neurotransmitter

ack neurotransmitter ack sanket anu haye joe ack neuron dwara ack synapse key paar ack anya koshika koo prabhaavit karane key liye sraavit hotaa haye. sanket praapt karane vaali koshika, yaa lakshit koshika, ack anya neuron hoe sakati haye, lekin ack granthi yaa manspeshi koshika bhee hoe sakati haye.
neurotransmitter koo synaptic putikaon seey synaptic vichhedan mein chhoda jaataa haye jahan way lakshit koshika parr neurotransmitter receptors key saath baatchit karane mein saksham hotey hain. lakshya koshika parr neurotransmitter kaa prabhaav usa receptor dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye jisase yeh judataa haye. kaee neurotransmitters koo emino acid jaise saral aur prachur matra mein agraduton seey sanshleshit kiya jaataa haye, joe aasaani seey upalabdh hotey hain aur aksar roopaantaran key liye jaiv sanshleshit charanon kii ack chhoti sankhya kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
jatil tantrika pranaliyon key kaary key liye tantrika-sanchaarak aavashyak hain. manushyon mein advitiya neurotransmitters kii sateek sankhya agyaat haye, lekin 100 seey adhik kii pehchaan kii gaee haye. samanya neurotransmitters mein glutamate, gaaba, acetylcholine, glycine aur norpenephrine shamil hain.
tantra aur chakr.
sanshleshan.
neurotransmitter aam taur parr neurons mein sanshleshit hotey hain aur koshika mein prachur matra mein paae jaane vaale poorvavarti anuon seey baney hotey hain yaa unase praapt hotey hain. neurotransmitter key vargon mein emino acid, monoemine aur peptides shamil hain. monoemine koo ack ekal amino acid koo badalkar sanshleshit kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, serotonin kaa agradoot amino acid tryptophan haye. peptide transmitter, yaa neuropeptide, protein transmitter hain joe aksar anya transmitters key saath ack saath jaari kiye jaate hain taaki ack modulatory prabhaav hoe. aeye. tii. pee. jaise purin neurotransmitter nuclic acid seey praapt hotey hain. anya neurotransmitter nitric oxide aur carbon monoxide jaise chayapachaya utpaadon seey baney hotey hain.
bhandaran.
neurotransmitter aam taur parr synaptic putikaon mein sangraheet hotey hain, joe precineptic neuron key exon terminal parr koshika jhilli key karib hotey hain. halanki, kuchh neurotransmitter, jaise chayapachaya gaisen carbon monoxide aur nitric oxide, sanshleshit hotey hain aur putikaon mein sangraheet kiye binaa ack kriya kshamata key turant baad jaari kiye jaate hain.
riha karein.
aam taur parr, ack tantrika-sanchaarak koo poorv-sanyugma tantrika mein ack vidyut sanket jise ack kriya kshamata kahaa jaataa haye, key jawab mein poorv-sanyugma terminal parr jaari kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, nimn star kii 'baseline' release bhee vidyut uttejana key binaa hoti haye. neurotransmitter koo synaptic vikhand mein chhoda jaataa haye aur failaaya jaataa haye, jahan way postsyneptic neuron kii jhilli parr vishisht receptors seey judate hain.
receptor interaction.
synaptic vikhandan mein chhode jaane key baad, neurotransmitter synapse mein failate hain jahaan way lakshit koshika parr receptors key saath baatchit karane mein saksham hotey hain. neurotransmitter kaa prabhaav synapse mein maujood lakshit koshika key receptors kii pehchaan parr nirbhar kartaa haye. receptor key aadhar parr, neurotransmitter kaa bandhan postsyneptic neuron key uttejana, avrodh yaa modulan kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. adhik jaankaari key liye neeche dekhein.
unmoolan.
post-synaptic yaa lakshit koshika parr receptors key nirantar sakriyan seey bachane key liye, neurotransmitter koo synaptic daraar seey hataa diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. neurotransmitter koo teen tantron mein seey ack key madhyam seey hataaya jaataa haih
udaaharan key liye, acetylcholine koo isake acetyl samooh koo enzyme acetylcholinesterase dwara vighatit karke samaapt curr diyaa jaataa haye; shesh collin koo phir liya jaataa haye aur adhik acetylcholine koo sanshleshit karane key liye poorv-synaptic neuron dwara punarnaveenikaran kiya jaataa haye. anya neurotransmitter apane lakshit synaptic junctions seey door failane mein saksham hotey hain aur gurde key madhyam seey shareer seey samaapt hoe jaate hain, yaa yakrit mein nasht hoe jaate hain. pratyek neurotransmitter key niyaamak binduon parr bahut vishisht ksharan maarg hotey hain, jinhen shareer kii niyaamak pranali yaa dawa dwara lakshit kiya jaa sakata haye. kokeen dopamine key punah grahan key liye jimmedaar dopamine transporter koo avaruddh kartaa haye. transporter key binaa, dopamine synaptic daraar seey bahut dheere-dheere failata haye aur lakshya koshika parr dopamine receptors koo sakriya karna jaari rakhta haye.
khoj.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, vaigyaanikon ney maanaa kii mastishk mein adhikansh synaptic sanchaar vidyut thaa. haalaanki, ramon vaaee kaijal dwara ootakiya pareekshaon key madhyam seey, neurons key beach 20 seey 40 nm kaa antar, jise aaj synaptic cleft key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, kii khoj kii gaee thee. iss tarah key antaral kii upasthiti ney rasayanik sandeshvaahakon key madhyam seey sanchaar kaa sujhaav diyaa joe synaptic daraar koo paar karate hain, aur 1921 mein german pharmacologist otto lovi ney pushti kii kii neurons rasayanon koo jaari karke sanchaar curr sakate hain. mendhakon kii yoni tantrikaon seey judey prayogon kii ack shrinkhala key madhyam seey, lovi yoni tantrika key aspas maujood khaare ghol kii matra koo niyantrit karke manual roop seey mendhakon key hriday darr koo dheema karane mein saksham thaa. iss prayog key puuraa honey parr, lovi ney jore dekar kahaa kii rasayanik sandrata mein parivartan key madhyam seey hriday kaary key sahanubhutipurna viniyaman kii madhyasthata kii jaa sakati haye. isake alawa, otto lovi koo acetylcholine (aeye. see. aich.) kii khoj kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye-joe pahala gyaat neurotransmitter haye.
pehchaan.
neurotransmitter kii pehchaan karane key liye chaar mukhya mandand hainh
halanki, pharmacology, aanuvanshiki aur rasayanik neuroenatomy mein pragati koo dekhate hue, "neurotransmitter" shabd koo una rasayanon parr lagu kiya jaa sakata haye joh
neurotransmitters kaa shaaririk sthaaniyakaran aamtaur parr immunocytochemical takneekon kaa upayog karke nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye, joe yaa tou transmitter padarthon key sthaan kii pehchaan karate hain yaa unake sanshleshan mein shamil enzymon kii pehchaan karate hain. immunocytochemical takneekon seey yeh bhee pataa chalaa haye kii kaee sanchaarak, vishesh roop seey neuropeptides, saha-sthaaniyakrit hain, yaani ack neuron apane synaptic terminal seey ack seey adhik sanchaarak chhod sakata haye. kendriya tantrika tantra mein tantrika-sancharakon kii pehchaan karane key liye vibhinn takneekon aur prayogon jaise kii daag lagaana, uttejak aur sangrah kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye.
kriyaaen.
neurons vistrit network banaate hain jinake madhyam seey tantrika aaveg-kriya kshamata-yatra hoti haye. pratyek neuron key padosi neurons key saath 15,000 connection hotey hain.
neurons ack dusare koo naheen chhoote hain (ack antaral junction key madhyam seey ack vidyut synapse key mamle koo chhodkar); isake bajaay, neurons sampark binduon parr baatchit karate hain jinhen synapse kahaa jaataa haih dou tantrika koshikaon key bheetar ack junction, jisamen ack laghu antaral hotaa haye jisake bheetar aaveg ack tantrika sanchaarak dwara leey jaaya jaataa haye. ack neuron apani jaankaari koo ack tantrika aaveg key madhyam seey leey jaataa haye jise ack kriya kshamata kahaa jaataa haye. jaba ack kriya kshamata synapse key poorv-sanyugma terminal button parr aatee haye, tou yeh neurotransmitter kii rihaai koo uttejit curr sakati haye. inn neurotransmitters koo postsyneptic jhilli key receptors parr baandhane key liye synaptic daraar mein chhoda jaataa haye aur ack anya koshika koo yaa tou avarodhak yaa uttejak tareeke seey prabhaavit kartaa haye. agala neuron kaee aur neurons seey judaa hoe sakata haye, aur yadi kull uttejak prabhaavon minus avarodhak prabhaavon kaa kaafee badaa haye, tou yeh "aag" bhee lagaayega. kahane kaa matlab haye, yeh apane akshatantu pahaadi parr ack naee kriya kshamata banaayega, tantrika sanchaarak jaari karega aur jaankaari koo ack aur padosi tantrika tantra koo paarit karega.
modulan.
ack neurotransmitter kaa lakshya koshika parr ack uttejak, avarodhak yaa modulatory prabhaav hoe sakata haye. prabhaav una receptors dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye joe neurotransmitter post-synaptic jhilli mein baatchit karate hain. neurotransmitter trance-membrane aayan pravaah koo yaa tou badhaane (uttejak) yaa cumm karane (avarodhak) key liye prabhaavit kartaa haye, iss sambhavana koo kii jiss koshika key saath yeh sampark mein aatee haye vaha ack kriya kshamata kaa utpaadan karegi. uttejak prabhaav vaale receptors vaale synapse koo type aaee synapse kahaa jaataa haye, jabaki type II synapse mein avarodhak prabhaav vaale receptors hotey hain. iss prakaar, vibhinn prakaar key synapse key bavjood, way sabhi kewal inn dou prakaar key sandeshon koo vyakt karate hain. donon prakaar alag-alag roop hain aur mukhya roop seey isake prabhaav mein neurons key vibhinn hisson parr sthit hain. modulatory prabhaavon vaale receptors sabhi synaptic jhilli mein failate hain aur gati sanket cascade mein neurotransmitter sett key bandhan seey koshika koo isake kaary koo niyantrit karane mein madad milati haye. tantrika-sancharakon koo abhigrahakon key saath jodane key kaee parinam hoe sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, isake parinamswarup synaptic jhilli mein cumm yaa jyada receptors kii bharti karke bhavishya key uttejana key prati samvedansheelta mein vriddhi yaa kamee hoe sakati haye.
type i (uttejak) synapse aamtaur parr dendrite key shaft yaa spine parr sthit hotey hain, jabaki type II (avarodhak) synapse aamtaur parr ack koshika shareer parr sthit hotey hain. isake alawa, type I synapse mein goal synaptic putikaaen hoti hain, jabaki type II synapse key putikaaen chapti hoti hain. poorv-sanyugma aur uttar-sanyugma jhilli parr samagri ack prakaar II kii tulanaa mein ack prakaar I sanyugma mein ghanee hoti haye, aur prakaar I sanyugma vichhedan vyaapak hotaa haye. anta mein, ack prakaar i synapse parr sakriya kshetra ack prakaar II synapse parr sakriya kshetra seey badaa hotaa haye.
prakaar I aur prakaar II key vibhinn sthaan ack neuron koo dou kshetron mein vibhajit karate hainh ack uttejak dendritic vriksh aur ack avarodhak koshika shareer. ack avarodhak drishtikon seey, uttejana dendrite key oopar aatee haye aur ack kriya kshamata koo trigger karane key liye akshatantu pahaadi taka failati haye. yadi sandesh koo rokna haye, tou ise koshika shareer parr avrodh lagu karke sabse achchha rokaa jaataa haye, akshatantu pahaadi key paas jahaan kriya kshamata utpann hoti haye. uttejak-avarodhak antahkriya kii avadharana banaane kaa ack aur tarika haye uttejana koo avrodh parr kaaboo paanaa. yadi koshika shareer samanya roop seey ack avarodhit sthiti mein haye, tou akshatantu pahaadi parr ack kriya kshamata utpann karane kaa ekmatra tarika koshika shareer key avrodh koo cumm karna haye. iss "dwaar kholein" ranneeti mein, uttejak sandesh ack daud ghode kii tarah haye joe track koo neeche chalaane key liye taiyar haye, lekin pahale, avarodhak shuruati dwaar koo hataa diyaa jaanaa chaahiye.
neurotransmitter kriyaaen.
jaisa kii oopar bataaya gayaa haye, ack neurotransmitter kii ekmatra pratyaksh kriya ack receptor koo sakriya karna haye. isaliye, ack neurotransmitter pranali kaa prabhaav transmitter kaa upayog karane vaale neurons key connection aur receptors key rasayanik gunon parr nirbhar kartaa haye.
prakaar.
neurotransmitter koo vargeekrit karane key kaee alag-alag tareeke hain. unhein amino acid, peptides aur monoemine mein vibhajit karna kuchh vargeekaran uddeshyon key liye paryaapt haye.
pramukh neurotransmeterh
isake alawa, 100 seey adhik neuroactive peptides paae gaye hain, aur nae niyamit roop seey khoje jaate hain. inmein seey kaee ack chhote anu transmitter key saath saha-jaari kiye jaate hain. phir bhee, kuchh mamalon mein, ack peptide ack synapse mein praathamik transmitter haye. beeta-endorphine ack peptide neurotransmitter kaa ack apekshaakrit prasiddh udaaharan haye kyonki yeh kendriya tantrika tantra mein opioid receptors key saath atyadhik vishisht baatchit mein sanlagn hotaa haye.
ekal ayanon (jaise kii synaptic roop seey jaari jastaa) koo kuchh logon dwara neurotransmitter bhee maanaa jaataa haye, saath hii kuchh gaisiya anu jaise nitric oxide (naheen), carbon monoxide (koo), aur hydrogen sulphide sulphide koo bhee maanaa jaataa haye. gaisen tantrika koshika dravya mein utpann hoti hain aur dusare sandeshvaahakon key utpaadan koo uttejit karane key liye koshika jhilli key madhyam seey baahya koshikiya drav mein aur paas kii koshikaon mein turant fail jaati hain. ghulansheel gais neurotransmitter kaa adhyayan karna mushkil haye, kyonki way teji seey kaary karate hain aur turant toot jaate hain, kewal kuchh sekand key liye maujood hotey hain.
sabse prachalit transmitter glutamate haye, joe maanav mastishk mein 90 pratishat seey adhik synapse mein uttejak haye. agala sabse prachalit gaama-aminobuteric acid, yaa gaaba haye, joe 90 pratishat seey adhik synapse mein avarodhak haye joe glutamate kaa upayog naheen karate hain. haalaanki anya sancharakon kaa upayog cumm synapse mein kiya jaataa haye, way bahut mahatvapurna karyatmak hoe sakate hainh adhikansh manosakriya davaaen kuchh neurotransmitter pranaliyon kii kriyaon koo badalkar apane prabhaav daalati hain, aksar glutamate yaa gaaba key alawa anya sancharakon key madhyam seey kaary karati hain. kokeen aur amphetamine jaisi nashe kii lutt vaali davaaen mukhya roop seey dopamine pranali parr apana prabhaav daalati hain. nashe kii lutt vaali afeem kii davaaen mukhya roop seey opioid peptides key karyatmak anuroop key roop mein apane prabhaav daalati hain, joe badale mein dopamine key star koo niyantrit karati hain.
mastishk neurotransmitter pranali.
kuchh prakaar key neurotransmitters koo vyakt karane vaale neurons kabhi-kabhi alag-alag pranaaliyan banaate hain, jahan pranali kaa sakriyan mastishk kii badee matra koo prabhaavit kartaa haye, jise aayatan sancharan kahaa jaataa haye. pramukh neurotransmitter pranaliyon mein noradrenaline (norpinefrine) pranali, dopamine pranali, serotonin pranali aur collinergic pranali shamil hain. trace amine kaa monoemine maargon mein neurotransmission parr ack modulatory prabhaav padata haye (i.ee.trace amine-associated receptor 1 key madhyam seey sanket key madhyam seey poore mastishk mein dopamine, norpinefrine aur serotonin maarg) inn pranaliyon kii ack sankshipt tulanaa iss prakaar haih
dawa key prabhaav.
tantrika-sancharakon parr davaaon key prabhaavon koo samajhana tantrika vigyaan key kshetra mein anusandhaan pahalon kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa haye. shodh key iss kshetra mein shamil adhikansh tantrika vigyaaniyon kaa maanana haye kii iss tarah key prayaas vibhinn tantrika sambandhi rogon aur vikaaron key liye jimmedaar paripathon kii hamari samajh koo aage badhaa sakate hain, saath hii saath prabhaavi dhang seey ilaaj karane key tarikon aur kissy dinn sambhavatah aisee beemariyon koo rokane yaa thheek karane key tarikon koo bhee aage badhaa sakate hain.
davaaen neurotransmitter gatividhi koo badalkar vyavhaar koo prabhaavit curr sakati hain. udaaharan key liye, davaaen usa neurotransmitter key liye synthetic enzyme (oun) koo prabhaavit karke neurotransmitter key sanshleshan kii darr koo cumm curr sakati hain. jaba neurotransmitter sanshleshan avaruddh hoe jaate hain, tou release key liye upalabdh neurotransmitter kii matra kaafee cumm hoe jaati haye, jisake parinamswarup neurotransmitter gatividhi mein kamee aatee haye. kuchh davaayen vishisht neurotransmitters kii rihaai koo avaruddh yaa uttejit karati hain. vaikalpik roop seey, davaaen synaptic putikaon mein neurotransmitter bhandaran koo roque sakati hain, jisase synaptic putika jhilli kaa risaav hoe sakata haye. aisee davaayen joe ack neurotransmitter koo usake receptor seey judane seey rokti hain, unhein receptor antignist kahaa jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, schizophrenia key rogiyon key ilaaj key liye upayog kii jaane vaali davaayen jaise kii haloparidol, chlorpromazine aur closapine dopamine key liye mastishk mein receptors mein virodhi hain. anya davaayen ack receptor koo bandhkar aur samanya neurotransmitter kii nakal karke kaary karati hain. aisee davaaon koo receptor agonist kahaa jaataa haye. receptor agonist kaa ack udaaharan morphin haye, ack afeem joe dard seey raahat key liye antajanan neurotransmitter β-endorphine key prabhaavon kii nakal kartaa haye. anya davaaen ack neurotransmitter key jaari honey key baad nishkriya honey mein hastakshep karati hain, jisase ack neurotransmitter kii kriya koo lamba kiya jaataa haye. yeh punah grahan koo avaruddh karke yaa apakshayi enzymon koo rokkar puuraa kiya jaa sakata haye. anta mein, davaaen kendriya aur paridhiya tantrika tantra mein tantrika sambandhi gatividhi koo avaruddh karate hue ack kriya kshamata koo honey seey bhee roque sakati hain. tantrika gatividhi koo avaruddh karane vaali tetrodotoxin jaisi davaaen aamtaur parr ghaatak hoti hain.
pramukh pranaliyon key neurotransmitter koo lakshit karane vaali davaaen poori pranali koo prabhaavit karati hain, joe kuchh davaaon kii kaarravaai kii jatilata kii vyakhya curr sakati hain. udaaharan key liye, kokeen, dopamine key punah grahan koo poorv-sanyugma tantrika mein vaapas avaruddh kartaa haye, jisase tantrika-sanchaarak anu lambe samay taka sanyugma antaral mein reh jaate hain. choonki dopamine lambe samay taka synapse mein rahata haye, isaliye neurotransmitter postsyneptic neuron parr receptors seey judanaa jaari rakhta haye, jisase ack sukhad bhaavnaatmak pratikriya milati haye. kokeen kii shaaririk lutt lambe samay taka synapse mein atirikt dopamine key sampark mein rahane key parinamswarup hoe sakati haye, jisase kuchh post-synaptic receptors kaa niyaman cumm hoe jaataa haye. dawa key prabhaav key tootane key baad, ack vyakti ack receptor key liye neurotransmitter key bandhan kii cumm sambhavana key kaaran udas hoe sakata haye. fluoxatin ack chayanaatmak serotonin punah grahan avarodhak (aiss. aiss. aar. aaee.) haye, joe precineptic koshika dwara serotonin key punah grahan koo avaruddh kartaa haye joe synapse mein maujood serotonin kii matra koo badhaata haye aur isake alawa ise lambe samay taka vahaan rahane kii anumati detaa haye, joe praakritik roop seey jaari serotonin key prabhaav key liye kshamata pradaan kartaa haye. empt tyrosine key ell-dopa mein roopaantaran koo rokta haye, joe dopamine kaa agradoot haye; racerpine putikaon key bheetar dopamine bhandaran koo rokta haye; aur deprenyl monoemine oxidase (maao)-bee koo rokta haye aur iss prakaar dopamine key star koo badhaata haye.
agonist.
ack agonist ack receptor key liye baadhya karane mein saksham ack rasayan haye, jaise kii ack neurotransmitter receptor, aur aam taur parr antajanan padaarth key bandhan dwara utpaadit usee pratikriya koo shuru karna. ack neurotransmitter kaa ack agonist iss prakaar transmitter key samaan receptor pratikriya shuru karega. neurons mein, ack agonist dawa pratyaksh yaa apratyaksh roop seey neurotransmitter receptors koo sakriya curr sakati haye. pratyaksh-badhyakari agonist koo aage poorna agonist, aanshik agonist, vyutkram agonist key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye.
pratyaksh agonist ack neurotransmitter key samaan kaary karate hain joe seedhe isake sambandhit receptor site (oun) seey judate hain, joe precineptic neuron yaa postsyneptic neuron, yaa donon parr sthit hoe sakate hain. aam taur parr, neurotransmitter receptors postsyneptic neuron parr sthit hotey hain, jabaki neurotransmitter autoreseptors precineptic neuron parr sthit hotey hain, jaisa kii monoemine neurotransmitter key mamle mein hotaa haye; kuchh mamalon mein, ack neurotransmitter pratigaami neurotransmission kaa upayog kartaa haye, joe neurons mein ack prakaar kaa feedback signalling haye jahaan neurotransmitter postsyneptic roop seey jaari kiya jaataa haye aur precineptic neuron parr sthit lakshit receptors koo baandhata haye. nicotine, joe tambaku mein paaya jaane vaalaa ack yaugik haye, adhikansh nicotinic acetylcholine receptors kaa ack pratyaksh agonist haye, joe mukhya roop seey collinergic neurons mein sthit haye. opiates, jaise morphin, heroin, hydrocodone, oxycodone, kodeen aur methadone, micro-opioid receptor agonist hain; yeh kaarravaai unake saumyokti aur dard seey raahat dene vaale gunon koo madhyasthata karati haye.
apratyaksh agonist neurotransmitters key release koo uttejit karke yaa neurotransmitters key punah grahan koo rokkar apane lakshya receptors parr neurotransmitters key bandhan koo badhaate hain. kuchh apratyaksh agonist neurotransmitter release koo trigger karate hain aur neurotransmitter koo punah grahan karane seey rokte hain. udaaharan key liye, amphetamine, postsyneptic dopamine, norpenephrine aur serotonin receptors kaa ack apratyaksh agonist haye, joe pratyek sambandhit neurons mein hotaa haye; yeh donon neurotransmitter koo precineptic neuron mein chhodata haye aur baad mein synaptic cleaft kaa utpaadan kartaa haye aur ack precineptic jee protein-coupled receptor, receptor koo sakriya karke synaptic cleft seey unake punah grahan koo rokta haye, aur vmat2 parr ack site parr baandhata haye, joe monoemine neurons key bheetar synaptic putikaon parr sthit ack prakaar kaa monoemine transporter haye.
virodhi.
ack virodhi ack rasayan haye joe shareer key bheetar ack anya rasayanik padaarth (ack afeem key roop mein) kii shaaririk gatividhi koo cumm karane key liye kaary kartaa haye; vishesh roop seey vaha joe ack dawa yaa shareer mein praakritik roop seey honey vaale padaarth key tantrika tantra parr kaarravaai kaa virodh kartaa haye, isake tantrika receptor key saath sanyojan aur avaruddh karke.
dou mukhya prakaar key virodhi hotey hainh pratyaksh-abhinay karane vaale virodhi aur apratyaksh-abhinay karane vaale virodhih
nashili davaaon key virodhi.
ack virodhi dawa vaha haye joe javic pratikriya utpann karane key liye usa receptor koo sakriya kiye binaa receptor naamak site seey judati haye (yaa baandhati haye). isaliye kahaa jaataa haye kii isamen koee aantarik gatividhi naheen haye. ack virodhi koo receptor "blocker" bhee kahaa jaa sakata haye kyonki way site parr ack agonist key prabhaav koo avaruddh karate hain. ack virodhi key aushadhiya prabhaav, isaliye, sambandhit receptor site key agonist (ee.jee., davaayen, harmon, neurotransmitter) ise baandhane aur sakriya karane seey. virodhi "pratispardhi" yaa "aparivartaniya" hoe sakate hain.
ack pratispardhi virodhi receptor koo baandhane key liye ack agonist key saath pratispardha kartaa haye. jaise-jaise virodhi kii ekagrata badhati haye, agonist kaa bandhan uttarottar baadhit hotaa haye, jisake parinamswarup shaaririk pratikriya mein kamee aatee haye. ack virodhi kii uchch ekagrata pratikriya koo poori tarah seey roque sakati haye. haalaanki, iss avrodh koo agonist kii ekagrata mein vriddhi seey ulat diyaa jaa sakata haye, kyonki agonist aur virodhi receptor koo baandhane key liye pratispardha karate hain. isaliye, pratispardhi pratidvandiyon koo agonist key liye khuraak-pratikriya sambandh koo daaeen or sthanantarit karane key roop mein chihnit kiya jaa sakata haye. ack pratispardhi pratidvandi kii upasthiti mein, pratidvandi kii anupasthiti mein dekhi gaee samaan pratikriya kaa utpaadan karane key liye agonist kii ekagrata mein vriddhi hoti haye.
ack aparivartaniya virodhi receptor koo itani dridhata seey baandhata haye kii receptor koo agonist koo baandhane key liye anupalabdh curr detaa haye. aparivartaniya virodhi receptor key saath sahsanyojak rasayanik bandhan bhee banaa sakate hain. donon hii mamalon mein, yadi aparivartaniya virodhi kii sandrata paryaapt adhik haye, tou agonist binding key liye shesh unbound receptors kii sankhya itani cumm hoe sakati haye kii agonist kii uchch sandrata bhee adhikatam javic pratikriya kaa utpaadan naheen karati haye.
agradoot.
jabaki neurotransmitter agraduton kaa sevan neurotransmitter sanshleshan koo badhaata haye, iss baat key sakshya mishrit hain kii kyaa neurotransmitter release aur postsyneptic receptor firing mein vriddhi hui haye. neurotransmitter kii badhati rihaai key saath bhee, yeh spasht naheen haye kii kyaa isake parinamswarup neurotransmitter sanket shakti mein deerghakaalik vriddhi hogi, kyonki tantrika tantra neurotransmitter sanshleshan mein vriddhi jaise parivartanon key anukool hoe sakata haye aur isaliye nirantar golibari banaae rakh sakata haye. kuchh neurotransmitters kii avasaad mein bhoomika hoe sakati haye aur kuchh saboot hain joe bataate hain kii inn neurotransmitters key agraduton kaa sevan halke aur madhyam avasaad key upchaar mein upayogi hoe sakata haye.
catecholamine aur trace amine agradoot.
-dopamine kaa ack agradoot, joe rakt-mastishk baadha koo paar kartaa haye, kaa upayog parkinsons roga key upchaar mein kiya jaataa haye. avasaadgrast rogiyon key liye jahaan neurotransmitter norpinefrine kii cumm gatividhi nihit haye, neurotransmitter agradoot prashaasan key laabh key liye kewal bahut cumm saboot hain. ell-fenillanin aur ell-tyrosine donon dopamine, norpenephrine aur epinephrine key liye agradoot hain. inn rupaantaranon key liye vitamin vitamin, vitamin see aur aiss-adenosylmethionine kii aavashyakta hoti haye. kuchh adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii ell-fenillanin aur ell-tyrosine key sambhaavit avasaadarodhi prabhaav hain, lekin iss kshetra mein aage key shodh key liye bahut jagah haye.
serotonin agradoot.
ell-tryptophan kaa prashaasan, joe serotonin key liye ack agradoot haye, mastishk mein serotonin key utpaadan koo doguna karane key liye dekhaa jaataa haye. yeh halke aur madhyam avasaad key upchaar mein placebo kii tulanaa mein kaafee adhik prabhaavi haye. iss roopaantaran key liye vitamin see kii aavashyakta hoti haye. 5-hydroxytryptophane (5-aich. tii. pee.), joe serotonin key liye ack agradoot bhee haye, placebo kii tulanaa mein adhik prabhaavi haye.
roga aur vikaar.
roga aur vikaar vishisht neurotransmitter pranaliyon koo bhee prabhaavit curr sakate hain. nimnalikhit vikaar kuchh neurotransmitters kii vriddhi, kamee yaa asantulan mein shamil hain.
dopamineh
udaaharan key liye, dopamine (mukhya roop seey substantia nigra mein) key utpaadan mein samasyaon key parinamswarup parkinsons roga hoe sakata haye, ack vikaar joe ack vyakti kii jiss tarah seey way chaahte hain, chalane kii kshamata koo prabhaavit kartaa haye, jisake parinamswarup kathorta, compan yaa compan aur anya lakshan hotey hain. kuchh adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii bahut cumm yaa bahut adhik dopamine honey yaa mastishk key sochane aur mahsoos karane vaale kshetron mein dopamine kaa upayog karane kii samasyaaen schizophrenia yaa dhyaan ghaate atee sakriyata vikaar (aeye. dee. aich. dee.) jaise vikaaron mein bhoomika nibha sakati hain. dopamine lutt aur nashili davaaon key upayog mein bhee shamil haye, kyonki adhikansh manoranjak davaaen mastishk mein dopamine (vishesh roop seey opioid aur methamphetamine) key pravaah kaa kaaran banati hain joe ack sukhad bhavna paida karati hain, yahee kaaran haye kii upayogkarta lagaatar drugs key liye tarasate hain.
serotoninah
isi tarah, kuchh shodhon key baad sujhaav diyaa gayaa kii serotonin key punarchakran yaa punah grahan koo avaruddh karane vaali davaaen avasaad kaa nidan karane vaale kuchh logon kii madad karati hain, yeh siddhant diyaa gayaa thaa kii avasaad vaale logon mein samanya seey cumm serotonin kaa star hoe sakata haye. halanki yeh siddhant vyaapak roop seey lokpriya huaa, lekin baad key shodh mein yeh siddh naheen huaa. isaliye, chayanaatmak serotonin reptech avrodhakon (aiss. aiss. aar. aaee. aiss.) kaa upayog synapse mein serotonin kii matra badhaane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
glutamateh
isake alawa, glutamate key utpaadan yaa upayog key saath samasyaon koo kaee mansik vikaaron seey jodaa gayaa haye, jisamen autism, jununi-badhyakari vikaar (ocd), schizophrenia aur avasaad shamil hain. bahut adhik glutamate honey seey parkinsons roga, multiple sclerosis, alzheimer roga, stroke aur anya (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) jaisi tantrika sambandhi beemaariyaan judee hui hain.
neurotransmitter asantulan.
aam taur parr, vibhinn neurotransmitters key uchit staron yaa "santulan" key liye koee vaigyaanik roop seey sthaapit "mandand" naheen hain. adhikansh mamalon mein kissy bhee alag samay parr mastishk yaa shareer mein tantrika-sancharakon key star koo maapana bhee vyaavhaarik roop seey asambhav haye. neurotransmitter ack dusare kii rihaai koo niyantrit karate hain, aur iss parasparik viniyaman mein kamjor nirantar asantulan swasth logon mein swabhaav seey judey hue they. tantrika-sanchaarak pranaliyon mein majboot asantulan yaa vyavadhaan kaee beemariyon aur mansik vikaaron seey judey hue hain. inmein parkinsons, avasaad, anidra, dhyaan kii kamee atee sakriyata vikaar (aeye. dee. aich. dee.), chinta, smriti haani, vajan mein naatakiya parivartan aur vyasan shamil hain. deerghakaalik shaaririk yaa bhaavnaatmak tanaav tantrika-sanchaarak pranali mein parivartan mein sahayak hoe sakata haye. aanuvanshiki bhee neurotransmitter gatividhiyon mein ack bhoomika nibhaati haye. manoranjak upayog key alawa, ack yaa adhik transmitter yaa isake receptor key saath pratyaksh aur apratyaksh roop seey baatchit karane vaali davaaen aamtaur parr manorog aur manovaigyaanik muddon key liye nirdhaarit kii jaati hain. vishesh roop seey, avasaad aur chinta jaisi samasyaon vaale rogiyon koo serotonin aur norpinefrine key saath baatchit karane vaali davaaen nirdhaarit kii jaati hain-halanki iss dhaarana kii vyaapak roop seey aalochana kii gaee haye kii iss tarah key hastakshepon kaa samarthan karane key liye bahut thhos chikitsa pramaan hain. adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii dopamine asantulan kaa multiple sclerosis aur anya tantrika sambandhi vikaaron parr prabhaav padata haye.

