
betukapan

betuka siddhant daarshanik siddhant haye kii brahmand ataarkik aur arthaheen haye. yeh bataata haye kii arth khojane kii koshish logon koo duniya key saath sangharsh mein leey jaati haye. yeh sangharsh tarksangat vyakti aur ack tarkaheen brahmand key beach, iraade aur parinam key beach, yaa vyaktiparak mulyankan aur uddeshya moolya key beach hoe sakata haye. lekin shabd kii sateek paribhasha vivaadit haye. betuka daavaa haye kii duniya "samagr roop seey" betuki haye. yeh iss sambandh mein cumm vaishvik shodh seey alag haye kii kuchh "vishesh" paristhitiyaan, vyakti yaa jeevan key charan betuke hain.
betuke key vibhinn ghatakon kii charcha shaikshanik saahitya mein kii jaati haye aur vibhinn siddhantkar aksar apani paribhasha aur shodh koo vibhinn ghatakon parr kendrit karate hain. vyaavhaarik star parr, betuke mein antarnihit sangharsh kii visheshta ack arthaheen duniya mein arth khojane key liye vyakti key sangharsh seey haye. doosari or, saiddhaantik ghatak vaastaviktaa mein pravesh karane aur samajhane key liye kaaran kii mahamari asamarthata parr adhik jore detaa haye. paaramparik roop seey, sangharsh koo maanav prakriti seey sambandhit ack aantarik ghatak aur duniya kii prakriti seey sambandhit ack baahari ghatak key beach takraav key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, kuchh baad key siddhantkaron ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii donon ghatak aantarik hoe sakate hainh ack or kissy bhee antim uddeshya kii manmani koo dekhane kii kshamata, aur doosari or, aise uddeshyon kii parwah karna bund karane kii asamarthata. kuchh khaaton mein ack metacognitive ghatak bhee shamil hotaa haye, jisamen yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii sangharsh key baare mein jagrukta paida honey key liye aavashyak haye.
betukepan key paksh mein kuchh tark brahmand mein maanav mahatvaheenata, mrityu kii bhoomika, yaa antim uddeshya koo sthaapit karane kii asambhavata yaa tarkaheenta parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain. betuki bhavna parr aapattiyan aksar yeh tark detee hain kii jeevan vaastav mein saarthak haye yaa betukepan key kuchh samasyagrast parinamon yaa visangatiyon kii or ishara kartaa haye. betukepan key rakshak aksar shikayat karate hain kii yeh peshevar daarshnikon kaa dhyaan aakarshit naheen kartaa haye, yeh vishay key mahatva aur astitvagat sankat key roop mein prabhaavit vyaktiyon parr isake sambhaavit manovaigyaanik prabhaav key aadhar parr yogya haye. betuki bhavna aur isake prabhaav seey nipatane key liye vibhinn sambhaavit pratikriyaon kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye. paaramparik betuke saahitya mein jinn teen pratikriyaon parr charcha kii gaee haye, way hain aatmahatya, uchch uddeshya mein dhaarmik vishvaas aur betuke key khilaf vidroh. inmein seey, vidroh koo aamtaur parr anushansit pratikriya key roop mein prastut kiya jaataa haye, kyonki anya dou pratikriyaon key vipareet, yeh betuki seey naheen bachata haye aur isake bajaay ise pahachaantaa haye kii yeh kyaa haye. baad key siddhantkaron ney atirikt pratikriyaon kaa sujhaav diyaa haye, jaise kii jeevan koo cumm gambhirta seey lene key liye vidambana kaa upayog karna yaa jimmedaar sangharsh seey anjaan rehna. kuchh betuke logon kaa tark haye kii kyaa aur kaise koee pratikriya detaa haye, yeh mahatvaheen haye. yeh iss vichaar parr adharit haye kii yadi kuchh bhee vaastav mein mayane naheen rakhta haye tou iss tathya key prati maanviya pratikriya bhee mayane naheen rakhti haye.
betuka" shabd albert camus key darshan seey sabse adhik nikatata seey judaa huaa haye. haalaanki, mahatvapurna poorvavarti aur betuki charchaaen bhee soren kierkegaard key karyon mein paaee jaati hain. betukapan vibhinn anya avadhaaranaon aur siddhanton seey ghanishth roop seey sambandhit haye. iska mool drishtikon astitvavadi darshan seey prerit haye. haalaanki, astitvaad mein atirikt saiddhaantik pratibaddhataaen shamil hain aur aksar kissy key jeevan mein arth khojane yaa banaane kii sambhavana key prati adhik ashawadi drishtikon rakhta haye. betuka aur shunyavaad iss vishvaas koo saajha karate hain kii jeevan arthaheen haye. lekin betuke loga ise ack alag tathya key roop mein naheen maanate hain aur isake bajaay arth key liye maanav ichcha aur duniya kii kamee key beach sangharsh mein ruchi rakhate hain. iss sangharsh kaa saamana karna ack astitvagat sankat koo trigger curr sakata haye, jisamen chinta yaa avasaad jaise apriya anubhav prabhaavit logon koo sangharsh seey nipatane key liye pratikriya khojane key liye prerit curr sakate hain. lekin, vastunishth arth kii anupasthiti koo pahachaanana, sachet vichaarak koo manmaane sthaanon parr vyaktiparak arth khojane seey naheen rokta haye.
paribhasha.
betukapan ack daarshanik shodh haye kii jeevan, yaa samanya roop seey duniya, betuki haye. iss baat parr vyaapak sahamati haye kii "betuka" shabd kaa arth yaa uddeshya kii kamee haye, lekin isaki sateek paribhasha key baare mein mahatvapurna vivaad bhee haye aur vibhinn sanskaranon kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye. kissy kii paribhasha key chayan kaa mahatvapurna nihitarth haye kii kyaa betuka siddhant sahee haye aur isake paksh aur virodh mein diye gaye tarkon key liyeh yeh ack paribhasha parr sahee hoe sakata haye aur doosari parr galat hoe sakata haye.
samanya arth mein, betuka vaha haye jisamen ack arth kaa abhaav haye, aksar kyonki isamen kissy naa kissy roop mein virodhabhas shamil hotaa haye. betuka iss arth mein virodhabhasi haye kii ise kaaran seey naheen samajha jaa sakata haye. lekin betukepan key sandarbh mein, iss shabd kaa upayog aamtaur parr adhik vishisht arthon mein kiya jaataa haye. adhikansh paribhashaon key anusaar, isamen dou cheejon key beach sangharsh, visangati yaa takraav shamil haye. inn donon cheejon parr alag-alag raay haye. udaaharan key liye, ise paaramparik roop seey ack tarkaheen duniya key saath tarkapurna vyakti key takraav key roop mein yaa karanon key aadhar parr kuchh samajhane key prayaas key roop mein pahachaana jaataa haye, bhale hii yeh tark kii seema seey parey hoe. isi tarah kii paribhaashaaen iraade aur parinam key beach, akanksha aur vaastaviktaa key beach, yaa vyaktiparak mulyankan aur uddeshya moolya key beach visangati koo betuka key srot key roop mein dekhti hain. anya paribhaashaaen manushya key bheetar donon paraspar virodhi pakshon kaa pataa lagaati hainh antim lakshyon kii manmaanepan koo pakadane kii kshamata aur unake prati pratibaddhataon koo chhodane mein asamarthata. sangharsh key sambandh mein, betukapan shunyavaad seey alag haye kyonki yeh kewal ack siddhant naheen haye kii kuchh bhee mayane naheen rakhta haye. isake bajaay, isamen vaha ghatak shamil haye joe hamein phir bhee mayane rakhta haye aur iss dhaarana koo hilaaya naheen jaa sakata haye. yeh antar betuke key sambandhparak pahalu mein vyakt kiya gayaa haye kii yeh donon pakshon key beach sangharsh kaa gathan kartaa haye.
betuke key vibhinn ghatakon kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye aur vibhinn shodhkarta aksar inn ghatakon mein seey ack parr apani paribhasha aur poochtaachh parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain. kuchh vivaran vyakti key arth kii talash seey sambandhit vyaavhaarik ghatakon parr jore dete hain jabaki anya duniya koo jaanane mein asamarth honey yaa ise tarksangat roop seey samajhane mein asamarth honey key baare mein saiddhaantik ghatakon parr jore dete hain. ack alag asahamati iss baat seey sambandhit haye kii kyaa sangharsh kewal vyakti key liye aantarik haye yaa vyakti kii apekshaon aur baahari duniya key beach haye. kuchh siddhantkaron mein metacognitive ghatak bhee shamil haye joe betuka haye kii vyakti iss sangharsh seey avagat haye.
betuka kaa ack mahatvapurna pahalu yeh haye kii betuka baat vishesh sthitiyon taka seemit naheen haye, balki jeevan koo samagr roop seey shamil karati haye. ack samanya sahamati haye kii logon koo aksar rosemarra kii jindagi mein betuki sthitiyon kaa saamana karna padata haye. way aksar taba utpann hotey hain jaba kissy key iradon aur vaastaviktaa key beach ack gambhir bemelata hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, ack vyakti joe saamane key bhaari darwaaje koo todane key liye sangharsh curr rhaa haye, vaha betuka haye yadi way jiss ghar mein ghusane kii koshish curr rahey hain, usamen peechhe kii deewaar naheen haye aur iss maarg seey aasaani seey pravesh kiya jaa sakata haye. lekin betuka kaa daarshanik thesis bahut adhik vyaapak haye kyonki yeh vyaktigat sthitiyon, vyaktiyon yaa jeevan key charanon taka seemit naheen haye. isake bajaay, yeh daavaa kartaa haye kii jeevan, yaa samagr roop seey duniya, betuki haye. yeh daavaa kii betuka kaa aisaa vaishvik vistaar haye, vivadaspad haye, isake vipareet kamjor daavaa haye kii kuchh paristhitiyaan betuki hain.
betukapan kaa drishtikon aamtaur parr taba saamane aataa haye jaba agent duniya key saath apane vyaktigat rosemarra key judaav seey ack kadam peechhe hatkar ack badey sandarbh seey apane mahatva kaa aaklan kartaa haye. iss tarah key mulyankan key parinamswarup yeh antardrishti hoe sakati haye kii vyaapak drishtikon seey mulyankan karane parr unake vaastavik arth kii kamee honey key bavjood hamaare liye dinn-pratidin kii vyastataaen bahut mayane rakhti hain. yeh mulyankan aantarik drishtikon seey dekhe gaye mahatva aur baahari drishtikon seey prakat manmaanepan key beach sangharsh koo prakat kartaa haye. betuka ack samasya bunn jaati haye kyonki arth aur uddeshya key liye ack majboot ichcha hoti haye, bhale hii way anupasthit prateet hotey hain. iss arth mein, betuke key liye jimmedaar sangharsh aksar yaa tou astitvagat sankat kaa gathan kartaa haye yaa usake saath hotaa haye.
ghatak.
vyaavhaarik aur saiddhaantik.
vyaavhaarik star parr betuka kaa ack mahatvapurna ghatak logon dwara jeevan kii or laaee jaane vaali gambhirta seey sambandhit haye. yeh gambhirta kaee alag-alag drishtikon aur kshetron mein parilakshit hoti haye, udaaharan key liye, prasiddhi, anand, nyaay, gyaan yaa astitva key baare mein, donon key sambandh mein apane saath-saath dusaron key sambandh mein. lekin ack taraf humm apane jeevan aur doosari taraf dusaron key jeevan koo kitna gambhir lete hain, aur doosari taraf way aur duniya kitni manmaane dhang seey kaam karati hain, isake beach ack visangati prateet hoti haye. ise mahatva aur dekhbhal key sandarbh mein samajha jaa sakata haih yeh betuka haye kii loga inn mamalon kii parwah karna jaari rakhate hain, bhale hii way ack vastunishth star parr mahatva kii kamee prateet karate hain. inn donon pakshon key beach takraav koo betuka key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye. iska sabse achchha udaaharan shayed taba milata haye jaba agent manmaane vikalpon key beach chayan karane mein gambhirta seey lagaa hotaa haye, jinamen seey koee bhee vaastav mein mayane naheen rakhta haye.
kuchh siddhantkar betukepan aur shunyavaad key naitik pakshon koo usee tarah seey chitrit karate hain jaise kii yeh vichaar kii isase koee fark naheen padata kii humm kaise kaary karate hain yaa "sub kuchh kii anumati haye". iss drishtikon parr, betuka kaa ack mahatvapurna pahalu yeh haye kii humm joe bhee uchch lakshya yaa uddeshya chunate hain, usey sandeh mein bhee daala jaa sakata haye kyonki antim charan mein, isamen hamesha uchch-crum key auchitya kaa abhaav hotaa haye. lekin aamtaur parr, betuka aur shunyavaad key beach ack antar kiya jaataa haye kyonki betukapan mein atirikt ghatak shamil hotaa haye kii arth key liye manushya kii ichcha aur arth kii anupasthiti key beach ack sangharsh hotaa haye.
adhik saiddhaantik drishtikon parr, betukapan yeh vishvaas haye kii duniya, apane mool mein, apane gahare kaaran koo ujagar karane key maanav prayason key prati udaseen aur abhedya haye yaa yeh gyaat naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. iss saiddhaantik ghatak key anusaar, isamen duniya koo jaanane kii maanav seemaon kii gyanmimansa sambandhi samasya shamil haye. isamen yeh shodh-prabandh shamil haye kii duniya mahatvapurna tarikon seey manushyon key liye asahaniya haye, donon key sambandh mein kii kyaa vishvaas karna haye aur kaise kaary karna haye. yeh brahmand kii arajakta aur tarkaheenta mein parilakshit hotaa haye, joe maanav chintaon aur aakaankshaon key prati udaseen tareeke seey apane swayam key kaanoonon key anusaar kaary kartaa haye. yeh iss vichaar seey nikatata seey sambandhit haye kii jaba humm poochate hain kii cheejen aisee kyon hain tou duniya chup rahati haye. yeh maun iss dhaarana seey utpann hotaa haye kii, sabse maulik star parr, sabhi cheejen binaa kissy kaaran key maujood hainh way buss vahaan hain. duniya koo jaanane key liye inn seemaon kaa ack mahatvapurna pahalu yeh haye kii way maanav sangyaan key liye aavashyak hain.ee. way jhoothe siddhanton yaa aakasmik kamjoriyon kaa paalan karane key kaaran naheen hain, balki maanav sangyanatmak kshamataon mein antarnihit hain.
kuchh siddhantkar iss samasya koo maanav tark kii vrittakarta seey bhee jodate hain, joe ack cheez koo doosari cheez seey jodane kii nyaayyata kii shrinkhalaon kaa utpaadan karane mein bahut kushal haye, jabaki ack pratibimbeet kadam peechhe hataate samay samagr roop seey nyaayyata kii shrinkhala key liye aisaa karane mein whiffle rahata haye. iska tatparya yeh haye kii maanviya tark kewal samagr roop seey jeevan koo samajhane taka hii seemit naheen haye, balki yadi koee gambhirta seey aisaa karane kii koshish kartaa haye, tou isaki adharheen vrittakarta gir sakati haye aur pagalpan kii or leey jaa sakati haye.
aantarik aur baahari.
betuki bhavna kii prakriti key baare mein akaadamik saahitya key bheetar ack mahatvapurna asahamati aur betuki baat vishesh roop seey iss baat parr kendrit haye kii sangharsh key liye jimmedaar ghatak aantarik hain yaa baahari. paaramparik sthiti key anusaar, betuke mein aantarik aur baahari donon ghatak hotey hainh yeh ack saarthak jeevan jeene kii manushya kii aantarik ichcha aur duniya kii baahari arthaheenta key beach visangati key kaaran haye. iss drishtikon parr, manushyon kii apani ichchhaon mein kuchh divya aakaankshaaen hain joe jeevan mein ack uchch roop key arth kii talash karati hain. betuka isaliye utpann hotaa haye kyonki inn aakaankshaon koo duniya dwara nazarandaj curr diyaa jaataa haye, joe hamari "hamari chintaon key mahatva koo maanya karane kii aavashyakta" key prati udaseen haye. iska tatparya haye kii "murkhtapurna" manushya mein naheen haye... naa hii duniya mein, lekin ack saath unaki upasthiti mein. iss sthiti koo kuchh baad key siddhantkaron dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa haye, joe maanate hain kii betuka vishuddh roop seey aantarik haye kyonki yeh "hamari apekshaon aur duniya key beach takraav seey naheen, balki hamaare bheetar ack takraav seey utpann hotaa haye.
yeh antar mahatvapurna haye kyonki baad vaale drishtikon seey, betuka maanav swabhaav mein nirmit haye aur yeh prabal hoga chaahe duniya cassie bhee hoe. isaliye yeh sirf itna naheen haye kii vaastavik duniya mein betukapan sach haye. isake bajaay, koee bhee sambhaavit duniya, yahaan taka kii ack joe ack divya bhagwan dwara design kiya gayaa thaa aur unake uchch uddeshya key anusaar unake dwara nirdeshit thaa, abhee bhee manushya key liye samaan roop seey betuka hoga. iss arth mein, betuki bhavna hamari chetna kii shakti kaa utpaad haye kii vaha joe kuchh bhee vichaar curr rahee haye usase ack kadam peechhe hutt jaae aur apane uddeshya key kaaran parr vichaar karey. jaba iss prakriya koo bhagwan sahit poori duniya mein lagu kiya jaataa haye, tou yeh kissy kaaran yaa spashteekaran key liye apani khoj mein whiffle honey key liye baadhya haye, chaahe duniya cassie bhee hoe. iss arth mein, apani visheshtaon key beach sangharsh seey betuki bhavna utpann hoti haih "hamari antim chintaon kii manmaanepan koo pahchaanane kii hamari kshamata aur unake prati apani pratibaddhata koo chhodane kii hamari ack saath asamarthata. iss drishtikon kaa dushprabhaav yeh haye kii betuka iss tathya parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii prabhaavit vyakti ise pahachaantaa haye. udaaharan key liye, joe loga manmaanepan yaa sangharsh koo samajhane mein whiffle rahate hain, way prabhaavit naheen honge.
metacognitive.
kuchh shodhkartaon key anusaar, betuka kaa ack kendriya pahalu yeh haye kii agent sambandhit sangharsh key astitva seey avagat haye. iska matlab haye kii vyakti iss baat key prati sachet haye kii way kiss gambhirta mein nivesh karate hain aur yeh kaise ack manmaane duniya mein galat prateet hotaa haye. iska yeh bhee tatparya haye kii anya sansthaaen jinamen chetna key iss roop kii kamee haye, jaise kii gair-carbonic padaarth yaa nimn jeevan roop, betuke naheen hain aur iss vishesh samasya kaa saamana naheen curr rahey hain. kuchh siddhantkar iss baat parr bhee jore dete hain kii vyakti kii jagrukta key bavjood sangharsh banaa rahata haye.ee. kii vyakti apani rosemarra kii chintaon kii parwah karna jaari rakhta haye, unake iss dhaarana key bavjood kii badey paimaane parr, yeye chintaaen arthaheen hain. metacognitive ghatak key rakshakon ney tark diyaa haye kii yeh yeh samajhaane kaa prabandhan kartaa haye kii betukita koo mukhya roop seey maanav aakaankshaon key liye kyon jimmedaar thaharaaya jaataa haye, lekin cumm jaanvaron key liye kyon naheen haih kyonki unamen iss metacognitive jagrukta kii kamee haye. haalaanki, anya shodhkarta iss tathya key aadhar parr metacognitive aavashyakta koo aswikar karate hain kii yeh kewal una kuchh vyaktiyon key liye betuki key dayare koo gambhir roop seey seemit curr dega joe baaki koo chhodate hue virodhabhas koo spasht roop seey pahachaante hain. iss prakaar, virodhiyon ney tark diyaa haye kii sangharsh koo maanyata naheen denaa utanaa hii betuka haye jitna kii sachet roop seey isake madhyam seey jeena.
tark.
key liye.
vibhinn lokpriya tarkon koo aksar betuka key paksh mein uddhrit kiya jaataa haye. kuchh loga bhavishya parr dhyaan kendrit karate hue yeh ingit karate hain kii aaj humm joe kuchh bhee karate hain vaha duss laakh varshon mein mayane naheen rakhta haye. ack samaan tark iss tathya kii or ishara kartaa haye kii hamaare jeevan mahatvaheen hain kyonki way apane sthaanik aur apane laukik aayamon donon key sambandh mein brahmand key sambandh mein kitane chhote hain. betukapan kaa thesis bhee kabhi-kabhi mrityu kii samasya parr adharit hotaa haye.ee. kii hamara peechha karane kaa koee antim anta naheen haye kyonki humm sabhi marane vaale hain. iss arth mein kahaa jaataa haye kii mrityu hamari sabhi mehnat kii uplabdhiyon jaise currier, dhana yaa gyaan koo nasht curr detee haye. iss tark koo kuchh hudd taka iss tathya seey cumm kiya jaataa haye kii humm anya logon key jeevan parr bhee sakaratmak yaa nakaratmak prabhaav daal sakate hain. lekin yeh usee samasya key baad seey samasya koo poori tarah seey hull naheen kartaa haye, i.ee. antim anta kii kamee, unake jeevan parr bhee lagu hoti haye. thomas nagel ney iss daave key aadhar parr tark kii inn panktiyon parr apatti jataai haye kii way vrittakar hainh way yeh maanate hain kii jeevan betuka haye. udaaharan key liye, yeh daavaa kii aaj hamaare kaary duss laakh varshon mein mayane naheen rakhenge, iska seedha matlab yeh naheen haye kii way aaj mayane naheen rakhate hain. aur isi tarah, yeh tathya kii ack prakriya ack saarthak antim lakshya taka naheen pahunchati haye, yeh naheen darshaata haye kii samagr roop seey prakriya bekaar haye kyonki prakriya key kuchh hisson mein unake liye baahari auchitya parr nirbhar kiye binaa unakaa auchitya hoe sakata haye.
ack anya tark apratyaksh roop seey yeh ingit karke aage badhata haye kii kaise vibhinn mahaan vicharakon key vichaar pranaliyon mein spasht tarkaheen tatva hain. inn kathit galatiyon koo taba betuki bhavna key sanket key roop mein liya jaataa haye joe ise chhipaane yaa usase bachane key liye they. iss drishtikon seey, ack paropkari bhagwan key astitva koo vyakt karane kii pravritti koo ack asthir aur asuvidhajanak satya seey bachane key liye raksha tantra yaa ichchhaasheel soch key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. yeh iss vichaar seey nikatata seey sambandhit haye kii manushyon mein arth aur uddeshya key liye ack janmajaat ichcha haye, joe ack arthaheen aur udaseen brahmand dwara bauna haye. udaaharan key liye, rene descartes kaa uddeshya "main sochata huun, isaliye main huun" kii poorna nishchitata key aadhar parr ack daarshanik pranali kaa nirmaan karna haye, taaki baad key charan mein ack paropkari aur gair-dhokhebaaz bhagwan key astitva koo uchit auchitya key binaa pesh kiya jaa sakey taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii humm baahari duniya key baare mein zaan sakein. isi tarah kaa ack samasyagrast kadam johnn loke dwara uthaaya gayaa haye, joe apane sakht anubhavvaad key bavjood, samvedi anubhav seey parey ack bhagwan key astitva koo sweekaar kartaa haye, joe sabhi gyaan koo samvedi anubhav parr adharit honey kii maang kartaa haye.
anya siddhantkar iss daave key aadhar parr betukepan key paksh mein tark dete hain kii arth sambandhparak haye. iss arth mein, kissy cheez koo saarthak honey key liye, usey kissy aur saarthak cheez key sambandh mein khadaa honah padata haye. udaaharan key liye, ack shabd saarthak haye kyonki iska kissy bhasha yaa kissy key jeevan seey sambandh saarthak hoe sakata haye kyonki yeh vyakti apane prayason koo ack uchch saarthak pariyojana key liye samarpit kartaa haye, jaise kii bhagwan kii seva karna yaa garibi seey ladanaa. arth key iss charitra varnan kaa ack mahatvapurna parinam yeh haye kii yeh ack anant pratigaman kii or leey jaane kii dhamki detaa haih pratyek charan mein, kuchh saarthak haye kyonki kuchh aur saarthak haye, jiska arth kewal isaliye haye kyonki yeh ack aur saarthak cheez seey sambandhit haye, aur isi tarah aage bhee. iss anant shrinkhala aur sambandhit betuki seey bachaa jaa sakata haye yadi kuchh cheejon kaa aantarik yaa antim arth hotaa haye, i.ee. yadi unakaa arth kissy aur cheez key arth parr nirbhar naheen kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, aggar badey paimaane parr cheejen, jaise bhagwan yaa garibi seey ladanaa, kaa arth thaa, tou hamaare rosemarra key vyastataaen unake saath sahee sambandh mein khade hocker saarthak hoe sakati hain. haalaanki, yadi inn vyaapak sandarbhon mein swayam arth kii kamee haye tou way anya cheejon key liye arth key srot key roop mein kaary karane mein asamarth hain. yeh betuka hoe jaayega jaba iss dhaarana key beach sangharsh key roop mein samajha jaataa haye kii hamari rosemarra kii vyastataaen saarthak hain, bhale hii unamen arth kii kamee hoe kyonki way kissy aur saarthak cheez key sambandh mein khade naheen hotey hain.
betukapan key liye ack aur tark manakon kaa aaklan karane key prayaas parr adharit haye kii kyaa mayane rakhta haye aur yeh kyon mayane rakhta haye. yeh tark diyaa gayaa haye kii iss tarah key prashn kaa uttar dene kaa ekmatra tarika inn manakon key sandarbh mein haye. iska matlab haye kii anta mein, yeh kewal humm parr nirbhar kartaa haye, kii "joe hamein mahatvapurna yaa gambhir yaa moolyavaan lagata haye vaha aisaa naheen lagata aggar humm alag roop seey gathit hotey. inn manakon kii vrittakarta aur aadhaarheentaa kaa upayog betuka key liye bahas karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
khilaf.
betuki bhavna kii sabse aam aalochana yeh tark denaa haye kii vaastav mein jeevan kaa arth haye. iss prabhaav key liye alaukik tark iss daave parr adharit hain kii bhagwan maujood hain aur arth key srot key roop mein kaary karate hain. doosari or, prakritivaadi tarkon kaa tark haye kii arth key vibhinn srot praakritik duniya mein alaukik kshetra kaa sahaara liye binaa paae jaa sakate hain. unamen seey kuchh kaa maanana haye kii iska arth vyaktiparak haye. iss drishtikon parr, kyaa koee dee gaee cheez saarthak haye, yeh iss cheez key prati unake vyaktiparak drishtikon key aadhar parr vyakti seey vyakti mein bhinn hoti haye. anya loga vastunishth moolyon mein arth paate hain, udaaharan key liye, naitikta, gyaan yaa sundarta mein. inn sabhi alag-alag sthitiyon mein samaantaa haye kii way betukepan key vipareet arth key astitva kii pushti karate hain.
betuki bhavna kii ack aur aalochana naitik moolyon key prati isake nakaratmak drishtikon parr kendrit haye. betuke saahitya mein, naitik ayam koo kabhi-kabhi poori tarah seey aswikar curr diyaa jaataa haye, udaaharan key liye, yeh maanate hue kii moolya nirnayon koo tyag diyaa jaanaa chaahiye yaa bhagwan kii asweekriti kaa arth naitik moolyon kii asweekriti haye. iss drishtikon parr, betukapan apane saath naitik shunyavaad kaa ack atyadhik vivadaspad roop laataa haye. iska matlab haye kii jeevan mein naa kewal uchch uddeshya kii, balki naitik moolyon kii bhee kamee haye. inn donon pakshon koo iss vichaar seey jodaa jaa sakata haye kii kissy uchch uddeshya key binaa, aisaa kuchh bhee naheen haye joe kissy key jeevan koo arth dey sakey. yeh moolyaheenta anya muddon kii tarah naitik roop seey praasangik karyon parr bhee lagu hoti prateet hoti haye. iss arth mein, "jeevan key arth mein [bee] palayan hamesha moolyon key paimaane kaa tatparya rakhta haye" jabaki "[bee] murkhtapurna mein palayan... isake vipareet sikhaata haye. iss tarah kii sthiti parr vibhinn aapattiyan prastut kii gaee hain, udaaharan key liye, kii yeh samanya gyaan kaa ullanghan kartaa haye yaa yeh kaee kattarpanthi parinamon kii or leey jaataa haye, jaise kii koee bhee kabhi bhee kissy bhee nindaniya vyavhaar kaa doshi naheen haye yaa koee naitik niyam naheen hain.
lekin naitik moolyon key prati iss nakaratmak drishtikon koo hamesha betuka logon dwara lagaatar banaae naheen rakhaa jaataa haye aur betuke seey nipatane key tareeke parr kuchh sujhaae gaye pratikriyaen spasht roop seey naitik moolyon key astitva kaa bachaav karati prateet hoti hain. iss aspashtata key kaaran, betukepan key anya alochakon ney isaki visangati key aadhar parr iska virodh kiya haye. betuke logon dwara sanrakshit naitik moolya aksar astitvaad key naitik drishtikon key saath overlap hotey hain aur isamen imandari, pramanikta aur saahas jaise guna shamil hotey hain. iss arth mein, betuke loga aksar tark dete hain kii yeh mayane rakhta haye kii agent apani sthiti kii betuki kaa saamana kaise kartaa haye aur pratikriya koo inn gunon kaa udaaharan denaa chaahiye. yeh pahalu iss vichaar mein vishesh roop seey pramukh haye kii agent koo betuke key khilaf vidroh karna chaahiye aur bhavuk vidroh key roop mein apana jeevan pramanik roop seey jeena chaahiye.
kuchh loga baad kii sthiti koo iss vichaar key saath asangat maanate hain kii jeevan mein koee arth naheen haih yadi kuchh bhee mayane naheen rakhta haye tou isase koee fark naheen padata kii humm iss tathya parr kaise pratikriya dete hain. isaliye betuke loga iss daave key liye pratibaddh prateet hotey hain kii naitik moolya maujood hain aur way maujood naheen hain. betukepan key rakshakon ney tark kii iss rekha kaa virodh karane kii koshish kii haye, yeh tark dete hue kii anya pratikriyaon key vipareet, yeh betukepan key astitva koo sweekaar karke betukepan kii buniyaadi antardrishti aur "betuke key tark" key liye sach haye. lekin yeh bachaav hamesha sweekaar naheen kiya jaataa haye. isaki kamiyon mein seey ack yeh prateet hoti haye kii yeh munn mein aaee galat dhaarana koo sweekaar kartaa haih betukapan khud koo betuke key astitva aur prakriti key baare mein ack varnanatmak daave key roop mein prastut kartaa haye, lekin phir vibhinn maanak daavon koo sakaratmak banaata haye. betukepan key ack anya bachaav mein iss baare mein daavon koo kamjor karna shamil haye kii kissy koo betuke key prati kaise pratikriya deni chaahiye aur iss tarah kii pratikriya key gunon kaa udaaharan denaa chaahiye. iss drishtikon parr, betuki bhavna koo aatm-sahaayata key ack roop key roop mein samajha jaa sakata haye joe kewal vivekpurna salah pradaan kartaa haye. iss tarah kii vivekpurna salah saarvbhaumik roop seey maanya naitik moolyon yaa spasht maanak nirnayon kii sthiti kaa naatak kiye binaa kuchh logon key liye sahayak hoe sakati haye. isaliye vivekpurna salah kaa moolya kewal kuchh logon key hiton key saapeksh hoe sakata haye lekin adhik samanya arthon mein moolyavaan naheen hoe sakata haye. iss tarah, betuke logon ney apani sthiti mein spasht visangati koo hull karane kii koshish kii haye.
udaaharan.
betukepan key anusaar, samanya roop seey jeevan betuka haih betuka kewal kuchh vishisht mamalon taka seemit naheen haye. phir bhee, kuchh mamle dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik pratimanatmak udaaharan hain. ciciphus key mithak koo aksar betuke key ack pramukh udaaharan key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. isamen, zius raajaa ciciphus koo ack pahaadi parr ack vishal patthar koo ghumaane key liye majboor karke dandit kartaa haye. jaba bhee patthar sheersh parr pahunchata haye, tou yeh phir seey neeche ludhak jaataa haye, jisase sysiphus koo hamesha key liye phir seey usee kaary koo doharaane key liye majboor kiya jaataa haye. iss kahani koo samanya roop seey maanav jeevan kii nirasha aur nirarthakta key liye ack betuka drishtaant key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haih sysiphus kii tarah, samanya roop seey manushyon koo vyarth karyon koo puuraa karane key prayaas mein dinn-raat mehnat karane kii ninda kii jaati haye, joe ack baar puuraa honey key baad nae vyarth karyon dwara pratisthaapit kiye jaayenge. yeh tark diyaa gayaa haye kii ciciphus kii sthiti kaa ack kendriya pahalu kewal usake shram kii nirarthakta naheen haye, balki nirarthakta key baare mein usaki jagrukta bhee haye.
maanav sthiti key betuke pahalu kaa ack aur udaaharan franz kafka key "mukadame" mein diyaa gayaa haye. isamen naayak joseph key. usey giraftar kiya jaataa haye aur ack durgam pradhikari dwara mukadama chalaaya jaataa haye, bhale hii vaha aashvast hoe kii usane kuchh bhee galat naheen kiya haye. poori kahani mein, vaha yeh pataa lagaane kii poori koshish kartaa haye kii usa parr kinn apraadhon kaa aarop haye aur apana bachaav kaise kiya jaae. lekin anta mein, vaha apane vyarth prayason koo chhod detaa haye aur yeh pataa lagaae binaa kii usa parr kyaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, apane nishpaadan key liye prastut hoe jaataa haye. duniya kii betuki prakriti kaa udaaharan nyaayik pranali key rahasyamay aur abhedya karyapranali seey milata haye, joe joseph key key prati udaseen lagata haye. aur ise samajhane key apane sabhi prayason kaa virodh kartaa haye.
mahatva.
betukepan key daarshanik aksar shikayat karate hain kii betuke kaa vishay peshevar daarshnikon kaa dhyaan aakarshit naheen kartaa haye, vishesh roop seey jaba poochtaachh key anya barahmasi daarshanik kshetron kii tulanaa mein. udaaharan key liye, yeh tark diyaa gayaa haye kii yeh vibhinn daarshnikon kii yugon bhar kii pravritti mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye kii way astitva key rahasyon key antim spashteekaran key srot key roop mein apani daarshanik pranaliyon mein ishwar key gyanatmak roop seey sandigdh astitva koo shamil karate hain. iss sambandh mein, iss pravritti koo raksha tantra yaa ichchhaasheel soch key ack roop key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye joe betuke key asweekrit aur upekshit mahatva key dushprabhaav kaa gathan kartaa haye. jabaki betuki kii kuchh charchaaen daarshanik saahitya mein spasht roop seey hoti hain, ise aksar upanyason yaa natakon key roop mein cumm spasht tareeke seey prastut kiya jaataa haye. yeye prastutiyaan aamtaur parr aisee kahaaniyan bataakar hoti hain joe betuki bhavna key kuchh pramukh pahaluon kaa udaaharan detee hain, bhale hii way spasht roop seey vishay parr charcha naa karein.
yeh tark diyaa gayaa haye kii betuke key astitva koo sweekaar karane seey gyanmimansa key liye mahatvapurna parinam hotey hain, vishesh roop seey darshan key sambandh mein, lekin jaba anya kshetron mein adhik vyaapak roop seey lagu kiya jaataa haye. iska kaaran yeh haye kii betuke koo sweekaar karane mein maanav sangyanatmak seemaon key baare mein jagrook honah shamil haye aur yeh ack prakaar kii gyanatmak vinamrata kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye.
yeh dhaarana kii jeevan betuka haye, kuchh mamalon mein astitva key sankat koo trigger karane jaise gambhir manovaigyaanik parinam hoe sakate hain. iss sambandh mein, betuki bhavna aur isake liye sambhaavit pratikriyaon donon key baare mein jagrukta aise parinamon seey bachane yaa unhein hull karane key liye kendriya hoe sakati haye.
sambhaavit pratikriyaaen.
adhikansh shodhkartaon kaa tark haye kii betuke seey utpann buniyaadi sangharsh koo vaastav mein hull naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. iska matlab haye kii aisaa karane kaa koee bhee prayaas whiffle honah taya haye, bhale hii unake nayakon koo unaki viphalata key baare mein pataa naa hoe. iss drishtikon parr, abhee bhee kaee sambhaavit pratikriyaaen hain, kuchh dusaron kii tulanaa mein behtar hain, lekin koee bhee maulik sangharsh koo hull karane mein saksham naheen haye. paaramparik betukapan, jaisa kii albert camus dwara udaaharan diyaa gayaa haye, kaa maanana haye kii betukapan key liye teen sambhaavit pratikriyaaen hainh aatmahatya, dhaarmik vishvaas, yaa betuke key khilaf vidroh. baad mein shodhkartaon ney betuki bhavna kaa jawab dene key aur tareeke sujhaae hain.
ack bahut hii spasht aur saral pratikriya, halanki kaafee kattarpanthi, aatmahatya karna haye. udaaharan key liye, camus key anusaar, aatmahatya kii samasya hii ekmatra "vaastav mein gambhir daarshanik samasya" haye. isamen iss sawal kaa jawab khojana shamil haye "kyaa mujhe khud koo maarnaa chaahiye". yeh pratikriya iss antardrishti seey prerit haye kii, agent chaahe kitni bhee koshish karey, way kabhi bhee ack saarthak jeevan jeene key apane lakshya taka naheen pahunch sakate hain, joe taba jeene koo jaari rakhane kii asweekriti koo uchit thahara sakata haye. adhikansh shodhkarta sweekaar karate hain kii yeh betuki pratikriya kaa ack roop haye, lekin isaki kattarpanthi aur aparivartaniya prakriti key kaaran ise aswikar curr dete hain aur isake bajaay ack alag drishtikon key liye tark dete hain.
jeevan kii spasht betuki bhavna key liye aisee hii ack vaikalpik pratikriya yeh maan lena haye kii koee uchch antim uddeshya haye jisamen vyakti bhaag leey sakata haye, jaise samaaj kii seva, itihas kii pragati, yaa bhagwan kii mahima. jabaki vyakti iss vyaapak uddeshya koo praapt karane mein kewal ack chhoti see bhoomika nibha sakata haye, yeh abhee bhee arth key srot key roop mein kaary curr sakata haye. iss tarah, vyakti koo arth mill sakata haye aur iss tarah vaha betuka seey butch sakata haye. iss drishtikon key saath ack gambhir mudda yeh haye kii betuki kii samasya iss kathit uchch uddeshya parr bhee lagu hoti haye. jiss tarah ack vyakti key jeevan key uddeshyon parr sandeh kiya jaa sakata haye, usee tarah yeh kaee logon dwara saajha kiye gaye ack badey uddeshya parr bhee samaan roop seey lagu hotaa haye. aur yadi yeh uddeshya apane aap mein betuka haye, tou yeh isamen bhaag lene vaale vyakti key liye arth key srot key roop mein kaary karane mein whiffle rahata haye. camus iss pratikriya koo aatmahatya key ack roop key roop mein bhee pahachaantaa haye, joe bhautik seey naheen balki daarshanik star seey sambandhit haye. yeh iss arth mein ack daarshanik aatmahatya haye kii vyakti kewal yeh maanata haye kii chunaa gayaa uchch uddeshya saarthak haye aur iss tarah isaki betukita parr vichaar karane mein whiffle rahata haye.
paaramparik betukewadi aamtaur parr shaaririk aur daarshanik donon aatmahatyaon koo betuki pratikriya key roop mein aswikar karate hain, aamtaur parr iss tark key saath kii yeye donon pratikriyaen bachane key kuchh roop kaa gathan karati hain joe betuke kaa saamana karane mein whiffle rahati hain. betuki kii gambhirta aur anivaaryata key bavjood, way anushansa karate hain kii hamein iska seedhe saamana karna chaahiye.ee. jhoothi aashaa key bhram mein peechhe hatkar yaa apane jeevan koo samaapt karke isase naa bachein. iss arth mein, betuki vaastaviktaa koo sweekaar karane kaa arth haye una virodhabhason seey mukt ack khushahal maranoparant jeevan kii kissy bhee aashaa koo aswikar karna. isake bajaay, vyakti koo betuke koo sweekaar karna chaahiye aur isake khilaf vidroh mein shamil honah chaahiye. iss tarah kaa vidroh aamtaur parr astitvaad seey nikatata seey sambandhit kuchh gunon kaa udaaharan detaa haye, jaise kii pratikoolata key saamane apani swatantrata kii pushti key saath-saath jimmedaari sweekaar karna aur apane swayam key saar koo paribhaashit karna. iss jeevan shally kaa ack mahatvapurna pahalu yeh haye kii jeevan koo nae anubhavon koo aamantrit karke aur khojkar junoon aur gahanata seey jiyaa jaataa haye. iss tarah kii jeevan shally kaa udaaharan ack abhineta, ack vijeta, yaa ack pralobhan kalakar dwara diyaa jaa sakata haye joe inn udyamon kii betukita key baare mein apani jagrukta key bavjood lagaatar naee bhoomikaon, vijayon yaa aakarshak logon kii talash mein rahata haye. ack aur pahalu rachnaatmaktaa mein nihit haye, i.ee. kii abhikarta khud koo apane karyon aur jeevan mein maargon key nirmaata key roop mein dekhta haye aur kaary kartaa haye. yeh iss arth mein vidroh kaa ack roop haye kii agent duniya kii betuki aur isamen unake hisse key baare mein jagrook rahata haye, lekin istifa dene aur haar sweekaar karane key bajaay iska virodh kartaa rahata haye. lekin yeh pratikriya betuki kii samasya koo usake mool mein hull naheen karati haih betuke key khilaf vidroh key liye samarpit jeevan bhee abhee bhee betuka haye. betuki bhavna key prati vidrohi pratikriya key rakshakon ney bataaya haye kii isaki sambhaavit kamiyon key bavjood, isake kaee vikalpon parr iska ack mahatvapurna laabh haih yeh apane astitva koo aswikar karke yaa apane astitva koo rokkar ise aswikar kiye binaa betuka sweekaar karane kaa prabandhan kartaa haye. kuchh loga yeh bhee maanate hain kii yeh betuki key liye ekmatra daarshanik roop seey susangat pratikriya haye.
jabaki yeye teen pratikriyaaen paaramparik betuki saahitya mein sabse pramukh hain, vibhinn anya pratikriyaaen bhee sujhaai gaee hain. udaaharan key liye, vidroh key bajaay, betukapan bhee ack prakaar kii vidambana kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. yeh vidambana jeevan kii betuki baaton seey poori tarah seey bachane key liye paryaapt naheen haye, lekin yeh jeevan kii gambhirta seey kuchh hudd taka doori banaakar ise kuchh hudd taka cumm curr sakata haye. thomas nagel key anusaar, cumm seey cumm saiddhaantik roop seey, vaastav mein betuki samasya koo hull karane key liye dou pratikriyaaen hoe sakati hain. yeh iss vichaar parr adharit haye kii betuka maanav jeevan key dou pahaluon key beach sangharsh kii chetna seey utpann hotaa haih kii manushya vibhinn cheejon kii parwah karate hain aur duniya manmana lagati haye aur iss chinta key yogya naheen haye. aggar paraspar virodhi tatvon mein seey koee bhee astitva mein naheen rahega tou betuka naheen hoga, i.ee. yadi vyakti cheejon kii parwah karna bund curr dega, jaisa kii kuchh purvi dharmon seey pataa chalata haye, yaa yadi koee aisaa kuchh paa sakata haye jiska ack gair-manmana arth haye joe chinta key yogya haye. joe siddhantkar iss sangharsh kii chetna koo betuka key liye mahatva dete hain, unake liye ack aur vikalp prastut hotaa haih iss hudd taka kii yeh sambhav haye, isake baare mein anjaan rehna.
anya siddhantkaron kaa maanana haye kii betuki key liye ack uchit pratikriya naa tou sambhav hoe sakati haye aur naa hii aavashyak hoe sakati haye, kii yeh jeevan key buniyaadi pahaluon mein seey ack haye, chaahe uska saamana kaise bhee kiya jaae. pratikriya kii iss kamee koo betuki dhaarana key madhyam seey hii uchit thaharaaya jaa sakata haih yadi vaastav mein kuchh bhee badey paimaane parr mayane naheen rakhta haye, tou yeh iss tathya key prati maanav pratikriyaon parr samaan roop seey lagu hotaa haye. iss drishtikon seey, ack spasht roop seey tuchchh yaa mahatvaheen sthiti key khilaf bhavuk vidroh ack veertapurna khoj kii tarah cumm aur moorkh key kaam kii tarah adhik lagata haye. jeffrey gorden ney iss aalochana parr iss daave key aadhar parr apatti jataai haye kii betuki aur mahatva kii kamee key beach antar haye. isaliye bhale hii samagr jeevan betuka hoe, jeevan key baare mein kuchh tathya abhee bhee dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik mahatvapurna hoe sakate hain aur yeh tathya kii samagr jeevan betuka haye, adhik mahatvapurna tathyon key liye ack achchha ummidwar hoga.
itihas.
betuki bhavna kii utpatti 19veen shatabdi key danish daarshanik soren kierkegaard key kaam mein hui haye, jinhone apane astitvavadi darshan koo vikasit karke usa sankat kaa saamana karna chunaa jiska saamana manushya betuka key saath karate hain. ack vishvaas pranali key roop mein betukapan kaa janm europeeya astitvavadi andolan seey huaa thaa joe vishesh roop seey taba huaa jaba camus ney usa daarshanik vichaar key kuchh pahaluon koo khariz curr diyaa aur apane nibandh "dha myth off sysiphus" koo prakaashit kiya. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad samajik vatavaran pradaan kiya gayaa jisane betuke vichaaron koo protsaahit kiya aur unake lokpriya vikas kii anumati dee, vishesh roop seey france key tabah desh mein. faucault ney shekspeare key rangmanch koo betukapan key agradoot key roop mein dekhaa.
emmanuel kaant.
betuki kii avadharana key bahut karib ack vichaar emmanuel kaant key kaaran haye, joe ghatana aur naumena key beach antar kartaa haye. yeh antar hamein cheejen kaise dikhaai detee hain aur way apane aap mein cassie hain, isake beach key antar koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, kaant key anusaar, sthaan aur samay ghatana key kshetra seey sambandhit ayam hain kyonki iss tarah seey samvedi prabhaav munn dwara vyavasthit kiye jaate hain, lekin naumena key star parr naheen paae jaa sakate hain. betuki kii avadharana iss shodh prabandh seey mell khaati haye kii aisaa antar haye aur maanviya seemaaen munn koo vaastav mein vaastaviktaa koo samajhane seey seemit curr sakati hain.ee. iss mayane mein vaastaviktaa munn key liye betuki bunny hui haye.
unake liye achchha haye.
camus seey ack shatabdi pahale, 19veen shatabdi key danish daarshanik soren kierkegaard ney duniya kii betuki baaton key baare mein vyaapak roop seey likhaa thaa. apani patrikaon mein, kierkegaard betuke key baare mein likhate hainh
yahaan unake lekhan seey betuka kaa ack aur udaaharan haih 
iss betuki baat koo kaise maanaa yaa maanaa jaa sakata haye? kierkegaard kahate hainh 
kierkegaard "darr aur kaampana" (1843) mein ack udaaharan pradaan kartaa haye, jise "johannes dee silentio" chhadm naam key tahat prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. utpatti kii pustak mein abraham kii kahani mein, abraham koo bhagwan ney apane bete isaq koo maarne key liye kahaa haye. jaise abraham isaq koo maarne vaalaa haye, vaise hii ack doot abraham koo aisaa karane seey rokta haye. kierkegaard kaa maanana haye kii betuke key aadhar parr, abraham, sabhi kaaran aur naitik kartavyon ("aap kaary naheen curr sakate") kii avahelana karate hue, apane bete koo vaapas paa liya aur apane vishvaas ("jahaan mujhe kaary karna haye") kii pushti kii.
kierkegaard key kaam mein betuke vishayon kaa ack aur udaaharan "dha sickness unn too death" mein dikhaai detaa haye, jise kierkegaard ney chhadm naam "anty-climacus" key saath hastaaksharit kiya haye. nirasha key roopon kii khoj karate hue, kierkegaard nirasha key prakaar kii jaanch kartaa haye jise avagya key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. lekh kii shuruat mein punah prastut kiye gaye praarambhik uddharan mein, kierkegaard ney varnan kiya haye kii kaise aisaa vyakti iss tarah kii avagya koo sahan karega aur betuke aadami key teen pramukh lakshnon kii pehchaan kartaa haye, baad mein albert camus dwara charcha kii gaeeh astitva seey bachane kii asweekriti (aatmahatya), ack uchch shakti seey madad kii asweekriti aur usaki betuki (aur nirasha) sthiti kii sweekriti.
kierkegaard ney apani aatmakatha 'dha point off vyu off maaee work aeye auther' mein kahaa haye kii unake adhikansh chhadm lekhan anivarya roop seey unaki apani raay koo pratibimbit naheen karate hain. phir bhee, unake kaam ney kaee betuke vishayon kaa anuman lagaaya aur isaki saiddhaantik prishthabhoomi pradaan kii.
albert camus.
halanki 'betuka' kii dhaarana albert camus key sabhi lekhan mein vyaapt haye, "ciciphus kaa mithak" iss vishay parr unakaa mukhya kaam haye. isamen, camus betuki koo ack takraav, ack virodh, ack sangharsh yaa dou aadarshon key beach ack "talaak" key roop mein maanata haye. vishesh roop seey, vaha maanav sthiti koo betuka key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye, ack taraf manushya kii mahatva, arth aur spashtata kii ichcha key beach takraav-aur doosari taraf shaant, thhande brahmand key roop mein. vaha jaari rakhate hain kii betuki dhaaranaon koo jagaane vaale vishisht maanav anubhav hain. iss tarah kaa ehsas yaa betuke key saath muthbhed vyakti koo ack vikalp key saath chhod detee haih aatmahatya, vishvaas kii chhalang, yaa maanyata. vaha nishkarsh nikaalata haye kii maanyata hii ekmatra rakshaatmak vikalp haye.
camus key liye, aatmahatya ack "sweekaarokti" haye kii jeevan jeene laayak naheen haye; yeh ack aisaa vikalp haye joe nihit roop seey ghoshana kartaa haye kii jeevan "bahut adhik haye."aatmahatya betuki seey sabse buniyaadi" "baahar nikalane kaa raasta" "pradaan karati haih swayam kii tatkaal samaapti aur brahmand mein iska sthaan.
betuka muthbhed "vishvaas kii chhalang" koo bhee jagaa sakati haye, ack shabd joe kii kirkegard key shuruati chhadm naamon mein seey ack, "johannes dee silentio" (halanki iss shabd kaa upayog swayam kirkegard dwara naheen kiya gayaa thaa) seey liya gayaa haye, jahaan koee maanata haye kii tarksangat jeevan (saundarya yaa naitik) seey adhik haye. vishvaas kii chhalang" lagaane key liye, kissy koo "betuke key guna" key saath kaary karna chaahiye (jaisa kii "johann day silentio" ney ise rakhaa haye), jahaan naitik key nilamban kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. iss vishvaas kii koee apeksha naheen haye, lekin yeh betuki kii maanyata seey shuru kii gaee ack lachili shakti haye. camus kaa kahana haye kii kyonki vishvaas kii chhalang tarksangatata seey butch jaati haye aur vyaktigat anubhav parr amurtata key liye taal dee jaati haye, isaliye vishvaas kii chhalang betuki naheen haye. camus vishvaas kii chhalang koo "daarshanik aatmahatya" maanata haye, joe ise aur shaaririk aatmahatya donon koo aswikar kartaa haye.
anta mein, ack vyakti betuki sthiti koo apanaane kaa vikalp chuna sakata haye. camus key anusaar, kissy kii swatantrata-aur jeevan koo arth dene kaa avsar-betuki kii maanyata mein nihit haye. aggar betuka anubhav vaastav mein yeh ehsas haye kii brahmand maulik roop seey nirpeksh haye, tou humm vyakti key roop mein vaastav mein swatantra hain. "appeal key binaa jeena", jaisa kii way kahate hain, nirpeksh aur saarvbhaumik koo vastunishth roop seey paribhaashit karane key bajaay vyaktiparak roop seey paribhaashit karane key liye ack daarshanik kadam haye. iss prakaar manushya kii swatantrata manushya kii praakritik kshamata aur apane liye nirnay (yaa sochane) key liye apana arth aur uddeshya banaane key avsar mein sthaapit hoti haye. vyakti astitva kii sabse keemati ikai bunn jaataa haye, joe advitiya aadarshon key ack samooh kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye jise apane aap mein ack poore brahmand key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye. kissy bhee antarnihit arth kii khoj karane kii betuki bhavna koo sweekaar karate hue, lekin iss khoj koo jaari rakhate hue, koee bhee khush hoe sakata haye, dheere-dheere kewal khoj seey hii arth vikasit curr sakata haye.
camus ney "ciciphus key mithak" mein kahaa haih "iss prakaar main teen betuke parinamon seey aakarshit hotaa huun, joe meraa vidroh, merrie swatantrata aur meraa junoon hain. kewal chetna kii gatividhi seey main jeevan key ack niyam mein badal jaataa huun joe mrityu kaa nimantran thaa, aur main aatmahatya karane seey incar curr detaa huun."vidroh" yahaan betuke key rahasyodghatan key bavjood aatmahatya seey incar karane aur arth kii khoj koo sandarbhit kartaa haye; "swatantrata" dhaarmik bhakti yaa dusaron key naitik sanhitaon dwara karawas kii kamee koo sandarbhit karati haye; "junoon" jeevan key sabse poore dill seey anubhav koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, kyonki aashaa koo aswikar curr diyaa gayaa haye, aur isaliye vaha nishkarsh nikaalata haye kii harr kshan koo poori tarah seey jeena chaahiye.
anya avadhaaranaon key saath sambandh.
astitvaad aur shunyavaad.
betukapan kii utpatti 20veen shatabdi key astitvaad aur shunyavaad key upbhedon seey hui (saath hii saath); yeh donon key saath kuchh pramukh praarambhik binduon koo saajha kartaa haye, halanki yeh aise nishkarsh bhee shamil kartaa haye joe inn anya vichardharaon seey vishisht roop seey alag hain. teenon astitva seey utpann peedaa aur bhram key maanav anubhav seey utpann hueh ack aisee duniya kii spasht arthaheenta jisamen manushya, phir bhee, arth khojane yaa banaane key liye majboor hain. teen vichaardhaaraaen vahaan seey alag hoe jaati hain. astitvavadiyon ney aam taur parr vyakti key jeevan mein apane swayam key arth key nirmaan key saath-saath vyakti kii swatantra ichcha kii vakaalat kii haye. isake vipareet, shoonyavaadi tark dete hain kii "jahaan koee bhee naheen paaya jaa sakata haye, vahaan arth kii talash karna yaa pushti karna vyarth haye."betukewadi, camus key sutrikaran kaa paalan karate hue, jeevan mein kuchh arth yaa moolya kii sambhavana koo sankoch seey anumati dete hain, lekin naa tou astitvavadi kissy key apane nirmit arth key moolya key baare mein nishchit hain aur naa hii shoonyavaadi arth banaane mein kull asamarthata key baare mein hain. camus kaa anusaran karane vaale betuke loga bhee swatantra ichcha kaa avamoolyan karate hain yaa poori tarah seey aswikar karate hain, kewal yeh protsaahit karate hue kii vyakti betuke key manovaigyaanik tanaav key bavjood "avagyaapurna aur pramanik roop seey" rahata haye.
camus ney swayam shunyavaad kaa mukabala karane key liye junoon seey kaam kiya, jaisa kii unhone apane nibandh 'dha ribel' mein samajhaaya, jabaki unhone apane nibandh 'anigma' mein 'astitvavadi' key label koo bhee spasht roop seey khariz curr diyaa aur sankalan mein 'albert camus key geetaatmak aur aalochanatmak nibandh', halanki way they, aur abhee bhee, aksar dusaron dwara ack astitvavadi key roop mein vyaapak roop seey visheshta haye. astitvaad aur betukapan donon mein astitvaad shunyavaad key satya key prati sachet honey key vyaavhaarik anuprayogon parr vichaar karna shamil haih i.ee.jaba brahmand mein arth kii prateet honey vaali chhipaav, yaa spasht anupasthiti kaa achaanak saamana karna padata haye tou arth key ack prerit saadhak koo kaise kaary karna chaahiye.
jabaki betuki bhavna koo astitvaad key prati ack prakaar kii pratikriya key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, iss parr bahas kii jaa sakati haye kii donon sthitiyaan ack dusare seey kitni alag hain. astitvavadi, aakhirkaar, mrityu kii vaastaviktaa seey incar naheen kartaa haye. lekin betuka vyakti usa tareeke kii pushti kartaa prateet hotaa haye jisamen mrityu antatah hamari arth-nirmaan gatividhiyon koo radd curr detee haye, ack nishkarsh joe astitvavadi bhaavi peedhi kii vibhinn dhaaranaon yaa saartre key mamle mein, ack bhavya manavtawadi pariyojana mein bhagidari key madhyam seey virodh karate prateet hotey hain.
astitva kaa sankat.
betuki kii buniyaadi samasya kaa saamana aamtaur parr ack udaseen daarshanik jaanch key madhyam seey naheen kiya jaataa haye, balki ack astitvagat sankat kii abhivyakti key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. astitvagat sankat aantarik sangharsh hain jinamen vyakti iss dhaarana key saath kushti kartaa haye kii jeevan mein arth kaa abhaav haye. unake saath vibhinn nakaratmak anubhav hotey hain, jaise kii tanaav, chinta, nirasha aur avasaad, joe vyakti key rosemarra key jeevan mein samanya karyapranali koo baadhit curr sakate hain. iss arth mein, betuka drishtikon mein antarnihit sangharsh prabhaavit logon key liye ack manovaigyaanik chunauti haye. yeh chunauti iss dhaarana key kaaran haye kii agent kii jordar dainik sagaai daarshanik pratibimb key madhyam seey saamane aaney vaale apane spasht mahatvaheen key saath asangat haye. iss visangati koo mahsoos karna aamtaur parr ack sukhad ghatana naheen haye aur isase algaav, algaav aur nirasha hoe sakati haye. manovaigyaanik sankaton key saath antarang sambandh iss avaanchhit sangharsh key liye sahee pratikriya khojane kii samasya mein bhee prakat hotaa haye, udaaharan key liye, ise aswikar karke, jeevan koo cumm gambhirta seey laker, yaa betuke key khilaf vidroh karke. lekin betuki sthiti koo sweekaar karane seey kuchh sakaratmak manovaigyaanik prabhaav bhee hoe sakate hain. iss arth mein, yeh vyakti koo apramaanit hathdharmita seey ack nishchit manovaigyaanik doori praapt karane mein madad curr sakata haye aur iss prakaar unhein adhik vyaapak aur vastunishth drishtikon seey apani sthiti kaa mulyankan karane mein madad curr sakata haye. haalaanki, yeh apane saath sabhi mahatvapurna matbhedon koo samtal karane kaa khatra laataa haye aur iss tarah vyakti key liye yeh taya karna mushkil hoe jaataa haye kii kyaa karna haye yaa apana jeevan kaise jeena haye.
gyaanshaastriya sandehwad.
yeh tark diyaa gayaa haye kii vyaavhaarik kshetra mein betuka siddhant saiddhaantik kshetra mein gyaanshaastriya sandehwad seey milata-julata haye. gyanmimansa key mamle mein, humm aamtaur parr apane aspas kii duniya key baare mein apane gyaan koo halke mein lete hain, halanki jaba paddhatigat sandeh lagu kiya jaataa haye, tou yeh pataa chalata haye kii yeh gyaan utanaa asthir naheen haye jitna kii shuru mein maanaa gayaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, agent apani dhaarana parr bharosa karane kaa faisala curr sakata haye kii suraj chamak rhaa haye lekin isaki vishvasaniyata iss dhaarana parr nirbhar karati haye kii agent sapana naheen dekh rhaa haye, jise way naheen jaanate honge, bhale hii way sapana dekh rahey houn. vyaavhaarik kshetra mein isi tarah key arth mein, agent sirdard seey bachane key liye aspirin lene kaa nirnay leey sakata haye, bhale hii way ack kaaran dene mein asamarth houn kii unhein apani bhalai key baare mein kyon chintit honah chaahiye. donon hii mamalon mein, abhikarta asamarthit praakritik aatmavishvaas key ack roop key saath aage badhata haye aur iss tathya key bavjood kii unaki nyaaysangat thaharaane kii shakti kewal ack chhoti seema taka seemit haye aur jaba badey sandarbh mein lagu kii jaati haye, tou whiffle hoe jaati haye, jiss parr chhoti seema nirbhar karati haye.
anya.
yeh tark diyaa gayaa haye kii betukapan vibhinn maulik siddhanton aur shiksha kaa margadarshan karane vaali maanyataon key khilaf haye, jaise kii sachchai kaa mahatva aur chhatron mein tarksangatata koo badhaava denaa.

