
atee mahatvapurna drav nishkarshan

atee mahatvapurna drav nishkarshan (aiss. aff. ee.) ack ghatak (nishkarshak) koo dusare (matricks) seey alag karane kii prakriya haye jisamen atee mahatvapurna taral padaarth koo nikaalane vaale vilaayak key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye. nishkarshan aamtaur parr ack thhos matricks seey hotaa haye, lekin taral padarthon seey bhee hoe sakata haye. aiss. aff. ee. kaa upayog vishleshanatmak uddeshyon key liye ack namuna taiyari charan key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye, yaa badey paimaane parr yaa tou kissy utpaad seey avaanchhit samagri koo hataane key liye (ee.jee. decaffination) yaa vaanchhit utpaad ekatra karein (jaise.jee. aavashyak tail). inn aavashyak telon mein limonin aur anya seedhe vilaayak shamil hoe sakate hain. carbon dioxide (see. oh. 2) sabse adhik upayog kiya jaane vaalaa atee-mahatvapurna drav haye, jise kabhi-kabhi ethanol yaa methanol jaise saha-solvents dwara sanshodhit kiya jaataa haye. atee-mahatvapurna carbon dioxide key liye nishkarshan kii sthiti 31 degree celsius key mahatvapurna tapman aur 74 baar key mahatvapurna dabaav seey oopar haye. parivartakon koo jodane seey isamen thodaa badalaav aaa sakata haye. neeche dee gaee charcha mukhya roop seey see. oh. 2 key saath nishkarshan koo sandarbhit karegi, sivaay isake kii jahaan nirdisht kiya gayaa hoe.
laabh.
chayansheelta.
atee mahatvapurna drav key gunon koo dabaav aur tapman mein badalaav karke badala jaa sakata haye, jisase chayanaatmak nishkarshan kii anumati milati haye. udaaharan key liye, cumm dabaav (100 baar) vaale paudhe seey vashpasheel tail nikaale jaa sakate hain, jabaki taral nishkarshan lipid koo bhee hataa dega. uchch dabaav parr shuddh carbon dioxide kaa upayog karke lipid koo hataaya jaa sakata haye, aur phir vilaayak mein ethanol jodkar phospholipid koo hataaya jaa sakata haye. isi siddhant kaa upayog sharaab key kachare seey alag seey polyphenol aur asantript fatty acid nikaalane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
gati.
nishkarshan ack prasaar-adharit prakriya haye, jisamen vilaayak koo matricks mein failaane kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur nikali gaee samagri koo matricks seey vilaayak mein failaane key liye aavashyak hotaa haye. dravon kii tulanaa mein atee-mahatvapurna taral padarthon mein visaran bahut tej hotey hain, aur isaliye nishkarshan teji seey hoe sakata haye. isake alawa, satah key tanaav kii kamee aur taral padarthon kii tulanaa mein nagany chipchipahat key kaaran, vilaayak taral padarthon key liye durgam matricks mein adhik pravesh curr sakata haye. carbonic taral kaa upayog karke nishkarshan mein kaee ghante lugg sakate hain, jabaki atee mahatvapurna drav nishkarshan 10 seey 60 minut mein puuraa kiya jaa sakata haye.
seemaaen.
uchch dabaav kii aavashyakta paaramparik taral nishkarshan kii tulanaa mein laagat koo badhaati haye, isaliye aiss. aff. ee. kaa upayog kewal vaheen kiya jaayega jahaan mahatvapurna laabh hain. carbon dioxide swayam gair-dhruviya haye, aur isamen kuchh hudd taka seemit vighatan shakti haye, isaliye hamesha apane dumm parr vilaayak key roop mein upayog naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, vishesh roop seey dhruviya vilayakon key liye. parivartakon kaa upayog una samagriyon kii seema koo badhaata haye jinhen nikala jaa sakata haye. ethanol jaise khaadya shreni parivartakon kaa aksar upayog kiya jaa sakata haye, aur nikaale gaye padaarth key sangrah mein bhee madad curr sakata haye, lekin kamare key tapman parr gaisiya vilaayak kaa upayog karane key kuchh laabhon koo cumm curr detaa haye.
prakriya.
pranali mein carbon dioxide key liye ack pump, namoone koo rakhane key liye ack dabaav koshika, pranali mein dabaav banaae rakhane kaa ack saadhan aur ack sangrah pott honah chaahiye. taral koo ack heating zone mein pump kiya jaataa haye, jahan ise atee-mahatvapurna sthitiyon mein germ kiya jaataa haye. isake baad yeh nishkarshan pott mein chalaa jaataa haye, jahaan yeh teji seey thhos matricks mein fail jaataa haye aur nikali jaane vaali samagri koo bhang curr detaa haye. ghulansheel samagri koo nishkarshan koshika seey cumm dabaav parr ack vibhaajak mein bahaaya jaataa haye, aur nikali gaee samagri baahar nickle jaati haye. phir carbon dioxide koo thandaa kiya jaa sakata haye, phir seey sampeedit kiya jaa sakata haye aur punarnaveenikaran kiya jaa sakata haye, yaa vayumandal mein chhoda jaa sakata haye.
pump.
carbon dioxide () koo aamtaur parr taral key roop mein pump kiya jaataa haye, aamtaur parr 5 degree celsius (41 degree fahrenheit) seey neeche aur lagbhag 50 baar kaa dabaav hotaa haye. vilaayak koo ack taral key roop mein pump kiya jaataa haye kyonki yeh taba lagbhag asampeedit hotaa haye; yadi ise ack atee-mahatvapurna taral key roop mein pump kiya jaataa haye, tou pump stroke kaa adhikansh hissa taral padaarth koo sampeedit karane mein "upayog" kiya jaataa haye, naa kii ise pump karane mein. chhote paimaane parr nikaalane key liye (kuchh graam/minut taka), parasparik pump yaa syringe pampon kaa aksar upayog kiya jaataa haye. badey paimaane parr nikaalane key liye, diaphram pump sabse aam hain. pump key sir koo aamtaur parr thandaa karane kii aavashyakta hogi, aur pump mein pravesh karane seey pahale CO2 koo bhee thandaa kiya jaayega.
dabaav jahaajon.
dabaav pott saral nalika seey laker twarit release fitting key saath adhik parishkrit uddeshya seey nirmit jahaajon taka hoe sakate hain. dabaav kii aavashyakta cumm seey cumm 74 baar haye, aur adhikansh nishkarshan 350 baar key tahat kiye jaate hain. haalaanki, kabhi-kabhi uchch dabaav kii aavashyakta hogi, jaise kii vanaspati telon kaa nishkarshan, jahan kabhi-kabhi dou charanon kii poorna visangati key liye 800 baar key dabaav kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
pott koo germ karane key saadhan seey susajjit honah chaahiye. ise chhote bartanon key liye ack ovan key ander rakhaa jaa sakata haye, yaa badey bartanon key liye ack tail yaa bijli seey germ jackett. yadi bartan parr rubber kii muharon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye tou dhyaan rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye, kyonki supercritical carbon dioxide rubber mein ghul sakata haye, jisase soojan hoe sakati haye, aur dabaav cumm honey parr rubber toot jaayega. 
dabaav rakharkhaav.
pranali mein dabaav koo pump seey dabaav pott key madhyam seey banaae rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye. chhoti pranaliyon mein (lagbhag 10 millie/minut taka) ack saral avarodhak kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh yaa tou ack keshika nully hoe sakati haye jisaki lambai mein katauti kii jaa sakati haye, yaa ack suee kaa valve hoe sakata haye jise vibhinn pravaah daron parr dabaav banaae rakhane key liye samaayojit kiya jaa sakata haye. badee pranaliyon mein ack back pressure regulator kaa upayog kiya jaayega, joe ack spring, sampeedit havaa, yaa electronic roop seey sanchaalit valve key madhyam seey regulator key oopar key dabaav koo banaae rakhta haye. joe bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye, usey germ karane kii aapoorti kii jaani chaahiye, kyonki carbon dioxide key adiabetic vistaar key parinamswarup mahatvapurna sheetlan hotaa haye. yadi paani yaa anya nikali gaee samagri namoone mein maujood haye tou yeh samasyagrast haye, kyonki yeh avarodhak yaa valve mein jumm sakata haye aur rukawat paida curr sakata haye.
sangrah.
atee mahatvapurna vilaayak koo nishkarshan pott kii tulanaa mein cumm dabaav parr ack pott mein paarit kiya jaataa haye. atee-mahatvapurna taral padarthon kaa ghanatva aur isaliye vighatan shakti dabaav key saath teji seey bhinn hoti haye, aur isaliye cumm ghanatva vaale CO2 mein ghulansheelata bahut cumm hoti haye, aur samagri sangrah key liye avakshepit hoti haye. dabaav koo cumm karane key liye vaahikaon kii ack shrinkhala kaa upayog karke ghulansheel samagri koo bhinn karna sambhav haye. carbon dioxide koo vayumandaliya dabaav aur vent key liye punarnaveenikaran yaa avasaad kiya jaa sakata haye. vishleshanatmak aiss. aff. ee. key liye, dabaav aamtaur parr vayumandaliya mein gir jaataa haye, aur abb gaisiya carbon dioxide avakshepit ghatakon koo fansaane key liye ack vilaayak key madhyam seey bulbula hoe jaataa haye.
germ aur thandaa.
yeh ack mahatvapurna pahalu haye. taral sthiti banaae rakhane key liye pump karane seey pahale taral koo thandaa kiya jaataa haye, phir dabaav key baad germ kiya jaataa haye. jaise-jaise drav vibhaajak mein failata haye, atyadhik sheetlan koo rokane key liye garmi pradaan kii jaani chaahiye. chhote paimaane parr nishkarshan key liye, jaise kii vishleshanatmak uddeshyon key liye, yeh aamtaur parr nishkarshan koshika vaale ovan key ander nalika kii lambai mein taral padaarth koo pahale seey germ karane key liye paryaapt hotaa haye. avarodhak koo bijli seey germ kiya jaa sakata haye, yaa yahaan taka kii hayer dryer seey bhee germ kiya jaa sakata haye. badee pranaliyon key liye, prakriya key pratyek charan key dauran aavashyak oorjaa kii ganana atee mahatvapurna drav key ushmaagatiki gunon kaa upayog karke kii jaa sakati haye.
aiss. aff. ee. kaa saral model.
aiss. aff. ee. key liye dou aavashyak charan hain, thhos kanon koo satah parr parivahan (prasaar yaa anyatha), aur atee-mahatvapurna drav mein vighatan. anya kaarak, jaise kii aiss. aff. dwara kann mein prasaar aur prativarti release jaise kii ack sakriya sthal seey apghatan kabhi-kabhi mahatvapurna hotey hain, lekin yahaan vistaar seey naheen nipata jaataa haye. chitra 2 ack golakar kann seey nishkarshan key dauran charanon koo darshaata haye jahaan nishkarshan kii shuruat mein poore gole mein ark kaa star barabar hotaa haye (anjir. 2aeye). jaise hii nishkarshan shuru hotaa haye, samagri koo shuru mein gole key kinare seey nikala jaataa haye, aur kendra mein ekagrata aparivartit hoti haye (anjir 2 bee). jaise-jaise nishkarshan aage badhata haye, gole key kendra mein ekagrata gir jaati haye kyonki nishkarshak gole key kinare kii or failata haye (chitra 2see).
prasaar aur vighatan kii saapeksh darein chitra 3 mein dou charam mamalon dwara sachitra hain. chitra 3aeye ack aise mamle koo darshaata haye jahaan vighatan prasaar key saapeksh teji seey hotaa haye. samagri koo kinare seey door leey jaaya jaataa haye, joe kendra seey fail sakata haye, isaliye kinare parr ekagrata shoonya hoe jaati haye. samagri koo satah parr pahunchane key saath hii teji seey leey jaaya jaataa haye, aur nishkarshan poori tarah seey seemit haye. yahaan nishkarshan kii darr koo prasaar darr koo badhaakar badhaaya jaa sakata haye, udaaharan key liye tapman koo badhaana, lekin vilaayak key pravaah darr koo badhaakar naheen. chitra 3bee ack aise mamle koo darshaata haye jahan ghulansheelata prasaar key saapeksh cumm haye. ark vilaayak dwara leey jaae jaane kii tulanaa mein teji seey kinare taka failaane mein saksham haye, aur ekagrata profile sapaat haye. iss mamle mein, vighatan kii darr koo badhaakar nishkarshan darr koo badhaaya jaa sakata haye, udaaharan key liye vilaayak kii pravaah darr koo badhaakar. 
samay key mukabale% punarpraapti key nishkarshan vakr kaa upayog nishkarshan key prakaar koo spasht karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. chitra 4 (aeye) ack vishisht prasaar niyantrit vakr dikhaata haye. nishkarshan shuru mein teji seey hotaa haye, jaba taka kii satah parr ekagrata shoonya taka naheen gir jaati haye, aur phir darr bahut dheemi hoe jaati haye. nishkarshit% antatah 100% taka pahunchata haye. chitra 4 (bee) ack ghulansheelata seemit nishkarshan key liye ack vakr dikhaata haye. nishkarshan darr lagbhag sthir haye, aur kewal nishkarshan key anta kii or sapaat hoe jaati haye. chitra 4 (see) ack vakr koo darshaata haye jahan mahatvapurna matricks prabhaav hotey hain, jahan matricks key saath kissy prakaar kii prativarti baatchit hoti haye, jaise kii ack sakriya site seey desorption. punarpraapti sapaat hoe jaati haye, aur yadi 100% moolya gyaat naheen haye, tou yeh kahana mushkil haye kii nishkarshan poorna seey cumm haye.
anukoolan.
ishtatam nishkarshan key uddeshya parr nirbhar karega. ack vishleshanatmak nishkarshan key liye, maan leejiye, ack bahulak kii antioxidant samagri nirdhaarit karane key liye, phir aavashyak kaarak cumm seey cumm samay mein poorna nishkarshan hain. halanki, ack sanyantra seey ack aavashyak tail key ark key utpaadan key liye, taba upayog kiye jaane vaale carbon dioxide kii matra ack mahatvapurna laagat hogi, aur "poorna" nishkarshan kii aavashyakta naheen hogi, shayed 70-80% kii upaj aarthik laabh pradaan karane key liye paryaapt hogi. ack anya mamle mein, chayanaatmaktaa adhik mahatvapurna hoe sakati haye, aur yadi yeh adhik bhedbhaav pradaan kartaa haye tou nishkarshan kii cumm darr behtar hogi. isaliye, kuchh tippaniyan kii jaa sakati hain joe saarvbhaumik roop seey lagu hoti hain. haalaanki, kuchh samanya siddhanton koo neeche rekhaankit kiya gayaa haye.
prasaar koo adhikatam karna.
yeh tapman koo badhaakar, matricks koo soojan dekar yaa kann key aakar koo cumm karke praapt kiya jaa sakata haye. kabhi-kabhi vilaayak kaa dabaav badhaakar aur vilaayak mein parivartak jodkar matricks soojan koo badhaaya jaa sakata haye. kuchh polymer aur elastomers vishesh roop seey carbon dioxide dwara naatakiya roop seey phool jaate hain, kuchh mamalon mein prasaar koo parimaan key kaee kramon seey badhaaya jaataa haye.
ghulansheelata koo adhikatam karna.
aam taur parr, uchch dabaav ghulansheelata koo badhaayega. tapman kaa prabhaav cumm nishchit haye, kyonki mahatvapurna bindu key karib, tapman mein vriddhi ghanatva mein kamee kaa kaaran banati haye, aur isaliye shakti bhang hoe jaati haye. mahatvapurna dabaav seey oopar key dabaav mein, ghulansheelata tapman key saath badhane kii sambhavana haye. methanol aur ethanol jaise parivartakon key nimn star (kabhi-kabhi praveshkarta kahaa jaataa haye) key atirikt, vishesh roop seey adhik dhruviya yaugikon kii ghulansheelata mein bhee ullekhaniya vriddhi hoe sakati haye.
pravaah darr koo anukoolit karna.
atee mahatvapurna carbon dioxide key pravaah darr koo aayatan key bajaay dravyamaan pravaah key sandarbh mein maapa jaanaa chaahiye kyonki pump haid mein pravesh karane seey pahale aur sampeedan key dauran donon tapman key anusaar parivartanon kaa ghanatva. iss tarah key pravaah kii pushti praapt karane key liye coriolis pravaah meater kaa sabse achchha upayog kiya jaataa haye. nishkarshan kii darr koo adhikatam karane key liye, pravaah darr poori tarah seey prasaar seemit honey key liye paryaapt uchch honey chaahiye (lekin yeh vilaayak kaa bahut vyarth hoga). haalaanki, upayog kiye gaye vilaayak kii matra koo cumm karane key liye, nishkarshan poori tarah seey ghulansheelata seemit honah chaahiye (jisamen bahut lamba samay lagega). isaliye samay aur vilaayak laagat key pratispardhi karakon key aadhar parr pravaah darr nirdhaarit kii jaani chaahiye, aur pampon, ooshmaa vinimayakon aur ooshmaa vinimayakon kii poonji laagat bhee nirdhaarit kii jaani chaahiye. ishtatam pravaah darr shayed usa kshetra mein kaheen hogi jahan ghulansheelata aur prasaar donon mahatvapurna kaarak hain.

