
vidyut grahan aur vidyutjanan

vidyut grahan aur vidyutjanan vidyut uttejanaon koo samajhane aur vidyut kshetron koo utpann karane key liye nikatata seey sambandhit javic kshamataaen hain. donon kaa upayog shikaar kaa pataa lagaane key liye kiya jaataa haye; shikaar koo rokane key liye machhliyon key kuchh samoohon (sabse prasiddh vidyut eel, joe vaastav mein ack eel naheen balki ack chaku haye) mein majboot vidyut nirvahan kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. kshamataaen lagbhag vishesh roop seey jaleey yaa ubhayachar jaanvaron mein paaee jaati hain, kyonki paani havaa kii tulanaa mein bijli kaa bahut behtar vaahak haye. nishkriya vidyut sthaan mein, shikaar jaisi vastuon kaa pataa unake dwara banaae gaye vidyut kshetron koo mahsoos karke lagaaya jaataa haye. sakriya vidyut sthaan mein, machhali ack kamjor vidyut kshetra utpann karati haye aur usa kshetra key vibhinn vikritiyon koo mahsoos karati haye joe una vastuon dwara banaai gaee hain joe bijli kaa sanchaalan yaa pratirodh karati hain. sakriya vidyut sthaan kaa abhyaas kamjor vidyut machhali key dou samoohon, gymnotiform (chaku) aur mormiridae (haathi machhali), aur "gymnarchus niloticus", african chaku dwara kiya jaataa haye. ack vidyut machhali ack vidyut anga kaa upayog karke ack vidyut kshetra utpann karati haye, joe apani poonchh mein maanspeshiyon seey sanshodhit hoti haye. maidan koo kamjor kahaa jaataa haye yadi yeh kewal shikaar kaa pataa lagaane key liye paryaapt haye, aur majboot aggar yeh stunn yaa maarne key liye paryaapt shaktishali haye. khet haathi machhliyon kii tarah sankshipt dalhan mein hoe sakata haye, yaa chaku machhliyon kii tarah ack nirantar lahar hoe sakati haye. kuchh prabal vidyut machhali, jaise kii vidyut eel, ack kamjor vidyut kshetra utpann karke shikaar kaa pataa lagaati haye, aur phir shikaar koo rokane key liye apane vidyut angon koo dridhata seey chhodati haye; anya prabal vidyut machhali, jaise kii vidyut kiran, nishkriya roop seey vidyut sthaanit karati haye. stargazer majboot vidyut honey mein advitiya hain lekin vidyut sthaan kaa upayog naheen karate hain.
lorenzini kaa vidyut grahansheel empule kasheruki jeevon key itihas kii shuruat mein vikasit huaa; way shark jaisi cartilogenous machhliyon aur coelacanth aur sturgeon jaisi asthi machhliyon donon mein paae jaate hain, aur isaliye pracheen honah chaahiye. adhikansh asthi machhliyon ney dusare sthaan parr lorenzini key apane empule koo khou diyaa haye, lekin anya gair-samroop vidyut grahankarta baar-baar vikasit hue hain, jisamen standhaariyon key dou samooh, monotrames (platypus aur ikidna) aur citacian (guyana dolphin) shamil hain.
itihas.
1678 mein, shark key vichhedan karate samay, italvi chikitsak stephano lorenzini ney unake sir parr angon kii khoj kii, jinhen abb lorenzini kaa empule kahaa jaataa haye. unhone apane nishkarshon koo "auservaaziyoni intorno elle torpedini" mein prakaashit kiya. inn angon kaa vidyut grahansheel kaary aar dwara sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. doubleu. 1960 mein murre.
1921 mein, german shareer rachana vigyaani victor franz ney haathi machhliyon kii twacha mein nolenorgans (tuberus anga) kaa varnan kiya, phir seey electro receptor key roop mein unake kaary key baare mein jaankaari key binaa.
1949 mein, ukraini-british prani vigyaani hains lisman ney dekhaa kii african chaku machhali ("gymnarchus niloticus") usee gati seey peechhe kii or tairane mein saksham thee aur baadhaon key aspas usee nipunata key saath jaba yeh aage tairati thee, takkar seey bachati thee. unhone 1950 mein pradarshit kiya kii machhali ack parivartaniya vidyut kshetra kaa utpaadan curr rahee thee, aur yeh kii machhali apane chaaron or key vidyut kshetra mein kissy bhee parivartan key liye pratikriya karati thee.
vidyut sthaan.
vidyut grahansheel janwar apane aspas kii vastuon kaa pataa lagaane key liye indriya kaa upayog karate hain. yeh paaristhitikiya sthaanon mein mahatvapurna haye jahan janwar drishti parr nirbhar naheen hoe sakata haih udaaharan key liye gufaaon mein, gahare paani mein aur raat mein. vidyut sthaan nishkriya hoe sakata haye, joe dabey hue shikaar kii maanspeshiyon kii gatividhiyon seey utpann vidyut kshetron koo mahsoos kartaa haye, yaa sakriya, ack kamjor vidyut kshetra utpann karane vaalaa vidyut shikari hoe sakata haye taaki vaha apane aspas kii chaalan aur gair-chaalan vastuon key beach antar curr sakey.
nishkriya vidyut sthaan.
nishkriya vidyut sthaan mein, pashu anya jaanvaron dwara utpann kamjor jaiv vidyut kshetron koo mahsoos kartaa haye aur unakaa pataa lagaane key liye iska upayog kartaa haye. yeye vidyut kshetra sabhi jaanvaron dwara unaki nason aur maanspeshiyon kii gatividhi key kaaran utpann hotey hain. machhali mein vidyut kshetron kaa doosara srot gill jhilli mein osmoragulation seey judaa aayan pump haye. iss kshetra koo munh aur gill slitt key khulane aur bund honey seey sanshodhit kiya jaataa haye.
nishkriya vidyut grahan aamtaur parr empular receptors jaise kii lorenzini key empule parr nirbhar kartaa haye joe 50 heartz seey cumm kii cumm aavritti vaali uttejanaon key prati samvedansheel hotey hain. inn receptors mein ack jailey seey bharee nahar hoti haye joe samvedi receptors seey twacha kii satah taka jaati haye.
sakriya vidyut sthaan.
sakriya vidyut sthaan mein, janwar kamjor vidyut kshetra (electrogenesis) utpann karke aur vidyut grahan angon kaa upayog karke inn kshetron mein vikritiyon kaa pataa lagaakar apane aspas key vatavaran koo mahsoos kartaa haye. yeh vidyut kshetra ack vishesh vidyut anga key madhyam seey utpann hotaa haye jisamen sanshodhit maanspeshiyon yaa tantrikaon kaa samavesh hotaa haye. sakriya vidyut-grahan kaa upayog karane vaale jaanvaron mein kamjor vidyut machhali shamil haye, joe yaa tou chhoti vidyut daalen (jise puls-type kahaa jaataa haye) utpann karati haye, jaisa kii mormiridae mein hotaa haye, yaa vidyut anga seey ardh-signsoidal nirvahan (jise "tarang-prakaar" kahaa jaataa haye) kaa utpaadan karati haye, jaisa kii gymnotidae mein hotaa haye.
inmein seey kaee machhaliyan, jaise "gymnarchus" aur "apteronotus", apane shareer koo adhik kathor rakhate hain, pankhon koo laharaate hue samaan suvidha key saath aage yaa peechhe kii or tairate hain joe unake shareer kii adhikansh lambai taka failate hain. peechhe kii or tairna unhein electrocensory sanketon kaa upayog karke shikaar kii khoj karane aur uska aaklan karane mein madad curr sakata haye. 1993 mein lainnu aur lainnu dwara kiye gaye prayogon ney lisman key prastaav kaa samarthan kiya kii sakriya vidyut sthaan kii baadhaon koo dekhate hue seedhi peeth key saath tairaki kii yeh shally prabhaavi dhang seey kaam karati haye. "apteronotus" chhote pissu key beach badey "daphnia" paani key pissu kaa chayan aur pakad sakata haye, aur way kritrim roop seey kaale paani key pissu key khilaf bhedbhaav naheen karate hain, donon mamalon mein prakaash key saath yaa binaa.
yeye machhaliyan aamtaur parr ack volt (1 vee) seey chhoti kshamata banaati hain. kamjor vidyut machhali vibhinn pratirodh aur dhaarita moolyon vaali vastuon key beach bhedbhaav curr sakati haye, joe vastuon kii pehchaan karane mein madad curr sakati haye. sakriya vidyut-grahan mein aamtaur parr lagbhag ack shareer kii lambai hoti haye, halanki aspas key paani key samaan vidyut pratibadha vaali vastuen lagbhag agyaat hoti hain.
sakriya vidyut sthaan tuberus electro receptor parr nirbhar kartaa haye joe uchch aavritti (20-20,000 Hz) uttejanaon key prati samvedansheel hotey hain. inn receptors mein upkala koshikaon kaa ack dheela plug hotaa haye joe samvedi receptor koshikaon koo baahari vatavaran mein jodata haye. africa kii haathi machhali (mormiridae) kii twacha mein tuberus electro receptor hotey hain jinhen nolenorgans aur mormiromast key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
haathi machhaliyan apane shikaar kaa pataa lagaane key liye chhoti daalen utsarjit karati hain. capacitive aur pratirodhi vastuein vidyut kshetra koo alag-alag tarah seey prabhaavit karati hain, jisase machhali koo shareer kii lambai key bheetar vibhinn prakaar kii vastuon kaa pataa lagaane mein saksham banaata haye. pratirodhi vastuein naadi key ayam koo badhaati hain; sandharaniya vastuein vikritiyaan pesh karati hain.
glass naifish (sternopigidae) aur electric eel (gymnotidae) sahit gymnotiform, apane vidyut anga seey ack nirantar tarang kaa utsarjan karane mein mormiridae seey bhinn hotey hain, joe ack saain tarang kaa anuman lagaate hain. mormiridae key roop mein, utpann vidyut kshetra unhein capacitive aur pratirodhi vastuon key beach sateek roop seey bhedbhaav karane mein saksham banaata haye.
vidyut sanchaar.
kamjor vidyut machhali apane dwara utpann vidyut tarang koo sanshodhit karke sanchaar curr sakati haye. way iska upayog saathi koo aakarshit karane aur kshetriya pradarshanon mein curr sakate hain. electric catfish aksar apane aashray sthalon seey anya prajaatiyon koo door karane key liye apane vidyut nirvahan kaa upayog karati haye, jabaki apani khud kii prajaatiyon key saath way khule munh key pradarshan aur kabhi-kabhi kaatane key saath anushthaanit ladaai karate hain, lekin shayed hii kabhi vidyut anga nirvahan kaa upayog karate hain.
jaba dou kaanch kii chaku (sternopigidae) ack saath aatey hain, tou donon vyakti ack jaam seey bachane kii pratikriya mein apani nirvahan aavrittiyon koo sthanantarit karate hain.
bluntnose naifish mein, "brachyhypopomous", vidyut nirvahan pattern vidyut eel, "electrophorus" key cumm voltage vidyutarodhi nirvahan key samaan haye. yeh shaktishali roop seey sanrakshit vidyut eel kii betsian nakal honey kii parikalpana kii gaee haye. "brachyhypopomous" purush mahilaaon koo aakarshit karane key liye ack nirantar vidyut "humm" kaa utpaadan karate hain; yeh unake kull oorjaa bajat kaa 11-22% upbhog kartaa haye, jabaki mahila vidyut sanchaar kewal 3 pratishat kii khapat kartaa haye. badey narr badey ayam key sanketon kaa utpaadan karate hain, aur inhen mahilaaon dwara pasand kiya jaataa haye. purushon key liye laagat ack circadian lay dwara cumm hoe jaati haye, adhik gatividhi raat key samay prem prasang aur andey dene key saath mell khaati haye, aur anya samay parr cumm hoti haye.
joe machhaliyan vidyut pravaahit machhliyon kaa shikaar karati hain, way unakaa pataa lagaane key liye apane shikaar key nirvahan parr "chhip curr" dekh sakati hain. electroreceptive african sharptooth catfish (clarias garipinus) iss tarah seey kamjor electric mormirid, "marcussanius macrolipidotus" kaa shikaar curr sakati haye. isane shikaar koo, ack vikaasvaadi hathiyaron kii daud mein, adhik jatil yaa uchch aavritti sanketon koo vikasit karane key liye prerit kiya haye jinka pataa lagaana kathin haye.
kuchh shark bhroon aur pille apane shikariyon key vishisht vidyut sanket kaa pataa lagaane parr "jumm jaate hain".
vikas aur vargeekaran vitaran.
kasheruki jeevon mein, nishkriya vidyut grahan ack paitrik visheshta haye, jiska arth haye kii yeh unake antim samanya poorvaj mein maujood thaa. pushtaini tantra koo empular electroreception kahaa jaataa haye, jisamen shamil grahansheel angon key naam seey, lorenzini kaa empule. yeye paarshv rekha key yaantrik samvedak seey vikasit hue, aur cartilogenous machhliyon (shark, kiranen aur chimeras), lungfish, bichir, coelacanth, sturgeon, peddlefish, jaleey salamander aur cecillion mein maujood hain. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii lorenzini kaa empule asthi machhliyon aur tetrapod key vikas mein jaldi khou gayaa thaa, halanki kaee samoohon mein anupasthiti key pramaan adhure aur asantoshjanak hain. jahan inn samoohon mein vidyut grahan hotaa haye, yeh vikas mein dusare sthaan parr praapt kiya gayaa haye, jisamen lorenzini key empulay key saath samroop naheen balki anya angon kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye.
vidyut anga cumm seey cumm aathh alag-alag baar vikasit hue hain, pratyek ack clade banaata haih dou baar cartilogenous machhliyon key vikas key dauran, vidyut skates aur kiranon kaa nirmaan, aur chhah baar asthi machhliyon key vikas key dauran. nishkriya-vidyut-pravaahit samoohon koo, jinamen way bhee shamil hain joe apane electro receptors koo nirdeshit karane key liye apane sir koo sthanantarit karate hain, binaa prateekon key dikhaae jaate hain. gair-vidyut-pravaahit prajaatiyan naheen dikhaai gaee hain. sakriya roop seey vidyut pravaahit honey vaali machhliyon koo ack chhoti pealy bijli kii chamak aur unake vishisht nirvahan tarangon key saath chihnit kiya jaataa haye. bijli key jhatake dene mein saksham machhliyon koo laal bijli kii chamak key saath chihnit kiya jaataa haye.
cartilogenous machhali.
shark aur kiranen ("alasmobranchi") apane hamalon key antim charanon mein lorenzini key apane empule kaa upayog karke vidyut sthaan parr nirbhar karati hain, jaisa kii unake shikaar key samaan vidyut kshetron dwara praapt majboot bhojan pratikriya seey pradarshit kiya jaa sakata haye. shark sabse vidyut roop seey samvedansheel janwar hain jinhen jaanaa jaataa haye, joe 5 nv/semi key roop mein cumm pratyaksh vartamaan kshetron key liye pratikriya karate hain.
huddy machhali.
teleost machhliyon key dou samooh kamjor vidyut aur sakriya roop seey vidyut grahansheel hainh neotropical chaku machhaliyan (gymnotiform) aur african haathi machhaliyan (notopteroidae), joe unhein ashant paani mein bhojan khojane aur khojane mein saksham banaati hain. gymnotiform mein electric eel shamil haye, joe samooh key cumm voltage vaale vidyut sthaan key upayog key alawa, apane shikaar koo rokane key liye uchch voltage vaale vidyut jhatake utpann karane mein saksham haye. iss tarah key shaktishali electrogenesis maanspeshiyon seey sanshodhit badey vidyut angon kaa upayog kartaa haye. inmein vidyutkoshikaon kaa ack dher hotaa haye, jinamen seey pratyek ack chhota voltage utpann karane mein saksham hotaa haye; ack shaktishali vidyut anga nirvahan pradaan karane key liye voltage koo prabhaavi roop seey ack saath (shrinkhala mein) jodaa jaataa haye.
monotrames.
ardh-jaleey platypus aur sthaliya ikidna sahit monotrames standhaariyon kaa ekmatra samooh haye jisane vidyut grahan vikasit kiya haye. jabaki machhali aur ubhaycharon mein vidyut grahankarta yaantrik samvedi paarshv rekha angon seey vikasit hue hain, monotrem key way trigeminal tantrikaon dwara antahsthaapit twachiya granthiyon parr adharit hain. monotrames key vidyutgraahakon mein thoothan kii shleshma granthiyon mein sthit mukt tantrika anta hotey hain. monotrames mein, platypus ("ornithorincus anatinus") mein sabse teevra vidyut bhavna hoti haye. platypus lagbhag 40,000 electro receptors kaa upayog karke apane shikaar koo sthaaniya banaata haye joe bill key saath saamane seey peechhe kii dhaariyon mein vyavasthit hotey hain. vyavastha atyadhik dishaatmak haye, joe kinaaron aur neeche key prati sabse samvedansheel haye. thaile naamak chhote twarit sir andolan karke, platypus apane shikaar kaa sateek pataa lagaate hain. platypus vidyut sanketon key aagaman aur paani mein dabaav parivartanon key beach kii deree seey shikaar karane kii doori nirdhaarit karane key liye dabaav samvedak key saath vidyut-grahan kaa upayog kartaa haye.
ikidna kii chaar prajaatiyon kii vidyut grahan kshamataaen bahut saral hain. lambe samay taka beck kiye gaye ikidna (genus "zaglosus") mein kuchh 2,000 receptors hotey hain, jabaki chhote-beck kiye gaye ikidna ("tachyglosus acculates") mein lagbhag 400 hotey hain, joe naak key anta key paas hotey hain. iss antar kaa shreya unake nivaas aur bhojan key tarikon koo diyaa jaa sakata haye. paschimi lambe samay taka pakey hue ikidna ushnakatibandhiya jangalon mein patte key kachare mein kenchuon koo khaate hain, joe vidyut sanketon koo achchi tarah seey sanchaalit karane key liye paryaapt hain. chhote-tukade vaale ikidna mukhya roop seey deemak aur cheentiyon koo khaate hain, joe sookhe kshetron mein ghonsale mein rahate hain; ghonsale key andaruni hisse sambhavatah vidyut grahan key liye paryaapt aardr hotey hain. prayogon seey pataa chalaa haye kii ikidna koo paani aur nama mitty mein kamjor vidyut kshetron kaa jawab dene key liye prashikshit kiya jaa sakata haye. ikidna kii vidyut bhavna koo ack platypus jaise poorvaj seey ack vikaasvaadi avashesh honey kii parikalpana kii gaee haye.
dolphin.
dolphin ney machhali, ubhayachar aur monotrames seey alag sanrachanaon mein vidyut grahan vikasit kiya haye. guyana dolphin ("totalia guyanensis") key rostrum parr balheen compan gupt, joe mool roop seey standhari moonchon seey judey hotey hain, 4.8 microve/semi key roop mein cumm vidyut grahan karane mein saksham hotey hain, joe chhoti machhali kaa pataa lagaane key liye paryaapt hotey hain. yeh platypus mein electro receptor kii samvedansheelta key saath tulaniya haye.
madhumakkhiyan.
haal taka, vidyut grahan kewal kasheruki jeevon mein hii gyaat thaa. haal key shodh seey pataa chalaa haye kii madhumakkhiyan foolon parr sthir avesh kii upasthiti aur pattern kaa pataa lagaa sakati hain.

