
mount damavand

mount damavand () ack supt samtaap jwalamukhi haye aur iran aur paschimi asia mein sabse oonchi choti haye, asia mein sabse oonchaa jwalamukhi haye, aur purvi golardh mein doosara sabse oonchaa jwalamukhi (kilimanjaro parvat key baad) haye. farsi pauranik kathaaon aur lokkathaon mein damavand kaa ack vishesh sthaan haye. yeh "varru", "sessang", "goal-aeye zard" aur "mianrud" key nikat, alborz renz key beach mein haye. yeh caspian samudra key dakshini tata key paas, amol county, alborz praant mein, tehran shahar key uttar-poorv mein haye.
mount damavand duniya kii 12veen sabse pramukh choti haye aur mount everest key baad asia mein doosari sabse pramukh choti haye. yeh jwalamukhiya saat shikhar parvataarohan chunauti kaa hissa haye.
prateekvaad aur pauranik kathaaen.
damwand farsi pauranik kathaaon mein ack mahatvapurna parvat haye. yeh farsi kavita aur saahitya mein tanashahi aur videshi shasson key khilaf irani pratirodh kaa prateek haye. parsi granthon aur pauranik kathaaon mein, teen sir vaale ajgar azii dahaaka koo damavand parvat key bheetar janjeeron seey jakada gayaa thaa, joe duniya key anta taka banaa rhaa. usee kinvadanti key baad key sanskaran mein, atyachari zahaak koo bhee kaveh aur feredun dwara parajit honey key baad mount damavand mein kaheen ack gufa mein janjeeron seey janjeeron mein baandh diyaa gayaa thaa. farsi kavi ferdausi ney apani utkrisht kriti, "shahanmeh" mein iss ghatana koo darshaaya haih
"byward zahaak raa cone navandabe kuh-aeye damavand cardas bey-baind"
 vaha jahaak koo ghode kii tarah damavand parr leey aaya aur usey choti parr kaskar baandh diyaa.
kahaa jaataa haye kii pahaad "shanhameh" mein jadui shaktiyon koo dhaaran kartaa haye. damnad kaa naam irani kinvadanti arash mein bhee rakhaa gayaa haye (jaisa kii balami dwara varnit haye) usa sthaan key roop mein jahan seey naayak ney iran aur turran key beach seema vivaad key dauran iran kii seema koo chihnit karane key liye apane jadui teer koo maaraa thaa. muhammad takee bahaar kii kavita damavand bhee farsi saahitya mein parvat key mahatva kaa ack achchha udaaharan haye. iss kavita kii pahali kavita mein likhaa haih
"aaee dive-aeye sapid-aeye paye-daar-baind, aaee gonbad-aeye giti, aaee damavand"
 oh safed vishalkay, janjeeron mein pair, oh duniya kaa gumbad, oh damavand.
iran key 10,000 riyal key nott key peechhe mount damavand koo darshaaya gayaa haye.
damavand" shabd kii utpatti aur arth spasht naheen haye, phir bhee kuchh pramukh shodhkartaon ney anuman lagaaya haye kii iska arth shayed "vaha parvat haye jisase dhuaan aur raakh utpann hoti haye", joe pahaad kii jwalamukhiya prakriti kii or ishara kartaa haye.
damavand dou shabdon seey banaa haye-daam + bawand. iska arth caspian bhaashaon mein bawand key karib haye.
bhoovigyaan.
sanrachana aur sanrachana.
uttari iran mein alborz renz key bheetar mount damavand ugataa haye, joe dakshin mein irani pathaar koo uttar mein caspian samudra seey alag kartaa haye. yeh seema arab aur eurasian vivartanik plates key beach takraav key parinamswarup badhati haye. iss tarah kii takkar poorv mein bhaaratiya aur uration plates key beach takkar key samaan haye, jisase himalaya badh rhaa haye aur aamtaur parr jwalamukhi gatividhi naheen paida kartaa haye. isake bavjood, haal key shodh seey pataa chalata haye kii takkar seey paida huaa ack germ kshetra jwalamukhi key badhane kaa kaaran banaa.
jwalamukhi key aspas bhookamp seey bhookamp kii lahar key pattern seey sanket milata haye kii satah key neeche ack magma kaksh maujood haye. ise dou kshetron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye-germ, sambhavatah pighale hue, magma kaa ack aantarik kshetra joe gaharaai key beach hotaa haye joe ghaney thhande magma key kshetra seey ghiraa hotaa haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii kaksh kaa sheersh shikhar key dakshin mein sthit haye, joe gaharaai key saath kuchh hudd taka paschim kii or pravritt haye.
adhikansh jwalamukhi gatividhi shikhar kshetra seey utpann hoti haye. kuchh paarshv dwaaron kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye, lekin yeye shikhar key dakshin-paschim aur uttar-poorv mein oopari dhalanon parr pichhade hue hain. ack dwiteeyak gaddha, jise haaji della kahaa jaataa haye, shikhar key uttar-poorv mein kuchh yuva laava pravaahit hotaa haye.
uttejak gatividhi.
mount damavand kshetra mein jwalamukhi gatividhi pahali baar lagbhag 1.78 laakh saal pahale pleastocene mein hui thee, lekin vartamaan imarat kaa nirmaan lagbhag 600,000 saal pahale shuru huaa thaa.
iska antim visfot holocene mein lagbhag 5300 eesaa poorv huaa thaa. iska seedha shanku raakh seey banaa haye aur laava mukhya roop seey trechite, endesite aur besault key pravaah seey banata haye. adhikansh visfotak gatividhi laava pravaah prateet hoti haye, halanki pahaad seey nikalane vaale jall nikasi mein kuchh chhote pyroclastic pravaah jamaa paae gaye hain. ack badee visfotak ghatana key baare mein pataa chalata haye kii yeh lagbhag 280,000 saal pahale bhadki thee.
chaturthak laava seedhe jurassic talchhat parr hotey hain. jwalamukhi koo sulfuric jamaa key saath ack chhote seey gaddhe seey taaj pahanaaya gayaa haye. aitihaasik visfoton kii kamee key bavjood, mount damavand mein chala rahee taapiya gatividhi seey pataa chalata haye kii jwalamukhi vilupt naheen huaa haye. prati varsh kii darr seey avakraman aur prati varsh kshaitij vistaar 2003 aur 2008 key beach dekhaa gayaa thaa, lekin yeh magmatic gatividhi key parinam key bajaay gurutvaakarshan seey prerit thaa.
taapiya springs.
khanij germ jharane mukhya roop seey jwalamukhi key kinaaron aur aadhar parr sthit hain, joe prithvi kii satah key paas tulanaatmak roop seey jwalamukhiya garmi kaa pramaan dete hain. shikhar key paas aadhar parr aur buggle mein germ jharane aur fumarol jwalamukhi key neeche abhee bhee maujood ack germ yaa thandaa magma shareer kaa sanket dete hain. jwalamukhi key aspas kaa kshetra iran mein sabse adhik ushna sakriya kshetra haye aur paani kii matra aur khanij samagri mein utaar-chadhaav badey kshetriya bhookampon kii kachche purvanuman mein upayogi hain yaa naheen, yeh dekhane key liye jharanon kii nigrani kii jaa rahee haye.
inn germ jharanon mein seey sabse mahatvapurna laar ghaati mein larijan jile mein larijan naam key ack gaanv mein larijan germ jharan haye. maanaa jaataa haye kii iss jharane kaa paani puraane ghaavon aur twacha rogon key upchaar mein upayogi haye aur poore iran mein vitaran key liye botalband haye. inn jharanon key paas saarvajanik upayog key liye chhote pool key saath saarvajanik snan hain.
glacier.
kuchh himnad damavand kii oopari dhalanon parr maujood hain, jinamen seey sabse badaa yakhar himnad haye. antim himnad key dauran, himnad seey dhakaa kshetra bahut badaa thaa aur jalavaayu burf kii rekha vartamaan mein dekhi jaane vaali sthiti seey neeche thee. daman parr himnad key saath-saath kuchh anya alag-thalag sthaan iran mein sthaayi roop seey bahane vaali kuchh nadiyon key srot hain.
shikhar sammelan key liye maarg.
parvatarohiyon key liye ack pramukh basti pahaad key dakshini hisse mein sthit pollar gaanv mein nayaa irani parvat sangh shivir haye.
shikhar sammelan key liye cumm seey cumm 16 gyaat maarg hain, jinamen kathinaaee key vibhinn star hain. unamen seey kuchh khatarnak hain aur unhein burf parr chadhaai kii aavashyakta hoti haye. sabse lokpriya maarg dakshini maarg haye jisamen seedhiyaan hain aur ack shivir haye jise beach mein bargah sevam shivir/aashray kahaa jaataa haye. poorvottar maarg sabse lamba haye aur shikhar taka pahunchane key liye dou dinn lagate hain joe kii nandal key pahaadi gaanv seey shuru hotey hain aur ack raat takat-aeye-feredaun (oonchaai, ack dou manjila aashray) mein rukte hain. paschimi maarg apane suryast key drishya key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. iss maarg mein simuragh (simoragh/simuragh) aashray ack navanirmit dou manjila aashray haye. yahaan ack jamey hue jharane/barfbari (farsi naam abshar yakhi) haye jisaki oonchaai ise iran aur madhya poorv mein sabse adhik girati haye.
vanyajeev.
machhali.
damavand nadiyaan aur dhalaan braun trout ("salmo truta") key liye prasiddh hain.
standhari.
armenian mauflon ("ovis orientalis") aur jangli bakri ("capra agagras") damavand aim. tii. aiss. key kshetra mein rahate hain. farsi tendua ("panthera pardus sexicolor") aur siriyai bhura bhalu ("ursus arctose syriacus") bhee iss kshetra mein rahate hain. chhote standhaariyon mein snow woll ("chionomis nivalis"), choohe jaise hamster ("calomiscus belwardy") aur afghan pica ("okotan ruffacence") shamil hain.
pakshiyon.
aakarshak aur apraapya caspian snocock ("tetrogallus caspius") uchch oonchaai parr rahata haye. iss kshetra mein golden eagle ("aquilla chrysatos") naslon kaa prajanan hotaa haye. griffon giddh ("jipz phulvas") aam hain. chukar teetar ("alectoris chukar") mein patthar aur jhaadiyon key beach ack uchch aabaadi aur ghonsale hain. laal-saamane vaalaa serin ("serinus pucillus"), linnet ("cardualis canabina"), snow finch ("montefringila nivlis"), rock sparro ("petronia petronia"), rock bunting ("emberiza siyaa") aur seeng vaalaa lark ("erimophila alpestris") mool nivasi hain; sardiyon mein way nichali pahaadiyon mein aatey hain. vasant mein uttari wheater ("oenenthe oenanthe"), rock thrush ("monticola sextillis"), aur nightingale ("lasinia meghrinkos") prajanan key liye africa seey aatey hain. gray-neck bunting ("emberiza buchanani"), black-haid bunting ("emberiza melanocephala") aur common rosefinch ("carpodacus erythrenous") bhaarat seey aatey hain.
sarisrip aur ubhayachar.
daldali mendhak ("raanaa ridibunda") laar nadee key kinaaron mein rahate hain. iss pahaadi kshetra key sarisripon mein mido wiper ("vipera ursini"), blunt-nosed wiper ("macrovipera lebetina"), irani valley wiper ("vipera latify") aur coccian agama ("laudakia caucasia") shamil hain.
vanaspati.
damavand kii dakshini dhalaan parr, jangli pista key pedon ("pista atlantica") key avashesh hain. isake nadee kinaaron parr vibhinn prakaar key "salix" pedh paae jaate hain jaise vilo ("salix accomphila") aur olister ("alagnus angustifolia"). yunani juniper ("juniperus axelsa") adhik oonchaai parr aam haye. uttari dhalanon parr, uchch aardrata key kaaran, jangli oak, beach, hornbean aur hazel pedh jaise hainh persian oak ("quercus macrentera"), oriental beach ("fagus orientalis"), purvi hornbeam ("carpinus orientalis"), aur turkeesh hazel ("corrius collerna"). kaee jangli phool bhee hain jaise kii pahaadi tulip ("tulipa montana") aur farsi patthar kaa phool ("athionema grandifluorum"). adhik oonchaai parr, jhaadiyan goal aur kushan jaisi hoti hain, udaaharan hainh "astraglus" prajaati ("astraglus microcephalus"), parvat sanfoin ("onobris cornuta") aur kantedar ("acantholimone erinesium"). vibhinn prakaar kii ghaas iss alpine drishya koo puuraa karati hain.
"iris barnamiya demavendica" (poorv mein "iris demavendica") paaya jaataa haye aur pahaad key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye.
maee key madhya seey juuna key madhya taka kii talhati. iss anoothe prakaar key khaskhas koo, joe 2,000 aur 3,500 meater key beach key kshetron mein ugataa haye, vanaspati vigyaan kii pustakon mein laar khaskhas yaa raaine khaskhas (raineh aur laar damavand kii talhati mein gaanv hain) key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.
rashtriya dharohar sthal.
majandaran saanskritik viraasat aur paryatan vibhaag key ack maanavvigyaani, tuba osanlo ney kahaa haye kii irani parvatarohiyon key ack samooh dwara madhya poorv mein sabse oonchi choti, mount damavand koo rashtriya viraasat sthal key roop mein panjikrit karane kaa prastaav diyaa gayaa haye.
farsi dainik jaam-aeye-jaim ney bataaya kii mazandaran saanskritik viraasat aur paryatan vibhaag ney prastaav koo sweekaar curr liya haye. osanlou ney kahaa kii irani saanskritik viraasat aur paryatan sangathan vartamaan mein mount damavand key baad ack agami pracheen utsav kaa naam badalane kii prakriya mein haye. "unhone kahaa, "hamane tirgan utsav, tawari nauroj, koo damavand rashtriya divas key roop mein naamit karane kaa prastaav rakhaa haye. tirgan utsav majandaran praant mein amol county key rineh kshetra mein aayojit kiya jaataa haye.

