
ulternaria karthami

ulternaria karthami kusum (carthmus tinnectorius ell) kaa ack necrotrophic paadap rogjanak haye.") pleosporales aur parivaar pleosporacy key crum mein. yeh kavak, joe bhaarat mein pahali baar alag kiya gayaa haye, vishva star parr fail gayaa haye aur iska kusum kii upaj aur parinamswarup tilhan utpaadan parr vinashkari prabhaav parh sakata haye. "aeye. karthami "koo beej-janit key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur yeh kusum key patton aur tanon parr aniyamit bhoore rung key ghaavon key roop mein dikhaai detaa haye. 
varnan.
roopvigyaan.
"aeye. karthami "koo septate hyphe key liye jaanaa jaataa haye aur yeh kewal ack alaingik charan koo pradarshit kartaa haye. iss charan mein, kavak shakha rahit shankudhari aur shankudhari kaa utpaadan karega joe akele yaa janjeeron mein vikasit hotaa haye. yeye shankudhari badey, bhoore rung key hotey hain, aur donon ack lambi chonch key saath anudairdhya aur anuprasth roop seey alag hotey hain. halanki "aeye. karthami "koo kewal alaingik roop seey prajanan karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye, isamen abhee bhee upbhedon key beach apekshaakrit uchch aanuvanshik bhinnata haye. yeh sambhaavit alaingik punarsanyojan yaa utparivartan kii uchch darr kaa sanket dey sakata haye.
vishaaktata kaarak.
yeh paaya gayaa haye kii "aeye. karthami "apane rogjanak jeevan chakr mein sahaayata key liye phytotoxin kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. jabaki yeh kaee phytotoxin kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, roga chakr mein sabse adhik prachalit brefeldin aeye haye. brefeldin aeye rogjanakon key khilaf kusum key rasayanik raksha mein upayog kiye jaane vaale phytolexin sanshleshan koo rokane mein saksham haye. "aeye. karthami "koshika bhitti key apakshay enzymon kii alag-alag degree bhee paida kartaa haye. ack ekal bhaugolik kshetra mein vibhinn vyaktigat upbhedon ney inn enzymon kii atyadhik parivartansheel sankhya dikhaai haye aur isaliye, vishaanu mein bhinnata.
paaristhitiki.
"aeye. karthami "kusum kaa ack necrotrophic rogjanak haye joe kewal ack anamorph kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. konidiya utpaadan madhyam tapman (25-30 °C) key saath varsha, aardr paristhitiyon mein anukoolit kiya jaataa haye. 
sankraman jeevan chakr.
konidiya pahali baar kusum key paudhe kii satah parr utarata haye. konidiya phir ankurit hotaa haye aur mycelium antar-aur antahkoshikiya donon tarah seey badhane key liye paudhe mein pravesh kartaa haye. koshika mrityu koo prerit karane aur kusum key patton mein murajhaane key liye phytotoxin jaari kiye jaate hain. jaise-jaise paudhe mein beej vikasit hotey hain, "aeye. karthami "aakraman kartaa haye aur unhein sankramit kartaa haye, joe bhroon mein pravesh karane mein saksham hotaa haye. isake baad shankudhari paudhe key stomata aur epidermis mein futt jaate hain. beejak havaa aur barish key madhyam seey failate hain aur nae vikasit beejon key bheetar mycelium leey jaaya jaataa haye. beejaanu taba padosi paudhon parr utarate hain aur ankurit hotey hain, yaa sankramit beejon koo paudhon koo upaniveshit karane key liye lagaaya jaataa haye.
nivaas aur vitaran.
"aeye. karthami "kusum key patton, tanon aur beejon parr parjivi haye. kavak mein anya paudhon koo sankramit karane kii kshamata hoti haye, lekin yeh isamen bahut seemit haye aur kewal kusum koo poori tarah seey upaniveshit karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye. kavak nama, aardr vatavaran mein bhee panapata haye.
"aeye. karthami "duniya key sabhi kusum utpaadak deshon mein paaya gayaa haye. yeye desh bhaarat, australia, america, israel, roose, purvi africa, kanada, maxico, brazil, ethiopia, germany, itali, kenya, newzealand, pakistan, romania, spen, tanzania, zambia, zimbabwe sahit sabhi mahadweepon (antarctica koo chhodkar) mein sthit hain. yeh mahanagariya prakriti sambhavatah kufli kisaanon key beach vishva star parr saajha kiye jaa rahey sankramit beejon key kaaran haye.
pathology.
"aeye. karthami "koo aamtaur parr kusum key patte key blight key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh rogjanak conidiophore key vikas key liye ishtatam sthitiyon key aadhar parr 90 pratishat taka kii upaj mein kamee key saath gambhir fasal nuksan kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. aardr, nama vatavaran key liye kavak kii vareeyata mein kavak key vikas koo dheema karane key liye duniya key germ aur shushk hisson mein kusum kii vaanijyik kheti seemit haye.
kavak kusum koo vikas key sabhi charanon mein sankramit curr sakata haye aur paudhe key shareer parr bhoore rung key ghaavon key madhyam seey dekhaa jaataa haye, sabse pramukh roop seey pattiyon parr. ghaav aamtaur parr pahali baar ankurit cotilladon aur hypocotyl parr dekhe jaate hain. yeye chhote dhabbe paripakva pattiyon parr badey aniyamit kendrit valay mein badal jaayenge aur taney kaa rung bhee kharaab honah shuru hoe sakata haye. yeye ghaav aamtaur parr aspas key paadap koshikaon koo maarne vaale phytotoxin utpaadan key kaaran vaastavik upaniveshit kshetra seey badey hotey hain. kusum key beejon kaa sankraman bhee ankur key udbhav aur vikas koo nakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit kartaa haye. yeh beej sankraman kissy kaa dhyaan naheen jaa sakata haye kyonki beej kii satah barkarar aur swasth reh sakati haye jabaki kavak ney beej bhroon koo upaniveshit curr diyaa haye. khet mein ankur key ubharane key baad rogjanak bhee bahut teji seey fail sakata haye.
kusum key beejon key vaishvik bantware key saath-saath havaa aur barish dwara bijaanuon key sthaaniya prasaar key kaaran, "aeye. karthami "ack kshetra mein uchch aanuvanshik aur vishaaktata bhinnata pradarshit kartaa haye, jiska arth haye kii yeh bhaugolik roop seey alag upbhedon koo pradarshit naheen kartaa haye. vishaaktata kii yeh vistrit vividhata kusum key kaee upbhedon koo khatare mein daal sakati haye aur fasal kii upaj key liye vinashkari hoe sakati haye. 
prabandhan.
kaee vyaavsaayik roop seey upalabdh rasayanik kavaknashi poori tarah seey "aeye" koo samaapt karane mein asamarth hain. karthami "aantarik sankraman key kaaran kusum key beejon mein.
jaiv agents (kavak aur jeevaanu sahit) kaa bhee "inn vitro" pareekshan kiya gayaa haye taaki yeh nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakey kii way mycelial vikas koo kaise prabhaavit karate hain.
antifungal plant extract kaa bhee prabandhan vikalp key roop mein pareekshan kiya jaa rhaa haye. karthami "paryaavaran key liye hanikarak rasayanon key vikalp key roop mein. pareekshan kiye gaye vibhinn vikalpon mein lahsun ("alium sativum"), adarak ("jinjibar officinal"), nilgiri, neem ("azadirachta indica"), datura ("datura metel"), haldi ("karkama longa") aur kaee anya shamil hain. lahsun key ark yaa datura ark vaale samadhan sabse adhik avrodh kaa kaaran paae gaye.
pratirodhi paudhon kii naslen bhee kusum key patte key blight key khilaf ruchi kaa srot rahee hain. pratirodh key liye kritrim prajanan chayan kaafee hudd taka asafal rhaa haye, halanki, "inn vitro" vidhiyon key madhyam seey ashajanak parinam hain. kaalas parr kusum koo samvardhit karane key madhyam seey joe "aeye" key sampark mein aaya thaa. karthami "vishaakt padaarth, shodhkarta pratirodhi paudhon koo vikasit karane mein saksham they. haalaanki, yeh vidhi abhee bhee sahee naheen haye, aur jyaadaatar aanshik pratirodh mein parinam detee haye.