
cartagena cathedral, kolambiya

columbia mein cartagena dee indias kaa cathedral, aadhikarik taur parr sent catherine off alexandaria kaa metropolitan cathedral basilica, cartagena key aitihaasik kendra mein sthit haye. yeh cartagena dee indias key archbishop kaa episcopal see haye, joe america mein sabse puraane episcopal seez mein seey ack haye. cathedral alexandaria kii sant catherine koo samarpit haye.
cartagena dee indias cathedral kaa nirmaan 1577 aur 1612 key beach kiya gayaa thaa, joe lakadi aur naliyon seey baney ack mamuli church kii jagah thaa. cathedral kii mool sanrachana aaj lagbhag aparivartit haye. cathedral koo master builder saiman gonzalez dwara design kiya gayaa thaa, joe andrucia aur cannery dweepon mein basilica key model parr banaaya gayaa thaa. baad mein, 1908 mein, cathedral key meenar aur gumbad koo francisi vastukar gaston lellarge dwara navinikrit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, balkani, mukhya dwaar aur cornis aupaniveshik yug key mool hain. 1586 mein, jaba church abhee bhee nirmanadhin thaa, taba angreji niji fraansis drake dwara usa parr hamla kiya gayaa thaa, jisase gambhir nuksan huaa aur isake puuraa honey mein deree hui.
kairara sangamarmar kaa mandir, moolyavaan prakriyaatmak abhiraksha, cathedral kaa sangamarmar kaa footpath aur kendriya naabhi koo banaae rakhane vaale suruchipurna arcade, donon hii paadari frey jose diaz dee lamadrid key kaaran hain, jinhone 1778 seey 1792 taka cartagena see koo niyantrit kiya thaa.
itihas.
vartamaan cathedral shahar mein cathedral church key roop mein banaai gaee teesari imarat seey sambandhit haye. pahale koo dominican bhikshu tommus dee toro vaaee cabrero dwara padonnat kiya gayaa thaa, joe cartagena key pahale bishap they, aur jinka naam pope paul III dwara rakhaa gayaa thaa. mandir kaa nirmaan 1535 mein shuru huaa, shahar kii sthaapana key kewal dou saal baad, aur 1537 mein samaapt huaa. yeh "phoos vaali chhat aur nalikaon" kaa ack vinamra nirmaan thaa, joe vartamaan cathedral key peechhe key block mein sthit thaa, jisake saamane sadak parr kaile dell colicio thaa. iss imarat kaa jivankal chhota thaa, kyonki 1552 mein aag ney shahar kaa adhikansh hissa bhasm curr diyaa thaa aur khandahar mein cathedral koo badal diyaa gayaa thaa. isake pratisthaapan mein, 1563 aur 1568 key beach, dusare cathedral mandir kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, jise lakadi aur chhappar vaali chhat seey sakar kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki yeh kathin samay thaa aur isamen kaee sansaadhan naheen they, lekin pichhale kii tulanaa mein adhik thhos thaa. iss dusare mandir seey ack mamuli nishan indies key samanya sangrah aur isake bulrush key bhautik avashesh mein sanrakshit haye.
shahar key governor, pedro fernandez dee busto, vishesh roop seey usa samay kiye gaye vaastushilp karyon key pravartak they aur jinhone shahari kshetra mein mahatvapurna pariyojanaon koo puuraa karane kaa kaam bhee kiya, jaise kii shahar key mukhya pravesh dwaar koo sukhana aur swachchata, jisane plaza real (abb plaza dee laa aduana) kii sthaapana kii; ack jalmarg key karyon kii shuruat, joe kabhi puuraa naheen huaa thaa aur shahar koo bahata paani pradaan karega; ack aspatal kaa nirmaan, aur nyaay prashaasan, jail aur cabildo key liye gharon kaa nirmaan. cartagena koo ack sammaanjanak imarat dene kaa vichaar joe ack cathedral church key roop mein kaam karega, ubharata haye aur ise swayam bhee badhaava diyaa jaataa haye. isake alawa, 1575 kii or dominican bhikshu dionysio dee loss santos nae bishap kii tarah pahunche, joe usa varsh 25 maee koo raajaa koo ack patra bhejata haye, jisamen vaha cathedral mein panth key baare mein kuchh varnan kartaa haye, jisamen vaha kahata haih "koee raashan yaa aadhaa raashan naheen haye, koee gaayak naheen haye, balki ack chatur sacriston aur dou sacriston vetter hain joe ack tii-shirt aur jerguels mein vedi kii seva karate hain, joe abb aur naheen haye. aur isaliye iss church koo spen key ack dukhad parrish key roop mein seva dee jaati haye, isaliye samprabhu ise phir seey banaane kaa tatkaal adesh detaa haye.
usee varsh (1575) mein imarat key design kaa chayan karane key liye ack saarvajanik pratiyogita bulaai gaee thee, jise master eugenio day laa vega, hernando esteban, juenus gyura aur saiman gonzalez dwara prastut kiya gayaa thaa, baad vaale dwara prastut pariyojana koo kaam key "pramukh karmchari" key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa, ack vyaavhaarik roop seey paryavekshi pada, prati varsh 50,000 dollar key vetan key saath, nirmaan mein kaam karane vaale pratyek dinn key liye bice real key dainik kaa bhee sanket detaa haye, jisase vaha apane karyalaya kii anya gatividhiyon key saath usa sthiti kaa abhyaas curr sakata haye. badale mein, hernando esteban koo cabildo dwara trace key tatkaal nideshak key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa aur juenus gyura ney pariyojana parr kaam kiya aur ack pramukh pada parr kabja curr liya. patthar mistri martin dee markina patthar kii aapoorti key prabhaari they, aur patthar mistri pedro dee aguiller, francisco ruiz, juan dee madina aur gasper juen key kaam mein adhikaariyon key roop mein bhee kaam kiya.
iss prakaar varsh 1575 taka teesare cathedral kaa nirmaan shuru huaa, joe suraksha karanon seey bandargah seey door sthit haye, ack aise koney mein joe baad mein "santos dee piedra" naamak ack sankeern sadak kaa saamana kartaa haye, vartamaan park park dee bolivar key buggle mein; lekin iska saamana kiye binaa, santo domingo mein nicolas dee ovando dwara apanaae gaye model aur church kii purani aur majboot parampara kaa paalan karate hue, samay key saath, shahar key sabse utkrisht nirmaanon seey ghiraa huaa haye, kyonki way nagrik shakti kaa mukhyalaya aur sabse mahatvapurna vyaktiyon key ghar hain.
1577 mein, jaba neenv parr abhee bhee kaam kiya jaa rhaa thaa, tou regidor aur kaptan sebastian perez dwara prastaavit isake abhivinyas koo badalane aur isaki dhuri koo nabbe degree ghumaane kii vyavaharyata parr cabildo mein charcha kii gaee thee. parshadon ney prastaav seey sahamati vyakt kii, unhone dekhaa kii yeh behtar hoga, lekin isake liye sampattiyon kaa adhigrahan karna aavashyak thaa aur unhein khareedane key liye cabildo key paas atirikt dhana naheen thaa. isaliye, kaptan perez ney iss uddeshya key liye 200 peso daan karane kii peshkash kii, lekin vaha raashi paryaapt naheen thee, isaliye rajyapal ney padosiyon seey mulakat kii (jinamen seey ack-dusare seey kaam key vittaposhan key liye yogdan diyaa gayaa thaa), aur jaise hii sabhi ney kaam jaari rakhane key liye matdan kiya jaisa kii yeh shuru kiya gayaa thaa, tou cabildo ney isake liye nirnay liya, isake alawa rajyapal ney sanket diyaa kii gharon koo praapt karane key liye ack-dusare seey nayaa yogdan denaa sambhav naheen thaa, kyonki raajaa ney ise kewal kaam kaa bhugtan karane key liye adhikrit kiya thaa. iss prakaar pariyojana koo badalane kaa vichaar khariz curr diyaa gayaa aur yojana key anusaar kaam jaari rhaa.
kaam sakriya roop seey jaari rhaa, kyonki, ack saal baad, "chappel mein banaae jaane vaale stambhon parr paanch mehrab pahale seey hii shuru honey hain. master gonzalez ney patthar kii thodi taakat aur dridhata koo dekhate hue chhat key liye ack aur samarthan jodane kaa faisala kiya aur mool design koo poorna gear mein sanshodhit kiya joe stambhon key chhah jode kaa thaa, joe saat jode kaa reh gayaa. kaam key dauran mukhya chappel key sambandh mein mehraabon kii samagri aur mukhya naabhi kii oonchaai key baare mein kuchh sandeh paida hue, lekin yeh hamesha design key lekhak key drishtikon kaa sammaan aur sammaan kiya gayaah mehrab patthar mein baney hain, aur mukhya gufa mukhya chappel key samaan oonchaai kii haye.
1579 mein, aadhi seey adhik deevaaren nishan key star parr theen aur shesh bhaag paanch divaaron kii oonchaai parr thaa. usee varsh iska naam nae bishap frear juan dee montalvo key naam parr rakhaa gayaa. kaam shuru honey key duss saal baad, 1585 taka, yeh kahaa jaataa haye kii imarat kii matra koo cover kiya gayaa thaa aur, halanki padosi imaaraten aur meenar gayab they, kaam vyaavhaarik roop seey samaapt hoe gayaa thaa.
ghamand hamla.
phir bhee, agale varsh (1586), angreji samudri daku, francis drake, "ell drake", yuddh key 23 jahaajon aur 3,000 seey adhik purushon key bede key saath cartagena key taton key saamane prakat huaa, aur shahar parr hamla kiya, jisamen yeh america key bandargaahon key khilaf 16 veen shatabdi mein kii gaee sabse mahatvapurna sainya kaarravaai thee. cartagena koo leey jaaya gayaa aur drake koo loot key liye samarpit kiya gayaah yeh shahar key aadhe seey thodaa adhik hisse koo raakh curr diyaa gayaa aur isake nivaasiyon dwara maangi gaee rasdar firauti kaa bhugtan karane seey incar karane seey pahale, cathedral koo topon seey dhwast karane kii dhamki dee gaee, joe usa samay shahar kii sabse keemati vastu honey chaahiye thee. phir unhone pahala chetavani shott banaaya, joe isaki sanrachana koo gambhir roop seey prabhaavit karane key liye paryaapt thaa, kyonki goli ack stambh seey takra gaee, usey neeche giraa diyaa aur dou aur leey gaee. mehrab joe teen stambhon aur chhat key hisse koo sahaara dete they. anta mein, cartagenian ney 110,000 chaandi key ducat kaa bhugtan kiya aur drake 6 saptah taka shahar key kabje mein rakhane key baad, shahar key vinash koo jaari naheen rakhane key liye sahmat hue.
sanyog seey aur sanyog seey, jaane key raaste mein, master benito dee morales shahar seey gujare, jinhone rajyapal key anurodh parr, cathedral kii jaanch kii aur nuksan kaa mulyankan kiya. iss tarah unhone divaaron aur stambhon kii achchi neenv kaa satyapan kiya, punarnirmaan key liye sanket diye aur sifarish kii kii imarat koo iss tarah seey puuraa kiya jaae kii mool pariyojana mein koee badalaav naa hoe. iss prakaar, dheere-dheere paise kii kamee key kaaran joe angrejon ney liya thaa aur joe pariyojana key liye niyat thaa, marammat kaary aur mandir kaa puuraa honah shuru hoe gayaa. isake alawa, shahar key hamale aur loot key baad, bishap fryer juan dee montalvo kii mrityu 1586 key 10 sitambar koo unake cathedral key vidhvans key baad naitik dund key kaaran hui.
marammat aur samaapti kaa kaam bahut dheere-dheere huaa. 1591 mein, bishap fryer antonio dee hervias ney raajaa koo ack patra likhaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaah raajaa koo sambodhit bishap fryer antonio dee hervias kaa patra usa samay key lekhan key saath likhaa gayaa haye, isake alawa kuchh shabdon mein usa kshan kii vartani haye.
bishap kii nirashawad (coloney key sainya aur dhaarmik adhikaariyon key beach lagaatar dushmani koo darshaate hue) key bavjood, punarnirmaan kiya gayaa, halanki dheere-dheere; rajyapal kii achchi ichcha key bavjood, bahut aage naheen badhaa thaa, kyonki koee dhana upalabdh naheen thaa kyonki shahar key hamale key baad aarthik roop seey bahut kharaab thaa.

