
pariksha

ayrish kaanoon mein pariksha ack aisee prakriya haye jisake tahat adalat kaa sanrakshan ack company key astitva mein sahaayata key liye praapt kiya jaataa haye. yeh uchch nyayalaya kii manjuri key saath ack company koo punargathan karane kii anumati detaa haye.
ack pareekshak kii niyukti praapt karane key liye uchch nyayalaya mein yachika daayar karna aur adalat koo yeh samajhaana aavashyak haye kii yadi ack pareekshak niyukt kiya jaataa haye tou company aur usake poore yaa usake upakram key astitva kii ack uchit sambhavana haye.
pareekshak key paas 70 dinon (100 dinon taka vistaar yogya) kii ack nishchit avadhi hoti haye jisamen vyavastha kii ack yojana taiyar kii jaati haye, jise company key cumm seey cumm ack varg key lendaaron dwara anumodit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yadi yeh dikhaaya jaa sakata haye kii yojana company key astitva aur usake poore yaa usake hisse key liye pradaan karati haye aur yeh kii yeh company key kissy bhee lendar (rinadaataon) key liye anuchit roop seey purvagrahpurna naheen haye, tou adalat key paas yojana koo manjuri dene kaa vivekadhikar haye.
vyavastha kii adhikansh yojanaon mein ack niveshak company mein nivesh karega aur nivesh kiye gaye dhana kaa ack hissa pratyek varg key lendaaron koo labhansh kaa bhugtan karane key liye upayog kiya jaayega.
avalokan.
pareekshak kii avadharana mein antarnihit pramukh tark yeh haye kii ack aisee company koo rinadaata kii kaarravaai seey suraksha kii avadhi kaa anubhav karane kii anumati dee jaae, jisake dauran ack teesare paksh (pareekshak) koo company key mamalon kii jaanch karane kaa avsar milata haye aur yadi company key astitva kii uchit sambhavana haye aur ack chaalu chinta key roop mein isake sabhi yaa usake upakram kaa hissa haye, tou iss tarah key astitva koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye vyavastha kii yojana key liye prastaav taiyar karna haye.
parikshakon seey sambandhit kaanoon kii utpatti company (sanshodhan) adhiniyam 1990 mein hui haye jise aurechtus dwara aise samay mein paarit kiya gayaa thaa jaba companiyon key achche aadami samooh koo vyavasaay seey baahar jaane kaa khatra dikhaai diyaa thaa.
. baad mein, companiyon (sanshodhan) (naheen. 2) adhiniyam 1999 company kaanoon sameeksha samooh kii sifaarishon koo vidhaayi prabhaav dene key liye paarit kiya gayaa thaa, jise 1994 mein tatkalin udyam aur rojgar mantri dwara pariksha seey sambandhit kaanoon kii sameeksha key liye sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. 1999 kaa adhiniyam 1 farwari 2000 koo prabhaavi huaa aur pariksha vyavastha mein bahut mahatvapurna aur mahatvapurna badalaav kiye gaye.
uchch nyayalayon key niyamon key adesh 75aeye mein pariksha key sambandh mein adalati prakriyaaen nirdhaarit kii gaee hain.
ack pareekshak kii niyukti.
uchch nyayalaya key samaksh laaee gaee yachika key aadhar parr ack company mein ack pareekshak niyukt kiya jaataa haye. yachika kaa samarthan yachikakarta dwara yaa usaki or seey shapath liye gaye ack halafname dwara kiya jaanaa chaahiye. isake saath ack swatantra lekhakar dwara taiyar kii gaee report bhee honey chaahiye.
joe adalat mein yachika daayar curr sakata haye.
yachika company, usake nideshakon, usake lendaaron, usake sharedharakon yaa inke kissy bhee sanyojan dwara laaee jaa sakati haye.
pareekshak kii niyukti key liye yaachikaaen aamtaur parr company, usake nideshakon yaa usake sharedharakon dwara hii laaee jaati hain.
jahaan yachika company dwara hii prastut kii jaati haye, aisaa prateet hoga kii sadasyon kaa ack samanya sankalp paryaapt haye. prastaav kii ack prati (yadi likhit hoe) yaa baithak key kaaryavritt kaa ack ansh jisamen ack pareekshak kii niyukti key liye yachika daayar karane kaa nirnay liya jaataa haye, satyapan halafname mein pradarshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
jahaan nideshakon dwara yachika prastut kii jaati haye, vahaan board key uchit roop seey paarit prastaav key satyapan pramaan patra koo pradarshit karna aavashyak haye.
yachika mein ack pareekshak koo naamit kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur usey sakshya dwara samarthit kiya jaanaa chaahiye joe adalat koo yeh pradarshit karane key liye paryaapt haye kii ack pareekshak niyukt kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
pareekshak kii niyukti key liye aadhar.
ack pareekshak kii niyukti key liye pramukh kanuni pareekshan yeh haye kii kyaa company aur usake poore yaa kissy bhee hisse key astitva kii uchit sambhavana haye yaa naheen.
tadnusar, naa kewal company key astitva kii ack uchit sambhavana honey chaahiye, balki ack chaalu chinta key roop mein isake poore yaa kissy bhee hisse key astitva kii ack uchit sambhavana bhee honey chaahiye.
yeh pradarshit karna bhee aavashyak haye kii company apane rinon kaa bhugtan karane mein asamarth haye yaa honey kii sambhavana haye. ack company koo apane rinon kaa bhugtan karane mein asamarth maanaa jaataa haye yadih vaha apane rinon kaa bhugtan karane mein asamarth haye kyonki way deya hain; isaki parisampattiyon kaa moolya aakasmik aur sambhaavit dendaariyon donon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue isaki dendaariyon kii raashi seey cumm haye; yaa jahaan company adhiniyam 1963 kii dhaara 214 (aeye) yaa (bee) company parr lagu hoti haye.
yachika prastut karate samay kissy company koo diwalia honey kii aavashyakta naheen haye; adalat bhavishya kii ghatana kaa dhyaan rakh sakati haye jiska company kii rinon kaa nirvahan karane kii kshamata parr pratikool prabhaav padane kii sambhavana haye. haalaanki, ack pareekshak koo usa company mein niyukt naheen kiya jaa sakata haye joe pahale seey hii parisamapan mein haye. samaapan yachika kaa astitva apane aap mein ack pareekshak kii niyukti koo rokta naheen haye. jahaan ack praaptakarta teen dinon yaa usase adhik kii nirantar avadhi key liye niyukt kiya jaataa haye, ack pareekshak niyukt naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. teen dinon kii avadhi praaptakarta kii niyukti seey chalati haye aur yeh tark dene key liye ack yachikakarta key liye khula naheen haye kii niyukti mein kathit kamjori key aadhar parr avadhi shuru naheen hui haye.
jahaan ack pareekshak koo ack company mein niyukt kiya jaataa haye, adalat usey sambandhit companiyon key pareekshak key roop mein bhee niyukt curr sakati haye aur ack samooh kii sthiti mein yeh aksar utpann hotaa haye, halanki pratyek samooh company koo apane udyam key sabhi yaa hisse key astitva kii uchit sambhavana kii pariksha koo puuraa karna chaahiye.
yachika.
yachikakarta kaa atyant sadbhavana kaa kartavya haye, isaliye sabhi praasangik jaankaari adalat koo upalabdh karaai jaani chaahiye. aavedan key liye praasangik kissy bhee samagri mudde kaa khulasa karane mein viphalata, paristhitiyon key aadhar parr, aavedan koo khariz kiya jaa sakata haye.
yachika mein company kaa puuraa itihas aur prishthabhoomi honey chaahiye, saath hii isake praarambhik vyaapaar itihas kaa avalokan honah chaahiye.
isamen company kii vartamaan vittiya kathinaaiyon key karanon aur jahaan lagu hoe, sthiti koo thheek karane key liye nideshakon dwara uthaaye gaye upaayon kaa ack vyaapak spashteekaran honah chaahiye. yachika kaa samaapan una karanon key vishleshan key saath honah chaahiye jinake baare mein yachikakarta kaa maanana haye kii company aur usake poore yaa usake upakram key kissy bhee hisse mein astitva kii ack uchit sambhavana haye joe ack chaalu chinta key roop mein haye aur isake astitva koo sunishchit karane key liye aavashyak sthitiyon mein parivartan kii haye. yeye swatantra lekhakar kii report mein bhee parilakshit honge.
anta mein, yachika mein ack vyakti (jisane kaary karane key liye apani poorv sahamati dee haye) koo pareekshak aur yadi uchit hoe tou antarim pareekshak key roop mein niyukt kiya jaanaa chaahiye. pareekshak key roop mein kaary karane key liye usa vyakti kii yogyata kaa ack halafnama bhee adalat mein daayar kiya jaanaa chaahiye. naa tou yachikakarta key vakeel aur naa hii pareekshak key liye kaary karane vaale vakeel koo usa shapath patra kii shapath lenny chaahiye.
samarthan karane vaalaa halafnama.
yachika kaa samarthan yachikakarta dwara yaa usaki or seey shapath liye gaye ack halafname dwara kiya jaanaa chaahiye. abhyaas alag-alag hotaa haye aur kabhi-kabhi halafnama yachika mein nihit sabhi jaankaari kii nakal karega. aamtaur parr, yeh anaavashyak haye aur samarthan karane vaale halafname mein kewal yeh daavaa hoe sakata haye kii yachika mein dee gaee sabhi jaankaari sahee haye aur yachika mein dee gaee jaankaari key samarthan mein sabhi praasangik dastavej pradarshit kiye jaa sakate hain.
swatantra lekhakar kii report.
adalat seey suraksha kii maang karane vaali yachika key saath ack swatantra lekhakar kii report honey chaahiye. swatantra lekhakar company kaa lekha pareekshak yaa company key pareekshak key roop mein niyukt honey key liye yogya vyakti hoe sakata haye. haalaanki, vyavhaar mein, pareekshak key roop mein naamit vyakti swatantra lekhakar key alawa koee aur hotaa haye.
report koo companiyon (sanshodhan) adhiniyam 1990 (sanshodhit) dwara anivarya muddon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala seey nipatna chaahiye. anivarya roop seey, ise adalat key samaksh buniyaadi jaankaari rakhni chaahiye aur iss baare mein ack vichaar denaa chaahiye kii kyaa kissy samjhaute yaa vyavastha kii yojana key prastaav company key astitva kii uchit sambhavana pradaan karenge yaa naheen aur isake sabhi yaa usake upakram kaa hissa ack chaalu chinta key roop mein.
report mein company key astitva key liye aavashyak parivartan yaa sharton kaa sanket diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. jabaki yeye shartein pareekshak key liye badhyakari naheen hain, yeh mahatvapurna haye kii report mein shamil honey seey pahale una parr saavdhaanipoorvak vichaar kiya jaae. iska kaaran yeh haye kii yadi ack yaa adhik shartein poori tarah seey lendar key samjhaute parr nirbhar hain, tou iss tarah key samjhaute key abhaav mein, adalat yeh vichaar leey sakati haye kii company key astitva kii sambhavanaen cumm hoe gaee hain yaa samaapt bhee hoe gaee hain.
swatantra lekhakar koo yeh kahana chaahiye kii kyaa usake vichaar mein, upakram key poore yaa kissy bhee hisse koo jaari rakhane kaa prayaas sadasyon aur lendaaron key liye company key samaapan kii tulanaa mein adhik fayademand hoga.
suraksha avadhi key dauran vyaapaar karane kii company kii kshamata koo pradarshit karane key liye report mein nakadi-pravaah anuman bhee honey chaahiye. yadi company kaa nakadi pravaah ack yaa adhik vittiya sansthanon key samarthan parr nirbhar haye (udaaharan key liye, ack challan chhoot samjhaute key madhyam seey), tou sambandhit sansthaan key saath yachika kii prastuti key pahale seey ack praarambhik samjhaute parr pahunchane kii salah dee jaa sakati haye kii iss tarah key dhana koo vaapas naheen liya jaayega. yadi company key paas suraksha avadhi key dauran vyaapaar jaari rakhane key liye aparyaapt dhana haye, tou ack pareekshak niyukt naheen kiya jaayega.
asafal pariksha dene vaalon kii sankhya mein vriddhi key saath, adalat ney kuchh mamalon mein swatantra report kii adhik vistaar seey jaanch kii haye. yeh vishesh roop seey aisaa haye jahaan company key ack yaa adhik lendaaron dwara pareekshak kii niyukti parr apatti haye.
isaliye, yeh aavashyak haye kii report mein sabhi jaankaari aur vishesh roop seey, jeevit rahane kii sthitiyon aur kissy bhee anumaanit nakadi-pravaah parr saavdhaanipoorvak vichaar kiya jaae aur sateek jaankaari aur vishleshan dwara samarthit kiya jaae.
yachika key saath swatantra report kii aavashyakta koo duss dinn kii avadhi key liye samaapt kiya jaa sakata haye jahaan yachikakarta key niyantran key baahar asadharan paristhitiyaan hain aur jinka yachikakarta dwara uchit roop seey anuman naheen lagaaya jaa sakata thaa. praaptakarta kii niyukti apane aap mein ack asadharan paristhiti naheen hogi.
yachikakarta key saath, jahaan swatantra lekhakar atyadhik sadbhavana kaa prayog karane mein whiffle rhaa haye, adalat yachika koo sunane seey incar curr sakati haye.
isake alawa, jahaan swatantra lekhakar kii report seey yaa anyatha yeh spasht haye kii company kii sampatti key paryaapt gayab honey yaa company key mamalon key sambandh mein anya gambhir aniyamitataon kaa saboot haye, adalat koo saboot parr vichaar karane key liye sunavaai karane kii aavashyakta haye. iss sunavaai key sambandh mein vibhinn prakriyaatmak dishanirdesh hain. adalat koo aise adesh dene kaa adhikaar haye joe sunavaai key baad uchit lagey, jisamen yadi uchit hoe, tou kissy bhee mudde key mukadame key liye adesh bhee shamil haye.
vyavhaar mein adalaton kaa vichaar prateet hotaa haye kii company kaanoon key sambhaavit ullanghanon key sambandh mein vistrit jaanch karane key liye ack pariksha key dauran aparyaapt samay haye aur jahaan pushti sunavaai mein aise ullanghanon kii sambhavana utpann hoti haye, adalat yachika koo dene seey incar curr sakati haye.
adalat kii suraksha.
ack company adalat key karyalayon mein yachika prastut kiye jaane key kshan seey apane lendaaron seey adalat kaa sanrakshan praapt karati haye.
yachika kii prastuti.
yachika kii sunavaai key sambandh mein nirdesh key liye yachika kii prastuti key dinn adalat mein ack "ekpakshiya" aavedan kiya jaataa haye aur aksar, ack antarim pareekshak kii niyukti kii maang kii jaati haye.
choonki ack antarim pareekshak key paas ack poorna pareekshak key roop mein kharchon key pramanan kii samaan shaktiyaan hain, isaliye adalat ack antarim pareekshak kii niyukti koo sweekaar karane mein samaan roop seey satark rahegi.
haalaanki pratyek sthiti alag-alag hogi, ack antarim pareekshak kii niyukti kii maang key liye praathamik karanon mein seey ack usey poori sunavaai key baad taka intezar karane key bajaay turant apana kaam shuru karane mein suvidha pradaan karna haye. isake alawa, yeh aksar mahsoos kiya jaataa haye kii ack antarim pareekshak kii niyukti rinadaataon aur aapurtikartaon aur company key karmchaariyon koo ack nishchit star kaa ashvasana pradaan karati haye joe aksar ichchit aavedan key baare mein anjaan hotey hain jaba taka kii yeh naheen kiya jaataa haye.
jabaki uchch nyayalayon key niyamon mein yeh praavdhaan haye kii adalat nirdeshon key liye sunavaai koo poorna sunavaai key roop mein maan sakati haye (aur isaliye, siddhant roop mein, usa star parr aavedan koo khariz curr sakati haye) yeh company (sanshodhan) adhiniyam 1990 kii dhaara 3 bee key saath asangat prateet hoga, jisamen praavdhaan haye kii adalat kissy bhee yachika koo taba taka khariz naheen karegi jaba taka kii sabhi lendaaron koo sunavaai kaa avsar naa mill jaae.
yachika kii sunavaai aamtaur parr yachika kii prastuti kii tarikh key saat seey duss dinn baad ack dinn mein karane kaa nirdesh diyaa jaataa haye. isake vigyaapan key liye nirdesh diye jaate hain aur adalat aam taur parr nirdesh degi kii company key sabse badey lendaaron koo yachika patron kii ack prati dee jaae.
company (sanshodhan) adhiniyam, 1990 kii dhaara 12 mein kaee aupchaariktaaen nirdhaarit kii gaee hain jinka ack pareekshak kii niyukti key sambandh mein paalan kiya jaanaa chaahiye. iss sambandh mein, yachika kii soochana yachika kii prastuti key 3 dinon key bheetar companiyon key panjiyak koo dee jaani chaahiye. isake alawa, pareekshak kii niyukti, usaki pahali report kii sunavaai key liye nirdhaarit tithi, yadi koee hoe, key saath vigyaapit kii jaani chaahiye. vigyapanon koo usa jile mein prasaarit honey vaale dou dainik samachar patron mein rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye jahaan niyukti key teen dinon key bheetar company kaa apana panjikrit karyalaya haye aur niyukti key 21 dinon key bheetar iris offigil mein rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye.
yachika kii sunavaai.
yachika kii poorna sunavaai mein, jinn pakshon key hita yachika parr adesh dene seey prabhaavit hoe sakate hain, way sunavaai key hakdar hain aur yachika aur pareekshak kii niyukti key aadhar parr adalat seey suraksha dene kaa samarthan yaa virodh karane key hakdar hain.
jahaan ack antarim pareekshak niyukt kiya gayaa haye, vaha antarim suraksha kii avadhi key dauran apane dwara kiye gaye kaam koo rekhaankit karate hue aur usa avadhi key dauran utpann honey vaale kissy bhee praasangik mudde koo ujagar karate hue ack sankshipt report dakhil karega.
yachika kii sunavaai parr kiye jaa sakane vaale adesh yaa aadeshon key sandarbh mein adalat key paas vyaapak vivekadhikar haye. haalaanki, yadi kissy bhee kaaran seey adalat kaa vichaar haye kii company key astitva kii uchit sambhavana naheen haye, tou usey yachika dene seey incar karna chaahiye aur usey adalat key sanrakshan koo vaapas lena chaahiye. adalat aisee paristhitiyon mein parisamaapak kii tatkaal niyukti kaa adesh dey sakati haye.
yadi nyayalaya santusht haye kii company key astitva kii uchit sambhavana haye aur usake sabhi yaa usake upakram kaa hissa ack pareekshak niyukt karane key liye apane vivek kaa prayog curr sakata haye. adalat iss tarah key muddon parr vichaar karegi jaise kii kyaa aavedak dwara poorna khulasa kiya gayaa haye, nideshakon kaa aacharan aur iss sambandh mein apane vivek kaa prayog karane mein karmchaariyon parr prabhaav.
nyayalaya sanrakshan kaa prabhaav.
jaisa kii oopar bataaya gayaa haye, adalat karyalaya mein yachika prastut karane key samay seey, company adalat key sanrakshan mein haye.
suraksha avadhi key praarambh seey, company lendar kii kaarravaai seey prabhaavi roop seey pratirakshit haye. yeh nishedh kewal ack paksh (aamtaur parr ack baink) key sett-off key adhikaar kaa prayog karane key adhikaar key adheen haye aur isaliye, usa adhikaar kaa prayog naheen karane key liye baink seey koee samjhauta naheen honey parr, yeh salah dee jaati haye kii company suraksha avadhi key liye ack alag vyaapaar khaata khole.
jaba taka swatantra report dwara anushansit yaa pareekshak dwara aavedan parr adalat dwara anyatha anumodit naheen kiya jaataa haye, taba taka company yachika kii prastuti seey pahale kissy bhee dendari kaa nirvahan naheen curr sakati haye. aam taur parr, swatantra lekhakar kii report kissy bhee aapurtikarta yaa vyaapaar lendaaron key saath karmchaariyon koo majdoori key kissy bhee bakaaya key bhugtan kii sifarish karegi joe suraksha avadhi key dauran company key astitva key liye aavashyak hain.
nyayalaya sanrakshan kii avadhi.
adalat sanrakshan kii avadhi 70 dinon key saath-saath ack vivekadhin 30 dinon kii haye) joe uchch nyayalaya mein aavedan parr dee jaa sakati haye.
kissy bhee vyavastha kii yojana parr vichaar karane key liye lendaaron aur sharedharakon kii baithaken pareekshak kii niyukti kii tarikh seey 35 dinon key bheetar (yaa uchch nyayalaya mein aavedan karane parr ack lambi avadhi key bheetar) aayojit kii jaani chaahiye.
vyavhaar mein, rinadaataon aur sharedharakon kii baithaken shayed hii kabhi suraksha avadhi key pahale 35 dinon key bheetar hoti hain aur pareekshak aamtaur parr uchch nyayalaya mein apani report dakhil karane key liye samay key vistaar key liye aavedan kartaa haye. usa avadhi koo praarambhik 70-divasiya avadhi (yachika prastut karane kii tarikh seey adhikatam 100 dinon taka) seey aage badhaaya jaa sakata haye yadi pareekshak adalat koo darshaata haye kii, halanki vaha 70 dinon key bheetar aisaa naheen curr sakata haye, tou vaha adalat mein report karane mein saksham hoga yadi usey atirikt samay diyaa jaataa haye. aam taur parr, vistaar key liye aavedan koo aadhar banaane vaalaa halafnama ingit karega kii pareekshak ack yaa adhik prastaavit niveshakon key saath baatchit curr rhaa haye aur usa aadhar parr, uska maanana haye kii vaha vyavastha kii yojana key liye prastaav taiyar karane mein saksham hoga.
mahatvapurna baat yeh haye kii yadi kissy bhee star parr pareekshak kaa yeh vichaar haye kii company key astitva kii koee uchit sambhavana naheen haye, tou usey companiyon (sanshodhan) adhiniyam 1990 kii dhaara 18 (9) key anusaar uchch nyayalaya mein nirdesh key liye aavedan karna chaahiye aur adalat, aise aavedan parr, aise nirdesh dey sakati haye yaa joe bhee adesh vaha uchit samajhe, jisamen pareekshak koo nirvahan karane kaa adesh, adalat kii suraksha koo hataana aur nirdesh denaa shamil haye kii company koo samaapt curr diyaa jaae. iss tarah kaa koee bhee aavedan karane mein koee bhee deree pareekshak key paarishramik key bhugtan key liye baad key aavedan parr pratikool prabhaav daal sakati haye.
pareekshak.
pareekshak key kartavya.
pareekshak key kartavyon mein company key mamalon kii jaanch karna, vyavastha kii yojana key liye prastaav taiyar karna, kissy bhee prastaav parr matdan karane key uddeshya seey sadasyon aur lendaaron kii baithaken bulana aur adalat koo apane nishkarshon kii report karna shamil haye.
pareekshak koo imandari seey, uchit roop seey aur poori imandari key saath kaary karna chaahiye. aisaa karane mein kissy bhee viphalata key parinamswarup adalat pareekshak key kuchh yaa sabhi paarishramik, laagat aur kharchon koo aswikar curr sakati haye.
ack pareekshak mukadame seey mukt naheen haye aur vyavastha kii yojana mein vyaktigat daayitva koo baahar naheen curr sakata haye.
vyavastha kii yojana key liye prastaav.
pareekshak kaa sabse mahatvapurna kaary vyavastha kii ack yojana key liye prastaav taiyar karane kaa prayaas karna haye joe company key astitva aur usake poore yaa hisse koo ack chaalu chinta key roop mein banaae rakhane mein suvidha pradaan karega.
vyavastha kii ack yojana mein aksar ack nayaa niveshak shamil hotaa haye joe company mein sabhi yaa kaafee hudd taka sabhi hissedari kaa adhigrahan kartaa haye aur saath hii rinadaataon key vibhinn vargon mein company key rinn kaa ack lekh bhee shamil hotaa haye. kuchh paristhitiyon mein, teesare paksh key nivesh kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye.
pareekshak rinadaataon koo vibhinn vargon mein vibhajit kartaa haye (jaise.jee. asurakshit rinadaata, patta rinadaata, swaamitva rinadaataon, asthaayi prabhardharakon, nishchit prabhardharakon, rajaswa ayukton, aakasmik rinadaataon aadi kaa pratidhaaran.) aur ack baar vyavastha kii yojana key liye prastaav taiyar honey key baad, unhein pratyek lendar aur sadasya koo vitarit kiya jaataa haye aur pareekshak phir vibhinn vargon key lendaaron kii baithaken aayojit kartaa haye aur saath hii saath uchit vargon key sharedharakon kii baithaken aayojit kartaa haye.
basharte kii cumm seey cumm ack varg key lendar pareekshak key prastaavon koo sweekaar karane key paksh mein matdan karein, pareekshak apani vyavastha kii yojana koo manjuri dene key liye adalat seey manjuri lene key liye aage badh sakata haye jisase yeh asahamati rakhane vaale dalon key liye badhyakari hoe. rinadaataon dwara unaki baithakon mein matdan usa baithak mein pratinidhitva kiye gaye daavon key moolya mein bahumat kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale bahumat seey hotaa haye.
pareekshak kii shaktiyaan.
ack pareekshak key paas vyaapak vaidhaanik shaktiyaan hoti hain, jinamen seey kuchh kaa upayog ektarafa kiya jaa sakata haye aur jinamen seey kuchh kaa upayog kewal adalat kii manjuri key saath kiya jaa sakata haye.
nimnalikhit kuchh shaktiyaan hain joe ack pareekshak key paas hoe sakati hainh
ack pareekshak koo pradatt shaktiyon kii prakriti aur dayare parr haal hii mein adalat dwara misford limitted trading key mamle mein nivaas sadasya club key roop mein vichaar kiya gayaa thaa.
sabse adhik upayog kii jaane vaali shaktiyon mein seey ack suraksha kii avadhi key dauran kuchh dendaariyon koo pramaanit karane kii kshamata haye. aamtaur parr aise pramanpatron koo 'dhaara 10 pramanpatra' key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.
dhaara 10 pramanpatra kaa prabhaav yeh haye kii sabhi pramaanit dendaariyon koo company key khilaf anya sabhi daavon (surakshit lendaaron key daavon koo chhodkar) aur pareekshak key paarishramik, laagat aur kharchon parr prathamikta dee jaati haye.
ack pareekshak kewal una kharchon koo pramaanit curr sakata haye jahaan vaha yeh raay banaata haye kii company kaa astitva ack chaalu chinta key roop mein anyatha gambhir roop seey purvagrahpurna hoga. mahatvapurna roop seey, kewal suraksha avadhi key dauran kii gaee dendaariyon koo pramaanit kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh bhee dhyaan diyaa jaanaa chaahiye kii adalat key paas pareekshak dwara pramaanit kissy bhee raashi kii sameeksha karane kaa vivekadhikar haye.
rinadaataon parr prabhaav.
nishchit shulk dhaarak.
nishchit prabhardharakon key kaaran rinon koo vyavastha kii yojana mein likhaa jaa sakata haye, basharte kii prastaav nishchit prabhaardhaarak key liye anuchit roop seey pratikool naa hoe. vyaapak roop seey, joe prastaav ack nishchit prabharkarta key rinn koo shulk key antarnihit moolya seey cumm likhate hain, unhein anuchit roop seey purvagrahpurna maanaa jaayega. yeh mahatvapurna siddhant iss baat parr spasht sangharsh kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye kii vaastav mein ack prabhaarak kii suraksha kaa antarnihit moolya kyaa haye.
kuchh paristhitiyon mein, pareekshak una parisampattiyon kaa niptan curr sakata haye joe nishchit yaa asthaayi shulk key adheen hain. niptan kii anumati kewal tabhi dee jaayegi jahaan yeh company key poore yaa kissy bhee hisse key astitva koo ack chaalu chinta key roop mein suvidhajanak banaane kii sambhavana haye. prabhaavit lendar kii sahamati key binaa, pareekshak koo iss tarah kaa koee bhee niptan honey seey pahale uchch nyayalaya mein aavedan karna hoga.
yadi parisampattiyaan ack shulk key adheen hain, joe, jaisa kii banaaya gayaa thaa, ack asthaayi shulk thaa, tou surakshit lendar koo niptan kii aaya parr ack sambandhit pratibhooti maanaa jaayega.
haalaanki, yadi parisampattiyon kaa niptan ack nishchit shulk key adheen haye, tou koee bhee niptan shuddh aaya yaa shuddh raashi parr sashart hoga joe ack ichchuk vikreta (joe bhee adhik hoe) dwara ack khule bajar mein bikri parr praapt kii jaayegi, joe shulk dwara surakshit raashi key nirvahan key liye lagu kii jaa rahee haye. ack nishchit shulk key mamle mein, deya raashi mein naa kewal sabhi mooldhan aur byaaj shamil honge, balki koee bhee laagat bhee shamil hogi jisake liye prabharkarta kaanoon dwara yaa pratibhooti kii sharton key tahat hakdar haye.
company key baad key parisamapan kii sthiti mein ack nishchit prabhaarak key adhikaaron parr ack pareekshak kaa paarishramik aur laagat prathamikta letee haye. haalaanki, pareekshak kii pramaanit dendaariyon koo nishchit prabhariyon parr prathamikta naheen haye, lekin asthaayi prabharakon key hiton parr prathamikta haye.
yeh ack pareekshak koo pariksha avadhi key dauran udhaar laker asthaayi prabhariyon key prati purvagrah key liye kuchh lachilaapan detaa haye.
jamindar.
lease key tahat upaarjit kiraaye key bakaaya koo kissy bhee vyavastha kii yojana mein cumm kiya jaa sakata haye. halanki, samjhaute key abhaav mein, bhavishya mein kiraaye kaa bhugtan naa karane yaa anya vaacha key ullanghan key sambandh mein kirayedar key adhikaaron koo badalana yaa kiraaye key bhugtan koo cumm karna sambhav naheen haye.
haalaanki adalat ack pareekshak koo apani samagrata mein patte kaa daavaa karane kii anumati dey sakati haye,
 iss mamle mein patte key poonjikrit moolya koo pariksha mein asurakshit daayitva key roop mein maanyata dee jaayegi.
guaranti.
jabaki suraksha avadhi key dauran teesare paksh dwara dee gaee guaranti koo lagu karane parr pratibandh haye, guaranters kaa daayitva iss baat key bavjood haye kii mool rinn vyavastha kii yojana key anusaar bhinn hoe sakata haye.
haalaanki, guaranti key tahat apane adhikaaron koo aage badhaane key liye, lendar koo vyavastha kii yojana parr vichaar karane key liye lendaaron kii baithak seey pahale guaranter key saath ack notice prakriya seey gujarna padata haye. notice prakriya kaa sahee dhang seey paalan karane mein viphalata key parinamswarup ack lendar guaranti key anusaar apane adhikaar khou sakata haye.
pushti sunavaai.
sunavaai mein jahaan adalat dwara vyavastha kii yojana parr vichaar kiya jaataa haye, koee bhee lendar yaa sadasya jiska daavaa yaa byaaj baadhit hoe jaayega yadi prastaavon koo lagu kiya gayaa thaa, usey darshakon kaa adhikaar haye.
adalat key paas prastaavon kii pushti karane, unhein sanshodhit karane yaa aswikar karane kaa vivekadhikar haye. adalat prastaavon kii pushti naheen curr sakati haye yadi way "nishpaksh aur nyaaysangat" naheen hain yaa yadi way kissy bhee ichchuk paksh key hiton key liye "anuchit roop seey purvagrahpurna" hain.
vyavhaar mein, adalat yeh pataa lagaane mein dheemi hogi kii prastaav anuchit yaa asman hain yaa aisee paristhitiyon mein anuchit roop seey purvagrahpurna hain jahaan prabhaavit varg koo parisamapan mein praapt honey vaale labhansh seey adhik labhansh praapt hoga.
adalat ney haal hii mein una aadharon koo spasht kiya haye jinn parr surakshit lendar vyavastha kii yojana parr apatti curr sakate hain.
adalat kii pushti kii maang seey pahale prastaavon koo antim roop diyaa jaanaa chaahiye aur puuraa kiya jaanaa chaahiye. iss sambandh mein, adalat ack aisee vyavastha kii yojana kii pushti karane seey incar curr degi jise ack niveshak dwara vitt poshit kiya jaanaa haye, jaba taka kii niveshak koo nivesh nidhi pradaan karane key liye kanuni roop seey badhyakari pratibaddhata mein pravesh naheen kiya gayaa haye aur yeh pradarshit naheen kiya gayaa haye kii dhana upalabdh haye, aamtaur parr unhein pareekshak key vakeelon key saath jamaa karke, yadi adalat una prastaavon kii pushti karati haye joe way ack prabhaavi tithi seey unake dwara prabhaavit sabhi sadasyon aur lendaaron parr badhyakari hain, aamtaur parr yojana mein naamit aur adalat dwara aadeshit.
pareekshak kii niyukti aamtaur parr iss prabhaavi tithi parr samaapt hoe jaati haye aur yojana kaa prashaasan company key liye ack mamla haye.
pareekshak kaa paarishramik, laagat aur kharch.
pareekshak koo apane paarishramik, laagat aur usake dwara kiye gaye uchit kharchon key bhugtan key liye uchch nyayalaya mein aavedan karna chaahiye.
aavedan koo pareekshak dwara shapath liye gaye ack halafname parr adharit kiya jaataa haye jisamen sambandhit avadhi mein unake aur unake karmchaariyon dwara kiye gaye sabhi karyon kaa vivaran diyaa jaataa haye. usey laagat aur kharchon kii pushti karni chaahiye aur usa aadhar kaa vivaran bhee denaa chaahiye jisake aadhar parr usaki phees lii gaee haye. iss sambandh mein, uchch nyayalaya ummeed karega kii ack pareekshak usa aadhar parr sahmat hoga jisake aadhar parr yachikakarta seey usaki phees lii jaayegi. isake alawa, shapath patra mein yeh nirdisht karna hoga kii pareekshak ney karmchaariyon kii sevaaon aur/yaa company kii suvidhaon kaa kyaa upayog kiya haye.
uchch nyayalaya ney haal hii mein ack pareekshak koo diye gaye paarishramik parr niyantran kaa daavaa kiya haye, joe kii kiye gaye kaam key dayare aur paarishramik kii prati ghanta darr donon key sambandh mein haye.
adalat dwara sweekrit pareekshak key sabhi paarishramik, laagat aur kharch (dhaara 10 key tahat pramaanit dendaariyon key apavaad key saath) asthaayi shulk dwara surakshit daavon aur nishchit shulk dwara surakshit daavon koo prathamikta dete hain.
pariksha key baad company key parisamapan mein jaane kii sthiti mein, pareekshak kaa sweekrit paarishramik, laagat aur kharch (dhaara 10 key tahat pramaanit kharchon sahit) parisamaapak key paarishramik, laagat aur kharchon koo prathamikta dega.
aise sangathan jinhone pariksha prakriya kii maang kii haye/upayog kiya haye.
2006 taka, prati varsh ausatan 10 companiyon ney pariksha kii maang kii, 2008 mein ayrish vittiya sankat kii shuruat key saath sankhya 60 seey adhik hoe gaee.