pracheen yunani

pracheen yunani mein pracheen yunan aur pracheen duniya mein lagbhag 1500 eesaa poorv seey 300 eesaa poorv taka upayog kii jaane vaali yunani bhasha key roop shamil hain. ise aksar motey taur parr nimnalikhit avadhiyon mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haih mycenian greek (), dark aij (), pracheen yaa mahakavya avadhi (), aur shaastriya avadhi ().
pracheen yunani hommer aur paanchvin shatabdi key ethanian itihaskaron, natakkaron aur daarshnikon kii bhasha thee. isane angreji shabdawali mein kaee shabdon kaa yogdan diyaa haye aur punarjagaran key baad seey paschimi duniya key shaikshanik sansthanon mein adhyayan kaa ack maanak vishay rhaa haye. iss lekh mein mukhya roop seey bhasha key mahakavya aur shaastriya kaal key baare mein jaankaari haye, joe sabse achchi tarah seey satyaapit kaal hain aur jinhen pracheen yunani kaa sabse vishisht kaal maanaa jaataa haye.
helenwadi kaal () seey, pracheen yunani key baad koeen yunani kaa paalan kiya jaataa thaa, jise ack alag aitihaasik charan key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, halanki iska sabse pahala roop attari yunani seey milata-julata haye aur iska navintam roop madhyayugeen yunani key paas aataa haye. pracheen yunani kii kaee kshetriya boliyaan theen, jinamen seey attari yunani koeen mein vikasit hui.
boliyaan.
pracheen yunani ack bahuvikasit bhasha thee, joe kaee boliyon mein vibhajit thee. mukhya bolly samooh attari aur ionic, ionic, archadocypriote aur doric hain, jinamen seey kaee upkhandon key saath hain. kuchh boliyaan saahitya mein upayog kiye jaane vaale maankeekrit saahityik roopon mein paaee jaati hain, jabaki anya kewal shilalekhon mein pramaanit hain.
kaee aitihaasik roop bhee hain. homerick greek pracheen yunani kaa ack saahityik roop haye (mukhya roop seey ionic aur ionic seey vyutpann) jiska upayog mahakavya kavitaon, "eliod" aur "odisi" aur baad mein anya lekhakon kii kavitaon mein kiya jaataa haye. homerick greek mein shaastriya attari aur anya shaastriya yug kii boliyon seey vyaakaran aur uchchaaran mein mahatvapurna antar they.
itihas.
samkaaleen sakshya kii kamee key kaaran hellenic bhasha parivaar kii utpatti, praarambhik roop aur vikas koo achchi tarah seey samajha naheen gayaa haye. samanya proto-indo-europeeya bhasha aur shaastriya kaal seey praarambhik yunani-jaise bhaashan key vichalan key beach hellenic bolly samoohon key astitva key baare mein kaee siddhant maujood hain. unaki ack hii samanya ruprekha haye lekin kuchh vivaranon mein bhinn haye. iss avadhi kii ekmatra satyaapit bolly mycenian greek haye, lekin aitihaasik boliyon aur usa samay kii aitihaasik paristhitiyon key saath iska sambandh ingit kartaa haye kii samagr samooh pahale seey hii kissy naa kissy roop mein maujood they.
vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii pramukh pracheen yunani kaal kii bolly samooh 1120 eesaa poorv key baad vikasit naheen hue, dorian akramanon key samay-aur sateek varnamala lekhan key roop mein unaki pahali upasthiti 8 veen shatabdi eesaa poorv mein shuru hui. jaba taka aakramankariyon kaa aitihaasik dorianon key saath kuchh saanskritik sambandh naheen hotaa, taba taka aakraman "dorian" naheen hotaa. aakraman key kaaran baad key attari-ionic kshetron mein visthaapit aabaadi key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe khud koo dorianon dwara visthaapit yaa sangharsh karane vaali aabaadi key vanshaj maanate they.
iss avadhi key yoonaniyon kaa maanana thaa kii sabhi yunani logon key teen pramukh vibhaag they-dorian, aolian aur ionean (ethanian sahit), jinamen seey pratyek kii apani paribhaashit aur vishisht boliyaan theen. yunani vidvata key kendra seey door, arcadian, ack aspasht pahaadi bolly, aur cypriot key nireekshan key liye logon aur bhasha kaa yeh vibhajan aadhunik puraataatvik-bhashai jaanch key parinamon key samaan haye.
boliyon key liye ack maanak sutrikaran haih
paschim banaam gair-paschim yunani sabse majboot aur sabse pahala vibhajan haye, jisamen gair-paschim ionic-aitik (yaa aitik-ionic) aur ionic banaam ionic key upasamuchchay mein haye. archadocypriote, yaa aolic aur arcado-cypriot banaam. ionic-aitik. aksar gair-paschim koo 'purvi yunani' kahaa jaataa haye.
archadocypriot spasht roop seey kansya yug key mycenian greek seey adhik nikatata seey utaraa.
boetian yunani ack majboot uttar-paschimi yunani prabhaav key tahat aaya thaa, aur kuchh mamalon mein ise ack sankramankalin bolly maanaa jaa sakata haye, jaisa kii boetian kavi pinder kii kavitaon mein udaaharan diyaa gayaa haye, jinhone ack chhote seey aolic mishran key saath doric mein likhaa thaa. isi tarah thissali uttar-paschimi yunani prabhaav key tahat aaya thaa, halanki kuchh hudd taka.
anatolia key dakshin-paschimi tata parr ack chhote seey kshetra mein bolly jaane vaali aur shilalekhon mein bahut cumm sanrakshit pamphilion greek, yaa tou paanchvin pramukh bolly samooh hoe sakati haye, yaa yeh gair-yunani mool prabhaav key saath, doric dwara aachchhaadit mycenian greek hoe sakati haye. 
pracheen macedonians key bhaashan key sambandh mein vividh siddhanton koo saamane rakhaa gayaa haye, lekin pichhale dashakon key dauran macedonia key yunani kshetra mein shilalekh gatividhi aur puraataatvik khojon ney dastavejon koo prakaash mein laaya haye, jinamen macedonian mein likhe gaye pahale granth, jaise kii pella curse tablet, hatzopolos aur anya vidvaanon ney nott kiya haye. pella curse tablet, emilio crespo aur anya vidvaanon jaise kaee adhyayanon aur nishkarshon dwara nikaale gaye nishkarshon key aadhar parr sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii pracheen macedonian ack uttar-paschim doric bolly thee, joe poorvottar thessaly mein bolly jaane vaali apani padosi thessalian boliyon key saath isoglos koo saajha karati haye. kuchh ney ack greek vargeekaran kaa bhee sujhaav diyaa haye.
samlaingik bolly aolic thee. udaaharan key liye, lesbos dweep seey kavi saifo key karyon key tukade aolian mein hain.
oopar soochibaddh adhikansh bolly upa-samoohon mein aage key upa-vibhajan they, joe aam taur parr ack shahar-raajya aur usake aspas key kshetra yaa ack dweep key barabar they. doric mein vishesh roop seey kaee madhyavarti vibhajan bhee they, dweep doric (crayton doric sahit), dakshini peloponesus doric (laconian, sparta kii bolly sahit), aur uttari peloponesus doric (corinthian sahit).
sabhi samoohon kaa pratinidhitva yunan seey parey kii upaniveshon dwara bhee kiya jaataa thaa, aur inn upaniveshon ney aam taur parr sthaaniya visheshtaon koo vikasit kiya, aksar basane vaalon yaa alag-alag yunani boliyon koo bolane vaale padosiyon key prabhaav mein.
eesaa poorv chauthi shatabdi key anta mein alekjendar dha grate kii vijay key baad, ack naee antarrashtriya bolly vikasit hui jise koeen yaa samanya greek key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe kaafee hudd taka attari yunani parr adharit thee, lekin anya boliyon key prabhaav key saath. iss bolly ney dheere-dheere adhikansh purani boliyon koo badal diyaa, halanki doric bolly aadhunik sparta key kshetra mein bolly jaane vaali tsaconian bhasha mein bachee hui haye. doric ney apane aurist samaapti koo bhee demotic greek key adhikansh kriyaon mein paarit curr diyaa haye. lagbhag 6 veen shatabdi esvi taka, koeen dheere-dheere madhyayugeen yunani mein parivartit hoe gayaa thaa.
sambandhit bhaashaaen.
frigian paschim aur madhya anatolia kii ack vilupt indo-europeeya bhasha haye, jise kuchh bhashavidon dwara yunani seey nikatata seey sambandhit maanaa jaataa haye. jeevit vanshajon key saath indo-europeeya shaakhaon key beach, yunani koo aksar armenian (graco-armenian bhee dekhein) aur indo-irani bhaashaon (graco-aryan dekhein) key saath nikatatam aanuvanshik sambandh rakhane kaa tark diyaa jaataa haye.
dhvanivigyaan.
proto-indo-europeeya seey antar.
pracheen yunani kuchh tarikon seey proto-indo-europeeya (paaee) aur anya indo-europeeya bhaashaon seey alag haye. dhwani-pratyaavartan mein, pracheen yunani shabd kewal ack swar mein samaapt hoe sakate they yaa; antim viram khou gaye they, jaise kii "doodh" mein, "doodh" (aanuvanshik) kii tulanaa mein. shaastriya kaal key pracheen yunani bhee kaee dhwani parivartanon key kaaran mool paaee dhwaniyon kii soochi aur vitaran donon mein bhinn they, vishesh roop seey nimnalikhitah
dhvanyaatmak soochi.
pracheen yunani kaa uchchaaran aadhunik yunani seey bahut alag thaa. pracheen yunani mein lambe aur chhote swar they; kaee dipthong; dohare aur ekal vyanjan; aavaaz, aavaajaheen, aur akankshi viram; aur ack swar uchchaaran. aadhunik yunani mein, sabhi swar aur vyanjan chhote hain. kaee swar aur dipthong ack baar spasht roop seey uchchaaran kiye jaate hain (iotacism). dipthong mein kuchh stop aur glide fricative bunn gaye hain, aur pitch uchchaaran ack tanaav uchchaaran mein badal gayaa haye. kaee parivartan koine yunani kaal mein hue. haalaanki, aadhunik yunani kii lekhan pranali sabhi uchchaaran parivartanon koo pratibimbit naheen karati haye.
neeche diye gaye udaaharan eesaa poorv 5veen shatabdi mein attari yunani kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. pracheen uchchaaran koo nishchitata key saath punarnirmit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin usa avadhi key yunani koo achchi tarah seey pralekhit kiya gayaa haye, aur bhasha vigyaaniyon key beach una dhwaniyon kii samanya prakriti key baare mein bahut cumm asahamati haye joe aksharon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain.
vyanjan.
 yeh ack alophone key roop mein huaa jiska upayog velar seey pahale aur naak seey pahale key alophone key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. jaba shabd-praarambhik aur ratna (likhit aur) thaa tou shayed aavaajaheen thaa. swarit vyanjanon seey pahale aatmasaat kiya gayaa thaa.
swar.
 shayed chauthi shatabdi eesaa poorv taka.
roopvigyaan.
yunani, sabhi purani indo-europeeya bhaashaon kii tarah, atyadhik prabhaavit haye. yeh proto-indo-europeeya roopon key sanrakshan mein atyadhik pracheen haye. pracheen yunani mein, sangyaon (uchit sangyaon sahit) mein paanch mamle (namvachak, aanuvanshik, dative, aropatmak aur mukhar), teen ling (mardana, stree aur napunsak), aur teen sankhyaaen (ekvachan, dohri aur bahuvachan) hoti hain. kriyaon mein chaar manodashaaen (soochak, anivarya, upa-sansoochak aur anukool) aur teen aavaajen (sakriya, madhya aur nishkriya) hoti hain, saath hii teen vyakti (pahala, doosara aur teesara) aur vibhinn anya roop hotey hain. 
kriyaaen kaal aur pahalu key saat sanyojanon key madhyam seey sanyojit hoti hain (aamtaur parr kewal "kaal" kahaa jaataa haye): vartamaan, bhavishya aur apoorna pahalu mein apoorna hain; aorist, vartamaan paripurna, poorna aur bhavishya poorna pahalu mein paripurna hain. adhikansh kaal sabhi chaar manodashaon aur teen awazon koo pradarshit karate hain, halanki bhavishya mein koee upang yaa anivaaryata naheen haye. isake alawa, koee apoorna upa-sanyugma, anukool yaa anivarya naheen haye. anant aur pratibhaagi kaal, pahalu aur aavaaj key seemit sanyojanon key anuroop hain.
vriddhi karein.
pichhale kaal kaa soochak ack upsarg/ee-/ jodata haye (cumm seey cumm avadharana mein), jise vriddhi kahaa jaataa haye. yeh shayed mool roop seey ack alag shabd thaa, jiska arth kuchh aisaa thaa jaise "taba", jodaa gayaa kyonki paaee mein kaal kaa mukhya roop seey pahalu arth thaa. vriddhi koo aorist, apoorna aur poorna roop key soochak key roop mein jodaa jaataa haye, lekin aorist key kissy bhee anya roop mein naheen (apoorna aur poorna roop kaa koee anya roop maujood naheen haye).
yunani mein dou prakaar key vriddhi shabdansh aur matratmak hain. syllabic agment koo vyanjanon seey shuru honey vaale tanon mein jodaa jaataa haye, aur buss upsarg "ee" ("aar" seey shuru honey vaale tanon, halanki, "air" jodein). matratmak vriddhi koo swaron seey shuru honey vaale tanon mein jodaa jaataa haye, aur isamen swar koo lamba karna shamil hotaa haih
kuchh kriyaaen aniyamit roop seey badhati hain; sabse aam bhinnata "ee" "" ee "" haye. aniyamitata koo swaron key beach "s" key nuksan seey dichronical roop seey samajhaaya jaa sakata haye, yaa "w" akshar key nuksan seey, joe shabd-praarambhik honey parr vriddhi koo prabhaavit kartaa haye.
upsarg key roop mein ack poorvadhaarana key saath kriyaon mein, vriddhi shabd kii shuruat mein naheen, balki poorvadhaarana aur mool kriya key beach rakhee jaati haye. udaaharan key liye, (i hamla) aurist mein jaataa haye. halanki yaugik kriyaon mein ack upsarg hotaa haye joe ack poorv sthiti naheen haye, shabd kii shuruat mein vriddhi koo banaae rakhta haih aorist mein jaataa haye.
hommer key abhyaas key baad, vriddhi kabhi-kabhi kavita mein naheen kii jaati haye, vishesh roop seey mahakavya kavita mein.
vriddhi kabhi-kabhi apavartan key liye vikalp haye; neeche dekhein.
cumm karna.
lagbhag sabhi prakaar key poorna, poorna aur bhavishya key poorna roop kriya mool key praarambhik shabdansh koo cumm karate hain. (kuchh aniyamit roop poorna roop koo cumm naheen karate hain, jabaki kuchh aniyamit aurist cumm karate hain.) teen prakaar key apavartan hainh
aniyamit dohrao koo dichronical roop seey samajha jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, (jarh) mein poorna tanaa hotaa haye (* naheen) kyonki yeh mool roop seey, poorna key saath, pratipoorak lambai key madhyam seey bunn rhaa thaa.
kuchh kriyaon key vartamaan kaal key tanon mein bhee apavartan dikhaai detaa haye. yeye tunn mool key praarambhik vyanjan seey yukt ack shabdansh jodate hain jisake baad "i" aataa haye. kuchh kriyaon mein anurekhan key baad ack anunaasik viram dikhaai detaa haye.
lekhan pranali.
pracheen yunani lekhan () key sabse puraane maujooda udaaharan shabdansh lipi raikhik bee mein hain. haalaanki, 8veen shatabdi eesaa poorv kii shuruat mein, yunani varnamala maanak bunn gaee, halanki boliyon key beach kuchh bhinnata key saath. praarambhik granthon koo baustrophedan shally mein likhaa jaataa haye, lekin shaastriya avadhi key dauran baaen seey daaen maanak bunn gaye. pracheen yunani granthon key aadhunik sanskaranon koo aamtaur parr lahaje aur saans lene key nishan, antarshabd antaral, aadhunik viram chihn aur kabhi-kabhi mishrit mamle key saath likhaa jaataa haye, lekin yeye sabhi baad mein pesh kiye gaye they.
paathon kaa namuna lein.
hommer key eliod kii shuruat pracheen yunani key pracheen kaal kaa udaaharan detee haye (adhik vivaran key liye homerick yunani dekhein):
<kavita shally = "margine-leftah "margine-leftah </kavita>
plato dwara maafi kii shuruat pracheen yunani key shaastriya kaal seey attari yunani kaa udaaharan detee haih
aaee. pee. aeye. kaa upayogah
yug kii yojana key aadhunik sanskaran kaa upayog karke lattin varnamala mein lipyantaran kiya gayaah
angrezi mein anuvaadah
aadhunik upayog.
shiksha mein.
lattin key alawa europeeya deshon mein pracheen yunani key adhyayan ney punarjagaran seey 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka pathyakram mein ack mahatvapurna sthaan hassil kiya. yeh sanyukt raajya america mein bhee sach thaa, jahan rashtra key kaee sansthapakon ney shaastriya roop seey adharit shiksha praapt kii thee.
americi colleges mein lattin parr jore diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin aupaniveshik aur praarambhik rashtriya yugon mein bhee yunani kii aavashyakta thee, aur pracheen yunan kaa adhyayan unnisvin shatabdi key madhya seey anta taka, americi filhalenism key yug mein teji seey lokpriya hoe gayaa. vishesh roop seey, usa yug kii mahila buddhijiviyon ney pracheen yunani mein mahaarat hassil karane koo "aksharon kii mahila" banane key liye aavashyak ghoshit kiya."
pracheen yunani koo abhee bhee ack anivarya yaa vaikalpik vishay key roop mein padhaaya jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey poore europe mein paaramparik yaa kuleen schools mein, jaise kii united kingdam mein saarvajanik schools aur vyaakaran schools mein. yeh itali mein lyso classico mein, neetherland mein, austriya mein kuchh kakshaon mein, croatia mein (vyaakaran vidyalaya-abhivinyaasah shaastriya bhaashaon) mein, belgium mein esso mein shaastriya adhyayan mein anivarya haye aur yeh germany mein manaviki-unmukh "vyayamshala" mein vaikalpik haye, aamtaur parr lattin aur angreji key baad teesari bhasha key roop mein, 14 seey 18 varsh kii ayu seey. aaee. dee. 1 mein, 15,000 chhatron ney germany key sanghiya saankhyikiya karyalaya key anusaar germany mein pracheen yunani kaa adhyayan kiya, aur 280,000 chhatron ney itali mein iska adhyayan kiya. 
yeh spanish bachillerato kii manaviki shakha mein lattin key saath ack anivarya vishay haye. pracheen yunani duniya bhar key adhikansh pramukh vishvavidyalayon mein padhaaya jaataa haye, aksar shaastriya adhyayan key hisse key roop mein lattin key saath sanyukt kiya jaataa haye. 2010 mein bachchon key bhasha kaushal koo badhaava dene key liye britten key teen praathamik vidyaalayon mein isaki peshkash kii gaee thee, aur yeh una saat videshi bhaashaon mein seey ack thee joe praathamik vidyalaya shiksha key manakon koo badhaava dene key liye ack pramukh abhiyaan key hisse key roop mein 2014 mein padh sakate they.
pracheen yunani koo grees mein sabhi vyayamshalaon aur liceums mein ack anivarya vishay key roop mein padhaaya jaataa haye. 2001 mein shuru hui, ack vaarshik antarrashtriya pratiyogita () rashtriya shiksha aur dhaarmik mamalon key yunani mantralaya key madhyam seey uchch maadhyamik chhatron key liye aayojit kii gaee thee, jisamen yunani bhasha aur saanskritik sangathan saha-aayojak they. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii yeh shikshakon kii maanyata aur sweekriti praapt karane mein whiffle rhaa haye.
aadhunik vaastavik duniya kaa upayog.
aadhunik lekhak shayed hii kabhi pracheen yunani mein likhate hain, halanki zaan cresadlo ney bhasha mein kuchh kavita aur gadya likhaa haye, aur "hairi potter aind dha philosopher 'sus stone", taramandal key kuchh khand, aur "dha adventures off elix" kaa pracheen yunani mein anuvaad kiya gayaa haye. ("onomata kechiasmena") pracheen yunani mein crosswords aur paheliyon kii pahali patrika haye. iska pahala ank aprail 2015 mein "hebodomada anigmatum" key ack anulagnak key roop mein dikhaai diyaa. alfred rahlfs ney ack prastaavana, septuagint paath kaa ack sankshipt itihas, aur septuagint key apane 1935 key sanskaran mein pracheen yunani mein anuvaadit anya saamane key mamle koo shamil kiya; robbert hanhart ney bhasha mein 2006 key sanshodhit rahlfs-hanhart sanskaran kii parichayaatmak tippani bhee shamil kii. acropolis vishva samachar saptahik roop seey pracheen yunani mein sabse mahatvapurna samacharon kaa saransh bataata haye.
pracheen yunani kaa upayog sangathanon aur vyaktiyon dwara bhee kiya jaataa haye, mukhya roop seey yunani, joe iss bhasha key upayog key liye apane sammaan, prashansa yaa vareeyata koo darshana chaahte hain. iss upayog koo kabhi-kabhi chitramaya, rashtravadi yaa hasyapurna maanaa jaataa haye. kissy bhee mamle mein, yeh tathya kii aadhunik yunani abhee bhee pracheen yunani key gair-pracheen roopon mein likhe gaye granthon koo poori tarah seey yaa aanshik roop seey samajh sakate hain, aadhunik yunani bhasha key apane poorvavarti key saath sambandh koo darshaata haye.
pracheen yunani kaa upayog aksar europeeya bhaashaon mein aadhunik takniki shabdon key sikkon mein kiya jaataa haih yunani mool key angreji shabd dekhein. pracheen yunani jadon key lattin roopon kaa upayog prajaatiyon key kaee vaigyaanik naamon aur vaigyaanik shabdawali mein kiya jaataa haye.

