
tunel

tunel (istambul parivahan maanchitra parr aff2 line key roop mein naamit) istambul, turkey mein ack aitihaasik bhoomigat funicular line haye. isake dou station hain, joe karakoy aur beyolu koo jodate hain. yeh surang phosphorus key saath sunhare seeng key sangam key paas seey oopar kii or jaati haye aur lagbhag lambi haye. 17 janwari, 1875 koo udghaatan kiya gayaa, tunel duniya mein doosara sabse purana poori tarah seey bhoomigat shahari railway haye, landan bhoomigat (1863) key baad aur mahadvipiya europe mein sabse purana haye, joe 21 saal pahale seey buddepest metro seey pahale kaa haye.
itihas.
19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein peraa (aadhunik samay key beyolu) aur galata (aadhunik samay key karakoy) key pados constantinople (aadhunik samay key istanbul) aur ottoman samrajya kaa vittiya aur vaanijyik kendra bunn gaye they. kaee ottoman aur videshi companiyon, jyaadaatar bainkon aur beema companiyon ney inn donon padoson mein apana mukhyalaya sthaapit kiya. peraa mein videshi dutawas, hotal aur vaanijyik bajar ack khadee pahaadi kii choti parr sthit they, jabaki galata mein stock exchange, baink aur bandargah sabse neeche they. inn donon jilon key beach yatra karna chunautipurna thaa, kyonki grade 24 pratishat key barabar they. inn donon kshetron key beach kii mukhya sadak, uxec kaldirim (oonchi footpath) avenue mein pratidin ausatan 40,000 loga oopar aur neeche chalate-firate dekhe jaate they.
1867 mein ack francisi engineer, eugene-heinry gawand, ack paryatak key roop mein istanbul (constantinople) gaye. apani yatra key dauran, vaha uxec kaldirim avenue key oopar aur neeche sangharsh curr rahey logon kii sankhya koo dekhkar hairan reh gaye. gawand koo ack funicular railway banaane kaa vichaar aaya joe pahaadi parr chadhaai karega aur neeche utarega aur apani pariyojana taiyar karane key liye jald hii france vaapas chalaa gayaa. vaha farwari 1868 mein apani pariyojana koo shandar bandargah key saamane prastut karane key liye constantinople mein laut aae. railway galata mein galata pull key karib ack bindu parr uxec kaldirim avenue key paas seey shuru hogi.
10 juuna 1869 koo sultan abdulaziz ney railway key nirmaan key liye gawand koo riyayat dee. unhone railway key nirmaan key liye ack company shuru karane key liye france mein sharedharakon key saath kaam kiya, lekin antatah france parr russie aakraman ney ack francisi-adharit company kaa gathan asambhav banaa diyaa.
yuddh key dauran, gawand united kingdam gaye aur line koo vikasit karane key liye "constantinople kaa mahanagariya railway" banaaya. nirmaan 30 julaai 1871 koo shuru huaa lekin bhoomi maalikon aur company key beach sangharsh key kaaran isamen deree hui. surang disambar 1874 taka poori naheen hui thee, aur anta mein 17 janwari 1875 koo seva key liye khol dee gaee thee. udghaatan samaroh mein gawand vishesh roop seey anupasthit thaa.
metropolitan railway company ney 1904 mein ack naee 75-varsheeya riyayat praapt kii. 1911 mein, kuchh parivartanon key baad, tunel key adhikaaron koo nae bahurashtriya sangh, "union ottoman society dee 'intrepises electrics aeye constantinople" koo sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. jisamen tunel, traum aur ottoman sanyukt stock electric company shamil thee. 1939 mein ise nae aaee. ee. tii. tii. (<unk>stanbul electric tramway way tunnel) parivahan sangathan mein shamil curr liya gayaa. 
1968 mein surang koo navinikaran key liye bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1971 mein ise phir seey khol diyaa gayaa, jiska aadhunikikaran aur vidyuteekaran kiya gayaa. 2007 mein bhookamp kii sambhavana vaale shahar mein apane bhookampiya pratirodh koo majboot karane key liye tunel koo phir seey bahaal kiya gayaa thaa. 
aaj bhee, laghu line nagarpalika parivahan network kaa ack mahatvapurna ghatak haye.
varnan.
iss surang mein ack eent seey bunny surang haye joe lambi, chaudi aur oonchi haye. isake donon chhor parr ack station haih
oopari station nichale station key oopar haye.
surang kaa dhaal isaki lambai key saath 2 pratishat seey 15 pratishat taka bhinn hotaa haye. mool roop seey dou samanantar patariyon key saath nirmit, aadhunik tunel mein ack ekal patariyon key saath beach mein ack passing loop haye, ack chhota duplexes khand haye, jahaan dou trains saath-saath gujarati hain.
rolling stock.
mool rolling stock mein dou lakadi kii dou-kaar trains shamil theen. ack kaar yaatriyon key liye aarakshit thee, jisamen dou shreniyon koo purushon aur mahilaaon key liye alag-alag vargon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. doosari kaar kaa upayog saman, jaanvaron aur gaadiyon key parivahan key liye kiya jaataa thaa. prerak shakti bhaap injanon dwara pradaan kii gaee thee.
1971 mein lakadi key dibbon koo dou vidyuteekrit steel kaaron key saath badal diyaa gayaa thaa joe concreet patariyon parr vaayaviya tyres parr chalati theen, iss prakaar rubber-tyre metro key samaan ise "rubber-tyre funicular" kahaa jaa sakata thaa.
2007 mein ack rolling stock kii ack naee peedhi koo parichaalan mein laaya gayaa thaa. aaj pratyek kaar 170 yaatriyon koo leey jaa sakati haye aur adhikatam gati seey yatra curr sakati haye. oopar seey neeche kii yatra mein lagbhag dedh minut lagate hain, jisamen samanya prateeksha samay saadhe teen minut hotaa haye. 2021 mein pahali mahila chaalak tunel key karmchaariyon mein shamil hui.