
agneyastra kaa itihas

agneyastron kaa itihas 10veen shatabdi key chean mein shuru hotaa haye, jaba ack vyakti dwara sanchaalit portable fayer lens banaane key liye barud aur pellet prakshepakon vaali baans kii naliyon koo bhaale parr lagaaya jaataa thaa. baad mein 1132 mein dee 'aine kii gherabandi mein iska prabhaavi dhang seey ack sadame key hathiyar key roop mein upayog kiya gayaa thaa. 13veen shatabdi mein, aag key bhaale key bairal koo dhaatu kii naliyon seey badal diyaa gayaa aur dhaatu-bairal vaali haath kii topon mein badal diyaa gayaa. 14veen shatabdi key dauran praudyogiki dheere-dheere poore eurasia mein fail gaee aur flintlocks, blunderbus aur anya roopon mein vikasit hui. 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi mein iss vikas mein ack twaran dekhaa gayaa, jisamen patrika, belt-faid hathiyar, dhaatu key cartridge aur swachaalit agneyastra kii shuruat hui. puraane agneyastron mein aamtaur parr kaale pouder kaa upayog pranodak key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, lekin aadhunik agneyastra dhuaan rahit pouder yaa anya pranodak kaa upayog karate hain. adhikansh aadhunik agneyastron mein rifle vaale bairal hotey hain.
chean.
aag kaa bhaala ack kaale-pouder seey bharee nully thee joe ack bhaale key anta mein judee hoti thee aur iska upayog ack flamethrover (puraane yunani aag-sanchaalit byzantine flamethrover seey alag) key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. kabhi-kabhi null mein chharre rakhe jaate they taaki yeh lapaton key saath uda jaae. ack barud hathiyar kaa sabse pahala gyaat chitran dunhuang seey 10 veen shatabdi key madhya mein resham key banner parr aag kii lens kaa chitran haye. jinn-geet yuddhon key dauran 1132 mein dee 'aine kii gherabandi kaa ack vivaran, "dee' aine shaucheng luu", record kartaa haye kii geet balon ney jurchen key khilaf agni-lens kaa upayog kiya thaa.
pranodak mein namak kaa anupaat isaki shakti koo adhikatam karane key liye badhaaya gayaa thaa. usa shakti kaa behtar saamana karane key liye, kagaj aur baans key agni-lens bairal koo dhaatu seey badal diyaa gayaa thaa. usa shakti kaa laabh uthaane key liye, chharre koo prakshepyon dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa jinake aakar aur aakar ney bairal koo poori tarah seey bhar diyaa thaa. isake saath, bandook kii buniyaadi visheshtaen ubhareeh ack dhaatu bairal, uchch-nitrate barud, aur ack thheek seey aakar kaa prakshepya.
bandook kaa sabse pahala chitran sichuan mein ack gufa seey 12veen shatabdi kii ack moorti haye. isamen ack cheeni aakriti koo darshaaya gayaa haye joe ack phuldan key aakar kii bambari leey jaa rahee haye jisamen lapaten aur ack tope kaa golaa nickle rhaa haye.</sabse purana jeevit agneyastra 1288 kii heilongjiang hathgola haye, jisaki khoj aadhunik samay key acheng jile mein kii gaee thee, jahan yuan key itihas key record mein kahaa gayaa haye kii yuddh ladey gaye they. jurchen vansh key ack sainya commander lii ting ney isai mangol rajkumar nayan key vidroh koo dabaane key liye huth-topon seey lais paidal sainikon kaa netritva kiya.
madhya poorv.
13veen shatabdi key anta aur 14veen shatabdi kii shuruat key beach madhya poorv mein agneyastra dikhaai diye. ahmed vaaee. all-hassan ney daavaa kiya kii 1260 mein aina jaalut kii ladaai ney mangolon key khilaf mamlukon koo khadaa kiya. "itihas mein pahali tope" mein barud kaa upayog visfotak barud key liye aadarsh sanrachana key saath lagbhag samaan thaa. haalaanki, iktidaar aalam khaan ney tark diyaa kii yeh mangolon parr aakraman curr rhaa thaa jinhone islami duniya mein barud kii shuruat kii aur praarambhik rifleman key prati mamluk dushmani kaa udaaharan dete hue kahaa kii barud hathiyaron koo hamesha sweekaar naheen kiya jaataa thaa.
ottoman senaa key janisari core dwara 1394 seey 1465 taka key pahale sandarbhon mein joe arquabus () hoe sakate hain, way spasht naheen hain kii yeye arquabus they yaa chhoti topein 1444 taka, lekin tathya yeh haye kii way 15 veen shatabdi key madhya mein topon seey alag soochibaddh they, joe bataate hain kii way haath seey pakade jaane vaale agneyastra they.
bandook pahali baar ottoman samrajya mein 1465 taka dikhaai dee. 1598 mein likhe gaye ack agneyastra manual "shein kii poo" (<unk>) mein, cheeni agneyastra designer aur lekhak jhaao shee jhen ney turkey bandookon koo europeeya bandookon seey behtar bataaya. 1598 seey pahale kissy samay, turkon ney ack dhuri mell-bund tantra vikasit kiya jise baad mein jhaao dwara ack rack-aind-pinion kaa upayog karke pahale tantra mein sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa.
badey paimaane parr apanaae jaane vaale matchlock bandookon koo rokane vaali pramukh baadhaon mein seey ack shikayat thee kii tej havaa aur barish yaa tou uda sakati haye yaa flashes paine mein rakhe gaye priming pouder koo barbad curr sakati haye. sheen kii poo" mein bhee ullekh kiya gayaa haye, zaao ney baad mein zuanyuan arquabus (<unk>) vikasit kiya, jisamen ack nae rack-aind-pinion tantra kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. iss firing tantra koo sarpakar aur flashes paine cover donon seey jodaa gayaa thaa aur ise iss tarah seey design kiya gayaa thaa kii jaba bhee trigger kheencha jaae, tou flashes paine cover key khulane key saath hii sarpakar koo cumm kiya jaae, jisase priming pouder key khuli havaa mein sampark koo cumm kiya jaa sakey aur iss prakaar prabal havaa seey udane yaa barish seey kharaab honey key khatare koo cumm kiya jaa sakey. ack pendulam parr lagey trigger-sanchaalit flashes paine cover aur chhote tambe key barish cover key sanyojan koo ack laakh boxes key saath poore firing tantra koo cover karane key japani samadhan key liye ack adhik parishkrit drishtikon maanaa jaataa thaa, joe lakshya, shooting aur reloading mein baadha daal sakata thaa. cheeni sainya pustak "vu paye cheeh" (1621) turkey bandookon kaa varnan karati haye joe samaan rack aur pinion tantra kaa upayog karate they, joe usa samay europeeya agneyastron mein upayog kiye jaane key liye gyaat naheen they.
dakshin-poorv asia.
bhale hii nusantara dweepsamuh mein barud-adharit hathiyar banaane kaa gyaan jaava (1293) key whiffle mangol aakraman key baad darj kiya gayaa thaa, aur agneyastron key poorvavarti, poul gunn ("bedil tombak"), 1413 mein jaava mein darj kiya gayaa thaa, lekin "sachche" agneyastra banaane kaa gyaan 15veen shatabdi key madhya key baad bahut baad mein aaya. yeh sambhavatah arabon dwara laaya gayaa thaa, 1460 seey pahale naheen. dakshin poorv asia mein purtagaliyon key aagaman seey pahale, jaava arquabus key roop mein adim agneyastra pahale seey hii maujood they.
purtagaali dwara malakka (1511) parr kabja karane key baad takneek mein aur sudhaar huaa. 1513 mein shuru hui, german-bohemian aur turkey bandook banaane kii paramparaon kaa vilay hoe gayaa. isake parinamswarup bhaarat-purtagaali parampara mein machis key taale banaane kii parampara bunny. bhaaratiya shilpkaron ney lakshya banaate samay, kandhe key bajaay gaal key khilaf ack chhota, lagbhag pistaul jaisa butstock pesh karke design koo sanshodhit kiya. unhone kshamata koo cumm curr diyaa aur bandook koo halka aur adhik santulit banaa diyaa. purtagaali, jinhone jahaajon aur nadee shilp parr bahut ladaai kii, ack adhik saghan bandook koo mahatva diyaa, aur iss prakaar yeh drishtikon lokpriya hoe gayaa. maale bandook key sansthaapak, jinhen germany key saath samaan star parr maanaa jaataa haye, ney jaldi seey inn nae agneyastron koo anukoolit kiya, aur ack nae prakaar key arquabus, "eastinger" kaa janm diyaa.
dakshin asia.
dakshin asia mein agneyastron kaa pahala darj upayog 1368 mein adoni kii ladaai mein huaa thaa. dakkan mein, mohammad shaah pratham key netritva mein bahmani saltanat ney harihara dwiteeya key tahat vijaynagar samrajya key khilaf topkhaane kii ack train kaa upayog kiya thaa. pandrahavin shatabdi mein gujaraat key sultan mohammad shaah dwara unakaa upayog darj kiya gayaa thaa. jaba purtagaali 1498 mein bhaarat pahunche, tou way apane saath agneyastra laae, jinamen topon seey lais yuddh-purush (jahaaj) aur yuddh-bandooq shamil they. purtagaali yaatriyon ney dekhaa kii vahaan agneyastra pahale seey hii upayog mein they. gangetic maidani ilaakon key kisan sthaaniya lohaaron dwara banaai gaee sastee hathgolon kaa upayog karate they. travancore, kashmir, rajsthan, panjab aur sindh mein hathiyar nirmaan key sthal they. 16veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, kalikat key zamorin ney purtagaliyon kaa anukaran karna shuru curr diyaa thaa aur sthaaniya aur aayatit praudyogiki key sanyojan key saath apane jahaajon koo nausainik bandook key tukadon seey lais karna shuru curr diyaa thaa.
16veen shatabdi mein, madhya asiai rajkumar baabar, pahale mugal samrat, turkey agneyastra laae, jinka upayog mugal virodhiyon ney panipat kii pahali ladaai mein dilli saltanat key khilaf kiya, jise rajputon aur afgaanon ney apanaaya. 16veen aur 17veen shatabdi mein, agneyastron ney mugal senaa mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. tufang" key roop mein jaane jaane vaale mugal samrat akbar ney match lock mein kaee sudhaar kiye. haalaanki 18veen shatabdi taka, agneyastra, unake lambe loading samay key kaaran, lambe dhanush seey cumm they. kewal 18veen shatabdi key madhya mein, francisi aur angreji key baad, paidal sanic key hathiyaron aur anushasana mein sudhaar key prayaas kiye gaye.
maraathon dwara agneyastra bhee vikasit kiye gaye they, halanki way mugal aur maisur jaise apane samkakshon kii tulanaa mein kamjor they. balaji baaji raav ney peshevar lines mein haath koo sangathit kiya aur madhavji scindia ney europeeya bandook nirmaataon kii dekhrekh mein ack adhik kushal bandook kii sthaapana kii. 18veen shatabdi key dauran, tipu sultan bandookon, mortar, rockets aur howitzer key prabhaavi upayog key liye ullekhaniya thaa; hyderabad key nizam ney francisi adhikaariyon kii madad seey bandookon kaa nirmaan kiya, jabaki maharaja ranjeet sinh key netritva mein sikhon ney purvi bhaarat company kii tarj parr ghode kii topkhaane key vikas kaa beedaa uthaaya.
europe.
europe mein barud kaise aaya, iska ack siddhant resham maarg key madhyam seey haye; doosara yeh maanata haye kii yeh 13veen shatabdi key pahale bhaag mein mangol aakraman key dauran aaya thaa. angreji niji almari khaaton mein 1340 key dashak mein "rebaldis", ack prakaar kii tope, aur gherabandi bandookon kaa upayog angrejon dwara callis kii gherabandi mein kiya gayaa thaa (1346-47).
roose mein agneyastron kaa pahala ullekh itihas mein paaya gayaa haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii 1382 mein masco kii raksha key dauran tokhtamish key sunhare jhund seey, muscovite ney agneyastron kaa upayog kiya thaa, joe purvi mool key they; yeh shabd turkey "bandook" seey nikla haye.
itali mein 14veen shatabdi key anta mein, chhote, portable haind-cannon yaa vikasit kiye gaye they, jisase prabhaav mein pahala smoothboar vyaktigat agneyastra banaa. europe mein sabse purana jeevit agneyastra otepa, astonia mein paaya gayaa thaa. yeh cumm seey cumm 1396 kii tarikh haye.
1419-1434 hussite yuddhon key dauran agneyastra vikasit hue. hussite senaa mein jyaadaatar nagrik milicia shamil they, donon purush aur mahilaaen, jinake paas kaushal, anubhav aur aksar peshevar yoddha aakramankariyon key mukabale hathiyaron aur kavach kii kamee thee. dheere-dheere, husites ney yuddh key maidan mein yuddh key vaiganon key saath agneyastron key upayog kaa beedaa uthaaya. agneyastron koo 1419-1421 mein sahayak bhoomikaon mein niyojit kiya gayaa thaa. praathamik aakramak hathiyaron key roop mein agneyastron kaa pahala upayog 1421 mein kutna horr kii ladaai mein huaa thaa. iss kshan seey, agneyastron ney hussite ranneeti key mool key saath-saath check nagrik kabje kaa ack mukhya hissa banaa diyaa. hussite milicia ney kaee haath seey pakade jaane vaale agneyastron kaa upayog kiya, jinamen ', joe baad mein german aur french key madhyam seey angreji mein' pistaul 'shabd key roop mein apana raasta paaya, ack paidal senaa kaa hathiyar joe usase bhaari aur phir bhee bhaari (' faucanue ') thaa. topkhaane key liye, hussite ney dha kaa upayog kiya, jisane angreji shabd, "howitzer" (jiska arth haye "bheed" joe badey paimaane parr dushman balon key khilaf patthar aur lohe kii goli chalaane key uddeshya seey upayog kii jaati haye), "bombarda" (mortar) aur "dello" (tope) koo janm diyaa. 1473 mein haath seey pakade jaane vaale agneyastron key baare mein pahale angreji srot ney haath kii topon parr charcha kii.
15veen shatabdi key anta mein, ottoman samrajya ney apani niyamit paidal senaa key hisse key roop mein agneyastron kaa upayog kiya. turkey haath topon key sabse puraane prakaar koo 15veen shatabdi mein hangerian haath tope "zakalas puska" key baad "сakaloz" kahaa jaataa haye.
praarambhik aadhunik yug.
aadhunik yug kii shuruat mein, haath seey pakade jaane vaale tope kramshah matchlock, wheeluck, doglock aur flintlock rifle mein vikasit hue, jisake baad breach loader aur anta mein swachaalit hathiyar aaya. ignition upkaranon key roop mein, machis key taale, pahiyon key taale, snapluck, flintluck aur taalvaadya topi kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. kagji cartridge koo 1586 seey kuchh samay pahale pesh kiya gayaa thaa, aur 16veen shatabdi key france mein beyonet kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. grenades dwara fenke gaye hathgole lagbhag usee samay dikhaai diye.
shuruati cartridge agneyastron koo pratyek shott seey pahale "khoj" dwara pakada jaanaa thaa, joe hathaude koo peechhe pakadata haye. trigger koo kheenchane seey hathauda yaa striker aage udataa haye, "firing pinn" koo maartaa haye, joe phir "primer" parr hamla kartaa haye, ack prabhaav-samvedansheel rasayanik yaugik (aitihaasik roop seey, paaraa kaa pahale fullumnet, phir potasium chloret, abb leed stiphenate) koo prajwalit kartaa haye joe "flashes holl" key madhyam seey ack lau koo goli maartaa haye.
springfield, massachusets mein springfield shastragar 1850 key dashak key dauran mahatvapurna hoe gayaa, jaba isane springfield rifle kii shuruat kii. springfield raifalon kaa utpaadan 1865 mein shuru honey vaali pahali breach-loading raifalon mein seey ack thee. usa samay taka, dhaatu vigyaan paryaapt roop seey vikasit hoe chuka thaa taaki peetal koo golaa-barud key mamalon mein banaaya jaa sakey. pahale, pratyek round koo aavashyakta key anusaar custom-nirmit kiya jaataa thaah shooter ney bairal key neeche dheela pouder daala, yadi samay diyaa jaae tou chamade yaa kapade kaa upayog kiya, ack upayukt prakshepya (seesa gend, chattaanen, teer, yaa nakhun) kaa chayan kiya, phir ack ramroad key madhyam seey pouder charge key oopar prakshepya koo baithaa diyaa. pradarshan aniyamit thaa. nishchit golaa-barud ney ack primer, poorv-maapa charge aur jall-pratirodhi peetal key cartridge mamle mein prakshepya koo sanyukt kiya. sabse mahatvapurna baat yeh haye kii naram peetal gais key dabaav mein bairal key pichhale chhor koo seal karane key liye vistaarit huaa, joe shooter koo trigger kheenchane parr uchch dabaav vaali gais seey bachane seey rokta thaa.
doharaaen aur swachaalit agneyastra.
ack doharaae jaane vaale agneyastra, ("repeater") mein kaee kartus hoe sakate hain aur phir seey load karane seey pahale kaee baar daage jaa sakate hain. repeater goli chalaane key liye ack goli taiyar karane key liye vibhinn tantron kaa upayog karate hain. isamen aam taur parr ack upayog kiye gaye cartridge koo baahar nikaalana aur ack nae cartridge koo firing kaksh mein leey jaanaa shamil haye. tantra mein boult-action, leaver-action, slide-action, ardh-swachaalit aur poori tarah seey swachaalit agneyastra shamil hain. swachaalit hathiyar nishaanebaaj kii madad key binaa firing kaksh mein ack nayaa chakkar lagaate hain. ardh-swachaalit aag prati trigger pull ack round. poorna swachaalit prati pull kaee round fayer karate hain.
revolver.
revolver ack ghoornan cylinder mein cartridge rakhate hain, joe ack patrika aur firing kaksh donon key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. way sabse pahale doharaane vaale they. ghoomane vaali rifles koo kabhi-kabhi "burj bandooken" kahaa jaataa thaa. pratyek shott key liye hathaude koo haath seey dabaane key baad ekal action revolver daage gaye they. yeh design cumm seey cumm 1836 seey haye, jisamen coult patterson kii shuruat hui haye. double-action revolver lagbhag usee samay ubhare. unhein trigger koo dunk karane key baad daaga jaa sakata haye, lekin trigger koo pahale dunk kiye binaa kheenchkar bhee.kewal dohare action yaa daao revolver koo kewal trigger kaa upayog karke daaga jaa sakata haye.
springfield model 1892-99 kaa upayog spanish-americi yuddh key dauran kiya gayaa thaa. 
swa-loader.
pahala safal swa-loader gattling bandook thee, joe ack haath seey chalane vaali revolver thee. iska aavishkaar richard jorden gattling ney kiya thaa aur americi grih yuddh key dauran sangh balon dwara ise maidan mein utaara gayaa thaa. swa-loader punah load karane key liye oorjaa kaa upayog karate hain. pahali safal swa-loading rifle mondragon rifle thee. duniya kii pahali machine gunn maxim gunn thee, jise 1884 mein british aavishkaarak surr hiram maxim dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa.
duniya kii pahali safal swa-loading rifle mondragon rifle thee, jise 1908 mein maxican general manual mondragon dwara design kiya gayaa thaa. yeh pahala swa-loading agneyastra thaa jise ack vyakti dwara sanchaalit kiya jaa sakaa thaa. iska upayog maxican kranti (maxican senaa) aur pratham vishva yuddh (imperial german flying corps) key dauran kiya gayaa thaa.
pahali upa-machine bandook, joe pistaul key cartridge koo chalaati haye aur jiska upayog ack sanic dwara kiya jaa sakata haye, theoder bergman dwara aavishkaar kiya gayaa thaa. ise 1918 mein german senaa dwara stostruppen (khaai yuddh mein visheshagyata praapt hamla samooh) key praathamik hathiyar key roop mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran achchi tarah seey taiyar kiye gaye sanskaran jaise kii thompson koo badey paimaane parr utpaadit vikalpon, jaise kii aim3 dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
pahali safal assault rifle stg 44 thee, jise dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran germans dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa. yeh rifle aur upa-machine bandookon key beach key antar koo pakadane vaali pahali agneyastra thee. assault rifle adhik shaktishali thee aur sabamsheen bandook kii tulanaa mein lambi doori kii thee, lekin maanak rifles kii tulanaa mein cumm shaktishali aur chhoti doori kii thee. isane madhyavarti aakar key round kaa bhee upayog kiya aur chayan-agni vikalp (poorna swachaalit seey ardh-swachaalit mein switch) kii peshkash kii. eke-47, jise aamtaur parr "kalashnikov" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, sabse adhik nirmit assault rifle haye.
yuddh rifle ack chuninda-fayer rifle thee jisane aim1 garand kii lambi doori koo banaae rakhaa. naato key sadasyon ney apani khud kii yuddh rifles koo apanaaya. vyavhaar mein, yuddh rifle key shaktishali cartridge koo poori tarah seey swachaalit aag key dauran niyantrit karna mushkil saabit huaa.