
smaarak sikka

ack smaarak sikka ack aisaa sikka haye jise kissy vishesh ghatana yaa mudde key smaran mein ack alag design key saath jaari kiya jaataa haye, jiss avsar parr unhein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. iss shreni key kaee sikke kewal sangrahakarta kii vastuon key roop mein kaam karate hain, halanki kuchh desh niyamit roop seey chalan key liye smaarak sikke bhee jaari karate hain.
upashreniyaan.
smaarak sikkon koo teen prakaron mein seey ack key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haih
itihas.
aitihaasik roop seey, kissy bhee raajya dwara jaari kiye gaye sikke hamesha vartamaan raajneetik yaa aarthik sthiti koo darshaate hain. kaee pracheen aur poorv-aadhunik sikke nishchit roop seey samkaaleen samay kii ghatnaaon kaa smaran karate hain. udaaharan key liye, roman sikkon mein aksar sainya abhiyaanon aur videshi shaktiyon kii haar kaa sandarbh hotaa haye. yeye vipareet prakaar aksar prateekaatmak roop seey haal hii mein jeete gaye kshetron koo roman pradhikaran key adheenata kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. aise sikke pracheen raajneetik prachaar key udaaharan hain. roman samrajya kaa pratinidhitva ack garvit yoddha dwara kiya jaa sakata haye joe parajit dushman kaa pratinidhitva karate hue ack cumm aakar kii aakriti koo 'oopar' uthaata haye.
poore itihas mein, sikke aamtaur parr vishesh avsaron parr jaari kiye gaye hain, binaa usa avsar kaa spasht roop seey ullekh kiye. kuchh mamalon mein, pratikool paristhitiyon mein aapaatkaaleen dhana jaari kiya gayaa haye, jaise kii gherabandi key tahat ack shahar. iss tarah key aapaatkaaleen sikke 1529 mein vienna mein jaari kiye gaye they, jabaki shahar koo ottoman samrajya key sainikon dwara gher liya gayaa thaa. usa samay kii paristhitiyon key kaaran, aise sikkon koo aksar goal key bajaay vargakar flance parr banaaya jaataa haye (ack goal kii tulanaa mein ack vargakar flance kaa utpaadan karna aasaan aur tez thaa). iss yug key europeeya varg sikkon koo unake german naam 'clippe' seey jaanaa jaataa haye. sikke ack sainya abhiyaan key vittaposhan key vishisht uddeshya seey, yaa ack samanti swami dwara apane samprabhu koo curr yaa yuddh kshatipurti key bhugtan key liye bhee jaari kiye jaa sakate hain.
haal kii shataabdiyon key dauran, ack nae samrat key rajyabhishek kii ghoshana karane key liye vishesh roop seey taiyar sikke jaari kiye gaye hain. aise sikkon koo 'largese' sikke key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar key sikke bhaarat mein mugal yug ('nisaar' sikke) key dauran aur europe mein nirankushadhikar key yug mein jaari kiye gaye they. europe mein, janata kaa dhyaan aakarshit karane aur taaliyan bajaane key liye aise sikke shaahi rath seey bikhare hue they. sweeden mein, iss prakaar key sikke 1873 key anta mein jaari kiye gaye they (jinhen "castpaining" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye).
europeeya rashtra raajyon key gathan key yug key dauran, vibhinn ghatnaaon koo spasht roop seey yaad karane vaale vishesh sikkon kaa jaari honah teji seey aam hoe gayaa. inn sikkon koo aksar rashtriyata kii ack saarvajanik dhaarana sthaapit karane key liye taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, aur shaasak samrat aur unake rajvansh kaa sammaan karane key liye bhee. aarthik roop seey thakaa dene vaale napolean yuddhon key dauran, denmark mein janata key swaichhik yogdan seey ack chhathaa rigsdaler jaari kiya gayaa thaa, jiska uddeshya ack nae bede key nirmaan key liye vittaposhan karna thaa. ack anya ullekhaniya sikka 1871 kaa prussian theller haye, joe franco-russie yuddh kii jeet kii yaad mein haye, jisase prussian raajaa key liye ekikrit german rashtra key samrat key roop mein taaj pahanaaya jaa sakata haye. germany key (raajneetik aur maudrik) ekikaran key baad, kuchh german raajyon ney vishesh avsaron parr alag-alag sikke jaari karna jaari rakhaa, jaise kii ack shaasak samrat kii jayanti. 19veen shatabdi key anta aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein inn shaahi jayanti sikkon kaa jaari honah poore europe mein aam hoe gayaa. kuchh mamalon mein, yeye pahale seey hii apane tankan key samay sangraahak vastuein bunn gaeen.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale, smaarak sikke hamesha keemati dhatuon key baney hotey they. mool dhaatu key sikkon koo shayed rashtra yaa shaasak rajvansh key sammaan key liye upayukt yaa yogya naheen maanaa jaataa thaa. haalaanki, 20veen shatabdi key dauran, mudra key parisancharan key liye keemati dhatuon kaa upayog teji seey durlabh hoe gayaa. pratham vishva yuddh aur 1930 key dashak key vishva aarthik sankat ney baink noton kii chaandi aur soney key sikkon mein roopaantaran koo asthaayi yaa sthaayi roop seey samaapt curr diyaa. dheere-dheere, keemati dhaatu key sikkon kaa jaari honah teji seey pratibandhit hoe gayaa, aur lagbhag 1970 key aspas nishchit roop seey chhod diyaa gayaa. jabaki inn dashakon key smaarak mukhya roop seey keemati dhatuon mein jaari kiye jaate rahey, parisanchari mudra key roop mein unakaa upayog durlabh hoe gayaa yaa poori tarah seey bund hoe gayaa. iss prakaar, smaarak sikkon key ack alag varg mein vikasit hue, jinka rosemarra key lenden mein upayog kiye jaane vaale sikkon aur noton seey koee tatkaal pahchaanane yogya sambandh naheen thaa. sikkon kaa yeh varg sangrahakarta kii vastuein yaa kuchh mamalon mein aarthik nivesh key liye vastuein theen.
jaba paschim germany ney 1975 mein chaandi key 5 ank key sikke koo tambe-nickle key sikke seey badal diyaa, tou chaandi key 5 ank key smaarak bhee tambe-nickle (1979 mein) mein vaapas aaa gaye. pahale seey hii 1965 mein, soviyat sangh ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein jeet kii yaad mein ack tamba-nickle-jastaa rubal jaari kiya. yeh aur agale chaar smaarak rubal, kaee laakhon pratiyon mein jaari kiye gaye, aur niyamit mudra key roop mein vitarit kiye gaye.
united kingdam mein, 1971 mein mudra pranali key dashmalavkaran seey pahale, samanya smaarak sikka ack mukut, yaa paanch shilling kaa tukada thaa. yeye samraton key rajyabhishek koo chihnit karane key liye jaari kiye gaye they; ack winston churchill kii mrityu key avsar parr bhee jaari kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh dashamlav mukut (25 pence key moolya key) jaari kiye gaye they, lekin 1990 key baad seey £5 samanya gair-parisanchari smaarak sikka rhaa haye. anya moolyavarg jaise 50 pence aur 2 pound koo parisanchari smaarak key roop mein jaari kiya jaataa haye.
 parisanchari aur gair-parisanchari smaarak sanyukt roop seey jaari kiye jaa sakate hain, lekin unake uddeshya kaafee alag hain. udaaharan key liye, denmark ney 1990 seey aluminium kansya 20 croner smaarak aur chaandi 200 crone smaarak jaari karane kaa ack pattern vikasit kiya haye. aluminium key kansya sikke gair-smaarak 20 crone sikkon key saath ghoom rahey hain, jabaki chaandi key sikke kabhi bhee prasaarit naheen hotey hain. prachalan mein aaney vaale smaarak prachalan mein aaney vaale sikkon mein bhinnata laate hain, jabaki chaandi key sikke sangrahakarta kii vastuen hain aur raajya key liye rajaswa kaa ack srot hain. isi tarah, purvi germany mein, kuchh smaarak sikke videshi mudra arjit karane key praathamik uddeshya seey jaari kiye gaye they, jabaki anya vaastav mein vitarit kiye gaye they, halanki sambandhit moolyavarg key baink noton kii tulanaa mein cumm matra mein.
gair-prasaarit smarakon kaa mahatva.
kaee desh laabh kamaane key abhyaas key roop mein vishuddh roop seey abhigrahan key liye badee matra mein gair-parisanchari kanuni nivida jaari karate hain. yeye sikke jinn ghatnaaon koo yaad karate hain, unhein aksar desh key liye mahatvapurna ghatnaaon key bajaay ack kathit bajar key aadhar parr chunaa jaataa haye. gair-parisanchari sikkon key liye vikasit takneek parisancharan muddon kii or badh gaee haye-rangeen sikkon koo pahali baar gair-parisanchari kanuni nivida key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa, lekin kanada aur australia ney rangeen smaarak sikke jaari kiye hain.
yeh bhee dekhein.
kshetra key anusaar smaarak sikkeh