
prathamikta prabhaav

paaristhitiki mein, ack prathamikta prabhaav usa prabhaav koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe ack vishesh prajaati key kissy sthal parr pahale seey aaney key parinamswarup samudayik vikas parr parh sakata haye. prathamikta prabhaav key dou buniyaadi prakaar hainh avarodhak aur suvidhajanak. ack avarodhak prathamikta prabhaav taba hotaa haye jaba ack prajaati joe pahale kissy sthal parr aatee haye, ack prajaati koo nakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit karati haye joe baad mein sthaan yaa sansadhanon kii upalabdhata koo cumm karke aatee haye. isake vipareet, ack suvidhajanak prathamikta prabhaav taba hotaa haye jaba ack prajaati joe pahale kissy sthal parr aatee haye, ajaivik yaa javic sthitiyon koo una tarikon seey badal detee haye joe baad mein aaney vaali prajaati koo sakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit karati haye. prathamikta prabhaav paaristhitik samudaay key vikas kaa ack kendriya aur vyaapak tatva haye jiska praakritik pranaliyon aur paaristhitik bahaali key prayason key liye mahatvapurna prabhaav haye.
saiddhaantik aadhar.
samudayik uttaradhikar siddhant.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, fredrick clements aur anya paadap paaristhitikividon ney sujhaav diyaa kii paaristhitik samudaay ack antim, sthir antim binduh charmotkarsh samudaay kii or ack raikhik, dishaatmak tareeke seey vikasit hotey hain. clements ney sanket diyaa kii ack site kaa charmotkarsh samudaay sthaaniya jalavaayu koo pratibimbit karega. unhone charmotkarsh samudaay kii avadharana koo ack "superorganism" key roop mein prastut kiya joe ack paribhaashit vikasatmak anukram kaa anusaran kartaa haye.
praarambhik paaristhitik uttaradhikar siddhant ney yeh banaae rakhaa kii uttaradhikar key ack charan seey dusare charan mein disha parivartan paudhon dwara swayam prerit kiya gayaa thaa. iss arth mein, uttaradhikar siddhant ney antarnihit roop seey prathamikta prabhaavon koo maanyata dee; kuchh prajaatiyon key poorv aagaman kaa bhavishya kii samudayik sanrachana parr mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa. usee samay, charmotkarsh avadharana kaa tatparya thaa kii prajaatiyon key parivartan poorv nirdhaarit they. iska tatparya haye kii ack dee gaee prajaati hamesha charmotkarsh samudaay key vikas key dauran ack hii bindu parr dikhaai degi, aur samudayik vikas parr ack anumaanit prabhaav daalegi.
prathamikta prabhaavon kaa yeh sthir drishtikon patch dynamics kii avadharana dwara anivarya roop seey aparivartit rhaa, jise 1947 mein alex vaat dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa. halanki vaat ney samudayik vikas key liye ack sthir antim bindu key vichaar parr sawal uthaaya, unhone clements kii parikalpana koo kuchh yogyata dee kii vishesh prajaati kii samudayik vikas mein poorv nirdhaarit bhoomika thee. way uttaradhikar koo suvidha dwara sanchaalit ack prakriya key roop mein dekhate they, jisamen pratyek prajaati ney sthaaniya sthitiyon koo doosari prajaati key liye adhik upayukt banaa diyaa.
vyaktigat drishtikon.
1926 mein, heinry glisson ney ack vaikalpik parikalpana prastut kii jisamen paudhon koo ack superorganism key ghatakon key bajaay vyaktiyon key roop mein avadharana dee gaee thee. glisson ney sujhaav diyaa kii paridrishya mein vibhinn prajaatiyon key vitaran mein prajaatiyon key beach poorv nirdhaarit sanghon key bajaay prajaati-vishisht failaav seemaaen aur paryavaraniya aavashyaktaaen parilakshit hoti hain. glayson ney prathamikta prabhaavon parr bhavishya key shodh key liye munch nirdhaarit kiya yeh samajhaate hue kii shuru mein vibhinn prajaatiyon dwara upaniveshit samaan talab bahut alag samudaayon mein uttaradhikar key madhyam seey vikasit hoe sakate hain. iss prakaar, glisson ney ack poorv nirdhaarit charmotkarsh samudaay key vichaar kaa virodh kiya aur maanyata dee kii vibhinn upaniveshkaari prajaatiyan samudayik vikas key vaikalpik prakshepavakra kaa utpaadan curr sakati hain.
frank agler (1954) ney parityakt krishi kshetron mein samudayik vikas kaa varnan karane key liye praarambhik pushp rachana model vikasit karke glisson kii parikalpana parr nirmaan kiya. iss model key anusaar, parityag key turant baad ack kshetra mein maujood prajaatiyon key samooh kaa samudayik vikas aur antim samudayik sanrachana parr majboot prabhaav padaa. halanki uttaradhikar siddhant mein nihit, iss drishtikon ney vaikalpik sthir raajya aur samudayik vidhansabha siddhant key vikas koo poorvavat kiya.
vaikalpik sthir raajya.
1970 key dashak mein, yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa kii praakritik samudaayon koo kaee yaa vaikalpik sthir raajyon dwara chihnit kiya jaa sakata haye. glayson aur agler key nishkarshon key anusaar, kaee sthir raajya model ney sanket diyaa kii ack hii vatavaran prajaatiyon key kaee alag-alag sanyojanon kaa samarthan curr sakata haye. siddhantkaron ney tark diyaa kii aitihaasik sandarbh yeh nirdhaarit karane mein kendriya bhoomika nibha sakata haye kii kissy bhee samay kaun see sthir sthiti maujood hogi. robbert ney samajhaaya, "yadi ack advitiya sthir raajya haye, tou aitihaasik durghatanaaen mahatvaheen hain; yadi kaee vaikalpik sthaaniya roop seey sthir raajya hain, tou aitihaasik durghatanaaen adhik mahatvapurna hoe sakati hain."
samudayik sabhaa siddhant.
vaikalpik sthir avastha siddhant key udbhav key baad vidhansabha siddhant kaa vikas huaa. vidhansabha siddhant kaee sthir raajyon key sandarbh mein samudayik vikas prakriyaon kii vyakhya kartaa haye. yeh poochata haye kii jaba anya sthir samudaay prakaar sambhav they tou ack vishesh prakaar kaa samudaay kyon vikasit huaa. uttaradhikar siddhant key vipareet, vidhansabha siddhant koo badey paimaane parr pashu paaristhitikividon dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa aur spasht roop seey aitihaasik sandarbh koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa.
iss siddhant parr adharit pahale models mein seey ack mein, jared diamond (1975) ney ack dweepsamuh parr avian samudaay sanrachana kii bhavishyavani karane key liye matratmak "assembly niyam" vikasit kiye. halanki nirdhaarak samudayik sabhaa key vichaar kii jaldi seey aalochana hui, lekin vidhansabha drishtikon, jisane aitihaasik aakasmikta aur kaee sthir raajyon parr jore diyaa, samarthan praapt karna jaari rakhaa. drake (1991) ney ack assembly model kaa upayog yeh pradarshit karane key liye kiya kii vibhinn samudaay prakaar prajaatiyon key akramanon key vibhinn anukramon key parinamswarup honge. drake key model mein, praarambhik aakramankariyon kaa prajaatiyon kii aakraman safalata parr badaa prabhaav padaa joe baad mein aaya. anya modeling adhyayanon ney sujhaav diyaa kii prathamikta prabhaav vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna hoe sakate hain jaba aakraman aavritti pratisthaapan seey pahale prajaatiyon koo sthaapit karane kii anumati dene key liye paryaapt cumm hoe, yaa jaba anya kaarak joe assembly koo chalaa sakate hain (ee.jee.pratispardha, ajaivik tanaav) apekshaakrit mahatvaheen hain. 1999 kii sameeksha mein, belia aur lankester ney samudayik sabhaa key teen buniyaadi nirdharakon kaa varnan kiyaah failaav baadhaaen, paryavaraniya baadhaaen aur aantarik gatishilata. unhone prathamikta prabhaavon koo failaav baadhaon aur aantarik gatishilata key beach baatchit kii abhivyakti key roop mein pahachaana.
anubhavjanya sakshya.
25 janwari, 2007 koo, "prathamikta prabhaav *" pramukh shabd kaa upayog karke vigyaan uddharan soochkaank key isi web kii khoj ney paaristhitiki seey sambandhit 65 adhyayanon koo vaapas curr diyaa. prathamikta prabhaavon kaa spasht roop seey ullekh karane vaalaa pahala adhyayan 1983 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. halanki praarambhik shodh jaanvaron aur jaleey pranaliyon parr kendrit thaa, haal key adhyayanon ney sthaliya aur paudhe-adharit prathamikta prabhaavon kii jaanch karna shuru curr diyaa haye. nivaarak prathamikta prabhaavon koo suvidhajanak prathamikta prabhaavon kii tulanaa mein adhik baar pralekhit kiya gayaa haye. samaan poshan star aur karyatmak samooh, yaa sangh key bheetar prajaatiyon key beach prathamikta prabhaav, poshan star yaa sanghon mein prabhaavon kii tulanaa mein adhik baar pralekhit kiye gaye hain. adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii donon ajaivik (ee.jee. sansaadhan upalabdhata) aur javic (ee.jee. shikaar) kaarak prathamikta prabhaavon kii taakat koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain.
samudri.
prathamikta prabhaavon key liye adhikansh praarambhik anubhavjanya sakshya jaleey jaanvaron parr adhyayan seey aae. aiss. doubleu. (1974) ney paaya kii antim samudayik sanrachana chhote samudri jeevon (spunge, tunicate, hydroid aur anya prajaatiyon) key samudaay mein larva bharti key praarambhik crum key aadhar parr bhinn hoti haye. schullman (1983) aur almani (2003) ney prawal bhitti machhali key beach majboot prathamikta prabhaav paae. poorv adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii ack kshetriya demselfish dwara poorv sthaapana ney anya machhliyon kii sthaapana daron koo cumm curr diyaa. lekhakon ney cross-trophic prathamikta prabhaavon kii bhee pehchaan kii; ack shikari machhali dwara poorv sthaapana ney shikaar machhliyon kii sthaapana darr koo cumm curr diyaa.
1980 key dashak key anta mein, kaee adhyayanon ney samudri sookshmajeevon mein prathamikta prabhaavon kii jaanch kii. robbinson aur dickerson (1987) ney paaya kii kuchh mamalon mein prathamikta prabhaav mahatvapurna they, lekin sujhaav diyaa, "ack nivaas sthaan parr aakraman karane vaale pahale vyakti honey seey safalata kii guaranti naheen haye; praarambhik upaniveshvaadi key liye aage key upanivesh koo rokane key liye apani aabaadi key aakar koo badhaane key liye paryaapt samay honah chaahiye."robbinson aur adgeman (1988) ney baad mein aakraman crum, darr aur samay mein badalaav karke phytoplankton prajaatiyon key 54 samudaayon koo vikasit kiya. unhone paaya kii halanki aakraman crum (prathamikta prabhaav) samudaay sanrachana mein parinami bhinnata key ack chhote seey ansh kii vyakhya curr sakata haye, adhikansh bhinnata koo aakraman darr aur aakraman key samay mein parivartan dwara samajhaaya gayaa thaa. inn adhyayanon seey sanket milata haye kii prathamikta prabhaav samudayik vikas key prakshepavakra koo prabhaavit karane vaalaa ekmatra yaa sabse mahatvapurna aitihaasik kaarak naheen hoe sakata haye.
cross-trophic prathamikta prabhaavon key ack ullekhaniya udaaharan mein, haart (1992) ney paaya kii prathamikta prabhaav dhaara paaristhitiki tantra mein dou vaikalpik sthir raajyon key rakharkhaav kii vyakhya karate hain. jabaki ack macroalga kuchh patch mein pramukh haye, cecil grazer anya mein chhote sookshm shaiwal key "lonn" koo banaae rakhate hain. yadi cecil grazer pahale ack patch koo upaniveshit karate hain, tou way macroalga koo baahar curr dete hain, aur isake vipareet.
ubhayachar.
prathamikta prabhaavon parr sabse adhik uddhrit anubhavjanya adhyayanon mein seey dou mein, elford aur wilber ney prayogaatmak talabon mein tode larva key beach avarodhak aur suvidhajanak prathamikta prabhaavon kaa dastavejikaran kiya. unhone paaya kii ack tode prajaati ("bufo americanus") key bachche jaba ack mendhak prajaati ("raanaa sphenocephala") seey pahale ack talab mein pesh kiye gaye tou uchch vriddhi aur uttarjeevita kaa pradarshan karate they. haalaanki, mendhak key larva ney sabse achchha pradarshan kiya jaba tode larva key baad pesh kiya gayaa. iss prakaar, tode prajaatiyon dwara poorv sthaapana ney mendhak prajaatiyon koo suvidha pradaan kii, jabaki mendhak prajaatiyon dwara poorv sthaapana ney tode prajaatiyon koo baadhit kiya. vriksh mendhakon parr kiye gaye adhyayanon ney donon prakaar key prathamikta prabhaav kaa dastavejikaran kiya haye. morin (1987) ney yeh bhee dekhaa kii ack shikari salamander kii upasthiti mein prathamikta prabhaav cumm mahatvapurna hoe gaye. unhone parikalpana kii kii mendhak prajaatiyon key beach pratispardha koo cumm karke prayojan ney prathamikta prabhaavon kii madhyasthata kii. paani seey bharey pedh key chhed aur stump mein larva keedon aur mendhakon parr kiye gaye adhyayanon mein paaya gayaa kii sthaan, sansaadhan kii upalabdhata aur vish key star jaise ajaivik kaarak bhee prathamikta prabhaavon mein madhyasthata karane mein mahatvapurna hoe sakate hain.
sthaliya.
prathamikta prabhaavon parr sthaliya adhyayan durlabh hain. vigyaan khoj key uparokt aaee. aiss. aaee. web ney poori tarah seey sthaliya jeevon parr kewal 19 adhyayanon koo praapt kiya, aur yeye sabhi adhyayan 1993 key dauran yaa usake baad prakaashit hue they. adhikansh adhyayanon ney arthropod yaa ghaas key maidanon mein paudhon kii prajaatiyon parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye. ack prayogshala prayog mein, shorrox aur bingley (1994) ney dikhaaya kii poorv aagaman seey phal makkhiyon kii dou prajaatiyon key liye uttarjeevita mein vriddhi hui; pratyek makkhi prajaati kaa dusare parr avarodhak prabhaav thaa. 1996 mein ehmann aur mcmohan dwara registani makadiyon parr kiye gaye ack kshetra adhyayan seey pataa chalaa kii ack makadi sangh seey prajaatiyon kii upasthiti ney ack alag sangh seey makadiyon kii sthaapana koo cumm curr diyaa. haal hii mein, pamar (2003) ney pradarshit kiya kii prathamikta prabhaavon ney ack pratispardhi roop seey adheenasth cheenti prajaati koo ack pratispardhi roop seey pramukh prajaati dwara bahishkaar seey bachane kii anumati dee. yadi pratispardhi roop seey adheenasth cheentiyaan pahale upanivesh karane mein saksham theen, tou unhone apane mezban pedh key aakriti vigyaan koo una tarikon seey badal diyaa jisase yeh anya cheentiyon kii prajaatiyon key liye cumm upayukt hoe gayaa. yeh adhyayan vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna thaa kyonki yeh ack tantra kii pehchaan karane mein saksham thaa joe prathamikta prabhaavon koo dekhta haye.
kachra jamaa honey key suvidhajanak prabhaavon kii khoj karane vaale ack praarambhik adhyayan key apavaad key saath, adhyayan joe spasht roop seey sthaliya paudhe key prathamikta prabhaavon koo sambodhit karate hain, varsh 2000 key aspas saahitya mein dikhaai dene lagey. havaai key jangalon mein pesh kii gaee ghaas kii dou prajaatiyon parr ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii nimn pratispardhi kshamataon vaali prajaatiyan prathamikta prabhaavon key madhyam seey baney rahane mein saksham hoe sakati hain. california ghaas key maidan paaristhitiki tantra mein deshi aur videshi ghaas key saha-astitva key baare mein cumm seey cumm teen adhyayanon ney samaan nishkarsh nikaale hain. yadi sthaapit karane key liye samay diyaa jaataa haye, tou deshi prajaatiyan safaltapurvak bahirmukhi kii sthaapana koo roque sakati hain. vibhinn adhyayanon key lekhakon ney california mein videshi ghaason key prasaar key liye cumm beej utpaadan aur mool prajaatiyon kii apekshaakrit kharaab failaav kshamata koo jimmedaar thaharaaya.
ubharati avadhaaranaaen.
deerghakaalik prabhaavah abhisaran aur vichalan.
haalaanki kaee adhyayanon ney prathamikta prabhaavon kaa dastavejikaran kiya haye, samay key saath inn prabhaavon kii dridhata aksar aspasht rahati haye. yuva (2001) ney sanket diyaa kii donon abhisaran (jisamen "samudaay aitihaasik sthitiyon kii parwah kiye binaa ack poorv-vikshobh raajya kii or badhate hain") aur vichalan (jisamen aitihaasik kaarak samudayik vikas key deerghakaalik prakshepavakra koo prabhaavit karna jaari rakhate hain) prakriti mein maujood hain. prathamikta prabhaavon key adhyayanon mein, donon rujhaan dekhe gaye prateet hotey hain. fukami (2005) ney tark diyaa kii ack samudaay samudayik sangathan key vibhinn staron parr abhisari aur bhinn donon hoe sakata haye. lekhakon ney prayogaatmak roop seey ikattha kiye gaye paadap samudaayon kaa adhyayan kiya aur paaya kii jabaki alag-alag prajaatiyon kii pehchaan vibhinn samudaay pratikritiyon mein advitiya rahee, prajaatiyon key lakshan aam taur parr adhik samaan hoe gaye.
poshan paaristhitiki.
kuchh adhyayanon seey sanket milata haye kii prathamikta prabhaav sanghon yaa poshan staron parr hoe sakate hain. iss tarah key prathamikta prabhaavon kaa samudayik sanrachana aur khaadya web sanrachana parr naatakiya prabhaav parh sakata haye. yadi prabhaavit prajaatiyan advitiya shikari yaa shikaar prajaatiyon seey judee hain tou antar-sangh prathamikta prabhaavon key kaee poshan staron parr mahatvapurna parinam hoe sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, ack paudhe kii prajaati parr vichaar karein jise ack mezban-vishisht shakahari dwara khaaya jaataa haye. paadap prajaatiyon kii sthaapana kii kshamata koo prabhaavit karane vaale prathamikta prabhaav apratyaksh roop seey sambandhit shakahari kii sthaapana kii safalata koo prabhaavit karenge. saiddhaantik model ney chakreeya assembly gatishilata kaa varnan kiya haye jisamen shikariyon key vibhinn suit seey judee prajaatiyan baar-baar ack dusare koo badalane mein saksham hain.
antar-vishisht ektrikaran.
aisee sthitiyon mein jahaan ack hii samay mein dou prajaatiyon koo pesh kiya jaataa haye, ack prajaati key prasaar kaa sthaanik ektrikaran shuru mein antar-vishisht pratispardha koo cumm karke prathamikta prabhaav paida curr sakata haye. bharti aur pratishthaan key dauran ektrikaran seey nimn pratiyogi lambe samay taka pratispardhi prabhutva key saath saha-astitva mein reh sakate hain yaa yahaan taka kii visthaapit bhee hoe sakate hain. prajaatiyon key saha-astitva key liye sthaanik prathamikta prabhaavon key nihitarth kii jaanch karane key liye kaee modeling prayaas shuru hoe gaye hain. rezmanek (2002) ney sujhaav diyaa kii 2002 taka antar-vishisht ektrikaran kii jaanch karane vaale kewal 10 anubhavjanya adhyayan prakaashit kiye gaye they.
tantra aur nae jeev.
prathamikta prabhaavon parr saahitya vartamaan mein gaharaai aur chaudaai donon mein badh rhaa haye. kuchh adhyayanon ney driving tantra kaa pataa lagaane key liye prathamikta prabhaavon koo dekhana shuru curr diyaa haye. isake alawa, halanki pichhale adhyayanon mein prajaatiyon key ack chhote seey upasamuchchay parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa thaa, haal key shodh patron seey sanket milata haye kii kavak, pakshi, chhipkaliyaan aur salamander sahit jeevon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala key liye prathamikta prabhaav mahatvapurna hoe sakate hain.
paaristhitikiya bahaali.
paaristhitikiya bahaali key liye prathamikta prabhaavon kaa mahatvapurna prabhaav padata haye. kaee pranaliyon mein, prathamikta prabhaavon key baare mein jaankaari chikitsakon koo kuchh prajaatiyon, vishesh roop seey nimn pratispardhi kshamata kii prajaatiyon key astitva aur dridhata mein sudhaar key liye laagat-prabhaavi ranneetiyon kii pehchaan karane mein madad curr sakati haye. udaaharan key liye, mool california ghaas aur forb kii bahaali parr ack adhyayan mein, lulo (2004) ney paaya kii forb una bhukhandon mein sthaapit naheen hoe sakey jahaan unhone pahale guchch ghaas lagaae they. jaba guchch ghaas koo una bhukhandon mein jodaa gayaa jahaan pahale seey hii ack saal seey forb uga rahey they, tou forb cumm seey cumm 3-4 varshon taka ghaas key saath saha-astitva mein rahane mein saksham they. lulo key parinamon ney sujhaav diyaa kii ghaas key pahale ghaas key liye ropan iss pranali mein dridhata mein sudhaar curr sakata haye.

