
purvi germany mein isai dharm

purvi germany mein isai dharm kaee charanon seey gujra, jisamen raajya daman seey laker raajya saha-vikalp taka shamil they. purvi germany mein isai dharm bhee dharmnirpekshata key khilaf aaya jisane church koo kaee baar apane prabhaav koo banaae rakhane key liye sangharsh karate dekhaa.
purvi germany mein vibhinn sweekaarokti.
protestantwad.
german loktaantrik ganarajya kii shuruat mein, isake kshetra mein adhikansh loga protestant they. thuringia key uttar-paschimi bhaag mein ack chhote seey catholic kshetra, eichsfeld key apavaad key saath, joe mainz key archdioces kii ack poorv sampatti thee, catholic communist shasson kii shuruat seey hii ack chhote seey alpasankhyak they.
yeh bhee dekhein
kaitholikwad.
yuddh key thheek baad, germany key paschimi bhaag mein kaee catholic pairishon koo unake dharmpranton seey kaat diyaa gayaa thaa.
16veen shatabdi key protestant sudhaar key baad seey, catholic usa kshetra mein alpasankhyak they joe yuddh key baad purvi germany bunn gayaa thaa. yuddh key baad kii udaan aur purvi europe seey naee oder-neese rekha key paschim mein germans key nishkasana key kaaran, purvi germany mein phir seey basane vaale sharanarthiyon ney 1945 aur 1949 key beach catholics key hisse koo badhaakar 13.9% curr diyaa. 1949 mein jee. dee. aar. kii sthaapana aur 1961 mein berlin deewaar key nirmaan key beach, lagbhag 11 laakh catholics ney jee. dee. aar. chhod diyaa. 1961 seey 1988 taka, unaki sankhya ghatkar 1 karod 50 laakh catholic hoe gaee, joe aabaadi kaa lagbhag 6 pratishat haye.
purvi germany mein protestantwad kaa itihas.
1945-1952: shuruati saal.
5 juuna 1945 koo, europe mein dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii samaapti key baad, soviyat adhikaariyon ney germany key bheetar soviyat kabje vaale kshetra kii sthaapana kii, jisamen brandenberg, saxony aur pomerania key paschimi bhaag key poorv russie praanton key saath-saath mcclenberg, saxony, thuringia aur enhault key liye ack asthaayi sarkaar sthaapit kii gaee. naazi germany mein jinn raajneetik dalon koo pratibandhit kiya gayaa thaa, unhein 1945 mein apani gatividhiyon koo phir seey shuru karane kii anumati dee gaee, jisamen walter ulbrich key netritva mein germany kii communist party, germany kii soshal democratic party, christian see. dee. yuu. dee. aur liberal ell. dee. pee. dee. shamil they. pahale dou dalon kaa 1946 mein germany (sedd) kii samajwadi ekataa party mein vilay hoe gayaa, jisane pahale kshetriya chunaavon mein jeet hassil kii aur dheere-dheere anya dalon key mahatva koo cumm karane mein kamyab rahee. sedd party congress ney 1948 mein ack lokpriya parishad kaa gathan kiya, jisane 7 octuber 1949 koo khud koo ack asthaayi sansad ghoshit kiya, ack samvidhaan koo apanaaya aur usee dinn german loktaantrik ganarajya (jee. dee. aar.) kii ghoshana kii. usake baad key varshon mein, jee. dee. aar. jaldi seey ack "vaastavik" ekal-party samajwadi raajya mein vikasit huaa.
samanya taur parr, yuddh key baad kii praarambhik avadhi (1945-1949) key dauran, raajya ney church key prati ack madhyam neeti apnai. isake kaee kaaran hoe sakate hain, jinamen seey ack yeh thaa kii church ney aam taur parr hitler kaa virodh kiya thaa. isake alawa, yuddh key kaaran hue aghaat aur vyaapak tabahi key maddenajar church key mantralaya kii bhee maanviya aavashyakta thee. church koo 1945-1946 key madhyam seey kiye gaye bhoomi sudhaar seey bhee chhoot dee gaee thee, joe badee sampattiyon koo vibhajit karane aur unhein vyaktigat kisaanon key beach vitarit karane kii maang kartaa thaa, joe unaki visheshaadhikaar praapt sthiti kaa sanket detaa haye. isake alawa, church koo erich honekar dwara sanchaalit ack ekal, gair-pakshapaatpurna yuva andolan kii sthaapana key uddeshya seey aayojit sarv-pakshiya vaarta mein shamil honey key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa.
haalaanki, yeh charan lambe samay taka naheen chalaa. samanya taur parr, 1949 seey 1961 taka kii avadhi kaafee hudd taka church key drishya daman kii visheshta thee. saamyvaad key tahat dharm key 'murajhaane' koo tej karane kii koshish mein, samay key saath alag-alag degree taka vibhinn ranneetiyon koo apanaaya gayaa. pustakon key prakaashan aur sanchaar mein kagaj kii kamee ney baadha daali, yuddh key baad key vinash ney church koo unaki sabhaon aur sevaaon key liye imaraton seey bhee vanchit curr diyaa. church aur raajya key beach badhate sangharsh shiksha key kshetra mein spasht roop seey prakat hue. 1946 mein, raajya ney ack farman jaari kiya jisamen raajya dwara pradaan kiye gaye shaikshanik pratishthaan key alawa kissy bhee prakaar key shaikshanik pratishthaan kii sthaapana parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa. iss tarah key ack farman ney dhaarmik shiksha koo seedhe prabhaavit kiya, aur 1952 key anta taka, schools mein sabhi dhaarmik shiksha bund hoe gaee thee.
1952-1960 s.
1952 key baad seey raajya aur church key beach sangharsh aur sangharsh kaa samay thaa. doosari party congress (9-12 julaai 1952) key dauran, sedd ney churchon key prati apani poorv ghoshit tatasthata koo chhod diyaa. ghoshit "samaajvaad key nirmaan" ("aufabaau days sogialismus") key liye "varg sangharsh kii teevrata" ("worsherfung days classencampace") kii aavashyakta thee, jisamen churchon kii shakti key khilaf ack aakraman bhee shamil thaa. udaaharan key liye, erich milke ney raajya suraksha mantralaya dwara churchon aur sambaddh sangathanon jaise see. dee. yuu. kii ack vyaapak nigrani kaa adesh diyaa, kyonki yeye "logon key pratikriyaavaadi samooh" kathit roop seey samaajvaad key nirmaan key virodhi they. giraftari aur doshasiddhi pahale seey hii chala rahee thee. 10 octuber 1957 koo sonberg mein ack prasiddh bhaashan mein, albricht ney kahaa kii purani paaramparik maanyataon koo darkinar curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye.
jee. dee. aar. raajya ney naastikvaad koo praayojit kiya aur samaaj parr churchon key prabhaav koo cumm karane kii koshish kii.
jee. dee. aar. key samvidhaan ney spasht roop seey dhaarmik vishvaas kii swatantrata kii ghoshana kii, jabaki "dharm kii swatantrata aur vivek kii swatantrata vaastaviktaa mein maujood naheen thee, aur dharm key abhyaas koo harr kalpana yogya tareeke seey baadhit kiya gayaa thaa.
jaise hii raajya ney apane yuva andolan, 'free duesh jujend' (aff. dee. jey.) koo majboot karane kii maang kii, church koo ack pratidvandi key roop mein badhate sandeh key saath dekhaa gayaa. jee. dee. aar. key gathan key samay seey, samajwadi parivartan key liye abhiyaan ney raajya koo church kii samajik upasthiti koo cumm karane kii koshish karane key liye prerit kiya. church aur raajya key beach pratidvandvita dou muddon, arthaat jugendway aur sainya paadari key praavdhaan parr teevra hoe gaee.
1954 mein shuru kiya gayaa aff. dee. jey. kaa yuva samaroh jugendweh ack deeksha sanskar thaa joe pushti key liye ack dharmnirpeksh vikalp key roop mein kaary kartaa thaa. raajya ney samaroh koo iss tarah seey taiyar kiya kii isamen bhaag lene seey raajya aur samaajvaad kii pushti hogi. church ney iss samaroh key khilaf virodh kiya, iss samaroh mein bhaag lene vaale kissy bhee vyakti koo pushti kakshaon mein pravesh dene seey incar curr diyaa. raajya peechhe naheen hatey aur 1958 taka pratyek schooly bachche key liye isamen bhaag lena anivarya thaa. jabaki church jitna samay taka hoe sakata thaa, uska rukh lambe samay taka kayam naheen reh sakaa kyonki pushti kii sankhya mein teji seey girawat aaee. iss mamle ney church kii shakti aur teji seey dharmnirpekshata seey gujar rahey samaaj key prati aakarshan kii seemaon koo spasht roop seey chitrit kiya.
1950 key dashak mein doosara sangharsh sainya paadari key mudde parr ubhara. usa samay, jee. dee. aar. mein protestant church ekad key ghatak sadasya they, jisamen paschim mein church bhee shamil they. sanghiya germany aur ekad key netaaon ney paschimi german sashastr balon key liye sainya paadari pradaan karane key liye ack samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye, jisase purvi berlin mein akrosh bhadak uthaa. isake kaaran jee. dee. aar. mein churchon koo aadhikarik taur parr paschim german 'naato church' seey alag honey kaa ahwan kiya gayaa. halanki poorv aur paschim german church ekjut rahey, lekin purvi german church parr ack seey alag honey kaa raajya kaa dabaav badhata rhaa, aur jee. dee. aar. church dheere-dheere paschim mein 'naato-church' seey adhik door hoe gaye.
1960 key dashak mein.
1960 key dashak mein ack girata huaa church dekhaa gayaa, jisamen samaaj key sikudate hue hisse church key saath sambaddhata vyakt karate hain. church 50 key dashak mein apane rakshaatmak rukh seey door hoe gayaa, lekin kuchh kshetron mein apani upasthiti banaae rakhane mein saksham thaa. 1962 mein, jaba jee. dee. aar. ney sainya bharti kii shuruat kii, tou church key liye apane prabhaav key kshetra koo banaae rakhane kaa avsar 'nirmaan sainikon' (bouseldaton) key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa. shantivadi vivek vaale inmein seey kaee yuva iss prakaar church key dayare mein aaa gaye. 1960 key dashak mein church ney 50 key dashak kii tarah ise badalane kii koshish karane key bajaay jee. dee. aar. kii sthiti key anukool honey kaa prayaas kiya.
1969: beck kaa gathan.
ekad aul-german church boddy key bheetar algaav kaa mudda 1961 mein deewaar key nirmaan key saath adhik teevra hoe gayaa, jisase church key liye shaaririk roop seey milna asambhav hoe gayaa. sabhaa koo dou bhaagon mein vibhajit karna padaa, ack poorv aur ack paschim, alag seey milna. jaise hii yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii punah ekikaran naheen hoga, purvi german church ney 'bund dair evangeliscane kirchen inn dair dee. dee. aar.' (beck) banaane kaa faisala kiya, joe ack. dee. seey alag hoe gayaa. yeh kewal naam mein parivartan naheen thaa, balki church key bheetar ack punarnirdharan kaa prateek bhee thaa. paadari joe abb adhikaar key padon parr they, way kaafee hudd taka vibhajit germany mein badey hue they, aur ack punah ekjut germany key drishtikon parr cumm sthir they. isake bajaay, unakaa maanana thaa kii unakaa kartavya, sabse pahale aur sabse mahatvapurna, apane swayam key parrish aur jee. dee. aar. samaaj key prati thaa.
hankar yug kii shuruat.
samay key saath, church cumm khatare mein dikhaai diyaa. bishap sconher key church honey key achche tareeke seey pahane jaane key kaaran, naa kii isake khilaf, balki samaajvaad key bheetar, church koo vibhinn tarikon seey shasson koo samaayojit karane mein saksham banaaya. iss prakaar jaba hankar satta mein aaya, tou usaki praarambhik neeti baahari sahishnuta kii visheshta thee. sanskriti mein koee varjana naheen karane kii neeti aur helsinki samjhaute parr hastakshar karna sanket detaa thaa kii raajya church koo samaayojit karane key liye adhik ichchuk thaa. churchon kii gatividhiyon seey raajya koo bhee laabh huaa-church aspatal, boodhe logon key ghar, anathalaya chalaata thaa aur atirikt roop seey kathin mudra yogdan kaa ack srot thaa. kathor mudra paschim german churchon seey aaee thee.
phir bhee, vyaktigat isaaiyon key khilaf bhedbhaav jaari rhaa, aur aadhyatmik swatantrata kii gunjaish seemit rahee. joe baat spasht haye vaha yeh haye kii 1970 key dashak kii sthiti 1950 key dashak key drishya sanghrshon seey bahut alag thee.
baad mein honkar varsh.
6 march 1978 key church/raajya samjhaute parr hastakshar key saath church/raajya sambandh kewal adhik jatil hoe gaye. ack jalvibhaajak samjhaute key roop mein, church saamyavaadi pranali key bheetar aadhikarik maanyata kii ack degree praapt karane mein saksham thaa. yeh kissy bhee tarah seey sadbhavana kaa vistaar naheen thaa, balki shasson koo sthir karane key liye raajya dwara uthaaya gayaa ack kadam thaa. 1973 aur 1979 key tail sankat ney german arthavyavastha koo bahut prabhaavit kiya aur aabaadi teji seey bechain hoe rahee thee, helsinki samjhauton ney unaki apekshaon koo shasson dwara sweekaar kiye jaane seey adhik badhaa diyaa thaa. iss prakaar, 1978 kaa church/raajya samjhauta naa kewal ack rakshaatmak kadam thaa, balki yeh prakriti mein aakramak bhee thaa. abb upalabdh karaae gaye dastavejon seey pataa chalata haye kii raajya ney samjhaute koo church key netritva koo "raajya kii lambi shakha" key roop mein saha-chunane key saadhan key roop mein dekhaa, joe samaaj key una vargon koo niyantrit kartaa thaa jinn taka party-raajya naheen pahunch sakata thaa.
shuru mein yeh ack saral samadhan lugg rhaa thaa, jisamen church kii adhik swaayatta key kaaran kaee asantusht loga ack sabhaa sthal key roop mein church mein aatey they. cumm seey cumm 1980 key dashak key madhya taka, church key adhikansh netritva ney kartavyanishtha seey asantusht gatividhi koo niyantrit kiya, unhein seema key bheetar rakhaa aur raajya key saath saudebaji key apane anta koo banaae rakhaa. sedd adhikaari church key netaaon koo yaad dilaayenge kii 1978 mein dee gaee riyaayaton koo radd kiya jaa sakata haye, aur iss prakaar church key netaaon seey yeh sunishchit karane kii ummeed kii jaati thee kii church key bheetar kii gatividhiyaan haath seey naa nikalen. iss tarah seey, sedd ney asahamati koo prabhaavi dhang seey havaa dene mein kamyabi hassil kii.
haalaanki, yeh samjhauta jald hii ulta parh gayaa. sedd ney maanaa kii church kaa netritva apani chaar divaaron key bheetar sabhi gatividhiyon koo niyantrit curr sakata haye, lekin church key sanrakshan key tahat, samooh shaanti, manvadhikaron aur paryaavaran seey sambandhit samvedansheel muddon parr charcha karane mein saksham they. inn samoohon koo dee gaee jagah ney unaki sangathanaatmak kshamataon koo badhaaya. iss tarah, church ney ack munch key roop mein raajneetik prasangikta hassil kii, jisake madhyam seey andolan aur vaikalpik drishtikon phal-phool sakate they, jisase church key liye jee. dee. aar. key patan mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhaane kaa maarg prashast huaa.
marr jaao.
jee. dee. aar. key antim kuchh varshon mein, adhik seey adhik nagrikon ney matdan kendron kaa upayog karna shuru curr diyaa. church kii mandaliyon ney yeh sunishchit karane key liye khud koo sangathit kiya kii sadasya pratyek matdan sthal parr maujood houn. inn sadasyon ney matdaataon koo matdan kendron kaa upayog karane key apane adhikaar kaa prayog karane key liye protsaahit kiya. chunaav bund honey key baad, church key sadasyon ney ginati aur ginati kii recording mein bhaag liya. sarkaar vaastav mein church key pratinidhiyon key upasthit honey seey khush thee. jaba taka churchon ney parinamon koo pramaanit kiya, taba taka sarkaar key paas vaidhata kaa daavaa karane kaa aur bhee adhik kaaran thaa.
lekin, maee 1989 mein, yeh church hii thaa jisane sarkaar kii vishvasaniyata koo nasht curr diyaa. lokpriya ashanti badh rahee thee, aur kaee aur nagrik apane voton key saath apane asantosh koo vyakt karane key liye taiyar they. 7 maee key chunaavon mein, church key sadasya ack baar phir nishpaksh khel sunishchit karane key liye upasthit they. agale dinn, raajya-niyantrit samachar patron ney pratyek sthaaniya matdan seey kull pradaan kiye binaa badey metro kshetron key liye kewal samagr vote kull prakaashit kiya. parinam sarkaar key liye prabhaavshaali samarthan kaa daavaa karate hain. church key sadasyon ney samarthan karane vaale maton key uchch pratishat key avishvaas mein, anya sthaaniya churchon seey ginati ekatra karna shuru curr diyaa joe anya sthaaniya chunaavon mein upasthit they. unake kull ney saabit curr diyaa kii sarkari report jhoothi theen.
sarkari dhokhadhadi kaee purvi german nagrikon key liye antim pual key roop mein aaee. isake turant baad, jaba hangri ney apani seemaaen khol deen, tou hajaaron logon kaa mohbhang hoe gayaa aur way desh seey bhaagne lagey. matdan mein herfer kii khoj ney usa samay kranti laane mein shayed sabse badey utprerak key roop mein kaam kiya. aggar churchon ney iss dhokhe key khilaf ack rakshak key roop mein kaam naheen kiya hotaa, tou party key ummidvaaron ney vaidhata key liye apane daavon koo sweekaar curr liya hotaa. yeh anuman lagaana shayed asambhav haye kii kahani vahaan seey kaise saamane aaee hogi.
church aur vipaksh.
shaanti mein church kii bhoomika, aanshik roop seey, paridhiya samoohon kii gatividhiyon aur samaaj key manodasha kaa ack dwandwaatmak kaary bhee haye.
"" "tou phir.
1962 mein jee. dee. aar. mein anivarya bharti kii shuruat ney kaafee pratirodh paida kiya, vishesh roop seey paadari aur dharamshastra key chhatron dwara, jisase 1964 mein senaa seey judee nihatthe nirmaan ikaaiyon ("bousoldaton", shaabdik roop seey nirmaan sanic) kaa nirmaan huaa. haalaanki, isase vivaad samaapt naheen huaa, kyonki "bosoldaton" koo aksar sainya pariyojanaon parr niyojit kiya jaataa thaa aur currier key avsaron mein bhedbhaav kaa saamana karna padata thaa. church kii aalochana 1970 key dashak kii shuruat seey 1975 taka jaari rahee, jaba raajya key saath ack samjhauta huaa, jisamen "bosoldaton" koo gair-sainya vastuon taka seemit curr diyaa gayaa. haalaanki, 1970 key dashak key anta aur 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein vaikalpik seva key baare mein bahas kaa daira badh gayaa.
gair-clergy kii badhati sankhya ney "bousoldate" sthiti (vartamaan mein lagbhag 1000/varsh) kaa vikalp chunaa. kaee yuvaaon ney 1981 mein sainya seva key sakaratmak vikalp key liye yachika daayar kii, ack "samajik shaanti seva" joe aff. aar. jee. key samaan haye, jisamen aspatalon aur anya samajik kalyan sansthanon mein seva shamil haye. church ney iss prastaav kaa samarthan kiya thaa, lekin raajya ney ise avaastavik bataate hue khariz curr diyaa. phir bhee, church ney lambe samay seey poorna kartavyanishth virodhiyon koo naitik samarthan diyaa haye aur kuchh khand shantivad kaa samarthan karane kii disha mein "shaanti seva key spasht sanket" key roop mein aage badh rahey hain, jaisa kii ekad key nirantar aspasht rukh key virodh mein "shaanti seva kaa samarthan karate hue, hathiyaron key saath yaa binaa."
church aur stacy.
abhilekhagar key khulane key saath, kaee logon ney sawal kiya haye kii kyaa church vaastav mein ack swaayatt abhineta thaa, lekin gupt pulis dwara isaki swatantrata mein toda-phod kii gaee thee. churchon key bheetar seey hii soochana dene vaalon aur "anaupchaarik sahyogiyon" kii bharti mein sthaayi safalata, jisamen kaee paadari bhee shamil they, sthaayi faailon mein saamane aaee. bishap hempel key anusaar, unake saxony key bishap mein 1050 paadari mein seey bees koo stassy key liye kaam karane key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. sthaayi abhilekh agency ney yeh pataa lagaaya kii aaj taka, vaha poore desh mein 113 mamalon seey avagat thee. iss prakaar yeh purvi germany mein anumaanit chaar hazaar paadari kaa kewal ack chhota saa ansh thaa.
jabaki raajya key saath milibhugi karane vaale samjhauta kiye gaye vyakti maujood they, samanya roop seey sansthaagat swaayatta kaa gambhir roop seey ksharan naheen huaa thaa. sabse ullekhaniya prati-udaharanon mein seey ack manfried stolpe hoga, jiska pataa chalaa kii stassy key saath vyaapak sampark thaa, cumm seey cumm 1,000 baar stassy key saath mulakat hui thee. baad mein way brandenberg key pradhaanmantri baney. haalaanki, yeh dhyaan dene yogya haye kii church kii neeti banaane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaane vaale kaee netaa anaupchaarik sahayogi naheen they.

