
aadhar-nirdhaaran santripti anupaat

aadhar-nirdhaaran santripti anupaat (bee. see. aiss. aar.) mitty pareekshan parinamon kii vyakhya karane kii ack vidhi haye jiska vyaapak roop seey tikaau krishi mein upayog kiya jaataa haye, joe rashtriya tikaau krishi soochana seva (aakarshak) dwara samarthit haye aur duniya bhar mein duss laakh ekad (4,000 varg kilometres) seey adhik krishi bhoomi parr safaltapurvak upayog honey kaa daavaa kiya jaataa haye. adhikansh vishvavidyalaya prayogshalaon dwara upayog kii jaane vaali paaramparik vidhi koo vibhinn roop seey 'paryaptata star', upalabdh poshak tatvon (slan) key paryaptata star yaa soochkaank (yuke) pranali key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. paryaptata star pranali kewal paudhon mein upalabdh poshak tatvon key star koo ack achchi tarah seey adhyayan kii gaee seema key bheetar rakhane seey sambandhit haye, yeh sunishchit karate hue kii naa tou koee kamee haye aur naa hii koee adhikta. bee. see. aiss. aar. pranali mein, mitty key katayan koo vibhinn anupaaton key anusaar santulit kiya jaataa haye, jise aksar 'aadarsh' yaa 'santulit' mitty dene key roop mein kahaa jaataa haye. yeye anupaat alag-alag cashions key beach hoe sakate hain, jaise kii calcium aur magnicium kaa anupaat, yaa unhein mitty kii cashion vinimay kshamata (see. ee. see.) key pratishat santripti key roop mein vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye. adhikansh 'aadarsh mitty' siddhant donon drishtikonon parr jore dete hain. (yeh bhee dekhein-cashion vinimay kshamata)
sakhti seey kahein tou, 'aadhar' catayan calcium, magnicium, potasium aur sodium taka seemit hain, aur yeye praathamik poshak tatva hain joe bee. see. aiss. aar. vidhiyon key santulan seey sabse adhik sambandhit hain. halanki, 'aadarsh mitty' siddhanton key kaee samarthak aayan phosphorus, sulfur aur chlorine key saath-saath kaee chhote aur trace tatvon koo santulit karane key mahatva parr bhee jore dete hain. paaramparik slan pranali aam taur parr chhote aur trace tatvon key liye pareekshan naheen karati haye jaba taka kii kamee yaa vishaaktata kaa sandeh karane key liye paryaapt kaaran naa hoe.
bee. see. aiss. aar. key samarthakon kaa tark haye kii halanki unaki vidhi slan kii tulanaa mein adhik thoke upaj kaa utpaadan naheen karati haye, lekin unake tarikon kaa upayog karke mitty santulit honey seey adhik paudhe, pashu aur maanav swaasthya hotaa haye, saath hii mitty kii javic gatividhi aur tila, vayu aur namee pratidhaaran key bhautik gunon mein vriddhi hoti haye. vartamaan mein inn daavon kaa samarthan karane key liye koee saarvajanik roop seey upalabdh shodh yaa pareekshan detta naheen haye, lekin bee. see. aiss. aar. pranaliyon kaa upayog javic kheton mein kaafee vyaapak roop seey kiya jaataa haye aur kisaanon aur bagwanon seey kaee sakaratmak pramaan internet parr aur vaikalpik krishi saahitya mein paae jaa sakate hain. adhikansh paristhitiyon mein bee. see. aiss. aar. pranaliyon kaa paalan karane seey nakaratmak prabhaav naheen padegaa. kisaanon key liye mukhya chinta kewal mitty sanshodhanon koo lagu karane kaa anaavashyak kharch haye, joe fasal vaastav mein upayog curr sakati haye.
bee. see. aiss. aar. vidhiyon kaa itihas.
19veen shatabdi mein thomas way aur johnn bennet lodge ney rothamstead praayogik station mein catayan vinimay siddhant kii khoj kii thee. 1892 mein auskar low ney dekhaa kii calcium aur magnicium donon paudhon key liye vishaakt hoe sakate hain jaba ack kii adhikta aur dusare kii kamee hoti haye, iss prakaar yeh sujhaav diyaa jaataa haye kii ack ishtatam see. aeye.: aim. jee. anupaat hoe sakata haye. 1901 auskar low aur dee.doubleu. aage pareekshan kiya jaa sakata haye aur 5 seey 4 key aadarsh seeyeh milligram anupaat kaa sujhaav diyaa jaa sakata haye, halanki kaee prajaatiyon key liye anupaat kii ack vistrit shrinkhala mein adhikatam vriddhi praapt kii gaee thee. 1916 mein lipman ney usa bindu taka key saahitya kii sameeksha kii aur nishkarsh nikala kii kuchh shodhkartaon ney kuchh prajaatiyon key liye 'ishtatam' seeyeh milligram anupaat kii pehchaan kii haye, lekin iss baat kaa koee saboot naheen thaa kii seeyeh milligram anupaat ney vikas koo prabhaavit kiya.
baad mein, 1933 mein, moser ney saahitya kii sameeksha kii aur apane swayam key prayog kiye, lipman key roop mein usee nishkarsh parr pahunche kii see. aeye.: aim. jee. anupaat key liye koee saboot naheen thaa joe upaj koo prabhaavit kartaa thaa. unhone paaya kii uchch magnicium mitty mein, cumm paidawar asantulan key bajaay calcium kii kamee key kaaran hoti haye. iska matlab thaa kii limming seey upaj badhegi, lekin kewal usa bindu taka jahaan kamee koo thheek kiya gayaa thaa.
1930 key dashak key anta seey, misauri vishvavidyalaya mein mitty vibhaag key adhyaksh villium albrecht ney misauri krishi prayog kendra mein raashan anupaat aur fully key vikas kii jaanch shuru kii. albrecht pashu poshan kii jaanch curr rhaa thaa, yeh dekhate hue kii kuchh charagah achche swaasthya key liye anukool prateet hotey hain, aur kissy samay vaha iss nishkarsh parr pahunche kii mitty mein catayan kaa aadarsh santulan "aich, 10 pratishat; caa, 60 seey 75 pratishat; milligram, 10 seey 20 pratishat; key, 2 seey 5 pratishat; naa, 0.5 seey 5 pratishat; aur anya catayan, 5 pratishat" thaa. apani mrityu parr unhone apane kagjat apane dost charles walters key liye chhod diye, jinhone patrika ekrusa kii sthaapana karke vichaaron koo badhaava diyaa, joe aadarsh mitty andolan key kendra mein banaa huaa haye.
jabaki albrecht ack atyadhik sammaanit mitty vaigyaanik they, unhone mitty key ph koo chhoot dete hue kahaa kii "paudhe mitty key ack vishesh ph moolya key prati samvedansheel yaa seemit naheen hain."isake bajaay, unakaa maanana thaa kii mitty koo seemit karane key laabh paudhe key liye upalabdh atirikt calcium seey hotey hain, naa kii ph mein vriddhi seey. isake vipareet bahut saare sabooton key bavjood, yeh vishvaas aaj taka anuyaayiyon dwara kayam rakhaa gayaa haye. bee. see. aiss. aar. mein praarambhik shodh kii tarah jahaan mitty pee. aich. niyantrit naheen thee, bee. see. aiss. aar. key samarthan mein albrecht key shodh seey thhos nishkarsh nikaalana mushkil haye.
lagbhag usee samay jaba albrecht misauri, aff mein kaam curr rhaa thaa.ee. naee jersey mein bhalu iss baat kii jaanch curr rhaa thaa kii kyaa urvarak laagat koo cumm karane key liye alfalfa paudhon mein potasium key atirikt sevan koo seemit karane key liye calcium sanshodhanon kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. inn adhyayanon seey unhone 1945 mein rajkumar aur malcum key saath ack bulletin jaari kiya jisamen asthaayi roop seey ack 'aadarsh mitty' anupaat kaa prastaav diyaa gayaa thaa, jahaan vinimay yogya catayan kaa anupaat 65 pratishat caa, 10 pratishat milligram, 5 pratishat key aur 20 pratishat aich thaa. unhone 1948 mein aage key prayogon key saath apani parikalpana kii pushti kii (tooth key saath prakaashit).
1959 ee. mein.aar. graham ney sahan key anupaat mein ack sanshodhan kaa sujhaav diyaa jahaan calcium see. ee. see. key 65 pratishat aur 85 pratishat key beach hoe sakata haye. vibhinn mitty kaa vishleshan karane aur katayan key anupaat aur mitty kii utpaadaktaa key beach ack sahsambandh koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue bhalu aur graham donon inn nishkarshon parr pahunche. halanki iss prakaar kii katauti koo aam taur parr aadhunik vigyaan dwara adhik niyantrit vatavaran mein pareekshan key paksh mein chhod diyaa jaataa haye, ise krishi vigyaan aur paaristhitiki mein ack vaidh vidhi maanaa jaataa haye jahaan praakritik paryaavaran kii jatilata cumm karane vaali takneekon koo cumm upayogi banaati haye. haalaanki, naa tou bhalu aur naa hii graham ney anupaaton koo badalkar aur prabhaavon kaa adhyayan karke apane siddhanton kaa pareekshan kiya haye.
1981 mein, becker aur amature ney aadarsh anupaat koo 60-80% ca, 10-20% mg, 2-5% k key roop mein punarparibhashit kiya. ack dashak baad neel kinsey ney charles walters key saath ack pustak likhi jise "hands onn agronomy" kahaa jaataa haye jisamen unhone aadarsh anupaat koo 60-70% ca, 10-20% mg, 3-5% k, 1% Na, 10-15 h, 2-4% anya catayan key roop mein paribhaashit kiya. kinsey kii pustak bee. see. aiss. aar. pranali parr sabse vyaapak roop seey gyaat aur prabhaavshaali kaary bunn gaee haye.
2008-2011 mein kiye gaye kuchh adhyayanon seey BCSR kii prabhavkarita key baare mein sandeh paida hotaa haye.
bee. see. aiss. aar. aur paudhe kii upaj.
lekin, baad mein ack prayog mein 'aadarsh mitty' anupaat kii jaanch karane key liye unhone pahale bhalu key saath kaam kiya thaa, iss nishkarsh parr pahunche kii jaba taka calcium pramukh catayan thaa, koee vishisht catayan anupaat ney ladino clover kii behtar upaj kaa utpaadan naheen kiya. aadarsh' seema seey kaheen adhik, 40 pratishat key roop mein uchch milligram aur key key key saath bhee, upaj mein koee antar praapt naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
isi tarah key nishkarsh taba seey anya adhyayanon dwara nikaale gaye hain joe upaj aur catayan anupaat key beach koee sambandh naheen dikhaate hain, joe calcium pradaan kartaa haye joe magnicium kii tulanaa mein adhik prachur matra mein haye.
 halanki jaanch ney jyaadaatar calcium anupaat kii jaanch kii haye, adhyayanon mein potasium aur magnicium anupaat koo dekhate hue bhee upaj mein koee antar naheen dikhaaya gayaa haye, basharte kii koee kamee yaa adhikta naa hoe. vaastav mein, aisaa lagata haye kii bhalu aur saha-shramikon key parikshanon key pahale key sakaratmak parinam seedhe mitty key ph key kaaran hoe sakate hain.
bee. see. aiss. aar. aur poshan gunavatta.
shayed bee. see. aiss. aar. (aur samanya roop seey javic kheti) kaa sabse vivadaspad pahalu chikitsakon key iss vishvaas seey sambandhit haye kii sahee dhang seey santulit mitty seey adhik paushtik upaj hogi. halanki kuchh adhyayanon ney pichhali aadhi sadee mein falon aur sabjiyon kii khanij samagri mein kamee dikhaai haye, yeh vivaad mein haye aur kaaran anishchit hain. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii upaj, ekroopata, keat pratirodh, upasthiti aur swaad parr shelf jeevan (poshan gunavatta kaa ack achchha sanketak) key liye nasl kii sankar kismein mitty key bajaay dosh mein hoe sakati hain. mitty kii sanrachana key alawa, sinchai aur soorya key prakaash key sampark jaise anya karakon koo bhee siddhaantit kiya gayaa haye, lekin abb taka koee nishkarsh naheen nikala jaa sakata haye.
villium albrecht ney pahali baar yeh siddhant diyaa kii 'asantulit' mitty parr ugaai jaane vaali fasalen cumm poshan moolya kii hoti hain, joe maveshiyon koo charaane kii aadton key adhyayan parr adharit hoti hain-vishesh roop seey gobar key dhabbon parr ugane vaali hurry ghaas seey bachane parr dhyaan dete hue. ack adhyayan joe unhone jee key saath kiya thaa.ee. smith koo bee. see. aiss. aar. siddhant key prastavakon dwara uddhrit kiya gayaa haye, lekin vibhinn karanon seey isaki aalochana kii gaee haye, jiska mukhya kaaran yeh haye kii mitty kaa ph niyantrit naheen thaa, kyonki albrecht koo ph mahatvapurna naheen lagata thaa. iss prakaar, fully key jadon key jodd mein vriddhi (aur baad mein upaj mein vriddhi) joe vaha calcium key star seey judaa huaa thaa, sambhavatah ph mein vriddhi key kaaran thaa, joe molybdenum koo mukt karane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye, joe jadon key jodd key liye aavashyak ack sookshm poshak tatva haye. faliyaan charaane vaale jaanvaron mein protein kaa ack mahatvapurna srot hain, isaliye, anya adhyayan joe calcium anuprayogon seey laker charagahon taka maveshiyon key swaasthya mein vriddhi koo darshaate hain, way ph mein vriddhi aur faliyon kii aabaadi mein baad mein vriddhi key kaaran honey kii sambhavana haye.
vaikalpik krishi saahitya mein isake prasaar key liye ack aur ullekhaniya adhyayan yeh haye kii 1948 mein bhalu aur sabhi ney sanyukt raajya mein vibhinn mitty kii ack shrinkhala parr falon aur sabjiyon kii khanij sanrachana kii jaanch kii. vaastav mein, yeh purana adhyayan mitty key gunon aur fasal key poshan moolya kii tulanaa karane vaale saahitya kii kamee key kaaran itna prachalit haye. adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii mitty kii sanrachana fasalon kii khanij samagri koo prabhaavit karati haye, lekin badee sankhya mein agyaat charr key kaaran thhos nishkarsh nikaalana mushkil haye.
poshan parr keshan anupaat key prabhaav kaa pareekshan karane key liye vishesh roop seey nirdhaarit kiye gaye adhik halia adhyayan cumm utsaahjanak hain. maark sconeback dwara kiye gaye teen saal key kshetra adhyayan mein, jise 'shuru mein javic utpaadan mein albrecht sootra koo maanya karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa', vibhinn vargeekaran anupaaton kii mitty parr ugaai jaane vaali sabjiyon key brics (aadarsh mitty samudaay mein kaee logon dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale poshan gunavatta kaa ack vivadaspad soochkaank) mein koee bhinnata naheen dikhaai dee. haalaanki, sconeback ney detta mein seemaon koo sweekaar kiya aur aage key adhyayan key liye kahaa. isake alawa, 2005 mein, stevens aur anya."kapas kii gunavatta aur see. aeye.: aim. jee. anupaat key beach koee sambandh naheen paaya gayaa, aur 1996 mein callings aur anya."alfalfa kii gunavatta aur upaj key sambandh mein ack hii nishkarsh parr aaya.
bee. see. aiss. aar. aur mitty key bhautik guna.
bhaari mitty kii mitty koo lambe samay seey unaki sanrachana mein sudhaar key liye upayog kiya jaataa rhaa haye, lekin bee. see. aiss. aar. chikitsakon kaa daavaa haye kii aisaa karane kaa kaaran ph mein vriddhi key bajaay see. aeye.: aim. jee. anupaat mein vriddhi haye. haalaanki, adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii mitty kii sanrachana koo seeyeh milligram anupaat kii ack vistrit shrinkhala mein banaae rakhaa jaataa haye jaba ph koo samaan rakhaa jaataa haye. sconback key farm parikshanon mein paaya gayaa kii milligram santripti mein kamee kaa sampeedan, namee kii matra, ghuspaith kii darr yaa mitty kii taakat parr koee prabhaav naheen padaa. vaastav mein unhone paaya kii albrecht sootra key anusaar dou mitty sabse 'asantulit' theen, joe sabse achchi bhautik sanrachana vaali dou mitty theen. doosari or madhya-paschim sanyukt raajya kii mitty key ack adhyayan ney nishkarsh nikala kii uchch milligram "madhya-paschimi mitty mein satah sealing aur ksharan mein vriddhi kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye."
bee. see. aiss. aar. aur mrida jeev vigyaan.
bee. see. aiss. aar. key anuyaayiyon ney daavaa kiya haye kii santulit mitty mitty kii javic gatividhi koo badhaati haye aur kharpatwar key vikas aur keeton key hamale koo cumm karati haye. kharpatwaron aur keeton kii kamee kaa seedha kaaran mitty kii javic gatividhi mein vriddhi aur baad mein fasal key swaasthya koo maanaa jaa sakata haye, isaliye vichaar karane key liye ekmatra kaarak yeh haye kii kyaa bee. see. aiss. aar. seedhe mitty key sookshm jeevon kii vividhata aur gatividhi koo badhaa sakata haye.
jabaki kuchh bacteria koo charam paristhitiyon mein seedhe kachche tatvon kaa chayapachaya karate hue dekhaa gayaa haye, aur micorrhisal kavak koo chattan seey khanij nikaalane key liye paaya gayaa haye, mitty key adhikansh jeev vishesh roop seey carbonic padarthon parr rahate hain. isaliye, mitty mein khanij santulan mein kissy bhee parivartan seey mitty key jeevon kii aabaadi koo prabhaavit karane kii sambhavana naheen haye, joe ph mein parivartan seey apekshit prabhaavon seey parey haye.
adhyayanon ney iska samarthan kiya haye-sconeback ney dikhaaya kii milligram santripti mein kamee kaa mitty key carbonic padaarth, javic gatividhi, kharpatwar key vikas yaa bimari kii ghatnaaon parr koee pataa lagaane yogya prabhaav naheen padaa. calling ney nishkarsh nikala kii see. aeye.: aim. jee. anupaat kaa kenchuon kii aabaadi yaa kharpatwar key vikas parr koee mahatvapurna prabhaav naheen padaa.
sconeback ney nishkarsh nikala kii "aaj taka key nishkarsh sabhi mitty key ishtatam aadhar santripti anupaat key liye ack sootra key anuprayog kaa samarthan naheen karate hain."
abhyaas mein bee. see. aiss. aar..
duniya bhar mein apani mitty koo santulit karane key liye kissy prakaar key bee. see. aiss. aar. siddhant kaa upayog karate hue duss laakh ekad (4,000 varg kii. mee.) seey adhik krishi bhoomi honey kaa daavaa kiya jaataa haye, aur kisaanon key sakshya ise ack vyaavhaarik vidhi key roop mein samarthan karate hain. haalaanki, bee. see. aiss. aar. kaa upayog lagbhag hamesha tikaau krishi mein parivartan karane vaale kisaanon dwara kiya jaataa haye, isaliye mitty mein sudhaar key anya tarikon (jaise kii cover fasalen, cumm jutai aur javic padarthon koo jodana) kaa ack saath upayog karane seey bee. see. aiss. aar. vidhi key prabhaavon koo alag karna mushkil hoe jaataa haye. kaee bee. see. aiss. aar. vyavsaayiyon ney iss baat parr jore diyaa kii jaba yeh pranali kheti key liye 'samagr' drishtikon seey alag hoe jaati haye tou yeh kaam naheen curr sakati. haalaanki yeh jaanch koo jatil banaata haye, lekin yeh drishtikon koo amaanya naheen kartaa haye, kyonki tikaau krishi key kaee anya pahalu kewal ack dusare key saath milkar kaam karate hain. udaaharan key liye, ekikrit keat prabandhan key liye polyculture, cover fasalon, keetnashakon mein kamee aur yahaan taka kii krishi vaniki key upayog kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur inn sabhi cheejon koo nazarandaj karane parr isaki prabhavsheelta bahut cumm hoe jaayegi.
satat krishi anusandhaan aur shiksha (sare) sangathan dwara praayojit 3-varsheeya kshetra pareekshan key 2001 key parinam pratyek vidhi mein visheshagyata rakhane vaali prayogshalaon kii sifaarishon kaa upayog karke kisaanon dwara kiye gaye bee. see. aiss. aar. banaam slan kii tulanaa mein ekmatra paksh hain. adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii ausatan urvarak kii laagat prati varsh 9.27 dollar prati ekad adhik thee, jisamen bee. see. aiss. aar. vidhi kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen koee adhik upaj naheen thee. unhone nishkarsh nikala kii javic utpaadon key liye moolya premium mein kaarak honey parr bhee bee. see. aiss. aar. vidhi adhik laabhdaayak naheen hogi. unhone yeh bhee sweekaar kiya kii bee. see. aiss. aar. pranaliyon key 'ishtatam' staron koo praapt karane key liye iss tarah key urvarak mein dashakon lugg sakate hain. ack anya adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii bee. see. aiss. aar. kii laagat paaramparik nishechan kii tulanaa mein doguni haye.
yeh bhee chinta jataai gaee haye kii cumm see. ee. see. mitty parr bee. see. aiss. aar. vidhiyon koo lagu karane seey khanij kii kamee hoe sakati haye kyonki nyuntam star koo aim. ee. kyu./100 graam mitty key roop mein paribhaashit naheen kiya gayaa haye. isaliye, bahut cumm see. ee. see. mitty mein ack nishchit tatva kii matra-halanki dusaron key sahee anupaat mein-fasal kii jarooraton key liye bahut cumm hoe sakati haye. ack anya chinta yeh haye kii caco3 aur caso4 key anuprayog see. ee. see. key atiaakalan kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain. inn chintaon key alawa, aam sahamati yeh haye kii bee. see. aiss. aar. kaa upayog karane vaale kisaanon key liye kewal nakaratmak prabhaav anaavashyak kharch hoga joe anya tikaau krishi prathaon parr behtar kharch kiya jaa sakata thaa, jinake laabhon kaa achchi tarah seey adhyayan kiya gayaa haye.
nishkarsh nikaalate hain.
bee. see. aiss. aar. key paksh mein adhikansh shodh koo ph. mein parivartanon dwara paryaapt roop seey samajhaaya jaa sakata haye. seemit mitty sookshmajeev gatividhi, mitty kii sanrachana, nitrogen sthirikaran aur chaare kii swaadishtata mein sudhaar key liye jaani jaati haye. iska upayog see. aeye. aur aim. jee. kii kamee koo thheek karane, poshak tatvon kii upalabdhata koo badalane aur manganese aur aluminium vishaaktata koo cumm karane key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye joe fasal key vikas koo roque sakate hain. jabaki bee. see. aiss. aar. parr adharit urvarak kii sifaarishon kaa niji mitty pareekshan prayogshalaon dwara vyaapak upayog jaari haye, santulan parr sakshya bataate hain kii fasal kii upaj yaa gunavatta key liye koee laabh naheen haye. koee bhee kathit parivartan kamiyon key sudhaar (joe slan vidhi dwara uthaaya gayaa hoga) yaa tikaau krishi mein sankraman karate samay sanyojan mein upayog kii jaane vaali anya laabhkaari mitty prathaon key parinam key kaaran honey kii sambhavana haye.
albrecht vidhi parr apane 2001 key adhyayan mein, sconeback ney kahaa kii "100 seey adhik prakaashit adhyayanon kii sameeksha aur kaee mitty salaahkaaron key saath baatchit seey iss baat key pramaan mille hain kii uchit catayan santulan swabhavik roop seey site vishisht haye. adhikansh mitty koo swasth aur utpaadak honey key liye spasht roop seey albrecht sootra key anuroop honey kii aavashyakta naheen haye."

