
akaadamik pramukh

ack akaadamik pramukh vaha shaikshanik anushasana haye jisake liye ack snaatak chhaatr aupchaarik roop seey pratibaddh hotaa haye. ack chhaatr joe pramukh key liye aavashyak sabhi pathyakramon koo safaltapurvak puuraa kartaa haye, vaha snaatak degree key liye arhata praapt kartaa haye. pramukh" shabd (jise "ekagrata" bhee kahaa jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey niji colleges mein) kaa upayog kabhi-kabhi ack snaatak chhaatr yaa snatkottar chhaatr dwara master yaa doctorate karyakram mein kiye gaye shaikshanik anushasana koo sandarbhit karane key liye prashaasnik roop seey bhee kiya jaataa haye.
ack shaikshanik pramukh mein aam taur parr chune gaye vishay mein aavashyak aur vaikalpik pathyakramon key sanyojan koo puuraa karna shamil hotaa haye. pathyakramon koo chunane mein ack chhaatr kaa akshansh karyakram seey karyakram mein bhinn hotaa haye. ack akaadamik vibhaag mein chuninda sankaay dwara ack shaikshanik pramukh kaa prashaasan kiya jaataa haye. ack seey adhik shaikshanik vibhaag dwara prashaasit ack pramukh koo "antahvishay pramukh" kahaa jaataa haye. kuchh sthitiyon mein, chhatron koo sankaay anumodan key adheen, apane swayam key pramukh design karane kii anumati dee jaa sakati haye.
sanyukt raajya america mein, chhatron koo aamtaur parr snaatak key roop mein pahali baar namankan karate samay apane pramukh vishay koo chunane kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye. isake alawa, adhikansh colleges aur vishvavidyalayon koo sabhi chhatron koo udaar kalaa mein ack samanya mool pathyakram lene kii aavashyakta hoti haye. aam taur parr chhatron koo apane dusare shaikshanik varsh key anta taka pratibaddh honah padata haye, aur kuchh school chhatron koo iss samay taka pramukh ghoshit karane seey bhee manaa curr dete hain. ack chhaatr joe dou shaikshanik pramukh ghoshit kartaa haye, usake paas "double mejar" kahaa jaataa haye. ack "samanvaya pramukh" ack sahayak pramukh haye jise praathamik key poorak key roop mein design kiya gayaa haye. ack samanvaya pramukh koo puuraa karane key liye cumm pathyakram credit kii aavashyakta hoti haye. kaee college chhatron koo ack chhote seey kshetra kii ghoshana karane kii bhee anumati dete hain, ack maadhyamik vishay jisamen way bhee paryaapt sankhya mein kakshaaen lete hain, lekin itane naheen kii ack pramukh koo puuraa karane key liye aavashyak hoe.
itihas.
akaadamik pramukh kii jadein jaisa kii abb humm jaanate hain kii yeh pahali baar 19veen shatabdi mein "snaatak degree key vaikalpik ghatakon" key roop mein saamane aaee thee. isase pahale, snaatak kii degree praapt karane vaale sabhi chhatron koo ack vyaapak "udaar shiksha" key liye taiyar pathyakramon key ack hii slate kaa adhyayan karna aavashyak hoga.
1825 mein, virginia vishvavidyalaya ney ack shaikshik drishtikon shuru kiya joe chhatron koo dhyaan kendrit karane key kshetra mein seey chunane kii anumati dega. aathh vikalpon (jinamen pracheen bhaashaaen, shareer rachana vigyaan, chikitsa shamil thee) kii peshkash karate hue, europe mein anya uchch shiksha pranaliyon ney americi grih yuddh key baad adhyayan key liye ack sakht visheshagyata drishtikon key roop mein vikasit honah shuru kiya.
sanyukt raajya america mein, 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein, snaatak star parr kendrit kendra samriddh honey lagey aur lokpriya honey lagey, lekin parichit shabd "pramukh" 1877 taka johns hopkins vishvavidyalaya soochi mein dikhaai naheen diyaa. mejar koo aam taur parr 2 saal key adhyayan kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jabaki minor koo ack varsh kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
1880 seey 1910 taka, americi sansthanon koo snaatak pradaan karane vaale sansthanon ney ack mukt-nirvaachak pranali koo vyaapak roop seey apanaaya, jahaan chhatron koo bauddhik jigyasaon kaa pataa lagaane key liye adhik swatantrata dee gaee thee.
1930 key dashak mein pahali antahvishay pramukhah americi adhyayan kii upasthiti dekhi gaee. sanskriti apane pathyakramon key liye aadhar avadharana aur vaadya siddhant thaa.
1960 seey 1970 key dashak mein antahvishay pramukhon key ack nae jwaar aur pathyakram aur snaatak aavashyaktaon mein dheel kaa anubhav huaa. (udaaharan key liye, nagrik adhikaar andolan ney mahilaaon key adhyayan aur kaale adhyayan koo janm diyaa.) 
1980 aur 1990 key dashak mein, "antahvishay adhyayan, bahusanskritivaad, nariwadi shikshashastra, aur snaatak karyakram kii susangatta aur disha key liye ack nae sire seey chinta ney akaadamik pramukh dwara prabhutva vaali snaatak degree parr hamla karna shuru curr diyaa."
pramukh kaa mahatva.
akaadamik pramukh koo snaatak degree kii ack paribhaashit aur pramukh visheshta maanaa jaataa haye. "unnisvin shatabdi key anta mein vishayon kii unnati aur beesavin shatabdi key dauran unake nirantar prabhutva ney shaikshanik pramukh key aakar aur disha parr ack amit chhaap chhodi haye" aur shodh iss baat kii pushti kartaa haye kii shaikshanik pramukh chhaatr seekhane mein laabh key liye sabse majboot aur spasht pathyakram kadee haye. jabaki samanya shiksha koo snaatak shiksha kaa vyaapak ghatak maanaa jaataa haye, pramukh koo aamtaur parr gahanata pahalu maanaa jaataa haye. pramukh key chayan kaa rojgar kii sambhaavanaon aur jeevan bhar kii aaya parr mahatvapurna prabhaav padata haye.
pravachan aur asahamati.
isake vikas key madhyam seey, vidvaanon, shikshaavidon aur shikshakon ney snaatak pramukh key uddeshya aur prakriti parr asahamati jataai haye. aam taur parr, pramukh aur vibhaagiya pranali key prastavakon kaa tark haye kii way ack shaikshanik samudaay koo gyaan key vikas, sanrakshan aur prasaar koo badhaava dene mein saksham banaate hain."isake vipareet, alochakon kaa daavaa haye kii way bauddhik janjaatiyataa koo badhaava dete hain, jahaan visheshagyata koo kaee gyanshastron mein mahaarat hassil karane parr samarthan milata haye, jahaan udaar shiksha aur parisar kii ekataa key vyaapak moolya khou jaate hain, aur jahaan nae upa-visheshtaon aur anusandhaan vidhiyon key sankeern virodh key kaaran navachar baadhit hotaa haye."
akaadamik ekagrata seey antar.
kaee vishvavidyalayon mein, ack vishisht shaikshanik pramukh key bheetar ack shaikshanik ekagrata ack vishisht shaikshanik pramukh key bheetar adhyayan kaa ack kshetra haye. udaaharan key liye, manaviki yaa samajik vigyaan mein antahvishay karyakramon key liye ack chhaatr koo apane shaikshanik pramukh key bheetar ack vishisht shaikshanik ekagrata koo chunane kii aavashyakta hogi, jaise kii film mein ack shaikshanik ekagrata key saath antahvishay manaviki mein ack shaikshanik pramukh yaa bhugol mein ack shaikshanik ekagrata key saath antahvishay samajik vigyaan mein ack shaikshanik pramukh. kaee kalaa vidyaalayon aur udaar kalaa mahavidyalayon mein, ack shaikshanik ekagrata anya vishvavidyalayon mein ack shaikshanik nabalig key samaan kaary karati haye, joe chhaatr key shaikshanik pramukh key baahar ack shaikshanik anushasana haye jisamen way kaee kakshaaen lete hain. braun vishvavidyalaya aur harvard vishvavidyalaya mein, halanki, "ekagrata" shabd kewal pramukh kshetra koo sandarbhit kartaa haye.
doctorate adhyayan star parr, ack shaikshanik pramukh yaa pramukh kshetra apane degree karyakram key bheetar ack chhaatr key praathamik dhyaan koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jabaki ack chhota yaa chhota kshetra unake maadhyamik dhyaan koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, itihas kaa adhyayan karane vaalaa doctorate chhaatr yuddh aur samaaj mein ack pramukh kshetra aur uttar aupaniveshik adhyayan mein ack chhote seey kshetra key saath itihas mein apani degree hassil curr sakata haye.
prabhaavit mejar.
ack prabhaavit pramukh ack pramukh haye jisake liye school kii tulanaa mein adhik chhaatr aavedan karate hain, joe aapoorti seey adhik maang kaa ack utkrisht udaaharan haye. jaba aisaa hotaa haye, tou pramukh "prabhaavit" hoe jaataa haye aur isaliye pravesh key uchch manakon key prati atisamvedansheel hoe jaataa haye.
udaaharan key liye, maan leejiye kii ack school kii nyuntam aavashyaktaaen 1100 kii sats aur 3 kii jee. pee. aeye. hain. yadi koee vyakti kissy prabhaavit pramukh koo aavedan kartaa haye, tou school chhatron koo baahar nikaalane key liye nyuntam aavashyaktaon koo badhaa sakata haye, joe vaha samaayojit karane mein asamarth haye. isake kaaran, kuchh chhaatr "aghoshit" key roop mein school mein aavedan karane kaa vikalp chuna sakate hain. yadi uparokt udaaharan mein school prabhaavit pramukh key liye 1300 kii sats aur 3.4 kii jee. pee. aeye. kii aavashyaktaon koo lagu kartaa haye, tou ack chhaatr koo "aghoshit" key roop mein aavedan karna behtar lugg sakata haye yadi way kewal nyuntam aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karate hain. haalaanki, kaee vishvavidyalaya, jaise kii california vishvavidyalaya, berkley, badale mein adhik kathin aavashyaktaon (jaise kii kuchh poorv shart kakshaon mein jee. pee. aeye. kii aavashyakta) koo ack baar vishvavidyalaya mein sweekaar kiye jaane key baad bhee ack prabhaavit pramukh mein pravesh karane key liye prastut curr sakate hain.

