dwandwaatmak jeevvigyaani

dialectical biologist paaristhitikivid richard levins aur jeevvigyaani richard levontin kii 1985 kii ack pustak haye, jisamen lekhak jeev vigyaan aur markswadi darshan key drishtikon koo ekikrit karate hue javic ghatnaaon kii ack dialectical vyakhya kaa parichay dete hain. way "dvandvavaad" koo poorv-nirdhaarit uttaron key ack samooh key bajaay javic anusandhaan key baare mein poochhane key liye prashnon key ack samooh key roop mein dekhate hain, joe hathdharmita key khilaf ack hathiyar haye. 
way "sampoorn" (yaa samagrata) aur "bhaagon" key beach (dwandwaatmak) sambandh parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain."" "bhaag sampoorn banaata haye, aur sampoorn bhaag banaata haye. arthaat, kissy prakaar kii javic pranali mein visham bhaagon kaa sangrah hotaa haye. yeye sabhi samagr charitra mein yogdan karate hain, jaise kii hraasvaadi soch mein. doosari or, sampoorn kaa astitva bhaagon seey swatantra haye aur bhaagon kii prakriti koo prabhaavit karane aur nirdhaarit karane key liye vaapas feed kartaa haye. kaaran key iss aage-peechhe (dwandwaatmak) kaa tatparya ack gatishil prakriya seey haye. pustak kaa mool javic vigyaan mein dwandwaatmak darshan kaa anuprayog haye. dwandwaatmak soch, jisaki jadein hegel aur marks jaise daarshnikon key karyon mein hain, ack pranali key bheetar virodhabhas, parivartan aur ghatakon kii paraspar kriya kii bhoomika parr jore detee haye. iss lens kaa upayog karke, levontin aur levin jatil javic ghatnaaon koo dekhane kaa ack nayaa tarika prastut karate hain.
udaaharan key liye, darwin kaa vikas ack diye gaye vatavaran key bheetar vibhinn prajaatiyon kii pratispardha kii or ishara kartaa haye, jinamen seey pratyek mein visham sadasya hotey hain. isase prajaatiyan badalati hain aur naee prajaatiyan bhee utpann hoti hain. ack dwandwaatmak jeevvigyaani iss tasveer koo poori tarah seey sweekaar kartaa haye aur phir una tarikon kii talash kartaa haye jinase pratispardhi jeev (joe paryaavaran mein aantarik sangharsh key roop mein kaam karate hain) parivartanon kaa kaaran banate hain. jeevon mein swayam prakat honey vaale parivartan, jeevon key javic anukoolan koo apanaane key madhyam seey joe unhein laabh pradaan karate hain, aur paryaavaran mein hii, jaise kii roganuon kii kriya chattanon key kataav koo protsaahit karati haye. isake alawa, pratyek prajaati anya sabhi key "paryaavaran" kaa hissa haye.
"dwandwaatmak jeevvigyaani" javic gyaan aur vaigyaanik abhyaas key samajik nihitarth koo bhee sambodhit kartaa haye. markswadi darshan seey prerit hocker, levontin aur levin samaaj mein vaigyaanik gyaan key utpaadan aur upayog key tareeke kii aalochana karate hain. unakaa tark haye kii vigyaan ack shoonya mein maujood naheen haye; isake bajaay, yeh atoot roop seey usa samajik-raajneetik sandarbh seey judaa huaa haye jisamen yeh kaam kartaa haye.
prabhaavshaali honey key saath-saath "dwandwaatmak jeevvigyaani" bhee bahas kaa vishay rhaa haye. alochakon ney lekhakon key rajneeti aur vigyaan key ekikaran, vishesh roop seey javic vigyaan mein markswadi darshan key unake anuprayog key saath mudda uthaaya haye. unhone tark diyaa haye kii yeh drishtikon purvagrah koo pesh curr sakata haye aur vaigyaanik prakriya kaa rajneetikaran curr sakata haye. kuchh logon ney javic vigyaan mein ack dwandwaatmak drishtikon kii prabhavkarita key khilaf bhee tark diyaa haye, yeh tark dete hue kii isamen anya vaigyaanik model aur karyapranali kii bhavishyavani karane kii shakti kaa abhaav haye.

