
laal shirt (sanyukt raajya america)

dakshini sanyukt raajya america kii laal shirt yaa laal shirt safed sarvocch ardhsainik aatankvaadi samooh they joe 19veen shatabdi key anta mein antim varshon mein sakriya they, aur sanyukt raajya america key punarnirmaan yug key anta key baad. laal shirt samoohon kii utpatti 1875 mein mississippi mein hui, jaba punarnirmaan virodhi niji aatankvaadi ikaaiyon ney khud koo adhik drishyamaan banaane aur dakshini ganrajyon, donon goron aur mukt logon key liye khatra banaane key liye laal shirt koo apanaaya. carolina mein isi tarah key samoohon ney bhee laal shirt koo apanaaya.
sabse pramukh laal shirts mein 1876 aur 1878 key dakshin carolina governor chunaavon key abhiyaanon key dauran democratic party key ummidwar waid hampton key samarthak they. laal shirt kaee ardhsainik sangathanon mein seey ack they, jaise kii louisiana mein safed leag, 1870 key dashak mein dakshin mein raajneetik shakti hassil karane key liye shwet loktantriyon key nirantar prayason seey utpann hui. inn samoohon ney "loktaantrik party kii sainya shakha" key roop mein kaam kiya.
kabhi-kabhi aatankvaad key hinsak krityon mein shamil honey key dauran, unnisvin shatabdi key anta mein laal shirt, safed leag, rifle club aur isi tarah key samoohon ney khule taur parr kaam kiya aur koo clux clan jaise bhoomigat aatankvaadi samoohon kii tulanaa mein behtar sangathit they. unhone loktantriyon koo satta mein bahaal karane, ganrajyon koo palatane aur swatantra logon key nagrik aur matdan adhikaaron koo dabaane key raajneetik uddeshyon koo praapt karane key liye sangathan, dhamki aur bull kaa upayog kiya. uttari carolina mein 1876,1898 aur 1900 key abhiyaanon key dauran, laal shirt ney gair-loktaantrik party key matdaataon koo daraane mein pramukh bhoomika nibhai.
utpatti aur prateekvaad.
ee key anusaar. punarnirmaan key dauran dakshin mein merton coulter (1947), laal shirt koo 1875 mein mississippi mein loktaantrik party key "dakshini brigadier" dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa joe ashwet ganrajyon key virodh mein they. laal shirt ney gantantra kii railiyon koo baadhit kiya, ashwet netaaon koo daraya yaa unaki hatyaa curr dee, aur chunaavon mein ashwet matdan koo hatotsaahit aur dabaa diyaa.
laal shirt pahane hue loga 25 agast, 1876 koo ack loktaantrik torchlight pared key dauran charleston, dakshin carolina mein dikhaai diye. yeh massachusets key benjamin franklin butler key "khooni shirt laharaane" vaale bhaashan kaa majaak udaane key liye thaa, jisamen unhone punarnirmaan yug key dauran koo clux clan dwara kode gaye kaaleen key khoon seey sanaa huaa ack shirt pakade honey kaa jhoothaa daavaa kiya gayaa thaa. "khooni shirt lehrana" dakshin mein ack muhawara bunn gayaa, jiska shreya senate mein oliver khatare perry morton jaise ganarajya key raajnetaon koo diyaa jaataa haye, jinhone dakshini carolina mein ganarajya kii punarnirmaan neetiyon key samarthan koo majboot karane key liye uttari sainikon aur kaaleen baggers key saath kiye gaye anyaay key bhaavnaatmak khaaton kaa upayog kiya. laal shirt kaa prateekvaad jaldi fail gayaa. hamberg narsamhar key sandigdhon ney laal shirt pahani hui thee kyonki way 5 sitambar koo dakshin carolina key eken mein apane gutt key liye cooch curr rahey they. 1876 mein loktaantrik abhiyaan key dakshin carolina mein aayojak martin gairi ney anivarya kiya kii unake samarthakon koo sabhi party railiyon aur samarohon mein laal shirt pahanana thaa.
laal shirt pahanana dakshin carolina mein shwet loktantriyon key liye gantantra shasson key liye garv aur pratirodh kaa srot bunn gayaa. mahilaaon ney laal flannel shirt cv aur laal key anya kapade banaae. mahilaaon key liye apane baalon mein yaa apani cummer key aspas laal ribbon pahanana bhee fashionable hoe gayaa. grihyuddh mein ladane key liye bahut chhote honey key baad yuvaaon ney aatankvaad koo vyakt karane key liye laal shirt koo apanaaya.
dakshin carolina laal shirt.
raajya key loktantravadiyon ney dakshin carolina key harr county mein pared aur railiyon kaa ayojan kiya. kaee pratibhaagi sashastr they aur ghudsavaar they; sabhi laal pahane hue they. ghudsavaar purushon ney adhik shakti aur sankhya kaa aabhas diyaa. jaba vede hampton aur anya loktantravaadi bolate they, tou laal shirt utsaahpoorvak pratikriya detee thee, abhiyaan key naare "hampton key liye hurra" kaa naaraa detee thee. isane ack vishal tamasha banaaya joe unake anuyaayiyon koo ekjut aur prerit kartaa thaa.
laal shirt ney shwet aur ashwet donon matdaataon koo loktantravadiyon key liye matdan karane key liye daraane kii koshish kii yaa bilkul naheen. unakaa lakshya loktaantrik shasson aur shwet varchasva koo bahaal karna thaa. laal shirt aur isi tarah key samooh vishesh roop seey una raajyon mein sakriya they jahan african-americi bahumat thaa. unhone gantantra sabhaon koo toda diyaa, unake ayojan koo baadhit kiya aur chunaavon mein ashwet matdaataon koo daraya. kaee swatantra logon ney darr seey matdan karna bund curr diyaa, aur anya logon ney dabaav mein loktantravadiyon koo vote diyaa. laal shirt ney hinsa kaa upayog karane mein sankoch naheen kiya, naa hii anya niji milicia samoohon ney. iken, agefield aur barnwell key peedmont county mein, jinn logon ney matdan kiya, unhein unake gharon seey bhagaa diyaa gayaa aur kode maare gaye, jabaki unake kuchh netaaon kii hatyaa curr dee gaee. 1876 key rashtrapati chunaav key dauran, agefield aur laurence countiyon mein loktantravadiyon ney "jaldi aur aksar" matdan kiya, jabaki friedman koo chunaavon seey roque diyaa gayaa thaa.
raajya key daure parr hampton key saath sashastr aur ghudsavaar laal shirt pahane hue they. way gantantra kii baithakon mein bhaag lete they aur samaan samay kii maang karate they, lekin way aamtaur parr kewal maun rahate they. kabhi-kabhi, laal shirts mein paas mein ack barbecue hotaa thaa taaki gantantravadiyon koo lubhaaya jaa sakey aur unhein loktaantrik tikat key liye vote karane key liye manaane kii koshish kii jaa sakey.
hampton ney khud koo ack rajneta key roop mein sthaapit kiya, shiksha key liye samarthan kaa vaadaa kiya, aur hinsa seey suraksha pradaan kii joe governor daniel heinry chamberlain pradaan karane mein saksham naheen lugg rahey they. kuchh swatantra logon ney hampton key liye matdan kiya, aur adhikansh abraham linken kii republican party key prati wafadar rahey. 1876 kaa abhiyaan "dakshin carolina key itihas mein sabse uthal-puthal bharaa" thaa. "ack punarnirmaan-virodhi itihaaskaar ney baad mein anuman lagaaya kii abhiyaan key dauran dakshin carolina mein 150 nigro kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee."
7 navambar koo chunaav key baad, chamberlain aur hampton key beach ack lamba vivaad huaa kyonki donon ney jeet kaa daavaa kiya. badey paimaane parr chunaav dhokhadhadi key kaaran, dakshin carolina house off representatives key ack republican sadasya admond villium macragor mackie ney charleston seey "hankidori club" koo agefield aur laurence county seey loktaantrik sadasyon koo baahar nikaalane key liye bulaaya. raajya mein yeh baat fail gaee. 3 disambar taka, loktantravadiyon kii raksha key liye raajya grih mein lagbhag 5,000 laal shirt ikatthi huin. hampton ney shaanti kii appeal kii aur laal shirtein titar-bitar hoe gaeen.
ack rashtriya raajneetik samjhaute key parinamswarup, rashtrapati rutherford bee. heya ney 3 aprail, 1877 koo raajya seey sangh senaa koo hataane kaa adesh diyaa. shwet loktantravadiyon ney dakshin carolina parr apana raajneetik adhigrahan puuraa curr liya. 1878 key governor chunaav mein, laal shirt ney ack nammatra kii upasthiti banaai kyonki hampton koo binaa virodh key phir seey chunaa gayaa thaa.
bhavishya key dakshin carolina loktaantrik rajneta, jaise kii benjamin tillman aur ellison dee. smith ney garv seey laal shirt key saath apani yuvavastha mein safed varchasva key liye "pramanik" key roop mein apane judaav kaa daavaa kiya.
uttari carolina laal shirt.
1896 aur 1898 key chunaavon key aspas laal shirt phir seey sakriya they, joe matdaataon koo shwet varchasva kaa samarthan karane key liye loktantravadiyon kii appeal key saath gathbandhan karate they, taaki matdaataon koo loklubhavan sanlayan ummidwar kii or badhane seey bachaaya jaa sakey, jaisa kii kuchh ney 1896 key governor chunaav mein kiya thaa.
laal shirt gantantra aur loklubhavan logon key antarjaatiya gathbandhan kaa virodh karane key liye ack loktaantrik abhiyaan kaa hissa they, jinhen sanlayanwadi kahaa jaataa thaa, jisane 1894 key chunaav mein raajya vidhaayika kaa niyantran hassil curr liya thaa aur 1896 mein ack ganarajya governor chunaa thaa. iss tarah key dvivaarshik gathbandhan dakshin key anya raajyon mein bhee hue they, kuchh mamalon mein raajya vidhaansabhaaon key shwet loktaantrik niyantran koo palatana yaa dhamki denaa. uchch-varg aur madhyam-varg kii shwet aabaadi koo swatantra logon aur garib goron key sashaktikaran kaa darr thaa. gathbandhan koo todane key liye, shwet loktantravadiyon ney kaale gantantra key matdan koo cumm karane key liye dhamki aur poori tarah seey hinsa kaa istemal kiya aur 1896 mein raajya vidhaayika parr niyantran hassil kiya.
1898 key chunaav seey pahale raajya bhar mein, vishesh roop seey ashwet bahul countiyon mein ashweton key khilaf dhamki aur hinsa mein vriddhi hui. 4 navambar, 1898 koo, "raile samachar aur paryavekshak" ney nott kiya,
 wilmington mein ghode parr pahali laal shirt pared ney aaj logon koo vidyuteekrit curr diyaa. isane goron key beach utsaah aur nigro key beach ghabarahat paida kii. puuraa shahar ise dekhane key liye nikla. yeh purushon kaa ack utsaahi shareer thaa. anyatha yeh shaant aur vyavasthit thaa.usa samay, wilmington raajya kaa sabse badaa shahar thaa aur aabaadi mein bahusankhyak ashwet thaa.
wilmington mein, ganrajyon key ack dvivaarshik gathbandhan ney 1898 mein mahapour aur alderman key karyalaya jeete. mahapour aur dou-tihai alderman shwet they, joe ack kaale-bahul shahar seey chune gaye they. lekin sthaaniya shwet loktantravaadi satta chaahte they aur 1898 key wilmington vidroh mein chunaav key chhah dinn baad ise leey liya, joe sanyukt raajya key itihas mein sabse badaa maanyata praapt "takhtapalat" thaa. sarkaar koo ukhaad fenkane key baad, bheed ney shahar key kaale kshetron parr hamla kiya aur kaee ashweton koo maar daala, gharon, schools aur churchon koo jalaa diyaa. itane saare ashweton ney wilmington koo sthaayi roop seey chhod diyaa kii jansankhyiki badal gaee, jisake parinamswarup ack shwet-bahul shahar bunn gayaa.
raajya vidhaayika koo niyantrit karane vaale shwet loktantravadiyon ney raajya key samvidhaan mein ack sanshodhan kaa masauda taiyar kiya, jisane adhikansh african amerikiyon aur kaee garib goron koo matdan karon aur saksharta parikshanon kii aavashyaktaon koo sthaapit karke matadhikar seey vanchit curr diyaa, jisase matadaata panjikaran mein baadhaaen paida huin. 1900 mein, rajyavyapi lokpriya janmat sangrah dwara sanshodhan koo apanaaya gayaa thaa jisamen ashwet matdaataon key matdan koo dabaa diyaa gayaa thaa.
1896 seey 1904 taka, matdan key liye adhik jatil niyamon key saath iss tarah key matadaata panjikaran praavdhaanon key sanyojan seey uttari carolina mein kaale matdaataon kaa matdan shoonya key karib aaa gayaa thaa. 1890 mein mississippi key nae samvidhaan key saath shuru honey vaale dakshin mein isi tarah key raajya karyon key ack pattern kaa paalan kiya gayaa. shwet varchasva kii ack peedhi key baad, kaee loga bhool gaye kii uttari carolina mein kabhi madhyam varg key ashwet sampann they.
samooh kaa uday.
uttari carolina mein kaee shwet loktantriyon key beach raajneetik avamoolyan kii bhaavanaon key kaaran, loktaantrik party aur laal shirt ney poorna aur poorna shakti koo bahaal karna apana lakshya banaa liya. laal shirt ney kaale matdaataon koo dhamki aur seedhe hamale seey daraya, aur raajya mein kaale vote koo vyaavhaarik roop seey samaapt curr diyaa. laal shirt pahali baar 21 octuber, 1898 koo faitville mein raili key dauran uttari carolina mein dekhi gaee thee. iss raili mein dakshin carolina key ack pramukh laal shirt key netaa benjamin tillman ney ack bhaashan diyaa jisake baad uttari carolina raajya mein laal shirt kii gatividhiyon kii bharmar hui. uttari carolina laal shirt sabhi samajik vargon kaa ack samooh thaa, jisamen shikshak, kisan, vyaapaari aur loktaantrik party key kuchh kuleen sadasya shamil they. usa dinn seey, laal shirt key adhyaay vishesh roop seey uttari carolina key dakshin-purvi bhaag mein sakriya they, jisamen "nyu hannover, brunswick, columbus aur robeson county" shamil they, joe sabhi bhaugolik roop seey dakshin carolina seema key buggle mein sthit they aur badee kaali aabaadi thee.
unaki praarambhik gatividhiyaan 1898 aur 1900 key shwet varchasva andolanon kii shuruat kaa hissa theen. yeye 1894 aur 1897 key varshon key beach uttari carolina raajya mein kaee sthaaniya aur raajya ashwet sarkari adhikaariyon key chunaav mein vriddhi kii pratikriya mein utpann huin. ashwet adhikaariyon kii sankhya mein iss vriddhi ney "bhayabheet aur hatash loktaantrik party" koo shwet varchasva abhiyaan shuru karane key liye majboor kiya jisamen laal shirt abhinn bhagidar bunn jaayenge. koo clux clan key vipareet, laal shirt ney kewal loktaantrik party key saath sahyog kiya. way khule taur parr kaam karate they, kyonki way chaahte they kii uttari carolina kii aabaadi aur gair-loktantravaadi apane sadasyon kii pehchaan jaanen. 1898 mein chunaav key anta taka, way ack shaktishali raajneetik shakti saabit hue.
1898 kaa chunaav.
laal shirt aatank key praarambhik shasankal key dauran, uttari carolina key senator, saine. jetter prechard (aar) ney prez koo likhaa. mckinley poochh rhaa haye "kyaa aap shaanti banaae rakhane key liye sanyukt raajya america key upa marshel koo bhejenge?"laal shirts ney gair-loktantriyon dwara matdan koo dabaane key liye dhamki aur kabhi-kabhi hinsa kii ranneeti kaa istemal kiya. laal shirt seey dhamkaane mein vriddhi key saath, kaale aur dhamki dene vaale gorey donon apani raksha key liye hathiyar khareed rahey they. prechard ney apane patra mein kahaa kii laal shirt "una county mein sabse adhik sakriya theen jahaan rangeen loga adhik hotey hain", aur ardhsainik samooh ney ashweton koo nishana banaaya.
goo. daniel ell. russell (aar) ney kahaa kii raajya key dakshini kinare parr, apraadhon aur hinsak gatividhiyon mein vriddhi key kaaran "sashastr aur kanunvihin" purushon ney kabja curr liya thaa. laal shirt aksar "dhamkiyon, dhamki aur vaastavik hinsa" key madhyam seey kaee gair-loktaantrik raajneetik baithakon koo baadhit karati thee. apani dhamki key madhyam seey, laal shirt ney county key kaee sadasyon koo 1898 key raajya chunaav mein matdan karane key liye panjikaran karane seey safaltapurvak roque diyaa. nagrikon key panjikaran karane seey darne key kaaran, sarkaar. russell ney 26 octuber, 1898 koo ack ghoshana jaari kii, jisamen sabhi "aswasth vyaktiyon" seey poochha gayaa... sabhi gairkaanooni prathaon seey turant bachana... ashant aacharan, aur shaanti banaae rakhane key liye."governor russell kii ghoshana laal shirt key saath achchi tarah seey naheen baithati thee; unhone apani gatividhi badhaa dee.
chunaav seey pahale.
1898 key chunaav seey ack saptah pahale, laal shirt kii gatividhiyaan binaa ruke theen, aur dhamkiyaan itani baar-baar theen kii kaee gantantravadiyon aur sanlayanwadi vaktaaon ney apani vyastataon koo radd curr diyaa; poore gantantra sanlayan tikat ney nae hanovar county mein vaapas leey liya. 2 navambar, 1898 koo chunaav seey kuchh dinn pahale, wilmington key "morning starr" akhbar ney laal shirt seey sambaddh clod kitchin key saath ack badee raili kii soochana dee. raili mein laal shirt pahane 1,000 loga shamil they jinhone richmond county, uttari carolina key mukhya roop seey kaale kshetron mein 10 meal taka march kiya. unakaa lakshya "nigro shasson seey chhutkara paane key liye apana dridh sankalp dikhaana" thaa. akhbar ney bataaya kii "kaee nigro ney panjikaran soochi seey apane naam leey liye they."
chunaav kaa dinn.
8 navambar, 1898 key chunaav key dauran, laal shirt ney sabhi ganarajyiyon, sanlayanvaadiyon aur african amerikiyon koo chunaav seey rokane key liye, apane ghodon parr matdan parisar key chaaron or raifalon aur shotguns key saath sawari karke apani pichhali gatividhiyon koo lagu kiya. laal shirt kii gatividhi ney loktantriyon koo 25,000 bahumat key saath jeetane mein madad kii, jaisa kii "samachar aur paryavekshak" mein sheershak diyaa gayaa haye."15 navambar koo josephus daniels dwara" "shwet varchasva aur raajya koo nigro-shasson seey bachaane" "key uplakshya mein ack badey utsav kaa ayojan kiya gayaa thaa.
1900 kaa chunaav.
chunaav seey pahale.
1900 kaa chunaav ack vishesh chunaav thaa kyonki ack agast mein aur doosara navambar mein huaa thaa. shwet varchasva vishay koo dohraya gayaa, jaise kii "tarheelon key liye shwet shasson", "shwet varchasva" aur "koee nigro shasson naheen". laal shirt aur loktantravaadi agast vishesh chunaav key dauran apani jeet sunishchit karenge, joe kaale vote koo matadhikar seey vanchit karane kii ack loktaantrik chaal thee. loktaantrik aur laal shirt ney mahsoos kiya kii aggar way "ashwet netaaon kaa manobal giraate" hain, tou ashwet vote cumm hoe jaayenge. agast mein matadhikar key bantware key chunaav key dinn, ack pramukh ashwet netaa, ebe middleton, duplin county key ack poorv ganarajya county adhyaksh, prateekaatmak roop seey "maare gaye" they jaba unaki patni koo unake bageeche mein ack "pastboard taaboot" milaa thaa. chunaav key baad kii sunavaai key dauran, middleton ney gawahi dee kii unake ghar key paas golibari mein vriddhi hui thee. haalaanki ghatanaaen beach mein naheen gaeen, lekin ashwet samudaay key sadasyon ney iss gatividhi koo dekhaa aur matdan seey parhej kiya. laal shirt kii dhamki dene kii gatividhiyaan itani safal raheen kii kaee african amerikiyon ney apane gharon koo chhod diyaa, kuchh ney daldal mein sharan lii, jaisa kii duplin county key ack kaale matadaata dave kenedi ney bataaya.
laal shirt ney shwet ganarajyiyon aur loktantravadiyon key anya virodhiyon parr bhee hamla karna jaari rakhaa. "2 agast, 1900 key ack lekh mein, "dha newyork times" ney nott kiya kii chunaav seey ack dinn pahale, laal shirt ney shree key bhaashan koo baadhit curr diyaa thaa. jiss munch parr unhone baat kii thee, usey teag karke dhwast curr diyaa. laal shirt koo apratyaksh roop seey kaee kaanoon pravartan adhikaariyon dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, joe raajya bhar key adhikansh countiyon mein unake khilaf kaarravaai karane mein whiffle rahey. baad mein, jaba teag raajya key apane prachaar daure key dauran dunn county kii yatra curr rhaa thaa, tou usey laal shirt dwara apaharan curr liya gayaa aur shahar seey baahar nikaal diyaa gayaa. anya pramukh gair-loktaantrik vaktaaon mein, marrian butler aur anya sadey hue andey fenkane seey baadhit hoe gaye they. laal shirt kii teji seey vighatankari gatividhiyon key kaaran, johnson county key republican party key adhyaksh ney sainikon koo sarkaar key liye anurodh bheja. russell.
chunaav kaa dinn.
1900 key chunaav key dinn, laal shirt 1898 kii tulanaa mein aur bhee adhik spasht they. way apani bandookon aur ghodon key saath matdan chunaavon key chaaron or savaar they, ashweton aur anya ganarajyiyon koo daraate they. agast 1900 key chunaav mein kaale voton key matadhikar key hanan kii safalata key parinamswarup antatah navambar mein charles brantley icock ney addams, ganarajya parr loktaantrik governor kii jeet hassil kii. 186, 650 seey 126,296 key vote koo "governor pada key ummidwar koo diye gaye abb taka key sabse badey bahumat" key roop mein nott kiya gayaa thaa.
navambar mein loktaantrik jeet key baad, laal shirt janata key saamane seey gayab hoe gaee. kyonki unake sadasya mukhya roop seey garib gorey they, abhijaat varg key goron kii loktaantrik party samooh seey alag hoe gaee. iss prakaar governor icock key udghaatan parr laal shirt kaa prachalan cumm hoe gayaa.
samkaaleen dakshin carolina laal shirt.
dakshin carolina key leag mein ack vishesh sadasyata shreni haye jise "laal shirt" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. laal shirt ney martin luther king, junier kii sthaapana key khilaf sangh key dhwaj key samarthan mein pradarshan aayojit kiye hain. dinn, aur raajnetaon key khilaf way "scalvags" aur "corpetbaggers" jaise lindsey graham, bobb inglis, johnn mccain aur attorney morris deeze key roop mein maanate hain. unhone adhik madhyampanthi inglis key khilaf sudur dakshinpanthi udaarvaadi johnn cobin kii congress kii ummidwari kaa samarthan kiya aur abraham linken aur villium tekamse sherman key nakali pareekshan kiye.
unake sadasyata aavedan patra key anusaar, laal shirt lakshyon mein roodhivaadi aadarsh shamil hain jaise kii "vyavhaar key sweekarya maanak key roop mein bhagwan key kaanoonon koo lagu karna"; sabhi sanghiya "niyantran aur prabhaav koo samaapt karna"; sabhi staron parr sarkaar key aakar aur dayare koo cumm karna; aur "bibil key satya parr bharosa karane vaali dakshini sanskriti" koo badhaava denaa aur sthaapit karna.

