antonio messio grazels

ell. tii. general jose antonio day laa karidad messio vaaee grazels (14 juuna, 1845-7 disambar, 1896) cuba kii swatantrata kii senaa key dusare-inn-kamaand they.
cuba key saathi logon ney messio koo "kansya tytan" () upnaam diyaa, joe unhone yuddh mein kaee baar ghayal honey key baad arjit kiya thaa. spaniards ney messio koo "grater lyon" ("ell leone meyer") key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. 19veen shatabdi key lattin america mein messio sabse ullekhaniya gurilla netaaon mein seey ack they, jinaki tulanaa sainya kaushal mein venezuela key jose antonio pays seey kii jaa sakati haye.
praarambhik varsh.
messio ack venezuelan kisan aur krishi utpaadon key vyaapaari kaa betaa thaa, aur dominican mool kii ack mulatto cuban mahila, mariana grazels vaaee culo thee. unake pitaa jaba abhee bhee ack yuva vyakti they, tou unhone saiman bolivar, jose antonio pays aur anya logon key netritva mein swatantrata key liye balon key khilaf spanish key liye ladaai ladee. 1823 mein, vaha caracas, venezuela seey santiago dee cuba, cuba chaley gaye, jaba unake kuchh sathiyon koo dakshin america seey nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. messio kaa janm 14 juuna, 1845 koo santigo dee cuba key baahar orient praant key saine luis shahar mein ack khet mein huaa thaa, jise sthaaniya loga jobabo key roop mein jaanate they. haalaanki unake pitaa ney unhein hathiyaron key upayog aur unaki chhoti sampattiyon key prabandhan mein kaushal sikhaaya, lekin yeh unaki maan, mariana grazels theen, jinhone unhein vyavastha kii bhavna seey prerit kiya. yeh maatri anushasana messio key charitra key vikas mein mahatvapurna hoga aur baad mein ack sainya netaa key roop mein unake karyon mein parilakshit hoga.
solah saal kii umr mein, messio apane pitaa key liye kaam karane gayaa, khachchar dwara utpaadon aur aapoorti kii. way ack safal udyami aur kisan they. bachchon mein sabse badey honey key naate, unhein apane pitaa key netritva key guna viraasat mein mille aur baad mein way ack sammaanit senapati bunn gaye. messio ney apane samay key raajneetik muddon mein sakriya ruchi vikasit kii aur freemasonary key rahasyon mein shuru kiya gayaa. cuba kaa freemasonary andolan francisi kranti key siddhanton-"swatantrata, samaantaa aur bandhutva"-key saath-saath rajmistri key mukhya dishaanirdeshonh bhagwan, kaaran, sadgun seey prabhaavit thaa.
duss saal kaa yuddh (1868-78).
10 octuber, 1868 key lagbhag dou saptah baad, carlos manual dee sespeeds key netritva mein spen key khilaf vidroh, jise "yaara kaa roya" ("ell gritto dee yaara") key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, messio, apane pitaa aur bhaaiyon key saath yuddh mein shamil hoe gaye. mariana grazels, apane parivaar key sadasyon kaa anusaran "manigua" (jangal aur sabse ghaney graameen ilaakon) mein karati thee taaki 19veen shatabdi mein cuba key vidrohiyon koo samarthan diyaa jaa sakey. duss saal kaa yuddh shuru honey parr messio niji key roop mein soochibaddh hue. paanch maheene key bheetar, antonio messio koo commander (yaa mejar) key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa, aur usake kuchh hii hafton key bheetar unhein phir seey leftinent curnell key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa.
curnell key roop mein padonnati key baad, aur paanch saal baad unhein brigadier general key pada parr padonnat kiya gayaa kyonki unaki bahaduri aur spanish senaa koo pachhaadane kii kshamata thee. messio ney 500 seey adhik ladaaiyon mein bhaag liya. haalaanki, messio kii vinamra utpatti aur usaki twacha key rung ney mukhya roop seey ack kuleen yaa poonjipati mool key kaee anya deshbhakton kii naslavaadi aur varg vishishtata kii pravritti key kaaran, pramukh general key pada taka unaki vriddhi mein deree kii. messio kii kamaan mein purushon ney unhein "kansya tytan" kahana shuru curr diyaa, kyonki unaki asadharan shaaririk shakti aur goli yaa blade kii choton key prati pratirodh thaa. vaha lagbhag 500 sainya ladaaiyon key dauran 25 seey adhik yuddh choton seey uber gayaa, aur messio key kissy bhee ghaav ney apane sainikon koo yuddh mein netritva karane kii unaki ichcha koo cumm naheen kiya.
unhein pramukh aur yuddh shikshak key roop mein, mahaan dominican rannitikar maximo gomez kii vishesh maanyata aur prashansa thee, joe aaney vaale varshon mein cuba kii muktidata senaa key general-inn-cheef bunn jaayenge. spanish talwar (agneyastron aur golaa-barud kii kamee key kaaran bhee) key vikalp key roop mein gomez dwara yuddh key hathiyar key roop mein hathaude kaa upayog messo aur usake sainikon dwara teji seey apanaaya gayaa thaa.
antonio messio ney lagunas dee varona aur saanta rita key sainya pralobhan koo khariz curr diyaa, jisane swatantrata sainikon kii ekataa koo kamjor curr diyaa aur laas vilaa mein ack kshetriyata kaa samarthan kiya. yeh vicent garcia gonzalez dwara pradarshit netritva kii shally key vipareet thaa, jinhone lines key peechhe seey yojana banaane key paksh mein agrim pankti key veerata koo chhod diyaa, aur jinhone algaav key liye ack kshetriya drishtikon kii bhee vakaalat kii. vibhaajanvaad aur garsia key aspasht designs koo messio dwara spasht roop seey khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa jaba poorv ney ack "naee krantikari sarkaar" key gathan key liye samarthan manga thaa.
vibhajan, kshetriyata aur anushaasanheentaa kranti key patan key mukhya kaaran they, jinamen seey spanish general arsenio martinez-campos vaaee antone, joe pahale seey hii cuba key kaptan general naamit they, ney kaafee laabh uthaaya. ack sammaanit adhikaari, unhone shatruta key anta key badale mein shaanti kii guaranti, krantikari purushon key liye maafi aur kanuni sudhaaron kii peshkash kii, joe pahale seey hii 10 saal (1878 mein) taka chala chuka thaa. usee samay, spanish sarkaar ney ghatate cuba key vidrohi balon koo gherne key liye adhik balon kii ekagrata jaari rakhee.
antonio messio una adhikaariyon mein seey ack they jinhone zaanzan key samjhaute parr hastakshar karane kaa virodh kiya, jisase duss saal kaa yuddh samaapt hoe gayaa. unhone aur anya "membises" (swatantrata sanic) ney shaanti sharton parr charcha karane key liye 15 march, 1878 koo general martinez-campos seey mulakat kii, lekin messio ney tark diyaa kii yadi yuddh key uddeshyon mein seey koee bhee puuraa naheen huaa hotaa tou koee shaanti praapt naheen kii jaa sakati thee; inn uddeshyon mein pramukh cuba aur cuba kii swatantrata mein gulami kaa unmoolan thaa. ekmatra tatkaal laabh sangharsh mein shamil logon key liye maafi aur una kaale sainikon key liye swatantrata thee joe "muktidata senaa" mein ladey they."messio ney sandhi koo vaidh key roop mein maanyata naheen dee aur prastaavit maafi kaa paalan naheen kiya. yeh baithak, jise baragua key virodh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, taba shuru hui jaba ack anya cuba key uchch padasth adhikaari seey ack doot koo messio bheja gayaa, jisane spanish general key khilaf ghaat lagaane kaa prastaav rakhaa. messio ney yojana koo aswikar curr diyaa, aur sajishkarta banane vaale koo patra key madhyam seey soochit kiyaah "aggar yeh upman key saath jaataa haye tou main jeet naheen chaahata."
sakshatkar (kuchh dinon) key liye sangharsh viram key samay kaa sammaan karane key baad, messio ney phir seey shatruta shuru curr dee. unaki zaan bachaane key liye cuba ganarajya kii sarkaar ney unhein baahar seey ack abhiyaan key liye dhana, hathiyar aur loga ikattha karane kaa kaam diyaa. messio kii harkatein bekaar theen. haalaanki, nirvaasit sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon kii nirasha key kaaran joe zaanzan samjhaute seey nakhush they.
baad mein 1879 mein, messio aur mejar general calicto garsia annigase ney newyork seey cuba parr ack nae aakraman kii yojana banaai, jisane alpakaalik chhote yuddh kii shuruat kii. messio ney inn ladaaiyon mein vyaktigat roop seey ladaai naheen ladee, kyonki unhone sarvocch commander key roop mein calixto garsia koo bheja thaa. isase cuba key saathi adhikaariyon key naslavaadi purvagrahon koo badhaane seey bachaa gayaa joe spanish prachaar seey bhadak gaye they. spanish ney yeh dhaarana banaane kii koshish kii kii messio safed cuban key khilaf nasleeya yuddh shuru karane kii koshish curr rhaa thaa, halanki unake prachaar prayason seey messio kii pratishtha koo bahut cumm nuksan pahuncha.
faldaayi yuddhaviram (1879-1895).
haiti mein ack chhote seey pravaas key baad, jahan unakaa peechha spanish logon ney kiya aur spanish vanijya dutaavaason dwara hatyaa key prayason kaa saamana karna padaa, aur jamaika mein bhee, messio antatah guanacast key costa rican praant mein buss gayaa. costa rica key adhyaksh ney ack sainya ikai koo messio saunpa aur usey rahane key liye ack chhota saa khet pradaan kiya. messio seey jose marty ney sampark kiya aur 1895 key yuddh koo shuru karane kaa aagrah kiya, jise marty ney "aavashyak yuddh" kahaa.
messio ney pichhali krantikari viphaltaon seey praapt anubhav aur gyaan key saath tark diyaa kii duss saal key yuddh (1868-78) mein aanshik haar key karanon key baare mein chetavani dete hue, marty key saath ack sankshipt lekin teevra patra-vinimay mein sainya safalata mein kaee baadhaaen theen. marty ney apane sootra "senaa, swatantra; lekin desh, apani sabhi garima key saath ack desh key roop mein pratinidhitva kiya" key saath jawab diyaa, aur yadi yuddh koo saavdhaanipoorvak taiyar kiya jaanaa haye tou safalata kii uchch sambhaavanaon key baare mein aashvast kiya. ack poorv shart key roop mein, messio ney maang kii kii sarvocch kamaan gomez key haathon mein honey chaahiye, jise cuba krantikari party (marty) key pratinidhi dwara aarakshan key binaa anumodit kiya gayaa thaa. costa rica mein, unhone ack theatre seey baahar nikalane parr spanish agents dwara hatyaa key ack aur prayaas kaa saamana kiya, jiska ack hamlawar key liye ghaatak parinam thaa.
cuba kii swatantrata kaa yuddh.
1895 mein, flore crombate aur anya chhote adhikaariyon key saath, messio baracoa (cuba key purvi chhor key karib) key aspas utar gayaa aur usey pakadane yaa maarne key spanish prayaas koo peechhe hataane key baad, vaha usa kshetra key pahaadon mein ghus gayaa. kaee kathinaaiyon key baad, vaha sashastr purushon kii ack chhoti tukadi koo ikattha karane mein kamyab rhaa, joe teji seey santiago dee cuba kshetra key anya vidrohi samoohon key saath badhata gayaa. laa mejorana" key khet mein, messio kii ack aitihaasik, lekin durbhagyapurna, gomez aur marty key saath baithak hui, kyonki unake aur marty key beach asahamati key kaaran, sainya andolanon aur nagrik sarkaar key beach sambandhon key sawal key sambandh mein, jisake khilaf samvidhaan messio thaa, lekin marty, samasya key donon pakshon koo jaanate hue, apane sootra parr khade they. kaee dinon baad, massio dwara ack gair-sainya "doctor" key roop mein ilaaj kiye jaane vaale marty, doss reos (contramastre aur koto nadiyon key beach sangam) mein yuddh mein gir jaate.
gomez koo cuba kii mukti senaa key pramukh key roop mein naamit kiye jaane key baad, messio koo leftinent general (general inn cheef key baad kamaand mein doosara) naamit kiya gayaa thaa. mango dee baragua (martinez-campos key saamane aitihaasik virodh kaa sthaan) seey shuru hocker, dou lambe mambis collum kii kamaan parr messio aur gomez ney cuba key paschim parr aakraman karane, 96 dinon mein 1000 meal seey adhik kii sawari karane yaa chalane kaa kaam shandar tareeke seey kiya. kaee maheenon taka khoon bahane key baad hawana aur pinar dell riyo mein spanish senaayen octuber 1896 mein cuba key paschimi chhor mein mantua pahunchi, kaee baar takniki aur sankhyaatmak roop seey spanioreds kii behtar senaaon (maukon parr cuba kii senaaon seey paanch gunaa) koo haraane key baad.
baari-baari seey gurilla aur khule yuddh kii ranneeti kaa upayog karate hue, unhone ack chauthai million seey adhik sainikon kii spanish senaa koo thakaa diyaa aur poore dweep koo paar kiya, yahaan taka kii spanish senaa dwara banaae gaye sainya raaston, divaaron aur baadon key madhyam seey bhee unhein rokane key uddeshya seey aur spaniard kii bhaari takniki aur sankhyaatmak shreshthata seey nipatane key liye. cuba kii senaaon key samanvaya aur samanjasya kaa star iss tathya seey prerit thaa kii maximo gomez ney spasht roop seey ack adesh kii shrinkhala sthaapit kii thee joe sabhi pramukh generalon koo unake karyakari adhikaari massio key adheen curr detee thee.
paschimi cuba parr aakraman kaa prayaas pahale brigadier general heinry reev ney duss saal key yuddh key dauran kiya thaa, lekin matanza praant key sabse purvi hisse aur hawana praant key sabse paschimi hisse key beach ladkhadaayaa (aur dhwast) aur reev nasht hoe gayaa. usa samay messio ney maximo gomez key nirdeshan mein reev key saath sahyog kiya thaa.
swatantrata key liye utsukta aur spanish uchch adhikaariyon kii krurta ney dweep key paschimi aadhe key graameen nivaasiyon koo purushon mein samarthan aur mukti senaa koo rasad dene key liye utsuk curr diyaa. valeriano wheeler dwara punah kendrit karane key liye yeh sanstha kaa kaaran thaa. inn teen praanton key kaee chhote shaharon key alawa saikadon hajaaron kisaanon koo jabaran shaharon, mukhya roop seey hawana, pinar dell riyo aur matanza mein leey jaaya gayaa. unake liye banaae gaye yaatana shiviron mein, baad mein europe mein naziyon dwara banaae gaye shiviron key samaan, cuba kii graameen aabaadi key lagbhag ack tihai hisse ney apani zaan ganwa dee.
wheeler kii apekshaon key vipareet, kroor punroddhar ney kaee logon koo mukti senaa mein shamil honey key liye protsaahit kiya, bhookh seey marane kii bajaay yuddh mein marna pasand kiya. 1896 mein, hawana mein gomez seey milane key baad (ack baar phir maryl seey majaana taka key raaste koo paar karate hue), vaha pinar dell riyo key kheton mein laut aaya, jahan usey sankhya seey adhik balon key saath khooni jhadapon kaa saamana karna padaa, jiska netritva spen key generalon ney kiya, joe africa aur phillippeans mein apani jeet key liye prasiddh they, aur topkhaane aur mausar boult-action rifle sahit paidal senaa key liye sabse aadhunik hathiyar pradaan kiye. cuba key sabse paschimi pahaadon mein spanish balon koo nasht karane key baad, messio phir seey poorv kii or muda gayaa, laas vilaa yaa camague kii yatra karane key liye ullikhit pagadandi koo paar kiya. vahaan vaha yuddh key poorvavarti pathyakram kii yojana banaane key liye gomez seey milane kii yojana banaa rhaa thaa, aur sarkaar key saath hathiyaron mein, dou mukhya vishayon key sambandh mein, isake aur kaarravaai mein balon key beach ack samjhauta sthaapit karane key liyeh mukti senaa mein madhyam aur uchch adhikaariyon kii rising aur videshon dwara yuddh kii maanyata aur pratyaksh sainya sahaayata kii sweekriti. usa samay unaki sthiti, europe yaa yahaan taka kii sanyukt raajya america seey bhee hathiyaron aur golaa-barud key saath aarthik sahaayata aur packages koo sweekaar karane key saath sahmat thee, lekin cuba mein america dwara seedhe sainya hastakshep key liye swatantrata andolan mein cuban dwara sweekriti kaa dridhata seey virodh kiya gayaa thaa.
mrityu.
gomez aur sarkaar key saath baithak kii unaki yojanaaen kabhi naheen huin. 7 disambar, 1896 koo, punta brava key aspas, messio saine pedro key khet mein aage badh rhaa thaa, kewal apane vyaktigat anurakshak (dou yaa teen loga), apane mukhyalaya key chikitsak (jinhone apani sthiti spanish curnell francisco sirugeda koo betch dee), brigade general jose miro arganter, aur bees seey adhik purushon kii ack chhoti tukadi key saath. jaba unhone una bhoomi key madhyam seey ghodon key march koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye ack baad kaatane kaa prayaas kiya, tou unhein ack majboot spanish stambh dwara paaya gayaa, jisane ack teevra aag lagaa dee. messio koo dou goliyaan luggy theen, ack chhaati mein aur doosara joe uska jabada todkar usaki khopadi mein ghus gayaa. unake saathi unhein agni ladaai kii teevrata aur messio key aakar key kaaran leey naheen jaa sakey. unake paas rahane vaalaa ekmatra vidrohi unake sahayak-dee-camp leftinent francisco gomez toro (jinhen panchito key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) they, joe maximo gomez key bete they, jinhone apane general key shareer kii raksha key ekmatra uddeshya seey spanish collum kaa saamana kiya thaa. kaee baar goli lagane key baad, spaniard ney gomez koo hathaudon seey maar daala, donon shavon koo chhod diyaa, aur girane vaale kii pehchaan naheen thee.
agale dinn curnell aranguren ney messio aur panchito kii laashon koo hawana seey uthaaya, joe khabar sunkar turant yuddh sthal parr bhaag gaye. baad mein unhein dou bhaaiyon key khet mein gupt roop seey dafnaya gayaa, jinhone cuba key swatantra honey aur samvaadaata sainya sammaan naayak koo diye jaane taka dafan sthaan koo gupt rakhane kii kasam khaai. aajkal, antonio messio vaaee grazels aur francisco gomez toro key avashesh hawana key dakshin mein smaarak ell cacahual mein sthit hain, joe saine pedro key poorv khet kii seema key karib haye, aur yeh sthal cuba key logon dwara teerthyatraon mein seey ack haye. vidvaanon kaa kahana haye kii messio kii mrityu cuba key deshbhakton key liye utani hii dardanaak thee jitani kii marty kii.
viraasat.
cuba key swatantrata andolan mein ack sanic aur rajneta key roop mein unaki bhoomika key alawa, messio ack prabhaavshaali raajneetik rannitikar aur sainya yojnakar they, aur jose marty cuba key netaaon mein seey hain joe messio seey prerit they. chinai key sadasya honey key naate, apane patrachar mein koee bhee vyakti "bhagwan, kaaran aur sadgun" parr apane vishvaas koo ack seey adhik baar padh sakata haye. unakaa ack sakht aadarsh vaakya thaah "desh key prati aur merey apane raajneetik vishvaas key prati merey kartavya sabhi maanviya prayason seey oopar hain; inke saath main swatantrata key stambh taka pahunch jaaoonga yaa main apane desh key uddhaar key liye ladate hue nasht hoe jaaoonga."(3 navambar, 1890). marty ney unake baare mein baat karate hue kahaa kii "messio key sir mein utani hii taakat haye jitani usaki baahon mein haye."
loktaantrik raajneetik paalan key liye, unhone kaee baar sarkaar key gantantra roop key liye apani sahaanubhooti vyakt kii, lekin francisi kranti key prasiddh lekin lagbhag kabhi lagu naheen kiye gaye siddhanton koo yaad karate hue aur samajik nyaay kii khoj parr ack neeti koo paribhaashit karate hue "swatantrata; samaantaa aur bhaichare" key sootra kii maang parr jore diyaa. faldaayi yuddhaviram key dauran santiago dee cuba kii ack bahut hii chhoti yatra mein ack ratribhoj baithak mein honey key kaaran, unhein ack bhojan banaane key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa aur ack yuvak dwara cuba koo sanyukt raajya mein jodane aur cuba koo cuba mein badalane kii ichcha key liye ack vakyansh kahaa gayaa thaa...sanyukt raajya key nakshatr mein ack aur taaraa...". uska jawab thaah mujhe lagata haye, yuvak, kii yeh ekmatra avsar hoga jisamen main apani talwar koo spanish talvaaron key saath ack hii taraf rakhunga."aur uttari americi vistaarvaad key vikas kaa purvanuman lagaate hue, (vaha cuba key hathiyaron kii apariharya jeet key baare mein poori tarah seey aashvast thaa), unhone hathiyaron key ack mitra koo ack patra mein vyakt kiyaah" vaha (desh) joe cuba koo jabt karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye, aggar vaha ladaai mein nasht naheen hotaa haye, tou vaha khoon seey lathpath apani jameen kii dhool ikattha karega."
smaarak.
messio key smarakon mein santigo dee cuba mein aur ack anya hawana mein, malecon aur centro habana mein hermanos ameejiras aspatal key saamane key beach shamil hain.
messio key shahar, kentucky kaa naam bhee unake sammaan mein rakhaa gayaa haye.

