
taiwan mein zana-media

taiwan mein maas media koo asia mein sabse swatantra aur sabse pratispardhi maanaa jaataa haye. cable tv kaa upayog adhik haye (lagbhag 80 pratishat) aur adhikansh raajneetik drishtikon koo cover karane vaale samachar patron kaa ack vistrit chayan bhee upalabdh haye.
taiwan kaa media itihas.
jabaki taiwan kii media swatantrata aaj asia key sheersh kuchh deshon mein shamil hoe sakati haye, apani jeevantata kii vartamaan sthiti mein isaki pragati sangharsh key binaa naheen thee. 1895 seey 1945 taka taiwan parr japani kabje ney dweep parr aarthik aadhunikikaran kii gati koo dheema naheen kiya; kuomintang (kimiti, rashtravadi party) ney bhee apane poorvavartiyon kii safaltaon key aadhar parr aadhunikikaran kiya aur isane apane maas media udyog koo vikasit karane kaa aadhar pradaan kiya. haalaanki, key. aim. tii. kii aarthik pragati aur loktaantrik aadarshon kii khoj kaa yeh matlab naheen thaa kii taiwan kaa media loktantra kii chauthi sampatti key roop mein apani bhoomika koo puuraa curr sakata haye, sarkaar parr ack roque key roop mein. marshel low yug key media koo ack sakht patta parr rakhaa gayaa thaa aur tatkalin rashtrapati chiang kaaee-shake key baare mein poochtaachh karane seey spasht pratibandh ney kii. mee. tii raajnetaon key prati sammaan kii sanskriti koo aur bhee majboot kiya. mukhyadhara key media key key. aim. tii. shasson key saath ghanishth sambandhon koo dekhana aashcharyajanak naheen hoga, kyonki key. aim. tii. kii sattawadi prakriti media farmon kii vyaavsaayik prathaon koo nirdhaarit karati haye. taiwan key media koo kii. mee. tii. dwara taya kii gaee aadhikarik vichardhara koo prasaarit karane key liye sanrachit kiya gayaa thaa, jaise kii taiwan kii pehchaan parr jore dee gaee haan cheeni pehchaan, raajneetik aur rashtriya suraksha chintaon key jawab mein jaisa kii baad vaale ney daavaa kiya thaa. taiwan key samaaj mein aadhikarik media kii bhoomika sarkaar key nirnayon koo sampreshit karna, logon koo apane agende key aspas jutana aur sarkari soochana karyalaya kii karibi nigrani mein shasson key uddeshyon koo puuraa karane kii disha mein kaam karane key tareeke khojana thaa.
asahamati parr ankush lagaane key prayaas mein, key. aim. tii. ney 1952 mein prakaashan adhiniyam key liye pravartan niyamon koo jaari kiya, jisane taiwan key marshel low yug (1949-1987) key dauran kissy bhee naee patrikaon, samachar patron aur samachar agencies kii sthaapana parr prabhaavi roop seey pratibandh lagaa diyaa. 1952 seey 1987 taka taiwan mein 31 samachar patra they aur 1974 taka 44 samachar agencies theen. phir bhee yeh asahamati kii awazon koo saarvajanik kshetra mein apani jagah kii talash karane seey naheen rokta thaa aur jawab mein, key. aim. tii. ney vipakshi andolan koo aakarshan praapt karane seey rokane key liye vaikalpik tarikon kaa upayog karna shuru curr diyaa. kii. mee. tii. koo aahat karane vaali samagri key lekhakon koo pratishodh key adheen kiya gayaa, jahaan kii. mee. tii. aur sarkari adhikaariyon ney baar-baar unake khilaf aaparaadhik manhani aur rajdroh key mukadame daayar kiye, jisake parinamswarup aksar jail kii sajaa hoti thee. kathor daman kii iss avadhi koo taiwan key itihas mein shwet aatank key roop mein bhee yaad kiya gayaa haye, jahaan professor chain wein-chain jaise uchch-profile aur shikshit asantusht gayab honey lagey they. aisee paristhitiyon mein, vaikalpik radio aur television channel taiwan mein loktantrikaran, swatantrata aur nagrik adhikaaron key liye ack vidhvansak bhoomigat andolan key roop mein falate-phoolate rahey, bhale hii unhein aadhikarik havaai maargon parr khud koo sthaapit karane seey roque diyaa gayaa thaa. bhoomigat media kii sthiti ney kii. mee. tii.-bahul raajya key sangathit aur nirantar virodh key liye ack dhyaan pradaan kiya, jahan isaki patrikaon ney raajneetik roop seey haashiye parr padey taiwaniyon key liye ack aavaaj pradaan kii kyonki yeh press pratibandh dwara cover naheen kiya gayaa thaa. vishesh roop seey, bhoomigat media ney kilometres raajnetaon key jeevan koo jaanch key dayare mein laaya aur vipakshi kaaryakartaon koo bhee apane darshakon key dhyaan mein laaya, logon koo unake naamon aur manchon seey parichit karaaya.
bhoomigat media paridrishya mein vipakshi vichardharaon key iss abhisaran ney bhoomigat media operators aur usa samay key mukhya vipakshi samooh, tangwai, donon key beach hiton key ekikaran kii shuruat bhee dekhi. aise samay mein jaba cable television parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa, isake sanchalakon ney vipakshi raajnetaon key saath saajhedaari koo parasparik roop seey fayademand maanaa haye, kyonki cable television kaa upayog raajnetaon key lakshyon koo badhaava dene key liye ack shaktishali vaahan key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye aur badale mein, prachaalak apane vyaavsaayik lakshyon key liye pairavikarta praapt karate hain. tatkalin avaidh vipakshi samooh tangwai ney kewal 1986 mein apani vartamaan vipakshi liberal democratic progressive party (dee. pee. pee.) kaa roop liya aur taba bhee ise avaidh roop seey kiya gayaa thaa. raajneetik spectrum key donon chhoron parr media operators aur raajnetaon ney marshel low yug key dauran ghanishth sambandh banaae, jinake saath unake nihit swarth nihit hain aur yeh pattern aaj bhee sthiti parr banaa huaa haye, halanki media outlets key roop mein joe dou pramukh dalon mein seey ack key prati sahaanubhooti rakhate hain. dee. pee. pee. sadasyon aur cable television farmon key beach nikatata seey pataa chalata haye kii, usa samay unake beach ack sanrakshak graahak sambandh banaa huaa thaa. isake alawa, yeh pataa chalaa haye kii dee. pee. pee. key 20 raajnetaon ney 1994 mein 35 pro-dee. pee. pee. cable television pranaliyon key sanchaalan mein nivesh kiya thaa. ack samanya lakshya aur bhoomigat media seey vipakshi abhiyaan key liye samagri samarthan key saath, dee. pee. pee. ney media key adhik udaarikaran aur logon key liye nagrik adhikaaron key liye dabaav daala. lokpriya dabaav aur sanyukt raajya america key adheen, key. aim. tii. ney taiwan parr lagaae gaye 38 varshon key sainya kaanoon koo hataa diyaa aur dee. pee. pee. 1989 mein ack kanuni raajneetik dall bunn gayaa, jisamen cable radio aur television adhiniyam key adhiniyaman key saath cable television koo vaidh banaa diyaa gayaa.
media udaarikaran key liye baatchit kii iss prakriya mein key. aim. tii. ack nishkriya paksh naheen thaa, halanki yeh teji seey badalate electronic media vatavaran kaa jawab dene mein dheema lagata haye aur bhoomigat media vatavaran mein dee. pee. pee. kaa dabdaba thaa. cable kaanoon key masaude kii sameeksha avadhi key dauran, vidhaayika dwara jode gaye sabse vivadaspad lekhon mein seey ack cable pranaliyon key raajneetik dall key swaamitva parr pratibandh thaa joe kii kimiti key liye mahatvapurna hain. iss lekh koo samaantaa koo sanrakshit karane aur cable television pranaliyon key liye khel key maidan koo samtal karane kii disha mein kiye gaye prayaas key roop mein tark diyaa jaa sakata haye. halanki, key. aim. tii. ney lekh koo khariz curr diyaa aur raajneetik dalon koo cable pranaliyon key vittaposhan kii anumati dee. cable kaanoon key adhiniyaman seey pahale, cable kaanoon key adhiniyaman parr cable bajar kaa hissa lene key liye key. aim. tii. ney pahale hii poe-sinn multimedia kii sthaapana curr lii haye. haal key sudhaar prayason ney iss antar koo puuraa karate hue dekhaa haye kyonki nae radio aur television prasaran kaanoon key tahat sarkaar, raajneetik dalon aur senaa koo 26 disambar 2005 taka apani electronic media hissedari chhodane kii aavashyakta thee. cable television key vaidhikaran key baad seey, key. aim. tii. ney udyog parr apani shakti khou dee haye, joe madhyam parr prabhaav banaae rakhane kii apani mool apeksha key vipareet haye. udaarikaran key baad print aur prasaran media key teji seey prasaar aur cable television prasaran key prasaran aur praapt karane parr pratibandhon koo nirast karane key saath, bajar ney maas media udyog parr pramukh prabhaav key roop mein raajya parr kabja curr liya haye.
rashtrapati chain shui-bian key mantrimandal key ack adhikaari ney kahaah "yadi janata kuchh tv channel yaa radio station koo napsand karati haye, joe unhein lagata haye kii kissy nishchit dall yaa vyakti dwara herfer kiya gayaa haye jisase way nafrat karate hain, tou way ise dekhane yaa sunane seey incar curr dete hain."chean key network pranaliyon koo khareedane key liye chaina broadband key prastaav seey judey chala rahey ekadhikar virodhi vivaad seey taiwan sarkaar kii ekadhikar key prati ghrina ujagar hoti haye. yadi vilay koo rashtriya sanchaar aayog (aine. see. see.) dwara anumodit kiya jaataa haye, tou arabon dollar kaa sauda vaanchhit samooh koo taiwan key cable grahakon key 23 pratishat aur samagr media bajar key lagbhag ack tihai koo surakshit karane kii anumati dega. taiwan key media mein raay kii vividhata koo naa kewal patrakaar mandal balki vyaapak janata dwara bhee atyadhik maanaa jaataa haye joe apane samaaj kii bahulvaadi prakriti koo banaae rakhane mein isake mahatva koo pahachaante hain.
cable television.
saste sadasyata daron (aamtaur parr lagbhag $550, yaa prati maah $15 americi dollar) aur free-too-air television kii kamee key parinamswarup, jisamen lagbhag 20 channel shamil hain, cable television taiwan mein prachalit haye. prograaming jyaadaatar mandarin aur taiwan mein hoti haye, jisamen kuchh channel hakka yaa angreji mein hotey hain. anya videshi bhaashaon, mukhya roop seey purvi asiai aur dakshin-poorv asiai bhaashaon mein bhee karyakram hain. laghu dharavahik, jinhen taiwani naatak kahaa jaataa haye, lokpriya hain. taiwan key hakka alpasankhyak key liye ack samarpit station haye aur saath hii 2005 mein ack adiwasi channel key aagaman key liye bhee haye. lagbhag 100 channel hain jinamen seey adhikansh station ack vishesh shally koo samarpit hain; jaise game show, samachar, anime, filmein, khel aur vrittachitra. lagbhag sabhi karyakram paaramparik cheeni upasheershak key saath mool bhasha mein hain.
cable television pranali mein samachar, khel, vividhata, khel, sangeet, bachchon, videshi, film aur vrittachitra chainalon seey laker lagbhag sou alag-alag channel shamil hain.
taiwan sarkaar ack sett-topp boxes key madhyam seey pradaan kiye gaye digital signal television koo badhaava dey rahee haye. 30 juuna 2012 koo havaai television kaa analogue signal bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
radio.
am aur fm spectrum mein kaee station hain joe vibhinn prakaar key karyakramon kaa prasaran karate hain. tock-show, lokpriya sangeet aur classic geet kuchh sabse adhik suney jaane vaale vishay hain. vishesh roop seey taiwan-bhasha stations ney marshel low yug key anta key baad seey lokpriyata mein vriddhi kaa anand liya haye aur mandarin cheeni key alawa anya bhaashaon key upayog koo pratibandhit karane vaale niyam hain.
wikipedia (cheeni mein)
samachar patra.
1952 aur 1987 key beach taiwan mein peparon kii sankhya lagaatar 31 thee kyonki nae pepper kholane parr pratibandh thaa. iss avadhi key dauran censorship bhaari thee aur kii. mee. tii. shasson kaa samachar patron parr lagbhag poorna niyantran thaa. 1988 mein udaarikaran taka swatantra samachar patron koo kholane kii anumati naheen dee gaee thee, 1988 key anta taka taiwan mein 126 samachar patra sanchaalit hue they.
sabse lokpriya samachar patron mein shamil hainh
angreji mein samachar patrah
anya samachar patrah
prakaashan bund curr diyaa gayaah
kewal digital praarup mein uplabdhah
patrikaaen aur patrikaaen.
1988 mein desh mein kewal 3,400 patrika prakaashak they. aaj yeh sankhya teji seey badhkar 4,827 (agast 2006 taka) hoe gaee haye. patrikaaen vyavasaay, rajneeti, manoranjan, bhaashaaen, jeevan shally, praudyogiki, swaasthya, khaana pakaane, automobile, mahilaaen, shiksha, yatra aadi sahit vibhinn vishayon mein vibhinn hain.
internet.
taiwan duniya key sabse wired sthaanon mein seey ack haye-broadband yaa cable modem taka pahunch apekshaakrit sastee aur tej haye. 2005 mein taiwan mein 13.8 laakh internet upayogkarta aur 28 laakh webhost they (kull jansankhya 22.9 laakh key liye). chhote shaharon kii bhee ack lokpriya visheshta internet kaife (cheenih <unk>, pinayinah wangka) hain, joe 24 ghante khule rahate hain aur vibhinn prakaar key bhojan aur peya bechate hain taaki mukhya roop seey kishore online gamers joe unamen rahate hain, unhein apane monitor seey bahut door bhatakana naa padey. taiwan kii websiten iska upayog karati hain.dou domen.
taiwan key paas angreji mein kuchh online sansaadhan upalabdh hainh
media vatavaran.
apane teji seey parivartan aur twarit vikas key kaaran, taiwan mein media ack teekhe pratispardhi vatavaran mein rhaa haye. 23 million logon key bajar koo cover karate hue, desh mein 8 chaubis ghante key samachar kendra hain (america mein 3, britten mein 3 aur japan mein 3 kii tulanaa mein), lagbhag 200 radio station, lagbhag 2,500 samachar patra prakaashak aur 4,000 seey adhik patrika prakaashak hain; isake alawa, taiwan mein duniya mein upgrah samachar ekatra karane (aiss. aine. jee.) trucks kaa sabse adhik ghanatva bhee haih japan mein 12 karod/71, hangkang mein 7 karod/1, koria mein 4 karod/4 karod aur bhaarat mein 1 arab/300 logon koo 82 trucks dwara seva pradaan kii jaati haye. haalaanki, iss tarah key pratispardhi bajar mein uchch nielson rating arjit karane key liye, kabhi-kabhi show mein yaun aur hinsak samagri shamil hoti haye. sansanikhej surkhiyan aksar uthati hain.

