ghaana kaa aarthik itihas

ghaana kaa aarthik itihas poorv-aupaniveshik kaal seey aaj taka ghaana kii aarthik sthiti kaa vivaran detaa haye. 
swatantrata seey pahale.
soney aur tail key taad seey sampann aur paar-sahaara vyaapaar maargon aur african tatrekha key beach sthit haye, joe aaj ghaana key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, pichhale hazaar varshon key dauran africa key aarthik vikas key sabhi charanon mein shamil rhaa haye. jaise-jaise african samajon kii aarthik sthiti bigadati gaee haye, vaise-vaise ghaana bhee girata gayaa haye, 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein usa desh koo vikas kii sthiti mein chhod diyaa, joe africa key agale, abhee taka anishchit, aarthik vikas key charan mein "chhalang" lagaane mein asamarth thaa.
terahavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein, vartamaan ghaana apane soney key bhandar key kaaran lambi doori key vyaapaar mein aakarshit huaa thaa. poorv-aadhunik samay key sabse vyaapak vyaparik networkon mein seey ack, trance-sahaara vyaapaar mein europeeya, uttar african aur african sawana aur vanon key utpaadon key liye sahaara vastuon kaa adaan-pradaan shamil thaa, jisamen sonaa, colla nuts aur gulam shamil they. europeeya vyapariyon dwara swarn tata naam diyaa gayaa vartamaan ghaana, sahaara mein vyaapaar kiye jaane vaale soney kaa ack mahatvapurna srot thaa. iss bahumulya vastu key utpaadan aur vipanan koo niyantrit karke kendrikrit raajya jaise kii asante kimaton koo niyantrit karate hain. pandrahavin shatabdi mein europeeya nauvahan takneekon mein sudhaar key saath, purtagaali aur baad mein dutch aur angreji vyapariyon ney paschim african tata parr seedhe isake dakshini srot taka naukaayan karke sahaaran vyaapaar koo darkinar karane kii koshish kii. 1482 mein purtagaliyon ney almina mein ack majboot vyaparik chauki kaa nirmaan kiya aur african tateey vyapariyon seey sonaa, hathidant aur kaali mirch kharidana shuru kiya.
haalaanki sadiyon seey african logon ney namak seey laker videshi dhatuon taka key ayaat key badale mein apane kachche maal-hathidant, sonaa, colla nuts kaa niryaat kiya thaa, lekin solahavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein atlantic daas vyaapaar kii shuruat ney african niryaat utpaadan kii prakriti koo maulik tarikon seey badal diyaa. ghanawasiyon kii badhati sankhya ney yuddh mein saathi african logon koo pakadkar aur unhein uttari america aur dakshin america key gulam vikretaon koo bechkar khud koo samriddh karane kii koshish kii. gulamon koo tata parr leey jaaya gayaa aur african vyapariyon key madhyam seey becha gayaa, usee maarg aur connection kaa upayog karke jisake madhyam seey sonaa aur hathidant pahale bahate they. badale mein, african aksar bhugtan key roop mein bandooken praapt karate they, jiska upayog adhik daason koo pakadane key liye kiya jaa sakata thaa aur, adhik mahatvapurna roop seey, raajneetik shakti praapt karane aur sanrakshit karane key liye.
soney key tata seey cumm seey cumm aadhe million african, iss tarah seey mahadweep chhod gaye. kuchh arthshastriyon ney tark diyaa haye kii daas vyaapaar ney african aarthik sansadhanon mein vriddhi kii aur isaliye jaruri naheen kii vikas mein baadha utpann hoe, lekin anya, vishesh roop seey itihaaskaar walter rodney ney tark diyaa haye kii mahadweep key sabse moolyavaan sansaadhan-manushyon-koo hataakar daas vyaapaar ney agyaat aavishkaar, navachar aur utpaadan koo luutaa. rodney kaa tark haye kii daas vyaapaar ney avikasitata kii prakriya koo badhaava diyaa, jisake tahat african samaaj apane aarthik vikas key liye mahatvapurna sansadhanon key niryaat parr bharosa karane lagey, jisase una sansadhanon key sthaaniya vikas koo roque diyaa gayaa. halanki kuchh vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii iss kshetra kaa baad kaa aarthik itihas rodney kii vyakhya kaa samarthan kartaa haye, iss bindu parr koee aam sahamati maujood naheen haye. vaastav mein, haal key varshon mein, kuchh itihaskaron ney naa kewal rodney kii vyakhya koo khariz curr diyaa haye, balki iss dhaarana koo bhee aage badhaaya haye kii yeh mahadweep kii aarthik durdasha key liye baahari taakton kii ack shrinkhala key bajaay khud african hain.
jaba unnisvin shatabdi key shuruati varshon mein daas vyaapaar samaapt hoe gayaa, tou sthaaniya arthavyavastha tathaakathit vaidh vyaapaar kaa kendra bunn gaee, jise europe kii ubharati audyogik shaktiyon ney apane utpaadan aur bikri mein sahaayata key liye samagri aur baajaron key srot key roop mein protsaahit kiya. vishesh roop seey, angrejon ney unnisvin shatabdi key dauran iss kshetra parr niyantran badhaaya aur taad key tail aur lakadi key utpaadan key saath-saath soney key utpaadan koo jaari rakhaa. badale mein, african upabhokta vastuon key ayaat seey doobe hue they, joe vilasita yaa trance-sahaara vyaapaar key sthaaniya roop seey anupalabdh ayaat key vipareet, jaldi seey african utpaadon, vishesh roop seey vastron koo visthaapit curr diyaa.
1878 mein america seey koko key pedon koo pesh kiya gayaa thaa. koko jaldi hii coloney kaa pramukh niryaat bunn gayaa; ghaana ney 1920 key dashak taka vaishvik upaj key aadhe seey adhik kaa utpaadan kiya. african kisaanon ney dakshini ghaana key badey kshetron mein koko kii kheti failaane key liye vyaparik nigamon jaise sambandh network kaa upayog kiya. vaidh vyaapaar ney ghaana kii arthavyavastha kii samagr utpaadaktaa koo bahaal kiya; haalaanki, europeeya vastuon key pravaah ney swadeshi udyogon koo visthaapit karna shuru curr diyaa, aur kisaanon ney sthaaniya khapat key liye aavashyak khaadya fasalon kii tulanaa mein nakadi fasalon parr adhik dhyaan kendrit kiya.
1957-1995.
jaba 1957 mein ghaana ney britten seey swatantrata praapt kii, tou arthavyavastha sthir aur samriddh dikhaai dee. ghaana duniya mein koko kaa agrani utpaadak thaa, seva vyaapaar key liye ack achchi tarah seey vikasit buniyaadi dhaanche kaa daavaa kartaa thaa, aur ack apekshaakrit unnat shiksha pranali kaa anand letaa thaa. swatantrata key samay, rashtrapati kwame nakrumah ney aarthik vividhikaran aur vistaar key liye ack springboard key roop mein ghaniyai arthavyavastha kii spasht sthirata kaa upayog karane kii maang kii. unhone ghaana koo mukhya roop seey krishi arthavyavastha seey mishrit krishi-audyogik arthavyavastha mein sthanantarit karane kii prakriya shuru kii. suraksha key roop mein koko rajaswa kaa upayog karate hue, nakrumah ney aise udyogon koo sthaapit karane key liye rinn liya joe ayaat key vikalp kaa utpaadan karane key saath-saath ghaana key kaee niryaaton koo sansaadhit karenge. nakrumah kii yojanaaen mahatvakankshi theen aur vishva vyaapaar key prati ghaana kii bhedyata koo cumm karane kii ichcha parr adharit theen. durbhagya seey, 1960 key dashak key madhya mein koko kii keemat gir gaee, jisase arthavyavastha kii maulik sthirata nasht hoe gaee aur nakruma key liye apani yojanaon koo jaari rakhna lagbhag asambhav hoe gayaa. vyaapak bhrashtachar ney inn samasyaon koo aur badhaa diyaa. 1966 mein sainya adhikaariyon key ack samooh ney nakrumah koo ukhaad fenka aur lagbhag diwalia desh viraasat mein milaa.
1966 seey ghaana rinn, kamjor vastu maang aur mudra key atee-mulyankan key chakr mein funce gayaa haye, jisake parinamswarup utpaadak kshamataon mein girawat aaee haye aur videshi rinn pangu hoe gayaa haye. 1960 key dashak key madhya mein ack baar jaba koko kii keemat gir gaee, tou ghaana ney rinn chukaane key liye aavashyak videshi mudra kaa cumm laabh praapt kiya, jiska moolya 1960 aur 1966 key beach lagbhag duss gunaa badh gayaa. kuchh arthshastriyon ney sifarish kii kii ghaana apani mudra, seddy kaa avamoolyan karey, taaki vishva bajar mein isaki koko kii keemat adhik aakarshak hoe, lekin avamoolyan ney sanyukt raajya dollar mein rinn chukaane koo bhee bahut adhik kathin banaa diyaa hoga. isake alawa, iss tarah key avamoolyan seey upbhoktaon aur nae udyogon donon key liye ayaat kii laagat mein vriddhi hui hogi.
1980 key dashak kii shuruat taka, lagaatar sarkaaron ney mudra kaa avamoolyan karane seey incar curr diyaa (kofi abrefa basiya kii sarkaar key apavaad key saath, jisane 1971 mein seddy kaa avamoolyan kiya aur turant usey ukhaad fenka gayaa). koko kii keematen cumm hoe gaeen, jisase koko utpaadan poori tarah seey hatotsaahit hoe gayaa aur maujooda koko fasalon kii padosi deshon mein taskari hoe gaee, jahaan bhugtan mein sedis key bajaay frank praapt kiye jaa sakate they. jaise-jaise utpaadan aur aadhikarik niryaat dhwast huaa, arthavyavastha key astitva key liye aavashyak rajaswa aage key rinon kii khareed key madhyam seey praapt kiya gayaa, jisase rinn aur kamjor vishva vastu baajaron parr nirbharta dwara sanchaalit ack aatm-vinashkari chakr tej hoe gayaa.
1980 key dashak kii shuruat taka, ghaana kii arthavyavastha patan kii unnat sthiti mein thee. prati vyakti sakal gharelu utpaad (jee. dee. pee.) ney 1960 key dashak mein nakaratmak vriddhi dikhaai aur 1970 seey 1981 taka prati varsh 3.2 pratishat kii girawat aaee. sabse mahatvapurna koko utpaadan mein girawat thee, joe 1960 key dashak key madhya aur 1970 key dashak key anta key beach aadhi gir gaee, jisase vishva bajar mein ghaana kii hissedari 1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein lagbhag ack tihai seey ghatkar aaee. dee. 1 mein kewal aathven sthaan parr aaa gaee. usee samay, khanij utpaadan mein 32 pratishat kii girawat aaee; soney key utpaadan mein 47 pratishat, heere mein 67 pratishat, manganese mein 43 pratishat aur boxite mein 46 pratishat kii girawat aaee. 1976 aur 1981 key beach mudrasfeeti ausatan 50 pratishat seey adhik thee, joe 1981 mein aaee. dee. 1. pratishat taka pahunch gaee. vaastavik nyuntam majdoori 1975 mein 75 key soochkaank seey girkar 1981 mein 15.4 mein seey ack hoe gaee. curr rajaswa 1973 mein jee. dee. pee. key 17 pratishat seey girkar 1983 mein kewal 5 pratishat hoe gayaa, aur 1982 mein matra key hisab seey vaastavik ayaat ausat aaee. dee. 2. star kaa kewal 43 pratishat thaa. utpaadaktaa, jeevan star aur sarkaar key sansadhanon mein naatakiya roop seey girawat aaee thee.
1981 mein flight leftinent jairi johnn rollings key netritva mein ack sainya sarkaar satta mein aaee. khud koo asthaayi rashtriya raksha parishad (pee. aine. dee. see.) kahate hue, kattarpanthi shasson ney shuru mein pichhali sarkaaron key bhrashtachar parr rashtra kii aarthik samasyaon koo doshi thaharaaya. haalaanki, jald hii rollings ney pataa lagaaya kii ghaana kii samasyaaen aarthik durupyog kii tulanaa mein adhik jatil taakton kaa parinam theen. 1983 mein ack gambhir sookhe key baad, sarkaar ney antarrashtriya maudrik kosh (aaee. aim. aff.) aur vishva baink rinn kii sakht sharton koo sweekaar kiya aur aarthik sudhaar karyakram (ee. aar. pee.) kii sthaapana kii.
neetiyon mein ack naatakiya badalaav kaa sanket dete hue, iss truti ney sarkaar key samajik, raajneetik aur aarthik abhivinyas koo maulik roop seey badal diyaa. mukhya roop seey ghaana koo apane videshi rinon kaa bhugtan karane mein saksham banaane key uddeshya seey, erp ney 1980 key dashak mein antarrashtriya banking aur daataa sansthanon dwara taiyar kii gaee sanrachanaatmak samaayojan neetiyon kaa udaaharan diyaa. karyakram ney niryaat kshetra koo badhaava dene aur ack lagu vittiya sakhti parr jore diyaa, jiska uddeshya bajat ghaate koo samaapt karna thaa. pee. aine. dee. see. ney vishvaspurvak iska paalan kiya aur antarrashtriya vittiya samudaay kaa samarthan praapt kiya. halanki, gharelu arthavyavastha parr girawat key prabhaavon key kaaran adhikansh ghaaniyon key jeevan star mein girawat aaee.
1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein, ghaana kii aarthik sudhaar abhee bhee asman dikhaai dee aur gharelu bajar key bajaay mukhya roop seey niryaat key liye taiyar thee. 1984 key baad seey jee. dee. pee. mein prati varsh ausatan 5 pratishat kii vriddhi hui thee, mudrasfeeti lagbhag 20 pratishat taka cumm hoe gaee thee, aur niryaat aaya 1 arab dollar taka pahunch gaee thee. adhikansh utpaadan niryaat kshetra seey aaya, aur fasal varsh taka, koko utpaadan 300,000 tunn koo paar curr gayaa, jisase ghaana duniya mein teesare sthaan parr aaa gayaa. 1990 mein khanijon key niryaat-mukhya roop seey sonaa, lekin heere, manganese aur boxite-ney hamein 23.4 karod dollar kaa yogdan diyaa, joe pichhale varsh kii tulanaa mein 23.2 pratishat adhik haye. phir bhee, vetan cumm they, aur kyonki saarvajanik sevaaon kii laagat badhati rahee, ghaana key garibon koo tapasya karyakram key nakaratmak prabhaavon kaa khamiyaja bhugatana padaa.
1995-vartamaan.
johnn kufur key shasankal mein vaanijyik matra mein tail kii khoj kii gaee thee. unake uttaradhikari, johnn attaa mills
ghaana ney tail utpaadan mein pahali baar pravesh kiya. 2010 mein, sarkaar ney desh key aarthik aankadon koo phir seey adharit kiya, jisake parinamswarup ghaana key jee. dee. pee. mein 60 pratishat seey adhik kii vriddhi hui. ganana key liye aadhar varsh bhee 1993 seey 2006 mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa. iss sanshodhan ney ghaana koo madhyam aaya kii sthiti mein leey jaaya aur isane cape verde aur nigeria key baad paschim africa mein prati vyakti jee. dee. pee. kii ranking mein desh koo teesara sabse badaa desh banaa diyaa. saankhyiki mein badalaav key baad, seva kshetra 51 pratishat kii hissedari key saath ghaana kii arthavyavastha kaa sabse badaa kshetra bunn gayaa. krishi, joe shuru mein pramukh kshetra thaa, aarthik mandee key baad aaee. dee. 1 key liye jimmedaar thaa, audyogik kshetra aaee. dee. 2 key hisse key saath peechhe reh gayaa. ghaana 2011 mein duniya mein sabse teji seey badhata huaa rashtra bunn gayaa aur 2019 mein ack baar phir ghaana kii teji seey vriddhi (2017-19 mein prati varsh 7 pratishat) covid-19 mahamari key parinamon, vishesh roop seey march 2020 key ghaana key lockdown key kaaran rook gaee.

