jeevan itihas siddhant

jeevan itihas siddhant ack vishleshanatmak dhancha haye jise duniya bhar mein vibhinn jeevon dwara upayog kii jaane vaali jeevan itihas ranneetiyon kii vividhata key saath-saath unake jeevan chakron mein bhinnata key karanon aur parinamon kaa adhyayan karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. yeh javic vikas kaa ack siddhant haye joe jeevon key shareer rachana vigyaan aur vyavhaar key pahaluon koo iss tarah seey samajhaane kaa prayaas kartaa haye kii unake jeevan itihas-jisamen unake prajanan vikas aur vyavhaar, prajanan key baad key vyavhaar aur jivankal (jeevit samay kii lambai) shamil hain-praakritik chayan dwara aakar diyaa gayaa haye. jeevan itihas ranneeti "ayu aur charan-vishisht pattern" aur ghatnaaon kaa samay haye joe ack jeev key jeevan koo banaate hain, jaise kii janm, doodh chhodane, paripakvata, mrityu, aadi. yeye ghatanaaen, vishesh roop seey kishore vikas, yaun paripakvata kii umr, pahala prajanan, santanon kii sankhya aur maataa-pitaa key nivesh kaa star, vriddhavastha aur mrityu, jeev key bhautik aur paaristhitik vatavaran parr nirbhar karati hain.
iss siddhant koo 1950 key dashak mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa aur iska upayog jeev key aakar, paripakvata kii ayu, santanon kii sankhya, jeevan kaal aur kaee anya vishayon key baare mein prashnon key uttar dene key liye kiya jaataa haye. inn vishayon kaa adhyayan karane key liye, jeevan itihas ranneetiyon kii pehchaan kii jaani chaahiye, aur phir unake prabhaavon kaa adhyayan karane key liye model kaa nirmaan kiya jaanaa chaahiye. anta mein, ranneetiyon key mahatva aur bhoomika key baare mein bhavishyavaniyaan kii jaati hain, aur inn bhavishyavaniyon kaa upayog yeh samajhane key liye kiya jaataa haye kii vikas kissy jeev key jeevan mein jeevan itihas kii ghatnaaon key crum aur lambai koo kaise prabhaavit kartaa haye, vishesh roop seey jivankal aur prajanan kii avadhi. jeevan itihas siddhant ack vikaasvaadi neenv parr adharit haye, aur jeevon parr praakritik chayan key prabhaavon kaa adhyayan kartaa haye, donon unake jivankal aur peedhiyon mein. yeh yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye vikaasvaadi fitness key upaayon kaa bhee upayog kartaa haye kii kyaa jeev iss fitness koo adhikatam karane yaa anukoolit karane mein saksham hain, jeev key poore jeevan mein vibhinn maangon kii ack shrinkhala key liye sansadhanon koo aavantit karke. yeh "jeevon aur unake sansar kii jatilata kii kaee paraton" kii aage kii jaanch karane key liye ack vidhi key roop mein kaary kartaa haye.
jeevon ney jeevan itihas kii ack badee vividhata vikasit kii haye, prashant salmon seey, joe ack samay mein hajaaron andey paida karate hain aur phir marr jaate hain, manushyon key liye, joe dashakon key dauran kuchh santanon kaa utpaadan karate hain. yeh siddhant vikaasvaadi jeev vigyaan aur paaristhitiki key siddhanton parr nirbhar kartaa haye aur vigyaan key anya kshetron mein vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaataa haye.
kshetra kaa sankshipt itihas.
jeevan itihas siddhant koo vikaasvaadi paaristhitiki kii ack shakha key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye aur iska upayog vibhinn kshetron mein kiya jaataa haye. 1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein, ganitiya vishleshan ell. aich. tii. key sambandh mein anusandhaan kaa ack mahatvapurna pahalu bunn gayaa. samay key saath dou mukhya kendra vikasit hue hainh aanuvanshik aur phenotypic, lekin inn dou drishtikonon koo sanyojit karane kii disha mein haal hii mein ack andolan huaa haye.
jeevan chakr.
sabhi jeev apane vikas mein ack vishisht anukram kaa paalan karate hain, joe garbhavastha seey shuru hotaa haye aur mrityu key saath samaapt hotaa haye, jise jeevan chakr key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. beach kii ghatnaaon mein aamtaur parr janm, bachpan, paripakvata, prajanan aur vriddhavastha shamil hoti haye, aur inmein ack saath usa jeev kii jeevan itihas ranneeti shamil hoti haye.
iss jeevan chakr mein pramukh ghatanaaen aamtaur parr jeev key jansankhyikiya gunon dwara aakar dee jaati hain. kuchh anya kii tulanaa mein adhik spasht badalaav hain, aur shaaririk parivartanon seey chihnit hoe sakate hain-udaaharan key liye, chhote bachchon mein daant footana. kuchh ghatnaaon mein ack prajaati mein vyaktiyon key beach bahut cumm bhinnata hoe sakati haye, jaise kii garbhavastha kii avadhi, lekin anya ghatnaaon mein vyaktiyon key beach bahut adhik bhinnata dikhaai dey sakati haye, jaise kii pahale prajanan kii umr.
jeevan chakr koo dou pramukh charanon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih vikas aur prajanan. yeye donon ack hii samay mein naheen hoe sakate hain, isaliye ack baar prajanan shuru honey key baad, vriddhi aamtaur parr samaapt hoe jaati haye. yeh badalaav mahatvapurna haye kyonki yeh kissy jeev key jeevan key anya pahaluon koo bhee prabhaavit curr sakata haye, jaise kii usake samooh kaa sangathan yaa usaki samajik baatchit.
pratyek prajaati kaa inn ghatnaaon key liye apana pattern aur samay hotaa haye, jise aksar isaki ontogeny key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur isase utpann vividhata kaa adhyayan kiya jaataa haye. vikas taba inn charanon parr kaam kartaa haye taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii ack jeev apane paryaavaran key anukool hoe. udaaharan key liye, ack manushya, janm lene aur vayaskata taka pahunchane key beach, jeevan key vibhinn charanon seey gujarega, jinamen janm, shaishav, doodh chhodane kaa tyag, bachpan aur vikas, kishoravastha, yaun paripakvata aur prajanan shamil hain. inn sabhi koo ack vishisht javic tareeke seey paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, joe aavashyak roop seey usee tarah seey naheen haye jiss tarah seey way aamtaur parr upayog kiye jaate hain.
darvinian fitness.
vikas key sandarbh mein, swaasthya iss baat seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye kii bhavishya mein jeev kaa pratinidhitva kaise kiya jaataa haye. aanuvanshik roop seey, ack fitt elil peedhiyon seey apane pratidvandiyon koo pachhaad detaa haye. aksar, praakritik chayan key liye ack sankshipt naam key roop mein, shodhkarta kewal ack jeev key jeevan key dauran utpann honey vaale vanshajon kii sankhya kaa aaklan karate hain. phir, mukhya tatva uttarjeevita aur prajanan darr hain. iska matlab haye kii jeev key lakshan aur jeane agali peedhi mein leey jaae jaate hain, aur vikaasvaadi "safalata" mein yogdan karane key liye maanaa jaataa haye. anukoolan kii prakriya uttarjeevita aur prajanan kii darr koo prabhaavit karke iss "safalata" mein yogdan detee haye, joe badale mein ack jeev kii darvinian fitness key star koo sthaapit karati haye. jeevan itihas siddhant mein, vikas vishesh prajaatiyon key jeevan charanon parr kaam kartaa haye (ee.jee.kishore avadhi kii avadhi) lekin ack ekal jeev key karyatmak, jeevan bhar anukoolan key liye bhee charcha kii jaati haye. donon hii mamalon mein, shodhkarta anukoolan maan lete hain-aisee prakriyaaen joe swaasthya sthaapit karati hain.
visheshataaen.
jeevan itihas siddhant mein paaramparik roop seey mahatvapurna saat lakshan hainh
kissy bhee jeev key liye sabse mahatvapurna visheshta vaha haye jahan usa guna mein parivartan usa jeev key swaasthya key star mein sabse mahatvapurna antar paida kartaa haye. iss arth mein, ack jeev kii swaasthya sthiti usake badalate jeevan itihas key lakshnon seey nirdhaarit hoti haye. jiss tarah seey vikaasvaadi taakaten inn jeevan itihas lakshnon parr kaary karati hain, vaha jeevan itihas ranneetiyon kii aanuvanshik parivartansheelta aur viraasat koo seemit karane kaa kaary karati haye, halanki duniya mein abhee bhee badee kismein maujood hain.
ranneetiyaan.
inn jeevan itihas key lakshnon aur jeevan kii ghatnaaon key sanyojan seey jeevan itihas kii ranneetiyaan banati hain. udaaharan key liye, winemiller aur gulab, jaisa kii lartilot aur delsuk dwara uddhrit kiya gayaa haye, machhali mein teen prakaar kii jeevan itihas ranneetiyon kaa prastaav karate hainh avasarvaadi, aavadhik aur santulan. iss prakaar kii ranneetiyon koo machhali key shareer key aakar, paripakvata kii umr, uchch yaa cumm uttarjeevita aur way kiss prakaar key vatavaran mein paae jaate hain, seey paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. ack machhali jisake shareer kaa aakar badaa hoe, paripakvata kii dair seey umr aur cumm uttarjeevita, ack mausami vatavaran mein paaee jaati haye, koo ack aavadhik jeevan ranneeti key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaayega. jeevan kii ghatnaaon key dauran honey vaale vyavhaar key prakaar bhee jeevan itihas ranneetiyon koo paribhaashit curr sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, ack shoshak jeevan itihas ranneeti vaha hogi jisamen ack jeev dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik sansadhanon kaa upayog karke yaa anya jeevon seey inn sansadhanon koo laker laabh uthaata haye.
visheshataaen.
jeevan itihas kii visheshataaen way lakshan hain joe ack jeev key jeevan talika koo prabhaavit karate hain, aur vikas, prajanan aur uttarjeevita mein vibhinn niveshon key roop mein kalpana kii jaa sakati hain.
jeevan itihas siddhant kaa lakshya aisee jeevan itihas ranneetiyon mein bhinnata koo samajhana haye. iss gyaan kaa upayog vibhinn vatavaranon mein kiss prakaar key lakshnon kaa samarthan kiya jaayega, iska anuman lagaane key liye model banaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. binaa kissy baadha key, uchchatam swaasthya ack darvinian rakshas seey sambandhit hoga, ack kaalpanik jeev jisake liye iss tarah key vyaapaar-sambandh maujood naheen hain. jeevan itihas siddhant kii kunji yeh haye kii seemit sansaadhan upalabdh hain, aur kewal kuchh jeevan itihas visheshtaon parr dhyaan kendrit karna aavashyak haye.
jeevan itihas kii kuchh pramukh visheshtaon key udaharanon mein shamil hainh
inn visheshtaon mein bhinnataaen kissy vyakti key sansadhanon key vibhinn aavantan koo darshaati hain (i.ee.samay, prayaas aur oorjaa vyay) jeevan key pratispardhi karyon key liye. kissy bhee vyakti key liye, kissy bhee vishesh vatavaran mein upalabdh sansaadhan seemit hain. ack uddeshya key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa samay, prayaas aur oorjaa dusare uddeshya key liye upalabdh samay, prayaas aur oorjaa koo cumm curr detee haye.
udaaharan key liye, badey vansh vaale pakshi adhik pramukh maadhyamik yaun visheshtaon koo wahan karane mein asamarth hain. jeevan itihas kii visheshataaen, kuchh mamalon mein, jansankhya ghanatva key anusaar badalengi, kyonki uchch jansankhya ghanatvon parr uchchatam fitness vaale genotype mein cumm jansankhya ghanatvon parr uchchatam fitness naheen hogi. anya sthitiyaan, jaise kii paryaavaran kii sthirata, kuchh jeevan itihas lakshnon key liye chayan kii or leey jaayegi. michael aar dwara prayog. gulab aur bryan charlesworth ney dikhaaya kii asthir vatavaran cumm jivankal aur uchch prajanan donon key saath makkhiyon kaa chayan kartaa haye-avishvasaniya paristhitiyon mein, ack jeev key liye apane astitva koo badhaava dene vaale apashisht sansadhanon kii tulanaa mein jaldi aur prachur matra mein prajanan karna behtar haye.
javic vyaapaar bhee jivaanuon sahit virus key jeevan itihas koo darshaata haye.
prajanan moolya aur prajanan kii laagat.
prajanan moolya model prajanan, vikas aur uttarjeevita key beach vyaapaar karate hain. ack jeev key prajanan moolya (aar. vee.) koo vartamaan aur bhavishya donon prajanan key madhyam seey jansankhya mein isake apekshit yogdan key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haih
avashisht prajanan moolya vikas aur uttarjeevita mein apane nivesh key madhyam seey ack jeev key bhavishya key prajanan kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. prajanan parikalpana kii laagat bhavishyavani karati haye kii vartamaan prajanan mein uchch nivesh vikas aur uttarjeevita mein baadha daaltaa haye aur bhavishya key prajanan koo cumm kartaa haye, jabaki vikas mein nivesh bhavishya mein uchch prajanan (utpaadit santanon kii sankhya) aur prajanan prakarnon key saath bhugtan karega. yeh utpaadan laagat vyaapaar pramukh jeevan itihas visheshtaon koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, jey dwara 2009 kaa ack adhyayan. creiton, aine. heflin, aur aim. bhringon koo dafanaane parr belk ney prajanan kii laagat key liye "niradhar samarthan" pradaan kiya. adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii vartamaan prajanan key liye bahut adhik sansaadhan aavantit karane vaale bhringon kaa jivankal bhee sabse cumm thaa. apane jivankal mein, unake paas sabse cumm prajanan ghatanaaen aur santaanen bhee theen, joe darshaati hain kii vartamaan prajanan mein adhik nivesh seey avashisht prajanan moolya kaise cumm hotaa haye.
sambandhit antim nivesh parikalpana uchch ayu key saath vartamaan prajanan kii or badalaav kaa varnan karati haye. praarambhik ayu mein, aar. aar. vee. aamtaur parr adhik hotaa haye, aur jeevon koo baad kii ayu mein prajanan badhaane key liye vikas mein nivesh karna chaahiye. jaise-jaise jeevon kii umr badhati haye, vikas mein yeh nivesh dheere-dheere vartamaan prajanan koo badhaata haye. haalaanki, jaba koee jeev boodhaa hoe jaataa haye aur shaaririk kaary khona shuru curr detaa haye, tou mrityu darr badh jaati haye jabaki prajanan ghatata haye. yeh vriddhavastha prajanan koo vartamaan prajanan kii or leey jaati haih umr badhane key prabhaav aur mrityu kaa uchch jokhim vartamaan prajanan koo adhik anukool banaata haye. dafan bhaunhen adhyayan ney bhee antim nivesh parikalpana kaa samarthan kiyaah lekhakon ney paaya kii beatle joe baad mein jeevan mein prajanan karate they, unake prajanan aakar mein bhee vriddhi hui thee, joe una prajanan ghatnaaon mein adhik nivesh koo darshaata haye.
"r/k" chayan siddhant.
prajanan ranneeti koo nirdhaarit karane vaale chayan dabaavon aur isaliye kissy jeev key jeevan itihas koo aar/key chayan siddhant key sandarbh mein samajha jaa sakata haye. jeevan itihas siddhant key liye kendriya vyaapaar santanon kii sankhya banaam haye. prajanan kaa samay. aar-chayanit jeevon kii uchch vriddhi darr ("aar") hoti haye aur way maataa-pitaa kii nyuntam dekhbhal key saath badee sankhya mein santan paida karate hain; unakaa jivankal bhee chhota hotaa haye. "aar"-chayanit jeev ack asthir vatavaran mein jeevan key liye upayukt hain, kyonki way jaldi aur prachur matra mein prajanan karate hain aur santanon key cumm jeevit rahane kii darr kii anumati dete hain. "key"-chayanit jeev apane paryaavaran ("key") kii wahan kshamata key paas rahate hain, lambe samay taka apekshaakrit cumm sankhya mein santanon kaa utpaadan karate hain, aur unake maataa-pitaa kaa uchch nivesh hotaa haye. way ack sthir vatavaran mein jeevan key liye adhik upayukt hain jisamen way ack lambe jivankal aur cumm mrityu darr parr bharosa curr sakate hain joe unhein uchch santan uttarjeevita darr key saath kaee baar prajanan karane kii anumati dega.
kuchh jeev joe bahut "aar"-chayanit hotey hain, way ardh-vibhaajak hotey hain, joe marane seey pahale kewal ack baar prajanan karate hain. vaarshik fasalon kii tarah ardh-vibhaajak jeev alpakaalik hoe sakate hain. haalaanki, kuchh ardh-visham jeev apekshaakrit lambe samay taka jeevit rahate hain, jaise kii african phool vaalaa paudha "lobelia teleki" joe kaee dashakon taka ack pushpakram koo ugaane mein kharch kartaa haye joe paudhe key marane seey pahale kewal ack baar khilata haye, yaa aavadhik sikada joe ack vayask key roop mein ubharane seey pahale ack larva key roop mein 17 saal bitaata haye. lambe jivankal vaale jeev aamtaur parr punaraavritt hotey hain, joe jivankal mein ack seey adhik baar prajanan karate hain. haalaanki, eteroparus jeev "key"-chayanit kii tulanaa mein adhik "aar"-chayanit hoe sakate hain, jaise kii ack gauraiya, joe prati varsh kaee choojon koo janm detee haye, lekin ack bhatakate hue albatross kii tulanaa mein kewal kuchh saal rahati haye, joe pahale duss saal kii umr mein prajanan kartaa haye aur apane 40 saal key jivankal key dauran harr dusare saal prajanan kartaa haye.
"aar"-chayanit jeev aamtaur parah
"key"-chayanit jeev aamtaur parah
bhinnata.
bhinnata ell. aich. tii. adhyayan kaa ack pramukh hissa haye, kyonki pratyek jeev kii apani jeevan itihas ranneeti hoti haye. ranneetiyon key beach antar nyuntam yaa mahaan hoe sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, ack jeev kii ack santan hoe sakati haye jabaki dusare kii saikadon santan hoe sakati haye. kuchh prajaatiyan kewal kuchh ghanton key liye jeevit reh sakati hain, aur kuchh dashakon taka jeevit reh sakati hain. kuchh apane jivankal mein darjanon baar prajanan curr sakate hain, aur anya kewal ack yaa dou baar prajanan curr sakate hain.
vyaapaar-vinimay.
jeevan itihas ranneetiyon kaa adhyayan karane kaa ack aavashyak ghatak kissy bhee jeev key liye honey vaale vyaapaar-vinimay kii pehchaan karna haye. jeevan itihas ranneetiyon mein oorjaa kaa upayog ushmaagatiki aur oorjaa key sanrakshan aur "sansadhanon kii antarnihit kamee" dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa haye, isaliye sabhi lakshnon yaa karyon koo ack hii samay mein nivesh naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. iss prakaar, jeevon koo vikas, prajanan aur astitva jaise karyon key beach chayan karna chaahiye, kuchh koo prathamikta denaa chaahiye naa kii dusaron koo. udaaharan key liye, shareer key aakar koo adhikatam karane aur jivankal koo adhikatam karane aur santan key aakar koo adhikatam karane aur santan sankhya koo adhikatam karane key beach ack antar haye. ise kabhi-kabhi santanon kii matra aur gunavatta key beach ack vikalp key roop mein bhee dekhaa jaataa haye. yeye vikalp jeevan itihas siddhant key adhyayan key liye ack dusare seey alag hain.
ack mahatvapurna samjhauta shaaririk prayaas (shareer key vikas aur rakharkhaav kii disha mein) aur prajanan prayaas (santan paida karane kii disha mein) key beach haye. choonki ack jeev ack saath inhen karane key liye oorjaa naheen lagaa sakata haye, isaliye kaee jeevon kii ack avadhi hoti haye jahaan oorjaa koo kewal vikas kii or rakhaa jaataa haye, jisake baad ack avadhi hoti haye jaba oorjaa prajanan parr kendrit hoti haye, jisase jeevan chakr mein donon kaa ack alag honah paida hotaa haye. iss prakaar, vikas kii avadhi kaa anta prajanan kii avadhi kii shuruat koo chihnit kartaa haye. prajanan seey judaa ack anya maulik samjhauta sambhog key prayaas aur paalan-poshan key prayaas key beach haye. yadi koee jeev apani santanon koo badhaane parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye, tou vaha usa oorjaa koo saathi kaa peechha karane mein samarpit naheen curr sakata haye.
prajanan key liye sansadhanon key samarpan mein ack mahatvapurna vyaapaar kaa sambandh shikaar jokhim seey haih jinn jeevon koo shikaar key badhate jokhim seey nipatna padata haye, way aksar prajanan mein cumm nivesh karate hain. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki jaba iss tarah key nivesh kaa laabh anishchit hoe tou prajanan mein bahut adhik nivesh karna utanaa moolyavaan naheen haye.
ack baar pehchaane jaane key baad, inn vyaapaar-vinimayon koo aise model mein rakhaa jaa sakata haye joe vibhinn jeevan itihas ranneetiyon parr unake prabhaavon kaa anuman lagaate hain aur vibhinn jeevan ghatnaaon parr maujood chayan dabaavon key baare mein prashnon kaa uttar dete hain. samay key saath, inn models key nirmaan key tareeke mein badalaav aaya haye. ack visheshta parr dhyaan kendrit karane aur yeh dekhane key bajaay kii yeh kaise badal gayaa, vaigyaanik inn vyaapaar-vinimay koo ack badee pranali key hisse key roop mein dekh rahey hain, jisamen jatil nivesh aur parinam hain.
baadhaaen.
baadhaon kaa vichaar oopar charcha kiye gaye vyaapaar-vinimay key vichaar seey nikatata seey judaa huaa haye. kyonki jeevon mein oorjaa kii ack seemit matra hoti haye, isaliye vyaapaar-vinimay kii prakriya jeev key anukoolan aur swaasthya key liye kshamata parr ack praakritik seema key roop mein kaary karati haye. yeh aabaadi mein bhee hotaa haye. yeye seemaaen bhautik, vikasatmak yaa aitihaasik hoe sakati hain, aur yeye jeev key maujooda lakshnon dwara thopi jaati hain.
ishtatam jeevan-itihas ranneetiyaan.
aabaadi anukoolan curr sakati haye aur iss tarah ack "ishtatam" jeevan itihas ranneeti praapt curr sakati haye joe uchchatam star kii sambhav fitness (fitness adhikatamkaran) kii anumati detee haye. urjaavaan aur jansankhyikiya sahit ishtatamta key adhyayan key liye kaee tareeke hain. ishtatam swaasthya praapt karane mein kaee peedhiyaan bhee shamil hain, kyonki oorjaa key ishtatam upayog mein maataa-pitaa aur santan donon shamil hain. udaaharan key liye, "santanon mein ishtatam nivesh vaha haye jahan santanon kii kull sankhya mein kamee jeevit rahane vaalon kii sankhya mein vriddhi key barabar hoti haye.
jeevan itihas siddhant key adhyayan key liye ishtatamta mahatvapurna haye kyonki yeh upayog kiye jaane vaale kaee models key liye aadhar key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, joe iss dhaarana seey kaam karate hain kii praakritik chayan, kyonki yeh jeevan itihas key lakshnon parr kaam kartaa haye, lakshnon key sabse ishtatam samooh aur oorjaa key upayog kii or badh rhaa haye. yeh aadhar dhaarana, kii apane jeevan kaal key dauran ack jeev ishtatam oorjaa upayog kaa lakshya rakhta haye, phir vaigyaanikon koo anya bhavishyavaniyon kaa pareekshan karane kii anumati detaa haye. haalaanki, vaastav mein iss ishtatam jeevan itihas ranneeti koo praapt karane kii guaranti kissy bhee jeev key liye naheen dee jaa sakati haye.
sansadhanon kaa aavantan.
ack jeev key sansadhanon kaa aavantan kaee anya mahatvapurna avadhaaranaon mein sambandh rakhta haye, jaise kii vyaapaar-vinimay aur ishtatamta. sansadhanon kaa sabse achchha sambhav aavantan vaha haye joe ack jeev koo ack ishtatam jeevan itihas ranneeti praapt karane aur adhikatam star kii fitness praapt karane kii anumati detaa haye, aur vibhinn vyaapaar-anubandhon key liye oorjaa kaa aavantan karane key baare mein sarvottam sambhav vikalp banaana isamen yogdan detaa haye. sansaadhan aavantan key model vikasit kiye gaye hain aur maataa-pitaa kii bhagidari, bachchon key liye seekhane kii avadhi kii avadhi aur anya vikasatmak muddon jaisi samasyaon kaa adhyayan karane key liye upayog kiya gayaa haye. sansadhanon kaa aavantan bhee bhinnata mein ack bhoomika nibhaata haye, kyonki vibhinn prajaatiyon dwara vibhinn sansaadhan aavantan jeevan itihas ranneetiyon kii vividhata paida karate hain.
poonji aur aaya prajanan.
poonji aur aaya prajanan kaa vibhajan iss baat parr kendrit haye kii jeev prajanan key vittaposhan key liye sansadhanon kaa upayog kaise karate hain, aur way ise kaise samay dete hain. poonji prajanankartaon mein, prajanan seey pahale ekatra kiye gaye sansadhanon kaa upayog isake liye bhugtan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, aur way ack baar shareer kii sthiti kii seema taka pahunchane key baad prajanan karate hain, joe mausam key badhane key saath cumm hoe jaataa haye. doosari or, aaya prajanankarta prajanan key saath samvarti roop seey utpann honey vaale sansadhanon kaa upayog karke prajanan karate hain, aur samay kaa upayog karate hue kaee nishchit seema key saapeksh shareer kii sthiti mein parivartan kii darr kaa upayog karate hain. halanki, yeh antar jaruri naheen kii ack dwibhajan hoe; isake bajaay, yeh ack varnakram haye, jisamen ack chhor parr shuddh poonji prajanan hotaa haye, aur dusare chhor parr shuddh aaya prajanan hotaa haye.
poonji prajanan una jeevon mein adhik dekhaa jaataa haye joe majboot mausameeta seey nipatate hain. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki jaba santan moolya cumm hotaa haye, phir bhee bhojan prachur matra mein hotaa haye, tou inn jeevon seey prajanan karane key liye bhandar banaane seey inn jeevon koo prajanan kii uchch darr praapt karane mein madad milati haye joe anyatha unake paas hoti. cumm mausami vatavaran mein, aaya prajanan key anukool honey kii sambhavana haye kyonki prajanan key liye prateeksha karane seey swaasthya laabh naheen hoga.
phenotypic plasticity.
phenotypic plasticity iss avadharana parr kendrit haye kii ack hii genotype vibhinn vatavaranon kii pratikriya mein vibhinn phenotype kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye. yeh bhinnata aur swaasthya lakshnon key ekikaran key srot key roop mein seva karke aanuvanshik parivartansheelta key star koo prabhaavit kartaa haye.
nirdhaarak.
kaee kaarak kissy jeev key jeevan itihas key vikas koo nirdhaarit curr sakate hain, vishesh roop seey paryaavaran kii apratyashitata. ack bahut hii apratyaashit vatavaran-jisamen sansaadhan, khatare aur pratiyogi teji seey utaar-chadhaav curr sakate hain-una jeevon kaa chayan kartaa haye joe apane jeevan mein pahale adhik santan paida karate hain, kyonki yeh kabhi bhee nishchit naheen haye kii way phir seey prajanan karane key liye jeevit rahenge yaa naheen. mrityu darr ack prajaati key jeevan itihas kaa sabse achchha sanketak hoe sakata haih uchch mrityu darr vaale jeev-ack apratyaashit vatavaran kaa samanya parinam-aamtaur parr cumm mrityu darr vaali prajaatiyon kii tulanaa mein pahale paripakva hoe jaate hain, aur ack samay mein adhik santanon koo janm dete hain. ack atyadhik apratyaashit vatavaran bhee plasticity kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye, jisamen vyaktigat jeev aar-chayanit banaam key spectrum key saath sthanantarit hoe sakate hain. paryaavaran key anuroop key-chayanit jeevan itihas.
maanav jeevan kaa itihas.
manushyon key adhyayan mein, jeevan itihas siddhant kaa upayog kaee tarikon seey kiya jaataa haye, jisamen jeev vigyaan, manovigyaan, arthshastra, maanav vigyaan aur anya kshetra shamil hain. manushyon key liye, jeevan itihas ranneetiyon mein sabhi samanya kaarak shamil hain-vyaapaar-darr, baadhaaen, prajanan prayaas, aadi.- lekin isamen ack sanskriti kaarak bhee shamil haye joe unhein anukoolan key alawa saanskritik sadhanon key madhyam seey samasyaon koo hull karane kii anumati detaa haye. manushyon mein aise advitiya lakshan bhee hotey hain joe unhein anya jeevon seey alag banaate hain, jaise kii ack badaa mastishk, baad mein paripakvata aur pahale prajanan kii ayu, ack lamba jivankal, aur prajanan kaa ack uchch star, joe aksar pitaa aur badey (rajonivritti key baad) rishtedaron dwara samarthit hotaa haye. inn advitiya lakshnon key liye vibhinn prakaar key sambhaavit spashteekaran hain. udaaharan key liye, ack lambi kishore avadhi koo safal shikaar aur chaara key liye aavashyak kaushal seekhane kii avadhi kaa samarthan karane key liye anukoolit kiya gayaa hoga. seekhane kii yeh avadhi lambe jivankal kii bhee vyakhya curr sakati haye, kyonki una kaushal kaa upayog karane key liye adhik samay lagane seey unhein praapt karane key liye aavashyak avadhi hoe jaati haye. sahakaari prajanan aur daadi parikalpana koo iss kaaran key roop mein prastaavit kiya gayaa haye kii manushya kaee varshon taka jeevit rahate hain jaba way abb prajanan karane mein saksham naheen hain. badaa mastishk adhik seekhane kii kshamata aur nae vyavhaaron mein sanlagn honey aur naee cheejen banaane kii kshamata kii anumati detaa haye. mastishk key aakar mein parivartan aahar mein badalaav kaa parinam hoe sakata haye-uchch gunavatta kii or aur khaadya sroton koo praapt karna mushkil-yaa samooh jeevan kii samajik aavashyaktaon seey prerit hoe sakata haye, joe saajha karane aur praavdhaan koo badhaava detee haye. haal key lekhak, jaise kii kaplan, tark dete hain kii donon pahalu shayed mahatvapurna hain. shodh ney yeh bhee sanket diyaa haye kii manushya vibhinn prajanan ranneetiyon kaa anusaran curr sakate hain. prajanan ranneeti vikas kii vyakhya karane key liye jeevan itihas key dhaanche kii jaanch mein, anubhavjanya adhyayanon ney ack manomit drishtikon key saath muddon kii pehchaan kii haye, lekin praarambhik tanaav, twarit yuvavastha, asurakshit lagaav, apratibandhit samajik-laingikta aur sambandh asantosh key beach anumaanit sambandhon kaa asthaayi roop seey samarthan kiya haye.
drishtikon.
jeevan itihas siddhant ney maanav prajanan vyavhaar key kaee pahaluon koo samajhane mein nae drishtikon pradaan kiye hain, jaise kii garibi aur prajanan kshamata key beach sambandh. samajik aankadon dwara kaee saankhyikiya bhavishyavaniyon kii pushti kii gaee haye aur praayogik pashu model mein adhyayan seey vaigyaanik saahitya kaa ack badaa hissa haye, aur kaee jeevon key beach praakritik adhyayan hain.
aalochana.
yeh daavaa kii yuva avastha mein lambe samay taka asahaayata yuvaaon kii raksha karane key liye adhik paalan-poshan key prayaas kaa chayan karegi, usee samay jaba uchch star key shikaar cumm paalan-poshan key prayaas key liye chayan karenge, yeh maanate hue aalochana kii jaati haye kii poorna kalakram chayan kii disha nirdhaarit karega. iss aalochana kaa tark haye kii yuvaaon dwara saamana kiye jaane vaale shikaar key khatare kii kull matra mein samaan prabhaavi suraksha aavashyakta prabhaav haye, chaahe vaha ack lambe bachpan key roop mein aae aur praakritik dushmanon yaa ack chhote seey bachpan aur nikat doori key praakritik dushmanon key beach aae, kyonki alag-alag jeevan gati jaanvaron key liye vyaktiparak roop seey ack hii cheej haye aur kewal baahari roop seey alag dikhati haye. ack uddhrit udaaharan yeh haye kii jinn chhote jaanvaron key paas adhik praakritik dushman hain, unhein lagbhag samaan sankhya mein khatron kaa saamana karna padegaa aur unhein lagbhag utani hii suraksha kii aavashyakta hogi (jaanvaron key saapeksh samay parr) jitani cumm praakritik dushmanon vaale badey jaanvaron koo hoti haye joe adhik dheere-dheere badhate hain (jaise.jee. kii kaee chhote mansahari joe ack bahut chhota maanav bachcha bhee naheen khaa sakate they, way aasaani seey kaee bahut chhote andhe meerkat khaa sakate they). iss aalochana kaa yeh bhee tark haye kii jaba ack mansahari ack saath sangraheet ack batch koo khaata haye, tou ack saath sangraheet yuvaaon kii sankhya key aadhar parr ack key jeevit rahane kii sambhavana mein koee mahatvapurna antar naheen hotaa haye, yeh nishkarsh nikaalate hue kii manushya asahaay yuvaaon kii raksha key liye chayan mein choohon jaise kaee chhote jaanvaron seey alag naheen hotey hain.
iss daave kii aalochana kii jaati haye kii rajonivritti aur mahila prajanan kshamata mein kuchh samay pahale ayu seey sambandhit girawat ack-vivaahita purush pradaataon parr deerghakaalik nirbharta key saath saha-vikasit hoe sakati haye joe upajaau mahilaaon koo pasand karate hain. iss aalochana kaa tark haye kii bachche koo prajaati key jivankal key saapeksh maataa-pitaa key nivesh kii aavashyakta jitani adhik samay taka hogi, janm lene vaale bachchon key pratishat koo taba bhee maataa-pitaa kii dekhbhal kii aavashyakta hogi jaba mahila abb upajaau naheen thee yaa usaki prajanan kshamata mein naatakiya roop seey kamee aaee thee. inn alochakon kaa tark haye kii jaba taka upajaau mahilaaon key liye purush vareeyata aur ack naee mahila mein badalane kii kshamata koo radd naheen kiya jaataa, taba taka purush pradaata kii kissy bhee aavashyakta ney rajonivritti key khilaf chayan kiya hotaa taaki pradaata purush koo usaki or aakarshit rakhane key liye usaki prajanan kshamata kaa upayog kiya jaa sakey, aur yeh kii ack vivaahi pitaa kaa siddhant unake parivaaron key liye pradaan kartaa haye isaliye yeh naheen samajha sakata kii manushyon mein rajonivritti kyon vikasit hui.
sambhog key prayaas aur paalan-poshan key prayaas key beach ack vyaapaar-sambandh kii dhaarana kii ack aalochana yeh haye kii ack aisee prajaati mein jisamen sambhog key alawa kissy anya cheez parr bahut adhik prayaas karna aam haye, jisamen paalan-poshan key liye vishesh naheen haye, pratiyogiyon key liye bhee cumm oorjaa aur samay upalabdh haye, jiska arth haye kii sambhog mein kharch kiye gaye prayaas mein prajaati-vyaapi kamee seey kissy vyakti kii anya sathiyon koo aakarshit karane kii kshamata cumm naheen hoti haye. yeye aalochak prajanan key prayaas aur sambhog key prayaas key beach kii dwibhajan kii bhee aalochana karate hain, kyonki sambhog seey samay lene vaale anya prayason key astitva mein kamee aatee haye, jaise kii jeevit rahane key prayaas, jinake samaan prajaati-vyaapi prabhaav honge.
aakar aur angon key adaan-pradaan kii bhee aalochana kii jaati haye, jisamen shareer key aakar aur deerghaayu key beach ack vyaapaar-sambandh key daave kii aalochana shamil haye, jisamen badee prajaatiyon mein lambe jeevan kaal key avalokan kaa hawala diyaa gayaa haye, saath hii iss daave kii aalochana bhee kii gaee haye kii badey mastishk ney primate adhyayanon kaa hawala dete hue samajikta koo badhaava diyaa, jisamen apane mastishk key badey hisse key saath bandar shalya chikitsa seey hataa diye gaye they, samajik roop seey kaam karate rahey, halanki unaki takniki samasya kaa samadhan lachilepan mein bigad gayaa, chimpanji key samajik sampark key computer anukaran seey pataa chalata haye kii isake liye kissy jatil sangyaan kii aavashyakta naheen haye, aur microcephalic mastishk aakar key saath samajik roop seey kaam karane vaale manushyon key mamle shamil hain.
sandarbh.
52) marco dell gudis "vikaasvaadi manorogah ack ekikrit drishtikon", oxford vishvavidyalaya press, 2018

