
seeriya mein islami vidroh

seeriya mein islami vidroh mein 1976 seey 1982 taka, mukhya roop seey muslim bhaichare key sadasyon, sunee islamvadiyon key netritva mein virodh aur sashastr vidrohon kii ack shrinkhala shamil thee. vidroh kaa uddeshya bathwadi sarkaar koo ukhaad fenkkar seeriya mein ack islami ganarajya sthaapit karna thaa, jise baath party dwara "aatank key lambe abhiyaan" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye.
1980 key baad, bathist shasson key liye lokpriya pratirodh kaa vistaar huaa; islami vipakshi samoohon key gathbandhan key saath poore seeriya mein rashtravyapi hadtaalon, virodh aur vidrohon kaa samanvaya kiya gayaa. hinsak ghatnaaon key dauran; pratirodh milicia ney siriyai arab senaa key thikaanon parr hamla kiya aur baath party key caders, senaa key adhikaariyon, soviyat sainya salaahkaaron aur asad parivaar seey judey naukarshahon kii raajneetik hatyaon koo anjam diyaa. suraksha balon dwara kiye gaye jawabi hamalon mein nagrik bhee maare gaye they. vidroh 1982 key haama narsamhar mein apane charmotkarsh parr pahunch gayaa, jisamen 40,000 seey adhik nagrik maare gaye.
prishthabhoomi.
1963 kaa takhtapalat aur 1964 key haama dange.
sandarbh mein, vidroh kii utpatti kaee karakon seey hoti haye. aitihaasik vaichaarik gharshan baath party kii atee-dharmnirpeksh neenv banaam muslim bhaichare kii dhaarmik neenv kaa parinam haye. musalman bhaichare kaa maanana thaa kii raajya key kaanoonon koo nirdeshit karane mein islami dharm kii kendriya bhoomika thee. doosari or, dharmnirpeksh bathwadi vichardhara ney arab raashtravaad parr jore diyaa aur dharm key sthaan parr samaajvaad kii vakaalat kii.
1963 key baath party key takhtapalat key baad yeh takraav garma gayaa, jisamen party ney desh mein ekmatra shakti kaa daavaa kiya aur baad mein anya sabhi sangathit vipaksh koo gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa. isake jawab mein, muslim bhaichare ney desh bhar mein samanya virodh pradarshanon koo protsaahit kiya. yeye virodh pradarshan haama shahar mein sabse teevra they, jinhen lambe samay seey "bhoomi roodhivaad kaa gadh" maanaa jaataa thaa. 1964 key haama vidroh key dauran, baath party ney kroor bull key saath vidroh koo kuchalate hue hinsak pratikriya dee.
musalman bhaichare koo apani gatividhiyon koo gupt roop seey jaari rakhane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. vaichaarik vivaad ack sampradayik kii or badhane lagaa; jaise hii bathist senaa mein alavite abhijaat varg kaa prabhutva, naukarshahi aur rajneeti 1966 key takhtapalat mein alavite general salah jadid key nava-bathist sainya wing dwara puraane gaard koo ukhaad fenkane key baad dikhaai dene luggy. 
1970 kaa takhtapalat aur 1973 kaa samvaidhaanik sanshodhan.
13 navambar koo, haafez all asad ney ack takhtapalat shuru kiya jisamen unhein ekmatra shakti praapt hoti dekhi gaee. apani shakti koo majboot karane key liye, 31 janwari 1973 koo, asad ney ack nayaa samvidhaan lagu kiya, jisake kaaran ack rashtriya sankat paida hoe gayaa. pichhale samvidhaanon key vipareet, yeh aavashyak naheen thaa kii seeriya kaa rashtrapati ack musalman honah chaahiye, jisase musalman bhaichare aur "ulema" dwara aayojit haama, homes aur aleppo mein bhayankar pradarshan hue. unhone asad koo "allah kaa dushman" karaar diyaa aur usake shasson key khilaf "jihad" kaa ahwan kiya. dabaav mein, asad ney aavashyakta koo vaapas curr diyaa aur lebnani maulavi moosa all-sadar koo shiya islam kaa hissa honey key liye alawi alpasankhyak koo ghoshit karane key liye ack fatwa jaari karane key liye aashvast kiya.
robbert dee. kaplan ney asad key satta mein aaney kii tulanaa bhaarat mein "ack achhoot banane vaale" "maharaja" yaa roose mein ack yahudi key zaar banane seey kii haye-ack abhootpoorv vikas joe soonni bahusankhyak aabaadi key liye chaunkaane vaalaa thaa, jisane itani sadiyon taka satta parr ekadhikar kiya thaa."
aarthik mandee.
itihaaskaar patrick seal key anusaar, "octuber yuddh key baad aarthik uchhaal samaapt hoe gayaa thaa, aur naee asamaantaaen paida huin. rafale lefavour kahate hain kii dharmnirpeksh vichardhara key udbhav ney "raajneetik aur samajik-aarthik shakti kii paaramparik sanrachanaon koo ulat diyaa thaa. isake alawa, khaadi deshon key aarthik samarthan mein kamee, lebnan mein seeriya key sainya abhiyaan kii laagat aur sangharsh seey kaee sharanarthiyon key aaney seey seeriya kii aarthik aajeevika aur badh gaee.
bathwadi sarkaar dwara apanaae gaye raajya samaajvaad key aarthik prabhaav key saath-saath naee samajik-raajneetik pranali mein alaaviyon kii badhati mukharta key parinamswarup paaramparik abhijaat varg, bhoomi malik, udyogpati aur poonjipati varg kaa algaav huaa. unakaa samarthan islami vipaksh key paksh mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa, jisane khud koo niji sampatti aur mukt vyaapaar key vaichaarik rakshak key roop mein sthaapit kiya.
vidroh key charan.
pahala charanah gupt aatankvaadi abhiyaan 1976-1979.
1976 mein lebnan key grihyuddh mein siriyai senaa key hastakshep koo chihnit kiya gayaa, shuru mein philistine key gurillaon (plo) key khilaf. yeh arab duniya mein ashcharya key saath praapt huaa aur siriyai sarkaar key saath asantosh key pahale seey maujood karanon mein yogdan diyaa. itihaaskaar patrick seal ney iss hamale koo "arabi dharm kii pavitra gaay kaa vadh" bataaya.
usee varsh, seeriya ney chhitput aatankvaadi hamalon kaa anubhav kiya, jinamen seey jyaadaatar visfot aur hatyaaen theen. hatyaon kaa mukhya uddeshya pramukh sainya adhikaariyon, naukarshahon aur doctors aur shikshakon sahit sarkari adhikaariyon koo lakshit karna thaa. adhikansh peedit alawi they, jisake kaaran kuchh logon ney sujhaav diyaa kii hatyaron ney samudaay koo nishana banaaya thaa, lekin "koee bhee yeh sunishchit naheen curr sakaa kii hatyaon key peechhe kaun thaa".
sadaam hussain kii iraqi sarkaar ney hathiyaron aur aapoorti key nirantar pravaah key saath vidrohiyon kaa samarthan kiya thaa. huffage all-asad key chhote bhaai general rifat all-asad, lebnan key grihyuddh mein apani gatividhiyon key parinamswarup baath party aur siriyai rajneeti mein ack shaktishali vyakti bunn gaye. rifat key bhrashtachar key saath-saath unaki badhati swaayatt alavite wafadar niji milicia kii sampradayik jyadatiyon ney siriyai aabaadi mein vyaapak akrosh koo uksaayaa. isake parinamswarup, seeriya mein aantarik sthiti aur asthir hoe gaee aur virodh pradarshan shaharon mein fail gaye.
doosara charanah juuna 1979-janwari 1982 mein badey paimaane parr abhiyaan.
16 juuna 1979 koo aleppo artillery school narsamhar kaa dinn manaaya gayaa. school key karmchari, kaptan ibrahim yousaf ney cadets koo bhojan kaksh mein ack tatkaal baithak key liye bulaaya. ack baar ikattha honey key baad, bandukdhariyon ney swachaalit hathiyaron aur grenades seey cadets parr andhadhundh golibari kii. iss narsamhar kaa mastermind muslim bhaichare key ack sadasya 'adnan' ukala they, jinhone 'fighting vanguard' (talia mukatila) naamak ack chhapamar samooh kaa gathan kiya thaa.
iss narsamhar ney vidroh mein ack modd kaa sanket diyaa kyonki yeh abb chhitput hamalon kii ack shrinkhala seey adhik thaa, lekin "badey paimaane parr shahari yuddh" kaa ack abhiyaan thaa. agast taka, bhaichare ney siriyai sarkaar key khilaf "jihad" kii ghoshana curr dee thee, prabhaavi roop seey vidroh kii jimmedaari lii thee.
8 march 1980 (baa 'thist takhtapalat kii 17veen varshgaanth) seey pahale key dinon mein, lagbhag sabhi siriyai shahar hadtaalon aur virodh pradarshanon seey lakvagrast hoe gaye they, joe kabhi-kabhi suraksha balon key saath ladaai mein vikasit hoe gaye they. ghatanaaen aleppo mein ack vyaapak kaarravaai mein badh gaeen, jahan sarkaar ney bhaari sainya bull key saath jawab diyaa, jisamen tank aur helicopters dwara samarthit hajaaron sainikon koo bheja gayaa. aleppo mein aur usake aspas, saikadon pradarshankari maare gaye, aur aathh hazaar koo giraftar kiya gayaa. aprail taka, kshetra mein vidroh koo kuchal diyaa gayaa thaa.
1979 aur 1981 key beach, bhaichare key vidrohiyon ney baath party key adhikaariyon, party karyalayon, pulis stations, sainya vaahanon, bairakon, karkhanon aur yahaan taka kii russie adhikaariyon koo bhee nishana banaana jaari rakhaa. vidrohi baath party key sadasyon koo unaki neend mein maarne key liye 'hitt teemen' banaate they, jaise kii 'abd all' aziz all 'aadee, jisaki usaki patni aur bachchon key saamane hatyaa curr dee gaee thee aur usake shareer koo sadak parr fenk diyaa gayaa thaa. iss avsar parr, jinn logon ney hatyaon kii ninda kii thee, unhein bhee nishana banaaya gayaa, jisamen aleppo kii suleimania masjid key imam sheikh all-shamee bhee shamil they.
aadhikarik press key anusaar, aatankvaad key anya udaharanon mein agast, sitambar aur navambar 1981 mein hamale shamil hain, jahaan bhaichare ney damishk mein sarkaar aur sainya lakshyon key khilaf teen kaar-bumm hamale kiye, jisamen saikadon loga maare gaye. peediton mein soviyat adhikaari, visheshagya aur unake parivaar sanyukt rashtra vighatan paryavekshak bull key hisse key roop mein sanyukt rashtra key saath seva curr rahey they.
charan teenah sarkari pratikriya 1979-1981.
sadakon parr niyantran khone key baad, sarkaar ney janwari 1980 mein ack baath party congress key samaapan key baad aatankvaadiyon parr sarv-yuddh kii neeti parr nirnay liya. party kaa pahala kadam party key wafadaron aur sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon koo hathiyar denaa thaa, jisase prabhaavi roop seey ack 'nagrik milicia' kaa nirmaan kiya jaa sakey. march aur aprail taka, jisar all-shugar aur aleppo key shaharon koo sadakon parr hajaaron sainikon key saath senaa aur tankon key saath line mein laaya gayaa thaa. khoj aur vinash abhiyaanon mein saikadon logon koo gher liya gayaa.
ack anya mamle mein, haama key paas ack alavite gaanv parr ack asafal aatankvaadi hamale key pratishodh mein, senaa ney haama key lagbhag 400 sunee nivaasiyon koo maar daala, jinhen 14 varsh seey adhik ayu key purush aabaadi mein yaadrichhik roop seey chunaa gayaa thaa.
27 juuna 1980 koo, huffage all asad khud ack asafal hatyaa key prayaas key baad maut seey butch gaye. hamlawar ney goliyaan chalaain aur dou grenade fenke, pahala hamla karane vaale ney maaraa aur doosara usake niji angarakshak khalid all-hussain ney dhakaa, joe turant marr gayaa. jawabi kaarravaai mein, agale hii dinn, rifat all asad kii raksha company helicopters mein kukhyaat palmyra jail mein ghus gaee aur saikadon kaidiyon koo maar daala joe bhaichare seey judey they. 8 julaai taka, muslim bhaichare kii sadasyata poori tarah seey ack badaa aparaadh bunn gaee, una logon key liye ack maheene kii anugrah avadhi key saath joe khud koo pesh karna chaahte they aur maut kii sajaa seey bachana chaahte they. kuchh dou hazaar loga maut kii sajaa seey bachane kii ummeed mein khud koo badal gaye; jyaadaatar shahari, shikshit, yuva purush.
chautha charanah 1982 mein vidroh koo kuchalana.
seeriya virodhi sarkaar key daavon key anusaar, vidroh koo aam taur parr 1982 key khooni haama narsamhar seey kuchal diyaa gayaa maanaa jaataa haye, jisamen hajaaron vidrohi, sanic aur nivasi maare gaye they. 2 farwari 1982 koo, bhaichare ney haama mein ack badey vidroh kaa netritva kiya, teji seey shahar parr niyantran curr liya; senaa ney poore maheene mein haama (jisaki aabaadi lagbhag 250,000 thee) parr bambari karke jawab diyaa, jisamen 2,000 seey 25,000 loga maare gaye. haama ghatnaaon ney bhaichare kii haar koo chihnit kiya, aur samanya roop seey ugravaadi islami andolan, seeriya mein ack raajneetik shakti key roop mein.
us intelligence ney sangharsh key sambhaavit parinamon key sambandh mein ack khufiya vishleshan kiya.
isake baad.
sabhi virodh koo dabaane key baad, huffage all-asad ney 1990 key dashak key madhya mein bhaichare key kuchh kaid sadasyon koo riha curr diyaa.
musalman bhaichare kii seeriya mein phir seey koee bhautik upasthiti naheen hogi.
haalaanki iska netritva nirvaasan mein haye, lekin bhaichare koo siriyai logon key beach kaafee sahaanubhooti praapt haye. dharmnirpeksh vipakshi netaa riyad all-turk ise "sabse vishvasaniya" siriyai vipakshi samooh maanate hain. bhaichare ney ack loktaantrik raajneetik pranali kii vakaalat karna jaari rakhaa haye; isane hinsak pratirodh aur "shariyat" kaanoon key anuprayog key liye apane ahwan koo chhod diyaa haye. bhaichare kaa yeh bhee kahana haye kii yeh alaaviyon key khilaf sampradayikta kii ninda kartaa haye aur kewal bathwadi tanashahi key khilaf haye. all-turk aur dharmnirpeksh vipaksh mein anya loga iss vikas koo gambhirta seey lene key liye ichchuk hain, bhaichare kii adhik raajneetik paripakvata key sanket key roop mein, aur maanate hain kii bhaichara abb sarkaar kii loktaantrik pranali mein bhaag lene key liye taiyar hoga.
janwari 2006 key ack sakshatkar mein, bhaichare key netaa, allie sadreddin bayanauni ney kahaa, "muslim bhaichare koo damishk mein sarkaar kaa shantipurna parivartan aur ack 'nagrik, loktaantrik raajya' kii sthaapana chaahiye, naa kii ack islami ganarajya."bayanauni key anusaar, siriyai sarkaar 30,000 logon koo hirasat mein lene kii baat sweekaar karati haye, jisase bhaichare kii taakat kaa uchit pratinidhitva hotaa haye.
vidroh key dauran hatyaon kii soochi.
1980 aur 1982 key beach vyaktiyon kii hatyaa curr dee gaee.
jabaki inn hatyaon mein siriyai sarkaar kii sanliptata "saabit naheen hui", yeh vyaapak roop seey sandigdh thaa."

