
maanav gati mein twachiya prativart

twachiya, satahi yaa twacha prativart, twacha receptors dwara sakriya hotey hain aur apratyaashit paryavaraniya chunautiyon key liye twarit pratikriya pradaan karate hue, gati mein ack moolyavaan bhoomika nibhaate hain. baadhaon yaa adchanon key prati pratikriya mein, drishti seey chunautipurna bhoobhaag kii taiyari mein aur asthirta kii shuruat honey parr samaayojan karane mein sahaayata key liye unhein mahatvapurna dikhaaya gayaa haye. samanya gati mein bhoomika key alawa, chaal asamanyata vaale logon key liye punarvaas chikitsa (physiotherapy) koo badhaane mein unaki kshamata key liye twachiya prativart kaa adhyayan kiya jaa rhaa haye.
prativart maarg kii prishthabhoomi.
prativart hamari rosemarra kii gatividhiyon kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa hain. humm sabhi ney anubhav kiya haye kii paryavaraniya antahkriyaon key liye yeye pratikriyaaen kitni tez aur swachaalit hoe sakati hain. way hamein sambhaavit khatarnak sthitiyon seey bachaa sakate hain jaise kii germ choolhe koo chhoona yaa ack pakad parr kadam rakhna. adhik gatishil gatividhiyon jaise chalana aur daudana mein shamil prativart maarg bhee hain, joe ack sucharu chaal sunishchit karane mein madad karate hain aur hamein baadhaon yaa apratyaashit gadbadi yaa gadbadi kaa jaldi seey jawab dene kii anumati dete hain.
prativart maarg (prativart chaap) samvedi input (efferent neuron) koo motor output (efferent neuron) seey jodane vaale neurons kaa ack anukram haye, jisake parinamswarup ack vyavhaar pratikriya hoti haye. reedh kii huddy key prativart kaa samanya maarg vaha haye jisamen reedh kii huddy key bheetar nihit neurons shamil hotey hain. haalaanki, mastishk atirikt (superspinal) yogdan bhee pradaan curr sakata haye, joe samvedi input key prati pratikriya kii pratikriya koo sanshodhit curr sakata haye.
samanya prativart maarg.
prativart bahut saral hoe sakate hain, jaise kii monosynaptic prativart mein, jisamen kewal ack hii pratisanket hotaa haye, yaa adhik jatil hotaa haye, jaisa kii polycyneptic prativart mein hotaa haye, jisamen ack seey adhik pratisanket shamil hotey hain. ghutane kaa jhataka prativart ack monosynaptic prativart kaa ack samanya udaaharan haye jaba koee aapke pair koo baahar nikaalane kii quadriceps motor pratikriya koo dekh rhaa hotaa haye. hamstering koo aaraam dene key liye avarodhak interneurons kii bhagidari koo dekhate samay iska upayog polycyneptic reflex key udaaharan key roop mein bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. prativart kii jatilata kaa anuman samvedi tantrika kii vidyut uttejana aur sambandhit motor pratikriya key beach samay kii deree, yaa vilambata kii jaanch karke lagaaya jaa sakata haye, jaisa kii ee. aim. jee. (electromyography) dwara maapa jaataa haye. adhikansh prativarton koo ee. aim. jee. pratikriya kii vilambata key aadhar parr teen samoohon mein seey ack mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. laghu-vilambata prativart (aiss. ell. aar.) sabse tez (~ 40-50 ms) haye aur isamen ack mono-synaptic maarg shamil haye. madhyam-vilambata prativart (aim. ell. aar.) reedh kii huddy key bheetar interneuran kaa upayog kartaa haye aur aamtaur parr ~ 80-90 ms hotaa haye. lambe vilambata prativart (ell. ell. aar.) ~ 120-140 ms haye, joe sujhaav detaa haye kii yeh mastishk seey atirikt superspinal input dwara madhyasthata kii jaati haye.
twachiya receptors aur reflex.
twachiya receptors ack prakaar key samvedi receptor hain, joe baahari vatavaran key sampark key sambandh mein jaankaari pradaan karane vaali uttejanaon (sparsh, dabaav, dard, tapman) kaa jawab dete hain. twachiya receptors seey judaa ack samanya prativart cross extensor prativart haye. iss prativart koo taba bharti kiya jaataa haye jaba humm apane pair key nichale hisse mein ack dardanaak uttejana kaa anubhav karate hain, jaise kii ack pakad parr kadam rakhna. pratikriya yeh haye kii teji seey usa pair koo kheenchen joe pakad parr kadam rakhaa thaa, aur usee samay, santulan key liye hamaare vajan koo vipareet (vipareet) pair mein sthanantarit karein.
yeh nott kiya gayaa haye kii twachiya receptor uttejana key liye maanspeshiyon key sakriyan pratikriya koo vibhinn karakon dwara sanshodhit kiya jaa sakata haye. inmein shamil hainh
modulan key alawa, twachiya prativart koo aim. ell. aar. (madhyam vilambata pratikriya) aur ell. ell. aar. (lambi vilambata pratikriya) aim. jee. pratikriya donon koo utpann karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye, joe darshaata haye kii yeh ack polycyanaptic prativart haye, jisamen reedh kii huddy key interneuran yaa superspinal maarg shamil hain.
karyatmak bhoomika.
twachiya prativart koo gati key dauran honey vaali gadbadi key liye karyatmak pratikriyaon key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya gayaa haye aur isaliye, yeh iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii kiss twachiya tantrika koo uttejit kiya jaataa haye. jinn nason kii twachiya shaakhaon kii jaanch kii gaee haye, unake udaaharan hainh
1. satahi tantuya tantrika yaa peroneal tantrika (pair key prishthiya pahalu koo antahsthaapit karna) 2. tibial tantrika (pair kii paadap satah koo antahsthaapit karna) 3. sural tantrika (pair key paarshv bhaag koo antahsthaapit karna) 4. radial tantrika kii satahi shakha (angoothe kii or agra-bhuja aur haath koo antahsthaapit karna)
maanav gati kii jaanch aksar chaal chakr key drishtikon seey kii jaati haye. twachiya prativart sakriya maanspeshiyon mein bhinnataon koo pradarshit karate hain aur jiss samay way sakriya hotey hain, yeh iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii chaal chakr key kiss hisse mein uttejana hoti haye. yeh bhinnata baadhaon aur chunautipurna bhoobhaag kaa saamana karate samay yaa unakaa anuman lagaate samay hamein ack sucharu chaal parivartan pradaan karane key liye prativart key liye ack karyatmak bhoomika kaa sujhaav detee haye. prabhaavit pramukh maanspeshiyon mein chaar (4) gati shamil hoti hain joe gati key liye mahatvapurna hainh
satahi tantuya tantrika (aiss. aff.).
satahi tantuya tantrika (aiss. aff.) kii twachiya uttejana aamtaur parr taba hoti haye jaba pair key sheersh parr baadha aatee haye. iss sakriyan key liye prativartak pratikriya pair koo oopar aur baadha parr kheenchana haye, jabaki sambhaavit thokar yaa girane kii taiyari bhee karna haye. aiss. aff. uttejana key liye dekhi gaee ee. aim. jee. maanspeshiyon kii pratikriyaaen yeh samajhaane mein madad karati hain kii yeh prativart pratikriya kaise poori kii jaati haih
tibial tantrika (tn).
tibial tantrika (tii. aine.) uttejana ack charan nirbhar pratikriya koo pradarshit karati haye, jisamen maanspeshiyon kaa sakriyan iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii jaba uttejana hoti haye tou vyakti chaal chakr key kiss hisse mein hotaa haye.
1. samanya roop seey, binaa kissy rukawat key chalana, rukh seey jhoolane key liye sankraman key dauran sakriyan cumm honah chaahiye kyonki pair jameen seey baahar nikalane lagata haye. iss mamle mein, badhee hui tn uttejana jameen key saath pair key nichale hisse koo scuffing kaa sujhaav degi. prativartak pratikriya pair koo oopar laayegi, ise jameen seey kheench legee. uttejana key liye pratikriyaaen, phir seey, yeh samajhaane mein madad karati hain kii yeh kaise puuraa kiya jaataa haye. 
2. samanya chalane mein dair seey jhoolane key dauran sakriyan badhana shuru hoe jaanaa chaahiye kyonki pair jameen seey sampark karna shuru curr detaa haye. isaliye, iss charan key dauran tn uttejana ack samanya chaal pattern samvedi input key samaan haye. iss sthiti mein, pair jhuk jaayega taaki rukh charan mein sankraman key liye sucharu sthaan kii anumati mill sakey. yahaan, vipareet ee. aim. jee. prabhaav dekhaa jaataa haye.
sural tantrika (aiss. aine.).
sural tantrika (aiss. aine.) uttejana key parinamswarup ack prativart hotaa haye joe charan aur teevrata donon parr nirbhar hotaa haye. sural tantrika pair key paarshv (baahar) hisse koo antahsthaapit karati haye aur asman bhoobhaag kaa saamana karate samay yaa tou swing yaa rukh charan key dauran sakriya hoe sakati haye. teevrata parr nirbhar pratikriya sakriyan key star kaa sanket haye aur isaliye, nuksan kii kshamata haye.
1. swing charan key dauran, snoo uttejana pair key paarshv bhaag mein ack baadha kaa saamana karane kaa sanket detee haye. pratikriya pair koo ander kii or aur pair koo oopar kii or, raaste seey baahar leey jaanaa haye. dekhi gaee ee. aim. jee. pratikriyaaen hainh
2. rukh charan key dauran, ack madhyam teevrata vaali snoo uttejana asman bhoobhaag kaa sanket haye aur isake parinamswarup ack pratikriya hogi joe takhane koo kathorta aur sthirata pradaan karati haye. iss pratikriya key liye tantra dou virodhi takhane kii maanspeshiyon key ack saath sakriyan key madhyam seey puuraa kiya jaataa haye.
3. rukh charan key dauran, ack uchch teevrata vaali snoo uttejana ack baadha kaa sanket haye joe sambhaavit roop seey pair koo shaaririk kshati pahuncha sakati haye. iss mamle mein, prativart kaa lakshya uttejana seey pair koo poori tarah seey door karna hoga.
satahi radial tantrika (aiss. aar.).
satahi radial tantrika (agra-bhuja key angoothe kii or sthit) kii twachiya uttejana layabaddh bhuja andolanon key dauran bhuja kii maanspeshiyon mein ack twachiya prativart utpann karegi joe gati key dauran pair kii maanspeshiyon key saath dekhi gaee thee. haath key prativart pratikriyaon mein isaki bhoomika key alawa, yeh gati key dauran pair kii maanspeshiyon key twachiya prativart koo sanshodhit karega. yeh prativart pratikriya hamaare chaar vanshon seey ack avashesh avashesh hoe sakati haye, joe agrang andolan koo pashchang andolan seey jodati haye. yeh sambandh samanya chalane key saath dekhaa jaa sakata haye, jaba bhuja vipareet pair key saath lay mein ghoomati haye. cross synchrony aanshik roop seey oopari aur nichale angon key beach ack saajha tantrika maarg key kaaran hoe sakati haye. jabaki iss samanvit andolan kaa kaary hamaare dravyamaan key kendra koo sthanantarit karate hue santulan banaae rakhane mein shamil hoe sakata haye, yeh locomotive reflex mein bhee shamil haye. chalane key dauran radial tantrika kii uttejana asamanya haye aur aksar ack baadha kaa sanket detee haye joe jhoolati hui bhuja key sampark mein aaney key liye paryaapt haye. satahi tantuya tantrika (pair key sheersh) aur vipareet (vipareet) bhuja kii satahi trijya tantrika donon kii samvarti yaa ack saath uttejana seey pataa chalata haye kii baadha ack badee thokar yaa girane kaa kaaran banane key liye paryaapt badee haye. isaliye, pratikriya vaha haye joe usa sambhavana key liye taiyar honey key liye pair kii maanspeshiyon koo sakriya karati haye. iss prakaar key ack saath uttejana key liye ee. aim. jee. pratikriyaon mein radial anukaran praapt karane vaale pair key vipareet yaa (vipareet) paksh mein mahatvapurna parivartan shamil hainh 
atirikt charr twachiya prativart pratikriya koo sanshodhit karate hain.
pair kii maanspeshiyon mein twachiya prativart key parimaan koo kaee charon dwara badala jaa sakata haye. parivartan andolan parr nirbhar hain, chaal charan parr nirbhar hain, aur samanya twachiya prativart pattern key liye uttejak yaa avarodhak hoe sakate hain.
kaary kii jatilata yaa chunauti.
twachiya prativart una sthitiyon mein sanshodhit kiye jaate hain joe asthirta yaa chunautipurna locomotive andolanon koo prastut karate hain. asthir sthitiyon mein, jaise kii jaba baahon koo paar kiya jaataa haye tou honey vaali gadbadi, donon ipsilateral aur contralateral reflex mein suvidha yaa pravardhan hotaa haye joe maanspeshiyon key liye vishisht hotey hain. satahi tantuya tantrika uttejana key saath, ipsilateral biceps femoris (ghutane kaa flexer) aur ipsilateral solius (planter flexer) reflex koo swing key dauran pravardhit kiya jaataa haye taaki pair koo baadha koo door karane kii anumati mill sakey. isake vipareet, vipareet, pair tibialis agravarti (dorciflexore) aur gastrochnemius (planter flexer) donon key pravardhan koo pradarshit kartaa haye joe pair kii sthirata key liye atirikt pair kii kathorta pradaan kartaa haye.
samaan pravardhan parinam drishti seey chunautipurna vatavaran, jaise kshaitij seedhi kadam aur peechhe kii or chalana, donon mein dekhe jaate hain. yeye sthitiyaan sthiti charan key dauran paraspar prativart kii suvidha koo iss tarah seey pradarshit karati hain joe kathit baadha koo sucharu roop seey paar karane kii anumati dene key liye sthirata aur ipsilateral prativart modulan pradaan karegi.
twachiya prativart modulan key sambhaavit naidaanik anuprayog.
layabaddh bhuja andolanon yaa chunautipurna vatavaran key madhyam seey twachiya prativart key parimaan koo sanshodhit karane kii kshamata kaa motor kamjori vaale rogiyon key punarvaas mein sambhaavit prabhaav padata haye. nichale anga kii jatilataon vaale kuchh stroke rogi cumm yaa dhundhale twachiya prativart pradarshit karate hain. inn nichale angon key prativart koo oopari aur nichale angon key beach layabaddh bhuja gati key dauran dekhe gaye antar-anga prativart kaa laabh uthaakar satahi radial tantrika uttejana key saath badhaaya jaa sakata haye. swing seey rukh parivartan key dauran dekhe jaane vaale vipareet tibialis agrabhag kaa pravardhan stroke rogiyon key liye swing charan key dauran pair girane koo rokane mein chikitsakiya roop seey upayogi hoe sakata haye. stroke punarvaas key saath motor grahansheelata badhaane key liye ack upkaran key roop mein twachiya prativart pravardhan kii prabhavkarita kaa pataa lagaane key liye bhavishya key shodh kii aavashyakta haye.

