
q kaarak

bhautiki aur engineering mein, gunavatta kaarak yaa "q" kaarak ack ayamheen parameter haye joe varnan kartaa haye kii ack ausilator yaa anunaad kitna cumm haye. ise anunaad mein sangraheet praarambhik oorjaa aur dolan key chakr key ack radian mein khoye hue oorjaa key anupaat key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. q kaarak koo vaikalpik roop seey ack anunaad kii kendra aavritti aur isaki bandwidth key anupaat key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye jaba ack dolan prerak bull key adheen hotaa haye. yeye donon paribhaashaaen sankhyaatmak roop seey samaan, lekin samaan naheen, parinam detee hain. uchch "q" oorjaa haani kii cumm darr koo ingit kartaa haye aur dolan adhik dheere-dheere samaapt hoe jaate hain. ack pendulam joe uchch gunavatta vaale assar seey nilambit hotaa haye, havaa mein dolan kartaa haye, mein ack uchch "q" hotaa haye, jabaki tail mein doobe pendulam mein ack nimn hotaa haye. uchch gunavatta vaale karakon vaale anunadakon mein cumm namee hoti haye, taaki way lambe samay taka ghoom sakein yaa compan curr sakein.
spashteekaran.
q kaarak ack aisaa mapdand haye joe ack cumm nama harmonic ausilator (anunaad) key anunaad vyavhaar kaa varnan kartaa haye. uchch "q" kaarak vaale signsoided roop seey sanchaalit anunaad adhik aayamon (anunaad aavritti parr) key saath pratidhwanit hotey hain, lekin usa aavritti key aspas aavrittiyon kii ack chhoti seema hoti haye jisake liye way pratidhwanit hotey hain; aavrittiyon kii vaha seema jisake liye ausilator pratidhwanit hotaa haye, usey bandwidth kahaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar, ack radio receiver mein ack uchch-"kyu" tune circuit koo tune karna adhik kathin hoga, lekin isamen adhik chayanaatmaktaa hogi; yeh spectrum parr paas key anya stations seey sanketon koo filter karane kaa behtar kaam karega. uchch-"q" ausilator aavrittiyon kii ack chhoti shrinkhala key saath dolan karate hain aur adhik sthir hotey hain.
ausilators kii gunavatta kaarak unake nirmaan key aadhar parr pranali seey pranali mein kaafee bhinn hoti haye. jinn pranaliyon key liye namee mahatvapurna haye (jaise kii ack darwaaje koo bund karane seey rokane vaale namee dene vaale) key paas "q" hotaa haye. ghadiyaan, lazer aur anya anunaad pranali jinamen yaa tou majboot anunaad yaa uchch aavritti sthirata kii aavashyakta hoti haye, unamen uchch gunavatta vaale kaarak hotey hain. tuning forks mein gunavatta kaarak lagbhag 1000 hotey hain. paramanu ghadiyon kaa gunavatta kaarak, twarakon mein upayog kiye jaane vaale superconducting aar. aff. guhaaen, aur kuchh uchch-"kyu" lazer 1011 aur usase adhik taka pahunch sakate hain.
ack ausilator kitna nama haye, iska varnan karane key liye bhautikavidon aur engineeron dwara upayog kii jaane vaali kaee vaikalpik maatraaen hain. mahatvapurna udaharanon mein shamil hainh aardrata anupaat, saapeksh bandwidth, linewidth aur bandwidth koo octave mein maapa jaataa haye.
q" kii avadharana kii utpatti k seey hui. aiss. coil (inductors) kii gunavatta kaa mulyankan karate hue paschimi electric company key engineering vibhaag key johnson. prateek "q" kaa unakaa chayan kewal isaliye thaa kyonki usa samay varnamala key anya sabhi akshar liye gaye they. iss shabd kaa uddeshya "gunavatta" yaa "gunavatta kaarak" key liye ack sankshipt naam key roop mein naheen thaa, halanki yeye shabd isake saath judey hue hain.
paribhasha.
1914 mein apane pahale upayog key baad seey q kii paribhasha koo kundaliyon aur sanghankon, anunaad paripathon, anunaad upkaranon, anunaad sancharan lines, guha anunadakon parr lagu karane key liye saamaanyikrit kiya gayaa haye, aur samanya roop seey gatishil pranaliyon parr lagu karane key liye electronics kshetra seey parey vistaar kiya gayaa haih yaantrik aur dhwanik anunaad, samagri q aur quantum system jaise kii varnakramiya rekhaaen aur kann anunaad. 
bandwidth paribhasha.
anunadakon key sandarbh mein, "q" key liye dou samanya paribhaashaaen hain, joe bilkul samkaksh naheen hain. way lagbhag samatulya hoe jaate hain kyonki "q" badaa hoe jaataa haye, jiska arth haye kii anunaad cumm nama hoe jaataa haye. inn paribhashaon mein seey ack anunaad kii aavritti-seey-bandwidth anupaat haih
jahan "fr" anunaad aavritti haye, δ "f" anunaad chaudaai yaa poorna chaudaai haye joe aadhe adhikatam (fwhm) i parr haye.ee. bandwidth jiss parr compan kii shakti anunaad aavritti parr aadhi shakti seey adhik haye, "ωr" = 2π "fr" koniya anunaad aavritti haye, aur δ "ω" koniya ardh-shakti bandwidth haye.
iss paribhasha key tahat, "q" ansh bandwidth kaa parasparik haye.
sangraheet oorjaa paribhasha.
q" key liye anya samanya lagbhag samatulya paribhasha dolan anunaad mein sangraheet oorjaa kaa anupaat haye joe prati chakr aardrata prakriyaon dwara apashisht oorjaa haih
kaarak 2π "q" koo saral shabdon mein vyakt kartaa haye, jisamen kewal dusare crum key vibhedak sameekaran key gunank shamil hotey hain joe adhikansh anunaad pranaliyon, vidyut yaa yaantrik kaa varnan karate hain. vidyut pranaliyon mein, sangraheet oorjaa haanirahit prerak aur sandharitron mein sangraheet urjaaon kaa yog haye; khoye hue oorjaa prati chakr pratirodhakon mein vighatit urjaaon kaa yog haye. yaantrik pranaliyon mein, sangraheet oorjaa kissy samay sthiti aur gatij oorjaa kaa yog haye; khoye hue oorjaa koo ayam banaae rakhane key liye ack baahari bull dwara kiya gayaa kaary haye, prati chakr.
adhik aam taur parr aur pratikriyaasheel ghatak vinirdesh (vishesh roop seey prerak) key sandarbh mein, "q" kii aavritti-nirbhar paribhasha kaa upayog kiya jaataa haih
jahan "ω" vaha koniya aavritti haye jiss parr sangraheet oorjaa aur shakti haani koo maapa jaataa haye. yeh paribhasha ekal pratikriyaasheel tatva (sandharitra yaa prerak) key saath paripath kaa varnan karane mein isake upayog key saath susangat haye, jahaan ise vaastavik shakti key liye pratikriyaasheel shakti key anupaat key barabar dikhaaya jaa sakata haye. (vyaktigat pratikriyaasheel ghatakon koo dekhein.)
"q" kaarak aur namee.
q" kaarak saral nama ausilators key gunaatmak vyavhaar koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye. (inn pranaliyon aur unake vyavhaar key baare mein ganitiya vivaran key liye harmonic ausilator aur raikhik samay aparivartaniya (ell. tii. aaee.) pranali dekhein.)
nakaratmak pratikriya pranaliyon mein, pramukh bund-loop pratikriya aksar dusare crum kii pranali dwara achchi tarah seey model kii jaati haye. open-loop pranali kaa charan margine bund-loop pranali key gunavatta kaarak "q" koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye; jaise-jaise charan margine cumm hotaa haye, anumaanit dusare crum key bund-loop pranali koo adhik ausilatory (i.ee., ack uchch gunavatta kaarak haye).
kuchh udaaharan.
</ganit>,
jahan sootra 4 guha deewaar trijya haye, sootra 5 guha deewaar kii twacha kii gaharaai haye, sootra 6 igenvalue scalar haye (m azimuth soochkaank haye, p radial soochkaank haye; iss anuprayog mein, twacha kii gaharaai sootra 7 haye)
bhautik vyakhya.
bhautik roop seey, "q" lagbhag ack dolan key ack radian parr apghatit oorjaa key liye sangraheet oorjaa kaa anupaat haye; yaa lagbhag samkaksh, paryaapt uchch "q" moolyon parr, ack chakr mein sangraheet kull oorjaa aur khoye hue oorjaa key anupaat kaa 2π gunaa.
yeh ack ayamheen mapdand haye joe ack dolan bhautik pranali key ayam key kshay key liye ghaatiya samay sthiraank kii tulanaa isaki dolan avadhi seey kartaa haye. samatulya roop seey, yeh usa aavritti kii tulanaa kartaa haye jiss parr ack pranali usa darr seey dolan karati haye jiss parr vaha apani oorjaa koo nasht karati haye. adhik sateek roop seey, upayog kii jaane vaali aavritti aur avadhi pranali kii praakritik aavritti parr adharit honey chaahiye, joe cumm "q" moolyon parr shoonya paaron dwara maapi jaane vaali dolan aavritti seey kuchh adhik haye.
samatulya ("q" key badey moolyon key liye), "q" kaarak lagbhag ack swatantra roop seey dolan pranali kii oorjaa key liye aavashyak dolanon kii sankhya haye joe "e" −2π, yaa isaki mool oorjaa key lagbhag yaa 0.2% taka girati haye. iska matlab haye kii ayam lagbhag "e" −π yaa apane mool ayam key 4 pratishat taka gir jaataa haye.
anunaad kii chaudaai (bandwidth) (lagbhag) dwara dee jaati haih
jahan "f" n praakritik aavritti haye, aur δ "f", bandwidth, aavrittiyon kii seema kii chaudaai haye jisake liye oorjaa cumm seey cumm apane shikhar moolya kaa aadhaa haye.
anunaad aavritti koo aksar praakritik ikaaiyon (radian prati sekand) mein vyakt kiya jaataa haye, bajaay heartz mein "f" n kaa upayog karane key, key roop mein
kaarak "q", aardrata anupaat ζ, praakritik aavritti ωn, ksheenan darr α, aur ghaatiya samay sthiraank iss tarah seey sambandhit hainh
aur aardrata anupaat koo iss prakaar vyakt kiya jaa sakata haih
dolan kaa aavaran "e" −α "t" yaa "e" − "t"/key samanupati kshay kartaa haye, jahan α aur ise iss prakaar vyakt kiya jaa sakata haih
aur
dolan kii oorjaa, yaa shakti apavyay, doguni teji seey kshay kartaa haye, yaani ayam key varg key roop mein, "e" − 2α "t" yaa "e" − 2 "t"/key roop mein.
dou-dhruv nimn-paas filter key liye, filter kaa sthanantaran kaary haye
iss pranali key liye, jaba "q"> (i.ee.jaba pranali koo cumm namee dee jaati haye), tou isamen dou jatil sanyugma dhruv hotey hain jinamen seey pratyek kaa vaastavik bhaag −α hotaa haye. arthaat, ksheenan mapdand α pranali mein dolanon (yaani, ack aaveg key baad utpaadan) key ghaatiya kshay kii darr kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. ack uchch gunavatta kaarak kaa tatparya cumm ksheenan darr seey haye, aur isaliye uchch-"q" pranali kaee chakron key liye dolan karati haye. udaaharan key liye, uchch gunavatta vaali ghantiyon mein hathaude seey takaraane key baad lambe samay taka lagbhag shuddh signsoidal tone hotaa haye.
vidyut pranaaliyan.
vidyut anunaad pranali key liye, "q" kaarak vidyut pratirodh key prabhaav kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye aur vidyut-yaantrik anunaad jaise quartz chrystal, yaantrik gharshan key liye.
q" aur bandwidth key beach sambandh.
f" 0 heartz kii anunaad aavritti key saapeksh 2-pakshiya bandwidth "f" 0/"q" haye.
udaaharan key liye, ack antina kaa "q" maan 10 aur kendra aavritti 100 kz honey key liye 10 kz kii 3 db bandwidth hogi.
audio mein, bandwidth aksar octave key sandarbh mein vyakt kii jaati haye. taba "q" aur bandwidth key beach sambandh haye
jahan "bw" octave mein bandwidth haye.
"rlc" paripath.
ack aadarsh shrinkhala "rlc" paripath mein, aur ack tune kiye gaye radio aavritti receiver (trf) mein "kyu" kaarak haih
jahan "r", "l" aur "c" kramshah tune kiye gaye paripath key pratirodh, preran aur dhaarita hain. shrinkhala pratirodh jitna badaa hoga, circuit "q" utanaa hii cumm hoga.
ack samanantar "rlc" paripath key liye, "kyu" kaarak shrinkhala mamle kaa vyutkram haih
ack paripath parr vichaar karein jahan "r", "l" aur "c" sabhi samanantar hain. samanantar pratirodh jitna cumm hoga, circuit koo nama karane mein iska utanaa hii adhik prabhaav padegaa aur iss prakaar "q" cumm hoga. yeh bandwidth nirdhaarit karane key liye filter design mein upayogi haye.
ack samanantar "ell. see." paripath mein jahaan mukhya nuksan prerak kaa pratirodh haye, "aar", preran key saath shrinkhala mein, "ell", "kyu" shrinkhala paripath mein haye. yeh anunadakon key liye ack samanya paristhiti haye, jahaan "q" mein sudhaar karane aur bandwidth koo sankeern karane key liye prerak key pratirodh koo seemit karna vaanchhit parinam haye.
vyaktigat pratikriyaasheel ghatak.
ack vyaktigat pratikriyaasheel ghatak kaa "q" usa aavritti parr nirbhar kartaa haye jiss parr iska mulyankan kiya jaataa haye, joe aamtaur parr usa paripath kii anunaad aavritti haye jisamen iska upayog kiya jaataa haye. ack shrinkhala haani pratirodh key saath ack prerak kaa "q" usa prerak (isake shrinkhala haani sahit) aur ack poorna sandharitra kaa upayog karate hue ack anunaad paripath kaa "q" haye.
kahanh
ack shrinkhala haani pratirodh key saath ack sandharitra kaa "q" ack paripurna prerak key saath usa sandharitra kaa upayog karate hue ack anunaad paripath key "q" key samaan haih
kahanh
samanya taur parr, ack sandharitra aur ack prerak key ack shrinkhala sanyojan seey judey ack anunaad kaa "q" ghatakon key "q" moolyon seey nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakata haye, chaahe unakaa nuksan shrinkhala pratirodh seey aae yaa anyathah
yaantrik pranaaliyan.
ekal nama dravyamaan-spring pranali key liye, "q" kaarak saralikrit chipchipa nama yaa khinchaav key prabhaav kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, jahaan nama bull yaa khinchaav bull wegg key samanupati hotaa haye. q kaarak kaa sootra haih
jahan "m" dravyamaan haye, "k" vasant sthiraank haye, aur "d" aardrata gunank haye, jise sameekaran "f" aardrata = − "dv" dwara paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, jahan "v" wegg haye.
dhwanik pranaaliyan.
ack sangeet vaadyayantra kaa "q" mahatvapurna haye; ack anunaad mein ack atyadhik uchch "q" ack vaadyayantra dwara utpaadit kaee aavrittiyon koo samaan roop seey naheen badhaayega. iss kaaran seey, taar vaadyayantron mein aksar jatil aakar key shareer hotey hain, taaki way kaafee samaan roop seey aavrittiyon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala kaa utpaadan curr sakein.
peetal key vaadya yaa pawan vaadya kaa "kyu" itna uchch honah chaahiye kii honth yaa nalika key vyaapak-spectrum buzzing seey ack aavritti koo chunaa jaa sakey.
isake vipareet, ack vuvuzela lacheele plastic seey banaa hotaa haye, aur isaliye ack peetal key upkaran key liye bahut cumm "kyu" hotaa haye, jisase yeh ack maila, shwas tone detaa haye. sakht plastic, peetal yaa lakadi seey baney upkaranon mein uchch-kyu hotaa haye. ack atyadhik uchch "q" ack nott koo hitt karna kathin banaa sakata haye. "ack upkaran mein "q" vibhinn aavrittiyon mein bhinn hoe sakata haye, lekin yeh vaanchhaniya naheen hoe sakata haye.
helmholtz anunadakon mein bahut uchch q hotaa haye, kyonki way aavrittiyon kii ack bahut hii sankeern seema koo chunane key liye design kiye gaye hain.
optical system.
prakashiki mein, anunaad guha kaa "q" kaarak iss prakaar diyaa jaataa haye -
jahan "phoe" anunaad aavritti haye, "ee" guha mein sangraheet oorjaa haye, aur "pee" =-shakti apavyay haye. optical "q" anunaad aavritti aur guha anunaad kii bandwidth key anupaat key barabar haye. guha mein ack anunaad photon kaa ausat jivankal guha key "q" key samanupati hotaa haye. yadi lazer kii guha kaa "q" kaarak achaanak cumm moolya seey uchch mein badal jaataa haye, tou lazer prakaash kii ack puls kaa utsarjan karega joe lazer key samanya nirantar utpaadan kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik teevra haye. iss takneek koo "q"-switching key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. "q" kaarak plasmonic mein vishesh mahatva kaa haye, jahan haani satah key plasmon anunaad key nama honey seey judee hoti haye. jabaki nuksan koo aam taur parr plasmonic upkaranon key vikas mein ack baadha maanaa jaataa haye, naee badhee hui karyakshamtaon koo prastut karane key liye iss sampatti kaa laabh uthaana sambhav haye.

