robben raait flumming

robben raait fleaming (18 disambar, 1916-11 janwari, 2010), jinhen apani yuvavastha mein robben wheeler fleaming key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa, ack americi vakeel, professor aur akaadamik prashaasak they. way 1968 seey 1979 taka mishigan vishvavidyalaya key adhyaksh they-aur 1988 mein phir seey antarim adhyaksh they-aur usa yug key lagaatar parisar virodh pradarshanon key dauran chhatron key saath dhairya aur baatchit mein shamil honey kii ichcha key liye ack pratishtha sthaapit kii. unhein "mishigan vishvavidyalaya key vaastav mein mahaan adhyakshon mein seey ack" kahaa gayaa haye.
unhone 1964 seey 1967 taka wisconsin-maddison vishvavidyalaya key kuladhipati key roop mein kaary kiya aur parisar ashanti kii avadhi key madhyam seey usa sansthaan kaa netritva bhee kiya-jisamen ack udaaharan mein, ack pradarshan key dauran giraftar kiye gaye chhatron key liye jamaanat koo cover karane key liye ack vyaktigat check likhana shamil thaa.
unhone yuu. mein ack vakeel key roop mein bhee kaam kiya.aiss. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran senaa, ack shram vartakar key roop mein, aur saarvajanik prasaran key liye nigam key adhyaksh key roop mein.
praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha.
robben raait fleaming kaa janm 18 disambar, 1916 koo admond pee key paas ilinois key paav paav mein huaa thaa. fleaming aur emily janette wheeler. vaha apane pitaa key paksh mein scotish vansh key they, jabaki unaki maan key dutch poorvaj yuu mein aae they.aiss. 1652 mein unake bhaai teddy koo 1926 mein reedh kii huddy kaa meningitis hoe gayaa aur dou saptah kii bimari key baad unaki mrityu hoe gaee. apane bhaai koo yaad karane key liye, flimming ney teddy key beach key naam-wheeler-koo apane beach key naam key roop mein upayog karna shuru curr diyaa, aur taba taka aisaa kiya jaba taka kii senaa ney usey apane kanuni naam parr vaapas naheen curr diyaa; uska apana pahala naam usake chaacha robbert aur daadaa beniya key naamon kaa ack sanyojan thaa. unake pitaa ack samanya dukaan aur ack indor manoranjak suvidha chalaate they, lekin mahamandi key dauran vyavasaay toot gaye aur unake pitaa kii 1933 mein tapedik seey mrityu hoe gaee, jisase parivaar kii koee aaya naheen thee, isaliye unaki maan ney shahar key baahar ack kamare vaale school key ghar mein naukari curr lii.
hyee school mein, fleaming ney forensic aur naatak mein bhaag liya aur khel bhee khele, mukhya roop seey basketball aur baseball. unhone valedictorian key roop mein snaatak kiya aur belloit college mein chhatravritti praapt kii, jahan unhone 1934 mein dakhila liya. 1938 mein snaatak honey key baad, unhone maddison mein wisconsin vishvavidyalaya key kaanoon school mein jaane kaa faisala kiya. fleaming ney apani kaanoon kii degree praapt kii aur juuna 1941 mein wisconsin aur sanghiya salakhon donon mein bharti kiya gayaa. unhone pahale seey hii pratibhootiyon aur vinimay aayog (seik) seey naukari kii peshkash hassil curr lii thee, halanki unhein pataa thaa kii yuddh kii badhati sambhavana key kaaran nikat bhavishya mein unhein masaude mein bulaaye jaane kii sambhavana haye.
parivaar.
flaming kii mulakat 1935 mein rockford, ilinois key ack saathi chhaatr aldithe luis "saili" quixley seey hui, jaba way donon belloit college mein dining holl mein kaam curr rahey they, aur unhone unake school key antim dou varshon koo gambhirta seey dett kiya. jaba vaha low school mein they, taba unhone ilinois mein vibhinn prakaar kii naukariyon mein kaam kiya aur washington, dee mein unake saath shamil hoe gaeen.see., usake baad unhone sekand key saath apana kaam shuru kiya. unhone chrismus 1941 key dauran lafayet chauk mein usey prastaav diyaa, aur unhone rev dwara shaadi curr lii. 3 aprail, 1942 koo newyork avenue presbyterian church mein peater marshel. flamings kii dou betiyaan theen, nancy joe aur carolin elizabeth, aur ack betaa, james admond.
sarkaar, sainya aur praarambhik shaikshanik jeevan.
flimming ney juuna 1941 mein seik key corporate punargathan vibhaag mein apana kaam shuru kiya. unhone kaam koo dilchasp naheen paaya aur vishvaas kiya kii prabandhak kewal padon koo khone seey bachane key liye aavashyak karyabhar seey adhik vakeelon koo kaam parr rakh rahey they. rashtrapati frankleen dee. roozvelt ney rashtriya yuddh shram board koo phir seey sthaapit kiya, fleaming ney aprail 1942 kii shuruat mein sangathan key saath ack kanishth pada koo surakshit karane key liye wisconsin kaanoon sankaay key dou vishvavidyalaya sadasyon key saath apane sambandhon kaa upayog kiya, jinake gathan mein shamil they. unhone ack panel sahayak key roop mein kaary kiya, jinake praarambhik kartavyon mein shram sanghon aur niyoktaon key beach vivaadon koo nipataane kii koshish karane vaale madhyasthon kii sahaayata karna shamil thaa, lekin karmiyon kii kamee key kaaran unhein aur anya kanishth karmchaariyon koo jald hii yatra karane aur vivaadon koo khud madhyasthata karane kaa prayaas karane key liye saunpa gayaa thaa. unakaa pahala aisaa kaary sanyukt auto shramikon aur machinist union key beach ack vivaad mein madhyasthata karna thaa, joe donon connecticut mein ack sateek vaimaaniki karkhane koo vyavasthit karane kii koshish curr rahey they.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh.
fleaming kaa draft number saamane aaya aur agast 1942 mein unhein unake preran adesh praapt hue, jisane unhein buniyaadi prashikshan key liye disambar key madhyam seey fort reeley, kansas bheja, aur phir teen maheene key adhikaari ummidwar school key liye fort custer, mishigan bheja. vaha 27 agast, 1943 koo algiers key liye ack jahaaj parr savaar hue, 17 sitambar koo vahaan pahunche, aur tunisia key baizerte key liye ack chakkar key baad, vaha algeria key tizzy ozou mein duty key liye pahunche, jahan unhein disambar taka tainaat kiya gayaa thaa, jaba unhein itali key naples mein bheja gayaa thaa. march 1944 mein, unhein normandy key aakraman kii prateeksha karane key liye scotland key gorock, phir ingland mein shreevenham aur eastbourne bheja gayaa. agast 1944 mein peris kii mukti key baad, unhein france bheja gayaa, phir belgium, jahan way varsh key anta taka rahey.
janwari 1945 mein nauvin senaa seey judey nagrik mamalon key adhikaariyon kii unaki team germany key stollberg mein gaee, joe 30,000 logon kaa shahar thaa, jinamen seey kewal 10,000 hii reh gaye they. fleaming kanuni sevaaon, saarvajanik swaasthya aur pulon aur saarvajanik upayogitaon koo bahaal karane key liye shram kii aapoorti key liye jimmedaar thaa. unhone swayamsevi majdooron key liye muft dopahar kaa bhojan kii peshkash karke baad kii samasya kaa samadhan kiya. kaee kanuni sthitiyon seey unhone nipata jisamen senaa kii gair-bhratritva neeti shamil thee joe amerikiyon koo german nagrikon key saath baatchit karane seey rokane key liye banaai gaee thee. unhein farwari mein varsaay mein sarvocch mukhyalaya sahayogi abhiyaan bull mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, vahaan ack dost kaa kaam joe sochata thaa kii usey mukhyalaya mein kaam adhik dilchasp lagega, lekin bhaagne vaale ney germany mein apani ikai mein vaapas sthanantarit honey key liye kahaa aur march mein vahaan laut aae.
germany lautane parr, fleaming ney hitler yuvaaon mein solah varsheeya ladakon kii ack jodee key liye bachaav salaahkaar key roop mein kaam kiya, joe americi lines key peechhe jasusi karate hue pakade gaye they; vaha mukadame mein haar gaye, ack appeal khariz curr dee gaee, aur ladakon koo goli maar dee gaee. yuddh samaapt honey key baad, unaki ikai ney dakshin kii yatra kii aur unhone haal hii mein mukt kiye gaye daachaau yaatana shivir kaa daura kiya; baad mein unhone apani aatmakatha mein yatra kaa varnan kiya aur likhaa, "aaj mujhe una kattar badmash logon seey jyada gussa naheen aataa, jinake paas ack naee peedhi hogi... maan leejiye kii yeh sub kabhi naheen huaa. humm mein seey joe jaanate hain... kyonki humm vahaan they, vahaan bolane kaa hamara daayitva haye."unhein navambar 1945 mein ghar lautane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa aur 16 disambar koo unhein senaa seey kaptan key roop mein chhutti dey dee gaee.
shaikshanik jeevan.
willson vyaat key nirdeshan mein, flaming ney nae banaae gaye diggajon key aapaatkaaleen awas karyakram key saath naukari kii. unhein ummeed thee kii ubharate hue loktaantrik sitaare key liye kaam karna kaam karane key liye ack romanchak jagah banaa dega, lekin agency kabhi bhee jameen seey naheen utari, aur unhone anya kaam kii talash shuru curr dee. lagbhag usee samay, wisconsin vishvavidyalaya ney unhein ack nae audyogik sambandh kendra key sahayak professor aur nideshak key roop mein ack pada kii peshkash kii; unhone prastaav sweekaar curr liya aur 1947 seey 1952 taka vahaan kaam kiya. way aprail seey sitambar 1950 taka washington laut aae aur ack vetan niyantran board key karyakari nideshak key roop mein kaam karane key liye adhyaksh hairi truman ney koriyai yuddh kii shuruat mein banaaya thaa, aur iss dauran unhone ack madhyasth key roop mein bhee kaam karna shuru curr diyaa. fleaming ney baad mein 1966 seey 1967 taka rashtriya madhyasth akadami key adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya, aur 1947 mein isaki sthaapana key samay sangathan key charter sadasya they.
haalaanki unhein wisconsin mein padonnati key liye anushansit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin kendra mein apani bhoomika key dauran unhone karyakal kii sambhavana key baare mein anishchit mahsoos kiya. jaba ilinois vishvavidyalaya ney shram aur audyogik sambandh sansthaan key poorna professor aur nideshak key roop mein ack pada kii peshkash kii, tou unhone sweekaar kiya, prabhaavi sitambar 1952 mein. 1957 mein way kaanoon key professor baney aur madhyasthata kaary karane key liye samay nikaalana jaari rakhaa, aur 1963 mein, wisconsin vishvavidyalaya pranali key adhyaksh ney unhein ack nayaa pada dene key liye bulaaya. wisconsin pranali koo rashtrapati, fred harrington key samagr nirdesh key tahat pratyek parisar mein ack provost key saath punargathit kiya jaa rhaa thaa, aur harrington maddison mein sthiti key liye bhaag lena chaahte they; fleaming koo sweekaar curr liya gayaa, prabhaavi sitambar 1964.
wisconsin-maddison vishvavidyalaya key kuladhipati (1964-1967).
10 janwari, 1964 kii apani baithak mein, wisconsin vishvavidyalaya key rajpratinidhiyon key board ney kaanoon key professor aur maddison parisar key provost koo naamit kiya, joe 1 sitambar seey prabhaavi thaa. unake karyakal key kuchh maheenon mein, rajpratinidhiyon ney shatabdi purani upaadhi koo punarjeevit kiya. wisconsin vishvavidyalaya pranali iss samay teji seey vistaar curr rahee thee, aur fleaming key kaam kaa hissa yeh sunishchit karna thaa kii adhikansh rajaswa utpann karane vaale maddison parisar ney apani jarooraton key liye dhana kaa uchit hissa rakhaa. viyatnam yuddh key khilaf pahala mahatvapurna chhaatr virodh pradarshan flimming key karyakal key dauran huaa, aur inhen sambhalana unake prashaasan kaa sabse ullekhaniya pahalu haye.
maee 1966 mein, ack loktaantrik samaaj key chhatron ney ack parisar bhawan mein ack bhrashtachar virodhi dharna kaa ayojan kiya. pradarshankariyon koo jabaran baahar nikaalane key bajaay, bhaagne seey unhein paanch dinon key liye imarat parr kabja karane kii anumati millie basharte kii way shantipurna rahein, aur unhone apane pratinidhiyon koo iss vishay parr ack sankaay baithak koo sambodhit karane kii anumati dee. usa samay unake sanyam kii vyaapak roop seey prashansa kii gaee thee, "milwauki journal" ney kahaa thaa kii vishvavidyalaya ney "rashtra koo dikhaaya thaa kii ack chhaatr virodh loktantra mein ack vaidh abhyaas hoe sakata haye, naa kii kadvaahat mein ack vighatankari prakaran. virodh netaaon ney dharna koo ack viphalata key roop mein dekhaa kyonki vishvavidyalaya ney chuninda seva prashaasan key saath sahyog karna jaari rakhaa. 
22 farwari, 1967 koo, pulis ney satrah pradarshankariyon koo giraftar kiya, jinhone parisar mein dove chemical kii bharti key virodh mein ack dharna-pradarshan key anta mein ack engineering imarat chhodane seey incar curr diyaa. bhaagne vaale ney vyaktigat roop seey una gyaarah logon key liye jamaanat mein $1,155 kaa bhugtan kiya, jinake paas apana bhugtan karane key liye paise naheen they, ack aisee kaarravaai jisaki bahut adhik narmi key liye aalochana kii gaee. baad mein unhone samajhaaya kii vaha naheen chaahte they kii chhaatr usa shaam key liye aayojit ack chhaatr raili key dauran jail mein reh curr shaheed houn, aur unhein vishvaas thaa kii aggar way vyaktigat roop seey maujood houn, tou vaha unase adhik prerak tark dey sakate hain. yojana kaam curr gaee, aur virodh maun hoe gayaa; chhatron ney "silver fox" koo bhaagne key liye kahana shuru curr diyaa kyonki unhein lagaa kii vaha unhein pachhaad rhaa haye.
unhone nigeria, france, germany aur japan mein vishvavidyalaya pariyojanaon kaa bhee vistaar kiya.
mishigan vishvavidyalaya key adhyaksh (1968-1979).
rashtrapati harlen hatcher dwara mishigan vishvavidyalaya seey apani sevaanivritti kii ghoshana key baad, rajpratinidhiyon key board ney chhatron, sankaay aur poorv chhatron kaa pratinidhitva karane vaali teen salaahkaar samitiyon kii sahaayata seey ack rashtrapati chayan samiti kaa gathan kiya. chhaatr panel ney parisar kii vividhata, sainya masaude mein vishvavidyalaya kii bhoomika aur sainya anuprayogon key saath vargeekrit anusandhaan karyakramon seey sambandhit chintaon koo vyakt kiya; unhone nae rashtrapati seey nirnay lene aur sammaan mein vriddhi kii bhee maang kii. roser heins, joe taba california-berkley vishvavidyalaya key kuladhipati key roop mein sewarat they, iss pada key liye shuruati davedar they. regent robbert briggs aur albert bentley ney janwari 1967 mein unase milane key liye california kii yatra kii, lekin governor ronald reegan dwara california vishvavidyalaya key adhyaksh clark cair koo barkhast karane key baad unake vyavhaar seey prabhaavit naheen hue.
flaming rajpratinidhiyon kii soochi mein chaar yaa paanch ummidvaaron mein seey ack thaa, aur minnesota vishvavidyalaya kii rashtrapati khoj samiti key ack sadasya dwara yeh khabar leak honey key baad kii school ney pahale seey hii apani khuli sthiti koo bharane key liye bhaagne kaa prastaav diyaa thaa, mishigan ney unhein march key anta seey pahale salaahkaar samitiyon key saath milane key liye aamantrit kiya. detroit key hotal ponchartrain mein ack baithak key baad, jisamen lagbhag poori tarah seey chhaatr virodh pradarshanon koo sambhaalane key tareeke parr charcha kii gaee thee, briggs ney unhein havaai adde parr leey jaate samay sthiti seey bhaagne kii peshkash kii. fleaming ney sweekaar kiya, baad mein kahaa kii mishigan aur minnesota key beach chayan mushkil thaa, lekin mishigan kii shaikshanik pratishtha, unake aur saili kii ack chhote seey shahar mein rahane kii prathamikta aur aage uttar kii or naheen jaane kii ichcha seey taya kiya gayaa thaa.
praarambhik parisar virodh pradarshanon koo sambhalana.
rajpratinidhiyon ney 1 janwari koo apana puuraa kartavya sambhaalane seey pahale unhein chaar maheene kii yojana aur abhivinyas dene key liye sitambar 1967 mein shuru honey vaale rashtrapati-naamit pada kaa nirmaan kiya. usa octuber mein ack chhaatr virodh jisane engineering sankaay aur rear admiral saimuel braun key beach ack baithak koo baadhit kiya, ney samudaay koo nivartamaan aur aaney vaale prashasanon key alag-alag drishtikon kaa pradarshan kiya. engineering college key deane ney hatcher prashaasan seey anushasanatmak upaay lagu karane key liye kahaa, aur chhaatr mamalon key upaadhyaksh richard cuttler ney badale mein saahitya, vigyaan aur kalaa college seey ack pradarshankariyon koo nishkaasit karane key liye kahaa, kyonki school ney aisaa karane seey incar curr diyaa, lekin prayaas ney usey parisar mein ack "kaaran celebre" mein badal diyaa. ghatana key prati apani pratikriya mein, bhaagne vaale ney isake sakaratmak pahaluon parr jore diyaa, yeh ingit karate hue kii sabhi pakshon ney sanyam key saath kaam kiya, koee hinsa naheen hui, aur pulis shamil naheen thee; saath hii, unhone nirnay lene mein chhatron kii bhagidari badhaane kaa ahwan kiya. wisconsin mein, mishigan mein virodh netaaon ney mahsoos kiya kii flaming key naram drishtikon seey unake prashaasan key khilaf virodh paida karna adhik kathin hoe jaayega-ack, robbert miropole ney likhaa, "hatcher key khilaf kaam karane key liye ack mahaan rashtrapati they, kyonki way they... aise kaam kiye jinase anya loga aapke prati adhik sahaanubhooti rakhate they, naa kii bhaagne key... humm sabhi jaanate they kii palayan kaa aanaa ack buri baat thee."
janwari 1968 mein aadhikarik taur parr satta sambhaalane key turant baad, unhone cuttler koo chhaatr mamalon key liye upaadhyaksh key roop mein hataa diyaa; cuttler key pahale key lekhan ney parisar mein swatantra abhivyakti key liye samarthan vyakt kiya thaa, lekin karyalaya mein unake karyon, jisamen 1966 mein dharna-pradarshan parr pratibandh lagaane kaa prayaas aur sadan kii gair-americi gatividhiyon kii samiti koo "vidhvansak" key naam pradaan karane mein unakaa sahyog shamil thaa, bahas key ack sanyamit aur garimapurna vatavaran key palayan key darshan mein fitt naheen huaa. flimming ney 1970 taka pada khaali chhod diyaa, prabhaavi roop seey apane liye chhaatr mamalon kii jimmedaari rakhee.
march 1968 mein apane udghaatan bhaashan mein, flimming ney chhaatr pradarshankariyon key vyavhaar aur sandesh key beach ack antar dikhaaya joe way vyakt karane kaa prayaas curr rahey theh 
agale maheene, martin luther king junier key antim sanskar kii subah.ack sou seey adhik african-americi chhatron ney parisar kii vividhata key virodh mein khud koo prashaasnik bhawan mein bund curr liya. flimming ekmatra prashaasak they jinhen unhone imarat mein pravesh karane kii anumati dee, aur unhone usa dopahar aage kii charchaon kaa vaadaa karane key baad kabje key shantipurna anta key liye baatchit kii, jisake kaaran antatah raajaa key naam parr ack chhatravritti kosh kaa nirmaan huaa aur 1970 mein african aur african adhyayan kendra kaa nirmaan huaa. baad mein, flimming ney chhatron kii maangon key baare mein kahaa, "humm usa mein ruchi rakhate hain jisamen way ruchi rakhate hain; humm vaastav mein baadhaon mein naheen hain", aur kahaa kii unhone mahsoos kiya kii samay uchit thaa "dow. kii pagal hatyaa key baad bhayaanak bhaavnaatmak tanaav kii iss avadhi mein. raajaa. unhone unake vyavhaar kaa bachaav karate hue kahaa, "yeye bachche shatrutapurna naheen rahey hain. humm iss bhayaanak, bhayaanak trasdi seey gujare hain. aap samanya niyamon key lagu honey kii ummeed naheen curr sakate."usa maheene key anta mein kolambiya vishvavidyalaya mein isi tarah key ack bhawan vyavasaay koo pulis hastakshep key madhyam seey hull kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen saikadon chhaatr aur sankaay sadasya ghayal hoe gaye they.
parisar key virodh pradarshanon seey nipatane mein, mamuli matbhedon koo badee ghatanaaen naheen banane dene kii ranneeti kaa samarthan kiya joe badale mein pradarshankariyon key liye bharti samagri key roop mein kaam karegi. jaba ack yuddh-virodhi samooh kii mukhya parisar key chauk parr ack "bumm gaddhe" koo khodane kii yojana ney nalsaji aur taaron koo nuksan pahunchaane parr chinta jataai, tou bhaagne vaale ney unhein ise khodane key liye ack surakshit sthaan paaya aur samajhaaya, "unhein ack khodane kyon naheen diyaa? baaki sabhi naee imaraton key liye chhed khod rahey hain... gaddhe mein gandagi koo vaapas fenkana koee badaa kaam naheen haye..."flimming ney khud sitambar 1969 mein ack teach-inn mein viyatnam yuddh koo ack" "badee galati" "key roop mein varnit kiya aur yuu kii ektarafa vaapsee kaa ahwan kiya.aiss. bull. isake kaaran upaadhyaksh spiro ney unhein "nirdayi" kahaa, halanki flaming ney likhaa kii agnew "chhatron aur shikshakon donon key saath behad alokpriya thaa aur unaki tippaniyon seey jyada mujhe kuchh bhee madad naheen curr sakata thaa.
hinsa kaa khatra.
bhaagne vaale ney todfod aur sampatti key vinash koo iss vyavhaar key roop mein dekhaa kii vaha ack loktaantrik samaaj (aiss. dee. aiss.) key liye chhatron koo ack anumodit chhaatr sangathan key roop mein soochibaddh karane kii dhamki dey rhaa thaa, yadi yeh navambar 1968 mein aiss. dee. aiss.-praayojit dharna mein hue nuksan key liye vishvavidyalaya koo pratipurti naheen kartaa haye. yeh sweekaar karate hue kii desh bhar mein badhate virodh pradarshanon seey bhavishya mein aur adhik gambhir ghatanaaen hoe sakati hain, maee 1969 mein unhone ashvasana manga kii pulis bhavishya mein hinsa seey bachane key liye unaki ranneeti key saath sahyog karegi taaki imaraton koo pradarshankariyon seey saaf karane kii aavashyakta hoe; unhone prastaav diyaa kii vaha hamesha khud imarat mein pravesh karenge, kii unake saath aaney vaali koee bhee pulis hamesha nihatthe hogi, kii giraftari kewal tabhi kii jaayegi jaba vaha aavashyak samajhe, aur pulis bull key saath pratikriya dene key bajaay pratirodh key saamane peechhe hutt jaayegi. aine arber key pulis pramukh, walter crassney, motey taur parr fleaming key lacheele drishtikon seey sahmat they, baad mein likhate hainh 
juuna 1969 mein parisar key rotak karyalayon key baahar khadee ack senaa karmchari kaar key neeche rakhe gaye bumm seey nuksan huaa lekin koee chot naheen aaee. usa maheene key anta mein, rashtrapati key ghar key paas dakshin vishvavidyalaya kii sadak koo avaruddh karane vaali dou raaton kii party koo sheriff key pratinidhiyon dwara aansuu gais seey maaraa gayaa. isake baad kyaa huaa, iss parr srot alag hain. apani aatmakatha mein, flimming kaa kahana haye kii chhaatr apani aankho mein aansuu gais laker unake ghar aae, jise unhone unhein baahar dhone key liye rasoi mein jaane diyaa, jisake baad vaha baahar gayaa aur pulis key upa pramukh koo yeh kahate hue vaapas lene key liye raaji kiya kii sheriff, dugglus harvey, "takraav key liye khujali curr rhaa thaa" aur joe aavashyak thaa usase parey pratikriya dee. akhbaaron key khaaton mein kahaa gayaa haye kii palayan pulis seey naraj hoe gayaa aur harvey ney apani chintaon koo khariz curr diyaa, jabaki shahar kii pulis bheed koo titar-bitar karane key liye pandrah minut kii deree parr sahmat hoe gaee, lekin jaba ack dipty koo ack fenki gaee chattan seey maaraa gayaa, tou pulis ney bheed parr aarop lagaaya aur sadak koo saaf karane key liye aansuu gais aur kaali mirch key chhidkaav kaa istemal kiya.
baad mein saamane aae vivaranon ney flimming key iss vichaar kii pushti kii kii vishvavidyalaya key chhaatr hinsa key liye jimmedaar naheen they. press ney iss mamle koo rashtrapati aur sheriff key beach ack sangharsh key roop mein maanaa, bhaagne koo ack naayak key roop mein maanaa; "swatantra press" ney ack sampadakiya mein likhaa, "shree. inn mamalon koo sambhaalane mein fleaming koo harvey kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik safalata millie haye. ... shree. flimming ney apane parisar koo shaant rakhaa. abb usaki sabse achchi yojanaon koo ack moorkh pulis vaale ney kamjor curr diyaa haye."
black action andolan.
farwari 1970 mein, black action movement (baam) naamak chhatron key ack gathbandhan ney maangon kii ack soochi key saath prastut kiya jisamen 1973-1974 school varsh taka nyuntam 10 pratishat ashwet chhatron kii soochi, ashwet namankan koo badhaava dene key liye purnakaalik bhartikartaon kii niyukti, ack ashwet chhaatr kendra aur vittiya sahaayata karyakram mein vibhinn prakaar key sanshodhan shamil they. flaming ney baatchit shuru karane kii ummeed mein march mein baam koo prashaasan kii pratikriya dee, lekin baam netaaon ney kuchh shabdon koo aapattijanak paaya, vishesh roop seey pravesh mandand key baare mein ack maarg joe nishkarsh nikala, "humm naheen jaanate kii humm mandand mein kitna aage vichalan curr sakate hain aur abhee bhee kuchh bhee puuraa curr sakate hain. kuchh bindu parr yeh spasht haye kii chhaatr aise college mein pravesh karane key liye kaheen behtar haye jahaan pratispardha cumm gambhir haye aur jahaan pathyakram key vikalp cumm shaikshanik roop seey unmukh hain."sankaay sadasya aur baam samarthak maddison foster ney fleaming kii pratikriya key baare mein likhaa," mujhe naheen pataa kii fleaming ney patra kaa masauda taiyar kiya haye yaa naheen, lekin unhone nishchit roop seey usa parr hastakshar kiye. ... humm usey prateekaatmak roop seey usake rung mein pakadenge, aur usey deewaar parr jaam curr denge. vaha hamse iss tarah seey baat naheen karega."
palayan aur prashaasan ney prayaas koo kaise nidhi dee jaae, iss parr anishchitata kaa hawala dete hue 10 pratishat namankan lakshya key liye pratibaddh honey kaa virodh kiya. rajpratinidhiyon ney march mein ack samjhaute koo manjuri dee jisamen 10 pratishat sankhya koo ack "lakshya" kahaa gayaa; baam ney prastaav koo "pratikaarak" kahaa aur parisar hadtaal kaa ahwan kiya. baam key shwet samarthakon ney ack sammaan deekshant samaroh koo baadhit kiya aur kakshaon taka pahunch koo avaruddh karane kaa prayaas kiya, isase pahale kii baam netaaon ney unhein rokane aur taba taka koee kaarravaai naheen karane key liye kahaa jaba taka kii ashwet chhaatr netaaon ney nirdesh naheen diyaa. baam pradarshankariyon ney imaraton key baahar dharna diyaa, kakshaon koo sambodhit kiya aur hadtaal kii maangon parr charcha karane key liye chaurahon koo avaruddh karane aur parking garrage mein pravesh karane vaale chalakon koo rokane jaisi virodh gatividhiyon mein lagey rahey. mamuli sampatti kshati aur jhoole bhee hue. bumm kii dhamkiyaan dee gaeen, haalaanki baam netritva ney iss tarah key karyon seey incar curr diyaa thaa.
flaming ney dohraya kii 10 pratishat kaalaa namankan ack "lakshya" banaa huaa haye, lekin ise praapt karane key liye dhana upalabdh honey kii koee guaranti naheen haye, aur kahaa kii aage koee riyayat praapt karna "lagbhag asambhav" hoga. 25 march koo, sankaay senate ney ack prastaav apanaaya jisamen 10 pratishat lakshya koo praapt karane key liye vyaktigat schools aur colleges koo bajat mein katauti karane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa, jisase 27 march koo dhana kii ghoshana kii jaa sakee. flimming aur baam netaa aid fabber key beach aage kii baatchit key parinamswarup ack samjhauta huaa; baam netaaon ney ack utsav kaa ayojan kiya, aur rajpratinidhiyon key board ney ack bayaan jaari kiya jisamen ashwet chhatron aur anya pradarshankariyon parr ack barb kaa nirdeshan karate hue flimming donon kii prashansa kii gaeeh 
uparaashtrapati ney 10 pratishat lakshya parr sahmat honey key liye aatankvaadiyon key saamane "aatmasamarpan" karane kaa aarop lagaaya aur "muskegan chronicle" ney kahaa kii vishvavidyalaya ashwet chhatron key paksh mein bhedbhaav curr rhaa thaa aur ayogya chhatron koo pravesh dene key liye kotaa pranali kaa upayog curr rhaa thaa. flimming ney iss tathya kaa hawala dete hue kii vishvavidyalaya vaastav mein apane 10 pratishat lakshya seey cumm hoga, ack kotaa key astitva seey spasht roop seey incar kiya kyonki yeh kewal ack lakshya thaa aur ack kotaa naheen thaa. baad mein unhone kahaa kii pravesh vibhaag ney unhein bataaya kii samjhauta cumm key bajaay avedakon kii uchch gunavatta paida curr rhaa thaa, aur unhone mahsoos kiya kii aisee neetiyaan "shiksha kii gunavatta koo cumm karane key bajaay samriddh karati hain.
vishvavidyalaya prashaasan.
1971 taka, parisar kii ashanti kaafee hudd taka samaapt hoe gaee thee, aur anya mamle flimming key prashaasan parr kabja curr lene lagey they. ack vitt thaa, kyonki saarvajanik vittaposhan mein katauti kaa matlab thaa kii shikshan aur chhaatr shulk rajaswa kaa ack badaa hissa thaa, joe 1966-1967 mein 25 pratishat seey 1976-1977 mein 33 pratishat taka thaa, jisase unhein chinta hui kii cumm aaya vaale chhaatr upasthit honey mein asamarth honge. bajat kii chintaon key bavjood, flaming snaatak karyakram mein kuchh badalaav karane mein saksham thaa, ack aavaasiya college koo jodata thaa aur mishigan vishvavidyalaya key parisaron koo swatantra kulpatiyon key saath chaar saal key sansthanon mein badalane key liye vidhaayi anumodan praapt kartaa thaa, bajaay una shaakhaon key joe kewal sthaaniya junier colleges key sanyojan mein uchch-mandal pathyakramon kii peshkash karati theen. unhone athletic vibhaag key vittaposhan mein parivartanon kaa bhee nireekshan kiya, taaki vishvavidyalaya key samanya kosh seey samarthan key binaa, yeh apane sanchaalan key vittaposhan key liye poori tarah seey jimmedaar hoe.
unake prashaasan ney dou vibhagon koo poorna vidyaalayon mein badhaava diyaah soochana aur pustakalaya adhyayan kaa vidyalaya aur kalaa kaa vidyalaya. unhone sakaratmak kaary karyakramon kii shuruat, vetan key ack parisar-vyaapi punargathan aur langic asamaantaon koo door karane key liye muaavaje, aur hatcher snaatak pustakalaya, bentley aitihaasik pustakalaya, pradarshan kalaa key liye shakti kendra sahit kaee pramukh parisar bhavanon key nirmaan kaa nireekshan kiya.
1977 key anta mein, flimming koo nyu york key raajya vishvavidyalaya aur saanta barbara mein loktaantrik sansthanon key adhyayan key liye kendra kaa netritva karane key liye naukari key prastaavon key saath sampark kiya gayaa thaa, lekin usane manaa curr diyaa. charles jey. california vishvavidyalaya pranali key adhyaksh hitch ney kahaa kii unake uttaradhikari key roop mein fleaming parr vichaar kiya jaa rhaa thaa; california kii yatra ack naukari key sakshatkar mein badal gaee, lekin governor jairi braun key saath baatchit ney unhein california kii uchch shiksha kii maujooda pranali koo jaari rakhane key liye braun kii pratibaddhata seey asantusht curr diyaa, aur unhone board koo soochit kiya kii unhein isamen koee dilchaspi naheen haye. saarvajanik prasaran key liye nigam key board key adhyaksh kii or seey ack aur prastaav, flamings key liye adhik dilchasp thaa, aur unhone 1979 key nae varsh mein mishigan seey apane istife kii ghoshana kii. smith ney harold tii taka antarim adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya. shapiro koo sthaayi uttaradhikari key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa.
baad mein currier.
flimming aur unaki patni ney washington mein dou saal bitaaye.see., sthaayi roop seey aine arber lautane seey pahale.
saarvajanik prasaran key liye nigam.
flimming ney janwari 1979 mein saarvajanik prasaran nigam (see. pee. bee.) key adhyaksh key roop mein apana karyakal shuru kiya, aur apane sansmaranon mein unhone sanyukt raajya mein saarvajanik prasaran pranali koo ack "buri tarah seey sangathit ikai" aur ack "gair-pranali" key roop mein varnit kiya, joe phir bhee kuchh achchha kaam kartaa thaa. unhone afsos vyakt kiya kii "aisaa koee bhee anushasana naheen thaa jisane british prasaran nigam koo utkrishtata kaa model banaa diyaa", kyonki iss pranali mein swatantra station shamil they joe kabhi bhee susangat karyakram yaa samay anusuchi key liye sahmat naheen honge. apane karyakal kii shuruat mein, unhone ack peshevar roop seey sanchaalit karyakram kosh key paksh mein, kiss prograaming see. pee. bee. dwara vitt poshit kiya gayaa, usa parr pratyaksh niyantran chhodane key liye board koo aashvast kiya.
unaki praathamik upalabdhi shaikshik karyakram key uddeshyon key liye paropkari walter ennenberg seey $150 million key anudan parr baatchit karna thaa. curr kaanoonon kii aavashyaktaon key saath karyakram mein bhaag lene kii ennenberg kii ichcha koo sudhaarne aur baahari hastakshep koo sweekaar karane key liye see. pee. bee. board kii anichha key liye, unhone see. pee. bee., aine. pee. aar., pee. bee. aiss., ennenberg key sadasyon key saath-saath dou baahari sadasyon key saath ack ennenberg parishad key nirmaan kaa prastaav rakhaa. yeh ennenberg/see. pee. bee. pariyojana bunn gaee, jisamen fleaming ney isake pahale nideshak key roop mein kaary kiya. ronald reegan key chunaav key baad pariyojana mein deree hui, joe ennenberg key karibi dost honey key bavjood, see. pee. bee. koo khatm karna chaahte they; congress mein unaki apani party ney iss tarah key kadam kaa samarthan naheen kiya, isaliye ack baar jaba iska bhavishya surakshit hoe gayaa tou pariyojana aage badh gaee. nirdeshak key roop mein fleaming kii pahali pariyojana samvidhaan parr television seminaron kii ack shrinkhala kaa nirmaan karane key liye poorv see. bee. aiss. samachar adhyaksh fred friendly koo soochibaddh karna thaa. itihaaskaar nutt hentoff ney "fred friendly seminar" kahaa, joe usa 13-bhaag shrinkhala key saath shuru huaa, "samvidhaan-vaha najuk santulan", "sabse moolyavaan, sarvotkrisht americi television jise maine kabhi dekhaa haye.
see. pee. bee. mein apane karyakal key beach mein, flimming koo ack ghaatak lymphoma kaa pataa chalaa thaa. unhone chemotherapy karaai aur 1981 key anta taka sevaanivritt honey kaa faisala kiya, jaba way 65 varsh key honge, aur aine arber mein lautane kii yojana banaai. unhone mishigan lautane key baad anshakaalik aadhar parr ennenberg/see. pee. bee. key antarim nideshak key roop mein kaary kiya, jaba taka kii ack sthaayi nideshak naheen mill gayaa.
mishigan koo lautein.
disambar 1985 taka kaanoon key professor key roop mein mishigan vishvavidyalaya mein flaming laut aae, jaba rajpratinidhiyon ney unhein professor emeritus aur president emeritus naam diyaa. flaming ney apani vaapsee key dauran pratyek semester mein ack pathyakram padhaaya thaa, lekin paaya kii vaha usee "utsaah aur kaushal" key saath padh naheen rahey they jaisa kii unhone ack baar kiya thaa.
unhone see. pee. bee. seey jaane key baad aathh varshon taka vivaad samadhan key liye rashtriya sansthaan key board key adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya. havelet foundation, ford foundation aur mccarther foundation key sanyukt udyam sansthaan ney adalaton key bajaay vivaad samadhan key vaikalpik sadhanon key upayog koo badhaava dene kii maang kii. unhone shaikshik pareekshan seva kii salaahkaar samiti key adhyaksh key roop mein bhee kaary kiya aur satra key board mein gyaarah saal bitaaye.see. johnson foundation. 1985 seey 1990 taka, unhone mishigan key governor james blanchard key pratinidhi key roop mein ack samooh key liye kaary kiya, joe antatah raajya kii chikitsa kadachar pranali mein sudhaar karane kii koshish curr rhaa thaa.
mishigan vishvavidyalaya key rajpratinidhiyon key board ney harold tii key istife key baad 1988 mein aathh maheene key liye asthaayi adhyaksh key roop mein seva karane key liye kahaa. shapiro ney prinston vishvavidyalaya kii adhyakshata kii. iss dauran, prashaasan ney vishvavidyalaya mein bhedbhaav key kathit mamalon parr nirnay lene key liye ack prakriya sthaapit karane kii koshish kii, lekin sanghiya adalat mein aeye. see. ell. yuu. dwara laaya gayaa ack mamla haar gayaa, jisamen tark diyaa gayaa kii pranali ney pahale sanshodhan kaa ullanghan kiya. james jey. kii niyukti key saath unakaa antarim karyakal samaapt hoe gayaa. rashtrapati key roop mein duderstad. apane baad key varshon mein, unhone uchch shiksha seey judey kaee mamalon mein ack visheshagya gawah key roop mein kaary kiya, aur 1991 mein unhone uttari carolina mein uchch shiksha key liye bhavishya kii disha nirdhaarit karane key liye ack aayog parr kaary kiya.
viraasat.
11 janwari, 2010 koo aine arber mein fleaming kii mrityu hoe gaee.
vishesh roop seey mishigan vishvavidyalaya mein, parisar key virodh aur chhaatr sakriyata key liye unake sanyam aur sahishnuta key liye, vishesh roop seey unake poorv sahyogiyon dwara unaki prashansa kii gaee haye. mishigan vishvavidyalaya key poorv adhyaksh mairi suu colleman ney kahaa kii unhein "heinry tappan aur james angel key roop mein usee saans mein yaad kiya jaayega joe mishigan vishvavidyalaya key vaastav mein mahaan adhyakshon mein seey ack they. 1970 mein eklu kii 50veen varshgaanth key ratribhoj mein, sangathan ney "vishvavidyalaya parisar mein nagrik swatantrata key sanrakshan aur vistaar key liye poorna pratibaddhata" key liye ack prashasti patra seey sammaanit kiya, aur ise pradaan karate hue kahaa kii, "shayed kissy bhee anya americi shikshak kii tulanaa mein adhik prabhaavi roop seey unhone vichardharaon key takraav key liye kshetra key roop mein seva karane aur aisaa durpoke naheen balki garv seey karane key liye vishvavidyalaya key kartavya kaa bachaav kiya thaa."
virodh pradarshanon mein bhaag lene vaalon seey unake vyavhaar aur viraasat kaa mulyankan mishrit haye. kuchh loga unake lokpriya varnan seey sahmat hain kii way ack vichaarsheel aur vinamra vartakar they, unamen seey aiss. dee. aiss. key bill ayyar, jinhone likhaa, "vaha hamesha jaanana chaahte they kii aap kyaa sochate hain... vaha ack bahut hii uchit vyakti thaa aur mujhe lagata haye kii vaha tark kii shakti aur sakshya key mahatva mein vishvaas kartaa thaa, "shikago saat prativaadi renee davis, jinhone likhaa," kissy bhee paksh mein manavata koo dekhane kii unaki bhavna ack aisee viraasat haye joe hamein hamesha prerit karegi ", aur aine arber gey liberation front key zim toy, jinhone likhaa," aggar vaha pareshan hoe gaye, tou vaha vinamra baney rahey."
virodh yug key anya samkaaleenon kaa nakaratmak mulyankan haye, jaise kii poorv aiss. dee. aiss. sadasya erich chester, jinhone unhein ack kathor vyaktitva paaya, joe ack vaastavik dene aur lene mein anichhuk aur asamarth thaa, aur gairi rothberger, jinhone bhaagne koo ack "thandaa dost kahaa, joe apane kaary koo puuraa karane key alawa kissy aur cheez kii parwah naheen kartaa thaa" aur dakshin vishvavidyalaya key dangon key dauran kathit pulis krurta key prati apani nishkriyata key baare mein kahaa, unhone kuchh bhee naheen kiya jaba way boll sakate they."
smaranotsav.
mishigan key kendriya prashaasan bhawan key vishvavidyalaya, jise 1964 mein mishigan key vastukar puraskar vijeta alden daau dwara design kiya gayaa thaa, kaa naam robben doubleu rakhaa gayaa haye. & aldithe flaming prashaasnik bhawan. board off regents ney 2016 mein ack buniyaadi dhancha yojana koo manjuri dee jisake parinamswarup pissu imarat koo dhwast curr diyaa jaayega, lekin vishvavidyalaya key adhyaksh maark schlissel ney kahaa kii school pissu koo yaad karane kaa ack aur tarika khoj legaa, jise unhone apane vyaktigat nayakon mein seey ack kahaa thaa.

