
papen

papine, jise papaaya protein aaee key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack cysteine protease () enzyme haye joe papaaya ("carica papaaya") aur pahaadi papaaya ("vasconcelia kundinmarsensis") mein maujood hotaa haye. yeh papen jaise protease parivaar kaa namdhari sadasya haye.
isake chamade, saundarya prasaadhan, vastra, detergent, khaadya aur dawa udyogon mein vyaapak vaanijyik anuprayog hain. khaadya udyog mein, papen kaa upayog kaee vaanijyik maans tenderizer mein ack sakriya ghatak key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.
papen parivaar.
papen sambandhit protein key ack parivaar seey sambandhit haye, jise papen jaise protease parivaar key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jisamen endopeptidase, aminopeptidase, dipeptidile peptidase aur exo-aur endopeptidase donon gatividhi vaale enzyme sahit vibhinn prakaar kii gatividhiyaan shamil hain. papen parivaar key sadasya vyaapak roop seey baculovirus, ubacteria, khameer aur vyaavhaarik roop seey sabhi protozoa, paudhon aur standhaariyon mein paae jaate hain. protein aamtaur parr lysosomal yaa sraavit hotey hain, aur propeptide key proteolytic cleavage kii aavashyakta enzyme sakriyan key liye hoti haye, halanki bliomycin hydrolege kavak aur standhaariyon mein cytosolic hotaa haye. papen jaise cysteine protein koo anivarya roop seey "aine"-terminal propeptide kshetron key saath nishkriya proenzyme (zymogen) key roop mein sanshleshit kiya jaataa haye. inn enzymon kii sakriyan prakriya mein propeptide kshetron koo hataana shamil haye, joe "inn vivo" aur "inn vitro" mein vibhinn prakaar key karyon koo puuraa karate hain. pro-reejan kii aavashyakta nae sanshleshit enzyme key uchit folding, peptidase domen key nishkriya honey aur tatasth seey kshaariya sthitiyon mein vikriti key khilaf enzyme key sthirikaran key liye hoti haye. pro-reejan key bheetar amino acid avashesh apane jhilli sangh mein madhyasthata karate hain, aur lysosome mein proenzyme key parivahan mein bhoomika nibhaate hain. propeptides kii sabse ullekhaniya visheshtaon mein seey ack unake sangyanatmak enzymon kii gatividhi koo rokane kii unaki kshamata haye aur kuchh propeptides peptidase key nishedh key liye uchch chayanaatmaktaa pradarshit karate hain jisase way utpann hotey hain.
sanrachana.
papen agradoot protein mein 345 amino acid avashesh hotey hain, aur isamen ack sanket anukram (1-18), ack propeptide (19-133) aur paripakva peptide (134-345) hotaa haye. amino acid sankhyaaen paripakva peptide parr adharit hoti hain. protein teen diasulphide pulon dwara sthir hotaa haye. isaki tri-ayami sanrachana mein dou alag-alag sanrachanaatmak kshetra hotey hain jinake beach ack daraar hoti haye. iss daraar mein sakriya sthaan hotaa haye, jisamen ack utprerak died hotaa haye jise chimotrypsin key utprerak tride seey tulanaa kii gaee haye. utprerak died amino acid cysteine-25 (jisase yeh apana vargeekaran praapt kartaa haye) aur hystidine-159 seey banaa hotaa haye. aspartate-158 koo serin protease utprerak triade mein aspartate kii bhoomika key anuroop bhoomika nibhaane key liye socha gayaa thaa, lekin taba seey ise galat maanaa gayaa haye.
kaary.
jiss tantra dwara papen peptide bandhanon koo todata haye, usamen ack deprotonated cysteine key saath ack utprerak died kaa upayog shamil hotaa haye. paas kaa aeye. aiss. aine.-175 usake-159 key imidazole ring koo utprerak see. aaee. aiss.-25 koo deprotonate karane kii anumati dene mein madad kartaa haye. yeh cysteine phir ack peptide reedh key carbonyl carbon parr ack nucleophilic hamla kartaa haye. yeh ack sahsanyojak asyl-enzyme madhyavarti banaata haye aur peptide key amino terminus koo mukt kartaa haye. enzyme koo paani key anu dwara vighatit kiya jaataa haye aur peptide key carboxy terminal hisse koo chhodata haye. pratirakshavigyan mein, papen koo fab (antigen-binding) bhaag seey immunoglobulin (antibody) key aff. see. (kristaliya) bhaag koo alag karane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye.
papen ack apekshaakrit garmi pratirodhi enzyme haye, jiska ishtatam tapman 60 seey 70 degree celsius haye.
papen ack arginine yaa lycine key baad ack hydrophobic ikai (alaa, vail, lyu, aaile, phey, trp, tyre) seey pahale alag karna pasand kartaa haye aur usake baad ack valine naheen.
upayog karein.
papen maans key sakht tantuon koo todata haye, aur europeeya sampark seey pahale seey apane mool dakshin america mein khaae gaye maans koo naram karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa rhaa haye. ack sakriya ghatak key roop mein papen key saath pouder key roop mein maans key komal padaarth vyaapak roop seey beche jaate hain aur papaya key chhilke kaa paak upayog shodh patron mein dikhaaya gayaa haye.
koshika samvardhan taiyari key pahale charan mein koshikaon koo alag karane key liye papen kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. chhote ootak tukadon (1 mimi3 seey cumm) kaa duss minut kaa upchaar papen koo koshikaon koo ack saath rakhane vaale baahya koshikiya matricks anuon koo alag karna shuru karane kii anumati dega. duss minut key baad, protease kriya koo rokane key liye ootak koo protease avarodhak samadhan key saath upchaarit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. anupachaarit chhod diyaa, papen gatividhi koshikaon key poorna lysis kaa kaaran banegi. ootak key tukadon koo ack ekal koshika nilamban mein todane key liye ootak koo phir triturated (ack pasteur pipet key madhyam seey jaldi seey oopar aur neeche paarit kiya jaanaa chaahiye) honah chaahiye.
iska upayog vibhinn enzymatic debriding taiyari mein ack ghatak key roop mein bhee kiya jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey acusime. inca upayog mrit ootak koo saaf karane key liye kuchh puraane ghaavon kii dekhbhal mein kiya jaataa haye.
kuchh toothpaste aur pudine kii mithaaiyon mein papain koo tooth whitener key roop mein milaaya jaataa haye. iska safed honey kaa prabhaav nyuntam haye, kyonki papen cumm sandrata mein maujood hotaa haye aur laar dwara jaldi seey patala hoe jaataa haye. iska dhyaan dene yogya prabhaav padane mein kaee maheene lagenge.
papen papakeri kaa mukhya ghatak haye, joe kii chemomechanical dunt kshay koo hataane key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack jail haye. ise drilling kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye aur yeh dentin key liye punarsthapana samagri key bandhan kii taakat mein hastakshep naheen kartaa haye.
papen koo canabinoids key liye mootra dawa parikshanon mein hastakshep karane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh kuchh dawa detox utpaadon mein paaya jaataa haye.
haal hii mein, yeh pradarshit kiya gayaa haye kii photovoltic koshikaon mein upayog kii jaane vaali titania kii patali filmon koo ikattha karane key liye papen kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye.<riff naam = "doeeh 10.1039/c8tb00381e"> </riff>
vibhinn prakaar key injection yogya upchaaron kaa aaklan karane key liye ack apakshayi disk roga model banaane key liye bhee papen kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye.
immunoglobulin.
papen dwara pachaai gaee ack antibody seey teen tukade milate hainh dou 50 kda fab tukade aur ack 50 kda fc tukada. papen-pachaaya huaa antibody ektrikaran, varsha, opsonization aur lysis koo badhaava dene mein asamarth haye, halanki, fab tukada abhee bhee upayukt antigen koo baandhane aur beasar karane mein saksham haye, joe aamtaur parr bhed anty-crotalid toxin antibody kii taiyari mein dekhaa jaataa haye, jise crofab key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur diasibined mein, ack samaan bhed anticyrum tukada, jiska upayog teevra adhik matra mein hriday dawa diagoxin koo beasar karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
utpaadan.
papine aamtaur parr papaiy key pedh key phal seey latex ekatra karke kachche, sookhe padaarth key roop mein utpaadit kiya jaataa haye. phal kii gardan koo ank dene key baad latex ekatra kiya jaataa haye, jahaan yeh yaa tou phal parr sookh sakata haye yaa ack paatr mein tapak sakata haye. iss latex koo phir sukhaaya jaataa haye. abb ise sookhe, kachche maal key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. dooshit padarthon koo hataane key liye ack shuddhikaran charan aavashyak haye. iss shuddhikaran mein sarkaar dwara panjikrit prakriya key madhyam seey sakriya papen enzyme pranali kaa ghulan aur nishkarshan shamil haye. iss shuddh papen koo pouder yaa taral key roop mein aapoorti kii jaa sakati haye.
humm vipanan parr pratibandh lagaate hain.
23 sitambar, 2008 koo, americi khaadya aur aushadhi prashaasan (aff. dee. aeye.) ney companiyon koo 4 navambar, 2008 taka netra santulit namak samadhan aur papain yukt saamyik dawa utpaadon kaa vipanan bund karane kii chetavani dee. aff. dee. aeye. ney kahaa, "papain yukt dawa utpaadon koo aitihaasik roop seey binaa anumodan key vipanan kiya gayaa haye...". dawa mulyankan aur anusandhaan kendra key nideshak genet woodcock ney kahaa, "inn asweekrit utpaadon ney upbhoktaon key swaasthya koo khatare mein daal diyaa haye, asweekrit santulit namak samadhan key saath sthaayi drishti haani kii report seey laker raktchaap mein gambhir girawat aur saamyik papen utpaadon seey hriday gati mein vriddhi taka", dawa mulyankan aur anusandhaan kendra key nideshak genet woodcock ney kahaa.
apramaanit saamyik papen utpaad.
papain yukt saamyik dawa malham kaa upayog teevra aur puraane ghaavon mein mrit yaa dooshit ootak koo hataane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii madhumeh key alsar, dabaav key alsar, varicas alsar aur dardanaak sankramit ghaav. inn utpaadon key vyaapaar naamon mein acusime, alanfil, allenzyme, ethasime, glades, kovia, panafil, paip euria aur zyox shamil hain. anya utpaadon koo sakriya avayavon key naam seey vipanan kiya jaataa haye, udaaharan key liye, papen-yura malam.
2008 mein aff. dee. aeye. ney inn utpaadon key khilaf kaarravaai karane key apane iraade kii ghoshana kii kyonki usey papen yukt utpaadon kaa upayog karane vaale rogiyon mein gambhir pratikool ghatnaaon kii report millie thee. reports mein atisamvedansheelta (allergy) pratikriyaen shamil theen joe hypotension (nimn raktchaap) aur tachycardia (tej hriday gati) kaa kaaran banati hain. isake alawa, latex seey allergy vaale logon koo papaiy key liye allergy bhee hoe sakati haye, joe papen kaa srot haye, jiska arth haye kii latex samvedansheelta vaale logon koo saamyik papen dawa utpaad key liye pratikool pratikriya seey peedit honey kaa khatra badh sakata haye.
aff. dee. aeye. ney anushansa kii kii saamyik papen kii taiyari kaa upayog karane key baare mein chinta vaale loga upayog bund karane key baare mein apane swaasthya dekhbhal pradaata seey sampark karein.

