
namak march

namak march, jise namak satyagrah, dandi march aur dandi satyagrah key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, mahatma gaandhi key netritva mein aupaniveshik bhaarat mein ahinsak savinay avagya kaa ack kaary thaa. chaubis divasiya march 12 march seey 5 aprail 1930 taka british namak ekadhikar key khilaf curr pratirodh aur ahinsak virodh key pratyaksh kaarravaai abhiyaan key roop mein chalaa. iss march kaa ack aur kaaran yeh thaa kii savinay avagya andolan koo ack majboot udghaatan kii aavashyakta thee joe adhik logon koo gaandhi key udaaharan kaa paalan karane key liye prerit karega. gaandhi ney apane 78 bharosemand swayamsevakon key saath iss march kii shuruat kii. yeh march sabarmati ashram seey dandi taka faila huaa thaa, jise usa samay (abb gujaraat raajya mein) navsari kahaa jaataa thaa. raaste mein bhaartiyon kii badhati sankhya unake saath shamil hoe gaee. jaba gaandhi ney 6 aprail 1930 koo subah 8:30 baje british raaj namak kaanoonon koo todaa, tou isane laakhon bhaartiyon dwara namak kaanoonon key khilaf badey paimaane parr savinay avagya key krityon koo janm diyaa.
dandi mein vashpikaran dwara namak banaane key baad, gaandhi samudra tata key saath dakshin kii or badhate rahey, namak banaate rahey aur raaste mein sabhaon koo sambodhit karate rahey. congress party ney dandi key dakshin mein sthit dharmasana namak karyon mein satyagrah karane kii yojana banaai. haalaanki, gaandhi koo 4-5 maee 1930 kii madhyaraatri koo, dharamshala mein niyojit kaarravaai seey kuchh dinn pahale giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. dandi march aur usake baad key dharmasana satyagrah ney vyaapak samachar patra aur samachar patra coverage key madhyam seey bhaaratiya swatantrata andolan kii or duniya bhar kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya. namak curr key khilaf satyagrah lagbhag ack saal taka jaari rhaa, joe gaandhi kii jail seey rihaai aur dusare golmez sammelan mein vaaysaraay lord irvin key saath baatchit key saath samaapt huaa. haalaanki namak satyagrah key parinamswarup 60,000 seey adhik bhaartiyon koo jail mein daal diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin angrejon ney tatkaal badee riyaayaten naheen deen.
namak satyagrah abhiyaan gaandhi key ahinsak virodh key siddhanton parr adharit thaa jise unhone "satyagrah" kahaa thaa, jiska unhone "satya-bull" key roop mein anuvaad kiya thaa. shaabdik roop seey, yeh sanskrit shabdon "satya", "satya" aur "aagrah", "aagrah" seey banaa haye. 1920 kii shuruat mein bhaaratiya rashtriya congress ney british shasson seey bhaaratiya samprabhuta aur swa-shasson jeetane key liye satyagrah koo apani mukhya ranneeti key roop mein chunaa aur abhiyaan koo aayojit karane key liye gaandhi koo niyukt kiya. gaandhi ney 1882 key british namak adhiniyam koo satyagrah key pahale lakshya key roop mein chunaa. dandi kii or namak march, aur dharamshala mein saikadon ahinsak pradarshankariyon kii aupaniveshik pulis dwara pitai, jise duniya bhar mein samachar coverage praapt hui, ney samajik aur raajneetik anyaay key khilaf ladane key liye ack takneek key roop mein savinay avagya key prabhaavi upayog kaa pradarshan kiya. gaandhi kii satyagrah shikshaon aur dandi kii or cooch kaa americi kaaryakartaon martin luther king junier parr mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa.1960 key dashak mein african amerikiyon aur anya alpasankhyak samoohon key liye nagrik adhikaaron key liye nagrik adhikaar andolan key dauran james bevel aur anya. yeh march 1920-22 key asahyog andolan key baad seey british pradhikaran key liye sabse mahatvapurna sangathit chunauti thee, aur 26 janwari 1930 koo swatantrata divas manaate hue bhaaratiya rashtriya congress dwara samprabhuta aur swa-shasson kii poorna swaraj ghoshana kaa seedhe paalan kiya gayaa. isane duniya bhar kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya jisane bhaaratiya swatantrata andolan koo gati dee aur rashtravyapi savinay avagya andolan shuru kiya joe gujaraat mein 1934 taka jaari rhaa.
savinay avagya andolan.
31 disambar 1929 kii madhyaraatri mein, aaee. aine. see. (bhaaratiya rashtriya congress) ney taton parr bhaarat kaa tirange kaa jhanda aur lahaur mein raavi fahrai. gaandhi aur jawaharlal nehru key netritva mein bhaaratiya rashtriya congress ney 26 janwari 1930 koo saarvajanik roop seey samprabhuta aur swa-shasson yaa poorna swaraj kii ghoshana jaari kii. (shaabdik roop seey sanskrit mein, "poorna", "poorna", "swa", "swa", "raaj", "shasson", isaliye "poorna swa-shasson") ghoshana mein karon koo rokane kii taiyari shamil thee, aur bayaanah
humm maanate hain kii yeh bhaaratiya logon kaa, kissy bhee anya logon kii tarah, swatantrata praapt karane aur apani mehnat key phal kaa anand lene aur jeevan kii aavashyaktaon kaa anand lene kaa atoot adhikaar haye, taaki unhein vikas key liye poorna avsar mill sakein. hamara yeh bhee maanana haye kii yadi koee sarkaar logon koo inn adhikaaron seey vanchit karati haye aur una parr atyachar karati haye tou logon koo ise badalane yaa samaapt karane kaa aur adhikaar haye. bhaarat mein british sarkaar ney naa kewal bhaaratiya logon koo unaki swatantrata seey vanchit kiya haye, balki janata key shoshan parr adharit haye, aur bhaarat koo aarthik, raajneetik, saanskritik aur aadhyatmik roop seey barbad curr diyaa haye. isaliye hamara maanana haye kii bhaarat koo british sambandh koo todana chaahiye aur "poorna swaraji" yaa poorna samprabhuta aur swa-shasson praapt karna chaahiye.
congress kaary samiti ney gaandhi koo savinay avagya key pahale kaary key ayojan kii jimmedaari dee, jisamen congress swayam gaandhi kii apekshit giraftari key baad karyabhar sambhaalane key liye taiyar thee. gaandhi kii yojana british namak curr key uddeshya seey satyagrah key saath savinay avagya shuru karane kii thee. 1882 key namak adhiniyam ney angrejon koo namak key sangrah aur nirmaan parr ekadhikar diyaa, isake sanchaalan koo sarkari namak dipo taka seemit curr diyaa aur namak curr lagaaya. namak adhiniyam kaa ullanghan ack aaparaadhik aparaadh thaa. yadyapi tata parr rahane vaalon key liye namak swatantra roop seey upalabdh thaa (samudri jall key vashpikaran dwara), bhaaratiya ise aupaniveshik sarkaar seey khareedane key liye majboor they.
virodh key roop mein namak kaa chayan.
shuru mein, gaandhi key namak curr key chayan koo congress kii kaary samiti dwara avishvasaniyata kaa saamana karna padaa, jawaharlal nehru aur divyalochan saahuu dwidhamansh mein they; sardar patel ney isake bajaay bhoomi rajaswa bahishkaar kaa sujhaav diyaa. "dha statesman", ack pramukh samachar patra ney iss vikalp key baare mein likhaah "naa hansana mushkil haye, aur humm kalpana karate hain kii adhikansh soch vaale bhaartiyon kaa mood aisaa hoga."
british aupaniveshik prashaasan bhee namak curr key khilaf pratirodh kii inn yojanaon seey vichalit naheen thaa. khud vaaysaraay, lord irvin ney namak virodh key khatare koo gambhirta seey naheen liya, landan koo likhaa, "vartamaan mein, namak abhiyaan kii sambhavana mujhe raat mein jaagati naheen haye."
haalaanki, gaandhi key paas apane faisale key liye thhos kaaran they. dainik upayog kii ack vastu adhik raajneetik adhikaaron kii amoort maang kii tulanaa mein nagrikon key sabhi vargon key saath adhik pratidhwanit hoe sakati haye. namak curr british raaj curr rajaswa kaa 8.2% thaa aur sabse garib bhaartiyon koo sabse adhik nuksan pahunchaata thaa.
apani pasand key baare mein bataate hue gaandhi ney kahaa, "havaa aur paani key baad, namak shayed jeevan kii sabse badee aavashyakta haye."anya netaaon key vipareet, pramukh congress rajneta aur bhaarat key bhaavi governor-general, see. rajagopalachari, gaandhi key drishtikon koo samajh gaye. tuticorin mein ack saarvajanik sabhaa mein unhone kahaah
maan leejiye, vidroh mein loga badh rahey hain. way amoort samvidhaan parr hamla naheen curr sakate hain yaa ghoshanaon aur kaanoonon key khilaf senaa kaa netritva naheen curr sakate hain... savinay avagya koo namak curr yaa bhoomi curr yaa kissy anya vishesh bindu key khilaf nirdeshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye-aisaa naheen haye; yeh hamara antim lakshya haye, lekin abhee key liye yeh hamara lakshya haye, aur hamein seedhe shoot karna chaahiye.
gaandhi ney mahsoos kiya kii yeh virodh poorna swaraj koo iss tarah seey naatakiya banaa dega joe harr bhaaratiya key liye saarthak thaa. unhone yeh bhee tark diyaa kii yeh hinduon aur musalmaanon key beach ack aisee galati seey ladkar ekataa kaa nirmaan karega joe unhein samaan roop seey chhoo gaee.
virodh key tej honey key baad, netaaon koo prateek key roop mein namak kii shakti kaa ehsas huaa. nehru ney abhootpoorv lokpriya pratikriya key baare mein tippani kii, "aisaa lugg rhaa thaa jaise kii ack vasant achaanak jaari kiya gayaa thaa."
satyagrah.
gaandhi kii ahinsak savinay avagya key prati lambe samay seey pratibaddhata thee, jise unhone bhaaratiya samprabhuta aur swa-shasson praapt karane key liye aadhar key roop mein "satyagrah" kahaa. satyagrah" aur "poorna swaraj" key beach key sambandh kaa ullekh karate hue, gaandhi ney "saadhan aur anta key beach ack alanghaniya sambandh dekhaa kyonki beej aur pedh key beach haye. unhone likhaa, "yadi niyojit saadhan ashuddh hain, tou parivartan pragati kii disha mein naheen hoga, lekin isake vipareet honey kii bahut sambhavana haye. kewal shuddh sadhanon seey hamari raajneetik sthiti mein laaya gayaa parivartan hii vaastavik pragati kii or leey jaa sakata haye."
satyagrah sanskrit shabd "satya" (satya) aur "aagrah" (aagrah) kaa sanshleshan haye. gaandhi key liye, satyagrah kewal "nishkriya pratirodh" seey bahut aage chalaa gayaa aur ahinsak tarikon kaa abhyaas karane mein taakat bunn gayaa. unake shabdon menh
satya (satya) kaa tatparya prem aur dridhata (aagrah) paida karna haye aur isaliye yeh bull key paryaay key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. iss prakaar maine bhaaratiya andolan koo satyagrah kahana shuru kiya, arthaat vaha shakti joe satya aur prem yaa ahinsa seey paida hoti haye, aur isake sambandh mein "nishkriya pratirodh" vakyansh kaa upayog itna chhod diyaa kii angreji lekhan mein bhee humm aksar isase bachate they aur isake bajaay "satyagrah" shabd kaa upayog karate they...
bhaarat mein zana satyagrah kaa netritva karane kaa unakaa pahala mahatvapurna prayaas 1920 seey 1922 taka asahyog andolan thaa. bhale hii yeh british dwara banaae gaye raulet adhiniyam key virodh mein laakhon bhaartiyon koo uthaane mein safal rhaa, lekin chauri chaura mein hinsa bhadak gaee, jahaan ack bheed ney 22 nihatthe puliskarmiyon koo maar daala. gaandhi ney anya congress sadasyon key virodh key khilaf virodh pradarshan koo nilambit curr diyaa. unhone nirnay liya kii bhaaratiya abhee taka safal ahinsak pratirodh key liye taiyar naheen they. 1928 mein bardoli satyagrah bahut adhik safal rhaa. yeh british sarkaar koo pangu banaane aur mahatvapurna riyaayaten jeetane mein safal rhaa. isase bhee mahatvapurna baat yeh haye kii vyaapak press coverage key kaaran, isane apane aakar key sabhi anupaat mein ack prachaar jeet hassil kii. gaandhi ney baad mein daavaa kiya kii bardoli mein safalata ney satyagrah aur swaraj mein unake vishvaas kii pushti keeh "yeh dheere-dheere hii hoga kii humm bardoli mein praapt jeet key mahatva koo jaanenge... bardoli ney raasta dikhaaya aur ise saaf curr diyaa. swaraj usa maarg parr sthit haye, aur yahee ilaaj haye..."gaandhi ney dandi march key liye bardoli satyagrah pratibhagiyon seey bhaari bharti kii, joe bardoli virodh pradarshanon mein bhaag lene vaale kaee gaanvon seey hocker guzra. iss vidroh ney gati praapt kii aur bhaarat key sabhi hisson seey iska samarthan praapt huaa.
march kii taiyari.
5 farwari koo samachar patron ney bataaya kii gaandhi namak kaanoonon kii avahelana karke savinay avagya shuru karenge. namak satyagrah 12 march koo shuru hoga aur 6 aprail koo gaandhi dwara namak adhiniyam todane key saath dandi mein samaapt hoga. gaandhi ney ack prateekaatmak kaaran seey namak kaanoonon koo badey paimaane parr todane key liye 6 aprail kaa chunaav kiya-yeh "rashtriya saptah" kaa pahala dinn thaa, joe 1919 mein shuru huaa thaa jaba gaandhi ney raulet adhiniyam key khilaf rashtriya hadtaal (hadtaal) kii kalpana kii thee.
gaandhi ney ashram seey niyamit bayaan jaari karke, apani niyamit prarthana sabhaon mein aur press key saath seedhe sampark key madhyam seey march key liye duniya bhar key media koo taiyar kiya. giraftari kii ummeed mein unake baar-baar diye gaye bayanon aur jaise-jaise samay najdeek aaa rhaa thaa, unaki naatakiya bhasha seey ummeeden badh gaeenh "humm ack jeevan aur mrityu sangharsh, ack pavitra yuddh mein pravesh curr rahey hain; humm ack sarv-aatmasaat balidan curr rahey hain jisamen humm khud koo ack bhent key roop mein prastut karna chaahte hain."darjanon bhaaratiya, europeeya aur americi samachar patron key samvaaddaataon ney film companiyon key saath naatak kaa jawab diyaa aur karyakram koo cover karna shuru curr diyaa.
march key liye hii, gaandhi sabse sakht anushasana aur satyagrah aur ahinsa kaa paalan karna chaahte they. iss kaaran seey, unhone julus nikaalane vaalon kii bharti congress party key sadasyon seey naheen, balki apane ashram key nivaasiyon seey kii, joe gaandhi key anushasana key sakht manakon mein prashikshit they. 24 divasiya march 4 jilon aur 48 gaanvon seey hocker gujarega. pratyek shaam key thaharane key sthaan key saath-saath march key maarg kii yojana bharti kshamata, pichhale samparkon aur samay key aadhar parr banaai gaee thee. gaandhi ney march seey pahale pratyek gaanv mein scout bheje taaki way sthaaniya nivaasiyon kii jarooraton key aadhar parr pratyek vishram sthal parr apani baatchit kii yojana banaa sakein. pratyek gaanv mein karyakram nirdhaarit kiye gaye they aur bhaaratiya aur videshi press mein prachaarit kiye gaye they.
2 march 1930 koo gaandhi ney vaaysaraay, lord irvin koo patra likhaa, aggar irvin ney bhoomi rajaswa aaklan mein kamee, sainya kharch mein katauti, videshi kapade parr shulk lagaane aur namak curr koo samaapt karane sahit gyaarah maangon koo puuraa kiya tou march koo rokane kii peshkash kii. irvin key liye unaki sabse majboot appeal ney namak curr koo maanah
yadi meraa patra aapke dill mein koee appeal naheen kartaa haye, tou iss maheene key gyaarahaven dinn main ashram key aise saha-kaaryakartaon key saath aage badhoonga joe main namak kaanoonon key praavdhaanon kii avahelana curr sakata huun. main iss curr koo garib aadami key drishtikon seey sabse adhik anyaaypurna maanata huun. choonki samprabhuta aur swa-shasson andolan anivarya roop seey desh key sabse garib logon key liye haye, isaliye shuruat iss burai seey hogi.
jaisa kii pahale ullekh kiya gayaa haye, vaaysaraay ney tiraskar mein "namak virodh" kii koee bhee sambhavana rakhee. jaba unhone patra koo nazarandaj curr diyaa aur gaandhi seey milane seey incar curr diyaa, tou march shuru curr diyaa gayaa. gaandhi ney tippani kii, "ghutanon key bull jhukkar, maine rotty maangi aur mujhe usake bajaay patthar milaa haye."march kii poorv sandhya parr hajaaron bhaaratiya loga shaam kii niyamit prarthana mein gaandhi koo bolane key liye sabarmati aae. rashtra key liye americi akaadamik lekhan ney bataaya kii "60,000 loga gaandhi key hathiyar key ahwan koo sunane key liye nadee key tata parr ekatra hue. hathiyaron key liye yeh ahwan shayed yuddh key liye sabse ullekhaniya ahwan thaa joe kabhi kiya gayaa haye."
dandi kii or cooch karein.
12 march 1930 koo, gaandhi aur 78 satyagrahi, jinamen seey lagbhag harr kshetra, jaati, panth aur bhaarat key dharm key purush they, gujaraat key navsari jile mein tateey gaanv dandi key liye paidal nikale, joe sabarmati ashram mein apane shuruati bindu seey 385 kimmy door thaa. namak march koo safed bahati nadee bhee kahaa jaataa thaa kyonki sabhi loga safed khaadi pahankar julus mein shamil hoe rahey they.
dha statesman" key anusaar, sarkari akhbar joe aamtaur parr gaandhi key karyakramon mein bheed key aakar koo cumm kartaa thaa, sabarmati koo ahmadabad seey alag karane vaali sadak parr 100,000 logon kii bheed thee. 21 kilometres kaa pahala dinn kaa march asli gaanv mein samaapt huaa, jahan gaandhi ney lagbhag 4,000 kii bheed seey baat kii. asli mein, aur anya gaanvon seey jahan march gujarta thaa, swayamsevakon ney daan ekatra kiya, nae satyagrahi panjikrit kiye, aur gaanv key adhikaariyon seey istife praapt kiye jinhone british shasson key saath sahyog samaapt karane kaa faisala kiya.
jaise hii way pratyek gaanv mein pravesh karate, bheed ney julus kaa swaagat kiya, dhol aur jhaanjh bajaate hue. gaandhi ney namak curr parr amanviya aur namak satyagrah parr "garib aadami key sangharsh" key roop mein hamla karate hue bhaashan diye. harr raat way khule mein sote they. graminon seey kewal khaana aur paani peene key liye kahaa gayaa thaa. gaandhi ney mahsoos kiya kii yeh garibon koo samprabhuta aur swa-shasson key liye sangharsh mein laayega, joe antim jeet key liye aavashyak haye.
hajaaron satyagrahi aur sarojini nayudu jaise netaa unake saath shamil hoe gaye. harr dinn, adhik seey adhik loga march mein shamil hotey gaye, jaba taka kii march karane vaalon kaa julus cumm seey cumm 3 kimmy lamba naheen hoe gayaa. apane utsaah koo banaae rakhane key liye, julus nikaalane vaale chalate hue hindu bhajan raghupati ragav raaj raam gaate they. soorat mein 30,000 logon ney unakaa swaagat kiya. jaba way dandi mein railhead parr pahunche, tou 50,000 seey adhik loga ikattha hoe gaye. gaandhi ney sakshatkar diye aur raaste mein lekh likhe. videshi patrakaar aur teen bombe cinema companiyon ney newsreel footage kii shooting karate hue gaandhi koo europe aur america mein ack gharelu naam mein badal diyaa (1930 key anta mein, "time" patrika ney unhein "maine off dha ear" banaa diyaa). newyork times" ney namak march key baare mein lagbhag dainik roop seey likhaa, jisamen 6 aur 7 aprail koo dou pahale prishth key lekh shamil they. march key anta mein, gaandhi ney ghoshana kii, "main shakti key khilaf adhikaar kii iss ladaai mein vishva sahaanubhooti chaahata huun."
5 aprail koo samudra tata parr pahunchane parr, gaandhi kaa ack sambaddh press reporter dwara sakshatkar liya gayaa. unhone kahaah
main poore march key dauran unake dwara apnai gaee poorna gair-hastakshep kii neeti key liye sarkaar seey apani prashansa koo roque naheen sakata... kaash main vishvaas curr paataa kii yeh gair-hastakshep kissy bhee vaastavik hriday yaa neeti key parivartan key kaaran thaa. vidhaan sabhaa mein lokpriya bhavna kii upeksha aur unake uchch-stariya kadmon seey koee sandeh naheen haye kii bhaarat key hridayaheen shoshan kii neeti koo kissy bhee keemat parr banaae rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye, aur isaliye main iss gair-hastakshep kii ekmatra vyakhya yeh curr sakata huun kii british sarkaar, halanki yeh shaktishali haye, vishva kii raay key prati samvedansheel haye joe atyadhik raajneetik andolan key daman koo bardasht naheen karegi, joe kii savinay avagya haye, jaba taka kii avagya nagrik bunny hui haye aur isaliye anivarya roop seey ahinsak haye... yeh dekhaa jaanaa baaki haye kii kyaa sarkaar bardasht karegi kyonki unhone march koo bardasht kiya haye, cull seey anginat logon dwara namak kaanoonon kaa vaastavik ullanghan.
agali subah, ack prarthana key baad, gaandhi ney namkeen mitty kaa ack dher uthaaya aur ghoshana kii, "isake saath, main british samrajya kii neenv hilaa rhaa huun."phir usane ise samudri jall mein ubla curr avaidh namak kaa utpaadan kiya. unhone apane hajaaron anuyaayiyon seey samudra tata parr namak banaana shuru karane kaa anurodh kiya, "jahaan bhee suvidhajanak hoe" aur graminon koo avaidh, lekin aavashyak, namak banaane kaa nirdesh dene key liye. anya loga unake peechhe chaley aur sarojini nayudu ney gaandhi koo sambodhit karate hue "hell, low breaker" chillaya. apani betty koo likhe ack patra mein, nayudu ney tippani keeh "chhota kaanoon todane vaalaa 'maun' kii sthiti mein baithaa haye aur yuva bhaarat key liye apani jeet kaa lekh likh rhaa haye aur main ack vishal kamare kii khuli khidki parr ack kathor bench parr faila huaa huun jisamen 6 khidakiyan hain joe samudra kii havaa key liye khuli hain. jahan taka nazar haye, vahaan ack chhoti see senaa haye-hajaaron teerthayaatri joe cull seey iss anyatha nirjan aur machuaaron key atyadhik adim gaanv mein aaa rahey hain."gaandhi dwara namak kaanoon todane key baad, lagbhag 700 taaron koo jalalpur mein dandi key nikatatam dakghar seey bheja gayaa thaa. unamen seey adhikansh patrakaar they, joe iss khabar koo todane key liye vahaan they.
pahale 78 marchers.
gaandhi key saath 78 march karane vaale unake saath chaley. unamen seey adhikansh 20 seey 30 varsh kii ayu key beach key they. yeye purush desh key lagbhag sabhi hisson seey they. march ney gati praapt karane key saath adhik logon koo ikattha kiya, lekin naamon kii nimnalikhit soochi mein swayam gaandhi aur pahale 78 marchers shamil hain joe dandi march kii shuruat seey anta taka gaandhi key saath they. march khatm honey key baad unamen seey adhikansh buss titar-bitar hoe gaye.
prasiddh dandi march mein bhaag lene vaale inn satyagrahiyon key sammaan mein iit bombe key parisar key ander ack smaarak banaaya gayaa haye.
saamoohik savinay avagya.
laakhon logon ney namak banaakar yaa avaidh namak kharidkar namak kaanoonon koo toda diyaa aur badey paimaane parr savinay avagya poore bhaarat mein fail gaee. bhaarat key poore tata parr avaidh roop seey namak becha jaataa thaa. gaandhi dwara swayam banaaya gayaa ack chutaki namak 1,600 rupaye (usa samay 750 dollar key barabar) mein becha gayaa. pratikriya mein, british sarkaar ney maheene key anta taka saath hazaar seey adhik logon koo giraftar curr liya.
joe ack namak satyagrah key roop mein shuru huaa thaa vaha jaldi hii ack saamoohik satyagrah mein badal gayaa. british kapade aur saman kaa bahishkaar kiya gayaa thaa. bombe, maisur aur madhya praanton mein alokpriya vann kaanoonon kii avahelana kii gaee thee. gujaraati kisaanon ney apani fasal aur bhoomi khone key khatare key kaaran curr dene seey incar curr diyaa. madhyapur mein, bangaliyon ney chaukidar curr kaa bhugtan karane seey incar curr diyaa. british ney patrachar kii censorship aur congress aur usake sahayogi sangathanon koo avaidh ghoshit karane sahit adhik kaanoonon key saath pratikriya dee. una upaayon mein seey kissy ney bhee savinay avagya andolan koo dheema naheen kiya.
kalkatta (abb kolkata likhaa jaataa haye), karachi aur gujaraat mein hinsa kaa prakop huaa. asahyog andolan key dauran hinsa key baad unake satyagrah key nilamban key vipareet, iss baar gaandhi "adig" they. hinsa koo samaapt karane kii appeal karate hue, usee samay gaandhi ney chittagong mein maare gaye logon koo sammaanit kiya aur unake maataa-pitaa koo "unake beton key antim balidan key liye" badhaai dee... ack yoddha kii mrityu kabhi bhee dukh kii baat naheen hoti haye."
1929 seey 1931 taka bhaaratiya savinay avagya andolan key pahale charan key dauran, britten mein ramse mcdonald key netritva mein doosara mcdonald mantralaya satta mein thaa. andolan key daman key prayaas kii adhyakshata mcdonald aur unake mantrimandal (bhaarat key raajya sachiv, villium wedgwood bayne sahit) ney kii thee. iss avadhi key dauran, mcdonald mantralaya ney bhaarat mein navodit trade unionwadi andolan key daman kaa bhee nireekshan kiya, jise itihaaskaar sumit sarkaar ney shramikon key adhikaaron key khilaf "ack badey paimaane parr poonjiwadi aur sarkari jawabi kaarravaai" key roop mein varnit kiya thaa.
kissa khawani bajar narsamhar.
peshawar mein, satyagrah kaa netritva gaandhi key ack musalman pashtoon shishya, gaffar khaan ney kiya thaa, jinhone 50,000 ahinsak kaaryakartaon koo prashikshit kiya thaa jinhen khudai khidmatagar kahaa jaataa thaa. 23 aprail 1930 koo gaffar khaan koo giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. peshawar key kissa kahani (kathakar) bajar mein khudai khidmatagar kii bheed jamaa hoe gaee. shaahi gadhwal rifles kii 2/18 batalian koo nihatthe bheed parr machinegan seey golibari karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen anumaanit 200-250 loga maare gaye they. pashtoon satyagrahi ahinsa mein apane prashikshan key anusaar kaam karate they, swechha seey goliyon kaa saamana karate hue jaba sainikon ney una parr golibari kii. ack british bhaaratiya senaa key sanic, chandra sinh gadhwali aur prasiddh shaahi gadhwal rifles resiment key kuchh anya sainikon ney bheed parr golibari karane seey incar curr diyaa. poori pulton koo giraftar curr liya gayaa aur kaee logon koo aajivan karawas sahit bhaari sajaa sunai gaee.
vedaranyam namak march.
gaandhi ney bhaarat key paschimi tata parr march kiya, unake karibi sahayogi see. rajagopalachari, joe baad mein bhaarat key pahale bhaaratiya governor-general baney, ney purvi tata parr samanantar mein vedaranyam namak march kaa ayojan kiya. unakaa samooh madras presidency (abb tamilanadu kaa hissa) mein tiruchirapalli seey shuru hocker tateey gaanv vedaranyam taka gayaa. vahaan avaidh namak banaane key baad, usey bhee angrejon ney giraftar curr liya thaa.
savinay avagya mein mahilaaen.
1930 mein savinay avagya ney pahali baar mahilaaon koo swatantrata key sangharsh mein badey paimaane parr bhagidar banane key liye chihnit kiya. badey shaharon seey laker chhote gaanvon taka hajaaron mahilaaen satyagrah mein sakriya bhagidar bunn gaeen. gaandhi ney kahaa thaa kii kewal purush hii namak march mein bhaag lein, lekin antatah mahilaaon ney poore bhaarat mein namak kaa utpaadan aur bikri shuru curr dee. yeh spasht thaa kii halanki march key bheetar kewal purushon koo anumati dee gaee thee, lekin purushon aur mahilaaon donon seey aage kaam karane kii ummeed kii jaati thee joe namak kaanoonon koo bhang karane mein madad karega. ack praarambhik gandhiwadi karyakarta ushaa mehta ney tippani kii kii "hamari purani chaachi aur badee-badee aur daadi bhee apane gharon mein namak key gaddhe laati theen aur avaidh namak kaa nirmaan karati theen. aur phir way apani aavaaz key sheersh parr chillaate theh 'hamane namak kaanoon toda diyaa haye!'samprabhuta aur swa-shasson key liye ladaai mein mahilaaon kii badhati sankhya lord irvin key anusaar ack naee aur gambhir visheshta thee. mahilaaon kii bhagidari parr ack sarkari report mein kahaa gayaa haye kii "unamen seey hajaaron saamane aaee hain... unake gharon key ekant seey... congress key pradarshanon mein shamil honey aur dharna pradarshan mein sahaayata karane key liye aur inn avsaron parr unaki upasthiti ney pulis koo vishesh roop seey apriya pradarshan karane key liye aavashyak banaa diyaa."halanki mahilaaen march mein shamil hoe gaeen, yeh spasht thaa kii gaandhi ney mahilaaon koo abhee bhee andolan key bheetar ack maadhyamik bhoomika nibhaate hue dekhaa, lekin mahilaaon koo bhavishya mein adhik shamil honey key liye ack dhakka kii shuruat kii.
"sarojini nayudu poorv-swatantra bhaarat key sabse adhik dikhaai dene vaale netaaon (purush yaa mahila) mein seey ack theen. bhaaratiya rashtriya congress kii adhyaksh aur swatantra bhaarat kii pahali mahila rajyapal key roop mein, vaha bhaarat key liye ack utsaahi adhivakta theen, joe bhaaratiya swatantrata andolan key liye utsaahpoorvak samarthan jutaati theen. vaha namak march mein giraftar honey vaali pahali mahila bhee theen."
prabhaav.
british dastaavezon seey pataa chalata haye kii british sarkaar satyagrah seey hill gaee thee. ahinsak virodh ney angrejon koo iss baat koo laker bhramit curr diyaa kii unhein jail jaanaa haye yaa naheen. ingland key ack bhaaratiya shaahi pulis adhikaari, johnn court curry ney apane sansmaranon mein likhaa haye kii 1930 mein congress key pradarshanon seey nipatane key dauran unhein harr baar matali mahsoos hoti thee. bhaarat key raajya sachiv, wayswood bayne sahit british sarkaar mein curry aur anya logon ney ahinsak virodhiyon key bajaay hinsak ladaai koo prathamikta dee.
dharmasana satyagrah aur usake baad.
gaandhi ney swayam march key baad aage sakriya bhagidari seey parhej kiya, halanki way poore bhaarat mein ghatanakram key saath nikat sampark mein rahey. unhone dandi key paas ack asthaayi ashram banaaya. vahaan seey, unhone bombe (abb mumbai) mein mahila anuyaayiyon seey sharaab kii dukaanon aur videshi kapadon koo bund karane kaa aagrah kiya. unhone kahaa kii "alaav videshi kapade seey banaaya jaanaa chaahiye. school aur college khaali honey chaahiye."
apani agali badee kaarravaai key liye, gaandhi ney dandi seey 40 kimmy dakshin mein gujaraat mein dharasana namak key karyon parr chhaapa maarne kaa faisala kiya. unhone lord irvin koo phir seey apani yojanaon key baare mein bataate hue likhaa. 4 maee kii madhyaraatri key aspas, jaba gaandhi aam key bageeche mein ack khaat parr sou rahey they, soorat key jilaa magistrate ney dou bhaaratiya adhikaariyon aur tees bhaari hathiyaron seey lais sipaahiyon koo leey jaaya. unhein 1827 key ack niyam key tahat giraftar kiya gayaa thaa jisamen gairkaanooni gatividhiyon mein lagey logon koo jail mein daalane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa, aur poona (abb puney) key paas binaa mukadame key rakhaa gayaa thaa.
dharamshala satyagrah yojana key anusaar aage badhaa, jisamen chhattar varsheeya sevaanivritt nyayadhish abbas tayyabji ney gaandhi kii patni kasturba key saath march kaa netritva kiya. donon koo dharmasana pahunchane seey pahale giraftar curr liya gayaa aur teen maheene kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee. unaki giraftari key baad, ack mahila kavi aur swatantrata senani sarojini nayudu key netritva mein march jaari rhaa, jinhone satyagrahiyon koo chetavani dee, "aapako kissy bhee paristhiti mein kissy bhee hinsa kaa upayog naheen karna chaahiye. aapako peeta jaayega, lekin aapako virodh naheen karna chaahieh aapako praharon koo rokane key liye ack haath bhee naheen uthaana chaahiye."sainikon ney ack aisee ghatana mein satyagrahiyon koo steel kii noke vaali laathiyon seey jodana shuru curr diyaa jisane antarrashtriya dhyaan aakarshit kiya. united press samvaadaata web miller ney bataaya kih
march karane vaalon mein seey ack ney bhee praharon koo rokane key liye ack haath naheen uthaaya. way duss pinn kii tarah neeche chaley gaye. jahan seey main khadaa thaa, maine asurakshit khopadi parr clubon key beemar honey kii aavaaz sunee. darshakon kii prateeksha karane vaali bheed harr jhatake parr sahanubhutipurna dard mein karaahati aur apani saanson mein choosati thee. joe loga neeche gir gaye way faili hui, behosh yaa tooty hui khopadi yaa toote hue kandhon key saath dard seey pareshan hoe curr gir gaye. dou yaa teen minut mein jameen koo shavon seey silvaya gayaa. unake safed kapadon parr khoon key badey-badey dhabbe fail gaye. binaa rank tode bache loga chupchaap aur kutte seey taba taka aage badhe jaba taka kii way neeche naheen aaa gaye... aakhirkaar pulis pratirodh naa karane parr gusse mein aaa gaee... unhone baithe hue logon koo pett aur andakosh mein krurta seey laat maarnaa shuru curr diyaa. ghayal loga dard mein chillaate aur chillaate hue pulis key gusse koo bhadkaate hue dikhaai diye... pulis taba baithe logon koo haathon yaa pairon seey ghaseetana shuru curr detee thee, kabhi-kabhi sou gaj taka, aur unhein gaddhon mein fenk detee thee.
vidhansabha key poorv adhyaksh vitthalbhai patel ney pitai koo dekhaa aur tippani kii, "british samrajya key saath bhaarat key sulah kii sabhi aashaa hamesha key liye khou gaee haye."miller key ingland mein apane prakaashak koo kahani koo telegraph karane key pahale prayason koo bhaarat mein british telegraph operators dwara sensor kiya gayaa thaa. british censorship koo ujagar karane kii dhamki dene key baad hii unaki kahani koo paarit karane kii anumati dee gaee. yeh kahani duniya bhar key 1,350 samachar patron mein prakaashit hui aur senator johnn jey dwara sanyukt raajya senate key aadhikarik record mein padhee gaee. blain.
namak satyagrah duniya kaa dhyaan aakarshit karane mein safal rhaa. laakhon logon ney march dikhaane vaali samachar-patrikaon koo dekhaa. "samay ney gaandhi koo 1930 kaa varsh kaa sarvshreshth vyakti ghoshit kiya, aur" "britten key namak curr kii avahelana karane key liye gaandhi key samudra kii or cooch kii tulanaa kii, kyonki kuchh nae ingland key logon ney ack baar british chaay curr kii avahelana kii thee. savinay avagya 1931 kii shuruat taka jaari rahee, jaba gaandhi koo antatah irvin key saath baatchit karane key liye jail seey riha curr diyaa gayaa. yeh pahali baar thaa jaba donon ney samaan sharton parr baatchit kii, aur isake parinamswarup gaandhi-irvin samjhauta huaa. vaarta 1931 key anta mein dusare golmez sammelan kaa netritva karegi.
deerghakaalik prabhaav.
namak satyagrah ney bhaarat key liye prabhutva kii sthiti yaa swa-shasson kii or tatkaal pragati naheen kii, angrejon seey badee neetigat riyaayaten naheen praapt keen, yaa bahut adhik muslim samarthan aakarshit naheen kiya. congress netaaon ney 1934 mein aadhikarik neeti key roop mein satyagrah koo samaapt karane kaa faisala kiya, aur nehru aur anya congress sadasya gaandhi seey aur alag hoe gaye, joe apane rachanaatmak karyakram parr dhyaan kendrit karane key liye congress seey hutt gaye, jisamen harijan andolan mein asprishyata koo samaapt karane key unake prayaas shamil they. haalaanki, bhale hii british adhikaari 1930 key dashak key madhya taka phir seey niyantran mein they, bhaaratiya, british aur vishva raay ney gaandhi aur congress party dwara samprabhuta aur swa-shasson key daavon kii vaidhata koo teji seey maanyata denaa shuru curr diyaa. 1930 key dashak key satyagrah abhiyaan ney angrejon koo yeh sweekaar karane key liye majboor kiya kii bhaarat parr unakaa niyantran poori tarah seey bhaartiyon kii sahamati parr nirbhar thaa-namak satyagrah angrejon kii sahamati khone mein ack mahatvapurna kadam thaa.
nehru ney namak satyagrah koo gaandhi key saath apane judaav kaa uchch jall chihn maanaa aur mahsoos kiya kii iska sthaayi mahatva bhaartiyon key drishtikon koo badalane mein thaah
beshak inn andolanon ney british sarkaar parr jabardast dabaav daala aur sarkari tantra koo hilaa diyaa. lekin merey vichaar seey vaastavik mahatva hamaare apane logon aur vishesh roop seey gaanv key logon parr unake prabhaav mein nihit haye... asahyog ney unhein daldal seey baahar nikala aur unhein aatm-sammaan aur aatmanirbharta dee... unhone saahaspoorvak kaary kiya aur anyaaypurna utpeedan key prati itani aasaani seey samarpan naheen kiya; unakaa drishtikon vyaapak hoe gayaa aur way poore bhaarat key sandarbh mein thodaa sochane lagey... yeh ack ullekhaniya parivartan thaa aur gaandhi key netritva mein congress koo iska shreya milna chaahiye.
tees seey adhik varshon key baad, satyagrah aur dandi kii or march ney americi nagrik adhikaar karyakarta martin luther king junier parr ack majboot prabhaav daala., aur 1960 key dashak mein ashweton key liye nagrik adhikaaron key liye unaki ladaaih
adhikansh logon kii tarah, maine bhee gaandhi key baare mein sunaa thaa, lekin maine kabhi unakaa gambhirta seey adhyayan naheen kiya thaa. jaise hii maine padhaa main unake ahinsak pratirodh key abhiyaanon seey gaharaai seey mohit hoe gayaa. main vishesh roop seey samudra kii or unake namak march aur unake kaee upvaason seey prabhaavit huaa. satyagrah" ("satya" satya haye joe prem key barabar haye, aur "aagrah" bull haye; isaliye, "satyagrah" kaa arth haye satya bull yaa prem bull) kii poori avadharana merey liye bahut mahatvapurna thee. jaise-jaise main gaandhi key darshan mein gaharaai seey gayaa, prem kii shakti key baare mein meraa sandeh dheere-dheere cumm hoe gayaa, aur main pahali baar samajik sudhaar key kshetra mein isaki shakti koo dekhane aaya.
2005 mein punah adhiniyamit.
mahaan namak march key uplakshya mein, mahatma gaandhi foundation ney apani 75veen varshgaanth parr namak march koo apane sateek aitihaasik karyakram aur maarg mein mahatma aur unake 78 juluson key dall dwara phir seey lagu kiya. iss karyakram koo "nyaay aur swatantrata key liye antarrashtriya padayatra" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. mahatma gaandhi key prapautra tushar gaandhi key liye ack vyaktigat tirthayatra key roop mein shuru hui joe nau deshon key 900 panjikrit pratibhagiyon key saath ack antarrashtriya karyakram mein badal gaee aur dainik aadhar parr sankhya badhkar kuchh hajaaron hoe gaee. antarrashtriya media mein vyaapak report thee.
pratibhagiyon ney 5 aprail kii raat koo dandi mein rook curr 7 aprail koo smaranotsav samaapt kiya. dandi mein samaapan parr, bhaarat key pradhaanmantri dow. manmohan sinh ney julus kaa swaagat kiya aur julus aur aitihaasik ghatana key smaran mein dandi mein ack upayukt smaarak banaane kaa vaadaa kiya. sabarmati ashram seey dandi taka key maarg koo abb dandi maarg key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa haye aur ise ack aitihaasik viraasat maarg ghoshit kiya gayaa haye.
bhaarat ney 1980 aur 2005 mein dandi march kii 50veen aur 75veen varshgaanth parr smaarak daak tikaton kii ack shrinkhala jaari kii.
smaarak.
iss karyakram koo samarpit ack smaarak sangrahalaya, rashtriya namak satyagrah smaarak, 30 janwari 2019 koo dandi mein khola gayaa thaa.