
alaska mool dharm

paaramparik alaska mool dharm mein logon aur aatmaon, aatmaon aur anya amar praniyon key beach madhyasthata shamil haye. iss tarah kii maanyataaen aur prathaaen kabhi inuit (innupiate sahit), yupik, alleut aur uttar-paschimi tateey bhaaratiya sanskritiyon key beach vyaapak theen, lekin aaj cumm aam hain. jaba pahala pramukh jaatiya anusandhaan kiya gayaa thaa, taba way pahale seey hii kaee samoohon key beach girawat mein they. udaaharan key liye, 19veen shatabdi key anta mein, sagadlock, antim chikitsa vyakti jise taba angreji mein "dhruviya eskimo" kahaa jaataa thaa, kii mrityu hoe gaee; maanaa jaataa thaa kii vaha akash aur samudra key neeche yatra karane mein saksham thaa, aur vaha ventriloquism aur sleet-off-haind kaa upayog karane key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa.
eskimo" shabd kanada aur greenland mein pasand seey baahar hoe gayaa haye, jahan ise apmaanjanak maanaa jaataa haye aur isake bajaay "inuit" kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, "eskimo" koo abhee bhee yupik aur inupiac (inuit) viraasat key kuchh alaska mool nivaasiyon key beach sweekarya maanaa jaataa haye aur kabhi-kabhi saamoohik sandarbh key roop mein "inuit" parr pasand kiya jaataa haye.
inuit aur yupik bhaashaaen eskimo-elute bhasha parivaar key bheetar ack shakha kaa gathan karati hain aur elute bhasha doosari haye. (cyronic eskimo bhasha koo kabhi-kabhi teesari shakha key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye lekin kabhi-kabhi yupik bhaashaon mein seey ack key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.)
angakkook aur anya aadhyatmik madhyasth.
adhikansh alaska mool sanskritiyon mein paaramparik roop seey aadhyatmik chikitsak yaa aupchaarik vyakti kaa kuchh roop hotaa haye joe aatmaon aur samudaay key manushyon key beach madhyasthata kartaa haye. maanaa jaataa haye kii iss bhoomika koo puuraa karane vaalaa vyakti sahayak aatmaon koo adesh dene mein saksham haye, pauranik praniyon seey poochhen (ee.jee., natillic inuit aur awaa key kathan mein taknaluk-arnaluk key beach nooliyuk) jaanvaron kii aatmaon koo "mukt" karane key liye, shikaar kii safalata koo saksham karane key liye, yaa beemar logon koo unaki "chori kii" aatmaon koo vaapas laakar thheek karane key liye.
inuit mein iss vyakti koo "angakkook" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. cyberian yupikon key "sanrekhan" () kaa russie aur angreji saahitya mein "shaman" key roop mein anuvaad kiya gayaa haye. jabaki "shaman" shabd tungusik bhasha seey aataa haye, iska upayog kabhi-kabhi maanavvigyaani alascan mool maanyataon kaa varnan karate samay karate hain. haalaanki, adhikansh paaramparik loga apani, paaramparik mool bhaashaon mein paaee jaane vaali shabdawali kaa upayog karna pasand karate hain.
alaska key mool nivaasiyon key beach paaramparik aadhyatmik vishvaas kuchh visheshtaon koo pradarshit karate hain joe jeevaad mein adharit sanskritiyon mein saarvbhaumik naheen hain, jaise kii kuchh samoohon mein aatma dwaitvaad (aatma kii ack dwaitvaadi yaa bahulvaadi avadharana), aur jeevit, shikaar kiye gaye jaanvaron aur mrit logon kii aatmaon key beach vishisht sambandh. kissy vyakti yaa khel key janwar kii mrityu key liye aavashyak haye kii unaki aatma koo nuksan pahunchaane seey rokane key liye kaatane aur silai jaisi kuchh gatividhiyon seey bachaa jaae. greenland mein, iss "mrityu varjana" kaa ullanghan mritakon kii aatma koo ack "tupilak" mein badal sakata haye, ack bechain bhoot joe khel koo daraata haye. jaanvaron koo una shikariyon seey bhaagne key liye socha jaataa thaa jinhone varjanaon kaa ullanghan kiya thaa.
chugach aadhyatmik chikitsak shareer seey baahar key anubhav key baad apana kaam shuru curr sakate hain, jaise kii khud koo ack kankal key roop mein dekhana, jiska udaaharan auaa (igluc) key kathan aur ack becker jheel kii kalaakriti mein milata haye.
vishesh bhasha.
kuchh alaska key mool samudaayon mein, aadhyatmik logon ney vishesh rupakon aur bhaashan shailiyon key saath samudaay kii samanya bhasha key ack vishisht pracheen sanskaran kaa upayog kiya haye. udaaharan key liye, "chhaaya puck rahee haye" kaa arth haye kii upchaarak "satra" key dauran apani aadhyatmik yatra seey laut rhaa haye. visheshagya upcharakon koo poore vaakya bolane key liye kahaa gayaa haye joe sthaaniya bhasha key bhaashan seey alag hain. cyberian yupik logon key beach shamanon kii ack vishesh bhasha thee jisamen vastuon aur ghatnaaon key naamon key liye periphrastic pratisthaapan kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa; way iska upayog ('aatmaon') key saath baatchit key liye karate they. maanaa jaataa thaa kii inn aatmaon mein samanya shabdon key kuchh vikalp key saath ack vishesh bhasha hoti haye ("drum key saath ack": "shaman"; "joe daanton key saath": "valrus"). ungazighamit (ack cyberian yupik loga) mein kuchh abhivyaktiyon kaa ack vishesh roopak upayog thaa.
kanak mein ack samudaay mein "angakkook" sorkak key aagaman koo dekhate hue, peater fruchen usa mamle mein prerana kii vyakhya karate hainh iss mamle mein, vishesh bhasha koo poore samudaay dwara samajha gayaa thaa, naa kii "angakkoot" yaa kuchh "visheshagyon" taka seemit thaa.
kuchh samoohon mein aise roopon kaa upayog taba kiya jaataa thaa jaba "angakkook" dwara ahwan kiye gaye aatmaon key saath aur gair-samajik shishuon key saath baat kii jaati thee joe maan dwara kiye gaye ack vishesh samaroh key madhyam seey maanav samaaj mein vikasit hue they. kuchh lekhakon ney donon ghatnaaon koo "videshi" praniyon key saath sanchaar key liye ack bhasha key roop mein maanaa haye (maataon ney kabhi-kabhi ack samajik anushthaan mein samaan bhasha kaa upayog kiya haye, jisamen navjat koo thodaa "videshi" maanaa jaataa haye-jaise aatma yaa pashu aatma). aatma aur "vaastavik" maanav key beach antar kaa rupankan ungazigmit kii ack kahani mein maujood haye.
vishesh bhasha aur prasangikta mein isake yogdan kaa ack aur dilchasp udaaharan haih
takneek.
takneek aur samaroh sanskritiyon key beach bhinn hotey hain. darshakon koo prabhaavit karane key liye haath kii chaal, ventriloquism kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. kuchh sanskritiyon mein "angakkook" koo seans seey pahale pinn kiya gayaa thaa, yaa "angakkook" ack parde key peechhe chhip sakata haye. lamp bujhaakar andhere mein aasan koo pakadana anivarya naheen thaa, lekin setting parichit aur vyaapak thee.
kuchh lekhakon kaa sujhaav haye kii ack "angakkook" apani chaalon mein imandar hoe sakata haye, una ghatnaaon mein vishvaas curr sakata haye joe usane khud nakal kii thee, isake alawa, vaha sachet roop seey dhokha dey sakata thaa aur usee samay imandari seey vishvaas curr sakata thaa. nud rasmussen ney raajaa villium dweep mein rahane vaale ack yuva nacilic inuit arnakaok kaa ullekh kiya. unhone khud koo ack muhar yaa raindear key khoon seey dhona, logon koo bataate hue kii unaki aatmaon key saath ladaai thee. rasmussen ney anuman lagaaya kii vaha imandari seey iss aatmik yuddh key anubhav mein vishvaas curr sakata haye jise usane dhabba lagaane vaale rakt key saath nakal kiya. iss vyakti key baare mein rasmussen kii vyaktigat dhaarana yeh thee kii vaha taakton aur aatmaon mein vishvaas kartaa thaa. jaise hii rasmussen ney unhein apane anubhavon key baare mein kuchh tasveeren kheenchane key liye kahaa, yahaan taka kii aatmaon key baare mein unake darshan bhee, arankaok pahale aisaa karane key liye taiyar naheen they (aatmaon kaa darr honey key kaaran). baad mein unhone iss kaary koo sweekaar curr liya, aur unhone apane darshan koo phir seey anubhav karane key liye ghanton bitaaye, kabhi-kabhi itane spasht roop seey kii jaba unakaa puuraa shareer hilane lagaa tou unhein chitra banaana bund karna padaa.
samajik sthiti.
angakkook" aur samanya vyakti key beach kii seema hamesha spasht roop seey seemankit naheen kii gaee haye. gair-"angakkook" matibhram kaa anubhav curr sakata haye, aur lagbhag harr alaska mool nivasi bhooton, maanav roop mein jaanvaron, yaa dooradraj key sthaanon mein rahane vaale chhote logon kii yaadon kii report curr sakata haye. burf yaa pattharon seey awazon koo sunane jaise anubhavon parr rosemarra key shikaar key romanch kii tarah aasaani seey charcha kii gaee. naa hii "angakkuit" (sammaan, divaswapna, yahaan taka kii trance bhee gair-"angakkuit" dwara agyaat naheen they) kaa ekadhikar, aur unhein anubhav karane vaale aam logon (gair-"angakkuit") kaa apane anubhavon aur vyakhyaon koo report karane key liye swaagat thaa. madad karane vaali aatmaon koo rakhane aur adesh dene kii kshamata "angakkuit" kii visheshta thee, lekin aam loga tabij key upayog key madhyam seey aatmik shaktiyon seey bhee laabh uthaa sakate they. ack charam udaaharan mein ack netsilingmute bachche key paas suraksha key liye 80 tabij they. kuchh aam logon mein vishvaas pranali key vishesh praniyon key saath ghanishth sambandhon key liye dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik kshamata thee; yeye loga aksar prashikshu "angakkuit" they joe apani seekhane kii prakriya koo puuraa karane mein whiffle rahey.
samudaay mein bhoomika.
kuchh sanskritiyon mein, "angakkoot" kaee karyon koo puuraa curr sakata haye, jisamen upchaar, baanjh mahilaaon kaa ilaaj aur shikaar kii safalata koo surakshit karna shamil haye. inn asambandhit prateet honey vaale karyon koo aatma kii avadharana key madhyam seey samajha jaa sakata haye, joe kuchh bhinnataon key saath, unhein aadhar banaati haye.
aatma dwaitvaad kaee sanskritiyon (eskimo, euralic, turkey logon sahit) mein aayojit kiya jaataa haye. aisee maanyataon key nishan hain kii manushyon mein ack seey adhik aatmaaen hain. vivaran mein sanskriti key anusaar bhinnataaen hain. kaee mamalon mein, ack "mukt" aatma aur ack "shareer" aatma koo alag kiya jaataa haih mukt aatma shareer koo chhod sakati haye (jeevan key dauran), shareer aatma shareer key karyon kaa prabandhan karati haye. kaee alaska mool sanskritiyon mein, yeh "angakkook" kii "mukt aatma" haye joe inn aatmik yaatraon (mrit kii bhoomi, samudri mahila key ghar yaa chandrama jaise sthaanon parr) koo anjam detee haye, jabaki uska shareer jeevit rahata haye. ack spashteekaran key anusaar, chikitsak kii mukt aatma kii iss asthaayi anupasthiti seey ack pratisthaapan dwara nipata jaataa haih chikitsak key shareer koo aatma kii yatra key dauran usaki/usaki sahayak aatmaon mein seey ack dwara sanrakshit kiya jaataa haye. ack kahani mein yeh rupankan haye joe swatantra aatma aur usaki sahaayata karane vaali aatmaon dwara kii gaee ack aatmik yatra kaa varnan kartaa haye.
jaba ack nayaa "angakkook" pahali baar shuru kiya jaataa haye, tou aarambhakarta nae "angakkook" kii mukt aatma koo nikaalata haye aur ise sahayak aatmaon seey parichit karaata haye taaki jaba nayaa "angakkook" unhein bulaata haye tou way sunein; ack anya spashteekaran key anusaar (joe kii iglic "angakkook", aaa) prashikshu key mahatvapurna angon kii aatmaon koo sahayak aatmaon mein jaanaa chaahieh nae "angakkook" koo apani naee sahayak aatmaon key darshan kaa darr mahsoos naheen karna chaahiye.
pashu.
haalaanki manushyon aur jaanvaron koo paaramparik roop seey paraspar vinimeya key roop mein naheen dekhaa jaataa haye, lekin manushya aur janwar key beach ekataa kii dichronical dhaaranaaen hainh ack pracheen samay key baare mein kalpanaaen jaba janwar apani ichcha seey maanav roop leey sakata thaa-yeh buss apani agra-bhuja yaa pankh koo apane chehare parr uthaa letaa thaa aur ise ack taraf uthaa letaa thaa. samaroh iss pracheen ekataa koo sanrakshit karane mein madad curr sakate hainh ack nakabposh vyakti janwar kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye aur jaise hii vaha mukhauta uthaata haye, usa janwar kaa maanav astitva prakat hotaa haye. alaska key mool nivaasiyon key beach mask kaee karyon koo puuraa curr sakate hain. maanav aur pashu key beach ullikhit ekataa koo darshaane vaale "parivartan mask" bhee hain.
kuchh inuit samoohon mein, jaanvaron key baare mein maanaa jaa sakata haye kii unaki prajaatiyon mein aatmaaen saajha kii jaati hain.
namkaran.
kuchh samoohon mein, shishuon kaa naam mrit rishtedaron key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. yeh iss vishvaas seey samarthit hoe sakata haye kii bachche key vikaasheel, kamjor aatma koo ack "naam-aatma" dwara "samarthit" kiya jaanaa chaahieh divangat naam-aatma kaa ahwan karna joe taba kishoravastha taka bachche key saath aur margadarshan karega. naam-aatmaon koo viraasat mein paane kii yeh avadharana kuchh samoohon key beach ack prakaar key punarjanm key barabar haye, jaise kii caribou alascan mool nivasi.
ungazighmi kii ack kahani mein, ack boodhi aurat beemar honey, marane aur phir ack ladke, ack shikari key roop mein "aaney" kii ichcha vyakt karati haye. usaki mrityu key baad vishisht taiyari key baad, ack navjat shishu kaa naam usake naam parr rakhaa jaayega. isi tarah kaee anya eskimo sanskritiyon key samaan, cyberian yupik key beach ack navjat shishu key naam dene kaa matlab thaa kii ack mrit vyakti prabhaavit thaa, ack nishchit punarjanm maanaa jaataa thaa. bachche key janm seey pahale bhee, saavdhaanipoorvak jaanch kii gaeeh sapanon aur ghatnaaon kaa vishleshan kiya gayaa. janm key baad, bachche key shaaririk lakshnon kii tulanaa mritak vyakti key shaaririk lakshnon seey kii gaee. naam mahatvapurna thaah yadi bachche kii mrityu hoe gaee, tou yeh socha gayaa kii usane "sahee" naam naheen diyaa haye. bimari key mamle mein, yeh ummeed kii gaee thee kii atirikt naam dene seey upchaar hoe sakata haye.
gopaniyata (yaa naveenata) aur prachaar kaa tatasth prabhaav.
yeh kaee sandarbhon mein maanaa jaataa thaa kii kissy kaary yaa vastu (yaa tou laabhkaari yaa hanikarak, ichchit yaa aakasmik) key prabhaavi honey key liye gopaniyata yaa gopaniyata kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye aur yeh kii prachaar isake prabhaavon koo beasar curr sakata haye.
angakkuit" key kuchh karyon koo gopaniyata banaam prachaar kii iss dhaarana key aalok mein samajha jaa sakata haye. bimari kaa kaaran aamtaur parr aatma kii chori yaa kuchh varjana kaa ullanghan (jaise garbhpaat) maanaa jaataa thaa. saarvajanik sweekaarokti (saarvajanik baithak key dauran shaman key netritva mein) rogi koo raahat dey sakati haye. isi tarah key saarvajanik anushthaanon kaa upayog varjit ullanghanon key mamalon mein kiya gayaa thaa joe poore samudaay koo khatare mein daalate they (aapadaon kaa kaaran banane vaale pauranik praniyon kaa krodh laate hue).
kuchh udaharanon mein, jadui sootra kii dakshata unaki naveenata parr nirbhar curr sakati haye. ack srishti mithak iss tarah kii shakti koo nae banaae gaye shabdon key liye shreya detaa haye, kii way apane kewal uchchaaran seey turant sach hoe gaye. vyavhaar mein bhee, ack hii sootra key bahut adhik upayog key parinamswarup unaki shakti khou sakati haye. ack record key anusaar, ack vyakti koo ack behad khatarnak sthiti mein apane sabhi jaadoo key sootron kaa upayog karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa, aur isake parinamswarup usaki sabhi sansoochak kshamataaen khou gaeen. jaisa kii chhote diomed dweep seey bataaya gayaa haye, whale kii aatma koo khush karane key liye aayojit samaroh key liye niyamit roop seey nae geeton kii aavashyakta thee, kyonki "aatmaon koo nae shabdon key saath bulaaya jaanaa thaa, jeern-sheern geeton kaa kabhi upayog naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa...".
alaska key mool nivaasiyon key beach saanskritik vividhataaen.
inuit.
inuit key beach, ack aadhyatmik chikitsak koo "(bahuvachanah" angakkuit ", inuctitut shabdansh" "yaa" ") yaa" "mein kahaa jaataa haye. 
yupik aur yupik.
nacilic inuit kii tarah, yupik ney paaramparik roop seey taitu banaane kaa abhyaas kiya haye. way una sanskritiyon mein seey ack hain jinake paas aatmaon seey baat karane key liye ack vishesh bhasha haye, jise kahaa jaataa haye.
angazighami.
cyberian yupikon mein shaman they, aur kewal cyberia mein paaramparik roop seey "shaman" shabd paaya jaataa haye. america key eskimo samoohon key beach paae jaane vaale roopon kii tulanaa mein, cyberian yupikon key beach shamanvaad ney samudri jaanvaron key saath achche sambandh banaae rakhane key mahatva parr adhik jore diyaa. ungazighamit (cyrillic lipyantaran menh,), cyberian yupik bhasha key sabse badey roopon mein bolata haye, jise shaman "sanrekhit" (αλιγναλι,) kahaa jaataa haye.
sanrekhit" koo shamankari key liye upahaar praapt hue. prakriti aur avsar (jaise vivaah) key aadhar parr, ungazighamit dwara bolly jaane vaali bhasha mein "upahaar" key liye kaee shabd they. inmein aise achche bhed shamil they jaise "cheez, kissy aise vyakti koo dee gaee jisake paas koee naheen haye", "cheez, dee gaee, bheekh naheen maangi gaee", "cheez, kissy aur koo dee gaee" aur "cheez, vinimay key liye dee gaee". inn kaee prakaar key uphaaron mein seey, jise shaman koo diyaa jaataa thaa, usey bulaaya jaataa thaa.
ungazighami mein bhee paaramparik roop seey aatmaon key saath kaam karane key liye kuchh abhivyaktiyon kaa ack vishesh roopak upayog kiya gayaa haye.
chugach.
chugach loga alaska key sabse dakshini taton parr rahate hain. 1950 key dashak mein jaba paaramparik roop seey aupchaarik tareeke pahale seey hii bund hoe chuke they, taba bircut-smith ney unake beach fieldwork kiya thaa. chugach prashikshu "angakkuit" koo aatmaon dwara aadhyatmik chikitsak banane key liye majboor naheen kiya gayaa thaa. isake bajaay way jaanboojhkar akele sthaanon parr gaye aur kaee dinon taka chaley jaba taka kii unhein ack aatma kaa darshan naheen milaa. prashikshu taba baahar nickle gayaa, aur aatma usey kissy anya sthaan (jaise pahaad yaa samudra kii gaharaai) parr leey gaee. vahaan rahate hue, aatma ney prashikshuon koo unake ahwan mein nirdesh diyaa, jaise kii unhein unakaa vyaktigat geet sikhana.
sandarbh.
sakshatkar.
urf

