
britten kii anglo-saxon basti

britten kii anglo-saxon basti vaha prakriya haye jisane adhikansh angreji kii bhasha aur sanskriti koo roman-british seey german mein badal diyaa. britten mein german-vaktaaon, joe swayam vividh mool key they, ney antatah anglo-saxon key roop mein ack aam saanskritik pehchaan vikasit kii. yeh prakriya mukhya roop seey paanchvin shatabdi key madhya seey saatvin shatabdi kii shuruat taka hui, varsh 410 key aspas britten mein roman shasson key anta key baad. iss basti key baad britten key dakshin aur poorv mein heptarchy, anglo-saxon raajyon kii sthaapana hui, baad mein aadhunik ingland key baaki hisson aur aadhunik scotland key dakshin-poorv mein. iss parivartan kii sateek prakriti chala rahey shodh kaa vishay haye. bastiyon key paimaane, samay aur prakriti key baare mein sawal baney hue hain, aur yeh bhee kii abb ingland mein joe haye usake pichhale nivaasiyon key saath kyaa huaa thaa.
upalabdh sakshya mein samkaaleen aur lagbhag samkaaleen likhit abhilekh, puraataatvik aur aanuvanshik jaankaari shamil hain. kuchh saahityik srot ankarmiyon aur mool nivaasiyon key beach shatruta key baare mein bataate hain. way hinsa, vinash, narsamhar aur roman-british aabaadi key palayan kaa varnan karate hain. isake alawa, purani angreji bhasha parr british celtic yaa british lattin key kissy bhee mahatvapurna prabhaav key liye bahut cumm spasht saboot maujood hain. inn karakon ney german bhashi logon key badey paimaane parr pravaah kaa sujhaav diyaa. iss drishtikon mein, adhikansh itihaskaron aur puraatatvidon dwara 20veen shatabdi key madhya seey anta taka, abb ingland mein joe kuchh haye, uska adhikansh hissa isake poorv nivaasiyon seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. yadi yeh paaramparik drishtikon sahee hotaa, tou baad key angreji logon key jeane german pravasiyon seey bhaari matra mein viraasat mein mille hotey.
haalaanki, ack anya vichaar yeh haye kii pravaasi cumm they, sambhavatah ack yoddha abhijaat varg parr kendrit they. iss parikalpana seey pataa chalata haye kii anadhikariyon ney raajneetik aur samajik prabhutva kii sthiti hassil kii, jisane antar-vivaah kii sahaayata seey, mool nivaasiyon koo aaney vaali bhasha aur bhautik sanskriti key prati samvardhit karane kii prakriya shuru kii. puraatatvidon ney paaya haye kii basti key pattern aur bhoomi upayog roman-british ateet key saath koee spasht viram naheen dikhaate hain, halanki bhautik sanskriti mein parivartan gahare they. yeh drishtikon bhavishyavani kartaa haye kii anglo-saxon aur aadhunik ingland key logon key vansh kaafee hudd taka roman-british seey vyutpann honge.
phir bhee, aggar yeye unnergal loga antarvivaah key star kaa abhyaas karane vaale ack samajik abhijaat varg key roop mein khud koo sthaapit karate hain, tou yeh unhein prajanan safalata ('rangbhed siddhant', jiska naam dakshin africa kii 20 veen shatabdi kii rangbhed pranali key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye) koo badhaane kii anumati dey sakata thaa. iss mamle mein, baad mein anglo-saxon ingland key prachalit jeane kaafee hudd taka madhyam sankhya mein german pravasiyon seey praapt hoe sakate they. yeh siddhant, joe praarambhik jansankhya aanuvanshiki adhyayan mein utpann huaa haye, vivadaspad saabit huaa haye, aur kaee vidvaanon dwara aalochanatmak roop seey praapt kiya gayaa haye. 2010 key dashak key anta aur 2020 key dashak kii shuruat mein aanuvanshik adhyayanon ney baar-baar pradarshit kiya haye kii german bhashi mahadweep seey aapravaasan ack chhote seey pravaas key siddhant key samarthakon dwara tark diye gaye paimaane kii tulanaa mein adhik thaa, aur yeh bhee kii mool british aur apravasiyon key beach vivaah rangbhed siddhant key samarthakon dwara prastut kiye gaye vivahon kii tulanaa mein adhik aam they.
prishthabhoomi.
400 taka, britten mein roman praant (hadrian kii deewaar key dakshin mein sabhi kshetra) roman samrajya kaa ack paridhiya hissa they, joe kabhi-kabhi vidroh yaa aakraman mein khou jaate they, lekin taba taka hamesha antatah thheek hoe jaate they. nuksan aur punah kabja kaa vaha chakr agale dashak mein dhwast hoe gayaa. antatah, lagbhag 410, halanki roman shakti gaul key adhikansh hisson mein aage teen peedhiyon key liye ack bull bunny rahee, britten pratyaksh shaahi niyantran seey parey ack charan mein chalaa gayaa jise aam taur parr "upa-roman" kahaa gayaa haye.
iss avadhi kaa itihas paaramparik roop seey girawat aur patan kaa varnan rhaa haye. haalaanki, verulium seey mille sakshya seey pataa chalata haye kii shahari prakaar kaa punarnirmaan, jisamen pipe seey paani milata haye, paanchvin shatabdi key anta mein jaari thaa, aggar usase aage naheen. silchester mein, upa-roman vyavasaay key sanket lagbhag 500 taka paae jaate hain, aur roxitor mein, nae snan kii pehchaan roman-prakaar key roop mein kii gaee haye.
sant patrick aur gilda kaa lekhan (neeche dekhein) paanchvin aur chhathi shatabdi key poore hisse mein lattin saksharta aur roman shiksha, kuleen samaaj aur isai dharm key bheetar shiksha aur kaanoon key britten mein astitva koo darshaata haye. gilda key karyon mein sanket bhee ingit karate hain kii arthavyavastha roman karadhan key binaa sampann hoe rahee thee, kyonki vaha "vilasita" aur aatm-bhog kii shikayat kartaa haye. paanchvin shatabdi key madhya mein, anglo-saxon ack spasht roop seey abhee bhee karyatmak roop seey roman britten mein dikhaai dene lagate hain.
aitihaasik sakshya.
anglo-saxon basti key sanketon key liye aitihaasik sroton kaa sarvekshan karane kaa kaary yeh maanata haye kii sabhi sroton mein konn, saxon yaa anglo-saxon shabdon kaa arth samaan haye. anglo-saxon" jaise jaatiya lebalon koo nirdisht karna kathinaaiyon seey bharaa huaa haye aur iss shabd kaa upayog kewal 8 veen shatabdi mein britten mein "german" samoohon koo mahadweep (vartamaan uttari germany mein purani saxony) seey alag karane key liye kiya jaanaa shuru huaa.
praarambhik srot.
varsh 441 key liye "452 kii kalanukramik galica" recordh "british praant, jinhen iss samay taka vibhinn haar aur durbhagya kaa saamana karna padaa thaa, saxon shasson mein cumm hoe gaye hain."yeh itihas britten seey kuchh doori parr likhaa gayaa thaa. paanchvin shatabdi kii ghatnaaon key liye sateek tithiyon key baare mein anishchitata haye, vishesh roop seey 446 seey pahale. iss avadhi kaa adhikansh samay angreji bhikshu, lekhak aur vidwan (672/673-735) seey aataa haye, jinhone apane "angreji logon key church key itihas" mein praarambhik anglo-saxon itihas mein ghatnaaon key liye tithiyon kii ganana karane kii koshish kii thee. halanki mukhya roop seey church key itihas key baare mein likhate hue, bede koo britten key pahale sachche itihaaskaar key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, jisamen unhone apane sandarbhon aur ghatnaaon koo raaj-soochi key bajaay tithiyon key anusaar soochibaddh kiya. iss vajah seey humm jaanate hain kii vaha apani shuruati taarikhon key liye chhathi shatabdi key maulavi gilda dwara "dee axidio aitt conquestu britania" parr bahut adhik nirbhar thaa. itihaskaron ney gildon koo avishvasaniya paaya haye jahan tithiyon kaa sambandh thaa. isaliye bede kii ghatnaaon kii baad kii tarikh, halanki way gallic itihas key vipareet prateet hotey hain, ack bahut hii mahatvapurna samkaaleen srot key roop mein itihas koo kamjor naheen karate hain. itihas mein, britten koo chaar anya roman kshetron key saath samoohbaddh kiya gayaa haye joe lagbhag usee samay 'german' prabhutva key tahat aae they, soochi kaa uddeshya paschim mein roman samrajya key anta kii vyakhya key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. chaaron ack samaan itihas saajha karate hain, kyonki way sabhi roman pradhikaran dwara "barbaron kii shakti" mein diye gaye theh teen jaanboojhkar german sanghon key saath buss gaye they aur halanki vidhvansakon ney balpurvak africa parr kabja curr liya thaa, sandhi dwara unake prabhutva kii pushti kii gaee thee.
procopius kaa kahana haye kii britia koo teen rashtron dwara basaaya gayaa thaah angilly, frison aur britons, jinamen seey pratyek parr apane raajaa kaa shasson thaa. pratyek rashtra itna samriddh thaa kii usane harr saal badee sankhya mein vyaktiyon koo frankon key paas bheja, jinhone unhein apane kshetra key nirjan kshetron mein lagaaya. nyu ingland key bates college key ack itihaaskaar michael johns kaa kahana haye kii "procopius swayam iss vishisht maarg key baare mein sandeh jataata haye, aur baad key adhyaay mein vivaran britten mein chhathi shatabdi kii aabaadi key liye ack sanket key roop mein isaki vishvasaniyata koo kamjor karate hain."chhathi shatabdi key madhya mein likhate hue, procopius ney yeh bhee kahaa kii 411 mein constantine III key ukhaad fenkane key baad, roman kabhi bhee britten koo thheek karane mein safal naheen hue, lekin yeh usa samay seey tanashahon key adheen rhaa."
gilds 'dee excideo aitt conquestoo britania'.
chhathi shatabdi key gildas key kaam (shayed 510-530), "dee excideo aitt conquestu britannia", britten key raajya parr ack dhaarmik maarg, saxon mool roop seey videshon seey dushman they, joe sthaaniya raajaon yaa 'tanashahon' parr achchi tarah seey yogya nirnay laae.
gilda mein ghatnaaon kaa crum haih
gildas ney saxon key liye sahee dair seey roman shabd kaa upayog kiya, "foderati", joe loga ack achchi tarah seey upayog kii jaane vaali sandhi pranali key tahat britten aae they. iss tarah kii sandhi kaa upayog sadakon yaa nadiyon key saath jaane aur senaa key saath kaam karane key liye logon koo roman samrajya mein laane key liye kaheen aur kiya gayaa thaa. gilda unhein saxon kahate they, joe shayed basane vaalon key liye aam british shabd thaa. jaba saxon aur picts key sambandh mein upayog kiya jaataa haye, tou gilda key "patria" shabd key upayog ney yeh dhaarana dee kii taba taka kuchh saxon koo britania kaa mool nivasi maanaa jaa sakata haye.
gilda key liye britten puuraa dweep thaa. jaatiyata aur bhasha unakaa mudda naheen thaa; way netaaon key vishvaas aur karyon seey sambandhit they. aitihaasik vivaran hain, jaisa kii snider ney kahaa thaah "shaahi-paapon key unake varnan seey upa-utpaad. isai lekhakon kii ack majboot parampara haye joe netritva key naitik gunon seey sambandhit they aur gilda inmein shamil hoe gaye. unhone sarvanashkari bhasha kaa upayog kiyaah udaaharan key liye saxon "khalnayak", "dushman" they, jinka netritva ack shaitan-pitaa ney kiya thaa. phir bhee, gilda apane shabdon mein, "baahari shaanti" key yug seey gujare they, aur yeh shaanti hii haye joe apane saath "atyachari"-"anyaaypurna shasson" laaee thee.
gilda kii tippaniyon ney apane deshvaasiyon kii bhedyata aur unaki upeksha aur ladaai key baare mein unaki nirantar chinta koo pratibimbit kiyaah udaaharan key liye, "yeh hamesha iss logon key baare mein sach thaa (jaisa kii abb haye) kii yeh dushman key hathiyaron koo peetane mein kamjor thaa, lekin grih yuddh aur paap key bojh koo sahan karane mein majboot thaa."haalaanki, saxon sanghon key yuddh key baad, yadi narsamhar, saamoohik palayan yaa saamoohik gulami key kaary they, tou gilda koo unake baare mein pataa naheen thaa. gilda ney pavitra mandiron kii charcha karate hue ullekh kiya kii desh key vibhajan ("vibhaajak") key kaaran britten key aadhyatmik jeevan koo nuksan huaa thaa, joe nagrikon ("sivas") koo shahidon key mandiron mein pooja karane seey roque rhaa thaa. niyantran saxon koo saunp diyaa gayaa thaa, yahaan taka kii aise mandiron taka pahunch kaa niyantran bhee. church abb 'sahayak' thaa, usake beton ney 'gobar koo galey lagaa liya thaa' aur kuleen varg ney shasson karane kaa apana adhikaar khou diyaa thaa.
gilda ney abhijaat varg key bhrashtachar kaa varnan kiyaah "britten mein raajaa hain lekin way atyachari hain; usake paas nyayadhish hain lekin way dusht hain. yeh ansh gilda kii duniya kii ack jhalak pradaan kartaa haye, unhone aage kahaah "way nirdoshon koo lootate aur aatankit karate hain, way doshiyon aur chori karane vaalon kaa bachaav karate hain aur unaki raksha karate hain, unaki kaee patniyan hain, joe aur vyabhichaarini hain, jhoothi shapath lete hain, jhooth bolate hain, choron koo inam dete hain, hatyare purushon key saath baithate hain, vinamra logon koo tuchchh samajhate hain, unake commander 'bhagwan key dushman' hain; soochi lambi haye. shapath grahan aur aam logon key liye nyaaypurna nirnayon kii anupasthiti kaa kaee baar ullekh kiya gayaa thaa. british netritva, harr jagah, anaitik thaa aur "britten key vinash" kaa kaaran thaa.
bede kaa "historia acclesistica gentis anglorum".
gildas aur anya sroton kaa upayog bede dwara apane "historia acclesistica gentis anglorum" mein kiya gayaa thaa, joe lagbhag 731 mein likhaa gayaa thaa. bede pravasiyon kii pehchaan konn, saxon aur joot key roop mein kartaa haye, (bee. key. aaee, see. aich. 15) kii saxon puraane saxony (uttari germany) seey aae they aur 'anglia' seey konn, joe saxon aur joot key matribhoomi key beach sthit they. anglia koo aamtaur parr puraane schlesswig-holstein praant (aadhunik dennish-german seema parr faila huaa) key roop mein vyakhya kii jaati haye, aur isamen aadhunik angel shamil hotaa haye. elbe aur vesar nadiyon (loer saxony kaa aadhunik german raajya) key beach kaa tata mool kaa saxon kshetra haye. jootland, denmark kaa hissa vaalaa praaydweep, joot kii matribhoomi thee.
bede ney basti key teen charanon kii pehchaan kii haih ack anveshan charan, jaba bhaade key sanic nivasi aabaadi kii raksha key liye aae they; ack pravaas charan, joe kii iss kathan seey nihit thaa kii "angles" nirjan thaa; aur ack sthaapana charan, jisamen anglo-saxon ney kshetron koo niyantrit karna shuru kiya, joe janjaatiyon kii utpatti key baare mein bede key bayaan mein nihit thaa. bede key iss vishleshan ney itihas key baare mein bede key "uttar-uttar" drishtikon key nirantarta aur parivartan key sandarbh mein punarmulyankan kiya haye aur kaise iss drishtikon koo niptan key baad key dou charanon key khaate mein vaapas pesh kiya gayaa thaa; aur paaramparik kalanukramik dhaanche kaa ack sambhaavit sudhaar.
bretwalda kii avadharana bede kii tippani mein utpann hoti haye kii britten kaa samrajya kisake paas thaa. iss avadharana seey, itihaskaron ney humber key dakshin mein adhipatya kii ack aupchaarik sanstha kaa anuman lagaaya haye. kyaa aisee sanstha maujood thee, yeh anishchit haye, lekin saiman keynes kaa tark haye kii yeh vichaar ack aavishkaar kii gaee avadharana naheen haye. bretwalda avadharana koo kaee praarambhik anglo-saxon kuleen parivaaron kii upasthiti key pramaan key roop mein liya jaataa haye. kyaa adhikansh loga praarambhik basane vaale they, basane vaalon key vanshaj they, yaa vishesh roop seey anveshan charan key baad, roman-british netaa they jinhone anglo-saxon sanskriti koo apanaaya thaa, yeh spasht naheen haye, lekin raay kaa santulan yeh haye kii adhikansh pravaasi they. ullekhaniya antaralon mein shamil hainh poorv yaa paschim madhyabhoomi seey kissy kaa bhee pratinidhitva bratewaldas kii soochi mein naheen haye, aur inn netaaon kii taarikhon key baare mein kuchh anishchitata haye.
britishon key baare mein bede kaa drishtikon aanshik roop seey anglo-saxon utpeedan key dalit vishayon key roop mein unaki tasveer key liye jimmedaar haye. iska upayog kuchh bhashavidon aur puraatatvidon dwara narsamhar, jabaran pravaas aur gulami seey judey aakraman aur niptan siddhanton koo taiyar karane key liye kiya gayaa haye. historia acclesistica" mein britishon kaa chitran gilda key lekhan seey prabhaavit haye, joe saxon koo british logon key khilaf bhagwan kii or seey ack sajaa key roop mein dekhate they. windy mckinny ney nott kiya kii "bede ney iss bindu parr dhyaan kendrit kiya aur moortipoojak anglo-saxon koo reprobate britton key khilaf bhagwan key abhishaap key roop mein naheen, balki britten key mochan key agents key roop mein chitrit karke gilda kii drishti koo badhaaya. isaliye, jiss bhayaanak paridrishya kaa gildaon koo darr thaa, usey shaant roop seey bistar dwara samajhaaya jaataa haye; kissy bhee tarah key kharaab vyavhaar kii aavashyakta thee, aur bhagwan dwara nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki britishon ney bhagwan kaa anugrah khou diyaa thaa, aur unakaa krodh huaa thaa."mckinny, joe sujhaav dete hain kii" "bede swayam ack jaatiya roop seey 'shuddh' konn naheen hoe sakata haye", tark dete hain kii jaatiya shabdon kaa unakaa upayog "" parampara aur dhaarmik vichaaron kii abhivyakti, logon kii pradhikaran key prati nishtha seey judaa huaa thaa, aur parivartan key adheen thaa kyonki itihas kaa vikas jaari rhaa.  isaliye, yeh ack vivadaspad bindu haye kii kyaa way sabhi joe angley shabd key tahat shamil they, nasleeya roop seey german they.
adiwasi chhipaav.
adiwasi chhipaav" 35 janjaatiyon kii ack soochi haye joe saatvin aur nauvin shatabdi key beach anglo-saxon ingland mein sankalit kii gaee thee. elmet-nivaasiyon' key samavesh seey saiman keynes koo pataa chalata haye kii "adiwasi chhipaav" 670 key dashak kii shuruat mein, raajaa vulferey key shasankal key dauran sankalit kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki elmet isake baad uttar-laghu niyantran mein laut aaya haye.
isamen kaee swatantra raajya aur anya chhote kshetra shamil hain aur pratyek koo kaee chhatari aavantit karate hain. ack ghar kaa bharan-poshan karane key liye ack chhipaav paryaapt bhoomi thee. janjaatiyon kii soochi kaa netritva merasia dwara kiya jaataa haye aur isamen lagbhag vishesh roop seey aise loga shamil hotey hain joe humber nadimukh key dakshin mein rahate they aur way kshetra joe mercy samrajya koo gherate they, jinamen seey kuchh kii pehchaan vidvaanon dwara kabhi bhee santoshjanak roop seey naheen kii gaee haye. yeh dastaavez samasyagrast haye, lekin itihaskaron key liye behad mahatvapurna haye, kyonki yeh logon, bhoomi aur janjaatiyon aur samoohon key beach sambandhon kii ack jhalak pradaan kartaa haye, jinamen unhone khud koo sangathit kiya thaa.
soochi mein alag-alag ikaaiyaan adiwasi samoohon key basti kshetron seey vikasit kii gaee hain, jinamen seey kuchh 300 key barabar hain. naamon kaa pataa lagaana mushkil haih "east vixna" aur "sward orah" jaise sthaan. isase joe pataa chalata haye vaha yeh haye kii janjaati aur parivaar kii sookshm pehchaan shuru seey hii mahatvapurna haye. yeh soochi anya aitihaasik sroton kii ekal raajneetik ikai kii tulanaa mein adhik jatil niptan kaa pramaan haye.
"anglo-saxon chronicle.
anglo-saxon chronicle" anglo-saxon ingland mein ghatnaaon kaa ack aitihaasik record haye, jise 9veen shatabdi key anta seey 12veen shatabdi key madhya taka rakhaa gayaa thaa. itihas una vrittaanton kaa ack sangrah haye joe abhee bhee kuchh mamalon mein una ghatnaaon key 600 saal seey adhik samay baad bhee adyatan kiye jaa rahey they jinka way varnan karate hain. inmein vibhinn pravishtiyaan hain joe aitihaasik sakshya kii chaudaai koo jodati hain aur pravaas, anglo-saxon abhijaat varg aur vibhinn mahatvapurna aitihaasik ghatnaaon key liye achche saboot pradaan karati hain.
anglo-saxon chronicle" mein varnit sabse shuruati ghatnaaon koo sadiyon baad likhaa gayaa thaa. barbara yorke, patrick sims-williams aur david dumwill ney iss baat parr prakaash daala haye kii kaise paanchvin aur chhathi shatabdi kii shuruat key liye "anglo-saxon chronicle" kii kaee visheshtaen iss vichaar kaa spasht roop seey khandan karati hain kii unamen ack vishvasaniya saal-darr-saal record haye. stuart leey cock ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii praarambhik avadhi kaa varnan karane vaali kuchh jaankaari koo satya key ack guchhe key roop mein sweekaar kiya jaa sakata haye yadi spasht vivaran aur kalpanaon koo aswikar curr diyaa jaataa haye (jaise kii porta aur portsmouth key baare mein jaankaari). suspenses key elle seey judee ghatnaaon kaa anukram prashansaniya lagata haye, jabaki tithiyaan anishchit hain. haalaanki, "anglo-saxon chronicle" jaise itihas seey anglo-saxon samjhaute key liye sakshya prastut karna anishchit haye aur vartamaan drishtikon parr bahut adhik nirbhar kartaa haye kii kaun see pravishtiyaan sweekarya satya hain. jaisa kii dumwill "anglo-saxon chronicle" key baare mein bataate hainh "madhyayugeen itihaslekhan kii dhaaranaaen hamaare apane seey alag hain, vishesh roop seey kathaa aur gair-kathaa key beach antar key sandarbh mein.
bhashai sakshya.
bhashai parivartan kii vyakhya karna, aur vishesh roop seey purani angreji key uday, britten key anglo-saxon basti key kissy bhee khaate mein mahatvapurna haye. aadhunik aam sahamati yeh haye kii angreji key prasaar koo raajneetik aur samajik roop seey pramukh honey vaale german bhashi apravasiyon key ack alpasankhyak dwara samajhaaya jaa sakata haye, ack aise sandarbh mein jahaan lattin ney roman arthavyavastha aur prashaasan key patan key kaaran apani upayogita aur pratishtha khou dee thee.
saboot.
roman britten key sabhi bhashai sakshya bataate hain kii adhikansh nivasi british celtic aur/yaa british lattin bolate they. haalaanki, aathvin shatabdi taka, jaba uttar-roman bhasha kii sthiti key liye vyaapak saboot agale upalabdh hain, tou yeh spasht haye kii joe abb purvi aur dakshini ingland haye, usamen pramukh bhasha purani angreji thee, jisake paschim german poorvavartiyon koo abb neetherland aur uttari germany mein bolaa jaataa thaa. purani angreji taba aaney vaali shataabdiyon mein paschim aur uttar kii or failati rahee. yeh vikas, udaaharan key liye, post-roman gaul, iberia yaa uttar africa seey aashcharyajanak roop seey alag haye, jahan german bhashi aakramankariyon ney dheere-dheere sthaaniya bhaashaon kii or rukh kiya. purani angreji celtic yaa bolly jaane vaali lattin seey bahut cumm spasht prabhaav dikhaati haih udaaharan key liye britonic mool key kuchh angreji shabd gayab hoe rahey hain. isake alawa, cornwall koo chhodkar, ingland mein adhikansh sthaan-naam aasaani seey purani angreji (yaa purani norse, baad mein wiking prabhaav key kaaran) key roop mein vyutpann kiye jaate hain, joe post-roman ingland mein angreji key prabhutva kaa pradarshan karate hain. celtic sthalaakriti parr haal key dashakon mein gahan shodh seey pataa chalaa haye kii ingland aur dakshini scotland mein adhik naamon mein britonic, yaa kabhi-kabhi lattin, vyutpatti haye joe ack baar socha gayaa thaa, lekin phir bhee, yeh spasht haye kii ingland key purvi aadhe mein britonic aur lattin sthaan-naam behad durlabh hain, aur halanki way paschimi aadhe mein adhik aam hain, way abhee bhee ack chhote seey alpasankhyak hain-udaaharan key liye, cheshire mein 2%.
bahas.
beesavin shatabdi key uttaraardh mein, angreji parr celtic prabhaav kii kamee key liye vidvaanon kaa samanya spashteekaran, gilda aur bede key khaaton key gair-aalochanatmak pathan dwara samarthit, yeh thaa kii purani angreji mukhya roop seey isaliye pramukh hoe gaee kyonki german bhashi aakramankariyon ney maare, khaded diyaa, aur/yaa una kshetron key pichhale nivaasiyon koo gulam banaa diyaa jahaan way buss gaye they. haal key dashakon mein, kuchh visheshagyon ney iss vyakhya kaa samarthan karna jaari rakhaa haye, aur peater scriver ney kahaa haye kii 'kaafee hudd taka, yeh bhashavigyan haye joe roman britten key anta mein jansankhyikiya parivartan key baare mein kathor paridrishyon key sandarbh mein sochane key liye jimmedaar haye.
lekin aaj key visheshagyon key beach aam sahamati, sampark bhashavigyan mein shodh seey prabhaavit haye, kii kaafee cumm sankhya mein puraane angreji bolane vaalon key raajneetik prabhutva ney badee sankhya mein british logon koo purani angreji apanaane key liye prerit kiya hoga, jabaki iss bhasha-parivartan kaa bahut cumm pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haye. britten kii roman arthavyavastha aur prashaasnik sanrachanaon key patan ney britten koo apane anglo-saxon padosiyon key samaan takniki roop seey ack samaaj mein rahane key liye chhod diyaa haye, jisase yeh sambhavana naheen haye kii anglo-saxon koo aparichit avadhaaranaon key liye shabdon koo udhaar lene kii aavashyakta hogi. yadi purani angreji kissy vishesh kshetra mein sabse pratishthit bhasha bunn gaee, tou anya bhaashaon key bolane vaalon koo dwibhashi banana fayademand lagaa hoga aur kuchh peedhiyon mein, cumm pratishthit bhaashaon koo bolna bund curr diyaa jaayega (iss mamle mein british celtic aur/yaa british lattin). yeh vivaran, joe britten mein raajneetik roop seey pramukh german bhashi pravasiyon kii kewal chhoti sankhya kii maang kartaa haye, post-roman britten mein celtic aur bolly jaane vaali lattin kii kramik mrityu key liye 'maanak spashteekaran' bunn gayaa haye.
isi tarah, vidvaanon ney badey paimaane parr jansankhyikiya parivartan key alawa vibhinn tantron koo prastut kiya haye, jisake dwara poorv-pravaas celtic sthaan-naam khou sakate they. vidvaanon ney jore dekar kahaa haye kii roman kaal key velsh aur cornish sthaan-naam angreji kii tulanaa mein jeevit rahane kii adhik sambhavana naheen hainh 'spasht roop seey naam kaa nuksan ack roman-british ghatana thee, naa kii kewal anglo-saxon uncurse seey judee thee'. roman kaal key sthaan-naamon key pratisthaapan key liye anya vyakhyaon mein celtic naamon kaa anukoolan shamil haye jaise kii way abb purani angreji seey aatey prateet hotey hain; ack baar kii tulanaa mein celtic naamon kaa adhik kramik nuksan; aur nae naam (naee pramukh angreji bhasha mein) bastiyon kii asthirta aur bhoomi-karyakal key kaaran gadhaa jaa rhaa haye.
vartamaan shodh.
iss baat parr vyaapak shodh jaari haye kii kyaa british celtic ney purani angreji key dhwani vigyaan, roopvigyaan aur vakyavinyas parr sookshm substrate prabhaav daala (saath hii saath iss baat parr bhee kii kyaa british lattin-vaktaaon ney british bhaashaon koo prabhaavit kiya, shayed jaba way anglo-saxon prabhutva seey paschim kii or britten key uchch bhoomi kshetron mein bhaag gaye). haalaanki, yeye tark abhee taka sarvasammati seey vichaar naheen baney hain. iss prakaar ack halia sanshleshan kaa nishkarsh haye kii 'purani angreji parr celtic prabhaav key liye sakshya kuchh hudd taka viral haye, jiska kewal yeh arth haye kii yeh mayawi banaa huaa haye, yeh naheen kii yeh maujood naheen thaa'.
yeh maanate hue kii kaee british-bhashi angreji mein sthanantarit hoe gaye hain, ack dhaanche key bheetar bahas jaari haye, udaaharan key liye iss baat parr kii kyaa cumm seey cumm kuchh german bhashi kisan-varg key apravasi bhasha-parivartan laane key liye shamil hue honge; kaun see kanuni yaa samajik sanrachanaaen (jaise daasata yaa rangbhed jaise reeti-rivaaj) angreji key uchch darje koo badhaava dey sakati hain; aur sateek roop seey vibhinn kshetron mein british (aur british lattin) kitni dheere-dheere gayab hoe gaye.
ack vishisht drishtikon jisane vyaapak roop seey lokpriya dhyaan aakarshit kiya haye, vaha haye stephen oppenheimer kaa sujhaav kii angreji parr celtic prabhaav kii kamee isaliye haye kyonki angreji key poorvaj pahale seey hii britten mein belgi dwara roman avadhi key anta seey pahale vyaapak roop seey boley jaate they. haalaanki, oppenheimer key vichaar gyaat tathyon koo samajhaane mein sahayak naheen paae gaye hainh paanchvin shatabdi seey pahale britten mein ack achchi tarah seey sthaapit german bhasha key liye koee saboot naheen haye, aur oppenheimer kaa vichaar celtic aur lattin key upayog key liye vyaapak sabooton kaa khandan kartaa haye.
kuleen vyaktigat naam.
jabaki kaee adhyayanon mein sweekaar kiya gayaa haye kii nichale samajik star key mool british logon kaa paryaapt astitva sambhaavit haye, inn logon key saath "kuleen prabhutva" tantra kii kaarravaai key kaaran samay key saath angrejeekaran hoe jaataa haye, british abhijaat varg key astitva aur unake angrejeekaran key liye bhee saboot hain. ack anglo-saxon abhijaat varg kaa gathan dou tarikon seey kiya jaa sakata haih ack aaney vaale sardar aur uttari germania seey usake yuddh baind seey britten key ack kshetra parr kabja karna, yaa ack mool british sardar aur usake yuddh baind key madhyam seey anglo-saxon sanskriti aur bhasha koo apnana.
kaee "anglo-saxon" rajvanshon kii shaahi vanshavali mein british celtic vyaktigat naamon kii ghatana baad kii prakriya kaa bahut hii soochak haye. wessex shaahi vansh kii sthaapana paaramparik roop seey serdic naamak ack vyakti dwara kii gaee thee, joe nissandeh "ceretic" key samaan ack celtic naam haye, joe dou british raajaon koo diyaa gayaa naam haye, aur antatah britonic * caraticos seey liya gayaa haye. yeh sanket dey sakata haye kii syrdic ack mool british thaa, aur samay key saath uska rajvansh angrezi hoe gayaa. kaee syrdic key kathit vanshajon key paas celtic naam bhee they, jinamen 'bretwalda' seavelin bhee shamil thaa. iss rajvansh mein ack british naam kii antim ghatana raajaa kedwala kii thee, jinaki mrityu 689 mein hui thee. british naam cadebed lindsey key raajaon kii vanshavali mein paaya jaataa haye, joe iss kshetra mein bhee british abhijaat varg key astitva key liye tark detaa haye. marki shaahi vanshavali mein, raajaa penda kaa naam aur anya raajaon key naam german vyutpatti kii tulanaa mein adhik spasht britonic hain, halanki way gyaat velsh vyaktigat naamon seey mell naheen khaate hain.
bede, apane pramukh kaam mein, angreji church mein chaar uchch-varg key bhaaiyon key currier koo chart kartaa haye; vaha unhein uttar-madhyam varg key roop mein sandarbhit kartaa haye, aur isaliye "angreji". haalaanki, sent chaad off mercia (ack pramukh bishap) aur unake bhaaiyon see. ee. dee. dee. (ack bishap bhee), sinabil aur callin (seaveline kii ack prakaar kii vartani) key naam anglo-saxon key bajaay british hain.
dakshini britten (vishesh roop seey wessex, kent, assex aur dakshini poorv anglia key kuchh hisson) key liye ack achchha mamla banaaya jaa sakata haye, cumm seey cumm, kuchh german vansh yaa connection vaale rajvanshon dwara liya gayaa haye, lekin mool roop seey, yaa deshi british abhijaat varg key saath antar-vivaah bhee haye.
puraataatvik sakshya.
pravaas aur/yaa sanskriti key liye sakshya koo samajhane key liye puraatatvidon koo pahale "pehchaan key puraatatva" key roop mein praarambhik anglo-saxon puraatatva key saath pakad banani chaahiye. puraatatva key ack pahalu parr alag seey vichaar karane seey bachaate hue, yeh avadharana yeh sunishchit karati haye kii vibhinn vishayon koo ack saath maanaa jaae, jinhen pahale ling, ayu, jaatiyata, dharm aur sthiti sahit alag seey maanaa jaataa thaa.
samanya roop seey anglo-saxon avadhi key liye puraataatvik sanshleshan key karyon kii kamee aur vishesh roop seey praarambhik avadhi key kaaran vyakhya kaa kaary baadhit huaa haye. yeh badal rhaa haye, sanshleshan aur kalakram key nae karyon key saath, vishesh roop seey spong pahaadi key sakshya parr catherine pahaadiyon aur saim luci key kaam, jisane mahadvipiya bhautik sanskriti key saath sambhaavit sanshleshan koo khol diyaa haye aur iss aitihaasik roop seey nirdhaarit tithi seey pahale abb charanon mein mahatvapurna sankhya mein vastuon key saath, 450 seey pahale kii basti key liye kalakram koo sthanantarit curr diyaa haye.
roman viraasat koo samajhana.
5veen aur 6veen shatabdi mein britten mein ack deshi british pehchaan aur ack german sanskriti key udbhav donon key liye puraataatvik sakshya koo pahale roman shasson key anta kii avadhi parr vichaar karna chaahiye. 5veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein kuchh samay key liye roman bhautik sanskriti key patan ney puraataatvik record mein ack antar chhod diyaa joe ghuspaith karane vaali anglo-saxon bhautik sanskriti seey kaafee teji seey bharaa huaa thaa, jabaki deshi sanskriti puraatatviya roop seey adrishya key karib hoe gaee-halanki haal key bhandar aur dhaatu-detector ney paaya kii sikke kaa upayog aur ayaat aeye. dee. 410 parr achaanak bund naheen huaa thaa.
britten key bheetar roman sainya pranaliyon kaa puraatatva achchi tarah seey jaanaa jaataa haye lekin achchi tarah seey samajha naheen jaataa haih udaaharan key liye, kyaa saxon tata rakshaatmak thaa yaa maal key maarg koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye. andreau nashpati kaa sujhaav haye kii "saxon tata key kille" aur anya tateey pratishthanon ney aksar sarahana kii jaane kii tulanaa mein adhik mahatvapurna aarthik aur rasad bhoomika nibhai, aur inn kilon key naam parr adharit saxon aur anya mahadvipiya samudri dakaiti kii parampara, shayed ack mithak haye.
dair seey roman (aur upa-roman) britten kaa puraatatva mukhya roop seey kisan aur gulam key bajaay abhijaat varg parr kendrit rhaa haih unake vilaa, ghar, mozek, furniture, fitting aur chaandi kii platein. iss samooh key paas ack sakht code thaa kii unaki sampatti koo kaise pradarshit kiya jaanaa thaa, aur yeh ack samriddh bhautik sanskriti pradaan kartaa haye, jisase "britton" kii pehchaan kii jaati haye. sabse ameer aur sabse garib key beach ack badaa antar thaa; baad vaale key jaal cumm puraataatvik adhyayan kaa kendra rahey hain. haalaanki chauthi aur paanchvin shatabdi key kisaanon key puraatatva mein vistaarit parivaaron seey judee "seedhi" kshetra pranaliyon yaa gheron kaa prabhutva haye, aur ingland key dakshin aur poorv mein, lakadi seey nirmit imaraton aur khet key maidanon kaa vyaapak upayog roman nirmaan vidhiyon key saath cumm star kaa judaav dikhaata haye joe sankhyaatmak roop seey bahut chhote abhijaat varg key gharon dwara dikhaaya gayaa haye.
saboot kaa niptara karein.
anglo-saxon key upayog kii pushti "foedretti" yaa sanghiya sainikon key roop mein dekhi gaee haye kii way ack prakaar key sainya upkaran pahane hue anglo-saxon key dafan seey aae hain, joe dair seey roman balon koo jaari kiye gaye hain, joe donon roman sandarbhon mein paae gaye hain, jaise kii winchester aur colchester key roman kabristan, aur vishuddh roop seey 'anglo-saxon' graameen kabristanon jaise kii mucking (assex), halanki yeh roman-british dwara upayog kii jaane vaali ack basti mein thaa. roman bastiyon aur sadakon key nikat prachintam anglo-saxon sthalon aur sthaanon key naamon key vitaran kii vyakhya yeh darshaati haye kii praarambhik anglo-saxon bastiyon koo roman-british dwara niyantrit kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
catherine hills kaa sujhaav haye kii sabhi praarambhik basane vaalon koo sanghiya sainikon key roop mein dekhana aavashyak naheen haye, aur iss vyakhya kaa upayog kuchh puraatatvidon dwara bahut aasaani seey kiya gayaa haye. roman-british aur aaney vaale anglo-saxon key beach vibhinn prakaar key sambandh maujood hoe sakate they. vyaapak puraataatvik chitra seey pataa chalata haye kii koee bhee model britten mein sabhi anglo-saxon bastiyon kii vyakhya naheen karega aur yeh kii kaafee kshetriya bhinnata thee. dakshini aur purvi ingland key bheetar basti ghanatva bhinn thaa. norphoke mein padosi purvi anglion county off suffock kii tulanaa mein adhik badey anglo-saxon kabristan hain; purvi yorkshire (deera key anglo-saxon samrajya kaa kendra) baaki northumbria kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik haye. basane vaale sabhi ack hii prakaar key naheen they. kuchh vaastav mein yoddha they jinhen apane hathiyaron seey lais dafnaya gayaa thaa, lekin hamein yeh naheen maanana chaahiye kii yeye sabhi aamantrit mehmann they joe roman-british samudaayon kii raksha karane key liye they. sambhavatah kuchh, jaise baad key wiking basane vaalon ney, samudri daku hamlaavaron key roop mein shuruat kii hogi jinhone baad mein bhoomi parr kabja curr liya aur sthaayi bastiyaan banaa leen. anya basane vaale bahut vinamra loga prateet hotey hain jinake paas kuchh hathiyar they aur way kuposhan seey peedit they. inhen sonia chadwick hocks dwara german 'naav key loga' key roop mein chihnit kiya gayaa thaa, joe uttari samudra parr bheedbhaad vaali bastiyon seey sharanarthi they, joe bigadati jalavaayu sthitiyon koo asahaniya banaa dete.
janjaatiya visheshataaen.
catherine hills bataati hain kii anglo-saxon puraatatva koo poori tarah seey nasl vigyaan key adhyayan key roop mein maanana bahut aasaan haye aur yeh vichaar karane mein whiffle rehna kii pehchaan "samagr anglo-saxon jaatiyata seey cumm sambandhit haye aur parivaar yaa janjaati, isai yaa moortipoojak, abhijaat varg yaa kisan kii sadasyata seey adhik sambandhit haye. "anglo-saxon" yaa "britton" aaj kii rashtriyataon kii tulanaa mein adhik sajaatiya naheen they, aur unhone vividh visheshtaon kaa pradarshan kiya hogaah purush/mahila, boodhe/yuva, ameer/garib, kisan/yoddha-yaa yahaan taka kii gilda 'petria' (saathi nagrik), "sivas" (swadeshi loga) aur "host" (dushman)-saath hii bhasha seey judee vividhata. inke alawa, praarambhik anglo-saxon kaal mein, pehchaan sthaaniya theeh haalaanki loga apane padosiyon koo jaanate honge, lekin kapadon aur vishesh roop seey fastner key vivaran key saath adiwasi wafadari kaa sanket denaa mahatvapurna hoe sakata haye. 19veen shatabdi key kalanukramik raashtravaad key vichaaron koo ayaat karane seey bachane key liye kabhi-kabhi iss avadhi key baare mein sochana kathin hotaa haih vaastav mein yeh sambhavana naheen haye kii loga khud koo anglo-saxon key roop mein sochate-isake bajaay way ack janjaati yaa kshetra kaa hissa they, ack sanrakshak yaa ack netaa key anuyaayiyon key vanshaj they. yeh vaha pehchaan haye jise puraataatvik sakshya samajhane aur nirdhaarit karane kaa prayaas karate hain, yeh dekhate hue kii yeh alag pehchaan samoohon, yaa pahchaanon kaa samarthan kaise curr sakata haye joe aapas mein judey hue they.
1999 mein pieterbero key paas alvalton mein ack achchi tarah seey susajjit moortipoojak-avadhi key mishrit, amanviya-shmashan kaa hissa, kabristan kii khudai kii gaee thee. 5veen aur 6veen shatabdi key beach key atthais kalash aur dou asambaddh daah sanskar, aur 5veen aur 7veen shatabdi kii shuruat key beach key 34 amanviya shavon kaa pataa chalaa thaa. daah sanskar aur inhumation donon koo chitaa yaa kabr kaa saman pradaan kiya gayaa thaa, aur kuchh dafanaane koo samriddh roop seey susajjit kiya gayaa thaa. khudai mein prathaon aur prateekaatmak kapadon key mishran key liye saboot mille; yeye sthaaniya matbhedon koo darshaate hain joe adiwasi yaa parivarik nishtha seey judey hue prateet hotey hain. vishesh roop seey kapadon kaa yeh upayog bahut prateekaatmak thaa, aur kabristan mein samoohon key bheetar spasht antar paae jaa sakate they.
haalaanki, kuchh halia vidvaanon ney tark diyaa haye kii jaatiyata key samajshastra key liye vartamaan drishtikon vishuddh roop seey puraataatvik sadhanon key madhyam seey jaatiya pehchaan kaa pradarshan karna asambhav naheen tou behad kathin banaa detaa haye, aur iss tarah moortipoojak vishvaason key pramaan key liye, yaa adiwasi yaa jaatiya sambaddhata kii saanskritik yaadon key liye, alvalton mein paaee jaane vaali kalakritiyon parr paae jaane vaali "peplos" poshak, yaa vishesh kalaatmak shailiyon key upayog key roop mein susajjit inhumation yaa aisee kapadon key abhyason kaa upayog karane key aadhar koo khariz curr diyaa haye.
pahale key smarakon kaa punah upayog.
praarambhik anglo-saxon avadhi mein smaarak key punah upayog key sakshya abhyaas key kaee mahatvapurna pahaluon koo prakat karate hain. pracheen smaarak praarambhik anglo-saxon paridrishya mein mritakon koo rakhane kaa nirdhaaran karane vaale sabse mahatvapurna karakon mein seey ack they. pragaitihasik aur roman sthalon parr anglo-saxon maadhyamik gatividhi koo paaramparik roop seey vyaavhaarik roop seey samajhaaya gayaa thaa. howard williams key vichaar seey yeye spashteekaran, smarakon aur kabron (vilaa seey laker bairo taka) kii sankhya aur prakaron key liye phir seey upayog kiye jaane mein whiffle rahey.
anglo-saxon bairo dafan 6 veen shatabdi key anta mein shuru huaa aur 8 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein jaari rhaa. pragaitihasik bairo koo, vishesh roop seey, bhoomi key daavon aur poorvajon key saath sambandhon kii bhautik abhivyaktiyon key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye, aur johnn shaferred ney iss vyakhya koo anglo-saxon tumuli taka vistaarit kiya haye. eva thet ney post-roman ingland mein smaarak key punah upayog kii mahadvipiya utpatti parr jore diyaa haye, howard williams ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii iss pratha kaa mukhya uddeshya ack aise paridrishya koo samajhaana thaa joe apravasiyon koo khaali naheen milaa thaa.
7veen aur 8veen shatabdi mein, smaarak kaa punah upayog itna vyaapak hoe gayaa kii yeh poorv-saxon ateet key drishya smarakon key buggle mein abhijaat varg key dafanaane key jaanboojhkar sthaan kaa dridhata seey sujhaav detaa haye, lekin iss charan key 'samanya' dafan sthal bhee aksar pragaitihasik bairo key buggle mein sthit hotey hain. 5veen/6veen shatabdi seey 7veen/8veen shatabdi taka iss tarah key sthaanik sambandh kii saapeksh vriddhi spasht haye. williams key dou achchi tarah seey pralekhit namoonon key vishleshan seey pataa chalata haye kii oopari them kshetra mein anglo-saxon dafan sthalon mein 32 pratishat seey 50 pratishat taka kii vriddhi hui haye, aur 1945 key baad seey khudai kii gaee anglo-saxon kabristanon mein 47 pratishat seey 71 pratishat taka kii vriddhi hui haye. harke kaa sujhaav haye kii smarakon key badhate punah upayog key sandarbhon mein seey ack "pramukh pravasiyon kii bhautik sanskriti key mool nivaasiyon dwara apanaaya jaanaa" hoe sakata haye.
paridrishya puraatatva.
anglo-saxon ack parityakt paridrishya mein basane naheen gaye, jiss parr unhone nae prakaar kii basti aur kheti lagu kii, jaisa kii ack baar maanaa jaataa thaa. chauthi shatabdi key anta taka angreji graameen paridrishya kaafee hudd taka saaf hoe gayaa thaa aur aam taur parr faile hue kheton aur bastiyon dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa, pratyek apane kheton seey ghiraa huaa thaa, lekin aksar anya sansadhanon koo saajha kartaa thaa (jise "infield-outfield kheti" kahaa jaataa haye). aise kshetra, chaahe pragaitihasik houn yaa roman mool key, dou bahut hii samanya prakaron mein aatey hain, joe alag-alag aur ack saath paae jaate hainh aniyamit leout, jisamen ack key baad ack kaee shataabdiyon mein ack krishi yogya kendra mein jodaa gayaa thaa; aur niyamit rectilinear leout, joe aksar sthaaniya sthalaakriti kaa anusaran karate hain, joe bhoomi key kaafee kshetron key badey paimaane parr vibhajan key parinamswarup huaa thaa. iss tarah kii sthirata 5veen shatabdi key kuchh dashakon key bheetar ulat gaee thee, kyonki praarambhik "anglo-saxon" kisan, roman britten key patan aur jalavaayu mein girawat donon seey prabhaavit they, joe shayed 500 key aspas apane charam parr pahunch gayaa thaa, joe nirvaah parr kendrit thaa, joe pahale seey jutai kii gaee bhoomi key badey kshetron koo charagah mein parivartit curr rhaa thaa. haalaanki, parityakt krishi yogya bhoomi key bahut cumm pramaan hain.
dakshini aur madhya ingland mein sakshya teji seey pragaitihasik aur roman kshetra leout kii dridhata koo darshaate hain aur, kuchh mamalon mein, poore anglo-saxon avadhi mein, chaahe aise kshetron koo lagaatar jutai kii gaee hoe yaa naheen. 5veen shatabdi key dauran yarnton, oxfordshire aur mucking, assex mein paridrishya aparivartit rahey, jabaki barton court, oxfordshire mein, ack roman vilaa estate key 'ditched paddox yaa closes' key grid ney vahaan anglo-saxon basti key liye ack samanya dhancha banaaya. isi tarah key saboot sutton courtney, berkshire mein paae gaye hain. hampshire, bow brickhill, buckinghamshire aur havering, assex donon mein church key neeche chaltone aur catherinton mein roman-british kheton koo 7veen shatabdi key anta taka jutai gaee thee.
susan ostuizen ney ise aage badhaaya haye aur iss baat key pramaan sthaapit kiye hain kii "krishi yogya kheti key saamoohik sangathan key pahaluon koo pragaitihasik aur roman britten key kshetron mein ack pratidhvani milati haih vishesh roop seey, khule kshetra kii pranali, joe kaee kisaanon key beach saajha kii jaati haye lekin vyaktigat roop seey ugaai jaati haye; krishi yogya joth aur samanya charagah bhoomi key adhikaaron key beach kii kadee; shasson kii sanrachanaon mein aur sthaaniya adhipati koo kuchh adhishesh kaa bhugtan karane kaa kartavya, chaahe vaha kiraaye yaa shulk mein hoe. inn sub seey pataa chalata haye kii 5veen aur 6veen shatabdi mein sambandh aur samajik sambandh nirantar they, jisamen prabhuon dwara thopi gaee ekroopata yaa vinash, aakramankariyon kii berber kaarravaai yaa vyavastha key patan kaa koee saboot naheen thaa. iska prabhaav iss baat parr padata haye kii baad key vikas parr kaise vichaar kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii 7veen aur 8veen shatabdi key vikas.
paridrishya adhyayan vibhinn prakaar key sthalaakritik, puraataatvik aur likhit sroton parr adharit haye. anglo-saxon charter seemaon koo roman estates seey sambandhit karane kii koshish mein badee samasyaaen hain, jinake liye koee likhit record naheen hain, aur anglo-saxon avadhi key anta taka paridrishya key sangathan mein badey badalaav hue they joe pahale kii vyavasthaon koo aspasht curr sakate they. dair seey roman prashaasnik vyavasthaon key baare mein anishchitata key kaaran bhee vyakhya baadhit hoti haye. phir bhee, poore desh mein kiye gaye adhyayanon, "british" key saath-saath "anglo-saxon" kshetron mein, kshetriya seemaon kii nirantarta key udaaharan mille hain, jahaan, udaaharan key liye, roman vilaa estate seemaaen madhyayugeen sampadaon key saath samaan prateet hoti hain, jaisa kii praarambhik charter mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, halanki paribhaashit kshetra key bheetar basti sthal badal sakate hain. inn udaharanon mein humm joe dekhate hain vaha shayed sampatti yaa kshetra kii nirantarta haye joe prashaasan kii ack ikai key roop mein haye naa kii shoshan kii. haalaanki shaharon parr adharit roman prashaasan kaa oopari star 5veen shatabdi key dauran gayab hoe gayaa prateet hotaa haye, lekin graameen ilaakon key upkhandon parr adharit ack sahayak pranali jaari rahee hogi.
anglo-saxon raajyon aur unake celtic padosiyon donon key aantarik sangathan kaa aadhar ack badaa graameen kshetra thaa jisamen ack kendriya nivaas parr nirbhar kaee sahayak bastiyaan theen jinhen anglo-saxon lattin mein "vilaa" aur purani angreji mein "tunn" kahate they. inn ghatnakramon seey pataa chalata haye kii praarambhik anglo-saxon sthaaniya prashaasan (yaa praarambhik raajaon yaa earl kii basti) kii buniyaadi buniyaadi sanrachana dair seey roman yaa upa-roman britten seey viraasat mein millie thee.
bastiyon kaa vitaran.
praarambhik anglo-saxon bastiyon koo pravaasi basane vaalon key roop mein pahchaanane mein kaee kathinaaiyaan hain. iska ack hissa isaliye haye kyonki adhikansh praarambhik graameen anglo-saxon sthalon seey mitty key bartanon aur huddy key alawa kuchh anya khoj millie hain. havaai photography kaa upayog aasaani seey pahchaanane yogya bastiyon kaa utpaadan naheen kartaa haye, aanshik roop seey inmein seey kaee bastiyon kii faili hui prakriti key kaaran.
gyaat bastiyon kaa vitaran bhee mayawi haye aur paschim madhyabhoomi yaa uttar-paschim mein kuchh bastiyaan paaee jaati hain. yahaan taka kii kent mein, joe kii samriddh praarambhik anglo-saxon puraatatva kaa ack kshetra haye, khudai kii gaee bastiyon kii sankhya ummeed seey cumm haye. haalaanki, isake vipareet northamptonshire, oxfordshire, suffock aur cambridgeshire kii county praarambhik bastiyon mein apekshaakrit samriddh hain. inn seey nadee kii chhaton seey judee halki mitty parr praarambhik anglo-saxon bastiyon kii pravritti kaa pataa chalaa haye.
kaee antardeshiya bastiyaan una nadiyon parr hain joe roman yug key dauran pramukh nauvahan maarg rahee hain. inn sthalon, jaise kii oopari them parr dorchester, anglo-saxon dwara upayog kii jaane vaali uthali-bharee, clinker-nirmit naukaaon dwara aasaani seey sulabh they. yahee baat nadee key kinare, trent, vidam, nene aur daldali nichale them key saath bastiyon key baare mein bhee sach haye. bhautik sakshya kii kamee key kaaran cumm prasiddh lekin jeevit sthaanon key naamon seey satyaapit, white dweep aur hampshire key paas key dakshini tata parr jutish bastiyaan theen.
kaee anglo-saxon bastiyaan roman-yug key shaharon key paas yaa vahaan sthit hain, lekin roman-britton aur paas key anglo-saxon basti (i.ee., ack sambandh kaa sujhaav dete hue) kii pushti naheen hui haye. udaaharan key liye, roman caster-baay-norwich mein, haal key vishleshan seey pataa chalata haye kii kabristan shahar key aabhaasi parityag key baad kaa haye.
kabristan kaa saboot.
sabse puraane kabristan jinhen anglo-saxon key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye, vyaapak roop seey alag-alag kshetron mein paae jaate hain aur 5veen shatabdi kii shuruat key hain. apavaad kent mein haye, jahan kabristanon aur kalakritiyon kaa ghanatva yaa tou ack asadharan roop seey bhaari anglo-saxon basti kaa sujhaav detaa haye, yaa ack praarambhik tithi seey shuru honey vaali nirantar basti, yaa donon. 5veen shatabdi key anta taka atirikt anglo-saxon kabristan they, jinamen seey kuchh pahale key kabristanon seey satey they, lekin anya kshetron mein badey vistaar key saath, aur abb isamen sussex key dakshini tata bhee shamil hain.
varsh 2000 taka, lagbhag 10,000 praarambhik 'anglo-saxon' daah sanskar aur inhumation paae gaye they, joe shailiyon aur murdaghar anushthaan key prakaron mein vividhata kaa ack badaa star pradarshit karate they. yeh kaee sookshm sanskritiyon aur sthaaniya abhyaas key liye saboot key saath susangat haye. kabristan key sakshya abhee bhee bhautik sanskriti dwara prabhutva rakhate hainh kapade, aabhushan, hathiyar, bartan aur vyaktigat vastuon kii khoj; lekin kankal, haddiyon aur daanton seey bhautik aur aanvik sakshya teji seey mahatvapurna hoe rahey hain.
kent key shuruati kabristanon koo dekhate hue, sabse praasangik khoj mahadweep key vishisht link key saath susajjit kabron seey aatee haye. haalaanki, kuchh anoothi vastuein hain, jinamen bartan aur kalash aur vishesh roop seey broach shamil hain, joe mahila poshak kaa ack mahatvapurna tatva haye joe ack aadhunik suraksha pinn kii tarah ack fastner key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. broaches kii shally (jise quots kahaa jaataa haye), paanchvin shatabdi esvi mein dakshini ingland key liye advitiya haye, jisamen iss tarah kii vastuon kii sabse badee sandrata kent mein hoti haye. seichi suzuki apane design sangathan key vishleshan key madhyam seey shally koo paribhaashit kartaa haye, aur britten aur mahadweep mein lagbhag-samkaaleen shailiyon key saath isaki tulanaa karke, una visheshtaon kii pehchaan kartaa haye joe ise advitiya banaati hain. unakaa sujhaav haye kii usa samay kii raajneetik anishchitataon key dauran nae samooh kii pehchaan key nirmaan kii prakriya key hisse key roop mein yathaasthit broach shally banaai gaee thee aur iska punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh ack ubharate hue uttar-roman samaaj kii samajik-saanskritik gatishilata key sandarbh mein shally key vikas koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye. broach seey pataa chalata haye kii sanskriti kewal mahadweep seey hii naheen, balki praarambhik charan seey ack naee "anglo-saxon" sanskriti vikasit kii jaa rahee thee.
mahilaaon key fashion (deshi veshbhusha joe vyaparik saman naheen maani jaati haye), kaa upayog basane vaalon koo alag karane aur unaki pehchaan karane key liye kiya gayaa haye, joe anya khojon dwara poorak hain joe mahadweep key vishisht kshetron seey sambandhit hoe sakate hain. kent mein badee sankhya mein spasht kalaakritiyaan paaee gaee hain, aur inhen kaafee hudd taka praarambhik pravaas key bajaay vyaapaar aur vanijya kaa pratibimb maanaa jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, yorke ("praarambhik madhya yug mein wessex", 1995) kewal kuchh spasht niptan kii anumati detaa haye. spasht samudri hamla 260 kii shuruat mein darj kiya gayaa thaa aur agali shatabdi key liye aam hoe gayaa thaa, lekin britten parr unake chhaape see samaapt hoe gaye. 367 spasht roop seey ruchi dakshin kii or muda gaee aur usake baad uttari gaul aur germania key niyantran aur kabje parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa.
humber nadimukh aur purvi anglia key beach tateey kshetron key saath uttari german kii pehchaan karane vaali kalakritiyon kii upasthiti ingit karati haye kii scandinavian britten mein chaley gaye they. haalaanki, yeh sujhaav naheen detaa haye kii way konon key saath ack hii samay parr pahuncheh way lagbhag ack shatabdi baad aaa sakate hain, aur aagaman parr unaki sthiti aur prabhaav anishchit haye. vishesh roop seey, sutton huu jahaaj key saath ack mahatvapurna swedish prabhaav aur purvi anglion woofing rajvansh key liye ack swedish mool key sambandh mein, donon sambhaavanaon koo abb anishchit maanaa jaataa haye.
apravasi aur mool aabaadi key mishran aur aatmasaat karane kii prakriya koo bhautik sanskriti key saath spasht karna lagbhag asambhav haye, lekin kankal sakshya iss parr kuchh prakaash daal sakate hain. anglo-saxon kabristanon mein purush vyaktiyon kaa 7veen/8veen shatabdi kaa ausat qada 5veen/6veen shatabdi key ausat kii tulanaa mein 15 mimi (inch) cumm hoe gayaa. yeh vikas sabse adhik wessex mein chihnit haye jahan ausat 24 mimi (1 inch) gir gayaa haye. iss girawat koo paryaavaran parivartanon dwara aasaani seey samajhaaya naheen jaa sakata haye; 7veen/8veen shatabdi mein aahar mein parivartan kaa koee pramaan naheen haye, naa hii iss samay apravasiyon key aage aaney kaa koee pramaan haye. britten key nimn ausat qada koo dekhate hue, sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii sthaaniya antahkshetron kii bhautik sanskriti kaa kramik sexonization yaa anglicisation, anglo-saxon samudaayon mein mool aabaadi kaa badhata ekikaran, aur anglo-saxon aabaadi key bheetar apravasiyon aur mool nivaasiyon key beach antar-vivaah mein vriddhi hogi. hampshire seey antim roman aur praarambhik anglo-saxon avadhi key kankal samagri kii seedhe tulanaa kii gaee thee. yeh nishkarsh nikala gayaa thaa kii shahari roman dafanon mein pratinidhitva kiye gaye bhautik prakaar koo nasht naheen kiya gayaa thaa aur naa hii yeh samaapt hoe gayaa thaa, lekin anglo-saxon tithi key baad key dafanon mein iska achchi tarah seey pratinidhitva kiya jaataa rhaa.
praarambhik anglo-saxon basti kshetra key paschimi kinare parr sthit strayton-onn-phos II (warwickshire) mein, hathiyaron key saath purush vayaskon kaa anupaat 82 pratishat haye, joe dakshini ingland mein ausat seey kaafee adhik haye. kabristan II, anglo-saxon dafan sthal, dou roman-british kabristanon, strayton-onn-phos I aur III key turant buggle mein haye, joe kewal anglo-saxon kabron seey door haye. iss sthal parr mool mahila aabaadi kii nirantarta kaa anuman kapada takneekon kii nirantarta (roman-british seey anglo-saxon avadhi mein sankraman mein asamanya) aur roman seey anglo-saxon dafanon taka epigenetic lakshnon kii nirantarta seey lagaaya gayaa haye. usee samay, kankal sakshya ack nae shaaririk prakaar key purushon key post-roman avadhi mein upasthiti koo darshaata haye joe nikatvarti roman-british kabristanon mein purushon kii tulanaa mein adhik patale aur lambe hotey hain. ack saath liye jaane parr, tippaniyon seey purushon key ack samooh kaa aagaman pataa chalata haye, shayed unamen seey adhikansh yaa sabhi german hain, jinhone sthaaniya samudaay aur vivaahit mool mahilaaon parr niyantran curr liya thaa. vistrit kankal aur anya poorak jaankaari key abhaav mein 'warband' niptan key aise mamalon kii pushti karna aasaan naheen haye, lekin yeh maanate hue kii aise mamle hathiyar dafanaane key bahut uchch anupaat seey ingit kiye jaate hain, iss prakaar kaa niptan rishtedaar samooh model kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm thaa.
nick hime mukhya prashnon kii ruprekha taiyar kartaa haih 
"yeh kaafee spasht haye kii adhikansh anglo-saxon kabristan poori aabaadi key gair-pratinidhi hain, aur vishesh roop seey poori ayu seema key. isaliye, yeh ack aisaa samudaay thaa jisane vibhinn karakon key aadhar parr mritakon key niptan key baare mein nirnay liye, lekin una parr humm mushkil seey anuman lagaa sakate hain. kyaa kuchh logon koo shamil karna lekin sabhi vyaktiyon koo shamil karna raajneetik niyantran yaa saanskritik pradarshan key adheen naheen thaa? kyaa yeh jaatiyata kaa ack chihn thaa yaa yeh ack vishesh natedari, vaastavik yaa nirmit, yaa ack vishesh panth key anuyaayiyon kaa pratinidhitva kartaa thaa? kyaa yeh sthiti vishisht thee, graameen sarvahara varg key saath-joe aabaadi kaa vishal bahumat hotaa-shayed baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa? tou inmein seey kaee kabristan vishisht, uchch sthiti vaale gharon seey judey hain aur vishesh roop seey vayask sadasyon key liye bhaarit hain? humm naheen jaanate, lekin samudaay key vishesh hisson kii ack aayatit aur kuchh arthon mein 'german' key prati pratibaddhata, daah sanskar anushthaan kaafee prateet hotaa haye, aur yeh kuchh aisaa haye jisake liye spashteekaran kii aavashyakta hoti haye."
aanvik sakshya.
shodhkartaon ney aapravaasan key saapeksh mahatva, mool nivaasiyon kii sanskriti aur anglo-saxon ingland key nirmaan mein antar-vivaah kii jaanch karane key liye aanvik sakshya key vibhinn roopon koo niyojit kiya haye.
y-gunasutra pramaan.
maanav genome key ling-vishisht tatvon kii viraasat kramshah mitochondrial dna aur vaaee-gunasutra dna kaa upayog karke alag-alag mahila-kewal aur purush-kewal vanshavali key adhyayan kii anumati detee haye. mitochondrial dna ("mtdna") aur vaaee-gunasutra dna dwigunit paramanu gunasutron key dna seey alag hotey hain kyonki way donon maataa-pitaa key jeane key sanyojan seey naheen banate hain. balki, purushon koo seedhe apane pitaa seey vaaee-gunasutra viraasat mein milata haye, aur donon lingon koo seedhe apani maataon seey aim. tii. dee. aine. aeye. viraasat mein milata haye. natijatan, way ack vyakti seey dusare vanshaj key liye ack aanuvanshik record koo sanrakshit karate hain joe kewal utparivartan key madhyam seey badala jaataa haye. 
poore ingland aur wells mein poorv-paschim bhaag mein liye gaye vaaee-gunasutra bhinnata kii ack pariksha kii tulanaa freezland (poorv aur paschim bhittichitra) mein liye gaye samaan namoonon seey kii gaee thee. ise anglo-saxon pravasiyon key srot key roop mein maanaa jaane key kaaran aur purani angreji aur frisian key beach samaantaon key kaaran adhyayan key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. norwey key namoonon kaa bhee chayan kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki yeh baad mein wiking pravaas kaa ack srot haye. yeh paaya gayaa kii ingland mein, chhoti aabaadi key namoonon mein, paitrik aanuvanshik viraasat kaa 50 pratishat seey 100% uttari samudra key german taton mein utpann logon seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa.
2003 mein ack badee namuna aabaadi aur adhik yuu. key. aabaadi seey liye gaye anya shodhon ney sujhaav diyaa kii kent, mahadvipiya (uttari german aur dennish) sahit sabse dakshini ingland mein paitrik aanuvanshik input 25 pratishat aur 45 pratishat key beach thaa, jiska ausat 37 pratishat thaa. purvi anglia, purvi madhyabhoomi aur yorkshire mein 50 pratishat seey adhik they. baad vaale mein bahut adhik wiking basti satyaapit haye. adhyayan uttari german aur dennish aabaadi key beach antar naheen curr sakaa, iss prakaar anglo-saxon bastiyon aur baad mein dennish wiking upanivesh seey praapt aanuvanshik input key saapeksh anupaat kaa pataa naheen lagaaya jaa sakaa. iss adhyayan mein german aanuvanshik input kaa ausat moolya 54 pratishat parr ganana kii gaee thee.
thomas aur anya dwara ack kagaj. yeh samajhaane key liye kii kaise basane vaalon kaa ack chhota saa anupaat aadhunik jeane pool mein badaa yogdan dey sakata thaa, ack "rangbhed jaisi samajik sanrachana" siddhant vikasit kiya. iss drishtikon kii aalochana jey pattison dwara kii gaee haye, jinhone sujhaav diyaa kii vaaee-gunasutra sakshya abhee bhee rangbhed jaisi sanrachanaon key binaa logon key ack chhote seey niptan key vichaar kaa samarthan curr sakate hain. yeh bhee prastaavit kiya gayaa haye kii uttari samudra key donon or key logon key beach aanuvanshik samaantaaen jansankhya andolan kii ack sanchayi prakriya koo pratibimbit curr sakati hain, joe sambhavatah anglo-saxon key aitihaasik roop seey satyaapit gathan yaa wikings key akramanon seey pahale shuru hui thee. rangbhed siddhant' koo kaafee aalochanatmak tippani millie haye, vishesh roop seey aanuvanshik adhyayan jinase yeh apana tark praapt kartaa haye. veele key adhyayan key design aur kuchh jansankhya aanuvanshiki adhyayanon dwara pramaanit aitihaasik nadani key star key saath samasyaon koo vishesh roop seey ujagar kiya gayaa haye.
stephen oppenheimer ney veele aur capelli adhyayanon kii sameeksha kii aur sujhaav diyaa kii jeane aavritti key sahsambandh kaa arth una kshetron key aanuvanshik pragaitihasik gyaan key binaa kuchh bhee naheen haye. inn adhyayanon kii unaki aalochana yeh haye kii unhone gilda aur procopius key aitihaasik sakshya key aadhar parr model taiyar kiye, aur phir inn aabaadi key khilaf pareekshan karane key liye chayanit vidhiyaan. veele kii transect spotlight joe kii belgium aanuvanshik maanchitra mein uttar walsham, esborne aur freezland kii tulanaa mein paschim mein haye. oppenheimer key vichaar mein, yeh pramaan haye kii belgi aur anya mahadvipiya loga-aur isaliye mahadvipiya aanuvanshik marker joe anglo-saxon seey sambandhit hain-pahale hii aaa gaye they aur 5 veen shatabdi mein vishesh kshetron yaa kshetron mein pahale seey hii majboot they. oppenheimer, veele aur capelli adhyayanon parr apane shodh koo aadhar banaate hue, yeh kahate hain kii romanon key baad honey vaale akramanon mein seey kissy kaa bhee british dweepon key jeane pool parr mahatvapurna prabhaav naheen padaa haye, aur pragaitihasik samay key nivasi ack iberian aanuvanshik samooh seey sambandhit hain. unakaa kahana haye kii british dweepon mein adhikansh loga aanuvanshik roop seey uttari spen aur dakshin-paschimi france key bask logon key samaan hain, wells mein 90 pratishat seey laker purvi anglia mein 66 pratishat taka. oppenheimer kaa sujhaav haye kii ingland key paschim aur poorv key beach vibhajan anglo-saxon aakraman key kaaran naheen haye, balki aanuvanshik pravaah key dou mukhya maargon key saath utpann hotaa haye-ack atlantic tata parr, doosara mahadvipiya europe key padosi kshetron seey-joe antim himnad adhikatam key thheek baad huaa thaa. oxford vishvavidyalaya key poorv aanuvanshikeevid bryan sikes ney oppenheimer key samaan nishkarsh nikaale.
haal key kaam ney oppenheimer aur sikes key siddhanton koo chunauti dee haye. david reech kii harvard prayogshala ney paaya kii nichale raain key bell beaker logon kaa iberian yaa anya dakshini europeeya logon key saath bahut cumm aanuvanshik sambandh thaa. britten key liye beaker parisar kuchh sou varshon key bheetar britten key jeane pool key ~90% key pratisthaapan key saath judaa huaa thaa, poorv-seey-paschim vistaar koo jaari rakhate hue jisane madhya aur uttari europe mein 400 saal pahale steppy-sambandhit vansh koo laaya thaa, aadhunik autosomal aanuvanshik clustering iss tathya kaa pramaan haye, kyonki british aur ayrish samooh aanuvanshik roop seey anya uttari europeeya aabaadi key saath bahut karib seey hain, naa kii iberian, galician, bask yaa france key dakshin seey. isake alawa, haal key shodh (neeche dekhein) ney iss vichaar kaa vyaapak roop seey samarthan kiya haye kii angreji aur velsh key beach aanuvanshik antar kii utpatti pragaitihasik pravaas ghatnaaon key bajaay anglo-saxon key niptan mein hui haye.
pracheen dna, durlabh elil aur poore genome anukraman.
aadhunik jansankhya adhyayan.
2015 mein leslie aur anya dwara ack pramukh adhyayan. british aabaadi kii maheen paimaane kii aanuvanshik sanrachana" parr aanuvanshik vibhedan key kshetriya pattern kaa khulasa huaa, jisamen aanuvanshik samooh aitihaasik jansankhyikiya ghatnaaon koo darshaate hain aur kabhi-kabhi aitihaasik rajneeti kii bhaugolik seemaon key anuroop hotey hain. dou alag-alag vishleshanon key aadhar parr, adhyayan ney aadhunik ingland mein anglo-saxon pravaas key spasht pramaan paae aur inn pravaason seey aanuvanshik samagri naheen leey jaane vaale kshetron kii pehchaan kii. lekhakon ney tark diyaa kii madhya/dakshini ingland mein "saxon" vansh kaa anupaat shayed 10%-40% kii seema mein thaa. isake alawa, britten key gair-saxon hisson mein unhein ack samaan "celtic" aabaadi key bajaay vibhinn aanuvanshik upsamooh mille.
pracheen dna adhyayan.
2016 mein, pracheen dee. aine. aeye. takneekon kaa upayog karke cambridgeshire mein dafanaane kii jaanch key madhyam seey, shodhkartaon koo anglo-saxon niptan key shuruati charan mein antar-vivaah key pramaan mille. jaanch kii gaee kabron kii uchchatam sthiti, jaisa kii sambandhit vastuon seey pataa chalata haye, sthaaniya, british, mool kii ack mahila kii thee; dou anya mahilaaen anglo-saxon mool kii theen, aur ack anya ney mishrit vansh key sanket dikhaae. mool nivasi, apravasi aur mishrit vansh key logon koo ack hii kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa thaa, ack hii bhautik sanskriti seey kabr saman key saath, binaa kissy spasht bhed key. lekhakon kii tippani haye kii unake parinam pichhale siddhanton key vipareet hain jinhone mool nivaasiyon aur uncorse key beach sakht prajanan algaav koo abhinirdhaarit kiya haye. durlabh elil kaa adhyayan karke aur poore genome anukraman koo niyojit karke, yeh daavaa kiya gayaa thaa kii pracheen avasheshon key mahadvipiya aur dweepeeya mool mein bhedbhaav kiya jaa sakata haye, aur yeh ganana kii gaee thee kii aadhunik britton key vansh kii 25-40% kii ack shrinkhala mahadvipiya 'anglo-saxon' mool key liye jimmedaar haye. britten kii aadhunik aabaadi mein iss kaam mein diye gaye anumaanon key vibhajan seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye kii purvi ingland kii aabaadi ausatan 38 pratishat anglo-saxon vansh key saath susangat haye, jisamen 25 seey 50 pratishat taka kaa badaa prasaar haye, aur velsh aur scotish namoone ausatan 30 pratishat anglo-saxon vansh key saath susangat hain, phir seey ack badey prasaar key saath. adhyayan mein yeh bhee paaya gayaa kii teen aadhunik british namuna samoohon mein ausat moolyon key beach ack chhota lekin mahatvapurna antar haye, jisamen purvi angreji key namoone dutch key saath thode adhik elil saajha karate hain, aur scotish namoone lohe key yug (celtic) key namoonon kii tarah dikhate hain.
ack anya 2016 key adhyayan mein uttari britten key vyaktiyon key nau pracheen genome kaa vishleshan kiya gayaa, jisamen seey saat york mein ack roman-yug key kabristan seey they, aur anya pahale key lauh-yug aur baad mein anglo-saxon dafan seey they. chhah roman genome aadhunik british celtic aabaadi key saath sambandh dikhaate hain, jaise kii velsh, lekin purvi angreji namoonon seey kaafee alag they. way pahale key lauh-yug genome key samaan they, joe jansankhya kii nirantarta kaa sujhaav dete hain, lekin baad key anglo-saxon genome seey alag they, joe purvi anglia key namoonon key samaan paaya gayaa thaa, saath hii cambridgeshire mein anya anglo-saxon yug key dafan key samaan they (oopar dekhein). yeh pattern anglo-saxon avadhi mein pravaas key gahan prabhaav kaa samarthan karane key liye paaya gayaa thaa. lekhakon ney tippani kii kii angreji aabaadi mein bhinnata dikhaai gaee, poorv aur dakshin key namoonon mein anglo-saxon dafan key saath adhik samaantaa dikhaai gaee aur uttar aur paschim mein roman aur lauh yug key dafan key karib they.
ireland key aanuvanshiki parr kendrit ack teesara adhyayan, donon pichhale adhyayanon seey pracheen detta koo jodata haye aur isaki tulanaa britten aur ireland seey badee sankhya mein aadhunik namoonon seey kartaa haye. iss adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii aadhunik dakshini, madhya aur purvi angreji aabaadi "mukhya roop seey anglo-saxon jaise vansh kii" thee, jabaki uttari aur dakshin-paschimi ingland key logon kii mool mool swadeshi thee.
2020 key ack adhyayan mein, jisamen europe key vibhinn kshetron mein saikadon wiking-yug key dafanon seey dna kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, paaya gayaa kii aadhunik angreji namoonon mein mool british "uttar atlantic" aabaadi seey ausatan 38 pratishat aanuvanshik yogdan aur ack dennish jaisi aabaadi seey 37 pratishat yogdan dikhaaya gayaa. shodhkartaon ney anuman lagaaya kii baad key hastakshar kaa 6 pratishat taka danish wikings seey liya jaa sakata thaa, baaki anglo-saxon key liye jimmedaar thaa.
2022 kaa ack adhyayan vishesh roop seey anglo-saxon basti key prashn parr dhyaan kendrit karate hue 460 uttar paschimi europeeya vyaktiyon kaa madhyayugeen kaal key namoone liye gaye. adhyayan ney nishkarsh nikala kii purvi ingland mein, purushon aur mahilaaon donon sahit badey paimaane parr aapravaasan, roman yug key baad huaa, jisamen inn vyaktiyon key vansh kaa 76 pratishat taka mahadvipiya europe key uttari samudri tata kshetra seey aaya thaa. lekhakon ney yeh bhee nott kiya kii vartamaan angreji key vansh kaa ack badaa hissa anglo-saxon pravaas ghatana seey praapt hotaa haye, lekin yeh lauh yug france key samaan jansankhya srot seey baad mein pravaas seey kamjor hoe gayaa haye. adhyayan key nishkarshon key nihitarth parr, adhyayan key lekhakon mein seey ack, puraatatvavid dunken sayer ney tippani keeh "puraatatva mein pravaas kii prakriti key baare mein kaafee samay seey yeh baatchit chala rahee haye. kyaa yeh ack saamoohik pravaas haye? kyaa yeh ack abhijaat varg kaa pravaas haye? kyaa vahaan bhee koee pravaas huaa thaa? [.]..] [yeh detta] kyaa kahata haye, haan, badey paimaane parr pravaas haye. aap isake saath aur bahas naheen curr sakate. isaliye humm iss baare mein baat karna shuru curr sakate hain kii vaastav mein vaha pravaas kyaa haye aur loga kaun hain aur way kaise baatchit karate hain aur way samudaayon kaa nirmaan kaise karate hain."
isotope vishleshan.
anglo-saxon pravaas key sambandh mein anishchitataon kaa jawab dene mein madad karane key liye samasthaanik vishleshan kaa upayog kiya jaanaa shuru hoe gayaa haye; yeh ingit curr sakata haye kii kyaa koee vyakti hamesha apane dafan sthaan key paas rahata thaa. haalaanki, iss tarah key adhyayan spasht roop seey vansh koo alag naheen curr sakate hain. iss prakaar, britten mein paida hue pravasiyon kaa ack vanshaj mool british mool key kissy vyakti seey aprabhedya dikhaai dega.
paschim haslerton mein 5veen-7veen shatabdi key kabristan mein strontium detta ney dou samoohon kii upasthiti kaa sanket diyaah ack "sthaaniya" aur ack "gair-sthaaniya" mool kaa. halanki adhyayan ney sujhaav diyaa kii way sthaaniya bhinnata kii seemaon koo paribhaashit naheen curr sakate they aur aatmavishvaas key saath pravasiyon kii pehchaan naheen curr sakate they, way muddon kaa ack upayogi vivaran dey sakate they. oxfordshire kii oopari themus ghaati mein berrinsfield key valley corner mein ack praarambhik anglo-saxon kabristan mein oxygen aur strontium isotope detta, mahadvipiya europe seey utpann honey vaale namoone kaa kewal 5.3% paaya gayaa, joe samvardhana kii parikalpana kaa samarthan kartaa haye. isake alawa, unhone paaya kii kuchh mahilaaon koo chhodkar, samay key saath iss pattern mein koee badalaav naheen huaa thaa. 2018 mein eastbourne key paas paae gaye kankalon seey ack aur isotope pareekshan, joe kii sussex mein kiya gayaa thaa, ney nishkarsh nikala kii naa tou paaramparik aakraman model aur naa hii abhijaatya sanskriti model lagu thaa. adhyayan mein badee sankhya mein pravaasi paae gaye, purush aur mahila donon, joe mool nivaasiyon kii tulanaa mein cumm ameer prateet hotey they. praarambhik anglo-saxon avadhi key dauran nirantar pravaas key pramaan they.
ack anya samasthaanik vidhi kaa upayog yeh jaanchne key liye kiya gayaa haye kii kyaa praarambhik anglo-saxon mein maanav aahar mein protein srot bhaugolik sthaan key saath, yaa umr yaa ling key sambandh mein bhinn they. yeh samajik laabh key liye pramaan pradaan karega. parinam bataate hain kii protein sroton mein bhaugolik sthiti key anusaar bahut cumm bhinnata thee aur sabhi sthaanon parr sthaliya khaadya padarthon kaa prabhutva thaa.
aalochana.
kuchh vidvaanon ney sawal kiya haye kii kyaa aanvik sakshya dwara ujagar kiye gaye pattern key saath jaatiya aur saanskritik pehchaan koo jodana vaidh haye. prakriti" key liye 2018 key ack sampadakiya mein tark diyaa gayaa kii iss shreni key detta key saral upayog seey beesavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein tainaat puraataatvik chhatravritti key 'sanskriti-itihas' model seey milata-julata jokhim haye, lekin jise kaee vartamaan puraatatvavid samasyagrast maanate hainh udaaharan key liye yeh sawal kii kyaa "german" logon koo roman nasl vigyaan mein unake nirmaan key baahar kissy bhee prakaar kii saanskritik yaa jaatiya ekataa koo saajha karane key liye maanaa jaa sakata haye, kuchh vidvaanon ney sandeh vyakt kiya kii "german" logon mein ack hii bhasha parivaar mein bolane vaali bhaashaon key baahar saanskritik sambandh kii koee majboot bhavna thee.
pravaas aur sanskriti siddhant.
vibhinn vidvaanon ney anglo-saxon basti key aspas key prashnon kaa uttar dene key liye model prastut karane key liye sakshya key sanshleshan kaa upayog kiya haye. inn prashnon mein shamil hain kii kitane pravaasi they, jaba anglo-saxons ney raajneetik prabhutva praapt kiya, aur jinn kshetron mein unhone kabja kiya, unamen roman-british logon kaa kyaa huaa. baad key anglo-saxon aakramankariyon, pravasiyon aur samriddh swadeshi logon kaa mishran they. anglo-saxon samjhaute key samay inn rachanaatmak tatvon key beach anupaat aur sambandh jaanch kaa vishay hain. britten kii basti kii paaramparik vyakhya gahan punarmulyankan key adheen rahee haye, jisamen vidvaanon ney pravaas aur sanskriti donon key liye sakshya koo apanaaya haye. heinrich harke iss samjhaute kii prakriti kii vyakhya karate hainh
abb yeh vyaapak roop seey sweekaar kiya jaataa haye kii anglo-saxon naa kewal mahadweep seey german aakramankariyon aur basane vaalon koo pratyaaropit kiya gayaa thaa, balki dweepeeya baatchit aur parivartanon kaa parinam thaa. lekin hamaare paas abhee bhee spasht model kii kamee haye joe sujhaav dete hain kii iss nasleeya prakriya ney thhos shabdon mein kaise kaam kiya hoga.
mahadvipiya pravasiyon kii sankhya kaa anuman lagaana.
mahadweep seey aae pravasiyon kii sankhya koo jaanana ack sandarbh pradaan kartaa haye jisase vidwan 5veen aur 6veen shatabdi kii ghatnaaon kii vyakhya aur samajh kaa nirmaan curr sakate hain. iss bindu parr charcha karate hue robbert hazes ney kahaa kii "puraataatvik sakshya kewal inn muddon koo apratyaksh roop seey sambodhit karate hain."pravasiyon kii sankhya kaa anuman lagaane key liye puraatatva dwara upayog kii jaane vaali paaramparik paddhati teesari aur chauthi shatabdi mein roman britania mein aabaadi key liye ack aankade key saath shuru hoti haye. yeh aamtaur parr 2 seey 4 million key beach anumaanit haye. iss aankade seey, heinrich harke aur michael wood ney tark diyaa haye kii raajneetik patan seey judee girawat koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, paanchvin shatabdi taka anglo-saxon ingland banane vaali aabaadi ghatkar 10 laakh hoe gaee thee.
unake pahale aagaman key 200 varshon key bheetar, una kshetron mein jahaan saboot ekatra kiye gaye hain, pratyek mein ack anglo-saxon gaanv key roop mein basti ghanatva sthaapit kiya gayaa haye. yeh dekhate hue kii yeye bastiyaan aamtaur parr lagbhag 50 logon kii hoti hain, iska tatparya dakshini aur purvi ingland mein 250,000 kii anglo-saxon aabaadi seey haye. pravasiyon kii sankhya isaliye jansankhya vriddhi charr parr nirbhar karati haye. yadi jansankhya prati varsh 1 pratishat (vartamaan vishva jansankhya vriddhi darr seey thodi cumm) badhati haye, tou yeh 30,000 key pravaasi aankade kaa sujhaav dega. haalaanki, yadi jansankhya prati varsh 2 pratishat (pichhale 20 varshon mein bhaarat key samaan) badhati haye, tou pravaasi aankade 5,000 key karib honge. spong pahaadi parr khudai seey 2,000 seey adhik daah sanskar aur praarambhik kabristan mein inhumation kaa pataa chalaa. haalaanki, jaba upayog kii avadhi (200 seey adhik varshon) aur isake aakar koo dhyaan mein rakhaa jaataa haye, tou ise poore kshetra key liye ack pramukh kabristan maanaa jaataa haye aur naa kii kewal ack gaanv; iss tarah key nishkarsh mool pravasiyon kii badee sankhya key bajaay ack chhote seey sanket dete hain, sambhavatah lagbhag 20,000.
harke ney nishkarsh nikala kii "adhikansh javic aur saanskritik sakshya mool aabaadi key 10 seey 20 pratishat key paimaane parr alpasankhyak aapravaasan kii or ishara karate hain. aapravaasan swayam ack 'aakraman' naheen thaa, balki kaafee avadhi mein ghuspaith aur pravaas kii ack shrinkhala thee, joe kshetra seey kshetra mein bhinn thee, aur samay key saath kshetron key bheetar bhee badalati rahee. lagbhag ack sadee mein kull apravasi aabaadi kii sankhya 100,000 aur 200,000 key beach hoe sakati haye, lekin sankhya mein bhaugolik bhinnata, aur samajik aur jaatiya sanrachana mein, vibhinn prakaar kii niptan prakriyaon kaa kaaran banana chaahiye thaa."
haalaanki, ack or, anglo-saxon aapravaasan key paimaane key baare mein kuchh puraataatvik aur aitihaasik vichaaron key beach ack visangati haye, aur doosari or, aadhunik angreji jeane pool mein anglo-saxon aapravasiyon key aanuvanshik yogdan key anuman (oopar "aanvik sakshya" dekhein). harke, maark thomas, aur michael stump ney una logon kaa ack saankhyikiya adhyayan banaaya jinhone "pravaasi" vaaee gunasutron koo dhaaran kiya aur joe naheen karate they, aur una samoohon key beach antar prajanan safalata key prabhaav kii jaanch kii, samoohon key beach seemit antar-vivaah key saath, aanuvanshik sanskaran key prasaar parr yeh pataa lagaane key liye kii kyaa aadhunik jeane pool mein 50 pratishat yogdan koo puuraa karane key liye aavashyak pravaas kaa star praapt kiya gayaa thaa. unake nishkarshon seey pataa chalaa kii prajanan laabh mein thodi vriddhi key saath ack aanuvanshik pool 5 pratishat seey cumm seey 50 pratishat seey adhik hoe sakata haye, jisamen prajanan laabh 1.8 (jiska arth haye 51.8 seey 50 kaa anupaat) aur mahila (pravaasi jeane) aur purush (swadeshi jeane) key antar-prajanan kii matra koo adhikatam 10 pratishat taka seemit curr sakata haye.
aam taur parr, halanki, addie 1089 seey pahale aabaadi key liye anuman lagaane seey judee samasyaon koo thomas, stumpf aur harke dwara nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa, joe likhate hain kii "apravasiyon kii sankhya kii aakasmik report kukhyaat roop seey avishvasaniya haye, aur samanya avadhi seey pahale apravasiyon kii poorna sankhya kii ganana kewal anumaanit samagr aabaadi key anupaat key roop mein kii jaa sakati haye."haal key samasthaanik aur aanuvanshik saakshyon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii kaee shataabdiyon seey pravaas jaari haye, sambhavatah pahale kii tulanaa mein kaafee adhik nae aagaman kii anumati detaa haye.
britten mein saxon raajneetik prabhutva.
romen britten key baad kshay aur vighatan kii paaramparik tasveer kaa punarmulyankan huaa haye, jisamen upa-romen britten koo aadhi shatabdi pahale kii pratha kii tulanaa mein paschimi europe key uttaraardh pracheen duniya kaa ack hissa maanaa jaataa haye. iss punarmulyankan key hisse key roop mein kuchh logon kaa sujhaav haye kii upa-roman britten ney apani sampoornata mein, paanchvin shatabdi mein aur yahaan taka kii chhathe key badey hisse mein bhee ack mahatvapurna raajneetik, aarthik aur sainya gati banaae rakhee. yeh badey hisse mein aaney vaale anglo-saxon key khilaf british safalata key drishtikon koo vikasit karane key prayason seey utpann hotaa haye, jaisa kii nauvin aur madhya-dasavin shatabdi mein likhe gaye itihas dwara sujhaaya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, haal kii chhatravritti ney usa hudd taka pratispardha kii haye kii 500 key aspas key dashakon key sambandh mein kissy bhee star kii aitihaasiktaa kaa shreya diyaa jaa sakata haye.
saxon key khilaf lambe samay taka chalane vaali british jeet kaa pratinidhitva itihas key badey hisson mein dikhaai detaa haye, lekin antatah gilda key sankshipt aur mayawi sandarbh seey utpann hotaa haye joe mons badonicus-mount baddon mein british jeet key liye haye (oopar aitihaasik sakshya dekhein). nick hime kaa sujhaav haye kii britten aur saxon key beach yuddh kissy prakaar key samjhaute mein samaapt huaa haye, jisane britten key bheetar prabhaav key ack bahut hii badey kshetra koo uncurse key liye sweekaar curr liya haye. doosari or, keneth dark ney chhathi shatabdi key uttaraardh mein, desh key purvi bhaag mein bhee, british raajneetik, saanskritik aur sainya shakti koo jaari rakhane kaa tark diyaa haye. dark kaa tark anglo-saxon kabristanon key bahut hii asman vitaran parr adharit haye aur iss prastaav parr kii usa vitaran mein badey antaral aavashyak roop seey majboot british rajneeti kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, jinhone anglo-saxon basane vaalon koo bull dwara baahar curr diyaa thaa. them key uttar mein purvi britten mein antim sanskar kabristan paanchvin shatabdi kii doosari timahi key dauran shuru hotey hain, joe 450 seey pahale nae puraataatvik charanon dwara samarthit hotey hain (oopar puraataatvik sakshya dekhein). daah sanskar key iss "saahas" kaa kalakram 452 key gallic itihas dwara samarthit haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii britten key vyaapak hisse 441 mein saxon shasson key tahat aae they.
dakshin-poorv mein roman-britten kaa bhaagya.
anglo-saxon kaal key puraataatvik aur aitihaasik abhilekhon mein roman-britton kii adrishyata key kaaran key roop mein kaee siddhant prastaavit kiye gaye hain.
edward augustus freeman dwara pahale nirdhaarit ack siddhant seey pataa chalata haye kii anglo-saxon aur british pratispardhi sanskritiyaan theen, aur aakraman, unmoolan, gulami aur jabaran punarvaas key madhyam seey anglo-saxon ney britishon koo haraaya aur parinamswarup unaki sanskriti aur bhasha prabal hui. iss drishtikon ney britten mein anglikeshan kii prakriya kii vidvaanon aur lokpriya dhaaranaon koo prabhaavit kiya haye. yeh praarambhik bindu aur 'default sthiti' banaa huaa haye, jisase sakshya kii aadhunik sameekshaon mein anya parikalpanaon kii tulanaa kii jaati haye. britten key mool nivaasiyon kaa vyaapak unmoolan aur visthaapan abhee bhee kaee vidvaanon dwara ack vyavharya sambhavana maani jaati haye. iss tarah key drishtikon koo bhashai aur toponomic sakshya key saath-saath usa samay key kuchh praathamik sroton dwara vyaapak roop seey samarthit kiya jaataa haye.
ack anya siddhant ney iss drishtikon koo chunauti dee haye aur prastaav diyaa haye kii anglo-saxon pravaas ack badey paimaane parr pravaas key bajaay samanya vijay key samaan ack abhijaat adhigrahan thaa, aur yeh kii aabaadi kaa badaa hissa britishon seey banaa thaa jinhone vijetaon kii sanskriti koo apanaaya thaa. bryan ward-perkins kaa tark haye kii "saanskritik roop seey, baad key anglo-saxon aur angreji ullekhaniya roop seey gair-british key roop mein ubhare... unaki aanuvanshik, javic banaavat kaafee hudd taka, vaastav mein, mukhya roop seey, british honey kii sambhavana cumm naheen haye. iss siddhant key bheetar, anglo-sexonization kii or leey jaane vaali dou prakriyaon kaa prastaav kiya gayaa haye. ack roose, uttari africa aur islami duniya key kuchh hisson mein dekhe gaye sanskriti parivartanon key samaan haye, jahaan ack raajneetik aur samajik roop seey shaktishali alpasankhyak sanskriti bunn jaati haye, ack nishchit avadhi mein, jise ack sthaayi bahumat dwara apanaaya jaataa haye. iss prakriya koo aamtaur parr 'abhijaatya prabhutva' kahaa jaataa haye. doosari prakriya koo protsahanon key madhyam seey samajhaaya jaataa haye, jaise kii wessex key kaanoon sanhita mein ullikhit wargild. ack angrej key varg kaa moolya samaan dhana key ack british key moolya seey doguna thaa. haalaanki, kuchh british bahut samriddh hoe sakate hain aur bhoomi key paanch bhukhandon key malik hoe sakate hain, joe 600 shilling key ack virgieled key saath, dagan-jaisa darja dete hain. inn ney apane angreji vishayon aur apane british vishayon, jinhen 'videshi/veelas' ('welshman') kahaa jaataa thaa, donon key liye aparaadh yaa nirdoshta saabit karane kii aavashyakta nirdhaarit kii. anglo-saxon aur britton key beach sthiti mein antar ack british koo anglo-saxon yaa cumm seey cumm angreji bolane key liye ack protsaahan dey sakata thaa.
jabaki adhikansh vidwan vartamaan mein roman kaal seey jansankhya kii nirantarta koo sweekaar karate hain, yeh drishtikon aalochana key binaa naheen gayaa haye. stephen bermister ney nott kiya kii "sabhi roopon mein, basti koo chhote, krishi-unmukh sambandh samoohon dwara kiya gayaa thaa. yeh prakriya ack classic settler model key saath sabse nikatata seey mell khaati haye. samajik roop seey seemankit abhijaat varg key praarambhik sakshya kii anupasthiti iss dhaarana koo rekhaankit karati haye kii iss tarah key abhijaat varg ney ack mahatvapurna bhoomika naheen nibhai. denmark seey prasiddh samriddh dafanon key 6 veen shatabdi taka ingland mein koee samkaksh naheen they."richard coats bataate hain kii bhashai roop seey," ingland mein britishon kaa mamla poorv mein pramukh bhasha bolane vaalon kii vaapsee key saath susangat prateet hotaa haye, naa kii uncurse dwara pramukh vargon key aatmasaat key."
kaee siddhant prastaavit kiye gaye hain jinake dwara hinsak sadhanon kaa sahaara liye binaa deshi britton kii sankhya koo cumm kiya jaa sakata thaa. bakhtarband karane key liye britonic-vaktaaon key ack mahatvapurna andolan key liye bhashai aur aitihaasik pramaan hain, joe britney key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. iss beach, yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii roman vyaapaar sambandhon key madhyam seey aaney vaali mahamariyon ney britten koo asman roop seey prabhaavit kiya hoga.
niptan key swaroopon mein kshetriya bhinnata.
haal key varshon mein, vidvaanon ney badey paimaane parr pravaas aur abhijaat varg key prabhutva model key tatvon koo jodane kii koshish kii haye, iss baat parr jore dete hue kii poore ingland mein saanskritik parivartan key liye kissy ack spashteekaran kaa upayog naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. heinrich harke likhate hain kii "anglo-saxon pravaas [ack ghatana key bajaay] ack prakriya thee, jisamen samay key saath prakriya kii vividhataon key liye nihitarth they, jisake parinamswarup apravasi samoohon kii kalanukramik aur bhaugolik vividhata, unaki utpatti, sanrachana, aakar aur britten mein basti kshetra they. inn bhinnataon kii soochana kuchh hudd taka likhit sroton mein dee gaee haye."tobby martin key anusaar," kshetriya bhinnata samadhan kii kunji pradaan curr sakati haye, dakshin-poorv mein badey paimaane parr pravaas key samaan kuchh, dheere-dheere uttar aur paschim mein abhijaat prabhutva mein fail rhaa haye."iss drishtikon kaa sheershnam sakshya mein samarthan haye. ingland key dakshinpurvi county mein, britonic sthaanon key naam lagbhag maujood naheen hain, lekin uttar aur paschim kii or badhate hue, way dheere-dheere aavritti mein badh jaate hain.
purvi anglia kii pehchaan kaee vidvaanon dwara kii gaee haye, jinamen harke, martin, catherine hills aur keneth dark shamil hain, ack aise kshetra key roop mein jisamen sambhavatah chauthi shatabdi mein jansankhya mein kamee kii avadhi key baad badey paimaane parr mahadvipiya pravaas huaa thaa. linkenshire koo pahaadiyon aur martin dwara mahadweep seey praarambhik basti key ack pramukh kendra key roop mein bhee uddhrit kiya gayaa haye. alekjendar mirrington kaa tark haye kii assex mein, puraataatvik record mein dekhaa gayaa saanskritik parivartan itna poorna haye kii "badee sankhya mein logon kaa pravaas sabse taarkik aur sabse cumm charam samadhan haye."kent mein, sue harrington aur stuart brook key anusaar," puraataatvik sakshya kaa vajan aur saahityik sroton seey pravaas kaa paksh letaa haye "saanskritik parivartan kaa mukhya kaaran haye.
usa kshetra mein aapravaasan joe wessex banane vaalaa thaa, dakshin tata aur oopari themus ghaati donon seey huaa. pahale kii, dakshini bastiyaan "anglo-saxon chronicle" mein diye gaye vivaranon kii tulanaa mein adhik gadya hoe sakati hain. jillion hockins kaa sujhaav haye kii solent key aspas key shaktishali roman-british vyaparik bandargaahon ney miyon ghaati jaise kshetron mein mahatvapurna sankhya mein german basane vaalon koo antardeshiya roop seey nirdeshit kiya, jahaan unhone apane swayam key samudaay banaae. them seey basey kshetron mein, vibhinn prakriyaaen chala rahee hongi, jisamen german apravasiyon key paas adhik shakti hogi. broose eagle kaa tark haye kii wiltshire jaise kshetron kii baad kii aabaadi mein badee sankhya mein britton shamil honge jinhone samajik roop seey pramukh saxon kii sanskriti koo apanaaya thaa, jabaki yeh bhee dhyaan mein rakhate hue kii "yeh vichaar karna uchit lagata haye kii apekshaakrit cumm samay mein iss sthiti koo laane key liye vyaapak roop seey faile apravasiyon kii paryaapt sankhya honey chaahiye."
haalaanki, bernicia key uttari raajya mein, harke kaa kahana haye kii "aapravasiyon key ack chhote samooh ney mool british abhijaat varg koo badal diyaa hoga aur raajya koo ack pramukh chinta key roop mein leey liya hoga."bhashavid fredrick courtland iss baat seey sahmat hain kii iss kshetra mein" kalaa, sanskriti aur sambhavatah samajik-sainya sangathan mein ack ullekhaniya celtic yogdan thaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii
pravasiyon ney yahaan kii sthaaniya aabaadi key sansthanon parr kabja curr liya."poorvottar ingland aur dakshini scotland mein sthaanon key naamon key adhyayan mein, bethany fox ney nishkarsh nikala kii iss kshetra mein joe aapravaasan huaa vaha nadee kii ghaatiyon parr kendrit thaa, jaise kii tyne aur tweed, jisamen britton cumm upajaau pahaadi desh mein chaley gaye aur lambe samay taka samriddh hoe gaye.
anglo-saxon basti kii safalata key pahalu.
anglo-saxon bastiyon kii safalata key kaaran anishchit hain. helena hamro ney ack avalokan kiya haye kii anglo-saxon samaaj mein "sthaaniya aur vistaarit rishtedaar samooh baney rahey... anglo-saxon avadhi key dauran utpaadan kii aavashyak ikai. "sthaaniya aur vistaarit rishtedaar samooh" safalata key kaee sambhaavit karanon mein seey ack haye, saath hii samajik laabh, swatantrata aur ack abhijaat varg key saath sambandh, jisane paanchvin aur chhathi shatabdi mein anglo-saxon kii sanskriti aur bhasha koo phalane-phoolane diyaa.
anglo-saxon raajneetik gathan.
nick hime koo vishvaas haye kii baddon kii ladaai key turant baad ack praarambhik samjhauta praapt karane mein anglo-saxon abhijaat varg kii safalata sanskriti kii safalata kii kunji haye. isane britten key dakshin aur poorv mein ack raajneetik prabhutva paida kiya, jisake liye kuchh sanrachana koo safal honey kii aavashyakta thee.
bretwalda avadharana koo kaee praarambhik anglo-saxon kuleen parivaaron kii upasthiti aur ack spasht ekaatmak nireekshan key liye saboot key roop mein liya jaataa haye. kyaa inmein seey adhikansh netaa praarambhik basane vaale they, basane vaalon key vanshaj they, yaa vishesh roop seey anveshan charan key baad way roman-british netaa they jinhone anglo-saxon sanskriti koo apanaaya thaa, yeh spasht naheen haye. raay kaa santulan yeh haye kii adhikansh pravaasi they, halanki yeh naheen maanaa jaanaa chaahiye kii way sabhi german they. iss baat parr sahamati haye kii yeye sankhya aur anupaat mein chhote they, phir bhee britten key nichale ilaakon mein "anglo-saxon" samvardhan sunishchit karane key liye shakti aur prabhaav mein paryaapt badey they. adhikansh itihaskaron kaa maanana haye kii inn abhijaat varg key logon kaa naam bede, anglo-saxon chronicle aur anya logon dwara rakhaa gayaa thaa, halanki unaki fluoroot tithiyon key baare mein charcha haye. mahatvapurna baat yeh haye kii unaki utpatti chaahe joe bhee hoe yaa jaba way falate-phoolate they, unhone vistaarit sambandh sambandhon key madhyam seey prabhuta key liye apana daavaa sthaapit kiya. jaisa kii helen geek majaak mein bataate hain, "way sabhi kewal voden seey sambandhit they.
adiwasi chhipaav kaee chhote praanton key astitva kaa pramaan haye, jiska arth haye kii dakshini aur purvi britten ney paanchvin aur chhathi shatabdi mein koee bhee vrihat-raajneetik samanjasya khou diyaa hoga aur kaee chhoti swaayatt ikaaiyon mein vibhajit hoe gayaa hoga, halanki graameen ilaakon key dair seey roman prashaasnik sangathan ney unaki seemaon koo nirdhaarit karane mein madad kii hogi. chhathi shatabdi key anta taka inn samudaayon key netaa dakshin yaa purvi taton parr adharit adhikansh badey raajyon key saath khud koo raajaa banaa rahey they. inmein hampshire aur white key joots key praant, dakshin saxon, kent, purvi saxon, poorv konn, lindsey aur (humber key uttar mein) deera aur bernicia shamil hain. inmein seey kaee raajyon kii neenv poorv roman nagrik hoe sakati haye aur yeh vishesh roop seey kent, lindsey, deera aur bernicia key praanton key liye tark diyaa gayaa haye, jinake sabhi naam roman-british adiwasi yaa jile key naamon seey praapt hotey hain.
dakshini aur purvi tata, nishchit roop seey, pahale aur sabse badee sankhya mein basane vaalon dwara basaaye gaye they aur isaliye sambhavatah roman-british seey anglo-saxon niyantran taka jaane vaale sabse pahale they. ack baar sthaapit honey key baad unhein uttari samudra yaa channel key madhyam seey europe mein mahadvipiya kshetron key saath aasaan sanchaar kaa laabh milaa. poorv aur dakshin tata praant shayed kabhi bhee kuchh antardeshiya kshetron kii seema taka khandit naheen hue honge aur chhathi shatabdi key anta taka way pahale seey hii chhote padosiyon koo jodkar vistaar karna shuru curr chuke they. barbara yorke kaa sujhaav haye kii iss tarah kii aakraamakta ney una kshetron koo protsaahit kiya hoga jinake paas pahale seey hii raajaon aur unaki senaaon key roop mein sainya suraksha naheen thee taaki way apane swayam key yuddh-netaaon yaa suraksha gathbandhanon koo praapt curr sakein. adiwasi chhipane key samay taka dou badey 'antardeshiya' raajya bhee they, way joe kii bhaade key aur paschimi saxon key they, jinaki shandar vriddhi kaa humm saatvin shatabdi key liye apane sroton key barabar pataa lagaa sakate hain, lekin yeh spasht naheen haye kii yeh vistaar chhathi shatabdi key anta taka kitni door taka aage badhaa thaa.
abhijaat varg kii apani "bretwalda" soochi mein joe sanket milata haye, vaha haye shraddhanjali nikaalane aur samudaayon kii raksha karane kii kshamata, joe kissy bhee ack udaaharan mein apekshaakrit alpakaalik hoe sakati haye, lekin jahir taur parr "anglo-saxon" rajvanshon ney iss bhoomika mein ack dusare koo badal diyaa, jisamen anya "british" sardaaron seey bahut cumm rukaavaton key saath yoddha abhijaat varg key ack nirantar lekin prabhaavshaali aur shaktishali roll mein. iss abhijaat varg kii safalata koo unake bhugol seey parey mahsoos kiya gayaa, jisamen baad mein ingland key kendra aur paschim mein padosi british kshetra shamil they, aur yahaan taka kii dweep key sudur paschim mein bhee. phir seey, bede bahut spasht thaa kii angreji samrajya avsar parr british aur angreji raajaon koo samaan roop seey shamil curr sakata haye, aur yeh kii british aur angreji donon raajaon key tahat saatvin shatabdi kii shuruat mein british aur konn ack saath yuddh key liye aage badhe. yeh bede haye joe uttar-uttar key athelfrith key vyakti mein, uttar-poorv key raajaa (ack gair-angreji naam vaalaa raajya) key roop mein, kaarravaai mein chhathi aur saatvin shatabdi kii shuruat mein anglion sardar kii sabse jwalant tasveer pradaan kartaa haye, jisane uttar key british, dalriyada key scott, deera key konn aur uttar-purvi wells key britishon parr sainya jeet seey teji seey ack vyaktigat 'samrajya' kaa nirmaan kiya, kewal antatah purvi anglia key redwald key haathon aapada kaa anubhav kiya.
graameen swatantrata aur sambandh samooh.
jahan praarambhik anglo-saxon ingland mein krishi yogya kheti jaari rahee, aisaa lagata haye kii kshetra leout aur krishi yogya prathaon donon mein roman avadhi key saath kaafee nirantarta rahee haye, haalaanki humm naheen jaanate kii kyaa karyakal key pattern mein bhee badalaav hue they yaa kheti key viniyaman mein bhee. lagbhag 400 aur 600 key beach bhoomi upayog mein sabse badaa bodhgamya parivartan isaliye pratyek samudaay kii bhoomi key anupaat mein haye joe ghaas yaa hull key neeche haye, naa kii krishi yogya kshetron key leout yaa prabandhan mein parivartan mein.
anglo-saxon chhote samoohon mein buss gaye, joe vyaapak roop seey faile hue sthaaniya samudaayon koo shamil karate they. yeye khet jyaadaatar gatishil they. iss gatishilata, joe uttari europe key adhikansh hisson mein vishisht thee, ney dou roop liyeh apani seemaon key bheetar basti kaa kramik sthanantaran yaa basti kaa poorna sthanantaran. yeye sthanantaran bastiyaan (jinhen "vandersidelungen" yaa "bhatakati bastiyaan" kahaa jaataa haye) kansya yug seey ack aam visheshta theen. kheton koo kyon chhod diyaa gayaa aur phir unhein sthanantarit kyon kiya gayaa, iss parr bahut bahas haye. haalaanki yeh sujhaav diyaa jaataa haye kii yeh parivaar key sanrakshak kii mrityu yaa behtar krishi bhoomi mein jaane kii ichcha seey sambandhit hoe sakata haye.
inn kheton koo aksar galat tareeke seey "kisan khet" maanaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, ack "ceoral", joe praarambhik anglo-saxon samaaj mein sabse nichale darje kaa swatantra vyakti thaa, ack kisan naheen thaa, balki kaanoon taka pahunch, ack rishtedaar aur ugra parivaar key samarthan key saath ack hathiyar-malik purush thaa, joe cumm seey cumm ack jameen parr kaam karane vaale ack vistaarit ghar key sheersh parr sthit thaa. yeh mool haye kii hamein praarambhik anglo-saxon avadhi key maanak aiks post-holl bhawan key saath judanaa chaahiye, joe usee rishtedaar samooh key anya logon key saath samoohbaddh haye. aise pratyek ghar key mukhiya key paas cumm-mukt aashrit aur gulam they.
paridrishya puraatatva key anusaar, 5veen aur 6veen shatabdi mein graameen duniya kii safalata teen karakon key kaaran theeh ateet key saath nirantarta, paridrishya mein oopar-jarh kaa koee saboot naheen; kisaanon kii swatantrata aur bhoomi parr adhikaar, ack adhipati koo kiraaye yaa kartavya key praavdhaan key saath, joe kewal thodaa saa swami input pradaan kartaa haye; aur aam khet-baahar kii krishi yogya bhoomi (ack outfield-infield pranali kii) joe natedari aur samooh saanskritik sambandhon kaa nirmaan karane kii kshamata pradaan karati haye.
bhautik sanskriti.
praarambhik anglo-saxon ingland mein dekhi gaee lakadi nirmaan parampara kii utpatti ney bahut bahas paida kii haye jisane anglo-saxon bhautik sanskriti kii saanskritik aatmiyataon key baare mein ack vyaapak bahas koo pratibimbit kiya haye.
phillip rahtz ney kahaa kii paschim mein dekhi jaane vaali imaraton aur mucking kii utpatti roman mool seey hui thee. puraatatvavid phillip dixon ney anglo-saxon lakadi key holl aur roman-british graameen gharon key beach ullekhaniya samaantaa kaa ullekh kiya. anglo-saxon ney britten mein mahadvipiya german logon key paaramparik nivaas 'long-house' kaa ayaat naheen kiya. isake bajaay unhone pahali shatabdi key anta taka ack sthaaniya sthaaniya british bhawan parampara koo barkarar rakhaa. ise roman seey anglo-saxon avadhi taka natedari aur gharelu sanrachanaon key sahansheelata key pramaan key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee haye.
haalaanki, ise sabhi saakshyon key liye bahut saaf-suthra spashteekaran maanaa gayaa haye. annie aur gairi marshel sthiti kaa saransh dete hainh
"anglo-saxon puraatatva mein mukhya samasyaon mein seey ack usa avadhi kii angreji lakadi kii sanrachanaon kii spasht vishishtata key liye jimmedaar rahee haye. inn sanrachanaon mein yaa tou pahale key roman-british yaa mahadvipiya model seey bahut cumm samaantaa prateet hoti haye. saar mein, samasya yeh haye kii sankar anglo-saxon shally dou sambhaavit paitrik paramparaon seey vikas key koee udaaharan key saath poorna vikasit prateet hoti haye... prakaashit kaary kii aam sahamati yeh thee kii anglo-saxon bhawan shally mukhya roop seey ghar mein vikasit kii gaee thee."
suutan huu dafan mein, shayed purvi anglion raajaa redwald kii, ack lambi aur jatil lohe kii shrinkhala, jiska upayog ack holl key beam seey ack kadaahi koo latkaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, paaya gayaa thaa. yeh poorv-roman samay kii ack nirantar british smith parampara kaa utpaad thaa. haalaanki, yeh ack uchch-sthiti vaalaa uddeshya thaa.
bryan ward-perkins key liye rosemarra kii vastuon parr deshi prabhaav kii saapeksh kamee kaa jawab anglo-saxon sanskriti kii safalata mein paaya jaataa haye aur sookshm-vividhata aur badey samanjasya koo ujagar kartaa haye joe britonic sanskriti kii tulanaa mein ack gatishil bull kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. motee aur samaan seey laker kapade aur gharon taka, praarambhik anglo-saxon avadhi mein kuchh anokha hoe rhaa haye. bhautik sanskriti key sakshya seey pataa chalata haye kii logon ney nirdhaarit bhoomikaon aur shailiyon key aadhar parr shailiyon koo apanaaya aur anukoolit kiya. johnn heins ney lagbhag ack hazaar kaanch key motiyon aur lenheith key kaee alag-alag kapadon kii vividhata parr tippani karate hue kahaa kii yeye ack aise samaaj koo prakat karate hain jahaan loga ack bhoomika koo puuraa karane key liye dusaron parr nirbhar they aur "unake aspas joe kuchh thaa vaha ack bayaan dey rhaa thaa", vyakti key baare mein naheen, balki "chhote samoohon key beach pehchaan key baare mein joe chhote samoohon key bheetar naheen haye".
iss parr tippani karane vaale juuliyan richard aur anya saboot bataate hainh 
"[britten kii anglo-saxon basti] poori tarah seey banaai gaee jeevan shally aur maanyataon koo laane vaale saamoohik aakraman kii tulanaa mein adhik jatil thee. aaj key pravasiyon kii tarah, praarambhik anglo-saxon, shayed alag-alag saanskritik pahchaanon parr savaar they. way apane poorvajon kii paramparaon koo apane matribhoomi seey laae. lekin way naa kewal yeh pataa lagaane kii koshish curr rahey honge kii way kaun they, balki way kaun banana chaahte they... aur una logon key liye ack pehchaan banaaen jinhone unakaa anusaran kiya."
saral 'matribhoomi' paridrishyon seey parey dekhate hue, aur inn tippaniyon koo samajhaate hue kii 'anglo-saxon' gharon aur bhautik sanskriti key anya pahaluon koo europe mein 'german matribhoomi' mein sateek milan naheen milata haye, halsal ack badey 'uttari samudri antahkriya kshetra' key sandarbh mein parivartanon kii vyakhya kartaa haye, jisamen nimn bhoomi ingland, uttari gaul aur uttari germany shamil hain. inn kshetron ney roman patan key baad samajik aur saanskritik parivartanon kaa anubhav kiya-naa kewal poorv roman praanton (gaul, britten) key bheetar, balki "berber" mein bhee. teenon kshetron ney samajik sanrachana, niptan key pattern aur pehchaan vyakt karane key tarikon mein parivartan kaa anubhav kiya, saath hii tanaav ney shayed kaee dishaaon mein pravaas key liye dhakka aur khinchaav kaarak paida kiye.
aastha kii sanskriti.
praarambhik anglo-saxon avadhi mein moortipoojak dhaarmik abhyaas kaa adhyayan karna mushkil haye. praasangik jaankaari vaale adhikansh granth samkaaleen naheen hain, lekin baad mein isai lekhakon dwara likhe gaye hain, joe poorv-isai maanyataon key prati shatrutapurna ravaiya rakhate hain, aur jinhone unake chitran koo vikrit kiya hoga. anglo-saxon moortipoojak key punarnirmaan key liye upayog kii jaane vaali adhikansh jaankaari baad key scandinavian aur icelandic granthon seey aatee haye aur yeye kitane praasangik hain, iss baare mein bahas haye. moortipoojak anglo-saxon maanyataon key adhyayan koo aksar roman yaa yahaan taka kii yunani prakaron aur shreniyon key sandarbh mein dekhaa gayaa haye. isaliye puraatatvavid devtaon, mithakon, mandiron, abhayaranyon, pujaariyon, jaadoo aur panth jaise shabdon kaa upayog karate hain. charlotte bayer kaa tark haye kii yeh anglo-saxon abhyaas sanskriti kaa ack vishva drishtikon pradaan kartaa haye joe asahayogi haye.
peater braun ney paanchvin seey saatvin shatabdi kii vishvaas pranaliyon koo dekhane key liye ack naee vidhi kaa upayog kiya, dharm key ack model key liye bahas karke jise ack pick aur chois drishtikon dwara nirdisht kiya gayaa thaa. yeh avadhi asadharan thee kyonki logon koo niyantrit karane yaa baadhit karane key liye koee roodhivaadita yaa sansthaan naheen they. sanskriti kii yeh swatantrata roman-british samudaay mein bhee dekhi jaati haye aur gilda kii shikayaton mein yeh bahut spasht haye.
ack anglo-saxon saanskritik pratha jise behtar dhang seey samajha jaataa haye, way hain dafan prathaaen, joe kuchh hudd taka vibhinn sthalon parr puraataatvik khudai key kaaran hain, jinamen sutton huu, spong hill, pretalwell, snap aur walkington old shamil hain, aur lagbhag 1,200 susajjit inhumation aur shmashan ghaat hain, jinhen kabhi moortipoojak maanaa jaataa thaa, lekin jinaki dhaarmik sambaddhata parr abb chhatravritti mein kaafee bahas hoe rahee haye. uttar mein daah sanskar aur dakshin mein amanviya sanskar koo prathamikta dene key saath, dafanaane kaa koee nirdhaarit roop naheen thaa, halanki donon roop poore ingland mein paae gaye they, kabhi-kabhi ack hii kabristan mein. jaba daah sanskar kiya jaataa thaa, tou raakh koo aamtaur parr ack kalash key bheetar rakhaa jaataa thaa aur phir kabhi-kabhi kabr key saman key saath dafnaya jaataa thaa. puraatatvavid dave willson key anusaar, "ack moortipoojak anglo-saxon kabristan mein ack inhumation key liye samanya abhivinyas paschim-poorv mein thaa, jiska sir paschim kii or thaa, halanki isase aksar vichalan hotey they."sambhaavit dhaarmik vishvaas kaa sanket dete hue, kabr key saman amanviya dafanaane key saath-saath daah sanskar key beach aam they; swatantra anglo-saxon purushon koo moortipoojak parampara mein cumm seey cumm ack hathiyar key saath dafnaya jaataa thaa, aksar ack seeks, lekin kabhi-kabhi bhaala, talwar, yaa dhaal, yaa inke sanyojan key saath bhee. aisee kabron key bheetar jaanvaron key hisson koo dafan kiye jaane key kaee mamle bhee darj hain. inmein seey sabse aam yaa tou bakariyon yaa bhed key shareer key anga they, halanki bail key bhaag bhee apekshaakrit aam they, aur huns, kekade key seb, batakh key andey aur hazelnut koo kabron mein dafan kiye jaane key alag-alag mamle bhee hain. isaliye yeh vyaapak roop seey socha jaataa haye kii aisee vastuen mritak key liye ack khaadya srot hain. kuchh mamalon mein, jaanvaron kii khopadi, vishesh roop seey bail lekin suar bhee, maanav kabron mein dafnaya gayaa thaa, ack pratha joe pahale roman britten mein bhee paaee gaee thee.
vishvaas kii sanskritiyon koo samajhane key liye dafan prathaon kaa upayog karane kii kshamata mein iss pahale key vishvaas key bavjood, murdaghar puraatatvidon ney abb iss dhaarana koo chunauti dee haye kii yaa tou post-roman britten mein, yaa praarambhik madhyayugeen europe mein kabr-vastuon key saath dafanaane key liye, moortipoojak yaa baad key jeevan mein vishvaas key anya roopon key saath kuchh bhee karane kii aavashyakta haye. howard williams ney chhatravritti mein samanya rujhaanon koo sankshep mein bataate hue bataaya haye
iss prakaar susajjit daah sanskar aur amanviya kabron key udbhav koo abb ack ekal aur susangat 'anglo-saxon moortipoojak' koo pratibimbit karane key roop mein naheen maanaa jaataa haye; naa hii dafanaane mein girawat kaa sambandh seedhe yaa vishesh roop seey isai roopaantaran seey haye. vaastav mein, 'moortipoojak anglo-saxon dafan' shabd avadharana mein iss dhaarana koo jodata haye kii jaatiya sambaddhata, dhaarmik maanyataon aur anushthaan pratha key beach ack-seey-ack sambandh maujood thaa jise puraatatvidon ney aage badhaane key liye itna utsuk kiya haye. 
dakshin aur purvi britten mein isai dharm key jaari rahane key bhee pramaan hain. sent albans mein isai mandir aur isake shaheed panth poore samay taka jeevit rahey (oopar gilda dekhein). anglo-saxon kavita mein "bewulf" sahit sandarbh hain, joe moortipoojak aur isai prathaon aur moolyon key beach kuchh antahkriya koo darshaate hain. jabaki iss vishay parr bahut cumm vidvatapurna dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa haye, gilda aur anya jagahon seey paryaapt pramaan hain kii yeh maan lena surakshit haye kii isai dharm kaa kuchh nirantar-shayed adhik swatantra-roop bachaa haye. richard winder kaa kahana haye kii "(church kii poorv-vriddhi) visheshataaen ise usa samay europe mein baaki isai church key saath nirantarta mein rakhti hain aur vaastav mein, catholic vishvaas key saath nirantarta mein... aaj."
anglo-saxon moortipoojak dharm vishvaas parr adharit naheen thaa, balki vyaktiyon aur samudaay key liye laabh laane key uddeshya seey anushthaanon parr adharit thaa. jaise-jaise raajatva vikasit huaa, yeh shayed purohit varg key saath sangharsh mein aaa gayaa. isai dharm mein parivartan ney raajaon koo aise pujari pradaan kiye joe unaki suraksha mein they aur iss prakaar unake prabhaav mein they, aur aisaa lagata haye kii isaikaran mukhya roop seey raajaon dwara praayojit kiya gayaa thaa.
bhasha aur saahitya.
pravaas avadhi mein rahane vaale logon kii rosemarra kii bolly jaane vaali bhasha key baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari haye. purani angreji ack sampark bhasha haye aur lagbhag 400 varshon key baad paschimi saxon saahitya mein paaee jaane vaali likhit bhasha seey iss avadhi mein upayog kii jaane vaali pijin kaa punarnirmaan karna mushkil haye. dou samanya siddhant prastaavit kiye gaye hain kii logon ney apani bhasha koo purani angreji mein kyon badal diyaa (yaa aisaa praarambhik roop); yaa tou ack vyakti yaa parivaar koo ack abhijaat varg kii seva key liye badal diyaa gayaa, yaa ack vyakti yaa parivaar koo pasand key madhyam seey badal diyaa gayaa kyonki yeh aarthik yaa kanuni roop seey kuchh laabh pradaan kartaa haye.
nick hime key anusaar, ack anglo-saxon abhijaat varg kii bhasha-saath hii bhautik sanskriti aur paramparaon-koo apnana, "badee sankhya mein sthaaniya logon dwara samajik sanrachana key bheetar apani sthiti mein sudhaar karane kii maang karna, aur iss uddeshya key liye kathor sanskriti kaa upakram", roman-british seey anglo-saxon mein sankraman koo samajhane kii kunji haye. iss bhasha adhigrahan kii pragatisheel prakriti, aur pramukh samooh key saath sambandh sambandhon key 'purvavyaapi punarnirmaan' ney antatah, "mithakon koo janm diyaa joe poore samaaj koo britten mein unaki utpatti key spashteekaran key roop mein aapravaasan seey jodate hain.
kavita kii antim kuchh panktiyaan "brunanburh kii ladaai", 10 veen shatabdi kii anglo-saxon kavita joe sabhi angreji key pahale raajaa athelstan kii jeet kaa jashn manaati haye, unaki utpatti kii angreji avadharana koo ack kavyatmak aavaaj detee haye.
vijetaon koo jeetane kii yeh 'veertapurna parampara' bede aur baad mein anglo-saxon itihaskaron key vishvaas key anuroop haye kii angreji kii paitrik utpatti mool british key saath kissy bhee aatmasaat kaa parinam naheen thee, balki poori tarah seey uttar-roman avadhi key german pravasiyon seey praapt hui thee. yeh kavitaon aur veertapurna kahaaniyon jaise kii bewulf, wolf aur eadwayser aur judith kii sthaayi appeal koo bhee isai kaal mein achchi tarah seey samajhaata haye. bhasha kii safalata niptan avadhi kaa sabse spasht parinam haye. yeh bhasha kewal sanskriti kii bhasha naheen thee, balki isaki kahaaniyon, kavitaon aur maukhik paramparaon key madhyam seey parivartan kii agency bunn gaee.
nick hime ney prakriyaon kaa yeh saransh pradaan kiya haih
"jaisa kii baad mein bede ney nihit kiya, bhasha praarambhik ingland mein jaatiyata kaa ack pramukh sanketak thee. aisee paristhitiyon mein jahaan kaanoon mein swatantrata, rishtedaron key saath sweekriti, sanrakshan taka pahunch, aur hathiyaron kaa upayog yaa kabja una sabhi key liye ananya thaa joe german vansh kaa daavaa curr sakate they, phir lattin yaa britonic parivartan key binaa purani angreji bolane kaa kaafee moolya thaa."

