garbhpaat kaa itihas

prerit garbhpaat kaa abhyaas-garbhavastha kii jaanboojhkar samaapti-pracheen kaal seey jaanaa jaataa rhaa haye. garbhpaat karane yaa garbhpaat kaa prayaas karane key liye vibhinn tarikon kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye, jisamen garbhpaat karane vaali jadee-bootiyon kaa prashaasan, tej upkaranon kaa upayog, pett key dabaav kaa upayog aur anya takneeken shamil hain. garbhpaat" shabd, yaa adhik sateek roop seey "sahaj garbhpaat", kabhi-kabhi ack praakritik roop seey honey vaali sthiti koo sandarbhit karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye joe garbhavastha koo samaapt karati haye, yaani jise lokpriya roop seey "garbhpaat" kahaa jaataa haye. lekin "garbhpaat" shabd hamesha ack prerit garbhpaat koo sandarbhit karega.
garbhpaat kaanoon aur unake pravartan mein vibhinn yugon key dauran utaar-chadhaav aaya haye. 20veen shatabdi key dauran paschimi duniya key adhikansh hisson mein garbhpaat-adhikaar andolan garbhpaat pratibandh koo nirast karane mein safal rahey. jabaki adhikansh paschim mein garbhpaat kanuni banaa huaa haye, iss vaidhata koo niyamit roop seey garbhpaat virodhi samoohon dwara chunauti dee jaati haye. vladmir lenin key tahat soviyat sangh koo prerit vaikalpik garbhpaat dekhbhal koo vaidh banaane vaale pahale aadhunik desh key roop mein maanyata praapt haye. beesavin shatabdi mein chean ney jansankhya vriddhi koo dheema karane key prayaas mein "ack-bachcha neeti" janm niyantran abhiyaan key hisse key roop mein prerit garbhpaat kaa upayog kiya.
poorv-aadhunik yug.
bhaarat key vaidik aur "smriti" kaanoonon ney teen uchch jaatiyon key purush vansh key sanrakshan key saath ack chinta koo pratibimbit kiya; aur dhaarmik adalaton ney mahila key liye vibhinn praayashchit yaa garbhpaat pradaan karane vaale pujari key liye bahishkaar lagu kiya. mahakavya "ramayan" kaa ack hissa naaee sarjanon dwara kiye gaye garbhpaat kaa varnan kartaa haye. pracheen kaanoonon mein garbhpaat key liye anivarya maut kii sajaa kaa ekmatra saboot assyrian kaanoon mein, asura key code mein paaya jaataa haye. 1075 eesaa poorv; aur yeh kewal ack mahila parr lagaaya jaataa haye joe apane pati kii ichcha key khilaf garbhpaat karvaati haye. prerit garbhpaat kaa pahala darj pramaan 1550 eesaa poorv mein misra key abers papyrus seey haye.
praarambhik sanskritiyon mein niyojit kaee vidhiyaan gair-shalya chikitsa theen. shaaririk gatividhiyaan jaise kii kathin shram, chadhaai, paddling, bharottolan yaa gotakhori ack aam takneek thee. anya mein chidchide patton kaa upayog, upvaas, rakt pravaah, pett parr germ paani dalna aur germ narial key khol parr letna shamil thaa. lagbhag sabhi sanskritiyon mein, garbhpaat takneekon kaa vikas avalokan, prasooti vidhiyon key anukoolan aur transculturation key madhyam seey huaa. garbhpaat koo prerit karane key bhautik saadhan, jinamen battery, vyayam aur kamarband koo kasna shamil haye, kaa upayog angreji mahilaaon mein aksar aadhunik kaal key shuruati samay key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa.
puraataatvik khojon seey pataa chalata haye kii bhroon koo nikaalane key praarambhik shalya chikitsa key prayaas kiye gaye they, lekin aisaa naheen maanaa jaataa kii aisee vidhiyaan aam theen, kyonki pracheen chikitsa granthon mein inca ullekh kiya gayaa haye.
8veen shatabdi key ack sanskrit paath mein mahilaaon koo bhaap yaa ubale hue pyaaj key bartan parr baithane key liye garbhpaat key liye prerit karane kaa nirdesh diyaa gayaa haye. garbhavati pett parr dabaav daalane vaali malish garbhpaat kii takneek kaa abhyaas dakshin poorv asia mein sadiyon seey kiya jaataa rhaa haye. kambodiya mein angkor vaat key mandir koo sajaane vaali ack bases raahat, dinaankit, ack mahila parr iss tarah key garbhpaat kaa pradarshan karane vaale ack rakshas koo darshaati haye jise adholok mein bheja gayaa haye.
japani dastaavez 12veen shatabdi kii shuruat seey prerit garbhpaat key record dikhaate hain. yeh shiksha kaal key dauran bahut adhik prachalit hoe gayaa, vishesh roop seey kisan varg key beach, joe baar-baar akaal aur umr key uchch karadhan seey sabse adhik prabhaavit they. garbhpaat, garbhpaat, mrit janm yaa bachpan kii mrityu kii yaad mein khadee bodhibhatta jizo kii moortiyaan cumm seey cumm 1710 mein yokohama key ack mandir mein dikhaai dene lageen (dharm aur garbhpaat dekhein).
newzealand key mool maori logon ney garbhpaat-prerit davaaon, aupchaarik tarikon aur ack pratibandhaatmak belt key saath pett key kamarband key madhyam seey garbhadhaaran koo samaapt curr diyaa. ack anya srot kaa daavaa haye kii maori loga makutu key darr seey garbhpaat kaa abhyaas naheen karate they, lekin samay seey pahale prasav key kritrim preran key madhyam seey garbhpaat kaa prayaas kiya thaa.
greco-roman duniya.
yunani aur roman itihas mein garbhpaat key tarikon aur abhyaas key baare mein joe kuchh bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, vaha praarambhik shaastriya granthon seey aataa haye. garbhpaat, ack stree roga sambandhi prakriya key roop mein, mukhya roop seey una mahilaaon kaa praant thaa joe yaa tou daaiyon yaa achchi tarah seey soochit aam loga theen. apane "thytus" mein, plato garbhavastha key shuruati charanon mein garbhpaat koo prerit karane kii ack daaee kii kshamata kaa ullekh kartaa haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii pracheen yunan mein garbhpaat kii sajaa milane kii sambhavana naheen thee. kavi lysius key ack ansh seey pataa chalata haye kii garbhpaat pati key khilaf ack aparaadh thaa, aggar usaki patni garbhavati thee jaba vaha marr gayaa thaa, kyonki uska ajanme bachche ney sampatti kaa daavaa kiya hoga."
pracheen yunani ack garbhpaat aur garbhanirodhak key roop mein jadee booty sylphium parr nirbhar they. cyrene key mukhya niryaat key roop mein, paudhe koo vilupt honey key liye prerit kiya gayaa thaa; yeh sujhaav diyaa jaataa haye kii isamen vahee garbhpaat guna hoe sakate hain, joe apiacy parivaar mein isake kuchh nikatatam maujooda rishtedaron mein hain. sylphium cyrenian arthavyavastha key liye itna kendriya thaa kii isake adhikansh sikkon parr paudhe kii chhavi key saath ubhara huaa thaa.
pliny dha elder (23-79 CE) ney samanya roo key parishkrit tail koo ack shaktishali garbhpaat key roop mein uddhrit kiya. serenus samonicus ney ack mishran key baare mein likhaa jisamen ryu, andaa aur dill shamil they. sornus, dioscorides, oribasius ney bhee paudhe key iss anuprayog kaa vivaran diyaa. aadhunik vaigyaanik adhyayanon ney pushti kii haye kii ryu mein vaastav mein teen nishkriya yaugik hain.
janm-verts, ack jadee booty jiska upayog bachche key janm koo aasaan banaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, kaa upayog garbhpaat koo prerit karane key liye bhee kiya jaataa thaa. gallen ney ise "dee antidotis" mein ack potion sootra mein shamil kiya, jabaki dioscorides ney kahaa kii ise munh seey yaa kaali mirch aur mirchi vaale yoni pesari key roop mein bhee diyaa jaa sakata haye.
yunani natakkar aristophanes ney 421 eesaa poorv mein apani comedy, "shaanti" mein ack haasya sandarbh key madhyam seey peneroyal kii aksham sampatti kaa ullekh kiya."hippocrates (see. 460-see. 370 eesaa poorv), yunani chikitsak, ack veshya koo salah detaa thaa kii vaha oopar aur neeche kood jaae, pratyek chhalang parr apane nitambon koo apani oonchi aidee seey chhue, taaki garbhpaat hoe sakey. unake dwara likhe gaye anya lekhan garbhashay grieva aur garbhashay key ander key upchaar koo failaane key liye banaae gaye upkaranon kaa varnan karate hain.
doosari shatabdi key yunani chikitsak sornus ney mootravardhak, amenogog, anema, upvaas aur rakt-prapaat koo surakshit garbhpaat vidhiyon key roop mein nirdhaarit kiya, halanki unhone anga chhidran key jokhim key kaaran garbhpaat koo prerit karane key liye tej upkaranon key upayog key khilaf salah dee. unhone apani garbhavastha koo samaapt karane kii ichcha rakhane vaali mahilaaon koo urjaavaan chalane, bhaari vastuon koo leey jaane, jaanvaron kii sawari karane aur koodane mein sanlagn honey kii bhee salah dee taaki mahila kii oonchi aidee pratyek kood key saath usake nitambon koo chhoo sakey, jise unhone "lesedemonian leap" key roop mein varnit kiya. unhone jadee-bootiyon seey snan, rubb aur pesari key liye kaee vyanjanon kii peshkash kii. dee materia medica libri quink" mein, greek pharmacologist dioscorides ney "garbhpaat sharaab" naamak ack masauda key avayavon koo soochibaddh kiya-helebor, squarting kheera, aur scamney-lekin yeh sateek tareeke seey pradaan karane mein whiffle rhaa jisamen ise taiyar kiya jaanaa thaa. helbor, vishesh roop seey, garbhpaat key liye jaanaa jaataa haye.
doosari aur teesari shatabdi key isai dharamshastri tertullion ney shalya chikitsa upkaranon kaa varnan kiya jinka upayog aadhunik failaav aur nikasi key samaan prakriya mein kiya gayaa thaa. ack upkaran mein failaav key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack "achchi tarah seey samaayojit lachila frame", ack "kundalakar blade" jiska upayog upchaar key liye kiya jaataa thaa, aur nishkarshan key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack "blanted yaa cover hook" thaa. doosara ack "tambe kii suee yaa spike" thaa. unhone aisee vastuon key swaamitva kaa shreya hippocrates, esclepiades, erasistrates, herophilus aur sornus koo diyaa.
pahali shatabdi key roman vishvakoshkaar, aulas cornelius celsus ney apane ekmatra jeevit kaary, "dee medicine" mein pahale seey hii mrit bhroon koo nikaalane kii prakriya kaa ack behad vistrit vivaran diyaa. sabhi pakhandon kaa khandan" kii pustak 9 mein, teesari shatabdi key ack anya isai dharamshastri, rome key hippolitus ney mahilaaon key baare mein likhaa kii way madhya key aspas khud koo kaskar baandhati hain taaki "joe kalpana kii jaa rahee thee usey baahar nikaal diyaa jaa sakey.
praakritik garbhpaat.
shaastriya saahitya aur lock chikitsa mein vanaspati sambandhi taiyari joe kii vighatit honey key liye prasiddh thee, aam thee. haalaanki, aise lock upchaar prabhavsheelta mein bhinn they aur pratikool prabhaavon key jokhim key binaa naheen they. garbhavastha koo samaapt karane key liye kabhi-kabhi upayog kii jaane vaali kuchh jadee-bootiyaan jaharili hoti hain.
11veen shatabdi kii ack jadee-booty, "dee viribus herberum" mein una paudhon kii ack soochi dee gaee thee joe garbhpaat kaa kaaran banati haye, joe ack kavita key roop mein likhi gaee thee, jisake lekhak koo galat tareeke seey emilius macker koo jimmedaar thaharaaya gayaa haye. unamen roo, italvi catanip, swaadisht, rishi, sabun, cyperus, safed aur kaalaa helbor aur peneroyal they. madhyayugeen kaal key dauran islami duniya mein chikitsakon ney garbhpaat key upayog kaa dastavejikaran kiya, unaki prabhavsheelta aur vyaapaktaa parr tippani kii.
aupaniveshik amerikiyon koo garbhpaat key liye benjamin franklin dwara ack nuskha mein saavdhaanipoorvak maap kaa upayog karane kii salah dee gaee thee. unhone ganit aur kaee upayogi kaushal sikhaane key liye prakaashit ack pustak mein ack udaaharan key roop mein iss nuskha kaa upayog kiya, aur iss nuskha koo "avivaahit mahilaaon" key liye ack avaanchhit garbhavastha key "durbhagya" kaa samadhan bataaya. franklin ack parampara kaa paalan curr rahey they joe ingland aur europe mein maujood thee.
"1898 key kings american dispensatory ney sharaab banaane vaale key khameer aur peneroyal chaay key mishran koo" "ack surakshit aur nishchit roop seey aksham" "key roop mein anushansit kiya. peneroyal koo garbhpaat key roop mein upayog karane parr jatilataon kaa kaaran banane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. 1978 mein colorado seey ack garbhavati mahila kii 2 chammach peneroyal aavashyak tail kaa sevan karane key baad mrityu hoe gaee, jise vishaakt maanaa jaataa haye. 1994 mein ack garbhavati mahila, joe ack asthaanik garbhavastha seey anjaan thee, jise tatkaal chikitsa dekhbhal kii aavashyakta thee, ney binaa chikitsa sahaayata key garbhpaat koo prerit karane key liye peneroyal ark vaali chaay pee. baad mein anupachaarit ectopic garbhavastha key parinamswarup usaki mrityu hoe gaee, garbhpaat key liye lakshnon koo galat samajhate hue.
hajaaron varshon seey, masik dharm koo bahaal karane key liye garbhavastha kii shuruat mein tansi liya jaataa haye. ise pahali baar sent mein ack amengog key roop mein pralekhit kiya gayaa thaa. bingen key "dee simplis medicine" kaa hildegard.
vibhinn prakaar key juniper, jinhen savin key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, kaa ullekh europeeya lekhan mein aksar kiya jaataa thaa. ingland mein ack mamle mein, assex key ack rector ney ise 1574 mein garbhavati mahila key liye kharida thaa; dusare mein, ack aadami ney apani garbhavati premika koo kaali helbor aur sevin kaa upayog karane kii salah dee jise ack saath ubla jaae aur doodh mein piyaa jaae, yaa phir bear mein ubala huaa pagal kataa jaae. angreji dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale anya padarthon mein spanish makkhi, afeem, jall-sankari beej, iron sulfate aur iron chloride shamil hain. ack aur mishran, joe garbhpaat naheen kartaa haye, balki garbhpaat seey raahat dene key liye thaa, jisamen ditney, hisop aur germ paani thaa.
krimi furn kii jarh, jise french mein "veshya mool" kahaa jaataa haye, kaa upayog france aur germany mein kiya jaataa thaa; pahali shatabdi mein ack yunani chikitsak dwara bhee isaki sifarish kii gaee thee. german lock chikitsa mein, ack garbhpaat chaay bhee thee, jisamen marjoram, ajmod, ajmod aur lavender shamil they. anirdisht mool kii anya taiyari mein kuchali hui cheentiyaan, oonton kii laar aur bhalu kii vasaa mein ghulane vaale kaale poonchh vaale hiran key poonchh key baal shamil they.
garbhpaat key prati drishtikon.
stoix kaa maanana thaa kii bhroon prakriti mein paudhe jaisa haye, aur janm key kshan taka ack janwar naheen haye, jaba taka kii yeh anta mein havaa mein saans naheen letaa haye. isaliye unhone garbhpaat koo naitik roop seey sweekarya paaya.
aristotal ney likhaa kii, "[tii] vaha vaidh aur gairkaanooni garbhpaat key beach kii rekha sansani aur jeevit honey key tathya seey chihnit hogi."usa bindu parr pahunchane seey pahale, kuleen ney garbhpaat koo kissy maanav kii hatyaa key roop mein naheen maanaa thaa. aristotal ney maanaa kii bhroon 40 dinon mein maanav aatma praapt kartaa haye yadi purush aur 90 dinon mein mahila; isase pahale, isamen sabji aur pashu aatmaaen theen.
shapath, hippocrates key liye jimmedaar, garbhpaat koo prerit karane key liye pesari key upayog koo manaa kartaa haye. aadhunik vidvata seey pataa chalata haye kii pesari koo pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki way yoni key alsar kaa kaaran banate they. iss vishisht nishedh kii vyakhya kuchh chikitsa vidvaanon dwara pesari kii tulanaa mein vyaapak arthon mein garbhpaat koo pratibandhit karane key roop mein kii gaee haye.
aisee hii ack vyakhya ack roman chikitsa lekhak scribonius largus dwara kii gaee theeh "hippocrates, jinhone hamaare peshe kii sthaapana kii, ney hamaare anushasana kii neenv ack shapath dwara rakhee jisamen garbhavati mahila koo ack aisee dawa naheen dene parr pratibandh lagaaya gayaa thaa joe bhroon yaa bhroon koo baahar nikaalati haye."anya chikitsa vidwan iss baat seey asahmat hain kii hippocrates ney chikitsakon koo bhroon koo garbhpaat karaane key khatarnak tarikon koo aajmaane seey hatotsaahit karane kii koshish kii. yeh iss tathya seey paida hoe sakata haye kii shapath ney mool roop seey "shalya chikitsa" koo bhee pratibandhit curr diyaa thaa (usa samay, yeh kaheen adhik khatarnak thaa, aur sarjan chikitsakon seey alag pesha they).
sornus chikitsakon key beach dou pakshon koo sweekaar kartaa haih joe garbhpaat naheen karenge, hippocratic shapath kaa hawala dete hue, aur doosara paksh, uska apana. sornus ney swaasthya jatilataon key saath-saath bhaavnaatmak aparipakvata seey judey mamalon mein garbhpaat kii sifarish kii, aur apane kaam "stree roga vigyaan" mein vistrit sujhaav diye.
roman ganarajya mein garbhpaat key liye sajaa aam taur parr pitaa key apani santanon key niptan key adhikaar key ullanghan key roop mein dee jaati thee. bhroon koo ack vyakti key roop mein naheen dekhane vaale stoisism key prabhaav key kaaran, romanon ney garbhpaat koo hatyaa key roop mein dandit naheen kiya. haalaanki rome mein garbhpaat koo aam taur parr sweekaar kiya jaataa thaa, lagbhag 211 esvi samrat septimius saverus aur karakalla ney maataa-pitaa key adhikaaron kaa ullanghan karate hue garbhpaat parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa; asthaayi nirvaasan sajaa thee.
teesari shatabdi key kanuni sankalan "pauli cententia" (julius pollus prudenticimus koo shreya diyaa jaataa haye) ney likhaah "joe loga ack garbhpaat yaa prem aushadhi dete hain, aur ise chhal seey naheen karate hain, phir bhee, [kyonki] yeh ack buraa udaaharan sthaapit kartaa haye," humiliores "[joe nimn sthiti key hain", ee.jee.", mukt kiye gaye daason" koo ack khadaan mein pratibandhit curr diyaa jaayega, aur "imandar" [uchch sthiti key loga ", ee.jee.", patrickians koo unaki sampatti (kaa hissa) jabt karane key baad ack dweep parr pratibandhit curr diyaa jaayega, aur yadi isake kaaran ack mahila yaa purush nasht hoe jaataa haye, tou unhein [farah dene vaale koo] maut kii sajaa milegi."aisaa lagata haye kii yeh usa mahila kii hatyaa key liye adhik haye joe garbh koo maarne key bajaay garbhpaat karaati haye.
roman nyaayvid ulpiyan ney "digest" mein likhaah "ack ajanme bachche koo janm lene vaalaa maanaa jaataa haye, jahan taka usake laabh kaa sambandh haye."isake bavjood, garbhpaat kaa abhyaas" "bahut cumm yaa sherm kii bhavna key binaa" "jaari rhaa.
isai dharm.
nirgaman 21:22 ack aisee sthiti kaa varnan kartaa haye jisamen dou purush ack garbhavati mahila seey ladate hain aur ghayal curr dete hain, jisase uska ajanme bachche koo uska garbh chhodana padata haye. masoretic paath bachche key baahar aaney koo sandarbhit karane key liye hibru shabd "veyatse yeladeha" (ühyyöjÂoujīlödīh) kaa upayog kartaa haye; vibhinn angreji sanskaran iss shabd kaa anuvaad yaa tou "samay seey pahale janm" yaa "garbhpaat" key roop mein karate hain. sociedad biblica catolica international (sobican) dwara prakaashit spanish anuvaad mein "garbhpaat" shabd kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye, joe spasht roop seey bhroon key nidhan kaa sanket detaa haye. yadi koee atirikt nuksan naheen hotaa haye, tou aparaadhi koo jurmana denaa hoga. kewal yadi atirikt nuksan hotaa haye tou aparaadhi koo samaan nuksan (i.ee. ack aankh key liye aankh). broose waltke jaise tippanikaron ney iss aayat koo iss baat key pramaan key roop mein prastut kiya haye kii bhagwan bhroon koo ack manushya key roop mein mahatva naheen dete hain, aur/yaa iss baat kaa pramaan haye kii bhroon mein koee aatma naheen haye. see. everate koop iss vyakhya seey asahmat they.
garbhpaat kii ishwariya manjuri key liye tark dene key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack aur purana vasiyatnama ansh sankhya 5:11-31 haye, joe ack bevafa patni kii pariksha kaa varnan kartaa haye. yadi kissy purush koo apani patni kii nishtha parr sandeh haye, tou vaha usey mahayajak key paas leey jaayega. pujari mahila key liye paani seey banaa ack padaarth aur "nivaas key farsh seey dhool" banaata thaa. aggar vaha bevafa hoti "tou uska pett phool jaayega aur uska garbh garbhpaat hoe jaayega, aur vaha ack abhishaap bunn jaayegi."aggar vaha nirdosh thee tou peya kaa koee prabhaav naheen padaa.
didaache naamak praarambhik isai kaary (100 ce seey pahale) kahata haih "garbhpaat dwara bachche kii hatyaa naa karein yaa navjat shishu koo naa maaren."doosari aur teesari shatabdi key isai dharamshastri tertullion ney tark diyaa kii garbhpaat kewal una mamalon mein kiya jaanaa chaahiye jinamen garbh mein bhroon kii asamanya sthiti garbhavati mahila key jeevan koo khatare mein daalati haye. sant augustein, "anchiridian" mein, garbhashay mein marr chuke bhrunon koo hataane key liye kii jaa rahee shalya chikitsa prakriyaon kaa ullekh karate hain.
sant augustein kaa maanana thaa kii maanav angon aur aakar vaale bhroon kaa garbhpaat, ack bhroon animatus, hatyaa thee. haalaanki, pahale key charan key garbhpaat parr unaki maanyataaen abhijaat varg key samaan theen, haalaanki way naa tou iss baat seey incar curr sakate they aur naa hii pushti curr sakate they kii kyaa iss tarah key aanshik roop seey baney bhroon koo dusare aaney key samay poorna logon key roop mein punarjeevit kiya jaayega.
legg henrique primy", see likhaa gayaa haye. 1115, ack mahila yaa usake rishtedaron key liye muaavaje kaa nirdhaaran kartaa haye yadi koee anya vyakti usey garbhpaat kaa kaaran banata haye, aur praayashchit (3 saal yadi garbhpaat jaldi seey pahale hotaa haye, 7 saal baad jaldi) nirdhaarit kartaa haye yadi garbhavati mahila apani garbhavastha koo samaapt karati haye; baad kii sajaa kewal una mahilaaon parr lagu hoti haye jinake garbhpaat key parinamswarup avaidh yaun sambandh chhipaane kii ichcha hoti haye. "twarit", ack shabd jiska upayog aksar "ensolment" yaa "animation" key saath kiya jaataa haye, garbhashay mein bhroon key pahale andolan seey judaa huaa thaa. yeh andolan aam taur parr mahilaaon dwara garbhavastha key teesare seey paanchven maheene mein kabhi-kabhi mahsoos kiya jaataa haye. garbhpaat karane vaali daaiyon parr "mallius maleficarum" ("chudailon kaa hathauda") mein jaadoo-tona karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, jise 1487 mein germany mein ack chudail-shikaar pustika key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa.
vartamaan mein, roman catholic aur purvi roodhivaadi church garbhadhaaran seey garbhpaat kaa virodh karate hain.
evangelical protestant aur kuchh mukhya protestant church alag-alag degree mein garbhpaat kaa virodh karate hain, jabaki anya mukhya protestant church bhee alag-alag degree mein iss pratha koo sweekaar karate hain.
yahudi dharm mein.
bibil key samay seey yahudi drishtikon seey, garbhpaat koo dhaarmik drishtikon seey adhik samajik drishtikon seey maanaa jaataa haye. maan key jeevan koo prathamikta maanaa jaataa haye.
aadhunik yug.
aaparaadhikkaran.
19veen shatabdi kii chikitsa ney shalya chikitsa, sangyaaharan aur swachchata key kshetra mein jabardast pragati dekhi. garbhpaat key prati samajik drishtikon mahila adhikaar andolan key khilaf pratikriya key sandarbh mein badal gayaa. garbhavastha kii shuruat mein (jaldi honey taka) garbhpaat kaa vyaapak roop seey abhyaas kiya jaataa thaa aur samanya kaanoon key tahat kanuni thaa, aur yeh 19 veen shatabdi taka naheen thaa jaba angreji bolane vaali duniya ney garbhavastha key sabhi charanon mein garbhpaat key khilaf kaanoon paarit kiye they.
19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein garbhpaat key baare mein raay mein iss badalaav mein kaee karakon kaa yogdan thaa. sanyukt raajya america mein, jahaan chikitsak garbhpaat aparaadhikaran kaanoonon key pramukh samarthak they, unamen seey kuchh ney tark diyaa kii chikitsa gyaan mein pragati seey pataa chalata haye kii garbhavastha kii prakriya mein kissy anya kadam kii tulanaa mein twaritata naa tou adhik thee aur naa hii cumm mahatvapurna thee, aur iss prakaar yadi koee twaritata key baad garbhpaat kaa virodh kartaa haye, tou twaritata seey pahale bhee iska virodh karna chaahiye.
vyaavhaarik karanon ney garbhpaat virodhi kaanoonon koo lagu karane key liye chikitsa kshetra koo bhee prabhaavit kiya. ack key liye, garbhpaat pradaata aprashikshit they aur chikitsa samitiyon key sadasya naheen they. ack aise yug mein jahaan desh key pramukh doctor chikitsa peshe koo maankeekrit karane kaa prayaas curr rahey they, inn "aniyamit" koo saarvajanik swaasthya key liye ack upadrav maanaa jaataa thaa. aniyamit" koo adhik aupchaarik chikitsa peshe dwara bhee napsand kiya gayaa thaa kyonki way pratispardha they, aur aksar sastee pratispardha thee. haalaanki garbhpaat key khilaf chikitsakon kaa abhiyaan 1800 key dashak kii shuruat mein shuru huaa thaa, lekin grih yuddh key baad taka sanyukt raajya mein bahut cumm badalaav kiya gayaa thaa.
garbhpaat parr angreji kaanoon koo pahali baar durbhavanapurna shooting yaa chhura ghonpane key adhiniyam 1803 kii dhaara 1 aur 2 key tahat kaanoon mein samhitaabaddh kiya gayaa thaa. garbhpaat seey sambandhit kaanoon koo spasht karane key liye ingland aur wells key lord cheef justice, edward low, 1st bairan elenbaro dwara vidheyak prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa aur yeh spasht roop seey ise gairkaanooni ghoshit karane vaalaa pahala kaanoon thaa. adhiniyam mein yeh praavdhaan kiya gayaa thaa kii kissy bhee vyakti key liye garbhpaat karna yaa garbhpaat karaana ack aparaadh thaa. garbhpaat key baad garbhpaat karane yaa karane kaa prayaas karane key liye sajaa maut kii sajaa (dhaara 1) thee aur anyatha chaudah saal (dhaara 2) key liye parivahan thaa. 19veen shatabdi key sanyukt raajyon mein, garbhpaat kaa bahut cumm viniyaman thaa, angreji samanya kaanoon kii parampara mein, garbhpaat seey pahale koo sabse adhik ack durachar maanaa jaataa thaa. inn mamalon parr mukadama chalaana mushkil saabit huaa kyonki maan kii gawahi aamtaur parr yeh nirdhaarit karane kaa ekmatra saadhan thaa kii kaba jaldi hui thee.
kaanoon koo 1828 aur 1837 mein sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa-baad vaali mahilaaon key beach key antar koo hataa diyaa gayaa joe bachche (dair seey garbhavastha) key saath jaldi theen aur joe naheen theen. isane sambhaavit sajaa key roop mein maut kii sajaa koo bhee samaapt curr diyaa. 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein garbhpaat koo teji seey dandit kiya gayaa. ack lekhak ney yeh daavaa karke ise uchit thaharaaya kii 1840 key baad seey vivaahit mahilaaon mein garbhpaat kii sankhya mein ullekhaniya vriddhi hui thee. vyakti adhiniyam 1861 key khilaf apraadhon ney garbhpaat kii praapti key iraade seey jahar yaa upkaran praapt karane kaa ack nayaa praarambhik aparaadh banaaya. 1860 key dashak key dauran halanki garbhpaat sevaaen newyork, nyu orleans, sinsinati, louisville, cleveland, shikago aur indianapolis mein upalabdh theen; pratyek 4 jeevit janmon key liye ack garbhpaat key anuman key saath.
1820 key dashak seey sanyukt raajya america mein garbhpaat virodhi kaanoon dikhaai dene lagey. 1821 mein ack connecticut kaanoon ney garbhpaat key uddeshyon key liye mahilaaon koo jahar bechane vaale aushadhiyon koo lakshit kiya, aur newyork ney 1829 mein garbhpaat key baad key garbhpaat koo ack aparaadh aur garbhpaat seey pahale key aparaadh koo ack durachar banaa diyaa. 1860 key dashak key anta seey, sambandhit vidhayakon, doctors aur americi chikitsa sangh key prayason key madhyam seey aparaadhikaran mein teji aaee. 1873 mein, comstock kaanoon ney garbhpaat kii khareed, garbhadhaaran kii roktham aur yaun roga kii roktham seey sambandhit jaankaari key utpaadan yaa prakaashan key kissy bhee tareeke koo pratibandhit curr diyaa, yahaan taka kii chikitsa key chhatron key liye bhee. 1909 taka, inn kaanoonon kaa ullanghan karane key liye jurmana 5000 dollar kaa jurmana aur paanch saal taka kii kaid hoe gaee. 1910 taka, lagbhag harr raajya mein garbhpaat virodhi kaanoon they; inhen asman roop seey lagu kiya gayaa thaa.
isake vipareet, france mein garbhpaat kii samajik dhaaranaaen badalane lageen. 19veen shatabdi key poorvaardh mein, garbhpaat koo garbhavati lekin avivaahit mahilaaon key liye antim upaay key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa. jaise-jaise lekhakon ney vivaahit mahilaaon key liye parivaar niyojan key sandarbh mein garbhpaat key baare mein likhana shuru kiya, garbhpaat key abhyaas koo aprabhaavi garbh nirodhakon key parinamswarup avaanchhit garbhadhaaran key taarkik samadhan key roop mein phir seey maanaa gayaa. vivaahit mahilaaon key liye parivaar niyojan key roop mein garbhpaat key nirmaan koo "vichaaraniya" banaa diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki chikitsa aur gair-chikitsa chikitsak donon prakriya kii saapeksh suraksha parr sahmat they.
19veen aur 20veen shatabdi key garbhpaat key tareeke.
newyork mein, 1800 key dashak mein shalya chikitsa garbhpaat mein aspatal kii vyavastha kii parwah kiye binaa 30 pratishat kii mrityu darr thee, aur amaa ney ack garbhpaat-virodhi abhiyaan shuru kiya jisake parinamswarup garbhpaat doctors kaa vishesh kshetra bunn gayaa. newyork key syracuse mein garbhpaat sevaaon parr 1870 mein prakaashit ack pepper ney nishkarsh nikala kii iss samay key dauran sabse adhik upayog kii jaane vaali vidhi garbhashay key ander inject kiye gaye paani seey flush karna thaa. lekh key lekhak, ellie vaine dee warkley ney daavaa kiya kii yeh prakriya ack naukarani key liye bhee sastee thee, kyonki shahar mein ack aadami ney ise ack kist yojana parr $10 mein pesh kiya thaa. 19veen shatabdi key garbhpaat pradaataon dwara lagaae gaye anya moolya bahut adhik they. britten mein, isaki laagat 10 seey 50 ginny yaa nimn madhyam varg key parivaar kii vaarshik aaya kaa 5 pratishat hoe sakati haye.
1870 seey ingland mein prajanan kshamata mein lagaatar girawat aaee, kuchh tippanikaron ney kritrim garbhanirodhak key upayog mein vriddhi seey naheen balki vaapsee aur sanyam jaise adhik paaramparik tarikon seey jodaa. yeh bachche key paalan-poshan kii saapeksh lagaton kii dhaarana mein parivartan seey judaa huaa thaa. beshak, mahilaaon ney khud koo avaanchhit garbhadhaaran key saath paaya. garbhpaat koo vivekpurna tareeke seey vigyaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur garbhpaat koo prerit karane key tarikon key baare mein kaafee lock kathaaen theen. shramik varg kii mahilaaon mein hinsak shuddhikaran lokpriya they, peneroyal, elo aur tarpeen sabhi kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. garbhpaat koo prerit karane key anya tareeke they bahut germ snan aur jinn, atyadhik parishram, seedhiyon kii udaan seey neeche girna yaa pashu chikitsa davaaen. tathaakathit 'backstreet' garbhpaat karaane vaale kaafee aam they, halanki unake khooni prayaas ghaatak hoe sakate they. ingland mein kiye gaye avaidh garbhpaat kii sankhya key anuman vyaapak roop seey bhinn theh ack anuman key anusaar, 100,000 mahilaaon ney 1914 mein garbhpaat karaane key prayaas kiye, aamtaur parr drugs dwara.
schafield, ingland mein aspashteekrit garbhpaat key ack daane koo dhaatu key pipes key kaaran seese key vishaaktata key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya gayaa thaa joe shahar kii paani kii aapoorti koo puuraa kartaa thaa. jald hii, mahilaaon ney garbhpaat key roop mein diachylan, seese kii uchch sandrata vaalaa padaarth, kaa upayog karna shuru curr diyaa. 1898 mein, ack mahila ney garbhpaat key liye diachylan kaa upayog karane kii baat sweekaar kii. pratham vishva yuddh taka angreji madhyabhoomi mein diachylan kaa upayog prachalit hoe gayaa. kailgari, alberta mein ack garbhpaat visheshagya kii aaparaadhik jaanch mein rasayanik vishleshan key madhyam seey pataa chalaa kii usane garbhpaat kii maang karane vaale ack vyakti koo aapoorti kii thee jisamen spanish makkhi thee.
dow. avalin fisher ney likhaa kii kaise 1920 key dashak key dauran wells mein ack khanan shahar mein rahane vaali mahilaaon ney garbh-vichhedan koo swayam-prerit karane key prayaas mein garbhashay grieva koo failaane key liye roman catholic samarohon key liye mombattiyon kaa upayog kiya. isi tarah, sanyukt raajya america mein 19veen shatabdi key dauran mombattiyon aur anya vastuon, jaise kaanch kii chhad, kalam dhaarak, curling iron, chammach, chhaden, chaku aur catheter kaa upayog bataaya gayaa thaa. kahaa jaataa haye kii mainhattan key nichale poorv mein yahudi mool kii mahilaaon ney 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein bhaap key bartan parr baithane kii pracheen bhaaratiya pratha koo apanaaya thaa. kuchh tippanikaron ney kahaa kii 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein garbhpaat ack khatarnak prakriya bunny rahee, joe lagbhag 1930 taka bachche key janm seey adhik khatarnak thee. lekin anya logon ney kahaa haye kii 19veen shatabdi mein swachchh paristhitiyon mein praarambhik garbhpaat jinamen aamtaur parr daaiyan kaam karati theen, apekshaakrit surakshit they.
 isake alawa, kuchh lekhakon ney likhaa haye kii, behtar chikitsa prakriyaon key bavjood, 1930 key dashak seey vaidh honey taka kii avadhi mein garbhpaat virodhi kaanoonon key adhik utsaahi pravartan aur sangathit aparaadh dwara garbhpaat pradaataon key badhate niyantran koo bhee dekhaa gayaa.
garbhpaat aur garbhpaat sevaaon key liye vigyaapan.
atlantic mahasagar key donon or pratibandh lagaae jaane key bavjood, garbhpaat taka pahunch jaari rahee, kyonki garbhpaat sevaaon, garbhpaat-prerak upkaranon aur garbhpaat davaaon key prachhann vigyaapan seey victorian yug mein sanket milata haye. iss prakriti key spasht print vigyaapan sanyukt raajya america, united kingdam aur kanada mein paae gaye they. 1868 mein "asthaayi roop seey aswasth" mahilaaon koo raahat dene vaale samachar patra vigyapanon kaa jawab dene vaale ack "british medical journal" lekhak ney paaya kii unamen seey aadhe seey adhik vaastav mein garbhpaat koo badhaava dey rahey they.
gupt roop seey vipanan kiye gaye garbhpaat key kuchh udaharanon mein "farrer kii catholic goliyaan", "hardy kii mahila kii dost", dow. peater kii french navinikaran kii goliyaan, "lydia pinkham kaa sabji yaugik" aur "maidam drunet kii chandra goliyaan". patent davaayen joe "mahila shikayaton" kaa ilaaj karane kaa daavaa karati hain, unamen aksar peneroyal, tancy aur sevin jaisi samagri hoti haye. garbhpaat utpaadon koo "mahila niyamitata koo bahaal karane" aur "pranali seey harr ashuddhata koo hataane" key vaade key tahat becha gayaa thaa. iss tarah key vigyapanon kii sthaaniya bhasha mein, "aniyamitata", "baadha", "masik dharm daman" aur "vilambit avadhi" koo garbhavastha kii sthiti key saumyokti sandarbh key roop mein samajha jaataa thaa. jaise, kuchh garbhpaat koo masik dharm key niyamon key roop mein vipanan kiya gayaa thaa.
beacham kii goliyon kaa vipanan mukhya roop seey 1842 seey ack rechak key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. unakaa aavishkaar sent hellens, lancashire, ingland key thomas beacham dwara kiya gayaa thaa. goliyaan musabbar, adarak aur sabun key saath kuchh anya chhoti-motee samagri kaa sanyojan theen. goliyon kii lokpriyata ney prashansapatron kii ack vistrit shrinkhala kaa utpaadan kiya joe vigyaapan mein upayog kiye jaate they. kavi villium topaaz mcgonagal ney goliyon kaa vigyaapan karate hue ack kavita likhi, jisamen unhone kavita mein apani sifarish dee. vigyaapan parr beacham kaa kharch 1880 key dashak mein 22,000 pound seey badhkar 95,000 pound hoe gayaa. raani victoria kii heerak jayanti key liye "christian herauld" sanskaran mein 1897 key ack vigyaapan mein kahaa gayaa thaah "ack ginny ack boxes key laayak haye. beemar sirdard, kabj, kamjor pett, kharaab paachan, avyavasthit yakrit aur mahila beemariyon jaise sabhi pitt aur tantrika vikaaron key liye beecham kii goliyaan. abb bikri prati varsh 60 laakh boxes haye."paath koo samudra tata parr ack yuva mahila kii tasveer key saath mudrit kiya gayaa thaa aur sheershak diyaa gayaa thaa" jangli laharen kyaa kaha rahee hain? beecham kii goliyaan aazamaaen."
"puraane dow. montrial mein ack dawa company dwara utpaadit "swaasthya key gorden motee, sabhi daman aur aniyamitataon kaa ilaaj karate hain" yadi "masik roop seey upayog kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, kuchh vigyapanon ney spasht roop seey una mahilaaon dwara apane utpaad key upayog key khilaf chetavani dee joe garbhavati theen, yaa garbhpaat koo isake apariharya dushprabhaav key roop mein soochibaddh kiya. dow." key liye prati. peater kii french navinikaran kii goliyaan "salah dee"... garbhavati mahilaaon koo unakaa upayog naheen karna chaahiye, kyonki way hamesha garbhpaat kaa kaaran banati hain...", aur donon" dow. monro kii french aavadhik goliyaan "aur" dow. melveau kii purtagaali mahila goliyaan "garbhpaat kaa utpaadan karna nishchit thee. aff.ee. torrento key ack vyakti, carney ney 1901 mein una mahilaaon koo agah kiya joe khud koo garbhavati samajhati theen kii way una goliyon kaa upayog naa karein jinka unhone "fryer kii french mahila niyaamak" key roop mein vigyaapan diyaa thaa kyonki way "masik dharm key sraav koo teji seey bahaal karengi."itihaaskaar aine hibner coblitz tippani karate hain kii" unnisvin shatabdi key grahakon ney iss 'chetavani' koo thheek vaisa hii samajha hoga jaisa vikretaon kaa irada thaah ack asafal taiyari key liye ack vigyaapan key roop mein."
1930 key dashak key madhya mein garbhpaat kii davaaon koo sanyukt raajya america mein vibhinn companiyon dwara mahilaaon koo vibhinn naamon jaise kii molex kii goliyon aur coat kii goliyon key tahat becha jaataa thaa. choonki janm niyantran upkaran aur garbhpaat karane vaale upkaran usa samay bajar mein bechane aur bechane key liye avaidh they, isaliye unhein una mahilaaon koo pesh kiya jaataa thaa joe "deree seey" theen. anushansit khuraak mein ack dinn mein ergotin key saat daane hotey hain. inn goliyon mein aam taur parr ergotin, elo, black helbor jaisi samagri hoti thee. inn goliyon kii prabhavkarita aur suraksha agyaat haye. 1940 mein aff. tii. see. ney unhein asurakshit aur aprabhaavi maanaa aur maang kii kii yeye companiyan inn utpaadon koo bechana bund karein aur unhein chhodana bund karein.
victorian yug key garbhpaat kaa ack prasiddh udaaharan medam restell yaa aine lohman thaa, jisane chaalees saal kii avadhi mein uttari sanyukt raajya mein avaidh roop seey shalya chikitsa garbhpaat aur garbhpaat kii goliyaan donon pradaan kii theen. unhone 1830 key dashak key dauran newyork mein apana vyavasaay shuru kiya, aur 1840 key dashak taka, boston aur philadelphia mein franchisee koo shamil karane key liye vistaar kiya thaa. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii 1870 taka akele vigyaapan parr unakaa vaarshik kharch 60,000 dollar thaa. unaki pratishtha key kaaran, "punarnirdharan" garbhpaat kaa paryaay bunn gayaa.
newyork sunn" mein chhapi restell kii chikitsa sevaaon key liye ack vigyaapan mein vaadaa kiya gayaa thaa kii vaha "mahila frame key liye aanushangik shikayaton parr sakht vishvaas" pradaan curr sakati haye aur mahila aniyamitata key mamalon key upchaar mein uska anubhav aur gyaan, [thaa] jaise kii ack sahee ilaaj koo prabhaavit karane key liye kuchh dinon kii aavashyakta thee. ack anya, vivaahit mahilaaon koo sambodhit karate hue, sawal poochha, "tou kyaa yeh vaanchhaniya haye kii maataa-pitaa apane parivaar koo badhaaen, chaahe unake liye koee parinam houn, yaa unaki santanon kii bhalai, jaba ack saral, aasaan, swasth aur kuchh upaay hamaare niyantran mein hoe?"" "mahila masik viniyaman goliyon" "key vigyapanon mein unhone" "daman, aniyamitata, yaa masik dharm key bund honey key sabhi mamalon koo hull karane kii kasam khaai, halanki yeh anuchit thaa. medam restell sammaanjanak aur paini press donon mein aalochana kaa vishay thaa. unhein pahali baar 1841 mein giraftar kiya gayaa thaa, lekin, yeh anthany comstock dwara unaki antim giraftari thee, jisake kaaran 1 aprail, 1878 koo unake mukadame key dinn unhone aatmahatya curr lii.
iss tarah key vigyapanon ney abhadrata aur anaitikta kii aalochanaon koo janm diyaa. kaee nasikaon kii suraksha sandigdh thee aur anya kii prabhavkarita maujood naheen thee. horres greeley ney 1871 mein likhe gaye ack "newyork herauld" sampadakiya mein garbhpaat aur isake prachaar kii "kukhyaat aur durbhagya seey aam aparaadh-itna aam kii yeh peshevar hatyaron key ack niyamit sangh koo itna aakarshak samarthan detaa haye, itna surakshit haye kii isake aparaadhi samachar patron mein apane bulaave kaa vigyaapan karate hain. haalaanki jiss pepper mein greeley ney likhaa thaa, usane aise vigyapanon koo sweekaar curr liya, lekin anya, jaise "newyork tribune" ney unhein chhaapane seey incar curr diyaa. sanyukt raajya america mein doctor off medicine praapt karane vaali pahali mahila elizabeth blackwell ney yeh bhee afsos jataaya kii kaise iss tarah key vigyapanon ney "garbhpaatvaadi" key saath "mahila chikitsak" key samkaaleen paryaayavaachi kaa netritva kiya.
garbhpaat kaanoon mein ack mahatvapurna modd.
sanyukt raajya america mein asafal vigyaapan atyadhik prabhaavi thaa, halanki atlantic mein aisaa cumm thaa. sanyukt raajya america mein 19veen shatabdi key madhya mein garbhpaat darr key samkaaleen anumaanon seey pataa chalata haye kii usa yug key dauran sanyukt raajya america mein sabhi garbhadharanon mein seey 20 pratishat aur 25 pratishat key beach garbhpaat mein samaapt hoe gayaa. iss yug mein una logon mein bhee ack ullekhaniya badalaav dekhaa gayaa joe garbhpaat praapt curr rahey they. 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat seey pahale, adhikansh garbhpaat avivaahit mahilaaon dwara kiye jaane kii maang kii gaee thee joe vivaah seey baahar garbhavati hoe gaee theen. lekin, 1839 aur 1880 key beach americi chikitsa patrikaon mein prakaashit 54 garbhpaat mamalon mein seey aadhe seey adhik vivaahit mahilaaon dwara maange gaye they, aur 60 pratishat seey adhik vivaahit mahilaaon mein pahale seey hii cumm seey cumm ack bachcha thaa. grihyuddh key baad key yug mein, mahilaaon key adhikaaron key badhate andolan parr bahut adhik dosh lagaaya gayaa thaa.
usa yug key kaee nariwadi garbhpaat key khilaf they. kranti" mein, elizabeth caddy stanton aur susan bee dwara sanchaalit. anthany, ack anaam yogadankarta ney 1869 mein iss vishay key baare mein likhaa, yeh tark dete hue kii kewal garbhpaat key khilaf kaanoon paarit karane kaa prayaas karane key bajaay, mool kaaran koo bhee sambodhit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. kewal ack garbhpaat virodhi kaanoon paarit karane parr, lekhak ney kahaa, "kewal hanikarak kharpatwar key sheersh koo kaatna hoga, jabaki jarh bunny hui haye. [.]..] koee fark naheen padata kii uddeshya, sahajata kaa prem, yaa ajanme nirdosh koo peedit karane seey bachaane kii ichcha, mahila bahut doshi haye joe kaary karati haye. yeh jeevan mein usaki antaratma parr bojh daalega, yeh mrityu mein usaki aatma parr bojh daalega; lekin oh! teen baar doshi vaha haye jisane usey usa hatasha kii or dhakel diyaa jisane usey aparaadh key liye prerit kiya."iss yug key kaee naarivaadiyon key liye, garbhpaat koo vichaarheen purushon dwara mahilaaon parr majboor ack avaanchhaniya aavashyakta key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa. yahaan taka kii nariwadi andolan key "mukt prem" wing ney bhee garbhpaat kii vakaalat karane seey incar curr diyaa aur iss pratha koo usa ghrinit charam seema key udaaharan key roop mein maanaa jisake liye aadhunik vivaah mahilaaon koo prerit curr rhaa thaa. vaivaahik balatkar aur avivaahit mahilaaon kaa pralobhan samajik buraaiyaan theen joe naarivaadiyon kaa maanana thaa kii garbhpaat kii aavashyakta kaa kaaran banati hain, kyonki purush mahilaaon key sanyam key adhikaar kaa sammaan naheen karate they.
samajwadi nariwadi garibon key liye garbhpaat vikalpon kii aavashyakta key prati adhik sahaanubhooti rakhate they, aur vaastav mein samajwadi nariwadi doctor, jaise kii mairi ikvi, medleen pelletier aur villium jey. robbinson ney khud garib mahilaaon key liye cumm laagat yaa muft garbhpaat kiya.
garbhpaat kaanoon sudhaar abhiyaan.
garbhpaat kaanoonon koo udaar banaane kaa andolan 1920 aur 30 key dashak mein badhati nariwadi sakriyata key hisse key roop mein ubhara, jisake parinamswarup janm niyantran key kshetra mein pahale seey hii jeet hassil hoe chuki thee. ingland mein mairi stops aur america mein margaret singer sahit abhiyankarta iss mudde koo khule mein laane mein safal rahey they, aur janm niyantran cleanic sthaapit kiye gaye they joe jaruratmand mahilaaon koo parivaar niyojan salah aur garbhanirodhak tarikon kii peshkash karate they.
1929 mein, britten mein shishu jeevan sanrakshan adhiniyam paarit kiya gayaa thaa, jisane kaanoon (vyakti adhiniyam 1861 key khilaf aparaadh) mein sanshodhan kiya taaki maan key jeevan koo sanrakshit karane key ekmatra uddeshya seey sadbhavana seey kiya gayaa garbhpaat ack aparaadh naa hoe.
stella braun ack pramukh janm niyantran prachaarak they, jinhone 1930 key dashak mein garbhpaat key adhik vivadaspad mudde mein teji seey udyam karna shuru curr diyaa. braun kii maanyataaen havelock ellis, edward badhai aur anya yaunavigyaani key kaam seey bahut prabhaavit theen. unakaa dridh vishvaas thaa kii kamkaji mahilaaon key paas garbhavati honey aur apani garbhavastha koo samaapt karane kaa vikalp honah chaahiye, jabaki way ack garbhavati mahila key aspas kii bhayaanak paristhitiyon mein kaam karati theen, jise abhee bhee apani garbhavastha key dauran kadee mehnat karane kii aavashyakta thee. iss mamle mein unhone tark diyaa kii doctors koo una mahilaaon koo janm niyantran key baare mein muft jaankaari deni chaahiye joe isake baare mein jaanana chaahati hain. yeh mahilaaon koo apani paristhitiyon parr agency dega aur unhein yeh taya karane kii anumati dega kii way maan banana chaahati hain yaa naheen.
1920 key dashak key anta mein braun ney ingland key aspas ack bolane vaalaa daura shuru kiya, jisamen mahilaaon key liye janm niyantran, mahilaaon kii swaasthya samasyaon, yuvavastha aur yaun shiksha seey sambandhit samasyaon aur anya vishayon key beach uchch maatri rugnata darr key baare mein jaankaari kii aavashyakta parr apane vishvaason key baare mein jaankaari pradaan kii gaee. inn vaartaon mein mahilaaon seey apani kamukta aur apane swaasthya key mamalon koo apane haathon mein lene kaa aagrah kiya gayaa. vaha mahila key garbhadhaaran koo samaapt karane key adhikaar key baare mein apane drishtikon mein teji seey ruchi lene luggy, aur 1929 mein unhone landan mein vishva yaun sudhaar congress key saamane "garbhpaat kaa adhikaar" key baare mein apana vyakhyan aage badhaaya. 1931 mein braun ney garbhpaat karaane kaa nirnay lene key liye mahilaaon key adhikaar key liye apana tark vikasit karna shuru kiya. unhone phir seey daura karna shuru kiya, garbhpaat parr vyakhyan denaa aur nakaratmak parinam joe taba saamane aae jaba mahilaaen apani pasand kii garbhadhaaran koo samaapt karane mein asamarth theen jaise kih aatmahatya, chot, sthaayi amanyata, pagalpan aur rakt-vish.
garbhpaat kaanoon koo prabhaavit karane vaali ack anya pramukh nariwadi emili stow thee. 19veen shatabdi mein vaha kanada mein garbhpaat prakriya kaa prayaas karane key liye pareekshan kiye jaane vaale pahale doctors mein seey ack theen.
frida laski, dora russell, johnn malleson aur genet chaans sahit anya pramukh naarivaadiyon ney iss kaaran koo badhaava denaa shuru curr diyaa-julaai 1932 mein yeh kaaran naatakiya roop seey mukhyadhara mein aaa gayaa jaba british medical association council ney garbhpaat parr kaanoonon mein badalaav karane parr charcha karane key liye ack samiti kaa gathan kiya. 17 farwari 1936 koo, genet chaans, ellis jenkins aur johnn malson ney garbhpaat udaarikaran key liye pahale vakaalat sangathan key roop mein garbhpaat kaanoon sudhaar sangh kii sthaapana kii. sangh ney united kingdam mein garbhpaat taka pahunch koo badhaava diyaa aur kanuni baadhaon key unmoolan key liye abhiyaan chalaaya. apane pahale varsh mein alra ney 35 sadasyon kii bharti kii, aur 1939 taka lagbhag 400 sadasya they.
1936 aur 1939 key beach alra bahut sakriya thaa aur desh bhar mein vaktaaon koo shram aur samaan nagrikta key baare mein baat karane key liye bhej rhaa thaa aur aksar asafal honey key bavjood, patron aur lekhon koo samachar patron mein prakaashit karane kaa prayaas kiya. way sabse lokpriya taba bunn gaye jaba alra kii chikitsa-kanuni samiti key ack sadasya koo ack chaudah varsheeya ladki kaa mamla milaa, jisake saath balatkar kiya gayaa thaa, aur dow seey iss garbhavastha kii samaapti praapt hui. johnn malleson, alra key poorvaj. iss mamle koo kaafee prachaar milaa. haalaanki, ack baar yuddh shuru honey key baad, mamle koo door curr diyaa gayaa aur kaaran ney phir seey janata key liye apana mahatva khou diyaa.
1938 mein, johnn malleson ney british garbhpaat kaanoon mein sabse prabhaavshaali mamalon mein seey ack koo tej curr diyaa jaba unhone ack garbhavati chaudah varsheeya balatkar peedit koo stree roga visheshagya alek borne key paas bheja. unhone garbhpaat kiya, phir avaidh, aur garbhpaat karaane key aarop mein mukadama chalaaya gayaa. borne koo antatah rakes banaam mein burry curr diyaa gayaa thaa. borne "unake karyon key roop mein" peshe kii sarvocch paramparaon key anuroop udaseen aacharan kaa ack udaaharan thaa.  iss adalat key mamle ney ack misal kayam kii kii doctors parr una mamalon mein garbhpaat karane key liye mukadama naheen chalaaya jaa sakata haye jahaan garbhavastha shayed "mansik aur shaaririk vinash" kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye.
anta mein, british sarkaar dwara 1937 mein "garbhpaat key prasaar kii jaanch karane key liye, aur usase sambandhit kaanoon" dwara sthaapit birket samiti ney dou saal baad garbhpaat kaanoonon mein badalaav kii sifarish kii. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key hastakshep kaa matlab thaa kii sabhi yojanaon koo sthagit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
garbhpaat kaanoonon key sudhaar mein ack anya pramukh vyakti dow. morgantler. halanki polland mein paida hue, unhone kanada mein apana naam banaaya, torrento, ontario mein kaee avaidh garbhpaat cleanic khole.
garbhpaat kaanoon kaa udaarikaran.
kanada.
1969 seey pahale, garbhpaat koo ack aparaadh maanaa jaataa thaa, jisake liye garbhpaat karane vaale doctor key liye adhikatam sajaa aajivan karawas aur garbhpaat praapt karane vaali mahila key liye dou saal kii kaid thee. garbhpaat 1988 taka avaidh rhaa, jaba kanada kii sarvocch adalat ney garbhpaat key liye aaparaadhik dund koo khariz curr diyaa. garbhpaat ack garmagarm bahas kaa vishay banaa huaa haye. 2008 taka kanada mein kewal 1-2% garbhpaat koo aushadhiya roop seey prerit kiya gayaa thaa. bahut vivaad key baad, 2017 seey shuru honey vaali garbhpaat kii goliyon kaa upayog kanada mein kanuni roop seey kiya jaa sakata haye.
roose.
russie soviyat sanghiya samajwadi ganarajya garbhpaat koo vaidh banaane aur anurodh parr ise upalabdh karaane vaali pahali sarkaar thee, aksar binaa kissy laagat key. soviyat sarkaar ney "babbi" key bajaay ack prashikshit doctor dwara kiye gaye surakshit vatavaran mein garbhpaat taka pahunch pradaan karane kii ummeed kii. jabaki yeh abhiyaan shahari kshetron mein behad prabhaavi thaa (1925 taka masco mein 75 pratishat garbhpaat aspatalon mein kiye gaye they), iska graameen kshetron parr bahut cumm prabhaav padaa jahaan naa tou doctors, parivahan yaa donon taka pahunch thee aur jahaan mahilaaen paaramparik chikitsa parr nirbhar theen. vishesh roop seey graameen ilaakon mein, mahilaaon ney soviyat sangh mein garbhpaat koo vaidh banaane key baad prakriya key liye "babbi", daaiyon, keshbhushikaon, nurses aur anya logon koo dekhana jaari rakhaa.
1936 seey 1955 taka soviyat sangh ney garbhpaat koo phir seey avaidh banaa diyaa (chikitsakiya roop seey anushansit mamalon koo chhodkar), joe kaafee hudd taka jansankhya vriddhi key baare mein joseph stallin kii chintaon seey upaji thee. stallin jansankhya vriddhi koo protsaahit karna chaahte they, saath hii saath saamyvaad key liye parivaar ikai key mahatva parr adhik jore denaa chaahte they.
spen.
spanish grihyuddh key dauran, 25 disambar 1936 koo, catalonia mein, garbhavastha key pahale 12 hafton key dauran muft garbhpaat koo vaidh banaa diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen catalonia sarkaar key pahale mantri josep terradellus dwara hastaaksharit ack decree thee, aur 9 janwari 1937 koo prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa ("diarry off laa generalitate dee kaitalunya, núm.9").
grate britten.
britten mein, garbhpaat kaanoon sudhaar sangh ney yuddh key baad apana abhiyaan jaari rakhaa, aur vyaapak samajik parivartanon key saath milkar 1960 key dashak mein garbhpaat key mudde koo raajneetik kshetra mein vaapas laaya. royal college off obstetrician aind gynaecologist key adhyaksh johnn peel ney 1967 key garbhpaat adhiniyam parr british sarkaar koo salah dene vaali samiti kii adhyakshata kii. avaidh garbhpaat seey judee bimari aur mrityu kii matra koo cumm karane key aadhar parr, garbhpaat adhiniyam ney kaee aadharon parr kanuni garbhpaat kii anumati dee, jisamen mahila key shaaririk yaa mansik swaasthya koo gambhir sthaayi chot seey rokna, mahila yaa usake maujooda bachche (raine) key shaaririk yaa mansik swaasthya koo chot seey bachana shamil haye, yadi garbhavastha abhee bhee 28 saptah seey cumm thee, yaa yadi bachcha gambhir roop seey shaaririk yaa mansik roop seey viklang honey kii sambhavana thee. rashtriya swaasthya seva key madhyam seey garbhpaat kaa muft praavdhaan pradaan kiya gayaa thaa.
sanyukt raajya america.
america mein 1960 key dashak mein garbhpaat sudhaar andolan ubhara. 1963 mein, maanav garbhpaat key liye society kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa, joe mahilaaon koo garbhpaat praapt karane aur karane key tareeke key baare mein jaankaari pradaan karati thee. 1964 mein connecticut key gerri santoro kii avaidh garbhpaat praapt karane kii koshish mein mrityu hoe gaee aur unaki tasveer garbhpaat adhikaar andolan kaa prateek bunn gaee. kuchh mahila adhikaar karyakarta samoohon ney una mahilaaon koo garbhpaat pradaan karane key liye apane swayam key kaushal vikasit kiye joe unhein kaheen aur praapt naheen curr sakati theen. udaaharan key liye, shikago mein, "jaine" key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa ack samooh 1960 key dashak key adhikansh samay mein ack tairta huaa garbhpaat clinic sanchaalit kartaa thaa. prakriya kii maang karane vaali mahilaaen ack nirdisht number parr coll karengi aur unhein "jaine" kaise dhoondhen, isake nirdesh diye jaayenge.
1960 key dashak key anta mein, garbhpaat key khilaf aur usey vaidh banaane key liye raay jutaane key liye kaee sangathanon kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. garbhpaat parr pratibandhon kaa virodh karane aur garbhpaat taka pahunch kaa vistaar karane key liye 1969 mein naral pro-chois america kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. 1973 key anta mein naral rashtriya garbhpaat adhikaar kaarravaai leag bunn gayaa. american medical association, american baar association, american academy off paediatrics, california medical association, california baar association aur kaee anya samoohon ney nae kaanoonon key peechhe samarthan kii ghoshana kii joe doctors koo aaparaadhik abhiyojan seey bachaayenge yadi way kathor aspatal niyantran key tahat garbhpaat karate hain. 1967 mein, colorado balatkar, anachar, yaa garbhavastha key mamalon mein garbhpaat karane vaale doctor koo aparaadh seey mukt karane vaalaa pahala raajya bunn gayaa, jisamen mahila kii sthaayi shaaririk akshamta hoe sakati haye.
california vidhaayika mein ack dvidaliya bahumat ney loktaantrik raajya senator anthany bellenson dwara pesh kiye gaye ack nae kaanoon, "chikitsiya garbhpaat adhiniyam" kaa samarthan kiya. catholic paadari varg kaa kadaa virodh thaa lekin catholic aam loga vibhajit they aur gair-catholics ney prastaav kaa dridhata seey samarthan kiya. governor ronald reegan ney apane sasur seey paramarsh kiya, joe ack pramukh sarjan they jinhone kaanoon kaa samarthan kiya thaa. unhone loss angils key catholic archbishop james cardinal macintyre seey bhee paramarsh kiya. archbishop ney garbhpaat key kissy bhee vaidhikaran kaa kadaa virodh kiya aur unhone reegan koo yeh ghoshana karane key liye aashvast kiya kii vaha prastaavit kaanoon koo veeto curr denge kyonki masaude mein janm dosh key mamle mein garbhpaat kii anumati dee gaee thee. vidhaayika ney usa praavdhaan koo hataa diyaa aur kaanoon parr hastakshar kiye, joe maan key swaasthya kii raksha key liye kiye jaane parr garbhpaat koo aparaadh seey mukt curr detaa haye. ummeed thee kii garbhpaat adhik sankhya mein naheen honge, lekin aspatal kii sthitiyon mein bahut adhik surakshit hoe jaayenge. 1968 mein nae kaanoon key tahat pahale poore varsh mein california mein 5,018 garbhpaat hue they. 1970 key dashak taka sankhya teji seey badhee aur salana lagbhag 100,000 parr sthir hoe gaee. 99.garbhpaat key liye aavedan karane vaali california kii 2 pratishat mahilaaon koo ack garbhpaat diyaa gayaa thaa. harr teen mein seey ack garbhavastha avaidh garbhpaat seey samaapt hui. mukhya kaarak ack mahila key andolan kaa achaanak udbhav thaa jisane ack bahut hii nayaa vichaar pesh kiya-mahilaaon koo apane shareer koo niyantrit karane kaa buniyaadi adhikaar thaa aur way garbhpaat karaane yaa naa karane kaa vikalp chuna sakati theen. 1980 taka reegan koo garbhpaat virodhi dhaarmik samoohon key beach apana samarthan milaa aur kahaa kii vaha rajyapal key roop mein ack buddhimani seey nirnay lene key liye bahut nae they.
1970 mein, havaai mahila key anurodh parr garbhpaat koo vaidh banaane vaalaa pahala raajya bunn gayaa, aur newyork ney apane 1830 key kaanoon koo nirast curr diyaa aur garbhavastha key 24vein saptah taka garbhpaat kii anumati dee. alaska aur washington mein jald hii isi tarah key kaanoon paarit kiye gaye. washington mein ack kaanoon, dee.see.mahila key jeevan yaa swaasthya kii raksha key liye garbhpaat kii anumati dene vaale garbhpaat koo 1971 mein sarvocch nyayalaya mein "sanyukt raajya banaam sanyukt raajya america" mein chunauti dee gaee thee. wuich.  adalat ney kaanoon koo barkarar rakhate hue kahaa kii "swaasthya" kaa arth "manovaigyaanik aur shaaririk kalyan" haye, joe anivarya roop seey washington, dee. see. mein garbhpaat kii anumati detaa haye. 1972 key anta taka, 13 raajyon mein colorado key samaan ack kaanoon thaa, jabaki mississippi ney kewal balatkar yaa anachar key mamalon mein garbhpaat kii anumati dee aur alabama aur massachusets ney kewal una mamalon mein garbhpaat kii anumati dee jahaan mahila kaa shaaririk swaasthya khatare mein thaa.
sarvocch nyayalaya kaa aitihaasik nyaayik nirnay "row banaam. vaade ney faisala sunaaya kii maan key jeevan koo bachaane key liye aavashyak honey parr garbhpaat koo pratibandhit karane vaalaa texas kaa kaanoon asamvaidhaanik thaa. tatkaal parinam yeh huaa kii isake vipareet sabhi raajya kaanoon amaanya they. adalat ney yeh nishkarsh nikaalate hue apane faisale parr pahunch gayaa kii garbhpaat aur garbhpaat key adhikaaron kaa mudda gopaniyata key adhikaar key tahat aataa haye. adalat ney maanaa kii nijata kaa adhikaar maujood haye aur isamen garbhpaat kaa adhikaar bhee shamil haye. adalat ney paaya kii ack maan koo vyavaharyata taka garbhpaat kaa adhikaar thaa, ack bindu joe garbhpaat doctor dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaanaa thaa. vyavaharyata key baad ack mahila swaasthya karanon seey garbhpaat praapt curr sakati haye, jise adalat ney vyaapak roop seey manovaigyaanik kalyan koo shamil karane key liye paribhaashit kiya haye.
1970 key dashak seey, aur doosari lahar narivad kaa prasaar, garbhpaat aur prajanan adhikaar kanada, sanyukt raajya america, neetherland, britten, norwey, france, germany aur itali mein vibhinn mahila adhikaar samoohon key beach ekikrit mudde bunn gaye.
24 juuna, 2022 koo, "row banaam. vede koo sarvocch nyayalaya ney 6-3 key faisale mein palat diyaa thaa. yeh faisala dobbs banaam kaa hissa thaa. jackson mahila swaasthya sangathan, "sarvocch nyayalaya kaa ack nirnay jisane bhee palat diyaa" niyojit maataa-pitaa banaam. cases, "garbhpaat key sambandh mein sarvocch nyayalaya kaa ack aur mamla.
samkaaleen garbhpaat vidhiyon kaa vikas.
haalaanki aadhunik upchaar key prototype koo pracheen granthon mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye, aaj upayog kiya jaane vaalaa upkaran shuru mein 1723 mein france mein design kiya gayaa thaa, lekin 1842 taka vishesh roop seey stree roga sambandhi uddeshya key liye lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa. 19 veen shatabdi key anta seey failaav aur upchaar kaa abhyaas kiya jaa rhaa haye.
20veen shatabdi mein garbhpaat praudyogiki mein sudhaar dekhaa gayaa, isaki suraksha mein vriddhi hui aur isake dushprabhavon koo cumm kiya gayaa. vacuum upkaran, jinka varnan pahali baar 19veen shatabdi mein scotish prasooti visheshagya james young simpson ney kiya thaa, ney chushan-akanksha garbhpaat key vikas kii anumati dee. russie doctor aiss dwara prakriya mein sudhaar kiya gayaa thaa. jee. 1927 mein baikov, jahan 1920 seey 1936 taka udaar garbhpaat kaanoonon kii avadhi key dauran iss vidhi kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. 1960 key dashak mein britten aur sanyukt raajya america mein pesh kiye jaane seey pahale chean aur japan mein bhee takneek kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. carmon canula, ack lachili plastic canula kaa aavishkaar, jisane 1970 key dashak mein pahale key dhaatu model koo badal diyaa, ney chhidran kii ghatana koo cumm curr diyaa aur sthaaniya sangyaaharan key tahat chushan-shwasan vidhiyon koo sambhav banaa diyaa.
1971 mein, nariwadi swa-sahaayata andolan key sansthaapak sadasyon, lauren rothman aur caroll downer ney dell-aim kaa aavishkaar kiya, joe ack surakshit, sastaa chushan upkaran haye jisane nyuntam prashikshan vaale logon key liye masik dharm nishkarshan naamak praarambhik garbhpaat karna sambhav banaa diyaa. sanyukt raajya america mein 1990 key dashak key madhya key dauran chikitsa samudaay ney praarambhik shalya chikitsa garbhpaat kii ack vidhi key roop mein manual vacuum aspiration mein nae sire seey ruchi dikhaai. yeh punrutthan takniki pragati key kaaran haye joe garbhavastha kaa jaldi pataa lagaane (garbhadhaaran key ack saptah baad) aur surakshit, prabhaavi praarambhik garbhpaat vikalpon, shalya chikitsa aur chikitsa donon key liye badhati lokpriya maang kii anumati detaa haye. praarambhik shalya chikitsa garbhpaat sevaaon key vikas mein ack navpravartak jairi edwards, ack chikitsak hain, jinhone ack protocol vikasit kiya haye jisamen mahilaaon koo ack sakaratmak garbhavastha pareekshan praapt hotey hii ack haath seey pakad kii jaane vaali vacuum syringe kaa upayog karke garbhpaat kii peshkash kii jaati haye. yeh protocol ack asthaanik garbhavastha kaa jaldi pataa lagaane kii bhee anumati detaa haye.
akshunna failaav aur nishkarshan dow. dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. 1983 mein james mcmohan. yeh 19veen shatabdi mein baadhit prasav key mamalon mein ack mahila key jeevan koo bachaane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali ack prakriya seey milata-julata haye, jisamen bhroon kii khopadi koo pahale ack chhidrak seey chhidrit kiya gayaa thaa, phir ack bull-jaise upkaran key saath kuchla gayaa thaa, jise chranioclast key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
1980 mein, france mein russel euclaf key shodhkartaon ney miffepristone vikasit kiya, ack rasayanik yaugik joe harmon kriya koo avaruddh karke ack garbhpaat key roop mein kaam kartaa haye. ise pahali baar 1988 mein vyaapaar naam myphagin key tahat france mein vipanan kiya gayaa thaa. julaai 2015 mein kanada ney misoprostol (myphagimiso naam key tahat) key sanyojan mein myphepristone koo manjuri dee.
duniya bhar mein garbhpaat.
duniya bhar key deshon mein vibhinn samay parr garbhpaat parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa haye yaa pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa haye. kaee vidvaanon ney dekhaa haye kii kaee mamalon mein, isase mahilaaon koo "prajanan paryatan" key liye khatarnak, avaidh garbhpaat bhoomigat yaa prerit videsh yaatraon kii talash karni padee haye. asurakshit garbhpaat key kaaran duniya kii vartamaan mauton mein seey aadhi asia mein hoti hain.
anya lekhakon ney likhaa haye kii avaidhata kaa hamesha yeh matlab naheen rhaa haye kii garbhpaat asurakshit they. yuu mein.aiss. 19veen shatabdi key dauran, swachchh paristhitiyon mein praarambhik garbhpaat, jinamen aamtaur parr daaiyan kaam karati theen, apekshaakrit surakshit they.
chean.
1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein, cheeni sarkaar ney garbhpaat koo avaidh banaa diyaa, una logon key liye dund key saath jinhone kaanoon mein avaidh garbhpaat praapt kiya yaa kiya. inn pratibandhon koo jansankhya vriddhi key mahatva parr jore dene key sarkaar key tareeke key roop mein dekhaa gayaa.
jaise-jaise dashak aage badhaa, avaidh garbhpaat key kaaran mahilaaon kii mauton aur aajivan choton kii sankhya koo cumm karane key iraade seey kaanoonon mein dheel dee gaee, saath hii janm niyantran key saath upayog kiye jaane parr jansankhya niyantran key roop mein bhee kaam kiya gayaa. 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein, raajya ney parivaar niyojan key ack roop koo lagu kiya, jisamen garbhpaat koo "back-upp vidhi" key roop mein upayog kiya gayaa thaa; aur 2005 mein, ling-chayanaatmak garbhpaat parr ankush lagaane kii koshish karane vaalaa kaanoon banaaya gayaa haye. 2009 taka, haalaanki chean mein duniya mein garbhpaat kii sabse adhik sankhya thee, roose mein duniya mein sabse adhik darr thee.
bhaarat.
bhaarat ney 1860 seey 1971 taka bhaaratiya dund sanhita koo lagu kiya, garbhpaat koo aaparaadhik ghoshit kiya aur prakriya kii maang karane vaale chikitsakon aur mahilaaon donon koo dandit kiya. parinamswarup, ayogya daaiyon aur "doctors" seey avaidh garbhpaat karaane key prayaas mein mahilaaon kii mrityu hoe gaee. 1971 mein vishisht paristhitiyon mein garbhpaat koo kanuni banaa diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin vidvaanon key roop mein. chandreshar ney nott kiya, nimn varg kii mahilaaon koo abhee bhee garbhpaat key parinamswarup chot yaa mrityu kaa adhik khatra haye.
iran
2023 mein raajya ney 15 laakh janmon key mukabale varsh mein 500000 garbhpaat kiye jaane kii soochana dee.
japan.
japan aaj garbhpaat kii sweekriti key liye duniya bhar mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii dou-tihai japani mahilaaon kaa chaalees varsh kii ayu taka garbhpaat hoe jaataa haye, aanshik roop seey 'saarvajanik swachchata key aadhar' parr garbhanirodhak goliyon parr poorv sarkaar key pratibandhon key kaaran.
1948 key sujanan sanrakshan kaanoon ney bice saptah key garbh taka vaikalpik garbhpaat dekhbhal koo taba taka vaidh banaa diyaa jaba taka kii mahila kaa swaasthya khatare mein thaa; 1949 mein, iss kaanoon koo iss baat parr vichaar karane key liye badhaaya gayaa thaa kii bachche kaa janm mahila key aarthik kalyan parr jokhim daalega. mool roop seey, pratyek mamle koo ack sthaaniya sujanan parishad dwara anumodit kiya jaanaa thaa, lekin ise 1952 mein kaanoon seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase ack mahila aur usake chikitsak key beach nirnay niji hoe gayaa thaa.
1964 mein, seeko-noo-aaee naamak roodhivaadi dakshinpanthi rashtravadi raajneetik pairavi samooh key nirmaan ney garbhpaat kaanoonon kaa ack majboot virodh kiya. yeh abhiyaan 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein apane charam parr pahunch gayaa, lekin antatah 1983 mein whiffle rhaa.
romenia.
1957 mein, romenia ney garbhpaat koo vaidh banaa diyaa, lekin 1966 mein, rashtriya janm darr mein girawat key baad, nikole seusescu ney decree 770 koo manjuri dee, jisane garbhpaat koo aparaadh maanaa aur bachche key janm koo protsaahit kiya. iss farman key parinamswarup, garbhpaat kii ichcha rakhane vaali mahilaaon ney avaidh prakriyaon kii or rukh kiya, jisake kaaran 9,000 seey adhik mahilaaon kii maut hoe gaee aur avaanchhit bachchon koo anathalayon mein chhod diyaa gayaa. garbhpaat 1989 taka avaidh rhaa, jaba decree koo palat diyaa gayaa.
thyland.
kanuni garbhpaat sudhaar parr 1980 aur 1990 key dashak mein gahan saarvajanik bahas hui. inn bahason mein garbhpaat koo gair-bauddh aur dhaarmik virodhi key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa; garbhpaat virodhiyon ney antatah ise paschimi bhrashtachar key roop mein label kiya joe swabhavik roop seey thaai virodhi thaa aur rashtra kii akhandata koo khatare mein daaltaa thaa. isake bavjood, 2006 mein, balatkar yaa bhroon haani key mamalon mein garbhpaat kanuni hoe gayaa. garbhpaat prakriya kii vaidhata nirdhaarit karane mein mansik swaasthya bhee ack kaarak bunn gayaa. kanuni garbhpaat key liye arhata praapt karane mein shamil sakht niyam, halanki, vidwan aur cream banaane vaale key anusaar ack varsh mein lagbhag 300,000 mahilaaon koo avaidh raaste khojane kaa kaaran banate hain, jisamen sabse garib sabse khatarnak prakriyaon seey gujar rahey hotey hain.

