
shaaririk koshika

koshikiya jeev vigyaan mein, ack shaaririk koshika (), yaa vanaspati koshika, ack gamet, roganu koshika, gamatocyte yaa avakalit stame koshika key alawa ack bahukoshikiya jeev key shareer kaa nirmaan karane vaali koee bhee javic koshika haye. aisee koshikaaen ack jeev key shareer kii rachana karati hain aur dwiaadhaari vikhandan aur mitotic vibhajan kii prakriya key madhyam seey vibhajit hoti hain.
isake vipareet, yugmak way koshikaaen hain joe yaun prajanan key dauran fuse hoti hain, roganu koshikaaen way koshikaaen hain joe yugmak koo janm detee hain, aur stame koshikaaen aisee koshikaaen hain joe mitosis key madhyam seey vibhajit hoe sakati hain aur vibhinn vishesh prakaar kii koshikaon mein bhinn hoe sakati hain. udaaharan key liye, standhaariyon mein, shaaririk koshikaaen sabhi aantarik angon, twacha, haddiyon, rakt aur sanyoji ootakon koo banaati hain, jabaki standhari roganu koshikaaen shukranu aur andaa koo janm detee hain joe nishechan key dauran ack koshika kaa utpaadan karane key liye fuse hoti hain jise zygot kahaa jaataa haye, joe ack bhroon kii koshikaon mein vibhajit aur alag hoti haye. maanav shareer mein lagbhag 220 prakaar kii shaaririk koshikaaen hain.
saiddhaantik roop seey, yeye koshikaaen roganu koshikaaen (yugmak kaa srot) naheen hain; way apane utparivartan koo apane koshikiya vanshajon (yadi unake paas koee haye) koo preshit karati hain, lekin jeev key vanshajon koo naheen. haalaanki, spunge mein, gair-bhinn shaaririk koshikaaen roganu rekha banaati hain aur, nideria mein, bhinn shaaririk koshikaaen roganu rekha kaa srot hain. mitotic koshika vibhajan kewal dwigunit shaaririk koshikaon mein dekhaa jaataa haye. kewal kuchh koshikaaen jaise roganu koshikaaen prajanan mein bhaag letee hain.
vikas.
jaise-jaise bahukoshikta kaee baar vikasit hui, vaise-vaise sterile somatic koshikaaen bhee vikasit huin. vishesh shaaririk koshikaon kaa utpaadan karane vaali ack amar roganu rekha key vikas mein mrityu darr kaa udbhav shamil thaa, aur ise volvosin shaiwal mein isake sabse saral sanskaran mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. sterile somatic koshikaon aur ack germaline key beach algaav vaali prajaatiyon koo weismanist kahaa jaataa haye. veesmainvaadi vikas apekshaakrit durlabh haye (ee.jee.kasheruki, arthropods, "volvox"), kyonki kaee prajaatiyon mein shaaririk bhrunjanan kii kshamata hoti haye (ee.jee., bhoomi key paudhe, adhikansh shaiwal, aur kaee aksheruki).
aanuvanshiki aur gunasutra.
sabhi koshikaon kii tarah, shaaririk koshikaon mein gunasutron mein vyavasthit dna hotaa haye. yadi ack shaaririk koshika mein gunasutra jode mein vyavasthit hotey hain, tou ise dwigunit kahaa jaataa haye aur jeev koo dwigunit jeev kahaa jaataa haye. dwigunit jeevon key yugmon mein kewal ack yugmit gunasutra hotey hain aur inhen haploid kahaa jaataa haye. gunasutron kii pratyek jodee mein ack gunasutra hotaa haye joe pitaa seey viraasat mein milaa aur ack maan seey viraasat mein milaa. manushyon mein, shaaririk koshikaon mein 23 jode mein sangathit 46 gunasutra hotey hain. isake vipareet, dwigunit jeevon key yugmakon mein kewal aadhe gunasutra hotey hain. manushyon mein, yeh 23 yugmit gunasutra hain. jaba dou gamet (i.ee. ack shukranu aur ack andashay) garbhadhaaran key dauran milate hain, way ack saath fuse karate hain, ack zygot banaate hain. dou yugmakon key sanlayan key kaaran, ack maanav yugmaj mein 46 gunasutra hotey hain (i.ee. 23 jode).
badee sankhya mein prajaatiyon kii shaaririk koshikaon mein gunasutra hotey hain joe chaukon ("tetraploid") yaa yahaan taka kii chhakkon ("hexaploid") mein vyavasthit hotey hain. iss prakaar, unamen dwigunit yaa trigunit germaline koshikaaen bhee hoe sakati hain. iska ack udaaharan gehuun kii aadhunik kheti kii gaee prajaati haye, "triticum astivum ell.", ack hexaploid prajaati jisaki shaaririk koshikaon mein pratyek chromated kii chhah pratiyaan hoti hain.
ack hii vyakti seey shaaririk koshika prakaron kii tulanaa mein unnat purush roganu koshikaon mein sahaj utparivartan kii aavritti kaafee cumm hoti haye. maadaa roganu koshikaaen bhee ack utparivartan aavritti dikhaati hain joe sambandhit shaaririk koshikaon kii tulanaa mein cumm hoti haye aur purush roganu koshikaon key samaan hoti haye. yeye nishkarsh shaaririk koshikaon kii tulanaa mein roganu koshikaon mein sahaj utparivartan kii praarambhik ghatana koo seemit karane key liye adhik prabhaavi tantra key rojgar koo pratibimbit karate hain. iss tarah key tantra mein sambhavatah dee. aine. aeye. marammat enzymon key uchch star shamil hain joe sabse sambhaavit utparivarti dee. aine. aeye. nuksan koo cumm karate hain.
cloning.
haal key varshon mein, standhaariyon mein poore jeevon kii cloning kii takneek vikasit kii gaee haye, jisase ack janwar key lagbhag samaan aanuvanshik clone kaa utpaadan kiya jaa sakata haye. aisaa karane kii ack vidhi koo "shaaririk koshika paramanu hastaantaran" kahaa jaataa haye aur isamen ack shaaririk koshika, aamtaur parr ack twacha koshika seey naabhik koo hataana shamil haye. iss naabhik mein usa jeev key utpaadan key liye aavashyak sabhi aanuvanshik jaankaari hoti haye jisase ise hataaya gayaa thaa. iss naabhik koo phir usee prajaati key andashay mein inject kiya jaataa haye jisaki apani aanuvanshik samagri hataa dee gaee haye. andashay koo abb nishechit karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye, kyonki isamen aanuvanshik samagri kii sahee matra (gunasutron kii ack dwigunit sankhya) hoti haye. siddhant roop mein, andashay koo ack hii prajaati key janwar key garbhashay mein pratyaaropit kiya jaa sakata haye aur vikasit honey diyaa jaa sakata haye. parinami janwar usa janwar key lagbhag aanuvanshik roop seey samaan clone hoga jisase naabhik liya gayaa thaa. kewal antar kissy bhee mitochondrial dna key kaaran hotaa haye joe andashay mein banaa rahata haye, joe usa koshika seey alag haye jisane naabhik koo daan kiya thaa. vyavhaar mein, yeh takneek abb taka samasyagrast rahee haye, halanki kuchh uchch-profile safalataaen millie hain, jaise kii dolly dha bhed aur, haal hii mein, snoopy, pahala clone kiya gayaa kutta.
pashu aanuvanshik sansadhanon key cryoconcervation key abhyaas mein pashu aanuvanshik samagri key sanrakshan key saadhan key roop mein shaaririk koshikaon koo bhee ekatra kiya gayaa haye, jisamen pashudhan kaa pratiroopan bhee shamil haye.
aanuvanshik sanshodhan.
jaiv praudyogiki key vikas ney shaaririk koshikaon key aanuvanshik herfer kii anumati dee haye, chaahe purani bimari key pratiroopan key liye hoe yaa aswasthata kii sthiti kii roktham key liye.
shaaririk koshikaon kii aanuvanshik engineering key parinamswarup kuchh vivaad hue hain, halanki maanav jeane sampadan parr antarrashtriya shikhar sammelan ney shaaririk koshikaon key aanuvanshik sanshodhan key samarthan mein ack bayaan jaari kiya haye, kyonki isake sanshodhan santanon koo naheen diye jaate hain.