
aant seey judey lymphide ootak

aant seey judey lymphide ootak (galt) shleshma seey judey lymphide ootak (malt) kaa ack ghatak haye joe aant mein aakraman seey shareer kii raksha key liye pratiraksha pranali mein kaam kartaa haye.
bhojan key avashoshan mein isake shaaririk kaary key kaaran, shleshma kii satah patali hoti haye aur shareer key aantarik bhaag mein pargamya baadha key roop mein kaary karati haye. samaan roop seey, isaki najukta aur pargamyata sankraman key liye bhedyata paida karati haye aur vaastav mein, maanav shareer parr aakraman karane vaale adhikansh sankraamak agent iss maarg kaa upayog karate hain. shareer kii raksha mein galt kaa karyatmak mahatva isaki badee sankhya mein plasma koshikaon parr nirbhar kartaa haye, joe antibody utpaadak hain, jinaki sankhya pliha, lymph nodes aur asthi majja mein sanyukt roop seey plasma koshikaon kii sankhya seey adhik haye. galt vajan key aadhar parr pratiraksha pranali kaa lagbhag 70 pratishat hissa banaata haye; samjhauta kiya gayaa galt samagr roop seey pratiraksha pranali kii taakat koo mahatvapurna roop seey prabhaavit curr sakata haye.
sanrachana.
aant seey judaa lymphide ootak poore aant mein sthit hotaa haye, joe lagbhag 260-300 m2 key kshetra koo cover kartaa haye. avashoshan key liye satah kshetra koo badhaane key liye, aanton kaa shleshma ungli jaise anumaanon (villie) seey banaa hotaa haye, joe upkala koshikaon kii ack parat dwara cover kiya jaataa haye, joe galt koo lumen aant aur isaki samagri seey alag kartaa haye. yeye upkala koshikaaen apani luminal satah parr glycocalics kii ack parat seey dhaki hoti hain taaki koshikaon koo acid ph seey bachaaya jaa sakey.
stame koshikaon seey praapt naee upkala koshikaaen lagaatar aanton kii granthiyon key nichale hisse mein utpann hoti hain, jisase upkala kaa punarjanan hotaa haye (upkala koshika kaa karobar samay ack saptah seey cumm hotaa haye). haalaanki inn gupt koshikaon mein paaramparik enterocytes pramukh prakaar kii koshikaaen hain, painath koshikaaen bhee paaee jaa sakati hain. yeye guptangon key nichale hisse mein sthit hotey hain aur kaee jivanurodhi padaarth chhodate hain, jinamen seey lysozyme bhee shamil haye, aur maanaa jaataa haye kii yeye sankraman key niyantran mein shamil hain.
unake neeche, ack antarnihit parat hoti haye joe dheele sanyoji ootakon koo jodati haye jise lamina propriya kahaa jaataa haye. macenteric lymph nodes seey judey ootak key madhyam seey lasika parisancharan bhee hotaa haye.
galt aur macenteric lymph nodes donon aise sthal hain jahan epithelial koshikaon aur lamina propriya key madhyam seey pratiraksha koshikaon kii upasthiti key kaaran pratiraksha pratikriya shuru hoti haye.
galt mein chhoti aant key pier key patch, poori aant mein maujood alag-alag lymphide rome aur manushyon mein appendix bhee shamil hain.
nimnalikhit udaharanon mein lymphoid ootak shamil hain joe pratiraksha pranali aur aaney vaale antigen key beach yaa tou khaadya antigen key roop mein yaa rogjanak yaa samanya sookshmajeev antigen key roop mein kaary karate hainh
galt koo sanrachana koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue dou shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase kaary utpann hotaa haye. 1.) follicule seey banaa sangathit galt paaya jaa sakata haye-jaise kii pears patch, macenteric lymph nodes aur isase bhee adhik sangathit appendix. iska mukhya kaary pratiraksha pratikriya koo prerit karna haye. 2.) ekal tii aur bee koshikaon, macrophage, eosynophylls, basophiles aur maast koshikaon key saath failati galt, adhimaantah lamina propriya mein paaee jaati haye. galt kaa yeh hissa paripakva prabhaavak koshikaon seey banaa haye joe apane karyon koo karane key liye taiyar hain. 
galt kaa varnan vayask purvi gray kangaru ("macropus gigantius"), tummer walabi ("notamacropus yugeni"), dhaaridaar chehare vaale dunnart ("sminthopsis macroura"), aur laal-poonchh vaale fascogale ("fascale kailura") mein kiya gayaa haye. vayask uttari bhoore rung key bandicoot ("isudon macrorus") koo sangathit aur faila huaa galt donon key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. 
galt key vikas kaa varnan kaee marsupial prajaatiyon mein bhee kiya gayaa haye, jinamen tummer walabi, dhaaridaar chehare vaale dunnarts ("sminthopsis macrora") aur laal-poonchh vaale fascogales shamil hain. 
pier key patch.
pier kaa patch aant key lumen mein prakshepit lymphide koshikaon kaa ack samooh haye joe pratiraksha pratikriya kii shuruat key liye ack bahut hii mahatvapurna sthal key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. yeh ack upa-upa-tala gumbad banaata haye jahan badee sankhya mein bee koshika rome apane ankuran kendron key saath, tii koshika kshetra unake beach cumm sankhya mein aur dendritic koshikaon mein paae jaate hain. iss kshetra mein, upa-upa-tala gumbad koo aanton key lumen seey koop-sambandhit upkala kii ack parat dwara alag kiya jaataa haye. isamen paaramparik aanton kii upkala koshikaaen aur beach mein sookshm koshikaaen (aim koshikaaen) naamak vishesh upkala koshikaon kii ack chhoti sankhya hoti haye. enterocytes key vipareet, yeye aim koshikaaen microville key bajaay ack mudee hui luminal satah prastut karati hain, paachan enzyme yaa shleshma kaa sraav naheen karati hain aur glycocalics kii motee satah kii kamee hoti haye, isaliye yeh aant kii samagri mein prastut microbiota aur antigen key sampark mein hoe sakati haye.
kaary.
samanya paristhitiyon mein, poore jeev kii pratiraksha pranali koo vibhinn pratiraksha koshikaon key vikas koo prashikshit karane aur viniyamit karane key liye antigen key aant srot kii aavashyakta hoti haye. iss tarah kii uttejana key binaa, pratiraksha pranali key kaee guna vikasit naheen hotey hain, jaisa kii roganu-mukt jaanvaron key mamle mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. kyonki pratiraksha koshikaaen jeevaanu aur khaadya pratijanon key saath nirantar sampark mein hoti hain, praathamik pratikriya sahishnu key roop mein sthaapit kii jaati haye. phir bhee ack aise mamle mein ack majboot raksha honey chaahiye kii rogjanak yaa tou upkala kii seema rekha koo paar karate hain yaa jeevaanu vishaakt padarthon jaise hanikarak padarthon kaa utpaadan karate hain. chaku key kinare parr iss tarah kaa chalana vibhinn prakaar kii pratiraksha koshikaon dwara sunishchit kiya jaataa haih
bee-lymphocytes.
lamina propriya mein rahane vaali plasma bee koshikaaen uchch star key vishisht sravi iga (siga) antibody kaa utpaadan karati hain. yeye iga transcitosis dwara upkala parat key madhyam seey aant key lumen mein sraavit hotey hain. sabse pahale upkala koshika basolateral paksh mein polymeric aaee. jee. receptor key madhyam seey aaee. jee. aeye. key ack dimmer koo baandhati haye aur ise ack putika mein luminal space mein leey jaati haye. phir receptor koo proteolytical tareeke seey vighatit kiya jaataa haye aur iga key diamer koo receptor key ack hisse key saath jaari kiya jaataa haye jise sravi ghatak kahaa jaataa haye. sravi ghatak aant mein paachan parivesh key khilaf sraavit antibody kii raksha kartaa haye.
pier key patch key ankuran kendron (jee. see. aiss.) mein follicular tii helper cell (tii. aff. aich.) key sahyog seey bee koshikaon aur aanton key pratijan kii antahkriya seey sravi iga kaa ack uchch star parinam hotaa haye. iga utpaadan key dou mukhya tareeke hain 1) tii-cell aashrit jisake parinamswarup uchch aatmiyata aur vishishtata key saath sigas hotaa haye aur 2) tii-cell swatantra peedhi kaa sigas, joe dendritic koshikaon aur unake baaf aur april cytokine key utpaadan kaa upayog kartaa haye. tii-cell swatantra roop seey utpaadit sigas mein cumm aatmiyata hoti haye aur mukhya roop seey samatulya hoti haye. sravi roganuon key samanya kaary aanton key kissy bhee bacteria (samanya yaa rogjanak) koo unaki gatishilata koo kharaab karane aur unhein aanton key upkala aur mezban aanton kii pratiraksha pranali key saath lambe samay taka aur seedhe sampark mein aaney seey rokane key liye coat karna haye. ise pratiraksha bahishkaran kahaa jaataa haye. sraavit igas jeevaanu vishaakt padarthon seey judate hain aur unhein bhee beasar karate hain.
tii-lymphocytes.
nive cd4 + tii koshikaaen tregg yaa vibhinn sahayak tii koshika upasamuchchay (th1, th2, th17 yaa tfh) mein bhinn hoti hain. aant seey judey lymphide ootak mein, antar kii prakriya aant key sookshmajeev seey praapt antigen kii prastuti key madhyam seey hoti haye joe dendritic koshikaon yaa pier key patch mein aim koshikaon jaisi antigen prastut karati haye. antargrahit khaadya pratijanon key prati maukhik sahishnuta kii vishisht prakriya koo dee. see. dwara pratijanon key nirantar luminal namoone key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye aur unake baad key pravaas key baad macentric lymph nodes mein nive tii koshikaon koo pratirakshaatmak tii koshika (tregg) banane key liye priming kiya jaa sakata haye. iss tarah seey praapt antigen unake khilaf sahishnuta sunishchit karate hain. commensal microbiota pratiraksha pratikriya koo bhee sakriya kartaa haye-iss tarah seey joe mezban aanton key ootak koo pratiraksha koshika pratikriyaon dwara nuksan seey bachaata haye. swasth vyaktiyon mein tii koshika aabaadi kaa antim parinam teevra sankraman yaa purani soojan key parinamswarup tii koshikaon key spectrum seey alag hotaa haye. purani th1 yaa th17 koshika pratikriya kii anuchit uttejana (aamtaur parr khandit philamentus bacteria-sfb dwara) mezban koo rogjanak kshati mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati haye.
kaee naveen aant-sambandhit lymphide koshikaon kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye. way alag-alag mool key hain aur alag-alag paripakvata prakriyaon kaa paalan karate hain lekin ack hii galt bhoomika saajha karate hain-rogjanakon aur sraav prabhaavak cytokine key liye teji seey pratikriya karane key liye. iss tarah kii bahu-stariya suraksha pranaaliyan aakramankari agents key prati shleshma sthalon kii samvedansheelta koo ujagar karati hain. shleshma maarg mezban mein rogjanak sankramanon key pravesh kaa sabse adhik baar honey vaalaa tarika haye. upkala parat mein gasht karane vaali vibhinn prakaar kii lymphoid koshikaon kii majboot sanlagnata bhee pratiraksha pranaliyon aur rogjanakon key beach vikaasvaadi dabaav aur hathiyaron kii daud koo darshaati haye joe isake niyantran seey bachate hain.
intrapethalial lymphocytes (aaee. ee. ell. aiss.).
lambe samay taka rahane vaale aur aavaasiya intrapethalial lymphocytes (aaee. ee. ell. aiss.) shareer mein tii-lymphocytes kii sabse badee aabaadi mein seey ack hain. anya paridhiya lymphocytes key vipareet, aaee. ee. ell. rakt pravaah yaa lasika pranali mein prasaarit naheen hotaa haye, lekin aant mein upkala parat mein rahata haye. iss tarah key sthaan parr bahut vishesh roop seey-aaee. ee. ell. koshikaon kii ack parat key bheetar sthiti parr gasht karate hain aur dendritic roop rakhate hain. way upkala baadha koo paar karane vaale rogjanak key mamle mein raksha kii pahali pankti pradaan karate hain. aaee. ee. ell. mool kii aashcharyajanak vividhata koo shamil kartaa haye aur dou mukhya shreniyon mein vibhajit kartaa haye-paaramparik aur gair-paaramparik. yeh aanvik satah key gunon aur usa sthaan parr adharit haye jahan way apane antim prabhaavak cytotoxic karyakram koo praapt karate hain.
paaramparik ils mein shaastriya tii. see. aar. receptor hotaa haye joe α aur β upa-ikai seey banaa hotaa haye aur saath mein cd4 yaa cd8 saha-receptor hotey hain. way aparamparaagat il kii tulanaa mein kull aanton key il key saapeksh alpasankhyak kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. way saral tii koshikaon seey praapt hotey hain joe paridhiya mein pratijanon kaa saamana karate hain (aamtaur parr pears patch mein dc dwara pradarshit pratijan). iss sakriyan key baad, paaramparik ils koo lymph stream aur baad mein rakt pravaah key madhyam seey taskari key baad aanton key ootakon mein ghar jaane kii anumati dete hue aant-ushnakatibandhiya anuon koo vyakt karate hain. iss prakaar paaramparik intrapethalial koshikaaen ootak-nivasi prabhaavak smriti koshikaaen hain, joe cytolytic gatividhi key saath teji seey pratikriya karane aur inaf. jee. aim. aur tii. aine. aff. jaise cytokines key release mein saksham hain.
gair-paaramparik il aanton kii upkala parat mein adhikansh il koshikaon koo prastut karate hain aur thymus koo saral koshikaon key roop mein baahar nikaalane aur galt mein antigen kaa saamana karane key baad apane prabhaavak karyakram koo praapt karate hain. iss tarah kii uttejana key baad, aparamparaagat il (mukhya roop seey γδt koshikaaen) aanton key upkala mein rahate hain. γδt koshikaaen γ aur δ upa-ikai seey baney tii. see. aar. receptor koo vyakt karati hain aur aim. aich. see.-bound roop mein prastut antigen peptides koo naheen pehchaanati hain. unake sakriyan kii prakriya abhee bhee kaafee hudd taka agyaat haye. γδt koshikaon kaa mukhya guna aanton key upkala yaa twacha jaise baadha ootakon mein lambe samay taka rahane vaali smriti aabaadi kaa nirmaan haye. way rogjanak key nikasi yaa soojan key peechhe hatane key baad bhee vishesh ootak mein pratiraksha smriti kaa pradarshan karate hain.
janmajaat lymphoid koshikaaen (aaee. ell. see.).
janmajaat lymphoid koshikaaen (aaee. ell. see.) janmajaat pratiraksha koshikaon kaa sabse haal hii mein khoja gayaa parivaar haye aur "janmajaat" shabd kaa arth haye kii unhein pratijan receptor jeane punarvyavastha kii aavashyakta naheen haye. ekal koshika aar. aine. aeye. anukraman jaisi naveen vidhi key vikas key kaaran, janmajaat lymphoid koshikaon key upprakaron kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye. mukhya pratilekhan karakon dwara nirdhaarit unake pratilekhan profile key aadhar parr ilc koo paanch alag-alag upasamuchchay mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih enke koshikaaen, ilc1aiss, ilc2aiss, ilc3aiss aur lti koshikaaen. shleshma satahon parr ilk prachalit hain, joe shleshma pratiraksha aur homeostasis mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaate hain kyonki unaki pratiraksha-niyaamak cytokine key teji seey sraav kii kshamata aur iss prakaar anya pratiraksha koshikaon key saath sanchaar karane kii kshamata haye.
janmajaat pratiraksha.
anukuli vishisht pratiraksha key alawa, ack janmajaat pratiraksha galt mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati haye kyonki yeh adhik teji seey pratikriya pradaan karati haye. sookshmajeev gair-swa-hastakshar kii pehchaan pattern pehchaan receptors (pee. aar. aar.) dwara hoti haye joe dendritic koshikaon, macrophage, monocytes, neutrophil aur upkala koshikaon parr paaee jaa sakati haye. pee. aar. aar. sanrakshit sookshmajeev pattern jaise koshika divaaron key ghatakon (ell. pee. aiss., techoic acid, flagelin, peptidoglycan) yaa viral yaa bacterial nuclic acid seey judataa haye. pee. aar. aar. jhilli-baddh receptors (toll-jaise receptors) yaa intracellular (node-jaise aur rigg-jaise receptors) key roop mein sthaaniyakrit extracellular hotey hain. pattern pehchaan receptors key vibhinn pallet koo pamp (rogjanak sambandhit aanvik pattern) naamak vibhinn sanketon dwara yaa aardr (kshati sambandhit aanvik pattern) naamak ootak kshati seey judey sanketon dwara sakriya kiya jaataa haye.
macrophage.
aant mein upasthit honey vaali adhikansh pratijan koshikaaen (aeye. pee. see.) macrophage seey praapt hoti hain, jinka bahut jaldi karobar hotaa haye. macrophage lamina propriya aur submucosal gahari paraton jaise muscular parat mein prachalit hain. macrophage apane trance-epithelial dendrite (lambe cytoplasmic extension) kaa upayog curr sakate hain aur seedhe epithelial parat aur namuna luminal bacteria seey sampark curr sakate hain. swasth sthitiyon mein macrophage samanya bacteria aur aspas key cellular malabe koo gher lete hain, ill-10 kaa sraav karate hain, tregg kii paripakvata koo badhaate hain aur ootak homeostasis mein yogdan karate hain. janmajaat pratikriya receptors aur saha-uttejak satah anuon kii cumm abhivyakti key kaaran, aanton key macrophage soojan shuru naheen karate hain. lekin sankraman yaa soojan parr, macrophage kii ruprekha badal jaati haye aur way badee matra mein tnf-"α" kaa sraav karna shuru curr dete hain aur proinflammatory prabhaavak koshikaaen bunn jaate hain.
dendritic koshikaaen.
dee. see. 10 pratishat seey cumm lamina propriya aeye. pee. see. prastut karate hain aur aamtaur parr nichali paraton mein naheen rahate hain. retinoic acid aur tii. jee. aff.-bee. aeye. (aant seey judey dee. see. key liye vishisht) kaa antarnihit utpaadan aant-hoaming anuon kii abhivyakti koo prerit kartaa haye aur follicule mein bee koshikaon kii paripakvata key dauran iga switch koo pasand kartaa haye. dee. see. see. bhee pregg aur paaramparik aaee. ee. ell. koo aant mein paripakva prabhaav koshikaon key antim phenotype koo praapt karane key liye nirdeshit karate hain.
anya janwar.
pratirakshi aur tii koshikaon dwara madhyasthata kii jaane vaali anukuli pratiraksha kewal kasheruki jeevon mein paaee jaati haye. jabaki una sabhi mein aant seey judey lymphoid ootak hotey hain aur adhikansh mein pliha aur thymus kaa ack sanskaran hotaa haye, sabhi kasheruki asthi majja, lymph nodes yaa ankuran kendron koo naheen dikhaate hain, iska matlab haye kii sabhi kasheruki asthi majja mein lymphocytes utpann naheen curr sakate hain. kasheruki jeevon key vibhinn samoohon mein anukuli angon key iss alag vitaran seey pataa chalata haye kii kasheruki jeevon mein anukuli pratiraksha pranali kaa pahala hissa galt haye. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii iss maujooda galt seey, aur aant mein samanya bacteria dwara lagaae gaye dabaav key kaaran joe kasheruki jeevon key saath saha-vikasit huaa, baad mein thymus, pliha yaa lymph nodes key roop mein visheshagyata anukuli pratiraksha pranali key hisse key roop mein dikhaai dee.