
bhootaan kii rajneeti

bhootaan kii sarkaar 18 julaai 2008 seey ack samvaidhaanik rajshahi rahee haye.
bhootaan kaa raajaa raajya kaa pramukh hotaa haye. karyakari shakti kaa prayog pradhaanmantri kii adhyakshata mein lengi jhungshog yaa mantriparishad dwara kiya jaataa haye. vidhaayi shakti dwisadaniya sansad mein nihit haye, donon uchch sadan, rashtriya parishad aur nichale sadan, rashtriya vidhansabha. 22 aprail, 2007 koo jaari ack shaahi farman ney agale varsh rashtriya vidhansabha chunaavon kii pratyasha mein raajneetik dalon parr pichhale pratibandh koo hataa diyaa. 2008 mein, bhootaan ney apane pahale aadhunik samvidhaan koo apanaaya, jisamen sarkaar key sansthanon aur ack loktaantrik bahudaliya pranali key liye kanuni dhaanche koo samhitaabaddh kiya gayaa.
samprabhuta.
1910 kii punakha sandhi key baad bhutani videshi sambandhon aur videsh neetiyon koo british niyantran mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, swa-thopi gaee algavvad kii neeti key kaaran, sandhi kaa prabhaav kuchh hudd taka seemit thaa. 1949 mein bhaarat kii swatantrata key baad, bhootaan aur bhaarat ack duss-anuchhed, sthaayi sandhi parr sahmat hue, jisane sambandhon koo prabhaavi roop seey jaari rakhaa, lekin bhaarat ney united kingdam kii jagah leey lii. bhaarat bhootaan key aantarik sambandhon mein hastakshep naheen karane parr sahmat huaa, jabaki bhootaan "apane baahari sambandhon key sambandh mein bhaarat sarkaar kii salah seey nirdeshit honey" parr sahmat huaa (anuchhed 2). sandhi ney donon deshon key beach mukt vyaapaar aur poorna pratyarpan kii bhee sthaapana kii.
farwari 2007 mein, bhaarat-bhootaan mitrata sandhi koo "nirdeshit kiya jaayega" jaise vakyanshon key sabhi sandarbhon key saath kaafee sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa, iss prakaar bhootaan kii samprabhu aur swatantra sthiti key baare mein antim sandeh koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
sarkaar kii shaakhaaen.
bhootaan key samvidhaan mein teen mukhya shaakhaon-karyakari, vidhaayi aur nyaayik-key saath-saath drukpa kagyu raajya dharm key vaastavik araajnaitik dratshang lentsog (mathh mamalon kaa aayog) seey yukt sarkaar kaa praavdhaan haye. sarkaar kii dharmnirpeksh aur dhaarmik shaakhaaen druke gyalpo (bhootaan key raajaa) key roop mein ekikrit hain.
dharmnirpeksh sarkaar kaa trikoniya vibhajan nirpeksh naheen haye. kaee swatantra aayog, agencies aur sansthaan hain joe iss samanya dhaanche key baahar kaam karate hain, jaise kii shaahi maudrik pradhikaran aur chunaav aayog. aisee agencies bhee hain jinake sadasya sarkaar kii ack seey adhik shaakhaon seey liye jaate hain, jaise kii nyaayik aayog. isake alawa, cabinet karyakari shakha key bheetar kaee mantralaya hain, jaise kii grih aur saanskritik kaary mantralaya, joe badale mein vidhaayi shakha dwara kaanoon key anusaar sahayak vibhagon koo shaktiyan saunpate hain. vidhaayi shakha swayam vikendrikrit sthaaniya sarkaaron kii dekhrekh karati haye.
karyakari shakha.
bhootaan key raajya key pramukh druke gyalpo ("dragon raajaa") hain. haalaanki unakaa pada vanshaanugat haye, unhein 65 varsh kii ayu taka sevaanivritt honah chaahiye, aur unhein sansad dwara dou-tihai bahumat seey hataaya jaa sakata haye, jisake baad ack rashtriya janmat sangrah hotaa haye, jise desh key sabhi bees jilon mein ack sadharan bahumat seey paarit honah chaahiye. 2008 seey pahale, ack samaan tyag prakriya maujood thee jisake tahat ack sadani rashtriya sabhaa, yaa "shogdu" raajaa koo tyag karane key liye majboor curr sakata thaa.
jey khenpo bhootaan kaa sarvocch dhaarmik adhikaari aur dratsang lantshog (mathh mamalon key aayog) kaa pramukh haye. unhein aam taur parr bhootaan key raajaa key sabse karibi aur sabse shaktishali salaahkaar key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. 70vaan aur vartamaan mein jey khenpo jigme chhoeda haye.
bhootaan kii sarkaar key pramukh isake pradhaanmantri hain. pradhaanmantri koo usa party dwara naamit kiya jaataa haye joe rashtriya vidhansabha mein sabse adhik seeten jeetati haye aur karyakari mantrimandal kaa netritva karati haye, jise lengi jhungshog (mantriparishad) kahaa jaataa haye.
1998 mein, samrat kii karyakari shaktiyon koo mantriparishad, yaa lengi jhungshog (cabinet) koo hastaantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. usa samay, mantriparishad key liye ummidvaaron koo rashtriya sabhaa dwara ack nishchit paanch saal key karyakal key liye chunaa jaataa thaa aur unhein vidhansabha kaa hissa honah padata thaa. mantrimandal kaa netritva pradhaanmantri karate they, joe sarkaar key pramukh they. pradhaanmantri kaa pada harr saal una paanch ummidvaaron key beach ghoomata thaa jinhone sabse adhik vote praapt kiye they. 2005 key bhootaan key samvidhaan key masaude mein dou-daleey loktaantrik pranali kaa praavdhaan shamil thaa jiska anaavaran chaar saal kii taiyari key baad kiya gayaa thaa. isase pahale, cabinet council off ministers (lengi jhungshog) key ummidvaaron koo rashtriya sabhaa dwara chune gaye samrat dwara naamit kiya jaataa thaa. sadasyon ney nishchit, paanch saal key karyakal key liye seva kii. ack shaahi salaahkaar parishad (lodoi tsokde) bhee thee, joe samrat dwara naamit sadasya they.
vidhaayi shakha.
bhootaan 2008 key samvidhaan key tahat saarvbhaumik matadhikar key madhyam seey apani vidhaayi shakha kaa chunaav kartaa haye. bhootaan kii sansad dwisadaniya haye, jisamen ack rashtriya parishad (uchch sadan) aur ack rashtriya vidhansabha (nichala sadan) shamil haye.
2008 seey pahale, vidhaayi shakha ack sadaniya shogdu thee. shogdu mein 150 sadasya they, 106 sadasya ack seat vaale nirvaachan kshetron mein teen saal key karyakal key liye vibhinn tithiyon parr chune gaye, 34 niyukt sadasya aur mathh nikaay key 10 pratinidhi they. usa samay bhootaan mein matadhikar advitiya thaa kyonki pratyek parivaar ikai key paas vyaktigat key bajaay ack vote thaa.
raajneetik dall aur chunaav.
bhootaan mein, raajneetik dalon, chunaavon aur janmat sangrah kii dekhrekh chunaav aayog dwara kii jaati haye, joe ack swatantra sarkari niyaamak agency haye.
bhootaan mein adhikansh chunaavon aur niyuktiyon key liye ummidwar gair-pakshapaatpurna honey chaahiye; haalaanki, raajneetik dall rashtriya vidhansabha mein seeton key liye ummidvaaron koo soochibaddh curr sakate hain. joe party sabse adhik seeten jeetati haye, vaha pradhaanmantri koo naamit karati haye. pahale pradhaanmantri, jigme thinley, bhootaan shaanti aur samriddhi party key sadasya they. dusare pradhaanmantri, shering tobge, peepuls democratic party key pramukh hain. vartamaan pradhaanmantri dow. lotey shering, druke nyaamroop shongpa kaa netritva karate hain.
raajneetik dabaav samoohon mein bauddh paadari shamil hain; jaatiya nepali sangathan joe ugravaadi sarkaar virodhi abhiyaan kaa netritva curr rahey hain; bhaaratiya vyaapaari samudaay aur loktantra key liye nirvaasit sanyukt morcha.
nyaayik shakha.
bhootaan kii kanuni pranali 17veen shatabdi mein jhaabdrung nagwang namgyal dwara sthaapit sanhitaon parr adharit haye aur anglo-indian samanya kaanoon seey prabhaavit haye. 2008 key samvidhaan key tahat, nyaayik shakha mein sarvocch nyayalaya, uchch nyayalaya aur bees jongkhag adaalaten shamil hain. chhah jongkhag mein terah "dangkhag" kshetradhikaron key liye, dangkhag adaalaten pahali baar adaalaten hain. dangkhag" key baahar sabhi adhikaar kshetron mein, zongkhag adaalaten pahali baar diwani aur aaparaadhik adaalaten hain. uchch nyayalaya appeal kaa pahala nyayalaya haye, aur sarvocch nyayalaya antim appeal kaa nyayalaya haye. raajaa dwara nirdisht samvaidhaanik prashnon aur rashtriya mahatva key mamalon parr bhee sarvocch nyayalaya kaa mool adhikaar kshetra haye. sarvocch aur uchch nyayalayon key nyayadhishon kii niyukti raajaa dwara kii jaati haye.
bhutani nyaayik pranali mein 2008 seey pahale, samrat appeal kaa antim nyayalaya ("appeal kaa sarvocch nyayalaya") thaa, aur sthaaniya sarkari adhikaari chhote apraadhon parr nirnay lete they. bhootaan kaa shaahi uchch nyayalaya desh kaa sarvocch nyayalaya thaa aur desh key bees jilon parr iska mool adhikaar kshetra thaa. nyaayik niyuktiyaan samrat dwara kii jaati theen, aur unhein kissy bhee samay vaapas bulaaya jaa sakata thaa.
kanuni pranali.
aaparaadhik nyaay pranali nyayadhishon key ack panel key samaksh mukadame parr adharit haye, aur isaliye british yaa americi pratikool pranaliyon kii tulanaa mein napolean seey adhik milati-julati haye. abhiyojak, ack sarkari karmchari, abhiyukt seey dosh kii sweekriti praapt karna chaahata haye. yadi aisaa jaldi hotaa haye, tou sajaa naram hoe sakati haye. yadi dosh spasht haye lekin aaropi ise sweekaar karane seey incar curr detaa haye, tou sajaa tadnusar gambhir hoe sakati haye. nyayadhish kissy bhee samay saboot key abhaav mein mamle koo khariz curr sakate hain. haal kaa kaanoon aparaadhbodh key aavashyak pramaan koo adhik bariki seey paribhaashit kartaa haye, joe tuchchh yaa galat aaropon key khilaf adhik suraksha pradaan kartaa haye. mamuli aaparaadhik apraadhon kaa mukadama dajongkhag drangpone (jilaa nyayadhish) dwara chalaaya jaa sakata haye.
bhootaan ney anivarya antarrashtriya nyayalaya key adhikaar kshetra koo sweekaar naheen kiya haye.
prashaasnik prabhaag.
bhootaan koo 20 jilon ("jongkhag", ekvachan aur bahuvachan) mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye; bumthang, chukha, dagana, gassa, haa, luntse, monger, paaro, pemagatshel, punakha, samdrup jongkhar, samatse, sarpang, thimpu, trashirang, trashiangtse, trongsa, tirang, wangdu fodrang aur jhemgang.
antarrashtriya sangathan kii bhagidari.
bhootaan aeye. aiss. dee. bee., bimstech, see. pee., escap, aff. aeye. oh., jee-77, aaee. bee. aar. dee., aaee. see. aeye., aaee. aff. aeye. dee., aaee. aff. see., aaee. aff. aff., intelsat, interpole, aaee. oh. see., itu, naam, oh. pee. see. doubleu., saark, yuu. aine., yuu. aine. see. tii. aeye. dee., unesco, unido, upu, joe, vipo, doubleu. aim. oh., doubleu. tii. oh. kaa sadasya haye.