
aavishkaar kii ekataa

adhikansh patent kaanoonon mein, aavishkaar kii ekataa ack aupchaarik prashaasnik aavashyakta haye jise anudan key liye aage badhane key liye patent aavedan key liye puuraa kiya jaanaa chaahiye. ack jaari patent kewal ack aavishkaar yaa nikatata seey sambandhit aavishkaron key samooh kaa daavaa curr sakata haye. iss aavashyakta kaa uddeshya prashaasnik key saath-saath vittiya bhee haye. yeh aavashyakta kaee aavishkaron key liye ack patent aavedan daayar karane kii sambhavana koo rokane kaa kaam karati haye, jabaki shulk kaa kewal ack sett (dakhil shulk, khoj shulk, pariksha shulk, navinikaran shulk, aadi) kaa bhugtan karati haye. aavishkaar kii ekataa patent dastavejon key vargeekaran koo bhee aasaan banaati haye.
yeh dhyaan dene yogya haye kii vipo aur ee. pee. oh. ack samanya "vishesh takniki visheshta" kii upasthiti key aadhar parr ack patent mein daavon kii ekataa koo nirdhaarit karate hain, jise aamtaur parr aavishkaarsheel charan key saath samaan kiya jaataa haye. doosari or, yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. apane gharelu anuprayogon key liye ack bahut hii alag drishtikon ("swatantra yaa vishisht") kaa upayog kartaa haye, joe pratyek daave key liye upayog key kshetron parr adharit haye, joe praudyogiki key vibhinn kshetron kii khoj key liye "pareekshak parr bojh" dwara iss drishtikon koo uchit thaharaata haye. japan aur chean mein patent karyalaya, yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. kii tarah, karyalayon key maudrik rajaswa koo badhaane key saadhan key roop mein patent avedanon koo kaee prabhagon mein vibhajit karane kii maang karate hain.
jaba ack patent aavedan parr ekataa kii kamee key aadhar parr apatti jataai jaati haye, tou ise abhee bhee patent sanrakshan key liye maanaa jaa sakata haye, udaaharan key liye usa mamle key vipareet jahaan aavishkaar mein naveenata kii kamee paaee jaati haye. aam taur parr dusare aavishkaar key liye aur aage key aavishkaron key liye, yadi koee hoe, ack vibhaagiya aavedan daayar kiya jaa sakata haye. vaikalpik roop seey, aavedak iss baat kaa prativaad curr sakata haye kii aavishkaar kii ekataa haye.
adhikaar kshetra.
europeeya patent sammelan.
europeeya patent abhyaas aur cases kaanoon key tahat, ekataa (aavishkaar kii) kii kamee yaa tou "ack prathamikta", poorv kalaa kii jaanch seey pahale, yaa poorv kalaa kii jaanch key baad "ack pashchavarti" dikhaai dey sakati haye. ekataa kii "ack pashchavarti" kamee aamtaur parr ack swatantra daave key vishay-vastu kii naveenata yaa aavishkaarsheel kadam kii kamee key parinamswarup hoti haye.
patent sahyog sandhi.
patent sahyog sandhi (pee. see. tii.) key tahat, ack antarrashtriya aavedan, jise pee. see. tii. anuprayog bhee kahaa jaataa haye, "kewal ack aavishkaar seey sambandhit hoga yaa aavishkaron key ack samooh seey sambandhit hoga joe ack" ekal samanya aavishkaar avadharana "banaane key liye judaa hoga. yadi aavishkaar kii ekataa kii aavashyakta poori naheen kii jaati haye, tou antarrashtriya khoj pradhikaran (i.ee., antarrashtriya khoj karane key prabhaari patent karyalaya) "aavedak seey pratyek aavishkaar key liye pahale seey adhik ack atirikt khoj shulk kaa bhugtan karane kaa anurodh karane kaa hakdar haye jise khoja jaanaa haye.
antarrashtriya khoj pradhikaran (aaee. aiss. aeye.) key iss tarah key anurodh kii pratikriya mein, aavedak anurodh kiye gaye sabhi yaa kuchh atirikt khoj shulk kaa bhugtan curr sakata haye, aur antarrashtriya khoj pradhikaran (aaee. aiss. aeye.) taba kramshah sabhi yaa kuchh aavishkaron yaa aavishkaron key samoohon key liye antarrashtriya khoj sthaapit kartaa haye. aavedak kissy bhee atirikt khoj shulk kaa bhugtan naheen karane kaa bhee nirnay leey sakata haye, aur aise mamle mein, isa una aavishkaron yaa aavishkaron key samoohon kii khoj naheen kartaa haye jinake liye koee khoj shulk kaa bhugtan naheen kiya gayaa haye. antarrashtriya khoj report (aaee. aiss. aar.) taba kewal pahale daavaa kiye gaye aavishkaar key liye sthaapit kii jaati haye.
yadi aavedak aavishkaar kii ekataa kii kamee key isa key nishkarsh seey asahmat haye, tou virodh key tahat atirikt shulk kaa bhugtan kiya jaa sakata haye. virodh prakriya mein, aavedak ack tarkapurna bayaan daayar kartaa haye jisamen bataaya jaataa haye kii vaha kyon maanata haye kii aavishkaar kii ekataa kii aavashyakta kaa paalan kiya gayaa haye, yaa aavashyak atirikt shulk kii sankhya atyadhik haye. atirikt talashi shulk key bhugtan key baad aur yadi aavashyak hoe tou virodh shulk kii sameeksha nikaay dwara jaanch kii jaati haye. yadi sameeksha nikaay virodh koo uchit paataa haye, tou vaha atirikt khoj shulk kii kull yaa aanshik pratipurti kaa adesh detaa haye, aur yadi lagu hoe, tou virodh shulk, aavedak koo. udaaharan key liye, jaba europeeya patent karyalaya aaee. aiss. aeye. key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, tou virodh kii jaanch karane key prabhaari sameeksha nikaay mein teen sadasya hotey hainh "ack nideshalaya kaa pramukh, aam taur parr usa nideshalaya kaa pramukh jisake dwara atirikt shulk kaa bhugtan karane kaa nimantran jaari kiya gayaa thaa, aavishkaar kii ekataa mein vishesh visheshagyata vaalaa pareekshak aur aam taur parr, pareekshak jisane nimantran jaari kiya thaa."
sanyukt raajya america.
halanki yuu.aiss. patent kaanoon "aavishkaar kii ekataa" shabd kaa upayog naheen kartaa haye, praasangik vidhaayi adhiniyam (us code kaa sheershak 35:35 yuu.aiss.see. dhaara 121) una sharton koo nirdisht kartaa haye jinake tahat patent pareekshak "pratibandh aavashyakta" jaari curr sakata haye, arthaat.ee. vibhajan kaa anurodhah yadi ack aavedan mein dou yaa dou seey adhik swatantra aur alag-alag aavishkaron kaa daavaa kiya jaataa haye, tou nideshak koo aavedan koo aavishkaron mein seey ack taka seemit rakhane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. ack seey adhik alag-alag aavishkaar kaa daavaa karane vaale aavedan ack hii aavishkaar key liye pratibandh key adheen hoe sakate hain, aur aavedak divisional aavedan daayar karke shesh aavishkaron parr mukadama chalaa sakata haye.
haalaanki, patent jaanch prakriya (aim. pee. ee. pee.) kii niyamavali, joe swayam yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. dwara likhit ack dastaavez haye, ney 'swatantra aur vishisht' koo 'swatantra yaa vishisht' seey badal diyaa. yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. ney yeh kahate hue ise "aur" key liye yaa "pratisthaapan koo uchit thaharaaya 
 swatantra" shabd (i.ee., asambandhit) aur "vishisht" (i.ee. patent key aadhar parr vishisht) key parasparik roop seey ananya arth hain aur iss prakaar unaki vyakhya vaikalpik aavashyaktaon key roop mein kii jaati haye. pratibandh kaa samarthan karane key liye kewal ack inn aavashyaktaon koo puuraa kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
iss prakaar, aim. pee. ee. pee. key anusaar, patent aavedan mein daave uchit roop seey (i.ee. dou yaa dou seey adhik prabhaagiya patent avedanon mein vibhajit, yadi daave (i.ee. daavaa kiye gaye aavishkaar) yaa tou swatantra (aim. pee. ee. pee. § 802.01, aim. pee. ee. pee. 806.06, aur aim. pee. ee. pee. § 808.01) yaa alag (aim. pee. ee. pee. § 806.05-§ 806.05 (jey)) hain.
swatantra" aur "vishisht" aavashyaktaon key iss vibhajan key baad, aim. pee. ee. pee. "swatantra" aur "vishisht" kii ack naee paribhasha jodata haye, joe upayog key kshetra parr adharit haye-ack mandand jiska kabhi vidhaayi dastavejon mein ullekh naheen kiya gayaa haih
 vishishtata taba siddh hoti haye jaba madhyavarti aur antim utpaadon key daave dayare mein ativyaapi naheen hotey hain (i.ee.antim utpaad kaa daavaa madhyavarti parr naheen padhaa jaataa haye, aur isake vipareet) aur spasht roop naheen hain aur yeh dikhaaya jaa sakata haye kii madhyavarti utpaad antim utpaad banaane key alawa anya upayogi haye.
patent yogya roop seey alag aavishkaron key mamle mein uchit pratibandh aavashyakta key liye dou mandand hainh
 (que) aavishkaar swatantra honey chaahiye (dekhein mpep § 802.01, § 806.06, § 808.01) yaa jaisa daavaa kiya gayaa haye vaisa alag honah chaahiye (dekhein mpep § 806.05-§ 806.05 (jey)); aur
 (kha) yadi pratibandh kii aavashyakta naheen haye tou pareekshak parr khoj aur/yaa pariksha kaa gambhir bojh hoga (mpep § 803.02, §808, aur § 808.02 dekhein)
yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. kaee udaaharan pradaan kartaa haye, joe ack tarfa aur dou tarfa antar key aadhar parr apane vartamaan pratibandh abhyaas koo adhik vistaar seey samajhaate hain.
sankshep mein, ee. pee. oh./vipo. key aavishkaar kii ekataa aur yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. kii pratibandh aavashyakta key beach dou mukhya mahatvapurna antar yeh hainh 
(1) "swatantra aur vishisht" aavishkaron key liye yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. kaa drishtikon ee. pee. oh. aur vipo. key drishtikon kii "aavishkaar kii ekataa" seey alag haye. jabaki ee. pee. oh. daavon koo ack hii aavishkaar seey sambandhit maanata haye, yadi daave poorv kalaa (jaise.jee. ack samanya aavishkaarsheel charan haye), yadi dou sanrekhit aavishkaron kaa upayog naa kewal ack dusare key sanyojan mein kiya jaa sakata haye, yaa aavishkaar key upayog (uddeshyon) key kaee kshetron key kaaran kiya jaa sakata haye, tou ack hii anuprayog mein ekataa kii kamee kaa pataa lagaa sakate hain. 
iss antar key parinamswarup ee. pee. oh., bauddhik sampada karyalaya (united kingdam), german patent aur trademark karyalaya, rashtriya audyogik sampatti sansthaan (france), jey. pee. oh. aur see. aine. aaee. pee. aeye. kii tulanaa mein yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. dwara jaari pratibandh aavashyaktaon kii sankhya kaee gunaa adhik hoe jaati haye, joe ack hii peris sammelan yaa patent sahyog sandhi (pee. see. tii.) prathamikta aavedan seey utpann hoti haye.
america key "swatantra aur vishisht" drishtikon kaa ack laabh haye, kii iska upayog paryaapt jaanch seey pahale kiya jaa sakata haye, i.ee. isase pahale kii ack aavishkaarsheel kadam kii pehchaan kii jaae.
(2) sanyukt raajya america mein pratibandh kii aavashyakta kii koee nyaayik sameeksha naheen haye (yuu. aiss. tii. oh. nideshak koo ack yachika ekmatra upalabdh upaay haye, joe kabhi bhee manjur naheen kiya jaataa haye). 
aam taur parr mukdamebaji karane vaali americi nyaay pranali key liye yeh ack asamanya sthiti haye. kaee americi patent vyavsaayiyon kaa maanana haye kii yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. koo diyaa gayaa vyaapak vivek aur aavishkaar kii ekataa key muddon parr nyaayik sameeksha kii kamee, patent parikshakon koo rajaswa badhaane key liye yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. mein protsaahan key kaaran yaa parikshakon key liye usee credit key liye cumm kaam karane key liye ghutane tekane kii pratibandh aavashyaktaon koo jaari karane kii anumati detee haye."yeh neeti pariksha mein deree kaa kaaran banati haye aur vibhinn patent (joe ack hii aavishkaar koo shamil karate hain) key kaaran patent ekadhikar koo alag-alag samaapti tithiyon key saath anuchit roop seey vistaarit karati haye (kyonki inmein seey pratyek prabhaagiya patent ack alag patent avadhi vistaar key saath samaapt hotaa haye).
doosari or, vartamaan pratibandh pratha yuu. aiss. pee. tii. koo apane prayason mein kewal mamuli vriddhi key saath apane rajaswa koo badhaane kii anumati detee haih patent aavedak koo pratyek divisional patent aavedan koo alag seey dakhil karane, jaanch karane, jaari karane aur rakharkhaav key liye bhugtan karna padata haye, bhale hii patent pareekshak pratyek divisional mein bilkul ack hii paath padhata hoe. 2003 mein jaiv praudyogiki udyog sangathan ney yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. seey apani pratibandh pratha koo badalane kaa aagrah kiya kyonki kuchh avedakon koo kaee vibhajanon key kaaran "ack hii aavishkaar koo poori tarah seey sanrakshit karane key liye" 500,000 dollar kharch karane key liye majboor honah padaa thaa. inmein seey adhikansh paisa vakeelon koo kaee divisional parr mukadama chalaane key liye gayaa, naa kii usto koo. isake alawa, yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. shulk key vipareet, chhote vyavsaayon koo vakeelon key shulk parr koee chhoot naheen milati haye, aur iss tarah kii atyadhik raashi chhote vyavsaayon koo apane aaee. pee. kii uchit suraksha praapt karane seey rokti haye.
adhik vistrit vivaran.
aim. pee. ee. pee. chaar sthitiyon parr charcha kartaa haye jahan ack pareekshak "pratibandh aavashyakta" jaari curr sakata haye, arthaat.ee. ack patent aavedan koo dou yaa dou seey adhik vibhajanon mein vibhajit karna, kyonki bhale hii aavishkaar sambandhit houn (i.ee. swatantra naheen) way nimnalikhit chaar mamalon mein seey "ack yaa adhik" mein alag hainh
(1) jisamen cumm seey cumm ack aavishkaar dusare parr patent yogya (nayaa aur gair-spasht) haye (haalaanki way pratyek poorv kalaa parr patent yogya naheen hoe sakate hain)-i.ee. vicharadhin aavishkaron key vibhinn aavishkaarsheel charan hainh
vaikalpik roop seey, "daavaa kii gaee prajaatiyon key beach prajaatiyon key chunaav kii aavashyakta naheen honey chaahiye jinhen ack dusare parr spasht roop seey patent yogya (spasht) maanaa jaataa haye." 
yeh drishtikon vipo aur europeeya patent karyalaya key samaan haye (oopar pee. see. tii. aur ee. pee. oh. anubhaag dekhein).
iss drishtikon kii ack gambhir kamee yeh haye kii "pratibandh key samay (i.ee. spashtata vishleshan seey pahale), kyaa aavishkaar patent key roop mein alag hain, yeh gyaat naheen haye. iss kaaran seey iss drishtikon kaa upayog aksar yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. dwara naheen kiya jaataa haye.
(2) jaisa kii daavaa kiya gayaa haye kii aavishkaar cumm seey cumm ack design, sanchaalan yaa prabhaav (jaise.jee., ack bhautik roop seey alag prakriya dwara banaaya jaa sakata haye, yaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye)-i.ee. vaikalpik upayog/vidhiyaan. vishisht aavishkaar" shabd kaa arth yahaan sambandhit haye (i.ee. swatantra naheen") avadhaaranaon (jaise kii prakat battery koo charge karane key liye upkaran, battery koo nirvahan karane key liye ack upkaran, battery key liye ack electrode banaane key liye ack samagri) koo "vishisht aavishkaar" maanaa jaayega yadi unakaa upayog "naa kewal" ack dusare key saath sanyojan mein kiya jaa sakata haye. 
iss tarah kii pratibandh aavashyakta kaa ack udaaharan haih jaisa kii daavaa kiya gayaa haye kii aavishkaar cumm seey cumm ack design, sanchaalan yaa prabhaav (jaise.jee., ack bhautik roop seey alag prakriya dwara banaaya jaa sakata haye, yaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye)-i.ee. vaikalpik upayog/vidhiyaan. vishisht aavishkaar" shabd kaa arth yahaan sambandhit haye (i.ee. swatantra naheen") avadhaaranaon (jaise kii prakat battery koo charge karane key liye upkaran, battery koo nirvahan karane key liye ack upkaran, battery key liye ack electrode banaane key liye ack samagri) koo "vishisht aavishkaar" maanaa jaayega yadi unakaa upayog "naa kewal" ack dusare key saath sanyojan mein kiya jaa sakata haye. iss tarah kii pratibandh aavashyakta kaa ack udaaharan haih
pareekshak ney nott kiya kii aavishkaar I aur II kramshah isake abhyaas key liye ack vidhi aur upkaran key roop mein sambandhit hain. pareekshak aage 
yeh nott kiya kii aavishkaar I aur aavishkaar II alag hain, yadi donon mein seey koee bheeh
swatantra aavishkaar" drishtikon, jaisa kii pichhale paragraph mein dikhaaya gayaa haye, kaa tatparya haye kii donon aavishkaron key upayog kaa kshetra aur aavishkaarsheel charan donon alag-alag hain. haalaanki, jaisa kii neeche bataaya gayaa haye, yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. key vartamaan abhyaas mein "yaa tou" upayog kaa kshetra "yaa" donon aavishkaron kaa aavishkaratmak kadam ekataa kii kamee koo khojane key liye alag honey key liye paryaapt haye.
phir bhee, aim. pee. ee. pee. ee. pee. oh./vipo drishtikon key samaan ack apavaad pradaan kartaa haih "yadi koee spasht sweekaar haye kii daavaa kiye gaye aavishkaar 35 yuu key arth key bheetar ack dusare parr spasht hotey.aiss.see. 103 pratibandh kii aavashyakta naheen honey chaahiye." 
ack aushadhiya sandarbh mein, pratibandh aavashyakta aamtaur parr dawa koo ack sanrachana key roop mein nirdeshit daavon koo vibhajit karane key liye jaari kii jaati haye, dawa taiyar karane key tarikon key liye nirdeshit daave, aur upchaar mein dawa kaa upayog karane key liye ack vidhi key liye nirdeshit daave. jaiv praudyogiki mein, americi pareekshak aksar dna jeane parr, mrna parr, poorak dna parr, jeane kaa upayog karane kii vidhi parr aur sambandhit protein parr daavon koo alag-alag vibhaagiya anuprayogon mein vibhajit karate hain.
(3) yadi dou daavaa kii gaee prajaatiyan parasparik roop seey ananya hain (i.ee. yadi ack daavaa pahali prajaati key liye prakat seemaon kaa paath kartaa haye, lekin doosari key liye naheen, jabaki doosara daavaa kewal doosari prajaati key liye prakat seemaon kaa paath kartaa haye, naa kii pahali key liye). "daavon koo dayare mein overlap naheen honah chaahiye."
(4) anta mein, ack pareekshak apani pratibandh aavashyakta koo sahee thaharaane key liye ack "anuchit bojh" tark prastut curr sakata haih "ack gambhir khoj bojh hoga jaisa kii alag vargeekaran, sthiti, yaa khoj key kshetra aur/yaa ack gambhir pariksha bojh seey pramaanit hotaa haye jaisa kii ack aavishkaar seey sambandhit gair-praathamik kalaa muddon seey pramaanit hotaa haye joe dusare aavishkaar key liye praasangik naheen hain."ack gambhir khoj bojh koo alag vargeekaran, sthiti yaa khoj key kshetra seey pramaanit kiya jaa sakata haye. ack gambhir pareekshan bojh kaa pramaan, udaaharan key liye, ack aavishkaar key liye praasangik gair-praathamik kalaa muddon seey diyaa jaa sakata haye joe dusare aavishkaar key liye praasangik naheen hain.
isi tarah key tark iss vishleshan parr lagu hotey hain kii kyaa sanyojan aur upa-sanyojan (dekhein mpep § 806.05 (sanyojan aur upa-sanyojan) aur § 806.05 (jey) (sambandhit utpaad yaa sambandhit prakriyaaen) alag hainh
 "aavishkaar alag hain yadi yeh dikhaaya jaa sakata haye kii ack sanyojan jaisa kii daavaa kiya gayaa haih
 (que) patent key liye daavaa kiye gaye upa-sanyojan key vivaran kii aavashyakta naheen haye (naveenata aur gair-spashtata dikhaane key liye), aur
 (kha) upa-sanyojan kii upayogita yaa tou apane aap mein yaa kissy anya bhautik roop seey alag sanyojan mein dikhaai jaa sakati haye."
(5) vishesh roop seey, yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. markash daave mein prajaatiyon key adhik udaar samooh kii anumati detaa haih i.ee. "(que) markash samooh key sadasya" "ekal sanrachanaatmak samaantaa" "saajha karate hain, aur (kha) sadasya ack samanya upayog saajha karate hain, joe vibhinn prakaar key daavon key liye hotaa haye (i).ee. prakriya, upkaran aur utpaad) ack hii patent mein.
pratibandh kii aavashyakta key liye yuu. aiss. tii. oh. prabhaag nideshak seey appeal kii jaa sakati haye, lekin nyayadhish seey naheen. vyavhaar mein, nideshak kabhi bhee pratibandh kii aavashyakta koo ulat naheen detaa haye. yeh bhee salah dee jaati haye kii aavishkaarak/aavedak apane avedanon koo swayam vibhajit naa karein, balki hamesha ack pareekshak dwara "pratibandh" jaari karane kii prateeksha karein. ack pareekshak dwara jaari iss tarah key pratibandh, 5 yuu kaa ack surakshit bandargah praavdhaan pradaan kartaa haye.aiss.see. §121 bhavishya mein dohare patent key aaropon key khilaf. anyatha, aavedak parr baad mein dohare patent kaa aarop lagaaya jaa sakata haye, aur usake patent koo radd curr diyaa jaa sakata haye. spashtata-prakaar dohare patenting key liye dou alag-alag manakon kaa upayog karane kii samasya (i.ee."yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. mein "swatantra aur vishisht" aur adalaton mein "patent yogya roop seey vishisht") koo jyaadaatar 1952 key patent adhiniyam key surakshit bandargah praavdhaan dwara thheek kiya gayaa thaa. 
yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa vishleshan kii kyaa karyalaya koo pratibandh kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye, 35 yuu key tahat prastut rashtriya star key avedanon mein bhinn hotaa haye.aiss.see. 35 yuu key tahat daayar rashtriya avedanon kii tulanaa mein 371 (aavishkaar vishleshan kii ekataa).aiss.see. 111 (aeye) (swatantra aur vishisht vishleshan). iss antar kii pushti 1986 mein ack americi sanghiya adalat dwara kii gaee thee, jisane paaya kii jaba yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. ack antarrashtriya khoj pradhikaran (aaee. aiss. aeye.) key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, tou yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. koo yuu. aiss. gharelu niyamon key bajaay pee. see. tii. niyamon kaa upayog karna aavashyak haye.
yadi yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. patent sahyog sandhi key tahat ack antarrashtriya khoj pradhikaran (aaee. aiss. aeye.) key roop mein kaary karate hue ack prabhaagiya pratibandh jaari kartaa haye, tou yeh pratibandh baad mein pee. see. tii. key rashtriya star parr aavedak key yuu. aiss. patent koo dohare patent key aarop seey naheen bachaayega. kewal rashtriya star parr yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. dwara jaari pratibandh dohare patent seey pratiraksha pradaan karate hain. ullekhaniya haye kii vartamaan (2023) yuu. aiss. pee. tii. oh. dishaanirdeshon key liye patent pareekshak koo pee. see. tii. anuprayogon key liye aavishkaar kii aavashyakta kii pee. see. tii.-shally ekataa koo lagu karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe "swatantra yaa vishisht" aavashyakta key bajaay sanyukt raajya america mein rashtriya star parr pravesh karate hain. iss prakaar, una avedakon key liye pee. see. tii. maarg kii sifarish kii jaati haye, joe kaee prabhagon kii laagat yaa bhavishya mein sambhaavit dohare patent key aaropon seey chintit hain.