
starling

starlings sternidae parivaar mein chhote seey madhyam aakar key pasreen pakshi hain. sternidae kaa naam "sterns" vansh key liye rakhaa gayaa haye, joe badale mein starling key liye lattin shabd "sterns" seey aataa haye. kaee asiai prajaatiyon, vishesh roop seey badee prajaatiyon koo maina kahaa jaataa haye, aur kaee african prajaatiyon koo unake indradhanushi plumage key kaaran chamakdaar starling key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. starling europe, asia aur africa key saath-saath uttari australia aur ushnakatibandhiya prashant key dweepon key mool nivasi hain. kaee europeeya aur asiai prajaatiyon koo inn kshetron key saath-saath uttari america, havaai aur newzealand mein pesh kiya gayaa haye, jahaan way aam taur parr deshi pakshiyon key saath awas key liye pratispardha karate hain aur unhein aakramak prajaati maanaa jaataa haye. europe aur uttari america mein adhikansh logon key liye parichit starling prajaati aam starling haye, aur asia aur prashant key adhikansh hisson mein, aam maina vaastav mein aam haye.
taaron key pair majboot hotey hain, unaki udaan majboot aur seedhi hoti haye, aur way bahut milansar hotey hain. unakaa pasandida nivaas sthaan kaafee khula desh haye, aur way keede aur phal khaate hain. kaee prajaatiyan maanav nivaas key aspas rahati hain aur prabhaavi roop seey sarvabhakshi hain. kaee prajaatiyan shikaar key liye khoj karati hain jaise kii "open-bill probbing", yaani, bill koo ack daraar mein daalane key baad balpurvak kholkar, iss prakaar chhed kaa vistaar karate hue aur shikaar koo ujagar karate hue; iss vyavhaar koo german kriya "zarkelan" (uchchaaran) dwara sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.
kaee prajaatiyon key plumage aamtaur parr ack dhaatu sheen key saath kaale hotey hain. adhikansh prajaatiyan chhed mein ghonsale banaati hain aur neele yaa safed andey detee hain.
starlings mein vividh aur jatil swar hotey hain aur way apane aas-paas kii awazon koo apane swayam key coll mein shamil karane key liye jaane jaate hain, jisamen kaar alarm aur maanav bhaashan pattern shamil hain. pakshi vishesh vyaktiyon koo unake ahwan seey pehchaan sakate hain aur maanav bhasha key vikas mein shodh kaa vishay hain.
varnan.
starling madhyam aakar key passerin hotey hain. sabse chhoti shareer vaali prajaati kenrick kii starling ("poptera kenricki") haye, lekin sabse halki vajan vaali prajaati abot kii starling ("poptera femoralis") haye, joe kii haye. maanak maap aur shayed vajan parr jaane vaalaa sabse badaa starling niyas hill maina ("grecula robusta") haye. yeh prajaati maap sakati haye, aur gharelukaran mein way maap sakate hain. yadi aakar naheen tou thoke mein poorv prajaatiyon key pratidvandi, genus "mino" key maina bhee badey hotey hain, vishesh roop seey peele chehare vaale ("aim. dumonti) aur lambi poonchh vaale maina (aim. crafty "). parivaar mein sabse lambi prajaati safed gardan vaali maina ("streptocita albicolis") haye, joe maap sakati haye, halanki iss magpy jaisi prajaati mein lagbhag 60 pratishat isaki bahut lambi poonchh seey bunny haye.
pankhon mein cumm yaun dwiroopata dekhi jaati haye, lekin kewal 25 prajaatiyon key saath donon lingon key beach iss tarah key antar dikhaai dete hain. taaron key pankh aksar indradhanush key kaaran chamkile rung key hotey hain; yeh rung pankhon kii sanrachana seey liya jaataa haye, kissy bhee rangdravya seey naheen. asiai starling kii kuchh prajaatiyon key shikhar parr shikhar yaa stambhit pankh hotey hain. anya alankaran mein lambe poonchh vaale pankh aur chehare parr chamkile rung key nange kshetra shamil hain. yeye rung varnakon seey praapt kiye jaa sakate hain, yaa baali starling key roop mein, sanrachanaatmak rung, samanantar collegen fiber seey prakaash key prakirnan key kaaran. kaee prajaatiyon key iris laal aur peele hotey hain, halanki chhote pakshiyon key iris bahut gahare hotey hain.
vitaran, awas aur andolan.
starling archtic vritt seey laker bhoomadhya rekha taka kaee prakaar key aavason mein rahate hain. vaastav mein, ekmatra nivaas sthaan jiss parr way aam taur parr naheen rahate hain, vaha haye sabse shushk retile registan. parivaar swabhavik roop seey america aur australia key badey hisson seey anupasthit haye, lekin europe, africa aur asia key adhikansh hisson mein maujood haye. applonis" vansh bhee prashant key dweepon mein vyaapak roop seey fail gayaa haye, joe polynesia, melanesia aur micronesia taka pahunch gayaa haye (isake alawa "mino" vansh kii ack prajaati soloman dweepon taka pahunch gaee haye). isake alawa, iss vansh kii ack prajaati uttari australia mein paaee jaane vaali ekmatra starling haye.
asiai prajaatiyan sadabahar jangalon mein sabse aam hain; asia mein paaee jaane vaali 39 prajaatiyan mukhya roop seey vann pakshi hain, jabaki 24 adhik khule yaa maanav sanshodhit vatavaran mein paae jaate hain. isake vipareet, african prajaatiyan khule vanon aur sawana mein paae jaane kii adhik sambhavana haye; 13 vaastavik vann prajaatiyon kii tulanaa mein 33 prajaatiyan khule kshetra key visheshagya hain. asia aur africa mein paaee jaane vaali prajaatiyon kii uchch vividhata europe seey mell naheen khaati haye, jisamen ack vyaapak (aur bahut aam) prajaati aur dou aur pratibandhit prajaatiyan hain. europeeya starling apane nivaas sthaan mein atyadhik vyaapak aur atyant catholic donon haye, joe adhikansh prakaar key khule nivaas sthaan parr kabja curr letaa haye. kaee anya starling prajaatiyon kii tarah, yeh bhee krishi bhoomi, bageeche, vrikshaaropan aur shahari kshetron sahit maanav-sanshodhit awas key liye aasaani seey anukoolit hoe gayaa haye.
starling kii kuchh prajaatiyan yaa tou poori tarah seey shelly starling kii tarah pravaasi hain, joe ethiopia aur somaliland mein prajanan karati hain aur kenya, tanzania aur somalia mein pravaas karati hain, yaa safed-kandhe vaale starling kii tarah, joe apani seema key hisse mein pravaasi haye, lekin dusaron mein nivasi haye.
europeeya starling koo 1870 key dashak mein 1890 key dashak key madhyam seey kaee anukoolan samajon dwara uttari america mein saanskritik aur aarthik karanon seey uttari america mein europeeya vanaspatiyon aur jeevon koo pesh karane key liye samarpit sangathanon dwara uddeshyapoorvak pesh kiya gayaa thaa. ack sthaayi kahani kaa aarop haye kii americi anukoolan samaaj key adhyaksh eugene shiffelin ney nirnay liya kii villium shekspeare dwara ullikhit sabhi pakshiyon koo uttari america mein honah chaahiye, jisase yuu. aiss. mein starling kii shuruat hui.aiss.haalaanki, yeh daavaa tathya seey adhik kaalpanik haye. jabaki shiffelin aur samaaj key anya sadasyon ney 1890 mein kendriya udyaan mein starling koo chhod diyaa, pakshi pahale seey hii yuu mein they.aiss. cumm seey cumm 1870 key dashak key madhya seey, aur shiffelin shekspeare key karyon seey aisaa karane key liye prerit naheen they.
vyavhaar.
starling aam taur parr ack atyadhik samajik parivaar haye. adhikansh prajaatiyan poore varsh alag-alag aakar key jhundon mein judati hain. "bachkaahat" taaron key jhund kaa varnan karati haye, jisamen unaki badee udaan sanrachanaon key jhund vyavhaar bhee shamil hain. inn jhundon mein starling kii anya prajaatiyan aur kabhi-kabhi anya parivaaron kii prajaatiyan shamil hoe sakati hain. yeh samajikta vishesh roop seey unake rahane vaale vyavhaar mein spasht haye; gair-prajanan mausam mein, kuchh murgon kii sankhya hajaaron pakshiyon mein hoe sakati haye.
nakal karein.
starling vibhinn prakaar kii avian prajaatiyon kii nakal karate hain aur lagbhag 15-20 vishisht nakalon kaa ack pradarshan-bhandar rakhate hain. way jangli pakshiyon key alawa kuchh anya dhwaniyon kii nakal bhee karate hain. prachur matra mein prajaatiyon yaa coll kii coll joe aavritti sanrachana mein saral hain aur cumm ayam modulan dikhaate hain, adhimaantah anukaran kiye jaate hain. nakal kii gaee dhwaniyon kii boliyaan sthaaniya hoe sakati hain.
aahar aur bhojan.
starlings key aahar mein aamtaur parr phal aur keede-makode kaa prabhutva hotaa haye. kaee prajaatiyan asia aur africa mein beejon key mahatvapurna failaavak hain, udaaharan key liye, safed chandan aur bhaaratiya bargad. pedon key alawa, way parjivi mistaleto key mahatvapurna failaavak bhee hain. dakshin africa mein, laal pankhon vaalaa starling "babool cyclops" kaa ack mahatvapurna failaav haye. starlings koo adhik pakey hue phal khaakar khaate hue dekhaa gayaa haye, jisase yeh atkalen lagaai jaa rahee hain kii way sharaab seey nashe mein hoe sakate hain. 
europeeya starling parr prayogshala prayogon mein paaya gayaa haye kii unamen niptan enzyme hain joe unhein bahut jaldi sharaab koo todane kii anumati dete hain. falon key sevan key alawa, kaee starling bhee amrit kaa sevan karate hain. starling kiss hudd taka mahatvapurna paragankarta hain, yeh agyaat haye, lekin cumm seey cumm kuchh hain, jaise kii alpine purvi africa kaa patala-bill starling, joe vishal lobelia koo paraagit kartaa haye.
pranaaleegat.
1815 mein french polymath constantine saimuel rafinesk dwara starling parivaar sternidae (sternidia key roop mein) kii shuruat kii gaee thee.
starling super family muskicapoidia seey sambandhit hain, saath hii thrush, flycatcher aur chait key saath-saath dippers, joe kaafee door key rishtedaar hain, aur mimiday (thrasher aur mockimbirds) hain. baad vaale spasht roop seey sternidae key sabse karibi jeevit rishtedaar hain, joe unhein america mein pratisthaapit karate hain, aur ack samaan lekin adhik ekant jeevan shally rakhate hain. way roopaatmak roop seey bhee kaafee samaan hain-ack nakal kaa ack aanshik roop seey albinistic namuna, ack puraane vishva mool kaa sujhaav dene key liye galat label kiya gayaa thaa, kaee dashakon seey ack vilupt starling kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye maanaa jaataa thaa (vivaran key liye rodrigues starling dekhein).
oxpakers koo kabhi-kabhi yahaan ack upa-parivaar key roop mein rakhaa jaataa haye, lekin sakshya kaa bhaar unhein sternidae-mimiday samooh key adhik besal sadasya key roop mein poorna parivaar kaa darja dene kii or sthanantarit hoe gayaa haye, joe africa mein praarambhik vistaar seey praapt huaa haye.
aamtaur parr, starlings koo ack parivaar maanaa jaataa haye, jaisa kii yahaan kiya jaataa haye. sibley aur monro ney parivaar mein nakalon koo shamil kiya aur starlings koo sternini key roop mein janjaati key pada parr padchyut kiya. iss upchaar kaa upayog zucon aur anya dwara kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, sibley aur monro kaa samooh unaki dee. aine. aeye.-dee. aine. aeye. sankaran takneek kii karyapranali sambandhi kamiyon key kaaran atyadhik motaa haye aur unake adhikansh prastaavit vargeekaran shreni key sanshodhanon koo sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa haye (udaaharan key liye cyconiform dekhein). sarv-samaveshi sternidae samooh jaiv bhugol key baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari detaa haye, aur teen vanshon kii vikaasvaadi vishishtata koo aspasht kartaa haye. sibley/monro key "paine-sternidae" seey yukt clade key liye ack vaidh naam sthaapit karna phir bhee muskicapoidia key anya pramukh vanshon key saath unaki tulanaa karane key liye vaanchhaniya hoga.
starling kii utpatti shayed poorv asia key samanya kshetra mein hui thee, shayed dakshin-paschimi prashant kii or, jaisa kii vahaan honey vaali placiomorphic rekhaaon kii sankhya seey pataa chalata haye. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii africa mein vistaar baad mein huaa haye, kyonki adhikansh vyutpann roop vahaan paae jaate hain. ack vaikalpik paridrishya poore "sternoid" samooh key liye african mool hoga, jisamen oxpaker ack pracheen avashesh kaa pratinidhitva karate hain aur dakshin america mein aaney vaale nakal. yeh sabse besal mimiday key uttari americi vitaran seey virodhabhasi haye.
choonki jeevaashm record kaafee haal key roopon taka seemit haye, isaliye "sternoids" vanshavali key liye prastaavit praarambhik myocene (lagbhag 25-20 miyaa) vichalan tithiyon koo behad asthaayi maanaa jaanaa chaahiye. myocene key pahale aadhe mein adhikansh passeri parivaaron kii utpatti key liye samagr sakshya diye jaane parr, yeh nishan seey bahut door naheen prateet hotaa haye.
2007 taka, haal key adhyayanon ney iss parivaar key dou pramukh vanshon kii pehchaan kii, joe aam taur parr drab, aksar dhaaridaar, badey "asamanya maina" aur anya mukhya roop seey asiai-prashant rekhaaon key anuroop hain, aur aksar chhote, kabhi-kabhi atyadhik apomorphic taxes joe africa aur peele rung mein sabse aam hain, aamtaur parr dhaatu kaa rung hotaa haye, aur kaee prajaatiyon mein neeche kii or chamkile carotenoid plumage rung bhee hotey hain. iss baad key samooh key ander, ack vansh haye jisamen prajaatiyan hoti hain, joe aamtaur parr bahut chamkile rung kii naheen hoti hain, aur jisamen "vishisht" maina-"sterns" sanyojan hotaa haye.
phillippeans lataa, treacripper jaise pakshiyon kii teen prajaatiyon kaa ack ekal vansh, sternidae key adhik praarambhik vikiran key atyadhik apomorphic sadasya prateet hotey hain. halanki yeh pahali nazar mein ajib lugg sakata haye, lekin unakaa sthaan hamesha vivadaspad rhaa haye. isake alawa, jaiv bhugol vastutah phillippeans key lataon aur pedon key pedon key ghanishth sambandh koo khariz kartaa haye, kyonki naa tou way aur naa hii unake karibi rishtedaar kabhi bhee deewaar taka pahunche hain, phillippeans kii tou baat hii chhodiye. phir bhee, sternidae mein unakaa samavesh poori tarah seey antim naheen haye aur antatah, way ack alag parivaar baney reh sakate hain.
vansh anukram paaramparik upchaaron kaa anusaran kartaa haye. yeh spasht roop seey poori tarah seey sahee naheen haye, udaaharan key liye, "gracula" kii tulanaa mein "applonis" key karib "skisirostrum" aur sabse unnat peedhi mein "accredotheres" key saath. unake sambandhon key sambandh mein abhee taka bahut cumm taxes kaa adhyayan kiya gayaa haye, halanki, iss prakaar anukram mein badalaav koo aage key adhyayan parr intezar karna padata haye.
2009 taka, lavate aind rubenstein (2008) dwara sameeksha samooh key jatijanan parr sabse halia kaam haye. yeh vargeekaran bhee ioc key crum parr adharit haye.
ansuljhe.
vilupt muscaren starling pahale anishchit sambandhon key they, lekin abb maanaa jaataa haye kii way oriental-australiyai vansh seey sambandhit hain, joe baali maina key saath sambaddh hain. haalaanki, jabaki dou aur haal kii prajaatiyon ("fragipilus" aur "necropper") koo vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye, pragaitihasik "cryptopser" koo naheen.

