pahaadi himnad

parvatiya himnad ("rangifer tarrends tarrends"), jise norwegian raindear, uttari raindear, aam raindear yaa pahaadi caribau bhee kahaa jaataa haye, raindear kii ack madhyam aakar kii badee upa-prajaati haye joe paschimi scandinavian praaydweep, vishesh roop seey norway kii mool nivasi haye. norwey mein, ise "fazelrin", "vilrin" yaa "tundra-raain" kahaa jaataa haye.
varnan.
pahaadi himnad madhyam seey badey samaan pair vaale guchhedaar hotey hain, jisamen ack motaa dohra coat hotaa haye joe unhein norwey kii sardiyon seey bachaata haye. narr raindear (bail) kaa vajan ausatan 70 seey 150 kilogram (154 seey 331 pound) hotaa haye, jabaki maadaon (gaayon) kaa vajan ausatan 40 seey 100 kilogram (88 seey 220 pound) hotaa haye. bail aur gaay donon mein seengen hoti hain, lekin gaayen ack dusare seey ladane key liye unakaa upayog naheen karati hain; isake bajaay, kuchh gojaatiya jaanvaron kii tarah, way ghuspaithiyon seey bhojan yaa kshetra kii raksha key liye apani seengon kaa upayog karati hain. unake grishmakaaleen coat jyaadaatar safed gaanthon key saath halke bhoore rung key hotey hain aur kuchh aanuvanshik bhinnataon mein, kaale pair aur malaidar-safed gardan hotey hain. unakaa sheetkaleen coat beij kandhon aur peeth key saath cream-safed hoe sakata haye, yaa poori tarah seey cream-safed hoe sakata haye. 
vibhinn paryavaraniya taapmaanon seey nipatane key liye pahaadi himnad mein kaee shaaririk anukoolan hain. raindear mein haemoglobin hotaa haye joe bahut thhande tapman parr bhee uchch oxygen utaarane kii anumati detaa haye. yeh aavashyak haye kyonki raindear key angon koo aksar shareer key mukhya tapman kii tulanaa mein bahut thandaa rakhaa jaataa haye, ack ghatana jise kshetriya vishamta key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. germ tapman mein, raindear vashpikaran sheetlan key liye naak kii saans lene seey munh kholane kii or bhee badal sakata haye.
aanuvanshik bhinnataaen.
uttari aur dakshini aabaadi koo ack baar ack hii upa-prajaati maanaa jaataa thaa. haalaanki, aanuvanshik vishleshan seey pataa chalata haye kii madhya norwey mein dovrefjel mein paaya jaane vaalaa raindear, beringia mein raindear seey sambandhit haye, jabaki dakshini norwey mein paaya jaane vaalaa raindear, jaise kii hardengervida pathaar, dakshini europe key raindear seey sambandhit haye. way finish vann raindear (aar. phenicus phenicus) joe aitihaasik roop seey purvi europe key kuchh hisson parr kabja curr chuka thaa.
vitaran aur seema.
vartamaan mein, jangli parvat raindear kewal paschimi scandinavia mein paaya jaa sakata haye, jisamen sabse badee aabaadi madhya aur dakshini norwey mein rahati haye. norwey mein kull aabaadi 70,000 aur 80,000 key beach haye, jisamen sabse badee sankhya sore-trondlag, nord-trondlag aur uttari headmark mein paaee jaati haye. ack chhoti aabaadi, 6,000 seey 7,000, hardangarvidda mein paaee jaati haye.
sanrakshan kii sthiti.
jangli aabaadi apratyaksh roop seey norwey kii sarkaar dwara niyantrit haye. 1902 seey 1906 taka norwey mein parvatiya himnad poori tarah seey sanrakshit they. haalaanki, usake kuchh saal baad, aabaadi phir seey doob gaee. 3411 key dashak mein, yeh kewal 2,700 honey kaa anuman thaa. 1930 key dashak mein, raindear key shikaar koo seemit karane key liye kotaa pesh kiya gayaa thaa. inn niyamon ney, palayan karane vaale raindear key saath, aabaadi badhaane mein madad kii. 1990 key dashak key madhya taka, jangli raindear kii aabaadi 30,000 seey adhik hoe gaee thee. aaj, pahaadi raindear kaa shikaar aamtaur parr bhojan yaa trophy key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.
gharelu raindear kii tulanaa mein.
vartamaan mein norwey mein gharelu raindear kii aabaadi lagbhag 12 laakh haye. isane aitihaasik roop seey ack khel-shikaar janwar key roop mein ack badee bhoomika nibhai haye, joe bhojan kaa ack srot haye aur jaba ghode upalabdh naheen they tou hull kheenchane key liye ack vaikalpik vikalp haye. gharelu himnad-joe takniki roop seey kewal ardh-gharelu hain, kyonki mauka milane parr way abhee bhee jangli hoe jaayenge-norwey mein maans key sabse aam sroton mein seey ack hain, vishesh roop seey uttar mein, jahaan saami loga rahate hain, aur jahaan gharelu maveshi durlabh hain kyonki way thhandi sardiyon key saath-saath himnad bhee jeevit naheen reh sakate hain. dakshin mein, raindear maans koo aksar paaramparik ravivaar key bhojan key roop mein yaa mausami karyakramon key dauran khaaya jaataa haye.
shikari.
kyonki pahaadi himnad itna badaa haye, isamen maanav shikariyon key alawa bahut cumm praakritik shikari hain. haalaanki, links aur volverine kabhi-kabhi yuva, boodhe yaa beemar raindear kaa shikaar karate hain. bhoore rung key bhalu mein ack vayask mahila seey nipatane kii taakat hoti haye, lekin yeh khud key liye shikaar karane key bajaay, links yaa volverine dwara chhode gaye carrion seey safai karega, yaa unaki hatyaa kii chori karega. bhediye bhee vayask raindear seey nipatane key liye paryaapt shaktishali hotey hain, lekin norwey mein bhediyon key sakht niyantran key kaaran, ack samooh koo lagbhag nishchit roop seey dekhaa jaayega aur aisaa karane seey pahale maar diyaa jaayega.
links pahaadi himnad key liye sabse badaa praakritik khatra haye kyonki iska chhota aakar ise ack aadarsh ghaat shikari banaata haye. links ack swasth vayask bail yaa gaay seey nipatane key liye bahut chhote hotey hain, isaliye way aam taur parr bachhadon koo nishana banaate hain. wolverin ack samaan shikaar ranneeti kaa paalan karate hain, halanki, links key vipareet, way vayask raindear seey nipatane mein saksham hain.

