
rutherfordium

rutherfordium ack rasayanik tatva haye jiska prateek aar. aff. aur paramanu sankhya 104 haye, jiska naam bhautik vigyaani ernest rutherford key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. ack kritrim tatva key roop mein, yeh prakriti mein naheen paaya jaataa haye aur kewal ack kann twarak mein banaaya jaa sakata haye. yeh radiodharmi haye; sabse sthir gyaat samasthaanik, 267 aar. aff., kaa aadhaa jeevan lagbhag 48 minut kaa hotaa haye.
aavart saarani mein, yeh ack dee-block tatva haye aur chauthi pankti key sankraman tatvon mein seey doosara haye. yeh avadhi 7 mein haye aur ack samooh 4 tatva haye. rasayan vigyaan key prayogon ney pushti kii haye kii rutherfordium samooh 4 mein haffanium key liye bhaari samroopata key roop mein vyavhaar kartaa haye. rutherfordium key rasayanik gunon koo kewal aanshik roop seey chihnit kiya jaataa haye. way anya samooh 4 tatvon key saath achchi tarah seey tulanaa karate hain, bhale hii kuchh gananaon ney sanket diyaa thaa kii tatva saapeksh prabhaavon key kaaran kaafee alag guna dikhaa sakata haye.
1960 key dashak mein, soviyat sangh mein paramanu anusandhaan key liye sanyukt sansthaan aur california mein laurence berkley rashtriya prayogshala mein thodi matra mein rutherfordium kaa utpaadan kiya gayaa thaa. khoj kii prathamikta aur isaliye tatva kaa naam soviyat aur americi vaigyaanikon key beach vivaadit thaa, aur yeh 1997 taka naheen thaa jaba shuddh aur anuprayukt rasayan vigyaan key antarrashtriya sangh (iupac) ney tatva key aadhikarik naam key roop mein rutherfordium kii sthaapana kii.
itihas.
khoj.
rutherfordium kaa pahali baar 1964 mein dabna (usa samay soviyat sangh) mein sanyukt paramanu anusandhaan sansthaan mein pataa chalaa thaa. vahaan shodhkartaon ney neon-22 ayanon key saath ack plutonium-242 lakshya parr bambari kii aur chloride mein parivartit honey key baad pravanata thermochromatography dwara pratikriya utpaadon koo jdrcl4 key saath baatchit key baad alag kiya. team ney ack vashpasheel chloride key bheetar nihit sahaj vikhandan gatividhi kii pehchaan kii joe ack-hafnium gunon koo chitrit kartaa haye. halanki ack ardh-jeevan sateek roop seey nirdhaarit naheen kiya gayaa thaa, baad kii gananaon ney sanket diyaa kii utpaad sabse adhik sambhavana rutherfordium-259 (maanak sanketan mein 259 rf) thaah
1969 mein, california vishvavidyalaya, berkley key shodhkartaon ney carbon-12 ayanon key saath ack california-249 lakshya parr bambari karke tatva koo nirnaayak roop seey sanshleshit kiya aur 257 rf key alfa kshay koo maapa, joe nobelium-253 key betty kshay key saath sahsambaddh thaah
americi sanshleshan kii swatantra roop seey 1973 mein pushti kii gaee thee aur 257 aar. aff. kshay utpaad, nobelium-253 key maulik hastakshar mein key-alfa aiks-ray key avalokan dwara mool key roop mein rutherfordium kii pehchaan koo surakshit kiya gayaa thaa.
naam vivaad.
khoj key praarambhik pratispardhi daavon key parinamswarup, ack tatva namkaran vivaad utpann huaa. choonki soviyat sangh ney pahali baar nae tatva kaa pataa lagaane kaa daavaa kiya haye, isaliye unhone soviyat paramanu anusandhaan key poorv pramukh igor kurchatov (1903-1960) key sammaan mein "kurchatovium" (koo) naam kaa sujhaav diyaa. iss naam kaa upayog soviyat gutt kii pustakon mein tatva key aadhikarik naam key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, amerikiyon ney nae tatva key liye "rutherfordium" (aar. aff.) kaa prastaav rakhaa taaki newzealand key bhautik vigyaani ernest rutherford koo sammaanit kiya jaa sakey, jinhen paramanu bhautiki key "pitaa" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. 1992 mein, iupac/iupap transformium kaary samooh (tii. doubleu. jee.) ney khoj key daavon kaa aaklan kiya aur nishkarsh nikala kii donon teams ney tatva 104 key sanshleshan key liye samkaaleen sakshya pradaan kiye aur yeh shreya donon samoohon key beach saajha kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
americi samooh ney dub key nishkarshon parr ack teekhi pratikriya likhi, jisamen kahaa gayaa kii unhone dabna samooh key parinamon parr bahut adhik jore diyaa thaa. vishesh roop seey unhone bataaya kii russie samooh ney 20 varshon kii avadhi mein apane daavon key vivaran koo kaee baar badal diyaa thaa, ack tathya jisase russie team incar naheen karati haye. unhone iss baat parr bhee jore diyaa kii iss dall ney rusiyon dwara kiye gaye rasayan vigyaan prayogon koo bahut adhik vishvaas diyaa thaa aur dall parr samiti mein uchit roop seey yogya karmi naheen honey kaa aarop lagaaya thaa. tii. doubleu. jee. ney yeh kahate hue jawab diyaa kii yeh mamla naheen thaa aur americi samooh dwara uthaaye gaye pratyek bindu kaa aaklan karate hue kahaa kii unhein khoj kii prathamikta key sambandh mein apane nishkarsh koo badalane kaa koee kaaran naheen milaa. ipac ney antatah americi team ("rutherfordium") dwara sujhaae gaye naam kaa upayog kiya.
shuddh aur anuprayukt rasayan vigyaan key antarrashtriya sangh (iupac) ney "anilquadium" (unq) koo ack asthaayi, vyavasthit tatva naam key roop mein apanaaya, joe ankon 1,0 aur 4 key liye lattin naamon seey liya gayaa thaa. 1994 mein, iupac ney 104 seey 109 taka tatvon key naamon kaa ack samooh sujhaaya, jisamen "doubnium" (db) tatva 104 bunn gayaa aur "rutherfordium" tatva 106 bunn gayaa. iss sifarish kii americi vaigyaanikon dwara kaee karanon seey aalochana kii gaee thee. sabse pahale, unake sujhaavon koo toda-marod curr pesh kiya gayaah mool roop seey berkley dwara 104 aur 105 tatvon key liye sujhaae gaye naam "rutherfordium" aur "hanium" koo kramshah 106 aur 108 tatvon koo phir seey saunpa gayaa thaa. doosara, 104 aur 105 tatvon koo ginner dwara anukool naam diye gaye they, isake bavjood kii donon key liye ack samaan saha-khojkarta key roop mein ell. bee. ell. koo pahale maanyata dee gaee thee. teesara aur sabse mahatvapurna baat, ipac ney tatva 106 key liye "seaborgheum" naam koo aswikar curr diyaa, sirf ack niyam koo manjuri dee kii ack tatva kaa naam ack jeevit vyakti key naam parr naheen rakhaa jaa sakata haye, bhale hii ipac ney lbnl team koo isaki khoj kaa ekmatra shreya diyaa thaa. 1997 mein, ipac ney tatvon kaa naam badalkar 104 seey 109 curr diyaa, aur tatva 104 koo vartamaan naam "rutherfordium" diyaa. tatva 105 koo usee samay "doubnium" naam diyaa gayaa thaa.
isotope.
rutherfordium mein koee sthir yaa praakritik roop seey honey vaale samasthaanik naheen hain. prayogshala mein kaee radiodharmi samsthaanikon koo dou parmaanuon koo milakar yaa bhaari tatvon key kshay koo dekhkar sanshleshit kiya gayaa haye. 253 seey 270 taka paramanu dravyamaan key saath solah alag-alag samsthaanikon kii soochana dee gaee haye (264 aur 269 key apavaad key saath). inmein seey adhikansh mukhya roop seey sahaj vikhandan maargon key madhyam seey kshay hotey hain.
sthirata aur aadhaa jeevan.
isotopon mein seey jinake ardh-jeevan gyaat hain, halke isotopon mein aamtaur parr cumm ardh-jeevan hotaa haye; 253 rf aur 254 rf key liye 50 microne seey cumm key ardh-jeevan koo dekhaa gayaa thaa. 256rf, 258rf, 260rf lagbhag 10 ms, 255rf, 257rf, 259rf, aur 262rf parr adhik sthir hain, aur 1 aur 5 sekand key beach rahate hain, aur 261rf, 265rf, aur 263rf adhik sthir hain, kramshah lagbhag 1.1,1 aur 10 minut parr. sabse bhaari samasthaanik sabse sthir hain, jinamen 267 aar. aff. kaa aadhaa jeevan lagbhag 48 minut kaa haye.
sabse halke samsthaanikon koo dou halke naabhikon key beach seedhe sanlayan aur kshay utpaadon key roop mein sanshleshit kiya gayaa thaa. pratyaksh sanlayan dwara utpaadit sabse bhaari samasthaanik 262 aar. aff. haye; bhaari samsthaanikon koo kewal badee paramanu sankhya vaale tatvon key kshay utpaadon key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye. bhaari samasthaanik 266rf aur 268rf koo bhee dubnium samasthaanik 266db aur 268db kii electron pakadane vaali betiyon key roop mein bataaya gayaa haye, lekin sahaj vikhandan key liye unakaa aadhaa jeevan cumm hotaa haye. aisaa lagata haye kii 270 dee. bee. kii ack sambhaavit betty 270 aar. aff. key liye bhee yahee sach haye. yeye teen samasthaanik apusht hain.
1999 mein, california vishvavidyalaya, berkley key americi vaigyaanikon ney ghoshana kii kii way 293og key teen parmaanuon koo sanshleshit karane mein safal rahey hain. inn mool naabhikon key baare mein bataaya gayaa thaa kii way 265 aar. aff. naabhik banaane key liye kramik roop seey saat alfa kanon kaa utsarjan karate hain, lekin unakaa daavaa 2001 mein vaapas leey liya gayaa thaa. iss samasthaanik koo baad mein 2010 mein 285aff. ell. kii kshay shrinkhala mein antim utpaad key roop mein khoja gayaa thaa.
anumaanit guna.
rutherfordium yaa isake yaugikon key bahut cumm gunon koo maapa gayaa haye; yeh isake behad seemit aur mahange utpaadan aur iss tathya key kaaran haye kii rutherfordium (aur isake maataa-pitaa) bahut jaldi kshay hoe jaataa haye. rasayan vigyaan seey sambandhit kuchh ekal gunon koo maapa gayaa haye, lekin rutherfordium dhaatu key guna agyaat hain aur kewal bhavishyavaniyaan upalabdh hain.
rasayanik.
rutherfordium pahala transactinide tatva haye aur sankraman dhatuon kii 6dee shrinkhala kaa doosara sadasya haye. isaki aayaneekaran kshamata, paramanu trijya, saath hii trijya, kakshiya oorjaa aur isaki aayanikrit avasthaon key jamini star parr ganana hafnium key samaan haye aur seese seey bahut alag haye. isaliye, yeh nishkarsh nikala gayaa kii rutherfordium key mool guna titanium, zirconium aur hafnium key neeche anya samooh 4 tatvon key samaan honge. isake kuchh guna gais-charan prayogon aur jaleey rasayan vigyaan dwara nirdhaarit kiye gaye they. okseekaran avastha + 4 baad key dou tatvon key liye ekmatra sthir avastha haye aur isaliye rutherfordium koo bhee ack sthir + 4 avastha pradarshit karni chaahiye. isake alawa, rutherfordium seey bhee cumm sthir + 3 avastha banaane mein saksham honey kii ummeed haye. aar. aff. 4 +/aar. aff. jode kii maanak kamee kshamata-1.7 vee seey adhik honey kaa anuman haye.
rutherfordium key rasayanik gunon kii praarambhik bhavishyavaniyaan gananaon parr adharit theen joe ingit karati theen kii electron khol parr saapeksh prabhaav itna majboot hoe sakata haye kii 7p kakshiyon mein 6d kakshiyon kii tulanaa mein cumm oorjaa star hoga, jisase yeh 6d1 7s2 7p1 yaa 7s2 7p2 kaa sanyojakta electron vinyas detaa haye, isaliye tatva hafnium kii tulanaa mein seese kii tarah vyavhaar kartaa haye. behtar ganana vidhiyon aur rutherfordium yaugikon key rasayanik gunon key prayogaatmak adhyayanon key saath yeh dikhaaya jaa sakata haye kii aisaa naheen hotaa haye aur isake bajaay rutherfordium samooh key baaki 4 tatvon kii tarah vyavhaar kartaa haye. baad mein yeh uchch star kii sateekta key saath aeye. bee. initio gananaon mein dikhaaya gayaa kii aar. aff. paramanu mein 6dee2 7aiss2 sanyojakta vinyas key saath jamini sthiti haye aur kewal 0.3-0.5 ev kii uttejana oorjaa key saath nimn-star kii uttejit 6dee1 7aiss2 7pee1 sthiti haye.
zirconium aur hafnium key samaan tareeke seey, rutherfordium koo ack bahut hii sthir, apavartak oxide, rfo2 banaane key liye prakshepit kiya jaataa haye. yeh tetraholides, rfx4 banaane key liye helogen key saath pratikriya kartaa haye, joe paani key sampark mein hydrolyse hocker oxyhalides rfox2 banaata haye. tetraholides vaashp charan mein monomeric tetrahedral anuon key roop mein maujood asthir thhos hain.
jaleey charan mein, aar. aff. 4 + aayan titanium (iv) seey cumm aur zirconium aur hafnium key samaan hudd taka hydrolyse hotaa haye, iss prakaar aar. aff. oh. 2 + aayan hotaa haye. halloid ayanon key saath halloid kaa upchaar jatil ayanon key gathan koo badhaava detaa haye. chloride aur bromide ayanon kaa upayog hexaheloid parisaron kaa utpaadan kartaa haye aur. fluoride parisaron key liye, zirconium aur haffanium hepta-aur octack-parisar banaate hain. iss prakaar, badey rutherfordium aayan key liye, parisar, aur sambhav hain.
bhautik aur paramanu.
<khand praarambh = guna />
rutherfordium key samanya paristhitiyon mein ack thhos honey kii ummeed haye aur isaki hexagonal close-paik chrystal sanrachana ("see"/"aeye" = 1.61) haye, joe isake halke congener hafnium key samaan haye. yeh ghanatva key saath ack dhaatu honey chaahiye ~ 17 graam/semi3. rutherfordium kii paramanu trijya ~ 150 pee. aim. honey kii ummeed haye. 7s kakshiya key saapeksh sthirikaran aur 6d kakshiya key asthir honey key kaaran, rf + aur rf2 + ayanon key 7s electrons key bajaay 6d electrons koo chhodane kaa anuman lagaaya jaataa haye, joe isake halke samroopata key vyavhaar key vipareet haye. jaba uchch dabaav (vibhinn roop seey 72 yaa ~ 50 jee. pee. aeye. key roop mein ganana kii jaati haye) key tahat, rutherfordium seey shareer-kendrit ghana chrystal sanrachana mein sankraman kii ummeed kii jaati haye; hafnium 71 ± 1 jee. pee. aeye. parr iss sanrachana mein parivartit hoe jaataa haye, lekin ack madhyavarti ω sanrachana hoti haye joe 38 ± 8 jee. pee. aeye. mein badal jaati haye joe rutherfordium key liye kamee honey chaahiye.<khand anta = guna />
prayogaatmak rasayan vigyaan.
gais charan.
rutherfordium key rasayan vigyaan key adhyayan parr praarambhik kaary gais thermochromatography aur saapeksh nikshepan tapman adhishoshan vakron key maap parr kendrit thaa. praarambhik kaary tatva kii unaki khoj kii pushti karane key prayaas mein dabna mein kiya gayaa thaa. mool rutherfordium radioisotope kii pehchaan key sambandh mein haal kaa kaam adhik vishvasaniya haye. inn adhyayanon key liye isotope 261 aim. aar. aff. kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye, halanki lambe samay taka rahane vaalaa isotope 267 aar. aff. (291 ell. vee., 287 aff. ell. aur 283see. aine. kii kshay shrinkhala mein utpaadit) bhavishya key prayogon key liye fayademand hoe sakata haye. prayog iss ummeed parr nirbhar they kii rutherfordium tatvon kii naee 6dee shrinkhala shuru karega aur isaliye anu kii chatushfalakiya prakriti key kaaran ack asthir tetrachloride banana chaahiye. rutherfordium (iv) chloride apane halke homolog hafnium (iv) chloride (aich. aff. see. ell. 4) kii tulanaa mein adhik asthir haye kyonki isake bandhan adhik sahsanyojak hotey hain.
prayogon kii ack shrinkhala ney pushti kii kii rutherfordium samooh 4 key ack vishisht sadasya key roop mein vyavhaar kartaa haye, jisase ack tetravalent chloride (rfcl4) aur bromide (rfbr4) key saath-saath ack oxychloride (rfocl2) banata haye. jaba potasium chloride koo gais key bajaay thhos charan key roop mein pradaan kiya jaataa haye, tou asthirta mein kamee dekhi gaee, joe gair-vashpasheel mishrit namak key gathan kaa atyadhik sanket haye.
jaleey charan.
rutherfordium seey electron vinyas [rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 honey kii ummeed haye aur isaliye aavart saarani key samooh 4 mein hafnium key bhaari samroop key roop mein vyavhaar kartaa haye. isaliye ise aasaani seey majboot acid ghol mein ack hydrated aar. aff. 4 + aayan banaana chaahiye aur hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic yaa hydrophloric acid ghol mein aasaani seey parisar banaana chaahiye.
rutherfordium key sabse nirnaayak jaleey rasayan vigyaan adhyayan japan paramanu oorjaa anusandhaan sansthaan mein japani dall dwara isotope 261 aim. aar. aff. kaa upayog karke kiye gaye hain. rutherfordium, hafnium, zirconium key samsthaanikon key saath-saath chhadm-samooh 4 tatva thorium kaa upayog karke hydrochloric acid samadhanon seey nishkarshan prayogon ney rutherfordium key liye ack gair-actinide vyavhaar saabit kiya haye. isake halke samroopata key saath tulanaa mein rutherfordium koo samooh 4 mein majbooti seey rakhaa gayaa aur chloride samadhan mein hexachlororotherford parisar key gathan kaa sanket diyaa, joe hafnium aur zirconium key samaan haye.
hydrophloric acid samadhanon mein bahut samaan parinam dekhe gaye. nishkarshan vakron mein antar koo fluoride aayan aur hexafluororotherfordate aayan key gathan key liye ack kamjor aatmiyata key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee thee, jabaki hafnium aur zirconium ayanon kaa upayog kii gaee sandrata parr saat yaa aathh fluoride ayanon kaa jatil honaah
mishrit sulfuric aur nitric acid samadhanon mein kiye gaye prayogon seey pataa chalata haye kii rutherfordium kaa sulfate parisar banaane key prati hafnium kii tulanaa mein bahut kamjor lagaav haye. yeh parinam bhavishyavaniyon key saath sahmat haye, joe ummeed karate hain kii rutherfordium parisar zirconium aur hafnium kii tulanaa mein cumm sthir honge kyonki bandhan mein ack chhote ionic yogdan key kaaran. yeh isaliye utpann hotaa haye kyonki rutherfordium mein zirconium (71 pee. aim.) aur hafnium (72 pee. aim.) kii tulanaa mein ack badee ionic trijya (76 pee. aim.) hoti haye, aur yeh bhee 7 aiss kakshiya aur asthir honey aur 6 dee kakshiyon key spin-orbit vibhajan key saapeksh sthirikaran key kaaran hoti haye.
2021 mein kiye gaye saha-parishodhan prayogon mein zirconium, hafnium aur thorium kaa upayog tulanaa key roop mein karate hue amonia yaa sodium hydroxide vaale buniyaadi ghol mein rutherfordium key vyavhaar kaa adhyayan kiya gayaa. yeh paaya gayaa kii rutherfordium amonia key saath dridhata seey samanvaya naheen kartaa haye aur isake bajaay ack hydroxide key roop mein saha-avakshepan kartaa haye, joe shayed rf (oh) 4 haye.