
kalaa mein buddh kaa jeevan

kalaa mein gautam buddh key jeevan key prasangon kii varnanatmak chhaviyaan beach-beach mein bauddh kalaa kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa rahee hain, jinhen aksar chakron mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye, kabhi-kabhi badey. haalaanki, kaee baar aur sthaanon parr, kalaa mein buddh kii chhaviyaan prithvi parr unake jeevan seey varnanatmak samagri key binaa bahut hudd taka ekal bhakti chhaviyaan rahee hain.
gautam buddh key jeevan key saahityik vivaran vivaran mein kaafee bhinn hain lekin mukhya ghatnaaon kaa varnan karane mein jyaadaatar susangat hain. kalaatmak chitran key sabse badey jeevit nikaayon mein seey ack, pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv mein shuru hui aur kaee shataabdiyon taka jaari rahane vaali, gandhar kalaa kii chhoti patthar kii nakkashi haye. inn nakkashi ney shayed chitron mein vishayon koo pratibimbit kiya, donon bhitti chitra aur chitrakaari paandulipiyaan, jinamen seey koee bhee jeevit naheen haye. lagbhag 50 vishayon kii unaki seema badee haye, aur baad kii kalaa mein bahut cumm hii adhik haye, sivaay jaava, indoneshiya mein borobudor mein 120 badee nakkashi key, (lekin inmein seey 27 unake janm seey pahale key vishayon key hain); purvi asiai bauddh dharm mein kuchh nae jeevani vishay bahut baad mein prakat hue, lekin anyatha gandhar vishayon mein baad mein dikhaai dene vaale adhikansh drishya shamil hain.
9veen shatabdi key borobudor nakkashidar chitra "lalitvistar sootra" koo darshaate hain, joe ack mahayan paath haye, joe mool roop seey sanskrit mein haye, shayed teesari shatabdi kaa haye. isamen kewal buddh key pahale upadesh taka kaa jeevan shamil haye. jaatak kathaaon kaa ack badaa samooh bhee haye, joe gautam buddh key kaee pichhale jeevan kii ghatnaaon seey sambandhit haye, joe aksar gandhar aur praarambhik bhaaratiya kalaa key vishay they. isake vipareet, buddh kii mrityu key baad bauddh dharm key itihas key kathaatmak drishya bahut cumm hain.
gupt kaal key baad key bhaarat mein kaee sabse mahatvapurna drishyon koo ack saath samoohikrit kiya gayaa thaa; phir seey stell parr patthar kii nakkashi bachee hui haye, lekin kewal baad kii avadhi seey aur jyaadaatar anya deshon seey chitrit sanskaran. sabse mahatvapurna samooh "buddh key jeevan kii aathh mahaan ghatanaaen" thee. tibbati bauddh dharm mein chitrit thank mein duss yaa baarah drishya adhik aam they, baarah buddh key "baarah kaary (yaa kaary)" they. haal kii shataabdiyon seey, vishesh roop seey dakshin-poorv asia seey, chitrit drishyon kii bahut badee sankhya bachee hui haye. mudran key aagaman key saath, pustak chitron aur posters ney parampara koo jaari rakhaa. kuchh drishya cheeni aur japani chitrakala mein sthaapit vishay bunn gaye, aur baad mein print hue. 
aitihaasik buddh.
aitihaasik buddh" yaa gautam buddh kaa janm lumbini mein huaa thaa, aadhunik shabdon mein bhaarat kii seema seey nepal mein thodaa saa. paaramparik bauddh kalakram key anusaar, unakaa janm lagbhag 563 eesaa poorv huaa thaa, aur way apani mrityu taka assie varsh jeevit rahey. aadhunik chhatravritti baad kii taarikhon koo pasand karati haye, anivarya roop seey unaki mrityu seey peechhe kii or kaam karna aur mrityu key samay ack vaikalpik ayu naheen honah, mrityu tithi key anumaanon key saath jyaadaatar 411 seey 400 key aspas, janm tithi lagbhag 491 seey 480 eesaa poorv key baare mein haye. 
parampara key anusaar, joe kii granthon aur kalaa mein parilakshit hotaa haye, prabhaavi roop seey unaki jeevani kaa ekmatra srot haye, vaha shuddhodhan key putra key roop mein paida hue they, jinhen baad key granthon aur kalaa mein hamesha ack raajaa ("raajaa") key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, lekin shayed shaakya ganarajya key nirvaachit netaa they, aur kapilavastu mein paley-badhe, ack "shahar" jisake liye bhaarat aur (adhik sambhavana) nepal mein dou paas key davedar sthal maujood hain. unhein apane poorv-dhaarmik jeevan mein siddharth gautam key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, siddharth kaa arth haye "joe apana lakshya praapt kartaa haye", unake kabile kaa naam "gautam" thaa. baad mein unhein shakyamuni ("shaakya kabile key rishi") kahaa gayaa. unake janm key ack saptah key bheetar unaki maan maaya kii mrityu hoe gaee, aur unakaa paalan-poshan unaki chaachi pajapati ney kiya, joe unake pitaa kii patni bhee theen. iss jeevan kii vilasita kaa paimana nissandeh baad key granthon aur kalaa mein bahut atiranjit haye, joe usa samay key sabse mahatvapurna raajtantron koo darshaata haye, lekin yeh sambhavatah ack bahut hii aramdayak jeevan thaa.
16 saal kii umr mein unaki shaadi ack shaakya kuleen kii betty seey hui thee. ack bachche key janm seey baarah saal pahale, usa samay taka siddharth, joe 29 saal key they, ney apane pitaa dwara unake liye vaanchhit jeevan koo tyagane kaa faisala kiya thaa, ack "shraman" tapasvi key liye. jiss raat unakaa betaa rahul paida huaa, vaha gupt roop seey mahal seey baahar nickle gayaa aur ack bhikshu tapasvi key roop mein rahane lagaa. unhone dhyaan aur yog key dou shikshakon key saath adhyayan kiya, aur charam tapasvi honey kii or aakarshit hoe gaye. antatah unhone mahsoos kiya kii yeh sahee maarg naheen thaa, aur beach key maarg key darshan koo vikasit kiya. 35 saal kii umr mein way bodhgaya mein ack bodhi vriksh key neeche dhyaan curr rahey they jaba unhone apane gyaan kaa anubhav kiya. abb seey, unhein aamtaur parr shakyamuni key bajaay "buddh" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. 
unhone vikasit kii gaee naee shikshaon kaa prasaar karane key liye jaane seey pahale way chhah yaa saat saptah taka bodhgaya mein dhyaan karate rahey. unakaa pahala upadesh, jise hiran udyaan mein upadesh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, sarnath mein una paanch sathiyon koo diyaa gayaa thaa jinhen way apane tapasvi kaal seey jaanate they. unhone apane jeevan key shesh 45 (yaa usase adhik) varsh aadhunik bihaar aur purvi uttar pradesh kii yatra karate hue upadesh dene aur shishyon koo ikattha karane mein bitaaye.
parampara key anusaar, assie varsh kii ayu mein buddh kii mrityu unake kuchh anuyaayiyon key saath hui. unakaa antim sanskar kiya gayaa aur unaki asthiyon aur kuchh sampattiyon koo unake andolan key kendron mein vitarit kiya gayaa. bauddh dharm mein unake avasheshon kii pooja, jise "setia" kahaa jaataa haye, mahatvapurna hoe gaee.
sabse puraane jeevani granth kewal pandulipiyon mein bahut baad seey sanrakshit hain, aksar aise granthon key saath jinka gair-bhaaratiya bhasha mein anuvaad kiya gayaa haye, udaaharan key liye cheeni yaa tibbati. aadhunik vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii unamen sambhavatah baad key parivardhan shamil hain. way vivaran mein kaafee bhinn hotey hain, lekin aam taur parr ack dusare key saath aur jeevan kii mukhya ruprekha key sambandh mein praarambhik kalaa key saath susangat hotey hain, joe aam taur parr bache hue paath sanskaranon seey pahale kii hoti haye. yahaan taka kii joe maanaa jaataa haye kii praarambhik sanskaranon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, unamen bhee kaee chamatkari yaa pauranik tatva hain, joe kewal baad key sanskaranon mein badhate hain. 
granthon mein buddh key jeevan kaa badee sankhya mein devtaon aur anya aakritiyon dwara bhaari ruchi key saath anusaran kiya gayaa haye, joe kabhi-kabhi hastakshep karane yaa kewal gawah banane key liye prithvi parr aatey hain, jaisa kii mahaan prasthaan key chitran mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. aisaa lagata haye kii gandharan nakkashi "abhyinishram sootra" mein jeevani vivaran kaa anusaran karati haye, ack aisaa paath joe abb kewal cheeni anuvaadon mein hii bachaa haye.
kalaa mein dikhaai gaee ghatanaaenh praarambhik jeevan.
prithvi koo lautein.
bauddh dharm mein, buddh key antim avtaar kii kahani unaki garbhadhaaran yaa janm seey pahale shuru hoti haye. kaee pichhale jeevanon key baad, bhavishya key buddh, jinhen aamtaur parr pahale seey hii bodhisatva maanaa jaataa haye, ney tushit swarg mein they jaba unhone prithvi parr antim jeevan jeene kaa faisala kiya. lambe vichaar key baad, unhone ack parivaar kaa chunaav kiya jisamen way paida honge. kuchh vivaranon mein, maitreya koo iss samay buddh dwara agale buddh key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. inn drishyon koo aksar kalaa mein dikhaaya jaataa haye; borobudor mein buddh key janm seey pahale 27 panel hain.
raani maaya kaa sapana.
buddh kii maan raani maaya ney ack raat sapana dekhaa kii ack safed haathi safed kamal pakade hue, aur chhah daanton key saath, usake garbh mein usake buggle seey pravesh curr gayaa. praarambhik jeevan mein, buddh ney yeh roop leey liya thaa. agale dinn usey pataa chalaa kii vaha garbhavati haye. usane apane pati raajaa shuddhodhan koo bataaya, jinake jyotishiyon ney salah dee thee kii bachcha yaa tou ack chakravartini yaa ack buddh hoga.
praarambhik avadhi mein lokpriya drishya mein hamesha maaya koo bistar parr lette hue dikhaaya gayaa haye, aamtaur parr uska sir daaeen or hotaa haye, taaki uska dahina haath sabse oopar hoe. haathi, naa kii maapane key liye, usake oopar ghoomata haye, gandhar mein aamtaur parr ack golakar prabhamandal seey ghiraa hotaa haye. uska dhad usake kinaaron koo chhoone key liye neeche taka pahunch sakata haye. naukaraaniyaan aur devta bistar key chaaron or khade hoe sakate hain.
buddh kaa janm.
chaar aur aathh mahaan ghatnaaon mein seey pahala, aur sabse aam drishyon mein seey ack, halanki bahut shuruati bhaaratiya stupon mein dikhaai naheen detaa haye. buddh kii maan raani maaya janm dene key liye apane maataa-pitaa key ghar laut rahee thee. vaha lumbini key park yaa upavan mein tahalane key liye rookie, joe abb nepal mein haye. saal key pedh ("shoroa robusta") kii ack tahaniyon koo pakadane key liye pahunchate hue, shram shuru hoe gayaa. maaya apane daahine haath koo sir parr rakhate hue, ack ghumaavdaar shakha pakade hue, pratimashastra kaa apariharya hissa haye; yeh bhaaratiya kalaa mein ack parichit mudra thee, jise aksar yakshini vriksh-aatmaon dwara apanaaya jaataa thaa. maaya key pair aamtaur parr paar kiye jaate hain, joe ack sunder tribhang mudra dete hain. buddh unake paksh seey chamatkaarik roop seey ubhara, joe aamtaur parr unake saath chhote chitranon mein dikhaaya jaataa haye jaise kii uda rhaa hoe. badey mein dou purush aakritiyaan baain or khadee hain, joe vaidik devtaon indra kaa pratinidhitva karati hain, joe bachche koo pakadane key liye pahunchate hain, aur brahm usake peechhe khade hotey hain. maaya kii bahan pajapati usey daaeen or sahaara dey sakati haye, aur naukaraaniyaan daaeen or khadee hoe sakati hain, aur apsara yaa anya aatmaaen oopar mandaraati hain.
buddh lagbhag turant saat kadam khade honey mein saksham they, ack kamal kaa phool uga rhaa thaa jahan pratyek kadam chalaa gayaa thaa, aur antim kamal parr khade bachche koo dikhaaya jaa sakata haye, aksar isake alawa vaha apani maan kii taraf seey nickle rhaa thaa. vaha apana dahina haath swarg kii or uthaata haye aur ghoshana kartaa haye kii "swarg aur prithvi parr main akela sammaanit huun. yeh tihra sansar duhkhon seey bharaa huaa haye; main inn duhkhon seey uddhaarak banoonga. 
purvi asia mein yeh vishay apane aap mein lokpriya hoe gayaa, joe naaraa, japan mein todaiji mein sabse prasiddh aur sabse pahale mein seey ack thaa. "buddh kaa pahala snan" bhee kabhi-kabhi ack hii drishya mein dikhaaya jaataa haye; dou nagraj (naag raajaa) snan karate hain, aur naukaraaniyaan upasthit hoe sakati hain. isake prateekaatmak punah adhiniyaman kaee deshon mein buddh key janmadin yaa vesak manaane vaale anushthaanon kaa hissa hain.
asita seey mulakat.
asita ack buddhiman vyakti theen joe raajaa key guru they, lekin jangal mein sevaanivritt hoe gaye they. kuchh sanskaranon mein way raani maaya key sapane key mukhya dubhashiya they. janm key baare mein sunkar, vaha apane bhatije naalak (baad mein buddh key anuyaayi) key saath mahal gaye, aur "ack mahaan vyakti kii battis visheshtaon" (aiss. key. tii.) koo pahachaana. "mahapurush lakshan"). unhone bhavishyavani kii kii bachcha badaa hocker buddh bunn jaayega, phir rone lagaa. yeh poochhe jaane parr kii raajaa ney kyon kahaa, unhone kahaa kii unhein khed haye kii way siddharth kii shikshaon koo sunane key liye lambe samay taka jeevit naheen rahenge. gandhar chitranon aur amarvati stoop mein, rishi bachche koo ghutanon parr pakad sakate hain, jabaki borobudor mein vaha apane pitaa kii god mein baithate hain. vishesh roop seey dakshin poorv asia mein, bachcha asita key sir parr apana pair rakh sakata haye.
unake janm key turant baad, raajaa ney parampara kaa paalan karane aur navjat koo devtaon koo bhent karane key liye shahar key mandir jaane kaa prastaav rakhaa. siddharth, joe pahale seey hii bolane mein saksham thaa, ney apatti jataai lekin anta mein chalaa gayaa. jaba samooh mandir mein pahuncha, tou devtaon kii moortiyaan neeche utar gaeen aur siddharta key saamane pranipaat kiya. iss prakaran koo borobudor mein darshaaya gayaa haye.
siddharth kaa bachpan.
shiksha.
siddharth key durlabh chitran hain joe ack ladke key roop mein apane shikshakon koo chakit karate hain, yaa jadui tarikon seey anya ladakon key saath khel yaa khel pratiyogitaon koo jeetate hain. unhone ack shaahi shiksha praapt kii, aur yuddh kalaa, sawari, tirandaji aur tairaki seekhane key unake drishya dou praarambhik tibbati thancus kii tarah vistaarit chakron mein paae jaa sakate hain. kuchh gandharan nakkashi unhein medhon dwara kheenchi gaee ack chhoti gaadi mein school leey jaate hue dikhaati hain, joe shayed sthaaniya kuleen jeevan koo darshaati haye; yeh vivaran praarambhik granthon mein naheen haye.
bhaarat mein, chitranon mein siddharth key ichchit sasur dwara apekshit shaaririk shaahi kaushal mein uchch manakon parr jore diyaa gayaa haye. ack tirandaji pratiyogita, jise swabhavik roop seey siddharth ney jeetaa thaa, koo kabhi-kabhi gandhar mein darshaaya gayaa haye. purvi asiai chitran mez key kaam parr adhik jore dete hain, isamen koee sandeh naheen haye kii yeh chean kii shaahi pareekshaon koo utteern karane key sthaaniya mahatva koo darshaata haye, joe 6 veen shatabdi key aspas shuru hui thee. mogao gufaaon seey 9veen shatabdi key chitrit jhande mein, siddharth vaastav mein iss tarah kii jaanch curr rhaa prateet hotaa haye.
jambu" pedh key neeche dhyaan karein.
jaba way abhee bhee ack ladke they, siddharth koo apane pitaa koo ack shaahi jutai samaroh kaa netritva karate hue dekhane key liye leey jaaya gayaa, joe asia mein ack aam shaahi kartavya thaa (japan mein samrat abhee bhee ack vishesh bhukhand parr chawal lagaate hain aur baad mein kataai karate hain). vaha purushon key prayason seey prabhaavit thaa, aur pakshi havaa mein keede pakad rahey they. bheed seey door bhatakate hue, vaha ack "jambu" pedh key neeche baith gaye aur iss parr dhyaan karane lagey.
vaivaahik jeevan.
siddharth ney yashodhara seey shaadi kii, jaba donon 16 saal key they. shaadi koo kabhi-kabhi kalaa mein dikhaaya jaataa haye, jaisa kii jode key ack saath santusht drishya hain. lagbhag baarah varshon key baad unakaa ack betaa huaa, rahul, jiska janm usee dinn huaa jaba siddharth ney mahal koo achche key liye chhod diyaa thaa. siddharth key vichaar teji seey unake aadhyatmik jeevan kii or muda gaye they, vishesh roop seey jaba unhone chaar drishya (neeche) dekhe. unake pitaa chaahte they kii way apane janm seey pahale diye gaye bhavishyasoochak vikalpon seey dharmnirpeksh maarg apanaaen, lekin devtaon key ack pratinidhimandal dwara yatra ney unase dharm key jeevan koo aage badhaane kaa aagrah kiya. ise kabhi-kabhi kalaa mein dikhaaya jaataa haye, udaaharan key liye borobudor mein. 
jeevani ack aise kshan koo darj karati haye jaba siddharth apani mahila anuchar kii upasthiti seey khafa hoe gayaa thaa, jinamen seey ack yaa adhik farsh parr sou rahey they, aur nishkarsh nikaalate hain kii "yeh sach haye, main ack kabristan key beach rahata huun. gandhar mein iss drishya (kabhi-kabhi "mahal mein jeevan" sheershak) koo siddharta dwara darshaaya gayaa haye joe ack sophe seey uthh rhaa haye jiss parr usaki patni letati haye, neeche farsh parr ack mahila kii aakriti koo dekh rahee haye. borobudor mein farsh parr faili hui aakritiyon kaa ack bahut badaa samooh haye, joe "mahaan prasthaan" drishyon seey turant pahale hotaa haye.
chaar drishya.
vilasita kaa jeevan jeene vaale siddharth key maataa-pitaa ney usey duniya key apriya pahaluon seey bachaane kaa dhyaan rakhaa, lekin ack dinn, apane naukar chanaa key saath graameen ilaakon mein sawari karate hue, usane "chaar drishya" dekhe, sabse pahale ack bahut boodhe aadami, ack bahut beemar aadami aur ack laash. ack aur yatra mein unhone ack bhikshu yaa tapasvi koo dekhaa, jisaki shaant pravritti ney unhein prabhaavit kiya. inn sub ney unake vichaaron koo adhik aadhyatmik jeevan mein badal diyaa. bhaaratiya kalaa mein shayed aashcharyajanak roop seey unakaa pratinidhitva naheen kiya jaataa haye, lekin chaar panels mein aur adhik aadhunik chitron mein borobudor mein cover kiya jaataa haye.
mahal key baad kaa jeevan.
mahaan prasthaan.
apane bete kaa janm, shaahi vansh key liye ack uttaradhikari pradaan karane key apane kartavya koo puuraa karna, spasht roop seey siddharth key shaahi jeevan koo chhodane key liye ack tapasvi banane kaa kaaran thaa. aadhi raat koo unhone apane naukar channa seey kahaa kii vaha apane pasandida ghode key kanthaka koo laae. unake sou rahee patni aur bachche koo alvida kahane key durlabh drishya hain, lekin sabse aam drishya siddharth haye joe ghode parr savaar hocker shahar chhod rhaa haye, jise "mahaan tyag" yaa "mahaan prasthaan" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye; unake janm key baad, yeh gandhar kalaa mein sabse aam kathaa prakaran haye. 
siddharth ney apani shaahi sajawat koo aakhiri baar pahana huaa haye. adhikansh vivaranon mein devtaon (yaa "gann") ney kaanthak key khurr koo dabaa diyaa, aur yeh aamtaur parr ghode key neeche devtaon key haathon mein unake pair pakade hue dikhaaya jaataa haye. anya aakritiyaan joe aksar kinaaron parr dikhaai jaati hain, vishesh roop seey baain or, devta aur anya alaukik prani hain, joe iss ghatana koo dekhane key liye ekatra hue they. gandhar mein aksar, siddharth key baain or, ack dhanush leey jaane vaali ack rahasyamay aakriti hoti haye, joe aksar kavach mein hoti haye, joe ack maargdarshak yaa rakshak hoe sakati haye. kuchh chitron mein siddharth seedhe darshak kii or sawari kartaa haye, usake ghode kaa agala hissa chitra key mukhya tala seey parey nikalata haye.
mahal seey bahut door ack baar, siddharth ney rajkumar key kapade laker apane parivaar koo samajhaane key liye chanaa vaapas bheja; kabhi-kabhi yeh ack drishya bunn jaataa haye. kahaa jaataa haye kii isake turant baad kaanthak kii mrityu duhkh seey hui thee. kuchh vivaranon mein, unhone apani pagadi koo havaa mein oonchaa fenk diyaa, jahan ise swargiya praniyon dwara pakada gayaa aur swarg mein leey jaaya gayaa, jahan isaki pooja ack avashesh key roop mein kii gaee. yeh kabhi-kabhi dikhaaya jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey amrawati school dwara. 
baal kaatna.
siddharth ney phir usake baal kaat diye, joe ack drishya bunn sakata haye. yeh dakshin-poorv asiai chakron mein ack lokpriya drishya banaa huaa haye; yeh seedhe aadhunik bhikshuon key anubhav koo darshaata haye. usaki pagadi kii tarah, baalon koo ack avashesh key roop mein triyastreem swarg mein leey jaaya jaataa haye, aur bharhut aur saanchi key panels seey pataa chalata haye kii ise ack avashesh key roop mein pooja jaa rahee haye.
tapasya.
siddharth ney phir ack bhatakate hue tapasvi key roop mein ack avadhi kii shuruat kii, kaee vivaranon key anusaar dou guruon key adheen adhyayan karate hue unhein chhodane seey pahale, pahale alra kaalam, phir uddak ramputra. unhone bahut kathorta key saath upvaas karate hue atyant kathorta seey jeene kii koshish kii. kuposhit "upvaas buddh" kii chhaviyaan bauddh kalaa key vibhinn binduon parr dikhaai detee hain, lekin anya samay aur sthaanon parr anupasthit hain. way aamtaur parr ack dhyaan mudra mein ekal aakritiyaan hoti hain. gandhar seey kaee hain, lekin usake baad dakshin asia seey kuchh hii hain. way phir chean aur haal hii mein dakshin-poorv asia mein dikhaai dete hain.
siddharth kii atyadhik tapasya kii avadhi key anta koo jeevani mein kaee alag-alag ghatnaaon dwara darshaaya gayaa haye. kaee loga usey rukane key liye kahate hain, kuchh loga usey bhojan aur kapade dete hain. lalitvistar sootra" mein raani maaya aur devtaon key ack pratinidhimandal donon kii yaatraon kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye, donon ney siddharth seey iss charam drishtikon koo chhodane key liye bheekh maangi haye. inmein seey pratyek koo borobudor mein ack panel (devtaon kii yatra key liye dou), saath hii saath siddharth aur unake dwara praapt paanch sathiyon mein seey ack praapt hotaa haye. inn siddharta key shareer mein gandhar chhaviyon kii tulanaa mein bhookh key bahut cumm sanket dikhaai dete hain.
aam logon key saath kaee muthbhedon koo bhee dikhaaya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii "sujata dwara doodh key chawal kii peshkash", ack gaanv kii ladki jiska vaha saamana kartaa haye. kahaa jaataa haye kii yeh antim nirvaah thaa joe unhone apane gyaan praapti seey pahale liya thaa. yeh ajanta mein gufa 11 mein darshaaya gayaa haye, jisamen ack chhota saa sujaat buddh kii moorti key aadhar parr ghutane tekta haye. borobudor mein iska ack panel haye, aur aksar aadhunik dakshin-poorv asiai chitrit chakron mein dikhaaya jaataa haye. 
gyaan praapti seey pahale inmein seey antim taba thaa jaba siddharth ack ghaas kaatane vaale seey mille aur unase dhyaan karate samay baithane key liye lambi kush ghaas ("desmostachya bipinnata") praapt kii (ack prakaar kaa joe aksar bhaaratiya dharm dwara iss uddeshya key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye). iss muthbhed koo gandhar aur aadhunik dakshin-poorv asia donon key udaharanon key saath dikhaaya jaa sakata haye.
shakyamuni pahaad seey utar rhaa haye.
yeh, jise kabhi-kabhi shusan shaka key japani naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye, ack aisaa vishay haye joe 10veen shatabdi key chean mein, chaan bauddh dharm mein utpann huaa haye, joe 13veen shatabdi mein shuru hue japani zena bauddh dharm kaa mool haye. yeh bhaaratiya kalaa mein naheen paaya jaataa haye. siddharth, yaa shakyamuni, koo ack paridrishya prishthabhoomi vaale chitron mein ack hii aakriti key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. vishay aamtaur parr ack shrinkhala kaa hissa naheen hotaa haye. vaha una pahaadon seey neeche chala rhaa haye jahan usaki tapasya kaa abhyaas kiya jaataa thaa; purvi asiai parampara mein pahaad gahare dhyaan key liye samanya sthaan hain. vaha gambhir roop seey kuposhit dikhane key bajaay vikrit aur aksar daadhi vaalaa hotaa haye. zena mathon mein buddh key gyaan kaa jashn manaane vaale dawat key aspas chitra pradarshit kiye jaate hain, aur kaee zena anuyaayiyon kaa maanana haye kii chitra iss ghatana key ack pull baad dikhaai dete hain.
gyaan praapti aur usake baad.
buddh kaa gyaan.
yeh prasiddh bodhi vriksh key neeche bodhgaya mein huaa, jiska ack sambhaavit vanshaj mahabodhi mandir key buggle mein jeevit haye. bauddh parampara bataati haye kii gyaan praapti seey pahale ack rakshas raajaa maaraa parr hamla huaa thaa, jisane gyaan praapti seey praapt shaktiyon koo praapt karane key buddh key adhikaar koo chunauti dee thee aur usey praapt karane key apane adhikaar koo pramaanit karane key liye ack gawah maanga thaa. jawab mein buddh ney apana dahina haath failaate hue prithvi koo chhuaa aur prithvi kii devi prithvi seey unake gyaan kaa sakshi banane key liye kahaa, joe unhone kiya.
bodhi vriksh key patte buddh key sir key oopar dikhaae jaa sakate hain. buddh koo hamesha kamal kii sthiti mein baithe hue dikhaaya gayaa haye, joe jameen koo chhoone key liye apane daahine haath kii ungaliyon taka neeche pahunchate hain, jise "bhoomiswarsh" yaa "prithvi gawah" mudra kahaa jaataa haye. usake neeche, "kush" ghaas key lambe foolon kaa sanket diyaa jaa sakata haye. badey chitranon mein maaraa aur usaki rakshason kii senaa, yaa usaki dou (yaa teen) sunder betiyon koo dikhaaya jaa sakata haye, joe mohak nritya andolanon key saath dhyaan seey dhyaan bhatkaakar buddh key gyaan koo rokane kaa prayaas karati hain; isake aadhunik dakshin-poorv asiai chitran kaafee aspasht hoe sakate hain.
prithvi koo aamtaur parr bhaaratiya chitranon mein yaa adhikansh deshon key chitranon mein naheen dekhaa jaa sakata haye, lekin thaai chitranon mein aksar dekhi jaane vaali ack rachana unhein kendriya vyakti banaati haye, joe ack prakaar key mandap mein khadee hoti haye, jisake oopar buddh hotaa haye. dakshin-poorv asia mein bahut adhik upayog kii jaane vaali ack jeevani mein prithvi ney buddh key ahwan kaa jawab dete hue apane baal nikaal diye hain, jisase ack badee baadh aatee haye joe maaraa kii senaa koo door curr detee haye, aur ise chitranon mein dikhaaya jaa sakata haye, vishesh roop seey thyland aur kambodiya seey. unake baalon koo hilaane vaali kaee lokpriya moortiyaan aur aakritiyaan bhee hain. 
buddh key jeevan mein yeh ghatana aam taur parr samoohon mein badaa kendriya drishya haye, jaisa kii jagdishpur stoop mein hotaa haye, jahan darjanon chhote rakshas buddh koo gherate hain.
dhyaan kii avadhi.
apane gyaan praapti key baad, buddh saat saptah taka jangal mein dhyaan karate rahey, jisamen vibhinn ghatanaaen jeevani mein darj hain. baad kii bauddh parampara mein, "saat stations" kaa ack samooh vikasit huaa, jinamen seey pratyek ack saptah taka chalata thaa, jahaan buddh ney saat alag-alag sthaanon parr dhyaan karate hue ack saptah bitaaya (anukram aur vivaran kuchh hudd taka bhinn hotey hain). pratyek saptah bodhi key pedh key neeche bitaaya gayaa, bodhi key pedh koo dekhaa gayaa, "ratnon key raaste parr chalaa", "ratnon key kamare mein socha", aur "bargad key pedh key neeche dhyaan kiya. dakshin-poorv asia key aadhunik print inhen ack samooh key roop mein dikhaa sakate hain.
iss avadhi key anta mein (paanch yaa chhah saptah) bahut bhaari barish hui aur vishal "nagraj" yaa nagra saamp-raajaa, mucalinda ney apane kaee siron key hood seey buddh koo sharan dee. yeh chitran lambe samay seey dakshin-poorv asia mein vishesh roop seey lokpriya rhaa haye, jahan buddh saamp key kundalit shareer parr baith sakate hain. 1181 seey 1218 taka khamer samrajya key shaasak jayavarman VII ney ise "pooja key liye buddh key pramukh roop" key roop mein prachaarit kiya, joe abb aspasht hain.
buddh kaa pahala upadesh.
yeh aathh mahaan ayojanon mein seey teesara haye aur aise sabhi samoohon mein shamil haye. ise aksar "hiran udyaan mein upadesh" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur ise "dhammakkappavattan sutt" ("dharm sutt key chakr kii gati mein setting") naamak paath mein darj kiya gayaa haye. anya pramukh bauddh siddhanton key beach isane chaar mahaan satyon aur beach key raaste koo nirdhaarit kiya. 
yeh unake gyaan praapti key kuchh saptah baad sarnath mein una paanch naam vaale shishyon koo diyaa gayaa thaa, joe unhein ack tapasvi key roop mein jaanate they, jinhen dikhaaya jaa sakata haye kii kyaa unhein fitt kiya jaa sakata haye. kabhi-kabhi ack chhathi aakriti dikhaai jaati haye, maanspeshiyon vaali aur aamtaur parr cummer taka nagna. yeh vajrapani haye, ack bodhisatva jise aksar buddh kii raksha karate hue dikhaaya jaataa haye. buddh aamtaur parr kamal kii sthiti mein baithe hotey hain, aur unake haathon koo hamesha "dharmchakra pravartan mudra" mein dikhaaya jaataa haye, jahaan unake donon haath "dharm key chakr koo gati dene" key unake roopak koo chitrit karate hain. iska upayog aam taur parr kewal buddh kii chhaviyon mein kiya jaataa haye jaba iss kshan kaa pratinidhitva kiya jaataa haye.
yeh yaa "gyaan" aamtaur parr stambh samoohon mein mukhya badaa drishya hotaa haye. badey samoohon mein ack pahiya, jaisa kii sarnath mein 5veen shatabdi key ack patthar mein, aur kabhi-kabhi ack yaa dou hiran, sthaan kaa ullekh karate hue, dekhaa jaa sakata haye. yeye buddh key simhaasan key aadhar key saamane hoe sakate hain, jahan shishya bhee dikhaai dey sakate hain, joe buddh seey bahut chhote hain.
dharmaantaran, chamatkar aur prasaad.
buddh key shesh jeevan key dauran unhone bhaarat-gangaa key maidan key apekshaakrit pratibandhit kshetra mein yatra kii, upadesh diyaa aur dharm parivartan kiya, apane badhate "sangh" yaa anuyaayiyon key samooh koo sangathit kiya, aur kabhi-kabhi vibhinn bhaartiyon, uchch aur nimn seey upahaar aur prasaad praapt kiye. jeevani mein darj kaee ghatnaaon koo kalaa mein dikhaaya jaa sakata haye; sabhi koo chhoti yaa kshatigrast nakkashi key mamle mein aasaani seey pahachaana naheen jaa sakata haye; yeh vishesh roop seey una chakron mein hotaa haye joe anya buddhon key jeevan kii jaatak kahaaniyon aur kahaaniyon koo milaa sakate hain. mansoon key mausam kii bhaari barish mein vaha ack hii sthaan parr rahey; baad mein yeye thaharaav jyaadaatar iss samay taka sthaapit mathon kii bastiyon mein they, joe shuru mein shayed mukhya roop seey barish key dauran basey hue they.
bauddh key duss pramukh shishya, joe aitihaasik vyakti prateet hotey hain, kuchh mamalon mein bauddh dharm key praarambhik vikas mein bahut mahatvapurna hastiyon koo saahitya mein vyaktitva diyaa jaataa haye, aur unake baare mein vibhinn upakhyan kalaa mein buddh key saath yaa usake binaa chitrit kiye jaate hain.
ameer vyaapaari anantpindad (janm naam sudatta) dwara badey daan ney jetwan key mahatvapurna praarambhik vihaar (mathh) kii sthaapana kii; maanaa jaataa thaa kii unhone prastaavit sthal koo soney key sikkon seey dhakkar raashi kaa faisala kiya thaa. 
kaee kahaaniyon mein una logon key bhavishya key punarjanm shamil hain jinake kaary achche hain. dhool kii bhent" "divyadaan" kii ack kahani dikhaati haye jisamen dou chhote ladke, jaya aur vijay, khel rahey they kyonki buddh unhein paar curr rahey they, bhiksha maang rahey they. jaya ney mutthi bhar dhool chadhaai, yeh kahate hue kii yeh bhojan thaa, aur ack "chakravartin" yaa saarvbhaumik samrat key liye prarthana vyakt kii. bauddh dharm key ack mahaan pravartak samrat ashok () kaa ullekh karate hue buddh ney bhavishyavani kii kii samay key saath unakaa punarjanm hoga.
roopaantaran.
pahale bauddh dharm parivartan way they joe pahale upadesh mein upasthit they. anya praarambhik dharmaantarit teen kashyap bhaai (kuchh vivaranon mein kewal ack kashyap haye) aur unake kaee anuyaayi they. aisaa lagata haye kii way vaidik dharm key roop mein agni anushthaanon kaa abhyaas karane vaale tapasviyon kaa ack samooh they, jinake paas falgu nadee parr uruvilva mein ack mandir thaa, jahan buddh apane sabse kathor kaal seey they. buddh ney poochha kii kyaa vaha mandir mein raat bitaa sakate hain, jisaki anumati thee, lekin unhein ack bhayaanak nagraj (sarp devi) kii chetavani dee gaee thee. buddh ney poori raat saamp seey ladaai kii aur usey jeet liya, anta mein apane avasheshon koo apane daan-kund mein rakhate hue kashyap koo bhent kiya. unhone dharm parivartan kiya aur duss pramukh shishyon mein seey ack bunn gaye. indoneshiya mein buddh kii praarambhik khadee moortiyaan hain, jinamen buddh ney apana katora saamp key saath pakad rakhaa haye, aur avasheshon kii prastuti gandharan nakkashi mein paaee jaati haye.
buddh ney kashyapon koo samajhaane key liye anya chamatkar kiye, jinamen ack nadee key paani koo alag karna aur munn-padhana shamil haye. poorv koo saanchi mein stoop 1 key purvi dwaar parr chitrit kiya gayaa haye.
parivaar koo lautein.
buddh key kapilavastu mein apane puraane ghar jaane key baad, shayed apane pitaa key anurodh parr, buddh key kaee sambandh antatah parivartit hoe gaye. kabhi-kabhi kalaa mein vaapsee key kshan koo dikhaaya jaataa haye. unake bete rahul, jinaki iss samay vibhinn ayu solah varsh taka haye, iss yatra mein apane pitaa key saath ack nausikhiya key roop mein shamil honey key liye sahmat hue. buddh kii chaachi, paalak-maan (aur sauteli maan) mahapjapati gautami baad mein apane pati kii mrityu key baad pahali bauddh nana ("bhikshuni") baneen. unake bachche nand aur sundari nand, sautele bhaai aur buddh kii bahan, ack-dusare seey shaadi curr chuke they, yaa honey hii vaale they, lekin sangh mein shamil honey key liye unakaa peechha kiya gayaa. ack-dusare key liye apane pyaar key kaaran donon koo samaayojan karane mein kathinaaee hui. 
kahani key alag-alag sanskaran hain, jinhen kabhi-kabhi kalaa mein dikhaaya jaataa haye. aamtaur parr, nand buddh key saath bhojan karate they, joe unhein paar curr jaate they yaa jaane seey pahale apana katora chhod dete they. nandaa katora laker unake peechhe hoe liye aur buddh unake saath chaley jaba taka kii way sangh taka naheen pahunch gaye. lekin nand ack bhikshu key roop mein kuchh samay key liye bechain they, jaba taka kii buddh unhein tawatins swarg mein naheen leey gaye, jisane unhein apane nae jeevan mein jaari rakhane key liye prerit kiya. praarambhik roopaantaran, aur donon swarg yaa swarg mein udate hue, kabhi-kabhi kalaa mein dikhaae jaate hain, jaisa kii ack bhikshu key roop mein nand kaa "samanvaya" haye. 
bachpan key dost aur chachere bhaai anand kaa dharm parivartan hoe gayaa aur vaha jeevan bhar ack karibi saathi baney rahey. anand key bhaai devdutt ney bhee dharm parivartan kiya.
indershala gufa kii yatra.
buddh kaa ack varsha ritu kaa vishram rajgir key paas indershala gufa mein bitaaya gayaa thaa, jisake liye vibhinn sthaanon kaa prastaav kiya gayaa haye. vahaan rahate hue, indra (bauddh dharm mein chakr) ney buddh seey bhent kii, aur unase 42 prashn poochhe, jinka vaha uttar dene mein saksham they. indra ney buddh koo gaane key liye ack deva veenaa-gaayak koo aage bheja, jise chitran mein dikhaaya jaa sakata haye. 
yeye pahali shatabdi mein bharat aur mathura seey shuru hotey hain, aur mathura (50-100 AD) kaa sachitra panel maanav roop key roop mein buddh key sabse puraane gyaat chitranon mein seey ack haye.
bandar kii bhent.
aathh mahaan ghatnaaon mein seey ack, yeh unake gyaan praapti key dasaven varsh mein vaishali mein periliakka retreat key dauran huaa thaa. ise "bandar dwara shahad kii bhent" bhee kahaa jaataa haye. ack bandar buddh koo shahad chadhaata haye, jise kamal kii sthiti mein dikhaaya gayaa haye, apani god mein bheekh maangane kaa katora laker. kuchh sanskaranon mein buddh ney shuru mein shahad koo aswikar curr diyaa kyonki isamen madhumakhiyon key larva, cheentiyaan yaa anya keede they, lekin bandar dwara saavdhaanipoorvak inhen ack tahaniyon seey hataane key baad unakaa upahaar sweekaar curr liya gayaa.
yeh aathh ghatnaaon mein seey sabse aspasht haye, maanak praarambhik jeevani granthon mein naheen, aur 8veen shatabdi key aspas "aathh mahaan ghatnaaon" mein seey ack banane seey pahale apekshaakrit asamanya roop seey chitrit kiya gayaa haye. granthon seey yeh bhee spasht naheen haye kii yeh vaishali seey kyon judaa huaa haye, lekin yeh buddh key saath anya sambandhon vaalaa ack mahatvapurna shahar thaa, jinhone vahaan apana antim upadesh diyaa thaa. jaba vaha chalaa gayaa tou usane apana bheekh kaa katora shahar mein chhod diyaa, aur yeh, joe ack mahatvapurna citia yaa avashesh bunn gayaa, sabse cumm chhaviyon mein apariharya pehchaan tatva haye, jaba bandar koo bhee naheen dikhaaya gayaa haye. bandar koo dikhaaya jaa sakata haye, aur ack haathi bhee joe buddh kii raksha kartaa thaa aur usey paani detaa thaa. inmein seey pratyek kii alag-alag aur shuru mein nakhush baad kii kahaaniyan theen. bandar, jaba uska upahaar sweekaar kiya jaataa haye tou uttejana seey abhibhoot hoe jaataa haye, gir jaataa haye yaa kuchh sanskaranon mein ack kuein seey neeche kood jaataa haye, lekin baad mein usey bachaaya gayaa aur ack devta mein badal diyaa gayaa, yaa ack manushya key roop mein punarjanm liya gayaa joe ack bhikshu key roop mein buddh key sangh mein shamil hoe gayaa.
haathi koo nalgiri parr kaaboo paanaa.
aathh mahaan ghatnaaon mein seey ack. bauddh parampara mein buddh key chachere bhaai aur behnoi devdutt koo ack dusht aur vivaadi vyakti key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye. kahaa jaataa haye kii usane rajgir mein buddh parr ugra haathi nalgiri koo rakh curr buddh koo maarne kaa prayaas kiya thaa. buddh haathi koo shaant kartaa haye, joe usake saamane ghutane tekta haye. buddh koo aamtaur parr "abhyamudra" mein apana haath rakhate hue, daahine haath koo khula aur hatheli koo urdhvaadhar rakhate hue khadaa dikhaaya jaataa haye. haathi aamtaur parr bahut chhota hotaa haye, aksar buddh kii tulanaa mein ack chhote kutte key paimaane parr, aur buddh koo jhukate hue dikhaaya jaataa haye. kabhi-kabhi anand kii ack chhoti see aakriti, ack karibi shishya, buddh key saath khadee rahati haye, jaisa kii kahani key kuchh granthon mein kahaa gayaa haye kii vaha prakaran key dauran buddh key saath rahey.
tavtimsa swarg seey utarana.
aathh mahaan ghatnaaon mein seey ack. apane gyaan praapti key kuchh varshon baad, buddh ney tawatins swarg kaa daura kiya, jahan unaki maan (tushit swarg seey) unake saath shamil huin. teen maheene taka unhone usey abhidhamm siddhant sikhaaya, phir seey sankasha mein prithvi parr utarane seey pahale. badey chitranon seey pataa chalata haye kii buddh teen seedhiyon yaa seedhiyon mein seey ack key madhya mein utarate hain, jisamen aksar indra aur brahm, tawatins swarg key swami shamil hotey hain, joe kissy bhee kadam key sheersh parr reh sakate hain, lekin saral chitranon mein way donon taraf ack khade buddh koo kinare karate hain, bahut chhote paimaane parr, kabhi-kabhi ack buddh key oopar ack parasol pakade hue. buddh "varadamudra" banaate hain. nana utpalvaran kii ack chhoti see aakriti neeche buddh kii prateeksha curr rahee hogi. yeh karyakram abhee bhee tibbat mein labaab duchen naamak ack tyohar mein manaaya jaataa haye.
shravasti mein chamatkar.
aathh mahaan ghatnaaon mein seey ack, ise judvaan chamatkar bhee kahaa jaataa haye, aur ise shravasti (shravasti aadi) mein kiya gayaa thaa. chhah vidharmi shikshakon key saath ack "chamatkar pratiyogita" mein, buddh ney dou chamatkar kiye. pahale aur adhik samanya roop seey chitrit koo "buddhon key gunan" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jahaan buddh apane roop koo kaee buddhon mein gunaa karke dusaron koo chaunka dete hain, joe ekatra bheed koo upadesh dete hain. halanki, chhote tukadon mein, kewal ack buddh kii aakriti dikhaai jaa sakati haye.
dusare mein, buddh apane oopari shareer seey jwaalaaen ugaate hain, jabaki paani nichale hisson seey bahata haye. chitran donon tatvon koo nakkashi parr pattern dwara ingit kartaa haye, jisamen buddh "abhyamudra" mein apana haath rakhate hue khade hain. aam key pedh key chamatkari vikas key saath ack aur chamatkar saanchi mein pahale key nakkashi mein dikhaaya gayaa haye, lekin "aathh mahaan ghatnaaon" key chitran mein naheen.
buddh kii mrityu.
yeh aathh mahaan ayojanon mein seey antim haye aur aise sabhi samoohon mein shamil haye. ise "parinirvaan" ("nirvaan kaa pravesh") bhee kahaa jaataa haye. yeh uttar pradesh key kushinagar mein huaa. ise aam taur parr sheersh key kendra mein, mukhya aakritiyon key oopar, ack jhuke hue buddh key saath, jiska sir baain or hotaa haye, aamtaur parr ack oonche sophe yaa bistar parr chitrit kiya jaataa haye. shuruati sanskaranon mein dukh key asadharan haav-bhaav karate hue bistar key chaaron or utane hii anuyaayi bheed mein rahate hain, joe baad key japani chitron mein vaapas aatey hain. 
ack chhoti aakriti koo aksar dikhaaya jaataa haye, aamtaur parr baahar kii or, bistar key saamane baithe, aamtaur parr uthale raahat mein; yeh buddh kaa antim parivartit, tapasvi subhadra (yaa sukandra) haye. usaki paani kii thaili koo tipai seey latka diyaa jaataa haye yaa ack daraar chhadi mein rakhaa jaataa haye joe tapasvi upkaran haye. usey ehsas hotaa haye kii buddh ney antim nirvaan praapt curr liya haye, aur vaha duhkh naheen dikhaata haye. saamane ack anya bhikshu, jise kabhi-kabhi buggle mein ack khadee aakriti dwara madad dee jaati haye, anand haye, joe buddh kaa chachera bhaai aur sabse karibi saathi haye. kabhi-kabhi ack bhikshu buddh key pair chhoota haye.
srilanka mein, kalakar aksar buddh koo jeevit aur jaagrit dikhaate they, lekin kaheen aur aamtaur parr mrityu key baad key kshan kaa pratinidhitva kiya jaataa haye. kabhi-kabhi shareer pahale seey hii cuffon mein lipta hotaa haye, lekin aamtaur parr chehra, jaise kii sou rhaa hoe, darshak kii or muda jaataa haye. paaramparik roop seey mrityu dou saal pedon (usee prajaati key tahat jiska vaha janm huaa thaa) key beach hoti thee, jise usake peechhe dikhaaya jaa sakata haye, jaisa kii shaakhaon mein unake vriksh-aatmaon koo dikhaaya jaa sakata haye. granthon (paali "mahaparinibban sutt" aur sanskrit-adharit "mahayan mahaparinirvan sootra" sabse pahale hain) mein kahaa gayaa haye kii vaha assie varsh taka jeevit rahey, lekin unhein yuva key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye, jaisa kii way ack vayask key roop mein unake sabhi chitranon mein hain. 
japan mein, jahaan vyaapak kathaa chakr mushkil seey maujood hain, "mrityu" (japani mein "nehan") key vishisht chitran hain, jisamen maanav gavaahon key badey samooh, ack buddh koo kaheen badey paimaane parr gherate hain, aur (aamtaur parr chitra sthaan key neeche) jaanvaron kii mishrit prajaatiyon kaa ack samooh. inhen aksar mandiron mein pradarshit kiya jaataa thaa jaba harr saal mrityu kaa smaran kiya jaataa thaa. falon aur sabjiyon key sthir jeevan kii ack ardh-parodic upa-shally ("yasai nahan") haye, joe ack parinirvaan drishya kaa pratinidhitva karati haye. british sangrahalaya mein 19veen shatabdi kii "shung" kamuk shally kii ack painting ling aur valva key roop mein maujood vyaktiyon kaa pratinidhitva karati haye; anya chhaviyon mein prasiddh abhinetaon koo paatron key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. 
avasheshon kaa daah sanskar aur vibhajan.
buddh kaa antim sanskar kiya gayaa thaa, joe kalaa mein ack apekshaakrit asamanya drishya haye. unake nirdeshon key anusaar unaki asthiyon koo vibhajit kiya gayaa aur kaee pramukh sthalon parr bheja gayaa, jahaan unhein stupon key neeche avasheshon mein dafnaya gayaa. kabhi-kabhi dronn naamak brahmin dwara paryavekshit "avasheshon kaa vibhajan" dikhaaya jaataa haye, saath hii unaki pooja kiye jaane key kaee drishya, vishesh roop seey purvi bhaarat mein, jahaan adhikansh sthit they, dikhaae jaate hain. buddh key shaakya kabile key beach ack vivaad thaa, joe sabhi avasheshon kaa daavaa kartaa thaa, aur padosi samoohon key beach, joe ack samjhaute parr pahunchane seey pahale sangharsh mein badal gaye, phir seey drum kaa upayog karate hue. avasheshon parr grih yuddh" kaa ack prasiddh drishya saanchi key pravesh dwaar key paar parr haye.
kalaa kaa itihas.
praarambhik aniconic pratinidhitva.
praarambhik abhyavedan buddh koo chitrit karane seey samanya roop seey bachane kaa anusaran karate they. yeh kissy bhee tarah seey ack samanya prateekvaad naheen thaa, aur kaee drishya anya aakritiyon seey bharey hue hain, jinamen seey kuchh pahchaanane yogya hain aur anya karmchari hain. inn bheedbhaad vaali chhaviyon key beach mein ack antaral seey buddh key sthaan kaa anuman lagaaya jaa sakata haye. raani maaya key sapane" key ack drishya mein haathi kii kamee hogi, aur "mahaan prasthaan" mein seey ack mein ack savaar rahit ghodaa hoga, joe swargiya aakritiyon kii samanya bheed seey ghiraa hoga. yeh charan, joe bharhut (abb sabhi sangrahalayon mein), saanchi (mukhya, "stoop aaee"), aur amarvati key shuruati tukadon key saath-saath kuchh gandhar key tukadon mein dekhaa gayaa, pahali shatabdi esvi taka chalaa, jisamen baad mein kuchh vishisht chhaviyaan theen. mukhya aakriti kii anupasthiti key alawa, kaee chhaviyaan sanrachana mein aakriti key saath baad key chitron key samaan hain. bharhut key baare mein, claudine baatz-piron kahate hain, "joe yahaan chitrit kiya gayaa haye vaha hamesha key liye bauddh pratima vigyaan mein pravesh kartaa haye.
samooh aur kathaa vidhi.
saanchi key pravesh dwaar parr kaee chhaviyaan buddh key antim aur pichhale jeevan key drishyon key saath-saath baad kii pooja koo bhee milaati hain, lokpriya drishyon koo dohrati hain, aur kalanukramik roop seey yaa anukram key kissy vishesh arth key bajaay spasht roop seey yaadrichhik roop seey vyavasthit kii jaati hain. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh vibhinn drishyon key shuru honey aur isaliye vibhinn vyaktiyon yaa samoohon dwara chune jaane kaa parinam haye. bharat key sankshipt shilalekh drishyon kii pehchaan karate hain, lekin saanchi mein naheen. yeh sambhavana haye kii bhikshuon ney teerthyatriyon koo drishyon kii nirdeshit yatra kii peshkash kii. 
adhikansh gandhar drishyon kii khudai vyavasthit tareeke seey naheen kii gaee thee, aur kaee tukadon parr hamla kiya gayaa thaa aur kshatigrast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur yeh jaanana aksar mushkil hotaa haye kii samagr yojana kyaa thee. borobudor mein poori yojana sthiti mein bunny hui haye, aur ack jeevit jeevani kaa bariki seey aur anukram mein anusaran karati haye (kuchh antar hain, shayed isaliye kii upayog kiye gaye paath kaa sateek sanskaran jeevit naheen haye).
kaee alag-alag drishyon mein kahani bataane kii gandhar vidhi, spasht roop seey frame yaa collum dwara seemankit, ack "roman kalaa seey nishchit udhaar" haye; yeh shaahi currier key chitran mein dekhaa jaataa haye. yeh pahale kii bhaaratiya kalaa mein dekhe gaye "nirantar varnan" seey alag haye, aur anya kshetron seey, jisamen aakritiyaan ack seey adhik baar dikhaai detee hain, aur ack dusare mein mishrit honey vaale episode hain. gandharon kii nakkashi ney stupon key kinaaron, aur divaaron, railing aur yahaan taka kii unake chaaron or seedhiyon key oopar kii or bhee sajaaya. seemit sthaan ney kaee mein aakritiyon kii sankhya koo kuchh ankon taka cumm curr diyaa, lekin badey panels mein kaee hoe sakate hain, jaisa kii bhaarat key purvi hisse seey aae nakkashidar chitra karate hain.
raahat key sthaan.
bhaaratiya stoop sthalon jaise barhut, saanchi aur (kuchh hudd taka) amrawati mein stoop drum key chaaron or yaa railing aur "torana" pravesh dwaaron parr bachee hui chhaviyon koo rakhna sabse achche sanrakshit khandon seey apekshaakrit spasht haye. borobudor mein puuraa smaarak apekshaakrit akshunna haye. lekin bahut cumm murtikala gandhar sanrachanaon seey "sthiti mein" bachee hui haye aur joe kuchh huaa vaha vinashkari pratima, bhookamp aur vartamaan taka punah upayog key liye uttardaayi rhaa haye).
gandhar sthal praarambhik bhaaratiya sthalon seey kaafee alag they, aur murtikala key liye kaee sthaan pradaan karate they. bhaarat key vishal nichale gumbadon key baad kii praarambhik avadhi key baad, lagbhag 100 esvi key baad mukhya gandhar stupon kaa aadhar aamtaur parr ack uchch vargakar hotaa thaa, jisake sheersh parr ack urdhvaadhar deewaar key saath ack goal khand hotaa thaa, phir usake oopar ack gumbad hotaa thaa. badey baahari stupon key alawa, kaee chhote stoop yaa tou baahar they yaa ack badey kamare seey door ack chhote seey mandir kaksh mein banaae gaye they, jinamen jyaadaatar pooja-archana key liye chadhaae jaate they. inn sub ney stoop key aspas pattiyon yaa kshetron kii ack jatil vyavastha vikasit kii, joe sabhi alag-alag tareeke seey sajaae gaye they. saamane kii or ack projecting flat "falls gable" section hoe sakata haye. murtikala adhikansh stoop satahon koo sajaa sakati haye, lekin yeh sambhavana haye kii kaee sabse achchi tarah seey sanrakshit chhote panel ack mandir key kamare mein chhote stupon key drum seey aatey hain. ack chhote seey stoop key chaaron or chalane vaale nakkashidar chitron key ack samooh key liye "lagbhag aathh seey bees jeevan drishyon" kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. chayan aayukt dwara kiya gayaa thaa, isamen koee sandeh naheen haye kii aksar mathon kii salah key saath, aur kaee seton ney buddh key jeevan kii ack vishesh avadhi koo spasht karane key liye chunaa.
mukhya badey stupon mein vargakar aadhar key sheersh taka badhane vaali chaudi seedhiyaan theen, aur inmein seey urdhvaadhar "riser" sthaan murtikala key liye ack aur sthaan they. kuchh mamalon mein pratyek kadam dwara banaae gaye kinaaron parr trikoniya sthaanon mein nakkashidar nakkashidar bhee they, halanki inmein jyaadaatar dhaarmik drishya naheen they, balki vichitra, rakshas yaa maalaaen theen.
yatra karane key liye paryaapt halke chhote nakkashidar, bhikshuon yaa achchi tarah seey naukari chhodane vaale vyaktiyon key liye taha karane vaale diptich key roop mein banaae gaye they. pratyek wing parr dou drishya ack samanya vyavastha thee, aksar chaar mukhya ghatnaaon key saath.
varnanatmak kalpana kaa uday aur patan.
vibhinn avadhiyon mein buddh key jeevan kii varnanatmak chhaviyaan vyaapak kshetron mein jeevit abhilekh seey cumm hoe jaati hain yaa gayab hoe jaati hain. praarambhik avadhi key liye, yeh nissandeh patthar kii murtikala key kaaran jeevit rahane vaale adhikansh logon seey prabhaavit haye, jabaki paandulipiyaan, bhitti chitra aur lakadi kii murtikala lagbhag sabhi khou gaee hain. kapade ("paataa") parr bauddh chitron kii bhaaratiya parampara ney koee uttarjeevita naheen chhodi haye, lekin isake vanshajon koo nissandeh tibbati aur himalayi kalaa, vishesh roop seey pahale key logon key thankon mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. 
bhaarat mein, buddh kii badee nakkashi yaa swatantra roop seey khadee moortiyaan ack hii samay mein, yaa kuchh hii samay baad, varnanatmak nakkashi key roop mein dikhaai detee hain, aur jald hii yeye aksar "bauddh trayi" hoti hain, jinamen mukhya buddh key buggle mein dou chhoti aakritiyaan hoti hain, joe bodhisatva yaa anya buddhon kaa pratinidhitva karati hain. kuchh shataabdiyon key baad inn aakritiyon kii chhaviyaan apane aap mein lokpriya hoe gaeen, aur antatah kaee kshetron mein gautam buddh kii tulanaa mein adhik aam hoe gaeen, jahan mahayan bauddh dharm kaa prabhutva thaa, joe bauddh vichaar aur dhyaan aur bhakti abhyaas mein parivartan koo darshaata haye.
kathaatmak chhaviyon key punarsthaapan key peechhe ack anya kaarak yeh thaa kii maanaa jaataa thaa kii buddh kii chhaviyon koo sthaapit karane seey yogyata arjit hoti haye, aur kaee bauddhon kaa maanana thaa kii isake liye kaee chhoti buddh chhaviyon koo sthaapit karna cumm badee chhaviyon kii tulanaa mein behtar thaa. pahale seey hii gandhar mein, chhote dhyaan karane vaale buddhon kii panktiyon koo stupon key chaaron or daudate hue dekhaa jaa sakata haye. baad mein "hazaar buddh" shally bahut lokpriya hoe gaee, jisamen chhoti aakritiyon key badey grid they. yeye jeevit cheeni bhitti chitron mein bahut aam hain, aur pandulipiyon mein chhote paimaane parr. kabhi-kabhi buddh samaan hotey hain, lekin anya karyon mein way apani mudraon aur anya chhote vivaranon mein bhinn hotey hain.
therwad bauddh dharm mein gautam buddh parr jore majboot banaa rhaa, aur unake jeevan kii varnanatmak chhaviyaan lokpriya bunny hui hain jahan ack upayukt sthaan haye. borobudor mein vishal chakr key alawa, bagan, myanmar mein anand mandir key ander vishisht sthaanon mein nakkashi kaa ack badaa chakr haye, shayed 1105 key kuchh hii samay baad seey. japani bauddh kalaa mein pichhali dou shataabdiyon taka varnanatmak chakr kaa abhaav haye, aur jyaadaatar chitrakala yaa print mein, cumm sankhya mein ghatnaaon parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye, jinamen seey kuchh prabhaavi roop seey japani mool kii hain. oopar varnit shishu buddh, "parvat seey utarate hue shakyamuni" aur "parinirvaan" key alawa, buddh key upadesh key chitran hain.
aksar ack lokpriya bajar key liye jeevani lekhan key chitron key liye ack nae madhyam kaa mudran kaa aagaman. inmein seey kuchh ming rajvansh chean mein baocheng naamak ack bhikshu kii jeevani key liye they, joe shayed pahali baar 1422 aur 1425 key beach prakaashit hui thee. yeh jeevani chaar khandon key ack badey kaam mein pahale dou khand they joe bauddh dharm kaa itihas dete they, vishesh roop seey chean mein, jise 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka vibhinn balki alag-alag blockprint sanskaranon mein phir seey jaari kiya gayaa thaa. ack sanskaran mein pratyek khand mein 100 chitra hain, joe congress key pustakalaya mein prati mein haath seey rung diye gaye hain.

