
mahasagar taapiya oorjaa roopaantaran

mahasagar taapiya oorjaa roopaantaran (oh. tii. ee. see.) ack ooshmaa injan chalaane aur upayogi kaary kaa utpaadan karane key liye, aamtaur parr bijli key roop mein, thhande gahare aur germ uthale yaa satah vaale samudri jall key beach mahasagar taapiya dhaal kaa upayog kartaa haye. oh. tii. ee. see. bahut uchch kshamata vaale kaarak key saath kaam curr sakata haye aur isaliye bases load mode mein kaam curr sakata haye.
uttari atlantic aur dakshini mahasagar key kaafee vishisht kshetron mein thhande vayumandal key saath samudra kii satah key paani kii baatchit seey baney ghaney thhande paani key dravyamaan, gahare samudri besinon mein doob jaate hain aur thermohline parisancharan dwara poore gahare mahasagar mein fail jaate hain. gahare mahasagar seey thhande paani kaa oopar kii or thandaa satah samudra kaa paani neeche kii or bahane seey punah bharaa jaataa haye.
samudri oorjaa sroton mein, oh. tii. ee. see. lagaatar upalabdh akshay oorjaa sansadhanon mein seey ack haye joe aadhar-bhaar bijli aapoorti mein yogdan curr sakata haye. oh. tii. ee. see. key liye sansaadhan kshamata anya samudri oorjaa roopon kii tulanaa mein bahut badee maani jaati haye. mahasagar kii taapiya sanrachana koo prabhaavit kiye binaa oh. tii. ee. see. seey 10,000 doubleu. aich./varsh taka bijli utpann kii jaa sakati haye.
pranaaliyan yaa tou bund-chakr yaa khula-chakr hoe sakati hain. bund-chakr otech kaam karane vaale taral padarthon kaa upayog kartaa haye jinhen aamtaur parr amonia yaa aar-134aeye jaise prasheetak key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. inn taral padarthon key kwathnank cumm hotey hain, aur isaliye yeye bijli utpann karane key liye pranali key generator koo shakti pradaan karane key liye upayukt hain. otech key liye abb taka kaa sabse adhik upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ooshmaa chakr cumm dabaav vaale turbine kaa upayog karke rankin chakr haye. khule-chakr injan samudri jall seey hii vaashp kaa upayog kaaryasheel taral padaarth key roop mein karate hain.
oh. tii. ee. see. ack upa-utpaad key roop mein thhande paani kii matra kii aapoorti bhee curr sakata haye. iska upayog vatanukoolan aur prasheetan key liye kiya jaa sakata haye aur poshak tatvon seey bharpur gahare samudra kaa paani javic praudyogikiyon koo poshan dey sakata haye. ack anya upa-utpaad samudra seey aasut taaja paani haye.
otech siddhant pahali baar 1880 key dashak mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa aur pahale bench aakar pradarshan model kaa nirmaan 1926 mein kiya gayaa thaa. vartamaan mein sanchaalit pilot-scale otech sanyantra japan mein sthit hain, jinaki dekhrekh saaga vishvavidyalaya dwara kii jaati haye, aur havaai mein makai.
itihas.
oh. tii. ee. see. praudyogiki koo vikasit karane aur parishkrit karane key prayaas 1880 key dashak mein shuru hue. 1881 mein, ack francisi bhautik vigyaani, jacks arsen dee 'arsonval ney mahasagar kii taapiya oorjaa kaa dohan karane kaa prastaav rakhaa. dee 'arsonval key chhaatr, georges cloud ney 1930 mein cuba key matanza mein pahala otech sanyantra banaaya. iss pranali ney cumm dabaav vaale turbine key saath 22 kilowatt bijli kaa utpaadan kiya. baad mein ack toofaan mein sanyantra nasht hoe gayaa.
1935 mein, clod ney brazil key tata parr 10,000 tunn key malvahak jahaaj parr ack sanyantra kaa nirmaan kiya. shuddh bijli utpann karane seey pahale hii mausam aur laharon ney ise nasht curr diyaa. (shuddh shakti pranali koo chalaane key liye aavashyak shakti koo ghataane key baad utpann shakti kii matra haye).
1956 mein, francisi vaigyaanikon ney abidjan, hathidant tata key liye 3 megawatt kaa ack paudha taiyar kiya. sanyantra kabhi puuraa naheen huaa thaa, kyonki badee matra mein saste petroleum kii naee khoj ney ise aarthik roop seey aksham banaa diyaa thaa.
1962 mein, jey. hilbert anderson aur james aich. anderson, junier. ghatak dakshata badhaane parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. unhone 1967 mein apane nae "bund chakr" design kaa patent karaaya. iss design ney mool bund chakr shreni pranali mein sudhaar kiya, aur ise ack aise sanyantra kii ruprekha mein shamil kiya joe tail yaa koyale kii tulanaa mein cumm laagat parr bijli kaa utpaadan karega. haalaanki, usa samay, unake shodh ney bahut cumm dhyaan aakarshit kiya kyonki koyale aur paramanu koo oorjaa kaa bhavishya maanaa jaataa thaa.
japan oh. tii. ee. see. praudyogiki key vikas mein ack pramukh yogadankarta haye. 1970 mein shuru hui tokyo vidyut oorjaa company ney nauru dweep parr 100 kilowatt key bund-chakr otech sanyantra kaa safaltapurvak nirmaan aur tainaati kii. yeh sanyantra 14 octuber 1981 koo chaalu huaa, jisamen lagbhag 120 kilowatt bijli kaa utpaadan huaa; 90 kilowatt kaa upayog sanyantra koo bijli dene key liye kiya gayaa aur shesh bijli kaa upayog ack school aur anya sthaanon koo bijli dene key liye kiya gayaa. isane ack oh. tii. ee. see. pranali seey bijli utpaadan key liye ack vishva record sthaapit kiya jahaan bijli koo ack vaastavik (ack prayogaatmak key vipareet) bijli grid mein bheja gayaa thaa. 1981 mein oh. tii. ee. see. praudyogiki mein bhee ack badaa vikas huaa jaba russie engineer dow. alekjendar kalina ney bijli kaa utpaadan karane key liye amonia aur paani key mishran kaa upayog kiya. iss nae amonia-jall mishran ney bijli chakr kii dakshata mein bahut sudhaar kiya. 1994 mein saaga vishvavidyalaya ney ack nae aavishkaar kiye gaye uehra chakr kaa pareekshan karane key uddeshya seey 4.5 kilowatt key sanyantra kaa design aur nirmaan kiya, jiska naam isake aavishkaarak haruo uehra key naam parr bhee rakhaa gayaa. iss chakr mein avashoshan aur nishkarshan prakriyaaen shamil theen joe iss pranali koo 1-2% dwara kalina chakr seey behtar pradarshan karane kii anumati detee hain. vartamaan mein, samudra oorjaa sansthaan, saaga vishvavidyalaya, oh. tii. ee. see. bijli sanyantra anusandhaan mein agrani haye aur praudyogiki key kaee dwiteeyak laabhon parr bhee dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye.
1970 key dashak mein 1973 key arab-israel yuddh key baad oh. tii. ee. see. anusandhaan aur vikas mein vriddhi dekhi gaee, jisake kaaran tail kii keematen teen gunaa hoe gaeen. yuu.aiss. rashtrapati carter dwara ack kaanoon parr hastakshar karane key baad sanghiya sarkaar ney oh. tii. ee. see. anusandhaan mein 260 million dollar daale, jisane 1999 taka oh. tii. ee. see. pranaliyon seey 10,000 megawatt bijli key utpaadan lakshya key liye america koo pratibaddh kiya.
1974 mein, yuu.aiss. havaai key cona tata parr kahol bindu parr havaai pradhikaran (nelha) kii praakritik oorjaa prayogshala kii sthaapana kii. havaai apane germ satah key paani, bahut gahare, bahut thhande paani taka pahunch aur uchch bijli laagat key kaaran sabse achchha americi otech sthaan haye. prayogshala oh. tii. ee. see. praudyogiki key liye ack pramukh pareekshan suvidha bunn gaee haye. usee varsh, lockheed koo yuu. aiss. seey anudan milaa.aiss. rashtriya vigyaan foundation oh. tii. ee. see. kaa adhyayan karega. isake parinamswarup antatah lockheed, americi nausena, makai mahasagar engineering, dillingham nirmaan aur anya farmon dwara 1979 mein teen maheene key liye duniya key pahale aur ekmatra shuddh-bijli utpaadak otech sanyantra kaa nirmaan karane kaa prayaas kiya gayaa, jise "mini-otech" kahaa gayaa, thodi matra mein bijli kaa utpaadan kiya gayaa.
ack europeeya pahal eurotion-9 europeeya companiyon kaa ack niji vitt poshit sanyukt udyam joe pahale seey hii apatatiya engineering mein sakriya haye-1979 seey 1983 taka otec koo badhaava dene mein sakriya thaa. shuru mein ack badey paimaane parr apatatiya suvidha kaa adhyayan kiya gayaa thaa. baad mein 100 kilowatt bhoomi adharit sthaapana kaa adhyayan kiya gayaa jisamen bhoomi adharit otech key saath vilavaneekaran aur jaleey krishi kaa upnaam oda thaa. yeh sent crocks dweep parr ack chhote paimaane kii jaleey krishi suvidha key parinamon parr adharit thaa, jisamen jaleey krishi besinon koo khilaane key liye ack gahari jall aapoorti line kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. tata parr sthit ack khule saikil sanyantra kii bhee jaanch kii gaee.
adhyayan key mamle kaa sthaan dutch samrajya seey sambandhit dweep kurakao thaa.
open-saikil otech koo vaastaviktaa banaane seey sambandhit shodh 1979 mein americi oorjaa vibhaag key vitt poshan key saath saur oorjaa anusandhaan sansthaan (see. aar. aaee.) mein shuru huaa. vashpikaran yantra aur upayukt roop seey configure kiye gaye pratyaksh-sampark sanghankon koo siri dwara vikasit aur patent kiya gayaa thaa (dekhein). ack shakti-utpaadak prayog key liye ack mool design, jise taba 165-kilowatt prayog kahaa jaataa thaa, koo creath aur bharat (aur) dwara adhikatam jacob smaarak puraskar vyakhyan key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. praarambhik design mein dou samanantar akshiya turbines kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen badey bhaap turbines seey liye gaye antim charan key rotaron kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. baad mein, dow. rashtriya akshay oorjaa prayogshala (aine. aar. ell.) mein bharatan ney 210 kilowatt key adyatan open-saikil oh. tii. ee. see. prayog () key liye praarambhik vaichaarik design vikasit kiya. iss design ney chakr key sabhi ghatakon, arthaat, vashpikaran, sanghanak aur turbine koo ack ekal nirvaat paatr mein ekikrit kiya, jisamen turbine koo oopar lagaaya gayaa thaa taaki paani key usa taka pahunchane kii kissy bhee kshamata koo rokaa jaa sakey. pott koo apani tarah key pahale prakriya nirvaat pott key roop mein concreet seey banaaya gayaa thaa. cumm laagat vaali plastic samagri kaa upayog karke sabhi ghatakon koo banaane key prayason koo poori tarah seey praapt naheen kiya jaa sakaa, kyonki turbine key liye kuchh roodhivaadita kii aavashyakta thee aur vacuum pump apani tarah key pahale key roop mein vikasit hue. baad mein dow. bharatan ney praarambhik aur antim charanon key madhyam seey iss design koo aage badhaane key liye paisifik institute forr hyee technology research (pee. aaee. tii. aar.) mein engineeron kii ack team key saath kaam kiya. iska naam badalkar shuddh bijli utpaadan prayog (aine. pee. ee.) curr diyaa gayaa aur iska nirmaan havaai (nelh) kii praakritik oorjaa prayogshala mein pitchter dwara mukhya abhiyanta donn evance key netritva mein ack dall dwara kiya gayaa thaa aur pariyojana kaa prabandhan dow. luis vega.
2002 mein, bhaarat ney tamilanadu key paas 1 megawatt key tairate hue otech pilot sanyantra kaa pareekshan kiya. gahare samudra mein thhande paani kii pipe key whiffle honey key kaaran sanyantra antatah asafal rhaa. isaki sarkaar anusandhaan koo praayojit karna jaari rakhe hue haye.
2006 mein, makai mahasagar engineering koo yuu. aiss. seey anubandh diyaa gayaa thaa.aiss. nausena anusandhaan karyalaya (oh. aine. aar.) germ, ushnakatibandhiya jall mein sthit samudra mein tairane vaale sanyantron mein rashtriya star parr mahatvapurna matra mein hydrogen kaa utpaadan karane kii kshamata kii jaanch karane key liye. vaastav mein oh. tii. ee. see. kaa vyaavsaayikaran karane key liye badey bhagidaron kii aavashyakta koo mahsoos karate hue, makai ney apane pichhale rishte koo navinikrit karane aur yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye lockheed martin seey sampark kiya kii kyaa oh. tii. ee. see. key liye samay taiyar thaa. aur isaliye 2007 mein, lockheed martin ney oh. tii. ee. see. mein kaam phir seey shuru kiya aur apane peer kaa samarthan karane key liye makai key liye ack upa-thekedaar bunn gaye, jisake baad anya sahyog hue.
march 2011 mein, mahasagar taap oorjaa nigam ney duniya kii pahali aur sabse badee samudri jall vatanukoolan (swack) pranali key liye bahaa maar resort, naasaau, bahamas key saath ack oorjaa seva samjhaute (ee. aiss. aeye.) parr hastakshar kiye. juuna 2015 mein, pariyojana koo roque diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki resort ney vittiya aur swaamitva key muddon koo hull kiya thaa. agast 2016 mein, yeh ghoshana kii gaee thee kii muddon koo hull curr liya gayaa haye aur resort march 2017 mein khul jaayega. yeh ummeed kii jaati haye kii usa samay swack pranali kaa nirmaan phir seey shuru hoe jaayega.
julaai 2011 mein, makai mahasagar engineering ney havaai kii praakritik oorjaa prayogshala mein ack otech heat exchanger pareekshan suvidha key design aur nirmaan koo puuraa kiya. iss suvidha kaa uddeshya oh. tii. ee. see. taap vinimayakon key liye ack ishtatam design parr pahunchana haye, laagat koo cumm karate hue pradarshan aur upayogi jeevan koo badhaana haye (ooshmaa vinimaayak ack oh. tii. ee. see. sanyantra key liye #1 laagat chaalak hain). aur march 2013 mein, makai ney oh. tii. ee. see. heat exchanger pareekshan suvidha parr 100 kilowatt turbine sthaapit karane aur sanchaalit karane key liye ack puraskar kii ghoshana kii, aur ack baar phir oh. tii. ee. see. bijli koo grid seey jodane kii ghoshana kii.
julaai 2016 mein, virgine eyelands public services commission ney ack yogya suvidha banane key liye mahasagar taap oorjaa nigam key aavedan koo manjuri dee. iss prakaar company koo sent dweep parr ack mahasagar taapiya oorjaa roopaantaran (oh. tii. ee. see.) sanyantra seey sambandhit bijli khareed samjhaute (pee. pee. aeye.) key liye virgine dweep jall aur bijli pradhikaran (vaapa) key saath baatchit shuru karane kii anumati haye. crocks. yeh duniya kaa pahala vaanijyik otech sanyantra hoga.
vartamaan mein oh. tii. ee. see. sanyantron kaa sanchaalan curr rhaa haye.
march 2013 mein, vibhinn japani udyogon key saath saaga vishvavidyalaya ney ack nae otech sanyantra kii sthaapana poori kii. okinawa praant ney 15 aprail, 2013 koo kume dweep parr otech sanchaalan pareekshan shuru karane kii ghoshana kii. iska mukhya uddeshya computer model kii vaidhata koo saabit karna aur janata key saamane otech kaa pradarshan karna haye. pareekshan aur anusandhaan 2016 key anta taka gaatha vishvavidyalaya key sahyog seey aayojit kiya jaayega. ly., yokogawa vidyut nigam aur zenesis ink koo okinawa praant gahare samudri jall anusandhaan kendra key maidanon mein 100 kilowatt varg key sanyantra key nirmaan kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa. iss sthaan koo vishesh roop seey 2000 mein anusandhaan kendra key liye sthaapit maujooda gahare samudri jall aur satah key samudri jall sevan pipes kaa upayog karane key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. pipe kaa upayog anusandhaan, matsya paalan aur krishi upayog key liye gahare samudra key paani key sevan key liye kiya jaataa haye.
iss sanyantra mein dou 50 kilowatt ikaaiyaan dohri rankin vinyas mein hain. oh. tii. ee. see. suvidha aur gahare samudri jall anusandhaan kendra angreji aur japani mein niyukti dwara muft saarvajanik bhraman key liye khule hain. vartamaan mein, yeh duniya mein kewal dou poori tarah seey sanchaalit oh. tii. ee. see. sanyantron mein seey ack haye. yeh sanyantra taba lagaatar kaam kartaa haye jaba vishisht pareekshan naheen chala rahey hotey hain.
2011 mein, makai mahasagar engineering ney nelha mein ack taap vinimaayak pareekshan suvidha poori kii. oh. tii. ee. see. mein upayog key liye vibhinn prakaar kii ooshmaa vinimay praudyogikiyon kaa pareekshan karane key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa makai koo 105 kilowatt turbine sthaapit karane key liye dhana praapt huaa haye. sthaapana iss suvidha koo sabse badee parichaalan oh. tii. ee. see. suvidha banaa degi, halanki sabse badee bijli kaa record havaai mein vikasit open saikil sanyantra key saath rahega.
julaai 2014 mein, dee. see. aine. aiss. samooh ney akuo energy key saath bhagidari kii aur apani nemo pariyojana key liye 300 dollar key vittaposhan kii ghoshana kii. yadi yeh safal hoe jaataa haye tou 16 megawatt sakal 10 megawatt shuddh apatatiya sanyantra abb taka kii sabse badee oh. tii. ee. see. suvidha hogi. dee. see. aine. aiss. ney 2020 taka nemo koo chaalu karane kii yojana banaai haye.
makai mahasagar engineering dwara nirmit ack mahasagar taap oorjaa roopaantaran bijli sanyantra agast 2015 mein havaai mein chaalu huaa. havaai key governor david ige ney sanyantra koo sakriya karane key liye "switch koo palat diyaa". yeh pahala vaastavik bund-chakr mahasagar taapiya oorjaa roopaantaran (oh. tii. ee. see.) sanyantra haye jise aeye. yuu. seey jodaa gayaa haye.aiss. vidyut grid. yeh ack demo sanyantra haye joe 105 kilowatt utpaadan karane mein saksham haye, joe lagbhag 120 gharon koo bijli dene key liye paryaapt haye.
ushmaagatikiya dakshata.
ack ooshmaa injan adhik dakshata detaa haye jaba ack badey tapman antar key saath chalaaya jaataa haye. mahasagaron mein satah aur gahare paani key beach tapman kaa antar ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein sabse adhik hotaa haye, halanki abhee bhee 20 seey 25 degree celsius kaa tapman cumm haye. isaliye ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein hii otech sabse adhik sambhavanaen pradaan kartaa haye. oh. tii. ee. see. mein vaishvik matra mein oorjaa pradaan karane kii kshamata haye joe tarang shakti jaise anya samudri oorjaa vikalpon kii tulanaa mein 10 seey 100 gunaa adhik haye.
oh. tii. ee. see. sanyantra vidyut bijli utpaadan pranali key liye aadhar bhaar aapoorti pradaan karate hue lagaatar kaam curr sakate hain.
oh. tii. ee. see. kii mukhya takniki chunauti cumm tapman antar seey kushalata seey mahatvapurna matra mein bijli utpann karna haye. ise abhee bhee ack ubharati hui takneek maanaa jaataa haye. praarambhik oh. tii. ee. see. pranaaliyan 1 seey 3 pratishat taapiya roop seey kushal theen, joe iss tapman antar key liye saiddhaantik adhikatam 6 aur 7 pratishat seey kaafee cumm theen. aadhunik design pradarshan koo saiddhaantik adhikatam carnot dakshata taka pahunchane kii anumati dete hain.
shakti chakr key prakaar.
thandaa samudri jall teen prakaar kii oh. tii. ee. see. pranaliyon mein seey pratyek kaa ack abhinn anga haih bund-chakr, khula-chakr aur sankar. sanchaalan key liye, thhande samudri jall koo satah parr laaya jaanaa chaahiye. praathamik drishtikon sakriya pumping aur vilavaneekaran hain. samudra tala key paas samudra key paani koo vilavaneekaran karane seey iska ghanatva cumm hoe jaataa haye, jisase yeh satah taka badh jaataa haye.
ghanibhut thhande paani koo satah parr laane key liye mahangi pipes kaa vikalp vashpikrit cumm kwathnank vaale taral padaarth koo sanghanit karane key liye gaharaai mein pump karna haye, iss prakaar pumping kii matra koo cumm karna aur takniki aur paryavaraniya samasyaon koo cumm karna aur laagat koo cumm karna haye.
bund curr diyaa.
bund-chakr pranaaliyan bijli utpann karane key liye turbine koo shakti pradaan karane key liye cumm kwathnank vaale taral padaarth kaa upayog karati hain, jaise kii amonia (vayumandaliya dabaav parr-33 degree celsius key aspas kwathnank vaalaa). germ satah key samudri jall koo drav koo vaashpit karane key liye ack ooshmaa vinimaayak key madhyam seey pump kiya jaataa haye. vistaarit vaashp turbo-generator koo badal detaa haye. thandaa paani, dusare ooshmaa vinimaayak key madhyam seey pump kiya jaataa haye, vaashp koo ack taral mein sanghanit kartaa haye, jise phir pranali key madhyam seey punarnaveenikaran kiya jaataa haye.
1979 mein, praakritik oorjaa prayogshala aur kaee niji kshetra key bhagidaron ney "mini otech" prayog vikasit kiya, jisane bund-chakr otech seey shuddh vidyut oorjaa kaa pahala safal samudra utpaadan hassil kiya. mini otech pott koo havaai tata seey door baandh diyaa gayaa thaa aur jahaaj key prakaash balbon koo rotion karane aur apane computer aur television koo chalaane key liye paryaapt shuddh bijli kaa utpaadan kiya gayaa thaa.
kholate hain.
open-saikil otech bijli banaane key liye seedhe germ satah key paani kaa upayog kartaa haye. germ samudri jall koo pahale cumm dabaav vaale paatr mein pump kiya jaataa haye, jisase yeh ubalata haye. kuchh yojanaon mein, vistaarit vaashp ack vidyut generator seey judey cumm dabaav vaale turbine koo chalaata haye. vaashp, jisane apana namak aur anya dooshit padarthon koo cumm dabaav vaale paatr mein chhod diyaa haye, shuddh taaja paani haye. gahare samudra key paani seey thhande tapman key sampark mein aaney seey yeh ack taral mein sanghanit hoe jaataa haye. yeh vidhi peene key paani, sinchai yaa jaleey krishi key liye upayukt, vilavaneekrit taaje paani kaa utpaadan karati haye.
anya yojanaon mein, badhate vaashp kaa upayog paani koo mahatvapurna oonchaai taka uthaane kii gais lift takneek mein kiya jaataa haye. moort roop key aadhar parr, iss tarah kii vaashp lift pump takneeken pump key upayog seey pahale yaa baad mein panbijali turbine seey bijli utpann karati hain.
1984 mein, "saur oorjaa anusandhaan sansthaan" (jise abb rashtriya akshay oorjaa prayogshala key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) ney germ samudri jall koo khule-chakr sanyantron key liye cumm dabaav vaali bhaap mein badalane key liye ack urdhvaadhar-dhabba vashpikaranak vikasit kiya. samudri jall seey bhaap mein parivartan key liye roopaantaran kshamata 97 pratishat taka thee (kull milakar bhaap utpaadan aaney vaale paani kaa kewal kuchh pratishat hoga). maee 1993 mein, kehol point, havaai mein ack open-saikil otech sanyantra ney ack shuddh bijli utpaadak prayog key dauran lagbhag 80 kilowatt bijli kaa utpaadan kiya. isane 1982 mein ack japani pranali dwara sthaapit 40 kilowatt kaa record toda diyaa.
sankar.
ack sankar chakr bund aur khule chakr pranaliyon kii visheshtaon koo jodata haye. ack sankar mein, germ samudri jall ack nirvaat kaksh mein pravesh kartaa haye aur khule-chakr vashpikaran prakriya key samaan, achaanak vaashpit hotaa haye. bhaap ack amonia vashpikaran key doosari taraf ack bund-chakr loop key amonia kaaryasheel taral padaarth koo vaashpit karati haye. vashpikrit taral padaarth taba bijli kaa utpaadan karane key liye ack turbine koo chalaata haye. bhaap ooshmaa vinimaayak key bheetar sanghanit hoti haye aur vilavaneekrit paani pradaan karati haye (ooshmaa pipe dekhein).
kaam karane vaale taral padaarth.
kaam karane vaale taral padaarth kaa ack lokpriya vikalp amonia haye, jisamen behtar parivahan guna, aasaan upalabdhata aur cumm laagat haye. halanki, amonia vishaakt aur jwalansheel haye. see. aff. see. aur aich. see. aff. see. jaise florinyukt carbon vishaakt yaa jwalansheel naheen hotey hain, lekin way ozon parat kii kamee mein yogdan karate hain. hydrocarbon bhee achche ummidwar hain, lekin way atyadhik jwalansheel hain; isake alawa, yeh unhein seedhe eendhan key roop mein upayog karane key liye pratispardha paida karega. bijli sanyantra kaa aakar kaaryasheel taral padaarth key vaashp dabaav parr nirbhar kartaa haye. vaashp key badhate dabaav key saath, turbine aur ooshmaa vinimayakon kaa aakar cumm hoe jaataa haye jabaki pipe aur ooshmaa vinimayakon kii deewaar kii motai vishesh roop seey vashpikaran paksh parr uchch dabaav koo sahan karane key liye badh jaati haye.
bhoomi, shelf aur tairane vaale sthal.
oh. tii. ee. see. mein bijli key gigawatt utpaadan kii kshamata haye, aur vidyut apghatan key sanyojan seey, sabhi anumaanit vaishvik jeevaashm eendhan khapat koo poori tarah seey badalane key liye paryaapt hydrogen kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye. halanki, laagat koo cumm karna ack ansuljhi chunauti bunny hui haye. otech paudhon koo satah parr thandaa paani laane key liye ack lambi, badey vyaas kii intech pipe kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe ack kilometres yaa usase adhik samudra kii gaharaai mein dooby hoti haye.
bhoomi adharit.
bhoomi-adharit aur nikat-tata suvidhaaen gahare paani mein sthit suvidhaon kii tulanaa mein teen mukhya laabh pradaan karati hain. bhoomi parr yaa usake paas nirmit sanyantron koo parishkrit lunger, lambe bijli cable, yaa khule mahasagar vatavaran seey judey adhik vyaapak rakharkhaav kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye. inhen surakshit kshetron mein sthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye taaki way toofaanon aur bhaari samudron seey apekshaakrit surakshit rahein. bijli, vilavaneekrit paani aur thhande, poshak tatvon seey bharpur samudri jall koo tata key paas kii suvidhaon seey tracel pulon yaa coseway key madhyam seey preshit kiya jaa sakata haye. isake alawa, bhoomi-adharit yaa nikat-tata sthal paudhon koo sambandhit udyogon jaise kii samudri krishi yaa jinhen vilavaneekrit paani kii aavashyakta hoti haye, key saath kaam karane kii anumati dete hain.
pasandida sthaanon mein sankeern almaariyaan (jwalamukhi dweep), khadee (15-20 degree) apatatiya dhalaanen aur apekshaakrit chikani samudri tala shamil hain. yeye sthal sevan nully kii lambai koo cumm karate hain. ack bhoomi-adharit sanyantra koo tata seey achchi tarah seey antardeshiya roop seey banaaya jaa sakata haye, joe toofaanon seey adhik suraksha pradaan kartaa haye, yaa samudra tata parr, jahaan pipe chhote honge. donon hii mamalon mein, nirmaan aur sanchaalan key liye aasaan pahunch cumm laagat mein madad karati haye.
bhoomi-adharit yaa nikat-tata sthal samudri krishi yaa thhande jall krishi kaa bhee samarthan curr sakate hain. tata parr baney tank yaa lagoon shramikon koo laghu samudri vatavaran kii nigrani aur niyantran karane kii anumati dete hain. samudri krishi utpaadon koo maanak parivahan key madhyam seey bajar mein pahunchaaya jaa sakata haye.
bhoomi-adharit suvidhaon kaa ack nuksan surf kshetra mein ashant laharon kii kaarravaai seey utpann hotaa haye. oh. tii. ee. see. nirvahan pipes koo surakshaatmak khaaiyon mein rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye taaki unhein toofaanon aur bhaari samudron kii lambi avadhi key dauran atyadhik tanaav seey bachaaya jaa sakey. isake alawa, thhande aur germ samudri jall key mishrit nirvahan koo chhodane seey pahale uchit gaharaai taka pahunchane key liye kaee sou meater apatatiya leey jaane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye, jisake liye nirmaan aur rakharkhaav mein atirikt kharch kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
ack tarika haye kii oh. tii. ee. see. pranaaliyan surf zone mein sanchaalan kii kuchh samasyaon aur kharchon seey butch sakati hain, unhein 10 seey 30 meater gahare paani mein kewal apatatiya banaana haye (mahasagar taap nigam 1984). iss prakaar kaa paudha cumm (aur isaliye cumm kharchili) sevan aur nirvahan pipes kaa upayog karega, joe ashant surf key khatron seey bachenge. halanki, sanyantra koo samudri paryaavaran seey suraksha kii aavashyakta hogi, jaise kii breakwater aur kataav-pratirodhi neenv, aur paudhe key utpaadan koo tata parr preshit karane kii aavashyakta hogi.
shelf adharit.
ashant surf kshetra seey bachane key saath-saath thhande paani key sansaadhan key karib jaane key liye, otech sanyantron koo mahadvipiya shelf mein gaharaai taka lagaaya jaa sakata haye. ack shelf-mounted sanyantra koo site parr kheencha jaa sakata haye aur samudra key tala parr lagaaya jaa sakata haye. iss prakaar key nirmaan kaa upayog pahale seey hii apatatiya tail rigg key liye kiya jaataa haye. gahare paani mein ack otech sanyantra key sanchaalan kii jatilataaen unhein bhoomi-adharit drishtikon kii tulanaa mein adhik mahanga banaa sakati hain. samasyaon mein khule samudra kii sthiti kaa tanaav aur adhik kathin utpaad vitaran shamil hain. majboot samudri dhaaraon aur badee laharon koo sambodhit karane seey engineering aur nirmaan kharch badh jaataa haye. platform koo ack sthir aadhar banaae rakhane key liye vyaapak piling kii aavashyakta hoti haye. bijli vitaran key liye jameen taka pahunchane key liye paani key neeche lambe taaron kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. inn karanon seey, shelf-mounted paudhe cumm aakarshak hotey hain. 
tairta haye.
tairati oh. tii. ee. see. suvidhaaen tata seey baahar kaam karati hain. halanki badee pranaliyon key liye sambhaavit roop seey ishtatam, tairane vaali suvidhaaen kaee kathinaaiyaan prastut karati hain. bahut gahare paani mein sanyantron koo rakhane mein kathinaaee bijli vitaran koo jatil banaati haye. tairate platforms seey judey cable vishesh roop seey toofaanon key dauran nuksan key prati adhik samvedansheel hotey hain. 1000 meater seey adhik kii gaharaai parr taaron kaa rakharkhaav aur marammat karna mushkil haye. samudra tala aur sanyantra koo jodane vaale riser kebalon koo ulajhane seey bachane key liye banaane kii aavashyakta haye.
shelf-mounted sanyantron kii tarah, tairate hue sanyantron koo nirantar sanchaalan key liye ack sthir aadhar kii aavashyakta hoti haye. badey toofaan aur bhaari samudra urdhvaadhar roop seey nilambit thhande paani kii nully koo toda sakate hain aur germ paani key sevan mein bhee baadha daal sakate hain. inn samasyaon koo rokane mein madad karane key liye, pipes koo platform key neeche seey judey lacheele polyethylene seey banaaya jaa sakata haye aur jodon yaa collar seey gimbal kiya jaa sakata haye. toofaan seey honey vaale nuksan koo rokane key liye pipes koo sanyantra seey alag karane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. germ paani kii pipe key vikalp key roop mein, satah key paani koo seedhe munch mein kheencha jaa sakata haye; haalaanki, bhaari samudron key kaaran hinsak gati key dauran sevan pravaah koo kshatigrast yaa baadhit honey seey rokna aavashyak haye.
ack tairate hue sanyantra koo bijli vitaran kebalon seey jodane key liye sanyantra koo apekshaakrit sthir rahane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. mooring ack sweekarya vidhi haye, lekin vartamaan mooring takneek lagbhag gaharaai taka seemit haye. uthali gaharaai parr bhee, lunger daalane kii laagat nishedhaatmak hoe sakati haye.
raajneetik chintaaen.
kyonki oh. tii. ee. see. suvidhaaen cumm yaa jyada sthir satah munch hain, isaliye unakaa sateek sthaan aur kanuni sthiti samudri sandhi key kaanoon (uncloss) parr sanyukt rashtra sammelan seey prabhaavit hoe sakati haye. yeh sandhi tateey rashtron koo bhoomi seey alag-alag kanuni pradhikaran key kshetron koo pradaan karati haye, jisase sambhaavit sangharsh aur niyaamak baadhaaen paida hoti hain. sandhi key tahat otech sanyantron aur isi tarah kii sanrachanaon koo kritrim dweep maanaa jaayega, jisase unhein koee swatantra kanuni darja naheen milega. oh. tii. ee. see. sanyantron koo yaa tou matsya paalan key liye ack khatare yaa sambhaavit bhagidar key roop mein yaa antarrashtriya samudri tala pradhikaran dwara niyantrit samudri tala khanan sanchaalan key liye maanaa jaa sakata haye.
laagat aur arthshastra.
kyonki oh. tii. ee. see. pranaliyon koo abhee taka vyaapak roop seey tainaat naheen kiya gayaa haye, laagat anuman anishchit hain. havaai vishvavidyalaya dwara 2010 mein kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii ack 1.4 megawatt sanyantra key liye oh. tii. ee. see. key liye bijli kii laagat 94 sent prati kilowatt ghante (key. doubleu. aich.), 10 megawatt sanyantra key liye 44 sent prati key. doubleu. aich. aur 100 megawatt sanyantra key liye 18 sent prati key. doubleu. aich. haye. antarrashtriya oorjaa agency key tahat sangathan mahasagar oorjaa pranaliyon kii 2015 kii ack report mein 100 megawatt sanyantron key liye lagbhag 20 sent prati kilowatt kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa. ack anya adhyayan ney anuman lagaaya kii bijli utpaadan kii laagat 7 sent prati kilowatt key roop mein cumm haye. anya oorjaa sroton kii tulanaa mein, lezard dwara 2019 key ack adhyayan mein bijli kii gair-subsidy laagat kaa anuman upayogita paimaane parr saur pee. vee. key liye 3.2 seey 4.2 sent prati kilowatt aur pawan oorjaa key liye 2.8 seey 5.4 sent prati kilowatt lagaaya gayaa haye.
2014 mein irena dwara prakaashit ack report mein daavaa kiya gayaa thaa kii oh. tii. ee. see. praudyogiki key vaanijyik upayog koo vibhinn tarikon seey badhaaya jaa sakata haye. ...chhote paimaane key otech sanyantron koo chhote samudaayon (5,000-50,000 nivaasiyon) key bijli utpaadan koo samaayojit karane key liye banaaya jaa sakata haye, lekin aarthik roop seey vyavharya honey key liye moolyavaan upa-utpaadon-jaise taaje paani yaa sheetlan-key utpaadan kii aavashyakta hogi. badey paimaane parr oh. tii. ee. see. sanyantron mein adhibhar aur sthaapana laagat bahut adhik hogi.
jinn laabhkaari karakon koo dhyaan mein rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye, unamen otech key apashisht utpaadon kii kamee aur eendhan kii khapat, vaha kshetra jisamen yeh upalabdh haye (aksar bhoomadhya rekha key 20 degree key bheetar), petroleum nirbharta key bhoo-raajneetik prabhaav, tarang oorjaa, jwaariya oorjaa aur meethen hydrate jaise samudri oorjaa key vaikalpik roopon key saath sangatata aur samudri jall key liye poorak upayog shamil hain.
kuchh prastaavit pariyojanaaen.
vicharadhin oh. tii. ee. see. pariyojanaon mein yuu. key liye ack chhota saa sanyantra shamil haye.aiss. hind mahasagar mein british videshi kshetra dweep diego garcia parr nausena kaa adda. mahasagar taap oorjaa nigam (poorv mein osis international, ink.) yuu key saath kaam curr rhaa haye.aiss. vartamaan deejal generators koo badalane key liye ack prastaavit 13 megawatt key otech sanyantra key liye ack design parr nausena. otech sanyantra seey pratidin 12.5 laakh gallen peene yogya paani bhee upalabdh hoga. yeh pariyojana vartamaan mein americi sainya anubandh neetiyon mein badalaav kii prateeksha curr rahee haye. otte ney guam parr 10 megawatt kaa otech sanyantra banaane kaa prastaav rakhaa haye.
bahama.
mahasagar taap oorjaa nigam (ote) kii vartamaan mein us virgine dweepon mein dou 10 megawatt key otech sanyantra aur bahamas mein ack 5-10 megawatt otech suvidha sthaapit karane kii yojana haye. otte ney bahamas mein ack resort key liye duniya key sabse badey samudri jall vatanukoolan (swack) sanyantra koo bhee design kiya haye, joe vatanukoolan kii ack vidhi key roop mein thhande gahare samudri jall kaa upayog karega. 2015 key madhya mein, 95 pratishat poori pariyojana koo asthaayi roop seey roque diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki resort ney vittiya aur swaamitva key muddon koo hull kiya thaa. 22 agast, 2016 koo, bahamas kii sarkaar ney ghoshana kii kii ack nae samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye gaye hain jisake tahat bahaa maar resort puuraa kiya jaayega. 27 sitambar, 2016 koo, bahamiyai pradhaan mantri perry christy ney ghoshana kii kii nirmaan bahamar parr phir seey shuru hoe gayaa haye, aur resort march 2017 mein khulane vaalaa thaa.
yeh sthagit haye, aur shayed kabhi phir seey shuru naheen hoe sakata haye.
havaai.
lockheed martin kii vaikalpik oorjaa vikas team ney makai mahasagar engineering key saath bhagidari kii haye.
10 megawatt kii bund chakr oh. tii. ee. see. pilot pranali key antim design charan koo puuraa karane key liye, jisane 2012-2013 samay seema mein havaai mein parichaalan shuru karane kii yojana banaai. iss pranali koo nikat bhavishya mein 100 megawatt vaanijyik pranaliyon taka vistaar karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. navambar, 2010 mein yuu.aiss. nausena suvidhaon engineering kamaan (navfac) ney lockheed martin koo sanyantra key liye mahatvapurna pranali ghatakon aur designs koo vikasit karane key liye 44 laakh americi dollar key anubandh sanshodhan seey sammaanit kiya, jisase 2009 mein 81 laakh americi dollar key anubandh aur 2008 aur march 2010 mein kull 10 laakh americi dollar seey adhik key dou oorjaa vibhaag anudan koo jodaa gayaa.
agast 2015 mein havaai mein ack chhote lekin parichaalansheel mahasagar taap oorjaa roopaantaran (oh. tii. ee. see.) sanyantra kaa udghaatan kiya gayaa thaa. 100-kilowatt anusandhaan aur vikas suvidha key udghaatan ney pahali baar ack bund-chakr oh. tii. ee. see. sanyantra koo yuu. aiss. seey jodaa gayaa thaa.aiss. grid.
hainan.
13 aprail, 2013 koo, lockheed ney hainan dweep parr ack niyojit resort key liye bijli pradaan karane key liye dakshini chean key tata parr 10 megawatt key sanyantra key nirmaan key liye reawood samooh key saath anubandh kiya. usa aakar kaa ack sanyantra kaee hazaar gharon koo bijli dega. reud samooh ney 2011 mein apatatiya kriti kaa adhigrahan kiya joe iska reawood mahasagar engineering prabhaag banaata haye joe gahare paani mein khudai key vikas mein bhee lagaa huaa haye.
japan.
vartamaan mein ekmatra lagaatar sanchaalit oh. tii. ee. see. pranali japan key okinawa praant mein sthit haye. sarkari samarthan, sthaaniya samudayik samarthan, aur saaga vishvavidyalaya dwara kiye gaye unnat shodh thekedaaron key liye mahatvapurna they, joe kii sanyantra nirmaan company thee. iss pariyojana key saath safal honey key liye, limitted, yokogawa electric corporation aur zenesis ink. kume dweep parr 1 megawatt kii suvidha vikasit karane key liye kaam kiya jaa rhaa haye, jisake liye naee pipelines kii aavashyakta haye. julaai 2014 mein, 50 seey adhik sadasyon ney vaishvik mahasagar sansaadhan aur oorjaa sangh (gosia) kaa gathan kiya, joe ack antarrashtriya sangathan haye jiska gathan kumejima model key vikas koo badhaava dene aur badee gahari samudri jall pipelines aur 1 megawatt kii otech suvidha kii sthaapana kii disha mein kaam karane key liye kiya gayaa haye. vartamaan oh. tii. ee. see. pariyojanaon mein shamil companiyon ney anya ichchuk pakshon key saath apatatiya oh. tii. ee. see. pranaliyon key liye bhee yojanaaen vikasit kii hain. - adhik jaankaari key liye, oopar "vartamaan mein sanchaalit oh. tii. ee. see. sanyantra" dekhein.
sanyukt raajya america virgine dweep.
5 march, 2014 koo, mahasagar taap oorjaa nigam (oh. tii. ee. see.) aur sanyukt raajya america key virgine dweepon (yuu. aiss. vee.) key 30vein vidhanmandal ney tata parr mahasagar taap oorjaa roopaantaran (oh. tii. ee. see.) akshay oorjaa oorjaa sanyantron aur samudri jall vatanukoolan (aiss. doubleu. aeye. see.) suvidhaon koo sthaapit karane kii yuu. aiss. vee. aaee. kii vyavaharyata aur sambhaavit laabhon kaa mulyankan karane key liye ack adhyayan key saath aage badhane key liye ack samjhauta gyaapan parr hastakshar kiye. yuu. aiss. vee. adhyayan mein mulyankan kiye jaane vaale laabhon mein oh. tii. ee. see. dwara utpann baseload (24/7) swachchh bijli key saath-saath oh. tii. ee. see. aur swack seey judey vibhinn sambandhit utpaad shamil hain, jinamen prachur matra mein taaja peyajal, oorjaa kii bachat karane vaale vatanukoolan, tikaau jaleey krishi aur samudri krishi, aur sent thomas aur sent crocks dweepon key liye krishi vriddhi pariyojanaaen shamil hain.
18 julaai, 2016 koo, ack yogyata suvidha honey key liye ote key aavedan koo virgine eyelands lock seva aayog dwara anumodit kiya gayaa thaa. oh. tii. ee. koo iss pariyojana seey judey anubandhon parr baatchit shuru karane kii anumati bhee millie.
kiribati.
dakshin koria key jahaaj aur mahasagar engineering anusandhaan sansthaan (crisso) koo unake 1 megawatt apatatiya oh. tii. ee. see. design key liye beuro veritas seey saiddhaantik manjuri millie. iss pariyojana key liye koee samay seema naheen dee gaee thee joe kiribati ganarajya key 6 kimmy tata parr sthit hogi.
martinic.
aakuo oorjaa aur dcn koo 8 julaai, 2014 koo unaki nemo (martinic aur videshon key liye naee oorjaa) pariyojana key liye ner300 funding seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa, jisake 2020 mein poori honey vaali ack 10.7mw-net apatatiya suvidha honey kii ummeed haye. vikas mein madad karane key liye puraskar kull 72 million euro thaa.
maldiv.
16 farwari, 2018 koo vaishvik oh. tii. ee. see. sansadhanon ney maldiv mein 150 kilowatt kaa ack sanyantra banaane kii yojana kii ghoshana kii, jise hotalon aur resorts key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. "yeye sabhi resorts deejal generator seey apani bijli kheenchate hain. isake alawa, kuchh vyaktigat resorts maang koo puuraa karane key liye ack dinn mein 7,000 leater deejal kii khapat karate hain joe salana 6,000 tunn seey adhik carbon dioxide key barabar haye. europeeya sangh ney ack anudan pradaan kiya aur vaishvik oh. tii. ee. see. sansadhanon ney baaki key liye ack croudfunding abhiyaan shuru kiya.
sambandhit gatividhiyaan.
oh. tii. ee. see. mein bijli utpaadan key alawa anya upayog hain.
vilavaneekaran.
vaashpit samudri jall koo peene yogya paani mein badalane key liye satah sanghanak kaa upayog karke khule yaa sankar-chakr sanyantron mein vilavaneekrit paani kaa utpaadan kiya jaa sakata haye. pranali vishleshan seey sanket milata haye kii 2-megawatt kaa sanyantra pratyek dinn lagbhag vilavaneekrit paani kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye. richard bellie dwara patent kii gaee ack anya pranali satah sanghankon key madhyam seey gahare samudra key paani key pravaah koo niyantrit karke sanghanit paani kaa nirmaan karati haye joe oss-bindu key tapman mein utaar-chadhaav key saath sambandhit haye. yeh sanghanan pranali koee vriddhisheel oorjaa kaa upayog naheen karati haye aur isake koee gatishil bhaag naheen hain.
22 march, 2015 koo, saaga vishvavidyalaya ney kumejima parr ack flashes-type vilavaneekaran pradarshan suvidha kholi. unake samudri oorjaa sansthaan kaa yeh upgrah vilavaneekrit paani kaa utpaadan karane key liye okinawa otech pradarshan suvidha aur kachche satah key samudri paani seey post-tech gahare samudri paani kaa upayog kartaa haye. ack nirvaat pump key saath bund pranali seey havaa nikali jaati haye. jaba kachche samudri paani koo flashes chamber mein pump kiya jaataa haye tou yeh ubal jaataa haye, jisase shuddh bhaap badh jaati haye aur namak aur shesh samudri paani koo hataa diyaa jaataa haye. bhaap koo ooshmaa vinimaayak mein thhande post-otech gahare samudri jall key saath taral mein vaapas curr diyaa jaataa haye. vilavaneekrit paani kaa upayog hydrogen utpaadan yaa peene key paani mein kiya jaa sakata haye (yadi khanij jode jaate hain).
1993 mein sthaapit nelha sanyantra ney prati dinn ausatan 7,000 gallen taaje paani kaa utpaadan kiya. iss nae aarthik avsar kaa laabh uthaane key liye 2002 mein koyo america kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. koyo havaai mein nelha sanyantra dwara utpaadit paani kii botalen banaata haye. harr dinn duss laakh botalon paani kaa utpaadan karane kii kshamata key saath, koya abb 14 karod dollar kii bikri key saath havaai kaa sabse badaa niryaatak haye.[81]
vatanukoolan.
ack oh. tii. ee. see. pranali dwara upalabdh karaaya gayaa thandaa samudri jall sanyantra key paas key udyogon aur gharon koo badee matra mein sheetlan pradaan karane kaa avsar pradaan kartaa haye. imaraton key liye vatanukoolan pradaan karane key liye paani kaa upayog thhande paani key kundaliyon mein kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii vyaas mein ack pipe prati minut 4,700 gallen paani pradaan curr sakati haye. ack badee imarat key liye paryaapt vatanukoolan pradaan curr sakata haye. prati varsh 8,000 ghante bijli kii conditioning key badale mein prati kilowatt-ghante mein 5-10 key liye bikri karane seey, yeh salana oorjaa bilon mein $200,000-$400,000 kii bachat karega.
borah borah dweep parr antarmahadvipiya resort aur thalaso-spaa apani imaraton koo vatanukoolit karane key liye ack swack pranali kaa upayog kartaa haye. yeh pranali ack ooshmaa vinimaayak key madhyam seey samudri jall koo paar karati haye jahan yeh ack bund loop pranali mein taaje paani koo thandaa karati haye. iss taaje paani koo phir imaraton mein pump kiya jaataa haye aur seedhe havaa koo thandaa kiya jaataa haye.
2010 mein, coppenhagen energy ney coppenhagen, denmark mein ack jilaa sheetlan sanyantra khola. yeh sanyantra vaanijyik aur audyogik bhavanon koo thandaa samudri jall pradaan kartaa haye, aur bijli kii khapat mein 80 pratishat kii kamee aaee haye. mahasagar taap oorjaa nigam (ote) ney bahamas mein ack avkash resort key liye 9800 tunn sdc pranali taiyar kii haye.
thhandi mitty kii kheti.
oh. tii. ee. see. praudyogiki thhandi mitty kii krishi kaa samarthan karati haye. jaba thandaa samudri jall bhoomigat pipes seey hocker bahata haye, tou yeh aspas kii mitty koo thandaa curr detaa haye. thhandi mitty mein jadon aur germ havaa mein pattiyon key beach tapman kaa antar una paudhon koo uposhnakatibandhiya mein ugaane kii anumati detaa haye joe samshitoshna jalavaayu mein vikasit hue hain. dow. johnn pee. craven, dow. jack davidson aur richard bellie ney iss prakriya kaa patent karaaya aur havaai pradhikaran (nelha) kii praakritik oorjaa prayogshala mein ack shodh suvidha mein iska pradarshan kiya. shodh suvidha ney pradarshit kiya kii iss pranali kaa upayog karke 100 seey adhik vibhinn fasalen ugaai jaa sakati hain. kaee aam taur parr havaai yaa kehol bindu parr jeevit naheen reh sakate they.
japan 2000 seey kume dweep parr okinawa gahare samudri jall anusandhaan sansthaan mein gahare samudri jall key krishi upayog parr bhee shodh curr rhaa haye. kume dweep kii suvidhaaen mitty koo thandaa karane key liye jameen mein pipes key madhyam seey chalane vaale heat exchanger mein gahare samudra key paani seey thandaa honey vaale niyamit paani kaa upayog karati hain. unaki takneekon ney dweep samudaay key liye ack mahatvapurna sansaadhan vikasit kiya haye kyonki way abb saal bhar vyaavsaayik roop seey paalak, ack sheetkaleen sabji kaa utpaadan karate hain. 2014 mein oh. tii. ee. see. pradarshan suvidha key buggle mein kumejima shahar dwara gahare samudri jall krishi suvidha kaa vistaar puuraa kiya gayaa thaa. naee suvidha badey paimaane parr thhandi-mitty kii krishi kii aarthik vyavharikta parr shodh karane key liye haye.
jaleey krishi.
jaleey krishi sabse prasiddh upa-utpaad haye, kyonki yeh gahare samudra seey badee matra mein paani pump karane kii vittiya aur oorjaa laagat koo cumm kartaa haye. gahare samudra key paani mein aavashyak poshak tatvon kii uchch sandrata hoti haye joe javic khapat key kaaran satah key paani mein cumm hoe jaate hain. yeh kritrim utthaan praakritik utthaan kii nakal kartaa haye joe duniya key sabse badey samudri paaristhitiki tantra aur grah parr jeevan key sabse badey ghanatva koo nishechit karane aur samarthan dene key liye jimmedaar hain.
salmon aur lobster jaise thhande paani key samudri janwar iss poshak tatvon seey bharpur, gahare samudri jall mein panapate hain. sookshm shaiwal jaise "spirulina", ack swaasthya khaadya poorak, kii bhee kheti kii jaa sakati haye. ack ishtatam tapman parr paani dene key liye gahare samudra key paani koo satah key paani key saath jodaa jaa sakata haye.
gair-deshi prajaatiyon jaise salmon, lobster, abalon, trout, seep aur clam koo otech-pump kiye gaye paani dwara aapoorti kiye jaane vaale pool mein paalaa jaa sakata haye. yeh aas-paas key baajaron key liye upalabdh taaje samudri khaadya utpaadon kii vividhata koo badhaata haye. iss tarah key cumm laagat vaale prasheetan kaa upayog kataai kii gaee machhali kii gunavatta koo banaae rakhane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, joe germ ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein jaldi bigad jaati haye. cona, havaai mein, nelha key saath kaam karane vaali jaleey krishi companiyan salana lagbhag 4 karod dollar kaa utpaadan karati hain, joe havaai key jee. dee. pee. kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa haye.
hydrogen utpaadan.
oh. tii. ee. see. bijli kaa upayog karke vidyut apghatan key madhyam seey hydrogen kaa utpaadan kiya jaa sakata haye. dakshata mein sudhaar key liye jode gaye electrolyte yaugikon key saath utpann bhaap hydrogen utpaadan key liye ack apekshaakrit shuddh madhyam haye. oh. tii. ee. see. koo badee matra mein hydrogen utpann karane key liye maapa jaa sakata haye. mukhya chunauti anya oorjaa sroton aur indhanon kii tulanaa mein laagat haye.
khanij nishkarshan.
mahasagar mein lavan aur anya roopon mein 57 trace tatva hotey hain aur way ghol mein ghul jaate hain. ateet mein, adhikansh aarthik vishleshanon ney nishkarsh nikala kii paani koo pump karane key liye aavashyak oorjaa key kaaran, trace tatvon key liye samudra kaa khanan karna laabhprad naheen hoga. khanan aam taur parr una khanijon koo lakshit kartaa haye joe uchch sandrata mein hotey hain, aur aasaani seey nikaale jaa sakate hain, jaise kii magnicium. oh. tii. ee. see. sanyantron dwara paani kii aapoorti key kaaran, kewal nishkarshan kii laagat aatee haye.
japaniyon ney euranium nikaalane kii sambhavana kii jaanch kii aur paaya kii anya praudyogikiyon (vishesh roop seey samagri vigyaan) mein vikas sambhaavanaon mein sudhaar curr rahey they.
jalavaayu niyantran.
maanav jaati aur vanaspatiyon aur jeevon koo bahut adhik laabh pahunchaane key liye ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein varsha badhaane aur uchch pariveshi grishmakaaleen tapman koo madhyam karane key liye mahasagar taapiya dhaal kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. jaba kissy kshetra mein samudra kii satah kaa tapman apekshaakrit adhik hotaa haye, tou paas key bhoomi dravyamaan parr prachalit vayumandaliya dabaav kii tulanaa mein cumm vayumandaliya dabaav kshetra banata haye joe bhoo-bhaag seey samudra kii or havaaon koo prerit kartaa haye. samudra kii or chalane vaali havaayen shushk aur germ hoti hain joe bhoomi kii or nama havaaon kii tulanaa mein bhoomi parr achchi varsha mein yogdan naheen detee hain. bhoomi parr paryaapt varsha aur aramdayak grishmakaaleen parivesh tapman (35 degree celsius seey cumm) key liye, samudra seey bhoomi kii or nama havaayen chalane koo prathamikta dee jaati haye. samudri kshetra parr kritrim roop seey oopar kii or aakar uchch dabaav vaale kshetron kaa nirmaan karna, samanya mansoon vaishvik havaaon koo bhoo-bhaag kii or vikshepit karane/margadarshan karane key liye bhee upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. satah parr poshak tatvon seey bharpur gahare samudra key paani kaa kritrim roop seey oopar uthanaa bhee ushnakatibandhiya aur samshitoshna mausam vaale kshetron mein matsya paalan key vikas koo badhaata haye. isase shaiwal key behtar vikas seey mahasagaron dwara carbon prithakkaran mein vriddhi hogi aur atirikt burf girane seey glaciers dwara badey paimaane parr laabh hoga, jisase samudra key star mein vriddhi yaa global warming prakriya cumm hogi. ushnakatibandhiya chakravaat bhee uchch dabaav vaale kshetron seey naheen gujarate hain kyonki way samudra key germ satah key paani seey oorjaa praapt karke teevra hoe jaate hain.
gahare samudra mein badey paimaane parr tairate pawan turbine sanyantron dwara utpaadit bijli kaa upayog karke kritrim madhyamon seey samudra kii satah key tapman (> 26 degree celsius) koo dabaane key liye thhande gahare samudra key paani (<10 degree celsius) koo samudra kii satah kshetra mein pump kiya jaataa haye. samudra key paani kii satah kaa nimn tapman sthaaniya parivesh key dabaav koo badhaayega taaki vayumandaliya bhoomi kii or havaayen paida hoe sakein. thhande samudra key paani koo oopar uthaane key liye, ack sthir hydrolic roop seey sanchaalit propeller (± 50 meater vyaas) gahare samudra key tala parr 500 seey 1000 meater kii gaharaai mein sthit haye, jisamen ack lachili draft tube samudra kii satah taka faili hui haye. draft tube koo samudra tala parr isake neeche kii or aur oopar kii or samudra kii satah parr tairate hue puntoon key liye lunger daala jaataa haye. lachili draft tube naheen dhahati kyonki jaba thandaa paani samudra kii satah parr pump kiya jaataa haye tou iska aantarik dabaav baahari dabaav kii tulanaa mein adhik hotaa haye. madhya poorv, uttar poorv africa, bhaaratiya upmahadweep aur australia koo garmiyon key mausam mein germ aur shushk mausam seey raahat mill sakati haye, jisamen aniyamit varsha kii sambhavana bhee hoti haye, kramshah faras kii khaadi, laal sagar, hind mahasagar aur prashant mahasagar seey samudra kii satah parr gahare samudra kaa paani pump karke.
ushmaagatiki.
oh. tii. ee. see. key ack kathor upchaar seey pataa chalata haye kii 20 degree celsius tapman kaa antar jall pravaah kii samaan matra key liye 34 meater key sheersh key saath ack panbijali sanyantra key roop mein utani hii oorjaa pradaan karega.
cumm tapman key antar kaa matlab haye kii upayogi matra mein garmi nikaalane key liye paani kii matra bahut badee honey chaahiye. 100 megawatt key bijli sanyantra seey prati minut 12 million gallen (44,400 tunn) key crum parr pump karane kii ummeed kii jaayegi. tulanaa key liye, pampon koo harr minut 41,700 tunn vajan vaale "yuddhapot bismark" key vajan seey adhik paani kaa dravyamaan leey jaanaa chaahiye. yeh oh. tii. ee. see. pranaliyon mein oorjaa utpaadan parr ack paryaapt parjivi nikasi koo pump kartaa haye, jisamen ack lockheed design pratyek 49.8 megawatt shuddh bijli utpann karane key liye pumping laagat mein 19.55 megawatt kii khapat kartaa haye. ooshmaa vinimayakon kaa upayog karane vaali oh. tii. ee. see. yojanaon key liye, paani kii iss matra koo sambhaalane key liye vinimayakon koo paaramparik taap vidyut utpaadan sanyantron mein upayog kiye jaane vaale vinimayakon kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik honah chaahiye, jisase way samagr dakshata parr unake prabhaav key kaaran sabse mahatvapurna ghatakon mein seey ack bunn jaate hain. 100 megawatt key oh. tii. ee. see. bijli sanyantra key liye 20 phut key shipping container seey badey 200 vinimayakon kii aavashyakta hogi, joe unhein sabse mahanga ghatak banaata haye.
gaharaai key saath mahasagar key tapman mein bhinnata.
mahasagaron dwara praapt kull insulation (prithvi kii satah key 70 pratishat koo cover karate hue, 0.05 key spashtata soochkaank aur 15 pratishat key ausat oorjaa pratidhaaran key saath) haih 
humm paani dwara saur oorjaa avashoshan kii matra nirdhaarit karane key liye bear-lambert-bogger key niyam kaa upayog curr sakate hain,
jahan, "y" paani kii gaharaai haye, "i" teevrata haye aur "μ" avashoshan gunank haye.
uparokt avkal sameekaran koo hull karna,
avashoshan gunank "microne" bahut saaf taaje paani key liye 0.05 meater-1 seey laker bahut namkeen paani key liye 0.5 meater-1 taka hoe sakata haye.
choonki teevrata gaharaai "y" key saath teji seey girati haye, garmi avashoshan sheersh paraton parr kendrit hotaa haye. aam taur parr ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein, satah kaa tapman maan adhik hotaa haye, jabaki tapman lagbhag hotaa haye. satah parr germ (aur isaliye halka) paani kaa matlab haye kii koee taapiya samvahan dhaara naheen haye. cumm tapman pravanata key kaaran, chaalan dwara ooshmaa hastaantaran tapman koo barabar karane key liye bahut cumm haye. iss prakaar mahasagar vyaavhaarik roop seey anant ooshmaa srot aur vyaavhaarik roop seey anant ooshmaa sink donon haye.
yeh tapman antar akshansh aur mausam key saath bhinn hotaa haye, jisamen ushnakatibandhiya, uposhnakatibandhiya aur bhoomadhyarekhiya jall mein adhikatam hotaa haye. isaliye ushnakatibandhiya aam taur parr sabse achche otech sthaan hain.
khula/clod chakr.
iss yojana mein, aspas kaa germ satah kaa paani santripti dabaav seey thodaa cumm dabaav parr ack vashpikaran mein pravesh kartaa haye jisase yeh vaashpit hoe jaataa haye.
jahan "aich" pravesh tapman "tii" parr taral paani kii anthelpy haye.
yeh asthaayi roop seey atyadhik germ paani paaramparik boilers mein pool ubalane key vipareet matra ubalane seey gujarta haye jahaan taap satah sampark mein hoti haye. iss prakaar dou-charan santulan key saath paani aanshik roop seey bhaap mein chamakata haye. maan leejiye kii vashpikaran key ander kaa dabaav santripti dabaav "tii" parr banaae rakhaa jaataa haye.
yahaan, "x" dravyamaan dwara paani kaa vaha ansh haye joe vaashpit hotaa haye. germ paani key dravyamaan pravaah kii darr prati ikai turbine dravyamaan pravaah darr 1/"x" haye.
vashpikaran mein nimn dabaav ack nirvaat pump dwara banaae rakhaa jaataa haye joe vashpikaran seey ghulansheel gair-sanghananiya gasses koo bhee hataa detaa haye. vashpikaran yantra mein abb bahut cumm vaashp gunavatta (vaashp kii matra) key paani aur bhaap kaa mishran hotaa haye. vaashp koo paani seey santript vaashp key roop mein alag kiya jaataa haye. shesh paani santript hotaa haye aur khule chakr mein samudra mein chhod diyaa jaataa haye. bhaap ack cumm dabaav/uchch vishisht aayatan kaaryasheel taral padaarth haye. yeh ack vishesh cumm dabaav vaale turbine mein failata haye.
yahaan, "aich" "tii" seey mell khaata haye. ack aadarsh icentropic (prativarti adiabetic) turbine key liye,
uparokt sameekaran turbine key nikas parr tapman "tii" seey mell khaata haye. "x" avastha 5 parr vaashp kaa dravyamaan ansh haye.
tii" parr anthelpy haye,
yeh anthelpy cumm haye. adiabetic prativarti turbine kaary = "aich"-"aich".
vaastavik turbine kaary 
sanghanak kaa tapman aur dabaav cumm hotaa haye. choonki turbine nikas koo vaapas samudra mein chhoda jaanaa haye, isaliye nikas koo thhande paani key saath milaane key liye ack seedhe sampark sanghanak kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, jisake parinamswarup lagbhag santript paani hotaa haye. vaha paani abb vaapas samudra mein chhod diyaa jaataa haye.
"aich" "=" "aich", "tii parr. "tii" thhande samudri paani key saath mishrit nikas kaa tapman haye, kyonki abb vaashp kii matra nagany haye,
charanon key beach tapman key antar mein germ satah key paani aur kaam karane vaali bhaap key beach, nikas bhaap aur thandaa paani key beach, aur condensor aur gahare paani taka pahunchane vaale thandaa paani key beach shamil hain. yeye baahari aparivartaniyataon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain joe samagr tapman antar koo cumm karate hain.
prati ikai turbine dravyamaan pravaah darr thhande paani key pravaah kii darr,
turbine dravyamaan pravaah darr, sootra _ 11
germ paani dravyamaan pravaah darr, sootra _ 12
thhande paani key dravyamaan pravaah darr sootra _ 13
anderson chakr bund.
jaisa kii 1960 key dashak mein jey dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. samudri saur oorjaa key hilbert anderson, ink.iss chakr mein, "q" vashpikaran mein germ samudri paani seey kaaryasheel taral padaarth mein sthanantarit garmi haye. kaaryasheel drav vashpikaranak seey usake oss bindu key paas gais key roop mein baahar nikalata haye.
uchch dabaav, uchch tapman vaali gais koo turbine mein vistaarit kiya jaataa haye taaki turbine kaa kaam "doubleu" hoe sakey. kaaryasheel taral padaarth turbine key nikas parr thodaa adhik germ hotaa haye aur turbine kii dakshata aamtaur parr prativarti, adiabetic vistaar key aadhar parr 90 pratishat hoti haye.
turbine seey baahar nikalane parr, kaam karane vaalaa taral padaarth sanghanak mein pravesh kartaa haye jahan yeh germ samudra key paani koo "-q", garmi koo aswikar curr detaa haye. sanghanan koo phir chakr mein uchchatam dabaav mein sampeedit kiya jaataa haye, jisake liye sanghanan pump kaary, "doubleu" kii aavashyakta hoti haye. iss prakaar, anderson bund chakr paaramparik bijli sanyantra bhaap chakr key samaan ack rankin-prakaar kaa chakr haye, sivaay isake kii anderson chakr mein kaam karane vaale taral padaarth koo kabhi bhee kuchh degree fahrenheit seey adhik germ naheen kiya jaataa haye. chipchipahat prabhaavon key kaaran, vashpikaran aur sanghanak donon mein kaam karane vaale drav kaa dabaav cumm hoe jaataa haye. yeh dabaav girawat, joe upayog kiye jaane vaale ooshmaa vinimayakon key prakaron parr nirbhar karati haye, koo antim design ganana mein maanaa jaanaa chaahiye lekin vishleshan koo saral banaane key liye yahaan ise nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa haye. iss prakaar, yahaan ganana kii gaee parjivi sanghanan pump kaary, "doubleu", ooshmaa vinimaayak dabaav girawat koo shamil karane kii tulanaa mein cumm hogi. oh. tii. ee. see. sanyantra mein pramukh atirikt parjivi oorjaa aavashyaktaaen thhande paani key pump kaa kaam, "doubleu", aur germ paani key pump kaa kaam, "doubleu" hain. anya sabhi parjivi oorjaa aavashyaktaon koo "doubleu" dwara darshaate hue, otech sanyantra seey shuddh kaary, "doubleu" haye
kaaryasheel drav dwara kiye gaye ushmaagatiki chakr kaa parjivi oorjaa aavashyaktaon parr vistrit vichaar kiye binaa vishleshan kiya jaa sakata haye. ushmaagatiki key pahale niyam seey, pranali key roop mein kaaryasheel drav key liye oorjaa santulan haye
ushmaagatiki chakr key liye shuddh kaary kahaan haye? aadarsh mamle key liye jisamen ooshmaa vinimayakon mein koee kaaryasheel drav dabaav girawat naheen haye,
aur
taaki shuddh ushmaagatiki chakr kaary bunn jaae
upa-sheetalit taral vashpikaran yantra mein pravesh kartaa haye. germ samudri paani key saath garmi key adaan-pradaan key kaaran, vashpikaran hotaa haye aur aamtaur parr atyadhik germ vaashp vaashpak koo chhod detaa haye. yeh vaashp turbine koo chalaata haye aur 2-charan mishran sanghanak mein pravesh kartaa haye. aamtaur parr, upa-sheetalit taral sanghanak koo chhod detaa haye aur anta mein, iss taral koo ack chakr puuraa karate hue vashpikaran yantra mein pump kiya jaataa haye.
paryaavaran parr prabhaav.
gahari thhand aur uchch dabaav kii paraton mein ghulansheel carbon dioxide koo satah parr laaya jaataa haye aur paani germ honey parr chhod diyaa jaataa haye. 
gahare samudra key paani key saath uthale paani kaa mishran poshak tatva laataa haye aur unhein uthale jall jeevan key liye upalabdh karaata haye. yeh vyaavsaayik roop seey mahatvapurna prajaatiyon key jaleey krishi key liye ack laabh hoe sakata haye, lekin bijli sanyantra key aspas paaristhitik pranali koo bhee asantulit curr sakata haye. 
oh. tii. ee. see. sanyantra nirantar akshay oorjaa utpann karane key liye germ satah key samudri jall aur thhande gahare samudri jall key bahut badey pravaah kaa upayog karate hain. gahare samudri jall mein oxygen kii kamee hoti haye aur aam taur parr uthale samudri jall kii tulanaa mein adhik poshak tatvon (nitrate aur nitrite mein) seey bharpur hotaa haye. jaba yeye plume mishrit hotey hain, tou way pariveshi samudri jall kii tulanaa mein thode ghaney hotey hain. halanki oh. tii. ee. see. kaa koee badey paimaane parr bhautik paryavaraniya pareekshan naheen kiya gayaa haye, lekin oh. tii. ee. see. sanyantron key prabhaav kaa anukaran karane key liye computer model vikasit kiye gaye hain.
hydrodynamic modeling.
2010 mein, ack yaa kaee 100 megawatt key otech sanyantron key bhautik samudra vigyaan prabhaavon kaa anukaran karane key liye ack computer model vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. model seey pataa chalata haye kii otech paudhon koo iss tarah seey configure kiya jaa sakata haye kii paudha nirantar sanchaalan curr sakey, jisake parinamswarup tapman aur poshak tatvon mein bhinnataaen joe praakritik roop seey honey vaale staron key bheetar hain. aaj taka key adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii 70 meater seey cumm gaharaai parr otech key pravaah koo neeche kii or chhodane seey, dilution paryaapt haye aur poshak tatva samvardhan itna chhota haye kii 100-megawatt key otech sanyantron koo nirantar aadhar parr sthaayi tareeke seey sanchaalit kiya jaa sakey.
javic pratiroopan.
yadi otech nirvahan seey poshak tatva photic kshetra mein badee matra mein jamaa hotey hain tou sambhaavit roop seey javic gatividhi mein vriddhi hoe sakati haye. 2011 mein 100 megawatt otech sanyantron seey plume key liye javic pratikriya kaa anukaran karane key liye hydrodynamic computer model mein ack javic ghatak jodaa gayaa thaa. sabhi mamalon mein model (70 meater yaa usase adhik gaharaai parr nirvahan), samudra kii satah key oopari 40 meater mein koee apraakritik bhinnata naheen hoti haye. 110-70 meater gaharaai kii parat mein picoplankton pratikriya lagbhag ack 10-25% vriddhi haye, joe praakritik roop seey honey vaali parivartansheelta key bheetar haye. nanoplankton pratikriya nagany haye. dietom (microplankton) kii badhee hui utpaadaktaa cumm haye. baseline otech sanyantra kii sookshm phytoplankton vriddhi seey pataa chalata haye kii uchch crum key jaiv rasayanik prabhaav bahut cumm honge.
adhyayan.
1981 seey sanyukt raajya america key aine. oh. aeye. aeye. key liye ack pichla antim paryavaraniya prabhaav vivaran (ee. aaee. aiss.) upalabdh haye, lekin ise vartamaan samudra vigyaan aur engineering manakon taka laane kii aavashyakta haye. oh. tii. ee. see. key liye praasangik duss rasayanik samudra vigyaan manakon key ack samooh parr dhyaan kendrit karate hue sarvottam paryavaraniya aadhar rekha nigrani prathaon kaa prastaav karane key liye adhyayan kiye gaye hain. haal hii mein, aine. oh. aeye. aeye. ney 2010 aur 2012 mein ack oh. tii. ee. see. karyashala aayojit kii, jisamen bhautik, rasayanik aur javic prabhaavon aur jokhimon kaa aaklan karane aur soochana antaral yaa aavashyaktaon kii pehchaan karane kii maang kii gaee.
tethys databases oh. tii. ee. see. key sambhaavit paryavaraniya prabhaavon parr vaigyaanik saahitya aur samanya jaankaari taka pahunch pradaan kartaa haye.
takniki kathinaaiyaan.
ghulansheel gaisen.
vishisht oh. tii. ee. see. seema sthitiyon parr kaam karane vaale pratyaksh sampark ooshmaa vinimayakon kaa pradarshan clod chakr key liye mahatvapurna haye. kaee praarambhik clod chakr designs mein satah sanghanak kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa kyonki unake pradarshan koo achchi tarah seey samajha jaataa thaa. halanki, seedhe sampark sanghanak mahatvapurna nuksan pradaan karate hain. jaise-jaise sevan nully mein thandaa paani badhata haye, dabaav usa bindu taka cumm hoe jaataa haye jahan gais vikasit honey lagati haye. yadi ghol seey gais kii ack mahatvapurna matra nikalati haye, tou seedhe sampark taap vinimayakon key saamane gais jaal rakhna uchit hoe sakata haye. germ paani key sevan kii nully mein sthitiyon kaa anukaran karane vaale prayogon seey sanket milata haye kii lagbhag 30 pratishat ghulansheel gais nully key sheersh mein vikasit hoti haye. samudri jall key poorv-deartion aur condensor seey gair-sanghanansheel gasses key nishkasana key beach kaa vyaapaar gais vikas gatishilata, dearrator dakshata, sir key nuksan, vent compressor dakshata aur parjivi shakti parr nirbhar kartaa haye. praayogik parinam ingit karate hain kii urdhvaadhar nakkashi sanghanak girane vaale jett prakaron kii tulanaa mein lagbhag 30 pratishat behtar pradarshan karate hain.
microbial fouling.
kyonki kachcha samudri jall ooshmaa vinimaayak seey hocker gujarna chaahiye, isaliye achchi ushmiya chaalakta banaae rakhane key liye dhyaan rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye. jaiv-dooshit paraten utani hii patali hoti hain jitani ooshmaa vinimaayak key pradarshan koo 50 pratishat taka cumm curr sakati hain. 1977 key ack adhyayan mein jisamen nakali taap vinimayakon koo duss saptah taka samudri jall key sampark mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, yeh nishkarsh nikala gayaa kii halanki sookshmajeevon key dooshit honey kaa star cumm thaa, lekin pranali kii taapiya chaalakta kaafee kharaab thee. dooshit honey key star aur ooshmaa hastaantaran haani key beach spasht visangati ooshmaa vinimaayak kii satah parr sookshmajeev vikas dwara fansi paani kii ack patali parat kaa parinam haye.
ack anya adhyayan ney nishkarsh nikala kii dooshit karane seey samay key saath pradarshan cumm hotaa haye, aur yeh nirdhaarit kiya kii halanki niyamit roop seey brush karane seey adhikansh sookshmajeev parat koo hataaya jaa sakata haye, samay key saath ack sakht parat banati haye jise saral brush key madhyam seey hataaya naheen jaa sakata haye. adhyayan ney spunge rubber kii gendon koo pranali key madhyam seey paarit kiya. isane nishkarsh nikala kii halanki gend key upchaar ney ashuddh honey kii darr koo cumm curr diyaa, yeh vikas koo poori tarah seey rokane key liye paryaapt naheen thaa aur kshamata koo bahaal karane key liye kabhi-kabhi brush karna aavashyak thaa. prayog mein baad mein roganu adhik teji seey phir seey badhe (i.ee. pichhale adhyayan key parinamon kii pratikriti banaate hue) adhik baar brush karna aavashyak hoe gayaa. baad mein safai key baad vriddhi darr mein vriddhi sookshmajeev coloney parr chayan dabaav key parinamswarup prateet hoti haye.
pratidin 1 ghante key nirantar upayog aur mukt ashuddhi kii rook-rook curr avadhi aur phir klorinikaran avadhi (phir seey prati dinn 1 ghante) kaa adhyayan kiya gayaa. klorinikaran dheema hoe gayaa lekin sookshmajeevon key vikas koo naheen rokaa; haalaanki prati dinn 1 ghante key liye 0.00 milligram prati leater kaa klorinikaran star ack paudhe key deerghakaalik sanchaalan key liye prabhaavi saabit hoe sakata haye. adhyayan ney nishkarsh nikala kii halanki microbial fouling germ satah key jall heat exchanger key liye ack mudda thaa, thhande paani key heat exchanger koo bahut cumm yaa koee biopholing naheen hui aur kewal nyuntam acarbonic fouling kaa saamana karna padaa.
paani key tapman key alawa, sookshmajeevon kaa dooshit honah poshak tatvon key star parr bhee nirbhar kartaa haye, jisamen poshak tatvon seey bharpur paani mein teji seey vriddhi hoti haye. taap vinimaayak key nirmaan key liye upayog kii jaane vaali samagri parr bhee ashuddhi darr nirbhar karati haye. aluminium nalika sookshmajeev jeevan key vikas koo dheema curr detee haye, halanki pipe key ander banane vaali oxide parat safai koo jatil banaati haye aur badee dakshata nuksan kii or leey jaati haye. isake vipareet, titanium tubing seey biofulling teji seey hoti haye lekin safai aluminium kii tulanaa mein adhik prabhaavi haye.
seal karna.
vashpikaran, turbine aur sanghanak vayumandaliya dabaav key 3 pratishat seey 1 pratishat taka key aanshik nirvaat mein kaam karate hain. vayumandaliya havaa key risaav koo rokane key liye pranali koo saavdhaanipoorvak seal kiya jaanaa chaahiye joe sanchaalan koo cumm yaa bund curr sakati haye. bund-chakr otech mein, cumm dabaav vaali bhaap kii vishisht matra dabaav vaale kaaryasheel taral padaarth kii tulanaa mein bahut badee hoti haye. ghatakon mein badey pravaah kshetra honey chaahiye taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii bhaap kaa wegg atyadhik uchch moolyon koo praapt naa karey.
nikas sampeedak dwara parjivi bijli kii khapat.
nikas sampeedak parjivi shakti haani koo cumm karane kaa ack tarika iss prakaar haye. adhikansh bhaap koo nakka sanghanak dwara sanghanit kiye jaane key baad, gair-sanghananiya gais bhaap mishran koo ack prati-dhaara kshetra seey gujaraaya jaataa haye joe gais-bhaap pratikriya koo paanch key kaarak seey badhaata haye. iska parinam nikas pumping bijli kii aavashyaktaon mein 80 pratishat kii kamee haye.
thhandi havaa/germ paani kaa roopaantaran.
sardiyon mein tateey archtic sthaanon mein, samudri jall aur pariveshi vayu key beach tapman kaa antar 40 degree celsius (72 degree fahrenheit) taka hoe sakata haye. bund-chakr pranaaliyan vayu-jall tapman antar kaa laabh uthaa sakati hain. samudri jall nishkarshan pipes koo samaapt karane seey iss avadharana parr adharit pranali oh. tii. ee. see. kii tulanaa mein cumm mahangi hoe sakati haye. yeh takneek aich key kaaran haye. barjot, jinhone beauten koo cryogen key roop mein sujhaaya, kyonki iska kwathnank aur paani mein isaki ghulansheelata naheen haye. 4 pratishat kii dakshata key yathaarthvaadi star koo maanate hue, ganana seey pataa chalata haye kii ack ghana meater paani seey utpann oorjaa kii matra ack sthaan parr ack ghana meater paani key tapman parr utpann hoti haye, jiska vayu tapman 4000 feat (1,200 meater) kii oonchaai vaale panbijali sanyantra key madhyam seey iss ghana meater paani koo chalane dene seey utpann oorjaa kii matra key barabar hotaa haye.
barjot dhruviya bijli sanyantra dhruviya kshetra key dweepon parr sthit hoe sakate hain yaa burf kii topi seey judey tairaki naukaaon yaa platforms key roop mein design kiye jaa sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, greenland key purvi tata parr sthit mausam kendra magbooka, joe glassgo seey kewal 2,100 kimmy door haye, varsh mein 6 sardiyon key maheenon key dauran masik ausat tapman kaa pataa lagaata haye. iss takneek kaa upayog samudri tata key paas sthit antarctica ghaatiyon parr kritrim burf key dhakkan yaa glacier banaane key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. iss prakaar carbon utsarjan key kaaran samudra key star mein vriddhi koo cumm kiya jaa sakata haye aur pawan oorjaa sanyantron sahit utpann bijli kaa upayog gupt mudra khanan key liye kiya jaataa haye aur iss prakriya mein mukt garmi kaa upayog antariksh taap aavashyaktaon key liye kiya jaataa haye.
thermoelectric prabhaav kaa anuprayog.
1979 mein seree ney 2 pratishat kii kull roopaantaran dakshata key saath bijli kaa utpaadan karane key liye cbec prabhaav kaa upayog karane kaa prastaav rakhaa.
2014 mein rutgers vishvavidyalaya mein sahayogi professor lipping lyu ney ack aisee oh. tii. ee. see. pranali kii kalpana kii joe paaramparik roop seey upayog kiye jaane vaale drav chakron key bajaay thhos avastha thermoelectric prabhaav kaa upayog karati haye.

