
martin luther king junier.

martin luther king junier. (janm michael king junier.15 janwari, 1929-4 aprail, 1968) ack americi baptist mantri aur karyakarta they joe 1955 seey 4 aprail, 1968 koo unaki hatyaa taka nagrik adhikaar andolan mein sabse pramukh netaaon mein seey ack they.raajaa ney ahinsa aur nagrik avagya key madhyam seey sanyukt raajya mein rung key logon key liye nagrik adhikaaron koo unnat kiya. apane isai vishvaason aur mahatma gaandhi kii ahinsak sakriyata seey prerit hocker, unhone sanyukt raajya mein zim kauve kaanoonon aur bhedbhaav key anya roopon key khilaf lakshit, ahinsak pratirodh kaa netritva kiya.
raajaa ney matdan key adhikaar, algaav, shram adhikaaron aur anya nagrik adhikaaron key liye marchon mein bhaag liya aur unakaa netritva kiya. unhone 1955 mein montgomeri buss bahishkaar kaa nireekshan kiya aur baad mein dakshini isai netritva sammelan (aiss. see. ell. see.) key pahale adhyaksh baney. aiss. see. ell. see. key adhyaksh key roop mein, unhone albany, georgia mein asafal albany andolan kaa netritva kiya aur birmingham, alabama mein 1963 key kuchh ahinsak virodh pradarshanon koo aayojit karane mein madad kii. raajaa 1963 mein washington parr march key netaaon mein seey ack they, jahan unhone linken smaarak kii seedhiyon parr apana "aaee haiv aeye dream" bhaashan diyaa thaa. nagrik adhikaar andolan ney 1964 key nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam, 1965 key matdan adhikaar adhiniyam aur 1968 key nishpaksh awas adhiniyam mein mahatvapurna vidhaayi laabh hassil kiye.
aiss. see. ell. see. ney una tarikon aur sthaanon koo chunkar kuchh safalata key saath ahinsak virodh kii ranneeti koo vyavhaar mein laaya, jinamen virodh pradarshan kiye gaye they. algavvadi adhikaariyon key saath kaee naatakiya gatirodh they, jinhone aksar hinsak pratikriya dee. raajaa kaee baar jail gaye. sanghiya jaanch beuro (aff. bee. aaee.) key nideshak jey. edger hoover raajaa koo ack kattarpanthi maanate they aur unhein 1963 seey aage aff. bee. aaee. key cointelpro kaa ack uddeshya banaa diyaa. aff. bee. aaee. agents ney sambhaavit saamyavaadi sambandhon key liye unaki jaanch kii, unake vyaktigat jeevan kii jasusi kii aur gupt roop seey unhein darj kiya. 1964 mein, aff. bee. aaee. ney raajaa koo ack dhamki bharaa anaam patra bheja, jise unhone aatmahatya karane key prayaas key roop mein vyakhya kii.
14 octuber, 1964 koo raajaa ney ahinsak pratirodh key madhyam seey nasleeya asamaanta kaa mukabala karane key liye nobel shaanti puraskar jeetaa. 1965 mein, unhone teen selma seey montgomeri marchon mein seey dou koo aayojit karane mein madad kii. apane antim varshon mein, unhone garibi, poonjeevaad aur viyatnam yuddh key prati virodh koo shamil karane key liye apana dhyaan kendrit kiya. 1968 mein, raajaa washington key rashtriya kabje kii yojana banaa rahey they.see., jise garib logon kaa abhiyaan kahaa jaanaa chaahiye, jaba 4 aprail koo memphis, tenacy mein unaki hatyaa curr dee gaee thee. unaki mrityu key baad rashtriya shoke manaaya gayaa, saath hii kaee yuu. mein dangon kaa kaaran banaa.aiss. shaharon mein. raajaa koo maranoparant 1977 mein swatantrata kaa rashtrapati padak aur 2003 mein congress kaa swarn padak diyaa gayaa thaa. martin luther king junier. 1971 mein shuru honey vaale iss dinn koo poore sanyukt raajya key shaharon aur raajyon mein ack avkash key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa; sanghiya avkash pahali baar 1986 mein manaaya gayaa thaa. yuu. aiss. mein saikadon sadakon parr.aiss. unake sammaan mein unakaa naam badal diyaa gayaa haye, aur washington mein king county koo unake liye phir seey samarpit kiya gayaa thaa. martin luther king junier. washington mein rashtriya maull parr smaarak, dee.see., 2011 mein samarpit kiya gayaa thaa.
praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha.
janm.
raajaa kaa janm michael raajaa junier key roop mein huaa thaa. 15 janwari, 1929 koo, atlanta, georgia mein, michael king aur alberta king () key teen bachchon mein seey doosara. raajaa kii ack badee bahan, christine raajaa faris aur ack chhota bhaai, alfred daniel "aeye" thaa. dee."raajaa. alberta key pitaa, addam daniel williams, graameen georgia mein ack mantri they, 1893 mein atlanta chaley gaye, aur agale varsh ebenezer baptist church key paadari bunn gaye. williams ney jannie celest park seey shaadi kii. raajaa shree. shercropper james albert aur georgia key stockbridge key raajaa delia key ghar paida hue aur african-ayrish vansh key they. apane kishoravastha mein, raajaa shree. apane maataa-pitaa key khet koo chhodkar atlanta chaley gaye jahan unhone uchch vidyalaya kii shiksha praapt kii, aur mantralaya mein pravesh key liye adhyayan karane key liye morehouse college mein dakhila liya. raajaa shree. aur alberta ney 1920 mein detting shuru kii, aur 25 navambar, 1926 koo shaadi kii. 1941 mein jannie kii mrityu taka, way alberta key maataa-pitaa key dou manjila victorian ghar kii doosari manjil parr ack saath rahate they, jahan raajaa kaa janm huaa thaa.
alberta seey shaadi karane key turant baad, raajaa shree. ebenezer church key sahayak paadari baney. varishth paadari williams kii mrityu 1931 key vasant mein hui aur usa patan mein raajaa shree. bhoomika nibhai. apani patni key mahatvapurna samarthan key saath, vaha samay key saath upasthiti koo chhah sou seey badhaakar kaee hazaar curr dega. 1934 mein, church ney raajaa shree koo bheja. baptist vishva gathbandhan (bee. doubleu. aeye.) kii congress kii baithak key liye berlin sahit ack bahurashtriya yatra parr. unhone sudhaar netaa martin luther seey judey germany key sthalon kaa bhee daura kiya. vahaan, raajaa shree. aur bee. doubleu. aeye. pratinidhiyon ney naziwad key uday koo dekhaa. pratikriya mein, bee. doubleu. aeye. ney ack prastaav jaari kiya jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa, "yeh congress swargiya pitaa bhagwan key kaanoon key ullanghan, sabhi nasleeya dushmani, aur yahoodiyon key prati, rangeen logon key prati, yaa duniya key kissy bhee hisse mein vishay naslon key prati utpeedan yaa anuchit bhedbhaav key harr roop key roop mein ninda aur ninda karati haye."agast 1934 mein ghar lautane parr, raajaa shree. apana naam badalkar martin luther king aur apane paanch saal key bete kaa naam badalkar martin luther king junier curr diyaa.
praarambhik bachpan.
apane bachpan key ghar mein, raajaa aur unake dou bhaai-bahan apane pitaa key nirdesh parr bible koo jore seey padhate they. vahaan ratribhoj key baad, raajaa kii daadi jannie, jinhen vaha pyaar seey "maama" key roop mein sandarbhit karate they, apane potey-potiyon koo bible seey jeevant kahaaniyan sunaati theen. raajaa key pitaa apane bachchon koo anushaasit karane key liye niyamit roop seey chabukon kaa upayog karate they. kabhi-kabhi, raajaa shree. unake bachche bhee ack-dusare koo chabuk maarenge. baad mein raajaa key pitaa ney tippani kii, "jaba bhee aap usey chabuk maarte they, [raajaa] sabse ajib bachcha thaa. vaha vahaan khadaa rahata, aur aansuu beh jaate, aur vaha kabhi naheen rotaa."ack baar, jaba raajaa ney apane bhaai koo dekhaa.dee. apani bahan christine koo bhaavnaatmak roop seey pareshan karate hue, usane ack telephone liya aur ack phone khatkhataaya.dee. isake saath. jaba vaha aur uska bhaai apane ghar parr khel rahey they, aeye.dee. ack barani seey fisalkar apani daadi jannie koo maar daala, jisase vaha anuttardaayi hoe gaee. raajaa ney usey mrit maanate hue khud koo doshi thaharaaya aur doosari manjil kii khidki seey koodkar aatmahatya karane kaa prayaas kiya. yeh sunkar kii usaki daadi jeevit haye, raajaa uthh khadaa huaa aur usa jameen koo chhod diyaa jahan vaha gir gayaa thaa.
raajaa kii dosti ack gorey ladke seey hui, jisake pitaa key paas apane parivaar key ghar seey sadak key paar ack vyavasaay thaa. sitambar 1935 mein, jaba ladke lagbhag chhah saal key they, unhone school shuru kiya. raajaa koo kaale bachchon key liye ack school, yong street praathamik vidyalaya mein jaanaa padata thaa, jabaki unake karibi saathi kewal gorey bachchon key liye ack alag school mein jaate they. isake turant baad, gorey ladke key maataa-pitaa ney raajaa koo apane bete key saath khelane kii anumati denaa bund curr diyaa, aur kahaa, "humm safed hain, aur aap rangeen hain. jaba raajaa ney apane maataa-pitaa koo iss ghatana key baare mein bataaya, tou unhone america mein gulami aur naslavaad key itihas key baare mein unake saath ack lambi charcha kii. yuu. mein ashwet logon koo jiss nafrat, hinsa aur utpeedan kaa saamana karna padaa thaa, usake baare mein jaanane parr.aiss.baad mein raajaa ney kahaa kii vaha "harr gorey vyakti seey nafrat karane key liye dridh thaa. usake maataa-pitaa ney usey nirdesh diyaa kii sabhi seey pyaar karna uska isai kartavya haye.
raajaa ney apane pitaa koo algaav aur vibhinn prakaar key bhedbhaav key khilaf khade hotey dekhaa. ack baar, jaba ack pulis adhikaari ney raajaa shree koo sandarbhit kiya. ladke" key roop mein, raajaa key pitaa ney teekha jawab diyaa kii raajaa ack ladka thaa lekin vaha ack aadami thaa. jaba raajaa key pitaa unhein shahar key atlanta mein ack jooton kii dukaan mein leey gaye, tou clerk ney unhein bataaya kii unhein peechhe baithane kii jarurat haye. raajaa key pitaa ney yeh kahate hue incar curr diyaa kii "humm yaa tou yahaan baithe joote kharidenge yaa humm koee bhee jootaa bilkul naheen kharidenge", raajaa koo lene aur dukaan seey baahar nikalane seey pahale. baad mein usane raajaa seey kahaa, "mujhe parwah naheen haye kii mujhe iss vyavastha key saath kaba taka rehna haye, main ise kabhi sweekaar naheen karunga."1936 mein, raajaa key pitaa ney matdan key adhikaaron key bhedbhaav key virodh mein atlanta mein city holl mein nagrik adhikaar march mein saikadon african amerikiyon kaa netritva kiya. baad mein raajaa ney tippani kii kii raajaa shree. unake liye way ack vaastavik pitaa they.
raajaa ney paanch saal kii umr taka bhajanon koo yaad kiya aur gaaya, aur bible key chhand bataae. agale varsh, unhone apani maan key saath church key karyakramon mein jaanaa shuru kiya aur piano bajaate hue bhajan gaanaa shuru kiya. unake gaane key liye pasandida bhajan thaa "main yeeshu kii tarah adhik seey adhik banana chaahata huun"; unhone apane gaayan key saath upasthit logon koo sthanantarit curr diyaa. baad mein raajaa apane church mein kanishth gaayak mandal kaa sadasya bunn gayaa. raajaa ney opera kaa anand liya aur piano bajaaya. jaise-jaise vaha badaa huaa, raajaa ney shabdakoshon koo padhane seey ack badee shabdawali praapt kii aur lagaatar apane vistaar shabdakosh kaa upayog kiya. vaha apane pados mein ladakon key saath shaaririk jhagadon mein parh gayaa, lekin aksar jhagadon koo rokane key liye apane shabdon key gyaan kaa upayog kartaa thaa. raajaa ney vyaakaran aur vartani mein ruchi kii kamee dikhaai, ack visheshta jise vaha apane poore jeevan mein leey gaye. 1939 mein, raajaa ney "havaa key saath chalaa gayaa" film key atlanta premiere mein sabhi safed darshakon key liye gulam poshak mein apane church key gaayak mandal key sadasya key roop mein gaaya. sitambar 1940 mein, 11 saal kii umr mein, king koo saatvin kaksha key liye atlanta vishvavidyalaya prayogshala vidyalaya mein namankit kiya gayaa thaa. vahaan rahate hue, raajaa ney violine aur piano kaa paath liya, aur apane itihas aur angreji kakshaon mein gahari ruchi dikhaai.
18 maee, 1941 koo jaba raajaa ack pared dekhane key liye ghar parr padhaai karane seey door chaley gaye they, tou unhein bataaya gayaa kii unaki naani key saath kuchh huaa haye. ghar lautane parr, usey pataa chalaa kii usey dill kaa daura padaa thaa aur aspatal leey jaate samay usaki mrityu hoe gaee. unhone maut koo bahut mehnat seey liya aur vishvaas kiya kii pared dekhane jaane kaa unakaa dhokha bhagwan dwara usey leey jaane key liye jimmedaar hoe sakata haye. raajaa ney apane ghar kii doosari manjil kii khidki seey koodkar khud koo maarne key prayaas mein phir seey butch gaye. usake pitaa ney usey apane shayankaksh mein nirdesh diyaa kii raajaa koo usaki mrityu key liye khud koo doshi naheen thaharaana chaahiye, aur usey bhagwan kii yojana key hisse key roop mein bhagwan kaa ghar kahaa gayaa thaa jise badala naheen jaa sakata thaa. raajaa ney isake saath sangharsh kiya, aur poori tarah seey vishvaas naheen curr sakaa kii usake maataa-pitaa koo pataa thaa kii usaki daadi kahaan gaee thee. isake turant baad, raajaa key pitaa ney parivaar koo ack pahaadi parr dou manjila eent key ghar mein sthanantarit karane kaa faisala kiya, joe shahar key kendra mein atlanta kii or dekhaa gayaa thaa.
kishoravastha.
apane kishoravastha mein, unhone shuru mein "nasleeya upman" key kaaran goron key khilaf narajgi mahsoos kii, jise unhein, unake parivaar aur unake padosiyon koo aksar alag-thalag dakshin mein sahana padata thaa. 1942 mein, jaba raajaa 13 saal key they, way "atlanta journal" key liye ack samachar patra vitaran station key sabse cumm umr key sahayak prabandhak bunn gaye. usa varsh, raajaa ney nauvin kaksha chhod dee aur booker tii mein namankit hoe gaye. washington hyee school, jahan unhone bee-plus ausat banaae rakhaa. african-americi chhatron key liye shahar mein uchch vidyalaya ekmatra thaa. raajaa key daadaa (williams) sahit sthaaniya ashwet netaaon ney atlanta kii shahar sarkaar seey ise banaane kaa aagrah kiya thaa.
jaba raajaa kaa paalan-poshan ack baptism lene vaale ghar mein kiya gayaa thaa, taba raajaa kishoravastha mein pravesh karate hii isai dharm key kuchh daavon parr sandeh karane lagaa. unhone apane pitaa key church mein prachaar kii jaane vaali shaabdik shikshaon parr sawal uthaana shuru curr diyaa. 13 saal kii umr mein, unhone ravivaar key school key dauran yeeshu key shaaririk punrutthan seey incar kiya. raajaa ney kahaa kii vaha apane church mein aksar honey vaale mandalon key bhaavnaatmak pradarshan aur haav-bhaavon seey khud koo pahchaanane mein asamarth paaya, aur sandeh kiya kii kyaa vaha kabhi dharm seey vyaktigat santushti praapt karega. baad mein unhone apane jeevan mein iss bindu key baare mein kahaa, "sandeh lagaatar badhane lagey."
hyee school mein, raajaa apani saarvajanik bolane kii kshamata key liye jaane jaane lagey, ack aisee aavaaj key saath joe ack orotand barritone mein vikasit hoe gaee thee. vaha school kii bahas team mein shamil honey key liye aage badhe. raajaa itihas aur angreji key prati sabse adhik aakarshit rahey, aur school mein rahate hue angreji aur samajshastra koo apane mukhya vishay key roop mein chunaa. raajaa ney prachur matra mein shabdawali banaae rakhee. lekin, vaha apani bahan, christine parr nirbhar thaa, taaki vaha usaki vartani mein usaki madad curr sakey, jabaki raajaa ney usey ganit mein sahaayata kii. way hyee school seey christine key snaatak honey taka niyamit roop seey iss tareeke seey adhyayan karate they. raajaa ney fashion mein bhee ruchi vikasit kii, aamtaur parr khud koo achchi tarah seey polish kiye gaye patent chamade key joote aur tweed soot mein sajaaya, jisase unhein apane doston key beach "tweed" yaa "tweedy" upnaam milaa. unhein ladkiyon key saath flirt karane aur nritya karane kii aur bhee zyaadaa pasand hoe gaee. uska bhaai aeye. dee. baad mein tippani kii, "vaha ack choohe seey dusare choohe taka udataa rhaa, aur maine faisala kiya kii main usake saath naheen reh sakata. vishesh roop seey jaba seey vaha nritya key baare mein pagal thaa, aur shahar mein sabse achchha jitterbug key baare mein."
13 aprail, 1944 koo apane kanishth varsh mein, raajaa ney ack vaktaa pratiyogita key dauran apana pahala saarvajanik bhaashan diyaa, jise doublin, georgia mein duniya key behtar paropkari aur surakshaatmak crum dwara praayojit kiya gayaa thaa. apane bhaashan mein unhone kahaa, "kaalaa america abhee bhee janjir pahanata haye. sabse achchha nigro sabse neech safed aadami kii dayaa parr haye. hamaare sarvocch sammaan key vijeta bhee varg rung patti kaa saamana karate hain."raajaa koo pratiyogita key vijeta key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa. buss seey atlanta key ghar kii sawari parr, unhein aur unake shikshak koo chaalak dwara khade honey kaa adesh diyaa gayaa taaki safed yatri baith sakein. buss key chaalak ney raajaa koo "ack kutte kaa kaalaa betaa" kahaa. raajaa ney shuru mein incar curr diyaa lekin usake shikshak dwara usey bataae jaane key baad kii aggar vaha chaalak key nirdeshon kaa paalan naheen kartaa haye tou vaha kaanoon toda dega. jaise hii sabhi seeten bharee hui theen, unhein aur unake shikshak koo atlanta kii or vaapas jaane key liye baaki drive parr khade honey key liye majboor honah padaa. baad mein raajaa ney ghatana key baare mein likhaa, "vaha raat merrie smriti koo kabhi naheen chhodegi. yeh merey jeevan mein sabse adhik krodhit thaa."
adhik-ghar college.
hyee school mein raajaa key junier varsh key dauran, morehouse college-ack aitihaasik roop seey ashwet college jisamen raajaa key pitaa aur naana ney bhaag liya thaa-ney hyee school key juniyaron koo sweekaar karna shuru curr diyaa jinhone school kii pravesh pariksha utteern kii thee. jaise hii dwiteeya vishva yuddh chala rhaa thaa, kaee ashwet college key chhatron koo yuddh mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, jisase morehouse college mein chhatron kii sankhya cumm hoe gaee thee. isaliye, vishvavidyalaya kaa uddeshya kanishthon koo aavedan karane kii anumati dekar apane chhatron kii sankhya badhaana thaa. 1944 mein, 15 saal kii umr mein, raajaa ney pravesh pariksha utteern kii aur usa sharad ritu mein school key mausam key liye vishvavidyalaya mein namankit hue.
garmiyon mein raajaa ney morehouse mein apana nayaa saal shuru karane seey pahale, vaha apane dost-amet "veezel" proctor-aur anya morehouse college key chhatron key ack samooh key saath ack train mein savaar hue, joe simsbury, connecticut mein, cullman brothers tambaku (ack sigar vyavasaay) key tambaku farm mein kaam karate they. yeh raajaa kii pahali yatra thee joe alag-alag dakshin seey ekikrit uttar mein thee. juuna 1944 mein apane pitaa raajaa koo likhe ack patra mein desh key dou hisson key beach unake beach matbhedon key baare mein likhaa thaa, "yahaan hamaare raaste mein hamane kuchh aisee cheejen dekhi joe maine kabhi naheen dekhi theen. washington seey gujarane key baad koee bhedbhaav naheen thaa. yahaan key gorey loga bahut achche hain. humm jahan chaahen vahaan jaate hain aur jahan chaahen vahaan baithate hain."chhatron ney adhik aavaasiya mahavidyalaya mein apani shaikshik laagat pradaan karane mein saksham honey key liye khet mein kaam kiya, kyonki khet ney vishvavidyalaya key shikshan, awas aur anya shulkon key liye apane vetan aavantit karane key liye college key saath bhagidari kii thee. saptah key dinon mein raajaa aur anya chhaatr kheton mein kaam karate they, subah 7 baje seey shaam cumm seey cumm 5 baje taka tambaku uthaate they, 100 degree fahrenheit seey adhik tapman koo sahan karate hue, lagbhag prati dinn 4 americi dollar kamaate they. shukravaar kii shaam koo, raajaa aur anya chhaatr doodh key tukade lene aur filmein dekhane key liye shahar key simsbury kaa daura karate they, aur shaniwar koo way hartford, connecticut, theatre pradarshan dekhane, kharidari karane aur restaraan mein khaane key liye yatra karate they. pratyek ravivaar koo way church kii sevaaon mein bhaag lene key liye hartford jaate they, ack church mein joe safed mandaliyon seey bharaa hotaa thaa. raajaa ney apane maataa-pitaa koo connecticut mein algaav kii kamee key baare mein likhaa, yeh bataate hue kii kaise vaha aashcharyachakit thaa kii way "hartford key sabse achche restaraan mein seey ack" mein jaa sakate they aur "nigro aur gorey ack hii church mein jaate hain.
unhone vahaan nae football khele. 1947 mein morehouse mein apane antim varsh seey pahale garmiyon mein, 18 varsheeya raajaa ney mantralaya mein pravesh karane kaa faisala kiya. college mein apane poore samay key dauran, raajaa ney isake adhyaksh, baptism mantri benjamin mez key margadarshan mein adhyayan kiya, jinhen baad mein unhone apane "aadhyatmik maargdarshak" honey kaa shreya diyaa. raajaa ney nishkarsh nikala thaa kii church ney "manavata kii seva karane key liye ack aantarik aagrah" kaa jawab dene key liye sabse aashvast karane vaalaa tarika pesh kiya thaa. unaki "aantarik ichcha" vikasit honey luggy thee, aur unhone baptist church key saath shaanti sthaapit kii, kyonki unakaa maanana thaa kii way updeshon key saath ack "tarksangat" mantri honge joe "vichaaron key liye ack sammaanjanak shakti, yahaan taka kii samajik virodh bhee they."king ney unnis varsh kii ayu mein 1948 mein samajshastra mein snaatak (bee. aeye.) key saath morehouse seey snaatak kiya.
dhaarmik shiksha, mantralaya, vivaah aur parivaar.
crosure dhaarmik seminary.
raajaa ney oopari bhoomi, pensylvania mein crosure dharamshastriya madarse mein dakhila liya. raajaa key pitaa ney unaki shiksha jaari rakhane key unake nirnay kaa puuraa samarthan kiya aur raajaa key liye pramukh crosure alam, jey. key saath kaam karane kii vyavastha kii. payas barber, ack parivarik mitra joe paas key chester, pensylvania mein calvery baptist church mein paster thaa. raajaa koo "kalwari key putron" mein seey ack key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, ack sammaan joe unhone villium augustus johns junier key saath saajha kiya. aur saimuel dee. proctor joe donon kaale church mein prasiddh prachaarak bunn gaye.
crosure mein bhaag lete samay, raajaa key saath morehouse mein ack poorv sahpathi walter mccall bhee shamil hoe gaye. crosure mein, raajaa koo chhaatr nikaay kaa adhyaksh chunaa gayaa. adhikansh bhaag key liye crosure key african-americi chhatron ney edward street parr apani samajik gatividhi kaa sanchaalan kiya. raajaa koo sadak pasand aaa gaee kyonki ack sahpathi kii ack chaachi thee joe unake liye laal rung kii sabjiyaan taiyar karati thee, jiska way donon anand lete they.
raajaa ney ack baar apane kamare mein bear rakhane key liye ack aur chhaatr koo fatkaar lagaate hue kahaa kii african amerikiyon key roop mein "nigro jaati key bojh" koo sahan karane kii jimmedaari unake oopar thee. kuchh samay key liye, vaha walter rushenbush key "samajik susamachar" mein ruchi rakhate they. crosure mein apane teesare varsh mein, raajaa ack apravasi german mahila kii safed betty key saath prem mein parh gayaa, joe cafeteria mein aahar visheshagya key roop mein kaam karati thee. raajaa ney usase shaadi karane kii yojana banaai, lekin doston key saath-saath raajaa key pitaa ney isake khilaf salah dete hue kahaa kii ack antarjaatiya vivaah kaale aur gorey donon seey dushmani koo bhadkaayega, jisase dakshin mein kabhi bhee ack church koo pastering karane kii sambhavana koo nuksan hoga. raajaa ney rote hue ack dost koo bataaya kii vaha shaadi parr apani maan key dard koo sahan naheen curr sakata thaa aur chhah maheene baad rishta toda diyaa. vaha jiss mahila koo chhod gayaa thaa, usake prati usaki bhaavanaaen bunny raheen; ack dost ney kahaa, "vaha kabhi thheek naheen huaa."hairi belafonte sahit anya doston ney kahaa kii betty" "raajaa key jeevan kaa pyaar thaa."raajaa ney divyata key snaatak key saath snaatak kiya (bee.dive.) 1951 mein degree. unhone devatva key school mein doctorate karane key liye edinberg vishvavidyalaya mein aavedan kiya. edinberg ney ack prastaav diyaa thaa lekin unhone isake bajaay boston koo chunaa.
boston vishvavidyalaya.
1951 mein, king ney boston vishvavidyalaya mein vyavasthit dharamshastra mein doctorate adhyayan shuru kiya. doctorate kii padhaai karate hue, raajaa ney villium hunter hester key saath boston key aitihaasik baarahaven baptist church mein sahayak mantri key roop mein kaam kiya. hester raajaa key pitaa kaa purana mitra thaa aur raajaa parr uska mahatvapurna prabhaav thaa. boston mein, raajaa ney apani umr key sthaaniya mantriyon key ack chhote seey cadder seey dosti kii, aur kabhi-kabhi unake churchon mein atithi paadari key roop mein kaam kiya, jisamen michael heins, roxbury mein baarahaven baptist church mein sahayogi paadari (aur jaiz drummer roy heins key chhote bhaai) shamil they. yuva aksar apane vibhinn aavason mein dharamshastra, upadesh shally aur samajik muddon parr charcha karate hue bull satra aayojit karate they.
king ney 1952 aur 1953 mein ack lekha pariksha chhaatr key roop mein harvard vishvavidyalaya mein darshan kii kakshaon mein bhaag liya.
1954 mein 25 saal kii umr mein, raajaa koo montgomeri, alabama mein dextor avenue baptist church key paadari key roop mein bulaaya gayaa thaa. raajaa ney 5 juuna, 1955 koo ack shodh prabandh (shuru mein edger aiss dwara paryavekshit) key saath apani phd kii degree praapt kii. briteman aur, baad vaale kii mrityu parr, lotton harrold devolf dwara) "paul tillich aur heinry nelson weeman kii soch mein bhagwan kii avadhaaranaon kii tulanaa" sheershak.
octuber 1991 mein ack akaadamik jaanch ney nishkarsh nikala kii unake doctorate shodh prabandh key kuchh hisson koo saahityik chori curr liya gayaa thaa aur unhone anuchit tareeke seey kaam kiya thaa. halanki, samiti ney kahaa kii dow. key nirsan parr koee vichaar naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye. raajaa kii doctorate kii degree, ack aisee kaarravaai joe panel ney kahaa kii koee uddeshya puuraa naheen karegi."samiti ney paaya kii shodh prabandh abhee bhee" chhatravritti mein ack buddhiman yogdan detaa haye."abb vishvavidyalaya key pustakalaya mein aayojit raajaa key shodh prabandh kii prati key saath ack patra sanlagn kiya gayaa haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii sroton key uchit uddharanon aur uddharanon key binaa kaee ansh shamil kiye gaye they. raajaa kii saahityik chori kii vyakhya kaise kii jaae, iss parr mahatvapurna bahas maujood haye.
shaadi aur parivaar.
boston vishvavidyalaya mein adhyayan karate samay, unhone atlanta key mairi powell naamak ack dost seey poochha, joe nyu ingland conservatory off music mein ack chhaatra thee, kyaa vaha kissy achchi dakshini ladkiyon koo jaanati thee. pavel ney saathi chhaatr corta scott seey poochha kii kyaa vaha devatva kaa adhyayan curr rahey ack dakshini dost seey milane mein ruchi rakhti haye. scott koo pracharakon key saath detting karane mein koee dilchaspi naheen thee, lekin antatah vaha pavel key vivaran aur wouching key aadhar parr martin koo usey telephone karane kii anumati dene key liye sahmat hoe gayaa. unake pahale phone coll parr, raajaa ney scott seey kahaa, "main aapke aakarshan seey pahale waterloo mein napolean kii tarah huun", jiss parr usane jawab diyaa, "aap mujhase mille bhee naheen hain."way usaki hurry chaabi mein khajur key liye baahar gaye. doosari tarikh key baad, raajaa nishchit thaa kii usake paas way guna they joe usane ack patni mein maange they. vaha ack snaatak chhaatr key roop mein antioc mein ack karyakarta rahee theen.
raajaa ney 18 juuna, 1953 koo koratta scott seey apane grihnagar haibargar, alabama mein apane maataa-pitaa key ghar key lonn mein shaadi kii. way chaar bachchon key maataa-pitaa baneh yolanda raajaa (1955-2007), martin luther raajaa III (b. 1957), dextor scott king (bee. 1961), aur bernis king (bee. 1963). unaki shaadi key dauran, raajaa ney nagrik adhikaar andolan mein coretta kii bhoomika koo seemit curr diyaa, aur unase ack grihini aur maan honey kii ummeed kii.
disambar 1959 mein, paanch saal taka montgomeri mein rahane key baad, raajaa ney aiss. see. ell. see. key anurodh parr atlanta mein apani vaapsee kii ghoshana kii. atlanta mein, raajaa ney apani mrityu taka ebenezer baptist church mein apane pitaa key saath saha-paadari key roop mein seva kii, aur dakshin mein nagrik adhikaar andolan kaa vistaar karane mein madad kii.
sakriyata aur sangathanaatmak netritva.
montgomeri buss bahishkaar, 1955.
dextor avenue baptist church, jahan raajaa koo 1954 mein mantri key roop mein bulaaya gayaa thaa, montgomeri, alabama, african-americi samudaay mein prabhaavshaali thaa. church key paadari key roop mein, vaha montgomeri aur aspas key kshetra mein apane vaktaa prachaar key liye jaane jaane lagey.
march 1955 mein, claudet colvin-montgomeri mein ack pandrah varsheeya ashwet schooly chhaatra-ney zim kauve kaanoonon, dakshini sanyukt raajya mein sthaaniya kaanoonon kaa ullanghan karate hue ack gorey aadami koo apani buss seat dene seey incar curr diyaa, jisane nasleeya algaav koo lagu kiya. raajaa birmingham african-americi samudaay kii usa samiti mein they jisane mamle koo dekhaa; ee. dee. nixon aur clifford dur ney aage badhane key liye ack behtar mamle kii prateeksha karane kaa faisala kiya kyonki ghatana mein ack nabalig shamil thaa.
nau maheene baad 1 disambar, 1955 koo isi tarah kii ack ghatana hui jaba rossa park koo shahar kii buss mein apani seat chhodane seey incar karane key liye giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. inn donon ghatnaaon key kaaran montgomeri buss kaa bahishkaar huaa, jiska aagrah aur yojana nixon ney banaai aur raajaa ney iska netritva kiya. raajaa apane bees key dashak mein thaa, aur usane abhee-abhee apani lipic bhoomika nibhai thee. anya mantriyon ney unhein netritva kii bhoomika nibhaane key liye kahaa kyonki samudayik netritva key prati unaki saapeksh naveenata ney unake liye bolna aasaan banaa diyaa. raajaa bhoomika nibhaane mein sankoch curr rahey they, lekin aggar koee aur naheen chaahata tou aisaa karane kaa faisala kiya.
bahishkaar 385 dinon taka chalaa aur sthiti itani tanaavpurna hoe gaee kii raajaa key ghar parr bambari curr dee gaee. raajaa koo 25 meal prati ghante kii doori parr 30 meal prati ghante kii doori parr yatra karane key liye giraftar kiya gayaa thaa aur iss abhiyaan key dauran jail mein daal diyaa gayaa thaa, jisane ratonrat rashtriya media kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya, aur raajaa key saarvajanik qada mein bahut vriddhi kii. vivaad taba samaapt huaa jaba sanyukt raajya kii jilaa adalat ney "brouder banaam" mein ack faisala jaari kiya. geyale "jisane sabhi montgomeri saarvajanik bason parr nasleeya algaav koo pratibandhit kiya. ashweton ney phir seey bason kii sawari shuru kii, aur poorna kanuni pradhikaran key saath saamane baithane mein saksham they.
buss bahishkaar mein raajaa kii bhoomika ney unhein ack rashtriya vyakti aur nagrik adhikaar andolan key sabse prasiddh pravakta mein badal diyaa.
dakshini isai netritva sammelan.
1957 mein, raajaa, ralf ebernathi, fred shuttleworth, joseph lovri aur anya nagrik adhikaar kaaryakartaon ney dakshini isai netritva sammelan (aiss. see. ell. see.) kii sthaapana kii. nagrik adhikaar sudhaar kii seva mein ahinsak virodh pradarshan karane key liye kaale churchon key naitik adhikaar aur sangathit shakti kaa upayog karane key liye samooh banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh samooh raajaa key saath dosti karane vaale prachaarak billy graham key dharmyuddhon seey prerit thaa, saath hii saath raajaa sahyogiyon steinly levison aur elaa becker dwara sthaapit mitrata mein samooh key rashtriya ayojan seey bhee prerit thaa. raajaa ney apani mrityu taka aiss. see. ell. see. kaa netritva kiya. aiss. see. ell. see. kii 1957 kii swatantrata key liye prarthana tirthayatra pahali baar thee jaba raajaa ney rashtriya darshakon koo sambodhit kiya thaa. raajaa key saath sclc mein shamil anya nagrik adhikaar netaaon mein shamil theh james bevel, ellen johnson, curtis doubleu. harris, walter ee. funtroy, see. tii. vivian, andreau young, swatantrata gaayak, cleveland robbinson, randolf blackwell, annie bell robbinson devine, charles kenji steel, alfred daniel williams king, benjamin hook, aaron heinry aur bared rustin.
gaandhi samaaj.
hairi watchtell raajaa key kanuni salaahkaar clarence bee mein shamil hoe gaye. johns ney manhani mamle mein aiss. see. ell. see. key chaar mantriyon kaa bachaav kiya. vee. sullivan "; mamla akhbar key vigyaapan key baare mein daayar kiya gayaa thaa" unaki badhati awazon parr dhyaan dein.  vactail ney mukadame key kharchon koo puuraa karane aur dhana ugaahane key adhik prabhaavi sadhanon key madhyam seey ahinsak nagrik adhikaar andolan kii sahaayata key liye ack curr-mukt nidhi kii sthaapana kii. iss sangathan kaa naam "manvadhikaron key liye gaandhi samaaj" rakhaa gayaa thaa. raajaa ney samooh key liye maanad adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya. vaha usa gati seey nakhush they jiska upayog rashtrapati kenedi algaav key mudde koo sambodhit karane key liye curr rahey they. 1962 mein, raajaa aur gaandhi samaaj ney ack dastavej taiyar kiya jisamen rashtrapati seey abraham linken key nakshekadam parr chalane aur nagrik adhikaaron key liye ack tarah kii doosari mukti ghoshana key roop mein ack jhataka dene key liye ack karyakari adesh jaari karane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa. kenedi ney adesh koo nishpaadit naheen kiya.
aff. bee. aaee. attorney general robbert aff. key likhit nirdesh key tahat thaa. 1963 key anta mein jaba isane raajaa kii telephone line kaa upayog karna shuru kiya tou kenedi chintit thaa kii aiss. see. ell. see. mein communists key saarvajanik aarop prashaasan kii nagrik adhikaar pahal koo patari seey utaar denge. unhone raajaa koo inn sanghon koo bund karane kii chetavani dee aur baad mein likhit nirdesh jaari karane key liye majboor mahsoos kiya joe aff. bee. aaee. koo raajaa aur anya aiss. see. ell. see. netaaon koo wiretap karane key liye adhikrit kartaa thaa. aff. bee. aaee. key nideshak jey. edger hoover koo nagrik adhikaar andolan kaa darr thaa aur unhone saamyavaadi ghuspaith key aaropon kii jaanch kii. jaba iska samarthan karane key liye koee saboot saamane naheen aaya, tou aff. bee. aaee. ney agale paanch varshon mein tape parr pakade gaye aakasmik vivaranon kaa upayog apane cointelpro karyakram key hisse key roop mein, raajaa koo apane netritva kii sthiti seey baahar nikaalane key prayason mein kiya. 
raajaa kaa maanana thaa kii zim kauve kaanoonon key roop mein jaani jaane vaali dakshini algaav kii pranali key khilaf sangathit, ahinsak virodh kaale samaantaa aur matdan adhikaaron key liye sangharsh key vyaapak media coverage kaa netritva karega. patrakaarita key lekhon aur dakshini ashweton dwara peedit dainik abhaav aur upman key television footage, aur algavvadi hinsa aur nagrik adhikaar shramikon aur march karane vaalon key utpeedan ney sahanubhutipurna saarvajanik raay kii ack lahar paida kii jisane adhikansh amerikiyon koo aashvast kiya kii 1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein americi rajneeti mein nagrik adhikaar andolan sabse mahatvapurna mudda thaa.
raajaa ney ashweton key matdan key adhikaar, algaav, shram adhikaaron aur anya buniyaadi nagrik adhikaaron key liye march kaa ayojan kiya aur unakaa netritva kiya. inmein seey adhikansh adhikaaron koo 1964 key nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam aur 1965 key matdan adhikaar adhiniyam key paarit honey key saath sanyukt raajya key kaanoon mein safaltapurvak lagu kiya gayaa thaa.
aiss. see. ell. see. ney una tarikon aur sthaanon koo ranneetik roop seey chunkar badee safalata key saath ahinsak virodh kii ranneeti koo vyavhaar mein laaya jisamen virodh pradarshan kiye gaye they. algavvadi adhikaariyon key saath aksar naatakiya gatirodh hotey they, joe kabhi-kabhi hinsak hoe jaate they.
chaku hamale, 1958 mein butch gayaa.
20 sitambar, 1958 koo raajaa harlem mein blumstein key department store mein apani pustak 'stride toured friedam' kii pratiyon parr hastakshar curr rahey they, jaba vaha maut seey butch gaye. izola curry-ack mansik roop seey beemar kaali mahila jise lagaa kii raajaa communists key saath usake khilaf sajish curr rhaa haye-ney usey ack later opener seey chhaati mein chaku maar diyaa, joe lagbhag mahadhamani parr lagaa huaa thaa. raajaa koo pulis adhikaariyon all howard aur phillip romano dwara praathamik chikitsa pradaan kii gaee. king ney teen doctors key saath aapaatkaaleen sergery karaaih aubre dee lambert menard, emil naclerio aur johnn doubleu. vee. cordis; vaha kaee hafton taka aspatal mein bharti rahey. curry koo baad mein mukadame mein khade honey key liye mansik roop seey aksham paaya gayaa.
atlanta dharna, jail kii sajaa aur 1960 key chunaav.
georgia key governor ernest vandiver ney 1959 key anta mein raajaa kii apane grihnagar lautane key prati khuli shatruta vyakt kii. unhone daavaa kiya kii "jahan bhee aim. ell. raajaa junier.usake baad apraadhon kii ack lahar aaee haye, "aur raajaa koo nigrani mein rakhane kii kasam khaai. 4 maee, 1960 koo, apani vaapsee key kaee maheenon baad, raajaa ney lekhak lillion smith koo emory vishvavidyalaya mein leey jaaya jaba pulis ney unhein roque diyaa. raajaa koo "binaa licenses key gaadi chalaane" key liye uddhrit kiya gayaa thaa kyonki unhein abhee taka georgia licenses jaari naheen kiya gayaa thaa. raajaa kaa albama licenses abhee bhee maanya thaa, aur georgia kaanoon ney sthaaniya licenses jaari karane key liye kissy bhee samay seema koo anivarya naheen kiya thaa. raajaa ney jurmana diyaa lekin vaha iss baat seey anjaan thaa kii uska vakeel ack yachika saude key liye sahmat hoe gayaa jisamen parivikshaadheen sajaa bhee shamil thee.
iss beach, atlanta chhaatr andolan march 1960 seey atlanta dharna-pradarshan kaa ayojan karate hue shahar mein vyavsaayon aur saarvajanik sthaanon koo alag karane key liye kaam curr rhaa thaa. agast mein andolan ney raajaa koo ack saamoohik octuber dharna mein bhaag lene key liye kahaa, yeh ujagar karane key liye kii kaise 1960 key rashtrapati chunaav abhiyaan ney nagrik adhikaaron kii andekhi kii thee. kaarravaai kaa samanvit dinn 19 octuber koo huaa. raajaa ney ameeron key restaraan, atlanta key sabse badey department store key ander ack dharna mein bhaag liya, aur usa dinn giraftar kiye gaye kaee logon mein seey ack thaa. adhikaariyon ney agale kuchh dinon mein raajaa koo chhodkar sabhi koo riha curr diyaa. apane parivikshaadheen yachika saude kaa ahwan karate hue, nyayadhish jey. auskar michel ney 25 octuber koo raajaa koo chaar maheene key kathin shram kii sajaa sunai. agale dinn subah honey seey pahale, raajaa koo usaki county jail kothri seey leey jaaya gayaa aur georgia raajya jail mein leey jaaya gayaa.
giraftari aur kathor sajaa ney rashtravyapi dhyaan aakarshit kiya. kaee logon koo raajaa kii suraksha kaa darr thaa, kyonki unhone hinsak apraadhon key doshi logon key saath jail kii sajaa shuru kii, jinamen seey kaee gorey they aur unaki sakriyata key prati shatrutapurna they. donon rashtrapati pada key ummidvaaron koo aise samay mein vichaar karane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa jaba donon dall dakshini goron aur governor vandiver sahit unake raajneetik netritva kaa samarthan curr rahey they. nixon, jinake saath raajaa kaa pahale karibi sambandh thaa, ney jackie robbinson key vyaktigat daure key bavjood ack bayaan dene seey incar curr diyaa. nixon key pratidvandi johnn aff. kenedi ney seedhe rajyapal (ack loktaantrik) koo bulaaya, raajya key adhikaariyon parr adhik dabaav daalane key liye apane bhaai robbert koo soochibaddh kiya, aur sargent shriver key vyaktigat anurodh parr, raajaa kii patni koo apani sahaanubhooti vyakt karane aur apani madad kii peshkash karane key liye phone kiya. kenedi aur anya logon kaa dabaav prabhaavi saabit huaa, aur raajaa koo dou dinn baad riha curr diyaa gayaa. raajaa key pitaa ney 8 navambar key chunaav key liye kenedi kii ummidwari kaa khule taur parr samarthan karane kaa faisala kiya, jisamen unhone cumm antar seey jeet hassil kii.
19 octuber key dharna-pradarshan aur ashanti key baad, atlanta mein prithakkaran vaarta key liye 30 dinon key yuddhaviram kii ghoshana kii gaee. haalaanki, baatchit whiffle hoe gaee aur kaee maheenon taka dharna aur bahishkaar joron parr phir seey shuru hoe gaye. 7 march, 1961 koo, raajaa sahit ashwet bujurgon key ack samooh ney chhaatr netaaon koo soochit kiya kii ack sauda hoe gayaa haih shahar key dopahar key bhojan key counter 1961 key anta mein schools key adalat dwara anivarya prithakkaran key sanyojan key saath alag hoe jaayenge. kaee chhaatr iss samjhaute seey nirash they. 10 march koo vaaran memorial methodist church mein ack badee baithak mein, darshak bujurgon aur samjhaute key prati shatrutapurna aur nirash they. raajaa ney taba pratibhagiyon koo "anaikyata kii cancer roga" kaa virodh karane aur tanaav koo shaant karane mein madad karane key liye ack bhavpurn bhaashan diyaa.
albany andolan, 1961.
albany andolan navambar 1961 mein albany, georgia mein gathit ack prithakkaran gathbandhan thaa. disambar mein, raajaa aur sclc shamil hoe gaye. iss andolan ney shahar key bheetar algaav key harr pahalu parr vyaapak roop seey ahinsak hamale key liye hajaaron nagrikon koo jutaaya aur rashtravyapi dhyaan aakarshit kiya. jaba raajaa pahali baar 15 disambar, 1961 koo aae they, tou unhone "ack yaa ack dinn rahane aur salah dene key baad ghar lautane kii yojana banaai thee."agale dinn vaha shantipurna pradarshankariyon kii saamoohik giraftari mein beh gayaa, aur usane taba taka jamaanat dene seey incar curr diyaa jaba taka kii shahar riyaayaten naheen dey detaa. raajaa key anusaar, "usa samjhaute kaa shahar dwara upman kiya gayaa thaa aur uska ullanghan kiya gayaa thaa" jaba vaha shahar seey chalaa gayaa.
raajaa julaai 1962 mein laute aur unhein paintalis dinn jail mein rahane yaa 178 dollar key jurmaane kaa vikalp diyaa gayaa; unhone jail kaa chunaav kiya. sajaa key teen dinn baad, pulis pramukh laurie prichet ney samajhadaari seey raajaa key jurmaane kaa bhugtan karane kii vyavastha kii aur usey riha karane kaa adesh diyaa. "hamane logon koo lunch counter stool seey laat maarte dekhaa thaa... churchon seey baahar nikaal diyaa gayaa... aur jail mein daal diyaa... lekin pahali baar, hamane jail seey baahar nikaale jaane koo dekhaa."baad mein raajaa kendra ney sweekaar kiya kii billy graham vaha thaa jisane iss dauran raajaa koo jail seey baahar nikala thaa.
kuchh thhos parinamon key saath lagbhag ack saal kii teevra sakriyata key baad, andolan bigadana shuru hoe gayaa. raajaa ney ahinsa koo badhaava dene aur naitik uchch aadhar banaae rakhane key liye sabhi pradarshanon koo rokane aur "tapasya divas" kaa anurodh kiya. ashwet samudaay key bheetar vibhajan aur sthaaniya sarkaar dwara cumm mahatvapurna pratikriya ney prayason koo parajit kiya. haalaanki raajaa aur rashtriya nagrik adhikaar andolan key liye ranneeti mein ack pramukh sabak saabit huaa, rashtriya media haar mein raajaa kii bhoomika kii atyadhik aalochana kartaa thaa, aur aiss. see. ell. see. key parinamon kii kamee ney sangathan aur adhik kattarpanthi aiss. aine. see. see. key beach badhati khaai mein yogdan diyaa. albany key baad, raajaa ney pahale seey maujood sthitiyon mein pravesh karane key bajaay, sclc key liye vyastataon koo chunane kii maang kii, jisamen vaha paristhitiyon koo niyantrit curr sakata thaa.
birmingham abhiyaan, 1963.
aprail 1963 mein, aiss. see. ell. see. ney birmingham, alabama mein nasleeya algaav aur aarthik anyaay key khilaf ack abhiyaan shuru kiya. abhiyaan mein ahinsak lekin jaanboojhkar takraav kii ranneeti kaa upayog kiya gayaa, jise kuchh hudd taka vyaat tii walker dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. birmingham mein ashwet loga, sclc key saath sangathit hocker, saarvajanik sthaanon parr julus aur dharna-pradarshan key saath kabja curr liya, khule taur parr una kaanoonon kaa ullanghan kiya jinhen way anyaaypurna maanate they.
raajaa kaa irada saamoohik giraftari koo uksana aur "ack aisee sthiti paida karna thaa joe itane sankat seey bharee hui thee kii yeh anivarya roop seey baatchit key liye dwaar khol dega."abhiyaan key shuruati swayamsevak shahar koo bund karane yaa pulis kii kaarrvaaiyon kii or media kaa dhyaan aakarshit karane mein safal naheen hue. ack anishchit raajaa kii chintaon parr, aiss. see. ell. see. rannitikar james bevel ney pradarshanon mein shamil honey key liye bachchon aur yuva vayaskon kii bharti karke abhiyaan kaa maarg badal diyaa. "newsweak" ney iss ranneeti koo bachchon kaa dharmayuddh kahaa.
virodh pradarshan key dauran, birmingham pulis vibhaag ney eugene "bail" key netritva mein, bachchon sahit pradarshankariyon key khilaf uchch dabaav vaale paani key vimaanon aur pulis kutton kaa istemal kiya. pulis kii pratikriya key footage koo rashtriya television samacharon parr prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa aur rashtra key dhyaan parr haavi hoe gayaa thaa, jisane kaee shwet amerikiyon koo chaunka diyaa aur andolan key peechhe ashwet amerikiyon koo majboot kiya. aiss. see. ell. see. key spasht iradon key bavjood sabhi pradarshankari shantipurna naheen they. kuchh mamalon mein, darshakon ney pulis parr hamla kiya, jinhone balpurvak jawab diyaa. bachchon koo nuksan pahunchaane key liye raajaa aur aiss. see. ell. see. kii aalochana kii gaee. lekin abhiyaan safal rahah connor ney apani naukari khou dee, "zim kauve" key sanket neeche aaa gaye, aur saarvajanik sthaan ashweton key liye adhik khule hoe gaye. raajaa kii pratishtha mein bahut sudhaar huaa.
raajaa koo abhiyaan kii shuruat mein giraftar curr liya gayaa aur jail bhej diyaa gayaa-29 mein seey unaki 13veen giraftari. apani kothri seey, unhone abb prasiddh "birmingham jail seey patra" likhaa joe samajik parivartan key liye kanuni chainalon koo aage badhaane key liye andolan parr coll kaa jawab detaa haye. iss patra koo "ack aadhunik raajneetik kaidi dwara likhe gaye sabse mahatvapurna aitihaasik dastavejon mein seey ack" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. raajaa kaa tark haye kii naslavaad kaa sankat bahut jaruri haye, aur vartamaan pranali bhee majboot haih "humm dardanaak anubhav key madhyam seey jaanate hain kii swatantrata kabhi bhee utpeedak dwara swechha seey naheen dee jaati haye; isaki maang utpeediton dwara kii jaani chaahiye."way bataate hain kii boston tii party, americi upaniveshon mein vidroh kaa ack prasiddh kaary, avaidh savinay avagya thee, aur isake vipareet," adolph hitler ney germany mein joe kuchh bhee kiya vaha 'kanuni' thaa."sanyukt auto shramikon key adhyaksh walter rayther ney raajaa aur unake saathi pradarshankariyon koo baahar nikaalane key liye 160,000 dollar kii vyavastha kii.
1963 mein washington parr march.
aiss. see. ell. see. kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale raajaa, "badey chhah" nagrik adhikaar sangathanon key netaaon mein seey they, jinhone naukariyon aur swatantrata key liye washington parr march key sangathan mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, joe 28 agast, 1963 koo huaa thaa. badey chhah mein shamil anya netaa aur sangathan rangeen logon kii unnati key liye rashtriya sangh key roy wilkins they; whiteney young, rashtriya shahari leag; aeye. phillip randolf, sou rahey kaar kuliyon kaa bhaichara; johnn luis, aiss. aine. see. see.; aur james ell. kisan junier., nasleeya samaantaa kii congress.
bared rustin kii khuli samalaingikta, samaajvaad kaa samarthan, aur communist party yuu. aiss. aeye. key saath unake poorv sambandhon ney kaee gorey aur african-americi netaaon koo raajaa seey jung seey doori banaane kii maang karane key liye prerit kiya, joe raajaa karane key liye sahmat hoe gaye. haalaanki, unhone 1963 mein washington parr march mein sahyog kiya, jisake liye rustin praathamik rasad aur ranneetik aayojak they. raajaa key liye, yeh bhoomika ack aur thee jisane vivaad paida curr diyaa, kyonki vaha una pramukh hastiyon mein seey ack they jinhone sanyukt raajya america key rashtrapati johnn aff kii ichchhaon koo sweekaar kiya. march kaa dhyaan badalane mein kenedi.
kenedi ney shuru mein march kaa virodh kiya, kyonki unhein chinta thee kii yeh nagrik adhikaar kaanoon key paarit honey key liye abhiyaan koo nakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit karega. halanki, aayojak iss baat parr dridh they kii march aage badhega. aage badhane key saath, kenedi ney faisala kiya kii isaki safalata sunishchit karane key liye kaam karna mahatvapurna haye. rashtrapati kenedi koo chinta thee kii matdan 100,000 seey cumm hoga. isaliye, unhone atirikt church netaaon aur sanyukt automobile shramikon key adhyaksh walter rayther kii sahaayata koo soochibaddh kiya, taaki iss kaaran key liye pradarshankariyon koo jutaane mein madad mill sakey.
march kii mool roop seey dakshini yuu mein ashweton kii hatash sthiti koo naatakiya banaane key liye ack ghatana key roop mein kalpana kii gaee thee.aiss. aur rashtra kii rajdhani mein satta key sthaan key saamane ayojakon kii chintaon aur shikayaton koo spasht roop seey rakhane kaa avsar. ayojakon kaa irada nagrik adhikaaron aur nagrik adhikaar shramikon aur ashweton kii shaaririk suraksha kii raksha karane mein viphalata key liye sanghiya sarkaar kii ninda karna thaa. samooh ney rashtrapati key dabaav aur prabhaav koo sweekaar curr liya, aur ghatana ney antatah bahut cumm kathor swar liya. natijatan, kuchh nagrik adhikaar kaaryakartaon ney mahsoos kiya kii yeh nasleeya sadbhaav kii ack galat, swachchh pratiyogita prastut kartaa haye; malcum aiks ney ise "washington parr prahasan" kahaa, aur islam key rashtra ney apane sadasyon koo march mein bhaag lene seey manaa curr diyaa.
march ney vishisht maangen keenh saarvajanik schools mein nasleeya algaav kaa anta; saarthak nagrik adhikaar kaanoon, jisamen rojgar mein nasleeya bhedbhaav koo pratibandhit karane vaalaa kaanoon shamil haye; nagrik adhikaar shramikon koo pulis kii krurta seey sanrakshan; sabhi shramikon key liye $2 nyuntam majdoori (); aur washington key liye swa-sarkaar, dee.see., phir congress samiti dwara shaasit. tanaav key bavjood, march ack shandar safalata thee. vibhinn jaatiyataon key ack chauthai seey adhik logon ney iss karyakram mein bhaag liya, joe linken smaarak kii seedhiyon seey laker rashtriya maull aur pratibimbit pool key aspas faila huaa thaa. usa samay, yeh washington mein pradarshankariyon kii sabse badee sabhaa thee.see.'itihas.
meraa ack sapana haye.
raajaa ney 17 minut kaa bhaashan diyaa, jise baad mein "aaee haiv aaa dream" key roop mein jaanaa gayaa. bhaashan key sabse prasiddh ansh mein, joe sambhavatah mahaliya jackson key sanket parr unake taiyar paath seey alag hoe gayaa thaa, joe unake peechhe chillaya thaa, "unhein sapane key baare mein bataaen!"raajaa ney kahaah
"aaee haiv aeye dream" koo americi vaktritva key itihas mein sabse achche bhashanon mein seey ack maanaa jaane lagaa. march, aur vishesh roop seey raajaa key bhaashan ney sanyukt raajya mein sudharakon key agende mein nagrik adhikaaron koo sheersh parr rakhane mein madad kii aur 1964 key nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam koo paarit karane mein sahaayata kii.
bhaashan kii mool typewrite kii gaee prati, jiss parr raajaa key hastalikhit nott bhee shamil hain, 1984 mein ayova vishvavidyalaya key pahale african-americi basketball coach george rawaling key haathon mein paaee gaee thee. 1963 mein, taba 26 saal key, revelling munch key paas khade they, aur bhaashan key turant baad, aaveg seey raajaa seey poochha kii kyaa vaha apane bhaashan kii prati leey sakate hain, aur unhein yeh mill gayaa.
sent. augustein, florida, 1964.
march 1964 mein, raajaa aur aiss. see. ell. see. ney sent mein robbert hayling key tatkalin vivadaspad andolan key saath senaa mein shamil hoe gaye. augustein, florida. helling kaa samooh nakp seey sambaddh thaa, lekin ahinsak ranneeti key saath-saath sashastr aatmaraksha kii vakaalat karane key liye sangathan seey baahar hoe gayaa thaa. haalaanki, shantivadi aiss. see. ell. see. ney unhein sweekaar curr liya. raajaa aur aiss. see. ell. see. ney shwet uttari kaaryakartaon koo sent mein laane key liye kaam kiya. augustin, jisamen rabbiyon kaa ack pratinidhimandal aur massachusets key governor kii 72 varsheeya maan shamil theen, sabhi koo giraftar curr liya gayaa thaa. juuna key dauran, andolan ney raat mein shahar key madhyam seey march kiya, "aksar clan dwara prati pradarshanon kaa saamana karna padaa, aur hinsa koo uksaayaa jisane rashtriya media kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya."saikadon juluskaariyon koo giraftar curr jail bhej diyaa gayaa. iss andolan key dauran 1964 kaa nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam paarit kiya gayaa thaa.
bidford, maine, 1964.
7 maee, 1964 koo, raajaa ney sent francis college key "nigro aur pehchaan kii khoj" mein bolly, bidford, maine mein. yeh ack aisee sangoshthi thee jisane dorothy day aur roy wilkins jaise kaee nagrik adhikaar netaaon koo ack saath laaya. raajaa ney iss baare mein baat kii kii kaise hamein ahinsak ranneeti key madhyam seey "shreshth aur nimn naslon key vichaar seey chhutkara paanaa chaahiye".
newyork shahar, 1964.
6 farwari, 1964 koo, raajaa ney "americi daud sankat" naamak nae school mein shuru kii gaee ack vyakhyan shrinkhala kaa udghaatan bhaashan diyaa. agast 2013 mein, lagbhag 50 saal baad, school ney ack audio tape kii khoj kii jisamen 15 minut key prashn-uttar satra key saath raajaa key sambodhan kaa anusaran kiya gayaa. inn tippaniyon mein, raajaa ney haal hii mein jawaharlal nehru key saath hui ack baatchit kaa ullekh kiya jisamen unhone kaee african amerikiyon kii dukhad sthiti kii tulanaa bhaarat key achhooton seey kii. mool bhaashan recording 1989 mein amherst college key abhilekhagar aur vishesh sangrhon mein audiotape key sangrah kaa hissa haye. raajaa key bhaashan kaa prasaran amherst key chhaatr dwara sanchaalit radio station, wamph (abb vaamh) parr kiya gayaa thaa. tape koo 2015 key anta mein digitise kiya gayaa thaa aur nae school abhilekhagar key saath saajha kiya gayaa thaa. 18 march, 1964 koo robbert paine vaaran key sakshatkar mein, raajaa ney ahinsa mein apane prashikshan koo ack pramukh antar bataate hue apani sakriyata kii tulanaa apane pitaa seey kii. vaha nagrik adhikaar andolan aur ekikaran key agale charan parr bhee charcha karate hain.
1964 mein atlanta mein scripto hadtaal.
navambar 1964 mein shuru hue, raajaa ney abnezer baptist seey kuchh hii blocks mein, atlanta key meethe eburn pados mein scripto karkhane mein kaee sou shramikon key netritva mein ack shram hadtaal kaa samarthan kiya. kaee hadtaal karane vaale unake church key mandaliyon mein bhee they, aur hadtaal koo shahar key anya nagrik adhikaar netaaon dwara samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa. raajaa ney shram vivaad koo sthaaniya seey rashtriya star parr gyaat karyakram mein badhaane mein madad kii aur aiss. see. ell. see. koo scripto utpaadon key rashtravyapi bahishkaar kaa ayojan karane key liye prerit kiya. haalaanki, jaise hii hadtaal disambar taka badhee, raajaa, joe selma, albama mein ack nagrik adhikaar abhiyaan parr adhik dhyaan kendrit karna chaahte they, ney scripto key adhyaksh carle gaayak key saath gupt roop seey baatchit shuru kii aur antatah ack sauda kiya jahaan aiss. see. ell. see. hadataali karmchaariyon koo chrismus bonus dene vaali company key badale mein unakaa bahishkaar bund curr dega. hadtaal mein raajaa kii bhagidari 24 disambar koo samaapt hui aur company aur sangh key beach agale varsh 9 janwari koo ack anubandh parr hastakshar kiye gaye.
selma matdan adhikaar andolan aur "khooni ravivaar", 1965.
disambar 1964 mein, raajaa aur aiss. see. ell. see. ney selma, alabama mein chhaatr ahinsak samanvaya samiti (aiss. aine. see. see.) key saath senaa mein shamil hoe gaye, jahan aiss. aine. see. see. kaee maheenon seey matadaata panjikaran parr kaam curr rhaa thaa. ack sthaaniya nyayadhish ney ack nishedhagya jaari kii joe aiss. aine. see. see., aiss. see. ell. see., dee. see. vee. ell., yaa 41 naamit nagrik adhikaar netaaon mein seey kissy seey sambaddh teen yaa adhik logon key kissy bhee sabhaa parr pratibandh lagaati haye. iss nishedhagya ney nagrik adhikaaron kii gatividhi koo asthaayi roop seey taba taka roque diyaa jaba taka kii raajaa ney 2 janwari, 1965 koo braun chappel mein bolkar isaki avahelana naheen kii. 1965 key montgomeri, alabama key liye march key dauran, raajya pulis aur anya logon dwara shantipurna march karane vaalon key khilaf hinsa key parinamswarup bahut prachaar huaa, jisane desh bhar mein alabama mein naslavaad koo dikhaai diyaa.
aiss. aine. see. see. key saath aanshik sahyog seey selma seey montgomeri, bevel aur anya aiss. see. ell. see. sadasyon key liye march key liye james bevel key ahwan parr kaary karate hue, raajya kii rajdhani key liye march aayojit karane kaa prayaas kiya. 7 march, 1965 koo march karane kaa pahala prayaas, jisamen raajaa maujood naheen thaa, pradarshankariyon key khilaf bheed aur pulis hinsa key kaaran nirast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh dinn khooni ravivaar key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur nagrik adhikaar andolan key liye saarvajanik samarthan praapt karane key prayaas mein ack pramukh modd thaa. yeh raajaa aur bevel kii ahinsa ranneeti kii naatakiya kshamata kaa usa samay taka kaa sabse spasht pradarshan thaa.
5 march koo, raajaa ney pradarshankariyon key kissy bhee abhiyojan key khilaf nishedhagya kaa anurodh karane key liye johnson prashaasan mein adhikaariyon seey mulakat kii. church key kartavyon key kaaran vaha march mein shamil naheen hue, lekin baad mein unhone likhaa, "aggar mujhe koee vichaar hotaa kii raajya key sanic usa tarah kii krurta kaa upayog karenge joe unhone kii thee, tou main line kaa netritva karane key liye apane church key kartavyon koo poori tarah seey chhodane key liye majboor mahsoos kartaa."pradarshankariyon key khilaf pulis kii barbarta key footage koo vyaapak roop seey prasaarit kiya gayaa aur rashtriya janata mein akrosh paida hoe gayaa.
raajaa ney 9 march key liye ack march aayojit karane kaa prayaas kiya. aiss. see. ell. see. ney albama raajya key khilaf sanghiya adalat mein ack nishedhagya key liye yachika daayar kii; isase incar curr diyaa gayaa aur nyayadhish ney sunavaai key baad taka march koo avaruddh karane kaa adesh jaari kiya. phir bhee, raajaa ney 9 march koo selma mein admond petus pull taka march karane vaalon kaa netritva kiya, phir march karane vaalon koo ghumaane aur unhein titar-bitar karane key liye kahane seey pahale ack chhota prarthana satra aayojit kiya taaki adalat key adesh kaa ullanghan naa hoe. iss dusare march key apratyaashit anta ney sthaaniya andolan key bheetar kaee logon key ashcharya aur krodh koo janm diyaa. iss beach, 11 march koo raajaa mairi foster key leaving room mein television parr matdan adhikaar bill kaa samarthan karane kii khabar parr roye. march antatah 25 march, 1965 koo poori tarah seey aage badhaa. raajya kii rajdhani kii seedhiyon parr march key samaapan parr, raajaa ney ack bhaashan diyaa joe "kitna lamba, lamba naheen" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. isamen, raajaa ney kahaa kii african amerikiyon key liye samaan adhikaar door naheen hoe sakate hain, "kyonki naitik brahmand kaa chaap lamba haye, lekin yeh nyaay kii or jhukata haye" aur "aap joe botey hain usey aap kaatenge.
shikago open housing movement, 1966.
1966 mein, dakshin mein kaee safaltaon key baad, nagrik adhikaar sangathanon mein raajaa, bevel aur anya logon ney andolan koo uttar mein leey jaaya, jisamen shikago unake pahale gantavya key roop mein thaa. raajaa aur ralf ebernethy, donon madhyam varg seey, 1550 key dashak mein ack imarat mein chaley gaye. shikago key paschim kii or uttari laundell kii jhuggiyon mein hamlin avenue, ack shaikshik anubhav key roop mein aur garibon key liye unake samarthan aur sahaanubhooti kaa pradarshan karane key liye.
aiss. see. ell. see. ney see. see. see. oh. key saath ack gathbandhan kaa gathan kiya, samudayik sangathanon kii parishad kaa samanvaya kiya, albert rabby dwara sthaapit ack sangathan, aur sanyukt sangathanon key prayason koo shikago swatantrata andolan key tatvavdhan mein badhaava diyaa gayaa.
usa vasant key dauran, achal sampatti karyalayon key kaee shwet jode/ashwet jode key parikshanon mein nasleeya sanchaalan kaa pataa chalaah una jodon dwara awas anurodhon kaa bhedbhavpurna prasanskaran joe aaya, prishthabhoomi, bachchon kii sankhya aur anya visheshtaon mein sateek mell khaate they. kaee badey juluson kii yojana banaai gaee aur unhein nishpaadit kiya gayaah bogan, belmont craggin, jefferson park, sadabahar park (shikago key dakshin-paschim mein ack upnagar), gaze park, market park aur anya.
baad mein raajaa ney kahaa aur ack barnethy ney likhaa kii andolan koo dakshin kii tulanaa mein shikago mein badatar swaagat milaa. march, vishesh roop seey 5 agast, 1966 koo market park key madhyam seey, fenk dee gaee botalon aur chillaane vaale logon kii bheed seey mille. dange bahut sambhav lugg rahey they. raajaa kii maanyataon ney unake dwara ack hinsak karyakram key ayojan key khilaf vidroh kiya, aur unhone meyer richard jey key saath ack samjhaute parr baatchit kii. delly ney usa hinsa seey bachane key liye ack march koo radd curr diyaa jiska parinam unhein darr thaa. ack march key dauran raajaa koo ack eent seey maaraa gayaa thaa, lekin vyaktigat khatare key bavjood unhone juluson kaa netritva karna jaari rakhaa.
jaba raajaa aur unake sahayogi dakshin mein laut aae, tou unhone jesse jackson koo chhod diyaa, joe ack seminary chhaatr thaa, joe pahale dakshin mein andolan mein shamil hoe gayaa thaa, apane sangathan key prabhaari key roop mein. jackson ney operation bradebasket andolan kaa ayojan karke nagrik adhikaaron key liye apane sangharsh koo jaari rakhaa, joe una shrinkhala dukaanon koo lakshit kartaa thaa joe ashweton key saath uchit roop seey sauda naheen karate they.
2017 mein ghoshit 1967 key ack see. aaee. aeye. dastaavez ney shikago mein "kaale ugravaadi sthiti" mein raajaa kii bhoomika koo cumm karke dikhaaya, ack srot ney kahaa kii raajaa ney "cumm seey cumm rachanaatmak, sakaratmak pariyojanaon kii maang kii."
viyatnam yuddh kaa virodh.
raajaa lambe samay seey viyatnam yuddh mein americi bhagidari key khilaf they, lekin pahale tou saarvajanik bhashanon mein iss vishay seey bachate they taaki nagrik adhikaar lakshyon mein hastakshep seey bachaa jaa sakey joe rashtrapati johnson kii neetiyon kii aalochana ney paida kiya hoe. aiss. see. ell. see. key poorv pratyaksh kaarravaai nideshak aur abb vasant andolan samiti key pramukh key aagrah parr viyatnam mein yuddh koo samaapt karane key liye, james bevel, aur muhammad allie kii mukharta seey prerit hocker, raajaa antatah saarvajanik roop seey yuddh kaa virodh karane key liye sahmat hoe gaye kyonki americi janata key beach virodh badh rhaa thaa.
4 aprail, 1967 key dauran, newyork shahar key nadee key kinare church mein upasthiti-unaki mrityu seey thheek ack saal pahale-raajaa ney "sheershak seey ack bhaashan diyaa. unhone yuu key khilaf dridhata seey baat kii.aiss.'yuddh mein usaki bhoomika, yeh tark dete hue kii yuu.aiss. ack americi upanivesh key roop mein ise kabja karane key liye" aur yuu koo bulaane key liye viyatnam mein thaa.aiss. sarkaar "aaj duniya mein hinsa kaa sabse badaa pradaata". unhone yuddh koo aarthik anyaay seey jodaa, yeh tark dete hue kii desh koo gambhir naitik parivartan kii aavashyakta haih
raajaa ney viyatnam yuddh kaa virodh kiya kyonki isamen paisa aur sansaadhan kharch kiye gaye joe ghar parr samajik kalyan parr kharch kiye jaa sakate they. sanyukt raajya congress ack hii samay mein senaa parr adhik seey adhik aur garibi virodhi karyakramon parr cumm seey cumm kharch curr rahee thee. unhone iss pahalu koo sankshep mein yeh kahate hue prastut kiya, "ack aisaa rashtra joe samajik utthaan key karyakramon kii tulanaa mein sainya raksha parr adhik paisa kharch karane key liye saal darr saal jaari rahata haye, aadhyatmik mrityu key karib pahunch rhaa haye."unhone kahaa kii uttari viyatnam ney" "taba taka kissy bhee badee sankhya mein aapoorti yaa purushon koo bhejana shuru naheen kiya jaba taka kii americi senaa dasiyon hazaaron mein naheen pahunch gaee thee", "aur yuu. parr aarop lagaaya.aiss. ack million viyatnami logon koo maarne key liye, "jyaadaatar bachche". raajaa ney uttar viyatnam key bhoomi sudhaaron key liye americi virodh kii bhee aalochana kii.
raajaa key virodh ney unhein rashtrapati johnson, billy graham, sangh key netaaon aur shaktishali prakashakon sahit shwet sahyogiyon key beach mahatvapurna samarthan kii keemat chukai. "press koo merey khilaf dher kiya jaa rhaa haye", raajaa ney kahaa, shikayat karate hue kii unhone jise dohare maanak key roop mein varnit kiya, joe ghar parr unaki ahinsa kii sarahana kartaa thaa, lekin jaba ise "chhote bhoore rung key viyatnami bachchon" key prati lagu kiya gayaa tou isaki ninda kii. life patrika ney bhaashan koo "zana-dweshpurna apshabd" kahaa joe radio hanoi key liye ack patkatha kii tarah lugg rhaa thaa ", aur" washington post "ney ghoshana kii kii raajaa ney" apane uddeshya, apane desh, apane logon key liye apani upayogita koo cumm curr diyaa thaa."
viyatnam seey parey" bhaashan ney baad key varshon mein raajaa kii vikasit raajneetik vakaalat koo pratibimbit kiya, joe pragatisheel uchch bhoomi anusandhaan aur shiksha kendra kii shikshaon key samanantar thaa, jisase vaha sambaddh thaa. raajaa ney rashtra key raajneetik aur aarthik jeevan mein maulik parivartanon kii aavashyakta key baare mein baat karna shuru curr diyaa, aur yuddh key prati apana virodh aur nasleeya aur aarthik anyaay koo thheek karane key liye sansadhanon key punarvitaran koo dekhane kii apani ichcha koo adhik baar vyakt kiya. unhone apane dushmanon dwara saamyvaad seey judey honey seey bachane key liye saarvajanik roop seey apani bhasha kii raksha kii, lekin niji taur parr unhone kabhi-kabhi samajik loktantra aur loktaantrik samaajvaad key liye apane samarthan kii baat kii.
raajaa ney "viyatnam seey parey" mein kahaa kii "sachchi karuna ack bhikhaari koo ack sikka fenkane seey adhik haye... yeh dekhane key liye aataa haye kii ack imarat joe bhikhaariyon koo paida karati haye, usey punargathan kii aavashyakta hoti haye."king ney sanyukt raajya america key ack adhikaari kaa hawala diyaa, jinhone kahaa kii viyatnam seey laker lattin america taka, desh" vishva kranti key galat paksh mein thaa."raajaa ney america key" "lattin america key jamindar kuleen varg key saath gathbandhan" "kii ninda kii aur kahaa kii yuu.aiss. kranti key prayason koo dabaane key bajaay teesari duniya mein "binaa shirt aur nange pair logon" kaa samarthan karna chaahiye.
viyatnam parr raajaa key rukh ney allard key koo protsaahit kiya. lovenstein, villium sloane taaboot aur norman thomas, yuddh virodhi loktantravadiyon key samarthan seey, 1968 key sanyukt raajya america key rashtrapati chunaav mein rashtrapati johnson key khilaf ladane key liye raajaa koo manaane kaa prayaas karate hain. raajaa ney vichaar kiya lekin antatah iss aadhar parr prastaav key khilaf faisala kiya kii vaha rajneeti key saath asahaj mahsoos karate they aur ack karyakarta key roop mein apani naitik roop seey spasht bhoomika key liye khud koo behtar maanate they.
15 aprail, 1967 koo, raajaa ney mainhattan key kendriya udyaan seey sanyukt rashtra taka ack yuddh-virodhi march mein bhaag liya aur baat kii. march kaa ayojan vasant andolan samiti dwara viyatnam mein yuddh koo samaapt karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa aur isake adhyaksh james bevel dwara shuru kiya gayaa thaa. yuu mein.aine. raajaa ney nagrik adhikaaron key muddon aur masaude koo uthaayaah
nagrik adhikaar kaaryakartaon aur yuddh virodhi kaaryakartaon koo ekjut karane kaa avsar dekhkar, raajaa koo yuddh virodhi prayaas mein aur bhee adhik sakriya honey key liye aashvast kiya. viyatnam yuddh key prati apane badhate saarvajanik virodh key bavjood, raajaa koo yuddh virodhi andolan seey vikasit hui hippy sanskriti kaa shauk naheen thaa. apane 1967 key massie vyakhyan mein, raajaa ney kahaah
13 janwari, 1968 koo (rashtrapati johnson key sangh key sambodhan key agale dinn), raajaa ney "itihas key sabse kroor aur murkhtapurna yuddhon mein seey ack" key khilaf washington parr ack badey march kaa ahwan kiya.
aapke saath patrachar.
thitch nanat haanah ack prabhaavshaali viyatnami bauddh they jinhone prinston vishvavidyalaya aur kolambiya vishvavidyalaya mein padhaaya. unhone martin luther king junier koo ack patra likhaa thaa. 1965 mein sheershakah "manushya key dushman kii khoj mein. yeh unake 1966 key america mein rahane key dauran thaa kii naahat haine ney raajaa seey mulakat kii aur unase saarvajanik roop seey viyatnam yuddh kii ninda karane kaa aagrah kiya. 1967 mein, king ney newyork shahar mein nadee key kinare key church mein ack prasiddh bhaashan diyaa, jisamen unhone saarvajanik roop seey yuu parr sawal uthaaya.aiss. viyatnam mein bhagidari. usa varsh baad mein, raajaa ney 1967 key nobel shaanti puraskar key liye nutt haan koo naamit kiya. apane namankan mein, raajaa ney kahaa, "main vyaktigat roop seey viyatnam key iss saumya bhikshu seey adhik [iss puraskar] key yogya kissy koo naheen jaanata. shaanti key liye unake vichaaron koo lagu karane parr, yeh vishvavyaapi bhaichare, manavata key liye ack smaarak kaa nirmaan karega.
garib logon kaa abhiyaan, 1968.
1968 mein, raajaa aur aiss. see. ell. see. ney aarthik nyaay key muddon koo sambodhit karane key liye "garib logon key abhiyaan" kaa ayojan kiya. raajaa ney "garibon kii ack bahujaatiya senaa" koo ikattha karane key liye desh kii yatra kii joe rajdhani mein ahinsak nagrik avagya mein shamil honey key liye washington parr march karegi jaba taka kii congress ney garib amerikiyon key liye "adhikaaron kaa aarthik bill" naheen banaaya.
abhiyaan seey pahale raajaa kii antim pustak ", joe samajik muddon aur garibi koo sambodhit karane key baare mein unakaa drishtikon prastut karati thee. raajaa ney heinry george aur george kii pustak, "pragati aur garibi" seey uddhrit kiya, vishesh roop seey ack guaranteekrit buniyaadi aaya key samarthan mein. abhiyaan kaa samaapan washington, dee parr ack march mein huaa.see.sanyukt raajya key sabse garib samudaayon koo aarthik sahaayata kii maang karate hue.
raajaa aur aiss. see. ell. see. ney sarkaar seey america key shaharon key punarnirmaan mein nivesh karane kaa ahwan kiya. unhone mahsoos kiya kii congress ney "sainya dhana koo savdhani aur udaartaa key saath" kharch karke "garibon key prati shatruta" dikhaai thee. unhone garib amerikiyon key saamane aaney vaali sthiti key saath isaki tulanaa karate hue daavaa kiya kii congress ney kewal "garibi key liye dhana" pradaan kiya thaa. unakaa drishtikon parivartan key liye thaa joe kewal sudhaar seey adhik krantikari thaah unhone "naslavaad, garibi, sainyavaad aur bhautikvaad" kii vyavasthit khamiyon kaa hawala diyaa aur tark diyaa kii "samaaj kaa punarnirmaan hii vaastavik mudda haye jiska saamana kiya jaanaa haye."
nagrik adhikaar andolan key bheetar bhee garib logon kaa abhiyaan vivadaspad thaa. rustin ney march seey istifa dete hue kahaa kii abhiyaan key lakshya bahut vyaapak they, isaki maangen avaastavik theen, aur unhone socha kii yeye abhiyaan garibon aur ashweton parr pratikriya aur daman koo tej karenge.
hatyaa aur usake baad.
29 march, 1968 koo, raajaa kaale swachchata saarvajanik kaary karmchaariyon key samarthan mein memphis, tenacy key paas gaye, jinka pratinidhitva 1733 mein aeye. aff. aiss. see. aim. ee. sthaaniya ney kiya thaa. shramik uchch vetan aur behtar upchaar key liye 12 march seey hadtaal parr they. ack ghatana mein, kaale sadak marammat karane vaalon koo kharaab mausam key kaaran ghar bheje jaane parr dou ghante kaa vetan milaa, lekin gorey karmchaariyon koo poore dinn key liye bhugtan kiya gayaa.
3 aprail koo, raajaa ney ack raili koo sambodhit kiya aur masih mein church off godd key vishva mukhyalaya, messon mandir mein apana "main pahaad kii choti parr gayaa huun" sambodhan diyaa. raajaa kii memphis key liye udaan mein unake vimaan key khilaf bumm kii dhamki key kaaran deree hui thee. bumm kii dhamki key sandarbh mein apane jeevan key antim bhaashan key bhavishyasoochak varnan mein raajaa ney nimnalikhit kahaah
raajaa koo memphis mein lauren motal (walter bellie key swaamitva mein) mein kamra 306 mein book kiya gayaa thaa. ralf ebernethy, joe hatyaa mein maujood they, ney sanyukt raajya america kii house select kameti key saamane hatyaon parr gawahi dee kii raajaa aur unakaa dall kamare 306 mein itna baar rahata thaa kii ise "king-ebernethy soot" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. jesse jackson key anusaar, joe maujood they, balkani mein raajaa key antim shabd unaki hatyaa seey pahale sangeetkaar bayne shakha seey boley gaye they, joe usa raat ack karyakram mein pradarshan karane vaale they, jisamen raajaa bhaag leey rhaa thaah "bayne, sunishchit karein kii aap aaj raat kii baithak mein 'meraa haath leey low, keemati swami' bajaayen. ise bahut achchha bajaayen."
raajaa koo shaam 6.01 baje james earl ray ney goli maar dee thee.aim.guruwar, 4 aprail, 1968 koo jaba vaha motal kii doosari manjil kii balkani mein khade they. goli unake daahine gaal seey ander ghus gaee, unake jabade koo toda diyaa, phir unake kandhe mein rahane seey pahale unaki reedh kii huddy seey neeche chully gaee. eberthy ney motal key kamare key ander seey goli kii aavaaj sunee aur farsh parr raajaa koo khojane key liye balkani kii or bhaaga. jackson ney golibari key baad kahaa kii unhone balkani mein raajaa key roop mein raajaa key sir koo paalane key liye rakhaa thaa, lekin iss khaate koo raajaa key anya sahyogiyon dwara vivaadit kiya gayaa thaa; jackson ney baad mein apana bayaan badalkar kahaa kii unhone raajaa key liye "sampark kiya" thaa.
chhaati kii aapaatkaaleen sergery key baad, raajaa kii mrityu sent mein hui. 7: 05 baje joseph kaa aspatal.aim. jeevanikaar teller shakha key anusaar, raajaa key shav pareekshan seey pataa chalaa kii halanki unaki umr kewal 39 varsh thee, lekin unakaa dill 60 varsh kaa thaa, jisaki shakha nagrik adhikaar andolan mein 13 varshon key tanaav koo jimmedaar thaharaati haye. raajaa koo shuru mein dakshin atlanta mein dakshin drishya kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa thaa, lekin 1977 mein unake avasheshon koo martin luther king junier key sthal parr ack makbare mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. rashtriya aitihaasik udyaan.
isake baad.
hatyaa key kaaran washington, dee mein rashtravyapi nasl dangon kii lahar aaee.see.shikago, baltimore, louisville, kansas shahar aur darjanon anya shahar. rashtrapati pada key ummidwar robbert aff. kenedi ack abhiyaan raili key liye indianapolis jaa rahey they jaba unhein raajaa kii mrityu kii soochana dee gaee. unhone samarthakon kii sabhaa koo ack chhota, tatkalik bhaashan diyaa jisamen unhein trasdi key baare mein soochit kiya gayaa aur unase raajaa key ahinsa key aadarsh koo jaari rakhane kaa aagrah kiya gayaa. agale dinn, unhone cleveland mein ack taiyar pratikriya dee. james kisan junier. aur anya nagrik adhikaar netaaon ney bhee ahinsak kaarravaai kaa ahwan kiya, jabaki adhik ugravaadi carmichael ney adhik shaktishali pratikriya kaa ahwan kiya. memphis shahar ney safai karmchaariyon key anukool sharton parr hadtaal koo turant nipataaya.
washington mein ack basti sthaapit karane kii yojana, dee.see., 4 aprail kii hatyaa key turant baad kiya gayaa thaa. raajaa kii yojana kii aalochana koo unaki mrityu key baad vash mein curr liya gayaa thaa, aur aiss. see. ell. see. koo ise puuraa karane key uddeshya seey daan kii ack abhootpoorv lahar millie thee. abhiyaan aadhikarik taur parr 2 maee koo memphis mein usa hotal mein shuru huaa, jahan raajaa kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee. hajaaron pradarshankari rashtriya maull mein pahunche aur chhah saptah taka rahey, ack shivir sthaapit kiya jise unhone "punrutthan shahar" kahaa.
rashtrapati lindon bee. johnson ney sanyukt raajya bhar mein nagrik adhikaar netaaon, mahapouron aur rajyapalon koo kaee telephone coll karke dangon koo dabaane kii koshish kii aur raajnetaon seey kahaa kii unhein pulis koo bull key anuchit upayog key khilaf chetavani deni chaahiye. haalaanki, unake prayaas safal naheen hueh "main safal naheen hoe rhaa huun", johnson ney apane sahyogiyon seey kahaa. "way sabhi ack yuddh dekhane key liye taiyar hoe rahey ack dugout mein generalon kii tarah chhip rahey hain."johnson ney 7 aprail koo nagrik adhikaar netaa key liye rashtriya shoke divas ghoshit kiya.
uparaashtrapati hubert humphrey ney rashtrapati kii or seey raajaa key antim sanskar mein bhaag liya, kyonki iss baat kaa darr thaa kii johnson kii upasthiti virodh aur shayed hinsa koo bhadka sakati haye. apani vidhwa key anurodh parr, ebenezer baptist church mein raajaa kaa antim upadesh antim sanskar mein khela gayaa thaa, 4 farwari, 1968 koo diye gaye unake "drum pramukh" upadesh kii ack recording. usa upadesh mein, raajaa ney anurodh kiya kii unake antim sanskar mein unake puraskaron aur sammaan kaa koee ullekh naheen kiya jaae, lekin yeh kahaa jaae kii unhone "bhookhe logon koo khilaane", "nagna logon koo kapade pahanane", "[viyatnam] yuddh key sawal parr sahee honey", aur "prem aur manavata kii seva karane" kii koshish kii. unake achche dost mahaliya jackson ney antim sanskar mein apana pasandida bhajan gaaya, "meraa haath pakaden, keemati swami". iss hatyaa ney 1968 key nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam koo lagu karane mein madad kii.
raajaa kii mrityu key dou maheene baad, james earl ray-joe pichhale jail seey bhaagne seey chhoot gaye they-koo landan heathrow havaai adde parr ack jhoothe kanadai passport parr ingland chhodane kii koshish karate hue pakada gayaa thaa. vaha safed-shaasit rhodesia key raaste mein upnaam raiman george sneed kaa upayog curr rhaa thaa. ray koo jaldi seey tensi key havaale curr diyaa gayaa aur raajaa kii hatyaa kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa. unhone 10 march, 1969 koo hatyaa kii baat sweekaar kii, halanki unhone teen dinn baad iss sweekaarokti koo vaapas leey liya. apane vakeel persey foreman kii salah parr, ray ney mukadame kii sajaa seey bachane key liye doshi thaharaaya aur iss prakaar maut kii sajaa praapt karane kii sambhavana thee. unhein 99 saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. ray ney baad mein daavaa kiya kii ack vyakti jise vaha montrial, quebeck mein milaa thaa, urf "raul" key saath shamil thaa aur hatyaa ack sajish kaa parinam thee. unhone apana shesh jeevan apane doshi yachika koo vaapas lene aur usa mukadame koo surakshit karane key liye bitaaya joe unhone kabhi naheen kiya thaa. ray kaa 1998 mein 70 varsh kii ayu mein nidhan hoe gayaa.
sajish key aarop.
ray key vakeelon ney kahaa kii vaha johnn aff key samaan bully kaa bakra thaa. canady key hatyare lii harvey oswald koo shadyantra siddhantkaron dwara dekhaa jaataa haye. iss daave key samarthakon ney kahaa kii ray kaa sweekaarokti dabaav mein diyaa gayaa thaa aur usey maut kii sajaa kii dhamki dee gaee thee. unhone sweekaar kiya kii ray ack chor aur chor thaa, lekin daavaa kiya kii usake paas hathiyar seey hinsak aparaadh karane kaa koee record naheen thaa. haalaanki, jail record alag yuu mein hain.aiss. shaharon ney dikhaaya haye kii vaha sashastr dakaiti key aarop mein kaee maukon parr kaid thaa. see. aine. aine. key saath 2008 key ack sakshatkar mein, james earl ray key chhote bhaai jairi ray ney daavaa kiya kii james chatur thaa aur kabhi-kabhi sashastr dakaiti seey bhaagne mein saksham thaa. jairi ray ney kahaa kii usane aisee hii ack dakaiti mein apane bhaai kii sahaayata kii thee. "jairi ney kahaa, "main kabhi bhee kissy key saath utanaa sahsi naheen rhaa jitna vaha haye. "vaha buss ander gayaa aur usa bandook koo kissy parr daal diyaa, yeh aisaa thaa jaise yeh ack rosemarra kii baat haye."
hatyaa mein sajish kaa sandeh karane vaale lagaatar dou ballistic parikshanon kii or ishara karate hain joe saabit karate hain kii ray key remington gamemaster key samaan ack rifle hatyaa kaa hathiyar thaa. una parikshanon mein ray kii vishisht rifle naheen luggy thee. raajaa kii mrityu key samay unake paas key gavaahon ney kahaa kii goli dusare sthaan seey aaee thee. unhone kahaa kii yeh boarding house key paas motee jhaadiyon key peechhe seey aaya thaa-joe hatyaa key baad key dinon mein kaat diyaa gayaa thaa-aur boarding house kii khidki seey naheen. haalaanki, ray key ungaliyon key nishan vibhinn vastuon (ack rifle, doorbeen kii ack jodee, kapadon key lekh, ack samachar patra) parr paae gaye they joe bathroom mein chhod diye gaye they jahan seey yeh nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa kii golibari aaee thee. ray kii ungaliyon key nishan vaali rifle kii jaanch seey pataa chalaa kii hatyaa key samay bandook seey cumm seey cumm ack goli chalaai gaee thee.
1997 mein, raajaa key bete dextor scott king ney ray seey mulakat kii, aur ack nayaa mukadama praapt karane key liye ray key prayason kaa saarvajanik roop seey samarthan kiya.
dou saal baad, raajaa kii vidhwa koratta scott king aur dampati key bachchon ney lloyd jovers aur "anya agyaat saha-shadyantrakariyon" key khilaf galat maut kaa daavaa kiya. jovers ney raajaa kii hatyaa kii vyavastha karane key liye 100,000 dollar praapt karane kaa daavaa kiya. chhah goron aur chhah ashweton kii juurii ney raajaa parivaar key paksh mein paaya, jisamen raajaa key khilaf sajish mein shamil honey key liye jaavaron koo paaya gayaa aur sarkari agencies hatyaa mein pakshakaar theen. 
villium aff. kaali mirch ney mukadame mein raajaa parivaar kaa pratinidhitva kiya.
2000 mein, yuu.aiss. nyaay vibhaag ney jaavar key daavon kii jaanch poori kii lekin sajish key aaropon kaa samarthan karane key liye saboot naheen mille. jaanch report ney taba taka aage kii jaanch kii sifarish naheen kii jaba taka kii kuchh nae vishvasaniya tathya prastut naheen kiye jaate. jaavar kii ack bahan ney sweekaar kiya kii usane kahani koo gadhaa thaa taaki vaha kahani bechkar 300,000 dollar kamaa sakey, aur usane badale mein apani aaykar kaa bhugtan karane key liye kuchh paise paane key liye usaki kahani kii pushti kii.
2002 mein, "dha newyork times" ney bataaya kii ack church mantri, ronald denton willson ney apane pitaa heinry clay willson-james earl ray kii naheen-kii hatyaa kaa daavaa kiya. unhone kahaa, "yeh naslavaadi baat naheen thee; unhone socha kii martin luther king saamyvaad seey judey hue they, aur vaha unhein raaste seey hataana chaahte they."willson ney apane daavon key samarthan mein koee saboot naheen diyaa.
raajaa shodhkarta david gairo aur gerald posner villium aff seey asahmat they. kaali mirch kaa daavaa haye kii sarkaar ney raajaa koo maar daala. 2003 mein, kaali mirch ney lambi jaanch aur mukadame key baare mein ack pustak prakaashit kii, saath hii saath ack mukadame key liye apani bolly mein james earl ray key pratinidhitva key saath-saath sabooton koo prastut kiya aur anya khaaton kii aalochana kii. raajaa key dost aur sahayogi, james bevel ney bhee iss tark parr vivaad kiya kii ray ney akele kaam kiya, yeh kahate hue kii "duss-pratishat safed ladka ack million-dollar key kaale aadami koo maarne kii yojana vikasit naheen curr sakata haye."2004 mein, jesse jackson ney kahaah
viraasat.
dakshin africa.
raajaa kii viraasat mein dakshin africa mein ashwet chetna andolan aur nagrik adhikaar andolan parr prabhaav shamil hain. raajaa key kaam kaa ullekh dakshin african netaa albert lutuli dwara kiya gayaa thaa, aur unhone rangbhed key dauran apane desh mein nasleeya nyaay key liye ladane vaale dakshin african netaa albert lutuli key liye ack prerana key roop mein kaary kiya aur baad mein unhein nobel shaanti puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa.
united kingdam.
raajaa ney ayrish rajneta aur karyakarta johnn humey koo prabhaavit kiya. samajik loktaantrik aur shram party key poorv netaa humey ney raajaa kii viraasat koo uttari ireland key nagrik adhikaar andolan aur good friede samjhaute parr hastakshar karane key liye sarvotkrisht bataaya, unhein "sadee key merey mahaan nayakon mein seey ack" kahaa.
martin luther king junier kii hatyaa key baad 30 disambar, 1969 koo britten mein martin luther king fund aur foundation kii sthaapana ack daan key roop mein kii gaee thee. aur 1969 mein apani vidhwa, koratta raajaa dwara britten kii yatra key baad.
foundation key pahale adhyaksh, cannon johnn collins ney kahaa kii foundation koo nasleeya samaantaa key liye ack sakriya yuu. key. rashtriya abhiyaan honah thaa, isake kaam mein samajik aavashyakta aur shiksha key kshetron mein samudayik pariyojanaon koo bhee shamil kiya jaanaa thaa. antarrashtriya kaarmik (aaee. pee.), ack rojgar agency, 1970 mein landan key aantarik ring dakshin mein balham mein foundation key aadhar seey peshevar roop seey yogya ashwet logon key liye rojgar khojane key liye banaai gaee thee. apane pahale varsh mein, agency ney apane duss pratishat avedakon koo unaki kshamata key barabar naukariyon mein rakhaa. balham prashikshan yojana dakshin landan mein parisar mein ack shaam kaa school sanchaalit karati thee aur isamen ack nideshak, samanvayak aur typing, shorthand, angreji aur ganit mein paanch vyakhyata they.
ashwet loga aur rojgar" sheershak seey 1975 kaa martin luther king smaarak vyakhyan, 6 maee, 1975 koo landan mein bhaaratiya yamka key mahatma gaandhi holl mein aar. tii. rev dwara diyaa gayaa thaa. david shapered, joe juuna 1975 mein liverpool key bishap key roop mein apani niyukti taka fund key adhyaksh they.
1970 key dashak key anta mein wilfred wood, ack barbadian-british anglican, 1985 seey 2003 taka croiden key bishap, ingland key church mein pahale kaale bishap, aur foundation kii sthaapana mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaane vaale, isake adhyaksh baney. 2004 mein "100 mahaan black brittons" kii soochi mein wood dusare sthaan parr they. 1989 kaa martin luther king smaarak vyakhyan, jiska sheershak thaa "kaaboo paanaa haye shuru karna", aar. tii. rev dwara diyaa gayaa thaa. wilfred wood, croydon key bishap. paath abhee bhee upalabdh haye. foundation koo 18 navambar, 1996 koo charity commission kii soochi seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki iska astitva samaapt hoe gayaa thaa.
aaj united kingdam mein, northumbria aur nucasal vishvavidyalaya martin luther king shaanti samiti abhee bhee raajaa kii viraasat kaa sammaan karane key liye maujood haye, jaisa kii 1967 mein nucasal vishvavidyalaya seey maanad degree praapt karane key liye unaki britten kii antim yatra dwara pratinidhitva kiya gayaa thaa. shaanti samiti shahar key dou vishvavidyalayon, northumbria aur nucasal key paadari seey sanchaalit hoti haye, joe donon martin luther king aur americi nagrik adhikaar andolan key adhyayan key kendra baney hue hain. raajaa kii drishti seey prerit, yeh poore britten mein kaee gatividhiyon koo anjam detaa haye kyonki yeh "shaanti kii sanskritiyon kaa nirmaan" karna chaahata haye.
2017 mein, nucasal vishvavidyalaya ney unake maanad doctorate samaroh kii 50veen varshgaanth manaane key liye raajaa kii kansya pratima kaa anaavaran kiya. chhaatr sangh ney bhee apane baar kaa naam "luthers" rakhane key liye matdan kiya.
sanyukt raajya america.
king americi udaarvaad aur americi pragativaad key itihas mein ack rashtriya prateek bunn gayaa haye. unaki mukhya viraasat yuu. aiss. mein nagrik adhikaaron parr pragati koo surakshit karna thaa.aiss. raajaa kii hatyaa key kuchh hii dinon baad, congress ney 1968 kaa nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam paarit kiya. adhiniyam kaa sheershak VIII, jise aamtaur parr nishpaksh awas adhiniyam key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ney nasl, dharm yaa rashtriya mool (baad mein ling, parivarik sthiti aur vikalangata koo shamil karane key liye vistaarit) key aadhar parr awas aur awas seey sambandhit lenden mein bhedbhaav koo pratibandhit curr diyaa. iss kaanoon koo yuu. aiss. mein aavaasiya bhedbhaav kaa mukabala karane key liye apane antim varshon mein raajaa key sangharsh key liye ack shraddhanjali key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa.aiss. raajaa kii hatyaa key agale dinn, school kii shikshika jaine elliot ney riceville, ayova mein apane praathamik vidyalaya key chhatron kii kaksha key saath apani pahali "neeli aankhen/bhoore rung kii aankhen" kaa abhyaas kiya. unakaa uddeshya unhein raajaa kii mrityu koo samajhane mein madad karna thaa kyonki yeh naslavaad seey sambandhit thaa, kuchh aisaa joe way bahut cumm samajhate they kyonki way mukhya roop seey safed samudaay mein rahate they.
raajaa kii patni koratta scott king ney apane pati key nakshekadam parr chalate hue 2006 mein apani mrityu taka samajik nyaay aur nagrik adhikaaron key mamalon mein sakriya rahee. usee varsh jaba martin luther king kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee, unhone georgia key atlanta mein raajaa kendra kii sthaapana kii, joe unaki viraasat koo sanrakshit karane aur duniya bhar mein ahinsak sangharsh samadhan aur sahishnuta key liye samarpit thaa. unakaa betaa, kushal raajaa, kendra key adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. betty yolanda king, jinaki 2007 mein mrityu hoe gaee, ack prerak vaktaa, lekhak aur uchch jamini prastutiyon key sansthaapak they, joe vividhata prashikshan mein visheshagyata rakhane vaalaa ack sangathan thaa.
raajaa parivaar key bheetar bhee, sadasya samlaingik, samlaingik, ubhayalingi aur transgender logon key baare mein unake dhaarmik aur raajneetik vichaaron key baare mein asahmat hain. raajaa kii vidhwa koratta ney saarvajanik roop seey kahaa kii unakaa maanana haye kii unake pati samlaingik adhikaaron kaa samarthan karenge. haalaanki, unake sabse chhote bachche, bernis king ney saarvajanik roop seey kahaa haye kii vaha samlaingik vivaah key khilaf rahey honge.
4 farwari, 1968 koo ebenezer baptist church mein, raajaa ney kahaa kii kaise vaha apani mrityu key baad yaad kiye jaane kii ichcha rakhate they, iss baare mein bolate hueh
martin luther king junier. dinn.
1971 mein shuru hue, sent jaise shahar. lui, misauri aur raajyon ney raajaa key sammaan mein vaarshik avkash kii sthaapana kii. 2 navambar, 1983 koo rashtrapati ronald reegan ney raajaa key sammaan mein ack sanghiya avkash banaane key liye ack vidheyak parr hastakshar kiye. 20 janwari, 1986 koo pahali baar manaaya gayaa, ise martin luther king junier kahaa jaataa haye. dinn. rashtrapati george aich key baad. doubleu. busch kii 1992 kii ghoshana, yeh avkash pratyek varsh janwari key teesare somwar koo, raajaa key janmadin key samay key paas manaaya jaataa haye. 17 janwari, 2000 koo pahali baar martin luther king junier. yeh dinn aadhikarik taur parr sabhi pachas yuu mein manaaya gayaa thaa.aiss. raajyon. arizona (1992), nyu hampshire (1999) aur utaah (2000) iss avkash koo maanyata dene vaale antim teen raajya they. yuu. tii. aeye. pahale ack hii samay parr lekin manvadhikar divas key naam seey avkash manaata thaa.
pooja.
raajaa koo pavitra isai roodhivaadi church (purvi roodhivaadi church key saath bhramit naheen honah) key archbishop timothi paul dwara 9 sitambar, 2016 koo springfield, massachusets mein isai cathedral mein sant ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. unaki dawat kaa dinn 4 aprail, unaki hatyaa kii tarikh key roop mein nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. raajaa koo 4 aprail yaa 15 janwari koo, unake janm kii varshgaanth parr episcopal church key dhaarmik calender parr ack cumm dawat key saath sammaanit kiya jaataa haye. america mein evangelical luthran church 15 janwari koo raajaa koo dhaarmik roop seey yaad kartaa haye.
vichaar, prabhaav aur raajneetik rukh.
isai dharm.
ack isai mantri key roop mein, raajaa kaa mukhya prabhaav yeeshu masih aur isai susamachar they, jinhen vaha lagbhag hamesha apani dhaarmik sabhaon, church mein bhashanon aur saarvajanik pravachanon mein uddhrit karate they. raajaa kaa vishvaas yeeshu kii iss aagya parr adharit thaa kii vaha apane padosi koo apane jaisa pyaar karey, bhagwan seey pyaar karey, apane dushmanon seey pyaar karey, unake liye prarthana karey aur unhein aashirvaad dey. unakaa ahinsak vichaar bhee parvat parr upadesh mein "dusare gaal koo modane" key adesh parr adharit thaa, aur talwar koo usake sthaan parr vaapas rakhane kii yeeshu kii shiksha (maithyu 26:52). birmingham jail seey apane prasiddh patra mein, raajaa ney yeeshu key "charampanthi" prem key roop mein varnit kaarravaai kaa aagrah kiya, aur kaee anya isai shantivadi lekhakon koo bhee uddhrit kiya, joe unake liye bahut samanya thaa. ack anya upadesh mein unhone kahaah
raajaa key niji lekhan seey pataa chalata haye kii unhone bibil key shaabdik roop koo aswikar curr diyaa; unhone bibil koo "pauranik" key roop mein varnit kiya, sandeh kiya kii yeeshu ack kunwari seey paida huaa thaa, sujhaav diyaa kii vaha shaaririk roop seey punarjeevit naheen huaa hoga, aur yeh vishvaas naheen thaa kii jonah aur whale kii kahani sach thee.
raajaa key dhaarmik drishtikon koo badhaava dene vaale vicharakon mein seey ack they. harrold devolf, adder briteman, peater bertoki, walter george muelder, walter rushenbush aur reinhold nibuhar.
"ack aadami kaa maap.
1959 mein, raajaa ney "ack aadami kaa maap" naamak ack chhoti kitab prakaashit kii, jisamen unake upadesh they "aadami kyaa haye?"aur" "ack poorna jeevan key ayam. updeshon ney bhagwan key prem kii aavashyakta key liye tark diyaa aur paschimi sabhyata key nasleeya anyaay kii aalochana kii.
ahinsa.
anubhavi african-americi nagrik adhikaar karyakarta bayered rustin ahinsa parr raajaa key pahale niyamit salaahkaar they. raajaa koo shwet kaaryakartaon harris woford aur glain smiley dwara bhee salah dee gaee thee. rustin aur smiley isai shantivadi parampara seey aae they, aur rustin aur rustin donon ney mahatma gaandhi kii shikshaon kaa adhyayan kiya. rustin ney 1940 key dashak mein sulah abhiyaan kii yatra key saath ahinsa koo lagu kiya thaa, aur 1950 key dashak kii shuruat seey hii woford dakshini ashweton mein gandhiwad koo badhaava dey rhaa thaa.
raajaa koo shuru mein gaandhi key baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari thee aur 1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein apani sakriyata key shuruati varshon key dauran shayed hii kabhi "ahinsa" shabd kaa upayog kiya thaa. raajaa shuru mein aatmaraksha mein vishvaas karate they aur abhyaas karate they, yahaan taka kii sambhaavit hamlaavaron key khilaf raksha key saadhan key roop mein apane ghar mein bandooken praapt karate they. shantivadiyon ney raajaa koo ahinsak pratirodh kaa vikalp dikhaakar nirdeshit kiya, yeh tark dete hue kii yeh aatmaraksha kii tulanaa mein nagrik adhikaaron key apane lakshyon koo puuraa karane kaa ack behtar saadhan hoga. raajaa ney taba vyaktigat roop seey hathiyaron kaa upayog naheen karane kii kasam khaai.
bahishkaar key baad, raajaa ney "swatantrata kii or kadam" likhaa, jisamen "ahinsa kii tirthayatra" adhyaay shamil thaa. raajaa ney ahinsa key baare mein apani samajh koo rekhaankit kiya, joe usey apamaanit karane yaa haraane key bajaay dosti key liye ack pratidvandi koo jeetane kaa prayaas kartaa haye. yeh adhyaay rustin aur steinly levison dwara diye gaye ack sambodhan seey prerit haye, joe margadarshan aur bhoot lekhan bhee pradaan karate hain.
raajaa gaandhi aur ahinsak sakriyata key saath unaki safalata seey prerit they, aur ack dharamshastra key chhaatr key roop mein, raajaa ney gaandhi koo "una vyaktiyon mein seey ack key roop mein varnit kiya joe bhagwan kii aatma key kaam koo bahut prakat karate hain. raajaa ney "lambe samay taka" kiya thaa... bhaarat kii yatra karna chaahte they."harris woford, americi mitra seva samiti aur anya samarthakon kii sahaayata seey, vaha aprail 1959 mein yatra key liye dhana jutaane mein saksham they. bhaarat kii yatra ney raajaa koo prabhaavit kiya, jisase ahinsak pratirodh kii unaki samajh aur nagrik adhikaaron key liye america key sangharsh key prati unaki pratibaddhata gahari hoe gaee. bhaarat mein apani antim shaam key dauran ack radio sambodhan mein, raajaa ney pratibimbit kiya, "bhaarat mein honey key baad seey, main pahale seey kaheen adhik aashvast huun kii ahinsak pratirodh kii vidhi nyaay aur maanav garima key liye apane sangharsh mein utpeedit logon key liye upalabdh sabse shaktishali hathiyar haye."
baad key varshon mein gaandhi kii ahinsa kii raajaa kii prashansa cumm naheen hui. unhone 1964 mein nobel shaanti puraskar praapt karate samay apana udaaharan kayam rakhaa, jisamen mohandas key dwara shandar tareeke seey ahinsa kaa upayog karane kii "safal misal" kii sarahana kii gaee. gaandhi british samrajya kii shakti koo chunauti dene key liye... unhone kewal satya, aatma shakti, gair-chot aur saahas key hathiyaron key saath sangharsh kiya."
raajaa kii ahinsak vidhi key liye ack aur prabhaav heinry david thoro kaa nibandh "savinay avagya parr" aur ack buri pranali key saath sahyog karane seey incar karane kaa vishay thaa. way protestant dharmshastriyon key karyon seey bhee bahut prabhaavit they, jinhone nibuhar aur paul tillich koo phir seey sthaapit kiya, aur kahaa kii walter rushenbush kii "isai dharm aur samajik sankat" ney unhein apani samajik chintaon key liye ack dhaarmik aadhar dekar unaki soch parr ack "amit chhaap" chhodi. raajaa raajya key saath "sthaayi lekin maitripurna sangharsh" mein samajik ashanti failaane vaale isaaiyon key drishtikon seey prabhaavit hue, saath hii isaki aalochana kii aur ise nyaay key saadhan key roop mein kaary karane key liye kahaa. haalaanki, vaha spasht roop seey edin bailou aur villium lloyd garrison dwara udaaharanit isai shantivad kii americi parampara seey anjaan they. raajaa ney aksar yeeshu key parvat parr diye gaye upadesh koo apane kaam key liye kendriya bataaya. raajaa ney kabhi-kabhi "agape" (bhaichare kaa isai prem) kii avadharana kaa bhee upayog kiya. haalaanki, 1960 key baad, unhone apane lekhan mein iska upayog karna bund curr diyaa.
bandookon key apane vyaktigat upayog koo tyagane key baad bhee, raajaa kaa andolan mein aatmaraksha kii ghatana key saath ack jatil sambandh thaa. unhone saarvajanik roop seey ise ack vyaapak pratha key roop mein hatotsaahit kiya, lekin sweekaar kiya kii yeh kabhi-kabhi aavashyak thaa. apane poore currier mein raajaa koo aksar anya nagrik adhikaar kaaryakartaon dwara sanrakshit kiya jaataa thaa, joe hathiyar leey jaate they, jaise kii curnell stone johnson, robbert hayling aur raksha aur nyaay key liye dicken.
andolan key bheetar aalochana.
nagrik adhikaar andolan mein apani bhagidari key dauran raajaa kii anya ashwet netaaon dwara aalochana kii gaee thee. isamen islam key sadasya malcum aiks jaise adhik ugravaadi vicharakon dwara virodh shamil thaa. chhaatr ahinsak samanvaya samiti key sansthaapak elaa becker ney raajaa koo ack karishmai media vyakti key roop mein maanaa, joe andolan key jamini star seey sampark khou baithe kyonki vaha nelson rockfeller jaise kuleen vyaktiyon key karib hoe gaye. bekaar key aashrit, stockley carmichael, ack ashwet algavvadi bunn gaye aur nasleeya ekikaran key liye raajaa kii yachika seey asahmat hoe gaye kyonki unhone ise ack vishisht african-americi sanskriti kaa upman maanaa. unhone yeh bhee mudda uthaaya kii raajaa kaa ahinsa drishtikon america key vivek koo appeal karane parr nirbhar kartaa haye, yeh mahsoos karate hue kii america key paas appeal karane key liye koee naheen haye.
sakriyatavad aur mool amerikiyon key saath bhagidari.
raajaa mool americi adhikaaron key utsaahi samarthak they. mool americi bhee raajaa key nagrik adhikaar andolan key sakriya samarthak they jisamen mool amerikiyon kii sakriya bhagidari shamil thee. vaastav mein, deshi americi adhikaar kosh (aine. aeye. aff.) koo aine. aeye. aeye. see. pee. key kanuni raksha aur shiksha kosh key baad banaaya gayaa thaa. rashtriya bhaaratiya yuva parishad (aine. aaee. aaee. see.) vishesh roop seey 1968 mein raajaa key abhiyaanon mein vishesh roop seey garib logon key abhiyaan mein sahayak thee. raajaa kii pustak "humm kyon intezar naheen curr sakate" mein way likhate hainh
hamaare rashtra kaa janm narsamhar mein huaa thaa jaba isane iss siddhant koo apanaaya kii mool americi, bhaaratiya, ack nimn jaati thee. hamaare taton parr badee sankhya mein nigro honey seey pahale hii, nasleeya ghrina key nishan ney aupaniveshik samaaj koo vikrit curr diyaa thaa. solahavin shatabdi seey aage, nasleeya varchasva parr ladaai mein rakt bahata thaa. humm shayed ekmatra rashtra hain jinhone apani swadeshi aabaadi koo mitaane key liye rashtriya neeti key roop mein prayaas kiya. isake alawa, hamane usa dukhad anubhav koo ack mahaan dharmayuddh mein badal diyaa. vaastav mein, aaj bhee hamane iss sharmanak ghatana key liye khud koo aswikar karane yaa paschaataap mahsoos karane kii anumati naheen dee haye. hamara saahitya, hamari filmein, hamara naatak, hamari lock kathaaen sabhi ise utkrisht banaate hain.
raajaa ney 1950 key dashak key anta mein dakshin albama mein mool americi logon kii sahaayata kii. usa samay alabama mein shesh khaadi apane kshetra mein schools koo poori tarah seey alag karane kii koshish curr rahee thee. dakshin mein kaee nasleeya samasyaaen theenh iss mamle mein, halke-jatil mool bachchon koo pahale key sabhi safed schools mein school bason kii sawari karane kii anumati thee, jabaki ack hii baind key kaale rung key mool bachchon koo ack hii bason kii sawari karane seey roque diyaa gayaa thaa. adiwasi netaaon ney, birmingham, albama mein raajaa key algaav abhiyaan key baare mein sunkar, sahaayata key liye unase sampark kiya. unhone turant jawab diyaa aur apane hastakshep key madhyam seey samasya kaa sheeghra samadhan curr liya.
sitambar 1959 mein, raajaa ney loss angils, california seey tuxon, arizona key liye udaan bharee. arizona vishvavidyalaya mein samajik parivartan paida karane mein ahinsak tarikon kaa upayog karane key aadarshon parr bhaashan dene key baad. unhone apane vishvaas koo shabdon mein vyakt kiya kii kissy koo iss sangharsh mein bull kaa upayog naheen karna chaahiye "lekin apane virodhiyon kii hinsa koo apani peedaa seey jodana chaahiye."raajaa taba dakshin kii or presbyterian gaye, joe mukhya roop seey ack mool americi church thaa, aur unaki tasveeron seey mohit they. iss pull key utsaah mein, raajaa logon seey milane key liye ack bhaaratiya aarakshan mein jaanaa chaahte they, isaliye casper glain raajaa koo papago bhaaratiya aarakshan mein leey gayaa. aarakshan parr raajaa ney sabhi adiwasi netaaon seey mulakat kii, aur aarakshan parr anya logon ney unake saath bhojan kiya. raajaa ney taba aarakshan key paas ack aur presbyterian church kaa daura kiya, aur vahaan ack mool americi bheed koo aakarshit karate hue prachaar kiya. baad mein way march 1962 mein puraane pueblo mein laut aae jahan unhone phir seey ack mool americi mandali mein prachaar kiya, aur phir arizona vishvavidyalaya mein ack aur bhaashan diyaa. raajaa poore nagrik adhikaar andolan key dauran mool amerikiyon kaa dhyaan aakarshit karna jaari rakhenge. 1963 mein washington parr march key dauran ack badaa deshi americi dall thaa, jisamen dakshin dakota key kaee aur navajo rashtra key kaee loga shamil they. 1968 mein garib logon key abhiyaan mein mool americi bhee sakriya bhagidar they.
1960 key dashak key mool americi adhikaar andolan aur isake kaee netaaon key nagrik adhikaar andolan key saath-saath raajaa ack pramukh prerana they. johnn ecohock, pauni janjaati key ack sadasya, joe karyakari nideshak aur deshi americi adhikaar kosh key sansthaapak they, ney kahaah
dow. seey prerit. raajaa, joe iss desh key kaanoonon key tahat samaantaa key nagrik adhikaaron key agende koo aage badhaa rahey they, hamane socha kii humm apane bhartiyata koo aage badhaane key liye kaanoonon kaa upayog curr sakate hain, adiwasi samprabhuta key siddhanton key tahat hamaare apane kaanoonon dwara shaasit apane kshetron mein janjaatiyon key roop mein reh sakate hain joe 1831 seey hamaare saath they. hamara maanana thaa kii humm atmanirnaya kii neeti key liye lada sakate hain joe yuu key anuroop thee.aiss. kaanoon aur kii humm apane mamalon koo niyantrit curr sakate hain, apane tarikon koo paribhaashit curr sakate hain aur iss samaaj mein jeevit reh sakate hain.
rajneeti.
aiss. see. ell. see. key netaa key roop mein, raajaa ney saarvajanik roop seey yuu kaa samarthan naheen karane kii neeti banaae rakhee.aiss. raajneetik dall yaa ummeedvaarah "mujhe lagata haye kii kissy koo gutnirpekshata kii sthiti mein rehna chaahiye, taaki vaha donon dalon koo vastunishth roop seey dekh sakey aur donon kaa vivek bunn sakey-naa kii donon kaa sevak yaa swami."1958 key ack sakshatkar mein, unhone apana vichaar vyakt kiya kii naa tou party paripurna thee, yeh kahate hue kii" mujhe naheen lagata kii republican party sarvashaktimaan bhagwan seey bharee party haye aur naa hii loktaantrik party haye. donon mein kamjoriyaan hain... aur main kissy bhee paksh key liye atoot roop seey baadhya naheen huun."raajaa ney ilinois key loktaantrik senator paul dugglus kii prashansa kii kii way" sabhi senators mein sabse mahaan "hain kyonki unhone varshon seey nagrik adhikaaron key liye apani ugra vakaalat kii haye.
raajaa ney nasleeya samaantaa koo badhaava dene parr donon pakshon key pradarshan kii aalochana keeh
haalaanki raajaa ney kabhi bhee saarvajanik roop seey kissy raajneetik dall yaa rashtrapati pada key ummidwar kaa samarthan naheen kiya, octuber 1956 mein ack nagrik adhikaar samarthak koo likhe ack patra mein unhone kahaa kii unhone yeh taya naheen kiya thaa kii vaha loktaantrik edlai stevenson dwiteeya yaa republican dwite dee koo vote denge yaa naheen. 1956 key rashtrapati chunaav mein eisenhower, lekin "ateet mein, maine hamesha loktaantrik tikat koo vote diyaa."apani aatmakatha mein, king kaa kahana haye kii 1960 mein unhone niji taur parr loktaantrik ummidwar johnn aff koo vote diyaa thaa. kenedih "mujhe lagaa kii kenedi sabse achchha rashtrapati bunn jaayega. main kabhi bhee samarthan key saath baahar naheen aaya. merey pitaa ney kiya, lekin maine kabhi naheen banaaya."king ney kahaa kii unhone sambhavatah dusare karyakal key liye apani gair-samarthan neeti koo apavaad banaa diyaa hoga, yeh kahate hue kii" "aggar rashtrapati kenedi jeevit rahate, tou main shayed 1964 mein unakaa samarthan kartaa."
1964 mein, raajaa ney apane samarthakon aur sabhi sadbhavana key logon seey rashtrapati key liye republican senator bairi goldwater key khilaf matdan karane kaa aagrah karate hue kahaa kii unakaa chunaav "rashtra aur duniya key liye ack trasdi hogi, aur nishchit roop seey lagbhag aatmahatya hogi."
raajaa ney loktaantrik samaajvaad key aadarshon kaa samarthan kiya, halanki vaha usa samay poore sanyukt raajya mein pradarshit kii jaa rahee saamyvaad virodhi bhavna aur saamyvaad key saath samaajvaad key judaav key kaaran iss samarthan key baare mein seedhe bolane key liye anichhuk they. raajaa kaa maanana thaa kii poonjeevaad kaee americi logon, vishesh roop seey african-americi samudaay kii aavashyaktaon koo paryaapt roop seey pradaan naheen curr sakata haye. raajaa ney vyakt kiya kii "poonjeevaad kii buraaiyaan utani hii vaastavik hain jitani sainyavaad kii buraaiyaan aur naslavaad kii buraaiyaan.
king ney americi sanskriti kii aalochana karate hue kahaa thaa kii "jaba masheenen aur computer, laabh uddeshya aur sampatti key adhikaaron koo logon kii tulanaa mein adhik mahatvapurna maanaa jaataa haye, tou naslavaad, bhautikvaad aur sainyavaad key vishal tihare bhaag parr vijay praapt karane mein asamarth hain" aur yeh kii america koo "moolyon kii kattarpanthi kranti" seey gujarna chaahiye. raajaa ney maanaa kii america mein "samasya yeh haye kii humm sabhi key paas aksar ameeron key liye samaajvaad aur garibon key liye kathor mukt udyam poonjeevaad haye.
1952 mein koratta scott koo likhe ack patra mein unhone kahaah "mujhe lagata haye kii aap pahale seey hii jaanate hain kii main apane aarthik siddhant mein poonjiwadi seey kaheen adhik samajwadi huun..."ack bhaashan mein, unhone kahaa kii" "poonjeevaad mein kuchh gadbad haye" "aur kahaa," "dhana kaa behtar vitaran honah chaahiye, aur shayed america koo ack loktaantrik samaajvaad kii or badhana chaahiye."raajaa ney aage kahaa kii" "poonjeevaad apani upayogita koo samaapt curr chuka haye" "aur" "janata kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane mein whiffle rhaa haye. raajaa ney morehouse mein rahate hue marks padhaa thaa, lekin jaba unhone "paaramparik poonjeevaad" koo aswikar curr diyaa, tou unhone saamyvaad koo aswikar curr diyaa kyonki isaki "itihas kii bhautikvaadi vyakhya" dharm, isake "naitik saapekshtaavaad" aur isake "raajneetik adhinayakvad" seey incar karati haye. unhone kahaa kii poonjeevaad ney vyakti parr bahut adhik dhyaan kendrit kiya jabaki markswad ney saamoohik parr bahut adhik dhyaan kendrit kiya.
kshatipurti.
raajaa ney kahaa kii ashwet amerikiyon key saath-saath anya vanchit amerikiyon koo aitihaasik galatiyon key liye kshatipurti dee jaani chaahiye. 1965 mein "playboy" key liye aayojit ack sakshatkar mein unhone kahaa kii kewal ashwet amerikiyon koo samaantaa dene seey unake aur goron key beach aarthik antar koo vaastavik roop seey bund naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. raajaa ney kahaa kii unhone gulami key kaaran khoye hue vetan kii poorna kshatipurti kii maang naheen kii, jise way asambhav maanate they, lekin sabhi vanchit samoohon koo duss varshon mein 50 arab dollar key sarkari kshatipurti karyakram kaa prastaav rakhaa.
unhone kahaa kii "school chhodane, parivaar key tootane, aparaadh darr, avaidhata, raahat kaary mein teji, dange aur anya samajik buraaiyon mein shandar girawat key madhyam seey rashtra koo honey vaale laabhon seey kharch kiya gayaa paisa kaafee hudd taka uchit hoga."unhone iss vichaar koo avaitanik shram key niptan key sambandh mein samanya kaanoon key anuprayog key roop mein prastut kiya, lekin spasht kiya kii unhein lagaa kii paisa vishesh roop seey ashweton parr kharch naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye. unhone kahaa, "isase" sabhi "jaatiyon key vanchiton koo laabh honah chaahiye."
television.
abhinetri nikhel nicholls ney 1967 mein vigyaan-kathaa television shrinkhala chhodane kii yojana banaai, jisake baad way sangeet theatre mein lautana chaahati theen. unhone raajaa seey baat karane key baad apana munn badal liya joe show key prashansak they. raajaa ney samajhaaya kii unakaa charitra adhik nasleeya sadbhaav aur sahyog key bhavishya kaa sanket detaa haye. raajaa ney nicholls seey kahaa, "aap hamari chhavi hain kii humm kahaan jaa rahey hain, aap abb seey 300 saal baad hain, aur iska matlab haye kii humm kahaan hain aur yeh abb hotaa haye. aap joe curr rahey hain usey karate rahein, aap hamari prerana hain."jaisa kii nicholls ney bataaya," "starr track" "ekmatra show mein seey ack thaa joe [raajaa] aur unaki patni koratta apane chhote bachchon koo dekhane kii anumati dete they. aur maine unhein dhanyavaad diyaa aur maine unhein bataaya kii main show chhod rhaa huun. usake chehare seey saaree muskan nickle aaee. aur usane kahaa, 'kyaa aap pahali baar naheen samajhate kii humm jaise dekhe jaa rahey hain vaise hii dekhe jaane chaahiye. aapaki koee kaali bhoomika naheen haye. aapaki bhoomika samaan haye.'apane hisse key liye, shrinkhala key nirmaata, jeane rodenberry, raajaa key samarthan key baare mein jaanane parr gaharaai seey prabhaavit hue.
raajya nigrani aur jabardasti.
aff. bee. aaee. nigrani aur taar-taar lagaana.
aff. bee. aaee. key nideshak jey. edger hoover ney vyaktigat roop seey nagrik adhikaar netaa key roop mein apani shakti koo kamjor karane key iraade seey raajaa kii nigrani kaa adesh diyaa. church samiti, yuu dwara 1975 kii jaanch.aiss. congress ney paaya kii "disambar 1963 seey 1968 mein unaki mrityu taka, martin luther king junier. sanghiya jaanch beuro dwara ack prabhaavi nagrik adhikaar netaa key roop mein unhein 'beasar' karane key liye ack gahan abhiyaan kaa lakshya thaa."
1963 key anta mein, aff. bee. aaee. koo attorney general robbert aff. seey pradhikaran praapt huaa. kennedi raajaa kii phone lines key taaron koo tapp karane key saath aage badhega, kathit taur parr steinly levison key saath usake judaav key kaaran. beuro ney rashtrapati johnn aff koo soochit kiya. kenedi. unhone aur unake bhaai ney raajaa koo levison seey alag honey key liye manaane kii asafal koshish kii, joe newyork key ack vakeel they joe communist party yuu. aiss. aeye. key saath judey hue they. halanki robbert kenedi ney kewal ack maheene yaa usase adhik samay key liye raajaa kii telephone lines key seemit taaron key liye likhit manjuri dee, lekin unhone manjuri koo badhaa diyaa taaki unake logon koo raajaa key jeevan key kissy bhee kshetra mein sakshya kii talash karane key liye "binaa kissy bandhan key" rakhaa jaae.
beuro ney levison aur raajaa donon key ghar aur karyalaya phone lines parr taar lagaae, aur desh bhar mein yatra karate hue hotalon mein raajaa key kamaron mein bugg lagaa diyaa. 1967 mein, hoover ney aiss. see. ell. see. koo ack ashwet rashtravadi ghrina samooh key roop mein soochibaddh kiya, nirdesh key saathah "samoohon key netritva key sangathanaatmak aur vyaktigat sanghrshon kaa prati-khufiya takneekon key madhyam seey dohan karane kaa koee avsar naheen ganvaaya jaanaa chaahiye... yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii lakshit samooh baadhit, upahaasit yaa badnam haye."
raajaa key sanchaar kii aine. aiss. aeye. nigrani.
meenar" naamak ack gupt abhiyaan mein, rashtriya suraksha agency ney pramukh amerikiyon key sanchaar kii nigrani kii, jisamen raajaa bhee shamil they, joe yuu. aiss. kii aalochana curr rahey they.aiss. viyatnam mein yuddh. aine. aiss. aeye. dwara kii gaee sameeksha ney swayam nishkarsh nikala kii meenar "yadi poori tarah seey avaidh naheen haye tou apmaanjanak thee.
saamyvaad key aarop.
varshon seey, hover koo shramik sanghon aur nagrik adhikaaron jaise samajik andolanon mein communists key sambhaavit prabhaav parr sandeh thaa. hoover ney 1957 mein aff. bee. aaee. koo raajaa koo track karane kaa nirdesh diyaa, aur aiss. see. ell. see. jaba isaki sthaapana hui.
raajaa aur steinly levison key beach sambandhon key kaaran, aff. bee. aaee. koo darr thaa kii levison raajaa parr "prabhaav key agent" key roop mein kaam curr rhaa thaa, 1963 mein apani reports key bavjood kii levison ney party chhod dee thee aur abb unake saath vyaavsaayik saudon mein shamil naheen thaa. ack anya raajaa leftinent, jack oh 'dell koo bhee house unn-american activities kameti (huak) key saamane shapath laker communist party seey jodaa gayaa thaa.
vyaapak nigrani key bavjood, 1976 taka aff. bee. aaee. ney sweekaar kiya thaa kii usey koee saboot naheen milaa thaa kii raajaa swayam yaa aiss. see. ell. see. vaastav mein kissy bhee saamyavaadi sangathan key saath shamil they.
apane hisse key liye, raajaa ney dridhata seey saamyvaad seey kissy bhee sambandh seey incar kiya. 1965 key ack "playboy" sakshatkar mein unhone kahaa kii "iss swatantrata andolan mein utane hii communist hain jitane florida mein eskimo hain."unhone tark diyaa kii hoover" "dakshin mein raajneetik shaktiyon key tushtikaran key maarg kaa anusaran curr rhaa thaa" "aur nagrik adhikaar andolan kii saamyavaadi ghuspaith key liye unaki chinta" "dakshini naslavaadiyon aur charam dakshinpanthi tatvon key apmaanjanak daavon kii sahaayata aur badhaava dene key liye thee."hoover raajaa kii nirdoshta kii pratigya parr vishvaas naheen karate they aur yeh kahate hue jawab dete they kii raajaa" "desh mein sabse kukhyaat jhoothaa thaa. 28 agast, 1963 koo washington parr march key dauran raajaa dwara apana "aaee haiv aeye dream" bhaashan dene key baad, aff. bee. aaee. ney raajaa koo "desh mein sabse khatarnak aur prabhaavi nigro netaa" key roop mein varnit kiya. isane aarop lagaaya kii vaha "jaanboojhkar, swechha seey aur niyamit roop seey communists key saath sahyog curr rahey they aur unakaa margadarshan leey rahey they."
yeh saabit karane key prayaas kii raajaa ack saamyavaadi thaa, kaee algavvadiyon kii bhavna seey sambandhit thaa kii dakshin mein ashwet loga yathaasthiti seey santusht they, lekin "communists" aur "baahari andolankariyon" dwara uttejit kiye gaye they. sandarbh key roop mein, 1950 aur 60 key dashak mein nagrik adhikaar andolan pratham vishva yuddh seey pahale key ashwet samudaay key bheetar sakriyata seey utpann huaa. raajaa ney kahaa kii "nigro kranti ack vaastavik kranti haye, joe usee garbh seey paida hoti haye joe sabhi badey paimaane parr samajik uthal-puthal paida karati haye-asahaniya sthitiyon aur asahaniya sthitiyon kaa garbh."
see. aaee. aeye. nigrani.
2017 mein see. aaee. aeye. faailon koo saarvajanik karane seey pataa chalaa kii agency 4 navambar, 1964 key washington post lekh key baad raajaa aur saamyvaad key beach sambhaavit sambandhon kii jaanch curr rahee thee, jisamen daavaa kiya gayaa thaa kii unhein soviyat sangh mein aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa aur raajaa key pravakta key roop mein ralf abarnathi ney nimantran key srot parr tippani karane seey incar curr diyaa thaa. raajaa aur anya nagrik adhikaar kaaryakartaon seey sambandhit mell koo see. aaee. aeye. karyakram dwara roque diyaa gayaa thaa.
vyabhichaar key aarop.
aff. bee. aaee. ney yeh nishkarsh nikala kii raajaa saamyavaadi ghuspaith key kaaran khatarnak thaa, apane niji jeevan key baare mein rahasyodghatan key madhyam seey raajaa koo badnam karane kaa prayaas karna shuru curr diyaa. raajaa kii aff. bee. aaee. nigrani, jisamen seey kuchh taba seey saarvajanik kii gaee thee, ney yeh pradarshit karane kaa prayaas kiya kii usake kaee vivaahetar mamle bhee they. lindon bee. johnson ney ack baar kahaa thaa kii raajaa ack "pakhandi upadeshak" thaa.
apani 1989 kii aatmakatha "aur deevaaren gir gaeen" mein, ralf abarnathi ney kahaa kii raajaa kii "mahilaaon key liye kamjori" thee, halanki way sabhi "vivaah key baahar yaun sambandh key khilaf bibil key nishedh koo samajhate they aur vishvaas karate they. yeh sirf itna thaa kii usa pralobhan key saath unakaa vishesh roop seey kathin samay thaa."baad mein ack sakshatkar mein, ack avarnati ney kahaa kii unhone kewal" "streekaran" "shabd likhaa thaa, kii unhone vishesh roop seey yeh naheen kahaa thaa kii raajaa kaa vivaahetar yaun sambandh thaa aur raajaa kii bevafai yaun key bajaay bhaavnaatmak thee.
raajaa key mamalon key baare mein likhe gaye bayanon koo sansanikhej banaane key liye media kii aalochana kii, jaise kii unhone apani pustak mein sweekaar kiya kii raajaa kaa hatyaa seey ack raat pahale yaun sambandh thaa. apane mool shabd mein, ack barni ney kahaa thaa kii usane raajaa koo ack mahila key saath apane kamare seey baahar aatey dekhaa jaba vaha agali subah uthaa aur baad mein kahaa kii "vaha vahaan charcha curr rhaa thaa aur bahas curr rhaa thaa aur usey andolan key saath jaane kii koshish curr rhaa thaa, mujhe naheen pataa... safai karmchaariyon kii hadtaal."
apani 1986 kii pustak "bearing dha cross" mein, david gairo ney kaee vivaahetar mamalon key baare mein likhaa, jisamen ack mahila raajaa lagbhag pratidin dekhti thee. gairo key anusaar, "vaha rishta... teji seey raajaa key jeevan kaa bhaavnaatmak kendra bindu bunn gayaa, lekin isane aakasmik jodon koo samaapt naheen kiya... raajaa kii yaatraaen."unhone aarop lagaaya kii raajaa ney apane vivaahetar mamalon koo" "chinta mein kamee key roop mein samajhaaya. gairo ney jore dekar kahaa kii raajaa kii kathit vyabhichaar ney usey "dardanaak aur kabhi-kabhi bhaari aparaadhbodh" kaa kaaran banaaya. raajaa kii patni koratta ney unake mamalon koo samaantaa key saath sweekaar karate hue kahaa kii "anya vyavsaayon key liye hamaare bahut uchch-stariya sambandhon mein koee sthaan naheen haye."" "berring dha cross" "key jaari honey key turant baad, nagrik adhikaar lekhak howell rains ney pustak koo ack sakaratmak sameeksha dee, lekin raay dee kii raajaa key yaun jeevan key baare mein gairo key aarop" "sansanikhej" "they aur kahaa kii gairo" "unakaa vishleshan karane key bajaay tathyon koo ikattha curr rhaa thaa.
aff. bee. aaee. ney karyakari shakha, mitravat samvaaddaataon, sambhaavit gathbandhan bhagidaron aur aiss. see. ell. see. key vitt poshan sroton aur raajaa key parivaar koo aise mamalon key baare mein report vitarit kii. beuro ney raajaa koo gumnam patra bhee bheje, jisamen usane dhamki dee kii aggar vaha apane nagrik adhikaaron kaa kaam bund naheen kartaa haye tou vaha jaankaari prakat karega. raajaa koo nobel shaanti puraskar praapt karane seey thheek pahale bheja gayaa aff. bee. aaee.-raajaa kaa aatmahatya patra, aanshik roop seey padhaa gayaah
americi janata, church sangathan joe madad curr rahey hain-protestant, catholic aur yahudi aapako jaanenge kii aap kyaa hain-ack dusht janwar. aur bhee loga jinhone aapka samarthan kiya hoga. aap curr chuke hain. raajaa, aapke paas karane key liye kewal ack hii kaam bachaa haye. aap jaanate hain kii yeh kyaa haye. aapke paas kewal 34 dinn hain jisamen aapako karna haye (yeh sateek sankhya ack vishisht kaaran seey chuni gaee haye, yeh nishchit roop seey vyaavhaarik roop seey mahatvapurna haye). aap curr chuke hain. aapke liye ack hii raasta haye. behtar hoga kii aap ise apane gandi dhokhadhadi vaale aatm koo rashtra key saamane pesh karane seey pahale leey lein.
patra key saath ack tape recording thee-aff. bee. aaee. taaron seey uddhrit-raajaa key kaee vivaahetar sambandhon kii. raajaa ney iss package kii vyakhya usey aatmahatya karane key prayaas key roop mein kii, halanki usa samay gharelu khufiya vibhaag key pramukh villium sullivan ney tark diyaa kii iska uddeshya kewal "dow. koo samajhaana" hoe sakata haye. raajaa aiss. see. ell. see. seey istifa dey."raajaa ney aff. bee. aaee. kii dhamkiyon koo sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa.
1977 mein, nyayadhish johnn luis smith junier. 1963 aur 1968 key beach aff. bee. aaee. kii raajaa kii electronic nigrani key parinamswarup record kiye gaye audio tape aur likhit pratiyon kii sabhi gyaat pratiyon koo rashtriya abhilekhagar mein rakhane aur 2027 taka saarvajanik pahunch seey seal karane kaa adesh diyaa.
maee 2019 mein, ack aff. bee. aaee. file saamane aaee, jiss parr ack hastalikhit nott mein aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa kii raajaa ney "dekhaa, hansaa aur salah dee" kyonki usake ack dost ney ack mahila key saath balatkar kiya thaa. iss avadhi key visheshagya peshevar itihaaskaar jinhone iss kaalpanik sakshya kii jaanch kii haye, unhone ise atyadhik avishvasaniya bataate hue khariz curr diyaa haye. raajaa kii ack poorv jeevani key lekhak david gairo ney likhaa kii "sujhaav... kii usane yaa tou sakriya roop seey kissy bhee mahila key khilaf hinsa koo sahan kiya yaa vyaktigat roop seey usey niyojit kiya, bhale hii vaha nashe mein hoe, apane aitihaasik qada key liye itani maulik chunauti pesh kartaa haye kii sabse poorna aur vyaapak aitihaasik sameeksha kii aavashyakta hoti haye. ack type kii gaee report mein jode gaye hastalikhit nott parr gairo kii nirbharta koo kaee anya adhikaariyon dwara kharaab chhatravritti maanaa jaataa haye. nottingham vishvavidyalaya mein americi adhyayan key professor, peater ling ney bataaya kii gairo ack avadhi key dauran aff. bee. aaee. reports kii sateekta koo sweekaar karane mein atyadhik vishvasaniya thaa, yadi saral naheen, jaba aff. bee. aaee. apani cointelpro gatividhiyon key hisse key roop mein raajaa koo badnam karane kaa prayaas karane key liye ack badey paimaane parr operation curr rhaa thaa. gairo ney pahale raajaa parr ling key kaam koo vyaapak roop seey aadhikarik, "vichaarsheel, bodhgamya aur poori tarah seey achchi tarah seey soochit" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya thaa. 20veen shatabdi key americi itihas key visheshagyon, jinamen rajneeti vigyaan key pratishthit professor jeane theoharis, shikago mein ilinois vishvavidyalaya key professor barbara rendby, johns hopkins vishvavidyalaya key nathan connolly aur yell vishvavidyalaya key itihas key maanad professor glenda gillmore ney gairo kii chhatravritti key baare mein apatti vyakt kii haye. theoharis ney tippani kii, "mujhe pataa haye kii adhikansh vidwan aisaa karane key liye snaatak chhatron koo dandit karenge."yeh pahali baar naheen haye jaba gaaro key kaam kii dekhbhal aur kathorta parr gambhir sawal uthaaya gayaa haye. clayborne carson, martin luther king jeevanikaar aur dow. steinford vishvavidyalaya key raajaa abhilekhon mein kahaa gayaa haye kii vaha gairo key vipareet nishkarsh parr aae aur kahaa kii "inmein seey koee bhee nayaa naheen haye. gairo willard hotal seey 1964 kii recording key ack transcript key haal hii mein jode gaye saransh key baare mein baat curr rhaa haye, jisamen shrimati sahit anya shamil hain. raajaa ney kahaa haye kii unhone usa parr martin kii aavaaz naheen sunee. jodaa gayaa saransh vaastavik recording seey chaar paraton koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh kathit taur parr naee jaankaari ack aff. bee. aaee. report key ack paragraph mein ack anaam srot seey aatee haye. aapako poochhana hoga kii koee bhee yeh nishkarsh kaise nikaal sakata haye kii raajaa ney ack kamare mein ack audio recording seey balatkar koo dekhaa jahaan vaha maujood naheen thaa."carson coretta scott king key sansmaranon key baare mein apani sthiti kaa aadhar banaati haye jahan vaha kahati haye" "maine apana reel-too-reel recorder sthaapit kiya aur sunaa. maine apane pati kii bhaddi gatividhiyon key baare mein baat karane vaali kaee reportein padhee hain, lekin ack baar phir, tape parr kuchh bhee doshpurna naheen thaa. yeh ack samajik karyakram thaa jisamen loga hansate aur gandey chutkule bolate they. lekin maine usa parr martin kii aavaaz naheen sunee, aur sex key baare mein yaa jhooth jey seey milati-julati koee aur baat naheen thee. edger aur aff. bee. aaee. fail rahey they."una tepon koo 2027 mein saarvajanik kiya jaanaa haye joe aarop kii pushti yaa khandan curr sakate hain.
hatyaa key dauran pulis kaa nireekshan.
ack fayer station lorren motal key paar sthit thaa, boarding house key buggle mein jisamen james earl ray reh rahey they. raajaa koo nigrani mein rakhane key liye pulis adhikaariyon koo agnishaman station mein tainaat kiya gayaa thaa. jiss samay raajaa koo goli maaree gaee thee, usa samay agent usey dekh rahey they. golibari key turant baad, adhikaari station seey baahar motal kii or daude. ack gupt pulis adhikaari, mairel mccollo, raajaa koo praathamik chikitsa dene vaale pahale vyakti they. raajaa aur aff. bee. aaee. key beach virodh, hatyare koo khojane key liye sabhi binduon key bulletin kii kamee, aur paas mein pulis kii upasthiti ney atkalon koo janm diyaa kii aff. bee. aaee. hatyaa mein shamil thaa.
puraskar aur maanyata.
raajaa koo colleges aur vishvavidyalayon seey cumm seey cumm pachas maanad upaadhiyan pradaan kii gaeen. 14 octuber, 1964 koo, raajaa nobel shaanti puraskar key sabse cumm umr key vijeta baney, joe unhein yuu. aiss. mein nasleeya purvagrah key liye ahinsak pratirodh kaa netritva karane key liye pradaan kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. 1965 mein, unhein americi yahudi samiti dwara "maanav swatantrata key siddhanton kii asadharan pragati" key liye americi swatantrata padak seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa."apani sweekriti tippani mein, raajaa ney kahaa," swatantrata ack cheej haye. aapke paas sub kuchh haye yaa aap swatantra naheen hain."
1957 mein unhein nakp seey spingern padak seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. dou saal baad, unhone apani pustak "stride toured freedamah dha montgomeri story" key liye annisfield-wolf book award jeetaa. 1966 mein, america key niyojit parenthood federation ney "kattarta key prati unake sahsi pratirodh aur samajik nyaay aur maanav garima kii unnati key liye unake aajivan samarpan key liye king margaret singer puraskar seey sammaanit kiya."1966 mein bhee, king koo american academy off arts aind sciences key ack saathi key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa. navambar 1967 mein, unhone nucasal vishvavidyalaya seey nagrik kaanoon mein maanad doctorate praapt karane key liye united kingdam kii 24 ghante kii yatra kii, joe iss tarah seey maanyata praapt karane vaalaa pahala african americi bunn gayaa. ack gatishil twarit sweekriti bhaashan mein, unhone kahaa
teen tatkalik aur vaastav mein badee samasyaaen hain jinka saamana humm naa kewal sanyukt raajya america mein balki aaj poori duniya mein karate hain. yahee naslavaad kii samasya haye, garibi kii samasya haye aur yuddh kii samasya haye.
teen grammy puraskaron key liye apane namankan key alawa, raajaa ney 1971 mein "main viyatnam mein yuddh kaa virodh kyon kartaa huun" key liye maranoparant sarvshreshth bolly jaane vaali shabd recording key liye jeetaa.
1977 mein, rashtrapati jimmi carter dwara maranoparant rashtrapati padak swatantrata raajaa koo pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. uddharan mein likhaa haih
martin luther king junier. yeh unaki peedhi kaa vivek thaa. unhone algaav kii mahaan deewaar koo dekhaa aur dekhaa kii prem kii shakti ise neeche laa sakati haye. hamaare sabse vinamra nagrikon key liye hamaare sansthapakon key vaadon koo puuraa karane key liye apani ladaai key dard aur thakawat seey, unhone america key liye apane sapane key baare mein apane vakpatu bayaan koo dohraya. unhone hamaare rashtra koo majboot banaaya kyonki unhone ise behtar banaaya. uska sapana abhee bhee hamein jeevit rakhta haye.
raajaa aur unaki patni koo 2004 mein congress key swarn padak seey bhee sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.
raajaa 20veen shatabdi key sabse vyaapak roop seey prashansit logon kii soochi mein dusare sthaan parr they. 1963 mein, unhein "time" person off dha ear naamit kiya gayaa thaa, aur 2000 mein, unhein usee patrika dwara ack online "person off dha centuary" poul mein chhathe sthaan parr vote diyaa gayaa thaa. king ney discovery channel aur aol dwara sanchaalit "sabse mahaan americi" mein teesara sthaan praapt kiya.
paanch dollar kaa bill.
20 aprail, 2016 koo, treasury secretory jacob leey ney ghoshana kii kii 2020 seey pahale $5, $10 aur $20 key bilon koo phir seey design kiya jaayega. leey ney kahaa kii jabaki linken $5 key bill key saamane rahega, linken smaarak mein hui vibhinn aitihaasik ghatnaaon koo darshaane key liye riverse koo phir seey design kiya jaayega. niyojit designs mein raajaa key "aaee haiv aeye dream" bhaashan aur opera gaayak marian anderson dwara 1939 key sangeet karyakram kii chhaviyaan hain.
smaarak.
martin luther king junier sahit martin luther king junier key sammaan mein kaee smaarak sthal, imaaraten aur moortiyaan banaai gaee hain. washington mein smaarak pustakalaya, dee.see., dow. martin luther king junier. pustakalaya, saine jose, california key shahar mein sthit haye aur martin luther king junier. washington mein rashtriya maull key buggle mein paschimi potomac park mein sthit smaarak, dee.see.unaki viraasat key sammaan mein sanyukt raajya america aur anya deshon mein kaee anya smaarak banaae gaye hain.
maanad doctorate.
unhein kaee maanad doctorate praapt hue hain.

