
nucleophilic asyl pratisthaapan

nucleophilic asyl pratisthaapan nucleophile aur asyl yaugikon seey judee pratisthaapan pratikriyaon key ack varg kaa varnan kartaa haye. iss prakaar kii pratikriya mein, ack nucleophile-jaise kii alcohol, amine, yaa annolet-ack asyl vyutpann key chhodane vaale samooh koo visthaapit kartaa haye-jaise kii acid halloid, enhydride, yaa ester. parinami utpaad ack carbonyl yukt yaugik haye jisamen nucleophile ney mool asyl vyutpann mein maujood chhodane vaale samooh kii jagah leey lii haye. kyonki asyl vyutpann nucleophile kii ack vistrit vividhata key saath pratikriya karate hain, aur kyonki utpaad vishesh prakaar key asyl vyutpann aur nucleophile shamil hoe sakate hain, nucleophilic asyl pratisthaapan pratikriyaon kaa upayog vibhinn utpaadon key sanshleshan key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
pratikriya tantra.
carbonyl yaugik ack atirikt tantra key madhyam seey nucleophile key saath pratikriya karate hainh nucleophile carbonyl carbon parr hamla kartaa haye, jisase ack tetrahedral madhyavarti banata haye. iss pratikriya koo amleeya sthitiyon dwara tej kiya jaa sakata haye, joe carbonyl koo adhik electrophilic yaa buniyaadi sthitiyon mein badal detee haye, joe adhik ionic aur isaliye adhik pratikriyaasheel nucleophile pradaan karati haye. pratikriya key ph key aadhar parr chatushkoniya madhyavarti swayam ack alcohol yaa alcoxide hoe sakata haye.
ack asyl yaugik key chatushkoniya madhyavarti mein kendriya carbon seey judaa ack pratisthaapan hotaa haye joe ack chhodane vaale samooh key roop mein kaary curr sakata haye. chatushkoniya madhyavarti roopon key baad, yeh gir jaataa haye, carbonyl see = oh bandhan koo phir seey banaata haye aur ack unmoolan pratikriya mein chhodane vaale samooh koo baahar nikaalata haye. iss dou-charaniya jodd/unmoolan prakriya key parinamswarup, nucleophile carbonyl yaugik parr chhodane vaale samooh kii jagah ack madhyavarti avastha key madhyam seey letaa haye jisamen carbonyl naheen hotaa haye. donon charan prativarti hain aur parinamswarup, nucleophilic asyl pratisthaapan pratikriyaen santulan prakriyaaen hain. kyonki santulan sabse achche nucleophile vaale utpaad kaa paksh legaa, isaliye pratikriya koo vyaavhaarik banaane key liye chhodane vaalaa samooh tulanaatmak roop seey kharaab nucleophile honah chaahiye.
amleeya sthitiyaan.
amleeya sthitiyon mein, asyl yaugik 1 kaa carbonyl samooh protonated hotaa haye, joe ise nucleophilic hamale kii or sakriya kartaa haye. dusare charan mein, protonyukt carbonyl 2 parr ack nucleophile (aich-jaid) dwara hamla kiya jaataa haye taaki tetrahedral madhyavarti 3 mill sakey. nucleophile (jaid) seey chhodane vaale samooh (aiks) mein proton hastaantaran 4 detaa haye, joe phir protonated chhodane vaale samooh (aich-aiks) koo baahar nikaalane key liye gir jaataa haye, jisase protonated carbonyl yaugik 5 milata haye. ack proton key nuksan seey pratisthaapan utpaad milata haye, 6. kyonki antim charan mein ack proton kaa nuksan hotaa haye, nucleophilic asil pratisthaapan pratikriyaon koo acid mein utprerak maanaa jaataa haye. yeh bhee dhyaan dein kii amleeya sthitiyon mein, ack nucleophile aamtaur parr apane protonated roop mein maujood hoga (i.ee. z-) key bajaay h-z.
buniyaadi shartein.
buniyaadi sthitiyon mein, ack nucleophile (aine. yuu. see.) asyl yaugik 1 key carbonyl samooh parr hamla kartaa haye aur tetrahedral alcoxide madhyavarti 2 detaa haye. madhyavarti gir jaataa haye aur pratisthaapan utpaad 3 dene key liye chhodane vaale samooh (aiks) koo baahar nikaal detaa haye. jabaki nucleophilic asyl pratisthaapan pratikriyaen aadhar-utprerit hoe sakati hain, pratikriya taba naheen hogi jaba chhodane vaalaa samooh nucleophile (i.ee. chhodane vaale samooh mein nucleophile kii tulanaa mein adhik pee "key" aeye honah chaahiye). acid-utprerit prakriyaon key vipareet, nucleophile aur chhodane vaalaa samooh donon buniyaadi sthitiyon mein ayanon key roop mein maujood hain.
yeh tantra samasthaanik labeling prayogon dwara samarthit haye. jaba oxygen-18-label vaale ethoxy samooh key saath ethyl propionate koo sodium hydroxide (naoh) key saath upchaarit kiya jaataa haye, tou oxygen-18 label propionic acid seey poori tarah seey anupasthit hotaa haye aur vishesh roop seey ethanol mein paaya jaataa haye.
pratikriyashilta key rujhaan.
asyl vyutpann key paanch mukhya prakaar hain. acid halides nucleophile key prati sabse adhik pratikriyaasheel hotey hain, isake baad enhydride, ester aur amide hotey hain. carboxylate aayan anivarya roop seey nucleophilic pratisthaapan key prati aprabhaavi hotey hain, kyonki unakaa koee chhodane vaalaa samooh naheen hotaa haye. yaugikon key inn paanch vargon kii pratikriyashilta ack vyaapak seema koo cover karati haye; acid chloride aur amide kii saapeksh pratikriya darr 1013 key kaarak seey bhinn hoti haye.
asyl vyutpannon kii pratikriyashilta nirdhaarit karane mein ack pramukh kaarak samooh kshamata koo chhodana haye, joe amlata seey sambandhit haye. kamjor kshaar majboot kshaaron kii tulanaa mein behtar samooh chhodate hain; ack majboot sanyugma aml (ee.jee. hydrochloric acid) ack kamjor sanyugma acid (ee.jee. acetic acid). iss prakaar, chloride aayan acetate aayan kii tulanaa mein ack behtar chhodane vaalaa samooh haye. jaise-jaise talika seey pataa chalata haye kii chhodane vaale samooh kii kshaariyata badhati haye, nucleophile key prati asyl yaugikon kii pratikriyashilta cumm hoe jaati haye.
 asyl yaugikon kii pratikriyashilta nirdhaarit karane mein bhoomika nibhaane vaalaa ack anya kaarak anunaad haye. amide dou mukhya anunaad roop pradarshit karate hain. donon samagr sanrachana mein pramukh yogadankarta hain, itna kii carbonyl carbon aur amide nitrogen key beach amide bandhan mein mahatvapurna dohare bandhan kaa charitra haye. ack amide bandhan key baare mein ghoornan key liye oorjaa baadha 75-85 kj/mol (18-20 kcal/mol) haye, joe samanya ekal bandhan key liye dekhe gaye moolyon seey bahut badee haye. udaaharan key liye, ethane mein see-see bandhan mein kewal 12 key. jey./moll (3 key. see. ell./moll) kii oorjaa baadha hoti haye. ack baar jaba ack nucleophile hamla kartaa haye aur ack tetrahedral madhyavarti banata haye, tou urjaavaan roop seey anukool anunaad prabhaav khou jaataa haye. yeh yeh samajhaane mein madad kartaa haye kii amide sabse cumm pratikriyaasheel asyl vyutpannon mein seey ack kyon hain.
ester amide kii tulanaa mein cumm anunaad sthirikaran pradarshit karate hain, isaliye ack tetrahedral madhyavarti kaa gathan aur baad mein anunaad kaa nuksan urjaavaan roop seey pratikool naheen haye. enhydride aur bhee kamjor anunaad sthirikaran kaa anubhav karate hain, kyonki anunaad dou carbonyl samoohon key beach vibhajit hotaa haye, aur ester aur amide kii tulanaa mein adhik pratikriyaasheel hotaa haye. acid halides mein, bahut cumm anunaad hotaa haye, isaliye ack tetrahedral madhyavarti banaane key liye urjaavaan dund chhota hotaa haye. yeh yeh samajhaane mein madad kartaa haye kii acid halides sabse adhik pratikriyaasheel asyl vyutpann kyon hain.
asyl vyutpannon kii pratikriyaaen.
kaee nucleophilic asyl pratisthaapan pratikriyaon mein ack asyl vyutpann koo dusare mein parivartit karna shamil haye. samanya taur parr, asyl vyutpannon key beach roopaantaran koo vyaavhaarik honey key liye apekshaakrit pratikriyaasheel yaugik seey cumm pratikriyaasheel yaugik mein aage badhana chaahiye; ack acid chloride koo aasaani seey ester mein parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin ack ester koo seedhe acid chloride mein parivartit karna anivarya roop seey asambhav haye. asyl vyutpannon key beach parivartit karate samay, utpaad hamesha praarambhik yaugik kii tulanaa mein adhik sthir rahega.
nucleophilic asyl pratisthaapan pratikriyaaen jinamen asyl vyutpannon key beach antar-roopaantaran shamil naheen haye, bhee sambhav hain. udaaharan key liye, amide aur carboxylic acid keaton kaa utpaadan karane key liye grignard abhikarmakon key saath pratikriya karate hain. pratyek prakaar key asyl vyutpann bhaag leey sakate hain, una pratikriyaon kaa ack avalokan yahaan prastut kiya gayaa haye.
acid halides.
acid halloid sabse adhik pratikriyaasheel asyl vyutpann hain, aur aasaani seey kissy bhee anya mein parivartit kiye jaa sakate hain. acid halides carboxylic acid key saath pratikriya karke enhydride banaayega. yadi aml aur aml chloride kii sanrachana alag haye, tou utpaad ack mishrit enhydride haye. sabse pahale, carboxylic acid acid chloride parr hamla kartaa haye (1) tetrahedral madhyavarti 2 dene key liye. tetrahedral madhyavarti dhaha jaataa haye, chloride aayan koo chhodane vaale samooh key roop mein baahar nikaalata haye aur oxonium prajaati banaata haye 3. deprotonation mishrit enhydride, 4, aur hcl key barabar detaa haye.
alcohol aur amine acid halloid key saath pratikriya karate hain aur kramshah ester aur amide kaa utpaadan karate hain, ack pratikriya mein jise aupchaarik roop seey scotton-bauman pratikriya key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. carboxylic acid kaa utpaadan karane key liye acid halloid paani kii upasthiti mein hydrolyse hotey hain, lekin iss prakaar kii pratikriya shayed hii kabhi upayogi hoti haye, kyonki carboxylic acid kaa upayog aamtaur parr acid halloid koo sanshleshit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. acid halides key saath adhikansh pratikriyaaen gair-nucleophilic kshaar kii upasthiti mein kii jaati hain, jaise kii pyridine, ack upotpaad key roop mein baney hydrohelic acid koo beasar karane key liye.
acid halloid carbon nucleophile key saath pratikriya karenge, jaise kii grignard aur annolates, halanki utpaadon key mishran key parinamswarup hoe sakata haye. jabaki ack carbon nucleophile keaton kaa utpaadan karane key liye pahale acid halloid key saath pratikriya karega, keaton nucleophilic hamale key liye bhee atisamvedansheel haye, aur ise ack tritiyak alcohol mein parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, jaba benzoyal chloride (1) koo ack grignard abhikarmak key dou samkakshon key saath upchaarit kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii methyl magnicium bromide (aim. ee. aim. jee. bee. aar.), tou 2-phenyl-2-propanol (3) utkrisht upaj mein praapt hotaa haye. halanki acetophenone (2) iss pratikriya mein ack madhyavarti haye, lekin ise alag karna asambhav haye kyonki yeh banane key baad teji seey membr key dusare samkaksh key saath pratikriya kartaa haye.
 adhikansh anya carbon nucleophile key vipareet, lithium dialkilkupret-jinhen aksar gillman abhikarmak kahaa jaataa haye-keaton dene key liye acid halloid mein sirf ack baar jodd sakate hain. ack acid halloid aur ack gillman abhikarmak key beach pratikriya ack nucleophilic asyl pratisthaapan pratikriya naheen haye, halanki, aur ack mool path key madhyam seey aage badhane key liye socha jaataa haye. weinreb keaton sanshleshan kaa upayog acid halloid koo keaton mein badalane key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. iss pratikriya mein, acid halloid koo pahale aine-methoxy-aine-methylamide mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye, jise weinreb amide key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. jaba ack carbon nucleophile-jaise kii ack grignard yaa organolithium abhikarmak-ack weinreb amide mein juda jaataa haye, tou dhaatu koo carbonyl aur aine-methoxy oxygen dwara chillet kiya jaataa haye, jisase aage nucleophilic parivardhan koo rokaa jaa sakata haye.
friedel-craft assilation mein, acid halloid electrophilic sugandhit pratisthaapan key liye electrophiles key roop mein kaary karate hain. ack luis acid-jaise kii jink chloride (jdncl2), iron (iii) chloride (fecl3), yaa aluminium chloride (alcl3)-acid halloid parr halogen key liye nirdeshank kartaa haye, joe ack sakriya sugandhit valay dwara yaugik koo nucleophilic hamale kii or sakriya kartaa haye. vishesh roop seey electron seey bharpur sugandhit valayon key liye, pratikriya binaa luis acid key aage badhegi.
theoester.
theoester aur acid halides kaa rasayan samaan haye, pratikriyashilta acid chloride kii tulanaa mein yaad dilaati haye, lekin halki haye.
enhydride.
acid halides aur enhydride kaa rasayan samaan haye. jabaki enhydride koo acid halloid mein parivartit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, unhein shesh asyl vyutpann mein parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye. enhydride alcohol aur amine seey ester aur amide pradaan karane key liye scotton-bauman-prakaar kii pratikriyaon mein bhee bhaag lete hain, aur paani enhydride koo unake sambandhit acid mein hydrolyse curr sakata haye. acid halides kii tarah, enhydride keaton aur/yaa tritiyak alcohol pradaan karane key liye carbon nucleophile key saath bhee pratikriya curr sakate hain, aur friedel-craft assilation aur weinreb keaton sanshleshan donon mein bhaag leey sakate hain. acid halides key vipareet, halanki, enhydride gillman abhikarmakon key saath pratikriya naheen karate hain.
aine, aine-dimethylaminopyridine, yaa demap kii utprerak matra kaa upayog karke enhydride kii pratikriyashilta koo badhaaya jaa sakata haye. iss uddeshya key liye pyridine kaa bhee upayog kiya jaa sakata haye, aur ack samaan tantra key madhyam seey kaary kartaa haye.
sabse pahale, demap (2) ack tetrahedral madhyavarti banaane key liye enhydride (1) parr hamla kartaa haye, joe amide 3 dene key liye ack carboxylate aayan koo samaapt karane key liye gir jaataa haye. yeh madhyavarti amide mool enhydride kii tulanaa mein nucleophilic hamale kii or adhik sakriya hotaa haye, kyonki dimethylaminopyridine ack carboxylate kii tulanaa mein ack behtar chhodane vaalaa samooh haye. charanon key antim samooh mein, ack nucleophile (aine. yuu. see.) ack aur chatushkoniya madhyavarti dene key liye 3 parr hamla kartaa haye. jaba yeh madhyavarti utpaad 4 dene key liye gir jaataa haye, tou pyridine samooh samaapt hoe jaataa haye aur isaki sugandh bahaal hoe jaati haye-ack shaktishali prerak bull, aur kaaran haye kii pyridine yaugik ack carboxylate aayan kii tulanaa mein ack behtar chhodane vaalaa samooh haye.
ester.
ester acid halloid aur enhydride kii tulanaa mein cumm pratikriyaasheel hotey hain. adhik pratikriyaasheel asyl vyutpannon key saath, way amide dene key liye amonia aur praathamik aur maadhyamik amine key saath pratikriya curr sakate hain, halanki iss prakaar kii pratikriya kaa aksar upayog naheen kiya jaataa haye, kyonki acid halloid behtar upaj dete hain. ester koo anya ester mein parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye jise transterification key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. transterification yaa tou acid-yaa bases-utprerit hoe sakata haye, aur isamen ack ester kii alcohol key saath pratikriya shamil hoti haye. durbhagya seey, kyonki chhodane vaalaa samooh bhee ack sharaab haye, aage aur peechhe kii pratikriyaen aksar samaan daron parr hoti hain. abhikaarak alcohol kii ack badee adhikta kaa upayog karna yaa chhodane vaale samooh alcohol koo hataana (jaise.jee. aasavan key madhyam seey) lii chatellier key siddhant key anusaar, puuraa honey kii disha mein aage kii pratikriya koo chalaayega.
ester kaa acid-utprerit jall apghatan bhee ack santulan prakriya haye-anivarya roop seey fisher asterification pratikriya kaa ulta. kyonki ack alcohol (joe chhodane vaale samooh key roop mein kaary kartaa haye) aur paani (joe nucleophile key roop mein kaary kartaa haye) key maan samaan pee "key" aeye hain, aage aur vipareet pratikriyaen ack dusare key saath pratispardha karati hain. jaise kii paar-pareekshan mein, abhikaarak (paani) kii ack badee adhikta kaa upayog karna yaa kissy ack utpaad (sharaab) koo hataana aage kii pratikriya koo badhaava dey sakata haye.
ester kaa buniyaadi jall apghatan, jise saponification key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ack santulan prakriya naheen haye; pratikriya mein kshaar key poorna samatulya kaa sevan kiya jaataa haye, joe alcohol key ack samatulya aur carboxylate namak key ack samatulya kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. fatty acid key ester kaa saponification ack audyogik roop seey mahatvapurna prakriya haye, jiska upayog sabun key utpaadan mein kiya jaataa haye.
ester carbon nucleophile key saath vibhinn prakaar kii pratikriyaon seey gujar sakate hain. acid halides aur enhyroid key saath, way tritiyak alcohol dene key liye ack grignard abhikarmak kii adhikta key saath pratikriya karenge. ester bhee annolates key saath aasaani seey pratikriya karate hain. classen sanghanan mein, ack ester (1) kaa ack annolet dusare ester (2) key carbonyl samooh parr hamla karega aur tetrahedral madhyavarti 3 dega. madhyavarti dhaha jaataa haye, jisase ack alcoxide (r 'o-) baahar nikalata haye aur β-keto ester 4 kaa utpaadan hotaa haye.
cross classen sanghanan, jisamen annolet aur nucleophile alag-alag ester hotey hain, bhee sambhav hain. ack intramolicular classen sanghanan koo dikeman sanghanan yaa dikeman cyclisation kahaa jaataa haye, kyonki iska upayog valay banaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. ester beeta-dicarbonyl yaugik dene key liye keaton aur aldehyde annolates key saath sanghanan seey bhee gujar sakate hain. iska ack vishisht udaaharan becker-venkataraman punarvyavastha haye, jisamen ack sugandhit "ortho"-asyloxy keaton ack intramolicular nucleophilic asyl pratisthaapan aur baad mein punarvyavastha seey gujarta haye taaki ack sugandhit β-dicatone banaaya jaa sakey. chaan punarvyavastha ack intramolicular nucleophilic asyl pratisthaapan pratikriya key parinamswarup punarvyavastha kaa ack aur udaaharan haye.
dost.
apani cumm pratikriyashilta key kaaran, amide lagbhag utani nucleophilic pratisthaapan pratikriyaon mein bhaag naheen lete hain jitani anya asyl vyutpann karate hain. amide paani key liye sthir hotey hain, aur ester kii tulanaa mein jall apghatan kii disha mein lagbhag 100 gunaa adhik sthir hotey hain. halanki, acid yaa kshaar kii upasthiti mein amide koo carboxylic acid mein hydrolyse kiya jaa sakata haye. amide bandhanon kii sthirata key javic nihitarth hotey hain, kyonki protein banaane vaale emino acid amide bandhanon seey judey hotey hain. jaleey vatavaran mein protein sanrachana koo banaae rakhane key liye amide bandhan hydrolysis key liye paryaapt pratirodhi hotey hain, lekin itane atisamvedansheel hotey hain kii unhein aavashyak honey parr todaa jaa sakata haye.
praathamik aur maadhyamik amide carbon nucleophile key saath anukool pratikriya naheen karate hain. grignard abhikarmak aur organolithium nucleophile key bajaay kshaar key roop mein kaary karenge, aur buss amide koo deprotonate karenge. tritiyak amide iss samasya kaa anubhav naheen karate hain, aur keaton dene key liye carbon nucleophile key saath pratikriya karate hain; amide aayan (nr2−) ack bahut majboot aadhar haye aur iss prakaar ack bahut kharaab chhodane vaalaa samooh haye, isaliye nucleophilic hamla kewal ack baar hotaa haye. jaba carbon nucleophile key saath pratikriya kii jaati haye, tou "aine", "aine"-dimethylformide (dee. aim. aff.) kaa upayog ack formile samooh koo pesh karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
yahaan, phenylithium 1 dee. aim. aff. 2 key carbonyl samooh parr hamla kartaa haye, jisase tetrahedral madhyavarti 3 milata haye. kyonki dimethylamide aayan ack kharaab chhodane vaalaa samooh haye, madhyavarti naheen girata haye aur ack aur nucleophilic jodd naheen hotaa haye. amleeya kaary karane parr, alcoxide koo 4 dene key liye protonet kiya jaataa haye, phir amine koo 5 dene key liye protonet kiya jaataa haye. dimethylamine key ack tatasth anu kaa unmoolan aur ack proton key nuksan seey benzaldehyde, 6 milata haye.
carboxylic acid.
carboxylic acid nucleophilic pratisthaapan key prati vishesh roop seey pratikriyaasheel naheen hotey hain, halanki unhein anya asyl vyutpannon mein parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye. carboxylic acid koo amide mein parivartit karna sambhav haye, lekin seedha naheen haye. ack nucleophile key roop mein kaary karane key bajaay, ack amine ack carboxylic acid kii upasthiti mein ack kshaar key roop mein pratikriya karega aur amonium carboxylate namak dega. namak koo 100 degree celsius seey oopar germ karane seey paani nickle jaayega aur amide kaa nirmaan hoga. amide key sanshleshan kii yeh vidhi audyogik roop seey mahatvapurna haye, aur isake prayogshala anuprayog bhee hain. ack majboot acid utprerak kii upasthiti mein, carboxylic acid acid enhydride banaane key liye sanghanit hoe sakate hain. sanghanan paani kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, halanki, joe enhydride koo praarambhik carboxylic acid mein vaapas hydrolyse curr sakata haye. iss prakaar, sanghanan key madhyam seey nirjalikaran kaa nirmaan ack santulan prakriya haye.
acid-utprerit sthitiyon mein, carboxylic acid alcohol key saath pratikriya karke fisher asterification pratikriya key madhyam seey ester banaayega, joe ack santulan prakriya bhee haye. vaikalpik roop seey, diazomethane kaa upayog ack acid koo ester mein badalane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. jabaki diazomethane key saath asterification pratikriyaen aksar matratmak upaj detee hain, diazomethane kewal methyl ester banaane key liye upayogi haye.
thynile chloride kaa upayog carboxylic acid koo unake sambandhit asyl chloride mein badalane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. sabse pahale, carboxylic acid 1 thynile chloride aur chloride aayan pattiyon parr hamla kartaa haye. parinami oxonium aayan 2 nucleophilic hamale kii or sakriya hotaa haye aur iska ack achchha chhodane vaalaa samooh hotaa haye, joe ise ack samanya carboxylic acid seey alag kartaa haye. agale charan mein, 2 parr chloride aayan dwara hamla kiya jaataa haye jisase tetrahedral madhyavarti 3, ack chlorosulphite milata haye. tetrahedral madhyavarti sulfur dioxide aur chloride aayan key nuksan key saath gir jaataa haye, jisase protonated asyl chloride 4 milata haye. chloride aayan carbonyl samooh parr proton koo hataa sakata haye, jisase aich. see. ell. key nuksan key saath asyl chloride 5 mill jaataa haye.
phosphorus (iii) chloride (pee. see. ell. 3) aur phosphorus (v) chloride (pee. see. ell. 5) bhee isi tarah key tantra dwara carboxylic acid koo acid chloride mein badal denge. pee. see. ell. 3 kaa ack samatulya acid key teen samatulya key saath pratikriya curr sakata haye, vaanchhit acid chloride key alawa aich3peo3, yaa phosphorus acid key ack samatulya kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye. pee. see. ell. 5 carboxylic acid key saath 1:1 key anupaat mein pratikriya kartaa haye, aur upotpaad key roop mein phosphorus (vee) oxychloride (pee. oh. see. ell. 3) aur hydrogen chloride (aich. see. ell.) kaa utpaadan kartaa haye.
carboxylic acid keaton banaane key liye grignard abhikarmakon aur organolithium key saath pratikriya karate hain. nucleophile kaa pahala samkaksh kshaar key roop mein kaary kartaa haye aur acid koo deprotonate kartaa haye. ack doosara samkaksh ack geminal alcoxide dianian banaane key liye carbonyl samooh parr hamla karega, jise keaton kaa hydrate dene key liye workup parr protonet kiya jaataa haye. kyonki adhikansh keaton hydrate apane sambandhit keaton key saapeksh asthir hotey hain, donon key beach santulan keaton key paksh mein bhaari roop seey sthanantarit hoe jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, acetone seey acetone hydrate key gathan key liye santulan sthiraank kewal 0.002 haye. carbonic yaugikon mein carboxylic samooh sabse adhik amleeya haye.

