
ghumakkad

ghumana binaa kissy spasht uddeshya key khaali khade rahane yaa intezar karane kaa kaary haye.
jabaki lightering key sambandh mein kaanoonon koo chunauti dee gaee haye aur samay key saath badal diyaa gayaa haye, lightering abhee bhee vibhinn adhikaar kshetron aur vishisht paristhitiyon mein avaidh haye.
nishedh aur itihas.
aitihaasik roop seey veshyavritti, bheekh maangana, saarvajanik roop seey sharaab peene, chori key saamanon seey nipatna, nashili davaaon kaa sauda, ghotale, sangathit aparaadh, dakaiti, utpeedan/bheed aadi jaise saarvajanik aparaadh aur avyavastha key anya roopon key liye ghoomana ack antarnihit poorv aparaadh key roop mein maanaa gayaa haye.
lightering ack cumm aparaadh pradaan kartaa haye jiska upayog pulis dwara sandigdh vyaktiyon kaa saamana karane aur unhein uchch aparaadh kshetra mein rahane seey rokane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, vishesh roop seey jaba aaparaadhik iraade kaa sandeh hotaa haye lekin unakaa paalan naheen kiya jaataa haye.
sthaaniya kshetra iss baat parr bhinn hotey hain kii pulis koo kiss hudd taka lighters koo giraftar karane yaa titar-bitar karane kaa adhikaar haye; kabhi-kabhi nasleeya profiling aur pulis bull key anaavashyak upayog key sambandh mein chintaon koo laker unaki shakti parr seemaaen banaa dee jaati hain. aparaadh atyadhik vyaktiparak rahata haye. kaee sthaanon parr, ghoomana apane aap mein ack aparaadh haye, lekin anya sthaanon mein, pulis dwara kissy bhee sandigdh kaa saamana karane seey pahale gambhir aaparaadhik gatividhi dekhi jaani chaahiye.
ingland aur wells.
awara adhiniyam 1824 koo sandigdhon aur kukhyaat choron koo kuchh sthaanon parr "rahane" seey rokane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. ise 34 aur 35 vict dwara thodaa sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa. c.112, aparaadh nivaaran adhiniyam 1871, aur 54 aur 55 vict. see. 69, dandaatmak daasata adhiniyam 1891, jisane "iraade key saath ghoomana" vakyansh pesh kiya. vyabhichaar adhiniyam 1898 paarit kiya gayaa thaa, phir donon koo yaun aparaadh adhiniyam 2003 dwara nirast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
vyabhichaar adhiniyam 1824 dhaara 6 mein "kissy bhee vyakti koo joe kuchh bhee hoe" apraadhiyon koo pakadane aur unhein seedhe shaanti key nyaay key samaksh laane kii anumati detaa haye. yahee dhaara "kissy bhee sipahi yaa anya shaanti adhikaari" parr unhein pakadkar shaanti key nyaay key samaksh laane kaa kartavya paida karati haye, yaa una parr "kartavya kii upeksha" kaa aarop lagaaya jaataa haye, joe dhaara 11 mein paanch pound key jurmaane yaa teen maheene kii jail seey dandaniya haye. yahee adhiniyam abhiyojakon aur gavaahon key kharchon key liye parishad kii samanya nidhi seey samvitaran pradaan kartaa haye. vyaktiyon key varg jinhen adhiniyam koo rokane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, kathor shram mein teen maheene key dund parr, shamil hainh
kaanoon kaa upayog una purushon koo aparaadhi banaane key liye bhee kiya gayaa thaa joe una kshetron mein paae gaye they jahaan purush ack-dusare koo yaun sambandh banaane key liye uthaate they.
sanyukt raajya america.
kaee adhikaar kshetron mein, yaun aparaadhi key roop mein panjikaran karane key liye aavashyak vyaktiyon koo schools, udyaanon yaa anya sthaanon kii ack nirdhaarit doori key bheetar ghoomane seey pratibandhit kiya gayaa haye, jahaan bachche ikattha hoe sakate hain.
1992 mein, shikago shahar ney giroh seey sambandhit gatividhi, vishesh roop seey hinsak aparaadh aur nashili davaaon kii taskari koo pratibandhit karane key uddeshya seey ack virodhi loot kaanoon apanaaya. kaanoon, jisane ghumakkad koo "binaa kissy spasht uddeshya key kissy ack sthaan parr rahane" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya, ney pulis adhikaariyon koo aise vyaktiyon koo titar-bitar karane kaa adhikaar diyaa. avagya key mamalon mein, kaanoon ney jurmana, karawas aur/yaa samudayik seva dwara sajaa pradaan kii. ise sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya dwara gairkaanooni ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa ("shikago banaam. naitikta ",) nagrikon koo sweekarya aacharan key baare mein spasht dishanirdesh naheen dene seey asweekarya roop seey aspasht haye. varsh 2000 mein, shahar ney asamvaidhaanik tatvon koo samaapt karane key prayaas mein adhyadesh key ack sanshodhit sanskaran koo apanaaya. taba ghumakkad koo "aisee paristhitiyon mein kissy ack sthaan parr rahane key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa joe ack uchit vyakti koo yeh vishvaas karane kii anumati dega kii usa vyavhaar kaa uddeshya yaa prabhaav ack aaparaadhik sadak giroh koo pehchaan yogya kshetron parr niyantran sthaapit karane mein saksham banaana, dusaron koo una kshetron mein pravesh karane seey darana, yaa avaidh gatividhiyon koo chhipaana haye."
australia.
dakshin australia mein pulis adhikaari kissy vyakti koo saarvajanik sthaan parr ghoomana bund karane key liye kaha sakate hain (dusare shabdon mein, usa sthaan koo chhodane key liye) jahan way uchit aadhar parr maanate hainh
ireland ganarajya.
swatantrata seey pahale ireland mein, 1635 mein, "sudhaar key gharon key nirmaan aur badmash, awara, majboot bhikhaariyon aur anya ashisht aur bekaar vyaktiyon kii sajaa key liye" ack kaanoon paarit kiya gayaa thaa. 17veen-19veen shatabdi mein kaee anya kaanoonon ney aavaaraon koo lakshit kiya.
vyakti adhiniyam 1861 key viruddh apraadhon mein kahaa gayaa haye, "koee bhee sipahi yaa shaanti adhikaari binaa warrant key kissy bhee vyakti koo hirasat mein leey sakata haye, jise vaha raat key dauran kissy rajmarg, praangan yaa anya sthaan parr jhooth bolata yaa ghoomata huaa paayega, aur jise usake paas iss adhiniyam mein koee aparaadh karane yaa karane vaalaa honey kaa sandeh karane kaa achchha kaaran hoga, aur aise vyakti koo kaanoon key anusaar shaanti key nyaay key samaksh jitani jaldi hoe sakey, kanuni kaarravaai key liye legaa."
ireland ganarajya mein, aaparaadhik nyaay (saarvajanik vyavastha) adhiniyam, 1994, guarda siochana koo kissy bhee vyakti parr kaarravaai karane kaa adesh dene kii anumati detaa haye, joe "vaidh adhikaar yaa uchit bahaane key binaa, iss tarah seey kaary curr rhaa haye jisamen saarvajanik sthaan parr ghoomana shamil haye, jisamen anya vyaktiyon kii company shamil hoe sakati haye, joe vyaktiyon kii suraksha yaa sampatti kii suraksha yaa saarvajanik shaanti banaae rakhane key liye uchit ashanka koo janm detee haye", aur kissy bhee vyakti koo giraftar karane key liye joe unake aadeshon kaa paalan naheen kartaa haye; doshasiddhi parr, jurmana €1,000 taka kaa jurmana yaa 6 maheene taka kaa karawas haye.
sweeden.
1981 mein isaki avadhi samaapt honey key baad seey sweeden mein koee lightering kaanoon naheen haye, lekin saarvajanik vyavastha adhiniyam yeh viniyamit kartaa haye kii koee saarvajanik roop seey kyaa curr sakata haye aur kyaa naheen curr sakata haye. nagarpalika taya karati haye kii kaun seey niyam lagu hotey hain. udaaharan key liye, kuchh nirdisht saarvajanik sthaanon parr sharaab peena nishiddh haye. vishesh paristhitiyon mein ghumakkad koo pratibandhit kiya jaa sakata haye.
newzealand.
newzealand mein saarvajanik roop seey ghoomana avaidh naheen haye, lekin kaid yogya aparaadh karane key iraade seey ghoomana ack aparaadh haye.