madhyapashan

madhyapashan (yoonaanih κέσος, "mesos" 'madhya' + λίθος, "lithos" 'patthar') yaa madhya pashan yug oopari purapashan aur navpashan kaal key beach kaa purana vishva puraataatvik kaal haye. epipalolithic shabd kaa upayog aksar paryaayavaachi roop seey kiya jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey uttari europe key baahar, aur levent aur coccus mein isi avadhi key liye. eurasia key vibhinn hisson mein madhyapashan kaal kaa alag-alag samay haye. yeh europe aur madhya poorv mein shikari-sangrahakarta sanskritiyon kii antim avadhi koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, joe antim himnad adhikatam key anta aur navpashan kranti key beach haye. europe mein yeh lagbhag 15,000 seey 5,000 bee. pee. taka faila huaa haye; madhya poorv mein (poorv key paas epipalolithic) lagbhag 20,000 seey 10,000 bee. pee. taka faila huaa haye. yeh shabd door poorv key kshetron mein cumm upayog kiya jaataa haye, aur eurasia aur uttar africa seey parey bilkul naheen.
madhyapashan kaal seey judee sanskriti kaa prakaar kshetron key beach bhinn hotaa haye, lekin yeh vyaapak shikari-sangrahak jeevan shally key paksh mein badey jaanvaron key samooh key shikaar mein girawat key saath judaa huaa haye, aur adhik parishkrit aur aamtaur parr chhote lithic upkaranon aur hathiyaron key vikas key saath judaa huaa haye. kshetra key aadhar parr, mitty key bartanon aur vastron kaa kuchh upayog madhyapashan kaal key liye aavantit sthalon mein paaya jaa sakata haye, lekin aam taur parr krishi key sanketon koo navpashan kaal mein sankraman key roop mein liya jaataa haye. adhik sthaayi bastiyaan samudra yaa antardeshiya jall key karib hoti hain joe bhojan kii achchi aapoorti pradaan karati hain. madhyapashan samajon koo bahut jatil key roop mein naheen dekhaa jaataa haye, aur dafan kaafee saral hain; isake vipareet, bhavya dafan tealey navpashan kaal kaa ack nishan hain.
shabdawali.
purapashan" aur "navpashan" shabd johnn lubock dwara 1865 mein apane kaam "pragaitihasik samay" mein pesh kiye gaye they. 1866 mein hodder westrope dwara atirikt "madhyapashan" shreni koo ack madhyavarti shreni key roop mein jodaa gayaa thaa. westrope kaa sujhaav turant vivadaspad thaa. johnn evance key netritva mein ack british school ney ack madhyavarti kii kissy bhee aavashyakta seey incar kiyaah yug ack indradhanush key rangon kii tarah ack saath mishrit they, unhone kahaa. gabriel dee mortilate key netritva mein ack europeeya school ney daavaa kiya kii pahale aur baad key beach ack antar thaa.
edord piete ney daavaa kiya kii unhone apane naam key saath antar koo bharaa haye, joe kii aziriyai sanskriti haye. nutt stagerna ney "epipalolithic" mein ack vikalp kii peshkash kii, joe purapashan aur navpashan key beach apane swayam key adhikaar mein ack madhyavarti yug key bajaay purapashan key antim charan kaa sujhaav detaa haye.
vair gorden child key kaam, "europe kii subah" (1947) key samay taka, joe madhyapashan kaal kii pushti kartaa haye, yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye paryaapt detta ekatra kiya gayaa thaa kii purapashan aur navpashan kaal key beach ack sankraman kaal vaastav mein ack upayogi avadharana thee. haalaanki, "madhyapashan" aur "epipalolithic" shabd upayog key vibhinn paramparaon key saath pratispardha mein baney hue hain. uttari europe key puraatatva mein, udaaharan key liye grate britten, germany, scandinavia, ukraine aur roose mein puraataatvik sthalon key liye, "madhyapashan" shabd kaa upayog lagbhag hamesha kiya jaataa haye. anya kshetron key puraatatva mein, "epipalolithic" shabd koo adhikansh lekhakon dwara pasand kiya jaa sakata haye, yaa lekhakon key beach antar hoe sakata haye kii kiss shabd kaa upayog karna haye yaa pratyek koo kyaa arth denaa haye. naee duniya mein, naa tou shabd kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye (archtic mein asthaayi roop seey chhodkar).
"epipalolithic" kaa upayog kabhi-kabhi oopari purapashan kaal key antim anta key liye "madhyapashan kaal" key saath-saath kiya jaataa haye, jisake turant baad madhyapashan kaal aataa haye. jaisa kii "madhyapashan" ack madhyavarti avadhi kaa sujhaav detaa haye, jisake baad navpashan kaal aataa haye, kuchh lekhak shikari-sangrahakarta sanskritiyon key liye "epipalolithic" shabd koo pasand karate hain, joe krishi paramparaon dwara safal naheen hotey hain, una sanskritiyon key liye "madhyapashan" koo aarakshit karate hain joe spasht roop seey navpashan kranti dwara safal hotey hain, jaise kii natofian sanskriti. anya lekhak antim himnad adhikatam key baad shikari-sangrahakarta sanskritiyon key liye ack samanya shabd key roop mein "madhyapashan" kaa upayog karate hain, chaahe way krishi kii or sankramansheel houn yaa naheen. isake alawa, puraataatvik upa-vishayon key beach shabdawali bhinn prateet hoti haye, jisamen europeeya puraatatva mein vyaapak roop seey "madhyapashan" kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, jabaki nikat purvi puraatatva mein "epipalolithic" adhik aam haye.
europe.
balkan madhyapashan lagbhag 15,000 saal pahale shuru hotaa haye. paschimi europe mein, praarambhik madhyapashan, yaa azilian, lagbhag 14,000 saal pahale, uttari spen aur dakshini france key franco-cantabrian kshetra mein shuru hotaa haye. europe key anya hisson mein, madhyapashan 11,500 saal pahale (holocene kii shuruat) seey shuru hotaa haye, aur yeh see key beach key kshetra key aadhar parr kheti kii shuruat key saath samaapt hotaa haye. 8, 500 aur 5,500 saal pahale. jinn kshetron ney pichhale himnad kaal key samaapt honey key saath adhik paryavaraniya prabhaavon kaa anubhav kiya, unamen ack adhik spasht madhyapashan yug haye, joe sadiyon taka chalata haye. udaaharan key liye, uttari europe mein, samaaj germ jalavaayu dwara banaae gaye daldali ilaakon seey samriddh khaadya aapoorti parr achchi tarah seey rahane mein saksham they. aisee sthitiyon ney vishisht maanav vyavhaaron kaa utpaadan kiya joe bhautik record mein sanrakshit hain, jaise kii maglemotian aur azilian sanskritiyaan. iss tarah kii sthitiyon ney uttari europe mein lagbhag 5,500 bee. pee. taka navpashan kaal key aaney mein bhee deree kii.
patthar key toolkit kaa prakaar sabse adhik naidaanik visheshtaon mein seey ack banaa huaa haih madhyapashan mein ack sookshmapashan praudyogiki kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa-mode vee chipped stone tools (microlith) key saath nirmit samagr upkaran, jabaki purapashan mein mode aaee-iv kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, kuchh kshetron mein, jaise kii ireland, purtagaal key kuchh hisson, manushya key dweep aur tyrenian dweepon mein, ack macrolithic takneek kaa upayog madhyapashan kaal mein kiya gayaa thaa. navpashan kaal mein, sookshmapashan praudyogiki koo ack brihadpashan praudyogiki dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen patthar key kulhaadiyon jaise polish kiye gaye patthar key upkaranon kaa upayog badhaaya gayaa thaa.
ack anushthaan yaa khagoliya mahatva vaale sthalon parr nirmaan kii shuruat key liye kuchh pramaan hain, jisamen stonehange, poorv-paschim mein sanrekhit badey post holl kii ack chhoti pankti key saath, aur scotland mein yuddh kshetra mein ack sambhaavit "chandra calender", jisamen vibhinn aakaron key post holl key gaddhe hain, joe chandra charanon koo pratibimbit karate hain. donon see seey pahale key hain. 9, 000 bee. pee. (8veen sahasrabdi eesaa poorv).
berch kii chhaal kii pitch seey baney ack pracheen chabaane vaale gumm seey pataa chalaa kii ack mahila ney lagbhag 5,700 saal pahale dakshini denmark mein hazelnuts aur batakh kaa bhojan kiya thaa. madhyapashan yug key logon ney europe key jangalon koo apane saath hazel jaise pasandida paudhon koo laakar prabhaavit kiya.
jaise hii "navpashan package" (kheti, charvaahe, polish kiye gaye patthar key kulhaadiyon, lakadi key lambe gharon aur mitty key bartanon sahit) europe mein fail gayaa, madhyapashan jeevan kaa tarika haashiye parr aaa gayaa aur antatah gayab hoe gayaa. madhyapashan anukoolan jaise kii gatiheenta, jansankhya kaa aakar aur paadap khaadya padarthon kaa upayog krishi mein sankraman key pramaan key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye. anya madhyapashan samudaayon ney vaichaarik anichha, vibhinn vishva drishtikon aur gatiheen-krishi jeevan shally kii sakriya asweekriti key parinamswarup navpashan package koo aswikar curr diyaa. hegen mein blatterhole key ack namoone mein, aisaa lagata haye kii madhyapashan logon key vanshajon ney kshetra mein krishi samajon key aagaman key baad 2000 seey adhik varshon taka ack chaaran jeevan shally banaae rakhee; aise samajon koo "subniolithic" kahaa jaa sakata haye. shikari-sangrahakarta samudaayon key liye, maujooda krishi samudaayon mein deerghakaalik nikat sampark aur ekikaran ney krishi jeevan shally koo apanaane mein sahaayata kii. inn shikari-sangrahakartaon kaa krishi samudaayon mein ekikaran nae sadasyon key prati unake samajik roop seey khule charitra seey sambhav huaa. uttar-purvi europe mein, shikaar aur machhali pakadane kii jeevan shally krishi key liye cumm upayukt kshetron mein madhyayugeen kaal taka jaari rahee, aur scandinavia mein koee madhyapashan kaal sweekaar naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, jisamen sthaaniya roop seey pasandida "purana pashan yug" "yuva pashan yug" mein chalaa jaataa haye.
kalaa.
poorvavarti oopari purapashan aur nimnalikhit navpashan kaal kii tulanaa mein, madhyapashan kaal seey cumm bachee hui kalaa haye. iberian bhoomadhyasagariya besin kii chattan kalaa, joe shayed oopari purapashan kaal seey failati haye, ack vyaapak ghatana haye, joe oopari purapashan kaal kii gufa-chitron kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm jaani jaati haye, jisake saath yeh ack dilchasp virodhabhas banaati haye. inn sthalon parr abb jyaadaatar khule havaa mein chattanon key chehare hain, aur vishay abb jaanvaron key bajaay jyaadaatar maanav hain, chhote aakritiyon key badey samoohon key saath; rokaa dales moros mein 45 aakritiyaan hain. kapade dikhaae jaate hain, aur nritya, ladaai, shikaar aur bhojan ikattha karane key drishya dikhaae jaate hain. yeye aakritiyaan purapashan kalaa key jaanvaron kii tulanaa mein bahut chhoti hain, aur bahut adhik yojnabaddh roop seey chitrit kii gaee hain, halanki aksar urjaavaan mudraon mein. kuchh chhote utkeern latkan, jinamen latkan chhed aur saral utkeern design hain, uttari europe seey ember mein aur ack britten mein starr kaar seey shale mein gyaat hain. huitinan kaa elk kaa sir finland seey sabun key patthar mein nakkashi vaalaa ack durlabh madhyapashan janwar haye.
yooralon mein chattan kalaa purapashan kaal key baad samaan parivartan dikhaati haye, aur lakadi kii shigir moorti ack durlabh astitva haye joe murtikala key liye ack bahut hii samanya samagri hoe sakati haye. yeh jyaamitiya rupankanon key saath nakkashidar larch kaa ack plank haye, lekin ack maanav sir key saath sheersh parr haye. abb tukadon mein, yeh spasht roop seey 5 meater seey adhik lamba hotaa jaba ise banaaya jaataa. pyalestine seey aaeen sakhari moorti calcite mein ack natufian nakkashi haye.
syremic madhyapashan.
uttar-purvi europe, cyberia aur kuchh dakshini europeeya aur uttar african sthalon mein, see key beach ack "syremic madhyapashan" koo alag kiya jaa sakata haye. 9, 000 seey 5,850 bee. pee.. russie puraatatvavid iss tarah key mitty key bartan banaane kii sanskritiyon koo navpashan key roop mein varnit karna pasand karate hain, bhale hii kheti naheen haye. iss mitty key bartan banaane vaali madhyapashan sanskriti koo gatiheen navpashan sanskritiyon key liye paridhiya paaya jaa sakata haye. isane ack vishisht prakaar key mitty key bartan banaae, jisamen bindu yaa ghundi kaa aadhar aur flared rims they, joe navpashan kisaanon dwara upayog naheen kiye jaane vaale tarikon seey nirmit they. halanki madhyapashan syremic key pratyek kshetra mein ack vyaktigat shally vikasit hui, aam visheshataaen mool key ack bindu kaa sujhaav detee hain. iss prakaar key mitty key bartanon kii sabse pahali abhivyakti cyberia mein baikaal jheel key aspas key kshetra mein hoe sakati haye. yeh 9,000 saal pahale roose mein volga parr elshan yaa yelshanka yaa samara sanskriti mein dikhaai detaa haye, aur vahaan seey neeper-donnet sanskriti key madhyam seey purvi baltic kii narva sanskriti mein fail gayaa. tatrekha key saath paschim kii or failate hue yeh uttari germany key denmark aur allerback kii ertbole sanskriti aur nichale deshon kii sambandhit swifterbent sanskriti mein paaya jaataa haye.
vigyaan" patrika mein 2012 key ack prakaashan mein ghoshana kii gaee kii duniya mein abhee taka gyaat sabse puraane mitty key bartan chean mein zianrendong gufa mein paae gaye they, joe vartamaan mein 20,000 aur 19,000 saal pahale key radiocarbon dwara vartamaan mein, antim himnad avadhi key anta mein paae gaye they. carbon 14 kaa nirdhaaran aspas key talchhat koo dhyaan seey dett karke sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. mitty key bartanon key kaee tukadon mein jhulase hue nishan they, joe bataate hain kii mitty key bartanon kaa upayog khaana pakaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. inn praarambhik mitty key bartanon key paatron koo krishi key aavishkaar (10,000 seey 8,000 eesaa poorv) seey pahale mobile charakon dwara banaaya gayaa thaa, joe himnad key anta mein shikaar karate they aur apana bhojan ikattha karate they.
"madhyapashan" purani duniya key baahar.
jabaki purapashan aur navpashan kaal koo chean key puraatatva mein upayogi shabd aur avadhaaranaaen millie hain, aur jyaadaatar koo khushi seey praakritik roop seey maanaa jaa sakata haye, madhyapashan kaal koo baad mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, jyaadaatar 1945 key baad, aur chean key sandarbh mein ack aavashyak yaa upayogi shabd naheen prateet hotaa haye. cheeni sthal jinhen madhyapashan maanaa jaataa haye, unhein "praarambhik navpashan" maanaa jaataa haye.
bhaarat key puraatatva mein, madhyapashan, joe lagbhag 12,000 aur 8,000 bee. pee. key beach kaa haye, upayog mein ack avadharana bunny hui haye.
america key puraatatva mein, ack pracheen yaa messo-indian avadhi, lithic charan key baad, kuchh hudd taka madhyapashan kaal key barabar haye.
madhya sahaara mein tassili aine 'aajjer mein paae gaye sahaaran rock paintings, aur anya sthaanon parr madhya uttar africa mein rosemarra key jeevan key jeevant drishyon koo darshaate hain. inmein seey kuchh chitron koo ack shikaar karane vaale logon dwara nishpaadit kiya gayaa thaa joe hippopotamus jaisi jall-nirbhar prajaatiyon seey bharey sawana kshetra mein rahate they, janwar joe abb registan kshetra mein maujood naheen hain.

