mandir israel (memphis, tenacy)

mandir israel sanyukt raajya america mein memphis, tenacy mein ack sudhaar yahudi mandali haye. yeh memphis mein ekmatra sudhaar aradhanalaya haye, joe tenacy mein sabse purani aur sabse badee yahudi sabhaa haye, aur yuu. aiss. mein sabse badee sudhaar mandaliyon mein seey ack haye.aiss. isaki sthaapana 1853 mein jyaadaatar german yahoodiyon dwara mandali binai israel (hebru key liye "israel key bachche") key roop mein kii gaee thee. shuru mein cantors key netritva mein, 1858 mein isane apane pahale rabbi, jacob peres koo kaam parr rakhaa aur apani pahali imarat koo patte parr diyaa, jise usane punarnirmit kiya aur antatah khareed liya.
peres koo 1860 mein nikaal diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki unhone ack dukaan kholi thee joe shaniwar koo yahudi sabt key dinn vyaapaar karati thee. unaki jagah saiman tuska ney lii, jinhone mandali koo roodhivaadi prathaon seey sudhaar prathaon kii or sthanantarit curr diyaa. tuska kii mrityu 1871 mein hui, aur max samphield dwara uttaradhikari banaaya gayaa; unake netritva mein, aradhanalaya sudhaar yahudi dharm key sangh key sansthaapak sadasyon mein seey ack thaa. 1884 mein, israel key bachchon ney ack naee imarat poori kii, aur sadasyata teji seey badhee. samphield kii 1915 mein mrityu hoe gaee, aur bill fineshiber dwara safal kiya gayaa, joe mahilaaon key matadhikar aur african amerikiyon key liye samaan adhikaaron key ack mukhar samarthak they. agale varsh mandali ack naee imarat mein chully gaee, jahan sadasyata badhati rahee. 1924 mein finisher ney chhod diyaa aur hairi attleson ney unakaa sthaan liya.
mahaa avasaad key dauran aradhanalaya koo kathinaaee kaa saamana karna padaa-sadasyata gir gaee, mandali kaa school bund hoe gayaa, aur karmchaariyon key vetan cumm hoe gaye-lekin 1930 key dashak key anta taka sthitiyon mein sudhaar hoe gayaa thaa. 1943 mein aradhanalaya ney apana naam badalkar mandir israel curr liya, aur 1940 key dashak key anta taka sadasyata 1930 key dashak mein apane nichale star seey lagbhag doguni hoe gaee thee. attelson 1954 mein sevaanivritt hue aur unake baad jimmi vacs ney padbhar sambhala.
nagrik adhikaar andolan key dauran mome apani sakriyata key liye jaanaa jaane lagaa. halanki kuchh sadasyon-vishesh roop seey jinake parivaar peedhiyon seey dakshin mein reh rahey they-key algavvadi vichaar they, anya ashwet nagrik adhikaaron key liye ladaai mein pramukh they. mome key karyakal key dauran, israel key adhikansh mandir key sadasya maujooda aradhanalaya seey bahut door chaley gaye, aur 1976 mein mandali ney apani vartamaan imarat kaa nirmaan kiya, jahaan adhikansh sadasya rahate they. 1978 mein mome sevaanivritt huaa, aur hairi danziger dwara uttaradhikari banaaya gayaa, joe paaramparik prathaon koo mandali mein vaapas laae. way 2000 mein sevaanivritt hue aur unake baad meeka greenstein ney padbhar sambhala. israel key mandir mein lagbhag 1,450 sadasya parivaar hain. greenstein varishth rabbi haye, aur cantorial ekal kalakar happy hoffman haye.
praarambhik itihas (1853-1857).
mandir israel koo 1853 mein 36 parivaaron key pramukhon dwara roodhivaadi mandali binai israel key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1854 mein raajya vidhaayika dwara ack charter pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. yeh german yahoodiyon dwara 1850 mein sthaapit memphis key hebru paropkari samaaj seey vikasit huaa thaa. paropkari samaaj ney memphis key yahudi kabristan kaa prabandhan kiya, garib yahoodiyon kaa samarthan kiya aur uchch pavitra divas sevaaon kaa sanchaalan kiya. mandali kaa netritva shuru mein anshakaalik cantors dwara kiya gayaa thaa. pahala jonas levi thaa, jise cantor aur anushthaan vadhakarta key roop mein kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. levi aich dwara safal huaa. juda aur phir jey. sternheimer. sternheimer dwara nirdeshit ack hibru school bhee banaaya gayaa thaa. 1857 mein, binai israel ney organist christopher phillip winkler key roop mein kaam kiya, jise tima sharp (memphis mein roads college mein lalit kalaa key deane) ney "memphis sangeetkaron key deane" key roop mein varnit kiya. 1824 mein germany mein janme, way 16 saal kii umr mein sanyukt raajya america chaley gaye they, aur 1854 mein memphis chaley gaye they. vahaan unhone sangeet sikhaaya, pradarshan kiya, aur israel kii sevaaon key liye rachana kii; 1894 taka unhone mandali key liye 850 seey adhik tukadon koo puuraa curr liya thaa.
apane pahale dashakon mein, mandali ney mississippi nadee key tata key paas, downtown memphis mein vibhinn sthaanon parr pooja kii. ise nyu orleans key paropkari juda touro kii sampatti seey 2,000 dollar (aaj $) kaa vaseeyat milaa, aur iska upayog doosari sadak parr bahut kuchh khareedane key liye kiya gayaa, lekin ack aradhanalaya banaane key liye aarthik roop seey paryaapt surakshit mahsoos naheen kiya, aur antatah sampatti betch dee. isake bajaay mandali ney 1853 mein sadasyon key gharon mein sevaayen aayojit keen, aur baad mein (1857 taka) saamane kii sadak parr vibhinn parisar kiraaye parr liye. touro fund ney antatah sadasyon koo 1857 key anta mein mukhya aur vinimay sadakon parr kisaanon aur vyapariyon key baink bhawan koo patte parr dene mein saksham banaaya, jise unhone ack aradhanalaya mein badal diyaa. navikaran key liye dou samitiyon dwara dhana jutaaya gayaa thaa; ack ney "iss shahar key sabhi israeliyon" seey daan manga, jabaki dusare kaa kaam "gair-yahoodiyon seey sadasyata praapt karna" thaa. nae abhayaranya mein aarakshit sadasyon kii seeten bechkar atirikt dhana jutaaya gayaa. 1858 mein ack nilami aayojit kii gaee thee, jisamen purushon kii 50 seeten 343 dollar (aaj $) mein aur mahilaaon kii 44 seeten 158 dollar (aaj $) mein bechi gaeen. punarnirmit parisar mein 150 purushon aur lagbhag 50 mahilaaon key baithane kii jagah thee. 1860 mein, mandali ney sampatti khareedane kaa anubandh kiya; 1865 taka, yeh poori tarah seey swaamitva mein thaa aur rinn mukt thaa. 2007 mein, 153 saal baad jaba mandali koo tensi raajya seey apana charter praapt huaa, ack aitihaasik marker shelby county aitihaasik aayog, aitihaasik sanrakshan key liye yahudi americi samaaj aur mandir israel dwara usa koney parr banaaya gayaa thaa, jahan aradhanalaya ack baar khadaa thaa. isane iss imarat koo "tenancy mein pooja kaa pahala sthaayi yahudi ghar" key roop mein varnit kiya.
binai israel mein sadasyata purushon taka hii seemit thee, aur (cumm seey cumm) timahi baithakon mein upasthiti anivarya thee. binaa kissy uchit bahaane key baithak mein bhaag lene seey chookane vaale purushon parr jurmana lagaaya gayaa. sadasyon ney bahut badey isai samudaay kii nazaron mein chhoti yahudi mandali kii chhavi kii raksha karane key uddeshya seey niyam bhee sthaapit kiye. nae sadasyon koo ack gupt matpatra dwara anumodit kiya jaanaa thaa, aur maujooda sadasya blackball ummidwar hoe sakate they. yadi kissy sadasya ney apmaanjanak tareeke seey kaam kiya tou usey nilambit yaa nishkaasit bhee kiya jaa sakata haye.
memphis mein ekmatra yahudi mandali binai israel thee, aur jaba seey yeh sthaapit huaa taba seey sadasya paramparavadiyon aur sudharakon key beach vibhajit they. jaba apani naee imarat kaa punarnirmaan kiya gayaa, tou mandali ney purushon aur mahilaaon key liye paaramparik alag-alag baithane kii vyavastha banaae rakhane key liye athaarah seey chaudah logon koo vote diyaa. 1858 taka, ack purnakaalik aadhyatmik netaa koo niyukt karane key liye paryaapt dhana key saath, unhone america key roodhivaadi yahudi samudaay key netaa rabbi isaq leasure seey paramarsh kiya, lekin america key navodit sudhaar andolan key netaa rabbi isaq meyer key sampark mein bhee they, jinhone usa varsh kii shuruat mein binai israel key abhayaranya koo samarpit kiya thaa. sadasyon ney apane pahale aadhyatmik netaa key liye vigyaani samachar patra mein vigyaapan diyaa thaa, "dha israelite" (anya angreji bhasha key yahudi samachar patron key saath) usee samay unhone ack kosher kasai key liye vigyaapan diyaa thaa. leasure ney jacob jey kii sifarish kii. peres, ack roodhivaadi rabbi.
peres yug (1858-1860).
neetherland mein janme aur paley-badhe, peres ack adbhut baal they, jinhone athaarah saal kii honey seey pahale, ack hibru vyaakaran kaa sampadan kiya thaa, saath hii saath paanch bhaashaon mein likhi gaee kahaavaton kaa ack khand bhee thaa. hyee school seey snaatak honey parr, unhein neetherland key villium I dwara neetherland key israel key madarse mein bhaag lene key liye ack wazifa diyaa gayaa thaa, jahan unhone dharmnirpeksh aur rabbiyon donon kii padhaai kii thee. way ganit, bhasha, saahitya aur kaanoon mein achchi tarah seey paarangat they, aur ack kanuni firm, peres aur micro kii saha-sthaapana kii.
bee 'naaee israel ney disambar 1858 mein angreji aur german mein 600 dollar (aaj $) key vaarshik vetan parr cantor aur shikshak key roop mein peres koo kaam parr rakhaa, jisaki tulanaa mein kosher kasai kaa vetan 300 dollar thaa, jisamen vaha murgi koo maarne seey kamaaya vetan bhee shamil naheen thaa. peres ney hibru school aur gaayak mandal koo bhee chalaaya, aur vaastav mein rabbi thaa. unake netritva mein, sadasyata ney duniya bhar key yahoodiyon kii durdasha mein gambhir ruchi lii. udaaharan key liye, ack mandali kii baithak mein, unhone peedit morakko key yahoodiyon kii sahaayata key liye upasthit sadasyon aur israel key khajaane seey dhana ekatra kiya, aur unaki or seey poore memphis mein dhana jutaane key liye ack samiti banaai. mandali roodhivaadita kii or bhee adhik badhee, aur ack niyam paarit kiya jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii kewal way sadasya joe sabt key paalan curr rahey they, way hii uchch pavitra dinon mein torah sammaan praapt curr sakate they.
peres koo apani majdoori khud koo, apani patni aur apane chaar bachchon koo bharan-poshan karane key liye paryaapt naheen luggy. apani aaya key poorak key roop mein, unhone apane bhaai key saath ack kiraane kii dukaan aur ack commission vyavasaay (maal parr dusaron kaa saman bechana) khola. choonki shaniwar (yahudi sabt) bhee vanijya key liye sabse vyast dinn thaa, isaliye unhone usa dinn apana vyavasaay khula rakhane kaa faisala kiya-kuchh aisaa joe yahudi kaanoon dwara varjit thaa, aur usa niyam key vipareet joe unhone chalaaya thaa. kuchh mandaliyon ney apatti jataai, aur binai israel kii timahi baithak mein, unake khilaf aarop lagaae gaye; baad mein ack yahudi adalat mein mukadame mein, unhein doshi thaharaaya gayaa aur nikaal diyaa gayaa. jawab mein, unhone majdoori aur manhani key liye ack diwani adalat mein mandali parr mukadama daayar kiya. poorvavarti-nirdhaaran mamla, joe tenancy supreme court taka pahuncha, khoye hue aaya key sambandh mein unake paksh mein faisala kiya gayaa thaa, lekin manhani key sambandh mein unake khilaf. adalat kaa faisala thaa kii "ack dhaarmik sanstha samprabhu haye; kii isake kaanoon aur vinium sarvocch hain; aur isaki neetiyon aur prathaon koo kaanoon kii adalat mein kanuni kaarravaai dwara chunauti naheen dee jaa sakati haye. 1862 mein rabbi isaq leasure koo likhe ack patra mein, peres ney daavaa kiya kii unhein taiyar kiya gayaa thaa aur vaastav mein dukaan unake bhaai dwara unake naam seey chalaai jaa rahee thee. vaha likhate hain kii aradhanalaya ney una parr sabt key dinn "mujhase chhutkara paane key liye" kholane kaa aarop lagaaya thaa.
peres key barkhast honey key baad, sadasyon ney "madhyam sudhaar" rabbi kii khoj shuru kii. iss baar, unhone buddhiman seey salah lii, naa kii leasure seey. iss pada kaa vigyaapan buddhiman key samachar patra mein ack "shikshak, upadeshak aur paathak" key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa, joe prati varsh $1,000 (aaj $) kaa bhugtan kartaa haye. yogyataon mein "bachchon koo hibru mein nirdesh dene, saptah mein ack baar german yaa angreji mein vyakhyan dene aur prarthanaon koo thheek seey padhane" kii kshamata shamil thee. 1860 mein, unhone saiman tuska koo kaam parr rakhaa. peres memphis mein rahey, aur jaba chaalees adhik paaramparik sadasya chaley gaye tou mandali key bheetar dhaarmik tanaav kaa samadhan hoe gayaa; peres koo unake aadhyatmik netaa key roop mein, unhone 1860 key dashak kii shuruat mein roodhivaadi beth ell ameth mandali kaa gathan kiya. yeh vibhajan prakriya usa samay kii kaee americi mandaliyon key liye aam thee.
tuska yug (1860-1870).
1835 mein hangri key vespram mein janme tuska kaa paalan-poshan rochester, newyork mein huaa thaa, jahan unake pitaa ack rabbi they. saiman ney rochester dharamshastriya madarse mein bhaag liya, aur 1858 mein apani padhaai poori karane parr, rabbiyon kaa prashikshan praapt karane key liye unhein bracelou key yahudi dharamshastriya madarse mein bheja gayaa. unhone madarse seey snaatak naheen kiya, isake bajaay 1860 mein newyork key emu-ell mandali mein ack pada key liye aavedan karane key liye sanyukt raajya america laut aae, lekin unake chhote aakar aur kamjor aavaaj key kaaran unhein aswikar curr diyaa gayaa. isake baad unhone mandir israel key liye aavedan kiya, jahan 1860 mein, unhein sarvasammati seey chunaa gayaa aur unhone prati varsh $800 (aaj $) key teen saal key anubandh parr hastakshar kiye. vaha mandali key saath bahut lokpriya saabit huaa; teen saal key anubandh key navinikaran seey chhah maheene pahale, vaha duss saal key karyakal key liye rabbi key roop mein phir seey chune gaye, aur unakaa vetan badhkar prati varsh 1,500 dollar hoe gayaa.
tuska ney 1861 mein "piyutim" (dhaarmik kavitaaen) koo hataakar, 1862 mein ack anga aur mishrit-ling gaayak mandal koo jodkar, aur 1863 mein pushti samarohon mein, binai israel mein sevaaon mein sudhaar kiya. unhone prarthana pustak (buddhiman kaa "minhag america" sanskaran koo apnana) koo bhee chhota curr diyaa, shukravaar kii dair raat kii seva koo jodaa, aur dhanyavaad aur rashtriya upvaas divas key liye deshbhaktipurna roop seey vishayagat sevaaon kaa nirmaan kiya. jaba upasakon koo samaayojit karane key liye adhik pues kii aavashyakta hoti thee, tou unhein pahale purushon aur mahilaaon key vargon mein jodaa jaataa thaa, phir parivarik pues jode jaate they jahan purush aur mahilaaen ack saath baith sakate they. mein, binai israel key rabbi key roop mein, unhone tensi mein pahali yahudi shaadi mein kaary kiya; usa varsh taka, tensi ney rabbiyon koo vivaah karane key liye adhikrit naheen kiya. way vyaapak memphis samudaay mein bhee shamil they, aur antar-dhaarmik sevaaon mein bhaag lete they.
tuska ney gulami kaa samarthan kiya, heinry ward beacher aur anya key unmoolanvaadi vichaaron koo "pagal" key roop mein varnit kiya, aur binai israel key adhikansh sadasyon kii tarah, sangh aur sangh key beach shatruta key baad, unhone sangh seey algaav kaa samarthan kiya. yuddh shuru honey key baad sangh kii senaa key liye mandali key duss seey adhik sadasyon ney swechha seey kaam kiya, aur unhein sabt kii sevaaon key dauran ack samaroh mein vishesh sammaan aur aashirvaad diyaa gayaa. grihyuddh key kaaran kaee memphis schools koo bund karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa; isake jawab mein, binai israel ney 1864 mein hebru shaikshik sansthaan kii sthaapana kii. ack dharmnirpeksh school, jisamen 100 chhaatr they, aur angreji, hebru, german aur french key saath-saath bhugol aur sangeet bhee padhaaya jaataa thaa. tuska school key bhasha shikshakon mein seey ack they. aparyaapt dhana ney 1868 mein ise bund karane key liye majboor curr diyaa.
1864 mein binai israel mein 83 sadasya they. aradhanalaya kii imarat parr bandhak 1865 taka chuka diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin 1867 taka aradhanalaya key kharch apani aaya seey adhik hoe gaye they. prati sadasya prati maah 4 dollar (aaj $) taka bakaaya badhaa diyaa gayaa thaa, aur mandali ney ack nayaa bandhak liya. mein, mandali shukravaar kii raat kii sevaaon koo sthanantarit curr diyaa; pahale yahudi kaanoon key anusaar, suryast key thheek baad sevaayen aayojit kii gaee theen, jiska arth thaa madhya-garmi mein dair raat kii sevaayen, aur madhya-sardiyon mein dair dopahar kii sevaayen. (kaee varshon baad uchch pavitra divas sevaaon koo usee samay mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa). usa varsh tuska ney german key bajaay angreji mein apane shukravaar kii raat key upadesh denaa shuru curr diyaa. 1870 key anta mein tuska kii hridayghaat seey mrityu hoe gaee.
samphield yug (1871-1915).
1871 mein, mandali, jisaki sadasyata iss samay taka 100 taka pahunch chuki thee, ney tuska key uttaradhikari key roop mein max samphield koo chunaa. ack rabbi key bete, unakaa janm 1846 mein marksteft, bavaria mein huaa thaa aur unhein germany mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. way 1867 mein sanyukt raajya america key liye ravaana hue, jahan way shrevport, louisiana kii binai zian mandali key rabbi baney, jahan unhone chaar saal taka seva kii. unake paas binai israel mein bhoomika key liye mahatvapurna pratispardha thee, jisamen cumm seey cumm duss rabbiyon ney aavedan kiya thaa. samphield ney, halanki, rabbi key chunaav seey pahale vahaan sabt kaa prachaar kiya thaa, aur unhein ack saal key karyakal key liye kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. sudhaar judawad key ack majboot samarthak, vaha americi hebru mandalon key sangh (abb sudhaar judawad key liye sangh) kii sthaapana mein buddhiman key saath judey they, aur unake netritva mein, bee 'israel 1873 mein isake sansthaapak sadasyon mein seey ack bunn gayaa. vaha sinkati, ohiyo mein hebru union college (huc) key board off governors key adhyaksh bhee they, aur americi rabbiyon key kendriya sammelan key paryavekshak they. 1875 mein, unhone mandali seey poochha kii kyaa way prarthana kaa netritva karate samay paaramparik sir dhankana chhod sakate hain; jawab mein, sadasyon ney sankalp liya kii "sabhi" purushon koo seva key dauran apani topi utaarani hogi. unhone 1896 mein sudhaar andolan kii naee "sangh prarthana pustak" koo apanaane key liye mandali kaa netritva kiya, lekin sabt kii sevaaon koo ravivaar taka sthanantarit karane kaa virodh kiya. usa samay key adhikansh sudhaar rabbiyon kii tarah, vaha dridhata seey zionist virodhi they, unhone likhaa kii zionism "vikrit bhavna kaa ack asamanya visfot" thaa.
ack scotish rajmistri, samphield saarvajanik seva key liye pratibaddh thaa. jaba 1880 mein jaanvaron aur bachchon key prati krurta kii roktham key liye tenacy kii pahali society kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa, tou vaha isake pahale upaadhyaksh baney, aur 1889 mein, unhone memphis key pahale nagrik aspatal, sent key liye dhana ugaahane kaa netritva kiya. joseph, ack catholic sansthaan. unhone memphis key hebru raahat sangh aur gair-sampradayik sanyukt daan kii sthaapana kii, aur nyu orleans key yahudi anathon key ghar, denver key yahudi upbhog ghar aur newyork key aashray ghar sangh key nideshak they. apane jeevan key antim pandrah varshon taka unhone bujurgon aur kamjor dakshini yahoodiyon key liye ack ghar banaane key liye kaam kiya, joe 1927 mein puuraa huaa.
memphis key 1873 key peet jwar mahamari key dauran, vaha-anya memphis rabbiyon aur pramukh yahoodiyon key saath-bhaagne key bajaay shahar mein hii rahey. saat saptah taka chully mahamari key dauran, 51 logon koo binai israel key kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa thaa, joe aam taur parr poore varsh mein vahaan dafan kii gaee sankhya seey lagbhag doguna thaa. 1878 mein jaba ack aur peet jwar kii mahamari faili, tou samphield phir seey rahane lagaa, mritakon kii seva curr rhaa thaa aur sabhi dharmon key logon kii mrityu hoe rahee thee. usa mahamari key dauran 78 logon koo mandali key kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa thaa. shahar kii baar-baar honey vaali peet jwar kii mahamari ney isake yahudi samudaay koo dhwast curr diyaa, joe 2,100 seey ghatkar 300 hoe gayaa. unhone israel key vitt koo bhee nuksan pahunchaaya; sadasyon ney apane bakaaya kaa bhugtan naheen kiya, aur kuchh samay key liye mandali samphield kaa bhugtan karane kaa kharch wahan naheen curr sakati thee. haalaanki, 1880 taka, sadasyata badhkar 124 parivaaron taka pahunch gaee thee, aur vitt mein sudhaar huaa thaa. iss samay taka, aradhanalaya koo aamtaur parr israel key bachche kahaa jaataa thaa. beth ell ameth, israel key bachchon kii tulanaa mein mahamari seey adhik gambhir roop seey prabhaavit thaa; isake rabbi (peres) kii 1879 mein peet jwar seey mrityu hoe gaee. 1882 mein, beth ell ameth koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa, aur isaki sampatti israel key bachchon koo hastaantarit curr dee gaee, halanki adhikansh beth ell ameth sadasya roodhivaadi bairan hirshgog mein shamil hoe gaye. sampatti mein doosari sadak parr bhoomi aur beth ell ameth kaa kabristan shamil thaa.
1872 mein, israel key bachchon ney addam key avenue parr ack nayaa aradhanalaya banaane key iraade seey bhoomi kharidi, lekin vittiya dabaavon ney pariyojana mein deree kii, aur 1880 mein mandali ney sampatti bechane aur ack behtar khojane kaa faisala kiya. unhone 1882 mein yeh saman betch diyaa aur isake bajaay doosari aur teesari sadakon key beach poppler avenue parr jameen kharidi. 1884 taka, unhone vahaan 39,130 dollar (aaj $) kii laagat seey ack nayaa aradhanalaya bhawan puuraa curr liya thaa. byzantine punruddhar sanrachana mein ack prabhaavshaali agrabhag thaa jisamen dou oonche shikhar aur david kaa ack taaraa vaali ack badee goal khidki thee. iss bhawan ney nae sadasyon koo aakarshit karane mein madad kii; 1885 taka kull 173 sadasya parivaaron key liye atirikt 45 sadasya shamil hoe gaye they, aur mandali phir seey rinn mukt hoe gaee thee. usa varsh, aradhanalaya ney hernando road parr ack kabristan kaa adhigrahan kiya.
haalaanki mandali kaa vikas jaari rhaa, memphis mein adhikansh nae yahudi apravasi purvi europe seey they, aur israel key bachchon key sadasyon kii tulanaa mein adhik paaramparik they. natijatan, unhone aam taur parr apane swayam key roodhivaadi aradhanalayon kaa gathan kiya, jinamen seey sabse purana aur sabse lambe samay taka chalane vaalaa baron hirsh aradhanalaya thaa. israel key bachchon key sadasyon ney purvi europeeya yahoodiyon koo americi samaaj mein aatmasaat karane mein sahaayata karane key liye kaam kiya, vittiya sahaayata pradaan kii, angreji, nagrik vigyaan aur yahaan taka kii swachchata jaise vishayon parr muft shiksha pradaan kii, aur 1897 seey 1907 taka unhone bairan hirsh mandali key bachchon key liye ack ravivaar school aayojit kiya. 1890 mein, israel key bachchon kii sadasyata 186 parivaaron kii thee, aur dhaarmik vidyalaya mein 148 chhaatr they. lagaatar vittiya muddon seey nipatane aur yuva sadasyon koo aakarshit karane key liye, 1897 mein mandali ney ack nae varg key sadasya, "seatholder" kaa nirmaan kiya, joe kissy bhee karyalaya key liye nirvaachit naheen hoe sakata thaa, lekin badale mein cumm bhugtan kiya jaataa thaa. yeh navachar safal rhaa; 1898 mein 47 nae sadasya shamil hue, aur mandali kii kull sadasyata 222 parivaaron taka pahunch gaee. anya kshetron mein laagat mein katauti key saath (mukhya roop seey gaayak mandal koo bhugtan kii gaee raashi koo cumm karna), isane aradhanalaya koo chaar saal key vittiya ghaate seey baahar nikaal diyaa.
unnisvin shatabdi key anta mein, aradhanalaya kaa vaarshik rajaswa $7,500 (aaj $) thaa. iss samay key aspas mandali ney cantors koo kaam parr rakhna bund curr diyaa, isake bajaay prarthana-gaayan kaa netritva karane key liye organist aur gaayak mandal parr bharosa kiya. 1905 taka, mandali kii sadasyata badhkar 262 hoe gaee thee, aur 1907 taka yeh 285 thee, aur aradhanalaya kaa vaarshik rajaswa 8,500 dollar thaa. mandali school, joe saptah mein ack baar kakshaaen aayojit kartaa thaa, mein pandrah shikshak aur 220 chhaatr they. usa varsh mandali ney abhayaranya mein 56 seeten jodeen, mukhya roop seey uchch pavitra dinon mein badhati upasthiti koo sambhaalane key liye. mandali key vikas aur abhayaranya key vistaar key bavjood, niyamit sevaaon mein upasthiti cumm thee, vishesh roop seey shukravaar kii raaton mein. 1892 key baad seey, samphield ney saarvajanik roop seey sadasyon koo unaki kharaab sabt upasthiti key liye chetavani dee, aur 1907 mein, unhone jore dekar kahaa kii board key sadasya shukravaar kii raat kii sevaaon mein bhaag lein. board iss shart parr sahmat huaa kii samphield ney sunishchit kiya kii unake upadesh 25 minut seey adhik naa houn. inn muddon key bavjood, 1904 mein israel key bachchon ney unhein ack ghar kharida, aur 1910 mein unhein 4,200 dollar (aaj $) key vaarshik vetan parr "rabbi forr life" key liye vote diyaa. usa varsh sadasyata 305 parivaaron taka pahunch gaee. inn, villium aich. "bill" fineshiber mandali kaa pahala sahayogi rabbi bunn gayaa. 1912 taka, mandali phir seey apane bhawan key liye bahut badee hoe gaee thee. parivaar kii sadasyata abb 340 thee, aur dhaarmik vidyalaya mein 260 bachche namankit they. mandali ney apane maujooda sthaan key poorv mein montgomeri street parr poppler avenue parr bhoomi kaa adhigrahan kiya aur vahaan ack nae aradhanalaya kaa nirmaan shuru kiya.
apani anya gatividhiyon key alawa, 1885 mein samphield ney dakshini yahudi jeevan aur sanskriti parr ack saptahik patrika "dha yahudi spectator" kii sthaapana kii. way apani mrityu taka, apani niyojit sevaanivritti seey kuchh dinn pahale taka isake sampaadak they. unaki mrityu kii ghoshana banner surkhiyon key saath kii gaee thee, aur unake nidhan key uplakshya mein, memphis kii streetcaron koo duss minut key liye roque diyaa gayaa thaa.
finshiber yug (1915-1924).
finshiber 1915 mein samphield key uttaradhikari baney. sent mein paida hue. lui, misauri, 1878 mein, unake pitaa ack sudhaar rabbi they, jinaki 37 varsh kii ayu mein mrityu hoe gaee thee. jaba finisher 13 varsh key they, tou way khud sinsinati chaley gaye, jahan unhone uchch vidyalaya mein padhaai kii. snaatak honey key baad, unhone sinsinati vishvavidyalaya mein bhaag liya aur hook key aathh saal key karyakram mein pravesh kiya. 1900 taka unhone donon seey snaatak kiya aur unhein niyukt kiya gayaa. unhone usa varsh devenport, ayova mein mandir emmanuel mein apana pahala mandir grahan kiya aur 1911 mein sahayogi rabbi key roop mein israel key bachchon key saath shamil hoe gaye. vaha aradhanalaya key pahale snaatak they, aur isake pahale americi mool key rabbi they. unake paas ack twarit buddhi thee, aur way lagbhag kissy bhee vishay parr vakpatuta aur asadharan roop seey bolane mein saksham they. aksar samachar patron mein uddhrit, vaha memphis samudaay mein sakriya they, aur ack ghoornan, shrinner aur freemason they. vaha ack praarambhik matadhikarvadi bhee thaa, aur usane israel key bachchon key liye mudda uthaaya. 1913 key mahila divas karyakram mein, jisamen louisiana, arconsus, mississippi aur tenacy key vaktaa shamil they, way ekmatra purush vaktaa they. 1914 kii ack raili mein unhone kahaa thaa kii "pratinidhitva key binaa karadhan atyachar haye... iss baithak kaa uddeshya... memphis key logon koo yeh ehsas dilana haye kii samaan matadhikar kaa sawal bachchon kaa khel naheen haye."
unhone 1917 mein ell vyaktiyon kii peat-peetkar hatyaa key khilaf dridhata seey baat kii. ack solah varsheeya shwet ladki key balatkar aur sir kalam karane key aaropi ack ashwet vyakti koo memphis mein hajaaron kii bheed key saamane jinda jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa, aur unake avashesh tukade-tukade hoe gaye they, bikhare hue they aur pradarshit kiye gaye they. finshiber ney linching kaa virodh karane key liye ack saamoohik baithak bulaai, sadasyata koo isaki saarvajanik ninda kaa samarthan karane key liye aashvast kiya, aur paadari varg key ack samooh key sachiv key roop mein kaary kiya, jinhone iss pratha kii ninda karate hue ack bayaan jaari kiya. unhone memphis key sabse badey samachar patra, "dha commercial appeal" key sampaadak koo bhee linching kii aalochana karate hue ack sampadakiya likhane key liye aashvast kiya. fineshiber ney african-amerikiyon koo prabhaavit karane vaale anya karanon kaa samarthan kiya; unhone unake awas mein sudhaar key liye kaam kiya, ashwet churchon mein baat kii, aur unake liye dhana jutaane mein madad kii. unhone apane mandap seey koo clux clan kii aalochana kii, joe aisaa karane vaale memphis mein ekmatra paadari they. 1921 mein unhone ack karyakram mein israel key bachchon koo "koo clux clan parr prachaar" karane key apane iraade koo prachaarit kiya, jisamen yeh ummeed kii gaee thee kii yeh kaee gair-sadasyon koo aakarshit karega. usa varsh memphis mein clan kaa punargathan kiya gayaa thaa, aur fineshiber key bhaashan key ack maheene seey bhee cumm samay baad, nashville key yuddhaviram divas pared mein saarvajanik roop seey march kiya gayaa thaa. unake, unaki patni aur bachchon key khilaf dhamkiyon key bavjood, finisher ney mandir aur anya sthaanon parr clan key khilaf prachaar karna jaari rakhaa.
1922 mein, villium jennings bryan aur unake anuyaayiyon dwara vishvavidyalayon aur saarvajanik vidyaalayon mein vikas key shikshan parr pratibandh lagaane key prayaas key jawab mein, fineshiber ney iss parr charcha karane key liye shukravaar kii raat key teen upadesh samarpit kiye. unhone khachakhach bharey darshakon key liye "swatantra vichaar aur swatantra bhaashan key avibhajya adhikaar, jisaki sanyukt raajya key samvidhaan dwara guaranti dee gaee haye" parr jore diyaa aur tark diyaa kii "duniya key adhikansh vichaarsheel aur udaar pracharakon koo apane granthon yaa apane dharm koo tyagane key binaa vikas key siddhant koo sweekaar karane mein koee kathinaaee naheen hui haye. aap kewal satya key prakaash mein bhagwan kii pooja curr sakate hain. phir bhee, 1925 mein tenancy saarvajanik vidyaalayon mein vikas key shikshan parr pratibandh lagaane vaalaa pahala raajya bunn gayaa, ack kaanoon jise 1967 taka nirast naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
fineshiber key shuruati varshon key dauran mandali ney apani dhaarmik prathaon koo sanshodhit karna jaari rakhaa. antim sanskaron mein, yeh shoke manaane vaalon koo kabr chhodane key liye protsaahit kartaa thaa, bajaay isake kii way taaboot koo neeche utaarane taka prateeksha karein aur ise khud mitty seey dhaka dein (jaisa kii paaramparik pratha thee). iss samay taka, kuchh sadasyon ney apane 13 varsheeya ladakon key liye baar mitzwah samaroh kiye they; isake bajaay, ladakon aur ladkiyon ney sudhaar pushti samaroh mein bhaag liya (halanki aradhanalaya ney abhee bhee una logon koo anumati dee joe baar mitzwah samaroh chaahte they). 1916 mein, mandali ney pasaav aur sukot key aathven dinon key paalan koo samaapt curr diyaa, sabhi upasakon koo khade honey kii aavashyakta thee jaba shoke manaane vaale "kaddish" kaa paath karane key liye khade they, aur seva key hisse key roop mein aradhanalaya mein bachchon koo aashirvaad dene aur namkaran karane key roodhivaadi abhyaas koo bahaal kiya.
israel key bachchon ney 1916 mein apani naee aradhanalaya imarat koo samarpit kiya. sthaaniya vastukaron dwara design kiya gayaa see. johns, shree. aur adhikatam ferbringer, isamen ack badaa kendriya gumbad aur dou chhote paarshv gumbad they, aur istanbul key hagia sofiya key samaan design kiya gayaa thaa. pravesh dwaar dou darvaajon key teen seton key madhyam seey thaa, aur pravesh mein utkeern bibil key schlock kaa tukada thaa. imarat kaa abhayaranya 1,200 logon key liye basaa huaa thaa, aur isamen 10,000 dollar (aaj $) kaa ack badaa anga thaa. baad vaale key liye paisa haal hii mein gathit sahayak mahilaaon dwara jutaaya gayaa thaa, jinaki sabse prabhaavi dhana jutaane kii gatividhi mein ghar kaa banaa bhojan bechana shamil thaa. iss bhawan mein ack munch key saath ack sabhagar aur dhaarmik vidyalaya key liye chaudah kakshaaen bhee theen. israel kii khaali imarat key bachchon koo ack naee roodhivaadi mandali dwara kharida gayaa thaa jisane bhang kiye gaye beth ell ameth kaa naam apanaaya thaa.
1917 mein sanyukt raajya america key pratham vishva yuddh mein pravesh karane key baad, israel key bachchon key 131 purushon koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa yaa unakaa masauda taiyar kiya gayaa; ack maaraa gayaa. 1919 taka, mandali kii parivarik sadasyata 450 taka pahunch gaee thee, aur aradhanalaya kaa vaarshik rajaswa $18,000 (aaj $) thaa. mandali school, joe abhee bhee saptah mein ack baar kakshaaen aayojit kartaa thaa, mein 14 shikshak aur 388 chhaatr they. agale varsh, mahilaaon koo sabhi mandali sabhaon mein matdan karane kaa adhikaar diyaa gayaa. 1924 mein philadelphia mein canaseth israel kii mandali key pramukh rabbi banane key liye finisher ney prasthaan kiya. unake karyakal key dauran, israel kii sadasyata key bachche dogune hoe gaye, aur dhaarmik vidyalaya 100 seey badhkar 550 chhaatr hoe gaye. unaki mrityu 1968 mein hui thee aur way mandali key ekmatra mritak varishth rabbi hain jinhen isake kabristan mein dafnaya naheen gayaa thaa.
attleson yug (1925-1954).
hairi villium attleson 1925 mein finisher key uttaradhikari baney, joe mandali kaa netritva karane vaale pahale dakshini they. 1883 mein janme, unakaa paalan-poshan mobile, albama mein huaa thaa. unake paas bee thaa.aeye. sinsinati vishvavidyalaya seey (1900 mein snaatak jaba way satrah varsh key they), ack aim.aeye. shikago vishvavidyalaya seey, aur ack ph.dee. yell vishvavidyalaya seey. 1904 mein hook mein niyukt, unhone pahali baar 1904 seey 1910 taka fort vene, indiana mein mandali achduth vesholom kii seva kii, phir 1911 seey 1919 taka hartford, connecticut key mandali beth israel kii seva kii. 1919 seey 1925 taka way sahayogi rabbi they, phir philadelphia mein roduff shallom mandali mein pramukh rabbi they.
attleson pitsburg munch aur isake siddhanton key ack majboot samarthak they, joe baad mein "shaastriya" sudhaar judawad key roop mein jaane jaane vaale key liye aadhar bunn gayaa. unake netritva mein sevaaon ney yeh pratibimbit kiya kii sevaaon mein sadasya bhagidari (joe jyaadaatar angreji mein thee) seemit thee. achduth vesholom mein rahate hue, unhone upasthiti mein sudhaar karane key prayaas mein, shaniwar seey ravivaar taka sevaaon koo sthanantarit kiya. israel key bachchon mein shamil honey seey pahale hii, mandali ney pahale seey hii apani sevaaon mein kaafee sudhaar curr liya thaa; abb yeh baar mitzwah naheen rakhti thee, "kashrut" key kaanoonon kaa paalan naheen karati thee, yaa mandalon koo torah padhane mein bhaag lene kii anumati detee thee. shema yisarayal" aur "kaddish" key alawa, hibru yaa arami prarthanaon koo lagbhag poori tarah seey samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. halanki unhone khud kuchh anushthaan parivartan kiye, attleson ney iss parampara koo jaari rakhaa, aur nyaay aur shaanti key mission key saath ack saarvbhaumik dharm key roop mein yahudi dharm koo badhaava dete hue anushthaan abhyaas parr samudayik seva parr jore diyaa. jiss varsh way aae, unhone cross cutt club kaa ayojan kiya, ack antar-dhaarmik samooh jiska uddeshya dhaarmik purvagrah kaa mukabala karna thaa. unhone isake pahale adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya, aur 1950 mein phir seey isake adhyaksh they. unaki pahalon mein seey ack sangh nagrik dhanyavaad seva thee, joe ack antar-sampradayik poorv sandhya-dhanyavaad seva thee joe kaee varshon taka aayojit kii gaee thee. 1930 key dashak mein isane ack ekikrit baithak aayojit kii, aur isake parinamswarup, agale varsh karyakram sthal parr vaapas aamantrit naheen kiya gayaa.
jaba attleson mandali mein shamil hue, tou isamen 650 sadasya parivaar they. vikas koo samaayojit karane key liye, 1926 mein aradhanalaya ney bachchon key dhaarmik vidyalaya key liye ack anubandh banaaya. usa varsh mandali ney "mandir purushon key club" kii bhee sthaapana kii, jisamen 200 seey adhik sadasya they, aur mandir bhaichare key rashtriya sangh mein shamil hoe gaye. 1928 mein, mandali ney kanishth mandali kii baithakon key liye aradhanalaya key dakshin mein ack nikatvarti ghar kharida, aur radio parr apani shukravaar shaam kii sevaaon kaa prasaran shuru kiya. donon prayason kii laagat aradhanalaya key sadasya ebe hull, sansthaapak aur shering-hull key adhyaksh dwara gumnam roop seey daan kii gaee thee. aradhanalaya mahaan avasaad seey buri tarah prabhaavit thaa. bakaaya seey aaya 1928 mein 47,000 dollar (aaj $) seey ghatkar 1932 mein 23,000 dollar hoe gaee, aur sadasyata 1929 mein 750 parivaaron seey ghatkar 629 parivaaron taka gir gaee. dhana kii kamee key kaaran talmud torah bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur board kii baithakon mein mandali koo aarthik roop seey chaalu rakhane key tareeke khojane parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa thaa. attleson ney 1931 mein 1,000 dollar (aaj $) kii vetan katauti kaa anurodh kiya, aur 1933 mein 10 pratishat kii katauti kii, aur anya aradhanalaya karmchaariyon key vetan mein bhee katauti kii gaee. junier mandali ney achchha pradarshan kiya, halanki 1933 taka isamen 189 bhugtan kiye gaye sadasya they, shaniwar kii subah aur uchch pavitra dinon kii sevaayen aayojit kii gaeen, aur kaee anya karyakram aayojit kiye gaye. antatah mandali ney ack sampoorn roop seey sudhaar kiya, sadasyon dwara sahaayata kii gaee joe nagrik aur vyaavsaayik duniya mein netaa they. 1936 taka, sadasyata badhkar 650 hoe gaee thee, aur aradhanalaya ney poppler aur montgomeri aradhanalaya bhawan parr shesh bandhak kaa bhugtan curr diyaa thaa.
1932 mein, attleson sthaaniya roop seey nashville key ellis sabhagar mein ack bahas key liye prasiddh hoe gaye, jisamen unhone dharm aavashyak thaa yaa naheen, iss parr mukadama chalaane vaale vakeel clarence daro key saath bahas kii. attleson ney paksh mein tark diyaa, aur isake khilaf bahas kii. attleson aur board key kuchh sadasyon key beach takraav 1937 mein ack pramukh key paas aaya, jaba board ney iss mudde parr charcha kii kii kyaa unhein rabbi key roop mein banaae rakhaa jaae; jaba baithak mein aamantrit kiya gayaa, tou unhone sankshipt roop seey baat kii, phir istifa dey diyaa. board ney sifarish kii kii unaki karyakal koo agali vaarshik baithak mein ack saamoohik matdan key liye rakhaa jaae, jahaan unhein 303 seey 31 key mutt seey gupt matpatra mein phir seey chunaa gayaa. unhone 1938 mein aathh maheene kii chikitsa chhutti lii, aur israel key bachchon ney sahayak rabbi key roop mein morton kohan koo kaam parr rakhaa.
yeh mandali dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein bahut adhik shamil thee, jisamen kaee sadasya sashastr balon mein seva dey rahey they, jinamen dudley weinberg bhee shamil they, joe sahayak rabbi key roop mein kohan key uttaradhikari baney they. israel key bachchon ney videshi sadasyon key liye ack vishesh samachar patra prakaashit kiya; yuddh key anta taka, lagbhag chaar sou mandaliyon ney seva kii thee-aur chaudah marr chuke they-yuu. mein.aiss. sainya. kaee anya sudhaar mandaliyon kii tarah, mandir israel key sadasya zionism key mudde parr vibhajit they. yeh sambhavana haye kii adhikansh loga zionist virodhi they, aur aradhanalaya key adhyaksh yahudi dharm key liye zionist-virodhi americi parishad mein shamil hoe gaye, halanki anya pramukh sadasyon ney zionism kaa samarthan kiya, aur phir bhee anya kewal gair-zionist they. attleson ney shuru mein zionism kaa virodh kiya, halanki vaha parishad mein shamil naheen hue. sanyukt raajya key ander aur baahar yahudi-virodhi bhavna key badhane key saath, unake vichaar badal gaye, aur way zionist united pyalestine appeal key sthaaniya adhyaay key praarambhik sadasya they. phir bhee, unhone iss mudde koo mandir mein vibhajankari banane seey safaltapurvak roque diyaa.
1943 mein, mandali ney apana naam badalkar mandir israel curr liya. isaki sadasyata teji seey badhee, 1944 mein 914 parivaaron seey 1949 key anta taka 1,100 seey adhik hoe gaee, saath hii yuddh key baad dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad bebi boom key anuroop bachchon kii sankhya mein vriddhi hui. 1951 mein mandir ney ack nayaa shiksha bhawan jodaa, jisamen 22 kakshaaen, karyalaya aur ack pustakalaya thaa. usa varsh mandali ney aradhanalaya kii rasoi koo bhee adyatan kiya, vastra aur sabhagar key liye vatanukoolan jodaa, aur 1953 mein abhayaranya key liye bhee. attleson agale varsh sevaanivritt hue, aur james vacs dwara varishth rabbi key roop mein safal hue.
mome yug (1954-1978).
1912 mein janme james aaron "jimmi" mome kaa paalan-poshan herculaneum, misauri mein kiya gayaa thaa, jahan unakaa parivaar aam taur parr shahar mein ekmatra yahudi parivaar thaa. sent mein washington vishvavidyalaya mein bhaag lete hue. lui, vaha rabbi ferdinand seey prerit thaa joe sent key mandir israel key jarikarta they. samajik nyaay praapt karane key saadhan key roop mein lui ack rabbi banane key liye. avasaad key kaaran aaee vittiya baadhaon key kaaran, mome koo dakshin poorv misauri raajya shikshak mahavidyalaya mein apani snaatak kii schooly shiksha poori karni padee, jahan unhone bee. aeye. kii degree praapt kii.aeye. 1935 mein, jarikarta dwara salah diye jaane key baad, unhone aich. yuu. see. key liye aavedan kiya. kyonki unaki hibru mein bahut cumm prishthabhoomi thee, unhone apane pravesh seey pahale aur usake dauran bhasha mein gahan kaam kiya, aur antatah unhein 1941 mein hibru aksharon kii degree mein master kii upaadhi dee gaee aur unhein vahaan seey snaatak kii upaadhi praapt hui.aiss. sainya paadari, 1941 seey 1945 taka unhone sent mein united hebru mandali mein seva kii. luis, aur uttari tata parr mandali glanco, ilinois mein israel haye. 1946 mein, vaha mandir israel key sahayak rabbi baney, aur 1947 mein unhein sahayogi rabbi key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa. 1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein way dou baar memphis aur shelby county mansik swaasthya samaaj key adhyaksh chune gaye they. 1954 mein attleson kii sevaanivritti key baad, mome varishth rabbi bunn gayaa.
iss samay taka aradhanalaya mein lagbhag 1,200 sadasya parivaar they, aur isake dhaarmik vidyalaya mein 600 seey adhik bachche they. mome ney mandali kii dhaarmik prathaon mein kuchh badlaavon kii shuruat kii. 1954 mein shuru honey vaale rosh hashnah parr ack asli medhe key seeng "schofer" koo udaaya jaanaa thaa, naa kii usa turah parr joe kaee varshon seey istemal kiya jaa rhaa thaa. unake netritva mein kaee sadasyon ney apane bachchon key liye baar mitzwah samaroh bhee shuru kiye, halanki yeh 1970 key dashak taka aam naheen huaa thaa. 1970 key dashak taka unhone dhaarmik vidyalaya mein hibru kakshaon koo bhee jodaa thaa.
1955 mein unhone memphis key pahale roodhivaadi aradhanalaya, beth sholom key nirmaan key liye dhana jutaaya aur samarthan kiya, taaki roodhivaadi yahoodiyon key paas pooja karane key liye apana sthaan hoe. 1964 taka, chaar sahayak rabbiyon ney mome kaa sthaan liya thaa; milton jee. miller, robert blinder, sandford celtzer aur silvin wolf. usa varsh mome ney shukravaar shaam kii seva mein torah reeding jodaa, aur mandir israel key board ney israel bonned kii sthiti kharidana shuru curr diyaa; 1967 key chhah divasiya yuddh key maddenajar, board ney israel bonned koo "adhikatam sambhav seema taka" khareedane kaa sankalp liya. 1970 taka mome ney "yom haa 'atzmatt" manaane aur holocast smriti divas manaane key liye sevaaon kii shuruat kii thee. halanki unhone shuru mein ack cantor rakhane key vichaar kaa virodh kiya, lekin antatah unhone ack key liye ack seemit bhoomika sweekaar curr lii, aur 1971 mein thomas schwartz koo 80 varshon mein mandir israel key pahale purnakaalik cantor/sangeet nirdeshak key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa. schwartz kaa vetan aradhanalaya dwara naheen diyaa jaataa thaa, balki isake bajaay isake sadasyon key ack samooh dwara niji taur parr bhugtan kiya jaataa thaa. 1978 mein, mome koo isaaiyon aur yahoodiyon key rashtriya sammelan key memphis goal mez seey rashtriya maanav sambandh puraskar milaa. way kuchh hafton baad sevaanivritt hue, halanki unhone 1978 seey 1989 mein apani mrityu taka niyamit roop seey aaney vaale helena, arconsus mein mandir bett ell key abhinay rabbi key roop mein kaary kiya.
nagrik adhikaar sakriyata.
nagrik adhikaar andolan ney dakshin mein charampanthi yahudi-virodhi bhavna koo janm diyaa, aur "braun banaam" mein sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya key faisale key baad loktantra koo nasht karane key liye "communist yahoodiyon" koo doshi thaharaaya gayaa. shiksha mandal. dakshini yahoodiyon ney khud koo ack kathin sthiti mein paaya; way ack kamjor alpasankhyak they jinaki sthiti dakshini shwet samaaj mein seemant thee aur yathaasthiti kii unaki sweekriti parr sashart thee. inn chintaon key kaaran, vishesh roop seey 1958 mein atlant mein hebru paropkari mandali mandir parr bambari key baad, mandali nagrik adhikaaron parr saarvajanik rukh naheen apnana chaahati thee. isake alawa, halanki mome ney nasleeya ekikaran kaa samarthan kiya, lekin unaki sabhi mandaliyon ney naheen kiya; mome key anusaar, "lagbhag sabhi mool-nivasi dakshini jinake parivaar dou yaa dou seey adhik peedhiyon seey dakshin mein rahate they, unake algavvadi drishtikon hain."saarvajanik virodh pradarshanon mein shamil honey key bajaay, mome ney ekikaran kaa samarthan karane vaale samoohon key saath kaam kiya, jaise kii memphis mantri sangh. unhone mandir israel key sadasyon koo americi mahilaaon key panel jaise samoohon mein shamil honey key liye bhee protsaahit kiya, ack antar-dhaarmik aur antar-jaatiya samooh joe samudayik karyakramon mein dhaarmik aur nasleeya sahishnuta key paksh mein bolata thaa aur jiska memphis adhyaay mandali key sadasya josleen wurzberg dwara sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. mandir israel key sadasya myra driffus ney 1960 key dashak mein jaruratmand schooly bachchon key liye memphis fund kii saha-sthaapana kii. isane mukhya roop seey ashwet schools mein bhookhe schooly bachchon key liye bhojan pradaan karane mein madad kii, aur baad mein muft yaa riyayati kapadon aur jooton key vitaran koo shamil karane key apane prayason kaa vistaar kiya. samooh mein sadasya key roop mein shwet aur ashwet donon mahilaaen theen, jinamen mandir israel key sadasya bhee shamil they, aur fund mein dreyfus kii bhoomika key kaaran, mandir israel ney swayam iska samarthan kiya. 1968 taka, bahan varg key sadasya dhana daan curr rahey they taaki tutors koo bahusankhyak african-americi kansas street school mein buss seey bheja jaa sakey. mahila aur ling adhyayan key professor key anusaar. yeh "pahala avsar thaa jaba mandir israel ney samudaay-adharit karyakramon key liye apane darwaaje khole; iska poorv dharmarth kaary yahudi samudaay kii pahunch parr kendrit thaa.
mome vishesh roop seey samudayik sambandhon parr memphis samiti (aim. see. see. aar.) key saath shamil thaa. mccr kaa gathan 1958 mein memphis shahar key netaaon key ack samooh dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jiska lakshya ahinsak tareeke seey algaav koo samaapt karna thaa. alag-alag samitiyon ney memphis mein vibhinn saarvajanik suvidhaon koo alag karane key liye kaam kiya. aim. see. see. aar. ney sarkaar mein ashweton kaa pratinidhitva praapt karane key liye bhee kaam kiya (nirvaachit aur niyukt adhikaari donon), aur ashweton key liye aarthik sthitiyon aur naukari key avsaron mein sudhaar key liye karyakram banaae. mome ney isake gathan seey laker 1970 key dashak mein isake vighatan taka aim. see. see. aar. key sachiv key roop mein kaary kiya. kaee anya mandir israel key sadasyon ney aim. see. see. aar. key saath kaam kiya, aur badee memphis companiyon key maalikon key roop mein, apane swayam key karyasthalon mein prithakkaran koo lagu karane mein saksham they. anya mandir israel key sadasyon ney nagrik adhikaar andolan kaa samarthan kiyaah varishth vyaavsaayik adhikaariyon ney kaale vikretaon koo kaam parr rakhane key liye dukaanon koo aashvast kiya, harshel fabelman ney garibi samiti parr memphis yuddh kii adhyakshata kii, aur marvin ratner ney dou shwet aur dou ashwet vakeelon key saath, memphis kii pahali ekikrit kanuni firm, banaane key liye ack pramukh sthaaniya kanuni firm mein saajhedaari chhod dee.
janwari 1965 mein, memphis meyer villium bee. ingram ney apani samudayik kaarravaai samiti mein shamil honey key liye mome koo kahaa, ack samooh jisane garibi virodhi karyakramon aur ashwet yuvaaon key liye naukari prashikshan key liye sanghiya dhana praapt karane kii koshish kii. usa varsh key agast mein, mome apani neeti samiti kaa adhyaksh bunn gayaa, joe jyaadaatar ashwet samooh thaa. halanki samiti ney kaee sahayak karyakram banaae, lekin sadasyon key chayan aur dhana koo niyantrit karane mein mahapour kii bhoomika parr asahamati key kaaran samooh kaa vighatan hoe gayaa. ingram ney samooh kii or seey mome key prayason kii sarahana kii. mome anya nagrik adhikaar samoohon mein bhee sakriya thaa, jisamen maanav sambandhon parr tenacy parishad, americi nagrik swatantrata sangh, memphis shahari leag aur pragati kaa karyakram, ack samooh joe sthaaniya sarkaar mein sudhaar key liye kaam kartaa thaa. way memphis ministers association key adhyaksh chune gaye, bhale hii way isake ekmatra yahudi sadasya they.
31 janwari, 1968 koo dou memphis safai karmchaariyon kii ack kharaab kachra sampeedak mein kuchalkar maut hoe gaee, jisase memphis safai hadtaal shuru hoe gaee. jyaadaatar kaale safai karmchari memphis key sabse cumm vetan paane vaale sivil sevak they, aur unhein koee overtime yaa chhutti kaa vetan naheen milaa. memphis key mahapour abb heinry loeb they, joe mandir israel key ack poorv sadasya they, jinhone 1968 mein apana karyakal shuru karane key turant baad, ack episcopian mahila seey shaadi karane key baad isai dharm apana liya. unhone shramikon key saath baatchit karane seey incar curr diyaa aur hadtaal jald hii nagrik adhikaaron key mudde key roop mein rashtriya dhyaan mein aaee. ashwet mantriyon dwara sampark kiye jaane key baad, mome ney loeb, sthaaniya sangh netaaon aur americi raajya, county aur nagarpalika karmchaariyon key pramukh jairi wurf key beach ack baithak kii vyavastha kii. 19 tarikh taka jaari rahee aur usa dinn baad mein phir seey shuru hui baatchit kaa koee samadhan naheen nikla. mandir israel key sadasya driffus ney apane 1967 key mahapour abhiyaan mein loeb key liye apane pichhale samarthan kaa upayog hadtaal koo hull karane key liye majboor karane kii koshish key saadhan key roop mein kiya, aur safed aur kaale donon memphian key pratinidhi key roop mein kaary kiya. hadtaal march key madhyam seey jaari rahee. tanaav koo cumm karane key prayaas mein, mome ney memphis key dou paadari samoohon, jyaadaatar shwet memphis mantriyon key sangh aur kaale antar-sampradayik gathbandhan kii baithak bulaai. baithak, yadi kuchh bhee hoe, kaa vipareet prabhaav padaa; ashwet mantri turant mahapour key karyalaya parr march karna chaahte they, jabaki mome sahit adhikansh shwet paadari ney march mein shamil honey seey incar curr diyaa, joe kii unakaa tark thaa kii kewal shwet janata koo bhadka dega.
martin luther king junier. agali raat memphis mein unaki hatyaa curr dee gaee. memphis ministers association ney 5 tarikh koo raajaa key liye ack smaarak seva kaa ayojan kiya. seva mein, mantriyon ney usa dinn loeb key karyalaya kii or march karane key liye matdan kiya aur jore dekar kahaa kii vaha shramikon kii shikayaton koo sambodhit karate hain aur hadtaal koo samaapt karate hain; mome aur villium dimic, sent key deane key netritva mein. mairi key cathedral mein, 250 paadari jode mein loeb key karyalaya kii or badhe, jahan unhein hadtaal koo samaapt karane key liye television camers key saamane aagrah kiya gayaa. mandir israel mein apane upadesh mein, mome ney mandali seey kahaah "yeh shahar ack naee aatma kaa gawah banega aur hamaare samay key iss mahaan paigambar kii smriti koo sammaanit kiya jaayega. kattarpanthi aur algavvadi aur tathaakathit sammaanit lekin adharmi loga honge joe virodh karenge. lekin itihas kii yojana mein, ishwar kii ichcha prabal haye."hadtaal kaa niptara kiya gayaa, safai karmchaariyon koo sangh kii maanyata aur anya laabh mill rahey they. kewal ack hii baadha duss-pratishat-ack-ghante kii vriddhi kii sifarish kii gaee thee, jisake baad ack aur vriddhi kii gaee thee. shahar key bajat mein shramikon koo bhugtan karane key liye anumaanit $558,000 (aaj $) kii aavashyakta naheen thee. gatirodh koo hull karane key liye, mandir israel key sadasya abb hull ney kamee koo gumnam roop seey daan curr diyaa.
east massie road building.
1957 taka aradhanalaya abhayaranya, jise 350 parivaaron key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, israel key 1,100 seey adhik sadasya parivaaron koo samaayojit karane key liye bahut chhota hoe gayaa thaa. isake alawa, 1950 key dashak seey memphis kaa yahudi samudaay shahar key kendra seey, jahaan mandir israel kaa poppler avenue bhawan sthit thaa, purvi upnagaron mein lagaatar sthanantarit hoe rhaa thaa; 1957 taka aadhe seey adhik sadasya, aur saamoohik school mein bachchon key saath teen-chauthai loga, vahaan rahate they. school mein upasthiti teji seey badhee, aur chhaatr nikaay jald hii 1951 kii apani imarat seey aage nickle gayaa. 1959 mein school mein upasthiti vibhajit karni padee, jisamen chhote bachche shaniwar koo aur badey bachche ravivaar koo bhaag lete they, aur 1961 taka 780 bachchon kaa namankan hoe gayaa thaa. 1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein, mandir israel ney beth sholom mein saptah key dinon kii kakshaaen aayojit karna shuru curr diyaa, joe adhikansh sadasyon key karib thaa.
1963 mein, mandir israel ney ack naee imarat kii yojana banaai, aur 1964 mein safed station sadak parr bhoomi kharidi. 1966 mein, sadasyon ney vahaan bhawan key khilaf matdan kiya, kyonki puraane sadasya maujooda bhawan seey judey hue they, aur kharchon key baare mein chintit they, lekin 1970 key dashak kii shuruat taka, sthiti koo abb nazarandaj naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa. hull ney ack naee imarat kii $4 million kii laagat kaa ack chauthai daan karane kii peshkash kii. safed station sadak parr jameen betch dee gaee, aur purvi massie sadak parr ack sampatti kharidi gaee; sabhaa naee imarat mein sthanantarit hoe gaee. puraane aradhanalaya koo madhya-americi baptist dharamshastriya madarse koo betch diyaa gayaa thaa, joe agale bees varshon taka iss parr kabja curr legaa. naee imarat koo gasner, nathan aur bhagidaron key francis gasner dwara design kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen persival goodman salaahkaar vastukar key roop mein they. iska nirmaan ispat aur chinai seey kiya gayaa thaa, jiska upayog baahari aur aantarik donon key liye kiya jaataa thaa, aur isamen tambe kii chhat thee. saamane, ack kaanch seey dhakaa bagicha dou manjila swaagat kshetra mein pravesh kiya, jisase ack chhota ghar banaa aur antatah mukhya abhayaranya taka pahuncha. isamen 32 kakshaaen theen, aur ack 300-seeton vaalaa chappel thaa, jise baad mein rabbi hairi danziger aur unaki patni jeane key sammaan mein danziger chappel naam diyaa gayaa. nae chappel mein "nerr tameed", torah aark darwaaje aur poppler road building seey duss commandments deewaar sajawat sthaapit kii gaee thee.
abhayaranya, joe 1,500 taka baithaa thaa, aakar mein ardh-vrittakar thaa, aur iss tarah seey design kiya gayaa thaa kii koee bhee upaasak torah sandook seey pandrah panktiyon seey adhik naa hoe. yeh akash kii roshni seey rotion thaa, aur isamen ack balkani thee. isaki chhat, pravesh dwaar aur chappel key saath, oak key they, jaise darwaaje, trim aur panel they. imarat key aantarik kalaa kaary koo aframe wheitzman dwara design kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen torah jahaaz, adhikansh anushthaan vastuen, rangeen kaanch, mozek aur tapestry shamil hain. vastukar key drishtikon mein, abhayaranya kaa sankshipt design, aur rangeen kaanch aur lakadi key udaar upayog ney "antarangata kii vaanchhit bhaavanaon koo praapt kiya. balkani key samaan star parr ack gallery thee, jise mool roop seey kalaa aur judaica pradarshan key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. 1994 mein, adler judaica sangrah key herta aur justine adler dwara daan karane parr, yeh ack sthaayi sangrahalaya bunn gayaa. 1376 east massie road parr parisar kii antim laagat (aaj $) thee, jisamen seey hull daan mein diyaa gayaa thaa. apane daan key liye kritagyata mein, hull koo aajivan maanad adhyaksh naamit kiya gayaa.
2003 mein, mandali ney apani suvidha key mahatvapurna navinikaran aur vistaar kii shuruat kii. samajik kaksh sahit jagah key oopar, navinikaran kiya gayaa thaa, aur ack praarambhik bachpan aur parivaar kendra kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, jisase ack aangan key chaaron or ack yuu-aakar kaa pankh banaa thaa. crump firm key vastukar walt reed ney kahaa kii unhone mool imarat mein maujood "saral, jyaamitiya, samkaaleen roopon" parr jore diyaa, saath hii saath usee tambe kii chhat aur vivaran samagri kaa upayog kiya. lagbhag nirmaan pariyojana mein dou saal lagey, aur 2007 mein puuraa kiya gayaa thaa. david escalan kii uchch, welded aluminium aur steinless steel amoort gatij moorti, atrium mein sthaapit kii gaee thee.
danzigar yug (1978-2000), 21veen sadee.
hairi key. 1978 mein danziger ney rabbi key roop mein mome kaa sthaan liya. ack rabbi key bete, danziger sinsinati vishvavidyalaya key snaatak they, aur hoose dwara niyukt kiye gaye they. way 1964 mein sahayak rabbi key roop mein mandir israel mein shamil hue, lekin 1969 mein mandali binai israel kaa netritva karane key liye monro, louisiana chaley gaye. unaki jagah pahale howard schwartz ney lii, phir richard birnholz ney lii. bernholz ney 1973 mein apana istifa dey diyaa aur mome ney sevaanivritti key baare mein sochana shuru curr diyaa. danjigar, taba baltimore key mandir oheb shalom mein, mome key uttaradhikari key roop mein sampark kiya gayaa thaa, aur usa varsh sahayogi rabbi key roop mein mandir israel laut aae. 1960 key dashak key madhya seey aradhanalaya kii sadasyata lagbhag 1,350 parivaaron kii thee, lekin east massie road parr jaane key baad isamen vriddhi hui. mome kii sevaanivritti taka yeh lagbhag 1,500 taka pahunch gayaa thaa, aur aadhe seey adhik memphis key 10,000 yahudi mandir israel key sadasya they.
sahayogi rabbi key roop mein apane pahale upadesh mein, danzigar ney kahaa, "humm inn sabhi varshon key baad yahudi dikhane kaa kharch uthaa sakate hain... kewal aatm-sammaan key kaaran, humm aisaa naheen curr sakate. varishth rabbi key roop mein unhone dheere-dheere mandir israel mein adhik paaramparik anushthaanon koo vaapas laaya, ise "shaastriya sudhaar" yahudi dharm key kattarpanth seey door curr diyaa. inn anushthaanon mein torah aashirvaad kaa jaap, abhayaranya key galiyaron key madhyam seey torah julus, "yom kippur" parr upvaas, bachchon kii khatna karna aur mritak key liye "kaddish" kahana shamil thaa. 1979 mein, unhone dheere-dheere purani "sangh prarthana pustak" koo naee "prarthana key dwaar" prarthana pustak seey badal diyaa, aur baad mein "bimaa" parr rahate hue "tollit" pahanana shuru curr diyaa. parivartan nirvivaad naheen they, aur baad vaale ney ack sadasya koo virodh mein istifa dene key liye prerit kiya. haalaanki apane haal key poorvavartiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik paaramparik, vaha antarvivaah karane key liye taiyar they, lekin jodon koo yahudi ghar banaane key arth key baare mein bhee salah dete they. danziger americi rabbiyon key kendriya sammelan mein shamil they aur antatah isake adhyaksh baney.
johnn kaplan 1981 mein cantor key roop mein shamil hue aur sevaaon koo cumm aupchaarik aur adhik samvaadaatmak banaa diyaa. unake navacharon mein adhik aadhunik dhunein laana, saamoohik gaayan koo protsaahit karna aur anga key bajaay gitar key saath sevaayen shamil theen. 2006 taka, shukravaar kii raat kii sevaaon mein ack "spirit" seva shamil thee, jisamen ack house baind khela jaataa thaa.
danziger key karyakal key dauran, sahayak rabbiyon mein alaan greenbaum (1977-1981), hairi rosenfeld (1981-1984), constance abramson golden-temple israel kii pahali mahila rabbi-(1984-1986), aur maark belgrade (1986-1991) shamil they. meeka dee. rabbi howard greenstein key bete greenstein ney 1991 mein sahayak rabbi key roop mein belgrade kaa sthaan liya aur baad mein unhein sahayogi rabbi key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa. cornell vishvavidyalaya aur johnn aff key snaatak. sarkari school key roop mein, unhein hook dwara niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. 2000 mein danziger kii sevaanivritti parr, vaha varishth rabbi bunn gaye. samajik nyaay key liye ack adhivakta, unhone ell. jee. bee. tii. logon key khilaf bhedbhaav koo pratibandhit karane vaale kaanoon koo paarit karane key liye shelby county aayog koo manaane kii koshish kii, aur bibil key chhandon key aadhar parr iss tarah key bhedbhaav kaa samarthan karane vaalon koo jawabi tark prastut karane key liye bibil kaa upayog kiya haye. unhone dou baar memphis mantri sangh key adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya haye, aur kaee sthaaniya gair-laabhkaari sangathanon key boardon mein baithate hain.
valeri kohain 1999 mein sahayak rabbi key roop mein shamil hue, aur 2003 taka seva kii, isase pahale kii way jackson, mississippi kii beth israel mandali key rabbi baney, aur baad mein versester, massachusets (2014 seey vartamaan) key temple emmanuel sinai baney. aadam bee. ohiyo raajya aur zavier vishvavidyalayon key snaatak aur hook mein niyukt grossman, sahayak rabbi key roop mein shamil hue. unhone pahale dayton, ohiyo key mandir israel mein ack rabbik intern key roop mein kaary kiya thaa. ketty aim. bauman, sent mein washington vishvavidyalaya key snaatak. lui, aur hook mein niyukt, sahayak rabbi key roop mein shamil hoe gaye. unhone pahale naachez, mississippi aur marrian, ohiyo mein, sinsinati, ohiyo key rockdale mandir mein ack cantor key roop mein aur nivaas mein mandir israel key kalakar aur shikshak key roop mein rabbin bhoomikaon mein kaam kiya thaa.
1990 aur 2000 key dashak key dauran israel key mandir mein sadasyata mein mamuli utaar-chadhaav kaa anubhav huaa, aur memphis mein sevaaon mein bhaag lene vaale lagbhag aadhe yahoodiyon ney vahaan pooja kii. 1995 mein, sadasyata 1,700 seey adhik parivarik ikaaiyon kii thee, aur 2004 taka, yeh 1,800 taka pahunch gaee thee, aur dhaarmik vidyalaya mein 800 chhaatr they. 2008 taka, school (jiska naam badalkar vendi aur evron foggleman dhaarmik school rakhaa gayaa) mein 500 chhaatr they, aur 2010 taka sadasyata 1,600 parivaaron seey cumm hoe gaee thee. phir bhee, yeh memphis mein ekmatra sudhaar aradhanalaya banaa rhaa, joe tenacy mein sabse badaa aur sabse purana aradhanalaya thaa, aur sanyukt raajya mein sabse badey sudhaar aradhanalayon mein seey ack thaa. , meeka greenstein varishth rabbi hain, jisamen sahayogi rabbi key roop mein bases wohlner, sahayak rabbi key roop mein jeremi simens, rabbi emeritus key roop mein hairi danziger aur cantor emeritus key roop mein johnn caplan hain.

