
khuli pahunch

mukt abhigam (oh. aeye.) siddhanton kaa ack samooh haye aur prathaon kii ack shrinkhala haye jisake madhyam seey anusandhaan parinam online vitarit kiye jaate hain, pravesh shulk yaa anya baadhaon seey mukt. mukt pahunch prakaashan key kuchh models key tahat, pratilipi banaane yaa punah upayog karane kii baadhaon koo bhee copyrite key liye ack khula licenses lagu karke cumm yaa hataa diyaa jaataa haye.
mukt abhigam andolan kaa mukhya dhyaan "sahakarmi sameeksha anusandhaan saahitya" haye. aitihaasik roop seey, yeh mukhya roop seey print-adharit shaikshanik patrikaon parr kendrit rhaa haye. jabaki gair-khuli pahunch patrikaaen sadasyata, site licenses yaa prati-drishya bhugtan shulk jaise pahunch shulk key madhyam seey prakaashan laagat koo cover karati hain, khuli pahunch patrikaaen vitt poshan model dwara visheshta hain jinake liye paathak koo patrika kii samagri koo padhane key liye bhugtan karane kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye, isake bajaay lekhak shulk yaa saarvajanik dhana, subsidy aur prayojan parr bharosa karna. pier-review aur gair-pier-review kiye gaye akaadamik journal lekhon, sammelan patron, shodh prabandhon, pustak adhyaayon, monograph, shodh reports aur chhaviyon sahit prakaashit shodh output key sabhi roopon parr khuli pahunch lagu kii jaa sakati haye.
choonki adhikansh mukt abhigam patrikaon kaa rajaswa lekhakon seey liye gaye prakaashan shulk seey arjit kiya jaataa haye, isaliye prakaashak cumm gunavatta vaale patron koo sweekaar karke aur poori tarah seey sahakarmi sameeksha naheen karke apane laabh koo badhaane key liye prerit hotey hain. doosari or, sabse pratishthit patrikaon mein oh. aeye. prakashanon kii keematen prati lekh 5,000 americi dollar seey adhik hoe gaee hain, jisase iss tarah key prakaashan model koo badee sankhya mein shodhkartaon key liye asahaniya banaa diyaa gayaa haye. prakaashan laagat mein iss vriddhi koo "[dha] dharavahik sankat kii khuli pahunch kii agali kadee" kahaa gayaa haye.
paribhaashaaen.
mukt pahunch prakaashan key vibhinn model hain aur prakaashak inmein seey ack yaa adhik model kaa upayog curr sakate hain.
rung namkaran pranali.
vartamaan mein vibhinn mukt abhigam prakaron koo aamtaur parr ack rung pranali kaa upayog karke varnit kiya jaataa haye. sabse adhik maanyata praapt naam "haraa", "sonaa" aur "sankar" khule pravesh hain; haalaanki, kaee anya model aur vaikalpik shabdon kaa bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye.
sonaa oh. aeye.
gold oh. aeye. model mein, prakaashak sabhi lekhon aur sambandhit samagri koo journal kii website parr turant muft mein upalabdh karaata haye. aise prakashanon mein, lekhon koo rachanaatmak samanya licenses yaa isi tarah key madhyam seey saajha karane aur punah upayog key liye licenses diyaa jaataa haye.
kaee gold oh. aeye. prakaashak ack lekh prasanskaran shulk (aeye. pee. see.) lete hain, jiska bhugtan aamtaur parr sansthaagat yaa anudan vitt poshan key madhyam seey kiya jaataa haye. adhikansh gold open axes journal joe aeye. pee. see. charge karate hain, ack "lekhak-bhugtan" model kaa paalan karate hain,
haalaanki yeh soney kii aantarik sampatti naheen haye.
haraa oh. aeye.
lekhakon dwara swa-sangrah kii anumati green oye key tahat dee gaee haye. ack prakaashak dwara prakaashan seey swatantra roop seey, lekhak lekhak dwara niyantrit ack website parr, usa shodh sansthaan mein bhee kaam post kartaa haye jisane kaam koo vitt poshit yaa host kiya, yaa ack swatantra kendriya khule bhandar mein, jahaan loga binaa bhugtan kiye kaam download curr sakate hain.
lekhak key liye green oye nihshulk haye. kuchh prakaashak (5 pratishat seey cumm aur 2014 taka ghatate hue) ack atirikt seva key liye shulk leey sakate hain jaise kii ack lekh key mudrit sanskaran key prakaashak-lekhak copyrite yogya bhaagon parr ack muft licenses.
yadi lekhak ack patrika dwara sahakarmi sameeksha key baad apane kaam key antim sanskaran koo post kartaa haye, tou sangraheet sanskaran koo "postprint" kahaa jaataa haye. yeh sweekrit pandulipi hoe sakati haye joe safal sahakarmi sameeksha key baad patrika dwara lekhak koo vaapas kii gaee haye.
sankar oh. aeye..
hybrid open-axes patrikaon mein open axes lekhon aur closed axes lekhon kaa mishran hotaa haye. iss model kaa paalan karane vaale prakaashak koo aanshik roop seey sadasyata dwara vitt poshit kiya jaataa haye, aur kewal una vyaktigat lekhon key liye khuli pahunch pradaan kartaa haye jinake liye lekhak (yaa shodh praayojak) prakaashan shulk kaa bhugtan karate hain. sankar oh. aeye. kii keemat aam taur parr soney kii tulanaa mein adhik hoti haye aur yeh seva kii nimn gunavatta pradaan curr sakata haye. hybrid open axes journal mein ack vishesh roop seey vivadaspad pratha "double diaping" haye, jahaan lekhakon aur grahakon donon seey shulk liya jaataa haye.
kansya oh. aeye.
kansya mukt abhigam lekh kewal prakaashak prishth parr padhane key liye swatantra hain, lekin spasht roop seey pahchaanane yogya licenses kaa abhaav haye. iss tarah key lekh aamtaur parr punah upayog key liye upalabdh naheen hotey hain.
heera/platinum oh. aeye.
lekhon key liye lekh prasanskaran shulk key binaa khuli pahunch prakaashit karane vaali patrikaon koo kabhi-kabhi heera yaa platinum oye key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. choonki way pathakon yaa lekhakon seey seedhe shulk naheen lete hain, isaliye aise prakashakon koo aksar baahari sroton jaise vigyapanon, shaikshanik sansthanon, vidwan samajon, paropkari logon yaa sarkari anudan kii bikri seey dhana kii aavashyakta hoti haye. abb vibhinn prakaar key shaikshanik vishayon parr prabhaav karakon key saath 350 seey adhik platinum oh. aeye. patrikaaen hain, joe binaa aeye. pee. see. key oh. aeye. key liye adhikansh shaikshanik vikalp detee hain. diamond oh. aeye. patrikaaen adhikansh vishayon key liye upalabdh hain, aur aamtaur parr chhoti (prati varsh <25 lekh) hoti hain aur bahubhashi honey kii adhik sambhavana (38 pratishat) hoti haye.
kaalaa oh. aeye.
badey paimaane parr copyrite ullanghan dwara anadhikrit digital pratilipi key vikas ney bhugtan saahitya taka muft pahunch koo saksham kiya haye. yeh maujooda soshal media saiton (jaise.jee. #icanhazpdf hashtag) key saath-saath samarpit saaiten (ee.jee. vigyaan-hubb). kuchh mayanon mein yeh pahale seey maujood pratha kaa ack badey paimaane parr takniki karyanvayan haye, jisake tahat joe loga bhugtan saahitya taka pahunch rakhate hain, way apane samparkon key saath pratiyaan saajha karenge. haalaanki, 2010 key baad seey badhee hui aasaani aur paimaane ney badal diyaa haye kii kitane loga sadasyata prakashanon kaa ilaaj karate hain.
muft aur muft.
muft samagri kii paribhasha key samaan, 'muft' aur 'libre' shabdon kaa upayog sabse khuli pahunch pahal kii paribhasha mein kiya gayaa thaa taaki padhane key liye swatantra banaam punah upayog key liye swatantra key beach antar kiya jaa sakey.
muft mukt pahunch () muft online pahunch koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, padhane key liye, muft mein, punah upayog adhikaaron key binaa.
libre open axes () muft online pahunch, padhane key liye, muft, saath hii kuchh atirikt punah upayog adhikaaron koo bhee sandarbhit kartaa haye, jisamen buddepest open axes pahal mein paribhaashit open axes key prakaar, open axes prakaashan parr bethesda bayaan aur vigyaan aur manaviki mein gyaan taka khuli pahunch parr berlin ghoshana shamil haye. libre oh. aeye. key punah upayog key adhikaar aksar vibhinn vishisht rachanaatmak samanya licenses dwara nirdisht kiye jaate hain; jinamen seey sabhi koo mool lekhakon koo lekhak key nyuntam attribution key roop mein aavashyak hotaa haye. 2012 mein, kuchh varshon seey mukt pahunch key tahat karyon kii sankhya teji seey badh rahee thee, halanki adhikansh mukt-pahunch janadesh ney kissy bhee copyrite licenses koo lagu naheen kiya aur viraasat patrikaon mein mukt swarn koo prakaashit karna mushkil thaa. haalaanki, green libre key liye koee laagat naheen haye aur naa hii pratibandh hain kyonki preprint koo ack muft licenses key saath swatantra roop seey swa-jamaa kiya jaa sakata haye, aur adhikansh open-axes repository punah upayog kii anumati dene key liye rachanaatmak commons licenses kaa upayog karate hain.
nishpaksh.
fair 'khojane yogya, sulabh, antar-sanchaalit aur punah prayojya' key liye ack sankshipt naam haye, jiska uddeshya adhik spasht roop seey paribhaashit karna haye kii 'khuli pahunch' shabd kaa kyaa arth haye aur avadharana parr charcha karna aasaan banaata haye. shuru mein march 2016 mein prastaavit, baad mein europeeya aayog aur jee20 jaise sangathanon dwara iska samarthan kiya gayaa haye.
visheshataaen.
khule vigyaan yaa khule shodh key udbhav ney kaee vivadaspad aur garmajoshi seey bahas vaale vishayon koo prakaash mein laaya haye.
vidvatapurna prakaashan vibhinn padon aur bhaavanaon kaa ahwan kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, lekhak vibhinn lekh prastut karane kii pranaliyon key saath sangharsh karane mein ghanton bitaa sakate hain, aksar dastaavez praarupan koo patrika aur sammelan shailiyon kii ack bheed key beach parivartit karate hain, aur kabhi-kabhi sahakarmi sameeksha parinamon kii prateeksha mein maheenon bitaate hain. vishesh roop seey uttar america aur europe mein (lattin america ney 2000 seey pahale seey hii vyaapak roop seey "accesso abierto" koo apanaaya haye) khuli pahunch aur khule vigyaan/khule anusandhaan key liye kheenche gaye aur aksar vivadaspad samajik aur takniki sankraman ney teji seey majboot sthiti aur bahut bahas kaa kaaran banaa haye.
(khuli) vidvatapurna prathaon key kshetra mein neeti nirmaataon aur shodh koshadaataon key liye ack bhoomika teji seey dekhi jaa rahee haye joe saarvajanik roop seey vitt poshit anusandhaan key liye carrier protsaahan, anusandhaan mulyankan aur vyavasaay model jaise muddon parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain. yojana aiss aur amelica (lattin america key liye khula gyaan) ney 2019 aur 2020 mein vidvatapurna sanchaar mein bahas kii ack lahar paida kii.
licenses.
sadasyata-adharit prakaashan key liye aamtaur parr lekhakon seey prakaashak koo copyrite key hastaantaran kii aavashyakta hoti haye taaki lekhak kaary key prasaar aur prajanan key madhyam seey prakriya kaa mudrikaran curr sakey. oh. aeye. prakaashan key saath, aam taur parr lekhak apane kaam key liye copyrite rakhate hain, aur prakaashak koo isake punarutpadan kaa licenses dete hain. lekhakon dwara pratilipi adhikaar koo banaae rakhna kaam parr adhik niyantran koo saksham karke shaikshanik swatantrata kaa samarthan curr sakata haye (jaise.jee. chhavi key punah upayog key liye) yaa licenses samjhaute (jaise.jee. dusaron dwara prasaar kii anumati dene key liye).
open axes prakaashan mein upayog kiye jaane vaale sabse aam licenses creative commons hain. licenses dwara vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa see. see. sabse adhik anumat haye, kewal samagri kaa upayog karane key liye attribution kii aavashyakta hoti haye (aur vyutpann aur vaanijyik upayog kii anumati). adhik pratibandhaatmak rachanaatmak samanya licenses kii ack shrinkhala kaa bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye. shayed hii kabhi, kuchh chhoti shaikshanik patrikaaen custom open axes licenses kaa upayog karati hain. kuchh prakaashak (udaa.jee. anyatha) lekhon key liye "lekhak nammatra key copyrite" kaa upayog karein, jahaan lekhak kewal naam mein copyrite rakhta haye aur sabhi adhikaar prakaashak koo hastaantarit kiye jaate hain.
dhana.
choonki mukt pahunch prakaashan pathakon seey shulk naheen letaa haye, isaliye anya madhyamon seey laagat koo puuraa karane key liye kaee vittiya model kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. khuli pahunch vaanijyik prakashakon dwara pradaan kii jaa sakati haye, joe khuli pahunch key saath-saath sadasyata-adharit patrikaon koo prakaashit curr sakate hain, yaa vigyaan key saarvajanik pustakalaya (pee. ell. oh. aiss.) aur jaiv chikitsa kendriya jaise samarpit khuli pahunch vaale prakashakon koo prakaashit curr sakate hain. khuli pahunch key liye dhana kaa ack anya srot sansthaagat graahak hoe sakate hain. iska ack udaaharan vaarshik sameekshaon dwara pesh kiye gaye open publishing model kii sadasyata haye; yadi sadasyata rajaswa lakshya puuraa hoe jaataa haye, tou dee gaee patrika kii matra koo open axes prakaashit kiya jaataa haye.
khuli pahunch key laabh aur nuksan ney shodhkartaon, shikshaavidon, granthpaalon, vishvavidyalaya prashasakon, vittaposhan agencies, sarkari adhikaariyon, vaanijyik prakashakon, sampadakiya karmchaariyon aur samaaj prakashakon key beach kaafee charcha paida kii haye. open axes journal prakaashan key liye maujooda prakashakon kii pratikriyaon mein utsaah key saath ack nae open axes business model kii or badhane seey laker, jitna sambhav hoe utanaa muft yaa open axes pradaan karane key prayogon seey laker, open axes prastaavon key khilaf sakriya lobbing taka shamil hain. aise kaee prakaashak hain jinhone kewal-mukt prakashakon key roop mein shuruat kii, jaise kii plos, hindawi prakaashan nigam, frontier... patrikaaen, aim. dee. pee. aaee. aur biomed central.
lekh prasanskaran shulk.
kuchh khuli pahunch vaali patrikaaen (soney aur sankar model key tahat) prakaashan shulk vasoolkar rajaswa utpann karati hain taaki prakaashan key samay kaam koo khule taur parr upalabdh karaaya jaa sakey. paisa lekhak seey aaa sakata haye lekin aksar lekhak key shodh anudan yaa niyokta seey aataa haye. jabaki bhugtan aamtaur parr "prakaashit prati lekh" (ee.jee. bee. aim. see. yaa plos patrikaaen), kuchh patrikaaen unhein "prastut kii gaee prati pandulipi" (jaise.jee. "vayumandaliya rasayan vigyaan aur bhautiki" haal taka) yaa "prati lekhak" (ee.jee. pears).
shulk aamtaur parr $1,000-$3,000 (prakriti sanchaar key liye $5,380) taka hotey hain, lekin $10 seey cumm yaa $5,000 seey adhik hoe sakate hain. apc vishay aur kshetra key aadhar parr bahut bhinn hotey hain aur vaigyaanik aur chikitsa patrikaon (kramshah 43 pratishat aur 47 pratishat) mein sabse aam hain, aur kalaa aur manaviki patrikaon (kramshah 0 pratishat aur 4 pratishat) mein sabse cumm hain. apc ack patrika key prabhaav kaarak parr bhee nirbhar curr sakate hain. kuchh prakaashak (udaa.jee. eliph aur ubiquity press) ney apani pratyaksh aur apratyaksh lagaton key anuman jaari kiye hain joe unake aeye. pee. see. nirdhaarit karate hain. sankar oh. aeye. kii keemat aam taur parr soney kii tulanaa mein adhik hoti haye aur yeh seva kii nimn gunavatta pradaan curr sakata haye. hybrid open axes journal mein ack vishesh roop seey vivadaspad pratha "double diaping" haye, jahaan lekhakon aur grahakon donon seey shulk liya jaataa haye.
tulanaa mein, patrika sadasyata ack sansthaan dwara prakaashit prati lekh $3,500-$4,000 key barabar haye, lekin prakaashak dwara atyadhik parivartansheel hain (aur kuchh shulk prishth shulk alag seey). isase yeh aaklan huaa haye kii "pranali key bheetar" paryaapt dhana haye joe oh. aeye. mein poorna sankraman koo saksham kartaa haye. haalaanki, iss baare mein charcha chala rahee haye kii kyaa parivartan adhik laagat prabhaavi banane kaa avsar pradaan kartaa haye yaa prakaashan mein adhik nyaaysangat bhagidari koo badhaava detaa haye. iss baat parr dhyaan diyaa gayaa haye kii sadasyata patrika kii badhati keematen badhati aeye. pee. see. seey pratibimbit hongi, jisase cumm vittiya roop seey visheshaadhikaar praapt lekhakon key liye ack baadha paida hogi.
vartamaan aeye. pee. see.-adharit oh. aeye. prakaashan kaa antarnihit purvagrah iss asamaanta koo 'mattheau prabhaav' (ameer ameer hotey jaate hain aur garib garib hotey jaate hain) key madhyam seey kayam rakhta haye. paye-too-reed seey paye-too-publish kii or jaane seey anivarya roop seey vahee loga peechhe reh gaye hain, kuchh shikshaavidon key paas kissy bhee vikalp key liye paryaapt kray shakti (vyaktigat roop seey yaa apane sansthanon key madhyam seey) naheen haye. kuchh gold oh. aeye. prakaashak cumm vikasit arthvyavasthaon key lekhakon key liye shulk key sabhi yaa kuchh hisse koo maaf curr denge. aam taur parr yeh sunishchit karane key liye kadam uthaaye jaate hain kii sahakarmi sameekshakon koo yeh pataa naa hoe kii lekhakon ney shulk maafi kaa anurodh kiya haye yaa naheen, yaa yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii pratyek pepper koo ack swatantra sampaadak dwara anumodit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen journal mein koee vittiya hissedari naheen haye. lekhakon koo shulk kaa bhugtan karane kii aavashyakta key khilaf mukhya tark, sahakarmi sameeksha pranali key liye jokhim haye, joe vaigyaanik patrika prakaashan kii samagr gunavatta koo cumm curr rhaa haye.
subsidy yaa koee shulk naheen.
binaa shulk vaali khuli pahunch vaali patrikaaen, jinhen "platinum" yaa "diamond" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, pathakon yaa lekhakon seey shulk naheen letee hain. yeye patrikaaen subsidy, vigyaapan, sadasyata bakaaya, daan yaa swayamsevi shram sahit vibhinn prakaar key vyaavsaayik model kaa upayog karati hain. anudan sroton mein vishvavidyalayon, pustakalayon aur sangrahalayon seey laker foundation, samitiyon yaa sarkari agencies taka shamil hain. kuchh prakaashak anya prakashanon yaa sahayak sevaaon aur utpaadon seey cross-subsidy leey sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, lattin america mein adhikansh aeye. pee. see.-mukt patrikaon koo uchch shiksha sansthanon dwara vitt poshit kiya jaataa haye aur prakaashan key liye sansthaagat sambaddhata parr sashart naheen hain. isake vipareet, monograph koo khuli pahunch upalabdh karaane key liye gyaan seey judey bheed sansaadhan dhana.
vyaapaktaa key anuman alag-alag hotey hain, lekin lagbhag 10,000 patrikaaen binaa aeye. pee. see. key doaz aur mukt patrika network mein soochibaddh hain. apc-mukt patrikaaen chhote aur adhik sthaaniya-kshetriya hotey hain. kuchh koo prastut karane vaale lekhakon koo ack vishesh sansthaagat sambaddhata kii bhee aavashyakta hoti haye.
preprint upayog.
preprint" aamtaur parr ack shodh patra kaa ack sanskaran haye jise ack aupchaarik sahakarmi sameeksha prakriya seey pahale yaa usake dauran ack online munch parr saajha kiya jaataa haye. mukt pahunch prakaashan kii disha mein badhate abhiyaan key kaaran preprint platform lokpriya hoe gaye hain aur way prakaashak yaa samudaay key netritva mein hoe sakate hain. anushasana-vishisht yaa cross-domen platforms kii ack shrinkhala abb maujood haye. poorv-chhaapon (aur/yaa lekhakon key pandulipi sanskaranon) kii posting harey khule abhigam model key anuroop haye.
sangrahit.
green" maarg lekhak key swa-sangrah koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jisamen lekh kaa ack sanskaran (aksar sampadakiya typesetting seey pahale sahakarmi-sameeksha sanskaran, jise "postprint" kahaa jaataa haye) ack sansthaagat aur/yaa vishay bhandar mein online post kiya jaataa haye. yeh maarg aksar patrika yaa prakaashak neetiyon parr nirbhar kartaa haye, joe jamaa sthaan, licenses aur pratibandh aavashyaktaon key sambandh mein sambandhit "gold" neetiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik pratibandhaatmak aur jatil hoe sakati hain. kuchh prakashakon koo saarvajanik bhandar mein jamaa karane seey pahale ack pratibandh avadhi kii aavashyakta hoti haye, yeh tark dete hue kii tatkaal swa-sangrah seey sadasyata aaya key nuksan kaa jokhim haye.
pratibandh avadhi.
 20 seey 40 pratishat patrikaon dwara pratibandh lagaae jaate hain, jisake dauran ack lekh koo swa-sangrah (green oye) yaa ack muft-seey-padhane vaale sanskaran (kansya oye) koo jaari karane kii anumati dene seey pahale bhugtan kiya jaataa haye. pratibandh avadhi aamtaur parr maanav vigyaan, kalaa aur samajik vigyaan mein 6-12 maheenon aur> 12 maheenon seey bhinn hoti haye. pratibandh-mukt swa-sangrah sadasyata rajaswa koo prabhaavit naheen kartaa haye, aur pathakon kii sankhya aur uddharanon koo badhaata haye. vishesh vishayon parr pratibandh yaa tou seemit samay key liye yaa chala rahey samay (jaise.jee. jeeka kaa prakop yaa swadeshi swaasthya). yojana mein ack pramukh siddhant key roop mein swa-sangrah parr shoonya-lambai pratibandh shamil hain.
preranaaen.
jaba internet aur worled wide web key aagaman seey sambhavana khud khul gaee tou shodhkartaon dwara duniya bhar mein khuli pahunch (jyaadaatar hurry aur muft) kii maang aur pradaan kiya jaanaa shuru hoe gayaa. akaadamik patrika prakaashan sudhaar key liye badhate andolan aur isake saath swarn aur libre oye dwara gati koo aur badhaaya gayaa.
mukt pahunch prakaashan key peechhe kaa parisar yeh haye kii nimnalikhit parivartan karate hue gunavatta key paaramparik sahakarmi sameeksha manakon koo banaae rakhane key liye vyavharya vitt poshan model hainh
mukt abhigam patrikaon kaa ack spasht laabh ack sadasyata pustakalaya key saath sambaddhata aur aam janata key liye behtar pahunch kii parwah kiye binaa vaigyaanik patron taka muft pahunch haye; yeh vishesh roop seey vikaasheel deshon mein sach haye. shikshaavidon aur udyog mein anusandhaan key liye cumm laagat kaa daavaa sabse khuli pahunch pahal mein kiya gayaa haye, halanki anya logon ney tark diyaa haye kii oh. aeye. prakaashan kii kull laagat badhaa sakata haye, aur shaikshanik prakaashan mein dohan key liye aarthik protsaahan koo aur badhaa sakata haye. mukt abhigam andolan shaikshanik anusandhaan taka pahunch koo seemit karane key kaaran samajik asamaanta kii samasyaon seey prerit haye, joe kaee patrikaon taka pahunch kii khareed key liye vittiya sadhanon key saath-saath aarthik chunautiyon aur akaadamik prakaashan kii kathit asthirta key saath badey aur samriddh sansthanon kaa samarthan karate hain.
hitdhaarak aur sambandhit samudaay.
shodh lekhon key ichchit darshak aamtaur parr anya shodhkarta hotey hain. open axes shodhkartaon koo pathakon key roop mein una lekhon taka pahunch kholane mein madad kartaa haye jinaki unake pustakalaya sadasyata naheen lete hain. sabhi shodhkartaon koo khuli pahunch seey laabh hotaa haye kyonki koee bhee pustakalaya pratyek vaigyaanik patrika kii sadasyata lene kaa kharch wahan naheen curr sakata haye aur adhikansh unamen seey kewal ack chhote seey hisse koo wahan curr sakate hain-ise "dharavahik sankat" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
khuli pahunch anusandhaan kii pahunch koo isake tatkaal shaikshanik dayare seey parey leey jaati haye. ack khula lekh kissy bhee vyakti dwara padhaa jaa sakata haye-kshetra mein ack peshevar, kissy anya kshetra mein ack shodhkarta, ack patrakaar, ack rajneta yaa sivil sevak, yaa ack ichchuk aam vyakti. vaastav mein, 2008 key ack adhyayan seey pataa chalaa haye kii mansik swaasthya peshevaron key ack praasangik lekh koo padhane kii sambhavana lagbhag doguni haye yadi yeh swatantra roop seey upalabdh haye.
shodh koshkarta.
shodh vitt poshan agencies aur vishvavidyalaya yeh sunishchit karna chaahte hain kii way vibhinn tarikon seey joe shodh aur sahaayata pradaan karate hain, uska sabse badaa sambhav anusandhaan prabhaav padey. ise praapt karane key saadhan key roop mein, shodh koshkarta apane samarthan vaale shodh taka khuli pahunch kii ummeed karane lagey hain. unamen seey kaee (sabhi yuu. key. anusandhaan parishadon sahit) pahale seey hii khule-pahunch janadesh koo apana chuke hain, aur anya aisaa karane key raaste parr hain (rormap dekhein).
vishvavidyalaya.
vishvavidyalayon kii badhati sankhya sansthaagat bhandar pradaan curr rahee haye jisamen unake shodhkarta apane prakaashit lekh jamaa curr sakate hain. kuchh khuli pahunch vaale adhivaktaon kaa maanana haye kii sansthaagat bhandar nidhikartaon seey khuli pahunch vaale janadesh kaa jawab dene mein bahut mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaayenge.
maee 2005 mein, 16 pramukh dutch vishvavidyalayon ney sahyogaatmak roop seey digital shaikshanik bhandar, darrett, shuru kiya, jisase 47,000 seey adhik shodh patra upalabdh hue. 2 juuna 2008 seey, darrenet koo vidvatapurna portal narsis mein shamil kiya gayaa haye. 2019 taka, narsis ney sabhi dutch vishvavidyalayon, nau, aine. oh. oh. aur kaee vaigyaanik sansthanon seey 360,000 khule prakashanon taka pahunch pradaan kii.
2011 mein, uttar america mein vishvavidyalayon key ack samooh ney mukt pahunch neeti sansthanon (kopi) kaa gathbandhan banaaya. 21 sansthanon seey shuru karate hue jahaan sankaay ney yaa tou ack khuli pahunch neeti sthaapit kii thee yaa ack koo lagu karane kii prakriya mein they, kopi mein abb lagbhag 50 sadasya hain. inn sansthanon key prashaasak, sankaay aur librarian aur karmchari gathbandhan key jagrukta badhaane aur khuli pahunch key liye vakaalat key antarrashtriya kaam kaa samarthan karate hain.
2012 mein, harvard open axes pariyojana ney vishvavidyalaya kii khuli pahunch neetiyon key liye achchi prathaon key liye apani margadarshika jaari kii, joe adhikaar-pratidhaaran neetiyon parr dhyaan kendrit karati haye joe vishvavidyalayon koo prakashakon seey anumati liye binaa sankaay anusandhaan vitarit karane kii anumati detee haye. vartamaan mein yuu. key. aiss. see. ell. dwara yuu. key. mein adhikaar pratidhaaran kaa pataa lagaaya jaa rhaa haye.
2013 mein nau australiyai vishvavidyalayon key ack samooh ney australia mein khuli pahunch kii vakaalat karane, sahyog karane, jagrukta badhaane aur netritva karane aur kshamata nirmaan karane key liye australiyai mukt pahunch ranneeti samooh (aeye. oh. aeye. aiss. jee.) kaa gathan kiya. 2015 mein, samooh kaa vistaar sabhi aathh nae zeeland vishvavidyalayon koo shamil karane key liye kiya gayaa aur iska naam badalkar australiyai open axes support group curr diyaa gayaa. isake baad iska naam badalkar australiyai mukt abhigam ranneeti samooh curr diyaa gayaa, joe ranneeti parr isake jore koo ujagar kartaa haye. jagrukta badhaane kii gatividhiyon mein prastutiyaan, kaaryashaalaaen, blogg aur khuli pahunch key muddon parr ack webinar shrinkhala shamil hain.
pustakalaya aur pustakalaya.
soochana peshevaron key roop mein, librarian aksar khuli pahunch key mukhar aur sakriya samarthak hotey hain. inn granthpaalon kaa maanana haye kii khuli pahunch moolya aur anumati donon baadhaon koo door karane kaa vaadaa karati haye joe chhatravritti pradaan karane key liye pustakalaya key prayason koo kamjor karati haye, saath hii saath dharavahik sankat koo sambodhit karane mein madad karati haye. mukt abhigam, anusandhankartaon kii chhatravritti taka tatkaal pahunch kii aavashyaktaon kaa samarthan karate hue, antar-pustakalaya rinn jaisi pustakalaya pahunch sevaaon key liye ack poorak pradaan kartaa haye. pustakalaya aur pustakalaya sangh bhee mukt pahunch key laabhon key baare mein sankaay, prashasakon, pustakalaya samudaay aur janata key liye shiksha aur outreach pahal kaa netritva karate hain.
kaee pustakalaya sanghon ney yaa tou pramukh khuli pahunch ghoshanaon parr hastakshar kiye hain yaa apana khud kaa nirmaan kiya haye. udaaharan key liye, aaee. aff. ell. aeye. ney khuli pahunch parr ack bayaan diyaa haye. shodh pustakalayon key sangh ney vidvatapurna jaankaari taka badhati pahunch kii aavashyakta kaa dastavejikaran kiya haye, aur way vidvatapurna prakaashan aur shaikshanik sansaadhan gathbandhan (spark) key ack pramukh sansthaapak they. librarian aur library association bhee vidvaanon key prakaashan aur shodh taka khuli pahunch parr soochanaatmak sansadhanon kaa vikas aur saajha karate hain; american library association key college aur shodh pustakalayon key sangh dwara vikasit vidvaanon key sanchaar toolkit iss kaam kaa ack udaaharan haye.
adhikansh vishvavidyalayon mein, pustakalaya sansthaagat bhandar kaa prabandhan kartaa haye, joe vishvavidyalaya key sankaay dwara vidvatapurna kaary taka muft pahunch pradaan kartaa haye. kanadai association off research libraries key paas sabhi kanadai vishvavidyalaya pustakalayon mein sansthaagat bhandar vikasit karane kaa ack karyakram haye. pustakalayon kii badhati sankhya mukt abhigam patrikaon key liye prakaashan yaa hosting sevaaen pradaan karati haye, jisamen pustakalaya prakaashan gathbandhan ack sadasyata sangathan key roop mein haye.
2013 mein, open axes activist aaron swartz koo maranoparant american library association key james maddison puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa, joe "sarkaar mein saarvajanik bhagidari key liye ack mukhar adhivakta aur sahakarmi-sameeksha kiye gaye vidvaanon key lekhon taka apratibandhit pahunch" key liye thaa. march 2013 mein, poore sampadakiya board aur "journal off library administration" key pradhaan sampaadak ney patrika key prakaashak key saath vivaad kaa hawala dete hue saamoohik roop seey istifa dey diyaa. board key ack sadasya ney aaron swartz kii mrityu key baad "ack patrika mein prakaashan key baare mein vivek key sankat key baare mein likhaa joe khuli pahunch naheen thee.
saarvajanik.
janata koo kaee karanon seey vidvaanon key shodh taka khuli pahunch seey laabh hoe sakata haye. america mein kardaataon kii pahunch key liye spark key gathbandhan jaise vakaalat samoohon kaa tark haye kii adhikansh vaigyaanik shodh kaa bhugtan kardaataon dwara sarkari anudan key madhyam seey kiya jaataa haye, jinhen apane vitt poshit karyon key parinamon taka pahunch kaa adhikaar haye. vidvaanon key saahitya koo padhane kii ichcha rakhane vaale logon key udaharanon mein chikitsa sthitiyon vaale vyakti aur unake parivaar key sadasya, gambhir shaukeen yaa "shaukiya" vidwan (jaise.jee. shaukiya khagolvid), aur uchch vidyalaya aur kanishth mahavidyalaya key chhaatr. isake alawa, kaee kshetron mein peshevar, jaise kii niji companiyon, start-ups aur aspatalon mein shodh karane vaalon key paas pewall key peechhe key prakashanon taka pahunch naheen hoe sakati haye, aur oh. aeye. prakaashan hii ekmatra prakaar hain jinhen way vyavhaar mein praapt curr sakate hain.
joe vidvaanon key lekh naheen padhate hain, way bhee khule pravesh seey apratyaksh roop seey labhanvit hotey hain. udaaharan key liye, rogiyon koo taba laabh hotaa haye jaba unake doctor aur anya swaasthya dekhbhal peshevaron key paas navintam shodh taka pahunch hoti haye. adhivaktaon kaa tark haye kii mukt pahunch anusandhaan pragati, utpaadaktaa aur gyaan anuvaad koo gati detee haye.
cumm aaya vaale desh.
vikaasheel deshon mein, open axes archiving aur prakaashan ack advitiya mahatva praapt kartaa haye. vikaasheel deshon mein vaigyaanikon, swaasthya dekhbhal peshevaron aur sansthanon key paas aksar vidvaanon key saahitya taka pahunch key liye aavashyak poonji naheen hoti haye.
kaee khuli pahunch pariyojanaon mein antarrashtriya sahyog shamil haye. udaaharan key liye, sailo (vaigyaanik electronic pustakalaya online), poorna mukt pahunch patrika prakaashan key liye ack vyaapak drishtikon haye, jisamen kaee lattin americi desh shamil hain. vikaasheel deshon mein prakashakon kii madad karane key liye samarpit ack gair-laabhkaari sangathan bioline international, yuke, kanada aur brazil key logon kaa ack sahyog haye; bioline antarrashtriya software kaa upayog duniya bhar mein kiya jaataa haye. arthshastra mein shodh patra (repack), 45 deshon mein 100 seey adhik swayamsevakon kaa ack sahayogi prayaas haye. kanada mein saarvajanik gyaan pariyojana ney open-source prakaashan software open journal system (oh. jey. aiss.) vikasit kiya, joe abb duniya bhar mein upayog mein haye, udaaharan key liye african patrikaon key online samooh dwara, aur sabse sakriya vikas samoohon mein seey ack purtagaali haye. iss antarrashtriya pariprekshya key parinamswarup mukt srot upayukt praudyogiki key vikas aur satat vikas key liye praasangik jaankaari taka aavashyak khuli pahunch kii vakaalat hui haye.
itihas.
hudd taka.
vibhinn adhyayanon ney khuli pahunch kii seema kii jaanch kii haye. 2010 mein prakaashit ack adhyayan seey pataa chalaa kii 2008 mein prakaashit sahakarmi-sameeksha kiye gaye lekhon kii kull sankhya kaa lagbhag 20 pratishat khule taur parr sulabh paaya jaa sakata haye.<riff naam = "doi10.1371/journal.ack anya adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii 2010 taka, prabhaav karakon vaali sabhi shaikshanik patrikaon mein seey 7.9% swarn mukt abhigam patrikaaen theen aur sabhi shaikshanik vishayon mein swarn mukt abhigam patrikaon kaa vyaapak vitaran dikhaaya gayaa. 2013 mein uddharan soochkaank aeye. aich. aiss. see. aaee., aiss. see. aaee. aur aiss. aiss. see. aaee. seey yaadrichhik patrikaon key ack adhyayan kaa parinam yeh nikla kii 88 pratishat patrikaon taka pahunch bund thee aur 12 pratishat patrikaon taka pahunch khuli thee. agast 2013 mein, europeeya aayog key liye kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein bataaya gayaa kii 2011 mein prakaashit sabhi lekhon key yaadrichhik namoone kaa 50 pratishat scopus dwara anukramit 2012 key anta taka swatantra roop seey online sulabh thaa. max plank society dwara 2017 key ack adhyayan ney shuddh mukt pahunch patrikaon mein soney kii pahunch vaale lekhon kaa hissa kull shodh patron key lagbhag 13 pratishat parr rakhaa.
2009 mein, lagbhag 4,800 sakriya mukt abhigam patrikaaen theen, joe lagbhag 190,000 lekh prakaashit karati theen. farwari 2019 taka, 12,500 seey adhik mukt abhigam patrikaaen mukt abhigam patrikaon kii nirdeshika mein soochibaddh hain.
ack 2013-2018 report (gova 4) mein paaya gayaa kii 2018 mein duniya mein 700,000 seey adhik lekh soney key khule pravesh mein prakaashit kiye gaye they, jinamen seey 42 pratishat patrikaon mein they jinamen koee lekhak-bhugtan shulk naheen thaa. yeh aankada kshetra aur prakaashak key prakaar key aadhar parr kaafee bhinn hotaa haih 75 pratishat yadi vishvavidyalaya sanchaalit haye, tou lattin america mein 80 pratishat seey adhik, lekin paschimi europe mein 25 pratishat seey cumm. haalaanki, crofford key adhyayan mein "sankar" patrikaon mein prakaashit mukt abhigam lekhon kii ganana naheen kii gaee (sadasyata patrikaaen joe lekhakon koo shulk key bhugtan key badale mein apane vyaktigat lekhon koo khula rakhane kii anumati detee hain). vidvaanon key saahitya key adhik vyaapak vishleshanon seey pataa chalata haye kii isake parinamswarup saahitya mein lekhak-shulk-vitt poshit oh. aeye. prakashanon kii vyaapaktaa koo mahatvapurna roop seey cumm aanka gayaa. crofford key adhyayan mein yeh bhee paaya gayaa kii halanki mukt abhigam "patrikaon" kaa ack alpasankhyak lekhakon parr shulk lagaata haye, lekin iss vyavastha key tahat khule abhigam "lekhon" kaa badhata huaa bahumat prakaashit hotaa haye, vishesh roop seey vigyaan vishayon mein (khule abhigam "mega patrikaon" key vishal utpaadan key liye dhanyavaad, jinamen seey pratyek ack varsh mein dasiyon hazaar lekh prakaashit curr sakata haye aur nishchit roop seey lekhak-paksh shulk dwara vitt poshit hotey hain-gova mein chitra 10.1 dekhein).
khule pravesh prakaashan koo apnana prakaashak seey prakaashak mein kaafee bhinn hotaa haye, jaisa kii anjir mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. oh. aeye.-plaat, jahan kewal sabse puraane (paaramparik) prakashakon koo dikhaaya jaataa haye, lekin nae prakashakon koo naheen, joe vishesh roop seey khule abhigam model (jaise aim. dee. pee. aaee. aur omics) kaa upayog karate hain.iss kathaanak seey pataa chalata haye kii 2010 key baad seey bhautiki sansthaan mein oh. aeye. prakashanon kaa sabse badaa pratishat haye, jabaki americi rasayanik samaaj mein sabse cumm haye. aaee. oh. pee. aur aeye. see. donon gair-laabhkaari prakaashak hain. see. aeye. seey pahale prakaashit lekhon key liye oh. aeye. pratishat mein vriddhi. 1923 kaa sambandh 100 saal kii copyrite avadhi kii samaapti seey haye. kuchh prakaashak (udaa.jee. aaee. oh. pee. aur aeye. see. ney aise kaee lekhon koo khuli pahunch key roop mein upalabdh karaaya, jabaki anya (vishesh roop seey anya) ney naheen kiya.
open axes repository (garjana) kii registry open axes open axes-repository aur unaki samagri key nirmaan, sthaan aur vikas koo anukramit karati haye. farwari 2019 taka 4,500 seey adhik sansthaagat aur cross-institutional repositories koo darj kiya gayaa haye.
vidvatapurna prakaashan parr prabhaav.
lekh kaa prabhaav.
choonki shodh parr prakaashit lekh report joe aamtaur parr sarkaar yaa vishvavidyalaya anudan dwara vitt poshit hoti haye, lekh kaa jitna adhik upayog kiya jaataa haye, uddhrit kiya jaataa haye, lagu kiya jaataa haye aur usa parr banaaya jaataa haye, anusandhaan key saath-saath shodhkarta key currier key liye bhee behtar hotaa haye.
kuchh peshevar sangathanon ney khuli pahunch key upayog koo protsaahit kiya haih 2001 mein, antarrashtriya ganitiya sangh ney apane sadasyon koo bataaya kii "ganitiya saahitya taka khuli pahunch ack mahatvapurna lakshya haye" aur unhein "hamaare apane kaam koo electronic roop seey upalabdh karaane key liye protsaahit kiya" taaki "swatantra roop seey upalabdh praathamik ganitiya samagri key bhandar koo [badaa] kiya jaa sakey, vishesh roop seey paryaapt pustakalaya pahunch key binaa kaam karane vaale vaigyaanikon kii madad kii jaa sakey.
pathakon kii sankhya.
lekhon koo aam taur parr online dekhaa jaataa haye aur bhugtan kiye gaye lekhon kii tulanaa mein adhik baar download kiya jaataa haye aur pathakon kii sankhya lambe samay taka jaari rahati haye. pathakon kii sankhya vishesh roop seey jansankhyiki mein adhik haye jisamen aam taur parr sadasyata patrikaon taka pahunch kii kamee hoti haye (samanya aabaadi key alawa, isamen kaee chikitsa chikitsak, rogi samooh, neeti nirmaata, gair-laabhkaari kshetra key karyakarta, udyog shodhkarta aur swatantra shodhkarta shamil hain). oh. aeye. lekhon koo prakaashan prabandhan karyakramon jaise kii mendelli parr adhik padhaa jaataa haye. khuli pahunch prathaaen prakaashan mein deree koo cumm curr sakati hain, ack baadha jisake kaaran kuchh shodh kshetra jaise uchch-oorjaa bhautiki vyaapak poorv-mudran pahunch koo apanaate hain.
uddharan darr.
lekhakon dwara apane lekhon koo khule taur parr sulabh banaane kaa ack mukhya kaaran unake uddharan prabhaav koo adhikatam karna haye. open axes lekhon koo aamtaur parr sadasyata kii aavashyakta vaale samkaksh lekhon kii tulanaa mein adhik baar uddhrit kiya jaataa haye. yeh 'citation laabh' pahali baar 2001 mein bataaya gayaa thaa. halanki dou pramukh adhyayan iss daave koo vivaadit karate hain, kaee adhyayanon kii sarvasammati prabhaav kaa samarthan karati haye, jisamen maapa gayaa oh. aeye. citation laabh anushasana key aadhar parr 1.3-fold seey 6 gunaa key beach key parimaan mein bhinn hotaa haye.
hybrid patrikaon mein lekhon mein (una hii patrikaon mein gair-lekhon kii tulanaa mein) aur green oh. aeye. repository mein jamaa lekhon mein uddharan laabh sabse adhik spasht haye. vishesh roop seey, harey rung key oh. aeye. lekh soney key oh. aeye. lekhon key samaan laabh darshaate hain. gold oh. aeye. patrikaon mein lekhon koo aamtaur parr bhugtan kiye gaye lekhon key samaan aavritti parr uddhrit kiya jaataa haye. uddharan laabh ack lekh key lambe samay taka prakaashit honey seey badhata haye.
ault-metricks.
shaikshanik uddharan key praarup key alawa, anusandhaan prabhaav key anya roop (altmetrics) oh. aeye. prakaashan seey prabhaavit hoe sakate hain, joe aise manchon parr prakaashit vigyaan key liye ack mahatvapurna "pravardhak" prabhaav kaa gathan kartaa haye. praarambhik adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii lekhon kaa blogg, tweeter aur angreji wikipedia parr adhik sandarbh diyaa jaataa haye. altmetrics mein oh. aeye. laabh shaikshanik uddharanon mein laabh seey cumm hoe sakata haye, halanki nishkarsh mishrit hain.
journal prabhaav kaarak.
journal impact factor (jee. aaee. aff.) dou saal kii avadhi mein ack journal mein lekhon key uddharanon kii ausat sankhya koo maapata haye. iska upayog aamtaur parr patrika kii gunavatta, usa patrika mein prastut lekhon key liye apekshit shodh prabhaav aur shodhkarta kii safalata key liye ack proxy key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. sadasyata patrikaon mein, prabhaav kaarak samagr uddharan ginati key saath sahsambaddh haye, haalaanki yeh sahsambandh gold oh. aeye. patrikaon mein naheen dekhaa gayaa haye.
yojanaaen jaisi khuli pahunch pahal aamtaur parr vidvaanon kii sanchaar pranali mein maulik parivartanon key saath-saath leiden ghoshanapatra aur anusandhaan mulyankan (dora) parr saine francisco ghoshana key vyaapak roop seey apanaane aur karyanvayan kii maang karati hain.
sahakarmi sameeksha prakriyaaen.
prakaashan seey pahale shodh lekhon kii sahakarmi sameeksha 18veen shatabdi seey aam haye. aam taur parr sameekshak kii tippaniyon kaa khulasa kewal lekhakon koo kiya jaataa haye aur sameekshak kii pehchaan koo gumnam rakhaa jaataa haye. oh. aeye. prakaashan key uday ney bhee samkaksh sameeksha key liye praudyogikiyon aur prakriyaon mein prayog koo janm diyaa haye. sahakarmi sameeksha aur gunavatta niyantran kii paardarshita mein vriddhi mein preprint sarvaron parr parinam post karna, adhyayanon kaa poorv-panjikaran, sahakarmi sameekshaon kaa khula prakaashan, poorna dataset aur vishleshan code kaa khula prakaashan aur anya khule vigyaan prathaaen shamil hain. yeh prastaavit haye kii shaikshanik gunavatta niyantran prakriyaon kii paardarshita mein vriddhi seey shaikshanik record kaa lekha pariksha karna aasaan hoe jaataa haye. isake alawa, oh. aeye. megajournalon key uday ney naveenata kii andekhi karate hue poori tarah seey karyapranali aur parinamon kii vyakhya parr dhyaan kendrit karna unake sahakarmi sameeksha key liye vyavharya banaa diyaa haye. sahakarmi sameeksha parr oh. aeye. key prabhaav kii pramukh aalochanaon mein yeh shamil haye kii yadi oh. aeye. patrikaon mein adhik seey adhik lekh prakaashit karane key liye protsaahan haye tou sahakarmi sameeksha maanak gir sakate hain (hinsak prakaashan key pahalu key roop mein), poorv-mudran kaa upayog gair-sameeksha kiye gaye kachare aur prachaar key saath shaikshanik kosh koo lokpriya banaa sakata haye, aur yadi sameekshak apani pehchaan koo khula rakhate hain tou way swayam-sensor curr sakate hain. kuchh adhivaktaon kaa prastaav haye kii pathakon koo poorv-mudran adhyayanon key baare mein sandeh badhega-joe vaigyaanik jaanch kii ack paaramparik pehchaan haye.
hinsak prakaashan.
hinsak prakaashak khud koo akaadamik patrikaon key roop mein prastut karate hain lekin lekhakon seey lekh prasanskaran shulk seey rajaswa utpann karane key liye aakramak vigyaapan key saath shithil yaa koee sahakarmi sameeksha prakriyaon kaa upayog naheen karate hain. shikari', 'bhraamak', yaa 'sandigdh' prakashakon/patrikaon kii paribhaashaaen aksar aspasht, apaardarshi aur bhramit karane vaali hoti hain, aur isamen poori tarah seey vaidh patrikaaen bhee shamil hoe sakati hain, jaise kii saarvajanik kendriya dwara anukramit. iss arth mein, grudnives aur anya. ack sarvasammati paribhasha prastaavit kii gaee jise saajha karane kii aavashyakta haih "hinsak patrikaaen aur prakaashak aisee sansthaaen hain joe chhatravritti kii keemat parr aatm-hita koo prathamikta detee hain aur jhoothi yaa bhraamak jaankaari, sarvottam sampadakiya aur prakaashan prathaon seey vichalan, paardarshita kii kamee, aur/yaa aakramak aur andhadhundh anurodh prathaon kaa upayog karati hain."
iss tarah, hinsak patrikaaen journal (sahakarmi sameeksha) dwara jode gaye mukhya moolya koo bhraamak roop seey hataakar oh. aeye. model kaa shoshan karati hain aur oh. aeye. andolan koo parjivi banaati hain, kabhi-kabhi anya patrikaon kaa apaharan yaa pratiroopan karati hain. 2010 seey iss tarah kii patrikaon key uday ney samagr roop seey oh. aeye. prakaashan model kii pratishtha koo nuksan pahunchaaya haye, vishesh roop seey sting operation key madhyam seey jahaan aisee patrikaon mein nakali patra safaltapurvak prakaashit kiye gaye hain. halanki aamtaur parr oh. aeye. prakaashan model key saath judey hotey hain, sadasyata patrikaon mein bhee samaan dhilai gunavatta niyantran manakon aur kharaab sampadakiya neetiyon kaa khatra hotaa haye. isaliye prakaashak doyaj, ospa aur skillo jaisi rajistriyon dwara lekha pariksha key madhyam seey gunavatta sunishchit karna chaahte hain aur sharton key ack maankeekrit sett kaa paalan karate hain. shikari prakashakon kii kaali soochi bhee cabell kii kaali soochi (sabhi kii soochi kaa uttaradhikari) dwara banaai jaati haye. pier sameeksha aur prakaashan prakriya kii paardarshita mein vriddhi koo hinsak patrika prathaon kaa mukabala karane key tareeke key roop mein prastaavit kiya gayaa haye.
khuli vidambana.
khuli vidambana usa sthiti koo sandarbhit karati haye jahan ack vidwan patrika lekh khuli pahunch kii vakaalat kartaa haye lekin lekh koo padhane key liye patrika prakaashak koo shulk kaa bhugtan karke hii lekh upalabdh haye. yeh kaee kshetron mein nott kiya gayaa haye, jisamen 2010 key aspas seey 20 seey adhik udaaharan dikhaai diye hain, jinamen vyaapak roop seey padhee jaane vaali patrikaon jaise "dha lancet", "vigyaan" aur "nature" shamil hain. ack flicker samooh ney udaharanon key screenshot ekatra kiye. 2012 mein dunken hull ney iss prakaar key patron koo prakaashit karane vaali saarvajanik roop seey apamaanit karane vaali patrikaon koo khule pravesh vidambana puraskar kaa prastaav rakhaa. inke udaharanon koo hashtag #openirony (e.) kaa upayog karke soshal media parr saajha aur charcha kii gaee haye.jee. tweeter parr). aam taur parr yeye charchaaen una lekhon/sampadakiyon key hasyapurna pradarshan hain joe khuli pahunch key samarthak hain, lekin bhugtan key peechhe bund hain. inn charchaon koo prerit karane vaali mukhya chinta yeh haye kii saarvajanik vaigyaanik gyaan taka seemit pahunch vaigyaanik pragati koo dheema curr rahee haye. khuli pahunch key baare mein jagrukta badhaane key liye iss abhyaas koo mahatvapurna maanaa gayaa haye.
buniyaadi dhancha.
databases aur repository.
open axes lekhon, patrikaon aur dataset key liye kaee databases maujood hain. yeye databases overlap hotey hain, halanki pratyek mein alag-alag samavesh mandand hotey hain, jinamen aam taur parr journal prakaashan prathaon, sampadakiya boardon aur naitikta bayanon key liye vyaapak jaanch shamil hoti haye. khule lekhon aur patrikaon key mukhya databases doez aur pee. aim. see hain. doaz key mamle mein, kewal poori tarah seey soney kii khuli pahunch vaali patrikaaen shamil hain, jabaki pee. aim. see. sankar patrikaon key lekhon koo bhee host kartaa haye.
kaee preprint server bhee hain joe aise lekhon koo host karate hain jinaki abhee taka khuli pahunch pratiyon key roop mein sameeksha naheen kii gaee haye. inn lekhon koo baad mein open axes yaa sadasyata patrikaon donon dwara sahakarmi sameeksha key liye prastut kiya jaataa haye, halanki preprint hamesha khule taur parr sulabh rahata haye. preprint sarvaron kii ack soochi anusandhaan preprint parr rakhee jaati haye.
bund pahunch patrikaon mein prakaashit lekhon key liye, kuchh lekhak ack mukt pahunch bhandar mein ack postprint prati jamaa karenge, jahan ise muft mein axes kiya jaa sakata haye. adhikansh sadasyata patrikaaen iss baat parr pratibandh lagaati hain kii kaam key kiss sanskaran koo saajha kiya jaa sakata haye aur/yaa prakaashan kii mool tithi key baad ack pratibandh avadhi kii aavashyakta hoti haye. isaliye joe jamaa kiya jaataa haye vaha yaa tou ack poorv-mudran yaa sahakarmi-sameeksha postprint, yaa tou lekhak key referee aur sanshodhit antim masauda yaa prakaashak key record key sanskaran, yaa tou turant jamaa kiya jaa sakata haye yaa kaee varshon key baad. bhandar kissy sanstha, ack anushasana (jaise.jee.arxiv), ack vidwan samaaj (ee.jee. aim. ell. aeye. kaa mukhya bhandar), yaa ack vitt poshan (ee.jee. pee. aim. see.). haalaanki iss abhyaas koo pahali baar 1994 mein aupchaarik roop seey prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin 1980 key dashak mein sthaaniya aff. tii. pee. abhilekhagar mein kuchh computer vaigyaanikon dwara pahale seey hii swa-sangrah kaa abhyaas kiya jaa rhaa thaa (baad mein citiser dwara kaataa gayaa). sherpa/romeo site vibhinn prakaashak copyrite aur swa-sangrah neetiyon kii ack soochi rakhti haye aur garjana databases khud repository kaa ack soochkaank host kartaa haye.
swaamitva databases mein pratinidhitva.
pramukh vaanijyik uddharan soochkaank databases (jaise vigyaan, scopus aur pubmed) mein patrikaon key asman coverage kaa shodhkartaon aur sansthanon (jaise) donon key mulyankan parr majboot prabhaav padata haye.jee. britten anusandhaan utkrishtata dhancha yaa samay uchch shiksha ranking). jabaki yeye databases mukhya roop seey prakriya aur samagri kii gunavatta key aadhar parr chayan karate hain, iss baat kii chinta rahee haye kii unaki vaanijyik prakriti unake mulyankan mandand aur europe aur uttari america key baahar patrikaon key pratinidhitva koo tirchha curr sakati haye. haalaanki, vartamaan mein samaan, vyaapak, bahubhashi, mukt srot yaa gair-vaanijyik digital buniyaadi dhaanche naheen hain.
vitaran.
swa-sangraheet harit mukt abhigam lekhon kii tarah, adhikansh swarn mukt abhigam patrika lekh cumm vitaran laagat, badhati pahunch, gati aur vidvatapurna sanchaar key liye badhate mahatva key kaaran worled wide web key madhyam seey vitarit kiye jaate hain. open source software kaa upayog kabhi-kabhi open-axes repository, aur open axes praavdhaan aur open axes prakaashan key anya pahaluon key liye kiya jaataa haye.
online samagri taka pahunch key liye internet pahunch kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur yeh vitaran sambandhi vichaar pahunch key liye bhautik aur kabhi-kabhi vittiya baadhaaen prastut kartaa haye.
vibhinn mukt abhigam aggregator hain joe mukt abhigam patrikaon yaa lekhon koo soochibaddh karate hain. sadak (mukt abhigam vidvatapurna sansadhanon kii nirdeshika) mukt abhigam patrikaon key baare mein jaankaari kaa sanshleshan karati haye aur yeh jaari karane vaale register kaa ack upasamuchchay haye. sherpa/romeo antarrashtriya prakashakon koo soochibaddh kartaa haye joe lekhon key prakaashit sanskaran koo sansthaagat bhandar mein jamaa karane kii anumati dete hain. open axes journals (doeje) kii nirdeshika mein khoj aur brousing key liye 12,500 seey adhik sahakarmi-sameeksha mukt abhigam patrikaaen hain.
kissy bhee samanya khoj injan yaa vidvaanon aur vaigyaanik saahitya key liye visheshagyata praapt lekhon, jaise googal scholar, oister, aadhar-khoj kaa upayog karke web khoj key saath khule upayog vaale lekh paae jaa sakate hain.nett, aur kaee open-axes repository apani samagri koo querry karane key liye ack prograam karane yogya interfaces pradaan karate hain. unamen seey kuchh samanya protocol kaa upayog karate hain, jaise kii oi-pee. aim. aich. (ee.jee., aadhar-khoj.nett). isake alawa, kuchh bhandar ack vishisht api kaa prastaav karate hain, jaise kii arxive api, prasaar api, unpewall/odoi api, yaa bases-search api.
1998 mein, kaee vishvavidyalayon ney khuli pahunch koo badhaava dene key liye saarvajanik gyaan pariyojana kii sthaapana kii, aur anya vidwan software pariyojanaon key beach open-source journal prakaashan pranali open journal system vikasit kiya. 2010 taka, iska upayog duniya bhar mein lagbhag 5,000 patrikaon dwara kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
kaee pahal maujooda prakaashan anukraman pranali key angreji bhasha prabhutva kaa ack vikalp pradaan karati hain, jisamen soochkaank copernicus (polish), skillo (purtagaali, spanish) aur redack (spanish) shamil hain.
neetiyaan aur adesh.
kaee vishvavidyalayon, anusandhaan sansthanon aur shodh koshadaataon ney apane shodhkartaon koo apane shodh prakashanon taka khuli pahunch banaane key liye anivarya janadesh koo apanaaya haye. udaaharan key liye, britten kii shodh parishadon ney 2013 aur 2016 key beach apane khule pravesh janadesh kaa samarthan karane parr lagbhag 60 million pound kharch kiye. nae janadesh kii ghoshana aksar khule pravesh saptah key dauran kii jaati haye, joe pratyek varsh octuber key antim poorna saptah key dauran hotaa haye.
swa-sangrah koo anivarya karane kaa vichaar cumm seey cumm 1998 kii shuruat mein uthaaya gayaa thaa. 2003 seey prayason koo shodh key fundersah sarkaaron, anusandhaan vittaposhan agencies aur vishvavidyalayon dwara khuli pahunch anivarya karane parr kendrit kiya gayaa haye. kuchh prakashakon aur prakaashak sanghon ney janadesh lagu karane key khilaf pairavi kii haye.
2002 mein, southampton vishvavidyalaya kaa school off electronics aind computer science ack saarthak anivarya mukt pahunch neeti koo lagu karane vaale pahale schools mein seey ack bunn gayaa, jisamen lekhakon koo apane lekhon kii pratiyon koo school key bhandar mein yogdan karna thaa. aaney vaale varshon mein aur adhik sansthaan iska anusaran karate rahey. 2007 mein, ukraine mukt pahunch parr ack rashtriya neeti banaane vaalaa pahala desh bunn gayaa, jisake baad 2009 mein spen ney kiya. argentine, brazil aur polland vartamaan mein mukt pahunch neetiyon koo vikasit karane kii prakriya mein hain. master aur doctorate key shodh prabandhon koo khuli pahunch banaana kaee shaikshanik sansthanon dwara teji seey lokpriya janadesh haye.
america mein, nih saarvajanik pahunch neeti 2008 seey aavashyak haye kii rashtriya swaasthya sansthanon dwara vitt poshit shodh kaa varnan karane vaale patra prakaashan key 12 maheenon key bheetar pubmed central (pee. aim. see.) key madhyam seey janata key liye muft mein upalabdh honey chaahiye. 2022 mein, americi rashtrapati joe biden key vigyaan aur praudyogiki neeti karyalaya ney 12 maheene key pratibandh koo hataane key liye ack gyaapan jaari kiya. 2025 key anta taka, americi sanghiya agencies koo sarkaar dwara vitt poshit shodh key parinamswarup utpaadit sabhi parinamon (kagjat, dastavej aur detta) koo prakaashan key turant baad janata key liye upalabdh karaane kii aavashyakta honey chaahiye.
2023 mein, europeeya sangh kii parishad ney europeeya aayog aur sadasya raajyon dwara anusandhaan prakaashan key liye ack khuli pahunch aur gair-laabhkaari model key karyanvayan kii sifarish kii. yeye sifaarishen kanuni roop seey badhyakari naheen hain aur inhen mishrit pratikriyaen millie hain. shaikshanik samudaay key kuchh sadasyon dwara swaagat kiye jaane key bavjood, prakashakon ney tark diyaa kii mahatvapurna dhana vivaran kii kamee key kaaran sujhaae gaye model avaastavik hain. isake alawa, parishad kii sifaarishon ney sambhaavit nihitarth key sambandh mein prakaashan udyog key bheetar chintaon koo uthaaya, aur unhone anusandhaan akhandata key mahatva aur sadasya raajyon key liye hinsak patrikaon aur pepper milon koo sambodhit karane kii aavashyakta parr bhee jore diyaa.
anupaalan.
march 2021 taka, duniya bhar mein 100 seey adhik shodh koshkartaon aur 800 vishvavidyalayon dwara mukt-pahunch janadesh panjikrit kiye gaye hain, jinhen mukt pahunch bhandar janadesh aur neetiyon kii registry mein sankalit kiya gayaa haye. jaise-jaise iss prakaar key adhideshon kii vyaapaktaa mein vriddhi hoti haye, sahyog karane vaale shodhkarta ack baar mein kaee logon seey prabhaavit hoe sakate hain. talwar jaise upkaran lekhakon koo bhandaron key beach saajha karane mein madad curr sakate hain.
swaichhik" mukt abhigam neetiyon key saath anupaalan darein cumm rahati hain (5 pratishat taka cumm). haalaanki yeh pradarshit kiya gayaa haye kii adhik safal parinam una neetiyon dwara praapt kiye jaate hain joe anivarya aur adhik vishisht hoti hain, jaise kii adhikatam anumeya pratibandh samay nirdisht karna. anivarya mukt-pahunch aadeshon kaa anupaalan 27 pratishat seey 91 pratishat (ausatan 67 pratishat) taka hotaa haye. march 2021 seey, googal scholar ney funders key open-axes janadesh key anupaalan kaa pataa lagaana aur sanket denaa shuru curr diyaa, halanki yeh kewal yeh jaanchata haye kii kyaa itum khule taur parr licenses praapt karane key bajaay muft mein padhe jaa sakate hain.
asamaanta aur khuli pahunch.
langic asamaanta.
vaigyaanik prakaashan kii aadhunik pranali mein abhee bhee langic asamaanta maujood haye.
uddharan aur lekhak kii sthiti key sandarbh mein, purushon key paksh mein ling antar raajneetik vigyaan, arthshastra aur tantrika vigyaan aur mahatvapurna dekhbhal anusandhaan jaise kaee vishayon mein paae jaa sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, 2008 aur 2018 key beach prakaashit 18,483 shodh lekhon mein seey 30.8% mahila lekhakon dwara sanchaalit they aur purush lekhakon key netritva mein cumm prabhaav vaali patrikaon mein prakaashit honey kii adhik sambhavana thee. iss tarah kii asamaanta mahilaaon key vaigyaanik currier koo pratikool roop seey prabhaavit curr sakati haye aur prachaar aur vittaposhan key liye unake vaigyaanik prabhaavon koo cumm curr sakati haye. mahila shodhkartaon koo apane prakashanon kii drishyata badhaane, prabhaav koo maapane aur ling adharit uddharan antar koo bund karane mein madad karane key liye mukt pahunch (oye) prakaashan ack upkaran hoe sakata haye. oh. aeye. prakaashan gyaan taka behtar pahunch pradaan karane key liye ack achchi tarah seey samarthit abhyaas haye (vishesh roop seey nimn aur madhyam aaya vaale deshon mein shodhkartaon key liye) saath hii prakaashan prakriya key saath paardarshita badhaane key liye [21,22]. gair-oaa prakaashan kii tulanaa mein pewall koo hataakar isaki uchch pahunch key kaaran oye prakaashan key madhyam seey prakashanon kii drishyata koo badhaaya jaa sakata haye.
isake alawa, iss uchch drishyata key kaaran, lekhak apane karyon key liye adhik maanyata praapt curr sakate hain. 
gair-oaa prakaashan kii tulanaa mein uddharan sankhya key sandarbh mein oye prakaashan koo bhee fayademand honey kaa sujhaav diyaa jaataa haye, lekin yeh pahalu abhee bhee vaigyaanik samudaay key bheetar vivadaspad haye. oh. aeye. aur adhik sankhya mein uddharanon key beach sambandh isaliye hoe sakata haye kyonki uchch gunavatta vaale lekh oh. aeye. key roop mein prakaashan key liye swa-chayanit hotey hain. shikshaavidon mein ling-adharit muddon aur langic samaantaa mein sudhaar key prayason koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, mahila shodhkartaon dwara apane lekhon koo prakaashit karane key liye ack sthaan kaa chayan karane parr yeh ack mahatvapurna kaarak hoe sakata haye. ack uchit samarthan pranali aur vitt poshan key saath, oh. aeye. prakaashan ney mahila shodhkartaon kii utpaadaktaa mein vriddhi kii haye.
uchch aaya-nimn aaya vaale desh mein asamaanta.
2022 key ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa haye kii "adhikansh lekh uchch aaya vaale deshon mein lekhakon dwara likhe gaye they, aur cumm aaya vaale deshon mein lekhakon dwara darpan patrikaon mein koee lekh naheen they."" khuli pahunch kii mahaan vidambanaon mein seey ack yeh haye kii aap duniya bhar key lekhakon koo antatah vaigyaanik saahitya koo padhane kii kshamata pradaan karate hain joe unake liye poori tarah seey bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin yeh unhein usee patrikaon mein prakaashit karane seey baahar curr detaa haye ", emilio bruna kahate hain, joe gensville mein florida vishvavidyalaya key ack vidwan hain.

