aaraa-makkhi

aaree kii titaliyaan hymenoptera crum key bheetar upavarg simphita key keede hain, saath hii cheentiyaan, madhumakkhiyan aur tataiya. aam naam andashay key aaree jaise roop seey aataa haye, jiska upayog maadaaen paudhon mein kaatane key liye karati hain jahan way apane andey detee hain. yeh naam vishesh roop seey dasaven radinoidia key saath judaa huaa haye, joe upavarg mein abb taka kaa sabse badaa superfamily haye, jisamen lagbhag 7,000 gyaat prajaatiyan hain; poore upavarg mein, 800 seey adhik vanshon mein 8,000 varnit prajaatiyan hain. symphyta paraphylatic haye, jisamen kaee besal samooh shamil hain joe hymenoptera crum key bheetar hotey hain, pratyek samooh pichhale samooh key ander nihit hotaa haye, joe apocrita key saath samaapt hotaa haye joe araphlise naheen hotey hain.
araphlise aur apocrita-cheentiyon, madhumakhiyon aur tataiya-key beach praathamik antar yeh haye kii vayaskon mein "tataiya cummer" kii kamee hoti haye, aur isake bajaay pett aur vaksh key beach ack vyaapak sambandh hotaa haye. kuchh araphlise tataiya aur madhumakhiyon kii nakal karate hain, aur andashay koo ack dunk key liye galat samajha jaa sakata haye. arafly kii lambai mein bhinnata hoti haye, sabse adhik maapane vaali; sabse badee gyaat arafly koo maapa jaataa haye. larva caterpillar jaise hotey hain, lekin proleg kii sankhya aur arafly larva mein crocket kii anupasthiti seey alag kiya jaa sakata haye. adhikansh arafly paudhe khaane vaali hoti hain, halanki super family aursoidia key sadasya parjivi hotey hain.
shikariyon mein pakshi, keede aur chhote janwar shamil hain. kuchh prajaatiyon key larva mein anty-predator anukoolan hotey hain jaise kii sankhya mein suraksha key liye punah utpann karane vaale uttejak taral aur ack saath clustering. araphlise kaee parjeeviyon key liye mezban hain, jinamen seey adhikansh hymenoptera hain, baaki diptera hain.
vayask arafly 7-9 dinon kii jeevan pratyasha key saath alpakaalik hoti hain, halanki larva charan prajaatiyon key aadhar parr maheenon seey laker varshon taka reh sakata haye. parthenogenetic maadaaen, jinhen nishechit andey kaa utpaadan karane key liye saathi kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye, upavarg mein aam hain, halanki kaee prajaatiyon mein narr hotey hain. vayask parag, amrit, madhu, russ, larva mejbaanon key haemolymph sahit anya keedon koo khaate hain; unake munh key tukade iss prakaar key bhojan key liye anukoolit hotey hain.
araphlise chaar alag-alag jeevan charanon-andaa, larva, pyupa aur vayask key saath ack poorna kayapalat seey gujarati hain. maadaa apane andashay kaa upayog paudhe kii samagri (yaa, aursoidia, anya keedon key mamle mein) mein drill karane key liye karati haye aur phir raft yaa fully naamak samoohon mein andey detee haye. andey seey nikalane key baad, larva paudhon koo aksar samoohon mein khaate hain. jaise-jaise way vayaskata key karib aatey hain, larva aamtaur parr chhaal yaa mitty mein, pyupa banaane key liye ack sanrakshit sthaan kii talash karate hain. pine arafly jaisi prajaatiyon kii badee aabaadi aarthik vaniki koo paryaapt nuksan pahuncha sakati haye, jabaki anya jaise kii iris arafly bagwani mein pramukh keat hain. arafly larva key prakop seey pedon kaa pattan toot sakata haye aur marr sakata haye, vikas darr cumm hoe sakati haye yaa mrityu hoe sakati haye. araphlise koo keetnashakon, praakritik shikariyon aur parjivi, yaa yaantrik tarikon key upayog key madhyam seey niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye.
araphlise pahali baar 25 karod saal pahale tricic mein dikhaai deen. sabse purana superfamily, acceloidia, uphaaron mein maujood haye. 200 million seey adhik saal pahale, araphlise kii ack vanshavali ney ack parjivi jeevan shally vikasit kii, jisamen mansahari larva they joe andey yaa anya keedon key larva khaate they. araphlise vishva star parr vitarit hain, halanki way sabse uttari golardh mein adhik vividh hain.
vyutpatti.
upavarg naam "symphita" yunani shabd "symphitan" seey nikla haye, jiska arth haye "ack saath vikasit", joe samooh kii prostomium aur peristomium key beach ack tataiya cummer kii vishisht kamee kaa ullekh kartaa haye. iska aam naam, "arafly", aaraa jaise andashay seey nikla haye jiska upayog andaa dene key liye kiya jaataa haye, jisamen ack maadaa andey jamaa karane key liye ack taney yaa paudhe key patte mein ack daraar banaati haye. iss naam kaa pahala gyaat upayog 1773 mein huaa thaa. araphlise koo "wood-wasps" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.
phylogeny.
1863 mein hymenoptera key apane mool vivaran mein, german prani vigyaani carle jerstaker ney unhein teen samoohon mein vibhajit kiya, "hymenoptera aculata", "hymenoptera apocrita" aur "hymenoptera phytophaga". lekin chaar saal baad 1867 mein, unhone kewal dou samoohon kaa varnan kiya, "aich. apocrita "sinn. "asli" aur "aich. symphita "sinn. "phytophaga. natijatan, simphita naam prani vigyaan pradhikaran key roop mein jerstaker koo diyaa gayaa haye. apane vivaran mein, jerstaker ney symphita kii tulanaa mein apocrita mein pahale pett khand koo vaksh mein sthanantarit karke dou samoohon koo alag kiya. natijatan, apocrita mein kewal aathh prishthiya aadhe khand hain, jabaki symphita mein nau hain. larva koo isi tarah seey alag kiya jaataa haye.
isaliye symphita koo paaramparik roop seey apocrita key saath, hymenoptera key dou upa-kramon mein seey ack key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. symphita adhik adim samooh haye, tulanaatmak roop seey poorna vish key saath, larva joe badey paimaane parr phytophagus hain, aur ack "wasp-west" key binaa, ack sympliomorphic visheshta haye. ack saath, symphita 10 pratishat seey bhee cumm hymenopteran prajaatiyon kaa nirmaan kartaa haye. jabaki soffly aur symphyta shabdon kaa upayog paryaayavaachi roop seey kiya gayaa haye, symphyta koo bhee teen samoohon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, vaastavik soffly (phylophaga), woodwasps yaa zylophaga (syricidae), aur aurussidae. teen samoohon koo andey jamaa karane key liye vanaspati mein aaree key chhed key liye asli araphlise key ventral cerrated yaa aaraa jaise ovipositor dwara alag kiya gayaa haye, jabaki lakadi key tataiya andashay lakadi mein pravesh kartaa haye aur orucidae lakadi-boaring bhringon key baahari parjivi key roop mein vyavhaar kartaa haye. lakadi key tukadon koo swayam ack paraphylatic paitrik shreni key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. inn seemaon key bavjood, shabdon kii upayogita haye aur saahitya mein aam hain.
jabaki adhikansh hymenopteran superfamil monophylatic hotey hain, jaisa kii hymenoptera haye, symphyta koo lambe samay seey paraphylatic dekhaa gayaa haye. cladistic vidhiyaan aur aanvik phylogenetics superfamily key beach sambandhon kii samajh mein sudhaar curr rahey hain, jisake parinamswarup superfamly aur parivaar key star parr sanshodhan hoe rahey hain. symphita hymenoptera (kuchh 250 million varsh pahale) key bheetar sabse adim (besal) taxes haye, aur symphita key bheetar ack taxes ney monophylatic upavarg apocrita (tataiya, madhumakkhiyan aur cheentiyaan) koo janm diyaa. cladistic vishleshan mein aursoidia lagaatar apocrita key liye bahan samooh haye.
sabse purana spasht aaraa-makkhi jeevaashm madhya yaa antim tricic kaal key hain. yeye jeevaashm, xyelide parivaar key hain, joe sabhi hymenoptera mein sabse puraane hain. ack jeevaashm, queensland seey "archexila ipswitchensis" 205.6 aur 221.5 million varsh kii ayu key beach haye, joe ise sabhi arafly jeevashmon mein sabse puraane mein seey ack banaata haye. madhya jurassic aur cretaceous seey adhik axilide jeevashmon kii khoj kii gaee haye, lekin parivaar taba mesozoic aur tritiyak kii tulanaa mein cumm vividh thaa. inn samay avadhi key dauran upa-parivaar xyelinee prachur matra mein they, jisamen tritiyak jeevon parr xyelini janjaati kaa prabhutva thaa; yeye ack aardr aur germ jalavaayu kaa sanket hain.
cladogram scullmester 2003 parr adharit haye.
vargeekaran.
800 seey adhik vanshon mein arafly kii lagbhag 8,000 prajaatiyan hain, haalaanki naee prajaatiyon kii khoj jaari haye. haalaanki, pahale key adhyayanon seey sanket milaa haye kii lagbhag 1,000 prajaatiyon mein samoohikrit 10,000 prajaatiyan gyaat theen. praarambhik jatijanan jaise kii alekjendar rasnitsyn, roopvigyaan aur vyavhaar key aadhar parr, nau vanshon kii pehchaan kii gaee joe aitihaasik superfaliyon koo pratibimbit naheen karate they. iss tarah key vargeekaran koo aanvik vidhiyon kaa upayog karane vaalon dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe douton aur austin (1994) seey shuru huaa thaa. 2013 taka, symphita koo nau super family (ack vilupt) aur 25 parivaaron key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. adhikansh araphlise duniya bhar mein lagbhag 7,000 prajaatiyon key saath dasaven radinoidia super family seey sambandhit hain. dasaven radinoidia mein chhah parivaar hain, jinamen seey dasvaan radinoidae lagbhag 5,500 prajaatiyon key saath abb taka kaa sabse badaa haye.
vilupt curr koo ack khanjar ( ±) dwara ingit kiya jaataa haye.
varnan.
arafly kii kaee prajaatiyon ney poore samay apane paitrik gunon koo banaae rakhaa haye, vishesh roop seey unaki paudhe khaane kii aadaten, pankh nasein aur aparivartit pett, jahaan pahale dou khand baad key khandon kii tarah dikhaai dete hain. sankeern tataiya cummer kii anupasthiti sofflies koo hymenoptera key anya sadasyon seey alag karati haye, halanki kuchh tataiya aur madhumakhiyon key samaan rung key saath betsian nakal hain, aur ovipositor koo ack stinger key liye galat samajha jaa sakata haye. adhikansh arafly jiddi aur naram shareer vaali hoti hain, aur kamjor hocker udatee hain. araphlise kii lambai bhinn hoti haih "euroserus gigas", jise apane kaale aur peele rung key dhaaridaar shareer key kaaran ack tataiya key roop mein galat samajha jaa sakata haye, lambai mein badh sakata haye, lekin abb taka kii sabse badee araphlise mein seey ack "hoplitolida duolunica" thee, jiska shareer kii lambai aur pankhon kii lambai key saath. chhoti prajaatiyan kewal lambai taka pahunchati hain.
araphlise key sir aakar, aakar aur majbooti key saath-saath aankho aur antina kii sthiti mein bhee bhinn hotey hain. way chaar prakaar key sir mein paae jaate hainh khula sir, maxapontal sir, bund sir aur genepontal sir. khula sir saral haye, jabaki anya sabhi sir vyutpann hain. sir bhee hypognethus haye, jiska arth haye kii nichale munh key hisse neeche kii or nirdeshit hotey hain. jaba upayog mein hotaa haye, tou munh key bhaagon koo aage kii or nirdeshit kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin yeh kewal tabhi hotaa haye jaba arafly pendulam gati mein apane poore sir koo aage kii or ghumaati haye. adhikansh adim keedon key vipareet, taanke (ack jeev parr dou yaa dou seey adhik kathor tatvon key beach kathor jodd) aur sclarite (kathor shareer key anga) aprachalit yaa anupasthit hotey hain. clypius (ack sclarite joe ack keat "chehra" banaata haye) koo poorv aur postclipius mein vibhajit naheen kiya jaataa haye, balki saamane seey alag kiya jaataa haye. antenal sclarite koo aspas key sir key capsule key saath jodaa jaataa haye, lekin inhen kabhi-kabhi ack silai dwara alag kiya jaataa haye. antina mein khandon kii sankhya accordulasseridae mein chhah seey laker pamphilidae mein 30 yaa usase adhik taka bhinn hoti haye. yaugik aankhen kaee pahaluon key saath badee hoti hain, aur yaugik aankho key prishthiya bhaagon key beach teen oseli hotey hain. tentorium mein sir kaa puuraa aantarik kankal hotaa haye.
teen khand vaksh koo banaate hainh mesothorax, metathorax aur prothorax, saath hii saath exoscalatal platein joe inn khandon seey judati hain. pairon key chauthe bhaag, tibia parr spurse hotey hain. araphlise mein dou jode parbhasi pankh hotey hain. agra aur pashch pankh hook key saath ack saath bund hotey hain. arafly pankhon mein samanantar vikas gudaa nason mein sabse adhik hotaa haye. sabhi araphlise mein, 2aeye aur 3aeye pahali gudaa nus key saath fuse hotey hain. yeh argidae, deprionidae aur symbicidae sahit kaee parivaaron mein hotaa haye.
araphlise key larva koo aasaani seey lapidopteran larva (caterpillar) key liye galat samajha jaataa haye. haalaanki, kaee roopaatmak antar donon mein antar curr sakate hainh jabaki donon larva vaksh pair key teen jode aur pett key proleg kii ack epical jodee saajha karate hain, lapidopteran caterpillar mein pett key khandon parr proleg key chaar jode hotey hain 3-6 jabaki arafly larva mein pett key khandon parr sthit proleg key paanch jode hotey hain 2-6; crocket lapidopteran larva parr maujood hotey hain, jabaki arafly larva parr way naheen hotey hain; donon larva key proleg dheere-dheere jameen mein doobane key samay taka gayab hoe jaate hain, isaliye donon koo alag karna mushkil hoe jaataa haye; aur arafly larva mein kewal ack jodee minut kii aankhen hoti hain, jabaki lapidopteran larva key sir key pratyek taraf chaar seey chhah aankhen hoti hain. arafly larva lapidopteran larva kii tarah vyavhaar karate hain, ghoomate hain aur patte khaate hain. kuchh samoohon mein larva hotey hain joe netraheen aur lagbhag pair rahit hotey hain; yeye larva lakadi sahit paudhon key ootakon mein surang banaate hain. arafly larva kii kaee prajaatiyan aashcharyajanak roop seey rangeen hoti hain, joe kaale aur safed jaise rung sanyojan kaa pradarshan karati hain, jabaki anya kaale aur peele rung key hotey hain. yeh ack chetavani rung haye kyonki kuchh larva apane neeche sthit granthiyon seey jalan paida karane vaale taral padaarth sraavit curr sakate hain.
vitaran.
araphlise duniya bhar mein vyaapak roop seey vitarit hain. sabse badaa parivaar, dasvaan radinidae, lagbhag 5,000 prajaatiyon key saath, antarctica koo chhodkar sabhi mahadweepon parr paaya jaataa haye, halanki way uttari golardh key samshitoshna kshetron mein sabse prachur matra mein aur vividh hain; way newzealand seey anupasthit hain aur unamen seey kuchh australia mein hain. agale sabse badey parivaar, argidae, lagbhag 800 prajaatiyon key saath, duniya bhar mein bhee haye, lekin ushnakatibandhiya mein sabse aam haye, vishesh roop seey africa mein, jahaan way lakadi aur jadee-bootiyon vaale angiosperms khaate hain. anya parivaaron mein, blasticotomidae aur megalodontidae polyerctic hain; axilidae, pamphilidae, deprionidae, symbicidae aur sephidae holarctic hain, jabaki syricidae mukhya roop seey kuchh ushnakatibandhiya prajaatiyon key saath holarctic hain. parjivi orucidae duniya bhar mein paae jaate hain, jyaadaatar ushnakatibandhiya aur uposhnakatibandhiya kshetron mein. lakadi-boaring xiphydridae duniya bhar mein hain, lekin adhikansh prajaatiyan asia key uposhnakatibandhiya hisson mein rahati hain.
vyavhaar aur paaristhitiki.
araphlise jyaadaatar shakahari hotey hain, joe una paudhon koo khaate hain jinamen rasayanik suraksha kii uchch sandrata hoti haye. yeye keede yaa tou rasayanik padarthon key prati pratirodhi hotey hain, yaa way paudhe key una kshetron seey bachate hain jinamen rasayanon kii uchch sandrata hoti haye. larva mukhya roop seey samoohon mein bhojan karate hain; way pattedaar hotey hain, joe deshi pedon aur jhaadiyon parr paudhe aur phal khaate hain, halanki kuchh parjivi hotey hain. haalaanki, yeh hamesha aisaa naheen hotaa haye; monterry pine arafly ("iticourcia") larva ekal web-spinner hain joe ack reshmi jaal key ander monterry pine key pedon koo khaate hain. vayask parag aur amrit khaate hain.
araphlise koo vibhinn prakaar key shikariyon dwara khaaya jaataa haye. jabaki kaee pakshiyon koo larva apriya lagata haye, kuchh jaise kii karrong ("strepera") aur stonechat ("saxicola") vayaskon aur larva donon koo khaate hain. larva teetar sahit kaee pakshiyon key choojon key liye ack mahatvapurna khaadya srot hain. soffly aur moth larva ghonsale vaale makai key buntings ("emberiza callander") key aahar kaa ack tihai hissa hain, jisamen soffly larva koo thhande dinon mein adhik baar khaaya jaataa haye. kaale grouse ("tetrav tetricks") chooje arafly larva key liye ack majboot prathamikta dikhaate hain. soffly larva ney chestnut-samarthit chikan ("posil ruffacence") key aahar kaa 43 pratishat gathan kiya. chhote mansahari standhari jaise kii nakabposh shrow ("vran cinerius"), uttari chhoti poonchh vaale shrow ("blerina brevikada") aur hiran chuha ("peromyscus maniculatus") arafly kokoon parr bahut adhik poorvavarti hotey hain. cheentiyon jaise keede aur shikari tataiya ("vespula vulgaris") kii kuchh prajaatiyan vayask aaraaflaaiz aur larva koo khaati hain, jaisa kii chhipkaliyaan aur mendhak karate hain. kshamashil, shahad khaane vaale aur kalpana ("ripidura") kabhi-kabhi andey dete hain, aur kaee prajaatiyon key bhring larva pyupa parr shikaar karate hain.
larva mein kaee anty-predator anukoolan hotey hain. jabaki vayask dunk lagaane mein asamarth hotey hain, spitfire arafly jaisi prajaatiyon key larva ack apriya chidchida taral koo phir seey utpann karate hain, jisase cheentiyon jaise shikari larva seey butch jaate hain. kuchh prajaatiyon mein, larva ack saath samooh karate hain, jisase unake maare jaane kii sambhavana cumm hoe jaati haye, aur kuchh mamalon mein unake sir baahar kii or ishara karate hue yaa unake pett koo oopar aur neeche tapp karate hue ack saath banate hain. kuchh vayaskon parr kaale aur peele nishan hotey hain joe tataiya kii nakal karate hain.
parjivi.
araphlise kaee parjivi key liye mezban hain, jinamen seey adhikansh parjivi hymenoptera hain; 40 seey adhik prajaatiyan una parr hamla karane key liye jaani jaati hain. haalaanki, inn prajaatiyon key baare mein jaankaari nyuntam haye, aur inmein seey 10 seey cumm prajaatiyan vaastav mein arafly aabaadi parr mahatvapurna prabhaav daalati hain. inmein seey kaee prajaatiyan ghaas yaa anya parjivi mein apane mejbaanon parr hamla karati hain. prasiddh aur mahatvapurna parjivi mein braconidae, eulofidae aur nemonidae shamil hain. braconid tataiya duniya bhar key kaee kshetron mein araflyon parr hamla karate hain, jisamen way ectoparacetide hain, jiska arth haye kii larva rahate hain aur mezban shareer key baahar khaate hain; braconids kaa purani duniya kii tulanaa mein naee duniya mein arafly aabaadi parr adhik prabhaav padata haye, sambhavatah isaliye kii uttari america mein koee pneumonium parjivi naheen hain. kuchh braconid tataiya joe araphlise parr hamla karate hain, unamen "bracon sephi", bee shamil hain. lisogaster, "bee. terrabella "aur" heteropilus sephi ". maadaa braconids khaane key dauran utpann honey vaale compans key madhyam seey arafly larva kaa pataa lagaati hain, isake baad andashay koo daalati hain aur mezban key ander andey dene seey pahale larva koo lakwa detee hain. yeye andey kuchh dinon key bheetar larva key ander nikalate hain, jahan way mezban koo khaate hain. haid capsule aur epidermis koo chhodkar poore mezban key shareer kaa sevan braconid larva dwara kiya jaa sakata haye. larva dou yaa teen saptah key bheetar apana vikas puuraa curr lete hain.
iquimonidae parivaar mein tataiya kii duss prajaatiyan arafly aabaadi parr hamla karati hain, haalaanki yeye prajaatiyan aamtaur parr durlabh hoti hain. iss parivaar mein sabse mahatvapurna parjivi "koliriya" vansh kii prajaatiyan hain. braconids key vipareet, larva endoperacetide hotey hain, jiska arth haye kii larva mezban shareer key ander rahate hain aur khaate hain. ack prasiddh nimoniyaadi "koliriya coxetter" haye, joe "see" kaa ack pramukh parjivi haye. pigmius. europe mein darj parjivi darein 20-76% key beach hain, aur ack larva mein aathh andey paae jaa sakate hain, lekin kewal ack "koliriya" vyakti isake mezban seey baahar nikalega. larva vasant taka apane mezban key ander reh sakate hain, jahan yeh ubharata haye aur pyupa bunn jaataa haye.
eulofidae parivaar kii kaee prajaatiyan arafly parr hamla karati hain, haalaanki unakaa prabhaav cumm hotaa haye. genus "pediobius" mein dou prajaatiyon kaa adhyayan kiya gayaa haye; donon prajaatiyan aantarik larva parjivi hain aur kewal uttari golardh mein paaee gaee hain. ghaas mein eulofids dwara aaree kii titliyon kaa parjivikaran 50 pratishat seey adhik haye, lekin gehuun mein kewal 5 pratishat haye. yeh agyaat haye kii gehuun mein hamale kii darr cumm kyon haye. isake alawa, kuchh kavak aur jeevaanu roga germ geele mausam mein andey aur pyupa koo sankramit karane key liye jaane jaate hain.
kuchh arafly prajaatiyon key prakop, jaise kii "dipriyan polytomum", ney vaigyaanikon koo jaanch karane aur sambhavatah unhein niyantrit karane key liye apane praakritik dushmanon koo ikattha karane key liye prerit kiya haye. dee" key parjivi. polytomum kii vyaapak roop seey jaanch kii gaee haye, jisase pataa chalata haye kii hymenopterus aur dipterus parjeeviyon kii 31 prajaatiyan iss parr hamla karati hain. inn parjeeviyon kaa upayog keat aaree key khilaf safal javic niyantran mein kiya gayaa haye, jisamen 1930 aur 1950 key dashak mein "sephus synctus" aur "see" shamil hain. 1930 aur 1940 key dashak mein pygmius.
jeevan chakr aur prajanan.
anya sabhi hymenopteran keedon kii tarah, araphlise chaar alag-alag jeevan charanon-andaa, larva, pyupa aur vayask key saath ack poorna roopaantaran seey gujarati hain. kaee prajaatiyan parthenogenetic hain, jiska arth haye kii maadaon koo vyavharya andey banaane key liye nishechan kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye. nishechit andey narr key roop mein vikasit hotey hain, jabaki nishechit andey maadaon (arhenotoki) mein vikasit hotey hain. ack vyaktigat arafly kaa jivankal dou maheene seey dou saal taka hotaa haye, halanki vayask jeevan charan aksar bahut chhota (lagbhag 7-9 dinn) hotaa haye, kewal maadaon key liye apane andey dene key liye paryaapt lamba hotaa haye. maadaa apane andashay kaa upayog andey dene key liye paudhe kii samagri mein drill karane key liye karati haye (halanki parivaar aursoidia anya keedon mein apane andey detaa haye). paadap khaane vaali arafly aamtaur parr pattedaar samagri seey judee hoti hain, lekin kuchh lakadi parr visheshagyata rakhate hain, aur inn prajaatiyon key ovipositor (jaise kii parivaar syricidae) koo chhaal key madhyam seey drilling key kaary key liye vishesh roop seey anukoolit kiya jaataa haye. ack baar cheera lagane key baad maadaa 30 seey 90 andey degi. maadaaen apane andey dete samay chhaaya seey bachati hain kyonki larva bahut dheemi gati seey vikasit hotey hain aur jeevit bhee naheen reh sakate hain, aur yadi way aparipakva aur chikani pattiyon parr rakhe jaate hain tou way jeevit bhee naheen reh sakate hain. isaliye, maadaa arafly apane andey dene key liye yuva vayask pattiyon kii khoj karati haye.
yeye andey dou seey aathh saptah mein nikalate hain, lekin aisee avadhi prajaatiyon aur tapman key anusaar bhee bhinn hoti haye. jaba taka andey naheen nickle jaate, taba taka chhoti bhoore rung kii arafly jaisi kuchh prajaatiyan unake saath reh jaayengi aur shikariyon koo rokane key liye zor seey bajaakar aur apane pankhon koo peetkar andon kii raksha karengi. chhah larva charan hain jinase araphlise gujarati hain, joe 2-4 maheene taka chalati hain, lekin yeh prajaati parr bhee nirbhar kartaa haye. jaba poori tarah seey vikasit hoe jaate hain, tou larva pedon seey badey paimaane parr nikalate hain aur khud koo mitty mein daal curr pyupa banaate hain. baahar apane samay key dauran, larva ack badee coloney banaane key liye juda sakate hain yadi kaee anya vyakti maujood hain. way dinn key dauran badey samoohon mein ikattha hotey hain joe unhein sambhaavit dushmanon seey suraksha detaa haye, aur raat key dauran way khaane key liye fail jaate hain. vayaskon key ubharane mein kuchh samay lagata haye, kuchh kuchh maheenon seey 2 varshon key beach kaheen bhee ubharate hain. kuchh pyupa kaksh banaane key liye jameen taka pahunchenge, lekin anya ack patte seey judey kokoon koo ghuma sakate hain. lakadi parr bhojan karane vaale larva unake dwara nirmit surangon mein pupet karenge. ack prajaati mein, jumping-disk arafly ("phylotoma asseris") ack kokoon banaata haye joe ack parachute kii tarah kaary curr sakata haye. larva cycamore pedon mein rahate hain aur pattiyon key oopari yaa nichale tukadon koo nuksan naheen pahunchaate hain jinhen way khaate hain. jaba way poori tarah seey vikasit hotey hain, tou way ack vritt banaane key liye oopari chhaale mein chhote chhidra kaatate hain. isake baad, way vritt key bheetar ack resham jhoola bunate hain; yeh resham jhoola kabhi bhee nichale chhaale koo naheen chhoota haye. ack baar ander jaane key baad, oopari-kann kii disk alag hoe jaati haye aur larva key jhoole seey judane key saath satah kii or utarati haye. ack baar jaba way goal taka pahunch jaate hain, tou larva apani disk koo saath mein ghumaakar ack aashray kshetra mein apana kaam karate hain.
adhikansh arafly prajaatiyan prati varsh ack peedhi kaa utpaadan karati hain, lekin anya mein harr dou saal mein kewal ack peedhi hoe sakati haye. adhikansh arafly bhee maadaa hoti hain, jisase narr durlabh hoe jaate hain.
manushyon key saath sambandh.
arafly vaniki key pramukh aarthik keat hain. deprionidae mein prajaatiyan, jaise kii pine araphlise, "dipriyan pinny" aur "neodyprian certifer", scandinavia jaise kshetron mein pines koo gambhir nuksan pahunchaati hain. "dee. 1998 aur 2001 key beach finland mein sabse badey prakop mein piney larva key apavichhedan. iss tarah key prakop key baad 75 pratishat taka pedh marr sakate hain, jaise kii dee. pinny "badhane key mausam mein dair seey sabhi pattiyon koo hataa sakata haye, jisase pedh sardiyon mein jeevit rahane key liye bahut kamjor hoe jaate hain. pedon koo bahut cumm nuksan tabhi hotaa haye jaba pedh badaa hotaa haye yaa larva kii nyuntam upasthiti hoti haye. "nilgiri key pedh larva dwara kiye gaye nuksan seey jaldi seey punarjeevit hoe sakate hain; haalaanki, way prakop seey kaafee hudd taka kshatigrast hoe sakate hain, khaskar yadi way yuva hain. pedon koo poori tarah seey vighatit kiya jaa sakata haye aur "marr jaataa haye", stunting yaa yahaan taka kii mrityu kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye.
bagwani mein arafly gambhir keat hain. vibhinn prajaatiyan vibhinn mezban paudhon koo pasand karati hain, joe aksar ack parivaar yaa mejbaanon key vansh key liye vishisht hotey hain. udaaharan key liye, garmiyon mein ubharate iris arafly larva, peele jhande aur anya taaje paani kii prajaatiyon sahit "iris" kii prajaatiyon koo jaldi seey vighatit curr sakate hain. isi tarah gulab kii aaree, "arge pagana" aur "aeye. ocropus, "gulab kii jhaadiyon koo vighatit karein.
vishal lakadi kaa wasp yaa horntell, "eurosurus gigas" mein ack lamba andashay hotaa haye, joe apane kaale aur peele rung key saath ise ack horn kii achchi nakal banaata haye. khatarnak dikhane key bavjood, keat dunk naheen maar sakata haye. andey shankudhari kii lakadi jaise dugglus farr, pine, spruce aur larch mein rakhe jaate hain. larva lakadi mein surangon koo khaate hain, jisase aarthik nuksan hotaa haye.
arafly koo niyantrit karane key liye vaikalpik upaay kiye jaa sakate hain. yaantrik vidhiyon mein pedon seey larva koo hataana aur unhein ubalate paani yaa mitty key tail mein fenkkar maarnaa shamil haye, halanki yeh baganon mein vyaavhaarik naheen haye. shikariyon kaa upayog larva koo khatm karane key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye, saath hii saath parjivi joe pahale niyantran karyakramon mein upayog kiye gaye hain. yadi pedon seey larva koo hataana paryaapt prabhaavi naheen haye, tou chhote pedon parr maldison, dimethoate aur carberal sahit kaee rasayanon kaa chhidkaav kiya jaa sakata haye.

