
aparyaapt auchitya

aparyaapt auchitya samajik manovigyaan key anushasana mein adhyayan kiya gayaa ack prabhaav haye. yeh bataata haye kii loga ack aise vyavhaar mein sanlagn honey kii adhik sambhavana rakhate hain joe ack badey puraskar kii tulanaa mein ack chhote seey puraskar kii peshkash karane parr vyaktigat roop seey unake vishvaason kaa khandan kartaa haye. chhota puraskar kissy key vishvaason key vipareet kaary karane seey utpann sangyanatmak visangati koo cumm kartaa haye kyonki ise uchit thaharaana aasaan lagata haye. aparyaapt auchitya key siddhant mein aupchaarik roop seey kahaa gayaa haye kii jaba baahya prerana cumm hoti haye, tou loga apane vyavhaar kii vyakhya karane key liye ack aantarik prerana utpann karke sangyanatmak visangati koo cumm karane key liye prerit hotey hain, aur isi tarah ack halke khatare banaam adhik gambhir khatare key saath prastut kiye jaane parr vaanchhit gatividhi koo aswikar karane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye. aparyaapt auchitya taba hotaa haye jaba dhamki yaa inam vaastav mein vyakti koo kissy vyavhaar mein shamil karane yaa usase bachane key liye paryaapt hotaa haye, lekin dhamki yaa inam vyakti koo yeh nishkarsh nikaalane key liye aparyaapt hotaa haye kii sthiti vyavhaar kaa kaaran bunny haye.
nishiddh khilauna prayog.
elliot aaronson aur jey. maryl carlsmith ney parikalpana kii kii loga kuchh aisaa karane key liye sajaa kaa jawab kaise dete hain jiska way anand lete hain. manushya bahut gambhir sajaa kaa paalan karate hain, lekin yeh unhein gatividhi kaa anand lene aur ise phir seey karane seey naheen rokta haye. iss prakaar, aaronson aur carlsmith ney socha kii yadi way vishayon koo yeh samajhaane mein saksham hoe jaate hain kii unhein vaha gatividhi pasand naheen haye jiska way pahale anand lete they, tou way iss gatividhi kaa anand lena bund curr denge. prayogkarta visangati koo cumm karane key liye apane sangyaan koo badal denge. shodhkartaon ney parikalpana kii kii sajaa key liye vipareet prabhaav hoga. yaani, yadi aap kissy koo vaanchhaniya gatividhi naheen karane kaa koee baahari kaaran naheen dete hain, tou way ack aantarik kaaran kaa nirmaan karenge kii unhein vaastav mein yeh kyon pasand naheen aaya. 
1963 mein, shodhkartaon ney poorvaskooli bachchon key saath apane prayog kiye, jahan unhone unhein ack vaanchhaniya khilaune key saath khelane parr yaa tou halke yaa gambhir sajaa kii dhamki dee. phir, unhone bachchon seey poochha kii unhein isake saath khelane kii anumati naheen dene key baad khilauna kitna vaanchhaniya thaa.
shodhkartaon ney bachchon koo cumm seey cumm vaanchhaniya seey sabse vaanchhaniya taka khilaunon koo shrenibaddh karane key liye ack vidhi taiyar kii. phir unhone bachchon seey kahaa kii way vaapas aaa jaayenge, lekin jaane seey pahale unhone bachchon seey kahaa kii way sabse vaanchhaniya khilaune key saath naa khelein. unhone aadhe bachchon koo halki sajaa aur dusare aadhe koo sakht sajaa dene kii dhamki dee. isake baad, prayogkarta bachchon key paas laut aae aur unhein khilaunon koo phir seey krambaddh karane key liye kahaa. ausatan, sabse pasandida khilauna bachchon key anukulata mein cumm hoe gayaa aur sabse pasandida khilauna bachchon key anukulata mein gambhir roop seey khatare mein parh gayaa. 
shodhkartaon ney nishkarsh nikala kii jaba loga dou manovaigyaanik roop seey asangat sangyaan rakhate hain, tou visangati utpann hoti haye.
anya prayog.
aparyaapt auchitya aur aparyaapt sajaa vyaapak shartein hain. way operant conditioning aur vyavhaar manovigyaan seey laker sangyanatmak visangati aur aantarik ichchhaon/prerana taka key vichaaron koo shamil karate hain. aparyaapt auchitya aur aparyaapt sajaa koo saral vistaar key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye kii manushya kiss tarah aur kyon una tarikon seey vyavhaar karate hain joe way kaee prakaar kii uttejanaon key jawab mein karate hain. shodhkartaon aur vaigyaanikon ney anubhavjanya adhyayanon key madhyam seey iss vichaar kaa aage adhyayan kiya haye.
shodhkartaon aaronson aur carlsmith (1963) ney 22 poorvaskooli bachchon, 11 mahilaaon aur 11 purushon kaa upayog karke ack adhyayan kiya, jinaki ayu 3.6 seey 4.8 varsh taka thee, aur sajaa kii halki aur gambhir maukhik dhamkiyon key saamane khilaunon key saath khelane kii unaki ichcha. prayogkartaon ney bachchon seey kahaa kii aggar way vishisht khilaunon key saath khelate hain tou way yaa tou bachchon koo kuchh khilaunon (halke khatare) key saath khelna pasand naheen karenge yaa way bahut gusse mein honge (gambhir khatra). iss adhyayan seey, yeh pataa chalaa kii vaanchhit khilaune key saath khelane key liye sajaa kii halki dhamkiyon seey usa khilaune kaa avamoolyan hoga jabaki gambhir dhamkiyan naheen. isaliye, khilaune key aakarshan parr vishay kii saapeksh shreni gambhir khatare key saath cumm naheen hui, lekin halke khatare key saath cumm hui. parinam ingit karate hain kii bachchon koo dandit karate samay, gambhir khatron key bajaay halke khatron kaa upayog karna chaahiye kyonki yeye tareeke kewal baahari dabaav daalenge joe badale mein, vaanchhit tareeke seey vyavhaar karane key liye aantarik prerana key moolya koo cumm curr denge.
isi tarah, abelson, laper aur zannaa (1973) dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein, yeh paaya gayaa kii baalvaadi key bachchon ney bhee isi tarah seey pratikriya dee. vishesh roop seey, 52 praathamik vidyalaya key bachchon, 23 purushon aur 29 mahilaaon kii ausat ayu chhah varsh key saath, aaronson aur carlsmith (1963) key samaan paddhati kaa upayog karke pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa. jaba bachchon key saamane ack mez parr train, slinky aur robot jaise khilaune rakhe gaye, tou unase poochha gayaa kii unhein kaun seey khilaune pasand hain, joe iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii unhein kaun see dhamki millie haye. saath hii, "nishiddh" khilaunon parr sticker anusmaarak bhee lagaae gaye they. nishkarshon ney sanket diyaa kii gambhir khatron ney khilaunon key liye halke khatron kii tulanaa mein kaafee cumm upman paida kiya.
aparyaapt auchitya kii yeh avadharana vayaskon parr bhee lagu hoti haye. ack anya adhyayan mein, kaaryasthal key vatavaran mein naukariyon key sandarbh mein shodh kiya gayaa thaa aur shramikon koo prerit karane key liye unhein diye gaye baad key puraskar. pee. aff. ee. aff. aar. aur loller (1980) key anusaar, ack sangathan mein vishisht karyon key prati drishtikon parr baahya puraskaron aur vyavhaar pratibaddhata key prabhaavon kaa pradarshan kiya gayaa thaa. 4, 058 mahavidyalaya aur vishvavidyalaya key sankaay sadasyon key namoone kaa upayog karate hue, yeh pataa chalaa kii jaba vyakti karyon key liye pratibaddh hotey hain, tou way uchch baahya puraskaron key bajaay cumm baahya puraskaron key saath usa kaary key prati adhik anukool drishtikon vikasit karate hain. 
yeh avadharana aaparaadhik nyaay aur samajik manovigyaan mein bhee lagu hoti haye. mires, kahaan aur katyal (2004) ney charcha kii kii uchit vyavhaar koo nirdeshit karane key liye pradhikaran kaa kyaa arth haye. unhone kahaa, "samooh moolya" model key anusaar, "sabhi pakshon dwara uchit maani jaane vaali prakriyaon kaa upayog samooh key sadasyon key beach sakaratmak sambandhon koo banaae rakhane mein suvidha pradaan kartaa haye, samaaj key taane-baane koo sanrakshit kartaa haye, yahaan taka kii kissy bhee samooh mein maujood hiton key sangharsh key bavjood" (pee. 1194). haalaanki yeh vishisht udaaharan samooh seey sambandhit haye, yeh avadharana samanya roop seey vyavhaar mein parivartit hoti haye. jaba aparaadhi samajhate hain kii adhikaari kewal kaanoon koo lagu curr rahey hain kyonki unhein aisaa karane kaa nirdesh diyaa jaataa haye, tou way maanate hain kii yeh uchit haye aur isaliye way iska paalan karate hain. jinn apraadhiyon koo nyuntam sajaa dee jaati haye, way ise uchit maanate hain aur isaliye unhein aantarik roop seey moolya milane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye.
anuprayog.
iss siddhant key vaastavik duniya key anuprayogon koo bachchon aur vayaskon key beach dekhaa jaa sakata haye. bachchon aur niyamon kaa paalan karane key liye unaki prerana key saath, aparyaapt auchitya kii avadharana maataa-pitaa, shikshakon aur una logon key liye ack sansaadhan key roop mein kaam karni chaahiye joe adhikaar key padon parr hain. majboot baahari puraskar, majboot baahari sajaa, yaa majboot baahari khatron key saath prastut, bachche vaanchhit vyavhaar key saath pradarshan karane key liye aantarik roop seey prerit honey kii sambhavana cumm hoti haye. 
iss siddhant koo peshevar kaaryasthal parr bhee lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. karmchaariyon key kadee mehnat karane kii sambhavana cumm hoti haye aur yadi uchch baahari puraskar diye jaate hain tou aksar unake kaam kaa anand lene kii sambhavana cumm hoti haye. yeh haye kii karmchari kadee mehnat karane key liye apane uddeshyon koo aantarik roop seey uchit thaharaane key liye cumm baadhya hain, kyonki baahari bhugtan bahut achchha haye. vishesh roop seey, iss siddhant koo bhugtan yojanaon, laabh vikalpon aur pracharon parr lagu kiya jaa sakata haye.
aparyaapt dund siddhant key ack anya vaastavik duniya key anuprayog mein sainya banaam niyamit vishvavidyalayon mein sammaan sanhita neetiyon parr kiya gayaa adhyayan shamil haye. adhyayan koo visangati aur sammaan pranali kahaa gayaa thaah khatare kii ghatana kii gambhirta kaa vistaar. adhyayan mein mahavidyalayi vyavasthaon mein naitik jimmedaari aur shaikshanik beimani parr vichaar karane parr charcha kii gaee joe ack badee chinta kaa vishay haye. haal key anumaanon seey pataa chalata haye kii 70 pratishat taka college key chhaatr snaatak honey seey pahale kissy naa kissy samay dhokha dete hain. jaba chhatron koo sammaan pranali key tahat rakhaa jaataa haye, tou unase apeksha kii jaati haye kii way apani naitik jimmedariyon kii vyaktigat bhavna koo banaae rakhein. iss adhyayan key sandarbh mein, jinn chhatron koo akaadamik beimani key liye gambhir sajaa kii dhamki dee jaati haye, way beiman honey kii adhik sambhavana rakhate hain jaba sajaa kaa tatkaal khatra maujood naheen hotaa haye; jabaki joe chhaatr sajaa key dabaav kaa saamana naheen karate hain, way tatkaal sajaa key khatare key saath lagaatar kaary karate hain.
vivaad.
praarambhik chhatron key saath riyo dee janeiro, brazil mein ack prayog kiya gayaa thaa taaki asangati siddhant aaronson aur carlsmith kaa pareekshan kiya jaa sakey. unhone uchch aur cumm pehchaan kii sambhaavanaon key saath-saath uchch aur cumm pehchaan key saath halke khatare key saath gambhir khatare kaa pareekshan kiya. parinamon seey pataa chalaa kii nishiddh khilaune key saath khelate samay bachchon key saath gambhir aur halke khatron key beach bahut adhik antar naheen thaa. neeche dee gaee talika una bachchon key pratishat koo darshaati haye jinhone pasandida khilaune key saath naa khelane key pratyek anurodh kaa paalan kiya. yeh darshaata haye kii donon star key khatron key parinamswarup samaan matra mein anupaalan huaa.
inn parinamon ney kuchh naee parikalpanaaen pradaan keen. yeh pahale dikhaaya gayaa thaa kii aarthik sthiti mayane rakhti haye kyonki cumm aarthik sthiti mein bachche gambhir khatare key tahat nishiddh khilaune key liye adhik avamoolyan dikhaate hain. iss prayog mein bachche brazil mein nimn madhyam varg key they. ack aur badaa antar saanskritik hoe sakata haye. alag-alag samoohon mein alag-alag sanskriti key kaaran alag-alag visangatiyaan hoti hain. riyo dee janeiro mein prayog seey pataa chalaa kii aparyaapt sajaa mein saanskritik seemaaen aur apavaad hoe sakate hain. prayog ney yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa kii nishiddh khilauna prayog kewal america mein uchch samajik-aarthik sthiti seey sambandhit bachchon parr lagu hoe sakata haye.

