russie samrajya kii videsh neeti

russie samrajya kii videsh neeti mein russie videsh sambandhon koo shamil kiya gayaa haye, unaki utpatti roose key tsardam kii neetiyon mein (1721 taka) 1917 mein russie samrajya key anta taka. jaarvaadi nirankushta pranali key tahat, samraton/mahaaraanion (cumm seey cumm saiddhaantik roop seey) ney russie samrajya mein sabhi mukhya nirnay liye, isaliye neeti kii ekroopata aur ack taakat key parinamswarup peater dha grate () aur catherine dha grate () jaise shaktishali netaaon key lambe shasson key dauran. haalaanki, kaee kamjor tsaron ney bhee shasson kiya-jaise kii niyantran mein ack rajpratinidhi key saath bachche-aur kaee saajishen aur hatyaaen huin. kamjor shasakon yaa simhaasan parr teji seey turnover key saath, apratyashitata aur yahaan taka kii arajakta bhee hoe sakati haye.
roose ney 1812 taka napolean yuddhon mein apekshaakrit chhoti bhoomika nibhai, jaba shaahi russie senaa ney roose parr aakraman karate samay napolean kii vishal senaa koo lagbhag nasht curr diyaa. roose ney napolean kii antim haar mein aur 1815 seey 1848 kii avadhi key dauran kuleen europe kii bahaali key liye roodhivaadi sharton koo sthaapit karane mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai. roose ney 1568 aur 1918 key beach ottoman samrajya key saath kaee yuddh kiye, aur 1856 mein roose britten, france aur ottoman samrajya key gathbandhan key khilaf crimean yuddh haar gayaa. 19veen shatabdi key anta mein aur adhik chhote yuddh hue, saath hii saath 1877-1878 kaa badey paimaane parr balcon yuddh huaa.
teen shataabdiyon taka, ivan dha terror (1547 seey 1584 taka shasson) key dinon seey, roose ney 18,000 varg meal prati varsh kii darr seey sabhi dishaaon mein vistaar kiya, joe sannihit bhoomi kshetra key mamle mein abb taka kii sabse badee shakti bunn gayaa. vistaar ney kaee alpasankhyak jaatiya samoohon koo russie shasson key tahat laaya, jinake apane dharm aur bhaashaaen theen. shaahi russie raajneetik pranali zaar dwara shaasit ack nirankushta thee; isake baad key dinon mein ise vibhinn krantikari samoohon dwara chunauti dee gaee thee, jinhen ack kathin pulis raajya dwara kaafee hudd taka aprabhaavi banaa diyaa gayaa thaa, jisane apane hajaaron virodhiyon koo sudur russie cyberia mein nirvaasan mein bhej diyaa thaa. 1850 key dashak taka kshetriya vistaar dheema hoe gayaa thaa, lekin madhya asia mein afghanistan aur bhaarat kii or dakshin kii or vijay bahut pareshan karane vaali britten thee, jisane bhaarat koo niyantrit kiya, jisase mahaan khel huaa. roose ney king rajvansh seey manchuria mein kshetron kaa adhigrahan bhee kiya. roose kaa mukhya aitihaasik dushman ottoman samrajya thaa, jisane bhoomadhya sagar taka roose kii pahunch koo niyantrit kiya. baad mein zaaron ney ottomans key khilaf balcon mein slavic vidrohiyon koo praayojit kiya. serbia ney austriya key khilaf vidrohiyon kaa samarthan kiya, aur roose serbia key peechhe khadaa thaa, joe (roose kii tarah) dharm mein purvi roodhivaadi aur sanskriti mein slavic thaa. 1890 key dashak seey roose kaa mukhya sahayogi france thaa, joe teji seey shaktishali german samrajya (1871 mein sthaapit) kaa mukabala karane key liye russie aakar aur shakti chaahata thaa; isake baad anglo-russie sammelan (1907) mein britten ney kiya. roose ney iss samay key dauran purvi asia mein prabhaav kaa vistaar kiya, jaisa kii anya paschimi shaktiyon aur japan ney kiya, mukkebaaz vidroh koo dabaane key liye shamil hue, chean mein riyaayaten praapt keen aur manchuria parr aakraman kiya. 1904-1905 mein badey paimaane parr russie-japani yuddh cheeni kshetra mein ladaa gayaa thaa.
serbia key raajya kii raksha karane aur ottoman samrajya kii keemat parr bhoomadhya sagar taka pahunch praapt karane key liye roose ney 1914 mein germany, austriya aur ottoman samrajya key khilaf pratham vishva yuddh mein pravesh kiya. vittiya sahaayata isake sahyogiyon britten aur france seey aaee. russie senaa ladkhada gaee, jaisa kii raajneetik aur aarthik pranali ney kiya. rusiyon ney asafal samrat nicolaus dwiteeya mein vishvaas khou diyaa. 1917 mein dou kraantiyon key parinamswarup russie samrajya nasht hoe gayaa aur baltic raajyon, finland, polland aur (sankshipt roop seey) ukraine aur georgia jaise chhote rashtra-raajyon key liye swatantrata kaa kaaran banaa. antarrashtriya bhagidari key saath russie grihyuddh mein tej ladaai key baad, lenin key tahat saamyvaad key ack nae shasson ney 1922 mein niyantran hassil kiya aur soviyat sangh (ussr) kii sthaapana kii. russie videshi sambandhon kii agali avadhi key liye soviyat sangh key videshi sambandhon koo dekhein.
ranneeti.
yuddh aur sandhi dwara bhaugolik vistaar 16veen shatabdi key chhote muscovate raajya seey 1914 mein pratham vishva yuddh taka russie videsh neeti kii kendriya ranneeti thee. lakshya kshetra, germ jall bandargah aur roodhivaadi isai dharm kaa sanrakshan they. mukhya hathiyar bahut badee aur teji seey achchi tarah seey prashikshit shaahi russie senaa thee, halanki gharelu arthavyavastha parr paryaapt samarthan pradaan karane key liye kadee mehnat kii gaee thee. halanki kabhi-kabhi haar aur asafalataaen hoti theen, lekin record aam taur parr 1900 key dashak taka safal rhaa.
pashchimah polland aur baltic.
uttar-paschim mein, roose baltic samudra key niyantran key liye sweeden key khilaf ack sadee lambe sangharsh mein lagaa huaa thaa. samrajya 1720 key dashak taka safal huaa, naa kewal samudra taka pahunch praapt kii, balki finland aur latvia, lithuania aur astonia key baltic raajyon kaa swaamitva praapt kiya. paschim mein, polland aur lithuania key saath yuddhon kii ack shrinkhala thee, jisake baad prussia aur austriya key saath baatchit kii gaee bastiyon ney roose koo adhikansh ukraine parr niyantran diyaa, aur polland kaa ack badaa tukada. napolean ney roose parr apane 1812 key aakraman key saath rusiyon koo asafal chunauti dee. roose ney adhik kshetra parr kabja curr liya aur 1814 seey 1840 key dashak taka europe key mamalon mein ack majboot aavaaj key saath ack mahaan shakti bunn gayaa.
dakshinah ottoman aur coccus.
dakshin mein, ottoman samrajya key saath sangharsh sadiyon taka chalaa. roose ney pahale ottomans dwara kabja kiye gaye kshetron koo kaat diyaa, jaise kii crimea, aur balcon mein roodhivaadi isaaiyon kaa ack raajneetik, shaktishali rakshak bunn gayaa, aur transcoccasia mein isaaiyon kaa bhee. russie vistaar key itihas mein sabse badee haar aparaadh yuddh (1854-1856) mein hui, kyonki british aur francisi ney grahakon seey ottoman samrajya kii akhandata kaa bachaav kiya. haalaanki, tsaron ney 1870 taka kaafee hudd taka apane nuksan koo vaapas paa liya.
madhya asia.
dakshin-poorv mein, roose ney madhya asia mein turkey jaatiyata key musalmaanon dwara basey kshetra key badey hisse mein satta parr kabja curr liya. halanki kuchh russie basane vaalon koo kazakhstan mein bheja gayaa thaa, aam taur parr pramukh sthaaniya abhijaat varg koo taba taka satta mein chhod diyaa gayaa thaa jaba taka kii yeh spasht thaa kii roose videsh aur sainya neetiyon koo niyantrit kartaa thaa. vistaar kii mukhyadhara antatah 19veen shatabdi key madhya mein afghanistan taka pahunch gaee, jisase afghan janjaatiyon key khilaf baar-baar yuddhon key saath mahaan khel shuru huaa, aur isamen teji seey angrejon key saath khatare aur jawabi khatare shamil hoe gaye, joe bhaaratiya upmahadweep parr apani badee bhoomi kii raksha karane key liye dridh they.
sudur poorvah chean aur japan.
anta mein, sudur poorv mein vistaar huaa, kyonki russie basane vaale cyberia key khanan aur krishi jilon mein chaley gaye, sthaaniya janjaatiyon kaa niyantran leey liya aur trance-cyberian railway key saath shaharon, khaanon, jail shiviron kaa nirmaan kiya. 1800 mein cyberian aabaadi kewal aadhe million thee, lekin 1914 mein 90 laakh taka pahunch gaee, jinamen seey 10 laakh aparaadhi aur raajneetik nirvaasit they.
prashant mahasagar mein apani upasthiti badhaane key liye, roose ney lagbhag 400,000 varg meal key nirjan kshetra koo chean key king rajvansh seey 1858-1860 mein jabt curr liya. isane basane vaalon aur kaidiyon koo bheja, taaki 1897 mein japan key samudra key saath uttar mein vladivostok seey isaki pakad 310,000 taka pahunch gaee. roose ney sent pietersberg (1881) kii sandhi kaa upayog karate hue chean key sinkiang aur mantuaria kshetron mein shaantipoorvak ack aarthik bhoomika sthaapit kii, cheeni sarkaar koo rinn, vyapariyon key network, aur cheeni purvi railway, trance-cyberian railroad kii ack shakha, manchuria key madhyam seey mahasagar taka. iss beach, 19veen shatabdi key anta mein, japan kaa samrajya manchuria aur vishesh roop seey koria mein fail rhaa thaa. isane ack samjhaute kaa prastaav rakhaa jisake tahat rusiyon kii manchuria mein pramukh bhoomika hogi, aur koria mein japan. japani logon kii avamaanana karane vaale zaar ney spasht roop seey incar curr diyaa. roose-japani yuddh mein, japan ney hamla kiya, russie senaa koo jameen parr peechhe dhakel diyaa, aur mukhya russie yuddh bede koo dubaya. japan ney koria aur cheeni purvi railway key dakshini aadhe hisse parr niyantran curr liya.
russie vistaar ney uttari america mein chhalang lagaa dee, alaska mein chhote farr-vyaapaar sanchaalan key saath, mool nivaasiyon key liye missionaryon key saath. 1861 taka pariyojana ney dhana khou diyaa, amerikiyon kaa virodh karane kii dhamki dee, aur britten seey bachaav naheen kiya jaa sakaa. 1867 kii alaska khareed mein, ise sanyukt raajya america koo 7.7 laakh dollar mein becha gayaa thaa.
1793 seey pahale.
zaar ney videsh neeti koo itna aakar diyaa kii ack sankraman kaa arth ratonrat ack kattarpanthi modd hoe sakata haye. sabse prasiddh udaaharan taba aaya jaba 1762 mein, saat saal key yuddh key dauran, maharani elizabeth ney prussia key mahaan raajya fredrick koo lagbhag nasht curr diyaa thaa. phir achaanak usaki maut hoe gaee. nayaa zaar peater III fredrick kaa ack dost thaa, joe apratyaashit roop seey butch gayaa. unhone ise "brandenberg key ghar kaa chamatkar" kahaa."
sweeden key saath sambandh.
madhya yug key dauran sweeden aur rusiyon key beach kaee yuddh ladey gaye aur 15veen shatabdi seey roose aur sweeden key beach 11 yuddh ladey gaye hain. inn yuddhon mein behtar russie balon kii sankhya aksar swedish seey adhik thee, joe aksar sweeden key saksham sainya sangathan key kaaran narva (1700) aur swenskund (1790) jaisi ladaaiyon mein apani jagah banaati thee.
1600-1725 yug kaa kendriya vishay sweeden aur roose key beach baltic key niyantran key saath-saath isake aspas key kshetron key liye sangharsh thaa. roose antatah vijeta thaa, aur sweeden ney ack pramukh shakti key roop mein apana darja khou diyaa. 1610 mein swedish senaa ney jacob day laa guardy kii kamaan mein masco mein pravesh kiya. 1623 seey 1709 taka, swedish neeti, vishesh roop seey gustavus adolphus (1611-1632) aur charles xii (1697-1718) key tahat, ney muscovite russie aadhipatya key liye ukraini virodh koo protsaahit aur sainya roop seey samarthan diyaa. gustavus adolphus ney roose key khilaf ingrian yuddh ladaa. yeh 1617 mein stollbovo kii sandhi key saath samaapt huaa, jisamen roose koo baltic samudra seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa. yuddh key maidan parr sweeden kii sabse naatakiya haar 1709 mein poltava kii ladaai mein hui thee, joe ukraini vidroh netaa mazepa koo dusare sthaan parr laane key prayaas mein thee.
peater dha grate.
peater dha grate (1672-1725) ney 1695 mein roose parr niyantran curr liya. unhone baltic, kaale aur caspian samudron parr bandargaahon taka pahunch praapt karate hue roose key aakar kaa bahut vistaar kiya. unake russie commander general alexandra denilovic menshikov aur boris sheremetev they. peater seey pahale, roose naa kewal sainya balki aarthik aur saanskritik sambandhon key mamle mein europeeya mamalon seey kaafee hudd taka alag thaa. rahasyamay sudur purvi bhoomi koo cumm mahatva diyaa gayaa thaa. peater ney baltic samudra taka pahunch kii tatkaal aavashyakta dekhi, aur vahaan swedish prabhutva koo chunauti dene key liye gathbandhan banaae. unaki safalata ney roose kii bhoomika koo badal diyaa aur ise europeeya mamalon mein ack khilaadi banaa diyaa.
1695 mein peater ney nadee donn koo niyantrit karane vaali turkey senaaon parr hamla kiya. vaha whiffle rhaa kyonki usaki nausena yaa saksham engineeron kii kamee thee joe gherabandi curr sakey aur usaki senaa mein koee ekataa naheen thee. unhone jaldi seey doshon koo door kiya aur 1696 mein aazov parr kabja curr liya. 1697 mein way yuddh key navintam tarikon kaa adhyayan karane key liye paschimi europe gaye. 1698 mein apani vaapsee parr unhone desh mein sudhaar karna shuru kiya, paschimi europe key model kii nakal karke russie tsardam koo ack aadhunik samrajya mein badal diyaa, jisamen ack majboot, peshevar senaa aur nausena key saath-saath ack majboot aarthik aadhar banaane kaa lakshya thaa. pahale tou vaha kaam parr rakhe gaye adhikaariyon, vishesh roop seey germans parr nirbhar thaa. unhone jald hii roose mein nae netritva kaa utpaadan karane key liye sainya vidyaalayon kaa ack network banaaya. unakaa pasandida udyam roose key aadhunik bede kaa nirmaan thaa joe kabhi naheen jaanaa gayaa thaa.
1700 mein peater ney denmark-norwey, saxony aur polland-lithuania key teen gathbandhan key saath mahaan uttari yuddh shuru kiya. unhone swedish holstein-gottorp key swedish sanrakshit raajya aur livonia aur ingriya key praanton parr teen gunaa hamla kiya. charles ney sankhya seey adhik honey key bavjood kaee jeet hassil kii. unhone 1700 mein narva kii ladaai mein ack bahut badee russie senaa koo haraaya. 1706 mein general carle gustaav rehanskilled key netritva mein swedish balon ney frousted kii ladaai mein saxony aur roose kii sanyukt senaa koo haraaya. roose abb ekmatra shesh shatrutapurna shakti thaa.
mosco parr charles key baad key march koo praarambhik safalata millie kyonki jeet key baad jeet hui, jisamen seey sabse mahatvapurna holoxin kii ladaai thee, jahan chhoti swedish senaa ney apane aakar seey doguni russie senaa koo haraaya. abhiyaan aapada key saath samaapt huaa, halanki, jaba swedish senaa koo poltava mein apane aakar seey dogune seey adhik russie bull koo bhaari nuksan huaa, jisake baad perevolochana mein aatmasamarpan kiya gayaa. charles ney swedish shakti koo bahaal karane key vyarth prayason mein varshon bitaaye; roose abb baltic mein pramukh thaa.
britten key saath sambandh, 1553-1792.
ingland key raajya aur roose key tsardam ney 1553 mein sambandh sthaapit kiye jaba angreji navik richard chansler arkangelsk pahunche, jaba ivan ney bhayaanak roose parr shasson kiya. 1555 mein maskovi company kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. 1698 taka ingland aur roose key beach vyaapaar parr maskavi company kaa ekadhikar thaa.
1720 key dashak seey peater ney british engineeron koo sent pietersberg mein aamantrit kiya, jisase 1730 seey 1921 taka ack chhote lekin vyaavsaayik roop seey prabhaavshaali anglo-russie pravaasi vyaapaari samudaay kii sthaapana hui. 18veen shatabdi key samanya europeeya yuddhon kii shrinkhala key dauran, donon samrajyon ney khud koo kabhi-kabhi sahayogi aur kabhi-kabhi dushman key roop mein paaya. austriyai uttaradhikar (1740-1748) key yuddh key dauran donon raajyon ney ack hii paksh mein ladaai ladee. way saat saal key yuddh (1756-1763) key dauran vipareet pakshon mein they, halanki way kissy bhee samay maidan mein shamil naheen they.
ochkov mudda.
pradhaanmantri villium pitt dha young 1780 key dashak mein apane ottoman sahayogi kii keemat parr crima mein russie vistaar parr chintit they. unhone ise ulatane key liye sansadiya samarthan praapt karane kii koshish kii. ottoman key saath shaanti vaarta mein, roose ney pramukh ochkov kille koo vaapas karane seey incar curr diyaa. pitt sainya pratishodh kii dhamki denaa chaahata thaa. haalaanki roose key rajdoot semyon vorontsov ney pitt key dushmanon koo sangathit kiya aur ack janmat abhiyaan shuru kiya. pitt ney vote itna cumm antar seey jeetaa kii unhone haar maan lii aur vorontsov ney britten aur roose key beach vaanijyik sandhi kaa navinikaran sunishchit kiya.
napolean yugah 1793-1815.
videsh neeti mein, zaar alekjendar pratham ney 1804 aur 1812 key beach tatasthata, vipaksh aur gathbandhan key beach chaar baar fraans key saapeksh roose kii sthiti koo badal diyaa. 1805 mein vaha napolean key khilaf teesare gathbandhan key yuddh mein britten mein shamil hoe gayaa. 1805 mein austerlitz kii ladaai mein napolean dwara russie aur austriyai senaaon kii bhaari haar key baad, russie aadhikarik prachaar ney austriyai logon koo doshi thaharaaya aur zaar alekjendar I kii naitik shreshthata parr jore diyaa. unhone paksh badal liya aur tilsit kii sandhi (1807) dwara napolean key saath gathbandhan kiya aur britten key khilaf aarthik bahishkaar kii napolean kii mahadvipiya pranali mein shamil hoe gaye. vaha aur napolean kabhi bhee sahmat naheen hoe sakey, vishesh roop seey polland key baare mein, aur gathbandhan 1810 taka dhwast hoe gayaa. zaar kii sabse badee jeet 1812 mein hui kyonki roose parr napolean kaa aakraman francisi key liye ack poori aapada saabit huaa. pahal sahyogiyon kii or badhee. russie senaayen francisi koo vaapas dhakelane mein dusaron key saath shamil hoe gaeen, peris koo jabt curr liya, aur 1814 mein napolean koo gaddi chhodane key liye majboor kiya.
napolean key khilaf vijayi gathbandhan key hisse key roop mein roose ney 1814-1815 mein vienna kii congress mein finland aur polland mein kuchh loot hassil kii. zaar ney bhaag liya aur polland, saxony aur napples key raajya key baare mein rajanyik jhagadon mein gaharaai seey shamil thaa. unhone aise gathbandhan sthaapit karane mein madad kii jinhone 1815 mein satta hassil karane key napolean key prayaas koo haraaya aur britten, france, austriya aur prussia key roodhivaadi netaaon key beach sahyog kii bhavna koo badhaava dene mein madad kii. pramukh kshetriya laabh polland kaa niyantran thaa, jise napolean ney ack swatantra raajya banaaya thaa. zaar polland kaa raajaa bunn gayaa aur (pahale) ise kaafee swaayatta dee.
britten.
francisi kranti kaa prakop aur isake sahayak yuddhon ney francisi ganatantravaad key khilaf ack vaichaarik gathbandhan mein asthaayi roop seey samvaidhaanik britten aur nirankush roose koo ekjut kiya. britten aur roose ney francisi koo rokane kaa prayaas kiya lekin 1799 mein neetherland parr unake sanyukt aakraman kii viphalata ney drishtikon mein badalaav koo tej curr diyaa.
donon desh yuddh mein they, anglo-russie yuddh (1807-1812) key dauran kuchh bahut hii seemit nausainik yuddh key saath. 1812 mein britten aur roose napolean yuddhon mein napolean key khilaf sahayogi bunn gaye.
1815-1917.
1815 key baad, roose ney paschimi europe mein roodhivaad aur raajneetik pratikriya koo dridhata seey badhaava diyaa. usake paas vaha saaree bhoomi thee joe vaha chaahati thee, isaliye seemaon kii raksha karna ack uchch prathamikta thee. vyavhaar mein mukhya mudda polland thaa, jise roose, germany aur austriya key beach vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. polish raashtravaad kii ack majboot bhavna key saath-saath bhasha aur dharm (roman catholic banaam purvi roodhivaadi) parr tanaav polish aabaadi mein asantosh kaa kaaran banata haye. khambhon ney 1830-31, aur 1863-64 mein badey vidroh kiye aur russie senaa dwara kuchal diye gaye. samrajya ney raskaran key karyakram key saath pratikriya dee. dakshin aur dakshin-paschim mein, ottoman samrajya kii badhati bhedyata ney roose koo balcon aur grees mein ottomans key khilaf roodhivaadi isai vidrohon kaa samarthan karane key liye prerit kiya. ack pramukh deerghakaalik lakshya jaldamroomadhya kaa niyantran thaa, joe bhoomadhyasagariya kshetra taka poorna pahunch kii anumati dega. britten aur france ney bhee ottoman paksh liya, jisase aparaadh yuddh huaa, jisane roose koo gambhir roop seey kamjor curr diyaa. roose koo turkistan kii vijay sahit dakshin mein vistaar karane mein bahut cumm kathinaaee hui. haalaanki, britten taba chintit hoe gayaa jaba roose ney bhaarat key liye antarnihit khatare key saath afghanistan koo dhamki dee, aur dashakon kii rajanyik paintarebaazi antatah 1907 mein ack anglo-russie pravesh key saath samaapt hoe gaee. cyberia key vishal hisson mein vistaar dheema aur mahanga thaa, lekin anta mein 1890 seey 1904 taka trance-cyberian railway key nirmaan key saath sambhav hoe gayaa. isase purvi asia khul gayaa, aur mangolia, manchuria aur koria parr russie hiton kaa dhyaan kendrit huaa. chean pratirodh karane key liye bahut kamjor thaa, aur russie kshetra mein teji seey kheencha gayaa thaa. japan ney russie vistaar kaa kadaa virodh kiya, aur roose koo ack yuddh mein haraaya. japan ney koria parr kabja curr liya, aur manchuria ack vivaadit kshetra banaa rhaa. iss beach, france ney 1871 key baad germany key khilaf sahyogiyon kii talash mein, roose koo badey paimaane parr rinn, hathiyaron aur yuddhpoton kii bikri key saath-saath rajanyik samarthan key saath, 1894 mein ack sainya gathbandhan banaaya. 1907 mein ack baar jaba afghanistan kaa anaupchaarik roop seey vibhajan huaa thaa, tou britten, france aur roose germany aur austriya key virodh mein teji seey ack saath aae. unhone ack dheela triple pravesh banaaya jisane pratham vishva yuddh mein ack kendriya bhoomika nibhai. vaha yuddh taba shuru huaa jaba austro-hangerian samrajya ney majboot german samarthan key saath serbian raashtravaad koo dabaane kii koshish kii aur roose ney serbia kaa samarthan kiya. harr koee jutane lagaa, aur berlin ney dusaron key ladane key liye taiyar honey seey pahale kaarravaai karane kaa faisala kiya, pahale paschim mein belgium aur france parr aakraman kiya, aur phir poorv mein roose parr aakraman kiya.
nicolaus aaee, 1825-1855.
1815 key baad roose ney europe mein krantikari andolanon koo dabaane key liye pavitra gathbandhan kaa gathan kiya jise usane vaidh isai raajaon key liye anaitik khatron key roop mein dekhaa. zaar nicolaus pratham key adheen roose ney rashtriya aur udaar andolanon koo dabaane mein austriya key clemens wonn meternich kii madad kii. sabse mahatvapurna hastakshep taba huaa jaba russie senaa ney 1849 mein hangri mein kranti koo kuchalane mein nirnaayak bhoomika nibhai.
nicolaus pratham, jinhone 1825-1855 parr shasson kiya, sabhi russie netaaon mein sabse adhik pratikriyaavaadi they. unaki aakramak videsh neeti mein kaee mahange yuddh shamil they jinka samrajya key vitt parr vinashkari prabhaav padaa. vaha roose key padosi dakshini pratidvandiyon key khilaf safal rhaa kyonki usane roose-farsi yuddh (1826-28) koo safaltapurvak samaapt karke faras (aadhunik samay key armenia aur azerbaijan sahit) dwara aayojit coccus mein antim kshetron koo jabt curr liya. abb taka, roose ney faras seey joe abb degestan, georgia, azerbaijan aur armenia haye, usey praapt curr liya thaa, aur isaliye anta mein bhoo-raajneetik aur kshetriya donon roop seey coccus mein spasht oopari haath hassil curr liya thaa. unhone russie-turkey yuddh (1828-29) koo bhee safaltapurvak samaapt curr diyaa. haalaanki, baad mein, unhone vinashkari parinamon key saath roose koo aparaadh yuddh (1853-56) mein netritva kiya. itihaaskaar iss baat parr jore dete hain kii senaaon key unake sookshm prabandhan ney unake generalon koo baadhit kiya, jaisa kii unaki gumrah ranneeti ney kiya thaa. villium fuller ney nott kiya kii itihaskaron ney aksar nishkarsh nikala haye kii "nicolaus pratham kaa shasankal gharelu aur videsh neeti donon mein ack vinashkari viphalata thee."1855 mein unaki mrityu key samay, russie samrajya apane bhaugolik charam parr pahunch gayaa, joe 20 million varg kilometres (million varg meal) seey adhik mein faila huaa thaa, lekin sudhaar kii sakht aavashyakta thee.
crimean yuddh 1853-1856.
aparaadh yuddh key tatkaal kaaran mein pavitra bhoomi mein isai alpsankhyakon key adhikaar shamil they, joe ottoman samrajya kaa ack hissa thaa. france ney roman catholics key adhikaaron koo badhaava diyaa, jabaki roose ney purvi roodhivaadi church key adhikaaron koo badhaava diyaa. lambe samay taka chalane vaale karanon mein ottoman samrajya kaa patan aur britten aur france kii roose koo ottoman kharch parr kshetra aur shakti praapt karane kii anumati dene kii anichha shamil thee. yuddh kaafee hudd taka crimean praaydweep parr ladaa gayaa thaa, aur isamen bahut badee sankhya mein hataahat hue, vishesh roop seey bimari seey. british-francisi nausena shreshthata nirnaayak saabit hui aur yuddh taba samaapt huaa jaba sahyogiyon ney sebstopol koo nasht curr diyaa. roose koo riyaayaten dene key liye majboor kiya gayaa, lekin antatah usane unhein phir seey hassil curr liya aur ottoman samrajya koo khatra denaa jaari rakhaa.
nicolaus key shasankal key adhikansh samay taka, roose koo kaafee taakat key saath ack pramukh sainya shakti key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa. anta mein unake shasankal key anta mein hue aaparaadhik yuddh ney duniya koo vaha dikhaaya joe pahale kissy koo mahsoos naheen huaa thaah roose sainya roop seey kamjor, takniki roop seey pichhada aur prashaasnik roop seey aksham thaa. dakshin aur turkey kii or apani bhavya mahatvakankshaon key bavjood, roose ney usa disha mein apana rail network naheen banaaya thaa, aur sanchaar kharaab they. naukarshahi bhrashtachar, bhrashtachar aur akshamta seey bharee hui thee aur yuddh key liye taiyar naheen thee. nausena kamjor aur takniki roop seey pichhade hue they; senaa, halanki bahut badee thee, kewal pared key liye achchi thee, karnalon seey peedit thee joe apane purushon key vetan, kharaab manobal koo jeb mein rakhate they, aur britten aur france dwara vikasit navintam takneek key sampark seey bhee adhik baahar they. yuddh key anta taka, russie netritva senaa aur samaaj mein sudhaar key liye dridh thaa. jaisa kii poorna nott mein kahaa gayaa haye, "roose koo aparaadh praaydweep parr peeta gayaa thaa, aur senaa koo darr thaa kii jaba taka isaki sainya kamjori parr kaaboo paane key liye kadam naheen uthaaye jaate, taba taka usey phir seey peeta jaayega."peris kii sandhi (1856) ack shaanti sandhi thee jisane roose kii kamjori kaa fayda uthaate hue ise apmaanjanak tareeke seey aur kamjor curr diyaa. isane paschimi europeeya shaktiyon koo ottoman samrajya mein rahane vaale isaaiyon kii raksha karane kaa nammatra kaa kartavya diyaa, roose seey usa bhoomika koo hataa diyaa, jise 1774 kii kuchuk-kainarji kii sandhi mein iss tarah key rakshak key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. sabse kathor khandon ney kaalaa sagar key poorna sainyikaran kii maang kii-roose kii adhikansh mahatvapurna nausainik suvidhaon kaa upayog abb dhamki dene yaa raksha karane key liye naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa. kaalaa sagar aur bhoomadhya sagar donon mein roose lagbhag shaktiheen hoe gayaa.
aparaadh yuddh key baad videshi mamle.
yuddh key dauran zaar nicolaus pratham kii mrityu hoe gaee aur zaar alekjendar dwiteeya dwara unakaa uttaradhikari banaaya gayaa. unhone rajkumar gorachkov koo videsh neeti kaa puuraa niyantran diyaa. naee neeti sainya punarnirmaan aur gharelu arthavyavastha mein sudhaar karate hue europe mein cumm profile rakhna thaa. gorachkov ney satark aur achchi tarah seey ganana kii gaee neetiyon kaa anusaran kiya. kaalaa sagar taka nausena kii pahunch koo phir seey hassil karna ack uchch prathamikta thee. yeh neeti france, prussia aur sanyukt raajya america key saath achche sambandhon parr kendrit thee. britten aur austriya-hangri key virodh key bavjood russie raajnetaon ney 1870 taka lakshya hassil curr liya.
roose ney apani vistaarvaadi yojanaon koo dakshin aur poorv kii or modd diyaa. russie sanic pahali baar coccus kshetra parr niyantran hassil karane key liye aage badhe, jahan unnisvin shatabdi mein kaee russie abhiyaanon key bavjood muslim janjaatiyon-chechan, circussian aur degestani key vidroh jaari rahey. ack baar jaba 1859 mein alexandra baryatinsky kii senaa ney mahaan chechan vidrohi netaa shamil koo pakad liya thaa, tou senaa ney madhya asia mein vistaar phir seey shuru curr diyaa joe nicolaus I key tahat shuru huaa thaa. tashkand parr kabja karna kokand khaanat parr ack mahatvapurna jeet thee, jiska ack hissa 1866 mein milaa thaa. 1867 taka russie balon ney turkistan key gubernia (governor general) kaa gathan karane key liye paryaapt kshetra parr kabja curr liya thaa, jisaki rajdhani tashkand thee. bukhara khaanat ney 1868 mein russie balon key haathon mahatvapurna samarkand kshetra khou diyaa. khatarnak britten seey bachane key liye, joe paas key bhaarat kii raksha mein majboot hita rakhta thaa, roose ney seedhe afghanistan aur faras kii seema seey lagey bukhoran kshetron koo nammatra swatantra chhod diyaa. madhya asiai khaanat ney 1917 taka swaayatta kii ack degree barkarar rakhee.
roose ney japan key saath sambandh sthaapit karane mein sanyukt raajya america, britten aur france kaa anusaran kiya, aur britten aur france key saath milkar, roose ney dusare afeem yuddh (1856-1860) key parinamswarup chean seey riyaayaten praapt keen. 1858 mein aigun kii sandhi aur 1860 mein beijing kii sandhi key tahat, chean ney roose koo vyaapak vyaparik adhikaar aur amoor aur usuri nadiyon seey satey kshetron koo saunp diyaa aur roose koo vladivostok mein ack bandargah aur nausainik adde kaa nirmaan shuru karane kii anumati dee.
europe mein videsh neeti key lakshyon key hisse key roop mein, roose ney shuru mein france kii austriyai virodhi kootneeti koo surakshit samarthan diyaa. haalaanki, ack kamjor franco-russie gutt ney khafa rukh apanaaya, jaba fraans ney 1863 mein russie shasson key khilaf ack polish vidroh kaa samarthan kiya. roose ney phir peris kii sandhi key sanshodhan aur kaale sagar key sainyikaran key badale mein germany key ekikaran koo manjuri dekar khud koo prussia key saath adhik nikatata seey jodaa. yeye rajanyik uplabdhiyaan 1871 mein fraans-russie yuddh mein fraans kii haar key baad landan sammelan mein aaeen. 1871 key baad, prussian netritva key tahat ekjut germany, europe mein sabse majboot mahadvipiya shakti thee. 1873 mein germany ney roose aur austriya-hangri key saath teen samraton kii shithil leag kaa gathan kiya taaki unhein france key saath gathbandhan banaane seey rokaa jaa sakey. phir bhee, balkan mein austriya-hangerian aur russie mahatvakankshaon kaa takraav huaa, jahan slavic rashtriyataon aur ottoman virodhi bhaavanaon key beach pratidvandvita paida hoe gaee.
1870 key dashak mein, russie rashtravadi raay ottoman shasson seey balcon isaaiyon koo mukt karane aur bulgaria aur serbia koo roose key ardh-sanrakshak banaane key liye apane samarthan mein ack gambhir gharelu kaarak bunn gaee. 1875 seey 1877 taka, balcon sankat bosnia aur herzegovina mein vidroh aur bulgaria mein vidroh key saath badh gayaa, jise ottoman turkon ney itani krurta key saath dabaa diyaa kii serbia, lekin paschim europeeya shaktiyon mein seey kissy ney bhee yuddh kii ghoshana naheen kii. 1877 kii shuruat mein, roose sankatgrast serbia key bachaav mein aaya jaba vaha 1877-1878 key ottoman samrajya key saath yuddh mein chalaa gayaa. ack saal key bheetar, russie sanic sthir logon key karib they, aur ottoman ney aatmasamarpan curr diyaa. roose key rashtravadi rajnayikon aur generalon ney alekjendar dwiteeya koo march 1878 mein saine stephano kii sandhi parr hastakshar karane key liye ottomans koo majboor karane key liye raaji kiya, jisase ack vistaarit, swatantra bulgaria banaa joe dakshin-paschimi balcon taka faila huaa thaa.
roose key paksh mein russo-turkey yuddh kaa ack aur mahatvapurna parinam dakshin coccus mein buttom, ardahan aur cars praanton key ottomans seey adhigrahan thaa, jinhen buttom oblast aur cars oblast key sainya roop seey prashaasit kshetron mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa. musalman sharanarthiyon koo badalane key liye joe naee seema key paar ottoman kshetra mein bhaag gaye they, russie adhikaariyon ney cars oblast mein jaatiya roop seey vividh samudaayon key badee sankhya mein isaaiyon koo basaaya, vishesh roop seey georgian, cocus greek aur armenian, jinamen seey sabhi koo russie samrajya key peechhe apani kshetriya mahatvakankshaon koo praapt karane kii ummeed thee. jaba britten ney saine stephano kii sandhi kii sharton parr yuddh ghoshit karane kii dhamki dee, tou ack thakaa huaa roose peechhe hutt gayaa. julaai 1878 mein berlin kii congress mein, roose ack chhote bulgaria key nirmaan key liye sahmat huaa. roose kaa samarthan karane mein whiffle rahane key liye russie rashtravadi austriya-hangri aur germany seey naraj they, lekin zaar ney paschimi balcon mein teen samraton key saath-saath ack punarjeevit aur majboot leag key saath-saath ack austriya-hangerian aadhipatya koo sweekaar curr liya.
russie rajanyik aur sainya hiton ney baad mein madhya asia parr phir seey dhyaan kendrit kiya, jahaan roose ney 1870 key dashak mein vidrohon kii ack shrinkhala koo shaant kiya thaa, aur roose ney samrajya mein abb taka key swatantra amirat koo shamil kiya thaa. britten ney 1881 mein apani chintaon koo phir seey badhaa diyaa jaba russie sainikon ney faras aur afghan seemaon parr turkmen bhoomi parr kabja curr liya, lekin germany ney russie pragati koo rajanyik samarthan diyaa, aur ack anglo-russie yuddh koo taal diyaa gayaa.
iss beach, bulgarian swatantrata key roose key prayojan ney nakaratmak parinam laae kyonki bulgarian, gharelu mamalon mein roose key nirantar hastakshep parr krodhit, austriya-hangri kaa samarthan chaahte they. austriya-hangri aur roose key beach utpann vivaad mein, germany ney roose kii or ack dridh sthiti lii, jabaki ack dwipakshiya rakshaatmak gathbandhan, germany aur roose key beach 1887 kii punarbima sandhi key saath zaar koo shaant kiya.
ack saal key bheetar, russo-german kii katuta key kaaran otto wonn bismark ney roose koo aage rinn dene seey manaa curr diyaa, aur france ney roose key vittaposhi key roop mein germany kii jagah leey lii. jaba wilheim dwiteeya ney 1890 mein bismark koo barkhast curr diyaa, tou loose russo-russie pravesh panchish saal seey adhik samay taka chalane key baad dhwast hoe gayaa. teen saal baad, roose ney ack sanyukt sainya sammelan mein pravesh karke france key saath gathbandhan kiya, joe 1879 mein germany aur austriya-hangri dwara gathit dohare gathbandhan seey mell khaata thaa.
britten key saath sambandh.
rusophobia.
1820 seey 1907 taka, ack nayaa tatva ubharaah rusophobia. bhaarat kii suraksha key liye uchch star kii chinta key saath, iss darr seey kii roose afghanistan key madhyam seey dakshin koo dhakel dega, british abhijaat varg kii bhavna roose key prati teji seey shatrutapurna hoe gaee. isake alawa, ack badhati chinta thee kii roose ladkhadaate ottoman samrajya parr apane hamalon seey purvi europe koo asthir curr dega. iss darr ney purvi prashn koo uchch prathamikta kaa vishay banaa diyaa. roose vishesh roop seey ack germ jall bandargah praapt karane mein ruchi rakhta thaa joe isaki nausena koo saksham banaayega. kaalaa samudra seey bhoomadhya sagar taka pahunch praapt karna ack lakshya thaa, jiska arth thaa ottoman dwara niyantrit jaldamroomadhya key madhyam seey pahunch.
roose ney swatantrata key yunani yuddh (1821-1829) mein roodhivaadi yoonaniyon kii or seey hastakshep kiya; landan shaanti sandhi ney grees kaa paksh liya lekin britten aur france mein rusophobia koo badhaa diyaa. 1851 mein landan key chrystal palace mein aayojit sabhi deshon key udyog key karyon kii mahaan pradarshani, jisamen chaalees deshon key 100,000 seey adhik pradarshan shamil they. yeh duniya kii pahali antarrashtriya pradarshani thee. roose ney roose key pichhade, sainya damankari atyachar key roop mein roodhivaadita kaa khandan karke badhate rusophobia koo door karane kaa avsar liya. haalaanki, isake vilasita utpaadon key shandar pradarshan aur unnat praudyogiki key tareeke mein bahut cumm 'objets dee art' ney isaki pratishtha koo badalane mein bahut cumm kaam kiya. britten ney apani nausena koo chinta karane key liye bahut kamjor maanaa, lekin apani badee senaa koo ack badey khatare key roop mein dekhaa.
ottoman samrajya parr russie dabaav jaari rhaa, jisase britten aur france ottomans key saath gathbandhan karane aur creamian yuddh (1853-1856) mein roose key khilaf peechhe hatane key liye majboor hoe gaye. rusophobia door-daraaj key yuddh key liye lokpriya british aur francisi samarthan paida karane mein ack tatva thaa. 1830 key baad, britten mein abhijaat varg kii raay, vishesh roop seey udaarvaadi logon key beach, kathor russie shasson key khilaf dhruvon kaa samarthan kiya. british sarkaar ney 1860 key dashak mein roose key daman vidrohon koo ghabarahat seey dekhaa, lekin hastakshep karane seey incar curr diyaa.
1874 mein, raani victoria key dusare bete ney zaar alekjendar dwiteeya kii ekmatra betty seey shaadi curr lii, jisake baad zaar ney sauhaardpurna raajya yatra kii. satahi sadbhavana teen saal seey adhik naheen chully, jaba sanrachanaatmak taakton ney phir seey donon deshon koo yuddh key kagaar parr dhakel diyaa.
mahaan khel aur asiai mamle.
19veen shatabdi key anta mein madhya asia mein britten aur roose key beach pratidvandvita lagaatar badhee. roose ney bhaarat mahasagar mein germ paani key bandargaahon kii ichcha jataai, jabaki britten russie sainikon koo bhaarat mein sambhaavit aakraman maarg praapt karane seey rokna chaahata thaa. 1885 mein roose ney panjdeh ghatana mein afghanistan key kuchh hisse koo apane kabje mein leey liya, jisase yuddh kaa bhaya paida hoe gayaa. haalaanki roose key videsh mantri nikole gir aur landan mein isake rajdoot bairan dee stall ney 1887 mein ack samjhauta kiya jisane madhya asia mein ack buffer zone sthaapit kiya. russie kootneeti ney iss tarah apane vistaarvaad kii british sweekriti koo jeet liya. faras bhee tanaav kaa ack kshetra thaa, aur binaa yuddh key prabhaav key kshetron mein vibhajit thaa.
roose ney mukkebaaz vidroh (1899-1901) key dauran chean mein antarrashtriya vishayon kii raksha key liye ack kabje vaale bull koo bhejane mein pramukh shaktiyon key netritva kaa paalan kiya.
shantipurna neetiyaan.
rajanyik nikole gir, scandinavian vansh key ack ameer aur shaktishali parivaar key vanshaj, alekjendar III key shasankal key dauran videsh mantri key roop mein kaary kiya. way 1891 key franco-russie gathbandhan key vastukaron mein seey ack they, jise baad mein grate britten key judaav key saath triple entent mein vistaarit kiya gayaa thaa. usa gathbandhan ney france koo rajanyik algaav seey baahar laaya, aur roose koo german kaksha seey france key saath ack gathbandhan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa, jise roose key aarthik aadhunikikaran key liye francisi vittiya sahaayata dwara dridhata seey samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa. zaar alekjendar ney shantipurna neetiyon kaa shreya liya, lekin margaret maxwell key anusaar, itihaskaron ney ack kootneeti mein unaki safalata koo cumm karke dikhaaya haye jisamen kaee baatchit vaale samjhaute, sandhiyaan aur sammelan shamil they. inn samjhauton ney russie seemaon koo paribhaashit kiya aur khatarnak roop seey asthir sthitiyon key liye santulan bahaal kiya. unhone kaee antarrashtriya aayogon kaa samarthan kiya aur kaee sadbhavana mission banaae, jisake dauran unhone baar-baar roose key shantipurna iradon parr jore diyaa. unaki sabse naatakiya safalata 1885 mein aaee, jisamen grate britten key saath lambe samay seey chaley aaa rahey tanaav koo door kiya gayaa, joe iss baat seey dartaa thaa kii dakshin mein russie vistaar bhaarat key liye khatra hoga. gir aamtaur parr zaar alekjendar III key aakramak jhukaav koo rokane mein safal rahey, unhein aashvast karate hue kii zarist pranali kaa astitva hii badey yuddhon seey bachane parr nirbhar kartaa haye. zaar key manodasha aur vichaaron mein gahari antardrishti key saath, giron ney aam taur parr shatrutapurna patrakaron, mantriyon aur yahaan taka kii zarina key saath-saath apane rajdooton koo bhee pachhadkar antim nirnayon koo aakar diyaa. gears aur alekjendar key tahat, roose ney koee badaa yuddh naheen ladaa.
koria parr japan key saath yuddh, 1904-05.
russo-japani yuddh (1904-1905) manchuria aur koria mein pratidvandi mahatvakankshaon parr ladaa gayaa thaa. adhikansh antarrashtriya paryavekshakon koo ummeed thee kii roose japan parr aasaani seey jeet hassil curr legaa-aur jaba japan ney mukhya russie bede koo dubo diyaa aur yuddh jeet liya, tou way aashcharyachakit they, joe ack aadhunik europeeya shakti parr pahali mahaan asiai jeet thee. roose ney apani badhati nausena aur samudri vyaapaar kaa vistaar karane key liye prashant mahasagar parr ack germ paani key bandargah kii maang kii. vladivostok kewal garmiyon key dauran hii chaalu thaa, jabaki port arther, chean dwara roose koo patte parr diyaa gayaa liaodong praant mein ack nausainik adda, poore varsh chaalu thaa. 1895 mein pahale cheeni-japani yuddh key anta key baad seey, roose aur japan key beach baatchit kaheen naheen gaee. japan cyberia aur madhya asia key madhyam seey poorv mein roose key lambe march seey chintit thaa, aur koria koo japani prabhaav key kshetra key bheetar honey key roop mein maanyata dene key badale mein manchuria mein russie prabhutva koo maanyata dene kii peshkash kii. tokyo ney sent pietersberg kii tulanaa mein koria parr bahut adhik moolya rakhaa, lekin roose ney roose aur japan key beach ack tatasth buffer zone banane key liye 39vein samanantar key uttar koria kii maang kii. jabaki russie nirnay nirmaata bhramit they, japan ney unhein rajanyik roop seey alag karane key liye kaam kiya, vishesh roop seey 1902 mein anglo-japani gathbandhan parr hastakshar karke, (bhale hii isake liye britten koo yuddh mein pravesh karane kii aavashyakta naa hoe.) 1904 mein vaarta key dhwast honey key baad, japani nausena ney port arther mein ack aashcharyajanak hamale mein russie purvi bede parr hamla karke shatruta shuru curr dee. roose koo kaee haaron kaa saamana karna padaa lekin zaar nicolaus dwiteeya koo vishvaas thaa kii roose antatah jeet jaayega isaliye unhone samjhauta karane seey incar curr diyaa. nirnaayak ladaai 1905 mein meey mein tsushima kii ladaai mein hui, jaba mukhya russie yuddh bedaa, duniya bhar mein naukaayan karane key baad, antatah koria seey aaya aur kuchh hii ghanton mein doob gayaa. americi rashtrapati theodor roozvelt dwara madhyasthata kii gaee portsmouth kii sandhi key saath shaanti aaee. yeh japan key liye atyadhik fayademand thaa aur isane purvi asia mein shakti key santulan koo badal diyaa.
britten sakhti seey tatasth rhaa, jaisa kii japan key saath apani sandhi dwara anumati dee gaee thee. haalaanki, octuber 1905 mein ack sankshipt yuddh kaa darr thaa jaba russie yuddh bede ney galati seey uttari samudra mein kaee british machhali pakadane vaale jahaajon koo japan seey ladane key liye ravaana kiya. galatfahmi koo jaldi seey hull curr liya gayaa.
roose koo naa kewal ack praachya shakti key haathon apani haar seey apamaanit kiya gayaa thaa, balki ghar mein bhaari ashanti thee, joe 1905 kii kranti seey vishisht thee. antarrashtriya mamalon mein pratikriya 1907 mein japan aur grate britten key saath dou sandhiyon key saath aaee. japan key saath vyavastha ney dakshini manchuria koo japani hita key kshetra key roop mein aarakshit karane kii anumati dee, aur koria poori tarah seey japani niyantran mein thaa-ise aupchaarik roop seey 1910 mein milaaya gayaa thaa. badale mein, roose ney uttari manchuria parr niyantran praapt curr liya. harbin shahar ack pramukh railmarg aur prashaasnik kendra bunn gayaa. russie basane vaalon koo sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, vyaapaar kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa aur khanan sampattiyon kaa vikas kiya gayaa. japan key saath sandhi ney roose koo baahari mangolia mein bhee ack swatantra haath diyaa, halanki yeh nammatra cheeni swaamitva key tahat rhaa.
1907 key anglo-russie sammelan ney madhya asia mein lambe samay seey chully aaa rahee pratidvandvita koo samaapt curr diyaa, aur phir donon deshon koo germans koo pachhaadane mein saksham banaaya, joe baghdad mein berlin koo nae railmarg seey jodane kii dhamki dey rahey they joe shayed turkey samrajya koo mahaan britten key saath sanrekhit karega. isane faras parr vivaad koo samaapt curr diyaa, jisamen britten ney uttari aadhe seey baahar rahane kaa vaadaa kiya, jabaki roose ney dakshini faras koo british prabhaav key kshetra key hisse key roop mein maanyata dee. roose ney bhee tibbat aur afghanistan seey baahar rahane kaa vaadaa kiya. badale mein landan ney rinn aur kuchh raajneetik samarthan diyaa.
pratham vishva yuddh kaa drishtikon.
sahayogi, 1907-1917.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein kootneeti najuk hoe gaee. 1904 mein grate britten aur france key beach hastaaksharit sauhaardpurna samjhaute seey roose pareshan thaa. roose aur france key beach pahale seey hii ack parasparik raksha samjhauta thaa jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii aggar britten ney roose parr yuddh ghoshit curr diyaa tou france ingland koo hamale kii dhamki dene key liye baadhya thaa, jabaki roose koo bhaarat mein ghuspaith key liye 300,000 seey adhik sainikon koo afghan seema parr kendrit karna thaa. iska samadhan thaa roose koo british-francisi gathbandhan mein laana. anglo-russie pravesh aur 1907 key anglo-russie sammelan ney donon deshon koo triple pravesh kaa hissa banaa diyaa.
yuddh samaapt honey key baad roose aur japan key beach maitripurna sambandh vikasit hue. ack anaupchaarik sainya gathbandhan vikasit karna sambhav hoe gayaa kyonki britten, jiska japan key saath ack sainya gathbandhan thaa, germany seey teji seey alag hoe gayaa aur roose key teji seey karib hoe gayaa. britten aur roose ney 1907 taka apani bakaaya kathinaaiyon koo hull curr liya. isake alawa, japan aur roose kii manchuria aur chean mein railmarg vikasit karane mein gahari ruchi thee. parinamswarup, japan key liye 1914 mein pratham vishva yuddh mein ack sahayogi key roop mein roose, france aur britten mein shamil honah aasaan thaa. japan ney yuddh mein mahatvapurna laabh cumm kiya, prashant aur chean mein kaee german upaniveshon koo jabt curr liya, jabaki usee samay chean koo kathputali kaa darja dene kii koshish kii.
russie neeti koo prabhaavit karane vaalaa ack apekshaakrit nayaa kaarak paine-slavic bhavna kaa vikas thaa jisane sabhi slavic bolane vaale logon, vishesh roop seey una logon key prati roose key kartavya kii pehchaan kii joe dharm mein roodhivaadi hain. iss aaveg key vikas ney ottoman samrajya seey dhyaan hataa diyaa, aur austro-hangerian samrajya dwara slavic logon key liye utpann khatare kii or. serbia ney khud koo paine-slavic aadarsh key champion key roop mein pahachaana; austriya ney 1914 mein usa kaaran seey serbia koo nasht karane kii kasam khaai. itihaaskaar iss baat parr bahas karna jaari rakhate hain kii roose ney yuddh key liye kitni jimmedaari saajha kii kyonki serbia key liye usake swachaalit samarthan key kaaran jaba yeh julaai key sankat mein austriya-hangerian samrajya dwara hamale key adheen thaa.

