
kanada mein pahale rashtra

pratham rashtra () ack shabd haye jiska upayog kanada mein swadeshi logon kii pehchaan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye joe naa tou inuit hain aur naa hii matties. paaramparik roop seey, kanada mein pahale rashtra way loga they joe vriksh rekha key dakshin mein rahate they, aur mukhya roop seey archtic vritt key dakshin mein rahate they. poore kanada mein 634 maanyata praapt pratham rashtra sarkaaren yaa baind hain. lagbhag aadhe ontario aur british kolambiya praanton mein sthit hain.
charter nyayshastra key tahat, pratham rashtra ack "naamit samooh" hain, jisamen mahilaaen, drishya alpasankhyak aur shaaririk yaa mansik viklang loga shamil hain. kanada key pratham rashtron koo saankhyiki key maandandon dwara ack drishyamaan alpasankhyak key roop mein paribhaashit naheen kiya gayaa haye.
uttari americi mool nivaasiyon kii sanskritiyaan hajaaron varshon taka faili hui hain. unaki kuchh maukhik paramparaaen aitihaasik ghatnaaon kaa sateek varnan karati hain, jaise kii 1700 kaa cascadia bhookamp aur 18veen shatabdi kaa seeks shanku visfot. likhit abhilekh 15veen shatabdi key anta mein khoj key yug key dauran europeeya khojkartaon aur upaniveshvadiyon key aagaman key saath shuru hue. trappers, vyapariyon, khojkartaon aur missionaryon dwara europeeya vivaran praarambhik sampark sanskriti key mahatvapurna pramaan dete hain. isake alawa, puraatatviya aur maanav vigyaan anusandhaan key saath-saath bhashavigyan ney vidvaanon koo pracheen sanskritiyon aur aitihaasik logon kii samajh koo ack saath jodane mein madad kii haye.
shabdawali.
saamoohik roop seey, pratham rashtra, inuit aur mattis (aff. aine. aaee. aim.) loga kanada mein swadeshi loga, america key swadeshi loga, yaa "pratham loga" kaa gathan karate hain. "pratham rashtra" shabd kaa upayog aadhikarik taur parr sarkaar dwara 1980 key dashak mein "bhaaratiya baind" shabd koo badalane key liye kiya gayaa thaa, joe aam sarkaar aur bhasha vaale bhaartiyon key samoohon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. pahale rashtra key logon ney 1970 key dashak key dauran sakriyata key dauran iss shabd seey pehchaan karna shuru curr diyaa thaa, taaki "bhaaratiya" shabd kaa upayog karane seey bachaa jaa sakey, jise kuchh loga aapattijanak maanate they. iss shabd kii koee kanuni paribhasha maujood naheen haye.
kanada mein kuchh swadeshi logon ney apane samudaay key aupchaarik naam mein "baind" shabd koo badalane key liye "pratham rashtra" shabd koo bhee apanaaya haye. ack baind bhaartiyon kaa ack nikaay haye (aeye) jiska upayog aur laabh aam deshon mein hotaa haye... alag curr diye gaye hain, (bee)... dhana rakhaa jaataa haye... yaa (gaga) ghoshit... kanadai mukut dwara "bhaaratiya adhiniyam" key anusaar, key uddeshyon key liye ack baind honah.
bhaaratiya" shabd ack galat naam haye, joe europeeya khojkartaon dwara uttari america key swadeshi logon koo diyaa gayaa haye, jinhone galati seey socha thaa kii way purvi bhaarat mein utare hain. deshi americi" shabd kaa upayog, jise sarkaar aur anya logon ney sanyukt raajya america mein apanaaya haye, kanada mein aam naheen haye. yeh vishesh roop seey sanyukt raajya america kii seemaon key bheetar rahane vaale swadeshi logon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. samanantar shabd "deshi kanadai" kaa upayog aamtaur parr naheen kiya jaataa haye, lekin "deshi" (angreji mein) aur (kanadai french mein; yunani seey, apana, aur, bhoomi) hain. 1763 kii shaahi ghoshana key tahat, jise "bhaaratiya" magna carta "key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, taaj british kshetra mein swadeshi logon koo janjaatiyon yaa rashtron key roop mein sandarbhit kartaa haye. pratham rashtra" shabd koo badey aksharon mein likhaa jaataa haye. baind aur rashtron key arth thode alag hoe sakate hain.
kanada key bheetar, "pratham rashtra" shabd inuit aur mattis key alawa anya swadeshi logon key liye samanya upayog mein aaa gayaa haye. kanada key baahar, yeh shabd swadeshi australiyai, yuu koo sandarbhit curr sakata haye.aiss. prashant uttar-paschim key bheetar janjaatiyon key saath-saath cascadian swatantrata andolan key samarthak. ekvachan, joe aamtaur parr saanskritik roop seey raajneetikrit bhandaron parr upayog kiya jaataa haye, shabd "pratham rashtra vyakti" haye (jaba ling-vishisht, "pratham rashtra purush" yaa "pratham rashtra mahila"). 20veen shatabdi key anta seey, vibhinn deshon key sadasya aksar apani adiwasi yaa rashtriya pehchaan seey hii pehchaan karate hain, jaise.jee., main haida huun", yaa "humm quantlane hain", vishisht pratham rashtron kii maanyata mein.
itihas.
rashtratva.
pahale rashtra key logon ney 500 eesaa poorv-1,000 esvi taka kanada mein vyaapaar maarg sthaapit curr liye they. samudaayon kaa vikas huaa, pratyek kii apani sanskriti, reeti-rivaaj aur charitra thaa. uttar-paschim mein athpascan bhashi loga, gulam, tully ± chh, touchen bhashi loga aur tullingit they. prashant tata key saath haida, simshian, saleesh, quacutal, nuu-chaah-nulth, nisga aur gitkson they. maidani ilaakon mein blackfoot, kainai, sersey aur uttari pegan they. uttari jangalon mein cree aur chipwian they. mahaan jheelon key aspas anishinabe, algonquin, eroquois aur vyandot they. atlantic tata key saath-saath byothuk, malicit, innu, abenaki aur mikmak they.
blackfoot parisangh montana aur kanada key praanton alberta, british kolambiya aur saskatchen key mahaan maidanon mein rahata haye. blackfoot" naam unake chamade key mokasin key neeche key rung yaa rung seey aaya haye. ack vivaran mein daavaa kiya gayaa haye kii blackfoot parisangh prayeri aag kii raakh seey gujarate they, jisane badale mein unake mokasin key tala koo kaalaa curr diyaa. way abb purvi kanada aur poorvottar sanyukt raajya america key kshetra seey badey maidanon (jahaan way baisan jhundon kaa anusaran karate they aur jamun aur khaadya jadon kii kheti karate they) mein pravaas curr gaye they. aitihaasik roop seey, unhone kewal vaidh vyapariyon koo apane kshetra mein pravesh karane kii anumati dee, sandhi tabhi kii jaba 1870 key dashak mein baisan key jhundon koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
poorv-sampark squamish itihas prashant uttar-paschimi tata key squamish swadeshi logon kii maukhik parampara key madhyam seey paarit kiya jaataa haye. upaniveshvaad aur lekhan kii shuruat seey pahale peedhiyon mein kahaaniyon, kaanoon aur gyaan koo prasaarit karane key tareeke key roop mein kewal maukhik parampara thee. 1970 key dashak mein sthaapit lekhan pranali lattin varnamala kaa aadhar key roop mein upayog karati haye. jaankaar bujurgon kii jimmedaari haye kii way aitihaasik gyaan koo agali peedhi taka pahunchaaen. loga hajaaron varshon taka mahaan baadh taka jeevit rahey aur samriddh hue. ack anya kahani mein, baadh key baad, way gibsons mein sthit shanks aur checkwelp key gaanvon seey phir seey basey. jaba paani kii laainen cumm hoe gaeen, tou pahala squamish bunn gayaa. pahale vyakti, jiska naam tsekwanchten thaa, ney gaanv mein apana lamba ghar banaaya, aur baad mein zelalten naam kaa ack aur vyakti, apane lambe ghar kii chhat parr dikhaai diyaa aur nirmaata dwara bheja gayaa, yaa squamish bhasha mein. unhone iss vyakti koo apana bhaai kahaa. inn donon purushon seey hii aabaadi badhane luggy aur squamish unake kshetra mein vaapas fail gayaa.
eroquis prabhaav uttari newyork seey abb dakshini ontario aur aadhunik cubec key montrial kshetra taka faila huaa haye. maukhik parampara seey, eroquis sangh kaa gathan lagbhag 1142 mein huaa thaa. teen bahanon (makka/same/squash) kii kheti mein nipun, eroquis apane sangh key kaaran shaktishali hoe gaye. dheere-dheere algonquians ney krishi prathaon koo apanaaya jisase badee aabaadi koo banaae rakhaa jaa sakey.
asiniboin cree key karibi sahayogi aur vyaparik bhagidar they, joe unake saath gross ventor key khilaf yuddh mein shamil they, aur baad mein blackfoot seey ladate they. ack maidani loga, way uttari suscotchen nadee seey aage uttar mein naheen gaye aur hudson kii bey company seey cree bichauliyon key madhyam seey europeeya vyaapaar saman kaa ack badaa sauda kharida. iss samooh kii jeevan shally ardh-ghumantu thee, aur way germ maheenon key dauran baisan key jhund kaa paalan karate they. way europeeya vyapariyon key saath vyaapaar karate they, aur mandan, hidatsa aur arikar janjaatiyon key saath kaam karate they.
praarambhik maukhik itihas mein, algonquin atlantic tata seey they. anya anicinepec key saath, way montrial key paas "pahale thaharane vaale sthaan" parr pahunche. jabaki anya anicinape logon ney sent taka apani yatra jaari rakhee. laurence nadee, algonquin otawa nadee (оттая отатая) key kinare basey, joe vanijya, saanskritik adaan-pradaan aur parivahan key liye ack mahatvapurna rajmarg haye. haalaanki, ack alag algonquin pehchaan, "teesare thaharaav sthaan" parr anisinapec key vibhajan key baad taka mahsoos naheen kii gaee thee, anumaanit 2,000 saal pahale vartamaan detroit key paas.
unaki parampara key anusaar, aur berch chhaal scroll () mein recording seey, ojibwe (ack algonquine bhashi loga) uttari america key purvi kshetron, yaa kachhua dweep, aur purvi tata key saath seey aae they. way hajaaron varshon taka poore mahadweep mein vyaapak roop seey vyaapaar karate they aur paschim mein dongi maargon aur paschimi tata taka jaane vaale bhoomi maarg key baare mein jaanate they. maukhik itihas key anusaar, logon koo jeevan shally sikhaane key liye saat mahaan (ujjwal/prakashmay) prani logon key saamane prakat hue. saat mahaan praniyon mein seey ack aadhyatmik roop seey bahut shaktishali thaa aur jaba loga isaki upasthiti mein they, taba usane logon koo maar daala. chhah mahaan prani sikhaane key liye baney rahey jabaki ack samudra mein laut aaya. chhah mahaan praniyon ney taba poorv mein logon key liye (kull) sthaapit kiya. inmein seey paanch mool anishinabe (bullhead), (pratidhvani-nirmaata, i.) they.ee., crain), (pintel batakh), (komal, i.ee., bhalu) aur (chhota moos), phir yeye chhah prani bhee samudra mein laut aae. yadi saatvaan banaa rahata, tou yeh thunderbird koo sthaapit curr detaa.
nue-chaah-nalth prashant uttar-paschimi tata key swadeshi logon mein seey ack hain. nuu-chaah-nalth" shabd kaa upayog pandrah alag-alag lekin sambandhit pratham rashtron kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii tlaa-oh-kyu-aahat pratham rashtra, ehteshahat pratham rashtra aur heskiet pratham rashtra jinka paaramparik ghar vancouver dweep key paschimi tata parr haye. sampark seey pahale aur sampark key baad key samay mein, deshon kii sankhya bahut adhik thee, lekin chechak aur sampark key anya parinamon key parinamswarup samooh gayab hoe gaye, aur anya padosi samoohon mein avashoshit hoe gaye. nuu-chaah-nalth kwakwak 'vaak, haisla aur ditidaaht key sambandh hain. nuu-chaah-nulth bhasha vakashan bhasha samooh kaa hissa haye.
1999 mein kwade daan tsinchi key shareer kii khoj ney puraatatvidon koo vyaapak europeeya sampark seey pahale swadeshi adiwasi jeevan parr mahatvapurna jaankaari pradaan kii. kwade daan tsinchi (jiska arth haye dakshini touchen mein "bahut pahale paaya gayaa vyakti"), yaa "kanadai burf kaa aadami", ack praakritik roop seey mamikrit shareer haye joe british kolambiya mein tatshenshini-alsek praantiya udyaan mein shikariyon kaa ack samooh paaya jaataa haye. shareer key saath paaee gaee kalakritiyon kii radio carbon detting ney khoj kii ayu koo 1450 esvi aur 1700 esvi key beach rakhaa. aanuvanshik pareekshan seey pataa chalaa kii vaha shampen aur aayshik pratham rashtron key sadasya they.
europeeya sampark.
kanada mein adiwasi logon ney 1000 esvi taka europeeya logon key saath baatchit kii, lekin lambe samay taka sampark 17veen aur 18veen shatabdi mein europeeya logon dwara sthaayi bastiyon kii sthaapana key baad hii aaya. europeeya likhit vivaranon mein pahale deshon kii or seey mitrata kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye, joe europeeya logon key saath vyaapaar mein laabh uthaate they. iss tarah key vyaapaar ney eroquis parisangh jaisi adhik sangathit raajneetik sansthaon koo majboot kiya. 15veen shatabdi key anta mein adiwasi aabaadi 200,000 seey 20 laakh key beach honey kaa anuman haye. europeeya upanivesh kaa prabhaav 40 seey 80 pratishat adiwasi aabaadi mein sampark key baad kamee thee. isake liye vibhinn karakon koo jimmedaar thaharaaya jaataa haye, jinamen europeeya sankraamak rogon jaise influenzae, khasra aur chechak (jisake liye unhone pratiraksha vikasit naheen kii thee), farr vyaapaar parr antar-rashtra sangharsh, aupaniveshik adhikaariyon aur basane vaalon key saath sangharsh aur bhoomi kaa nuksan aur baad mein rashtra kii aatm-nirbharta kaa nuksan shamil haye. udaaharan key liye, 1630 key dashak key anta mein, chechak ney aadhe seey adhik heuron koo maar daala, joe kanada mein adhikansh praarambhik farr vyaapaar koo niyantrit kartaa thaa. 10, 000 seey cumm logon taka cumm, huron vendate parr unake paaramparik dushmanon, eroquois dwara hamla kiya gayaa thaa. samudri ilaakon mein, bethuk poori tarah seey gayab hoe gayaa.
christopher columbus seey pahale pahale logon aur anya mahadweepon key logon key beach sampark kii khabaren hain.
yahaan taka kii columbus key samay mein bhee bahut atkalen lagaai jaa rahee theen kii anya europeeya logon ney pracheen yaa samkaaleen samay mein yatra kii thee; gonzalo fernandez dee ovido vaaee waldes ney 1526 key apane "samanya vaaee praakritik itihas dee laas indias" mein inke vivaran darj kiye hain, jisamen columbus parr jeevani sambandhi jaankaari shamil haye. mool nivaasiyon key pahale sampark kii avadhi achchi tarah seey paribhaashit naheen haye. sampark key sabse shuruati vivaran 10veen shatabdi key anta mein, bethuk aur norseman key beach hue. icelanders kii gaathaon key anusaar, abb kanada koo dekhane vaalaa pahala europeeya journey herzolfson thaa, jise 985 yaa 986 esvi kii garmiyon mein iceland seey greenland jaate samay raaste mein udaa diyaa gayaa thaa. pahale europeeya khojkarta aur abb kanada key basane vaale loga aajeevika banaae rakhane key liye sansadhanon aur vyaapaar key liye pahale rashtra key logon parr nirbhar they. baatchit key pahale likhit vivaran mukhya roop seey puraane vishva purvagrah koo darshaate hain, jisamen swadeshi logon koo "jangli" key roop mein label kiya gayaa haye, halanki swadeshi loga sangathit aur aatmanirbhar they. sampark key shuruati dinon mein, pahale rashtron aur inuit aabaadi ney europeeya logon kaa swaagat kiya, unhein bhoomi seey baahar rahane mein sahaayata kii aur apani vibhinn ladaaiyon mein francisi aur angrejon key saath senaa mein shamil hue. yeh taba taka naheen thaa jaba taka kii britten aur france kii aupaniveshik aur shaahi senaaon ney pramukh bastiyaan sthaapit naheen keen aur abb pahale rashtra key logon kii madad kii aavashyakta naheen thee, sandhiyon koo todana shuru curr diyaa aur unhein bhoomi seey baahar karane key liye majboor kiya kii donon samoohon key beach dushmani badhee.
16veen-18veen shatabdi.
purtagaali taaj ney daavaa kiya kii cabot dwara dekhe gaye kshetra mein usake kshetriya adhikaar they. 1493 mein pope alekjendar VI ney-antarrashtriya adhikaar kshetra grahan karate hue-america mein khoji gaee bhoomi koo spen aur purtagaal key beach vibhajit curr diyaa thaa. agale varsh, tordesillas kii sandhi mein, inn donon raajyon ney cape verde dweepon key paschim mein uttar-dakshin, 370 leag (lagbhag upayog kii gaee leag key aadhar parr) koo vibhajit karane kaa nirnay liya. paschim kii bhoomi spanish hogi, poorv mein purtagaali. usa samay key anishchit bhugol koo dekhate hue, aisaa lagata thaa kii yeh purtagaal koo "nayaa found dweep" detaa haye. 1502 key cantino maanchitra parr, newfoundland rekha key purtagaali paksh mein dikhaai detaa haye (jaisa kii brazil kartaa haye). ack abhiyaan mein lagbhag 60 adiwasi logon koo gulamon key roop mein pakada gayaa, jinake baare mein kahaa jaataa thaa kii way "rung, visheshtaon, qada aur pahalu mein jipsey key samaan hotey hain; vibhinn jaanvaron kii khaal mein pahane hue hotey hain...way bahut sharmile aur komal hotey hain, lekin baahon aur pairon aur kandhon mein varnan seey parey achchi tarah seey baney hotey hain..."kuchh bandee, jinhen gasper courte-real dwara bheja gayaa thaa, purtagaal pahunch gaye. anya loga vaapsee kii yatra mein gasper key saath doob gaye. gasper kaa bhaai, miguel courte-real, 1502 mein usaki talash mein gayaa, lekin vaha bhee vaapas naheen aaya.
1604 mein france key raajaa heinry chaturth ney piyare dugua, seor dee mons koo farr-vyaapaar kaa ekadhikar pradaan kiya. dugua ney sent key muhaane key paas sthit ack dweep parr apane pahale upanivesheekaran abhiyaan kaa netritva kiya. crocks nadee. unake bhoogolvetta saimuel dee champlain ney turant uttarpurvi tatrekha kii ack badee khoj kii joe abb sanyukt raajya america haye. saimuel dee champlain key tahat, sant crokes basti port royal (aaj kaa anapolis royal, nova skotia) mein sthanantarit hoe gaee, joe fundy kii khaadi key paar ack nayaa sthal haye, joe anapolis besin key tata parr haye, joe paschimi nova skotia mein ack pravesh dwaar haye. acadia usa samay taka france kii sabse safal coloney bunn gaee. 1607 mein dugua key farr ekadhikar key radd honey seey bandargah shaahi samjhauta samaapt hoe gayaa. champlain ney pahale rashtron koo sent key saath basane kii anumati dene key liye raaji kiya. laurence, jahan 1608 mein unhone cubec shahar mein kanada mein france kii pahali sthaayi coloney kii sthaapana kii. 1713 taka lagbhag 5,000 kii aabaadi taka pahunchate hue, shikshaavidon kii coloney dheere-dheere badhee. nae france mein code-machhali tateey samudaay they, aur krishi arthvyavasthaon ney sent key saath samudaayon kaa samarthan kiya. laurence nadee. francisi "naavikon" ney bheetari ilaakon (joe aaj cubec, ontario aur manitoba haye, saath hii joe abb americi madhya paschim aur mississippi ghaati haye) mein gaharaai seey yatra kii, jaise-jaise way jaate they pahale deshon key saath vyaapaar karate they-bandooken, barud, kapada, chaku aur beaver farr key liye ketals. farr key vyaapaar ney france key videshi upaniveshon mein ruchi koo jeevit rakhaa, phir bhee kewal ack chhoti aupaniveshik aabaadi koo protsaahit kiya, kyonki nyuntam shram kii aavashyakta thee. vyaapaar ney krishi key vikas koo bhee hatotsaahit kiya, joe naee duniya mein ack upanivesh kii nishchit neenv thee.
david ell key anusaar. preston, champlain key saath francisi upanivesh key baad francisi aabaadi vaale sent mein basane mein saksham they. laurence ghaati, kissy bhee bhaaratiya rashtra kii bhoomi parr seedhe ghuspaith naheen karati haye. yeh bhaugolik aur jansankhyikiya tathya british upaniveshon key itihas key ack ullekhaniya vipareet prastut kartaa haih badee sankhya mein nyu ingland, newyork, pensylvania, virginia aur carolina mein aaney vaale pravasiyon ney apane tatkaal bhaaratiya padosiyon key saath bhoomi parr vinashkari yuddhon koo protsaahit kiya...nae france mein basti key swaroop ney bhee athak aur vinashkari vistaar aur bhoomi-kabze kii tarah koo cumm curr diyaa jisane kaee british upaniveshon koo peedit kiya."
matties.
matties (francisi "mattis"-"mishrit" seey) 17veen, 18veen aur 19veen shatabdi mein cree, ojibwe, algonquin, soltox, menomini aur anya pratham rashtron aur europeeya, mukhya roop seey francisi key beach sangh key vanshaj hain. matties aitihaasik roop seey francisi farr vyapariyon aur nahiya mahilaaon yaa angreji yaa scotish vyapariyon aur uttari daine mahilaaon (anglo-mattis) key sanghon key bachche they. matties yaa tou matties french bolate they yaa phir bhee ack mishrit bhasha bolate hain jise michif kahaa jaataa haye. "michif," "matchiff" "yaa" "matchiff" "matiff key mattis uchchaaran kii ack dhvanyaatmak vartani haye, joe" "mattis" "kaa ack sanskaran haye. matties mukhya roop seey angreji bolate hain, french ack majboot doosari bhasha key saath-saath kaee adiwasi bhaashaaen bhee bolate hain. matties french koo kanada, sanyukt raajya america mein michif mein sabse achchha sanrakshit kiya gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey uttari dakota key kachhue parvat bhaaratiya aarakshan mein, jahaan michif iss chippeva aarakshan parr rahane vaale mattis kii aadhikarik bhasha haye. cumm seey cumm ack peedhi kii bhaari girawat key baad paanch praantiya matties parishadon key bheetar pahunch key kaaran mattis french aur michif kaa protsaahan aur upayog badh rhaa haye. kanada key bhaaratiya aur uttari mamalon mein mattis koo mishrit pratham rashtra aur europeeya vansh key vyaktiyon key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye.
aupaniveshik yuddh.
francisi key saath gathbandhan karate hue, wabanaki sangh key pratham rashtron ney angrejon aur unake mool sahyogiyon key khilaf chhah aupaniveshik yuddh ladey (francisi aur bhaaratiya yuddh, pitaa rele kaa yuddh aur pitaa leey lautrey kaa yuddh dekhein). dwiteeya yuddh mein, raani annie key yuddh mein, angrejon ney acadia (1710) parr vijay praapt kii. france aur grate britten (1754-1763) key rashtron key beach chhathe aur antim aupaniveshik yuddh key parinamswarup francisi apane daavon koo chhod dete they aur angrejon ney kanada (nae france) kii bhoomi parr daavaa kiya.
iss antim yuddh mein, franco-indian gathbandhan ney mahaan jheelon aur ilinois desh parr kendrit amerikiyon, pratham rashtron aur francisi koo ack saath laaya. gathbandhan mein ack taraf francisi basane vaale shamil they, aur doosari taraf abenaki, odawa, menomini, hoe-chunk (vinnebago), mississaugas, ilinivek, huron-petun, potavatomi aadi they. europeeya shaktiyon key beach khule sangharsh key shuru honey seey pahale isane francisi aur bhaartiyon koo madhya-ohiyo ghaati mein ack panaahgaah banaane kii anumati dee.
1763 kii shaahi ghoshana mein, angrejon ney swadeshi aabaadi key sandhi adhikaaron koo maanyata dee aur kewal una kshetron koo basaane kaa sankalp liya joe swadeshi logon seey kanuni roop seey khareede gaye they. kaee mamalon mein sandhiyaan aur bhoomi khareed angrejon dwara kii gaee thee, lekin kaee swadeshi deshon kii bhoomi aprakaashit aur/yaa ansuljhi bunny hui haye.
gulami.
pratham rashtra niyamit roop seey padosi janjaatiyon key daason koo pakadate they. sootron kaa kahana haye kii jinn paristhitiyon mein pahale rashtra key gulam rahate they, way kroor hoe sakate hain, jisamen makaah janjaati sajaa key roop mein bhookh seey maut kaa abhyaas karati haye aur prashant tata kii janjaatiyaan niyamit roop seey 1800 key dashak key madhya mein samajik samarohon key hisse key roop mein daason kii dhaarmik hatyaaen karati hain. machhali pakadane vaale samajon kii gulam-swaamitva vaali janjaatiyaan, jaise kii eurok aur haida, abb alaska seey california taka tata key saath rahati theen. prashant uttar-paschimi tata key ugra yoddha swadeshi daas-vyapariyon ney california taka dakshin mein hamla kiya. gulami vanshaanugat thee, daason aur unake vanshajon koo yuddh key kaidi maanaa jaataa thaa. british kolambiya mein kuchh janjaatiyon ney 1970 key dashak key anta taka daason key vanshajon koo alag karna aur bahishkrit karna jaari rakhaa. prashant uttar-paschimi janjaatiyon mein lagbhag ack chauthai aabaadi gulam thee.
nae france key nagrikon koo pratham rashtra key logon key beach apane sahyogiyon seey upahaar key roop mein gulam praapt hue. gulam lomdi rashtra key gaanvon key khilaf chhaape mein liye gaye kaidi they, ack janjaati joe miyami logon aur unake algonquian sahyogiyon kii ack pracheen pratidvandi thee.
deshi (yaa "paani", joe kii ack kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa-kaalaa ausat mool daas kii mrityu 18 varsh kii ayu mein hui, aur ausat african daas kii mrityu 25 varsh kii ayu mein hui (ausat europeeya 35 varsh kii ayu taka jeevit rahane kii ummeed curr sakata haye). 1790 taka kanada mein unmoolan andolan jore pakad rhaa thaa aur gulami key burey iraade kaa pramaan ack ghatana seey milata haye jisamen ack gulam mahila koo sanyukt raajya america mein beche jaane key raaste mein usake gulam malik dwara hinsak roop seey durvyavahar kiya gayaa thaa. 1793 key gulami key khilaf adhiniyam ney gulami key kramik unmoolan koo kaanoon banaayah kissy bhee gulam koo ayaat naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa; praant mein pahale seey hii gulam mrityu taka gulam baney rahenge, kissy bhee nae gulam koo oopari kanada mein naheen laaya jaa sakata thaa, aur mahila daason seey paida hue bachche gulam honge lekin 25 saal kii umr mein unhein riha kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yeh adhiniyam 1833 taka lagu rhaa jaba british sansad key gulami unmoolan adhiniyam ney antatah british samrajya key sabhi hisson mein gulami koo samaapt curr diyaa. itihaaskaar marcel trudel ney poore kanadai itihas mein 4,092 darj daason kaa dastavejikaran kiya haye, jinamen seey 2,692 adiwasi loga they, joe francisi key swaamitva mein they, aur 1,400 ashwet joe angrejon key swaamitva mein they, joe kull milakar lagbhag 1,400 maalikon key swaamitva mein they. trudel ney yeh bhee ullekh kiya kii francisi upaniveshvadiyon aur adiwasi daason key beach 31 vivaah hue they.
1775-1815.
british agents ney pahale rashtron koo angrejon kaa sainya sahayogi banaane key liye kaam kiya, aapoorti, hathiyar aur protsaahan pradaan kiya. americi krantikari yuddh (1775-1783) key dauran adhikansh janjaatiyon ney angrejon kaa samarthan kiya. 1779 mein, amerikiyon ney newyork raajya mein eroquois key gaanvon koo jalaane key liye ack abhiyaan shuru kiya. sharanarthi niyagra kille aur anya british chaukiyon mein bhaag gaye, jinamen seey kuchh kanada mein sthaayi roop seey reh gaye. haalaanki angrejon ney 1783 mein peris kii sandhi mein puraane uttar-paschim koo sanyukt raajya america koo saunp diyaa, lekin isane 1795 taka iss kshetra mein kilebandi aur vyaparik chaukiyon koo rakhaa. angrejon ney taba americi kshetra koo khaali curr diyaa, lekin british kshetra mein vyaparik chaukiyon kaa sanchaalan kiya, joe ohiyo, indiana, mishigan, ilinois aur wisconsin jaise kshetron mein americi vistaar kaa virodh curr rahee janjaatiyon koo hathiyar aur protsaahan pradaan curr rahey they. aadhikarik taur parr, british agents ney americi bastiyon parr kissy bhee yuddh jaisi gatividhiyon yaa chhaapon koo hatotsaahit kiya, lekin americi teji seey krodhit hoe gaye, aur yeh 1812 key yuddh key karanon mein seey ack bunn gayaa.
yuddh mein, pratham rashtron key adhikansh ney angrejon kaa samarthan kiya, aur kaee ney tekamseh key tatvavdhan mein ladaai ladee. lekin 1813 mein yuddh mein tekamseh kii mrityu hoe gaee aur bhaaratiya gathbandhan dhwast hoe gayaa. angrej lambe samay seey americi puraane uttar-paschim mein ack tatasth bhaaratiya raajya banaane kii ichcha rakhate they, aur unhone 1814 mein ghent mein shaanti vaarta mein yeh maang kii thee. amerikiyon ney iss vichaar koo aswikar curr diyaa, angrejon ney ise chhod diyaa aur britten key bhaaratiya sahyogiyon ney british samarthan khou diyaa. isake alawa, bhaaratiya abb americi kshetra mein farr ikattha karane mein saksham naheen they. apane shaktishali praayojak dwara parityakt, mahaan jheel-kshetra key mool nivasi antatah americi samaaj mein aatmasaat hoe gaye, paschim yaa kanada mein pravaas curr gaye, yaa mishigan aur wisconsin mein aarakshan parr sthanantarit curr diye gaye. itihaskaron ney sarvasammati seey sahamati vyakt kii haye kii 1812 key yuddh mein bhaaratiya sabse adhik haare they.
19veen shatabdi.
prayeri kshetron mein swadeshi logon key rahane kii sthiti teji seey bigad gaee. 1875 aur 1885 key beach, europeeya mool key basane vaalon aur shikariyon ney lagbhag vilupt honey vaale uttari americi baisan kaa shikaar karane mein yogdan diyaa; kanadai prashant railway key nirmaan ney badee sankhya mein europeeya basane vaalon koo paschim mein laaya jinhone swadeshi kshetra parr atikraman kiya. europeeya kanadai logon ney swadeshi prathaon seey alag neenv key saath sarkaaron, pulis balon aur adalaton kii sthaapana kii. vibhinn mahamariyon ney swadeshi samudaayon koo tabah karna jaari rakhaa. inn sabhi karakon kaa swadeshi logon parr gahara prabhaav padaa, vishesh roop seey maidani ilaakon key loga joe bhojan aur kapadon key liye baisan parr bahut adhik nirbhar they. una deshon mein seey adhikansh joe sandhiyon parr sahmat hue they, unhone bhojan kii guaranti aur kheti shuru karane mein madad key liye baatchit kii thee. jaise hii baisan gayab hoe gayaa (aakhiri kanadai shikaar 1879 mein thaa), leftinent-governor edger devni ney sarkari laagat koo cumm karane key prayaas mein swadeshi logon koo raashan mein katauti kii. 1880 aur 1885 key beach, uttar-paschimi kshetra/uttar-paschimi kshetron mein lagbhag 3,000 swadeshi loga bhookh seey marr gaye.
sandhiyon kii avadhaaranaon seey naraj hocker, cree pramukhon ney unakaa virodh kiya. badey bhalu ney sandhi 6 parr hastakshar karane seey incar curr diyaa jaba taka kii 1882 mein unake logon key beach bhookh ney unakaa haath majboor naheen curr diyaa. swadeshi rashtron koo ekjut karane key unake prayason ney pragati kii. 1884 mein mattis (anglo-mattis sahit) ney luis reel koo sanyukt raajya america seey lautane key liye kahaa, jahaan vaha laal nadee key vidroh key baad bhaag gayaa thaa, taaki unaki or seey sarkaar seey appeal kii jaa sakey. sarkaar ney aspasht pratikriya dee. march 1885 mein, reel, gabriel dumont, onar jackson (aeye.key.aeye. will jackson), blackfoot first nation key pramukh aur mukhya poundmaker, joe 1876 kii sandhi 6 kii baatchit key baad apana baind banaane key liye alag hoe gaye. unhone milkar saskatchevan kii asthaayi sarkaar kii sthaapana kii, yeh maanate hue kii way sanghiya sarkaar koo usee tarah prabhaavit curr sakate hain jaise 1869 mein kiya thaa. 1885 kaa uttar-paschim vidroh kanada key prabhutva key khilaf luis reel key tahat saskatchevan jile key mattis logon dwara ack sankshipt aur asafal vidroh thaa, joe unakaa maanana thaa kii apane logon key astitva key liye unaki chintaon koo door karane mein whiffle rhaa thaa. 1884 mein, bhandar seey 2,000 cree ack badey, ekjut pratirodh mein sangathit karane key liye battleford key paas mille. sarkari pratikriya kii kamee seey hatotsaahit lekin sashastr vidroh mein mattis key prayason seey protsaahit, bhatakate hue aatma aur anya yuva ugravaadi cree ney mendhak jheel key chhote seey shahar parr hamla kiya, jisamen nafrat karane vaale bhaaratiya agent thomas quin aur aathh anya maare gaye. halanki badey bhalu ney sakriya roop seey hamalon kaa virodh kiya, lekin una parr aarop lagaaya gayaa aur deshdroh kaa mukadama chalaaya gayaa aur unhein teen saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee. 1869-1870 key laal nadee vidroh key baad, mattis manitoba seey saskatchewan jile mein chaley gaye, jahan unhone dakshin saskatchewan nadee parr batoche mein ack basti kii sthaapana kii. 
manitoba mein ontario seey basane vaale aaney lagey. unhone ack nadee seey vaapas aaney vaali pattiyon kii seagnurial pranali key bajaay angreji kanada kii varg riyayat pranali mein bhoomi aavantit karane key liye jore diyaa, jisase mattis apani francisi-kanadai sanskriti seey parichit they. hudson kii bey company aur anya shikariyon dwara bhainson kaa shikaar vilupt honey key liye kiya jaa rhaa thaa, kyonki peedhiyon seey matties bhojan key mukhya srot key roop mein una parr nirbhar they.
upanivesh aur ekikaran.
upanivesh kaa itihas jatil haye, samay aur sthaan key anusaar bhinn haye. france aur britten mukhya aupaniveshik shaktiyaan theen, haalaanki sanyukt raajya america ney bhee swadeshi logon kii keemat parr apane kshetra kaa vistaar karna shuru curr diyaa.
18veen shatabdi key anta seey, europeeya kanadai logon ney pahale rashtron koo europeeya-adharit sanskriti mein aatmasaat karane key liye protsaahit kiya, jise "kanadai sanskriti" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh dhaarana thee kii yeh "sahee" sanskriti thee kyonki europeeya mool key kanadai khud koo pramukh, aur takniki, raajneetik aur saanskritik roop seey shreshth key roop mein dekhate they. iss ekikaran key khilaf pratirodh thaa aur kaee vyavsaayon ney europeeya prathaon koo aswikar curr diyaa. udaaharan key liye, torrento kaa tekamseh vigwam vyaapak roop seey prachalit lords day paalan kaa paalan naheen kartaa thaa, jisase yeh vishesh roop seey ravivaar koo ack lokpriya sthaan bunn gayaa. yeye prayaas 19veen shatabdi key anta aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein charmotkarsh parr pahunche.
19veen shatabdi mein sthaapit, kanadai bhaaratiya aavaasiya vidyalaya pranali kaa uddeshya adiwasi aur pratham rashtron key logon koo europeeya-kanadai samaaj mein shamil karna thaa. tippankaron ney bachchon koo unake parivaaron seey alag karane vaale schools key uddeshya koo "bachche mein bhaaratiya kii hatyaa" key roop mein varnit kiya haye."
sanghiya sarkaar kii ack shakha, bhaaratiya aur uttari mamalon key kanada dwara "bhaaratiya adhiniyam" key tahat vitt poshit, school vibhinn sampradayon key churchon dwara chalaae jaate they-lagbhag 60 pratishat roman catholic dwara, aur 30 pratishat kanada key anglican church aur united church off kanada dwara, isake poorvavarti, presbyterian, mandaliwadi aur paddhativaadi churchon key saath.
aatmasaat karane key prayaas mein bachchon koo unaki apani bhasha bolane yaa apane dharmon kaa paalan karane key liye dandit karna shamil thaa, jisase 20veen shatabdi mein saanskritik narsamhar aur jaatiya narsamhar key aarop lagey. vyaapak roop seey shaaririk aur yaun shoshan huaa. bheedbhaad, kharaab swachchata aur chikitsa dekhbhal kii kamee key kaaran tapedik kii uchch darr aur 69 pratishat taka kii mrityu darr hui. 20veen shatabdi mein chhatron key saath durvyavahar kaa vivaran kaee baar prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin 1960 key dashak mein schools key bund honey key baad, swadeshi kaaryakartaon aur itihaskaron key kaam ney aavaasiya vidyalaya pranali key baare mein saarvajanik dhaarana mein badalaav laaya, saath hii aadhikarik sarkaar kii maafi aur ack (vivadaspad) kanuni samjhauta.
upaniveshvaad kaa pratham rashtra key aahar aur swaasthya parr mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa. itihaaskaar mairi-elen kelm key anusaar, "aparyaapt aarakshit aavantan, khaadya matsya paalan parr pratibandh, adhik shikaar aur adhik-fansaane" ney pahale rashtron koo unake paaramparik jeevan shally seey alag curr diyaa, jisase unake shaaririk, mansik, bhaavnaatmak aur aadhyatmik swaasthya koo nuksan pahuncha.
20veen sadee.
jaise-jaise 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein kanada key pragati key vichaar vikasit hue, sanghiya bhaaratiya neeti swadeshi logon koo unaki sampradayik bhoomi seey hataane aur ekikaran koo protsaahit karane key liye nirdeshit kii gaee thee. 1905 aur 1911 mein "bhaaratiya adhiniyam" mein sanshodhanon ney sarkaar key liye pratham rashtron seey aarakshit bhoomi koo jabt karna aasaan banaa diyaa. sarkaar ney alberta mein blackfoot reserve kaa lagbhag aadhaa hissa basane vaalon koo betch diyaa.
jaba 1916 aur 1917 mein kainai (rakt) rashtra ney apani bhoomi kii bikri koo sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa, tou bhaaratiya mamalon key vibhaag ney kheti key liye aavashyak dhana koo taba taka roque diyaa jaba taka kii way peechhe naheen hutt gaye. british kolambiya mein, praant mein aarakshit bhoomi parr vivaadon koo nipataane key liye 1912 mein mackena-mcbride shaahi aayog kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. mool nivaasiyon key daavon koo nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa aur aayog ney pahale rashtron key liye naee, cumm moolyavaan bhoomi (bhandar) aavantit kii.
way rashtra joe achchi bhoomi parr apana swaamitva banaae rakhane mein kamyab rahey, aksar safaltapurvak kheti karate they. kauichan aur fraser nadiyon key paas rahane vaale swadeshi loga aur saskatchevan key loga achchi fasal kaa utpaadan karane mein kamyab rahey. 1881 seey, prairi praanton mein rahane vaale una pahale deshon key logon koo apani kissy bhee upaj koo bechane key liye bhaaratiya agents seey anumati kii aavashyakta thee. baad mein sarkaar ney puraane uttar-paschim kshetron mein ack paas pranali banaai, jisake liye mool nivaasiyon koo kissy bhee samay key liye apane bhandar chhodane seey pahale bhaaratiya agent seey likhit anumati lenny padati thee. swadeshi loga niyamit roop seey una kaanoonon kii avahelana karate they, saath hii apani sanskriti kaa abhyaas karane key prayaas mein soorya nritya aur potlatch parr pratibandh lagaate they.
praakritik sansaadhan adhiniyam swadeshi adhikaaron koo sweekaar karane vaale badalaav kaa hissa thaa. isane crown laind parr praantiya niyantran koo saksham banaaya aur khel koo viniyamit karane vaale praantiya kaanoonon koo bhaartiyon parr lagu honey kii anumati dee, lekin isane yeh bhee sunishchit kiya kii "bhaartiyon koo adhikaar hoga... sabhi khaali crown laind parr aur kissy bhee anya bhoomi parr jahan ukt bhaartiyon koo pahunch kaa adhikaar hoe, varsh key sabhi mausamon mein shikaar, trapping aur machhali pakadane kaa khel aur bhojan key liye machhali pakadana."
pratham aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh.
pratham vishva yuddh aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran 6,000 seey adhik pratham rashtron, inuit aur mattis ney british senaa key saath seva kii. yuva mool nivaasiyon kii ack peedhi ney mahaan yuddh key dauran europe key yuddh key maidanon mein ladaai ladee aur unamen seey lagbhag 300 vahaan maare gaye. jaba kanada ney 10 sitambar, 1939 koo germany key khilaf yuddh kii ghoshana kii, tou mool samudaay ney swayamsevakon koo turant jawab diyaa. chaar saal baad, maee 1943 mein, sarkaar ney ghoshana kii kii british praja key roop mein, sainya ayu key sabhi saksham bhaaratiya purushon koo kanada yaa videshon mein prashikshan aur seva key liye bulaaya jaa sakata haye.
20veen shatabdi key anta mein.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii samaapti key baad, kanada mein pratham rashtron seey sambandhit kaanoon dheere-dheere badalane lagey. potlatch aur soorya nritya samarohon kaa sanghiya nishedh 1951 mein samaapt hoe gayaa. praantiya sarkaaron ney swadeshi logon key matdan key adhikaar koo sweekaar karna shuru curr diyaa. juuna 1956 mein, "nagrikta adhiniyam" kii dhaara 9 mein sanshodhan kiya gayaa thaa taaki purvavyaapi roop seey janwari 1947 taka bhaaratiya aur inuit kaa darja dene vaalon koo aupchaarik nagrikta dee jaa sakey.
1960 mein, pratham rashtra key logon koo apana bhaaratiya darja khoye binaa sanghiya chunaavon mein matdan karane kaa adhikaar milaa. tulanaa mein, sanyukt raajya america mein mool amerikiyon koo 1920 key dashak seey matdan karane kii anumati dee gaee thee.
1969 shwet patra.
1969 key apane shwet patra mein, tatkalin bhaaratiya mamalon key mantri, jeane cratiane ney kanada key "bhaaratiya adhiniyam" koo samaapt karane, adiwasi bhoomi key daavon koo aswikar karane aur pahale rashtra key logon koo kanada kii aabaadi mein ack alag samooh key bajaay "anya jaatiya alpsankhyakon" key darje key saath shamil karane kaa prastaav rakhaa.
harrold cardinal aur alberta key bhaaratiya pramukhon ney "nagrik plus" naamak ack dastaavez key saath jawab diyaa, lekin aamtaur parr ise "redd pepper" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. isamen, unhone cratiane key prastaav key liye bhaartiyon key vyaapak virodh kii sthiti key baare mein bataaya. pradhaan mantri piyare trudeau aur udaarvaadi 1969 key shwet patra seey peechhe hatane lagey, vishesh roop seey 1973 mein calder mamle key nirnay key baad. kanadai sarvocch nyayalaya dwara yeh maanyata dene key baad kii swadeshi adhikaaron aur sandhi adhikaaron koo samaapt naheen kiya gayaa thaa, bhoomi key daavon aur sandhi adhikaaron koo hull karane key liye ack prakriya shuru kii gaee thee aur aaj bhee jaari haye.
swaasthya hastaantaran neeti.
1970 mein, gambhir paaraa vishaaktata, jise ontario minamata roga kahaa jaataa haye, kii khoj asupischosiwagong pratham rashtra aur swatantra rashtron key logon key beach kii gaee thee, joe dryden, ontario key paas rahate they. wabigoon-angreji nadee pranali mein sookhe rasayan company key apashisht jall pravaah key kaaran paaraa pradooshan vyaapak thaa. kyonki sthaaniya machhaliyan abb khaane key liye surakshit naheen theen, ontario praantiya sarkaar ney pratham rashtra key logon dwara sanchaalit vaanijyik matsya paalan koo bund curr diyaa aur unhein sthaaniya machhaliyan khaana bund karane kaa adesh diyaa. isase pahale yeh unake aahar kaa adhikansh hissa thaa. uttar-paschimi ontario mein teevra paaraa vishaaktata key alawa, ontario key sarnia key paas amjivnang pratham rashtra key logon ney gambhir paaraa vishaaktata sahit rasayanik prabhaavon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala kaa anubhav kiya. unhein cumm janm darr, janm-ling anupaat mein tirchha aur aabaadi key beach swaasthya prabhaavon kaa saamana karna padaa. isake parinamswarup kaanoon aur antatah bhaaratiya swaasthya hastaantaran neeti bunny jisane pratham rashtra key logon dwara swaasthya sevaaon key niyantran kii dhaarana key liye ack ruprekha pradaan kii, aur swaasthya mein aatm-nirdhaaran kii avadharana parr kendrit hastaantaran key liye ack vikasatmak drishtikon nirdhaarit kiya. iss prakriya key madhyam seey, swaasthya kanada key saath sthanantaran charcha mein pravesh karane kaa nirnay pratyek samudaay key saath haye. ack baar sthanantaran mein shamil honey key baad, samudaay apani vyaktigat paristhitiyon aur swaasthya prabandhan kshamataon dwara nirdhaarit gati seey swaasthya karyakram kii jimmedariyon koo niyantrit karane mein saksham hotey hain.
swaasthya hastaantaran key parinamswarup pratham rashtron dwara vikasit kshamata, anubhav aur sambandh ack aisaa kaarak thaa jisane british kolambiya mein pratham rashtra swaasthya pradhikaran key nirmaan mein sahaayata kii.
elijah harper aur meach jheel samjhauta.
1981 mein, laal choosane vaali jheel, manitoba kii ack nadee, elija harper, manitoba mein pahali "sandhi bhaaratiya" bunn gaee jise manitoba kii vidhaan sabhaa key sadasya key roop mein chunaa gayaa. 1990 mein, harper ney ack eagle pankh pakadkar rashtriya prasiddhi hassil kii kyonki unhone meak jheel samjhaute koo sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa, ack samvaidhaanik sanshodhan package joe cubec dwara "samvidhaan adhiniyam, 1982" kii sweekriti praapt karane key liye baatchit kii gaee thee, lekin yeh bhee kii kissy bhee pratham rashtra kii shikayaton koo sambodhit naheen kartaa thaa. kanada key adiwasi logon key input key binaa 1987 mein samjhaute parr baatchit kii gaee thee. adiwasi logon parr teesara, antim samvaidhaanik sammelan bhee asafal rhaa. manitoba vidhansabha koo ack prakriyaatmak niyam key kaaran samjhaute parr matdan karane kii anumati dene vaale prastaav key liye sarvasammati seey sahamati dene kii aavashyakta thee. samjhaute key liye anusamarthan kii samay seema seey baarah dinn pahale, harper ney ack philibuster shuru kiya jisane sabhaa koo samjhaute kaa anusamarthan karane seey roque diyaa. kyonki manitoba mein meak jheel whiffle rahee, prastaavit samvaidhaanik sanshodhan whiffle rhaa. harper ney 1992 mein charlottown samjhaute kaa bhee virodh kiya, bhale hii pratham rashtron key pramukh ovid mercready kii sabhaa ney iska samarthan kiya.
mahilaaon kii sthiti aur bill see-31.
bhaaratiya adhiniyam" key anusaar, bhaaratiya mahilaaen joe aise purushon seey shaadi karati hain joe bhaaratiya naheen they, unhone apani sandhi kaa darja khou diyaa, aur unake bachchon koo darja naheen milega. haalaanki, vipareet sthiti mein, yadi koee bhaaratiya purush kissy aisee mahila seey shaadi kartaa haye joe bhaaratiya naheen thee, tou purush apana darja banaae rakhega aur usake bachchon koo bhee sandhi kaa darja milega. 1970 key dashak mein, bhaaratiya mahilaaon key liye bhaaratiya adhikaar aur kanada samoohon key deshi mahila sangh ney iss neeti key khilaf abhiyaan chalaaya kyonki yeh mahilaaon key saath bhedbhaav kartaa thaa aur sandhi key vaadon koo puuraa karane mein whiffle rhaa. unhone 28 juuna, 1985 koo vidheyak see-31 koo apanaane key saath adhiniyam kii dhaara koo badalane key liye sanghiya sarkaar koo safaltapurvak aashvast kiya. jinn mahilaaon ney apana darja khou diyaa thaa aur jinn bachchon koo baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa, way taba panjikaran karane aur aadhikarik bhaaratiya darja praapt karane mein saksham theen. inn parivartanon key bavjood, bhaaratiya mahilaaen joe aise purushon seey shaadi karati hain joe bhaaratiya naheen they, way kewal ack peedhi parr apana darja paarit curr sakati hainh unake bachchon koo darja milega, lekin (poorna darja vaale bhaaratiya seey shaadi kiye binaa) unake potey-potiyaan naheen. ack bhaaratiya purush kaa darja jisane ack aisee mahila seey shaadi kii joe bhaaratiya naheen thee, usane apane bachchon kii tarah darja barkarar rakhaa, lekin usaki patni koo darja naheen milaa, aur naa hii usake potey-potiyon koo.
bill see-31 ney nirvaachit baindon koo yeh viniyamit karane kii shakti bhee dee kii kise unake bhandar parr rahane kii anumati dee gaee thee aur unake bhandar parr vikas koo niyantrit karane kii shakti dee gaee thee. isane "matadhikar" kii avadharana koo samaapt curr diyaa jisake dwara pratham rashtra key loga apane bhaaratiya darje kaa tyag karke kuchh adhikaar praapt curr sakate they.
erasmus-dussault commission.
1991 mein, pradhaan mantri bryan mulroni ney rene dussault aur georges erasmus kii adhyakshata mein adiwasi logon parr shaahi aayog kaa gathan kiya. unaki 1996 kii report mein pahale deshon key liye (aur unake dwara) ack sarkaar key nirmaan kaa prastaav diyaa gayaa joe apane adhikaar kshetra mein jimmedaar hoga, aur jisake saath sanghiya sarkaar "rashtra-seey-rashtra" key aadhar parr baat karegi. iss prastaav ney bhaaratiya aur uttari mamalon key adhikaar kshetra key tahat pratham rashtra key mamalon koo saunpane kii paaramparik neeti kii tulanaa mein rajneeti karane kaa ack alag tarika pesh kiya, jiska prabandhan sanghiya mantrimandal key ack mantri dwara kiya jaataa thaa. report mein pahale deshon aur baaki kanadai nagrikon key beach aarthik antar koo cumm karane key liye 2010 taka harr saal pahale deshon kii sarkaaron koo 2 arab dollar taka pradaan karane kii bhee sifarish kii gaee haye. yeh dhana bhaaratiya aur uttari mamalon key bajat mein cumm seey cumm 50 pratishat kii vriddhi kaa pratinidhitva karega. report mein pratham rashtra key netaaon koo una chunautipurna muddon seey nipatane key tarikon key baare mein sochane key liye shamil kiya gayaa thaa jinka saamana unake loga curr rahey they, taaki pratham rashtra apani niyati koo apane haathon mein leey sakein.
sanghiya sarkaar, joe taba jeane cratiane kii adhyakshata mein thee, ney ack saal baad report kaa jawab dete hue aadhikarik taur parr sanghiya sarkaar dwara pahale deshon parr lagaae gaye jabaran sanskriti key liye apani maafi prastut kii, aur 35 karod dollar key "praarambhik" praavdhaan kii peshkash kii.
irmus-dussault aayog kii bhavna mein, report jaari honey key baad seey tripakshiya (sanghiya, praantiya aur pratham rashtra) samjhauton parr hastakshar kiye gaye hain. 20veen shatabdi key anta mein vibhinn praantiya sarkaaron aur pahale deshon key vibhinn samoohon key beach kaee raajneetik sankat bhee aae, vishesh roop seey oka sankat, epperwash sankat, church sankat aur gustafsen jheel gatirodh.
21veen sadee kii shuruat.
2001 mein, cubec sarkaar, sanghiya sarkaar aur cree rashtra ney "laa paiks days braves" ("bahaduron kii shaanti", francisi aur eroquois leag key beach 1701 kii shaanti sandhi kaa sandarbh) parr hastakshar kiye. samjhaute ney panbijali-cubec koo cree rashtra kii sarkaar koo diye jaane vaale 3.5 arab dollar key aavantan key badale mein praant key panbijali sansadhanon kaa dohan karane kii anumati dee. baad mein, uttari quebeck (nunaavik) key inuit samjhaute mein shamil hoe gaye.
2005 mein, pahale deshon key netaaon, vibhinn praantiya sarkaaron aur sanghiya sarkaar ney kelona samjhaute naamak ack samjhaute kaa nirmaan kiya, jisase 10 varshon mein $5 billion kaa laabh huaa hoga, lekin stephen harper (2006) kii naee sanghiya sarkaar ney kaary patra parr paalan naheen kiya.
pratham rashtron ney, matties aur inuit key saath, shiksha key liye aparyaapt dhana praapt karane kaa daavaa kiya haye, aur aarop lagaaya haye kii unake adhikaaron kii andekhi kii gaee haye. 2002 seey 2007 taka ontario key leftinent governor james bartleman ney swadeshi yuvaaon key protsaahan koo apani pramukh prathmiktaon mein seey ack key roop mein soochibaddh kiya. apane karyakal key dauran, unhone saksharta aur setu nirmaan koo badhaava dene key liye pahal shuru kii. bartleman ontario mein leftinent governor banane vaale pahale adiwasi vyakti they.
2006 mein, 76 pratham rashtra samudaayon key paas ubalate paani key liye salaahkaar shartein theen.
2005 key anta mein, kashechevan pratham rashtra key peyajal sankat ney rashtriya media kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya jaba "ee. kolai kii khoj unaki jall aapoorti pranali mein hui thee, joe ack ubalate paani kii salah key tahat dou saal jeene key baad hui thee. march 1998 mein banaae gaye ack nae upchaar sanyantra dwara peyajal kii aapoorti kii gaee thee. dooshit paani kaa kaaran ack plug chlorine injector thaa jisaki khoj sthaaniya operators dwara naheen kii gaee thee, joe upchaar sanyantra chalaane key yogya naheen they. jaba adhikaari pahunche aur samasya koo thheek kiya, tou chlorine kaa star lagbhag 1.7 milligram/leater thaa, jise impetigo aur khujali jaise twacha vikaaron key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya gayaa thaa. health kanada key netritva mein ack jaanch seey pataa chalaa kii twacha vikaar sambhavatah aswachh jeevan key kaaran they. kaishechevan kii nikasi koo kanada key logon dwara badey paimaane parr anya antarnihit samajik aur aarthik muddon key liye madad key liye ack chillaane key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, jinka saamana kanada mein adiwasi loga karate hain.
29 juuna, 2007 koo, kanadai adiwasi samoohon ney pratham rashtra kii garibi koo samaapt karane key uddeshya seey deshvyaapi virodh pradarshan kiye, jise kaarravaai kaa adiwasi divas kahaa jaataa haye. pradarshan kaafee hudd taka shantipurna they, halanki samoohon ney nakabandi yaa alaav kii aag key saath parivahan koo baadhit curr diyaa; rajmarg 401 key ack hisse koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jaisa kii torrento aur montrial key beach kanadai rashtriya railway kii line thee.
nishkriya koee virodh andolan kanada mein adivasiyon aur kanada mein unake gair-adiwasi samarthakon key beach utpann huaa, aur kuchh hudd taka, antarrashtriya star parr. isamen duniya bhar mein kaee raajneetik kaarravaai shamil theen, joe atavapiscut pratham rashtra pramukh theresa spains kii bhookh hadtaal seey prerit theen aur soshal media key madhyam seey aage samanvayit theen. sanghiya sarkaar dwara swadeshi sandhi adhikaaron key kathit durupyog kii pratikriya key roop mein, andolan ney sarvavyaapi bill see-45 key saath vishesh mudda uthaaya.
kanadai mukut aur pratham rashtra sambandh.
kanadai taaj aur pahale rashtron, inuit aur mattis logon key beach sambandh europeeya upaniveshvadiyon aur uttari americi swadeshi logon key beach pahali baatchit taka faila huaa haye. sadiyon kii baatchit key dauran, sandhiyon kii sthaapana hui, aur newzealand mein maori aur vetangi kii sandhi kii tarah pahale rashtron ney aam taur parr inn samjhauton koo apane aur kanada key taaj key beach honey key roop mein dekhaa haye, naa kii hamesha badalati sarkaaron key roop mein.
adiwasi logon aur kanada key shaasak samrat key beach sangh maujood hain; jaisa kii prastaavit pahale rashtron-sanghiya mukut raajneetik samjhaute mein kahaa gayaa thaah "sahyog kanada aur pahale rashtron key beach saajhedaari key liye ack adharshila hogi, jisamen kanada kanada kii raani key liye sankshipt roop haye. yeye sambandh sthaapit sandhiyon dwara shaasit hotey hain; sarvocch nyayalaya ney kahaa kii sandhiyon ney "poorv-vidyamaan adiwasi samprabhuta koo kalpit mukut samprabhuta key saath milan karane aur adiwasi adhikaaron koo paribhaashit karane key liye kaam kiya", aur pahale rashtron ney inn samjhauton koo "jaba taka soorya chamakata haye, ghaas ugati haye aur nadiyaan bahati hain" taba taka chalane key liye dekhaa.
curr.
halanki karon koo kissy bhee sandhi key likhit shabdon mein vishesh roop seey sambodhit naheen kiya jaataa haye, lekin cumm seey cumm kuchh sandhiyon parr baatchit honey parr karadhan key sambandh mein ashvasana spasht roop seey diye gaye they.
karadhan seey vibhinn vaidhaanik chhoot "bhaaratiya adhiniyam" key tahat sthaapit kii gaee hain, jisamen kahaa gayaa haih
kaee vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii yeye chhoot roodhivaadi vichardhara vaali adalaton koo adiwasi karadhan nyayshastra mein apane (kabhi-kabhi bhedbhavpurna) vichaar pradaan karane kii anumati dekar adiwasi logon parr atyachar karane kaa kaam karati hain. jaisa kii ack professor ney likhaah
raajneetik sangathan.
swashaasan ney pramukhon aur unaki parishadon koo shaktiyaan dee hain joe ack praant, school board, swaasthya board aur nagarpalika koo jodati hain. parishaden bhee upayogitaon, paryaavaran sanrakshan, praakritik sansadhanon, bhawan sanhitaon aadi key sambandh mein kaafee hudd taka swa-viniyaman curr rahee hain. iss baat kii chinta haye kii yeh vyaapak adhikaar, joe ack hii parishad mein kendrit haye, kaee pratham rashtron dwara anubhav kii gaee nishkriya sarkaaron kaa ack kaaran hoe sakata haye.
pratham rashtron kii sabhaa (aeye. aff. aine.) kanada mein pratham rashtra netaaon kaa ack nikaay haye. sangathan kaa uddeshya kanada mein pahale rashtron key nagrikon key adhikaaron, sandhi daayitvon, samarohon aur daavon kii raksha karna haye.
antar-yuddh kaal mein kanada mein leag off indiance kii viphaltaon aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad dou dashakon mein uttari americi bhaaratiya bhaichare key baad, kanada key adiwasi logon ney 1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein ack baar phir khud koo sangathit kiya. rashtriya bhaaratiya parishad kaa gathan 1961 mein swadeshi logon kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen sandhi/sthiti bhaaratiya, gair-sthiti vaale loga, matties loga shamil hain, halanki inuit naheen. yeh sangathan 1968 mein dhwast hoe gayaa kyonki teen samooh ack key roop mein kaary karane mein whiffle rahey, isaliye gair-sthiti aur mattis samoohon ney kanada kii mool parishad kaa gathan kiya aur sandhi/sthiti samoohon ney rashtriya bhaaratiya bhaichare (nib) kaa gathan kiya, joe praantiya aur kshetriya pratham rashtra sangathanon key liye ack chhatra samooh thaa.
sanskriti.
rashtriya swadeshi loga divas, poorv mein "rashtriya adiwasi divas", 21 juuna, kanada key adiwasi logon kii sanskritiyon aur yogdan koo maanyata detaa haye. vartamaan mein 600 seey adhik maanyata praapt pratham rashtra sarkaaren yaa baind hain joe vishisht adiwasi sanskritiyon, bhaashaon, kalaa aur sangeet key saath kanada mein faile 1,172,790 2006 logon koo shamil karate hain.
bhaashaaen.
aaj, swadeshi logon dwara bolly jaane vaali tees seey adhik alag-alag bhaashaaen hain, jinamen seey adhikansh kewal kanada mein bolly jaati hain. kaee ghata rahey hain. jinn logon key paas sabse adhik bolane vaale hain unamen anishinabe aur cree (kull milakar 150,000 bolane vaale) shamil hain; uttar-paschimi kshetron mein lagbhag 29,000 bolane vaalon key saath inuctitut, nunaavut, nunaavik (uttari quebeck), aur nunatsiavut (uttari labrador); aur lagbhag 8,500 bolane vaalon key saath mikmak, jyaadaatar purvi kanada mein. kaee adiwasi logon ney apani mool bhaashaaen khou dee hain aur aksar sabhi jeevit bujurg apani pahali bhasha key roop mein angreji yaa french bolate hain.
kanada key dou kshetra mool bhaashaon koo aadhikarik darja dete hain. nunaavut mein, inuctitut aur innuinkatun angreji aur french key saath aadhikarik bhaashaaen hain, aur inuctitut sarkaar mein ack aam vaahan bhasha haye. uttar-paschimi kshetron mein, "aadhikarik bhasha adhiniyam" ghoshit kartaa haye kii gyaarah alag-alag bhaashaaen hainh chipevian, cree, angreji, french, gwitchin, innuinkatun, inuctitut, inuviyaaluktun, uttari daasata, dakshin daasata aur tlanchaha. angreji aur french key alawa, yeye bhaashaaen sarkaar mein vaahan naheen hain; aadhikarik sthiti nagrikon koo anurodh parr unamen sevaaen praapt karane aur unamen sarkaar key saath vyavhaar karane kaa adhikaar detee haye.
kalaa.
europeeya basane vaale upaniveshvadiyon key aagaman aur antatah kanada koo ack rashtra raajya key roop mein sthaapit karane seey pahale hajaaron varshon seey pahale rashtra kalaa kaa utpaadan curr rahey they. unhein paida karane vaale logon kii tarah, swadeshi kalaa paramparaaen poore uttari america key kshetron mein faili hui hain. kalaa itihaskaron dwara saanskritik, bhashai yaa kshetriya samoohon key anusaar swadeshi kalaa paramparaon koo vyavasthit kiya jaataa haih uttar-paschimi tata, pathaar, maidan, purvi vanbhoomi, upa-archtic aur archtic.
inn vividh samoohon key beach aur unake bheetar kalaa paramparaaen bahut bhinn hoti hain. suvaahyata aur shareer parr dhyaan kendrit karane vaali swadeshi kalaa europeeya paramparaon aur vastukala parr isake dhyaan seey alag haye. swadeshi drishya kalaa kaa upayog anya kalaaon key saath sanyojan mein kiya jaa sakata haye. shamanon key mask aur jhunjhuni kaa upayog nritya, kahani kahane aur sangeet mein aupchaarik roop seey kiya jaataa haye.
sangrahalaya sangrhon mein sanrakshit kalaakritiyaan europeeya sampark key baad kii avadhi kii hain aur dhaatu aur kaanch key motiyon jaise europeeya vyaapaar vastuon key rachanaatmak apanaane aur anukoolan key pramaan dikhaati hain. 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi key poorvaardh key dauran kanadai sarkaar ney swadeshi logon key prati jabaran aur saanskritik ekikaran kii ack sakriya neeti apnai. bhaaratiya adhiniyam" ney soorya nritya, potlatch aur unhein chitrit karane vaali kalaa key karyon kii abhivyaktiyon koo pratibandhit curr diyaa.
1950 aur 1960 key dashak taka hii mungo martin, bill reed aur norwell mauriso jaise swadeshi kalakaron ney saarvajanik roop seey swadeshi kalaa paramparaon kaa navinikaran aur unakaa punah aavishkaar karna shuru kiya thaa. vartamaan mein kanada mein sabhi media mein abhyaas karane vaale swadeshi kalakar hain aur dou swadeshi kalakaron, edward poetras aur rebekka belmore ney kramshah 1995 aur 2005 mein venis dvivaarshik mein kanada kaa pratinidhitva kiya haye.
sangeet.
kanada key pratham rashtron mein vibhinn jaatiya samooh shamil hain, jinamen seey pratyek kii apani sangeet paramparaaen hain. sangeet mein samanya samaantaaen hain, lekin aamtaur parr samajik (saarvajanik) yaa aupchaarik (niji) hoti hain. saarvajanik, samajik sangeet mein taal-taal aur dhol-bajar key saath nritya sangeet hoe sakata haye. niji, aupchaarik sangeet mein taalvaadya parr sangat swar geet shamil hain, jinka upayog midwin samarohon aur soorya nritya jaise avsaron koo chihnit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
paaramparik roop seey, europeeya logon key kanada mein pravaas karane seey pahale sadiyon taka adiwasi loga apane upkaranon koo banaane key liye haath mein maujood samagri kaa upayog karate they. pratham rashtra key logon ney lauki aur jaanvaron key seengon koo jhunjhuni mein banaaya, jinhen vistrit roop seey tarasha gayaa thaa aur khubsurati seey chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. vann kshetron mein, way berch kii chhaal key seeng aur nakkashidar seengon aur lakadi kii drumstick banaate they. paaramparik taalvaadya jaise drum aam taur parr nakkashidar lakadi aur jaanvaron kii khaal seey baney hotey they. yeye sangeet vaadyayantra geeton key liye prishthabhoomi pradaan karate hain, aur geet nrityon key liye prishthabhoomi hain. paaramparik pratham rashtron key loga geet aur nritya koo pavitra maanate hain. europeeya kanada aaney key baad kaee varshon taka, pahale rashtra key logon koo apane samarohon kaa paalan karane seey manaa curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
jansankhyiki.
20veen shatabdi mein kanada kii pahali rashtra kii jansankhya mein duss gunaa vriddhi hui. 1900 aur 1950 key beach jansankhya mein kewal 29 pratishat kii vriddhi hui, lekin 1960 key dashak key baad shishu mrityu darr mein kamee aaee aur jansankhya mein 161% kii vriddhi hui. 1980 key dashak seey, pratham rashtra key shishuon kii sankhya doguni seey bhee adhik hoe gaee haye aur vartamaan mein pratham rashtra kii aabaadi kaa lagbhag aadhaa hissa 25 varsh seey cumm ayu kaa haye. isake parinamswarup, aaney vaale dashakon mein kanada kii pratham rashtra kii aabaadi mein vriddhi honey kii ummeed haye.
2021 mein, kanada mein adiwasi loga they, joe kull aabaadi kaa 5 pratishat they. yeh 2016 mein 4.9 pratishat seey adhik thaa.
kanada mein alag-alag pratham rashtra hain, joe poore desh mein utpann hotey hain. sandhi 7 jaisi sandhiyon dwara kanadai kaanoon mein sthaapit bhaaratiya bhandar, gair-swadeshi sarkaaron dwara maanyata praapt pratham rashtron kii bahut seemit samkaaleen bhoomi hain. kuchh bhandar shaharon key bheetar maujood hain, jaise kii prince albert mein opavikoskikan reserve, cubec shahar mein wendeck yaa admonton mahanagariya kshetra mein anoch cree rashtra 135. kanada mein pahale deshon kii tulanaa mein adhik bhandar hain, kyonki pahale deshon koo sandhi dwara kaee bhandar saunpe gaye they.
europeeya sampark key samay pratham rashtron koo unake poorvajon key praathamik jeevan maarg yaa vyavasaay key aadhar parr saanskritik kshetron mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. yeye saanskritik kshetra kanada key bhautik aur paaristhitik kshetron key saath nikatata seey mell khaate hain.
naslavigyaani aam taur parr sanyukt raajya america aur kanada mein america key swadeshi logon koo saajha saanskritik lakshnon (jinhen "saanskritik kshetra" kahaa jaataa haye) key saath duss bhaugolik kshetron mein vargeekrit karate hain. kanadai (poore yaa aanshik roop seey) kshetra archtic, upa-archtic, poorvottar vanbhoomi, maidan aur pathaar hain. pratyek janjaati, baind samaaj yaa pratham rashtra parr vyaktigat lekh dekhein.
prashant uttar-paschimi tata samudaayon key swadeshi loga samudra aur nadee machhali pakadane key aspas kendrit they; british kolambiya key aantarik bhaag mein, shikaar aur ikattha karna aur nadee machhali pakadana. inn donon kshetron mein salmon kaa mukhya mahatva thaa. maidani ilaakon key logon key liye, baisan kaa shikaar praathamik gatividhi thee. upa-archtic vann mein, moos jaisi anya prajaatiyan adhik mahatvapurna theen. mahaan jheelon aur sent key paas key logon key liye. laurence nadee, sthanantaran krishi kaa abhyaas kiya jaataa thaa, jisamen makka, same aur squash kii kheti shamil thee.
aaj, adiwasi loga vibhinn vyavsaayon mein kaam karate hain aur apane paitrik gharon key baahar rahate hain. unake poorvajon kii paaramparik sanskritiyaan, joe prakriti dwara aakar letee hain, abhee bhee unaki sanskriti parr aadhyatmikta seey laker raajneetik drishtikon taka ack majboot prabhaav daalati hain.
samkaaleen mudde.
pratham rashtra key logon koo kull milakar kanadai logon kii tulanaa mein adhik matra mein kaee samasyaon kaa saamana karna padata haye, jinamen seey kuchh kii jeevan sthitiyon kii tulanaa haiti jaise vikaasheel deshon seey kii jaa sakati haye. mool nivaasiyon mein berojgari kii darr, karawas kii darr, maadak padarthon kaa sevan, swaasthya samasyaaen, begharta, bhroon sharaab syndrome, shiksha kaa nimn star aur garibi kaa uchch star haye.
aavaasiya vidyalaya.
kanada kii sanghiya aavaasiya vidyalaya pranali 1870 key dashak key madhya mein shuru hui, joe vibhinn isai sampradayon dwara sthaapit aur sanchaalit boarding schools key patchwork parr adharit thee. asiniboya west key liye sansad key sadasya, nicolaus flood david ney ack report taiyar kii, jise aam taur parr david report key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jisamen sanyukt raajya america mein banaai jaa rahee school pranali key samaan ack school pranali kii sthaapana kii sifarish kii gaee thee. isake mukhya lakshyon mein seey ack adiwasi bachchon koo "vigwam key prabhaav" seey hataana thaa, jisake baare mein unhone daavaa kiya kii yeh maujooda schools kii tulanaa mein adhik majboot thaa, aur isake bajaay unhein "lagaatar sabhya paristhitiyon key dayare mein" rakhna thaa. jabaki bhaaratiya aavaasiya vidyalaya pranali (aaee. aar. aiss.) kaa itihas ack avyavasthit haye, iss pranali aur ise sthaapit karane aur samarthan karane vaalon donon kii bahut aalochana kii gaee haye. upeksha aur kharaab poshan aksar adiwasi bachchon koo anubhav hotaa thaa, vishesh roop seey pranali key sanchaalan key shuruati dashakon mein. paaramparik deshi sanskriti koo hataana-jise kabhi-kabhi "saanskritik narsamhar" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye-aavaasiya vidyaalayon mein lagaaya gayaa ack aur aarop haye. kaee schools mein, chhatron koo apani swadeshi bhasha bolane yaa apane kissy bhee reeti-rivaaj kaa paalan karane kii anumati naheen thee, aur iss prakaar way apani pehchaan kii bhavna khou dete they, jisase anivarya roop seey bachchon aur unake parivaar key beach ack saanskritik daraar paida hoe jaati thee.
1920 taka, kanada mein adiwasi bachchon key liye kissy prakaar key school mein upasthiti anivarya thee. bhaaratiya adhiniyam" ney shiksha koo anivarya banaa diyaa, aur jahaan koee sanghiya divas school naheen they-yaa, baad key dashakon mein, ack praantiya saarvajanik school-ack aavaasiya school ekmatra vikalp thaa. namankan key aankade bataate hain kii aaee. aar. aiss. pranali key itihas key dauran 20 pratishat seey 30 pratishat key beach adiwasi bachche cumm seey cumm ack varsh key liye aavaasiya vidyalaya mein gaye they, aur kaee duss varsh yaa usase adhik samay key liye namankit they. kuchh mamalon mein, bachche saptahant aur chhuttiyon parr ghar laut sakate they, lekin dooradraj key samudaayon seey door sthaapit schools mein, yeh sambhav naheen thaa.
bachchon koo unake parivaaron aur samudaayon seey hataane seey kaee mool samudaayon koo alpakaalik aur deerghakaalik nuksan huaa. jabaki kaee schools mein aspatal they aur baad key dashakon mein chikitsa dekhbhal pradaan kii gaee, aaee. aar. aiss. itihas key pahale dashakon mein vibhinn prakaar key durupyog aur bheedbhaad vaali sthitiyon key kaaran kharaab swaasthya aur yahaan taka kii namankit logon key ack pratishat kii mrityu bhee hui. yeh tark diyaa gayaa haye kii bachchon key parivaar aur sanskriti seey durvyavahar aur hataane donon key parinamswarup manovaigyaanik aur bhaavnaatmak aghaat key parinamswarup maadak dravyon kaa durupyog, adhik gharelu hinsa, berojgari aur aatmahatya kii darr mein vriddhi hui haye. kaee mamalon mein, aavaasiya vidyaalayon koo chhodane vaale bachchon ney khud koo sanskritiyon key ack chauraahe parr paaya, jahaan way abb apani sanskritiyon key bheetar sahaj naheen they, phir bhee mukhyadhara kii kanadai sanskriti mein sweekaar naheen kiye gaye. poorv chhatron koo abb niyamit roop seey "jeevit bache" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.
bund honey vaalaa antim kanadai aavaasiya vidyalaya saskatchevan mein gorden indian aavaasiya vidyalaya thaa, jisaki sthaapana 1889 mein hui thee aur 1996 mein bund hoe gayaa thaa.
sanghiya sarkaar kii or seey schools kaa sanchaalan karane vaale isai sampradayon ney khed vyakt kiya haye aur ack aisee pranali mein apani bhoomika key liye maafi jaari kii haye jisane kaee swadeshi bachchon koo nuksan pahunchaaya haye. 2008 mein, sarkaar ney una chhatron seey aadhikarik maafi jaari kii jinhen aavaasiya schools aur unake parivaaron mein jaane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa.
juuna 2015 mein, sanghiya roop seey sthaapit satya aur sulah aayog, joe aavaasiya vidyalaya pranali kii jaanch aur reporting kaa prabhaari thaa, ney apani saransh report jaari kii, aur usee varsh disambar mein, apani antim report jaari kii. mukhya aayukt, nyayadhish murre synclair ney saarvajanik roop seey aavaasiya vidyalaya pranali koo pratham rashtra key logon key khilaf jaanboojhkar saanskritik narsamhar kaa kaary ghoshit kiya haye. apani report mein, aayog ney kanada sarkaar koo 94 sifaarishen prastut keen, joe yadi lagu kii jaati hain, tou swadeshi nasl sambandhon mein kaafee sudhaar hoga, jeevit bache logon aur vistaarit parivaaron key liye jeevan kii gunavatta mein vriddhi hogi, aur aavaasiya schools seey honey vaale nuksan koo cumm karane mein madad milegi. jabaki pradhaan mantri justine trudeau key tahat udaar sarkaar ney kanada key mool nivaasiyon key jeevan mein sudhaar key liye khud koo pratibaddh kiya haye, aur vishesh roop seey tii. aar. see. kii sifaarishon koo lagu karane key liye, unamen seey kuchh sifaarishen kanada sarkaar kii shakti seey parey hoe sakati hain. tii. aar. see. dwara ekatra kiye gaye anginat shodh dastavejon koo manitoba vishvavidyalaya mein ack vishesh bhandar mein sangraheet kiya jaayega.
rojgar.
1996 kii kanadai janganana key anusaar, aarakshit jeevan jeene vaali mahilaaon kii aaya ausatan 13,870 dollar prati varsh thee. yeh gair-swadeshi mahilaaon, jaise inuit aur mattis mahilaaon kii tulanaa mein lagbhag 5500 dollar cumm haye, jinhone thodi adhik ausat vaarshik aaya darj kii; chhoti visangati kii parwah kiye binaa, joe sabhi kanada key aankadon kii anumaanit raashi seey kaafee cumm hain, jisamen seey ack badey kanadai shahar mein rahane vaale vyakti koo apani aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane kii aavashyakta hogi. garibi mein rahane vaali adiwasi mahilaaon key liye yeh sambhavana naheen haye kii way naa kewal apani jarooraton kii dekhbhal karein, balki aksar apane bujurg maataa-pitaa kii jarooraton kii dekhbhal karein, kharaab swaasthya mein priyajanon kii dekhbhal karein, saath hii bachchon kii parvarish karein; inn sabhi koo aksar kewal ack hii aaya parr samarthan diyaa jaataa haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii begharta aur aparyaapt aashray sabhi sthitiyon mein adiwasi parivaaron key saamane vyaapak samasyaaen hain.
swashaasan.
adiwasi logon parr shaahi aayog dwara ack sarvopari nishkarsh yeh haye kii adiwasi logon kii sanskriti aur saamoohik pehchaan parr baar-baar hamalon key parinamswarup adiwasi samaaj kii neenv kamjor hoe gaee haye aur isane algaav mein yogdan diyaa haye joe anivarya roop seey kuchh logon koo aatm-vinashkari aur asamajik vyavhaar kii or leey jaataa haye. adiwasi logon key beach samajik samasyaaen, badey paimaane parr, itihas kii viraasat hain.
aparaadh aur karawas.
adivasiyon key bhee aparaadh key shikaar honey kii adhik sambhavana haye. yeh vishesh roop seey yuva aabaadi (ayu varg 15-34) mein sach haye, jahaan hinsa key krityon key honey kii sambhavana badee aabaadi kii tulanaa mein dhaaee gunaa adhik haye. gharelu hinsa aur bachchon key khilaf yaun shoshan adiwasi aabaadi mein adhik prachalit haye, jisamen yaun shoshan adiwasi mahila bachchon key 25-50% banaam samanya aabaadi mein mahila bachchon key 20-25% koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. joe bachche hinsa key itihas vaale gharon seey aatey hain, unhein baad mein jeevan mein hinsa key aparaadhi banane kaa adhik khatra hotaa haye. yeh vishesh roop seey purushon key liye sach haye.
2007 taka, kanada mein kaid kiye gaye vyaktiyon mein seey 17 pratishat adiwasi mool key they, halanki samanya aabaadi kaa kewal 2.7% hissa thaa. yeh samanya kanadai aabaadi key vipareet adiwasi aabaadi key bheetar karawas kii darr mein chhah gunaa vriddhi haye. kanadai nyaay pranali key bheetar adivasiyon key adhik pratinidhitva key kaee kaaran hain. shiksha kii kamee, garibi, berojgari aur durvyavahar sabhi uchch aparaadh darr kaa kaaran banate hain. saankhyikiya roop seey, adivasiyon koo doshi thaharaae jaane aur baad mein doshi thaharaae jaane key baad unhein kaid karane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye. sajaa key dauran unhein parol milane kii sambhavana bhee bahut cumm hoti haye.
swaasthya.
kanadai sanghiya sarkaar aarakshit kshetra aur inuit samudaayon mein swaasthya aur samajik sevaaon key liye jimmedaar haye, jabaki praantiya aur kshetriya sarkaaren kaheen aur sevaaen pradaan karati hain. sarkaar key pratyek star key beach vibhajan key kaaran aarakshit kshetra seey baahar rahane vaale aur kanada key kasbon aur shaharon mein rahane vaale adiwasi logon key liye sevaaon mein antar paida hoe gayaa haye. yadyapi aarakshit kshetra seey baahar rahane vaale adiwasi logon key paas samanya aabaadi key liye design kiye gaye karyakramon aur sevaaon taka pahunch haye, yeye karyakram aur sevaaen adiwasi logon kii vishisht aavashyaktaon koo puuraa naheen karati hain, naa hii inhen saanskritik roop seey upayukt tareeke seey pradaan kiya jaataa haye. haal taka aisaa naheen huaa haye kii kanada kii sanghiya sarkaar koo mukhya roop seey gair-adiwasi samudaayon mein adiwasi logon key liye karyakramon aur sevaaon kii jarooraton key liye maanyata badhaani padee. haalaanki yeh dhana haye joe shahari adiwasi aabaadi key vikas seey peechhe haye aur vibhinn sarkari vibhagon key madhyam seey sevaaon kaa samanvit vitaran bhee ack baadha key roop mein saamane aayega. mattis aur gair-sthiti bhaartiyon key liye sanghiya vartakar ney bataaya kii 2003 mein adiwasi logon key liye design kiye gaye karyakramon key liye lagbhag 90 pratishat dhana bhandar parr kharch kiya jaataa haye, jabaki adiwasi logon key liye aarakshit karyakramon koo kewal 22 sanghiya vibhagon key saath-saath anya praantiya aur kshetriya agencies key madhyam seey vitarit kiya jaataa haye. swadeshi baal kalyan parr sanghiya upasamiti ney ack "adhikaar kshetra key jaal" kaa varnan kiya jisamen sarkaar key nagarpalika, praantiya aur sanghiya staron key saath yaa unake beach bahut cumm yaa koee samanvaya naheen haye.
adiwasi logon key liye upalabdh swaasthya dekhbhal sevaaen shayed hii kabhi saanskritik roop seey samvedansheel drishtikon seey pradaan kii jaati hain. yeh basane vaali kanadai aabaadi dwara "dusare" kii nirantar cast haye joe adiwasi logon koo aisee aavashyak sevaaon key vitaran koo dooshit karati haye. 1992 mein ontario key vitt mantri zim flaherty ney tark diyaa thaa kii kanada kii sarkaar kewal adiwasi logon kii seva karane vaali naukarshahi mein katauti karke "vaastavik shaharon mein vaastavik logon" key liye swaasthya-dekhbhal vitt poshan koo badhaava dey sakati haye. iss prakaar key bayaan, vishesh roop seey una logon dwara diye gaye joe aksar adhik darshakon dwara suney jaate hain, koo basane vaali aabaadi key logon key saath-saath adiwasi logon key samagr drishtikon parr hanikarak aur prabhaavshaali prabhaav daalane key liye kahaa jaataa haye.
madhumeh.
samanya aabaadi kii tulanaa mein pratham rashtra kii aabaadi mein madhumeh key mahamari vigyaan key beach ullekhaniya antar hain. pratham rashtra aur samanya aabaadi key beach type 2 madhumeh kii alag-alag darr key karanon mein paryavaraniya (jeevan shally, aahar, garibi) aur aanuvanshik aur javic karakon (jaise.jee. mitavyayi genotype parikalpana, mitavyayi phenotype)-haalaanki pratyek kaarak kiss hudd taka bhoomika nibhaata haye, yeh abhee bhee spasht naheen haye.<ref naam = "10.1503/cmaj.090846"> </ref>
kanada mein adiwasi aabaadi (pratham rashtra, inuit aur mattis) mein gair-adiwasi aabaadi kii tulanaa mein madhumeh kii prasaar darr kaafee adhik haye. ayu-maankeekrit darr seey pataa chalata haye kii aarakshit jeevan jeene vaale pratham deshon key vyaktiyon mein madhumeh kaa prasaar 17.2% haye; aarakshit jeevan jeene vaale pratham deshon key vyaktiyon mein 10.3% haye; aarakshit jeevan jeene vaale vyaktiyon mein 7.3% haye; aur gair-adiwasi logon mein 5% haye. yeh dhyaan rakhna mahatvapurna haye kii adiwasi vyaktiyon kaa nidan aam taur parr gair-adiwasi vyaktiyon kii tulanaa mein cumm umr mein kiya jaataa haye, aur adiwasi mahilaaon koo gair-adiwasi mahilaaon kii tulanaa mein garbhavastha mein madhumeh kii uchch darr kaa anubhav hotaa haye. madhumeh kii jatilataaen aur vyaapaktaa gair-adiwasi aabaadi kii tulanaa mein adiwasi aabaadi mein adhik dekhi jaati haye. inca shreya pahale deshon, inuit aur mattis aabaadi mein dekhe gaye samajik-saanskritik, javic, paryavaraniya aur jeevan shally parivartanon koo diyaa jaa sakata haye, joe pichhali aadhi shatabdi mein vishesh roop seey prachalit rahey hain, joe sabhi madhumeh kii badhati darr aur adiwasi aabaadi key beach judee jatilataon mein mahatvapurna yogdan dete hain.
maadak dravyon key upayog seey sambandhit vikaar.
kanada mein pahale rashtra vishaakt matra mein maadak padarthon key durupyog mein shamil hain. vancouver mein, swadeshi logon koo lagbhag 18 pratishat nashili davaaon key shulk kaa saamana karna padaa, lekin way shahar kii aabaadi kaa kewal 2.2 pratishat hain. pratham rashtron key logon kaa bahut adhik anupaat samanya aabaadi (8 pratishat) key mukabale saptahik (16 pratishat) bhaari sharaab peete hain. 19 pratishat pratham deshon ney bhee kokeen aur afeem key upayog kii soochana dee, joe samanya kanadai aabaadi key 13 pratishat seey adhik haye jinhone opioid kaa upayog karane kii soochana dee.
jeevan pratyasha.
janm key samay jeevan pratyasha poore kanada kii aabaadi mein shishuon kii tulanaa mein pratham rashtra key shishuon key liye kaafee cumm haye. bhaaratiya aur uttari mamalon key kanada kaa anuman haye kii pratham rashtra kii jeevan pratyasha purushon key liye 8.1 varsh cumm aur mahilaaon key liye 5.5 varsh cumm hogi. jahan samanya aabaadi mein mahilaaon kii jeevan pratyasha 82 varsh thee, vahaan pratham rashtron mein mahilaaon kii jeevan pratyasha 76 varsh thee. purushon mein pratham rashtra key vyaktiyon kii jeevan pratyasha 69 varsh thee, jabaki samanya aabaadi mein 77 varsh thee. pratham rashtra key vyaktiyon key liye cumm jeevan pratyasha key peechhe key kaaran vividh aur jatil hain; haalaanki, swaasthya key samajik nirdharakon koo ack badee bhoomika nibhaane key liye maanaa jaataa haye.
aatmahatya.
kull milakar, pratham rashtra key vyaktiyon mein vishva star parr aatmahatya kii darr sabse adhik haye. aatmahatya kii darr ling-vishisht darr seey doguni seey adhik haye aur gair-adiwasi kanadai logon kii ayu-vishisht darr seey bhee teen gunaa adhik haye. gair-aavaasiya adivasiyon kii tulanaa mein 10 seey 29 varsh kii ayu key aavaasiya adivasiyon mein aatmahatya kaa khatra 5 seey 6 gunaa adhik haye. samanya kanadai aabaadi kii tulanaa mein adiwasi aabaadi key bheetar aatmahatya kii badhati ghatnaaon key liye ack siddhant koo sanskriti tanaav kahaa jaataa haye joe kissy key jeevan key bheetar kaee sanskritiyon key pratichhedan key parinamswarup hotaa haye. isase samudaay, parivaar aur vyakti key bheetar alag-alag apekshaaen aur saanskritik takraav hotey hain. samudayik star parr, ack samanya aarthik nuksan dekhaa jaataa haye, joe berojgari aur nimn shiksha key star seey badh jaataa haye, jisase garibi, raajneetik akshamta aur samudayik avyavastha hoti haye. parivaar parampara key nuksan seey peedit haye kyonki way mukhyadhara kii kanadai sanskriti mein aatmasaat karane kaa prayaas karate hain. yeye vyakti mein cumm atmasamman kii or leey jaate hain kyonki pratham rashtra kii sanskriti aur parampara kissy kii aatm-pehchaan kii bhavna koo prabhaavit karate hue haashiye parr hain. yeye kaarak ack aisee duniya banaane key liye ekjut hotey hain jahan pratham rashtra key vyaktiyon koo lagata haye kii way poori tarah seey adiwasi key roop mein pehchaan naheen curr sakate hain, aur naa hii way poori tarah seey mukhyadhara key kanadai key roop mein pehchaan curr sakate hain. jaba vaha santulan naheen paaya jaataa haye, tou kaee (vishesh roop seey yuva) aatmahatya karane kii or muda jaate hain.
peene kaa paani.
kanada mein 400 pratham rashtron key samudaayon koo 2004 aur 2014 key beach kissy prakaar kii paani kii samasya thee. ontario mein nescantaga key nivaasiyon koo 1995 seey ubalate paani kii salah dee gaee haye. 2015 mein, navanirvaachit pradhaan mantri justine trudeau ney 1.8 arab dollar kaa nivesh karke paanch varshon key bheetar peyajal samasya koo hull karane kaa vaadaa kiya. octuber 2021 taka, 32 pratham deshon mein peyajal pranaliyon mein deerghakaalik ubalate paani kii salah abhee bhee maujood haye.
bhoomi key daave.
kanada mein, kaee pratham deshon ney kanadai taaj key saath sandhiyon parr hastakshar naheen kiye hain. kaee pratham rashtra ack aadhunik sandhi parr baatchit karane kii prakriya mein hain, joe unhein sandhi adhikaar pradaan karegi. kuchh pratham rashtra baind bhee kanada sarkaar key saath apani aitihaasik shikayaton koo hull karane kii koshish curr rahey hain. yeye shikaayaten aksar kanada sarkaar dwara sandhi daayitvon yaa "bhaaratiya adhiniyam" key ullanghan seey utpann hoti hain. inmein taaj dwara swadeshi bhoomi yaa parisampattiyon kaa kuprabandhan bhee shamil hoe sakata haye.
laapata aur hatyaa kii gaee mahilaaen.
poore kanada mein, badee sankhya mein laapata aur hatyaa kii gaee adiwasi mahilaaen hui hain kyonki hatyaa kii shikaar mahilaaon mein seey 12 pratishat adiwasi hain, jabaki jansankhyikiya roop seey way kull mahila aabaadi kaa kewal 4 pratishat hain. yeh lagbhag 1,200 adiwasi mahilaaon key laapata honey yaa 30 varshon mein unaki hatyaa karane key barabar haye.
2014 mein shaahi kanadai ghudsavaar pulis (aar. see. aim. pee.) ney "laapata aur hatyaa kii gaee adiwasi mahilaonh ack rashtriya parichaalan sameeksha" jaari kii. yeh prakaashan iss jansankhyikiya key aadhikarik nishkarshon koo dastavejikaran karane key saath-saath bhavishya mein parivartan key liye salah detaa haye. yeh paaya gayaa haye kii abhee bhee 164 adiwasi mahilaaen laapata hain aur 1,017 kii hatyaa curr dee gaee haye, jisase kull 1,181 ". laapata yaa hatyaa kii gaee adiwasi mahilaaon key 225 ansuljhe mamle hainh 105 30 dinon seey adhik samay seey laapata hain, jinake laapata honey key kaaran koo 'agyaat' yaa 'galat tareeke seey kaam karane kaa sandeh' aur 1980 aur 2012 key beach 120 ansuljhi hatyaon key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. kanada mein laapata aur hatyaa kii gaee mahilaaon mein swadeshi mahilaaon kaa adhik pratinidhitva kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, inn mamalon mein saajha visheshtaen hainh adhikansh hatyaaen purushon dwara kii gaee theen aur peedit kissy koo jaanata thaa, yaa tou ack saathi yaa ack parichit. "25 seey 44 varsh kii ayu kii adiwasi mahilaaon mein hinsa key parinamswarup isi ayu kii anya mahilaaon kii tulanaa mein marane kii sambhavana 5 gunaa adhik hoti haye."yeye aankade kanada mein swadeshi mahilaaon key khilaf hinsa kii gambhirta aur vyaapaktaa koo darshaate hain.
swadeshi kshetron kaa swa-shasson aur sanrakshan teji seey kathin hoe jaataa haye kyonki videshi companiyon dwara praakritik sansadhanon kaa dohan jaari haye. khanan, lakadi kaatna, panbijali nirmaan, badey paimaane parr niryaat unmukh krishi vyavasaay yaa tail anveshan" jaisi pariyojanaaen aamtaur parr paryaavaran ksharan aur kabhi-kabhi hinsa aur sainyikaran key saath judee hoti hain."kaee vidwan vaishvik navudarwad key prasaar koo hinsa mein vriddhi key saath jodane key liye yahaan taka jaate hain. mahilaaon kii chintaon koo lagbhag hamesha ack taraf dhakel diyaa jaataa haye, jinhen baad mein sambodhit kiya jaataa haye; isaliye unaki suraksha seey aksar samjhauta kiya jaataa haye aur ise prathamikta naheen maanaa jaataa haye. saarvajanik sevaaon kaa nijikaran aur swaasthya dekhbhal kii saarvbhaumiktaa mein kamee graameen sthaanon mein nimn samajik-aarthik sthiti vaale logon key liye nakaratmak parinam paida karati haye; yeye nakaratmak pahalu mahila adivasiyon key liye badey hotey hain.
laapata aur maare gaye loga.
1982 aur 2011 key beach kanada mein lagbhag 2,500 adiwasi logon kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee, kull milakar 15,000 hatyaon mein seey kanada mein. maare gaye 2,500 adiwasi kanadai logon mein seey poori tarah seey 71 pratishat-1,750-purush they.
ack sarkari website parr post kiye gaye saat paramarsh satron key saransh key anusaar, chaar baithakon mein swadeshi purushon aur ladakon key khilaf hinsa parr kuchh dhyaan dene kii ichcha saamane aaee haye.
sabhi lingon key laapata aur maare gaye adiwasi logon koo shamil karane key liye jaanch kaa daira badhaane key inn ahvaanon koo pratirodh kaa saamana karna padaa haye aur laapata aur hatyaa kii gaee adiwasi mahilaaon key mudde parr vartamaan dhyaan seey vichalit honey key roop mein unaki aalochana kii gaee haye. barbara bellie, joe 2013 mein hinsa kii jaanch key liye kanada kaa daura karane vaali sanyukt rashtra kii team mein theen, ney kahaa haye, "mujhe lagata haye kii abb dhyaan bhatkana vaastav mein ack trasdi hogi. aaie pahale usa samasya koo thheek karein aur phir humm yeh dekhana shuru curr sakate hain kii vahaan aur kyaa haye."
iss mamle parr bolate hue, swadeshi mamalon key mantri, carolin bennet ney kahaa haye, "abb hamara janadesh kanada mein laapata aur hatyaa kii gaee swadeshi mahilaaon aur ladkiyon kii trasdi kii taha taka jaanaa haye", lingwad koo vishisht chinta kaa vishay bataate hue. kanada key deshi mahila sangh kii adhyaksh donn lavell-harvard ney bhee iss mudde parr yeh kahate hue vichaar kiya haye, "bilkul [purush] samaan matra mein dhyaan dene key yogya hain, buss ack hii munch mein jaruri naheen haye", naa tou vaha munch aur naa hii samaan star kaa dhyaan abhee taka sakar huaa haye.