california kaa sarvocch nyayalaya

california kaa sarvocch nyayalaya sanyukt raajya america kii adalaton mein appeal kaa sarvocch aur antim nyayalaya haye.aiss. california raajya. iska mukhyalaya saine francisco mein earl vaaran building mein haye, lekin yeh niyamit roop seey loss angils aur sacramento mein satra aayojit kartaa haye. isake nirnay california raajya kii anya sabhi adalaton key liye badhyakari hain. 1850 key baad seey, adalat ney yaatana, sampatti, nagrik aur samvaidhaanik adhikaaron aur aaparaadhik kaanoon sahit vibhinn kshetron mein kaee prabhaavshaali nirnay jaari kiye hain.
rachana.
mool 1849 california samvidhaan key tahat, adalat kii shuruat ack mukhya nyayadhish aur dou sahayogi nyayadhishon key saath hui. 1862 mein adalat kaa vistaar paanch nyayadhishon taka curr diyaa gayaa thaa. vartamaan 1879 key samvidhaan key tahat, adalat kaa vistaar vartamaan kull saat key liye chhah sahayogi nyayadhishon aur ack mukhya nyayadhish taka hoe gayaa. nyayadhishon kii niyukti california key rajyapal dwara kii jaati haye aur way pratidhaaran chunaavon key adheen hotey hain.
california key samvidhaan key anusaar, niyukti key liye vichaar karane key liye, kissy bhee california nyayadhish kii tarah, ack vyakti koo california mein vakaalat karane key liye sweekaar kiya gayaa vakeel honah chaahiye yaa niyukti seey thheek pahale 10 varshon taka california adalat key nyayadhish key roop mein kaary kiya honah chaahiye.
ack khaali pada koo bharane key liye, rajyapal koo pahale california key raajya baar key nyaayik naamit mulyankan aayog koo ack ummidwar kaa naam prastut karna hoga, joe ummidwar kaa ack gahan, gopaniya mulyankan taiyar kartaa haye aur usey prastut kartaa haye. isake baad, rajyapal aadhikarik taur parr ummidwar koo naamit kartaa haye, jiska mulyankan nyaayik niyuktiyon parr aayog dwara kiya jaanaa chaahiye, jisamen california key mukhya nyayadhish, california key attorney general aur california kii appeal adalaton key ack varishth pithasin nyayadhish shamil hotey hain. aayog ack saarvajanik sunavaai aayojit kartaa haye aur yadi namankit vyakti kii yogyata seey santusht haye, tou namankan kii pushti kartaa haye. isake baad naamit vyakti turant kissy maujooda rikti koo bhar sakata haye, yaa agale nyaayik karyakal kii shuruat mein ack prasthaan karane vaale nyaay koo badal sakata haye.
yadi kissy ummidwar koo nyaayik karyakal key dauran aanshik roop seey utpann hui rikti koo bharane key liye pushti kii jaati haye, tou nyaay agale governor chunaav key dauran pratidhaaran key liye khadaa honah chaahiye. matadaata taba nirdhaarit karate hain kii shesh nyaayik karyakal key liye nyaay koo banaae rakhaa jaae yaa naheen. karyakal key samaapan parr, nyayadhishon koo phir seey poore 12 saal key karyakal key liye rajyavyapi pratidhaaran chunaav seey gujarna hoga. yadi bahumat "naheen" mein matdan kartaa haye, tou seat khaali hoe jaati haye aur rajyapal dwara bharee jaa sakati haye.
matdaataon ney kabhi-kabhi nyayadhishon koo banaae naheen rakhane kii shakti kaa prayog kiya haye. mukhya nyayadhish rose burd aur sahayogi nyayadhish cruze renoso aur joseph grodin ney maut kii sajaa kaa kadaa virodh kiya aur baad mein 1986 key aam chunaav mein unhein hataa diyaa gayaa. navanirvaachit governor george ducomagian taba sahayogi nyayadhish malcum aim koo padonnat karane mein saksham they. mukhya nyayadhish koo lucas aur teen nae sahayogi nyayadhishon kii niyukti (ack apane puraane pada mein lucas kii jagah lene key liye aur dou renoso aur grodine kii jagah lene key liye). 
sanrachana.
1879 aur 1966 key beach, adalat koo raajya key samvidhaan dwara dou teen-nyayadhish samitiyon, vibhaag ack aur vibhaag dou mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. mukhya nyayadhish ney mamalon koo samitiyon key beach samaan roop seey vibhajit kiya aur yeh bhee nirnay liya kii kinn mamalon kii sunavaai samagr roop seey adalat dwara "baink mein" (baink mein) kii jaayegi. 1920 key dashak key anta mein, adalat ney dheere-dheere baink mein sabhi apeelon kii niyamit roop seey sunavaai karane key liye parivartan kiya, isake alawa 1941 mein dou asamanya apvaadon key alawa jaba usane phir seey vibhagon mein baithane kii koshish kii. 1966 mein vibhaag pranali key aupchaarik unmoolan ney kewal iss baat kii pushti kii kii adalat vaastav mein kaafee samay seey kaise kaam curr rahee thee. 
 maukhik tark kewal apeelon kii baink sunavaai key liye anivarya thaa, jiska arth thaa kii kaee apeelon kaa nirnay kewal sankshipt vivaranon parr teen-nyaay vibhagon dwara kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, raajya key samvidhaan mein antim nirnay dene key liye vibhaag key nirnay sarvasammat honey kii aavashyakta thee. kissy bhee asahamati ney swachaalit roop seey baink sunavaai shuru curr dee. 1966 mein ack samvaidhaanik sanshodhan key baad, adalat vartamaan mein sabhi apeelon kii sunavaai karate samay baink (sabhi saaton koo ack saath) mein baithati haye. jaba adalat mein ack khuli seat hoti haye, yaa yadi koee nyayadhish kissy diye gaye mamle mein khud koo alag curr letaa haye, tou california kii appeal adalaton key nyayadhishon koo mukhya nyayadhish dwara baari-baari seey vyaktigat mamalon key liye adalat mein shamil honey key liye niyukt kiya jaataa haye.
jaba sabhi nyayadhish kissy mamle seey khud koo alag curr lete hain, tou samay key saath prakriya alag hoti haye. 1992 key ack mamle key liye, mukhya nyayadhish ney appeal jile kii ack adalat key pithasin nyayadhish (usa adalat seey alag jahaan mamla utpann huaa thaa) seey apane jile seey chhah anya appeal nyayadhishon kaa chayan karane kaa anurodh kiya, aur unhone usa ack mamle kaa nirnay lene key uddeshya seey ack karyavahak sarvocch nyayalaya kaa gathan kiya. haalaanki, baad key ack mamle mein jaba governor schwarzenegger ney janadesh kii ritt kii maang kii tou adalat key sabhi sadasyon ney khud koo alag curr liya ("schwarzenegger banaam. appeal kii adalat (appstein), appeal kii adalaton key saat nyayadhishon kaa chayan niyamit baari-baari key aadhar parr kiya gayaa thaa, naa kii ack hii jile seey, jisamen sabse varishth karyavahak mukhya nyayadhish key roop mein kaary curr rahey they, aur usa karyavahak sarvocch nyayalaya ney antatah ritt yachika koo aswikar curr diyaa. ack aur adhik halia mamle mein ("mallano banaam. chiang) jahaan adalat key sabhi sadasyon ney una nyayadhishon key vetan seey judey mamle parr appeal nyayadhishon kii sevaanivritt adalat dwara sameeksha key liye ack yachika parr khud koo alag curr liya (jisamen spasht roop seey 2016-2017 vittiya varsh taka key mamle shamil they), adalat ney adesh diyaa kii chhah varishth adalat key nyayadhishon kaa chayan usa pool seey kiya jaae jisane 1 julaai, 2017 key baad padbhar sambhala, chhah vartamaan nyayadhishon key vikalp key roop mein kaary karane key liye, usa samooh mein varishth nyayadhish karyavahak mukhya nyayadhish key roop mein kaary curr rahey they; kii karyavahak sarvocch nyayalaya ney antatah sameeksha key liye yachika koo aswikar curr diyaa.
sadasyata.
chhah vartamaan nyayadhishon kii niyukti loktantravadiyon (lyu, crugger, groban, jenkins, guerrero aur evance) dwara aur ack republican (corrigan) dwara kii gaee thee.
teen african americi (crugger, jenkins, evance) nyayadhish, ack purvi asiai americi nyayadhish (liu), dou gair-hyspanic shwet nyayadhish (corrigan, groban) aur ack lattin (guerrero) hain. ack nyayadhish ney california vishvavidyalaya key ack school (berkley mein guerrero) seey snaatak kii degree praapt kii, california key niji vishvavidyalayon seey paanch (pavitra naamon parr corrigan, stanford mein liu, groban aur evance, aur saanta clara mein jenkins), aur ack raajya seey baahar key niji vishvavidyalaya (harvard mein crugger) seey ack snaatak kii degree praapt kii. dou nyayadhishon ney california vishvavidyalaya key low school (hastings aur evance aitt davis) seey kaanoon kii degree praapt kii, dou niji california vishvavidyalaya (steinford mein guerrero aur saine francisco vishvavidyalaya mein jenkins) seey, aur teen raajya key baahar key niji vishvavidyalayon (yaale mein lyu aur crugger, aur harvard mein groban) key low schools seey.
adalat mein sabse halia jodaa gayaa sahayak nyayadhish kellie evance haye, jinhone 2 janwari, 2023 koo tatkalin sambaddh nyayadhish patricia guerrero kii jagah lene key liye shapath lii thee, jinhen mukhya nyayadhish key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. 2023 mein, guerrero mukhya nyayadhish key roop mein seva karane vaale pahale latina baney.
adalat mein pahali baar 2011 seey 2017 taka mahila bahumat thaa. bahumat 2011 mein republican governor arnold schwarzenegger dwara mukhya nyayadhish taani cantill-sakaauye koo adalat mein niyukt karane key baad hassil kiya gayaa thaa, joe justice joyce ell mein shamil hue they. kenard (republican governor george ducomagian key dwara niyukt), justice catherine verdegger (republican governor peat willson dwara niyukt), aur justice caroll aeye. corrigan (ack anya schwarzenegger niyukt vyakti). jaba kenard 2014 mein sevaanivritt hue, tou loktaantrik governor jairi braun ney unake uttaradhikari key roop mein leondra crugger koo niyukt karke mahila bahumat koo sanrakshit kiya. 2022 mein guerrero key shapath grahan key saath mahila bahumat bahaal kiya gayaa thaa.
operation.
adhikaar kshetra.
california kaa samvidhaan adalat koo california mein maut kii sajaa dene vaale sabhi mamalon mein anivarya aur ananya apeeliya kshetradhikar detaa haye, halanki adalat ney california kii appeal adalaton koo maut kii sajaa kii appeal saunpane kii anumati dene key liye ack raajya samvaidhaanik sanshodhan koo praayojit kiya haye. adalat key paas appeal kii adalaton dwara sameeksha kiye gaye sabhi mamalon parr vivekadhin apeeliya kshetradhikar haye; baad vaale koo 1904 key samvaidhaanik sanshodhan dwara banaaya gayaa thaa taaki sarvocch nyayalaya koo usake adhikansh karyabhar seey raahat mill sakey taaki adalat taba gair-tuchchh apeelon seey nipatane parr dhyaan kendrit curr sakey jinamen kaanoon key mahatvapurna mudde shamil they.
nyaayamurti goodwin lyu key shodh key anusaar, harr saal adalat ney pramaan patra key ritt key liye ausatan 5,200 yaachikaaen aur bandee pratyaksheekaran key liye 3,400 yaachikaaen, saath hii pahale seey hii maut kii sajaa paae kaidiyon seey 40 atirikt yaachikaaen daayar kii hain. ack ausat varsh mein adalat 83 mamalon kii sunavaai karane kaa nirnay legee aur usey maut kii sajaa mein shamil honey vaale 20 nae kaidiyon kii apeelon koo sunana hoga. pratyek saptah, adalat 150 seey 300 yachikaon parr matdan karati haye, jisamen karmchaariyon dwara anushansit "ack soochi" key saath-saath nauvein circuit key liye sanyukt raajya america kii appeal adalat key pramaanit prashnon parr vishesh dhyaan diyaa jaataa haye.
aantarik prakriya.
nyayalaya poore varsh vyaapaar key liye khula rahata haye (kewal nirdhaarit "sharton" key dauran kaam karane key vipareet joe kanuni varsh kaa paalan karane vaale kshetradhikaron mein aam haye). adalat prati maah cumm seey cumm ack saptah, pratyek varsh 10 maheene (julaai aur agast koo chhodkar) maukhik tark sunati haye. iska mukhyalaya 1874 seey saine francisco mein haye. 1878 seey, yeh niyamit roop seey saine francisco (chaar maheene), loss angils (chaar maheene) aur sacramento (dou maheene) mein harr saal maukhik bahas sunata rhaa haye.
nyaayamurti lyu key anusaar, jaba kissy mamle kii sameeksha kii jaati haye, tou mukhya nyayadhish mamle koo ack nyayadhish koo saunpata haye, joe pakshon koo jaankaari dene key baad, phir ack masauda raay taiyar kartaa haye. pratyek nyayadhish masauda raay key liye ack praarambhik pratikriya likhate hain, aur yadi saunpa gayaa nyaay alpamat mein haye, tou vaha mukhya nyayadhish seey mamle koo bahumat mein kissy koo phir seey saunpane key liye kaha sakati haye. adalat taba maukhik daleelen sunati haye aur isake turant baad, vote dene key liye akele milati haye. california key samvidhaan mein nyayadhishon key vetan key nilamban kii aavashyakta haye yadi adalat 90 dinon key bheetar nirnay daayar karane mein whiffle rahati haye. sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya dwara 43 pratishat kii tulanaa mein 77 pratishat mamalon mein adalat sarvasammat raay jaari karati haye.
poore varsh (julaai aur agast sahit), nyayadhishon kaa ack sammelan hotaa haye, harr budhwar koo adalat maukhik tark naheen suna rahee haye, kramshah navambar aur disambar (dhanyavaad aur nae saal) key antim saptah koo chhodkar. somwar aur guruwar kii subah 10 baje naee raay online prakaashit kii jaati haye.aim. usa samay clerk key karyalaya key madhyam seey bhee kagji pratiyaan upalabdh hoe jaati hain.
adalat una kuchh yuu mein seey ack haye.aiss. yuu key alawa adaalaten.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya jise teen hardcover samvaaddaataon mein niyamit roop seey apani raay prakaashit karane kaa visheshaadhikaar praapt haye. california report kartaa haye", abb apani paanchvin shrinkhala mein, adalat key nirnayon key reporter ack niji prakaashak (vartamaan mein lexisnexis) key saath aadhikarik reporter koo prakaashit karane kaa anubandh kartaa haye; dhyaan dein kii jaba bhee prakaashak badalata haye tou shrinkhala sankhya badal jaati haye, halanki paanchvin shrinkhala mein sabse haal key parivartan mein reporter mein badalaav shamil naheen thaa. west california key nirnayon koo "california reporter" (apani doosari shrinkhala mein) aur "paisifik reporter" (apani teesari shrinkhala mein) donon mein prakaashit kartaa haye. (newyork court off appeals kii raay isi tarah teen samvaaddaataon mein prakaashit kii gaee haye.)
pratyek nyaay key paanch niyukt kaksh vakeel hotey hain. 1980 key dashak key anta seey, adalat ney kaanoon clerks key paaramparik upayog seey munh modd liya haye, aur sthaayi karmchari vakeelon kii or rukh kiya haye. nyaayamurti goodwin lyu aur leondra crugger, halanki, haal key low school snatakon key paaramparik upayog parr laut aae hain, joe unake kuchh karmchaariyon key padon key liye ack saal key clerk key roop mein hain. adalat mein lagbhag 85 karmchari vakeel hain, jinamen seey kuchh vishesh nyayadhishon seey judey hain; baaki kendriya karmchari key roop mein saajha kiye jaate hain. iss pranali kaa laabh yeh haye kii karmchaariyon key vakeelon key cumm karobar (banaam harr saal nae kaanoon clerks key madhyam seey ghoomane kii paaramparik pranali) ney jatil mamalon, vishesh roop seey maut kii sajaa key mamalon seey nipatane mein adalat kii dakshata mein sudhaar kiya haye.
apani pahali aadhi sadee key sanchaalan key dauran, adalat ney apane badhate mamalon koo banaae rakhane key liye sangharsh kiya aur bahut baar peechhe reh gaee, jaba taka kii 1904 mein california kii appeal adaalaten naheen banaai gaeen. isake parinamswarup 1879 key samvidhaan mein praavdhaanon key tahat adalat koo sabhi mamalon kaa likhit roop mein nirnay lene kii aavashyakta thee (chhote mamalon seey chhutkara paane key liye, usane aksar "koee" kaaran naheen diye gaye sankshipt niptan diye they) aur california key nyayadhishon seey harr maheene likhit mein pramaanit karane kii aavashyakta thee kii vichaar key liye prastut koee bhee mamla 90 dinon seey adhik samay seey bakaaya naheen thaa, anyatha unhein bhugtan naheen kiya jaayega. baad key praavdhaan kaa paalan karane key liye, adalat maukhik tark taba taka nirdhaarit naheen karati jaba taka kii nyayadhish aur unake karmchari vakeel pahale seey hii sankshipt vivaran kaa adhyayan naheen curr lete hain, apani-apani sthiti taiyar curr lete hain, aur masauda raay prasaarit naheen curr lete hain. phir, mamle koo aupchaarik roop seey adalat key samaksh "tark aur prastut" karane key baad, nyayadhish 90-divasiya samay seema taka pahunchane seey pahale apani raay daal sakate hain aur dakhil curr sakate hain. yeh anya sabhi sanghiya aur raajya apeeliya adalaton mein pratha seey kaafee alag haye, jahaan nyayadhish likhit briefing samaapt honey key kuchh hii samay baad maukhik tark nirdhaarit curr sakate hain, lekin phir maukhik tark key baad apani raay darj karane mein kaee maheene (yaa ack saal bhee) lugg sakate hain.
aitihaasik prakriya.
march 1885 mein, raajya vidhanmandal ney adalat kii lambit apeelon key bhaari backlog mein madad karane key liye sarvocch nyayalaya aayog key nirmaan koo adhikrit kiya. nyayadhishon koo shuru mein teen ayukton koo niyukt karane kii anumati dee gaee thee. choonki maukhik tark anivarya naheen thaa sivaay apeelon kii baink sunavaai key, nyayadhishon ney ayukton koo mamle saunpane shuru curr diye jinhen sambhavatah kewal sankshipt vivaranon parr hull kiya jaa sakata thaa. 1889 mein paanch mein ayukton kii sankhya kaa vistaar kiya gayaa thaa. 
purvavlokan mein, ayukton koo kaanoon clerks aur karmchari vakeelon key ack mahatvapurna agradoot key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, jinhen adalat ney 1930 key dashak mein niyukt karna shuru kiya thaa. aadhunik pratha key vipareet, jahaan apeeliya nyayadhishon seey una raay kaa swaamitva lene kii apeksha kii jaati haye jinn parr way apane naam parr hastakshar karate hain aur karmchari sadasya kewal bhoot lekhak hotey hain, ayukton ney khule taur parr apani raay parr hastakshar kiye. ayukton dwara kii gaee lagbhag 4,400 apeelon (3,700 report kii gaee, 700 report naheen kii gaee) mein seey pratyek kaa samadhan dou anya kii sahamati seey ack aayukt dwara hastaaksharit raay dwara kiya gayaa thaa. raay hamesha ack anushansit swabhaav mein samaapt hoti haye, jaise kih "humm record mein koee truti naheen paate hain aur nirnay kii pushti kii jaani chaahiye."mool roop seey, isake baad" "adalat" "key naam parr ack pankti prati curium bayaan parr hastakshar naheen kiya gayaa thaa, jaise kih" "purvagaami raay mein diye gaye karanon seey nirnay kii pushti kii gaee haye."1892 mein shuru honey vaale, teen nyayadhishon ney, jinhone pratyek aayukt kii raay kii sameeksha kii aur sankshep mein usey apanaaya, apane naamon parr hastakshar karna shuru curr diyaa. 
aayukt puraane backlog koo cumm karane mein kewal aanshik roop seey safal rahey. aayog koo ack nirvaachit "sahayak adalat" key roop mein bhee bhaari aalochana kaa saamana karna padaa. jinn vakeelon koo apeeliya kaary kaa anand milata thaa, lekin pakshapaatpurna chunaavon mein nyaayik seeton parr baney rahane mein kathinaaee hoti thee, way nirvaachit nyayadhishon aur anirneet ayukton key roop mein seva karane key beach baar-baar aage-peechhe badhate rahey. dou aur dashakon kii bahas key baad, raajya vidhanmandal ney sweekaar kiya kii raajya koo madhyavarti apeeliya adalaton kii sthaapana karane kii aavashyakta haye aur iss mudde koo matdaataon key paas bhej diyaa. navambar 1904 mein, senate samvaidhaanik sanshodhan sam. 2 koo raajya key matdaataon dwara anumodit kiya gayaa thaa, jisane sarvocch nyayalaya aayog koo samaapt curr diyaa aur california appeal adalaton kaa nirmaan kiya. 1905 mein sabhi paanch ayukton koo appeal nyayalayon key mool nau nyayadhishon mein seey ack key roop mein turant niyukt kiya gayaa thaa.
vichaaron kaa prakaashan.
apani sthaapana key ack dashak key alawa, adalat koo samvaidhaanik yaa vaidhaanik kaanoon dwara apani sabhi raay prakaashit karane kii aavashyakta kabhi naheen padee haye. nyayalaya vartamaan mein sabhi raay koo saarvajanik neeti key mamle key roop mein prakaashit karane kaa vikalp chunata haye, jaisa kii nyayalaya key california niyamon key niyam 8.1105 (a) mein khulasa kiya gayaa haye. 1849 key mool california samvidhaan ney adalat koo una sabhi raayon koo prakaashit karane key liye adhikrit kiya joe vaha "samichin maan sakati haye", aur 1879 kaa vartamaan california samvidhaan adalat koo una sabhi raayon koo prakaashit karane key liye adhikrit kartaa haye joe vaha "uchit samajhati haye."1850 mein, ack kaanoon banaaya gayaa thaa jisamen sarvocch nyayalaya koo sabhi mamalon mein raay prakaashit karane kaa nirdesh diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin 1855 mein, adalat ney nirdesh denaa shuru curr diyaa kii kuchh raay kii soochana naheen dee jaani chaahiye, aur iss prakriya koo 1860 key kaanoon mein vidhaayika dwara purvavyaapi roop seey anumodit kiya gayaa thaa. agale 25 varshon mein adalat dwara 1,800 seey adhik gair-soochit raay daayar kii gaee (jisamen ayukton dwara daayar 700 gair-soochit raay shamil hain). prashant reporter" ney 1883 mein isake shubharambh parr adalat kii gair-soochit raay ekatra karna aur prakaashit karna shuru curr diyaa, aur phir adalat ney maan diyaa aur sabhi raay key prakaashan parr vaapas aaa gaee. vakeelon key ack chhote seey samooh ney baad mein usa bindu seey pahale sarvocch nyayalaya aur sarvocch nyayalaya aayog dwara daayar sabhi gair-soochit raay koo baramad kiya aur sankalit kiya, joe 1913 mein shuru hue "california gair-soochit mamle" naamak ack alag saat-khand key reporter mein prakaashit hue they. isake naam key bavjood, way mamle poorvavarti key roop mein upayukt hain.
sahayak jimmedaariyaan.
nyayalaya california kii nyaayik parishad aur nyaayik pradarshan parr california aayog key madhyam seey nichali adalaton (pareekshan-star key california uchch nyayalayon sahit) kii nigrani kartaa haye, aur california key raajya baar key madhyam seey california key kanuni peshe kii bhee nigrani kartaa haye. sabhi vakeelon kaa pravesh raajya baar kii sifaarishon key madhyam seey kiya jaataa haye, jise phir sarvocch nyayalaya dwara anumodit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur vakeel anushasana koo california key raajya baar court koo saunpa jaataa haye (halanki teen saal seey adhik key nilamban parr adalat dwara swatantra roop seey nirnay liya jaanaa chaahiye). california kaa baar yuu. aiss. mein sabse badaa haye.aiss. 210, 000 sadasyon key saath, jinamen seey 160,000 abhyaas curr rahey hain.
adalat, nirnayon key reporter kii sahaayata seey, california kii appeal adalaton aur uchch nyayalayon dwara upayog key liye california shally niyamavali prakaashit karati haye.
pratishtha.
jaisa kii "wall street journal" ney 1972 mein kahaa thaah
pichhale 20 varshon mein raajya key uchch nyayalaya ney aaparaadhik nyaay, nagrik swatantrata, nasleeya ekikaran aur upabhokta sanrakshan key kshetron mein misal sthaapit karate hue shayed raajya kii nyaypalikaon mein sabse naveen key roop mein pratishtha hassil kii haye joe anya raajyon aur sanghiya peeth koo bahut prabhaavit karate hain.
adalat key anurodh parr lexisnexis karmiyon dwara kiye gaye saankhyikiya vishleshan seey sanket milata haye kii california key sarvocch nyayalaya key nirnay sanyukt raajya america mein kissy bhee raajya key sarvocch nyayalaya key nirnayon kaa abb taka sabse adhik anusaran kiya jaataa haye. 1940 aur 2005 key beach, adalat key 1,260 faisalon kaa raajya seey baahar kii adalaton dwara spasht roop seey paalan kiya gayaa thaa (jiska arth haye kii una adalaton ney spasht roop seey adalat key tark koo prerak paaya aur ise apane samaksh key mamalon mein lagu kiya).
adalat dwara kaee mahatvapurna kanuni avadhaaranaon kaa netritva yaa vikas kiya gayaa haye, jisamen doshpurna utpaadon key liye sakht daayitva, nishpaksh prakriya, bhaavnaatmak sankat key laparwahi, ahankar, beema buraa vishvaas, galat jeevan aur bajar-hissedari deyata shamil hain.
hollywood aur usake aspas key pramukh film studio aur silicon valley kii uchch takneek vaali companiyan donon adalat key adhikaar kshetra mein aatee hain. iss prakaar, adalat ney aisee companiyon dwara, unake beach aur unake khilaf kaee mamalon key saath-saath hollywood hastiyon aur uchch takneek adhikaariyon seey judey kaee mamalon kaa faisala kiya haye.
california sarvocch nyayalaya aur sabhi nichale california raajya nyayalaya sanghiya nyayalayon aur kaee anya raajya nyayalayon seey ack alag lekhan shally aur uddharan pranali kaa upayog karate hain. california uddharanon mein pakshakaron key naam aur mamle key reporter key sandarbh key beach kaa varsh hotaa haye, joe varsh koo anta mein rakhane key rashtriya maanak (bluebook) key vipareet hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye, prasiddh mamla "marvin banaam. marvin, "jisane gair-vaivaahik bhagidaron kii saajhedaari mein unake yogdan key liye mukadama karane kii kshamata key liye maanak sthaapit kiya, koo" marvin banaam "prastut kiya gayaa haye. marvin "(1976) 18 cal.3d 660 [134 calory.aar. pee. tii. aar. 815, 557 pee. 2dee. 106] california shally mein, jabaki yeh "marvin banaam" hoga. marvin, "18 calle. 3dee 660,557 pee. 2dee 106,134 calorit. aar. pee. tii. aar. 815 (1976), bluebook shally mein. haalaanki, california uddharan shally hamesha ingland, kanada aur australia sahit sanyukt raajya america key baahar samanya kaanoon kshetradhikar kaa maanak rahee haye.
jabaki yuu.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya key nyayadhish ack raay key lekhak koo ingit karate hain aur joe raay kii shuruat mein raay mein "shamil" hoe gaye hain, california key nyayadhish hamesha anta mein bahumat kii raay parr hastakshar karate hain, usake baad "humm sahmat hain", aur phir shamil honey vaale nyayadhishon key naam. california key nyayadhishon koo paaramparik roop seey apani raay mein kuchh avyaakaranik shabdon kaa upayog naheen karna chaahiye, jisase nyayadhishon aur raajya key aadhikarik samvaaddaataon key sampaadak key beach sharmanak ladaai hui haye. california ney paaramparik roop seey kuchh francisi aur lattin vakyanshon jaise "aine baink", "certiorari" aur "mandmus" key upayog seey parhej kiya haye, isaliye california key nyayadhish aur vakeel isake bajaay "baink mein", "sameeksha" aur "janadesh" kaa upayog karate hain (halanki 1974 key baad "baink mein" kaafee durlabh hoe gayaa haye).
anta mein, adalat key paas appeal kii adalaton dwara raay koo "aprakaashit" karane kii shakti haye (sanghiya mamle key samvaaddaataon mein "kuchh" aprakaashit "raay koo prakaashit naheen karane kii sanghiya pratha key vipareet). iska matlab haye kii bhale hii raay pahale hii aadhikarik raajya key samvaaddaataon mein prakaashit hoe chuki haye, lekin yeh kewal pakshon parr badhyakari hogi. taktaki nirnay lagu naheen hotaa haye, aur spasht kiye gaye koee bhee nae niyam bhavishya key mamalon mein lagu naheen kiye jaayenge. isi tarah, california sarvocch nyayalaya key paas california kii appeal adalaton kii raay "prakaashit" karane kii shakti haye joe shuru mein prakaashit naheen hui theen.
mahatvapurna mamle.
california sarvocch nyayalaya ney 1850 seey mahatvapurna aur prabhaavshaali nirnay diye hain. inmein seey kuchh sabse mahatvapurna aur prabhaavshaali adalati nirnayon koo neeche soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye. isake baad aaney vaale adhikansh adalati nirnay aitihaasik nirnay they joe sanyukt raajya america yaa duniya mein iss tarah key pahale nirnayon mein seey they. 

