
dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein aksh virodhi pakshapaatpurna abhiyaan

dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran vibhinn pratirodh andolanon key khilaf aatankvaad-rodhi abhiyaanon mein aksh bull shamil they.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, aniyamit yuddh seey kissy bhee tarah kii samaantaa vaale pratirodh andolanon seey aksar pakshapaat-virodhi yuddh key tatvavdhan mein kabja karane vaali senaaon dwara nipata jaataa thaa, vishesh roop seey naazi balon dwara kabja kiye gaye kshetron mein. kaee mamalon mein, naazi logon ney kathit dushmanon key khilaf apane jaatiya safaaye aur vaichaarik yuddh abhiyaanon koo chhipaane key liye "pakshapaat virodhi abhiyaan" shabd kaa upayog kiya; isamen yahudi, communist adhikaari (tathaakathit yahudi bolshevik), laal senaa key straggler aur anya shamil they. yeh vishesh roop seey purvi morche parr mamla thaa, jahaan pakshapaat virodhi abhiyaanon key parinamswarup aksar nirdosh nagrikon kaa narsamhar hotaa thaa. jabaki paimaane key mamle mein sabse kharaab atyachar yuddh key purvi rangbhoomi mein hue, naazi paschimi europe mein bhee "pakshapaat-virodhi" ranneeti kaa upayog karate they.
utpatti aur sainya siddhant.
pratirodh key roop sthaan aur samay key aadhar parr bhinn hotey they, aur isi tarah germans key jawabi upaay bhee. pratirodh kaa paimana aur german pratishodh kii gambhirta donon poorv kii tulanaa mein paschim mein bahut adhik seemit they. jabaki germans key poore sthaaniya aabaadi koo poorv mein dushman key roop mein maanane kii adhik sambhavana thee, way paschim mein vaichaarik roop seey bahut cumm sanchaalit they, jahaan, udaaharan key liye, mahilaaon aur bachchon koo kewal shayed hii kabhi aiss. aiss. sainikon dwara maaraa jaataa thaa, lekin poorv mein ack adhik samanya lakshya thaa. kuchh vidvaanon ney nott kiya haye kii poorv mein, pakshapaat virodhi abhiyaanon ney germans koo vaichaarik roop seey prerit jaatiya safaaye kaa bahaana diyaa.
germans ney pakshpaatiyon key khilaf alpakaalik jeet parr dhyaan kendrit kiya aur kuchh mamalon mein, pakshpaatiyon koo sainya roop seey haraane mein saksham they, lekin kull milakar poorv mein nagrikon key khilaf unake atyacharon key parinamswarup pakshapaatpurna rankon mein shamil honey vaale swayamsevakon kaa nirantar pravaah huaa. pahale pratirodh andolan 1939 key anta mein adhikrit polland mein banaae gaye they (polish senaa kii alag ikai dekhein). jaise-jaise yuddh aage badhaa aur naazi-kabje vaale kshetron kii sankhya badhee, vaise-vaise pratirodh andolanon kii sankhya aur taakat bhee badhee.
poore yuddh key dauran, german senaa kii niyamit sanrachanaon, sahayak pulis sanrachanaon (ordnungspolizi) aur unake sahayakon (shootzmanshaft yaa hilfspoligy) ney pakshapaat virodhi abhiyaanon mein bhaag liya. germans banaam pakshpaatiyon key sangharsh koo ack gatirodh key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye, joe antatah niyamit yuddh mein german sainya haar seey samaapt hoe gayaa. yuddh key baad, pakshpaatiyon key khilaf istemal kii jaane vaali kroor german ranneeti neuremberg parikshanon mein prastut aaropon mein seey ack thee (commando adesh aur bandhakon key pareekshan kii vaidhata dekhein).
desh aur kshetra dwara sanchaalan.
german kabje vaalaa polland.
sitambar 1939 mein polland parr german aakraman key turant baad polish pratirodh andolan kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa aur german kabje key kroor tarikon key jawab mein teji seey badh gayaa thaa. polish pratirodh key shahari kshetron key saath-saath jangalon ("leshni") mein bhee karyakarta they. poore yuddh key dauran, polish pratirodh kii sankhya mein vriddhi hui, aur isake sanchaalan key paimaane mein vriddhi hui, jisake liye germans koo pakshapaatpurna khatare seey nipatane key liye sansadhanon (karmiyon, upkaranon aur samay) kii badhati matra koo samarpit karane kii aavashyakta thee.
polish pakshakaar vishesh roop seey zaamosh kshetra mein sakriya they (zaamosh vidroh dekhein). "juuna 1944 mein "stermwind aaee" aur "stermwind II" ("toofaan") soviyat pakshpaatiyon seey nipatane key liye vikasit "kadaahi abhiyaanon" key aadhar parr polish "leshni" pakshpaatiyon key khilaf sabse badaa german abhiyaan thaa (osuchi kii ladaai bhee dekhein). una abhiyaanon mein german nuksan lagbhag 1,300 mautein aur ghayal logon kii samaan sankhya thee; pakshapaatpurna nuksan samaan they. isake turant baad, polish pratirodh ney germans (operation tempest) key khilaf pramukh abhiyaanon kii ack shrinkhala shuru kii, jisamen seey yuddh vidroh sabse prasiddh thaa. operation mein toofaan, polish pakshakaron ney mahatvapurna ranneetik kshetron key niyantran key liye khuli ladaai kii ack shrinkhala mein germans koo chunauti dee. german polish operation key vishal paimaane key liye taiyar naheen they, lekin sankhya aur behtar upkaran kaa laabh thaa; aage, jaba polish pakshpaatiyon koo aage badhane vaali laal senaa key samarthan key binaa kaam karna padata thaa, tou way kaafee cumm prabhaavi they. una kshetron mein jahaan soviyat sangh ney khambhon key saath sahyog kiya, german pakshpaatiyon koo dabaane mein bahut cumm saksham they, lekin jahaan soviyat sangh ney khambhon kii sahaayata key liye aage naheen badhe, jaisa kii yuddh vidroh key mamle mein thaa, german paryaapt niyamit senaa aur virodhi-pakshapaat ikaaiyon koo polish vidrohiyon koo haraane key liye kendrit karane mein saksham they.
polland mein germans dwara vikasit ranneeti aur neetiyon ney soviyat pakshpaatiyon key khilaf isi tarah key abhiyaanon key liye ack template key roop mein kaam kiya.
soviyat sangh key german-kabje vaale kshetra.
1941 kii shuruat mein germans ney peechhe kii suraksha aur pakshapaat virodhi kartavyon koo puuraa karane key liye vishesh ikaaiyon-wehrmatch suraksha prabhagon kii sthaapana kii. yeye sanrachanaaen nagrikon key daman mein bhee shamil theen, jisamen yahoodiyon koo gherkar narsamhar mein bhaag lena bhee shamil thaa.
kabje vaale soviyat kshetron mein germans dwara niyojit neetiyaan una kroor neetiyon kaa vistaar theen joe unhone pichhale dou varshon mein kabje vaale polland mein vikasit kii theen. sabse pahale, germans ney sthaaniya logon koo hinsa key saath gaay banaane kii koshish kii. 1941 kii neetiyon kaa uddeshya vaastavik kii tulanaa mein sambhaavit khatare parr adhik thaa, kyonki soviyat pakshakaar kewal german aakraman key baad hii sangathit curr rahey they. yeh purvi morche (balcon sahit) parr thaa kii sthaaniya janata key khilaf sabse badaa german aatank thaa. ack nishchit hudd taka, vishuddh sainya pakshapaat-virodhi abhiyaanon koo jaatiya safai karyon seey alag karna mushkil haye.
yuddh key pahale varsh mein soviyat sangh koo giraane mein german viphalata key saath, pakshapaat-virodhi neeti badal gaee, alpakaalik seey adhik deerghakaalik drishtikon mein badal gaee. naazi prachaar aur isi tarah kii ranneeti kaa upayog sthaaniya janata koo prabhaavit karane aur unhein germans (aur pakshpaatiyon key prati cumm) key prati adhik maitripurna banaane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. yeh vaha samay thaa jaba germans ney pakshpaatiyon key khilaf upayog kii jaane vaali sthaaniya sahayak ikaaiyon key nirmaan kaa samarthan karna shuru kiya. pakshapaat-virodhi abhiyaan bhee adhik peshevar aur behtar sangathit hoe gaye.
1942 key anta taka, "dill aur dimag" neeti pahale hii kamjor hoe chuki thee. 1942-1943 key aspas, badey paimaane parr "gherabandi abhiyaan" niyojit they, jisamen pakshpaatiyon key khilaf, agrim pankti seey alag, niyamit senaa ikaaiyon kaa upayog shamil thaa. iss tarah key abhiyaanon mein aksar gaanvon kaa vinash shamil thaa jinhen sambhaavit roop seey pakshpaatiyon kaa samarthan karane key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa; iska matlab thaa imaraton kaa bhautik vinash aur sthaaniya nivaasiyon kaa narsamhar donon. inn "gherabandi abhiyaanon" ney sthaaniya aabaadi kaa virodh kiya, joe soviyat pakshpaatiyon key rankon key vikas mein yogdan detaa haye, naa kii sikudane mein. pramukh "gherabandi abhiyaanon" mein operation munchen aur operation bamberg (march-aprail 1942), operation hannover (maee-juuna 1942), operation vogelsang (juuna-julaai 1942) aur operation zigenerbaron ("jipsey bairan", maee-juuna 1943) shamil they.
1944 mein, ack naee neeti pesh kii gaeeh "," yaa kileband gaanvon kaa nirmaan. iss pariyojana koo germans dwara sabse safal german pakshapaat-virodhi neetiyon mein seey ack key roop mein dekhaa gayaa (aur baad mein anya senaaon dwara anukaran kiya gayaa, udaaharan key liye, algeria mein francisi yaa viyatnam mein sanyukt raajya america), jisamen sthaaniya naazi sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon key sahyog seey swaayatt aur achchi tarah seey sashastr gaanvon kaa nirmaan shamil thaa. laal senaa kii pragati aur german kabje key tahat shesh soviyat kshetron kii mukti ney iss neeti key poorna karyanvayan koo roque diyaa.
german-adhikrit itali.
italvi pratirodh andolan mein 35,828 pakshpaatiyon koo kaarravaai mein maar diyaa gayaa yaa maar diyaa gayaa, aur 21,168 pakshpaatiyon koo unake ghaavon seey vikrit yaa viklang curr diyaa gayaa. anya 32,000 italvi pakshpaatiyon koo videshon mein maar diyaa gayaa (balcon mein aur, kuchh hudd taka, france mein). anya anumaanon key anusaar, poore sangharsh key dauran italvi pratirodh ney lagbhag 50,000 ladaakon koo khou diyaa. german aur italvi fasiwadi balon dwara pratishodh mein hajaaron seey laker hajaaron italvi nagrik maare gaye they.
itali aur sambaddh sashastr balon key beach yuddhaviram key baad german kabje key liye sashastr pratirodh mein mukhya roop seey italvi niyamit bull shamil they, jaise kii italvi sashastr bull aur carabineary sainya pulis. baad mein, italvi communist party, italvi samajwadi party, partito dee 'azion (ack ganarajya udaarvaadi samajwadi party), democrazia christiana aur anya chhote dalon dwara banaai gaee comitato dee liberagion nazionale (rashtriya mukti samiti, yaa see. ell. aine.) ney andolan parr niyantran curr liya.
pratirodh koo dabaane key apane prayason mein, german aur italvi fasiwadi balon (vishesh roop seey ss, gestapo, aur ardhsainik balon jaise xa maas aur black brigade) ney yuddh aparaadh kiye, jisamen nagrik aabaadi key khilaf sankshipt nishpaadan aur vyavasthit pratishodh shamil they. pratirodh bandee aur sandigdhon key saath-saath yaadrichhik sthaaniya italvi nagrikon koo aksar prataadit aur balatkar kiya jaataa thaa. italvi pakshakaar, vishesh roop seey pahaadi aur graameen kshetron mein, samarthan aur aapoorti key liye sthaaniya aabaadi parr bahut adhik nirbhar they. naazi logon koo dandit karane aur virodh key liye nagrik samarthan koo hatotsaahit karane kii koshish karate they, pakshpaatiyon dwara maare gaye pratyek german key liye 10 italvi logon koo maarne kii pratishodh neeti apanaate they. jinhen fansi dee jaati thee, way aamtaur parr usa gaanv seey aatey they jahan naziyon key khilaf ack pakshapaatpurna hamla huaa thaa aur kabhi-kabhi bandee pakshapaatpurna ladaake bhee shamil they. 
kuchh sabse kukhyaat saamoohik atyacharon mein arditine narsamhar (335 italvi yahudi nagrik aur italvi raajneetik kaidiyon koo rome mein rasela hamale key ack dinn baad pratishodh abhiyaan mein maar diyaa gayaa), sant 'annaa dee stagema narsamhar (lagbhag 560 yaadrichhik italvi graameen madhya pahaadon mein ack pakshapaat virodhi abhiyaan mein berahami seey maare gaye), marzaboto narsamhar (lagbhag 770 italvi nagrik isi tarah kii paristhitiyon mein maare gaye) aur salosola narsamhar (20 italvi pakshapaatpurna hatyaa) shamil they. kull milakar, kaee mahilaaon aur bachchon sahit 15,000 italvi nagrikon koo jaanboojhkar maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
isake alawa, italvi yuddhaviram key baad, germans ney saamoohik roop seey italvi sainikon koo gher liya aur unhein hirasat mein leey liya, yahaan taka kii way bhee joe pratirodh mein sakriya roop seey shamil naheen they. germans dwara pakade gaye italvi sainikon kii sankhya lagbhag 650,000-700,000 thee (lagbhag 45,000 anya loga yuddh mein maare gaye, maare gaye, yaa parivahan key dauran maare gaye), jinamen seey 40,000 aur 50,000 key beach baad mein shiviron mein maare gaye. germans dwara nirastreekaran key baad, italvi sainikon aur adhikaariyon koo naazi german senaa (yaa tou italvi samajik ganarajya key sashastr balon mein, uttari itali mein german kathputali shasson mein, yaa german sashastr balon mein italvi "swayamsevak" ikaaiyon mein) key sahyogiyon key roop mein ladanaa jaari rakhane key vikalp kaa saamana karna padaa, yaa anyatha, germany mein hirasat shiviron mein bheja gayaa. kewal 10 pratishat loga teesare reech key saath sahyog karane key liye sahmat hue, shesh ney namankan karane yaa germany key liye ladanaa jaari rakhane seey incar curr diyaa aur isake bajaay unhein bhayaanak paristhitiyon mein nazarband curr diyaa gayaa. naazi ney unhein yuddh key kaidi kaa darja aur geneva sammelan dwara diye gaye adhikaaron seey vanchit karane key liye italvi sainikon koo "itellinishe millisher-internair" ("italvi sainya interni") key roop mein naamit kiya. italvi sainikon key karyon koo, jinhone naajiyon key saath aage sahyog karane seey incar curr diyaa, antatah nihatthe pratirodh key kaary key roop mein maanyata dee gaee.
aksh-adhikrit yugoslavia.
yugoslavia key aksh aakraman key baad, yugoslav pratirodh balon mein pakshapaat shamil they. pakshpaatiyon ney ack saamyavaadi netritva vaalaa andolan kiya joe paine-yugoslav sahishnuta ("bhaichare aur ekataa") kaa prachaar curr rhaa thaa aur isamen gantantra, vampanthi aur yugoslav rajneeti key udaar tatvon koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa. soviyat sangh key aksh aakraman key baad pakshakaron koo sangathit kiya gayaa aur shuru mein soviyaton dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa. 1943 mein tehran sammelan key baad pakshakaron koo chetnik key sthaan parr saarvbhaumik sahayogi maanyata millie. iss sammelan key samay taka, chetnik-aksh sahyog kii degree mein bahut vriddhi honey kaa sanket diyaa gayaa thaa.
yuddh key dauran, aksh balon ney pakshpaatiyon key khilaf kaee abhiyaan chalaae. poorv yugoslav itihas ney saat pramukh hamalon koo maanyata dee, jinamen seey chautha aur paanchvaan pakshapaati balon koo haraane key karib aaya, aur saatven ney lagbhag unake mukhyalaya parr kabja curr liya.
german-adhikrit france.
france mein, jaisa kii baaki kabje vaale paschimi europe mein, germans ney poorv kii tulanaa mein alag, halki neetiyon kaa upayog kiya. usa kaaran kaa ack hissa yeh thaa kii german adhikaariyon kaa saamana karane vaale pratirodh kaa paimana bahut chhota thaa. france kaa ack badaa hissa swaayatt witchy shasson key tahat rhaa. isaliye kabje kii shuruat seey hii, adhikansh pulis kartavyon koo sthaaniya (francisi) balon dwara kiya jaataa thaa.
1943 key aspas, jaise-jaise francisi pratirodh kaa aakar badhata gayaa (germany mein jabaran shram key liye francisi logon key nirvaasan koo sweekaar karane vaale witchy shasson key kaaran), france mein german pakshapaat virodhi abhiyaan adhik gambhir hoe gaye. germans ney pratirodh samoohon key khilaf sainya ikaaiyon koo tainaat kiya, aur gupt sahyogiyon kaa ack badaa aur safal counter-network banaane mein kamyab rahey, joe francisi pratirodh key kaee prakoshthon mein ghuspaith karane mein safal rahey. francisi pratirodh key khilaf pahala pramukh german sainya abhiyaan 1944 kii shuruat mein francisi alps aur french juraa key pahaadi kshetra mein huaa thaa. francisi pratirodh bull jameen parr chaley gaye aur german operation samaapt honey key turant baad unakaa punargathan kiya gayaa. isake turant baad, ack aur operation jahaan francisi pratirodh ney germans koo sevoy mein pathaar dee glears mein ack ladaai key liye chunauti dee, ack german jeet mein samaapt huaa. iss haar aur landan kii aamane-saamane key takraav seey bachane kii salah key bavjood, france (dee-day) key sahayogi aakraman key baad francisi pratirodh ney kaee kshetron mein german balon koo khule taur parr chunauti dee. kaee praarambhik pratirodh safaltaon key baad, german jawabi upaay vishesh roop seey kathor hoe gaye. ack baar gambhir roop seey khatare mein padane key baad, german balon ney krurta aur aatank kaa sahaara liya joe paschimi morche parr pahale seey hii sunaa naheen gayaa thaa (lekin purvi mein aam thaa). sabse badee atyachar oradaur-sur-glain mein huaa, jahan germans ney 642 sthaaniya nivaasiyon kaa narsamhar kiya aur gaanv koo jalaa diyaa. german aatank kii ranneeti alpaavadhi mein safal saabit hui, kyonki hairan pratirodh vaapas aaa gayaa.
julaai aur agast key aspas, germans ney mcvis doo worker key khilaf apana sabse badaa abhiyaan shuru kiya. soviyat sangh mein niyojit "kadaahi abhiyaanon" key samaan, 10,000 german sainikon ney 4,000-majboot sthaaniya pakshapaatpurna bull koo gher liya aur nasht curr diyaa, sthaaniya nagrikon key khilaf atyachar bhee kiye, taaki sthaaniya logon koo aatankit kiya jaa sakey aur bache hue pakshpaatiyon koo gaanvon mein phir seey sangathit honey seey rokaa jaa sakey.

