
swatvabodhak nirdhaarak

swatvabodhak nirdhaarak (seey;/ktēticós-en. catetic
lallu) nirdhaarak hain joe adhikaar koo vyakt karate hain. angreji key kuchh paaramparik vyaakaran unhein swatvabodhak visheshanon key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain, halanki unakaa vakyavinyas vaastavik visheshanon key samaan naheen haye.
angreji mein udaharanon mein vyaktigat sarvanamon key swatvabodhak roop shamil hain, arthaath "meraa", "aapka", "uska", "uska", "iska", "hamara" aur "unakaa", lekin una roopon koo chhodkar jaise "meraa", "aapka", "hamara", aur "unakaa" joe swatvabodhak sarvanamon key roop mein upayog kiye jaate hain lekin nirdharakon key roop mein naheen. swatvabodhak nirdharakon koo sangyaon seey baney swatvabodhak roopon koo shamil karane key liye bhee liya jaa sakata haye, anya sarvanamon seey aur sangya vakyanshon seey, jaise kii "johnn", "ladki", "kissy kaa", "spen kaa raajaa", jaba nimnalikhit sangya koo sanshodhit karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye.
kaee bhaashaon mein, swatvabodhak nirdhaarak usa sangya key saath sahamati key adheen hain jise way sanshodhit karate hain, jaisa kii francisi mein kramshah mardana ekvachan, streeling ekvachan aur bahuvachan roop angreji "maay" key anuroop hain.
nirdharakon key saath tulanaa.
swatvabodhak nirdhaarak, jaisa kii angreji aur kuchh anya bhaashaon mein upayog kiya jaataa haye, nishchit lekh koo ingit karate hain. udaaharan key liye, "merrie kaar" kaa arth haye "vaha kaar joe merrie haye/joe merey dwara upayog kii jaati haye. (haalaanki, "yeh vaha kaar haye joe merey paas haye" kaa arth haye kii yeh ekmatra kaar haye joe aapke paas haye, jabaki "yeh merrie kaar haye" kaa arth yeh naheen haye kii samaan hudd taka. jaba maataa-pitaa yaa jeevansathi key alawa anya rishtedaron parr lagu kiya jaataa haye, tou vishishtata kaa koee nihitarth naheen hotaa haye-"merey bhaai" kaa arth "merey bhaaiyon mein seey ack" key roop mein samaan roop seey hoe sakata haye "meraa ack bhaai haye.) kissy lekh (* "merrie kaar") yaa (aaj kii angreji mein) anya nishchit nirdhaarak jaise kii ack pradarshan (* "yeh merrie kaar") key saath swatvabodhak seey pahale rakhna sahee naheen haye, halanki way usee tarah seey parimapakon key saath sanyojan curr sakate hain jaise "" curr sakate hain ("" merrie sabhi kaaren "," merrie teen kaaren ", aadi.; angreji nirdhaarak dekhein). sabhi bhaashaon mein aisaa naheen haye; udaaharan key liye italvi mein swatvabodhak seey pahale aamtaur parr ack anya nirdhaarak hotaa haye jaise kii ack lekh, jaisa kii "laa miyaa matchina" ("merrie kaar", shaabdik roop seey "merrie kaar") mein hotaa haye.
namkaran.
jabaki kuchh loga "meraa", "aapka" aadi shabdon koo vargeekrit karate hain. swatvabodhak visheshanon key roop mein, oopar ullikhit antar dusaron koo unhein visheshan naheen maanate hain, cumm seey cumm angreji mein naheen, aur swatvabodhak nirdharakon koo pasand karate hain. haalaanki, kuchh anya bhaashaon mein, bhaashan key samkaksh bhaag adhik sachche visheshanon kii tarah vyavhaar karate hain.
shabd "meraa", "aapka", aadi. kabhi-kabhi "meraa", "aapka" aadi key saath vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye.swatvabodhak sarvanamon yaa aanuvanshik sarvanamon key roop mein, kyonki way samanya vyaktigat sarvanam "i", "you" aadi key swatvabodhak (yaa aanuvanshik) roop hain. haalaanki, adhikansh anya sarvanamon key vipareet, way vyaakaran key roop mein ekal sangyaon key roop mein vyavhaar naheen karate hain, balki isake bajaay ack anya sangya koo yogya banaate hain, jaisa kii "merrie pustak" mein haye (udaaharan key liye, "vaha meraa haye" key vipareet, jisamen "meraa" ack poorna sangya vakyansh key liye pratisthaapit hotaa haye jaise "merrie pustak"). iss kaaran seey, anya lekhak "swatvabodhak sarvanam" shabd koo "meraa", "aapka" aadi shabdon key samooh taka seemit karate hain., joe seedhe ack sangya yaa sangya vakyansh koo pratisthaapit kartaa haye.
kuchh lekhak joe shabdon key donon seton koo "swatvabodhak sarvanam" yaa "aanuvanshik sarvanam" key roop mein vargeekrit karate hain, way kramshah "meraa", "aapka", aadi koo sandarbhit karane key liye aashrit/swatantra yaa kamjor/majboot shabdon koo lagu karate hain. aur "meraa", "aapka", aadi. udaaharan key liye, usa yojana key tahat, "meraa" koo ack aashrit swatvabodhak sarvanam aur "meraa" koo ack swatantra swatvabodhak sarvanam kahaa jaataa haye.
bhashai shabdawali mein, swatvabodhak roopon koo catetic roopon key roop mein bhee sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye kyonki iska samkaksh (ketiticos) mein hotaa haye. catetic shabd kaa upayog catetic (swatvabodhak) visheshanon key sandarbh mein aur anya catetic (swatvabodhak) roopon key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye, jisamen catetics (catetic vyaktigat naam) seey praapt naam shamil hain.
angreji mein.
aadhunik angreji mein mool sarvanam swatvabodhak nirdhaarak "meraa", "aapka", "uska", "uska", "iska", "hamara", "unakaa" aur "kiska" (jaise "yeh kiska coat haye?"aur" vaha vyakti jisaki kaar chori hoe gaee thee "). jaisa kii oopar ullekh kiya gayaa haye, way nishchitata kaa sanket dete hain, jaise kii nishchit lekh "dha". pracheen roopon mein "aapka" aur "meraa/aapka" (swar seey pahale "meraa/aapka" key liye) shamil hain. vivaran key liye, angreji vyaktigat sarvanam dekhein.
anya swatvabodhak nirdhaarak (halanki unhein hamesha iss tarah seey vargeekrit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye kii way vaakya rachana mein ack hii bhoomika nibhaate hain) way shabd aur vakyansh hain joe anya sarvanamon, sangyaon aur sangya vakyanshon (jinhen kabhi-kabhi nirdhaarak vakyansh kahaa jaataa haye) key liye clitic "-'s" (yaa kabhi-kabhi "-s" key baad sirf ack apastrophy) koo jodkar banaae jaate hain. udaharanon mein "jaine", "swarg", "ladke", "yeeshu", "sainikon", "una purushon", "ingland key raajaa", "ack kaa", "kissy kaa" shamil hain.
angreji mein swatvabodhak key gathan aur upayog key adhik vivaran key liye, angreji swatvabodhak dekhein. aam taur parr nirdharakon key upayog key baare mein adhik jaankaari key liye, angreji nirdharakon koo dekhein.
anya bhaashaaen.
haalaanki angreji mein adhikaar nirdhaarak nishchitata kaa sanket dete hain, anya bhaashaon mein vyaakaran kii shuddhata key liye nishchitata koo alag seey jodane kii aavashyakta haye.
norwey mein vakyansh "merrie pustak" "boka mee" hoga, jahan "boka" stree sangya "boke" (pustak) kaa nishchit roop haye, aur "mee" (meraa) stree ekvachan sangyaon kaa anusaran karane vaalaa swatvabodhak sarvanam haye.
french aur italvi jaisi kuchh romantic bhaashaon mein, adhikaar nirdhaarak kaa ling malik key swaamitva vaali cheezon seey sahmat hotaa haye, naa kii malik key saath. udaaharan key liye, francisi, ekvachan mein, mardana sangyaon key liye "putra" kaa upayog kartaa haye aur stree sangya vakyanshon key liye bhee ack swar seey shuru hotaa haye, "saa" kaheen aur; "ill aeye perdu soone chaapo" ("usane apani topi khou dee") kii tulanaa "eley aeye perdu soone chaapo" ("usane apani topi khou dee") seey karein. iss sambandh mein, inn bhaashaon mein swatvabodhak nirdhaarak samanya visheshanon seey milate-julate hain. french swatvabodhak nirdharakon koo swami aur swami donon kii bahulata seey bhee sambandhit kartaa haye, jaisa kii "notre voiture" (hamari kaar) aur "nose voiture" (hamari kaar) mein haye. aadhunik spanish mein, halanki, sabhi swatvabodhak nirdhaarak swami key ling koo pratibimbit karane key liye naheen badalate hain, jaisa kii "mee", "tuu" aur "sue", ee key mamle mein haye.jee. "mee hijo vaaee mee hija" ("meraa betaa aur merrie betty"). pratham aur dwiteeya vyakti bahuvachan roopon mein-"neustra/neustro" aur "vuestra/vuestro"-swatvabodhak nirdhaarak ekvachan mein ling parivartan koo chihnit karate hain, ee.jee.," neustra neura vaaee neustro yerno "(" hamari bahuu aur hamara damad "). sabhi adhikaar nirdhaarak adhikaar praaptakarta kii bahulata koo chihnit karate hain, jaise.jee. "mee esposa tien miss gafas" ("merrie patni key paas meraa chashma haye"). spanish swatvabodhak "sarvanam" swatvadhaari key ling aur bahulata seey sahmat hain, jaise.jee. "yeh aapke bete key liye haye. yeh ack vishisht bhasha haye."(" way ladakiyan hamari hain. vaha kalam hamari haye.").
italvi mein, "ill tuo libro niro" ("aapaki pustak kaali", angreji mein "aapaki kaali pustak" key roop mein prastut) aur "kwell tuo libro niro" ("kii aapaki pustak kaali", angreji mein "aapaki vaha kaali pustak" key roop mein prastut) jaise nirmaan vyaakaran kii drishti seey sahee hain. italvi mein, swatvabodhak nirdhaarak lagbhag harr sambandh mein visheshanon kii tarah vyavhaar karate hain.
kuchh german bhaashaaen, jaise angreji aur dutch, malik key aadhar parr alag-alag sarvanamon kaa upayog karati hain. angreji mein (anirdisht) shabd "uska" aur "uska" hain; dutch mein (anirdisht) "zijan" aur "haar" kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. anya german bhaashaaen, jaise kii german aur kaee dutch boliyaan jinamen limbergish aur brabentian shamil hain, bhee swaamitva vaali vastu key vyaakaranik ling key aadhar parr vibhinn roopon kaa upayog karati hain. german mein stree swaamiyon key liye "seane" ("seane" jaise parivartit roopon key saath) aur "ihar" ("ihare" jaise parivartit roopon key saath) haye; german mein, oopar diye gaye "topi" vaakya kramshah "air hait seenan hutt verloren" (usane apani topi khou dee) aur "see hait ihren hutt verloren" (usane apani topi khou dee) honge. brabentian bhee vyaakaranik ling aur vastu (oun) kii sankhya key anusaar "zijan" (uska) aur "haar" (uska) koo prabhaavit kartaa haye.
kuchh bhaashaon mein koee vishisht swatvabodhak nirdhaarak naheen hotey hain aur aanuvanshik yaa swatvabodhak mamle mein vyaktigat sarvanamon koo aswikar karke, yaa swatvabodhak pratyay yaa kanon kaa upayog karke adhikaar vyakt karate hain. udaaharan key liye, japani mein, "boku noo" ("aaee" key liye ack shabd joe aanuvanshik kann "naheen" key saath jodaa gayaa haye), kaa upayog "meraa" yaa "meraa" key liye kiya jaataa haye. mandarin cheeni mein, swatvabodhak nirdhaarak aur swatvabodhak sarvanam ack dusare key samaan roop lete hainh "woo" ("aaee") seey judaa roop "woo dee" ("meraa", "meraa") haye, jahaan "dee" swatvabodhak kann haye.
kuchh bhaashaaen swatvabodhak nirdhaarak aur milan swatvabodhak sarvanam donon key liye ack hii shabd kaa upayog karati hain. udaaharan key liye, finish mein, "meidan" kaa arth yaa tou "hamara" yaa "hamara" hoe sakata haye.
doosari or, kuchh sookshm-russie bhaashaon jaise kii ponpean mein badee sankhya mein swatvabodhak vargeekaran hotey hain joe swami aur swami donon koo darshaate hainh "naah pihk" kaa arth haye "uska (jeevit) suar;" aaha pihk "kaa arth haye" uska (kasai) suar "; aur" keney pihk "kaa arth haye" suar kaa maans; uska suar (khaane key liye)."ack aur udaaharan key roop mein," "tenhveren ohlo yuddh" "(-aine dha-maine canoe) kaa arth haye" "usa aadami kii canoe", "joe uchch sthiti vaale vyakti kaa ullekh kartaa haye.
shabdarth.
anya sthaanon kii tarah swatvabodhak nirdharakon key liye, aanuvanshik hamesha sakht "adhikaar" kaa sanket naheen detaa haye, balki "sambandhit" yaa "nikat pehchaan" kii samanya bhavna kaa sanket detaa haye. sambandhparak sangyaon seey judey nimnalikhit udaharanon parr vichaar keejiyeh
roop.
swatvabodhak nirdharakon key aamtaur parr vyaktigat sarvanamon key samaan roop hotey hain. isake alawa, unake paas sambandhit swatvabodhak sarvanam hain, joe dhvanyaatmak roop seey bhee samaan hain. nimnalikhit chart angreji, german aur francisi vyaktigat sarvanam, swatvabodhak nirdhaarak aur swatvabodhak sarvanam dikhaata haye.

