
steak

bahuvachan roop mein stecka (,) yaa stakey (,) smaarak madhyayugeen makbare key liye naam haye, joe bosnia aur herzegovina mein bikhare hue hain, aur croatia, montenegro aur serbia key seemavarti hisson mein sthit hain. aadhunik bosnia aur herzegovina kii seemaon key bheetar anumaanit 60,000 paae jaate hain aur baaki 10,000 aaj croatia (4,400), montenegro (3,500) aur serbia (2,100) mein paae jaate hain, joe 3,300 seey adhik visham sthalon parr paae jaate hain, jinamen 90 pratishat seey adhik kharaab sthiti mein hain.
12veen shatabdi key madhya mein dikhaai dene key saath, 13veen shatabdi mein pahale charan mein, statchy makbare koo kaatane aur upayog karane kii pratha 14veen aur 15veen shatabdi mein apane charam parr pahunch gaee, isase pahale kii 16veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein bosnia aur herzegovina kii ottoman vijay key dauran bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. way bosnian, catholic aur roodhivaadi church anuyaayiyon key beach ack aam parampara they, aur slavic aur vlaak donon aabaadi dwara upayog kiye jaate they.
statchy koo 2016 seey unesco dwara vishva dharohar soochi mein ankit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen 28 sthaanon parr lagbhag 4,000 vyaktigat monolith key chayan key saath, jisamen seey 22 bosnia aur herzegovina mein, dou croatia mein, teen montenegro mein aur teen serbia mein hain. inn makbare key sabse achche sanrakshit sangrah mein seey ack bosnia aur herzegovina mein stolack key paschim mein sthit redimja haye.
vyutpatti.
yeh shabd swayam puraane shabd * "stojechak" kaa ack anubandhit roop haye, joe dakshin slavic kriya "staajati" (angreji) seey liya gayaa haye. "khade hoe jaao"). iska shaabdik arth haye "oonchi, khadee cheez". herzegovina mein unhein "massetti"/"masete" (italvi "massetto" jiska arth haye "badee chattan", yaa turkey "meshet"/"mashed" jiska arth haye "ack gire hue naayak kaa makbara") key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, madhya aur paschimi bosnia mein "mermory"/"mermorge"/"marmorovi" (sangamarmar) key roop mein, jabaki serbia aur montenegro mein "usdenic" (pratyaropan) key roop mein kahaa jaataa haye. statchy shilalekhon parr unhein "billieg" (nishan), "kamen billieg" (patthar kaa nishan), "kaam"/"kaami"/"kamen" (patthar), "haraam" (mandir), "zlemen" (sanket), "kucha" (ghar), "raaka" (gaddha), "grabe/grobe" (kabr) kahaa jaataa haye. 1495 mein unhein "kaami" (patthar) key roop mein darj kiya gayaa haye.
halanki "steakuck" naam key tahat iska arth haye oonche akhand khade patthar (i.ee. "sanduc" aur "slazemenzac" roop), 20veen shatabdi mein "steakuck" shabd koo vigyaan mein samanya shabd key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen plate makbare key liye bhee shamil thaa (i.ee. "plau"). steakuck" shabd kaa mool sandarbh swayam anishchit haye aur aadhunik aavishkaar prateet hotaa haye kyonki iska pataa kewal 1851 key ivan kukuljevik sakinsky key nott seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye, 1852 key wook karadzik key shabdakosh seey (1812 key pahale sanskaran mein shabd maujood naheen thaa), halanki unhone khud koo vaisa hii bataaya kii zagwosed key aam loga unhein "starovirsko" ("puraane vishvaas kaa") kahate they, 1860 seey bogoslav shulek dwara shabdakosh aur isi tarah, jabaki akaadamik shabdakoshon mein iska ullekh kewal 1956/58 seey kiya gayaa thaa. yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii iss shabd kaa upayog aamtaur parr purvi herzegovina mein aur serbia mein starry vlah key kshetra mein kiya jaataa thaa. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka shabdawali mein bhatakana thaa, aur kuchh vidvaanon ney "nadgrobani biljezi" (gravestone marker) aur "mermorge" (sangamarmar) jaise samanya shabdon koo adhik upayukt honey key liye prastaavit kiya.
steakuck" shabd kshetriya boliyon mein asamanya haye aur iska koee karanatmak moolya naheen haye, aur shabdarth kii drishti seey galat aur virodhabhasi haye kyonki yeh "khade honey" kriya seey nikla haye, jabaki chhaati-prakaar jise yeh mukhya roop seey sandarbhit kartaa haye, vaha mukhya roop seey seedha haye, jabaki ack anya upa-prakaar key stambh aur cross mukhya roop seey seedhe hain; yeh seedha yaa khadaa upa-prakaar steak kii samagr sankhya kaa 5 pratishat bhee naheen haye; mool steak shilalekhon mein unhein aksar "kaami" (jiska arth "patthar" haye) key roop mein kahaa jaataa haye, iss prakaar kuchh vidvaanon ney "kaamik" (pla. "kamisi") sabhi prakaar key sir key pattharon key liye, jabaki "steakuck" kaa arth kewal seedhe upa-prakaar hoga. kaamik" shabd mool arth key adhik karib haye aur kabhi-kabhi peshevar saahitya mein "steakuck" key bajaay upayog kiya jaataa haye.
statchy kshetra yaa kabristan key lock naam apane aayamon, umr yaa pratinidhitva key liye sammaan aur prashansa dikhaate hainh divsco groblaze (diggajon kaa kabristan), masset (badey patthar), mermory/mermorge (sangamarmar key block), graco groblaze (roodhivaadi kabristan), tursko groblaze (muslim kabristan), courseco groblaze (giaur kaa kabristan).
visheshataaen.
paribhasha.
way vartamaan herzegovina, bosnia aur herzegovina mein kendriya bosnia aur podrinje, aur croatia mein dalmetia, aur montenegro, kosovo aur paschimi serbia, uttar-paschimi bosnia aur croatia (lyca aur slavonia) key kuchh chhote hisson key liye visheshta hain.
statchy koo kshaitij aur urdhvaadhar makbare key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, joe patthar seey banaa haye, ack sapaat yaa gable-topp satah key saath, ack peeth key saath yaa binaa. samanya vargeekaran kii sthaapana 1952 mein dimitrij sargezevsky dwara kii gaee thee, jinhone unhein recumbent stakey aur standing stakey mein vibhajit kiya thaa. statchy kaa pranalikaran vartamaan mein puuraa naheen haye. shfiq baselogic key anusaar, saat mukhya aakar hainh slab, chhaati, peeth key saath chhaati, riz/gable, peeth key saath riz/gable, stambh aur cross; jabaki dubravco lavrenovic key anusaar, mool roop mein nau prakaar hainh slab, peeth key saath slab, chhaati, peeth key saath chhaati, lambi chhaati, peeth key saath lambi chhaati, surcophagus (i.ee. riz/gable), peeth key saath surcophagus, cruciform.
udaaharan key liye, bosnia aur herzegovina mein, unesco key anusaar, "lagbhag 40,000 chhaati, 13,000 slab, 5,500 gable makbare, 2,500 stambh/obelisk, 300 cruciform makbare aur anishchit aakar key lagbhag 300 makbare kii pehchaan kii gaee haye. inmein seey 5,000 seey adhik nakkashidar sajawat vaale bhalu hain.
marian vengel dwara sthaapit kalakram yeh maanata haye kii way plate key sir key pattharon seey vikasit hue hain, joe sabse purana 1220 kaa haye (pahala shayed 12veen shatabdi key madhya mein kabhi banaaya gayaa thaa), smaarak 1360 key aspas kaheen ubhare, joe 1435-1477 key aspas drishya pratinidhitva key saath they, aur kull utpaadan lagbhag 1505 mein samaapt huaa. haalaanki, kuchh loga maanate hain kii yeh 16veen shatabdi key anta taka chalaa, durlabh udaharanon key saath joe 18veen shatabdi taka jaari rahey. chhaati ("sanduc") aur riz/kaathi-chhat ("slazemenzac") key roop mein statchy 14 veen shatabdi key madhya yaa anta seey pahale prakat naheen huaa haye, jabaki shesh dou buniyaadi roop-seedha stambh ("stoop") aur cross ("crusta"/"krijina"), 15 veen shatabdi key madhya seey pahale naheen. baad vaale key mamle mein, seedhe yaa khade roop "nissan" seey prabhaavit hoe sakate hain-muslim (turkey) kabron key oopar seedhe akhand patthar, joe 14 veen shatabdi key anta taka macedonia aur serbia key vijayi hisson mein pahale seey hii ubhare they. yeh roop mukhya roop seey serbia aur purvi bosnia mein paaya jaataa haye.
unake vikas kaa praarambhik charan, jisamen saral recombent plate yaa slab shamil hain, iss kshetra key liye vishisht naheen haye, lekin yeh vyaapak paschim bhoomadhya mool kaa haye, aur iss tarah shabd "steakuck" (chhaati aur riz roop koo ingit kartaa haye) sabhi makbare key roopon key liye bhraamak haye. 14veen aur 15veen shatabdi key paschimi bhoomadhyasagariya duniya mein ack prakaar key dafan key liye slab vishisht they, jisamen balkan mein utpaadan aur alankaran kii ack vishesh vidhi thee, jise patthar key chinai kaushal aur sookshm paryaavaran key anusaar anukoolit kiya gayaa thaa. way shuru mein samanti kuleen varg dwara banaae gaye they joe vyakti kii pratishtha aur shakti kii pushti karna chaahte they, kabhi-kabhi apane hathiyaron key coat seey bhee sajaaya jaataa thaa, jabaki baad mein iss parampara koo anya samajik vargon jaise kii vlatch dwara apanaaya gayaa aur apanaaya gayaa jinhone samajik-aarthik vikas kaa anubhav kiya aur lagbhag vishesh roop seey 15 veen shatabdi key madhya seey unakaa nirmaan kiya.
sajawat.
statchy (384) key ack ansh mein shilalekh hain, jyaadaatar cyrillic mein, kuchh glagolitic aur lattin lipi mein. serb-croatian kii dekhi gaee stokavian bolly mein kuchh pracheen vakyansh hain, joe mukhya roop seey ikavian dwara chihnit hain, jabaki anta mein ikavian-ijekavian yaat reflex dwara. shilalekhon koo motey taur parr inn mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih dhaarmik vakyansh, veertapurna mrityu kaa vivaran, mritak kii jaankaari, mritak key rishtedaron aur mrityu kii paristhitiyon kii jaankaari, kewal ack vyaktigat naam (kabhi-kabhi smith-chhaatr key naam key saath), aur ack naitik (yaa dhaarmik) paath. antim jyaadaatar gyaan aur mrityu darr key nirlajj anusmaarak hain, joe mrityu key bhaya koo, shaanti seey adhik chinta koo prasaarit karate hain.
sabse ullekhaniya visheshta unaki sajawati rupankanon koo motey taur parr chhah samoohon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye joe ack dusare key poorak hainh samajik prateek, dhaarmik prateek, maranoparant collo kii chhaviyaan, murtikala kii chhaviyaan, spasht aabhushan, aur vargeekrit rupankanon (jyaadaatar prateekaatmak, jyaamitiya, yaa kshatigrast). unamen seey kaee aaj taka goodh baney hue hain; sarpil, arcade, guldaste, bell key patte aur angur, lillium, sitaare (aksar chhah-bindu) aur ardhchandra chandrama una chhaviyon mein seey hain joe dikhaai dete hain. murtikala kii chhaviyon mein hiran, ghode, collo nritya, shikaar, veertapurna pratiyogitaon aur sabse prasiddh, shayed nishtha key bhaav mein, daahine haath seey oopar uthaaye gaye vyakti kii chhavi shamil haye.
makbare parr drishya pratinidhitva kii ack shrinkhala koo jeevan key vaastavik drishyon key roop mein saralata seey vyakhya naheen kii jaa sakati haye, aur prateekaatmak spashteekaran abhee bhee chhatravritti dwara maanaa jaataa haye. makbare parr dhaal, aamtaur parr crossbar, ardhchandra aur taare key saath, baahon kaa coat naheen hoe sakata haye, naa hii lillium joe shailibaddh haye, kaa upayog vanshavali key arth mein kiya jaataa haye. ack steak parr bandha huaa shher aur usake oopar pankhon vaalaa ajgar pradarshit kiya jaataa haye. pahale seey hii 1979 mein, itihaaskaar hajijahich ney nott kiya kii ghudsavaar lagaam key saath sawari naheen curr rahey hain, phir bhee (yadi shikaar naheen curr rahey hain) unake haath swatantra hain aur akash kii or ishara curr rahey hain, joe sambhaavit panth key mahatva koo darshaata haye. 1985 mein, maajaa miltic ney steak drishyon key prateekaatmak aur dhaarmik charitra koo nott kiya. sabhi "jeevan drishyon" koo aupchaarik kaa hissa maanaa jaataa haye. kaee vidvaanon ney nishkarsh nikala kii rupankanon key saath-saath ack maranoparant panth kii parampara, romankrit illyrian aur praarambhik slaav parampara key isai dharm key saath mishran koo darshaati haye. alozz benak ney nott kiya kii ack saamp key saath ack ekal ghode key pradarshan, saath hii ack pakshi key saath ack ekal hiran, mritak kii aatma key doosari duniya mein jaane kaa prateek haye, joe pratinidhitva ipads kalakritiyon parr paae jaane vaale logon seey milate julate hain. illyrian devta "medorus" koo ghode parr savaar honey aur bhaala leey jaane key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye.
sabhi jaanvaron mein, hiran sabse adhik pratinidhitva kartaa haye, aur jyaadaatar herzegovina mein statchy parr paaya jaataa haye. dragoslav srejovic key anusaar, isai dharm key prasaar ney puraane panth aur pavitra hiran mein vishvaas key gayab honey kaa kaaran naheen banaa. vengel ney maanaa kii yeh mritak koo adholok mein leey gayaa. itihaaskaar shfiq baselogic ney hiran key pratinidhitva koo sanshleshit kiyaah kabhi-kabhi ack pakshi (aksar peeth yaa seengon parr), cross yaa lillium key saath, aksar hiran yaa doo kii shrinkhala dikhaai jaati haye, saath hii saath dhanush aur teer, kutte aur shikari (oun) key saath bhaala yaa talwar (aksar ghode parr). yeh shikaar key drishyon mein pradarshit kiya jaataa haye, saath hii saath ack aadami key netritva mein kuchh collo julus joe ack hiran kii sawari curr rhaa haye. vahaan aise drishya hain jahan hiran shaant roop seey shikari key paas jaate hain, yaa vishal aakar aur viral seeng vaale hiran. hiran shikaar" key adhikansh chitran paschim kii or hain, jiska mrityu aur doosari duniya key liye prateekaatmak arth thaa. shikaar key kaee drishyon mein, kewal ack mein ack hiran ghayal hotaa haye (steak mein kuchh visangatiyaan hoti hain), joe ack avaastavik arth kaa sanket detaa haye. roman aur parthian-sasanian kalaa mein, shikaar kiye gaye janwar ghaatak roop seey ghayal hotey hain, aur hiran kaee mein seey kewal ack haye, jabaki statchy parr ekmatra shikaar kiya jaane vaalaa janwar haye.
ack hiran key saath "collo" (kull 132 mein) julus key rupankanon aur nritya kii isaki vishisht disha, halanki hamesha aasaani seey pehchaane jaane yogya naheen hoti haye, yeh darshaati haye kii yeh hansmukh nritya kii tulanaa mein ack nashwar nritya haye. ipeds kalash seey laker bosnia aur herzegovina mein vartamaan mahilaaon taka, aur montenegro mein, suryast kii or paschim kii disha mein pashchaataappurna nritya bajaaye jaate hain. purvi bosnia aur herzegovina mein tathaakathit "algeljenovo collo", "zelen" (hiran) key liye "elgeljen" sthaaniya naam key saath, "jelnovo collo" kaa arth haye, uthaaye gaye haath kaa dwaar banaakar nritya kiya jaataa haye aur inn dwaaron kaa ringleader sabhi collo nartakon koo unake madhyam seey kheenchane kii koshish kartaa haye jaba taka kii collo ulajh naa jaae, usake baad, jaba taka kii collo ulajha naa jaae. isaki utpatti shavgrih anushthaan mein hoti haye joe aatma koo doosari duniya mein leey jaataa haye aur jeevan key navikaran kaa arth haye.
vishal kshetriya, lekin durlabh (aamtaur parr kewal ack) kabristan vitaran jyaadaatar kendra mein yaa cross-type stakey ("crisine") kii kuchh ullekhaniya sthiti mein, aur unake lagbhag vishesh roop seey ardhchandra aur sitaaron key aabhushan, vishisht (moortipoojak) dhaarmik sambaddhata key liye kabristan label kaa sanket dey sakate hain. chandrama aur sitaaron (soorya) kaa prateekvaad, joe aksar una parr paaya jaataa haye, moortipoojak aur isai maanyataon key sanyojan seey pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haye, chhah-nukile taare shukra (slavic pauranik kathaaon mein jise danica kahaa jaataa haye) kaa pratinidhitva karate hain aur chandrama key saath "aparthiv vivaah" kaa pratinidhitva curr sakate hain, yaa yahaan taka kii mithraijm bhee jisamen purana majdakwad kaa maanana thaa kii mrit shareer chandrama aur aatmaon koo soorya key paas jaataa haye, jabaki kuchh koo mrit kii mrityu key samay khagoliya nikaayon kii sthiti key saath aparthiv prateekon key beach sambandh maanaa jaataa haye.
nakkashi.
unhein "kovak"/"classer" (smith, messon; lattin "faber", "master" key arth mein) dwara tarasha gayaa thaa, jabaki shilalekh, shayed ack template key roop mein, "dijak"/"pisar" (chhaatr, lekhak) dwara sankalit kiye gaye they. abb taka rajmistri key 33 vyaktigat naam gyaat hain, jinamen seey sabse ullekhaniya gunavatta aur rajmistri aur lekhak donon honey key kaaran haye. unhone boljuni mein chaar statchy aur stolack key paas opplicy mein chaar statchy banaae. sabse ullekhaniya lekhak semored they jinhone stolack key aspas bhee kaam kiya. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii rajmistri ney dalmetia aur ragusa mein shilp kaa adhyayan kiya, aur unase bheetari ilaakon mein.
stakey jyaadaatar vishal khandon seey taraashe gaye they, jyaadaatar choona patthar key. kabristan key liye ack khadaan key aspas kaa sthaan sabse mahatvapurna thaa. kuchh stakey kaa vajan 29 tunn seey adhik thaa, aur aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii unhein ghode yaa bail kii gaadi aur slaze aur sapaat billet key sanyojan key saath sabse bhaari parivahan kiya gayaa thaa. unhein seedhe gaddhe key oopar rakhaa jaataa thaa, aksar paschim-poorv kii mukhya disha mein, isaliye mritak bhee they. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii yeh soorya path seey sambandhit thaa aur yeh mahatvapurna thaa kii mrit loga ugate suraj koo dekhein.
bosnia aur herzegovina mein statchy koo motey taur parr dou patthar key chinai schools herzegovina (arcade, alankarik drishyon, rupankanon key saath sarkofagi) aur purvi bosnian (shallet, pushp uddeshyon key roop mein sarkofagi) parr vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye. pramukh sthiti mein herzegovina key kshetra mein school they, jisamen stolack key aspas kendra, trabinje aur bileka, gaco aur navacinge key kshetra mein they. chauthi karyashala konjik key kshetra mein thee, jabaki paanchvin leistica key aspas thee. paschimi bosnia mein stonemason kendra coupress aur duvno key beach thaa, travenic key aspas kendriya bosnia mein, jabaki purvi bosnia mein chaar karyashalaen theen, ack kladanj, olovo aur ilija key beach, doosara jwornik key aspas, teesara ludmer mein, aur chautha rogetica key aspas.
croatia mein maanaa jaataa haye kii dou kaaryashaalaaen theen, ack cysta velika mein, aur doosara Çepikuque mein. croatia mein setina nadee key aspas key kshetra mein statchy kii sthaaniya visheshta unaki durlabh alankritata haye, jisamen seey kewal 8-10% mein saral sajawat haye. oopari setina key loga chhote hotey hain aur prakaar aur shally key anusaar ghutane aur livno key loga hotey hain, jabaki madhya setina key loga adhik smaarkeeya hotey hain. vishisht plate statchy gaanv key bitelic mein paae gaye they joe samaan jyaamitiya aabhushan seey sajaae gaye hain, joe dalmatia mein naheen paae jaate hain aur naa hii bosnia aur herzegovina mein paae jaate hain, haalaanki aabhushan kii prakriti aur satah upchaar koo sent key church key paas kaee smarakon key saath sambhaavit sambandh maanaa jaataa haye. niki, montenegro mein peater.
montenegro mein nikik key aspas astitva mein hoe sakata thaa, jabaki glycnica aur plajevla nagarpalika mein vaskovo mein. baselogic key anusaar, serbia mein koee vishisht kendra prateet naheen hotey they, phir bhee rajmistri bosnia aur herzegovina seey aae they.
mool.
unake saanskritik-kalaatmak, dhaarmik aur jaatiya sambaddhata parr alag-alag aur abhee bhee anirnaayak siddhant hain. samanya shodh prabandh key anusaar, vishesh roop seey baselogic dwara pratinidhitva kiya gayaa, statchy ack mool bosnian-herzegovina saanskritik-kalaatmak madhyayugeen ghatana haye. milovan gawazi (1978) jaise kuchh vidvaanon ney ack bahut vyaapak sandarbh kii jaanch kii, aur pragaitihasik aur samkaaleen kaal seey kshetra aur eurasia kii mahapashan parampara key saath unake sambandh parr vichaar kiya. kuchh vidvaanon kaa maanana thaa kii "chhaati" kaa roop tateey shaharon key romansk aur gothik gharon seey prerit hoe sakata haye, jabaki "riz" madhyayugeen isai surcophagus yaa sthaaniya bosnian lakadi key ghar seey prerit hoe sakata haye. lavrenovic key sanshleshan key anusaar yeh ack vyaapak paschimi bhoomadhyasagariya mool aur sambaddhata kaa hissa haye. yeh sthaapit kiya gayaa haye kii way mukhya roop seey pahaadi sthaanon seey sambandhit hain joe naee samajik ghatnaaon aur ottoman vyavasaay key kaaran pravaas key kaaran ack samay avadhi mein sunsan hoe gaye they. 
dharm.
19veen shatabdi key madhya seey, vishesh roop seey arther evance dwara 1875 key thesis key baad seey, alekjendar solovieve, costa horman aur chiro truhelka sahit kaee vidvaanon ney shuru mein tark diyaa haye kii way bosnian church kii utpatti seey sambandhit they.ee. bogomils yaa anya dwaitvaadi samooh. anya logon ney daavaa kiya haye kii church kii sthaapana vaastav mein catholic church key franciscan bhikshuon dwara kii gaee thee. haalaanki, benak ney nott kiya kii statchy pahale bulgarian samrajya mein naheen banaae gaye they aur yeh kii madhya bosnia mein jahaan bosnia aur bosnian church key raajya key kendra they, cumm ekagrata haye, saath hii kharaab design key statchy kii sankhya bhee adhik haye, lekin purani tarikh bhee haye. 19veen shatabdi key anta seey raajneetik aur vaichaarik karanon seey stakey aur bogomils key beach vishesh sambandh kaa prachaar kiya gayaa thaa, jaise kii benny kaale aur austro-hangerian adhikaariyon dwara jinhone post-auttoman aur paine-bosnia pehchaan koo badhaava diyaa kyonki 1878 seey yeh kshetra vaigyaanik karanon key bajaay austro-hangerian prashaasan kaa hissa thaa. haalaanki 1899 mein bosnia aur herzegovina key rashtriya sangrahalaya key pahale nideshak costa horman dwara pahale hii iss parr sawal uthaaye jaa chuke they, lagbhag ack shatabdi key liye yeh antarrashtriya itihaslekhan mein ack pramukh siddhant thaa.
20veen shatabdi key madhya seey marian vengel jaise kaee vidwan, joe kabhi madhyayugeen bosnia aur herzegovina kii kalaa aur kalakritiyon parr duniya key pramukh adhikaari they, ney nishkarsh nikala kii steaky makbare catholic, roodhivaadi aur bosnia church key anuyaayiyon key beach ack aam parampara thee. vengel key nishkarsh ney anya itihaskaron key daavon kaa samarthan kiya kii way ack vishesh dhaarmik vishvaas seey sambandhit honey key bajaay ack kshetriya saanskritik ghatana koo darshaate hain. kabhi-kabhi shilalekh/rupankanon seey madhyayugeen bosnia aur zachlumiya mein teen church sangathanon mein seey ack key liye kabristan/mritak kii sambaddhata kaa khulasa hotaa haye. statchy kii yeh antar-sweekaryata unaki sabse ullekhaniya visheshtaon mein seey ack haye, aur madhyayugeen bosnian samudaay key uchch star key isaikaran kaa sanket detee haye. haalaanki, yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii vishesh roop seey isai key roop mein maanaa jaane key liye paryaapt aadhar naheen haye.
isai gottlob wilke ney puraane bhoomadhyasagariya aadhyatmik aur dhaarmik avadhaaranaon mein prateekaatmak rupankanon kii utpatti kii maang kii. kalaatmak abhivyakti mein duro baselor ney dair seey roman kalaa mein kuchh samaantaaen dekhi, jabaki prateekaatmak rupankanon mein teen ghatak; poorv-isai, isai aur manicheyan (i.ee. bogomil). baselogic ney jore dekar kahaa kii jinhone unhein uthaaya aur sajaaya haye, way poori tarah seey isai naheen they kyonki way mritakon key saath sanlagnak lagaane kii purani pratha kaa abhyaas karate they, aur dhatuon, vastron, cheeni mitty aur twacha, sikkon, chaandi kii jhumakon, soney kii chaandi aur thhos soney seey bunny kaee kalakritiyan statchy key neeche kabron mein paaee gaee hain. munh mein sikka rakhane (charon key obol) aur kabron aur siron key paas peene kaa bartan rakhane jaise reeti-rivaaj pracheen samay seey hain. makbare key gaddhon kaa upayog jyaadaatar ack dafanaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, lekin kabhi-kabhi dou aur adhik key liye kiya jaataa thaa. montenegro mein ack steaka shilalekh key aadhar parr, beslagic ney tark diyaa kii punar-dafanaane kii ack poorv-isai pratha thee, jisamen haddiyon koo dhoya jaataa thaa aur gaddhe mein vaapas curr diyaa jaataa thaa.
jaatiya mool.
statchy kii jaatiya pehchaan abhee taka poori tarah seey spasht naheen kii gaee haye. abb taka sabse pramukh, lekin abhee bhee poori tarah seey sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa, siddhant unhein bosnia aur herzegovina mein vlatch samudaayon seey sambandhit kartaa haye. siddhant kii aalochana kaa tark haye kii mool roop mein smaarak bosnia aur herzegovina key liye vishisht naheen they, shuru mein aur baad mein samanti kuleenata dwara banaae gaye they aur kewal antim charanon mein vlatch dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa, vlatch jansankhyikiya sankhya bahut cumm thee, apavitra aur alag-thalag thee, kii madhya yug key anta mein vlatch jyaadaatar jaatiya varg key bajaay ack samajik-peshevar they, aur pauranik prateek "vlatch" moortipoojak vishvaason key bajaay puraane slavic seey sambandhit hain.
baselogic aur anya logon ney unhein bosnian raajya aur vishesh roop seey bogomil key gathan seey sambandhit kiya; haalaanki, iss siddhant kii kamee iss tathya mein haye kii bosnian raajya kaa astitva sambhavatah lock parampara mein parivartan key liye bahut chhota thaa, bosnian church baad mein astitva mein thaa aur stacy kii tulanaa mein jaldi samaapt hoe gayaa, bosnian church kaa prabhaav kshetra unhein tateey aur serbian bhoomi mein samajha naheen sakata thaa, anya bogomil ney unakaa nirmaan naheen kiya, kaee nagar samkaaleen church khandharon key aspas sthit hain aur saath hii kuchh stacy churchon aur masjidon mein dusare sthaan parr antarnihit they, aur yeh kii bogomil cross key prateek kaa sammaan naheen karate they, phir bhee stacy parr yeh bahut aam haye. dheere-dheere ise "dhwast aur tyag diyaa gayaa".
kuchh anya vidvaanon ney avishvasaniya siddhanton kaa prastaav rakhaa; ivo piller (1918) ney vaichaarik roop seey madhyayugeen bosnia kii croatian utpatti kaa tark diyaa, baad mein dominic mandik ney unhein laal croatia key moortipoojak kroton dwara dafanaane key anushthaan kaa hissa maanaa, poorv-scobalz ney isi tarah croatian siddhant kaa tark diyaa. setina key aspas gair-ekmusht kii pehchaan crot key saath kii gaee thee jabaki smaarak key saath migrating vlatch key saath. vaso gluesack ney vaichaarik roop seey bosnian church aur statchy donon key serbian-paaramparik mool kaa tark diyaa, jabaki vladislav scaric ney maanaa kii unhone puraane slavic "shashwat ghar" kaa pratinidhitva kiya haye, aur joe shuru mein lakadi seey banaae gaye they. vladmir chorovic ney bataaya kii "puraane slaavon ney apane apartment banaane key liye monolith yaa patthar key badey blocks kaa upayog naheen kiya haye, kabr key sanketon key liye tou chhodiye. unake lekhan yaa sajawat key liye bhee cumm.
vlutch.
autochthonus" vlatch siddhant bogumil harbak (1956) aur marian vengel (1962) dwara prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, yeh siddhant bahut purana haye aur pahali baar arther evance dwara apane kaam "anticarian research inn iliricum" (1883) mein prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa. konawale key aspas steakuck kabron parr felix wonn luschan key saath shodh karate hue maanaa gayaa kii badee sankhya mein khopadi slavic mool kii naheen thee, lekin puraane "illerian" logon key samaan thee, saath hii yeh bhee nott kiya kii dabrovanic smarakon ney una hisson koo 15 veen shatabdi taka vlatch dwara basey rahane key liye darj kiya. makbare parr shilalekhon key ack adhyayan seey pataa chalaa kii vlatch janjaatiyon (jaise vlahovichi, plicichi, predojevichi, bobani aur drobanzaci) key vyaktiyon koo bhee steakuck kabron key neeche dafnaya gayaa thaa.
harbak pahale vidwan they jinhone aitihaasik dastavejon aur statchy parr durlabh shilalekhon parr ullikhit vyaktiyon key saath unake sambandh koo jodaa. 1953 mein unhone nishkarsh nikala kii stolack key paas boljun necropolis seey smith-stonemeson grubach ney 1477 key baad mein bogowak key stecka kaa nirmaan kiya, aur herzegovina key adhikansh smaarak, naa kewal herzegovina key, balki kewal vlatch key, 15 veen shatabdi key uttaraardh key hoe sakate hain. vengel ney apane ack adhyayan mein solah logon parr shodh kiya, jinamen samaan detting aur aitihaasik roop seey jaane jaane vaale vyakti they. unhone iss sambhavana parr dhyaan diyaa kii shuru mein patthar key smarakon koo 14veen shatabdi key madhya mein samanti kuleen varg dwara pesh kiya jaa sakata thaa, jise parampara koo vlutch janjaatiyon dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa jinhone murtikala sajawat kii shuruat kii thee. ottoman aakraman aur naee samajik paristhitiyon seey sambandhit statchy utpaadan vengel kii samaapti, jisamen vlatch aur islam mein lagbhag slaav key sankraman key parinamswarup adiwasi sangathan aur vishisht jaatiya pehchaan kii visheshtaon kaa nuksan huaa.
simaa chirkovic (1964) aur marco vego (1973) ney tark diyaa kii vlocks key beach stakey kaa udbhav unake samajik-aarthik uday key saath mell khaata haye, jisaki pushti zachlumiya key kshetra mein hui haye, jahaan vlatch parivaar seey sambandhit redimalza kaa sabse prasiddh kabristan sthit haye. vlatch key beach dafanaane key aise mahange tarikon kaa adesh dene kii vittiya sambhaavanaon kaa samarthan aur pushti aitihaasik dastavejon mein kii gaee haye, jisamen setina, ostoza bogovic key vlatch kaa ack udaaharan haye, jinhone 1377 mein 40 libra key liye vlatch priboja papalik koo dafanaane kii laagat kaa bhugtan kiya thaa. usa samay vibhajit dafanaane kii laagat 4-8 libra thee, jabaki 40 libra kii raashi key liye sibenic mein franciscan order key church mein parivarik kabr kharidi jaa sakati thee.
benak ney nishkarsh nikala kii dalmetian zagora key hisson mein daahine setina nadee key kinare kii bhoomi mein stakey kaa vitaran, jabaki nadee key baain bhoomi mein unaki anupasthiti (praarambhik madhya yug key churchon key saath kabristanon key saath), una hisson mein inn makbare key pattharon koo darshaata haye joe vlutch samudaayon key they. seabenic, troggir aur ghutane key beach key trikon key saath-saath verlica aur trilz key aspas, joe vlatch key mukhya kendra they, dalmatia mein sabse adhik sankhya mein statchy hain. 1982 mein, benak ney nott kiya kii unaki sabse adhik sandrata dakshin herzegovina (trabinje, bileka, lubins aur stolack kaa kshetra) mein haye, jahan vlutch aabaadi kii uchch sandrata thee. kuchh statchy shilalekh (maanav-naamon dwara) spasht roop seey unhein kuchh vlatch sardaaron seey sambandhit karate hain; boljun-stolack seey tarah boljunovic, vlahovichi-lubinje seey vukosav vlakovic, redimalza-stolack mein herbraney aur miloradovic, saath hii vlatch samoohon key anya vishisht sadasya jaise bobani, plicisy, predojevichi, drobanzaci aur aise sardar behtareen smarakon seey sambandhit hain.
setina county mein statchy kii ghatana aarthik aur raajneetik shakti koo vaapas karane key liye nelipic kuleen parivaar key prayason seey sambandhit haye, jise 1345 mein hangri key raajaa luis I dwara sinz aur setina county key badale mein jabt curr liya gayaa thaa. way vlatch key samarthan seey falate-phoolate rahey, jinhen seva key liye laabh aur samanya vlatch kaanoon seey puraskrit kiya gayaa thaa. kaee sanghrshon aur antim kuleen nelipic kii mrityu key baad, phir ivan francopan, vlocks ney stagepan vukchik kosaka kaa samarthan kiya. dalmetian prakaar" kaa riz statchy kewal dalmetiya aur dakshin-paschimi bosnia key kshetron mein paaya jaa sakata haye, joe kosaka kuleen parivaar dwara shaasit bhaag hain. apane kshetra key sabse jokhim bharey hisse mein ugravaadi aur suvyavasthit vlatch koo basana, setina mein tallovac balon seey bachaav karna aur polika aur tata mein venis balon seey bachaav karna unake hita mein thaa. iss prakaar dalmetian prakaar kewal kosa rajdhani imotsky key paschim aur dakshin mein paaya jaataa haye, aur baad mein bosnia key patan key baad uttar mein bhee paaya jaataa haye. puraataatvik roop seey, setina county key kuchh madhya ayu key dafanon mein sthaaniya vishishtataaen hain jinake dwara setina county dalmetia key anya hisson seey alag haye. county mein, atirikt patthar vastukala key binaa jameen mein dafan naheen kiye gaye they. kuchh vidvaanon ney iss ghatana koo vishisht jaatiya pehchaan seey sambandhit kiya; haalaanki, abhee bhee abhootpoorv shodh key kaaran, abhee key liye, ise kewal ack kshetriya aur sankeern sthaaniya ghatana maanaa jaataa haye.
1982 mein manavshastriya anusandhaan mein 108 steakuck kabron (13-14 veen shatabdi) key kankalon parr raskar key paas raska goraa seey, saath hii saath livno key paas graborezi seey kuchh, anya mishranon key binaa, swachchh dinaarik manavshastriya prakaar key saath dharavahikon kii ekroopata dikhaai gaee, joe sambhavatah gair-slavic mool kii ack autochthonus vlatch aabaadi kaa sanket detee haye. prakka key paas pavlovak mein kabristan seey 11 kankalon key shodh, joe aksar pavlovic kuleen parivaar key liye jimmedaar hotey hain, mein bhee swachchh dinaarik prakaar dikhaaya gayaa haye, joe vlatch mool kaa sanket detaa haye, halanki aitihaasik srot pavloviki koo vlatch naheen kahate hain. 1991 mein bisco gaanv key paas pathaar poljanis mein statchy key neeche 28 kabron (dinaankit 1440-1450 s) seey 40 kankalon parr maanav vigyaan anusandhaan seey pataa chalaa kii aabaadi kaa adhikansh bhaag sambhavatah autochthonus dinaarik prakaar aur gair-slavic mool seey sambandhit thaa. 21 kankal bachchon key dafanaane key they, jabaki 19 vayask dafanaane vaale 13 kankal purushon key they. statchy key liye khadaan pathaar key uttar-paschimi bhaag mein paaee gaee thee, jisamen ack katak binaa kissy aabhushan key ardh-taiyar kaam key roop mein thaa. haalaanki way illyrian kaal seey hii autochthonus vlack mool kaa tark dete hain, balki yeh slaav key dinaraijeshan aur aatmasaat karane kii prakriya kii nirantarta koo darshaata haye, ack visheshta joe samanya hoe sakati haye aur jaatiya naheen hoe sakati haye. europeeya sangh key anya hisson mein vishesh roop seey ukraine mein bhee denaric nasleeya prakaar aam haye aur kuchh logon dwara ise ack slavic prakaar key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa, isake alawa iss tathya key alawa kii iss tarah kii nasleeya maanav vigyaan shabdawali aur karyapranali aaj vaigyaanik roop seey atyadhik sandigdh sateekta aur prasangikta kii haye. puraataatvik kalaakritiyaan aur bhee adhik anirnaayak hain kyonki way unhein binaa makbare key kabron seey alag naheen karati hain. 2019 aur 2021 mein madhyayugeen steaka puraataatvik necropolises key adhyayanon mein ilijash key paas coposisi aur jajs key paas divisani, chhah namoone vaaee-dna haplogroup aaee2aeye1bee3 aur ack seey aar1aeye key they, joe madhyayugeen aur aadhunik bosnian aur herzegovina kii aabaadi key beach nirantarta darshaate hain. dou sajaae gaye kankal avashesh bosnian kuleen logon mirco redozevic aur unake bete baatik mirkovic kii pehchaan kaa sanket dey sakate hain jinhone bosnian raajaa twartco aaee kii seva kii thee.
viraasat.
unaki ack rahasya yeh haye kii sthaaniya aur videshi madhyayugeen dastavejon mein unakaa ullekh naheen kiya gayaa thaa. franciscan itihas, jisamen turkey kabristan jaisi kaee asamanya cheejen darj kii gaee theen, ney unakaa ullekh naheen kiya. lock parampara ney andhvishvason aur kaalpanik kahaaniyon seey bharee pauranik dhaarana koo sanrakshit kiya. iska tatparya haye kii ottoman kabje key dauran jaatiya pravaas aur dhaarmik dharmaantaran key kaaran teenon jaatiya samoohon key beach aitihaasik smriti kaa asantulan huaa. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii statchy kaa pahala yatra karyakram 1530 seey benedict kuripesic dwara kiya gayaa haye. 1626 mein ivaliya selebi ney unhein kuchh agyaat nayakon key makbare key smaarak key roop mein varnit kiya. 18veen shatabdi key madhya mein unakaa ullekh karane vaale sabse puraane sthaaniya lekhak andriza kaachik miosic hain. alberto fortis ney apane kaam "dalmatia mein yatra" (1774) mein unhein usa samay kii romantic bhavna mein darj kiya jaisa kii setina mein makbare koo diggajon kii yoddha kabron key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. unhone alexander antony sepiha, ammy bow, otto blau, johnn gardner wilkinson aur heinrich sternake kaa bhee dhyaan aakarshit kiya.
19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh seey, statchy koo bosnia aur herzegovina key prateek key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, joe dakshin slavian vaichaarik jaatiya-rashtriya nirmaan mithakon aur swaamitva kii vastu haye, saath hii saath unaki puraataatvik, kalaatmak aur aitihaasik vyakhya parr alag-alag raay haye. yugoslavia aur bosnian yuddh (1992-1995) key tootane seey bosnian, croatian aur serbian raashtravaad kaa punrutthan huaa, jisamen teenon jaatiya samoohon ney unhein vishesh roop seey apani sanskriti key hisse key roop mein upayukt banaane kii koshish kii. virodhabhasi roop seey, bosnia aur herzegovina mein inmein seey koee bhee samooh (bosnia, bosnia key serb aur bosnia key crot), mool roop seey unhein apani saamoohik chetna mein yaad naheen karate hain, jisase way prakriti mein bigad jaate hain yaa maanav laparwahi aur vinash key liye chhod dete hain joe cumm seey cumm sankhya koo aadhaa curr detaa haye. kewal iss drishtikon seey hii pataa chalata haye kii iss tarah kaa viniyog ack vaichaarik nirmaan parr kaise adharit haye. marian vengel key anusaar teen vyaapak jaatiya-rashtriya vaichaarik nirmaanon mein seey ack, vishesh roop seey statchy kii bogomil utpatti key baare mein thesis, 19 veen shatabdi key antim dashak taka kaa haye jaba ise austriya-hangerian naukarshahi dwara aage rakhaa gayaa haye, arthaat hangerian sansad key ack sadasya, janos wonn asboth dwara, bogomil key vanshajon key roop mein bosnia aur herzegovina key muslim nivaasiyon kii utpatti parr samaan thesis key saath sahsambandh mein. itihas key iss tarah key viroopan kii baad mein vengel jaise vidvaanon dwara aalochana kii jaayegi, jinhone kahaa kii iss vishesh udaaharan key madhyam seey austriya-hangerian pradhikaran ney vyaavhaarik roop seey musalmaanon koo ack upahaar key roop mein statchy diyaa, bhoomi parr unake viraasat adhikaaron parr jore diyaa aur yeh ingit kiya kii baad key isai, tulanaatmak roop seey, 'nae loga' they. 1990 key dashak key yuddh key dauran iss siddhant kaa media aur saarvajanik vimarsh mein phir seey punrutthan hoga, jisamen aitihaasik-raajneetik vaidhata kii maang kii jaayegi, jisamen sthaaniya bosnia aur herzegovina kii aabaadi kaa islamikaran naa kewal ottoman kabje key kaaran huaa thaa, balki antarnihit dhaarmik vilakshanta key kaaran bhee huaa thaa, joe kii bogomils mein prateekrit thaa, iss prakaar bogomil aabaadi aur catholic aur roodhivaadi sweekaarokti kii aabaadi key beach jaatiya aur ikbalia antar kii pushti kartaa haye. haalaanki, isane vaigyaanik soch yaa chhatravritti aur bosnia aur herzegovina mein tulanaatmak anusandhaan parr mahatvapurna prabhaav naheen daala, naa hii kaheen aur.
europe mein kabron kii pahali saarvajanik prastuti kaa shreya polish mein janme russie apravasi aur yugoslav rajanyik, alekjendar solovieve (1890-1971) koo diyaa jaataa haye. unhone spasht roop seey peris pradarshani "yugaslavia key logon kii madhyayugeen kalaa" (1950) key saath vivaran mein unake baare mein likhaa thaa. pahali kshetriya saarvajanik prastuti 2008 mein klovichevi dwori gallery mein aayojit kii gaee thee, aur chaar deshon key beach saarvajanik samvaad koo protsaahit karane kaa ack udaaharan thaa. unhone vibhinn kalaa roopon koo prabhaavit kiya haye aur murtikaaron, chitrakaron, kaviyon, film nirmaataon, lekhakon aur photographers key liye ack preranadayak vishay they.
ullekhaniya statchy.
stakey aamtaur parr samoohon mein kendrit hotey hainh kuchh namoonon vaale vyaktigat parivaaron key kabristanon mein, lagbhag 30 seey 50 namoonon vaale poore parivaaron key kabristanon mein, kabhi-kabhi kaee sou namoonon vaale graameen jilon key badey kabristan. parivarik kabristan key udaaharan konjik key paas gaanv key biscup mein sankovik kuleen parivaar dwara, stolack key paas radimalza mein miloradovic-stajepanovic (hrabeni) dwara, sarajevo key paas pavlovic kuleen parivaar dwara aur kakanj key paas donza zagosa mein agyaat parivaar dwara hain. aaj kaee statchy sarajevo mein bosnia aur herzegovina key rashtriya sangrahalaya key bageeche mein bhee pradarshit kiye gaye hain. serbia mein madhyayugeen mermorje kabristan asadharan mahatva key sanskriti key smaarak kaa hissa haye aur isamen badee sankhya mein stecka makbare hain. kuchh anya ullekhaniya yaa adhyayan kiye gaye vyaktigat adhyayanah

