
vilaayak prabhaav

rasayan vigyaan mein, vilaayak prabhaav rasayanik pratikriyashilta yaa aanvik sanghon parr vilaayak kaa prabhaav haye. vilaayak ghulansheelata, sthirata aur pratikriya daron parr prabhaav daal sakate hain aur upayukt vilaayak kaa chayan rasayanik pratikriya parr ushmaagatikiya aur gatij niyantran kii anumati detaa haye.
ack vilaayak ack vilaayak mein taba ghulansheel hotaa haye jaba vilaayak-vilaayak antahkriya vilaayak-vilaayak antahkriya kii tulanaa mein adhik anukool hoti haye.
sthirata parr prabhaav.
vibhinn vilaayak abhikaarak yaa utpaad key vibhedak sthirikaran dwara pratikriya key santulan sthiraank koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain. santulan usa padaarth kii disha mein sthanantarit kiya jaataa haye joe adhimaantah sthir hotaa haye. 
abhikaarak yaa utpaad kaa sthirikaran vilaayak key saath kissy bhee vibhinn gair-sahsanyojak antahkriya jaise aich-bandhan, dvidhruviya-dvidhruviya antahkriya, vaine dair walls antahkriya aadi key madhyam seey hoe sakata haye.
acid-bases santulan.
ack aml yaa kshaar kaa aayaneekaran santulan ack vilaayak parivartan seey prabhaavit hotaa haye. vilaayak kaa prabhaav naa kewal isaki amlata yaa kshaariyata key kaaran hotaa haye, balki isake paraavartak sthiraank aur adhimaantah ghulansheel honey kii isaki kshamata key kaaran bhee hotaa haye aur iss prakaar kuchh prajaatiyon koo acid-bases equilibria mein sthir kartaa haye. vilayan kshamata yaa paraavartak sthiraank mein parivartan iss prakaar amlata yaa kshaartaa koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye.
oopar kii talika mein, yeh dekhaa jaa sakata haye kii paani sabse dhruviya-vilaayak haye, usake baad dee. aim. aiss. oh. aur phir acetonitrile haye. nimnalikhit aml prithakkaran santulan parr vichaar keejiyeh
paani, joe oopar soochibaddh sabse dhruviya-vilaayak haye, aayanikrit prajaatiyon koo dee. aim. aiss. oh. yaa acetonitrile kii tulanaa mein adhik hudd taka sthir kartaa haye. aayaneekaran-aur, iss prakaar, amlata-paani mein sabse adhik aur dee. aim. aiss. oh. aur acetonitrile mein cumm hogi, jaisa kii neeche dee gaee talika mein dekhaa gayaa haye, joe pee "key" koo acetonitrile (acn) aur diamethyl sulfoxide (dee. aim. aiss. oh.) aur paani key liye 25 degree celsius parr maan dikhaata haye.
keeto-anol santulan.
kaee carbonyl yaugik keeto-anol toutomerism pradarshit karate hain. yeh prabhaav vishesh roop seey 1,3-dicarbonyl yaugikon mein spasht haye joe hydrogen-bandhe inol banaa sakate hain. santulan sthiraank vilaayak dhruviyata parr nirbhar kartaa haye, jisamen "sis"-anole roop cumm dhruviyata parr prabal hotaa haye aur uchch dhruviyata parr dicato roop prabal hotaa haye. sis"-anole roop mein baney intramolicular aich-bonned kaa adhik uchchaaran taba hotaa haye jaba vilaayak key saath antar-aanvik aich-bandhan key liye koee pratispardha naheen hoti haye. parinamswarup, cumm dhruviyata key vilaayak joe aich-bandhan mein aasaani seey bhaag naheen lete hain, intramolicular aich-bandhan dwara "sis"-anolic sthirikaran kii anumati dete hain.
pratikriya daron parr prabhaav.
aksar, pratikriyashilta aur pratikriya tantra koo alag-alag anuon key vyavhaar key roop mein chitrit kiya jaataa haye jisamen vilaayak koo ack nishkriya samarthan key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, vilaayak kii prakriti vaastav mein pratikriya darr aur rasayanik pratikriya key crum koo prabhaavit curr sakati haye.
vilaayak key binaa pratikriya karna dwiaanvik tantra key saath pratikriyaon key liye pratikriya-darr koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye, udaaharan key liye, abhikarmakon kii ekagrata koo adhikatam karke. ball milling kaee yantrasayanik takneekon mein seey ack haye jahan solvents key bajaay pratikriyaon koo niyantrit karane key liye bhautik tarikon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, yeye vidhiyaan solvents kii anupasthiti mein pratikriyaon koo prabhaavit karane key tareeke hain.
santulan-vilaayak prabhaav.
vilaayak santulan-vilaayak prabhaavon key madhyam seey daron koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain jinhen sankraman avastha siddhant key aadhar parr samajhaaya jaa sakata haye. sankshep mein, pratikriya darein praarambhik samagri key vibhedak vilayan aur vilaayak dwara sankraman sthiti seey prabhaavit hoti hain. jaba abhikaarak anu sankraman avastha mein aage badhate hain, tou vilaayak anu sankraman avastha koo sthir karane key liye khud koo unmukh karate hain. yadi sankraman avastha praarambhik samagri kii tulanaa mein adhik hudd taka sthir hoe jaati haye tou pratikriya teji seey aage badhati haye. yadi praarambhik samagri sankraman avastha kii tulanaa mein adhik hudd taka sthir haye tou pratikriya dheemi hoe jaati haye. haalaanki, iss tarah key vibhedak vilayan key liye vilaayak key teji seey punarnirdharanatmak vishram kii aavashyakta hoti haye (sankraman avastha abhivinyas seey vaapas bhoo-avastha abhivinyas taka). iss prakaar, santulan-vilaayak prabhaav una pratikriyaon mein dekhe jaate hain jinamen tej baadhaaen aur kamjor dvidhruviya, teji seey aaraam dene vaale vilaayak hotey hain.
gharshan vilaayak prabhaav.
santulan parikalpana bahut teji seey honey vaali rasayanik pratikriyaon key liye khadee naheen hoti haye jisamen sankraman avastha siddhant toot jaataa haye. aise mamalon mein jisamen dridhata seey dwidhruvi, dheere-dheere aaraam karane vaale solvents shamil hain, sankraman avastha kaa vilayan pratikriya darr koo prabhaavit karane mein bahut badee bhoomika naheen nibhaata haye. isake bajaay, vilaayak kaa gatishil yogdan (jaise gharshan, ghanatva, aantarik dabaav, yaa chipchipahat) pratikriya darr koo prabhaavit karane mein ack badee bhoomika nibhaata haye.
galey lagaane key niyam.
unmoolan aur nucleophilic pratisthaapan pratikriyaon parr vilaayak key prabhaav kaa adhyayan mool roop seey british rasaayanagya edward dee dwara kiya gayaa thaa. galey lagaata haye aur christopher kelk ingold. ack saral vilayan model kaa upayog karate hue joe praarambhik aur sankraman avasthaon mein ayanon yaa dwidhruvi anuon aur vilayakon key beach kewal shuddh sthir vidyut antahkriyaon koo maanata haye, sabhi nucleophilic aur unmoolan pratikriyaon koo vibhinn prakaar key avesh (tatasth, sakaratmak aaveshit, yaa nakaratmak aaveshit) mein vyavasthit kiya gayaa thaa.
galey milane aur galey lagaane key baad inn sthitiyon mein apekshit samadhan kii seema key baare mein kuchh dhaaranaaen banaai gaeenh
inn samanya dhaaranaon kaa lagu prabhaav nimnalikhit udaharanon mein dikhaaya gayaa haih
pratikriya key udaaharan.
pratisthaapan pratikriyaaen.
pratisthaapan pratikriyaon mein upayog kiya jaane vaalaa vilaayak swabhavik roop seey nucleophile kii nucleophilicity koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye; yeh tathya teji seey adhik spasht hoe gayaa haye kyonki gais charan mein adhik pratikriyaen kii jaati hain. 
iss prakaar, vilaayak sthitiyaan ack pratikriya tantra key dusare parr paksh lene vaali kuchh vilaayak sthitiyon key saath pratikriya key pradarshan koo mahatvapurna roop seey prabhaavit karati hain. aiss. aine. 1 pratikriyaon key liye madhyavarti carbocatine koo sthir karane kii vilaayak kii kshamata ack upayukt vilaayak key roop mein isaki vyavaharyata key liye pratyaksh roop seey mahatvapurna haye. dhruviya vilayakon kii aiss. aine. 1 pratikriyaon kii darr badhaane kii kshamata dhruviya vilaayak key abhikaarak madhyavarti prajaati koo vilayan karane kaa parinam haye.ee.carbocatine, jisase praarambhik samagri key saapeksh madhyavarti oorjaa cumm hoe jaati haye. nimnalikhit talika acetic acid (ch3co2h), methanol (ch3h), aur paani (h2o) key saath "turt"-butyle chloride kii saapeksh vilayan darr koo darshaati haye.
aiss. aine. 2 pratikriyaon kaa mamla kaafee alag haye, kyonki nucleophile parr vilayan kii kamee aiss. aine. 2 pratikriya kii darr koo badhaati haye. kissy bhee mamle mein (aiss. aine. 1 yaa aiss. aine. 2), sankraman sthiti (aiss. aine. 1) koo sthir karane yaa pratikriyaasheel praarambhik samagri (aiss. aine. 2) koo asthir karane kii kshamata δg ‡ sakriyan koo cumm karane key liye kaary karati haye aur iss tarah pratikriya kii darr mein vriddhi hoti haye. yeh sambandh sameekaran δg =-rt ln k (gibbs mukt oorjaa) key anusaar haye. aiss. aine. 2 pratikriyaon key liye darr sameekaran nucleophile mein pratham crum aur abhikarmak mein pratham crum mein honey key kaaran dwimaatrik hain. jaba aiss. aine. 2 aur aiss. aine. 1 donon pratikriya tantra vyavharya hotey hain tou nucleophile kii taakat nirdhaarit karane vaalaa kaarak hotaa haye. nucleophilicity aur kshaariyata judee hui hain aur jitna adhik nucleophilic anu nucleophile kii kshaariyata bunn jaataa haye. buniyadita mein yeh vriddhi aiss. aine. 2 pratikriya tantra key liye samasyaon kaa kaaran banati haye jaba pasand kaa vilaayak protic hotaa haye. protic solvents acid/bases fashion mein achche buniyaadi charitra key saath majboot nucleophile key saath pratikriya karate hain, iss prakaar nucleophile kii nucleophilic prakriti koo cumm yaa hataa dete hain. nimnalikhit talika azide (aine3-) key saath 1-bromobutain kii aiss. aine. 2 pratikriya kii saapeksh pratikriya daron parr vilaayak dhruviyata key prabhaav koo darshaati haye. ack protic vilaayak seey ack aprotic vilaayak mein badalane parr pratikriya darr mein ullekhaniya vriddhi hoti haye. yeh antar protic solvents (aprotic solvents naheen) aur majboot nucleophiles key beach acid/bases pratikriyaon seey utpann hotaa haye. jabaki yeh sach haye kii steric prabhaav saapeksh pratikriya daron koo bhee prabhaavit karate hain, haalaanki, aiss. aine. 2 pratikriya daron parr vilaayak dhruviyata key siddhant key pradarshan key liye, steric prabhaavon kii upeksha kii jaa sakati haye.
aiss. aine. 1 seey aiss. aine. 2 pratikriyaon kii tulanaa daaeen or kii jaati haye. baain or ack aiss. aine. 1 pratikriya samanvaya aarekh haye. dhruviya-vilaayak pratikriya sthitiyon key liye δg ‡ sakriyan mein kamee koo nott karein. yeh iss tathya seey utpann hotaa haye kii dhruviya vilaayak carbocatine madhyavarti key gathan koo gair-dhruviya-vilaayak sthitiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik hudd taka sthir karate hain. yeh δea, δδg ‡ sakriyan mein spasht haye. daaeen or ack aiss. aine. 2 pratikriya nirdeshank aarekh haye. gair-dhruviya-vilaayak pratikriya sthitiyon key liye δg ‡ sakriyan mein kamee koo nott karein. dhruviya vilaayak nucleophile parr nakaratmak avesh koo ghulan karke gair-dhruviya-vilaayak sthitiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik hudd taka abhikarakon koo sthir karate hain, jisase yeh electrophile key saath pratikriya karane key liye cumm upalabdh hoe jaataa haye.
sankraman-dhaatu-utprerit pratikriyaaen.
aaveshit sankraman dhaatu parisaron (cashionic yaa anionic) seey judee pratikriyaen vishesh roop seey dhruviya media mein vilayan seey naatakiya roop seey prabhaavit hoti hain. yadi rasayanik parivartan key dauran dhaatu prajaatiyon kaa avesh badal gayaa thaa tou sambhaavit oorjaa satah (sakriyan oorjaa aur saapeksh sthirata) mein 30-50 kcal/mol parivartanon kii ganana kii gaee thee.
mukt mool sanshleshan.
kaee mukt kann-adharit sanshleshan badey gatij vilaayak prabhaav dikhaate hain joe pratikriya kii darr koo cumm curr sakate hain aur ack avaanchhit maarg kaa paalan karane key liye ack niyojit pratikriya kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain.

