
swatantra loga

swatantra logah ack mahakavya () nobel puraskar vijeta haldor laxness kaa ack upanyaas haye, joe mool roop seey 1934 aur 1935 mein dou khandon mein prakaashit huaa thaa; shaabdik roop seey sheershak kaa arth haye "aatm-sthaayi [i.ee. aatmanirbhar] lock. yeh 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein garib himbhoomi kisaanon key sangharsh seey sambandhit haye, joe kewal pichhali peedhi mein rinn bandhan seey mukt thaa, aur ack durgam paridrishya mein alag-alag fasalon parr jeevit rhaa.
upanyaas koo 1930 key dashak mein icelandic kathaa mein samajik yathaarthvaad key pramukh udaharanon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. yeh bhautikvaad kaa ack abhiyog haye, sambandhon key liye "aatmanirbhar bhavna" kii keemat, aur khud poonjeevaad. iss pustak ney kaee anya pramukh upanyason key saath 1955 mein saahitya mein nobel puraskar jeetane mein madad kii.
kathaanak kaa saransh.
"swatantra loga" bhed kisan gubbajartur johnson kii kahani haye, jise aam taur parr upanyaas mein grishmakaaleen gharon key bajartur key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur swatantrata key liye unake sangharsh.
pahala adhyaay una dinon koo bulaata haye jaba duniya pahali baar 874 esvi mein buss gaee thee-kyonki vaha varsh jaba norseman iceland mein pahunche they, aur pustak kii ack vichitra dhaarana yeh haye kii koee anya duniya naheen balki iceland maujood haye. ... yeh pustak beesavin shatabdi key shuruati dashakon mein sthaapit haye... "swatantra loga" ack spasht roop seey kaalaatit kahani haye. yeh hamein yaad dilaata haye kii ack sahasrabdi mein ack icelandic croft parr jeevan shayed hii kabhi badala thaa. jaise hii kahani shuru hoti haye, bajartur ("ujjwal" yaa "mella") haal hii mein apane khet parr pahala bhugtan karane mein kamyab rhaa haye, athaarah saal baad itirausmiri mein ack charvaahe key roop mein kaam karane key baad, ack aadami jise vaha nafrat kartaa haye. vaha joe bhoomi khareedata haye, usey sant kolumba dwara shraapit kahaa jaataa haye, jise "fend kolumkilli" kahaa jaataa haye, aur ganwar naamak ack dusht mahila dwara pretvaadhit kiya jaataa haye, jisane kolumkilli key saath ack samjhauta kiya thaa.
upanyaas mein grishmakaaleen gharon mein jeevan key astitva key liye kathin parishram aur ladaai, nivaasiyon key dukh, sapane aur vidrohon aur grishmakaaleen gharon key prabhaav kaa abhishaap kyaa prateet hotaa haye, koo chart kiya gayaa haye. 
avagyaapoorvak, bajartur usey khush karane key liye ganwar key cairn mein ack patthar jodane seey incar curr detaa haye, aur apane ashawad mein khet kaa naam sheetkaleen gharon seey grishmakaaleen gharon mein bhee badal detaa haye. vaha rossa naamak ack yuva mahila seey bhee navavivaahit haye, joe rausmiri mein ack saathi karyakarta haye, aur dridh haye kii unhein swatantra logon key roop mein rehna chaahiye.
haalaanki, rossa apane nae ghar mein dukhi haye, jisaki tulanaa usa vilasita seey achchi tarah seey naheen kii jaati haye jiska vaha rusmiri mein upayog karati thee. bajartur koo yeh bhee pataa chalata haye kii vaha belif key bete ingolfer ernarson johnson seey garbhavati haye. sharad ritu mein, bajartur aur jile key anya loga vaarshik bhed round-upp parr pahaadon mein sawari karate hain, rossa koo apani company rakhane key liye ack eeve key saath peechhe chhod dete hain. ack raat toofaan seey darkar, maans key liye betaab, aur aashvast hoe jaataa haye kii choomana shaitan key paas haye, rossa janwar koo maar detaa haye aur khaa jaataa haye.
jaba bajartur lautata haye, tou vaha maanata haye kii rossa ney janwar koo dheela curr diyaa haye. jaba vaha usey naheen dhoondh paataa haye jaba sardiyon key liye bhed koo ander rakhane kaa samay aataa haye, tou vaha ack baar phir apani patni koo chhod detaa haye, joe abb bhaari garbhavati haye, pahaadon mein choosane vaale kii khoj karane key liye. vaha ack barfeele toofaan seey deree seey marr jaataa haye, aur lagbhag exposure seey marr jaataa haye. grishmakaaleen gharon mein lautane parr vaha paataa haye kii rossa kii prasav key dauran mrityu hoe gaee haye. uska kutta titla bachchi key chaaron or ghoomata haye, abhee bhee kutte kii garmajoshi key kaaran jeevan seey chipak jaataa haye. rausamiri kii madad seey, bachcha butch jaataa haye; bajartur usey apani betty key roop mein paalane kaa faisala kartaa haye, aur uska naam esta sillija ("priya soorya lilly") rakhta haye.
kathaa lagbhag terah saal baad phir seey shuru hoti haye. bajartur ney abb ack mahila seey punarvivah kiya haye joe parrish, fina mein ack charity cases thee. anya nae nivasi halbera, finna kii maan, aur bajartur kii doosari shaadi key teen jeevit bete hainh helgi, gwendur (gundur) aur nonani (johnn). adhikansh garbhadhaaran mrit hain. 
kahani kaa ack hissa nonani key drishtikon seey bataaya gayaa haye, joe ack samriddh kalpana haye aur lekhak kaa ack ahankar haye.
parivaar kathinaaee mein rahata haye lekin ack gaay key aaney seey parivaar mein sabhi loga khush hotey hain, lekin bajartur, vishesh roop seey finna joe janwar key saath ack majboot bandhan vikasit kartaa haye aur usey tahalane leey jaataa haye. baad mein pataa chalaa kii gaay mahila sansthaan seey ack upahaar haye. bajartur upahaar sweekaar karane seey incar curr detaa haye aur unhein vaapas curr detaa haye. 
gaay kaa ack bachhada hotaa haye joe janm key turant baad maar detaa haye. 
parivaar koo ack kathor sardi kaa saamana karna padata haye joe kaee bhedon koo maar detaa haye. bajartur madad maangane aur anya kisaanon yaa rausamiri seey ghaas udhaar lene seey incar curr detaa haye.
bajartur kamjor parivaar kii gaay koo maar detaa haye aur usake turant baad finna marr jaataa haye. isake baad ack rahasyamay bhoot bhed koo maarnaa shuru curr detaa haye. deshwasi prarthana karane key liye croft mein ikattha hotey hain. baad mein pataa chalata haye kii yeh helgi thaa, joe phir apane ghar seey bhaag jaataa haye. unakaa shav baad mein bajartur kii pustak mein milaa haye.
bajartur kiraaye parr liye hue mazdoor key roop mein kaam karane key liye wick kii yatra kartaa haye lekin bachchon koo shiksha dene key liye shikshak koo croft mein bhejata haye. shikshak sevan seey beemar haye aur ack uttejak dawa kaa aadee bhee prateet hotaa haye. ack raat vaha esta key saath balatkar kartaa haye, joe isake parinamswarup garbhavati hoe jaati haye.
iss kaaran seey jartur dwara grishmakaaleen gharon seey esta solilja koo nirvaasit curr diyaa jaataa haye. 
bajartur nonnie koo america jaane kii anumati detaa haye. kuchh saal baad nonani aaney key liye bhee vendor key paise bhejata haye. apane prasthaan key dinn, gwendur ack gaanv kii ladki kaa peechha kartaa haye, aur america jaane vaale apane jahaaj koo yaad kartaa haye. vaha mohit hoe jaataa haye aur apane paise seey ack ghodaa khareedane kaa faisala kartaa haye. jaba vaha ladki seey phir seey milata haye, tou vaha prabhaavit naheen hoti haye, aur gwendur grishmakaaleen gharon mein bajartur key saath rahata haye aur kaam kartaa haye.
upanyaas key beach mein, pratham vishva yuddh shuru hotaa haye aur icelandic mutton aur oona kii kimaton kii keemat, taaki sabse garib kisan bhee apani garibi seey raahat kaa sapana dekhana shuru curr dein.
choonki bajartur yuddh seey laabh kamaata haye, isaliye vaha ack nayaa ghar banaane key liye rinn letaa haye. nirmaan kii gunavatta kharaab hoe jaati haye, aur yuddh samaapt honey key baad vaha apana rinn chukaane mein asamarth hoe jaataa haye. grishmakaaleen gharon koo baink dwara becha jaa rhaa haye aur bajartur grishmakaaleen gharon koo hallbera kii bhoomi parr jaane key liye chhod detaa haye. raaste mein, vaha esta solilja key saath phir seey juda jaataa haye joe abb dou bachchon kii maan haye, usey tapedik haye, aur sambhavatah jald hii marr jaayega.
vishay-vastuein.
upanyaas kaa sabse mahatvapurna vishay swatantrata haye, iska kyaa arth haye aur ise praapt karane key liye ise chhodane key laayak kyaa haye. bajartur ack jiddi vyakti haye, joe aksar apane aadarshon seey hatane seey incar karane mein krurta kii hudd taka kathor hotaa haye. haalaanki nissandeh ack siddhantvadi vyakti, uska ravaiya usake aspas key logon kii mrityu aur algaav kii or leey jaataa haye.
majboot aarthik vishay hain, iceland mein sahakaari andolan kii charcha aur dennish vyapariyon aur johnn dha belif jaise ameer icelanders dwara bajartur jaise khetiharon kaa shoshan.
"swatantra loga" ack adhyaay mein shithilata key yuddh-virodhi jhukaav kaa bhee khulasa karate hain joe himbhoomi key kisaanon koo mahaan yuddh key aarthik laabhon key baare mein baat karate hue darshaata haye.
pracheen icelandic gaathaaen aur icelandic lokakathaaen abhee bhee kahaaniyon aur dantkathaon mein jeevit hain jinake saath paatr dainik aadhar parr rahate hain. paatron kii kalpanaon mein kalpit kalpit, bhoot aur rakshas rahate hain. bjartur ack pratibhashali kavi bhee hain, joe gaathaon kii mahaan maukhik parampara kaa ack jeevit avtaar hain.
"lekhak kaa vidambanapurna mulyankan pahale seey hii upanyaas key sheershak mein aur kuchh adhyaayon key sheershak mein bhee vyakt kiya gayaa haye... : "rinn mukt", "samriddhi key varsh."
pratikriya.
lokpriya icelandic kavi hulda ney "swatantra logon" kii pratikriya key roop mein dou-khandon vaalaa upanyaas "dalafok" (ghaatiyon key loga) likhaa. burf kii bhoomi mein graameen jeevan key shithilata key nirashajanak drishtikon key vipareet, hulda puraane jagir jaise khet kii kuchh hudd taka aadarsh tasveer prastut kartaa haye.
upanyaas key angreji anuvaad key 1997 key puraane antarrashtriya punah prakaashan kii apani sameeksha mein, annie delard ney likhaa, "sabse mahaan scandinavian logon kaa kaam geetvaad aur prakritivaad key virodhi upbhedon koo darshaata haye... "swatantra loga" dohare bill mein fitt baithate hainh yeh ack pauranik kahani haye-- saha marks."

