
mansik lekha

mansik lekhankan (yaa manovaigyaanik lekhankan) upabhokta vyavhaar kaa ack model haye jise richard theller dwara vikasit kiya gayaa haye joe usa prakriya kaa varnan karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye jisake tahat loga aarthik parinamon koo code karate hain, vargeekrit karate hain aur mulyankan karate hain. mansik lekhankan mein sambhavana siddhant aur laine-daine upayogita siddhant kii aarthik avadhaaranaon koo shamil kiya gayaa haye taaki yeh mulyankan kiya jaa sakey kii loga mansik khaaton key roop mein apane vittiya sansadhanon key beach antar kaise banaate hain, joe badale mein kharidar nirnay prakriya aur aarthik parinamon kii pratikriya koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. logon koo apane kharch aur sansadhanon kaa prabandhan karane aur unakaa dhyaan rakhane key liye ack aatm niyantran ranneeti key roop mein mansik khaate banaane key liye maanaa jaataa haye. loga bachat key liye mansik khaaton mein paise kaa bajat banaate hain (jaise.jee., ghar key liye bachat) yaa vyay shreniyaan (jaise.jee.gais kaa paisa, kapade, upayogitaaen). logon koo badey uddeshyon key liye bachat kii suvidha key liye mansik khaate banaane key liye bhee maanaa jaataa haye (jaise.jee., ghar yaa college tution). mansik lekhankan key parinamswarup loga kuchh mansik khaaton key liye adhik haani kaa virodh curr sakate hain, jisake parinamswarup sangyanatmak purvagrah hotaa haye joe upabhokta tarksangatata seey vyavasthit prasthaan koo protsaahit kartaa haye. vibhinn sansadhanon key aadhar parr nirnay lene mein mansik lekhankan key antar kii badhati samajh key madhyam seey, aur samaan parinamon key aadhar parr vibhinn pratikriyaon koo adhik samajha jaa sakata haye. 
jaisa kii theller kahate hain, "sabhi sangathanon, samanya motors seey laker ekal vyakti gharon taka, key paas spasht aur/yaa antarnihit lekha pranali haye. lekhankan pranali aksar apratyaashit tarikon seey nirnayon koo prabhaavit karati haye. vishesh roop seey, vyaktigat kharchon koo aamtaur parr kissy kii kull sampatti key vartamaan moolya key saath sanyojan mein naheen maanaa jaayega; isake bajaay unhein dou khaaton key sandarbh mein maanaa jaaegaah vartamaan bajat avadhi (yeh bilon key kaaran ack masik prakriya hoe sakati haye, yaa vaarshik aaya key kaaran vaarshik), aur kharch kii shreni. logon key paas ack hii prakaar key sansaadhan key liye kaee mansik khaate bhee hoe sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, ack vyakti kiraane kii kharidari aur restaraan mein baahar khaane key liye alag-alag masik bajat kaa upayog curr sakata haye, aur ack prakaar kii khareed koo pratibandhit curr sakata haye jaba iska bajat samaapt hoe gayaa hoe, jabaki doosari tarah kii khareed koo baadhit naheen kiya jaataa haye, bhale hii donon kharch ack hii kavak sansaadhan (aaya) parr aakarshit hotey houn.
mansik lekhankan kaa ack vistrit anuprayog, vyavhaar jeevan chakr parikalpana yeh maanati haye kii loga mansik roop seey parisampattiyon koo yaa tou vartamaan aaya, vartamaan dhana yaa bhavishya kii aaya seey sambandhit maanate hain aur iska unake vyavhaar parr prabhaav padata haye kyonki khaate kaafee hudd taka apuraniya hotey hain aur pratyek khaate seey baahar nikalane kii seemant pravritti alag hoti haye. 
upayogita, moolya aur lenden.
mansik lekhankan siddhant mein, sanrachana prabhaav paribhaashit kartaa haye kii jiss tarah seey ack vyakti apane dimag mein ack lenden koo vyaktiparak roop seey taiyar kartaa haye, vaha usa upayogita koo nirdhaarit karega joe way praapt karate hain yaa ummeed karate hain. framing kii avadharana koo sambhavana siddhant mein apanaaya jaataa haye, jiska upayog aamtaur parr mansik lekhankan siddhantkaron dwara unake vishleshan mein moolya kaary key roop mein kiya jaataa haye (richard theller shamil). sambhavana siddhant mein, moolya kaary laabh key liye avtal haye (jokhim key prati ghrina kaa sanket), joe laabh key sanchay key saath ghatati seemant upayogita kaa sanket detaa haye. moolya kaary nuksan key liye uttal haye (jokhim lene key drishtikon kaa sanket). laabh key liye ack avtal moolya kaary jokhim-pratikool vyavhaar koo protsaahit kartaa haye kyonki seemant laabh moolya mein saapeksh vriddhi koo cumm kartaa haye. isake vipareet, nuksan key liye ack uttal moolya kaary kaa arth haye kii nuksan kaa prabhaav ack vyakti key liye ack samkaksh laabh kii tulanaa mein adhik hanikarak haye, iss prakaar nuksan seey bachane key liye jokhim lene vaale vyavhaar koo protsaahit kartaa haye. moolya falan key yeye samarthak haani seey ghrina kii avadharana koo chitrit karate hain, joe iss baat parr jore detaa haye kii loga laabh koo adhikatam karane kii tulanaa mein nuksan koo cumm karane key liye nirnay lene kii adhik sambhavana rakhate hain.
sambhavana siddhant dhaanche koo dekhate hue, loga formula _ 1 key praarup key kaee lenden/parinamon kii vyakhya kaise karate hain, yaa 'khaate' key liye? way yaa tou parinamon koo sanyukt roop seey dekh sakate hain, aur sootra _ 2 praapt curr sakate hain, jiss mamle mein parinam ekikrit hain, yaa sootra _ 3, jiss mamle mein humm kahate hain kii parinam alag hain. kaee parinamon koo ekikrit karane yaa alag karane kaa vikalp anuprayog kii shuddhata key aadhar parr samagr upayogita key liye fayademand yaa hanikarak hoe sakata haye. laabh aur haani key liye hamaare moolya kaary kii alag-alag dhalanon kii prakriti key kaaran, hamari upayogita koo vibhinn tarikon seey adhikatam kiya jaataa haye, joe iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii humm chaar prakaar key lenden sootra _ 4 aur sootra _ 5 (laabh yaa nuksan key roop mein) koo kaise code karate hainh 1) kaee laabhah sootra _ 4 aur sootra _ 5 donon koo laabh maanaa jaataa haye. yahaan, humm usa sootra koo dekhate hain _ 8. iss prakaar, humm kaee laabhon koo alag karna chaahte hain.
2) kaee nuksaanah sootra 4 aur sootra 5 donon koo nuksan maanaa jaataa haye. yahaan, humm usa sootra koo dekhate hain _ 11. humm kaee nuksaanon koo ekikrit karna chaahte hain.
3) mishrit laabhah sootra 4 aur sootra 5 mein seey ack laabh haye aur ack haani haye, haalaanki laabh donon mein seey badaa haye. iss mamle mein, sootra _ 14. upayogita adhikatam hoti haye jaba humm ack mishrit laabh koo ekikrit karate hain.
4) mishrit haanih phir seey, sootra 4 aur sootra 5 mein seey ack laabh haye aur ack haani haye, haalaanki abb haani laabh seey kaafee adhik haye. iss mamle mein, sootra _ 17. spasht roop seey, humm ack mishrit nuksan koo ekikrit naheen karna chaahte hain jaba laabh kii tulanaa mein cumm kaafee badaa hotaa haye. ise aksar "silver lining" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, joe lock kahawat "harr baadal mein ack silver lining hoti haye" kaa sandarbh haye. jaba nuksan laabh seey mushkil seey badaa hotaa haye, tou ekikaran koo prathamikta dee jaa sakati haye. 
ekikaran aur parinamon kaa prithakkaran ack aisaa saadhan haye joe kaee parinamon seey praapt samagr upayogita koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye. mansik lekhankan logon kii apane vittiya sansadhanon koo mansik roop seey vibhinn shreniyon mein vibhajit karane kii pravritti kii vyakhya kartaa haye. vibhinn mansik khaaton mein vittiya nuksan yaa laabh kii sthiti mein, loga alag-alag tareeke seey prabhaavit honge yadi vittiya nuksan koo unake poore vittiya portfolio mein ekikrit kiya jaataa haye. kaee laabh aur mishrit nuksan kii sthiti mein, mansik lekhankan parinamon koo alag karega jisake parinamswarup adhikatam upayogita hogi. kaee nuksan aur mishrit laabh kii sthiti mein, mansik lekhankan parinamon koo alag karega jisake parinamswarup cumm seey cumm upayogita hogi. 
kissy bhee lenden key saath dou moolya judey hotey hain-adhigrahan moolya aur lenden moolya. "adhigrahan moolya" vaha dhana haye joe koee vyakti shaaririk roop seey kuchh achchha praapt karane key liye bhaag lene key liye taiyar haye. "laine-daine moolya" vaha moolya haye joe ack achchha sauda karane key liye jodaa jaataa haye. yadi vaha moolya joe koee bhugtan curr rhaa haye, vaha achche key liye mansik sandarbh moolya key barabar haye, tou lenden moolya shoonya haye. yadi moolya sandarbh moolya seey cumm haye, tou lenden upayogita sakaratmak haye. taba, ack laine-daine seey praapt kull upayogita, adhigrahan upayogita aur lenden upayogita kaa yog haye.
bhugtan kaa dard.
ack adhik nikat manovaigyaanik tantra jisake madhyam seey mansik lekhankan kharch koo prabhaavit kartaa haye, bhugtan key dard parr isake prabhaav key madhyam seey haye joe ack mansik khaate seey paise kharch karane seey judaa hotaa haye. bhugtan kaa dard vittiya nuksan seey judee ack nakaratmak bhavatmak pratikriya haye. ack prakaar key udaaharan hain ack apriya bhavna joe ack taxmeter yaa gais pump parr kiraya vriddhi dekhate samay anubhav hoti haye. jaba upabhokta kissy kharch parr vichaar karate hain, tou way kharch kii laagat kii tulanaa usa khaate key aakar seey karate hain joe samaapt hoe jaayega (jaise.jee., ansh banaam. bhaajak). udaaharan key liye, ack $30 kii tii-shirt, ack vyakti key khaate mein $500 kii tulanaa mein vyakti key batue mein $50 seey kheenchi jaane parr ack vyaktiparak roop seey badaa kharch hoga. jitna badaa ansh hoga, kharidari kaa bhugtan karane seey utanaa hii adhik dard utpann hotaa haye aur taba upbhoktaon key achche key liye paise kaa adaan-pradaan karane kii sambhavana cumm hoti haye. bhugtan aur kharch key beach sambandh key anya saakshyon mein una upbhoktaon dwara cumm rinn shamil haye joe samaan vastuon aur sevaaon key liye bhugtan karane key uchch dard kaa anubhav karate hain, una upbhoktaon kii tulanaa mein joe bhugtan karane key cumm dard kaa anubhav karate hain.
mansik khaaton key mukhya siddhant.
richard theller ney mansik lekhankan kii avadharana koo dou mukhya siddhanton mein vibhajit kiya; laabh aur haani kaa prithakkaran, aur lekha sandarbh bindu. donon siddhant upayogita aur bhugtan key dard seey sambandhit avadhaaranaon kaa upayog karate hain taaki logon dwara aarthik parinamon kaa mulyankan kaise kiya jaae. 
laabh aur haani kaa prithakkaran.
mansik lekhankan kaa ack mukhya siddhant yeh daavaa haye kii loga apane samagr khaate mein ekikrit karane key bajaay vibhinn mansik khaaton mein vibhajit karke laabh aur nuksan koo taya karate hain. iss pravritti key prabhaav kaa matlab haye kii nirnay key sandarbh key aadhar parr parinam taiyar kiye jaa sakate hain. mansik lekhankan mein nirnay kii ruprekha samagr khaate seey ack chhote seey alag khaate mein cumm hoe jaati haye joe khareed nirnayon koo protsaahit curr sakata haye. iska ack udaaharan theller dwara prastut kiya gayaa thaa jahan loga $125 kii khareed kii tulanaa mein $15 kii khareed parr $5 bachaane key liye 20 minut kii drive karane key liye adhik ichchuk they. yeh siddhant mansik lekhankan parr lagu hotaa haye jahaan yadi laabh aur haani koo ack chhote seey alag khaate key saapeksh dekhaa jaataa haye tou parinam koo alag tarah seey dekhaa jaataa haye.
lekha sandarbh bindu.
lekha sandarbh bindu logon key liye usee mansik khaate mein poorv parinam key aadhar parr vartamaan nirnay parr ack sandarbh bindu nirdhaarit karane kii pravritti koo sandarbhit karate hain. parinamswarup samagr upayogita kaa nirdhaaran karate samay poorv parinamon kaa prabhaav vartamaan nirnay mein ekikrit hoe jaataa haye. ack udaaharan theller dwara prastut kiya gayaa thaa jahan juari dinn kii antim daud mein jokhim lene vaale daanv lagaane key liye adhik ichchuk they. iss ghatana koo iss daave seey uchit thaharaaya gayaa kii juari pratyek dinn seey laabh aur nuksan koo alag-alag khaaton mein vibhajit karate hain aur pratyek dinn key liye laabh aur nuksan koo ack khaate mein ekikrit karate hain. taba isaki vyakhya kii jaa sakati haye kii dinn key anta mein jokhim lene vaalaa daanv nuksan seey ghrina kaa ack udaaharan haye jahaan juari apane dainik khaate koo barabar karane kaa prayaas karate hain.
vyaavhaarik prabhaav.
avadharana kii shuruat key baad seey, vishesh roop seey online kharidari, upabhokta puraskar ank, saarvajanik karadhan neeti key sandarbh mein upabhokta vyavhaar kii vyakhya karane key liye mansik lekhankan koo lagu kiya gayaa haye.
manovigyaan.
mansik lekhankan kaee taarkik galatiyon aur sangyanatmak purvagrahon key adheen haye, joe adhik kharch karane jaise kaee nihitarth rakhate hain.
credit card aur nakad bhugtan.
mansik lekhankan kaa ack aur udaaharan nakad kii tulanaa mein credit card kaa upayog karate samay vastuon key liye bhugtan karane kii adhik ichcha haye. credit card koo swipe karane seey bhugtan koo baad kii tarikh taka badhaaya jaataa haye (jaba humm apane masik bill kaa bhugtan karate hain) aur ise ack badee maujooda raashi (usa bindu taka hamara bill) mein ekikrit curr detaa haye. iss deree key kaaran bhugtan hamari smriti mein cumm spasht aur mukhya roop seey rahata haye. isake alawa, bhugtan koo abb alag-thalag naheen maanaa jaataa haye; balki, ise pahale seey hii badey credit card bill kii (apekshaakrit) chhoti vriddhi key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, yeh niyamit, jeb seey baahar $5 kii laagat key bajaay $120 seey $125 taka kaa parivartan hoe sakata haye. aur jaisa kii humm apane moolya kaary seey dekh sakate hain, yeh "v (-$125)-v (-$120)" "v (-$5)" seey chhota haye, iss prakaar bhugtan kaa dard cumm hoe jaataa haye.
vipanan.
moolya nirdhaaran aur utpaadon key prithakkaran key liye grahakon kii pratikriya kaa anuman lagaane vaale vipanak key liye mansik lekhankan upayogi hoe sakata haye. jaba laabh alag kiye jaate hain, nuksan ekikrit hotey hain, vipanak shuddh nuksan (silver lining siddhant) koo alag karate hain, aur shuddh laabh koo ekikrit karate hain, tou loga protsaahan aur lagaton key liye adhik sakaratmak pratikriya dete hain. udaaharan key liye, motor vaahan vikretaon koo inn siddhanton seey laabh hotaa haye jaba way vaikalpik suvidhaon koo ack hii keemat mein jodate hain lekin bundle mein shamil pratyek suvidha koo alag karate hain (jaise.jee. makhmali seat cover, aluminium key pahiye, chori-rodhi kaar lock). cellular phone companiyan yeh taya karate samay mansik lekhankan key siddhanton kaa upayog curr sakati hain kii upbhoktaon seey nae smartphone key liye kitna shulk lena haye aur unhein unake vyaapaar key liye denaa haye. jaba phone kii keemat badee hoti haye aur phone kaa moolya cumm hotaa haye, tou behtar hoga kii upabhokta phone key liye thodaa adhik moolya lein aur usa paise koo unake vyaapaar parr adhik moolya key roop mein unhein vaapas curr dein. isake vipareet, jaba phone kii laagat aur vyaapaar-moolya adhik tulaniya hotey hain, kyonki upabhokta nuksan seey bachate hain, tou behtar hoga kii nae phone key liye unhein cumm shulk diyaa jaae aur vyaapaar-inn key liye unhein cumm diyaa jaae. 
saarvajanik neeti.
mansik lekhankan kaa upayog saarvajanik arthshastra aur saarvajanik neeti mein bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. swabhavik roop seey, jiss tarah seey loga (aur isaliye curr-daataa aur matadaata) nirnayon aur parinamon koo samajhate hain, vaha unaki mansik lekhankan kii prakriya seey prabhaavit hoga. neeti nirmaata aur saarvajanik arthashastri saarvajanik pranaliyon koo taiyar karate samay, bajar kii viphaltaon koo samajhane aur pahchaanane kii koshish karate hue, dhana yaa sansadhanon koo uchit tareeke seey punarvitarit karane, doobane kii laagat kii kshamata koo cumm karane, mukt-sawari samasya koo seemit karane yaa samaapt karane, yaa kardaataon koo kaee vastuon yaa sevaaon key bandalon koo vitarit karate samay bhee sambhaavit roop seey mansik lekhankan avadhaaranaon koo lagu curr sakate hain. nimnalikhit udaaharan maujood hain jahan mansik lekhankan saarvajanik neeti aur karyakramon parr lagu hotaa haye jisase sakaratmak parinam utpann hotey hain.
saarvajanik neeti kaa nirmaan karate samay mansik lekhankan parr vichaar karane key mahatva kaa ack achchha udaaharan lekhakon dwara justine hastings aur jesse shapiro dwara snap (poorak poshan sahaayata karyakram) key apane vishleshan mein pradarshit kiya gayaa haye. unakaa tark haye kii yeye nishkarsh snap fund koo gair-snap fund key saath kavak key roop mein maanane vaale parivaaron key saath susangat naheen hain, aur humm kavak key aupchaarik parikshanon key saath iss daave kaa samarthan karate hain joe vibhinn gharon koo alag-alag upbhog karyon kii anumati dete hain" alag-alag shabdon mein kahein, unakaa detta theller (aur mansik lekhankan kii avadharana) key daave kaa samarthan kartaa haye kii kavak key siddhant kaa aksar vyavhaar mein ullanghan kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, way twarit roop seey bahut prabhaavi paate hain, 0 seey 0.6 key twarit laabhon mein seey twarit-yogya bhojan (aim. pee. see. aff.) kaa upbhog karane kii ack seemant pravritti kii ganana karate hain. yeh nakad hastaantaran seey praapt aim. pee. see. aff. kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik haye, joe aamtaur parr lagbhag 0.00 hotaa haye.
kardaataon parr karadhan neeti key prabhaavon kii jaanch "vyavhaar antardrishti key saath ishtatam karadhan" mein mansik lekhankan siddhanton key madhyam seey kii gaee thee. shodh patra ney ishtatam karadhan key teen stambhon kii vichardhara koo lagu kiya, aur mansik lekhankan avadhaaranaon (saath hii saath galat dhaaranaon aur aantariktaon) koo shamil kiya. parinamon mein naveen aarthik antardrishti shamil thee, jisamen ishtatam karadhan dhaanche mein maujood nudge kaa anuprayog, aur heera-darpan utpaadak dakshata parinam aur atkinson-stiglitz samaan vastu karadhan prastaav koo chunauti denaa shamil thaa, yeh paate hue kii way vyavhaar agents key saath whiffle honey kii adhik sambhavana rakhate hain.
pepper mein "saarvajanik banaam. niji mansik khaateh columbia mein bachat samoohon seey prayogaatmak sakshya, "yeh pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa kii mansik lekhankan kaa upayog logon koo adhik bachat karane mein madad karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii saarvajanik roop seey bachat lakshya banaane seey niyantran aur niji roop seey bachat lakshya nirdhaarit karane vaalon kii tulanaa mein pratibhagiyon kii bachat darr mein bahut vriddhi hui. pratibhagiyon key bachat safalata itihas key aadhar parr labeling prabhaav kii shakti mein bhinnata dekhi gaee.
mansik lekhankan hamari nirnay lene kii prakriyaon mein ack shaktishali bhoomika nibhaata haye. yeh saarvajanik neeti visheshagyon, shodhkartaon aur neeti nirmaataon key liye mahatvapurna haye kii way una tarikon kaa pataa lagaana jaari rakhein jinka upayog lock kalyan koo labhanvit karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.

