
tounton rashtriya udyaan

townton rashtriya udyaan australia key purvi madhya queensland mein rockhampton seey lagbhag 135 kimmy antardeshiya doori parr dingo shahar key paas sthit haye. iss udyaan mein raani bhoomi key uttari brigalo belt jaiv kshetra key bheetar ack kshetra shamil haye; ack aisaa kshetra jise vyaapak roop seey kaafee jaiv vividhata key liye maanyata praapt haye.
tounton rashtriya udyaan koo ack sakht vaigyaanik prakriti aarakshit key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa haye kyonki isake astitva aur luptapray brilled nell-tail walabi ("oncogella franata") kii suraksha sunishchit karane mein isake mahatva key kaaran. divaaron key sanrakshan ney aarakshit seemaon key bheetar praakritik punarjanan prakriyaon koo suvidhajanak banaaya haye, paaristhitiki tantra samudaayon koo aspas key paridrishya mein aage krishi gadbadi seey sanrakshit kiya haye, deshi jeevon key liye awas pradaan kiye hain aur jaiv vividhata kii ack vistrit shrinkhala key sanrakshan mein madad kii haye.
kshetra kaa vivaran.
udyaan key uttari kshetra mein daraar vaali mitty aur brigalo vanaspati prajaatiyan pramukh hain, jabaki nilgiri samudaayon key sanyojan mein banaavat-vipareet mitty paschimi kshetra mein haavi haye. udyaan kii sthalaakriti kaafee samaan haye, jisamen udyaan key uttar aur paschimi chhor seey purvi aur dakshini kinaaron kii or dheere-dheere dhalaan haye. iss kshetra kii jalavaayu koo uposhnakatibandhiya aur ardh-shushk key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye; 711 mimi kii ausat vaarshik varsha key saath, jiska aadhaa grishmakaaleen maheenon-disambar seey farwari taka seemit haye. 
iss tarah kii sanghanit avadhi mein varsha kaa vitaran kshetra koo sookhe key liye pravan chhod detaa haye; ausatan, ack dashak mein ack baar honey vaali nirantar sookhe kii ghatana key saath. sabse halia mahatvapurna sookha 1991 aur 1995 key beach bachaa huaa naltel walabi aabaadi parr hanikarak prabhaavon key saath huaa.
jaisa kii uttari brigalo belt mein ushnakatibandhiya sawana kii visheshta haye, khule, ghaas vaale nilgiri vanon, sankraman kshetron aur punah ugaane vaale babool kii jhaadi-bhoomi aur vanon kaa ack sanyojan, jisamen tounton rashtriya udyaan mukhya vanaspati kshetra shamil hain. udyaan aur aspas key kshetron mein sabse aam vanaspati sanghon mein yaa tou brigalo ("babool harpophila") yaa poppler boxes ("nilgiri populnia") prajaatiyan hoti hain, joe aamtaur parr anya "babool" aur "nilgiri spp" key saath hoti hain. 
udyaan kii seemaon key bheetar maujood jall nikaayon mein 15 baandh aur chhoti sankhya mein khaadiyan hain.
itihas.
jiss kshetra mein tounton rashtriya udyaan sthit haye, vaha deerghakaalik, vyaapak krishi vikas aur sambandhit gadbadi key adheen thaa (aur abhee bhee haye). 1950 aur 1960 key dashak key dauran gharelu bhed aur maveshiyon koo charaane key liye charwahi ghaas sthaapit karane key liye brigalo jhaadiyon kii vyaapak nikasi shuru hui. buffel ghaas ("sancrus siliaris") koo saaf kiye gaye kshetron mein chaare key liye vyaapak roop seey boya jaataa thaa, aur teji seey aparivartaniya roop seey sthaapit hoe gayaa.
brigalo vikas yojana' naamak ack sarkari pahal ney brigalo kshetra mein krishi vikas koo badhaane key liye bahut protsaahan pradaan kiya aur bhains ghaas mein parivartan key liye vanaspati nikasi kii darr aur paimaane koo tej kiya. iss yojana kii safalata key parinamswarup krishi pranali mein samaayojan huaa taaki cumm sampattiyon aur adhik bhandar sankhya key saath adhik gahan bhoomi upayog prathaaen aam hoe gaeen. iss bhoomi upayog parivartan key sanchayi prabhaavon key parinamswarup avashesh vanaspati key aakar aur ghatana mein kaafee kamee aaee. isase sthaaniya jeevon key liye awas, bhojan aur aashray kii upalabdhata cumm hoe gaee aur praakritik vanaspati sanrachana mein badalaav aaya.
udyaan kii sthaapana.
1973 mein 'tounton' naamak ack pashu sampatti parr ack lagaam vaali nakhun-poonchh vaali deewaar dekhi gaee aur ack baad lagaane vaale thekedaar dwara isaki soochana dee gaee. 1900 key dashak kii shuruat mein walabi kii aabaadi kii sankhya mein mahatvapurna girawat kii khabaren aaee theen, 1930 key dashak key baad seey koee record naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur baad mein prajaatiyon koo vilupt maanaa gayaa thaa. iss drishya key baad, 1979 mein tounton koo kharida gayaa aur kewal luptapray deewaar kii suraksha aur astitva sunishchit karane key liye ack vaigyaanik bhandar key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa. phir 1984 mein, tounton key buggle mein sthit ack aur pashu sampatti 'laal pahaadi' koo reserve mein jodaa gayaa aur baad mein poore kshetra koo aadhikarik taur parr 'tounton rashtriya udyaan' naam diyaa gayaa.
jeev vigyaan aur paaristhitiki.
yeh udyaan uttari brigalo 'ushnakatibandhiya sawana' paaristhitiki kshetra mein paaya jaataa haye, jiska naam iss kshetra kii pramukh vanaspati prajaatiyon key liye rakhaa gayaa haye; 'brigalo', jise isake baad "babool harpophila" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. iss poore jile mein aur vaastav mein poore brigalo belt mein vanaspati nikasi key parinamswarup jaiv vividhata aur samagr paaristhitiki tantra key ksharan kaa vyaapak nuksan huaa haye. kaafee kshetriya krishi aur pashupalan vikas key bavjood, udyaan kii vanaspati kaa ack badaa hissa barkarar rhaa yaa aarakshit kshetra kii sthaapana seey pahale nyuntam gadbadi key sampark mein thaa. aaj iss udyaan kaa uchch kshetriya mahatva haye kyonki 1975 (lagbhag) taka udyaan key bheetar kewal 17 pratishat vanaspati koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase ack samay mein prachalit, kshetriya pratinidhi paaristhitiki tantra aur vanaspati samudaayon kaa sanrakshan hotaa haye, joe abb aksar jhaadiyon key tukadon aur bhandar taka hii seemit hain.
raani bhoomi key bheetar anya upa-kshetron kii tulanaa mein, jiss kshetra mein udyaan sthit haye, vaha vaarshik nikasi kii uchchatam darr mein seey ack haye. iss uchch nikasi darr ney kaee samanya paaristhitiki tantron koo jokhim mein daalane yaa luptapray honey mein yogdan diyaa haye, joe udyaan jaiv vividhata key mahatva koo ujagar kartaa haye, kyonki 12 kshetron key paaristhitiki tantra aarakshit kshetra key bheetar pratinidhitva karate hain. udyaan mein luptapray khule vann yaa vann paaristhitiki tantra mein shamil hain; vanaspati sanghon kaa prabhutva "aeye" dwara haye. harpophila "yaa tou belah (casuarina christata) yaa dosson gumm (nilgiri cambagiana) key saath, yaa vilga (gijera parviflora) aur jhoothi chandan (erimophila michelli) key sanyojan mein. aeye" key brigalo jhaadidaar bhoomi/vann sanyojan. peet-lakadi ("terminalia oblongata") aur jhoothi chandan key saath harpophila bhee luptapray hain, joe 1900 key dashak mein vyaapak paimaane parr saaf kiye gaye hain. udyaan key bheetar paaristhitiki tantra samudaayon kaa pratinidhitva kiya jaataa haye jinhen 'chinta kaa vishay' maanaa jaataa haye, unamen shamil hain; khule aur ghaas vaale vann kshetra jinamen poppler boxes ("ee. populnia) aur ghaas yaa jhaadiyon vaale vann kshetra jinamen nilgiri spp kaa prabhutva haye."corimbia spp key saath yaa usake binaa.
vanaspati.
yeh abhayaranya vanaspatiyon kii ack vistrit vividhata kaa samarthan kartaa haye, jisamen 190 seey adhik prajaatiyan darj hain. vishisht brigalo samudaay joe udyaan mein paae jaate hain, unamen ghaas aur jhaadiyon vaale vann yaa khule vann, whipstick brigalo, choosane vaale brigalo aur khule vann shamil hain. harpophila aur ack anya prajaati jaise pealy lakadi, belah yaa vibhinn nilgiri spp."haavi hoe jaao. udyaan key ander sanrakshit luptapray paudhon kii prajaatiyon mein "solanesi solanam adenophorum" aur "solanesi solanam alacophilum" shamil hain. inke alawa, dou anya prajaatiyon kii pehchaan 'nikat sankatgrast' key roop mein kii gaee haye; "aposynacy serbera dumikola" aur "poesi diechanthium setosum".
ghaney babool key vann yaa 'brigalo jhaadiyan' udyaan kshetra key 30 pratishat koo gherati hain, jisamen pahale varnit luptapray brigalo jhaadiyan/vann paaristhitiki tantra kii vishisht prajaatiyan hain, yaa isamen "aeye" key sanyojan shamil hoe sakate hain. dosson gumm yaa poppler boxes key saath harpophila. udyaan kshetra key 39 pratishat hisse koo cover karane vaalaa sabse pramukh vanaspati sangh ghaas vaale nilgiri key jangal hain, jinamen chaandi key patte vaale lohe key bark (ee. melanofloya), sankeern-pattedaar lohe kii patti, (ee. crebra), lambe phal vaali rakt lakadi (ee. polycarpa ") aur gray boxes (" ee. molucana "). babool bahul vanon aur nilgiri pradhaan vanon key beach sankraman kshetra pratyek paaristhitiki tantra prakaar key liye vishesh visheshtaon key sanyojan seey baney hain, aur udyaan key kull kshetra kaa kewal 14 pratishat yogdan karate hain. shesh bhoomi koo pahale saaf curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur mukhya roop seey "aeye" dwara praakritik punarjanan seey gujar rhaa haye. harpophila.
jeev-jantu.
tounton rashtriya udyaan key sanrakshan ney vibhinn macropod prajaatiyon (kangaro aur walabi aadi) sahit jaiv vividhata kii ack vistrit shrinkhala key liye ack mahatvapurna sharan aur nivaas pradaan kiya haye.) aur anya standhaariyon, pakshiyon kii 70 seey adhik prajaatiyan aur kaee sarisrip aur saamp. iss abhayaranya mein rahane key liye jaani jaane vaali ullekhaniya pakshi prajaatiyon mein squatter kabootar ("geophaps scripta scripta") kii kamjor dakshini upa-prajaati aur pravaasi indradhanush madhumakkhi-khaane vaali ("meropes ornets") shamil hain, joe vibhinn antarrashtriya pravaasi pakshi samjhauton key tahat sanrakshit haye. reserve mein rahane vaali mahatvapurna sarisrip prajaatiyon mein kamjor brigalo scally-phut chhipakali ("paradelma orientalis") aur vrikshavanshi golden-tailed geko ("strofurus tennicada") (aine. pee. aar. aiss.) shamil hain jinhen khatare key karib key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. brilled neltel wallby key alawa, kaee macropods mein ack vitaran seema hoti haye joe reserve key madhyam seey faili hoti haye. inmein kaali dhaaridaar deewaar ("macropus dorsalis"), purvi gray kangaru ("aim") shamil hoe sakate hain. gigantius), samanya deewaar ("aim.robustus) aur daldali deewaar (walabia bicolor). udyaan mein paae jaane vaale anya standhaariyon mein badey kaana vaale pied bait ("chalinolobus dwirey") shamil hain, joe kamjor key roop mein soochibaddh haye, aur udyaan mein paae jaane vaale pratishthit australiyai koala ("phoscolarctose cinerius") adhik aam pakshi prajaatiyon mein shamil hain; chittidaar bower pakshi ("chlamydara maculata"), vividh prakaar key purry-raine ("malurus lamberty"), shandar purry-raine ("malurus sinius") aur laal-samarthit purry-raine ("malurus melanocephalus").
nile-tail wallby.
iss udyaan mein australia key sabse luptapray macropod kii ekmatra praakritik roop seey paaee jaane vaali aabaadi haye; briddled neltel wallby. abb yeh deewaar apane poorv vitaran key 1 pratishat seey bhee cumm taka seemit haye, joe mool roop seey naee dakshin wells seema key paas murre nadee seey uttari raani bhoomi mein charter towers taka faili hui haye. mool jansankhya mein girawat key kaaran jatil hain, lekin aam taur parr maanaa jaataa haye kii shikaar aur sookhe sahit paraspar karakon key sanyojan seey utpann hue hain. inn prakriyaon seey honey vaale jansankhya key prabhaavon koo vyaapak paimaane parr vanaspati nikasi key kaaran awas key vikhandan aur ksharan aur gharelu jaanvaron, vishesh roop seey bhed key saath khaadya sansadhanon key liye pratispardha mein vriddhi key kaaran aur badhaa diyaa gayaa haye.
1979 aur 1980 key dashak key anta key beach, jansankhya sankhya 1000 aur 1400 vyaktiyon key beach honey kaa anuman thaa. thhos prayason aur vibhinn prabandhan drishtikonon key bavjood jansankhya kii sankhya mein girawat jaari haye, ack aisee sthiti joe aksar 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein hue nirantar sookhe key kaaran hoti haye. sookhe khaadya sansadhanon kii cumm upalabdhata key madhyam seey seedhe roop seey prabhaav daalate hain, jabaki apratyaksh roop seey shikaar key dabaav koo bhee badhaate hain kyonki surakshaatmak awas aavaran kaa star cumm hoe jaataa haye aur samagr shikaar kii sankhya mein girawat jaari rahati haye. walabi key gyaat shikariyon mein shamil hain; jangli billiyaan aur kutte, dingo ("canis lupus") ways-tailed eagle ("aquilla audex") aur badey ajgar. shikaar koo cumm karane key liye, dingo aur jangli kutte koo bett maarne kaa niyamit roop seey ayojan kiya jaataa haye, aur australia key khel nishaanebaajon kaa sangh bhee shikaar abhiyaan chalaata haye, jisamen udyaan aur aspas key kshetron mein jangli prajaatiyon aur dingo koo lakshit kiya jaataa haye. 
haal hii mein baney nakhun vaali deewaar key liye jansankhya key anumaanon seey pataa chalata haye kii udyaan key bheetar sankhya lagbhag 500 haye. dou sthanantarit jangli aabaadi maujood haye; ack idalia rashtriya udyaan mein aur doosari ack niji swaamitva vaali pashu sampatti-'avoset', jisamen townville, rockhampton aur gold coast mein atirikt bandee prajanan aabaadi haye. inn sabhi baahari aabaadi koo mool roop seey tounton rashtriya udyaan seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa, jiska uddeshya seema seema aur aabaadi kii kull sankhya koo badhaana thaa, taaki vilupt honey vaali kissy bhee aakasmik ghatana key jokhim koo cumm kiya jaa sakey. inn aakasmiktaon key bavjood, tounton rashtriya udyaan mein jangli aabaadi koo abhee bhee prajaatiyon key nirantar astitva key liye sabse mahatvapurna maanaa jaataa haye kyonki isamen aanuvanshik vividhata kaa uchchatam star haye, aur isaliye yeh sthanantarit aabaadi key jeane pool key poorak key liye ack mahatvapurna srot haye.
paryavaraniya khatare.
tounton rashtriya udyaan aur isaki jaiv vividhata vibhinn khatarnak prakriyaon key adheen haye, vishesh roop seey shuru kii gaee jangli prajaatiyon aur aakramak paudhon key saath shikaar yaa pratispardha key sambandh mein. brilled neltel vaalaabeez dingo kaa niyamit shikaar hain, joe adhimaantah vayask vyaktiyon koo lakshit kartaa haye aur prajaati key deerghakaalik astitva key liye ack mahatvapurna khatare key roop mein pahachaana jaataa haye. isake vipareet, jangli billiyaan kishore bhitti rogon koo lakshit karati dikhaai detee hain, joe prajanan aabaadi mein yogdan karane key liye lambe samay taka jeevit rahane vaale vyaktiyon kii sankhya koo prabhaavi roop seey cumm karati hain, jisase sankhya mein girawat mein aur yogdan milata haye.
aakramak paudhon kii prajaatiyan udyaan kii jaiv vividhata key liye badhate khatare paida karati hain. vishesh roop seey udyaan parr aakraman karane vaale kukhyaat kharpatwaron mein shamil hain; vishal choohon kii poonchh ghaas ("sporobolus spp")."), laakhon kii maan (" bryophilum spp."), buffel ghaas, haricia cactus (ariosarius martini), parthenium (" "parthenium hysterophorus" ") aur rubber kii bell (" "cryptostagea grandiflora" "). vishesh roop seey, deshi vanaspati mein jhaadi kii sanrachana koo badalane kii isaki kshamata key kaaran charwahi bhains ghaas kaa atikraman mahatvapurna haye, aur jordar vikas aur sookhe pratirodh key liye isaki kshamata key parinamswarup ghaas kii abhedya divaaron kaa nirmaan hoe sakata haye joe chhote standhaariyon dwara chalane mein bhee baadha daalati haye. bhains ghaas bhee falidar, deshi ghaas aur forb jaisi jadee-bootiyon vaali prajaatiyon key saath atyadhik pratispardhi haye; joe deshi khaadya upalabdhata aur jaiv vividhata koo cumm karati haye. aag key khatare iss mudde koo badhaate hain, kyonki bhains kii ghaas key vikas koo jalaane seey uttejit kiya jaataa haye, joe naa kewal eendhan kii upalabdhata koo badhaakar aag kii gambhirta aur jokhim koo badhaata haye, balki babool kii tulanaa mein adhik tapman parr bhee jalata haye, joe praakritik nivaas koo cumm aur kharaab curr sakata haye.
prabandhan.
paryaavaran aur viraasat sanrakshan vibhaag (derm) key tahat queenland park aur vanyajeev seva (kyu. pee. doubleu. aiss.) dwara tounton rashtriya udyaan kaa prabandhan kiya jaataa haye. yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii saanskritik viraasat moolyon koo udyaan prabandhan nirnayon key saath sanrakshit kiya jaataa haye, kyu. pee. doubleu. aur swadeshi bhoomi maalikon; kangaulu aur ghungalu logon key beach ack nirantar saajhedaari haye. udyaan prabandhan key samanya uddeshyon mein udyaanon kii paaristhitik aur javic vividhata aur moolyon kaa sanrakshan aur sanrakshan sunishchit karna aur shikari niyantran aur paryaapt awas aur khaadya sansadhanon key praavdhaan key madhyam seey nakhe kii deewaar key nirantar astitva koo sunishchit karna shamil haye. 
aakramak paudhon kii prajaatiyon kii seema aur sthaapana koo niyantrit karane aur deshi paudhon key saath pratispardha koo cumm karane key liye keat sanyantra prabandhan jaari haye. isake alawa, niyamit shikari niyantran upaayon koo deewaar parr shikaar key dabaav koo cumm karane key liye lagu kiya jaataa haye, aur inn keat prabandhan ranneetiyon key prabhaavon aur safalata darr kaa aaklan karane key liye nirantar nigrani kii jaati haye. gharelu pashuon koo baad key madhyam seey udyaan seey baahar rakhaa jaataa haye, taaki deewaar key khaadya sansadhanon key liye pratispardha koo cumm kiya jaa sakey aur saath hii raundkar jameen aur vanaspati key sampeedan koo rokaa jaa sakey. walabi aabaadi kii prachurta kii nigrani timahi 4-divasiya sarvekshanon dwara kii jaati haye joe poore park mein faile hue hain, taaki sankhya mein ullekhaniya girawat key liye teji seey prabandhan pratikriya sunishchit kii jaa sakey, jabaki aag key khatron seey utpann honey vaale mudde, jaise kii vaalaabeez key vinash jaise avasheshon key avashesh, aag key tootane aur niyantrit jalane key shasson key madhyam seey prabandhit kiye jaate hain.

