antarrashtriya maanviya kaanoon

antarrashtriya maanviya kaanoon (aaee. aich. ell.), jise sashastr sangharsh key kaanoon key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, vaha kaanoon haye joe yuddh key sanchaalan koo niyantrit kartaa haye ("juice inn bello"). yeh antarrashtriya kaanoon kii ack shakha haye joe shatruta mein bhaag naheen lene vaale vyaktiyon kii raksha karke aur ladaakon key liye upalabdh yuddh key sadhanon aur tarikon koo pratibandhit aur viniyamit karke sashastr sangharsh key prabhaavon koo seemit karane kaa prayaas karati haye.
antarrashtriya maanviya kaanoon manavata key vichaaron aur maanav peedaa key shaman seey prerit haye. isamen niyamon kaa ack samooh shamil haye, joe sandhi yaa pratha dwara sthaapit kiya jaataa haye aur joe vyaktiyon aur sampatti/vastuon kii raksha karna chaahata haye joe sashastr sangharsh seey prabhaavit hain yaa hoe sakate hain, aur yeh sangharsh key liye pakshon key adhikaaron koo unaki pasand key tarikon aur yuddh key sadhanon kaa upayog karane key liye seemit kartaa haye. antarrashtriya kaanoon key sroton mein antarrashtriya samjhaute (geneva sammelan), prathaagat antarrashtriya kaanoon, rashtron key samanya siddhant aur mamla kaanoon shamil hain. yeh ack dusare key sambandh mein yuddharat rashtron, tatasth rashtron aur yuddh mein lagey vyaktiyon key aacharan aur jimmedariyon koo paribhaashit kartaa haye, aur "sanrakshit vyaktiyon" key liye, aamtaur parr gair-ladaakoo. ise maanviya chintaon aur sainya aavashyakta koo santulit karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye, aur isake vinashkari prabhaav koo seemit karke aur maanav peedaa koo cumm karke kaanoon key shasson key liye yuddh koo vishay banaaya gayaa haye.
antarrashtriya maanviya kaanoon key gambhir ullanghan koo yuddh aparaadh kahaa jaataa haye. antarrashtriya maanviya kaanoon, "juice inn bello", yuddh yaa sashastr sangharsh mein lagey honey parr balon key aacharan koo niyantrit kartaa haye. yeh "juse aid belam" seey alag haye joe yuddh yaa sashastr sangharsh mein shamil honey key aacharan koo niyantrit kartaa haye aur isamen aakraamakta kaa aparaadh shamil haye. juice inn bello" aur "juice aid belam" mein antarrashtriya sashastr sanghrshon key sabhi pahaluon koo niyantrit karane vaale yuddh key kaanoonon key dou bhaag shamil hain. uchit sandhiyon seey bandhe rashtron key liye kaanoon anivarya haye. yuddh key anya prathaagat alikhit niyam bhee hain, jinamen seey kaee kaa pataa neuremberg parikshanon mein lagaaya gayaa thaa. aaee. aich. ell. antarrashtriya sashastr sangharsh aur aantarik sashastr sangharsh mein lagu niyamon key beach ack sakht vibhajan parr kaam kartaa haye. 
antarrashtriya maanviya kaanoon koo paaramparik roop seey antarrashtriya manvadhikar kaanoon (joe apane logon key prati ack raajya key aacharan koo niyantrit kartaa haye) seey alag key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, halanki kaanoon kii dou shaakhaaen poorak hain aur kuchh mayanon mein ack dusare seey mell khaati hain. 
geneva kaa kaanoon aur hegg kaa kaanoon.
aadhunik antarrashtriya maanviya kaanoon dou aitihaasik dhaaraon seey banaa haih
donon dhaaraaen apane naam kaee antarrashtriya sammelanon seey letee hain, jinamen yuddh aur sangharsh seey sambandhit sandhiyaan, vishesh roop seey 1899 aur 1907 key hegg sammelan aur geneva sammelan, jinamen seey pahala 1863 mein taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, shamil hain. donon "juice inn bello" seey sambandhit hain, joe iss sawal seey sambandhit haye kii kyaa sashastr sangharsh key dauran kuchh prathaaen sweekarya hain.
hegg kaa kaanoon, yaa yuddh key uchit kaanoon, "sanchaalan key sanchaalan mein yuddhkariyon key adhikaaron aur kartavyon koo nirdhaarit karate hain aur nuksan karane key sadhanon key chayan koo seemit karate hain. vishesh roop seey, yeh khud key saath sambandhit haye
yuddh key barbarta koo seemit karane key vyavasthit prayaas kewal 19veen shatabdi mein vikasit honey lagey. iss tarah kii chintaaen gyaan kii umr seey prabhaavit raajyon dwara yuddh key badalate drishtikon parr nirmaan karane mein saksham theen. yuddh kaa uddeshya dushman raajya koo paraast karna thaa, joe dushman ladaakon koo aksham karke kiya jaa sakata thaa. iss prakaar, "ladaakon aur nagrikon key beach kaa antar, yeh aavashyakta kii ghayal aur pakade gaye dushman ladaakon key saath maanviya vyavhaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur usa chauthai koo diyaa jaanaa chaahiye, aadhunik maanviya kaanoon key kuchh stambh, sabhi iss siddhant kaa paalan karate hain.
geneva kaa niyam.
fritz munch 1800 seey pahale key aitihaasik sainya abhyaas kaa saransh detaa haih "aavashyak bindu yeye prateet hotey hainh yuddh mein aur bull dwara liye gaye shaharon mein, ladaakon aur gair-ladaakon koo maar diyaa gayaa thaa aur sampatti koo nasht yaa luutaa gayaa gayaa shatabdi mein, dutch nyaayvid hyugo grotius, jinhen vyaapak roop seey saarvajanik antarrashtriya kaanoon key sansthaapak yaa pitaa key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, ney likhaa kii" "yuddh, apane uddeshyon kii praapti key liye, ise aswikar naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, unhein apane sabse uchit agents key roop mein bull aur aatank koo niyojit karna chaahiye.
itihas mein maanviya mandand.
itihas key narsamhar key beach bhee, sashastr sanghrshon key peediton kii suraksha key liye maanviya maandandon kii baar-baar abhivyaktiyaan aur ahwan kiye gaye hainh ghayal, beemar aur jahaaj toot gayaa. yeye pracheen kaal seey hain.
puraane vasiyatname mein, israel kaa raajaa dushman key kaidiyon koo chhodane key liye bhavishyavakta elisha kii chetavani key baad, pakade gaye logon koo maarne seey rokta haye. raajaa key ack sawal key jawab mein, elisha ney kahaa, "tum unhein naheen maaroge. kyaa aap una logon koo maar daalenge jinhen aapane apani talwar aur apane dhanush seey bandee banaa liya haye? unake saamane rotty aur paani rakhein, taaki way khaa-pee sakein aur apane swami key paas jaaen."
pracheen bhaarat mein una hathiyaron key prakaron kaa varnan karane vaale abhilekh (udaaharan key liye manu key niyam) hain jinka upayog naheen kiya jaanaa chaahieh "jaba vaha yuddh mein apane dushmanon key saath ladataa haye, tou usey chhipe hue hathiyaron (lakadi mein) seey hamla naheen karane dein, naa hii (jaise) kantedar, jahar vaale, yaa aag seey jall rahey bindu."yeh bhee adesh haye kii naa tou ack napunsak koo maaraa jaae aur naa hii dushman" joe prarthana mein apana haath modata haye... naa koee joe sotaa haye, naa koee jisane apana mell kaa coat khou diyaa haye, naa koee joe nagna haye, naa koee joe nirastra haye, naa hii koee joe ladaai mein bhaag liye binaa dekhta haye."
islami kaanoon mein kahaa gayaa haye kii "gair-ladaakon jinhone ladaai mein bhaag naheen liya jaise kii mahilaaon, bachchon, bhikshuon aur sannyasi, vriddh, andhe aur pagal" seey chhedchhaad naheen kii jaani chaahiye. pahale khalifa, aboo bucker ney ghoshana kii, "vikrit mutt karo. chhote bachchon yaa boodhe purushon yaa mahilaaon koo mutt maaro. taad key pedon key sir naa kaaten yaa unhein naa jalaaen. falon key pedon koo mutt kaaten. bhojan key alawa pashuon kii hatyaa naa karein."islami nyaayvidon ney maanaa haye kii ack kaidi koo maaraa naheen jaanaa chaahiye, kyonki usey" "kewal yuddh key krityon key liye jimmedaar naheen thaharaaya jaa sakata haye.
haalaanki, islami kaanoon ney sabhi gair-ladaakon koo naheen chhoda. joe loga islam mein parivartit honey yaa vaikalpik curr kaa bhugtan karane seey incar curr dete they, unake mamle mein musalmaanon koo "siddhant roop mein unamen seey kissy koo bhee, ladaakon yaa gair-ladaakon koo maarne kii anumati dee gaee thee, basharte kii unhein vishvaasghaat seey aur angachhed key saath naheen maaraa gayaa thaa.
maanviya maandandon kaa samhitaakaran.
ihal kaa sabse mahatvapurna poorvavarti vartamaan yuddhaviram samjhauta aur yuddh kaa niyamitkaran haye, jiss parr 1820 mein mahaan columbia kii tatkalin sarkaar key adhikaariyon aur spanish taaj key abhiyaan balon key pramukh key beach hastakshar kiye gaye aur pushti kii gaee, venezuela key saanta enaa dee truzillo shahar mein. iss sandhi parr swatantrata key sangharsh key tahat hastakshar kiye gaye they, joe paschim mein apani tarah kii pahali sandhi thee.
haalaanki, 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh taka ack adhik vyavasthit drishtikon shuru naheen kiya gayaa thaa. sanyukt raajya america mein, ack german apravasi, francis liber ney 1863 mein ack aachar sanhita taiyar kii, jise americi grih yuddh key dauran sangh senaa key liye liber code key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. jhooth bolane kii sanhita mein sangharsh key kshetron mein nagrik aabaadi key saath maanviya vyavhaar shamil thaa, aur dhanush key nishpaadan parr bhee pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa.
usee samay, florence nightingale aur heinry dunent jaise kaee vyaktiyon kii aparaadh yuddh key dauran bhagidari, ack vanshaanugat vyavasaayi, jinhone solferino kii ladaai mein ghayal sainikon key saath kaam kiya thaa, ney yuddh peediton kii peedaa koo rokane key liye adhik vyavasthit prayason koo janm diyaa. dunent ney ack pustak likhi, jiska sheershak unhone "aeye memori off solferino" rakhaa, jisamen unhone una bhayavahataon kaa varnan kiya joe unhone dekhi theen. unaki reportein itani chaunkaane vaali theen kii unhone 1863 mein redd cross (aaee. see. aar. see.) kii antarrashtriya samiti kii sthaapana kii, aur 1864 mein geneva mein ack sammelan kaa ayojan kiya, jisane kshetra mein senaaon mein ghayal logon kii sthiti mein sudhaar key liye geneva sammelan taiyar kiya. 
geneva kaa niyam seedhe taur parr manavata key siddhant seey prerit haye. yeh una logon seey sambandhit haye joe sangharsh mein bhaag naheen leey rahey hain, saath hii saath sainya karmiyon "horse dee combat" seey bhee sambandhit haye. yeh aaee. see. aar. see. jaise nishpaksh maanviya sangathanon dwara kii gaee suraksha aur maanviya sahaayata key liye kanuni aadhar pradaan kartaa haye. yeh dhyaan jeenava sammelanon mein paaya jaa sakata haye.
geneva sammelan.
geneva sammelan ack aisee prakriya kaa parinam haye joe 1864 aur 1949 key beach kaee charanon mein vikasit hui. yeh nagrikon aur una logon kii suraksha parr kendrit haye joe abb sashastr sangharsh mein naheen lada sakate hain. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key parinamswarup, sabhi chaar sammelanon koo sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa, joe pichhale sanshodhanon aur 1907 key kuchh aspasht sammelanon key aadhar parr they, aur 1949 mein antarrashtriya samudaay dwara phir seey apanaaya gayaa thaa. baad key sammelanon mein yuddh key kuchh tarikon koo pratibandhit karane aur grih yuddhon key muddon koo sambodhit karane key praavdhaan jode gaye hain.
pahale teen geneva sammelanon koo sanshodhit, vistaarit aur pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, aur chautha 1949 mein jodaa gayaa thaa.
geneva sammelan mein teen atirikt sanshodhan protocol hainh
isaliye, 1949 key geneva sammelanon koo 1864 mein shuru hui ack prakriya key parinam key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. aaj unhone 194 dalon key saath saarvbhaumik bhagidari hassil kii haye. iska matlab haye kii way lagbhag kissy bhee antarrashtriya sashastr sangharsh parr lagu hotey hain. halanki, atirikt protocol abhee taka lagbhag saarvbhaumik sweekriti praapt naheen curr paae hain, kyonki sanyukt raajya america aur kaee anya mahatvapurna sainya shaktiyan (jaise iran, israel, bhaarat aur pakistan) vartamaan mein unake paksh mein naheen hain.
aaee. aich. ell. aur yuddh key kaanoonon key beach aitihaasik abhisaran.
1977 key atirikt protocol koo jeeneva sammelanon mein apanaane key saath, kaanoon key dou upbhedon mein abhisaran shuru hoe gayaa, halanki manavata parr dhyaan kendrit karane vaale praavdhaan pahale seey hii hegg kaanoon (i.ee. yuddh key kuchh kaidiyon aur kabje vaale kshetron mein nagrikon kii suraksha). 1977 key atirikt protocol, joe antarrashtriya aur aantarik sangharsh donon mein peediton key sanrakshan seey sambandhit they, mein naa kewal hegg key kaanoon aur geneva key kaanoon donon key pahaluon koo shamil kiya gayaa, balki mahatvapurna manvadhikar praavdhaan bhee shamil kiye gaye.
aaee. aich. ell. key buniyaadi niyam.
udaaharan.
iss tarah key niyamon key prasiddh udaharanon mein doctors yaa ambulance parr hamla karane parr pratibandh shamil haye joe ack laal cross pradarshit karate hain. safed jhanda vaale vyakti yaa vaahan parr goli chalaana bhee nishiddh haye, kyonki ise yuddhaviram kaa jhanda maanaa jaataa haye, joe aatmasamarpan karane key iraade yaa samvaad karane kii ichcha koo ingit kartaa haye. donon hii mamalon mein, laal cross yaa safed dhwaj dwara sanrakshit vyaktiyon seey tatasthata banaae rakhane kii ummeed kii jaati haye, aur way swayam yuddh jaise krityon mein shamil naheen hoe sakate hain; safed dhwaj yaa laal cross key tahat yuddh gatividhiyon mein shamil honah yuddh key kaanoonon kaa ullanghan haye.
yuddh key kaanoonon key yeye udaaharan sambodhit karate hainh
kuchh aavashyaktaon koo puuraa kiye binaa yuddh mein shamil honah yuddh key kaanoonon kaa ullanghan haye, unamen seey ack vishisht vardi yaa anya aasaani seey pehchaane jaane yogya baij pahanana aur khule taur parr hathiyar leey jaanaa shamil haye. dushman kii vardi pahankar doosari taraf key sainikon kaa pratiroopan karane kii anumati haye, halanki usa vardi mein ladanaa gairkaanooni haye, jaisa kii bandhakon koo lena haye.
baad mein jodd diyaa gayaa.
antarrashtriya maanviya kaanoon mein abb kaee sandhiyaan shamil hain joe vishisht hathiyaron koo gairkaanooni thaharaati hain. inn sammelanon koo kaafee hudd taka isaliye banaaya gayaa thaa kyonki yeye hathiyar sangharsh samaapt honey key lambe samay baad mauton aur choton kaa kaaran banate hain. aprakaashit bhoomi khadanon ney ack varsh mein 7,000 logon kii maut kaa kaaran banaa haye; aprakaashit bumm, vishesh roop seey cluster bamon seey joe kaee chhote "bumm" bikhare hue hain, ney bhee kaee logon koo maar daala haye. anumaanit 98 pratishat peedit nagrik hain; apane kheton mein kheti karane vaale kisan aur inn visfotakon koo khojane vaale bachche aam peedit hain. inn karanon seey, nimnalikhit sammelanon koo apanaaya gayaa haih
redd cross kii antarrashtriya samiti.
aaee. see. aar. see. ekmatra sanstha haye jise spasht roop seey antarrashtriya maanviya kaanoon key tahat ack niyantran pradhikaran key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa haye. aaee. see. aar. see. kaa kanuni janadesh 1949 key chaar geneva sammelanon key saath-saath isake apane kaanoonon seey bhee utpann hotaa haye.
ullanghan aur sajaa.
sangharsh key dauran, yuddh key kaanoonon kaa ullanghan karane key liye sajaa mein pratishodh mein yuddh key kaanoonon kaa ack vishisht, jaanboojhkar aur seemit ullanghan hoe sakata haye.
yuddh key kaanoonon key vishisht praavdhaanon koo todane vaale ladaake yuddh key kaidiyon key roop mein unhein dee gaee suraksha aur sthiti khou dete hain, lekin kewal ack "saksham nyayadhikaran" kaa saamana karane key baad. usa samay, way gairkaanooni ladaake bunn jaate hain, lekin phir bhee "manavata key saath vyavhaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur mukadame key mamle mein, nishpaksh aur niyamit mukadame key adhikaaron seey vanchit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye", kyonki way abhee bhee isake dayare mein aatey hain.
jasus aur aatankvaadi kewal yuddh key kaanoonon dwara sanrakshit hotey hain yadi "shakti" joe unhein dhaaran karati haye vaha sashastr sangharsh yaa yuddh kii sthiti mein haye, aur jaba taka kii way ack "gairkaanooni ladaake" naheen paae jaate hain. paristhitiyon key aadhar parr, way apane karyon key liye nagrik kaanoon yaa sainya nyayadhikaran key adheen hoe sakate hain. vyavhaar mein, unhein aksar yaatana aur fansi dee gaee haye. yuddh key kaanoon naa tou aise krityon koo manjuri dete hain aur naa hii unaki ninda karate hain, joe unake dayare seey baahar hain. jasuson koo kewal ack mukadame key baad dandit kiya jaa sakata haye; yadi way apani senaa mein phir seey shamil honey key baad pakade jaate hain, tou unhein yuddh key kaidiyon key roop mein maanaa jaanaa chaahiye. sandigdh aatankvaadi joe ack sashastr sangharsh key dauran pakade jaate hain, shatruta mein bhaag liye binaa, kewal jee. see. IV key anusaar hirasat mein liye jaa sakate hain, aur niyamit mukadame key hakdar hain. jinn deshon ney "yaatana key khilaf ack samjhaute" parr hastakshar kiye hain, unhone kissy bhee kaaran seey kissy parr bhee yaatana kaa upayog naheen karane key liye khud koo pratibaddh kiya haye.
sangharsh samaapt honey key baad, jinn vyaktiyon ney yuddh key kaanoonon kaa koee ullanghan kiya haye, aur vishesh roop seey atyachar, unhein kaanoon kii prakriya key madhyam seey yuddh apraadhon key liye vyaktigat roop seey jawabdeh thaharaaya jaa sakata haye.
nagrikon parr lagu honey vaale pramukh praavdhaan aur siddhant.
chautha geneva sammelan nagrik aabaadi parr kendrit haye. 1977 mein apanaae gaye dou atirikt protocol antarrashtriya (aeye. pee. aaee.) aur gair-antarrashtriya (aeye. pee. aaee.) sashastr sangharsh mein nagrik suraksha kaa vistaar aur sudridhikaran karate hainh udaaharan key liye, nagrikon key khilaf pratyaksh hamalon key nishedh koo lagu karke. nagrik" koo "kissy bhee vyakti key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye joe sashastr balon seey sambandhit naheen haye", jisamen gair-nagrik aur sharanarthi shamil hain. haalaanki, yeh sweekaar kiya jaataa haye kii abhiyaanon seey nagrik hataahat hoe sakate hain. antarrashtriya aaparaadhik adalat key mukhya abhiyojak, luis moreno ocampo ney 2006 mein likhaah "antarrashtriya maanviya kaanoon aur rome kaanoon yuddhkariyon koo sainya uddeshyon key khilaf aanupaatik hamale karane kii anumati dete hain, bhale hii yeh gyaat hoe kii kuchh nagrik mautein yaa chotein aaengi. aparaadh taba hotaa haye jaba nagrikon key khilaf jaanboojhkar hamla kiya jaataa haye (bhedbhaav kaa siddhant)... yaa ack sainya uddeshya parr hamla iss gyaan mein kiya jaataa haye kii aakasmik nagrik chotein pratyaashit sainya laabh (aanupaatikta key siddhant) key sambandh mein spasht roop seey atyadhik hongi."
aaee. aich. ell. key praavdhaan aur siddhant joe nagrikon kii raksha karane kii koshish karate hain, way hainh
nagrikon kii raksha karane vaale praavdhaan aur siddhant.
bhed kaa siddhant.
bhed kaa siddhant nagrik aabaadi aur nagrik vastuon koo sainya abhiyaanon key prabhaavon seey bachaata haye. isake liye ack sashastr sangharsh key liye dalon koo harr samay, aur sabhi paristhitiyon mein, ack taraf ladaakon aur sainya uddeshyon key beach, aur doosari or nagrikon aur nagrik vastuon key beach antar karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye; aur kewal poorv koo lakshit karane key liye. yeh yeh bhee pradaan kartaa haye kii nagrik iss tarah kii suraksha khou dete hain yadi way shatruta mein seedhe bhaag lete hain. aaee. see. aar. see. dwara antar key siddhant koo raajya key vyavhaar mein bhee parilakshit paaya gayaa haye; isaliye yeh antarrashtriya aur gair-antarrashtriya sashastr sanghrshon donon mein prathaagat antarrashtriya kaanoon kaa ack sthaapit maanak haye.
aavashyakta aur aanupaatikta.
aavashyakta aur aanupaatikta maanviya kaanoon mein sthaapit siddhant hain. aaee. aich. ell. key tahat, ack yuddharat dushman koo haraane key liye kewal aavashyak raashi aur prakaar kaa bull lagu curr sakata haye. isake alawa, sainya vastuon parr hamalon seey apekshit pratyaksh sainya laabh key sambandh mein atyadhik maane jaane vaale nagrik jeevan kaa nuksan naheen honah chaahiye. nagrikon key hataahat honey seey bachane key liye commanders dwara harr sambhav savdhani barati jaani chaahiye. aanupaatikta kaa siddhant aaee. see. aar. see. dwara antarrashtriya aur gair-antarrashtriya sashastr sanghrshon mein prathaagat antarrashtriya kaanoon kaa hissa banane key liye bhee paaya gayaa haye.
maanviya upchaar kaa siddhant.
maanviya vyavhaar key siddhant key liye aavashyak haye kii nagrikon key saath harr samay maanviya vyavhaar kiya jaae. jee. see. aiss. kaa samanya anuchhed 3 jeevan aur vyakti key liye hinsa (kroor vyavhaar aur yaatana sahit), bandhakon koo lene, apmaanjanak aur apmaanjanak vyavhaar aur gair-ladaakon key khilaf niyamit pareekshan key binaa nishpaadan koo pratibandhit kartaa haye, jisamen vyakti "horse dee combat" (ghayal, beemar aur jahaaj toot gayaa) shamil hain. nagrik apani shaaririk aur mansik akhandata, apane sammaan, parivarik adhikaaron, dhaarmik vishvaas aur prathaon aur apane shishtachar aur reeti-rivaajon kaa sammaan karane key hakdar hain. maanviya vyavhaar key iss siddhant kii pushti aaee. see. aar. see. dwara paaramparik antarrashtriya kaanoon key maanak key roop mein kii gaee haye, joe antarrashtriya aur gair-antarrashtriya sashastr sanghrshon donon mein lagu hotaa haye.
gair-bhedbhaav kaa siddhant.
gair-bhedbhaav kaa siddhant aaee. aich. ell. kaa ack mool siddhant haye. yuddh key kaidiyon, nagrikon aur vyaktiyon key "yuddh key shikaar" key vyavhaar mein nasl, ling, rashtriyata, dhaarmik vishvaas yaa raajneetik raay key aadhar parr pratikool bhed nishiddh haye. sabhi sanrakshit vyaktiyon key saath sangharsh key pakshon dwara nasl, dharm, ling yaa raajneetik raay key aadhar parr bhedbhaav key binaa samaan vichaar key saath vyavhaar kiya jaayega. sashastr sangharsh seey prabhaavit pratyek vyakti binaa kissy bhedbhaav key apane maulik adhikaaron aur guaranti kaa hakdar haye. aaee. see. aar. see. dwara pratikool bhedbhaav key khilaf nishedh koo antarrashtriya aur gair-antarrashtriya sashastr sangharsh mein prathaagat antarrashtriya kaanoon kaa hissa maanaa jaataa haye.
mahilaaen aur bachche.
mahilaaon koo balatkar, jabaran veshyavritti aur kissy bhee prakaar key abhadra hamale seey bachaaya jaanaa chaahiye. athaarah varsh seey cumm ayu key bachchon koo shatruta mein bhaag lene kii anumati naheen dee jaani chaahiye, unake swaasthya aur suraksha key liye ack badhyakari khatare key kaaran asthaayi roop seey unake alawa kissy anya desh dwara unhein videsh mein naheen leey jaaya jaa sakata haye, aur yadi anath yaa unake parivaaron seey alag hoe jaate hain, tou unhein banaae rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye aur shiksha praapt karni chaahiye.
ling aur sanskriti.
ling.
jee. see. aur aeye. pee. aiss. mein vibhinn praavdhaanon mein aupchaarik samaantaa aur gair-bhedbhaav kii avadharana parr jore diyaa gayaa haye. ling parr adharit kissy bhee pratikool bhed key binaa" suraksha pradaan kii jaani chaahiye. udaaharan key liye, yuddh kii mahila kaidiyon key sambandh mein, mahilaaon koo "purushon key liye jitna anukool vyavhaar" praapt karna aavashyak haye. aupchaarik samaantaa key daavon key alawa, aaee. aich. ell. mahilaaon koo vishesh suraksha pradaan kartaa haye, udaaharan key liye, yuddh kii mahila kaidiyon koo purushon seey alag chhatrawas pradaan kartaa haye, aur mahilaaon key khilaf yaun hinsa koo pratibandhit kartaa haye.
mahilaaon aur purushon key sangharsh key anubhavon kii vaastaviktaa ney aaee. aich. ell. kii kuchh langic seemaon koo ujagar kiya haye. nariwadi alochakon ney purush ladaakon parr aaee. aich. ell. key dhyaan aur mahilaaon koo peediton kii sthiti mein nirvaasit karane aur unhein lagbhag vishesh roop seey baal-punarpraptakartaon key roop mein vaidhata dene koo chunauti dee haye. geneva sammelanon aur atirikt protocol key bheetar mahilaaon seey sambandhit 42 praavdhaanon key adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii lagbhag aadhe mahilaaen joe garbhavati yaa stanpan karaane vaali maataaen hain, unhein sambodhit karati hain. anya logon ney tark diyaa haye kii sangharsh mein purushon key khilaf yaun hinsa key mudde parr abhee taka utanaa dhyaan naheen diyaa gayaa haye jitna vaha paane key yogya haye.
sashastr sangharsh mein mahilaaon kii suraksha key liye soft-low upkaranon parr bharosa kiya gayaa haih
anya kanuni tantron key saath, vishesh roop seey mahilaaon key khilaf sabhi prakaar key bhedbhaav (seeda) key unmoolan key liye un convention, yeye ihl kii vyakhya aur karyanvayan koo badhaa sakate hain.
isake alawa, antarrashtriya aaparaadhik nyayadhikaranon (jaise poorv yugoslavia aur ravanda key liye antarrashtriya aaparaadhik nyayadhikaran) aur mishrit nyayadhikaranon (jaise siera leone key liye vishesh adalat) ney sangharsh mein yaun hinsa aur balatkar kii paribhashaon key dayare koo badhaane mein yogdan diyaa haye. unhone sashastr sangharsh key dauran kiye gaye yaun aur ling-adharit apraadhon parr prabhaavi dhang seey mukadama chalaaya haye. ling-adharit apraadhon parr abb achchi tarah seey sthaapit nyayshastra haye. phir bhee, antarrashtriya maanviya kaanoon key bheetar ling key nirmaan koo aur vikasit karane kii tatkaal aavashyakta bunny hui haye.
sanskriti.
aaee. aich. ell. aam taur parr "saanskritik saapekshtaavaad" kii samaan bahason aur aalochanaon key adheen naheen rhaa haye jaisa kii antarrashtriya manvadhikaron mein haye. halanki geneva sammelanon aur atirikt protocol mein aaee. aich. ell. kaa aadhunik samhitaakaran apekshaakrit nayaa haye, aur naam mein europeeya, mool avadhaaranaaen naee naheen hain, aur yuddh seey sambandhit kaanoon sabhi sanskritiyon mein paae jaa sakate hain.
udaaharan key liye, madhya poorv, somalia, lattin america aur prashant parr aaee. see. aar. see. key adhyayanon mein paaya gayaa haye kii vibhinn sanskritiyon mein paaramparik aur lambe samay seey chully aaa rahee prathaaen hain joe pahale kii hain, lekin aam taur parr aadhunik aaee. aich. ell. key saath susangat hain. sthaaniya aur saanskritik prathaon kaa sammaan karna mahatvapurna haye joe aaee. aich. ell. key anuroop hain. inn linkon aur sthaaniya prathaon parr bharosa karane seey sthaaniya samoohon aur samudaayon key beach aaee. aich. ell. siddhanton key prati jagrukta aur paalan koo badhaava dene mein madad mill sakati haye.
durham ney chetavani dee haye kii, halanki paaramparik prathaaen aur aaee. aich. ell. kanuni mandand kaafee hudd taka sangat hain, lekin yeh mahatvapurna haye kii sahee sanrekhan naa lein. aise kshetra hain jinamen kanuni mandand aur saanskritik prathaon kaa takraav hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye, mahilaaon key khilaf hinsa koo aksar sanskriti key tarkon dwara vaidh thaharaaya jaataa haye, aur phir bhee yeh aaee. aich. ell. aur anya antarrashtriya kaanoon mein nishiddh haye. aise mamalon mein, yeh sunishchit karna mahatvapurna haye kii aaee. aich. ell. nakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit naa hoe.

