
hankaar scalacy kii sandhi

hankaar scalacy kii sandhi (kabhi aam taur parr ankiyar scalacy kii vartani, aur "shaahi ghaat" yaa "sultan key ghaat" kii sandhi mein anuvaad) russie samrajya aur ottoman samrajya key beach 8 julaai, 1833 koo hastaaksharit ack sandhi thee, usee varsh mahmoud allie key khilaf roose kii sainya sahaayata key baad. sandhi ney donon shaktiyon key beach ack gathbandhan laaya, saath hii saath ack guaranti bhee dee kii yadi rusiyon ney iss tarah kii kaarravaai kaa anurodh kiya tou ottoman kissy bhee videshi yuddhapot key liye dardenales koo bund curr denge. sandhi key mahatvapurna parinam ottoman samrajya key videshi sambandhon key sambandh mein honge, vishesh roop seey grate britten aur ireland key saath, kyonki sandhi kii sharton ney europe kii anya mahaan shaktiyon koo chintit kiya.
prishthabhoomi.
mahmoud allie, joe spasht roop seey kewal ottoman samrajya kaa ack jagirdar thaa, apani vyaktigat shakti koo badhaane aur philistine, seeriya aur arab parr niyantran hassil karane kii koshish curr rhaa thaa. apane jhool parr hamale koo sahee thaharaane key liye, unhone ekad key hisse key saath vyaktigat vivaad kaa bahaana banaaya.
misra kii pragati.
1831 key anta mein, unhone apane bete ibrahim paasha kii kamaan mein apani naee sudhri hui senaa koo seeriya kii or bheja, jisake parinamswarup ottoman sultan, mahmoud dwiteeya key khilaf misra-ottoman yuddh (1831-1833) huaa. ibrahim kii senaa ney jaldi seey gaaja aur jerusalam parr kabja curr liya, aur aleppo aur damishk kii or badhane seey pahale safaltapurvak ekad kii gherabandi curr lii, "mahmoud key nae sainikon key khilaf lagaatar ladaai jeetkar, joe abhee taka ack abhyaas dushman key liye ack match naheen they"; 18 juuna, 1832 taka, ibrahim poore seeriya parr niyantran karane mein kamyab hoe gayaa thaa. kuchh samay key liye, misra kii senaa rook gaee, jabaki mahmoud allie ney sultan key saath baatchit karane kaa prayaas kiya. haalaanki, ack baar jaba yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii kootneeti whiffle hoe gaee thee, tou ibrahim ney apani senaa kaa netritva anatolia mein hii kiya, jahan unhone sultan key virodhiyon koo ekjut kiya aur 21 navambar koo konya shahar parr kabja curr liya. mahmoud dwiteeya ney misra kii pragati koo rokane kii koshish mein ack badee senaa bheji, lekin 21 disambar koo konya kii ladaai mein ise kuchal diyaa gayaa aur "ack hii jhatake mein anatolia parr poori tarah seey vijay kaa maarg khol diyaa.ibrahim ney taba taka apani pragati jaari rakhee jaba taka kii vaha ottoman kii rajdhani istambul seey kaafee door naheen thaa.
jawab dein.
samrajyavadi shahar mein dahashat fail gaee kyonki misra kii senaa ottoman pradhikaran key aasan key karib pahunch gaee. mahmoud dwiteeya ney tatkaal britten aur france donon koo sahaayata key liye anurodh bheje, lekin haal hii mein samaapt belgium kranti key baad gharelu chintaon key saath-saath sthiti key prabandhan mein donon deshon kii bhagidari key kaaran aswikar curr diyaa gayaa. lord kinros kaa tark haye kii isase sultan key paas sahaayata key liye apane poorv dushman roose seey bulaane key alawa koee vikalp naheen bachaa. bellie key anusaar, zaar kii pratikriya itani sakaratmak aur tej thee kii mahmoud dwiteeya yeh maanate hue ise sweekaar karane mein sankoch karate they kii yeh ack jaal hoe sakata haye. phir bhee, sultan kissy bhee sahaayata kaa swaagat karane key liye taiyar thaa, aur russie prastaav koo sweekaar curr liya. zaar ney istambul parr sambhaavit misra kii pragati koo rokane key liye turant sainikon kii ack badee senaa bheji. yeh spasht naheen haye kii zaar ney kitane sanic bheje they; lord kinros kaa daavaa haye kii yeh kull milakar lagbhag 18,000 purushon kii senaa thee, jabaki bellie kaa sujhaav haye kii yeh lagbhag 40,000 sainikon key aakar seey dogune seey adhik bull hoe sakata haye. russie mezban key sateek aakar kii parwah kiye binaa, yeh kaafee durjeya thaa kii ibrahim ney rusiyon key saath yuddh kaa jokhim uthaane key bajaay sultan key saath baatchit shuru karane kaa faisala kiya. iss prakaar, misra key hamale koo rokane key liye kewal russie sainikon kii upasthiti hii paryaapt thee.
europeeya pratikriya.
ottoman rajdhani key itane karib russie sainikon kii upasthiti ney britten aur france koo bhee kaafee chintit curr diyaa. iss sambhaavit khatare koo dekhkar donon deshon ney kaarravaai karane key liye majboor kiya. british videsh sachiv lord palmerston ney prayaas kaa netritva kiya aur sultan parr majboot rajanyik dabaav daala, taaki vaha mahmoud allie koo riyaayaton aur unake aage key aakraman key khilaf ack anglo-francisi guaranti key badale mein russie vaapsee parr jore dey sakey.kootneeti ekmatra upkaran naheen thaa jise unhone niyojit kiya thaa, haalaanki, kyonki british aur francisi donon ney dardanels koo bede bheje they. iss kaarravaai ney sultan koo unake maang prastaav koo sweekaar karane key liye majboor karane key dohare uddeshya kii poorti kii, saath hii rusiyon koo dhamki dee aur aage kii kissy bhee sainya kaarravaai kii jaanch kii.
sangharsh aur hastakshep key parinam.
sultan ney antatah aatmasamarpan curr diyaa, jisake kaaran maee 1833 mein katahiya kaa sammelan huaa, jisane aadhikarik taur parr mohammad allie koo seeriya, adana, tripoli, krete aur misra parr niyantran pradaan kiya, halanki inn upadhiyon key vanshaanugat honey kii guaranti naheen thee. jaise hii yeh shaanti sthaapit hui, rusiyon ney ottoman kshetra seey apane sainikon koo hataane kii prakriya shuru curr dee. aisaa lugg rhaa thaa kii cheejen ack uchit anta parr aaa gaee hain, lekin sabhi russie sainikon kii vaapsee key turant baad, british sarkaar koo pataa chalaa kii iss nikasi key puuraa honey seey dou dinn pahale, sultan mahmoud dwiteeya ney zaar nicolaus pratham key saath hankaar scalacy kii sandhi parr hastakshar kiye they. iss ahsas ney british netaaon koo chintit curr diyaa, kyonki yeh sanket detaa haye kii roose kaa abb ottoman samrajya aur usake mamalon parr bhaari prabhaav thaa.
sandhi.
8 julaai, 1833 koo hastaaksharit twarit baatchit sandhi mein mukhya roop seey roose aur ottoman samrajya key beach ack rakshaatmak gathbandhan shamil thaa joe shuru mein aathh varshon taka chalane vaalaa thaa, aur isamen ack dusare key saath suraksha key mamalon parr charcha karane kaa sankalp shamil thaa. isane donon samrajyon koo ack mahatvapurna tareeke seey ack saath baandh diyaa aur aisaa lagata haye kii rusiyon koo ottoman samrajya mein bhavishya key sainya hastakshep kaa avsar milaa, jisase yeh prabhaavi roop seey russie raajya kaa ack sanrakshit raajya bunn gayaa. jabaki sandhi kaa yeh hissa apane aap mein mahatvapurna thaa, sabse mahatvapurna visheshta iska gupt lekh thaa.
gupt lekh.
iss lekh mein sandhi kii sharton key anusaar ottoman sainya samarthan key vikalp kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa; apane russie sahyogiyon key samarthan mein sainikon aur hathiyaron koo bhejane key bajaay, ottoman roose kii kamaan mein sabhi videshi yuddhpoton key liye dardanels koo bund curr denge. neeche gupt lekh kaa puuraa paath haih
roose key shaahi adalat aur utkrisht port key beach sampann rakshaatmak gathbandhan kii patent sandhi key anuchhed I key khandon mein seey ack key aadhar parr, dou uchch anubandh paksh, apane-apane prabhutva kii suraksha key liye ack-dusare koo parasparik roop seey paryaapt sahaayata aur sabse prabhaavi sahaayata dene key liye baadhya hain. phir bhee, sabhi rooson key samrat, joe iss tarah kii paryaapt sahaayata pradaan karane seey honey vaale kharch aur asuvidha koo chhodane key liye udaatt ottoman koo chaahte hain, usa sahaayata kii maang naheen karenge, aggar paristhitiyon koo utkrisht bandargah koo ise prastut karane key daayitva key tahat rakhna chaahiye. utkrisht pott, sahaayata key sthaan parr, jise vaha patent sandhi key parasparikta key siddhant key anusaar aavashyakta kii sthiti mein prastut karane key liye baadhya haye, roose key shaahi nyayalaya key paksh mein apani kaarravaai koo dardanels key jaldamroomadhya koo bund karane taka seemit karega, arthaat kissy bhee videshi yuddhapot koo kissy bhee bahaane seey usamen pravesh karane kii anumati naheen dega."
gupt lekh kii vyaakhyaaen.
yeh lekh atyadhik vivadaspad thaa aur iska vaastavik arth abhee bhee bahas kaa vishay haye. dardanels koo bund karane kii shartein vaastav mein kyaa hongi, iss parr asahamati haye. kuchh loga russie yuddhpoton key kissy bhee vishisht ullekh kii kamee kii vyakhya karate hain jiska arth haye kii unake jahaajon koo dardanels key madhyam seey maarg baadhit karane vaale jahaajon key saath shamil naheen kiya gayaa thaa. anya loga bataate hain kii russie yuddhpoton key liye kissy bhee vishisht praavdhaan kii yahee kamee ingit karati haye kii sandhi ney unhein koee vishesh adhikaar naheen diyaa thaa. iss baat parr bhee bahas haye kii "aavashyakta key mamle mein" vakyansh kaa kyaa arth haye.kuchh logon kaa maanana haye kii iska matlab kewal taba thaa jaba roose yuddh mein thaa, jabaki anya logon ney isaki vyakhya iss tarah kii kii dardanels harr samay videshi yuddhpoton key liye bund rahega. yeye atkalen taba shuru huin jaba angrejon ney sandhi key poore dayare kii khoj kii. gupt lekh koo aadhikarik taur parr 16 janwari, 1834 taka british sarkaar koo soochit naheen kiya gayaa thaa, lekin way usa bindu seey kaee maheene pahale isake baare mein jaanate they.
angrejon ney sandhi aur isake gupt khand kii vyakhya roose, ottoman samrajya aur shakti key sthaapit santulan key saath apane sambandhon parr sambhaavit roop seey badaa prabhaav daalane key liye kii. hell kaa tark haye kii lord pammerston koo kaarravaai mein fansaaya gayaa thaa "kyonki vaha galati seey maanata thaa kii [sandhi key] gupt khand ney russie yuddhpoton koo jaldamroomadhya seey mukt maarg diyaa thaa.isake alawa, pammerston aur baaki british sarkaar ney dekhaa kii" "sandhi key tatkaal laabh thode they, lekin 'roose key liye sambhaavit laabh' bahut badaa thaa, jisamen 'port koo jagirdar' roose 'kii sthiti key liye abhyast karane mein 1833 key abhiyaan kii punaravritti kaa maarg taiyar kiya thaa." unhein darr thaa kii ottoman samrajya mein bhavishya mein russie hastakshep kii yeh kshamata bhaarat key saath british sambandhon aur poore nikat poorv mein vyaapaar key liye khatra hogi, halanki jaisa kii bellie ney kahaa haye, videsh sachiv kii tatkaal chinta jaldamroomadhya kii samasya thee. sandhi kii yeh vyakhya aaney vaale dashakon taka ottoman samrajya key prati british videsh neeti koo aakar dene key liye thee.
sandhi key parinam.
bellie key anusaar, hunkaringacy kii sandhi parr hastakshar karane seey britten koo europe mein ottoman samrajya kii bhaugolik, raajneetik aur aarthik sthiti key mahatva key prati poori tarah seey jaagrit kiya gayaa.alpaavadhi mein, angrejon ney sandhi kaa virodh karate hue daavaa kiya kii yeh 1809 kii anglo-ottoman sandhi kaa ullanghan kartaa haye, jisamen sharton koo nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa kii kissy bhee videshi yuddhapot koo jaldamroomadhya mein pravesh karane kii anumati naheen dee jaayegi. unake aupchaarik virodh ney nishkarsh nikala "yadi usa sandhi (ankiyar scalacy) kii sharton key baad turkey key aantarik mamalon mein roose kaa sashastr hastakshep honah chaahiye, tou british sarkaar iss tarah key avsar parr kissy bhee tarah seey kaary karane key liye khud koo swatantra rakhegi, jisaki usa samay kii paristhitiyon mein aavashyakta prateet hoe sakati haye.francisi ney bhee sambhaavit russie sainya hastakshep key baare mein apani chintaon key baare mein ack samaan bayaan jaari kiya. yeye donon bayaan iss baat kaa sanket they kii paschimi shaktiyon dwara sandhi kii sharton koo kitni gambhirta seey liya gayaa thaa.
lambe samay mein, angrej aashvast hoe gaye kii ack alag drishtikon kii aavashyakta haye, aur ack neeti key liye pratibaddh hain kii "ottoman samrajya koo sanrakshit, samarthit, sudhaar aur majboot kiya jaanaa haye.usa samay seey, palmerston key netritva mein angrejon ney ottoman samrajya key prati iss naee neeti koo lagu karane key liye kaee kadam uthaaye. inmein ottoman key saath vyaapaar mein vriddhi seey laker levent mein british bede koo majboot karane aur mahmoud dwiteeya koo sainya aur nausena donon missions kii peshkash shamil thee, donon sultan kii sahaayata key liye, yadi mohammad allie aage kii sainya kaarravaai kii dhamki dey, aur "britten kii poorv upeksha koo door karane key liye ack sanket key roop mein."
jabaki britten ney nishchit roop seey sabse sakriya bhoomika nibhai, yeh ekmatra europeeya shakti naheen thee jisane iss sandhi key parinamswarup ottoman samrajya mein ruchi lii. sandhi parr hastakshar karane key kuchh hii samay baad, austriya aur roose 18 sitambar, 1833 key munchengratz sammelan mein roose key saath shamil hoe gaye, jisane mahmoud allie dwara aage key vistaar kaa virodh karane aur ottoman akhandata koo banaae rakhane key liye shaktiyon koo pratibaddh kiya.julaai 1840 mein, britten, austriya, roose aur roose sahit ack vyaapak gathbandhan kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa, joe mahmoud allie key khilaf sultan kii sarkaar kii raksha karane key liye sahmat huaa thaa; iss samjhaute, jise landan sammelan (1840) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, key liye yeh bhee aavashyak thaa kii ottoman ghoshana karein kii shaanti key samay mein jaldamroomadhya sabhi gair-ottoman yuddhpoton key liye bund curr diyaa jaayega. europeeya samarthan, vishesh roop seey angrejon key samarthan ney bhee mahimat allie key antim samarpan mein sahaayata kii; juuna 1841 mein hastaaksharit ack samjhaute mein, unhone apane parivaar key liye misra key vanshaanugat governor kii guaranti key badale mein apani senaa kii seema koo sweekaar curr liya. yeh nikat purvi shakti khel mein ack adhik sakriya khilaadi key roop mein britten key udbhav koo chihnit kartaa haye, aur agale 37 varshon key liye ottoman samrajya key mukhya sahayogi key roop mein.iss prakaar, hankaar scalacy kii sandhi kaa ottoman samrajya key bhavishya parr, aur vishesh roop seey usee bhavishya key prati europeeya drishtikon parr deerghakaalik prabhaav padaa.
sandhi kaa anta.
isake hastakshar key kuchh hii samay baad, sandhi kii shartein anya sandhiyon aur samjhauton seey uttarottar kamjor hoe jaayengi. landan key sammelan (1840) ney ottomans koo shaanti kaal mein sabhi gair-ottoman yuddhpoton key liye jaldamroomadhya koo bund rakhane key liye majboor karke pahala badaa kadam uthaaya. isase angrejon key iss darr koo door karane mein madad millie kii hankaar scalacy kii sandhi ney prabhaavi roop seey russie bede koo jaldamroomadhya key madhyam seey aur bhoomadhyasagariya kshetra mein mukt maarg pradaan kiya thaa. sandhi koo radd karane kii disha mein ack aur kadam agale varsh landan jaldamroomadhya sammelan key roop mein aaya. iss samjhaute ney yuddh key samay sultan key sahyogiyon koo chhodkar sabhi yuddhpoton koo jaldamroomadhya mein pravesh karane seey roque diyaa. halanki aisaa lugg sakata haye kii yeh samjhauta jyada naheen badalata haye, lekin yeh yaad rakhna mahatvapurna haye kii iss samay, britten sultan key sahyogiyon mein seey ack thaa. iss prakaar, yeh yuddh key samay british bede koo jaldamroomadhya mein pravesh karane kii anumati dega, jisase rusiyon key aisaa karane key kathit ananya adhikaar koo samaapt curr diyaa jaayega. iss bindu taka, sandhi key sabse mahatvapurna pahalu koo prabhaavi roop seey nakaar diyaa gayaa thaa. agale dashak mein roose-ottoman sambandh bigadate rahey, aur halanki yeh spasht naheen haye kii hunkeringacy kii sandhi koo poori tarah seey amaanya kaba curr diyaa gayaa thaa, yeh nishchitata key saath kahaa jaa sakata haye kii crimean yuddh key aaney kaa matlab sandhi mein nirdhaarit roose-ottoman gathbandhan koo jaari rakhane kii kissy bhee kshamata kaa anta thaa.

