
aar vee zora

aar vee zora, 2020 aiss. see. see. 14 ack aisaa mamla haye jisamen kanada kii sarvocch adalat ney sarvasammati seey kahaa kii "aaparaadhik sanhita" key tahat jamaanat kii sharton key ullanghan key aparaadh key liye vyaktiparak "purush riya" kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
prishthabhoomi, tathya aur prakriyaatmak itihas.
aaparaadhik sanhita" kaee apraadhon koo paribhaashit karati haye jinhen nyaay key apraadhon key prashaasan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. aise aparaadh ack abhiyukt key vyavhaar seey sambandhit hotey hain, jabaki vaha aaparaadhik nyaay pranali mein shamil hotaa haye, isake vipareet, jisake parinamswarup pahali baar mein aaparaadhik aarop lagate hain. "zora" jamaanat sharton key ullanghan key nyaay aparaadh key prashaasan seey sambandhit haih niyamon kaa paalan karane mein whiffle rahane parr adalat ney ack aaropi key aacharan koo niyantrit karane key liye nirdhaarit kiya haye jabaki aaropi mukadame key lambit rahane key dauran jamaanat parr baahar haye.
chessen zora parr "niyantrit drugs aur padaarth adhiniyam" key tahat nashili davaaon key kabje kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa aur kaee sharton key saath jamaanat parr riha kiya gayaa thaa. inmein seey ack shart yeh thee kii jaba pulis usaki jaanch karane aaegi tou vaha darwaaje kaa jawab dega. iss shart kaa paalan karane mein viphalata key kaaran, zora parr "aaparaadhik sanhita" kii dhaara 145 (3) key tahat ack aparaadh kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa.
zora koo mukadame mein doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa aur british kolambiya adalat mein unaki appeal khariz curr dee gaee thee. appeal kii adalat ney abhinirdhaarit kiya kii kaanoon key liye "purush riya" key ack vyaktiparak maanak kii aavashyakta naheen haye, balki ack uddeshya kii aavashyakta haye, aur yeh kii zora maanak koo puuraa karane mein whiffle rhaa. yaani, kaanoon key anusaar taaj koo yeh saabit karane kii aavashyakta thee kii zora kii jamaanat kii shart kaa paalan karane mein viphalata "usee sthiti mein ack uchit vyakti joe karega usase spasht prasthaan" kaa pratinidhitva karati haye, naa kii zora kaa yaa tou apani jamaanat kii shart kaa ullanghan karane kaa irada thaa, yeh pataa thaa kii vaha iska ullanghan curr rhaa thaa, yaa vaha laparwah thaa kii usane iska ullanghan kiya yaa naheen.
zora" mein sarvocch nyayalaya key nirnay seey pahale, kanadai kaanoon iss baat key anuroop naheen thaa kii kyaa jamaanat kii sharton key ullanghan key liye vyaktiparak yaa vastunishth "purush riya" kii aavashyakta haye. kuchh praanton mein adalaton ney ack maanak apanaaya, jabaki anya praanton mein adaalaten vipareet nishkarsh parr aaeen. kyonki kanada mein aaparaadhik kaanoon koo sanghiya kaanoon dwara paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, lekin praantiya adalaton aur prashasakon dwara vyakhya aur lagu kiya gayaa haye, jamaanat kii sharton kaa ullanghan vibhinn praanton mein ack alag aparaadh bunn gayaa thaa.
adalat key kaaran.
nyaayamurti sheela martin ney ack sarvasammat adalat key liye likhate hue kahaa kii appeal kii adalat ney yeh pataa lagaane mein galati kii kii kaanoon key liye kewal uddeshyapurna "purush riya" key pramaan kii aavashyakta haye. balki, aiss 145 (3) key liye ack vyaktiparak maanak kii aavashyakta hoti haye. unhone "aar vee sault stee-mairi (city off)" mein adalat key nyayshastra aur "aar vee dh", 2013 aiss. see. see. 28 sahit baad key mamalon kaa paalan karate hue kahaa kii dhaara 145 (3) koo dosh key vyaktiparak maanak koo shamil karane key liye maanaa jaanaa chaahiye aur yeh kii dhaarana visthaapit naheen thee. nyaayamurti martin ney sweekaar kiya kii zora key mukadame key baad "aaparaadhik sanhita" mein sanshodhan kiya gayaa thaa, jisase dou nae aparaadh-kramshah dhaara 145 (4) aur 145 (5) mein-usa aparaadh koo cover karane key liye, jisake liye zora koo mool roop seey doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa, lekin nott kiya kii jamaanat sharton kaa paalan karane mein whiffle rahane key aparaadh kaa saar mahatvapurna roop seey naheen badala gayaa thaa. iss prakaar, halanki "zora" nammatra roop seey ack abb-nishkriya qaanoon kii vyakhya seey sambandhit haye, isaki pakad 145 (4) aur 145 (5) parr lagu honey kii sambhavana haye.
adalat ney iss baat parr bhee jore diyaa kii jamaanat kii shartein "spasht roop seey spasht, sankhya mein nyuntam, aavashyak, uchit, paristhitiyon mein cumm seey cumm bhaari, aur aiss mein hirasat key liye vaidhaanik aadharon key sambandh mein aaropi key jokhimon seey paryaapt roop seey judee honey chaahiye. 515 (10). unhein "adhikaaron aur swatantrataon key kanadai charter" aur sanghiya aur praantiya kaanoon kaa sammaan karna chaahiye; unhein abhiyukt dwara paalan kiye jaane mein uchit roop seey saksham honah chaahiye; aur unhein "abhiyukt dwara utpann vyaktigat jokhimon key anuroop" honah chaahiye, naa kii rotte dwara daali gaee sharton kii soochi."; iska uddeshya anivarya roop seey swachaalit roop seey kaee jamaanat sharton koo lagu karane kii samanya prathaon koo sambodhit karna thaa, aksar abhiyukt koo whiffle honey key liye sthaapit karna (jaise.jee. lutt yaa anya manosamajik samasyaon key mamle mein), aur jisake parinamswarup jamaanat key liye kaee doshasiddhi hoti haye joe una aaropon seey sambandhit hoti haye joe khud kissy bhee doshasiddhi kaa kaaran naheen bunn sakate hain.
adalat ney kaee samasyaon kii pehchaan kii joe niyamit roop seey jamaanat kii sharton key saath aksar utpann hoti hainh
parinamswarup, justice martin ney ack nae mukadame kaa adesh diyaa.
tippani.
aaparaadhik bachaav vakeelon ney nirnay key paksh mein baat kii, yeh dekhate hue kii yeh nyaay apraadhon key prashaasan mein galati key maanak seey parey kanadai jamaanat pranali mein vyaapak muddon koo sambodhit kartaa haye.

