kii shahar mein rahane vaali aabaadi mein naatakiya vriddhi kii aur iss prakaar ack kendrikrit apashisht jall sangrah aur prasanskaran pranali kii aavashyakta mein vriddhi hui. pipe seey paani kii shuruat key saath, aisee kendrikrit pranali sambhav hoe gaee kyonki jall-wahan apashisht koo hataane key liye badee matra mein paani kii aavashyakta thee. 19veen shatabdi seey, jall-vaahak mull-jall prabandhan koo isaki mapaniyata key kaaran yojnakaron dwara prathamikta dee gaee haye.
haalaanki, haal hii mein, apkendrit apashisht jall prabandhan ney yojnakaron aur shodhkartaon key beach punrutthan kiya haye. jabaki kendrikrit jall-wahan pranaliyon mein mapaniyata key liye adhik kshamata haye, vikendrikrit pranaaliyan kewal adhik kushal hain kyonki apashisht-jall koo usa sthaan key karib prabandhit kiya jaataa haye jahaan yeh utpann hotaa haye, iss prakaar pratyek prabandhan pranali koo sthaaniya samudaay/gharelu jarooraton key anukool honey kii anumati milati haye.
sandarbh.
granth soochi