
russie vyaakaran

russie vyaakaran ack indo-europeeya avyaavhaarik sanrachana koo niyojit kartaa haye, jisamen kaafee anukoolan hotaa haye.
russie mein ack atyadhik parivartansheel aakriti vigyaan haye, vishesh roop seey nammatra (sangya, sarvanam, visheshan aur ank) mein. russie saahityik vakyavinyas ack church slavonic viraasat, vibhinn prakaar key udhaar aur apanaae gaye nirmaanon aur ack maankeekrit sthaaniya bhasha kii neenv kaa sanyojan haye.
bolly jaane vaali bhasha saahityik bhasha seey prabhaavit hui haye, jisamen kuchh atirikt vishisht roop hain. russie boliyaan vibhinn gair-maanak vyaakaranik visheshtaon koo darshaati hain, jinamen seey kuchh praachinvaad yaa saahityik bhasha dwara tyag diye gaye puraane roopon key vanshaj hain.
vibhinn shabdon kaa upayog russie vyaakaran kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jiska arth aitihaasik vyaakaran kii maanak russie charchaon mein hotaa haye, joe angreji bhasha key vivaran mein unake arth key vipareet hotaa haye; vishesh roop seey, aurist, apoorna, aadi., pahaluon key bajaay maukhik kaal maane jaate hain, kyonki unake pracheen udaaharan paripurna aur apoorna donon kriyaon key liye pramaanit hain. russie bhee aarop lagaane vaale mamle koo sahayak aur vaadya key beach rakhta haye, aur neeche dee gaee taalikaon mein, aarop lagaane vaalaa mamla naamit aur aanuvanshik mamalon key beach dikhaai detaa haye.
sangyaaen.
nammatra kii girawat mein chhah mukhya mamle shamil hain-namankit, aanuvanshik, vyutpann, aropatmak, vaadya, aur dou sankhyaaen (ekvachan aur bahuvachan), aur vyaakaranik ling (mardana, stree aur napunsak). bhashavigyan kii pathyapustakon mein duss atirikt mamalon kii pehchaan kii jaati haye, halanki way sabhi yaa tou adhure hain (sabhi sangyaon parr lagu naheen hotey hain) yaa apakshayi (chhah mukhya mamalon mein seey ack key samaan dikhaai dete hain)-sabse adhik maanyata praapt atirikt mamle sthaaniya, aanshik aur mukhar hain. puraane russie mein bhee ack teesari sankhya thee, dohri, lekin yeh dou, teen aur chaar (ee.jee. , dou kursiyaan"), jahan abb iska aanuvanshik ekvachan key roop mein punah vishleshan kiya jaataa haye.
kaee anya bhaaratiya-europeeya bhaashaon kii tulanaa mein adhik baar, russie sangya mamle poori tarah seey poorv-pada key upayog koo pratisthaapit curr sakate hain. isake alawa, pratyek poorv sthiti kaa upayog vishesh roop seey ack vishesh mamle (yaa mamalon) key saath kiya jaataa haye. unake upayog koo sankshep mein iss prakaar prastut kiya jaa sakata haih
russie bhasha mein nishchit aur anishchit lekh (angreji mein 'dha', 'aeye', 'aine' key anuroop) maujood naheen hain. aise lekhon dwara vyakt arth koo sandarbh dwara russie mein nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, russie yeh vyakt karane key anya sadhanon kaa bhee upayog kartaa haye kii kyaa ack sangya nishchit haye yaa anishchit haih
animacy kii shreni russie nammatra aur visheshan avamoolyan mein praasangik haye. vishesh roop seey, referenter kii animacy key aadhar parr, kaee pratimanon mein aarop key dou sambhaavit roop hain. sajeev sandarbhon (vyaktiyon aur jaanvaron) key liye, aropatmak roop aam taur parr aanuvanshik roop key samaan hotaa haye. nirjeev sandarbhon key liye, aropatmak roop namsoochak roop key samaan haye. yeh siddhant dusare avamoolyan (neeche dekhein) aur visheshanon key mardana ekvachan sangyaon key liye aur sabhi bahuvachan pratimanon (binaa kissy ling bhed key) key liye praasangik haye. neeche dee gaee taalikaon mein, iss vyavhaar koo aarop lagaane vaale mamle key anuroop pankti mein 'aine yaa jee' key sankshipt roop seey ingit kiya gayaa haye.
russie teen ghoshanaon kaa upayog kartaa haih
aniyamit "bhinn-declention sangyaon" () key ack samooh mein kuchh napunsak sangyaaen hoti hain joe (ee.jee. "samay") aur ack mardana sangya "" tarika "".  haalaanki, inn sangyaon aur unake roopon mein stree tritiya avamoolyan sangyaon key saath paryaapt samaantaa haye kii litnevskaya jaise vidwan unhein iss avamoolyan key gair-stree roop maanate hain.
(nammatra visheshanon key saath bhramit naheen honah) key saath samaapt honey vaali sangyaon koo poorv sthiti key bajaay likhaa jaataa haye (kyonki iss anta parr kabhi jore naheen diyaa jaataa haye, uchchaaran mein koee antar naheen haye):-"pravaah-ack nadee kii nichali dhaara mein. haalaanki, yadi shabd aur ack yaugik poorv sthiti kaa pratinidhitva karate hain jiska arth haye "jabaki," key samay key dauran way "ack ghante key samay mein" key saath likhe jaate hain. sangyaon key liye joe anta mein, yaa, poorvasthiti mein upayog karna (jahaan unamen seey kuchh key anta parr jore diyaa jaataa haye) aamtaur parr galat hotaa haye, lekin kavyatmak bhaashan mein yeh sweekarya hoe sakata haye (jaisa kii humm metrick yaa tukbandi uddeshyon key liye pratisthaapit karate hain): (fyodar tychev).
doosara patan.
ack vyanjan dhwani key saath samaapt honey vaali mardana sangyaaen.
logon key samoohon koo darshaane vaali kuchh ekvachan sangyaon mein samaapt honey seey pahale pratyay shamil hoe sakata haye.
avarnaniya sangyaaen.
kuchh sangyaaen (jaise kii anya bhaashaon seey udhaar lena, sankshipt shabd, aadi.) jaba way sankhya aur mamle badalate hain tou sanshodhit naheen hotey hain. yeh vishesh roop seey taba hotaa haye jaba anta upayukt ling mein kissy bhee girawat pattern seey mell naheen khaata haye. ack aspasht sangya kaa ack udaaharan haye kofe ("coffey").
atirikt mamle.
kuchh sangyaaen kaee atirikt mamalon kaa upayog karati hain. inmein seey sabse mahatvapurna hainh
visheshan.
ack russie visheshan () koo aamtaur parr usa sangya seey pahale rakhaa jaataa haye joe yeh yogya hoti haye, aur yeh mamle, ling aur sankhya mein sangya seey sahmat haye. anya bhaashaon seey udhaar liye gaye kuchh aparivartaniya roopon key apavaad key saath, jaise ('beij', gair-anukoolit roop) yaa ('khaaki-rung'), adhikansh visheshan niyamit girawat pattern kii ack chhoti sankhya kaa paalan karate hain (kuchh koo chhodkar joe ise jatil banaate hain). aadhunik russie mein, sankshipt roop kewal namsoochak mein dikhaai detaa haye aur iska upayog taba kiya jaataa haye jaba visheshan ack poorvasoochak bhoomika mein hotaa haih ('nayaa') key laghu roop hain. pahale (jaisa kii bilinas mein) chhote visheshan anya sabhi roopon aur bhoomikaon mein dikhaai diye, jinka upayog aadhunik bhasha mein naheen kiya jaataa haye, lekin phir bhee russie bolane vaalon key liye samajhane yogya hain kyonki way sambandhit ling kii sangyaon kii tarah hii aswikar curr diye gaye hain.
visheshanon koo teen samanya samoohon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih
visheshan avamoolyan.
neeche varnit pattern adhikansh visheshanon key poorna roopon key liye sahee haye, sivaay swamitwadhin visheshanon key. iska upayog mool visheshanon key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye ("vaigyaanik, vidwan" ack sangya key vikalp key roop mein yaa "vaigyaanik, seekha" ack samanya visheshan key roop mein) aur visheshan pratibhagiyon key liye. russie kathor-taney aur naram-taney key visheshanon key beach antar kartaa haye, joe ack slash saain seey pahale aur baad mein dikhaaya gayaa haye.
visheshanon kii tulanaa.
tulanaa roop kewal gunaatmak visheshanon aur kriyavisheshan key liye samanya hain. tulanaatmak aur utkrisht kritrim roop mool visheshan key pratimaan kaa hissa naheen hain, lekin alag-alag shaabdik vastuen hain, kyonki sabhi gunaatmak visheshanon mein way naheen hain. kuchh visheshanon key aniyamit roop hotey hain joe samanya visheshanon kii tarah aswikar kiye jaate hainh bolsho 'badaa'-bolsch 'badaa', holash 'achchha'-lyush 'behtar'. adhikansh kritrim roop seey vyutpann tulanaatmak roopon koo visheshan mool mein pratyay-ε̃e yaa-ε̃y jodkar praapt kiya jaataa haih κρασνίy 'laal'-κρασνε 'adhik laal'; inn roopon koo kriyavisheshan seey alag karna mushkil haye, jinake tulanaatmak roop aksar unake visheshan samkakshon key saath mell khaate hain. utkrisht kritrim roop pratyay-éhyish-yaa-Âhyish-koo jodkar aur isake atirikt kabhi-kabhi upsarg ̃nai-, yaa upsarg key saath ack vishesh tulanaatmak roop kaa upayog karke praapt kiye jaate hain-̃nāi-: ̃döbry 'prakaar'-̃döbréshiy 'dayalu', ̃lhöh 'badaa'-̃nābölhhy 'sabse badaa'.
ack vikalp visheshan key sakaratmak roop mein ack kriyavisheshan jodana haye. isake liye upayog kiye jaane vaale kriyavisheshan hain-'adhik'/'cumm' aur 'sabse'/'sabse cumm': udaaharan key liye, 'prakaar'-'prakaar'-'prakaar'-'prakaar'-'prakaar'. yadi vishesh tulanaatmak roop maujood hain tou iss tarah kaa upayog shayed hii kabhi kiya jaataa haye.
swatvabodhak visheshan.
adhikansh anya slavic bhaashaon kii tulanaa mein russie mein swatvabodhak visheshanon kaa upayog cumm kiya jaataa haye, lekin upayog mein hain. way prashnon kaa uttar dete hain? kyaa? kyaa? kyaa? (kisake?) aur kewal sajeev swaamiyon koo darshaata haye. neeche diye gaye khand koo dekhein.
sarvanam.
pradarshan sarvanam.
yadi "key baare mein" pada kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye (aamtaur parr "oh"), ekvachan pradarshan sarvanamon key liye (jaisa kii ack swar seey shuru honey vaale kissy bhee anya shabd key saath) yeh "obi" haih obitom-isake baare mein haye.
swatvabodhak visheshan aur sarvanam.
angreji key vipareet, russie ack swatvabodhak visheshan aur sambandhit swatvabodhak sarvanam key liye ack hii roop kaa upayog kartaa haye. russie vyaakaran mein unhein swatvabodhak sarvanam kahaa jaataa haye (oopar peater key = πετιν jaise swatvabodhak visheshanon key saath tulanaa karein). nimnalikhit niyam lagu hotey hainh
anta-ago koo-avo key roop mein uchchaaran kiya jaataa haye.
poochtaachh sarvanam.
inn poochtaachhon kaa upayog vidvaanon dwara samvaadaata vyaakaranik mamalon key liye "samanya" prashnon koo niroopit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye (purvanirdhaarit kaa upayog "oh" key saath kiya jaataa haye): (kyaa?) prem?) shshu-(kaun?) maashaa [aine.] pyaar kartaa haye (kise?) vasya [jee.].
anta "-égo" koo "-évo" key roop mein uchchaaran kiya jaataa haye.
ank.
russie mein ankon key kaee varg hainh cardinal, ordinal, saamoohik, aur aanshik nirmaan bhee; isamen anya prakaar key shabd bhee hainh saamoohik kriyavisheshan roop (vdvoēm), gunak (dvoynöy) aur ginati-pranali (dvoicchny) visheshan, kuchh sankhyaatmak-sarvanaamik aur anishchit matra key shabd (сκοлhö, много, несκолhö). yahaan 0 seey 10 taka key ank hainh
kriyaaen.
vyaakaranik sanyugman dou sankhyaon mein teen vyaktiyon aur dou saral kaal (vartamaan/bhavishya aur ateet) key adheen haye, jisamen bhavishya aur upa-sanyugma key liye parighaatmak roop hain, saath hii saath anivarya roop aur vartamaan/ateet key pratibhaagi hain, jinhen visheshan aur kriyavisheshan upayog dwara pratishthit kiya gayaa haye (visheshan pratibhaagi aur kriyavisheshan pratibhaagi dekhein). kriyaaen aur bhaag lene vaale prativartak hoe sakate hain, i.ee. anta key baad prativart pratyay-sya/- sh shamil karein.
bhootkaal koo vishay key saath ling mein sahmat kiya jaataa haye, kyonki yeh mool roop seey ack paripurna parigh mein bhaag lene vaalaa haye (jaise lattin mein poorna nishkriya kaal) jisamen kriya kaa vartamaan kaal "yth" honah haye, jise abb durlabh puratan prabhaav koo chhodkar chhod diyaa jaataa haye, aamtaur parr sett vakyanshon mein (отусто естh есто семля русссссая, "jaba seey russie bhoomi aatee haye", aadhunik vartani mein praathamik itihas kaa udghaatan). ateet-teevra roopon kii sahabhaagi prakriti kaa bhee khulasa hotaa haye kii unake paas aksar ack atirikt pratyay swar hotaa haye, joe vartamaan/bhavishya mein anupasthit hotaa haye; vahee swar anant roop mein dikhaai detaa haye, jise kuchh vidvaanon dwara maukhik naheen maanaa jaataa haye (aur ateet mein yeh nishchit roop seey ack sangya key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye), lekin jisamen kriyaaen adhikansh shabdakoshon mein dikhaai detee hainh χοδιτh "chalana"-χοδιλ "(vaha) chalaa"-χοju "main chalata huun".
maukhik parivartan puraane russie kii tulanaa mein kaafee saral haye. pracheen aurist, apoorna, aur (periphrastic) pluperfect khou gaye hain, halanki aurist chhitput roop seey dharmnirpeksh saahitya mein athaarahavin shatabdi key uttaraardh mein paaya jaataa haye, aur pratyaksh varnan mein ack visham roop key roop mein jeevit rahata haye., thheek" angreji bolchal key barabar "isaliye vaha jaataa haye aur kahata haye"), anivarya key upayog key roop mein punarvargeekrit. poorv chhah kaalon mein seey teen key nuksan kii bharpai anya slavic bhaashaon kii tarah, maukhik pahalu () key vikas dwara kii gaee haye. adhikansh kriyaaen jode mein aatee hain, ack apoorna () yaa nirantar key saath, doosari poorna () yaa poorna pahalu key saath, aamtaur parr ack (poorv sthiti) upsarg key saath banati haye, lekin kabhi-kabhi ack alag mool kaa upayog karati haye. ee.jee., spot ('soney key liye') apoorna haye; spot ('jhapaki lena') paripurna haye.
kriya kaa vartamaan kaal aaj aam taur parr kewal teesare vyakti key ekvachan roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye, joe aksar sabhi vyaktiyon aur sankhyaon key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye. unnisvin shatabdi key anta mein, poorna sanyugman, joe aaj behad puratan haye, kuchh adhik praakritik thaah roop synodal bibil mein, dostovsky mein aur bilinas (βιλινί) yaa maukhik lock-mahakavyon mein paae jaate hain, joe usa samay lipyantarit they. pratimaan key saath-saath russie key indo-europeeya sambandh koo bhee darshaata haih
anant.
adhyayan key adhikansh uddeshyon key liye ack kriya kaa mool roop anant haye. russie mein iska pratyay-th/- ti (baad vaalaa vyanjanon key baad upayog kiya jaataa haye), yaa-chhh key saath samaapt hotaa haye (lekin-chh ack kriya kaa pratyay naheen haye). prativartak kriyaon key liye-sya/- sh pratyay anta mein jodaa jaataa haye. dhyaan dein kii dhvanyaatmak prabhaavon key kaaran, donon-thsya aur-tsya anta (baad vaalaa ack teesare vyakti key prativart kriya key vartamaan-bhavishya kaal key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye; neeche dekhein) koo mool vaktaaon key beach bhee uchchaaran yaa aksar galat vartani kaa kaaran banata haye.
vartamaan-bhavishya kaal.
bhavishya kaal key dou roop hainh saral aur yaugik. 
dou roopon kaa upayog apoorna kriyaon key vartamaan kaal aur paripurna kriyaon key bhavishya kaal koo sanyojit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
pahala sanyugma kriya mein upayog kiya jaataa haye joe iss mein samaapt hotaa haih
dusare sanyugma mein kriya kaa anta iss prakaar hotaa haih
udaaharan key liyeh "ποπρο-s-ιτ-ποπρο-σ-α, ποπρο-s-ατ (anurodh karane key liye-[i, way] anurodh karenge).
udaaharan.
paanch aniyamit kriyaaen hainh
ateet kaal.
russie bhootkaal ling vishisht haih-l purush ekvachan vishayon key liye,-la stree ekvachan vishayon key liye,-lo napunsak ekvachan vishayon key liye, aur-li bahuvachan vishayon key liye. yeh ling vishishtata sabhi vyaktiyon parr lagu hoti haye; iss prakaar, "main soya" kahane key liye, ack purush vaktaa kahega kii kyaa huaa, jabaki ack mahila vaktaa kahegi kii kyaa huaa.
manodashaaen.
russie kriyaaen teen manodashaaen banaa sakati hainh soochak (иzяvitelhnöe), sashart (сослагателhnöe) aur anivarya (πоелителhnöe).
anivarya manodasha.
anivarya manodasha dwiteeya-vyakti ekvachan adhikansh kriyaon key bhavishya-vartamaan aadhar seey jodkar banaaya jaataa haye-i (vartamaan-bhavishya mein samaapt honey parr jore diyaa jaataa haye, yaa yadi aadhar ack seey adhik vyanjanon parr samaapt hotaa haye),-h (ack vyanjan parr aadhar, tanaavheen anta) yaa-y (swar parr aadhar, tanaavheen anta). bahuvachan (vinamra "naa vu" sahit) dwiteeya-vyakti roop koo ekvachan mein-taye jodkar banaaya jaataa haih govru 'aaee speak'-govru '-govru', joe 'main bhool jaaoonga'-jobru '-jobru', jovru 'aaee glue'-clay-clay '. kuchh paripurna kriyaon mein pratham-vyakti bahuvachan anivarya roop hotaa haye-joe samaan saral bhavishya yaa vartamaan kaal roop mein jodaa jaataa haih 'hamein jaane dein'. anya roop russie mein adesh vyakt curr sakate hain; udaaharan key liye, teesare vyakti key liye, bhavishya key saath kann kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haih πуστh они zamolchat! 'unhein chup rahane dou!'.
sashart manodasha.
russie mein sashart manodasha shabd key baad kann beau koo jodkar banaai jaati haye joe kathit vishay koo bhootkaal kii tarah baney vaakya mein chihnit kartaa haye. iss prakaar, yeh kahane key liye kii "main (kaalpanik roop seey) sounga" yaa "main sonaa chahunga", ack purush vaktaa kahega kii kyaa aap (yaa kyaa aap), jabaki ack mahila vaktaa kahegi kii kyaa aap (yaa kyaa aap).
gati kii kriyaaen.
gati kii kriyaaen kaee slavic bhaashaon mein paaee jaane vaali kriyaon kaa ack alag varg hain. vyaapak shabdarth jaankaari key kaaran, gati kii russie kriyaaen adhyayan key sabhi staron parr gair-deshi shiksharthiyon key liye kathinaaiyaan paida karati hain. gati kii aparivartit kriyaaen, joe sabhi apoorna hain, andolan kii disha key aadhar parr jode mein vibhajit hoti hain (ack-yaa bahu-dishaatmak-kabhi-kabhi nirdhaarit/anishchit yaa nishchit/anishchit key roop mein sandarbhit). ack kriya-frame vaali bhasha key vipareet, jisamen maarg kriya mein kootbaddh hotaa haye, lekin gati kaa tarika aamtaur parr poorak key saath vyakt kiya jaataa haye, russie ack "upgrah" bhasha haye, jiska arth haye kii yeye avadhaaranaaen kriya key mool aur isase judey kanon, upgrahon donon mein kootbaddh hain. iss prakaar, gati kriyaon kii jadein gati key tareeke kii shaabdik jaankaari detee hain, jaise.jee. chalana, rengna, daudana, jabaki upsarg path koo darshaate hain, ee.jee. antariksh mein aur baahar gati. jadein bhee parivahan key sadhanon key beach antar karati hain, ee.jee. parivahan dwara yaa apani shakti seey, aur pargaman kriyaon mein, vastu yaa vyakti koo leey jaaya jaa rhaa haye. neeche dee gaee jaankaari gati key aparivartit aur purvanirdhaarit kriyaon key gathan aur buniyaadi upayog kii ack ruprekha pradaan karati haye.
disha.
ack-dishaatmak kriyaaen ack disha mein pragati mein gati kaa varnan karati hain, ee.jee.:
bahudishaatmak kriyaaen varnan karati hainh
ack dishaatmak poornak key saath π-.
gati kii ack dishaatmak kriya mein upsarg π-koo jodana kriya koo paripurna banaata haye, joe ack andolan kii shuruat koo darshaata haye, i.ee. 'shuru karna'. inn paripurnataon kaa tatparya haye kii pratinidhi abhee taka bhaashan key samay vaapas naheen aaya haye, ee.jee.,
lena banaam jaanaa.
gati kriyaon key teen jode aam taur parr 'lena', 'agrani' koo sandarbhit karate hain, jisamen kriya key mool mein gati key tareeke aur parivahan kii vastu parr atirikt shaabdik jaankaari hoti haye. yeye hain-nust/nust, nust/vost, aur nust/vost. parivahan key tareeke aur uddeshya key baare mein vishisht jaankaari key liye neeche dekhein.
purvanirdhaarit gati kriyaaen.
gati kriyaaen upsargon key saath milkar nae pahalu jode banaati hain, joe disha kaa antar khou dete hain, lekin sthaanik yaa laukik arth praapt karate hain. ekmukhi kriya paripurna key liye aadhar key roop mein kaary karati haye, aur apoorna key liye aadhar key roop mein bahudishaatmak. upsarg aur saral gati kriya dwara vyakt arthon key alawa, purvanirdhaarit vakyansh bhee russie mein path kii abhivyakti mein yogdan karate hain. iss prakaar, gati kii kriyaon kii jaanch karate samay poore kriya vakyansh parr vichaar karna mahatvapurna haye.
gati kii kuchh kriyaon mein, ack upsarg jodane key liye ack alag taney key aakar kii aavashyakta hoti haih
ack talika key liye neeche dekhein kii upsarg, unake praathamik arth, aur unake saath aaney vaale poorvapad, joe muraviva seey anukoolit hain. kaee udaaharan seedhe taur parr liye gaye hain yaa muravyova seey sanshodhit kiye gaye hain.
muhavaredar upayog.
ack-aur bahu-dishaatmak antar shayed hii kabhi gati kriyaon key roopak aur muhavaredar upayog mein aataa haye, kyonki aise vakyansh aamtaur parr ack yaa doosari kriya key liye kahate hain. udaharanon key liye neeche dekhein -
visheshan pratibhaagi.
russie visheshan pratibhaagi sakriya yaa nishkriya hoe sakate hain; paripurna yaa apoorna pahalu hoe sakate hain; apoorna pratibhaagi vartamaan yaa ateet kaal hoe sakate hain, jabaki shaastriya bhasha mein paripurna pratibhaagi kewal ateet hoe sakate hain. visheshanon key roop mein, unhein mamle, sankhya aur ling dwara aswikar curr diyaa jaataa haye. yadi visheshan bhaag parasparik kriyaon seey praapt hotey hain, tou unamen pratyay hotaa haye-sya visheshan key anta key baad jodaa jaataa haye; bhaagon mein yeh pratyay "kabhi naheen" sankshipt roop letaa haye. pratibhagiyon koo aksar vikaarmik visheshanon seey alag karna mushkil hotaa haye (yeh vartani key kuchh mamalon key liye mahatvapurna haye).
sakriya vartamaan pratibhaagi.
jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key jeevan key liye jeevan key liye jeevan key jeevan key liye jeevan key jeevan key liye jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key jeevan key
sakriya vartamaan pratibhaagi banaane key liye, vartamaan kaal key teesare vyakti bahuvachan key "tii" koo "aich" dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaataa haye, aur ack aavashyak visheshan anta jodaa jaataa haih
notah kewal apoorna kriyaon mein sakriya vartamaan pratibhaagi hoe sakata haye.
(*) notah yeye roop aadhunik russie mein aprachalit hain aur inca upayog bolly jaane vaali bhasha mein 'honah' kriya key roop mein naheen kiya jaataa haye.
prativartak kriya pratimaan.
pratibhaagi ling, mamle aur sankhya mein usa shabd key saath sahmat hotaa haye jise yeh sandarbhit kartaa haih
sakriya ateet pratibhaagi.
sakriya ateet pratibhaagi kaa upayog ateet mein hue karyon koo ingit karane key liye kiya jaataa haih
tulnah
sakriya ateet koo banaane key liye, anta mein '-th' koo '-vish-' pratyay dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaataa haye aur anta mein ack visheshan jodaa jaataa haih
nishkriya vartamaan pratibhaagi.
nishkriya vartamaan pratibhaagi banaane key liye vartamaan kaal key pratham vyakti bahuvachan mein samaapt honey vaale visheshan koo jodana aavashyak haih
aadhunik russie mein nishkriya pratibhaagi kabhi-kabhi hotey hain. aksar, ack hii arth prativartak sakriya vartamaan pratibhagiyon dwara vyakt kiya jaataa haih
- ome mein samaapt honey vaale roop jyaadaatar aprachalit hain. kewal roopon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye-vedomi (seey-netritva karane key liye) aur iscomi (seey-khojane key liye, khojane key liye) bolly jaane vaali bhasha mein visheshan key roop mein upayog kiye jaate hainh
nishkriya ateet pratibhaagi.
nishkriya ateet bhaag paripurna kriyaon key anant mool seey '-nn-' yaa '-t-' pratyay key madhyam seey banate hain. isake alawa, iss tarah key pratibhaagi key '-n-' yaa '-t-' pratyay key madhyam seey chhote roop hoe sakate hainh
kriyavisheshan pratibhaagi.
kriyavisheshan participles (δεπριχαστια) ack poorv yaa ack saath kaarravaai koo vyakt karate hain joe usa vaakya key liye sandarbh pradaan kartaa haye jisamen way hotey hain, angreji nirmaan key samaan "x kiya haye" yaa "y karate samay".
samanya kriyavisheshanon kii tarah, kriyavisheshan pratibhagiyon koo aswikar naheen kiya jaataa haye. way apani kriya key pahalu koo viraasat mein paate hain; apoorna loga aamtaur parr maujood hotey hain, jabaki paripurna loga kewal ateet hoe sakate hain (kyonki way vishay dwara kii gaee kaarravaai koo darshaate hain, kaal kriya dwara niroopit kaarravaai key samay seey mell khaata haye). lagbhag sabhi russie kriyavisheshan pratibhaagi sakriya hain, lekin nishkriya nirmaan kriya key kriyavisheshan sahabhaagi roopon kaa upayog karke banaae jaa sakate hain (ateet mein "kiya gayaa", vartamaan mein "honah"); inhen yaa tou vaadya mamle mein ack visheshan pratibhaagi key saath jodaa jaa sakata haye (βuduchi ránénым, βecs оstals оstáls стро-ghayal honey key kaaran, yoddha pankti mein banaa rhaa), yaa ack sankshipt visheshan (βyshi оdин отасасан, он олосете) jise ack baar aur dandit kiya gayaa thaa.
vartamaan kriyavisheshan bhaagon kaa nirmaan vartamaan kaal key mool mein pratyay-aeye/- yaa (yaa kabhi-kabhi-yuchi/- juchi, joe aamtaur parr avamoolyan kiya jaataa haye) koo jodkar kiya jaataa haye. kuchh pichhale kriyavisheshan bhaag (mukhya roop seey gati key akarmak kriyaon key) usee tarah seey banate hain, lekin adhikansh pratyay-v (vaikalpik roop-vshi, hamesha-sh seey pahale upayog kiya jaataa haye) key saath banate hain, jinamen seey kuchh kaa tanaa ack vyanjan key saath samaapt hotaa haye,-shi key saath. prativartak kriyaon key liye, pratyay-sh shabd key anta mein rahata haye; kavita mein yeh roop leey sakata haye-sy.
maanak russie mein, kriyavisheshan pratibhagiyon koo pustak bhaashan kii ack visheshta maanaa jaataa haye; bolchal kii bhasha mein unhein aamtaur parr ekal visheshan pratibhagiyon yaa kriyaon key saath nirmaan key saath pratisthaapit kiya jaataa haih pobedav, yaa poshell gulyaat ("khaane key baad, main tahalane gayaa") → yaa pobdale aur poshel gulyaat ("maine raat kaa khaana khaaya aur tahalane gayaa"). lekin kuchh dinaankit boliyon mein kriyavisheshan aur visheshan pratibhagiyon kaa upayog sahee roopon kaa utpaadan karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye joe anpadh lagate hain aur aadhunik russie mein naheen hotey hain; ee.jee. "maine aaj naheen khaaya haye" "main kabhi naheen khaaunga" "key bajaay" "main kabhi naheen khaaunga" "hoga.
aniyamit kriyaaen.
1 inn sabhi kriyaon mein ack mool parivartan hotaa haye.
2 inn kriyaon koo kuchh mamalon mein palatalize kiya jaataa haye, arthaat "pisāth" key sabhi vartamaan roopon key liye s → shh, aur anya kriyaon key pahale vyakti ekvachan mein d →j.
3 yeye kriyaaen pahale yaa dusare sanyugman key anuroop naheen hain.
shabd kaa gathan.
russie mein upsargon kaa ack samooh haye, poorv sthiti aur kriyavisheshan prakriti mein, saath hii saath laghu, samvardhit aur baar-baar pratyay. inn sabhi koo ack shabd key kaee vyutpannon kaa utpaadan karane key liye ack dusare parr rakhaa jaa sakata haye. pratibhagiyon aur anya parivartansheel roopon kaa bhee ack vishesh arth hoe sakata haye. udaaharan key liyeh
russie bhee agglutinative yaugikon key liye anukool saabit huaa haye. ack charam mamle key roop menh
shuddhatavadi (apane shabdakosh kii prastaavana mein dimitri ushakov key roop mein) aise shabdon parr gusse mein hain. lekin yahaan sent mein ack sadak kaa naam haye. petersbergh
kuchh bhashavidon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii russie ektrikaran church slavonic seey utpann hotaa haye. beesavin shatabdi mein, yaugik mein "sankshipt" ghatak dikhaai diyeh
vaakya rachana.
baatchit aur likhit bhasha donon mein mool shabd crum vishay-kriya-vastu haye. haalaanki, kyonki vyaakaran sambandh parivartan dwara chihnit hotey hain, shabd crum mein kaafee akshansh kii anumati haye, aur sabhi sambhaavit kramparivartan kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, vakyansh mein shabdon koo vyavasthit kiya jaa sakata haye "я ποσθελ ποσθειν" ('main dukaan parr gayaa'):
vyaakaran kii shuddhata banaae rakhate hue. haalaanki, dhyaan dein kii vakyansh "<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′ ′
shabd crum taarkik tanaav aur nishchitata kii degree koo vyakt curr sakata haye. praathamik jore praarambhik hotaa haye, anta mein kamjor jore key saath. inmein seey kuchh vyavasthaaen vartamaan karyon kaa varnan curr sakati hain, naa kewal ateet (iss tathya key bavjood kii kriya "poshell" ateet mein haye).
kuchh mamalon mein, vaikalpik shabd crum arth koo poori tarah seey badal sakata haih
avaiyaktik vaakya.
russie ack shoonya-vishay bhasha haye-yeh vishay () key binaa vaakyon key nirmaan kii anumati detee haye. unamen seey kuchh key avaiyaktik naheen honey kaa daavaa kiya jaataa haye, lekin unakaa vishay tirchha hotaa haye. iss tarah key vaakyon kaa ack sambhaavit vargeekaran alag kartaa haih
nishedh.
kaee nakaratmak.
maanak angreji key vipareet, russie mein kaee nakaratmak anivarya hain, jaisa kii "nikato nikogda nikomu nichego ney pract" ('koee bhee kabhi kissy koo kissy bhee cheez key liye maaf naheen kartaa' shaabdik roop seey, "koee bhee kabhi bhee kissy koo maaf naheen kartaa"). aamtaur parr, ack vaakya mein kewal ack shabd mein nakaratmak kann yaa upsarg "ney" hotaa haye yaa nakaratmak shabd "nett" seey sambandhit hotaa haye, jabaki dusare shabd mein nakaratmak-pushtikaarak kann yaa upsarg "nee" hotaa haye; lekin iss shabd koo aksar hataa diyaa jaa sakata haye, aur iss prakaar yeh nakaratmakta kaa sanket bunn jaataa haih "ωκρογ νικογο νετ" aur "ωκρογ νικογ" donon kaa matlab haye "aspas koee naheen haye.
kriyavisheshan uttar.
sakaratmak" vaakya key ack shabd key uttar key roop mein, "haan" kaa anuvaad "daa" aur "naheen" kaa anuvaad "nett" haye, jaisa kii neeche dee gaee talika mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. 
koee saral niyam nakaratmak vaakya key liye ack kriyavisheshan uttar pradaan naheen kartaa haye. bee. commery kaa kahana haye kii russie uttar mein daa yaa nett prashn key nakaratmak roop seey nirdhaarit naheen kiya jaataa haye, jaisa kii prashnakarta key nakaratmak upayog key iraade seey, yaa kyaa pratikriya usake "poorvadhaarana" key saath sahmat haye."kaee mamalon mein iska matlab haye kii aspashtata seey bachane key liye kriyavisheshan uttar koo badhaaya jaanaa chaahiye; bolly jaane vaali bhasha mein, yeh kahane mein swar bhee mahatvapurna hoe sakata haye kii kyaa yeh nishedh kii pushti yaa nishedh kii pushti haye.
dhyaan dein kii ack nakaratmak kriya key saath "daa" kaa vistaar karke nakaratmakta kii pushti vyakt karate samay vyaakaran kii drishti seey sweekarya haye. vyavhaar mein "nett" kaa uttar denaa adhik aam haye aur baad mein angreji mein upayog key samanantar ack nakaratmak kriya key saath vistaarit kiya jaataa haye. ack gair-vistaarit "nett" key saath ack nakaratmak vaakya kaa uttar dene kii vyakhya aamtaur parr angreji key samaan tareeke seey phir seey nakaratmakta kii pushti key roop mein kii jaati haye.
vaikalpik roop seey, sakaratmak aur nakaratmak donon saral prashnon kaa uttar 'naheen' key saath yaa usake binaa vidheya koo dohrakar diyaa jaa sakata haye, vishesh roop seey yadi 'daa'/'nett' aspasht haih navintam udaaharan mein, 'sarju' yaa 'ney sarju'.
samanvaya.
russie mein yaugik vaakyon dwara vyakt samanvaya key sabse aam prakaar sanyugma, virodhaatmak aur vibhaajak hain. isake alawa, russie vyaakaran tulanaatmak, poorak aur spasht karane parr vichaar kartaa haye. arth key anya swaadon koo bhee alag kiya jaa sakata haye.
sanyugma samanvaya sanyugma kii madad seey banaae jaate hain aur, aur, aur... nee ("naheen... naheen "-ack saath nishedh), bhee", toje ("bhee"; baad vaale dou mein poorak swaad hain), aadi. aamtaur parr sanyugma samanvaya ganana, samvartita yaa tatkaal anukram koo vyakt kartaa haye. unakaa swaad bhee kaaran-prabhaav hoe sakata haye.
vipakshi samanvaya vipakshi sanyojanon kii madad seey banaae jaate hainh aeye "aur" ~ "lekin," naheen "lekin," lekin ", doosari or", "jee" aur "~" lekin ", aadi. way virodh, tulanaa, asangatata, pratibandh yaa muaavaje key shabdarth sambandhon koo vyakt karate hain.
prithakkaran samanvaya prithakkaran sanyojanon kii madad seey banaae jaate hainh или "yaa," лисо "yaa tou, ли... yaa naheen... yaa, "tou... tou "... phir, "aadi. way samanvit vaakyon mein vyakt cheejon key parivartan yaa asangatata koo vyakt karate hain.
poorak aur spasht samanvaya pahale vaakya seey sambandhit atirikt, lekin adheenasth naheen, jaankaari koo vyakt kartaa haye.
tulanaatmak samanvaya virodhi kaa ack shabdarthik swaad haye.
samanya samanvaya sanyojanon mein shamil hainh
aaee" aur "aeye" key beach kaa antar mahatvapurna haih
aaee" aur "aeye" key beach kaa antar madhyayugeen kaal key baad vikasit huaa. mool roop seey, "aaee" aur "aeye" arth mein karib they. igor key geet kaa avyakt anta sambhaavit bhram koo darshaata haye. aadhunik vartani mein antim paanch shabd, "kyaa kyaa haye ack aadami" koo yaa tou "rajkumaron aur unake sevakon key liye mahima" key roop mein samajha jaa sakata haye! aamen."yaa" rajkumaron kii mahima, aur aamen (aar.aaee.pee.) unake anucharon key liye. halanki bahumat kii raay nishchit roop seey pahali vyakhya key saath haye, koee aam sahamati naheen bunny haye. donon key beach manovaigyaanik antar kaafee spasht haye.
adheenata.
purakon (adheenasth sanyojan, kriyavisheshan, yaa kriyavisheshan vakyansh) mein shamil hainh
samanya taur parr, russie mein angreji kii tulanaa mein cumm adheenasth khand hotey hain, kyonki pratibhagiyon aur kriyavisheshan pratibhagiyon koo aksar ack saapeksh sarvanam/kriya sanyojan kaa sthaan milata haye. udaaharan key liyeh
poorna nirmaan.
russie kii parivartansheel prakriti key bavjood, aadhunik russie mein angreji nammatra nirpeksh yaa lattin oblative nirpeksh nirmaan key barabar koee naheen haye. purani bhasha mein ack poorna nirmaan thaa, jisamen sangya mein shabd thaa. kaee anya prachintavadon kii tarah, ise church slavonic mein banaae rakhaa gayaa haye. saahityik russie mein antim gyaat udaharanon mein moolishev kii "pietersberg seey mosco kii yatra" ("πутесестесте ис πетерbурга оссчу"), 1790 mein paaya jaataa haih
baahari link.
 

