krishi darshan

krishi darshan (yaa krishi kaa darshan), motey taur parr aur lagbhag, ack aisaa anushasana haye joe daarshanik dhaanche (yaa naitik vishva drishtikon) kii vyavasthit aalochana key liye samarpit haye joe krishi key sambandh mein nirnayon kii neenv haye. inmein seey kaee vichaaron kaa upayog samanya roop seey bhoomi upayog seey sambandhit nirnayon kaa margadarshan karane key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye. (kripaya paryaavaran darshan parr wikipedia lekh dekhein.) rosemarra key upayog mein, ise krishi seey judey prem, khoj aur gyaan key roop mein bhee paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye, joe manavata key sabhyata key sansthaapak ghatakon mein seey ack haye. haalaanki, iss drishtikon koo krishivaad key roop mein adhik upayukt roop seey jaanaa jaataa haye. vaastav mein, krishivaad kaee logon mein seey kewal ack darshan yaa maanak dhancha haye jiska upayog loga rosemarra key aadhar parr krishi key sambandh mein apane nirnayon kaa margadarshan karane key liye karate hain. inn darshanon mein seey sabse prachalit koo neeche sankshep mein paribhaashit kiya jaayega.
upayogitaavaadi drishtikon.
iss drishya koo sabse pahale jeremi bentham aur johnn stuart mill ney saamane rakhaa thaa. haalaanki upyogitaavaad kii kaee kismein hain, aam taur parr yeh vichaar haye kii ack naitik roop seey sahee kaarravaai ack aisee kaarravaai haye joe logon key liye adhikatam bhalai paida karati haye. yeh siddhant parinameeta kaa ack roop haye; jiska mool roop seey arth haye kii sahee kaarravaai koo poori tarah seey usa kaarravaai key parinamon key sandarbh mein samajha jaataa haye. kheti key muddon parr nirnay lete samay upyogitaavaad kaa upayog aksar kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, krishi bhoomi kaa moolya aam taur parr logon kii pasand kii jaane vaali fasalon koo ugaane kii kshamata key aadhar parr kiya jaataa haye. bhoomi key mulyankan key liye iss drishtikon koo parisampatti siddhant (sthaan siddhant key vipareet) kahaa jaataa haye aur yeh upayogitaavaadi siddhanton parr adharit haye. ack anya udaaharan taba haye jaba ack samudaay yeh taya kartaa haye kii bhoomi key ack vishesh hisse key saath kyaa karna haye. maan leejiye kii iss samudaay koo iska upayog udyog, aavaasiya upayog yaa kheti key liye karane kaa nirnay lena chaahiye. ack upayogitaavaadi drishtikon kaa upayog karke, parishad yeh nirnay legee kii kiss upayog seey samudaay mein sabse adhik sankhya mein logon koo laabh hoga aur phir usa jaankaari key aadhar parr apani pasand banaayegi. anta mein, yeh audyogik kheti kii neenv bhee banaata haye; upaj mein vriddhi key roop mein, joe kheti kii bhoomi seey saman praapt karane mein saksham logon kii sankhya koo badhaayega, iss drishtikon seey ack achchi kaarravaai yaa drishtikon maanaa jaataa haye. vaastav mein, audyogik krishi key paksh mein ack aam tark yeh haye kii yeh ack achchi pratha haye kyonki yeh manushyon key liye laabh badhaati haye; jaise kii khaadya kii prachurta aur khaadya padarthon kii kimaton mein girawat.
haalaanki, peater gaayak, aldo leopold, vandana shiv, barbara kingsolver aur wendell berry jaise kaee vidvaanon aur lekhakon ney iss drishtikon key khilaf tark diyaa haye. udaaharan key liye, gaayak kaa tark haye kii audyogik kheti jaisi kaarravaai karna haye yaa naheen, yeh taya karate samay jaanvaron (khet key jaanvaron sahit) kii peedaa koo laagat/laabh ganana mein shamil kiya jaanaa chaahiye. ise iss aadhar parr bhee chunauti dee gaee haye kii krishi bhoomi aur khet key jaanvaron koo iss drishtikon mein mahatvapurna bhoomika dee gaee haye aur way khud mein aur khud mein moolyavaan naheen hain. isake alawa, pranali chintak, gahare paaristhitikivid, aur krishi daarshanik (jaise kii aldo leopold aur wendell berry) iss drishtikon kii iss aadhar parr aalochana karate hain kii yeh kheti key una pahaluon koo nazarandaj kartaa haye joe naitik roop seey lagu hotey hain aur/yaa aantarik roop seey moolyavaan hotey hain. khaadya andolan kii dheemi gati aur sthaaniya krishi andolan bhee iss drishtikon key charam sanskaranon key naitik roop seey virodh karane vaale daarshanik vichaaron parr nirmit hain. anya aalochanaon kaa pataa neeche taba lagaaya jaayega jaba krishi key liye vibhinn daarshanik drishtikonon koo sankshep mein samajhaaya jaayega. haalaanki, yeh dhyaan rakhna mahatvapurna haye kii krishi key liye upayogitaavaadi drishtikon vartamaan mein aadhunik paschimi duniya mein sabse vyaapak drishtikon haye.
udaarvaadi drishtikon.
bhoomi yaa kheti key muddon koo taya karate samay aksar upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack anya daarshanik drishtikon swatantrata haye. udaarvaad, motey taur parr, naitik drishtikon haye kii agent swayam key malik hain aur sampatti praapt karane key adhikaar sahit kuchh naitik adhikaar hain. ack kamjor arth mein, swatantrata kii pehchaan aamtaur parr iss vishvaas key saath kii jaati haye kii pratyek vyakti koo adhikatam swatantrata kaa adhikaar haye jaba yeh swatantrata anya logon kii swatantrata mein hastakshep naheen karati haye. ack prasiddh udaarvaadi siddhantkar johnn hospers hain. iss drishtikon key bheetar, sampatti key adhikaar praakritik adhikaar hain. iss prakaar, ack kisan key liye yeh sweekarya hoga kii vaha apani bhoomi koo aksham roop seey kheti karey jaba taka kii way aisaa karate samay dusaron koo nuksan naa pahunchaate hain. 1968 mein, garrett harden ney iss darshan koo bhoomi/krishi key muddon parr lagu kiya jaba unhone tark diyaa kii "aam logon kii trasdi" kaa ekmatra samadhan mitty aur jall sansadhanon koo niji nagrikon key haathon mein denaa thaa. phir unhone apane tark kaa samarthan karane key liye upayogitaavaadi auchitya pradaan kiye aur vaastav mein, koee yeh tark dey sakata haye kii swatantrata kii jadein upayogitaavaadi aadarshon mein nihit hain. haalaanki, yeh krishi key prati upayogitaavaadi drishtikon key khilaf darj uparokt aalochanaon key liye swatantrataavaadi adharit bhoomi naitikta koo khula chhod detaa haye. inn aalochanaon koo chhodkar bhee, swatantrataavaadi drishtikon koo vishesh roop seey iss aalochana dwara chunauti dee gaee haye kii loga swa-hita mein nirnay lene seey dhool key katoron kii aapada jaisi badee paaristhitik aur samajik aapadaaen hoe sakati hain. phir bhee, yeh ack daarshanik drishtikon haye joe aamtaur parr sanyukt raajya america key bheetar aur vishesh roop seey yuu dwara aayojit kiya jaataa haye.aiss. pashupaalak aur kisan.
samtaavaadi drishtikon.
samtaavaadi-adharit vichaar aksar swatantrata kii pratikriya key roop mein vikasit kiye jaate hain. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki, jabaki swatantratavad maanav swatantrata kii adhikatam matra pradaan kartaa haye, isamen kissy vyakti koo dusaron kii madad karane kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye. yeh dhana key sakal asman vitaran kii or bhee leey jaataa haye. ack prasiddh samtaavaadi daarshanik johnn rolls hain. jaba krishi parr dhyaan kendrit kiya jaataa haye, tou iska arth bhoomi aur bhojan kaa asman vitaran haye. jabaki krishi naitikta key liye upayogitaavaadi aur udaarvaadi donon drishtikon iss durvibhajan koo tarksangat banaa sakate hain, ack samtaavaadi drishtikon aamtaur parr samaantaa kaa samarthan kartaa haye chaahe vaha samaan adhikaar hoe aur/yaa rojgar yaa bhojan taka pahunch kaa avsar hoe. haalaanki, yadi koee yeh maanata haye kii logon koo kissy cheez kaa adhikaar haye, tou kissy koo iss avsar yaa vastu kii aapoorti karni hogi, chaahe vaha koee vyaktigat vyakti hoe yaa sarkaar. iss prakaar, samtaavaadi drishtikon bhoomi aur paani koo bhojan key adhikaar seey jodata haye. maanav aabaadi key vikas aur mitty aur jall sansadhanon key patan key saath, samtaavaad mitty kii urvarta aur paani key sanrakshan key liye ack majboot tark pradaan curr sakata haye.
paaristhitik yaa pranali drishtikon.
upayogitaavaadi, udaarvaadi aur samtaavaadi darshan key alawa, maanak vichaar hain joe iss siddhant parr adharit hain kii bhoomi kaa aantarik moolya haye aur sthiti ack paaristhitik yaa pranali key drishtikon seey nikalati haye. isake dou mukhya udaaharan james lavalak kii gaiya parikalpana hain joe yeh maanati haye kii prithvi ack jeev haye aur gahare paaristhitikivid joe tark dete hain kii maanav samudaay aspas key paaristhitiki tantra yaa javic samudaayon kii neenv parr banaae gaye hain. jabaki yeye darshan samanya roop seey bhoomi seey sambandhit muddon parr nirnay lene key liye maargdarshak hoe sakate hain, krishi parr lagu honey parr unaki upayogita seemit hoti haye kyonki unhein visheshaadhikaar praakritik paaristhitiki tantra aur krishi paaristhitiki tantra koo aksar praakritik naheen maanaa jaataa haye. ack darshan iss siddhant parr adharit haye kii bhoomi kaa aantarik moolya haye joe seedhe krishi parr lagu hotaa haye, vaha haye aldo lepold kaa netritva naitikta yaa bhoomi naitikta, jisamen ack kaarravaai sahee haye yadi yeh "javic samudaay kii akhandata, sthirata aur sundarta koo sanrakshit karane" kii pravritti rakhta haye. samtaavaadi-adharit bhoomi naitikta key samaan, uparokt kaee darshan bhee upayogitaavaadi aur udaarvaadi adharit drishtikonon key vikalp key roop mein vikasit kiye gaye they. leopold kii naitikta vartamaan mein krishi key liye sabse lokpriya paaristhitik drishtikon mein seey ack haye jise aamtaur parr krishivaad key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. anya krishividon mein benjamin franklin, thomas jefferson, jey shamil hain. hector sent. johnn dee krevekur (1735-1813), ralf valdo immerson (1803-1882), heinry david thoro (1817-1862), johnn steinbeck (1902-1968), wendell berry (b. 1934), jeane logdon (bee. 1932), paul bee. thompson aur barbara kingsolver.

