
singapur ganarajya kaa itihas

singapur ganarajya kaa itihas taba shuru huaa jaba singapur koo malaysia seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa aur 9 agast 1965 koo ack swatantra ganarajya bunn gayaa. algaav key baad, navodit rashtra koo aatmanirbhar banana padaa, halanki badey paimaane parr berojgari, awas kii kamee aur bhoomi aur praakritik sansadhanon kii kamee jaise petroleum sahit samasyaon kaa saamana karna padaa. 1959 seey 1990 taka pradhaanmantri key roop mein lii kuan yuu key karyakal key dauran, unaki sarkaar ney berojgari parr ankush lagaaya, jeevan star koo badhaaya aur badey paimaane parr saarvajanik awas karyakram koo lagu kiya. desh kaa aarthik buniyaadi dhancha vikasit kiya gayaa, nasleeya tanaav samaapt kiya gayaa aur ack swatantra rashtriya raksha pranali sthaapit kii gaee. singapur 20veen shatabdi key anta mein teesari duniya key rashtra seey pratham vishva rashtra key roop mein vikasit huaa.
1990 mein, goo chok tong lii key pradhaanmantri key roop mein safal hue. unake karyakal key dauran, desh ney 1997 key asiai vittiya sankat aur 2003 key saars prakop key aarthik prabhaavon key saath-saath 9/11 key baad jema islamiya (jee) aur baali bumm visfoton seey utpann aatankvaadi khatron seey nipata. 2004 mein, lii kuan yuu key sabse badey bete lii sien loong teesare pradhaanmantri baney.
malaysia seey swatantrata.
singapur 16 sitambar 1963 koo malay, uttari bornio aur sarawak key saath vilay key baad malaysia kaa hissa bunn gayaa. iss vilay seey ack samanya, mukt bajar banaakar aur singapur kii aantarik suraksha mein sudhaar karke arthavyavastha koo laabh honey kii baat sochi gaee thee. haalaanki, yeh ack asahaj sangh thaa. singapur kii raajya sarkaar aur sanghiya sarkaar key beach vibhinn muddon parr vivaad hue, vishesh roop seey sakaratmak kaarravaai kii sanghiya neetiyon, joe malaysia key samvidhaan key anuchhed 153 key tahat guaranteekrit malayon koo vishesh visheshaadhikaar pradaan karati hain. singapur key pradhaan mantri lii kuan yuu aur anya raajneetik netaaon ney malaysia mein sabhi jaatiyon key saath samaan vyavhaar kii vakaalat karna shuru curr diyaa, jisamen "malayeshiyai malaysia!"
cheeni aur malayon key beach nasleeya tanaav naatakiya roop seey badh gayaa, jisake parinamswarup kaee nasleeya dange hue. sabse kukhyaat dange 1964 key nasl dange they joe pahali baar 21 julaai koo mavali parr hue they jisamen 23 loga maare gaye they aur saikadon ghayal hoe gaye they. ashanti key dauran parivahan pranali baadhit honey parr bhojan kii keemat mein bahut vriddhi hui, jisase logon koo aur adhik kathinaaee hui.
raajya aur sanghiya sarkaaron key beach aarthik morche parr bhee sangharsh they. umano netaaon koo darr thaa kii singapur kaa aarthik prabhutva anivarya roop seey raajneetik shakti koo kualalampur seey door curr dega. ack samanya bajar sthaapit karane key liye pahale key samjhaute key bavjood, singapur koo baaki malaysia key saath vyaapaar karate samay pratibandhon kaa saamana karna padaa. pratishodh mein, singapur ney donon purvi raajyon key aarthik vikas key liye pahale seey sahmat rinon kii poori seema sabah aur sarwak pradaan karane seey incar curr diyaa. sthiti itani teevra hoe gaee kii baatchit jald hii toot gaee aur donon pakshon mein apmaanjanak bhaashan aur lekhan vyaapt hoe gaye. umano charampanthiyon ney lii kuan yuu kii giraftari kaa ahwan kiya.
aage key raktapaat seey bachane kaa koee vikalp naheen dekhate hue, malaysia key pradhaan mantri tunku abdul rahman ney singapur koo sangh seey nishkaasit karane kaa faisala kiya. malaysia kii sansad ney 9 agast 1965 koo nishkasana key paksh mein sabhi singapur key sansadon key saath matdan kaa bahishkaar karate hue matdan kiya. usa dinn, ack television press sammelan mein ack aansuu bhar lii kuan yuu ney ghoshana kii kii singapur ack samprabhu, swatantra rashtra thaa. vyaapak roop seey yaad kiye jaane vaale ack uddharan mein, unhone kahaah "merey liye, yeh peedaa kaa kshan hoga. meraa matlab haye kii yeh merey liye peedaa kaa kshan haye kyonki meraa saaraa jeevan... aap merey poore vayask jeevan koo dekhate hain.. main inn donon kshetron key vilay aur ekataa mein vishvaas kartaa huun. aap jaanate hain kii yeh bhugol, arthshastra aur sambandh key sambandhon seey judey loga hain..."nayaa raajya singapur ganarajya bunn gayaa.
1965 seey 1970 key dashak key anta taka.
achaanak swatantrata praapt karane key baad, singapur ney apani samprabhuta kii tatkaal antarrashtriya maanyata kii aavashyakta koo mahsoos kiya. iss avadhi mein kshetriya sanghrshon key saath-saath antarrashtriya tanaav bhee they. conferentacy chala rhaa thaa aur kuchh aamano guton ney algaav kaa kadaa virodh kiya; singapur koo indoneshiyai senaa dwara hamla kiye jaane yaa nuksandeh sharton parr jabaran malaysia mein phir seey avashoshit kiye jaane key khatare kaa saamana karna padaa. malaysia, chean ganarajya aur bhaaratiya sarkaaron kii madad seey, singapur 21 sitambar 1965 koo sanyukt rashtra kaa sadasya banaa aur usa varsh octuber mein rashtramandal kaa sadasya banaa. 
ack nayaa videsh mantralaya sthaapit kiya gayaa aur iska netritva sinnathambi rajaratnam ney kiya, jinhone singapur kii swatantrata parr jore dene aur anya deshon key saath rajanyik sambandh sthaapit karane mein madad kii. antarrashtriya sangathanon mein bhagidari ney sahyog key madhyam seey vyaapaar koo badhaava dene mein bhee madad kii. singapur ney baad mein 8 agast 1967 koo asiai sangh kii saha-sthaapana kii, 1970 mein gutnirpeksh andolan mein shamil hoe gayaa, aur baad mein vishva vyaapaar sangathan mein shamil hoe gayaa.
1971 mein singapur, australia, malaysia, newzealand aur britten key beach paanch shakti raksha vyavastha (aff. pee. dee. aeye.) sthaapit kii gaee thee.
ack chhote seey dweep key roop mein, singapur koo ack gair-vyavharya rashtra raajya key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa; adhikansh antarrashtriya media singapur key astitva kii sambhaavanaon key baare mein sandeh curr rhaa thaa. samprabhuta key mudde key alawa, berojgari, awas, shiksha, praakritik sansadhanon kii kamee aur bhoomi kii kamee pramukh samasyaaen theen.
singapur koo bhee aatankvaad key khatare kaa saamana karna padaa. 1970 key dashak taka, malay communist party chhote samoohon mein vibhajit hoe gaee thee. jabaki abb ack durjeya, ekikrit bull naheen thaa, communists ney abhee bhee singapur kii aantarik suraksha key liye khatra paida curr diyaa thaa. inn samoohon key khilaf pulis key chhaapon mein badee matra mein pistaul aur grenade jaise hathiyar mille. iss dashak key dauran, communists ney hinsa key kritya kiye jinamen 1970 mein changi mein ack 7 varsheeya ladki kii hatyaa shamil thee. 1974 mein katong mein ack bumm visfot bhee huaa thaa, saath hii 1976 mein singapur key aayukt pulis kii hatyaa kaa prayaas bhee kiya gayaa thaa. 
swatantra singapur ney 31 janwari 1974 koo antarrashtriya aatankvaad key saath apani pahali muthbhed kaa anubhav kiya jaba videshi aatankvaadiyon ney nauka laju kaa apaharan curr liya aur chaalak dall key sadasyon koo bandhak banaa liya. aatankvaadiyon ney pahale singapur seey dakshin viyatnam taka tail kii aapoorti koo baadhit karane key prayaas mein pulau bukom parr tail refinery parr hamla kiya thaa. kaee dinon kii baatchit key baad, apaharankarta antatah singapur seey kuwait taka surakshit maarg key badale mein bandhakon koo riha karane key liye sahmat hoe gaye. singapur seey kuwait taka laju key haikekaron key surakshit maarg koo sunishchit karane key liye, singapur key sarkari adhikaariyon kaa ack samooh, aiss key netritva mein.aar. nathan, apaharankartaon key saath unaki udaan mein. nathan taba raksha mantralaya mein suraksha aur khufiya vibhaag key nideshak they, aur baad mein singapur key rashtrapati key roop mein seva karane key liye aage badhe. singapur kii team mein nathan, aathh sarkari adhikaari aur chaar singapur sashastr bull commando shamil they. 9 farwari 1974 koo singapur key 13 adhikaari kuwait seey singapur laut aae.
berojgari kii darr 10 seey 12 pratishat key beach thee aur isase nagrik ashanti paida honey kaa khatra thaa. malaysia key bheetari ilaakon key bajar taka pahunch key nuksan aur praakritik sansadhanon kii kamee kaa matlab thaa kii singapur mein aaya kaa koee thhos paaramparik srot naheen thaa. aabaadi key ack badey hisse mein aupchaarik shiksha kii kamee thee, yahaan taka kii cheeni schools koo bhee dhyaan mein rakhate hue, jinhen british naheen pahachaante they. singapur key bandargah kaa mukhya upayog aur 19veen shatabdi mein singapur kii safalata kaa mool kaaran, entrepot vyaapaar, abb badee aabaadi kaa samarthan karane key liye paryaapt naheen thaa.
aarthik dhyaan.
singapur ney aarthik vikas koo badhaava dene key liye bhaari nivesh kiya. aarthik vikas board kii sthaapana 1961 mein goo keng sway dwara kii gaee thee, aur dutch aarthik salaahkaar albert vinsemius kii sahaayata seey, singapur key vinirmaan kshetra koo badhaava dene key liye rashtriya aarthik ranneetiyaan taiyar kii gaeen. audyogik sampadaon kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, vishesh roop seey jurong key punah praapt daldal mein, aur sarkari mantriyon ney videshi nivesh koo aakarshit karane kii koshish mein duniya kaa daura kiya. sarkaar ney nae niveshakon koo 5-10 varshon kii curr chhuttiyon kii peshkash kii.
singapur key bandargah ney usey apane padosi deshon parr ack laabh diyaa, joe parishkrit vastuon key kushal niryaat aur kachche maal key ayaat key liye ack anukool sthaan thaa. iska matlab thaa kii singapur mein udyogon koo antarrashtriya bajar aasaani seey mill jaate they, aur kachche maal kii keematen sastee hoti theen. singapur key badhate audyogikaran kaa matlab thaa kii aayatit kachche maal key prasanskaran koo niryaat kiye gaye taiyar utpaadon mein vistaarit kiya gayaa thaa-jisase uchch moolya vardhit saamanon kii or agrasar huaa jisase dweep mein adhik aaya hui. yeh malaysia key bheetari ilaakon key liye ack samanya bajar key liye ack upayukt vikalp bunn gayaa, halanki baad mein iska ack roop asiai key nirmaan key saath banaa.
iss samay seva udyog mein bhee vriddhi hui, joe bandargah parr jahaajon dwara coll karane aur vanijya mein vriddhi seey sevaaon kii maang koo badhaava detaa haye. iss pragati ney berojgari kii samasya koo cumm karane mein madad kii. vinsemius kii madad seey, singapur ney shale aur esso jaisi badee tail companiyon koo singapur mein tail refineries kii sthaapana key liye aakarshit kiya joe 1970 key dashak key madhya taka duniya kaa teesara sabse badaa tail-shodhan kendra bunn gayaa.
singapur ney apane padosiyon key paaramparik praakritik sansaadhan nishkarshan udyogon key vipareet kachche maal koo parishkrit karane kii apani sanshodhit bhoomika mein sanlagn honey key liye ack kushal shram bull kii maang kii. isake netaaon ney jaldi hii nirnay liya kii aabaadi koo angreji bhasha mein dharapravah honey kii aavashyakta hogi, kyonki way videshon mein pravaasi niyoktaon yaa vyaavsaayik bhagidaron key saath samvaad aur sahyog karenge, aur angreji koo sabhi schools key liye shiksha key madhyam key roop mein apanaaya gayaa thaa.
shiksha pranali koo raajneetik charcha yaa darshan key vipareet takniki vigyaan jaise bauddhik anuprayogon key bajaay tatkaal vyaavhaarik anuprayogon parr jore dene key saath kathor aur gahan honey key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. singapur key bajat kaa lagbhag paanchvaan hissa, snaatak honey parr ack badey aur saksham karyabal kii suvidha key liye shiksha key liye samarpit thaa. singapur sarkaar vartamaan mein ise iss star parr banaae rakhti haye.
nayaa awas.
achche aavason kii kamee aur chautarafa bastiyon kaa prasaar thaa. uchch berojgari darr key saath, isase aparaadh, jeevan star kaa nimn star aur ashanti seey samajik samasyaaen paida huin. squatter bastiyon kaa anya hanikarak prabhaav yeh thaa kii inmein seey kaee atyadhik jwalansheel samagri seey baney they, kharaab tareeke seey nirmit they aur iss prakaar aag kaa uchch jokhim thaa. iss mamle mein ack pramukh udaaharan 1961 mein luggy bukit hoe sway squatter fayer haye. isake alawa, kharaab swachchata thee, jisase sankraamak rogon kaa prasaar huaa.
swatantrata seey pahale sthaapit awas vikas board lima kima saan key tahat kaafee hudd taka safal rhaa. bhaari imarat pariyojanaaen khadee huin taaki chaukoron koo phir seey basaane key liye saste, kifayati saarvajanik awas pradaan kiye jaa sakein, isaliye ack gambhir samajik samasya door hoe gaee. pahale dou varshon mein 25,000 apartment banaae gaye they. yeh ullekhaniya thaa kii ack dashak key bheetar, adhikansh aabaadi koo aich. dee. bee. apartment mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. anyatha asambhav prateet honey vaali safalata key liye sambhaavit spashteekaran sarkaar kaa dridh sankalp, badey bajat aavantan aur lalfitashahi aur bhrashtachar koo khatm karane key prayaas they. 1968 mein, kendriya bhavishya nidhi (see. pee. aff.) awas yojana kii shuruat nivaasiyon koo aich. dee. bee. flat khareedane key liye apani see. pee. aff. bachat kaa upayog karane kii anumati dene key liye kii gaee thee, jisase dheere-dheere singapur mein ghar kaa swaamitva badh gayaa.
singapur key saamane ack aur samasya adhikansh aabaadi key beach rashtriya pehchaan aur ekataa kii kamee thee. kaee loga videshon mein paida hue they aur abhee bhee singapur key honey key bajaay mool deshon key sandarbh mein khud koo pahachaante they. isase wafadari, vishvasaniyata aur aage nasleeya dangon kii sambhavana kii sambhaavit samasyaaen utpann huin. nasleeya tanaav koo door karane key liye, schools mein shiksha aur jhanda faharaane aur samarohon koo neecha dikhaane key madhyam seey rashtriya pehchaan banaane kii neeti lagu kii gaee thee. pathyakram aur "rashtriya shiksha" key bheetar iss parr lagaatar jore diyaa jaataa haye, ack anivarya karyakram jiska mukhya lakshya chhatron koo "rashtriya bhaichare" kii bhavna key saath vikasit karna haye. sinnathambi rajaratnam dwara likhit singapur rashtriya pratigya, 1966 mein logon key beach ekataa parr jore dete hue "jaati, bhasha yaa dharm kii parwah kiye binaa" pesh kii gaee thee."
singapur mein nyaay aur kaanoon kii pranali mein sudhaar kiya gayaa aur sarkaar ney shram ashanti aur vivaadon koo door karane key liye kaee upaayon koo lagu kiya. shramikon koo behtar suraksha pradaan karane key liye sakht shram kaanoon paarit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin phir bhee adhik samay taka kaam karane kii anumati dekar aur chhuttiyon koo cumm karke adhik utpaadaktaa kii anumati dee gaee thee. sarkaar dwara karibi nigrani key saath rashtriya trade union congress key tahat shram andolan koo aur samekit kiya gayaa. 1960 key dashak key anta taka, shram hadtaalon kii sankhya mein kaafee kamee aaee thee.
singapur ney una companiyon key rashtriyakaran kaa kadam uthaaya joe apane dumm parr jeevit naheen reh paayengi, yaa anyatha singapur key liye hanikarak hoe sakati hain yadi way sarkari neeti key anuroop naheen theen kyonki way ack saarvajanik seva theen. singapur bijli, saarvajanik upayogita board, singtel aur singapur airlines (siyaa) pramukh udaaharan hain. aisee companiyan jinka rashtriyakaran kiya gayaa thaa, way aksar buniyaadi dhancha yaa upayogita companiyan theen, joe anya companiyon key laabh key liye bijli yaa parivahan jaisi sevaaon koo taiyar karane key liye theen. udaaharan key liye, bijli key buniyaadi dhaanche key vistaar seey videshi niveshakon kaa aakarshan badhaa. haal hii mein, sarkaar ney inn pichhale ekadhikaron key nijikaran key liye kadam uthaaye hain-singtel aur singapur airlines abb saarvajanik roop seey soochibaddh hain, seemit deyata companiyaan, bhale hii sarkaar abhee bhee unamen badey share rakhti haye.
swatantra raksha bull.
iss samay key aspas uthaaya gayaa ack aur pramukh mudda rashtriya raksha thaa. swatantrata key baad, british abhee bhee singapur kaa bachaav curr rahey they, lekin ghoshana kii thee kii way 1971 taka vaapas leey lenge, ghar parr dabaav aur duniya mein kaheen aur sainya pratibaddhataon key kaaran. yeh sthaaniya roop seey kaafee khatare kaa kaaran banaa, vishesh roop seey una logon key beach jinhone dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran japani kabje koo yaad kiya. isaliye, singapur ney 1967 mein rashtriya seva kii shuruat kii, jisane teji seey raksha bull kaa vistaar kiya, jise singapur sashastr bull (suff) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. hajaaron purushon koo cumm seey cumm dou saal kii poorna rashtriya seva key liye anivarya roop seey niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. rashtriya seva poori karane parr, way aarakshit kartavyon key liye uttardaayi honge, jiska arth thaa kii way kabhi-kabhaar sainya prashikshan praapt karna jaari rakhenge aur apatkal key samay hathiyar uthaate rahenge.
1965 mein, goo keng sway aantarik aur raksha mantri baney, aur ack rashtriya raksha bull key gathan kii shuruat kii, jise singapur sashastr bull kahaa jaataa haye, jise british vaapsee key samay taka sthaapit kiya jaanaa thaa. british aadhe saal key liye nikasi koo sthagit karane key liye sahmat hue, lekin abb naheen. "unhone kahaa, "hamari senaa koo desh kii raksha mein aur hamaare logon koo baahari aakraamakta key khilaf kaam karna haye. yeh kaary aaj humm apane dumm parr naheen curr paa rahey hain. yeh dikhaava karane kaa koee fayda naheen haye kii aaj singapur mein british sainya upasthiti key binaa, dweep koo 1000 meal key dayare mein kissy bhee padosi desh dwara aasaani seey naheen chalaaya jaa sakata haye, aggar unamen seey kissy ney aisaa karane kii parwah kii hoe..."dow. goo keng sway ney 23 disambar, 1965 koo sansad mein bhaashan diyaa. 
singapur ney apane sashastr balon koo prashikshit karane aur unhein lais karane key liye paschim germany aur israel key antarrashtriya visheshagyon seey paramarsh kiya. badey padosiyon seey ghire ack chhote seey desh key roop mein, singapur ney apane bajat kaa ack badaa hissa, lagbhag 19 pratishat, raksha key liye aavantit kiya aur yeh aaj bhee jaari haye, jisamen israel, sanyukt raajya america aur kuwait key baad duniya mein chautha sabse badaa prati vyakti sainya kharch haye.
singapur vishesh roop seey israel key rashtriya seva key model mein ruchi rakhta thaa, joe 1967 mein apane arab padosiyon parr chhah divasiya yuddh mein isaki nirnaayak jeet kaa ack kaarak thaa. isake kaaran 1967 mein shuru hue singapur key apane rashtriya seva karyakram key karyanvayan kii shuruat hui. sabhi athaarah varsheeya purushon koo rashtriya seva mein bhaag lene aur dhaaee saal key liye purnakaalik prashikshan dene kii aavashyakta hogi, aur phir kissy bhee samay prabhaavi gatishilata banaae rakhane key liye apane kaushal koo banaae rakhane key liye pratyek varsh baar-baar vaapas aaney kii aavashyakta hogi.
iss neeti kaa matlab thaa kii singapur kissy bhee aakraman koo rokane key liye paryaapt raksha balon koo jaldi seey jutaa sakata thaa, vishesh roop seey takraav key dauran indoneshiya key khilaf, jaba sitambar 1971 mein british vaapas leey liye gaye they. mahilaaon koo rashtriya seva seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa thaa-spashteekaran yeh thaa kii yuddh key samay, unhein arthavyavastha kaa samarthan karane kii aavashyakta hogi, jabaki purush lada rahey they. iss neeti parr kabhi-kabhi yaunavaadi honey key roop mein sawal uthaaya jaataa haye aur isamen shamil prashikshan kii avadhi key saath kaee baar zana-media mein charcha kii gaee haye. rashtriya seva neeti key nirmaan seey rashtriya aur nasleeya sambandhon koo majboot karane mein sahaayata milati haye kyonki anya naslon key sathiyon key saath yuvaaon key roop mein prashikshan lene parr ekataa kii bhavna hoti haye.
1980 seey 1990 key dashak taka.
1980 key dashak key baad seey aarthik safalata jaari rahee, berojgari darr ghatkar 3 pratishat hoe gaee aur 1999 taka iss dauran vaastavik jee. dee. pee. vriddhi ausatan lagbhag 8 pratishat thee. 1980 key dashak mein, singapur koo apane udyogon koo uchch-praudyogiki udyogon mein unnat karane kii aavashyakta kii chunauti kaa saamana karna padaa, taaki apane padosiyon key saath pratispardha kii jaa sakey joe cumm keemat parr samaan cheejon kaa niryaat curr rahey they. mool roop seey, singapur ney vastra jaise saamanon kaa nirmaan kiya. seekhane kii yogyata key saath ack kushal karyabal ney sankraman koo aasaan banaane mein madad kii, udaaharan key liye, wafer nirmaan udyog mein naee naukariyon key liye, joe singapur mein jaldi seey sthaapit hoe rhaa thaa.
singapur changi havaai adda 1981 mein khola gayaa thaa. havaai parivahan key vikas kaa arth thaa udyam vyaapaar kaa aur vistaar karna aur saath hii desh mein pravesh karane aur chhodane key liye ack suvidhajanak tareeke seey niveshakon koo aakarshit karna. udaaharan key liye, singapur airlines key saath milkar, aatithya udyog mein atyadhik vriddhi hui, jisase paryatan udyog mein vriddhi hui.
awas vikas board ney saarvajanik awas koo badhaava denaa jaari rakhaa. nae shaharon, jaise kii eng moe kiyo, koo design aur banaaya gayaa thaa. unake paas badey aur uchch maanak vaale apartment hain aur behtar suvidhaon key saath seva pradaan kii jaati haye. aaj, 80-90% aabaadi aich. dee. bee. apartment mein rahati haye. rashtriya ekataa, "nasleeya sadbhaav" aur wafadari koo badhaava dene key auchitya key saath, sarkaar ney spasht roop seey ack hii sampatti key bheetar vibhinn naslon koo ack saath samoohit karane kii yojana banaai, taaki naslon koo ekikrit kiya jaa sakey. yeh aich. dee. bee. neeti singapur kii sanskriti mein ack pramukh yogdan bunn gaee.
singapur koo bhee apani senaa kaa unnayan karna padaa, udaaharan key liye apani senaa key maanak paidal senaa hathiyar kaa unnayan karna. pahale yeh ell1aeye1 self-loading rifle thee, ise halke, sanyukt raajya nirmit aim16 mein unnat kiya gayaa thaa. 1984 mein aabaadi key iraade seey paanch roopak morchon parr singapur kii raksha key liye taiyar kii jaa rahee ack "kull raksha" neeti banaai gaee theeh aarthik roop seey, ack nagrik star (aspatalon sahit), ack samajik star, ack manovaigyaanik star key saath-saath ack sainya star parr.
nirantar majboot aarthik vikas key saath, singapur majboot antarrashtriya vyaparik sambandhon key saath duniya key sabse samriddh deshon mein seey ack bunn gayaa. iska bandargah duniya key sabse vyast bandargaahon mein seey ack haye aur paschimi europe key pramukh deshon seey adhik prati vyakti gdp key saath haye. shiksha bajat ack paanchvaan yaa usase adhik haye, aur isaki kaee prathaaen, jaise kii nasleeya sadbhaav, aaj bhee jaari haye.
iska ack dushprabhaav yeh haye kii yatayat kii bheed teji seey adhik aam hoe gaee, aur 1987 mein, pahali saamoohik twarit pargaman (aim. aar. tii.) line sthaapit kii gaee aur baad mein yeh ack prasiddh prateek bunn gayaa jise aksar ack achchi tarah seey ekikrit saarvajanik parivahan pranali key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. iss network ney dweep key ack taraf seey doosari taraf yatra karane kii suvidha mein bhee sudhaar kiya-ack laabh joe 1960 key dashak mein maujood naheen thaa.
raajneetik vyavastha.
singapur mein raajneetik sthiti behad sthir haye. 1966 seey 1981 key dauran sansad mein pope kaa 15 saal kaa ekadhikar thaa, joe jey seey pahale chunaavon mein sabhi seeten jeetata thaa. bee. singapur kii shramik party key jayaratnam ney 1981 key upchunaav mein enson nirvaachan kshetra jeetaa. pope shasson koo una kaaryakartaon dwara adhinaayakvaadi kahaa jaataa haye joe raajneetik aur media gatividhiyon key kuchh niyamon koo raajneetik adhikaaron key ullanghan key roop mein dekhate hain, unhein adhinaayakvaadi key roop mein dekhate hain. yeh vipakshi dalon dwara abb taka kii sabse badee shikayat rahee haye, singapur kii shramik party aur singapur loktaantrik party dou pramukh vipakshi dall hain joe pope parr adhinayakvad kaa aarop lagaate hain.
singapur kii sarkaar mein kaee mahatvapurna badalaav hue. gair-samvidhaan sadasya sansad koo 1984 mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa taaki teen haarne vaale vipakshi dalon key ummidvaaron koo mps key roop mein niyukt kiya jaa sakey. sansad mein alpasankhyak pratinidhitva sunishchit karane key uddeshya seey bahu-seat chunavi prabhaag banaane key liye sansadiya chunaav adhiniyam mein 1988 key sanshodhan mein samooh pratinidhitva nirvaachan kshetron (jee. aar. see.) koo pesh kiya gayaa thaa. gair-nirvaachit gair-pakshapaatpurna aim. pee. aiss. koo anumati dene key liye 1990 mein sansad key naamit sadasya koo pesh kiya gayaa thaa.
samvidhaan mein 1991 mein ack nirvaachit rashtrapati key liye sanshodhan kiya gayaa thaa jisake paas rashtriya bhandar aur saarvajanik karyalaya mein niyuktiyon key upayog mein veeto shakti haye. vipakshi dalon ney shikayat kii haye kii jee. aar. see. pranali ney unake liye singapur mein sansadiya chunaavon mein pair jamaane mein mushkil paida curr dee haye, aur singapur key nirvaachan kshetron mein, vishesh roop seey badey samooh pratinidhitva nirvaachan kshetron mein, bahulata matdan pranali alpasankhyak dalon koo baahar karati haye. iss pranali kaa bachaav pope dwara kiya gayaa haye kyonki yeh pranali samooh pratinidhitva nirvaachan kshetron mein alpasankhyak ummidwar kii aavashyakta key dwara alpasankhyak "naslon" key pratinidhitva koo protsaahit karati haye.
haalaanki, isase vipakshi dalon key liye ack seat hassil karane mein kathinaaee badh jaati haye. 2006 mein aam chunaav taka, sansadiya chunaav adhiniyam mein sanshodhan key baad seey chunaav shuru honey seey pahale bhee, pope hamesha namankan key dinn satta mein lautane mein kamyab rahey they. vipaksh kaa aarop haye kii samooh pratinidhitva nirvaachan kshetra ack jaanboojhkar baadha haye, kyonki 1991 aur 2001 key beach pope key janadesh koo ladane key liye paryaapt yogya ummidvaaron koo aage rakhane mein kamyab naheen huaa.
jald hii chee juan kii giraftari, aur jey key khilaf apaprachaar key mukadame. bee. jairetnam, donon vipakshi aim. pee., koo vipakshi dalon dwara iss tarah key adhinayakvad key udaaharan key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye. una parr raajneetik aalochana key liye apshabd kahane key aadhar parr bhee aarop lagaaya gayaa haye. adalat pranali aur sarkaar key beach shaktiyon key vibhajan kii kamee key kaaran vipakshi dalon dwara nyaay key durupyog key aur aarop lagaae gaye. paip key khilaf raajneetik roop seey sakriya logon kii aage kii giraftari, jaise kii francis sio, aur yahaan taka kii joe chhaatr haal hii mein tritiyak shiksha mein pravesh curr chuke hain, way bhee adhinayakvad key inn aaropon kaa hissa hain.
1990 mein, lii kuan yuu ney uttaradhikari goo chok tong koo bagdor saunpi, jinhone netritva kii ack adhik khuli aur paramarsh shally prastut kii kyonki desh kaa aadhunikikaran jaari rhaa. 1997 mein, singapur ney asiai vittiya sankat key prabhaav kaa anubhav kiya aur see. pee. aff. yogdan mein katauti jaise kathin upaayon koo lagu kiya gayaa.
2000 seey prastut karein.
21veen sadee key pahale kuchh varshon mein, singapur yuddh key baad key apane kuchh sabse gambhir sankaton seey gujra, jisamen 2003 mein saars kaa prakop aur aatankvaad kaa khatra shamil thaa. disambar 2001 mein, singapur mein dutaavaason aur anya buniyaadi dhaanche parr bambari karane kii sajish kaa khulasa kiya gayaa aur aantarik suraksha adhiniyam key tahat jaama islamiya key 15 sadasyon koo giraftar kiya gayaa. sambhaavit aatankvaad krityon kaa pataa lagaane aur unhein rokane key liye aur nuksan koo cumm karane key liye pramukh aatankvaad-rodhi upaay kiye gaye they. iss beach, sankat key dauran arthavyavastha mamuli roop seey prabhaavit hui thee, aur 2003 mein, ausat masik gharelu aaya $4,870 thee.
2004 mein, lii kuan yuu key sabse badey bete lii sien loong singapur key teesare pradhaanmantri baney. taba seey kaee rashtriya neeti parivartan prastaavit kiye gaye hain aur kiye gaye hain. inmein seey ack parivartan 2005 key dauran rashtriya seva prashikshan aavashyaktaon koo dhaaee saal seey ghataakar dou varsh karna thaa. sarkaar ney ack "cutting redd tape" karyakram bhee shuru kiya, joe nagrikon koo kaanoon, sajaa, samajik aur vishva key muddon parr apane vichaar saajha karane kii anumati detaa haye.
2006 key aam chunaav koo vishleshakon dwara singapur key itihas mein ack aitihaasik chunaav maanaa gayaa haye, kyonki internet aur blogging kaa bhaari upayog chunaav koo cover kartaa haye, joe sarkari viniyaman seey butch gayaa thaa. chunaav seey thheek pahale, 1 maee 2006 koo, sarkaar ney ack nakad bonus jaari kiya, jise sabhi vayask nagrikon key liye "pragati package" kahaa jaataa haye, jisaki keemat 2.6 arab dollar haye. chunaav mein 84 mein seey 82 seeten jeetkar aur 66 pratishat vote jeetkar pope satta mein laute. chunaav abhiyaan kii avadhi key dauran, kaee vipakshi railiyon mein badee sankhya mein loga aae, jisamen malay samachar patra "dha starr" kaa anuman thaa kii 30 aprail 2006 koo aayojit ack raili mein duss hazaar seey adhik logon ney bhaag liya thaa.
malaysia key saath singapur kaa swatantrata key baad kaa dwipakshiya sambandh kabhi-kabhi jatil aur kathin hotaa haye. apane matbhedon key bavjood, malaysia ack mahatvapurna, halanki aanshik, aarthik bheetari kshetra aur ack kshetriya sahayogi banaa huaa haye, vishesh roop seey asiai mein unaki donon sadasyataon key kaaran. yeh mahatva vishesh roop seey taba spasht hoe jaataa haye jaba yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii singapur kii adhikansh jall aapoorti malaysia seey aatee haye. donon desh swatantrata key baad liye gaye maargon mein matbhedon key kaaran dusare koo dhamkaane yaa dhamki dene key liye jaane jaate hain, lekin saubhagya seey yeh kabhi bhee pratibandh yaa shatruta mein vikasit honey key liye paryaapt gambhir naheen huaa haye.
shiksha pranali mein sudhaar badh rahey hain. 2003 mein praathamik shiksha koo anivarya banaa diyaa gayaa thaa. shiksha neeti kii yeh shally abhee bhee behad pratispardhi thee, aur una logon key paksh mein thee jinhone shuru mein achchha pradarshan kiya, aur peedit chhatron koo nazarandaj karane kii pravritti dikhaai. yeh aaj bhee ack vivadaspad mudda banaa huaa haye. yeh safal sthaaniya film "aaee nott stupid" kaa vishay thaa joe swatantrata key baad kii shiksha neeti dwara prerit pratispardha kii sanskriti koo bhee sambodhit karati haye. haalaanki iss tarah kii chintaon koo door karane key liye shiksha neeti varshon seey vikasit hui haye, lekin streaming mudda abhee bhee pramukh haye.
varsh 2013 kii jansankhya shwet patra koo sarkaar dwara aadhikarik taur parr jaari kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen varsh 2030 mein badhati jeevan pratyasha, ghatati janm darr aur badhati umr kii aabaadi kii badhati chintaon key kaaran 69 laakh kii bhavishya kii rashtriya aabaadi kaa prastaav kiya gayaa thaa. yeh dou ekikrit resorts key aupchaarik shubharambh key baad aaya, joe usee varsh duniya mein sabse adhik laabhdaayak bhee bunn gayaa.

