
jeevaashm kaal

purapashan kaal, () yaa purapashan kaal, ack bhoogarbhiya yug haye joe lagbhag 66 seey 56 million varsh pahale (maay) taka chalaa thaa. yeh aadhunik sanozoic yug mein peliogen kaal kaa pahala yug haye. yeh naam pracheen yunani "palais" kaa ack sanyojan haye jiska arth haye "purana" aur eocn yug (joe jeevaashm kaal mein safal hotaa haye), jiska anuvaad "eocn key puraane hisse" mein hotaa haye.
iss yug koo prithvi key itihas mein dou pramukh ghatnaaon dwara vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana, ack kshudragrah prabhaav (chikaksulab prabhaav) aur sambhavatah jwalamukhi (dekkan traps) dwara laaee gaee, joe jeevaashm kii shuruat koo chihnit karati haye aur 75 pratishat prajaatiyon koo maar detee haye, sabse prasiddh gair-avian dynasore. yug key anta mein jeevaashm-ushmiya taapiya adhikatam (petam) dwara chihnit kiya gayaa thaa, joe ack pramukh jalavaayu ghatana thee jisamen lagbhag 500 gigaton carbon vayumandal aur mahasagar pranaliyon mein chhoda gayaa thaa, jisase vaishvik tapman aur mahasagar amlikaran mein vriddhi hui thee.
jeevaashm kaal mein, uttari golardh key mahadweep abhee bhee kuchh bhoomi pulon key madhyam seey judey hue they; aur dakshin america, antarctica aur australia abhee taka poori tarah seey alag naheen hue they. chattani pahaadon koo oopar uthaaya jaa rhaa thaa, america abhee taka shamil naheen huaa thaa, bhaaratiya plate ney asia key saath apani takkar shuru curr dee thee, aur uttari atlantic ignius praant pichhale 150 million varshon kii teesari sabse badee magmatic ghatana mein bunn rhaa thaa. mahasagaron mein, thermohline parisancharan shayed aaj kii tulanaa mein bahut alag thaa, jisamen uttari atlantic key bajaay uttari prashant mein downwelling hoti haye, aur paani kaa ghanatva mukhya roop seey tapman key bajaay lavanata dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa haye.
key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana ney prajaatiyon key pushp aur jeevon key karobar kaa kaaran banaa, jisamen pahale prachur matra mein prajaatiyon koo pahale asamanya prajaatiyon dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. haal key dinon kii tulanaa mein, lagbhag vaishvik ausat tapman key saath, jeevaashm kaal mein, prithvi parr pichhale mesozoic kii tarah, dhruvon parr sthaayi burf kii chadaron key binaa greenhouse jalavaayu thee. jaise, duniya bhar mein vann they-dhruvon sahit-lekin unamen paudhon key jeevan key sambandh mein cumm prajaatiyon kii samriddhi thee, aur mukhya roop seey chhote jeevon dwara basey hue they joe haal hii mein khaali hui prithvi kaa laabh uthaane key liye teji seey vikasit hoe rahey they. halanki kuchh janwar badey aakar mein they, lekin adhikansh chhote baney rahey. badey shakahari jeevon key abhaav mein vann kaafee ghaney hoe gaye. jeevaashm kaal mein faile standhaariyon aur sabse puraane placental aur marsupial standhaariyon koo iss samay seey darj kiya gayaa haye, lekin adhikansh jeevaashm kaal key vargeekaran mein aspasht sambandh hain. samudron mein, ray-finned machhali khule mahasagar parr haavi hoe gaee aur reif paaristhitiki tantra koo thheek curr rahee thee.
vyutpatti.
jeevaashm" shabd kaa upayog pahali baar 1874 mein francisi jeevaashm vigyaani aur bhoovigyaani wilhelm phillip skimper dwara peris key paas jamaa kaa varnan karate hue kiya gayaa thaa (unake granth mein vartani). iss samay taka, italvi bhoovigyaani jiyovanni ardino ney 1833 mein prithvi parr jeevan key itihas koo praathamik (paleozoic), maadhyamik (mesozoic) aur 1759 mein tritiyak mein vibhajit kiya thaa; francisi bhoovigyaani jool desnoyers ney 1829 mein tritiyak seey chaturthansh koo vibhajit karane kaa prastaav rakhaa thaa; aur scotish bhoovigyaani charles lyle (chaturthansh kii andekhi karate hue) ney tritiyak yug koo eocene, myocene, pleocene aur nyu pliocene (holocin) avadhi mein vibhajit kiya thaa. british bhoovigyaani johnn phillips ney 1840 mein tritiyak key sthaan parr sinozoic kaa prastaav rakhaa thaa, aur ack puralekh vigyaani moritz hornes ney 1829 mein tritiyak seey chaturthansh koo vibhajit karane kaa prastaav diyaa thaa. 1978 mein, paleogene koo aadhikarik taur parr paleocene, eocene aur oligosin yug key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa; aur neogene koo myocene aur pleocene yug key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa. 1989 mein, tritiyak aur chaturthansh koo unaki seema kii manmaane dhang seey prakriti key kaaran samay paimaane seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin 2009 mein chaturthansh koo bahaal curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
jeevaashm" shabd pracheen yunani "palayos" kaa ack sanyojan haye jiska arth haye "purana", aur shabd "eocene", aur isaliye iska arth haye "eocene kaa purana hissa". eocn, badale mein, pracheen yunani eo-"eos" jiska arth haye "subah", aur-seene "canos" jiska arth haye "nayaa" yaa "haal kaa", seey liya gayaa haye, jaisa kii yug ney haal key, yaa aadhunik, jeevan kii shuruat dekhi thee. purapashan kaal 1920 key aspas taka vyaapak upayog mein naheen aaya thaa. uttari america aur mukhya bhoomi europe mein, maanak vartani "purapashan kaal" haye, jabaki yeh britten mein "purapashan kaal" haye. bhoovigyaani tii. see. aar. pulvertaft ney tark diyaa haye kii baad kii vartani galat haye kyonki iska matlab yaa tou "puraane haal key" kaa anuvaad yaa "paalaa" aur "eeseen" seey vyutpatti hogi, joe galat hoga kyonki upsarg pelio-"aeye" aur "ee" key bajaay ligature α kaa upayog kartaa haye, isaliye kewal donon varnon koo yaa naa hii chhod diyaa jaanaa chaahiye, kewal ack naheen.
bhoovigyaan.
seemaaen.
purapashan yug key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana key baad seedhe ack karod varsh kaa samay antaral haye, jisane cretaceous avadhi aur mesozoic yug koo samaapt curr diyaa, aur senozoic yug aur purapashan kaal kii shuruat kii. ise teen yugon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih 66 seey 61.6 laakh varsh pahale (miyaa) mein faila danian, 61.6 seey 59.2 miyaa mein faila salandian, aur 59.2 seey 56 miyaa mein faila thanacian. yeh eocene dwara safal huaa haye.
key-piji seema koo duniya bhar key kaee sthaanon mein jeevaashm record mein ack uchch-iridium baind dwara spasht roop seey paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, saath hii saath jeevaashm vanaspatiyon aur jeevon key saath asantulan bhee haye. aam taur parr yeh socha jaataa haye kii ack vyaapak kshudragrah prabhaav, mexico kii khaadi mein yukatan praaydweep mein chikaksulab crater kaa nirmaan, aur dakkan trap jwalamukhi seema parr ack vinashkari ghatana kaa kaaran banaa jisake parinamswarup sabhi prajaatiyon kaa 75 pratishat vilupt hoe gayaa.
jeevaashm kaal kaa anta jeevaashm-ushmiya adhikatam key saath huaa, joe vatavaran aur mahasagar pranaliyon mein carbon key saamoohik roop seey chhodane seey teevra warming aur mahasagar amlikaran kii ack chhoti avadhi thee, jisake kaaran benthic forr eminifera-planctonic prajaatiyon key badey paimaane parr vilupt honey kaa kaaran banaa, jinka upayog samudri paaristhitiki tantra key swaasthya key jaiv sanketak key roop mein kiya jaataa haye-joe sinozoic mein sabse badey mein seey ack haye. yeh ghatana lagbhag 55.8 maay mein hui, aur yeh sanozoic key dauran vaishvik parivartan kii sabse mahatvapurna avadhi mein seey ack thee.
stareekaran.
bhoovaigyaanik jeevaashm kaal kii chattanon koo chhote chattan ikaaiyon key ack stareekrit samooh mein vibhajit karate hain jinhen charan kahaa jaataa haye, pratyek sambandhit samay antaral key dauran banata haye jise ayu kahaa jaataa haye. charanon koo vaishvik yaa kshetriya roop seey paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye. vaishvik" stareekrit sahsambandh key liye, aaee. see. aiss. vaishvik seema stareekrit khand aur bindu (jee. aiss. aiss. pee.) key aadhar parr ekal gathan (ack stareekrit) seey charan kii nichali seema kii pehchaan karate hue vaishvik charanon kaa anusamarthan karate hain. 1989 mein, aaee. see. aiss. ney jeevaashm kaal koo teen charanon mein vibhajit karane kaa faisala kiyaah danian, selandian aur thanasian.
danian koo pahali baar 1847 mein german-swiss bhoovigyaani piyare jeane edward desser dwara paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa, joe stevens clint aur fax mein dennish chaalk parr adharit thaa, aur yeh cretaceous kaa hissa thaa, jisake baad tritiyak montian charan aaya. 1982 mein, yeh dikhaae jaane key baad kii danian aur montian ack hii hain, ics ney danian koo k-pg seema seey shuru honey key roop mein paribhaashit karane kaa faisala kiya, iss prakaar cretaceous mein danian koo shamil karane kii pratha samaapt hoe gaee. 1991 mein, jee. aiss. aiss. pee. koo ell cafe, tunisia key paas ell hariya gathan mein ack achchi tarah seey sanrakshit khand key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa, aur prastaav aadhikarik taur parr 2006 mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa.
zumaayaa key bask shahar dwara itzurun samudra tata mein salandian aur thanacian donon koo paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, kyonki yeh kshetra praarambhik santonian seey laker praarambhik yuseen samudri chattanon kaa nirantar bahirgaman haye. jeevaashm khand anivarya roop seey ack poorna, ujagar record motaa haye, joe mukhya roop seey lagbhag ack gaharaai parr jamaa vaikalpik dweepsamuh talchhat seey banaa haye. danian bhandar koo etzgorary choona patthar key gathan mein aur selandian aur praarambhik thenian koo itzurun gathan mein alag kiya jaataa haye. itzurun gathan koo kramshah dou charanon key anuroop samoohon aeye aur bee mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. 2008 mein dou charanon kii pushti kii gaee thee, aur iss kshetra koo isake puuraa honey, kataav key cumm jokhim, mool kshetron kii nikatata key kaaran chunaa gayaa thaa, charanon koo paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa, pahunch, aur isake bhoogarbhiya mahatva key kaaran kshetra kii sanrakshit sthiti.
1924 mein dennish bhoovigyaani alfred rosencrantz dwara pahali baar selandian kaa prastaav rakhaa gayaa thaa, joe jeevaashm-samriddh glauconitic marles key ack khand parr adharit thaa, joe gray clay dwara aachchhaadit thaa, joe gair-anuroop roop seey danian chaak aur choona patthar parr hotaa haye. kshetra koo abb αbellö gathan, holmehus gathan aur österrende mitty mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. iss charan kii shuruat koo uttari samudri kshetra mein ack khule mahasagar vatavaran seey carbonate chattan key jamaav key anta seey paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa (joe pichhale 4 karod varshon seey chala rhaa thaa). iss kshetra mein bhoomi key bhandar seedhe yuseen farr gathan dwara prabhaavit hain-thanian koo yahaan naheen darshaaya gayaa thaa-aur nikshepan record mein iss asantulan key kaaran jee. aiss. aiss. pee. koo zumaayaa mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. aaj, salandian kii shuruat nanophosyl "phosiculithus timepaniformis", "neochiastogygus perfects" aur "chiasmolithus adentulus" key roop seey chihnit haye, halanki kuchh foraminifera kaa upayog vibhinn lekhakon dwara kiya jaataa haye.
thansian koo pahali baar 1873 mein swiss bhoovigyaani eugene renevier dwara prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa; unhone dakshin ingland thannet, woolwich aur reeding formation koo shamil kiya thaa. 1880 mein, francisi bhoovigyaani gustave fredrick dolphus ney paribhasha koo kewal thannet gathan taka seemit curr diyaa. thanacian madhya-purapashan javic ghatana key baad thodaa shuru hotaa haye-meethen mein vriddhi key kaaran ack alpakaalik jalavaayu ghatana-joe kii calcium carbonate kii kamee seey ack kaale antaral key roop mein darj kii gaee haye. itzurun mein, yeh salandian key aadhar key oopar seey shuru hotaa haye, aur shaiwal "discoster" kii pahali upasthiti aur "heliolithus" key vividhikaran seey chihnit hotaa haye, halanki jeevaashm chumbakatva key sandarbh mein sabse achchha sahsambandh haye. crone ack bhoo-chumbakiya ulatafer kii ghatana haye-jaba uttar aur dakshin dhruv dhruvon koo badalate hain. crone 1 (see1aine) koo lagbhag 780,000 saal pahale key aadhunik dinn key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, aur aine aaj kii dhruviyata key roop mein "samanya" koo darshaata haye, aur vipareet dhruviyata key liye ack aar "vipareet" haye. thanacian kii shuruat c26r/c26n riversal key saath sabse achchi tarah seey sahsambaddh haye.
khanij aur hydrocarbon bhandar.
jeevaashm kaal key dauran kaee aarthik roop seey mahatvapurna koyla bhandar baney, jaise kii vyoming aur montana key pouder nadee besin mein upa-bituminus kilaa sangh gathan, joe americi koyale kaa 43 pratishat utpaadan kartaa haye; texas mein wilcox samooh, khaadi tateey maidan key sabse ameer bhandar; aur duniya kii sabse badee khuli-gaddhe vaali khadaan, columbia mein serojan khadaan. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat key karib seey, nervey key swallbard mein jeevaashm koyale kaa badey paimaane parr khanan kiya gayaa haye, aur dair seey jeevaashm aur praarambhik yuseen koyla vyaapak roop seey kanada key archtic dweepsamuh aur uttari cyberia mein vitarit kiya gayaa haye. uttari samudra mein, jeevaashm-vyutpann praakritik gais bhandar, jaba unaki khoj kii gaee thee, tou kull lagbhag 2.23 trillion ghana meater (7.89 trillion phut), aur tail 13.54 billion bairal thaa. mahatvapurna phosphat bhandar-mukhya roop seey francolite key-metlaui key paas, tunisia kaa nirmaan jeevaashm kaal key anta seey praarambhik yuseen taka huaa thaa.
prabhaav crater.
jeevaashm kaal mein baney prabhaav gaddhon mein shamil hainh paschimi australia mein 60 maay seey cumm kaa connolly besin gaddha, texon markage gaddha 58 maay, aur sambhavatah jorden jabel wakf suwan gaddhe key roop mein joe 56 aur 37 maay key beach kaa haye. skaay, scotland key dweep seey vanadium seey bharpur ausbornite, joe 60 maay taka kaa haye, prabhaav ejecta hoe sakata haye. crater bhee key-piji seema key paas baney they, joe sabse badaa maxican chikaksulab crater thaa jiska prabhaav key-piji vilupt honey kaa ack pramukh avakshepak thaa, aur ukraini boltish crater bhee, joe 65.4 maay kanada key eagle batte crater (halanki yeh chhota hoe sakata haye), vista elegger crater (halanki yeh lagbhag 115 maay) kaa hoe sakata haye. yuu key atlantic tata key saath silicate glass golakar.aiss. petam parr kshetra mein ack ulka prabhaav kaa sanket dein. greenland mein dabey hue hiyawatha glacier crater kaa kaal lagbhag 58 miyaa key uttaraardh kaa haye.
puralekh bhugol.
paleotectonics.
jeevaashm kaal key dauran, mahadweep apani vartamaan sthiti kii or badhate rahey. uttari golardh mein, lauresia (uttari america aur eurasia) key poorv ghatak, kabhi-kabhi, bhoomi pulon key madhyam seey judey hue theh uttar america aur purvi asia key beach beringia (65.5 aur 58 miyaa parr), greenland aur scandinavia key beach dee geier maarg (71 seey 63 miyaa taka), uttari america aur paschimi europe key beach thulian maarg (57 aur 55.8 miyaa parr) greenland key madhyam seey, aur europe koo asia seey jodane vaalaa turgei maarg (joe anyatha iss samay turgei jaldamroomadhya dwara alag kiya gayaa thaa).
laramide orogeny, joe cretaceous key anta mein shuru hui, chattani pahaadon koo oopar uthaana jaari rakhaa; yeh jeevaashm kaal key anta mein samaapt huaa. isake kaaran aur vivartanik gatividhi key parinamswarup samudra key star mein girawat key kaaran, paschimi aantarik samudri maarg, jisane uttari america key mahadweep koo adhikansh cretaceous key liye vibhajit curr diyaa thaa, peechhe hutt gayaa thaa.
lagbhag 60.5 aur 54.5 maay key beach, uttari atlantic kshetra mein jwalamukhi gatividhi mein vriddhi hui-pichhale 150 million varshon mein teesari sabse badee magmatic ghatana-uttari atlantic agneya praant kaa nirmaan. kabhi-kabhi praarambhik jwalamukhi key liye jimmedaar honey key roop mein proto-iceland hotspot kaa hawala diyaa jaataa haye, halanki daraar aur parinamswarup jwalamukhi ney bhee yogdan diyaa haye. iss jwalamukhi ney uttari atlantic mahasagar key khulane aur samudra tala key prasaar mein yogdan diyaa hoga, uttari americi plate seey greenland plate kaa vichalan, aur jalavaayu key anusaar, samudra tala parr meethen clatherate chrystal koo alag karke petam key parinamswarup carbon kaa badey paimaane parr release huaa hoga.
uttar aur dakshin america madhya americi samudri maarg seey alag rahey, halanki ack dweep chaap (dakshin madhya americi chaap) pahale hii lagbhag 73 miyaa bunn chuka thaa. carribean kaa badaa agnikrit praant (abb carribean plate), joe navintam cretaceous mein prashant mein gallapagos hotspot seey banaa thaa, poorv kii or badh rhaa thaa kyonki uttari americi aur dakshin americi platein atlantic (strike-slip tectonics) key khulane key kaaran vipareet disha mein dhakel dee jaa rahee theen. yeh gati antatah panma key istamas koo 2.6 maay taka oopar uthaayegi. carribean plate lagbhag 50 maay taka chalati rahee jaba yeh apani vartamaan sthiti mein pahunch gaee.
dakshini golardh mein poorv dakshini supercontinent gondwanaland key ghatak alag hotey rahey, lekin antarctica abhee bhee dakshin america aur australia seey judaa huaa thaa. africa uttar kii or europe kii or badh rhaa thaa, aur bhaaratiya upmahadweep asia kii or, joe antatah tethys mahasagar koo bund curr dega. bhaaratiya aur eurasian platein jeevaashm yaa yuseen mein kabhi-kabhi oopar kii or (aur ack bhoomi sambandh) key saath takaraane lageen, joe lagbhag 24-17 maay key baare mein myocene mein shuru hui. iss baat key pramaan hain kii kuchh paudhe aur janwar jeevaashm kaal key dauran bhaarat aur asia key beach sambhavatah madhyavarti dweep chapon key madhyam seey pravaas curr sakate hain.
jeevaashm vigyaan.
aadhunik thermohline parisancharan mein, germ ushnakatibandhiya paani dhruvon parr thandaa aur namkeen hoe jaataa haye aur uttari dhruv key paas uttari atlantic aur antarctic praaydweep key paas dakshini mahasagar mein hotaa haye. jeevaashm kaal mein, archtic mahasagar aur uttari atlantic key beach jalmarg kuchh hudd taka pratibandhit they, isaliye uttar atlantic gahara paani (nadw) aur atlantic meridian overturning parisancharan (moc)-joe bhoomadhya rekha kii or archtic seey thhande paani koo prasaarit kartaa haye-abhee taka naheen banaa thaa, aur isaliye uttari atlantic mein gahara paani kaa gathan shayed naheen huaa thaa. archtic aur atlantic praarambhik seey madhya eocn taka paryaapt roop seey gahare paani seey judey naheen honge.
uttar prashant mein cumm seey cumm lagbhag gaharaai taka gahare paani key gathan key pramaan hain. jeevaashm kaal mein vaishvik gahare paani kaa unchaa tapman thermohline parisancharan key liye bahut germ hoe sakata haye joe mukhya roop seey garmi seey sanchaalit hoe. yeh sambhav haye kii greenhouse jalavaayu ney varsha key pattern koo iss tarah seey sthanantarit kiya kii dakshini golardh uttari kii tulanaa mein geela thaa, yaa dakshini ney uttari kii tulanaa mein cumm vashpikaran kaa anubhav kiya. donon hii mamalon mein, isase uttari kshetra dakshini kshetra kii tulanaa mein adhik khaara hoe jaataa, jisase ghanatva mein antar paida hotaa aur uttar prashant kshetra dakshin kii or badh jaataa. dakshin atlantic mein bhee gahare paani kaa nirmaan huaa hoga.
yeh kaafee hudd taka agyaat haye kii vaishvik dhaaraon ney vaishvik tapman koo kaise prabhaavit kiya hoga. eocn mein harit bhoomi dwara uttari ghatak jall key gathan-amoc key poorvavarti-uttar golardh mein teevra warming aur dakshini mein thandak kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye, saath hii saath gahare paani key tapman mein vriddhi hoe sakati haye. petam mein, yeh sambhav haye kii khaare ushnakatibandhiya paani mein gahara paani kaa nirmaan huaa aur dhruv kii or badhaa, joe dhruvon koo germ karke vaishvik satah key tapman koo badhaayega. isake alawa, antarctica abhee bhee dakshin america aur australia seey judaa huaa thaa, aur, iss vajah seey, antarctic vrittakar dhaara-joe mahadweep key chaaron or thhande paani koo fansaati haye aur germ bhoomadhyarekhiya paani koo pravesh karane seey rokti haye-abhee taka naheen bunny thee. iska gathan mahadweep key jamane seey sambandhit hoe sakata haye. dhruvon parr germ tateey oopari kuon ney sthaayi burf key aavaran koo roque diyaa hoga. isake vipareet, yeh sambhav haye kii gahare jall parisancharan kaa greenhouse jalavaayu mein koee badaa yogdan naheen thaa, aur gahare paani key tapman mein vaishvik tapman parivartan kii pratikriya key roop mein parivartan honey kii sambhavana adhik haye, naa kii ise prabhaavit karane key liye.
archtic mein, tateey oopar kii or kaafee hudd taka tapman aur havaa seey sanchaalit hoe sakata haye. garmiyon mein, bhoomi kii satah kaa tapman shayed mahasagariya tapman seey adhik thaa, aur sardiyon mein isake vipareet sach thaa, joe asia mein mansoon key mausam key anuroop haye. khule samudra mein oopar jaanaa bhee sambhav hoe sakata haye.
jalavaayu.
ausat jalavaayu.
jeevaashm jalavaayu, cretaceous, ushnakatibandhiya yaa uposhnakatibandhiya kii tarah thee, aur dhruv samshitoshna aur burf mukt they, jinka ausat vaishvik tapman lagbhag thaa. tulanaa key liye, 1951 aur 1980 key beach kii avadhi key liye ausat vaishvik tapman thaa. 2019 key ack adhyayan ney kakshiya vilakshanta mein parivartanon koo dair seey cretaceous aur praarambhik eocene key beach jalavaayu key pramukh chalakon key roop mein pahachaana.
aadhunik samay kii tulanaa mein jeevaashm kaal mein vaishvik gahare paani kaa tapman sambhavatah ack seey dusare taka thaa. oopari seema key aadhar parr, 60°n aur s parr ausat samudra kii satah kaa tapman gahare samudra key tapman key samaan, 30°n aur lagbhag s parr, aur bhoomadhya rekha parr lagbhag rhaa hoga. vishva star parr paleocene foraminifera sanyojan ack paribhaashit gahare paani kii thermocline (satah key karib paani kaa ack germ dravyamaan joe neeche key paas ack thhande dravyamaan key sheersh parr baithaa haye) koo poore yug mein banaa huaa darshaata haye. atlantic foraminifera samudra kii satah key tapman key samanya warming kaa sanket detaa haye-uchch akshansh kshetron mein maujood ushnakatibandhiya curr key saath-jaba taka kii jeevaashm kaal key anta taka jaba thermocline adhik oonchi hoe gaee aur ushnakatibandhiya foraminifera nichale akshaanshon mein vaapas laut gayaa.
praarambhik jeevaashm vayumandaliya carbon dioxide star joe abb mahal chattan, colorado haye, kii ganana 616 ppm key maadhya key saath 352 aur 1,110 bhaag prati million (ppm) key beach kii gaee thee. iss aur anumaanit paadap-gais vinimay darr aur vaishvik satah key tapman key aadhar parr, dhruvon parr burf key banane key baad 7 degree kii tulanaa mein carbon dioxide kaa star doguna honey parr jalavaayu samvedansheelta kii ganana + 3 degree celsius kii gaee thee. akele carbon dioxide kaa star greenhouse jalavaayu koo banaae rakhane mein aparyaapt hoe sakata haye, aur kuchh sakaratmak pratikriyaaen sakriya rahee hongi, jaise kii baadal, aerosol yaa vanaspati seey sambandhit prakriyaon kaa kuchh sanyojan.
dhruvon mein shayed ack thhandi samshitoshna jalavaayu thee; uttari antarctica, australia, dakshin america kaa dakshini chhor, joe abb america aur kanada haye, purvi cyberia, aur europe germ samshitoshna; madhya dakshin america, dakshini aur uttari africa, dakshin bhaarat, madhya america, aur chean shushk; aur uttari dakshin america, madhya africa, uttar bhaarat, madhya cyberia, aur joe abb bhoomadhyasagariya samudra ushnakatibandhiya haye.
jalavaayu ghatanaaen.
ulka prabhaav aur jwalamukhi 66 maay key prabhaav aur key-piji seema key paar jalavaayu key kshanik honey kii sambhavana thee, aur cumm samay mein jalavaayu samanya hoe gaee. thhand kaa tapman shayed 3 varshon key baad ulat gayaa aur dashakon key bheetar samanya hoe gayaa, sulfuric acid aerosol key kaaran acid barish shayed 10 varshon key baad samaapt hoe gaee, aur soorya key prakaash koo avaruddh karane aur prakaash sanshleshan koo rokane vaale prabhaav seey dhool ack saal taka chully hogi, halanki kaee varshon taka sambhaavit vaishvik jangal kii aag ney vayumandal mein adhik kanon koo chhod diyaa hoga. agale aadhe million varshon key liye, carbon samasthaanik pravanata-satah aur gahare samudra key paani key beach 13see/12see anupaat mein antar, jisase carbon gahare samudra mein chakrit hoe jaataa haye-bund hoe sakata haye. ise "stranglove mahasagar" kahaa jaataa haye, joe cumm mahasagariya utpaadaktaa koo ingit kartaa haye; isake parinamswarup phytoplankton gatividhi mein kamee key kaaran baadal key beej mein kamee aaee hogi aur iss prakaar, samudri baadal chamak gaye honge, jisase vaishvik tapman mein 6 degree celsius (panje kii parikalpana) kii vriddhi hui hogi.
praarambhik danian mein danne-see2 ghatana 65.2 maay lagbhag 100,000 varshon taka faili thee, aur carbon mein vriddhi kii visheshta thee, vishesh roop seey gahare samudra mein. madhya-mastrictian key baad seey, sambhavatah vaishvik sheetlan pravritti aur gahare samudra mein parisancharan mein vriddhi key kaaran gahare samudra mein adhik seey adhik carbon koo alag kiya gayaa thaa. gahare samudra kaa tapman ack nishchit seema taka badhane key baad danne-see2 ghatana iss carbon key utsarjan kaa pratinidhitva curr sakati haye, kyonki germ paani carbon kii cumm matra koo bhang curr sakata haye. iss antaral mein sawana ney asthaayi roop seey vann bhoomi koo visthaapit kiya hoga.
dair seey danian mein lagbhag 62.2 maay, ack germ ghatana aur carbon mein vriddhi key saath judey mahasagar amlikaran key pramaan they; iss samay, greenland key dakshin-poorv margine key saath atlantic aur jwalamukhi gatividhi mein pramukh samudri tala fail rhaa thaa. navintam danian ghatana, jise sheersh cron see27aine ghatana key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, lagbhag 200,000 varshon taka chully aur isake parinamswarup poore jall stambh mein tapman mein 1.6-2.8 degree celsius kii vriddhi hui. haalaanki navintam danian mein tapman lagbhag samaan parimaan mein bhinn hotaa haye, yeh ghatana carbon kii vriddhi key saath mell khaati haye.
danian/salandian seema parr lagbhag 60.5 miyaa, tateey jall mein anoxia key failane key pramaan hain, aur samudra key star mein girawat koo tapman aur vashpikaran mein vriddhi key roop mein sabse adhik sambhavana key roop mein samajhaaya gayaa haye, kyonki dhruvon parr paani koo bund karane key liye koee burf naheen thee.
madhya-purapashan javic ghatana (aim. pee. bee. ee.) key dauran lagbhag 59 miyaa (lagbhag 50,000 saal pahale selandian/thanian seema), tapman shayed gahare samudra mein meethen hydrate key badey paimaane parr vayumandal aur mahasagar pranaliyon mein chhodane key kaaran badhaa. carbon sambhavatah 10-11,000 varshon key liye utpaadan thaa, aur baad key prabhaav sambhavatah 52-53,000 varshon key aspas cumm hoe gaye. iss baat key bhee pramaan hain kii yeh 300,000 saal baad phir seey huaa, jise aim. pee. bee.-2 kahaa jaataa haye, lagbhag 83 aur 132 gigaton meethen-vyutpann carbon koo vayumandal mein baahar nikala gayaa thaa, joe tapman mein 2-3 degree celsius (3.6-5.4 ff) kii vriddhi kaa sujhaav detaa haye, aur sambhavatah mausami aur cumm sthir paryavaraniya sthitiyon kaa kaaran banaa. hoe sakata haye kii isase kuchh kshetron mein ghaas kii vriddhi hui hoe.
jeevaashm-ucn taapiya adhikatam.
jeevaashm-ucn taapiya adhikatam lagbhag 200,000-varsh-lambi ghatana thee jahan vaishvik ausat tapman lagbhag 5 seey 8 degree celsius (9 seey 14 degree fahrenheit) badh gayaa thaa, aur madhya-akshansh aur dhruviya kshetron ney aadhunik ushnakatibandhiya tapman koo paar curr liya hoga. yeh 2,500-4,500 gigaton carbon key vayumandal mein nikalane key kaaran thaa, jise aamtaur parr vivartanik gatividhi seey uttari atlantic mein meethen clatherate jamaa key vighatan aur rihaai key roop mein samajhaaya jaataa haye aur isake parinamswarup nichale paani key tapman mein vriddhi hoti haye. anya prastaavit parikalpanaon mein meethen clatherate yaa pighalane vaale permafrost key bajaay samudra tala parr carbonic padaarth key germ honey seey meethen release shamil haye. carbon utpaadan kii avadhi vivadaspad haye, lekin sambhavatah lagbhag 2,500 varsh. yeh carbon carbon chakr mein bhee hastakshep kartaa haye aur mahasagar amlikaran kaa kaaran banata haye, aur sambhaavit roop seey mahasagar kii dhaaraon koo badal detaa haye aur dheema curr detaa haye, jisase gahare samudra mein oxygen nyuntam kshetron (omes) kaa vistaar hotaa haye. satah key paani mein, oxygen key pravaah koo rokane vaali majboot thermocline key gathan key kaaran bhee omes hoe sakate they, aur uchch tapman uchch utpaadaktaa key barabar hoe sakata thaa jisase uchch oxygen kaa upayog hotaa thaa. aage, oh. aim. za. kaa vistaar sulfate-cumm karane vaale sookshmajeevon key prasaar kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye joe ack apashisht utpaad key roop mein atyadhik vishaakt hydrogen sulphide aich2aiss banaate hain. ghatana key dauran, sulphidic paani kii matra aaj key 1 pratishat kii tulanaa mein kull mahasagar kii matra kaa 10-20% hoe sakati haye. hoe sakata haye kii isase mahadweepon key saath chemocline upwelling aur vayumandal mein aich2 key failaav kaa kaaran bhee banaa hoe. petam key dauran standhaariyon kaa ack asthaayi bauna honah thaa joe spasht roop seey tapman mein oopar kii or bhraman key kaaran huaa thaa.
vanaspati.
germ, geeli jalavaayu ney duniya bhar mein ushnakatibandhiya aur uposhnakatibandhiya jangalon koo sahaara diyaa, jisamen mukhya roop seey shankudhari aur chaude patte vaale pedon kii aabaadi haye. patagonia mein, paridrishya ushnakatibandhiya varshavanon, baadal varshavanon, mangrove vanon, daldali vanon, sawana aur sclerophilus vanon kaa samarthan kartaa haye. columbian serrejan gathan mein, jeevaashm vanaspatiyaan aadhunik dinn kii vanaspatiyon key samaan parivaaron seey sambandhit hain-jaise kii taad key pedh, faliyaan, aeroid aur malwell-aur yahee baat uttar dakotan almont/beisgale khaadi mein sach haye-jaise kii auknesia, "cyclosaria", aur "jinko craney"-joe ack hii pushp parivaaron koo darshaata haye, ney dakshin americi varshavanon aur americi paschimi aantarik bhaag koo jeevaashm kaal key baad seey chihnit kiya haye.
badey shakahari dynasore key vilupt honey seey vann kaafee ghaney hoe gaye honge aur vyaapak khule maidanon key bahut cumm pramaan hain. paudhon ney uchch paudhe key ghanatva seey nipatane key liye kaee takneekon koo vikasit kiya, jaise kii poshak tatvon koo behtar dhang seey avashoshit karane aur anya paudhon key saath pratispardha karane key liye dabaav dalna, soorya key prakaash taka pahunchane key liye oonchaai badhaana, kaale vann key tala parr atirikt poshan pradaan karane key liye beejon mein badaa diaspore, aur epiphytism jahaan ack paudha badhata haye vann key tala parr cumm jagah key jawab mein dusare paudhe parr. badhate ghanatva key bavjood-joe eendhan key roop mein kaary curr sakata haye-jangli aag kii aavritti cretaceous seey praarambhik yuseen taka cumm hoe gaee kyonki vayumandaliya oxygen kaa star aadhunik dinn key star taka cumm hoe gayaa, halanki way adhik teevra hoe sakate hain.
punarpraapti.
seema key oopar paudhon kii prajaatiyon kaa ack badaa vilupt honah thaa; udaaharan key liye, uttari dakota key williston besin mein, anumaanit 1/3 seey 3/5 paudhon kii prajaatiyan vilupt hoe gaeen. key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana ney ack pushp karobar kii shuruat kii; udaaharan key liye, ack baar aam araukeriyesi shankudhari koo lagbhag poori tarah seey podocarpacy shankudhari dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, aur cherolepidiacy, shankudhari kaa ack samooh joe adhikansh mesozoic key dauran haavi thaa, lekin vilupt honey seey pahale, cretaceous key anta key dauran durlabh hoe gayaa thaa, petagonia mein pramukh pedh bunn gayaa thaa. kuchh paadap samudaay, jaise kii purvi uttar america mein, pahale seey hii mastrictian key anta mein vilupt honey kii ghatana kaa anubhav curr rahey they, vishesh roop seey key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana seey pahale key 10 laakh varshon mein. khaali paridrishya koo phir seey bharane vaale "aapada paudhon" ney kaee cretaceous paudhon koo bheed mein daal diyaa, aur parinamswarup, kaee madhya jeevaashm kaal taka vilupt hoe gaye.
key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana koo turant oopar seey dhaalane vaale star vishesh roop seey furn jeevashmon seey samriddh hain. furn aksar jangal kii aag seey kshatigrast kshetron mein upanivesh karane vaali pahali prajaati hoti haye, isaliye yeh "furn spike" prabhaav key baad jeevmandal kii vasuli koo chihnit curr sakata haye (joe duniya bhar mein aag kaa kaaran banaa). praarambhik jeevaashm kaal kii vividh jadee-bootiyon vaali vanaspatiyaan yaa tou agrani prajaatiyon kaa pratinidhitva karati hain joe haal hii mein khaali kiye gaye paridrishya koo phir seey upaniveshit karati hain, yaa vann paridrishya mein pradaan kii gaee chhaaya kii badhati matra key liye pratikriya. lycopods, furn aur angiosperm jhaadiyan jeevaashm kaal key mahatvapurna ghatak hoe sakate hain.
samanya taur parr, jeevaashm kaal key vann prajaati-garib they, aur jeevaashm kaal key anta taka vividhata poori tarah seey thheek naheen hui thee. udaaharan key liye, abb joe holarctic kshetra haye (jisamen adhikansh uttari golardh shamil haye) kii pushp vividhata mukhya roop seey "jingo", "metasekwoya", "glyptostrobus", "macinitia", "platnus", "kairiya", "empelopsis" aur "cercidifilum" key praarambhik sadasya they. paadap kii punarpraapti mein pattern akshansh, jalavaayu aur oonchaai key saath kaafee bhinn they. udaaharan key liye, abb joe mahal chattan haye, colorado mein ghatana key kewal 14 laakh saal baad ack samriddh varshaavan dikhaaya gayaa, shayed niyamit mansoon key mausamon key kaaran varsha chhaaya prabhaav key kaaran. isake vipareet, cumm paadap vividhata aur columbian serrejan gathan mein keedon mein visheshagyata kii kamee, dinaankit 58 maay, ingit kartaa haye kii paaristhitiki tantra abhee bhee key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana seey 7 million varshon baad bhee uber rhaa thaa.
angiosperm.
foolon key paudhe (angiosperms), joe madhya cretaceous 110-90 maay dwara vann varg key beach pramukh hoe gaye they, vikasit aur failate rahey, isaliye haal hii mein khaali kiye gaye sthaanon aur varsha mein vriddhi kaa laabh uthaane key liye. unake saath una keedon koo bhee vikasit kiya joe inn paudhon koo khaate they aur unhein paraagit karate they. keeton dwara shikaar vishesh roop seey petam key dauran adhik thaa. kaee phal dene vaale paudhe vishesh roop seey jeevaashm kaal mein dikhaai diye, shayed nae vikasit honey vaale pakshiyon aur standhaariyon kaa laabh uthaane key liye.
abb khaadi tata mein, angiosperm vividhata praarambhik jeevaashm kaal mein dheere-dheere badhee, aur madhya aur dair seey jeevaashm kaal mein adhik teji seey badhee. aisaa isaliye hoe sakata haye kyonki key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana key prabhaav abhee bhee kuchh hudd taka praarambhik jeevaashm kaal mein mahsoos kiye gaye they, praarambhik jeevaashm kaal mein utane khule sthaan naheen they, praarambhik angiosperms itane twarit darr seey vikasit naheen hoe paae honge jitna kii baad mein angiosperms, cumm vividhata cumm vikas darr key barabar haye, yaa praarambhik jeevaashm kaal mein iss kshetra mein bahut adhik angiosperms kaa pravaas naheen thaa. key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana mein, angiosperm kii vilupt honey kii darr gymnosperm (jisamen shankudhari, cycad aur rishtedaar shamil hain) aur terridophytes (furn, horstell aur rishtedaar) kii tulanaa mein adhik thee; zophilus angiosperm (joe paraagan key liye jaanvaron parr nirbhar they) kii darr anaemophilus angiosperm kii tulanaa mein adhik thee; aur sadabahar angiosperm kii darr parnapaati angiosperm kii tulanaa mein adhik thee kyonki parnapaati paudhe kathor paristhitiyon mein nishkriya hoe sakate hain.
khaadi tata mein, angiosperms ney petam key dauran ack aur vilupt honey kii ghatana kaa anubhav kiya, jise way carribean aur europe seey aapravaasan key madhyam seey eocn mein jaldi seey thheek curr liye. iss samay key dauran, jalavaayu germ aur geeli hoe gaee, aur yeh sambhav haye kii angiosperms iss samay taka stenotopic banane key liye vikasit hue, tapman aur namee kii ack sankeern seema mein rahane mein saksham they; yaa, kyonki pramukh pushp paaristhitiki tantra madhya jeevaashm dwara ack atyadhik ekikrit aur jatil bund-chandwa varshaavan thaa, isaliye paudhe paaristhitiki tantra jalavaayu parivartan key liye adhik samvedansheel they. kuchh pramaan hain kii khaadi tata mein, petam seey pahale key jeevaashm kaal mein ack vilupt honey kii ghatana hui thee, joe jatil varshavanon kii uparokt bhedyata key kaaran hoe sakati haye, aur paaristhitiki tantra kewal jalavaayu mein ack chhote seey parivartan seey baadhit hoe sakata haye.
dhruviya vann.
germ jeevaashm jalavaayu, cretaceous kii tarah, vividh dhruviya vanon key liye anumati detee haye. jabaki bhoomadhya rekha key paas paudhon kii vividhata mein varsha ack pramukh kaarak haye, dhruviya paudhon koo alag-alag prakaash upalabdhata (dhruviya raaton aur aadhi raat key suraj) aur tapman key anukool honah padata thaa. isake kaaran, donon dhruvon key paudhon ney swatantra roop seey kuchh samaan visheshtaon koo vikasit kiya, jaise kii chaude patte. donon dhruvon parr paudhon kii vividhata poore jeevaashm kaal mein badhee, vishesh roop seey anta mein, badhate vaishvik tapman key saath.
uttari dhruv parr, lakadi key angiosperm pramukh paudhe bunn gaye they, joe cretaceous seey ack ulat thaa jahan jadee-bootiyaan failati theen. alesmere dweep parr himshell khaadi kaa gathan, nunaavut (akshansh 75-80 °n) ack dair seey jeevaashm laal lakadi key jangal key avasheshon koo darshaata haye, joe chaaron or pahunchata haye, aur prashant uttar-paschim key samaan jalavaayu haye. alaska kii uttari dhalaan parr, "metasekwoya" pramukh shankudhari thaa. adhikansh vividhata bhoomadhya rekha key paas seey pravasiyon kaa pratinidhitva karati thee. parnapaatipan pramukh thaa, shayed purvavyaapi roop seey pattiyon koo girakar aur unhein frostbyte seey marane key bajaay kuchh oorjaa banaae rakhate hue oorjaa kaa sanrakshan karane key liye.
dakshin dhruv parr, antarctica key badhate algaav key kaaran, kaee paadap varg neeche jaane key bajaay mahadweep key liye sthaanik they. petagonian vanaspatiyon kii utpatti antarctica mein hui hogi. jalavaayu dair seey cretaceous kii tulanaa mein bahut thhandi thee, halanki cumm seey cumm tateey kshetron mein shayed paalaa aam naheen thaa. purvi antarctica sambhavatah germ aur aardr thaa. isake kaaran, sadabahar vann fail sakate hain, kyonki paalaa naa honey aur pattiyon key marane kii cumm sambhavana honey parr, harr saal unhein phir seey ugaane kii tulanaa mein pattiyon koo banaae rakhna adhik oorjaa kushal thaa. ack sambhavana yeh haye kii mahadweep key aantarik bhaag parnapaati pedon key paksh mein hain, halanki prachalit mahadvipiya jalavaayu ney sadabahar jangalon koo sahaara dene key liye sardiyon kaa utpaadan kiya hoga. jaise kii cretaceous mein, podocarpaces shankudhari, "notophagus" aur protegia angiosperms aam they.
jeev-jantu.
key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana mein, pratyek bhoomi pashu kaa safaya curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase yug kii shuruat mein kaee sthaan khule reh gaye they.
standhari.
standhari pahali baar tricic key anta mein dikhaai diye they, aur dynasore (nishaachar baadha) key saath pratispardha seey bachane key liye poore mesozoic mein chhote aur nishaachar baney rahey, halanki, madhya jurassic taka, way kaee aavason mein shaakhaon mein baahar hoe gaye they-jaise kii bhoomigat, vrikshiya aur jaleey-aur sabse badaa gyaat mesozoic standhari, "repanomamous robustus" lambai mein aur vajan mein aadhunik virginia oposum key liye atulaniya thaa. halanki kuchh standhari key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana seey lagbhag 1 karod saal pahale dinn mein (cathemerality) chhitput roop seey baahar nickle sakate they, way kuchh samay baad hii sakhti seey dainik (dinn mein sakriya) bunn gaye.
samanya taur parr, jeevaashm standhaariyon ney iss chhote aakar koo yug key anta taka banaae rakhaa, aur isake parinamswarup, praarambhik standhaariyon kii haddiyan jeevaashm record mein achchi tarah seey sanrakshit naheen hain, aur joe kuchh jaanaa jaataa haye vaha jeevaashm daanton seey aataa haye. multituberculates, ack abb vilupt krintak jaisa samooh joe kissy bhee aadhunik standhari seey nikatata seey sambandhit naheen thaa, mesozoic mein standhaariyon kaa sabse safal samooh thaa, aur way praarambhik jeevaashm kaal mein charam vividhata taka pahunch gaye they. iss samay key dauran, multituberculate taxes mein dunt jatilata kii ack vistrit shrinkhala thee, joe poore samooh key liye aahar mein ack vyaapak shrinkhala seey sambandhit haye. bahu-tuberculates mein jeevaashm kaal key anta mein girawat aaee aur sambhavatah nae vikasit krintakon seey pratispardha key kaaran, eocn key anta mein vilupt hoe gaye.
phir bhee, key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana key baad, standhaariyon ney bahut jaldi vividhata laaee aur khaali sthaanon koo bhar diyaa. aadhunik standhaariyon koo therian (aadhunik sadasya naal aur marsupial hain) aur monotrames mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. yeye 3 samooh sabhi cretaceous mein utpann hue. purapashan marsupials mein "perdectes" aur monotrames "monotrematum" shamil hain. iss yug mein kaee mukut placental samoohon kaa uday huaa-aise samooh jinamen aadhunik samay mein jeevit sadasya hain-jaise kii sabse pahale african "osepia", "zenarthran" utatus ", krintak" tribosphenomis "aur" paramis ", primates key agradoot placiadaphiform, sabse pahale mansahari" revenictis "aur" prestinictis ", sambhaavit pangolin paleodonta, visham-seey-tood ungulates fancodontidae aur eulipotyphlance nicteridae key sambhaavit agradoot. halanki key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana seey lagbhag 10 seey 20 million saal pahale hii shayed standhaariyon ney vividhata laana shuru curr diyaa thaa, ausat standhaariyon kaa aakar seema key baad bahut badh gayaa, aur ack vikiran seey mitavyayi (phal khaane) aur sarvaahaari mein vikiran shuru huaa, arthaat nae vikasit badey shakahari jaise kii teneodonta, tilodonta, pantodonta, polydolopymorphia aur dinoserrata key saath. badey mansahari jeevon mein bhediya jaise mesonichia shamil hain, jaise "uncalgan" aur "sinonics".
halanki ack visfotak vividhikaran thaa, adhikansh jeevaashm standhaariyon kii aatmeeyataaen agyaat hain, aur kewal primate, mansahari aur krintakon kii spasht jeevaashm utpatti hoti haye, jisake parinamswarup anya standhaariyon key mukut aadeshon key jeevaashm record mein 1 karod varsh kaa antar hotaa haye. jeevaashm standhaariyon kaa sabse prajaati-samriddh crum kandilarthra haye, joe vividh bunodont khurr vaale standhaariyon key liye ack apashisht tokri vargeekaran haye. anya aspasht aadeshon mein leptictida, simolesta aur creodonta shamil hain. yeh anishchitata naalon key praarambhik vikas koo dhundhala curr detee haye.
pakshiyon.
dee. aine. aeye. adhyayanon key anusaar, jeevaashm kaal mein anya dynasore key vilupt honey key baad aadhunik pakshi (neornithes) teji seey vividh hoe gaye, aur lagbhag sabhi aadhunik pakshi vansh iss yug mein apani utpatti kaa pataa lagaa sakate hain, sivaay pakshiyon aur jeevashmon key. yeh kissy bhee samooh key sabse tez vividhikaranon mein seey ack thaa, joe shayed phal dene vaale pedon aur sambandhit keedon key vividhikaran seey prerit thaa, aur aadhunik pakshi samooh sambhavatah key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana key 40 laakh varshon key bheetar hii alag hoe gaye they. haalaanki, jeevaashm itihas mein pakshiyon kaa jeevaashm record anya samoohon kii tulanaa mein kaafee kharaab haye, joe vaishvik star parr mukhya roop seey jall pakshiyon jaise kii praarambhik penguin "vaimanu" taka seemit haye. sabse pahala vrikshavanshi mukut samooh pakshi "tsidiyajhi" haye, joe lagbhag 62 maay kaa ack mouse burd haye. jeevaashm record mein france key badey "beruornis" aur sanyukt raajya america key chhote "ogigoptinks" jaise shuruati ullu bhee shamil hain.
lagbhag sabhi pracheen pakshi (navjat shishuon key baahar koee bhee pakshi) key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana key dauran vilupt hoe gaye, halanki pracheen "kinnornis" koo jeevaashm kaal mein darj kiya gayaa haye. unake vilupt honey seey jeevaashm kaal mein neornithin pakshiyon kaa prasaar huaa hoga, aur ekmatra gyaat cretaceous neornithin pakshi jall pakshi "vegavis" haye, aur sambhavatah jall pakshi "taviornis" bhee haye.
mesozoic mein, pakshiyon aur terosauron ney aakar seey sambandhit aalaa vibhajan kaa pradarshan kiya-kissy bhee gyaat dair seey cretaceous udane vaale pakshi key pankhon kaa aakar naa tou usase adhik thaa aur naa hii vajan seey adhik thaa, jabaki samkaaleen terosauron kaa aakar shayed pratispardha seey bachane key liye thaa. unake vilupt honey seey udane vaale pakshi adhik aakar praapt curr sakey, jaise kii palagornithedes aur pelecaniform. purapashan palagornithed "protodontopterics" baad key sadasyon kii tulanaa mein kaafee chhota thaa, jisamen lagbhag ack pankhon key saath, ack gull key barabar thaa. europe key dweepsamuh-mahadweep parr, udaan rahit pakshi "gastornis" sabse badee prajaati key liye sabse badaa shakahari thaa, sambhavatah nae ubharate standhaariyon seey pratispardha kii kamee key kaaran joe anya mahadweepon parr prachalit they. dakshin america mein mansahari aatankvaadi pakshiyon kii "paleopsylopterus" key saath jeevaashm kaal mein ack vivadaspad upasthiti haye, halanki pahali nishchit upasthiti eocn mein haye.
sarisrip.
aam taur parr yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii sabhi gair-avian dynasore key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana 66 maay mein vilupt hoe gaye they, halanki jeevaashm dynasore key kuchh vivadaspad daave hain joe dynasore key kramik patan kaa sanket denge. vivadaspad tithiyon mein seema key 40,000 saal baad narak khaadi key nirmaan key avashesh shamil hain, aur saine juan besin seey 64.5 miyaa taka kii ack hadrosaur feimer, lekin aise awara dair seey roop zombi taxa hoe sakate hain joe beh gaye they aur yuva talchhat mein sthanantarit curr diye gaye they.
key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana key baad, chhipakali aur saamp (squamet) kii 83 pratishat prajaatiyan vilupt hoe gaeen, aur jeevaashm kaal key anta taka vividhata poori tarah seey thheek naheen hui. haalaanki, choonki iss ghatana mein gayab honey vaale ekmatra pramukh squamet vansh mojasaur aur polyglyphenodontians they (baad vaalaa mastrictian chhipakali kii vividhata kaa 40 pratishat banaata haye), aur adhikansh pramukh squamet samooh cretaceous dwara vikasit hue they, iss ghatana ney shayed squamet key vikas koo bahut prabhaavit naheen kiya, aur nae vikasit squamet standhaariyon key roop mein nae sthaanon mein shakha naheen they. yaani, cretaceous aur peliogen squamet ack hii sthaan seey bharey hue hain. phir bhee, squamets kaa ack jeevon kaa karobar thaa, aur joe samooh eocn dwara pramukh they, way cretaceous mein utane prachur matra mein naheen they, arthaat anguids, iguana, raat kii chhipkaliyaan, ajgar, collubrids, boa aur krimi chhipkaliyaan. praarambhik jeevaashm kaal seey kewal chhote squamet gyaat hain-sabse badaa saamp "helagrass" lambai mein thaa-lekin dair seey jeevaashm saamp "titanoboa" lambe samay taka badh gayaa, joe abb taka kaa sabse lamba saamp darj kiya gayaa haye. "dakshin america key praarambhik jeevaashm kaal seey "cavaspanodon pelligrances" newzealand key baahar rhincocephalia key sabse cumm umr key record kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, jahaan adesh kaa ekmatra maujooda pratinidhi, tuatara rahata haye.
taaje paani key magarmachcha aur choristoderan jaleey sarisripon mein seey they joe key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana seey butch gaye they, shayed isaliye kii taaje paani kaa vatavaran samudri vatavaran key roop mein prabhaavit naheen thaa. ack jeevaashm magarmachcha kaa ack udaaharan "borelosuchus" haye, joe wangan khaadi sthal parr ausat lambai mein haye. crocodiliform key beach, jaleey aur sthaliya dirosaurs aur poori tarah seey sthaliya sebasid bhee key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana seey butch jaayenge, aur folidosauridae key dair seey jeevit rahane vaale sadasya koo moroco key danian seey bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. teen choristoderan koo jeevaashm kaal seey jaanaa jaataa haih ghariyal jaise neochoristoderan "champosaurus"-sabse badaa jeevaashm kaal "see" haye. gigas "aitt", semoedosaurus-maapane vaalaa sabse badaa namuna, aur chhipakali kii ack anishchit prajaati jaise gair-neochoristoderan "lazarsuchus" kii lambai lagbhag 44 centimeter haye. lazrusucus" vansh seey sambandhit antim gyaat choristoderes, myocene seey gyaat hain.
kachhuon ney ack sheetlan ghatana key dauran campanion (dair seey cretaceous) mein girawat kaa anubhav kiya, aur jeevaashm kaal key anta mein petam key dauran thheek hoe gaye. kachhue key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana seey bahut prabhaavit naheen they, aur lagbhag 80 pratishat prajaatiyan jeevit raheen. columbia mein, ack carpace, "carbonemis" key saath ack 60 million varsh purana kachhua khoja gayaa thaa.
ubhayachar.
key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana seey ubhayachar bahut adhik prabhaavit hue they, shayed isaliye kii unake nivaas vaale taaje paani key awas samudri vatavaran key roop mein bahut adhik prabhaavit naheen they. purvi montana key narak khaadi gathan mein, 1990 key ack adhyayan mein seema key paar ubhayachar prajaatiyon mein koee vilupt honey kii sthiti naheen paaee gaee. asli todes jeevaashm kaal key dauran vikasit hue. uttari america aur europe aur anatolia key baahar seey albanerpatonteds kaa antim record, "albanerpetton" kii ack anaam prajaati, kanada mein jeevaashm yug key pascapu gathan seey gyaat haye.
machhali.
chhoti pelogic machhali kii aabaadi jaldi seey thheek hoe gaee, aur shark aur kiranon key liye vilupt honey kii darr cumm thee. kull milakar, kewal 12 pratishat machhali prajaatiyan vilupt hoe gaeen. cretaceous key dauran, machhaliyan bahut prachur matra mein naheen theen, shayed ammonite aur squid key saath badhati shikaar yaa pratispardha key kaaran, halanki badee shikari machhaliyan maujood theen, jinamen echithodecteds, patchicormids aur patchirhizodonteds shamil they. key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana key turant baad, ray-finned machhali-joe aaj sabhi kasheruki varg kaa lagbhag aadhaa pratinidhitva karati haye-bahut adhik sankhya mein hoe gaee aur aakar mein vriddhi hui, aur khule mahasagaron parr haavi hoe gaee. acanthomorphs-kiran-finned machhali kaa ack samooh joe aaj, sabhi kasheruki jeevan key ack tihai kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye-ney key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana key baad ack badey paimaane parr vividhikaran kaa anubhav kiya, joe jeevaashm key anta taka samudri paaristhitiki tantra parr haavi thaa, khaali, khule-mahasagar key shikari sthaanon koo phir seey bharata thaa aur saath hii saath reif pranaliyon mein failata thaa. vishisht roop seey, pakshiyon key apavaad key saath, usa samay kissy bhee anya kasheruki samooh kii tulanaa mein teji seey vividh roop seey percomorph kiye gaye; cretaceous percomorph shareer kii yojana mein bahut cumm bhinn they, jabaki, eocn dwara, percomorph praarambhik scombrids (aaj, tuna, mackeral aur bonitos), barakuda, jack, bilfish, flatfish aur aulostomoid (trumpetfish aur cornutfish) jaise bahut alag-alag praniyon mein vikasit hue. haalaanki, cretaceous kask eel "pasterius" kii khoj seey pataa chalata haye kii cumm seey cumm kuchh percomorph kii shareer kii yojanaaen pahale seey hii atyadhik parivartansheel theen, joe shayed jeevaashm kaal seey pahale seey hii percomorph shareer yojanaon kii ack vividh shrinkhala kaa sanket detee hain.
isake vipareet, shark aur kiranen khaali sthaanon kaa dohan karane mein asamarth prateet hoti hain, aur usee vilupt honey seey pahale kii prachurta koo punarpraapt karati hain. mackeral shark seey laker ground shark taka shark kaa ack jeevon kaa karobar thaa, kyonki ground shark teji seey vividh ray-finn vaali machhali kaa shikaar karane key liye adhik upayukt hain, jabaki mackeral shark badey shikaar koo lakshit karati hain. pahali mega tooth shark, "ottodus oblicus"-vishal megalodon kaa poorvaj-jeevaashm kaal seey darj kiya gayaa haye.
uttari america seey kaee jeevaashm meethe paani kii machhliyon koo darj kiya gayaa haye, jinamen boffin, gaar, aerovana, gonorinchidae, aam catfish, smelt aur pike shamil hain.
keat aur arachnid.
keeton kii vasuli ack sthaan seey dusare sthaan parr bhinn hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, uttari america key paschimi aantarik bhaag mein keat vividhata key thheek honey mein shayed 40 laakh saal lugg gaye honge, jabaki key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana key baad petagonian keat vividhata 40 laakh saal taka thheek hoe gaee thee. kuchh kshetron mein, jaise kii wiming mein bighorn besin mein, petam key dauran paudhe key shikaar mein naatakiya vriddhi hoti haye, halanki yeh shayed badhate tapman key kaaran keedon mein vividhata kii ghatana kaa sanket naheen haye kyonki petam key baad paudhe key shikaar mein kamee aatee haye. adhik sambhavana haye kii keat apane mezban paudhe yaa paudhon kaa anusaran karate they joe petam key dauran madhya-akshansh kshetron mein fail rahey they, aur phir baad mein peechhe hutt gaye.
madhya seey anta taka key purapashan kaal key francisi menet gathan mein bhringon kii prachurta dikhaai detee haye (keat vividhata kaa 77.5%)-vishesh roop seey vivil (vividhata kaa 50 pratishat), ratna bhring, patti bhring, aur jaalidaar bhring-saath hii anya sachche keede-jaise talab skater-aur tilchatte. kuchh hudd taka, orthopteran, hymenopteron, titaliyaan aur makkhiyan bhee hain, halanki planthopper makkhiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik aam they. 1 pratishat seey bhee cumm jeevashmon kaa pratinidhitva karane vaali dragonflies, cadisfly, mayflies, earwigs, mentis, nett-winged keedon aur sambhavatah deemak key avashesh hain.
kewal chhoti boondon key vipareet, ember key badey tukadon kaa utpaadan karane key liye ekmatra gyaat jeevaashm gathan vyoming hannah gathan haye. ember kaa gathan taxodiacin yaa pine pedh (oun) key ack yaa nikat seey sambandhit samooh dwara kiya gayaa thaa joe dummer key samaan shanku kaa utpaadan karate they. kewal ack keat, ack thrips, kii pehchaan kii gaee haye.
cheenti key jeevaashm record mein 78 seey 55 maay taka kaa antar haye, sivaay isake kii 62-56 million varsh puraane kanadian pascapu gathan seey aneuratin "nepakimirma pascapuensis" koo chhodkar. eocn mein uchch prachurta koo dekhate hue, dou aadhunik pramukh cheenti upa-parivaar-ponerine aur myrmissine-sambhavatah jeevaashm mein utpann hue aur bahut vividh they, joe arthropods key pramukh shikariyon key roop mein kaary karate they, aur shayed ghaney angiosperm patti key kachare mein bhojan aur ghonsale key maidan key liye ack dusare key saath pratispardha karate they. myermycines ney apane aahar kaa beej taka vistaar kiya aur ephids, mealybugs, treehoppers aur anya honeydue sraavit karane vaale keedon key saath trophobiotic sahajeevi sambandh banaae joe angiosperm vanon mein bhee safal rahey, jisase way anya biome parr aakraman curr sakey, jaise kii chandwa yaa samshitoshna vatavaran, aur madhya eeseen dwara duniya bhar mein vitaran praapt curr sakey.
titali aur patang (lapidopteran) jeevaashm record kaa lagbhag 80 pratishat praarambhik peliogen mein hotaa haye, vishesh roop seey dair seey jeevaashm aur madhya seey dair seey eeseen mein. adhikansh jeevaashm lapidopteran sampeedan jeevaashm dennish farr gathan seey aatey hain. halanki baad key yugon kii tulanaa mein jeevaashm kaal mein parivaar-star kii vividhata cumm haye, lekin yeh kaafee hudd taka apoorna jeevaashm record key kaaran hoe sakata haye. chamgaadadon key vikas kaa lapidopterance parr gahara prabhaav padaa, jisamen ecolocation jamming aur balle key sanketon kaa pataa lagaane kii kshamata jaise kaee anty-predator anukoolan hotey hain.
madhumakhiyon key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana aur foolon key paudhon key marane seey sambhavatah bahut adhik prabhaavit hue they, halanki madhumakhiyon key jeevaashm kaa record bahut seemit haye. sabse purani cleptoperacetic madhumakkhi, "paleopiolus", koo jeevaashm 60 maay seey jaanaa jaataa haye.
haalaanki eocn visheshataaen, abb taka gyaat jeevaashm makadi prajaatiyon kaa uchchatam anupaat, jeevaashm makadi kaa sanyojan kaafee cumm haye. kuchh makadi samoohon ney petam key aspas vividhata laana shuru curr diyaa, jaise kii koodane vaali makadi, aur sambhavatah coelotin makadi (funnel bunkar parivaar key sadasya).
standhaariyon key vividhikaran kaa parjivi keedon parr gahara prabhaav padaa, arthaat chamgaadadon kaa vikas, jinamen kissy bhee anya gyaat standhari yaa pakshi kii tulanaa mein adhik ectoparasite hotey hain. standhaariyon parr petam key prabhaav ney pissu, ticks aur ostroids key vikas koo bahut prabhaavit kiya.
samudri aksheruki.
samudri aksheruki jeevon mein, plankton aur unake vikas mein planctonic charan (meroplankton) vaale loga key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana seey sabse adhik prabhaavit hue, aur plankton aabaadi durghatanagrast hoe gaee. sabhi calcifying plankton prajaatiyon mein seey lagbhag 90 pratishat nasht hoe gaeen. yeh pratidhwanit huaa aur vaishvik samudri khaadya shrinkhala key patan kaa kaaran banaa, arthaat ammonite aur badey raptorial samudri sarisripon key vilupt honey key saath. phir bhee, badee machhali prajaatiyon kaa teji seey vividhikaran jeevaashm kaal key madhyam seey ack swasth plankton aabaadi kaa sanket detaa haye.
samudri aksheruki vividhata koo thheek honey mein lagbhag 70 laakh saal lugg sakate hain, halanki yeh ack sanrakshan kalaakriti hoe sakati haye kyonki jeevaashm seey chhoti kissy bhee cheez key honey kii sambhavana naheen haye, aur shareer kaa aakar seema key paar cumm hoe sakata haye. 2019 key ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii seemaur dweep, antarctica mein, samudri jeevan key sanyojan mein mukhya roop seey bilon vaale jeev shamil they-jaise kii bilon aur ghonghon koo bilon mein dalna-key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana key baad lagbhag 320,000 varshon taka, aur samudri vividhata koo pichhale staron parr lautane mein lagbhag duss laakh saal lugg gaye. bhoomadhya rekha key karib key kshetra adhik prabhaavit hoe sakate hain. rait dollar pahali baar jeevaashm kaal key anta mein vikasit huaa. james rose dweep key dair seey cretaceous decapod crustatian sanyojan mukhya roop seey agrani prajaatiyan aur aadhunik jeevon key poorvaj prateet hotey hain, jaise kii pahale antarctic kekade aur "linuparas", "metanephrops" aur "munidopsis" key lobster kii pahali upasthiti joe aaj bhee antarctica mein rahate hain.
cretaceous mein, mukhya reif-nirmaan jeev prawal key bajaay boxes jaise dwi-pakshiya rudist they-halanki ack vividh cretaceous prawal sanyojan maujood thaa-aur key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana key samay taka rudist dhwast hoe gaye they. kuchh prawal key baare mein pataa haye kii way cretaceous key anta mein aur peliogen mein uchch akshaanshon mein jeevit rahey hain, aur kathor prawal-pradhaan chattaanen key-piji vilupt honey kii ghatana key baad 80 laakh varshon taka thheek hoe sakati hain, halanki iss samay key prawal jeevaashm record virale hain. halanki jeevaashm kaal mein vyaapak prawal bhittiyon kii kamee thee, lekin uthale tateey (neritic) kshetron mein kuchh upanivesh they-jinamen mukhya roop seey zooksanthelet prawal they. navintam cretaceous mein shuru hocker aur praarambhik eocene taka jaari, chundaar prawal teji seey vividh hoe gaye. prawal shayed samudra tala parr sthaan key liye mukhya roop seey laal aur prawal shaiwal key saath pratispardha karate hain. calcified decicladelian green shaiwal ney jeevaashm kaal mein apane vikaasvaadi itihas mein sabse badee vividhata kaa anubhav kiya. halanki prawal bhitti paaristhitiki tantra myocene taka jeevaashm record mein vishesh roop seey prachur matra mein naheen hotey hain (sambhavatah sanrakshan purvagrah key kaaran), abb joe pyreni hain (63 maay key roop mein shuru mein ubhar rahey hain) mein majboot jeevaashm prawal bhittiyon kii pehchaan kii gaee haye, jisamen kuchh chhote jeevaashm prawal bhittiyon kii pehchaan bhoomadhya kshetra mein kii gaee haye.

