
vyaktigat twarit pargaman

vyaktigat twarit pargaman (pee. aar. tii.), jise podcars yaa nirdeshit/rail taxi key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack saarvajanik parivahan mode haye jisamen vishesh roop seey nirmit guideway key network parr sanchaalit chhote cumm kshamata vaale swachaalit vaahan hain. pee. aar. tii. ack prakaar kaa swachaalit guideway pargaman (aeye. jee. tii.) haye, joe pranali kaa ack varg haye jisamen chhote sabave system taka badey vaahan bhee shamil hain. maarg key sandarbh mein, yeh vyaktigat saarvajanik parivahan pranaliyon kii or jaataa haye.
niji yaa chhote samooh kii yatra key liye pee. aar. tii. vaahan aakar key hotey hain, aamtaur parr prati vaahan teen seey chhah yaatriyon seey adhik naheen leey jaate hain. guideway koo ack network topology mein vyavasthit kiya jaataa haye, jisamen sabhi station siding parr sthit hotey hain, aur aksar vilay/vichalan binduon key saath. yeh sabhi madhyavarti stations koo darkinar karate hue, binaa ruke, point-too-point yatra kii anumati detaa haye. point-too-point seva kii tulanaa taxi yaa kshaitij lift (lift) seey kii gaee haye.
kaee pee. aar. tii. pranaaliyan prastaavit kii gaee hain lekin adhikansh koo lagu naheen kiya gayaa haye. kewal kuchh mutthi bhar pee. aar. tii. pranaaliyan hii kaam curr rahee hainh paschimi virginia key morgtown mein morgtown vyaktigat twarit pargaman (sabse purana aur sabse vyaapak), 1975 seey lagaatar kaam curr rhaa haye. 2010 seey ack 10-vaahan 2-jett pranali masdar shahar, yuu. aeye. ee. mein sanchaalit hoe rahee haye, aur 2011 seey landan heathrow havaai adde parr ack 21-vaahan ultra pee. aar. tii. pranali chala rahee haye. aprail 2014 mein dakshin koria key sunchian mein inn-line stations key saath ack 40-vaahan vectus pranali aadhikarik taur parr kholi gaee. nae chengdu tianfu antarrashtriya havaai adde parr terminals aur parking koo jodane vaali ack pee. aar. tii. pranali banaai gaee haye, joe 2021 mein kholi gaee thee.
avalokan.
adhikansh zana pargaman pranaaliyan logon koo nirdhaarit maargon parr samoohon mein sthanantarit karati hain. isamen antarnihit akshamataaen hain. yaatriyon key liye, agale vaahan key aaney kii prateeksha karane, unake gantavya taka apratyaksh maargon, anya gantavyon key saath yaatriyon key liye rukane aur aksar bhramit yaa asangat karyakram seey samay barbad hotaa haye. badey vajan koo dheema karna aur tej karna anya yatayat koo dheema karate hue paryaavaran key liye saarvajanik parivahan key laabh koo kamjor curr sakata haye.
vyaktigat twarit pargaman pranali nishchit patariyon parr swachaalit vaahanon mein chhote samoohon koo binaa ruke sthanantarit karke inn kachare koo khatm karane kaa prayaas karati haye. yatri aadarsh roop seey ack station parr pahunchane parr turant ack podd parr savaar hoe sakate hain, aur patariyon key paryaapt vyaapak network key saath-binaa ruke apane gantavya taka apekshaakrit seedhe maarg leey sakate hain.
pee. aar. tii. key chhote vaahanon kaa cumm vajan halke rail jaise badey paimaane parr pargaman pranaliyon kii tulanaa mein chhote maarg aur samarthan sanrachanaon kii anumati detaa haye. chhoti sanrachanaaen cumm nirmaan laagat, chhote nirmaan aur cumm drishtiheen buniyaadi dhaanche mein parivartit hoti hain.
jaisa kii yeh khadaa haye, kaee lines aur nikat doori vaale stations key saath ack shaharvyaapi tainaati, jaisa kii prastavakon dwara kalpana kii gaee haye, abhee taka nirmaan naheen kiya gayaa haye. pichhali pariyojanaaen vittaposhan, laagat mein vriddhi, niyaamak sangharsh, raajneetik muddon, galat praudyogiki aur design, engineering yaa sameeksha mein khamiyon key kaaran whiffle rahee hain.
haalaanki, siddhant sakriya banaa huaa haye. udaaharan key liye, 2002 seey 2005 taka, europeeya sangh dwara praayojit shilalekh pariyojana ney chaar europeeya shaharon mein pee. aar. tii. kii vyavaharyata parr ack adhyayan kiya. adhyayan mein 12 shodh sangathan shamil they, aur nishkarsh nikala kii pee. aar. tii.:
report ney yeh bhee nishkarsh nikala kii inn laabhon key bavjood, saarvajanik adhikaari pahale saarvajanik karyanvayan seey judey jokhimon key kaaran bhawan nirmaan key liye pratibaddh naheen honge.
pee. aar. tii. sankshipt naam aupchaarik roop seey 1978 mein jey. dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa. edward anderson. unnat pargaman sangh (etra), ack samooh joe pargaman samasyaon key liye takniki samadhanon key upayog kii vakaalat kartaa haye, ney 1988 mein ack paribhasha sankalit kii jise yahaan dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
parichaalan swachaalit pargaman network (aeye. tii. aine.) pranaliyon kii soochi.
vartamaan mein, paanch unnat pargaman network (aeye. tii. aine.) pranaaliyan chaalu hain, aur kaee aur yojana charan mein hain.
aeye. tii. aine. aapurtikartaon kii soochi.
nimnalikhit soochi 2014 taka kaee prasiddh swachaalit pargaman network (aeye. tii. aine.) aapurtikartaon koo baad key sanshodhanon key saath sankshep mein prastut karati haye.
itihas.
utpatti.
aadhunik pee. aar. tii. avadhaaranaaen 1953 key aspas shuru huin jaba ack shahar parivahan yojnakar, donn fitcher ney pee. aar. tii. aur vaikalpik parivahan vidhiyon parr shodh shuru kiya. 1964 mein, fitcher ney ack pustak prakaashit kii jisamen madhyam seey cumm jansankhya ghanatva vaale kshetron key liye ack swachaalit saarvajanik pargaman pranali kaa prastaav rakhaa gayaa thaa. pustak mein diye gaye pramukh binduon mein seey ack fitchter kaa vishvaas thaa kii loga apani kaaron koo saarvajanik pargaman key paksh mein taba taka naheen chhodenge jaba taka kii pranali lachilepan aur anta-seey-anta pargaman samay kii peshkash naheen karati haye joe maujooda pranaliyon kii tulanaa mein bahut behtar they-lachilaapan aur pradarshan unhein lagaa kii kewal ack pee. aar. tii. pranali pradaan curr sakati haye. kaee anya shahari aur pargaman yojnakaron ney bhee iss vishay parr likhaa aur kuchh praarambhik prayog kiye gaye, lekin yeh apekshaakrit agyaat rhaa.
lagbhag usee samay, edward hollum monorail pranaliyon kaa adhyayan curr rhaa thaa. stottom ney dekhaa kii ack paaramparik badee monorail train shuru karane aur rokane kaa samay, jaise kii wuppertal sweban kaa, matlab thaa kii ack ekal line kewal 20 seey 40 vaahanon koo ack ghante mein sahaara dey sakati thee. iss tarah kii pranali parr yaatriyon kii uchit aavaajaahi praapt karane key liye, trains koo saikadon yaatriyon koo leey jaane key liye paryaapt badaa honah thaa (samanya charcha key liye aage kii or dekhein). isake badale mein, inn badey vaahanon key vajan koo puuraa karane key liye badey dishaanirdeshon kii maang kii gaee, jisase poonjigat lagaton mein iss hudd taka vriddhi hui kii way unhein apraakritik maanate they.
stallum ney ack aisee pranali vikasit karane kii or dhyaan kendrit kiya joe cumm samay key saath kaam curr sakati haye, jisase ack hii samagr maarg kshamata koo sanrakshit karate hue vyaktigat kaaron koo chhota honey kii anumati milati haye. chhoti kaaron kaa matlab kissy bhee bindu parr cumm vajan hoga, jiska arth thaa chhote aur cumm mahange guideway. stations parr backup koo samaapt karane key liye, pranali ney "offline" stations kaa upayog kiya joe mukhya line yatayat koo ruke hue vaahanon koo darkinar karane kii anumati dete they. unhone ack overhead guideway seey pahiyon parr latakati chhah-yatri kaaron kaa upayog karke monocab pranali koo design kiya. adhikansh nilambit pranaliyon kii tarah, yeh kathin switching vyavastha kii samasya seey peedit thaa. choonki kaar rail parr chalati thee, isaliye ack raaste seey dusare raaste parr jaane key liye rail koo sthanantarit karane kii aavashyakta hoti thee, ack dheemi prakriya joe sambhaavit maarg koo seemit karati thee.
umataa kaa gathan hotaa haye.
1950 key dashak key anta taka sanyukt raajya america mein shahari failaav kii samasyaaen spasht hoe rahee theen. jaba shaharon ney sadakon mein sudhaar kiya aur pargaman kaa samay cumm kiya gayaa, tou upnagaron kaa vikas shahar key core seey badhati doori parr huaa, aur loga shahar key kendra kshetron seey baahar chaley gaye. pradooshan niyantran pranaliyon kii kamee, kaar key swaamitva mein teji seey vriddhi aur kaam parr aaney aur jaane kii lambi yaatraaen vayu gunavatta kii mahatvapurna samasyaon kaa kaaran bunn rahee theen. isake alawa, upnagaron kii or aavaajaahi key kaaran shahar key kendra kshetron seey rajdhani kii udaan bharee gaee, joe sanyukt raajya america mein teji seey shahari kshay kaa ack kaaran haye.
inn samasyaon kaa mukabala karane key liye zana pargaman pranali ack tarika thaa. phir bhee iss avadhi key dauran, sanghiya sarkaar antarrajyiya rajmarg pranali key vikas key liye dhana dekar samasyaon koo puuraa curr rahee thee, jabaki usee samay badey paimaane parr pargaman key liye dhana koo teji seey cumm kiya jaa rhaa thaa. adhikansh shaharon mein saarvajanik parivahan savaariyon kii sankhya mein girawat aaee haye.
1962 mein, rashtrapati johnn aff. kenedi ney congress koo inn samasyaon koo sambodhit karane kaa kaam saunpa. yeye yojanaaen 1964 mein safal huin, jaba rashtrapati lindon bee. johnson ney 1964 key shahari zana parivahan adhiniyam parr hastakshar kiye, jisase shahari zana parivahan prashaasan kaa gathan huaa. umta koo usee tarah seey badey paimaane parr pargaman vikas key liye vittaposhit karane key liye sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa jaise 1956 key pahale key sanghiya sahaayata rajmarg adhiniyam ney antarrajyiya rajmargon koo banaane mein madad kii thee. yaani, umataa nae buniyaadi dhaanche key nirmaan kii poonji laagat koo puuraa karane mein madad karega.
pee. aar. tii. shodh shuru hotaa haye.
haalaanki, yojnakar joe pee. aar. tii. avadharana seey avagat they, way chintit they kii maujooda praudyogikiyon parr adharit adhik pranaliyon kaa nirmaan samasya mein madad naheen karega, jaisa kii fitcher ney pahale ullekh kiya thaa. prastavakon ney sujhaav diyaa kii pranaliyon koo ack kaar kaa lachilaapan pradaan karna hogaah
saarvajanik parivahan kii dukhad sthiti kaa kaaran ack bahut hii buniyaadi haye-pargaman pranali buss aisee seva pradaan naheen karati haye joe logon koo unake vaahanon seey door aakarshit karegi. natijatan, unakaa sanrakshan bahut hudd taka una logon seey aataa haye joe gaadi naheen chalaa sakate hain, yaa tou isaliye kii way bahut chhote hain, bahut boodhe hain, yaa isaliye kii way ack automobile key malik honey aur sanchaalit karane key liye bahut garib hain. ise ack aise yatri key drishtikon seey dekhein joe upnagar mein rahata haye aur kendriya vyaavsaayik jile (see. bee. dee.) mein kaam karane kii koshish curr rhaa haye. yadi vaha pargaman seey jaane vaalaa haye, tou ack vishisht paridrishya nimnalikhit hoe sakata haih usey pahale nikatatam buss stop taka chalana hoga, maan leejiye kii paanch yaa duss minut kii paidal doori taya karni hogi, aur phir usey buss key aaney key liye sambhavatah kharaab mausam mein, duss minut taka intezar karna parh sakata haye. jaba vaha aataa haye, tou usey taba taka khadaa rehna parh sakata haye jaba taka kii vaha ack seat khojane key liye bhagyashali naa hoe. buss sadak kii bheed mein funce jaayegi aur dheere-dheere aage badhegi, aur yeh kaee padaavon koo poori tarah seey usaki yatra key uddeshya seey asambandhit banaa degi. buss phir usey ack upnagariya train key liye ack terminal parr chhod sakati haye. usey phir seey intezar karna hoga, aur train mein chadhane key baad, phir seey see. bee. dee. key raaste mein kaee padaavon kaa anubhav karna hoga, aur sambhavatah usey phir seey galiyare mein khadaa honah parh sakata haye. vaha apane gantavya key liye sabse suvidhajanak station parr utar jaayega aur sambhavatah usey phir seey vitaran pranali mein sthanantarit karna hoga. isamen koee ashcharya kii baat naheen haye kii una shaharon mein jahaan paryaapt sastee parking upalabdh haye, unamen seey adhikansh joe gaadi chalaa sakate hain, way gaadi chalaate hain.
1966 mein, sanyukt raajya america key awas aur shahari vikas vibhaag koo "adhyayan key liye ack pariyojana shuru karane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa... shahari parivahan kii naee pranaaliyan joe logon aur vastuon koo leey jaayengi... havaa koo pradooshit kiye binaa teji seey, surakshit roop seey, aur iss tarah seey joe shahar kii achchi yojana banaane mein yogdan dega."parinami report 1968 mein prakaashit hui thee aur isane pee. aar. tii. key vikas key saath-saath dial-aeye-buss aur uchch gati vaale antar-shahari link jaisi anya pranaliyon kaa prastaav rakhaa thaa.
1960 key dashak key anta mein, americi congress dwara sthaapit ack swatantra gair-laabhkaari nigam, aerospace corporation ney pee. aar. tii. parr paryaapt samay aur dhana kharch kiya, aur praarambhik saiddhaantik aur pranali vishleshan kaa adhikansh pradarshan kiya. haalaanki, iss nigam koo gair-sanghiya sarkari grahakon koo bechane kii anumati naheen haye. 1969 mein, adhyayan dall key sadasyon ney "vaigyaanik americi" mein pee. aar. tii. kaa pahala vyaapak roop seey prachaarit vivaran prakaashit kiya.
1978 mein team ney ack pustak bhee prakaashit kii. inn prakashanon ney antariksh daud key samaan hii ack prakaar kii "pargaman daud" koo janm diyaa, jisamen duniya bhar key desh bhavishya mein vishal aakar key bajar mein shamil honey key liye bhaag rahey they.
1973 key tail sankat ney vaahan eendhan koo adhik mahanga banaa diyaa, joe swabhavik roop seey vaikalpik parivahan mein logon kii ruchi rakhta haye.
pranali vikas.
1967 mein, aerospace diggaj matra ney peris mein armis pariyojana shuru kii. lagbhag 500 million frank kharch karane key baad, pariyojana koo radd curr diyaa gayaa jaba yeh navambar 1987 mein apane yogyata parikshanon mein whiffle rahee. designers ney arami koo "aabhaasi train" kii tarah kaam karane kii koshish kii, lekin niyantran software key muddon key kaaran kaaron mein asweekarya roop seey takkar hoe gaee. antatah pariyojana whiffle hoe gaee.
1970 aur 1978 key beach, japan ney "computer-niyantrit vaahan pranali" (see. vee. aiss.) naamak ack pariyojana kaa sanchaalan kiya. ack poorna paimaane parr pareekshan suvidha mein, 84 vaahan ack maarg-path parr gati seey sanchaalit hotey they; parikshanon key dauran ack-sekand kaa maarg praapt kiya gayaa thaa. see. vee. aiss. kaa ack anya sanskaran 1975 seey 1976 taka chhah maheene taka saarvajanik roop seey sanchaalit thaa. iss pranali mein paanch stations key saath ack track parr 12 ekal-mode vaahan aur chaar dohare-mode vaahan they. iss sanskaran mein 800,000 seey adhik yatri savaar they. see. vee. aiss. koo radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa jaba japan key bhoomi, buniyaadi dhaanche aur parivahan mantralaya ney ise maujooda rail suraksha niyamon key tahat asurakshit ghoshit curr diyaa thaa, vishesh roop seey break aur aage kii doori key sambandh mein.
23 march, 1973 koo yuu.aiss. shahari zana parivahan prashaasan (umta) prashaasak frank herringer ney congress key samaksh gawahi deeh "vitt varsh 1974 mein ack laghu, aadhe seey ack sekand kii pragati, uchch kshamata vaali pee. aar. tii. (aich. see. pee. aar. tii.) pranali key vikas key liye ack dott karyakram shuru kiya jaayega." haalaanki, iss aich. see. pee. aar. tii. karyakram koo ack mamuli praudyogiki karyakram mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa. prt samarthak jey key anusaar. edward anderson ney kahaa kii yeh "hiton kii bhaari pairavi key kaaran thaa, kyonki aggar ack vaastavik pee. aar. tii. karyakram dikhaai detaa haye tou vaha aprasangik hoe jaane kaa darr thaa."usa samay seey aich. see. pee. aar. tii. mein ruchi rakhane vaale loga umta shodh nidhi praapt karane mein asamarth they.
1975 mein, morgtown vyaktigat twarit pargaman pariyojana poori kii gaee thee. isamen paanch off-line station hain joe 71 kaaron key bede dwara seva pradaan kiye gaye track key saath none-stop, vyaktigat roop seey prograam kii gaee yaatraon koo saksham karate hain. yeh pee. aar. tii. kii ack mahatvapurna visheshta haye. haalaanki, ise ack pee. aar. tii. pranali naheen maanaa jaataa haye kyonki isake vaahan bahut bhaari hotey hain aur bahut adhik logon koo leey jaate hain. jaba yeh kaee logon koo leey jaataa haye, tou yeh ack swachaalit logon kii tarah chalane key bajaay ack bindu-seey-bindu fashion mein kaam kartaa haye, joe line key ack chhor seey dusare chhor taka jaataa haye. cumm upayog kii avadhi key dauran sabhi kaaren donon dishaaon mein harr station parr poori tarah seey rukati hain. morganttown praa. tii. abhee bhee morganttown, west virginia mein west virginia vishvavidyalaya mein nirantar sanchaalan mein haye, jisamen prati dinn lagbhag 15,000 savaar hain. bhaap seey germ track mahanga saabit huaa haye aur iss pranali key sanchaalan aur rakharkhaav key liye salana 5 million dollar kaa bajat aavashyak haye. haalaanki isane safaltapurvak swachaalit niyantran kaa pradarshan kiya aur yeh abhee bhee sanchaalit haye, lekin ise anya saiton koo naheen becha gayaa thaa. 2010 kii ack report ney nishkarsh nikala kii sadakon parr bason key saath pranali koo badalana asantoshjanak seva pradaan karega aur bheedbhaad paida karega. baad mein, 2010 key dashak mein chaalees saal puraane computer aur vaahan niyantran pranaliyon koo badal diyaa gayaa aur vaahanon koo badalane kii yojana haye.
1969 seey 1980 taka, mansman demag aur mbb ney germany mein "cabinentexy" shahari parivahan pranali key nirmaan mein sahyog kiya. inn companiyon ney milkar cabintexy sanyukt udyam kaa gathan kiya. unhone ack vyaapak pee. aar. tii. praudyogiki banaai, jisamen ack pareekshan track bhee shamil thaa, jise german sarkaar aur usake suraksha adhikaariyon dwara poori tarah seey vikasit maanaa jaataa thaa. iss pranali koo hamberg mein sthaapit kiya jaanaa thaa, lekin bajat mein katauti ney nirmaan shuru honey seey pahale prastaavit pariyojana koo roque diyaa. kshitij parr koee anya sambhaavit pariyojanaon key binaa, sanyukt udyam bhang hoe gayaa, aur poori tarah seey vikasit pee. aar. tii. praudyogiki kabhi sthaapit naheen kii gaee. america sthit company cabintexy corporation ney 1985 mein praudyogiki praapt kii aur niji kshetra key bajar mein sakriya haye joe iss pranali koo bechane kii koshish curr rhaa haye lekin abb taka koee sthaapana naheen hui haye.
1979 mein teen station duke vishvavidyalaya chikitsa kendra rogi twarit pargaman pranali shuru kii gaee thee. vishisht roop seey, kaaren buggle mein, saath hii peechhe aur aage kii or bhee jaa sakati theen aur ise "kshaitij lift" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. aspatal key vistaar kii anumati dene key liye 2009 mein iss pranali koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
1990 key dashak mein, raytheon ney jey dwara vikasit praudyogiki parr adharit pee. aar. tii. 2000 naamak ack pranali mein bhaari nivesh kiya. minnesota vishvavidyalaya mein edward anderson. raytheon shikago key paas ilinois key rosemont mein ack anubandhit pranali sthaapit karane mein whiffle rhaa, jaba anumaanit laagat prati meal 50 million dollar taka badh gaee, kathit taur parr design parivartanon key kaaran jisane anderson key mool design key saapeksh pranali key vajan aur laagat mein vriddhi kii. 2000 mein, praudyogiki key adhikaar minnesota vishvavidyalaya koo vaapas curr diye gaye, aur baad mein taxi 2000 dwara khareede gaye.
baad mein vikas.
1999 mein purvi rotterdam key kralingan pados mein 12-seater chaalak rahit bason kaa upayog karke 2gett design kii gaee parxtal pranali kholi gaee thee. iss pranali kaa 2005 mein vistaar kiya gayaa thaa aur naee doosari peedhi key vaahanon koo samanya sadakon parr paanch grade crossing key saath paanch stations parr seva dene key liye pesh kiya gayaa thaa. sanchaalan charam avadhi mein aur anya samay parr maang parr nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye. 2002 mein, 2gett ney holland kii 2002 kii floriad bagwani pradarshani mein 25 4-yatri "cybercab" kaa sanchaalan kiya. inn yaatriyon koo ack patari key saath badey spotters pahaadi key shikhar taka leey jaaya gayaa. track lagbhag lamba (ack tarfa) thaa aur isamen kewal dou station they. chhah maheene key operation kaa uddeshya pee. aar. tii. jaisi pranaliyon kii saarvajanik sweekriti parr shodh karna thaa.
2010 mein ack 10-vaahan (pratyek mein chaar seeten), dou station 2-vahaan pranali koo masdar shahar, yuu. aeye. ee. mein mukhya kshetra seey ack parking sthal koo jodane key liye khola gayaa thaa. yeh pranali shahar key neeche ack undercroft mein chalati haye aur ise ack bahut badey network key liye ack pilot pariyojana maanaa jaataa thaa, jisamen maal dhulai kaa parivahan bhee shamil hotaa. undercroft key nirmaan kii laagat key kaaran pilot yojana key khulane key turant baad pranali kaa vistaar radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur taba seey anya electric vaahanon kaa prastaav kiya gayaa haye.
janwari 2003 mein, cardiff, wells mein prototype ultra ("shahari prakaash parivahan") pranali koo yuu. key. railway nireekshak dwara yaatriyon koo ack pareekshan track parr leey jaane key liye pramaanit kiya gayaa thaa. ultra koo octuber 2005 mein baa plc dwara landan key heathrow havaai adde key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. maee 2011 seey ack teen-station pranali janata key liye khuli hui haye, joe yaatriyon koo ack doorasth parking sthal seey terminal 5 taka leey jaati haye. pranali kii tainaati key dauran heathrow key malik ultrapert design key malik bunn gaye. maee 2013 mein heathrow airport limitted ney apane paanch saal key masaude (2014-2019) mein terminal 2 aur terminal 3 koo apane sambandhit vyaavsaayik kaar parkon seey jodane key liye PRT pranali kaa upayog karane key liye ack yojana kii yojana banaai. anya poonji pariyojanaon koo dee gaee prathamikta key kaaran prastaav koo antim yojana mein shamil naheen kiya gayaa thaa aur ise sthagit curr diyaa gayaa haye. yadi heathrow mein ack teesara runway banaaya jaataa haye tou maujooda pranali koo nasht curr diyaa jaayega, jise banaaya jaayega, jise dusare pee. aar. tii. dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaayega.
juuna 2006 mein, ack koriyai/swedish sangh, vectus limitted ney sweeden key upsala mein ack pareekshan track kaa nirmaan shuru kiya. yeh pareekshan pranali 2007 mein upsala mein podcar shahar sammelan mein prastut kii gaee thee. aprail 2014 mein dakshin koria key sunchian mein "skycube" naamak ack 40-vaahan, 2-station pranali kholi gaee thee.
2010 key dashak mein maxican paschimi praudyogiki aur uchch shiksha sansthaan ney pariyojana lint ("dubla buddhiman network parivahan") mein shodh shuru kiya aur ack 1/12 parichaalan paimaane kaa model banaaya. ise aage vikasit kiya gayaa aur yeh modutram pranali bunn gaee aur gwadalajara mein ack poorna paimaane parr pareekshan track banaaya gayaa, joe 2014 taka chaalu hoe gayaa thaa.
2018 mein yeh ghoshana kii gaee thee kii nae chengdu tianfu antarrashtriya havaai adde parr ack pee. aar. tii. pranali sthaapit kii jaayegi. iss pranali mein 6 meal kaa maarg, 4 station, 22 podd shamil honge aur yeh havaai adde kii parking koo dou terminal imaraton seey jodega. isaki aapoorti ultra aim. tii. aiss. dwara kii jaati haye. havaai adda 2021 mein khulane vaalaa haye.
system design.
mutthi bhar prototype pranaliyon (aur badee sankhya mein joe kagaj parr maujood hain) mein design drishtikon kii paryaapt vividhata haye, jinamen seey kuchh vivadaspad hain.
vaahan kaa design.
vaahan kaa vajan ack pranali key dishaanirdeshon key aakar aur laagat koo prabhaavit kartaa haye, joe badale mein pranali kii poonji laagat kaa ack pramukh hissa hain. badey vaahanon kaa utpaadan karna adhik mahanga hotaa haye, badey aur adhik mahange dishaanirdeshon kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur shuru karane aur rokane key liye adhik oorjaa kaa upayog karate hain. yadi vaahan bahut badey hain, tou point-too-point rooting bhee adhik mahangi hoe jaati haye. isake vipareet, chhote vaahanon mein prati yatri adhik satah kshetra hotaa haye (iss prakaar kull vayu pratirodh adhik hotaa haye joe vaahanon koo gati seey chalane kii oorjaa laagat parr haavi hotaa haye), aur badey motor aam taur parr chhote vaahanon kii tulanaa mein adhik kushal hotey hain.
vaahan saajha karane vaale savaaron kii sankhya ack pramukh agyaat haye. yuu mein.aiss.ausat kaar mein 1.16 loga savaar hotey hain, aur adhikansh audyogik deshon mein aam taur parr dou logon seey cumm loga hotey hain; ajnabiyon key saath vaahan saajha naheen karna niji parivahan kaa ack pramukh laabh haye. inn aankadon key aadhar parr, kuchh logon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii prati vaahan dou yatri (jaise kii skytran, ecoprot aur glideway), yaa prati vaahan ack bhee yatri ishtatam haye. anya design ack model key liye ack kaar kaa upayog karate hain, aur badey vaahanon kaa chayan karate hain, jisase chhote bachchon vaale parivaaron, saikil savaaron, wheelchair vaale viklang yaatriyon, yaa ack pyalet yaa dou maal dhulai key saath parivaaron koo samaayojit karna sambhav hoe jaataa haye.
pranodan.
sabhi vartamaan design (maanav-sanchaalit shweeb koo chhodkar) bijli dwara sanchaalit hain. vaahan key vajan koo cumm karane key liye, bijli aam taur parr lineside conductors key madhyam seey preshit kii jaati haye, halanki dou operating system onn-board battery kaa upayog karate hain. skyweb/taxi2000, jey key designer key anusaar. edward anderson, sabse halki pranali pranodan aur breaking donon key liye vaahan parr raikhik preran motor (lima) kaa upayog karati haye, joe mausam, vishesh roop seey barish yaa burf kii parwah kiye binaa paintarebaazi koo bhee susangat banaati haye. lims kaa upayog cumm sankhya mein twarit pargaman anuprayogon mein kiya jaataa haye, lekin adhikansh design rotary motors kaa upayog karate hain. bijli kii viphalata key baad agale padaav taka pahunchane key liye aisee adhikansh pranaaliyan ack chhoti onn-board battery rakhti hain. cabintexy ack lima kaa upayog kartaa haye aur apane pareekshan track parr 0.5 sekand key headway koo pradarshit karane mein saksham thaa. vectus prototype pranali ney vaahan parr pratikriya plate key saath nirantar track mounted lims kaa upayog kiya, jisase vaahan parr sakriya pranodan pranali (aur aavashyak shakti) samaapt hoe gaee.
ultra aur 2gett mein onn-board baitariyon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, stations parr recharge kiya jaataa haye. isase suraksha badhati haye aur maarg kii jatilata, laagat aur rakharkhaav cumm hoe jaataa haye. natijatan, atee maarg maarg ack footpath jaisa dikhta haye aur nirmaan key liye sastaa haye. ultra aur 2-gates vaale vaahan chhoti swachaalit electric kaaron seey milate-julate hain, aur samaan ghatakon kaa upayog karate hain. (ultra podd chessis aur kebin kaa upayog mishrit yatayat mein chalane key liye ack saajha swaayatt vaahan key aadhar key roop mein kiya gayaa haye.)
switch karna.
lagbhag sabhi design track switching seey bachate hain, isake bajaay vaahan-ghudsavaar switch (joe junctions parr vishesh guidel key saath sanlagn hotey hain) yaa paaramparik sanchaalan kii vakaalat karate hain. adhivaktaon kaa kahana haye kii vaahan-switching teji seey maarg kii anumati detaa haye taaki vaahan ack saath karib seey chala sakein jisase kshamata badh jaati haye. yeh maarg koo bhee saral banaata haye, junctions koo cumm drishtiheen banaata haye aur kharabi key prabhaav koo cumm kartaa haye, kyonki ack vaahan parr ack whiffle switch anya vaahanon koo prabhaavit karane kii sambhavana cumm kartaa haye.
track switching seey aage kii doori bahut badh jaati haye. ack vaahan koo junction koo saaf karane key liye pichhale vaahan kii prateeksha karni chaahiye, track koo badalane key liye aur switch koo satyaapit karane key liye. vaahan aur maarg-kinare key niyantrakon key beach sanchaar deree aur viphalata key adhik binduon donon koo jodata haye. yadi track switching doshpurna haye, tou switch taka pahunchane seey pahale vaahan rukane mein saksham honey chaahiye, aur whiffle junction taka pahunchane vaale sabhi vaahan prabhaavit honge.
yaantrik vaahan switching antar-vaahan doori yaa aage kii doori koo cumm kartaa haye, lekin yeh lagaatar junctions key beach nyuntam doori koo bhee badhaata haye. ack yaantrik roop seey switching vaahan, alag-alag switch settings key saath dou aasann junctions key beach paintarebaazi, ack junction seey agale junction taka aage naheen badh sakata haye. vaahan koo ack naee switch sthiti apnani hogi, aur phir vaahan key ander switch key locking tantra key satyaapit honey kii prateeksha karni hogi. yadi vaahan kaa switching doshpurna haye, tou usa vaahan koo agale switch taka pahunchane seey pahale rukane mein saksham honah chaahiye, aur whiffle vaahan key paas aaney vaale sabhi vaahan prabhaavit honge.
paaramparik sanchaalan ack saral 'track' kii anumati detaa haye jisamen kewal sadak kii satah hoti haye jisamen vaahan key sanchaalan samvedak key liye kuchh sandarbh hotey hain. upayukt sandarbh rekha kaa paalan karate hue vaahan dwara switching kii jaayegi-udaaharan key liye, sadak key baaen kinare seey ack nirdhaarit doori banaae rakhane seey vaahan ack junction parr baaen seey alag hoe jaayega.
buniyaadi dhaanche kaa design.
maarg-nirdesh.
kaee prakaar key dishanirdesh prastaavit yaa lagu kiye gaye hain, jinamen monorail key samaan beam, aantarik patariyon kaa samarthan karane vaale pull jaise trus aur sadak maarg mein embedded cable shamil hain. adhikansh designs mein vaahan koo track key sheersh parr rakhaa jaataa haye, jisase drishya ghuspaith aur laagat cumm hoe jaati haye, saath hii saath jamini star kii sthaapana mein aasaani hoti haye. ack overhead track aavashyak roop seey adhik hotaa haye, lekin sankeern bhee hoe sakata haye. adhikansh design bijli aur detta sanchaar vitarit karane key liye guideway kaa upayog karate hain, jisamen vaahan bhee shamil hain. badey channel guideway koo baar-baar burf aur burf seey mukt rakhane key liye aavashyak bhaap-germ track key kaaran morganttown praat apane laagat lakshyon mein whiffle rhaa. heating vaahanon koo aage badhaane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali oorjaa seey chaar gunaa adhik oorjaa kaa upayog karati haye. adhikansh prastaav burf aur burf kaa pratirodh karane kii yojana banaate hain joe cumm mahange honey chaahiye. heathrow pranali mein ack vishesh dee-icing vaahan hotaa haye. masdar kii pranali seemit rahee haye kyonki sabhi imaraton key beach ack oonche "sadak star" kaa nirmaan karate hue jamini star parr ack undercroft mein vaahanon koo chalaane seey pee. aar. tii. key liye vishesh adhikaar praapt huaa thaa. isase avaastavik roop seey mahangi imaaraten aur sadaken bunn gaeen.
station.
prastaavon mein aamtaur parr station ack saath hotey hain, aur side patariyon parr sthit hotey hain taaki yatayat key madhyam seey yaatriyon koo uthaane yaa chhodane vaale vaahanon koo darkinar kiya jaa sakey. pratyek station mein kaee berth hoe sakate hain, jisamen shayed ack pranali mein ack tihai vaahan yaatriyon kii prateeksha karane vaale stations parr sangraheet kiye jaa rahey hain. stations koo nyuntam honey kii kalpana kii gaee haye, jisamen vishram kaksh jaisi suvidhaaen naheen hain. oonche stations key liye, pahunch key liye ack lift kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
cumm seey cumm ack pranali, metro, patari mein ack kogwe kaa upayog karke wheelchair aur maal dhulai pradaan karati haye, taaki vaahan swayam sadak-star key stop seey ack overhead track taka jaa sakey.
kuchh designs mein stations seey aaney aur gati badhaane key liye aavashyak track key liye paryaapt atirikt kharch shamil haye. cumm seey cumm ack pranali, arami mein, yeh aavashyak raait-off-way kii chaudaai aur laagat koo lagbhag doguna curr detaa haye aur nonstop yatri vitaran avadharana koo chhod detaa haye. anya designs mein iss laagat koo cumm karane key liye yojanaaen hain, udaaharan key liye padchinh koo cumm karane key liye urdhvaadhar roop seey vilay karna.
parichaalan visheshataaen.
aage kii doori.
maarg-nirdesh parr vaahanon kii doori ack patariyon kii adhikatam yatri kshamata koo prabhaavit karati haye, isaliye designer chhoti doori taya karna pasand karate hain. computerykrit niyantran aur sakriya electronic breaking (motors kii) saiddhaantik roop seey gati parr kaaron key liye anushansit dou-sekand key headway kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik doori kii anumati detee haye. inn vyavasthaon mein, kaee vaahan "pulton" mein kaam karate hain aur ack saath break lagaae jaa sakate hain. samaan siddhanton key aadhar parr niji kaaron key swachaalit margadarshan key liye prototype hain.
bahut chhoti pragati vivadaspad hain. yuu. key. railway nireekshak ney atee-design kaa mulyankan kiya haye aur 2 sekand seey adhik samay mein praarambhik parichaalan parikshanon key safal samaapan taka ack-sekand key agramarg koo sweekaar karane key liye taiyar haye. anya adhikaar kshetron mein, pahale seey maujood rail niyam pee. aar. tii. pranaliyon parr lagu hotey hain (oopar see. vee. aiss dekhein); yeye aam taur parr khade yaatriyon key saath poorna thaharaav doori key liye maarg kii ganana karate hain. yeye kshamata koo gambhir roop seey pratibandhit karate hain aur pee. aar. tii. pranaliyon koo avyavahaarik banaate hain. ack anya maanak ney kahaa kii yadi saamane kaa vaahan turant rook jaataa haye (yaa "eent kii deewaar" kii tarah) tou peechhe kii or jaane vaale vaahanon koo rukna chaahiye. 2018 mein mechanical engineeron kii americi society kii ack samiti ney pramukh vaahan kii nyuntam rukane kii doori aur peechhe vaale vaahan key adhikatam rukane key aadhar parr ack surakshit "algaav kshetra" banaae rakhane key liye vaahanon key liye ack aavashyakta key saath "eent kii deewaar" maanak koo badalane parr vichaar kiya. inn parivartanon koo 2021 mein maanak mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa.
kshamata.
pee. aar. tii. koo aamtaur parr rail pranaliyon key vikalp key roop mein prastaavit kiya jaataa haye, isaliye tulanaa rail key saath kii jaati haye. train aur bason kii tulanaa mein pee. aar. tii. vaahanon mein cumm yatri baithate hain, aur uchch ausat gati, vividh maargon aur chhote maargon koo milakar isaki bharpai karni chaahiye. prastavakon kaa kahana haye kii inn sadhanon seey samatulya yaa uchch samagr kshamata praapt kii jaa sakati haye.
ekal line kshamata.
dou-sekand key headway aur chaar-vyakti vaahanon key saath, ack ekal pee. aar. tii. line prati ghante 7,200 yaatriyon kii saiddhaantik adhikatam kshamata praapt curr sakati haye. haalaanki, adhikansh anumaanon mein maanaa gayaa haye kii pee. aar. tii. kii bindu-seey-bindu prakriti key kaaran vaahan aam taur parr kshamata key anusaar naheen bharey jaayenge. prati vaahan 1.5 vyaktiyon key adhik vishisht ausat vaahan adhibhog parr, adhikatam kshamata prati ghante 2,700 yatri haye. kuchh shodhkartaon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii yadi parichaalan neetiyaan ridesharing kaa samarthan karati hain tou bheed ghante kii kshamata mein sudhaar kiya jaa sakata haye.
kshamata pragati key vipareet aanupaatik haye. isaliye, dou-sekand key headway seey ack-sekand key headway taka jaane seey pee. aar. tii. kshamata doguni hoe jaayegi. aadhe sekand key headway kii kshamata chaar gunaa hogi. saiddhaantik nyuntam pee. aar. tii. headway break lagaane key liye yaantrik samay parr adharit honge, aur yeye aadhe sekand seey bhee bahut cumm hain. shodhkartaon kaa sujhaav haye kii uchch kshamata vaale pee. aar. tii. (aich. see. pee. aar. tii.) design aadhe sekand key headway parr surakshit roop seey kaam curr sakate hain, joe 1970 key dashak key anta mein cabintexy pareekshan track parr abhyaas mein pahale seey hii hassil kiya jaa chuka haye. uparokt aankadon kaa upayog karate hue, prati ghante 10,000 yaatriyon seey adhik kii kshamata pahunch mein prateet hoti haye.
bheedbhaad key samay yaa uchch-yatayat ghatnaaon key anukaran mein, guideway parr lagbhag ack tihai vaahanon koo pratikriya samay koo cumm karane key liye vaahanon key saath punah aapoorti stations taka khaali yatra karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. yeh trains aur bason key samaan haye joe adhik bheed vaale yaatriyon koo lene key liye vaapsee yatra parr lagbhag khaali yatra karati hain.
grade separate light rail system ack nishchit maarg parr prati ghante 15,000 yaatriyon koo leey jaa sakate hain, lekin yeye aamtaur parr poori tarah seey grade separate system hotey hain. sadak star kii pranaaliyan aamtaur parr prati ghante 7,500 yaatriyon taka chalati hain. bhaari rail sabave prati ghante 50,000 yaatriyon koo prati disha leey jaa sakate hain. jaisa kii pee. aar. tii. key saath, yeye anuman paryaapt trains parr nirbhar karate hain.
jaba kshamata kaa upayog cumm hotaa haye tou naa tou halka aur naa hii bhaari rail taraju off-peak mein kushalata seey sanchaalit hotaa haye, lekin ack anusuchi banaae rakhee jaani chaahiye. ack pee. aar. tii. pranali mein jaba maang cumm hoti haye, tou atirikt vaahanon koo network key aspas ranneetik roop seey rakhe gaye sthaanon parr khaali stations parr rukane key liye configure kiya jaayega. yeh ack khaali vaahan koo yatri key liye nyuntam prateeksha samay key saath, jahan bhee isaki aavashyakta hoe, vahaan jaldi seey bhejane mein saksham banaata haye. yadi kissy maarg parr maang mein asantulan haye tou pee. aar. tii. pranaliyon koo khaali vaahanon koo phir seey prasaarit karna hoga, jaisa kii charam avadhi mein aam haye.
networkyukt pee. aar. tii. kshamata.
uparokt charcha line yaa galiyare kii kshamata kii tulanaa karati haye aur isaliye ack networkyukt pee. aar. tii. pranali key liye praasangik naheen hoe sakati haye, jahaan kaee samanantar rekhaaen (yaa grid key samanantar ghatak) yatayat leey jaati hain. isake alawa, muller ney anuman lagaaya kii ack paaramparik pranali kii kshamata seey mell khaane key liye ack seey adhik guideway kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye, lekin kaee guideway kii poonji laagat abhee bhee ekal guideway paaramparik pranali kii tulanaa mein cumm hoe sakati haye. iss prakaar line kshamata kii tulanaa mein prati line laagat parr bhee vichaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
pee. aar. tii. pranaliyon koo maujooda metro pranaliyon kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm kshaitij sthaan kii aavashyakta honey chaahiye, jisamen vyaktigat kaaren aam taur parr buggle-buggle key baithane key vinyas key liye lagbhag 50 pratishat chaudi hoti hain, aur ekal-file vinyas key liye 33 pratishat seey cumm chaudi hoti hain. yeh ghanee aabaadi vaale, uchch yatayat vaale kshetron mein ack mahatvapurna kaarak haye.
yatra kii gati.
kissy diye gaye charam gati key liye, nonstop yaatraaen madhyavarti padaavon kii tulanaa mein lagbhag teen gunaa tej hoti hain. yeh kewal shuru karane aur rokane key samay key kaaran naheen haye. nirdhaarit vaahanon koo bhee kaee gantavyon key liye boarding aur nikas dwara dheema curr diyaa jaataa haye.
isaliye, ack dee gaee pee. aar. tii. seat nirdhaarit padaavon kaa pradarshan karane vaali seat kii tulanaa mein prati dinn lagbhag teen gunaa adhik yatri meal kii doori taya karati haye. isaliye pee. aar. tii. koo yaatriyon key meal kii dee gaee sankhya key liye aavashyak seeton kii sankhya koo bhee teen gunaa cumm karna chaahiye.
jabaki kuchh pee. aar. tii. designs mein sanchaalan kii gati hoti haye, aur ack jitani adhik, adhikansh kshetra mein hotey hain. rail pranaliyon mein aam taur parr uchch adhikatam gati hoti haye, aamtaur parr aur kabhi-kabhi isase adhik hoti haye, lekin nirdhaarit padaavon aur yatri sthanantaran dwara ausat yatra gati lagbhag teen gunaa cumm hoe jaati haye.
savaariyon kaa aakarshan.
yadi pee. aar. tii. design bhaari yatayat vaale kshetron mein kaaron kii tulanaa mein kaafee tej honey kaa daavaa kiya gayaa laabh pradaan karate hain, tou anukaran seey pataa chalata haye kii pee. aar. tii. anya saarvajanik pargaman pranaliyon kii tulanaa mein kaee adhik kaar chalakon koo aakarshit curr sakata haye. maanak saamoohik pargaman anukaran sateek roop seey bhavishyavani karate hain kii 2 pratishat yaatraaen (kaaron sahit) trains mein badal jaayengi. isi tarah key tarikon seey anuman lagaaya jaataa haye kii 11 pratishat seey 57 pratishat yaatraaen isaki laagat aur deree key aadhar parr pee. aar. tii. parr badal jaayengi.
niyantran algorithm.
vishisht niyantran algorithm vaahanon koo kaalpanik chalati "slot" mein rakhta haye joe track key loop key aspas jaate hain. vaastavik vaahanon koo track-side niyantrakon dwara ack sthaan aavantit kiya jaataa haye. uttar-dakshin vaahanon koo summ sthaan mein aur poorv/paschim vaahanon koo visham sthaan mein rakhane seey yatayat jaam koo rokaa jaataa haye. chaurahon parr, inn pranaliyon mein yatayat binaa dheemi gati key aapas mein pravesh curr sakata haye.
onn-board computer kamaand slot key kendra key paas rahane key liye ack nakaratmak pratikriya loop kaa upayog karke apani sthiti banaae rakhate hain. praarambhik pee. aar. tii. vaahanon ney sanchayi trutiyon kii bharpai key liye aavadhik jaanch binduon key saath odometer kaa upayog karke doori jodkar apani sthiti koo maapa. agali peedhi key jee. pee. aiss. aur radio sthaan bhee sthiti koo maap sakate hain.
ack anya pranali, "soochak-anusaran niyantran", ack vaahan koo ack maarg aur gati pradaan karati haye, yeh satyaapit karane key baad kii maarg anya vaahanon key suraksha margine kaa ullanghan naheen kartaa haye. yeh pranali kii gati aur suraksha margine koo design yaa sanchaalan sthitiyon key anusaar samaayojit karane kii anumati detaa haye, aur thodi cumm oorjaa kaa upayog curr sakata haye. ultra pee. aar. tii. pranali key nirmaata ney bataaya kii isaki niyantran pranali kaa pareekshan 1 semi kii paarshv (side-too-side) sateekta dikhaata haye, aur docking sateekta 2 semi seey behtar haye.
suraksha.
computer niyantran maanav chalakon kii trutiyon koo samaapt kartaa haye, isaliye niyantrit vatavaran mein pee. aar. tii. design sadakon parr niji motor kii tulanaa mein bahut surakshit honah chaahiye. adhikansh design patari seey utarane seey rokane key liye maarg mein chalane vaale upkaran koo sanlagn karate hain. grade-separate guideway paidal chalane vaalon yaa manual roop seey niyantrit vaahanon key saath sangharsh koo rokenge. anya saarvajanik pargaman suraksha engineering drishtikon, jaise kii atirek aur mahatvapurna pranaliyon kaa swa-nidan, bhee designs mein shamil hain.
morganttown pranali, jise adhik sahee dhang seey ack samooh twarit pargaman (jee. aar. tii.) prakaar kii swachaalit guideway pargaman pranali (aeye. jee. tii.) key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, ney gambhir chot key binaa 110 million yatri-meal poore curr liye hain. yuu key anusaar.aiss. parivahan vibhaag, ack samooh key roop mein aeye. jee. tii. pranaliyon mein rail-adharit pargaman (sabave, metro, halki rail, yaa yatri rail) key kissy bhee anya roop kii tulanaa mein adhik chot kii darr haye, halanki abhee bhee samanya bason yaa kaaron kii tulanaa mein bahut behtar haye. british company ultra pee. aar. tii. dwara haal hii mein kiye gaye shodh mein bataaya gayaa haye kii aeye. jee. tii. pranaliyon mein adhik paaramparik, gair-swachaalit mode kii tulanaa mein behtar suraksha haye.
kaee vartamaan pargaman pranaliyon key saath, vyaktigat yatri suraksha chintaon koo see. see. tii. vee. nigrani key madhyam seey sambodhit kiye jaane kii sambhavana haye, aur ack kendriya kamaan kendra key saath sanchaar kiya jaa sakata haye jisase engineering yaa anya sahaayata bheji jaa sakati haye.
oorjaa dakshata.
pee. aar. tii. key prastavakon dwara daavaa kiye gaye oorjaa dakshata laabhon mein pee. aar. tii. kii dou buniyaadi parichaalan visheshataaen shamil hainh ack badhe hue ausat bhaar kaarak; aur madhyavarti praarambh aur rukane kaa unmoolan.
pargaman pranaliyon mein ausat bhaar kaarak, kull savaaron kii sankhya aur kull saiddhaantik kshamata kaa anupaat haye. poorna kshamata seey chalane vaale pargaman vaahan mein ack 100% bhaar kaarak hotaa haye, jabaki ack khaali vaahan mein 0 pratishat bhaar kaarak hotaa haye. yadi koee pargaman vaahan 100% parr chalane mein aadhaa samay bitaata haye aur aadhaa samay 0 pratishat parr chalata haye, tou "ausat" bhaar kaarak 50 pratishat haye. uchch ausat bhaar kaarak prati yatri cumm oorjaa khapat key anuroop haye, isaliye designer iss metrick koo adhikatam karane kaa prayaas karate hain.
anusoochit zana pargaman (i.ee. basein yaa trains) seva aavritti aur bhaar kaarak seey vyaapaar karati hain. basein aur trains purvanirdhaarit samay parr chalani chaahiye, yahaan taka kii jaba maang cumm hoe aur vaahan lagbhag khaali houn tou bhee. isaliye bhaar kaarak badhaane key liye, parivahan yojnakar cumm maang key samay kaa anuman lagaane kii koshish karate hain, aur inn samay parr cumm samay-saarani yaa chhote vaahanon koo chalaate hain. isase yaatriyon kaa intezar kaa samay badh jaataa haye. kaee shaharon mein, trains aur basein raat yaa saptahant parr bilkul naheen chalati hain.
isake vipareet, pee. aar. tii. vaahan kewal maang key jawab mein aage badhenge, joe unake ausat bhaar kaarak parr ack saiddhaantik nimn seema rakhta haye. yeh nirdhaarit saamoohik pargaman kii kaee lagaton key binaa 24 ghante kii seva kii anumati detaa haye. 
ultra pee. aar. tii. kaa anuman haye kii isaki pranali 839 bee. tii. yuu. prati yatri meal (0.55 aim. jey. prati yatri kii. mee.) kii khapat karegi. tulanaa mein, kaaren 3,496 btu kii khapat karati hain, aur vyaktigat truck prati yatri meal 4,329 btu kii khapat karate hain.
pee. aar. tii. kii dakshata key kaaran, kuchh prastavakon kaa kahana haye kii saur ack vyavharya oorjaa srot bunn jaataa haye. pee. aar. tii. oonchi sanrachanaaen saur sangrahakartaon key liye ack taiyar munch pradaan karati hain, isaliye kuchh prastaavit designs mein saur oorjaa koo unake network kii visheshta key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa haye.
buss aur rail pargaman key liye, prati yatri-meal oorjaa savaar aur seva kii aavritti parr nirbhar karati haye. isaliye, prati yatri-meal oorjaa shikhar seey gair-shikhar samay taka kaafee bhinn hoe sakati haye. sanyukt raajya america mein, basein ausatan 4,318 bee. tii. yuu./yatri-meal, pargaman rail 2,750 bee. tii. yuu./yatri-meal aur yatri rail 2,569 bee. tii. yuu./yatri-meal kii khapat karati hain.
virodh aur vivaad.
pee. aar. tii. yojanaon key virodhiyon ney kaee chintaaen vyakt kii hainh
takniki vyavaharyata parr bahas.
wooken aar. pensylvania vishvavidyalaya mein parivahan engineering key professor aur pargaman key paaramparik roopon key prastaavak vuchik ney kahaa haye kii chhote vaahanon aur mahange guideway kaa sanyojan ise donon shaharon (paryaapt kshamata naheen) aur upnagaron (guideway bahut mahanga) mein atyadhik avyavahaarik banaata haye. vuchik key anusaarah "...pee. aar. tii. avadharana inn dou pranaliyon key dou parasparik roop seey asangat tatvon koo jodati haih jatil maarg aur stations key saath bahut chhote vaahan. iss prakaar, kendriya shaharon mein, jahaan bhaari yatra matra maarg-nirdesh mein nivesh koo uchit thahara sakati haye, vaahan maang koo puuraa karane key liye bahut chhote honge. upnagaron mein, jahaan chhote vaahan aadarsh honge, vyaapak buniyaadi dhancha aarthik roop seey anupayogi aur paryaavaran kii drishti seey asweekarya hoga."
pee. aar. tii. samarthakon kaa daavaa haye kii vuchik key nishkarsh trutipurna dhaaranaon parr adharit hain. prait prastaavak jey.ee. anderson ney vuchik key liye ack khandan mein likhaah "maine professor vuchik dwara patron mein prastut kiye gaye virodh sahit, pee. aar. tii. key liye harr apatti kaa adhyayan kiya haye aur sahyogiyon aur virodhi key saath bahas kii haye, aur koee bhee saar naheen paaya haye. vistaar seey jaankaari diye jaane aur apane sabhi prashnon aur chintaon key uttar paane key ichchuk logon mein, mujhe iss pranali koo nirmit hotey dekhane key liye bahut utsaah milata haye."
ultra key nirmaata sweekaar karate hain kii unaki pranali key vartamaan roop kendriya landan jaise uchch ghanatva vaale kshetron mein aparyaapt kshamata pradaan karenge, aur patariyon aur stations key liye nivesh laagat naee sadakon key nirmaan key liye tulaniya haye, jisase ultra key vartamaan sanskaran upnagaron aur anya madhyam kshamata anuprayogon key liye adhik upayukt hoe jaataa haye, yaa badey shaharon mein ack poorak pranali key roop mein.
niyaamak chintaaen.
sambhaavit niyaamak chintaon mein aapaatkaaleen suraksha, pragati maarg aur viklangon key liye pahunch shamil haye. kaee adhikaar kshetra pee. aar. tii. pranaliyon koo iss tarah seey viniyamit karate hain jaise kii way trains houn. cumm seey cumm ack safal prototype, see. vee. aiss., pariniyojan mein whiffle rhaa kyonki yeh niyamakon seey anumati praapt naheen curr sakaa.
california key liye kaee pee. aar. tii. pranaaliyan prastaavit kii gaee hain, lekin california saarvajanik upayogita aayog (see. pee. yuu. see.) kaa kahana haye kii isake rail niyam pee. aar. tii. parr lagu hotey hain, aur inhen railway key aakar key mukhya maargon kii aavashyakta hoti haye. see. pee. yuu. see. kiss hudd taka "halki rail" aur "rail nishchit guideway" suraksha manakon koo banaae rakhega, yeh spasht naheen haye kyonki yeh vishesh chhoot dey sakata haye aur niyamon koo sanshodhit curr sakata haye.
swachaalit pargaman key anya roopon koo california mein upayog key liye anumodit kiya gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey aiss. aff. oh. mein airtrain pranali. see. pee. yuu. see. ney samanya adesh 143-bee (halki rail key liye) key anupaalan kii aavashyakta naheen haye kyonki airtrain mein koee onn-board operator naheen haye. unhein samanya adesh 164-dee key anupaalan kii aavashyakta thee joe ack suraksha aur suraksha yojana koo anivarya kartaa haye, saath hii ack nireekshan samiti dwara samay-samay parr sthal parr daura karna bhee anivarya kartaa haye.
yadi suraksha yaa pahunch key liye paidal maarg, seedhi, platform yaa anya aapaatkaaleen/aksham pahunch yaa pritt guideway seey baahar nikalane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, tou guideway kaa aakar badhaaya jaa sakata haye. yeh ack pee. aar. tii. pranali kii vyavaharyata koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye, halanki prabhaav kii degree pee. aar. tii. design aur nagarpalika donon parr nirbhar karegi.
pee. aar. tii. anusandhaan key baare mein chintaaen.
vene dee. yuu. tii. aeye. vishvavidyalaya key cottrell ney 1960 key dashak seey hii praathamik shaikshanik saahitya kii aalochanatmak sameeksha kii. unhone nishkarsh nikala kii shahari ekikaran, saarvajanik kshetra key nivesh key jokhim, kharaab prachaar, takniki samasyaon aur anya parivahan sadhanon seey pratispardhi hiton sahit kaee aise mudde hain joe adhik shodh seey labhanvit honge. unakaa sujhaav haye kii yeye mudde, "bhale hii ansuljhe naa houn, durjeya hain", aur saahitya mein behtar aatmanireekshan aur aalochana seey sudhaar kiya jaa sakata haye. unhone yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa kii iss tarah key shodh koo aage badhaane key liye adhik sarkari dhana aavashyak haye, vishesh roop seey sanyukt raajya mein.
naee shahari raay.
nae shaharikaran key kaee prastavakon, ack shahari design andolan joe chalane yogya shaharon kii vakaalat kartaa haye, ney iss parr raay vyakt kii haye.
peater cathlerp aur surr peater holl ney iss avadharana kaa samarthan kiya haye, lekin james howard kunstler asahmat hain.
pee. aar. tii banaam swaayatt vaahan.
jaise-jaise swaayatt kaaron aur shuttles key liye swa-sanchaalan praudyogiki kaa vikas hotaa haye, prait kii guideway takneek pahali nazar mein aprachalit prateet hoti haye. maujooda sadakon parr bhee swachaalit sanchaalan sambhav hoe sakata haye. doosari or, pee. aar. tii. pranaaliyan swa-sanchaalan praudyogiki kaa bhee upayog curr sakati hain aur ack alag maarg network parr kaam karane seey mahatvapurna laabh baney rahate hain.

