
dayton samjhauta

bosnia aur herzegovina mein shaanti key liye samanya dhancha samjhauta, jise dayton samjhauta yaa dayton samjhaute key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, 21 navambar 1995 koo dayton, ohiyo, sanyukt raajya america key paas raait-patterson vayu senaa adde parr huaa shaanti samjhauta haye, aur 14 disambar 1995 koo peris mein aupchaarik roop seey hastakshar kiye gaye they. inn samjhauton ney saadhe teen saal lambe bosnian yuddh koo samaapt curr diyaa, joe bahut badey yugoslav yuddhon kaa hissa thaa. 
yuddharat dall shaanti aur ack ekal samprabhu raajya key liye sahmat hue jise bosnia aur herzegovina key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe dou bhaagon seey banaa haye, badey paimaane parr serb-aabaadi vaalaa ganarajya srapska aur mukhya roop seey bosnia aur herzegovina kaa crot-bosnia-aabaadi vaalaa sangh.
aprabhaavi aur bhaari raajneetik sanrachanaon key nirmaan aur pichhale yuddh key jaatiya safaaye koo rokane key liye samjhaute kii aalochana kii gaee haye.
baatchit aur hastakshar.
halanki dayton samjhaute key buniyaadi tatvon koo 1992 kii shuruat mein hii antarrashtriya vaartaon mein prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa, yeye vaartaaen pichhale asafal shaanti prayason aur vyavasthaon, agast 1995 key croatian sainya abhiyaan toofaan aur isake baad, ganarajya key khilaf sarkari sainya hamale key baad shuru kii gaee theen. sitambar aur octuber 1995 key dauran, vishva shaktiyaan (vishesh roop seey sanyukt raajya america aur roose), sampark samooh mein ekatra huin, teenon pakshon key netaaon parr samjhauta vaarta mein bhaag lene key liye dabaav daala; dayton, ohiyo koo antatah sthal key roop mein chunaa gayaa.
vaarta kii shuruat yuu. aiss. dwara prastut pramukh binduon kii ruprekha key saath hui.aiss. rashtriya suraksha salaahkaar anthany lake key netritva mein ack dall ney 10-14 agast 1995 koo landan, bone, peris aur anya europeeya padaavon kii yatra kii. inmein russie videsh mantri andrei kozirev seey paramarsh karane key liye sochi, kreemiya shamil they. jheel kii team ney ack alag yuu koo saunp diyaa.aiss. raajya key sahayak sachiv richard holbrook key netritva mein antar-agency samooh, jinhone apani rajdhaniyon mein balcon netaaon key saath baatchit kii. holbrook dall ney agast seey octuber taka teevra shuttle kootneeti key paanch daur aayojit kiye, jisamen geneva aur newyork mein chhote sammelan shamil they, jisake parinamswarup kramshah 8 aur 26 sitambar koo ack samjhaute key liye dalon ney siddhanton koo apanaaya.
dayton sammelan navambar 1995 seey huaa. iss kshetra key mukhya pratibhaagi serbia sloboden milosevic ganarajya key rashtrapati (jinhen bosnian sarbon ney pahale apane hiton kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye sashakt kiya thaa), croatia key rashtrapati franzo tudman aur bosnia aur herzegovina key rashtrapati alija izetbegovic apane videsh mantri muhammad shakirbegh key saath they.
shaanti sammelan kaa netritva americi videsh mantri warren christopher aur vartakar richard holbrook ney europeeya sangh key vishesh pratinidhi carle billed aur roose key pahale upa videsh mantri igor ivanov key roop mein dou saha-adhyakshon key saath kiya thaa. americi pratinidhimandal mein ack pramukh pratibhaagi general wesley clark they. britten kii team key pramukh paulin neville-johns they, joe videsh aur rashtramandal karyalaya kii raajneetik nideshak theen. britten key sainya pratinidhi curnell arundel david leaky they. paul williams ney saarvajanik antarrashtriya kaanoon aur neeti samooh (pee. aaee. ell. pee. jee.) key madhyam seey baatchit key dauran bosnian sarkaar key pratinidhimandal key liye kanuni salaahkaar key roop mein kaary kiya.
surakshit sthal kaa chayan sabhi pakshon koo unake aaraam kshetra seey hataane key liye kiya gayaa thaa, jisake binaa unhein baatchit karane key liye bahut cumm protsaahan milega; media key madhyam seey baatchit karane kii unaki kshamata koo cumm karane key liye; aur 800 seey adhik karmchaariyon aur paricharakon koo surakshit roop seey rakhane key liye. media key madhyam seey baatchit karane kii pratibhagiyon kii kshamata parr ankush lagaana vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna vichaar thaa. richard holbrook press mein shuruati leak key madhyam seey mudra koo rokna chaahte they.
21 navambar 1995 koo dayton, ohiyo mein shuru honey key baad, 14 disambar 1995 koo peris mein poorna aur aupchaarik samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye gaye aur spen key pradhaan mantri phillip gonzalez, francisi rashtrapati jacks chiraak, americi rashtrapati bill clinton, britten key pradhaan mantri johnn mejar, german chansler helmut cole aur russie pradhaan mantri victor chernomirdin ney dekhaa.
samagri.
samjhaute kaa mukhya uddeshya bosnia aur herzegovina mein shaanti aur sthirata koo badhaava denaa aur poorv yugoslavia (anuchhed 5, anulagnak 1-bee) mein aur usake aspas kshetriya santulan kaa samarthan karna haye, iss prakaar ack kshetriya pariprekshya mein.
bosnia aur herzegovina key vartamaan raajneetik vibhajan aur sarkaar kii isaki sanrachana parr sahamati bunny, samvidhaan key hisse key roop mein joe dayton mein sampann samanya dhaanche key samjhaute key anulagnak 4 koo banaata haye. iska ack pramukh ghatak antar-ikai seema rekha kaa chitran thaa, jisake liye anulagnak mein soochibaddh kaee karyon kaa ullekh kiya gayaa thaa.
bosnia herzegovina raajya koo bosnia-herzegovina aur republica srapska key sangh key roop mein nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. bosnia aur herzegovina ack poorna raajya haye, ack parisangh key vipareet; kissy bhee ikai yaa sansthaon koo bosnia aur herzegovina seey taba taka alag naheen kiya jaa sakata jaba taka kii uchit kanuni prakriya seey naa hoe. yadyapi yeh apani sansthaon mein atyadhik vikendrikrit haye, phir bhee yeh ack kendra sarkaar banaae rakhega, jisamen ack ghoornan raajya adhyakshata, ack kendriya baink aur ack samvaidhaanik adalat hogi.
samjhaute key ghatakon kii nigrani, dekhrekh aur karyanvayan key liye samjhaute ney antarrashtriya sangathanon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala koo anivarya kiya. naato key netritva vaalaa ifore (karyanvayan bull) samjhaute key sainya pahaluon koo lagu karane key liye jimmedaar thaa aur 20 disambar 1995 koo tainaat kiya gayaa, jisane apramaanik balon koo apane niyantran mein leey liya. uchch pratinidhi key karyalaya koo nagrik karyanvayan kaa kaary saunpa gayaa thaa. europe mein suraksha aur sahyog sangathan koo 1996 mein pahale swatantra chunaavon key ayojan kaa prabhaar diyaa gayaa thaa.
samvaidhaanik adalat kaa nirnay.
13 octuber 1997 koo, croatian 1861 low party aur bosnia-herzegovina 1861 low party ney bosnia aur herzegovina kii samvaidhaanik adalat seey kaee faisalon koo radd karane aur bosnia aur herzegovina ganarajya key sarvocch nyayalaya key ack faisale kii pushti karane aur, isase bhee mahatvapurna baat, bosnia aur herzegovina mein shaanti key liye samanya dhaanche key samjhaute kii samvaidhaaniktaa kii sameeksha karane kaa anurodh kiya kyonki yeh aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa kii samjhaute ney bosnia aur herzegovina key samvidhaan kaa iss tarah seey ullanghan kiya haye kii yeh raajya kii akhandata koo cumm kartaa haye aur bosnia aur herzegovina key vighatan kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. nyayalaya iss nishkarsh parr pahuncha kii vaha ullikhit nirnayon key sambandh mein vivaad kaa nirnay lene mein saksham naheen haye kyonki aavedak una logon key vishay naheen they jinaki pehchaan samvidhaan key anuchhed vi3 (a) mein una logon parr kii gaee thee joe vivaadon koo nyayalaya mein bhej sakate hain. adalat ney anya anurodh koo bhee khariz curr diyaah
yeh una shuruati mamalon mein seey ack thaa jisamen adalat koo samvidhaan kii kanuni prakriti key sawal seey nipatna padata thaa. anulagnak IV (samvidhaan) aur baaki shaanti samjhaute key sambandh mein "agyakari kathan" key tareeke seey tippani karke, adalat ney vaastav mein poore shaanti samjhaute kii "kanuni ekataa" key liye aadhar sthaapit kiya, jiska aage yeh nihit thaa kii sabhi anulagnak padaanukramit samaantaa mein hain. baad key nirnayon mein adalat ney pushti kii kii shaanti samjhaute key anya anulagnakon kaa upayog vishleshan key liye ack pratyaksh aadhar key roop mein karke, naa kewal anulagnak IV kii vyavasthit vyakhya key sandarbh mein. haalaanki, choonki adalat ney apeelkartaon key prastut anurodh koo khariz curr diyaa, isaliye yeh usa prakriya kii vaidhata key vivadaspad prashnon key baare mein vivaran mein naheen gayaa jisamen nayaa samvidhaan (anulagnak IV) satta mein aaya aur bosnia aur herzegovina ganarajya key poorv samvidhaan koo pratisthaapit kiya. adalat ney baad key mamle mein isi tarah key daave koo khariz karane key liye usee tark kaa upayog kiya.
kshetriya parivartan.
samjhaute seey pahale, bosnian sarbon ney bosnia aur herzegovina (23,687 varg kii. mee.) key lagbhag 46 pratishat, bosniac 28 pratishat (14,505 varg kii. mee.) aur bosnian crot 25 pratishat (12,937 varg kii. mee.) koo niyantrit kiya thaa.
bosnian sarbon koo pahaadi kshetron key badey hisse (4 pratishat bosnian crot seey aur kuchh chhoti matra bosniac seey) vaapas mill gaye, lekin unhein sarajevo aur kuchh mahatvapurna purvi bosnian/herzegovina sthitiyon koo aatmasamarpan karna padaa. unakaa pratishat badhkar 49 pratishat hoe gayaa (brucco jile koo chhodkar 48 pratishat, 24,526 varg kilometres).
bosniyakon koo adhikansh sarajevo aur purvi bosnia aur herzegovina mein kuchh mahatvapurna sthaan mille, jabaki unhone mount ozren aur paschimi bosnia mein kewal kuchh sthaan khou diye. unakaa pratishat badhkar 30 pratishat hoe gayaa aur unhone bhoomi kii gunavatta mein bahut sudhaar kiya. yuddh poorv bosniac (aur bosnian crot) key badey hisse mein basey hue bhoomi bosnian serb niyantran mein rahey.
bosnian kroton ney adhikansh (bih kshetron kaa 4 pratishat) bosnian sarbon (aaj key rs kaa 9 pratishat) koo vaapas dey diyaa aur baad mein unaa-saanaa donzi wakuf (madhya bosnia mein) seey bhee peechhe hutt gaye. possavina (odzack aur domaljewak key kuchh hisson) key ack chhote seey vistaar ney iss tathya koo naheen badala kii dayton key baad bosnian crot ney bosnia aur herzegovina (10,640 varg kii. mee.) key kewal 21 pratishat koo niyantrit kiya, jabaki dayton seey pahale yeh 25 pratishat seey adhik thaa. sabse mahatvapurna bosnian crot kshetron mein seey ack (bosansky broad, bosansky samaik, derventa key saath posavina) koo bosnian crot niyantran seey baahar chhod diyaa gayaa thaa.
bosnia aur herzegovina key sangh kaa niyantran.
canton.
canton 10:
unaa-saanaa cantonh
paschimi herzegovina cantonh
herzegovina-neretwa cantonh
central bosnia cantonh
zenica-doboj cantonh
tujla cantonh
posavina cantonh
bosnian podrinje cantonh
sarajevo cantonh
brucco jile koo vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa;
mulyankan.
samjhaute kaa tatkaal uddeshya sainya takraav koo rokna aur ise phir seey shuru honey seey rokna thaa. isaliye ise "aavashyakta key nirmaan" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa.
dayton samjhaute kaa uddeshya bosnia aur herzegovina koo sangharsh key baad key praarambhik charan seey punarnirmaan aur samekan key madhyam seey aage badhane kii anumati denaa thaa, ack sanghaatmak shakti-sajhakaran drishtikon apnana thaa. kanadai professor charles-phillip david jaise vidwan dayton koo "sangharsh samadhan kaa sabse prabhaavshaali udaaharan" kahate hain. americi vidwan howard aim. hensel kaa kahana haye kii "dayton ack sangharsh samadhan vaarta kaa ack udaaharan haye joe safal rahee. haalaanki, patrice see. mcmohan aur johnn western likhate hain kii "dayton hinsa koo samaapt karane mein jitna safal rhaa, isane ack vikendrikrit raajneetik pranali banaakar asthirta key beej bhee boye jisane raajya key adhikaar koo kamjor curr diyaa.
uchch pratinidhi wolfgang patrits ney 2006 mein tark diyaa kii dayton dhaanche ney antarrashtriya samudaay koo "sansthanon aur kshamata-nirmaan key madhyam seey raajya nirmaan seey pehchaan nirmaan kii or badhane" kii anumati dee haye, jisase bosnia aur herzegovina "brussels key raaste parr aaa gaye hain.
dayton samjhauta apani sthaapana key baad seey aalochana kaa vishay rhaa haye, jisamen shamil hainh
2020 key ack adhyayan key sarvekshan parinamon key anusaar, "bosnia key teen mukhya jaatiya samoohon mein seey pratyek mein, adhik logon ney isake khilaf kii tulanaa mein dayton key liye matdan kiya hoga."
mool dastaavez kaa gayab honah.
13 farwari 2008 koo, bosnia-herzegovina key rashtrapati key pramukh zelzko comsic ney kahaa kii mool dayton samjhauta rashtrapati key sangrah seey khou gayaa thaa. bosnia-herzegovina key uchch pratinidhi miroslav lazak ney kahaah "mujhe naheen pataa kii khabar dukhad haye yaa mazedaar. 16 navambar 2009 koo francisi videsh mantralaya ney sarajevo mein francisi dutawas koo dayton samjhaute kii pramaanit prati pradaan kii. isaki prati baad mein bosnia-herzegovina key videsh mantralaya koo hastaantarit curr dee gaee. chori kii gaee mool vastu 2017 mein ack niji awas mein pealy padee millie thee, jisake parinamswarup usey bechane kii koshish curr rahey vyakti kii giraftari hui thee.

