
valerio-horatian kaanoon

valerio-horatian kaanoon () teen kaanoon they joe 449 eesaa poorv key liye rome key vanijyadooton dwara paarit kiye gaye they, lucius valerius poplicola potitus aur marcus horatius barbetus. unhone logon koo appeal karane key adhikaar koo bahaal kiya aur aise upaay kiye joe logon key liye anukool they. vanijya dooton key kaary ack janmat vidroh key baad hue, doosara janmat algaav, jisane dusare dhokhebaaz koo ukhaad fenka, jisane atyacharpurna shasson kiya thaa. donon vanijyadooton ney janmat sangrah key prati sahaanubhooti dikhaai thee aur isake parinamswarup, vidroh key samadhan key liye baatchit karane key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. unake nae kaanoonon ney janmat ashanti koo shaant curr diyaa.
prishthabhoomi.
450 eesaa poorv mein, joe kii sanrakshkon aur adhivakton key beach aadeshon key 200 saal key sangharsh key dauran thaa, sanrakshkon ney "vidhaayak aur sanrakshkon seey samaan sankhya mein chune gaye vidhayakon key ack nikaay kii niyukti key liye sahamati dee, joe donon aadeshon key liye upayogi hoga aur pratyek key liye samaan swatantrata surakshit karega.janmat sangrah key loga kaanoonon kaa ack prakaashit samooh chaahte they taaki spasht aur gyaat niyam aur suraksha key saath-saath dund bhee houn. usa samay taka, kaanoon alikhit they aur manmaane dhang seey upayog karane key liye khule they aur kabhi-kabhi durupyog key liye bhee khule they. kaanoonon koo vikasit karane key liye ack duss-vyakti aayog niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, desamviri legibus scribbondis consulary imperio (desamviri kaa arth haye duss purush). vanijya dutawas (ganarajya key dou vaarshik nirvaachit pramukhon kaa karyalaya) aur lock sabhaa nyayadhikaran (lock sabhaon key pratinidhi) koo nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. disviri koo apani or seey manmaane kadmon key khilaf logon seey appeal karane key adhikaar seey chhoot praapt sarkaar key roop mein bhee kaary karna thaa. pahale dhokhebaaz kaa aacharan anukaraniya thaa aur isane kaanoonon kii duss kansya pattiyan taiyar keen.
yeh mahsoos kiya gayaa kii kaanoon koo puuraa karane key liye dou aur kaanoonon kii aavashyakta thee. ack nayaa dhokhebaaz chunaa gayaa. livy key anusaar, doosara dhokhebaaj nirankush thaa aur appeal karane key adhikaar seey unaki chhoot kaa laabh uthaate hue logon kaa durupyog kartaa thaa. yeh antatah dusare pleabian algaav key roop mein jaane jaane vaale pleabian vidroh kaa kaaran banaa. lock sabhaa ney shahar key baahar mons sacker (pavitra parvat) mein bhaag liya aur apani maangon koo puuraa karane taka vahaan rahane kaa sankalp liya. unaki maangen theen-disviri kaa istifa, logon seey appeal karane key adhikaar kii bahaali aur janmat sangrah nyayadhikaranon aur unaki shaktiyon kii bahaali. lucius valerius aur marcus hortius, dou patrician joe deseviri dwara ack pleabian key durvyavahar key ack udaaharan key liye khade hue they aur pleabian key prati sahaanubhooti dikhaai thee, unhein mons sacker baatchit key liye bheja gayaa thaa. vaarta safal rahee, disviri ney istifa dey diyaa aur algaav koo radd curr diyaa gayaa. lucius valerius aur marcus hortius koo varsh key liye vanijya doot key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa. unhone logon seey appeal karane key adhikaar koo bahaal kiya aur aise upaay kiye joe vidroh key dauran ubhari apani shikayaton koo door karane key liye janmat sangrah key liye anukool they.
kaanoon.
lakes valeria horetia dee pleabysitis. isase yeh sthaapit huaa kii janmat parishad dwara paarit prastaav sabhi key liye badhyakari they. janmat sangrah karane vaalon ney iss nikaay koo apani sabhaa key roop mein banaaya thaa jahan way apane pahale vidroh, pahale janmat sangrah algaav (494 eesaa poorv) key dauran apane muddon parr bahas curr sakate they. patrickian koo pleabian parishad seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa. parishad una kaanoonon parr bhee matdan curr sakati thee joe janmat sangrah seey sambandhit they. ise lock sabhaa nyayadhikaranon dwara bulaaya gayaa aur adhyakshata kii gaee, joe pahale lock sabhaa vidroh key dauran banaae gaye they. inn nyayadhikaranon ney parishad key matdan key liye prastaav prastaavit kiye. yeye lock sabhaa sansthaan vanijya dooton aur roman abhijaat varg dwara durvyavahar key khilaf lock sabhaon kii aatmaraksha key liye banaae gaye they aur patrickian-niyantrit roman senate key sansthanon seey alag they. sanrakshkon ney parishad key prastaavon koo poore logon parr aur isaliye sanrakshkon parr bhee badhyakari kaanoonon key roop mein maanyata dene seey incar curr diyaa. livy ney likhaa kii "yeh vivaad kaa ack bindu thaa, kyaa patrickian aam sabhaa mein adhiniyamit niyamon seey baadhya they, unhone [vanijya dooton] sadiyon kii sabhaa mein ack kaanoon kaa prastaav rakhaa [sainikon kii sabhaa, jisane vanijya dooton dwara prastaavit kaanoonon parr matdan kiya], kii joe bhee vanijya dooton ney saamoohik roop seey adesh diyaa, vaha poore logon koo baadhya karey; jisake dwara kaanoon dwara nyayadhikaranon dwara pesh kiye gaye prastaavon koo ack sabse utsuk hathiyar diyaa gayaa thaa."
lakes valeria horatia dee provocation. yeh logon koo appeal karane key adhikaar (ukasaave vaalaa lock-prachaar) kii bahaali thee, jiska arth haye logon koo bulana. ack nagrik vanijya dooton yaa adhikaariyon dwara usake khilaf shakti key sankshipt upayog key khilaf logon koo bulaa sakata haye. iss prakaar kii appeal key saath kii gaee sankshipt kaarravaai koo roque diyaa jaayega. iss kaanoon ney kissy bhee aadhikarik pada key nirmaan koo bhee pratibandhit kiya joe logon key appeal key adhikaar seey mukt they. livy ney kahaa kii iss kaanoon key madhyam seey logon koo appeal karane kaa adhikaar "naa kewal bahaal kiya gayaa thaa, balki ack nae adhiniyam dwara bhavishya key liye majboot kiya gayaa thaa. yeh kissy bhee magistrate kii niyukti koo pratibandhit kartaa haye jisase appeal karane kaa koee adhikaar naheen thaa, aur yeh praavdhaan kartaa haye kii joe koee bhee aisaa kartaa haye usey sahee aur kanuni roop seey maut key ghaat utaar diyaa jaa sakata haye, aur naa hii usey maut key ghaat utaarane vaale vyakti koo hatyaa kaa doshi thaharaaya jaanaa chaahiye." 
lakes valeria horatia dee tribunicia potestate. iss kaanoon ney potestas tribunicia koo bahaal kiya, joe kii pleabian tribune kii shaktiyaan (aksar tribunic shaktiyon key roop mein sandarbhit) hain. isane pleabian tribune, edils (tribune key sahayak) aur desamviri kii alanghaniyata (sacrosanctitas) key siddhant koo bhee kaanoon mein sthaapit kiya. yeh siddhant lakes sanskar (pavitra kaanoon) parr adharit thaa, joe ack dhaarmik manjuri thee jisake anusaar ack mandir, pavitra vastu yaa vyakti koo shaaririk roop seey alanghaniya (pavitra) ghoshit kiya jaa sakata thaa. festus key anusaar "pavitra kaanoon aise kaanoon hain jinamen yeh manjuri haye kii joe koee bhee unhein todata haye, vaha apane parivaar aur sampatti key saath kissy ack devta key liye shaapit hoe jaataa haye. ullanghankarta pavitra bunn gayaa (shaapit), maanaa jaataa thaa kii usane pavitra vastu yaa vyakti key alawa kissy bhagwan yaa devta koo nuksan pahunchaaya thaa, bhagwan (oun) key liye jabt hoe gayaa thaa, joe koee bhee usey/usey maar detaa thaa vaha pavitra kartavya kaa paalan curr rhaa thaa aur usey dandit naheen kiya jaayega aur mrit ullanghankarta koo prashn mein bhagwan (oun) key samaksh aatmasamarpan curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
pahale pleabian vidroh key baad playbian tribune kii alanghaniyata kaa siddhant sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. pleebiyanon key netaa honey key alawa, pleabian tribune pleebiyanon key rakshak they. unake paas vanijya dooton yaa adhikaariyon dwara kii jaane vaali kaarrvaaiyon koo rokane kii shakti thee, jise way vyaktigat logon key liye sankshipt aur hanikarak maanate they. yeh shakti iss siddhant parr ticky thee kii pleabian tribune kaa vyakti pavitra thaa. joe koee bhee usey chot pahunchaayega usey pavitra ghoshit kiya jaayega. vaastav mein iska matlab thaa kii joe bhee unake nyayadhikaranon koo chot pahunchaayega, unhein maarne kii shapath logon ney lii aur ise ack dhaarmik aadhar diyaa gayaa. pleabian ney apane rakshakon kii raksha karane kaa beedaa uthaaya.
livy ney kahaa kii vanijya dooton ney kuchh pavitra sanskaron key saath "potestas tribunicia kaa navinikaran kiya" joe ack door key ateet seey punarjeevit hue, aur dharm key pratibandhon dwara unaki alanghaniyata koo surakshit karane key alawa, unhone ack kaanoon banaaya kii joe koee bhee lock shikayaton key magistrates koo hinsa kii peshkash kartaa haye, chaahe vaha tribune, edils [tribune key sahayak], yaa dhokhebaaz nyayadhish, uska vyakti jupiter koo samarpit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, usaki sampatti bechi jaani chaahiye aur seares, libra aur libra key mandir koo saunpi gaee aaya....
aadhunik itihaskaron key vichaar.
appeal key adhikaar parr kaanoon key donon mamalon mein aur janmat sangrah parr, aise kaanoon key teen udaaharan they. appeal parr dou anya kaanoon they joe dou vanijyadooton dwara prastaavit kiye gaye they joe valeria parivaar key sadasya bhee they, ack 509 eesaa poorv mein publius valerius publicola dwara aur ack 300 eesaa poorv mein marcus valerius corvus dwara. dou anya kaanoon joe janmat sangrah key liye poore logon parr badhyakari honey kaa praavdhaan karate they, bhee prastaavit kiye gaye they, ack 339 eesaa poorv mein quintus publilius philo dwara aur ack 287 eesaa poorv mein quintus hortensius dwara. isake kaaran kuchh itihaskaron ney tark diyaa haye kii donon mamalon mein pahala aur doosara kaanoon itihas seey parey haye aur kewal teesara aitihaasik haye.
cornell uparokt drishtikon seey vivaad kartaa haye. way bataate hain kii roman vidhaayak baar-baar ack hii vishay seey nipatate hain aur maujooda kaanoon key praavdhaanon koo sanshodhanon yaa ack nae kaanoon key nae praavdhaanon mein shamil karate hain. unakaa tark haye kii yeh saabit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye kii appeal parr teen kaanoon samaan they, kii valerio-horatian kaanoon kaa uddeshya "prati appeal kaa adhikaar pradaan karna naheen thaa [vaastav mein, yeh ack bahaali thee], balki appeal key adheen naheen magistracy key nirmaan koo pratibandhit karna thaa", aur yeh kii humm 300 eesaa poorv key kaanoon kii samagri key baare mein kuchh bhee naheen jaanate hain. unhone nott kiya kii livy ney kahaa kii marcus valerius corvus kaa appeal kaa kaanoon 'adhik savdhani seey nirdhaarit' kiya gayaa thaa aur yeh appeal parr pichhale kaanoonon kii tulanaa mein honah chaahiye. livy ney yeh bhee likhaa kii "raajaon key nishkasana key baad seey yeh teesari baar thaa jaba iss tarah kaa kaanoon ack hii parivaar dwara harr baar pesh kiya gayaa thaa" unhone nirdisht kiya kii dusare aur teesare kaanoon navinikaran they aur kahaa kii unhone socha kii iska kaaran yeh thaa kii kuchh logon kii sampatti mein janmat kii swatantrata seey adhik shakti thee. unhone kahaa kii kaanoon una logon koo kode maarne yaa fansi dene seey manaa kartaa haye jinhone appeal kii thee, lekin kewal yeh praavdhaan kiya kii yadi kissy koo [isake] aadeshon kii avahelana karni chaahiye tou ise ack dusht kaary maanaa jaanaa chaahiye.
poore logon koo baadhya karane vaale kaanoonon kaa gathan karane vaale janmat sangrah parr kaanoon key sambandh mein, cornell, phir seey, sochate hain kii ack hii vishay parr baad key teen kaanoonon key record seey yeh sanket dene kii aavashyakta naheen haye kii pahale dou itihas seey baahar they. unhone nott kiya kii 449 eesaa poorv (lakes valeria-horatia kaa varsh) aur 287 eesaa poorv (lakes hortensia kaa varsh) key beach paintees janmat they jinamen kaanoon kaa bull thaa. unakaa tark haye kii 449 eesaa poorv key kaanoon ney shayed samanya siddhant koo sthaapit kiya, "lekin kuchh tarah seey aisaa karane kii apani swatantrata koo seemit curr diyaa, udaaharan key liye, janmat sangrah koo octoritas partum yaa comitia populi key baad key vote key adheen karke, yaa vaastav mein donon.octoritas petrum kaa arth thaa pitri-niyantrit senate key madhyam seey pitaaon (pitri-shasakon) kaa adhikaar. yeh prastaavon koo kaanoon mein paarit karaane mein kathinaaiyon kii vyakhya karega, jaise kii garibon kii madad key liye krishi sudhaar key vibhinn asafal prayaas, jinhen garib logon aur janmat parishad kaa samarthan praapt honah chaahiye thaa. 339 eesaa poorv key kaanoon ney inn pratibandhon koo aanshik roop seey hataa diyaa hoga aur 287 eesaa poorv key kaanoon ney shayed unhein poori tarah seey samaapt curr diyaa hoga aur isaliye yeye dou kaanoon punaravritti naheen they, balki punah adhiniyam they jinhone vishisht sanshodhanon koo pesh kiya jisase janmat sangrah mein patrickian baadha cumm hoe gaee. yeh sambhav hoe sakata haye kyonki srot inn kaanoonon key vistrit praavdhaan pradaan naheen karate hain.'