
paul grotcau

paul grotakaau (1846-1898) ack german-americi samajwadi raajneetik karyakarta aur samachar patra prakaashak they. grotakaau koo 1880 key dashak key pramukh americi kattarpanthi samachar patron mein seey ack "shikagoar arbiter-zitung" key ghaas key bajar mamle key peedit agast jasuson key saath ack sampaadak key roop mein sabse achchi tarah seey yaad kiya jaataa haye. baad mein milwauki mein sthanantarit, grotakaau wisconsin mein samajwadi andolan key pramukh diggajon mein seey ack bunn gayaa.
jeevani.
praarambhik varsh.
paul grotakaau kaa janm 1846 mein cottbus mein huaa thaa aur unakaa paalan-poshan berlin, prussia (abb germany kaa hissa) mein huaa thaa, joe ack apekshaakrit samriddh kuleen parivaar kaa betaa thaa.
grotcau koo ack vastukar key roop mein prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa. iss prashikshan prakriya key ack hisse mein grotakaau key patthar kii chinai aur nirmaan key shilp koo seekhana shamil thaa, joe gatividhiyaan unhein mazdoor varg key sadasyon key saath anubandh mein leey aaeen aur unhein pahale samajwadi vichaaron seey parichit karaaya.
grottakaau shuru mein ferdinand lassel key chunavi-unmukh vichaaron seey atyadhik prabhaavit thaa. 1871 taka grotakaau pahale seey hii samanya german shramik sangh key sadasya they aur teji seey badhate samajik loktaantrik andolan key liye ack aayojak key roop mein kaam curr rahey they. unhone eenton key sangh key aadhikarik anga, "grundstein" key sampaadak key roop mein aur kattarpanthi "berliner free presse" key sampaadak key roop mein bhee kaary kiya."
iss raajneetik sakriyata ney german pulis kii najaron mein grotakaau koo rakhaa. asamajik kaanoonon key tahat adhikaariyon dwara giraftari kaa saamana karate hue, grotakaau 1878 mein sanyukt raajya america chaley gaye. ack pratibhashali lekhak aur vaktaa, grotakaau ney shikago mein german emigre samudaay mein apana raasta paaya, jahan unhein turant samajik loktaantrik "shikago arbiter-zitung" (shikago shramikon kii khabar) key karmchaariyon parr naukari mill gaee.
shikago key saal.
grotcau koo dainik "arbiter-zitung" kaa sampaadak banaae jaane seey bahut pahale naheen thaa, joe prabandh sampaadak agast jasuson key saath milkar kaam curr rhaa thaa, ack vyakti baad mein 1886 mein ghaas key bajar mein bambari key baad jawabi kaarravaai mein maaraa gayaa thaa. jasuson aur americi mool key albert parsons key saath, grottakaau 1870 key dashak key uthal-puthal bharey anta aur 1880 key dashak key pahale varshon key dauran shikago mein kattarpanthi andolan key netaaon mein seey ack key roop mein ubhara.
iss antaral key dauran shikago kaa samajwadi andolan, joe america kii samajwadi laber party (aiss. ell. pee.) kii shaakhaon key aspas kendrit thaa, sashastr vidroh aur arajaktawad key vichaaron kii or mudanaa shuru curr diyaa. aiss. ell. pee. mein sadasyata mein girawat aaee, 1883 mein kewal 1500 sadasyon kaa cumm jall chihn maaraa gayaa, jabaki ardh-swatantra arajaktawadi "samoohon" kii sankhya kaee gunaa badh gaee aur unaki sadasyata mein vriddhi hui. kaee anya logon kii tarah, grotakaau koo bhee iss jwaar mein kuchh samay key liye bahaaya gayaa thaa, aur "arbiter-zitung" koo americi arajaktawad kii ack pramukh aavaaj banaaya gayaa thaa.
itihaaskaar howard aich key vichaar seey. tathaakathit samajik krantikariyon (i.ee. 1880 key dashak kii shuruat mein arajaktawadi) apane ardhsainik sahayak, "lehar unda vehar verin" (shaikshik aur rakshaatmak samaaj) kii ikaaiyon key liye unake lagaav seey sambandhit naheen they, balki karmiyon koo badalane kii ichcha aur slip kii sust neeti key kaaran they, jiska udaaharan samooh key rashtriya sachiv phillip vaine patton ney diyaa thaa. jabaki vaine patton aur aiss. ell. pee. kii detroit-adharit rashtriya karyakari samiti kii hastakshep grotakaau kii praathamik apatti hoe sakati haye, phir bhee vaha kuchh samay key liye arajaktawadi wing key saath chaley gaye, jahan taka kii way khud koo "lehar unda vehar veren" mein shamil karane key liye jaate hain."
krantikari samajwadi party key 1883 key pitsberg sammelan key baad grottakau ney antatah jasuson, parsons aur samajik krantikariyon key saath sambandh toda diye, jisane aupchaarik roop seey saamyavaadi arajaktawad key paksh mein samajwadi saamoohikta koo khariz curr diyaa. isake baad samajwadi krantikari poorna arajaktawad kii or chaley gaye, jabaki grotakaau jaise adhik madhyam aur chunavi roop seey unmukh tatva slup key rankon mein laut aae.
iss naee daraar koo 24 maee, 1884 kii shaam koo spasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba grottakaau arajak andolan kii ack pramukh aavaaj, johann most key khilaf "communist" sthiti parr bahas karane key liye shikago key darshakon key saamane dikhaai diyaa thaa. americi samaajvaad key shuruati itihaskaron mein seey ack, morris hillquit ney iss mamle koo yaad kiyaah
yeh ack achchi tarah seey mell khaane vaali pratiyogita thee, virodhiyon koo charcha key vishay mein samaan roop seey achchi tarah seey paarangat honah aur donon dharapravah vaktaa aur taiyar bahas karane vaale they. charcha bahut gahan thee aur vishay key lagbhag harr charan seey nipatati thee. ise ashulipi key roop mein report kiya gayaa thaa, pustak key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, aur vyaapak roop seey prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa.
americi samaajvaad key ack anya agrani itihaaskaar, fredrick heath, sabse-grotakaau bahas koo grotakaau kii apani vyaktigat kahani mein mahatvapurna key roop mein yaad karate hain. unake khaate key anusaarah
grottakau koo abb arajaktavadiyon key khilaf poori tarah seey soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa, yeh mahsoos karate hue kii way sarvahara andolan key sachche hiton key liye shatrutapurna they. unhone iss mamle key baare mein apane drishtikon key liye bahaduri seey ladaai ladee aur likhaa aur utsaah seey bolaa, lekin unhone khud joe jameen taiyar kii thee vaha unake khilaf thee. unhone adhikansh key saath ack ullekhaniya bahas kii jisamen unhone nishchit roop seey sabse achchha tark diyaa thaa aur ack bauddhik aur tarkapurna jeet hassil kii thee; lekin bheed ney aisaa naheen socha, joe abhee bhee unaki pichhali shikshaon seey bharee hui thee. kuchh hafton baad unhein "arbiter-zitung" seey sevaanivritt honey aur sampadakiya kalam koo poorv vyaapaar prabandhak, joe jyaadaatar logon koo pasand thaa, koo saunpane key liye majboor honah padaa.
milwauki varsh.
shikago mein apane sampadakiya pada seey majboor hocker, grotakaau ney milwauki, wisconsin mein apana ack pepper sthaapit karane key liye shahar chhod diyaa-"milwauki 'aar arbiter-zitung" (milwauki shramikon kaa samachar), saptah mein teen baar jaari kiya jaataa haye. iss patra kaa prakaashan 1886 mein shuru huaa.
grotcau milwauki kendriya ugravaadi shramik sangh key netaaon mein seey ack bunn gayaa, ack samooh jisane 1886 key maee key dinn, 8 ghante key dinn kii sthaapana key liye andolan key saadhan key roop mein, shram key shurveeron key saath milkar usa shahar mein ack march kaa samanvaya kiya. kendriya shram sangh aur shurveeron key samarthan mein kaee hazaar march key saath lagbhag 16,000 logon ney maee divas utsav mein bhaag liya. yeh sabhaa aur march binaa kissy ghatana key aage badhe, lekin aage kii gatividhi key liye jamini kaam kiya gayaa prateet hotaa haye.
somwar, 3 maee, 1886 koo milwauki key sharaab banaane kii dukaanon parr ack aam hadtaal kaa ahwan kiya gayaa, jisamen 1,000 loga iss suvidha koo bund karane key prayaas mein falk key sharaab banaane kii dukaanon parr cooch curr rahey they. sharaab banaane vaale shramikon kii bheed virodh pradarshan mein shamil hoe gaee aur usa shaam taka lagbhag 14,000 sharaab banaane vaale mazdoor hadtaal parr nickle gaye. usee dopahar kaee sou polish shramik mainmoney ghaati mein sthit rail kii dukaanon parr gaye aur vahaan kaam karane vaale 1400 railway dukandaron seey aam hadtaal mein shamil honey kii appeal kii. adhikansh ney kaam chhodane seey incar curr diyaa aur kaanoon pravartan adhikaariyon koo hadtaal andolankariyon key samooh koo todane key liye bulaaya gayaa.
polish hadtaal key netaa reliance lohe key karyon kii or badhe, jahan una parr aag kii nully koo chaalu curr diyaa gayaa, iss prabhaav key saath kii "dhaara kii catapult shakti ney kuchh logon koo sadak key paar goli maar dee."lagbhag 20 puliskarmi ghatnasthal parr dikhaai diye aur geele strikers koo unaki hikkari nitestick seey jodana shuru curr diyaa. governor geremia rusk koo telegraph dwara soochit kiya gayaa thaa aur national gaard kii kaee ikaaiyon koo maddison mein unake station seey milwauki bheja gayaa thaa, joe agali subah ghatnasthal parr pahunche.
lagbhag subah 7 baje, clubon seey lais lagbhag 600 yaa 700 loga ikattha hue aur shahar key bey vyu kshetra mein sthit steel rolling milon parr march karna shuru curr diyaa.
kaanoon aur vyavastha key ack samkaaleen anuyaayi dwara tathaakathit "aatank key shasson" key saath virodh hinsa mein badal gayaah
bekaar kaam karane vaalon ney sadakon parr pared kii; kaam karane key ichchuk purushon seey pradarshan mein shamil honey kaa aagrah kiya gayaa aur kaee mamalon mein aisaa karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa; sadak key pakki blocks, billets aur anya tatkalik hathiyaron seey lais bheed ney huxter key stand koo palat diyaa, vinirmaan pratishthanon parr aakraman kiya, aur yahaan taka kii una parr hamla bhee kiya. jaise-jaise dangon kii kaaryavaahi badey anupaat mein badhati gaee aur shahar bheed kii dayaa parr faila huaa prateet hotaa thaa, raajya key sainikon kii rifles seey ack ghaatak aag polish shramikon kii bheed mein daali gaee aur arajakta koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa jisane niyantran seey baahar badhane kaa khatra paida curr diyaa thaa.
usee itihaaskaar ney nott kiya kii goliyon kii golibari key bavjood, "walley mein ack bhee vyakti ghayal naheen huaa", yeh dhyaan dete hueh
bheed key kaee logon ney jaba rifles koo nishana banaate hue dekhaa tou khud koo jameen parr fenk diyaa, anya logon ney lakadi key dheron aur telegraph post aur baad key peechhe sharan lii. isake bavjood, yeh spasht lugg rhaa thaa kii jameen mrit aur marate hue naheen thee. raifalon kii seema mein kaee imaaraten goliyon seey chhidrit theen...
budhwar kii dopahar, 5 maee, 1886 koo, hadtaal karane vaale phir seey company town off bey vyu parr march karane key liye ikattha hue. iss baar, governor rusk dwara rashtriya rakshak key sadasyon koo nae adesh jaari kiye gaye they-kii, bheed kii ranneeti kii punaravritti kii sthiti mein, rakshakon koo iss baar maarne key liye goli chalaani chaahiye. paharedaron ney sadak koo avaruddh curr diyaa. jaba aaney vaale striker 1000 gaj door they, tou commanding officer mejar george pee. traymer ney aag lagaane kaa adesh diyaa aur bheed parr goliyon key dher lagaae gaye. ghayal logon kii sankhya kaa pataa kabhi naheen chalega, kyonki unhein bhaag rahee bheed ney leey jaaya thaa, lekin aaj jise bey vyu narsamhar key roop mein yaad kiya jaataa haye, usamen aathh logon kii maut hoe gaee. inmein ack boodhaa aadami bhee shamil thaa joe apane yard mein murgiyon koo khilaa rhaa thaa aur ack yuva schooly ladka bhee.
isake baad paul grotcau koo hadtaal key aparaadhi key roop mein giraftar kiya gayaa aur ack saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee. grotcau ney riha honey seey pahale iss sajaa key kewal chhah saptah poore kiye, jiss dauran unhone milwauki key agale mahapour banane key prayaas mein ack abhiyaan chalaaya.
grotakaau 1888 taka "milwauki 'aar arbiter-zitung" koo sampaadit karna jaari rakhega, prakaashan kii bikri key baad thode samay key liye shikago vaapas chalaa jaayega taaki kagaj key shikago naam parr phir seey kaam kiya jaa sakey.
baad key varshon mein.
grottakaau 1889 mein saine francisco, california chaley gaye. vahaan way "california arbiterzitung" key sampaadak baney, joe ack alpakaalik prakaashan thaa.
1890 mein grotakaau koo americi shram sangh kii karyakari parishad dwara ack yatra aayojak key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa, jise 8 ghante key dinn key liye sangh key abhiyaan kii or seey desh kaa daura karane kaa kaary saunpa gayaa thaa.
janwari 1893 mein grotakaau kaa purana samachar patra, "arbiter-zitung", austriyai janm key ack yuva yahudi school shikshak, victor ell koo betch diyaa gayaa thaa. berger, jinhone "wisconsin verts" ('wisconsin forward') key roop mein prakaashan koo phir seey shuru kiya. yeh burger key portfolio mein kaee prakashanon mein seey pahala hoga, joe antatah 1910 key anta mein sanyukt raajya congress key liye samajwadi prakaashak key chunaav key liye kadam saabit hoga.
apane jeevan key antim varsh key dauran grotakaau america key samajik loktantra mein shamil hoe gaye, joe america kii samajwadi party key raajneetik agradoot they.
mrityu aur viraasat.
1898 key vasant mein, grotakaau ney samajik loktantra kii or seey ack bolane vaalaa daura kiya, bhains, cleveland aur detroit key shaharon kaa daura kiya. iss yatra key dauran grotakaau pneumonia seey sankramit hoe gaye, jisake kaaran unhein sent mein aspatal mein bharti karaaya gayaa. 30 maee koo milwauki mein joseph key aspatal mein grotakaau kii sthiti bigadati rahee aur 3 juuna, 1898 kii shaam koo bimari key prabhaav seey unaki maut hoe gaee.
5 juuna, 1898 koo milwauki mein ack antim sanskar kiya gayaa thaa, jise victor ell dwara sambodhit kiya gayaa thaa. german mein burger key saath-saath anya pramukh milwauki shram aur raajneetik netaaon dwara. grottakau key shareer koo milwauki mein vann grih kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa thaa.

