
nodena charan

nodena charan purvi arconsus aur dakshinpurvi misauri mein ack puraataatvik charan haye joe lagbhag 1400-1650 CE seey haye. misauri bootheel aur vapanokka jheel key beach mississippi nadee key kinare key gaanvon key ack sangrah seey nodena charan kaa pataa chalata haye. way vyaapak makka krishi aur kritrim kapaal viroopan kaa abhyaas karate they aur ack mahadweep vyaapak vyaapaar aur dhaarmik network key sadasya they jinhen dakshinpurvi aupchaarik parisar key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, joe iss kshetra mein chert, wheeluck key gole aur anya videshi saman laataa thaa.
aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii spanish hernando dee soto abhiyaan ney 1540 key dashak kii shuruat mein nodena charan mein kaee sthalon kaa daura kiya thaa, jise aamtaur parr pakaha praant key roop mein pahachaana jaataa haye.
niptan kaa swaroop.
nodena charan sthal teen bhaugolik upa-jilon mein paae jaate hainh willson-joiner, vapanokka jheel aur blitheville upa-jile.
vapanokka jheel upa-jilaa.
vapanokka jheel jile mein sabse badaa sthal bradley site (3 see. tii. 7) haye. bradley sthal aur isake aspas key kasbon aur gaanvon key samooh (3 ct 9,3 ct 43,3 ct 14,3 ct 17, baink sthal) koo pakaha rajdhani aur anya aas-paas key gaanvon key liye achchha ummidwar maanaa jaataa haye.
sanskriti.
mitty key bartan.
nodena sthalon parr paae jaane vaale adhikansh mitty key bartan "mississipian bell plain" kism key hain. yeh buff rangeen thaa, isamen ack tempering agent key roop mein ground mussell shale key badey tukade hotey hain, aur anya kismon kii tarah chikna aur polish naheen hotaa haye. anya udaaharan joe paae gaye hain, way bahut adhik maheen hain, ack shaant bhoo-kavach key saath, kuchh udaaharan itane bareek hain kii way bey-sthir dikhate hain. murdaghar key mitty key bartanon mein aakar aur sajawat mein vividhata thee, chamkile rung key amoort sarpil designs seey laker maanav sir, jaanvaron aur shikariyon aur unake shikaar koo darshaane vaale vistrit putale vaale bartanon taka. nodena logon dwara banaae gaye mitty key bartan mitty kii pattiyon seey banaae gaye they, aur phir kumhar dwara chikane kiye gaye they, purvi america kshetra mein anya mitty key bartanon kii tarah jahaan kumhar kaa pahiya agyaat thaa. safed key liye gallena, laal key liye hematite aur kabhi-kabhi kaale key liye graphite kaa upayog karane vaali purchy kaa upayog mitty key bartanon koo chitrit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, jisamen safed swastik parr laal design vishesh roop seey lokpriya thaa. kabhi-kabhi cheera lagaane kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa (ack udaaharan pratima vaale sir key bartan parr cheera huaa raptor chhavi haye), halanki yeh nodena mitty key bartanon mein durlabh haye. adhikansh anya deshi americi sanskritiyon kii tarah, mahilaaen shayed mitty key bartan banaane vaali theen. nodena sthal parr ack mahila kii kabr mein 11 chamakaane vaale kankad aur ack mashroom key aakar key mitty key bartan they.
lith udyog.
nodena charan key loga paschim aur uttar-paschim mein crolley key riz aur ozaark uchch bhoomi kshetron mein anya samoohon key saath upkaran banaane key liye upayog karane yogya patthar key liye vyaapaar karate they. baadh key maidan key bhugol kii sthitiyon key kaaran, jahan way rahate they, sthaaniya roop seey koee patthar upalabdh naheen thaa. chert, besault aur balua patthar koo vibhinn prakaar key upkaranon mein badal diyaa gayaa jaise kii selt, chheni, aids, abrader, hathaude, hose, drillbit, mortar aur pastel, bhaala bindu aur teer key sir. ack lokpriya teer sir shally koo nodena bindu key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe ack najuk patti jaisa aakar haye. chunky key khel mein upayog key liye balua patthar koo bhee jameen parr rakhaa gayaa thaa aur ack discoidal aakar mein polish kiya gayaa thaa.
nodena bindu ack utkrisht roop seey baney vilo patti key aakar key chakmak blade hain jinka naam nodena site key liye rakhaa gayaa haye joe americi madhya paschim aur dakshin key ack badey hisse mein dair seey mississipian aur protohistoric avadhi kaa nidan karate hain. udaaharan tenacy mein dallas charan sthalon, ayova aur wisconsin mein vanata sthalon, indiana, ilinois aur kentucky mein caborn-welburn sanskriti sthalon, arconsus mein protohistoric quapau sthalon key saath-saath alabama aur florida mein sthalon mein paae gaye hain. dou alag-alag prakaar key nodena bindu banaae gaye they, nodena andakar aur nodena baink kii kismein. nodena andakar key dwi-bindu aakar key vipareet, tata kii kism kaa aadhar seedha hotaa haye. tata kii kism kaa naam vapanokka jheel key paas tata sthal key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye (vitaran aur prakaron key aarekh key liye chitran dekhein).
krishi aur bhojan.
nodena key loga makke kii kheti key saath-saath america mein utpann honey vaali anya khaadya fasalon jaise same, squash, surajmukhi aur lauki mein gaharaai seey shamil they. unhone pekan aur persiman jaise jangli khaadya padaarth bhee ekatra kiye. dee soto itihaskaron ney iss kshetra koo bhaari kheti key tahat bataaya, aur sabse adhik aabaadi vaale kshetra koo unhone "laa florida" mein dekhaa thaa. spaniards ney jangli falon aur nutt vaale pedon key upavanon kaa varnan kiya, jiska arth haye kii makke kii kheti key liye anya pedon koo saaf karate samay nodena ney unhein khadaa chhod diyaa hoga. safed poonchh vaale hiran, gilhari, khargosh, turkey aur mallard key shikaar key saath-saath magarmachcha gaar, catfish, drum aur mussel key liye machhali pakadane kaa abhyaas kiya jaataa thaa.
sir viroopan.
nodena charan key logon ney kritrim kapaal viroopan yaa sir koo chapata karane kaa abhyaas kiya. shishuon key janm key turant baad, unhein ack vishesh vaahak seey baandh diyaa gayaa, jisane unaki khopadi koo vikrit curr diyaa. nodena sthal parr paae gaye kaee kankal avasheshon mein vikrit khopadi thee, jise front-ausipital viroopan, maathe aur sir key pichhale hisse key chapate honey key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa. dow. dwara khoji gaee 123 khopadi. hampson, kewal chhah koo "samanya" maanaa jaa sakata haye, jiska arth haye kii way sir viroopan key sanket naheen dikhaa rahey they. mastishk kaa kaary kapaal viroopan seey prabhaavit naheen hotaa haye, lekin khopadi kii haddiyon kaa samagr aakar haye. yeh pratha kaee mool americi janjaatiyon dwara aitihaasik samay mein kii gaee thee, jisamen choktav bhee shamil thaa, halanki baad mein yeh pasand seey baahar hoe gayaa.
dafanaane key reeti-rivaaj.
kuchh nodena charan sthalon parr 15 seey 20 yaa usase adhik key samoohon mein dafanaane vaale parivarik kabristan paae gaye. dafanaane kii jagahen vistaarit sthiti mein theen, joe peeth parr padee theen, jinamen seey adhikansh uttar-dakshin aksh parr sthit they. nodena charan key loga apane mritak key saath maranoparant key liye kabr chadhaane bhee chhod gaye. kabron mein mritak key sir key paas ack katora aur ack bottle shamil thee, joe aamtaur parr mitty key bartanon kii bareek kism kii hoti thee. kabhi-kabhi aujaar bhee shamil kiye jaate they, kyonki ack mahila kii kabr mein mitty key bartan banaane key aujaar hotey they.
bhasha.
nodena key loga shayed tunican yaa siuan boll rahey they. yeh gyaat haye kii tunic dee soto entrada key samay iss kshetra mein they, aur iss kshetra mein maujood charanon kaa sambandhit samooh sabhi tunican bolane vaale hoe sakate hain, jinake paschim aur dakshin mein cadoan bolane vaale they. lekin 1670 key dashak mein baad mein europeeya sampark key samay aur aitihaasik avadhi kii shuruat taka, iss kshetra parr dhegiha siuan bhashi kwapa kaa kabja thaa. mitty key bartanon kii shailiyon aur dee soto kathaaon key shabdon koo aitihaasik janjaatiyon key saath jodane key prayaas kiye gaye hain, lekin abb taka asafal rahey hain.
padosi logon key saath sambandh.
kshetra key anya samkaaleen samoohon mein parkin charan, tipton charan, menard charan, belle meed charan aur deewaar charan shamil hain. puraataatvik aur nrijaatiya itihas key abhilekhon seey pataa chalata haye kii samooh pratidvandi yaa raajneetik roop seey sambaddh rajneeti they, jinamen koee tatasth dall naheen thaa, joe aantarik vijay yuddh mein lagey hue they. polyceds, mitty key tatbandhon aur khaai kii upasthiti aur sthaaniya charanon key beach alag-alag ekal-parivaar key aavason aur chhote bastiyon kii anupasthiti seey pataa chalata haye kii sthaanik yuddh kii aisee sthiti maujood thee. dee soto kathaaon key anusaar, pakaha kuchh samay seey ack padosi samooh, kaiski key saath yuddh mein thaa. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii kaiski kaa pramukh shahar vartamaan mein parkin puraatatva raajya udyaan key sthaan parr parkin key paas ack sthal parr thaa. puraatatvidon dwara paae gaye mitty key bartanon key nirmaan aur dafanaane key reeti-rivaajon mein antar seey pataa chalata haye kii donon samooh kaafee samay seey ack-dusare seey alag they. aakhyanon mein darj haye kii pakaha aur kaski ney daavaa kiya kii way kaee peedhiyon seey yuddh mein they. kaee varshon kii ladaai key kaaran gatirodh paida hoe gayaa thaa, jahaan koee bhee samooh badhat hassil karane mein saksham naheen thaa. hamale tabhi kiye gaye jaba hamlawar koo safalata kaa vishvaas huaa. pakaha ney adhik kshetra koo niyantrit kiya aur isaki aabaadi kaiski seey adhik thee. halanki, mukhya pakaha kaiski pramukh seey cumm umr kaa thaa aur aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii lagaatar aakramak kaiski hamalon seey usey bahut kuchh khona thaa.
aakhyanon mein ullikhit anya samooh spasht roop seey pakaha rajneeti key jagirdar raajya they. aise dou samooh aquixo aur quiz they, jinhen abb belle meed aur wall phase logon key roop mein pahachaana jaataa haye.
europeeya sampark key prabhaav.
dee soto ney sabse pahale kaski janjaati kaa saamana kiya. jaba unhone pakaha jaane key liye dabaav daala, tou kaee kaiski loga unake peechhe hoe liye. kaee pakaha, apane dushman key aaney koo dekhkar, nadee mein ack kileband dweep parr bhaag gaye, jisamen kaee prayaas mein doob gaye. soto kaa peechha karane vaale kaiski ney gaanv koo lootane key liye aage badhe, mandir aur sammaanit mrit pakaha key avasheshon koo apavitra kiya, aur vaha sub kuchh churaa liya joe way curr sakate they. lagbhag ack sou pachas pakaha yoddhaon kaa sir kaat diyaa gayaa aur unake sir mandir key baahar khambhon parr rakhe gaye, joe kaiski yoddhaon key siron kii jagah leey rahey they.
dee soto ney mukhya pakaha seey sampark kiya aur unhein aashvast kiya kii unakaa hamale seey koee lena-denaa naheen haye aur abhiyaan key iraade shantipurna they. dee soto ney pakaha koo yeh bhee ashvasana diyaa kii abhiyaan pakaha koo unake chhal key liye dandit karane key liye kaiski parr hamla karane mein madad karega. kaiski koo niyojit hamale kii agrim chetavani millie aur usane sanyukt spanish aur pakaha bull seey pratishodh koo rokane key liye looty gaee vastuon koo vaapas karane aur maafi jaari karane kaa faisala kiya. dee soto ney donon netaaon key liye raat key khaane kii vyavastha kii aur donon samoohon key beach shaanti sandhi kii vyavastha kii. shaanti kii vyavastha key liye kritagyata key sanket key roop mein aur apane pratidvandi koo bhee pachhaadane key liye, jisane kewal dee soto koo ack betty bhent kii thee, pramukh pakaha ney apani ack patni, apani ack bahan aur apane janjaati kii ack anya mahila key saath dee soto prastut kiya. dee soto abhiyaan lagbhag 40 dinon taka pakaha key gaanv mein rhaa.
hernando dee soto abhiyaan abhilekh mukhya pakaha aur unake logon key ekmatra aitihaasik abhilekh hain. unakaa baad kaa itihas anishchit haye. 1673 mein market aur joliette abhiyaan dwara iss kshetra mein agali pralekhit europeeya upasthiti key samay taka, iss kshetra mein quapau kii aabaadi bahut cumm thee. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii chechak aur khasra jaisi europeeya beemariyon kii shuruat aur spaniards dwara shakti key sthaaniya santulan koo kharaab karane seey iss kshetra kii aabaadi mein kamee aaee haye jise dee soto abhiyaan dwara "laa florida" mein sabse adhik aabaadi key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa.
puraataatvik sthalon seey dee soto aakhyanon aur mitty key bartanon mein darj shabdon kaa vishleshan karke nodena logon koo aitihaasik samoohon seey jodane kaa prayaas kiya gayaa haye. kshetra mein unaki upasthiti key kaaran, quapau koo lambe samay seey ack vyavharya ummidwar maanaa jaataa thaa. haal key vishleshan mein tunica logon parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa haye, joe 17veen shatabdi key anta taka nichali yaju nadee ghaati mein reh rahey they.

