
gyumo sinha

gyumo sinwa () upanyason kaa ack sangrah haye, jise ack koriyai lekhak kima see-sayup (joe sejong dha grate key shasankal key dauran paida huaa thaa) dwara cheeni paatron mein likhaa gayaa haye. koria key adhikansh praarambhik saahitya kii tarah yeh koria key cheeni bhasha key saahitya kaa hissa haye.
yeh sheershak gyumo-saan seey aataa haye, joe aaj namson (gyongju) naamak sunhare kachhue kaa parvat haye, joe yongjang mandir kaa sthal thaa, jahan parampara key anusaar kima ney kahaaniyan likhin. yeh upanyaas cheeni ziandeng zinhua (deevat koo kaatate hue kahaaniyan, 1378) key baad likhaa gayaa haye, lekin yeh kewal ziandeng zinhua mein nihit karyon kaa ack pesticio naheen haye.
iss sangrah mein paanch kaalpanik upanyaas (<unk>, "jiyongi sosol") hainh "manboxa jiyopogi" (manbok mandir mein geopo kaa khel khelane key baare mein kahani), "yisong gyang-jiyon" (deewaar parr dekhane vaali yee kii jeevan kii kahani), "chviyu bubiyokjiyongi" (bubiok mandap mein peene kii kahani), "namyeombuji" (dakshin yombju key baare mein samachar patra), aur "yongung-baay-johnn" (ack dragon mahal mein ack dawat key baare mein aamantran).
lekhak.
gumo sinwa" key lekhak kima see-sayup (<unk> φ, 1435-1493) hain. unakaa shishtachar naam (<unk> "jaa") yolgiong (Â) haye, aur unhone chhadm naamon cheonghanja (Â), mevoldang (Â), aur dongbongsanin (Â) kaa upayog kiya. uttar mein seongyungwan key ack gaanv mein paida hue kima, joe uttar koria mein antim goryo aur joson rajvanshon key dauran sabse pramukh shaikshanik sansthaan thaa, ack asadharan roop seey ujjwal bachcha thaa. unhone ack paanch varsheeya key roop mein prasiddhi praapt kii joe mahaan shiksha aur maadhya key siddhant koo padhane aur samajhane mein saksham thaa. raajaa sejong key baare mein ack prasiddh kissa haye, jisane kima kii pratibha key baare mein sunkar kima koo resham dene aur usaki pratibha koo protsaahit karane key liye mahal mein bulaaya.
1455 mein, 17 saal kii umr mein, kima ney apani padhaai chhod dee aur yeh sunkar kii raajaa danjong ney apane chaacha suyang degun key liye simhaasan tyag diyaa, ack bauddh bhikshu bunn gaye. raajaa danzong 12 saal kii umr mein simhaasan parr aaya, aur usake chaacha suyang deggen ney 1453 mein raajaa key karibi sahyogiyon koo khatm karane key liye vidroh shuru kiya, satta parr kabja curr liya, aur antatah raajaa danzong seey simhaasan parr baithane key teen saal baad simhaasan parr kabja curr liya. jaba aisaa huaa, tou kima ney sarkari seva mein pravesh karane kii apani ichcha khou dee. isake bajaay, unhone pagal honey kaa naatak kiya aur ack awara jeevan vyateet kiya. kuchh samay baad, raajaa danjong koo simhaasan parr bahaal karane kii sajish rachane key liye chhah darbaariyon koo maar diyaa gayaa, aur ack kisse mein, kima ney mrit darbaariyon kii laashen ekatra keen kii loga unake paas jaane seey bahut darte they aur unhein noryangjin mein dafnaya. maare gaye chhah darbari sayuxin key roop mein jaane jaate hain (chhah praja joe raajaa danjong key prati wafadar rahane key liye maare gaye they), aur kima see-sayup senguxin mein seey ack bunn gayaa (jeevan chhah praja joe butch gaye aur raajaa danjong key prati wafadar rahey).   
ack sthaan seey dusare sthaan parr bhatakane aur kavita aur gadya likhane key baad, kima mount gyumo mein buss gaye aur ack bauddh bhikshu key roop mein rahate they. unhone bauddh dharmgranthon kaa anuvaad karane kii pariyojana mein bhaag liya, jise raajaa sejo ney shuru kiya thaa. yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii kima ney iss samay "gyumo sinwa" likhaa thaa, jaba kima 31 aur 36 (1465-1470) kii ayu key beach thaa. 
raajaa sejo kii mrityu key baad aur raajaa seongjong dwara uttaradhikari banane key baad, kima ney nae raajaa key tahat sarkari seva mein pravesh karane kii ummeed mein phir seey confucian classics kaa adhyayan karna shuru kiya aur seo jio-jiong seey sampark kiya, joe usa samay ack uchch sarkari pada parr they. haalaanki, sarkari seva mein pravesh karane mein asamarth, vaha bauddh dharm aur taovad kaa adhyayan karane aur kavita aur gadya likhane key liye ack baar phir chhip gaye. kaee varshon taka bhatakane key baad, kima 1493 mein mount haang mein mauryang mandir mein beemar parh gaye aur 59 varsh kii ayu mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
bhukhand.
"gyumo sinwa" mein cheeni varnon mein likhe gaye paanch upanyaas hain. yeye sabhi alaukik yaa avaastavik ghatnaaon kaa anubhav karane vaale logon key baare mein kaalpanik kahaaniyan hain. 
"manboxa jiyopogi" ack yuva vyakti key baare mein ack kahani haye, jiska upnaam yang haye, joe cumm umr mein anath hoe jaataa haye. manbok mandir mein ekant jeevan vyateet karate hue, vaha buddh key khilaf "geopo" kaa khel jeetata haye aur ack sunder mahila seey shaadi kartaa haye. lekin mahila vaastav mein ack bhoot haye joe ack aakraman key dauran marr gaee aur usey jald hii adholok mein jaanaa haye. apani bhootiya patni key saath alag honey key baad, yang uska shoke manaata haye aur apana shesh jeevan akele aur avivaahit bitaata haye.
"yeeseng gyujang-jiyon" yee aur lady chou kii prem kahani bataati haye. ack dinn, confucian classics kaa adhyayan karane key liye jaate samay, ack ghar key chaaron or ack deewaar koo dekhane key liye hotaa haye. vaha lady chou koo dekhta haye aur usase pyaar curr letaa haye. donon prem kavitaon kaa adaan-pradaan karate hain aur antatah shaadi curr lete hain. lekin unaki shaadi key turant baad, lady chou laal pagadi vidroh key dauran maar dee jaati haye. haalaanki, mrit mahila choi yee key ghar aatee haye, aur bhale hii yuu jaanata haye kii vaha ack bhoot haye, vaha pahale kii tarah usake saath ack khushahal jeevan vyateet kartaa haye. teen yaa chaar saal baad, lady chou iss duniya koo chhod detee haye, aur kaee maheenon baad yee beemar parh jaati haye aur marr jaati haye.
"chviyu bubiyokjeongi" ack yuvak key baare mein ack kahani haye jiska upnaam haang haye joe pyongyang mahal jaataa haye, jahan vaha nashe mein khush hocker kavita padhata haye aur ack "seonio" (purry) seey milata haye. purry usey apane baare mein bataati haih vaha gozosone key rishi raajaa geeja kii betty haye, joe jaba vimaan ney simhaasan parr kabja curr liya tou vaha uddeshyaheen roop seey bhatakane luggy aur antatah ack purry bunn gaee. vaha subah mein haang aur leave key saath kavita kii rachana aur paath karati haye. isake baad, hong beemar parh jaataa haye, purry koo phir seey dekhane key liye tarasata haye, aur ack amar devta banane kaa sapana dekhate hue gujar jaataa haye. 
"namyombujuji" ack yuvak key sapane key baare mein ack kahani haye, jiska upnaam buck haye, joe raajaa sejo key shasankal key dauran sivil seva pariksha key liye padh rhaa thaa. vaha buddh kii shikshaon aur bhooton key astitva key baare mein sandeh kartaa haye. phir ack dinn, vaha dakshin yomjubu jaane kaa sapana dekhta haye, joe bauddh narakon mein seey ack haye. vahaan vaha adholok key raajaa yomra seey milata haye. bauddh dharm, bhoot, rajneeti aur vibhinn anya vishayon key baare mein buck key saath baatchit karane key baad, yomra buck key gyaan aur junoon seey prabhaavit hotaa haye aur usake liye apani gaddi parr baith jaataa haye. buck apane sapane seey jaag jaataa haye lekin jald hii beemar parh jaataa haye aur marr jaataa haye. usaki mrityu key baad, buck key padosiyon key sapanon mein amar prani dikhaai dete hain aur unhein bataate hain kii buck adholok kaa agala raajaa hoga. 
"yonggung bione-rock" ack yuvak key baare mein ack kahani bataata haye jiska upnaam haan thaa, joe gorio rajvansh mein apane lekhan kaushal key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa, joe dragon raajaa key nimantran parr paani key neeche dragon mahal kaa daura kartaa thaa, joe bakian fauls mein rahata haye. ack shaam, haan koo dou darbari adhikaariyon dwara dragon palace mein leey jaaya jaataa haye, jahan dragon raajaa apani pratishtha kii prashansa kartaa haye aur usase ack imarat ("sanganyangamun") kii neenv key puuraa honey key samarohon key liye ack patra likhane kaa anurodh kartaa haye. patra likhane key baad, haan ack dawat kaa anand letaa haye aur mahal kaa daura kartaa haye. ghar lautane parr, usey ehsas hotaa haye kii joe kuchh bhee huaa vaha sirf ack sapana thaa. haan phir pahaadon mein jaataa haye aur ack sannyasi kii tarah rahata haye. 
visheshataaen aur mahatva.
"jiyongi sosol" (kaalpanik kathaa).
"gyumo sinwa" ack praarambhik koriyai kathaa haye, jise "jiyongi" (kalpana) upanyaas key sammelanon koo paripurna maanaa jaataa haye. "jiyongi" (<unk>) shaastriya cheeni saahitya kii ack shally haye joe tanga chean seey utpann hui haye. "jiyongi" upanyaas purvi asiai sinosphere key deshon jaise koria, japan aur viyatnam mein dekhe gaye aur pasand kiye gaye. choonki yeh kathaa key saath geetvaad koo jodata haye aur vibhinn shailiyon mein likhaa gayaa haye, isaliye yeh maulik roop seey usa samay key buddhijiviyon dwara sarahi jaane vaali ack saahityik shally haye. 
koriyai buddhijiviyon ney silla key anta aur praarambhik gorio rajvanshon mein "jiyongi" upanyaas likhana shuru kiya. lekin jaisa kii shally "siolva" (lock kathaa) key sambandh mein banaai gaee thee, iss samay avadhi kii praarambhik "jiyongi" kathaa kharaab likhi gaee mahsoos hoti haye, kyonki kathaanak, charitra nirmaan aur vistrit vivaran key sandarbh mein lock kathaaon kii ack majboot bhavna haye. jiyongi" kathaa key vyaakaran kaa upayog karate hue, kima ney "gyumo sinwa" mein "jiyongi" kathaa key shally sammelanon aur saundaryashastra mein kranti laa dee. gyumo sinwa" mein paripurna "jiyongi" kathaa key paaramparik vyaakaran mein 17veen shatabdi mein ack badaa badalaav aaya, jaba aakhyanon kii lambai mein vriddhi hui aur kathaanak samajik muddon koo pratibimbit karane lagey. haalaanki, roop aur samajik muddon key sandarbh mein "jiyongi" upanyason key sammelan 18veen aur 19veen shatabdi taka jaari naheen rahey, aur iss samay key "jiyongi" upanyaas abb koriyai saahitya key kendra mein naheen they. 
"gyumo sinwa" ack pratinidhi "" jiyongi "" kathaa haye, aur iss kaam mein paripurna shally kaa vyaakaran baad key koriyai saahitya koo prabhaavit kartaa rhaa, jisamen 16 veen shatabdi key sinn gwang-haan key laghu kathaa sangrah "" gijegi "" (gije kii ajib kahaaniyan) key saath-saath 17 veen shatabdi key "" jiyongi "" upanyaas jaise "" juseng-jiyon "" (juu kii kahani), "" unyong-jiyon "" (uniyong kii kahani), aur "" chou chiong-jiyon "" (chiong kii kahani) shamil hain.  isane "gunmong" jaise upanyason key lekhan koo bhee prabhaavit kiya. 
"gyumo sinwa" koo japan mein bhee pesh kiya gayaa thaa, aur "gyumo sinwa" mein kahaaniyon key roopaantaran 1666 mein likhe gaye ack laghu kathaa sangrah "otogiboko" (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk>
prishthabhoomi.
gyumo sinwa" key nirmaan seey sambandhit gharelu aur videshi donon prabhaavon koo dekhana mahatvapurna haye."gharelu prabhaavon key sandarbh mein," "gyumo sinwa" "koria kii pichhali saahityik paramparaon key tahat banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh vibhinn lock kathaaon seey prabhaavit thaa joe peedhiyon seey paarit kiye gaye they, jisamen bhooton, bhooton aur manushyon key baare mein lock kathaaen, aur gunee mahilaaen, saath hii saath cheeni paatron mein likhe gaye "choi chion" aur "gazian" (<unk>, vyaktigat roopak jeevani) jaise antim silla aur praarambhik gorio rajvanshon seey "jiyongi" kathaaen shamil theen. 
videshi prabhaavon key sandarbh mein, "gyumo sinwa" chean key "jiandeng shinhua" (lamp kii chhantai key liye naee kahaaniyan) seey bahut prabhaavit thaa. kima see-sayup ney "jiandeng shinhua" kii prashansa kii aur yahaan taka kii kaam kii sameeksha bhee likhi. "gyumo sinwa" vishayon aur kathaanak sanrachana key sandarbh mein "jiandeng shinhua" key majboot prabhaavon koo darshaata haye, lekin yeh ack saral nakal naheen haye. kima koo "jiyongi" kathaa key saundaryashastra aur visheshtaon kii gahari samajh thee, aur unaki asadharan saahityik pratibha aur rachnaatmaktaa kii parinati "gyumo sinha" key lekhan mein hui."   
visheshataaen.
"gyumo sinwa" mein nimnalikhit visheshtaen hain. sabse pahale, jabaki kaee shaastriya koriyai kathaaen chean mein sthaapit hain, "gyumo sinwa" mein kahaaniyan koria mein sthaapit hain, jaise kii gozozone, gorio aur joson rajvansh. paatr bhee koriyai hain, aur samay avadhi bhee yathaarthvaadi hain. doosara, kahaaniyon mein avaastavik aur shandar tatva hain, jaise kii bhoot, taovadi amar, yomra, dragon raajaa, yombuju aur dragon palace, joe vanchit aur ekal mukhya paatron kii peedaa aur peedaa koo moort roop dete hain. teesara, joe mukhya paatr alaukik duniya kaa swaad lete hain, way aksar jeevan seey thuck jaate hain aur antatah gujar jaate hain, aur isake parinamswarup kahaaniyan prakriti mein dukhad hoti hain. chautha, kahani key mukhya paatr durbhagya key bavjood bhee apani imandari aur nishtha banaae rakhate hain. satyanishtha aur nishtha parr iss tarah kaa jore lekhak kima see-sayup key anubhav seey sambandhit haye jaba raajaa sejo ney simhaasan parr kabja curr liya thaa. paanchvaan, kaee antahsthaapit kavitaaen aur kavyatmak lekhan shally paatron key maanas kaa vistrit vivaran pradaan karati hain aur kaam kii geetaatmak prakriti parr bhee jore detee hain.    
anya.
gyumo sinwa" key aadhunik punarvyakhyan mein chui inn-hunn kii laghu kahani "gyumo sinwa" (abb myunt gyumo seey naee filming kahaaniyan) (1963) aur sima saang-day key "sinn gyumo sinwa" (abb yuu film nyu gyumo sinwa) (1999-2004) key chaar khand shamil hain. ise iss tarah key pradarshanon mein bhee rupaantarit kiya gayaa thaah "geopo nori" (geopo kaa ack khel), lii haa-ryun dwara likhit aur 1981 mein prastut ack naatak; "yeeseng gyujang-jiyonh ijirolasa konnipun damnomio pigo" (yeeseng gyujang-jiyonh yojirolasa konnipune demnomio pigo) (yeeseng gyujang-jiyonh yojirolasa konipune-yang-yang-yang-yang-yang-yang dwara prastut kiya gayaa thaa.   
granth.
"gyumo sinwa" 15veen shatabdi key kaee aitihaasik abhilekhon mein dikhaai detaa haye, joe bataata haye kii ise joson rajvansh mein vyaapak roop seey padhaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, aisaa lagata haye kii yeh madhya-joson rajvansh key baad ack durlabh pustak bunn gaee haye, kyonki pustak kii pratiyon koo tou chhod dein, "gyumo sinwa" key record dhoondhana mushkil haye. kewal "yeeseng gyujang-jio" aur "manboxa jiyopogi" key granth aaj paae jaa sakate hain, kyonki "sindokje sutecbone jeongizip" (sindokje dwara sanshodhit kaalpanik kathaa sangrah) mein kima jip (<unk>, 1574-1656) dwara likhit nau kahaaniyon mein seey dou.   
"gyumo sinwa" koo 1592 seey 1598 taka koria key japani akramanon key dauran japan mein bhee pesh kiya gayaa thaa. yeh niji swaamitva mein thaa aur 1653 taka anand liya gayaa thaa, jaba ise lakadi key tukade key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh sanskaran mool lipi bunn gayaa jise 1653,1660 aur 1673 mein japan mein punarmudrit kiya gayaa thaa aur "gyumo sinwa" poore japan mein vyaapak roop seey padhaa jaane lagaa. 1884 mein, tokyo mein kaee sameekshaon key saath "gyumo sinwa" kaa ack nayaa sampaadit sanskaran prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. chou naam-saine, jinhone pustak kii ack prati dekhi, ney 1927 mein patrika "jimeong" khand 19 mein pustak key photoprint prakaashit karke "gyumo sinwa" koo koria mein vaapas pesh kiya. 1990 key dashak taka, "gyumo sinwa" kaa yeh sanskaran mukhya roop seey koria mein prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa.
1999 mein, yoon chuna-nyon (<unk>, 1514-1567) dwara prakaashit ack sanskaran, jaba unhone 1546 seey 1567 taka mudran karyalaya key upa nideshak key roop mein kaary kiya, chean mein dalian pustakalaya mein khoja gayaa thaa. isake baad, iss sanskaran koo sabse achchi sanrakshit prati key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa.  

