
ell. aine. jee. vaahak

ack ell. aine. jee. vaahak ack tank jahaaj haye jise draveekrit praakritik gais (ell. aine. jee.) key parivahan key liye design kiya gayaa haye.
avalokan.
duniya mein pahala samudra mein tairane vaalaa draveekrit praakritik gais tanker "meethen agrani" thaa, jisane 1959 mein 5,500 ghana meater (190,000 ghana phut) kii wahan kshamata key saath seva mein pravesh kiya. taba seey badhate aakar key ell. aine. jee. vaahak banaae gaye hain, joe aaj key bede kii or leey jaate hain, jahan vishal kyu-max ell. aine. jee. jahaaj duniya bhar mein chalate hain joe pratyek koo leey jaa sakate hain.
yuu mein ack uchhaal.aiss. praakritik gais utpaadan hydrolic fracturing ("fracking") dwara saksham kiya gayaa thaa, jisase 2010 seey praakritik gais utpaadan mein badee vriddhi hui.aiss. aaee. aine. jee. niryaat suvidha 2016 mein poori kii gaee thee, jisamen adhik nimnalikhit they. yuu mein praakritik gais kii badhati aapoorti.aiss. aur niryaat suvidhaon ney duniya bhar mein ell. aine. jee. parivahan key liye ell. aine. jee. vaahakon kii maang kaa vistaar kiya.
2022 key ukraine key russie aakraman ney duniya bhar mein ell. aine. jee. shipping kii maang mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi kii. yuu.aiss. 2022 mein europe mein shipment dogune seey adhik hoe curr 2.7 trillion cubic feat hoe gayaa.
itihas.
beuro veritas dwara vargeekrit pahale ell. aine. jee. vaahak "meethen pioneer" () ney 25 janwari 1959 koo louisiana khaadi tata parr calcassiu nadee chhod dee. ell. aine. jee. kaa duniya kaa pahala samudri maal leey jaate hue, yeh yuu. key. key liye ravaana huaa jahaan maal vitarit kiya gayaa thaa. vishesh roop seey sanshodhit see1-aim-avy1-prakaar key maanak jahaaj "normerty" kii safalata, jiska naam badalkar "meethen pioneer" curr diyaa gayaa, gais parishad aur shankh antarrashtriya meethen limitted kaa kaaran banaa. dou uddeshyon key liye nirmit ell. aine. jee. vaahak kaa nirmaan karane kaa adesh denaah "meethen rajkumari" aur "meethen pragati". jahaajon koo shankh swatantra aluminium cargo tankon seey susajjit kiya gayaa thaa aur 1964 mein algerian ell. aine. jee. vyaapaar mein pravesh kiya gayaa thaa. inn jahaajon kii kshamata thee.
1960 key dashak key anta mein, alaska seey japan mein ell. aine. jee. kaa niryaat karane kaa avsar paida huaa, aur 1969 mein tepco aur tokyo gais key saath vyaapaar shuru kiya gayaa. dou jahaaj, "dhruviya alaska" aur "archtic tokyo", pratyek kii kshamata key saath, sweeden mein banaae gaye they. 1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein, americi sarkaar ney hamein jahaaj-nirmaan key liye protsaahit kiya aur kull 16 jahaaj banaae gaye. 1970 key dashak key anta aur 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein kaee pariyojanaon kaa adhyayan kiye jaane key saath archtic ell. aine. jee. jahaajon kii sambhavana aaee.
maal dhulai kshamata mein lagbhag 25 karod dollar kii vriddhi key saath, moss rosenberg seey laker technigaz maark III aur gaztransport no.96 taka nae tank design vikasit kiye gaye.
ell. aine. jee. vaahakon key aakar aur kshamata mein kaafee vriddhi hui haye. ack jahaaj kii laagat $200 million hoe sakati haye. 
2005 key baad seey, katargas ney ell. aine. jee. vaahakon key dou nae vargon key vikas kaa beedaa uthaaya haye, jinhen kyu-flex aur kyu-max key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. pratyek jahaaj mein maal dhone kii kshamata hoti haye aur yeh ack punah-jall-shodhan sanyantra seey susajjit hotaa haye.
aaj humm chhote paimaane key bunker vaahak key liye ruchi dekhate hain. kuchh koo cruze jahaajon aur ropax jahaajon key jeevan raft key neeche rahane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. udaaharan hain ell. jee. see. 3000 aur seega.
2005 taka kull 203 jahaajon kaa nirmaan kiya jaa chuka thaa, jinamen seey 193 abhee bhee seva mein they. 2016 key anta mein, vaishvik nauvahan bede mein 439 jahaaj shamil they. 2017 mein, kissy bhee ack samay mein anumaanit 170 jahaaj upayog mein hain. 2018 key anta mein, vaishvik bedaa lagbhag 550 jahaajon kaa thaa.
2021-2022 mein, america seey europe mein ack ell. aine. jee. shipment 133-200 million dollar kaa laabh vaapas curr sakata haye. 5 saal key anubandhon key liye bhee shipping darein prati dinn $100,000 theen, lekin $60,000-250,000 key beach bhinn hoe sakati hain.
nayaa bhawan.
2021 mein, 90 nae ell. aine. jee. vaahak kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. 2022 taka, uchch maang ney nae orders kii delivery koo 2027 mein sthanantarit curr diyaa thaa.
navambar 2018 mein, dakshin koriyai jahaaj nirmaataon ney 9 arab dollar key moolya key saath-50 seey adhik order-badey paimaane parr ell. aine. jee. vaahak anubandhon key 3 varshon mein bund curr diyaa. dakshin koriyai builders ney 2018 mein ell. aine. jee. seey sambandhit jahaaj nirmaan anubandhon kaa 78 pratishat kabja curr liya, jisamen 14 pratishat japani builders koo aur 8 pratishat cheeni builders koo jaa rhaa thaa. nae anubandhon seey vaishvik ell. aine. jee. bede mein 10 pratishat kii vriddhi hogi. vaishvik bede mein seey, aitihaasik roop seey, lagbhag dou-tihai jahaajon kaa nirmaan dakshin koriyai, 22 pratishat japani, 7 pratishat cheeni aur baaki kaa nirmaan france, spen aur sanyukt raajya america key sanyojan dwara kiya gayaa haye. dakshin koria kii safalata navachar aur moolya bindu seey upaji haye; dakshin koriyai builders ney pahale burf-todane vaale prakaar key ell. aine. jee. jahaajon kii shuruat kii aur dakshin koriyai builder kaaee key prakaar parr kyu-max jahaajon key liye grahakon kii badhati prathamikta koo puuraa karane mein safal rahey hain.
2018 mein, dakshin koria key hundai mipo dockyard (aich. aim. dee.) ney duniya kaa pahala ell. aine. jee.-eendhan vaalaa thoke vaahak vitarit kiya. isaki duniya kii sabse badee kshamata 50,000 doubluty haye.
sigto detta key anusaar, 2019 mein 154 ell. aine. jee. vaahak order parr they, aur 584 operating ell. aine. jee. vaahak they. 
2017 mein, devu jahaaj nirmaan aur samudri engineering ney 80,200 deadwaite tunn kaa ack burf todane vaalaa ell. aine. jee. tanker "christophe dee margery" vitarit kiya. usaki kshamata ack maheene key liye sweeden kii khapat haye. unhone archtic mahasagar mein uttari samudri maarg seey dakshin koria taka norwey seey apani pahali rajaswa yatra poori kii. shipyard mein chaudah aur order hain.
chhote paimaane key ell. aine. jee. vaahak (neeche ell. aine. jee. vaahak) key mamle mein, ack jahaaj kaa ishtatam aakar usa pariyojana dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye jisake liye ise banaaya gayaa haye, matra, gantavya aur pott visheshtaon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue.
laghu paimaane key vaahak nirmaataon kii soocheeh
maal sambhalana.
ack vishisht ell. aine. jee. vaahak mein pott kii kendra-rekha key saath sthit chaar seey chhah tank hotey hain. tank key aspas key kshetra mein ballast tank, cofferdam aur wides kaa sanyojan hotaa haye; vaastav mein, yeh pott koo ack double-hull prakaar kaa design detaa haye.
vimaan vaahak kii tarah, ell. aine. jee. vaahak, nirmaan key liye sabse kathin jahaajon mein seey hain, jinamen 30 maheene taka kaa samay lagata haye.
pratyek tunky key ander aamtaur parr teen jalmagn pump hotey hain. dou mukhya malvahak pump hain jinka upayog malvahak nirvahan sanchaalan mein kiya jaataa haye aur ack bahut chhota pump jise spray pump key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. spray pump kaa upayog yaa tou taral ell. aine. jee. koo eendhan key roop mein upayog karane key liye (vashpikaran key madhyam seey), yaa malvahak tankon koo thandaa karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. iska upayog nirvahan sanchaalan mein antim maal koo "hataane" key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. yeye sabhi pump pump tower key roop mein jaane jaate hain joe tank key sheersh seey latakata haye aur tank kii poori gaharaai taka chalata haye. pump tower mein tank maapak pranali aur tank bharane kii line bhee hoti haye, joe sabhi tank key neeche sthit hain.
jhilli-prakaar key jahaajon mein spring-loaded phut walve key saath ack khaali pipe bhee hotaa haye jise vajan yaa dabaav seey khola jaa sakata haye. yeh aapaatkaaleen pump tower haye. yadi donon mukhya malvahak pump whiffle hoe jaate hain tou iss pipe seey sheersh koo hataaya jaa sakata haye aur ack aapaatkaaleen malvahak pump koo pipe key neeche taka neeche kiya jaa sakata haye. sheersh koo stambh parr badal diyaa jaataa haye aur phir pump koo pair key valve parr neeche dhakelane aur ise kholane kii anumati dee jaati haye. phir maal koo baahar nikala jaa sakata haye.
sabhi malvahak pump ack samanya pipe mein nirvahan karate hain joe pott key deck key saath chalata haye; yeh malvahak key donon taraf bahati haye, joe loading yaa nirvahan key liye upayog kii jaati haye.
sabhi malvahak tank vaashp sthaan ack vaashp sheersh key madhyam seey judey hotey hain joe malvahak sheersh key samanantar chalata haye. isamen maal dhone aur nirvahan key saath-saath jahaaj key kinaaron seey bhee sambandh hain.
vishisht maal chakr.
ack vishisht malvahak chakr "gais mukt" sthiti mein tankon key saath shuru hotaa haye, jiska arth haye kii tank havaa seey bharey hotey hain, joe tank aur pampon parr rakharkhaav kii anumati detaa haye. maal koo seedhe tank mein naheen bharaa jaa sakata haye, kyonki oxygen kii upasthiti tank key bheetar ack visfotak vayumandaliya sthiti paida karegi, aur ell. aine. jee. koo load karane key kaaran honey vaale teji seey tapman parivartan seey tank koo nuksan hoe sakata haye.
sabse pahale, visfot key jokhim koo samaapt karane key liye tank koo 'lagaaya jaanaa chaahiye'. ack nishkriya gais sanyantra gasses key mishran (aamtaur parr 5 pratishat seey cumm oh2 aur lagbhag 13 pratishat coo2 plus aine2) kaa utpaadan karane key liye havaa mein deejal jalaata haye. ise taba taka tank mein udaa diyaa jaataa haye jaba taka kii oxygen kaa star 4 pratishat seey neeche naheen hoe jaataa.
isake baad, pott "gais-upp" aur "coole-down" key liye bandargah mein jaataa haye, kyonki koee bhee abhee bhee seedhe tank mein load naheen curr sakata haih CO2 jumm jaayega aur pampon koo nuksan pahunchaayega aur thandaa jhataka tank key pump collum koo nuksan pahuncha sakata haye.
ell. aine. jee. koo paatr parr laaya jaataa haye aur spray line key saath mukhya vashpikaran yantra taka leey jaaya jaataa haye, joe taral koo gais mein ublata haye. isake baad ise gais heater mein motey taur parr germ kiya jaataa haye aur phir "nishkriya gais" koo visthaapit karane key liye tankon mein udaa diyaa jaataa haye. yeh taba taka jaari rahata haye jaba taka kii sabhi carbon dioxide koo tankon seey hataa naheen diyaa jaataa. shuru mein, aaee. jee. (nishkriya gais) koo vayumandal mein bheja jaataa haye. ack baar jaba hydrocarbon kii matra 5 pratishat (meethen kii cumm jwalansheelta seema) taka pahunch jaati haye tou nishkriya gais koo ack pipeline key madhyam seey tata parr punarnirdeshit kiya jaataa haye aur aich. dee. (uchch shulk) compressor dwara kaee gunaa connection diyaa jaataa haye. tata terminal taba iss vaashp koo jalaata haye taaki badee matra mein hydrocarbon maujood honey key khatron seey bachaa jaa sakey joe visfot curr sakate hain.
abb pott gais seey bharaa huaa aur germ haye. tank abhee bhee pariveshi tapman parr hain aur meethen seey bharey hue hain.
agala charan coole-down haye. ell. aine. jee. koo spray haid key madhyam seey tankon mein chhidka jaataa haye, joe vaashpit hoe jaataa haye aur tank koo thandaa karna shuru curr detaa haye. atirikt gais koo phir seey pravaahit karane yaa ack flair stack parr jalaane key liye kinare parr udaa diyaa jaataa haye. ack baar jaba tank lagbhag pahunch jaate hain tou tank thoke bhaar key liye taiyar hoe jaate hain.
thoke mein loading shuru hoti haye aur taral ell. aine. jee. koo bhandaran tankon seey tata parr pott tankon mein pump kiya jaataa haye. visthaapit gais koo aich. dee. sampeedak dwara kinare parr udaa diyaa jaataa haye. loading taba taka jaari rahati haye jaba taka kii aam taur parr 98.5% poorna naheen hoe jaataa (cargo key thermal vistaar/sankuchan kii anumati dene key liye).
jahaaj abb nirvahan bandargah kii or badh sakata haye. maarg key dauran vibhinn boy-off prabandhan ranneetiyon kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. pranodan pradaan karane key liye boiler mein boilbond gais koo jalaaya jaa sakata haye, yaa ise phir seey taral kiya jaa sakata haye aur pott key design key aadhar parr malvahak tankon mein vaapas kiya jaa sakata haye.
ack baar nirvahan bandargah mein, maal pampon kaa upayog karke maal koo kinare parr pump kiya jaataa haye. jaise hii tunky khaali hoti haye, vaashp sthaan koo yaa tou tata seey gais seey bharaa jaataa haye yaa malvahak vashpikaran mein kuchh maal koo vaashpit karke bharaa jaataa haye. yaa tou pott koo jitna sambhav hoe utanaa baahar pump kiya jaa sakata haye, antim koo spray pampon key saath pump kiya jaa sakata haye, yaa kuchh maal koo "aidee" key roop mein board parr rakhaa jaa sakata haye.
ack tank mein paani chhodane key baad maal kaa 5 seey 10 pratishat hissa jahaaj parr rakhna samanya baat haye. ise aidee key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye aur iska upayog shesh tankon koo thandaa karane key liye kiya jaataa haye jinamen loading seey pahale koee aidee naheen hoti haye. yeh dheere-dheere kiya jaanaa chaahiye anyatha yadi seedhe germ tankon mein tank load kiye jaate hain tou way thhande parh jaayenge. ack kaaee key bartan parr coole-down mein lagbhag 20 ghante lugg sakate hain (aur ack jhilli prakaar key bartan parr 10-12 ghante), isaliye ack aidee leey jaane seey pahale jahaaj koo port taka pahunchane seey pahale thandaa karane kii anumati milati haye jisase mahatvapurna samay kii bachat hoti haye.
yadi sabhi maal koo kinare parr pump kiya jaataa haye, tou ballast maarg parr tank parivesh key tapman taka germ hoe jaayenge, jisase pott gais seey bharey aur germ sthiti mein laut aayega. phir pott koo phir seey thandaa kiya jaa sakata haye.
yadi pott koo gais mukt sthiti mein lautana haye, tou germ gais koo prasaarit karane key liye gais heater kaa upayog karke tankon koo germ kiya jaanaa chaahiye. ack baar jaba tank germ hoe jaate hain, tou nishkriya gais sanyantra kaa upayog tank seey meethen koo hataane key liye kiya jaataa haye. ack baar jaba tank meethen mukt hoe jaate hain, tou nishkriya gais sanyantra koo shushk vayu utpaadan mein badal diyaa jaataa haye, jiska upayog tank seey sabhi nishkriya gais koo taba taka hataane key liye kiya jaataa haye jaba taka kii unake paas ack surakshit kaary vatavaran naa hoe.
praakritik gais kaa parivahan ell. aine. jee. key roop mein aur pipeline dwara greenhouse gais utsarjan kaa kaaran banata haye, lekin alag-alag tarikon seey. pipelines key saath, adhikansh utsarjan ispat pipe key utpaadan seey utpann hotaa haye; adhikansh utsarjan dravikaran seey utpann hotaa haye. pipeline aur ell. aine. jee. donon key liye, pranodan atirikt utsarjan kaa kaaran banata haye (pipeline kaa dabaav, ell. aine. jee. tanker kaa pranodan).
niyantran pranali.
aaj nae nirmaan jahaajon key liye chaar niyantran pranaaliyan upayog mein hain. dou design swa-sahayak prakaar key hain, jabaki anya dou jhilli prakaar key hain aur aaj patent gajtransport aind technigaz (jee. tii. tii.) key swaamitva mein hain.
swa-sahayak bhandaran pranaliyon key bajaay dou alag-alag prakaar kii jhilli key upayog kii pravritti haye. isaki sabse adhik sambhavana isaliye haye kyonki prismatic jhilli tank patwar key aakar kaa adhik kushalata seey upayog karate hain aur iss prakaar cargo-tank aur ballast tank key beach cumm khaali sthaan hotaa haye. isake parinamswarup, samaan kshamata key jhilli design kii tulanaa mein kaaee-prakaar kaa design suez nahar koo pargaman karane key liye kaheen adhik mahanga hoga. haalaanki, swa-sahayak tank adhik majboot hain aur unamen dhalaan balon key liye adhik pratirodh haye, aur sambhavatah bhavishya mein apatatiya bhandaran key liye vichaar kiya jaayega jahaan kharaab mausam ack mahatvapurna kaarak hoga.
kaaee tank (golakar imo prakaar bee lng tank).
jiss company ney unhein design kiya thaa, usake naam parr naamit, norwey kii company moss samudri, golakar imo prakaar bee lng tank aakar mein golakar hain. adhikansh kaaee prakaar key jahaajon mein chaar yaa paanch tank hotey hain.
tank key baahar phome insulation kii ack motee parat hoti haye joe yaa tou panels mein fitt hoti haye yaa tank key chaaron or adhik aadhunik designs mein ghaav hoti haye. iss insulation key oopar "tinfoil" kii ack patali parat hoti haye joe nitrogen vatavaran key saath insulation koo sookha rakhane kii anumati detee haye. iss vatavaran kii lagaatar kissy bhee meethen key liye jaanch kii jaati haye joe tank key risaav kaa sanket dega. tank key baahar kii jaanch teen maheene key antaral parr kissy bhee thhande dhabbe key liye kii jaati haye joe insulation mein tootane kaa sanket dega.
tank koo bhoomadhyarekhiya valay dwara isaki paridhi key chaaron or samarthit kiya jaataa haye, joe ack badey golakar scurt dwara samarthit haye, jise detta-couples key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe aluminium aur steel kaa ack advitiya sanyojan haye, joe tank key vajan koo jahaaj kii sanrachana taka leey jaataa haye. yeh scurt tank koo thandaa karane aur germ karane key sanchaalan key dauran vistaar aur anubandh karane kii anumati detee haye. thandaa honey yaa germ honey key dauran tank kaa vistaar yaa sankuchan hoe sakata haye. iss vistaar aur sankuchan key kaaran tank mein sabhi pipe sheersh mein aatey hain aur lachili ghanti key madhyam seey jahaaj kii lines seey judey hotey hain.
pratyek tank key ander spray haid kaa ack sett hotaa haye. inn siron koo bhoomadhyarekhiya valay key chaaron or lagaaya jaataa haye aur tapman koo cumm karane key liye tank kii divaaron parr ell. aine. jee. kaa chhidkaav karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye.
tank mein aam taur parr kaam karane kaa dabaav hotaa haye, lekin ise aapaatkaaleen nirvahan key liye uthaaya jaa sakata haye. yadi donon mukhya pump maal koo hataane mein whiffle rahate hain, tou tank key suraksha valve koo 100 key. pee. aeye. (1 baar) parr uthaane key liye samaayojit kiya jaataa haye. phir tunky key neeche jaane vaali bharane kii rekha koo board parr anya tankon kii bharane kii lines key saath khola jaataa haye. isake baad tank mein doshpurna pampon key saath dabaav badhaaya jaataa haye joe cargo koo anya tankon mein dhakelata haye jahaan ise pump kiya jaa sakata haye.
aaee. aaee. (prismatic imo type bee. ell. aine. jee. tank).
ishikawazima-harima bhaari udyogon dwara design kiya gayaa, "swa-sahayak prismatic prakaar bee (spb)" tank vartamaan mein kewal dou jahaajon mein kaaryarat haye. bee prakaar key tank dhalaan kii samasyaon koo seemit karate hain, jhilli key vaahak tankon mein sudhaar joe dhalaan key prabhaav key kaaran toot sakata haye, isaliye jahaaj key patwar koo nasht curr sakata haye. yeh aff. pee. aiss. oh. ell. aine. jee. (yaa aff. ell. aine. jee.) key liye bhee pramukh prasangikta haye.
isake alawa, udaaharan key liye aantarik upkaran key release key kaaran imo prakaar key bee lng tank aantarik aakasmik kshati koo banaae rakh sakate hain. jhilli key tank key ander hui kaee ghatnaaon key baad ise design mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.
tii. jee. jaid. maark III.
technigaz dwara design kiye gaye yeye tank jhilli prakaar key hain. jhilli mein 'wuffles' key saath steinless steel hotaa haye joe tank koo thandaa karane parr thermal sankuchan koo avashoshit kartaa haye. lagbhag motai key nalidar steel seey banaa praathamik avrodh malvahak taral (yaa khaali tank kii sthiti mein vaashp) key seedhe sampark mein haye. isake baad ack praathamik insulation hotaa haye joe badale mein "triplex" naamak samagri seey baney ack maadhyamik avrodh dwara cover kiya jaataa haye joe mool roop seey kaanch kii oona kii chadaron key beach ack dhaatu kii panni sandwich hoti haye aur ack saath sampeedit hoti haye. yeh phir seey ack maadhyamik insulation dwara cover kiya jaataa haye joe badale mein jahaaj key patwar sanrachana dwara baahar seey samarthit hotaa haye.
tunky key ander seey baahar kii or, paraten hainh
jee. tii. 96.
gajtransport dwara design kiye gaye, tankon mein samagri inwar seey bunny ack praathamik aur maadhyamik patali jhilli hoti haye jisamen lagbhag koee thermal sankuchan naheen hotaa haye. insulation perlite seey bharey plywood boxes seey banaaya jaataa haye aur lagaatar nitrogen gais seey flush kiya jaataa haye. nitrogen mein hydrocarbon kaa pataa lagaakar donon jhilli kii akhandata kii sthaayi roop seey nigrani kii jaati haye. ack vikas ng2 dwara prastaavit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen nitrogen koo argan dwara flush innert aur insulation gais key roop mein pratisthaapit kiya jaataa haye. argan mein nitrogen kii tulanaa mein behtar insulation shakti hoti haye, joe 10 pratishat boy-off gais bachaa sakati haye.
see. aiss. 1.
see. aiss. 1 kaa arth haye sanyukt pranali sankhya ack. ise abb vilay kii gaee gajtransport aur technigaz companiyon dwara design kiya gayaa thaa aur isamen aim. key. aaee. aaee. aaee. aur number 96 donon pranaliyon key sarvshreshth ghatak shamil hain. praathamik baadha inwar seey bunny hoti haye, aur triplex seey dwiteeyak. praathamik aur maadhyamik insulation mein polyurethane phome panel hotey hain.
cs1 praudyogiki vaale teen jahaajon kaa nirmaan ack shipyard dwara kiya gayaa thaa, lekin sthaapit shipyardon ney aim. key. aaee. aaee. aaee. aur number 96 key utpaadan koo banaae rakhane kaa faisala kiya haye.
punah kriya aur fodaa.
parivahan koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye, praakritik gais koo vayumandaliya dabaav parr lagbhag thandaa kiya jaataa haye, jiss bindu parr gais ack taral mein sanghanit hoti haye. ack ell. aine. jee. vaahak parr lagey tank bhandaran key dauran taral gais koo thandaa rakhane key liye prabhaavi roop seey vishal thermos key roop mein kaary karate hain. halanki, koee insulation sahee naheen haye, aur isaliye samudra yatra key dauran taral lagaatar ubalata rahata haye.
doubleu. jee. aaee. key anusaar, ack vishisht yatra parr, insulation kii dakshata aur yatra kii khurdarapan key aadhar parr, pratyek dinn anumaanit 0.1-0.25% maal gais mein parivartit hoe jaataa haye. ack vishisht 20-divasiya yatra mein, mool roop seey ladey hue ell. aine. jee. kii kull matra kaa 2-6% seey kaheen bhee khou sakata haye.
aam taur parr ack ell. aine. jee. tanker boilers key saath bhaap turbines dwara sanchaalit hotaa haye. yeye boiler dohare eendhan hain aur meethen yaa tail yaa donon key sanyojan parr chala sakate hain.
ubalate hue utpaadit gais koo paaramparik roop seey boilers mein modd diyaa jaataa haye aur pott key liye eendhan key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye. boiler mein iss gais kaa upayog karane seey pahale, gais heater kaa upayog karke ise lagbhag 20 degree celsius taka germ kiya jaanaa chaahiye. gais yaa tou tunky key dabaav seey boiler mein daali jaati haye yaa cumm shulk vaale compressor dwara dabaav mein badhaai jaati haye.
jahaaj kiss eendhan parr chalata haye, yeh kaee karakon parr nirbhar kartaa haye jinamen yatra kii lambai, thhand key liye aidee leey jaane kii ichcha, tail kii keemat banaam ell. aine. jee. kii keemat aur swachchh nikas key liye bandargah kii maang shamil hain.
teen buniyaadi tareeke upalabdh hainh
nyuntam ubalane/adhikatam telah-iss mode mein tank key dabaav koo cumm seey cumm ubalane key liye uchch rakhaa jaataa haye aur adhikansh oorjaa eendhan tail seey aatee haye. yeh vitarit ell. aine. jee. kii matra koo adhikatam kartaa haye lekin vashpikaran kii kamee key kaaran tank key tapman mein vriddhi kii anumati detaa haye. uchch malvahak tapman bhandaran samasyaon aur utaar-chadhaav kii samasyaon kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye.
adhikatam ubalane/nyuntam telah-iss mode mein tank kaa dabaav cumm rakhaa jaataa haye aur ubalane kii matra adhik hoti haye lekin eendhan tail kii ack badee matra kaa abhee bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye. isase ell. aine. jee. kii aapoorti kii matra cumm hoe jaati haye lekin maal koo thandaa curr diyaa jaayega jise kaee bandargah pasand karate hain.
100% gaisah-tank key dabaav koo adhikatam ubalane key samaan star parr rakhaa jaataa haye, lekin choonki yeh sabhi boilers kii jarooraton kii aapoorti key liye paryaapt naheen hoe sakata haye, isaliye atirikt lng koo vaashpit karane key liye "majboor" kiya jaanaa chaahiye. ack tank mein ack chhota pump forcing vaperiser koo ell. aine. jee. kii aapoorti kartaa haye, jahan ise germ kiya jaataa haye aur vaapas ack gais mein vaashpit kiya jaataa haye joe boiler mein upayog karane yogya haye. iss mode mein eendhan tail kaa upayog naheen kiya jaataa haye.
praudyogiki punarnirdharan sanyantron mein haal kii pragati koo jahaajon mein fitt kiya jaanaa haye, jisase ubalane koo punah punarnirdhaarit kiya jaa sakata haye aur tank mein vaapas kiya jaa sakata haye. isake kaaran, jahaajon key sanchaalak aur nirmaata adhik kushal dheemi gati vaale deejal injanon (pahale adhikansh ell. aine. jee. vaahak bhaap turbine-sanchaalit rahey hain) key upayog parr vichaar karane mein saksham hue hain. apavaad hain ell. aine. jee. vaahak "havefru" (1973 mein "venetor" key roop mein nirmit), jisamen mool roop seey dohare eendhan deejal injan they, aur isaki bahan-jahaaj "centuary" (1974 mein "lutian" key roop mein nirmit), 1982 mein deejal injan pranali mein parivartit honey seey pahale dohare eendhan gais turbines key saath bhee banaaya gayaa thaa.
dohri yaa tri-eendhan deejal vidyut kaa upayog karane vaale pott, kramshah dee. aff. dee. ee./tii. aff. dee. ee., pranodan pranali abb seva mein hain.
haal hii mein, gais key ubalane seey pranodan kii or lautane mein ruchi rahee haye. yeh aaee. aim. oh. 2020 pradooshan-rodhi viniyaman kaa parinam haye joe flue-gais scrubbing sanyantra seey susajjit jahaajon parr 0.5% seey adhik sulfur samagri vaale samudri eendhan tail key upayog parr pratibandh lagaata haye. sthaan kii baadhaaen aur suraksha mudde aamtaur parr ell. aine. jee. vaahakon parr aise upkaranon kii sthaapana koo rokte hain, jisase unhein cumm laagat vaale, uchch-sulfur eendhan tail kaa upayog chhodane aur cumm-sulfur eendhan parr switch karane key liye majboor honah padata haye joe adhik laagat vaale hotey hain aur cumm aapoorti mein hotey hain. inn paristhitiyon mein, gais kaa ubalana ack adhik aakarshak vikalp bunn sakata haye.
risaav kaa khatra.
tail kii tulanaa mein, taral praakritik gais (ell. aine. jee.) leey jaane vaale jahaajon key risaav parr saarvajanik chinta cumm haye kyonki gais jaldi seey vaashpit hoe jaayegi aur vayumandaliya meethen bunn jaayegi.
2004 taka, ell. aine. jee. vaahakon key lagbhag 80,000 ladey hue bandargah pargaman mein koee mahatvapurna aakasmik ell. aine. jee. nirvahan naheen huaa.
kaee golakar vaahak key vishleshan seey pataa chalaa kii jahaaj ell. aine. jee. cargo akhandata key nuksan key binaa 6.6 meal (samanya bandargah gati kaa 50 pratishat) parr ack anya samaan ell. aine. jee. vaahak key saath 90-degree side-onn takkar kaa saamana curr sakate hain. yeh ack ell. aine. jee. vaahak mein poori tarah seey bharey hue 300,000 dee. doubleu. tii. tail tanker kii takkar key liye 1.78 kimmy taka gir jaataa haye. report mein yeh bhee kahaa gayaa haye kii iss tarah kii takkar durlabh hain.
hezid ney ack ell. aine. jee. risaav key jokhim kaa aaklan kiya. savdhani, prashikshan, viniyamon aur praudyogiki mein samay key saath honey vaale parivartanon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, yeh ganana kii jaati haye kii 100,000 yaatraon mein lagbhag 1 key roop mein ack ell. aine. jee. risaav kii sambhavana haye.
yadi ack ell. aine. jee. parivahan kii tank akhandata seey samjhauta kiya jaataa haye, tou ack jokhim hotaa haye kii ander nihit praakritik gais prajwalit hoe sakati haye, jisase yaa tou visfot yaa aag lugg sakati haye.

