vyaavsaayik asamaanta

vyaavsaayik asamaanta kaaryasthal mein ling, kamukta, oonchaai, vajan, uchchaaran yaa nasl key aadhar parr logon key saath asman vyavhaar haye. jaba shodhkarta vyaavsaayik asamaanta key rujhaanon kaa adhyayan karate hain tou way aamtaur parr vyavsaayon mein samoohon key vitaran yaa aavantan pattern parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain, udaaharan key liye, ack nishchit vyavasaay mein mahilaaon kii tulanaa mein purushon kaa vitaran. doosara, way vyavasaay aur aaya key beach kii kadee parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain, udaaharan key liye, usee vyavasaay mein ashweton key saath goron kii aaya kii tulanaa karate hain.
prabhaav.
vyaavsaayik asamaanta kissy vyakti kii samajik-aarthik sthiti koo bahut prabhaavit karati haye joe naukari khojane, ghar khareedane aadi jaise sansadhanon taka unaki pahunch seey judee hoti haye. yadi koee vyakti vyaavsaayik asamaanta kaa anubhav kartaa haye, tou unake liye naukari dhoondhana, apani naukari mein aage badhana, rinn praapt karna yaa ghar kharidana adhik kathin hoe sakata haye. vyaavsaayik sthiti samajik sthiti aur dhana jaise parinamon kii bhavishyavaniyon kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye joe vyakti key saath-saath unake aashriton parr bhee lambe samay taka prabhaav daalati haye. shram bull mein ling dwara algaav bahut adhik haye, isaliye nyaaysangat yogyata key purushon aur mahilaaon key beach itani asamaantaaen aur asamaantaaen bunny hui hain. shram vibhajan ling adharit asamaanta key liye ack kendriya visheshta haye. yeh sanrachana koo isake aarthik pahaluon aur pehchaan key nirmaan donon key aadhar parr prabhaavit kartaa haye. haalaanki, adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii ling aur shram kii samanya samagr tasveer kaa mulyankan naheen kiya gayaa haye. inn muddon kaa mahatva hamaare shram bull kii bhavishya kii sanrachana key liye praasangik haye.
itihas.
samaan rojgar key avsaron koo lagu karane aur kaaryasthal parr mahilaaon aur alpasankhyak purushon key khilaf pichhale bhedbhaav koo samaapt karane key liye 1960 key dashak mein sanghiya samaan rojgar avsar (ee. oh.) kaanoonon kaa adhiniyaman paarit kiya gayaa thaa. 1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein, america ney vyaavsaayik asamaanta mein jabardast kamee dekhi; haalaanki, 1980 aur 1990 key dashak mein, yeh phir seey badhane lagaa.
siddhant.
vyaavsaayik asamaanta aitihaasik roop seey hamesha ack samasya rahee haye, lekin samay key saath cumm hoe sakati haye, richard aeye key anusaar. mitch, joe iss sambhaavit parivartan koo aarthik siddhant key liye jimmedaar thaharaate hain. vaha nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii ack pratispardhi duniya mein nasl aur ling bhedbhaav aksham haye kyonki isamen kewal gorey purushon koo hii niyukt kiya jaanaa chaahiye. haalaanki, shwet purush mahilaaon yaa anya naslon key logon kii tulanaa mein adhik vetan kii maang karenge, jinake paas samaan shiksha aur kshamataaen hain, iss prakaar niyoktaon key saath bhedbhaav karane seey adhik paisa khou jaataa haye. gair-bhedbhavpurna niyokta mahilaaon aur alpsankhyakon koo kaam parr rakh curr pratispardhi bajar mein badhat hassil curr sakate hain, jisase vyaavsaayik asamaanta cumm hoe sakati haye. yadi niyoktaon dwara iss yojana koo apanaaya jaataa haye, tou yeh samay key saath anya niyoktaon key liye bhee kayam reh sakati haye, jisamen vyaavsaayik asamaanta rashtriya star parr cumm hoe sakati haye. anya siddhanton aur shodhon seey pataa chalata haye kii vyaavsaayik asamaanta badh rahee haye aur aage bhee jaari rahegi.
umr badhane key prabhaav" kii prakriya key anusaar, vyaavsaayik asamaanta badhati umr key saath jaari rahegi. iss siddhant key anusaar, shram bajar mein naukariyon key dou kshetra hotey hain; ack achchi kaam karane kii sthiti, unnati key avsar aur naukari kii suraksha key saath achchi naukariyon kaa "praathamik" mool haye. doosara kharaab kaam karane kii sthiti, cumm unnati key avsar aur cumm naukari suraksha key saath kharaab naukariyon kaa "paridhiya" kshetra haye. inn donon samoohon key beach gatishilata bahut mushkil haye. mahilaaon aur alpsankhyakon koo samaan vyaavsaayik sthiti praapt karane key liye praathamik samooh mein jaane kii bahut cumm sambhavana key saath apane currier kii shuruat mein paridhiya kshetra mein asman roop seey rakhaa jaataa haye.
samalingi prajanan" kaa siddhant ack aisee pravritti kii or ishara kartaa haye jahan uchch sthiti mein rahane vaale loga una karmchaariyon koo chunate hain jinaki samajik prishthabhoomi unnati key liye samaan hoti haye. choonki adhikansh prabandhak purush hain, isaliye mahilaaon koo currier kii unnati key liye cumm chunaa jaataa haye aur iss prakaar vyaavsaayik asamaanta badh jaati haye.
maap.
dunken samajik aarthik soochkaank (aiss. ee. aaee.) kaa upayog aamtaur parr vyaavsaayik sthiti koo maapane key liye kiya jaataa haye. yeh dou karakon, vyaavsaayik aaya aur vyaavsaayik shiksha parr adharit haye.
ack tarah seey vyaavsaayik asamaanta koo bhinnata key soochkaank (dee) dwara maapa jaataa haye. sameekaran iss prakaar haih
d = 1⁄2εi.xi-yi.
jahan xi vyavasaay mein shram bull mein jaati yaa ling samooh x key pratishat key barabar haye aur yi vyavasaay mein jaati yaa ling samooh y key pratishat key barabar haye. dee pratishat vitaran key beach poorna antar key aadhe yog kaa maap haye. maan 0 seey 100 taka hotey hain aur ack kshetra mein samoohon key saapeksh algaav yaa ekikaran koo maapate hain. yadi maan 0 pratishat key barabar haye tou iska matlab haye kii kshetra samaan roop seey vitarit haye. yadi maan 100% haye tou iska matlab haye kii kshetra poori tarah seey alag haye. udaaharan key liye, yadi moolya 60 pratishat haye, tou iska matlab haye kii 60 pratishat shramikon koo vitaran koo samaan banaane key liye vyavasaay badalana hoga.
vyaavsaayik algaav.
vyaavsaayik asamaanta aksar ack kaaryasthal mein vyaavsaayik algaav seey judee hoti haye. kaaryasthal mein jitna adhik algaav hoga, utani hii adhik vyaavsaayik asamaanta hogi. yeh vishesh roop seey ack nishchit alpasankhyak yaa mahilaaon key prabhutva vaali naukariyon key liye sach haye. unake paas aksar kharaab kaary vatavaran hotaa haye aur safed purushon kii tulanaa mein cumm aaya hoti haye joe aamtaur parr behtar kaary vatavaran aur adhik vetan key saath prabandhakiya padon parr rahate hain.
langic asamaanta.
kaaryasthal mein honey vaali kuchh samanya asamaantaaen satta mein vyaktiyon kaa ling-adharit asantulan aur sangathan key prabandhan parr niyantran hain. mahilaaen purushon kii tarah jaldi seey uchch vetan vaale padon parr naheen jaa paati hain. kuchh sangathanon mein dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik asamaanta hoti haye, aur yeh jiss hudd taka hotaa haye vaha bahut bhinn hoe sakata haye. kaaryasthal parr purush aamtaur parr uchch padon parr rahate hain aur mahilaaen aksar sachivon jaise cumm vetan vaale padon parr rahati hain. transgender shramikon koo dekhate samay langic asamaanta koo bhee samajha jaa sakata haye. kaaryasthal parr parivartan karate samay shramikon koo alag-alag anubhav hotey hain. pahale joe shakti thee, vaha ack mahila mein sankraman key dauran khou sakati haye, jabaki ack purush mein sankraman karane vaale shramik ack shakti laabh kaa anubhav curr sakate hain.
nasleeya asamaanta.
jaatiyata kaa naukariyon kii gunavatta key saath-saath karyabal mein ack vyakti dwara kamaaye jaane vaale dhana parr bhee badaa prabhaav padata haye. aaj, purnakaalik aur saal bhar kaam karane vaale african americi purushon kii ausat aaya kaa 72 pratishat tulaniya gorey purushon kii haye. african americi aur shwet mahilaaon key beach, majdoori anupaat 85 pratishat haye. kaale logon kii berojgari darr aamtaur parr gorey logon kii darr seey lagbhag doguni hoti haye. shwet purushon key kaaryasthal mein kaee mahatvapurna laabh hain. unhein naukari key avsaron kii ack badee vividhata pradaan kii jaati haye. joe pada sabse adhik paisa kamaate hain aur sabse adhik shakti rakhate hain, way aamtaur parr gorey purushon dwara kabja kiye jaate hain. haalaanki pichhale 20 varshon mein iss prakaar kii asamaanta cumm hui haye, lekin yeh abhee bhee aam haye.
kaaran.
aisee sangathanaatmak prakriyaaen hain joe varg, nasleeya aur langic asamaantaon kaa utpaadan karati hain. nihit purvagrah key kaaran kaee asamaantaaen hoti hain. kaee logon ney tark diyaa haye kii mahilaaen apane aspas key purushon seey apani samajik sthiti praapt karati hain, jaise kii unake pitaa aur unake pati. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki poore itihas mein streetva kaa shreya bachche paida karane aur parivaar kaa paalan-poshan karane koo diyaa jaataa rhaa haye. rojgar aur isake saath aaney vaale laabh hamesha unake parivarik jeevan key baad aatey they. kaaryasthal mein yeh aavashyak haye kii ack karmchari samay parr aae aur poore kaary divas key liye lagaatar kaam karey, jisamen aamtaur parr aathh ghante hotey hain. choonki mahilaaen bachchon kii parvarish key liye jimmedaar theen, isaliye unake paas purnakaalik naukariyon mein bhaag lene key liye bahut cumm samay aur lachilaapan thaa, aur iss prakaar karyabal mein mahilaaon koo aam taur parr kewal anshakaalik padon parr dekhaa jaataa thaa. yeh pravritti aadhunik asamaanta kaa hissa haye.
shiksha mein asamaanta.
vyaavsaayik pipeline key roop mein, shaikshik prishthabhoomi aur vatavaran jisamen loga gaharaai seey vikas karate hain, usa disha koo aakar dete hain jisamen unakaa carrier maarg aage badhega. aitihaasik roop seey, adhyayan key kshetron mein ack mahatvapurna ling asantulan rhaa haye. mahilaaon ney hamesha manaviki parr prabhutva jamaaya haye, jabaki vigyaan, praudyogiki, engineering aur ganit (mool) kshetron mein purushon kaa kaafee antar rhaa haye. mahavidyalayi adhyayan key kshetron mein langic asantulan key kuchh praathamik karakon mein poorv-mahavidyalaya kii taiyari mein antar, adhyayan key kshetra key liye vyaktigat vareeyata aur carrier kii sambhavanaen shamil hain.
naukari praapt karnaah kaushal, network aur bhedbhaav.
karyabal kaushal sett key nirmaan mein samajik-aarthik sthiti aur maanav poonji kii bhoomika.
americi karyabal pichhali shatabdi mein krishi aur audyogik naukariyon key mishran seey americi shramikon key beach adhik visheshagyata key liye vikasit hoe rhaa haye. chean aur dakshin poorv asia key anya deshon mein americi naukariyon kii outsourcing kii vriddhi koo cumm aaya vaale, shahari samudaayon key amerikiyon key liye rojgar key avsaron mein girawat seey jodaa gayaa haye, joe kabhi americi audyogik kshetra key liye karmchari aadhar they. halanki, pichhale 15 varshon mein outsource kii sankhya mein 23 pratishat kii vriddhi hui haye. iss vikas kaa americi aabaadi key kuchh kshetron kii rojgar sambhaavanaon parr mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa haye, vishesh roop seey nimn samajik-aarthik sthiti vaale kshetron parr.
kaushal-adharit takniki parivartan, jaisa kii utpaadan aur rojgar key rujhaanon mein iss badalaav koo kahaa jaataa haye, akushal shramikon parr kushal shramikon kaa paksh letaa haye aur teji seey jatil praudyogikiyon key vikas seey avsar praapt huaa haye, jisake liye karmchaariyon key adhik prashikshan kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur kuchh udaharanon mein, akushal shramikon koo pratisthaapit curr sakate hain. visheshagyata aur digitalikaran mein vriddhi aur akushal shramikon key liye naukariyon kii outsourcing key sanyojan ney americi karmchaariyon key beach adhik takniki aur bauddhik kaushal nirmaan mein nivesh karane kii aavashyakta koo badhaa diyaa haye. haalaanki, yeh nimn samajik-aarthik sthiti vaale logon key liye kathin saabit hotaa haye, joe shiksha koo seemit karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye, aur vistaar, aaya aur vyavasaay dwara.
nimn samajik-aarthik sthiti kissy vyakti kii maanav poonji key saath bhee sambandhit haye, jise aarthik sahyog aur vikas (oh. key. dee.) key sangathan dwara "gyaan, kaushal, kshamataon aur anya visheshtaon key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye joe aarthik gatividhi key liye praasangik hain. poonji-kaushal poorakta shabd maanav poonji taka pahunch aur kaushal vikas key beach maujood ghanishth sambandh kaa varnan kartaa haye. iss poorakta kaa astitva ingit kartaa haye kii samajik-aarthik sthiti, maanav poonji taka pahunch parr isake pratyaksh prabhaav key madhyam seey, karmchari kaushal sett aur rojgar kshamata nirdhaarit karati haye.
nimn-samajik-aarthik prishthabhoomi key logon key paas sansadhanon key asman vitaran key parinamswarup sansadhanon taka cumm pahunch haye, joe adhik samudayik kaushal nirmaan mein yogdan karate hain. isake vipareet, uchch samajik-aarthik sthiti koo adhik uchch gunavatta vaale connections taka pahunch, kramik anukraman jaise takniki kaushal mein adhik praveenta aur samasya-samadhan kii kshamata seey jodaa gayaa haye. uchch gunavatta vaale connections taka pahunch, badale mein, adhik samajik poonji seey judee hui haye. takniki kaushal adhik seey adhik maanav poonji taka pahunch kaa parinam haye, jise jaba gyaan taka pahunch aur kaushal-nirmaan key avsaron key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye, tou nimn samudaay mein isaki kamee haye. amerikiyon kii samajik-aarthik sthiti mein antar key kaaran americi karyabal kaa vartamaan vibhajan nimn, akushal shramikon aur kushal karmchaariyon key aadhar mein huaa haye joe aam taur parr uchch, uchch shikshit prishthabhoomi seey aatey hain aur isaliye, kushal shramikon key liye bajar mein pravesh karane key liye aavashyak uchch shiksha praapt karane kii adhik sambhavana haye. nimn star key samudaayon key sadasyon key paas shaikshik avsaron taka pahunch kii kamee haye, joe unhein aarthik roop seey aage badhane key liye aavashyak kaushal vikasit karane aur kaushal-pakshapaatpurna arthavyavastha mein apani rojgar kshamata badhaane mein saksham banaayega.
samajik-aarthik samoohon key beach maujooda asamaantaon key kaaran akushal aur kushal shramikon mein vibhajit karyabal kaa nirantarta bunny rahati haye aur yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii cumm americi logon koo rojgar yogya kaushal vikasit karane key liye aavashyak maanav poonji kii kamee bunny rahegi. upakhyan dwara kiye gaye shodh seey sakshya seey pataa chalata haye kii "africa, dakshin america, purvi europe aur adhikansh vikasit upakhyan deshon mein kaushal-shiksha kaa antar badh gayaa haye."kyonki kaushal takniki gyaan aur navachar key prasaar koo suvidhajanak banaata haye aur maanav poonji vyaktiyon kii naee praudyogiki koo aatmasaat karane aur sansthaagat gyaan vikasit karane key saath-saath uchch gunavatta vaale connections taka pahunch badhaane kii kshamata kii kunji haye, nimn star key kaushal nirmaan mein asamaantaon mein yogdan karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye aur iss prakaar cumm aaya vaale amerikiyon kii rojgar kshamata koo cumm kartaa haye.
kaushal aur rojgaarah naukari kii niyukti aur rojgar key rujhaan.
naukari praapt karane kii kissy bhee vyakti kii kshamata kaa ack abhinn anga usake kaushal aur usa kaam koo safaltapurvak aur kushalata seey karane kii kshamata mein nihit haye. aur kewal ack naukari praapt karane key alawa, way samay key saath-saath una kaushalon koo bhee praapt curr sakate hain joe unake paas pahale they, joe unake vetan koo bhee prabhaavit karate hain jaba unake paas naukari hoti haye. haalaanki, nasleeya aur langic bhedbhaav key saath isake sambandh parr charcha kiye binaa kaaryasthal mein kaushal kii bhoomika parr charcha karna mushkil haye. bhedbhaav parr khand iss baare mein adhik vishesh roop seey baat karenge kii kaise kaam parr rakhane kii kshamata aur majdoori mein antaral nasl aur ling seey prabhaavit hotey hain, lekin kaushal key sandarbh mein, donon shaikshik avsaron aur sansadhanon key sandarbh mein sambandhit hain. rashtravyapi adhyayanon mein, kaushal aapoorti koo aksar galat tareeke seey maapa jaa sakata haye kyonki loga maanate hain kii shaikshik upalabdhi key kissy bhee maanak star (jaise kii uchch vidyalaya snaatak) koo kaushal key liye ack samanya maanak pradaan karna chaahiye; haalaanki, alpasankhyak jinake paas kewal sthaaniya, cumm shaikshanik roop seey kathor schools taka pahunch haye, way gorey logon kii tulanaa mein cumm kushal honey kii sambhavana rakhate hain joe samaan maanak shaikshik star parr hain. isake alawa, nasleeya samoohon key beach majdoori mein antar kaa shreya praarambhik shiksha key dauran shuru hue kaushal mein antar koo diyaa jaa sakata haye. maanav poonji siddhant key anusaar, ack karmchari kii kaushal aapoorti aur unaki majdoori aaya key beach ack sakaratmak sambandh haye. jitna adhik kushal karmchari hoga aur jitna behtar way apani naukari mein honge, unhein utanaa hii adhik vetan milega. kaushal aur shiksha key beach ack sambandh bhee haye, joe yeh sujhaav detaa haye kii ack karyakarta jitna adhik shikshit hoga, way utane hii adhik kushal honge. isaliye, shiksha aur isaliye kaushal mein antar key kaaran nasleeya samoohon key beach majdoori kaa antar hoga.
kaushal praapt karane mein shiksha kii bhoomika key baare mein bhee, logon koo abb adhik shiksha praapt karane aur uchch degree arjit karane kii aavashyakta haye taaki way pahale kii tulanaa mein naukari praapt curr sakein. udaaharan key liye, kaee nurses koo abb kaam karane key liye nursing mein snaatak kii degree kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jisase chaar saal key colleges mein nursing pathyakramon mein namankan badhata haye, saath hii saath kaee nurses koo aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane key liye school lautane key liye majboor honah padata haye.
unhone una logon key liye karyakram bhee khole hain joe pahale seey hii panjikrit nurse hain, taaki way snaatak kii degree arjit curr sakein. naa kewal shramikon koo pahale kii tulanaa mein adhik degree arjit karni haye, balki kaaryasthal mein naee praudyogiki kii badhati bhoomika key saath, shramikon koo apane kaushal mein bhee adhik visheshagyata praapt honey chaahiye. humm atee-visheshagyata key yug mein pravesh curr rahey hain, jiska arth haye kii companiyan abb adhik baar shram koo vyaktigat, vishesh karyon key jatil network mein vibhajit curr rahee hain. kyonki niyokta adhik vishesh kaushal sett kii talash curr rahey hain, logon koo adhik uchch vishesh kaushal vikasit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. isase naukari dhoondhana adhik kathin hoe jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey una puraane shramikon key liye joe aadhunik praudyogiki seey parichit naheen hain aur vishisht kaushal mein visheshagyata rakhate hain. ateet mein, loga ack adhik samanya kaushal sett rakhane mein saksham rahey hain joe ack vyavasaay key kaee pahaluon koo shamil kartaa haye, lekin abb unhein ack yaa dou vishisht kaushal mein atyadhik visheshagyata praapt honey chaahiye. halanki yeh susangat haye kii ack karmchari jitna adhik kushal hoga, unakaa vetan utanaa hii adhik hoga, kaaryasthal mein kaushal kii bhoomika samay key saath adhik shiksha aur adhik vishesh kaushal kii aavashyakta key liye badal gaee haye, jisase nasleeya aur langic majdoori aur rojgar key antaral koo paatna aur bhee kathin hoe gayaa haye. !
bhedbhaav kaa parichay.
bhedbhaav ack vyakti key saath umr, nasl yaa ling jaisi vibhinn visheshtaon key aadhar parr anuchit vyavhaar haye. 1964 key nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam kaa sheershak VII vishesh roop seey rojgar key sambandh mein bhedbhaav key khilaf sanrakshan koo sambodhit kartaa haye, kissy vyakti key rojgar bhedbhaav koo "aise vyakti kii nasl, rung, dharm, ling yaa rashtriya mool key kaaran" gairkaanooni banaata haye. 1972 key samaan rojgar avsar adhiniyam key paarit honey key saath, samaan rojgar avsar aayog pandrah yaa adhik karmchaariyon key saath niyoktaon key sheershak VII key anupaalan koo viniyamit kartaa haye. ee. ee. oh. see. jaanch kartaa haye aur yadi aavashyak samajha jaataa haye, tou una niyoktaon key khilaf mukadama daayar kartaa haye joe bhedbhaav key aaropon kaa saamana karate hain. ee. oh. see. dwara jaanch kiye jaane vaale bhedbhaav key roopon kaa ack sankshipt avalokan varshon mein samaan avsar kaanoon mein pragati koo darshaata haye.
"ayu" bhedbhaav una vyaktiyon key saath anuchit vyavhaar koo gairkaanooni banaata haye jinaki ayu chaalees yaa usase adhik haye. bhedbhaav prathaon mein kissy vyakti kaa atyadhik utpeedan yaa usaki umr key aadhar parr usake kaam key avsaron koo seemit karna shamil hoe sakata haye. viklang bhedbhaav neetiyaan viklang adhiniyam yaa punarvaas adhiniyam dwara cover kiye gaye vyaktiyon koo anuchit upchaar seey bachaati hain. policies key liye niyokta koo viklang vyaktiyon key liye "uchit awas" (udaaharan key liyeh wheelchair kii pahunch) pradaan karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jaba taka kii niyokta iss baat key liye paryaapt kaaran pradaan naheen kartaa haye kii parivartan "anuchit kathinaaee" kaa kaaran kyon honge.
"samaan vetan aur kshatipurti pulis" kaa kahana haye kii niyoktaon koo samaan kaam key liye ack hii kaaryasthal mein purushon aur mahilaaon koo samaan vetan (isamen sabhi prakaar kaa vetan shamil haye) pradaan karna chaahiye. samagri key aadhar parr, naukariyan "kaafee hudd taka" samaan honey chaahiye, lekin jaruri naheen kii samaan houn.
"aanuvanshik jaankaari" (parivarik chikitsa itihas sahit) gopaniya jaankaari honey chaahiye. niyoktaon koo aanuvanshik jaankaari key aadhar parr yaa aanuvanshik jaankaari key prakateekaran kii aavashyakta key aadhar parr kissy vyakti key khilaf bhedbhaav karane seey pratibandhit kiya gayaa haye.
"rashtriya mool" neetiyaan kissy vyakti key khilaf unaki vaastavik yaa anumaanit jaatiyata, uchchaaran yaa bhaugolik jadon key kaaran bhedbhaav koo pratibandhit karati hain. yeye neetiyaan vishesh rashtriya mool yaa samoohon key logon seey judey vyaktiyon key prati bhedbhaav key khilaf bhee suraksha detee hain.
"garbhavastha" neetiyon mein kahaa gayaa haye kii joe mahilaaen garbhavastha yaa prasav key kaaran kaam parr asthaayi roop seey apane niyamit kartavyon kaa paalan karane mein asamarth hain, unhein vahee laabh aur upchaar praapt honah chaahiye joe ack asthaayi roop seey viklang karmchari koo praapt hoga. isamen avaitanik avkash, vaikalpik kaary kaary yaa akshamta avkash jaise avsar shamil hoe sakate hain.
"nasl/rung bhedbhaav" mein jaati, kuchh naslon seey judee shaaririk visheshtaon yaa twacha key rung key aadhar parr kissy vyakti key saath anuchit vyavhaar shamil haye. neetiyaan pati yaa patni aur nasl-adharit yaa rung-sambandhit sangathanon seey sambaddh yaa unase sambandhit vyaktiyon kii raksha karati hain.
"dhaarmik bhedbhaav" neetiyaan una sabhi vyaktiyon kii raksha karati hain "jinhone imandari seey dhaarmik, naitik yaa naitik vishvaas rakhe hain. jaba taka niyokta ise anuchit kathinaaee, poshak aur samvaarne key liye awas key saath-saath vyakti koo apane dharm kaa paalan karane kii anumati dene key liye uchit samaayojan kii aavashyakta naheen haye.
"pratishodh" neetiyaan niyoktaon koo una karmchaariyon key khilaf jawabi kaarravaai karane seey rokti hain jinhone bhedbhaav key aarop, shikaayaten yaa jaanch mein madad kii haye.
"ling bhedbhaav" neetiyaan vyaktiyon koo unake ling yaa ling-vishisht samooh yaa sangathan key saath unake judaav key kaaran anuchit vyavhaar kaa saamana karane seey bachaati hain.
"yaun utpeedan" kaanoon vyaktiyon koo "" yaun utpeedan "" yaa avaanchhit yaun pragati, yaun anugrah key anurodh, aur yaun prakriti key anya maukhik yaa shaaririk utpeedan "" seey bachaate hain.  aapattijanak tippaniyan bhee yaun utpeedan key dayare mein aatee hain aur isake parinamswarup kanuni aarop lugg sakate hain.
haal hii mein, samoohon ney vipareet bhedbhaav kaa daavaa kiya haih kyonki niyokta sakaratmak kaarravaai alpasankhyak kotaa lakshyon taka pahunchane kaa prayaas karate hain, parinamswarup samooh key adhikansh sadasyon koo anuchit vyavhaar mill sakata haye. ee. ee. oh. see. alpamat yaa bahusankhyak sthiti kii parwah kiye binaa niyokta prathaon koo niyantrit kartaa haye.
kaaryasthal parr bhedbhaav.
bhedbhaav virodhi vidhaayi upaayon key bavjood, kaaryasthal mein bhedbhaav abhee bhee ack prachalit mudda haye. nasleeya bhedbhaav vishesh roop seey samasyagrast banaa huaa haye.
networkh peshevar connection key tantra aur laabh.
jatil network ack mool hissa hain buniyaadi rojgar aur vyaavsaayik prathaaen joe aaj hamaare samaaj mein maujood hain. adhik seey adhik, loga vyaktigat samparkon kaa upayog aise avsaron koo khojane key liye curr rahey hain joe aam taur parr naukari kii khoj key madhyam seey paae jaate hain. yeye connection ack shaikshanik sansthaan, doston, parivaar key sadasyon aur yahaan taka kii linkedin aur facebook jaisi networking websites key madhyam seey bhee hoe sakate hain. networking kuchh hudd taka nae sambandhon aur avsaron koo badhaava dene key liye connection kaa upayog karane kii ack halia ghatana haye. dou prakaar key network sambandh hainh majboot sambandh, joe una logon key saath sambandh hain jinake saath aapaki aksar aur karibi baatchit hoti haye, aur kamjor sambandh, joe una logon key saath sambandh hain jinake saath aapaki kabhi-kabhi aur viral baatchit hoti haye. haalaanki, mool lakshya yeh haye kii aap jitna sambhav hoe sakey utane connection aur harr sambhav disha mein banaaen. chaahe vaha parshviya hoe, aapke neeche hoe, aur aapke oopar hoe, sabhi kshamataon vaale logon koo jaanana fayademand haye.
haalaanki kaanoon niyoktaon koo nasl yaa ling jaise aniyantrit kaarak key aadhar parr kissy koo kaam parr naheen rakhane kaa vikalp chunane seey rokta haye, lekin yeh aaj bhee hamaare samaaj mein bahut pramukh haye. chaudahavaan sanshodhan, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii sabhi nagrikon key saath samaan vyavhaar kiya jaae, ney karyabal mein samaantaa koo badhaava diyaa haye aur paida kiya haye, lekin yeh sabhi koo samaan avsar pradaan karane mein saksham naheen haye. kaee loga jeevan shally mein paida hotey hain joe unhein vahee avsar naheen dete hain joe adhik bhagyashali logon key paas hotey hain, aur yeye nuksan aaj bhee humm joe asamaanta dekhate hain, uska kaaran hain. haalaanki samajik-aarthik kaarak inn avsaron mein ack badee bhoomika nibhaate hain, ack vyakti kii jaati aur ling unake saath prastut kiye gaye sambandhon aur avsaron key liye samaan roop seey jimmedaar hain.
california berkley vishvavidyalaya kii samajshastri sandra smith ney apane lekh mein, "iss parr meraa naam naa daalen", aaj hamaare samaaj mein bhedbhavpurna prathaon key prasaar parr charcha kii haye. vaha african americi aabaadi aur networking nuksan key parinamswarup una seemaon parr dhyaan kendrit karati haye joe una parr bojh daalati hain. "samajik poonji key saiddhaantik drishtikon seey, mukhyadhara key sambandhon aur sansthanon taka pahunch mein kamiyaan kaale shahari garibon key beach lagaatar berojgari kii vyakhya karati hain. african amerikiyon koo aaj bhee jinn aitihaasik nuksaanon kaa saamana karna padata haye, way networking mein pragati kii kamee kaa kaaran hain. vaastavik mansik yaa shaaririk kshamataon kii parwah kiye binaa, african americi naukari praapt karane key mamle mein vanchit hain, kewal isaliye kii way aaj hamaare samaaj parr haavi badey paimaane parr shwet network kaa hissa naheen hain. sahee logon seey milna aur sahee avsar dhoondhana mushkil haye jaba hamara samaaj avachetan roop seey unake liye baadhaaen khadaa kartaa haye. "isake bajaay, naukari referral network kii akshamta kaa karyatmak kamiyon key saath adhik sambandh prateet hotaa haye (dekhein colleman aur hoffer 1987)-aisaa karane kaa avsar diye jaane parr sahaayata key liye sambhaavit naukari samparkon kaa asweekriti, isaliye naheen kii unamen jaankaari kii kamee yaa niyuktiyon koo prabhaavit karane kii kshamata kii kamee haye, balki isaliye kii way apane naukari-chahane vaale sambandhon key beach vyaapak avishvaas koo samajhate hain aur sahaayata naheen karna chunate hain", (3).
networking, nae sambandhon aur avsaron koo badhaava dene key liye connection kaa upayog karane kaa vichaar hamaare samaaj key pratyek sadasya key liye ack laabh honah chaahiye. sabhi key liye samaan avsar kii maang karane vaale kaanoonon koo bhee karyabal mein samaan samaantaa paida karni chaahiye. haalaanki, aitihaasik bhedbhavpurna drishtikon joe aaj bhee desh koo pareshan curr rahey hain, alpsankhyakon key logon key liye naukari praapt karna mushkil banaa rahey hain, vishesh roop seey networking key mahatva aur safalata kii seema key kaaran.
ling vetan antar.
ling majdoori kaa antar purushon aur mahilaaon kii ausat aaya key beach kaa antar haye. yeh kyon maujood haye, isake karanon key liye kaee siddhant hain, lekin ling majdoori antar kii ack badee matra iss tathya key liye jimmedaar hoe sakati haye kii mahilaaen purushon kii tulanaa mein alag-alag naukariyan karati hain, isake vipareet kii mahilaaon koo ack hii naukari yaa pratishthanon key bheetar alag-alag bhugtan kiya jaataa haye.
2005 mein kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein yeh paaya gayaa kii kamkaji pitaaon koo kamkaji maataon kii tulanaa mein 8.6% adhik praarambhik vetan diyaa jaataa haye.
maataon aur gair-maataon key beach vetan kaa antar.
yeh bhee paaya gayaa haye kii maataon aur gair-maataon key beach vetan kaa antar haye. "maataon koo gair-maataon kii tulanaa mein 7.9% cumm shuruati vetan kii sifarish kii gaee thee" (corell aur bernard 2005)
kaam parr lautein.
jaba mahilaaen prasooti avkash key baad kaam parr lautati hain tou way iss baare mein anishchit mahsoos curr sakati hain kii way kahaan khadee hain. "house off commons library dwara vishleshan kiye gaye aankadon key anusaar, harr saal prasooti avkash lene vaali 340,000 mahilaaon mein seey 14 pratishat koo apani naukari khatare mein parh jaati haye, jaba way kaam parr lautane kii koshish karati hain.. (fairley 2013) 
carrier anubhavah kaaryasthal mein langic asamaanta.
sanketikta.
aaj key kaaryasthal key vatavaran mein sanketikta ack atyant aam pratha haye; ise anivarya roop seey alpasankhyak samoohon key sadasyon koo shamil karane key liye apane tareeke seey baahar jaane key kaary key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye. nigam key 1977 key prakaashan purushon aur mahilaaon key anusaar, kaaryasthal key bheetar samaantaa praapt karane mein asamarthata kaa shreya kaafee hudd taka vyaktiyon key kuchh samoohon parr "saanketik sthiti" key sthaan koo diyaa jaa sakata haye. aksar tokan koo aise sadasyon key roop mein seemant sthiti praapt hoti haye jinhen pravesh kii anumati haye lekin ack "baahari" key roop mein apani sthiti key kaaran poorna bhagidari kaa anubhav naheen milata haye joe pada key liye poori tarah seey yogya hoe sakata haye lekin aavashyak visheshtaon key saath naheen haye, arthaat.ee. ling yaa nasl, joe aamtaur parr ukt sthiti mein vyaktiyon seey apekshit hoti haye. 
tokan shabd kaa upayog una logon kaa varnan karane key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye jinhen company key anya sadasyon yaa anya karmchaariyon seey unake antar key kaaran kaam parr rakhaa gayaa haih aksar yeh saabit karane key prayaas key roop mein kiya jaataa haye kii samooh logon key ukt samooh key khilaf bhedbhaav naheen kartaa haye. maanaa jaataa haye kii iss prakaar key sanketikta kii utpatti dakshini sanyukt raajya america mein hui haye, jahan school aur vyavasaay sanghiya sarkaar key vargeekaran aadeshon koo puuraa karane key liye saanketik african amerikiyon koo pravesh denge. kaee udaharanon mein, samooh yaa company mein sweekaar kiye gaye tokan kii sankhya tokan samooh key una logon kii sankhya seey cumm haye joe sweekriti key liye yogya hain. halanki, kuchh mamalon mein, tokan aise loga hotey hain jinake paas kissy pada parr rahane key liye aavashyak yogyata naheen hoti haye, lekin unhein unaki saanketik sthiti key kaaran bharti kiya jaataa haye.
ack vyakti jisake paas saanketik sthiti haye, usake paas bahut prabhaavit carrier kaa anubhav hoe sakata haye. kaantar kii parikalpana haye kii aksar, tokan kaa anubhav joe bhee visheshta unhein ack tokan banaati haye usase cumm sambandhit hotaa haye aur sanrachanaatmak pratibandhon seey adhik prabhaavit hotaa haye joe unake dwara bharee gaee sthitiyon key liye aantarik hotey hain. vistrit roop seey, tokan dwara aayojit padon mein aam taur parr shakti aur unnati key avsar kii kamee hoti haye. isake alawa, karyasthalon key bheetar visham anupaat key saath kaam karane vaale tokan, jinake parinamswarup unaki sankhya bahut adhik hoti haye, koo aksar "vyaktiyon key bajaay unaki shreni key pratinidhitva key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. tokan bhee behad dikhaai dete hain aur bahumat seey unake spasht virodhabhas key kaaran jaanch key adheen hain. yeh achchha pradarshan karane key liye badee matra mein dabaav paida curr sakata haye; tokan aksar yaa tou adhik praapti yaa cumm praapti key saath iska jawab denge, joe donon aage badhane mein mushkil banaate hain. aksar naheen, saanketik sthiti aksar "demotivation, pradarshan key nimn star aur bhavishya key liye cumm aakaankshaon" kii or leey jaati haye.
sanketikta kii samasya key kaee samadhan sujhaae gaye hain; halanki ack santulit kaary bull kaaryasthal mein tokan key saamane aaney vaale sabhi muddon koo samaapt naheen karega, santulan kii or badhane seey kuchh sudhaar key darwaaje kholane mein madad milegi. haalaanki, sankhya aur anupaat koo santulit karna jaruri naheen kii sabse badaa mudda hoh kaee shodhkartaon kaa sujhaav haye kii kaaryasthal mein pramukh aur maadhyamik samoohon key beach sambandhon mein shakti, visheshaadhikaar aur pratishtha adhik mahatvapurna kaarak hain. kaee logon kaa maanana haye kii jaise-jaise alpasankhyak aur bahusankhyak shramikon kaa anupaat santulit hotaa haye, kaaryasthal key bheetar tanaav vaastav mein cumm honey key bajaay badhane kii adhik sambhavana haye. halanki yeh sach hoe sakata haye, yeh siddhant kii tokan samoohon key anupaat koo badhaane seey samasya cumm hoe jaayegi, kissy bhee tarah seey chhoot naheen dee jaani chaahiye. yeh samadhan sambhavatah "tokanvaad key algaav aur prabhaavon koo cumm curr sakata haye, vibhaag kii shakti sanrachana mein tokan kii sthiti mein sudhaar curr sakata haye, aur unake avsaron koo bhee badhaa sakata haye. ack anya samadhan prabandhakiya padon mein tokan kii sankhya badhaana aur bharti aur padonnati kii naee neetiyon koo lagu karna hoe sakata haye; yeh sakaratmak kaarravaai tokan koo vishvaas dene key liye kaam curr sakati haye kii unhein apani shreni yaa tokan visheshta key pratinidhitva key bajaay kaaryasthal mein poorna pratibhaagi banane kii aavashyakta haye.
mahila shramikon key liye "double bind".
logon key currier key anubhav kaafee hudd taka iss baat seey prabhaavit hotey hain kii unake sahakarmiyon dwara unhein kaise dekhaa jaataa haye, aur mahilaaon key liye "dohare bandhan" key astitva key kaaran karmchaariyon key karyon koo jiss tarah seey maanaa jaataa haye, vaha ling key aadhar parr bhinn hoe sakata haye. samajik vaigyaanik gregory betson ney dohare bandhan kii samanya avadharana koo "ack aisee sthiti key roop mein varnit kiya jisamen koee bhee vyakti joe kuchh bhee karey, vaha jeet naheen sakata.'" yadi vyaktiyon koo nirdesh diyaa jaataa haye yaa unase virodhabhasi tarikon seey kaary karane kii apeksha kii jaati haye, tou way dohare bandhan mein funce jaate hain kyonki way koee bhee kaarravaai sweekaar naheen karenge.
adhikansh purushon koo ack karmchari key roop mein apekshaon key saath apane ling kaa milan karane mein kathinaaee naheen hoti haye, kyonki aadarsh shramikon kii paribhaashaaen way hain joe apane kaam key liye poori tarah seey samarpit hain, binaa kissy carrier kii baadhaon yaa baahari jimmedariyon key, visheshaadhikaar purush shramikon key roop mein."isake alawa, aatmavishvaas aur mukhar honah purushon aur netaaon donon key liye sakaratmak lakshnon koo darshaata haye. doosari or, mahilaaon kii tulanaa nishkriya naritva key baare mein roodhivaadita seey kii jaati haye jiska arth haye kii yadi way mukhar hain, tou unhein apane aantarik swabhaav key saath sangharsh mein abhinay karane aur aalochana key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. aam taur parr, "jaba mahilaaen aise tarikon seey kaary karati hain joe ling roodhivaadita key anuroop hotey hain, tou unhein cumm saksham netaaon key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye", lekin "jaba mahilaaen aise tarikon seey kaary karati hain joe iss tarah kii roodhivaadita key saath asangat hain, tou unhein striheen maanaa jaataa haye."yeh ack dohare bandhan kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye kyonki donon dhaaranaaen mahilaaon koo nakaratmak prakaash mein chitrit karati hain.
iss dohare bandhan kii sthiti parr mahilaaen kaise pratikriya karna chunati hain, yeh kaaryasthal mein unake anubhav koo prabhaavit karega. udaaharan key liye, jabaki joe mahilaaen roodhivaadi roop seey mardana vyavhaar karati hain "unhein unaki netritva shally key kaaran saksham key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, way una mahilaaon kii tulanaa mein apane parasparik kaushal kaa adhik nakaratmak mulyankan bhee praapt karati hain joe 'stree' shally 'koo apanaati hain aur' pasand naheen kii jaa sakati hain...] mahilaaon key kaary sambandhon, samajik network taka pahunch, dinn-pratidin kii baatchit aur antatah, unaki unnati key avsaron parr nakaratmak prabhaav daaltaa haye."kuchh udyogon key roop mein, jaise kii wall sent. firm, vetan, padonnati nirdhaarit karane key liye sahakarmi mulyankan parr bharosa karate hain, aur aam taur parr ack karmchari key yogdan aur moolya kaa aaklan karate hain, kii mahilaaon koo kaise maanaa jaataa haye, yeh unake carrier key anubhavon koo prabhaavit karega. isake alawa, joe mahilaaen lagaatar unnati key liye gujarati rahati hain, way rahane key bajaay jaane kaa vikalp chuna sakati hain aur cumm moolyavaan mahsoos curr sakati hain.
samajshastriyon ney vishesh roop seey adhyayan kiya haye kii aadarsh karyakarta kaa vichaar mahilaaon key maataon yaa sambhaavit maataon key roop mein drishtikon key saath kaise takaraata haye. udaaharan key liye, catherine turco ney leverage byout (ell. bee. oh.) udyog kaa pataa lagaaya aur nirdhaarit kiya kii "aadarsh niveshak koo ack aise vyakti key roop mein chunkar joe sabse oopar kaam karane kii pratibaddhata rakhta haye, ell. bee. oh. chhavi ack anya samajik bhoomika koo nihit roop seey nirdisht karati haye-joe maan kii haye-joe vyaavsaayik bhoomika key saath parasparik roop seey asangat haye."isi tarah, prayogshala prayogon aur lekha pariksha adhyayanon mein paaya gayaa kii ack" "matritva dund" "maujood haye joe majdoori aur pradarshan mulyankan koo nakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit curr sakata haye. isake alawa, kaam karane vaali maataon key nakaratmak vichaaron kaa vistaar gair-maataon aur yahaan taka kii una logon taka kiya jaa sakata haye joe avivaahit hain kyonki "sabhi mahilaaon koo sambhaavit maataon key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye."yeh saanskritik dhaaranaon key kaaran hoe sakata haye kii mahilaaen apane bachche honey parr kaam chhod dengi, iss prakaar anya shramikon aur prabandhakon koo unhein cumm pratibaddh key roop mein dekhane key liye prerit karati hain, bhale hii unhone vyakt kiya hoe kii yeh unaki yojana naheen haye. yahaan dohri bandhan maujood haye kyonki aggar mahilaaen khud koo gambhir shramikon key roop mein prastut karane kii koshish karati hain, tou bhee maataon key roop mein unaki bhoomika yaa garbhavati banane kii unaki kshamata niyoktaon koo unake saath alag tareeke seey vyavhaar karane kaa kaaran banati haye. choonki mahilaaon koo mahila honey key aadhar parr aanka jaa rhaa haye, isaliye mahilaaon dwara anubhav kiye gaye dohare bandhan koo door karane key liye ack achche karyakarta honey kaa kyaa arth haye, isake baare mein sansthaagat maandandon koo badala jaanaa chaahiye.
samlaingik, samlaingik, ubhayalingi aur transgender kaaryasthal asamaanta.
1969 key stonewall dangon key baad seey, corporate america mein samlaingik, samlaingik, ubhayalingi aur transgender (jee. ell. bee. tii.) karmchaariyon kii drishyata aur sweekriti lagaatar badh rahee haye; pahala samlaingik karmchari network 1978 mein dikhaai diyaa, aur 1991 mein, pahali fortune 1000 company ney apane karmchaariyon koo gharelu-bhagidar swaasthya laabhon kii peshkash kii. aaj, adhikansh fortune 500 companiyan yaun abhivinyas aur ling pehchaan suraksha donon key saath-saath gharelu-saathi swaasthya laabh pradaan karati hain. vichitra kaaryasthal samaantaa mein teji seey vriddhi kaa shreya kaee karakon koo diyaa jaa sakata haye, vishesh roop seey samroopata.
nakal dabaav, jisamen pratispardhi firm pratiyogiyon kii prakriyaon kaa model banaate hain, vishesh roop seey gharelu-bhagidar laabhon koo apanaane mein dikhaai dete hain. udaaharan key liye, 1998 mein wells fargo aur baink off america dwara gharelu-bhagidar laabhon koo apanaane key baad, anya baink, jaise kii bankers kaa vishvaas aur peechha, jald hii swechha seey apanaae gaye. yeye nakal dabaav aaj bhee dikhaai dey rahey hain; 2002 mein, kewal dou pratishat fortune 500 companiyon ney apani gair-bhedbhaav neetiyon mein ling pehchaan koo shamil kiya, jabaki 2012 mein, 57 pratishat companiyan aisaa karati hain. 
inn nakal dabaavon kii tarah, maanak samroopata, joe ack abhyaas key vyaavsaayikaran seey upaji haye, ney bhee nyaaysangat laabhon koo failaane mein madad kii. 1991 kii forbes kii kahani, "gey inn corporate america", ney samlaingik aur samlaingik muddon key baare mein vyaavsaayik press kii lambe samay seey chully aaa rahee khamoshi koo toda diyaa, ack mahatvapurna pravritti kii shuruat kii; vividhata salaahkaaron aur maanav sansaadhan peshevaron ney 1990 key dashak key madhyam seey nishkarsh nikala kii "samavesh pradarshan key barabar haye.
haalaanki samlaingik laabhon key kshetra mein bahut pragati hui haye, lekin jee. ell. bee. tii. karmchaariyon koo kaaryasthal mein una chunautiyon kaa saamana karna padata haye joe unake gair-chatur sahakarmiyon koo naheen hoti hain. 2009 key ack sarvekshan key anusaar, 58 pratishat jee. ell. bee. tii. karmchaariyon kaa kahana haye kii sahakarmi jee. ell. bee. tii. logon key baare mein "cumm seey cumm ack baar" majaak yaa apmaanjanak tippaniyan karate hain.
lekin shayed kaaryasthal mein anubhav mein sabse badaa yogdan karmchaariyon kaa baahar aaney yaa kaam parr bund rahane kaa nirnay haye. samlaingik samvedansheelta prashikshan key ack prashansit netaa bryan mcnote ney nirnay key chaaron or key dabaavon koo samajhaaya, yeh dekhate hue kii "samlaingik loga jinhen iss baat kii chinta karni haye kii aggar way baahar aatey hain tou unake saath kyaa hoga [...] aam taur parr samlaingik karmchaariyon kii tulanaa mein cumm star parr utpaadan karate hain joe "mask pahanane key liye bahut adhik oorjaa lete hain"; 54 pratishat bund karmchaariyon ney "pichhale baarah maheenon mein apane vyaktigat jeevan key baare mein jhooth bolane" kii report kii. gair-jee. ell. bee. tii. karmchaariyon koo apane vyaktigat jeevan key vivaran koo saajha karane yaa chhipaane key liye sachet nirnay lene kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye, jabaki jee. ell. bee. tii. karmchari pratidin vahee nirnay lete hain. mask" key atirikt tanaav key bavjood, 2009 key ack sarvekshan ney nishkarsh nikala kii 51 pratishat jee. ell. bee. tii. karmchari kaam parr rahane vaalon koo apani pehchaan chhipaate hue bataate hain.
inn anoothe anubhavon ney aaj key karyasthalon mein jee. ell. bee. tii. shramikon key liye mahatvapurna thhos asamaantaaen paida karane key liye aur adhik vriddhi kii haye. samlaingik karmchaariyon key liye, ack nirvivaad "gulabi chhat" haye; ack bhee bhaagya 1000 see. ee. oh. khule taur parr samlaingik naheen haye, aur yeh pralekhit haye kii samlaingik honey seey ack karmchari key padonnati key avsar parr nakaratmak prabhaav padata haye-28 pratishat samlaingik karmchari bund rahate hain "kyonki unhein lagata haye kii yeh carrier kii pragati yaa vikas key avsaron mein baadha hoe sakati haye. inmein seey kuchh aashankaaen achchi tarah seey sthaapit hain; kewal 21 raajyon aur kolambiya jile mein vartamaan mein yaun abhivinyas key aadhar parr bhedbhaav koo pratibandhit karane vaale rojgar kaanoon hain-kaee raajyon mein iss prakaar samlaingik honey key liye ack karmchari koo nikaalana poori tarah seey kanuni haye. 2020 mein, americi sarvocch adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii 1964 kaa nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam samlaingik, samlaingik aur transgender karmchaariyon koo ling key aadhar parr bhedbhaav seey bachaata haye. haalaanki, sanghiya kaanoon abhee bhee ell. jee. bee. tii. karmchaariyon koo 15 yaa usase cumm shramikon key vyavsaayon mein unake yaun abhivinyas yaa ling pehchaan key aadhar parr barkhast kiye jaane seey naheen bachaata thaa. 
inn chunautiyon key alawa, vishesh roop seey transgender karmchaariyon koo bhee kaee aur chunautiyon kaa saamana karna padata haye. halanki adalaton ney haal hii mein nishkarsh nikala haye kii transgenderwad 1964 key nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam key sheershak VII key tahat ack sanrakshit varg haye, vishesh roop seey smith v mein. salem shahar mein 2004 mein, adaalaten abhee bhee ling-vishisht poshak aur saundarya sanhitaon kii anumati detee hain, aur kanuni roop seey transgender karmchaariyon key liye chhoot koo aswikar karane mein saksham hain; iss prakaar transgender karmchaariyon koo aksar dress code kaa paalan karane yaa ling mein kapade pahanane key bahut kathin vikalp kaa saamana karna padata haye joe way prastut karate hain aur sambhaavit roop seey apani naukari khou dete hain. samlaingik karmchaariyon key liye, kaaryasthal kii asamaanta iss prakaar jeevan kaa ack tathya bunny hui haye.
vittiya kshetra mein asamaanta.
kaanch kii chhat.
wall street journal" "glass sealing" shabd key saath aaya, joe una baadhaon kaa varnan kartaa haye jinka saamana mahilaaon koo apane nigamon key bheetar sheersh-stariya padon parr padonnat honey key prayason mein karna padata haye. apani yogyataon key bavjood (sabhi vishvavidyalaya snatakon mein mahilaaon kii hissedari 58 pratishat haye), sheersh corporate star key padon mein mahilaaon kii hissedari 8 pratishat seey bhee cumm haye. halanki kaee firm iss kshetra mein mahilaaon kii adhik sankhya taka pahunchane key uddeshya seey vividhata karyakramon koo niyojit karati hain, phir bhee mahilaaen abhee bhee purushon key samaan daron parr apani companiyon key bheetar sheersh star taka naheen pahunch rahee hain. vishesh roop seey kaee pramukh nivesh baink jaba bhee sambhav hoe mahilaaon koo kaam parr rakhane kii koshish karate hain (sanketikta anubhaag kaa sandarbh lein). haalaanki, bharti karane vaale abhee bhee swabhavik roop seey saankhyikiya saamaanyikaran kaa upayog karate hainh parivaar seey sambandhit karanon seey roodhivaadi mahila key purush kii tulanaa mein jaldi apana pada chhodane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye, iska matlab haye kii jaba avsar utpann hotaa haye tou mahilaaon koo swabhavik roop seey padonnati key liye adhik chunautiyon kaa saamana karna padata haye.
corporate sanskriti.
vittiya puraskar aksar logon key corporate farmon mein pravesh karane aur rahane key nirnayon mein ack badee bhoomika nibhaate hain, lekin unake anubhav aksar bataate hain kii way kyon chaley gaye. kaee paramarsh farmon mein prachalit "oopar yaa baahar" pranali purush-pradhaan padanukram koo samajhaane mein madad curr sakati haye; jinn mahilaaon koo prasooti avkash kii aavashyakta hoti haye, unake liye aisee sthiti mein unaki bhoomika koo banaae naheen rakhaa jaa sakata haye. jabaki kaee firm aupchaarik aantarik vividhata pahal kaa samarthan karati hain, mahilaaon koo aksar anaupchaarik network seey bhee baahar rakhaa jaataa haye joe purush karyalaya key baahar bhaag lete hain, aisee gatividhiyaan joe ack "majaak-baat" vatavaran key ird-gird ghoomati hain joe purushon koo baandhati hain aur aise sambandh banaane mein madad karati hain joe mahatvapurna hotey hain jaba padonnati upalabdh hoe jaati haye. <bee. aar.>
isake alawa, kaee wall street nigam langic maandandon seey sambandhit apane vishvaason mein gaharaai seey nihit hain aur kahaa jaataa haye kii way mardanagi koo badhaava dete hain. samanya taur parr, peshevar farmon key karmchaariyon ney samalaingikta kii prathmiktaon kii or rukh kiya, jahaan way apane jaise sahakarmiyon kii or aakarshit hue. iss prakaar, deewaar kii sadak parr, sirf ack safed, purush kanishth sahayogi honey key naate aapako prachaar key avsaron mein ack laabh mill sakata haye. saath hii, inn prathaon ney una logon koo bhee alag curr diyaa joe alpasankhyak they aur jinhone apane sathiyon aur varishthon seey samarthan kii kamee mahsoos kii. aisee prachalit sanskriti kaa mukabala karane key prayason mein, wall street farmon ney samaan avsar dishaanirdeshon koo lagu kiya haye, varg kaarravaai soot kaa paalan kiya haye, vividhata pahal kii haye, aur shikayat prakriyaaen banaai hain.
pahunchah baadhaaen aur laabh.
apane samaan visheshtaon vaale sahakarmiyon key liye vareeyata kaa matlab thaa kii prabandhak aksar vishesh roop seey khaaton koo saajha karane aur unase nipatane key liye vyaktiyon kaa chayan karate hain; kaee baar, iska matlab khaata aavantan, pradarshan mulyankan aur saapeksh muaavaje key liye mahilaaon aur alpsankhyakon koo vanchit karna thaa. anaupchaarik network key madhyam seey kiye gaye connection aksar una vyaktiyon koo labhanvit karate hain jinaki grahakon, khaaton aur saudon taka behtar pahunch hoti haye. aksar, mahilaaon koo vyaavsaayik kshetra key bheetar kshetron koo badalane key liye prerit kiya jaataa haye, udaaharan key liye corporate vitt seey equity anusandhaan mein, bhaari purush-pradhaan seey adhik langic tatasth logon mein. iss tarah key vyaapaar key parinamswarup vetan mein paryaapt katauti hoe sakati haye, kyonki nae kshetra mein ausat aaya puraane kshetra kii ausat aaya seey bahut cumm hoe sakati haye. <bee. aar.>
isake alawa, kaaryasthal parr kissy key anubhavon mein margadarshan ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibha sakata haye. kaee farmon key paas nae honhar kanishth karmchaariyon kaa margadarshan karane key liye aupchaarik margadarshan karyakram hain. aise mamalon mein jahaan margadarshan anaupchaarik roop seey shuru hotaa haye (varishth bhagidar aisaa karane key liye company key adesh key binaa aisaa kartaa haye) kuchh kanishth karmchaariyon koo swabhavik roop seey apane sathiyon parr laabh hoga. yeh aksar una shramikon key liye vinashkari roop seey samaapt hoe sakata haye joe anaupchaarik network seey baahar hain joe iss tarah key sambandh shuru curr sakate hain. vishesh roop seey wall street parr, kaee purush varishth adhikaari they joe mahila kanishth adhikaariyon seey safalata koo protsaahit karane key liye pratibaddh they, jinamen seey 65 pratishat mahilaaon key paas maargdarshak they aur unake maargdarshak purush they.
mool kshetron mein asamaanta.
2019 mein, mahilaaon ney mool-yogya kshetron mein 27 pratishat shramikon kaa yogdan diyaa, aur samaan udyogon mein purushon kii tulanaa mein lagbhag 20 pratishat kamaaya. 2021 mein stame mein mahilaaon kii sankhya mein mamuli badalaav aaya, kyonki pratishat badhkar 28 pratishat hoe gayaa. karyasthalon mein hii langic asamaantaaen kaee alag-alag tarikon seey prakat hoti hain. purushon aur mahilaaon key beach kaaryasthal key alag-alag anubhavon kaa shreya udyog mein sanchaar shailiyon aur samajik maandandon mein antar koo diyaa jaa sakata haye. kyonki stame feeled mein purushon kaa bahut prabhutva haye, inn udyogon mein kaam karane vaali mahilaaon seey aksar adhik mardana vyavhaar karane kii ummeed kii jaati haye taaki unhein gambhirta seey liya jaa sakey. isake alawa, mahilaaon kii kamee inn udyogon mein seey kaee key bheetar sanskriti aur samajik maandandon koo adhik "mardana" banane key liye prerit karati haye aur isaliye, kaee mahilaaon key paas khud koo model karane key liye anya naheen hain aur parinamswarup unhein lagata haye kii unhein "fitt honey" key liye badalana hoga.
sanchaar.
stame udyogon mein, baithaken aur takniki charchaaen aksar bahut gyaan aur anubhav adharit hoti hain. inn sthitiyon mein, adhik prabhaavshaali aur aksar "mardana" maane jaane vaale loga baatchit koo chalaane aur usa parr haavi honey kii pravritti rakhate hain kyonki way ack nishchit vishay parr adhik jaankaar lagate hain. sanchaar kaa yeh tarika, joe aksar aatm-prachaar key saath sahsambaddh hotaa haye, purushon aur adhik mardana vyaktiyon vaale logon koo ack laabh parr rakh sakata haye kyonki "aatm-prachaar ack roodhivaadi mardana sanchaar shally haye jisamen aatmavishvaas key aakramak pradarshan shamil hain joe apani shreshthata kaa daavaa karate hain. aur bhale hii "safaltapurvak aatm-prachaar karane kii mahilaaon kii kshamataon koo aksar prati-pratiroop vyavhaar key liye pratikriya yaa samajik pratibandhon key darr seey rokaa jaataa haye", praudyogiki mein mahilaaen aksar apani aavaaj sunane key liye adhik mardana honey kii aavashyakta mahsoos karati hain.
ack anya tarika yeh haye kii yeh alag-alag sanchaar shailiyon mein prakat hotaa haye. pratispardhi sanchaar shally" vaalaa vyakti prabhutva dikhaane key tareeke key roop mein dusaron koo aksar baadhit curr sakata haye. adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii 43 adhyayanon key metaa-vishleshan key roop mein rukaavaten mardanagi seey judee hui hain, jisamen paaya gayaa haye kii purush mahilaaon kii tulanaa mein adhik ghuspaith karate hain. isaliye, kyonki aksar purushon kii tulanaa mein mahilaaon key baadhit honey kii sambhavana adhik hoti haye, isaliye yeh mahilaaon koo charcha key dauran heane mahsoos karaane kaa kaaran banati haye. isase mahilaaen apani takniki kshamataon mein cumm saksham mahsoos karati hain, aur utpaadaktaa mein kamee aatee haye kyonki way mahsoos karane lagati hain kii unaki raay utani mayane naheen rakhti haye, jisase nakaratmak kaary vatavaran paida hotaa haye.
samajik kaarak.
ack anya kaarak joe mool kshetron mein purushon aur mahilaaon key liye anubhav mein antar paida kartaa haye, vaha haye samajik jalavaayu. boodhe ladke kii sanskriti" kaa vichaar purush pradhaan mool kshetron mein bahut praasangik haye jahan mahilaaon koo fitt honah mushkil lagata haye. isake alawa, inn udyogon mein yuva mahilaaon key liye mahila aadarsh aur maargdarshak durlabh hain. kyonki salaahkaar carrier key vikas mein sahaayata karane key saath-saath kaaryasthal mein atmasamman key nirmaan mein bahut mahatvapurna hain, mahila salaahkaaron kii kamee mool karyasthalon mein mahilaaon key vikas aur safalata koo rokti haye. yeye samajik kaarak ack aise vatavaran kii or leey jaate hain joe mahilaaon key prati samaveshi naheen hoe sakata haye kyonki mahilaaon koo lagata haye kii unhein shamil karane key liye "ladakon mein seey ack" honey kii aavashyakta haye.
inn samajik karakon aur purushon aur mahilaaon key beach sanchaar key antar key kaaran, mool kshetron mein mahilaaon key liye anubhav adhik ling-santulit yaa mahila-pradhaan udyogon mein mahilaaon key anubhav seey bahut bhinn hotaa haye.
kaam aur parivaar.
gharelu kaary aur baal dekhbhal mein asamaanta.
1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein, yuu.aiss. parivaar mein shram vibhajan mein ack mahatvapurna parivartan kaa anubhav karna shuru kiya. pichhale kaee dashakon key dauran, gharelu karyon mein purushon kaa yogdan kaafee badh gayaa haye, joe kull ghar key kaam key lagbhag 15 pratishat seey badhkar 30 pratishat seey adhik hoe gayaa haye, jabaki kaam karane vaali, vivaahit maataon kaa ausat dainik yogdan 2 ghante cumm hoe gayaa haye. inn parivartanon key bavjood, purushon aur mahilaaon key beach baal dekhbhal aur ghar key kaam key vitaran mein abhee bhee asamaantaaen hain. yahaan humm kaee kaary-parivaar vichardharaon, adhikansh americi sansthanon dwara prachaarit vichardhara, yeh prachalit vichardhara kyon haye, aur shram key parinami ling vibhajan key nihitarth key baare mein charcha karate hain.
aam taur parr, jiss tarah seey ghar mein shram vibhajit kiya jaataa haye, vaha kaary-parivaar kii vichardharaon koo darshaata haye, jisake liye pati aur patni vyaktigat roop seey sadasyata lete hain. mairi blair-loy inmein seey teen vichardharaon kii pehchaan karati haih paaramparik, samtaavaadi aur sankramankalin. paaramparik parivarik vyavastha 1950 key dashak kaa roji-rotty banaane vaalaa model haye jisamen mahilaaon seey apeksha kii jaati haye kii way khud koo poori tarah seey gharelu prabandhan aur bachche kii dekhbhal key liye samarpit karein, jabaki unake pati kii parivarik aaya arjit karein. samtaavaadi vyavastha mein yeh shamil haye kii pati aur patni ghar aur karyabal mein samaan roop seey sakriya rahein. sankramankalin vyavastha pati aur patni donon koo karyabal mein lagey rahane kii anumati detee haye, jisamen patni ghar banaane kii badee jimmedaari letee haye. samajshastri arley hochchild ney mahilaaon key liye ghar key kaam parr bitaaye gaye atirikt samay koo "doosari paali" kahaa haye. sankramankalin vyavastha koo apanaane vaale parivaar aksar purnakaalik, bhugtan kii gaee baal dekhbhal kaa upayog karate hain kyonki donon maataa-pitaa key kaam mein lambe ghante lagate hain, bhale hii patni kewal anshakaalik kaam karati hoe.
halanki vyakti alag-alag kaary-parivaar kii vichardharaon kii sadasyata lete hain, americi sansthaan shram key ack ling vibhajan koo darshaate hain joe mahilaaon koo gharelu kshetra mein sakriya honey aur purushon koo karyabal mein sakriya honey key liye protsaahit kartaa haye. purnakaalik kaam karane vaali mahilaaon key saath ack kalank judaa huaa haye, vishesh roop seey yadi way vivaahit hain yaa unake bachche hain, jabaki purushon seey purnakaalik kaam karane kii apeksha kii jaati haye. yeye ling mandand vishesh roop seey deewaar kii sadak parr spasht hain jahaan purush aur mahilaaen yaa tou rotty banaane vaale-ghar banaane vaale model yaa purnakaalik kiraaye parr liye gaye baal dekhbhal koo jawab key roop mein dekhate hain yadi way bachche paida karna chaahte hain. ghar parr rahane vaali patniyaan purushon koo apana samay aur oorjaa apane currier mein samarpit karane mein saksham banaati hain. wall street key baahar bhee, kaee aadhunik sangathan maanate hain kii adhikansh parivaar ack paaramparik vichardhara koo niyojit karate hain, halanki, saankhyikiya roop seey, yeh abb maanak naheen haye.
shram key ling vibhajan key astitva key liye kaee spashteekaran diye gaye hain. gairi becker kaa maanana haye kii mahilaaon key shram bull chhodane yaa anshakaalik kaam karane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye kyonki unamen purushon kii tulanaa mein cumm kamai kii kshamata hoti haye. iss prakaar, purushon key liye aarthik roop seey yeh samajh mein aataa haye kii way apane currier parr dhyaan kendrit karein yadi parivaar kaa uddeshya aaya koo adhikatam karna aur paryaapt baal dekhbhal pradaan karna haye. becker key daave key liye kuchh samarthan haye. aakhirkaar, purushon kii kamai badhati haye aur mahilaaon kii cumm hoti haye jaba unake bachche hotey hain. haalaanki, samaan roop seey prashansaniya tark haye kii yeye rujhaan una saanskritik maandandon key parinamswarup hain joe sambhaavit roop seey uchch kamai karane vaali mahilaaon koo kaam key bajaay ghar kii or aakarshit karate hain. ack atirikt vyakhya yeh haye kii kuchh mahilaaen buss anand letee hain aur maanati hain kii way parivaar kii dekhbhal key liye achchi tarah seey upayukt hain.
gharelu kaary key antar vitaran kaa mahatvapurna prabhaav padata haye. udaaharan key liye, adhikansh vivaahit maataaen apane patiyon parr aarthik roop seey nirbhar hoe jaati hain, lekin kaanoon unhein vivaah mein vittiya samaantaa naheen detaa haye. iska matlab haye kii talaak key mamle mein maataon kii aaya mein naatakiya girawat aatee haye. isake alawa, samajik suraksha jaal talakshuda yaa ekal maataon koo garibi seey naheen bachaata haye, aur maataaen berojgari beema key liye paatr naheen hain yadi way anshakaalik yaa ghar parr kaam karati hain. spasht roop seey, ghar key kaam aur bachchon kii dekhbhal key asman vitaran key saarthak nihitarth hain aur kuchh charcha kii aavashyakta haye.
parivarik kaarak, vishesh roop seey vivaahit mahilaaon key liye, ack kaaran haye joe naukari key bajar mein purushon kii tulanaa mein mahilaaon key liye adhik gatishil jhukaav kii or leey jaataa haye. roodhivaadi pratha vivaahit mahilaaon koo purushon kii tulanaa mein adhik parivarik jimmedariyan nibhaane key liye majboor karati haye, isaliye mahilaaon key paas parivaar kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane key liye karyasthalon koo sthanantarit karane key alawa koee vikalp naheen haye. jinn purushon koo apane kaaryasthal taya karane kii adhik swatantrata haye, unaki tulanaa mein, kaary pranali mein baar-baar jaane key liye mahilaaon key liye apane padon mein sudhaar karane yaa adhik aaya arjit karane key liye ack nuksan spasht haye. doosari or, purush taba karyasthalon koo sthanantarit karane key liye adhik ichchuk hotey hain jaba unaki patniyon kii aaya behtar hoti haye, lekin unaki patniyon key currier key liye naheen, jiska arth haye kii parivaar mein shakti mahilaaon key madhyam seey bhee sthanantarit kii jaa sakati haye joe unake patiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik aarthik moolya paida karati haye. haal key varshon mein mahilaaon key liye apane currier koo vikasit karane kii yeh pragati haye. ack anya srot ney apane jivankal mein mahilaaon key currier kii vividhata koo "saamp jaisa" bataaya haye, jiska arth haye kii way apane poore currier key madhyam seey naukari seey naukari kii or badhate hain. lachilepan kii chunauti kii tulanaa mein, yeh shodh ack nayaa vichaar pradaan kartaa haye kii kuchh mahilaaen vaastav mein parivaar kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane key liye apana vyavasaay vikasit karke laabh praapt karati hain.
bachchon kii dekhbhal aur carrier key anubhavon key sambandh mein vaikalpik parivarik shailiyaan.
aaj key parivaar kii sanrachana pichhale dashakon mein "paaramparik" vivaahit, vishamalaingik jode seey vaikalpik parivarik jeevan shally kii badhati sankhya mein vikasit hui haye. gair-paaramparik parivarik ikaaiyon mein ekal-maataa-pitaa parivaar, ack javic maataa-pitaa aur ack sautele maataa-pitaa vaale parivaar, mishrit parivaar, samlaingik vivaah parivaar aur aise parivaar shamil hoe sakate hain jahaan maataa-pitaa anupasthit hain aur daadaa-daadi yaa anya rishtedaar maataa-pitaa kii bhoomikaaen sambhaalate hain. jabaki yeye sabhi gair-paaramparik parivarik jeevan shally bachchon key liye samajik chunautiyon key saath-saath avaanchhaniya carrier anubhav paida curr sakati hain, dou ikaaiyaan joe sabse adhik vichaar kii aavashyakta haye way hain ekal-maan aur samlaingik saathi jeevan shally.
mahilaaon key ekal maataa banane key kaee tareeke hainh talaak, vivaah key janm key baahar, aur saathi kii mrityu. haal hii mein sanyukt raajya america mein vivaah key baahar janmon key saath-saath talaak kii darr mein bhee vriddhi dekhi gaee. 30 varshon mein, baahari janmon kaa pratishat 20 pratishat seey cumm hocker lagbhag 41 pratishat hoe gayaa haye, jisamen talaak kii darr lagbhag 50 pratishat haye. talaak kii darr 1980 mein sheersh parr thee, joe pahali shaadi key liye lagbhag 40 pratishat thee; 2000 key dashak kii shuruat taka pratishat lagbhag 30 pratishat taka gir gayaa thaa. halanki talaak kii sankhya cumm hoe rahee haye, lekin way baahari vivaah janmon key saath badhati ekal-maan aabaadi key liye jimmedaar hain.
ekal maataon koo mukhya roop seey cumm aaya key parinamswarup kaee chunautiyon kaa saamana karna padata haye. ausat roop seey, ekal maataa-pitaa aaya asamaanta kaa 15 seey 40 pratishat key beach yogdan karate hain, joe anumaanit ausat 32,597 dollar kamaate hain, joe ausat vivaahit jode kii kamai key aadhe seey bhee cumm haye. vyaavsaayik algaav" key kaaran purushon kii tulanaa mein mahilaaon kii aaya ausatan cumm haye. inn aankadon seey pataa chalata haye kii badee sankhya mein ekal-abhibhaavak bachche garibi mein badey hotey hain. adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii garibi mein badhate hue bachchon key garibi seey baahar nikalane kii sambhavana 66 pratishat cumm haye. ekal maataaen, halanki inn cumm vetan vaali naukariyon mein lambe samay taka kaam karati hain, phir bhee way bachche kii dekhbhal key vittiya bojh kaa saamana karane mein asamarth hain. ekal-matritva kaa bojh adhik seey adhik ack prachalit mudda banane key saath, koee bhee soch sakata haye kii ise janata dwara gambhirta seey liya jaanaa shuru curr diyaa jaayega. haalaanki, langic ekikaran kii disha mein pragati dheemi hoe gaee haye, bachchon kii dekhbhal key kharch badh rahey hain, awas koee sastaa naheen hoe rhaa haye aur swaasthya dekhbhal abhee bhee mahangi haye.
samlaingikon koo karyabal samudaay mein bahut utpeedan key saath-saath algaav kaa saamana karna padaa haye. vibhinn yaun abhivinyas key vyaktiyon kii dashakon seey aalochana kii gaee haye, alag-alag kiya gayaa haye aur shaaririk roop seey pareshan kiya gayaa haye, yahaan taka kii shram samudaay key bheetar bhee, ack aisaa sthaan joe samlaingik honey key naate iss baat parr pratibimbit naheen honah chaahiye kii koee vyakti kitna achchha kaam kartaa haye. vaastav mein, "adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii 15 pratishat seey 43 pratishat samlaingik logon ney kaaryasthal mein kissy naa kissy roop mein bhedbhaav aur utpeedan kaa anubhav kiya haye. bhedbhaav aur samajik kalank karyabal key bheetar ack samlaingik karyakarta kii oopar kii or gatishilata koo baadhit curr sakate hain, jisase vetan aur unnati mein asamaanta hoe sakati haye.

