
stello

stello ("taaraa"; bahuvachanah "stellos") 1945 seey 1993 taka asparentists kii ack maudrik ikai thee, jiska ack uddeshya ekal vishva mudra praapt karna thaa. pahale kii mudra, spaceo parr kiye gaye prayason koo pratham vishva yuddh dwara cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa. kuchh samay key liye (esperantoh "universala ligo"), asperanto andolan kaa hissa, vibhinn deshon mein saapeksh kray shakti key aadhar parr maujooda mudraon key saath stello koo jodane kaa prayaas karate hue, stellos mein mulyanirdharit koopan aur sikke jaari kiye.
2012 seey laker aaj taka kuchh esperanto yuva baithakon mein isi naam kii mudra kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. isamen kaee rangon key plastic key sikke hain.
spaceo".
antarrashtriya sambandhon seey sambandhit prayojakon key liye, ack nishchit kray shakti key saath ack mudra kii aavashyakta bahut mahatvapurna thee. 1912 mein esperanto kii 25veen varshgaanth key uplakshya mein, swiss firm hollie frairs ney saarvbhaumik esperanto sangh key liye sikke banaae-"spaceo" (bahuvachanah "spazos")-"spagedeco" (10 spazos), "spagento" (100 spazos), "spacemillo" (1,000 spazos) aur "spacedecomillo" (10,000 spazos). halanki, pratham vishva yuddh ney iss pahal koo samaapt curr diyaa.
saarvbhaumik leag kii sthaapana.
14 aprail 1942 koo, ell kii mrityu kii 25veen varshgaanth. ell. zamenhoff, wafadar asparentists kaa ack samooh usey yaad karane key liye gupt roop seey ack niji nivaas mein ikattha huaa thaa. neetherland usa samay naazi kabje mein they aur samooh ney pahale seey hii pulis raajya key atyachar kaa anubhav kiya thaa. asparentist una samoohon mein seey they jinhen vishesh roop seey naziyon dwara prataadit kiya gayaa thaa aur yahaan taka kii unakaa unmoolan bhee kiya gayaa thaa, aur way abb maanav jaati koo "vishva aapada" seey bachaane mein madad karane key liye sanyukt roop seey ack thhos kaary karna chaahte they."
charcha key baad, asparentist ack sangathan key roop mein saarvbhaumik leag banaane key liye sahmat hue, jiska pramukh uddeshya zamenhoff key mool karyakram koo lagu karna hogaah ack samanya bhasha key madhyam seey shaanti mein manavata koo ekjut karna. ack vishva, ack bhasha, ack mudra" key aadarsh vaakya koo lagu karate hue, neetherland sthit samooh ney ack saarvbhaumik mudra ikai key roop mein stello key upayog koo badhaava diyaa.
saarvbhaumik leag kii sthaapana key saath, dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale aur usake dauran kaee alag-alag deshon key abb-mrit zamenhoff aur asparentists kii ack spasht ichcha phalane-phoolane vaali thee. mool pratibhagiyon ney gupt roop seey anya prasiddh asparentists koo charcha mein bhaag lene key liye aamantrit kiya. vichaaron koo vikasit karane aur unhein aage badhaane key liye ack "praarambhik samiti" kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. 1 aprail 1945 koo samiti ney duniya key saamane apani mool avadharana kaa khulasa kiya. unake ghoshit uddeshyon mein seey ack thaah "ack antarrashtriya maudrik ikai, stello parr adharit vishva mudra key nirmaan key liye prayaas karna."
16 march 1946 koo isaki pahali antarrashtriya sabhaa hegg mein aayojit kii gaee thee. baithak mein 1294 sadasyon ney ack samvidhaan koo manjuri dee, jiska ack ghoshit lakshya sthir, antarrashtriya star parr sahmat moolya key saath stello mudra jaari karna thaa. sadasyon ney stello key upayog key liye aage key vivaran parr kaam karane key liye ack samiti kaa chayan kiya. aajivan sadasyata key liye yogdan pahale ack stello key "adharshila" moolya key roop mein nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, jald hii yeh ghoshana kii gaee kii ack stello kaa moolya neetherland mein rotty key ack maanak rotty key moolya key barabar hoga, joe usa samay 0.25 dutch gilders kii laagat thee.
1946 kii sabhaa ney "ack duniya, ack bhasha, ack mudra" key aadarsh vaakya parr phir seey jore diyaa."leag key chhah deshon (belgium, denmark, germany, itali, sweeden aur switzerland) key saath-saath teen dutch bainkon key saath vaanijyik sambandh they. inn sabhi baink khaaton key liye saarvbhaumik leag ney sthaaniya mudra aur stellos mein samanantar vyavasthit lekhankan banaae rakhaa, aur 14 anya deshon mein agent niyukt kiye. inn pratinidhiyon ney stello key aadhar parr apani vittiya sanchaalan report prastut kii.
maudrik sthirata.
saarvbhaumik leag key abhilekhagar seey pataa chalata haye kii irada ack nishchit moolya key saath ack sikka banaane kaa thaa. leag ney iss sthirata koo duniya koo aarthik bhinnataon key dabaavon seey oopar uthaane kaa ekmatra tarika maanaa, jisake parinamswarup logon key beach sangharsh hotaa thaa. neetherland key baahar stello key liye vinimay darein sabse badey dutch vaanijyik baink dwara uddhrit anya mudraon key liye 1946 kii vinimay daron parr adharit theen.
koopan.
sabse pahale asparentists koo aage key kadmon koo chhodana padaa, jaise kii duniya bhar mein check samarthan aur bhugtan pranali key saath apane swayam key baink kii sthaapana aur sikke aur banknote jaari karna. usa samay vibhinn deshon key paas antarrashtriya vittiya sanchaalan koo niyantrit karane vaale sakht niyam they joe unhein baahari vittiya hamale seey bachaane key liye banaae gaye they.
praarambhik avadhi (1945) mein bhee saarvbhaumik leag ney 1-stello "premio-cupono" koo baahar laaya, joe 1950 taka vaidh rhaa. bajar mein laae gaye pratyek nae koopan issue koo paanch saal key liye vaidh honey kaa irada thaa. koopanon kaa upayog sadasyata, vigyaapan, gatividhi bhagidari laagat aadi key liye bhugtan karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. leag key sadasyon koo nae sadasyon koo pesh karane yaa pratiyogita puraskar key roop mein koopan bhee praapt hue. laa practico" mein ack report key anusaar, premio-cupono kaa upayog panpa aur asperanto vishva sammelanon key dauran, udaaharan key liye, asperanto key saath bhugtan karna asperanto key liye aadat bunn gayaa.
baad mein stello kaa vikas rook gayaa. saarvbhaumik leag key sansthaapak stello key liye ack nirantar moolya banaae rakhate hue apani achchi ichchaashakti dikhaana chaahte they, lekin unake prayaas whiffle hoe gaye. dutch mein rotty kii keemat dheere-dheere badhee, lekin kissy ney bhee stello aur gilder key beach key sambandh koo samaayojit karane key baare mein naheen socha. gilder key liye anupaat chaar stellos banaa rhaa, aur anya deshon mein stello key moolya koo taya karane key liye baink mudra roopaantaran taalikaon kaa upayog kiya gayaa. isake alawa, saarvbhaumik leag ney bhee stello maudrik ikaaiyon mein bahikhaataa lenden darj karane kaa vichaar chhod diyaa, isaliye kissy koo bhee sthir moolya key sikke key saath anubhav naheen huaa. isamen koee ashcharya kii baat naheen haye kii stello ney apani pratishtha khou dee aur asparentists dwara bhee iska upayog durlabh hoe gayaa.
sikkon kaa nirmaan.
1950 key dashak key dauran saarvbhaumik leag mein sadasyata 15,000 asparentist taka badh gaee. 1959 mein, unhone ack stello (kansya), paanch stellos (peela tamba) aur duss stellos (copronical) key moolyavarg mein asperanto sikke banaane key lambe samay seey chaley aaa rahey sapane koo sakar kiya. duniya bhar mein vastuon kii bikri praaptiyon seey samriddh, saarvbhaumik leag ney sikke koo maarne key liye utretch mein shaahi dutch taksal (rejuxment) key liye ack badaa order diyaa thaa. iss nivesh koo teji seey vaapas liya gayaa, jisake parinamswarup 1965 mein leag ack chautha moolyavarg, ack chaandi kaa 25 stellos sikka jaari karane mein saksham thee, joe bhee bahut achchi tarah seey bick gayaa. 25 stellos moolyavarg key copronical aur soney key roop bhee banaae gaye they.
lekin ack sthir moolya banaae rakhane kaa doosara sapana bahut puraane saarvbhaumik leag sadasyon koo chhodkar lagbhag bhulaa diyaa gayaa thaa. leag shaant hoe gaee aur shayed hii kuchh kiya, halanki abhee bhee sachitra patrika "laa prakatiko" prakaashit curr rahee thee. nayaa upasheershak "duniya key nagrikon key liye ack patrika" thaa; pahale yeh "nirdesh aur manoranjan key liye ack patrika" thee."patrika kaa prakaashan kewal 1970 mein bund hoe gayaa, jaba andreo seh, joe 1946 seey sampaadak they, koo kamjor swaasthya key kaaran sevaanivritt honah padaa. dow. see. seey 1979 mein apani mrityu taka ack dekhbhal grih mein rahey.
sikkon kii soocheeh
laurence mee kii bhoomika.
laurence mee koo saarvbhaumik leag mein nae jeevan kii saans lenny thee. 1973 mein mee aur unaki patni vishva esperanto sangathan key mukhya karyalaya mein saha-karyakarta bunn gaye. agale varsh saarvbhaumik leag ney vishva sangh (abb vishva sanghwadi andolan/vaishvik neeti key liye sansthaan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) aur vishva esperanto sangh key saath sahyog key madhyam seey shaanti key liye prayaas karane mein leag key navinikaran kaa netritva karane key liye kuchh wafadar sadasyon kaa chayan kiya.
dou varshon taka unhone ack antarrashtriya mudra key roop mein stello key vikas koo badhaava diyaa. lambi charcha key baad unhone nishkarsh nikala kii stello kaa mulyankan ack gilder key chauthe seey aadhe gilder mein kiya jaanaa chaahiye. aage kii charchaon ney saarvbhaumik leag koo stello key moolya koo taya karane key liye prerit kiya. mee ney baad mein stello key vikas parr ack mahatvapurna aur vyaapak nibandh likhaa, "dee stabylay muntenheid vaine dee asparentistenah dee stello" ("asparentists kii sthir maudrik ikaaih dha stello"), joe pahali baar 2000 kii vaarshik pustak "europis genuschap woor munt-aine peningkunde", dutch-bhasha mudrashastriya sanghon key ack sangh mein dikhaai diyaa.
nishchit moolya.
stello key liye ack nishchit moolya nirdhaarit karane kaa matlab thaa kii, ack nishchit tithi key roop mein, isaki kray shakti usee tarah rahegi aur mudrasfeeti key adheen naheen hogi. chuni gaee tarikh, 1 janwari 1977 koo, ack stello kii kray shakti koo aadhe gilder key barabar key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa; i.ee.ack gilder dou stellos key barabar thaa.
dow. vienna key joseph hartle ney stello key moolya koo taya karane key liye ack vistrit yojana taiyar kii thee. 1977 key aspas dow. hartle ney stello parr ack parcha prasaarit kiya thaa jisane laurence mee koo prabhaavit kiya thaa. hartle key lekh ney mudrasfeeti key avamoolyan key jawab key roop mein ack sthir moolya vaali mudra key parisancharan kaa sujhaav diyaa. unakaa mool vichaar yeh thaa kii vikas key apane star kii parwah kiye binaa pratyek desh apani rashtriya mudra mein ack ausat parivaar key masik vyay kii ganana curr sakata haye. taba koee bhee manmaane dhang seey iss ausat masik vyay key liye 1,000 maudrik ikaaiyon kaa moolya nirdhaarit curr sakata haye. iss prakaar paribhasha key anusaar, kissy bhee desh mein ack parivaar koo honey vaalaa nuksan, maan leejiye, 10 ikaaiyaan, bilkul 10 "antarrashtriya maudrik ikaaiyon key barabar hogi."
isaliye saavdhaanipoorvak ganana karke, antarrashtriya maudrik ikai aur rashtriya mudra key beach roopaantaran darr koo kissy bhee vishesh desh mein mudrasfeeti darr key anusaar aavashyak roop seey samaayojit kiya jaa sakata haye. vibhinn deshon key beach laine-daine koo antarrashtriya maudrik ikai parr adharit karke, rashtriya mudraaen sattebaajon key hamalon seey parey hongi; vaastav mein, mudra moolyon mein atkalen bekaar hoe jaayengi.
jaisa kii aksar hotaa haye, kaee asambaddh ghatanaaen ack saath huinh 
leag key liye ack nayaa khajanedar.
laurence mee ney 1977 mein leag key khajanedar kaa pada utsaahpoorvak sweekaar kiya. board key sadasyon key roop mein shesh christian aim they.aine.tii. opp 'tii root aind willem pee. roeloffs, joe stello key moolya koo sthir rakhane aur asperanto andolan key dhaanche key bheetar parinam koo prakaashit karane key liye ack prakriya koo jaldi seey sthaapit karane key liye utsuk they. opp 'tii rudd key sampadan key tahat, saarvbhaumik leag kii naee aavadhik "bulteno" iss vichaar seey nirdeshit thee kii stello kaa moolya sthir rahega, mudrasfeeti seey aprabhaavit rahega.
neetherland sahit saat deshon mein baink khaaton key saath, inn deshon mein stello key moolya koo nirdhaarit karane key liye saarvbhaumik leag kii aavashyakta thee. vibhinn rashtriya mudraon kii prabhaavi kray shakti parr vaigyaanik aankadon kii kamee key kaaran, halanki, stello aur pratyek rashtriya mudra key beach vishvasaniya roopaantaran daron koo nirdhaarit karna asambhav thaa. jabaki gilder key saath roopaantaran darr thhos roop seey sthaapit kii gaee thee, anya daron parr samjhauta aasaan naheen hoga.
dow. roeloffs vishesh roop seey stello koo dow seey poori tarah seey alag charitra denaa chaahte they. antarrashtriya maudrik ikaaiyon key baare mein hartle kaa vichaar. unhone dhana sudhaar key prachaar key roop mein stello kaa upayog karane kii bhee vakaalat kii. dow. roeloffs kaa maanana thaa kii stello koo antarrashtriya vittiya lenden key liye aadhar key roop mein kaam karna chaahiye, lekin kewal una deshon key beach joe vaanijyik bainkon key saath sauda karane seey incar karate hain. laurence mee likhate hain, "sambhavatah isaliye kii dhana sudharakon key vichaar pahale seey hii jaane jaate they, yeh pranali kaise kaam karegi, yeh kabhi bhee kagaj parr vistrit naheen thaa."halanki unhone sweekaar kiya kii kray-shakti praavdhaan kaa mool aadhar kuchh hudd taka manmana thaa, lekin main chaahata thaa kii stello mool roop seey saarvbhaumik leag dwara parikalpit bhoomika mein kaam karey.
maheenon kii charcha key baad bhee, donon vichaaron key beach samjhauta karna sambhav naheen thaa, lekin leag key shaasi board key adhikansh sadasyon ney roeloff key vichaaron kaa samarthan kiya. main iss nirnay koo sweekaar naheen curr sakaa aur leag seey istifa dey diyaa. samay-samay parr roeloffs ney stello key vartamaan moolya kii taalikaon key saath "bulteno" kii aapoorti kii, lekin kabhi bhee apane siddhanton yaa ganana vidhi kaa khulasa naheen kiya. swayam upayog kiye gaye antarnihit moolya anupaaton parr kaam naheen curr sakey, halanki unhone maan liya kii way sangraheet kiye gaye they.
anaupchaarik stello.
laurence key liye dow. hartle marr naheen gaye they. unhone aur unaki patni ney lambe samay seey apane vyavasaay "mondcomercista aldonezo asparantista" (ack asperanto-bhasha vyaapaar prakaashak) key liye bahikhaataa mein stello kaa upayog kiya thaa. saarvbhaumik leag seey prasthaan key baad unhone dow. roeloffs key mudra moolya, lekin jaldi seey nishkarsh nikala kii stello kii kray shakti parr detta galat thaa. 1980 key dashak key madhya seey unhone vibhinn deshon mein mudrasfeeti parr saankhyikiya detta ekatra karna shuru kiya, rotterdam mein erasmus vishvavidyalaya mein ack arthshastra prashikshak kaa apratyaashit samarthan praapt kiya. prashikshak koo merey kaam mein bahut ruchi thee. erasmus vishvavidyalaya mein pustakalaya key maanad sadasya, unhone aarthik sahyog aur vikas key liye sangathan key 25 deshon parr saankhyikiya detta key shodh mein apana adhikansh khaali samay bitaaya.
mee ney una 25 deshon mein stello key anaupchaarik moolya parr kaam kiya, 1 janwari 1977 koo apane prasthaan key bindu key roop mein upayog kiya, jiss dinn stello kii nishchit kray shakti koo paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa. unhone paaya kii saarvbhaumik leag sootra nishchit roop seey neetherland key liye galat thaa; unhone maanaa kii yeh anya deshon key liye bhee galat thaa, halanki unake paas abhee taka iska saboot naheen thaa.
1981 mein mee key shodh kii pragati mein teji aaee kyonki unhone nau deshon key mudra sambandhon kii taalikaon koo vitarit karna shuru kiya, jisake saath way teji seey aur bharosemand ganana curr sakate they. haalaanki, yeh jald hii spasht hoe gayaa kii italvi detta usa desh key mudra moolyon key baare mein vishvasaniya nishkarsh nikaalane key liye paryaapt roop seey bharosemand naheen thaa.
buniyaadi ganana pranali itani anukoolit thee kii vaha niyamit aur vishvasaniya detta praapt curr sakata thaa, vaha kaee aur deshon key beach mudra sambandhon koo thheek curr sakata thaa. haalaanki, meraa maanana thaa kii unake adhure detta kii bhee bahut upayogita thee. mudra sambandhon ney unhein stello kii kray shakti nirdhaarit karane aur ise ack nishchit desh kii rashtriya mudra mein vyakt karane kii anumati dee. harr jagah stello koo seva mein rakhane mein saksham honey key liye sahyogiyon key ack bahurashtriya network key sanyukt kaam kii aavashyakta hogi. phir bhee laurence mee jaari rhaa.
unake dwara ack computer khareedane key baad mamle aur bhee teji seey chaley gaye, jise vartamaan maandandon dwara adim maanaa jaayega. vibhinn deshon key liye mudra moolya bhavishyavaniyon kii teji seey ganana karna sitambar 1992 mein pahale seey hii sambhav thaa. taba seey "infercagero pri laa stello" (stello key baare mein notes) sheershak key saath ack pustika prakaashit kii gaee haye aur utsaahi sahyogiyon key madhyam seey vitarit kii gaee haye, vishesh roop seey aarhas, denmark mein asparantocentrum dwara.
stello kii kray shakti mein apane adhyayan kii shuruat mein, dow. mee aur unake sahyogiyon ney pahale hii nott curr liya thaa kii grate britten mein kray shakti manmaane dhang seey nirdhaarit kii gaee theeh udaaharan key liye, 1 janwari 1977 koo, badey bainkon key mudra samjhauton key anusaar ack pound 4.1875 gilder key barabar thaa. kyonki ack gilder koo taba 2 stellos key barabar key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa, isake baad ack pound 8.375 stellos key barabar hoga. yeh vinimay darr taba taka bunny rahegi jaba taka kii donon deshon mein kray shakti kii ack-dusare key saath seedhe tulanaa karane key liye ack adhik vishvasaniya vidhi taiyar naheen kii jaa sakati. dow. maine anya deshon mein bhee yahee pranali lagu kii.
laurence mee ney pahale hii neetherland key baahar anya deshon mein stello kii buniyaadi kray shakti koo taya karane parr ack manmaane faisale kii soochana dee thee. isake lekhankan aadhar koo taya karane key liye unhone anya manmaane nirnayon koo lagu kiya, harr baar sweekarya mudra daron koo prastut karane key lakshya key saath. una nirnayon ney usa pranali kaa gathan kiya jise unhone niyamit roop seey mudra roopaantaran daron kii ganana aur prakaashan key liye niyojit kiya thaa.
stello kii upayogita.
choonki stello asparentists kii mudra thee, isaliye isaki upayogita kaa ack achchha udaaharan masik patrika kaa prakaashan aur kiraaye aur vetan kaa bhugtan thaa. masik patrika key prakaashak koo sadasyata raashi praapt hoti haye, ack printer kii sevaaon kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur usey lekhan samagri aur daak aadi key liye bhugtan karna padata haye. mudrasfeeti key prabhaav mein laagat badhegi lekin sabhi ack hii samay mein naheen aur sabhi mudrasfeeti darr key anupaat mein naheen. antatah prakaashak koo vaarshik sadasyata darr mein vriddhi parr vichaar karna chaahiye. naee vaarshik darr kii ghoshana aamtaur parr agale calender varsh seey pahale sitambar mein kii jaani haye.
mee aur unake sahayogi yeh dikhaa sakate they kii sadasyata darr koo ack sthir mudra ikai seey jodane seey iss kaary koo suvidhajanak banaaya gayaa, halanki vaanijyik baink daron parr abhee bhee alag seey vichaar karane kii aavashyakta thee. yadi 1977 mein koee vishesh prakaashak ack varsh key liye 60 stellos key vinimay-moolya seey santusht thaa, tou stello key baare mein merey adhyayanon ney bhavishyavani kii kii 60 stellos kaa vinimay moolya bhavishya key varshon mein paryaapt banaa rahega. isaliye, usa prakaashak koo agale varsh key liye rashtriya mudraon mein aavashyak sadasyata moolya star kaa andaja lagaane key liye kewal sitambar key liye mudra taalikaon kii aavashyakta hogi.
asparentists key abhyaas seey doosara udaaharan ack holl koo dusare samaaj koo kiraaye parr denaa haye. choonki esperanto sangh apane kiraaye key rajaswa key liye samaan kray shakti banaae rakhna chaahega (kyonki sangh key kharchon mein samay key saath mudrasfeeti key madhyam seey vriddhi honey kii sambhavana hogi) yeh kirayedar key saath ack samjhauta curr sakata haye, jise stellos mein vyakt kiya gayaa haye lekin tatkalin vartamaan masik roopaantaran darr key anusaar rashtriya mudra mein deya haye.
teesara udaaharan kiye gaye kaam key liye vetan kaa nirdhaaran haye. chaahe humm stello pranali kaa upayog karna maan lein yaa naheen, majdoori dainik chinta kaa vishay haye. sabhi audyogik deshon koo mudrasfeeti kaa saamana karna chaahiye, joe lagaatar parivarik bajat mein cumm hoe jaati haye, aur ekmatra upaay vetan mein nirantar vriddhi haye. vishesh roop seey audyogik duniya mein, majdoori vaarta kabhi-kabhi niyoktaon aur shramik sanghon key beach kadve takraav kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye. vikaasheel deshon mein shram sambandh kaanoon kii majboot parampara kii kamee haye, inn takraavon key parinamswarup manvadhikaron kaa hanan hoe sakata haye yaa pulis yaa sainya hastakshep bhee hoe sakata haye. hadtaal yaa talabandi key baad aapsi vishvaas aur vishvaas kaa mahaul phir seey hassil karane mein lamba samay lugg sakata haye. asparentist arthshastriyon kaa maanana haye kii shram-prabandhan vaartaon mein stello kaa upayog inn samasyaon koo roque sakata haye.
saarvbhaumik leag kaa vighatan.
saarvbhaumik leag astitva mein rahee, lekin esperanto duniya mein iska mahatva cumm hoe gayaa. esperanto" patrika mein unake nidhan parr unake kaee sahyogiyon kii bhee mrityu hoe gaee. dow. roeloffs ney "bulteno" key sampadan kaa jimma sambhal liya thaa jaba dow. abb yeh kaam naheen curr sakata thaa. bulteno" key nae muddon kii aniyamit upasthiti ney sakriya leag sadasyata mein kamee koo spasht curr diyaa.
1993 mein saarvbhaumik leag key shaasi board ney "bulteno" kaa prakaashan bund curr diyaa aur leag key mamalon koo bund karane kaa faisala kiya. shesh poonji koo kaee neenvon key beach vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen seey adhikansh dhana vishva esperanto sangh koo jaataa thaa. anudaanon mein seey ack mein sangrahakarta kii vastuon key roop mein yuu. ee. aeye. key madhyam seey beche jaane vaale stello sikkon kaa bhandar paaya gayaa. dow. kii mrityu. 1996 mein aur dow. 1998 mein roeloffs ney ack pramukh asparentist pahal kaa anta kiya.
nayaa esperanto sikka 100 stellos 2018 silver.
rene dee sausur kii varshgaanth (150vaan janmadin), 1868-1943.
31, 1 graam chaandi 999/1000.
granth soochi.
 dutch menh
 angrezi menh