
ottoman sainya sudhaar

ottoman sainya sudhaar 18veen shatabdi key anta mein shuru hue.
sanrachanaaen.
kapikulu.
paidal senaa.
jainisari core.
jainisari core lambe samay seey ottoman paidal senaa kaa mukhya aadhar rhaa thaa aur isake vighatan taka aisaa hii banaa rhaa. haalaanki, core kii taakat kaa anuman akele istambul mein 1790 mein 12,000 (2,000 yuddh) seey bahut bhinn hotaa haye, phir bhee 1810 mein abhiyaan key liye bulaaye jaane parr kewal 13,000 ekatra hue. vibhinn anya anumaanon key anusaar kull sankhya 150,000-400,000 haye, jisamen seey kewal 50,000 vaastavik sanic they. yuddh key mamle mein apani pichhadepan key bavjood, core key paas bahut badee pahal dikhaane vaali aur aksar maut taka ladane vaali vishal aspirit dee corps thee, janisari ney ack saath paschimi sainikon kaa majaak udaaya joe bund crum sanrachanaon mein ladey they, unake puraane matchlock bandooken, joe aag lagaane mein dheemi honey key bavjood, unaki adhik seema aur sateekta key kaaran nae flintlocks parr pasand kii jaati theen. 
bosanji.
yeye samrajya key mahal key rakshak they aur poore samay mein kuchh hazaar seey adhik naheen they aur edirne aur istambul key aspas ack kuleen aarakshit they.
anya sanrachanaaen.
bosnianon koo pandukon mein aur anatolian turkon koo sekban mein sangathit kiya gayaa thaa. tufenki joe ghudsavaar paidal senaa they, way mool roop seey kaafee hudd taka kurdish they.
ghudsavaar.
paaramparik roop seey timaaron dwara bhugtan kii jaane vaali sipaahiyon kaa lambe samay seey patan hoe gayaa thaa aur unaki sankhya 30,000 kagji bull seey ghatkar selim III key shasankal key anta taka 10,000 vetanbhogi sipaahiyon taka pahunch gaee thee, jisamen praantiya ghudsavaar yaa aniyamit delly ghudsavaar shamil naheen they. yeh ghudsavaar senaa kaa ack badaa bull thaa jisamen kaee sainikon koo francisi salaahkaaron dwara port key liye nirdesh diyaa gayaa thaa.
topkhaane.
topkhaane koo topku okagi (topkhana core) aur hambarasi okagi (mortar core) mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, inn 2 samoohon koo 1807 key anglo-turkey yuddh key dauran francisi aur spanish sahaayata key saath sudharakon seey sabse adhik dhyaan diyaa gayaa thaa. ottoman topkhaane ney 322 topon aur mortaron koo ikattha kiya aur hajaaron sainikon key saath-saath marmara key samudra kii tatrekha kii raksha key liye british vaapsee kii aavashyakta thee. akele topku core mein 30,000 purush they aur suraati okagi (rapid-fayer gunn core) mein 2,000 purush they. topkhaane key dall koo prati bandook 10 paidal senaa dee gaee thee aur unhone sanyukt roop seey bosporus key europeeya paksh koo tainaat kiya thaa.
praantiya bull.
asia.
antatolia mein adhikansh sthaaniya bandukdhari kurdish they aur trabzone key governor ney apani senaa koo sangathit kiya aur apani swatantrata kii ghoshana kii kii adhikansh ayyan taba bhee wafadar rahey jaba taka kii cocus mein rahane vaale loga bhee kabarte rajkumaron aur unake 30,000 sanic sultan key prati wafadar rahey. 
iraq mein mamlukon kaa upayog sthaaniya kaanoon aur vyavastha key liye kiya jaataa thaa, jabaki arab sainikon ney baghdad key aspas key kilon parr kabja curr liya thaa aur way wahabi hamlaavaron koo vidroh karane mein nipun saabit hue they.
seeriya mein sthaaniya sarkaar adhik vibhajit thee aur kaee paashon ney 1,000 ghudsavaaron aur 900 ghudsavaaron seey laker 300 ghudsavaaron aur 100 paidal senaa taka kii badee vyaktigat senaaon koo banaae rakhaa thaa. sanic ack jaatiya mishran key they aur kuchh zamburakon kaa upayog siriyai senaaon mein kiya jaataa thaa.
misra.
1780 key dashak mein prashikshan mein 8,500 mamlukon key saath 3,000 sahayakon key saath 10,000 sainikon kii sankhya key saath mamluk misra mein pramukh bull they. mamlukon ney apana puuraa samay prashikshan aur ladaai key liye samarpit kiya aur misra mein kissy koo bhee ghode parr savaar honey seey pratibandhit karate hue apane sainya visheshadhikaron kii irshya seey raksha kii. iss avadhi taka mamlukon ney poori tarah seey agneyastron koo apanaaya thaa aur inhen prashikshit kiya thaa aur unhone ghode kii tirandaji koo chhod diyaa thaa.
vahaan bandukdhari, janisari, sipahi aur anya ottoman ikaaiyaan bhee theen, haalaanki yeye lambe samay seey apghatit hoe chuki theen aur arabon aur mamlux ney misra mein mukhya senaayen pradaan keen.
selim III key sudhaar.
jaba 1789 mein selim III simhaasan parr aaya, tou ottoman samrajya koo surakshit karane kii disha mein sainya sudhaar kaa ack mahatvakankshi prayaas shuru kiya gayaa. sultan aur joe loga usey gherate they way roodhivaadi they aur yathaasthiti banaae rakhna chaahte they. samrajya mein satta mein kissy kii bhee samajik parivartan mein koee ruchi naheen thee. 1789 seey 1807 mein selim III ney aksham aur purani shaahi senaa koo badalane key liye "nizam-aeye sedid" [nae adesh] kii senaa kii sthaapana kii. purani pranali janisari parr nirbhar thee, jinhone kaafee hudd taka apani sainya prabhavsheelta khou dee thee. selim ney paschimi sainya roopon kaa bariki seey anusaran kiya. yeh ack naee senaa key liye mahanga hoga, isaliye ack nayaa khajaana ['iraad-ee sedid'] sthaapit karna padaa. iska parinam yeh huaa kii bandargah key paas abb aadhunik hathiyaron seey lais ack kushal, europeeya-prashikshit senaa thee. haalaanki, usa yug mein jaba paschimi senaayen duss seey pachas gunaa badee theen, vahaan 10,000 seey bhee cumm sanic they. isake alawa, sultan achchi tarah seey sthaapit paaramparik raajneetik shaktiyon koo pareshan curr rhaa thaa. natijatan, iska upayog shayed hii kabhi kiya jaataa thaa, isake alawa gaaja aur roseta mein napolean key abhiyaan bull key khilaf iska upayog kiya jaataa thaa. naee senaa koo 1807 mein selim koo ukhaad fenkane key saath pratikriyaavaadi tatvon dwara bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin yeh 19veen shatabdi mein baad mein banaai gaee naee ottoman senaa kaa model bunn gayaa.
salaahkaaron kaa parichay.
paschimi sainya salaahkaaron koo salaahkaaron key roop mein ayaat kiya jaataa thaa lekin parivartan lagu karane kii unaki kshamata seemit thee. francisi adhikaariyon kii ack pared laaee gaee, aur unamen seey koee bhee bahut kuchh naheen curr sakaa. ack salaahkaar kaa ack udaaharan jisane seemit safalata hassil kii, vaha ack francisi adhikaari francois bairan dee tott thaa. vaha topkhaane banaane key liye ack naee dhalai banaane mein safal rhaa. saath hii unhone ack nae nausainik adde key nirmaan kaa nirdesh diyaa. durbhagya seey unake liye niyamit senaa seey sainikon koo naee ikaaiyon mein modana lagbhag asambhav thaa. nae jahaaj aur bandooken joe ise seva mein banaati theen, ottoman senaa parr bahut adhik prabhaav daalane key liye bahut cumm theen aur dee tott ghar laut aae. unake baad ack scott aaya jise ingiles mustafa key naam seey jaanaa jaataa thaa.
jaba unhone francisi madad kaa anurodh kiya thaa, tou general napolean bonapart koo 1795 mein ottoman topkhaane koo vyavasthit karane mein madad karane key liye constantinople key paas bheja jaanaa thaa. vaha naheen gayaa, kuchh dinon key liye jaba vaha nikat poorv kii or jaane vaalaa thaa, tou usane "draksh key jhande" mein ack perisian bheed koo neeche dalkar khud koo nirdeshika key liye upayogi saabit kiya aur usey france mein rakhaa gayaa.
naee senaa.
sabse mahatvapurna parivartan ack vishisht naee paidal senaa ikai kaa nirmaan thaah paschimi vardi, hathiyaron aur prashikshan key saath sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh samooh janisari koo apamaanit karega. ack samay mein kuleen taakton key roop mein, janisari apani sainya shakti kaa upayog karke vyaavsaayik aur raajneetik roop seey aage badhane key liye ack roodhivaadi abhijaat varg bunn gaye they. 1806 mein, praantiya rajyapalon aur unake samarthan seey, janisari ney sultan aur unake nae bull key khilaf vidroh kiya aur unaki jagah mustafa IV koo niyukt kiya.
mahmoud II key sudhaar.
1808 mein mustafa IV koo mahmoud II dwara elemdar mustafa paasha key marshel low key saath pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone sudhaar prayason koo phir seey shuru kiya. unakaa pahala kaam praantiya rajyapalon kii shakti koo todane key liye janisari key saath gathbandhan karna thaa. phir unhone 1826 mein istambul aur praantiya rajdhaniyon mein unake bairakon mein unakaa narsamhar karate hue, jinhen shubh ghatana key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, janisari parr hamla kiya. sultan ney abb anya niyamit sainikon dwara janisari kii jagah lene key liye khud koo taiyar kiya. aaee. dee. 1. key russie-turkey yuddh ney unhein ack naee senaa koo sangathit karane key liye samay naheen diyaa, aur sultan koo inn yuva aur anushaasanheen bhartiyon key saath zaar key diggajon key khilaf ladane key liye majboor honah padaa. adrianople kii vinashkari sandhi key kaaran yuddh samaapt hoe gayaa. jabaki vicharadhin sudhaaron koo mukhya roop seey senaa mein sudhaar key liye lagu kiya gayaa thaa, inn prayason seey utpann honey vaalaa sabse ullekhaniya vikas schools kii ack shrinkhala thee joe ganit seey laker chikitsa taka sub kuchh padhaati thee taaki nae adhikaariyon koo prashikshit kiya jaa sakey.
abdulmezid key sudhaar.
sultan abdulmezid pratham ney kaee varshon taka shaanti kaa anand liya, jisase vaha ack shaktishali aur achchi tarah seey anushaasit senaa banaane mein saksham hue, joe varsh 1842 kii shuruat mein sthaapit kii gaee thee.
pratyek senaa key samanya karmchaariyon mein ack commander-inn-cheef, dou leftinent-general, paidal senaa key teen brigadier, jinamen seey ack reserve, ghudsavaar senaa key dou brigadier aur topkhaane key ack brigadier seey banaa thaa. pratyek core mein paidal senaa kii teen resiment, ghudsavaar senaa kii dou aur topkhaane kii ack resiment thee, jisamen taintis bandooken theen. sakriya balon kii inn baarah resiments kii kull taakat 30,000 purush thee, lekin shaanti key samay mein chhah senaaon mein seey teen mein lagbhag 25,000 purushon kii prabhaavi taakat key saath-saath anya teen mein 15,000 sainikon kii prabhaavi taakat cumm hoe gaee, jiska parinam yeh huaa kii bharti pranali poore ottoman samrajya mein apane anuprayog mein abhee taka adhuri thee. isaliye, iss shakha kii poori sthaapana kii raashi sakriya seva seey sambandhit 180,000 purushon kii haye, lekin vartamaan mein isaki prabhaavi taakat 123,000 haye.
chhah senaaon mein seey chaar key aarakshit kshetra mein gyaarah resiment shamil they, jinamen seey chhah paidal senaa, chaar ghudsavaar senaa aur ack topkhana thaa. kull sanyukt bull 12,000 sainikon key barabar thaa, jabaki anya dou senaaon ney apane sainikon key aarakshit bhandar kaa saamana naheen kiya haye jinhone paanch saal taka seva kii haye. haalaanki, yuddh key samay, pratyek senaa mein 25,000 purushon key dou dall banaae jaate they; kull 300,000 dete they. isaliye, donon sevaaon ney, jaise way khade they, 135,000 purushon kaa ack prabhaavi bull banaaya; aur jaba unaki poori taakat bhar jaayegi tou yeh 480,000 taka hoe jaayegi.
inn chhah senaaon key alawa chaar alag-thalag dall they. yeye dall sthaayi senaa kii prabhaavi taakat koo 365,000 purushon taka badhaate hain.
usa samay parr tainaati mein nimnalikhit shamil theh
tainaat sainikon key alawa, ottoman senaa mein nimnalikhit ikaaiyaan bhee theenh
naee pranali mein bosnia aur uttari albania key samarpan dwara 32,000 purushon key samvardhan key alawa; aur 40,000 purushon kii ack aur vriddhi, jise serbia ney prastut karane kii vyavastha kii thee, 18,000 purushon ney misra mein seva kii, joe paanchvin senaa key aarakshit koo majboot karane key liye kaary karega.
naavikon, naavikon aur shramikon ney brigade mein namankan karaaya, jisamen kull 34,000 purush they. usa samay ottoman samrajya key niptan mein sashastr purushon kii kull sankhya 664,000 purushon seey cumm naheen thee. isake alawa, ottoman kabhi-kabhaar shulk lagaa sakate they, jinka upayog usa samay kissy bhee anya desh kii tulanaa mein ottoman samrajya mein adhik aasaani seey aur kushalata seey kiya jaataa thaa. varshon kii shaanti aur sthirata key baad aadhunik senaa koo aparaadh yuddh mein pareekshan key liye rakhaa gayaa thaa.
abdul hameed dwiteeya key sudhaar.
abdul hameed dwiteeya ney senaa key punargathan koo atyadhik mahatva diyaa. 1880 kii shuruat mein unhone german sahaayata kii maang kii aur dou saal baad usey praapt kiya, jisaki parinati ell. tii. kii niyukti mein hui. cole. kohler aur anta mein, kolmar wonn dair boltz sainya salaahkaar key roop mein.
harbiye (yuddh mahavidyalaya) kaa pathyakram europeeya shally mein karmchaariyon koo prashikshit karane key liye vishesh thaa. school kaa naam badalkar mctabe-ee phunu harb (school off warr science) curr diyaa gayaa. unake shasankal key dauran hii adhikaariyon key prashikshan koo unnat aur niyamit kiya gayaa thaa, jisaki shuruat madhya-stariya sainya aar. tii. 2deeye aur idadi schools seey hui thee aur isaki parinati mctabe-aeye-harbiye (yuddh mahavidyalaya) yaa sabse saksham logon key liye, erkan-aeye-harbiye (karmchaariyon key pramukh) mein hui thee. antim, ack avadharana aur ack sangathan key roop mein, kaafee hudd taka wonn dair boltz kaa kaam thaa.
haalaanki, halanki iss baat parr aam sahamati thee kii abdulhamid ney ottoman senaa key aadhunikikaran aur adhikaari dall key vyaavsaayikaran kaa samarthan kiya thaa, yeh kaafee samanya thaa, aisaa lagata haye kii unhone apane shasankal key antim pandrah varshon key dauran senaa kii upeksha kii, aur unhone sainya bajat mein bhee katauti kii. senaa key saath samasya (sankhya see. aeye.. shatabdi key anta mein 700,000) 1897 key kull rashtriya bajat mein seey senaa kaa vaarshik kharch kuchh 7,756,000 leira thaa; jaba rinn prashaasan ney 6,483.000 leira kaa daavaa kiya, tou aarthik vikas mein nivesh key liye bahut cumm bachaa thaa.

