
2008 kaa aapaatkaaleen aarthik sthirikaran adhiniyam

2008 kaa aapaatkaaleen aarthik sthirikaran adhiniyam, jise aksar 2008 kaa baink bellout yaa wall street bellout kahaa jaataa haye, koo treasury sachiv heinry paulson dwara prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa, jise 110 veen sanyukt raajya congress dwara paarit kiya gayaa thaa, aur rashtrapati george doubleu dwara kaanoon mein hastakshar kiye gaye they. jhaadi. yeh 3 octuber, 2008 koo aaee. dee. 2 key vittiya sankat key beach saarvajanik kaanoon key hisse key roop mein kaanoon bunn gayaa. isane bainkon seey vishaakt sampatti khareedane key liye 700 arab dollar kaa pareshan parisampatti raahat karyakram (tarp) banaaya. nidhiyon koo jyaadaatar bainkon aur anya vittiya sansthanon mein poonji daalane key liye punarnirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki koshagar ney lakshit parisampatti khareed kii upayogita kii jaanch karna jaari rakhaa.
ack vittiya sankat 2007 aur 2008 key dauran aanshik roop seey subprime bandhak sankat key kaaran vikasit huaa thaa, jisake kaaran lehmann brothers aur americi antarrashtriya samooh jaise pramukh vittiya sansthaan whiffle yaa lagbhag whiffle hoe gaye they. vittiya pranali key patan koo rokane key liye, treasury key sachiv paulson ney yuu.aiss. sarkaar vittiya sansthanon seey sankatgrast parisampattiyon mein kaee sou arab dollar kii khareed karegi. unake prastaav koo shuru mein congress dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin chala rahey vittiya sankat aur rashtrapati busch dwara lobbing ney antatah congress koo saarvajanik kaanoon key hisse key roop mein prastaav koo lagu karane key liye aashvast kiya.
bellout kii jokhim laagat key liye praarambhik anuman 700 arab dollar taka they; haalaanki, tarp ney $426.4 arab nivesh seey $441.7 arab kii vasuli kii, $15.3 arab kaa laabh yaa 0.6% kii vaarshik laabh darr arjit kii, aur shayed mudrasfeeti key liye samaayojit honey parr nuksan.
itihas.
1970 key dashak mein vishva poonji baajaron key mukt honey aur 1999 mein glass-steagall adhiniyam key nirsan key baad, banking prathaaen (jyaadaatar greenspan prerit "swa-viniyaman") aur cumm jokhim vaale nivesh key roop mein beche jaane vaale mudrikrit subprime bandhak sitambar 2008 key dauran ack mahatvapurna charan mein pahunch gaye, jisaki visheshta vaishvik rinn baajaron mein gambhir roop seey sankara taralata aur nivesh bainkon aur anya sansthanon key liye diwala key khatare they. jawab mein, yuu.aiss. sarkaar ney hastakshep karane yaa naa karane key liye "ack baar" yaa "mamle-darr-mamle" nirnayon kii ack shrinkhala key baad samasyaon koo sambodhit karane key liye vyaapak kadmon kii ack shrinkhala kii ghoshana kii, jaise kii 16 sitambar koo americi antarrashtriya samooh key liye $85 billion kii taralata suvidha, fanny maaee aur freddy mack kaa sanghiya adhigrahan, aur lehmann bhaaiyon kaa diwalia honah.
iss kaanoon kii utpatti 2008 kii shuruat mein hui thee jaba koshagar key sachiv heinry paulson ney apane dou sahyogiyon, neel kashmiri aur phillip swaggle koo yuu. aiss. koo punah poonjikrit karane kii yojana likhane kaa nirdesh diyaa thaa.aiss. poorna patan kii sthiti mein vittiya pranali. yojana, jise sanghiya reserve key adhyaksh bayne bernanke koo bhee prastut kiya gayaa thaa, ney yuu. key liye ahwan kiya.aiss. sarkaar vittiya sansthanon seey lagbhag 500 arab dollar kii sankatgrast parisampattiyon kii khareed karegi.
mool prastaav koo kharaab parisampattiyon kii khareed, shesh parisampattiyon key moolya key baare mein anishchitata koo cumm karane aur rinn baajaron mein vishvaas bahaal karane key uddeshya seey sanyukt raajya america key pratinidhi sabhaa koo prastut kiya gayaa thaa. isake baad vidheyak kaa vistaar kiya gayaa aur ise sanshodhan key roop mein pesh kiya gayaa. 29 sitambar, 2008 koo 205-228 matdan karate hue pratinidhi sabhaa key matdan key madhyam seey sanshodhan koo khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
yojana key samarthakon ney tark diyaa kii yuu. aiss. mein vishvaas key aur ksharan koo rokane key liye yojana dwara bulaaye gaye bajar hastakshep mahatvapurna thaa.aiss. rinn bajar aur kaarravaai karane mein viphalata aarthik mandee kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye. virodhiyon ney yojana kii laagat aur teji parr apatti jataai, una chunaavon kii or ishara karate hue jinhone wall street nivesh bainkon koo "baahar nikaalane" key liye janata key beach bahut cumm samarthan dikhaaya, daavaa kiya kii behtar vikalpon parr vichaar naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur senate ney bellout package koo "meethaa" karke virodhi sadan key madhyam seey alokpriya sanskaran koo paarit karane key liye majboor kiya.
1 octuber, 2008 koo senate ney aich key sanshodhan parr bahas kii aur matdan kiya.aar. 1424, jisane aich kii bhasha key liye 2008 key aapaatkaaleen aarthik sthirikaran adhiniyam key ack nae sanshodhit sanskaran koo pratisthaapit kiya.aar. 1424. senate ney sanshodhan koo sweekaar curr liya aur poore sanshodhit vidheyak koo paarit curr diyaa, matdan 74-25. atirikt asambandhit praavdhaanon ney package kii laagat mein anumaanit $150 billion jode aur vidheyak kii lambai koo 451 prishthon taka badhaa diyaa. (atirikt praavdhaanon key vivaran key liye saarvajanik kaanoon 110-343 dekhein.) aich kaa sanshodhit sanskaran.aar. 1424 koo vichaar key liye sadan mein bheja gayaa thaa, aur 3 octuber koo, sadan ney vidheyak koo kaanoon mein badalane key liye 263-171 matdan kiya. rashtrapati george doubleu. busch ney apane congress key adhiniyam key kuchh ghanton key bheetar vidheyak parr hastakshar kiye, jisase whiffle baink parisampattiyon koo khareedane key liye $700 billion kaa pareshan parisampatti raahat karyakram (tarp) banaa.
somwar, 6 octuber koo, daau johns audyogik ausat 700 ankon seey adhik gir gayaa aur chaar varshon mein pahali baar 10,000 seey neeche gir gayaa. usee dinn, see. aine. aine. ney inn vishvavyaapi share bajar kii ghatnaaon kii soochana deeh britten kaa aff. tii. aiss. ee. 100 soochkaank 7.9% neeche thaa; germany kaa dacks 7.1% neeche thaa; france kaa see. aeye. see. 40 9% gir gayaa; roose mein, aar. tii. aiss. stock soochkaank mein 20% seey adhik kii girawat key baad sheyaron mein vyaapaar nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa; iceland ney chhah baink sheyaron mein vyaapaar bund curr diyaa jabaki sarkaar ney ack sankat yojana kaa masauda taiyar kiya.
8 octuber koo, angrejon ney apane baink bachaav package kii ghoshana kii jisamen vitt poshan, rinn guaranti aur pasandida stock key madhyam seey bainkon mein poonji daalane kii ghoshana kii gaee. iss model kaa baaki europe key saath-saath yuu dwara bhee bariki seey anusaran kiya gayaa thaa.sarkaar, jisane 14 octuber koo iss kshetra mein vishvaas bahaal karane key prayaas mein vibhinn prakaar key bainkon mein hissedari khareedane key liye 250 billion dollar (143 billion pound) key poonji khareed karyakram kii ghoshana kii. yeh paisa $700 billion key pareshan parisampatti raahat karyakram seey aaya thaa.
agale chhah maheenon mein, anya guaranti aur rinn seemaon key kaaran taarp koo cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa; bloomberg key vishleshan mein paaya gayaa kii sanghiya bhandar ney march 2009 taka vittiya pranali koo bachaane key liye 7.77 kharab dollar kaa vaadaa kiya thaa, joe yuu. aiss. mein utpaadit harr cheej key aadhe seey adhik moolya thaa.aiss. usa varsh.
paulson kaa prastaav.
yuu.aiss. treasury sachiv heinry paulson ney ack yojana kaa prastaav rakhaa jisake tahat yuu.aiss. koshagar $700 billion taka kii bandhak-samarthit pratibhootiyon kaa adhigrahan karega. iss yojana koo rashtrapati george doubleu dwara turant samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa. busch aur baatchit yuu. aiss. mein netaaon key saath shuru hui.aiss. uchit kaanoon kaa masauda taiyar karane key liye congress.
treasury sachiv heinry paulson, federal reserve key adhyaksh bayne bernanke, yuu.aiss. pratibhooti aur vinimay aayog key adhyaksh christopher cox, congress key netaaon aur rashtrapati busch ney taral parisampattiyon dwara utpann samasyaon key vyaapak samadhan key liye ack prastaav kaa masauda taiyar karane key prayason koo aage badhaaya. aaney vaali yojana kii khabar key parinamswarup 19 sitambar, 2008 koo stock, bonned aur mudra baajaron mein kuchh sthirata aaee.
prastaav mein sanghiya sarkaar seey maadhyamik bandhak baajaron kii taralata badhaane aur pratibhootiyon key malik vittiya sansthanon koo honey vaale sambhaavit nuksan koo cumm karane key iraade seey 700 arab dollar taka kii taral bandhak-samarthit pratibhootiyon koo khareedane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa. masauda prastaav share bajar mein niveshakon dwara anukool roop seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa, lekin isake kaaran yuu.aiss. sonaa, euro aur petroleum key mukabale dollar mein girawat aaegi. yojana koo congress dwara turant anumodit naheen kiya gayaa thaa; vidhaayi adhiniyam praapt karane kii yojana seey pahale bahas aur sanshodhanon kii sambhavana dekhi gaee thee.
20 sitambar, 2008 key poore saptah mein, congress key sadasyon key beach bellout key niyamon aur dayare koo laker vivadaspad jhagada huaa, joe washington mutual jaise sansthanon kii nirantar viphaltaon aur agami 4 navambar key rashtriya chunaav seey badhaa.
yeh yojana 20 sitambar koo paulson dwara pesh kii gaee thee. pareshan parisampatti raahat karyakram, lekin jise paulson prastaav yaa paulson yojana key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ise paulson kii pahale kii 212-prishth yojana, "ack aadhunik vittiya niyaamak sudhaar key liye khaaka" key saath bhramit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, joe 31 march, 2008 koo jaari kiya gayaa thaa.
prastaav kewal teen prishth lamba thaa, congress dwara twarit paarit karane kii suvidha key liye jaanboojhkar vivaran parr chhota thaa.
bandhak parisampatti khareed.
prastaav kaa ack pramukh hissa sanghiya sarkaar kii 700 arab dollar taka kii taral bandhak-samarthit pratibhootiyon (mbs) koo khareedane kii yojana haye, jiska uddeshya dwiteeyak bandhak baajaron kii taralata koo badhaana aur pratibhootiyon key malik vittiya sansthanon koo honey vaale sambhaavit nuksan koo cumm karna haye. yojana key masaude key prastaav koo share bajar mein niveshakon dwara anukool roop seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa.
iss yojana koo kharch key vipareet ack jokhim bharey nivesh key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye. khareed karyakram key dayare mein mbs key paas antarnihit bandhak seey nakadi pravaah key adhikaar hain. iss prakaar, aim. bee. aiss. khareedane key liye sarkari dhana key praarambhik pravaah kii bharpai masik bandhak bhugtan dwara darshaae gaye chala rahey nakadi pravaah seey kii jaayegi. isake alawa, sarkaar antatah parisampattiyon koo bechane mein saksham hoe sakati haye, halanki yeh dekhaa jaanaa baaki haye kii laabh yaa haani parr. jabaki aim. bee. aiss. khareedane key liye aavashyak dhana praapt karane key liye vriddhisheel udhaar sanyukt raajya america key saarvajanik rinn mein vriddhi curr sakata haye, shuddh prabhaav kaafee cumm hoga kyonki vriddhisheel rinn kii bharpai aim. bee. aiss. parisampattiyon dwara kaafee hudd taka kii jaayegi.
ack pramukh chunauti mbs key khareed moolya kaa mulyankan karna hoga, joe awas bajar aur antarnihit bandhak kii rinn gunavatta seey sambandhit kaee charon key adheen ack jatil abhyaas haye. khareed moolya (deerghakaalik roop seey bandhak sangrah key madhyam seey) kii bharpai karane kii sarkaar kii kshamata khareed key samay mbs koo saunpe gaye mulyankan parr nirbhar karati haye. udaaharan key liye, maryl linch ney 2008 kii doosari timahi mein dollar parr apane mbs kaa moolya lagbhag 22 sent curr diyaa. kyaa sarkaar antatah khareed moolya seey adhik parisampattiyon koo phir seey bechane mein saksham haye yaa kewal bandhak bhugtan ekatra karna jaari rakhegi, yeh ack khuli vastu haye.
10 farwari, 2009 koo, treasury key nae pusht sachiv timothi geathner ney taarp fund mein shesh 300 arab dollar kaa upayog karane kii apani yojana koo rekhaankit kiya. unhone ullekh kiya kii yuu.aiss. treasury aur federal reserve niji niveshakon koo bainkon seey vishaakt sampatti khareedane key liye dhana jutaane mein madad karna chaahte they, lekin abhee taka kuchh vivaran jaari naheen kiye gaye hain. iss aadhar key baare mein abhee bhee kuchh sandeh haye kii kardaataa adhik bhugtan kiye binaa pareshan parisampattiyan khareed sakate hain. oppenheimer aind company key vishleshak meridith whitney kaa tark haye kii baink kharaab parisampattiyon koo uchit bajar moolyon parr naheen bechenge kyonki way parisampattiyon koo likhane seey hichkicha rahey hain. vishaakt parisampattiyon koo hataane seey bainkon key share kii kimaton mein asthirta bhee cumm hogi. kyonki stock ack firm kii parisampattiyon parr ack coll vikalp haye, iss khoye hue asthirta seey sankatgrast bainkon key stock kii keemat koo nuksan hoga. isaliye, aise baink kewal bajar moolyon seey oopar kii jaharili sampattiyon koo bechenge.
6 aprail, 2008 koo, raajya foreclosure roktham kaary samooh ney bataaya kii 2008 kii pahali timahi mein, foreclosure kii gati ghar key malik bachaav karyakramon kii kshamata seey adhik hoe gaee, jaise kii hope naau alliance.
prabal shaktiyaan.
mool yojana ney koshagar key sachiv koo kharch karane kii aseemit shakti pradaan kii hogi, joe congress yaa nyaayik sameeksha key khilaf unake karyon koo pramaanit karati haye. paulson prastaav kii dhaara 8 mein kahaa gayaa haih "iss adhiniyam key adhikaar key anusaar sachiv dwara liye gaye nirnay gair-sameeksha yogya hain aur agency key vivek key liye pratibaddh hain, aur kissy bhee adalat yaa kissy prashaasnik agency dwara sameeksha naheen kii jaa sakati haye."yeh praavdhaan antim sanskaran mein shamil naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
bellout key liye tark.
sarkari adhikaari.
yuu key saamane apani gawahi mein.aiss. senate, treasury sachiv heinry paulson ney bellout key liye tark koo sankshep mein prastut kiyaah
yuu key saamane apani gawahi mein.aiss. senate ney 23 sitambar, 2008 koo adhyaksh bayne bernanke koo bhee raahat key liye tark kaa saransh diyaah
$700 billion kii sankhya key baare mein, "forbes.comm" ney ack treasury pravakta key havaale seey kahaah "yeh kissy vishesh detta bindu parr adharit naheen haye. humm sirf ack badee sankhya chunana chaahte they."
patrakaar.
see. aine. bee. see. key tippanikar zim crammer key anusaar, badey nigam, sansthaan aur ameer niveshak sarkaar samarthit treasury bilon key paksh mein baink mudra bajar kosh seey apana paisa nikaal rahey they. crammer ney ise "taton parr ack adrishya daud" kahaa, jisamen lobby mein koee rekha naheen haye lekin phir bhee taton koo tootane vaale bindu parr dhakel detaa haye. jaise-jaise baink key jamaon kaa poonji bhandar vaashpit hotaa haye, vaise-vaise rinn dene aur usee key anusaar paisa kamaane kii isaki kshamata bhee vaashpit hoti haye. "crammer ney kahaa, "lehmann key nidhan seey prerit aatmavishvaas kii kamee, kaee bainkon kii samanya kharaab sehat, yeh ack mushkil kshan mein badalane vaalaa haye", crammer ney kahaa, "aggar sarkaar mein koee adhik jamaa beema key liye jore denaa shuru naheen kartaa haye."
praarambhik prastaav parr pratikriya.
yojana key baare mein sandeh ghar mein shuru mein hii huaa. pratinidhi sabhaa sahit congress key kaee sadasyon ney shuru mein yojana kaa samarthan naheen kiya, mukhya roop seey roodhivaadi mukt-bajar ganarajyavadi aur udaar corporate virodhi loktantravaadi. albama republican spensor bacus ney iss prastaav koo "hamaare sir parr bandook" kahaa haye."
bajar kii tatkaal pratikriyaaen.
19 sitambar, 2008 koo jaba bellout prastaav kii khabar saamane aaee, tou yuu.aiss. share bajar mein 3 pratishat kii vriddhi hui. videshi share baajaron mein bhee teji aaee aur maheene kii shuruat mein girawat key baad videshi mudraon mein thodaa sudhaar huaa. yuu kaa maan.aiss. yojana kii ghoshana key baad anya vishva mudraon kii tulanaa mein dollar mein girawat aaee. somwar 22 sitambar koo dinn key dauran front aind oyal vayada anubandh 25 dollar prati bairal seey adhik badh gayaa, joe dinn key anta mein 16 dollar seey adhik hoe gayaa. yeh sabse badey ack divasiya laabh kaa record thaa. halanki, anya kaarak bhee hain joe tail kii kimaton mein bhaari uchhaal kaa kaaran baney. octuber anubandh satra key anta mein "pakade gaye" vyapariyon koo khud koo cover karane key liye badey samoohon mein tail khareedane key liye majboor honah padaa, jisase kimaton mein vriddhi hui. isake alawa, tail vayada anubandh mein lagbhag 5 dollar prati bairal kii vriddhi hui. bellout yojana kii khabar key baad bandhak daron mein vriddhi hui. yojana kii ghoshana seey pahale key saptah mein 30 saal kii nishchit darr bandhak ausat 5.78% thee; 25 sitambar koo samaapt honey vaale saptah key liye, ausat darr 6.09% thee, joe 1990 key dashak kii mandee key dauran ausat darr seey abhee bhee bahut cumm thee, jaba yeh 9.0% seey oopar thee.
hiton kaa sambhaavit takraav.
iss baat kii chinta thee kii vartamaan yojana ney paulson key liye hiton kaa takraav paida curr diyaa. paulson goldman sax key poorv see. ee. oh. they, jinhen bellout seey laabh huaa. paulson ney goldman adhikaariyon koo salaahkaar key roop mein niyukt kiya thaa aur paulson key poorv salaahkaar una bainkon mein shamil hoe gaye they jinhen bhee bellout seey laabh honah thaa. isake alawa, mool prastaav ney paulson koo nyaayik nireekshan seey chhoot dee. iss prakaar, iss baat kii chinta thee kii kissy vittiya sansthaan yaa usake adhikaariyon dwara kii gaee poorv avaidh gatividhi koo chhipaaya jaa sakata haye.
bellout fund key prabandhan key liye jimmedaar treasury karmchari sadasya neel kashmiri they, joe goldman sax key poorv upaadhyaksh they.
senate mein, senator jude gregg (aar-aine. aich.) tarp karyakram key pramukh republican lekhak they, jabaki unakaa baink off america mein kaee karod dollar kaa nivesh thaa.
janata, raajnetaon, vittaposhakon, arthshastriyon aur patrakaron key vichaar.
janata koo.
guruwar 25 sitambar koo sanyukt raajya america key 100 seey adhik shaharon mein bellout kaa virodh kiya gayaa. jamini samooh trumazority ney kahaa kii isake sadasyon ney 41 seey adhik raajyon mein 251 seey adhik karyakramon kaa ayojan kiya. sabse badee sabhaa newyork shahar mein hui haye, jahan 1,000 seey adhik pradarshankari newyork kendriya shram parishad dwara aayojit shram sangh key sadasyon key saath newyork stock exchange key paas ekatra hue they. anya jamini samoohon ney bellout key virodh mein railiyon kii yojana banaai haye, jabaki aakroshit nagrik blogg aur samarpit websites key madhyam seey online apana virodh vyakt karna jaari rakhate hain.
rajneta.
yojana key samarthakon mein rashtrapati pada key ummidwar baraak obama aur johnn mccain aur british pradhaan mantri gorden braun shamil they.
alochakon mein senator burney sanders, arconsus key poorv governor mike hukabi, congress key sadasya ronn paul, udaarvaadi rashtrapati pada key ummidwar bobb baar aur senator christopher dodd, richard shelby aur zim bunning shamil they.
wall street journal" key ack lekh mein, senator hileri clinton ney iss sankat koo bhadkane vaale bandhak chook aur foreclosure kii darr koo sambodhit karane kii vakaalat kii, naa kii kewal wall street farmon koo raahat dete hueh "yadi humm udharkartaon key saamane aaney vaale sankat koo door karane key liye kaarravaai naheen karate hain, tou humm kabhi bhee rinadaataon key saamane aaney vaale sankat koo hull naheen karenge."unhone ack nae ghar malik rinn nigam (aich. oh. ell. see.) kaa prastaav rakhaa, joe avasaad key baad upayog kiya gayaa thaa aur jise 1933 mein shuru kiya gayaa thaa. nayaa aich. oh. ell. see. ghar key maalikon koo unake bandhak koo punarvitt karane mein madad karane key liye ack rashtriya karyakram kaa prabandhan karna thaa. unhone agrim-bund karane aur samaayojan-darr bandhak mein darr vriddhi koo rokane parr roque lagaane kaa bhee ahwan kiya.
loktaantrik rashtrapati pada key ummidwar baraak obama ney kahaa kii kissy bhee raahat mein dhana kii vasuli, kamkaji parivaaron aur badey vittiya sansthanon kii raksha karane aur iss tarah key sankat koo phir seey honey seey rokane key liye yojanaaen shamil honey chaahiye.
vittadaata.
poorv sanghiya reserve adhyaksh ellen greenspan ney paulson yojana kaa samarthan kiya.
niveshak warren buffet kaa kahana haye kii vaha 10 arab dollar key saath 90 arab dollar kaa gair-sahaara rinn lagaa sakate hain; yaani, aggar bandhak kaa bhugtan naheen kiya gayaa tou unhein 10 arab dollar seey adhik kaa bhugtan naheen karna parh sakata haye. (yeh 10 seey 1 laabh haye, 1 gunaa nakaratmakta key saath 10 gunaa oopar.) unhone yeh bhee kahaa kii sarkaar koo bajar moolya kaa bhugtan karna chaahiye, joe carrie moolya seey cumm hoe sakata haye. buffet kahate hain, "mujhe lagata haye kii way iss karyakram mein bhaag lene vaale sansthanon key nideshakon parr kuchh varshon key liye sabhi nideshak shulk maaf karane kaa aagrah curr sakate hain. unhein, shayed, bonus koo samaapt curr denaa chaahiye."buffet kahate hain" aggar koee inn upkaranon mein seey sou arab koo khajaane koo bechana chaahata haye, tou unhein bajar mein dou yaa teen arab bechane dein aur phir khajaane seey uska milan karane dein... . aap naheen chaahte kii khajaana ack patsy hoe."shree. buffet kii company vittiya companiyon kii malik haye joe pratyaksh yaa apratyaksh roop seey labhanvit hongi.
niveshak george soros ney mool paulson yojana kaa virodh kiyaah "shree paulson kaa sankatgrast bandhak-sambandhit pratibhootiyon koo khareedane kaa prastaav asmamit jaankaari kii ack utkrisht samasya haye. pratibhootiyon kaa moolya nirdhaaran karna kathin hotaa haye lekin vikreta kharidar kii tulanaa mein unake baare mein adhik jaanate hainh kissy bhee nilami prakriya mein koshagar mein girawat aaa jaati haye. prastaav hiton key avyakt takraav key muddon seey bhee bharaa huaa haye. jaba taka kosh pratibhootiyon key liye adhik bhugtan naheen kartaa, taba taka yojana seey raahat naheen milegi."-lekin baraak obama kii yojana key liye sharton kii soochi koo" "sahee siddhant" "kahaa gayaa.
anya alochakon mein carle ican zim rosers aur villium seedman shamil they. seedman ney 1980 key dashak key bachat aur rinn sankat key dauran samadhan nyaas nigam mein apane aur apani team dwara kii gaee kaarravaai key saath bellout kii tulanaa keeh "hamane joe kiya, hamane baink koo apane niyantran mein leey liya, iska rashtriyakaran kiya, prabandhan koo barkhast curr diyaa, kharaab parisampattiyon koo baahar nikaal diyaa aur ack achche baink koo pranali mein vaapas laa diyaa."
arthashastri.
peechhe hatate hue, arthashastri aam taur parr iss baat seey sahmat hain kii karyakram key binaa berojgari kaafee adhik hoti.
vaikalpik prastaav.
vittiya sankat key antarnihit muddon koo sambodhit karane key liye sujhaae gaye vaikalpik drishtikonon mein shamil hainh bandhak sahaayata prastaav poorv-parisampatti key vyavadhaan koo seemit karate hue parisampatti aadhar key moolya koo badhaane kaa prayaas karate hain; sarkaar dwara equity nivesh key madhyam seey baink punarpunjikaran; pareshan parisampattiyon key mulyankan key liye bajar tantra koo sanlagn karane key liye parisampatti taralata drishtikon; aur bajar niveshakon dwara vishvaas bahaal karane key liye paardarshita aur roodhivaad koo badhaava dene vaale vittiya bajar sudhaar.
maudrik sarvasammati sudhaar.
iss prakriya mein adhikansh niji udyogon kaa rashtriyakaran shamil thaa. alpakaalik prabhaav spasht roop seey mahange they, lekin labharthi parinam ack sthaayi aarthik bhavishya key liye bahut anukool they.
johnn dayman key anusaar, niji bainkon aur sanghiya aarakshit preshakon key anusaar naukarshahon aur pairveekartaon dwara prastaav koo khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
vidhaayi itihas.
saptahant (sitambar 27-28) mein, congress ney prastaav koo vikasit karna jaari rakhaa. kii agale somwar koo, sadan ney parinami prayaas, 2008 key aapaatkaaleen aarthik sthirikaran adhiniyam koo matdan key liye rakhaa. yeh paas naheen huaa. americi share baajaron mein 8 pratishat kii girawat aaee, joe 1987 mein black mandey key baad seey sabse badee pratishat girawat haye.
donon rashtrapati ummidvaaron sahit congress key netaaon ney busch prashaasan aur treasury vibhaag key saath baatchit key pramukh binduon parr kaam karna shuru curr diyaa kyonki unhone yojana koo antim roop dene key liye kaam kiya. charcha key tahat pramukh vishayon mein shamil hainh
pratham sadan matdan, 29 sitambar.
ravivaar, 28 sitambar kii aadhi raat key thheek baad, senate aur sadan key netaaon ney, treasury sachiv paulson key saath, ghoshana kii kii pratibhooti dharakon koo taralata pradaan karane key liye $700 billion taka kii bandhak samarthit pratibhootiyon kii sarkari khareed kii anumati dene key liye ack asthaayi sauda kiya gayaa haye.aiss. vittiya firm aur bajar. usa somwar kii subah bill koo antim roop diyaa gayaa. somwar, 29 sitambar koo sadan key liye ack bahas aur matdan nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa, jisake baad budhwar koo senate bahas hogi. somwar 29 sitambar koo subah ack samachar sammelan mein rashtrapati george doubleu. busch ney vishvaas vyakt kiya kii vidheyak congress seey paarit hoe jaayega aur yeh yuu. aiss. koo raahat pradaan karega.aiss. arthavyavastha. kaee sadan republican iss saude key virodh mein rahey aur isake khilaf matdan karane kaa irada rakhate they.
usee dinn, bellout key liye kaanoon koo sanyukt raajya america key pratinidhi sabhaa key samaksh rakhaa gayaa aur 205-228 whiffle rhaa, jisamen seey ack ney matdan naheen kiya. loktantravadiyon ney kaanoon key paksh mein 140-95 vote diyaa, jabaki ganarajyavadiyon ney isake khilaf 133-65 vote diyaa. vidhaan satra key dauran, matdan key samaapan parr, pithasin adhyaksh ney iss upaay, hr3997 koo adhura kaary ghoshit curr diyaa.
sadan kii adhyaksh nancy pelosi ney matdan key baad ack samvaadaata sammelan mein kahaah "kaanoon whiffle hoe gayaa haye. sankat door naheen huaa haye. hamein dvidaliya tareeke seey kaam karna jaari rakhna chaahiye."senate banking samiti key adhyaksh christopher dodd, ack connecticut democrate, ack nyu hampshire ganarajya key senator jude gregg key saath ack sanyukt samvaadaata sammelan mein upasthit hue, ney kahaa kii ack bellout yojana abhee bhee congress koo paarit curr sakati haye. dodd ney kahaah "hamara kaam kiye binaa yahaan seey jaane kaa irada naheen haye. halanki isamen kuchh aur dinn lugg sakate hain, hamein vishvaas haye kii aisaa hoe sakata haye."
29 sitambar key matdan key liye bajar kii pratikriya.
house vote key baad, daau johns audyogik ausat ack hii dinn mein 777 ankon seey adhik gir gayaa, 2018 taka isaki sabse badee ack-divasiya bindu girawat. bajar moolya mein $1.2 trillion key nuksan ney media kaa bahut dhyaan aakarshit kiya, halanki yeh abhee bhee pratishat key sandarbh mein soochkaank kii duss sabse badee girawat mein seey ack naheen haye. aiss aind pee ney 8.8% kii girawat darj kii, joe pratishat key mamle mein iska satwan sabse kharaab dinn thaa aur 1987 mein black somwar key baad seey iska sabse kharaab dinn thaa. nasdack composite kaa bhee black somwar key baad seey sabse kharaab dinn thaa, joe apane abb taka key teesare sabse kharaab dinn mein 9.1% kii girawat thee. taid spread, teen maheene key rinn key liye baink ack-dusare seey kyaa shulk lete hain aur treasury shulk key beach kaa antar, 26 saal key uchch star parr pahunch gayaa haye, treasury rinn kii tulanaa mein antar baink rinn key liye uchch darr iss baat kaa sanket haye kii bainkon koo darr haye kii unake saathi baink apane rinon kaa bhugtan naheen curr paayenge. iss beach, yuu kii keemat.aiss. tail kii khapat aur maang mein kamee aaney vaali aarthik mandee kii ummeed key kaaran navambar kii delivery key liye halka kachcha tail $10.52 girkar $96.37 prati bairal hoe gayaa, joe abb taka kii doosari sabse badee ack divasiya girawat haye. daau johns audyogik ausat ney agale hii dinn 485 ank yaa kull nuksan kaa lagbhag 62 pratishat kii vasuli kii.
bajar, jinhen bill key paarit honey kii ummeed thee aur yeh bahas karane key liye aage badh gaye they kii kyaa yeh paryaapt hoga, iss khabar key baad pahale seey hii aspasht they kii vachovia baink koo citygroup dwara patan seey bachane key liye kharida jaa rhaa thaa. europe seey aaee khabaron key anusaar dutch-belgium fortis baink koo patan seey bachane key liye 16.4 arab dollar kii jeevan rekha dee gaee thee, asafal british baink bradford aind bingley kaa rashtriyakaran kiya gayaa thaa aur germany ney apane astitva koo sunishchit karane key liye banking aur real estate kii diggaj company hypo real estate koo arabon dollar kaa vistaar kiya thaa.
baad mein octuber mein, vidheyak paarit honey key baad, daau johns audyogik ausat pratishat key sandarbh mein adhik gir jaayega, aur bajar kii asthirta aitihaasik roop seey uchch star parr bunny rahegi, jaisa kii wicks dwara maapa gayaa thaa.
senate matdan 1 octuber.
budhwar kii shaam, 1 octuber, 2008 koo senate ney 2008 key aapaatkaaleen aarthik sthirikaran adhiniyam (eesaa 2008) key sanshodhit sanskaran parr bahas kii aur matdan kiya. kaanoon koo hr1424 mein ack sanshodhan key roop mein taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen poore vidheyak koo eesaa 2008 key nae sanshodhit paath key saath pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. sanshodhan koo 74-25 vote dwara anumodit kiya gayaa thaa, aur poore vidheyak koo bhee usee antar seey paarit kiya gayaa thaa, 74-25 (aarah 34-15, deeh 40-10). kewal cancer seey peedit senator taid kenedi ney matdan naheen kiya. vidheyak key liye vidhaayi niyam key tahat, sanshodhan aur vidheyak koo manjuri dene key liye saath maton kii aavashyakta thee. ack sadan key netaa ney senate parr janata kii sahamati key binaa "spasht bull seey" kaanoon banaane kaa aarop lagaaya.
senate dwara vidheyak koo paarit karane key kaaran kaa varnan karate hue, poorv senator ivan beh ney 2008 key ack drishya kaa varnan kiya, jisamen bayne bernanke ney senators koo chetavani dee thee kii aggar bainkon koo bachaaya naheen gayaa tou aasmaan dhaha jaayega. 'humm ack-dusare koo dekhate rahey", beh ney kahaa, "aur kahaa, thheek haye, hamein kyaa chaahiye.
dusare sadan mein matdan, 3 octuber.
sanshodhit aich. aar. 1424 koo sadan dwara senate seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa, aur 3 octuber koo, isane vidheyak koo kaanoon mein badalane key liye 263-171 koo vote diyaa. loktantravadiyon ney kaanoon key paksh mein 172 seey 63 vote diye, jabaki gantantravadiyon ney isake khilaf 108 seey 91 vote diye; kull milakar, 33 loktantravadiyon aur 24 ganarajyiyon ney, jinhone pahale vidheyak key khilaf vote diyaa thaa, dusare vote parr iska samarthan kiya.
rashtrapati busch ney isake adhiniyaman key kuchh ghanton key bheetar vidheyak parr hastakshar curr diye, jisase whiffle baink parisampattiyon koo khareedane key liye $700 billion kaa kosh kosh banaaya gayaa.
sanshodhit yojana ney 700 arab dollar key bellout koo barkarar rakhaa aur ack ruka huaa curr bill jodaa. kaanoon key teen pramukh khand hain, khand eh 2008 kaa aapaatkaaleen aarthik sthirikaran adhiniyam; khand beeh 2008 kaa oorjaa sudhaar aur vistaar adhiniyam, aur khand seeh 2008 kaa curr vistaarak aur vaikalpik nyuntam curr raahat adhiniyam. kaanoon key curr bhaag mein aise praavdhaan hain joe 10 varshon mein 100 arab dollar kaa shuddh vyay karenge. yeh loktantravadiyon key beach asahamati key kaaran ruka huaa thaa joe karon mein isi tarah kii vriddhi key binaa kharch naheen badhaana chaahte they aur republican, joe kissy bhee curr vriddhi key dridh virodh mein they.
kaanoon mein pramukh itum.
3 octuber, 2008 koo, aapaatkaaleen aarthik sthirikaran adhiniyam saarvajanik kaanoon 110-343 parr hastakshar karane key saath kaanoon bunn gayaa, jisamen adhiniyam shamil thaa. neeche pramukh vastuon kii soochi dee gaee haye aur kaanoon unase kaise nipatata haye.
sanghiya reserve dwara rakhee gaee baink jamaa parr byaaj.
halanki 20 sitambar taka prastaavit mool vidheyak mein aisaa koee praavdhaan naheen thaa, adhiniyam kii dhaara 128 ney sanghiya aarakshit pranali (faid) koo bainkon koo aarakshit aavashyaktaon key liye rakhee gaee unaki jamaa parr uchch byaaj darr kaa bhugtan shuru karane kii anumati dee. isamen likhaa haih
faid ney ghoshana kii kii vaha 6 octuber, 2008 koo aarakshit aur atirikt aarakshit shesh donon parr iss tarah key badhe hue byaaj kaa bhugtan karna shuru curr dega. bainkon ney turant faid key saath jamaa parr apane dhana kii raashi koo badhaa diyaa, joe agast 2008 key anta mein lagbhag 10 arab dollar thee, joe janwari 2009 key dusare saptah key anta taka 880 arab dollar hoe gaee. isaki tulanaa mein, aarakshit shesh raashi mein vriddhi 11 sitambar, 2001 key baad kewal 65 arab dollar taka pahunch gaee, ack maheene key bheetar samanya star parr vaapas aaney seey pahale. yuu.aiss. treasury vibhaag ney parivartanon kii vyakhya karate hue kahaah
sanghiya reserve hamaare baajaron mein taralata key sambandh mein netritva kii bhoomika nibhaata rahega. yeh vittiya baajaron key prabhaavi sanchaalan key liye aavashyak badhee hui taralata pradaan karane key liye apane paas maujood sabhi upkaranon kaa upayog karane key liye pratibaddh haye. iss sambandh mein, eesaa dwara pradaan kiye gaye bhandar parr byaaj kaa bhugtan karane kaa adhikaar aavashyak haye, kyonki yeh sanghiya reserve koo vittiya sthirata kaa samarthan karane key liye apani balance sheet kaa vistaar karane kii anumati detaa haye, jabaki ack maudrik neeti kaa sanchaalan kartaa haye joe sanghiya reserve key adhikatam rojgar aur sthir kimaton key vrihat aarthik uddeshyon koo badhaava detaa haye. sanghiya reserve aur treasury vibhaag asurakshit vittaposhan baajaron key liye atirikt sahaayata pradaan karane key tarikon parr bajar pratibhagiyon key saath paramarsh curr rahey hain.
parivartan key prati pratikriyaaen mishrit theen, bainkon ney aam taur parr dhana parr jokhim key binaa uchch byaaj arjit karane kii apani naee kshamata koo manjuri dee, jiska upayog unhein apane sharedharakon key liye laabh kamaane key liye rinn badhaane key liye karane kii aavashyakta hogi, jabaki vaanijyik kagaj baajaron, vastu aur seva arthavyavastha key praathamik aur maadhyamik kshetron, shipping aur anya mein shamil loga, joe bainkon seey rinn kii taralata parr nirbhar they, chala rahey rinn taralata sankat key beach rinn upalabdhata key khilaf aur adhik dabaav key baare mein adhik sandeh mein they.
parivartan kii ghoshana key agale dinn, 7 octuber koo, poshan key adhyaksh bayne bernanke ney isake baare mein kuchh bhram vyakt karate hue kahaa, "humm poori tarah seey nishchit naheen hain kii bajar darr praapt karane key liye hamein kyaa bhugtan karna hoga, jisamen kuchh rinn jokhim shamil haye, lakshya taka. humm isake saath prayog karane jaa rahey hain aur yeh pataa lagaane kii koshish karenge kii sahee prasaar kyaa haye."feed ney 22 octuber koo darr koo samaayojit kiya, jaba unhone 6 octuber koo nirdhaarit praarambhik darr koo benchmark yuu rakhane mein whiffle rahey.aiss. ratonrat byaaj darr unake policy lakshya key karib, aur phir usee kaaran seey 5 navambar koo. 18 disambar seey, feed ney lakshit sanghiya nidhi darr key aadhar parr ack sootra key saath nirdisht karane key bajaay aavashyak aarakshit shesh aur atirikt shesh parr bhugtan kii gaee byaaj daron koo seedhe sthaapit kiya.
sarkaar ney $400 billion kaa alpakaalik rinn jaari kiya jiska uddeshya $1.8 trillion key vaanijyik kagaj bajar koo badalane mein madad karna thaa, joe parivartan seey samaapt hoe gayaa thaa, (mudra bajar key kosh dwara vaanijyik kagaj kaa samarthan karane seey achaanak incar karane seey bhee badh gayaa) lekin vishva arthavyavastha mein girawat shuru hoe gaee kyonki antarrashtriya shipping, vaanijyik kagaj parr nirbhar, parivartan seey pahale kuchh kshetron mein kuchh pratishat star taka dheemi hoe gaee thee. aff. dee. aaee. see. ney 14 octuber koo ack nae karyakram kii ghoshana kii, jisake tahat 30 juuna, 2009 koo yaa usase pahale jaari kiye gaye nae varishth asurakshit rinn koo poori tarah seey sanrakshit kiya jaayega, yadi jaari karane vaalaa sansthaan baad mein whiffle hoe jaataa haye, yaa isaki dhaarak company diwaliyapan key liye file karati haye. aff. dee. aaee. see. karyakram seey lagbhag 1.40 karod dollar key baink rinn koo cover karane kii ummeed haye.
congress key bajat karyalaya ney anuman lagaaya kii aarakshit shesh raashi parr byaaj key bhugtan seey americi kardaataon koo 800 arab dollar kii jamaa raashi parr vartamaan 0.25% byaaj darr kaa lagbhag dasvaan hissa kharch hogaah
alpakaalik vaanijyik kagaj aur sambandhit rinn baajaron koo nuksan key kaaran aarthik gatividhi mein kamee key parinamswarup duniya bhar mein khoye hue curr rajaswa kii tulanaa mein yeye vyay cumm hain.
7 janwari, 2009 koo sanghiya khule bajar samiti ney nirnay liya kii ", tulanpatra key aakar aur atirikt bhandar key star koo cumm karane kii aavashyakta hogi."13 janwari koo, bayne bernanke ney kahaa," siddhant roop mein, baink bhandar parr faid dwara bhugtan kii jaane vaali byaaj darr ratonrat kii byaaj darr parr ack aadhar nirdhaarit karni chaahiye, kyonki bainkon koo faid seey praapt honey vaali darr seey cumm darr parr bhandar udhaar dene key liye taiyar naheen honah chaahiye. vyavhaar mein, haal key maheenon mein sanghiya nidhi darr bhandar parr byaaj darr seey kuchh cumm hoe gaee haye, joe atirikt bhandar kii bahut adhik matra, naee vyavastha key saath bainkon kii anubhavaheenta aur anya karakon koo darshaati haye. haalaanki, jaise-jaise atirikt bhandar mein girawat aatee haye, vittiya sthitiyaan samanya hoti hain, aur baink naee vyavastha key anukool hoe jaate hain, humm ummeed karate hain kii bhandar parr bhugtan kii gaee byaaj darr sanghiya nidhi darr koo niyantrit karane key liye ack prabhaavi saadhan bunn jaayegi."usee dinn", shree ney kahaa. bernanke ney sweekaar kiya kii bainkon key atirikt bhandar mein bhaari vriddhi faid kii maudrik neeti key kadmon aur niji kshetra key rinn koo punarjeevit karane key prayason koo dabaa rahee haye.
15 janwari koo, shikago key adhyaksh aur sanghiya khule bajar samiti key sadasya charles evance ney kahaa, "ack baar arthavyavastha key thheek honey aur vittiya sthitiyon key sthir honey key baad, faid sanghiya nidhi darr parr apane paaramparik dhyaan parr laut aayega. ise aapaatkaaleen rinn karyakramon key upayog koo bhee cumm karna hoga aur tulanpatra key aakar aur atirikt bhandar key star koo cumm karna hoga. 'inn karyakramon koo kaise taiyar kiya gayaa haye, isake kaaran bajar kii sthiti mein sudhaar honey parr kuchh iss paimaane parr kamee swabhavik roop seey hogi. phir bhee, vittiya bajar key pratibhagiyon koo vittiya uthal-puthal key dauran sthaapit suvidhaon koo antatah samaapt karane key liye taiyar rahane kii aavashyakta haye."
janwari 2009 key anta mein, feed parr atirikt aarakshit shesh 793 arab dollar thaa, lekin dou saptah seey bhee cumm samay baad 11 farwari koo, kull aarakshit shesh 603 arab dollar taka gir gayaa thaa. 1 aprail koo, aarakshit shesh raashi phir seey badhkar 806 arab dollar hoe gaee thee, aur navambar 2009 key anta mein, way 1.16 kharab dollar hoe gaee thee.
pareshan parisampatti raahat karyakram kaa prabandhan.
vidheyak koshagar key sachiv koo vittiya sansthanon seey pareshan parisampattiyon kii khareed key liye pareshan parisampattiyon seey raahat karyakram sthaapit karane key liye adhikrit kartaa haye. vittiya sthirata kaa karyalaya koshagar vibhaag key bheetar ack agency key roop mein banaaya jaataa haye jisake madhyam seey sachiv karyakram chalaayega. sachiv koo karyakram chalaate samay sanghiya aarakshit pranali key board off governors, sanghiya jamaa beema nigam, mudra key niyantrak, mitavyayita paryavekshan karyalaya key nideshak aur awas aur shahari vikas sachiv seey paramarsh karna aavashyak haye.
dhana.
vidheyak karyakram key liye $700 billion koo adhikrit kartaa haye. treasury sachiv key paas pahale 250 arab dollar taka tatkaal pahunch haye. isake baad, rashtrapati dwara atirikt $100 billion koo adhikrit kiya jaa sakata haye. pichhale 350 arab dollar key liye, rashtrapati koo congress koo koshagar koo atirikt dhana dene key iraade key baare mein soochit karna chaahiye; congress key paas taba pradhikaran koo anumati naheen dene vaale prastaav koo paarit karane key liye 15 dinn hain. yadi congress 15 dinon key bheetar dhana kaa virodh karane vaale prastaav koo paarit karane mein whiffle rahati haye, yaa yadi prastaav paarit hoe jaataa haye, lekin rashtrapati dwara veeto curr diyaa jaataa haye, aur congress key paas veeto koo override karane key liye paryaapt vote naheen hain, tou koshagar koo antim $350 billion praapt honge.
bhaag lene vaali farmon mein sarkari equity hita.
treasury sachiv koo gair-matdan stock khareedane key adhikaar kii guaranti dene vaalaa vittiya warrant praapt karna aavashyak haye yaa, yadi company warrant jaari karane mein asamarth haye, tou karyakram mein bhaag lene vaali kissy bhee firm seey varishth rinn. sachiv koo niyam key liye nyuntam apavaad banaane kii anumati haye, lekin vaha apavaad $10 karod seey adhik naheen hoe sakata haye.
karyakari vetan seemaaen.
yadi koshagar seedhe kissy company seey parisampattiyan khareedata haye, aur usa company mein ack saarthak equity yaa rinn sthiti bhee praapt kartaa haye, tou company koo apane varishth adhikaariyon (yaani sheersh paanch adhikaariyon) koo "anaavashyak aur atyadhik jokhim" koo protsaahit karane vaale protsaahan dene kii anumati naheen haye. saath hii, company koo ack varishth karyakari koo sunhare parachute bhugtan karane seey bhee pratibandhit kiya gayaa haye. yeye donon pratibandh taba samaapt hoe jaate hain jaba koshagar usa company mein equity yaa rinn sthiti naheen rakhta haye. company koo "cloback" anumati bhee dee jaati haye; yaani, aaya, laabh yaa anya aankadon key aadhar parr varishth karyakari bonus yaa protsaahan vetan kii vasuli kaa avsar joe galat saabit hotaa haye.
yadi kosh nilami key madhyam seey parisampattiyon kii khareed kartaa haye, aur vaha khareed 30 karod dollar seey adhik haye, tou kissy varishth adhikaari key liye kissy bhee nae rojgar anubandh mein anaichhik samaapti, diwaliyapan filing, diwala yaa praapti key mamle mein ack sunhara parachute praavdhaan shamil naheen hoe sakata haye. yeh nishedh kewal bhavishya key anubandhon parr lagu hotaa haye; pahale seey maujood golden parachute aprabhaavit rahenge.
donon hii paridrishyon mein, karyakari vetan parr koee seema naheen rakhee gaee haye, aur maujooda swarn parachute mein koee badalaav naheen kiya jaayega.
poorv-parisampatti seey bachana aur ghar key malik kii sahaayata.
koshagar vibhaag dwara kharidi gaee parisampattiyon mein shamil bandhak key liye, koshagar sachiv koo (1) ack aisee yojana koo lagu karna aavashyak haye joe ghar key maalikon key liye adhikatam sahaayata kaa prayaas karati haye, aur (2) antarnihit bandhak key sevakon koo rashtriya awas adhiniyam key ghar key malik karyakram yaa anya upalabdh karyakramon kaa laabh uthaane key liye protsaahit karna chaahiye taaki poorv-bund koo cumm kiya jaa sakey. isake alawa, sachiv koo rinn guaranti aur rinn vriddhi kaa upayog karane kii anumati haye taaki rinn sanshodhanon koo protsaahit kiya jaa sakey taaki poorv-parisampatti koo rokaa jaa sakey. vidheyak usa bandhak mein hissedari rakhane vaali kissy bhee company kii sahamati key binaa bandhak kii sharton koo badalane key liye koee tantra pradaan naheen kartaa haye. dhaara 110:2008 key aapaatkaaleen aarthik sthirikaran adhiniyam key ghar key maalikon koo sahaayata "una sanghiya sansthaon kii aavashyakta hoti haye joe bandhak aur bandhak-samarthit pratibhootiyon koo rakhate hain taaki poorv-bund koo cumm karane key liye yojanaaen vikasit kii jaa sakein.
iss 24 arab dollar kii parisampatti nirvishikaran yojana kaa anurodh sanghiya jamaa beema nigam kii adhyaksh sheela bair ney kiya thaa, lekin koshagar ney praavdhaan kaa upayog naheen kiya. "sachiv heinry paulson ney sadan kii vittiya seva samiti koo bataaya, "vidheyak kaa praathamik uddeshya hamari vittiya pranali koo patan seey bachaana thaa", bachaav package kaa uddeshya aarthik protsaahan yaa aarthik sudhaar package naheen thaa."
nyaayik sameeksha.
vidheyak yeh sthaapit kartaa haye kii iss karyakram key sambandh mein kosh sachiv dwara kii gaee kaarravaai nyaayik sameeksha key adheen haye, mool paulson prastaav mein kii gaee pratiraksha key anurodh koo ulatati haye.
nireekshan.
vidheyak dwara kaee nireekshan tantra sthaapit kiye gaye hain. taarp nidhi key prabandhan mein madad key liye thekedaaron kaa bhee upayog kiya jaataa thaa.
vittiya sthirata nireekshan board kaa gathan koshagar key karyon kii sameeksha karane aur sifarish karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. board key sadasya hainh
ack congress nireekshan samiti kaa gathan bill dwara baajaron kii sthiti, vartamaan niyaamak pranali aur sankatgrast parisampatti raahat karyakram key koshagar vibhaag key prabandhan kii sameeksha karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. panel koo harr 30 dinon mein congress koo apane nishkarshon kii report karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe karyakram key tahat kii gaee pahali sampatti khareed seey ginaa jaataa haye. panel koo 20 janwari, 2009 koo yaa usase pahale niyaamak sudhaar key baare mein congress koo ack vishesh report bhee prastut karni chaahiye.
panel mein nimnalikhit roop seey niyukt paanch baahari visheshagya shamil hainh
niyantrak general (sarkari jawabdehi karyalaya key nideshak) koo karyakram key pradarshan kii nigrani karane aur harr 60 dinon mein congress koo nishkarshon kii report karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. niyantrak general koo bhee salana karyakram kaa lekha-pareekshan karna hotaa haye. vidheyak niyantrak koo sabhi soochanaon, abhilekhon, vivaranon, aankadon aadi taka samanya pahunch pradaan kartaa haye. karyakram seey sambandhit yaa upayog mein.
vidheyak sankatgrast parisampatti raahat karyakram key liye vishesh mahaanireekshak kaa karyalaya banaata haye, jise rashtrapati dwara niyukt kiya jaataa haye aur senate dwara pushti kii jaati haye. vishesh mahaanireekshak kaa uddeshya karyakram key prashaasan mein kosh kii gatividhiyon kii nigrani, lekha pariksha aur jaanch karna haye, aur harr timahi mein congress koo nishkarshon kii report karna haye.
aff. dee. aaee. see. beema.
vidheyak key adhiniyaman kii tarikh (3 octuber, 2008) seey 31 disambar, 2009 taka, aff. dee. aaee. see. dwara pradaan kii gaee jamaa beema raashi koo 100,000 dollar seey badhaakar 250,000 dollar curr diyaa gayaa haye.
bajat seey sambandhit praavdhaan.
sheershak II mein kosh sachiv, prabandhan aur bajat karyalaya aur congress key bajat karyalaya key beach paramarsh aur reporting key liye dishanirdesh nirdhaarit kiye gaye hain.
curr praavdhaan.
vidheyak curr kaanoon mein nimnalikhit parivartan kartaa haye.
kaanoon kaa prashaasan.
sanyukt raajya sarkaar dwara oont mulyankan kaa upayog yeh taya karane mein madad karane key liye kiya jaa rhaa haye kii kinn bainkon koo 2008 key aapaatkaaleen aarthik sthirikaran adhiniyam dwara adhikrit apane poonjikaran karyakram key hisse key roop mein vishesh sahaayata pradaan karni haye aur kise naheen.
"dha newyork times" mein kahaa gayaa haih "yeh chunane key liye upayog kiye jaa rahey mandand kii kise paisa milata haye, una logon kaa paksh lete hue udyog mein samekan key liye munch sthaapit curr rhaa haye joe jeevit rahane kii sabse adhik sambhavana rakhate hain" kyonki mandand bainkon aur bainkon seey vittiya roop seey sarvshreshth kaa samarthan karate hain joe whiffle honey key liye bahut badey hain. kuchh saansad iss baat seey pareshan hain kii poonjikaran karyakram unake jilon mein bainkon koo khatm curr dega.
poonjeekaran karyakram key gyaat pahaluon seey pataa chalata haye kii sarkaar shithil roop seey paribhaashit curr rahee hogi kii swasth sansthaan kyaa hain. [.].. joe baink pichhale varsh mein laabhdaayak rahey hain, unhein poonji praapt honey kii sabse adhik sambhavana haye. haalaanki, jinn bainkon ney pichhale varsh mein paisa khou diyaa haye, unhein atirikt parikshanon mein utteern honah hoga. [.]..] way yeh bhee poochh rahey hain kii kyaa kissy baink key paas apane nirmaan rinn portfolio, gair-nishpaadit rinn aur anya pareshan parisampattiyon key gambhir nuksan kaa saamana karane key liye paryaapt poonji aur bhandar hain."kuchh bainkon koo iss samajh key saath poonji millie kii baink vilay bhagidar khojane kii koshish karenge. karyakram key tahat poonji praapt karane key liye bainkon koo agale dou yaa teen varshon key liye ack vishisht vyavasaay yojana pradaan karni hoti haye aur yeh samajhaana hotaa haye kii way poonji koo kaise tainaat karane kii yojana banaa rahey hain."
rashtriya rinn parr prabhaav.
vitt varsh 2009 key liye sanyukt raajya america kaa vaarshik bajat ghaata 1 trillion dollar koo paar curr gayaa. mool paulson prastaav sanyukt raajya america key sanghiya rinn seema koo $700 billion seey badhaakar $10.6 trillion seey $11.3 trillion curr dega. 
anya jaankaari.
dha newyork times" dwara lagbhag dou darjan americi-adharit bainkon key adhikaariyon dwara niveshak prastutiyon aur sammelan coll kii sameeksha mein paaya gayaa kii "kuchh [bainkon] ney rinn koo prathamikta key roop mein uddhrit kiya. bhaari bahumat ney bellout karyakram koo ack binaa taar vaale apratyaashit parinam key roop mein dekhaa jiska upayog rinn kaa bhugtan karane, anya vyavsaayon koo praapt karane yaa bhavishya key liye nivesh karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye."

