
abyssinia key liye british abhiyaan

abyssinia key liye british abhiyaan 1868 mein british samrajya key sashastr balon dwara ethiopian samrajya (jise usa samay abyssinia key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa) key khilaf kiya gayaa ack bachaav mission aur dandaatmak abhiyaan thaa. ethiopia key samrat tevodros dwiteeya, jinhen aksar angreji naam theodor seey sandarbhit kiya jaataa thaa, ney british sarkaar koo sainya sahaayata key liye unake anurodhon kaa paalan karane key liye majboor karane key prayaas mein kaee missionaryon aur british sarkaar key dou pratinidhiyon koo kaid curr liya. jawab mein angrejon dwara shuru kiye gaye dandaatmak abhiyaan key liye kissy bhee sadak pranali kii kamee vaale pahaadi ilaakon mein saikadon kilometres key ack badey sainya bull key parivahan kii aavashyakta thee. abhiyaan key commander, general robbert napier ney abhiyaan kii durjeya baadhaon koo door kiya, jinhone ethiopian rajdhani parr kabja curr liya aur sabhi bandhakon koo bachaa liya.
itihaaskaar harrold jee. marcus ney iss kaarravaai koo "itihas mein sammaan key sabse mahange mamalon mein seey ack" key roop mein varnit kiya."
prishthabhoomi.
octuber 1862 taka shaasak key roop mein samrat tevodros kii sthiti anishchit hoe gaee theeh taanaa jheel poorv seey laker magdala mein unake kille taka faile ack chhote seey kshetra koo chhodkar, adhikansh ethiopia unake khilaf vidroh mein thaa. vaha virodhiyon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala key khilaf lagaatar sainya abhiyaanon mein lagey rahey. isi tarah, atisinia koo bhee islam key atikraman seey khatra thaa kyonki ottoman turkon aur misriyon ney laal sagar seey aur sudan key madhyam seey ethiopia parr aakraman kiya thaa. tevodros ney madad key liye pramukh shaktiyon koo likhaa. jaisa kii donald kramee bataate hain, "abb samrat key currier key nirnaayak modd parr nishchit prayaas huaa. safalata aantarik sthiti koo sthir curr sakati haye; haar antim prayaas koo baahar nikaal degi. unhone takniki pragati key liye sainya gathbandhan aur samjhaute praapt karane key antim uddeshya key saath dutawas bhejane kaa prastaav rakhaa."
tevodros ney russie samrajya, roose, austriyai samrajya, francisi samrajya aur british samrajya koo patra bheje. francisi sarkaar ney tevodros key kshetra key kinare parr, hamasian mein ack lajarwadi mission kii or seey maangon kaa jawab diyaa; way ekmatra desh they jinhone jawab diyaa thaa. ack poorv rajanyik bataate hain kii sadharan udasinta seey adhik isamen shamil thaah patra amhaarik mein thaa aur anuvaad key liye germany bheja gayaa thaa.
raani victoria koo tevodros key patra ney poore kshetra mein hoe rahey islami vistaar key saamane isai ekjutata kii appeal kii, lekin isase bahut cumm sahaanubhooti millie. poorvottar africa mein british samrajya key hita islam key khilaf isai "dharmayuddh" kii or naheen they, balki angrejon ney ottoman samrajya, misra aur sudan key saath raajneetik, ranneetik aur vyaavsaayik roop seey sahyog karane kii maang kii. yeh naa kewal bhaarat key maarg kii raksha key liye thaa, balki yeh bhee sunishchit karane key liye thaa kii ottoman samrajya madhya asia mein vistaar kii roose kii yojanaon key khilaf ack buffer key roop mein kaary karna jaari rakhe. isake alawa, americi grihyuddh key parinamswarup, sanyukt raajya america key sangh raajyon seey british kapada udyog koo kapas kii delivery mein girawat aaa rahee thee, jisase angrej misra-sudani kapas parr teji seey nirbhar hoe rahey they. inn hiton koo dekhate hue, british videsh karyalaya ney tevodro kaa samarthan karane key liye anukool naheen dekhaa. patra koo surakshit rakhaa gayaa thaa lekin iska jawab naheen diyaa gayaa thaa.
bandhakon.
iss pratikriya kii kamee key baad tevodros kaa maarg paar karane vaale pahale europeeya heinry stern they, joe ack british missionary they. stern ney ack pustak mein samrat kii vinamra utpatti kaa bhee ullekh kiya thaa jise unhone prakaashit kiya thaa; halanki sandarbh kaa uddeshya apmaanjanak naheen thaa ("usa vyakti kaa ghatanapurna aur romantic itihas, joe ack garib ladke seey, ack null seey nirmit convent mein bunn gayaa thaa...kaee praanton kaa vijeta, aur ack mahaan aur vyaapak kshetra kaa samprabhu ") yeh ack khatarnak galati saabit hui. usa samay tevodros solomonic rajvansh seey apane vansh kii sachchai parr jore dey rahey they, aur tevodros ney kaee tarikon seey apana gussa vyakt kiya, jisamen stern key sevakon koo peat-peetkar maar daala gayaa, aur stern, apane sahayak, shree rosenthal key saath, "janjeeron seey jakade hue, gambhir vyavhaar kiya gayaa, aur baad vaale koo kaee maukon parr peeta gayaa."
british vanijya doot charles dunken cameron, abuna salma III aur gafat mein sthit missionaryon key samooh key saath, sabhi ney kaid jodee kii rihaai key liye madhyasthata kii, aur kuchh samay key liye aisaa prateet huaa kii unake prayaas safal hoe sakate hain; lekin 2 janwari 1864 koo cameron koo usake karmchaariyon key saath jabt curr liya gayaa, aur sabhi koo janjeeron mein baandh diyaa gayaa. isake turant baad, tevodros ney shaahi shivir mein adhikansh europeeya logon koo janjeeron mein baandhane kaa adesh diyaa.
british sarkaar ney iss sankat key samadhan key liye baatchit karane key liye mesopotamia key ack jaatiya assyrian isai, hormuzed rassam koo bheja, lekin "bagh mein suraksha, raajaa kii anirnaya aur rajdoot key nirdeshon key baare mein nirantar bhram" ney janwari 1866 taka tevodros key shivir mein rassam key aagaman mein deree kii. shuru mein, aisaa lugg rhaa thaa kii rassam bandhakon kii rihaai mein safal hoe sakata haih samrat ney usey bahut anugrah dikhaaya, usey taanaa jheel key dakshin-purvi tata parr ack gaanv korata mein sthaapit kiya, aur usey kaee upahaar bheje, aur usake shivir mein cameraman, stern aur anya bandhakon koo bheja.
haalaanki, iss samay key baare mein see.tii. beke massa parr pahuncha, aur bandhakon key parivaaron seey patra bhejkar unaki rihaai kii maang kii. cumm seey cumm beke kii harkaton ney kewal tevodro koo sandigdh banaa diyaa. rasam, ghatana key apane sansmaranon mein likhate hue, adhik seedhe hainh "main merey prati raajaa key aacharan mein badalaav aur durbhagya koo bataata huun joe antatah mission key sadasyon aur puraane kaidiyon parr padaa, aaj seey."iss beach, samrat tevodros kaa vyavhaar teji seey aniyamit hotaa jaa rhaa thaa, unake karyon mein rasam key prati dosti key kaary, pagal aarop aur unake aspas joe bhee thaa usa parr achaanak hinsa shamil thee. anta mein, swayam rasam koo kaidi banaa diyaa gayaa, aur juuna 1866 mein samachar aur tevodros kii navintam maangon key saath bheje gaye missionaryon mein seey ack. samrat ney antatah apane sabhi europeeya kaidiyon koo magdala parr apane kille mein sthanantarit curr diyaa, aur angrejon key saath baatchit jaari rakhee jaba taka kii raani victoria ney 21 agast 1867 koo bandhakon koo bachaane key liye ack sainya abhiyaan bhejane key nirnay kii ghoshana naheen kii.
abhiyaan.
yojana banaana.
ellen moorhead kii nazar mein, "aadhunik samay mein 1868 mein ethiopia key liye british abhiyaan kii tarah kabhi bhee aupaniveshik abhiyaan naheen huaa haye. yeh pahale seey laker anta taka ack victorian raajya bhoj kii garima aur bhaari anivaaryata key saath aage badhata haye, anta mein vichaaraniya bhashanon key saath puuraa hotaa haye. aur phir bhee yeh ack daravana upakram thaa; saikadon varshon seey desh parr kabhi aakraman naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur akele bhoobhaag kii kroor prakriti viphalata koo badhaava dene key liye paryaapt thee."
yeh kaary bombe senaa koo diyaa gayaa thaa, aur abhiyaan bull kii kamaan leftinent-general surr robbert napier koo dee gaee thee. yeh ack bahut hii asamanya nirnay thaa kyonki yeh pahali baar thaa jaba shaahi engineeron key dall key ack adhikaari koo ack abhiyaan saunpa gayaa thaa. yeh ack bahut hii samajhadaari bharaa nirnay bhee thaa, kyonki puuraa abhiyaan safal honey key liye engineering kaushal parr nirbhar karega. ethiopia key baare mein khufiya jaankaari saavdhaanipoorvak ekatra kii gaee thee, jabaki senaa key aakar kii ganana kii gaee thee aur badey paimaane parr prayaas shuru honey seey pahale isaki jarooraton kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa. moorhead iska varnan kartaa haih "udaaharan key liye, march mein bhaari bandooken leey jaane key liye bhaarat seey chaalees prashikshit haathiyon koo bheja jaanaa thaa, jabaki halke upkaran koo sambhaalane key liye khaccharon aur oonton koo praapt karane key liye poore bhoomadhya sagar aur nikat poorv mein commission bheje gaye they. tateey maidan mein rail injanon aur kuchh patariyon key saath ack railway bichhaai jaani thee, aur utarane vaale sthaan parr badey ghaat, prakashastambh aur godam banaae jaane they."
lambi aapoorti lines aur apane swayam key seemit sansadhanon koo dekhate hue, angrej samajh gaye kii way purushon key liye bhojan aur jaanvaron key liye chaare kii nirantar aur vishvasaniya sthaaniya aapoorti parr behad nirbhar they. tadnusar, unhone maarg mein loot naheen karane kaa nirnay liya, balki sabhi aavashyak aapoorti key liye bhugtan karane kaa nirnay liya. iss uddeshya key liye, abhiyaan apane saath 19veen shatabdi key ethiopia mein sabse adhik upayog kii jaane vaali mudra, maria theresa theller kaa ack badaa hissa leey gayaa.
iss bull mein 13,000 british aur bhaaratiya sanic, 26,000 shivir anuyaayi aur haathiyon sahit 40,000 seey adhik janwar shamil they. isake alawa, patrakaar heinry morton steinly key saath-saath kaee europeeya paryavekshakon, anuvaadakon, kalakaron aur photographers sahit embedded patrakaron kii ack badee tukadi thee. bull ney bombe seey 280 bhaap aur naukaayan jahaajon mein yatra shuru kii. engineeron key agrim rakshak massawa key lagbhag dakshin mein laal sagar parr zulaa mein utare, aur madhya octuber 1867 mein ack bandargah kaa nirmaan shuru kiya. pahale maheene key anta taka unhone ack ghaat puuraa curr liya thaa, lamba; unhone disambar key pahale saptah taka doosara puuraa curr liya. railway pahale seey hii aantarik bhaag mein pahunch rhaa thaa, jisamen aathh lohe key guarder pull banaae gaye they. usee samay surr villium locker mereveder key netritva mein ack agrim gaard ney kumaili nadee key sookhe tala koo suru darre taka dhakel diyaa thaa, jahan engineer phir seey lambe seenafe taka jaane key liye ack sadak banaane key kaam mein vyast they, haathiyon, bandook-gaadiyon aur gaadiyon key liye badh rahey they. paani kii bhaari maang thee; zulaa shivir mein pratidin 200 tunn paani kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, jise bandargah mein bhaap key boilers seey sanghanan kaa upayog karke banaaya gayaa thaa. jaise-jaise bull antardeshiya kshetra mein gayaa, kuein khodane padey. yeye tubewell, norton tubewell praudyogiki key sanskaran, british balon key liye bhujal pradaan karane mein itane safal rahey kii unhein "abyssinian kuon" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa aur inhen ingland aur anya jagahon parr vishvasaniya jall aapoorti pradaan karane key liye vyaapak roop seey apanaaya gayaa.
senafe seey, mereveder ney leftinent-general napier seey dou patra bhejeh ack samrat tevodros koo, bandhakon kii rihaai kii maang karate hue (jise rassam ney rokaa aur nasht curr diyaa, iss darr seey kii yeh ultimatum kaidiyon key khilaf tevodros koo krodhit curr sakata haye); doosara ethiopia key logon koo, yeh ghoshana karate hue kii vaha vishuddh roop seey kaidiyon koo mukt karane key liye vahaan thaa aur yeh kii uska irada kewal una logon key prati shatrutapurna thaa joe uska virodh karna chaahte they. napier 2 janwari 1868 koo zulaa pahunche aur 25 janwari koo senafe key liye ravaana honey seey pahale apani agrim yojana koo puuraa kiya.
aage badhein.
british senaa koo magdala mein samrat key kille key tala taka pahaadi ilaakon mein paidal chalane mein teen maheene lugg gaye. antalo mein, napier ney dajamach kassai (baad mein samrat yohannes IV) key saath baatchit kii, aur unakaa samarthan hassil kiya, jisaki angrejon koo magdala kii or apane ack-munn key march mein aavashyakta thee; sthaaniya logon kii madad, yaa cumm seey cumm udasinta key binaa, british abhiyaan koo ethiopian uchch bhoomi key bheetar apane lakshya taka pahunchane mein adhik kathinaaee hoti. 17 march koo senaa apane lakshya seey aashangi jheel taka pahunchi aur yahaan apane bojh koo aur cumm karane key liye sainikon koo aadhe-rait parr rakhaa gayaa.
iss samay samrat tevodros kii taakat pahale hii khatm hoe rahee thee. 1865 kii shuruat mein unhone begemer, wadla aur delanta (jisamen magdala kaa kilaa thaa) seey thodaa adhik niyantrit kiya. unhone apani senaa key aakar koo banaae rakhane key liye sangharsh kiya-jise swen rubenson bataate hain kii yeh unakaa ekmatra "shakti kaa saadhan" thaa-lekin 1867 key madhya taka unaki senaa seey dalbadal ney iska aakar ghataakar 10,000 purushon taka curr diyaa thaa. harrold marcus ney kahaa, "lagbhag £1 kii kull laagat key liye napier ack aise vyakti koo haraane key liye nikla joe kewal kuchh hazaar sainikon koo ikattha curr sakata thaa aur bahut pahale khitaab key alawa kissy bhee cheez mein ethiopia kaa netaa naheen thaa."
tata seey magdala taka key march kii raksha karane aur bhojan aur chaare kii vishvasaniya aapoorti pradaan karane key liye angrejon koo mool aabaadi, sthaaniya sattadhariyon aur mahatvapurna praantiya rajkumaron key saath unake rajanyik aur raajneetik samjhauton seey bhee sahaayata millie. isake alawa, rajyapalon, pramukhon, dhaarmik aadeshon aur atal-talhati key logon koo napier kii ghoshana mein likhaa thaah
yeh aapako pataa haye kii abyssinia key raajaa theodorus, sabhi sabhya rashtron key kaanoonon kaa ullanghan karate hue, british parishad key cameraman, british doot rassam aur kaee anya logon koo kaid mein rakhate hain. sabhi maitripurna anunaya unaki rihaai praapt karane mein whiffle rahane key kaaran, merey samprabhu ney mujhe unhein mukt karane key liye ack senaa kaa netritva karane kaa adesh diyaa haye. joe bhee kaidiyon seey dosti karate hain yaa unaki mukti mein sahaayata karate hain, unhein achchha inam diyaa jaayega, lekin joe unhein ghayal curr sakate hain, unhein sakht sajaa dee jaayegi. jaba aapke desh mein ack british senaa key march kaa samay aayega, tou yaad rakhein, athah rasaatal key logon, kii unhein aapke prati koee pratikool bhavna naheen haye, aur naa hii aapke desh yaa aapaki swatantrata key khilaf koee irada haye.
aapke dhaarmik pratishthanon, aapke vyaktiyon aur aapaki sampatti kii saavdhaanipoorvak raksha kii jaayegi.
merey sainikon key liye aavashyak sabhi aapoorti kaa bhugtan kiya jaayega. kissy bhee shantipurna nivasi key saath chhedchhaad naheen kii jaayegi. ekmatra uddeshya jisake liye british senaa koo atal kuein mein bheja gayaa haye, vaha haye usaki mahima kii praja kii mukti. atal kshetra key kissy bhee hisse parr sthaayi roop seey kabja karane yaa desh kii sarkaar mein hastakshep karane kaa koee irada naheen haye.
uttar mein teen sabse shaktishali ethiopian rajkumar, tigray key dajamak kassai, lasta key wagshum gobez aur sheva key menelic dwiteeya ney british senaa koo sahyog aur sahaayata karane kaa sankalp liya, iss prakaar abyssinia key ack spasht aakraman koo ack ekal pahaadi kille kii vijay mein badal diyaa, jisaki raksha ack alokpriya shaasak key rojgar mein kewal kuchh hazaar yoddhaon dwara kii gaee thee. isake alawa, angrejon ney magdala seey bhaagne key sabhi maargon koo avaruddh karane key liye dou oromo raniyon, vercat aur mostiate kaa samarthan hassil kiya.
tevodros kii gatividhiyaan.
usee samay angrejon ney dakshin kii or magdala kii or cooch kiya, tevodros paschim seey bashilo nadee key maarg parr aage badhe, topon (unake puraskar nirmaan, vishal sebastopol sahit) key saath, jise unhone europeeya missionaryon aur videshi kaarigaron koo gafat mein unake liye banaane key liye prerit kiya thaa. samrat angrejon seey pahale magdala pahunchane kaa irada rakhta thaa, aur halanki usey paar karane key liye cumm doori thee aur napier key zulaa chhodane seey duss dinn pahale usane apani yatra shuru curr dee thee, lekin usaki safalata nishchit naheen thee, aur vaha apane virodhiyon seey duss dinn pahale hii apane kille parr pahuncha thaa. rubenson ney nott kiya kii yeh tevodros thaa, naa kii british abhiyaan, jise shatrutapurna kshetra seey gujarna padaa thaa, kyonki tevodros key sainikon ney gobez kii sankhya key hisab seey behtar senaaon key hamalon key khatare mein march kiya thaa, aur way magdala key raaste mein shatrutapurna dushmanon seey apana bachaav karane key liye baadhya they. tevodros kii apani senaa key liye praavdhaan karane aur apani topkhaane key parivahan kii samasyaaen bhee napier kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik theen. sabse mahatvapurna baat yeh haye kii tevodro una chaar hazaar sainikon parr bhee bharosa naheen curr sakey joe abhee bhee unakaa anusaran curr rahey they. mauka milane parr, way usey chhod sakate hain jaisa kii kaee loga pahale hii curr chuke they.
tevodros ney 17 farwari koo apane rajanyik kaushal kii kamee kaa ack antim pradarshan pradaan kiya, jaba unhone delanta key nivaasiyon key samarpan koo sweekaar karane key baad unase poochha kii unhone apani senaa key saath aaney taka intezar kyon kiya thaa. jaba unhone jawab diyaa kii unhein vidrohi oromo aur gobez ney roque diyaa thaa, tou usane unhein bataaya kii way dusaron kii tarah hii burey they, aur unhein lootane kaa adesh diyaa. ... natijatan, jaba raajaa [tevodros] ney una parr hamla karane kaa adesh diyaa, tou way sabhi bahaduri seey ladey, aur, daunt key nivaasiyon key saath milkar, unake sainikon kii ack badee sankhya koo maar daala aur unake hathiyar aur khaccharon koo jabt curr liya."naa kewal tevodros ney apane antim gadh koo dekhate hue ack shatrutapurna kshetra mein kaee dinon taka khud koo alag-thalag curr liya thaa, yeju kii ack pratiniyukti, joe apane samarpan kii peshkash karane key liye usake paas aaa rahee thee, tevodros kii barbarta koo sunkar turant palat gaee.
angrejon kaa aagaman.
9 aprail koo, british senaa key pramukh tatva bashilo pahunche, aur agali subah, good friede, unhone raaste mein apani paani kii botalon koo bharane key liye nange pair dhaara koo paar kiya."
usa achche shukravaar kii dopahar koo kille key baahar magdala kii nirnaayak ladaai shuru hui. angrejon koo rogye mein pathaar seey gujarna padaa, joe magdala key liye ekmatra khule maarg parr sthit thaa. pahaadiyon key chaaron or derra daale hue hajaaron sashastr ethiopian sainikon ney 30 topon key tukadon key saath raasta roque diyaa thaa. angrejon ney, ethiopians seey apane bachaav koo chhodane aur una parr hamla karane kii ummeed naheen kii, kyonki way tainaat karane key liye taiyar they, unhone una parr bahut cumm dhyaan diyaa.
haalaanki, tevodros ney ack hamale kaa adesh diyaa, aur hajaaron sainikon ney, jinamen seey kaee kewal bhaale seey lais they, british padon parr hamla kiya. angrejon ney teji seey sainyabal kaa saamana karane key liye tainaat kiya, aur apane rankon mein vinashkari golibari kii, jisamen nausena brigade key rockett aur pahaadi bandook topkhaane kii golibari key saath-saath rifle kii golibari bhee shamil thee. rockett kii aag key baare mein, kaptan hosier ney tippani kii, "kaee jaley hue dravyamaan aur nukasaane gaye dheron ney dikhaaya kii tabahi kitni bhayaanak thee, maut kitni bhayaanak thee. ladaai key dauran, ack agrim gaard ikai ney kuchh ethiopian topkhaane key dall koo paraast curr diyaa aur unake topkhaane key tukadon koo jabt curr liya. 90 minut kii arajak ladaai key baad, parajit ethiopian vaapas magdala chaley gaye.
kull milakar, lagbhag 700 seey 800 ethiopian yoddha maare gaye aur 1,200 seey 1,500 ghayal hoe gaye, jinamen seey adhikansh gambhir they, jabaki british paksh mein kewal bees hataahat hue, dou ghaatak roop seey ghayal hue, nau gambhir roop seey ghayal hue aur nau halke ghayal hue. iss prakaar, rogye yuddh baad key dinn magdala mein pahaadi kii choti key kille kii gherabandi kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik khooni aur parinami thaa.
magdala kii gherabandi.
ethiopian hamale koo peechhe hataane key baad, agale dinn british senaa magdala kii or badh gaee. jaise hii angrej paas aae, tevodros ney sharton kii peshkash karane key liye parol parr dou bandhakon koo riha curr diyaa. napier ney bandhakon kii rihaai aur binaa shart aatmasamarpan parr jore diyaa. tevodros ney binaa shart aatmasamarpan karane seey incar curr diyaa, lekin agale dou dinon mein europeeya bandhakon koo riha curr diyaa, jabaki mool bandhakon ney pathaar key aspas key dhalaan key kinare parr fenkane seey pahale unake haath aur pair kaat diye.
angrejon ney 13 aprail koo apani pragati jaari rakhee aur magdala key kille kii gherabandi curr lii. british hamale kii shuruat mortar, rockett aur topkhaane seey hui. paidal senaa kii ikaaiyon ney shaahi engineeron koo suraksha pradaan karane key liye golibari shuru curr dee kyonki unhone shaam 4 baje kille key faatakon koo udaa diyaa. british paidal senaa ney taba ander ghuskar golibari shuru curr dee, aur nishchit beyonet key saath aage badh gaee, jisase rakshakon koo dusare dwaar parr peechhe hatane key liye majboor honah padaa. isake baad angrej aage badhe aur doosara dwaar leey liya, jahan unhone ander tevodro koo mrit paaya. tevodros ney ack pistaul seey aatmahatya curr lii thee joe mool roop seey raani victoria kii or seey upahaar thee, naa kii kaid kaa saamana karna padaa. jaba unaki mrityu kii ghoshana kii gaee, tou rakshakon kaa pratirodh bund hoe gayaa. ack aadhunik tippanikar kaa kahana haye kii "jaba tevodros ney kaid kii bajaay aatm-prerit mrityu koo prathamikta dee, tou unhone angrejon koo iss antim santushti seey vanchit curr diyaa aur ethiopian kii avagyaakaari swatantrata key prateek key roop mein apane swayam key punrutthan kii neenv rakhee."
leftinent stum, ack pratyakshadarshi, ney tevodros key shareer kii khoj kaa varnan kiyaah
tevodros key shav kaa antim sanskar kiya gayaa aur unaki asthiyon koo pujaariyon dwara ack sthaaniya church key ander dafnaya gayaa. church kii suraksha 33veen resiment key sainikon dwara kii jaati thee, jinhone ise loot liya, vibhinn prakaar key soney, chaandi aur peetal key cross key saath-saath philigri key kaam aur durlabh varjanaaen leey gaeen.
magdala kii ladaai mein hatahaton kii sankhya tulanaatmak roop seey cumm theeh british topkhaane kii bambari mein lagbhag bees ethiopian yoddha aur nagrik maare gaye aur lagbhag 120 ghayal hoe gaye, jabaki paidal senaa key hamale key dauran rifle kii golibari mein paintalis aur ethiopian maare gaye. kull milakar, british sainikon key hatahaton mein kewal duss gambhir roop seey ghayal aur paanch halke ghayal they. yeye mautein pichhale dinn rogye mein hue narsamhar kii tulanaa mein ullekhaniya roop seey cumm hain joe abhiyaan kii nirnaayak bhagidari saabit hui.
angrejon dwara magdala koo chhodane seey pahale, surr robbert ney tevodros kii topkhaane koo nasht karane kaa adesh diyaa. unhone dandaatmak upaay key roop mein apane sainikon koo kille koo lootane aur jalaane kii anumati dee, jisamen isake church bhee shamil they. sainikon ney kaee aitihaasik aur dhaarmik kalakritiyon koo ekatra kiya jinhen vaapas britten leey jaaya gayaa thaa, jinamen seey kaee abb british pustakalaya aur british sangrahalaya mein dekhi jaa sakati hain. loot koo leey jaane key liye pandrah haathiyon aur lagbhag 200 khaccharon kii aavashyakta thee.
isake baad.
magdala muslim oromo janjaatiyon key kshetra mein thaa, jinhone ise bahut pahale amhara logon seey leey liya thaa; haalaanki kuchh saal pahale tevodro ney unase ise vaapas jeet liya thaa. dou pratidvandi oromo raniyon, vercat aur mostiate, donon ney angrejon key saath gathbandhan kiya thaa aur puraskar key roop mein jeete gaye kille parr niyantran kaa daavaa kiya thaa. napier ney magdala koo lasta key isai shaasak, wagshum gobez koo saunpana pasand kiya, kyonki aggar gobez kille key niyantran mein hotey, tou vaha oromos kii pragati koo rokane mein saksham hotaa aur tevodros key shivir seey 30,000 seey adhik isai sharanarthiyon kii jimmedaari grahan kartaa. phir bhee jaba gobez inn prastaavon key prati pratikriyaasheel naheen thaa, tou vaha tevodros kii topon koo praapt karna pasand kartaa thaa, aur dou oromo raaniyan ack vyavastha taka naheen pahunch sakeen, napier ney kille koo nasht karane kaa faisala kiya.
magdal key vinash key baad, angrejon ney zulaa kii or vaapas kadam badhaana shuru curr diyaa, ack bhavya julus, jisamen baind buzz rahey they aur jhande aage badh rahey they, lekin senaa koo jald hii pataa chalaa kii unhein ethiopia mein koee kritagyata naheen millie thee; unhein chalate-firate ack aur yuddhapriya janjaati key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa, aur abb jaba way kamjor aur parajit purushon kii tarah jaa rahey they tou way hamale key liye ack spasht lakshya they."senafe mein, angrejon ney raas kasai, yohannes IV koo unaki sevaaon key liye bahut adhik matra mein aapoorti key saath puraskrit kiya, jiska marcus kaa anuman thaa kii moolya" "lagbhag £500,000" "thaah chhah mortar, chhah howitzer, lagbhag 900 bandooken aur raifalen, golaa-barud key bhandar jisamen 585,480 percution cap shamil they, aur anya saman aur aapoorti. baad mein inn logon ney wagshum gobez aur sheva key menelic jaise pratibhashali pratidvandiyon key khilaf samrat banane mein unaki sahaayata kii.
zulaa mein, napier ney british sangrahalaya kii or seey kaptan charles goodfelo koo pracheen aksam raajya key bandargah, paas key ellis mein khudai karane key liye niyukt kiya. mitty key bartan, sikke aur patthar key stambhon sahit kaee kalakritiyon kaa pataa chalaa. yeh pracheen shahar ellis kii pahali puraataatvik khudai koo chihnit kartaa haye, joe prachinta kaa ack pramukh african bandargah haye joe laal sagar key saath vyaapaar key liye ack kendra key roop mein kaary kartaa thaa.
2 juuna taka, aadhar shivir koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa aur jaise hii purushon aur bandhakon koo jahaajon mein bhar diyaa gayaa, napier 10 juuna koo "firoz" mein savaar hoe gayaa, aur suez nahar key madhyam seey ingland key liye ravaana hoe gayaa.
ack dilchasp paksh parr, kaee bandhak napier kii desh chhodane kii maang seey nakhush they. kaee bandhakon ney tark diyaa kii way lambe samay seey europe mein apani purani matribhoomi seey alag hoe gaye they aur abb unake paas vahaan apane parivaaron key liye ack nayaa jeevan banaane kaa koee mauka naheen hoga. abhiyaan key saath aae german paryavekshak joseph bechtinger ney likhaah
unamen seey adhikansh, apane antim bachaav key liye providence koo dhanyavaad dene key bajaay-sabhi ghatnaaon key nae modd seey khush naheen they. way atal-talchhat chhodane parr krodhit, pareshan they. "unhone kahaa", kyaa hamein abb europe mein kyaa karna haye, abb hamein apani patniyon aur bachchon key saath kyaa karna haye joe hamaare liye videshi hoe gaye hain? abb humm una logon key beach kaise rahein joe hamaare liye [bunn gaye] videshi hain aur jinhen humm abb pasand naheen karate hain? humm kiss parr jeene vaale hain?
betchinger ney bataaya kii unamen seey kaee antatah massa key madhyam seey suez seey apane god liye hue desh laut aae.
landan mein, napier koo unaki upalabdhi key sammaan mein magdala kaa bairan napier banaaya gayaa thaa. general napier koo 27 aprail 1868 koo night grand cross off dha order off dha baath (jee. see. bee.) bhee banaaya gayaa thaa. gibralter mein, jahaan unhone 1876 seey 1883 taka governor key roop mein kaary kiya, unake sammaan mein ack battery haye, jiska naam napier off magdala battery haye.
abhiyaan key ack sanic, johnn kirkham, ethiopia mein rahey aur antatah yohannes IV key salaahkaar key roop mein kaary kiya. kirkham ney paschimi sainya manakon key anusaar ethiopian sainikon koo prashikshit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, jise samrat key anushaasit bull key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. kirkham key sainikon ney 11 julaai 1871 koo asam kii ladaai mein vishisht safalata key saath ladate hue, ethiopian taaj key liye yohannes key pratidvandi, wagshum gobez kii haar mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai. kirkham ney yohannes key tahat seva karane key liye sahmat hocker ack british vishay key roop mein apani sthiti kaa tyag curr diyaa thaa, kuchh aisaa joe misra-ethiopian yuddh key dauran misra kii senaaon dwara maswa mein kaid honey parr unhein pareshan karane key liye vaapas aaya thaa. aich. aim. aiss. "teaser" seey british naavikon key ack samooh dwara khoje jaane key bavjood, naavikon koo bhaagne mein unaki madad karane kii anumati naheen thee. kirkham kii 1876 mein kaid mein mrityu hoe gaee.
ethiopian rajneeti.
tevodros ney apani patni, maharani tiruvark viewb seey, unaki mrityu kii sthiti mein, apane bete, rajkumar alemayhu koo angrejon key sanrakshan mein rakhane key liye kahaa thaa. yeh nirnay spasht roop seey iss darr seey liya gayaa thaa kii uska jeevan atalprachina key samrajya key liye koee bhee akankshi dwara liya jaayega. inn ichchhaon key anusaar, alemayhu koo landan leey jaaya gayaa, jahan unhein raani victoria koo bhent kiya gayaa, joe usa yuva ladke koo pasand karati thee. alemayhu ney baad mein cheltenham college, ragbi school aur royal military academy sandhurst mein adhyayan kiya. haalaanki, raani aur napier donon baad mein yuva rajkumar key baad key vikas seey chintit they joe iss dauran teji seey akela, dukhi aur udas hoe gayaa. 1879 mein, 19 saal kii umr mein rajkumar kii bimari seey mrityu hoe gaee. unhein windser mein shaahi chappel key paas dafnaya gayaa thaa, jisamen raani victoria dwara unaki yaad mein ack antim sanskar pattika rakhee gaee thee.
angrejon kii vaapsee key baad, 1868 seey 1872 taka tevodros key simhaasan key uttaradhikar key liye ladaai ethiopia mein bhadak uthee. antatah, yeh tigray kaa dajamach kassai thaa, cumm seey cumm vaapas lene vaale magdala abhiyaan dwara unhein diye gaye british hathiyaron key kaaran, joe apani shakti kaa vistaar karane aur apane pratidvandiyon parr haavi honey mein saksham they. julaai 1871 mein, unhone adwa key paas asam kii ladaai jeeti, bhale hii unake paas bahut cumm sanic they, unhone apane puraane pratidvandi lasta key wagshum gobez koo haraaya. kassai ney swayam yohannes IV naam lete hue ethiopia key samrat kaa taaj pahanaaya thaa.
yuddh sammaan.
abhiyaan kii safalata key kaaran ack yuddh sammaan, abyssinia kii sthaapana hui, joe abhiyaan mein bhaag lene vaali british bhaaratiya senaa kii ikaaiyon koo pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. abhiyaan mein bhaag lene vaali ikaaiyaan, madarsa sappers koo chhodkar, bangal aur bombe presidency senaaon kii theen.
loot kii gaee vastuein.
british sangrahalaya ney abhiyaan key hisse key roop mein ack karmchari koo bheja. magdala abhiyaan samaapt honey key baad, looty gaee kaee vastuon, saanskritik kalakritiyon aur kalaa vastuon koo raajya aur niji sangrah, parivarik sampatti aur aam sainikon key haathon mein milaa. adhikansh pustaken aur paandulipiyaan oxford mein british sangrahalaya yaa bodlian pustakalaya mein gaeen, jabaki kuchh windser mahal mein shaahi pustakalaya aur chhote british sangrhon mein gaeen. looty gaee anya vastuein victoria aur albert sangrahalaya, maanav jaati key sangrahalaya aur rashtriya senaa sangrahalaya mein samaapt hoe gaeen. rashtriya senaa sangrahalaya 2019 mein tevodros key baalon kaa ack taalaa vaapas karane key liye sahmat huaa joe abhiyaan key dauran liya gayaa thaa. magdala abhiyaan key sabhi vaigyaanik adhigrahanon aur jabt kiye gaye lekhon ney europeeya shodhkartaon aur shikshit janata key beach ethiopia key itihas aur sanskriti mein ruchi koo protsaahit kiya aur badhaava diyaa. isane aadhunik ethiopian adhyayanon aur pracheen aksam raajya parr shodh kii neenv rakhee.
samay-samay parr loote gaye khajaane mein seey kuchh koo ethiopia mein vaapas curr diyaa gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, kebra nagast kaa ack sanskaran aur saath hii kaante kaa mukut pahane hue masih kii tasveer kaa ack prateek 1870 key dashak mein samrat yohannes chaturth koo vaapas curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1902 mein, lady valeri makes ney samrat menelic dwiteeya koo apani ethiopian pandulipiyon kaa sangrah viraasat mein diyaa, lekin 1910 mein unaki mrityu key turant baad unaki vaseeyat koo palat diyaa gayaa.
1924 mein, maharani zaavadeetu koo tevodros key dou loote gaye mukuton mein seey ack diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin adhik moolyavaan soney kaa mukut victoria aur albert sangrahalaya dwara barkarar rakhaa gayaa thaa. 1960 key dashak mein, raani elizabeth dwiteeya ney ethiopia kii raajkeeya yatra key dauran samrat hell selasi koo tevodros kii shaahi topi aur muhar vaapas curr dee.
1999 mein, britten aur ethiopia mein kaee pramukh hastiyon ney magdala ethiopian khajaane (afromate) kii vaapsee key liye sangathan banaaya, jisane abhiyaan key dauran liye gaye sabhi khajaane koo ethiopia mein vaapas laane key liye ack soochana aur pairavi abhiyaan chalaaya haye.
lokpriya sanskriti mein.
abyssinia abhiyaan george mcdonald fraser key upanyaas "flashman onn dha march" kii prishthabhoomi haye.