nireekshan

inspect vaigyaanik aur takniki saahitya kaa ack pramukh anukraman databases haye, jise engineering aur praudyogiki sansthaan (aaee. ee. tii.) dwara prakaashit kiya jaataa haye, aur pahale vidyut engineeron key sansthaan (aaee. ee. ee.) dwara, joe aaee. ee. tii. key agraduton mein seey ack haye.
bhautik vigyaan, sanganana, niyantran aur engineering key kshetron mein nireekshan coverage vyaapak haye. isake vishay mein khagol vigyaan, electronics, sanchaar, computer aur computing, computer vigyaan, niyantran engineering, vidyut engineering, soochana praudyogiki, bhautiki, vinirmaan, utpaadan aur yaantrik engineering shamil hain. abb, vyavasaay key liye praudyogiki kii ubharati avadharana key kaaran, nireekshan mein apane portfolio mein vyavasaay key liye soochana praudyogiki bhee shamil haye. prabandhan, arthshastra aur samajik vigyaan kshetron mein praudyogiki koo ekikrit karke uchch gunavatta vaale shodh prakaashit karane vaali kuchh patrikaon kaa nireekshan kiya. namuna patrikaon mein vittiya arthshastra kii vaarshik sameeksha, soochana prabandhan kii asselib patrika, prabandhan kii australiyai patrika aur prabandhan, arthshastra aur samajik vigyaan kii antarrashtriya patrika shamil hain.
nireekshan 1967 mein "vigyaan saar" seva key vikas key roop mein shuru kiya gayaa thaa. electronic abhilekhon koo chumbakiya tape parr vitarit kiya gayaa thaa. 1980 key dashak mein, yeh yuu mein upalabdh thaa.aiss. gyaan soochkaank key madhyam seey, vyaktigat upayogkartaon key liye samvaad seva kaa ack cumm keemat vaalaa dial-upp sanskaran, jisane ise lokpriya banaa diyaa. lagbhag 50 varshon seey, aaee. ee. tii. ney vaigyaanikon koo nireekshan mein shamil kii jaane vaali vastuon kii manual roop seey sameeksha karane, vishay kshetra kii apani visheshagyata kaa upayog karke saahitya koo hast-anukraman karane aur kiss niyam aur vargeekaran code koo lagu kiya jaanaa chaahiye, isake baare mein nirnay lene key liye niyukt kiya haye. iss kaam key liye dhanyavaad, ack mahatvapurna kosh vikasit kiya gayaa haye joe samagri koo adhik sateek aur sandarbh mein anukramit karane mein saksham banaata haye, joe badale mein antim upayogkartaon koo praasangik saahitya kii khoj karane mein madad kartaa haye joe anyatha vishisht khoj prashnon seey chhipa huaa hoe sakata haye, jisase nireekshan koo poorv kalaa, patent khoj aur patent masauda taiyar karane key liye ack aavashyak upkaran banaa diyaa jaataa haye. 
vartamaan mein nireekshan taka pahunch "nireekshan pratyaksh" aur vibhinn punarvikretaon key madhyam seey internet dwara haye.
samkakshon koo print karein.
inspect mein kaee print samkaksh hainh
"computer aur niyantran saar.
computer aur niyantran saar (aavrittih 12 prati varsh) mein computer aur computing aur soochana praudyogiki shamil hain.
"vidyut aur electronics saar.
vidyut aur electronics saar (aavrittih 12 prati varsh) dursanchar, electronics, radio, vidyut shakti aur optoelectronics mein sabhi vishayon koo shamil kartaa haye. vishay, lekhak aur anya soochkaankon key anusaar mudrit soochkaank aur ack vishay margadarshika prati varsh dou baar taiyar kii jaati haye.
"bhautik vigyaan saar.
bhautiki saar (aavrittih 24 prati varsh) ack saar aur anukraman seva haye jise pahali baar vidyut engineeron key sansthaan dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa haye. ise pahali baar "vigyaan saar" key roop mein prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa, 1898 seey 1902 taka khand 1 seey khand 5 taka. 1903 seey 1971 taka databases key alag-alag sheershak they. yeye nikatata seey sambandhit naam "vigyaan saar" they. khand aeye, bhautiki aur vigyaan saar. khand aeye, bhautiki saar "aayatan 6 seey aayatan 74 taka.
1972 taka anya samaaj iss seva key lekhakon key roop mein judey they jaise kii american institute off physics. 1975 yaa 1976 mein vidyut aur electronics engineer sansthaan bhee ack lekhak bunn gayaa. 1980 taka yeh databases vibhinn praarupon parr nireekshan-bhautiki key roop mein bhee jaari kiya gayaa thaa. yeh nireekshan databases key hisse key roop mein bhee upalabdh thaa. vartamaan mein yeh "nireekshan, khand aeye-bhautiki" databases kaa hissa haye. usee samay, "bhautiki saar" sheershak 1990 key dashak mein niyojit kiya gayaa thaa.
ullekhaniya sampaadak.
vigyaan kathaa lekhak arther see. clark, ack bee key saath.aiss. degree (bhautiki aur ganit sammaan) (kings college), 1949 seey 1951 taka "bhautiki saar" key liye ack sahayak sampaadak thaa. iss sthiti ney clark koo "duniya kii sabhi pramukh vaigyaanik patrikaon taka pahunch kii anumati dee."
"vigyaan saar.
vigyaan saar" kaa pahala ank janwari 1898 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. usa pahale varsh key dauran, masik antaral parr kull 1,423 saar prakaashit kiye gaye they, aur varsh key anta mein ack lekhak aur vishay soochkaank jodaa gayaa thaa. pahale ank mein 110 saar they aur ise 10 khandon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaah
"vigyaan saar" vidyut engineeron key sansthaan (aaee. ee. ee.) aur landan key bhautik samaaj key beach ack sanyukt sahyog kaa parinam thaa. prakaashan (usa samay) donon samitiyon key sabhi sadasyon koo binaa kissy shulk key pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. prakaashan kii laagat mukhya roop seey aaee. aaee. ee. ee. aur bhautik samaaj dwara wahan kii gaee thee. sivil engineeron key sansthaan, shaahi samaaj aur vigyaan kii pragati key liye british sangh seey bhee vittiya yogdan praapt huaa thaa.
1902 taka, prakaashit amoort kii vaarshik sankhya badhkar 2,362 hoe gaee thee. maee 1903 taka prakaashan koo dou bhaagon mein vibhajit karane kaa nirnay liya gayaa thaah aeye (bhautiki) aur bee (vidyut engineering). iss nirnay ney vishay key dayare koo vyaapak banaane kii anumati dee, vishesh roop seey bhautiki mein. natijatan, isase badee matra mein samagri koo cover kiya jaa sakaa.
1967 seey, "vigyaan saar" taka electronic pahunch nireekshan dwara pradaan kii gaee haye.

