
reev (ingland)

anglo-saxon ingland mein, reev ack varishth adhikaari thaa, joe taaj key tahat sthaaniya jimmedariyon key saath thaa, jaise kii ack shahar yaa jile key mukhya magistrate. samanya vijay key baad, yeh ack nimn shreni key vyakti dwara aayojit ack karyalaya thaa, jise ack jagir key prabandhak aur kisaanon key paryavekshak key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. iss baad kii bhoomika mein, itihaaskaar aich. aar. lyon ney kahaa, "vaha sampatti prabandhan mein sabse pahale angreji visheshagya hain."
anglo-saxon ingland.
vijay seey pahale, ack reev (purani angreji "γερēfa"; uttari germany kii nimn saxon bhaashaon mein "grave"/"graphe" khitabon key samaan) ack prashaasnik adhikaari thaa joe aam taur parr ildorman yaa earl seey cumm rank parr thaa. purana angreji shabd "γερēfa" mool roop seey ack samanya shabd thaa, lekin jald hii ack adhik takniki arth praapt curr liya.
bhoomi koo badee sankhya mein khaal mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa-ack kshetra jisamen ack ghar koo sahaara dene key liye paryaapt krishi yogya bhoomi thee. duss chhatari ack dashmansh kaa gathan karati thee, aur usa parr rahane vaale parivaar (siddhant roop mein, unamen seey duss) ack saamoohik jimmedaari pranali dwara pados kii nigrani key praarambhik roop koo shuru karane key liye baadhya they, jise frankplays kahaa jaataa haye.
dashmansh koo 10 key samoohon mein vyavasthit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhen 100 khaal vaale saikadon kahaa jaataa thaa; aadhunik samay mein, yeye pracheen saikadon abhee bhee jyaadaatar apani aitihaasik seemaon koo banaae rakhate hain, isake bavjood kii pratyek mein abb kewal 100 seey adhik parivaar hain. pratyek sou kii nigrani ack sipahi dwara kii jaati thee, aur saikadon key samoohon koo sanyukt roop seey shear banaane key liye jodaa jaataa thaa, jisamen pratyek shayer ack earl key niyantran mein hotaa thaa. pratyek ikai mein ack adalat thee, aur usa adalat key nirnayon koo lagu karane key liye ack adhikaari thaah reev. iss prakaar vibhinn prakaar key reev koo pramaanit kiya gayaa, jisamen uchch-nadee, shahar-nadee, port-nadee, shayer-nadee (sheriff key poorvavarti), sou kaa reev aur ack jagir kaa reev shamil they.
iss shabd koo aksar lattin mein "prefects" (aadhunik angreji prefect) key roop mein itihaaskaar bede aur kuchh praarambhik anglo-saxon charter dwara prastut kiya jaataa haye. west-saxon charter swayam ildorman (earl) key liye prefects shabd koo aarakshit karna pasand karate hain.
vijay key baad.
samanya vijay key baad, saamantvaad kii shuruat kii gaee, jisase sthaaniya adalaton key liye ack samanantar prashaasnik pranali kaa nirmaan huaa. samanti vyavastha ney bhoomi koo ack maanviya aadhar parr sangathit kiya, jisamen maalikon ney jamindaaron key liye prabandhakon key roop mein kaary kiya. adalat key padadhikari kaa varnan karane vaalaa maanak shabd-jamaanat-kaa upayog nichale star kii adalaton seey judey logon key liye aur jamindaaron kii samanti adalaton mein samkaksh bhoomika key liye kiya jaane lagaa.
adalaton ney prashaasnik, saath hii nyaayik, karyon koo puuraa kiya, aur maanviya star parr isake nirnay kewal kanuni vivaadon seey naheen, balki saansaarik kshetra prabandhan seey sambandhit hoe sakate hain. iss prakaar manorrheal belif koo kuchh fasalon koo ikattha karane key saath-saath rinn chukauti koo lagu karane jaise karyon koo nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakata haye. kabhi-kabhi, inn karyon koo karane key liye belif key paas sahayak hotey they, aur abb iss pada key liye reev shabd kaa upayog kiya jaane lagaa-koee anivarya roop seey karbhari kii sahaayata kartaa haye, aur kabhi-kabhi ack belif, prabhaavi dhang seey dinn-pratidin key paryavekshan kaa pradarshan karke ack vishesh jagir key bheetar bhoomi parr kiya gayaa.
iss reev koo "manorrheal system key dhuri vyakti" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. unhein usa kaam kii dekhrekh karni thee joe kisan karane key liye baadhya they, jagir mein bhoomi key unake kabje seey judey ack daayitva key roop mein, damus bhoomi parr jagir key swami key liye; aise reaves aam taur parr daason aur kisaanon key malik key roop mein kaam karate they. vaha jagir key vitt key kaee pahaluon jaise upaj kii bikri, dhana sangrah aur khaaton key bhugtan key liye bhee jimmedaar thaa.
vaha aamtaur parr khud ack kisan thaa, aur saal mein ack baar chunaa jaataa thaa, aam taur parr michaelmas mein. kuchh maanoron mein reev koo jagir key swami dwara niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, lekin anya mein vaha kisaanon dwara chunaa gayaa thaa, swami dwara veeto key adhikaar key adheen yaa naheen. yeh jagir kii pratha parr nirbhar kartaa thaa, lekin chunaav key paksh mein honey kii pravritti badh rahee thee. isamen koee sandeh naheen haye kii ack nirvaachit reev kaa adhik swechha seey paalan kiya jaataa thaa, aur kabhi-kabhi aggar ack nirvaachit reev chook kartaa haye tou kisaanon koo aarthik roop seey uttardaayi banaaya jaataa haye.
haalaanki yeh reev prabandhak key adheen thaa, lekin prabandhak hamesha jagir key bheetar nivasi naheen hoe sakata haye, aur kaee kaa prabandhan curr sakata haye, aur aamtaur parr dinn-pratidin key kaam key saath khud koo chintit naheen kartaa haye. ack achchha reev joe apane kartavyon koo kushalata seey nibhaata thaa, aur jiss parr swami aur kisaanon dwara samaan roop seey bharosa kiya jaataa thaa, usake cumm yaa jyada sthaayi roop seey karyalaya mein rahane kii sambhavana thee. 14veen shatabdi taka reev aksar jagir kaa ack sthaayi adhikaari thaa.
samanti pranali key baad key patan aur shaanti key nyayadhishon (magistrate) kii shuruat dwara isaki adalaton key vidhvans key saath, reev kaa yeh upayog abhyaas seey baahar hoe gayaa.
chausar dwara chitran.
14veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein ack reev kaa ack asadharan saahityik chitra haye. reev una teerthyatriyon mein seey ack haye joe chausar kii "canterbury kahaaniyon" mein canterbury key liye apana raasta banaa rahey hain, aur prastaavana iss aadami kii ack jwalant tasveer koo chitrit karati haye, joe mool roop seey ack badhai thaa, lekin kaee varshon seey ack jagir key reev key roop mein kaam curr rhaa haye aur seva mein boodhaa hoe gayaa thaa. "reev kii kahani" "canterbury kahaaniyon" mein teesari kahani haye, jisamen chausar ack atyadhik kushal naukar kaa varnan kartaa haye, joe kissy bhee aadami key liye dhokha denaa yaa baahar nikaalana asambhav haye, kabhi bhee rinn mein naheen aur yeh jaanana kii jagir koo kitna utpaadan karna chaahiye. yeh ack poori tarah seey vishvasaniya lekhakar kii praarambhik tasveer haye, balki ack thhande lekin apariharya vyakti kii.

