
barro blanco baandh

barro blanco panama key chiriki praant mein tabsara nadee parr ack gurutvaakarshan baandh haye. yeh 2017 mein 28.56 mw kii kshamata key saath utpaadan karna shuru kiya. haalaanki sarkaar ney baandh koo adhikrit kiya thaa, lekin virodh key baad farwari 2015 mein isane nirmaan koo nilambit curr diyaa. ganarajya key rashtrapati ney agast 2015 mein nirmaan key aanshik punah praarambh koo adhikrit kiya, lekin antim samjhaute taka jalaashay koo bharane parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. baandh seey sambandhit mahatvapurna mudde vivadaspad hain, jaise kii yeh sawal kii kyaa kshetra key swadeshi samudaayon ney shuru mein baandh key nirmaan key liye apana samarthan yaa virodh vyakt kiya thaa aur apane vichaar vyakt karane seey pahale unhein pariyojana aur isake prabhaavon key baare mein kitni achchi tarah seey soochit kiya gayaa thaa.
takniki visheshataaen.
baandh koo nadee parr prabhaav koo cumm karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, jisase nadee kaa koee bhee hissa kabhi sookh naa jaae. gair-swachchh vikas tantra karyakari board koo prastut pariyojana design dastaavez key anusaar, roller-compact concreet gurutvaakarshan baandh kii adhikatam oonchaai aur adhikatam jalaashay kii satah honey chaahiye, jisamen vartamaan mein tabsara nadee kaa kabja bhee shamil haye aur joe jalmagn hoe jaayega. jalmagn bhoomi kaa hissa nagabe-bugley logon key swadeshi kshetra ("komarka") mein sthit hoga. niyojit panbijali sanyantra kii sthaapit kshamata 28.84 megawatt haye.
swaamitva aur vittaposhan.
pariyojana vikaskarta "generadora dell istamo aiss" haye. aeye."(jenissa), ack panmanian vishesh uddeshya company jise vishesh roop seey iss pariyojana key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. jenissa kaa swaamitva kaife parivaar key paas haih saarvajanik registry mein luis coffey (adhyaksh), luis jose coffey (khajanchi aur nideshak), shukri coffey (nideshak), aduardo coffey (nideshak), aduardo coffey atala (nideshak) aur christoper coffey (nideshak) koo jenissa key board key sadasya key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye. 
iss pariyojana kaa vittaposhan dou europeeya raajya key swaamitva vaale bainkon dwara pradaan kiye gaye rinon dwara kiya jaataa haye joe vikaasheel deshon mein niji kshetra key nivesh koo badhaava dete hain, german nivesh nigam (dee. jee.) aur neatherlands vikas vitt company (aff. aim. oh.), saath hii saath kendriya americi baink aarthik ekikaran (kaibei) dwara. kaibei ney 2011 mein pariyojana vikaskarta koo 25 million americi dollar key rinn koo manjuri dee. teen bainkon seey kull dhana 78.3 million americi dollar haye.
sangharsh kaa sandarbh.
khanan aur unake kshetra mein yaa usake paas panbijali utpaadan key liye baandhon key nirmaan key sambandh mein nagbe logon aur sarkaar key beach lambe samay seey sangharsh chala rhaa haye. ngab-bugley komarka koo 1997 mein ngab aur bugley swadeshi samudaayon key upayog key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. isake bavjood 1970 key dashak key dauran panama sarkaar ney prastaavit colorado tambe kii khadanon koo oorjaa kii aapoorti key liye design kii gaee 220 megawatt panbijali pariyojana key saath tabsara koo baandhane kaa prastaav rakhaa. vyaapak virodh key baad iss pariyojana koo radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa. unhone tabsara baandhon kii pahali ladaai jeeti thee, haalaanki, 1990 key dashak key dauran ack aur pariyojana prastaavit kii gaee thee-iss baar ack 48 megawatt baandh, unhone phir seey iss prastaav koo safaltapurvak haraaya. isake baad panama sarkaar ney swadeshi samudaayon kii bhagidari seey sambandhit aavashyaktaon koo nirast karane key liye rashtriya kaanoon koo badal diyaa. 
unake paaramparik aur aadhyatmik bhoomi key sambandh mein sangharsh key iss lambe itihas key parinamswarup nagebe-bugley samudaayon kii lambe samay taka samajik gatishilata hui haye.
paryaavaran aur samajik prabhaav.
jenissa key anusaar, koee bhee swadeshi gaanv yaa ghar jalaashay seey doob naheen jaayega aur kissy koo bhee phir seey basaaya naheen jaayega. haalaanki barish key mausam mein 5 hectare nadee key tala mein baadh aaa jaayegi. jalmagn honey vaali bhoomi mein nadee key paas kii daraaren hoti hain joe krishi yaa pashudhan charaane key liye upayukt naheen hain. ack anya srot key anusaar baadh aaney vaalaa kshetra 189 hectare haye. haalaanki, alochakon kaa aarop haye kii peene yogya paani, krishi aur machhali pakadane key liye nadee parr nirbhar rahane vaale lagbhag 5000 kisaanon kii aajeevika parr nakaratmak prabhaav padegaa, aur praathamik vanon mein katauti kii jaayegi. way yeh bhee kahate hain kii prabhaavit samudaayon ney kabhi bhee pariyojana key liye apani muft, poorv aur soochit sahamati pradaan naheen kii haye.
isake alawa, way kahate hain kii luptapray tabsara varsha mendhak kaa nivaas nasht hoe jaayega. jenissa kaa kahana haye kii tabsara varsha mendhak panama mein kaee aavason mein rahata haye, jisamen site seey saikadon kilometres door anton ghaati bhee shamil haye.
kalakram.
riyayat puraskar aur paryaavaran prabhaav adhyayan (2006-2008).
2006 mein, rashtrapati martin torizos kii sarkaar key tahat, panama mein barro blanco sahit vibhinn panbijali pariyojanaon key liye ack antarrashtriya saarvajanik nivida kii ghoshana kii gaee thee. bhaag lene vaali chaar companiyon mein seey jenissa kaa chayan kiya gayaa thaa. saarvajanik seva pradhikaran ney adhyayan taiyar karane aur sabhi praasangik anumodan praapt karane key adheen, bairo blanco pariyojana koo vikasit karane key liye jenissa koo adhikrit kiya.
jenissa ney ack paryavaraniya prabhaav adhyayan shuru kiya. iss adhyayan key hisse key roop mein, agast 2007 mein sthaaniya adhikaariyon kii bhagidari key saath ack saarvajanik munch parr, pariyojana key karib key graminon seey baandh key baare mein unake vichaar key baare mein poochha gayaa thaa. usa samay, swadeshi aim-10 andolan ney baandh koo khariz curr diyaa, kyonki yeh maanaa jaataa thaa kii swadeshi loga apani bhoomi khou denge, nadee kaa aur upayog naheen curr paayenge aur kyonki paryaavaran koo nuksan hoga. haalaanki, adhikansh paramarsh praapt logon ney pariyojana kaa samarthan kiya, kyonki yeh naukariyon, behtar sadak pahunch aur behtar jeevan star pradaan karega. pariyojana key virodh mein kuchh logon ney baad mein apani bhoomi pariyojana vikaskarta koo betch dee. disambar 2007 mein, jenissa aur engobe biggle logon key pratinidhiyon ney ack sahyog samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye jisamen swadeshi logon key maulik adhikaaron key liye suraksha shamil thee. 
maee 2008 mein panama key paryaavaran pradhikaran anam ney adhyayan key aadhar parr pariyojana koo manjuri dee. disambar 2008 mein jenissa ney ack samjhauta gyaapan parr hastakshar kiye jisamen usane baandh key buggle mein rahane vaale swadeshi samudaayon key liye ack samajik vikas yojana koo lagu karane key liye khud koo pratibaddh kiya, jisamen nirmaan key dauran aur baandh key sanchaalan key dauran "buniyaadi dhancha, swaasthya aur shiksha karyakram" shamil they.
janwari 2009 mein ack satyapan dall jisamen yuu. aine. see. dee. aim. karyakari board key liye kaam karane vaali salaahkaar firm enner shamil thee, ney kshetra kaa daura kiya aur pushti kii kii "pariyojana key kshetra mein shamil sabse praasangik samudaayon seey paramarsh kiya gayaa thaa, una sabhi ney pariyojana gatividhi kaa samarthan kiya, aur pariyojana pratibhaagi (i.ee. jenissa) ney shamil samudaayon key liye kaee samajik muaavaje key maap kaa purvanuman lagaaya haye."antarrashtriya nadee network kaa kahana haye kii enor dwara satyapan report trutipurna thee, kyonki kathit roop seey kewal gair-swadeshi aabaadi seey paramarsh kiya gayaa thaa aur way praapt sabhi tippaniyon koo dhyaan mein rakhane mein whiffle rahey they. 2009 mein sarkaar aur jenissa key beach riyayat anubandh parr hastakshar kiye gaye they.
kshamata mein vriddhi aur prabhaav adhyayan key baare mein vivaad (2009-2010).
2009 kii shuruat mein rashtrapati chunaavon key baad, juuna 2009 mein ack vyavasaayi ricardo martinelli, jinhone panama key buniyaadi dhaanche koo jaldi seey unnat karane kaa vaadaa kiya thaa, ney panama key adhyaksh key roop mein padbhar sambhala. maee 2009 mein jenissa ney jalaashay mein jall star koo badhaae binaa, turbines koo cumm oonchaai parr sthanantarit karke kshamata koo 52 pratishat seey 28.8 megawatt taka badhaane key liye anumati key sanshodhan kaa anurodh kiya. mool paryaavaran adhyayan aur anumati kewal 19 megawatt kii sthaapit kshamata koo sandarbhit karati haye. janwari 2010 mein anam ney sanshodhan koo manjuri dee, aur janwari 2011 mein riyayat anubandh koo tadnusar sanshodhit kiya gayaa. 2010 taka, yuu. aine. see. dee. aim. pariyojana dastaavez key anusaar, jalmagn honey vaali 98 pratishat bhoomi jenissa key swaamitva mein thee.
alochakon key anusaar, paryavaraniya prabhaav adhyayan trutipurna thaa, kyonki jaiv vividhata parr prabhaav kaa satahi roop seey mulyankan kiya gayaa thaa aur kyonki sanyantra kii kshamata mein vriddhi hui thee. 2010 key anta mein europeeya nivesh baink ney ngo virodh pradarshanon dwara prerit manvadhikaron key hanan kii jaanch key baad baandh key liye dhana vaapas leey liya. janwari 2011 mein dee. jee. aur aff. aim. oh. ney pariyojana key liye apane rinon koo manjuri dee.
khanan key baare mein sangharsh key bavjood swadeshi anumodan (2011).
farwari 2011 mein, panama sarkaar ney ack nae khanan kaanoon kaa prastaav rakhaa joe swadeshi kshetron mein khanan pariyojanaon key vikas koo suvidhajanak banaayega, jabaki swadeshi logon ney apane kshetron mein khanan parr pratibandh lagaane vaale kaanoon key liye kahaa thaa. prastaav aur sero colorado naamak ack badee tambe kii khanan pariyojana key liye boliyon key saath-saath shuru karane seey deshi logon key virodh koo badhaava milaa, jisamen bairo blanco kshetra key sthaaniya samudaay bhee shamil they, jinhone chaar dinon key liye antar-americi rajmarg koo avaruddh curr diyaa. virodh pradarshanon koo hinsak roop seey dabaa diyaa gayaa. sangharsh koo asthaayi roop seey saine felix samjhaute key madhyam seey samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jiss parr saine felix gaanv mein hastakshar kiye gaye they. baandh kaa nirmaan farwari 2011 mein shuru huaa thaa.
25 juuna, 2011 koo, pariyojana vikaskarta jenissa key anusaar, kadriri kii kshetriya congress, nagabe logon key sthaaniya samooh ney saarvajanik bahumat seey matdan karke manjuri dee kii baandh kaa nirmaan jaari rehna chaahiye, jaba ise nagabe-bugley kii samanya congress dwara nirnay lene key liye adhikrit kiya gayaa thaa. juuna 2011 mein bhee swachchh vikas tantra (see. dee. aim.) board ney carbon vitt prastaav koo manjuri dee joe pariyojana key liye rajaswa dhaara kaa hissa utpann karane key liye thaa. 25 agast, 2011 koo, jenissa aur kadriri key kshetriya congress key board key beach ack muaavaje aur laabh samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye gaye they.
antarrashtriya abhiyaan aur gair-nireekshan (2012-13).
halanki, sangharsh ansulajha rhaa. sarkaar ney baandh parr janmat sangrah kaa ahwan kiya, lekin sitambar 2011 mein casica general key roop mein nirvaachit swadeshi netaa sylvia carrera ney shuru mein ise khariz curr diyaa. baandh key nirmaan aur isake liye antarrashtriya dhana koo rokane key liye ack antarrashtriya abhiyaan shuru kiya gayaa thaa. march 2012 mein sansad ney khanan kaanoon kaa ack sanshodhit sanskaran paarit kiya jisane swadeshi kshetra mein khanan koo pratibandhit curr diyaa aur bhavishya kii kissy bhee panbijali pariyojanaon key liye aine. jee. oh. bee. bee. ell. aeye. general congress kii manjuri kii aavashyakta thee. haalaanki, ngob key paaramparik adhikaariyon ney sylvia carrera kii aalochana kii. unhone kaanoon mein shamil kiye jaane vaale panbijali pariyojanaon parr poorna pratibandh lagaane key liye kahaa thaa.
maee 2012 mein nirmaan koo rokna padaa, kyonki sthaaniya aabaadi ney iss sthal parr kabja curr liya thaa. virodh pradarshanon koo nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa jabaki "un inspector" key kshetra kaa daura karane kii ummeed thee. sitambar 2012 mein ack nireekshan dall ney yuu. dee. pee. key netritva mein catholic church, paryaavaran agency anam, bijli niyaamak agency aeye. aiss. ee. pee. aur pariyojana vikaskarta jenissa key pratinidhiyon seey milkar kshetra kaa daura kiya. nireekshan kaa uddeshya una jamini muddon koo satyaapit karna thaa jinka paryavaraniya prabhaav mulyankan mein santoshjanak uttar naheen diyaa gayaa thaa. nireekshan dall ney disambar 2012 mein apani report prastut kii, jisamen achaanak baadh key prabhaav key saath-saath ack sahabhaagi graameen mulyankan koo samajhane key liye jall pravaah anukaran kii sifarish kii gaee. march 2013 mein baandh key khilaf ack swadeshi pradarshankari koo nakabposh hamlaavaron ney maar daala thaa.
julaai 2013 mein, swadeshi logon key adhikaaron parr ack vishesh prativedak james anaaya ney panama kaa daura kiya aur ngob seey baat kii. apani report mein unhone nishkarsh nikala kii ngob seey "thheek seey paramarsh naheen kiya gayaa thaa. yatra seey pahale 12 sthaaniya aur antarrashtriya nagrik samaaj sangathanon ney anaaya seey baandh key manvadhikar prabhaavon kii aupchaarik jaanch karane aur sarkaar seey "pariyojana seey prabhaavit swadeshi logon key adhikaaron key liye khatron koo poori tarah seey sambodhit kiye jaane taka baandh key nirmaan koo turant rokane" kaa ahwan karane key liye kahaa thaa.
6 sitambar, 2013 koo, sanyukt rashtra ney jall pravaah anukaran parr teen report jaari kiye, ack sahabhaagi graameen mulyankan key saath-saath dou swatantra antarrashtriya visheshagyon, gonzalo castro dee laa maataa aur luis lopez dwara aayojit ack paaristhitik aur aarthik vishleshan, joe darshaata haye kii baandh kaa vaishvik jaiv vividhata parr koee prabhaav naheen padaa, lekin kshetra mein rahane vaali swadeshi aabaadi parr "vaastavik aur mahatvapurna prabhaav" padaa. haalaanki, report mein yeh ullekh naheen kiya gayaa haye kii koee bhee gaanv jalmagn hoe jaayega. isake alawa, visheshagyon ney nishkarsh nikala kii "sthaaniya aabaadi seey sahee tareeke seey paramarsh naheen kiya gayaa thaa. unhone yeh bhee nishkarsh nikala kii sthaaniya aabaadi koo "pariyojana key baare mein ack praathamik aur aksar galat gyaan thaa, joe aksar afvaahon kaa ack utpaad thaa, aksar binaa neenv key. aparyaapt paramarsh key saath isane bhaya kaa mahaul paida curr diyaa thaa.
shikaayaten aur karyon kaa nilamban (2014-2016).
aprail 2014 mein sylvia carrera, komarka ngab-bugley key casica general ney dg aur aff. aim. oh. key swatantra baahari panels koo ack shikayat prastut kii. maee 2015 mein panels kii sanyukt sameeksha mein paaya gayaa kii baink una manakon kaa poori tarah seey paalan karane mein whiffle rahey they jinake liye unhone khud koo pratibaddh kiya thaa. jabaki bainkon ney apani uchit parishram prakriya key hisse key roop mein sthiti koo samajhane key liye mahatvapurna kadam uthaaye, unhone ack swadeshi logon kii report koo sweekaar kiya joe janwari 2011 mein rinn koo manjuri dene key uddeshya seey aparyaapt thee, jisamen samvitaran key liye ack shart key roop mein aage kii jaanch kii aavashyakta thee, jabaki unake apane manakon key liye anumodan key samay poori tarah seey santoshjanak report kii aavashyakta hoti. donon bainkon ney nishkarshon koo sweekaar kiya aur rinn anumodan key samay (unhein) upalabdh hitdhaarak paramarsh parr aavashyak star kii jaankaari parr pratibandh koo aur badhaane key liye khud koo pratibaddh kiya."iss beach, panama kii sarkaar-juuna 2014 seey ack nae rashtrapati, juan carlos varela key netritva mein-farwari 2015 mein baandh key nirmaan koo iss aadhar parr nilambit curr diyaa kii paryavaraniya aur samajik prabhaav mulyankan ack adalati mamle key parinam key lambit honey parr doshpurna thaa joe mulyankan koo chunauti detaa haye. juuna 2015 mein nae virodh pradarshan shuru hue, jisamen pradarshankariyon ney dou dinon key liye antar-americi rajmarg koo bund curr diyaa, jisake parinamswarup rashtrapati ney kshetra mein ack danga daste koo bheja. 10 agast, 2015 koo, rashtrapati varela aur swadeshi komarka key casica general, sylvia carrera ney iss prabhaav key liye ack samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye kii baandh kaa nagrik kaary puuraa hoe jaayega, lekin electromechanical kaary nilambit rahenge aur antim samjhaute parr pahunchane taka baandh mein baadh naheen aaegi. jenissa ney shikayat kii kii ise samjhaute seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur samjhaute ney company key saath raajya dwara kiye gaye samjhauton kaa ullanghan kiya thaa. sitambar 2015 mein paryaavaran agency anam ney pariyojana key tahat punarvaas aur muaavaje key upaayon kaa paalan karane mein whiffle rahane key liye jemisa parr 775,200 americi dollar kaa jurmana lagaaya. 21 janwari, 2016 koo 10 aprail koo swadeshi andolan ney daavaa kiya kii samjhaute kaa ullanghan kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki jalaashay koo bharane key liye pareekshan kiye gaye they. 28 janwari, 2016 koo swadeshi samudaayon koo ack takniki report prastut kii gaee, jisamen dikhaaya gayaa kii baandh takniki roop seey surakshit thaa. isake alawa, ack "antim nirnay" koo dekhate hue pariyojana key prabhaavon kaa aage adhyayan karane key liye sarkaar aur paaramparik adhikaariyon seey yukt ack upa-aayog banaaya gayaa thaa. jalaashay koo bharna 24 maee koo shuru huaa, jisase aage virodh pradarshan aur sadak avaruddh hoe gaee. isake jawab mein, uparaashtrapati aur videsh mantri isabelle sant maalo dee alvarado ney juuna 2016 kii shuruat mein swadeshi netaaon key saath baatchit kii. carrera ney kahaa kii yeh bharane seey "kshetra mein swadeshi logon key adhikaaron kaa ullanghan huaa, aur rashtrapati juan carlos varela dwara hastaaksharit anubandh kaa ullanghan huaa."22 agast, 2016 koo silva carrera aur rashtrapati varela ney ack aur samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye. iss samjhaute koo sitambar 2016 mein aine. jee. aeye. bee.-bugal general congress dwara matdan kiya gayaa thaa. gair-swachchh vikas tantra ney octuber 2016 mein baandh koo radd curr diyaa thaa.
commission (2017).
disambar 2016 mein sarvocch nyayalaya, jisake faisalon key khilaf appeal naheen kii jaa sakati haye, ney swadeshi samudaayon dwara dou kanuni karyon key khilaf faisala sunaaya. march 2017 mein saarvajanik sevaaon key liye rashtriya pradhikaran key samanya prashaasak ney ghoshana kii kii aine. jee. aeye. bee.-bugal samanya congress ney kabhi bhee sarkaar koo aupchaarik asweekriti dastavej prastut naheen kiya, jiska arth haye kii baandh sanchaalan shuru hoe sakata haye. iss beach, jalaashay key badhate paani seey 11 gharon aur kheton mein baadh aaa gaee thee. ghoshana key turant baad, panbijali sanyantra ney apana sanchaalan shuru curr diyaa. agast 2017 mein teen swadeshi netaaon, jinn parr apane virodh pradarshanon key madhyam seey jenissa koo nuksan pahunchaane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, koo ack adalat ney burry curr diyaa.