gona, ethiopia

gona ethiopia key door key kshetra mein ack jeevaashm-maanav-vigyaan anusandhaan kshetra haye. gona mukhya roop seey apane puraataatvik sthalon aur dair seey myocene, praarambhik pliocene aur praarambhik plistocene seey hominin jeevashmon kii khojon key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. ordipithecus" aur "homo erectus" key jeevaashm vahaan khoje gaye they."sabse mahatvapurna khojon mein seey dou ack" "ordipithecus ramidus" "postcranial kankal aur ack anivarya roop seey poorna" "homo erectus" "shroni hain. aitihaasik roop seey, gona mein sabse purani pralekhit purani kalaakriti sabhaaen theen. puraatatvidon koo taba seey anya sthalon parr puraane vann key puraane udaaharan mille hain. phir bhee, gona key puraane vanon kii sabhaaen puraane vanon kii puraataatvik samajh key liye aavashyak rahee hain. gona key pracheen puraataatvik sthalon ney hamein pracheen audyogik kshetra kii shuruat koo samajhane mein madad kii haye. 
itihas.
usa ilaake mein jeevashmon key prati ruchi joe antatah gona jeevashmon key prati anusandhaan pariyojana kshetra bunn jaayega, ack francisi bhoovigyaani, mauris tab dwara 1960 key dashak key anta mein door key daraar kaa ack bhoogarbhiya tohi sarvekshan karane key baad shuru huaa. iss praarambhik shodh key kaaran kadaa gona nadee key aspas key kshetra kaa puraataatvik sarvekshan kiya gayaa. sarvekshan key dauran, shodhkartaon koo kalaakriti-dhaaran karane vaale bhandar mille. pahali khudai 1976 mein gona pariyojana kshetra key paschimi bhaag mein hui thee; iss sthal kaa naam taba seey seey rakhaa gayaa haye. 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein, ethiopian sarkaar ney puraataatvik kshetra kaary parr ack roque paarit kii. 1987 mein, nava sthaapit janvaadi loktaantrik ganarajya ney puraataatvik kshetra kaary koo phir seey shuru karane kii anumati dee. iss nirnay ney selshi semo koo gone key puraataatvik sthalon kaa apana pahala sarvekshan karane kii anumati dee. iss praarambhik sarvekshan key turant baad, sema ney gona jeevaashm anusandhaan pariyojana shuru kii.
sema aur unake sahyogiyon dwara gona sthalon kii pahali pranaaleegat khudai 1992 aur 1994 key beach hui. iss avadhi key dauran dou sthalon, east gona 10 (jaise-10) aur east gona 12 (jaise-12) kii khudai seey puraane patthar key upkaran udyog key liye jimmedaar kalakritiyon kaa uchch ghanatva praapt huaa. inn sthalon kii kalakritiyon koo antatah radiometric detting aur magnetostratigraphy kaa upayog karke 2.6 ma (million saal pahale) kaa bataaya gayaa thaa.
purvi gona sthalon key praarambhik prakaashan key kuchh hii varshon baad, sema aur sahyogiyon ney onda gona dakshin kshetra mein dou nae sthalon kaa varnan kiya, onda gona dakshin 6 (oh. jee. aiss.-6) aur onda gona dakshin 7 (oh. jee. aiss.-7) dinank 2.6 maa. oh. jee.-6 aur oh. jee.-7 praarambhik puraane koo samajhane key liye mahatvapurna sthal hain kyonki patthar key upkaran sanyojan jeevaashm pashu haddiyon key saath judey hue they, jinaki satahon parr cutt key nishan they. 2000 key dashak kii shuruat mein iss bindu taka, kaee puraatatvidon key siddhant kii pushti karane key liye bahut cumm puraataatvik sakshya upalabdh they kii hominin maans praapt karane key liye pashu shavon koo sansaadhit karane key liye praarambhik puraane patthar key upkaranon kaa upayog karate they.
gona koo kaee varshon taka sabse purani purani kalakritiyon key saath site key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. haalaanki, 2019 mein ethiopian loer awash ghaati mein lady-geraau anusandhaan pariyojana kshetra mein bokol-dora 1 site parr khudai key parinam prakaashit kiye gaye they. bokol-dora 1 mein khudai mein purani kalaakritiyaan baramad kii gaeen joe 2.61 aur 2.58 ma key beach hain. iss sthal parr prakaashit puraatatvidon kaa sujhaav haye kii kalaakritiyaan 2.58 ma key karib hain. halanki, iss tarikh koo laker kuchh vivaad rhaa haye. phir, 2023 mein, home praaydweep parr kenya key nyayanga mein ack khudai kii ack report mein 3.032 seey 2.581 maa taka key talchhat mein purani kalaakritiyaan mileen. apani purani kalakritiyon key liye pahale kii taarikhon key saath dou sanyojanon key saath, puraatatvidon koo naheen lagata kii gona oldovan sanyojan puranevan kaa sabse purana pralekhit udaaharan haye. bhale hii gona seey purani kalaakriti key sanyojan sabse puraane naheen hain, way abhee bhee mahatvapurna hain kyonki way shodhkartaon koo hominin vyavhaar koo samajhane mein madad karate hain.
bhugol.
gona jeevaashm anusandhaan pariyojana ethiopia key door kshetra key paschim-madhya bhaag key bheetar kharaab bhoomi kaa ack kshetra haye. pariyojana kshetra kii sabse dakshini seema esbole nadee haye. sabse uttari patti-millie sadak haye. purvi seema hudder anusandhaan pariyojana kshetra haye. paschimi ethiopian escorpment pariyojana kshetra kaa sabse paschimi hissa haye. gona anusandhaan pariyojana kshetra mein sabse uttari seey dakshini taka awash nadee kii paanch pramukh sahayak nadiyaan hainh kadaa gona, aunda gona, daanaa aule, busidima nadee aur esbole nadee. gone key adhikansh sthal inn paanch nadiyon key paas hain, isaliye pariyojana kshetra mein kaee sthalon key naam nadee seey sambandhit site kii sabse nikatatam sahayak nadee aur mukhya disha key aadhar parr rakhe gaye hain. udaaharan key liye, aunda gona key dakshin mein sthalon koo aunda gona dakshin (oh. jee. aiss.) kahaa jaataa haye, jisake baad site sankhya hoti haye.
jeevaashm-maanav vigyaan.
gona key hominin jeevashmon kaa upayog myocene key anta mein, praarambhik pliocene aur praarambhik plistocene mein maanav vikas kaa adhyayan karane vaale jeevaashm vigyaani dwara kiya jaataa haye.
ordipithecus.
shodhkartaon ney dou alag-alag ilaakon mein "ordipithecus kadabba" key liye jimmedaar kaee jeevaashm daant ekatra kieh escorpment aur esbole dora. jeevashmon koo adu-aas key gathan key bheetar unake stareekrit sthaan kaa upayog karke dinaankit kiya gayaa thaa, joe myosine kaal kaa haye. escorpment key jeevaashm lagbhag 54 laakh varsh puraane hain, aur esbole dora key jeevaashm lagbhag 63 laakh hain. inn daanton kii ayu unhein chimpanji aur maanav vansh key vikhandan kii samay seema key bheetar baithaati haye. jaba shodhkartaon ney inn daanton kaa vishleshan kiya, tou unamen baad mein hominin denting mein pattern seey judee visheshtaen theen. yeye avalokan hominin vikas mein ack mahatvapurna samay key punarnirmaan mein madad karate hain jisake liye bahut cumm saboot upalabdh hain.
"ordipithecus ramidus" jeevashmon koo gona paschimi seema kshetra mein kaee ilaakon mein praarambhik pleocene talchhat seey ekatra kiya gayaa haye. yeye ilaake duma fault key roop mein judey hue hain. jeevashmon koo pariyojana kshetra key liye sthaapit bhoo-kaalvigyaan, argan-argan detting aur usee avadhi key atirikt gair-hominin jeevashmon kaa upayog karke dinaankit kiya gayaa thaa. inn jeevashmon kii tithi seema 4.8 aur 4.32 laakh varsh pahale key beach haye. adhikansh jeevaashm aise tukade hain joe kissy ack vyakti seey judey naheen hain. inn jeevashmon mein alag-alag daant, maxilla key hisse, mandible aur haathon, pairon aur nichale pair seey postcranial haddiyan hoti hain. sonaa paschimi seema 67 kaa ilaka advitiya haye kyonki shodhkartaon kaa maanana haye kii paae gaye jeevaashm ack hii vyakti key hain. unakaa maanana haye kii way ack hii vyakti seey hain kyonki kissy bhee huddy mein duplicate naheen hotey hain, aur tatvon key aakar aur sanrakshan kaa star susangat hotaa haye. kankal key adhikansh tatva pairon aur pairon seey ekatra kiye jaate hain. ack mukhya sawal joe jeevaashm-maanavvigyaani samajhana chaahte hain, vaha yeh haye kii dwidaliyata kaise vikasit hui. "arr. ramidus mein dou pairon parr chalane key liye anukoolan haye lekin vrikshon key liye bahut saare anukoolan banaae rakhate hain. paschimi seema 67 ney shodhkartaon koo yeh samajhane mein madad kii haye kii kaise "ar". ramidus "dou pairon parr chalaa. vishesh roop seey shareer rachana vigyaan mein bhinnata ney unake chalane key tareeke koo kaise prabhaavit kiya.
homo erectus.
shodhkartaon ney gona pariyojana kshetra mein homo erectus jeevaashm bhee paae hain. busidima uttar 49 (bee. aiss. aine. 49) mein, jeevaashm jeevvigyaani ack vayask mahila key cutty kasheruka aur lagbhag poorna shroni paae gaye. gona pariyojana kshetra kaa yeh ilaka busidima bhoovaigyaanik gathan kaa hissa haye. bhuvaigyaanikon ney khajur kii seema koo sankeern karane key liye gathan key liye talchhat sanchay kaa upayog kiya. jeevaashm 1.4 aur 0.9 laakh varsh pahale key honey kii sambhavana haye. yeh jeevaashm jeevaashm samudaay mein mahatvapurna haye kyonki bahut cumm shroni "aich" hain. erectus "jeevaashm, aur yeh jeevaashm shroni anivarya roop seey poorna haye. maanav vikas mein ack vishisht shodh prashn haye jise prasooti duvidha key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jahaan mahila shroni koo maanav vikas key dauran mastishk key vistaar key kaaran navjat sir key badey aakar koo samaayojit karane key liye nae anukoolan vikasit karane padey. iss jeevaashm koo ikattha karane aur uska varnan karane seey pahale, shodhkartaon ney socha kii "aich. erectus mein shroni mein unake shishuon key badey mastishk key aakar key liye koee sanshodhan naheen thaa. haalaanki, yeh nishkarsh "aich" key aakar key anuman parr adharit thaa. turkana ladke key jeevaashm seey erectus "janm nahar kyonki taba yahee upalabdh thaa. simpson aur unake sahayogi aadhunik manushyon mein janm nahar key aakar aur aakar koo badalane seey sambandhit gona shroni mein vishisht sanshodhanon kaa varnan karane mein saksham they, joe saabit karate hain kii "aich. erectus "mein badey mastishk vaali santan koo janm dene key liye unake shroni kii shareer rachana mein anukoolan thaa.
dou anya "aich. erectus "jeevaashm vibhinn puraataatvik sthalon parr paaee gaee khopadi key hisse they. pahale kaa sthal, daanaa aule uttar 5 (danne 5), 1.6 aur 1.5 ma key beach kaa haye. busidima uttar 12 (bee. aiss. aine. 12) chhota haye. yeh 1.26 ma taka haye. किया। "aich. erectus "cranium chhota aur chikna thaa. isake vipareet, bee. aiss. aine. 12 khopadi adhik majboot aur badee thee. shuru mein, shodhkartaon ney sujhaav diyaa kii dou khopadi mein antar yaun dwiroopata key parinamswarup huaa aur chhoti khopadi ack mahila thee. lekin aage kii jaanch key nishkarsh iss daave kaa samarthan naheen karate hain. inn shodhkartaon ney socha kii dou jeevaashm khopadi key aakar aur aakar key antar "aich" key vistaar seey sambandhit they. erectus "samay key saath mastishk kaa aakar aur yaun dwiroopata naheen.
bhoovigyaan.
bhoovaigyaanik setting.
gona jeevaashm-maanav-vigyaan anusandhaan pariyojana sudur trikon key bheetar haye, joe purvi african daraar pranali dwara banaaya gayaa ack bhoovaigyaanik avasaad haye. yeh sthal daraar aur jwalamukhi key madhyam seey banaa ack classic daraar besin haye. duma fault pariyojana kshetra mein ack pramukh bhoogarbhiya visheshta haye, joe ardh-graben key paschimi aadhe hisse kaa nirmaan karati haye. aadu-aas kaa gathan sabse adhik jwalamukhiya gatividhi koo darshaata haye aur jwalamukhiya chattaanen isake talchhat parr haavi hain. sangatol aur hudder sanrachanaon mein jwalamukhi gatividhi kaa star cumm hoe gayaa haye aur talchhat darr mein vriddhi hui haye. busidima gathan talchhat mein kamee, jall nikasi pranali aur ack badee nadee key pramaan koo darshaata haye. 0. 16 aim. aeye. key baad avasaadan samaapt hoe gayaa jaba avash nadee ney kshetra koo cheer diyaa. avash nadee key cheere ney kharaab bhoomi kaa nirmaan kiya joe aaj pariyojana kshetra koo darshaata haye.
bhoo-kaalvigyaan.
gona kii bhoogarbhiya sanrachanaaen pichhale 64 laakh varshon mein faili hui hain. puraataatvik sthalon aur gona key jeevashmon kii tithiyaan pariyojana kshetra key sthaapit bhoo-kaalvigyaan aur vistrit starilekhan parr nirbhar karati hain. bhuvaigyaanikon ney gona key bhoo-chronology key nirmaan key liye tefrostratigraphy, paleomagnetic detting aur argan-argan detting kaa upayog kiya.
puraatatva.
purana takniki vyavhaar.
puraane upkaran nirmaataon key takniki vyavhaar koo samajhane kii maang mein gona seey puraane vann sanyojan anusandhaan mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaate hain. takniki vyavhaar ack vishesh praudyogiki key utpaadan aur upayog seey sambandhit karyon kaa varnan kartaa haye, jaise kii purani kalaakritiyaan. patthar kii khataai shankubhang asthibhang yantriki key siddhanton kaa paalan karati haye. upkaran nirmaata key vaanchhit parinam koo praapt karane key liye flaking koo ack vishisht tareeke seey sampark kiya jaanaa chaahiye. puraane patthar key aujaaron kaa vaanchhit parinam ack tej cutting aij banaana thaa. upkaran nirmaata koo vinirmaan key dauran ack tej atyaadhunik banaane key liye takniki vikalpon kii ack shrinkhala banani hogi. unhein ack upayukt kachche maal kaa chayan karane kii aavashyakta thee jisamen ack sanrachana joe concoidal fracture key liye upayukt hoe. unhone ack vishesh hathauda takneek kaa chayan kiya hoga, joe jyaadaatar mamalon mein kathor hathauda taal hoga. way ack vishisht kamee ranneeti kaa upayog karenge, joe kii iss baat kaa pattern haye kii way parat banaane key liye core koo kaise cumm karate hain. puraatatvidon koo inn vikalpon mein dilchaspi haye kyonki inn vikalpon mein bhinnata koo dekhane seey shodhkartaon koo iss baare mein nishkarsh nikaalane mein madad milati haye kii yeh bhinnata kyon hoti haye. yeye nishkarsh iss prakaar key puraataatvik anusandhaan key lakshya koo soochit karate hain, joe upkaran key upayog aur hominin javic vikas key beach key sambandh koo samajhana haye.
maanav vikas key baare mein uchch-crum key prashnon koo samajhane aur samajhane key liye hominin key vinirmaan vikalpon kaa upayog karane key liye jaanboojhkar vyavhaar key roop mein vikalpon koo arhata praapt karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. iss kshetra mein puraatatvidon ney vyaapak roop seey sweekaar kiya haye kii puraane hominin ney vishisht kachche maal kaa chayan kiya haye. gona key pleocene puraataatvik sthal iss chayan kaa ack udaaharan pradaan karate hain. gona mein puraane puraataatvik sthal sabhi pelio-awash key saath nikatata seey judey hue hain joe sujhaav dete hain kii hominin pelio-awash baadh key maidan key baahar naheen they, cumm seey cumm una gatividhiyon key liye joe puraataatvik hastakshar chhodati hain. jaba stout aur sahyogiyon ney puraataatvik sthalon parr nadee key kankad kii tulanaa una sthalon key sanyojanon seey kii, tou unhone paaya kii shuruati puraane upkaran nirmaataon ney una gunon key saath chattanon kaa upayog karna pasand kiya joe unhein parat utpaadan key liye aadarsh banaate they. stout aur sahyogiyon ney iss tathya kaa upayog yeh tark dene key liye kiya kii oldovan mein hominin takniki vyavhaar aur patthar mein gunon key saath sanlagn honey mein nipun they joe vaanchhit parinam banaane key liye aavashyak honge. stout aur unake sahyogiyon kaa sujhaav haye kii puraane vann key kuchh shuruati udaharanon mein bhee bhautik chayan maujood thaa.
puraane vann sanyojanon mein bhinnata key antarnihit kaaran key sambandh mein kaee bahason mein bhee gona sanyojanon koo dikhaaya gayaa haye.
samay key saath bhinnata.
pree-oldovan.
lagbhag 26 laakh varsh pahale seey lagbhag 20 laakh varsh pahale (maa) puraane vann key pahale pralekhit udaharanon seey puraataatvik record bahut hii aspasht haye. 1990 key dashak key madhya mein jaba sonaa mein pahali baar sema kii khudai kii gaee thee, tou praarambhik puraane sthal kii kamee vishesh roop seey sach thee. iss avadhi key dauran abhilekh kii aspasht prakriti ney 1990 aur 2000 key dashak kii shuruat mein kuchh puraatatvidon koo 2 maa seey pahale aur 2 maa key baad kii purani kalakritiyon koo alag karane kaa sujhaav diyaa. inn shodhkartaon ney motey taur parr 2 maa seey pahale key sthalon koo poorv-puraane key roop mein naamit kiya. puraatatvavid mazalendo kibunjia iss tark key ack prastaavak they. kibanjia ney iss avadhi seey puraataatvik sthalon koo shamil karane key liye omo audyogik parisar taiyar kiya. iss parisar kii ack praathamik visheshta haye hathauda ghontane mein cumm kaushal. sema iss antar koo banaane seey asahmat they. jaba sema ney pahali baar purvi gona (jaise) 10 aur jaise-12 sanyojanon kaa varnan kiya, tou unhone nott kiya kii koee bhee upkaran yaa unaki visheshataaen baad seey anya puraane sanyojanon key maanak seey baahar naheen theen. unhone tark diyaa kii udaaharan-10 aur udaaharan-12 mein upkaran banaane vaale hominin parat utpaadan mein nipun they aur saiton seey ekatra kii gaee lagbhag 3,000 kalakritiyon key aadhar parr asthibhang yantriki key buniyaadi siddhanton koo samajhate they. sema ney jore dekar kahaa kii yeh puraane mein "takniki sthirata" kaa sanket detaa haye. dusare shabdon mein, kuchh bhinnataon key bavjood takniki vyavhaar samaan rahata haye. halanki haal hii mein, sema aur unake sahayogi puraane key iss charitra chitran seey door chaley gaye hain. jaise-jaise samay beetata gayaa, poorv-vriddhavastha kaa vichaar jyaadaatar paksh seey baahar hoe gayaa haye.
praarambhik lithic praudyogiki kaa vikas.
lady-geraru seey lomekwian aur bokol dora 1 assemble kii khoj ney puraataatvik record mein apani pahali ghatnaaon key dauran lithic praudyogiki mein bhinnata kii prakriti key baare mein adhik sawal aur bahasen kholi hain. bokol dora 1 (bee. dee. 1) puraane vann sanyojan key apane vivaran mein, braun seey pataa chalata haye kii bee. dee. 1 kalaakritiyaan sabse puraane gona sanyojan kii tulanaa mein thodi cumm parishkrit hoe sakati hain. yeh kathan samay key saath kramik bhinnata kii pravritti koo ingit kartaa haye. haalaanki, yeh jaanana kii kyaa samay dekhe gaye antaron kaa srot haye, chunautipurna haye kyonki kaee bhramit karane vaale kaarak joe kaam parr hoe sakate hain. 3. 3 aim. aeye. kii detting vaale lomekwian kii khoj ney lithic praudyogiki key shuruati udaharanon key aspas kii charcha aur bahas koo aur jatil banaa diyaa haye. lomekavi 3 key sanyojan aur puraane vann key udbhav key beach mahatvapurna samay antaral ney kuchh puraatatvidon koo sandeh mein chhod diyaa haye. haalaanki, flicker aur kii ney paaya haye kii saankhyikiya roop seey, vartamaan mein iss vichaar key liye koee samarthan naheen haye kii lomekwian aur oldovan takniki abhisaran key parinam hain. flicker aur kii key vishleshan seey pataa chalata haye kii puraane aur lomekwian koo sambandhit maanaa jaanaa chaahiye jaba taka kii takniki visheshtaon key aadhar parr aage kaa antar naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. patthar upkaran praudyogiki key inn shuruati udaharanon key aspas kaa vimarsh vikasit hotaa rahega kyonki aage kii khojon key roop mein adhik jaankaari prakaash mein aatee haye.
sanchit sanskriti parr bahas.
maanav sanskriti kii utpatti purapashan puraatatva mein anusandhaan kaa ack kshetra haye joe maanav vikas aur vyavhaar koo samajhane key liye bahut mahatva rakhta haye. maanav sanskriti sanchayi haye. saanskritik paramparaaen kaee peedhiyon seey gujarati hain, aur samay key saath navachar hotaa haye. sanchayi sanskriti kaa vikas hominin mastishk vistaar kaa ack aavashyak ghatak thaa. puraane patthar key aujaaron kaa upayog karane vaale hominin kaa dimag aadhunik manushyon key dimag kii tulanaa mein bahut chhota thaa. maanav sanskriti key vikas mein puraane udyog key sthaan key baare mein bahas haye. iss bahas mein gona key kuchh puraane sabhaon koo saboot key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye aur primate samajik vyavhaar parr shodh seey aakarshit hotaa haye.
shodhkarta joe yeh vichaar rakhate hain kii oldovan sanchayi sanskriti drishtikon naheen haye, way samay key saath oldovan takniki vyavhaar kii nirantarta parr jore dete hain. yadi purana vann sanchayi sanskriti thee, tou samay key saath kuchh badalaav dekhane kii ummeed hogi. isaliye, puraane vann sanyojanon mein bhinnata key liye behtar spashteekaran hain. unakaa tark haye kii kyonki navachar kii kamee haye, isaliye kaam parr samajik shiksha kaa prakaar nae samadhanon key prasaran kii anumati naheen detaa haye. kewal way vyavhaar joe ack hominin swatantra roop seey aavishkaar curr sakata haye, pargamya hain. way pargamya hain kyonki way usa kshetra key bheetar maujood hain jise tenny aur sahakarmi "avyakt samadhanon kaa kshetra" kahate hain."tenny aur unake sahyogiyon ney primate samajik vyavhaar kaa adhyayan karane key baad iss avadharana koo vikasit kiya. avyakt samadhan ack vyakti key vyavhaar pradarshan kaa hissa hain kyonki way jeev vigyaan aur paryaavaran key beach baatchit mein apana aadhar paate hain. sahee paristhitiyon koo dekhate hue, koee bhee vyakti uchit roop seey inn karyon kaa punah aavishkaar curr sakata haye. samajik shikshan tantra hominin koo vyavhaar koo prasaarit karane kii anumati dete hain. phir bhee, vyavhaar nayaa naheen haye, isaliye isake liye aisee cheejon kii aavashyakta naheen haye joe ack vyakti koo swatantra roop seey karna naheen pataa haye. bhinnata kii adhik sambhavana punarkathan kaa parinam haye, sanchayi sanskriti kaa naheen.
anya puraatatvidon kaa maanana haye kii puraane vann ney sanchayi sanskriti key vikas mein ack bhoomika nibhai. stout aur unake sahayogi saanskritik vikas koo ack dheemi aur kramik prakriya key roop mein dekhate hain. unhone nimnalikhit paridrishya kaa sujhaav diyaa kii sanchayi sanskriti kaise aaee hogi. unake vichaar seey, aadhunik manushyon key liye bhee, khatkhatana mushkil haye. nopping mein niyamon kaa ack sett hotaa haye, lekin unhein kaise lagu kiya jaataa haye, isamen bahut adhik lachilaapan hotaa haye. nopping mein achchha honey mein lamba samay lagata haye, isake liye bahut abhyaas kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur aamtaur parr aadhunik maanav sandarbhon mein anukaran yaa shikshan key kuchh roop kii aavashyakta hoti haye. puraane upkaran nirmaataon key liye, jinake paas aadhunik manushyon kii tulanaa mein seemit sangyanatmak kshamata aur motor-avdhaaranaatmak kaushal they, iss sangyanatmak roop seey chunautipurna kaary mein sanlagn honey key liye achchi tarah seey pakad banaana sambhavatah unaki seema key karib yaa unaki seema parr thaa. lekin unake liye yeh mahatvapurna thaa kii way achchi tarah seey hathaude chalaaen kyonki patthar key aujaaron ney unhein sansadhanon taka pahunch pradaan kii, anyatha unaki pahunch naheen hoti. kyonki una sansadhanon taka pahunch aavashyak thee, lekin upkaran banaana mushkil thaa, hominin ney shayed kaushal praapt karane mein ack-dusare kaa samarthan kiya. yeh seekhane key liye aavashyak samajik samarthan kii kaise patthar koo goondhana haye, sangyanatmak, motor aur avdhaaranaatmak anukoolan parr chayanaatmak dabaav key saath ack vatavaran banaaya, jisase samajik shiksha koo aasaan banaaya jaa sakey. inn anukoolanon ney apani kshamataon mein bhee vriddhi kii hogi. jaise-jaise unaki kshamata badhati gaee, way vyavhaar key mamle mein adhik lacheele aur adhik naveen hoe gaye honge. antatah, yeh aadhunik maanav sanskriti kii or leey jaayega.
stout aur unake sahyogiyon ney vibhinn gona sthalon seey puraane vann sanyojanon mein takniki bhinnata koo dekhkar aur yeh nirdhaarit karane kii koshish karke kii antar kyaa hoe sakata haye, iss sambhaavit paridrishya koo vikasit kiya. jaba unhone vibhinn sanyojanon koo dekhaa, tou unhone dekhaa kii ack sthaan seey dusare sthaan parr kewal ack hii cheej badal gaee joe kamee kii ranneeti thee. pratyek site ney adhikansh core stouts key liye ack vishisht pattern kaa upayog kiya aur unaki team ney dekhaa. lekin aisaa kyon hoe sakata haye, iss baare mein bahut saare sawal they. yeh jeev vigyaan seey sambandhit hoe sakata haye; shayed vibhinn prajaatiyon ney vibhinn pattern kaa upayog kiya. yaa yeh paryavaraniya hoe sakata haye, jahan ack tarika vishisht vatavaran mein behtar kaam kartaa haye. saankhyikiya parikshanon kii ack shrinkhala key madhyam seey, unhone paaya kii donon ranneetiyon koo banaae rakhna samaan roop seey chunautipurna thaa. isaliye, yeh sambhavana naheen thee kii samoohon key beach sangyanatmak antar vibhinn pattern koo dekhane kaa kaaran they. unhone kuchh prayog bhee kiye jahan unhone sanyojanon kii pratikritiyaan banaai taaki yeh pataa chala sakey kii kyaa unake antar laabh they. unhone paaya kii unhone naheen kiya. stout aur unake sahyogiyon kaa tark haye kii yeh saabit kartaa haye kii puraane upkaran nirmaataon ney apane samooh key sadasyon seey vishisht tarikon kii nakal kii.
atulian kaa udbhav.
gona pariyojana kshetra key aculian sthalon ney aculian key udbhav kii charcha mein yogdan diyaa haye. dou site, किया। aur oh. jee. aiss.-12,1.6-1.5 maa. key hain.way conso, ethiopia aur kokiseli, kenya mein atulian kii sabse purani pralekhit ghatnaaon kii tulanaa mein thode chhote hain, joe ~ 1.75 maa taka kii tarikh haye. sema aur unake sahayogi किया। atulian badey kaatane key upkaranon aur kokiseli aur conso key beach samaantaon koo nott karate hain. halanki semo bhee conso aur gona key sanyojanon key beach antar koo nott kartaa haye. mukhya antar yeh haye kii badey kaatane key upkaran gona mein nadee key cobbles seey banaae jaate hain, jabaki conso mein, upkaran nirmaata badey parat rikt sthaan kaa upayog karate hain. sema seey pataa chalata haye kii kachche maal mein antar key parinamswarup sanyojanon key beach anya bhinnataaen huin-vishesh roop seey upkaran nirmaataon ney kalakritiyon koo kaise kaam kiya. किया। aculian kalaakritiyaan dwi-mukheeya hain, jabaki conso sthal parr way mukhya roop seey ack-mukheeya hain.

