ell. frank baam

lyman frank boum (15 maee, 1856-6 maee, 1919) ack americi lekhak they jinhen unake bachchon kii kaalpanik pustakon, vishesh roop seey "dha wonder wizard off oz", ack shrinkhala key hisse key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. 14 "oz" pustakon key alawa, boum ney 41 anya upanyaas (chaar khoye hue, aprakaashit upanyason sahit), 83 laghu kathaaen, 200 seey adhik kavitaaen aur cumm seey cumm 42 patkathaaen likhin. unhone apane karyon koo munch aur parde parr laane key kaee prayaas kiye; pahali "oz" pustak kaa 1939 kaa roopaantaran 20veen shatabdi key cinema kaa ack meal kaa patthar bunn gayaa.
upstate newyork mein janme aur paley-badhe, baam ack theatre nirmaata aur natakkar key roop mein ack asafal karyakal key baad paschim mein chaley gaye. unhone aur unaki patni ney dakshin dakota mein ack dukaan kholi aur unhone ack samachar patra kaa sampadan aur prakaashan kiya. isake baad way shikago chaley gaye, jahan unhone ack samachar patra reporter key roop mein kaam kiya aur 1900 mein pahali "oz" pustak key saath baal saahitya prakaashit kiya. apane lekhan koo jaari rakhate hue, apani antim pariyojanaon mein unhone loss angils, california mein bachchon kii filmon parr kendrit ack film studio sthaapit karane kii maang kii.
unake karyon ney baad mein television, samvardhit vaastaviktaa, laptop computer ("master kii"), wireless telephone ("tick-toke off oz"), uchch jokhim vaale aur action-bhaari vyavsaayon mein mahilaaon ("mairi luis inn dha country"), aur kapadon key vigyaapan ("chaachi jaine kii bhatiji kaam parr") jaisi aam jagahon kaa anuman lagaaya.
bachpan aur praarambhik jeevan.
boum kaa janm 1856 mein chittenango, newyork mein ack bhakt paddhativaadi parivaar mein huaa thaa. unake german, scots-ayrish aur angreji vansh they. vaha synthia aine (nee stanton) aur benjamin ward baam key nau bachchon mein seey saatven they, jinamen seey kewal paanch vayaskata taka jeevit rahey. "lyman" unake pitaa key bhaai kaa naam thaa, lekin vaha hamesha ise napsand karate they aur apane beach key naam "" frank "" koo pasand karate they. 
unake pitaa ney kaee vyavsaayon mein safalata praapt kii, jinamen bairal banaana, pensylvania mein tail khodna aur achal sampatti shamil hain. boum apane maataa-pitaa kii vishal sampatti gulab key maidan mein paley-badhe, jise unhone pyaar seey ack tarah key swarg key roop mein yaad kiya. gulab kaa lonn matdale, newyork mein sthit thaa. frank ack beemar, swapnil bachcha thaa, jise apane bhaai-bahanon key saath ghar parr padhaaya jaataa thaa. 12 saal kii umr seey, unhone peakskill sainya akadami mein dou dayaniya saal bitaaye, lekin divaswapna dekhane key liye gambhir roop seey anushaasit honey key baad, unhein sambhavatah manovikrit dill kaa daura padaa aur unhein ghar lautane kii anumati dee gaee.
boum ney jeevan mein shuruati daur mein likhana shuru curr diyaa thaa, sambhavatah unake pitaa dwara unhein ack sastaa mudranalaya khareedane key kaaran. vaha hamesha apane chhote bhaai heinry (hairi) clay baam key karib rahey they, jinhone "dha rose lonn home journal" key utpaadan mein madad kii. bhaaiyon ney patrika key kaee ank prakaashit kiye, jinamen sthaaniya vyavsaayon key vigyaapan bhee shamil they, jinhen unhone parivaar aur doston koo muft mein diyaa. 17 saal kii umr taka, boum ney "dha stamp collector" naamak ack doosari shaukiya patrika kii sthaapana kii, "boum kii poorna stamp dealers kii nirdeshika" naamak 11-prishth kaa ack parcha mudrit kiya, aur doston key saath ack stamp dealership shuru kii.
20 saal kii umr mein, boum ney prajanan key liye aakarshak murgi paalan kaa rashtriya craze apanaaya. unhone hamberg chikan koo paalane mein visheshagyata praapt kii. march 1880 mein, unhone ack masik vyaapaar patrika, "dha poultry record" kii sthaapana kii, aur 1886 mein, jaba baam 30 saal key they, unaki pahali pustak prakaashit huih "dha book off dha hambergsah aeye brief treaties onn dha matting, rearing aind management off dha vibhinn kismon key hambergs".
baum mein ghar mein manoranjan kaa kendra honey kaa ack kaushal thaa, jisamen vittiya kathinaaiyon key samay bhee shamil thaa. unaki atishbaji kii bikri ney julaai kaa chautha dinn yadgar banaa diyaa. unake akash mein chattaanen, roman mombattiyaan aur atishbaji aasmaan mein bhar gaee, jabaki pados key aspas key kaee loga pradarshanon koo dekhane key liye ghar key saamane ikattha hotey they. chrismus aur bhee adhik utsav thaa. baam parivaar key liye saanta closs key roop mein taiyar. unake pitaa chrismus key pedh koo saamane key parlor mein ack parde key peechhe rakhate they taaki boum sabhi seey baat curr sakey jabaki unhone pedh koo sajaaya, binaa logon key unhein dekhane key. unhone iss parampara koo jeevan bhar banaae rakhaa.
carrier.
rangmanch.
baam ney theatre key saath apane jeevan bhar key moh aur aarthik safalata kii shuruat kii. ack sthaaniya naatya company ney unhein apane raaste mein aaney vaali pramukh bhoomikaon key vaade parr apani veshbhusha key bhandar koo phir seey bharane key liye dhokha diyaa. mohbhang mein, boum ney theatre chhod diyaa-asthaayi roop seey-aur sircuse mein apane behnoi kii sookhi vastuon kii company mein ack clerk key roop mein kaam karane key liye chalaa gayaa. iss anubhav ney unaki kahani "dha suicide off kiaros" koo prabhaavit kiya hoga, joe pahali baar saahityik patrika "dha white elephant" mein prakaashit hui thee. ack dinn ack saathi clerk koo ack dukaan key kamare mein mrit paaya gayaa thaa, shayed aatmahatya seey.
baam kabhi bhee munch seey door naheen reh sakata thaa. unhone lui aff key munch naamon key tahat natakon mein pradarshan kiya. baam aur george brook. 1880 mein, unake pitaa ney unhein newyork key richberg mein ack theatre banaaya aur unamen abhinay karane key liye ack company ikattha karane key liye naatak likhane key baare mein baat kii. "dha maid off arrange" "ack mamuli safalata saabit hui, villium black key upanyaas" "aeye princess off thule" "parr adharit geeton key saath ack melodrama. boum ney naatak likhaa aur isake liye geeton kii rachana kii (ise ack aadarsh sangeetmay banaate hue, kyonki isake geet kathaa seey sambandhit hain), aur pramukh bhoomika mein abhinay kiya. unaki chaachi kathreen gray ney unake charitra kii chaachi kii bhoomika nibhai. vaha syracuse oratory school kii sansthaapak theen, aur baam ney rangmanch vyavasaay, naatak lekhan, nirdeshan, anuvaad (french, german aur italvi), sanshodhan aur opereta sahit theatre padhaane key liye apani soochi mein apani sevaaon kaa vigyaapan diyaa.
9 navambar 1882 koo, boum ney ack prasiddh mahila matadhikar aur nariwadi karyakarta, matilda josleen gaze kii betty, maud gaze seey shaadi kii. jaba boum "vyavastha kii naukarani" key saath daura curr rhaa thaa, richberg mein theatre mein boum key vyangyaatmak sheershak vaale parlor naatak "maichon" key nirmaan key dauran aag lugg gaee, jisase theatre key saath-saath "match" sahit boum kii kaee patkathaon kii ekmatra gyaat pratiyaan nasht hoe gaeen, saath hii veshbhusha bhee.
dakshin dakota varsh.
julaai 1888 mein, boum aur unaki patni dakota kshetra key eberdin mein chaley gaye, jahan unhone "boum kaa bajar" naamak ack dukaan kholi. rinn parr maal dene kii unaki aadat key kaaran antatah dukaan diwalia hoe gaee, isaliye boum ney sthaaniya samachar patra "dha aberdeen satterday pioneer" key sampadan kii or rukh kiya, jahan unhone "hamari makaan malik" collum likhaa. bhaaratiya agency pulis key haathon baithe bail kii mrityu key baad, boum ney 20 disambar, 1890 koo likhe ack collum mein sabhi americi mool nivaasiyon key thoke unmoolan kii sifarish kii (neeche puuraa paath). yeh spasht naheen haye kii boum kaa matlab ack vyangya key roop mein thaa yaa naheen, vishesh roop seey jaba seey unaki saas matilda josleen gaze koo mohock rashtra key bhediya kabile mein maanad god liya gayaa thaa aur way mool americi adhikaaron key ack ugra rakshak they, lekin 3 janwari, 1891 koo, way ghayal ghutane key narsamhar key sampadakiya jawab mein vishay parr laut aaeh
agradoot ney pahale ghoshana kii haye kii hamari ekmatra suraksha bhaartiyon key kull vilupt honey parr nirbhar karati haye. sadiyon seey unake saath anyaay karane key baad, hamaare paas behtar thaa, taaki hamari sabhyata kii raksha kii jaa sakey, ack aur galat dwara iska anusaran kiya jaa sakey aur inn aprachalit aur apratirodhya praniyon koo prithvi key chehare seey mitaa diyaa jaa sakey.
dha wazard off oz" mein boum kaa kansas kaa varnan sookhe seey grast dakshin dakota mein unake anubhavon parr adharit haye. iss samay key adhikansh samay key dauran, matilda josleen gaze baam ghar mein reh rahee thee. jaba boum dakshin dakota mein they, unhone ack chaukadi mein gaaya jisamen james kyle shamil they, joe yuu. aiss. mein pahale loklubhavan (peepuls party) senators mein seey ack bunn gaye.aiss.
likhana.
baam kaa samachar patra 1891 mein whiffle hoe gayaa, aur vaha, maud, aur unake chaar bete shikago key humbolt park khand mein chaley gaye, jahan baam ney "shaam key pada" key liye reporting kii naukari lii. 1897 mein shuru karate hue, unhone "dha show vindo" naamak ack patrika kii sthaapana aur sampadan kiya, jise baad mein "merchants record aind show vindo" key roop mein jaanaa gayaa, joe store vindo display, khudra ranneetiyon aur drishya vyaapaar parr kendrit thaa. usa samay key pramukh department stores ney ghadee key kaam key tantra kaa upayog karke chrismus key samay kii vistrit kalpanaaen banaai, jisase loga aur janwar chalate dikhaai dete they. poorv "show vindo" patrika abhee bhee chala rahee haye, jise abb "vee. aim. aiss. dee" patrika (drishya merchandising + store design) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe sinsinati mein sthit haye. 1900 mein, boum ney vindo display key baare mein ack pustak prakaashit kii jisamen unhone grahakon koo aakarshit karane mein putalon key mahatva parr jore diyaa. unhein ack yatra vikreta key roop mein bhee kaam karna padaa.
1897 mein, unhone "gadya mein maan huns" likhaa aur prakaashit kiya, joe gadya kahaaniyon key roop mein likhi gaee maan huns kavitaon kaa ack sangrah haye aur maxfield parrish dwara sachitra haye. "madar goose" koo madhyam safalata millie aur baam koo apani bikri kii naukari chhodane kii anumati dee (jiska unake swaasthya parr nakaratmak prabhaav padaa). 1899 mein, boum ney chitrakaar doubleu key saath bhagidari kii. doubleu. faadar goose, unaki pustak", ack nirathak kavita sangrah prakaashit karane key liye. yeh pustak safal rahee aur varsh kii sabse adhik bikane vaali bachchon kii pustak bunn gaee.
"oz kaa adbhut jadugar.
1900 mein, boum aur denslo (jinake saath unhone copyrite saajha kiya) ney "dha wonder wizard off oz" koo bahut aalochanatmak prashansa aur vittiya safalata key liye prakaashit kiya. yeh pustak apane praarambhik prakaashan key baad dou saal taka bachchon kii sabse adhik bikane vaali pustak rahee. boum ney oz kii bhoomi key sthaanon aur logon parr adharit terah aur upanyaas likhe.
"dha wizard off ojah fred aar. hamlin kaa sangeetmay utsav.
wizard" prakaashan key dou saal baad, boum aur denslo ney sangeetkaar paul tietzens aur nirdeshak juuliyan michel key saath milkar fred aar key tahat pustak key ack sangeetmay munch sanskaran kaa nirmaan kiya. hamlin. baam aur tietzens ney 1901 mein "dha wonder wizard off oz" key sangeet parr kaam kiya thaa aur yeh pustak parr karib seey adharit thaa, lekin ise aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh munch sanskaran 1902 mein shikago mein khola gayaa (sankshipt sheershak "dha wizard off oz" kaa upayog karane vaalaa pahala), phir janwari seey octuber 1903 taka 293 munch raaton key liye broadway parr chalaa. yeh 1904 mein broadway parr laut aaya, jahaan yeh march seey maee taka aur phir seey navambar seey disambar taka khela gayaa. isane usee kalakar varg key saath sanyukt raajya kaa safaltapurvak daura kiya, jaisa kii una dinon mein 1911 taka kiya gayaa thaa, aur phir shaukiya upayog key liye upalabdh hoe gayaa. munch sanskaran mein enaa laflin ney david see key saath dorothy gell key roop mein abhinay kiya. tinn key lakadi key aadami aur daraane vaale key roop mein kramshah montgomeri aur fred stone, jisane iss jodee koo turant prasiddhi dilaaee.
munch sanskaran pustak seey kaafee alag thaa, aur mukhya roop seey vayaskon key liye thaa. toto koo gaay key saath badal diyaa gayaa thaa, aur triaxy trifle (ack vetress) aur pastoria (ack streetcar operator) koo saathi chakravaat peediton key roop mein jodaa gayaa thaa. paschim kii dusht chudail koo poori tarah seey script mein samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur kathaanak iss baare mein bunn gayaa kii kaise chaar doston koo hadapane vaale jadugar key saath gathbandhan kiya gayaa thaa aur oz key sahee raajaa pastoria II key liye gaddaar key roop mein shikaar kiya gayaa thaa. yeh spasht naheen haye kii patkatha parr boum kaa kitna niyantran yaa prabhaav thaa; aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii kaee parivartan hamlin key saath anubandh kii aavashyaktaon key kaaran boum dwara unaki ichchhaon key khilaf likhe gaye they. patkatha mein chutkule, jyaadaatar glain mcdonf dwara likhe gaye, rashtrapati theodor roozvelt, senator maark hannah, rev key spasht sandarbhon key liye kahaa gayaa. andreau dankar aur tail vyavasaayi johnn dee. rockfeller. halanki patkatha kaa upayog swatantra roop mein kiya gayaa thaa, lekin 1904 mein hamlin koo unaki mrityu kii soochana milate hii hannah key baare mein pankti koo hataane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa.
munch sanskaran kii safalata key saath shuru karate hue, upanyaas key nae sanskaranon sahit kahani key adhikansh baad key sanskaranon koo poorna, mool sheershak kaa upayog karane key bajaay "dha wizard off oz" sheershak diyaa gayaa haye. haal key varshon mein, poorna sheershak koo bahaal karna teji seey aam hoe gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey upanyaas koo hollywood film seey alag karane key liye.
boum ney ack naee oz pustak likhi, "dha marvelous laind off oz", ise ack munch utpaadan mein banaane key liye, jiska sheershak "dha vogal-bugg" thaa, lekin jaba mool abhee bhee chala rhaa thaa tou montgomeri aur stone dikhaai dene seey butch gaye. daraavane aur tinn key lakadi key aadami koo taba iss anukoolan seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, jise alochakon dwara ack swa-pakad key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa aur isase pahale kii yeh broadway taka pahunch sakey, ack pramukh asafal saabit huaa. unhone "ozma off oz" key ack sangeet sanskaran parr bhee varshon taka kaam kiya, joe antatah "oz kaa tick-toke maine" bunn gayaa. yeh loss angils mein kaafee achchha pradarshan kiya, lekin nirmaata oliver morosco koo newyork mein utpaadan karane key liye manaane key liye paryaapt naheen thaa. unhone "dha patchwork gerl off oz" kaa ack munch sanskaran bhee shuru kiya, lekin yeh antatah ack film key roop mein mahsoos kiya gayaa.
baad mein jeevan aur kaam.
prishth aur munch parr "wizard" kii safalata key saath, baam aur denslo ney aage kii safalata kii ummeed kii aur 1901 mein "dott aind tott off maryland" prakaashit kiya. yeh pustak baam kii sabse kamjor pustakon mein seey ack thee, aur isaki viphalata ney denslo key saath unake ladkhadaate sambandhon koo aur tanaav diyaa. yeh unakaa aakhiri sahyog thaa. boum ney mukhya roop seey johnn aar key saath kaam kiya. neel ney 1904 mein apane kaalpanik kaary kii shuruat kii, lekin boum ney neel seey kuchh baar mulakat kii (sabhi unake california jaane seey pahale) aur aksar neel kii kalaa koo unaki pasand key liye paryaapt hasyapurna naheen paaya. vaha vishesh roop seey taba naraj hue jaba neel ney binaa pradhikaran key "dha oz toy bukah cutt-out forr dha kiddies" prakaashit kiya.
boum ney kathit taur parr hotal dell coronado key crown room mein jhoomaron koo design kiya thaa; haalaanki, usa visheshta kii pushti abhee taka naheen kii gaee haye. oz shrinkhala key vikas key dauran kaee baar, boum ney ghoshana kii kii unhone apani antim oz pustak likhi thee aur "saanta closs key jeevan aur romanch" aur "queen zixi off ikes" sahit anya jadui deshon mein adharit kaalpanik kathaaon key anya karyon key liye khud koo samarpit curr diyaa thaa. haalaanki, vaha harr baar lokpriya maang, bachchon key patron aur apani naee pustakon kii viphalata seey raaji hocker shrinkhala mein laut aae. phir bhee, unaki mrityu key baad unaki anya kritiyaan bahut lokpriya raheen, jisamen "master kii" "sent" parr dikhaai dee. nicolaus patrika ney 1920 key dashak mein pathakon kii pasandida pustakon kaa sarvekshan kiya.
1905 mein, boum ney ack oz manoranjan park kii yojana ghoshit kii. ack sakshatkar mein, unhone california key tata seey "pedlo dweep" khareedane kaa ullekh kiya taaki ise ack oz park mein badal diyaa jaa sakey. haalaanki, iss baat kaa koee saboot naheen haye kii usane aisaa ack dweep kharida thaa, aur koee bhee aisaa dweep naheen paa sakaa haye jiska naam usa kshetra mein pedlo jaisa dikhta haye. phir bhee, boum ney press koo bataaya kii unhone california key tata parr ack pedlo dweep kii khoj kii thee aur unhone ise "oz kii adbhut bhoomi" key roop mein kharida thaa, jiska irada thaa kii yeh "bachchon key liye ack purry swarg" hoe."saine francisco key gyaarah varsheeya dorothy talboat key 1 march, 1906 koo simhaasan parr baithane kii soochana thee, jaba oz key mahal key puuraa honey kii ummeed thee. boum ney dweep parr rahane kii yojana banaai, jisamen rajkumari aur usake sabhi baal salaahkaaron dwara prashaasnik kartavyon koo sambhala gayaa. yojanaon mein daraavane kaue, tinn key lakadi key aadami, jack kaddu aur aich kii moortiyaan shamil theen.aim. vogal-bugg, tii.ee. baam ney 1905 mein garrick theatre mein chala rahey "dha vogal-bugg" kii viphalata key baad apani oz park pariyojana koo chhod diyaa.
rangmanch key prati apane aajivan prem key kaaran, unhone vistrit sangeet kaa vittaposhan kiya, jisase aksar unhein vittiya nuksan hotaa thaa. boum key sabse kharaab vittiya prayason mein seey ack unakaa "dha fairlog aind radio-play" (1908) thaa, jisamen ack slideshow, film aur live abhinetaon koo bomm dwara ack vyakhyan key saath jodaa gayaa thaa jaise kii vaha oz koo ack yatra vrittaant dey rahey they. haalaanki, boum musibat mein parh gayaa aur filmon kaa nirmaan karane vaali company koo apana rinn naheen chuka sakaa. dha wazard off oz" sahit apane pahale key kaee karyon key royalty adhikaar bechane key baad, vaha kaee varshon taka ack sthir vittiya sthiti mein vaapas naheen aae. isake parinamswarup aim.aeye. donahue company ney vigyaapan key saath apane shuruati karyon key saste sanskaran prakaashit kiye, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii baam kaa nayaa utpaadan cumm mahangi pustakon seey cumm thaa joe way jaari curr rahey they. unhone agast 1911 mein diwaliyapan kaa daavaa kiya. haalaanki, boum ney chaturai seey apani adhikansh sampatti koo maud key naam mein sthanantarit curr diyaa thaa, sivaay apane kapadon, apane typewriter aur apane pustakalaya (jyaadaatar bachchon kii kitaabon, jaise kii andreau laing kii pariyon kii kahaaniyon, jinka chitra unhone apane adhyayan mein rakhaa thaa)-yeye sabhi, unhone safaltapurvak tark diyaa, unake vyavasaay key liye aavashyak they. maud ney vaise bhee vitt koo sambhala, aur iss prakaar baum ney apani tulanaa mein bahut cumm khou diyaa.
boum ney apani kuchh anya gair-oz pustakon key liye kaee chhadm naamon kaa upayog kiya. inmein shamil hainh
boum ney gumnam roop seey "antim misrah nile kaa ack romans" bhee likhaa. unhone hairi marsten heldman key purushon key samajik samooh utthaankartaon key saath naatakiya kaary jaari rakhaa, jisake liye unhone vibhinn samarohon key liye kaee naatak likhe. unhone samooh key parodic upa-niyam bhee likhe. samooh mein will rosers bhee shamil they, lekin unhein sadasya key roop mein baam honey parr garv thaa aur unake alpakaalik iraade key bavjood unake kaee karyon koo maranoparant punarjeevit kiya gayaa thaa. inmein seey kaee natakon key sheershak gyaat hain, lekin kewal "lucifer kaa utthaan" jeevit rahane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye (yeh 1960 key dashak mein ack seemit sanskaran mein prakaashit huaa thaa). isase pahale, unakaa antim nirmit naatak "dha tick-toke maine off oz" ("ozma off oz" aur "tick-toke off oz" key aadhar parr) thaa, joe hollywood mein ack mamuli safalata thee jise nirmaata oliver morosco ney taya kiya kii vaha vyaapak roop seey lene key liye paryaapt achchha pradarshan naheen curr sakaa. sanyog seey, morosco ney jaldi seey film nirmaan kii or rukh kiya, jaisa kii baam ney kiya.
1914 mein, boum ney apani khud kii film nirmaan company oz film nirmaan company shuru kii, joe utthaan key roop mein aaee. unhone isake adhyaksh aur pramukh nirmaata aur patkatha lekhak key roop mein kaary kiya. board key baaki hisson mein lui aff shamil they. gotshock, hairi marsten heldman aur clarence aar. rundell. inn filmon kaa nirdeshan jey. farrell mcdonald, cast key saath jisamen violet mcmillan, vivian reed, mildrade harris, juanita hanson, piyare koodrak, maaee wells, luis ammons, jey shamil they. charles haydon, aur harrold lloyd aur haal roach dwara praarambhik upasthiti. mook film abhineta richard rosan ack film mein dikhaai diye (rosan key chhote bhaai harrold rosan 1939 mein release hui "dha wizard off oz" key chhayakar they). avaastavik bachchon key film bajar kii jaanch mein thodi safalata key baad, boum ney "antim misra" key apane lekhak koo sweekaar kiya aur isaki ack film banaai (jisake kuchh hisse "dashakiya" mein shamil hain), lekin oz naam usa samay boxes offices parr jahar bunn gayaa thaa, aur yahaan taka kii naatakiya feature filmon mein naam parivartan aur frank josleen boum koo swaamitva kaa hastaantaran bhee madad naheen curr sakaa. fairlog aur radio-play" key vipareet, boum ney iss udyam mein apana koee bhee paisa nivesh naheen kiya, lekin tanaav ney shayed unake swaasthya parr apana prabhaav daala.
mrityu.
5 maee, 1919 koo, boum koo ack stroke huaa, komaa mein chalaa gayaa aur agale dinn, 62 varsh kii ayu mein, apane 63vein janmadin seey lagbhag 9 dinn pahale unaki mrityu hoe gaee. unake antim shabd unaki patni seey ack sankshipt avadhi key dauran boley gaye theh "abb humm badalati rait koo paar curr sakate hain."unhein glendale key vann lonn memorial park kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa thaa.
unaki antim pustak, "glinda off oz", unaki mrityu key ack saal baad 10 julaai, 1920 koo prakaashit hui thee. oz shrinkhala koo unaki mrityu key lambe samay baad anya lekhakon dwara jaari rakhaa gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey nirdayi plumly thompson, jinhone ack atirikt 21 oz pustaken likhin.
baam kii maanyataaen.
saahityik.
oz pustakon aur unaki anya pariyon kii kahaaniyon key saath boum key spasht iraade una kahaaniyon koo phir seey bataana thaa joe bhaaiyon key grim aur hains christian anderson key karyon mein paaee jaati hain, unhein ack americi nus mein punarnirmit karna, unhein adyatan karna, baune yaa jeaney jaise roodhivaadi paatron koo chhodana, aur hinsa aur naitik shikshaon key sambandh koo hataana. unaki pahali oz pustakon mein hinsa kii ack uchit matra thee, lekin shrinkhala key aage badhane key saath isaki matra cumm hoe gaee; "oz key panna shahar" mein, ozma hinsa key upayog parr apatti jataata haye, yahaan taka kii una khanabadoshon key khilaf hinsa key upayog parr bhee joe oz koo aakraman kii dhamki dete hain. unake parichay koo aksar bachchon kii kahaaniyon key swachchata kii shuruat key roop mein uddhrit kiya jaataa haye, halanki unhone kathor naitik sabak koo samaapt karane seey jyada kuchh naheen kiya.
ack anya paaramparik tatva jise baam ney jaanboojhkar chhod diyaa thaa, vaha thaa romans parr jore denaa. vaha romantic prem koo chhote bachchon key liye rookhe honey key saath-saath kaafee hudd taka samajh seey baahar bhee maanate they. dha wazard off oz" mein, romans key ekmatra tatva tinn key lakadi key aadami kii prishthabhoomi mein aur nimmi ammy key liye usake pyaar mein nihit hain, joe usaki sthiti koo samajhaata haye lekin kahani koo kissy anya tareeke seey prabhaavit naheen kartaa haye, aur samlaingik kii prishthabhoomi aur pankhon vaale bandaron kaa mantra. iss tarah key tatvon key saath kewal anya kahaaniyan "dha daraavane oz" aur "tick-toke off oz" theen, donon hii natakiyataon parr adharit theen, jinhen boum ney taba taka yuddhaatmak maanaa jaba taka kii unake pathakon ney unhein sweekaar naheen curr liya.
raajneetik.
mahila matadhikar adhivakta.
jaba boum dakshin dakota key aberdeen mein rahate they, jahan way isake samaan matadhikar club key sachiv they, tou gantantra mein "aberdeen shaniwar pioneer" kii rajneeti kaa adhikansh hissa mahilaaon key matadhikar key liye vote dene key liye janata koo manaane kii koshish seey nipatata thaa. susan bee. anthany eberdin gayaa aur baam key saath rhaa. nancy tiested kaupal ney mahilaaon key matadhikar key liye bill paarit karane mein aberdeen key whiffle rahane key baad sampadakiya mein ruchi key spasht nuksan koo nott kiya.
matilda josleen gaze foundation key saili rosh wagner ney "dha wonderfull madar off oz" prakaashit kiya, jisamen varnan kiya gayaa kii kaise matilda gaze kii nariwadi rajneeti koo boum dwara sahaanubhootipoorvak unaki oz pustakon mein prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa. apane samay key matadhikariyon key saath boum key kuchh samparkon ney "oz kii adbhut bhoomi" koo prerit kiya haye. iss kahani mein, general jinjur ack vidroh mein oz kii ladkiyon aur mahilaaon kaa netritva kartaa haye, joe bunai kii suiyon seey lais hoti hain; way safal hotey hain aur purushon koo ghar key kaam karane key liye majboor karate hain. jinjur ack aksham shaasak saabit hotaa haye, lekin rajkumari ozma, joe langic samaantaa kii vakaalat karati haye, antatah simhaasan parr baith jaati haye. charlotte perkins gillman kii 1915 kii nariwadi vigyaan kathaa kii classic, "harland", "dha emrald city off oz" (1910) key saath majboot samaantaaen rakhti haye; boum aur gillman key beach kii kadee koo gaze maanaa jaataa haye. oz key baahar kii boum kii kahaaniyon mein nariwadi yaa samtaavaadi vishay bhee hain. unaki edith vaine dyne kahaaniyon mein ladkiyon aur yuva mahilaaon koo paaramparik roop seey mardana gatividhiyon mein shamil honey key liye darshaaya gayaa haye, jisamen "chaachi jaine kii bhatiji" aur "udane vaali ladki" aur isaki agali kadee shamil haye. bluebird kii kitaabon mein ack ladki kaa jasus dikhaaya gayaa haye.
nasleeya vichaar.
1890 key bhoot nritya andolan aur ghayal ghutane key narsamhar key aspas kii avadhi key dauran, boum ney dou sampadakiya likhe jisamen kahaa gayaa kii gorey basane vaalon kii suraksha americi bhaartiyon key thoke narsamhar parr nirbhar karati haye. inn sampadakiyon koo 1990 mein cornell vishvavidyalaya key samajshastri robbert venables dwara phir seey prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, joe tark dete hain kii baam vyangya kaa upayog naheen curr rhaa thaa. american indian histreeh aeye documentary reader" key sampaadak, americi itihaaskaar camilla townsand ney tark diyaa kii sampadakiya "charitra key khilaf" thaa, kyonki unhone pahale ack tukada prakaashit kiya thaa jisamen mool amerikiyon seey darne vaale gorey logon key vichaar kii aalochana kii gaee thee; townsand ney kahaa kii vaha iss baat kaa saboot khojane mein whiffle rahee kii baam vyangya kaa upayog curr rahee thee.
pahala tukada 20 disambar, 1890 koo prakaashit huaa thaa, joe lakota seox pavitra vyakti, baithe bail kii hatyaa key paanch dinn baad thaa. iss lekh mein kahaa gayaa thaa kii baithe bail kii mrityu key saath, "laal twacha kii kuleenata" koo bujhaa diyaa gayaa thaa, aur seema kii suraksha taba taka sthaapit naheen kii jaayegi jaba taka kii shesh mool amerikiyon kaa "poorna vinash" naheen hoe jaataa, joe, unhone daavaa kiya, "dayaniya badkismat" key roop mein rahate they."boum ney kahaa kii unake unmoolan parr khed naheen honah chaahiye, aur unakaa unmoolan unake poorvajon kii" purush visheshtaon key saath nyaay karega ".
ghayal ghutane kaa narsamhar nau dinn baad huaa; doosara sampadakiya 3 janwari, 1891 koo prakaashit huaa. baam ney aarop lagaaya kii general nelson aeye. mool amerikiyon key kamjor shasson key kaaran americi sainikon koo ack "yuddh" mein "bhayaanak rakt kii haani" kaa saamana karna padaa thaa, joe yuddh vibhaag key liye ack upman thaa. unhone paaya kii uchit taiyari key saath "aapada" koo aasaani seey rokaa jaa sakata thaa. boum ney dohraya kii unakaa maanana thaa kii mool amerikiyon key saath durvyavahar key itihas key kaaran, americi basane vaalon kii raksha key liye "aprachalit aur apratirodhya" janjaatiyon kaa unmoolan aavashyak thaa. boum ney nimnalikhit upakhyan key saath sampadakiya kaa samaapan kiyaah "ack purvi samkaaleen, apani buddhi mein gyaan key daane key saath, kahata haye kii 'jaba gorey ack ladaai jeetate hain, tou yeh ack jeet hoti haye, aur jaba bhaaratiya ise jeetate hain, tou yeh ack narsamhar hotaa haye.'"
2006 mein, boum key dou vanshajon ney apane poorvaj dwara kii gaee kissy bhee chot key liye seox rashtra seey maafi maangi.
laghu kahani "mantramugdh bhains" baisan kii ack janjaati key baare mein ack kinvadanti honey kaa daavaa karati haye, aur yeh bataati haye kii iska ack pramukh tatva ise mool americi janjaatiyon kii kinvadantiyon mein badal detaa haye. boum ney "chaachi jaine kii bhatiji aur chaacha johnn" mein apane paatron key ack happi saamp nritya key prati ghrina kaa ullekh kiya haye, lekin vaha bhaaratiya aarakshan parr maujood bhayaanak sthiti kii bhee ninda kartaa haye. "khet mein chaachi jaine kii bhatiji" mein ack mehnati maxican haye joe anglo roodhivaadita koo galat saabit kartaa haye joe maxican koo aalsi key roop mein chitrit kartaa haye. boum kii saas aur mahila matadhikar netaa matilda josleen gaze ney unake vichaaron koo dridhata seey prabhaavit kiya. gaze koo bhediya kabile mein shuru kiya gayaa thaa aur mool americi logon key liye unake mukhar sammaan aur sahaanubhooti kii maanyata mein metron kii eroquois parishad mein bharti kiya gayaa thaa.
dha wizard off oz" mein raajneetik chhavi.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein "jadugar" key kaee raajneetik sandarbh saamane aae. newyork hyee school key itihas key ack varishth shikshak heinry littlefield ney 1964 mein ack vidvatapurna lekh likhaa, joe 1890 key dashak kii rajneeti aur paatron key ack vistaarit roopak key roop mein upanyaas kii pahali poorna vyakhya thee. unhone loklubhavan roopak aur chaandi aur soney parr bahas parr vishesh dhyaan diyaa. boum ack ganatantravaadi aur mahilaaon key matadhikar key utsaahi samarthak they, aur yeh socha jaataa haye kii unhone 1890-1892 key loklubhavan andolan yaa 1896-1900 key brynite silver dharmayuddh key raajneetik aadarshon kaa samarthan naheen kiya. unhone villium mckinley key samarthan mein ack kavita prakaashit kii.
1964 key baad seey, kaee vidvaanon, arthshastriyon aur itihaskaron ney littlefield kii vyakhya kaa vistaar kiya haye, paatron (vishesh roop seey denslo key chitron mein darshaae gaye) aur usa avadhi key sampadakiya cartoonon key stock aankadon key beach kaee samaantaon kii or ishara kiya haye. littlefield ney sampaadak khand koo likhe "dha newyork times" patron mein likhaa kii unake siddhant kaa vaastav mein koee aadhar naheen thaa, lekin unakaa mool bindu "baam koo label karna naheen thaa, yaa unake kissy bhee jaadoo koo cumm karna thaa, balki, mount vernan hyee school mein ack itihas shikshak key roop mein, kalpana aur ashcharya key saath sadee key america koo nivesh karna thaa joe maine hamesha unaki kahaaniyon mein paaya haye."
baam key samachar patra ney 1890 key dashak mein rajneeti koo sambodhit kiya thaa, aur denslo ack sampadakiya cartoonist key saath-saath bachchon kii pustakon key chitrakaar bhee they. 1902 key charan sanskaran mein raajneetik sandarbhon kii ack shrinkhala shamil haye, jaise kii rashtrapati, ack shaktishali senator aur johnn dee key sandarbh. tinn key lakadi key aadami koo aavashyak tail pradaan karane key liye rockfeller. vidvaanon koo 1902 key baad boum kii oz pustakon mein kuchh raajneetik sandarbh mille hain. boum seey poochha gayaa thaa kii kyaa unaki kahaaniyon key chhipe hue arth they, lekin unhone hamesha jawab diyaa kii way "bachchon koo khush karane" key liye likhe gaye they.
dharm.
boum mool roop seey ack paddhativaadi they, lekin way samudayik natakon mein bhaag lene key liye aberdine mein episcopal church mein shamil hoe gaye. baad mein, unhein aur unaki patni koo 1892 mein matilda josleen gaze dwara theosophical society key sadasya banane key liye protsaahit kiya gayaa. boum kii maanyataaen unake lekhan mein aksar parilakshit hoti hain; haalaanki, unaki oz pustakon mein ack church kaa ekmatra ullekh cheeni mitty kaa bartan haye jise kaayar shher sunder chean desh mein "oz key adbhut jadugar" mein todata haye. baamon ney apane badey beton koo shikago mein "naitik sanskriti ravivaar school" mein bheja, joe naitikta sikhaata thaa, dharm naheen.
ewan aaee sahit lekhak. schwartz ney anya logon key beach sujhaav diyaa haye kii boum ney jaanboojhkar "oz key adbhut jadugar" mein roopak aur prateekvaad kaa upayog una avadhaaranaon koo vyakt karane key liye kiya joe aadhyatmik shikshaon jaise kii dharamshastra aur bauddh dharm key liye kendriya hain. way maanate hain kii oz mein mukhya paatron key anubhav aatma kii gyaan kii or yatra kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. schwartz vishesh roop seey kahate hain kii pustak key pramukh kathaanak tatva "paathak koo purvi darshan dwara nirdeshit yatra parr" leey jaate hain (schwartz, pee. 265). bee. bee. see. sanskriti mein ack lekh mein pustak kii kaee roopak vyakhyaon koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye, jisamen yeh bhee shamil haye kii ise brahmagyaan key ack drishtaant key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. lekh mein vibhinn prateekon aur unake sambhaavit arthon kaa hawala diyaa gayaa haye, udaaharan key liye bauddh dharm mein 'swarn maarg' kaa pratinidhitva karane vaali pealy eent kii sadak, jisake saath aatma aadhyatmik bodh kii sthiti mein yatra karati haye.
boum key apane lekhan seey pataa chalata haye kii unakaa maanana thaa kii kahani ishwariya roop seey prerit hoe sakati haih "yeh shuddh prerana thee. yeh neele rung seey merey paas aaya. mujhe lagata haye kii kabhi-kabhi mahaan lekhak key paas ack sandesh thaa kii vaha haath mein upkaran kaa upayog karey.
kaam kartaa haye.
oz kii bhoomi kaam karati haye.
1921 kii "dha royal book off oz" koo maranoparant boum koo shreya diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin yeh poori tarah seey rooth plumly thompson kaa kaam thaa.

