
tibbat mein veshyavritti

maanaa jaataa haye kii tibbat mein veshyavritti sadiyon seey astitva mein haye. beesavin shatabdi key poorvaardh mein isake astitva kii gawahi baahari agantukon dwara pradaan kii gaee thee. british lekhak christopher hell key anusaar, tibbat mein bahupatneetva kii pratha key kaaran, kaee mahilaaen pati khojane mein asamarth theen aur gaanvon aur kasbon mein chully gaeen, jahan way veshyavritti mein parh gaeen. unake graahak tibbati pathaar koo paar karane vaale kafile seey aur mathon seey bhee aae they.
haalaanki, nirvaasan mein tibbati sarkaar key anusaar, tibbat parr cheeni kabje seey pahale ack udyog key roop mein veshyavritti lagbhag astitva mein naheen thee. tibbati mahila sangh key anusaarah "ateet mein, tibbat mein koee veshyalaya naheen they. tibbati vakeel lobsang saange cheeni logon key aaney seey pahale veshyavritti key astitva koo pahachaante hain, lekin unakaa kahana haye kii yeh ghatana apani vartamaan seema kii tulanaa mein nyuntam thee. 
1980 key dashak seey, chean key janvaadi ganarajya mein veshyavritti, halanki aadhikarik roop seey avaidh haye, badh rahee haye. francisi kavi jeane diff ney sitambar-octuber 2004 mein tibbat swaayatt kshetra mein yatra karate hue lhasa key baare mein kahaa, "shahar mein 4,000 seey adhik veshyaaen hain, lekin maine koee naheen dekhaa. 2008 mein francisi samajshastri aur dhaarmik itihaaskaar fredrick lenoire key lekhan key anusaar, tibbat swaayatt kshetra kii rajdhani lhasa kaa paaramparik vaanijyik quarter usa samay karaaoke baar, juaa ghar aur veshyalayon mein nihit thaa. lhasa mein veshyalayon kii sankhya 300 seey adhik honey kaa anuman thaa. pratishthaan jamalinka dweep parr aur potala mahal key paas jhol gaanv mein sthit they.
itihas.
1950 seey pahale.
14vein dalaai laama key saath apane sakshatkar kii pustak mein, patrakaar thomas laird ney darj kiya haye kii 6vein dalaai laama, yuva tsangyang gyatso (1683-1706) ney apani shapath lene seey incar curr diyaa thaa aur kahaa gayaa thaa kii unhone apani raaten veshyalayon mein peaker bitaain, joe aksar shole (jhol gaanv) key gaanv mein ack saraay mein hoti thee. shole kaa poorv gaanv, jiska kshetra potala key dakshin mein faila huaa haye, 2008 kii lonely planet tibbat guide book mein kahaa gayaa haye kii yeh lhasa kaa redd-light jilaa thaa.
lekhak aur patrakaar cloud arpi (auroville mein tibbati bhawan key nideshak) key anusaar, cheeni sardar jhaao erfeng, jinhone zikang key poorv praant kaa nirmaan kiya, jisamen khaam key tibbati kshetra kaa badaa hissa shamil thaa, ney apane cheeni sainikon koo paisa aur bhoomi dekar tibbati logon seey shaadi karane key liye protsaahit kiya. itihaaskaar laurent deshess key anusaar, yeye mahilaaen aksar sainikon key veshyalayon mein reh jaati theen, halanki "ack tibbati patni koo chhodane key liye zaao dwara unhein gambhir roop seey dandit kiya jaataa thaa."
tibbati key liye german abhiyaan key sambandh mein, lekhak christopher hell, ernst schafer kii diarry key aadhar parr, lhasa mein veshyavritti kii riportah "bheed vaali sadakon parr mahilaaon kii sankhya purushon seey adhik haye aur unamen seey kaee veshya hain. bahuvivaah kii pratha key kaaran, kaee mahilaaon koo pati naheen milate hain aur way gaanvon aur kasbon mein aatee hain jahan way veshyavritti mein parh jaati hain. unake graahak tibbati pathaar aur mathon koo paar karane vaale kafile seey hain. vaha aage kahate hain kii lhasa mein unake rahane kii adhikansh avadhi key liye, german nivaas "tradilingka" koo aksar veshyaon dwara gher liya jaataa thaa joe rahane vaalon koo bahakaane kii koshish karati theen.
austriyai parvatarohi heinrich harror, joe 1944 seey 1950 taka lhasa mein rahate they, ney apane sansmaranon mein bataaya kii barkhor mein, "saral sadgun kii mahilaaen vahaan apane peshe kaa abhyaas karati hain.
1946 mein, teesare takatra rinpoche, joe tibbat key rajpratinidhi they, koo yeh kahakar badnam kiya gayaa kii unakaa "ack uchch shreni kii veshya key saath sambandh thaa jise nyee-aeye-sung kahaa jaataa thaa.
tibbati mahila sangh key anusaarah "ateet mein, tibbat mein, koee veshyalaya yaa drugs naheen they, aur atyadhik sharaab kaa upayog cumm thaa. apane hisse key liye, nirvaasan mein tibbati sarkaar kaa kahana haye kii tibbat parr cheeni kabje seey pahale ack udyog key roop mein veshyavritti lagbhag astitva mein naheen thee. tibbati vakeel lobsang saange bataate hain kii humm yeh naheen kaha sakate kii cheeniyon key aaney seey pahale veshyavritti kaa astitva bilkul naheen thaa. phir bhee, yeh ghatana apani vartamaan seema kii tulanaa mein nyuntam thee.
1950 key baad.
1962 mein, 10vein panchen laama, choke gyaltsen ney apani "70,000 charitra yachika" mein daavaa kiya kii tibbat mein koee bhee vyakti jisane saarvajanik roop seey apana dhaarmik vishvaas vyakt kiya, utpeedan key adheen thaa aur usa parr andhavishwas kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. communists ney bhikshuon aur nanon koo yaun sambandh banaane key liye majboor kiya. mathon kaa prabandhan una apavitra paatron koo saunpa gayaa thaa joe "aksar veshyaon kaa sevan karate they, bahut sharaab peete they", iss prakaar tibbatiyon kii nazaron mein mathon koo badnam curr dete they.
tibbat nyaay kendra key anusaar, nirvaasan mein tibbati sarkaar seey judey ack sangathan, cheeni adhikaariyon ney tibbati mahilaaon koo veshyavritti mein majboor karke unake khilaf hinsa kii haye. tibbati kishoron koo yeh vishvaas thaa kii way logon kii mukti senaa mein shamil hoe rahey they, kaee balatkaron kaa saamana karna padaa, jisake parinamswarup garbhadhaaran huaa, jisake liye unakaa jabaran garbhpaat kiya gayaa. tibbati nyaay kendra key anusaar, cheeni senaa mein tibbati ladkiyon key liye iss prakaar kaa upchaar maanak haye.
beijing mein rahane vaale asantusht cheeni lekhak wang lixiang key anusaar, yeye tippaniyan bahut atiranjit hain aur kewal durlabh mamalon mein hoti hain. 1998 mein prakaashit apani pustak "skye boringah dha destiny off tibbat" mein unhone likhaah "paschim mein, cheeni communists dwara tibbatiyon kaa utpeedan bahut atiranjit haye. kii pee. ell. aeye. sainikon ney laamaon aur nanon koo saarvajanik roop seey yaun sambandh banaane key liye majboor kiya, jabaki laal rakshakon ney harr jagah mahilaaon key saath balatkar kiya, yeh sub, nishchit roop seey, sachchai seey bahut door haye. jaisa kii usa samay key dauran rahane vaale loga achchi tarah seey jaanate hain, iss (maovadi) avadhi mein, yaun sambandh koo samajik roop seey kaafee asweekarya key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa. sabse majboot vichardhara rakhane vaale pee. ell. aeye. sanic aur laal rakshak sambhavatah iss tarah kaa kaam naheen curr sakate they. kuchh vishisht mamalon key sambandh mein, humm kewal shamil vyaktiyon koo dosh dey sakate hain (iss tarah key vyavhaar key binaa kaheen bhee poori tarah seey naheen haye)."
vartamaan sthiti.
nirvaasan mein tibbati sarkaar key anusaar, tibbat mein veshyavritti teji seey badh rahee haye. unakaa daavaa haye kii badey paimaane parr veshyavritti kii shuruat, vishesh roop seey lhasa aur tsetang mein, 1990 mein mukhya roop seey purush kamkaji aabaadi key pravaah key parinamswarup hui, jisase tibbat mein pahale seey hii tainaat cheeni sainikon kii badee aabaadi mein vriddhi hui. 1996 mein "dha independent" akhbar mein ack lekh mein, patrakaar mike dempsy ney dekhaa kii lhasa mein veshyavritti "adhikansh anya cheeni shaharon kii tulanaa mein adhik besharmipurna" hoe gaee thee aur "harr sadak salakhon aur video arcade aur veshyalayon seey bharee hui haye. "lhasa key kuchh pados mein... harr teesare storefront mein ack veshyalaya hotaa haye."dempsy ney kahaa kii adhikansh veshyaaen" paas key sechuan seey hain "jabaki" tibbati veshyaaen, sankhya mein bahut cumm, jokhang mandir key peechhe kachare seey bharee galiyon mein apane garib grahakon kii seva karati hain."2003 mein patrakaar aur itihaaskaar patrick french ney likhaa kii lhasa mein veshyavritti" "jaatiya algaav kaa vishay thaa. bahut cumm tibbati veshyaaen theen, jinamen seey adhikansh cheeni theen, joe mool roop seey sichuan aur kinghai seey theen. yaun vyaapaar "cheeni girohon dwara niyantrit thaa joe raajneetik sanrakshan seey labhanvit hotey they. patrakaar jeane-paul maaree key anusaar, 1990 key dashak mein makaao mafiya key paise seey jaama lingka dweep vikasit kiya gayaa thaa.
2003 mein, francisi vrittachitra nirmaata mairi luville ney gupt roop seey tibbat kaa daura kiya aur vrittachitra "dha footpath off lhasa" koo filmaya, jisamen lhasa mein veshyavritti key abhyaas kaa varnan kiya gayaa thaa. 2006 mein americi photographer saaraa score ney lhasa mein lii gaee tibbati aur cheeni veshyaon kii tasveeron kii ack pradarshani lagaai.
sanyukt rashtra manvadhikar parishad koo 2009 mein prastut ack report mein, tibbati mahilaaon key sangathan ney daavaa kiya kii pichhale dashak mein tibbat key kuchh pramukh shaharon mein veshyavritti mein vriddhi dekhi gaee thee. shiksha aur rojgar key liye cheeni mahilaaon key saath pratispardha mein tibbati mahilaaon key khilaf bhedbhaav key saath-saath paryatan mein vriddhi key kaaran bhee bataae gaye they. lekin sabse mahatvapurna kaarak ranneetik roop seey mahatvapurna kshetra mein sainikon kii aamad koo kahaa gayaa thaa.
hudd taka.
cheeni sarkaar tibbat mein veshyalayon kii sankhya kaa anuman naheen detee haye kyonki chean mein veshyavritti parr aadhikarik taur parr pratibandh haye. haalaanki, lhasa mein veshyalayon kii sankhya key anumaanit aankade kaee sroton dwara pradaan kiye gaye hain. inmein nirvaasan mein tibbati sarkaar key karibi sangathan, vrittachitra nirmaata nagwang chofel, akaadamik fredrick lenoir aur lekhak aur itihaaskaar patrick french shamil hain. srot key aadhar parr aankade 300 seey 1806 taka hain. veshyalaya" shabd mein hayer sailoon, beauty sailoon, massage parlor, hostes baar aur karaaoke baar key roop mein prachhann parisar mein honey vaali veshyavritti shamil haye.
tibbat kaal" key anusaar, dharamshala mein apane mukhyalaya key saath tibbat key nirvaasiton seey judaa ack pakhwade kaa samachar patra, 1998 mein lhasa mein lagbhag 8,890 veshyaaen theen, yaa mahila aabaadi kaa 9 pratishat. lekh mein bataaya gayaa kii lhasa mein 1,270 veshyalaya they, jinamen seey jyaadaatar baal sailoon key roop mein prachhann they, aur ausatan, pratyek veshyalaya mein saat veshyaaen theen. "tibbat times" kaa daavaa haye kii usane apani pratyaksh jaanch key parinamswarup yeh aankada praapt kiya haye.
1998 mein america kii aavaaz parr bolate hue, nagwang chofel ney daavaa kiya kii lhasa mein 1806 seey adhik "cheeni veshyalaya" they. 1999 mein, landan sthit tibbat soochana network ney ack adhyayan kiya jisamen lhasa mein "cumm seey cumm 658 veshyalayon" kii pehchaan kii gaee. 1999 mein tibbat kii yatra seey lautate hue patrick french ney sanket diyaa kii unhone unhein lhasa mein ack mahatvapurna ghatana paaya thaa, aur "abb vahaan saikadon veshyalaya hain. 2000 aur 2002 mein, sanyukt rashtra mein prastut ack pepper mein aur usee srot kaa hawala dete hue "dha boston globe" mein ack lekh mein 1000 veshyalayon kaa ack aankada saamane rakhaa gayaa thaa. tibbati mahila sangh key anusaar, 1998 aur 2005 key beach veshyalayon kii sankhya badhkar 1600 hoe gaee. 2008 mein fredrick lenoire ney lhasa mein veshyalayon kii sankhya kaa anuman lagaaya kii yeh 300 seey adhik veshyalayon mein haye, joe jansankhya key mamle mein kissy bhee cheeni shahar kii uchchatam daron mein seey ack haye.
rajdhani lhasa key baahar veshyavritti kii khabaren hain, jisamen michael kodas ney apani pustak "uchch aparadhah lalach kii umr mein hamesha key bhaagya" (2008) mein tibbati hamesha key aadhar shivir mein isake abhyaas kaa varnan kiya haye.
veshyavritti kaa aadhikarik daman.
chean key janvaadi ganarajya key kaanoon key tahat veshyavritti avaidh haye. cheeni adhikaari aksar veshyavritti kii ninda karate hain aur vyaapaar seey tibbat koo mukt karane key prayaas mein aksar chhaape daalate hain, jaise kii maee 1995 mein lhasa mein burai key khilaf kaarravaai jaba cheeni pulis ney 111 veshyaon aur dalalon koo giraftar kiya thaa. france-press key anusaar, cheeni sanskriti mantri sunn jiyaajheng ney 2000 mein chetavani dee thee kii cheeni manoranjan udyog kaa vikas yaun vyaapaar seey pratispardha key kaaran baadhit hoe sakata haye. unhone ise rokane key liye ack rashtriya abhiyaan shuru kiya aur sarkari agencies parr vyaapaar mein bhaag lene kaa aarop lagaaya. 1 octuber 2009 koo, jaise hii chean key janvaadi ganarajya kii sthaapana kii 60veen varshgaanth kaa samay aaya, cheeni nyaay upa-mantri ney cheeni pulis dwara night clubon aur massage parlours koo bund karane key uddeshya seey ack rashtriya abhiyaan shuru karane kii ghoshana kii.
yaun sanchaarit roga key prasaar kaa khatra.
2003 mein, manvadhikaron aur loktantra key liye tibbati kendra, ack ngo jisake liye dalaai laama sanrakshak hain, kaa anuman haye kii varsh 2000 mein lhasa mein 1000 veshyalayon mein 7000 tibbati ladakiyan theen. sangathan ney swachchata aur surakshaatmak upaayon kii kamee, baaki chean seey veshyaon key pravaah kii aalochana kii, jahaan sahaayata adhik prachalit haye, aur nivaarak shaikshik aur screening karyakramon kii kamee haye. kahaa jaataa haye kii veshyavritti mein vriddhi seey tibbat mein aich. aaee. vee. sancharan mein vriddhi hoti haye. 2007 mein, dalaai laama ney daavaa kiya kii beijing haal hii mein chean aur tibbat key beach poori hui kingzhang railway kaa upayog graameen ilaakon seey ashikshit yuva ladkiyon koo lhasa mein "veshyaon key roop mein shamil karane" key liye bhej rhaa thaa, jisase "sahaayata kaa khatra badh rhaa haye.
australiyai sangathan (ausaid aur bernet sansthaan) hiv/aids kii roktham parr lhasa mein kaam karate hain. 2008 key tibbati ashanti key dauran unake karmchaariyon mein seey ack, ack sahayak karyakarta aur wangdu naamak poorv tibbati bhikshu koo giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. vaha 2001 seey vishesh roop seey veshyaon key beach sahaayata kii roktham parr kaam curr rahey they. lhasa pradarshanon mein vyaktigat roop seey bhaag naheen lene key bavjood unhein jasusi aur videsh mein jaankaari bhejane key aarop mein aajivan karawas kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. association key chhatron key anusaar, ack muft tibbat key liye, unaki kaid seey pataa chalata haye kii cheeni sarkaar tibbatiyon key swaasthya aur kalyan key liye kaam karane vaalon koo chup karaane key liye kitni door jaayegi.
veshyavritti aur tibbati sanskriti.
lobsang sange key anusaar, choonki lhasa tibbatiyon key liye ack pavitra shahar haye, isaliye veshyavritti koo vishesh roop seey isaki tibbati aabaadi dwara aswikar kiya jaataa haye. lhaasaah dha death off dha soul" mein, 1994 key ack lekh mein, villium hanks ney ack bauddh bhikshu key shabdon koo uddhrit kiyaah "ack mathh key darwaaje mein ack bhikshu ney mujhase budbuda curr kahaa 'yeh sherm kii baat haye; humm chaahte hain kii yeye baar bund hoe kyonki way tibbati sanskriti key niyojit vinash mein yogdan karate hain. yatra tulanaatmak website "easyvoiage" mein ullekh kiya gayaa haye kii lhasa kaa paschimi bhaag apani thhos vastukala, dukaanon, karaaoke aur yahaan taka kii veshyavritti key saath sabhi aadhunik cheeni shaharon kii tarah dikhta haye. dalaai laama key liye francisi dubhashiya, maithyu ricard kaa kahana haye kii "neon karaaoke key neeche tibbati shahar gayab hoe gayaa haye... cheeni loga apani naitikta, sharaab, karaaoke, veshyalayon koo lagu karate hain... chean apane siddhant koo lagu kartaa haye aur sanskriti koo kuchal detaa haye!"
haalaanki, mike dempsey kii tippani key anusaarah "tibbat key adhikansh paryavekshakon koo sandeh haye kii nirvaasit dalaai laama kii aadhyatmik pakad koo kamjor karane key liye juaa aur veshyavritti koo badhaava denaa aadhikarik cheeni neeti haye. haang kaang vigyaan aur praudyogiki vishvavidyalaya key professor bairi sotman kaa drishtikon haye kii "pravasiyon ney tibbat key shaharon mein paae jaane vaale 'buraaiyon' koo vahaan haan kii upasthiti key hanikarak saanskritik prabhaavon key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya haye. lekin duniya bhar key kaee anya shaharon kii tarah lhasa mein bhee veshyavritti, juaa aur drugs seey bharey kaee sthaan hain. tibbat key liye antarrashtriya abhiyaan key nideshak ney chinta vyakt kii haye kii adhik seey adhik yuva tibbati cheeni sanskriti key sabse kharaab pahaluon key pralobhan key sampark mein hain. soutman bataate hain kii "inmein seey koee bhee burai vishesh roop seey 'cheeni' naheen haye. billiards ack paschimi aavishkaar haye, karaaoke kii utpatti japan mein hui, veshyavritti aur drugs saarvbhaumik hain."lhasa mein disco aur night clubon key baare mein poochhe jaane parr, tibbat swaayatt kshetra key upaadhyaksh ney unhein" "paschimi jeevan shally" "key hisse key roop mein uchit thaharaaya, aur kahaa kii way sthaaniya tibbati aur haan sanskriti kii vividhata mein yogdan karate hain. sautman kaa tark haye kii tibbat mein pravasiyon dwara ninda kii gaee 'buraaiyaan' jyaadaatar dharamshala aur kathmandu jaise dhaarmik kendron mein bhee maujood hain aur kuchh deshon mein bauddh bhikshuon key beach asamanya naheen hain.

