
mansfield park

mansfield park jaine austen kaa teesara prakaashit upanyaas haye, jise pahali baar 1814 mein thomas agerton dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. doosara sanskaran 1816 mein johnn murre dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, joe abhee bhee austen key jivankal key bheetar thaa. upanyaas koo 1821 taka koee saarvajanik sameeksha naheen millie thee.
upanyaas mein fenny price kii kahani sunai gaee haye, jisaki shuruat taba hoti haye jaba uska bojhil parivaar usey duss saal kii umr mein usaki ameer chaachi aur chaacha key ghar mein rahane key liye bhejata haye aur usake baad vaha jaldi vayask hoe jaati haye. praarambhik roop seey aalochanatmak vyakhya vividh rahee haye, vishesh roop seey nayika key charitra, naatya pradarshan aur kendriyata yaa anyatha samanvaya aur dharm key baare mein austen key vichaaron aur gulami key sawal parr bhinn haye. inmein seey kuchh samasyaon koo baad mein munch aur parde key liye kahani key kaee rupaantaranon mein ujagar kiya gayaa haye.
kathaanak kaa saransh.
duss saal kii umr mein, surr thomas bertram kii northamptonshire country estate, mansfield park mein parivaar key saath rahane key liye portsmouth mein usake garib ghar seey fanny price bheja jaataa haye. lady bertram unaki chaachi hain. bertram key chaar bachche hain-tomm, admond, maria aur julia-joe sabhi fanny seey badey hain. vahaan admond koo chhodkar sabhi dwara usake saath durvyavahar kiya jaataa haye. usaki doosari chaachi, shrimati norris, joe manfield parsonage mein paadari kii patni hain, khud koo vishesh roop seey fanny key liye apriya banaati hain.
jaba fanny pandrah saal kii hoti haye, tou chaachi norris vidhwa hoe jaati haye aur mansfield park mein usaki yaatraon kii aavritti badh jaati haye, jaisa kii usake saath fanny key saath durvyavahar hotaa haye. ack saal baad, surr thomas apane kharch mein sabse badey bete tomm koo lete hue antigua mein apane bagan parr samasyaon seey nipatane key liye nickle jaate hain. shrimati norris, maria key liye ack pati kii talash mein, shree rushworth koo paati hain, joe ameer lekin kamjor ichchaashakti vaalaa aur moorkh maanaa jaataa haye. maria usake paise key liye usake prastaav koo sweekaar karati haye.
agale varsh, heinry crofford aur unaki bahan mairi apani sauteli bahan, naee paddhari, dow. grant kii patni key saath rahane key liye parsonage mein aatey hain. apane fashionable landan key tarikon seey, way mansfield mein jeevan koo jeevant karate hain. admond aur mairi phir ack dusare mein ruchi dikhaane lagate hain.
shree rushworth kii sampatti kii yatra parr, heinry maria aur julia donon key saath flirt kartaa haye. maria kaa maanana haye kii heinry koo usase pyaar haye aur isaliye vaha mister rushworth key saath apani irshya koo bhadkaate hue khariz curr detaa haye, jabaki julia apani bahan key prati irshya aur narajgi key saath sangharsh karati haye. mairi yeh jaankar nirash hoe jaati haye kii admond ack paadari hoga aur apane vyavasaay koo kamjor karane kii koshish kartaa haye. fanny koo darr haye kii mairi key aakarshan usaki khamiyon koo andhaa curr rahey hain.
tomm key lautane key baad, vaha yuvaaon koo "premiyon kii pratigya" key naatak key ack shaukiya pradarshan key liye abhyaas shuru karane key liye protsaahit kartaa haye. admond ney yeh maanate hue apatti jataai kii surr thomas ise aswikar curr denge aur mahsoos karenge kii naatak kaa vishay unaki bahanon key liye anuchit haye. lekin bahut dabaav key baad, vaha mairi dwara nibhaae gaye charitra key premi kii bhoomika nibhaane key liye sahmat hoe jaataa haye. yeh naatak heinry aur maria koo ishqabaazi karane kaa aur avsar pradaan kartaa haye. jaba surr thomas apratyaashit roop seey ghar aatey hain, tou unhein lagata haye kii naatak abhee bhee abhyaas mein haye; yeh radd hoe gayaa haye. heinry binaa kissy spashteekaran key chalaa jaataa haye aur maria shree rushworth seey shaadi key saath aage badhati haye. phir way julia koo apane saath laker landan mein buss jaate hain. surr thomas fanny mein kaee sudhaar dekhate hain aur mairi crofford usake saath ack karibi sambandh shuru karati haye.
jaba heinry lautata haye, tou vaha apane saath pyaar mein parh curr khud kaa manoranjan karane kaa faisala kartaa haye. fanny kaa bhaai villium mansfield park jaataa haye, aur surr thomas usake liye prabhaavi roop seey aaney vaali gend koo pakadata haye. halanki mairi admond key saath nritya karati haye, vaha usey bataati haye kii yeh aakhiri baar hoga, kyonki vaha kabhi bhee paadari key saath nritya naheen karegi. admond prastaav rakhane kii apani yojana chhod detaa haye aur agale dinn chhod detaa haye, jaise heinry aur villium karate hain.
jaba heinry agali baar lautata haye, tou vaha mairi koo fanny seey shaadi karane key apane iraade kii ghoshana kartaa haye. apani yojana mein sahaayata karane key liye, vaha villium koo padonnati praapt karane mein madad karane key liye apane parivarik sambandhon kaa upayog kartaa haye. haalaanki, jaba heinry shaadi kaa prastaav rakhta haye, tou fanny usey aswikar curr detee haye, mahilaaon key saath usake pichhale vyavhaar koo aswikar curr detee haye. surr thomas usake nirantar incar seey hairan hain, lekin vaha maria koo doshi thaharaane seey darti hain, lekin vaha samajhaati naheen hain.
heinry key prastaav kii sarahana karane mein madad karane key liye, surr thomas usey portmouth mein apane maataa-pitaa seey milane key liye bhejata haye, jahan vaha unake arajak ghar aur manfield mein saamanjasyapurna vatavaran key beach key antar seey chakit hoe jaati haye. heinry kaa daura hotaa haye, lekin haalaanki vaha abhee bhee usey manaa curr detee haye, vaha usaki achchi visheshtaon kii sarahana karna shuru curr detee haye.
baad mein, fanny koo pataa chalata haye kii heinry aur maria kaa ack sambandh thaa joe samachar patron mein bataaya jaataa haye. shree rushworth ney maria parr talaak kaa mukadama daayar kiya, aur bertram parivaar tabah hoe gayaa. iss beach tomm apane ghode seey girane key parinamswarup gambhir roop seey beemar hoe jaataa haye. admond fanny koo mansfield park mein vaapas leey jaataa haye, jahan vaha ack upchaar prabhaav haye. surr thomas koo ehsas hotaa haye kii heinry key prastaav koo aswikar karna fanny kaa adhikaar thaa aur abb vaha usey ack betty key roop mein maanati haye.
mairi crofford key saath ack baithak key dauran, admond koo pataa chalata haye kii mairi kaa afsos kewal itna haye kii heinry kii vyabhichaar kii khoj kii gaee thee, naa kii vyabhichaar kii. tabah hoe gayaa, vaha rishta toda detaa haye aur manfield park mein lautata haye, jahan vaha fanny koo vishvaas dilaata haye. antatah donon shaadi curr lete hain aur mansfield parsonage mein chaley jaate hain. iss beach, mansfield park mein bache logon ney apani galatiyon seey seekha haye aur vahaan jeevan sukhdaayak hoe jaataa haye.
saahityik swaagat.
halanki "mansfield park" koo shuru mein sameekshakon dwara nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin yeh janata key saath ack badee safalata thee. 1814 mein pahali chhapaai chhah maheene key bheetar bick gaee. doosara bhee 1816 mein bick gayaa. 1821 mein richard kii pahali aalochanatmak sameeksha sakaratmak thee.
sabse pahale, alochakon ney upanyaas kii swasth naitikta kii prashansa kii. victorian sarvasammati ney austen key upanyason koo samajik haasya key roop mein maanaa. 1911 mein, aeye. see. bradley ney naitik pariprekshya koo bahaal kiya, "aacharan key baare mein kuchh satyon key mahatva koo gaharaai seey dill mein rakhate hue kalaatmak honey key liye" mansfield park "kii prashansa kii. prabhaavshaali lionel trilling (1954), aur baad mein thomas tanner (1968) ney upanyaas kii gahari naitik shakti parr jore diyaa. thomas edwards (1965) ney tark diyaa kii unake anya upanyason kii tulanaa mein "mansfield park" mein gray key adhik rung they, aur joe loga ack saral dwaitvaadi vishva drishtikon chaahte they, unhein yeh nirashajanak lugg sakata haye. 1970 key dashak mein, alastair duckworth (1971) aur marlin butler (1975) ney upanyaas key aitihaasik sanketon aur sandarbh kii adhik vyaapak samajh kii neenv rakhee.
1970 key dashak taka, "mansfield park" koo austen kaa sabse vivadaspad upanyaas maanaa jaataa thaa. 1974 mein, americi saahityik aalochak joel wensheimer ney "mansfield park" koo shayed unake upanyason mein sabse gahara aur nishchit roop seey sabse samasyagrast bataaya.
americi vidwan johnn halperin (1975) vishesh roop seey nakaratmak they, jinhone "mansfield park" koo austen key upanyason aur unaki sabse badee viphalata key "sabse sanaki" key roop mein varnit kiya. unhone upanyaas parr hamla kiya, jise unhone isaki asambaddh nayika, isake bhavya naayak, ack shandar kathaanak aur "ugra vyangya" key roop mein dekhaa. unhone bertram parivaar koo bhayaavah paatron key roop mein varnit kiya, joe aatm-dharmikta, durachar aur lalach seey bharaa huaa thaa, vyaktigat vittiya laabh hii unakaa ekmatra hita thaa. unhone shikayat kii kii portsmouth mein sett kiye gaye drishya mansfield park kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik dilchasp they, aur pichhale adhyaayon mein lagaatar bertram parivaar koo lalchi, swarthi aur bhautikvaadi, austen key roop mein chitrit karane key baad, mansfield park mein jeevan koo aadarsh shabdon mein prastut kiya.
beesavin shatabdi key uttaraardh mein nariwadi aur uttar-aupaniveshik aalochana sahit vividh pathanon kaa vikas dekhaa gayaa, jisamen baad vaale mein seey sabse prabhaavshaali edward ney kahaa kii "jaine austen aind empire" (1983) thaa. jabaki kuchh ney hamla karna jaari rakhaa, aur anya ney upanyaas kii roodhivaadi naitikta kii prashansa kii, phir bhee anya logon ney ise antatah karuna aur gahari naitikta key paksh mein aupchaarik roodhivaadi moolyon koo chunauti dene key roop mein dekhaa, aur baad kii peedhiyon key liye ack nirantar chunauti pesh kii. isobel armstrong (1988) ney paath kii khuli samajh key liye tark diyaa kii ise antim nishkarshon key bayaan key bajaay samasyaon key anveshan key roop mein dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye.
susan morgan (1987) key liye, "mansfield park" austen key upanyason mein sabse kathin thaa, jisamen unaki sabhi naayikaon mein sabse kamjor thee, lekin vaha joe apane parivaar key sabse pyaare sadasya key roop mein samaapt hoti haye.
21veen sadee kii shuruat mein padhane parr aam taur parr "mansfield park" koo austen key sabse aitihaasik khoj upanyaas key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. charitra key manovaigyaanik jeevan key apane atyadhik parishkrit pratipaadan aur aitihaasik sanrachanaon jaise kii susamachar aur british shaahi shakti key samekan key saath sabse adhik vyast.
collin sheehan (2004) ney kahaah
2014 mein, upanyaas key prakaashan key baad seey 200 saal beetane kaa jashn manaate hue, paula byrn ney likhaah "isaki uchch pratishtha, mansfield park koo nazarandaj karein... sex key saath seathes aur ingland key sabse aspasht konon kii khoj kartaa haye. unhone ise yogyata key baare mein honey key liye agrani kahaa. 2017 mein, corin faller ney shaahi itihas mein haal key mahatvapurna ghatnakramon key aalok mein isake mahatva kii sameeksha karate hue kahaa kii shodh prabandh parr phir seey vichaar kiya.
vikas, vishay aur prateek.
prishthabhoomi.
upanyaas mein kaee aatmakathaatmak sangh hain; inmein seey kuchh mahatvapurna vishayon kii mahatvapurna charchaon key baare mein nimnalikhit khandon mein ingit kiye gaye hain. austen ney apane swayam key anubhav aur apane parivaar aur doston key gyaan parr kaafee dhyaan aakarshit kiya. maanav vyavhaar kaa unakaa teevra avalokan unake sabhi paatron key vikas koo soochit kartaa haye. mansfield park" mein, vaha chitra laghuchitrakaar kii tarah, hathidant parr "itane achche brush key saath" painting karane kaa apana abhyaas jaari rakhti haye. ack dinn kii sotherton yatra aur portmouth mein teen maheene key karawas key alawa, upanyaas kii kaarravaai ack hii sampatti taka seemit haye, phir bhee isake sookshm sanket vaishvik hain, joe bhaarat, chean aur carribean koo chhoo rahey hain. 
austen vyaktigat anubhav seey portsmouth koo jaanate they. vaha record karati haye kii admiral foote, joe taba portsmouth mein dusare-inn-kamaand they, "aashcharyachakit they kii merey paas portmouth-drishyon koo itani achchi tarah seey kheenchane kii shakti thee. unake bhaai charles austen ney napolean yuddhon key dauran shaahi nausena adhikaari key roop mein kaary kiya. upanyaas mein, fanny kaa bhaai villium ack adhikaari key roop mein shaahi nausena mein shamil hotaa haye, jiska jahaaj, "thrush", thook key thheek buggle mein sthit hotaa haye. kaptan austen ney sitambar 1810 seey juuna 1811 taka uttari americi jall mein francisi jahaajon kaa shikaar karane key liye apane cruze key dauran hms "cleopetra" kii kamaan sambhali. aggar upanyaas apane aitihaasik sandarbh mein jahaaj kaa ullekh kartaa haye, tou yeh upanyaas kii mukhya ghatnaaon koo 1810-1811 key roop mein tarikh dega. villium kii ack midshipman key roop mein apane jeevan kii kahaaniyon ney bertram koo bataaya kii unhone shuruati pathakon koo sanket diyaa hoga kii unhone nelson key saath carribean kii yatra kii thee. lady bertram dou shaul kaa anurodh karati haye yadi vaha east indies mein jaataa haye.
villium fanny koo ember cross kaa upahaar detaa haye. yeh charles austen dwara apani bahanon koo diye gaye topaaz cross key upahaar koo pratidhwanit kartaa haye, isase pahale kii vaha halifax aur barmuda mein shaahi nausena key uttari americi stations parr ravaana hoe. fanny key purvi kamare mein, admond apane padhane seey anuman lagaati haye kii vaha lord mccartney key agrani saanskritik mission key nakshekadam parr 'chean kii yatra karegi'.
prateekaatmak sthaan aur ghatanaaen.
upanyaas key prateekaatmak pratinidhitva key vyaapak upayog kii or dhyaan aakarshit karane vaale pahale aalochak 1913 mein virginia woolf they. teen spasht roop seey prateekaatmak ghatanaaen hainh padosi sotherton kii yatra aur isake bund dwaar (chaa. 9-10), natakiyata aur usake baad key liye vyaapak taiyari (ch. 13-20), aur atkalon kaa khel (ch. 25) jahan, david selvin kahate hain, card game ack roopak haye "mairi crofford khel rhaa haye, jisamen admond hissedari key roop mein haye. 'speculation' mein surr thomas key west indies aur tomm key juaa mein apratyaashit nivesh kaa bhee ullekh haye joe surr thomas key liye vittiya sharmindagi kaa kaaran banata haye aur admond key liye sambhaavanaon koo cumm kartaa haye, vivaah bajar kii satta prakriti kaa ullekh naheen karna haye. pralobhan, paap, nirnay aur mukti key bibil key vishayon key antarnihit sanket bhee paae jaane hain. inki 'chaabiyan' sotherton mein paaee jaati hain. felicia bonapart kaa tark haye kii ack aakarshak uttar aadhunik tareeke seey, fanny moolya ack yathaarthvaadi aankada haye, lekin ack design mein ack aankada bhee haye. vaha mathh mein darj raajya key drishtaant mein 'mahaan moolya key motee' key roop mein fanny koo dekhti haye, samkaaleen samaaj aur ack raajya donon seey sambandhit 'raajya' abhee taka prakat naheen huaa haye.
fanny moolya key baare mein raay.
neena oyarbakh (1980), kaee pathakon dwara anubhav kiye gaye dwidha bhaav key saath pehchaan karate hue, poochhati haye, "hamein fanny moolya key baare mein kaisa mahsoos karna chaahiye?"
austen kii maan ney socha kii vaha ajib haye, halanki anya aprakaashit niji sameekshakon koo yeh charitra pasand aaya (austen ney apane samajik dayare mein una logon dwara tippaniyan ekatra keen). kaee logon ney fenny moolya koo unnisvin shatabdi key "cindrella" key roop mein dekhaa haye.
ack pramukh bahas iss baat parr haye kii fanny kaa charitra vidambanapurna haye yaa naheen, joe kii regency upanyason mein itani lokpriya swasth naayikaon kii parody haye. lionel trilling (1957) ney kahaa kii austen ney "vidambana key khilaf nirdeshit vidambana" key roop mein fanny banaaya. villium aich. maggy (1966) ney likhaa kii "vidambana vyaapt haye, aggar (yeh) haavi naheen haye, tou fanny moolya kii prastuti. isake vipareet, andreau raait (1968) ney tark diyaa kii fanny koo "binaa kissy virodhabhas key seedhe-seedhe prastut kiya jaataa haye.
thomas edwards (1965) ney fanny koo sabhi austen naayikaon mein sabse kamjor aur isaliye sabse maanviya maanaa. unhone tark diyaa kii fanny kii seemit naitikta mein bhee isaki sarahana karane key liye bahut kuchh thaa. austen jeevanikaar clarey tomlin (1997) kaa tark haye kii fanny apane veerata key kshan taka uthh jaati haye jaba vaha iss aagyakarita koo aswikar karati haye kii ack mahila key roop mein, usey apane vivek key uchch adesh koo sweekaar karane aur uska paalan karane key liye school kiya gayaa haye.
prageesh?
clara calvo (2005) kaa kahana haye kii kaee aadhunik pathakon koo fanny kii darpokta aur natakiyata key prati usaki asweekriti key saath sahaanubhooti rakhna mushkil lagata haye, jisase unhein "prigish, nishkriya, saral aur pasand karna mushkil" lagata haye. austen kii nayika kii lambe samay seey aalochana hoe rahee haye. wiltshire (2005) ney fanny key nakaratmak nirnay koo chunauti dee haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii yeh upanyaas kii "spasht" roodhivaadita haye joe ise saamana karane key liye majboor karati haye, aur yeh kii "kaee paathak ise paar naheen curr sakate".
tomlin fanny koo ack jatil vyaktitva key roop mein dekhta haye, joe apani kamjori key bavjood saahas dikhaata haye aur kahani key baad key hisse key dauran atmasamman mein badhata haye. uska vishvaas, joe usey galat sochane kaa virodh karane kaa saahas detaa haye, kabhi-kabhi usey papiyon key prati asahishnu banaata haye. fanny, hamesha aatm-pratibimbit, apani asahishnuta key prati asahishnu hoti haye. usake charitra mein parivartan usake teen maheene key portmouth jeevan key sampark mein aaney key dauran sabse adhik dekhaa jaataa haye. shuru mein, apane maataa-pitaa key ghar aur usake pados kii kathorta aur anuchitata seey hairan hocker, vaha isaki ninda karati haye. usake pitaa kaa ravaiya aisaa haye jisaki aadhunik paathak bhee ninda curr sakate hain, ack aise vyakti mein anaitik yaun utpeedan key swar koo dekhate hue joe usey "ack motey majaak kaa uddeshya banaane" key alawa shayed hii notice kartaa haye. abb yeh pahachaante hue kii vaha portmouth mein kabhi bhee ghar parr naheen hoe sakati haye, vaha dheere-dheere apane sweekaar kiye gaye purvagrahon parr kaaboo paa letee haye, apane bhaai-bahanon key vishisht gunon koo pehchaanati haye, aur aparaadh naa karane key liye kadee mehnat karati haye. vyaapak samudaay mein, nirnay adhik samaan-haath kaa hotaa haye; fanny shahar kii yuva mahilaaon koo naheen leey jaati haye aur way, ack aise vyakti key 'havaa' seey naraj hotey hain joe naa tou pianofort parr bajaata haye aur naa hii badhiya pelis pahanata haye, usey naheen leey jaataa haye. vaha yeh dekhane aatee haye kii usaki shaaririk kamjori kaa vaha hissa aantarik tarkon, baatchit aur pehchaan key kamjor karane vaale prabhaav seey utpann hotaa haye joe usaki oorjaa koo cumm kartaa haye.
oyerbatch kaa sujhaav haye kii shaant paryavekshak key roop mein, fanny "pradarshan parr darshakon kii murajhaane kii shakti" koo apanaata haye. vaha kahati haye, "fanny mein hamari asuvidha kuchh hudd taka hamari apani drishyata mein hamari asuvidha haye", aur humm khud koo aur saath hii fanny koo "sammohak angreji rakshason key samudaay mein" fansaate hain.
paula byrn (2014) kahati hain, "pustak key kendra mein ack visthaapit bachcha haye jisaki antaratma atoot haye. ack sachchi nayika."
fanny kii aantarik duniya.
fanny austen naayikaon mein advitiya haye kyonki usaki kahani taba shuru hoti haye jaba vaha duss saal kii hoti haye aur athaarah saal kii umr taka usaki kahani kaa pataa lagaati haye. byrn kaa kahana haye, "mansfield park" shayed itihas kaa pahala upanyaas haye jisamen ack chhoti ladki key jeevan koo bheetar seey darshaaya gayaa haye.  johnn wiltshire kahate hain kii 21veen sadee kii shuruat taka, alochakon ney austen key charitra key manovaigyaanik jeevan key atyadhik parishkrit pratipaadan kii sarahana karate hue, abb fanny koo samajha, jise pahale naitik adhikaar (kuchh alochakon dwara manaaya jaataa thaa, dusaron dwara prachaarit) key siddhant key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa, "ack kaampate hue, asthir astitva, [ack] kamuk roop seey sanchaalit aur paraspar virodhi vyakti, donon peedit aur usake bheetar ankit moolyon key prerit, god lene key itihas dwara. johnn clingell ray kaa sujhaav haye kii fanny austen kaa "batter-child syndrome" kaa antardrishtipurna adhyayan haye, joe donon gharon mein bhaavnaatmak aur bhautik durvyavahar kaa shikaar haye. shuru seey hii usey mansik aur shaaririk roop seey najuk, cumm atmasamman vaali, kamjor aur patali twacha vaali ack chhoti ladki key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. jiss chattan parr vaha khadee haye, jisase vaha jeevit reh sakati haye, vaha usake badey bhaai villium kaa pyaar haye. mansfield mein, uska chachera bhaai admond dheere-dheere ack samaan bhoomika nibhaata haye; donon yuva vayaskon dwara khaali chhodi gaee dekhbhal karane vaale kii aavashyak bhoomika koo puuraa karate hain. purvi kamra, joe dheere-dheere fenny koo upayukt banaata haye, usaki surakshit jagah bunn jaati haye, uska "aaraam kaa ghonsala", jisamen, halanki binaa germ, vaha tanaav key samay peechhe hutt jaati haye. yahaan vaha apane dukhon parr pratibimbit karati haye; usake uddeshyon kii galatfahmi, usaki avahelana kii gaee bhaavanaaen, aur usaki samajh koo cumm mahatva diyaa gayaa. vaha atyachar, upahaas aur upeksha key dard koo maanati haye, lekin nishkarsh nikaalati haye kii lagbhag harr ghatana seey kuchh laabh huaa aur mukhya santvana hamesha admond rahee thee.
duss saal kii umr mein usake visthaapan key aghaat koo aathh saal baad fanny dwara yaad kiya jaataa haye jaba usey apane janm parivaar seey milane kaa vaadaa kiya jaataa haye. "usake sabhi shuruati sukhon kii yaad, aur unase fatey jaane seey usane joe sahan kiya thaa, vaha naee taakat key saath usake oopar aaa gayaa, aur aisaa lugg rhaa thaa kii ghar parr phir seey harr usa dard koo thheek curr dega joe alag honey key baad seey badhaa thaa."algaav kaa dard utanaa hii spasht haye jitna kii portsmouth mein unake poorv jeevan kaa aadarshikaran, ack aadarsh joe jald hii sweekaar kiye jaane vaale parityag key gahare dard koo dhakta haye. 2014 mein vishay parr lautate hue, johnn wiltshire ney fanny koo "ack nayika key roop mein varnit kiya haye joe apane paalan-poshan seey jaldi kshatigrast hoe gaee thee, saath hii saath apane ardh-dattak grahan seey, joe apane dattak parivaar key prati kritagyata aur unake khilaf sabse gahare vidroh key beach teevra sangharsh kaa anubhav karati haye", ack vidroh joe shayed hii sachet thaa.
nariwadi vidambana.
fanny kii nakaratmak aalochana kabhi-kabhi upanyaas mein paatron dwara vyakt kii gaee aalochana key saath pehchaan karati haye. kuchh praarambhik naarivaadiyon key liye, fenny price parr vichaar kiya jaane key karib thaa, kyonki vaha shrimati norris dwara thee, "tukade kaa dayman". kaee logon ney usey "rengane vaalaa chuha" key roop mein tiraskar kiya haye, jaisa kii usake chachere bhaai tomm karate hain.
margaret kirkam (1983) ney apane nibandh "nariwadi vidambana aur manfield park kii amulya nayika" mein tark diyaa kii austen ack nariwadi lekhika theen jinhen jatilata aur haasya pasand thaa aur joe apane pathakon key liye paheliyaan prastut karane kaa anand letee theen. kaee logon ney fenny key charitra kii nariwadi vidambana koo yaad kiya haye. austen iss mayane mein ack nariwadi theen kii unakaa maanana thaa kii mahilaaen purushon kii tarah hii tark aur samanya gyaan seey sampann hain, aur aadarsh vivaah dou logon key beach honah chaahiye joe ack-dusare seey pyaar karate hain. vidambana yeh haye kii fanny key maataa-pitaa key beach chitrit prem match aadarsh seey bahut door haye.
kirakam "mansfield park" koo jeane-jacks russo key lokpriya 1762 key kaam "emil, yaa shiksha" parr hamale key roop mein dekhta haye, jisamen aadarsh mahila koo purushon kii tulanaa mein najuk, agyakari aur shaaririk roop seey kamjor key roop mein darshaaya gayaa haye. russo ney kahaah "apani kamjori parr sharminda honey seey door, way isamen garv karate hain; unaki komal maanspeshiyaan koee pratirodh naheen karati hain; way sabse chhote bojh koo uthaane mein asamarth honey koo prabhaavit karate hain, aur majboot aur majboot honey key liye sharminda hoe jaate hain."samkaaleen daarshanik mairi wollstonecraft ney russo key vichaaron key khilaf" "mahila key adhikaaron kii pushti" "mein vistaar seey likhaa. unhone james fordes jaise russo key anuyaayiyon koo bhee chunauti dee, jinake upadesh lambe samay seey ack yuva mahila key pustakalaya kaa hissa rahey they.
upanyaas kii shuruat mein, fanny, apani nirantar beemariyon, durpoke swabhaav, adheenata aur najukta key saath, russo kii aadarsh mahila key anuroop haye. pratikool roop seey, usaki nishkriyata mukhya roop seey ack peedit kii jeevit rahane key liye dridh sankalpit haye, joe usake visthaapan key aghaat aur usake mansik kalyan kii aantarik jatilataon kaa parinam haye. ack samay kii sunder chaachi bertram, apane udaseen aur nishkriyata mein, roodhivaadita parr bhee vyangya karati haye. anta mein, fanny anajaane mein auchitya key prati prachalit drishtikon koo cumm karke jeevit rahati haye kyonki vaha kartavya seey oopar vivek aur prem koo rakhane kii shakti paati haye. surr thomas kii ichcha key prati samarpan karane seey fanny key incar koo kii vaha heinry crofford seey shaadi karey, kirkham dwara upanyaas key naitik charmotkarsh key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. apani gahari nishtha aur karuna, apane tark aur samanya gyaan key madhyam seey, vaha jeet hassil karane mein saksham haye, iss prakaar regency ingland mein naritva (aur auchitya) key prachalit aadarsh koo chunauti detee haye.
ichcha kii ack mahila.
americi saahityik aalochak harrold bloom ney fanny price koo "ack saha-vanshaj, lock key sangathan-nirmit ichcha key saath, ichcha kii swaayatta parr jore dene vaale angreji protestant" kahaa haye.
vaha see kii or dhyaan aakarshit kartaa haye. aiss. luis kaa avalokan kii "fanny, jaine austen, ney apane spasht mahatvaheen koo santulit karane key liye, vaastav mein munn kii shuddhata key alawa kuchh bhee naheen rakhaa haye, naa tou junoon, naa hii shaaririk saahas, naa hii buddhi, naa hii sansaadhan. blooms luis seey sahmat hain lekin unakaa tark haye kii way kathaanak mein ack kaaran agent key roop mein fanny kii "khud honey kii ichcha" key mahatva koo yaad karate hain. blue kaa tark haye kii virodhabhasi roop seey yeh fanny kii "haavi honey kii ichcha" kii kamee haye joe usey 'safal honey' mein saksham banaati haye. kewal khud honey key liye uska sangharsh usey naitik prabhaav kaa prayog karane kaa kaaran banata haye, aur yeh anta mein usey jeet kii or leey jaataa haye.
ack 'saahityik rakshas' key roop mein fanny.
neena oyarbakh ney fanny mein ack asadharan dridhata koo pahachaana haye "jisake saath vaha parivaar, ghar yaa pyaar kii paaramparik mahila visheshtaon mein seey kissy seey bhee maanya ack pehchaan kaa paalan karati haye. aisaa karke, fanny "pramanik pratyaropan kii apriya kathorta key liye chhoot kii bhedyata koo aswikar kartaa haye. fanny bahishkrit key algaav seey ubharati haye, isake bajaay vijeta bunn jaati haye, iss prakaar "romans kii nayika key bajaay romantic naayak key saath khud koo sanrekhit karati haye.
oyarbakh key liye, fanny romantic yug key ack lokpriya mool roop, "rakshas" kaa ack saumya sanskaran haye, joe maujooda key sarasar kaary seey samaaj mein fitt naheen hotaa haye aur kabhi bhee naheen baith sakata haye. iss vyakhya mein, fanny kii kissy bhee anya austen nayika key saath bahut cumm samaantaa haye, joe hamlet key prajanan charitra key karib haye, yaa yahaan taka kii mairi shelle key "frankstein" (kewal chaar saal baad prakaashit) key rakshas key karib haye. oyarbakh kaa kahana haye kii "usake baare mein kuchh bhayaanak haye joe samanya jeevan key liye apani bhookh kii kalpana koo vanchit kartaa haye aur ise vikrit, bedkhal logon kii or majboor kartaa haye.
oyerbatch kaa tark haye kii fanny khud koo mukhar nakaratmak mein sabse achchi tarah seey paribhaashit karati haye. premiyon kii pratigyaon" mein bhaag lene key nimantran parr fanny kii pratikriya haye, "naheen, vaastav mein, main kaary naheen curr sakata."jeevan mein vaha shayed hii kabhi vyavhaar karati haye, kewal jawabi kaarravaai karati haye, apane chaaron or kii duniya koo mook nirnay mein dekhti haye. fanny "ack mahila haye joe kewal vaheen seey sambandhit haye jahan vaha naheen haye. uska ekant usaki sthiti haye, aisee sthiti naheen jisase usey bachaaya jaa sakey. "kewal mansfield park mein jaine austen hamein ack romantic brahmand kii asuvidha kaa anubhav karane key liye majboor kartaa haye jisaki adhyakshata ack nayika key shaktishali aakarshan dwara kii jaati haye jise pyaar karane key liye naheen banaaya gayaa thaa."oyarbakh kaa vishleshan cumm lagata haye jaba fanny antatah apane god liye hue parivaar key pyaar kaa anubhav karati haye aur isake aghaaton key bavjood, ghar kii bhavna praapt karati haye.
paridrishya yojana.
alastair duckworth ney nott kiya kii austen key upanyason mein ack aavarti vishay haye kii jiss tarah seey estate kii sthiti unake maalikon kii sthiti koo darshaati haye. mansfield park kaa bahut hii niji paridrishya (aur ghar) dheere-dheere prakat hotaa haye, pardarshi sotherton key vipareet jahaan paathak koo maria dwara isake parivesh kaa parichay diyaa jaataa haye, shrimati rushworth dwara ghar key liye ack paryatak kaa parichay, aur anta mein yuvaaon key sarpil bhatakane dwara nirdeshit sampatti kaa daura.
graameen naitikta.
shahar key saath sangharsh mein desh kaa vishay poore upanyaas mein dohraya jaataa haye. prateekaatmak roop seey, jeevan-navikaran prakriti shahari samaaj key kritrim aur bhrasht prabhaavon key hamale kaa shikaar haye. kanadai vidwan david monaghan graameen jeevan shally kii or dhyaan aakarshit karate hain, joe samay aur mausamon kii vyavastha aur lay key liye apane saavdhaanipoorvak sammaan key saath, "bhavyata, auchitya, niyamitata, sadbhaav" key moolyon koo majboot aur pratibimbit kartaa haye. pedon key saavdhaanipoorvak banaae gaye maarg key saath sotherton austen key javic siddhanton kaa anusmaarak haye joe samaaj kaa aadhar banaate hain. austen ney shree rushworth aur surr thomas koo bhoo-kuleen varg key roop mein chitrit kiya haye joe una siddhanton kii sarahana karane mein asamarth hain joe praapt manakon key neeche hain, jisake parinamswarup "bhoo-samaaj" chhod diyaa gayaa haye... bhrashtachar key liye taiyar. heinry crofford koo ack anupasthit makaan malik key roop mein, koee naitik prashansa naheen honey key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye.
1796 mein landan kii yatra parr, austen ney apani bahan koo majaak mein likhaa, "main ack baar phir apavyay aur burai key iss drishya mein huun, aur main pahale seey hii apani naitikta koo bhrasht dhoondhana shuru curr detaa huun."crayford key madhyam seey paathak koo landan samaaj kii jhalakiyan dee jaati hain. way landan key paise-hadapane vaale, ashleel madhyam varg kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, joe austen key graameen aadarsh key vipareet haye. way ack aisee duniya seey aatey hain jahan sub kuchh paise seey praapt kiya jaanaa haye, aur jahan avaiyaktik bheed ney samajik maandandon key roop mein shaanti aur shaanti koo badal diyaa haye. austen landan samaaj kii aur jhalakiyan detaa haye jaba maria vivaahit hoti haye aur mairi crofford key anusaar "usaki peniworth", joe usa mausam key liye ack fashionable landan nivaas haye, praapt karati haye. monaghan key liye, yeh kewal fanny haye joe puraane fashion key ayogya shishtachar key neeche naitik moolyon koo mahsoos kartaa haye. yeh kaam kaee mayanon mein aksham honey key bavjood, angreji samaaj key sarvottam moolyon kii raksha karane key liye unake oopar padata haye.
humphrey reptone aur sudhaar.
sotherton mein, shree. rushworth lokpriya paridrishya sudharkarta humphrey repton koo niyojit karane parr vichaar kartaa haye, usaki darein ack dinn mein paanch ginny hain. repton ney "landscape maali" shabd gadhaa thaa aur ack sampatti key vivaran key roop mein "park" sheershak koo bhee lokpriya banaaya thaa. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii austen ney aanshik roop seey stoneley ebbe parr apane kaalpanik sotherton koo adharit kiya thaa, jise usake chaacha, rev thomas leh, koo 1806 mein viraasat mein milaa thaa. sampatti kaa daavaa karane key liye apani pahali yatra parr, vaha austen, usaki maan aur usaki bahan koo apane saath leey gayaa. leh, joe pahale seey hii adlestrop mein repton koo niyukt curr chuke they, ney abb unhein stoneley mein sudhaar karane key liye niyukt kiya, jahan unhone avon nadee koo punarnirdeshit kiya, ack darpan jheel banaane key liye bhoomi key ack hisse mein baadh laa dee, aur ack gendbaji harey lonn aur cricket pitch koo jodaa.
parivarik ratribhoj key dauran, shree rushworth ghoshana karate hain kii vaha paschim key saamane seey aadhe meal kii doori parr chadhane vaale mahaan oak maarg koo hataa denge. mister rushworth repton koo galat samajhate hain. apani pustak mein, repton ney 'fashion' key baare mein savdhani seey likhaa haye... raaste koo nasht karane key liye, aur vaha kewal siddhant key roop mein fashion kii parody kartaa haye. rushworth kii baatchit repton kii parody kaa karib seey anusaran karati haye. fanny nirash haye aur sadiyon seey swabhavik roop seey joe saamane aaya haye uska mulyankan karate hue couper koo uddhrit kartaa haye. david monaghan (1980) ney fanny key drishtikon koo dusaron key drishtikon seey alag kiyaah bhautikvaadi mairi crofford kewal bhavishya key baare mein sochati haye, kissy bhee sudhaar koo sweekaar karane key liye taiyar haye, jaba taka kii usey vartamaan asuvidha kaa anubhav naheen karna haye, aur heinry vartamaan kshan key liye jeevit haye, kewal ashurachana kii bhoomika nibhaane mein ruchi rakhti haye. antarmukhi aur chintansheel fanny, akele, apane dimag mein ateet, vartamaan aur bhavishya kii badee tasveer rakh sakati haye.
henny crofford sotherton key paridrishya kii khoj karate samay sudhaar key liye apane swayam key vichaaron seey bharey hue hain. repton key prasiddh poorvavarti, lanslot "kshamata" bhoore rung key saath vidambanapurna tulanaa kaa sanket dete hue, jangal key paas deewaar vaale bageeche kii 'kshamataon' kii jaanch karane key liye aage badhane vaale pahale vyakti key roop mein unakaa varnan kiya gayaa haye. 
raajneetik prateekvaad.
napolean yuddh (1803-1815) upanyaas kii chhipi hui prishthabhoomi kaa hissa hain. calvo, roser cells key havaale seey kahate hain, "mansfield park" koo ack condition-off-ingland upanyaas key roop mein padhaa jaa sakata haye joe 'yuddh key sanchaalan aur regency sankat jaise saamyik muddon parr bahas kartaa haye. duckworth (1994) kaa maanana haye kii austen ney admond barke kii prabhaavshaali pustak, "reflections off dha revolution inn france" (1790) seey bhunirman prateek liya. burke ney laabhkaari "sudhaaron" kii pushti kii joe sanrakshan kaa hissa hain, lekin samaaj mein durbhavanapurna "navacharon" aur "parivartanon" kii ninda kii, jisase viraasat kaa vinash huaa. duckworth kaa tark haye kii "mansfield park" austen key vichaaron kii samajh key liye mahatvapurna haye. samaaj kii tarah, sampadaon mein bhee sudhaar kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye, lekin kathit roop seey repton dwara kiye gaye parivartan asweekarya navachar they, sampatti mein parivartan joe prateekaatmak roop seey, poori naitik aur samajik viraasat koo nasht curr denge. jimmedaar vyaktigat vyavhaar seey anjaan samaaj kii najukta seey avagat austen, ack isai manavtawadi sanskriti key viraasat mein mille moolyon key liye pratibaddh haye.
francisi kranti austen key vichaar mein ack poori tarah seey vinashkari shakti thee joe ateet koo mitaa dene kii koshish curr rahee thee. usaki saali, elija, ack francisi kuleen thee, jisake pahale pati, comte dee fueliday koo peris mein gilotin kiya gayaa thaa. vaha britten bhaag gaee, jahan 1797 mein, usane heinry austen seey shaadi kii. eliza key comte key nishpaadan key vivaran ney francisi kranti key ack teevra bhaya key saath ack austen chhod diyaa joe usake baaki jeevan key liye chully.
vaaran roberts (1979) austen key lekhan koo francisi kranti key naastik moolyon key khilaf paaramparik angreji moolyon aur dharm kii pushti key roop mein vyakhya kartaa haye. mairi crofford kaa charitra, jisaki 'french' aparivartaniyata ney usey church seey alag curr diyaa haye, fenny moolya key saath pratikool roop seey vipareet haye, jisaki 'angreji' sanyam aur vishvaas usey yeh daavaa karane key liye prerit kartaa haye kii "ack chappel mein kuchh haye aur ack mahaan ghar key saath charitra mein bahut adhik paadari haye, jisamen kissy key vichaar key saath kii aisaa ghar kyaa honah chaahiye. admond koo church koo sthirata key liye ack bull key roop mein prastut karane key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye joe parivaar, reeti-rivaajon aur angreji paramparaon koo ack saath rakhta haye. yeh mairi crofford key ravaiye key vipareet haye, jisaki dhaarmik pratha kii aalochana usey angreji graameen ilaakon mein ack videshi aur vighatankari shakti banaati haye.
sotherton aur naitik prateekvaad.
juliet mcmaster ney tark diyaa kii austen aksar cumm bolly kaa istemal karati thee, aur usake paatr spasht roop seey mamuli vyavhaar aur samvaad key peechhe chhipi hui shaktishali bhaavanaon koo prachhann karate hain. yeh sotherton kii yatra key dauran spasht haye jahan mairi crofford, admond bertram aur fanny price ack church key currier key gunon parr bahas karate hain. halanki adaan-pradaan halke dill key hotey hain, lekin mudde gambhir hotey hain. admond mairi seey usase pyaar karane key liye kaha rhaa haye kii vaha kaun haye, jabaki mairi ingit karati haye kii vaha kewal tabhi usase shaadi karegi jaba vaha kaanoon mein adhik aakarshak currier kaa peechha karega.
apani baat koo sookshmata seey dabaane key liye, austen ney jangal mein drishya nirdhaarit kiya haye jahan unaki sarpakar sair spensor kii "vichitra raani" aur bhatakati lakadi key "sarpakar" maargon kii pratidhvani pradaan karati haye. spensor kaa "redcross night" (nausikhiya night joe ingland aur isai vishvaas donon kaa prateek haye) khatarnak aur bhramit karane vaali bhatakati lakadi key bheetar khou jaataa haye. night lagbhag unaa, apane sachche pyaar, duessa, mohak chudail key liye chhod detaa haye. isaliye, admond (ingland key mantri kaa church) sotherton key jangal kii naitik bhulbhulaiya key bheetar khou gayaa haye.
anya logon ney iss prakaran mein shekspeare key "jaisa aapako pasand haye" kii pratidhvani dekhi haye. byrn regency stage comedy key saath ack adhik seedha sambandh dekhta haye, jisake saath austen bahut parichit thaa, vishesh roop seey george coleman aur david garrick kaa atyadhik safal naatak, "dha clandstein marriage" (hoggerth key vyangya chitron kii shrinkhala seey prerit, "marriage aeye-laa-mode"), jisamen ack samaan vishay thaa aur ack nayika jise fanny sterling kahaa jaataa thaa. (surr thomas baad mein fanny key "utkrisht" gunon kii prashansa karate hain.)
byrn kaa sujhaav haye kii sotherton court mein apane bund dwaar key saath haa-haa kii or jaane vaale "sarpakar maarg" mein eeden key bageeche mein shaitan key pralobhan key rung hain. apani gahari khaai key saath haa-haa ack seema kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye jise kuchh loga, adhikaar kii avagya karate hue, paar curr denge. yeh maria bertram aur heinry crofford key bhavishya key naitik atikramanon kaa ack prateekaatmak agradoot haye. collin sheehan ney iss paridrishya kii tulanaa milton key "khoye hue swarg" key eden seey kii, jahan bund lohe key dwaar narak aur swarg koo alag karane vaali ack gahari khaadi parr khulate hain.
'jangal' ack bagwani shabd thaa jiska upayog ack jangli kshetra kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, joe aksar ghar key aspas key aupchaarik kshetra aur haa-haa seey parey charagahon key beach sthaapit hotaa thaa. sotherton mein, ise "lagbhag dou ekad kii ack boee gaee lakadi" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye...[aur] gendbaji-harey aur chhat kii tulanaa mein andhera aur chhaaya, aur praakritik sundarta thee."ack jangli durgam sthaan key roop mein jangal kaa vaikalpik arth austen key pathakon key liye bible key king james sanskaran mein kaee upayogon seey bahut parichit hoga, jaise kii jangal key madhyam seey israeliyon key pareekshan kaa vivaran-johnn adhyaay 3 iss kahani koo jodata haye (" "jaise moosa ney jangal mein saamp koo uthaaya thaa...") yeeshu key madhyam seey mukti key saath.
paatr swayam sotherton kii roopak kshamata kaa dohan karate hain. jaba heinry, haa-haa key paar dekhate hue, kahati haye, "aapke saamane ack bahut hii muskurata huaa drishya haye", maria jawab detee haye, "kyaa aapka matlab shaabdik yaa alankarik haye?"maria ney stern key upanyaas" "ack bhaavnaatmak yatra" "seey ack starling key baare mein uddharan diyaa haye joe bastill kii or ishara kartaa haye. vaha gett key peechhe funce jaane kii shikayat karati haye joe usey "sanyam aur kathinaaee kii bhavna" detaa haye. samvaad dohare arthon seey bharaa haye. yahaan taka kii spikes, ack fatey hue kapade aur girane key baare mein fanny kii chetaavaniyan bhee naitik hinsa kaa sanket detee hain. heinry maria koo bataati haye kii aggar vaha "vaastav mein adhik badey honey kii ichcha rakhti haye" aur khud koo "yeh sochane kii anumati dey sakati haye kii yeh pratibandhit naheen haye", tou swatantrata sambhav thee. isake turant baad, admond aur mairi bhee jangal chhodane key liye "lubhaaye jaate hain.
baad mein upanyaas mein, jaba heinry crofford kuchh nayaa banaane key liye kaantedar lessie key aadhar koo nasht karane kaa sujhaav dete hain, tou unaki yojanaon koo admond dwara khariz curr diyaa jaataa haye, joe jore dekar kahate hain kii halanki sampatti mein kuchh sudhaar kii aavashyakta haye, lekin vaha sadiyon seey banaai gaee cheezon koo sanrakshit karna chaahte hain. austen kii duniya mein, vaastav mein shaadi karane laayak vyakti apani parampara kaa sammaan karate hue apani sampatti koo badhaata haih admond kaa sudhaarvaadi roodhivaad usey ack naayak key roop mein chihnit kartaa haye.
mansfield park mein theatre.
josleen harris (2010) "mansfield park" mein austen key mukhya vishay koo natakiyata kii naitik aur samajik sthiti key roop mein dekhti hain, joe munch key roop mein hii ack purana vivaad haye. kuchh alochakon ney maanaa haye kii austen kaa irada upanyaas koo virodhi-naatya vichaaron koo badhaava denaa thaa, joe sambhavatah susamachar andolan seey prerit thaa. harris kaa kahana haye kii, jabaki "garv aur purvagrah" mein austen dikhaati haye kii kaise natakiyata dainik jeevan mein mukhauta aur dhokha detee haye, "mansfield park" mein vaha natakon aur naatak-abhinay kii poori ullekhaniya ghatana seey adhik gaharaai seey poochtaachh karati haye.
antitheatric.
antigua mein apane baganon seey apratyaashit roop seey lautate hue, surr thomas bertram koo pataa chalata haye kii yuva loga elizabeth inchbald kii "premiyon kii pratigyaon" (german august wonn kotzebu seey anukoolit) key utpaadan kaa abhyaas curr rahey hain. badnam hocker, vaha naatak koo roque detaa haye aur rehearsal script koo jalaa detaa haye. fenny price aashcharyachakit haye kii naatak koo hamesha uchit maanaa gayaa thaa, aur dou pramukh mahila bhoomikaon koo "gharelu pratinidhitva key liye poori tarah seey anuchit maanata haye-ack kii sthiti, aur doosari kii bhasha itani vinamrata kii kissy bhee mahila dwara vyakt kiye jaane key liye ayogya haye.
clair tomalin (1997) kaa kahana haye kii "mansfield park", apane naitik vishay aur bhrasht manakon kii aalochana key saath, samarthakon aur alochakon kaa dhruvikaran kiya haye. yeh ack kamjor yuva mahila kaa virodh kartaa haye joe majboot dhaarmik aur naitik siddhanton key saath saansaarik, samvardhit, sampann yuvaaon key ack samooh key khilaf haye joe binaa siddhant key apane anand aur laabh kaa peechha karate hain.
jonas barish ney apane maulik kaary, "dha antitheatrical presude" (1981) mein iss vichaar koo apanaaya haye kii 1814 taka austen ney haal hii mein susamacharvad koo apanaane key baad rangmanch key khilaf rukh kiya hoga. austen ney nishchit roop seey padhaa aur aashcharyachakit honey key liye, thomas gisbourne kii "mahila ling key kartavyon kii jaanch" kaa anand liya, jisamen spasht roop seey kahaa gayaa thaa kii naatak paappurn they, kyonki unake "anya ling key vyaktiyon key saath aniyantrit parichit honey" key avsar they. unhone villium wilberforce key lokpriya susamacharak kaary koo achchi tarah seey padhaa hoga jisane usa samay key patan koo chunauti dee thee aur rangmanch aur naitikta parr isake nakaratmak prabhaav key baare mein bhee majboot vichaar vyakt kiye they.
haalaanki, tomlin kaa tark haye kii austen koo "mansfield park" key baahar natakon kii ninda karane key liye naheen jaanaa jaataa haye. austen theatre jaane key shaukeen they aur mahaan abhinetaon key aalochak prashansak they. bachpan mein unake parivaar ney home theatre kii lokpriya gatividhi koo apanaaya thaa. unhone apane paadari pitaa dwara paryavekshit, steventon (aur baad mein godam mein) mein parivarik bhojan kaksh mein prastut kiye gaye poorna-lambai key lokpriya natakon (kaee swayam dwara likhe gaye) mein bhaag liya thaa. parivarik natakon key dauran yuva austen dwara dekhe gaye kaee tatvon parr upanyaas mein phir seey kaam kiya gayaa haye, jisamen unake haal hii mein niyukt bhaai james kaa pralobhan, unake milansar chachere bhaai elija dwara shamil haye.
paula byrn (2017) ney record kiya haye kii "mansfield park" likhane seey kewal dou saal pahale, austen ney sheridon key lokpriya samkaaleen naatak "dha school forr scandle" mein shrimati cander kii bhoomika koo bahut shandar tareeke seey nibhaaya thaa. unake patrachar seey pataa chalata haye kii vaha aur unakaa parivaar utsaahi rangmanch-jaane vaalon key roop mein jaari rahey. byrn kaa yeh bhee tark haye kii austen key upanyaas, vishesh roop seey "mansfield park", kaafee natakiyata aur naatakiya sanrachana koo darshaate hain joe unhein vishesh roop seey screen pratinidhitva key liye anukool banaata haye. calvo upanyaas koo shekspeare key "king lear" aur unaki teen betiyon key punarlekhan key roop mein dekhate hain, jisamen fanny surr thomas kii regency cordelia key roop mein hain.
aathh adhyaay badalate drishtikon seey naatya-virodhi purvagrah parr charcha karate hain. admond aur fanny naitik duvidhaon koo paate hain, aur yahaan taka kii mairi bhee paraspar virodhi haye, aur jore dekar kahati haye kii vaha apani patkatha koo sampaadit karegi. haalaanki, rangmanch koo kabhi chunauti naheen dee jaati haye. naatakiya anuchitata key baare mein prashnon mein paath kii naitikta, kamjor shaukiya khilaadiyon parr abhinay kaa prabhaav aur ack sammaanjanak ghar mein ack abhadra vyavadhaan key roop mein pradarshan shamil hain. fanny kaa naatya-virodhi drishtikon bahut door taka jaataa haye aur 20veen shatabdi mein bhee isaki abhivyakti jaari rahee.
anuchitata.
theatre key baare mein gahan bahas kii austen kii prastuti paathak koo paksh lene aur aspashtataon koo yaad karane key liye lubhaati haye. admond, sabse aalochanatmak aavaaj, vaastav mein ack utsaahi rangmanch-darshak haye. fanny, bahas kaa naitik vivek, "khud koo naatak seey utanaa hii nirdosh anand praapt karane key liye maanata thaa jitna unamen seey koee bhee. unhone socha kii heinry una sabhi mein sabse achche abhineta hain. vaha apani chaachi bertram koo shekspeare koo zor seey padhkar bhee khush hui.
stewart tave paatron kii yogyata key prati pratibaddhata kii pariksha key roop mein naatak kii chunauti parr jore detaa haye. prigish shrimati. norris khud koo auchitya key sanrakshak key roop mein dekhti haye. surr thomas jaba antigua key liye nikalate hain tou una parr bharosa kiya jaataa haye, lekin "premiyon kii pratigyaon" kii taiyari kii anumati dene mein poori tarah seey whiffle hoe jaate hain. admond naatak parr apatti jataate hain, yeh maanate hue kii yeh kissy tarah anuchit haye, lekin samasya koo spasht roop seey vyakt karane mein whiffle rahate hain. ack baahari vyakti koo natakon mein bhaag lene key liye laae jaane parr unaki teevra apatti koo aadhunik paathak key liye samajhana aasaan naheen haye. shree rushworth kaa drishtikon, kii "humm bahut behtar naukari karate hain, yahaan apane beach aaraam seey baithe hain, aur kuchh naheen curr rahey hain", kewal surr thomas dwara hii pushti kii gaee haye.
joe prastaavit haye usamen anuchitata kii gaharaai koo akele fanny samajhati haye; vaha ghar key apane bhed-bhaav vaale avlokanon seey jaanati haye kii abhinay seey abhinetaon kii bhaavanaon mein khatarnak roop seey jalan hogi, lekin dusaron koo manaane kii taakat mein usaki kamee haye. rehearsal key dauran, fanny heinry aur lagbhag shadishuda maria key beach chala rahey ishqabaazi koo dekhti haye, "maria ney bahut achchha abhinay kiya."vaha admond aur mairi key beach yaun tanaav aur aakarshan koo bhee dekhti haye kyonki way donon premiyon kii bhoomika nibhaate hain. yeh usey dukh seey bhar detaa haye lekin irshya seey bhee bhar detaa haye. baad mein, mairi ney apane pasandida episode kaa varnan kiya, jisamen admond key saath amelia kii pramukh bhoomika nibhai gaee, joe usaki pasandida prashansak thee. "mujhe itani shandar khushi kabhi naheen pataa thee... oh! yeh abhivyakti seey parey meethaa thaa."
tave ingit karate hain kii, "premiyon kii pratigyaon" koo bund karate hue, surr thomas apane chhipe hue pakhand aur myopia koo vyakt curr rahey hain. unaki chinta baahari auchitya key saath haye, naa kii una siddhanton key saath joe naitik vyavhaar koo prerit karate hain. vaha iss baat parr vichaar kiye binaa sett aur propes koo nasht karane mein santusht haye kii usake bachchon koo iss tarah kaa khel khelane key liye kyaa prerit kiya thaa. baad mein hii vaha ack maataa-pitaa key roop mein apani kamiyon koo samajhata haye.
abhinay.
ack anya shaastriya naatya-virodhi vishay haye, rosemarra key jeevan mein imandari kii aavashyakta, dhong aur pakhand seey bachana. fanny kii aksar aalochana kii jaati haye kyonki vaha 'abhinay naheen karati', lekin usaki durpoke satah key neeche ack thhos mool hotaa haye.
heinry crofford, kissy bhee dall kaa jeevan, lagaatar kaary curr rhaa haye; unake paas kaee vyaktitva hain lekin koee dridh charitra yaa sthir siddhant naheen hain. thomas edwards kaa kahana haye kii jaba heinry shekspeare key baare mein charcha key dauran abhinay kii ninda karke fanny koo khush karane kii koshish kartaa haye, taba bhee vaha pradarshan curr rhaa hotaa haye. vaha apane harr shabd koo maapata haye aur usake chehare parr pratikriya koo dhyaan seey dekhta haye. vaha ack aisaa vyakti haye joe lagaatar apane aas-paas key logon key pattern mein khud koo phir seey sthaapit kartaa haih vaha admond kaa saamana karane key baad ack mantri key roop mein aur villium seey milane key baad ack navik key roop mein apana currier maanata haye. sotherton mein, heinry ack paridrishya sudharkarta kaa hissa haye, ack bhoomika jise vaha baad mein kaantedar lessie key liye dohrata haye, halanki usake paas apani norphoke estate koo prabhaavi dhang seey prabandhit karane key liye nirantarta kaa abhaav haye. mansfield park mein ack theatre key pahale sujhaav parr, heinry, jinake liye theatre ack nayaa anubhav thaa, ney ghoshana kii kii vaha "kissy bhee charitra koo shuru curr sakate hain joe kabhi likhaa gayaa thaa. baad mein bhee, lady bertram koo "heinry VIII" koo jore seey padhate hue, heinry ack key baad ack charitra kaa pratiroopan kartaa haye, yahaan taka kii anichhuk fanny koo apane kaushal seey prabhaavit kartaa haye. jaba heinry apratyaashit roop seey fanny key saath pyaar mein parh jaataa haye, tou vaha utsaahpoorvak samarpit premi key hisse key roop mein abhinay kartaa haye, lekin ashawadi surr thomas bhee pahachaantaa haye kii prashansaniya heinry key lambe samay taka apane pradarshan koo banaae rakhane kii sambhavana naheen haye.
edwards kaa sujhaav haye kii yuva abhinetaon key liye "premiyon kii pratigyaon" kaa antarnihit khatra yeh haye kii way abhinay aur vaastavik jeevan key beach antar naheen curr sakate hain, ack khatra taba ujagar hotaa haye jaba mairi kahati haye, "aap mein seey main kiss sajjan koo pyaar karane kaa anand detaa huun?"
rajtantra kii rajneeti.
david selvin kaa tark haye kii austen kii spasht naatya-virodhita key peechhe kaa tark susamacharvad naheen haye, balki rajtantra raajneetik jeevan key liye iska prateekaatmak sanket haye. "mansfield park" ingland kii pehchaan key baare mein ack pustak haye. tomm, jisaki jeevan shally ney usaki viraasat koo prabhaavit kiya haye, aur playboy heinry regency reck hain, joe master kii anupasthiti mein parivarik sampatti koo khel key maidan mein badalane kaa irada rakhate hain. yadi rajpratinidhi, raajaa kii asamarthata key dauran, desh koo ack vishal anand sthal mein badal detaa haye joe bryton parr adharit hotaa haye, tou samriddhi kii neenv khatare mein parh jaayegi. ack sadguni aur utpaadak jeevan kii keemat parr rangmanch jaisi prashansaniya gatividhiyon mein shamil honey seey kewal duhkh aur aapada hoti haye.
church aur mansfield park.
garv aur purvagrah" key prakaashan key baad, austen ney apani bahan, cassendra koo likhaa, jisamen unake prastaavit northamptonshire upanyaas kaa ullekh kiya gayaa thaa. "abb main kuchh aur likhane kii koshish karuungaa; yeh vishay kaa poorna parivartan hogaah samanvaya."trilling kaa maanana thaa kii austen" "mansfield park" "kaa vishay bunn rhaa thaa; byrn kaa tark haye (jaisa kii anya loga karate hain) kii halanki yeh patra key galat padhane parr adharit haye," "isamen koee sandeh naheen haye kii admond kaa vyavasaay upanyaas key kendra mein haye. georgia key church mein patan koo kaee dashakon seey ubharate paddhativaadi andolan dwara gambhir roop seey chunauti dee gaee thee joe haal hii mein madar church seey alag hoe gayaa thaa, aur isake bheetar rahane vaale samanantar susamachar andolan dwara bhee. brodrick ney georgia key church koo "mahilaaon koo saiddhaantik aur church sambandhi mamalon mein pratyaksh bhagidari seey rokane key liye" varnit kiya haye. haalaanki, upanyaas key madhyam key bheetar prachhann, austen isai siddhant aur church vyavastha parr swatantra roop seey charcha karane mein safal rhaa haye, joe vidhvansak narivad kaa ack aur udaaharan haye.
tukadon koo sett karein.
kaee sett pees mein, austen georgia key church key liye mahatvapurna chunautiyon key baare mein bahas prastut kartaa haye. vaha lipikiya bhrashtachar, lipikiya karyalaya kii prakriti aur aadhyatmik jagrukta aur saiddhaantik gyaan donon koo badhaane key liye paadari kii jimmedaari parr charcha karati haye. vyaktigat dharmanishtha aur parivarik prarthanaon key muddon seey laker paadari varg key beach gair-nivaas aur patan kii samasyaon taka key vishay hain. dow. grant, jinake paas manfield mein rahane vaale loga hain, koo ack aatm-bhog paadari key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye, jinake paas apane dehaati kartavyon kii bahut cumm samajh haye. admond, yuva, nadan, joe adhyadesh bunn sakata haye, uchch aadarshon koo vyakt kartaa haye, lekin unhein poori tarah seey samajhane aur unake anusaar jeene key liye donon koo fanny key samarthan kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
inn sett tukadon key liye sthaanon mein sotherton aur usake chappel kii yatra shamil haye jahan mairi koo pahali baar pataa chalata haye (aur usake darr key liye) kii admond church key liye niyat haye; card kaa khel jahan baatchit admond key ichchit peshe mein badal jaati haye, jisamen thornton lessie, admond key bhavishya key 'leaving' key baare mein baatchit shamil haye.
kshay dharm.
austen ney aksar parody key madhyam seey paadari varg key bhrashtachar koo ujagar kiya. haalaanki church key baare mein admond bertram key saath mairi crofford kii daleelen unake vyavasaay koo kamjor karane key liye hain, lekin unaki aavaaj lagaatar regency church aur paadari varg kii naitikta koo chunauti detee haye. admond apani viphaltaon koo uchit thaharaae binaa apane bachaav kaa prayaas kartaa haye. apane behnoi, dow. grant kii karibi tippaniyon key aadhar parr, mairi peeliya key nishkarsh parr pahunchati haye kii "ack paadari koo kuchh bhee naheen karna haye, lekin aalsi aur swarthi honah haye, akhbar padhana haye, mausam dekhana haye aur apani patni key saath jhagada karna haye. uska curate saaraa kaam kartaa haye aur usake apane jeevan kaa vyavasaay bhojan karna haye."
sotherton mein baatchit mein, mairi ney divangat shree rushworth key dainik dou baar parivarik prarthanaon koo chhodane key faisale kii sarahana kii, iss tarah key abhyaas koo parivaar aur sevakon donon key liye ack adhiropan key roop mein spasht roop seey varnit kiya. vaha ghar key mukhiyaon koo chappel seey anupasthit rahane kaa bahaana banaane key liye upahaas karati haye. vaha ghar kii yuva mahilaaon parr dayaa karati haye, "way dharmanishtha mein lugg rahee hain, lekin kuchh alag seey bharey sir key saath-vishesh roop seey aggar garib paadari dekhane laayak naheen they. admond sweekaar karate hain kii lambi sevaayen ubaau hoe sakati hain lekin unakaa maanana haye kii aatm-anushasana key binaa ack niji aadhyatmikta naitik vikas key liye aparyaapt hogi. haalaanki mairi key drishtikon koo aadhyatmik anushasana key pratirodh key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa haye, lekin aadhyatmikta kii anya sakaratmak dhaaraaen theen joe isi tarah kii bhaavanaon koo vyakt karati theen.
mairi sanrakshan key vyaapak abhyaas koo bhee chunauti detee haye; vaha yogyata key bajaay visheshaadhikaar parr adharit honey key liye admond kii apeksha parr hamla karati haye. halanki surr thomas ney tomm key rinon kaa bhugtan karane key liye adhik vaanchhaniya manfield koo betch diyaa haye, phir bhee vaha admond koo kaanton vaali lessie mein ack guaranteekrit jeevan kii peshkash curr rhaa haye jahaan vaha ack desh key sajjan kaa jeevan jee sakata haye.
antim adhyaay mein, surr thomas ney sweekaar kiya kii vaha apane bachchon kii aadhyatmik parvarish mein whiffle rahey hain; unhein dhaarmik gyaan mein nirdesh diyaa gayaa haye lekin isake vyaavhaarik anuprayog mein naheen. pathakon kaa dhyaan pahale seey hii sotherton kii yatra key dauran julia kii sataheeta kii jarh kii or aakarshit kiya gayaa haye, jaba dusaron dwara chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, vaha dheemi gati seey chalane vaali shrimati rushworth key saath usake ekmatra saathi key roop mein reh gaee thee. "jiss vinamrata koo usey ack kartavya key roop mein abhyaas karane key liye laaya gayaa thaa, usase uska bachana asambhav hoe gayaa thaa."julia key aatm-niyantran, sahaanubhooti, aatm-samajh aur" "adhikaar key usa siddhant kii kamee, joe usaki shiksha kaa koee aavashyak hissa naheen thaa, ney usey isake tahat dukhi curr diyaa. vaha kartavya kii kaidi thee, jisamen kartavya kii manavata yaa usake aadhyatmik srot kii sarahana karane kii kshamata kii kamee thee.
susamachar kaa prabhaav.
1940 key dashak seey austen key vichaar kiss hudd taka susamacharak prabhaavon key prati pratikriya they, iss parr bahas kaa vishay rhaa haye. vaha wilberforce key vyaapak roop seey padhe jaane vaale "vyaavhaarik isai dharm" key gahan prabhaav seey avagat hoti, joe 1797 mein prakaashit huaa thaa, aur ack nae sire seey aadhyatmikta key liye iska ahwan. iss samay prachaar abhiyaan hamesha rashtriya navikaran kii pariyojana seey judaa huaa thaa. austen bahut dhaarmik theen, unakaa vishvaas aur aadhyatmikta bahut vyaktigat thee, lekin samkaaleen lekhakon mairi wollstonecraft aur hannah key vipareet, unhone naa tou vyakhyan diyaa aur naa hii upadesh diyaa. unake parivaar key kaee loga susamachar andolan seey prabhaavit they aur 1809 mein cassendra ney adhik key 'upadesh upanyaas' kii sifarish kii, "ack patni kii talash mein saha-kalakar. austen ney apani dwidha kii parody karate hue jawab diyaa, "mujhe susamacharak pasand naheen hain. jaba main ise padhuungaa tou mujhe khushi hogi, anya logon kii tarah, lekin jaba taka main aisaa naheen kartaa, mujhe yeh pasand naheen haye."paanch saal baad, apani bhatiji fanny koo likhate hue, austen kaa swar alag thaa," mujhe kissy bhee tarah seey yakeen naheen haye kii humm sabhi koo prachaarak naheen honah chaahiye, aur cumm seey cumm mujhe vishvaas haye kii way joe tark aur bhavna seey itane hain, unhein sabse khush aur surakshit honah chaahiye."jaine hodge (1972) ney kahaa," iss mamle mein vaha khud kahaan khadee theen, yeh sawal karane key liye khula haye. ack baat joe nishchit haye vaha yeh haye kii, hamesha kii tarah, vaha apane aspas kii bhaavanaon key parivartan seey gaharaai seey avagat thee."brodrick (2002) ney vyaapak charcha key baad nishkarsh nikala kii" "paadari varg key prati austen kaa ravaiya, halanki jatil aur prateet honey vaale virodhabhason seey bharaa haye, mool roop seey pragatisheel haye aur paadari varg koo kayakalp karane key liye susamacharak prayason key prabhaav koo darshaata haye, lekin shayed hii ise khule taur parr susamacharak kahaa jaa sakata haye.
spandaniya vakpatuta.
adhyaay 34 key ack drishya mein jisamen heinry crofford shekspeare koo fanny, admond aur lady bertram key liye jore seey padhata haye, austen upadesh vitaran parr charcha mein fisal jaataa haye. heinry seey pataa chalata haye kii unhein yeh pahchaanane kaa swaad haye kii dhaarmik anushthaan kii "atirek aur punaraavrittiyon" key liye achche padhane kii aavashyakta hoti haye (apane aap mein ack kahane vaali aalochana, tippani brodrick). vaha samanya (aur sambhavatah vaidh) aalochana pradaan kartaa haye kii "achchi tarah seey diyaa gayaa upadesh prarthanaon kii tulanaa mein bhee adhik asamanya haye. jaise-jaise heinry aage badhata haye, usaki shithilata aur aatm-vriddhi spasht hoe jaati haih "maine apane jeevan mein binaa kissy irshya key kabhi kissy pratishthit upadeshak kii baat naheen sunee. lekin phir, merey paas landan key darshak honey chaahiye. main upadesh naheen dey sakata thaa, lekin shikshit logon koo, joe merrie rachana kaa anuman lagaane mein saksham they."vaha nishkarsh nikaalata haye, kaee aalsi paadari key darshan koo vyakt karate hue, yeh kahate hue kii usey aksar prachaar karna pasand naheen karna chaahiye, lekin" "abb aur phir, shayed vasant mein ack yaa dou baar. halanki admond hansata haye, yeh spasht haye kii vaha heinry key flippent, aatm-kendrit ravaiye koo saajha naheen kartaa haye. naa hii (yeh nihit haye) admond dow. anudan kii swarthi swaadisht pravrittiyon key aage jhukenge. "admond isake vipareet honey kaa vaadaa kartaa haih ack mehnati, lekin vinamra paadari joe ack sajjan kii sampatti aur havaa koo banaae rakhta haye, binaa shuddhatavadi aatm-asweekriti key aur phir bhee sambandhit aatm-bhog key binaa."
admond maanata haye kii landan jaise badey shaharon mein kuchh saksham aur prabhaavshaali prachaarak hain, lekin unakaa kahana haye kii unake sandesh koo kabhi bhee vyaktigat udaaharan yaa mantralaya dwara samarthit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. vidambana yeh haye kii paddhativaadi andolan ney "varg sabhaa" key madhyam seey samanya mantralaya key vikas key saath iss mudde kaa samadhan pradaan kiya thaa. upanyaas mein paddhativaad kaa kewal ack hii sandarbh haye, aur vahaan yeh aadhunik missionary samaaj key upman key roop mein judaa huaa haye. admond key anta mein usey chhodane key baad mairi ney admond key prati apani gusse kii pratikriya mein ghoshana keeh "iss darr seey, aap jald hii manfield aur kaantedar lessie mein harr shareer mein sudhaar karenge; aur jaba main aapke baare mein sunoonga, tou yeh kissy mahaan samaaj mein ack prasiddh upadeshak key roop mein yaa videshi hisson mein ack missionary key roop mein hoe sakata haye."
ack aadarsh paadari.
jaba mairi koo sotherton mein pataa chalata haye kii admond ney paadari banane key liye chunaa haye, tou vaha ise "kuchh bhee naheen" kahati haye. admond jawab dete hue kahata haye kii vaha "kuchh bhee naheen" koo ack aisaa vyavasaay naheen maan sakata haye jisamen dharm aur naitikta kaa sanrakshan hoe, aur jiska samay aur anant kaal key liye prabhaav haye. vaha aage kahate hain kii aacharan achche siddhanton seey utpann hotaa haye aur una siddhanton key prabhaav seey joe ack paadari koo padhaana chaahiye. rashtra kaa vyavhaar, achche yaa burey key liye, paadari varg key vyavhaar aur shiksha koo pratibimbit karega.
bahutaayat, jahan ameer maulaviyon ney kabhi bhee parrish mein pair rakhe binaa kaee 'jeevan' seey aaya arjit kii, georgia key church kii ack paribhaashit visheshta thee. adhyaay 25 mein, austen mansfield mein ack card shaam key dauran ack baatchit prastut kartaa haye. surr thomas kii ct kii mez toot gaee haye aur vaha atkalon kaa khel dekhane key liye taiyar hoe jaataa haye. anaupchaarik baatchit desh key parson kii bhoomika aur kartavyon key ack pradarshan kii or leey jaati haye. surr thomas ney bahulvaad key khilaf tark diyaa, parrish mein nivaas key mahatva parr jore dete hue,
surr thomas aasaani seey apani pahale kii yojana koo nazarandaj curr dete hain, isase pahale kii vaha tomm key rinon kaa bhugtan karane key liye jeevit manfield koo bechane key liye majboor hoe, kii admond koo donon pairishon seey aaya praapt karni chaahiye. yeh tanaav kabhi door naheen hotaa. austen key apane pitaa ney dou jeevan banaae rakhe they, joe swayam halke bahulvaad kaa ack udaaharan thaa.
gulami aur manfield park.
halanki upanyaas mein spasht roop seey naheen kahaa gayaa haye, lekin iss tathya kaa sanket diyaa gayaa haye kii surr thomas bertram kaa ghar, naam kaa manfield park, antigua mein unake daas bagan kii aaya parr banaaya gayaa haye. ise rushworth key sotherton court jaisi purani sanrachana key roop mein varnit naheen kiya gayaa haye, yaa austen key anya upanyason mein varnit estate gharon key roop mein, jaise "garv aur purvagrah" mein pemberley yaa "emma" mein donwell abby.
daas vyaapaar adhiniyam (jisane daas vyaapaar koo samaapt curr diyaa) 1807 mein paarit kiya gayaa thaa, austen dwara "mansfield park" likhana shuru karane seey chaar saal pahale, aur british unmoolanvadiyon, vishesh roop seey villium wilberforce aur thomas clarkson dwara ack lambe abhiyaan kii parinati thee. 1833 taka british samrajya mein gulami koo samaapt naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
adhyaay 21 mein, jaba surr thomas antigua mein apani sampatti seey lautate hain, tou fanny unase daas vyaapaar key baare mein poochhati haye lekin koee jawab naheen milati haye. garbhavati khamoshi alochakon koo bhramit karati rahati haye. saahityik aalochak bryan southam key baad clarey tomalin kaa tark haye kii gulam vyaapaar key baare mein usake chaacha seey poochtaachh karane mein, aam taur parr durpoke fanny seey pataa chalata haye kii vyaapaar kii anaitikta key baare mein usaki drishti usaki tulanaa mein spasht haye. sheehan kaa maanana haye kii "jaise fanny" premiyon kii pratigyaon "key utpaadan key liye ack darshak baney rahane kii koshish kartaa haye, lekin kaarravaai mein aakarshit hotaa haye, humm darshakon key darshakon koo" manfield park "key naatak mein bhaag lene key liye aakarshit karate hain... hamara nirnay hamara apana honah chaahiye."
yeh vyaapak roop seey maanaa jaataa haye kii austen swayam unmoolanvadiyon key kaaran key saath sahaanubhooti rakhate they. apani bahan, cassendra koo likhe ack patra mein, vaha ack pustak kii tulanaa clacson kii gulami-virodhi pustak seey karati haye, "mujhe lekhak seey utanaa hii pyaar haye jitna kii main clacson key saath thaa. austen key pasandida kavi, evangelical villium couper, bhee ack bhavuk unmoolanvaadi they, joe aksar iss vishay parr kavitaaen likhate they, vishesh roop seey unaki prasiddh kriti, "dha task", joe fanny price dwara bhee pasand kii jaati thee.
mansfield park mein gulami kaa vishleshan.
americi saahityik aalochak edward ney apani 1993 kii pustak, "sanskriti aur samrajyavad" mein kahaa kii "mansfield park" ney gulami key bhautik laabhon kii paschimi sanskriti kii aakasmik sweekriti kaa pradarshan kiya. unhone austen kii viphalata kaa ullekh karate hue kahaa kii mansfield park kii sampatti kewal bertram key daas bagan key swaamitva key madhyam seey sambhav hui thee. unhone tark diyaa kii austen ney surr thomas key charitra koo mool roop seey "achche swami" key roop mein banaaya, gulami kii anaitikta kii andekhi karate hue bertram key daason key swaamitva koo apane charitra parr ack kalank key roop mein daalane mein whiffle rahey. unhone sweekaar kiya kii austen surr thomas key swaamitva vaale bagan key baare mein jyada baat naheen kartaa haye, lekin unhone tark diyaa kii austen seey paathak seey yeh maanane kii ummeed kii jaati haye kii bertram parivaar kii sampatti unaki daas sampatti dwara kaam kii gaee cheeni dwara utpaadit laabh key kaaran thee. unhone aage daavaa kiya kii yeh austen kii apani dhaarana koo darshaata haye kii iss tarah kaa tathya kewal "shaanti, vyavastha, mansfield park kii sundarta kaa ack praakritik vistaar" thaa.
virodhabhasi roop seey, kahaa kii austen ney gulami koo aswikar curr diyaah
japani vidwan hidetada mukai ney nott kiya kii bertram ack "nauveu ritch" parivaar thaa jisaki aaya antigua mein unake vrikshaaropan parr nirbhar karati haye. 1807 mein daas vyaapaar key unmoolan ney paschim bhaaratiya baganon parr gambhir dabaav daala thaa. austen iss sankat kaa ullekh curr rahey honge jaba surr thomas apane vrikshaaropan parr anirdisht samasyaon seey nipatane key liye antigua key liye nikalate hain. hidetada ney aage tark diyaa kii austen ney surr thomas koo rajpratinidhi yug key pitrisattaatmak samaaj parr ack nariwadi hamale key roop mein ack bagan banaane vaalaa banaaya, yeh dekhate hue kii surr thomas, halanki ack dayalu purush hain, apani betiyon aur apani bhatiji sahit mahilaaon key saath vyavhaar karate hain, taaki unake apane laabh key liye vyaapaar kiya jaa sakey aur unake saath vyaapaar kiya jaa sakey, aur yeh unake una daason key saath vyavhaar seey samanantar hoga jinka unaki jeevan shally kaa samarthan karane key liye shoshan kiya jaataa haye.
mansfield park" aur austen key patron parr adharit 1999 kii film mein austen key thesis koo phir seey chunauti dee gaee thee kii vaha gulami key liye ack maafi maangane vaalaa thaa. kanadai nirdeshak, patricia rosema ney bertram parivaar koo naitik roop seey bhrasht aur vikrit key roop mein prastut kiya, joe pustak key poori tarah seey vipareet haye. rosema ney kaee drishyon kaa aavishkaar kiya joe pustak mein maujood naheen hain, jisamen ack aisaa bhee shamil haye jahan fanny bertram estate key paas aaa rahee haye aur tata parr ack gulam jahaaj parr savaar african logon kii aavaaz sunati haye. vaha apane coachman seey poochhati haye kii kyaa hoe rhaa haye. isake alawa, fanny bhee film mein gulami kii ninda karati haye, kitab key vipareet.
gabriel white ney gulami parr austen key vichaaron key charitra chitran kii bhee aalochana kii, yeh kahate hue kii austen aur anya lekhakon, jinamen saimuel johnson aur admond barke shamil hain, ney gulami kaa virodh kiya aur isake antim unmoolan koo sambhav banaane mein madad kii. australiyai itihaaskaar keath windshuttle ney tark diyaa kii "yeh vichaar kii, kyonki jaine austen ack bagan-malik charitra prastut kartaa haye, jisaki nayika, kathaanak aur lekhak sabhi spasht roop seey asweekrit karate hain, vaha samrajyavad aur gulami kii ack daasi bunn jaati haye, upanyaas aur isake lekhak kii jeevani donon koo galat samajhana haye, joe daas vyaapaar key ack prabal virodhi they. isi tarah, british lekhak ibn vaarrak aaropi ney "mansfield park" key "sabse gambhir galat padhane" key baare mein kahaa aur "jaine austen key aalsi aur anuchit padhane" key liye usaki ninda kii, yeh tark dete hue kii usane spasht roop seey naheen rakhane vaale rookhe vichaaron koo dene key liye "mansfield park" koo poori tarah seey vikrit curr diyaa thaa.
angreji havaa.
margaret kirkham bataate hain kii poore upanyaas mein austen angreji havaa kii taaza, swasth gunavatta key baare mein baar-baar ullekh kartaa haye. 1772 key adalati mamle "somerset banaam stevert" mein, jahaan lord mansfield ney ghoshana kii kii ack gulam koo usaki ichcha key khilaf ingland seey baahar naheen leey jaaya jaa sakata haye (kuchh aisaa jisaki british janata dwara spasht roop seey ingland mein gulami koo gairkaanooni ghoshit karane key liye galat vyakhya kii gaee thee), james somerset key vakeelon mein seey ack, mamle mein gulam ney kahaa thaa kii "ingland ack gulam key liye saans lene key liye bahut shuddh havaa thee. vaha 1569 mein ack russie gulam koo ingland laae jaane key adalati mamle key faisale kaa hawala dey rahey they. yeh vakyansh austen kii pasandida kavita mein vikasit kiya gayaa haih
austen key angreji havaa key sandarbhon koo kirakam dwara surr thomas parr ack sookshm hamla maanaa jaataa haye, joe antigua mein apane bagan parr daason kaa malik haye, phir bhee isamen shamil vidambanaon seey anjaan "angreji havaa" kaa anand letaa haye. kirkham ney daavaa kiya kii austen ney clarkson aur lord mansfield key faisale key baare mein apane khaate koo padhaa hoga.
gulami virodhi sanket.
austen key rajpratinidhi parivaaron seey parey duniya key baare mein sookshm sanket unake naamon key upayog mein dekhe jaa sakate hain. parivarik sampatti kaa naam spasht roop seey lord mansfield kaa haye, jaisa kii badmashi karane vaali chaachi norris kaa naam robbert norris kaa sanket detaa haye, "ack kukhyaat gulam vyaapaari aur gulami samarthak sahaanubhooti key liye ack upshabd".
navavivaahit maria, joe abb apane pitaa kii tulanaa mein adhik aaya vaale parivaar kaa hissa haye, landan society key kendra mein fashionable vimpol street mein apana ghar praapt karati haye, ack aisaa kshetra jahaan kaee paschimi bhaaratiya bagan maalikon ney apane shahar key gharon kii sthaapana kii thee. yeh vaanchhaniya nivaas mahila henrita laskels kaa poorv ghar haye, jinake pati kaa parivarik bhaagya kukhyaat gair-jimmedaar heinry laskels seey aaya thaa. laskels ney barbados key daas vyaapaar seey khud koo samriddh kiya thaa aur dakshin samudri bulbula aapada mein ack kendriya vyakti they. unaki sampatti kaa upayog yorkshire mein harey key ghar key nirmaan key liye kiya gayaa thaa, joe "kshamata" bhoore rung seey banaa thaa.
jaba villium kii keemat nirdhaarit kii jaati haye, tou lady bertram anurodh karati haye kii vaha usey east indies seey ack "yaa shayed dou" shaul aur "kuchh aur joe rakhane laayak hoe" vaapas laae. unhone kahaa kii iss pankti kii vyakhya yeh darshaane key roop mein kii gaee haye kii upanyaas asia mein europeeya logon dwara munafakhori kaa samarthan kartaa haye, yaa usake prati udaseen haye. anya logon ney bataaya haye kii udasinta lady bertram kii haye aur yeh kissy bhee mayane mein upanyaas, kathakar yaa lekhak kaa ravaiya naheen haye.
naitikta aur naitikta.
tave kahate hain kii upanyaas kaa ack pramukh vishay auchitya haye. maggy laine kaa kahana haye kii aaj gambhirta seey auchitya jaise shabdon kaa upayog karna mushkil haye, isake saath hii isake ghaatak anuroopata aur pakhand kaa nihitarth haye. unakaa maanana haye kii austen kaa samaaj auchitya (aur shishtachar) parr ack uchch bhandar rakhta haye kyonki yeh haal hii mein ack berber ateet key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa. samajik sadbhaav key usa star koo banaae rakhane mein auchitya koo aavashyak maanaa jaataa thaa joe pratyek vyakti koo ack upayogi aur khushahal jeevan jeene mein saksham banaata thaa.
upanyaas sookshmadarshi key tahat auchitya rakhta haye, jisase paathak apane swayam key nishkarsh parr aaa sakate hain. tave bataate hain kii austen ney fanny jaise logon kii pushti kii haye joe isake gahare aur adhik maanviya star parr auchitya koo samajhate hain, vaha shrimati jaise logon kaa nirdayata seey majaak udaati haye. norris joe ack baahari auchitya seey chipke rahate hain, aksar aatm-adhikaar aur samajh key binaa. upanyaas kii shuruat mein jaba surr thomas antigua key liye nikalate hain, tou maria aur julia raahat key saath saans lete hain, apane pitaa kii auchitya kii maangon seey mukt hoe jaate hain, bhale hii unake dimag mein koee vishesh vidroh naa hoe. haa-haa mein ack prateekaatmak vidroh key saath girawat sotherton mein sett hoti haye. isake baad "premiyon kii pratigyaon" key saath naatak-abhinay kaa naitik roop seey aspasht vidroh hotaa haye, surr thomas kii apratyaashit vaapsee seey isaki anuchitata ujagar hoti haye. yeye donon ghatanaaen maria key baad key vyabhichaar aur julia key bhaagne key liye ack agradoot hain.
'auchitya' naa kewal naitik vyavhaar koo cover curr sakata haye, balki ack vyakti joe kuchh bhee kartaa haye, sochata haye yaa chunata haye usey bhee cover curr sakata haye. joe 'uchit' haye vaha samaaj key shasson aur khud koo vyavasthit karane key tareeke taka aur apani sthaapit vyavastha key saath praakritik duniya taka fail sakata haye. repton, landscape maali (1806) ney una logon key baare mein aalochanatmak roop seey likhaa joe fashion key liye fashion kaa paalan karate hain "isaki tarksangatata yaa auchitya kii poochtaachh kiye binaa. yeh viphalata shree rushworth mein sannihit haye, joe vidambana yeh haye kii sotherton mein 'sudhaar' key liye fashionable repton koo niyojit karane key liye utsuk haye. repton ney rasoi key paas sabji key bageeche koo sthaapit karane kii vyaavhaarik auchitya bhee vyakt kii.
aagyakarita aur gopaniyata kii auchitya upanyaas mein mahatvapurna visheshtaen hain. surr thomas key liye behad mahatvapurna mansfield park kii gopaniyata, naatakiya ghatnaaon key dauran khatare mein aaa jaati haye aur maria key vyabhichaar key rashtriya sampark key baad naatakiya roop seey nasht hoe jaati haye.
upanyaas mein lagbhag harr sankat mein avagya koo ack naitik mudde key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye. iska mahatva kewal ack padaanukramit samaaj kii vyavastha key bheetar naheen haye. yeh prateekaatmak roop seey vyaktigat swatantrata aur maanav sthiti kii samajh kaa sandarbh detaa haye jise milton ney "manushya kii pahali avagya" key roop mein varnit kiya haye.
naitik samvaad.
tippanikaron ney dekhaa haye kii fanny aur mairi crofford austen key apane vyaktitva key paraspar virodhi pahaluon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, fanny usaki gambhirta, usake vastunishth tippaniyon aur samvedansheelta kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, mairi usaki buddhi, usake aakarshan aur usaki dusht vidambana kaa pratinidhitva karati haye. fanny aur mairi key beach baatchit kabhi-kabhi austen key apane aantarik samvaad koo vyakt karati haye aur, usake patrachar kii tarah, jaruri naheen kii paathak koo antim nishkarsh pradaan karein. 1814 mein pyaar kii duvidha mein madad key liye apani bhatiji key anurodh kaa jawab dete hue, vaha likhati hain, "main vaastav mein itane dilchasp vishay parr kuchh likhane key liye adheer huun, halanki mujhe iss uddeshya key liye kuchh bhee likhane kii koee ummeed naheen haye... main ack vaakya mein vilaap curr sakata thaa aur agale mein huns sakata thaa."byrn ise ack anusmaarak key roop mein letee haye kii pathakon koo austen key vichaaron aur salah koo nikaalane key baare mein bahut hichkichaahat honey chaahiye, yaa tou unake upanyason yaa unake patron seey. austen key liye, logon koo kyaa karna haye, yeh bataana lekhakon kaa kaam naheen thaa. yahaan taka kii fanny bhee, jaba vaha usaki sampatti key prabandhan key baare mein usey salah dene kii maang karati haye, tou usey usaki antaratma koo sunane key liye kahati haih "aggar humm isamen bhaag lenge, tou hamaare paas kissy bhee anya vyakti kii tulanaa mein behtar maargdarshak haye. mansfield park" mein, austen key liye paathak koo apane naitik nirnay lene kii aavashyakta hoti haye. isake prakaashan key baad kuchh samay key liye, unhone upanyaas parr pathakon kii pratikriyaon koo ekatra kiya. paathak kii pratikriya kahani kaa hissa haye. sheehan kaa kahana haye, "mansfield park kaa samaapan poori tarah seey darshakon key haathon mein anishchit haye. austen key sabhi sahsi navacharon mein seey, "mansfield park" mein vaha antim jokhim letee haye."
vivek aur chetna.
trilling ney yeh vichaar rakhaa kii upanyaas key spasht roop seey saral naitik dhaanche key saath bechaini isake pramukh guna koo chihnit karati haye, aur isaki mahanata 'aahat karane kii isaki shakti key anuroop' haye. edwards jeevant vyaktitva vaale logon key pratispardhi aakarshan parr charcha karate hain, joe adhik praasangik gunavatta vaale logon key khilaf hain.
aakarshak crofford koo fashionable samaaj, unake padosiyon aur pathakon dwara saraha jaataa haye, phir bhee way aatm-vinashkari khamiyon seey prabhaavit hotey hain. admond aur fanny, anivarya roop seey bahut hii samanya loga jinamen samajik karishme kii kamee haye, kuchh pathakon key liye nirashajanak hain lekin unamen naitik akhandata haye. edwards kaa sujhaav haye kii austen koo aasaani seey "manfield park", 'vivek aur chetna' kaa hakdar banaaya jaa sakata thaa, kyonki upanyaas kaa mukhya sangharsh vivek (fanny aur admond kii aatma mein gahari samvedansheelta) aur chetna (mairi aur heinry kii satahi aatm-kendrit samvedanaaen) key beach haye.
crofford.
sheehan kaa kahana haye kii "satahi crofford dusaron parr haavi hocker taakat vyakt karane key liye prerit hotey hain. vaastav mein unake baare mein yaa unake upkaranon aur ichchhaon key baare mein kuchh bhee samanya naheen haye. way naa kewal khud bhrasht hain, balki way ichchhaon parr haavi honey aur dusaron kii aatmaon koo bhrasht karane parr bhee tule hue hain. ameer, chatur aur aakarshak, way jaanate hain kii apane darshakon koo kaise aakarshit karna haye aur binaa kissy sandeh key unhein kaise lena haye."
crofford kii sataheeta koo naitikta key unake baahari roop seey pradarshit kiya jaa sakata haye, joe unake aakarshan aur bhavyata key saath, ashikshit bhaavanaon koo prachhann kartaa haye, aur antatah dusaron key saath-saath khud koo bhee peedit kartaa haye. heinry crofford koo disemulator "utkrishtata" key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. vaha abhinay karane kii apani kshamata kaa daavaa kartaa haye aur yeh spasht kartaa haye kii vaha ack paadari honey key roop mein upasthit honey key liye ack paadari honey kaa nirnay letaa haye. swayam lagbhag swayam kii prastuti mein bhang hoe jaataa haye, joe austen kii duniya mein buraaiyon kaa ack lakshan haye. mcintyre ney crofford key chitran koo austen key apane samay key naitik vatavaran key sandarbh mein gunon key nakali key saath vyastata key roop mein pahachaana haye.
heinry pahali baar fanny kii or aakarshit hotaa haye jaba usey ehsas hotaa haye kii vaha usey pasand naheen karati haye. vaha usey 'jaanane' key prati jununi haye, usey pyaar karane key liye majboor karane kii mahima aur khushi praapt karane key saath. vaha usaki pehchaan koo nasht karane aur usey apani pasand kii chhavi mein punarnirmit karane kii yojana banaata haye. apani praarambhik viphalata key baad, heinry apratyaashit roop seey khud koo fanny key saath pyaar mein paataa haye. heinry crofford kii bhaavanaon kii uthal-puthal aakhirkaar ujagar hoe jaati haye jaba, fanny key kalyan kaa dhyaan rakhane kaa vaadaa karane key baad, vaha mairi kii naee shadishuda maria key saath landan mein apane sampark koo navinikrit karane kii chaal seey vichalit hoe jaataa haye. maria koo nae sire seey jagaane key liye chunauti dete hue, vaha anajaane mein usaki shaadi, usaki pratishtha aur isake parinamswarup, fanny jeetane kii sabhi aashaon koo toda detaa haye. vyaapak kshati pahunchaane vaali pasand kii jaane vaali heinry, dheere-dheere regency reck, kathor, anaitik aur ahankari key roop mein prakat hoti haye. laine ack adhik sahanubhutipurna vyakhya pradaan kartaa haih "humm jaine austen kii sarahana karate hain kii unhone hamein ack trutipurna vyakti dikhaaya haye joe naitik roop seey sudhaar curr rhaa haye, sangharsh curr rhaa haye, badh rhaa haye, behtar cheejon key liye pahunch rhaa haye-bhale hii vaha antatah whiffle hoe jaae."
ling key baare mein samajik dhaaranaaen aisee hain kii, halanki heinry peedit haye, maria adhik peedit haye. aur maria koo usake samudaay seey door leey jaakar, vaha parivaar key ack sadasya key bertrum koo vanchit curr detaa haye. gupshup-collum mein ghotale kii apariharya reporting kewal parivarik dukh koo aur badhaati haye.
mairi crofford mein dayaluta, aakarshan, garmajoshi aur jeevantata sahit kaee aakarshak guna hain. haalaanki, usaki majboot pratispardhi lakir usey pyaar koo ack aise khel key roop mein dekhane key liye prerit karati haye jahan ack paksh dusare koo jeetata haye aur niyantrit kartaa haye, ack drishtikon joe vidambanapurna mode mein honey parr kathavachak key drishtikon seey alag naheen haye. mairi key narcisism key parinamswarup sahaanubhooti kii kamee hoti haye. vaha jore dekar kahati haye kii admond apane lipic currier koo chhod dey kyonki yeh paryaapt pratishthit naheen haye. nariwadi bhavnahinta key saath, vaha funny koo 'apane ling key rinon kaa bhugtan karane' key liye heinry seey shaadi karane aur apane bhaai kii keemat parr 'jeet' paane key liye kahati haye.
edwards ney nishkarsh nikala kii mansfield park yeh darshaata haye kii kaise adhikansh logon kii tarah, buddhi, aakarshan aur gyaan kii prachurta kii kamee vaale loga duniya mein saath-saath rahate hain. satahi shakti vaale antatah kamjor key roop mein prakat hotey hain; yeh loga hain jinhen 'kuchh bhee naheen' maanaa jaataa haye joe chupchaap jeetate hain.