
lohana

lohana, jise loharana, thakkar aur loharana key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack bhaaratiya vyaapaar yaa vyaparik "jaati" haye. lohana raam key putra laava key vanshaj honey aur raghuvanshi rajvansh key vanshaj honey kaa daavaa karate hain. vibhinn kshetron mein sadiyon key antaral key parinamswarup lohanon koo kaee alag-alag saanskritik samoohon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. iss prakaar gujaraati lohaanaon, sindhi lohaanaon aur kachchi lohaanaon kii sanskriti, bhasha, vyavsaayon aur samajon key beach mahatvapurna antar hain.
mool.
maithyu aeye. cook ney kahaa kii berton key anusaar, lohana key badey paimaane parr panjabi mool koo "visheshtaon aur shishtachar, samarohon aur dhaarmik vichaaron key saath-saath unake upnaamon key aadhar parr maanaa jaa sakata haye."andre wink kaa kahana haye kii lohana mool roop seey jaaton kaa ack upa-prabhaag thaa.
jurgen shaflechnar key anusaar, panjabi kshatriyon aur lohaanaon key beach kaee samaantaaen hain, donon ney saraswati brahmanon koo pujari key roop mein bharti kiya, unake samaan dhaarmik anushthaan, pauranik kathaaen hain aur yahaan taka kii aapas mein shaadi bhee kii haye. kaee panjabi khatri aur bhatia bhee lohana mein samaahit hoe gaye they. sheflechnar ney itihaaskaar row kaa hawala diyaa haye joe kahate hain kii balochistan mein utpann "nimn shreni" key saraswati brahmanon ney khatri, lohan aadi jaatiyon key saath ack sahajeevi sambandh banaaya. joe apana varna darja badhaane kii koshish curr rahey they-jisase saraswati brahmanon koo bhee laabh hoga. iss uddeshya key liye, british raaj yug key dauran kuchh dhaarmik granth likhe gaye they.
sindhi lohna koo vaishya jaatiyon kaa sangrah maanaa jaataa haye. brahmanon aur bhatiyon key alawa, sabhi sindhiyon koo lohana jaati key tahat vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. yadyapi anushthaan padanukram mein vaishya key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye aur paaramparik roop seey vyaapaari honey key kaaran, way apane vishvaas key aadhar parr kshatriya mool kaa daavaa karate hain kii way raam key vansh seey hain. way daavaa karate hain kii way ramayan key laava key vanshaj hain. yeh daavaa shaffletcher key anusaar sindh key lohaanaon mein adhik aam thaa. samudaay mein prachalit ack "pauranik-aitihaasik" kinvadanti yeh haye kii hindu devta varun ney kuchh rathaur rajputon kii raksha key liye ack lohe kaa kilaa banaaya thaa. lohanon kaa daavaa haye kii 21 dinon key baad kilaa "gayab" hoe gayaa aur rathoron koo taba "lohana" kahaa jaataa thaa, ack shabd jise samudaay "lohe key" key roop mein vyakhya kartaa haye. 
haalaanki, piyare lachaiyar key anusaar unakaa naam panjab key lahaur jile (abb pakistan mein) key lohargarh shahar seey liya gayaa haye. vyapariyon key paaramparik vyavasaay seey pahale, lohana aur bhatia donon krishi key peshe seey judey hue they. goswami kaa kahana haye kii unaki anushthaan sthiti "aspasht" thee, aur "unhein naa tou uchch aur naa hii nimn jaati maanaa jaataa thaa. iss samudaay kaa pataa 300 eesaa poorv taka lagaaya jaa sakata haye.
upa-prabhaag.
sindhi hinduon kaa adhikansh hissa lohana hain. sindhi lohana koo taba seey kaee samoohon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, jinamen seey ack paaramparik roop seey adhik shikshit "uchch varg" haye jise "amil" kahaa jaataa haye, joe muslim shasakon key liye lekhakon key roop mein kaam karate they aur ack cumm shikshit "nimn varg" jise "bhaiband" kahaa jaataa thaa, joe vyaapaari theh 
saikadon varshon taka, sindhi lohaanaon ney paschimi bhaaratiya upmahadweep key anya samudaayon koo avashoshit curr liya.
itihas.
alaa all-deen khiljal (1296-1316) ney sumra rajkumaron seey ladate hue iss kshetra mein kaee abhiyaan chalaae, jinake aatmasamarpan/vidroh key chakr koo metropole parr kathit sainya dabaav key anusaar banaaya jaa sakata thaa. phir bhee, dilli key sultaanon aur unake rajyapal ney shayed hii kabhi sumra key kabje vaale kshetron parr aakraman kiya-isake bajaay, adiwasi abhijaat varg aur sthaaniya shakti sanghrshon key saath gathbandhan parr bharosa kiya. sumaron key khilaf, khiljal ney samma kii lohana janjaati key kaaran koo aage badhaaya. sangharsh ney kendra key saath gathbandhan karane key ichchuk rajkumaron aur adiwasi pramukhon kii aapoorti kii guaranti dee. sumra aur samma key beach prabhutva key liye sangharsh firuz shaah tuglak (1351-1388) key shasankal taka chalaa, jaba samma key jaam ameer antatah sumra prabhutva koo samaapt karane mein saksham hue, nichale sindh parr kabja curr liya.
khoja aur memon islami samudaayon kaa gathan.
samudaay kaa maukhik itihas kahata haye kii unake raajya kaa patan veer daadaa jasraj kii mrityu key baad shuru huaa. isamen yeh bhee kahaa gayaa haye kii unakaa naam lahaur key lohargarh (/lohanpur/lohkot) shahar seey liya gayaa haye, jahan seey way 13veen shatabdi mein musalman shasson kii sthaapana key baad chaley gaye they.
peer sadardin ney 15veen shatabdi mein kuchh lohanon koo islam key shiya ismaili nizaari sampradaay mein parivartit curr diyaa. choonki lohan shakti key upaasak they, isaliye ack bhakti ismaili maukhik parampara kaa uday huaa jisamen dharm kii swadeshi avadhaaranaon koo shamil kiya gayaa, jinhen ginan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ney ack nae jaatiya jaati jaise samooh key gathan mein bhoomika nibhai. iss samooh koo khoj (khwaja seey) key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, joe sadardin dwara dee gaee ack upaadhi thee, joe mukhya roop seey shiya islam kii nizari ismaili shakha mein vilay hoe jaayegi.
1422 mein, jaam raay daan samma rajvansh key dauran sindh mein adiwasi netaa they; unhein sayed yousaf-uda-deen dwara islam mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur unhone ack nayaa naam makrab khaan apanaaya thaa. usa samay mankeji naam kaa ack vyakti lohanon key 84 mukhon kaa pramukh thaa, joe usa samma raajaa key darbar mein paksh mein they. unhein shaasak aur kaadari ney islam mein parivartit honey key liye raaji kiya. haalaanki, sabhi lohana hindu dharm seey dharm parivartan karane key liye taiyar naheen they. lekin lagbhag 6,178 vyaktiyon vaale 700 lohana parivaaron ney thaata, sindh mein dharm parivartan kiya. inhen abb memon (mumin seey) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
vibhajan key baad.
1947 mein british bhaarat key vibhajan key baad, kachch aur sindh key lohana badee sankhya mein gujaraat chaley gaye, jyaadaatar kachch, ahmadabad aur vadodara mein. kaee loga maharashtra mein mumbai, mulund, puney aur nagpur mein bhee buss gaye.
pravaasi pravaasi.
1880-1920 key beach hajaaron hindu gujaraati bhaarat chhodkar african mahaan jheelon kshetra uganda, kenya aur tanganyika mein british upaniveshon mein chaley gaye. inmein seey badee sankhya mein loga patidar aur lohana samudaayon seey they. haalaanki, usa samay inn deshon mein gujaraati musalmaanon kaa ack vyast vyaapaari varg pravaasi pahale seey hii thaa.
purvi africa mein lohana pravaasi, jinamen seey 1970 mein 40,000 they, mukhya roop seey jamnagar aur rajkot key saurashtra shaharon seey aae they. kaee lohaanaon ney una deshon mein vyavasaay sthaapit kiye, jinamen seey dou sabse safal they, way nanji kalidas mehta aur muljibhai madhwani dwara sthaapit they.
20veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein, british upaniveshon kii swatantrata key baad, aur vishesh roop seey 1972 mein dakshin asiai logon key liye idee ameen key nishkasana adesh key baad, adhikansh lohan united kingdam chaley gaye, aur kuchh hudd taka sanyukt raajya america aur kanada chaley gaye. britten mein, lohanon aur anya gujaraati hindu samudaayon kii sabse adhik sandrata west landan key upnagaron, vidhansabha aur hairo key aspas haye, aur ingland key purvi midland kshetra mein leicester shahar haye.
samaaj aur sanskriti.
lohana kaafee hudd taka hindu anushthaanon kaa paalan karate hain aur krishna jaise hindu devtaon kii pooja karate hain. way vishnu key avtaaron kii pooja karate hain jaise kii raam apani patni seetaa key saath aur krishna srinathji key roop mein. way ravirandal mataji aur ambika key roop mein shakti kii pooja karate hain. 19veen shatabdi key sant jalaram baaba aur yogiji maharaj bhee kaee lohana bhakton koo aakarshit karate hain. unake mukhya kabile key devta veer daadaa jasraj, harkor baa, sindhu shree sikotar maataa aur dariyalal hain. samudaay dwara soorya kii pooja bhee kii jaati haye. lohana kii kuchh shaakhaaen vansh devi key roop mein hingles kii pooja karati hain.

