venis kaa sheesha

vanician glass () venis mein banaaya gayaa kaanch kaa bartan haye, aamtaur parr shahar key paas murano dweep parr. paaramparik roop seey ise soda-lime "dhaatu" seey banaaya jaataa haye aur aamtaur parr vibhinn "germ" kaanch banaane kii takneekon key saath-saath soney kaa bartan, tamchini yaa utkirnan key saath vistrit roop seey sajaaya jaataa haye. 13veen shatabdi seey utpaadan murano key venis dweep parr kendrit rhaa haye. aaj murano apane kalaa kaanch key liye jaanaa jaataa haye, lekin isaki kalaatmak prasiddhi key alawa kaanch banaane mein navacharon kaa ack lamba itihas haye-aur uchch madhya yug seey laker italvi punarjagaran taka lakjari kaanch key liye europe kaa pramukh kendra thaa. 15veen shatabdi key dauran, murano kaanch nirmaataon ney "chrystello" banaaya-joe lagbhag pardarshi thaa aur jise duniya kaa sabse achchha kaanch maanaa jaataa thaa. murano glass nirmaataon ney ack safed rung kaa glass (doodh kaa glass jise "latimo" kahaa jaataa haye) bhee vikasit kiya joe cheeni mitty key bartan kii tarah dikhta thaa. way baad mein europe key darpanon key behtareen nirmaata bunn gaye.
uchch madhya yug key dauran, venis koo mool roop seey purvi roman samrajya dwara niyantrit kiya gayaa thaa, antatah ack swatantra shahar raajya banane seey pahale. yeh uchch madhya yug mein ack vyaparik kendra aur bandargah key roop mein falaa-phoola. madhya poorv key saath isake sambandhon ney isake kaanch nirmaataon koo atirikt kaushal praapt karane mein madad kii, kyonki siriya aur misra jaise kshetron mein kaanch banaana adhik unnat thaa. halanki karkhanon mein venis kaa kaanch banaana aathvin shatabdi taka maujood thaa, lekin yeh 1291 mein kaanoon dwara murano mein kendrit hoe gayaah kyonki kaanch key karkhanon mein aksar aag lugg jaati thee, isase shahar key liye ack badee aag aapada kii sambhavana door hoe gaee. venis key kaanch nirmaataon ney kaanch banaane key liye gupt vyanjan aur vidhiyaan vikasit keen, aur murano key dweep parr venis key kaanch banaane kii ekagrata ney una rahasyon koo behtar tareeke seey niyantrit karane mein saksham banaaya.
murano europe kaa vilasita kaa kaanch banaane kaa kendra bunn gayaa, joe 15veen aur 16veen shatabdi mein lokpriyata mein charam parr thaa. bhoomadhyasagariya vyaapaar mein venis key prabhutva ney ack ameer vyaapaari varg kaa nirmaan kiya joe kalaa kaa ack majboot parkhi thaa. isase kalaa kaanch aur adhik navacharon kii maang sthaapit karane mein madad millie. europe mein kaanch banaane kii pratibha key prasaar ney antatah venis aur isake murano kaanch nirmaataon key mahatva koo cumm curr diyaa. 1797 mein napolean bonapart dwara venis raajya key kabje aur vighatan ney murano key kaanch banaane key udyog key liye adhik kathinaaee paida kii. murano glass banaane kii shuruat 1920 key dashak mein hui. aaj, murano aur venis paryatak aakarshan hain, aur murano kaee kaanch key karkhanon aur kuchh vyaktigat kalakaron key studio kaa ghar haye. palazzo gistinian mein isake "museo dell vetro" (kaanch sangrahalaya) mein kaanch banaane key itihas key saath-saath misra key samay seey laker vartamaan dinn taka key kaanch key namoonon parr pradarshan hain.
madhya yug.
paanchvin shatabdi mein roman samrajya key patan key dauran venis shahar raajya kaa vikas huaa, kyonki loga venis key lagoon mein dweepon kii suraksha key liye berber akramanon seey bhaag gaye. lagoon mein chhote samudaay badhe, jinamen venis antatah sabse pramukh bunn gayaa. venis shahar ack atyadhik safal vyaparik bandargah bunn gayaa, aur 11veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka europe, uttar africa aur madhya poorv key beach vyaapaar parr prabhutva banaa. isamen ack majboot nausena bhee thee. kaee europeeya dharmayoddha pavitra bhoomi key raaste mein venis seey hocker gujare. kaee prakaar key khajaane venis mein khareede aur beche jaate theh masaale, keemati dhaatuen, ratna, hathidant, resham-aur kaanch. safal vyaapaar ney raeeson key alawa ack ameer vyaapaari varg koo janm diyaa, aur ameer venis kii prasiddh kalaa aur vastukala key sanrakshak bunn gaye.
aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii venis mein kaanch kaa utpaadan lagbhag 450 key aspas shuru huaa thaa, kyonki jaleey seey kaanch banaane vaale berber aakramankariyon seey bachane key liye dweepon parr bhaag gaye they. iss kshetra mein ack kaanch key karkhane kaa sabse pahala puraataatvik pramaan venis key lagoon dweep torcello seey aataa haye aur yeh saatvin yaa aathvin shatabdi kaa haye. mool venis key kaanch nirmaataon key saath byzantium aur madhya poorv key kaanch nirmaata shamil hue-jisane unake kaanch banaane key gyaan koo samriddh kiya. europe mein banane seey bahut pahale madhya poorv mein kaanch banaaya gayaa thaa, halanki itali, germany aur anya jagahon mein banaaya gayaa pracheen roman kaanch behad parishkrit hoe sakata thaa. shuruati utpaadon mein motee, mozek key liye kaanch, gahane, chhote darpan aur khidki kaa kaanch shamil they.
shahar kii arthavyavastha key liye venis kaa sheesha banaana mahatvapurna hoe gayaa. 1271 key aspas sthaaniya kaanch nirmaata sangh ney kaanch banaane key rahasyon koo sanrakshit karane mein madad karane key liye niyam banaae. venis key baahar vyaapaar rahasyon koo prakat karna varjit thaa. yadi koee kaanch kaa kaam karane vaalaa anumati key binaa shahar chhod detaa haye, tou usey lautane kaa adesh diyaa jaayega. aggar vaha vaapas naheen aaya tou uska parivaar kaid hoe jaayega. aggar vaha phir bhee vaapas naheen aaya, tou usey maarne key liye ack hatyare koo bheja jaayega. atirikt niyamon mein kaanch banaane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali samagri aur bhattiyon key liye eendhan key roop mein upayog kii jaane vaali lakadi kaa prakaar nirdisht kiya gayaa haye.
murano kaa dweep.
8 navambar, 1291 key ack kaanoon ney venis key adhikansh kaanch banaane key udyog koo "murano key dweep" taka seemit curr diyaa. murano vaastav mein chhote pulon seey judey dweepon kaa ack samooh haye, joe venis key mukhya bhoo-bhaag key uttar mein venis key lagoon mein sthit haye. pighla huaa kaanch banaane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali bhattiyan aag kaa khatra theen, vishesh roop seey paas key lakadi kii sanrachanaon vaale shaharon mein. kaanch banaane key udyog koo murano mein sthanantarit karane seey venis mein vinashkari aag key khatare koo door curr diyaa gayaa. iss kadam ney kaanch banaane kii takneek aur kaanch banaane vaalon koo bhee murano taka seemit rakhaa. isane sambhaavit pratiyogiyon key liye venis kii kaanch banaane kii visheshagyata key prasaar koo roque diyaa. sarkaar kii anumati key binaa kaanch banaane vaalon koo dweep chhodane kii anumati naheen thee. binaa anumati key chhodana, yaa vyaapaar rahasyon kaa khulasa karna, maut kii sajaa key yogya thaa. udyog koo ack hii dweep parr sthaapit karane seey sarkaar key liye ayaat aur niryaat kii nigrani karna bhee aasaan hoe gayaa.
1200 key dashak mein murano ack grishmakaaleen sairgah thee jahan venis key abhijaat varg ney bageechon aur bageechon key saath vilaa banaae they. venis seey murano taka naav koo ghumaane mein lagbhag ack ghanta lagaa. haalaanki kaanch banaane vaale dweep koo naheen chhod sakate they, lekin raeeson key paas aisee koee baadha naheen thee. yatra pratibandhon key bavjood, kaanch banaane vaale ack sunder dweep parr rahate they, venis kii duss kii parishad (venis kii raajya-suraksha samiti) key pratyaksh shasson key tahat they, aur unhein atirikt visheshaadhikaar they. way germ garmi key dauran kaam naheen karate they, jisake dauran bhatti kii marammat aur rakharkhaav kiya jaataa thaa. 1300 key dashak key dauran, vaarshik grishmakaaleen chhutti paanch maheene taka chully. 1400 key dashak mein, venis sarkaar ney grishmakaaleen avkash koo ghataakar saadhe teen maheene curr diyaa. murano glassmakers ney kabhi-kabhi shikayat kii kii way paryaapt roop seey kaam naheen curr rahey they. kaanch banaane vaalon koo bhee samajik sthiti mein vriddhi kaa anand milaa. 22 disambar, 1376 koo yeh ghoshana kii gaee kii yadi ack kaanch banaane vaali kii betty ack kuleen vyakti seey shaadi karati haye, tou samajik varg kii koee zabt naheen hogi, isaliye unake bachche kuleen they.
pramukh utpaad aur navachar.
murano key venis sheesha nirmaata kaee navacharon aur sheesha banaane key liye parishkaran key liye jaane jaate hain. unamen seey murano motee, "chrystello", "latimo", jhoomar aur darpan hain. atirikt parishkaran yaa rachanaaen swarn patthar, bahurangi kaanch (millefiori) aur kaanch seey baney nakali ratna hain. apani gupt prakriyaon aur kaanch kii vyanjanon kii raksha karane key alawa, vanician/murano kaanch nirmaataon ney apane kaanch key saath sundarta key liye prayaas kiya.
aventurin.
aventurin glass, jise goldstone glass key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, dhaatu (tambe) key dhabbon key saath parbhasi bhura hotaa haye. ise 15veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein venis key kaanch nirmaataon dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh pahali baar 1626 mein aitihaasik dastavejon mein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye. aventurin naam kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye kyonki isaki khoj galati seey hui thee.
motee.
kaanch key motee (aeye.key.aeye. murano motee) 1200 key dashak kii shuruat mein venetian dwara banaae gaye they. motiyon kaa upayog maalaa key motiyon aur gahane key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. way africa mein bhee lokpriya they. christopher columbus ney nott kiya kii naee duniya key loga (mool americi) upahaar key roop mein motiyon seey "khush" they, aur motiyaan americi bhaartiyon key beach lokpriya hoe gaeen.
"" "calsonio.
"calcedonio" ack sangamarmar kaa gillas haye joe ardh-keemati patthar kii shalcedony kii tarah dikhta haye. iss prakaar kaa kaanch 1400 key dashak key dauran angelo barovier dwara banaaya gayaa thaa, jinhen murano kaa sabse badaa kaanch nirmaata maanaa jaataa haye. barovier ack visheshagya kaanch udaane vaalaa thaa, punarjeevit tamchini, aur rangeen kaanch key saath bhee kaam kartaa thaa. unakaa parivaar cumm seey cumm 1331 seey kaanch banaane mein shamil thaa, aur unaki mrityu key baad bhee parivaar ney vyavasaay jaari rakhaa. 1460 mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
jhoomar.
1700 key dashak key dauran, giuseppe briyati alankrit darpanon aur jhoomaron key saath apane kaam key liye prasiddh thaa. briyati kii jhoomar shally koo "sioche" kahaa jaataa thaa-shaabdik roop seey foolon kaa guldasta. braati kaa vishisht jhoomar badaa thaa jisamen maalaon, foolon aur pattiyon seey saji kaee bhujaaen theen. vishal murano jhoomaron kaa ack aam upayog theatres key liye aantarik prakaash vyavastha aur mahalon mein mahatvapurna kamaron key liye thaa. briyati kaa janm 1686 mein murano mein huaa thaa aur unake parivaar kaa vyavasaay kaanch banaana thaa. unhein ack bohemian kaanch karkhane mein kaam karane kii anumati dee gaee, jahan unhone bohemian chrystal key saath kaam karane key rahasyon koo seekha-joe murano "chrystello" kii tulanaa mein adhik lokpriya hoe rhaa thaa. 1739 mein, duss kii parishad ney unhein apani bhatti koo murano seey venis mein sthanantarit karane kii anumati dee kyonki unake kaam ney itani irshya paida curr dee thee kii unhein aur unake shramikon koo apane jeevan key liye darr thaa. (unake pitaa kii 1701 mein chaku markar hatyaa curr dee gaee thee.) braati 1762 mein sevaanivritt hue, aur unakaa bhatija kaanch key kaam kaa prabandhak bunn gayaa. briyati kii mrityu 1772 mein venis mein hui aur usey murano mein dafnaya gayaa.
"christallo.
"chrystello" ack soda glass haye, jise 15veen shatabdi key dauran murano key angelo barovier dwara banaaya gayaa thaa. chrystello" kaa sabse purana sandarbh 24 maee, 1453 kaa haye. usa samay, "chrystello" koo europe kaa sabse spasht kaanch maanaa jaataa thaa, aur yeh mukhya karanon mein seey ack haye kii murano "sabse mahatvapurna kaanch kendra" bunn gayaa.
yeh naam isaliye padaa kyonki yeh chattan key sphatik yaa spasht quartz kii tarah dikhta thaa, jise lambe samay seey vibhinn prakaar key jahaajon aur chhote kathor patthar kii nakkashi mein tarasha gayaa thaa. kahaa jaataa thaa kii rock chrystal mein jadui guna hotey hain aur madhya yug mein aksar isai dhaarmik vastuon mein iska upayog kiya jaataa thaa. "chrystello" bahut lokpriya hoe gayaa. iss prakaar kaa kaanch najuk aur kaatane mein mushkil thaa, lekin ise tamchini aur utkeern kiya jaa sakata thaa. manganese dioxide, ack dee-culler agent, "chrystello" banaane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale gupt sootra mein ack pramukh ghatak thaa. murano mein banaaya gayaa "chrystello" mein ack aasaan sanshodhan ack frosted yaa crackle sanskaran kaa utpaadan karna thaa. kaanch key liye ack vipanan shabd key roop mein "chrystal" kaa upayog aadhunik samay mein jaari haye, halanki cumm seey cumm pichhali shatabdi key liye iska matlab aam taur parr revencroft dwara vikasit prakaar kaa seesa chrystal glass haye. "chrystello" koo behad patala banaaya jaa sakata haye, iss prakaar rung key shesh sanket koo cumm kiya jaa sakata haye, aur venetian aamtaur parr iss tarah seey spasht tukade banaate hain.
"philigrana.
philigrana" (aeye.key.aeye. philigri) shally 1500 key dashak mein murano mein vikasit kii gaee thee. rangheen kaanch mein kaanch key bent (aamtaur parr safed lekin hamesha naheen) koo embed karke, kaanch key bartan ack dhaaridaar roop mein dikhaai dete hain. "vetro aeye phili" mein seedhi safed dhaariyan hoti hain, "vetro aeye retortoli" mein ghumaavdaar yaa sarpil pattern hotey hain, aur "vetro aeye reticello" mein vipareet dishaaon mein ghumaavdaar rekhaaon key dou sett hotey hain. francesco zeno kaa ullekh "vetro aeye retortoli" key aavishkaarak key roop mein kiya gayaa haye.
"lattimo.
"latimo", yaa doodh kaa gillas, 15veen shatabdi key dauran murano mein banaaya jaanaa shuru huaa, aur angelo barovier koo isaki punah khoj aur vikas kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. yeh kaanch apaardarshi safed haye, aur tamchini cheeni mitty key bartan jaisa thaa. ise aksar pavitra drishyon yaa venis key drishyon koo dikhaane vaale tamchini seey sajaaya jaataa thaa.
"millefiori.
"millefiori" kaanch spasht kaanch mein rangeen bent seey banaai gaee murrin takneek kaa ack roop haye, aur aksar phool jaise pattern mein vyavasthit kiya jaataa haye. italvi shabd "millefiori" kaa arth haye hazaar phool. iss takneek koo alexandaria, misra mein paripurna kiya gayaa thaa aur 15 veen shatabdi mein murano mein iska upayog kiya jaanaa shuru huaa thaa.
darpan.
1500 key dashak kii shuruat mein chhote darpan murano mein banaae gaye they, aur darpan nirmaataon kaa apana sangh 1569 mein shuru huaa thaa. murano darpan frame parr kalaakriti key liye jaane jaate they joe unaki gunavatta key alawa darpan koo dhaaran kartaa thaa. 1600 key dashak taka, murano darpanon kii bahut maang thee. haalaanki, shatabdi key anta taka, angreji nirmit darpanon mein sabse achchi gunavatta thee. 1772 taka murano mein kewal ack kaanch kaa ghar abhee bhee darpan banaa rhaa thaa.
murrin.
murrin takneek rangeen taral kaanch key parat key saath shuru hoti haye, jise germ kiya jaataa haye, jise phir bent naamak lambi chhad mein failaaya jaataa haye. jaba inhen thandaa kiya jaataa haye, tou inn benton koo cross-section mein kaataa jaataa haye, joe paratdaar pattern koo prakat kartaa haye. murano key sabse badey kaanch nirmaata angelo barovier key vanshaj ercol barovier ney 1940 aur 1950 key dashak key dauran murrin takneek kaa upayog karke apane navacharon key liye kaee puraskar jeete.
"somers".
"somers" (italvi mein "duba huaa"), kalaatmak murano kaanch kaa ack roop haye jisamen vibhinn rangon kii paraten hoti hain (aamtaur parr dou), joe rangeen kaanch koo dusare pighale hue kaanch mein dubokar aur phir sanyojan koo vaanchhit aakar mein udaakar banati hain. sabse baahari parat, yaa aavaran, aksar spasht hotaa haye. "somerso" koo 1930 key dashak key anta mein murano mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. flavio polly iss takneek kaa upayog karane key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa, aur ise 1950 key dashak mein seguso vetri dee 'arte aur mandruzato parivaar dwara lokpriya banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh prakriya fooldaanon key liye ack lokpriya takneek haye, aur kabhi-kabhi moortiyon key liye bhee iska upayog kiya jaataa haye.
swarn yug, girawat aur punrutthan.
16veen shatabdi murano mein venis key kaanch banaane kaa swarn yug thaa. pramukh vyaparik bhagidaron mein spanish indies, itali, spen, ottoman turkey aur german bhashi raajya shamil they. 1581 mein cumm seey cumm 28 kaanch banaane vaali bhattiyan murano mein theen. iss shatabdi key dauran kaee netaaon aur ganmaanya vyaktiyon ney murano kaa daura kiya, jisamen france kii raani, duke, rajkumar, generalon, cardinal, archbishop aur rajdoot shamil they. murano glass key sangrahakartaon mein ingland key heinry VIII, pope clement VIII, hangri key raajaa ferdinand, france key francis I aur spen key phillip II shamil they.
16veen shatabdi key dauran murano kaanch nirmaataon ney khud koo dhaatu key aakaron kii nakal seey mukt curr liya, joe pahale unaki aadat thee. aakar lambe aur suruchipurna hoe gaye, "phir adhik vistrit aur kalpana kii or jhukaav", udaaharan key liye germ-kaam key tukadon mein chashme key tanon key kinaaron mein jodaa gayaa. kaanch behad patala thaa, aur isaliye najuk thaa, joe vilasita key prabhaav koo badhaata haye.
1612 mein florentin paadari antonio neri ney "ll 'arte vetraria" ("kaanch kii kalaa") prakaashit kiya, jisane baahari duniya key saamane venis key kaanch utpaadan key sabhi rahasyon koo prakat kiya, aur baad mein 16 veen shatabdi taka venis ganarajya key vilasita kaanch key utpaadan mein apane aabhaasi ekadhikar koo banaae rakhane key prayaas, mukhya roop seey ganarajya mein kushal shramikon koo rakhate hue, whiffle honey lagey. anya desh, joe aksar apane raajaon key netritva mein hotey they, apane swayam key badhiya kaanch udyog rakhane key liye utsuk they, aur kushal shramikon koo door karane key liye lubha rahey they. isake kaaran europe key aspas key kaee kendron mein venis shally kaa prasaar huaa. iss andolan mein baney kaanch koo facon dee venis ("vanician shally" key liye french) kahaa jaataa haye; gunavatta aamtaur parr venis mool kii tulanaa mein cumm hoti haye, aanshik roop seey sahee samagri praapt karane mein kathinaaiyon key kaaran, aur nirmaan key sthaan koo aksar samajhana mushkil hotaa haye. utkeern kaanch iss prasaar kaa ack hissa thaa, aur shuru mein vishesh roop seey germany mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa.
antatah, "chrystello" kaa prabhutva samaapt hoe gayaa. 1673 mein, angreji kaanch vyaapaari george revencroft ney ack spasht kaanch banaaya jise unhone "kristaliya" kahaa-lekin yeh sthir naheen thaa. teen saal baad, unhone seesa oxide aur seesa glass (aeye) jodkar iss kaanch mein sudhaar kiya.key.aeye. chrystal) banaaya gayaa thaa. revenscraft, joe kaee varshon taka venis mein rahey they, ney seesa chrystal banaaya joe "chrystello" kii tulanaa mein cumm tootane yogya thaa. 1674 mein, bohemian glassmaker luis leey vassur dee 'osimont (1629-1689) ney chrystal banaaya joe ravencroft key samaan thaa. 1678 mein, johann friedrich kunkal wonn lovenstein ney potsdam mein ack "chrystello" jaise kaanch kaa utpaadan kiya. bohemian aur prussian shally key kaanch koo baad mein choone aur chaak key jodd seey sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa. iss nae kaanch kaa shreya 1683 mein bohemian glassmaker michael muller koo diyaa jaataa haye. isamen pahale tou cheera daalane kii pravritti thee, lekin samasya 1714 taka hull hoe gaee thee. bohemian glass kaanch parr murano-shally kii kalaakriti key liye upayukt naheen thaa. haalaanki, iss kathin kaanch koo kaanch utkirnan aur peesane key liye upayukt ack motey kaanch key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa. bohemian aur angreji kaa kaanch antatah murano mein baney "chrystello" kii tulanaa mein adhik lokpriya hoe gayaa. 1700 key dashak taka, murano kaanch kaa vyaapaar jyaadaatar italvi raajyon aur turkey samrajya key saath kiya jaataa thaa. ingland, flanders, neetherland aur spen key saath chhoti matra mein vyaapaar kiya jaataa thaa.
napolean ney maee 1797 key dauran venis parr vijay praapt kii aur venis ganarajya kaa anta hoe gayaa. venis ganarajya key patan key kaaran murano mein kaanch banaane mein kathinaaee hui aur kuchh murano vidhiyaan khou gaeen. france aur austriya dwara niyantrit, venis kaa kaanch banaana shulk aur karon key kaaran laabhprad naheen hoe gayaa-aur kaanch banaane vaale joe butch gaye they, way jyaadaatar motiyon koo banaane key liye cumm hoe gaye. napolean ney 1807 mein venis key kaanch key karkhanon koo bund curr diyaa, halanki saral kaanch key bartan aur manka banaana jaari rhaa. 1830 key dashak mein, baahari logon ney udyog koo punarjeevit karane kii koshish kii. haalaanki, 1866 mein venis key itali kaa hissa banane taka murano glass making ack punruddhar kaa anubhav naheen curr sakee. usa samay key aspas, abot vincenzo zanetti (murano glass sangrahalaya key sansthaapak) jaise sthaaniya netaaon ney murano karkhane key maalikon key saath milkar kaanch banaane key liye pahale kii murano takneekon kaa punah aavishkaar karna shuru curr diyaa. ack venis vakeel antonio salviyati, jinhone 1859 mein kaanch banaane key liye apana samay dene key liye apana pesha chhod diyaa, kii bhee murano mein kaanch banaane key punruddhar mein mahatvapurna bhoomika thee.
kaanch banaana.
apani shuruat seey laker venis ganarajya key patan taka, murano glass jyaadaatar ack bahut hii uchch gunavatta vaalaa soda-lime glass (aaj kii shabdawali kaa upayog karate hue) thaa jisamen isaki upasthiti parr atirikt dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa thaa. usa samay key kaanch mein aamtaur parr 65 seey 70 pratishat silika hotaa thaa. ack fluxes, aamtaur parr soda (kaanch kii sanrachana key 10 seey 20 pratishat key roop mein sodium oxide) koo jodaa gayaa thaa taaki silika koo cumm tapman parr pighalane mein saksham banaaya jaa sakey. ack stabilizer, aamtaur parr choone (kaanch key lagbhag 10 pratishat key roop mein calcium oxide) koo bhee sthaayitva key liye aur paani mein ghulansheelata koo rokane key liye jodaa gayaa thaa. kaanch mein anya avayavon kii chhoti matra jodee gaee, joe jyaadaatar roop koo prabhaavit karati thee. silika key liye rait ack samanya srot haye. kuchh prakaar key kaanch key liye, murano kaanch nirmaataon ney silika key liye apane srot key roop mein quartz kaa upayog kiya. quartz kankad koo ack maheen pouder mein kuchal diyaa gayaa thaa. rait key dou srot crate aur sisili they. uttari itali mein tisino aur ediz nadiyon seey quartz kankad kaa chayan kiya gayaa thaa. soda key liye unakaa srot "alume catina" thaa jise way kahate they-madhya poorv key purvi bhoomadhyasagariya deshon mein paaee jaane vaali paudhe kii raakh. 16veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, spen aur france key bhoomadhyasagariya tateey kshetron seey bhee "alume catina" kaa ayaat kiya gayaa thaa.
samagri key samooh kaa mishran aur pighalana dou-charaniya prakriya thee. sabse pahale, ack vishesh bhatti mein lagbhag barabar matra mein silika aur fluxes koo lagaatar hilaaya jaataa thaa. bhatti koo "kalchera" bhatti kahaa jaataa thaa, aur mishran koo "frita" kahaa jaataa thaa. dusare charan mein, "frita" koo chayanit punarnaveenikaran apashisht kaanch (kullet) key saath milaaya gayaa aur doosari bhatti mein pighlaya gayaa. kaanch key prakaar aur rung key aadhar parr, anya yojakon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. safed apaardarshi kaanch ("latimo") key liye seesa aur tinn jodaa gayaa thaa. cobalt kaa upayog neele kaanch key liye kiya jaataa thaa. tambe aur lohe kaa upayog harey rung key liye aur harey, neele aur peele rung key vibhinn rangon key liye kiya jaataa thaa. manganese kaa upayog rangon koo hataane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. haalaanki aaj kaanch banaane key liye praakritik gais pasand kaa bhatti eendhan haye, 13veen shatabdi key dauran murano mein anivarya eendhan adhik aur vilo lakadi thee. iss dusare charan key dauran, pighale hue kaanch kii satah koo avaanchhaniya rasayanon koo hataane key liye skim kiya gayaa thaa joe kaanch kii upasthiti koo prabhaavit karate they. kaanch banaane key vikas key roop mein atirikt takneekon kaa upayog kiya gayaa. spashtata mein sudhaar key liye, pighale hue kaanch koo paani mein daal diyaa gayaa aur phir phir seey pighlaya gayaa. ack anya takneek ublakar aur chhaankar pravaah koo shuddh karna thaa.
upkaran.
venis key kaanch nirmaataon key paas upkaranon kaa ack samooh thaa joe saikadon varshon taka thodaa badal gayaa. ack "ferro esbuso", jise "kaina daa sofio" bhee kahaa jaataa haye, pighla huaa kaanch nikaalane aur aakar dene kii prakriya shuru karane key liye aavashyak blopipe haye. borsell" vibhinn aakaron kaa ack chimani jaisa upkaran haye jiska upayog kaanch koo aakar dene key liye kiya jaataa haye joe kathor naheen huaa haye. ack "borsell pantata" ack samaan upkaran haye, kewal iska ack pattern haye jise kaanch parr chhaap diyaa jaa sakata haye. pontello" ack lohe kii chhad haye joe kaanch koo dhaaran karati haye jabaki kaam kaanch key kinare parr kiya jaataa haye. tagianti" ack badee kainchi haye jiska upayog kaanch key sakht honey seey pahale kaatane key liye kiya jaataa haye. ack "scagno" glassmaker dwara upayog kiya jaane vaalaa workbench haye. "achche upkaran achche hotey hain, lekin achche haath behtar hotey hain", ack purani murano kahawat haye joe iss vichaar koo majboot karati haye kii murano key kaanch banaane vaale vishesh upkaranon key kaaran honey vaale kissy bhee laabh key bajaay apane kaushal parr bharosa karate hain.
aaj.
murano mein venis key kuchh aitihaasik kaanch karkhane aaj bhee prasiddh brand hain, jinamen dee bayasi, gabbiani, venini, salviyati, barovier aur toso, polly, berengo studio, seguso, formia international, simone synades, alessandro mandruzato, veteraria ducale, esten rossetto 1950 aur anya shamil hain. sabse purana kaanch kaa karkhana antica veteraria fratelli toso haye, jisaki sthaapana 1854 mein hui thee.
kull milakar, maang cumm honey key kaaran udyog sikud rhaa haye. asia aur purvi europe key nakali kaam (visheshagyon dwara pehchaane jaane yogya lekin vishisht paryatak dwara naheen) murano glass key liye bajar kaa anumaanit 40 seey 45 pratishat hissa lete hain, aur saarvajanik swaad badal gaye hain, jabaki murano mein design kaafee hudd taka samaan rahey hain. anukaran samasya seey ladane key liye, companiyon aur sambandhit vyaktiyon key ack samooh ney 1994 mein ack trademark banaaya joe pramaanit kartaa haye kii utpaad murano parr banaaya gayaa thaa. 2012 taka, lagbhag 50 companiyan mool key kalaatmak kaanch muranon trademark kaa upayog curr rahee theen.
kaanch banaana ack kathin aur asahaj pesha haye, kyonki kaanch banaane vaalon koo atyadhik uchch tapman taka germ utpaad key saath kaam karna chaahiye. 500 saal pahale key vipareet, kaanch banaane vaalon key bachchon koo koee vishesh visheshaadhikaar, atirikt dhana yaa kuleenata mein vivaah kaa anand naheen milata thaa. aaj, yuva kaanch nirmaataon kii bharti karna mushkil haye. videshi nakal aur yuva shramikon koo aakarshit karane mein kathinaaee key kaaran, murano mein peshevar kaanch nirmaataon kii sankhya 1990 mein lagbhag 6,000 seey ghatkar 2012 taka 1,000 seey cumm hoe gaee.
alaska.
farwari 2021 mein, venis key kaanch key vyaapaar motee alaska mein teen pragaitihasik eskimo sthalon parr paae jaane kii ghoshana kii gaee thee, jisamen punik bindu bhee shamil thaa. aaj nirjan, aur brook renz mein mahadvipiya vibhajan seey ack meal kii doori parr sthit, yeh kshetra berring samudra seey archtic mahasagar taka pracheen vyaapaar maargon parr thaa. shodhkartaon kaa maanana thaa kii venis mein apane nirmaan seey inn kalakritiyon kaa yatra karane kaa sambhaavit maarg europe, phir eurasia aur anta mein berring jaldamroomadhya key paar thaa, jisase yeh khoj "eurasian mahadweep mein bhoomi parivahan key parinamswarup paschimi golardh mein pragaitihasik sthalon mein abhedya europeeya samagri kii upasthiti kaa pahala pralekhit udaaharan haye."motiyon key paas paaee gaee radiocarbon detting samagri seey, puraatatvidon ney christopher columbus seey pahale 1440 aur 1480 key beach mahadweep parr unake aagaman kaa anuman lagaaya. haalaanki, detting aur utpatti koo anya shodhkartaon dwara chunauti dee gaee haye joe bataate hain kii iss tarah key motee pahali baar 16 veen shatabdi key madhya mein venis mein banaae gaye they, aur yeh kii 17 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein francisi mool bhee sambhav haye.

