
proton-vinimay jhilli

ack proton-vinimay jhilli, yaa bahulak-electrolyte jhilli (pee. aim.), ack ardhpargamya jhilli haye joe aam taur parr ionmers seey bunny hoti haye aur ack electronic avaahak aur pratikriyaasheel baadha key roop mein kaary karate hue proton kaa sanchaalan karane key liye design kii jaati haye.jee. oxygen aur hydrogen gais. yeh unakaa aavashyak kaary haye jaba ack proton-vinimay jhilli eendhan koshika yaa ack proton-vinimay jhilli electrolyzer kii jhilli electrode assembly (aim. ee. aeye.) mein shamil kiya jaataa haih jhilli key madhyam seey ack seedhe electronic maarg koo avaruddh karate hue pratikriyashilon kaa prithakkaran aur proton kaa parivahan.
pames koo yaa tou shuddh bahulak jhilli seey yaa mishrit jhilli seey banaaya jaa sakata haye, jahaan anya samagri ack bahulak matricks mein antarnihit hoti haye. sabse aam aur vyaavsaayik roop seey upalabdh pee. aim. samagri mein seey ack fluoropolymer (pee. aff. aiss. aeye.) nephian haye, joe ack dupont utpaad haye. jabaki nephian ack ayanamitra haye jisamen teflon kii tarah ack perfluorinated reedh hoti haye, proton-vinimay jhilli key liye ionmers banaane key liye kaee anya sanrachanaatmak rupankanon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. kaee loga polyaeromatic polymer kaa upayog karate hain, jabaki anya aanshik roop seey florinyukt polymer kaa upayog karate hain.
proton-vinimay jhilli mukhya roop seey proton chaalakta (σ), methanol pargamyata ("p") aur taapiya sthirata dwara visheshta haye.
paim eendhan koshikaaen ack thhos bahulak jhilli (ack patali plastic film) kaa upayog karati hain joe paani seey santript honey parr proton key liye pargamya hoti haye, lekin yeh electrons kaa sanchaalan naheen karati haye.
itihas.
praarambhik proton-vinimay jhilli praudyogiki 1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein samanya vidyut company key liye kaam karane vaale rasaayanagya leonard nidrach aur thomas grub dwara vikasit kii gaee thee. nassa key pariyojana jemini antariksh udaan karyakram mein upayog key liye inn jhilli key adhyayan aur vikas key liye mahatvapurna sarkari sansaadhan samarpit they. kaee takniki samasyaon key kaaran nassa ney cumm kshamata vaale lekin jemini mission 1-4 key liye adhik vishvasaniya vikalp key roop mein baitariyon key paksh mein proton-exchange jhilli eendhan koshikaon key upayog koo tyag diyaa. baad key sabhi jemini missions mein samanya bijli key paim eendhan koshika kii ack behtar peedhi kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, lekin baad key apolo missions key liye chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. florinyukt ionmeyer nephian, joe aaj sabse vyaapak roop seey upayog kii jaane vaali proton-vinimay jhilli samagri haye, koo dupont plastic rasaayanagya walther grot dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. grot ney ack vidyut rasayanik vibhaajak jhilli key roop mein apani upayogita kaa bhee pradarshan kiya.
2014 mein, manchester vishvavidyalaya key andrey zim ney graphene aur boron nitride key paramanu key motey monolear parr praarambhik parinam prakaashit kiye, joe kewal proton koo samagri seey gujarane kii anumati dete hain, jisase way ack paim samagri key roop mein florinyukt ionmers key liye ack sambhaavit pratisthaapan bunn jaate hain.
eendhan cell.
anya prakaar kii eendhan koshikaon jaise kii thhos oxide eendhan koshikaon (aiss. oh. aff. see.) kii tulanaa mein pee. aim. aff. see. key kuchh faayade hain. pamphs cumm tapman parr kaam karate hain, halke aur adhik saghan hotey hain, joe unhein kaaron jaise anuprayogon key liye aadarsh banaate hain.
haalaanki, kuchh nuksan hainh sophes kii tarah saha-utpaadan key liye ~ 80 degree celsius operating tapman bahut cumm haye, aur pamphs key liye electrolyte paani-santript honah chaahiye. halanki, toyota mirai sahit kuchh eendhan-koshika kaaren, aardrak key binaa kaam karati hain, jhilli key jalsanchayan koo banaae rakhane key liye teji seey paani utpaadan aur patali jhilli key madhyam seey back-prasaar kii uchch darr parr bharosa karati hain, saath hii utprerak paraton mein ayanam. 
uchch tapman vaale pamphs 100 degree celsius aur 200 degree celsius key beach kaam karate hain, joe sambhaavit roop seey electrode kinetics aur garmi prabandhan mein laabh pradaan karate hain, aur eendhan ashuddhiyon key liye behtar sahishnuta, vishesh roop seey sudhaar mein saha. inn sudhaaron seey sambhaavit roop seey samagr pranali kii uchch kshamata hoe sakati haye. haalaanki, inn laabhon koo abhee taka mahsoos naheen kiya gayaa haye, kyonki swarn-maanak perfluorinated sulphonic acid (pee. aff. aiss. aeye.) jhilli 100 degree celsius aur usase adhik parr teji seey kaary khou detee haye yadi jalsanchayan ~100% seey neeche gir jaataa haye, aur iss tapman seema mein rengna shuru hoe jaataa haye, jisake parinamswarup sthaaniyakrit patali hoe jaati haye aur samagr roop seey pranali kaa jivankal cumm hoe jaataa haye. parinamswarup, upayukt pames key vikas key liye nae nirjal proton conductor, jaise kii protic carbonic ionic plastic chrystal (poips) aur protic ionic taral padarthon kaa sakriya roop seey adhyayan kiya jaataa haye.
pee. aim. aff. see. key liye eendhan hydrogen haye, aur charge vaahak hydrogen aayan (proton) haye. anode mein, hydrogen anu hydrogen ayanon (proton) aur electrons mein vibhajit hotaa haye. hydrogen aayan electrolyte key paar cathode mein pravesh karate hain, jabaki electron ack baahari paripath key madhyam seey pravaahit hotey hain aur vidyut shakti kaa utpaadan karate hain. oxygen, aamtaur parr havaa key roop mein, cathode koo aapoorti kii jaati haye aur paani kaa utpaadan karane key liye electrons aur hydrogen ayanon key saath sanyojan karati haye. electrode parr pratikriyaaen iss prakaar hainh
saiddhaantik ushmiya kshamata kull milakar + 1.23 v haye.
anuprayog.
proton-vinimay jhilli kaa praathamik anuprayog paim eendhan koshikaon mein hotaa haye. inn eendhan koshikaon mein aerospace, motor vaahan aur oorjaa udyogon sahit vibhinn prakaar key vaanijyik aur sainya anuprayog hain.
praarambhik paim eendhan cell anuprayog aerospace udyog key bheetar kendrit they. baitariyon kii tulanaa mein eendhan koshikaon kii usa samay kii uchch kshamata ney unhein aadarsh banaa diyaa kyonki nassa kii pariyojana jemini ney pahale kii tulanaa mein adhik samay taka chalane vaale antariksh missions koo lakshit karna shuru curr diyaa thaa.
motor vaahan udyog key saath-saath vyaktigat aur saarvajanik bijli utpaadan aaj proton-vinimay jhilli eendhan koshikaon key liye sabse badey bajar hain. paim eendhan koshikaaen apane apekshaakrit cumm parichaalan tapman aur cumm-freezing sthitiyon mein bhee jaldi seey shuru karane kii unaki kshamata key kaaran motor vaahan anuprayogon mein lokpriya hain. march 2019 taka sanyukt raajya america mein sadak parr 6,558 eendhan cell vaahan they, jisamen toyota mirai sabse lokpriya model thaa. california 43 key saath hydrogen eendhan bharane vaale stations mein sanyukt raajya america kaa netritva kartaa haye, jisamen california oorjaa aayog key paas 2023 taka coverage kaa vistaar karane key liye prati varsh $20 million kii pahunch haye. paim eendhan koshikaon ney bhaari machinary key anya roopon mein bhee safal karyanvayan dekhaa haye, jisamen ballard power system praudyogiki key aadhar parr forklift kii aapoorti karate hain. motor vaahan paim praudyogiki kaa saamana karane vaali praathamik chunauti hydrogen kaa surakshit aur kushal bhandaran haye, joe vartamaan mein uchch anusandhaan gatividhi kaa ack kshetra haye.
bahulak electrolyte jhilli electrolysis ack takneek haye jisake dwara proton-vinimay jhilli kaa upayog paani koo hydrogen aur oxygen gais mein vighatit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. proton-vinimay jhilli oxygen seey utpaadit hydrogen koo alag karane kii anumati detee haye, jisase kissy bhee utpaad kaa aavashyakta key anusaar dohan kiya jaa sakata haye. iss prakriya kaa upayog humm aur shaahi nausena kii pandubbiyon jaise jahaajon mein jeevan-samarthan pranaliyon key liye hydrogen eendhan aur oxygen utpann karane key liye vibhinn prakaar seey kiya gayaa haye. ack halia udaaharan cubec mein 20 megawatt air liquid paim electrolyzer sanyantra kaa nirmaan haye. ozon key audyogik utpaadan key liye isi tarah key paim-adharit upkaran upalabdh hain.