
virgil dee. hockins

virgil darnell hockins (28 navambar, 1906-11 farwari, 1988) ack african-americi shikshak aur florida key vakeel they, jinhone apane jeevan key kaee dashak florida mein abhyaas kaanoon mein pravesh key liye ladate hue bitaaye, jaba shuru mein unhein apani jaati key aadhar parr florida vishvavidyalaya key kaanoon school mein pravesh seey incar curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
praarambhik jeevan.
hockins kaa janm lake county, florida mein virgil villium hockins aur josephine arbel hockins (nee braun) key ghar aathh bachchon mein seey ack key roop mein huaa thaa. parivaar 1895 mein varishth hockins dwara khareede gaye florida key okahumpka key paas ack duss ekad key ghar parr ack lakadi key dhaanche mein rahata thaa. khet ney parivaar koo apana bharan-poshan karane kaa ack tarika diyaa, aur donon maataa-pitaa atirikt aaya key liye poorak naukariyon parr kaam karate they. khet mein rahate hue, varishth baaz ack dukaan chalaate they aur santare chunane kaa kaam karate they, jabaki josephine kapade saaf aur istri kartaa thaa. hockins key maataa-pitaa donon ney apane bachchon kii shiksha parr bahut jore diyaa. hockins 1917 key samudayik prayaas kaa hissa they, jisamen rosenwald fund key samarthan seey african americi bachchon key liye ack school banaane key liye $300 jutaaye gaye they. hockins key ghar seey kuchh gaj kii doori parr sthit okahumpka rosenwald school, virgil dee kii anumati detaa thaa. hockins aur unake bhaai-bahan praathamik shiksha praapt karane key liye.
hockins key naana alfred braun ausgood they, joe ack pramukh african paddhativaadi episcopal church mantri aur americi vidhaayak they. apani maan key aagrah parr, unake pitaa bhee decan key roop mein seva karane key baad ack mantri baney. hockins key pitaa ney bhee ummeed jataai thee kii unakaa betaa church mein pravesh karega jaisa kii unhone kiya thaa. jaba pataa chalaa kii uska betaa vakeel banana chaahata haye, tou usake pitaa ney usey bataaya kii vaha jhooth bolane key liye narak jaa rhaa haye.
zim kauve kaanoonon key yug key dauran graameen florida mein badey hotey hue, hockins nasleeya hinsa key kaee udaharanon key gawah they. apane jeevan kii shuruat mein, unhone kaee african americi purushon koo duss pratishat passa key khel mein paanch seey chhah maheene key liye jail kii sajaa sunai gaee. jaba unase poochha gayaa kii kyaa way doshi hain yaa naheen, tou purush jawab dene mein asamarth they kyonki way shabdon kaa arth naheen samajhate they. ack kishore key roop mein, hockins mukadame dekhane key liye apane dumm parr adalat mein lautate they jahaan african americi logon key paas uchit yaa vishvasaniya pratinidhitva naheen thaa. iss tarah kii ghatnaaon key apane dimag mein rahane key kaaran, hockins ney ack vakeel banane kaa faisala kiya. baad mein vaha ghatana key baare mein kahenge, "usa cumm umr mein, mujhe naheen pataa thaa kii ack vakeel ney kyaa kiya, lekin mujhe pataa thaa kii mujhe kuchh karna haye."
1920 key dashak key madhya mein ack kishore key roop mein, hockins ney florida key jacksonville mein eme-sanchaalit edward watter college mein bhaag liya. usa samay, lake county mein unake grih nagar mein dasavin kaksha seey pahale koee saarvajanik schooly shiksha naheen thee, isaliye hockins ney vakeel banane key apane lakshya koo praapt karane key liye ghar seey 200 meal kii yatra kii. 1930 mein, virgil ney apani snaatak kii degree arjit karane key liye linken vishvavidyalaya (pensylvania) mein bhaag lena shuru kiya, lekin vittiya baadha key kaaran samaapt karane mein asamarth they. hockins florida key detona beach mein bethun-cookman college key snaatak they, jisamen way 37 saal kii umr mein bhaag lene mein saksham they. baad mein unhone 1949 mein shuru honey vaale bethun-cookman key jansampark nideshak key roop mein kaary kiya.
hockins ney florida vaapas jaane kaa raasta banaaya aur 1930 key dashak mein ack school shikshak idaa frasier seey shaadi kii. apani patni key nakshekadam parr chalate hue, hockins ney florida key groveland mein ack alag praathamik vidyalaya, agewood mein padhaana shuru kiya. kaee varshon taka unhone school mein kaam karane key liye 50 meal kii doori taya kii, jabaki way florida key okala mein rahate they. vaha yalaha, florida mein yalaha praathamik vidyalaya key siddhant key roop mein aage badhe. alag-alag school pranali koo majdoori, suvidhaon aur aapoorti mein asamaantaon seey bharaa huaa paate hue, hockins ney phir seey khud koo yeh sochate hue paaya kii vaha african amerikiyon dwara saamana kiye jaane vaale rosemarra key anyaay key khilaf kaise khadaa hoe sakata haye aur ack vakeel banane key apane bachpan key sapane kii or laut sakata haye.
anya african americi vakeelon seey baat karate hue, hockins koo yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa kii vaha ack black low school mein bhaag lein, jaise kii howard university school off low. haalaanki, hockins apane grih raajya koo chhodana naheen chaahte they, yeh daavaa karate hue kii "main kabhi bhee washington kaa kharch naheen uthaa sakata thaa, aur merrie patni-- vaha kabhi bhee apane parivaar seey itani door naheen reh sakati thee. aur mujhe howard naheen chaahiye thaa. mujhe florida chaahiye thaa. merey daadaa ney yahaan pedh giraaye aur merey pitaa ney yahaan curr kaa bhugtan kiya."
florida vishvavidyalaya key mukadame.
1949 mein, horres hill, detona beach, florida mein ack naek vakeel ney florida raajya key bheetar shiksha mein maujooda bhedbhavpurna prathaon koo chunauti dene kii maang kii. usa samay, florida kewal raajya key schools seey baahar key ashwet chhatron koo chhatravritti pradaan kartaa thaa. yeh misauri key poorv shaasak key faisale key aalok mein thaa. laabh v. kanada, jisane faisala sunaaya kii raajyon koo yaa tou ashweton koo apana school pradaan karna chaahiye yaa unhein goron key saath school jaane kii anumati deni chaahiye. ack florida school koo chunauti dene key liye ack vaadi kii maang mein, pahaadi ney virgil hockins koo paaya.
hockins ney florida vishvavidyalaya key low school mein aavedan kiya, aur apani jaati key kaaran unhein pravesh seey vanchit curr diyaa gayaa. unhone mukadama daayar kiya, lekin florida kii sarvocch adalat ney unhein iss aadhar parr pravesh dene seey incar curr diyaa kii florida mein hockins aur anya ashwet kaanoon key chhatron koo samaayojit karane key liye florida krishi aur yaantrik vishvavidyalaya mein ack "alag lekin samaan" kaanoon school sthaapit karane kii prakriya chala rahee thee.1956 mein, sanyukt raajya america kii sarvocch adalat ney florida mein faisala sunaaya. hockins vee. niyantran mandal, "kii hockins" anya yogya ummidvaaron parr lagu niyamon aur viniyamon key tahat [florida vishvavidyalaya key kaanoon school mein] sheeghra pravesh key hakdar they."haalaanki, florida key governor leroy collins ney" "harr kanuni madhyam seey adesh kaa virodh karane kii kasam khaai", "aur florida kii sarvocch adalat ney hockins koo florida vishvavidyalaya mein pravesh dene seey incar curr diyaa kyonki" "mahaan saarvajanik shararat" "kii sambhavana key kaaran shwet raajya key schools mein ashweton kaa pravesh hoe sakata haye. raay mein sandarbhit saarvajanik shararat mein shwet maataa-pitaa dwara apane bachchon koo florida key shwet raajya schools key alawa anya schools mein chhodane yaa sthanantarit karane kii dhamki shamil thee yadi ashweton koo bhaag lene kii anumati dee gaee thee.
1958 mein, hockins ney florida key snaatak aur peshevar schools key vishvavidyalaya koo alag karane key florida sarvocch nyayalaya key adesh key badale mein florida vishvavidyalaya key vidhi mahavidyalaya mein apana aavedan vaapas leey liya. hockins ney boston mein low school mein padhaai kii, lekin unhein florida baar pariksha dene kii anumati naheen dee gaee kyonki low school koo maanyata praapt naheen thee. apane balidan key madhyam seey hockins ney anya african amerikiyon key liye florida vishvavidyalaya mein bhaag lene kaa maarg prashast kiya, aur 1962 mein doubleu. george elen florida vishvavidyalaya key college off low seey snaatak karane vaale pahale african americi baney. anta mein, 1976 mein, florida sarvocch nyayalaya ney adesh diyaa kii ateet key anyaayon koo door karane key prayaas mein baar pariksha diye binaa hockins koo florida baar mein bharti kiya jaae.
natijatan, yeh 1977 taka naheen thaa, unsath saal kii umr mein, kii hockins ney florida key lesberg mein apana kaanoon karyalaya khola. florida sarvocch nyayalaya ney baad mein kahaa kii hockins ney "shayed hii kabhi ack garib graahak koo door curr diyaa", lekin "low school mein bhaag lene key baad seey unaki unnat ayu aur varshon key antaral, ack gunavattapurna low school shiksha key nuksan aur ack ekmatra vyavasaayi key roop mein abhyaas key tanaav ney kaanoon key safal abhyaas koo mushkil banaa diyaa. antatah unhein apane abhyaas seey utpann mamalon key liye anushasanatmak kaaryavaahi kaa saamana karna padaa. paramarsh dene mein asamarth, ack avsar parr vaha florida sarvocch nyayalaya key samaksh uchit vyakti key roop mein pesh hue aur anurodh kiya, "jaba main swarg jaataa huun, tou main florida baar kaa sadasya banana chaahata huun. anta mein, "apane jeevan key antim aadhe key sanghrshon seey alankrit aur thake hue, aur phir bhee salah koo banaae rakhane mein asamarth, hockins ney apani talwar koo neeche giraa diyaa, aur yuddh key maidan koo chhodane kaa prayaas kiya. hockins ney florida baar seey istifa dene key liye ack yachika daayar kii jise florida sarvocch nyayalaya ney 18 aprail, 1985 koo sweekaar curr liya thaa. hockins kii mrityu 11 farwari, 1988 koo hui.
unaki mrityu key baad, "[aine] poore raajya mein bhaari vakeel" hockins koo maranoparant florida baar mein bahaal karane key liye florida sarvocch nyayalaya mein ack yachika mein shamil hoe gaye, ack yachika jise octuber 1988 mein adalat dwara pradaan kiya gayaa thaa.