sallinger vee. yaadrichhik ghar, ink.

sallinger vee. yaadrichhik ghar, ink., 811 aff. 2dee 90 (2dee sir. 1987) aprakaashit karyon parr copyrite kaanoon key anuprayog parr ack sanyukt raajya america kaa mamla haye. lekhak jey key baare mein ack mamle mein. dee. sallinger key aprakaashit patron, dusare paripath mein kahaa gayaa thaa kii ack lekhak key usa tareeke koo niyantrit karane key adhikaar koo prathamikta dee gaee haye jisamen unakaa kaam pahali baar prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, dusaron key "uchit upayog" key tahat kaam key uddharan yaa karibi vyakhyaon koo prakaashit karane key adhikaar koo prathamikta dee gaee thee. aprakaashit patron key mamle mein, nirnay koo soochana key saarvajanik adhikaar parr vyakti key nijata key adhikaar key paksh mein dekhaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, chhatravritti parr iss mamle key prabhaavon key baare mein chintaon key jawab mein, congress ney 1992 mein copyrite adhiniyam mein sanshodhan kiya taaki aprakaashit karyon kii pratilipi banaane mein spasht roop seey uchit upayog kii anumati dee jaa sakey, 17 yuu.aiss.see. 107 pankti, "yeh tathya kii koee kriti aprakaashit haye, swayam uchit upayog key nishkarsh koo roque naheen paayegi yadi aisaa nishkarsh uparokt sabhi karakon parr vichaar karane parr kiya jaataa haye."
prishthabhoomi.
jey. dee. sallinger (1919-2010) ack americi lekhak they, jinaki sabse prasiddh kriti "dha catcher inn dha raaee" haye, ack upanyaas jise likhane mein unhein duss saal lagey they aur 1951 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. ack bahut hii niji vyakti, jaba mukadama shuru huaa thaa, unhone pichhale chauntis saal cornish, nyu hampshire key chhote seey samudaay mein ack gair-soochibaddh telephone number aur apane mell key liye ack dakghar boxes key saath bitaaye they.
ian hamilton (1938-2001) ack sammaanit british saahityik aalochak aur jeevanikaar they jinhone sallinger kii jeevani likhane kaa faisala kiya. way "dha times literary supplement" key kavita aur kathaa sampaadak they aur unhone robbert lowell kii ack achchi tarah seey praapt jeevani likhi thee, jise kavi key parivaar dwara anumodit kiya gayaa thaa.
hamilton ney sallinger koo pariyojana mein sahyog karane key liye kahaa lekin sallinger ney manaa curr diyaa. hamilton ney apane dumm parr aage badhane kaa faisala kiya. hamilton ney apane kaam mein sallinger dwara apane doston aur anya logon jaise kii apane padosi, jaj learn haind, upanyaskar ernest hemingway aur unake british prakashakon hammish hamilton aur roser matchell koo likhe gaye patron kaa vyaapak upayog kiya. inn patron key maalikon ney unhein harvard, prinston aur texas key vishvavidyalayon koo daan curr diyaa thaa. hamilton form parr hastakshar karane key baad unhein padhane mein saksham they, jahaan way sahamati key binaa unhein prakaashit naheen karane key liye sahmat hue. hamilton ney kahaa, "main inn patron koo ack jabardast aatmakathaatmak srot maanata huun... merey vichaar mein, aisee samagriyon koo chhodana jeevani key shilp key saath poori tarah seey asangat hoga."
hamilton ney kaee logon kaa sakshatkar liya joe sallinger koo jaanate they yaa jaanate they, jisamen unake agent dorothy olding bhee shamil they. jaba yaadrichhik roop seey sadan ney sameekshakon koo jeevani key galat pramaan bheje, tou olding koo ack prati millie aur maee 1986 mein sallinger koo bheji gaee. sallinger ney maee draft seey paaya kii unake vyaktigat patra pustakalayon key paas they, joe janata key liye sulabh they, aur pustak unhein vyaapak roop seey uddhrit curr rahee thee. sallinger ney aupchaarik roop seey patron mein apane copyrite koo panjikrit kiya aur apane vakeel seey kahaa kii jaba taka aprakaashit patron seey lii gaee sabhi samagri koo hataa naheen diyaa jaataa haye, taba taka way pustak key prakaashan parr apatti karein. hamilton ney apani pustak mein vyaapak sanshodhan kiye, patron key kaee uddharanon (lekin sabhi naheen) koo vyakhya sanskaranon key saath badal diyaa. sallinger ney sweekaar naheen kiya kii yeye parivartan paryaapt they.
jilaa adalat key nishkarsh.
octuber 1986 mein sallinger ney hamilton aur yaadrichhik ghar parr mukadama daayar kiya, jisamen harjaane aur pustak key prakaashan key khilaf nishedhagya kii maang kii gaee. unhone copyrite ullanghan, anubandh key ullanghan aur anuchit pratispardha kaa daavaa kiya. newyork key dakshini jile key liye sanyukt raajya america kii jilaa adalat ney inn sabhi daavon koo khariz curr diyaa. adalat ney tark diyaa, "harper aind row vee. rashtra udyam (1985), jabaki sarvocch nyayalaya ney "vishesh mamle key liye uchit upayog vishleshan kii silai parr jore diyaa thaa... isane aprakaashit karyon key uchit upayog koo pratibandhit karane vaale kissy spasht niyam koo naa tou kahaa aur naa hii nihit kiya."yeh chalata rahah
 haalaanki, adalat ney nott kiya kii pustak key meey draft mein hamilton "nishchit roop seey iss nishkarsh parr pahunchane mein sandeh kaa ack udaar laabh dey rhaa thaa kii pustakalaya samjhaute mein anumati kii aavashyakta naheen thee."
anubandh key ullanghan kaa daavaa patra taka pahunch praapt karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale pustakalaya prapatron mein nirdhaarit sharton key kathit ullanghan parr adharit thaa. anuchit pratispardha kaa daavaa una mamalon parr adharit thaa jahaan hamilton ney "vaha likhate hain" yaa "way kahate hain" jaise shabdon key saath karibi vyakhyaon kii shuruat kii thee, joe kathit roop seey pathakon koo yeh sochane mein gumrah curr sakate they kii way sallinger key apane shabdon koo dekh rahey hain. jilaa adalat ney bhee inn daavon koo khariz curr diyaa. pustakalaya prapatron key prashn parr, adalat ney maanaa kii upayog anubandhon mein kissy bhee pratibandh key bavjood, adalat ney sweekaar kiya kii sallinger koo gopaniyata aakraman kaa saamana karna padaa thaa, jisake khilaf copyrite kaanoon ney koee suraksha naheen dee thee. apane nishkarshon key bavjood, jilaa adalat ney ack appeal lambit rahane taka ack asthaayi pratibandh adesh jaari kiya.
appeal adalat key nishkarsh.
dusare circuit key liye sanyukt raajya america kii appeal adalat ney janwari 1987 mein appeal kii sunavaai kii aur yaadrichhik ghar koo pustak key prakaashan seey rokte hue jilaa adalat key faisale koo ulat diyaa. adalat ney nott kiya kii 1976 key copyrite adhiniyam ney samanya kaanoon koo poorvavat curr diyaa thaa kyonki yeh aprakaashit karyon key copyrite parr lagu hotaa haye. adhiniyam key tahat copyrite malik koo pahale prakaashan aur saahityik sampatti key adhikaar, abhivyanjak samagri key adhikaar they, halanki way kaam mein nihit tathyon yaa vichaaron key malik naheen they. adalat ney aage paaya kii ack aprakaashit kaary key saath prakaashan koo niyantrit karane kaa adhikaar aam taur parr "uchit upayog" pratilipi banaane key khilaf kaam koo alag kartaa haye. adalat ney taba chaar maanak maandandon key tahat prativaadi key "uchit upayog" bachaav kii jaanch keeh upayog kaa uddeshya, copyrite kiye gaye kaam kii prakriti, upayog kii gaee raashi aur kaam key liye bajar parr prabhaav. yeh nishkarsh nikala kii vajan pahale koo chhodkar sabhi parr sallinger key paksh mein thaa.
adalat ney maanaa kii patron kaa upayog karane kaa uddeshya aalochana, chhatravritti aur anusandhaan kii shreniyon key bheetar aataa haye, inn sabhi koo uchit upayog maanaa jaataa haye. adalat ney kahaa kii ack jeevanikaar binaa kissy jokhim key ack aprakaashit patra seey tathyon kii nakal curr sakata haye, lekin lekhak kii shally koo chitrit karane key saadhan key roop mein bhee, iss tarah key patra seey lekhak kii sanrakshit abhivyakti kii nakal karane kaa koee antarnihit adhikaar naheen haye. adalat ney paaya kii prakaashit naheen honey kaa tathya copyrite kiye gaye kaam kii prakriti kaa ack mahatvapurna tatva thaa. isane nott kiya kii "harper aind row v" parr sarvocch nyayalaya kaa faisala. rashtra udyamon (1985) ney kahaa thaa kii "aprakaashit karyon key sambandh mein uchit upayog kaa daira sankeern haye."circuit court ney nott kiya kii yeh aspasht haye, jiska arth haye kii yaa tou aise cumm mamle hain jinamen uchit upayog paaya jaa sakata haye yaa cumm samagri kii nakal kii jaa sakati haye.
haalaanki, adalat ney faisala kiya kii iska matlab haye kii aprakaashit karyon koo aam taur parr sanrakshit abhivyakti kii kissy bhee pratilipi key khilaf poorna suraksha hoti haye, joe copyrite malik kii sahamati key binaa pahale prakaashan kaa ack roop hoga.
doosari paripath appeal adalat ney upayog kiye gaye hisse kii raashi aur paryaptata key baare mein jilaa adalat seey asahamati jataai, aur paaya kii vyakhya ney pratilipi banaane kii matra koo cumm naheen kiya haye, joe vyaapak thaa. adalat ney 1929 key ack faisale kaa hawala diyaa kii sanrakshit abhivyakti shaabdik shabdon seey adhik thee, lekin isamen una vichaaron aur vichaaron kaa sanyojan bhee shamil thaa joe [lekhak kii] saahityik rachana koo banaane key liye jaate hain."isane 1977 key ack nirnay koo uddhrit kiya kii", joe sanrakshit haye vaha abhivyakti kaa tarika, lekhak kaa vishleshan yaa ghatnaaon kii vyakhya, jiss tarah seey vaha apane samagri aur marshel tathyon koo sanrachana kartaa haye, shabdon kaa chayan aur vishesh vikas parr jore detaa haye."vyakhya koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, adalat ney kahaa kii aksar ack patra kii duss seey adhik panktiyon kii iss tarah seey nakal kii gaee thee, aur pustak key lagbhag 40 pratishat prishthon mein patron seey samagri shamil thee. adalat ney kahaa kii uchit upayog maanak gunavatta key saath-saath matra koo bhee dhyaan mein rakhta haye. yahaan taka kii chhote uddharan bhee copyrite kaa ullanghan curr sakate hain yadi way pustak koo padhane yogya banaate hain."adalat ney vyakhya key kaee udaaharan diye, jinamen shamil hainh
uchit upayog key mulyankan mein antim aur shayed sabse mahatvapurna pahalu copyrite-sanrakshit kaam key liye bajar parr prabhaav haye. doosari circuit court off appeals ney maanaa kii yadi sallinger ney baad mein apane patron koo prakaashit karane kaa faisala kiya, tou hamilton kii jeevani kaa kyaa prabhaav padegaa, jiska mahatvapurna vittiya moolya hoe sakata haye. yeh paaya gayaa kii jeevani mein patron key lagbhag sabhi sabse dilchasp bhaag shamil they, yaa vyakhya kii gaee thee. hamilton kii "sallinger kahate hain" yaa "unhone kahaa" jaise vakyanshon koo apane vakyansh key bheetar shamil karane kii pratha jeevani key pathakon koo yeh galat dhaarana dey sakati haye kii unhone sallinger key apane shabdon koo padhaa thaa. isaliye way mool aksharon kaa sangrah naheen khareedane kaa nirnay leey sakate hain. adalat ney paaya kii iska matlab haye kii vittiya prabhaav padegaa. halanki sallinger ney kahaa thaa kii unakaa patra prakaashit karane kaa irada naheen haye, nyayadhish ney kahaa kii vaha apana munn badal sakate hain aur "vaha apane patra bechane key apane avsar kii raksha karane key hakdar hain."sallinger key paksh mein majboot santulan koo dekhate hue, adalat ney jeevani key prakaashan parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa.
pratikriyaaen aur parinam.
"aisaa lagata haye kii sallinger ney" "prati niyam" "banaaya haye jisake tahat aprakaashit copyrite sanrakshit samagri koo cumm seey cumm" "samanya paristhitiyon" "mein" "uchit upayog" "siddhant key tahat kabhi bhee punah prastut naheen kiya jaa sakata haye."nirnay key liye praarambhik pratikriyaaen mishrit theen kyonki lekhak key gopaniyata key adhikaar koo jaanane key saarvajanik adhikaar key khilaf santulit karane mein kathinaaee thee. brooks thomas, ack vakeel aur harper aind row key adhyaksh ney kahaa, "... mujhe naheen lagata kii sallinger key patron mein kyaa haye, yeh jaanane kaa janata kaa adhikaar lekhak key yeh taya karane key adhikaar seey adhik haye kii unhein kaba aur kaba prakaashit kiya jaae."harriot aff. censorship key khilaf rashtriya gathbandhan key saha-adhyaksh pilpel ney kahaa, "main aamtaur parr yeh kahakar usa duvidha koo hull kartaa huun, jaba taka kii kissy cheez koo dabaane key liye lagbhag koee jeevan yaa mrityu kaa kaaran naa hoe, main ise jaanane key paksh mein huun... lekin pahale sanshodhan mein chup rahane key saath-saath baat karane yaa prakaashit karane kaa adhikaar bhee shamil haye."
halanki, ack anya sampaadak ney kahaa, "humm dou jeevani banaane kii prakriya mein hain. yeh nirnay nirashajanak haye."prativaadi key vakeel ney kahaa" yadi aap iss raay koo charam parr leey jaate hain, tou yeh joe kahata haye vaha yeh haye kii aap kissy bhee aisee cheez kaa uddharan naheen dey sakate hain joe pahale prakaashit naheen hui haye, aur yadi aap vyakhya karane kaa prayaas karate hain, tou aap gambhir khatare mein hain. copyrite kaanoon ack lekhak koo sampatti key adhikaar mein raksha karane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, naa kii ack lekhak koo ateet koo mitaane kii anumati dene key liye."farwari 1987 mein yaadrichhik sadan ney mamle kii sunavaai" "aine baink" "key roop mein karane key liye kahaa, yaani doosari circuit court off appeals mein solah appeal nyayadhishon kii poorna peeth dwara. adalat ney incar curr diyaa. maee 1987 mein nyayadhish johnn oh. neuman aur roser khanik ney janwari mein diye gaye faisale kii pushti kii. sunavaai key liye yachika koo khariz karate hue, adalat ney "nutt banaam" mein nishkarsh kaa hawala diyaa. rashtriya sansthaan ink."(1929) una anshon ney lekhak key" "sangathan, prastuti, aur vichaaron aur vichaaron key sanyojan kii nakal karke sallinger key patron kii abhivyanjak samagri koo apariharya roop seey liya joe [unaki] saahityik rachana koo banaate hain."
1988 mein jaj neuman ney "copyrite kaanoon aur gopaniyata key sanrakshan" parr ack nibandh prakaashit kiya. unhone tark diyaa kii aprakaashit samagri seey judey copyrite mamalon mein adalat koo gopaniyata key muddon parr vichaar karane kii anumati dee jaani chaahiye, aur una mamalon mein jahaan vyaktigat adhikaar shamil they, kaanoonon koo tathyon key saath-saath abhivyakti kii raksha key liye bhee badhaaya jaa sakata haye. yeh ack charam sthiti thee jise baad mein neuman ney chhod diyaa. halanki, nibandh seey pataa chalata haye kii ack nyayadhish kewal vaanijyik adhikaaron kii raksha karane key alawa kissy anya uddeshya kaa samarthan karane key liye copyrite kaanoon kaa upayog karane key liye lubha sakata haye. hamilton ney antatah ack pustak "inn search off jey" prakaashit kii.dee. sallinger "(1988), lekin yeh jyaadaatar hamilton key swayam key baare mein naheen, balki unaki kanuni samasyaon sahit jeevani parr shodh karane key anubhavon key baare mein thaa.
1991 mein doosari circuit court off appeals ney "raait banaam. chetavani dene vaali kitaaben, "jahan phir seey aprakaashit patron aur ack aprakaashit patrika key upayog seey copyrite kaa kathit ullanghan huaa thaa. iss mamle mein, adalat ney paaya kii pratilipi kii gaee raashi mahatvaheen thee, joe copyrite kaanoon dwara sanrakshit honey key liye paryaapt naheen thee. 1992 mein "sallinger" mamle key parinamswarup copyrite adhiniyam mein sanshodhan kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen dhaara 107 key anta mein ack vaakya shamil kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii yeh tathya kii koee kaary aprakaashit haye, "yadi aisaa nishkarsh sabhi chaar uchit upayog karakon parr vichaar karane parr kiya jaataa haye tou vaha swayam uchit upayog key nishkarsh koo roque naheen paayega.

