
sofiya pomba gurra

sofiya pomba gurra (1906-1976) ack purtagaali nariwadi aur purtagaal mein "estado novo" sarkaar kii virodhi thee. vaha mosambic aur ginny-bisau key upaniveshvaad virodhi andolanon mein sakriya thee.
praarambhik jeevan.
maria sofiya karejola pomba gurra kaa janm 18 julaai 1906 koo portugal key alentezo kshetra mein alvas mein huaa thaa. unake pitaa ack senaa sargent they. unhone 1920 key dashak key dauran coembra vishvavidyalaya mein adhyayan kiya, usee samay plato zorai doo amral gurra key roop mein, jinase unhone baad mein shaadi kii. unhone 1929 mein pharmacy mein degree praapt kii. kyonki mahaan avasaad key kaaran purtagaal mein rojgar milna mushkil hoe rhaa thaa, apani padhaai poori karane key baad, vaha aur unake pati 1930 mein apane chhote bachche key saath mosambic kii purtagaali coloney mein chaley gaye. way shuru mein 1932 mein tata parr rajdhani laureno markes (abb maputo) mein jaane seey pahale aantarik shahar tete mein buss gaye. jabaki unake pati koo ack pharmacist key roop mein naukari millie, lagbhag samaan yogyata key saath, unhein ack aur dashak key liye sarkari naukari naheen milegi.
mosambic.
lurenko maark mein unhone dou patrikaon, "oh ammissipader" aur "noticias" key liye lekh likhana shuru kiya, baad mein ack nae masik mein yogdan diyaa jise "itinario" kahaa jaataa haye. 1919 mein sthaapit saptahik patrika, "oh ammissipader", mool roop seey union gatividhi aur laureno maark mein shramikon key sanghrshon parr kendrit thee. lekin, jaba sanghon koo "estado novo" tanashahi key tahat niyantrit kiya gayaa, tou yeh cumm kattarpanthi hoe gayaa aur 1937 mein bund hoe gayaa. "maria rossa" key chhadm naam key tahat lekhan, unake lekhon ney mahilaaon key kaam karane key adhikaaron parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. iss prakaar, way apane drishtikon mein nariwadi they, lekin iss samay, krantikari honey seey bahut door they. apane lekhon mein unhone spasht roop seey mahilaaon key majdoori shram aur unaki mukti key avsaron key beach ack kadee banaai, lekin lekh mukhya roop seey una shwet mahilaaon kii mosambic mein sthiti mein sudhaar karane kii maang curr rahey they, jinake paas kuchh shiksha thee, joe sabhi shweton key mamle mein naheen thaa kyonki ack badaa shwet, kisan nimn varg thaa. lekh upaniveshvaad virodhi naheen they, aur african yaa african mahilaaon kii sthiti koo sambodhit naheen karate they. baad mein hii vaha upaniveshvaad virodhi sangharsh kii samarthak bunn gaeen. 
samachar patra, "noticia" mein mahilaaon koo samarpit prishth they jinamen fashion aadi seey sambandhit paaramparik vastuein theen. joe usa samay key samachar patron mein vyaapak roop seey paae gaye they, aur sweekrit prathaon koo chunauti naheen dete they. samaantaa kii vakaalat karate hue vaha laurenco maark key samajik drishya key liye abhee bhee paridhiya muddon parr charcha curr rahee thee. 1936 taka vaha pahale seey hii apane naam seey lekh prakaashit curr rahee thee aur usa varsh "noticius" ney mahilaaon key kaam karane key adhikaar parr "oh trableho daa mulhar" (ack mahila kaa kaam) naamak ack 18-lekh shrinkhala prakaashit kii. unhone iss baat parr jore diyaa kii "mahilaaon koo kaam karane kaa adhikaar haye aur samaan yogyata key aadhar parr kaam karane aur vetan paane kaa samaan adhikaar haye. unhone tark diyaa kii "estado novo" dwara prastut 1933 key samvidhaan mein sarkari padon mein mahilaaon key mahatva koo cumm karane key liye banaai gaee khaamiyan theen. jiss samay yeye lekh prakaashit hoe rahey they, usa samay gurra pahale seey hii markswad key kuchh gyaan key baare mein jagrukta dikhaa rahee thee, halanki vaha isake vichaaron koo apanaane seey bahut door thee. udaaharan key liye, 1934 mein, unhone alekjendra kolontai key lekhan kii aalochana karate hue ack lekh likhaa thaa jisamen mahilaaon koo ghar chhodane aur kranti key liye khud koo samarpit karane key liye apane maatri daayitvon kii vakaalat kii gaee thee. 1935 mein, gurra ney "dois anos aim africa" (africa mein dou saal) naamak ack upanyaas swayam prakaashit kiya. isaki vishay-vastu aur saahityik shally key liye isaki bahut aalochana kii gaee thee. julaai 1936 mein, samachar patra "unio" ney ack lekh prakaashit kiya jisamen noticia mein gurra key lekhon kii aalochana kii gaee, yeh tark dete hue kii iss tarah key vichaaron kaa aise samachar patra mein koee sthaan naheen haye. 
purtagaali basane vaalon key ack samooh dwara aayojit, patrika "itinario", joe lekhan, kalaa, vigyaan aur aalochana key liye samarpit thee, pahali baar farwari 1941 mein prakaashit hui thee. purush yogadankartaon key prabhutva key bavjood, pahale muddon mein mahilaaon kii sthiti parr charcha kii gaee thee aur donon mein mahilaaon koo yogadankarta key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, jinamen seey ack gurra thaa. 1945 key baad, "itinario" ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh key anta mein purtagaal mein vidroh kii praarambhik bhaavanaon koo pratibimbit kiya, jisamen "estado novo" koo asthaayi roop seey apane sattawadi rukh koo shithil karna padaa. "itinararo" mosambic mein vipaksh key liye ack kendra bindu bunn gayaa. gurra key lekhan ney safed mahilaaon key liye samaantaa parr unaki pahale kii ekagrata seey door mosambic key african logon key saamane aaney vaale muddon aur aupaniveshik yug key anta kii aavashyakta kii adhik sarahana kii. vaha dheere-dheere rajneeti mein aage badh rahee thee, jaisa kii 1948 mein jose norton dee matos key rashtrapati abhiyaan key liye unake sakriya samarthan seey pataa chalata haye (upaniveshon mein purtagaali rashtriya chunaavon mein matdan curr sakate they).
giraftari aur hirasat.
1949 mein gurra mosambic mein giraftar kii jaane vaali pahali shwet mahila thee aur usey vaapas purtagaal bhej diyaa gayaa, jahan usey usa varsh 23 navambar seey 4 julaai 1950 taka lisban key paas caxia raajneetik jail mein hirasat mein liya gayaa thaa, jaba usey lisban poorna adalat dwara burry curr diyaa gayaa thaa. phir vaha apane pati key saath shamil hoe gaee, joe purtagaali ginny (abb ginny-bisau) mein chaley gaye they, jahan way pharmacia lisboa (lisban pharmacy) key malik bunn gaye. ginny mein unhone apani krantikari gatividhiyon koo jaari rakhaa aur shramikon key beach saamyavaadi samoohon koo sangathit karane kii koshish kii. unhone 1958 mein humberto delgado key rashtrapati abhiyaan kaa bhee samarthan kiya. 
ginny-bisau.
haalaanki raajneetik pulis dwara bariki seey nigrani kii jaati thee, jiska malik usake ghar key saamane rahata thaa, lekin usane pahale avsar parr apani raajneetik gatividhiyon koo phir seey shuru curr diyaa. gurra koo ginny (purtagaalih "frente dee liberta daa ginny", flg) key mukti morche key nirmaan seey jodaa gayaa thaa. ginny aur cape verde kii swatantrata key liye african party key ack mahatvapurna vyakti oswaldo viera, jinhone ginny-bisau key antarrashtriya havaai adde koo apana naam diyaa, ney apani pharmacy mein kuchh samay key liye kaam kiya. unhone hyee school mein angreji bhee sikhai, iss tarah kaee yuva krantikariyon seey mulakat kii, jinamen cape verde key pahale adhyaksh abhijaat varg perera aur ginny-bisau key pahale adhyaksh luis cabral shamil they. kuleen perera ney kahaa kii vaha vahee thee jisane 1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein jaba perera ginny mein aaee tou usake aur pramukh upaniveshvaad virodhi amilkar cabral key beach sampark sthaapit kiya, jabaki luis cabral ney usey "humm mein seey pratyek key liye dost aur salaahkaar" key roop mein varnit kiya. 1960 key dashak mein gurra koo emilkar cabral key saath rehna thaa.
mrityu.
estado novo" koo ukhaad fenkane vaali carnation kranti key dou saal baad, sofiya pomba gurra kii 12 agast 1976 koo lisban mein mrityu hoe gaee.

