claudius gothicus

marcus aurelius claudius "gothicus" (10 maee 214-janwari/aprail 270), jise claudius dwiteeya key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, 268 seey 270 taka roman samrat thaa. apane shasankal key dauran usane elemony key khilaf safaltapurvak ladaai ladee aur nices kii ladaai mein nirnaayak roop seey goth koo haraaya. ack "mahamari", sambhavatah cyprion plaig, jisane samrajya key praanton koo tabah curr diyaa thaa, key aage jhukane key baad unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
praarambhik jeevan aur utpatti.
claudius II key liye sabse mahatvapurna srot shaahi jeevani kaa sangrah haye jise "historia augusta" kahaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, unaki kahani, baaki "itihas agast" kii tarah, mangadhant aur aanushangik prashansaon seey bharee hui haye. chauthi shatabdi mein, claudius koo mahaan key pitaa, constantius chlorus aur isake parinamswarup, shaasak rajvansh kaa rishtedaar ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. historia augusta" kaa upayog atyadhik savdhani key saath kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur anya sroton seey jaankaari key saath poorak kiya jaanaa chaahieh aurelius victor, chhadm-aurelius victor, eutropius, orosius, joennes jonaras aur zosimus key karyon key saath-saath sikke aur shilalekh.
bhavishya key samrat marcus aurelius claudius kaa janm 10 maee 214 koo huaa thaa. kuchh shodhkarta baad kii tarikh kaa sujhaav dete hain-219 yaa 220. phir bhee, adhikansh itihaaskaar pahale sanskaran kaa paalan karate hain. isake alawa, jaisa kii 6 veen shatabdi key zantaain itihaaskaar johnn mallas ney bataaya, claudius kii mrityu key samay unaki ayu 56 varsh thee. claudius ack illyrian thaa aur dalmatia yaa iliricum seey aaya thaa, halanki yeh sambhav haye kii uska janm sthaan moshiya mein dardania kaa kshetra thaa.
chauthi shatabdi key "epitome dee seasuribus" key anusaar, unhein gordian dwiteeya kaa ack kameena betaa maanaa jaataa thaa, halanki kuchh itihaskaron koo iss parr sandeh haye.
historia augusta" unhein "gens flavia" key sadasya key roop mein sandarbhit kartaa haye, joe sambhavatah unhein bhavishya key samrat flavius valerius constantius key saath jodane kaa ack prayaas haye.
satta mein aanaa aur shasson karna.
satta mein aaney seey pahale, claudius ney roman senaa key saath seva kii, jahan unakaa safal currier thaa aur unhone sarvocch sainya padon parr niyuktiyaan hassil keen. decius (249-251) key shasankal key dauran unhone ack sainya nyayadhikaran key roop mein kaary kiya. iss pada parr, claudius koo thermopylae kii raksha karane key liye bheja gayaa thaa, jisake sambandh mein acheya key governor koo 200 dardenian sanic, 60 ghudsavaar, 60 crayton tirandaajon aur ack hazaar achchi tarah seey sashastr bhartiyon koo bhejane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, iss baat kaa koee saboot naheen haye kii usa samay aakraman karane vaale goth ney iss kshetra koo khatare mein daal diyaa thaa, kyonki unakaa aakraman madhya balcon seey aage naheen badhaa thaa. sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii "augustus key itihas" kaa sandesh ack kalanukramikta haye, kyonki yeh gyaat haye kii thermopylae mein garrison 254 mein dikhaai diyaa thaa. itihaaskaar francois pashau kaa sujhaav haye kii iss maarg kaa aavishkaar safal moortipoojak commander claudius key saath durbhagyapurna isai generalon key vipareet kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone 396 mein gothic netaa alaric I dwara grees key vinash kii anumati dee thee. isake alawa, trabilius poliyo seey pataa chalata haye kii decius claudius ney mars key khelon mein ack anya sanic seey ladate hue apani taakat kaa pradarshan karane key baad puraskrit kiya thaa.
usake sainikon ney phir unhein aaropon key beach samrat ghoshit curr diyaa, kabhi saabit naheen huaa kii unhone apane poorvavarti gallianus kii hatyaa curr dee thee. haalaanki, unhone jald hii khud koo raktapipasu seey cumm dikhaaya, kyonki unhone roman senate seey gallianus key parivaar aur samarthakon kii zaan bachaane key liye kahaa. vaha rome key dushmanon key prati cumm udaar thaa aur yahee kaaran thaa kii vaha apani lokpriyata kaa shreya detaa thaa.
yeh sambhav haye kii claudius ney shaaririk roop seey majboot aur vishesh roop seey kroor honey seey apani sthiti aur sainikon kaa sammaan praapt kiya hoe. ack kinvadanti bataati haye kii claudius ack ghoonse seey ghode key daanton koo baahar nikaalata haye. jaba claudius ney 250 key dashak mein ack pahalwan key roop mein pradarshan kiya, tou maanaa jaataa haye kii jaba match mein unakaa jannang pakad liya gayaa thaa tou unhone apane pratidvandi key daanton koo baahar curr diyaa thaa.
claudius, usase pahale maximinus thracks kii tarah, berber janm kaa thaa. maximinus kii mrityu key baad asafal kuleen roman samraton kii avadhi key baad, claudius kathin "sanic samraton" kii ack shrinkhala mein pahale they joe antatah teesari shatabdi key sankat key baad samrajya koo bahaal karenge.
gallianus kaa patan.
260 key dashak key dauran, roman samrajya key teen alag-alag shaasi sansthaon (mool roman samrajya, gallic samrajya aur palmyrine samrajya) mein tootane seey poore roman samrajya koo ack anishchit sthiti mein daal diyaa gayaa. paschim mein postumus koo haraane mein unaki viphalata aur poorv mein roman samrajya key bheetar ack vaastavik swatantra raajya parr shasson karane vaale odenathus kii unaki sweekriti seey gallianus gambhir roop seey kamjor hoe gayaa thaa. 268 taka, yeh sthiti badal gaee thee, kyonki odenathus kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee, sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii adalati sazish key kaaran, aur gallianus apane swayam key rankon mein ack vidroh kaa shikaar hoe gayaa. odenathus kii mrityu key baad, satta unake chhote bete key paas gir gaee, jiss parr unaki maan zenobia kaa prabhutva thaa.
kaee german janjaatiyon dwara balcon mein aakraman key khatare key tahat, gallianus kii pareshaaniyan mukhya roop seey postumus key saath theen, jinn parr vaha hamla naheen curr sakata thaa kyonki macreanus key netritva mein vidroh aur aakramankari skythian dwara banaae gaye khatron seey nipatane mein uska dhyaan aavashyak thaa. chaar saal kii deree key baad, postumus ney samrajya parr kuchh niyantran sthaapit curr liya thaa. 265 mein, jaba gallianus aur usake logon ney alps koo paar kiya, tou unhone ack (anaam) gallic shahar mein postumus koo haraaya aur gher liya. jaba jeet nikat prateet hui, tou gallianus ney shahar kii divaaron key paas jaane kii galati kii aur vaha gambhir roop seey ghayal hoe gayaa, jisase vaha postumus key khilaf apane abhiyaan koo bund karane key liye majboor hoe gayaa. agale teen varshon mein, gallianus kii pareshaaniyan kewal badatar hoe gaeen. 268 key shuruati maheenon mein skythiyanon ney safaltapurvak balcon parr aakraman kiya, aur milan mein sthit roman ghudsavaar senaa key ack commander aurolus ney khud koo postumus kaa sahayogi ghoshit kiya aur apane liye shaahi simhaasan kaa daavaa karane key liye itna aage badhe.
iss samay ack aur aakraman hoe rhaa thaa. 268 mein, ack janjaati yaa samooh jise herulian kahaa jaataa haye, asia minor key madhyam seey aur phir ack nausainik abhiyaan parr grees mein chalaa gayaa. isake bavjood, vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii gallianus key prayaas aureolus parr kendrit they, joe adhikaari unhein dhokha detaa thaa, aur herulian kii haar unake uttaradhikari, claudius gothicus parr chhod dee gaee thee.
gallianus kii mrityu sajish aur vishvaasghaat seey ghiri hui thee, jaisa kii kaee samraton kii mrityu thee. ghatana key vibhinn vivaran darj kiye gaye hain, lekin way sahmat hain kii varishth adhikaari gallianus koo mrit chaahte they. dou vivaranon key anusaar, mukhya shadyantrakari aurelius heracleanus thaa, joe pretorian prefect thaa. kahani kaa ack sanskaran hackrelionus key baare mein bataata haye kii vaha claudius koo kathaanak mein laataa haye, jabaki "historia augusta" dwara diyaa gayaa vivaran jald hii samrat banane vaale koo khariz kartaa haye aur pramukh general lucius aurelius marcianus koo kathaanak mein jodata haye. sajish seey claudius koo hataana, baad mein ghar key poorvajon key roop mein unaki bhoomika key kaaran hoe sakata haye, joe kii samay key sangrodh kii ack kalpana haye, aur sujhaav detaa haye kii mool sanskaran jisase yeye dou vivaran praapt hotey hain, vaha vartamaan thaa. yeh likhaa gayaa thaa kii raat key khaane parr baithe hue, gallianus koo bataaya gayaa thaa kii aureolus aur usake loga shivir key paas aaa rahey they. gallianus adesh dene key liye taiyar hocker agrim pankti mein bhaaga, jaba usey usake ghudsavaar senaa key ack commander ney maar giraaya. ack alag aur adhik vivadaspad khaate mein, aureolus ack dastaavez banaata haye jisamen gallianus apane generalon key khilaf sajish rachata huaa dikhaai detaa haye aur yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii yeh samrat key varishth karmchaariyon key haathon mein aaa jaae. iss kathaanak mein, aurelian koo ack sambhaavit sajishkarta key roop mein jodaa jaataa haye. sajish mein usaki sanliptata kii kahani koo cumm seey cumm aanshik auchitya key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye kii aurelian kii hatyaa una paristhitiyon mein hui joe iss kahani mein una logon key samaan hain.
joe bhee kahani sach hoe, gallianus koo 268 kii garmiyon mein, shayed julaai aur octuber key beach maar diyaa gayaa thaa, aur claudius koo milan key baahar kii senaa dwara usake uttaradhikari key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa. vivaranon mein logon key baare mein bataaya gayaa haye kii way nae samrat kii khabar suna rahey hain, aur gallionus key parivaar key sadasyon kii hatyaa karke pratikriya dey rahey hain, jaba taka kii claudius ney ghoshana naheen kii kii vaha apane poorvavarti kii smriti kaa sammaan karega. claudius ney mrit samrat koo devta banaaya aur ack parivarik makbare mein dafan curr diyaa. gaddaar aureolus key saath vaisa sammaan naheen kiya gayaa jaisa kii aatmasamarpan karane key asafal prayaas key baad usake gherabandi karane vaalon dwara maaraa gayaa thaa.
abhiyaan.
claudius key pravesh key samay, roman samrajya apani seemaon key ander aur baahar donon taraf kaee ghuspaithon seey gambhir khatare mein thaa. inmein seey sabse adhik dabaav goth dwara iliricum aur panonia parr aakraman thaa. haalaanki gallianus ney pahale hii nestus kii ladaai mein unhein kuchh nuksan pahuncha diyaa thaa, claudius, samrat naamit honey key kuchh hii samay baad, apani sabse badee jeet jeet key saath, aur roman hathiyaron key itihas mein sabse mahaan mein seey ack.
naisas kii ladaai mein, claudius aur usake sainikon ney ack vishal gothic senaa koo parajit kiya. apane ghudsavaar senaa key commander, bhavishya key samrat aurelian key saath, romanon ney hajaaron kaidiyon koo leey liya aur ack bull key roop mein gothik ghudsavaar senaa koo nasht curr diyaa. iss jeet ney claudius koo "gothicus" (goth key vijeta) kaa upnaam arjit kiya. goth koo jald hii aurelian dwara denube nadee key paar vaapas dhakel diyaa gayaa, aur lagbhag ack sadee beet gaee, isase pahale kii way phir seey samrajya key liye ack gambhir khatra paida curr sakein.
lagbhag usee samay, alamanni ney alps koo paar curr liya thaa aur samrajya parr hamla curr diyaa thaa. claudius ney jaldi seey pratikriya dee, naisas kii ladaai key kuchh maheenon baad 268 key anta mein lake benacus kii ladaai mein alamanni koo haraa diyaa. isake liye unhein "germanicus maximus" kii upaadhi seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa."isake baad unhone pichhale aathh varshon seey ack dhong karane vaale dwara shaasit aur britten, gaul aur iberian praaydweep koo shamil karate hue gallic samrajya kii or rukh kiya. unhone kaee vijayen jeetin aur jald hii hyspania aur gaul kii rone nadee ghaati parr niyantran hassil curr liya. isane aurelian key tahat gallic samrajya key baad key vinash key liye munch nirdhaarit kiya.
claudius samrajya key sabhi khoye hue kshetron koo phir seey ekjut karane key apane lakshya koo puuraa karane key liye lambe samay taka jeevit naheen rhaa. 269 mein dair seey unhone syrmium kii yatra kii thee aur panonia mein hamla karane vaale vidhvansakon key khilaf yuddh karane kii taiyari curr rahey they. haalaanki, vaha cyprion (sambhavatah chechak) key plaig kaa shikaar hoe gayaa, aur 270 mein usaki mrityu hoe gaee. usaki mrityu seey pahale, maanaa jaataa haye kii usane aurelian koo apana uttaradhikari naamit kiya thaa, halanki claudius key bhaai quintillus ney kuchh samay key liye satta parr kabja curr liya thaa. senate ney turant claudius koo "divus claudius gothicus" key roop mein ghoshit curr diyaa.
itihaaskaar claudius kii mrityu kii tarikh janwari, aprail, agast yaa sitambar mein bataate hain. yeye visangatiyaan vibhinn paraspar virodhi sroton kaa parinam hain. 354 kaa kalakram" claudius koo "1 varsh aur 4 maheene" kaa shasson detaa haye, jerom aur aurelius vijeta donon "1 varsh aur 9 maheene" dete hain. kuchh alekjendar sikkon koo unake teesare varsh key liye banaaya gayaa haye, joe yeh sujhaav dete hain kii unaki mrityu sitambar 270 mein hui thee. haalaanki, aurelian kaa pahala dastaavez 25 maee 270 kaa haye.
sarkaar aur videsh mamle.
gallionus kii mrityu key baad uchch pada dhaaran karane kaa laabh uthaane vaalaa claudius ekmatra vyakti naheen thaa. claudius gothicus key shasson seey pahale, balcon seey kewal dou samrat they, lekin baad mein kewal ack hii samrat hoga joe 378 taka panonia, moessia yaa iliricum key praanton seey naheen aaya thaa, jaba theodosius I apane painiya seey simhaasan grahan karega. chaar shilalekh usa samay kii sarkaar key baare mein ack antardrishti pradaan karate hain. pahala haye aurelius heracleanus key liye samarpan, joe gallinus key khilaf sajish mein shamil prefect haye, trainus musianus seey, jisane heracleanus key bhaai, aurelius apolinaris koo bhee samarpan kiya, joe 267-68 AD mein thracia praant key ghudsavaar governor they. kyonki inn purushon ney parivarik naam, marcus aurelius saajha kiya, joe samvidhaan dwara nagrik banaae gaye logon koo diyaa gayaa naam thaa, yeye loga shaahi "elite" seey naheen aae they. teesare shilalekh seey pataa chalata haye kii martianus kaa karyakal usa samay taka kaa thaa jaba gallionus kii mrityu hoe gaee thee. chautha sammaan julius placidianus, joe kii visils key poorvavarti hain. heracleanus, apolinaris, placidianus, yaa marcianus shayed khud denubian mool key naheen they, lekin unamen seey koee bhee alag abhijaat varg key sadasya naheen they, aur way sabhi apani sainya bhoomikaon key liye apani pramukhta key liye rinee prateet hotey hain. marcus aurelius probus (prateeksha mein ack aur samrat) bhee balcon prishthabhoomi key they, aur karakalla key samay mein matadhikar praapt parivaar seey they.
haalaanki unakaa prabhaav kamjor hoe gayaa thaa, phir bhee puraane abhijaat varg key prabhaav vaale kaee purush they. claudius ney 269 mein pramukh senatory parivaar key sadasya, patterney key saath vanijya dutawas grahan kiya, jinhone gallianus key shasankal key dauran vanijya dutaavaason aur shahari poorvajon kii aapoorti kii thee, aur iss prakaar way kaafee prabhaavshaali they. isake alawa, 270 key vanijyadooton mein seey ack, flavius antiochianus, joe ack saal pahale ack shahari poorvavarti they, agale varsh bhee apane pada parr baney rahenge. antiochianus key ack sahayogi, virius orphitus, joe ack shaktishali parivaar key vanshaj bhee they, apane pitaa key karyakal key dauran prabhaav banaae rakhate they. vanijya doot key roop mein aurelian key sahayogi ack aur aise vyakti they, pomponius basas, joe sabse puraane senatorial parivaaron mein seey ack key sadasya they, jaisa kii 272 mein vanijya dooton mein seey ack thaa, junius weldmianus.
satta key apane pahale poore varsh mein, claudius koo imperium gallierum key achaanak vinash seey bahut madad millie. jaba postumus key tahat ack uchch adhikaari, ulpius cornelius lelianus ney 269 key vasant mein khud koo germania mein samrat ghoshit kiya, tou postumus ney usey haraaya, lekin aisaa karate hue, mainaz kii baramdagi kii anumati dene seey incar curr diyaa, joe lelionus key mukhyalaya key roop mein kaam curr rhaa thaa. yeh uska patan saabit huaa, kyonki krodh key kaaran, postmus kii senaa ney vidroh kiya aur usaki hatyaa curr dee. sainikon dwara chune gaye, marcus aurelius marrius koo shaasak key roop mein postumus kii jagah lenny thee. halanki, marrius kaa shasson lambe samay taka naheen chalaa, kyonki victorinus, postumus key pretorian prefect ney unhein haraaya. abb gaulon key samrat, victorinus jald hii ack anishchit sthiti mein they, kyonki spanish praanton ney gallic samrajya koo chhod diyaa thaa aur claudius key prati apani wafadari kii ghoshana kii thee, jabaki dakshini gaul mein, placidianus ney grenade parr kabja curr liya thaa. saubhagya seey, yeh vahaan thaa kii placidianus rook gayaa aur victorinus kii sthiti sthir hoe gaee. agale varsh, jaba autun ney vidroh kiya, khud koo claudius ghoshit kiya, tou kendra sarkaar ney iska samarthan karane key liye koee kadam naheen uthaaya. natijatan, shahar kaee hafton taka chully gherabandi seey gujra, jaba taka kii ise antatah victorinus dwara kabja naheen curr liya gayaa aur usey nasht naheen curr diyaa gayaa.
yeh abhee bhee agyaat haye kii claudius ney autun shahar kii madad key liye kuchh kyon naheen kiya, lekin sroton ney hamein bataaya kii 269 key dauran palmyra key saath usake sambandh cumm hoe rahey they. gallianus key "historia augusta" key jeevan mein ack aspasht ansh mein kahaa gayaa haye kii usane aurelius heracleanus key tahat usa kshetra mein ack senaa bheji thee joe zenobia seey nasht hoe gayaa thaa. lekin kyonki heracleanus vaastav mein 268 mein poorv mein naheen thaa (isake bajaay, iss samay, vaha gallianus kii mrityu kii sajish mein shamil thaa), yeh sahee naheen hoe sakata haye. lekin iss maarg mein spasht bhram, joe ack saal pahale 269 key dauran skythian gatividhi kaa badaa hissa bhee rakhta haye, gallianus key tahat, iss varsh mein sabhi sambhaavit aapadaon koo poorv samrat key shasankal mein dher karane key baad key prayaas seey utpann hoe sakata haye. yeh claudius key sangrodh key poorvaj honey key record koo dooshit honey seey rokega. yadi sroton kii yeh samajh sahee haye, tou poorv mein heracleanus key abhiyaan koo claudius key samay kii ack ghatana key roop mein dekhana bhee sahee hoe sakata haye.
goth parr claudius kii jeet naa kewal unhein lattin parampara mein ack naayak banaayegi, balki constantine I key liye ack poorvaj key roop mein ack prashansaniya vikalp hogi, joe 269 mein claudius kii jeet key sthal nices mein paida huaa thaa. claudius koo jonaras dwara bhee uchch sammaan diyaa jaataa haye, jinaki yunani parampara lattin seey prabhaavit prateet hoti haye. josimus key liye, ack adhik tarkapurna samkaaleen drishtikon claudius koo cumm bhavya key roop mein darshaata haye. varsh 269 mein claudius kii safalataaen samrat key roop mein unake agale varsh mein jaari naheen raheen. jaise hii skythian pahaadon mein bhookhe padey yaa aatmasamarpan curr gaye, unakaa peechha karane vaale sainikon ney poore purushon mein ack mahamari failate hue dekhana shuru curr diyaa. isake alawa, autun kii gherabandi mein kuchh bhee karane key liye claudius kii anichha ney sambhavatah zenobia key saath ack jhagada uksaayaa.
haalaanki yeh saabit naheen huaa haye kii gaul kaa aakraman claudius aur zenobia key beach kaa nirnaayak bindu thaa, lekin ghatnaaon kaa crum gherabandi koo ack mahatvapurna kaarak key roop mein ingit kartaa haye. haath mein mudda vaha sthiti thee jise odenathus ney "sudhaarak totius orientis" (roman senaaon kii samagr kamaan aur naamit kshetra mein roman praantiya rajyapalon parr adhikaar pradaan karna) key roop mein rakhaa thaa. zenobia key bete vabalathus koo yeh upaadhi taba dee gaee thee jaba zenobia ney unake liye yeh upaadhi dee thee. taba seey, donon samrajyon key beach tanaav kewal badatar hoe jaayega. aurelius heracleanus kaa kalpit aagaman odenathus kii mrityu key baad kendriya niyantran koo phir seey sthaapit karane kaa ack prayaas hoe sakata haye, lekin, yadi aisaa haye, tou yeh whiffle rhaa. haalaanki sikke kabhi bhee odenathus key chehare key saath naheen banaae gaye they, unaki mrityu key turant baad sikke unake bete kii chhavi key saath banaae gaye they-joe samrat key adheen unake adhikaar koo todate they.
jabdas key tahat, ack pamirin senaa ney arab parr aakraman kiya aur garmiyon key anta mein misra mein chully gaee. iss samay, misra kaa prefect tengino probus thaa, jise ack saksham sanic key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa, jisane naa kewal 269 mein dakshin mein khanabdosh janjaatiyon dwara cyrenaca key aakraman koo haraaya, balki bhoomadhya sagar mein cythian jahaajon kaa shikaar karane mein bhee safal rhaa. haalaanki, unhone misra mein vahee safalata naheen dekhi, kyonki timagen key netritva mein pamirin samrajya seey sambaddh ack samooh ney probus koo kamjor curr diyaa, apani senaa koo haraaya, aur 270 kii garmiyon key anta mein aadhunik shahar carro key paas ack yuddh mein unhein maar daala.
aam taur parr, jaba ack roman commander maaraa jaataa haye tou ise ack sanket key roop mein liya jaataa haye kii yuddh kii sthiti astitva mein haye, aur yadi humm 270 mein heracleanus kii mrityu koo jodd sakate hain, saath hii saath bostra seey ack shilalekh joe palmyrine senaa dwara nasht kiye gaye mandir key punarnirmaan koo record kartaa haye, tou inn hinsak krityon kii vyakhya usee tarah kii jaa sakati haye. phir bhee way spasht roop seey naheen they. jaisa kii david potter likhate hain, "wabalthus key sikke shaahi shakti key daavon seey bachate hainh vaha veer consularis, rakes, imperator, ducks romanoram, shirshakon kii ack shrinkhala haye joe kendra sarkaar kii nakal naheen karati haye. jaisa kii hamane dekhaa haye, veer consularis kii sthiti odenathus koo pradaan kii gaee thee; sheershak rakes, yaa raajaa, kewal aim. ell. key., yaa raajaa kaa ack lattin anuvaad haye; iss sandarbh mein imperator kaa arth haye "vijayi general"; aur ducks romanoram abhee taka sudhaarak totius orientis "(potter, 263) key ack aur sanskaran kii tarah dikhta haye. inn upadhiyon seey pataa chalata haye kii odenathus kii sthiti viraasat mein millie thee. roman sanskriti mein, ack sthiti praapt karane mein praapt sthiti koo paarit kiya jaa sakata thaa, lekin sthiti koo hii naheen. yeh sambhav haye kii karyalaya aur usake saath kii sthiti key beach kii patali rekha koo palmyrine darbar mein khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey jaba paristhiti ney ack shasson key hiton key khilaf kaam kiya joe persia koo haraane mein saksham thaa, jise karane mein kaee roman samrat whiffle rahey they. wabalthus ney shirshakon key arth parr jore diyaa, kyonki palmyrine sandarbh mein, odenathus key sheershak kaa ack badaa matlab thaa. jaba 270 kii garmi samaapt hui, tou samrajya mein cheejen ack saal pahale kii tulanaa mein bahut alag dikh rahee theen. apani safalata key baad, gaul nishkriyata kii sthiti mein thaa aur samrajya poorv mein whiffle hoe rhaa thaa. aparyaapt sansadhanon ney raajya koo trast curr diyaa, kyonki antinius key liye chaandi kaa ack badaa sauda upayog kiya gayaa thaa, jise phir seey patala curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
dharm.
361 mein aurelius victor dwara likhit "dee seasuribus" naamak shaahi rome kaa ack sankshipt itihas bataata haye kii claudius ney goth key khilaf apane abhiyaanon seey pahale "sibilin pustakon" seey paramarsh kiya thaa. yeh sanket dete hue kii claudius ney "dessy kii parampara koo punarjeevit kiya", victor senate key drishtikon koo darshaata haye, jisamen claudius key poorvavarti, gallianus koo dhaarmik neetiyon key mamle mein bahut adhik aaraam seey dekhaa gayaa thaa.
nirantar rajvansh seey sambandh.
avishvasaniya "historia augusta" mein bataaya gayaa haye kii claudius aur quintillus key ack aur bhaai kaa naam chrispus thaa aur usake madhyam seey ack bhatiji, claudia thee, jisane kathit taur parr eutropius seey shaadi kii aur vaha constantius chlorus kii maan thee. yahee srot claudius koo nomina "flavius valerius" bhee detaa haye taaki constantius key saath uska sambandh majboot hoe sakey. doosari or jonaras aur eutropius kaa daavaa haye kii chlorus claudia kii betty kaa betaa thaa. itihaskaron koo sandeh haye kii yeye vivaran ack vanshavali banaavat hain jinka uddeshya ack sammaanit samrat key parivaar koo sangrodh seey jodana haye.
sant valentine.
claudius gothicus koo madhya yug seey sant valentine seey jodaa gayaa haye. unake karyon key samkaaleen record sambhavatah chauthi shatabdi kii shuruat mein diocletianic utpeedan key dauran nasht curr diye gaye they aur shahadat kii ack kahani "passio maaree aitt martha" mein darj kii gaee thee, joe 5 veen yaa 6 veen shatabdi mein prakaashit ack kaam thaa. beesavin shatabdi key itihaaskaar iss baat seey sahmat hain kii iss avadhi key vivaranon koo satyaapit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. kinvadanti "samrat claudius" koo sandarbhit karati haye, lekin claudius I ney isaaiyon koo sataaya naheen (ack ullekh koo ghataakar yahudi anuyaayiyon key suetonius dwara "crests" koo rome seey nishkaasit kiya jaa rhaa haye; "dekhein" christians parr suetonius), isaliye logon kaa maanana haye kii vaha claudius II thaa, bhale hii iss samrat ney apana adhikansh samay apane kshetra key baahar yuddh karate hue bitaaya hoe.
iss kinvadanti koo baad key granthon mein phir seey bataaya gayaa thaa, aur 1493 esvi key "neuremberg chronicle" mein, roman pujari koo isaaiyon key samanya utpeedan key dauran shaheed honah shamil thaa. paath mein kahaa gayaa haye kii sent. rome mein isaaiyon koo sahaayata dene key liye valentine koo clubon seey peeta gayaa aur anta mein uska sir kalam curr diyaa gayaa. 1260 key vigyaapan kii "swarn kathaa" bataati haye kii kaise sent. valentine ney 270 esvi mein "samrat claudius" key saamane masih koo aswikar karane seey incar curr diyaa aur isake parinamswarup unakaa sir kalam curr diyaa gayaa. taba seey, 14 farwari koo valentine divas manaaya jaataa haye, ack dinn jise isai church dwara roman paadari aur chikitsak kii yaad mein alag rakhaa jaataa haye.

