
paramanu rasayan

paramanu rasayan vigyaan rasayan vigyaan kaa upa-kshetra haye joe radiodharmita, paramanu prakriyaon aur parmaanuon key naabhik mein parivartan, jaise paramanu roopaantaran aur paramanu gunon seey sambandhit haye.
yeh radiodharmi tatvon jaise kii actinide, radium aur raydon kaa rasayan vigyaan haye joe upkaranon (jaise paramanu reactor) seey judey rasayan vigyaan key saath milkar paramanu prakriyaon koo karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. isamen satahon kaa ksharan aur samanya aur asamanya sanchaalan (jaise kii ack durghatana key dauran) donon kii sthitiyon key tahat vyavhaar shamil haye. paramanu apashisht bhandaran yaa niptan sthal mein rakhe jaane key baad vastuon aur samagriyon kaa vyavhaar ack mahatvapurna kshetra haye.
isamen jeevit jaanvaron, paudhon aur anya samagriyon key bheetar vikiran key avashoshan key parinamswarup honey vaale rasayanik prabhaavon kaa adhyayan shamil haye. vikiran rasayan vigyaan vikiran jeev vigyaan key adhikansh bhaag koo niyantrit kartaa haye kyonki vikiran kaa aanvik paimaane parr jeevit cheejon parr prabhaav padata haye. ise ack anya tareeke seey samajhaane key liye, vikiran ack jeev key bheetar jaiv rasayanik koo badal detaa haye, jaiv-anuon kaa parivartan phir rasayan vigyaan koo badal detaa haye joe jeev key bheetar hotaa haye; rasayan vigyaan mein yeh parivartan taba ack javic parinam kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. parinamswarup, paramanu rasayan vigyaan chikitsa upchaaron (jaise cancer radiotherapy) kii samajh mein bahut sahaayata kartaa haye aur inn upchaaron koo sudhaarne mein saksham banaata haye.
isamen vibhinn prakriyaon key liye radiodharmi sroton key utpaadan aur upayog kaa adhyayan shamil haye. inmein chikitsa anuprayogon mein radiotherapy shamil haye; udyog, vigyaan aur paryaavaran key bheetar radiodharmi anurekhan kaa upayog, aur polymer jaisi samagri koo sanshodhit karane key liye vikiran kaa upayog.
isamen maanav gatividhi key "gair-vikiransheel" kshetron mein paramanu prakriyaon kaa adhyayan aur upayog bhee shamil haye. udaaharan key liye, paramanu chumbakiya anunaad (aine. aim. aar.) spectroscopy kaa upayog aamtaur parr kritrim carbonic rasayan vigyaan aur bhautik rasayan vigyaan mein aur sthool-aanvik rasayan vigyaan mein sanrachanaatmak vishleshan key liye kiya jaataa haye.
itihas.
1895 mein wilhelm rontgen dwara aiks-ray kii khoj key baad, kaee vaigyaanikon ney aayaneekaran vikiran parr kaam karna shuru curr diyaa. inmein seey ack heinry backrell they, jinhone phosphorescence aur photographic plates key kaale honey key beach sambandh kii jaanch kii. jaba backrell (france mein kaam curr rhaa) ney paaya kii oorjaa key koee baahari srot key binaa, euranium seey utpann kiranen joe photographic plate koo kaalaa (yaa "kohra") curr sakati hain, radiodharmita kii khoj kii gaee thee. mairi skolodoska-curie (peris mein kaam karati) aur unake pati piyare curie ney euranium ayask seey dou nae radiodharmi tatvon koo alag kiya. unhone yeh pahchaanane key liye radiometric vidhiyon kaa upayog kiya kii pratyek rasayanik prithakkaran key baad radiodharmita kiss dhaara mein thee; unhone euranium ayask koo vibhinn rasayanik tatvon mein seey pratyek mein alag curr diyaa joe usa samay gyaat they, aur pratyek ansh kii radiodharmita koo maapa. isake baad unhone inn radiodharmi anshon koo aur alag karane kaa prayaas kiya, taaki ack uchch vishisht gatividhi (dravyamaan dwara vibhajit radiodharmita) key saath ack chhote ansh koo alag kiya jaa sakey. iss tarah, unhone polonium aur radium koo alag kiya. yeh 1901 key aspas dekhaa gayaa thaa kii vikiran kii uchch khuraak manushyon mein chot kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye. heinry backrell ney apani jeb mein radium kaa ack namuna leey jaaya thaa aur isake parinamswarup unhein ack atyadhik sthaaniya khuraak kaa saamana karna padaa jisake parinamswarup vikiran jall gayaa. iss chot key parinamswarup vikiran key javic gunon kii jaanch kii jaa rahee thee, jisake parinamswarup samay key saath chikitsa upchaar kaa vikas huaa.
kanada aur ingland mein kaam karate hue ernest rutherford ney dikhaaya kii radiodharmi kshay koo ack saral sameekaran (ack raikhik pratham degree vyutpann sameekaran, jise abb pratham crum gativigyaan kahaa jaataa haye) dwara varnit kiya jaa sakata haye, jiska arth haye kii diye gaye radiodharmi padaarth mein ack visheshta "ardh-jeevan" (ack srot mein maujood radiodharmita kii matra key liye liya gayaa samay aadhaa cumm honey key liye) haye. unhone alfa, beeta aur gaama kiranon key shabd bhee banaae, unhone nitrogen koo oxygen mein parivartit curr diyaa, aur sabse mahatvapurna roop seey unhone una chhatron kii nigrani kii jinhone geiger-marsden prayog (gold foil prayog) kiya, jisase pataa chalaa kii paramanu kaa 'plum pudding model' galat thaa. jey dwara prastaavit plum pudding model mein. jey. 1904 mein, paramanu electrons key nakaratmak avesh koo santulit karane key liye sakaratmak avesh key 'baadal' seey ghire electrons seey banaa haye. rutherford key liye, swarn panni prayog kaa tatparya thaa kii sakaratmak avesh ack bahut chhote naabhik taka seemit thaa joe pahale rutherford model kii or jaataa thaa, aur antatah paramanu key bohr model taka, jahaan sakaratmak naabhik nakaratmak electrons seey ghiraa hotaa haye.
1934 mein, mairi curie kii betty (irene juliet-curie) aur damad (fredrick juliet-curie) ney kritrim radiodharmita kaa nirmaan kiyaah unhone neutron-garib samasthaanik nitrogen-13 banaane key liye alfa kanon key saath boron parr bambari kii; yeh samasthaanik positron utsarjit kartaa haye. isake alawa, unhone nae radioisotope banaane key liye neutron key saath aluminium aur magnicium parr bambari kii.
1920 key dashak kii shuruat mein otto haan ney shodh kii ack naee shrinkhala banaai. utsarjan vidhi", jise unhone haal hii mein vikasit kiya thaa, aur "utsarjan kshamata" kaa upayog karate hue, unhone samanya rasayanik aur bhautik-rasayanik prashnon key shodh key liye "anuprayukt radiochemistry" key roop mein jaani jaane vaali sthaapana kii. 1936 mein cornell vishvavidyalaya press ney angreji mein (aur baad mein russie mein) "applied radiochemistry" sheershak seey ack pustak prakaashit kii, jisamen 1933 mein newyork key ithaka mein cornell vishvavidyalaya mein visiting professor honey parr haan dwara diye gaye vyakhyan shamil they. iss mahatvapurna prakaashan kaa 1930 aur 1940 key dashak key dauran sanyukt raajya america, united kingdam, france aur soviyat sangh key lagbhag sabhi paramanu rasaayanagyon aur bhautikavidon parr ack badaa prabhaav padaa, jisane aadhunik paramanu rasayan vigyaan kii neenv rakhee.
haan aur liss meitner ney radium, thorium, protectinium aur euranium key radiodharmi samsthaanikon kii khoj kii. unhone radiodharmi punarkathan aur paramanu samroopata kii ghatnaaon kii bhee khoj kii, aur rubedium-strontium detting kaa beedaa uthaaya. 1938 mein, haan, liss meitner aur fritz strassman ney paramanu vikhandan kii khoj kii, jisake liye haan koo 1944 mein rasayan vigyaan key liye nobel puraskar milaa. paramanu vikhandan paramanu reactors aur paramanu hathiyaron kaa aadhar thaa. hanh koo paramanu rasayan vigyaan kaa janak aur paramanu vikhandan kaa janak kahaa jaataa haye.
mukhya kshetra.
radio rasayan vigyaan radiodharmi padarthon kaa rasayan vigyaan haye, jisamen tatvon key radiodharmi samsthaanikon kaa upayog gair-radiodharmi samsthaanikon key gunon aur rasayanik pratikriyaon kaa adhyayan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye (aksar radio rasayan key bheetar radiodharmita kii anupasthiti ack padaarth koo "nishkriya" honey key roop mein varnit karati haye kyonki samasthaanik "sthir" hotey hain).
adhik jaankaari key liye kripaya radiochemistry parr prishth dekhein.
vikiran rasayan vigyaan.
vikiran rasayan vigyaan padaarth parr vikiran key rasayanik prabhaavon kaa adhyayan haye; yeh vikiran rasayan seey bahut alag haye kyonki vikiran dwara rasayanik roop seey badali jaa rahee samagri mein koee radiodharmita maujood naheen honey chaahiye. ack udaaharan paani kaa hydrogen gais aur hydrogen peroxide mein roopaantaran haye. vikiran rasayan vigyaan seey pahale, yeh aamtaur parr maanaa jaataa thaa kii shuddh paani koo nasht naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa.
praarambhik prayog padaarth parr vikiran key prabhaavon koo samajhane parr kendrit they. aiks-ray generator kaa upayog karke, vikiran key javic prabhaavon kaa adhyayan kiya kyonki yeh ack samanya upchaar vikalp aur naidaanik vidhi bunn gaee. frick ney prastaav rakhaa aur baad mein saabit kiya kii aiks-kiranon seey oorjaa paani koo sakriya paani mein badalane mein saksham thee, jisase yeh ghulansheel prajaatiyon key saath pratikriya karane mein saksham thee.
paramanu oorjaa key liye rasayan vigyaan.
radio rasayan, vikiran rasayan aur paramanu rasayanik engineering euranium aur thorium eendhan agradoot sanshleshan key liye bahut mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaate hain, inn tatvon key ayaskon seey shuru hocker, eendhan nirmaan, sheetlak rasayan, eendhan punah prasanskaran, radiodharmi apashisht upchaar aur bhandaran, reactor sanchaalan aur radiodharmi bhoovaigyaanik bhandaran key dauran radiodharmi tatvon key release kii nigrani aadi.
paramanu pratikriyaon kaa adhyayan.
vikhandan aur sanlayan jaisi paramanu pratikriyaon kaa adhyayan karane key liye radiochemistry aur vikiran rasayan vigyaan key sanyojan kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. paramanu vikhandan key liye kuchh praarambhik pramaan berrium key ack alpakaalik radioisotope kaa gathan thaa jise neutron vikiranit euranium seey alag kiya gayaa thaa (139beee, 83 minut key ardh-jeevan aur 140beee key saath, 12.8 dinon key ardh-jeevan key saath, euranium key pramukh vikhandan utpaad hain). usa samay, yeh socha jaataa thaa kii yeh ack nayaa radium isotope thaa, kyonki radium key algaav mein sahaayata key liye berrium sulfate vaahak avakshep kaa upayog karna taba maanak radiochemical abhyaas thaa. haal hii mein, nae 'atee bhaari' tatvon koo banaane kii koshish karane key liye radiochemical vidhiyon aur paramanu bhautiki key sanyojan kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye; yeh socha jaataa haye kii saapeksh sthirata key dweep maujood hain jahaan nucleid kaa aadhaa jeevan varsh kaa hotaa haye, iss prakaar nae tatvon kii vajan yogya matra koo alag karane mein saksham banaata haye. paramanu vikhandan kii mool khoj key adhik vivaran key liye [otto haan] kaa kaam dekhein.
paramanu eendhan chakr.
yeh [[paramanu eendhan chakr]] key kissy bhee hisse seey judaa rasayan haye, jisamen [[paramanu punah prasanskaran]] shamil haye. eendhan chakr mein khanan, ayask prasanskaran aur samvardhan seey laker eendhan utpaadan ("chakr key antim bhaag") taka eendhan utpaadan mein shamil sabhi sanchaalan shamil hain. isamen chakr key "pichhale anta" seey pahale 'inn-pile' vyavhaar (reactor mein eendhan kaa upayog) bhee shamil haye. back aind" mein [[prayukt paramanu eendhan] kaa prabandhan yaa tou [[kharch kiye gaye eendhan pool]] yaa sookhe bhandaran mein shamil haye, isase pahale kii ise ack bhoomigat apashisht bhandar yaa [[paramanu punarsansadhan] mein nipataaya jaae..punah sansaadhit].
samanya aur asamanya sthitiyaan.
paramanu eendhan chakr seey judey paramanu rasayan koo dou mukhya kshetron mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye, ack kshetra ichchit sthitiyon key tahat sanchaalan seey sambandhit haye jabaki doosara kshetra durbhavanapurna sthitiyon seey sambandhit haye jahaan samanya sanchaalan sthitiyon seey kuchh parivartan huaa haye yaa ("adhik durlabh") ack durghatana hoe rahee haye. iss prakriya key binaa, inmein seey koee bhee sach naheen hoga.
punah prasanskaran.
kaanoon.
sanyukt raajya america mein, apashisht bhandar mein rakhane seey pahale ack baar bijli reactor mein eendhan kaa upayog karna samanya haye. vartamaan mein upayog kiye gaye nagrik reactor eendhan koo ack gahare bhandar mein rakhane kii deerghakaalik yojana haye. yeh gair-prasanskaran neeti march 1977 mein shuru kii gaee thee kyonki [[paramanu prasaar] key baare mein chintaaen theen..paramanu hathiyaron kaa prasaar]. rashtrapati [jimmi carter] ney ack [rashtrapati nirdesh] jaari kiya jisane sanyukt raajya mein plutonium key vaanijyik punah prasanskaran aur punarchakran koo anishchit kaal key liye nilambit curr diyaa. yeh nirdesh sambhavatah sanyukt raajya america dwara anya deshon kaa netritva karane kaa ack prayaas thaa, lekin kaee anya rashtra paramanu eendhan kharch karane key liye punah sansaadhit karna jaari rakhate hain. rashtrapati [[vladmir puteen] key adheen russie sarkaar ney ack kaanoon koo nirast curr diyaa jisane upayog kiye gaye paramanu eendhan key ayaat parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa, jisase rusiyon key liye roose key baahar key grahakon key liye ack punah prasanskaran seva kii peshkash karna sambhav hoe jaataa haye ([[bnfl]] dwara dee gaee seva key samaan).
shuddh rasayan.
pasand kii vartamaan vidhi [[shuddh]] [[taral-taral nishkarshan]] prakriya kaa upayog karna haye joe [[nitric acid]] seey euranium aur plutonium donon koo nikaalane key liye ack [[[tributile phosphat]] [[hydrocarbon]] mishran kaa upayog karati haye. yeh nishkarshan [[nitrate]] lavanon kaa haye aur ise [[vilayan]] tantra key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, nitrate madhyam mein ack nishkarshan agent (oun) dwara plutonium kaa nishkarshan nimnalikhit pratikriya seey hotaa haye.
dhaatu key katayan, nitrates aur tributile phosphat key beach ack jatil bandhan banata haye, aur dou nitrate ayanon aur dou triathyl phosphat ligand key saath ack dioxoranium (vi) parisar kaa ack model yaugik [[aiks-ray chrystallography]] dwara visheshta haye.
jaba nitric acid kii sandrata adhik hoti haye tou carbonic charan mein nishkarshan kaa paksh liya jaataa haye, aur jaba nitric acid kii sandrata cumm hoti haye tou nishkarshan ulat jaataa haye (carbonic charan dhaatu kaa "strip" hotaa haye). nitric acid mein prayukt eendhan koo bhang karna samanya haye, aghulansheel padaarth koo hataane key baad atyadhik sakriya sharaab seey euranium aur plutonium nikala jaataa haye. phir ack "madhyam sakriya" sharaab banaane key liye loaded carbonic charan koo vaapas nikaalana samanya haye jisamen jyaadaatar euranium aur plutonium hotey hain jisamen vikhandan utpaadon key kewal chhote nishan hotey hain. iss madhyam sakriya jaleey mishran koo phir seey tributile phosphat/hydrocarbon dwara ack nae carbonic charan key roop mein nikala jaataa haye, phir dhaatu vaale carbonic charan koo dhatuon seey alag curr kewal euranium aur plutonium kaa jaleey mishran banaaya jaataa haye. nishkarshan key dou charanon kaa upayog [[actinide]] utpaad kii shuddhata mein sudhaar key liye kiya jaataa haye, pahale nishkarshan key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale carbonic charan mein vikiran kii bahut adhik khuraak hogi. vikiran tributile phosphat koo diabutyle hydrogen phosphat mein parivartit curr sakata haye. diabutyle hydrogen phosphat actinide aur anya dhatuon jaise [[ruthenium]] donon key liye ack nishkarshan agent key roop mein kaary curr sakata haye. diabutyle hydrogen phosphat pranali koo adhik jatil tareeke seey vyavhaar curr sakata haye kyonki yeh ack [aayan vinimay] tantra dwara dhatuon koo nikaalane kii pravritti rakhta haye (cumm acid sandrata dwara anukool nishkarshan), diabutyle hydrogen phosphat key prabhaav koo cumm karane key liye yeh samanya haye kii upayog kiye gaye carbonic charan koo [sodium carbonate] samadhan key saath dhoya jaataa haye taaki tributile phosphatioloporus key amleeya ksharan utpaadon koo hataaya jaa sakey.
bhavishya mein upayog key liye nae tarikon parr vichaar kiya jaa rhaa haye.
purex prakriya koo ack eurex ("ur" anium "aiks" traction) prakriya banaane key liye sanshodhit kiya jaa sakata haye jiska upayog uchch star key [[paramanu apashisht]] niptan sthalon key ander sthaan bachaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii [[yukka]], euranium koo hataakar joe upayog kiye gaye eendhan key dravyamaan aur matra kaa vishal bahumat banaata haye aur ise [[punah sansaadhit euranium]] key roop mein punarchakrit kartaa haye.
eurex prakriya ack shuddh prakriya haye jise plutonium koo nikaalane seey rokane key liye sanshodhit kiya gayaa haye. yeh pahale dhaatu nishkarshan charan seey pahale ack plutonium reductant jodkar kiya jaa sakata haye. eurex prakriya mein, euranium kaa ~99.9% aur [technitium] kaa> 95 pratishat ack dusare seey aur anya vikhandan utpaadon aur actinide seey alag hoe jaate hain. prakriya key nishkarshan aur scrub anubhagon mein acetohydroxamic acid (aeye. aich. aeye.) kaa jodd mahatvapurna haye. aaha key judane seey plutonium aur [[neptunium]] kii nishkarshan kshamata bahut cumm hoe jaati haye, joe shuddh prakriya key plutonium nishkarshan charan kii tulanaa mein adhik prasaar pratirodh pradaan kartaa haye.
ack doosara nishkarshan agent, octile (phenyl)-"aine", "aine"-debutile carbamyelmethyl phosphine oxide (see. aim. pee. oh) koo [[tributilfasfate]], (tii. bee. pee.) key sanyojan mein jodate hue, purex prakriya koo trooks ("truce" "yuu" "renic" aiks "traction) prakriya mein badala jaa sakata haye, yeh ack aisee prakriya haye jiska aavishkaar yuu. aiss. mein argon rashtriya prayogshala dwara kiya gayaa thaa, aur ise apashisht seey transuranic dhatuon (aeye. aim./seey. mee.) koo hataane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. vichaar yeh haye kii apashisht kii alfa gatividhi koo cumm karke, adhikansh apashisht kaa niptan adhik aasaani seey kiya jaa sakata haye. purex key saath samanya roop seey yeh prakriya ack vilayan tantra dwara sanchaalit hoti haye.
truex key vikalp key roop mein, ack malondiamide kaa upayog karke ack nishkarshan prakriya taiyar kii gaee haye. diamax ("diam" ids "aiks" karshan) prakriya mein carbonic apashisht key gathan seey bachane kaa laabh haye jisamen [[carbon]], [[hydrogen]], [[nitrogen]], aur [[oxygen]] key alawa anya tatva hotey hain. iss tarah key javic apashisht koo amleeya gasses key nirmaan key binaa jalaaya jaa sakata haye joe [[aml varsha] mein yogdan curr sakata haye. diamex prakriya parr europe mein francisi dwara kaam kiya jaa rhaa haye [[commissariate aeye ell 'energi atomic].see. ee. aeye.]. prakriya paryaapt roop seey paripakva haye kii prakriya key maujooda gyaan key saath ack audyogik sanyantra kaa nirmaan kiya jaa sakata haye. purex key saath samanya roop seey yeh prakriya ack vilayan tantra dwara sanchaalit hoti haye.
chayanaatmak actinide nishkarshan (sanex). minor actinides key prabandhan key hisse key roop mein, yeh prastaav diyaa gayaa haye kii [[lanthanides]] aur trivelant minor [[actinides]] koo diamex yaa truex jaisi prakriya dwara purex [[raffinate]] seey hataa diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. americium jaise actinide koo yaa tou audyogik sroton mein punah upayog karane yaa eendhan key roop mein upayog karane kii anumati dene key liye [lanthanides] koo hataa diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. lanthanides mein badey neutron cross section hotey hain aur isaliye way neutron-sanchaalit paramanu pratikriya koo jahar dey denge. aaj taka, sanex prakriya key liye nishkarshan pranali koo paribhaashit naheen kiya gayaa haye, lekin vartamaan mein, kaee alag-alag shodh samooh ack prakriya kii disha mein kaam curr rahey hain. udaaharan key liye, francisi [[commissariate aeye ell 'energy atomic].see. ee. aeye.] ack biss-triginil pyridine (bee. tii. pee.) adharit prakriya parr kaam curr rhaa haye.
kuchh anya shramikon dwara diethiophosphenic acid jaisi anya pranaliyon parr kaam kiya jaa rhaa haye.
yeh "saarvbhaumik" aiks "karshan prakriya haye jise roose aur check ganarajya mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, yeh ack aisee prakriya haye jise upayog kiye gaye [[paramanu eendhan] seey euranium aur plutonium key nishkarshan key baad bache hue raffinate seey sabhi sabse pareshan karane vaale (sr, cs aur [[minor actinides]]] [[radioisotope]] koo hataane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. rasayan vigyaan polly [[ethylene oxide]] (polly [[ethylene glycol]]) aur ack [[cobalt]] [[carboren]] [[aayan] (chlorinated cobalt dicarbolide key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) key saath [[caesium]] aur [[strontium]] kii antahkriya parr adharit haye. actinide koo see. aim. pee. oh. dwara nikala jaataa haye, aur [[diluent]] ack dhruviya [[sugandhit]] haye jaise [[nitrobenzine]]. anya mandak jaise "metaa"-nitrobenzotry [[fluoride]] aur phenyl trifluoromathyl [[sulphone]] kaa bhee sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye.
satahon parr vikhandan utpaadon kaa avashoshan.
paramanu rasayan vigyaan kaa ack anya mahatvapurna kshetra yeh adhyayan haye kii vikhandan utpaad satahon key saath kaise baatchit karate hain; aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii samanya paristhitiyon mein apashisht paatron seey aur durghatana kii sthiti mein bijli reactors seey vikhandan utpaadon key chhodane aur pravaas kii darr koo niyantrit karane key liye. jaise [[chromet aayan].chromet] aur [molybodate], 99tii. see. oh. 4 aayan ispat kii satahon key saath pratikriya karke ack [[jung]] pratirodhi parat banaa sakata haye. iss tarah, yeye dhaatu-auxo aayan [anode] key roop mein kaary karate hain..anodic]] [[jung avarodhak]] s. ispat kii satahon parr 99tco2 kaa gathan ack prabhaav haye joe paramanu apashisht drum aur paramanu upkaran seey 99tc key release koo roque dega joe kitanushodhan seey pahale khou gayaa haye (ee.jee. [[pandubbi]] reactor samudra mein khou gaye). yeh 99tco2 parat ispat kii satah koo nishkriya banaati haye, joe [[anodic]] [[jung]] pratikriya koo rokti haye. technitium kii radiodharmi prakriti lagbhag sabhi sthitiyon mein iss jung sanrakshan koo avyaavhaarik banaati haye. yeh bhee dikhaaya gayaa haye kii 99tco4 aayan sakriya carbon ([[charcoal]]) yaa [[aluminium]] kii satah parr ack parat banaane key liye pratikriya karate hain. pramukh lambe samay taka rahane vaale radioisotope kii ack shrinkhala key jaiv rasayanik gunon kii ack chhoti sameeksha koo online padhaa jaa sakata haye.
paramanu apashisht mein 99tc 99tco4 aayan key alawa anya rasayanik roopon mein maujood hoe sakata haye, inn anya roopon mein alag-alag rasayanik guna hotey hain.
isi tarah, ack gambhir bijli reactor durghatana mein iodene-131 key chhodane koo paramanu sanyantra key bheetar dhaatu kii satahon parr avashoshan dwara mund kiya jaa sakata haye.
shiksha.
paramanu chikitsa key badhate upayog, paramanu oorjaa sanyantron key sambhaavit vistaar aur pichhale dashakon mein utpann paramanu khatron key khilaf suraksha aur paramanu apashisht key prabandhan key baare mein chintaon key bavjood, paramanu aur radiochemistry mein visheshagyata kaa vikalp chunane vaale chhatron kii sankhya mein pichhale kuchh dashakon mein kaafee kamee aaee haye. abb, inn kshetron key kaee visheshagyon key sevaanivritti kii umr key karib aaney key saath, inn mahatvapurna kshetron mein karyabal key antar seey bachane key liye kaarravaai kii aavashyakta haye, udaaharan key liye inn currier mein chhatron kii ruchi kaa nirmaan karke, vishvavidyalayon aur colleges kii shaikshik kshamata kaa vistaar karke, aur adhik vishisht onn-dha-jobb prashikshan pradaan karke.
paramanu aur radiochemistry (aine. aar. see.) jyaadaatar vishvavidyalaya star parr padhaaya jaataa haye, aamtaur parr master-aur phd-degree star parr. europe mein, udyog aur samaaj kii bhavishya kii jarooraton key liye aine. aar. see. shiksha koo susangat banaane aur taiyar karane key liye paryaapt prayaas kiye jaa rahey hain. europeeya paramanu oorjaa samudaay key 7vein dhaanche karyakram dwara samarthit samanvit kaarravaai dwara vitt poshit ack pariyojana mein iss prayaas kaa samanvaya kiya jaa rhaa haye. halanki nukewick mukhya roop seey shikshakon key liye haye, paramanu aur radiochemistry mein ruchi rakhane vaale kissy bhee vyakti kaa swaagat haye aur vaha aine. aar. see. seey sambandhit vishayon koo samajhaane vaali bahut saaree jaankaari aur samagri paa sakata haye.
spinout kshetra.
paramanu rasayan vigyaan aur bhautiki key bheetar pahali baar vikasit kuchh vidhiyaan rasayan vigyaan aur anya bhautik vigyaanon key bheetar itani vyaapak roop seey upayog kii jaane luggy hain kii unhein "samanya" paramanu rasayan vigyaan seey alag maanaa jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, isotope prabhaav kaa upayog rasayanik tantra aur cosmogenic isotope aur [bhoovigyaan] mein lambe samay taka rahane vaale asthir isotope key upayog kii jaanch karane key liye itane vyaapak roop seey kiya jaataa haye kii isotopic rasayan vigyaan key adhikansh bhaag koo paramanu rasayan vigyaan seey alag maanana sabse achchha haye.
gativigyaan (yaantrik rasayan vigyaan key bheetar upayog).
rasayanik pratikriyaon key tantra kii jaanch yeh dekhkar kii jaa sakati haye kii kaise ack pratikriya key gativigyaan koo ack substrate key samasthaanik sanshodhan dwara badala jaataa haye, jise [[gatij samasthaanik prabhaav]] key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh abb [[carbonic rasayan]] mein ack maanak vidhi haye. sankshep mein, ack anu key bheetar samanya hydrogen ([[proton]]) koo [[deuterium]] dwara pratisthaapit karane seey x-h (udaaharan key liye c-h, n-h aur o-h) bandhanon kii [[aanvik compan]] all aavritti cumm hoe jaati haye, jisase compan [[shoonya-bindu oorjaa]] mein kamee aatee haye. yadi darr-nirdhaaran charan mein hydrogen aur dusare paramanu key beach ack bandhan koo todana shamil haye tou yeh pratikriya darr mein kamee kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. iss prakaar, yadi proton key deuterium dwara pratisthaapit honey parr pratikriya darr mein parivartan hoti haye, tou yeh maan lena uchit haye kii hydrogen key saath bandhan kaa tootana usa charan kaa hissa haye joe darr nirdhaarit kartaa haye.
bhoovigyaan, jeev vigyaan aur forensic vigyaan key bheetar upayog kiya jaataa haye.
[[cosmogenic isotope] ack paramanu key naabhik key saath [[cosmick kiranon]] kii antahkriya seey banate hain. inca upayog detting uddeshyon key liye aur praakritik anurekhan key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. isake alawa, sthir samsthaanikon key kuchh anupaaton key saavdhaanipoorvak maap seey goliyon kii utpatti, burf key namoonon kii umr, chattanon kii umr aur ack vyakti key aahar kii pehchaan baalon yaa anya ootak namoone seey kii jaa sakati haye. (adhik vivaran key liye [[isotope bhoo-rasayan]] aur [[isotopic hastakshar]] dekhein.)
jeev vigyaan.
jeevit cheejon key bheetar, samasthaanik label (radiodharmi aur gair-vikiransheel donon) kaa upayog yeh jaanchne key liye kiya jaa sakata haye kii kaise pratikriyaon kaa jatil jaal joe ack jeev key [chayapachaya] koo banaata haye, ack padaarth koo dusare padaarth mein parivartit kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye ack [[haraa paudha]] prakaash [[oorjaa]] kaa upayog paani aur [[carbon dioxide]] koo [[prakaash sanshleshan]] dwara glucose mein parivartit karane key liye kartaa haye. yadi paani mein oxygen koo label kiya jaataa haye, tou label paudhe dwara banaai gaee oxygen gais mein dikhaai detaa haye, naa kii paudhe kii koshikaon key bheetar [chloroplast] mein baney glucose mein.
jaiv rasayanik aur shaaririk prayogon aur chikitsa vidhiyon key liye, kaee vishisht samsthaanikon key mahatvapurna anuprayog hain.
carbonic sanshleshan dwara ack radiodharmi label key saath ack jatil anu banaana sambhav haye joe anu key ack chhote seey kshetra taka seemit hoe sakata haye. 11see jaise alpakaalik samsthaanikon key liye, anu mein radiodharmi samasthaanik key teji seey judane kii anumati dene key liye bahut teji seey kritrim vidhiyaan vikasit kii gaee hain. udaaharan key liye ack [[sookshmadraavak] upkaran mein utprerit [[carbonylation]] pratikriya kaa upayog teji seey amide banaane key liye kiya gayaa haye aur [[positron utsarjan tomography] key liye radiodharmi imaging agent banaane key liye iss vidhi kaa upayog karna sambhav hoe sakata haye..paltu] imaging.
paramanu spectroscopy.
[[paramanu spectroscopy] way vidhiyaan hain joe padaarth mein sthaaniya sanrachana kii jaankaari praapt karane key liye naabhik kaa upayog karati hain. mahatvapurna vidhiyaan hain aine. aim. aar. (neeche dekhein), [[mosbaur spectroscopy]] aur [[vichalit koniya sahsambandh]]. yeye vidhiyaan [[hyperfine sanrachana] kii antahkriya kaa upayog karati hain..naabhik key spin key saath hyperfine kshetra]. kshetra chumbakiya yaa/aur vidyut hoe sakata haye aur paramanu aur usake aspas key padosiyon key electrons dwara banaaya jaataa haye. iss prakaar, yeye vidhiyaan padaarth mein sthaaniya sanrachana kii jaanch karati hain, mukhya roop seey [[sanghanit padaarth]] [[sanghanit padaarth bhautiki]] aur [[thhos avastha rasayan]] mein.
paramanu chumbakiya anunaad (aine. aim. aar.).
[[paramanu chumbakiya anunaad.nmr spectroscopy] anuon kii pehchaan karane key liye oorjaa avashoshan parr ack padaarth mein naabhik key shuddh spin kaa upayog kartaa haye. yeh abb [[kritrim rasayan]] key bheetar ack maanak spectroscopic upkaran bunn gayaa haye. nmr kaa ack pramukh upayog rasayanik bandhan kaa nirdhaaran karna haye..ack carbonic anu key bheetar bandhan]] sampark.
aine. aim. aar. imaging imaging key liye naabhik (aamtaur parr proton) key shuddh spin kaa bhee upayog karati haye. iska vyaapak roop seey chikitsa mein naidaanik uddeshyon key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye, aur yeh kissy vyakti key ander kii vistrit chhaviyaan pradaan curr sakata haye, binaa kissy vikiran koo unake oopar lagaae. ack chikitsa setting mein, aine. aim. aar. koo aksar "chumbakiya anunaad" imaging key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, kyonki 'paramanu' shabd kaa kaee logon key liye nakaratmak arth haye.
aage padhein.
[[vargah paramanu rasayan. ]]
[[vargah rasayan vigyaan]]