
manilal see. parekh

mani laal chhotal parekh (1885-1967), ack gujaraati jise anglikan church mein parivartit kiya gayaa thaa, ack bhaaratiya isai dharamshastri thaa, aur "hindu church off christ" key sansthaapak they-joe paschimi prabhaav seey mukt thaa-joe bhaarat mein isai dharm kii paschimi aur sansthaagat prakriti kaa virodh kartaa thaa.
unhone ack nayaa samanvayavaadi yeeshu-yogi model vikasit kiya, joe khud koo yeeshu masih key hindu shishya key roop mein pahachaantaa thaa-haalaanki, yeeshu koo yog key baare mein kabhi pataa naheen thaa, parekh ney unhein shreya diyaa 
janm seey yogi honey key saath. unhone kaee pustaken likhin, vishesh roop seey "ack hindu kaa masih kaa chitra" jisane hindu drishtikon seey masih kaa chitra banaaya.
jeevani.
praarambhik jeevan.
parekh kaa janm 1885 mein paschimi gujaraat, bhaarat key rajkot mein ack aise parivaar mein huaa thaa, joe pahale seey hii jainavaad aur vaishnavaad kaa paalan curr rhaa thaa, vishesh roop seey unake pitaa dwara anusaran kiya gayaa thaa.
aisaa kahaa jaataa haye kii unaki bimari ney unhein 1903 mein bhagwan key karib laa diyaa; isake parinamswarup, unhone poori bible aur gujaraati bhasha mein swami narayan key baare mein ack pustak padhee. isase pahale, pandrah saal kii umr mein, unhone pahale hii johnn lubock, 1st bairan avebari dwara likhit "jeevan kaa upayog" padhaa haye, aur cumm umr mein unhein naitik aur aadhyatmik aakarshan mein prabhaavit karane vaale masih kii nakal bhee kii haye. bombe mein vishvavidyalaya mein pravesh karane key baad, way brahm samaaj key ack prasiddh netaa, keshav chander saine key masih-kendrit lekhan key madhyam seey prabhaavit hue aur masih seey parichit hue; baad mein, unhone kuchh varshon taka keshav chander saine dwara sthaapit "church off nyu dispensation" mein seva kii. 6 farwari 1918 koo bombe mein ack anglican church mein unakaa bapatisma huaa aur iss tarah unhone isai dharm koo apanaaya. unhone khud koo "isai hindu" maanaa, hindu koo dhaarmik sandarbh key bajaay rashtriya aur saanskritik sandarbh donon mein sindhu nadee seey vyutpann naam [shabd] key roop mein vyakhya kii.
hindu-isai bapatisma.
unhein anglican church mein bapatisma diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki unakaa maanana thaa kii unhein khule taur parr masih kaa shishya honey kaa daavaa kiye binaa masih kaa prachaar karane kaa koee adhikaar naheen haye-unhone ise "vishuddh roop seey aadhyatmik sanskar" key roop mein maanate hue bapatisma liya, joe masih key nae shishya key samarpan kaa sanket haye."unhone mahsoos kiya kii nae shishya yaa isai dharm parivartan koo unake samudaay key bheetar rehna chaahiye aur bhaarat mein bapatisma koo" ack alag samajik aur raajneetik nikaay key roop mein khade samudaay mein shamil honey key roop mein maanaa jaanaa chaahiye joe apani havaa aur aakaankshaon key saath bahut baar virodhi aur isai seey door haye "; isaliye, vaha ack hindu-isai, sachet roop seey isai key roop mein rahate they, lekin hindu parivesh mein jaise kii brahmbandh upadhyay, narayan waman tilak aur pandita ramabai-inn sabhi koo janm seey hindu kahaa jaataa thaa, lekin isai baney rahane kaa daavaa kiya jaataa thaa. unhone paschimi church kii ninda kii, kyonki unhone mahsoos kiya kii yeh adhik sampradayik nikaay bunn gayaa thaa joe aadhyatmik key bajaay adhik raajneetik aur samajik thaa; isake alawa, unhone mahsoos kiya kii saanskritik roop seey church "rashtra-virodhi" thaa, aur isai key roop mein apani pehchaan khou diyaa.
hindu church off christ.
bible kaa adhyayan karane key baad, unhone ahinsak tareeke seey cross sweekaar karane mein yeeshu kii jeet kii vyakhya kii; unhone isai church koo europeeya logon kaa aavishkaar maanaa aur isai church koo ack aadhyatmik sangati key bajaay ack nagrik samudaay banane kii ninda kii. unake anusaarah
church key paschimi aur bhautikvaadi ravaiye seey mohbhang honey key baad, unhone missions aur churchon key saath apane sambandhon koo toda diyaa, lekin yeeshu masih key prati pratibaddh rahey, jinhone khud koo "masih key hindu shishya" key roop mein chitrit kiya."choonki way sahaj naheen they aur ack alag dhaarmik samudaay key roop mein church kii paaramparik avadharana key khilaf they, isaliye unhone kamobesh dheela sambandh rakhaa. 
anglican church key saath; isake bajaay, unhone hindu saanskritik aur samajik shreniyon key dhaanche key bheetar ack fellowship key roop mein "house church" kii vakaalat kii.
unhone church kii paschimi avadharana seey mukt hocker "hindu church off christ" kii sthaapana kii; isake alawa, unhone rajkot mein apane ghar kaa naam "oriental christ house" rakhaa.
gaandhi banaam parekh.
parek joe gaandhi koo jaanate they aur unase mille they, unhone aar key saath "mahatma gaandhi aeye nibandh inn tarif" kaa saha-lekhak thaa.aim. gaandhi kii tarah," "swadharmagrah" "kii avadharana parr vichaar karate hue, baad mein ise" hindu swadharmagrah "naam diyaa gayaa, joe kissy key janm key dharm parr jore detaa haye; haalaanki, parekh alag hoe gaye aur gaandhi ack sargrahi dharm banaana pasand karate hain-joe vibhinn [sarvshreshth] siddhanton aur maanyataon seey banaa haye. tadnusar, parekh ney bhagwan key apane dooton key roop mein, isai aur videshi dharmon key paigambaron key liye adhik sthaan key saath "hindu swadharmagrah" kii avadharana kii.
gaandhi kii tarah, unhone pushti kii kii jaati-vyavastha koo tode binaa poorna aadhyatmik sangati sambhav thee; isake alawa, unhone bhaaratiya churchon mein jaati pranali key abhyaas kaa bachaav kiya aur vakaalat kii.
gaandhi, ack gair-isai honey key naate, yeeshu masih kii naitik utkrishtata aur unaki shikshaon kii prasangikta koo sweekaar kiya, unake prati vyaktigat pratibaddhata key saath yaa usake binaa-gaandhi ney isai dharm mein parivartan naheen kiya. parekh, gair-isai dharm seey isai dharm mein parivartit, vyaktigat roop seey apani poorv dhaarmik pehchaan-kaee dhaarmik sambandh koo banaae rakhate hue dharm parivartan key saath masih key prati pratibaddh haye. gaandhi ney iss daave key khilaf maafi maangane kaa nirdesh diyaa kii isai dharm ack shreshth dharm haye, jabaki parekh ney isai dharm aur anya sabhi dhaarmik dharmon koo hindu pehchaan banaae rakhane key liye ack saath laane kii koshish kii.
gaandhi ney yeeshu key naitik model koo prathamikta dee aur aitihaasik yeeshu key bajaay unaki shikshaon mein adhik ruchi rakhate they, jabaki parekh ney apana tapasvi yeeshu-yogi model taiyar kiya. parekh ney raajneetik karanon seey dharm kaa upayog naheen kiya, jabaki gaandhi ney dharm koo rajneeti mein milaa diyaa-haalaanki, gaandhi aur parekh donon ney apane kissy bhee siddhant mein shiksha kii parwah kiye binaa, unake saath khaane aur unake saath pooja karane jaise harijan [rajneeti] kaa samarthan kiya.
yeeshu yogi model.
parekh kaa maanana thaa kii yeeshu ney bhagwan key saath sarvocch sahabhagita hassil kii thee, aur unhone jore dekar kahaa kii yog key abhyaas key madhyam seey pratyek manushya dwara chamatkar karane kii yeeshu kii shakti koo kiya jaa sakata haye. apane "yeeshu masih key ack hindu key chitra" mein, unhone punarutthit masih koo aitihaasik yeeshu kii tulanaa mein poori tarah seey maanav maanaa. unhone janm seey yogi honey kaa shreya yeeshu koo diyaa, halanki kaheen bhee yeh ullekh naheen haye kii yeeshu yog takneek koo jaanate they aur naa hii unakaa paalan karate they.
ack hindu kaa masih kaa chitra.
unhone 1953 mein rajkot mein "yeeshu masih kaa ack hindu chitra" prakaashit kiya aur "yeeshu masih key prati merrie sabse vinamra shraddhanjali key roop mein ghoshit kiya, jinake 'hindu shishya' main pichhale chaalees varshon seey rhaa huun."iss pustak koo kissy bhee hindu dwara yeeshu key jeevan aur arth key saath vyavasthit tareeke seey yeeshu masih kaa gahan adhyayan maanaa jaataa haye. yeeshu kaa unakaa chitra kaafee hudd taka ghatnaaon key markan kalakram key baad, synoptic gospels seey liya gayaa haye.

