clitophone (samvaad)

clitophone (, jise clitophone key roop mein bhee lipyantaran kiya gayaa haye) chauthi shatabdi eesaa poorv kaa ack samvaad haye jise paaramparik roop seey plato key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye, halanki kaam kii pramanikta parr bahas kii jaati haye. yeh plato key paaramparik kosh mein sabse chhota samvaad haye. yeh clitophone aur sukaraat key beach charcha parr kendrit haye, jisamen sukaraat jyaadaatar chup rahate hain. haal taka adhikansh chhatravritti "clitophone" key vaastavik arth aur samagri key bajaay pramanikta seey sambandhit rahee haye.
samvaad mein clitophone koo darshaaya gayaa haye joe sukaraat seey shikayat kartaa haye kii sukaraat key bhaashan kewal upadeshaatmak hain; way nyaay aur sadgun kii ichcha paida karate hain, lekin yeh nirdesh naheen dete hain kii koee vyakti kaise nyaaypurna bunn jaataa haye yaa nyaay kyaa haye. poore samvaad mein clitophone nyaay kii or apane parivartanon kaa varnan kartaa haye aur nyaay aur punya praapt karane mein aashaon aur vishvaason key saath ack munch parr ack bhagwan key roop mein sukaraat koo dekhane seey laker sandeh aur nirasha key vichaaron aur antatah sukaraat kii avagya kaa varnan kartaa haye. "clitophone" clitophone kii bahirmukhi, yaa uttejak, bhashanon key liye avamaanana koo sambodhit kartaa haye. yeh sukaraat kii agyaantaa koo darshaata haye aur jaisa kii maark cremer kahate hain, sukaraat key darshan aur clitophone kii tarkaheenta key sangharsh koo darshaata haye.
clitophone" key baahar clitophone.
aitihaasik clitophone key baare mein jyada jaankaari naheen haye. joe gyaat haye, plato key baahar, vaha abhijaat varg key "mendhakon" aur abhijaat varg key "ethanians key samvidhaan" mein unaki upasthiti seey haye. aristophanes dwara euripids key chhaatr key roop mein chitrit, clitophone kaa ullekh donon karyon mein ack ethanian rajneta, theramens key sambandh mein kiya gayaa haye. haalaanki yeye kritiyaan theramen koo clitophone key saathi key roop mein bataati hain, lekin bow mein "mendhakon" aur "ethanian samvidhaan" kaa ullekh aitihaasik clitophone key sateek pratibimb key roop mein naheen kartaa haye, kyonki kewal theramen koo karyon mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye aur clitophone key charitra koo kewal theramen key saath unake sambandhon key aadhar parr taya naheen kiya jaa sakata haye.
jaisa kii plato key "ganarajya" aur "clitophone" seey spasht haye, clitophone athens key ack rajneta they, joe 411-405 BC seey sakriya they, joe paitrik kaanoon key samarthak aur thracimacus key saathi they. ganarajya" mein, clitophone thracimacus kii sthiti kaa bachaav karane key liye bolata haye kii nyaay vahee haye joe sattaaroodh nikaay key liye sahee haye. clitophone iss sthiti mein taba bhee rahata haye jaba thracimacus peechhe hutt jaataa haye (340a-340b). yahee ekmatra bindu haye jisamen clitophone "ganarajya" mein bolata haye, lekin yeh usaki jiddipan aur apani raay mein vishvaas koo darshaata haye. upaj dene key liye yeh anichha "clitophone" mein bhee dekhi jaati haye.
clitophone" kaa saransh.
udghaatan.
socretis clitophone koo sambodhit kartaa haye aur thrasimacus (406a1-a4) key saath samay kii prashansa karate hue socretis key saath samay bitaane kii ninda karane vaali clitophone kii afwah parr uska saamana kartaa haye. clitophone kaa daavaa haye kii unhone galat sunaa aur unhone jaba taka kii sukaraat kii kuchh cheejon kii prashansa naheen kii, unhone dusaron kii prashansa kii (406a5-a7). socretis clitophone key paksh koo sunane key liye sahmat hoe jaataa haye taaki vaha khud koo clitophone kii aalochana (407a1-a5) key adheen honey kii anumati dekar khud koo behtar banaana seekh sakey.
clitophone dwara sakretis key uttejak bhashanon kii nakal.
clitophone kii shuruat sukaraat koo yaad dilaakar hoti haye kii vaha sukaraat key upadeshaatmak bhashanon (407a6-a8) seey chakit haye aur unaki prashansa kartaa haye. clitophone bhashanon key udaaharan dekar jaari haye, joe sukaraat ney diye hain (407a8-b2).
dhana key baare mein bhaashan.
sukaraat kaa kahana haye kii pitaa apani sampatti badhaane parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain, jabaki apane beton koo nyaay key shikshak naheen dhoondhate hain kii way apani sampatti kaa nyaaypurna upayog kaise karein (407b2-b6). vaha paaramparik shiksha seey sambandhit haye, joe sangeet, gymnastic aur lekhan parr jore detee haye, kyonki vaimansya sangeet sangeet mein maap kii kamee key bajaay bhavna seey utpann hotaa haye. pitaa yeh kahate hue jawab dete hain kii anyaay shiksha kii kamee key bajaay ack vikalp haye. socretus ney iska jawab dete hue poochha kii koee swechha seey devtaon key liye kuchh ghrinit kyon karega. vaha daavaa kartaa haye kii yadi koee jaanboojhkar anyaaypurna haye, tou vaha yuddh mein haarne key liye taiyar hoga; isaliye yeh kahana adhik upayukt haye kii koee anaichhik roop seey anyaaypurna haye (407d5-d7). vaha iss bhaashan koo yeh ghoshana karate hue samaapt kartaa haye kii nyaay kii iss shiksha (407d8-e3) kii disha mein adhik dhyaan diyaa jaanaa chaahiye.
dusare bhaashan (407e3-e4) koo jaari rakhane seey pahale, clitophone pahale bhaashan key anta mein, socretis kii apani prashansa koo doharaane key liye hastakshep kartaa haye.
upayog key gyaan seey sambandhit bhaashan.
socretis bataate hain kii joe loga shareer kaa vyayam karate hain way kewal usa hisse kii dekhbhal curr rahey hain joe shaasit haye, jabaki aatma kii upeksha curr rahey hain, joe niyam haye (407e5-e8). vaha aage kahata haye kii aggar koee vyakti ack upkaran kaa upayog karna naheen jaanata haye, jaise kii veenaa, aankhen, kaana aur shareer, tou vaha vyakti apane padosiyon (407e 8-408 a4) kaa upayog karna naheen jaanata. ise galat tareeke seey upayog karane key bajaay, ise akela chhod diyaa jaanaa chaahiye (407e8-e9). yahee avadharana aatma seey sambandhit haye. yadi koee apani aatma kaa upayog karna naheen jaanata haye, tou unhein marna chaahiye yaa khud koo gulami key jeevan key liye samarpit karna chaahiye aur joe visheshagya hain unhein shasson karna chaahiye (408a5-b3).
clitophone bhashanon koo samaapt kartaa haye aur sukaraat key upadeshaatmak karyon kii samagri seey sahmat hotaa haye, kyonki way logon koo aise jagaate hain jaise way sou rahey houn, aur clitophone ney kabhi bhee unake khilaf naheen bolaa haye aur naa hii kabhi bolega bolega.
sukaraat key sathiyon seey poochtaachh.
clitophone yeh jaanana chaahata haye kii inn bhashanon key baad kyaa hotaa haye, nyaay kii tulanaa karke, jaise kii ack kalaa, aatma mein sudhaar karane key liye kyonki dawa swaasthya mein sudhaar karati haye (408see4). vaha poochata haye kii kyaa sukaraat key saathi abb aage bhee punya kaa peechha karane mein saksham hain yaa kyaa way kewal dusaron koo protsaahit karane mein saksham hain (408d3-e2). vaha shareer aur aatma kii dekhbhal kii tulanaa krishi kii dekhbhal seey karate hain. kewal krishi key utpaadon kii hii parwah naheen karni chaahiye, balki usa parr bhee dhyaan denaa chaahiye joe shareer mein adhik sthaayi roop seey sudhaar kartaa haye; isaliye vyakti koo aatma aur sadgun parr dhyaan denaa chaahiye aur aise guna (408e5-e10) koo surakshit karane mein saksham upkaran kii talash karni chaahiye. clitophone sathiyon seey poochata haye kii kaun see kalaa aatma mein sudhaar karati haye; way jawab dete hain kii "nyaay" (409a2-a6) clitophone santusht naheen haye, kyonki nyaay key saath ack kalaa key roop mein, jaise dawa aur badhaigiri, isake dou prabhaav honey chaahiye (409a7-b1). dawa key parinamswarup adhik chikitsak aur swaasthya hotaa haye; badhaigiri key parinamswarup adhik badhai aur imaaraten (409b2-b6) banati hain. ack parinam kalaa key nirantar honey key saath, nyaay kaa parinam kewal purushon (409b6-b8) mein hotaa haye. phir vaha nyaay kaa doosara parinam (409b8-b4) maangata haye.
saathi "laabhkaari", "aavashyak", "upayogi", "laabhdaayak" "laabhdaayak" key uttar dete hain. clitophone inn uttaron koo aparyaapt paataa haye, kyonki way nyaay key liye advitiya naheen hain, lekin anya sabhi kalaaon key parinam bhee hain hain. ack anya uttar diyaa gayaa haye "dosti" (409d4-d6) vistaar parr, dosti kii paribhasha gyaan key samjhaute (409e3-e10) taka sankuchit haye. phir seey, yeh visheshta anya kalaaon koo bhee dee jaa sakati haye (410a3-a4). anta mein sukaraat jawab detaa haye kii nyaay dushmanon koo nuksan pahunchaana aur doston koo laabh pahunchaana haye, phir baad mein aisaa lagata haye kii sirf purush kabhi bhee kissy koo chot naheen pahunchaate hain aur kewal achchha karate hain (410a8-b2).
clitophone kii avagya aur antim prashn.
clitophone inn pratikriyaon, yaa unaki kamee seey nirash haye, aur daavaa kartaa haye kii sukaraat usey yeh bataane mein asamarth haye kii sadgun aur nyaay kaise praapt kiya jaae (410b3-b6). yeh akshamta yaa tou sukaraat kii agyaantaa seey haye kii kaise aage badhana haye, yaa iss tarah key gyaan koo clitophone (410b6-c6) key saath saajha karane kii usaki anichha seey haye. nyaay kii disha mein paribhashaon aur karyon kii khoj karate hue, vaha thracimacus aur anya logon key saath apane judaav kaa kaaran detaa haye haye.
clitophone ack baar aakhiri baar socretis seey shareer kii prakriti aur isaki dekhbhal kaise karein karein key baare mein poochata haye. yadi sukaraat usey bataane mein saksham haye, tou clitophone poore dill seey sukaraat kii prashansa karane mein saksham hoga (410e3-e5). yadi naheen, tou clitophone kaa kahana haye kii, jabaki sukaraat punya kii ichcha paida karane mein utkrisht haye, vaha una logon key liye ack baadha haye jinhen usane pahale hii usa ichcha koo vikasit curr diyaa haye (410e5-e8).
vishay-vastuein.
protreptic.
sling key anusaar, "clitophone" mein protreptic kaa upayog protreptic saahitya kii ack parody haye, jise shrota key vyavhaar mein parivartan laane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. clitophone vyakhyapurna thaa yaa naheen, socretis key bhashanon mein teen asambandhit updeshon key saath vishay-vastu mein ekroopata kii kamee haye, joe moolyon key platonic trichotomy key pattern koo lete hain. "clitophone" iss pattern koo anya samvaadon mein dekhe jaane vaale uttejak rupankanon key saath niyojit kartaa haye. samvaad kii shuruat 29d9-e3 parr plato kii "maafi" mein dekhaa gayaa abhiyukt protreptic haye. abhiyukt protreptic kaa slings kaa udaaharan haye, "aap chhadm-maanon x, y kii parwah karate hain, naa kii sahee moolyon p, q key baare mein."clitophone kaa sukaraat key bhaashan kaa pahala udaaharan plato key" "euthidamus" "seey dhana key rupankanon koo darshaata haye; dhana praapt karane kaa koee upayog naheen haye binaa yeh jaane kii iska upayog kaise kiya jaae (280b8-d7), apane bachchon (282a7-8,301e1-3) key liye dhana kii tulanaa mein gyaan chhodana behtar haye, naa kewal ack key bachchon koo balki khud koo gyaan mein shikshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye (307c3-4). gulami kaa antim roop-rekha socretis key bhashanon key dusare udaaharan key bheetar haye jisamen vibhinn roopon koo plato key "euthidamus" (280e 3-281 e2) aur "elsibiades i" (117c6-e5), zenophone key "yadgar" (4.2.25-29), aristotal key "protrepticus" (62-66) mein bhee dekhaa jaataa haye. jise koee sambhal naheen sakata, usey dusaron parr chhod diyaa jaanaa chaahiye yaa akela chhod diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. clitophone" mein protreptic aur protreptic rupankanon kaa upayog yeh saabit karane key liye haye kii spasht protreptic fayademand naheen haye aur isake bajaay antarnihit protreptic koo prathamikta dee jaani chaahiye.
nyaay.
jaisa kii slings mein ullekh kiya gayaa haye, nyaay "clitophone" mein ack maadhyamik vishay haye; nyaay kaa upayog mukhya roop seey clitophone kii agyaantaa koo dikhaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. "clitophone" nyaay key parinamon kii kendrit paribhashaon koo darshaata haye, jisamen baad kii paribhasha poorv parr taba taka vistaar karati haye jaba taka kii paribhasha khoj mein vastu key karib naheen hoe jaati haye aur aporia, bhram yaa paheli taka naheen pahunch jaati haye. haalaanki, "clitophone" mein, socretis dwara apani paribhasha dene seey pahale aporia samay seey pahale pahunch jaataa haye. nyaay key parinam kii paribhashaon kaa pahala samooh kuchh matbhedon key saath "ganarajya" seey udhaar lii gaee paribhaashaaen hain; "clitophone" mein "laabhprad" kaa abhaav haye aur soochi kii shuruat mein anta key bajaay "laabhkaari" sthaan haye. shaharon mein dosti" kii doosari paribhasha chauthi shatabdi key daarshanik saahitya mein ack aam avadharana haye, lekin yeh iss baat kaa khandan kartaa haye kii dosti koo nyaay key parinam kii paribhasha key roop mein naheen diyaa jaa sakata haye, kyonki yeh nyaay key samanantar haye. abhijaat varg kii "nicomatchi naitikta" mein, nyaay aur dosti kaa vishay aur uddeshya ack hii haye; isaliye way tadnusar badhate hain (1159ab 25-26,1160a7-8). teesari paribhasha key sambandh mein, plato sabse pahale aswikar kartaa haye kii nyaaypurna honey kaa arth dushmanon koo nuksan pahunchaana aur doston koo laabh pahunchaana haye. unaki asweekriti sukaraat kii doosari paribhasha key kaaran haye kii nyaay sabhi koo labhanvit curr rhaa haye; haalaanki, yeh paribhasha avikasit chhod dee gaee haye. anta mein, yeye paribhaashaaen dou parinamon key saath ack kalaa key mandand mein fitt honey mein whiffle raheen.
clitophone kii agyaantaa.
poore samvaad mein clitophone apani agyaantaa koo pradarshit kartaa haye, chaahe vaha jaanboojhkar hoe yaa naheen. samvaad koo samajhane key liye sabse mahatvapurna haye kii vaha sukaraat key bhashanon, karyapranali aur apani agyaantaa key baare mein agyaani haye.
jaisa kii moor bataate hain, clitophone koo sukaraat key bhashanon kii samajh naheen haye. vaha unakaa anuvaad kartaa haye, unhein sandarbh seey baahar leey jaataa haye, aur iska tatparya haye kii bhashanon key liye vaastav mein honey vaale darshakon kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik darshak they. nyaay kii sukaraat kii paribhasha aur vibhinn sadhanon key baare mein galat dhaarana aur galatfahmi haye, jisake madhyam seey sukaraat aur clitophone kramshah vaani aur karm dwara sadgun aur nyaay koo praapt kiye jaane key roop mein dekhate hain. yeh sambhav haye kii socretis prachhaadit bhashanon kaa upayog kartaa haye kyonki vaha nyaaypurna honey kii ichcha key samaan honey key roop mein dekhta haye; isaliye nyaay bhaashan key madhyam seey praapt kiya jaataa haye. clitophone kaa maanana haye kii karyon aur karyon koo parivartan laane aur ack koo nyaaypurna banaane kii aavashyakta haye. nyaay kii yeh spasht galatfahmi iss baat kaa ack udaaharan haye kii kaise clitophone sukaraat key bhashanon koo galat samajhata haye, kyonki clitophone koo pahale hii nyaay praapt karane key liye jawab diyaa jaa chuka haye.
apane bhashanon koo naa samajhane key kaaran, clitophone koo sukaraat key tarikon kii samajh naheen haye. clitophone sukaraat key bahirmukhi bhashanon koo prabhaavi banaane kii koshish kartaa haye, jabaki unake swabhaav mein way kewal logon koo nyaay kii ichcha koo protsaahit karane aur prerit karane key liye hotey hain. clitophone, vartakaron key pratipareeksha bayaan, alencus kii socretic vidhi koo galat samajhata haye. clitophone ney alencus koo niyukt karane kaa prayaas kiya jaba usane sukaraat key sathiyon seey sawal kiya thaa, lekin jaba vaha sukaraat seey baatchit kartaa haye tou usake tareeke kaa chitran bahut ektarafa haye aur kewal usake uttaron key liye chinta aur dusaron key shabdon kii vyakhya key saath. yeh bryan koo chhadm-alencus key upayog key madhyam seey "clitophone" koo chhadm-samvaad key roop mein label karane key liye prerit kartaa haye. nyaay key vishay parr sukaraat key saath baat karane key baad yeh spasht haye kii yaa tou clitophone sukaraat key alencus kaa praaptakarta naheen thaa yaa usey ehsas naheen thaa kii usey nyaay praapt karane key liye jawab diyaa gayaa thaa. clitophone kii ichcha key kaaran kii usey bataaya jaae kii kyaa sochana haye, yeh usey alencus key liye ack uchit vartakar naheen banaata haye.
clitophone kii agyaantaa kaa sabse badaa baadha aur sabse mahatvapurna udaaharan usaki agyaantaa haye. slings, clitophone key charitra key star key apane chitran mein, clitophone koo ack nirlajj yuvak key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye, joe ukasaane parr rakshaatmak hotaa haye; yeh usake hubristic daavon mein dekhaa jaataa haye kii vaha sukaraat key bhashanon aur tarikon aur usake sokret key hamale key baare mein jaanata haye. raajneetik unnati key liye nyaay praapt karane key tareeke kaa gyaan praapt karane key liye, clitophone jaanata haye kii vaha kyaa chaahata haye, yeh bataane key liye usey aporia kaa daavaa karane kii aavashyakta haye. haalaanki vaastav mein alencus key madhyam seey aporia kaa anubhav karane key liye, clitophone koo agyaantaa aur burey gunon koo sweekaar karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. clitophone apane burey gunon seey anjaan rahata haye aur maanata haye kii vaha sukaraat key bhashanon aur karyapranali key sandarbh mein bahut kuchh jaanata haye. yeh agyaantaa nyaay kaa gyaan praapt karane seey clitphone koo rokti haye.
aitihaasik banaam saahityik sakretis.
samvaad mein sukaraat kaa charitra samvaad aur sukaraat kii khamoshi kii vyakhya karane mein kathinaaee kaa kaaran banata haye. clitophone" key bheetar sukaraat koo aitihaasik sukaraat key saath samaan naheen maanaa jaataa haye. chauthi shatabdi key daarshanik granthon mein "logos socraticos" shally key bheetar, sukaraat kaa saahityik charitra pramukh thaa. clitophone" mein socretis key dohare charitra, jaisa kii slings ingit karate hain, ack daarshanik parche key bajaay ack saahityik kaary key roop mein "clitophone" label karate hain. paathak koo khud koo alag karna chaahiye aur "clitophone" koo ack kaalpanik kriti key roop mein padhana chaahiye. sukaraat kaa upayog protreptic key prateek key roop mein kiya jaataa haye aur yeh samvaad kii galat vyakhya key saath-saath sukaraat key maun key arth kaa kaaran banata haye. samvaad mein sukaraat key charitra koo aitihaasik sukaraat key sateek chitran key roop mein naheen, balki protrepsis key ack upkaran key roop mein unaki kshamata mein mahsoos kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
sukaraat kii khamoshi.
samvaad key adhik ulajhan bharey pahaluon mein seey ack haye sukaraat kaa maun. "clitophone" usa parr hamla prateet hotaa haye aur phir bhee clitophone kii tippaniyon kaa koee khandan naheen haye. aggar kuchh bhee hoe tou unaki khamoshi samvaad koo kyaa samajhaati haye? haydon ausland ingit kartaa haye kii usaki khamoshi kewal protreptic shally kii ack visheshta hoe sakati haye. yeh maun pathakon koo yeh sochane key liye khula chhod detaa haye kii kyaa huaa hoga aur joe abhee kahaa gayaa thaa usa parr vichaar karane key liye samvaad koo khula chhod detaa haye. ack anya vishvaas yeh haye kii socretis kii khamoshi soch mein ack viram haye, joe "ganarajya" mein unake bhashanon mein jaari haye.
sukaraat kii khamoshi bhee clitophone sikhaane key liye aage badhane mein asamarthata key kaaran hoe sakati haye. jaisa kii ullekh kiya gayaa haye, clitophone apane doshon seey anjaan haye aur kaam parr sukaraat key tarikon seey avagat naheen haye. hoe sakata haye kii sukaraat usake liye aur kuchh naa curr paae. sukaraat aur clitophone key beach kaa antar prakaashit hotaa haye aur yeh bhaashan kii kamjori koo darshaata haye joe clitophone koo sukaraat kii shikshaon koo samajhane mein madad naheen kartaa haye.
ack anya shaileegat kaaran key roop mein, maun ack spasht visheshta haye joe yeh darshaata haye kii sukaraat kyaa haye joe vaha naheen haye. sukaraat koo clitophone kii agyaantaa key prakaash mein rakhaa jaataa haye aur donon key beach antar dekhaa jaataa haye. cremer ney nott kiya kii clitophone koo socretis key antipoatic foil key roop mein darshaaya gayaa haye.
orwin kaa sujhaav haye kii yeh maun ack kanuni adhyayan kaa sanket hoe sakata haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii "clitophone" ack prati-"maafi" hoe sakati haye, jisamen socretis ack prativaadi haye, jisake liye socretis seey pratikriya kii aavashyakta naheen hogi. samvaad kii shuruat socretis dwara teesare vyakti mein bolane seey hoti haye jaba vaha khud koo aur clitophone koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jise ack kanuni bayaan key saath barabar kiya jaa sakata haye. isake baad clitophone kii raksha hogi.
ack mahatvapurna baat yeh haye kii sukaraat ney daavaa kiya kii vaha jawab dega, kyonki usane kahaa thaa kii vaha clitophone kii shikayaton koo sunega aur unase seekhane kii koshish karega. isi vichaar key saath, sukaraat logon kii unake aur unaki shikshaon key baare mein dhaaranaon key satya kii khoj curr rahey hain. platonic samvaadon kii ack visheshta haye kii socretis koo sunana haye. clitophone" mein, vaha clitophone key liye darshakon key roop mein abhinay curr rahey hain, joe spasht vaktaa kii bhoomika nibha rahey hain. jaba koee boll rhaa hotaa haye tou sukaraat sahee vyavhaar key liye ack misal bhee sthaapit curr rhaa hotaa haye, kuchh aisaa joe khud clitophone achchha naheen kartaa haye.
pramanikta.
kaee pracheen lekhak, jaise kii diogens lartius, jinhone kahaa kii yeh seedhe plato key haath seey liya gayaa thaa, ney "clitophone" kaa hawala diyaa thaa. 1491 key ficino anuvaad aur 1513 key plates key karyon key aldin press sanskaranon mein kahaa gayaa haye kii "clitophone" plato dwara naheen thaa. yeye kathan yunani pandulipiyon seey praapt hue hain, joe spasht roop seey "clitophone" key lekhak koo naheen bataate hain. 19veen shatabdi mein, vidvaanon ney "clitophone" koo nakali key roop mein label karna shuru curr diyaa kyonki yeh platonic karyon key roop mein yogya honey kii unaki vyaktiparak vyakhya mein fitt naheen thaa. pramanikta kii raksha karane key prayaas shuru hoe gaye hain, lekin raksha key beach abhee bhee kaam koo khandit, poorna aur swatantra, yaa "ganarajya" seey sambandhit key roop mein vargeekrit karane parr bahut asahamati haye.
nakali.
clitophone" kii asweekriti vishayagat aur bhashashastriya donon karanon parr nirbhar karati haye. headle aur anya logon kaa maanana thaa kii "clitophone" mein upayog kii jaane vaali shabdawali kaa upayog plato dwara naheen kiya gayaa hoga; haalaanki, usa tark koo bruneke, kester aur grube dwara haraaya gayaa haye. plato dwara bhasha kaa upayog bahut vividh haye aur shally kii vyaakhyaaen bahut vyaktiparak hain joe bhasha koo ack aadhar key roop mein upayog karane mein saksham naheen hain jisase "clitophone" koo apramaanik maanaa jaa sakey.
ack anya tark socretic virodhi bhavna parr adharit haye. pahale tou yeh jawab denaa mushkil haye kii sukaraat kii unake chhaatr aur anuyaayi dwara aalochana kyon kii jaayegi. schleirmaker una logon mein seey ack they jinhone logon koo "clitophone" koo nakali key roop mein chitrit karane key liye netritva kiya; jabaki vaha platonic corpus mein isaki soochi koo sweekaar karate hain, vaha gair-socretic samvedansheelta kaa milan naheen curr sakey. 
aggar "clitophone" nakali haye, tou yeh samvaad kaun likh sakata thaa? slings ney mool roop seey nott kiya thaa kii lekhan kii plato key saath samaantaa key kaaran, yeh plato key ack chhaatr dwara likhaa gayaa hoga. schleirmaker kaa maanana thaa kii yeh ack samkaaleen shally kii bayanbaji dwara likhaa gayaa haye, jisane iss samvaad koo sukaraat key khilaf hamale key roop mein likhaa thaa. kissy anya vyakti key liye plato key samaan shally mein ack kaam kaa shreya denaa mushkil haye. unake baad key kaam mein slings ney lekhak parr unaki thesis koo badal diyaa aur daavaa kiya kii plato key kaushal key samaan ack gumnam lekhak koo post karane kii tulanaa mein plato key kaam key roop mein sweekaar karna aasaan haye.
plato kaa vaastavik kaam.
1513 key "clitophone" key aldin sanskaranon parr sawal uthaane vaale pahale vyakti yxem they. jaisa kii pahale hii ullekh kiya jaa chuka haye, aise pracheen lekhak hain jinhone "clitophone" kaa hawala diyaa haye aur isaki pramanikta parr koee sandeh naheen kiya haye. grot ney tark diyaa kii iss kaam koo dusare koo dene key bajaay ack plato key roop mein sweekaar karna adhik surakshit haye.
antisthenes parr plato kaa hamla.
bruneke, kester aur souil iss samvaad koo antisthenes parr hamla maanate hain. diogens lertius key aadhar parr antisthens koo unake "prakhyaat daarshnikon key jeevan aur vichaaron" mein protreptic karyon kii teen pustakon key saath shreya diyaa jaataa haye, clitophone "achchi tarah seey antisthens kii aalochana hoe sakati haye. clitophone" key lekhak antisthenes key protreptic karyon mein seey ack kaa upayog karate hain aur isaki samagri koo sankshep mein prastut karate hain. poore "clitophone" mein, plato protreptic bhashanon key upayog koo asammaanit kartaa haye. yeh aasaani seey ack jawab hoe sakata haye kii kyon plato socretic virodhi prateet hotaa haye; vaha apratyaksh roop seey sukaraat key madhyam seey antisthenes kii ninda karna chaahata haye. 
plato kaa tukada yaa masauda.
kaee loga sochate hain kii "clitophone" ack tukada yaa draft haye jise plato dwara likhaa gayaa haye. grube kaa maanana haye kii "clitophone" apane pahale key tarikon key saath apane asantosh key pratibimb key roop mein plato kaa ack masauda rhaa haye, joe kii plato key karyon key madhya kaal mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, lekin ise chhod diyaa gayaa thaa jaisa kii isake sanshodhan kii kamee seey pramaanit hotaa haye. dafan kaa maanana thaa kii, yadi vaastav mein yeh plato dwara likhaa gayaa thaa, tou "clitophone" "ganarajya" kii ack khandit prastaavana hogi, joe kinare aur grot dwara aayojit ack rukh hoga. haalaanki, slings iss baat parr dhyaan dete hain kii kissy bhee pracheen lekhak ney kabhi sanket naheen diyaa kii "clitophone" adhura yaa adhura thaa. samanantar jeevan" mein, plutarch, joe "clitophone" key baare mein poori tarah seey jaanate hain, ullekh karate hain kii plato kaa jeevan unake kaam koo samaapt karane seey pahale samaapt hoe gayaa thaa (32.2), arthaat "critias", "clatophon" naheen; yeh ingit kartaa haye kii "clatophon" pracheen lekhakon kii raay mein samaapt hoe gayaa thaa.
ganarajya" seey sambandhit plato kaa kaam samaapt.
pahale charcha kii gaee, groube ney socha kii "clitophone" jaruri naheen kii ack samaapt kaam thaa, lekin "ganarajya" seey judaa thaa. tiberius key jyotishi mendes key thracillus ney platonic corpus key bheetar "clitophone" kii vyavastha kii, jisamen "republic", "timeus" aur "critias" shamil hain. grube ney socha kii yeh "ganarajya" kii aalochana thee aur baaki "ganarajya" "clitophone" kii pratikriya thee. enas iss rukh kaa bachaav apane iss vishvaas key saath karati haye kii "ganarajya" kaa shesh bhaag, joe jyaadaatar sukaraat dwara ekalap honey key kaaran, sukaraat kii khamoshi kii pratikriya haye. ganarajya" mein nyaay key vichaaron key saath, "clitophone" "ganarajya" key liye ack swabhavik pratikriya haye, jisamen clitophone thracimacus kii talash curr rhaa haye. clitophone aur socrets key saath binaa kissy spashteekaran key "ganarajya" key bheetar matbhed, orwin ney sanket diyaa kii "clitophone" socrets aur clitophone key beach laapata takraav hoe sakata haye. haalaanki, "ganarajya" key sambandh mein "clitophone" koo samajhane kaa prayaas karate samay kathinaaiyaan hoti hain, kyonki yeh spasht naheen haye kii "clitophone" koo kahaan rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye. yeh sambhav haye kii "clitophone" "ganarajya" key baad likhaa gayaa thaa aur "clitophone" kewal "ganarajya" seey paribhaashaaen kheenchata haye. lekin yeh bhale hii likhaa gayaa hoe, ise abhee bhee gantantra key parichay key roop mein padhaa jaa sakata haye, aur kewal isake dwara puuraa kiya jaa sakata haye.
swatantra roop seey puuraa kiya gayaa kaary.
yadyapi nyaay parr charcha key sandarbh mein "ganarajya" key saath vishayagat roop seey spasht sambandh hain, "clitophone" key daarshanik tarikon seey sambandhit bahut alag vishay hain, jisake parinamswarup iska vargeekaran apane swayam key adhikaar mein ack swatantra kaary key roop mein hotaa haye. oopar, ack kanuni adhyayan key roop mein "clitophone" kii pehchaan kaa ullekh pahale seey hii kiya gayaa haye aur iska kissy anya samvaad seey koee sambandh naheen haye. doosari or, slings koo muller key manakon key anusaar ack chhote samvaad key roop mein "clitophone" label kiya jaataa haye. "iss drishtikon parr "clitophone" kaa upayog protrepsis kii aalochana karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, kyonki sukaraat key sahayogi nyaay key baare mein poori samajh key bajaay kewal naare aur rupankanon koo praapt karane mein saksham they. "clitophone" iss baat kii bhee chetavani haye kii kaise aage key samvaadon koo naheen padhaa jaae aur antardrishti praapt karane key liye inn samvaadon parr bharosa karane key khatron key baare mein bhee. clitophone apane liye naheen sochana chaahata thaa, balki yeh bataana chaahata thaa kii sukaraat dwara kyaa sochana haye. protreptic speach key pratisthaapan key roop mein, slings kaa prastaav haye kii "clitophone" champion alencus ack aise tareeke key roop mein jisake madhyam seey aporia taka pahunchkar sadgun aur nyaay praapt kiya jaa sakata haye.

