
sanskar nadee

sacramento nadee () sanyukt raajya america mein uttari california kii pramukh nadee haye aur california kii sabse badee nadee haye. klamath pahaadon mein ugate hue, yeh nadee sacramento-saine joaquin nadee delta aur saine francisco khaadi taka pahunchane seey pahale dakshin kii or bahati haye. yeh nadee lagbhag 19 california county mein bahati haye, jyaadaatar tata shrinkhalaon aur siera nevada seey ghiraa upajaau krishi kshetra key bheetar jise sacramento ghaati key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, lekin poorvottar california key jwalamukhiya pathaar taka bhee faili hui haye. aitihaasik roop seey, iska jalvibhaajak dakshin-madhya oregan taka uttar mein pahunch gayaa haye, jahan abb, mukhya roop seey, andoric (bund) huns jheel shayed hii kabhi gaddhe kii nadee mein dakshini roop seey bahirgaman kaa anubhav karati haye, joe sacramento kii sabse uttari sahayak nadee haye.
sacramento aur isake vyaapak praakritik baadh kshetra mein kabhi machhliyon aur anya jaleey jeevon kii prachurta thee, vishesh roop seey uttari america mein chinook salmon key sabse badey dakshini bhaagon mein seey ack. lagbhag 12,000 varshon seey, manushya jalvibhaajak key vishal praakritik sansadhanon parr nirbhar hain, joe california mein sabse ghanee mool americi aabaadi mein seey ack thee. nadee ney pracheen kaal seey vyaapaar aur yatra key liye ack maarg pradaan kiya haye. kshetriya reeti-rivaajon aur paramparaon koo saajha karane vaali saikadon janjaatiyon ney sanskar ghaati mein nivaas kiya haye, joe pahali baar 1700 key dashak key anta mein europeeya khojkartaon key sampark mein aaee thee. spanish khojkarta gabriel moraga ney 1808 mein nadee kaa naam "riyo dee loss sacraments" rakhaa, baad mein ise chhota karke "sacraments" mein badal diyaa gayaa.
19veen shatabdi mein, sacramento nadee kii ack sahayak nadee parr soney kii khoj kii gaee thee, jisase california mein soney kii bheed aur raajya mein bhaari aabaadi kaa aanaa shuru hoe gayaa thaa. california trail aur siskio trail jaise jamini trails ney saikadon hajaaron logon koo soney key kheton mein nirdeshit kiya. shatabdi key uttaraardh taka khanan arthavyavastha kaa ack pramukh hissa naheen reh gayaa thaa, aur kaee apravasi kheti aur pashupalan kii or rukh curr gaye they. raajya kii rajdhani sanskaron sahit sanskaron nadee key kinare kaee aabaadi vaale samudaay sthaapit kiye gaye they. gahan krishi aur khanan ney sanskar nadee mein pradooshan mein yogdan diyaa, aur nadee key jall vigyaan aur paryaavaran mein mahatvapurna parivartan kiye.
1950 key dashak seey jall aapoorti aur panbijali utpaadan key liye jalvibhaajak koo gahanata seey vikasit kiya gayaa haye. aaj, badey baandh nadee aur lagbhag sabhi pramukh sahayak nadiyon koo gher lete hain. sacramento nadee kaa upayog sinchai key liye kiya jaataa haye aur yeh vishal raajya aur sanghiya jall pariyojanaon kii naharon key madhyam seey madhya aur dakshini california key adhikansh hisson mein seva pradaan karati haye. jabaki yeh abb california kii aadhi seey adhik aabaadi koo paani pradaan curr rhaa haye aur rashtra mein sabse adhik utpaadak krishi kshetra kaa samarthan curr rhaa haye, inn parivartanon ney sanskar koo apani praakritik sthiti seey bahut sanshodhit curr diyaa haye aur isake ack baar key prachur matra mein matsya paalan mein girawat kaa kaaran banaa haye.
pathyakram.
oopari nadee.
sacramento nadee sudur uttari california key pahaadon aur pathaaron mein teen pramukh jalmaargon key roop mein utpann hoti haye joe shasta jheel mein bahati hainh oopari sacramento nadee, mclauded nadee aur pitt nadee. oopari sanskar cysta parvat key paas, siskiyu county key trimurti pahaadon mein uttar, madhya aur dakshin kaante key sangam parr shuru hotaa haye. yeh dakshin kii or mudane seey pahale ack chhote seey jalaashay, siskiyu jheel mein poorv kii or bahati haye. nadee lagbhag ack ghaati seey hocker bahati haye, joe shasta county mein jheel key sheersh key paas shasta jheel mein khaali honey seey pahale dunsmuir aur castella seey gujarati haye. mcleod nadee mount shasta kii poorv dhalaan parr ugati haye aur dakshini cascade renz key madhyam seey dakshin mein bahati haye, joe motey taur parr oopari sanskar key samanantar haye, antatah shasta jheel key mcleod bhuja taka pahunchati haye.
gaddhe kii nadee, joe abb taka teen mein seey sabse badee haye, california key poorvottar koney mein modok county mein shuru hoti haye. ack vishal aur doorasth jwalamukhiya uchch bhoomi kshetra koo nikaalate hue, yeh montgomeri khaadi key paas shasta jheel mein khaali honey seey pahale lagbhag dakshin-paschim mein bahati haye. oregan-california seema parr faili huns jheel kabhi-kabhi geele varshon key dauran gaddhe kii nadee mein beh jaati haye, halanki yeh 1881 key baad seey naheen huaa haye. huns jheel kaa jalvibhaajak sacramento nadee besin kaa ekmatra hissa haye joe dusare raajya mein faila huaa haye. adhikansh california nadiyon key vipareet, gaddhe aur mcleod nadiyaan mukhya roop seey vasant-poshit hain, joe garmiyon key sabse sookhe samay mein bhee ack badey aur lagaatar pravaah koo sunishchit karati hain. shasta jheel key nichale chhor parr shasta baandh haye, joe baadh niyantran, sinchai aur panbijali utpaadan key liye sanskar nadee koo gherta haye. shasta baandh key nirmaan seey pahale, mcleod nadee gaddhe kii nadee mein khaali hoe gaee, joe shasta jheel key bharane parr dooby hui kennet key poorv khanan shahar key paas sanskar mein shamil hoe gaee. pitt nadee pull, joe antarrajyiya 5 aur jalaashay key oopar sangh prashant railmarg koo leey jaataa haye, sanrachanaatmak roop seey sanyukt raajya mein sabse oonchaa dou-manjila pull haye (halanki adhikansh pull key ghaaton koo jalaashay key bharey honey parr shasta jheel key neeche duba diyaa jaataa haye). oopari sacramento nadee ghaati aaee-5 key liye maarg aur jheel key sheersh aur mount shasta key beach railmarg bhee pradaan karati haye.
sanskar ghaati.
shasta baandh key neeche secramento nadee uttari secramento ghaati kii talhati mein pravesh karati haye. yeh keswick baandh seey hocker bahati haye, jahan yeh prati varsh lagbhag paani praapt karati haye joe trinity nadee seey modd diyaa jaataa haye. isake baad yeh shasta cascade kshetra key sabse badey shahar, redding key madhyam seey poorv kii or ghoomata haye aur dakshin-poorv kii or mudataa haye, tahama county mein pravesh kartaa haye. kapas kii lakadi key poorv mein yeh kapas kii khaadi praapt kartaa haye-sabse badee binaa baandh vaali sahayak nadee-paschim seey, phir yuddh khaadi thodi doori neeche kii or. yuddh khaadi key neeche yeh apani antim ghaati, lohe kii ghaati koo taraashati haye, joe laal bluff parr pahaadiyon seey nikalati haye, jahan ack pumping station (jisane laal bluff diversion baandh koo badal diyaa) sinchai key liye paani koo hataa detaa haye. laal rung key dhabbon seey parey nadee sacramento ghaati key nichale baadh kshetra taka pahunchati haye, poorv seey mill khaadi aur paschim seey loss molinos key paas thomes khaadi praapt karati haye, phir poorv seey veena key paas hiran khaadi.
corning key dakshin-poorv mein, sanskar paschim mein tahama county aur poorv mein butate county kii seema banaata haye. kuchh meal neeche kii or yeh paschim mein butey county aur glain county kii seema banaata haye. hamilton shahar key paas aur chiko key lagbhag paschim mein, glain county mein paschim seey patthar kii khaadi judati haye. nadee taba poori tarah seey kolusa county mein paar karane seey pahale thodi doori key liye glain-kolusa county line banaati haye. yeh sater butts seey gujarta haye, jwalamukhiya pahaadiyon kaa ack samooh joe sacramento ghaati key beach seey achaanak badhata haye, jahan yeh kolusa mein poorv seey batte khaadi praapt kartaa haye. kolusa key neeche nadee dakshin-dakshin poorv mein bahati haye, joe poorv mein kolusa county aur sutter county kii seema banaati haye.
aage key pravaah mein, sanskaron nadee tisdale wayer taka pahunchati haye. baadh key dauran, paani nadee key oopar seey nickle jaataa haye aur poorv mein sater bipass mein bahata haye, dou pramukh bipass chainalon mein seey pahala joe asthaayi roop seey bhandarit hotaa haye aur sanskar key mukhya channel parr dabaav koo cumm karane key liye baadh key paani koo neeche kii or leey jaataa haye. sacramento nadee aur sataar bipass over key liye samanantar pravaahit hotey hain, night landing key paas sataar county aur yolo county kii seema parr phir seey judate hain. pavitra kii sabse badee sahayak nadee, pankhon vaali nadee, poorv seey seedhe sater bipass key neeche verona mein milati haye. ack doosari baadh niyantran sanrachana, framont wear, donon sanskar aur pankh nadiyon seey baadh key paani koo yolo bipass mein modti haye, joe ghaati key paschim kii or sanskar nadee key samanantar haye. kaishe creak aur putaa creak, dou pramukh sahayak nadiyaan joe pahale paschim seey sacramento nadee mein shamil hoe gaee theen, abb maanav nirmit chainalon key madhyam seey yolo bipass dwara baadhit hain. sacramento kaa mukhya channel dakshin mein bahata haye, jisase yolo-sacramento county line banati haye.
nichali nadee.
jaise hii nadee dakshin mein jaari rahati haye, yeh sacramento metro kshetra key paas pahunchati haye, joe jalvibhaajak mein sabse badaa jansankhya kendra haye. sacramento antarrashtriya havaai adda nadee key purvi tata parr framont key paas sthit haye. shahar key pavitra sthal key paas yeh poorv seey americi nadee praapt kartaa haye, phir aitihaasik tower pull aur antarrajyiya 80 vyavasaay key neeche seey gujarta haye. california raajya rajdhani nadee key aadhe meal (0.8 kimmy) seey bhee cumm poorv mein sthit haye jahan tower pull ise paar kartaa haye. kuchh hii samay baad, sanskar kaa bandargah sanskar key paschim kii or sthit haye, joe ack taalaa dwara nadee seey judaa huaa haye. sacramento nadee kaa gahara jall jahaaj channel prashant seey bandargah taka pahunch pradaan kartaa haye, joe ghumaavdaar nichale sacramento koo darkinar kartaa haye. channel paschim mein kaee meal taka sanskar key samanantar chalata haye, aur yolo bipass kii purvi seema bhee banaata haye. nadee key paschim kii or shahar key sacramento seey paar sthit manual roop seey sanchaalit sacramento wayer, americi nadee seey baadh key paani key dabaav koo door karane key liye sacramento nadee koo jaari rakhane key bajaay paschim mein yolo bipass mein jaane kii anumati detaa haye.
sacramento key neeche kii or, nadee sacramento-saine joaquin nadee delta mein pravesh karati haye, joe ack vishal jwaariya muhana aur ulta nadee delta haye, joe kendriya ghaati key poore pravaah koo praapt kartaa haye, joe california key ack tihai hisse koo cover kartaa haye. pavitra jall kaa delta mein abb taka kaa sabse badaa yogdan haye; ack ausat varsh mein, yeh taaja paani key pravaah kaa 80 pratishat seey adhik haye. akhrot grove mein, maanav nirmit delta cross channel sacramento koo mokelumne nadee channel seey jodata haye, jisase paani key ack hisse koo clifton court forbe kii or dakshin mein pump kiya jaa sakata haye, mukhya cvp aur raajya jall pariyojana jalmaargon key liye praapt jalaashay joe laakhon ekad kii sinchai kartaa haye aur saine joaquin ghaati, saine francisco khaadi kshetra aur grater loss angils mein 23 million seey adhik logon koo paani kii aapoorti kartaa haye. haalaanki yahaan nadee kaa star jwaariya roop seey prabhaavit hotaa haye aur kabhi-kabhi uttar mein verona taka, paani sabhi varshon mein taaza rahata haye lekin sabse shushk varshon mein. prashant mahasagar seey khaare paani kii ghuspaith sanghiya kendriya ghaati pariyojana (see. vee. pee.) key nirmaan key mukhya karanon mein seey ack thee, jisake baandh samudri jall koo door rakhane key liye sanskar nadee mein nyuntam pravaah banaae rakhate hain.
riyo vista key neeche, nichali sanskar nadee gahare paani key jahaaj channel aur yolo bipass seey phir seey juda jaati haye aur montezuma pahaadiyon key aadhar key saath dakshin-paschim mein mudati haye, jisase solano aur sanskaron county kii seema banati haye. nadee key iss hisse koo badey samudra mein bahane vaale jahaajon dwara nauvahan key liye khod diyaa jaataa haye aur ausatan ack meal (1.2 kimmy) key teen-chauthai hisse mein faila diyaa jaataa haye. antioc aur pitsberg key uttar mein, sacramento aur saine joaquin nadiyaan suisun khaadi key sheersh parr milati hain, joe donon nadiyon key aadhikarik anta koo chihnit karati hain. sanyukt jall paschim mein suisun khaadi aur carquinage jaldamroomadhya key madhyam seey saine pablo khaadi aur saine francisco khaadi mein bahata haye, joe swarn dwaar parr prashant mein shamil hoe jaataa haye.
nirvahan.
kolambiya nadee key baad, sacramento mahadvipiya sanyukt raajya america key prashant tata parr nirvahan dwara sabse badee nadee haye. nadee kaa praakritik pravaah prati varsh 22 million ekad phut (27 kimmy3) yaa lagbhag haye. apani sahayak nadiyon parr baandhon key nirmaan seey pahale, barish key mausam mein nadee mein baadh aaa jaati thee, joe mississippi nadee key pravaah key barabar hoti thee. vishesh roop seey shushk varshon kii garmiyon key anta mein pravaah neeche gir sakata haye. sinchai, udyog aur shahari aapoorti key liye sanskar nadee seey badee matra mein paani nikala jaataa haye. sinchai aur shahari upayog key liye lagbhag 47 laakh ekad phut (5.83 kii. mee.) vaarshik kamee (upayog key baad nadee mein paani vaapas naheen aaya) hoti haye. atirikt 7.61 laakh ekad phut (9.39 kii. mee.) paryavaraniya upayogon key liye aarakshit haye, mukhya roop seey lavanata kaa mukabala karane key liye delta mein nyuntam taaje paani key bahirvaah koo banaae rakhane key liye.
yuu.aiss. bhoogarbhiya sarvekshan (yuu. aiss. jee.) mein sanskar nadee key kinare 25 sthaanon parr dhaara maapan hain, halanki way sabhi vartamaan mein chaalu naheen hain. vartamaan mein delta, california (mount shasta key srot key paas), keswick (redding key paas), kolusa (nadee key lagbhag aadhe raaste parr), verona aur freeport mein kaam chala rhaa haye. freeport gaze, joe sacramento key thheek neeche kii or sthit haye, sacramento nadee besin seey vaarshik bahirvaah kaa apekshaakrit achchha metrick pradaan kartaa haye. 1949 aur 2013 key beach ausat pravaah thaa. adhikatam darj pravaah 19 farwari, 1986 koo thaa; sabse cumm 15 octuber, 1977 koo thaa. yolo bipass mein pravaah, ack raahat channel jise sanskar kshetra kii raksha key liye baadh key paani key ack hisse koo leey jaane key liye design kiya gayaa haye, freeport gaze dwara maapa naheen jaataa haye. bipass parr ack alag gaze ney 1939 aur 2013 key beach ausat thruput darj kiya, jyaadaatar disambar-march seey. sabse adhik darj kiya gayaa pravaah 20 farwari, 1986 koo thaa. julaai key sookhe mausam key dauran sitambar key madhyam seey, bipass cumm seey shoonya pravaah leey jaataa haye.
yadyapi sanskar nadee nammatra roop seey mount shasta key paas shuru hoti haye, sanskar nadee pranali kaa vaastavik jalvaigyaanik srot pitt nadee haye, joe shasta jheel mein bahane vaali teen nadiyon mein seey sabse badee haye. yuu. aiss. jee. aiss. montgomeri creak gaze parr, pitt nadee kaa ausat pravaah 1966-2013 avadhi key liye thaa. tulanaa mein, delta gaze parr sacramento nadee, shasta jheel seey kuchh meal oopar, 1945-2013 avadhi key liye ausat darj kii gaee. amsiloud nadee mein 1967-2013 avadhi key liye ausat nirvahan thaa. 1960 key dashak seey, panbijali utpaadan key liye paani key modd key kaaran mcleod nadee kaa pravaah cumm hoe gayaa haye aur gaddhe nadee kaa pravaah badh gayaa haye; haalaanki shasta jheel mein pravesh karane vaale paani kii kull matra samaan haye. shasta baandh key nirmaan seey pahale, jwalamukhiya jharane gaddhe koo khilaate they aur mcleod nadiyon ney shushk garmiyon mein nadee key adhikansh pravaah koo pradaan kiya jaba oopari sanskar aur anya sahayak nadiyaan ack trickle mein dheemi hoe gaeen.
freeport aur yolo bipass parr vann key paas (see. aff. aiss.) sacramento nadee kaa masik sanyukt nirvahan
jall-kshetra.
sacramento nadee kaa jalvibhaajak poori tarah seey california mein sabse badaa haye, joe raajya key uttari bhaag koo cover kartaa haye. haalaanki, dakshini oregan mein andoric (bund) huns jheel jall nikasi besin, vishesh roop seey geele varshon key dauran sanskaron nadee pranali mein overflo honey key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. sacramento nadee besin aam taur parr poorv mein siera nevada aur cascade renz aur paschim mein tata shrinkhalaon aur klamath pahaadon key beach sthit haye, halanki gaddhe nadee dwara bahane vaale besin kaa hissa cascade key poorv mein faila huaa haye. pitt nadee, teen nadiyon mein seey ack haye joe cascades key mukhya shikhar seey gujarati haye; iska mukhya jall besin aur renz praant key paschimi chhor parr, mount shasta aur lassen choti jaise pramukh cascade jwalamukhi key poorv mein badhata haye. anya dou hain klamath nadee aur columbia nadee.
nirvahan dwara, yeh doosara sabse badaa sannihit yuu haye.aiss. kewal columbia nadee key baad, joe pavitra nadee key pravaah seey lagbhag duss gunaa adhik haye, prashant mein bahati hui nadee haye. raajya key dakshin-poorv bhaag key paas america-maxico seema key thheek dakshin mein california kii khaadi taka pahunchane vaali colorado nadee, lambai aur jall nikasi kshetra key mamle mein sanskar seey kaheen badee haye, lekin iska pravaah thodaa chhota haye. jaba pavitra sthaan koo gaddhe key saath jodaa jaataa haye, tou yeh poori tarah seey ack raajya key bheetar sanyukt raajya mein sabse lambi nadiyon mein seey ack haye-alaska key kuskokavim aur texas kii trimurti key baad.
sanskar kii seema seey lagey pramukh jall nikasi besin uttar mein klamath, dakshin mein saine joaquin aur mokelumne aur paschim mein eel nadee hain. russie nadee bhee paschim mein sthit haye aur uttar mein andoric (bund) shahad jheel aur eagle jheel besin hain. poorv kii or truck nadee aur carson nadee sahit mahaan besin key kaee antasth jalvibhaajak hain. sanskar jalvibhaajak key kuchh hisse bahut karib aatey hain, lekin california aur nevada kii seema key paas naheen hotey hain.
shareer rachana.
besin kaa vividh bhugol glacier-nakkashidar, siera nevada kii burf seey dhaki chotiyon seey laker samudra tala (aur aksar nichale) daldal aur sacramento-saine joaquin delta key krishi bhoomi taka haye. uchchatam bindu mount shasta mein haye, joe sacramento nadee key pramukh jall key paas ack nishkriya stratovolcano haye. siera nevada chotiyaan aam taur parr dakshin seey uttar kii or oonchaai mein cumm hoe jaati hain-jheel taaho key paas americi nadee key pramukh jall mein seey laker lassen county mein jahan way cascade renz seey milati hain. paschim kii or, tata shrinkhalaaen vipareet hain, joe oonchaai mein lagbhag uttar mein badh rahee hain. poorvottar mein shushk jwalamukhiya pathaar, joe baari-baari seey pahaadiyon aur badey talchhati besinon kii visheshta haye, aamtaur parr oonchaai parr sthit hain.
adhikansh sanskar ghaati oonchaai mein neeche haye; isake nichale maarg mein, sanskar nadee kewal prati meal girati haye. siera nevada kii talhati seey faili bajada yaa jalodh dhalanon aur tata shrinkhalaon key beach, sacramento nadee key nichale baadh key maidan hain. sahasraabdiyon seey talchhat key jamaa honey key kaaran nadee aspas key bhoobhaag kii tulanaa mein kuchh adhik oonchaai parr bahati haye, jisase tata (anivarya roop seey praakritik tatbandh) baney hain. tata nadee koo nichale ilaakon seey poorv aur paschim mein alag karate hain joe kabhi sardiyon key toofaanon key dauran vishal atipravaah besin key roop mein kaam karate they, jisase mausami ardrabhoomi key badey kshetra banate they. 19veen shatabdi seey, upajaau baadh key maidan mein kheti koo saksham banaane key liye kritrim tatbandh pranaliyon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa haye. aaj sanskar ghaati mein sinchit krishi bhoomi haye. baadh kshetra mein kamee key kaaran, sanskar nadee mein baadh key pravaah kii gati badh gaee haye, jisase isake maarg key saath kheton aur kasbon key liye ack mahatvapurna khatra paida hoe gayaa haye. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka engineeron ney mahsoos kiya thaa kii sabhi baadh key maidanon koo surakshit roop seey punah praapt naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase baadh key bipass kaa jaanboojhkar nirmaan kiya jaa sakata haye, jahaan vikas vaarshik fasalon aur manoranjak upayogon taka seemit haye.
aage dakshin mein, delta kshetra kaa adhikansh hissa vaastav mein samudra tala seey neeche haih havaa key kataav aur gahan kheti key kaaran 19veen shatabdi key anta seey delta mein bhoomi dheere-dheere doob gaee haye. kaee delta dweep paani key neeche honge yadi tatbandhon aur pampon key rakharkhaav key liye naheen joe unhein sookha rakhate hain. kuchh "dweep" abb nikatvarti chainalon aur dhalanon key neeche taka hain.
bhoomi kaa upayog.
sacramento nadee kaa jalvibhaajak lagbhag 28 laakh logon kaa ghar haye; dou-tihai seey adhik loga sacramento mahanagariya kshetra mein rahate hain. anya mahatvapurna shahar chiko, redding, davis aur woodland hain. sanskaron nadee key jalvibhaajak mein sabhi yaa adhikansh shasta, tahama, glain, butey, plum, yuba, sater, jheel aur yolo county shamil hain. yeh siski, modok, lassen, jheel (oregan mein), siera, nevada, placer, ell dorado, sacramento, solano aur contra costa county key kuchh hisson mein bhee faila huaa haye. yeh nadee swayam siski, shasta, tahama, butey, glain, kolusa, sater, yolo, sacramento, solano aur contra costa seey hocker bahati haye, joe aksar county key beach seemaaen banaati haye.
jalvibhaajak key kaee pahaadi kshetra yuu dwara prashaasit hain.aiss. vann seva. sacramento nadee key jalvibhaajak mein tata shrinkhalaon mein mendocino aur trinity rashtriya vanon mein shankudhari vanon key badey kshetra, dakshini cascade mein shasta aur lassen rashtriya vann aur siera nevada kii paschimi dhalanon parr plum, taaho aur aldorado rashtriya vann shamil hain. jalvibhaajak mein lassen jwalamukhiya rashtriya udyaan bhee haye, joe sabse dakshini cascade jwalamukhi, lassen choti parr kendrit haye. whiskeytown-shasta-trinity rashtriya manoranjan kshetra, joe aakar mein adhik haye, oopari sanskar aur trinity nadiyon key adhikansh hisse mein faila huaa haye, aur iska naam teen sthaaniya jalashayon (shasta jheel, trinity jheel aur whiskeytown jheel) key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye joe lokpriya paryatan kshetra hain. kaee anya raajya udyaan aur manoranjan kshetra jalvibhaajak key bheetar sthit hain.
bhoovigyaan.
bhoovaigyaanik manakon key anusaar, sacramento ack kaafee yuva nadee haye; isake jalvibhaajak kii seemaaen kuchh million saal pahale hii banane lageen kyonki prithvi kii parat key neeche magma koobad koo prashant plate dwara oopar dhakel diyaa gayaa thaa joe uttari americi plate seey takaraane seey siera nevada kaa nirmaan huaa thaa. haalaanki iss kshetra mein pahaad 100 million saal pahale seey maujood they (isase pahale bhoomi shayed prashant key neeche dooby hui thee), way kataav seey ghiraa huaa thaa, aur vartamaan seema kewal lagbhag 40 laakh saal pahale bunny thee. sanskar jalvibhaajak kaa uttari bhaag adhik pracheen haye, aur 25 million varsh pahale teevra jwalamukhi gatividhi seey banaa thaa, jisake parinamswarup laava pravaah huaa joe dhakaa huaa thaa aur modok pathaar banaa, jisake madhyam seey gaddhe kii nadee bahati haye. mount shasta aur lassen choti kaee cascade renz jwalamukhi mein seey hain joe abhee bhee iss kshetra mein khade hain.
siera gulab key roop mein, paani kaa kataav aur glacier ney gahari ghaati koo tarasha, pahaadon aur prashant mahasagar key beach ack tateey maidan banaane key liye bhaari matra mein talchhat jamaa kiya. lagbhag 30 laakh saal pahale, kaee terren baney aur prashant plate seey uttari americi plate mein toot gaye, jisase california tata shrinkhalaon kaa utthaan huaa, jisase sacramento ghaati koo gher liya gayaa aur paschim key bajaay dakshin mein bahane key liye majboor kiya gayaa, jisase paitrik sacramento nadee bunny. (clamath pahaad, joe sanskar besin key uttar-paschim bhaag koo gherate hain, usee tarah seey baney they, lekin bahut puraane hain, joe 7.5 laakh saal pahale key hain.) yeh sambhav haye kii nadee kaa ack baar monteri khaadi mein nikas huaa thaa, aur jaba burf yug key dauran samudra kaa star cumm thaa tou monteri pandubbi ghaati key nirmaan mein ack bhoomika nibhai hogi.
sacramento aur saine joaquin nadiyon key monteri khaadi nikas koo lagbhag 20 laakh saal pahale utthaan dwara avaruddh curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur siera seey bahane seey kendriya ghaati koo ack vishal jheel mein badalana shuru hoe gayaa, jise jheel clyde kahaa jaataa haye. yeh jheel uttar seey dakshin taka faili hui thee aur cumm seey cumm gahari thee. lagbhag 650,000 saal pahale jheel vinashkari roop seey ufaan parr thee, saine francisco khaadi mein bahati hui aur carquinez jaldamroomadhya kaa nirmaan karati thee, joe tata shrinkhalaon mein saikadon meal key liye ekmatra badaa break thaa. sankeern nikas ney madhya ghaati mein nadiyon key kuchh talchhat koo fansaaya, jisase antardeshiya sanskar-saine joaquin nadee delta banaa. taba seey, iss antardeshiya samudra mein teevra baadh key samay key dauran samay-samay parr sudhaar huaa haye, sabse halia 1862 kii mahaan baadh haye. 20 veen shatabdi key dauran nirmit baandh, tatbandh aur baadh maargon ney abb taka iss ghatana koo phir seey honey seey roque diyaa haye.
itihas.
mool americi.
sacramento nadee aur isaki ghaati california key pramukh mool americi jansankhya kendron mein seey ack thee. nadee kaa prachur pravaah aur ghaati kii upajaau mitty aur halki jalavaayu ney saikadon samoohon koo bhoomi saajha karane key liye paryaapt sansaadhan pradaan kiye. adhikansh gaanv chhote they. halanki yeh ack baar aam taur parr maanaa jaataa thaa kii mool mool nivasi janjaatiyon key roop mein rahate they, way vaastav mein bees seey tees logon key roop mein chhote parivaar samoohon key roop mein rahate they. sanskar ghaati koo pahali baar lagbhag 12,000 saal pahale manushyon dwara basaaya gayaa thaa, lekin lagbhag 8,000 saal pahale taka sthaayi gaanv sthaapit naheen kiye gaye they. itihaskaron ney kaee alag-alag mool mool samoohon koo kaee "janjaatiyon" mein sangathit kiya haye. inhen uttar mein jwalamukhiya pathaaron kii shasta, modok aur akomavi/pitt nadee janjaatiyon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye; uttari klamath aur trinity pahaadon mein vintu aur hupa; tata shrinkhalaon key nomlaki, yuki, patwin aur pomo; siera aur unaki paschimi talhati mein yaana, etsugevi, maidu, konko aur nisenan; aur dakshin mein mivok.
sanskar ghaati key adhikansh mool loga shikaar, ikattha honey aur machhali pakadane parr nirbhar they, halanki kuchh kshetron mein krishi kaa abhyaas kiya jaataa thaa. basti kaa aakar chhote shiviron seey laker 30-50 sthaayi sanrachanaon key gaanvon taka thaa. acorn ack mukhya bhojan thaa, aur sacramento ghaati key nadee tateey kshetra, joe deshi oak kii saat prajaatiyon koo sahaara dete they, ney inhen bahutaayat mein pradaan kiya. mool amerikiyon ney accarn koo aate mein pees diyaa, jiska upayog way rotty aur cake banaane key liye karate they. sacramento nadee mein prachur matra mein salmon aur steelhead bahate hain aur isaki sahayak nadiyon koo machhali pakadane key bartan, platform, tokri aur jaal kaa upayog karke kaataa jaataa thaa. nadee ney shelfish, sturgeon, eel aur suckerfish bhee pradaan kii
way jalpakshi, mrig aur hiran kaa bhee shikaar karate they joe sabhi samriddh ghaati key tala aur daldali bhoomi mein badee sankhya mein maujood they. europeeya sampark seey pahale, sanskar ghaati kii swadeshi aabaadi 76,000 logon kii anumaanit haye.
europeeya anveshan aur basti.
nadee koo dekhane vaale pahale baahari loga shayed 1772 mein uttari california mein ack spanish aupaniveshik-khoj udyam key sadasya they, jinka netritva kaptan pedro phase ney kiya thaa. samooh ack pahaad parr chadh gayaa, sambhavatah suisun khaadi key uttar mein pahaadiyon mein, aur khud koo sacramento aur saine joaquin nadiyon key delta mein neeche dekh rhaa thaa. haalaanki, unake anukool bindu key kaaran, naa tou fajon aur naa hii unake kissy bhee aadami ney sanskar koo spasht roop seey dekhaa. unhone maan liya kii dakshin seey aaney vaali saine joaquin, unhone dekhi gaee vilay nadiyon mein sabse badee thee. 1808 mein, khojkarta gabriel moraga, missions key nirmaan key liye upayukt sthalon koo khojane kii yatra parr, nadee koo spasht roop seey dekhane vaale pahale videshi bunn gaye. isaki vishal chaudaai aur shakti koo dekhate hue unhone ise "riyo dee loss sacraments" yaa "dhanya sanskar kii nadee" naam diyaa. agale varshon mein, dou aur spanish abhiyaanon ney nadee key nichale hisse koo paar kiya, joe 1817 mein antim thaa.
agale agantuk 1820 key dashak mein vivaadit oregan desh seey dakshin kii or khoj karane vaale hudson kii bey company (aich. bee. see.) farr trapper they. peater skeen ogden key netritva mein pahala sangathit abhiyaan 1826 mein mount shasta key kshetra mein aaya. iss samay taka, california mexico key niyantran mein thaa, halanki kuchh maxican basane vaale raajya mein aaa gaye they, joe baad mein raajya bunn gayaa thaa, jyaadaatar dakshin aur madhya tata key saath chhote "pueblos" aur "rancos" mein buss gaye they. aich. bee. see. parvat purushon ney kaee mool americi raaston seey siskiyu trail banaaya joe oregan kii vilamet ghaati aur sacramento ghaati key uttari hisse key beach pahaadon seey hocker gujarta thaa. aaney vaale varshon mein, yeh maarg, joe antatah saine francisco seey portland, oregan taka faila, sanskar, vilamet, clamath, dusht aur anya nadiyon key kuchh hisson key baad ack mahatvapurna vyaapaar aur yatra maarg bunn jaayega.
soney kii bheed.
haalaanki agale kuchh varshon mein california mein aae hajaaron americi pravasiyon mein seey ack, jaba california sanyukt raajya kaa hissa bunn gayaa, johnn augustus sutter key aagaman ney sacramento ghaati key itihas mein ack mahatvapurna modd koo chihnit kiya, aur poore california mein. 1841 mein, sater aur unake logon ney sacramento aur americi nadiyon key sangam parr ack kilaa banaaya aur maxican sarkaar ney unhein donon nadiyon key aspas kii lagbhag bhoomi pradaan kii. ise nayaa helvetia naam dete hue, unhone nichale sanskar ghaati mein ack krishi samrajya banaaya, joe iss kshetra mein kaee sou basane vaalon koo aakarshit kartaa thaa, aur apane kshetra koo banaae rakhane key liye mool americi shram parr nirbhar thaa. iss kshetra mein kaee mool americi samoohon key saath shutter kaa kuchh dou-mukhi sambandh thaa. vaha kuchh janjaatiyon key saath maitripurna thaa, aur shramikon kii aapoorti key liye unake netaaon koo achchha bhugtan kartaa thaa, lekin anya koo usane kheton mein shram key liye balpurvak jabt curr liya.
1846 key bhalu dhwaj vidroh aur maxican-americi yuddh key baad, jisamen california sanyukt raajya kaa hissa bunn gayaa, satter aur california mein anya badey bhoomidharakon ney apani sampattiyon parr kabja curr liya. 1848 mein sutter ney james doubleu koo niyukt kiya. marshels ney koloma mein dakshin kaant americi nadee parr ack aaraa mill kaa nirmaan kiya, jahan marshels ney soney kii khoj kii. halanki sutter aur marshel mool roop seey ack gupt khoj rakhane kaa irada rakhate they, lekin jald hii samachar toot gayaa, joe poore uttari america aur yahaan taka kii duniya seey teen laakh aashavaadiyon koo bhaagya kii talash mein sanskar nadee kii or aakarshit kartaa haye, jisase california gold rush kii shuruat hoti haye. loga oregan trail-siskio trail, california trail, dakshini pravaasi trail aur panama key istamas key madhyam seey aur dakshini dakshin america key aspas vibhinn bhoomi aur/yaa samudri maargon seey jahaaj dwara iss kshetra mein aatey they. steamboat saine francisco seey soney key kheton taka khanikon koo leey jaane key liye sacramento nadee key oopar aur neeche kii yatra karate they.
jaise-jaise khanikon ney siera nevada aur clamath pahaadon mein apani khudai kaa vistaar kiya, mool amerikiyon koo unaki bhoomi seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa aur jhadapon aur ladaaiyon kii ack lambi shrinkhala shuru hui joe raajya aur rashtriya sarkaaron key hastakshep taka jaari rahee.
gold key baad kii jaldbaji kaa vikas aur prabhaav.
pravasiyon key aagaman seey maleria aur chechak jaisi videshi beemaariyaan aaeen, jinake prati americi bhaartiyon kii koee pratiraksha naheen thee. inn beemariyon ney apani aabaadi key ack badey hisse koo kuchh dashakon key bheetar maar daala, jaba kii baad mein basane vaale loga, soney kii bheed kii shuruat, basane vaalon aur mool samoohon key beach ladee gaee kaee ladaaiyon key saath-saath kuchh janjaatiyon key jabaran sthanantaran kaa ullekh naheen karna, joe mukhya roop seey tata shrinkhalaon mein sanskar ghaati key aspas bikhare hue kaee sthaanon mein bhaaratiya aarakshan mein they. 1850 key dashak kii shuruat mein, yuu. key. key beach kaee sandhiyon parr hastakshar kiye gaye they.aiss. sarkaar aur mool amerikiyon ney siera kii talhati mein ack aarakshan parr apane sthanantaran koo shamil kiya; yeh vaadaa toot gayaa thaa. isaliye, 1863 mein, beach kii sanskar aur pankhon vaali nadiyon, konko samooh key aspas key kshetra kii janjaatiyon koo hataa diyaa gayaa aur eel nadee key paas goal ghaati bhaaratiya aarakshan kii or jabaran cooch kiya gayaa. kull 461 logon koo apane gharon seey majboor kiya gayaa, lekin kewal 277 logon ney aarakshan mein jagah banaai; anya loga bimari, bhukhmari yaa thakawat seey marr gaye.
jaise-jaise khanan panning aur sluising jaise saral tarikon seey vikasit huaa aur vaanijyik nishkarshan, hydrolic khanan key ack nae roop mein vikasit huaa, pattering gold rush seey honey vaale munafe ney doosari chhalang lagaai, joe shuruati varshon mein placer khanikon kii tulanaa mein adhik laabh arjit kartaa thaa. sacramento shahar, joe kii shutter key kille key mool sthal parr sthaapit thaa, ack krishi samrajya key kendra key roop mein panapane lagaa, joe pahaadiyon mein kaam karane vaale hajaaron khanikon koo bhojan pradaan karane key saath-saath khanan kiye gaye sabhi soney key vittiya adaan-pradaan kaa sthaan thaa. sacramento koo aadhikarik taur parr 1850 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur 1854 mein raajya kii rajdhani key roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee. jaise-jaise sacramento ghaati kii arthavyavastha badhee, dakshini prashant rail maarg ney 1880 aur 1890 key dashak mein siskio trail key pracheen maarg kaa anusaran karate hue oregan key saath california koo jodane key liye nadee key saath patariyon kii sthaapana kii. rail maarg key kaee hisse khatarnak they, vishesh roop seey dunsmuir key uttar mein pahaadi kshetron mein.
sanskar key 10,000 kii aabaadi koo paar karane key kuchh hii samay baad, 1862 kii mahaan baadh ney iska bahut kuchh (aur sanskar nadee key saath lagbhag sub kuchh) bahaa diyaa aur baaki koo paani key neeche daal diyaa. jall khanan dwara laakhon tunn talchhat dwara beh jaane seey baadh kaa paani badh gayaa thaa, jisane sanskar, pankh aur americi nadiyon key tala koo sanskar mein bhar diyaa aur hajaaron ekad kendriya ghaati bhoomi koo bhee cover kiya. 1875 mein ack baadh ney marisville shahar koo dhaka diyaa aur jaba yeh cumm hoe gayaa tou shahar kii sadaken malabe seey bhar gaeen aur oopar kii or jaa rahey "hydrolicking" seey chattaanen beh gaeen.
baar-baar baadh aur pavitra nadee key paani kii badhati maang ney 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein paryaavaran mein badey paimaane parr badalaav dekhe. sanskar key poore shahar koo isaki mool oonchaai seey oopar uthaane key liye ack praarambhik pariyojana shuru kii gaee thee. isake baad sanskar nadee key baadh key paani koo niyantrit karane aur sangraheet karane key liye bahut badee engineering pariyojanaaen shuru huin; inn saarvajanik karyon key nirmaan seey 20veen shatabdi key dauran nadee mein amulchul badalaav aayega.
baandh aur paani kaa upayog.
19veen shatabdi key anta seey 20veen shatabdi taka, california ney ack aarthik uchhaal kaa anubhav kiya jisake kaaran krishi aur shahari donon kshetron mein teji seey vistaar huaa. madhya ghaati ack bahut vikasit sinchai krishi kshetra bunn rhaa thaa, aur raajya key prashant tata aur sacramento aur saine joaquin nadiyon key saath shahar teji seey badh rahey they, ack or baadh koo rokane key liye nadee niyantran kii aavashyakta thee, aur doosari or paani kii nirantar aapoorti sunishchit karane key liye. yuu.aiss. engineeron key sainya dall aur california raajya ney 1870 aur 1880 key dashak kii shuruat mein report poori kii, jisamen sanskar, pankh, yuba aur bhalu nadiyon key bhavishya key vikas kii ruprekha dee gaee thee.
1873 mein, curnell bee.aiss. engineeron key senaa dall key alekjendar ney kendriya ghaati key jall vigyaan aur sinchai pranaliyon kaa sarvekshan kiya aur pampon aur naharon key ack mahaan network kaa prastaav rakhaa joe uttar mein sacramento nadee seey paani leey jaayega, aur ise sookhe kii chapet mein aaney vaale madhya aur dakshini california, vishesh roop seey saine joaquin ghaati mein leey jaayega. sacramento nadee besin mein uttari california kii dou-tihai seey teen-chauthai varsha hoti haye, halanki isamen kewal ack-tihai seey ack-chauthai bhoomi haye. saine joaquin nadee kaa jalvibhaajak uttari california kii bhoomi key dou-tihai seey teen-chauthai hisse parr kabja curr letaa haye, lekin kewal ack-tihai seey ack-chauthai varsha ekatra kartaa haye."sanskar nadee key jalvibhaajak kii sthalaakriti ise vishesh roop seey baadh key liye pravan banaati haye. toofaan kaa paani sacramento ghaati key kinare khade pahaadon seey jaldi seey bahata haye, lekin kuchh apvaadon key saath jalodh ghaati kaa tala aashcharyajanak roop seey sapaat haye, jisase bahaav dheema hoe jaataa haye aur yeh nadee key kinaaron parr beh jaataa haye. baadh niyantran karyon key nirmaan seey pahale, sardiyon kii baadh ney aksar ghaati koo antardeshiya samudra mein badal diyaa. 1880 mein raajya engineer villium aich. holl ney sanskar nadee key liye pahali baadh niyantran yojana vikasit kii. holl ney maanaa kii sapaat sthalaakriti aur atyadhik bhaari sardiyon key pravaah key sanyojan key saath, akele tatbandhon kii ack pranali baadh koo rokane kii ummeed naheen curr sakati thee, jaisa kii sacremento key baadh pravan shahar mein baar-baar saabit huaa thaa.
sanskar nadee baadh niyantran pariyojana.
sanskar nadee baadh niyantran pariyojana koo 1917 mein sanghiya sarkaar dwara adhikrit kiya gayaa thaa. jabaki iska uddeshya maujooda tatbandh pranali koo majboot karke nadee key kinaaron mein mamuli baadh koo rokna thaa, mukhya visheshta bipass kii ack shrinkhala thee, yaa ghaati key khandon koo jaanboojhkar uchch paani key dauran baadh key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. pavitra nadee key saath ranneetik binduon parr rakhe gaye wayer jaba nadee ack nishchit charan mein pahunchati haye tou bipass mein paani chhodate hain, jisase mukhya channel parr baadh key paani key dabaav seey raahat milati haye. baadh key shikharon key gujarane key baad bipass koo dheere-dheere nikalane diyaa jaataa haye. varsh key adhikansh samay, bipass sookhe rahate hain aur chawal jaisi vaarshik fasalon key liye upayog kiye jaate hain. kuchh pramukh visheshataaen hain batte besin, kolusa besin, sutter bipass aur yolo bipass. batte besin hamilton shahar aur kolusa key beach nadee key poorv kii or ack badaa nichale kshetra haye; bhaugolik roop seey samaan kolusa besin paschim mein sthit haye. sataar bipass kolusa seey shuru hotaa haye aur pavitra nadee key poorv kii or samanantar chalata haye jaba taka kii pankh nadee key saath sangam taka naheen pahunch jaataa. nadee key paschim kii or sthit yolo bipass, pankhon key sangam seey shuru hotaa haye aur delta mein sanskar mein phir seey shamil hoe jaataa haye. halanki ise "bipass" kahaa jaataa haye, lekin yeh pranali anivarya roop seey apane aitihaasik baadh key maidan key ack hisse key saath sanskar koo phir seey jodati haye, joe kii praakritik roop seey baadh kii sthiti mein hotaa aggar tatbandh pranali naheen hoti.
kendriya ghaati pariyojana.
1930 key dashak mein mahamandi key dauran, rajyavyapi jall engineering pariyojana key liye pahala thhos prastaav saamane aaya, lekin jaba raajya sarkaar pariyojana key vittaposhan key liye aavashyak bonned naheen betch sakee, tou sanghiya sarkaar ney ise apane haath mein leey liya. duniya kii sabse badee sinchai pariyojanaon mein seey ack, kendriya ghaati pariyojana kaa nirmaan yuu. aiss. dwara kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. 1935 mein shuru huaa punarpraapti beuro. antatah, yeh pranali sanskar aur saine joaquin ghaatiyon mein 30 laakh ekad (12 laakh hectare) bhoomi kii sinchai key liye 7 million ekad phut (8.6 kimmy3) vitarit karegi. sanskaron nadee pranali mein pramukh jall bhandaran suvidha, shasta baandh kaa nirmaan 1938 mein shuru huaa aur 1945 mein puuraa huaa. sanskaron nadee key jalvibhaajak key oopari bhaag seey pravaah koo niyantrit karane seey sanskaron nadee key madhya aur nichale hisson mein baadh kii chotiyon koo bahut cumm curr detaa haye. baadh key paani koo sookhe varshon mein sinchai key saath-saath nauvahan aur bijli utpaadan key liye sangraheet kiya jaataa haye. agale dashakon mein, adhik vishal jalashayon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa-joe sanyukt roop seey paani kaa bhandaran karane mein saksham they-sanskaron kii mukhya sahayak nadiyon parr, jisase sinchai aur panbijali key liye paani kaa viniyaman sambhav huaa. 1950 key dashak key anta mein, dou pramukh naharon koo sanskar ghaati key paschimi hisse-tahama-kolusa aur corning naharon kii sinchai key liye vistaarit kiya gayaa thaa. sacramento parr laal bluff diversion baandh seey shuru hocker, naharen kramshah lambi hain aur kuchh kii sinchai key liye kull paani kaa diversion karati hain.
raajya jall pariyojana.
1960 mein, raajya jall pariyojana parr nirmaan shuru huaa, jiska praathamik uddeshya loss angils aur saine francisco khaadi kshetra mein paani pahunchaana thaa. oroville baandh-yuu mein sabse oonchaa baandh.aiss. - sanskar kii sabse badee sahayak nadee, pankhon vaali nadee parr banaaya gayaa thaa. nadimukh-kshetra mein kaee chainalon kaa vistaar kiya gayaa taaki pavitra sthal seey pumping sanyantra aur california jalmarg taka paani kaa pravaah sugam hoe sakey, joe harr saal 4.2 laakh ekad phut (5 kii. mee.) paani leey jaa sakata haye. delta mein apane mool seey nahar saine joaquin ghaati key paschim kii or seey dakshin kii or chalati haye, apani lambai key saath kheton koo sinchai kaa paani pradaan karati haye, aur chaar badey pumping stations key madhyam seey lagbhag tehachapi pahaadon key oopar seey uthaati haye. yeh pariyojana saine joaquin ghaati mein bhoomi kii sinchai karati haye aur madhya aur dakshini california mein 22 million logon kii seva karati haye.
varshon seey, california key uttari tata seey nadiyon koo sanskar jalvibhaajak mein modane key liye kaee anya yojanaon koo sakar kiya gayaa, kyonki bhavishya kii maang aapoorti seey adhik honey kaa anuman thaa. ekmatra trinity nadee pariyojana (joe see. vee. pee. kaa hissa bunn jaayegi) kaa nirmaan kiya jaanaa thaa, joe usa nadee key pravaah kaa 90 pratishat seey adhik hissa klamath pahaadon key neeche ack surang key madhyam seey sanskar mein bhejati thee. paryaavaran kii kshati aur trinity nadee mein machhliyon key maare jaane key kaaran, 1990 key dashak seey kaanoon dwara parivartit paani kii matra seemit curr dee gaee haye. anya, badee pariyojanaaen antatah jarh jamaane mein whiffle raheen. sabse kukhyaat mein seey ack, clamath diversion ney badey jalashayon, naharon, pumping stations aur surangon kii pranali key madhyam seey clamath nadee key poore pravaah koo sanskar nadee mein bhejane kaa prastaav rakhaa. isi tarah, doss reos baandh pariyojana ney eel nadee key kaafee hisse koo sanskar mein badal diyaa hoga. donon pariyojanaon koo sthaaniya pratirodh, paryavaranvidon key virodh key saath-saath uchch poonji laagat seey haraaya gayaa thaa.
nauparivahan.
sacramento nadee kaa gahara jall channel 1963 mein puuraa kiya gayaa thaa, aur ise delta seey sacramento key bandargah taka badey samudra mein jaane vaale jahaajon key nauvahan kii suvidha key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh channel raajya kii rajdhani aur delta key beach sanskar nadee key ghumaavdaar nichale hisse koo darkinar kartaa haye, iss prakaar jall yatra key samay koo cumm kartaa haye. yeh yolo bipass key nichale chhor seey baadh key paani koo chhodane kaa bhee kaam kartaa haye. engineeron key senaa dall dwara nirmit, nahar lambi haye aur isaki gaharaai taka banaae rakhee gaee haye.
paaristhitiki aur paryavaraniya mudde.
sanskaron nadee aur isake jall nikasi besin ney ack baar sanskaron ghaati aur delta donon mein vyaapak nadee-taton key nivaas aur daldal kaa samarthan kiya thaa, joe vanaspatiyon aur jeevon kii ack vividh shrinkhala kaa ghar thaa. krishi key liye bhoomi key sudhaar aur mausami baadh key viniyaman key kaaran, 20veen shatabdi key dauran jall-adharit awas kii matra mein bahut girawat aaee. anya maanav prabhaavon mein krishi aur shahari kshetron key liye bhaari paani kii khapat, aur keetnashakon, nitrate, khadanon key peechhe kii or, acid khadanon kii jall nikasi aur shahari bahaav key kaaran honey vaalaa pradooshan shamil hain. sacramento machhali kii 40-60 prajaatiyon aur pakshiyon kii 218 prajaatiyon kaa samarthan kartaa haye. besin mein kaee sthaanik ubhayachar aur machhali prajaatiyan bhee hain. kaee sanskaron nadee kii machhliyon kii prajaatiyan saamp-kolambiya nadee pranaliyon key samaan hain; bhoovaigyaanik sakshya ingit karate hain kii donon lagbhag 4-5 million saal pahale ardrabhoomi aur chainalon kii ack shrinkhala dwara judey hue they.
prashant flyway key saath sthit, sacramento ghaati kii faili ardrabhoomi pravaasi pakshiyon key liye ack mahatvapurna padaav haye; haalaanki, aitihaasik ardrabhoomi kaa kewal ack ansh hii bachaa haye. sacramento ghaati mein mausami baadh vaale chawal key kheton mein vartamaan mein pravaasi pakshiyon dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale nivaas kaa ack badaa hissa shamil haye. 19veen shatabdi key baad seey deshi pakshiyon kii aabaadi mein lagaatar girawat aaa rahee haye. ack samay mein aam theen lekin abb luptapray yaa luptapray prajaatiyon mein dakshin-paschimi vilo flycatcher, paschimi peele-bill vaali koyal, cumm seey cumm ghanti kaa viro aur warbling viro shamil hain. sankhya mein girawat kaa ack anya kaaran gair-deshi prajaatiyon kii shuruat haye, jaise kii parjivi coubard, joe anya pakshi prajaatiyon key ghonsale mein apane andey detaa haye, jisase isake bachche bhojan key liye dusaron key saath pratispardha karate hain.
kabhi ubhaycharon kii 9 prajaatiyan theen joe sanskaron nadee kaa upayog karati theen, lekin kuchh vilupt hoe gaee hain aur adhikansh anya aabaadi krishi aur shahari vikas key kaaran awas key nuksan key kaaran cumm hoe rahee hain. ubhayachar mool roop seey daldal, dhalaan, side-channel aur oxbo jheelon mein panapate they kyonki unake germ paani, vanaspati aur poshak tatvon kii prachurta, cumm shikari aabaadi aur dheemi dhaara key kaaran. iss aabaadi mein ack baar mendhak aur salmonders kii kaee prajaatiyan shamil theen; talhati mein peele pair vaale mendhak aur paschimi spedfoot koo luptapray prajaatiyon key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye.
sanskar key saath nadee aur ardrabhoomi kshetra ack baar kull seey adhik they; aaj kewal lagbhag avashesh hain. isamen seey adhikansh mein punarsthaapit khand aur kritrim roop seey nirmit ardrabhoomi shamil hain. tatbandh nirmaan ney sardiyon aur vasant kii baadh key dauran nadee koo maarg badalane seey roque diyaa haye, joe maujooda ardrabhoomi key navinikaran aur nae key nirmaan key liye mahatvapurna thaa. 19veen shatabdi key anta seey nadee jyaadaatar ack nishchit channel mein bund haye, joe ack baar baadh key kaaran ack varsh mein saikadon feat yaa kaee meal taka bhee sthanantarit hoe sakati haye. 2010 mein, nadee key lagbhag tatvarti vanon kii sakriya bahaali hoe rahee haye.
yuu. see. davis ney ack pariyojana shuru kii jise nigiri pariyojana key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye joe sacramento nadee seey satey chawal key khet key baadh key maidanon mein yolo bipass key tahat hoti haye. yeh naam japani sushi key ack roop seey aaya haye jisamen sirke key chawal key sampeedit faant key oopar machhali kaa ack tukada hotaa haye, isaliye chawal aur machhali key saath ack sambandh haye. salmon madhya ghaati kii nadiyon seey samudra mein pravaas karate hain jahan way ack seey teen saal taka aakar mein badhate hain phir andey dene key liye nadiyon mein lautate hain, yadi ack chhoti machhali samudra mein pravesh karane parr adhik badee hoti haye, tou unake paas andey dene key liye lautane kaa adhik mauka hoga. yuu. see. davis center forr watershed sciences key anusaar, sacramento nadee seey satey yeye chawal key khet salmon key liye sambhaavit nursory key roop mein kaam karenge. yuu. see. davis ney salmon key pichhale prayogaatmak release seey yeh bhee nishkarsh nikala kii yolo bipass baadh maarg mein 57,000 ekad taka utpaadak prajanan awas hoe sakata haye, jisamen kisaanon koo lagbhag koee laagat naheen hogi. nigiri pariyojana ney apravaahi krishi kshetron kaa pradarshan kiya haye jaise kii sacramento nadee key buggle mein yolo bipass key neeche chawal key khet ack mahatvapurna baadh key maidan key nivaas sthaan key roop mein kaam curr sakate hain aur kishore yaa luptapray machhliyon key liye bhojan kii jameen hoe sakati haye. yuu. see. davis ney kahaa kii sacremento nadee mein chhode gaye logon kii tulanaa mein baadh vaale chawal key kheton mein kishore bahut badey aur teji seey badhate gaye. saarvajanik agencies, sanrakshan samooh aur bhoomi malik sabhi 2011 seey ack saath kaam curr rahey hain aur prayog curr rahey hain. chawal key kheton parr kiye gaye prayog lagaatar chaar sardiyon seey sacramento nadee dwara yolo bipass key bheetar nags khet kii sampatti mein hue hain. yuu. see. davis ney apane parinamon koo saajha karate hue kendriya ghaati mein kishore chinook salmon kii sabse tej vriddhi darj kii. nigiri pariyojana inn baadh key maidanon koo "surrogate ardrabhoomi" key roop mein dekhane kaa prayaas curr rahee haye, jise sacramento nadee pranali key vaarshik praakritik baadh chakr kii nakal karane key liye niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye, jiss parr deshi machhaliyan nirbhar hain. krishi seey nikalane vaale paani kaa upayog sanskar nadee seey satey iss prayog key adhikansh hisson key liye kheton mein baadh laane key liye kiya jaataa haye. punarnaveenikaran jall koo antatah krishi naharon key madhyam seey delta paaristhitiki tantra mein vaapas pravaahit kiya jaataa haye, jiska arth haye kii prayog karane key liye koee nayaa paani upayog naheen kiya jaataa haye.
anadromous machhali.
sanyukt raajya america key paschimi tata parr columbia nadee key baad doosara sthaan chinook salmon mein chalata haye, sacramento aur isaki sahayak nadiyon ney ack baar iss machhali kii ack badee aabaadi kaa samarthan kiya thaa. laakhon salmon ack baar sanskar mein ugane key liye oopar kii or tairate they; haal hii mein 2002 mein aathh laakh machhliyon koo nadee mein lautane key liye dekhaa gayaa thaa. sacramento aur saine joaquin nadee pranaaliyan uttari america mein chinook salmon key sabse dakshini maujooda pravaah kaa ghar hain.
20veen shatabdi mein shuru hue baandh nirmaan ney saikadon meal kii salmon-sponning dhaaraon koo avaruddh curr diyaa, jaise kii oopari pankh aur americi nadiyaan, aur gaddhe aur oopari sanskar nadiyon kii sampoornata. kheton aur shahari kshetron seey honey vaale pradooshan ney nadee key paryaavaran parr bhaari assar daala, aur bhaari sinchai nikasi key parinamswarup kabhi-kabhi badey paimaane parr machhliyon kii maut hoe jaati haye. 1960 key baad seey, jaba delta mein california jalmarg key sheersh parr badey pampon ney apana sanchaalan shuru kiya, tou delta mein paani key pravaah kaa pattern kaafee badal gayaa haye, jisase machhliyon koo iss baat koo laker bhram hoe gayaa haye kii unhein kahaan jaanaa haye, jisake parinamswarup kaee peedhiyaan marr gaee hain kyonki way oopar kii or apana raasta naheen dhoondh paae hain. 2004 mein, kewal 200,000 machhliyon key sanskar mein lautane kii soochana millie thee; 2008 mein, 39,000 kaa vinashkari nimn star.
1999 mein, sacramento nadee kii ack pramukh sahayak nadee, yuddh khaadi parr paanch panbijali baandhon koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa taaki machhliyon koo behtar tareeke seey gujarane diyaa jaa sakey. khaadi key saath teen anya baandhon mein machhali kii seedhi lagaai gaee thee. apekshaakrit thhande paani aur bajari key baar jaise aadarsh awas kii upalabdhata key kaaran nadee koo jalvibhaajak mein sabse achche salmon aavason mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye.
20veen sadee key anta aur 21veen sadee kii shuruat taka, sarkaar ney machhali pakadane kii aabaadi key durghatanagrast honey koo atyadhik machhali pakadane parr doshi thaharaaya, vishesh roop seey uttari california aur oregan tata parr, joe seedhe sacramento nadee salmon key pravaas maargon seey satey hue hain. isake parinamswarup 2002 seey kaee varshon taka tateey salmon machhali pakadane parr pratibandh lagaa haye. laal bluff diversion baandh, halanki ack badaa baandh naheen haye aur machhali maarg suvidhaon seey lais haye, yeh bhee ack pramukh baadha prastut kartaa haye. aparyaapt design key kaaran, lagbhag harr saal aaney vaali machhliyon kaa 25-40% baandh dwara avaruddh hoe jaataa haye. baandh shikari machhliyon key ikattha honey key liye ack "pasandida sthaan" bhee bunn gayaa haye, joe baandh key oopar aur neeche donon jagah funce jaane vaale salmon parr bhojan karate hain. 2010 taka, salmon daud mein sudhaar key mamuli sanket dikhaai diye hain, shayed usa varsh kii adhik varsha key kaaran.
1995 mein, americi nadee parr faulsom baandh parr ack gett toot gayaa, jisase nadee kaa pravaah kuchh logon dwara badhaa. paani ney sanskar key neeche yatra kii aur prashant mein beh gayaa; taaje paani kaa pravaah aisaa thaa kii yeh hajaaron anadromous machhliyon koo yeh sochkar nadee mein palayan karane key liye bhramit curr detaa thaa kii nadee dair seey sharad ritu key toofaanon key kaaran badhee haye.
whale.
whale kabhi-kabhi bhojan yaa sharan key liye nadee mein jaane key baad door antardeshiya roop seey paaee jaati hain aur phir prashant mahasagar mein vaapas jaane kaa raasta khou detee hain. octuber 1985 mein television media dwara pyaar seey "humphrey dha humpback whale" naamak ack humpback whale koo bachaane seey pahale sanskar nadee taka kii yatra kii gaee. bachavkarta whale koo vaapas samudra mein kheenchane key liye koobad vaali vhelon key bhojan kii awazon koo pravaahit karate hain.
14 maee, 2007 koo, darshakon aur media ney riyo vista key paas gahare paani mein yatra curr rahee dou koobad vaali whale koo dekhaa. aam taur parr maan aur bachhada (delta, maan aur bhor, uska bachhada) maani jaane vaali donon, lagbhag antardeshiya paschim sanskar key paas gahare paani key jahaaj channel taka tairati raheen. chinta kii baat thee kyonki whale ghayal hoe gaee thee, shayed ack naav key propeller yaa keel seey, pratyek whale kii twacha mein ack ghaav chhod gayaa thaa. jeevvigyaani dwara whale kaa saavdhaanipoorvak nireekshan kiya gayaa aur sankraman koo rokane mein madad key liye antibiotic davaaon kaa injection diyaa gayaa. samudra kii disha mein whale koo lubhaane (yaa daraane) key kaee dinon key prayason key baad, whale antatah dakshin mein saine francisco khaadi mein apana raasta banaati hain, jahan way kaee dinon taka rahati hain. 30 maee, 2007 taka, gaay aur bachhada spasht roop seey prashant mahasagar mein sunhare gett pull key neeche kissy kaa dhyaan naheen gayaa, sambhavatah raat key aavaran mein.
samudri shher.
haal hii mein, samudri shher poshak tatvon seey bharpur salmon kii talash mein sanskar taka yatra karate hue paae gaye hain. yeye vyakti prajanan key mausam seey pahale badey paimaane parr dekhane vaale yuva purush hotey hain. nadee mein samudri sheron key dekhane kii halia uchhaal kaa shreya 1972 mein samudri standhari sanrakshan adhiniyam key paarit honey koo diyaa gayaa haye, jisase samudri sheron kii aabaadi mein punrutthan huaa, jisake liye prajaatiyon koo apani seema kaa vistaar karane kii aavashyakta hui.
meenar pull key neeche, pankhon vaali nadee key muhaane aur discovery park mein sacramento aur americi nadee key sangam parr samudri sheron koo dekhane key liye aam sthaan hain. 
pradooshan.
apane aakar kii nadee key liye, sanskar koo kaafee saaf paani maanaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, pradooshak abhee bhee isaki kaee sahayak nadiyon aur maanav nirmit naalon yaa chainalon seey nadee mein bahate hain. ghaati kii mukhya roop seey krishi arthavyavastha key kaaran, keetnashakon kaa pravaah, vishesh roop seey dee. dee. tii., aaj sabse badee samasyaon mein seey ack haye. nadee kii nadee mein vanaspati key nishkasana aur urvarakon key bahane key kaaran honey vaale kataav mein vriddhi key kaaran kabhi-kabhi shaiwal khilate hain, halanki baandhon key oopar key niyaman key kaaran paani aamtaur parr thandaa hotaa haye. anya pradooshak sroton mein shahari pravaah, paaraa aur yahaan taka kii rockett eendhan bhee shamil hain joe ack aerojet nishkarshan pariyojana seey americi nadee key paas risne kii soochana millie thee.
california gold rush key dauran khanan aur prasanskaran gatividhiyon dwara utpann paaraa pradooshan kaa abhee bhee sanskar nadee key paryaavaran parr gahara prabhaav padata haye. yuu. aiss. jee. key domagalsky key anusaar, paaraa koo vartamaan mein sacramento nadee mein sabse gambhir jall-gunavatta kii samasya maanaa jaataa haye. paaraa advitiya haye kyonki yeh astitva mein sabse bhaari taral haye, yeh ekmatra bhaari dhaatu haye joe kamare key tapman parr ack taral haye aur yeh aasaani seey vayumandal mein vaashpit hoe jaataa haye. iss vishaakt padaarth kaa vyaapak roop seey khanikon dwara aspas kii chattanon aur gandagi seey soney koo alag karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa thaa, aur ise vaashpit honey dekar iska niptan kiya jaataa thaa. adhikansh paaraa sacramento nadee key paschim mein tata shrinkhalaon mein khanan kiya gayaa thaa; inn pahaadon mein khadanon ney soney kii bheed koo puuraa karane key liye lagbhag 140,000 tunn paaraa kaa utpaadan kiya. jaba soney kii bheed samaapt hui, tou adhikansh khadaanen bund hoe gaeen, lekin vishaakt amleeya paani aur rasayan bheetar seey, paschim kii or seey sacramento sahayak nadiyon jaise kaish creak aur putaa creak mein risate rahate hain. sacramento jalvibhaajak nadee karyakram key anusaar, ack parityakt paaraa khadaan, joe vartamaan mein ack ee. pee. aeye. superfund site haye, sacramento nadee mein kaish creak kshetra mein sthit haye, jise sulfur baink paaraa khadaan kahaa jaataa haye, joe abhee bhee leachet key saath paaraa chhod rahee haye. yeh sthal anya poorv khadaan sthalon key saath kaish creak key sandushan koo badhaata haye joe harr saal khaadi delta kshetra mein liye gaye paaraa key 50 pratishat key liye jimmedaar honey kaa anuman haye. poorv mein, paaraa joe jameen mein faila huaa haye, usane kaee jalbhriton koo dooshit kiya haye joe pankhon, yuba aur americi jaisi nadiyon koo khilaate hain. yahaan taka kii vaashpit paaraa bhee samasyaon koo utpann kartaa haye-iska itna upayog kiya jaataa thaa kii kaee sthaanon parr havaa mein mahatvapurna sandrata abhee bhee bunny hui haye. sacramento jall kaarravaai dall key saath griffin key anusaar, paaraa praakritik roop seey butch naheen sakata haye yaa nasht naheen hoe sakata haye aur mitty aur talchhat mein neeche laaya jaayega taaki pradooshit hoe aur pratikriya hoe, inmein seey kuchh mamalon mein meethen paaraa seey utpann kiya jaa sakata haye joe greenhouse gasses mein yogdan dega aur paaraa pradooshan, sacramento nadee key paaristhitik parivartan aur jalavaayu parivartan key saath ack aur yogdan mudda haye. griffin saajha kartaa haye, "paaraa aur isake yaugik aasaani seey mitty aur talchhat mein kann samagri seey juda jaate hain. jeevit jeevon kii upasthiti mein ionic paaraa monomethyl paaraa aur dimethylmercary mein badal sakata haye. jaba soorya key prakaash key sampark mein aataa haye tou (dee. aaee.) methylmerkary koo photodraded karke monomethyl paaraa curr diyaa jaataa haye, aamtaur parr paani kii satah key paas, aur meethen gais chhod dee jaati haye. yuu. aiss. jee. 2016 key anusaar, paaraa naa kewal pavitra nadee key jalvibhaajak mein balki peat bogh, burf seey dhake glaciers aur saikadon aur hajaaron meal door taka talchhat mein bhee ack sthaayi chhaap chhodata haye. paaraa pradooshan aaj bhee jaari haye aur shayed dashakon yaa sadiyon taka bhavishya mein bhee jaari rahega.
pavitra nadee pradooshan kaa ack anya roop plastic pradooshan seey peedit haye. berkley vishvavidyalaya key shodhkartaon key anusaar, unhone darj kiya kii harr saal saine francisco khaadi mein 7 trillion seey adhik microplastic jamaa kiye jaate hain, jisamen sacramento nadee ack pramukh yogadankarta haye. unhein california kii machhali key pett mein ack chauthai microplastic bhee milaa jaise kii enkovi, dhaaridaar baas aur salmon.
julaai 1991 mein, sacramento nadee key kinare dunsmuir, california key paas ack train patari seey utar gaee. ack tank kaar khuli hui haye, joe lagbhag 19,500 gallen keetnashak metam sodium koo nadee mein fenkati haye. rasayan ney ack badbudar, bulbula, haraa globe banaaya joe nadee key neeche chalaa gayaa, jisase usake raaste mein sub kuchh marr gayaa. duss laakh seey adhik machhaliyan maare gaye, jinamen cumm seey cumm 100,000 indradhanush trout, aur hajaaron anya jaleey jeevon key saath-saath aas-paas key pedh bhee shamil they. isake baad, green globe ney california key sabse badey jalaashay, shasta jheel mein pravesh kiya. saubhagya seey, jheel key tala parr vaatan pipes kii ack pranali rasayanik koo nasht karane key liye sthaapit kii gaee thee, jisase 29 tarikh taka ise lagbhag shoonya curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase aage paryaavaran vinash koo rokaa jaa sakey. california key madhyam seey metam sodium leey jaane vaali tank kaar ack prakaar kii thee jise rashtriya parivahan suraksha board ney kahaa kii durghatanaon mein "viphalata kii uchch ghatana" thee. isake alawa, tank kaar parr label naheen lagaaya gayaa thaa, isaliye train key chaalak dall koo rasayan seey utpann khatare key baare mein pataa naheen thaa.
diazinon sanskar nadee mein ack pramukh pradooshan samasya thee joe krishi aur shahari toofaan key paani key nirvahan seey utpann hoti thee. diazinon kaa upayog una bageechon key liye kiya jaataa haye joe aadoo, plum aur badam ugaate hain taaki makadi key kanon aur ephid jaise keeton aur keeton kii sankhya koo cumm kiya jaa sakey. sanskar aur pankh nadee pranaliyon mein diazinon sandrata koo cumm karane key liye vibhinn prakaar key sangathan aur samooh ack saath aae. paryaavaran sanrakshan agency key anusaar, unake sahyog aur kadee mehnat key kaaran 2010 mein diazinon haani key liye 303 (dee) soochi seey 79 nadee meal koo hataa diyaa gayaa.

