
chaaron kaa mukadama

chaar kaa pareekshan, jise galanskov-ginzberg pareekshan bhee kahaa jaataa haye, 1968 kaa yuri galanskov, alekjendar ginzberg, alexey dobrovolsky aur vera lahkova kaa pareekshan thaa, joe samijdaat prakashanon mein unaki bhagidari key liye thaa. mukadama masco shahar kii adalat mein janwari 8-12 koo huaa. sabhi chaar prativaadiyon koo shram shiviron mein sajaa sunai gaee thee. mukadame ney soviyat sangh mein ubharate manvadhikar andolan koo majboot karane mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai.
abhiyukt.
yuri galanskov aitihaasik abhilekhagar sansthaan mein dusare varsh key chhaatr they aur masco mein raajya saahityik sangrahalaya mein kaam karate they. 1959 seey unhone mayakovsky chauk mein yuva kaviyon key pathan mein bhaag liya. unaki kavitaaen alekjendar ginzberg dwara sampaadit ack typescript kavita sankalan "syntoxis" mein prakaashit hui theen. 1966 mein, galanskov ney type likhit saahityik sangrah "phoenix-66" koo sankalit aur jaari kiya.
alekjendar ginzberg aitihaasik abhilekhagar sansthaan mein pratham varsh key chhaatr they jinhone raajya saahityik sangrahalaya mein bhee kaam kiya thaa. aaee. dee. 1 mein unhone yuva kalakaron kii kaee anaupchaarik pradarshaniyon koo aayojit karane mein madad kii. 1960 mein, ginzberg koo unake "syntuxis" kavita sangrah key teen mudde jaari karane key sambandh mein shram shiviron mein dou saal kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. ginzberg ney lekhak sinyavaski aur daniel (jinhen baad mein "white book" kahaa gayaa) key mamle aur mukadame parr samagri kaa ack sangrah ack saath rakhaa, aur navambar 1966 mein ussr supreme soviyat key pratinidhiyon aur kgb koo pratiyaan bhejin.
alexei dobrovolsky masco raajya sanskriti sansthaan mein pratham varsh key chhaatr they, joe raajya saahityik sangrahalaya mein kaam curr rahey they. 1957 mein unhein aar. aiss. aff. aiss. aar. aaparaadhik sanhita key anuchhed 58-10 key tahat teen saal key sudharatmak shram kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. 1964 mein, unhein phir seey aaparaadhik aaropon kaa saamana karna padaa, lekin ack forensic manorog pareekshan key baad, unhein leninagrad key ack vishesh manorog jail aspatal mein bhej diyaa gayaa. galanskov key saahityik panchang "phoenix-66" ney "gyaan aur vishvaas key beach sambandhon" parr dobrovolsky dwara ack lekh prakaashit kiya.
vera lashkova ney masco vishvavidyalaya mein ack tankaar key roop mein kaam kiya aur sanskriti sansthaan mein dusare varsh kii chhaatra theen. unhone "phoenix" aur "dha white book" key liye samagri kaa hissa type kiya.
netritva karein.
farwari 1966 mein, lekhak yuli daniel aur andrei sinyavaski koo videshon mein apane vyangya lekhan prakaashit karane key liye soviyat virodhi andolan aur prachaar key aarop mein shram shiviron mein sajaa sunai gaee thee. sajaa koo anyaaypurna aur mukadame kii jaankaari koo aparyaapt bataate hue, alekjendar ginzberg ney mukadame parr gyaat samagri kaa sangrah karane kaa faisala kiya. isamen poore ussr mein buddhijiviyon aur nagrikon dwara punarnirmit pareekshan pratilekh aur virodh patra shamil they joe aadhikarik press mein prakaashit naheen kiye gaye they.
sangrah, jise "shwet pustak" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, navambar 1966 key anta mein puuraa hoe gayaa thaa. ginzberg ney sangrah kii paanch tankit pratiyon kaa utpaadan kiya aur unhein ussr supreme soviyat key pratinidhiyon aur kgb koo apane naam key saath hastaaksharit kiya. unhein disambar mein kilogram mein bulaaya gayaa thaa aur sangrah koo aswikar karane, isake prasaar koo rokane aur yeh bataane kaa aagrah kiya gayaa thaa kii ise sankalit karane mein unaki madad kisane kii thee. ginzberg ney incar curr diyaa, aur unhein soochit kiya gayaa kii unhein jald hii giraftar curr liya jaayega.
disambar 1966 mein yuri galanskov ney "phoenix-66" naamak ack typewrite saahityik patrika parr kaam puuraa curr liya thaa. iss vividhata mein, unhone masco buddhijiviyon key beach samaan parisancharan mein samagri koo shamil kiya, jaise kii lekhak mikhail sholokhov koo unakaa apana patra, jisamen unhone daniel-sinyavaski mamle parr lekhak kii sthiti kii ninda kii.
janwari 1967 mein vera lashkova key sthaan parr, jinhone "phoenix-66" aur "dha white book" type karane mein madad kii thee, talashi lii gaee aur dastaavez jabt curr liye gaye. isake baad 19 janwari 1967 koo "phoenix-66" mein prakaashit galanskov aur alexei dobrovolsky kii giraftari hui. vera lashkova koo khud 21 janwari 1967 koo giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. alekjendar ginzberg koo 23 janwari 1967 koo giraftar kiya gayaa thaa.
giraftar kiye gaye vyakti ney agale baarah maheene masco kii lefortovo jail mein poorv-mukadame kii hirasat mein bitaaye.
mukadama.
shulk.
chaaron prativaadiyon parr aar. aiss. aff. aiss. aar. aaparaadhik sanhita (soviyat virodhi andolan aur prachaar) key anuchhed 70 key saath aarop lagaaya gayaa thaah 
chaaron parr russie solidarists key desh-virodhi soviyat sangathan rashtriya gathbandhan key saath "aaparaadhik sambandh" kaa bhee aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, ack aarop jiss parr mukadame key aspas prachaar abhiyaan mein jore diyaa gayaa thaa.
sunavaai.
sunavaai 8 janwari seey 12 janwari 1968 key beach masco shahar kii adalat mein hui.
jabaki mukadama aupchaarik roop seey saarvajanik thaa, isamen pravesh communist party kii jilaa samitiyon dwara jaari permit dwara kiya gayaa thaa. virodh key sanket key roop mein, sunavaai key dauran aaropi key samarthak adalat key saamane sadak parr khade they.
prativaadiyon kaa mamla teen pramukh masco bachaav vakeelon dwara uthaaya gayaa thaah deenaa kaminskaya, sofiya kalistratova aur boris jolotukin. soviyat mukdamon key liye asamanya roop seey, way raajneetik roop seey abhiyukt prativaadiyon seey khud koo alag naheen karate they. zolotukhin ney apana bachaav iss shabd key saath shuru kiya "mujhe alexander ginzberg kii raksha karane kaa sammaan haye."yeh kahate hue kii" mujhe ginzberg key naitik gunon parr dhyaan dene kii aavashyakta naheen haye, kyonki, chaahe vaha ack achchha hoe yaa ack buraa aadami, main aatmavishvaas seey kaha sakata huun kii vaha doshi naheen haye ", unhone apane poorna burry honey kaa ahwan kiya. zolotukhin kaa antim bayaan vyaapak roop seey "samizdat" mein prasaarit kiya gayaa."baad mein teenon vakeelon koo kanuni mamalon seey roque diyaa gayaa, aur jolotukhin koo vakeelon key collegium seey aur kanuni paramarsh karyalaya key pramukh key roop mein unake pada seey hataa diyaa gayaa.
yuri galanskov aur alekjendar ginzberg ney apani gatividhi key aaparaadhik swabhaav parr vivaad kiya aur doshi naheen honey kaa anurodh kiya. vera lashkova ney anuchhed 70 key tahat soviyat virodhi andolan key liye doshi naheen honey kaa anurodh kiya. unhone cumm gambhir anuchhed 190-1 key tahat apane aparaadh koo phir seey vargeekrit karane key liye kahaa joe soviyat pranali koo nasht karane key iraade koo nirdhaarit naheen kartaa haye. alexei dobrovolsky ney abhiyojan paksh key saath kaam kiya thaa aur aaropon key liye doshi thaharaaya thaa.
vaakya.
12 janwari 1968 koo adalat ney sabhi prativaadiyon koo doshi paaya. chaaron koo jabaran shram kii sajaa sunai gaee theeh
chaaron doshi vyaktiyon key vakeelon ney appeal daayar kii. 16 aprail 1968 koo russie sarvocch nyayalaya mein apeelon kii sunavaai hui. masco shahar kii adalat kii sajaa koo barkarar rakhaa gayaa.
vera lashkova ney apani poori sajaa mukadame seey pahale kii hirasat mein bitaai thee aur usey riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yuri galanskov, alekjendar ginzberg aur alexey dobrovolsky koo mordovia mein shiviron mein bheja gayaa thaa. 1972 mein pett key alsar key liye ack asafal operation key baad yuri galanskov kii shiviron mein mrityu hoe gaee.
isake baad.
pradarshan.
janwari 1967 mein, ginzberg aur galanskov kii giraftari key khilaf aur aaparaadhik sanhita mein nae lekhon kii shuruat key khilaf ack virodh pradarshan huaa, joe virodh key adhikaar koo pratibandhit kartaa thaa. chhatron vladmir bukowski, wadim delone, victor khastuev aur evageny kushev koo ayojan aur bhaag lene key liye giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. delone aur kushev koo nilambit sajaa millie. vladmir bukowski koo teen saal kii kadee mehnat kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. bukowski ney apane antim shabdon mein mamle key kanuni aacharan parr hamla kiya, joe samizdat mein aur pavel litwinov dwara sankalit pradarshan key baare mein samagri key hisse key roop mein prasaarit huaa.
patra lekhan abhiyaan.
1967 aur 1968 key dauran, chaaron key mukadame ney "podpisanti" (hastaksharkartaon) kii ack naee lahar koo prerit kiya, joe loga daman aur punah-stareekaran key khilaf yachikaon kii ack shrinkhala parr hastakshar karate they. iss samay, iss tarah kaa virodh shiksha seey nishkasana yaa currier mein baadha key jokhim parr kiya gayaa thaa. asantusht aavadhik "vartamaan ghatnaaon kaa itihas" mukadame key virodh key sambandh mein atirikt nyaayik pratishodh key adheen logon key 91 naamon koo soochibaddh kartaa haye.
andrei sakharov ney farwari 1967 mein communist party kii kendriya samiti koo ack patra bheja, jisamen mamle koo bund karane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa. unhein ack "asthir rajneta" maanaa jaataa thaa aur unake vetan mein aadhi katauti kii jaati thee.
asantusht general payotra grigorenko ney "communist dalon key sabse badey sammelan koo ack khule patra mein" chetavani dee kii "jaba taka nyaayik prakriya kaa koee glassnost naheen haye, taba taka stallinwad key navinikaran kii sambhavana maujood haye, joe stalinwadi samay mein maujood naheen thaa.".
navambar 1967 mein, ganitshastri aur 1965 key glassnost raili key aarambhakarta alekjendar asenine-volpin, larisa bogoraz aur pavel litwinov sahit 116 soviyat buddhijiviyon ney adalat mein ack appeal parr hastakshar kiye, jisamen unhone samvidhaan dwara aupchaarik roop seey guaranti key anusaar mukadame mein bhaag lene mein saksham honey kii maang kii, aur vishesh soochiyon aur paas key anusaar logon koo sweekaar karane kii pratha kii aalochana kii.
vishva janmat seey appeal karein.
jaise hii pareekshan chala rhaa thaa, bhautiki shikshak pavel litwinov aur bhashavid larisa bogoraz ney ack prasiddh prishth "vishva janmat key liye appeal" jaari kii. isamen, unhone bund sunavaai key khilaf virodh kiya jisamen "adalat kaksh vishesh roop seey chayanit logon, kgb key adhikaariyon aur swayamsevi milicia seey bharaa huaa haye, joe ack khule saarvajanik mukadame kii upasthiti dete hain. pathakon koo "1930 key dashak key prasiddh parikshanon" kii yaad dilaate hue, bogoraz aur litwinov ney mukadame key dauran kiye gaye kaanoon aur nyaay key ullanghan koo vistaar seey soochibaddh kiya, aur soviyat aur vishva janata seey kaidiyon koo hirasat seey riha karane aur antarrashtriya paryavekshakon kii upasthiti mein mukadame koo doharaane kii maang karane key liye kahaa. yeh appeal soviyat adhikaariyon koo sambodhit karane kii sweekrit parampara seey hatane key liye ullekhaniya thee, aur asantushton dwara antarrashtriya janata key liye pahali pratyaksh appeal bunn gaee. dastaavez parr unake poore naam aur patey key saath hastakshar kiye gaye they aur 11 janwari 1968 koo soviyat sangh mein prasaarit videshi radio stations parr prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa.
"chaaron kaa mukadama.
doshi ginzberg kii "shwet pustak" kii parampara kaa paalan karate hue, "chaaron key mukadame" kaa ack samidat vivaran badale mein pavel litwinov dwara sankalit kiya gayaa thaa. isamen sunavaai kii pratilekh (mukadame key dauran liye gaye noton aur pratyakshadarshi khaaton seey punarnirmit), soviyat press mein mukadame kii coverage key saath-saath asammat nagrikon dwara bheje gaye kaee virodh patron aur apeelon key paath shamil they. yeh samizdat mein prasaarit huaa aur landan aur newyork mein "chaaron key pareekshan" key roop mein prakaashit huaa."

