
attruscan bhasha

attruscan () attruaria key pracheen kshetra mein attruscan sabhyata kii bhasha thee, attruaria padana aur attruaria campana mein joe abb itali haye. attruscan ney lattin koo prabhaavit kiya lekin antatah ise poori tarah seey hataa diyaa gayaa. attruscans ney lagbhag 13,000 shilalekh chhode hain joe abb taka paae gaye hain, jinamen seey kewal ack chhota saa alpasankhyak mahatvapurna lambai kaa haye; kuchh dwibhashi shilalekh lattin, greek yaa fenician mein bhee granthon key saath; aur kuchh darjan kathit udhaar shabd. 700 eesaa poorv seey 50 esvi taka pramaanit, anya bhaashaon key saath attruscan kaa sambandh lambe samay seey chala rahee atkalon aur adhyayan kaa srot rhaa haye, ise jyaadaatar tyresenian bhaashaon mein seey ack key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, kabhi-kabhi ack prithak aur kaee anya cumm prasiddh siddhanton key roop mein.
bhashavidon aur attruscologists key beach aam sahamati yeh haye kii attruscan ack poorv-indo-europeeya aur pelio-europeeya bhasha thee, joe alps mein bolly jaane vaali ratic bhasha seey nikatata seey sambandhit thee, aur lemonos parr kuchh shilalekhon mein pramaanit leemanian bhasha seey.
vyaakaran kii drishti seey, bhasha ektrikaran haye, jisamen sangyaaen aur kriyaaen pratyay anta aur swaron key kuchh shrenikaran koo darshaati hain. sangyaaen paanch mamalon, ekvachan aur bahuvachan sankhyaon koo darshaati hain, jisamen sarvanamon mein sajeev aur nirjeev key beach ling antar hotaa haye.
aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii attruscan mein ack cross-bhashai samanya dhvanyaatmak pranali thee, jisamen chaar dhvanyaatmak swar aur aspirated aur unspirated stop key beach ack spasht virodhabhas thaa. bhasha key abhilekhon seey pataa chalata haye kii samay key saath dhvanyaatmak parivartan huaa, jisamen shabd-aantarik swaron kii haani aur phir punah sthaapana hui, sambhavatah attruscan key shabd-praarambhik tanaav key prabhaav key kaaran.
attruscan dharm ney romanon koo prabhaavit kiya, aur kuchh jeevit attrusken-bhasha kii kalakritiyon mein seey kaee dhaarmik mahatva kii hain. attruscan yunani varnamala seey vyutpann varnamala mein likhaa gayaa thaa; yeh varnamala lattin varnamala kaa srot thee, saath hii itali mein aur shayed usase parey anya varnamaalaaen bhee. attruscan bhasha koo paschimi europe key kuchh mahatvapurna saanskritik shabdon jaise "sainya" aur "vyakti" kaa srot bhee maanaa jaataa haye, jinaki spasht indo-europeeya jadein naheen hain.
attruscan saksharta kaa itihas.
bhoomadhyasagariya taton parr attruscan saksharta vyaapak thee, jaisa kii lagbhag 13,000 shilalekhon (samarpan, upakhyan, aadi) seey pataa chalata haye.), sabse kaafee chhota, lekin kuchh kaafee lambai kaa. way lagbhag 700 eesaa poorv key hain.
attruscan logon key paas ack samriddh saahitya thaa, jaisa kii lattin lekhakon ney ullekh kiya haye. livy aur cicero donon jaanate they kii atyadhik vishisht attruscan dhaarmik sanskaron koo samanya lattin sheershak key tahat attruscan mein likhi gaee pustakon key kaee seton mein samhitaabaddh kiya gayaa thaa. ack bully diye gaye janwar key aanton koo padhkar bhavishyavaniyon seey nipata jaataa haye, jabaki bijli kaa avalokan karke bhavishyavaniyon kii kalaa koo ujagar kiya jaataa haye. ack teesara samooh, dha, ney attruscan sabhyata kii kunji pradaan kii hogeeh isake vyaapak dayare mein samajik aur raajneetik jeevan key attruscan manakon key saath-saath anushthaan prathaon koo bhee apanaaya gayaa. chauthi shatabdi key lattin lekhak mauras service onratus key anusaar, pashu devtaon seey sambandhit attruscan pustakon kaa ack chautha samooh maujood thaa, lekin yeh sambhavana naheen haye kii usa yug mein rahane vaale kissy bhee vidwan ney attruscan padhaa hoga. haalaanki, kewal ack pustak (shilalekh key vipareet), "libber lintius", butch gaee, aur kewal isaliye kii jiss linnon parr yeh likhaa gayaa thaa, uska upayog mummy rapping key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa.
30 eesaa poorv mein, livy ney nott kiya kii ittruscan koo ack baar roman ladakon koo vyaapak roop seey sikhaaya jaataa thaa, lekin taba seey kewal greek key shikshan dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki varro ney nott kiya kii rangmanch key kaam ack baar ittruscan mein banaae gaye they.
mrityu.
attruscan key vilupt honey kii tarikh yaa tou pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv key anta mein yaa pahali shatabdi esvi kii shuruat mein honey key liye chhatravritti dwara aayojit kii jaati haye. freeman key varnanatmak sakshya key vishleshan seey yeh sanket milata haye kii attruscan abhee bhee doosari shatabdi eesaa poorv mein phal-phool rhaa thaa, joe abhee bhee pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv mein jeevit thaa, aur pahali shatabdi esvi kii shuruat mein cumm seey cumm ack sthaan parr jeevit thaa; haalaanki, attruscan kaa pratisthaapan lattin dwara sambhavatah rome key karib dakshini kshetron mein pahale huaa thaa.
dakshini attruaria mein, lattin honey vaalaa pahala attruscan sthal wei thaa, jaba ise 396 eesaa poorv mein romanon dwara nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur phir seey aabaadi kii gaee thee. rome seey 45 kilometres door tata parr sthit ack anya dakshini attruscan shahar seere (servetery) eesaa poorv doosari shatabdi key anta mein lattin mein sthanantarit huaa prateet hotaa haye. tarquinia aur valsi mein, lattin shilalekh sadiyon taka bhitti chitron aur kabr markers mein ittruscan shilalekhon key saath saha-astitva mein they, teesari shatabdi eesaa poorv seey pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv taka, jisake baad ittruscan koo lattin key vishesh upayog dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa.
uttari attruaria mein, attruscan shilalekh dakshini attruaria mein gayab honey key baad bhee jaari hain. clusium (chiusi) mein, kabr key nishan pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv key pahale bhaag mein mishrit lattin aur attruscan dikhaate hain, aise mamalon mein jahaan baad kii dou peedhiyon koo lattin mein ankit kiya gayaa haye aur phir teesari, sabse cumm umr kii peedhi, aashcharyajanak roop seey, attruscan mein lipyantarit haye. perugia mein, attruscan mein ekbhashi smaarak shilalekh abhee bhee pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv key pahale bhaag mein dekhe jaate hain, jabaki dwibhashi shilalekhon kii avadhi teesari shatabdi seey pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv key anta taka faili hui prateet hoti haye. alag-thalag antim dwibhashi teen uttari sthalon parr paae jaate hain. aarezo mein shilalekh mein ack 40 eesaa poorv kaa haye aur usake baad dou thode baad kii taarikhon key saath hain, jabaki voltera mein ack 40 eesaa poorv key baad kaa haye aur ack antim dinank 10-20 vigyaapan kaa haye; senaa key paas likhe gaye attruscan vaale sikke bhee 15 eesaa poorv key hain. freeman ney nott kiya kii graameen kshetron mein bhasha thodi adhik samay taka jeevit rahee hogi, aur pahali shatabdi key anta taka aur usase aage taka key astitva koo "poori tarah seey khariz naheen kiya jaa sakata haye", vishesh roop seey pompei kii divaaron mein auscan lekhan key rahasyodghatan koo dekhate hue.
attruscan key spasht vilupt honey key bavjood, aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii attrusken dhaarmik sanskar bahut baad mein jaari rahey, devtaon key attrusken naamon kaa upayog jaari rakhaa aur sambhavatah bhasha key kuchh dhaarmik upayog key saath. gantantra key anta aur agast key shuruati samay mein, cicero sahit vibhinn lattin sroton ney attruscan bhavishyavaktaon kii pratishthit pratishtha kaa ullekh kiya. ack prakaran jahan bijli ney seasure naam key ack shilalekh koo maaraa, ise seasure mein badal diyaa, isaki vyakhya seasure key devta key roop mein kii gaee kyonki yeh attruscan seey milata-julata haye, jiska arth haye 'devta', haalaanki yeh ack shabd key gyaan koo ingit kartaa haye naa kii bhasha. sadiyon baad aur lambe samay baad attruscan key marr jaane key baare mein socha jaataa haye, ammionus marcellinus ney bataaya kii antim moortipoojak samrat, julien dharmatyagi, jahira taur parr attruscan bhavishyavaktaon key saath yuddh, bijli aur khagoliya ghatnaaon parr pustakon key saath unake sainya abhiyaanon mein they, lekin inn pustakon kii bhasha agyaat haye. josimus key anusaar, jaba rome koo 408 esvi mein alaric dwara vinash kaa saamana karna padaa thaa, tou paas key attruscan shaharon kii suraksha kaa shreya attrusken moortipoojak pujaariyon koo diyaa gayaa thaa, jinhone ack ugra aandhi koo bulaane kaa daavaa kiya thaa, aur unhone rome koo bhee "paitrik tareeke seey" apani sevaaon kii peshkash kii thee, lekin rome key dharmanishth isaaiyon ney iss prastaav koo aswikar curr diyaa, murtipoojakon kii madad key bajaay maut koo prathamikta dee. freeman ney nott kiya kii yeye ghatanaaen ingit curr sakati hain kii attruscan kaa ack seemit dharamshastriya gyaan pujari jaati key beach bahut lambe samay taka jeevit rhaa hoga. 19veen shatabdi key ack lekhak ney 1892 mein tark diyaa kii attruscan devtaon ney praarambhik aadhunik tuscan lokkathaon parr prabhaav banaae rakhaa.
180 key aspas, lattin lekhak aulas gallius ney ack upakhyan mein gaulish bhasha key saath-saath attruscan kaa ullekh kiya haye. freeman ney nott kiya kii halanki gallius key samay key dauran gaulish spasht roop seey abhee bhee jeevit thaa, lekin usaki gawahi seey yeh sanket naheen mill sakata haye kii attruscan abhee bhee jeevit thaa kyonki vakyansh iss tarah key arth kaa sanket dey sakata thaa kii "yeh merey liye sabhi yunani (samajh seey baahar) haye.
isake vilupt honey key samay, kewal kuchh shikshit roman, jaise kii marcus terrentius varro, attruscan padh sakate they. roman samrat claudius (10 eesaa poorv-54 esvi) koo sambhavatah attruscan padhane mein saksham maanaa jaataa haye, aur unhone attruscan itihas parr ack granth likhaa haye; claudius dwara kiye gaye ack alag samarpan kaa arth haye "vividh attruscan sroton" seey gyaan, lekin yeh spasht naheen haye kii kyaa koee attruscan key dharapravah vaktaa they. samrat kii pahali patni, plautia irsulanilla, attruscan thee.
attruscan kaa lattin parr kuchh prabhaav thaa, kyonki kuchh darjan attruscan shabd aur naam romanon dwara udhaar liye gaye they, jinamen seey kuchh aadhunik bhaashaon mein baney hue hain, jinamen seey sambhavatah 'giddh', 'turah', 'aavaran', 'loga' hain.
bhaugolik vitaran.
uttar-paschim aur paschim-madhya itali mein shilalekh paae gaye hain, usa kshetra mein joe abb bhee attruscan sabhyata, tuscany (lattin 'attruscans' seey) key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye, saath hii saath rome key uttar mein aadhunik latium mein, aaj key ambriya mein, teaber key paschim mein, attruaria key uttar mein poe ghaati mein, aur campania mein. yeh seema adhikatam italvi matribhoomi kaa sanket dey sakati haye jahan ack samay mein bhasha bolly jaati thee.
itali key baahar, corsica, gallia narbonensis, grees, balcon mein shilalekh paae gaye hain. lekin abb taka, sabse adhik ekagrata itali mein haye.
vargeekaran.
tyresonian parivaar parikalpana.
1998 mein, helmut rakes ney yeh vichaar rakhaa kii attruscan anya vilupt bhaashaon jaise kii ratic, joe purvi alps mein pracheen samay mein bolly jaati thee, aur lemanian seey sambandhit haye, jisamen anya vidvaanon ney kendriya alps mein bolly jaane vaali chemmunic bhasha koo jodaa.
rakes key tyresonian bhasha parivaar ney vidvaanon key beach vyaapak sweekriti praapt kii haye, jisaki pushti stephen scumaker, norbert oatinger, carlo dee simone aur simona marchesini ney kii haye. 
attruscan, ratic aur lemanian key beach samanya visheshtaen roopvigyaan, dhwani vigyaan aur vaakya rachana mein paaee gaee hain, lekin cumm seey cumm kuchh shaabdik patrachar pralekhit kiye gaye hain, cumm seey cumm aanshik roop seey ratic aur lemanian granthon kii cumm sankhya key kaaran. doosari or, tyresenian parivaar, yaa samanya tyrehenic, koo aksar pelio-europeeya maanaa jaataa haye aur dakshini europe mein indo-europeeya bhaashaon key aagaman seey pahale maanaa jaataa haye. kaee vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii kansya yug key anta mein lemanian bhasha agean samudra mein aaa sakati thee, jaba mycenian shasakon ney sisili, sardinia aur italvi praaydweep key vibhinn hisson seey bhaade key sainikon key samoohon kii bharti kii thee. norbert oatinger, michel grass aur carlo dee simone jaise vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii lemanian dweep parr ack attruscan vaanijyik basti kii gawahi haye joe 700 eesaa poorv seey pahale hui thee, joe samudri logon seey sambandhit naheen thee.
puraatatviya adhyayan.
attruscan vyaktiyon key 2021 key puraatatviya vishleshan, joe 800 eesaa poorv aur 1 eesaa poorv key beach rahate they, ney nishkarsh nikala kii attruscan autochthonus they aur aanuvanshik roop seey praarambhik lauh yug key lattin key samaan they, aur yeh kii attruscan bhasha, aur isaliye tyrenian parivaar kii anya bhaashaaen, una logon kii ack jeevit bhasha hoe sakati hain joe cumm seey cumm indo-europe bhaashaon key aagaman seey pahale key neolithic kaal seey europe mein vyaapak theen, jaisa kii pahale seey hii german aanuvanshik vigyaani johannes crouse ney tark diyaa thaa kii yeh nishkarsh nikala haye kii yeh sambhavana haye kii attruscan bhasha (saath hii saath bask, pelio-sardinian aur minoan) "navpashan kranti key dauran mahadweep parr vikasit hui". europeeya samooh key saath aanuvanshik roop seey majbooti seey judane vaale attruscans key beach haal key anatolian-sambandhit mishran aur irani-sambandhit vansh kii kamee seey yeh bhee pataa chala sakata haye kii lemnos mein paae gaye mutthi bhar shilalekhon kii upasthiti, attruscan aur ratic seey sambandhit bhasha mein, "italvi praaydweep seey prasthaan karane vaali jansankhya andolanon kaa pratinidhitva curr sakati haye.
siddhanton aur frinz chhatravritti koo hataa diyaa.
sadiyon seey attruscan bhasha parr kaee parikalpanaaen vikasit kii gaee hain, jinamen seey adhikansh koo sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa haye yaa unhein prakaashit honey key baad seey atyadhik atkalon vaalaa maanaa gayaa haye. vidvaanon key beach pramukh aam sahamati yeh haye kii attruscan, aur isaliye tyrehanian parivaar kii sabhi bhaashaaen, naa tou indo-europeeya hain aur naa hii semitic, aur ack poorv-indo-europeeya aur pelio-europeeya bhasha hoe sakati hain. vartamaan mein pramukh aam sahamati yeh haye kii attruscan kaa kewal ratic aur lemanian bhaashaon key saath sambandh haye.
poorv-yunani substrate parikalpana.
minoan raikhik lipiyon kii bhasha key beach sambandh key vichaar koo michael ventrice dwara mukhya parikalpana key roop mein dhyaan mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, isase pahale kii unhone pataa lagaaya kii vaastav mein, baad kii raikhik bee lipi key peechhe kii bhasha mycenian thee, joe ack yunani bolly thee. ise sambhavatah ack vyaapak pelio-europeeya "agean" bhasha parivaar kaa hissa honey kaa prastaav kiya gayaa haye, jisamen minoan, attocraton (sambhavatah minoan seey vansh) aur atochypriote bhee shamil honge. yeh giulio mauro fatchetty dwara prastaavit kiya gayaa haye, ack shodhkarta jisane attruscan aur minoan donon seey nipata haye, aur aiss dwara samarthit haye. ack taraf attruscan aur lemanian aur doosari taraf minoan aur attocraton key beach kuchh samaantaon kaa ullekh karate hue yatsemirsky.
yeh bhee prastaavit kiya gayaa haye kii yeh bhasha parivaar sthaan key naam key vishleshan key aadhar parr anatolia kii poorv-indo-europeeya bhaashaon seey sambandhit haye. attruscan aur minoan key beach sambandh, aur anatolia kii poorv-indo-europeeya bhaashaon key kaalpanik apramaanit sambandhon koo niradhar maanaa jaataa haye.
anatolian indo-europeeya parivaar parikalpana.
kuchh logon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii tyresenian bhaashaaen abhee bhee praarambhik indo-europeeya bhaashaon seey door taka sambandhit hoe sakati hain, jaise kii anatolian shakha kii. haal hii mein, robbert aiss. pee. 2002 mein beaks ney tark diyaa kii loga jinhen baad mein lydian aur attruscan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, way mool roop seey uttar-paschim anatolia mein rahate they, jahan seey way marmara key samudra kii tatrekha key saath rahate they, jahan seey way lagbhag 1200 eesaa poorv key frigian dwara chalaae jaate they, aur ack avashesh chhod dete they jise pracheen kaal mein tyresenoi key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. inn logon kaa ack hissa dakshin-paschim mein lydia chalaa gayaa, jise lydian key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, jabaki anya itali mein sharan lene key liye ravaana hue, jahan way attruscan key roop mein jaane gaye. yeh vivaran attruscans yaa tyrenance key lydian mool key naayak (i, 94) kii prasiddh kahani parr adharit haye, jise prasiddh roop seey helicarnasus (pustak i) key dionysius dwara aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aanshik roop seey zanthus key adhikaar parr, ack lydian itihaaskaar, jise kahani kaa koee gyaan naheen thaa, aur aanshik roop seey iss baat parr kii unhone donon logon kii vibhinn bhaashaon, kaanoonon aur dharmon koo kyaa maanaa. 2006 mein, fredrick wudhuizen ney herodotus key nishan parr aage badhkar sujhaav diyaa kii attruscan indo-europeeya parivaar kii anatolian shakha seey sambandhit haye, vishesh roop seey luvian key liye. wudhuizen ney iss prabhaav key liye ack anuman koo punarjeevit kiya kii tyresenian anatolia seey aae they, jisamen lydia bhee shamil thaa, jahan seey way praarambhik lauh yug mein simerian dwara sanchaalit they, 750-675 eesaa poorv, kuchh upaniveshvadiyon koo lemonos parr chhod diyaa. vaha attruscan kii tulanaa luvian seey karate hain aur daavaa karate hain kii attruscan koo sanshodhit luvian kahaa jaataa haye. vaha gair-luvian visheshtaon koo ack mycean prabhaav key roop mein bataata haih "luvian seey vichalan [...] sambhavatah ise mysia kii swadeshi aabaadi kii bolly key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye."wudhuizen key anusaar, attruscan shuru mein laitinon kaa upanivesh curr rahey they, joe anatolia seey varnamala laa rahey they. aitihaasik, puraataatvik, aanuvanshik aur bhashai karanon seey, attruscan aur indo-europeeya anatolian bhaashaon (lydian yaa luvian) key beach ack sambandh aur yeh vichaar kii attruscan ney shuru mein lattin mein upanivesh kiya, anatolia seey varnamala koo laaya, sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa haye, jaise kii herodotus dwara report kii gaee lydian mool kii kahani koo abb vishvasaniya naheen maanaa jaataa haye.
anya siddhant.
attruscan puraavsheshon aur attrusken bhasha mein ruchi ney apani aadhunik utpatti ack punarjagaran dominican fryer, anio daa vitterbo, ack cablist aur praachyavaadi kii pustak mein paaee, jise abb mukhya roop seey saahityik jalsaji key liye yaad kiya jaataa haye. 1498 mein, anio ney apani puraatantaa kii vividhata (17 khandon mein) prakaashit kii, jisamen unhone ack siddhant koo ack saath rakhaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii hibru aur attruscan donon bhaashaon kii utpatti ack hii srot seey hui thee, joe noa aur unake vanshajon dwara bolly jaane vaali "arami" thee, joe attruscan shahar viterbo key sansthaapak they.
19veen shatabdi mein attruscan koo phir seey vargeekrit karane key kaee prayaas dekhe gaye. iss samay taka semitic mool key vichaaron key samarthak paae gaye. 1858 mein, antim prayaas johann gustaav stickle, jenaa vishvavidyalaya dwara kiya gayaa thaa. ack sameekshak ney nishkarsh nikala kii stickle ney harr sambhav tark koo aage badhaaya joe usa parikalpana key liye bolega, lekin unhone joe karane kaa prayaas kiya thaa, usake vipareet saabit kiya. 1861 mein, robert ellis ney prastaav diyaa kii attruscan armenian seey sambandhit thaa. thheek 100 saal baad, albanian key saath ack sambandh koo zekeria mayani dwara aage badhaaya jaanaa thaa, ack siddhant jise aaj asweekrit aur badnam maanaa jaataa haye.
19veen shatabdi key anta aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat key kaee siddhant ittruscan koo euralic yaa yahaan taka kii altic bhaashaon seey jodate hain. 1874 mein, british vidwan isaq teller ney attruscan aur hangerian key beach ack aanuvanshik sambandh kaa vichaar saamane laaya, jisake baare mein jool martha ney bhee apane vistrit adhyayan (1913) mein manjuri dee. 1911 mein, francisi praachyavaadi bairan kaaraa dee walks ney attruscan aur altaik bhaashaon key beach ack sambandh kaa sujhaav diyaa. hangri key sambandh koo utretch vishvavidyalaya mein italvi bhaashaon key emeritus professor mario alinei dwara punarjeevit kiya gayaa thaa. elenei key prastaav koo giulio aim jaise attruscan visheshagyon dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa haye. faacheti, fino-ugric visheshagya jaise angella marcantonio, aur hangerian aitihaasik bhashavid jaise bella brogyaniya. ack anya prastaav, joe mukhya roop seey poorv soviyat sangh key kuchh bhashavidon dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa, ney poorvottar caucasian (yaa naakh-dagestanian) bhaashaon key saath sambandh kaa sujhaav diyaa. inmein seey kissy bhee siddhant koo sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa haye aur naa hii aam sahamati praapt haye.
lekhan pranali.
varnamala.
lattin lipi kaa astitva attruscan varnamala key kaaran haye, jise purani itailik lipi key roop mein lattin key liye anukoolit kiya gayaa thaa. attruscan varnamala mein greek varnamala key ack euboyan sanskaran koo upayog kiya jaataa haye jisamen digamma akshar kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye aur yeh poori sambhavana mein dakshini itali mein dou euboyan bastiyon, pithekuse aur kyuma key madhyam seey preshit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh pranali antatah paschimi semitic lipiyon seey praapt hoti haye.
attruscan ney ack 26-akshar varnamala koo maanyata dee, joe metropolitan museum off art, see. aeye. mein ack cockrell key aakar mein ack chhote seey buchero terracotta lidd phuldan parr sajawat key liye ack praarambhik upasthiti banaata haye. 650-600 bc. 26 key poorna poorak koo model varnamala kahaa gayaa haye. attruscan ney isake chaar aksharon kaa upayog naheen kiya, mukhya roop seey kyonki attruscan mein "bee", "dee" aur "jee" key swar naheen they; "oh" kaa bhee upayog naheen kiya gayaa thaa. unhone "f" () key liye ack akshar kaa aavishkaar kiya.
paath.
lekhan daaen seey baaen taka thaa, sivaay pracheen shilalekhon key, joe kabhi-kabhi baustrophedan kaa upayog karate they. ack udaaharan joe servetery mein paaya gayaa, baaen seey daaen upayog kiya gayaa. sabse puraane shilalekhon mein, shabd nirantar hain. eesaa poorv chhathi shatabdi seey, way ack bindu yaa ack brihadantra dwara alag kiye jaate hain, jiska upayog alag aksharon key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. lekhan dhvanyaatmak thaa; akshar dhwaniyon kaa pratinidhitva karate they naa kii paaramparik vartani kaa. doosari or, kaee shilalekh atyadhik sankshipt hain aur aksar aakasmik roop seey banate hain, isaliye vyaktigat aksharon kii pehchaan kabhi-kabhi mushkil hoti haye. vartani shahar seey shahar mein bhinn hoe sakati haye, joe shayed uchchaaran key antar koo darshaati haye.
jatil vyanjan samooh.
bhaashan mein ack shabd key pahale akshar parr bhaari tanaav hotaa haye, jisase shesh swaron koo kamjor karke samanvaya hotaa haye, jinhen taba likhit roop mein darshaaya naheen gayaa thaah "alekjendar" key liye "alcentre", "rasena" key liye "rasna". yeh bolane kii aadat attruscan "asambhav" vyanjan samoohon kii ack vyakhya haye. halanki, kuchh vyanjan, vishesh roop seey anunaad, kuchh samoohon key liye lekhankan, shabdansh hoe sakate hain (vyanjanon key tahat neeche dekhein). anya mamalon mein, lekhak ney kabhi-kabhi ack swar daalah yunani "heracless" syncoption dwara "harkal" bunn gayaa aur phir ise "hersel" taka vistaarit kiya gayaa. palotino ney swaron mein iss bhinnata koo "swaron kii gunavatta mein asthirta" key roop mein maanaa aur dusare charan (ee.jee. "yahaan") key roop mein "swar samanjasya, i.ee., padosi aksharon mein swaron key aatmasaat kaa.
charan.
lekhan pranali key dou aitihaasik charan theh saatvin seey paanchvin shatabdi eesaa poorv taka pracheen, jisamen praarambhik yunani varnamala kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, aur baad mein chauthi seey pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv taka, jisamen kuchh aksharon koo sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa. baad kii avadhi mein, syncopation badh gayaa.
bhasha key gayab honey key baad varnamala sanshodhit roop mein aage badhee. roman aur praarambhik auscan aur ambrian varnamalaon kaa srot honey key alawa, yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii yeh uttar kii or venetto mein aur vahaan seey retia key madhyam seey german bhoomi mein chalaa gayaa, jahan yeh sabse purani foothark varnamala bunn gaee, joe runn kaa sabse purana roop haye.
carpus.
attruscan corpus koo "corpus shilalekh attruscarum" (see. aaee. ee.) aur "dasoras lingway attruce" (tii. ell. ee.) mein sampaadit kiya gayaa haye.
dwibhashi paath.
paayargi kii goliyaan attruscan aur fenician mein ack dwibhashi paath haye joe teen soney key patton parr utkeern haye, ack fenician key liye aur dou attruscan key liye. attruscan bhasha key hisse mein 16 panktiyaan aur 37 shabd hain. tarikh lagbhag 500 eesaa poorv haye.
inn goliyon koo 1964 mein massimo palotino dwara paayargi key pracheen attruscan bandargah, abb saanta sevra mein ack khudai key dauran paaya gayaa thaa. goliyon key karibi vishleshan seey nikala jaa sakane vaalaa ekmatra nayaa attruscan shabd 'teen' key liye shabd thaa.
lambe granth.
ricks aur unake sahyogiyon key anusaar, kewal dou ekikrit (halanki khandit) lambe granth attruscan mein upalabdh hainh
kuchh atirikt lambe granth hainh
smarakon parr shilalekh.
aadhunik drishtikon seey, attruscan sabhyata kaa mukhya bhautik bhandar isaki kabrein hain, anya sabhi saarvajanik aur niji imaraton koo sadiyon pahale dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur patthar kaa punah upayog kiya gayaa thaa. kabrein duniya bhar mein sangrah mein attruscan portable, agyaat srot kaa mukhya srot hain. unake akathaniya moolya ney ittruscan "objets dee art" mein ack tej kaalaa bajar banaaya haye-aur samaan roop seey tej kaanoon pravartan prayaas, kyonki itailiyan sarkaar seey pradhikaran key binaa ittruscan kabron seey kissy bhee vastu koo hataana avaidh haye.
unhein soochibaddh karane mein shamil kaary kaa parimaan kaa matlab haye kii kabron kii kull sankhya agyaat haye. way kaee prakaar key hotey hain. vishesh roop seey hyposial yaa "bhoomigat" kaksh yaa kakshon kii pranali bahutaayat mein hoti haye joe tuff mein kaat dee jaati haye aur tumalus dwara dhaki hoti haye. inn kabron kaa aantarik bhaag furniture aur pasandida vastuon key saath jeevit logon key nivaas kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. divaaron parr chitrit bhitti chitra pradarshit hoe sakate hain, joe kii wallpaper key poorvavarti hain. attruscan key roop mein pehchaane jaane vaale makbare vilanovan kaal seey lagbhag 100 eesaa poorv taka key hain, jaba sambhavatah kabristanon koo roman logon key paksh mein chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. kuchh pramukh kabristan iss prakaar hainh
portable vastuon parr shilalekh.
vote dete hain.
"mutt dene vaale upahaar dekhein.
praarambhik (eesaa poorv paanchvin shatabdi seey pahale) mutt-adharit shilalekh kaa ack udaaharan ack buchero oinocho (sharaab key phuldan) parr haih "мини мулонсе неналия челарина". aine mipi kaapi (aar) nunai "=" venelia larina ney mujhe diyaa. mujhe mutt chhuo (?), main (huun) "nunai" (ack bhent?)."yeh ack mahila (venelia) key iss praarambhik avadhi seey ack durlabh mamla prateet hotaa haye joe vote koo samarpit karati haye.
specula.
ack speculum ack golakar yaa andakar haath-darpan haye jiska upayog mukhya roop seey attruscan mahilaaon dwara kiya jaataa haye. lattin haye; attruscan shabd haye yaa. specula koo kansya mein ack tukade key roop mein yaa ack taang key saath daala jaataa thaa jisamen lakadi, huddy yaa haathi daant kaa handle lagaaya jaataa thaa. paraavartit satah koo sapaat paksh koo chamkaakar banaaya gayaa thaa. darpan mein tinn key uchch pratishat ney pratibimbit karane kii kshamata mein sudhaar kiya. doosari taraf uttal thaa aur isamen pauranik kathaaon key antarvardhit yaa cameo drishya shamil they. yeh tukada aam taur parr alankrit thaa.
duniya bhar key sangrhon seey lagbhag 2,300 specula gyaat hain. choonki way lokpriya lootpaat key saman they, isaliye kewal ack alpasankhyak kii utpatti gyaat haye. ack anumaanit samay vindo 530-100 bc haye. shayed kabron seey aaya thaa.
kaee shilalekh drishyon mein chitrit vyaktiyon key naam dete hain, isaliye unhein aksar chitra dwibhashi kahaa jaataa haye. 1979 mein, massimo palotino, "istituto dee studdy etrucci aid italysi" key tatkalin adhyaksh ney "corpus speculorum attruscanorum" kii samiti kii shuruat kii, jisane sabhi specula koo prakaashit karane aur aisaa karane key liye sampadakiya maanak nirdhaarit karane kaa sankalp liya.
taba seey, samiti badhee haye, sthaaniya samitiyon aur adhikansh sansthanon key pratinidhiyon koo praapt curr rahee haye joe attruscan darpan sangrah key malik hain. pratyek sangrah vividh attruscan vidvaanon dwara apane swayam key faskical mein prakaashit kiya jaataa haye.
seaste.
ack seasta golakar, andakar, yaa adhik durlabh aaytaakaar aakar kaa ack kansya paatr haye jiska upayog mahilaaon dwara vibhinn prakaar key bhandaran key liye kiya jaataa haye. way alankrit hotey hain, aksar pairon aur dhakkan key saath jinase moortiyaan judee hoe sakati hain. aantarik aur baahari satahon parr aamtaur parr pauranik kathaaon seey saavdhaanipoorvak taiyar kiye gaye drishya hotey hain, aamtaur parr intaglio, yaa shayed hii kabhi aanshik intaglio, aanshik cameo.
seaste chauthi aur teesari shatabdi eesaa poorv key roman ganarajya seey attruscan sandarbhon mein haye. way nirmaata yaa malik yaa vishay vastu seey sambandhit vibhinn laghu shilalekh leey sakate hain. lekhan lattin, attruscan yaa donon hoe sakata haye. pracheen lattin shilalekh key anusaar, ack attruscan shahar, preneste mein khudai, joe roman bunn gayaa, lagbhag 118 seaste mein hui, jinamen seey ack koo kalaa vishleshakon dwara "preneste seasta" yaa "ficoroni seasta" kahaa gayaa haye, jisamen novios plutius dwara nirmit aur deindia macolonia dwara usaki betty koo diye gaye vishesh sandarbh key saath. una sabhi koo adhik sateek roop seey "prenestine cyste" kahaa jaataa haye.
angoothiyaan aur ringstone.
attruaria key attruscan makbaron seey sabse lutaaye jaa sakane vaale portable mein bareek utkeern ratna hain joe aakar key soney mein golakar yaa andakar tukade banaane key liye aakar mein rakhe gaye hain joe ungli key angoothon parr jaane key liye hain. aakar mein lagbhag ack centimeter, way chhathe key dusare bhaag seey pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv taka attruscan apoji key hain. nirmaan key dou mukhya siddhant deshi attruscan aur greek hain. samagri mukhya roop seey gahare laal carnelian hain, jisamen agate aur saard teesari seey pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv taka upayog mein aatey hain, saath hii vishuddh roop seey soney kii ungli key angoothiyon key saath ack khokhale utkeernit bezel setting key saath. utkirnan, mukhya roop seey cameo, lekin kabhi-kabhi intaglio, pahale scarab koo darshaata haye aur phir greek pauranik kathaaon key drishyon koo darshaata haye, aksar veertapurna vyaktiyon key saath attruscan mein kahaa jaataa haye. bezel kii soney kii setting mein ack seema design hotaa haye, jaise kii cabling.
sikke.
attruscan-tankit sikke eesaa poorv 5veen aur 3 sadee key beach key hoe sakate hain. 5. 8 graam kii chaandi ikai key aadhar parr 'chalcidian' maanak kaa upayog ingit kartaa haye kii yeh pratha, varnamala kii tarah, grees seey aaee thee. roman sikke koo baad mein attruscan seey hataa diyaa gayaa, lekin mool roman sikka, "cesters", koo 2.5-denomination attruscan sikke parr adharit maanaa jaataa haye. attruscan sikke kaishe mein yaa alag-alag kabron mein aur khudai mein yaadrichhik roop seey dikhaai diye hain, aur nishchit roop seey attruaria mein kendrit hain.
attruscan sikke soney, chaandi aur kansya mein they, soney aur chaandi koo aamtaur parr kewal ack taraf maaraa jaataa thaa. sikkon mein aksar ack moolyavarg hotaa thaa, kabhi-kabhi ack tankshala pradhikaran kaa naam aur ack chhoti bhoomika kaa rupankan. soney key moolyavarg chaandi kii ikaaiyon mein they; chaandi, kansya kii ikaaiyon mein. poorna yaa sankshipt naam mukhya roop seey pupuluna (populonia), wattle yaa veltuna (vetulonia), velthree (volterre), velju yaa veljani (volcini) aur chamaar (camer) key liye chaa hain. prateek chinh mukhya roop seey pauranik paatron key pramukh yaa pauranik jaanvaron key chitran hain joe ack prateekaatmak rupankan mein vyavasthit hainh apolo, zius, culson, ethena, hermes, griffin, gorgan, narr sphinx, hippocamp, bail, saamp, cheel, yaa anya jeev jinka prateekaatmak mahatva thaa.
karyatmak shreniyaan.
bhitti aur anya baaton mein nimnalikhit shreniyan shamil hain, joe una upayogon key aadhar parr hain, jinake liye unhein unaki site parr rakhaa gayaa thaah abysaderia (varnamala), kaarigaron key granth, seema marker, nirmaan granth, samarpan, didaskaliya (nirdeshaatmak granth), antim sanskar granth, kanuni granth, anya/aspasht granth, nishedh, swaamitva granth (swaamitva kaa sanket), dhaarmik granth, tessera aspatal (tokan joe "yatra karate samay aatithya key liye vaahak key daave" koo sthaapit karate hain).
dhvanivigyaan.
neeche dee gaee taalikaon mein, attruscan lipyantaran key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale paaramparik aksharon key saath varg koshthak key bheetar prateekon mein sambhaavit uchchaaran hotaa haye, jisake baad praarambhik attruscan varnamala key udaaharan hotey hain joe inn dhwaniyon key anuroop hotey.
swar.
attruscan swar pranali mein chaar alag-alag swar shamil they. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii "oh" aur "yuu" swaron koo lekhan pranali kii prakriti key aadhar parr dhvanyaatmak roop seey alag naheen kiya gayaa haye, kyonki greek (ee.jee. greek> attruscan 'pitcher').
saamane key swaron kaa upayog karane seey pahale, jabaki aur kramshah goal aur goal pichhale swaron seey pahale upayog kiya jaataa haye.
vyanjan.
vyanjanon kii talika.
attruscan mein vyanjan bhee hoe sakate hain, kyonki unhein dou aksharon kaa upayog karke lekhan mein darshaaya jaa sakata haye, jaise shabd ('mahaan-bhatije' yaa 'mahaan-potey') mein. haalaanki, yeh siddhant vyaapak roop seey sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa haye.
aavaaz kaa abhaav rook jaataa haye.
attruscan vyanjan pranali mukhya roop seey aspirated aur gair-aspirated stop key beach antar karati haye. koee aavaaz bund naheen thee. jaba videshi bhaashaon key shabdon koo attruscan mein udhaar liya gayaa thaa, tou aavaaz bund honey parr aam taur parr binaa aavaaz key rook jaate they; ack udaaharan greek haye, joe attruscan aur lattin bunn gayaa. aavaaz kii iss tarah kii kamee vishesh roop seey asamanya naheen haye; yeh paaya jaataa haye ee.jee. aadhunik icelandic mein, scotish gallic mein, aur adhikansh cheeni bhaashaon mein. angreji mein bhee, fortis-lenis jode key bhed mein akanksha aksar aavaaj seey adhik mahatvapurna hoti haye.
syllabic siddhant.
swaron key binaa yaa asambhav vyanjan samoohon (ee.jee. 'iss (jeane.) 'aur' freeman '), yeh sambhavana haye kii kabhi-kabhi syllabic sonorants (see. aff.) they. angreji "chhota", button). iss prakaar aur.
ricks kaee shabdansh vyanjanon koo prastut kartaa haye, arthaat paltal key saath-saath ack labioveller spirant, aur kuchh vidwan jaise kii mauro christophany bhee aspirates koo aspirated key bajaay paletal key roop mein dekhate hain, lekin inn vichaaron koo adhikansh attruscologist dwara saajha naheen kiya jaataa haye. ricks apane siddhanton kaa samarthan "/", "/", "/" jaise bhinn vartani key madhyam seey kartaa haye.
roopvigyaan.
attruscan ack samagr bhasha thee, joe pratyek kaary key liye asatat anta key saath sangyaon, visheshanon, sarvanamon aur kriyaon key anta koo badalati thee. isamen kriyavisheshan aur sanyojan bhee they, jinake anta alag-alag naheen they.
sangyaaen.
attruscan mool tatvon mein paanch mamle they-namsoochak, aropatmak, aanuvanshik, dative aur sthaanatmak-aur dou sankhyaaenh ekvachan aur ack bahuvachan. sabhi paanch mamle pratyek shabd key liye satyaapit naheen hain. sangyaaen namsoochak aur aropatmak koo milaa detee hain; sarvanam aam taur parr inhen milaa naheen dete hain. ling vyaktigat naamon (mardana aur stree) aur sarvanamon (sajeev aur nirjeev) mein dikhaai detaa haye; anyatha, yeh chihnit naheen haye.
indo-europeeya bhaashaon key vipareet, attruscan sangya anta adhik ektrikaran they, kuchh sangyaon mein dou yaa teen ektrikaran pratyay they. udaaharan key liye, jahan lattin mein vishisht nammatra bahuvachan aur vyutpann bahuvachan anta honge, attruscan ack bahuvachan marker key liye samaapt honey vaale mamle koo pratyay degaah lattin nammatra ekvachan, 'putra', bahuvachan, vyutpann bahuvachan, lekin attruscan, aur. isake alawa, attruscan sangyaaen akele mamle key pratimaan seey kaee pratyay leey sakati hainh arthaat, attruscan ney "pratyay eutofnahme" pradarshit kiya. palotino iss ghatana koo "roopaatmak punarnirdharan" kahate hain, jise way "vishisht pravritti" key roop mein paribhaashit karate hain... pratyayon key atee-sthiti dwara roop key vaakya rachana kaary koo phir seey nirdhaarit karna."unakaa udaaharan haye, 'juno key abhayaranya mein', jahan"-al "ack aanuvanshik anta haye aur"-θi "ack sthaan haye.
steinbaur attruscan key baare mein kahate hain, "ack seey adhik marker hoe sakate hain... ack mamle koo design karane key liye, aur... ack hii marker ack seey adhik mamalon key liye hoe sakata haye."
sarvanam.
vyaktigat sarvanam vyaktiyon koo sandarbhit karate hain; pradarshanatmak sarvanam angreji mein "yeh", "vaha", "vahaan" kii or ishara karate hain.
vyaktigat.
pratham-vyakti vyaktigat sarvanam mein ack namsoochak ('i') aur ack aropatmak ('mujhe') hotaa haye. teesare vyakti kaa ack vyaktigat roop ('vaha' yaa 'vaha') aur ack nirjeev ('yeh') hotaa haye. doosara vyakti anishchit haye, lekin kuchh, jaise kii bonfants, ney ack dative singular ('too dha') aur ack aropatmak singular ('dha') kaa daavaa kiya haye.
pradarshan.
pradarshan, aur, 'vaha' yaa 'yeh' key liye binaa kissy bhed key upayog kiye jaate hain. namsoochak-abhigrahanaatmak ekvachan roop hainh, ",", ",", "; bahuvachanah", ". ack aanuvanshik ekvachan haih, "", "aur bahuvachan haye. aropatmak ekvachanah, ",", ",", "; bahuvachan 'yeye/way'. sthaanvaachak ekvachanah; bahuvachan.
visheshan.
halanki sankhya key liye anirdisht, visheshan mamle key liye anuprayukt they, unaki sangya key saath sahmat theh 'achchha' banaam (achchha) kaa aanuvanshik...'
visheshan ack pratyay key saath sangyaon seey baney kaee prakaron mein aatey hainh
kriyavisheshan.
kriyavisheshan achihnit hainh, 'phir seey';, 'abb, yahaan';, 'pahale' ('ack' kii tulanaa karein). adhikansh indo-europeeya kriyavisheshan tirchhe mamalon seey banate hain, joe anutpaadak hoe jaate hain aur nishchit roopon mein utarate hain. isaliye ablative jaise mamalon koo kriyavisheshan kahaa jaataa haye. yadi attruscan mein aisee koee vyaapak pranali haye, tou yeh apekshaakrit kuchh jeevit kriyavisheshanon seey spasht naheen haye.
nakaratmak kriyavisheshan haye (udaaharan key liye, anivarya manodasha mein neeche dekhein).
sanyojan.
dou parikshetriya samanvaya sanyojan "-kaa/- see/- see" aur "aur"-umm/- aim "aur, lekin 'samanvit vakyansh aur khand, lekin vakyanshon koo binaa kissy sanyojan (asyndatic) key bhee samanvit kiya jaa sakata haye. 
kriyaaen.
kriyaon mein ack soochak manodasha, ack anivarya manodasha aur anya they. kaal vartamaan aur ateet they. bhootkaal mein ack sakriya aavaaj aur ack nishkriya aavaaj thee.
sakriya upasthit.
attruscan ney shoonya pratyay key saath ack maukhik mool kaa upayog kiya yaa "-aeye" sankhya yaa vyakti key bhed key binaah, ", 'vaha, vaha, humm, aap, way banaate hain'.
ateet yaa poorv sakriya.
kriya mool mein pratyay koo jodane seey ack teesara vyakti ekvachan sakriya hotaa haye, jise vibhinn roop seey ack "ateet", ack "poorvavarti", ack "paripurna" kahaa gayaa haye."indo-europeeya key vipareet, yeh roop vyakti key liye chihnit naheen haye. udaaharan-'detaa haye, samarpit kartaa haye' banaam 'diyaa gayaa, samarpit'; 'jeevan' banaam 'jeetaa'.
ateet nishkriya.
teesare vyakti kaa ateet nishkriya-cheh, 'prastaav/prastaav/prastaav diyaa gayaa thaa' key saath banaa haye.
anivarya manodasha.
anivarya kriya kii saral, anirdhaarit jarh key saath banaai gaee theeh 'samarpit karein!',' rakh dou!',' bolo!'aur' ahwan karein!'). 
anivarya 'leey low, chori karo' tathaakathit chori-rodhi shilalekhon mein paaya jaataa haih 
anya model.
-a" pratyay key saath kriyaaen, adesh dene key bull key saath, yaa protsaahit karane (ack upa-sanyugma dhaanche key bheetar) key saath juicive mood koo ingit karati hain.
-rii" mein samaapt honey vaali kriyaaen anivarya gatividhiyon koo sandarbhit karati hainh
pratibhagiyon.
kriyaaen vibhinn tarikon seey bhaag letee hain, jinamen seey sabse adhik baar 'marr' seey '-yuu' 'mrit' mein pramaanit kiya jaataa haye.
participles koo "-θ" key saath bhee banaaya jaa sakata haye. yeye una gatividhiyon koo sandarbhit karate hain joe mukhya kriya key samkaaleen theenh '(jabaki) bolna', '(jabaki) ahwan karna', aur '(jabaki) dalna (?).
postposition.
aiss. oh. vee. agglutinative bhaashaon kii vishishtata, attruscan mein poorv-sthiti key bajaay postposition they, pratyek ack vishisht mamle koo niyantrit kartaa thaa.
shabdawali.
attruscan seey udhaar.
attruscan shabdawali key kewal kuchh sou shabdon koo kuchh nishchitata key saath samajha jaataa haye. sateek ginati iss baat parr nirbhar karati haye kii kyaa vibhinn roop aur abhivyaktiyaan shamil hain. neeche vishay key anusaar samoohbaddh kuchh shabdon kii ack talika dee gaee haye.
sambandhit lattin yaa anya indo-europeeya roopon vaale kuchh shabd sambhavatah attruscan key liye yaa usase udhaar liye gaye shabd hain. udaaharan key liye, 'bhatija', shayed lattin seey haye (lattin, "; yeh german, puraane norse kaa ack sangyanatmak haye). kaee shabd aur naam jinake liye attruscan mool prastaavit kiya gayaa haye, lattin mein jeevit hain.
cumm seey cumm ack attruscan shabd kaa ack spasht semitic/arami mool haih 'ladki', joe fenician yaa yoonaniyon dwara preshit kiya jaa sakata thaa (yoonaanih). ghar' shabd coptic 'ghar' key liye ack galat sangyeya haye.
aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii inn shabdon key alawa joe indo-europeeya yaa anya jagahon seey attruscan mein udhaar liye gaye hain, aise shabdon kaa ack sangrah haye joe puraane attruscan sabhyata seey ack adhipat prabhaav key roop mein lattin mein udhaar liye gaye hain. inmein seey kuchh shabdon kii angreji aur lattin-prabhaavit bhaashaon mein abhee bhee vyaapak mudra haye. anya shabdon mein shamil hain joe ack sambhaavit attruscan mool key roop mein maane jaate hainh
attruscan shabdawali.
ank.
attruscan cardinalon key sambhaavit indo-europeeya mool key baare mein bahut bahas kii gaee haye. larisa bonefent (1990) key shabdon mein, "yeye ank joe dikhaate hain, vaha kissy bhee sandeh kii chhaaya seey parey, attruscan bhasha kii gair-indo-europeeya prakriti haye. isake vipareet, anya vidwan, jinamen francisco aar shamil hain. adrados, albert carnoy, marcello durante, vladmir jorgev, alessandro morandi aur massimo pittau ney anya indo-europeeya bhaashaon mein sambandhit ankon key liye pahale duss attruscan ankon kii nikat dhvanyaatmak nikatata kaa prastaav diyaa haye.
nichale attruscan ank hain (jee. achchha 2002:96):
yeh spasht naheen haye kii kaun saa, aur 7,8 aur 9 hain. iska arth 'baarah' bhee hoe sakata haye, 'duss' key liye.
uchch sankhya key liye, yeh nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye kii 20,30,40,50,60, aur shrinkhala mein koee bhee dou 70-90 100 haye (spasht roop seey 10, jaisa kii proto-indo-europeeya 100 10 seey haye). aage, kramshah 'ack baar, dou baar aur teen baar'; aur 'pahala' aur 'teesara'; 'ack ack karke', 'dou dou karke'; aur 'dou baar' aur 'chaar gunaa' hain.
paathon kaa namuna lein.
tabula capuana seh
(/rekha viram koo ingit kartaa haye; alessandro morandi "epigraphia italika" rome, 1982, pee. 40 seey paath) 
sambhavatah march key liye pahala khand (rekha 1-7): 
aprail () key liye dusare khand kii shuruat (pankti 8 seey shuru):