prototype siddhant

prototype siddhant sangyanatmak vigyaan mein vargeekaran kaa ack siddhant haye, vishesh roop seey manovigyaan aur sangyanatmak bhashavigyan mein, jisamen ack vaichaarik shreni seey sambandhit ack shrenibaddh degree haye, aur kuchh sadasya dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik kendriya hain. yeh 1971 mein manovaigyaanik eleanor rosh key kaam key saath ubhara, aur ise paaramparik abhijaat varg shreniyon seey isake prasthaan key liye vargeekaran key siddhant mein "coppernicus kranti" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. bhashashastri eugenio koseriu aur sanrachanaatmak shabdarth pratimaan key anya prastavakon jaise shreniyon key paaramparik siddhant kaa samarthan karane vaalon dwara isaki aalochana kii gaee haye.
iss prototype siddhant mein, kissy bhee bhasha mein kissy bhee avadharana kaa ack vaastavik duniya kaa udaaharan haye joe iss avadharana kaa sabse achchha pratinidhitva kartaa haye. udaaharan key liyeh jaba "furniture" kii avadharana kaa udaaharan dene key liye kahaa jaataa haye, tou "almari" kii tulanaa mein "sophe" kaa adhik baar ullekh kiya jaataa haye. dhwanishastriya sanrachana seey shabdarth taka maanchitran key hisse key roop mein, pratiroop siddhant koo bhashavigyan mein bhee lagu kiya gayaa haye.
prototype siddhant taiyar karane mein, rosh ney pichhali antardrishti seey kuchh hudd taka vishesh roop seey witzenstein (1953) dwara parivarik samaantaa parr adharit ack shreni model key nirmaan koo aakarshit kiya, aur roser braun key "kissy cheez koo kaise kahaa jaayega?"(1958).
avalokan aur shabdawali.
manovaigyaanik eleanor rosh key adhyayan "praakritik shreniyon" mein paribhaashit "prototype" shabd koo shuru mein ack uttejana koo darshaane key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa, joe ack shreni key gathan mein ack mukhya sthiti letaa haye, iss tathya key kaaran kii yeh usa shreni key saath judaa pahala uttejana haye. rosh ney baad mein ise ack shreni key sabse kendriya sadasya key roop mein paribhaashit kiya.
rosh aur anya logon ney avadhaaranaon key shaastriya siddhant kii pratikriya key roop mein prototype siddhant vikasit kiya, aur usase moolgami prasthaan, joe aavashyak aur paryaapt sthitiyon dwara avadhaaranaon koo paribhaashit kartaa haye. aavashyak shartein una visheshtaon key samooh koo sandarbhit karati hain joe ack avadharana key pratyek udaaharan mein maujood honey chaahiye, aur paryaapt shartein way hain joe kissy anya ikai key paas naheen hain. visheshtaon dwara avadhaaranaon koo paribhaashit karane key bajaay, prototype siddhant usa shreni kii ack vishisht kalaakriti key aadhar parr yaa usa shreni key bheetar sansthaon key ack samooh dwara shreniyon koo paribhaashit kartaa haye joe ack prototype sadasya kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. kissy shreni key prototype koo usa varg key saath aksar judey kissy vastu yaa varg key sadasya dwara samanya shabdon mein samajha jaa sakata haye. prototype varg kaa kendra haye, jisamen anya sabhi sadasya prototype seey aage badhate hain, joe shreniyon key vargeekaran kii or leey jaataa haye. varg kaa pratyek sadasya maanav sangyaan mein samaan roop seey kendriya naheen haye. jaisa kii oopar diye gaye "furniture" key udaaharan mein, "almari" kii tulanaa mein "sophe" adhik kendriya haye. shaastriya drishtikon key vipareet, prototype aur gradation shreni sadasyata kii samajh koo ack aul-yaa-nuthing drishtikon key roop mein naheen, balki interlocking shreniyon key ack web key roop mein joe overlap karate hain.
sangyanatmak bhashavigyan mein yeh tark diyaa gayaa haye kii bhashai shreniyon mein bhee ack prototype sanrachana hoti haye, jaise kii ack bhasha mein samanya shabdon kii shreniyaan.
shreniyaan.
buniyaadi star kii shreniyaan.
prototype seey sambandhit anya dhaarana sangyanatmak vargeekaran mein "buniyaadi star" kii haye. samvedi-motor kharch key sandarbh mein buniyaadi shreniyaan apekshaakrit sajaatiya hoti hain-ack kursi ghutanon koo jhukaane seey judee hoti haye, ack phal jise uthaane aur apane munh mein daalane seey judee hoti haye, aadi. adheenasth star parr (ee.jee. [dunt chikitsak kii kursiyaan], [rasoi kii kursiyaan] aadi.) buniyaadi star kii kuchh mahatvapurna visheshtaon koo jodaa jaa sakata haye; jabaki atimaansik star parr, inn vaichaarik samaantaon koo ingit karna mushkil haye. kursi kii tasveer kheenchana (yaa kalpana karna) aasaan haye, lekin furniture kheenchana adhik kathin hoga.
bhashavid eleanor rosh mool star koo usa star key roop mein paribhaashit karate hain jisamen uchchatam star kii kyu vaidhata hoti haye. iss prakaar, [pashu] jaisi shreni mein ack prototype sadasya hoe sakata haye, lekin koee sangyanatmak drishya pratinidhitva naheen haye. doosari or, [pashu] mein buniyaadi shreniyaan, i.ee. [kutta], [pakshi], [machhali], soochanaatmak samagri seey bharey hotey hain aur inhen aasaani seey garbhakaaleen aur shabdarth visheshtaon key sandarbh mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye.
spasht roop seey visheshta-moolya jode parr adharit shabdarth model padanukram mein visheshaadhikaar praapt staron kii pehchaan karane mein whiffle rahate hain. karyatmak roop seey, yeh socha jaataa haye kii buniyaadi star kii shreniyaan duniya koo adhikatam soochanaatmak shreniyon mein vighatit karati hain. iss prakaar way
haalaanki, buniyaadi star kii dhaarana samasyagrast haye, ee.jee. jabaki ack buniyaadi shreni key roop mein kutta ack prajaati haye, pakshi yaa machhali uchch star parr hain, aadi. isi tarah, aavritti kii dhaarana mool star seey bahut nikatata seey judee hui haye, lekin ise ingit karna mushkil haye.
adhik samasyaaen taba utpann hoti hain jaba ack prototype kii dhaarana koo sangya key alawa anya shaabdik shreniyon parr lagu kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, kriyaaen ack spasht prototype kii avahelana karati prateet hoti hainh [chalaana] cumm yaa jyada kendriya sadasyon mein vibhajit karna mushkil haye.
apane 1975 key pepper mein, rosh ney 200 americi college key chhatron seey 1 seey 7 key paimaane parr mulyankan karane key liye kahaa, kyaa way kuchh vastuon koo "furniture" shreni key achche udaaharan key roop mein maanate hain. yeye vastuein kursi aur sophe seey laker number 1, ack prem seat (number 10), ack deepak (number 31) taka, ack telephone taka, number 60 taka theen.
jabaki saanskritik vishishtataon key sandarbh mein iss soochi seey koee alag hoe sakata haye, mudda yeh haye kii iss tarah key shrenibaddh vargeekaran sabhi sanskritiyon mein maujood honey kii sambhavana haye. iss baat key aur saboot kii ack shreni key kuchh sadasya dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik visheshaadhikaar praapt hain, prayogon seey aae hainh
rosh key kaam key baad, rung sangyaan jaise kshetron mein prototype prabhaavon kii vyaapak roop seey jaanch kii gaee haye, aur adhik amoort dhaaranaon key liye bheeh vishayon koo poochha jaa sakata haye, jaise.jee. "yeh kathaa kiss hudd taka jhooth bolane kaa udaaharan haye?". isi tarah kaa kaam karyon (kriyaaen jaise dekhana, maarnaa, bolna, chalana [palmanah 83]), "lamba" jaise visheshanon aadi parr kiya gayaa haye.
ack anya pahalu jisamen prototype siddhant paaramparik abhijaat varg vargeekaran seey alag hotaa haye, vaha yeh haye kii praakritik prakaar kii shreniyaan (pakshi, kutta) banaam kutte naheen dikhaai dete hain. kalaakritiyaan (khilaune, vaahan).
ack samanya tulanaa prototype kaa upayog yaa shreni vargeekaran mein udaharanon kaa upayog haye. maddin, altam aur marfi ney paaya kii prototype aur udaaharan jaankaari key mishran kaa upayog karke, pratibhaagi shreniyon koo adhik sateek roop seey nirdhaarit karane mein saksham they. jinn pratibhagiyon koo sangraheet prototype aur sangraheet udaharanon key saath samaantaa key aadhar parr vargeekrit prototype moolyon key saath prastut kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki jinn pratibhagiyon koo kewal udaaharan key saath anubhav thaa, way kewal sangraheet udaharanon key saath samaantaa parr nirbhar they. smith aur minda ney dott-pattern shreni seekhane mein prototype aur udaharanon key upayog koo dekhaa. unhone paaya kii pratibhagiyon ney udaharanon kii tulanaa mein adhik prototype kaa upayog kiya, jisamen prototype shreni kaa kendra they, aur isake aspas key udaaharan they.
avadhaaranaon key beach kii doori.
 prototype kii dhaarana shreni kii paaramparik dhaarana key saath witzenstein (baad mein) kii asuvidha seey sambandhit haye. iss prabhaavshaali siddhant key parinamswarup paathon key arth mein aavashyak yogadankartaon key bajaay shabdarth ghatakon koo adhik "sambhav" key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye. khel" shreni parr unaki charcha vishesh roop seey teekhi haih udaaharan key liye una kaaryavaahi parr vichaar karein jinhen humm "khel" kahate hain. meraa matlab board game, card game, ball game, olympic game, aur isi tarah. una sabhi key liye kyaa samaan haye? yeh mutt kaho, "kuchh samanya honah chaahiye, yaa unhein 'game' naheen kahaa jaayega-- lekin dekhein aur dekhein kii kyaa sabhi key liye kuchh samanya haye. yadi aap unhein dekhate hain tou aap sabhi key liye kuchh samanya naheen dekhenge, lekin samaantaaen, sambandh aur unaki ack poori shrinkhala dekhenge. doharaaenh mutt sochiye, lekin dekho! udaaharan key liye board game mein unake vividh sambandhon koo dekhein. abb card game mein jaaen; yahaan aapako pahale samooh key saath kaee patrachar milate hain, lekin kaee samanya visheshtaen chhod dee jaati hain, aur anya dikhaai dete hain. jaba humm gend key khel key baad paas karate hain, tou bahut kuchh joe samanya haye usey barkarar rakhaa jaataa haye, lekin bahut kuchh khou jaataa haye. kyaa way sabhi 'manoranjak' hain? shatranj kii tulanaa nauts aur cross seey karein. yaa hamesha jeetane aur haarne kii baat hoti haye, yaa khilaadiyon key beach pratispardha hoti haye? dhairya key baare mein sochein. gend key khel mein jeet aur haar hoti haye; lekin jaba ack bachcha apani gend koo deewaar parr fenkta haye aur usey phir seey pakadata haye, tou yeh visheshta gayab hoe jaati haye. kaushal aur bhaagya dwara khele gaye bhaagon koo dekhein; aur shatranj mein kaushal aur tennis mein kaushal key beach key antar koo dekhein. abb ring-aeye-ring-aeye-rose jaise khelon key baare mein sochein; yahaan manoranjan kaa tatva haye, lekin kitni anya visheshataaen gayab hoe gaee hain! aur humm isi tarah seey khelon key kaee, kaee anya samoohon seey gujar sakate hain; dekh sakate hain kii samaantaaen kaise badhati hain aur gayab hoe jaati hain. aur iss pariksha kaa parinam haih humm samaantaon key ack jatil network koo overlapping aur criss-crossing dekhate hainh kabhi-kabhi samagr samaantaaen, kabhi-kabhi vivaran kii samaantaaen.
witzenstein kaa parivarik samaantaa kaa siddhant usa ghatana kaa varnan kartaa haye jaba logon kii samooh avadhaaranaaen ack visheshta key bajaay ativyaapi visheshtaon kii ack shrinkhala parr adharit hoti hain joe shreni key sabhi sadasyon mein maujood hoti hain. udaaharan key liye, basketball aur baseball ack gend kaa upayog karate hain, aur baseball aur shatranj ack vijeta kii visheshta saajha karate hain, aadi.khel" kii ack paribhaashit visheshta key bajaay. isaliye, shreni key fokal yaa prototype sadasyon key beach ack doori haye, aur joe unase baahar kii or jaari rahate hain, saajha visheshtaon seey judey hotey hain.
haal hii mein, peater gardenforce ney bahu-ayami visheshta rikt sthaan key sandarbh mein prototype siddhant kii ack sambhaavit aanshik vyakhya koo vistrit kiya haye, jise vaichaarik sthaan kahaa jaataa haye, jahaan ack shreni koo ack vaichaarik doori key sandarbh mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. ack shreni key adhik kendriya sadasya paridhiya sadasyon key beach hotey hain. vaha yeh maanata haye kii adhikansh "praakritik" shreniyaan vaichaarik sthaan mein ack uttalata pradarshit karati hain, jisamen yadi x aur y ack shreni key tatva hain, aur yadi z "x aur y key beach" haye, tou z bhee shreni seey sambandhit honey kii sambhavana haye.
shreniyon kaa sanyojan.
bhasha key bheetar humm sanyukt shreniyon key udaaharan paate hain, jaise kii "lamba aadami" yaa "chhota haathi". shreniyon kaa sanyojan vistaratmak shabdarth key liye ack samasya thee, jahaan "laal" jaise shabd key shabdarth koo iss guna vaali vastuon key samooh key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaanaa haye. yeh "chhote" jaise parivartakon parr bhee lagu naheen hotaa haye; ack "chhote choohe" "chhote haathi" seey bahut alag hotaa haye.
yeye sanyojan prototype siddhant key sandarbh mein ack cumm samasya paida karate hain. visheshanon seey judee sthitiyon mein (ee.jee. "lamba"), ack vyakti kaa sawal yeh haye kii kyaa [lamba] kaa prototype 6 phut lamba aadami haye, yaa 400 phut gaganchumbi imarat haye. sanshodhit kii jaa rahee vastu key sandarbh mein prototype kii dhaarana koo praasangik banaakar samadhan ubharata haye. yeh "redd wine" yaa "redd hayer" jaise yaugikon mein aur bhee adhik mool roop seey failata haye joe prototype arth mein shayed hii "laal" hotey hain, lekin laal kewal wine yaa baalon key prototype rung seey badalaav koo ingit kartaa haye. laal" key judane seey prototype "baal" seey "laal baal" mein badal jaataa haye."prototype koo atirikt vishisht jaankaari dwara badala jaataa haye, aur" "laal" "aur" "sharaab" "key prototype seey visheshtaon koo jodata haye.
gatishil sanrachana aur doori.
mikulinsar, mario aind paaz, dove aind kedem, perry ney prototype kii gatishil prakriti parr dhyaan kendrit kiya aur bataaya kii bhaavnaatmak sthitiyon key kaaran vaastav mein shabdarth shreniyon mein kaise parivartan hotaa haye. 4 bhaag key adhyayan ney sthitijanya tanaav aur visheshta chinta key beach sambandhon kaa mulyankan kiya aur jiss tarah seey loga padaanukramit star koo vyavasthit karate hain jiss parr shabdarth uttejanaon koo vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye, jiss tarah seey loga praakritik vastuon koo vargeekrit karate hain, shreniyon kii chaudaai koo sankuchit karate hain aur adhik samaveshi key bajaay vargeekaran key cumm samaveshi staron kaa upayog karane key liye sarvasammati kaa mulyankan kiya.
aalochana.
prototype siddhant kii una logon dwara aalochana kii gaee haye joe abhee bhee shreniyon key classic siddhant kaa samarthan karate hain, jaise bhashavid eugenio koseriu aur sanrachanaatmak shabdarth pratimaan key anya pratipaadak.
udaaharan siddhant.
dugglus ell. medin aur marjuret aim. schafer ney prayog dwara dikhaaya kii vargeekaran kaa ack sandarbh siddhant joe vishuddh roop seey udaharanon (see. aff.) seey avadhaaranaon koo praapt kartaa haye. udaaharan siddhant) ney una siddhanton key varg kii tulanaa mein behtar kaam kiya jisamen prototype siddhant shamil thaa.
shrenibaddh vargeekaran.
bhashavidon ney, jinamen stephen laurence ney erich margolis key saath lekhan kiya haye, prototype siddhant key saath samasyaon kaa sujhaav diyaa haye. 1999 key apane pepper mein, way kaee mudde uthaate hain. jinamen seey ack yeh haye kii prototype siddhant aantarik roop seey shrenibaddh vargeekaran kii guaranti naheen detaa haye. jaba vishayon seey shreni koo shrenibaddh karane key liye kahaa gayaa kii kuchh sadasya iss shreni kaa kitna achchha udaaharan dete hain, tou unhone kuchh sadasyon koo dusaron seey oopar rakhaa. udaaharan key liye, robbin koo shuturmurg kii tulanaa mein "pakshi" key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa, lekin jaba unase poochha gayaa kii kyaa yeye shreniyan "sabhi yaa kuchh bhee naheen" hain yaa unaki aspasht seemaaen hain, tou vishayon ney kahaa kii unhein "sabhi yaa kuchh bhee naheen" shreniyon key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa. laurence aur margolis ney nishkarsh nikala kii "prototype sanrachana kaa koee nihitarth naheen haye kii kyaa vishay shrenibaddh kiye jaa rahey hain" (pee. 33).
yaugik avadhaaranaaen.
daniel ochurson aur edward smith ney "paltu machhali" kaa mudda uthaaya, jisake liye prototype kissy key ghar mein ack katori mein rakhaa gayaa ack gappi hoe sakata haye. paltu" key liye prototype ack kutta yaa billi hoe sakata haye, aur "machhali" key liye prototype trout yaa salmon hoe sakata haye. haalaanki, inn prototype kii visheshtaen "paltu machhali" key prototype mein maujood naheen hain, isaliye yeh prototype isake ghatak bhaagon key alawa kuchh aur seey utpann kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
antonio lito aur gian luka pozato ney ack vishishtata-adharit sanrachanaatmak tark (tii. see. ell.) kaa prastaav rakhaa haye joe jatil maanav-jaisi avadharana sanyojan (jaise paltu-machhali samasya) aur vaichaarik mishran donon key liye jimmedaar haye. iss prakaar, unaki ruprekha seey pataa chalata haye kii kaise avadharana sanyojan mein prototype key roop mein vyakt avadhaaranaaen prototype sanrachana kii ghatana key liye jimmedaar hoe sakati hain.

