avus

automobil-workehers-unda ubungstrasse ('automobile traffic aind training road'), jise avus () key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye, berlin, germany mein ack saarvajanik sadak haye. 1921 mein khola gayaa, iska upayog 1998 taka motor racing circuit key roop mein bhee kiya jaataa thaa. aaj, avus bundesoutoban 115 kaa uttari bhaag banaata haye.
paripath.
rajmarg berlin key dakshin-paschimi jilon mein sthit haye, joe charlotenberg mein functorm junction parr stadtring koo nicolasi seey jodata haye. yeh charlotenberg seey potsdam aur samanantar berlin-blankenheim railway line taka aitihaasik "conigsweg" sadak key saath grunewald jangal seey hocker gujarta haye.
jabaki ack sadak key liye samanya haye, yeh ack races track key liye asamanya roop seey aakar diyaa gayaa haye kyonki yeh anivarya roop seey dou lambe maargon key roop mein ack dohare carridgeway key roop mein haye, jisamen pratyek chhor parr ack hairpin corner haye. uttari vakr mein 1937 seey 1967 taka ack khadee banking thee. jabaki mool leout lamba thaa, dakshini modd koo kaee baar sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa, taaki track koo chhota kiya jaa sakey, phir banking key binaa, aur anta mein.
itihas.
1907 mein casserliture automobile club (key. aeye. see.) sangh ney motor-khel sthal aur motor udyog key liye ack pareekshan track donon key roop mein ack shulk-vitt poshit circuit taiyar kiya. 1909 mein ack vikaasheel company kii sthaapana kii gaee thee; haalaanki, vitt aur aadhikarik pradhikaranon kii kamee ney 1913 key vasant taka nirmaan shuru karane mein deree kii. mahaan yuddh key dauran kaam bund hoe gaye, aur haalaanki russie senaa key kaidiyon koo asthaayi roop seey avus key nirmaan mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, lekin track abhee bhee adhura thaa. 1920 seey shesh sadak kaary kaa vittaposhan vyavasaayi aur rajneta hyugo stinus dwara kiya gayaa thaa. 24 sitambar 1921 koo motor races key saath yuddh key baad kii pahali antarrashtriya automobile pradarshani (aaee. aeye. aeye.) key dauran ack gett building aur kaee stand sahit circuit kaa udghaatan kiya gayaa thaa. isake baad sadak koo duss ankon key shulk parr janata key liye khol diyaa gayaa thaa.
races track.
khulane key samay, avus lamba thaa-pratyek seedha lagbhag aadhaa lambai kaa thaa, aur pratyek chhor parr sapaat, badey-trijya vakron dwara judaa huaa thaa, joe ghadee kii vipareet disha mein sanchaalit thaa.
jabaki grand prix motor racing drishya abhee bhee german patariyon seey bachata thaa, 1922 seey circuit motorcycle daud kaa sthal bhee thaa. 11 julaai 1926 koo track ney sports kaaron key liye pahale antarrashtriya german grand prix kii mejbani kii, jiska ayojan automobile club wonn doichland, poorv kac dwara kiya gayaa thaa. 1921 kaa sadak maarg aparyaapt nikalaah pahale seey hii, vyavhaar mein dou dinn pahale, yuva italvi chaalak enrico platte (argentine key chaalak aur isi naam key team key malik key saath bhramit naheen honah chaahiye) ack durghatana mein shamil thaa jisamen usake mechanic kii maut hoe gaee thee. daud key dauran, bhaari barish mein, dou track marshel kii mrityu hoe gaee jaba adolph rosenberger ney niyantran khou diyaa aur sanketak board aur timekeeper key boxes seey takra gaye, jisamen kuchh ghanton baad aspatal mein ack teesare karmchari kii maut hoe gaee. grand prix unake saathi team-sadasya, abb taka key agyaat mercedez-benz salesman rudolf carreciola ney remagon seey jeetaa thaa, joe ack niji, aathh-cylinder "monja" compressor prakaar chalaate they. sabse tez laip ferdinando minoia dwara ack ome mein sett kiya gayaa thaa.
1927 seey german grand prix koo paschimi german ephil renz mein nae aur adhik surakshit noorberging circuit mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki avus koo ack naee damar satah millie aur rockett kaaron key liye ack prayogaatmak track key roop mein kaary kiya.
23 maee 1928 koo fritz wonn opel ("rockett fritz") ney opel opel mein ack gati record hassil kiya.
mahamandi key kaaran vaarshik auto daud 1931 taka phir seey shuru naheen kii gaee thee, jaba carreciola ney phir seey mercedez-benz aiss. aiss. key. mein jeet hassil kii, agale varsh carreciola key alfa romeo mein jaane key baad manfried wonn brouchits ney unakaa sthaan liya. 
22 maee 1932 koo pratiyogita mein earl howay, hans stuck aur surr malcum campbelle jaise aur ullekhaniya pratibhaagi dekhe gaye. chekoslovak chaalak, lobokoviz key rajkumar george christian kii mrityu hoe gaee jaba unaki bugati type 54 dakshini hairpin mein durghatanagrast hoe gaee. nimnalikhit pratiyogitaon mein achile verzi (1933) aur gaay moll (1934) ney jeet hassil kii, jisase nae naazi shasakon koo bahut gussa aaya, jinhone german chalakon aur kaaron kii jeet koo rashtriya gaurav kaa vishay ghoshit kiya. unhone mercedez-benz aur auto union key nae chaandi key teeron ("silberpile") key nirmaan kaa dridhata seey samarthan kiya.
1935 mein luigi fagioli ney mercedez-benz mercedez-benz mein daud jeeti; haalaanki, track abb kaaron key liye paryaapt naheen thaa joe ausat daud kii gati taka pahunchati theen. avus koo "duniya kaa sabse tez races track" banaane key prayaas mein, 1936 key satra koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaa aur jaba track ney 1936 key grishmakaaleen olympic kii cycling road races, mairathan aur 50 kimmy paidal athletic pratiyogitaon kii mejbani kii thee, tou uttar vakr koo eenton seey baney ack khadee kinare vaale modd (43 degree) mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa. ise "maut kii deewaar" kahaa jaane lagaa, vishesh roop seey kyonki isamen koee pratidhaaran baadha naheen thee, isaliye joe kaaren modd seey chook gaeen, way aasaani seey isase uda gaeen. 1937 mein chaandi key teeron ney kewal ack baar baink sanskaran parr daud lagaai. kyonki avus daud koo championship kii or naheen ginaa jaataa thaa, gair-jee. pee. kaaron kii anumati dee gaee thee, joe uchch gati record prayason key liye upayog kii jaane vaali kaaron key samaan suvyavasthit kaaron key upayog kii anumati detee thee. yeh daud dou heat mein chalaai gaee thee; doosari heat key liye qualify karane key dauran, luigi fagioli ney apane auto union type see koo poul kii sthiti parr 4 minut aur 8.2 sekand kii ausat gati seey rakhaa-joe itihas mein sabse tej motor racing laip thaa, iss samay taka tonny bettenhausen dwara monja mein dou vishvon kii 1957 kii daud key liye qualify karane mein behtar kiya gayaa thaa. 1971 key indianapolis 500 key dauran chaar chalakon dwara bhee ise behtar banaaya gayaa thaa. mercedez chaalak herman laing kii ausat daud kii gati lagbhag paanch dashakon taka itihas mein sabse tej sadak daud thee, aur 1980 key dashak key madhya taka 1986 key indianapolis 500 mein uchch gati vaale baink-circuit parr iska milan naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
1937 key baad koee badee daud aayojit naheen kii gaee thee, kyonki 1938 kii shuruat mein, lokpriya german races driver burned rosemayer autoban frankfurt-darmstead (vartamaan mein bundesoutoban 5) key ack seedhe hisse parr bhoomi gati record prayaas mein maare gaye they, jiss samay tej gati vaale avus koo tej grand prix races kaaron key liye bahut khatarnak maanaa jaataa thaa. isake alawa, ise 1940 mein badhate "reachsoutoban" network seey jodaa jaanaa thaa, ise dakshin mein berliner ring kii or vistaarit kiya jaanaa thaa, isaliye nicolasi mein mool hairpin koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa aur ack junction dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. ack niyojit tatvarti dakshin modd kabhi naheen banaaya gayaa thaa; dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad americi kabje vaale balon dwara grunewald vann mein saaf kiye gaye maidanon kaa upayog ack saabit karane vaale maidan ("keyrons renz") key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa.
yuddh key baad.
yuddh key baad pahali avus daud 1 julaai 1951 koo formula dou aur formula teen kaaron key liye aayojit kii gaee thee, jise purvi german chaalak paul graphazu ney jeetaa thaa. yuddh key baad kii daud key liye, mool behad lambe maargon koo beach mein ack nae dakshin modd kii shuruat dwara chhota curr diyaa gayaa thaa ("huttonweg" nikas seey thheek pahale, jahaan ise abhee bhee dekhaa jaa sakata haye), jisase track kii lambai cumm hoe gaee thee. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, berlin kii deewaar, draylinden/drawitz mein apani jaanch chauki brevo key saath, poorv dakshin modd key lagbhag ack meal (1.6 kimmy) key karib naheen aaee. yeh ack aam lekin galat dhaarana haye kii berlin kii deewaar avus koo aadhe mein kaat detee haye.
yeh 19 sitambar 1954 taka naheen thaa kii iss chhote track ney ack gair-championship formula vann races kii mejbani kii. yeh "berlin kaa bhavya puraskar" mukhya roop seey ack show thaa jisamen mercedez-benz mercedez-benz driver carle cling (vijeta) aur juan manual fengio kaa varchasva thaa. koee gambhir pratiyogita maujood naheen thee, kyonki kaee teams ney aaney seey incar curr diyaa thaa aur german grand prix abhee bhee noorberging parr aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. antatah avus ney 2 agast koo 1959 key german grand prix key saath apani ekmatra vishva championship formula vann races kii mejbani kii, jise tonny brooks ney jeetaa. iss daud saptahant mein ack sahayak sports kaar daud mein francisi chaalak jeane behra kii bhee mrityu hoe gaee, kyonki unakaa porsch arsk uttar modd banking key sheersh parr uda gayaa, kyonki koee deewaar yaa baad naheen thee. german chaalak aur patrakaar richard wonn frankenberg pahale usee sthaan parr isi tarah kii ack shandar durghatana seey door chaley gaye they, lekin behra koo aisaa koee bhaagya naheen milaa kyonki unake shareer ney ack jhande key sir koo prabhaavit kiya-pahale jaba unhein apani kaar seey fenk diyaa gayaa thaa.
1961 key baad, grand prix racing 2000 taka baink circuit parr naheen hui thee. autodromo nazionle monja aur autodrome dee linas-montelhary mein baink vaale vargon koo antarrashtriya racing manakon dwara khatarnak maanaa jaataa thaa. inca upayog kuchh samay key liye chiken key sambandh mein kiya jaataa thaa, phir unhein chhod diyaa jaataa thaa. banking kewal 2000 mein formula vann parr laut aaya jaba shrinkhala ney indianapolis motor speedway parr ack sadak maarg kaa upayog kiya. functorm tower key neeche ack vistaarit chauraahe koo raasta dene key liye 1967 mein avus banking koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss meenar key sheersh seey, koee bhee dekh sakata haye kii avus poori tarah seey seedha naheen haye.
puraane baink circuit koo film "aeye dandy inn aspic" (1968) mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye jisamen period racing kaaron kii visheshta haye.
ack sapaat uttar modd key saath daud jaari rakhee gaee, lekin avus ney kewal rashtriya paryatan kaaron dee. tii. aim. aur formula 3 pratiyogitaon kaa ayojan kiya. 1980 aur 1990 key dashak mein track kii lambai mein lagbhag dou baar katauti kii gaee thee kyonki seedhi daud alokpriya hoe gaee thee. uttar vakr mein pravesh kii gati koo cumm karane key liye chiken bhee jode gaye they. phir bhee, kuchh ghatanaaen aur durghatanaaen huin. antim koney seey baahar nikalane parr dieter quester kaa bmw ludhak gayaa, aur podium finish key liye chingari udaane key saath apani chhat parr fisalati hui finish line koo paar curr gayaa. johnn winter kii kaar ack baadha seey takra gaee aur uttari vakr mein ack aag key gole mein visfot hoe gayaa, jisamen vaha butch gayaa.
1995 mein, dee. tii. aim. kii daud 2 koo radd karna padaa, jaba ack bahu-kaar dher ney circuit koo avaruddh curr diyaa; baad mein usa sitambar mein, british chaalak keath odor kii ack super touring kaar karyakram mein maut hoe gaee jaba unaki kaar ghoom gaee aur chaalak key paksh parr takkar key saath ack taraf seey takra gaee.
aaj key dinn.
berlin kii deewaar girane key baad, daud kii ghatnaaon key liye avus kaa bund honah yatayat aur sambandhit paryavaraniya chintaon koo laker teji seey samasyagrast hoe gayaa. 1998 mein pichhali daud key baad, 1999 mein diggajon key saath ack vidaai karyakram aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. 2000 seey, brandenberg mein nae europeedway logitz koo pratiyogita key liye pratisthaapan sthal maanaa jaataa haye. uttar chhor parr goal daud niyantran tower abhee bhee apane pramukh mercedez-benz aur bosch prayojan prateek chinh key saath banaa huaa haye. iska upayog (abb bund) saarvajanik bhojanalaya aur motal key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. purana lakadi kaa bhavya maidan ack aitihaasik smaarak key roop mein sanrakshit haye.
laip samay.
avus mein aadhikarik races laip record iss prakaar soochibaddh hainh

