kazakhstan mein apashisht prabandhan

kazakhstan mein apashisht prabandhan desh key bheetar ack mahatvapurna chinta kaa vishay haye, jisamen salana utpaadit arabon tunn audyogik apashisht, vartamaan mein thhos apashisht prabandhan kii ishtatam sthiti seey cumm, aur pradushakon aur kazakhstan kii aitihaasik sthiti donon seey maujooda vishaakt padaarth bache hue hain. kazakhstan mein thhos kachare key punarchakran key liye bahut cumm sevaaen hain, aur vartamaan mein apashisht prabandhan koo kshetriya karyakramon kaa upayog karke nipataaya jaataa haye. 
kazakhstan mein mukhya apashisht prabandhan kshetra.
audyogik apashisht.
khatarnak apashisht (lagaatar javic pradooshak (pops), chikitsa apashisht aadi sahit apashisht kaa nirantar utpaadan aur sanchay.).
desh mein lagbhag ack tihai audyogik kachra karganda kshetra mein jamaa hotaa haye-2012 key anta taka 8.8 arab tunn seey adhik.
karganda kshetra mein utsarjan kii mukhya matra dhaatu vigyaan kshetra key liye haye aur 70 pratishat key barabar haye. yeh dou pramukh dhaatu companiyon-arceller mittal temirtau jey. aiss. see. aur kazakhmis nigam kaa hissa haye. 2008 seey 2012 kii avadhi mein arceller mittal temirtaau ney utsarjan manakon kaa paalan naa karane key liye ack arab seey adhik tenz kaa jurmana diyaa haye, kazakhmis nigam-300 million seey adhik tenz.
2012 key parinamon key anusaar 2008 kii tulanaa mein karganda mein kull utsarjan mein apekshit girawat 31 pratishat key barabar haye. yeh mukhya roop seey ack ekal udyam key paryaavaran sanrakshan karyakram-"balkashtswetmet", kazakhmis nigam kii ack sahayak company kii yogyata haye. 2008 mein "balkashtswetmet" ney sulfuric acid key aadhar parr utpaadan shuru kiya haye. iss kaarravaai ney sulfur dioxide key utsarjan koo 2008 mein 578,000 tunn seey ghataakar 2012 mein 254,000 tunn curr diyaa haye.
duniya mein anya jagahon kii tarah, kazakhstan mein bhee, taral aur gaisiya prakaar key audyogik apashisht paryaavaran sangathanon key liye ack pramukh chinta kaa vishay hain. audyogik nirvahan aur gaisiya utsarjan kazakhstan mein sabhi udyamon key raajya niyantran aur viniyaman key liye praathamiktaaen hain. taral aur gaisiya apashisht utpaadon kii sabhi shreniyon key liye desh mein nireekshan key tarikon key saath-saath paaristhitik aur aarthik manakon koo vikasit kiya gayaa haye. saath hii, khanan, kendrikaran, shodhan aur bijli udyogon dwara utpaadit thhos apashisht poore desh mein binaa niyantran key jamaa hoe gayaa haye. yeh mukhya roop seey nimnalikhit karakon key kaaran hotaa haih
kazakhstan mein thhos apashisht sanchay kaa mudda vishesh chinta kaa vishay haye kyonki isaki arthavyavastha nishkarshan aur prasanskaran udyogon parr nirbhar haye, joe bhaari matra mein apashisht kaa utpaadan karate hain. desh mein sabhi prakaar key lagbhag 21 arab tunn thhos apashisht jamaa hoe gaye hain. isaki vriddhi darr prati varsh 1 arab tunn (anulagnak) haye. adhikansh thhos apashisht karganda (29.4%), purvi kazakhstan (25.7%), kostnai (17.0%) aur pavlodar (14.6%) oblast mein sangraheet kiya jaataa haye.
upbhog apashisht.
yahaan pramukh mudde hainh nagarpalika key thhos kachare key nirmaan aur sanchay mein vriddhi; nagarpalika key kachare key alag sangrah, vasuli aur punarchakran kii maujooda sthiti.
paryaavaran mantralaya key anusaar, desh ney 23 arab tunn nagarpalika thhos apashisht (aim. aiss. doubleu.) jamaa kiya haye. sanchit thhos apashisht kii vaarshik vriddhi 700 million tunn key barabar haye. kewal 3-5% kachare kaa punarnaveenikaran kiya jaa rhaa haye. lagbhag 97 pratishat baahari dump mein sangraheet kiya jaataa haye.
aim. aiss. doubleu. kii sabse badee matra desh key sabse adhik aabaadi vaale shahar almatti mein kendrit haye. pichhale varsh key liye, shahar mein 470 hazaar tunn thhos kachra jamaa huaa.
aaj taka desh mein 4,587 kachra bahubhuj hain, jinamen seey 3,927 paryaavaran aur swaasthya manakon koo puuraa naheen karate hain. kewal 603 bahubhuj (13 pratishat) kuchh hudd taka swaasthya manakon koo puuraa karate hain, aur paryaavaran key liye utsarjan key liye adhikrit hain.
pradooshan key prakaar aur kaaran.
vayu pradooshan.
kazakhstan mein bijli kshetra sulfur oxide, nitrogen, carbon monoxide aur raakh key utsarjan key madhyam seey vayumandaliya pradooshan key mukhya sroton mein seey ack haye. 1990 mein oorjaa kshetra ney lagbhag 23 laakh tunn aise pradooshan kaa utsarjan kiya, joe kull vayumandaliya utsarjan kaa 35 pratishat aur sthir sroton seey utsarjan kaa 53 pratishat haye. 1996 mein, lagbhag 10 laakh tunn utsarjit hue they, yaa utsarjan kii kull matra kaa 28 pratishat aur sthir sroton seey utsarjan kaa 41 pratishat. iss pradooshan kaa adhikansh hissa mukhya eendhan key roop mein cumm gunavatta vaale koyale key upayog key kaaran hotaa haye, aur boiler-houses kii asthir gasses key shuddhikaran kii pranaliyon key saath kharaab susajjit taap vidyut stations key kaaran bhee hotaa haye.
taapiya aur vidyut utpaadan mein kamee key kaaran oorjaa kshetra dwara utsarjit pradushakon kii matra mein lagbhag 50 pratishat kii kamee aaee haye. phir bhee, oorjaa kshetra key kaaran honey vaale vayumandaliya pradooshan kii samasya gambhir bunny hui haye.
taap aur bijli utpaadan udyamon, lauh aur alauh dhaatu vigyaan aur tail aur gais kshetra seey pradushakon kaa bhaar
lagaatar javic pradushakon dwara pradooshan.
lagaatar javic pradooshak (pops) rasayanon kaa ack samooh haye-jaise kii polly-chloride biphenyl, dichlorodephenythychlorical (dee. dee. tii.) prakaar key keetnashak aur dioxin prakaar key hanikarak apashisht utpaad-jinn yaugikon aur mishranon mein vishaakt guna hotey hain, way apghatan aur uchch jaiv sanchay key liye pratirodhi hotey hain. havaa aur paani dwara seema paar hastaantaran key parinamswarup, way apane utsarjan binduon seey lambi doori taya karate hain, paani aur bhoomi paaristhitiki tantra mein jamaa hotey hain. kazakhstan mein lagaatar javic sandooshakon dwara pradooshan key pramukh srot krishi aur purani utpaadan prakriyaaen hain.
kazakhstan mein upayog kiye jaane vaale adhikansh keetnashak jadee-bootiyon aur keetnashak hain. pichhale dou dashakon mein keetnashakon key upayog kii matra mein lagbhag chaar gunaa kamee aaee haye. seema shulk samiti key anusaar, 2000 mein kull 5346 million kilogram sthaayi javic sandooshakon kaa ayaat kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen 4,026,346 kilogram jadee-bootiyon, 64,702 kilogram kavaknashak, 598,645 kilogram keetnashak, 10,000 kilogram apashisht aur 646,556 kilogram anya keetnashak shamil they. 2002 kii pahali timahi mein 63 laakh 60 hazaar kilogram seey adhik keetnashakon kaa ayaat kiya gayaa thaa.
aadhikarik aankadon key anusaar, kewal anumat yaugikon koo kazakhstan mein ayaat kiya jaataa haye.
vishaakt apashisht utpaadon seey pradooshan.
desh mein jamaa 21 arab tunn audyogik kachare mein seey 5 karod 20 laakh karod jaharile hain. 1999 mein, vishaakt kachare kii vaarshik matra 92 million tunn thee, jisamen seey 60 pratishat dhaatu udyog key apashisht they.
ganarajya mein khanan udyog kaa vikas bhoomi kii gunavatta aur sthiti koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye, jisase radiodharmi nucleid, bhaari dhatuon aadi jaise vishaakt padarthon seey pradooshan hotaa haye. khanan udyog ney 4 arab tunn kachra jamaa kiya haye; sandrata sanyantron ney 1 arab 1 karod tunn kachra jamaa kiya haye aur dhaatu udyog ney 10 karod 50 laakh tunn jamaa kiya haye. 
semipalatinsk paramanu pareekshan sthal.
paaristhitik aapada kshetra kaa kull kshetra 7 million hectare haye, jisamen pareekshan sthal kaa kshetra (18 laakh hectare) aur aapaatkaaleen star aur adhikatam vikiran jokhim (5.2 laakh hectare) shamil hain. lagbhag 27.4 laakh hectare krishi bhoomi semipalatinsk pareekshan sthal (kshetra key kull kshetra kaa 88.3%) key prabhaav kshetra mein panjikrit haye.
7 farwari, 1996 key kazakhstan ganarajya key sarkari adesh dwara semipalatinsk pareekshan sthal bhoomi aarakshit bhoomi bunn gaee aur aapaatkaaleen star aur adhikatam vikiran jokhim vaale kshetron mein sthit jilon mein paaristhitik sthiti mein sudhaar key liye upaayon kii pehchaan kii gaee. pareekshan sthal parr poorna aarthik bhoomi vikas kii kathinaaee yeh haye kii kshetra mein ack radiological naidaanik adhyayan puuraa naheen kiya gayaa haye aur bhoomi key adhikatam anumeya pradooshan key mandand sthaapit naheen kiye gaye hain. semipalatinsk pareekshan sthal key hisse koo aarthik upayog key liye sthanantarit karane key kaaran, prathamikta kaa uddeshya inn kshetron mein aarthik gatividhi key surakshit karyanvayan parr vistrit adhyayan karna aur upaay vikasit karna haye. dhana kii kamee key kaaran iss tarah key upaay abhee taka amal mein naheen aae hain.
semipalatinsk paramanu pareekshan bahubhuj (aiss. aine. tii. pee.) kii sthaapana 21 agast, 1947 koo kii gaee thee. jisamen teen oblast-paschimi kazakhstan, karganda aur pavlodar shamil hain, aiss. aine. tii. pee. 600 kimmy kii paridhi key saath 18,500 18,500 key kshetra mein faila huaa haye. bahubhuj poorv semipalatinsk oblast key 10,000 varg kimmy parr kabja curr letaa haye. 1949 aur 1989 key beach kii avadhi mein paramanu pareekshan kiye gaye, jisamen lagbhag 470 pranaaliyan theen, jinamen 30 satah, 86 havaa aur 340 upasatahi upkaranon mein visfot kiya gayaa thaa. visfoton kii shakti 17,400,000 tunn trinitrotoluin key barabar taka pahunch gaee. shuru mein, paramanu pareekshan paramanu visfotak pranaliyon aur hathiyaron key namoonon kaa pareekshan karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa, aur baad mein aarthik uddeshyon key liye.
inn parikshanon key parinamswarup "paramanu jheel" balapan kaa nirmaan huaa, saath hii havaa mein radiodharmi gais utsarjan, paryavaraniya asantulan aur aiss. aine. tii. pee. sthal seey satey kshetron mein rahane vaale logon key liye nakaratmak swaasthya prabhaav.
reports seey pataa chalata haye kii gaama-vikiran star kaee baar maanak seey adhik hoe jaataa haye-1960-1980 mein semiplatinsk mein 1,250 mcr/h taka, joe prishthabhoomi star seey lagbhag 100 gunaa adhik haye, aur sarpan gaanv mein 60,000 mcr/h taka. caesium aur strontium key radiodharmi samsthaanikon key saath pradooshan kii pehchaan shagan aur aschisu nadiyon, balapan jheel aur aiss. aine. tii. pee. sthal key bheetar anya jall sroton mein kii gaee thee. cumm seey cumm 4,500 varg kii. mee. bahubhuj kshetra (bhoomi, chattaanen, paani) see. aiss.-137 aur aiss. aar.-90 kii sandrata seema seey adhik honey seey pradooshit haye.
bahubhuj parr kiye gaye paryavaraniya aur krishi nihitarth aur gatividhiyon key parinam ullekhaniya hain. paramanu parikshanon ney naa kewal bahubhuj key praakritik paridrishya, maujooda paaristhitiki tantra aur krishi koo prabhaavit kiya, balki bahubhuj seey satey bhoomi koo bhee prabhaavit kiya. aiss. aine. tii. pee. key paas sthit kheton mein utpaadit doodh aur maans kaa radionuclide pradooshan kabhi-kabhi prishthabhoomi star aur suraksha aavashyaktaon donon seey adhik staron parr darj kiya jaataa thaa.
vartamaan mein, aiss. aine. tii. pee. mein nimnalikhit koo puuraa karane kii spasht aavashyakta haih
azgir aur capustin yaar pareekshan sthal.
teen pareekshan sthal paschimi kazakhstan aur atiru oblast kii seemaon parr narine kshetra mein kaam curr rahey theh azgir paramanu pareekshan sthal, ack raajya pareekshan-udaan kendra aur ack raajya kendriya pareekshan sthal, antim dou russie parisar capustin yaar seey sambandhit hain, aur abhee bhee sanchaalan mein hain. inn sthalon key kshetra mein 29 paramanu visfot kiye gaye (18 bhoomigat, 11 vayumandal mein). shodh key dhaanche key bheetar 10 paramanu visfot atirikt roop seey kiye gaeh 6 karaachganak mein, 3 maingistaau mein aur 1 octubinsk oblast mein.
rockett prakshepan aur pareekshan sthal.
antariksh aur rockett upkaran koo vaishvik jalavaayu, paryaavaran aur arthvyavasthaon parr maanav nirmit prabhaav kaa sabse shaktishali srot maanaa jaataa haye. duniya mein 17 cosmodrome (antariksh-vaahan prakshepan sthal yaa antariksh kendra) hain.
1957 seey 2001 kii avadhi mein, vibhinn karyon parr 1237 antariksh jahaajon koo kaksha mein rakhane key liye baikonur seey 1189 antariksh rockets koo prakshepit kiya gayaa thaa. inn prakshepanon mein 100 seey adhik antarmahadvipiya ballistic rockett bhee shamil they. 2000 seey 2001 taka, duniya key antariksh rockett prakshepan kaa 30 pratishat baikonur antariksh kendra seey kiya gayaa thaa.
durghatanaon seey honey vaale nuksan koo cumm karane aur aavaasiya kshetron mein rockett charanon aur dahan key utpaadon key girane koo rokane key liye america, france, japan, australia aur bhaarat key taton parr antariksh kendron kaa sthaan uddeshyapurna roop seey kiya gayaa thaa. kewal teen desh-roose, chean aur kazakhstan-bhoo-bund mahadvipiya antariksh kendron seey prakshepan karate hain joe unake deshon kii aabaadi koo khatare aur pradooshit aabaadi vaale kshetron key liye ujagar karate hain.
rashtriya paryaavaran prabandhan.
rashtriya neeti.
raajya karyakram "vikas ranneeti 2030" paryaavaran sanrakshan aur kushal praakritik sansaadhan upayog key kshetra mein nimnalikhit pramukh saarvajanik neeti lakshyon kii pehchaan kartaa haih paryaavaran kii gunavatta koo sthir karna, maanav gatividhi key liye anukool vatavaran sunishchit karna aur bhavishya kii peedhiyon key liye praakritik sansadhanon kaa sanrakshan karna. 1994 aur 2001 key beach kazakhstan ganarajya ney praakritik sansaadhan sanrakshan key mahatva aur antarrashtriya samudaay key prati apane daayitvon koo pahachaante hue, seema paar tatvon sahit sabhi praakritik ghatakon key sanrakshan koo apanaane vaale 19 paryaavaran sammelanon kii pushti kii.
paryavaraniya gunavatta koo sthir karane key kshetra mein neeti kaa uddeshya haih
antarrashtriya daataa samudaay kii sahaayata seey nimnalikhit dastavej taiyar kiye gaye hainh satat vikas key liye ack rashtriya paryaavaran kaary yojana, jaiv vividhata sanrakshan key liye rashtriya ranneetiyaan aur kaary yojanaaen, marusthalikaran kaa mukabala karane key saath-saath vann aur parvat paaristhitiki tantra sanrakshan. mukhya satat vikas ranneeti dastavej-ack satat vikas dhancha aur agenda 21 vartamaan mein vikasit kiya jaa rhaa haye.
paryaavaran prabandhan aur sanrakshan key kshetra mein vittiya tantra.
vartamaan mein, pramukh paryavaraniya bhugtan rashtriya bajat mein shamil karane key liye kendrikrit hain. karon aur anya anivarya bajatiya bhugtaanon key liye sanhita nimnalikhit paryavaraniya bhugtaanon koo alag karati haih
paryaavaran kaanoon.
kazakhstan ganarajya kaa samvidhaan, jise 1995 mein apanaaya gayaa thaa, rashtriya paryaavaran kaanoon kaa aadhar haye. samvidhaan key anuchhed 31 mein kahaa gayaa haye kii "raajya nagrik key jeevan aur swaasthya key liye anukool paryaavaran kii raksha karane kaa uddeshya nirdhaarit karega. natijatan, halanki jeevan aur swaasthya key liye anukool paryaavaran kaa adhikaar ack samvaidhaanik adhikaar key roop mein nirdhaarit naheen haye, maulik kaanoon apane nagrikon key liye anukool paryavaraniya paristhitiyaan pradaan karane key liye raajya kii jimmedaari kii pushti kartaa haye. samvidhaan mein yeh bhee kahaa gayaa haye kii logon key jeevan aur swaasthya koo khatare mein daalane vaale tathyon aur paristhitiyon koo chhipaane key liye adhikaariyon koo jawabdeh thaharaaya jaayega. paryaavaran kii sthiti parr jaankaari taka kazakhstan key nagrikon kii pahunch koo paryaavaran sanrakshan parr raajya neeti key karyanvayan kii guaranti key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.
uparokt kaanoon key alawa, kazakhstan ney paryaavaran sanrakshan key kshetra mein kaee vishisht kaanoonon koo apanaaya haih
16 julaai, 1997 seey lagu aaparaadhik sanhita mein paryaavaran aparaadh parr ack vishesh lekh (#11) shamil haye. iss lekh mein nimnalikhit prakaar key paryavaraniya aparaadh shamil hainh
apashisht prasanskaran aur upayog.
kazakhstan mein vyaavhaarik roop seey koee apashisht punarchakran udyam naheen haye. vartamaan mein kuchh sanchaalit recyclers koo kaee vittiya aur sangathanaatmak baadhaon kaa saamana karna padata haye. udaaharan key liye, pavlodar mein dou udyam hain joe advitiya takneekon kaa upayog karate hain (utpaadan prakriya mein 96 pratishat taka kachare kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye). way hainh pavlodar aish-sluz apashisht prasanskaran sanyantra jey. aiss. see. aur ameco jey. aiss. see.. inn udyamon dwara upayog kiya jaane vaalaa mool kachcha maal boxite slime haye.
kazakhstan jey. aiss. see. kaa aluminium aur pavlodar tess-1 kaa raakh apashisht, uchch raakh samagri key saath ekibastuz koyale key dahan key parinamswarup. sanyantra 14 prakaar kii nirmaan samagri kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, jaise eent (agni-pratirodhi sahit), cement aadi. basharte kii sanyantra dou-shift aadhar parr kaam kartaa haye, yeh salana 32,000 tunn keechad aur 38 tunn raakh koo sansaadhit curr sakata haye. halanki, kaaryasheel poonji kii kamee key kaaran yeh poori kshamata seey kaam naheen curr sakata haye.
ayask dressing aur dhaatu vigyaan parisaron, petrochemical, garmi aur bijli utpaadan suvidhaon, koyale key gaddhon aadi key udyam. khanan-takniki sudhaar key liye audyogik apashisht kaa upayog karein, raakh key dher, adhik bojh vaale dher aur chattanon kii mejbani karein. iss prakaar, apashisht-saghan kshetron (purvi kazakhstan, karganda, kostanai aur pavlodar oblast) mein audyogik apashisht upayog kaa pratishat pavlodar oblast mein 1.5-2% seey laker karganda oblast mein 25% taka bhinn hotaa haye. pichhale dou varshon mein mukhya roop seey upayog kii gaee aur ashant bhoomi key 85 pratishat taka takniki sudhaar key liye adhik bojh aur mezbani chattanon key upayog key kaaran iss oblast mein apashisht upayog kaa ack uchch star hassil kiya gayaa haye.
pareekshan sthalon parr sangraheet dhaatu sambandhi mail koo aamtaur parr dafnaya jaataa haye. yeh kaafee hudd taka kushal aur laagat prabhaavi punarchakran praudyogikiyon kii kamee key kaaran haye. apashisht kaa ack chhota saa hissa ispat-carmet jey. aiss. see. (karganda oblast) dwara utpaadan aur nirmaan praudyogikiyon mein upayog kiya jaataa haye, jahaan vyaavhaarik roop seey sabhi dhaatu sambandhi slagg koo sansaadhit aur punah upayog kiya jaataa haye. kazakhmis nigam key zairam sweat mett jey. aiss. see. aur balkash smelter poore varsh mein sanchit sabhi dhatukarm slagg koo ayask key saath, tambe key sandra key utpaadan mein sansaadhit karate hain.
apashisht prasanskaran aur tatastheekaran kii nimnalikhit takneekon koo sokolovsko-sarbaiski smelter (kostanai oblast) mein lagu kiya jaataa haih nirmaan key liye chattanon koo kuchalana; ack floation ikai dwara saamoohik sulphide saandran key nishkarshan mein mill tailing kaa upayog aur khanan-rasayanik ekikrit karyon mein isake aage key prasanskaran, halanki iss takneek koo abhee taka antim roop naheen diyaa gayaa haye.
2000 mein mackenzoloto ozsk (pavlodar oblast) ney macken basti mein sthit dump sahit adhik bojh vaali mitty key dump seey asantulit ayaskon kaa upayog karna shuru kiya. mackenzoloto jey. aiss. see., technopark-stepnorsk jey. aiss. see. key saath sanyukt roop seey, sinides key binaa copper-jink sandra key utpaadan mein paryaavaran key anukool takneek lagu karane kii yojana banaa rhaa haye.
ferrochrome jey. aiss. see. (actube oblast) safal audyogik apashisht upayog aur prasanskaran kaa ack udaaharan haye. iss jey. aiss. see. ney uchch aur nimn-carbon ferrochrome (usase adhik) key scoria seey kuchale hue patthar kaa utpaadan karna shuru curr diyaa haye.
150.prati varsh 0 tunn) aur lauh-dravya (prati varsh 4,000 tunn seey adhik) jiska upayog choone aur rait kii eenton (prati varsh 12,000 seey adhik tukade) key nirmaan mein kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, company ney reception key liye ack binn kaa upayog karane aur aage key punarchakran key liye kachare koo chhantane kii yojana banaai haye. dhaatu key kabaad koo sangraheet karane key liye ack samarpit kshetra kaa upayog kiya jaayega.
thhos apashisht niptan mein niji kshetra kii bhagidari punarchakran kii dakshata koo badhaane mein madad karati haye. udaaharan key liye, pavlodar mein thhos apashisht prabandhan koo bahubhuj aim. dee. aiss. jey. aiss. see. (khatare key III-IV varg key thhos apashisht kaa sanchaykarta) aur spetsmationy jey. aiss. see. (shahar key thhos apashisht bhoomi bharane) mein sthanantarit karane key baad sthiti mein sudhaar huaa. ack anya niji company, joe pavlodar rasayanik sanyantra jey. aiss. see. kaa hissa haye, toletti aaee. aff. see. chelnok jey. aiss. see. (roose) kii takneek kaa upayog karate hue sangrah mein luggy hui haye. udyam ney abb taka 90,000 seey adhik lamps kaa punarnaveenikaran kiya haye. zixto jey. aiss. see. dwara petropavlovsk key fluorescent lamp key upayog mein 'demercurisation' parr prayogaatmak kaam kiya gayaa haye. almatti oblast mein paaraa yukt apashisht aur pratideepti lamp vishesh udyam cinep jey. aiss. see. (almatti) koo demercurisation key liye vitarit kiye jaate hain. paschimi kazakhstan key uralsk mein upayog kiye gaye luminacent, paaraa lamp aur upkaranon key kendrikrit sangrah, bhandaran aur punarchakran key liye ack suvidha kholi gaee haye.
paschim kazakhstan mein bhee punarchakran key prayaas kiye jaa rahey hain. udaaharan key liye, stroitekh jey. aiss. see. ney toote hue kaanch kaa punarchakran karna aur unase upabhokta vastuon kaa utpaadan karna shuru curr diyaa haye. isi tarah kii ack pariyojana jheksengali jey. aiss. see. dwara vikasit kii jaa rahee haye. uralvatorama anusandhaan aur utpaadan sangh ney nirmaan udyog mein upayog kiye jaane vaale samagr bhawan slab kaa utpaadan karane key liye lakadi-kataai, scrap pepper, oona key punarchakran parr ack pariyojana taiyar kii haye.
apashisht prabandhan kii samasya koo hull karane key liye, ack rashtriya apashisht prabandhan karyakram vikasit karna aavashyak haye, apashisht prabandhan neetiyon koo spasht karna, apashisht niptan key liye ack kanuni dhancha aur karyapranali, apashisht prabandhan aur nigrani key liye ack aarthik tantra. iss karyakram key karyanvayan key liye aavashyak haih maujooda tailing aur dump kii ack soochi aur unaki takniki sthiti kaa mulyankan; sanchit aur dafan apashisht key pravaah, matra aur ghatakon kaa vinirdesh aur vishleshan; nirnay lene key liye jokhimon kaa mulyankan.
vaikalpik oorjaa sroton key upayog kii kshamata.
vaikalpik yaa navikaraniya oorjaa sroton mein panbijali, pawan oorjaa, samudri tarang kriya, saur vikiran, bhoo-taapiya oorjaa, jaiv-dravyamaan aur jaiv-gais kii oorjaa shamil hain.
kazakhstan mein akshay oorjaa sroton mein mahatvapurna kshamata haye, lekin iska kewal ack chhota saa hissa upayog kiya jaa rhaa haye. yeh iss tathya key kaaran haye kii kazakhstan kaa oorjaa kshetra poorv soviyat sangh key vishal aur 'paaramparik' bijli utpaadan stations kii kendrikrit oorjaa aapoorti pranali key hisse key roop mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. sthaaniya oorjaa sroton key vikas parr jore naheen diyaa gayaa.
akshay oorjaa vikas key mudde koo vibhinn karanon seey ujagar kiya gayaa haye. kazakhstan kaa vishal kshetra, iska cumm jansankhya ghanatva aur mukhya roop seey desh key uttari bhaag mein utpaadan kshamata kii ekagrata kaa matlab haye kii oorjaa koo mahatvapurna doori parr leey jaaya jaanaa chaahiye, jisake parinamswarup 30 pratishat taka kaa nuksan hotaa haye. isaliye, dooradraj key kshetron kii oorjaa aapoorti kaa kendrikaran aarthik roop seey aksham haye aur chhoti aur vaikalpik oorjaa aapoorti key vikas mein kuchh maujooda samasyaon koo hull karane kii kshamata haye, vishesh roop seh
1997 mein takniki sahaayata yojana key dhaanche key bheetar nishpaadit "kazakhstan aur kyrgyzstan-akshay oorjaa sroton key vikas key avsar" sarvekshan key anusaar, kazakhstan mein lagbhag 5100 doorasth bastiyaan bijli sancharan lines seey judee naheen hain. inn paristhitiyon mein sthaaniya oorjaa pradaan karane key liye akshay oorjaa sroton kaa vikas aarthik roop seey uchit haye.
panbijali.
kazakhstan mein panbijali kii mahatvapurna kshamata haye, jiska anuman salana 170 arab kilowatt haye. aarthik kshamata 23.5 arab kilowatt haye aur vartamaan mein salana lagbhag 8 arab kilowatt kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. kazakhstan mein chhoti nadee kshamata kaa vikas bhee kaafee ashajanak haye. kazakhstan sansthaan "hydroproject" key aankadon key anusaar, chhoti nadiyon parr panbijali stations key nirmaan key liye 503 seey adhik pariyojanaaen upalabdh hain, jinaki kull kshamata 1380 megawatt haye. inn chhote nadee bijli sanyantron dwara sambhaavit bijli utpaadan mein salana lagbhag 6.3 arab kilowatt kaa utpaadan karane kii kshamata haye. 2030 taka vidyut oorjaa vikas" key raajya karyakram mein kaee panbijali stations key nirmaan kaa anuman haye. sabse ashajanak pariyojanaaen hainh 300 megawatt kii kshamata key saath charin nadee parr manxkaya panbijali kendra; aur 50 megawatt kii kshamata key saath illie nadee parr karbulakskaya panbijali kendra. inn nadee suvidhaon dwara bijli kaa vaarshik utpaadan lagbhag 900 million kilowatt taka pahunch sakata haye.
pawan shakti.
apane sthaan key kaaran, kazakhstan kaa adhikansh hissa uttari golardh key 'pawan patti' mein haye aur pawan sansadhanon aur iss prakaar pawan shakti seey behad samriddh haye. anumaanon key anusaar, kazakhstan mein pawan kshamata kaa ghanatva lagbhag 10 megawatt prati varg kilometres key barabar haye.
kazakhstan key uttari, madhya aur dakshin-poorv kshetron mein aur paschimi kazakhstan mein bhee kaee kshetron mein havaa kii kaafee kshamata haye. mausam vigyaan key avalokan chaukiyon key aankadon key anusaar, inn kshetron mein havaa kii ausat gati 5 kimmy/sekand seey adhik haye aur kuchh sthaanon parr 6-7 kimmy/sekand taka pahunch jaati haye, jisase havaa kii kshamata kaa upayog ack vyavharya sambhavana bunn jaataa haye. kazakhstan sansthaan, kazselenergeprot ney badey pawan oorjaa stations ('pawan farm') key nirmaan key liye cumm seey cumm 15 sthalon kaa sarvekshan kiya haye, jinaki kaee sou megawatt kaa utpaadan karane kii kshamata haye. 2030 key oorjaa vikas karyakram key anusaar, kazakhstan mein 500-megawatt kaa pawan oorjaa kendra (doubleu. pee. aiss.) banane kii ummeed haye. inn pawan oorjaa farmon mein salana 1-1.5 billion kwh oorjaa kaa utpaadan karane kii kshamata haye.
dakshin-poorv kazakhstan key almatinsky oblast mein zungerian aur shelexky galiyare kii havaa kii kshamata kii vyaapak roop seey jaanch kii gaee haye. pawan oorjaa vikas parr yuu. aine. vikas karyakram key tahat kazakhstan koo takniki sahaayata key dhaanche key bheetar, inn donon kshetron mein vistrit pawan maap kiye gaye hain, joe mahatvapurna pawan kshamata kaa khulasa karate hain. jungerian dwaaron mein ausat vaarshik havaa kii gati 7.5 kimmy/sekand haye, aur shelexky corridor mein-10 meater kii oonchaai parr 5.8 kimmy/sekand haye. yuu. dee. pee./jee. ee. aff. key samarthan seey, pahale pilot pawan-sanchaalit bijli sanyantra kaa nirmaan honey kii ummeed haye, joe 5 megawatt kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, joe kii zungerian geton mein haye. company almatyavatomatika vartamaan mein 500 kilowatt kii utpaadan kshamata key saath zungerian gett mein druzba mein pahala kazakh pawan oorjaa sanyantra sthaapit curr rahee haye. kaee bastiyon mein cumm kshamata vaale anya pawan farm bhee sthaapit kiye gaye hain. dutch takniki sahaayata seey labhanvit honey vaali ekkomolinsky oblast mein kaee chhoti pawan oorjaa sthaapana pariyojanaaen hain.
pawan pampon kaa upayog karke kuon seey paani uthaane key liye pawan oorjaa key upayog kii bhee sambhaavanaaen hain. soviyat kaal mein iss tarah key pawan pampon kaa vyaapak roop seey kazakhstan key kshetra mein upayog kiya jaataa thaa.
saur oorjaa.
iss tathya key bavjood kii kazakhstan 42 aur 55 akshaanshon key beach uttar kii or sthit haye, sambhaavit saur vikiran mahatvapurna haye aur prati varg meater 1300-1800 kwh kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye. mahadvipiya jalavaayu key kaaran saur ghanton kii sankhya prati varsh lagbhag 2200-3000 haye, jisase saur oorjaa kaa upayog sambhav hoe jaataa haye.
saur oorjaa upayog kaa mukhya kshetra saur sangraahak, yaa 'suntrap' kaa upayog karke germ paani kaa utpaadan haye. sthaaniya visheshagyon key anumaanon key anusaar germ paani kii aapoorti key liye lagbhag 13 million jee. see. ell. garmi utpann karna sambhav haye, jisase 1 million tunn seey adhik petroleum samatulya kii bachat hoe sakati haye. germ paani key liye saur panels kaa upayog kendriya garmi aapoorti key liye boiler system aur vyaktigat imaraton key liye garmi aapoorti donon parr kiya jaa sakata haye. abb, antarrashtriya vikas key liye yuu. dee. pee. aur kanadai agency key samarthan seey almatti mein ack boiler-house mein saur sangrahakon key upayog parr ack pilot pariyojana kii jaa rahee haye.
kazakhstan mein saur sangrahakon kii paani germ karane kii bahut maang haye. haalaanki, unhein abhee taka apani uchch laagat key kaaran lagbhag 200-300 USd prati 1 varg meater parr vyaapak anuprayog naheen milaa haye. meater. haalaanki, laagat mein kaafee kamee laana aur unake upayog key paimaane kaa vistaar karna sambhav haye yadi saur sangraahak sthaaniya roop seey utpaadit kiye jaa sakate hain.
sambhaavit saur oorjaa upayog kaa doosara kshetra photo electric convertor kii madad seey bijli kaa utpaadan haye. photo-electric panels kaa upayog roshni, chhote krishi kheton aur charvaahe shiviron parr telly-radio prasaran jaisi jarooraton key liye cumm matra mein bijli utpann karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. ee-maanchitra key dhaanche key tahat kiye gaye shodh key anumaanon key anusaar, battery key saath chhote saur photo-electric panels kaa upayog prakaash key liye mitty key tail key lamp key upayog kii tulanaa mein aur bhee adhik kifayati hoe sakata haye. kazakhstan mein 20-vaat saur photo-electric panels key liye sambhaavit bajar lagbhag 20,000 ikaaiyaan honey chaahiye.
bhoomigat kuon seey paani uthaane key liye chhote vidyut pampon koo sanchaalit karane key liye photo-electric panels key anuprayog key liye bhee avsar hain. jall pampon key liye photo-electric panels aur pawan-sanchaalit bijli sanyantron kaa sanyojan bhee sambhav haye aur isase jall-aapoorti kii vishvasaniyata mein vriddhi hogi. undp dhaanche key saath aral kshetra mein dooradraj key kshetron mein paani kii aapoorti parr ack pilot pariyojana koo lagu karane kii yojana haye, jisamen photo-electric panels aur pawan-sanchaalit bijli sanyantron kaa upayog kiya jaayega joe pampon key liye bijli kaa utpaadan karenge aur peene yogya paani kii taiyari key liye ack desalinization sanyantra kaa utpaadan karenge. oorjaa aur khanij sansaadhan mantralaya, aim. ee. pee. aur shiksha aur vigyaan mantralaya sanyukt roop seey "oorjaa kii bachat aur oorjaa key vaikalpik sroton key vikas" parr ack karyakram vikasit curr rahey hain.
bhoo-taapiya oorjaa.
kazakhstan mein germ paani key bhoomigat sroton key saath kaee sthaan hain. haalaanki, unakaa vyaavhaarik upayog pratibandhit haye kyonki paani kaa tapman aam taur parr 55 degree seey cumm hotaa haye.
ee-maanchitra anusandhaan key anusaar "kazakhstan aur kyrgyzstan-akshay oorjaa sroton key vikas key avsar" 96° seey oopar germ paani kaa kewal ack bhoomigat srot paaya gayaa haye, joe zarkent key karib haye. iss srot kaa upayog germ karane kii jarooraton key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
biomass.
biomass oorjaa apashisht vanaspati, pashupalan key apashisht utpaadon, gharelu apashisht utpaadon, mull-jall key bhandar aadi seey gais kaa utpaadan haye. ganana seey pataa chalata haye kii javic gais utpaadan key liye krishi seey vaarshik apashisht kaa prasanskaran karane seey oorjaa kii matra 14-15 million tunn eendhan key barabar, yaa 10.32 million tunn petroleum key barabar hoe sakati haye.
ghaas aur paani key pravaah seey sambandhit karyakram kisaanon aur dooradraj kii bastiyon key nivaasiyon dwara vann kshetron key sanrakshan, pashu apashisht kaa upayog karane aur dhaara pravaah pradooshan koo rokane key saadhan key roop mein biogas key upayog kaa samarthan karate hain. khaad seey biogas key utpaadan key liye kaee bastiyon mein sthaapanaaen ekatra kii gaee hain. anubhav seey pataa chalata haye kii prati dinn 15 ghana meater biogas (4 maheene key liye 1 tunn khaad) kaa utpaadan karane vaale biogas pratishthanon kaa upayog 60 varg meater kii imarat koo germ karna aur 4-5 vyaktiyon key parivaar key liye khaana banaana sunishchit kartaa haye.
jwaariya oorjaa.
caspian samudra kii agrim pankti tarang oorjaa key srot key roop mein kaam curr sakati haye. mausam vigyaan key aankadon key anusaar tarang bijli stations kaa upayog karna atyadhik laabhprad hoe sakata haye. 3 megawatt taka kii kshamata vaale ack modular wave power station kii pariyojanaaen hain. 3 seey 5 meater kii lahar kii oonchaai parr, vaarshik bijli utpaadan lagbhag 3 million kilowatt taka pahunch sakata haye, jisamen prati 1 kilowatt kii laagat lagbhag 3-4 americi dollar hoe sakati haye.
isi tarah kii pariyojanaon kii praapti mein swatantra oorjaa sroton key saath caspian samudri kshetra mein tail-kshetra bastiyon kii aapoorti karane aur rashtriya network seey bijli kii vartamaan khapat koo 50-85% dwara cumm karane kii kshamata haye.
paryaavaran aur satat vikas key kshetra mein kshetriya sahyog.
kshetriya karyakram aur pariyojanaaen.
madhya asiai kshetra aral samudri besin key liye paryaavaran sanrakshan yojanaon koo taiyar karke aur lagu karke vishva samudaay mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhaata haye, jiska pradarshan pramukh antarrashtriya daataa sangathanon (vaishvik, kshetriya aur dwipakshiya) aur karyakari agencies, jaise kii jee. ee. aff., yuu. aine. dee. pee., yuu. aine. ee. pee., vishva baink samooh doubleu. bee., ee. bee. aar. dee., aeye. dee. bee., key. doubleu. aff. german fund, arab deshon key aarthik vikas kaa kuwait fund aur see. aeye. raajyon koo takniki sahaayata key vibhinn roopon mein bhaag laker kiya jaataa haye. aral samudri besin mein kshetriya paryaavaran karyakramon aur pariyojanaon key vikas aur karyanvayan mein apekshit nivesh kii kull raashi 350-400 million americi dollar kii seema mein haye. kshetra kii paryavaraniya samasyaon key samadhan key liye dhana kaa vaastavik vitaran ichchit vitt key 10 pratishat seey adhik naheen haye. yeh mukhya roop seey karyakramon aur pariyojana key anupaalan key saath-saath kshetra key deshon kii rashtriya prathmiktaon aur aarthik hiton key saath-saath kshetriya pariyojanaon key saha-vittaposhan mein unaki gatividhi parr nirbhar kartaa haye. parinamswarup, kazakhstan aur uzbekistan kaa jall prabandhan pranaliyon key kshetra mein ack sakriya agenda haye; kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan aur tajikistan pahaadi paaristhitiki tantra key kshetra mein; kazakhstan aur uzbekistan kaa jaiv vividhata key kshetra mein ack sakriya agenda haye; aur turkmenistan aur kazakhstan marusthalikaran kaa mukabala karane key kshetra mein.
kshetriya pariyojanaon key liye pramukh vittaposhan koo nimnalikhit prathmiktaon key anusaar vibhajit kiya gayaa haih kull dhana kaa 76 pratishat aral samudra kii paryavaraniya samasya; sanrakshit parvatiya kshetra 16 pratishat; marusthalikaran aur bhoomi ksharan kaa mukabala 2 pratishat; aur anya lakshit pariyojanaaen 6 pratishat. yeh spasht haye kii seema paar mudde-vayu aur satah jall pradooshan, apashisht upayog, kataav key sampark mein mitty key ghanatva kaa mukabala karna-kshetriya karyakramon dwara paryaapt roop seey cover naheen kiye gaye hain. isaliye uparokt ghatak aksar rashtriya pariyojanaon dwara cover kiye jaate hain.
ack samaan kshetriya paryaavaran ranneeti key vikas charan key dauran vishisht uddeshyon (karyakramon aur pariyojanaon) kaa karyanvayan kewal caa deshon kii paryaavaran sanrakshan agencies key beach ghanishth sahyog seey hii praapt kiya jaa sakata haye.
madhya asia mein kshetriya sahyog kii sabse mahatvapurna pahal iss prakaar hainh
kshetriya kaary yojanaaen.
kaar deshon kii sarkaaron ney abhee bhee ekikrit prabandhan parr samanvit tareeke vikasit naheen kiye hain joe vyaapak drishtikon key aadhar parr aarthik, samajik aur paryavaraniya muddon koo dhyaan mein rakhenge. yeh mukhya roop seey paaristhitiki tantra kii kshetriya prakriti dwara poorv nirdhaarit haye, aur seema paar aur antar-kshetra key muddon koo hull karane mein sanyukt upaay karane kii aavashyakta haye.
europe key liye paryaavaran" kii prakriya, joe 1991 mein paryaavaran sanrakshan key liye karyon key karyakram koo apanaane key saath shuru hui, ney baatchit prakriya key karyanvayan mein kshetra key deshon key liye ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. iss kshetra kii bhagidari koo sammelanon key prastaavon dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, joe sofiya (1995) aur aahas (1998) mein aayojit kiye gaye they. vishesh roop seey, aahas mein, kaar deshon dwara ack kshetriya paryaavaran kaary yojana (kataai) kaa masauda taiyar karna shuru karane kaa nirnay liya gayaa thaa, jise vyaapak roop seey samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa. nape kii prakriya ack mahatvapurna charan thaa, jise kshetra key adhikansh deshon mein shuru kiya gayaa thaa. isane vyaapak aur avaastavik karyakramon seey prathamikta vaale karyon aur daandaataon key saath vyaapak kaam karane kii anumati dee. vartamaan mein, kshetra key desh 2002 mein aine. aaee. aiss. key liye sthaapit isi tarah key karyakramon mein badey paimaane parr bhaag lete hain.
kendriya asia (fasal) key liye kshetriya paryaavaran kaary yojana koo sahaayata aur yuu. aine. ee. pee./yuu. aine. dee. pee. key margadarshan mein vikasit kiya gayaa haye. iska lakshya kshetriya sahyog key bhavishya key liye ack aadhar banaana aur kshetra key deshon key liye prayason key ekikaran kaa haye, jiska uddeshya paryaavaran aur aabaadi kii jeevan sthitiyon kaa sanrakshan karna haye. prathamikta vaale lakshyon koo hull karane key liye upaayon kaa ack samooh vikasit kiya gayaa haye. kaar deshon mein paryaavaran sanrakshan seey sambandhit nimnalikhit pramukh ranneetik lakshyon kii pehchaan kataai key liye kii gaee haih
jall sansaadhan.
madhya asia mein jall kii samasyaaen (sansaadhan, tajgi aur kamee) mukhya mudde hain jinhen sambodhit karane kii aavashyakta haye. aral kshetra mein paryavaraniya, samajik aur aarthik prabhaavon kaa jalmaargon aur oorjaa kii jarooraton parr badaa prabhaav padata haye. jall sansadhanon kii mausami maang mein utaar-chadhaav aur unake asantulit vitaran paraspar virodhi poorv sharton key parinam hain joe iss kshetra key sabhi deshon kii aarthik sthitiyon koo mahatvapurna roop seey prabhaavit karate hain.
swatantra jall upbhoktaon key roop mein aral samudra aur usake aspas key kshetron kii sthiti parr deshon key beach ack samjhaute seey aral besin kii jall chunautiyon koo hull karane aur vibhinn deshon kii jall aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane mein madad milani chaahiye. isaliye, kshetriya star parr ack kanuni dhancha sthaapit karna aise jall-sambandhi sanghrshon koo hull karane mein ack mahatvapurna kaarak honah chaahieh
jall prabandhan kii maujooda kanuni ruprekha kaa nirdhaaran neetigat dastavejon (antarrashtriya jall kaanoonon key saath-saath sthaaniya paramparaon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue) key ack samooh dwara kiya jaanaa chaahiye joe jall prabandhan aur khapat key kshetra mein sahyog key maapdandon koo sakhti seey viniyamit karate hain. ack majboot kanuni dhaanche kii sthaapana ack shram-gahan prakriya haye, jisamen atyadhik kushal visheshagyon, rashtriya visheshagyon aur aam janata kii bhagidari kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
aral samudri besin key liye chinhit muddon kaa vistaar karane key liye, jall sansadhanon key tarksangat upayog aur paryaavaran sanrakshan key kshetra mein vyaapak dayare key saath kaee kshetriya karyakram aur pariyojanaaen taiyar kii jaa rahee hainh
bhoomi aur jall sansadhanon key upayog key kshetra mein kshetriya sahyog.
seema paar jall sansaadhan upayog kii samasyaaen abhee bhee kazakhstan aur padosi deshon, jaise cheeni zana ganarajya, kyrgyzstan, roose aur uzbekistan key beach kshetriya muddon koo hull karane mein atyadhik mahatvapurna hain. desh key samriddh khanij, eendhan, oorjaa aur bhoomi sansadhanon key vikas key liye maujooda jall aapoorti mukhya baadhaon mein seey ack haye.
seema paar jall vibhajan mein nikat kshetriya sahyog sthaapit karane key liye, kazakhstan 4 disambar, 2000 koo "seema paar jall sroton aur antarrashtriya jheelon key sanrakshan aur upayog key sammelan" mein shamil hoe gayaa.
seema paar jalmaargon key kshetra mein caa deshon kaa sahyog.
antarrajyiya jall sambandhon mein sudhaar koo rashtriya suraksha key sandarbh mein ack pramukh mudde key roop mein dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye, vishesh roop seey kazakhstan key dakshini kshetron mein. ifaas (aral samudra koo bachaane key liye antarrashtriya kosh) aur isaki shaakhaon dwara sanchaalit vyaapak gatividhiyon key bavjood, kaar mein seema paar jall sansaadhan vitaran kii tatkaal prakriti lagaatar badh rahee haye.
sirdaria nadee key besin mein jall sansadhanon key vitaran koo viniyamit karane vaale pramukh dastavej hainh
russie sangh key saath seema paar jalmaargon key kshetra mein sahyog.
russie sangh aur kazakhstan key kshetra seey gujarane vaale seema paar jalmaargon kii mahatvapurna matra koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, 27 agast, 1992 koo, orenberg mein seema paar jall suvidhaon key sanyukt upayog aur sanrakshan parr ack antarrajyiya samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye gaye they. yeh samjhauta seema paar jall suvidhaon key sanrakshan aur upayog key kshetra mein sambandhon koo niyantrit kartaa haye. samjhaute key aadhar parr, ack kazakhstan-roose aayog kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, joe jall jalashayon key samanya upayog aur jall grahan seema key vitaran key samay anusuchi koo manjuri detaa haye aur jall prabandhan upayogitaon kii marammat aur sanchaalan key liye upaay vikasit kartaa haye.
chean key saath seema paar jalmaargon key kshetra mein sahyog.
chean key saath seema paar nadiyon key prabandhan key mudde koo hull karane key liye, visheshagyon dwara teen daur kii baatchit kii gaee, jisake parinamswarup donon deshon key beach seema paar nadiyon key liye visheshagyon key ack sanyukt kaary samooh parr praavdhaan koo manjuri dee gaee. visheshagyon key sanyukt kaary samooh kii pahali baithak (6 navambar, 2000 koo almatti mein) mein, seema paar nadiyon kii ack praarambhik soochi parr sahamati bunny aur kaarravaai upaayon kii ack soochi nirdisht kii gaee.
parvatiya paaristhitiki tantra.
nissandeh, parvatiya paaristhitiki tantra key sanrakshan mein ack mahatvapurna charan, ack aisee pariyojana haye joe "madhya asia mein parvatiya kshetron key satat vikas key kshetra mein kshetriya sahyog" (aberd) kii ranneeti kaa prastaav karati haye. isaki pramukh prathamikta nigrani dwara parvatiya kshetron key vyaapak anusandhaan kii suvidha aur samanvaya haye.
bishkek vaishvik parvat shikhar (bgms) (bishkek, 29 octuber-1 navambar, 2002) antarrashtriya parvat varsh kaa pramukh parinam bunn gayaa, jisane antarrashtriya samudaay kaa dhyaan parvatiya kshetron key muddon kii or aakarshit kiya. bishkek parvat munch koo apanaaya gayaa aur ack madhya asiai parvat charter parr hastakshar kiye gaye. madhya asiai parvat charter parr kazakhstan, kyrgyzstan aur tajikistan key paryaavaran sanrakshan mantriyon dwara hastakshar kiye gaye they, jisamen pahaadi kshetron key prabandhan aur upayog parr siddhant, lakshya aur drishtikon shamil they. isamen parvatiya kshetron key sanrakshan aur tarksangat upayog aur ack antarrashtriya vaarta samiti kii sthaapana key liye ack kendriya asiai sammelan kaa masauda taiyar karane kaa bhee irada haye.
asiai vikas baink key samarthan seey, kshetra key deshon ney pahaadon key satat vikas key liye ack kendriya asiai ranneeti vikasit kii haye. kaary samooh kii sthaapana key saath-saath kshetriya karyalaya kendriya asia key kshetriya paryaavaran kendra (rick) key sahyog seey, kshetra key sabhi deshon key liye anukool ranneeti mein sudhaar key liye gatividhiyon kaa sanchaalan kartaa haye. kshetriya parvat kendra (aar. aim. see.) banaane kii aavashyakta koo uchit thaharaaya gayaa haye, jisaki gatividhiyon kaa uddeshya pahaadi kshetron key vishisht muddon koo hull karna haye.
yeh dhyaan dene yogya haye kii iss kshetra mein lakshit aur karyanvit pariyojanaaen-paschimi tian shaan (jee. ee. aff.) kii jaiv vividhata kaa sanrakshan aur altai-saayan parvat paaristhitiki kshetra (jee. ee. aff.) kii jaiv vividhata kaa sanrakshan aur tikaau upayog-parvat paaristhitiki tantra sanrakshan key maujooda muddon key kewal ack chhote seey hisse koo cover karati hain.
jaiv vividhata sanrakshan.
jaiv vividhata sanrakshan aur sanrakshit kshetron key vistaar key liye rashtriya/kshetriya pariyojanaon koo lagu karke, chalaakar aur niyojit karke praakritik dhana key kalyan mein mahatvapurna yogdan diyaa jaataa haye. iss kshetra mein gatividhiyon mein shamil hainh
apashisht prasanskaran suvidhaaen.
kazakhstan mein pahala nagarpalika apashisht prasanskaran sanyantra disambar 2007 mein sthaaniya akimat key samarthan seey almatti mein khola gayaa thaa. nagar nigam key thhos apashisht (aim. aiss. doubleu.) key upayog kaa 90 pratishat bhaag vtorma-paaristhitiki sanyantra mein shamil haye. usa samay almatti prati varsh lagbhag 600 tunn kachra jamaa kartaa thaa. 4.5-5 varshon key dauran, company koo $28 million key nivesh kaa bhugtan karna thaa aur dwiteeyak samagri-paltu flex, plastic chharron, kagaj, lauh aur alauh rahit dhatuon kaa utpaadan karke laagat vasuli taka pahunchana thaa. lekin aarthik sankat key kaaran punarnaveenikaran yogya vastuon kii keemat aaee. dee. 1 seey bhee cumm samay mein gir gaee haye aur sanyantra apani lagaton koo puuraa karane aur "kazkom baink" dwara jaari rinn kaa bhugtan karane mein saksham naheen thaa. octuber 2010 mein sanyantra koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa, vetan kaa bhugtan naa karane kaa aaparaadhik mamla sanyantra key nideshak rustem parmanbekov parr khola gayaa thaa, aur paryaavaran abhiyojak key karyalaya ney 7 million tenz kii raashi mein paryavaraniya nuksan kaa anuman lagaaya thaa.
sitambar 2012 mein aar. key. key nirmaan, awas aur upayogitaon key liye agency ney 10-15 varshon key bheetar kazakhstan key aspas 41 apashisht prasanskaran sanyantron key nirmaan kaa karyakram prastut kiya haye. vishesh roop seey, agency kii yojana 2015 taka 10 sanyantra kholane kii haye.
agency key anusaar, pilot pariyojanaon koo ektobe, atirau, karganda, abai, saaran, shakhtinsk, costane, pavlodar, taldicorgan, taraaz, ust-kamenogorsk, kokshetaau aadi mein shuru kiya jaayega.
inn prayason seey kazakhstan mein thhos apashisht prabandhan key vishisht tantra vikasit karane aur niveshakon koo nivesh key liye ack aur kshetra pradaan karane mein madad milegi.
karyakram key bheetar pahali vastu astana apashisht prasanskaran sanyantra haye, jise octuber 2012 mein kholane kii yojana banaai gaee thee aur prati varsh 400,000 tunn kii utpaadaktaa key saath aim. aiss. doubleu. upayog mein shahar kii sabhi jarooraton koo puuraa karane kii yojana banaai gaee thee. udghaatan samaroh 24 disambar, 2012 koo aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh almatti sanyantra key baad kazakhstan mein doosara apashisht prasanskaran sanyantra haye. astana sanyantra kaa nirmaan spanish praudyogiki key aadhar parr kiya gayaa thaa.
almatti sanyantra key sambandh mein, joe abhee bhee kaam naheen curr rhaa haye, agency kaa daavaa haye kii maalikon koo apani aarthik samasyaon seey khud nipatna hoga.
karyakram mein shinkent shahar bhee shamil haye, jisamen shahar key aavaasiya kshetron key paas swatah badhate kachare key saath ack naatakiya sthiti haye. inn pados key nivaasiyon key liye dump kii nikatata gambhir swaasthya samasyaon mein badal gaee haye. lagaatar dhuein aur jalane kii gandh key kaaran logon koo damaa, bronchitis aadi jaisi beemaariyaan hoe jaati hain.
shimkent mein sanyantra koo 2007 mein banaane kii yojana banaai gaee theeh "nirmaan agale vasant mein shuru honey aur sharad ritu taka samaapt honey key liye nirdhaarit haye",-janwari 2007 mein upa-thekedaar ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. lekin landfill aur anya muddon key chayan mein yojana seey adhik samay lagaa.
kewal disambar 2009 mein shimkent akimat key saath ack nivesh samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye gaye aur bahubhuj aur sanyantra key liye kshetra koo paribhaashit kiya gayaa. 2011 key anta mein yeh phir seey ghoshana kii gaee kii sanyantra kaa nirmaan shuru hoe gayaa haye. nagarpalika bajat mein aavashyak buniyaadi suvidhaon kii jarooraton key liye 43 karod rupaye kaa praavdhaan kiya gayaa haye. varsh key anta taka builders ney lagbhag 20 million tenz kaa adhigrahan kiya.
lekin aprail 2012 mein, akimat ney pariyojana key vittaposhan koo jaari rakhane seey incar curr diyaa. iss samay taka pariyojana abhee bhee thhandi haye. marammat key liye aparyaapt dhana aur kachra dump key kshetra mein sthaayi vriddhi key kaaran sanyantra kaa sanchaalan abb khatare mein haye.
aar. key. key nirmaan, awas aur upayogitaon key liye agency ney pahale shaharon mein pavlodar shahar kaa naam bhee rakhaa haye, jahaan 2015 taka sanyantra banaae jaayenge. iss samay key liye, pavlodar keemat ney ghoshana kii haye kii unhone pahale hii bahubhuj key nirmaan key liye 100 hectare kaa sthaan chuna liya haye. maujooda shahar key kachare parr kaam tainaat honey kii ummeed haye.
karganda mein ack aur sanyantra key nirmaan kii yojana haye. aaj taka, iss pariyojana key prabandhan key liye "tazaa daala" company kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, nirmaan key liye sthaanon aur bahubhuj koo chunaa gayaa haye. abb pariyojana mein bhaag lene key liye kaee bainkon key saath baatchit hoe rahee haye.
anta mein, disambar 2012 mein yeh ghoshana kii gaee kii aadhunik aim. aiss. doubleu. prasanskaran sanyantra kaa nirmaan aeye. bee. aar. dee. key samarthan seey ektaau mein kiya jaaegaah raajya key sampradayik udyam cocketem, ekataau kii apashisht prabandhan company koo 2.4 billion tenz (€12.7 million key barabar) rinn, naee ekikrit yaantrik-javic upchaar suvidha aur ack nae swachchata landfill kaa saha-vittaposhan karega. iss pariyojana koo swachchh praudyogiki kosh dwara saha-vittaposhit kiya jaayega joe 8 million americi dollar kaa rinn pradaan curr rhaa haye.
iss pariyojana koo raajya key bajat seey poonji anudan bhee milega.
koriyai daataa kosh ney lagbhag 300,000 euro pradaan kiye aur ee. bee. aar. dee. sharedharak vishesh kosh pariyojana prabandhan, design, engineering, prashikshan, parichaalan sudhaar aur anya sambaddh kharchon key liye lagbhag 800,000 euro kaa anudan pradaan curr rhaa haye.

