
intermodal container

ack intermodal container, jise aksar ack shipping container yaa iso container kahaa jaataa haye, ack badaa maankeekrit container haye jise intermodal maal dhulai parivahan key liye design aur banaaya gayaa haye, jiska arth haye kii inn containers kaa upayog parivahan key vibhinn tarikon mein kiya jaa sakata haye-jahaaj seey rail taka truck taka-binaa maal utaarane aur phir seey load kiye. intermodal containers kaa upayog mukhya roop seey vaishvik containeryukt intermodal maal dhulai pranali mein samagri aur utpaadon koo kushalata seey aur surakshit roop seey sangraheet karane aur parivahan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, lekin kshetriya upayog mein bhee cumm sankhya mein hain. inn paatron koo kaee naamon seey jaanaa jaataa haye. akele aakar key aadhar parr, 95 pratishat taka intermodal container iso manakon kaa paalan karate hain, aur aadhikarik taur parr ise iso container kahaa jaa sakata haye. kaee anya naam saral hainh container, malvahak yaa malvahak container, shipping, samudri yaa samudri container, container vaine yaa samudri vaine, samudri caine yaa see caine, yaa milwan, samudri naav, yaa row/row. prayukt shabd shanku (boxes) takniki roop seey antarrashtriya iso containers key ack mahatvapurna poorvavarti key naam kaa galat carrie-over upayog haye, arthaat yuu dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale bahut chhote poorv ispat shanku boxes.aiss. senaa.
intermodal container kaee prakaron aur kaee maankeekrit aakaron mein maujood hain, lekin vaishvik container bede kaa nabbe pratishat tathaakathit "dry frate" yaa "samanya uddeshya" container hain-tikaau bund aaytaakaar bakse, joe jung-retardent corten steel seey baney hain; lagbhag sabhi chaude, aur yaa tou maanak lambai key, jaisa kii mankikaran (iso) maanak 668:2020 key liye antarrashtriya sangathan dwara paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye.
pahali baar 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein aavishkaar kiya gayaa, aadhunik 40-phut intermodal container 1960 aur 1970 key dashak key dauran americi shipping company sealand key containerization navacharon key tahat faile. cardboard boxes aur pyalet kii tarah, yeye container maal aur saman koo badey, ekaatmak bhaar mein bandil karane kaa ack saadhan hain, jinhen aasaani seey sambhala jaa sakata haye, sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye aur dher kiya jaa sakata haye, aur joe ack jahaaj yaa yard mein kaskar paik hoe jaayega. intermodal container intermodal shipping key tanaav kaa saamana karane key liye kaee pramukh nirmaan visheshtaon koo saajha karate hain, taaki unake sanchaalan koo suvidhajanak banaaya jaa sakey aur dher kii anumati dee jaa sakey, saath hii saath unake vyaktigat, advitiya aaee. aiss. oh. 6346 reporting maark key madhyam seey pehchaane jaa sakein.
2012 mein, duniya mein vibhinn prakaar key lagbhag 20.5 laakh intermodal container they joe vibhinn maal key anuroop they. containers ney kaafee hudd taka paaramparik break bulk cargo koo pratisthaapit kiya haye-2010 mein containers ney duniya key samudri vyaapaar kaa 60 pratishat hissa liya. parivahan key pramukh vaikalpik tareeke thoke maal leey jaate hain chaahe vaha gaisiya hoe, taral hoe yaa thhos;jee.thoke vaahak yaa tank jahaaj, tank kaar yaa truck dwara. havaai maal dhulai key liye, halke vajan vaale aaee. aeye. tii. aeye.-paribhaashit ikai bhaar upkaranon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye.
itihas.
utpatti.
18veen shatabdi key anta mein ingland mein praarambhik koyla khanan kshetron mein containerization kii utpatti hui haye. 1766 mein james brindley ney duss lakadi key paatron key saath boxes boat 'stervationer' koo design kiya, taaki brij watter kainal dwara kharaab delph (khadaan) seey manchester taka koyale kaa parivahan kiya jaa sakey. 1795 mein, benjamin outram ney chhote khaane vaale gangway koo khola, jiss parr unake butterly lohe key kaam mein banaae gaye vaiganon mein koyla leey jaaya gayaa thaa. gangway parr ghode seey kheenche gaye pahiyon vaale vaiganon ney containers kaa roop leey liya, jinhen koyale seey bharaa jaa sakata thaa, derby nahar parr nahar naukaaon seey bheja jaa sakata thaa, jise outram ney bhee badhaava diyaa thaa.
1830 key dashak taka, rail maarg aise container leey jaa rahey they jinhen parivahan key anya sadhanon mein sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata thaa. britten mein liverpool aur manchester railway inmein seey ack thaa, jisamen lancashire colliery seey leaverpool taka koyale koo leey jaane key liye "saral aaytaakaar lakadi key dibbon" kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, jahaan ack crain unhein ghode seey kheenchi jaane vaali gaadiyon mein sthanantarit curr detee thee. mool roop seey koyale koo naukaaon parr aur baahar leey jaane key liye upayog kiya jaataa thaa, "dheele dibbon" kaa upayog 1780 key dashak key anta seey pull jall nahar jaise sthaanon parr koyale koo container karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. 1840 key dashak taka, lohe key dibbon key saath-saath lakadi key dibbon kaa bhee upayog kiya jaataa thaa. 1900 key dashak kii shuruat mein sadak aur rail key beach aavaajaahi key liye design kiye gaye bund container boxes koo apanaaya gayaa.
antarrashtriya manakon kaa nirmaan.
containers key liye pahala antarrashtriya maanak beuro international days container aitt doo transport intermodal (bee.aaee.see.) 1933 mein, aur doosara 1935 mein, mukhya roop seey europeeya deshon key beach parivahan key liye. iss samay americi paatr maankeekrit naheen they, aur yeye shuruati paatr abhee taka dher karane yogya naheen they-naa hii yuu mein.aiss. naa hii europe. navambar 1932 mein, duniya kaa pahala container terminal pensylvania rail road company dwara anola, pensylvania mein khola gayaa thaa. 1929 mein newyork mein deewaar sadak durghatana key baad rail companiyon koo punarjeevit karane key tareeke key roop mein europe aur america mein containerization vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, jisake parinamswarup aarthik patan huaa aur parivahan key sabhi sadhanon mein girawat aaee.
20veen shatabdi key madhya mein navachar.
aprail 1951 mein zyurikh tiffenbrunan railway station parr, swiss parivahan sangrahalaya aur "beuro international days container" (bee. aaee. see.) ney kaee europeeya deshon aur sanyukt raajya america key pratinidhiyon key liye container pranaliyon key pradarshan aayojit kiye. paschimi europe key liye ack pranali kaa chayan kiya gayaa thaa, joe upabhokta vastuon aur apashisht parivahan key liye neetherland kii pranali parr adharit thee, jise "ladkistein" (shaabdik roop seey. "loading chest"), 1934 seey upayog mein haye. iss pranali mein rail, truck aur jahaaj dwara parivahan key liye roller containers kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, kshamata taka aur aakar taka vibhinn vinyason mein. yeh dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad railway key antarrashtriya sangh kaa pahala europeeya railway maanak bunn gayaa-"yuu. aaee. see-590", jise "paa-behulter" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. ise neetherland, belgium, luxemberg, paschim germany, switzerland, sweeden aur denmark mein lagu kiya gayaa thaa.
1940 key dashak key anta aur 1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein jaba vaanijyik shipping operators aur americi senaa ney aisee ikaaiyon kaa vikas karna shuru kiya, taba maankeekrit ispat shipping containers kaa upayog shuru huaa. 1948 mein yuu.aiss. senaa parivahan dall ney "transporter" vikasit kiya, joe ack kathor, nalidar ispat kaa paatr thaa, joe leey jaane mein saksham thaa. yeh lamba, chauda aur oonchaa thaa, ack chhor parr dohare darwaaje they, joe kii skid parr lagey hue they, aur sheersh chaar konon parr uthaane vaale ring they. koria mein safal saabit honey key baad, 1952 key anta mein transporter koo container express (shanku) boxes system mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. transporter key aadhar parr, shanku kaa aakar aur kshamata lagbhag samaan thee, lekin pranali koo lambe, chaude aur uchch kii ack chhoti, aadhe aakar kii ikai key jodd seey modular banaaya gayaa thaa. shanku koo teen oonche dher kiye jaa sakate hain, aur unaki samagri koo tatvon seey sanrakshit kiya jaa sakata haye. 1965 taka americi senaa ney kuchh 100,000 shanku petty kaa upayog kiya, aur 1967 mein 200,000 seey adhik, jisase yeh intermodal containers kaa pahala vishvavyaapi anuprayog bunn gayaa. unake aavishkaar ney 20veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein vanijya key vaishvikaran mein ack badaa yogdan diyaa, jisase vastuon key parivahan kii laagat mein naatakiya roop seey kamee aaee aur isaliye lambi doori key vyaapaar mein kamee aaee.
1949 key baad seey, engineer keath tantlinger ney baar-baar containers key vikas key saath-saath unake sanchaalan aur parivahan upkaran mein yogdan diyaa. 1949 mein, jabaki braun trailer ink mein. spoken, washington key, unhone alaska-adharit "mahasagar vaine lines" key liye dou sou containers key ack adesh koo puuraa karane key liye, unaki tanaavgrast twacha aluminium 30-phut trailer key design koo sanshodhit kiya, jinhen dou oonche dher kiye jaa sakate they. sheersh konon parr steel casting ney uthaane aur surakshit karane key liye ank pradaan kiye.
1955 mein, trucking magnet malcom mcclean ney ack container shipping udyam banaane key liye paine-atlantic steamship company kharidi, jise baad mein see-laind key roop mein jaanaa gayaa. pahale containers kii aapoorti braun trailer ink dwara kii gaee thee, jahan mclean ney keath tantlinger seey mulakat kii aur unhein engineering aur anusandhaan key upaadhyaksh key roop mein kaam parr rakhaa. tantlinger kii dekhrekh mein, ack nayaa x x samudri-bhoomi container vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, jisaki lambai trailers kii adhikatam lambai dwara nirdhaarit kii gaee thee, phir pensylvanian rajmargon parr anumati dee gaee thee. pratyek paatr mein aathh koney key casting key saath ack frame thaa joe dher key bhaar kaa saamana curr sakata thaa. tantlinger ney containers koo sambhaalane key liye swachaalit spreader bhee design kiye, saath hii saath twistlock tantra joe koney key casting key saath judataa haye.
aadhunik roop.
21veen sadee key aadhunik roop mein paatron kaa vyaapak upayog pahali baar 1956 key aspas shuru huaa. vyavsaayon ney upayog karane aur shipping paatron kii bhoomika aur upayog seey ishtatam laabh praapt karane key liye ack sanrachit prakriya taiyar karna shuru kiya. samay key saath, 20veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein aadhunik dursanchar key aavishkaar ney maankeekrit shipping containers koo atyadhik fayademand banaa diyaa aur inn shipping prakriyaon koo adhik maankeekrit, modular, anusuchi mein aasaan aur prabandhan mein aasaan banaa diyaa.
mclean key pahale container jahaaj, "aadarsh aiks" key dou saal baad, us purvi tata parr container shipping shuru hui, maisan navigation ney california aur havaai key beach anusaran kiya. paine-atlantic key containers kii tarah, matson key chaude aur oonche they, lekin california key alag-alag yatayat code key kaaran matson ney apane container koo lamba banaane kaa vikalp chunaa. 1968 mein, maklin ney badee safalata key saath americi senaa key liye dakshin viyatnam mein container seva shuru kii.
aadhunik iso maanak.
antarrashtriya samudri sangathan dwara 1968 aur 1970 key beach containers key liye aaee. aiss. oh. maanak prakaashit kiye gaye they. yeye maanak duniya bhar key bandargaahon mein vastuon kii adhik susangat loading, parivahan aur unloading kii anumati dete hain, iss prakaar samay aur sansadhanon kii bachat hoti haye. 
surakshit containers key liye antarrashtriya sammelan (see. aiss. see.) 1972 mein antar-sarkari samudri paramarsh sangathan dwara containers key surakshit sanchaalan aur parivahan parr ack viniyaman haye. yeh adesh detaa haye kii antarrashtriya star parr yatra karane vaale pratyek container mein ack see. aiss. see. suraksha-anumodan plate lagaai jaae. isamen paatr key baare mein aavashyak jaankaari hoti haye, jisamen umr, panjikaran sankhya, ayam aur vajan key saath-saath isaki taakat aur adhikatam dher karane kii kshamata shamil haye.
shramikon parr udyog parivartanon kaa prabhaav.
duniya bhar key tatvarti aur sambandhit sanghon ney maal dhulai mein iss kranti key saath sangharsh kiya. udaaharan key liye, 1971 taka antarrashtriya longshoreman association (aaee. ell. aeye.) anubandh mein ack khand ney nirdhaarit kiya kii bandargah key bheetar ack container koo "stuffing" (bharna) yaa "stripping" (khaali karna) kaa kaam aaee. ell. shramikon dwara kiya jaanaa chaahiye, yaa yadi aaee. ell. aeye. dwara naheen kiya gayaa haye, tou shipper koo aaee. ell. aeye. koo royalty aur jurmana dene kii aavashyakta haye. truck chalakon aur samekakon key sanghon ney tark diyaa kii kilaa niyam vaidh kaary sanrakshan khand naheen they, kyonki ghaat seey door containers koo bharane aur hataane kaa kaam paaramparik roop seey kilaa sadasyon dwara naheen kiya gayaa thaa. 1980 mein sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya ney iss mamle kii sunavaai kii aur kilaa key khilaf faisala sunaaya.
2020 seey laker aaj taka duniya bhar mein aapoorti kii kamee kaa prabhaav.
kuchh visheshagyon ney kahaa haye kii shipping containers mein ack nakaratmak paksh saabit huaa haye, joe 2020 aur 2021 key 2021 vaishvik aapoorti shrinkhala sankat seey kuchh aarthik aur samajik kshati koo badhaata haye, aur isake parinamswarup covid-19 mahamari seey sambandhit kamee haye. ack samasya yeh haye kii containers dwara sambhav banaai gaee kendrikrit, nirantar shipping prakriya abb ack prakaar kii deyata saabit hui haye; kaaran yeh haye kii yadi prakriya mein kissy bhee bindu parr kewal ack baadha, deree yaa anya tootana haye, tou yeh aasaani seey aapoorti shrinkhala key oopar aur neeche harr jagah badee deree kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. 
janwari 2021 mein, bandargaahon parr shipping containers kii kamee key kaaran shipping koo backlog curr diyaa gayaa.
maark levinson, "boxes key baaharah vaishvikaran kaise cheejon koo sthanantarit karane seey vichaaron koo failaane mein badal gayaa" key lekhak aur, ack sakshatkar mein nott kiyaah
prakriya mein deree key kaaran, ack paatr koo apane mool seey apane antim gantavya taka jaane mein adhik samay lugg rhaa haye, jahaan ise utaara gayaa haye, isaliye paatr pratyek yatra key liye adhik samay taka upayog mein haye. aapane kull kshamata kaa ack badaa hissa khou diyaa haye kyonki paatron kaa upayog utanaa gahan naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. 
sanyukt raajya america mein ack atirikt samasya thee, joe yeh haye kii jahaaj kii laainen aam taur parr uttar america seey asia kii tulanaa mein asia seey uttar america taka kii sevaaon parr bahut adhik darein letee hain. isake parinamswarup, udaaharan key liye, kisaanon aur krishi companiyon seey shikaayaten aaee hain kii desh key kuchh hisson mein container praapt karna mushkil haye kyonki jahaaj kii laainen unhein dakshin dakota jaane dene key bajaay khaali asia vaapas bhejana chaahati hain aur kaee dinon key dauran unhein load karna chaahati hain. isaliye sanyukt raajya america mein hamaare niryatakon ney shikayat kii haye kii unhein ack container khojane mein kathinaaee hoe rahee haye jiska upayog way videsh mein apana maal bhejane key liye curr sakate hain.
varnan.
vaishvik container bede key nabbe pratishat mein "dry frate" yaa "samanya uddeshya" vaale container hotey hain-maanak aur vishesh aakar donon key.
aur halanki paatron kii lambai 2012 kii dou container janganana reports key anusaar bhinn hoti haye, duniya key lagbhag 80 pratishat paatr yaa tou bees yaa chaalees phut maanak lambai key dibbe hain joe sookhe maal dhulai key design key hain. yeye vishisht paatr aaytaakaar, bund boxes model hain, jinake ack chhor parr darwaaje lagey hotey hain, aur plywood farsh key saath nalidar mausam ispat (aamtaur parr corten key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) seey baney hotey hain. halanki kinaaron aur chhat key liye upayog kii jaane vaali sheet dhaatu koo nalidar banaane seey container kii kathorta aur dher karane kii taakat mein mahatvapurna yogdan milata haye, jaise nalidar lohe yaa cardboard boxes mein, nalidar kinaaron seey vaayugatikiya khinchaav hotaa haye, aur sadak yaa rail parivahan mein 10 pratishat taka eendhan arthavyavastha kaa nuksan hotaa haye, chikani-tarfa vaine kii tulanaa mein.
maanak paatr uchch seey chaude hotey hain, halanki haal key varshon mein maapane vaali lambi "uchch ghana" yaa "uchch-ghana" ikaaiyaan bahut aam hoe gaee hain. drow kii container janganana report key anusaar, 2013 key anta taka, uchch ghana 40 phut key containers ney duniya key samudri container bede kaa lagbhag 50 pratishat pratinidhitva kiya.
duniya key lagbhag 90 pratishat container yaa tou nammatra yaa lambe hain, halanki sanyukt raajya america aur kanada bhee lambe containers kii ikaaiyon kaa upayog karate hain. iso containers mein aathh konon mein seey pratyek mein twistlock fastner key liye udghaatan key saath casting hoti haye, taaki oopar, neeche yaa taraf seey boxes koo pakad sakein, aur unhein duss ikaaiyon taka unchaa rakhaa jaa sakata haye.
halanki 1990 key iso maanak 1496 mein kewal nau-uchch dher kii aavashyakta thee, aur kewal "rated containers key", nae panmax aur marsk triple ee varg key vartamaan ultra badey container jahaajon mein unhein duss yaa gyaarah uchch dher curr rahey hain. isake alawa, mairi marsk jaise jahaaj abb apane hold mein alag-alag dheron kaa upayog naheen karate hain, aur deck key oopar anya dher-isake bajaay way patwar key neeche seey lagaatar dher karke apani kshamata koo adhikatam karate hain, joe 21 taka adhik haye. isake liye swachaalit yojana kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jisake tahat bhaari paatron koo vyavasthit roop seey dher key neeche rakhaa jaataa haye, aur halke paatron koo oopar rakhaa jaataa haye-naa kewal jahaaj koo sthir karane key liye, balki neeche key paatron koo adhik bhaar seey bharane aur dhahane seey rokane key liye bhee.
kshetriya antar-model paatr, jaise europeeya, japani aur yuu.aiss. haalaanki, gharelu ikaaiyon koo mukhya roop seey sadak aur rail dwara leey jaaya jaataa haye, aur aksar kewal dou yaa teen laadi ikaaiyon taka hii rakhaa jaa sakata haye. halanki donon chhor kaafee kathor hain, parivahan key dauran container kuchh hudd taka jhukate hain.
paatr kii kshamata koo aksar bees phut samatulya ikaaiyon (tu, yaa kabhi-kabhi "tu") mein vyakt kiya jaataa haye. bees phut kii samatulya ikai ack maanak lambe container key barabar containeryukt maal kshamata kaa ack upaay haye. yeh ack anumaanit maap haye, jisamen dibbe kii oonchaai parr vichaar naheen kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, lambe uchch-ghana key saath-saath paatron koo ack tu key roop mein samaan roop seey ginaa jaataa haye. isi tarah, atirikt lambe paatron koo aamtaur parr kewal dou tu key roop mein ginaa jaataa haye, joe maanak lambi ikaaiyon seey alag naheen hain. dou tu ack chaalees phut samatulya ikai (fiu) key barabar hain.
2014 mein vaishvik container bede kii matra 36.6 million tu taka badh gaee, joe drow shipping consultants kii container janganana key aadhar parr thee. isake alawa, 2014 mein itihas mein pahali baar 40 phut uchch-ghana containers ney seva mein adhikansh bakse banaae, jinhen tu mein maapa gayaa. 2019 mein vaishvik rasad detta vishleshan startup dwara yeh nott kiya gayaa thaa kii 'duniya key karkhane' key roop mein chean kii bhoomika 40 phut key containers key upayog koo aur protsaahit curr rahee haye, aur computational maanak 1 tu boxes pramukh poorv-paschim liner maargon parr kewal 20 pratishat ikaaiyaan banaate hain, aur unhein bhejane kii maang cumm hoti rahati haye. 21veen sadee mein, bajar 40 phut uchch-ghana sookhe aur prasheetit paatron kaa adhik seey adhik upayog karane key liye sthanantarit hoe gayaa haye. chaalees phut ikaaiyaan iss hudd taka maanak bunn gaee hain kii samudri maal dhulai udyog abb ack tu boxes kii tulanaa mein 40 phut ikai koo sthanantarit karane key liye 30 pratishat seey bhee cumm shulk letaa haye. haalaanki 20-phut ikaaiyon mein jyaadaatar bhaari maal hotaa haye, aur yeye jahaajon aur rajaswa donon koo sthir karane key liye upayogi hotey hain, lekin vaahak tulanaa mein 1 tu boxes koo vittiya roop seey dandit karate hain.
container nirmaataon key liye, 40 phut oonche cube abb shushk aur prasheetit ikaaiyon donon key liye bajar kii maang parr haavi hain. niyamit roop seey sookhe maal dhulai paatron key liye vinirmaan moolya aam taur parr 1750-2000 yuu. aiss. dollar key dayare mein hotey hain.aiss. prati see. ee. yuu. (container samkaksh ikai), aur duniya key lagbhag 90 pratishat container chean mein banaae jaate hain. vaishvik container bede kii ausat ayu 1994 key anta seey 2009 key anta taka 5 varshon seey thodi adhik thee, jiska arth haye kii container 10 varshon seey adhik samay taka shipping upayog mein rahate hain.
gosenac surang.
ack "goosenak surang", farsh kii sanrachana mein ack indentation, joe samarpit container ardh-trailer parr "goosenak" key saath mell khaata haye, 1aaa aur 1eee (40-aur 45-feat uchch-ghana) containers kii nichali sanrachana mein ack anivarya visheshta haye, aur vaikalpik lekin maanak oonchaai, chaalees-phut aur lambe containers parr vishisht haye.
prakaar.
maanak, samanya uddeshya vaale paatr key alawa, vibhinn maal key saath upayog key liye kaee bhinnataaen maujood hain. inmein seey sabse pramukh prasheetit paatr (jinhen "reifer" bhee kahaa jaataa haye) hain joe jaldi kharaab honey vaale saman key liye hain, joe duniya key shipping boxes kaa 6 pratishat banaate hain. thoke taral padarthon key liye ack frame mein tank, vaishvik container bede key ack aur 0.75% key liye jimmedaar hain.
haalaanki yeye bhinnataaen maanak prakaar kii naheen hain, way jyaadaatar "iso maanak" paatr hain-vaastav mein iso 6346 maanak paatr prakaron key ack vyaapak spectrum koo bahut vistaar seey vargeekrit kartaa haye. vibhinn aakar vikalpon key alawa, sabse mahatvapurna paatr prakaar hainh
apatatiya upayog key liye containers mein kuchh alag-alag visheshtaen hoti hain, jaise paid eyes, aur atirikt shakti aur design aavashyaktaon, manakon aur pramanan koo puuraa karna chaahiye, jaise kii dett norske veritas dwara dnv2.7-1, lloyds register dwara lrcs, americi shipping beuro dwara apatatiya containers key pramanan key liye guide aur antarrashtriya maanak iso10855: "apatatiya container aur sambaddh lifting sett", imo msc/circ key samarthan mein. 860
rasad koo saral banaane key liye vibhinn prakaar key paatron mein generator jaise kaee upkaran lagaae gaye hain-adhik vivaran key liye dekhein.
swap boddy ikaaiyon mein aamtaur parr intermodal containers key samaan nichale koney key fixture hotey hain, aur aksar unake frame key neeche modane vaale pair hotey hain taaki unhein crain kaa upayog kiye binaa trucks key beach leey jaaya jaa sakey. haalaanki unake paas aksar iso containers key oopari koney kii fitting naheen hoti haye, aur naa hii way dher karane yogya hotey hain, naa hii unhein samanya upkaran jaise pahunch-stackers yaa straddle-vaahak dwara uthaaya aur sambhala jaa sakata haye. way aam taur parr khareedane key liye adhik mahange hotey hain.
vinirdesh.
vaishvik star parr maankeekrit antar-model shipping containers kii buniyaadi shabdawali maanak mein nirdhaarit kii gaee haih
apani sthaapana seey, antarrashtriya shipping containers parr iso maanak, lagaatar unhein 'shrinkhala 1' containers key roop mein bataate hain-jaanboojhkar iss tarah seey kalpana kii gaee, taaki bhavishya mein paraspar sambandhit container manakon kii aisee ack aur shrinkhala key liye jagah chhodi jaa sakey.
intermodal containers key buniyaadi ayam aur anumeya sakal vajan kaafee hudd taka dou iso manakon dwara nirdhaarit kiye jaate hainh
sabse aam (maankeekrit) prakaar key paatron key vajan aur ayam neeche diye gaye hain. iso 668 key navintam, 2020 sanskaran mein abhee taka adtalis phut aur 53 phut key containers koo shamil naheen kiya gayaa haye. sabhi maanak aakaron key liye iso maanak adhikatam sakal dravyamaan koo 10-phut key dibbon koo chhodkar prati sanshodhan 1 parr iso 668:2013,2016 mein uthaaya gayaa thaa. aathven sanskaran key liye iso 668:2020 key masauda sanshodhan 1-ise banaae rakhta haye. ausat paatr jivankal koo dekhate hue, vaishvik paatr bede key adhikansh ney abhee taka iss parivartan koo naheen pakada haye.
moolya nirmaata seey nirmaata mein thode bhinn hotey hain, lekin manakon dwara nirdhaarit sahishnuta key bheetar rehna chaahiye. khaali vajan ("cumm vajan") manakon dwara nirdhaarit naheen kiya jaataa haye, balki container key nirmaan dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye, aur isaliye yeh sanketaatmak haye, lekin ise adhikatam anumat sakal vajan seey ghataakar, ack shuddh bhaar kii ganana karane key liye aavashyak haye.
mez mein neeche kii pankti yuu key liye kanuni adhikatam maal bhaar detee haye.aiss. rajmarg parivahan, aur way joe ack udyog samanya tri-axel chessis key upayog parr adharit hain. axel wait ullanghan seey bachane key liye maal koo container key ander samaan roop seey load kiya jaanaa chaahiye. adhikatam sakal bhaar joe yuu.aiss. rail maarg 20 phut key paatron key liye sweekaar yaa vitarit karate hain, aur 40 phut key paatron key liye, isake vipareet 20 phut key liye vaishvik iso-maanak sakal vajan koo varsh 2005 mein 40 phut key samaan badhaa diyaa gayaa thaa.aiss.rail maal bhaar seema taka ladey hue container sadak key oopar naheen jaa sakate hain, kyonki way yuu seey adhik honge.aiss. rajmarg seema.
anya aakar.
australiyai races container.
australiyai races container bhee australia maanak pallet key upayog key liye unhein anukoolit karane key liye thode chaude hotey hain, yaa 40 pallet taka fitt honey mein saksham honey key liye lambe aur chaude hotey hain.
europeeya pyalet chaude container.
europeeya pyalet chaude (yaa peedblue) container cumm seey cumm chaude hotey hain, aur unamen uthale side naali hotey hain, joe kewal paryaapt aantarik chaudaai pradaan karate hain, taaki aam europeeya euro-pallet koo lambe aur chaude honey kii anumati dee jaa sakey, joe kaafee adhik dakshata aur kshamata key saath load kiye jaa sakein. ack vishisht aantarik chaudaai honey parr, (samanya seey adhik kaa laabh, maanak paatron kii tulanaa mein "pyalet-wide" paatron koo upayog karane yogya aantarik farsh kii chaudaai detaa haye, kyonki atirikt chaudaai unake upayogkartaon koo yaa tou dou euro-pallet koo apani chaudaai key anta mein load karane mein saksham banaati haye, yaa unamen seey teen koo ack saath (pradaan karate hue kii pyalet koo badey kareene seey dher kiya gayaa thaa, binaa overpill key), jabaki maanak iso paatron mein, lagbhag aantarik farsh-chaudaai kii ack patti kaa upayog euro-pallet dwara naheen kiya jaa sakata haye.
parinamswarup, jabaki vastutah vinimeya haih
kuchh "pyalet-wide" kewal usee, iso-maanak farsh sanrachana key saath nirmit hotey hain, lekin side-panel key saath welding kii jaati haye, jaise kii pasaliyon/naali koo ander kii or indent karane key bajaay baahar kii or ubhara jaataa haye. isase kuchh "pyalet-wide" sirf chaude honah sambhav hoe jaataa haye, lekin anya chaude hoe sakate hain.
pyalet-wide hyee-cube container koo vishesh roop seey vyaapak sweekriti millie haye, kyonki yeye container europe mein truck parivahan key liye aam swap boddy koo badal sakate hain. europeeya sangh ney europeeya intermodal loading unit (ee. aaee. ell. yuu.) pahal mein pyalet wide containerization key liye ack mankikaran shuru kiya haye.
europe mein kaee samudri shipping pradaata inhen board parr anumati dete hain, kyonki maanak containers parr unaki baahari chaudaai paryaapt roop seey chhoti hoti haye kii way jahaaj key hold mein samanya interlock sthaanon mein fitt hoe jaati haye, jaba taka kii unake koney-casting pattern (donon farsh aur sheersh mein) abhee bhee niyamit 40-phut ikaaiyon key saath mell khaate hain, stack karane aur surakshit karane key liye.
uttari americi paatr.
uttari americi bajar ney vyaapak roop seey containerization koo apanaaya haye, vishesh roop seey gharelu shipment key liye jinhen sadak aur rail parivahan key beach jaane kii aavashyakta haye. jabaki way iso-maanak containers key samaan dikhaai dete hain, kaee mahatvapurna antar hainh unhein unaki iso-maanak oonchaai key aadhar parr uchch-cube maanaa jaataa haye, unaki chaudaai kshetra mein sadak vaahanon kii adhikatam chaudaai seey mell khaati haye lekin iso-maanak containers seey adhik chaudi hoti haye, aur way aksar samudri parivahan kii kathorta koo sahan karane key liye paryaapt majboot naheen hotey hain.
48 phut key container.
bajar mein aaney vaale pahale uttari americi container lambe they. iss aakar koo 1986 mein container shipping company american president lines (aeye. pee. ell.) dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa. containers kaa aakar 1983 mein paarit nae sanghiya niyamon seey mell khaata thaa, jisane raajyon koo 48 feat lambe yaa 102 inch chaude seey chhote ekal trailers key sanchaalan koo gairkaanooni ghoshit karane seey pratibandhit curr diyaa thaa. yeh aakar lamba aur chauda honey key kaaran maanak 40-feat uchch-ghana kii tulanaa mein 29 pratishat adhik matra kshamata haye, phir bhee ise truck yaa rail dwara sthanantarit karane kii laagat lagbhag samaan haye.
53 phut key container.
1980 key dashak key anta mein, sanghiya sarkaar ney ghoshana kii kii vaha ack baar phir 1990 kii shuruat mein trailers kii lambai mein vriddhi kii anumati degi. iss parivartan kaa anuman lagaate hue, 1989 mein 53 phut key containers koo pesh kiya gayaa thaa. inn badey dibbon mein 40 'containers kii tulanaa mein 60 pratishat adhik kshamata haye, jisase shippers cumm containers mein adhik cargo koo samekit curr sakate hain.
2007 mein, aeye. pee. ell. ney apane dakshin chean-seey-loss angils seva parr yaatraon kaa saamana karane key liye design kiye gaye pahale 53-phut samudra-saksham container pesh kiye. 2013 mein, aeye. pee. ell. ney apane paar-prashant jahaajon parr 53 phut key containers key liye pott sthaan kii peshkash karna bund curr diyaa. 2015 mein crolley aur tote samudri donon ney 53-phut, containers koo leey jaakar ghana cargo kshamata koo adhikatam karane key liye vishisht design key saath puerto rico vyaapaar key liye apane-apane dusare sanyukt container aur roll-onn/roll-off jahaajon key nirmaan kii ghoshana kii. kanada key bheetar, oseanex newfoundland seey 53 phut kii container samudri seva pradaan kartaa haye. asia prashant key kuchh antarrashtriya nauvahan maargon parr bhee 53 phut key containers kaa upayog kiya jaa rhaa haye.
kanadai 60 phut key container.
maee 2017 mein, kanadai tyre aur kanadai prashant railway ney uttari america mein pahale 60 phut intermodal containers kii tainaati kii ghoshana kii. paatr kanadai tyre koo prati paatr bheje gaye saman kii matra mein 13 pratishat kii vriddhi karane kii anumati dete hain.
chhote container.
iso 668 maanak ney abb taka kabhi bhee tathaakathit "maanak-oonchaai", 20-aur 40-phut containers key samaan oonchaai vaale containers koo maankeekrit naheen kiya haye. iso maanak key anusaar, 10-phut (aur pahale 5-phut aur 6-phut key dibbe shamil they) kewal anaam, 8-phut (2.44 meater) oonchaai key hotey hain. lekin udyog 10 phut ikaaiyon koo adhik baar oonchaai kaa banaata haye, mishran karane key liye, milan (aur dher) lambe bede mein behtar, 8 phut 6 lambe containers mein. doosari or, chhoti ikaaiyaan abb maankeekrit naheen hain, joe kramshah 2.20 meater/86.6 inch aur 1.95 meater/inch kii gair-maanak chaudaai key saath, yaa, aur bhandaran yaa tata seey baahar upayog key liye kramshah 2.26 meater/7 feat 5 inch aur 1.91 meater/6 feat 3.2 inch kii gair-maanak oonchaai key saath, vichalan lambai kii or leey jaati hain.
yuu.aiss. sainya.
sanyukt raajya kii senaa 1950 aur 1960 key dashak key apane transporter aur shanku bakse kii yaad dilaate hue chhote containers kaa upayog karna jaari rakhti haye. yeye jyaadaatar (pichhale) iso maanak aayamon kaa paalan karate hain, yaa isake pratyaksh vyutpann hain. sanyukt raajya sashastr balon kii vartamaan shabdawali inn chhote containers koo silicon, tricken aur quadcon kahati haye, jinake aakar kramshah (pichhale) iso 668 maanak aakar 1dee, 1ee aur 1aff key anuroop hain. yeye paatr ack maanak oonchaai key hotey hain, aur ack padchinh key aakar key saath yaa tou aadhaa (silicon), ack tihai (tricken) yaa ack chauthai (quadcon) ack maanak 20-phut, ack tu paatr key aakar key hotey hain. dou bicon kii nammatra kii lambai mein, ack saath lambai key hisab seey ack 20-phut iso container seey mell khaate hain, lekin unaki oonchaai tathaakathit 'maanak' oonchaai key adhik samanya roop seey upalabdh 10-phut iso containers seey sharmili haye, joe lambe hain. halanki, bees phut key paatron key saath sanrekhit karane key liye trikoniya aur quadcan koo paarvarti roop seey jodaa jaanaa chaahiye-yaa tou teen yaa chaar ack pankti mein-. unaki lambai ack maanak 20-phut container kii chaudaai key anuroop haye, yahee kaaran haye kii unake siron parr, saath hii inn dibbon key kinaaron mein bhee forklift pockets hain, aur darvaajon mein pratyek mein kewal ack taalaa baar haye. inmein seey sabse chhota, quadcon, dou unchaaiyon mein maujood haih yaa. kewal pahala iso-668 maanak aayamon (aakar 1aff) key anuroop haye.
japanah 12 phut key paatr.
japan key gharelu malvahak rail parivahan mein, adhikansh container japan key advitiya maanak pyalet aakaron mein fitt honey key liye lambe hain.
reporting maark.
pratyek paatr koo ack maankeekrit iso 6346 reporting maark (swaamitva code) aavantit kiya jaataa haye, chaar akshar lambe yaa tou yuu, jey yaa jaid mein samaapt hotey hain, isake baad chhah ank aur ack check ank hotaa haye. intermodal containers key liye swaamitva sanhita (antarrashtriya container beuro, abbr) dwara jaari kii jaati haye. bee.aaee.see.) france mein, isaliye intermodal container reporting maark key liye "bike-code" naam diyaa gayaa haye. abb taka kewal chaar-akshar vaale dwi-code maujood hain joe "yuu" mein samaapt hotey hain.
aaee. aiss. oh. key jey. tii. see. 1 mein commission tii. see. 104 aur tii. see.122 dwara bee. see. code kaa sthaan aur panjikaran maankeekrit kiya jaataa haye, jinamen shipping companiyon kaa varchasva hotaa haye. shipping containers koo pehchaan code kii ack shrinkhala key saath label kiya jaataa haye jisamen nirmaata code, swaamitva code, upayog vargeekaran code, khatarnak vastuon key liye unn placard aur atirikt parivahan niyantran aur suraksha key liye sandarbh code shamil hain.
europe mein pyalet-wide containers key vistaarit upayog key baad europeeya sangh ney intermodal loading unit (ilu) pahal shuru kii. isase paatron aur adla-badali nikaayon key antar-model parivahan key liye laabh dikhaai diye. isake kaaran maanak aine 13044 dwara paribhaashit ilu-code kii shuruat hui, jiska praarup pahale key dwi-code key samaan haye. antarrashtriya container karyalaya bee. aaee. see. kewal yuu, jey yaa jaid key saath samaapt honey vaale swaamitva code jaari karane key liye sahmat huaa. yuu. aaee. aar. aar. (sanyukt sadak-rail parivahan companiyon kaa antarrashtriya sangh) kaa nayaa aavantan karyalaya kewal aeye, bee, see, dee yaa key key saath samaapt honey vaale adla-badali nikaayon key liye swaamitva reporting chihn jaari karane parr sahmat huaa-yuu key saath samaapt honey vaali bee. see. code vaali companiyan ack ilu-code aavantit curr sakati hain joe key key key saath samaapt hotaa haye jisamen samaan pichhale akshar hotey hain. julaai 2011 seey nae eelu code panjikrit kiye jaa sakate hain, julaai 2014 seey shuru hocker sabhi intermodal iso containers aur intermodal swap nikaayon key paas ack swaamitva code honah chaahiye aur julaai 2019 taka una sabhi key paas ack maanak-anuroop takhti honey chaahiye.
sambhalana.
containers koo rail, truck aur jahaaj key beach container crain dwara container terminals parr sthanantarit kiya jaataa haye. container terminals key baahar trucks yaa trains koo load karane aur utaarane key liye forklift, pahunchane vaale stackers, straddle vaahak, container jack aur crain kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. swap boddy, sidifters, tilt deck truck aur hook truck binaa kissy atirikt upkaran key trucks mein aaney-jaane kii anumati dete hain.
iso-maanak paatron koo unake koney key judaav dwara vibhinn tarikon seey sambhala aur uthaaya jaa sakata haye, lekin 45-phut (prakaar ee) paatron kii sanrachana aur taakat side-lifting kii unaki sahishnuta koo seemit karati haye, naa hii unhein iso 3874 (1997) key aadhar parr forklift kiya jaa sakata haye.
parivahan.
binaa packing kiye ack hii yatra key hisse key roop mein container jahaaj, truck aur malgadi dwara containers koo leey jaaya jaa sakata haye. container key pratyek koney mein sthit "twistlock" binduon kaa upayog karke pargaman mein ikaaiyon koo surakshit kiya jaa sakata haye. pratyek paatr mein pehchaan aur tracking key liye baahar kii or ack advitiya bike code chitrit kiya gayaa haye, aur yeh 20-25 tunn taka leey jaane mein saksham haye. parivahan kii laagat kii ganana bees phut samatulya ikaaiyon (tii. ee. yuu.) mein kii jaati haye.
rail.
jaba rail dwara leey jaaya jaataa haye, tou containers koo flatcar yaa kuein vaali kaaron parr leey jaaya jaa sakata haye. baad vaale vishesh roop seey container parivahan key liye design kiye gaye hain, aur dohare dher vaale containers koo samaayojit curr sakate hain. haalaanki, ack rail pranali kaa loading gaze container shipment key tarikon aur prakaron koo pratibandhit curr sakata haye. europeeya rail maargon mein aksar paae jaane vaale chhote loading gaze kewal ekal-dher kiye gaye containers koo samaayojit karenge. kuchh deshon mein, jaise kii united kingdam mein, rail network key aise khand hain jinase uchch ghana vaale container naheen gujar sakate hain, yaa kewal achchi kaaron seey gujar sakate hain. doosari or, bhaaratiya railway 25 kevi overhead vidyut taaron key neeche flatcar parr dohare dher vaale container chalaata haye. taar cumm seey cumm patari key oopar honey chaahiye. chean railway bhee oopar seey taaron key neeche dohare dher vaale container chalaata haye, lekin aisaa karane key liye achchi kaaron kaa upayog karna chaahiye, kyonki taar kewal patari key oopar hotey hain.
samudra.
duniya bhar mein lagbhag 90 pratishat gair-thoke maal container dwara leey jaaya jaataa haye, aur sabse badey container jahaaj 19,000 tu (bees phut key barabar, yaa kitane 20 phut key container ack jahaaj parr fitt hoe sakate hain) leey jaa sakate hain. 2011 aur 2013 key beach, ausatan 2,683 container samudra mein khou gaye they. anya anuman 10,000 taka jaate hain; inmein seey 10 pratishat mein samudri jeevan key liye vishaakt rasayan honey kii ummeed haye. vibhinn pranaliyon kaa upayog jahaajon parr paatron koo surakshit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. samudra mein paatron kaa nuksan cumm haye.
havaa.
containers koo vimaanon mein bhee leey jaaya jaa sakata haye, jaisa kii antar-model maal parivahan key bheetar dekhaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, iss tarah seey containers key parivahan seey aam taur parr iss tarah seey karane kii laagat aur vimaanon kii upalabdhata kii kamee key kaaran bachaa jaataa haye joe iss tarah key ajib aakar key maal koo samaayojit curr sakate hain.
vishesh vimanan paatr hain, joe intermodal paatron seey chhote hotey hain, jinhen ikai bhaar upkaran kahaa jaataa haye.
suraksha aur suraksha.
paatron aur samagri koo surakshit karna.
jahaajon parr ladey hue intermodal containers koo sthir karane aur surakshit karane key liye kaee sthaapit tareeke aur samagri hain, saath hii saath dibbon key ander aantarik maal bhee haye. paaramparik sanyam vidhiyaan aur samagri jaise steel strapping aur lakadi blocking aur bracing dashakon seey hain aur abhee bhee vyaapak roop seey upayog kiye jaate hain. polyester strapping aur kodna, aur synthetic webbing bhee aaj aam hain. dunnage bagg (jise air bagg key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) kaa upayog ikai bhaar koo rakhane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
flexi-bagg koo seedhe bhojan-shreni key paatron mein rakhaa jaa sakata haye. vaastav mein, unakaa maanak aakar 20 feat key iso container kii poori jameen kii satah koo bhar detaa haye.
gair-shipping upayog.
paatrikrit upkaran.
container-aakar kii ikaaiyon kaa upayog aksar upkaranon key badey tukadon koo asthaayi sthalon parr leey jaane key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye. vishesh container vishesh roop seey senaaon key liye aakarshak hain joe pahale seey hii apane maal key bahut seey hisse koo idhar-udhar leey jaane key liye container kaa upayog curr rahey hain. iss tarah seey vishesh upkaranon kaa shipment rasad koo saral banaata haye aur dushmanon dwara uchch moolya vaale upkaranon kii pehchaan koo roque sakata haye. aisee pranaliyon mein kamaan aur niyantran suvidhaaen, mobile operating theatre yaa yahaan taka kii missile lancher (jaise kii russie 3 meater-54 club satah seey satah parr maar karane vaali missile) shamil hoe sakate hain.
poorna jall upchaar pranali koo paatron mein sthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye aur duniya bhar mein bheja jaa sakata haye.
vidyut janitron koo sthaayi roop seey paatron mein sthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye taaki portable bijli key liye upayog kiya jaa sakey.
punah prayog karna.
sanyukt raajya mein pravesh karane vaale aadhe paatr khaali chhod dete hain. america mein unakaa moolya chean kii tulanaa mein cumm haye, isaliye unakaa upayog kabhi-kabhi anya uddeshyon key liye kiya jaataa haye. yeh aam taur parr hotaa haye lekin hamesha unake yatra jeevan key anta mein naheen hotaa haye. americi senaa aksar apane shanku containers kaa upayog onn-site bhandaran key roop mein karati thee, yaa kamaand staff aur chikitsa kleenikon key liye aasaani seey parivahan yogya awas key roop mein. viyatnam koo bheje gaye lagbhag 150,000 seey adhik shanku containers mein seey sabhi desh mein mukhya roop seey bhandaran yaa anya mobile suvidhaon key roop mein baney rahey. bhandaran key liye paatron kaa sthaayi yaa ardh-sthaayi sthaan samanya haye. ack niyamit chaalees phut key paatr mein lagbhag ispat hotaa haye, joe pighalane mein oorjaa letaa haye. upayog kiye gaye shipping containers koo phir seey upayog karna samajik aur paaristhitik donon samasyaon kaa ack vyaavhaarik samadhan haye.
shipping container vastukala mein upayog kiye gaye shipping containers koo modular home design key mukhya frame key roop mein niyojit kiya jaataa haye, jahaan steel design kaa ack ekikrit hissa hoe sakata haye, yaa paaramparik dikhane vaale ghar mein chhipi hoe sakati haye. inca upayog asthaayi dukaanen, kaife aur computer detta center banaane key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye.jee. soorya modular detta center.
intermodal container atirikt bracing key binaa bhoomigat bankaron mein parivartit karane key liye paryaapt majboot naheen hain, kyonki deevaaren adhik paarshv dabaav koo banaae naheen rakh sakati hain aur gir jaayengi. kaee upayog kiye gaye paatron key lakadi key farsh mein kuchh dhuman avashesh hoe sakate hain, jisase way jail kakshon yaa bankaron jaise seemit sthaanon key roop mein anupayukt hoe jaate hain. lakadi key farsh kii safai yaa pratisthaapan inn upayog kiye gaye paatron koo rahane yogya banaa sakata haye, jisamen ventilation aur insulation jaise aavashyak muddon parr uchit dhyaan diyaa jaa sakata haye.