nevada-shreni kaa yuddhapot

nevada" varg mein dou bhayaavah yuddhapot shamil they-aur-1910 key dashak mein sanyukt raajya nausena key liye nirmit. way yuddhapot key design mein mahatvapurna vikas they, joe "sabhi yaa kuchh bhee naheen" kavach koo apanaane vaale duniya key pahale they, kavach sanrakshan mein ack pramukh kadam kyonki isane jutland kii ladaai seey pahale lambi doori kii vyastataon key liye anukoolit suraksha parr jore diyaa thaa. unhone americi bede mein teen-bandook vaale burj aur tail seey chalane vaale paani key tube boiler bhee pesh kiye. dou "nevada" maanak-prakaar key yuddhapot key poorvaj they, ack samooh jisamen vyaapak roop seey samaan yuddhpoton key agale chaar varg shamil they jinka uddeshya ranneeti key anusaar sajaatiya honah thaa.
"nevada" aur "oclahoma" koo 1918 mein pratham vishva yuddh key dauran kafile koo leey jaane key liye ireland mein tainaat kiya gayaa thaa, lekin koee kaarravaai naheen dekhi gaee. yuddh key baad, unhein prashant bede mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, jahan unhone 1920 aur 1930 key dashak kaa adhikansh samay bitaaya. iss avadhi key dauran, unhone vyaapak prashikshan sanchaalan kiya aur kaee lambi doori key paribhraman kiye, jinamen 1925 mein australia aur newzealand aur 1936 mein "oclahoma" kii europe kii yatra shamil thee. donon jahaajon kaa 1927 aur 1930 key beach badey paimaane parr aadhunikikaran kiya gayaa, jisase unake ayudh mein sudhaar huaa, suraksha yojana majboot hui aur nae boiler sthaapit kiye gaye. jaba 7 disambar 1941 koo japaniyon ney hamla kiya tou way motee bandargah mein yuddhapot pankti mein bund they; hamale mein "oclahoma" doob gayaa thaa, jabaki "nevada" gahare paani mein doobane seey bachane key liye khud koo jameen parr utaarane key liye majboor honey seey pahale chala rhaa thaa.
kewal "nevada" hii bachaa jaa sakata thaa, aur 1943 key madhya taka usaki marammat aur aadhunikikaran kiya gayaa jaba vaha alutian dweep abhiyaan mein shamil hoe gaee. isake baad unhone juuna 1944 mein normandy landing aur farwari 1945 mein ivo jimaa kii ladaai key liye samay parr prashant mein lautane seey pahale agast mein operation dragon kaa samarthan kiya, jisake baad march seey juuna taka okinawa kii ladaai hui. yuddh key anta taka thuck jaane key baad, unhein 1945 key anta mein 1946 key madhya mein paramanu hathiyaron key parikshanon mein upayog key liye operation crossroads key liye aavantit kiya gayaa thaa. vaha donon crossroads visfoton seey butch gaee aur antatah 1948 mein havaai seey paaramparik hathiyaron key saath doob gaee. iss beach, "oclahoma" koo 1943 key dauran uthaaya gayaa, 1944 mein aanshik roop seey dhwast curr diyaa gayaa, aur 1946 mein jahaaj todane vaalon koo betch diyaa gayaa. jabaki maee 1947 mein saine francisco koo bheja gayaa, vaha jahaaj seey alag hoe gaee aur usey sthaapit curr diyaa gayaa.
vikas.
nevada" varg kaa design yuddhapot nirmaan key nirantar vikas (aur iss prakaar laagat mein vriddhi) key majboot raajneetik virodh key sandarbh mein huaa, joe kii bhayaavah prakaar key vikas key saath tej hoe gayaa thaa. 1900 key dashak kii shuruat mein, nausena ney prati varsh dou nae yuddhpoton key karyakram parr samjhauta kiya thaa, ack yojana jise rashtrapati theodor roozvelt dwara anumodit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin 1904 mein shuru hocker, congress ney nausena key anurodhon koo aswikar karna shuru curr diyaa, aksar prati varsh kewal ack jahaaj koo adhikrit kiya, aur kabhi-kabhi, koee nayaa jahaaj naheen. roozvelt key uttaradhikari villium howard toft ney congress parr adhik jahaajon key nirmaan key liye dabaav banaane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin unhein bahut cumm safalata millie, halanki unhone vittiya varsh 1912 key liye jahaajon kii ack jodee koo surakshit kiya, joe "nevada" varg bunn gayaa. 1912 mein chune gaye vudro willson ney atyadhik nausainik kharch key roop mein dekhe gaye kharch kaa virodh kiya aur nausena key unake sachiv, josephus daniels ney prati varsh dou jahaajon parr lautane key prayaas key hisse key roop mein badey, adhik shaktishali jahaajon key liye samanya board key prastaavon koo avaruddh curr diyaa. designs key parinami sthirikaran ney maanak-prakaar key yuddhapot kaa utpaadan kiya, jinamen seey dou "nevada" pahale they.
praarambhik design.
samanya board pahale key dreadnoff mein 5 aur 6 judvaan-bandook vaale burj koo apanaane seey santusht naheen thaa aur isaliye agale jahaaj koo teen-bandook vaale burj seey lais karane kaa anurodh kiya. teen-bandook vaale burj baarah bandookon kii mukhya battery pradaan karenge, joe pichhale kii tulanaa mein dou adhik hain, lekin paanch key bajaay chaar burj key saath. una jahaajon parr design kaa kaam joe vitt varsh 2012 key liye adhikrit honge, 1910 mein shuru huaa thaa, jisamen nirmaan aur marammat beuro (see aind aar) dwara maee mein taiyar kiya gayaa pahala sketch joe pichhale "newyork" parr adharit thaa. eft superfiring naheen. 4 burj hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, emidship nam. 3 burj koo superfire mein leey jaaya gayaa thaa joe naheen thaa. samkaaleen british yuddhpoton key samaan ack vyavastha mein 5 burj. yeh ack jatil vyavastha thee jisake liye injan aur boiler kamaron koo alag karane key liye ack golaa-barud patrika kii aavashyakta thee; nausena key itihaaskaar norman friedman kaa sujhaav haye kii ise vajan kii ekagrata koo cumm karane key liye apanaaya gayaa hoga, jisase patwar parr adhik dabaav padata aur iss prakaar patwar sanrachana koo mahatvapurna roop seey majboot karane kii aavashyakta hoti. jahaaj mein chaar tarpedo tube aur satrah bandookon kii ack dwiteeyak battery bhee hogi, jabaki belt kavach motaa honah thaa.
iss samay taka, nausena iss nishkarsh parr pahunch gaee thee kii nausena kii vyastataon koo bahut lambi doori parr ladaa jaayega, aur mukhya roop seey uchch-visfotak gole key bajaay kavach-bhedak gole (appy) key saath, kyonki baad vaale koo madhyam kavach seey bhee haraaya jaayega, aur lambi doori parr, jahaajon key nihatthe hisson koo vishesh roop seey lakshit karane kii koee kshamata naheen thee. aur kyonki appy key gole aasaani seey madhyam kavach plate koo chhidrit curr sakate hain, kewal sabse motee sambhav suraksha koo leey jaaya jaanaa chaahiye. ack anya mahatvapurna vikas joe lambi yuddh shrinkhalaon kii dhaarana key parinamswarup huaa vaha thaa motey deck kavach koo apnana. prakshepastron key prakshepavakra key kaaran yeh aavashyak hoe gayaa thaa; jaise-jaise seema mein kaafee vriddhi hui, prabhaav kaa konn badh gayaa, aur iss prakaar gole kshaitij deck parr hamla karane kii pravritti rakhate hain, naa kii bhaari bakhtarband pakshon parr, ack prabhaav jise aag key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. parinam kavach sanrakshan kaa "sabhi yaa kuchh bhee naheen" siddhant thaa, joe kewal jahaaj key mahatvapurna angon key liye kavach sanrakshan aarakshit kartaa thaa, jisamen patrikaaen, pranodan machinary sthaan aur kamaan sthaan shamil they. ack bakhtarband bedaa banaane key liye vyavastha koo jalrodhak banaaya gayaa thaa jisamen jahaaj koo tairane key liye paryaapt aarakshit uchhaal thaa, bhale hii nihatthe chhor poori tarah seey baadh mein doob gaye houn. nevada" design kissy bhee nausena mein seey pahali thee jisane avadharana koo pesh kiya thaa.
juuna mein, board ney see aind aar koo aavashyaktaon kaa ack sett bheja jisamen baarah-bandook battery pahale seey hii prakshepit, nyuntam gati aur "sabhi yaa kuchh bhee naheen" avadharana key aadhar parr ack kavach leout shamil thaa. see aind aar key engineeron ney nott kiya kii kavach deck patwar koo kaafee majboot karega, lekin unhone bataaya kii mool design kaa 11 inch kaa belt videshi nausenaon mein navintam mukhya bandookon koo haraane key liye poori tarah seey aparyaapt hoga. board ney belt key peechhe ack splinter bulkhead koo jodane kaa sujhaav diyaa, jisamen khol key tukade honge. 1910 key anta mein, ack antim design koo sweekaar karane seey pahale, nausena koo 1911 mein congress dwara matdan kiye jaane key liye aff. aaee. 1912 key liye anuman prastut karna padaa; unhone "newyork" key aadhar parr aankadon kaa upayog kiya, jinhen congress dwara sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa, aur badale mein nae jahaajon key aakar koo aspas key visthaapan taka seemit curr diyaa gayaa thaa; yeh see aind aar key maujooda prastaavon key liye bahut cumm thaa, jisase ack nae design kii aavashyakta thee. iss samay taka, americi dreadnofts kii pahali peedhi ney seva mein pravesh karna shuru curr diyaa thaa, isaliye unhein sanchaalit karane key anubhavon koo nae sire seey shamil kiya jaa sakata thaa.
punah design aur anumodan.
pahala badaa badalaav burjon kii pichhali jodee kii vyavastha thee. yuddhapot kii emidship patrika koo thandaa rahane mein kathinaaee hui, kyonki yeh boiler room key buggle mein thaa aur pranodan pranali key liye bhaap laainen isake saath chalati theen. choonki motey deck ney patwar kii taakat mein vriddhi kii, isaliye "nevada" key liye prastaavit praarambhik vyavastha koo ack nikat doori vaale superfiring jodee key paksh mein chhod diyaa jaa sakata thaa. isase kavach suraksha kii aavashyakta vaale patwar kii lambai cumm hoe gaee aur iss prakaar visthaapan cumm hoe gayaa. delaware" kii pranodan pranali key saath anubhav-joe mishrit koyla aur tail seey chalane vaale boilers seey hotaa haye-ney agala sudhaar pradaan kiyaah boiler joe vishesh roop seey tail seey chalaae jaate they. yeye samudra mein eendhan bharane kii kshamata, boiler kaksh key chaalak dall mein mahatvapurna kamee, adhik eendhan dakshata aur adhik compact boiler kaksh sahit kaee laabh pradaan karenge. phir seey, chhote boiler kamaron ney mahatvapurna kii raksha key liye aavashyak kavach kii lambai koo cumm curr diyaa. see aind aar aashvast naheen thaa, kyonki koyla bankaron kaa upayog side kavach koo majboot karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa, lekin board ney navambar 1910 mein parivartan koo manjuri dee. usa samay taka, see aind aar key engineeron ney "nyu york" varg key aadhar parr apane mool design key liye pairavi karna jaari rakhaa, lekin board ney prastaav parr vichaar karane seey incar curr diyaa. isake baad, board ney teen-vistaar injanon key bajaay bhaap turbines parr lautane kaa faisala kiya, kyonki unakaa maanana thaa kii eendhan tail kii adhik kushalata seey kukhyaat roop seey bhaari turbines koo prashant mahasagar mein sanchaalan key liye aavashyak lambe paribhraman trijya koo praapt karane kii anumati milegi.
see aind aar ney 13 farwari 1911 koo apana agala prastaav prastut kiya; yeh aam taur parr kavach leout key liye board key vichaaron key saath sanrekhit thaa, lekin isane maadhyamik bandookon kii raksha key liye kuchh madhyam kavach banaae rakhaa aur isamen teen-vistaar machinary shamil kii (halanki unhone nott kiya kii injan kamare curtis turbine koo samaayojit curr sakate they). board ney ise aswikar curr diyaa, jisase designers ney madhyam kavach koo hataa diyaa, aur 21 samudri meal aur mukhya baitariyon key saath adhyayan kii ack shrinkhala kaa utpaadan kiya joe aathh seey baarah bandookon taka thee. iss avadhi key dauran, 4 march koo, congress ney jahaajon kii ack jodee koo adhikrit kiya, jise aff. aaee.-1912 key liye bee. bee.-36 aur bee. bee.-37 naamit kiya gayaa thaa. jahaajon key saath abb adhikrit, board ney duss-bandookon mein seey ack kaa chayan kiya, 30 march koo 20.5-knot bhinnataaen, jisamen ack belt thee jise 14 inch taka badhaaya gayaa thaa, lekin vajan bachaane key liye sheersh aur nichale kinare parr taper kii ack shrinkhala shamil thee. ayudh beuro ney bataaya kii belt koo taper key saath ack ekal patti mein nirmit naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa, isaliye oopari aur nichale patton key beach ack sanyukt-ack design kamjori jisase engineer bachane kaa prayaas curr rahey they-kaa upayog karna hoga. samasya kaa samadhan julaai mein kiya gayaa thaa, jaba see aind aar ney belt koo badhaane aur nichale kinare parr kewal ack taper koo shamil karane key paksh mein 1.5-inch splinter bulkhead koo hataane kaa prastaav rakhaa thaa.
agala mudda triple burj thaa joe design kaa linchpin thaa, kyonki vajan kii bachat ney bhaari belt koo sambhav banaa diyaa aur isane pahale key 5-aur 6-burj vargon mein maujood design doshon koo thheek kiya. americi nausena ney kabhi bhee teen-bandook burj kaa nirmaan naheen kiya thaa, aur aisee chinta thee kii ack hitt sabhi teen bandookon koo aksham curr sakati haye, aur burj key chehare mein teen chhed kavach koo bahut kamjor curr denge. see aind aar ney puraane yuddhapot key saath golibari pareekshan karane kaa sujhaav diyaa, lekin prastaav seey kuchh bhee naheen nikla. daniels ney 31 march koo poorna burj design key binaa antim roop seey "nevada" design koo manjuri dee, joe ack mahatvapurna juaa thaa kyonki burj design safal naheen huaa hoga. ack prayogaatmak burj agast 1912 mein puuraa kiya gayaa thaa, joe avadharana koo saabit kartaa haye, halanki isamen khol hastakshep koo cumm karane key liye kuchh sanshodhanon kii aavashyakta thee. choonki antim roop seey design mein duss-bandook kii battery koo apanaaya gayaa thaa, isaliye chaar burjon mein seey kewal dou triple mount honge, ack aage aur ack peechhe, unake oopar dou-bandook burj superfire honge.
design koo lagbhag antim roop diye jaane key saath, board ney tippani key liye bede key adhikaariyon key saath ise prasaarit karna shuru curr diyaa; kaptan johnn hood, joe jald hii board key sadasya banane vaale they, ney maadhyamik battery key sthaan kii aalochana kii, kyonki shuruati dreadnoff key anubhav ney sabhi mein casemate battery koo poori tarah seey anupayogi dikhaaya thaa, lekin shaant samudra. board ney bataaya kii torpedo kii badhati seema kaa matlab thaa kii maanak 5-inch/51-kshamata vaali bandooken apane hathiyaron koo launch karane seey pahale vidhvansakon koo prabhaavi dhang seey sanlagn naheen curr sakati theen, isaliye hathiyaron koo banaae rakhna saarthak naheen hoe sakata haye. lekin koee upayukt vikalp naheen thaa, isaliye board ney 5 inch kii bandookon koo vaisa hii rakhane kaa faisala kiya jaisa way they. yeh sahee nirnay saabit huaa, kyonki agni-niyantran pranaliyon key vikas ney bandookon kii lambi doori taka maarne kii kshamata mein sudhaar kiya.
design.
samanya visheshataaen aur machinary.
nevada" varg key jahaaj jall rekha parr lambe aur samagr roop seey lambe they. unake paas ack beam aur samanya visthaapan aur poorna bhaar parr ack draft thaa. way design kiye gaye aur poori tarah seey ladey hue visthaapit hoe gaye. jahaajon mein ack raam dhanush aur ack purvanuman deck thaa joe jahaaj kii lambai kaa aadhaa hissa thaa. jaisa kii nirmit kiya gayaa thaa, jahaajon mein ack nyuntam adhirachana thee, jisamen ack bhaari bakhtarband conning tower hotaa thaa joe seedhe aage kii mukhya battery burj key peechhe hotaa thaa. way mukhya battery koo nirdeshit karane mein sahaayata key liye spotting topp key saath dou jaali key maast key saath puuraa kiya gayaa thaa, joe usa avadhi key americi poonji jahaajon kii ack samanya visheshta thee. unake paas 55 adhikaariyon aur 809 soochibaddh purushon kaa dall thaa.
choonki board koo turbines seey adhik dakshata praapt karane kii ummeed thee, isaliye "nevada" koo seedhe-drive curtis bhaap turbines kii ack jodee seey susajjit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen baarah tail seey chalane vaale yaaro watter-tube boiler dwara pradaan kii gaee bhaap thee. "nevada" pahala americi rajdhani jahaaj thaa jisane cumm gati parr eendhan arthavyavastha mein sudhaar key liye uchch dabaav vaale turbines mein istemal kiya gayaa thaa. turbo-electric pranodan vaale yuddhpoton koo chhodkar, adhikansh baad key americi yuddhpoton mein taiyar turbine lagaae gaye they. "oclahoma", iss beach, dou urdhvaadhar triple-vistaar injan aur baarah tail seey chalane vaale babcock aur wilcox boiler praapt hue. "oclahoma key parasparik injan atyadhik compan key liye pravan they, jisase nausena koo 1925 mein usey dohare abhinay, dou-stroke deejal injan mein parivartit karane parr vichaar karane key liye prerit kiya gayaa, lekin usa samay deejal key mahaan vajan key kaaran vichaar koo chhod diyaa gayaa. donon jahaajon key boilers koo ack ekal funnel mein daala gayaa thaa joe emidship mein sthit thaa.
"nevada" key injanon koo mulyankan kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki "oclahoma" key injanon koo utpaadan karane key liye anumaanit kiya gayaa thaa. donon jahaajon kii adhikatam gati 20.5 samudri meal thee, halanki "nevada" poorna honey parr gati parikshanon seey pahunch gayaa thaa. unaki design kii gaee sahanshakti kii gati parr thee. seva kii sthitiyon key tahat, "nevada" mein ack gati kii sahansheelata paaee gaee, joe kaafee gir gaee. ack taaja-saaf patwar key saath, inn aankadon mein kramshah thodaa sudhaar huaa. "nevada" kaa ack saamarik vyaas thaa-jahaaj koo 180 degree ghumaane key liye jitani doori thee-aeye aur aeye. oclahoma" key liye upalabdh ekmatra aankada uska uchch gati vaalaa modd vritt haih aeye.
hathiyar.
nevada" duss 14-inch/45-calori maark kii mukhya battery seey lais they joe dou judvaan aur dou triple burj mein luggy theen. vajan bachaane aur mount koo yathasambhav compact rakhane key liye, triple burj mein sabhi teen bairal they jinhen dou trunian dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, jisake liye teenon bandookon koo ack ikai key roop mein oopar uthaane kii aavashyakta thee. donon judvaan burjon kii chhaton parr bakhtarband rangefinder lagaae gaye they, jisamen conning tower mein ack kendriyakrit agni niyantran kaksh thaa.
bandookon ney ack kavach-bhedi (aeye. pee.) khol koo thoothan key wegg seey daaga. triple burj key saath parikshanon seey udaan key dauran prakshepyon key beach hastakshep key kaaran atyadhik failaav kaa pataa chalaa, isaliye pratyek bandook koo vyaktigat roop seey fayer karane key liye ack pranali apnai gaee, jise ack dusare key dasaven hisse dwara alag kiya gayaa. burjon ney 15 degree taka aur avasaad koo-5 degree taka badhane diyaa. adhikatam oonchaai parr, bandookon kii seema lagbhag thee. dou kholon seey sabhi teen bandookon kii seva kii gaee, joe bijli seey bharee hui theen aur sanchaalit theen.
vidhvansak aur tarpedo naukaaon key khilaf raksha key liye, jahaajon ney vyaktigat mount mein 21-5-inch/51-caliber maark VIII bandookon kii ack dwiteeyak battery leey jaaya. baarah bandooken purvanuman deck mein casemate mein theen, donon taraf chhah, aur anya chhah mukhya deck star parr stern kii or casemate mein they, ack anya hathiyar seedhe stern mein thaa. yeye bandooken bhaari samudron mein atyadhik geeli saabit huin aur iss prakaar aksar anupayogi theen, jaisa kii pahale key jahaajon key saath anubhav pahale hii pradarshit hoe chuka thaa. antim dou bandooken conning tower key donon taraf khule mount mein theen. bandookon mein ack gole seey golibari kaa thoothan wegg thaa.
jaisa kii usa avadhi key pramukh jahaajon key liye prathaagat thaa, donon jahaajon koo jall rekha key neeche dooby tarpedo tubes kii ack jodee key saath sashastr kiya gayaa thaa, pratyek chaude hisse parr ack. unhein maark VIII prakaar key anand-mukt torpedo kii aapoorti kii gaee thee; yeye ack warhead leey jaate they aur inki gati kii ack seema thee. "nevada" aur "oclahoma" 7 tarpedo koo leey jaane vaale pahale yuddhapot they.
kavach.
nevada" varg koo kendriya bhaag mein 13.5 inch key motey kavach dwara sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa, jahan yeh jahaaj key mahatvapurna, patrikaon aur pranodan machinary key sthaanon kii raksha kartaa thaa. yeh chauda thaa, jisamen seey jall rekha key neeche thaa. nichale kinare parr, belt koo vajan bachaane key liye cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa, iss dhaarana parr bharosa karate hue kii joe gole cumm gir gaye aur paani seey gujar gaye, way kaafee dheema hoe jaayenge, iss prakaar bhaari kavach mein pravesh karane kii unaki kshamata cumm hoe jaayegi. belt key donon chhor parr, donon taraf ack anuprasth thoke sir seey judey they joe 8 seey motaa thaa. dhanush aur kathor koo nirastra chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. jahaajon mein ack bakhtarband deck thaa jisamen kendriya bakhtarband raft parr teen paraton mein vishesh upchaar ispat (sts) shamil thaa; aage ack taraf, deck koo motai mein badhaaya gayaa thaa, jahaan yeh propeller shaft koo dhakta thaa. kavach deck belt key sheersh seey judaa huaa thaa. neeche ack deck, kavach kii motee ack aur parat kaa uddeshya gole aur bamon seey splinters koo shamil karna thaa joe oopari deck dwara visfot kiye gaye they. deck key kinare neeche kii or dhala gaye aur thodaa motaa curr diyaa gayaa, aur way belt key nichale kinare seey judey hue they. nichale deck mein nickle steel shamil thaa.
jahaajon key mukhya battery burj koo bahut bhaari kavach suraksha millie; teen burj chehare motey they, kinaaron aur chhaton mein 5 key saath. judvaan bandook vaale burjon mein chehare aur kinaaron seey yukt thodaa patala sanrakshan thaa. donon prakaar key burj mein 9 peechhe they aur way 13 motee barbets key oopar they. conning tower key kinaaron mein 16 aur chhat mein 8 they, jisamen baad vaalaa sts seey banaa thaa. boiler seey laker funnel taka key oopar kii or ack shankudhari aavaran dwara sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa joe 13 inch motaa thaa.
sanshodhan.
jahaajon ney apane currier key dauran kaee badalaav kiye, vishesh roop seey unaki maadhyamik baitariyon key sambandh mein, ack tritiyak vimaan-rodhi battery key saath. iss tarah kaa pahala parivartan, 50 calori kii ack jodee kaa jodd. vimaan-rodhi bandooken, usa samay banaai gaee theen jaba jahaaj poore hoe gaye they. 1918 mein, "nevada" ney apani saat sabse 5 inch kii bandookon koo khule mount mein dou bandookon key saath hataa diyaa thaa; "oclahoma" mein apani maadhyamik battery mein samaan kamee thee, halanki usane stern mein centerline bandook koo banaae rakhaa thaa. inca upayog aise vyaparik jahaajon koo hathiyar dene key liye kiya jaataa thaa, jinake europe kii yatra parr german yuu-boat kaa saamana karane kii adhik sambhavana hoti. 1919 mein, donon jahaajon koo apane superfiring burj parr vimaan key liye udaan bharane key liye platform praapt hue, lekin yeye seva mein samasyagrast saabit hue, kyonki unhone ramp koo nasht kiye binaa bandookon koo daage jaane seey roque diyaa aur unhone bandookon kii kshamata koo gambhir roop seey seemit curr diyaa.
1920 key dashak key anta mein, donon jahaajon kaa kaafee hudd taka aadhunikikaran kiya gayaa thaa. donon koo chhah beuro express boilers key saath phir seey ubla gayaa thaa joe mool baarah boilers kii tulanaa mein kaafee adhik kushal they. isake alawa, 1917 mein sthaapit kiye gaye turbines kaa upayog karke "nevada" koo phir seey injan kiya gayaa thaa aur baad vaale koo washington nausena sandhi kii sharton key tahat samaapt karane seey pahale hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. design kii gati samaan rahee, lekin design kii gaee horse power "nevada" key liye thodi gir gaee. phir bhee unhone parikshanon mein ack sheersh gati key liye hassil kiya. eendhan kshamata mein bhee kaafee vriddhi kii gaee thee, samanya roop seey aur yuddh kii sthitiyon key liye. isase jahaajon kii seema 10 samudri meal aur 10 samudri meal taka badh gaee. punah ubalane seey kaafee matra mein vajan bachaa joe deck kavach koo badhaane aur tarpedo bulb jodane key liye upayog kiya jaataa thaa joe unaki beam koo badhaata thaa. donon jahaajon key mukhya kavach deck kii motai mein vriddhi kii gaee thee, jisase kull 5 inch taka aaa gayaa thaa, halanki kyonki isamen paraten shamil theen, yeh samaan motai kii ack plate key roop mein prabhaavi naheen thaa.
donon jahaajon key ayudh mein kaafee sudhaar huaa thaa. mukhya battery burj koo tees degree taka kii oonchaai kii anumati dene key liye sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa, jisase unaki adhikatam seema badh gaee. shesh 5 inch key casemate koo chadhaaya gayaa thaa aur bhaari samudron mein upayog karane kii unaki kshamata mein sudhaar karane key prayaas mein bandookon koo ack deck seey oopar leey jaaya gayaa thaa. aathh 3-inch vimaan-rodhi bandookon koo 5-inch/25 calori kii barabar sankhya key saath badal diyaa gayaa thaa. bandooken, vyaktigat mount mein bhee. isake alawa, unhein aathh braun machine ganein mileen. iss samay donon jahaajon kii tarpedo tubes koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. unake jaali key stambhon koo adhik majboot tipai key stambhon seey badal diyaa gayaa thaa, aur unake paas vimaan key ack jode key catapult lagaae gaye they, jinamen seey ack koo kalpana parr rakhaa gayaa thaa, doosara usake peechhe key superfiring burj key oopar lagaaya gayaa thaa. parivartanon ney jahaajon key visthaapan koo design key anusaar aur adhikatam poorna bhaar parr badhaa diyaa. jahaajon key chaalak dall kii sankhya badhkar 1,374 hoe gaee. 1941 mein kissy samay, "nevada" koo ack aiss. see. air search radar seey susajjit kiya gayaa thaa.
1942 mein, motee bandargah parr japani hamale mein hue nuksan kii marammat key dauran, "nevada" kaa phir seey bhaari punarnirmaan kiya gayaa. usake tipai mukhya stambh koo usake bhaari bakhtarband conning tower key saath hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, poorv vimaan-rodhi hathiyaron key liye firing chaap koo saaf karane key liye aur baad vaale vimaan-rodhi battery mein aage key jodd key liye vajan bachaane key liye. conning tower aur maast key sthaan parr, ack badee pull sanrachana sthaapit kii gaee thee, jisamen unake paas 51-calory donon they. aur 25-calore. bandooken hataa dee gaeen. unhein solah 5-inch/38 calori kii battery seey badal diyaa gayaa thaa. aathh judvaan bandookon mein 12 dohri prayojan bandooken chihnit karein. chaar poton koo jahaaj key donon or rakhaa gayaa thaa. bandookon ney 45 degree kii oonchaai parr adhikatam seema yaa adhikatam oonchaai parr ack gole seey golibari kii. usaki halki vimaan-rodhi battery koo bhee poori tarah seey badal diyaa gayaa thaa; abb vaha nau chauguna mount mein chhattis bofforce bandooken aur vyaktigat mount mein adtis orlican autocanan leey gaee. yuddh key anta taka, unhein ack atirikt chaar gunaa 40 mimi mount praapt huaa thaa, jabaki unaki 20 mimi bandookon koo kull paintalis bairal key liye paanch ekal aur bees judvaan mount mein punargathit kiya gayaa thaa. hamale key baad punarnirmit kaee anya yuddhpoton key vipareet, "nevada" koo apani mukhya battery key liye agni-niyantran radar praapt naheen huaa, lekin vaha apani naee dwiteeyak battery key liye 37 nirdeshak chihn key saath fitt thee.
seva itihas.
praarambhik currier.
1916 mein seva mein pravesh karane key baad, donon jahaajon koo atlantic bede koo saunpa gayaa thaa. 1918 kii shuruat mein sanyukt raajya key purvi tata parr prashikshan abhyaas key saath way vyast they, usa samay taka sanyukt raajya america sahyogiyon key paksh mein pratham vishva yuddh mein pravesh curr chuka thaa. donon jahaajon koo agast 1918 mein german yuddhpoton key khilaf sainya dall key kafile koo anurakshit karane key liye ireland bheja gayaa thaa, joe unhein rokane key liye uttari samudra seey baahar nikalane kii koshish curr sakate hain, halanki iss tarah key koee hamale naheen hue. donon sangharsh key anta mein varsaay sammelan mein bhaag lene key liye rashtrapati willson key france aagaman key liye upasthit they. yuddh key baad, donon jahaaj atlantic bede mein laut aae, halanki 1919 mein, "nevada" koo prashant bede mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa; 1921 mein "oclahoma" vahaan shamil hoe gayaa.
1920 key dashak key dauran, donon jahaajon ney baaki bede key saath prashikshan abhyaas kii ack vaarshik dincharya mein bhaag liya, jisamen shooting abhyaas, saamarik prashikshan, aur vaarshik, badey paimaane parr bede kii samasyaaen shamil theen, joe baad vaale prashant yuddh mein americi nausena key sanchaalan key liye aadhar pradaan karate they, aur anubhav joe pradarshit kartaa thaa kii maanak-prakaar key yuddhapot vimaan vaahak key saath sanchaalit karane mein bahut dheeme they, jisase 1930 key dashak mein nirmit tej yuddhpoton kaa vikas huaa. way america key aspas aur aage videshon mein paribhraman mein bhee shamil they, jaise kii 1925 mein australia aur newzealand kii sadbhavana yatra. 1927 aur 1930 key beach, donon jahaajon kaa bhaari aadhunikikaran kiya gayaa thaa. maanak shaanti kaal kii dincharya 1930 key dashak taka jaari rahee. 1936 mein, "oclahoma" ney europe key liye ack prashikshan cruze shuru kiya; vaha vahaan thee jaba usa varsh spanish grih yuddh chhid gayaa thaa, aur vaha desh mein amerikiyon koo nikaalane key liye spen gaee thee.
jaise hii 1930 key dashak key anta mein japan key saath dusare cheeni-japani yuddh key kaaran tanaav badhane lagaa, sanyukt raajya america ney yuddh kii badhati sambhavana key liye taiyari shuru curr dee. 1940 mein, prashant bede koo aage kii aakraamakta koo rokane key prayaas mein havaai mein apane homeport, saine pedro, california seey motee bandargah mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. donon jahaaj disambar 1941 mein ford dweep key saath yuddhapot pankti mein lunger daal rahey they.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh.
7 disambar 1941 kii subah, pahale vayu bede key japani vimaan vaahak ney motee bandargah mein americi bede parr ack aashcharyajanak hamla kiya. "oclahoma" hamale kii shuruat mein teen tarpedo seey maaraa gayaa thaa aur chhah aur tarpedo hitt praapt karane seey pahale jaldi seey palatana shuru hoe gayaa thaa. jaise hii vaha oopar seey ludhaki, usaki adhirachana ney usey poori tarah seey ulta honey seey roque diyaa aur vaha apane bandargah kii or aaraam karane aaee. doobane mein usake chaalak dall koo bhaari nuksan huaa, jisamen 20 adhikaari aur 395 soochibaddh purush maare gaye. "hamale kii shuruat mein "nevada" koo usake dhanush mein ack hii tarpedo seey maaraa gayaa thaa, lekin phir bhee vaha chala rahee thee, hamale key dauran aisaa karane vaalaa ekmatra yuddhapot. jaba vaha bandargah seey gujar rahee thee tou usey chhah seey duss bamon seey maaraa gayaa thaa aur darr thaa kii vaha motee bandargah seey baahar channel mein doob sakati haye, iss prakaar bandargah koo avaruddh curr diyaa, jisase usake commander ney jahaaj koo samudra tata parr leey jaane kaa faisala kiya. unhein apekshaakrit mamuli hatahaton kaa saamana karna padaa, jisamen 50 maare gaye aur 109 ghayal hoe gaye. "nevada" koo farwari 1942 mein phir seey tairaaya gayaa thaa aur marammat aur aadhunikikaran key liye turant dry-dock kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki "oclahoma" bahut gambhir roop seey kshatigrast hoe gayaa thaa jise seva mein vaapas naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa; 1943 mein usey sahee kiya gayaa thaa aur 1946 mein scrap key liye beche jaane seey pahale 1944 mein aanshik roop seey dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 17 maee 1947 koo motee bandargah seey saine francisco taka leey jaaya jaa rhaa thaa, vaha apani kheenchane kii line seey fisal gaee aur doob gaee.
1943 mein seva mein lautane key baad, "nevada" kaa upayog mukhya roop seey ubhayachar sanchaalan kaa samarthan karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. unhone aprail mein aleutian dweep abhiyaan mein bhaag liya aur sanyukt raajya america lautane seey pahale, samanya landing key liye ack bambari pott key roop mein apani bhoomika kii taiyari mein aage key sanshodhanon key liye. vaha aprail 1944 mein hamale key bede mein shamil honey key liye britten chully gaee, jisane 6 juuna koo landing kaa sanchaalan kiya; "nevada" agale gyaarah dinon taka german padon parr bambari karane key liye samudra taton seey door rhaa kyonki sahayogi sainikon ney antardeshiya ladaai ladee, golaa-barud koo phir seey bharane key liye kewal ack baar vaapas leey liya. 15 agast koo dakshini france mein landing key liye operation dragon kaa samarthan karane key liye phir seey niyukt kiye jaane seey pahale, usey aur bambari bull key kaee anya jahaajon koo kabje vaale france mein anya bandargaahon parr shale karane key liye bheja gayaa thaa, jisamen cherberg bhee shamil thaa. landing key dauran, unhone kshatigrast francisi tej yuddhapot parr golabari kii, joe usa samay german niyantran mein thaa, jisase pott koo aur nuksan huaa.
"nevada" phir prashant bede mein lautane seey pahale apane buri tarah seey pahane hue bairal koo phir seey banaane key liye sanyukt raajya america laut aaya. vaha janwari 1945 mein ulithi mein agrim aadhar parr pahunchi aur agale maheene ivo jimaa mein utarane vaale agale badey operation kii taiyari shuru curr dee. 19 farwari koo nausainikon key tata parr jaane seey pahale vaha teen dinon key liye dweep kii gahan bambari key liye kaee anya yuddhpoton mein shamil hoe gaee. jahaaj ney 7 march taka aag kaa samarthan pradaan karate hue dweep seey sanchaalan kiya, jaba vaha okinawa key aakraman kii taiyari key liye ravaana hui. praarambhik bambari 24 march koo shuru hui aur 1 aprail koo utarane taka jaari rahee, aur "nevada" 14 aprail taka dweep seey door rahee jaba usey ack overhall key liye vaapas leey liya gayaa. jahaaj julaai mein purvi chean sagar mein gasht key liye laut aaya, halanki usane 15 agast koo yuddh key anta seey pahale koee aage kii kaarravaai naheen dekhi.
1945 key anta taka lagbhag tees varshon kii seva key baad, unhein navambar 1945 mein paramanu hathiyaron key parikshanon mein niptan key liye nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. unhein janwari 1946 mein operation chaurahon key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale lakshit jahaajon key bede key liye aavantit kiya gayaa thaa aur vaha maee mein bikini atole mein pahunchi thee. lakshit bede mein kaee anya yuddhapot shamil they, jinamen kabja kiya gayaa japani pott bhee shamil thaa. "nevada" kaa upayog pahale pareekshan key liye lakshya bindu key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa, 1 julaai koo ack havaa mein giraaya gayaa bumm, kyonki nausena ney usey yuddhpoton mein sabse adhik lachila maanaa. bumm lakshya seey chook gayaa aur nyuntam nuksan pahunchaaya. ack aur pareekshan, ack paani key neeche visfot, 24 julaai koo kiya gayaa thaa, joe jahaaj koo doobane mein bhee whiffle rhaa. unhein jaanch key liye motee bandargah leey jaaya gayaa aur antatah 1948 mein paaramparik hathiyar parikshanon mein havaai seey doob gaye.

