
swedish kuleenata

swedish kuleen varg (sweedishah "adelan" yaa "readerscoppet oach adelan", nighthood aur kuleenata) aitihaasik roop seey sweeden mein kanuni aur/yaa samajik roop seey visheshaadhikaar praapt varg rhaa haye, aur tathaakathit "fralsey" (puraane swedish seey vyutpann jiska arth haye "mukt gardan") kaa hissa haye. kuleenata key liye pracheen shabd, "fralse" mein paadari varg bhee shamil thaa, joe curr chhoot aur aahar (ricksdag) mein pratinidhitva dwara paribhaashit ack vargeekaran thaa. aaj kuleen varg apane poorv kanuni visheshadhikaron koo banaae naheen rakhta haye, halanki parivaar key naam, upaadhiyan aur hathiyaron key coat abhee bhee sanrakshit hain. swedish kuleen varg mein "parichay" aur "parichay naheen" kuleen varg donon shamil hain, jahaan baad vaale koo kuleen varg key ghar ("riddaruset") mein aupchaarik roop seey "parichay" naheen diyaa gayaa haye. kuleen varg kaa ghar abhee bhee stockholm mein praasangik imaraton key rakharkhaav key liye 18 varsh seey adhik ayu key purush sadasyon key liye shulk rakhta haye.
vartamaan sweeden mein kuleen varg seey sambandhit abhee bhee kuchh anaupchaarik samajik visheshaadhikaar hoe sakate hain, aur vishesh roop seey kuchh samoohon key beach kuchh samajik aur aitihaasik mahatva key hoe sakate hain. haalaanki, sweeden lambe samay seey ack aadhunik loktaantrik samaaj rhaa haye aur raajya karyalayon mein sabhi niyuktiyon koo kaanoon dwara yogya prathaon seey niyantrit kiya jaataa haye. isaliye parivaar key mool key aadhar parr kissy bhee swedish nagrik koo curr yaa anyatha koee vishesh visheshaadhikaar naheen diye jaate hain, apavaad samrat aur shaahi parivaar key anya sadasya hain. haalaanki, yeh bhoomika bhee aaj, sarkaar key saadhan key anusaar, aupchaarik haye.
1902 mein, swen hedin shaahi parivaar key sadasyon key alawa sweeden mein pratishthit honey vaale antim vyakti bunn gaye. 1974 seey, samrat koo kewal shaahi parivaar key sadasyon koo kuleenata kii upaadhiyan pradaan karane kii anumati haye. 2004 taka sweeden mein lagbhag 619 maujooda kuleen parivaar they, jinamen lagbhag 28,000 sadasya they. unhein ginati (46 parivaar), bairan (124 parivaar) aur anaam kuleen (449 parivaar) key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye.
2003 taka kuleen varg koo ack sarkari kaanoon dwara viniyamit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin usa varsh kaanoon koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa taaki kuleen varg kii sarkari manjuri aur kanuni viniyaman koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. kuleen varg kaa ghar abb ack niji sansthaan haye, joe nagrik vaanijyik kaanoon key tahat kissy bhee niji nigam key roop mein chalaaya jaataa haye, aur isake sadasyon key swaamitva mein haye. aaj, kuleen varg kaa ekmatra visheshaadhikaar apane hathiyaron key coat mein ack khule mukhaavaran key saath ack shirastraan kaa upayog karane kaa adhikaar haye, yeh 1762 key shaahi adhiniyam key anusaar haye; khule mukhaavaran yaa "kulinon kii dhaal" (adlig schold) kaa upayog karane vaale aam logon parr jurmana lagaaya jaataa haye. jaba ack sangh jise "offers oach maans samphund forr brook aff opne hjalmar" (aam logon aur aavaaraon kii khuli mukhaavaranon key upayog key liye society) kahaa jaataa haye, ney 1762 adhiniyam key ullanghan key sambandh mein swedish sarkaar koo maafi (sweedishah) key liye yachika daayar kii, tou yachika parr mukadama naheen chalaaya gayaa aur naa hii manjuri dee gaee. sweeden kii sarvocch prashaasnik adalat ney 2013 mein faisala sunaaya kii choonki kissy koo bhee maafi kaa adhikaar naheen haye, isaliye sarkaar key faisale seey manvadhikaron parr europeeya sammelan key anusaar kissy key nagrik adhikaaron kii chinta naheen haye, aur iss prakaar adalat dwara isaki jaanch naheen kii jaa sakati haye.
sangathan.
swedish kuleen varg koo "riddarusordinen" (shurveeron key ghar key sthaayi adesh) 1626 mein shuru kii gaee ack yojana key anusaar teen vargon mein sangathit kiya gayaa haye.
dou antim vargon mein tathaakathit "sheershakaheen kuleenata" () shamil haye. vargon mein vibhajan kii jadein madhya yug mein hain jaba kuleen varg "fralse" koo privy council, night aur eskier mein prabhon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa.
1719 taka teen vargon ney alag-alag matdan kiya, lekin swatantrata key yug mein sabhi varg pratyek parivaar key pramukh () key liye ack vote key saath ack saath matdan curr rahey they. isase satta mein anaam kuleen varg kaa vishal bahumat banaa, udaaharan key liye adhikaariyon aur sivil sevakon kaa pratinidhitva kiya gayaa.
1778 mein gustaav III ney vargon aur varg matdan koo bahaal kiya aur saath hii unhone shurveeron key varg mein sudhaar kiya. mool roop seey iss varg mein kewal niji parshadon key parivaar key vanshaj they aur yeh teen vargon mein sabse chhota varg thaa. lekin gustaav III ney iss varg mein esquire key varg mein 300 sabse puraane parivaaron aur "commander parivaaron" koo bhee pesh kiya, joe uttari taare key crum aur talwar key crum key commanders key vanshajon key hain. 1809 key baad shurveeron key ghar mein koee aur commander parivaar pesh naheen kiye gaye, aur usake baad bhee varg matdan samaapt curr diyaa gayaa aur kuleen taba swatantrata key yug key dauran matdan curr rahey they.
ack swedish duke "(heartig)" lagbhag hamesha shaahi sthiti kaa rhaa haye aur iss tarah seey ginaa jaataa haye. madhyayugeen kaal mein ack apavaad benedict, duke off holland thaa. 18veen shatabdi mein dou purushon koo rajkumar (furstar) bhee banaaya gayaa thaah fredrick wilheim wonn hessenstein aur wilheim putbus lekin naa tou pesh kiye gaye they.
swedish samrat dwara ack aam aadami koo kuleen varg mein padonnat karane key baad, nae kuleen koo kuleen varg key gharaane (riddarhusset) kaa poori tarah seey maanyata praapt sadasya honey key liye "parichay" kii talash karni padee, ack aisaa shabd joe estate, swedish sansad key ricksdag mein ack kaksh key roop mein apane kaary koo bhee sandarbhit kartaa haye. 1866 mein kuleen varg koo aupchaarik roop seey sarkaar seey alag curr diyaa gayaa aur ack alag sansthaan key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa, joe samrat dwara saunpe gaye kaanoonon dwara shaasit thaa (1975 seh sarkaar). sarkaar aur raajya key liye iss antim kadee koo 2003 mein samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. kuleen varg key mahal ney kuleen varg key liye aadhikarik pratinidhitva key roop mein kaary kiya aur swedish sarkaar dwara viniyamit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin yeh viniyaman 2003 mein poori tarah seey bund hoe gayaa, jaisa kii visheshaadhikaar hain. sadasyata soochi harr teen saal mein prakaashit kii jaati haye.
madhyayugeen kuleentaah frolls.
swedish (aur finish) kuleenata kii sanstha 1280 seey shuru hoti haye, jaba raajaa magnus III dwara alsno key farman mein kahaa gayaa thaa kii joe badey loga ghudsavaar senaa mein ack ghudsavaar sanic kaa yogdan curr sakate they, unhein curr seey chhoot dee jaani thee-cumm seey cumm samanya karon seey-jaise paadari pahale seey hii they. kuleen varg key liye pracheen swedish shabd, "frolls" mein paadari varg koo curr seey chhoot key sambandh mein bhee shamil kiya gayaa thaa. aam taur parr, kuleen varg kisaanon key adhik dhanee yaa adhik shaktishali sadasyon seey vikasit huaa, joe aavashyak ghudsavaaron koo pradaan karane key liye kaam yaa dhana saunpane mein saksham they.
isaki prishthabhoomi yeh thee kii ack "leanger" bede kii purani pranali aur ack raajaa lagaatar kshetra (upsala key estate key beach) key madhyam seey yatra curr rhaa thaa, iss samay taka purana hoe gayaa thaa. mukut key darbar aur mahalon koo abb bhoomi parr karon key madhyam seey vittaposhit kiya jaanaa thaa.
jald hii yeh sahamati bunny kii raajaa koo ack niji parishad (yaa shaahi parishad) key sahyog seey kshetra koo sanchaalit karna chaahiye, jisamen bishap aur sabse pratishthit dhanadhya (i.ee. senaa mein sabse pramukh yogadankartaon ney bhaag liya). jaba mahatvapurna nirnay aavashyak they, tou poore "frolls" koo aahar key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa.
swedish kuleen varg key paas koee vanshaanugat jagir naheen thee. usa mamle mein jahaan ack kuleen koo taaj seey sambandhit ack mahal diyaa gayaa thaa, usake uttaradhikari baad mein apane poorvajon key nagrik yaa sainya adhikaaron kaa daavaa naheen curr sakate they. madhyayugeen kuleen varg key logon kii bhoomi unaki apani thee aur samanti raajaa seey patte parr naheen thee. yadi way apane swayam key sadhanon yaa kisaanon key shoshan seey ack mahal kaa nirmaan karate hain aur sainikon koo vittaposhit karate hain, tou mahal unakaa thaa, lekin sainikon seey raajya kii senaa key ack hisse key roop mein seva karane kii ummeed kii jaati thee. sweeden mein kabhi daasata naheen thee. isaliye, kuleen varg mool roop seey sampann nagrikon kaa ack varg thaa, naa kii anya manushyon kaa malik. madhya yug aur aadhunik yug key adhikansh samay mein, kuleen aur anya dhanee loga bhoomi key malik they, saath hii kisaanon aur sevakon key swami bhee they. kuleen varg key sadasyon ney apani aarthik shakti aur kabhi-kabhi anya shaktiyon kaa upayog chhote-krishi maalikon koo apani bhoomi jagirdaron koo bechane key liye kiya, isaliye bhoo-swaamitva dheere-dheere kuleen varg key haathon mein adhik kendrikrit hoe gayaa.
vistaarit avadhi key liye, novgorod/russie morche parr viborg key commander ney vyavhaar mein, ack margrave key roop mein kaary kiya, jagir seey mukut kii sabhi aaya koo kshetra kii purvi seema kii raksha key liye upayog karane key liye rakhaa. lekin madhyayugeen kaal key dauran bhaari german prabhaav key bavjood, lantgraph, reachsgraph, burggraph aur falzgraph jaise khitabon key saath vistrit german pranali koo sweeden mein kabhi lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
pracheen kuleen varg.
swedish pracheen kuleenata () una parivaaron key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa shabd haye jinaki kuleenata key roop mein "vaastavik" sthiti koo 1280 mein alsno key adhyadesh dwara aupchaarik roop diyaa gayaa thaa.
inn kuleen parivaaron key paas kuleenata kaa koee mool patent naheen haye, pahala 1360 seey jaanaa jaataa haye. isaliye "pracheen" swedish kuleenata key liye kuchh hudd taka chhoot kii tarikh yaa balki angoothe kaa niyam 14 veen shatabdi key madhya key dauran nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye, lekin 1400 seey baad mein naheen.
kuchh swedish pracheen parivaar abhee bhee kuleen varg key swedish gharaane yaa kuleen varg key finish gharaane mein maujood hain; kuchh koo aage eskier key varg seey shurveeron key varg yaa kuleen varg (ginati yaa bairan) key sheershak seey unnat kiya gayaa haye. 1778 mein esquire key varg key sabhi pracheen kuleen parivaaron koo shurveeron key varg mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa.
kuchh pracheen kuleen parivaarah
1561 key baad kuleenata.
1561 mein erich XIV key rajyabhishek key samay, swedish kuleen varg pahali baar count (grave) aur bairan (freeher) key uchch khitabon key nirmaan key baad aupchaarik roop seey vanshaanugat hoe gayaa. shurveeron kaa ghar 1626 mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. iss kaksh mein pravesh key liye aadhar yaa tou ack "pracheen" kuleen parivaar mein janm leey liya yaa samprabhu dwara pratishthit hoe gayaa. natijatan, vanshavali panpi.
lord hyee chansler, axel oxenstearna, 1634 key sarkaar key upkaran key vastukar they, jisane aadhunik sweeden kii neenv rakhee. isane guaranti dee kii sabhi sarkari niyuktiyon koo kuleen varg key ummidvaaron dwara bharaa jaanaa thaa, ack aisaa kadam jisane ack kendriyakrit rashtriya sarkaar key virodh key bajaay samarthan jutaane mein madad kii.
sweeden dwara ladey gaye kaee yuddhon key kaaran, taaj koo apane adhikaariyon koo puraskrit karane key liye kuchh sadhanon kii aavashyakta thee, aur choonki shaahi khajaane antaheen naheen they, isaliye nakad bhugtan key liye bhoomi kaa anudan aur anudan upayogi vikalp they. 17veen shatabdi key dauran, kuleen parivaaron kii sankhya mein paanch kaa ack kaarak badhaa. ack sadee seey bhee cumm samay mein, swedish bhoomi swaamitva mein kuleen varg kaa hissa 16 pratishat seey badhkar 60 pratishat seey adhik hoe gayaa, jisase taaj key liye curr rajaswa kaafee cumm hoe gayaa. haalaanki, 1655 aur 1680 kii "kamee" ney bhoomi koo taaj key kabje mein vaapas laa diyaa.
aitihaasik roop seey ack kuleen parivaar key sabhi sadasyon koo aam taur parr sheershak diyaa jaataa thaa. yadi parivaar kissy ginati yaa bairan key pada kaa thaa, tou sabhi sadasyon koo vaha upaadhi bhee millie. haalaanki, 1809 seey sarkaar key nae saadhan key baad, british pranali key anuroop ack badalaav kiya gayaa thaa taaki baad mein kuleen varg key liye, kewal parivaar key pramukh koo hii upaadhi (yadi ack hoe) mill sakey. kuchh aise parivaar hain jahan yeye pranaaliyan iss tarah seey ack dusare seey mell khaati hain kii adhikansh kuleen loga 1809 seey pahale binaa kissy upaadhi key hain, jabaki parivaaron key pramukhon koo 1809 key baad ginati yaa bairan key liye padonnat kiya gayaa haye. kuleen parivaaron kaa vishal bahumat abhee bhee puraane prakaar kaa haye jahaan sabhi sadasyon koo kuleen maanaa jaataa haye.
1902 key baad seey kuleenata kii koee vanshaanugat upaadhi naheen dee gaee haye, jaba khojkarta swen hedin koo raajaa dwara pratishthit kiya gayaa thaa (vaha sammaan vanshaanugat thaa, lekin unhone koee uttaradhikari naheen chhoda). 1975 seey swedish samrat aur sarkaar koo abb sweeden koo pratishthit karane yaa nighthood aur adesh dene kaa adhikaar naheen haye. abhee bhee swedish shaahi gharaane key sadasyon koo upaadhiyan dee jaati hain jahan rajkumaron aur rajkumariyon koo chuninda praanton key gair-vanshaanugat duke yaa duchess banaaya jaataa haye, lekin yeye usa ghar key bheetar maanad upaadhiyan hain, naa kii kuleenata kii upaadhiyan.
aprachalit kuleenata.
kuleen varg key ghar mein "pesh" kiye jaane kaa matlab thaa kii nikaay ney "swedish" kuleen varg key roop mein ack parivaar kii sthiti kii pushti kii. yahaan taka kii jaba ack parivaar swedish samrat dwara pratishthit thaa, taba bhee iss tarah kii sthiti praapt karane key liye usey kuleen varg key ghar mein parichay karaana padata thaa. haalaanki, parichay, anya karakon key aadhar parr, mahaan maane jaane key liye aavashyak naheen thaa (neeche soochi dekhein), jabaki kewal shuru kiye gaye parivaaron key paas kanuni roop seey visheshaadhikaar praapt sthiti thee. gair-parichit parivaar abhee bhee apane khitabon kaa upayog curr sakate they, yadi unake paas koee thaa, aur unake hathiyaron key coat mein mahaan tatva aur shailiyaan theen. sweeden mein kabhi bhee aisaa kaanoon naheen banaa haye joe kissy koo bhee kuleen varg seey sambandhit honey seey rokta haye. samaaj mein iss tarah key mahaan darje kii maanyata ack samajik thee, naa kii ack kanuni, prakriti kii, jaisa kii sabhi swedish kuleen varg haal hii mein sarkaar seey alag honey key baad seey bunn gayaa haye.
sweeden mein mahatvapurna sankhya mein gair-parichit kuleen parivaar hain (2010 taka jisamen 99 jeevit parivaar aur lagbhag 450 vyakti shamil hain), jinamen seey kaee aitihaasik roop seey pramukh rahey hain. parivaar chaar samoohon mein aatey hainh
gair-parichayit kuleenata kii teen kramik panchang shrinkhala prakaashit kii gaee haye; pahali 1886 mein, doosari 1912 mein aur teesari 1935 mein; yeh haal hii mein 2010 mein saamane aaee. gair-parichayit kuleenata kaa ack sangh, sweriges oh introdered addles forening, niji club jisaki koee aadhikarik sthiti naheen thee, kii sthaapana 1911 mein kii gaee thee. bernadot key ghar kii kaee shaakhaon ney iss sangh key sadasya banane key liye chunaa haye, jisake parinamswarup shaahi parivaar key sadasyon koo gair-shaahi logon seey shaadi karane parr swedish khitabon key upayog seey incar curr diyaa gayaa haye, lekin unhein videshi (luxemberg yaa belgium) khitaab diye gaye hain. carle johann bernadot kaee varshon taka association key adhyaksh rahey.
uchch kuleenata key khitaab.
pesh kiya.
nordisk familibok" key anusaarah
1561 mein erich xiv dwara banaai gaee pahali ginati aur bairanah
johnn III ney kshetriya anudan key saath pahali baronial upaadhiyan pradaan keen (pahale key khitabon ney parivaar kii vanshaanugat sampatti koo committle yaa baronial sthiti mein badhaa diyaa):
charles ix ney kewal ack banaayah
gustaav dwiteeya adolph koo manjuri dee gaeeh
christina ney diyaah
charles aiks gustaav ney diyaah
charles xi ney diyaah
aprakaashit.
nimnalikhit "sheershak vaale" uchch kuleenata key parivaaron koo "collender öfver i sverige lefvande ointeroducerad adel" (1886-1899), "sweriz ointedrude addles collender" (1912-1944), aur/yaa "collender över ointerederad adels förening" (1935-) mein shamil kiya gayaa haye, joe "jeevit" (prakaashan key samay) kii nirdeshikaen hain joe sweeden mein nivasi gair-parichayit kuleen parivaar hain. inmein seey paanch parivaaron key paas rajkumar, duke yaa markis key roop mein upaadhiyan hain, anya ginati aur bairan key roop mein hain. haalaanki, adhikansh aprachalit kuleen parivaar, aprakaashit hain, joe parichay diye gaye parivaaron key samaan hain. inmein seey kuchh parivaar, yaa unaki sheershak shaakhaaen, taba seey vilupt hoe gaee hain.
upnaam.
sweeden mein upnaamon kaa pataa 15veen shatabdi mein lagaaya jaa sakata haye, jaba unakaa upayog pahali baar kuleen varg ("fralsey") dwara kiya gayaa thaa.ee., pujari aur kuleen. inke naam aamtaur parr swedish, lattin, german yaa greek mein hotey they. lattin naamon koo apanaane kaa upayog pahali baar 15veen shatabdi mein catholic paadari dwara kiya gayaa thaa. diye gaye naam seey pahale "hair" (surr) thaa, jisake baad sanrakshak naamon kaa ack lattin roop thaa.
sudhaar key samay seey, paadari varg key beach ack aam namkaran pratha unake janmasthan (jaise) key lattin roop kaa upayog karna thaa.jee. laurentius petri gothus, östergötland seey). baad mein vyapariyon aur anya samajik samoohon ney pahale upayog kiye jaane vaale parivarik naamon (jaise kii sanrakshak upnaam) koo tyag diyaa. isake bajaay unhone uchch dhwani vaale lattin upnaamon koo apanaaya. ack anya baad kii pratha yunani bhasha kaa upayog thaa, jiska anta-"ander" ("aadami" key liye yunani shabd) key saath huaa. 17veen shatabdi mein kuleen varg aur shikshit varg key beach upnaamon kaa upayog abhee bhee kaafee asamanya thaa. isake alawa, vanshaanugat upnaamon kii avadharana bhee kuchh parivaaron taka seemit thee.
jaba ack parivaar pratishthit thaa, tou ise aamtaur parr ack naam diyaa jaataa thaa-jaise ingland aur anya paschimi europeeya deshon key swami key saath. yeh ack aisaa kaal thaa jisane kuleen varg key liye dou-shabd swedish-bhasha key asankhya parivarik naamon kaa utpaadan kiya (bahut pasandida upsarg "adler"-, "eagle"; "ehren"-, "onar"; "silfer"-, "silver"; aur "gillen"-, "golden"). britten key saath niyamit antar yeh thaa kii yeh poore ghar kaa nayaa upnaam bunn gayaa, aur purana upnaam poori tarah seey hataa diyaa gayaa.
visheshaadhikaar.
sweeden mein kuleen sampadaon koo samaapt naheen kiya gayaa haye, lekin 1680 key baad seey unaki visheshaadhikaar praapt sthiti charanbaddh tareeke seey kamjor hoe gaee haye. 1866 mein sampadaon key ricksdag key sudhaar dwara kuleen varg key raajneetik visheshadhikaron koo vyaavhaarik roop seey samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur 1920 key dashak mein kuchh sarkari karyalayon koo prathamikta dene key antim adhikaaron koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. taba taka antim curr chhoot visheshaadhikaar bhee samaapt curr diye gaye they. haalaanki, kuchh chhote visheshaadhikaar 2003 taka baney rahey, jisamen talwar seey sir kalam karane kaa adhikaar bhee shamil thaa, jaba inn mahaan visheshadhikaron koo dene vaale kaanoon koo poori tarah seey samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur sarkaar koo abb satra mein ikattha honey key liye parivaaron key pramukhon koo bulaane kaa adhikaar naheen haye.
aaj kuleen varg key visheshaadhikaar mahaan khitabon aur unake coat off arms mein upayog kiye jaane vaale kuchh tatvon aur shailiyon key sanrakshan taka seemit hainh ack khula mukhaavaran, ack mudra, ack padak aur samarthakon key upayog key saath ack sheersh. aadhunik swedish kaanoon kuleenata key aadhar parr koee bhed naheen kartaa haye.
asadharan mamle.
sweeden key baahar, sant brijet (1303-1373) koo "nerisia kii rajkumari" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, joe ack shaahi upaadhi key bajaay ack kuleen prateet hoti haye, kyonki vaha ack raajaa kii betty naheen thee.

