nariwadi arthshastra

nariwadi arthshastra arthshastra aur arthvyavasthaon kaa mahatvapurna adhyayan haye, jisamen ling-jagrook aur samaveshi aarthik jaanch aur neeti vishleshan parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa haye. nariwadi aarthik shodhkartaon mein shikshaavid, karyakarta, neeti siddhantkar aur vyavasaayi shamil hain. nariwadi aarthik anusandhaan una vishayon parr kendrit haye joe iss kshetra mein upekshit rahey hain, jaise kii dekhbhal kaary, antarang bhagidar hinsa, yaa aarthik siddhanton parr jinhen langic prabhaavon aur baatchit key behtar samavesh key madhyam seey sudhaar kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii bhugtan aur avaitanik kshetron key beach arthvyavasthaon key. anya nariwadi vidvaanon ney ling sashaktikaran upaay (ratna) jaise detta sangrah aur maap key nae roopon mein kaam kiya haye, aur kshamata drishtikon jaise adhik ling-jagrook siddhanton mein lagey hue hain. nariwadi arthshastra sthaaniya, rashtriya aur antarrashtriya samudaayon mein bachchon, mahilaaon aur purushon kii bhalai koo badhaane key lakshya kii or unmukh haye."
nariwadi arthashastri paaramparik arthshastra key samajik nirmaan kii or dhyaan aakarshit karate hain, yeh sawal karate hain kii yeh kiss hudd taka sakaratmak aur uddeshyapurna haye, aur yeh darshaate hain kii isake model aur tareeke purush-sambandhit vishayon parr vishesh dhyaan dene aur purush-sambandhit dhaaranaon aur tarikon key ektarafa paksh dwara kaise pakshapaati hain. jabaki arthshastra paaramparik roop seey baajaron aur swaayatta, amurtata aur tark key mardana-sambandhit vichaaron parr kendrit haye, nariwadi arthashastri aarthik jeevan key poorna anveshan kaa ahwan karate hain, jisamen parivarik arthshastra jaise "saanskritik roop seey stree" vishay shamil hain, aur aarthik ghatnaaon koo samajhaane mein sambandhon, thosata aur bhavna key mahatva kii jaanch karna shamil haye.
ester boserup, marian ferber, drucilla key sahit kaee vidwan. barker, juulii aeye. nelson, marlin warring, nancy folbrey, dyne elson, barbara bergman aur elsa maike ney nariwadi arthshastra mein yogdan diyaa haye. warring kii 1988 kii pustak "aggar mahilaaon kii ginati kii jaati haye" koo aksar anushasana key "sansthaapak dastavej" key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. 1990 key dashak taka nariwadi arthshastra apane vyavsaayiyon key liye pustak aur lekh prakaashan key avsar paida karane key liye arthshastra key bheetar ack sthaapit upakshetra key roop mein paryaapt roop seey maanyata praapt hoe gayaa thaa.
utpatti aur itihas.
shuruat mein, nariwadi nitishastravidon, arthshastriyon, raajneetik vaigyaanikon aur pranaliyon key vaigyaanikon ney tark diyaa kii mahilaaon kaa paaramparik kaam (jaise.jee. bachche kaa paalan-poshan, beemar badon kii dekhbhal) aur vyavasaay (jaise.jee. nursing, shikshan) kaa vyavasthit roop seey purushon key sambandh mein cumm mulyankan kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, "sanrakshak naitikta" key jaine jacobs key thesis aur "vyaapaari naitikta" key vipareet, sanrakshakta gatividhi key cumm mulyankan kii vyakhya karane kii maang kii gaee, jisamen bachche kii suraksha, poshan aur upchaar kaary shamil hain joe paaramparik roop seey mahilaaon koo saunpe gaye they.
1969 mein likhi gaee aur baad mein "houseworker kii pustika" mein prakaashit, "betsy warrier kaa" ghar kaa kaamah gulami yaa pyaar kaa shram aur avkash samay kaa srot "ack thhos tark prastut kartaa haye kii mahilaaon dwara kiye gaye gharelu shram kaa utpaadan aur prajanan sabhi aarthik lenden aur astitva kii neenv kaa gathan kartaa haye; halanki, gair-paarishramik aur jee. dee. pee. mein shamil naheen haye. yoddha key anusaarah "arthshastra, jaisa kii aaj prastut kiya gayaa haye, vaastaviktaa mein kissy bhee aadhar kaa abhaav haye kyonki yeh aarthik jeevan kii neenv koo chhod detaa haye. vaha neenv mahilaaon key shram parr bunny haye; pahale unakaa prajanan shram joe harr nae mazdoor kaa utpaadan kartaa haye (aur pahali vastu, joe maan kaa doodh haye aur joe harr nae upabhokta/mazdoor koo banaae rakhta haye); doosara, mahilaaon key shram mein paryaavaran key liye aavashyak safai, kachche maal koo upbhogya banaane key liye khaana banaana, samajik sthirata aur poshan banaae rakhane key liye baatchit karna, joe bajar key liye taiyar kartaa haye aur pratyek mazdoor kaa rakharkhaav kartaa haye. yeh mahilaaon key nirantar udyog kaa gathan kartaa haye joe shramikon koo kaary bull mein harr pada parr kabja karane mein saksham banaata haye. iss maulik shram aur vastu key binaa koee aarthik gatividhi naheen hoti aur naa hii humm vikas jaari rakhane key liye jeevit rahate."yoddha yeh bhee nott kartaa haye kii hathiyaron, maadak padarthon aur maanav taskari, raajneetik bhrashtachar, dhaarmik parilabdhiyon aur vibhinn anya agyaat gatividhiyon jaisi avaidh gatividhiyon seey purushon kii asweekrit aaya purushon koo ack samriddh rajaswa dhaara pradaan karati haye, joe jee. dee. pee. key aankadon koo aur amaanya curr detee haye. yahaan taka kii bhoomigat arthvyavasthaon mein bhee jahaan mahilaaen sankhyaatmak roop seey pramukh hain, jaise kii manushyon kii taskari, veshyavritti aur gharelu daasata, dalal key rajaswa kaa kewal ack chhota saa hissa mahilaaon aur bachchon koo filter kartaa haye jinhen vaha tainaat kartaa haye. aamtaur parr una parr kharch kii gaee raashi kewal unake jeevan key rakharkhaav key liye hoti haye aur, una veshyaon key mamle mein, kuchh paise kapadon aur aise saman parr kharch kiye jaa sakate hain joe unhein dalal key grahakon key liye adhik bikri yogya banaa denge. udaaharan key liye, kewal america parr dhyaan kendrit karate hue, 2014 mein shahari sansthaan dwara ack sarkari praayojit report key anusaar, "dalla mein ack sadak veshya prati yaun adhiniyam $5 jitna cumm kamaa sakati haye. lekin pimps atlanta mein prati saptah $33,000 leey sakate hain, jahan yaun vyavasaay prati varsh anumaanit $290 million laataa haye."yoddha kaa maanana haye kii kewal ack samaveshi, tathya-adharit aarthik vishleshan paryaavaran aur prajanan/jansankhya kii jarooraton key liye bhavishya kii yojana key liye ack vishvasaniya aadhar pradaan karega.
1970 mein, ester boserap ney "aarthik vikas mein mahila kii bhoomika" prakaashit kii aur krishi parivartan, audyogikaran aur anya sanrachanaatmak parivartanon key langic prabhaavon kii pahali vyavasthit pariksha pradaan kii. iss sakshya ney mahilaaon key liye inn parivartanon key nakaratmak parinamon koo ujagar kiya. iss kaary ney, anya logon key saath, iss vyaapak daave kaa aadhar banaaya kii "mahilaaen aur purush vyaapak aarthik jhatakon, navudarwadi neetiyon aur vaishvikaran kii taakton key toofaan kaa vibhinn tarikon seey saamana karate hain."isake alawa, 1970 seey 1990 key dashak mein vikasit deshon mein rojgar samaantaa jaise upaay lagu kiye gaye they, lekin yeye majboot samaantaa paramparaon vaale deshon mein bhee vetan antaral koo door karane mein poori tarah seey safal naheen they.
1988 mein, marlin warring ney "aggar mahilaaon kii ginati hoti haih ack naee nariwadi arthshastra", rashtriya khaaton kii pranali kii ack abhootpoorv aur vyavasthit aalochana, aarthik vikas koo maapane key antarrashtriya maanak, aur mahilaaon key avaitanik kaam key saath-saath prakriti key moolya koo arthavyavastha mein utpaadak key roop mein giney jaane vaale tarikon seey baahar rakhaa gayaa haye. 2014 key sankalan kii prastaavana mein, "juulii aeye. nelson ney likhaah 
1972 mein arthshastra peshe (see. aiss. doubleu. ee. pee.) mein mahilaaon kii sthiti parr samiti key gathan dwara samarthit, paaramparik arthshastra kii ling-adharit aalochana 1970 aur 80 key dashak mein dikhaai dee. ack nae yug (bhor) key liye mahilaaon key saath vikas vikalpon key baad key udbhav aur 1994 mein apani patrika "nariwadi arthshastra" key saath nariwadi arthshastra key liye antarrashtriya sangh (aaee. aeye. aff. ee.) kii sthaapana ney nariwadi arthshastra key teji seey vikas koo protsaahit kiya.
anya vishayon kii tarah, nariwadi arthshastriyon kaa praarambhik jore sthaapit siddhant, karyapranali aur neetigat drishtikonon kii aalochana karna thaa. gharelu aur shram baajaron key sookshm arthshastra mein aalochana shuru hui aur vyaapak arthshastra aur antarrashtriya vyaapaar mein fail gaee, joe antatah paaramparik aarthik vishleshan key sabhi kshetron taka faili. nariwadi arthshastriyon ney langic jagrukta siddhant aur vishleshan key liye jore diyaa aur arthshastra parr dhyaan kendrit kiya aur karyapranali aur anusandhaan vidhiyon key bahulvaad kii maang kii.
nariwadi arthshastra paaristhitik arthshastra aur harit arthavyavastha key adhik lagu kshetra key saath apane kaee drishtikon saajha kartaa haye, jisamen sthirata, prakriti, nyaay aur dekhbhal moolyon parr dhyaan kendrit karna shamil haye.
paaramparik arthshastra kii aalochana.
yadyapi nariwadi arthshastra key siddhanton kii koee nishchit soochi naheen haye, nariwadi arthashastri arthshastra mein maanak drishtikon kii vibhinn prakaar kii aalochana karate hain. udaaharan key liye, pramukh nariwadi arthashastri paula ingland ney paaramparik arthshastra kii sabse shuruati nariwadi aalochanaon mein seey ack pradaan kii kyonki unhone inn daavon koo chunauti dee kii
yeh soochi vistrit naheen haye, lekin paaramparik arthshastra kii kuchh kendriya nariwadi aarthik aalochanaon kaa pratinidhitva karati haye, iss tarah key drishtikon aur aalochanaon kii vistrit vividhata seey baahar.
samanyata.
kaee nariwadi aarthik vishleshan mein moolya nirnayon kii or dhyaan aakarshit karate hain. yeh vichaar kaee vyavsaayiyon dwara aayojit ack sakaratmak vigyaan key roop mein arthshastra kii vishisht avadharana key vipareet haye. udaaharan key liye, geoff sneeder aur jeane shackelford kaa sujhaav haye kii, anya vigyaanon kii tarah, "jinn muddon kaa arthshastriyon ney adhyayan karna chunaa haye, way kiss prakaar key prashn poochate hain, aur jiss prakaar kaa vishleshan kiya jaataa haye, way sabhi ack vishvaas pranali kaa ack utpaad hain joe kaee karakon seey prabhaavit haye, unamen seey kuchh charitra mein vaichaarik hain."isi tarah, dyna strassman tippani karate hain," sabhi aarthik aankade paribhasha key aadhar parr ack antarnihit kahani parr adharit hain. iss tarah, varnanatmak nirmaan aavashyak roop seey charr aur saankhyiki kii sabhi paribhashaon koo rekhaankit karate hain. isaliye, aarthik anusandhaan swabhavik roop seey gunaatmak honey seey butch naheen sakata haye, chaahe usey kaise bhee label kiya gayaa hoe."nariwadi arthashastri arthshastra key sabhi pahaluon mein moolya nirnayon kii or dhyaan aakarshit karate hain aur isake vastunishth vigyaan key chitran kii aalochana karate hain.
mukt vyaapaar.
mukhyadhara key arthshastra kaa ack kendriya siddhant yeh haye kii vyaapaar visheshagyata aur adhik dakshata seey tulanaatmak laabh aur dakshata laabh key madhyam seey sabhi koo behtar banaa sakata haye. kaee nariwadi arthashastri iss daave parr sawal uthaate hain. diane elson, kern ugaaye gaye aur nilufar kaigate antarrashtriya vyaapaar mein langic asamaantaon kii bhoomika kaa pataa lagaate hain aur kaise iss tarah key vyaapaar seey langic asamaanta koo phir seey aakar milata haye. way aur anya nariwadi arthashastri una hiton kaa pataa lagaate hain jinake vishisht vyaapaar prathaaen kaam karati hain.
udaaharan key liye, way iss baat parr prakaash daal sakate hain kii africa mein, kaee deshon mein niryaat key liye ack hii nakadi fasal kii kheti mein visheshagyata ney una deshon koo moolya utaar-chadhaav, mausam key pattern aur keeton key liye behad samvedansheel banaa diyaa. nariwadi arthashastri vyaapaar-nirnayon key vishisht langic prabhaavon parr bhee vichaar curr sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, "kenya jaise deshon mein, purush aam taur parr nakadi fasalon seey honey vaali aaya koo niyantrit karate they, jabaki mahilaaon seey abhee bhee gharelu bhojan aur kapade pradaan karane kii ummeed kii jaati thee, african parivaar mein unaki paaramparik bhoomika, nakadi fasalon kaa utpaadan karane key liye shram key saath. iss prakaar mahilaaon koo nirvaah khaadya utpaadan seey visheshagyata aur vyaapaar kii or sankraman seey kaafee nuksan uthaana padaa."isi tarah, choonki mahilaaon mein aksar vyavasaay maalikon key roop mein aarthik shakti kii kamee hoti haye, isaliye unhein saste shram key roop mein kaam parr rakhaa jaane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye, aksar unhein shoshankari sthitiyon mein shamil kiya jaataa haye. yeye udaaharan paaramparik aarthik siddhant kii nariwadi aarthik siddhant kii aalochana koo ujagar karate hain.
gair-bajar gatividhi kaa bahishkaar.
nariwadi arthshastra aarthik vikas key liye gair-bajar gatividhiyon, jaise kii baal dekhbhal aur gharelu kaam key mahatva parr dhyaan aakarshit kartaa haye. yeh navshastriya arthshastra key ekdam vipareet haye jahan shram key una roopon koo "gair-aarthik" ghatana key roop mein naheen ginaa jaataa haye. aarthik khaaton mein iss tarah key shram koo shamil karna paryaapt ling purvagrah koo door kartaa haye kyonki mahilaaen una karyon koo asman roop seey karati hain. jaba aarthik model mein usa shram kaa hisab naheen hotaa haye, tou mahilaaon dwara kiye gaye bahut seey kaam koo nazarandaj curr diyaa jaataa haye, joe vaastav mein unake prayaas kaa avamoolyan kartaa haye.
adhik vishesh roop seey, udaaharan key liye, nancy folbrey saarvajanik vastuon key roop mein bachchon kii bhoomika aur maataa-pitaa key gair-bajar shram seey saarvajanik seva key roop mein maanav poonji key vikas mein kaise yogdan milata haye, isaki jaanch kartaa haye. iss arth mein, bachche sakaratmak baahyata hain joe paaramparik vishleshan key anusaar cumm niveshit hain. folbrey ingit kartaa haye kii yeh nireekshan aanshik roop seey gair-bajar gatividhiyon kii thheek seey jaanch karane mein whiffle rahane kaa parinam haye.
marlin warring ney varnan kiya kii kaise rashtriya lekha pranaliyon mein gair-bajar gatividhiyon kaa bahishkaar jaanboojhkar vikalp aur rashtriya khaaton key antarrashtriya maanak key design parr nirbhar kartaa thaa joe spasht roop seey gair-bajar gatividhiyon koo baahar rakhate they. kuchh deshon mein, jaise kii norwey, jisamen 20veen shatabdi key pahale bhaag mein jee. dee. pee. mein avaitanik gharelu kaam shamil thaa, ise 1950 mein nae antarrashtriya maanak key saath sangatata key karanon seey chhod diyaa gayaa thaa.
ilsa maike ney inn chintaon koo aanshik roop seey door karane key liye "ling-tatasth samajik nagrikta adhikaaron koo badhaava dene key liye ack upkaran" key roop mein ack buniyaadi aaya key liye tark diyaa.
shakti sambandhon kii chook.
nariwadi arthshastra aksar iss baat parr jore detaa haye kii arthavyavastha key bheetar shakti sambandh maujood hain, aur isaliye, aarthik model mein una tarikon seey mulyankan kiya jaanaa chaahiye jinhen pahale nazarandaj kiya gayaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, "navshastriya granthon mein, shram kii bikri koo ack parasparik roop seey laabhkaari adaan-pradaan key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye joe donon pakshon koo labhanvit kartaa haye. vinimay mein shakti asamaantaon kaa koee ullekh naheen kiya gayaa haye joe niyokta koo karmchari parr shakti detee haye."yeye shakti sambandh aksar purushon key paksh mein hotey hain aur kaaryasthal parr mahilaaon key saamane aaney vaali vishesh kathinaaiyon kaa kabhi ullekh naheen kiya jaataa haye."natijatan," shakti aur pitrisatta koo samajhane seey hamein yeh vishleshan karane mein madad milati haye kii purush pradhaan aarthik sansthaan vaastav mein kaise kaam karate hain aur mahilaaen aksar kaaryasthal mein kyon nuksan mein hoti hain."nariwadi arthashastri aksar inn aalochanaon koo samajik duniya key kaee pahaluon taka failaate hain, yeh tark dete hue kii shakti sambandh samaaj kii ack sthaanik aur mahatvapurna visheshta haye.
ling aur jaati koo chhodana.
nariwadi arthshastra kaa tark haye kii aarthik vishleshan mein ling aur nasl parr vichaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye. amartya saine kaa tark haye kii "kaee samajon mein ghar key ander aur baahar mahilaaon kii vyavasthit roop seey nimn sthiti vikas vishleshan mein ling koo apani ack shakti key roop mein maanane kii aavashyakta kii or ishara karati haye."way aage kahate hain kii purushon aur mahilaaon key anubhav, yahaan taka kii ack hii ghar key bheetar bhee, aksar itane alag hotey hain kii binaa ling key arthshastra kii jaanch karna bhraamak hoe sakata haye.
aarthik model mein aksar ling, nasl, varg aur jaati parr spasht roop seey vichaar karke sudhaar kiya jaa sakata haye. juulii maithi unake mahatva kaa varnan karati hainh "naa kewal ling aur nasleeya-jaatiya matbhed aur asamaanta poonjeevaad seey pahale thee, balki way pramukh tarikon seey isamen nirmit kiye gaye hain. dusare shabdon mein, hamari poonjiwadi arthavyavastha kaa harr pahalu langic aur nasleeya haye; ack siddhant aur abhyaas joe ise andekha kartaa haye, swabhavik roop seey trutipurna haye."nariwadi arthashastri emaan zeen-ilabdin kaa kahana haye kii nasleeya aur ling antar kii jaanch kii jaani chaahiye kyonki donon koo paaramparik roop seey nazarandaj kiya gayaa haye aur iss prakaar samaan roop seey" nariwadi antar "key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye."nariwadi arthshastra" patrika kaa julaai 2002 kaa ank "ling, rung, jaati aur varg" key muddon key liye samarpit thaa."
ling bhed kii atishayokti.
anya mamalon mein ling antar koo atishayokti bataaya gayaa haye, joe sambhaavit roop seey anuchit roodhivaadita koo protsaahit kartaa haye. haal key karyon mein juulii aeye. nelson ney dikhaaya haye kii kaise yeh vichaar kii "mahilaaen purushon kii tulanaa mein adhik jokhim seey bachati hain", vyavhaar arthshastra seey ack abb lokpriya daavaa, vaastav mein behad cumm anubhavjanya sakshya parr adharit haye. haal key adhyayanon key metaa-vishleshan kaa sanchaalan karate hue, vaha darshaati haye kii, jabaki ausat jokhim virakti key upaayon mein saankhyikiya roop seey mahatvapurna antar kabhi-kabhi paae jaate hain, inn samooh-star key antaron kaa mool aakar chhota hotaa haye (ack maanak vichalan key ansh key crum parr), aur kaee anya adhyayan saankhyikiya roop seey mahatvapurna antar khojane mein whiffle rahate hain. phir bhee joe adhyayan "antar" khojane mein whiffle rahate hain, unake prakaashit honey yaa ujagar honey kii sambhavana cumm hoti haye.
isake alawa, yeh daavaa kiya jaataa haye kii purushon aur mahilaaon kii "alag" praathamiktaaen (jaise kii jokhim, pratispardha, yaa paropkar) aksar spasht roop seey galat vyakhya kii jaati hain, joe kii sabhi mahilaaon aur sabhi purushon key liye, vyaktiyon key roop mein lagu hoti hain. vaastav mein, ausat vyavhaar mein chhote antar, jaise kii kuchh adhyayanon mein paae jaate hain, aam taur parr purushon aur mahilaaon key vitaran mein badey overlap key saath hotey hain. yaani, purush aur mahila donon aam taur parr sabse adhik jokhim-virodhi (yaa pratispardhi yaa paropkari) samoohon key saath-saath cumm seey cumm paae jaa sakate hain.
"homo economicus".
ack vyakti key navshastriya aarthik model koo "homo economicus" kahaa jaataa haye, joe ack aise vyakti kaa varnan kartaa haye joe "samaaj seey prabhaavit hue binaa samaaj mein baatchit kartaa haye", kyonki "usaki baatchit kaa tarika ack aadarsh bajar key madhyam seey haye", jisamen keematen hii ekmatra aavashyak vichaar hain. iss drishtikon seey, logon koo tarksangat abhineta maanaa jaataa haye joe apane kaee yaa sabhi nirnay lene key liye seemant vishleshan mein sanlagn hotey hain. nariwadi arthshastriyon kaa tark haye kii loga aise model kii tulanaa mein adhik jatil hain, aur "ack aarthik abhineta kii adhik samagr drishti kaa ahwan karate hain, jisamen samooh kii baatchit aur lalach key alawa anya karakon seey prerit kaary shamil hain."nariwadi arthshastra kaa maanana haye kii iss tarah kaa sudhaar bajar mein purushon aur mahilaaon donon key vaastavik anubhavon kaa behtar vivaran pradaan kartaa haye, yeh tark dete hue kii mukhyadhara kaa arthshastra sabhi abhinetaon key vyaktivaad, pratispardha aur swarth kii bhoomika parr adhik jore detaa haye. isake bajaay, nancy folbrey jaise nariwadi arthashastri bataate hain kii arthavyavastha mein sahyog bhee ack bhoomika nibhaata haye.
nariwadi arthashastri yeh bhee bataate hain kii agency sabhi key liye upalabdh naheen haye, jaise kii bachche, beemar aur kamjor bujurg. unaki dekhbhal key liye jimmedariyan dekhbhal karane vaalon kii agency seey bhee samjhauta curr sakati hain. yeh "homo economicus" model seey ack mahatvapurna prasthaan haye.
isake alawa, nariwadi arthashastri maudrik puraskaron parr navshastriya arthshastra key dhyaan kii aalochana karate hain. nainsi folbrey nott karate hain, "kanuni niyam aur saanskritik mandand bajar key parinamon koo mahilaaon key liye spasht roop seey nuksandeh tarikon seey prabhaavit curr sakate hain."isamen vyaavsaayik algaav shamil haye jisake parinamswarup mahilaaon key liye asman vetan hotaa haye. inn kshetron mein nariwadi anusandhaan shram baajaron key navshastriya vivaran kaa khandan kartaa haye jisamen vyavsaayon koo akele kaam karane vaale vyaktiyon dwara aur apani swatantra ichcha seey swatantra roop seey chunaa jaataa haye. nariwadi arthshastra mein arthshastra key liye praasangik maandandon kaa adhyayan bhee shamil haye, joe paaramparik drishtikon koo chunauti detaa haye kii bhautik protsaahan vishvasaniya roop seey vaha saman pradaan karega joe humm chaahte hain aur (upabhokta samprabhuta) chaahte hain, joe kaee logon key liye sach naheen haye.
sansthaagat arthshastra ack aisaa saadhan haye jisake dwara nariwadi arthashastri "samdharmi aarthik" model mein sudhaar karate hain. yeh siddhant aarthik vyavhaar koo aakar dene mein sansthanon aur vikaasvaadi samajik prakriyaon kii bhoomika kii jaanch kartaa haye, jisamen "maanav uddeshyon kii jatilata aur sanskriti aur shakti key sambandhon key mahatva" parr jore diyaa jaataa haye."yeh" homo economicus "kii tulanaa mein aarthik abhineta key baare mein adhik samagr drishtikon pradaan kartaa haye."
nishpakshata kii dhaaranaon key aadhar parr dakshata majdoori parr george ackerloff aur genet yelen kaa kaam aarthik abhinetaon key nariwadi model kaa ack udaaharan pradaan kartaa haye. apane kaam mein, agent atee-tarkapurna yaa alag-thalag naheen hotey hain, balki isake bajaay sangeet mein aur nishpakshata key saath kaary karate hain, irshya kaa anubhav karane mein saksham hotey hain, aur vyaktigat sambandhon mein ruchi rakhate hain. yeh kaam anubhavjanya samajshastra aur manovigyaan parr adharit haye, aur sujhaav detaa haye kii majdoori vishuddh roop seey bajar kii taakton key bajaay nishpakshata key vichaaron seey prabhaavit hoe sakati haye.
seemit karyapranali.
arthshastra koo aksar "samaaj apane durlabh sansadhanon kaa prabandhan kaise kartaa haye" key adhyayan key roop mein socha jaataa haye aur iss tarah ganitiya jaanch taka seemit haye. paaramparik arthashastri aksar kahate hain kii iss tarah kaa drishtikon vastunishthata kaa ashvasana detaa haye aur arthshastra koo samajshastra aur rajneeti vigyaan jaise "naram" kshetron seey alag kartaa haye. nariwadi arthashastri, isake vipareet tark dete hain kii arthshastra kii ack ganitiya avadharana joe durlabh sansadhanon taka seemit haye, vigyaan aur cartasian darshan key shuruati varshon seey ack baadha haye, aur aarthik vishleshan koo seemit karati haye. isaliye nariwadi arthashastri aksar adhik vividh detta sangrah aur vyaapak aarthik model kii maang karate hain.
aarthik shiksha.
nariwadi arthshastriyon kaa sujhaav haye kii arthshastra pathyakramon kii vishay-vastu aur shikshan shally donon koo kuchh parivartanon seey laabh hoga. kuchh loga prayogaatmak shiksha, prayogshala satra, vyaktigat anusandhaan aur arthshastra karane key adhik avsaron koo shamil karane kii salah dete hain."kuchh loga prashikshakon aur chhatron key beach adhik samvaad chaahte hain. kaee nariwadi arthashastri iss baat mein tatkaal ruchi rakhate hain kii pathyakram kii samagri bhavishya key arthshastriyon kii jansankhyikiya sanrachana koo kaise prabhaavit karati haye, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii "kaksha kaa mahaul" kuchh chhatron kii apani kshamata kii dhaaranaon koo prabhaavit kartaa haye.
2000 key dashak kaa vittiya sankat.
margun beaurnholt aur elsa maike kaa tark haye kii 2007-08 key vittiya sankat aur isaki pratikriya ney mukhyadhara key arthshastra aur arthshastra peshe key bheetar vichaaron key sankat koo prakat kiya, aur arthavyavastha, aarthik siddhant aur arthshastra peshe donon koo phir seey aakar dene kaa ahwan kiya. unakaa tark haye kii iss tarah key punarvikas mein nariwadi arthshastra key bheetar naee pragati shamil honey chaahiye joe ack arthavyavastha aur aarthik siddhanton key nirmaan mein samajik roop seey jimmedaar, samajhdaar aur jawabdeh vishay koo apane praarambhik bindu key roop mein letee haye joe ack dusare key saath-saath grah kii poori tarah seey dekhbhal koo sweekaar karati haye.
jaanch key pramukh kshetra.
aarthik gyaan-vigyaan.
arthshastra kii nariwadi aalochanaon mein yeh shamil haye kii "arthshastra, kissy bhee vigyaan kii tarah, samajik roop seey nirmit haye."nariwadi arthshastriyon kaa kahana haye kii samajik nirmaan arthshastra kii purush-chinhit, paschimi aur vishamalaingik vyakhyaon koo visheshaadhikaar dene key liye kaary karate hain. way aam taur parr nariwadi siddhant aur dhaanche koo shamil karate hain taaki yeh dikhaaya jaa sakey kii paaramparik arthshastra samudaay baahari logon key bahishkaar key liye uchit pratibhagiyon key baare mein apekshaon koo kaise sanket dete hain. iss tarah kii aalochanaaen arthshastra key siddhanton, paddhatiyon aur anusandhaan kshetron taka faili hui hain, taaki yeh dikhaaya jaa sakey kii aarthik jeevan key khaate pakshapaatpurna itihas, samajik sanrachanaon, maandandon, saanskritik prathaon, parasparik baatchit aur rajneeti seey gaharaai seey prabhaavit hain.
nariwadi arthashastri aksar ack mahatvapurna antar karate hain kii arthshastra mein mardana purvagrah mukhya roop seey ling kaa parinam haye, naa kii ling kaa. dusare shabdon mein, jaba nariwadi arthashastri mukhyadhara key arthshastra key purvagrahon koo ujagar karate hain, tou way vastunishthata, algaav, taarkik sthirata, vyaktigat upalabdhi, ganit, amurtata aur bhavna kii kamee jaise mardanagi key baare mein isake samajik vishvaason parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain, lekin adhikaariyon aur vishayon key ling parr naheen. haalaanki, arthshastriyon aur unake adhyayan key vishayon mein purushon kaa adhik pratinidhitva bhee ack chinta kaa vishay haye.
aarthik itihas.
nariwadi arthshastriyon kaa kahana haye kii mukhyadhara key arthshastra koo europeeya-vanshaj, vishamalaingik, madhyam aur uchch-madhyam varg key purushon dwara asman roop seey vikasit kiya gayaa haye, aur isase duniya key logon, vishesh roop seey mahilaaon, bachchon aur gair-paaramparik parivaaron mein rahane vaalon kii poorna vividhata key jeevan anubhavon kaa daman huaa haye.
isake alawa, nariwadi arthshastriyon kaa daavaa haye kii arthshastra key aitihaasik aadhar mahilaaon key liye swabhavik roop seey bahishkrit hain. mahilaaon key baare mein paanch vishisht aitihaasik dhaaranaon kii or dhyaan aakarshit karate hue, joe arthshastra key nirmaan mein antarnihit hoe gaeen, aur yeh banaae rakhane key liye upayog kiya jaanaa jaari haye kii mahilaaen purushikrit maandandon seey alag hain aur unhein baahar curr detee hain. inmein way vichaar shamil hain joh
nariwadi arthashastri praarambhik aarthik vicharakon kii baatchit yaa ling aur mahilaaon key muddon key saath baatchit kii kamee kii bhee jaanch karate hain, joe aarthik vichaar key saath mahilaaon key aitihaasik judaav key udaaharan dikhaate hain. udaaharan key liye, edith quipper ney athaarahavin shatabdi key france aur ingland mein mahilaaon kii bhoomika parr nariwadi pravachan key saath addam smith kii sagaai parr charcha kii. vaha paati haye kii apane lekhan key madhyam seey, smith ney aam taur parr mahilaaon key muddon parr "yathaasthiti" kaa samarthan kiya aur "parivaar mein shram vibhajan aur mahilaaon key aarthik kaam key yogdan kii drishti khou dee."jawab mein, vaha mairi collier key karyon jaise" "mahila shram" "(1739) kii or ishara karati haye taaki smith key samkaaleen mahilaaon key anubhavon koo samajhane aur iss tarah key antaral koo bharane mein madad mill sakey.
vrihat aarthik siddhanton koo prastut karna.
nariwadi arthshastra kaa kendra arthavyavastha key saiddhaantik pratiroopan koo badalane kaa ack prayaas haye, taaki langic purvagrah aur asamaanta koo cumm kiya jaa sakey. nariwadi vrihat aarthik poochtaachh antarrashtriya poonji pravaah, rajkoshiya tapasya, viniyaman aur nijikaran, maudrik neeti, antarrashtriya vyaapaar aur adhik parr dhyaan kendrit karati haye. samanya taur parr, yeye sanshodhan teen mukhya roop lete hainh ling vibhajan, ling-adharit vrihat aarthik charon kaa sanyojan, aur dou-kshetra pranali kaa nirmaan.
ling vibhajan.
aarthik vishleshan kii yeh vidhi yeh darshaakar langic purvagrah koo door karane kaa prayaas karati haye kii purush aur mahila apane upbhog, nivesh yaa bachat vyavhaar mein kaise bhinn hotey hain. ling vibhajan ranneetiyaan ling dwara vrihat aarthik charr key prithakkaran koo uchit thaharaati hain. korkut erterch aur nielfer Çaağatay dikhaate hain kii kaise shram kaa narikaran nivesh koo uttejit kartaa haye, jabaki ghar key kaam mein mahila gatividhi mein vriddhi seey bachat badhati haye. yeh model iss baat parr prakaash daaltaa haye kii kaise langic prabhaav vyaapak aarthik charon parr padata haye aur yeh darshaata haye kii arthvyavasthaon mein mandee seey ubarane kii adhik sambhavana haye yadi mahilaaen apana samay ghar key kaam mein lagaane key bajaay shram bull mein adhik bhaag letee hain.
langic vrihat aarthik charr.
yeh drishtikon vrihat aarthik model koo badhaakar langic asamaantaon key prabhaavon koo darshaata haye. bernard walter seey pataa chalata haye kii paaramparik neoclassical model prajanan seey sambandhit kaam kaa paryaapt mulyankan karane mein whiffle rahate hain, yeh maanate hue kii jansankhya aur shram kaa nirdhaaran bahirjaagatik roop seey kiya jaataa haye. yeh iss tathya key liye jimmedaar naheen haye kii dekhbhal karane vaale shram key madhyam seey nivesh kaa utpaadan kiya jaataa haye, joe mahilaaon dwara asman roop seey kiya jaataa haye. stephen nolls "aur anya."yeh dikhaane key liye kii mahilaaon kii shiksha kaa shram utpaadaktaa parr sakaratmak saankhyikiya roop seey mahatvapurna prabhaav padata haye, ack navshastriya vikas model kaa upayog karein, joe purushon kii shiksha kii tulanaa mein adhik majboot haye. inn donon mamalon mein, arthashastri vyaapak aarthik charr key langic purvagrahon koo ujagar karate hain aur sambodhit karate hain taaki yeh dikhaaya jaa sakey kii model key parinamon mein ling ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye.
dou-kshetra pranali.
dou-kshetra pranali drishtikon arthavyavastha koo dou alag-alag pranaliyon key roop mein model kartaa haih ack mein maanak vrihat aarthik charr shamil hain, jabaki dusare mein ling-vishisht charr shamil hain. villium derity ney cumm aaya vaali, krishi adharit arthvyavasthaon key liye dou-kshetra drishtikon vikasit kiya. derity seey pataa chalata haye kii nirvaah kheti mahilaaon key shram parr nirbhar karati thee, jabaki aaya kaa utpaadan nakadi-fasal gatividhiyon mein purushon aur mahilaaon donon key shram parr nirbhar kartaa thaa. iss model seey pataa chalata haye kii jaba purush utpaadan aur aaya koo niyantrit karate hain, tou way mahilaaon koo nakadi-fasal utpaadan mein atirikt prayaas karane key liye raaji karke aaya koo adhikatam karane kii koshish karate hain, jisase nakadi fasalon mein vriddhi aajeevika utpaadan kii keemat parr hoti haye.
kalyan.
kaee nariwadi arthshastriyon kaa tark haye kii arthshastra koo tantra (jaise aaya) yaa siddhanton (jaise upyogitaavaad) parr cumm dhyaan kendrit karna chaahiye aur kalyan parr adhik dhyaan kendrit karna chaahiye, jisamen aaya, swaasthya, shiksha, sashaktikaran aur samajik sthiti sahit ack bahuayami avadharana shamil haye. unakaa tark haye kii aarthik safalata koo kewal vastuon yaa sakal gharelu utpaad seey naheen maapa jaa sakata haye, balki ise maanav kalyan seey bhee maapa jaanaa chaahiye. samagr aaya samanya kalyan kaa mulyankan karane key liye paryaapt naheen haye, kyonki vyaktigat adhikaaron aur jarooraton parr bhee vichaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye, jisase nariwadi arthashastri swaasthya, deerghaayu, sampatti taka pahunch, shiksha aur sambandhit karakon kaa adhyayan curr sakate hain.
beena agarwal aur pradeep panda bataate hain kii ack mahila kii sampatti kii sthiti (jaise kii ghar yaa jameen kaa malik) seedhe aur gharelu hinsa kaa anubhav karane kii sambhavana koo kaafee cumm karati haye, jabaki rojgar seey bahut cumm antar padata haye. unakaa tark haye kii iss tarah kii achal sampatti mahilaaon key atmasamman, aarthik suraksha koo badhaati haye, aur unaki girawat kii sthiti koo majboot karati haye, unake vikalpon aur saudebaji key prabhaav koo badhaati haye. way dikhaate hain kii sampatti kaa swaamitva mahilaaon key aarthik kalyan mein ack mahatvapurna yogadankarta haye kyonki yeh hinsa key prati unaki samvedansheelta koo cumm kartaa haye.
aam taur parr kalyan koo maapane key liye, amartya saine, sakiko fukuda-paar aur anya nariwadi arthshastriyon ney sakal gharelu utpaad key vikalp vikasit karane mein madad kii, jaise kii maanav vikas soochkaank. nariwadi arthshastriyon key liye ruchi key anya models mein moolya kaa shram siddhant shamil haye, jise carle marks dwara "daas capital" mein sabse achchi tarah seey vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh model utpaadan koo ack samajik roop seey nirmit maanav pariyojana maanata haye aur majdoori koo aajeevika kamaane key saadhan key roop mein punarparibhashit kartaa haye. yeh aarthik models koo maudrik protsahanon key vipareet maanav janmajaat ichchhaon aur jarooraton parr phir seey kendrit kartaa haye.
maanav kshamataon kaa drishtikon.
arthshastriyon amartya saine aur daarshanik martha nusbam ney kalyankari arthshastra key vichaaron mein nihit aarthik safalata kaa aaklan karane key liye ack vaikalpik tareeke key roop mein maanav kshamata drishtikon banaaya aur vyakti kii kshamata parr dhyaan kendrit kiya aur vaha kyaa curr sakata haye aur vaha kyaa curr sakata haye. safalata key paaramparik aarthik upaayon key vipareet, jee. dee. pee., upayogita, aaya, parisampattiyon yaa anya maudrik upaayon parr kendrit, kshamata drishtikon iss baat parr kendrit haye kii vyakti kyaa karane mein saksham hain. yeh drishtikon prakriyaon key saath-saath parinamon parr bhee jore detaa haye aur kalyan kii saanskritik, samajik aur bhautik gatishilata kii or dhyaan aakarshit kartaa haye. martha nusbam ney jeevan, swaasthya, shaaririk akhandata, vichaar aur adhik sahit kendriya kshamataon kii adhik poori soochi key saath model kaa vistaar kiya. haal key varshon mein, kshamataon key drishtikon ney sanyukt rashtra key maanav vikas soochkaank (aich. dee. aaee.) sahit nae models key nirmaan koo prabhaavit kiya haye.
gharelu saudebaji.
nariwadi arthshastra key liye "parivaar" aur "ghar" key liye ack alag drishtikon haye."shaastriya arthshastra mein, una ikaaiyon koo aam taur parr sauhaardpurna aur sajaatiya key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye. gairi becker aur nae gharelu arthshastriyon ney paaramparik arthshastra mein "parivaar" key adhyayan kii shuruat kii, joe aamtaur parr yeh maanata haye kii parivaar ack ekal, paropkari ikai haye jisake beach dhana samaan roop seey vitarit kiya jaataa haye. anya logon ney nishkarsh nikala haye kii vastuon aur praavdhaanon kaa ishtatam vitaran parivaar key bheetar hotaa haye jisake parinamswarup way parivaaron koo vyaktiyon key samaan hii dekhate hain. nariwadi arthshastriyon key anusaar, inn models ney "lingon key baare mein paaramparik apekshaon kaa samarthan kiya", aur gharelu vyavhaar kii vyakhya karane key liye vyaktigat tarksangat-vikalp model lagu kiye. nariwadi arthashastri inn dhaaranaon koo shoshankari yaun aur ling sambandhon, ekal-maataa-pitaa parivaaron, samaan-ling sambandhon, bachchon key saath parivarik sambandhon aur prajanan key parinamon key liye khaate mein sanshodhit karate hain. vishesh roop seey, nariwadi arthashastri gharelu anubhavon kii vividhata koo dikhaane key liye ekaatmak gharelu model aur khel siddhant seey parey chaley jaate hain.
udaaharan key liye, beena agarwal aur anya logon ney mukhyadhara key model kii aalochana kii haye aur antar-gharelu saudebaji shakti kii behtar samajh pradaan karane mein madad kii haye. agarwal seey pataa chalata haye kii mahilaaon key liye shakti aur baahari vikalpon kii kamee unake parivaaron key bheetar baatchit karane kii unaki kshamata mein baadha daalati haye. amartya saine seey pataa chalata haye kii kaise samajik mandand joe ghar mein mahilaaon key avaitanik kaam kaa avamoolyan karate hain, aksar mahilaaon koo ghar key bheetar saudebaji mein nuksan pahunchaate hain. inn nariwadi arthshastriyon kaa tark haye kii iss tarah key daavon key mahatvapurna aarthik parinam hain jinhen aarthik dhaanche key bheetar maanyata dee jaani chaahiye.
dekhbhal arthavyavastha.
nariwadi arthashastri sanyukt rashtra aur anya logon key saath dekhbhal key kaam koo sweekaar karane mein shamil hotey hain, ack prakaar key kaam key roop mein jisamen dekhbhal seey judey sabhi kaary shamil hotey hain, joe aarthik vikas aur maanav kalyan key liye kendriya hotey hain. nariwadi arthashastri bhugtan aur avaitanik dekhbhal donon karyon kaa adhyayan karate hain. unakaa tark haye kii arthshastra kaa paaramparik vishleshan aksar gharelu avaitanik kaam key moolya koo nazarandaj kartaa haye. nariwadi arthshastriyon ney tark diyaa haye kii avaitanik gharelu kaam bhee vetan vaale kaam key samaan hii moolyavaan haye, isaliye aarthik safalata key upaayon mein avaitanik kaam shamil honah chaahiye. unhone dikhaaya haye kii iss tarah key dekhbhal kaary key liye mahilaaen asman roop seey jimmedaar hain.
sabeen oh 'haaraa kaa tark haye kii dekhbhal sabhi aarthik gatividhiyon aur bajar arthvyavasthaon kaa aadhar haye, yeh nishkarsh nikaalate hue kii "harr cheej koo dekhbhal kii aavashyakta haye", naa kewal logon, balki jaanvaron aur cheejon kii. vaha aupchaarik arthavyavastha key saath pradaan kii jaane vaali dekhbhal sevaaon kii nirantar prakriti parr prakaash daalati haye.
riyan eisler kaa daavaa haye kii hamein aarthik pranali kii aavashyakta haye, taaki logon kii dekhbhal karane aur prakriti kii dekhbhal karane key aavashyak kaam koo drishyata dee jaa sakey. jee. dee. pee. koo maapane mein kewal utpaadak kaary shamil haye aur nimnalikhit teen kshetron kii jeevan nirvaah gatividhiyon koo chhod diyaa gayaa haih gharelu arthavyavastha, praakritik arthavyavastha aur swayamsevak samudayik arthavyavastha. yeye kshetra hain jahan adhikansh dekhbhal kaary kiya jaataa haye. maujooda aarthik sanketkon koo iss tarah seey badalkar kii way uparokt teen kshetron key yogdan koo bhee maapenge, humm aarthik vaastaviktaa kaa adhik sateek pratibimb praapt curr sakate hain. vaha samajik dhana sanketkon kaa prastaav karati haye. unake anusaar yeye sanketak logon aur prakriti kii dekhbhal mein nivesh (aar. oh. aaee.) parr bhaari laabh dikhaayenge. manovaigyaanik adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii jaba loga achchha mahsoos karate hain, aur jaba way dekhbhal mahsoos karate hain tou way achchha mahsoos karate hain, tou way adhik utpaadak aur adhik rachanaatmak hotey hain (udaaharan key liye cases studdy). parinamswarup, dekhbhal arthavyavastha mein sakaratmak baahari baatein hain jaise kii maanav poonji kii gunavatta mein vriddhi.
adhikansh rashtra naa kewal dekhbhal kaary kaa samarthan karane mein whiffle rahate hain joe abhee bhee mukhya roop seey mahilaaon dwara kiya jaataa haye, balki humm duniya mein ling adharit moolyon kii pranali key saath rahate hain. mahilaaon yaa streetva seey judee harr cheej avamoolyan yaa haashiye parr haye. hamein langic dohare maanak koo peechhe chhodane kii aavashyakta haye joe dekhbhal koo cumm kartaa haye. tabhi humm prabhutva seey saajhedaari kii or badh sakate hain aur ack nayaa aarthik model banaa sakate hain jise eisler ney apani pustak mein rashtron kii vaastavik sampattih ack dekhbhal karane vaale arthshastra kaa nirmaan karane kaa prastaav diyaa haye. logon aur prakriti key yogdan seey samaaj kii vaastavik sampatti aur hamari aarthik neetiyon aur prathaon koo donon key daavon kii dekhbhal kaa samarthan karna chaahiye.
nariwadi arthshastriyon ney parivaaron aur gharon key bheetar shakti aur asamaanta key muddon parr bhee prakaash daala haye. udaaharan key liye, randy albelda seey pataa chalata haye kii dekhbhal key kaam kii jimmedaari sanyukt raajya mein ekal maataon dwara anubhav kii gaee garibi koo prabhaavit karati haye. isi tarah, saaraa gamage gwatemala mein mahilaaon dwara kiye gaye avaitanik dekhbhal kaary key prabhaavon kii jaanch kartaa haye. vishvavidyalaya mahavidyalaya mein samaantaa adhyayan vibhaag key kaam jaise kii saaraa cantillan ney samriddh parivaaron key bheetar gharelu vyavasthaon kii asamaantaon parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye.
jabaki ghar mein bahut adhik dekhbhal kaa kaam kiya jaataa haye, yeh vetan key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. iss prakaar, nariwadi arthshastra isake nihitarthon kii jaanch kartaa haye, jisamen bhugtan dekhbhal kaary mein mahilaaon kii badhati bhagidari, shoshan kii kshamata aur dekhbhal karane vaale shramikon key jeevan parr prabhaav shamil hain.
1980 aur 1990 key dashak mein marlin warring (dekhein kii mahilaaon kii ginati hoti haye yaa naheen) aur anya logon dwara mahilaaon key kaam koo maapa jaataa haye yaa bilkul bhee maapa naheen jaataa haye, iska pranaaleegat adhyayan kiya gayaa haye. inn adhyayanon ney moolya nirdhaarit karane key vibhinn sadhanon koo uchit thaharaana shuru kiya-jinamen seey kuchh ney samajik poonji aur vyaktigat poonji key siddhant koo prabhaavit kiya, joe 1990 key dashak key anta mein ubhara aur paaristhitik arthshastra key saath, aadhunik maanav vikas siddhant koo prabhaavit kiya. (ling aur samajik poonji parr pravishti bhee dekhein.)
avaitanik kaary.
avaitanik kaary mein gharelu kaary, dekhbhal kaary, nirvaah kaary, avaitanik bajar shram aur swaichhik kaary shamil hoe sakate hain. inn shreniyon kii paribhasha parr koee spasht sahamati naheen haye. lekin motey taur parr, iss prakaar key kaam koo samaaj key prajanan mein yogdan key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
gharelu kaam ghar kaa rakharkhaav haye, aur aamtaur parr saarvbhaumik roop seey pahachaana jaa sakata haye, jaise.jee. kapade dhone kaa kaam karna. dekhbhal kaa kaam "kissy rishtedaar yaa dost kii dekhbhal karna haye jise umr, shaaririk yaa seekhane kii akshamta, yaa mansik bimari sahit bimari key kaaran samarthan kii aavashyakta hoti haye; isamen bachchon kii parvarish bhee shamil haye. dekhbhal kaary mein "ghanishth vyaktigat yaa bhaavnaatmak baatchit" bhee shamil hoti haye."iss shreni mein" aatm-dekhbhal "bhee shamil haye, jisamen avkash kaa samay aur gatividhiyaan shamil hain. nirvaah kaary buniyaadi jarooraton koo puuraa karane key liye kiya gayaa kaary haye, jaise kii paani ekatra karna, lekin isake liye bajar moolya nirdhaarit naheen hain. haalaanki inmein seey kuchh prayason koo rashtriya lekha pranali (aiss. aine. aeye.) key navintam sanshodhan key anusaar utpaadak gatividhiyon key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye... [way] adhikansh sarvekshanon dwara kharaab tareeke seey maapa jaataa haye."avaitanik bajar kaary" bajar kaary mein avaitanik parivaar key sadasyon kaa pratyaksh yogdan haye joe aadhikarik taur parr ghar key kissy anya sadasya kaa haye."swaichhik kaary aamtaur parr gair-gharelu sadasyon key liye kiya jaataa haye, lekin badale mein cumm seey cumm yaa binaa kissy paarishramik key.
rashtriya lekha pranali.
pratyek desh apane aarthik utpaadan koo rashtriya khaaton kii pranali (aiss. aine. aeye.) key anusaar maapata haye, joe mukhya roop seey sanyukt rashtra (yuu. aine.) dwara praayojit haye, lekin mukhya roop seey anya sangathanon jaise kii europeeya aayog, antarrashtriya maudrik kosh (aaee. aim. aff.), aarthik sahyog aur vikas sangathan (oh. key. dee.) aur vishva baink dwara lagu kiya jaataa haye. snai maanata haye kii avaitanik kaam byaaj kaa ack kshetra haye, lekin "avaitanik gharelu sevaaon koo [isaki] utpaadan seema seey baahar rakhaa gayaa haye."nariwadi arthshastriyon ney iss bahishkaar key liye twarit aalochana kii haye, kyonki avaitanik kaam koo chhodane seey, buniyaadi aur aavashyak shram koo nazarandaj curr diyaa jaataa haye.
yahaan taka kii ling asamaantaon koo pahchaanane key liye lekhankan upaayon kii bhee avaitanik kaam kii andekhi karane key liye aalochana kii jaati haye. aise dou udaaharan hain ling-sambandhit vikas soochkaank (jee. dee. aaee.) aur ling sashaktikaran upaay (ratna), jinamen seey kissy mein bhee adhik avaitanik kaam shamil naheen haye. isaliye nariwadi arthshastra ack adhik vyaapak soochkaank kii maang kartaa haye jisamen avaitanik kaam mein bhagidari shamil haye.
haal key varshon mein iss mudde parr dhyaan diyaa jaa rhaa haye, jaise kii twarit report key bheetar avaitanik kaam kii maanyata aur mahilaaon dwara kiye gaye dekhbhal kaary parr jore dete hue avaitanik kaam key maap aur mulyankan key liye yuu. aine. dwara pratibaddhata. yeh lakshya 1995 mein beijing mein mahilaaon parr chauthe vishva sammelan mein dohraya gayaa thaa.
avaitanik kaary kaa maapan.
avaitanik kaary koo maapane key liye sabse vyaapak roop seey upayog kii jaane vaali vidhi samay upayog parr jaankaari ekatra karna haye, jise 2006 taka "cumm seey cumm 20 vikaasheel deshon dwara lagu kiya gayaa haye aur adhik chala rahey hain". samay upayog maap mein iss baat parr detta ekatra karna shamil haye kii purush aur mahilaaen dainik, saptahik yaa masik aadhar parr kuchh gatividhiyon parr kitna samay bitaate hain joe avaitanik kaam kii shreniyon key tahat aatey hain.
iss detta koo ikattha karane kii takneekon mein sarvekshan, gahan sakshatkar, diarry aur pratibhaagi avalokan shamil hain. samay upayog diarry key samarthakon kaa maanana haye kii yeh vidhi "adhik vistrit jaankaari utpann karati haye aur poorv nirdhaarit prashnon kii tulanaa mein adhik bhinnata koo pakadane key liye [oun] kii pravritti rakhti haye."halanki, anya logon kaa tark haye kii pratibhaagi avalokan," jahaan shodhkarta gharon mein lambe samay taka shram prakriya kii madad karane aur avalokan karane mein bitaata haye ", adhik sateek jaankaari utpann kartaa haye kyonki shodhkarta yeh pataa lagaa sakata haye kii adhyayan kiye gaye loga sateek roop seey report curr rahey hain yaa naheen kii way kyaa gatividhiyaan karate hain.
sateekta.
avaitanik kaary koo maapane kii pahali samasya sateek jaankaari ekatra karane kaa mudda haye. shodh adhyayanon mein yeh hamesha ack chinta kaa vishay hotaa haye, lekin avaitanik kaary kaa mulyankan karate samay vishesh roop seey kathin hotaa haye. "samay-upayog sarvekshanon seey pataa chala sakata haye kii una deshon mein avaitanik pratyaksh dekhbhal gatividhiyon key liye samarpit samay apekshaakrit cumm haye [kyonki] una deshon mein nirvaah utpaadan kii maang bahut achchi haye", aur bahu-kaary koo dhyaan mein naheen rakhaa jaa sakata haye-udaaharan key liye, ack maan lakadi kaa eendhan ekatra curr sakati haye jabaki ack bachcha usee sthaan parr haye, isaliye bachcha apani dekhbhal mein haye jabaki vaha anya kaam curr rahee haye. aamtaur parr iss tarah kii apratyaksh dekhbhal koo shamil kiya jaanaa chaahiye, kyonki yeh kaee samay upayog adhyayanon mein haye. lekin yeh hamesha naheen hotaa haye, aur isake parinamswarup kuchh adhyayan kuchh prakaar key avaitanik kaam kii raashi koo cumm curr sakate hain. pratibhaagi avalokan kii aalochana "itna samay lene vaalaa haye kii yeh kewal cumm sankhya mein gharon parr dhyaan kendrit curr sakata haye", aur iss prakaar jaankaari kii matra mein seemit haye jiska upayog ekatra karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
sabhi detta ekatra karane mein shodh vishayon kii reports kii sambhaavit ashuddhata key saath kathinaaiyaan shamil hoti hain. udaaharan key liye, jaba "gharelu shram karane vaale logon key paas karyon mein lagane vaale samay kii matra parr dhyaan dene kaa koee kaaran naheen hotaa haye... way aksar parichit gatividhiyon mein bitaaye gaye samay koo cumm aankate hain."samay koo maapana bhee samasyagrast hoe sakata haye kyonki" sabse dheema aur sabse aksham shramik sabse badaa karyabhar [wahan karate hue dikhaai dete hain]."baal dekhbhal kaa aaklan karane mein samay key upayog kii aalochana" kaam key bojh mein ling antar koo aasaani seey aspasht karane key roop mein kii jaati haye. purush aur mahila donon hii bachchon key liye jimmedaar honey key liye samaan samay lagaa sakate hain, lekin jaisa kii pratibhaagi avalokan adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye, kaee purushon koo apane liye kuchh karate hue apane bachchon koo 'babysit' karane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye, jaise kii tv dekhana. purushon kii dekhbhal key maanak yeh sunishchit karane taka seemit hoe sakate hain kii bachche chotil naa houn. maan key lautane taka gandey diaper koo nazarandaj kiya jaa sakata haye yaa jaanboojhkar chhod diyaa jaa sakata haye."iss samasya kaa ack virodhabhasi pahalu yeh haye kii joe loga sabse adhik bojh seey grast hain way adhyayan mein bhaag lene mein saksham naheen hoe sakate hainh" yeh aamtaur parr way mahilaaen hoti hain jinake paas sabse adhik kaam hotaa haye joe inn adhyayanon mein bhaag naheen lena pasand karati hain."samanya taur parr, samay key maapan key kaaran" avaitanik kaam key kuchh sabse adhik maang vaale pahalu [agyaat honey key liye] aur yeh aadhar kii mahilaaon key avaitanik kaam koo maapane key liye samay ack upayukt upkaran haye, chunauti key binaa jaataa haye."sarvekshanon kii" "gaharaai aur jatilata" "kii kamee key liye bhee aalochana kii gaee haye kyonki prashnon koo vishesh roop seey vishesh paristhitiyon key anuroop naheen banaaya jaa sakata haye.
tulanaa.
doosari samasya sanskritiyon mein tulanaa karane mein kathinaaee haye. "vartamaan mein gatividhiyon key vargeekaran aur namkaran mein antar key kaaran deshon mein tulanaa baadhit hoe rahee haye."gahan sarvekshan aavashyak jaankaari praapt karane kaa ekmatra tarika hoe sakata haye, lekin way antar-saanskritik tulanaa karna mushkil banaate hain. avaitanik kaary parr charcha karane mein paryaapt saarvbhaumik shabdawali kii kamee ack udaaharan haye. "gharelu shram koo kaam key roop mein maanyata dene key bavjood, maujooda shabdawali aasaani seey naee sarahana naheen vyakt karati haye. loga abhee bhee kaam aur ghar key baare mein baat karate hain jaise kii way alag-alag kshetra houn. 'nariwadi daavon key bavjood kii 'harr maan ack kamkaji maan haye,' aamtaur parr 'kamkaji maataon' koo bhugtan kiye gaye shram bull mein maanaa jaataa haye.'vibhinn kaary gatividhiyon yaa naukari key shirshakon koo vyakt karane key liye koee aasaani seey sweekrit shartein naheen hain. grihini, grih prabandhak, grihini sabhi samasyagrast hain aur unamen seey koee bhee aisee mahila kii bhavna koo vyakt naheen kartaa haye joe gharelu shram aur bhugtan kiye gaye rojgar donon koo jodati haye."
jatilata.
teesari samasya gharelu shram kii jatilata aur avaitanik kaary shreniyon koo alag karane key mudde hain. samay kaa upayog adhyayan abb praathamik aur maadhyamik gatividhiyon koo alag karate hue bahu-kaary muddon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hain. haalaanki, sabhi adhyayan aisaa naheen karate hain, aur joe aisaa karate hain way bhee iss tathya koo dhyaan mein naheen rakh sakate hain kii aksar kaee kaary ack saath kiye jaate hain, way kaary overlap hotey hain, aur kaam aur sambandhon key beach kii seemaaen aksar aspasht hoti hain. ack mahila apani praathamik gatividhi kaise nirdhaarit karati haye jaba vaha kapade dhone key liye raat kaa khaana taiyar curr rahee hoti haye, apane jeevansathi key liye coffey banaa rahee hoti haye, coffey pee rahee hoti haye aur usake saath baat curr rahee hoti haye, aur bachchon kii dekhbhal curr rahee hoti haye?"kuchh gatividhiyon koo kaam bhee naheen maanaa jaa sakata haye, jaise kii ack bachche key saath khelna (ise vikasatmak dekhbhal kaary key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye) aur isaliye ise adhyayan kii pratikriyaon mein shamil naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. jaisa kii oopar ullekh kiya gayaa haye, baal paryavekshan (apratyaksh dekhbhal kaary) koo ack gatividhi key roop mein bilkul bhee naheen maanaa jaa sakata haye, joe 
"sujhaav detaa haye kii gatividhi-adharit sarvekshanon koo dekhbhal kii jimmedariyon key sambandh mein adhik shailibaddh prashnon dwara poorak kiya jaanaa chaahiye" anyatha aisee gatividhiyon koo cumm kiya jaa sakata haye. ateet mein, samay upayog adhyayanon mein kewal praathamik gatividhiyon koo maapane kii pravritti thee, aur "ack baar mein dou yaa dou seey adhik cheejen karane vaale uttardaataon koo yeh ingit karane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa kii kaun saa adhik mahatvapurna thaa."yeh haal key varshon mein badal rhaa haye.
samay kaa mulyankan.
nariwadi arthashastri avaitanik kaary key moolya koo nirdhaarit karane key teen mukhya tarikon kii or ishara karate hainh avsar laagat vidhi, pratisthaapan laagat vidhi aur input-output laagat vidhi. avsar laagat vidhi "ack vyakti key bajar mein arjit vetan kaa upayog karati haye" yeh dekhane key liye kii unake shram-samay kaa kitna moolya haye. yeh vidhi mukhyadhara key arthshastra mein avsar laagat vichaar seey baahar nikalati haye.
mulyankan kii doosari vidhi pratisthaapan laagat kaa upayog karati haye. saral shabdon mein, yeh usa raashi koo mapkar kiya jaataa haye joe ack teesare paksh dwara usee kaam koo karane key liye arjit kii jaati haye yadi yeh bajar kaa hissa hotaa. dusare shabdon mein, ack ghante mein ghar kii safai karane vaale vyakti kaa moolya ack naukarani key liye prati ghante key vetan key barabar haye. iss vidhi key bheetar dou drishtikon hainh pahala ack samanya pratisthaapan laagat vidhi haye, joe yeh jaanchati haye kii kyaa "yeh sambhav hoga, udaaharan key liye, ack samanya gharelu karmchari kaa vetan lena joe baal dekhbhal sahit vibhinn karyon koo curr sakata haye. doosara drishtikon visheshagya pratisthaapan laagat vidhi haye, jiska uddeshya "vibhinn gharelu karyon key beach antar karna aur tadnusar pratisthaapan kaa chayan karna" haye.
teesari vidhi input-output laagat vidhi haye. yeh nivesh kii laagat donon koo dekhta haye aur isamen ghar dwara jodaa gayaa koee bhee moolya shamil haye. "udaaharan key liye, bhojan pakaane key liye samarpit samay kaa moolya yeh poochhakar nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakata haye kii bajar mein samaan bhojan (utpaadan) khareedane key liye kitna kharch hoe sakata haye, phir usa bhojan key liye samarpit poonjigat vastuon, upayogitaon aur kachche maal kii laagat koo ghataaya jaa sakata haye. yeh shesh utpaadan key anya karakon, mukhya roop seey shram key moolya kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye."iss prakaar key model nivesh key liye maudrik moolyon koo nirdhaarit karke gharelu utpaadan koo mahatva dene kii koshish karate hain-raat key khaane key udaaharan mein, bhojan kii samagri aur utpaadan-aur bajar samkaksh key saath unaki tulanaa karate hain.
maudrik star sthaapit karane mein kathinaaee.
samay mulyankan kii ack aalochana maudrik staron key chayan seey sambandhit haye. jaba ack seey adhik gatividhi kii jaa rahee hoe yaa ack seey adhik utpaadan kaa utpaadan kiya jaa rhaa hoe tou avaitanik kaam kaa moolya kaise maanaa jaanaa chaahiye? ack anya mudda bajar aur gharelu utpaadon key beach gunavatta mein antar seey sambandhit haye. kuchh nariwadi arthashastri vibhinn karanon seey moolyon koo nirdhaarit karane key liye bajar pranali kaa upayog karane key mudde koo uthaate hainh yeh iss nishkarsh parr pahunch sakata haye kii bajar gair-bajar kaam key liye sahee vikalp pradaan kartaa haye; sevaaon key liye bajar mein utpaadit majdoori gharelu utpaadan mein bitaaye gaye samay kii vaastavik avsar laagat koo sateek roop seey pratibimbit naheen curr sakati haye; aur mulyankan vidhiyon mein upayog kii jaane vaali majdoori una udyogon seey aatee haye jahaan majdoori pahale seey hii langic asamaantaon key kaaran avasaadgrast haye, aur isaliye avaitanik kaam koo sateek roop seey mahatva naheen dega. ack sambandhit tark yeh haye kii bajar "shram key maujooda ling/ling vibhajan koo sweekaar kartaa haye aur asamaantaon koo samanya aur gair-samasyapurna key roop mein sweekaar kartaa haye. unaki gananaon mein antarnihit iss buniyaadi dhaarana key saath, utpaadit mulyankan mahilaaon key adheenata koo chunauti dene key bajaay langic asamaantaon koo majboot karane kaa kaam karate hain."
avsar laagat kii aalochana.
mulyankan kii pratyek vidhi key khilaf aalochanaon koo starit kiya jaataa haye. avsar laagat vidhi "karmchari kii khoi hui kamai parr nirbhar karati haye taaki ack vakeel dwara saaf kiye gaye shauchalaya kaa moolya ack darban dwara saaf kiye gaye shauchalaya kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik hoe", jiska arth haye kii moolya bahut adhik bhinn hotaa haye. iss vidhi kii ekroopata key saath naa kewal kaee vyaktiyon mein, balki ack ekal vyakti key liye bhee mudde hainh yeh poore dinn yaa saptah key dinon mein ack samaan naheen hoe sakata haye."yeh bhee mudda haye kii kyaa gatividhi kaa koee anand avsar laagat anuman seey kaataa jaanaa chaahiye.
pratisthaapan laagat key saath kathinaaiyaan.
pratisthaapan laagat vidhi key bhee apane aalochak hain. kiss prakaar kii naukariyon kaa upayog vikalp key roop mein kiya jaanaa chaahiye? udaaharan key liye, kyaa baal dekhbhal gatividhiyon kii ganana day-cayer shramikon yaa baal manochikitsakon key vetan kaa upayog karke kii jaani chaahiye?"yeh mahila pradhaan udyogon mein avasaadgrast majdoori kii samasya seey sambandhit haye, aur kyaa iss tarah kii naukariyon koo samkaksh key roop mein upayog karane seey avaitanik kaam kaa cumm mulyankan hotaa haye. kuchh logon ney tark diyaa haye kii shiksha key star kii tulanaa kii jaani chaahiye, udaaharan key liye, "ack college-shikshit maataa-pitaa dwara ack bachche koo jore seey padhane mein bitaaye gaye samay kaa moolya yeh poochhakar nirdhaarit kiya jaanaa chaahiye kii ack college-shikshit karmchari koo kaam parr rakhane mein kitna kharch aayega, naa kii ack ausat ghar kii dekhbhal karane vaale key vetan seey."
input-output vidhiyon key saath kathinaaiyaan.
input-output vidhiyon key khilaf aalochanaon mein gharelu utpaadan kii pehchaan karane aur maapane mein kathinaaee, aur gharon kii bhinnata aur inn prabhaavon key mudde shamil hain.
avaitanik kaary key nishkarsh aur aarthik prabhaav.
2011 mein, vibhinn deshon key nivaasiyon dwara kiye gaye avaitanik gharelu kaam kii matra nirdhaarit karane key liye ack vyaapak adhyayan kiya gayaa thaa. 26 upakhyan deshon key samay-upayog sarvekshanon key parinamon koo shamil karate hue iss adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii pratyek desh mein, avaitanik gharelu kaam parr prati dinn ausatan 2 seey 4 ghante prati dinn key beach kharch kiye jaate they. gharelu kaam koo vyaapak roop seey "mahilaaon key kaam" key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, iska adhikansh hissa mahilaaon dwara kiya jaataa haye, yahaan taka kii una mahilaaon key liye bhee joe shram bull mein bhee bhaag letee hain. ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii jaba avaitanik gharelu kaam parr bitaaye gaye samay koo vetan vaale kaam mein bitaaye gaye samay mein jodaa jaataa haye, tou vivaahit maataaen prati saptah 84 ghante kaam jamaa karati hain, jabaki avivaahit maataon key liye prati saptah 79 ghante aur sabhi pitaaon key liye prati saptah 72 ghante, chaahe way vivaahit houn yaa naheen.
avaitanik kaary key vaastavik aarthik moolya kii ganana karane key prayason seey pataa chalaa haye kii yeh moolya bahut adhik haye, joe sakal gharelu utpaad jaise upaayon mein shamil naheen haye. sanyukt raajya america mein, yeh 20 aur 50 pratishat key beach honey kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa haye, jiska arth haye kii avaitanik kaam kaa vaastavik moolya prati varsh kharbon dollar haye. anya deshon key liye, jee. dee. pee. kaa pratishat aur bhee adhik hoe sakata haye, jaise kii united kingdam, jahaan 70 pratishat taka hoe sakata haye. kyonki yeh avaitanik kaam kaafee hudd taka mahilaaon dwara kiya jaataa haye aur aarthik sanketkon mein isaki soochana naheen dee jaati haye, isake parinamswarup mahilaaon dwara samaaj mein inn yogdaanon kaa avamoolyan kiya jaataa haye.
aupchaarik arthavyavastha.
vyaavsaayik algaav key karanon aur parinamon, ling vetan antar aur "kaanch kii seema" mein shodh nariwadi arthshastra kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa rhaa haye. jabaki 1960 aur 1970 key dashak key paaramparik navshastriya aarthik siddhanton ney inhen mahilaaon aur purushon dwara kiye gaye swatantra vikalpon key parinam key roop mein samajhaaya, jinake paas kewal alag-alag kshamataaen yaa praathamiktaaen theen, nariwadi arthshastriyon ney roodhivaad, lingwad, pitrisattaatmak vishvaason aur sansthanon, yaun utpeedan aur bhedbhaav dwara nibhai gaee mahatvapurna bhoomikaon kii or ishara kiya. 1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein kaee audyogik deshon mein apanaae gaye bhedbhaav-virodhi kaanoonon key tarkon aur unake prabhaavon kaa bhee adhyayan kiya gayaa haye.
20veen shatabdi key antim dashakon key dauran mahilaaen badee sankhya mein pichhale purush gadhon mein chully gaeen-vishesh roop seey chikitsa aur kaanoon jaise vyavasaay. ling vetan antar banaa huaa haye aur dheere-dheere cumm hoe rhaa haye. nariwadi arthashastri jaise marlin power, elen mutari aur deborah aim. figart ney ling vetan antar kii jaanch kii haye aur paaya haye kii vetan nirdhaaran prakriyaaen mukhya roop seey bajar kii taakton dwara sanchaalit naheen hain, balki abhinetaon kii shakti, kaam key moolya kii saanskritik samajh aur ack uchit jeevan aur samajik ling maandandon kaa gathan karati hain. natijatan, way daavaa karate hain kii aarthik model koo inn aam taur parr bahirjaagatik charr koo dhyaan mein rakhna chaahiye.
jabaki laingikta dwara pratyaksh rojgar bhedbhaav nariwadi arthshastriyon kii chinta kaa vishay banaa huaa haye, haal key varshon mein dekhbhal karane vaalon key khilaf bhedbhaav parr adhik dhyaan diyaa gayaa haye-way mahilaaen, aur kuchh purush, joe bachchon yaa beemar yaa bujurg doston yaa rishtedaron kii dekhbhal karate hain. kyonki kaee vyavasaay aur sarkari neetiyon koo dekhbhal karane vaale-shramikon key bajaay "aadarsh karyakarta" (yaani paaramparik purush karyakarta jinake paas aisee koee jimmedaari naheen thee) koo samaayojit karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, jisake parinamswarup aksham aur asman vyavhaar huaa haye.
vaishvikaran.
vaishvikaran parr nariwadi arthshastriyon kaa kaam vividh aur bahuayami haye. lekin iska adhikansh hissa una tarikon key vistrit aur sookshm adhyayanon key madhyam seey ack saath judaa huaa haye jinamen vaishvikaran vishesh roop seey mahilaaon koo prabhaavit kartaa haye aur yeye prabhaav samajik roop seey nyaaypurna parinamon seey kaise sambandhit hain. aksar inn aankadon key liye desh key mamle adhyayan kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. kuchh nariwadi arthashastri vaishvikaran key vikas seey judee neetiyon parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain. udaaharan key liye, lordes beneria kaa tark haye kii vaishvik dakshin mein aarthik vikas badey hisse mein behtar prajanan adhikaaron, swaamitva aur viraasat parr langic nyaaysangat kaanoonon aur anaupchaarik arthavyavastha mein mahilaaon key anupaat key prati samvedansheel neetiyon parr nirbhar kartaa haye. isake alawa, naliya kabir ack samajik khand key prabhaavon parr charcha karati hain joe antarrashtriya vyaapaar samjhauton key madhyam seey vaishvik shram manakon koo lagu karega, joe bangladesh seey kshetra kaary parr adharit haye. unakaa tark haye kii halanki yeye naukariyan shoshak lugg sakati hain, lekin una kshetron mein kaee shramikon key liye way anaupchaarik arthavyavastha mein adhik shoshankari sthitiyon seey bachane key avsar aur tareeke prastut karate hain.
vaikalpik roop seey, udaaharan key liye, suzain bergeron, una adhyayanon key udaaharan uthaate hain joe mahilaaon parr vaishvikaran key bahuayami prabhaavon koo darshaate hain, jisamen kumudini rossa kaa srilanka, malayeshiyai aur phillippeans key shramikon kaa adhyayan shamil haye, joe vaishvikaran key liye sthaaniya pratirodh key ack udaaharan key roop mein mukt vyaapaar kshetron mein kaam karate hain. vahaan kii mahilaaen sthaaniya samudaay key sadasyon koo kanuni aur chikitsa sevaaen, pustakalaya aur sahakaari awas pradaan karane key uddeshya seey mahila kendra banaane key liye apane vetan kaa upayog karati hain. iss tarah key prayason seey mahilaaon koo aarthik sthitiyon parr niyantran rakhane, apane vyaktitva kii bhavna badhaane aur vaishvikaran kii gati aur disha koo badalane kaa mauka milata haye.
anya mamalon mein, nariwadi arthashastri vaishvikaran key saiddhaantik aadharon seey hii langic purvagrahon koo hataane parr kaam karate hain. udaaharan key liye, suzain bergeron, vaishvikaran key vishisht siddhanton parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye, kyonki vastuon, poonji aur dhana key pravaah key madhyam seey "ack aarthik sthaan mein duniya kaa teji seey ekikaran", yeh dikhaane key liye kii way kuchh mahilaaon aur vanchiton koo kaise baahar karate hain. unakaa tark haye kii vaishvikaran kii paaramparik samajh vaishvik poonji pravaah kii shakti, sabhi aabaadi mein vaishvikaran key anubhavon kii ekroopata aur takniki aur amoort aarthik prakriyaon parr adhik jore detee haye, aur isaliye vaishvikaran kii raajneetik arthavyavastha koo anuchit roop seey darshaati haye. vaha naarivaadiyon dwara banaae gaye vaishvikaran key vaikalpik vichaaron parr prakaash daalati haye. sabse pahale, vaha varnan karati hain kii kaise nariwadi bajar key vichaar koo "ack praakritik aur ajeya shakti" key roop mein mahatva naheen dey sakate hain, isake bajaay vaishvikaran kii prakriya koo mahilaaon sahit vyaktigat aarthik abhinetaon dwara parivartansheel aur chala key roop mein chitrit karate hain. vaha yeh bhee bataati haye kii vaishvikaran kii avadharana swayam ling pakshapaati haye, kyonki iska "pramukh, ekikrit, [aur] iradapurvak" chitran swabhavik roop seey purushvaadi aur bhraamak haye. vaha sujhaav detee hain kii nariwadi yeh darshaakar iss tarah key aakhyanon kii aalochana karate hain kii kaise ack "vaishvik arthavyavastha" atyadhik jatil, gair-kendrit aur aspasht haye.
avakraman aur paaristhitik arthshastra.
nariwadi aur paaristhitik arthshastra abb taka ack dusare key saath jyada naheen judey hain. vikas-adharit poonjiwadi aarthik pratimaan" dwara dekhbhal aur prakriti key avamoolyan kii ack upayogi aalochana key roop mein girawat key drishtikon key liye tark dein. unakaa tark haye kii vikas pratimaan maujooda ling aur paryavaraniya anyaay koo kayam rakhta haye aur ise ack girawat vaale kaary-sajhakaran prastaav key saath cumm karane kii koshish kartaa haye.
adhahpatn key pratimaan mein vidwan bataate hain kii samkaaleen aarthik kalpana samay koo kushalata seey aavantit kiye jaane key liye ack durlabh sansaadhan key roop mein maanati haye, jabaki gharelu aur dekhbhal kshetra mein samay kaa upayog jeevan kii lay parr nirbhar kartaa haye. (dee 'alissa aitt all. 2014: girawat. ack nae yug key liye ack shabdawali, newyork, envaaih rutleys.)
johnn tronto (1993: naitik seemaaenh dekhbhal key liye ack raajneetik tark, newyork, envaaih rutleys.) dekhbhal prakriya koo chaar charanon mein vibhajit kartaa haih dekhbhal karna, dekhbhal karna, dekhbhal karna aur dekhbhal praapt karna. jaba purushon aur mahilaaon key karyon kaa varnan karane key liye inca upayog kiya jaataa haye tou yeye alag-alag arth praapt karate hain.
avamoolyan samaaj key kendra mein dekhbhal karane kaa prastaav rakhta haye, iss prakaar maanav sambandhon parr ack kattarpanthi punarvichaar kaa ahwan kartaa haye. yeh ingit kiya jaanaa chaahiye kii girawat ack aisee avadharana haye joe vaishvik uttar mein utpann hui haye aur mukhya roop seey samriddh samajon key aarthik (aur isaliye bhautik) utpaadan mein kamee kii disha mein nirdeshit haye.
langic anyaayon seey judey paryavaraniya anyaay utpaadan prakriyaon koo avaastavik banaane mein asamarthata key kaaran "harit vikas" mein antarnihit hain, aur yeye anyaay harit vikas kathaa aur isake parinamon key madhyam seey banaae jaate hain. paaristhitikiya prakriyaon key saath-saath dekhbhal karane vaali gatividhiyon koo bhee isi tarah, vyavasthit roop seey pramukh audyogik aur aarthik pratimanon dwara avamoolyan kiya jaataa haye. ise mudrikrit aur rakharkhaav key beach manmaane dhang seey seema dwara samajhaaya jaa sakata haye joe kaafee hudd taka apratispardhi bunny hui haye. 
adhahpatn iss dwaitvaadi drishtikon key vikalp key roop mein khud koo prastut kartaa haye. yadi ack ling-samvedansheel tareeke seey design kiya gayaa haye kii haal hii mein dekhbhal key aspas key samaaj mein adhik langic samaantaa koo badhaava dete hue paryavaraniya anyaay koo cumm karane kii kshamata hoe sakati haye.
karyapranali.
antahvishay detta sangrah.
kaee nariwadi arthashastri iss dhaarana koo chunauti dete hain kii kewal "uddeshyapurna" (aksar matratmak maanaa jaataa haye) detta maanya haye. isake bajaay, way kahate hain kii arthshastriyon koo anya vishayon seey utpann detta sett kaa upayog karke yaa gunaatmak tarikon key badhate upayog key madhyam seey apane vishleshan koo samriddh karna chaahiye. isake alawa, kaee nariwadi arthashastri gair-paaramparik detta sangrah ranneetiyon kaa upayog karane kaa prastaav karate hain jaise kii "vikas lekhankan dhaanche kaa upayog karna, aarthik siddhanton key anubhavjanya pareekshan karna, desh key mamle kaa adhyayan karna aur vaichaarik aur anubhavjanya staron parr anusandhaan karna."
antahvishay detta sangrah ack tatasth paryavekshak key drishtikon kaa prayaas karane key bajaay ack vishisht naitik sthiti aur drishtikon seey pranaliyon koo dekhta haye. irada adhik "vyaktiparak" karyapranali kaa nirmaan karna naheen haye, balki maujooda paddhatiyon mein purvagrahon kaa mukabala karna haye, yeh pahchankar kii vishva kii ghatnaaon key liye sabhi spashteekaran samajik roop seey prabhaavit drishtikon seey utpann hotey hain. nariwadi arthshastriyon kaa kahana haye kii bahut saare siddhant saarvbhaumik siddhanton koo prastut karane kaa daavaa karate hain, lekin vaastav mein "kaheen seey bhee drishtikon" kii aadh mein ack mardana drishtikon prastut karate hain, isaliye una muddon parr madhyasthata karane key liye detta sangrah key adhik vividh sroton kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
naitik nirnay.
nariwadi arthashastri paaramparik arthshastra seey alag hotey hain kyonki way kahate hain kii "naitik nirnay ack vaidh, apariharya aur vaastav mein aarthik vishleshan kaa vaanchhaniya hissa hain."udaaharan key liye, lordes beneria kaa tark haye kii adhik kalyan kii or leey jaane vaali neetiyon key baare mein nirnay aarthik vishleshan key liye kendriya honey chaahiye. isi tarah, shahra rajvi kaa kahana haye kii dekhbhal key kaam kii behtar samajh "hamein apani prathmiktaon koo 'paisa banaane' yaa 'saman banaane' seey 'rahane yogya jeevan banaane' aur 'dekhbhal aur sambandhon key network koo samriddh karane' mein badalane kii anumati degi joe arthshastra key liye kendriya honah chaahiye.
desh kaa cases studdy.
aksar nariwadi arthashastri vikaasheel aur aksar cumm adhyayan kiye gaye deshon yaa aabaadi parr kendrit desh-star yaa chhote mamle key adhyayan kaa upayog karate hain. udaaharan key liye, michael keven aur leslie see. gray jaanch karein kii burkina faso mein krishi gatividhiyon koo samajhane key liye langic samajik mandand kaise kendriya hain. christina carasco aur arantxa rodriques spen mein dekhbhal arthavyavastha kii jaanch karate hain taaki yeh sujhaav diyaa jaa sakey kii shram bajar mein mahilaaon key pravesh key liye adhik nyaaysangat dekhbhal jimmedariyon kii aavashyakta haye. iss tarah key adhyayan sthaaniya samajik maandandon, sarkari neetiyon aur saanskritik sthitiyon key mahatva koo darshaate hain. nariwadi arthashastri iss tarah kii bhinnata koo arthshastra mein shamil karane key liye ack mahatvapurna kaarak key roop mein dekhate hain.
safalata key vaikalpik upaay.
nariwadi arthashastri aarthik safalata koo kaise maapa jaataa haye, isamen badalaav kaa ahwan karate hain. inn parivartanon mein samajik nyaay kii disha mein samaaj koo laane aur logon key jeevan mein sudhaar karane kii neeti kii kshamata parr dhyaan kendrit karna shamil haye, jisamen vitaran nishpakshata, samaantaa, aavashyaktaon kaa saarvbhaumik praavdhaan, garibi kaa unmoolan, bhedbhaav seey swatantrata aur maanav kshamataon kii suraksha shamil hain.
maanav vikas soochkaank (aich. dee. aaee.).
nariwadi arthashastri aksar anya upaayon key vipareet, maanav vikas key samagr star dwara deshon kaa aaklan karane key liye maanav vikas soochkaank key upayog kaa ack samagr saankhyiki key roop mein samarthan karate hain. aich. dee. aaee. duniya bhar key sabhi deshon key liye jeevan pratyasha, saksharta, shiksha aur jeevan star sahit maudrik vichaaron seey parey upaayon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala koo dhyaan mein rakhta haye.
ling-sambandhit vikas soochkaank (jee. dee. aaee.).
maanav vikas soochkaank mein ling-samvedansheel ayam jodane key liye sanyukt rashtra vikas karyakram dwara likhit maanav vikas report mein 1995 mein ling-sambandhit vikas soochkaank (jee. dee. aaee.) pesh kiya gayaa thaa. jee. dee. aaee. naa kewal kissy diye gaye desh key bheetar kalyan aur dhana key ausat yaa samanya star koo dhyaan mein rakhta haye, balki yeh bhee dhyaan mein rakhta haye kii yeh dhana aur kalyan samaaj key bheetar vibhinn samoohon key beach, vishesh roop seey lingon key beach kaise vitarit kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, nariwadi arthashastri saarvbhaumik roop seey jee. dee. aaee. key upayog parr sahmat naheen hain aur kuchh isamen sudhaar kii peshkash karate hain.
samajik sansthaan aur ling soochkaank (siggy).
samajik sansthaan aur ling soochkaank (siggy) samajik sansthanon, samajik prathaon aur kanuni maandandon kaa vishleshan karke ganana kii gaee langic asamaanta kaa ack haal hii mein vikasit upaay haye aur yeye kaarak badey paimaane parr samaaj key bheetar ling maandandon koo kaise taiyar karate hain. asamaanta key inn sroton koo jodkar, siggy pratyek lagu aayamon mein asamaanta key uchch star koo dandit karane mein saksham haye, jisase shesh aayamon aur atyadhik asman key beach key antaral seey kewal aanshik muaavaje kii anumati milati haye. 100 seey adhik deshon mein langic asamaanta key sansthaagat sroton key apane vishleshan key madhyam seey, siggy mahilaaon key liye parinamon mein naee antardrishti jodane key liye saabit huaa haye, bhale hii dharm aur duniya key kshetra jaise anya karakon koo niyantrit kiya jaataa haye.
siggy ranking kaafee hudd taka aich. dee. aaee. koo darshaati haye, jisamen purtagaal aur argentine jaise desh agrani hain, jabaki afghanistan aur sudan jaise desh kaafee peechhe hain.
sangathan.
nariwadi arthshastra koo adhik vyaapak roop seey maanyata praapt aur pratishthit honah jaari haye, jaisa kii isake liye samarpit kaee sangathanon yaa isake siddhanton seey vyaapak roop seey prabhaavit sangathanon dwara pramaanit kiya gayaa haye.
nariwadi arthshastra key liye antarrashtriya sangathan.
1992 mein gathit, nariwadi arthshastra key liye antarrashtriya sangh (aaee. aeye. aff. ee.), americi aarthik sangh (aeye. ee. aeye.) seey swatantra haye aur navshastriya arthshastra mein mardana purvagrahon koo chunauti denaa chaahata haye. jabaki adhikansh sadasya arthashastri hain, yeh "naa kewal mahila aur purush arthshastriyon key liye, balki anya kshetron key shikshaavidon key saath-saath una kaaryakartaon key liye bhee khula haye joe shikshaavid naheen hain" aur vartamaan mein 64 deshon mein 600 seey adhik sadasya hain. haalaanki isake sansthaapak sadasya jyaadaatar america mein sthit they, lekin if key vartamaan sadasyon mein seey adhikansh america key baahar sthit hain. 1997 mein, iefe ney sanyukt rashtra mein gair-sarkari sangathan kaa darja praapt kiya.
"nariwadi arthshastra" patrika.
"rais vishvavidyalaya kii dyna strassman aur yuu. tii. aeye. vishvavidyalaya kii gunseli berick dwara sampaadit "nariwadi arthshastra", nariwadi aarthik drishtikon key baare mein samvaad aur bahas key liye ack khula munch pradaan karane key liye sthaapit ack sahakarmi-sameeksha patrika haye. patrika aisee neetiyon koo badhaava dene key liye ack maanak agenda kaa samarthan karati haye joe duniya key logon, mahilaaon aur purushon donon key jeevan koo behtar banaayegi. 1997 mein, patrika koo sampadakon kii parishad aur vidwan patrikaon (selz) puraskar seey sarvshreshth naee patrika key roop mein sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. 2007 key aaee. aiss. aaee. samajik vigyaan uddharan soochkaank ney patrika "nariwadi arthshastra" koo arthshastra patrikaon mein 175 mein seey 20vein aur mahila adhyayan patrikaon mein 27 mein seey dusare sthaan parr rakhaa.
anya vishayon key sambandh mein.
harit arthshastra nariwadi arthshastra key vichaaron koo shamil kartaa haye aur adhik aarthik aur samanya langic samaantaa kii maang karate hue apane raajneetik upaayon key ack spasht lakshya key roop mein narivad koo soochibaddh kartaa haye. nariwadi arthshastra koo aksar kalyankari arthshastra yaa shram arthshastra seey bhee jodaa jaataa haye, kyonki yeh baal kalyan aur apane aap mein shram key moolya parr jore detaa haye, joe kii bajar key liye vishesh roop seey utpaadan parr paaramparik dhyaan kendrit karane key vipareet haye.
snaatak karyakram.
duniya bhar mein snaatak karyakramon kii ack chhoti, lekin badhati sankhya nariwadi arthshastra mein pathyakram aur ekagrata pradaan karati haye. (jaba taka kii neeche anyatha ullekh naheen kiya gayaa haye, yeye prastaav arthshastra key vibhagon mein hain.)

