
singapur kaa uchch nyayalaya

singapur kaa uchch nyayalaya singapur key sarvocch nyayalaya kaa nichala prabhaag haye, oopari prabhaag appeal kaa nyayalaya haye. uchch nyayalaya mein mukhya nyayadhish aur uchch nyayalaya key nyayadhish hotey hain. nyaayik ayukton koo aksar adalat key mamalon mein sahaayata key liye niyukt kiya jaataa haye. dou visheshagya vaanijyik adaalaten hain, nausena adalat aur bauddhik sampada adalat, aur kaee nyayadhishon koo madhyasthata seey sambandhit mamalon koo sunane key liye naamit kiya gayaa haye. 2015 mein, singapur antarrashtriya vaanijyik nyayalaya kii sthaapana singapur key sarvocch nyayalaya key hisse key roop mein kii gaee thee, aur yeh uchch nyayalaya kaa ack prabhaag haye. uchch nyayalaya key anya prabhaag samanya prabhaag, apeeliya prabhaag aur parivaar prabhaag hain. uchch nyayalaya kii peeth sarvocch nyayalaya kii imarat haye.
uchch nyayalaya nagrik aur aaparaadhik mamalon mein mool adhikaar kshetra aur apeeliya adhikaar kshetra donon kaa prayog kartaa haye. mool adhikaar kshetra rakhane seey, adalat pahali baar mamalon kii sunavaai karane mein saksham haye-yeh pahali baar adalaton key samaksh aaney vaale mamalon key mukdamon seey nipat sakata haye. nyayalaya key mool adhikaar kshetra kaa ack vishesh pahalu isaki nyaayik sameeksha kshetradhikar haye, jisake tahat yeh kaanoon kii samvaidhaaniktaa aur sarkaar dwara kii gaee kaarrvaaiyon koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye. nyayalaya apane apeeliya adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog taba kartaa haye jaba vaha jilaa nyayalayon aur magistrates kii adalaton jaise adheenasth nyayalayon mein shuru honey vaale mukdamon seey apeelon kii sunavaai kartaa haye. nyayalaya adheenasth nyayalayon parr paryavekshi aur punareekshan adhikaar kshetra kaa bhee prayog kartaa haye. saarvajanik adhikaariyon dwara kiye gaye prashaasnik karyon kii nyaayik sameeksha kaa abhyaas yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii way prashaasnik kaanoon key siddhanton kaa paalan karate hain, adalat key paryavekshi kshetradhikar kaa ack pahalu haye.
nyaayik poorvavarti" (nyaayik poorvavarti) key siddhanton key tahat, uchch nyayalaya appeal nyayalaya key nirnayon seey baadhya haye. badale mein, uchch nyayalaya key nirnayon kaa paalan jilaa adalaton aur magistrates kii adalaton dwara kiya jaanaa chaahiye. doosari or, uchch nyayalaya kaa nyayadhish uchch nyayalaya key anya nyayadhishon key pichhale nirnayon seey baadhya naheen hotaa haye. halanki, ack adalat aam taur parr pichhale nirnay seey taba taka naheen hategi jaba taka kii aisaa karane kaa koee achchha kaaran naa hoe. yadi uchch nyayalaya key paraspar virodhi nirnay hain, tou yeh nirnay karna appeal kii adalat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii kaun saa nirnay sahee haye.
itihas.
1826 mein, singapur koo malakka aur wells dweep (vartamaan penang) key rajkumar key saath jodkar jaldamroomadhya bastiyon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa, jinhen 27 navambar 1826 key dusare nyaay charter dwara nyaayik adalat pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. charter ney adalat koo anya cheejon key alawa nagrik, aaparaadhik aur rajaswa mamalon mein raajaa kii peeth, chansari, samanya yachikaon aur khajaane kii adalaton key adhikaar kshetra koo pradaan kiya. adalat key nyayadhish governor, nivasi paramarshdata aur wells dweep, singapur aur malakka key rajkumar key recorder they. recorder key nirnayon koo radd karane kii rajyapal kii shakti ney asantosh paida curr diyaa kyonki recorder adalat kaa ekmatra sadasya thaa joe ack peshevar nyayadhish thaa, aur karyakari aur nyaayik shaakhaon koo alag karane key liye ahwan kiya gayaa thaa. iss mudde koo 12 agast 1855 koo jaldamroomadhya bastiyon koo diye gaye nyaay key teesare charter dwara hull naheen kiya gayaa thaa, halanki abb dou recorder honey they, ack penang key liye aur doosara singapur aur malakka key liye. 1867 mein hii rajyapal aur nivasi salaahkaaron ney nyaayik shaktiyon kaa prayog karna bund curr diyaa thaa.
1868 mein jaldamroomadhya bastiyon key nyaayik nyayalaya koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa aur jaldamroomadhya bastiyon key sarvocch nyayalaya dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. 1873 mein sarvocch nyayalaya kaa punargathan kiya gayaa thaa jisamen mukhya nyayadhish, penang mein nyayadhish aur ack varishth aur kanishth nyayadhish shamil they. iss samay taka singapur jaldamroomadhya bastiyon mein sarkaar aur vyaapaar kaa kendra bunn gayaa thaa, isaliye mukhya nyayadhish aur varishth puisane nyayadhish singapur mein rahate they, jabaki penang key nyayadhish aur kanishth puisane nyayadhish penang mein tainaat they. sarvocch nyayalaya koo appeal kii adalat key roop mein baithane kaa adhikaar kshetra bhee diyaa gayaa thaa. 1885 mein paarit kaanoon key parinamswarup, sarvocch nyayalaya mein mukhya nyayadhish aur teen kanishth nyayadhish shamil they. 1907 mein adalat mein kaafee badalaav kiya gayaa thaa. abb isake dou vibhaag they, ack mool nagrik aur aaparaadhik kshetradhikar kaa prayog karate hue aur doosara apeeliya nagrik aur aaparaadhik kshetradhikar.
singapur (1942-1945) key japani kabje key dauran, british shasson key tahat sanchaalit sabhi adalaton koo japani sainya prashaasan dwara sthaapit nae adalaton dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. syonan koto-hoin (sarvocch nyayalaya) kaa gathan 29 maee 1942 koo kiya gayaa thaa; ack appeal kii adalat bhee thee, lekin ise kabhi naheen bulaaya gayaa thaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key anta key baad, yuddh seey pahale maujood adalaton koo bahaal curr diyaa gayaa aur 1963 mein malaysia key saath vilay key madhyam seey sanyukt raajya seey singapur kii swatantrata taka kaafee hudd taka aparivartit rhaa. malaysia kii nyaayik shakti ack sanghiya adalat, malay mein ack uchch nyayalaya, bornio mein ack uchch nyayalaya (abb sabah aur sarawak mein uchch nyayalaya), aur singapur mein ack uchch nyayalaya mein nihit thee. 1965 mein singapur ney malaysia key sangh koo chhod diyaa aur ack swatantra ganarajya bunn gayaa. haalaanki, uchch nyayalaya 1969 taka sanghiya nyayalaya sanrachana kaa hissa rhaa, jaba singapur ney nyaayik pranali koo niyamit karane key liye sarvocch nyayalaya nyaayik adhiniyam lagu kiya. 9 janwari 1970 koo lagu honey vaale iss adhiniyam ney ghoshana kii kii singapur key sarvocch nyayalaya mein abb appeal kii adalat, aaparaadhik appeal kii adalat aur uchch nyayalaya shamil hain. sivil aur aaparaadhik donon apeelon key liye ack sthaayi adalat kii sthaapana honey taka niji parishad kii nyaayik samiti singapur kii sarvocch apeeliya adalat bunny rahee. 1994 mein niji parishad key liye apeelon koo poori tarah seey samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
nyayalaya kaa samvidhaan.
singapur kaa sarvocch nyayalaya desh kaa sarvocch nyayalaya haye. yeh iss mayane mein behtar haye kii singapur kii adheenasth adalaton kii tulanaa mein diwani aur aaparaadhik mamalon kii sunavaai karane kaa iska adhikaar kshetra aseemit haye, aur yeh nichali adalaton seey apeelon kii sunavaai kartaa haye. abhilekh kii adalat key roop mein, yeh apani kaaryavaahi kaa ack sthaayi abhilekh rakhta haye. uchch nyayalaya sarvocch nyayalaya kaa nichala prabhaag haye, oopari nyayalaya appeal kaa nyayalaya haye.
uchch nyayalaya mein singapur key mukhya nyayadhish aur uchch nyayalaya key nyayadhish shamil hotey hain. nyayadhish niyukt honey key yogya logon koo cumm seey cumm duss varshon key liye kanuni peshe adhiniyam key arth key bheetar yogya honah chaahiye. yaa singapur kanuni seva kaa sadasya, yaa donon. uchch nyayalaya key mukhya nyayadhish aur nyayadhishon kii niyukti singapur key rashtrapati dwara kii jaati haye yadi vaha apane vivek seey kaary karate hue pradhaanmantri kii salah seey sahmat hotey hain. jahaan nyayadhishon kii niyukti kaa sambandh haye, pradhaanmantri koo rashtrapati koo salah dene seey pahale mukhya nyayadhish seey paramarsh karna aavashyak haye. isake alawa, sarvocch nyayalaya mein kaary key niptan koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye, rashtrapati, yadi vaha pradhaanmantri kii salah seey sahmat haye, tou sarvocch nyayalaya key nyaayik aayukt honey key liye nyayadhish banane key yogya logon koo niyukt curr sakata haye. nyaayik aayukt uchch nyayalaya key nyayadhishon key samaan shaktiyon kaa prayog karate hain aur samaan kaary karate hain. haalaanki, aam taur parr 65 varsh kii ayu taka pada dhaaran karane vaale nyayadhishon key vipareet, nyaayik ayukton key paas karyakal kii suraksha naheen hoti haye.
samanya taur parr, adalat mein sabhi kaaryavaahi kii sunavaai kii jaati haye aur ack nyayadhish key samaksh niptai jaati haye. jaba bhee adalat key kaary kii aavashyakta hoti haye, tou appeal kii adalat kaa appeal kaa nyayadhish uchch nyayalaya mein baith sakata haye aur uchch nyayalaya key nyayadhish key roop mein kaary curr sakata haye. yadi nyayalaya koo lagata haye kii usey kissy vishesh mamle mein sahaayata kii aavashyakta haye, tou vaha usa mamle mein kaushal aur anubhav vaale vyaktiyon koo bulaa sakata haye jisase kaaryavaahi adalat key saath baithane aur moolyankankarta key roop mein kaary karane seey sambandhit haye.
mukhya nyayadhish apane saathi nyayadhishon key beach adalat key vyavasaay koo vitarit karane key liye ack samanya yaa vishesh prakriti key nirdesh dey sakata haye. 2002 mein, yeh ghoshana kii gaee thee kii sarvocch nyayalaya mein visheshagya vaanijyik adalaton kii sthaapana kii jaayegi taaki nyaypalika kii "singapur koo mukdamebaji, madhyasthata aur madhyasthata mein ack pramukh antarrashtriya vaanijyik vivaad samadhan kendra mein badalane kii pratibaddhata" parr jore diyaa jaa sakey. nausena adalat kii sthaapana farwari 2002 mein nausena kaanoon key mamalon seey nipatane key liye kii gaee thee, jisake baad sitambar mein bauddhik sampada adalat dwara adhyakshata kii jaati haye jisaki adhyakshata bauddhik sampada kaanoon mein visheshagyata vaale nyayadhishon aur nyaayik ayukton dwara kii jaati haye. aprail 2003 mein, nyaayamurti judith prakaash koo uchch nyayalaya key samaksh laae gaye sabhi madhyasthata mamalon kii adhyakshata karane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa; nyaayamurti belinda aang ney en aur vee.key. raajaa koo isi tarah agale varsh navambar mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa.
uchch nyayalaya varsh key pratyek dinn, shaniwar, ravivaar aur saarvajanik chhuttiyon koo chhodkar baithata haye, halanki ack nyayadhish kanuni roop seey aise dinon mein baith sakata haye yadi mukhya nyayadhish dwara aisaa karane kaa nirdesh diyaa jaataa haye yaa yadi nyayadhish kii raay haye kii bheja jaane vaalaa vyavasaay behad aavashyak haye. uchch nyayalaya aise samay aur aise sthaanon parr baithata haye jahan mukhya nyayadhish samay-samay parr niyukt kartaa haye. jaba sarvocch nyayalaya ney 1 aur 3 sent andru sadak parr puraane sarvocch nyayalaya bhawan aur city holl bhawan seey 1 sarvocch nyayalaya laine parr vartamaan sarvocch nyayalaya bhawan mein sthanantarit kiya, tou mukhya nyayadhish ney aupchaarik roop seey naee imarat koo ack aise sthaan key roop mein niyukt kiya jahaan uchch nyayalaya 20 juuna 2005 kii adhisuchana key madhyam seey baithata haye.
adhikaar kshetra.
uchch nyayalaya nagrik aur aaparaadhik mamalon mein mool adhikaar kshetra aur apeeliya adhikaar kshetra donon kaa prayog kartaa haye. mool adhikaar kshetra rakhane seey, adalat pahale udaaharan mein mamalon kii sunavaai karane mein saksham haye; dusare shabdon mein, yeh pahali baar adalaton key samaksh aaney vaale mamalon key mukdamon seey nipat sakata haye. siddhant roop mein, adalat key paas aseemit mool adhikaar kshetra haye-yeh kissy bhee prakaar key diwani yaa aaparaadhik mamle koo suna sakata haye, chaahe vaha kitna bhee tuchchh yaa gambhir kyon naa hoe. haalaanki, vyavhaar mein, pakshakaron koo uchch laagat (kanuni shulk) kaa bhugtan karke dandit kiya jaa sakata haye yadi way uchch nyayalaya key samaksh ack diwani mamle koo laane kaa vikalp chunate hain jaba ise ack adheenasth adalat dwara adhik uchit roop seey nipataaya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, ack magistrate kii adalat aise diwani mamalon kii sunavaai curr sakati haye jahaan daavaa kii gaee raashi 60,000 dollar seey adhik naheen haye. yadi koee vaadi anubandh, yaatana yaa kissy likhit kaanoon key aadhar parr dhana kii raashi kii vasuli key liye uchch nyayalaya mein kaarravaai shuru kartaa haye, aur mukadama magistrate kii adalat mein daayar kiya jaa sakata haye, yadi vaadi antatah 60,000 dollar seey adhik kii raashi kii vasuli mein safal hoe jaati haye, tou vaha koee adhik laagat praapt karane kii hakdar naheen haye-ack magistrate kii adalat dwara usey deya kanuni kharch-ack magistrate kii adalat ney adesh diyaa hoga. aam taur parr, probate mamalon koo chhodkar, uchch nyayalaya mein ack diwani mamla shuru kiya jaanaa chaahiye yadi daave kaa moolya 250,000 dollar seey adhik haye. uchch nyayalaya mein probate mamle kewal tabhi shuru kiye jaate hain jaba mritak kii sampatti kaa moolya 30 laakh dollar seey adhik hoe, yaa yadi mamle mein probate yaa prashaasan key patron key videshi anudan koo phir seey jabt karna shamil hoe.
likhit kaanoon yeh bhee nirdisht karate hain kii kuchh aaparaadhik mamalon kii sunavaai uchch nyayalaya key bajaay adheenasth adalaton mein kii jaani chaahiye. udaaharan key liye, ack jilaa adalat koo sabhi apraadhon kii sunavaai karane kaa adhikaar kshetra haye, jisamen adhikatam duss saal seey adhik kii kaid yaa kewal jurmaane seey dandaniya naheen haye, isaliye aise apraadhon key mukadame aam taur parr uchch nyayalaya key samaksh naheen aayojit kiye jaate hain. nyayalaya apane apeeliya adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog taba kartaa haye jaba vaha adheenasth nyayalayon mein shuru honey vaale mukdamon seey apeelon kii sunavaai kartaa haye.
nyayalaya adheenasth nyayalayon parr paryavekshi aur punareekshan adhikaar kshetra kaa bhee prayog kartaa haye.
mool adhikaar kshetra.
mool nagrik adhikaar kshetra.
uchch nyayalaya koo "vyaktigat roop seey" (yaani kissy vishesh vyakti key prati nirdeshit) kissy bhee kaarravaai koo sunane aur uska prayaas karane kaa adhikaar kshetra haye, jahaanh
vishesh roop seey, nyayalaya kaa adhikaar kshetra haih
adalat singapur key seeriya adalat key saath kuchh mamalon mein samvarti adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog karati haye, joe muslim vaivaahik kaanoon seey judey mamalon seey sambandhit haye. basharte kii kuchh shartein poori hoe jaaen, uchch nyayalaya koo kissy bhee patni yaa bachche key bharan-poshan, kissy bhee bachche kii abhiraksha, aur talaak parr sampatti key niptan yaa vibhajan seey sambandhit seeriya adalat key adhikaar kshetra key bheetar kissy bhee diwani kaaryavaahi koo sunane aur mukadama chalaane kaa adhikaar kshetra haye.
mukhya nyayadhish nirdesh dey sakata haye kii jilaa adalat kuchh prakaar kii kaaryavaahi sunein aur nirdhaarit karey jaba vaha samajhata haye kii nyaay key prashaasan mein dakshata mein sudhaar karna aavashyak yaa samichin haye aur uchch nyayalaya mein shuru kii gaee kaaryavaahi key twarit niptan kaa praavdhaan karna haye. 1996 mein vaivaahik mamalon kii sunavaai key liye uchch nyayalaya key adhikaar kshetra key pahaluon koo ack samarpit parivarik adalat mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jise ack jilaa adalat key roop mein gathit kiya gayaa haye. disambar 2007 taka, parivarik adalat talaak, vaivaahik sampatti key vibhajan aur bachchon key sanrakshakta seey sambandhit kaaryavaahi kii sunavaai karati haye, jisamen way mamle bhee shamil hain jinn parr uska seeriya adalat key saath samvarti adhikaar kshetra haye. haalaanki, vaivaahik parisampattiyon key vibhajan key liye vivaadit aavedan jahaan kissy bhee paksh dwara kaaryavaahi key liye daavaa kiya gayaa shuddh moolya 15 laakh dollar yaa usase adhik haye, uchch nyayalaya koo vaapas sthanantarit curr diyaa jaataa haye. parivarik nyayalaya dwara liye gaye nirnayon key khilaf uchch nyayalaya mein appeal kii jaa sakati haye, lekin appeal kii adalat mein aage koee appeal naheen kii jaa sakati haye jaba taka kii appeal kii adalat yaa uchch nyayalaya kaa nyayadhish aisee appeal key liye anumati naheen detaa haye.
sivil trial.
adhikansh diwani mukdamon mein, vaadi mamle koo kholane key liye bhaashan dekar kaaryavaahi shuru karate hain. vaadi dwara sabhi sakshya prastut karane key baad, prativaadi koo yeh taya karna hoga kii usey sakshya prastut karna haye yaa naheen. yadi prativaadi aisaa naheen karane kaa chunaav kartaa haye, tou vaadi mamle koo samaapt karane key liye ack bhaashan dey sakata haye, aur prativaadi phir apane mamle koo bataane key liye aage badhata haye. haalaanki, yadi prativaadi sakshya prastut karane kaa chunaav kartaa haye, tou prativaadi apana mamla kholata haye, sakshya prastut kartaa haye, aur mamle koo bund karane key liye ack bhaashan detaa haye. phir vaadi jawab mein bhaashan dey sakata haye. yadi koee paksh antim bhaashan mein kaanoon kaa ack nayaa mudda uthaata haye yaa kissy aise pradhikaran kaa hawala detaa haye jiska ullekh pahale naheen kiya gayaa haye, tou doosara paksh usa bindu key jawab mein aage kaa bhaashan dey sakata haye.
yadi kaarravaai mein sabhi muddon key saboot kaa bojh prativaadi parr haye, tou prativaadi vaadi key bajaay shuru karane kaa hakdar haye. mukadama taba vaadi key saath prativaadi key mamle kaa jawab dene key saath aage badhata haye, aur isi tarah.
mool aaparaadhik adhikaar kshetra.
uchch nyayalaya key paas kiye gaye sabhi apraadhon parr mukadama chalaane kaa adhikaar kshetra haih
sunavaai aur prasaran kaaryavaahi.
kissy abhiyukt vyakti key uchch nyayalaya mein mukadame key liye pratibaddh honey seey pahale, yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye kii kyaa abhiyukt koo mukadame mein rakhane key liye paryaapt saboot hain, ack jaanch magistrate key samaksh ack pratibaddh sunavaai honey chaahiye. ack abhiyukt koo doshi thaharaane key liye ack baar mein mukadame key liye pratibaddh kiya jaa sakata haye (maut seey dandaniya aparaadh koo chhodkar), abhiyojan paksh dwara prastut mamle key tathya abhiyukt koo karane key liye paryaapt aadharon kaa khulasa karate hain, aur magistrate santusht hotaa haye kii aaropi usake yaa usake khilaf aarop kii prakriti koo samajhata haye aur usake yaa usake khilaf kathit aparaadh koo yogyata key binaa sweekaar karane kaa irada rakhta haye.
anya mamalon mein, jaanch karane vaale magistrate koo abhiyojan paksh dwara prastut sakshya parr vichaar karna chaahiye aur yeh taya karna chaahiye kii kyaa abhiyukt koo mukadame key liye pratibaddh karane key liye paryaapt aadhar hain. yadi aparyaapt aadhar hain, tou magistrate aaropi koo aaropmukt curr sakata haye. yadi mamle seey judee vishisht kathinaaiyaan yaa paristhitiyaan hain, yaa yadi magistrate koo lock abhiyojak dwara iss tarah nirdeshit kiya jaataa haye, tou magistrate koo mamle key niptan key liye nirdesh pradaan karane key liye adalat key samaksh lock abhiyojak koo sakshya preshit karna chaahiye. anyatha, yadi jaanch karane vaale magistrate koo lagata haye kii abhiyukt koo abhiyojan paksh key sakshya key aadhar parr uchch nyayalaya mein mukadame key liye pratibaddh kiya jaanaa chaahiye, tou abhiyojan paksh dwara lagaae gaye aarop koo padhaa jaanaa chaahiye aur abhiyukt koo samajhaaya jaanaa chaahiye, aur magistrate koo nimnalikhit shabdon yaa shabdon kaa paath karna chaahiye.
yadi abhiyukt bachaav paksh koo aarakshit rakhane kaa chunaav kartaa haye (yaani, abhiyukt iss star parr aarop kaa jawab naheen dene kaa vikalp chunata haye), tou magistrate koo abhiyukt koo mukadame key liye pratibaddh karna chaahiye. yadi abhiyukt bachaav karane kaa chunaav kartaa haye, tou yeh ack likhit bayaan yaa ack maukhik bayaan key madhyam seey kiya jaa sakata haye jise magistrate dwara likhit roop mein liya jaataa haye. bachaav paksh koo sunane key baad, magistrate yaa tou aaropi koo aaropmukt curr sakata haye yaa aaropi koo mukadame key liye pratibaddh curr sakata haye.
kuchh yaun apraadhon key liye, koee pratibaddh sunavaai kii aavashyakta naheen haye yadi lock abhiyojak kii raay haye kii ack poorna aur uchit aaparaadhik mukadame key liye ack aadhar pradaan karane vaale paryaapt saboot hain. aise mamalon mein, lock abhiyojak adalat dwara yeh nirdhaarit curr sakata haye kii mamle kii sunavaai uchch nyayalaya mein yaa jilaa nyayalaya yaa magistrate kii adalat mein kii jaae. ack adalat seey adesh praapt karane parr, ack magistrate koo aaropi vyakti key khilaf aarop koo padhane aur usey samajhaane kii vyavastha karni chaahiye, aur phir mamle koo mukadame key liye upayukt adalat mein preshit karna chaahiye.
aaparaadhik mukadame.
uchch nyayalaya key samaksh sabhi aaparaadhik mukdamon kii sunavaai kii jaati haye aur uchch nyayalaya key ekal nyayadhish key samaksh unakaa niptara kiya jaataa haye. jaba adalat mukadama shuru karane key liye taiyar hoti haye, tou aaropi adalat mein pesh hotaa haye yaa usey adalat key saamane laaya jaataa haye. aarop padhaa aur samajhaaya jaataa haye, aur abhiyukt seey poochha jaataa haye kii kyaa way aparaadh key doshi hain yaa mukadama chalaane kaa daavaa karate hain. yadi abhiyukt doshi thaharaata haye tou yachika darj kii jaati haye, aur usa parr doshi thaharaaya jaa sakata haye aur sajaa sunai jaa sakati haye. yadi abhiyukt anurodh karane seey incar kartaa haye yaa mukadama chalaane kaa daavaa naheen kartaa haye, tou adalat mamle kii sunavaai karane key liye aage badhati haye.
lock abhiyojak key vakeel ney sheeghra hii aaropit aparaadh kii prakriti aur usa sakshya koo bataate hue mamle koo shuru kiya jisake dwara aaropi kaa aparaadh saabit karane kaa prastaav haye. abhiyojan paksh key gavaahon seey phir poochtaachh kii jaati haye, bachaav paksh key liye jirah kii jaati haye aur yadi aavashyak hoe tou abhiyojan paksh dwara phir seey poochtaachh kii jaati haye. jaba abhiyojan paksh kaa mamla samaapt hoe jaataa haye, tou bachaav paksh adalat koo iss aadhar parr mamle koo khariz karane key liye aamantrit curr sakata haye kii jawab dene key liye koee mamla naheen haye. adalat koo yeh taya karna chaahiye kii kyaa aaropi key khilaf koee saboot haye joe swabhavik roop seey avishvasaniya naheen haye aur joe usake yaa usake khilaf aarop key harr tatva koo santusht kartaa haye. yadi aisaa koee saboot naheen haye, tou aaropi koo burry curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. yadi adalat koo pataa chalata haye kii aaropi key khilaf mamla banaaya gayaa haye, tou usey aaropi koo bachaav karane key liye bulana hoga. yeh taya karna aaropi parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii usey bachaav kii peshkash karni haye yaa naheen. abhiyukt, yaa unakaa adhivakta, bachaav paksh key liye mamla khol sakata haye, una tathyon yaa kaanoon koo bataate hue jinn parr abhiyukt bharosa karane kaa irada rakhta haye aur abhiyojan paksh key liye sakshya parr tippani curr sakata haye. abhiyukt taba gavaahon seey poochtaachh curr sakata haye, aur abhiyojan paksh dwara unase jirah karane aur bachaav paksh dwara phir seey poochtaachh karane key baad, mamle kaa saransh dey sakata haye. abhiyojan paksh taba vyaktiyon koo gawah key roop mein bulaa sakata haye yaa khandan uddeshyon key liye punah poochtaachh key liye pahale seey hii jaanch kiye gaye vyaktiyon koo vaapas bulaa sakata haye, aur aise khandan gavaahon seey bachaav paksh dwara jirah kii jaa sakati haye aur abhiyojan paksh dwara phir seey poochtaachh kii jaa sakati haye. chaahe aaropi ney saboot pesh kiya hoe yaa naheen, abhiyojan paksh koo poore mamle mein jawab dene kaa adhikaar haye.
yadi adalat aaropi koo doshi naheen paati haye, tou vaha burry karane kaa adesh darj karati haye. yadi vaha aaropi koo doshi paataa haye, tou vaha kaanoon key anusaar aaropi koo sajaa detaa haye. uchch nyayalaya mool aaparaadhik adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog karane vaalaa ekmatra nyayalaya haye joe mrityudand lagaa sakata haye. jaba koee vyakti dou saal yaa usase adhik key karawas key dandaniya aparaadh key liye doshi thaharaaya jaataa haye aur pahale singapur yaa isi tarah key aparaadh key anya sthaanon mein doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa, tou adalat kissy anya sajaa key alawa, nirdesh dey sakati haye kii vaha inn apraadhon mein seey antim key liye sajaa paarit honey key turant baad seey saat saal seey adhik samay taka pulis paryavekshan key adheen naa hoe. isake alawa, kewal uchch nyayalaya aur jilaa adalaton koo doshi vyaktiyon koo sudharatmak prashikshan, sudharatmak prashikshan yaa nivaarak hirasat key liye sajaa dene kaa adhikaar haye.
faisala vaapas aaney seey pahale adalat key samaksh mukadame key kissy bhee charan mein, abhiyojan paksh adalat koo soochit curr sakata haye kii vaha aarop parr aaropi parr aage mukadama naheen chalaayega. abhiyukt key khilaf aarop parr sabhi kaaryavaahi parr roque lagaa dee jaati haye, aur usey chhutti dey dee jaati haye. abhiyojan paksh vibhinn karanon seey iss tarah seey kaary curr sakata haye; udaaharan key liye, yadi vaha abb yeh naheen maanata haye kii aaropi ney aparaadh kiya haye, yadi vaha mahsoos kartaa haye kii aaropi key khilaf mamla kamjor haye, yaa yadi uska vichaar haye kii isake mamle key liye sakshya ekatra karane key liye aage kii jaanch kii aavashyakta haye. jaba taka kii nyayadhish spasht roop seey anyatha nirdesh naheen detaa haye, iss tarah kaa nirvahan burry honey key barabar naheen haye. iska matlab haye kii yadi abhiyojan paksh apane mamle koo majboot karane key liye atirikt saboot praapt karane mein saksham haye, tou vaha baad key charan mein aaropi key khilaf phir seey aaparaadhik kaaryavaahi curr sakata haye.
nyaayik sameeksha adhikaar kshetra.
uchch nyayalaya key mool adhikaar kshetra kaa ack vishesh pahalu iska nyaayik sameeksha adhikaar kshetra haye. yeh adhikaar kshetra kissy bhee kaanoon mein spasht roop seey bataae jaane key bajaay nihit haye. adalat dou prakaar kii nyaayik sameeksha kaa abhyaas karati haih singapur key samvidhaan key tahat nyaayik sameeksha aur prashaasnik adhiniyamon kii nyaayik sameeksha. haalaanki, kewal pahala prakaar adalat key nyaayik sameeksha kshetradhikar kaa ack abhyaas haye, kyonki prashaasnik karyon kii nyaayik sameeksha koo adalat key paryavekshi kshetradhikar key bheetar aaney vaalaa maanaa jaataa haye (neeche dekhein).
singapur kaa samvidhaan singapur kaa sarvocch kaanoon haye. 9 agast 1965 koo samvidhaan key lagu honey seey pahale lagu honey vaale samanya kaanoon samvidhaan key shuru honey key baad bhee lagu hotey rahate hain, lekin unakaa arth aise sanshodhanon, anukoolan, yogyataon aur apvaadon key saath lagaaya jaanaa chaahiye joe unhein samvidhaan key anuroop laane key liye aavashyak hoe. samvidhaan key praarambh key baad vidhaayika dwara adhiniyamit koee bhee kaanoon joe samvidhaan key saath asangat haye, visangati kii seema taka amaanya haye. iss prakaar, samvidhaan sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya key aitihaasik nirnay mein sthaapit siddhant koo darshaata haye, "marbury banaam. (1803): choonki kaanoon kii vyakhya karna adalaton kii bhoomika haye, isaliye unake paas yeh taya karane kii shakti haye kii kyaa samanya kaanoon samvidhaan key saath asangat hain aur yadi aisaa haye, tou aise kaanoonon koo amaanya ghoshit karane kii shakti haye. singapur uchch nyayalaya ney 1994 key mamle "chaan hiang leng collin banaam" mein apane faisale mein isi tarah kaa rukh apanaaya. lock abhiyojak ":
aaparaadhik kaaryavaahi mein, yadi samvidhaan key kissy bhee praavdhaan kii vyakhya yaa prabhaav key baare mein kaanoon kaa koee prashn utpann hotaa haye, tou ack paksh apane nirnay key liye kanuni prashn parr "praasangik adalat" mein bataae jaane vaale mamle key liye nichali adalat mein aavedan curr sakata haye. jahan nichali adalat ack adheenasth adalat haye, vahaan praasangik adalat uchch nyayalaya haye aur jahan nichali adalat uchch nyayalaya haye, vahaan praasangik adalat appeal kii adalat haye. lock abhiyojak koo mamle kii sunavaai mein sunai dene kaa adhikaar haye. choonki diwani kaaryavaahi key liye koee sambandhit vaidhaanik praavdhaan naheen hain, jaba kissy adheenasth adalat mein aise mamalon key dauran samvaidhaanik mudde utpann hotey hain, tou una parr usa adalat dwara kaarravaai kii jaayegi aur phir uchch nyayalaya mein aur sambhavatah samanya tareeke seey appeal kii adalat mein appeal kii jaa sakati haye. vaikalpik roop seey, diwani kaaryavaahi kaa ack paksh samvaidhaanik mudde koo nirdhaarit karane key liye uchch nyayalaya mein ack alag kaarravaai shuru curr sakata haye.
shaktiyaan.
uchch nyayalaya una shaktiyon kaa prayog kartaa haye joe likhit kaanoon dwara usamen nihit hain. udaaharan key liye, isamen nimnalikhit kii shakti haih
uchch nyayalaya adesh dey sakata haye kii kissy bhee aaparaadhik mamle koo adheenasth aaparaadhik nyayalaya seey kissy anya samaan yaa uchch adhikaar kshetra key aaparaadhik nyayalaya mein yaa swayam nyayalaya mein sthanantarit kiya jaae, jaba bhee yeh nyayalaya koo dikhaai detaa haye kih
apeeliya adhikaar kshetra.
apeeliya nagrik adhikaar kshetra.
sivil mamalon mein apeeliya adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog karate samay, uchch nyayalaya jilaa adalaton, magistrates kii adalaton aur anya nyayadhikaranon seey apeelon kii sunavaai kartaa haye. jilaa adalat yaa magistrate key adalat key mamle mein jahaan vivaad kii raashi yaa vishay-vastu kaa moolya 50,000 dollar seey adhik naheen haye, uchch nyayalaya, jilaa adalat yaa magistrate kii adalat kii anumati kii aavashyakta hoti haye. aisee apeelon kii sunavaai aamtaur parr ack ekal nyayadhish dwara kii jaati haye, halanki yadi nyayadhish uchit samajhata haye tou appeal koo teen nyayadhishon kii adalat key samaksh taya kiya jaa sakata haye. aise mamalon mein, appeal kaa nirnay adhikansh nyayadhishon kii raay key anusaar kiya jaataa haye. yadi adalat kaa maanana haye kii trial jaj kaa nirnay sahee thaa, tou vaha appeal koo khariz curr degi aur neeche diye gaye faisale koo barkarar rakhegi. anyatha, appeal kii anumati dee jaati haye aur mukadame key nyayadhish key faisale koo palat diyaa jaataa haye.
apeelen sunavaai key madhyam seey hoti hain; dusare shabdon mein, uchch nyayalaya mamle parr nae sire seey vichaar karane kaa hakdar haye aur neeche diye gaye nyayalaya dwara kiye gaye nirnay seey kissy bhee tarah seey baadhya naheen haye. haalaanki, ack appeal key dauran, gawah apani gawahi doharaane key liye phir seey adalat key samaksh pesh naheen hotey hain. isake bajaay, adalat usa nyayadhish dwara liye gaye noton koo sandarbhit karati haye jisane pahale mamle mein mukadame kii adhyakshata kii thee, yaa yadi yeh upalabdh haye tou kaaryavaahi kii poori pratilekh. yeh pakshon key vakeelon dwara prastut kanuni tarkon koo bhee sunata haye. appeal key dauran, adalat key paas vahee shaktiyaan hoti hain joe uchch nyayalaya seey apeelon kii sunavaai karate samay appeal kii adalat key paas hoti hain.
apeeliya aaparaadhik adhikaar kshetra.
uchch nyayalaya jilaa nyayalayon aur magistrates kii adalaton mein utpann aaparaadhik mamalon seey apeelon kii sunavaai kartaa haye. yeye nimn adaalaten aaparaadhik mamalon mein utpann honey vaale kaanoon key binduon koo bhee uchch nyayalaya dwara taya karane key liye aarakshit curr sakati hain.
samanya taur parr, jilaa adalat yaa magistrate kii adalat dwara doshi thaharaae gaye vyakti koo doshasiddhi, sajaa yaa donon key khilaf appeal karni chaahiye. haalaanki, yadi vyakti ney doshi thaharaaya haye, tou appeal kewal sajaa kii seema yaa vaidhata key roop mein hoe sakati haye. lock abhiyojak koo kissy vyakti key burry honey key khilaf appeal karane kaa adhikaar haye.
uchch nyayalaya kissy adheenasth nyayalaya key nirnay, sajaa yaa adesh koo taba taka ulat yaa darkinar naheen karega jaba taka kii yeh santusht naheen hoe kii nirnay, burry karane, sajaa yaa adesh yaa tou kaanoon mein galat thaa yaa sakshya key bhaar key khilaf thaa, yaa, kissy sajaa key mamle mein, mamle kii paristhitiyon mein spasht roop seey atyadhik yaa aparyaapt thaa. yadi hastakshep karane key liye paryaapt aadhar naheen haye, tou adalat appeal koo khariz curr degi. anyatha, adalat nimnalikhit adesh dey sakati haih
jilaa nyayalaya yaa magistrate kii adalat, kissy bhee nirnay, sajaa yaa paarit yaa kiye gaye adesh key samay seey duss dinon key bheetar, uchch nyayalaya key vichaar key liye kaaryavaahi mein utpann honey vaale kaanoon key kissy bhee prashn parr kissy paksh seey likhit aavedan key saath yaa usake binaa kaaryavaahi mein kaaryavaahi mein utpann honey vaale kaanoon key kissy bhee prashn parr mamla bataa sakati haye. ack adheenasth adalat uchch nyayalaya key liye ack mamle koo bataane seey incar curr sakati haye yadi yeh raay haye kii isake liye aavedan tuchchh haye, sivaay isake kii aavedan lock abhiyojak dwara kiya gayaa haye. yadi koee adheenasth adalat kissy mamle koo bataane seey incar karati haye, tou ack aavedak adheenasth adalat koo aisaa karane key liye majboor karane key adesh key liye uchch nyayalaya mein aavedan curr sakata haye. uchch nyayalaya bataae gaye mamalon parr utpann honey vaale kaanoon key prashnon kii sunavaai aur nirdhaaran kartaa haye, phir yaa tou mamle parr adheenasth nyayalaya key nirnay kii pushti kartaa haye, sanshodhan kartaa haye yaa ulat detaa haye, yaa koee anya adesh detaa haye jise vaha upayukt samajhata haye.
paryavekshi aur sanshodhan kshetradhikar.
paryavekshi adhikaar kshetra.
uchch nyayalaya key paas sabhi adheenasth nyayalayon parr samanya paryavekshi aur punareekshan adhikaar kshetra haye. yadi nyaay key hiton key liye isaki aavashyakta prateet hoti haye, tou adalat, yaa tou apane swayam key prastaav seey yaa yadi kissy ichchuk vyakti dwara anurodh kiya jaataa haye, tou kissy bhee mamle key record yaa adheenasth adalat mein kaaryavaahi, chaahe vaha diwani hoe yaa aaparaadhik, kissy bhee star parr bulaa sakati haye. taba yeh adesh dey sakata haye kii mamle koo uchch nyayalaya mein sthanantarit kiya jaae yaa adheenasth adalat koo nirdesh diyaa jaae kii mamle koo kaise sanchaalit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, jaisa kii nyaay kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. paryavekshi yaa punareekshan adhikaarita kaa prayog karate samay, yeh adalat koo taya karna haye kii kaaryavaahi mein kissy bhee paksh kii daleelen sunani hain yaa naheen; kissy bhee paksh koo adalat key samaksh sunavaai kaa adhikaar naheen haye. haalaanki, yadi adalat kissy bhee vyakti key purvagrah key liye antim adesh dene kaa irada rakhti haye, tou usa vyakti koo pahale sunavaai kaa avsar diyaa jaanaa chaahiye.
uchch nyayalaya key paryavekshi kshetradhikar kaa ack mahatvapurna pahalu nimn nyayadhikaranon (adheenasth adalaton sahit) aur anya nirnay lene vaale nikaayon aur sarkari agencies aur adhikaariyon jaise vyaktiyon key nirnayon kii nyaayik roop seey sameeksha karane kii isaki kshamata haye. yeh adhikaar kshetra raajaa kii peeth dwara prayog kiye gaye pracheen "truti mein adhikaar kshetra" seey utpann hotaa haye joe abb ingland aur wells key uchch nyayalaya kaa ack vibhaag haye. haalaanki singapur uchch nyayalaya dwara iss adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog kissy bhee kaanoon mein ullikhit naheen haye, adalat koo vishesh roop seey likhit kaanoon dwara pradatt kissy bhee adhikaar koo lagu karane key liye yaa kissy anya uddeshya key liye kissy bhee vyakti yaa pradhikaran koo koee nirdesh, adesh yaa ritt jaari karane kaa adhikaar haye, jisamen nimnalikhit visheshaadhikaar adesh shamil hainh
raajaa kii peeth ney apane nyaayik sameeksha adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog karate hue aise adesh jaari kiye they.
siddhant roop mein, prashaasnik kaarravaai kii nyaayik sameeksha kaa prayog karate samay, adalat kaa kaary kewal yeh sunishchit karna haye kii prashnagat nirnay kaanoon key anusaar kiya gayaa thaa. bhale hii yeh nirnay seey asahmat hoe sakata haye, lekin yeh nirnay lene vaale key nirnay key sthaan parr apane nirnay koo naheen badalega. haalaanki, vyavhaar mein, kabhi-kabhi yeh bataana mushkil hotaa haye kii kyaa adalat usa siddhant koo lagu curr rahee haye. nyayalaya key adhikaar kshetra key iss pahalu seey nipatane vaali kaanoon kii shakha prashaasnik kaanoon haye.
punareekshan adhikaar kshetra.
uchch nyayalaya kissy bhee adheenasth nyayalaya key samaksh kissy bhee diwani kaaryavaahi key record kii maang curr sakata haye aur usaki jaanch curr sakata haye taaki vaha khud koo santusht curr sakey kii koee bhee nirnay sahee, kanuni aur uchit thaa, aur yeh kii kaaryavaahi aniyamit naheen thee. abhilekhon key liye bulaaye jaane key baad, adalat adesh dey sakati haye, jisamen yeh nirdesh denaa bhee shamil haye kii ack nayaa mukadama chalaaya jaae, joe paryaapt nyaay sunishchit karane key liye aavashyak prateet hotaa haye. haalaanki adalat yaa tou apane prastaav parr yaa kissy paksh key kahane parr kaary curr sakati haye, lekin yeh kissy paksh dwara sanshodhan kii apani shakti kaa prayog karane key anurodh parr vichaar naheen karegi yadi paksh adheenasth adalat key faisale seey appeal curr sakata thaa lekin aisaa karane mein whiffle rhaa.
uchch nyayalaya aaparaadhik kaaryavaahi aur adheenasth nyayalayon mein mamalon key sambandh mein sanshodhan kii shaktiyon kaa bhee prayog curr sakata haye. aaparaadhik kaaryavaahi key abhilekhon koo bulaane aur unaki jaanch karane parr yaa anyatha, adalat magistrate koo una apraadhon kii kissy bhee shikayat kii aage kii jaanch karane kaa nirdesh dey sakati haye jinhen khariz curr diyaa gayaa haye, yaa kissy bhee aaropi vyakti key mamle mein jise aaropmukt curr diyaa gayaa haye. adalat aisee shaktiyon kaa bhee prayog curr sakati haye kii vaha kissy appeal parr prayog karey, jaise kii kissy doshasiddhi koo ulatana yaa kissy sajaa mein badalaav karna, sivaay isake kii adalat burry honey key nishkarsh koo doshasiddhi mein badalane key liye apane punareekshan adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog karane key liye adhikrit naheen haye. jaisa kii diwani mamalon mein hotaa haye, jaba adalat sanshodhan kii apani shaktiyon kaa prayog curr rahee hoti haye tou yeh taya karna usa parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii kissy bhee paksh seey daleelen sunani hain yaa naheen, aur koee bhee paksh sunavaai key adhikaar kaa daavaa naheen curr sakata haye. haalaanki, koee adesh naheen diyaa jaayega kii ack aaropi koo purvagrahon seey grast kiya jaae jaba taka kii usey vyaktigat roop seey yaa apane bachaav mein adhivakta dwara suney jaane kaa avsar naa milaa hoe. jaba uchch nyayalaya dwara kissy mamle koo sanshodhit kiya jaataa haye, tou vaha apane nirnay yaa adesh koo nichali adalat koo pramaanit karega, joe taba pramaanit nirnay key anuroop aage key adesh dey sakata haye.
nyaayik poorvavarti.
nyaayik poorvavarti" (nyaayik poorvavarti) key siddhanton key tahat, uchch nyayalaya appeal nyayalaya key nirnayon seey baadhya haye. iska matlab haye kii yadi appeal kii adalat kaa koee nirnay haye joe uchch nyayalaya mein sunavaai kiye jaa rahey mamle key liye praasangik haye, tou uchch nyayalaya koo ise lagu karna chaahiye, bhale hii
yeh mahsoos hotaa haye kii nirnay galat tareeke seey liya gayaa thaa yaa anyaay kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. badale mein, uchch nyayalaya key nirnay jilaa adalaton aur magistrates kii adalaton parr badhyakari hotey hain.
uchch nyayalaya kaa nyayadhish uchch nyayalaya key anya nyayadhishon key pichhale nirnayon seey baadhya naheen hotaa haye. halanki, ack saath kaam karane key mamle key roop mein, ack adalat aam taur parr pichhale nirnay seey taba taka alag naheen hogi jaba taka kii aisaa karane kaa koee achchha kaaran naa hoe, vishesh roop seey yadi vaha nirnay kuchh samay key liye khadaa rhaa hoe. yadi uchch nyayalaya key paraspar virodhi nirnay hain, tou yeh nirnay karna appeal kii adalat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii unamen seey kaun saa nirnay sahee haye.