stenka razin

steppen timofevic rezin (,; 1630-), jinhen stenka rezin () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ack cossack netaa they, jinhone dakshini roose mein kuleenata aur zaarvaadi naukarshahi key khilaf ack badey vidroh kaa netritva kiya.
praarambhik jeevan.
razin key pitaa, timophi razyaa, maanaa jaataa haye kii roose key maidanon key paas ack shahar, voronz key upnagar seey aae they, jise jangli khet kahaa jaataa thaa. 1667 taka, razin key chaacha aur daadi abhee bhee voronz key baahar "nae usman" yaa "usman" sobakina key gaanv mein rahate they. razin kii maan kii pehchaan parr bahas hoti haye. ack dastaavez mein, razin koo "tooma kozack" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa jiska arth haye "aadhaa khoon", jisase ack parikalpana saamane aaee kii usaki maan ack pakadi gaee "turkeesh" ("turchanka") yaa crimean taataar mahila thee. haalaanki, iss shabd kaa upayog "oopari cossex" dwara mool kii parwah kiye binaa sabhi "nichale cossex" key liye apmaanjanak upnaam key roop mein bhee kiya gayaa thaa. ack anya parikalpana razin kii dharmamaata matrena govrokha key baare mein jaankaari parr adharit haye. parampara key anusaar, ack dharmamaata koo ack janmadaatri seey sambandhit honah chaahiye, aur stenka kii dharmamaata sloboda ukraine key shahar mein rahati thee. iss prakaar, stepan kii maan bhee ukraini hoe sakati haye.
razin kaa pahali baar aitihaasik sroton mein 1652 mein ullekh kiya gayaa thaa, jaba unhone safed samudra parr mahaan solowski mathh kii lambi doori kii tirthayatra parr jaane kii anumati maangi thee. 1661 mein, unakaa ullekh donn cossex seey laker kalmik taka ack rajanyik mission key hisse key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. usake baad, chhah varshon taka unakaa saaraa nishan gayab hoe gayaa, jisake baad vaha tishina aur ilovalya nadiyon key beach daldal key beach, pansinkoye mein sthaapit ack dakait samudaay key netaa key roop mein phir seey dikhaai diyaa, jahan seey unhone volga seey oopar aur neeche jaane vaale sabhi jahaajon seey curr lagaaya. 1665 mein, unake badey bhaai, ivan koo khambhon key saath yuddh seey anadhikrit roop seey palayan key adesh seey maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
polland key saath lambe samay taka chaley yuddhon aur roose-swedish yuddh yuddh ney roose key logon parr bhaari bojh daala. karon mein vriddhi hui, jaisa kii anivarya bharti mein huaa. inn bojhon seey bachane kii ummeed mein kaee kisan dakshin kii or bhaag gaye aur razin key cossex key samooh mein shamil hoe gaye. unake saath kaee anya loga bhee shamil hue joe russie sarkaar seey asantusht they, jinamen nichale vargon key loga bhee shamil they, saath hii gair-russie jaatiya samoohon jaise kii kalmik key pratinidhi bhee shamil they, jinn parr usa samay atyachar kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
razin kaa pahala ullekhaniya shoshan mahaan nausena key kafile koo nasht karna thaa jisamen khajaana naukaaen aur kuladhipati aur masco key ameer vyapariyon kii naukaaen shamil theen. razin ney phir 35 jahaajon key bede key saath volga mein yatra kii, apane raaste mein adhik mahatvapurna kilon parr kabja curr liya aur desh koo vinashkari banaa diyaa. 1668 kii shuruat mein, unhone vivode yakob bezobrazov koo haraaya, jise austrakhan seey unake khilaf bheja gayaa thaa, aur vasant mein dagestan aur faras mein ack hinsak abhiyaan shuru kiya, joe athaarah maheenon taka chalaa.
prishthabhoomi.
1598 seey 1613 taka chalane vaale sankat kaa samay roose key liye ack kathin samay saabit huaa thaa. ruric rajvansh key tsars kii pratyaksh purush vansh 1598 mein samaapt hoe gaee, aur romnov rajvansh (joe antatah 1917 kii farwari kranti key saath samaapt hoe gayaa) kaa shasson kewal 1613 mein shuru huaa. michael romnov (1613 seey 1645 taka zaar) aur unake bete alexes (1645 seey 1676 taka zaar) key shasankal mein zaar kii shakti koo majboot kiya gayaa taaki pareshaniyon key samay kii uthal-puthal key baad russie bhoomi koo sthir kiya jaa sakey. natijatan, zemsky sobar aur boyer parishad, roose mein sarkaar key dou anya nikaayon ney dheere-dheere prabhaav khou diyaa. russie aabaadi pandrah varshon key "lagbhag arajakta" seey majboot, kendrikrit nirankushon key shasankal taka chully gaee.
isake alawa, roose mein kisaanon aur kuleen varg key beach ack gahara vibhajan thaa. 1649 kii kaanoon sanhita key saath daasata key sansthagatkaran sahit kisaanon key vyavhaar aur kanuni sthiti mein parivartan ney kisaanon key beach ashanti mein yogdan diyaa. donn cossex, ack badey paimaane parr nimn-varg kaa samooh joe donn nadee key paas swatantra roop seey rahata thaa aur jise zaar kii sarkaar ney roose kii dakshini seemaon kii raksha key badale mein subsidy dee, ney razin key vidroh kaa netritva kiya. itihaaskaar paul everich ney rajin key vidroh koo usa avadhi key anya lokpriya vidrohon key samaan "vidroh aur vidroh key jigyasu mishran" key roop mein varnit kiya haye. razin ney zaar key bajaay "gaddaar-ladakon" key khilaf vidroh kiya. cossex ney zaar kaa samarthan kiya kii unhone usake liye anubandhit sainya balon key roop mein kaam kiya-jaise kii unhone pahale polish-lithuanian rashtramandal kii seva kii thee.
donn seey prasthaan.
1667 mein, razin ney cossex key ack chhote samooh koo ikattha kiya aur donn koo caspian samudra mein ack abhiyaan key liye chhod diyaa. unhone yitsak (abb maukhik key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe ural nadee parr kazakhstan mein sthit haye) mein ack aadhar sthaapit karane aur vahaan seey gaanvon koo lootane kaa lakshya rakhaa. haalaanki, masco koo razin kii yojanaon key baare mein pataa chalaa aur usane usey rokane kaa prayaas kiya. jaise hii razin ney volga nadee seey zaritsyn kii yatra kii, austracan key voivodes ney razin key aagaman key baare mein aurari unkovsky (zaritsyn key voivode yaa governor) koo chetavani dee aur sifarish kii kii vaha cossex koo shahar mein pravesh karane kii anumati naa dein.
ankovsky ney razin key saath baatchit karane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin razin ney dhamki dee kii aggar ankovsky ney hastakshep kiya tou vaha zaritsyn koo aag lagaa dega. jaba unhein donn seey volga jaate samay zaar key pratinidhiyon dwara raajneetik kaidiyon key ack samooh kaa saamana karna padaa, tou razin ney kathit taur parr kahaa, "main aapako merey saath shamil honey key liye majboor naheen karuungaa, lekin joe koee bhee merey saath aaney kaa vikalp chunega vaha ack mukt cosack hoga. main kewal ladakon aur ameer prabhuon seey ladane aaya huun. jahan taka garib aur sadharan logon kaa sambandh haye, main unhein bhaaiyon key roop mein maanoonga."
jaba razin tassarticin seey ravaana huaa, tou ankovsky ney hamla naheen kiya (sambhavatah isaliye kii usane mahsoos kiya kii razin ack khatra haye yaa isaliye kii zaritsyn key gaard razin key cossex key saath sahaanubhooti rakhate hain). iss ghatana ney razin koo alaukik shaktiyon seey sampann ack ajeya yoddha kii pratishtha dee."unhone apani yaatraon koo volga key neeche aur caspian samudra mein jaari rakhaa, strelty yaa bandukdhariyon key kaee tukadiyon koo haraaya. julaai 1667 mein, razin ney cathedral mein prarthana karane key liye teerthyatriyon key roop mein khud koo aur apane kuchh sathiyon koo prachhann karke yitsak koo pakad liya. ack baar yitsak key ander, unhone baaki sainikon key liye pravesh karane aur shahar parr kabja karane key liye dwaar khol diye. razin seey ladane key liye bheje gaye vipaksh ney aisaa karane mein anichha mahsoos kii kyonki way cossex key saath sahaanubhooti rakhate they.
1668 key vasant mein, razin ney apane adhikansh logon kaa netritva yack nadee (jise ural nadee key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) mein kiya, jabaki ack chhota saa hissa yitsak kii raksha key liye peechhe rhaa. haalaanki, sarkaar ney yitsak mein razin key logon koo haraaya aur razin ney vahaan apana aadhar khou diyaa.
farsi abhiyaan.
yitsak koo khone key baad, razin apani loot jaari rakhane key liye caspian samudra key tata key dakshin mein chalaa gayaa. phir usane aur usake logon ney faras parr hamla kiya. vartamaan dagestan mein derbent key achchi tarah seey sanrakshit kille key bandargah parr kabja karane mein whiffle rahane parr, unaki senaayen vartamaan azerbaijan mein absheron praaydweep parr sthit badkuba (vartamaan baaku) key chhote bandargah parr hamla karane key liye dakshin kii or badh gaeen, lekin rashat (aadhunik iran mein dakshin-paschim caspian samudra mein) mein faarsiyon ney ack aashcharyajanak hamale mein lagbhag 400 cosax koo maar daala. razin shaah key prati wafadari key badale mein shaah seey faras mein bhoomi maangane key liye isfahan gayaa, lekin isase pahale kii way ack samjhaute parr pahunch sakein, adhik loot key liye caspian parr chalaa gayaa. razin farahabad (iran mein caspian samudra key dakshini tata parr) pahuncha aur kaee dinon taka shahar mein ack vyaapaari key roop mein chhadm vesh dhaaran kiya, isase pahale kii vaha aur usake loga dou dinon taka shahar koo lootate rahey. usa sardiyon mein razin key saath cossacks ney miankleh praaydweep parr bhukhmari aur bimari koo roque diyaa, aur 1669 key vasant mein razin ney caspian samudra key purvi tata parr ack aadhar banaaya aur turkmen gaanvon parr chhaapa maarnaa shuru curr diyaa. phir 1669 key vasant mein unhone suina dweep parr khud koo sthaapit kiya, jisase, julaai mein, unhone unake khilaf bheje gaye ack farsi bede koo nasht curr diyaa. stenka razin, jaisa kii unhein aam taur parr kahaa jaataa thaa, abb ack shaktishali bunn gayaa thaa jisake saath rajkumaron ney vyavhaar karane seey incar naheen kiya thaa.
agast 1669 mein vaha austrakhan mein phir seey dikhaai diyaa aur vahaan zaar alexei mikhailovich seey kshama kii ack naee peshkash sweekaar kii; aam loga unake romanch seey mohit they. austrakhan kaa kanunvihin russie seema kshetra, jahan puuraa vatavaran hinsak thaa aur kaee loga abhee bhee khanabdosh they, razin key jaise vidroh key liye praakritik vatavaran thaa.
khula vidroh.
1670 mein, donn parr cossack mukhyalaya mein report karane key liye jahira taur parr jaate hue, razin ney sarkaar key khilaf khule taur parr vidroh kiya, cherkask aur zaritsyn parr kabja curr liya. zaritsin koo lene key baad, razin lagbhag 7,000 purushon kii apani senaa key saath volga seey neeche chalaa gayaa. purushon ney cherni yaar kii or yatra kii, joe zaritsin aur austrakhan key beach ack sarkari gadh thaa. jaba cherney yaar strelty apane adhikaariyon key khilaf juuna 1670 mein uthee aur cossack kaaran mein shamil hoe gaee tou razin aur usake logon ney teji seey cherney yaar leey liya. 24 juuna koo razin austrakhan shahar mein pahunch gayaa. roose kii samriddh "poorv kii khidki" austrakhan ney caspian samudra key tata parr volga nadee key muhaane parr ranneetik roop seey mahatvapurna sthaan parr kabja curr liya. ack majboot kileband dweep parr sthit honey aur kendriya gadh koo gherne vaali patthar kii divaaron aur peetal kii topon key bavjood, razin ney shahar koo loot liya. strelty key sthaaniya vidroh ney razin koo shahar mein pravesh karane kii anumati dee.
una sabhi kaa narsamhar karane key baad joe unakaa virodh curr rahey they (dou rajkumaron prozorowski sahit) aur shahar key ameer baajaron koo lootane key liye saunpane key baad, razin ney austrakhan koo ack cossack ganarajya mein badal diyaa, aabaadi koo hajaaron, saikadon aur dasiyon mein vibhajit kiya, unake uchit adhikaariyon key saath, jinn sabhi koo ack veche yaa aam sabhaa dwara niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, jiska pahala kaary razin koo unake "gosudar" (samprabhu) kaa ghoshana karna thaa.
teen saptah key rakt aur vyabhichaar key utsav key baad, razin ney sainikon seey bharee dou sou naukaaon key saath austrakhan chhod diyaa. unhone masco key khilaf aage badhane kii disha mein ack praarambhik kadam key roop mein volga kii poori lambai key saath ack cossack ganarajya sthaapit karane kaa irada rakhaa. saratov aur samara koo pakad liya gayaa, lekin simbersk ney sabhi prayason koo darkinar curr diyaa, aur swiyaga nadee (1 aur 4 octuber) key tata parr dou khooni muthbhedon key baad, razin koo antatah yuri baryatinsky kii senaa ney parajit curr diyaa aur volga seey bhaag gayaa, jisase usake anuyaayiyon kaa badaa hissa vijetaon dwara vilupt curr diyaa gayaa.
lekin vidroh kissy bhee tarah seey khatm naheen huaa thaa. rezin key dooton ney, soojan kii ghoshanaon seey lais hocker, nizni novgorod, tambov aur penza key rajyapalon key nivaasiyon koo hilaaya thaa, aur masco aur novgorod taka bhee pravesh kiya thaa. utpeedit aabaadi koo unake joole seey mukti kaa vaadaa karke vidroh karane key liye uksana mushkil naheen thaa. razin ney ghoshana kii kii unakaa uddeshya ladakon aur sabhi adhikaariyon koo jarh seey ukhaad fenkana, sabhi rank aur garima koo samtal karna, aur poore roose mein poorna samaantaa key saath apane adhikaar koo sthaapit karna thaa. 
1671 kii shuruat mein bhee sangharsh kaa parinam sandeh mein rhaa. vidroh key kamjor honey key sanket milane seey pahale aathh ladaaiyaan ladee gaee theen, aur razin koo apana shaant sthaan milane key baad yeh chhah maheene taka jaari rhaa. symbersk mein unaki pratishtha toot gaee thee. yahaan taka kii saratov aur samara mein unaki apani bastiyon ney bhee unake liye apane darwaaje kholane seey incar curr diyaa, aur donn cossex ney yeh sunkar kii kulpita ney rajin koo apamaanit curr diyaa thaa, unake khilaf bhee ghoshana curr dee. zaar ney vidroh koo dabaane key liye sainikon koo bheja. jaisa kii paul everich ney "russie vidrohiyon, 1600-1800" mein likhaa haye, "daman kii krurta vidrohiyon dwara kiye gaye atyacharon seey kaheen adhik thee."zaar key sainikon ney vidrohiyon key shavon koo vikrit curr diyaa aur unhein sambhaavit asantushton key liye ack chetavani key roop mein saarvajanik roop seey pradarshit kiya.
1671 mein, stepan aur usake bhaai froll razin koo cossack bujurgon dwara kaagalanik kille (Кагалитсия городач) mein pakad liya gayaa thaa. unhein masco mein zaarvaadi adhikaariyon koo saunp diyaa gayaa thaa, aur 16 juuna 1671 koo, unake khilaf faisale kii ghoshana key baad, steppen razin koo laal chauk parr machaan parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. maut kii sajaa koo jore seey padhaa gayaah razin ney ise shaanti seey sunaa, phir church kii or mudaa, teen dishaaon mein jhuk gayaa, craimlin aur zaar koo paar karate hue kahaah "mujhe kshama curr dou."isake baad jallad ney pahale apana dahina haath apani kohni seey kaat diyaa, phir apana baayan pair ghutane seey kaat diyaa. usake bhaai ney, joe stepan kii yaatana kaa gawah thaa, chillaayah "main shabd aur samprabhu kii baat jaanata huun!"(arthaat," main una logon koo soochit karane key liye taiyar huun joe zaar key prati wafadar naheen hain "). stepan ney chillakar kahaa, "chup raho, kutta!"yeye unake antim shabd they; unake baad fansi dene vaale ney jaldbaji mein uska sir kaat diyaa. angrej thomas haydon kii gawahi key anusaar, razin key haath, pair aur sir, paanch vishesh roop seey rakhe gaye daanv parr funce gaye they. iss sweekaarokti ney apane swayam key nishpaadan koo sthagit karane mein madad kii, halanki paanch saal baad, 1676 mein, unhein bhee fansi dee gaee.
prabhaav.
razin mool roop seey gaanvon koo lootane key liye nikla thaa, lekin jaise-jaise vaha kisan ashanti kaa prateek bunn gayaa, uska andolan raajneetik hoe gayaa. razin cosax kii swatantrata kii raksha karna chaahte they aur ack badhati kendriya sarkaar kaa virodh karna chaahte they. cosax ney zaar aur nirankushta kaa samarthan kiya, lekin way ack aisaa zaar chaahte they joe logon kii jarooraton kaa jawab dey, naa kii kewal uchch varg kii. gaanvon koo nasht karke aur lootkar, razin kaa irada sarkari adhikaariyon seey satta chheenana aur kisaanon koo adhik swaayatta denaa thaa. haalaanki, razin kaa andolan whiffle hoe gayaa aur vidroh ney sarkari niyantran koo badhaa diyaa. cosax ney apani kuchh swaayatta khou dee, aur zaar uchch varg key saath adhik nikatata seey juda gaye kyonki donon koo adhik vidroh kaa darr thaa. doosari or, jaisa kii everick daavaa kartaa haye, "[razin kaa vidroh] jaagrit huaa, haalaanki mund, garibon kii samajik chetna ney unhein shakti kii ack naee bhavna dee, aur uchch varg koo apane jeevan aur sampatti key liye kaamp diyaa."
russie grihyuddh key samay, prasiddh lekhak aur shwet deshaantarit ivan bunin ney rajin kii tulanaa bolshevik netaaon seey kii, jisamen unhone likhaa, "achchha bhagwan! stenka key samay aur aaj 'teesare antarrashtriya' key naam parr chala rahee loot key beach kyaa ullekhaniya samaantaa haye."
russie bhasha kii sanskriti aur lokkathaon mein.
razin aur "farsi rajkumari".
razin seey judey sabse lokpriya saanskritik rupankanon mein seey ack nadee mein "farsi rajkumari" key doobane kaa prakaran haye. aadhunik itihaaskaar iss prakaran kii vaastaviktaa parr sandeh karate hain. vidroh key dauran austrakhan mein samaapt honey vaale videshiyon kii dou reportein hain. ack gawahi dutch yatri zaan struce key sansmaranon seey haye. yeh gawahi bahut adhik prasiddh haih iska vyaapak roop seey russie itihaskaron dwara upayog kiya gayaa thaa aur yeh "stenka razin" geet key kathaanak key liye aadhar key roop mein kaary kartaa thaa. doosara dutchman ludwig fabricius key nott hain, joe dusare vishva yuddh key baad hii gyaat hue. pahale mein, ack farsi rajkumari dikhaai detee haye, joe volga mein doob gaee; dusare mein, ack nishchit "taataar ladki" yack nadee mein doob gaee. strees kahani koo sharabi krurta key roop mein vyakt kartaa haye, aur fabricius usa shapath kii poorti key roop mein joe razin ney ack nishchit "jall devta" ivan gorinovic "koo dee thee, joe yack nadee koo niyantrit kartaa haih razin ney vaadaa kiya kii saubhagya key liye puraskar key roop mein vaha iss" bhagwan "koo sabse achchha dega.
stenka razin geet.
1883 mein, russie kavi dimitri sadovanikov ney "stenka razin" kavita prakaashit kii, jise unhone, jaisa kii prathaagat thaa, ack "lock mahakavya" key roop mein prastut kiya. iss kavita key paath mein mamuli badlaavon key saath, ack agyaat lekhak dwara sangeet diyaa gayaa thaa aur yeh behad lokpriya hoe gayaa thaa, aur kaee prasiddh gayakon dwara prastut kiya gayaa thaa. geet mein bataaya gayaa haye kii usake jahaaj parr savaar razin ney pakadi gaee "farsi rajkumari" seey shaadi curr lii aur usake aadami usa parr kamjori kaa aarop lagaate hain-ack mahila key saath "ack chhoti raat" bitaate hain-aur vaha khud agali subah ack "mahila" bunn gayaa haye. inn bhashanon koo sunkar, razin "rajkumari" koo volga nadee koo upahaar key roop mein paani mein fenk detaa haye, aur apane aadmiyon key saath nashe mein mastee karna jaari rakhta haye. 
geet key boll 1908 mein vladmir romashkov dwara nirdeshit pahali russie kathaa filmon mein seey ack, "stenka razin" mein naatakiya roop seey likhe gaye they. film lagbhag 10 minut taka chalati haye. patkatha vasili goncharov dwara likhi gaee thee, aur sangeet (vishesh roop seey ack mook film key saath likhaa jaane vaalaa pahala film sangeet) mikhail ipolitov-ivanov dwara thaa. 
iss geet koo 1923 mein praarambhik radio prasaran mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, jise kisan samudaayon koo nae madhyam seey pesh karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. iska ack vivaran charles ashley dwara diyaa gayaa thaa, jinhone sent key trinity lavra mein sthit electrical engineeron key liye ack prashikshan college kaa daura kiya thaa. sergius.
lokpriya geet koo "volga, volga mait 'rodnya", "izz zaa ostrova naa strazen" aur, buss, "stenka rezin" shabdon seey jaanaa jaataa haye. iss geet ney prasiddh soviyat sangeetmay comedy "volga-volga" koo sheershak diyaa. iss dhuna kaa upayog tomm springfield dwara "dha carnival ijj over" geet mein kiya gayaa thaa, jisane 1965 mein australia aur britten mein khojkartaon koo #1 parr rakhaa thaa.
iss geet kaa ack sanskaran kanada mein daukhobars dwara bhee prastut kiya gayaa haye.
ankah
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anya mudde.
razin alekjendar glezunov (opp 13 1885) kii ack symphonic kavita kaa vishay haye, symphony nam. 8 mayaskovsky dwara (opp. 26, 1925), shostakovich dwara ack cantata, opp. 119; "dha execution off stepan razin" (1964), yevgeni yevatushenko kii ack kavita, aur ack upanyaas, ", (я πρισίλ δατh βαm ωλο) vasily shuksin dwara.
isake alawa, ivan pravov aur olga preobrazenskaya dwara nirdeshit 1939 kii soviyat naatak film mein razin kaa mahimamandan kiya gayaa thaa.
unake aatmamanon mein seey ack, elena arjamaskia, ack poorv nana theen.
razin aitihaasik pustak "cheef off dha cossex" kaa vishay haye.

