diocletianic utpeedan

roman samrajya mein isaaiyon kaa antim aur sabse gambhir utpeedan diocletianic yaa mahaan utpeedan thaa. 303 mein, samraton, diocletian, maximian, gallerius aur constantius ney isaaiyon key kanuni adhikaaron koo radd karane aur paaramparik dhaarmik prathaon kaa paalan karane kii maang karate hue aadeshon kii ack shrinkhala jaari kii. baad mein shilalekh paadari varg koo lakshit karate they aur sabhi nivaasiyon koo devtaon koo balidan karane kaa adesh dete hue saarvbhaumik balidan kii maang karate they. poore samrajya mein utpeedan kii teevrata mein bhinnata thee-gaul aur britten mein sabse kamjor, jahaan kewal pahala shilalekh lagu kiya gayaa thaa, aur purvi praanton mein sabse majboot. vibhinn samay parr vibhinn samraton (311 mein serdica key adesh key saath gallerius) dwara sataane vaale kaanoonon koo radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin 313 mein milan key bandhan aur lychenius key adesh ney paaramparik roop seey utpeedan key anta koo chihnit kiya haye.
isai samrajya mein rook-rook curr sthaaniya bhedbhaav key adheen they, lekin dioclacian seey pahale samrat dhaarmik samooh key khilaf samanya kaanoon jaari karane key liye anichhuk they. 250 key dashak mein, decius aur valerian key shasankal key tahat, isaaiyon sahit roman praja koo roman devtaon koo balidan karane yaa karawas aur fansi kaa saamana karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa, lekin iss baat kaa koee saboot naheen haye kii inn aadeshon kaa vishesh roop seey isai dharm parr hamla karane kaa irada thaa. 260 mein gallianus key pravesh key baad, yeye kaanoon sthagit hoe gaye. 284 mein diocletian kii satta kii dhaarana ney isai dharm key prati shaahi laparwahi key tatkaal ulatane koo chihnit naheen kiya, lekin isane dhaarmik alpsankhyakon key prati aadhikarik drishtikon mein kramik badalaav kii shuruat kii. apane shasson key pahale pandrah varshon mein, diocletian ney isaaiyon kii senaa koo shuddh kiya, manichanes koo maut kii sajaa dee, aur khud koo isai dharm key saarvajanik virodhiyon seey gher liya. diocletian kii karyakarta sarkaar key liye prathamikta, ateet key roman gaurav key punarsthapana key roop mein unaki aatm-chhavi key saath, roman itihas mein sabse vyaapak utpeedan koo purvanirdhaarit kiya. 302 kii sardiyon mein, gallerius ney diocletian seey isaaiyon kaa samanya utpeedan shuru karane kaa aagrah kiya. diocletian savdhan thaa aur usane deedama mein orecal seey margadarshan key liye kahaa. orecal key jawab koo gallerius kii sthiti key samarthan key roop mein padhaa gayaa thaa, aur 23 farwari, 303 koo ack samanya utpeedan kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa.
poore samrajya mein utpeedan kii neetiyon kii teevrata mein bhinnata thee. jabaki gallerius aur dioclacian utpeedan key shaukeen they, constantius utsaahi naheen thaa. baad mein saarvbhaumik balidan key ahwan sahit sataane vaale adesh unake kshetra mein lagu naheen kiye gaye. unake bete, sangrodh ney, 306 mein shaahi karyalaya lene parr, isaaiyon koo poorna kanuni samaantaa key liye bahaal kiya aur utpeedan key dauran jabt kii gaee sampatti koo vaapas curr diyaa. itali mein, 306 mein, hadapane vaale maxantius ney poorna dhaarmik sahishnuta kaa vaadaa karate hue maximian key uttaradhikari saverus koo bedkhal curr diyaa. gallerius ney 311 mein poorv mein utpeedan koo samaapt curr diyaa, lekin misra, palestine aur asia minor mein apane uttaradhikari, maximinus dwara ise phir seey shuru kiya gayaa. saverus key uttaradhikari, constantine aur lychenius ney 313 mein milan key adesh parr hastakshar kiye, jisamen gallerius key adesh kii tulanaa mein isai dharm kii adhik vyaapak sweekriti kii peshkash kii gaee thee. lachinius ney 313 mein maximinus koo bedkhal curr diyaa, jisase poorv mein utpeedan kaa anta hoe gayaa.
utpeedan church key uday koo rokane mein whiffle rhaa. 324 taka, constantine samrajya kaa ekmatra shaasak thaa, aur isai dharm uska pasandida dharm bunn gayaa thaa. haalaanki utpeedan key parinamswarup kaee isaaiyon key liye mrityu, yaatana, karawas yaa visthaapan huaa, samrajya key adhikansh isaaiyon ney sajaa seey parhej kiya. haalaanki, utpeedan ney kaee churchon koo una logon key beach vibhajit curr diyaa jinhone shaahi adhikaar ("vyapariyon") kaa paalan kiya thaa, aur joe "shuddh" baney rahey they. kuchh matbhed, jaise kii uttari africa mein daan karane vaalon aur misra mein melitian, utpeedan key lambe samay baad bhee baney rahey. daan karane vaalon kaa 411 key baad taka church key saath sulah naheen hoe paayega. kuchh itihaskaron kaa maanana haye kii, sataahat key yug key baad kii shataabdiyon mein, isaaiyon ney "shahidon key panth" kaa nirmaan kiya aur utpeedan kii barbarta koo badhaa-chadhaakar pesh kiya. iss avadhi key granthon aur puraataatvik saakshyon kaa upayog karane vaale anya itihaskaron kaa kahana haye kii yeh sthiti trutipurna haye. isai khaaton kii aalochana gyaan praapti key dauran aur baad mein, vishesh roop seey edward gibbon dwara kii gaee thee. iska shreya usa avadhi key raajneetik virodhi aur dharmnirpeksh kaal koo diyaa jaa sakata haye. aadhunik itihaaskaar, jaise jee. ee. aim. dee stay. crocks ney yeh nirdhaarit karane kaa prayaas kiya haye kii kyaa isai sroton ney diocletianic utpeedan key dayare koo badhaa-chadhaakar pesh kiya haye, lekin asahamati jaari haye.
prishthabhoomi.
poorv utpeedan.
apani pahali upasthiti seey laker sangrodh key tahat apane vaidhikaran taka, isai dharm roman raajya kii nazar mein ack avaidh dharm thaa. apane astitva kii pahali dou shataabdiyon key liye, isai dharm aur isake abhyaas karane vaale badey paimaane parr logon key saath alokpriya they. isai hamesha sandigdh they, ack "gupt samaaj" key sadasya joe ack niji sanhita key saath samvaad karate they aur joe saarvajanik kshetra seey door rahate they. yeh lokpriya shatruta thee-bheed kaa gussa-jisane sabse pahale utpeedan koo prerit kiya, naa kii aadhikarik kaarravaai. 112 key aspas, bithinia-pontus key governor pliny koo gumnam nagrikon dwara isaaiyon kii ninda kii lambi soochi bheji gaee thee, jise samrat trajan ney unhein nazarandaj karane kii salah dee thee. 177 mein lyon mein, yeh kewal nagrik adhikaariyon key hastakshep thaa jisane ack moortipoojak bheed koo isaaiyon koo unake gharon seey ghaseetane aur unhein peetane seey roque diyaa.
paaramparik panth key anuyaayiyon key liye, isai ajib prani theh kaafee roman naheen lekin kaafee berber bhee naheen they. unaki prathaaen paaramparik prathaon key liye bahut khatarnak theen. isai logon ney saarvajanik tyohaaron koo aswikar curr diyaa, shaahi panth mein bhaag lene seey incar curr diyaa, saarvajanik karyalaya seey parhej kiya aur saarvajanik roop seey pracheen paramparaon kii aalochana kii. dharm parivartanon ney parivaaron koo alag curr diyaah justine shaheed ack vidharmi pati key baare mein bataata haye jisane apani isai patni kii ninda kii, aur tertullion isai banane key liye vanshaanugat bachchon key baare mein bataata haye. paaramparik roman dharm apariharya roop seey roman samaaj aur raajya key taane-baane mein goontha huaa thaa, lekin isaaiyon ney isaki prathaon kaa paalan karane seey incar curr diyaa. tacitus key shabdon mein, isaaiyon ney "maanav jaati key prati ghrina" ("odium generis humani") dikhaai. adhik vishvasaniya logon mein, isai krantikari uddeshyon kii khoj mein aur anachar aur narbhakshan kaa abhyaas karane key liye kaale jaadoo kaa upayog karane key liye soche jaate they.
phir bhee, isai yug kii pahali dou shataabdiyon key liye, kissy bhee samrat ney vishvaas yaa usake church key khilaf samanya kaanoon jaari naheen kiye. yeye utpeedan sthaaniya sarkari adhikaariyon key adhikaar key tahat kiye gaye they. 111 mein bithinia-pontus mein, yeh pliny thaa; 156 mein smirna mein aur 180 mein carthage key paas skilly mein, yeh proconsul thaa; 177 mein lyon mein, yeh praantiya governor thaa. jaba samrat niro ney 64 kii aag mein kathit sanliptata key liye isaaiyon koo maar daala, tou yeh vishuddh roop seey ack sthaaniya mamla thaa; yeh rome kii shahar kii seema seey parey naheen faila. yeye praarambhik utpeedan nishchit roop seey hinsak they, lekin way chhitput, sankshipt aur seemit seema taka they. way samagr roop seey isai dharm key liye seemit khatare key they. haalaanki, aadhikarik kaarravaai kii bahut hii vichitrata ney isai kalpana mein raajya key jabardasti key khatare koo badaa banaa diyaa.
teesari shatabdi mein, pattern badal gayaa. samrat adhik sakriya hoe gaye, aur sarkari adhikaariyon ney kewal bheed kii ichcha kaa jawab dene key bajaay sakriya roop seey isaaiyon kaa peechha karna shuru curr diyaa. isai dharm bhee badal gayaa. abb isake abhyaas karane vaale kewal "nichale varg key loga asantosh paida curr rahey they"; kuchh isai abb ameer yaa uchch vargon seey they. lagbhag 248 mein likhane key baad, mool mein, "vishvaas mein aaney vaale logon kii bheed, yahaan taka kii ameer purush aur vyakti bhee sammaan key padon parr aur uchch parishkaran aur janm kii mahilaaon key baare mein bataata haye."aadhikarik pratikriya majboot hoti gaee. 202 mein, "historia augusta" key anusaar, sandigdh vishvasaniyata kaa chauthi shatabdi kaa itihas, septimius saverus ("aar. 193-211) ney ack samanya punarlekhan jaari kiya jisamen yaa tou yahudi dharm yaa isai dharm mein dharmaantaran parr pratibandh lagaaya gayaa thaa. adhikatam ("aar". 235-238) isai netaaon koo lakshit kiya. decius ("aar". 249-251), vishvaas key liye samarthan key pradarshan kii maang karate hue, ghoshana kii kii samrajya key sabhi nivaasiyon koo devtaon koo balidan karna chaahiye, balidan kaa maans khaana chaahiye, aur inn krityon kii gawahi deni chaahiye. isai apane gair-anupaalan mein jiddi they. church key netaaon, jaise fabian, rome key bishap, aur bebila, antioc key bishap, koo giraftar kiya gayaa, mukadama chalaaya gayaa aur maar diyaa gayaa, jaisa kii isai samanya key kuchh sadasya they, jaise smirna key pionius. mool koo utpeedan key dauran prataadit kiya gayaa thaa aur parinamswarup choton seey lagbhag ack saal baad usaki mrityu hoe gaee thee.
dashian utpeedan church key liye ack gambhir jhataka thaa. carthage mein, saamoohik dharmatyag (vishvaas kaa tyag) thaa. smirna mein, bishap acteman ney balidan diyaa aur dusaron koo bhee aisaa karane key liye protsaahit kiya. kyonki church kaafee hudd taka shahari thaa, isaliye church key padanukram koo pahachaanana, alag karna aur nasht karna aasaan honah chaahiye thaa. aisaa naheen huaa. 251 juuna mein, decius yuddh mein marr gayaa, jisase uska utpeedan adhura reh gayaa. unake utpeedan kaa agale chhah varshon taka paalan naheen kiya gayaa, jisase kuchh church key kaary phir seey shuru hoe gaye. decius key mitra valerian ney 253 mein shaahi aavaran koo apanaaya. halanki unhein pahale isaaiyon key prati "asadharan roop seey maitripurna" maanaa jaataa thaa, lekin unake karyon ney jald hii anyatha dikhaaya. 257 julaai mein, unhone ack sataahat adesh jaari kiya. isai dharm kaa paalan karane key liye sajaa key roop mein, isaaiyon koo nirvaasan yaa khadanon mein ninda kaa saamana karna padaa. 258 agast mein, unhone ack doosara adesh jaari kiya, jisamen sajaa koo maut kii sajaa dee gaee. yeh utpeedan juuna 260 mein rook gayaa, jaba valerian koo yuddh mein pakad liya gayaa thaa. unakaa betaa gallianus ("aar. 260-268), utpeedan koo samaapt kiya aur aadhikarik pratibandhon seey lagbhag 40 varshon kii swatantrata kaa udghaatan kiya, jisaki eusebius ney "church kii chhoti shaanti" key roop mein prashansa kii. shaanti kabhi-kabhaar, alag-thalag utpeedan key alawa, taba taka baadhit naheen thee jaba taka kii diocletian samrat naheen bunn gayaa.
utpeedan aur chatushkoniya vichardhara.
20 navambar, 284 koo prashansit samrat, diocletian, ack dhaarmik roodhivaadi, paaramparik roman panth key prati wafadar they. aurelian ("aar") key vipareet. 270-275), diocletian ney apane swayam key kissy bhee nae panth koo badhaava naheen diyaa. unhone puraane olympian devtaon koo prathamikta dee. phir bhee, dioclacian ack samanya dhaarmik punrutthan koo prerit karna chaahte they. jaisa kii maximian key penegirist ney ghoshana keeh "aapane devtaon koo vediyon aur moortiyon, mandiron aur prasadon key saath dher curr diyaa haye, jinhen aapane apane naam aur apani chhavi key saath samarpit kiya haye, jinaki pavitrata aapke dwara sthaapit udaaharan seey, devtaon kii pooja seey badh jaati haye. jaba aap itani utsaahpoorvak unaki pooja karenge tou nishchit roop seey abb loga samajh jaayenge kii devtaon mein kyaa shakti haye."diocletian ney khud koo roman panthion, jupiter key pramukh key saath jodaa; unake saha-samrat, maximian, ney khud koo herculis key saath jodaa. bhagwan aur samrat key beach iss sambandh ney samraton key satta key daavon koo vaidh banaane mein madad kii aur shaahi sarkaar koo paaramparik panth key karib baandh diyaa.
diocletian ney jupiter aur herculis kii vishesh pooja parr jore naheen diyaa, joe moortipoojak parampara mein ack bhaari badalaav hotaa. udaaharan key liye, alagabalus ney apane swayam key bhagwan koo badhaava dene kii koshish kii thee aur koee anya naheen thaa aur vaha naatakiya roop seey whiffle rhaa thaa. diocletian ney rome mein isis aur sarpi key liye mandir aur itali mein soul key liye ack mandir banaaya. haalaanki, unhone praanton key sthaaniya devtaon key bajaay poore samrajya kii suraksha key liye pradaan kiye gaye devtaon kaa paksh liya. africa mein, diocletian kaa punrutthan jupiter, herculis, paaraa, apolo aur shaahi panth parr kendrit thaa. romankrit baal-haiman, shani key panth kii upeksha kii gaee thee. shaahi pratimashastra mein jupiter aur herculis vyaapak they. pakshapaat key samaan swaroop ney misra koo bhee prabhaavit kiya. misra key mool devtaon ney koee punrutthan naheen dekhaa, naa hii pavitra chitralipi kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. pooja mein ekataa diocletian kii dhaarmik neetiyon key liye kendriya thee.
diocletian, unake pahale augustus aur trajan kii tarah, khud koo ack "punarsthaapit karane vaalaa" key roop mein pesh karate they. unhone janata seey apane shasankal aur apani shasson pranali, chatushkon (chaar samraton dwara shasson) koo paaramparik roman moolyon key navikaran key roop mein aur arajaktawadi teesari shatabdi key baad, "rome key swarn yug" mein vaapsee key liye dekhane kaa aagrah kiya. iss prakaar, unhone pracheen reeti-rivaajon key liye lambe samay seey chully aaa rahee roman prathamikta aur swatantra samajon key liye shaahi virodh koo majboot kiya. haalaanki, dioclesian shasson key karyakarta rukh aur naitikta aur samaaj mein badey badalaav koo prabhaavit karane key liye kendra sarkaar kii shakti mein dioclesian key vishvaas ney unhein asamanya banaa diyaa. adhikansh poorvavarti samrat apani prashaasnik neetiyon mein kaafee satark rahate they, unhein adhik seey adhik sudhaar karane key bajaay maujooda sanrachanaon key bheetar kaam karna pasand karate they. isake vipareet, diocletian apane lakshyon koo puuraa karane key liye saarvajanik jeevan key harr pahalu mein sudhaar karane key liye taiyar they. unake shasson key tahat, sikke, karadhan, vastukala, kaanoon aur itihas sabhi kaa unake sattawadi aur paaramparik vichardhara koo pratibimbit karane key liye maulik roop seey punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. samrajya key "naitik taane-baane" mein sudhaar-aur dhaarmik alpsankhyakon kaa unmoolan-usa prakriya mein buss ack kadam thaa.
samrajya key isaaiyon aur yahoodiyon kii anoothi sthiti teji seey spasht hoe gaee. yahoodiyon ney apane vishvaas kii mahaan prachinta key kaaran shaahi sahishnuta arjit kii thee. unhein decius key utpeedan seey chhoot dee gaee thee aur way chatushkoniya sarkaar key tahat utpeedan seey mukti kaa anand lete rahey. kyonki unakaa vishvaas nayaa aur aparichit thaa aur iss samay taka aam taur parr yahudi dharm key saath pahachaana naheen gayaa thaa, isaliye isaaiyon key paas aisaa koee bahaana naheen thaa. isake alawa, isai apane poore itihas key liye apani yahudi viraasat seey khud koo door curr rahey they.
utpeedan chatushkon key naitik utsaah kaa ekmatra maarg naheen thaa. 295 mein, yaa tou diocletian yaa usake seasure (adheenasth samrat) gallerius ney damishk seey ack adesh jaari kiya jisamen anaitik vivahon parr pratibandh lagaaya gayaa thaa aur sthaaniya kaanoon parr roman kaanoon kii sarvochata kii pushti kii gaee thee. isaki prastaavana iss baat parr jore detee haye kii roman kaanoon key pavitra updeshon koo lagu karna pratyek samrat kaa kartavya haye, kyonki "amar devta swayam roman naam kaa paksh lenge aur shaanti seey rahenge...aggar hamane yeh dekhaa haye kii hamaare shasson key adheen sabhi loga poori tarah seey harr mamle mein ack pavitra, dhaarmik, shantipurna aur pavitra jeevan jeete hain. inn siddhanton koo, yadi unakaa poorna vistaar diyaa jaataa haye, tou taarkik roop seey roman samraton koo dharm mein anuroopata lagu karane kii aavashyakta hogi.
saarvajanik samarthan.
260 key baad samrajya key kaee hisson (aur vishesh roop seey poorv mein) mein isai samudaay teji seey badhe, jaba gallianus ney church mein shaanti laaee. aankadon kii ganana karane key liye detta lagbhag gair-maujood haye, lekin itihaaskaar aur samajshastri keath hopkins ney teesari shatabdi mein isai aabaadi key liye kachche aur asthaayi anuman diye hain. hopkins kaa anuman haye kii isai samudaay 250 mein 11 laakh kii aabaadi seey 300 taka 60 laakh kii aabaadi taka badh gayaa, joe samrajya kii kull aabaadi kaa lagbhag 10 pratishat haye. isaaiyon ney graameen ilaakon mein bhee vistaar kiya, jahan way pahale kabhi bhee kaee naheen they. teesari shatabdi key uttaraardh mein church abb utane aprabhedya naheen they jitane pahale aur dusare mein they. poore samrajya mein kuchh pramukh shaharon mein badey church pramukh they. nicomedia mein church shaahi mahal koo dekhate hue ack pahaadi parr bhee baithaa thaa. yeye nae church shayed naa kewal isai aabaadi mein poorna vriddhi kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, balki isai samudaay kii badhati samriddhi kaa bhee pratinidhitva karate hain. kuchh kshetron mein jahaan isai prabhaavshaali they, jaise kii uttar africa aur misra, paaramparik devtaon kii vishvasaniyata cumm hoe rahee thee.
yeh agyaat haye kii abhijaat varg key bheetar utpeedan key liye kitna samarthan thaa. gallianus kii shaanti key baad, isai roman sarkaar mein uchch padon parr pahunch gaye. diocletian ney una padon key liye kaee isaaiyon koo bhee niyukt kiya, aur unaki patni aur betty church key prati sahaanubhooti rakhate honge. kaee loga shaheed honey key ichchuk they aur kaee praantiya samraton key kissy bhee utpeedan key adesh koo bhee nazarandaj karane key ichchuk they. yahaan taka kii constantius koo bhee sataane vaali neetiyon koo aswikar karane key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. nichale vargon ney pahale key utpeedan key liye joe utsaah dikhaaya thaa, uska bahut cumm pradarshan kiya. way abb una nindaatmak aaropon parr vishvaas naheen karate they joe pahali aur doosari shatabdi mein lokpriya they. shayed, jaisa kii itihaaskaar timothi barnes ney sujhaav diyaa haye, lambe samay seey sthaapit church unake jeevan kaa ack aur sweekrit hissa bunn gayaa thaa.
haalaanki, shaahi prashaasan key uchchatam padon key bheetar, aise loga they joe vichardhara key aadhar parr isaaiyon kii sahishnuta key khilaf they, jaise kii tyre key daarshanik porphiri aur bithinia key governor, socienus hyrocles. ee.aar. inn logon key karyon ney "pratishthaan key saath moortipoojak buddhijiviyon key gathbandhan" kaa pradarshan kiya. hyrocles ney isai maanyataon koo betuka maanaa. yadi isai apane siddhanton koo lagaatar lagu karate hain, tou unhone tark diyaa, way yeeshu key bajaay tiana key apollonius seey prarthana karenge. chitralipion kaa maanana thaa kii apollonius key chamatkar kaheen adhik prabhaavshaali they aur apollonius mein kabhi bhee khud koo "bhagwan" kahane kaa swabhaav naheen thaa. unhone socha kii shaastra "jhooth aur virodhabhason" seey bharey hue they aur peater aur paul ney jhooth faila diyaa thaa. chauthi shatabdi kii shuruat mein, ack agyaat daarshanik ney isaaiyon parr hamla karane vaalaa ack parcha prakaashit kiya. yeh daarshanik, joe neoplatonist imblichus kaa shishya hoe sakata haye, shaahi darbar mein baar-baar bhojan kartaa thaa. diocletian ack isai virodhi gutt seey ghiraa huaa thaa.
porphiri isai dharm kii aalochana mein kuchh hudd taka sanyamit they, cumm seey cumm unake shuruati karyon mein, "aatma kii vaapsee parr" aur "daivagyaan seey darshan". unhein yeeshu key baare mein kuchh shikaayaten theen, jinaki unhone ack sant vyakti, ack "vinamra" vyakti key roop mein prashansa kii thee. haalaanki, masih key anuyaayiyon ney unhein "ghamandi" bataaya. 290 key aspas, porphiri ney "masihiyon key khilaf" sheershak seey pandrah khandon kaa ack kaam likhaa. iss kaary mein, porphiri ney isai dharm key teji seey vistaar parr apana aghaat vyakt kiya. unhone yeeshu key baare mein apane pahale key vichaaron koo bhee sanshodhit kiya, swarg key raajya seey ameeron key yeeshu key bahishkaar aur sooaron key shareer mein rahane vaale rakshason key sambandh mein unaki anumati parr sawal uthaaya. chitralipi kii tarah, unhone yeeshu kii tulanaa tyna key apollonius seey pratikool roop seey kii. porphiri kaa maanana thaa kii isai sarvocch bhagwan key bajaay ack insan kii pooja karke ishninda karate hain aur paaramparik roman panth koo chhodane mein rajdroh kaa vyavhaar karate hain. "humm logon koo kiss tarah key dund key adheen naheen curr sakate hain", porphiri ney poochha, "joe apane pitaa key reeti-rivaajon seey bhagode hain?"
moortipoojak pujari bhee paaramparik dharm key liye kissy bhee khatare koo dabaane mein ruchi rakhate they. unakaa maanana thaa kii unake samarohon mein isaaiyon kii upasthiti seey baadha aaee thee, jinake baare mein socha jaataa thaa kii way daivagyon key darshan koo rokte hain aur unake balidaanon kii devtaon kii maanyata koo rokte hain. isai arnobius, diocletian key shasankal key dauran likhate hue, moortipoojak sevaaon key praavdhaankartaon koo vittiya chintaon kaa shreya dete hainh augers, swapn dubhashiya, bhavishyavakta, bhavishyavakta aur pujari, hamesha vyarth...iss darr seey kii unaki apani kalaaon koo vyarth curr diyaa jaayega, aur way bhakton seey bahut cumm yogdan leey sakate hain, abb kuchh aur kabhi-kabhi, jore seey chillaate hain, 'devtaon kii upeksha kii jaati haye, aur mandiron mein abb bahut cumm upasthiti haye. poorv samaroh upahaas key liye ujagar hotey hain, aur ack baar pavitra sansthanon key samay-sammaanit sanskar nae dharmon key andhvishvason seey pahale doob gaye hain.'
praarambhik utpeedan.
senaa mein isai.
299 mein farsi yuddhon key samaapan parr, saha-samrat dioclacian aur gallerius ney faras seey siriyai antioc (antakya) kii yatra kii. isai alankaarik lactantius ney darj kiya haye kii 299 mein kissy samay, samrat bhavishya kii bhavishyavani karane key prayaas mein balidan aur bhavishyavaniyon mein lagey hue they. harspis", balidan kiye gaye jaanvaron seey shakun key bhavishyavakta, balidan kiye gaye jaanvaron koo padhane mein asamarth they aur baar-baar parikshanon key baad aisaa karane mein whiffle rahey. master "haruspex" ney antatah ghoshana kii kii yeh viphalata apavitra purushon key kaaran prakriya mein vyavadhaan kaa parinam thee. shaahi gharaane mein kuchh isaaiyon koo samarohon key dauran croose kaa sanket banaate hue dekhaa gayaa thaa aur una parr aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa kii unhone "harspis" bhavishyavaniyon koo baadhit kiya thaa. ghatana key iss modd seey krodhit hocker, dioclacian ney ghoshana kii kii adalat key sabhi sadasyon koo balidan denaa chaahiye. diocletian aur gallerius ney bhee sainya kamaan koo patra bheje, jisamen maang kii gaee kii poori senaa balidan karey yaa phir nirvahan kaa saamana karey. choonki lactantius key kathan mein raktapaat kii koee report naheen haye, isaliye shaahi parivaar mein isai iss ghatana seey butch gaye honge. samkaaleen church key itihaaskaar, sizeria key eusebius, ack samaan kahani bataate hainh commanders koo apane sainikon koo balidan yaa pada key nuksan kaa vikalp dene key liye kahaa gayaa thaa. yeye shartein majboot theen-ack sanic senaa mein apana currier, apani raajya pension aur apani vyaktigat bachat khou dega-lekin ghaatak naheen. eusebius key anusaar, shuddhikaran vyaapak roop seey safal rhaa, lekin eusebius ghatana kii taknikitaon key baare mein bhramit haye, aur dharmatyag key samagr aakar kaa unakaa charitra varnan aspasht haye. eusebius ney bhee diocletian key bajaay gallerius koo shuddhikaran key liye pahal kaa shreya diyaa.
aadhunik vidwan peater daves kaa anuman haye kii eusebius lactantius key roop mein usee ghatana kaa ullekh curr rhaa haye, lekin usane saarvajanik afvaahon key madhyam seey ghatana key baare mein sunaa aur samrat key niji dharm samaroh mein visheshaadhikaar praapt charcha key baare mein kuchh naheen jaanata thaa, jisamen lactantius kii pahunch thee. choonki yeh gallerius kii senaa thee jise shuddh kiya gayaa hoga-diocletian ney nirantar ashanti koo shaant karane key liye misra mein apana chhod diyaa thaa-antiochance koo samajh mein aataa kii gallerius koo iska ukasaane vaalaa maanaa jaataa. isake bajaay itihaaskaar david woods kaa tark haye kii eusebius aur lactantius alag-alag ghatnaaon kaa ullekh curr rahey hain. woods key anusaar, eusebius, senaa key shuddhikaran kii shuruat kaa varnan kartaa haye, jabaki lactantius darbar mein ghatnaaon kaa varnan kartaa haye. woods kaa kahana haye kii eusebius key "chronican" mein praasangik maarg lattin key anuvaad mein bhrasht thaa aur eusebius kaa paath mool roop seey betorus (ell-lejun, jorden) key ack kille mein senaa key utpeedan kii shuruat mein sthit thaa.
eusebius, lactantius aur constantine pratyek aarop lagaate hain kii gallerius sainya shuddhikaran key liye pramukh prerana thee, aur iska pramukh labharthi thaa. diocletian, apane sabhi dhaarmik roodhivaad key bavjood, abhee bhee dhaarmik sahishnuta key prati pravrittiyaan rakhate they. isake vipareet, gallerius ack samarpit aur bhavuk moortipoojak thaa. isai sroton key anusaar, vaha lagaatar iss tarah key utpeedan key mukhya samarthak they. vaha iss sthiti kaa fayda apane raajneetik laabh key liye uthaane key liye bhee utsuk they. sabse nichale darje key samrat key roop mein, gallerius koo hamesha shaahi dastavejon mein antim sthaan parr soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa. 299 mein farsi yuddh key anta taka, unake paas ack badaa mahal bhee naheen thaa. lactantius kaa kahana haye kii gallerius shaahi padanukram mein uchch pada key liye bhookhe they. gallerius kii maan, romula, kadvi isai virodhi thee, kyonki vaha decia mein ack moortipoojak pujari thee, aur apane tyohaaron seey bachane key liye isaaiyon seey nafrat karati thee. faras key yuddh mein apani jeet key baad nae pratishthit aur prabhaavshaali, gallerius ney shayed antioc mein pichhale upman kii bharpai karane kii ichcha jataai hogi, jaba diocletian ney usey shaahi kaarvaan key saamane chalane key liye majboor kiya thaa, naa kii usake ander. unaki narajgi ney sahishnuta kii aadhikarik neetiyon key saath unake asantosh koo poshit kiya; 302 seey, unhone shayed isaaiyon key khilaf ack samanya kaanoon banaane key liye dioclacian seey aagrah kiya. choonki dioclacian pahale seey hii salaahkaaron key ack isai-virodhi gutt seey ghiraa huaa thaa, inn sujhaavon ney bahut bull diyaa hoga.
manichen utpeedan.
praarambhik utpeedan key baad mamle shaant hoe gaye. dioclacian agale teen varshon taka antioc mein rhaa. unhone ack baar misra kaa daura kiya, 301-302 kii sardiyon mein, jahan unhone alekjendar mein anaaj dole shuru kiya. misra mein, kuchh maniche, paigambar munny key anuyaayiyon kii, africa key prantpal kii upasthiti mein ninda kii gaee thee. 31 march, 302 koo, "dee melphysis aitt manicheis" naamak ack aadhikarik shilalekh mein, jise "colasio legum mozaikaram aitt romanram" mein sankalit kiya gayaa thaa aur africa key proconsul koo sambodhit kiya gayaa thaa, diocletian ney likhaah
hamane sunaa haye kii manichanes [...] puraane maton key virodh mein nae aur abb taka ansune sampradayon kii sthaapana kii haye taaki way apane swayam key bhrasht siddhant key laabh key liye ateet mein hamein diye gaye siddhanton koo divya anugrah seey baahar nikaal sakein. way bahut haal hii mein faarsiyon kii jaati key beach nae aur apratyaashit rakshason kii tarah saamane aae hain-ack rashtra joe abhee bhee hamaare prati shatrutapurna haye-aur hamaare samrajya mein apana raasta banaa liya haye, jahan way kaee atyachar curr rahey hain, hamaare logon kii shaanti koo pareshan curr rahey hain aur yahaan taka kii nagrik samudaayon koo gambhir nuksan bhee pahuncha rahey hain. hamein darr haye kii samay key saath way ack ghaatak (sarp) key jahar key saath faarsiyon key sharmanak reeti-rivaajon aur vikrit kaanoonon key saath ack nirdosh prakriti key vinamra aur shaant koo sankramit karane kaa prayaas karenge, jaisa kii aamtaur parr hotaa haye... humm adesh dete hain kii inn sampradayon key lekhakon aur netaaon koo kadee sajaa dee jaae, aur unake ghrinit lekhan key saath, aag kii lapaton mein jalaa diyaa jaae. humm unake anuyaayiyon koo nirdesh dete hain kii yadi way avagyaakaari baney rahate hain, tou unhein mrityudand kaa saamana karna padegaa, aur unakaa maal shaahi khajaane mein jabt curr liya jaayega. aur yadi way loga joe abb taka usa ansune, nindaniya aur poori tarah seey kukhyaat panth mein gaye hain, yaa faarsiyon key liye, aise vyakti hain joe saarvajanik pada parr hain, yaa kissy bhee rank yaa uchch samajik sthiti key hain, tou aap dekhenge kii unaki sampattiyon koo jabt curr liya gayaa haye aur apraadhiyon koo feno mein (khadaan) yaa proconesus mein khadanon mein bheja gayaa haye. aur taaki iss paap kii mahamari koo hamari sabse khushahal umr seey poori tarah seey samaapt curr diyaa jaae, hamari aagyaon aur aagyaon koo puuraa karane key liye aapaki bhakti koo tej karein.
samrajya key isai usee soch key prati samvedansheel they.
diocletian aur gallerius, 302-303.
dioclacian, jaba utpeedan kaa agala udaaharan aaya, taba vaha 302 kii sharad ritu mein antakia mein thaa. decan romanus ney ack adalat kaa daura kiya jaba praarambhik balidan hoe rahey they aur samarohon mein baadha daalate hue, ack badee aavaaz mein iss kaary kii ninda kii. usey giraftar curr liya gayaa aur usey aag lagaane kii sajaa sunai gaee, lekin diocletian ney iss nirnay koo khariz curr diyaa aur faisala kiya kii isake bajaay romanus koo usaki jeebh nikaalani chaahiye. romanus koo 18 navambar, 303 koo maar diyaa gayaa thaa. iss isai key saahas ney dioclacian koo aprasann curr diyaa, aur usane shahar chhod diyaa aur gallerius key saath sardi bitaane key liye nicomedia koo banaaya.
inn varshon key dauran samraton kaa naitik aur dhaarmik upadeshvaad ack ugra pitch taka pahunch rhaa thaa; ack daivagya key kahane parr, yeh apane charam parr pahunchana thaa. lactantius key anusaar, dioclacian aur gallerius ney iss baat parr bahas kii kii isaaiyon key prati shaahi neeti kyaa honey chaahiye, jabaki nicomedia mein 302 mein. dioclacian ney tark diyaa kii isaaiyon koo naukarshahi aur senaa seey manaa karna devtaon koo khush karane key liye paryaapt hoga, jabaki gallerius ney unake unmoolan key liye dhakka diyaa. donon logon ney deedama mein apolo key orecal seey paramarsh karane key liye ack doot bhejkar apane vivaad koo hull karane kii maang kii. iss baithak mein porphiri bhee maujood hoe sakata haye. lautane parr, doot ney adalat koo bataaya kii "prithvi parr nyaay" ney apolo kii bolane kii kshamata mein baadha daali. inn "nyaaypurna", dioclacian koo adalat key sadasyon dwara soochit kiya gayaa thaa, kewal samrajya key isaaiyon koo sandarbhit curr sakate they. apane darbar key kahane parr, dioclacian ney saarvbhaumik utpeedan kii maangon koo sweekaar curr liya.
badaa utpeedan.
pahala adesh.
23 farwari, 303 koo, dioclacian ney adesh diyaa kii nicomedia mein navanirmit isai church koo dhwast curr diyaa jaae, isake granthon koo jalaa diyaa jaae aur isake khajaane koo jabt curr liya jaae. 23 farwari koo "terminalia" kaa parv thaa, joe seema key devta key liye thaa. yeh vaha dinn thaa jaba way isai dharm koo samaapt karenge. agale dinn, diocletian kaa pahala "isaaiyon key khilaf adesh" prakaashit kiya gayaa. iss kaanoon key pramukh lakshya varishth isai maulaviyon aur isaaiyon kii sampatti they, jaise way valerian key utpeedan key dauran they. iss adesh ney isaaiyon koo pooja key liye ikattha honey seey pratibandhit curr diyaa aur samrajya bhar mein unake dharmgranthon, dhaarmik granthon aur pooja sthalon koo nasht karane kaa adesh diyaa. lekin isaaiyon ney shaastron koo yathasambhav banaae rakhane kii koshish kii, halanki, dee stee crokes key anusaar, "aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii unhein chhod diyaa...poorv mein ise paap key roop mein naheen maanaa gayaa thaa; unamen seey paryaapt sankhya mein safaltapurvak bachaaya gayaa hoga, jaisa kii iss avadhi key dauran paath key prasaran kii dhaara mein "praarambhik bibil key papairi" key pratinidhi nishkarshon seey spasht haye. hoe sakata haye kii isaaiyon ney apramanik yaa chhadm-lipi rachanaon koo chhod diyaa hoe, yaa apane jeevan kii keemat parr apane shaastron koo aatmasamarpan karane seey bhee incar curr diyaa hoe, aur kuchh aise mamle they jahaan shaastron koo anta mein nasht naheen kiya gayaa thaa. isai adalaton mein yachika daayar karane key adhikaar seey bhee vanchit they, jisase unhein nyaayik yaatana key liye sambhaavit vishay banaa diyaa gayaa thaa; isai adalat mein unake khilaf laae gaye karyon kaa jawab naheen dey sakate they; isai senator, ghudsavaar, dikurian, diggaj aur sanic apane rank seey vanchit they; aur isai shaahi mukt sainikon koo phir seey gulam banaa diyaa gayaa thaa.
diocletian ney anurodh kiya kii gallerius kii maangon key khilaf "binaa raktapaat key" adesh kaa paalan kiya jaae, kii balidan karane seey incar karane vaale sabhi logon koo jeevit jalaa diyaa jaae. diocletian key anurodh key bavjood, sthaaniya nyayadhishon ney aksar utpeedan key dauran fansi koo lagu kiya, kyonki mrityudand unaki vivekadhin shaktiyon mein seey ack thaa. gallerius kii sifarish-jinda jalaana-poorv mein isaaiyon koo maarne kaa ack aam tarika bunn gayaa. nicomedia mein shilalekh key post honey key baad, utius naam key ack vyakti ney ise faad diyaa aur ise faad diyaa, chillaate hue kahaa, "yahaan aapaki gothic aur sarmatian jeet haye!"unhein rajdroh key liye giraftar kiya gayaa, prataadit kiya gayaa aur jald hii jeevit jalaa diyaa gayaa, joe shilalekh kaa pahala shaheed bunn gayaa. shilalekh key praavdhaanon koo march yaa aprail (easter seey thheek pahale) taka palestine mein jaanaa aur lagu kiya gayaa thaa, aur iska upayog uttar africa mein sthaaniya adhikaariyon dwara maee yaa juuna taka kiya jaataa thaa. cesaria mein sabse pahale shaheed koo 7 juuna koo maar diyaa gayaa thaa, aur 19 maee seey cirta mein farman lagu thaa. gaul aur britten mein constantius ney iss farman koo lagu naheen kiya, lekin poorv mein uttarottar kathor kaanoon taiyar kiya gayaa thaa; 305 mein unake tyag taka adesh koo maximian key kshetra mein dridhata seey lagu kiya gayaa thaa, lekin baad mein utpeedan cumm honey lagey jaba constantius maximian key uttaradhikari baney aur aadhikarik taur parr roque diye gaye jaba maxantius ney 306 mein satta sambhali.
doosara, teesara aur chautha shilalekh.
303 kii garmiyon mein, melitin (malatya, turkey) aur seeriya mein vidrohon kii ack shrinkhala key baad, ack doosara adesh prakaashit kiya gayaa, jisamen sabhi bishapon aur pujaariyon kii giraftari aur karawas kaa adesh diyaa gayaa. itihaaskaar roser rees key nirnay mein, iss dusare adesh kii koee taarkik aavashyakta naheen thee; kii dioclacian dwara jaari ack nirdesh seey sanket milata haye kii vaha yaa tou pahale adesh seey anjaan thaa, yaa usey lagaa kii yeh utani jaldi kaam naheen curr rhaa thaa jitani vaha chaahata thaa. dusare shilalekh key prakaashan key baad, jailon koo bharna shuru hoe gayaa-usa samay kii avikasit jail pranali decan, lector, pujari, bishap aur bhoot bhagaane vaalon koo sambhal naheen sakati thee. eusebius likhate hain kii iss shilalekh ney itane saare pujaariyon koo jaal mein jhonk diyaa kii aam apraadhiyon kii bheed hoe gaee aur unhein riha karna padaa.
20 navambar, 303 koo apane shasankal kii agami beesavin varshgaanth kii pratyasha mein, dioclacian ney teesare adesh mein ack samanya maafi kii ghoshana kii. kissy bhee kaid paadari koo taba taka riha kiya jaa sakata thaa jaba taka kii vaha devtaon koo balidan dene key liye sahmat hoe. hoe sakata haye kii diocletian iss kaanoon key saath kuchh achche prachaar kii talash curr rhaa hoe. hoe sakata haye kii unhone iss tathya koo prachaarit karke isai samudaay koo todane kii bhee koshish kii hoe kii usake paadari dharmatyagi hoe gaye they. balidan kii maang kaee kaidiyon key liye asweekarya thee, lekin warden aksar cumm seey cumm nammatra anupaalan praapt karane mein kamyab rahey. kuchh paadari swechha seey balidan dete they; anya ney yaatana key dard parr aisaa kiya. warden apane beach mein paadari varg seey chhutkara paane key liye utsuk they. eusebius ney apane "pyalestine key shahidon" mein ack vyakti key mamle koo darj kiya haye jise ack vedi parr laae jaane key baad, usake haathon koo jabt curr liya gayaa thaa aur ack balidan kii bhent poori karane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. paadari koo bataaya gayaa kii unake balidan key kaary koo maanyata dee gaee thee aur sankshep mein khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa. dusaron koo bataaya gayaa kii unhone taba bhee balidan diyaa thaa jaba unhone kuchh naheen kiya thaa.
304 mein, chauthe adesh ney sabhi vyaktiyon, purushon, mahilaaon aur bachchon koo ack saarvajanik sthaan mein ikattha honey aur saamoohik balidan dene kaa adesh diyaa. aggar unhone incar curr diyaa, tou unhein fansi dee jaani thee. shilalekh kii sateek tarikh agyaat haye, lekin yeh shayed janwari yaa farwari 304 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa aur march mein balcon mein lagu kiya jaa rhaa thaa. yeh shilalekh aprail 304 mein thissalonica mein aur usake turant baad pyalestine mein upayog mein thaa. yeh antim adesh constantius key kshetron mein bilkul bhee lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa aur 305 mein unake tyag taka maximian key kshetron mein lagu kiya gayaa thaa. poorv mein, yeh 313 mein constantine aur lysinius dwara milan key adesh key mudde taka lagu rhaa.
tyag, asthirta aur naee sahansheelata, 305-311.
1 maee, 305 koo diocletian aur maximian ney istifa dey diyaa. constantius aur gallerius augusty (varishth samrat) bunn gaye, jabaki dou nae samrat, saverus aur maximinus, seasure (kanishth samrat) bunn gaye. lactantius key anusaar, gallerius ney iss mamle mein diocletian kaa haath majboor kiya thaa aur shaahi karyalaya mein wafadar doston kii niyukti koo surakshit kiya thaa. iss "dusare chatushkon" mein, aisaa lagata haye kii kewal purvi samrat, gallerius aur maximinus, utpeedan key saath jaari rahey. jaise hii unhone karyalaya chhoda, diocletian aur maximian ney shayed isai dharm koo apane antim daur mein honey kii kalpana kii. churchon koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, church key netritva aur padanukram koo toda diyaa gayaa thaa, aur senaa aur nagrik seva koo shuddh curr diyaa gayaa thaa. eusebius ghoshana kartaa haye kii vishvaas seey dharmatyagi "anginat" (α) sankhya mein they. pahale tou, naee chatushkon vyavastha pahale kii tulanaa mein aur bhee adhik jordar lugg rahee thee. vishesh roop seey maximinus utpeedan key liye utsuk thaa. unhone saarvbhaumik balidan kii maang karate hue apane swayam key shilalekh prakaashit kiye, joe kii 306 aur 309 mein prakaashit hue. eusebius ney gallerius parr utpeedan key saath dabaav daalane kaa bhee aarop lagaaya.
haalaanki, paschim mein, joe diocletianic basti key baad banaa rhaa, usane sarkaar kii pranali key roop mein chatushkoniya vyavastha koo kamjor curr diyaa thaa. constantin, constantius kaa betaa, aur maxantius, maximian kaa betaa, koo diocletianic uttaradhikar mein nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase maataa-pitaa koo thhes pahunchi thee aur bete naraj hoe gaye they. gallerius kii ichcha key khilaf, 25 julaai, 306 koo apane pitaa key uttaradhikari baney, unhone turant kissy bhee chala rahey utpeedan koo samaapt curr diyaa aur utpeedan key tahat joe kuchh unhone khou diyaa thaa, usaki poori bharpai kii peshkash kii. iss ghoshana ney khud koo harr jagah utpeedit isaaiyon key sambhaavit muktidata key roop mein chitrit karane kaa avsar diyaa. iss beach, maxantius ney 28 octuber, 306 koo rome mein satta parr kabja curr liya thaa aur jald hii apane kshetra key bheetar sabhi isaaiyon key liye sahishnuta laa dee thee. gallerius ney maxantius koo hataane key dou prayaas kiye lekin donon baar whiffle rahey. maxantius key khilaf pahale abhiyaan key dauran, saverus koo pakad liya gayaa, kaid curr liya gayaa aur usey maar diyaa gayaa.
gallerius kii shaanti aur milan kaa shilalekh, 311-313.
poorv mein, utpeedan koo aadhikarik taur parr 30 aprail, 311 koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa, halanki gaaja mein shaheed 4 maee taka jaari rhaa. serdica kaa adesh, jise gallerius dwara sahishnuta kaa adesh bhee kahaa jaataa haye, 311 mein serdica (sofiya, bulgaria) gallerius mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa, joe aadhikarik taur parr poorv mein isai dharm key diocletian utpeedan koo samaapt kartaa haye. gallerius ney apani mrityushayya parr rahate hue shatruta koo samaapt karane key liye yeh ghoshana jaari kii, jisane isaaiyon koo kaanoon key tahat swatantra roop seey astitva mein rahane aur shantipurna sabhaa key adhikaar diye. harr jagah utpeedan kaa anta hoe gayaa thaa. lactantius iss uchchaaran key lattin paath koo sanrakshit kartaa haye, ise ack shilalekh key roop mein varnit kartaa haye. eusebius uchchaaran kaa yunani anuvaad pradaan kartaa haye. unake sanskaran mein shaahi upaadhiyan aur praantiya logon koo ack sambodhan shamil haye, joe yeh sujhaav detaa haye kii ghoshana vaastav mein ack shaahi patra haye. aisaa lagata haye kii dastaavez kewal gallerius key praanton mein jaari kiya gayaa haye.raajya key laabh aur upayogita key liye humm hamesha joe anya vyavasthaaen curr rahey hain, unake beach, humm pahale seey hii romanon key kaanoonon aur saarvajanik anushasana key anusaar sabhi cheejon kii marammat karna chaahte hain, aur yeh sunishchit karna chaahte hain kii isai bhee, jinhone apane poorvajon key abhyaas koo chhod diyaa, unhein achchi samajh mein lautana chaahiye. vaastav mein, kissy naa kissy kaaran seey, iss tarah key aatm-bhog ney una masihiyon koo prabhaavit kiya aur murkhtapurna vyavhaar kiya, kii way pracheen kaal kii prathaon kaa paalan naheen karate they, joe shayed unake apane poorvajon ney sthaapit kii thee, lekin apani ichcha key anusaar aur jaisa kii way prasann they, unhone apane liye kaanoon banaae joe unhone dekhaa, aur vibhinn kshetron mein vibhinn logon koo ikattha kiya. taba jaba hamara adesh jaari kiya gayaa kii unhein poorvajon kii prathaon mein vaapas lautana chaahiye, tou kaee loga khatare mein parh gaye, aur kaee maare bhee gaye. kaee aur loga apane jeevan key tareeke mein dridh rahey, aur hamane dekhaa kii unhone naa tou devtaon kii uchit pooja kii, naa hii isaaiyon key devta kii. apani saumya dayaa aur shashwat pratha key avalokan koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, jisake dwara humm sabhi logon koo kshama dene key aadee hain, hamane inn logon koo bhee apani sabse twarit bhogshilta dene kaa faisala kiya haye, taaki isai ack baar phir apane swayam key millen sthal sthaapit curr sakein, jaba taka kii way avyavasthit tareeke seey kaary naheen karate hain. humm apane adhikaariyon koo ack aur patra bhejane vaale hain jisamen unhein una sharton kaa vivaran denaa haye jinka unhein paalan karna chaahiye. natijatan, hamari khushi key anusaar, unhein hamaare swaasthya aur raajya kii suraksha key liye apane bhagwan seey prarthana karni chaahiye, taaki raajya koo sabhi taraf seey surakshit rakhaa jaa sakey, aur way apane gharon mein surakshit aur surakshit roop seey rahane mein saksham hoe sakein. gallerius key shabd utpeedan key liye chatushkon key dhaarmik aadhar koo majboot karate hain; inn krityon ney paaramparik nagrik aur dhaarmik prathaon koo lagu karane key prayaas seey jyada kuchh naheen kiya, bhale hii shilalekh poori tarah seey gair-paaramparik houn. gallerius utpeedan kii bhavna kaa ullanghan karane key liye kuchh naheen kartaa haye-isai abhee bhee apani gair-anuroopata aur murkhtapurna prathaon key liye chetavani dete hain-gallerius kabhi bhee sweekaar naheen kartaa kii usane kuchh bhee galat kiya haye. yeh sweekaar karna kii isai bhagwan kaa astitva hoe sakata haye, kewal durbhavanapurna roop seey kiya jaataa haye. 20veen shatabdi key kuchh shuruati itihaskaron ney ghoshana kii haye kii gallerius key adesh ney puraane "kanuni sootra" "gair-kanuni sootra" "christianos" koo nishchit roop seey radd curr diyaa, isai dharm koo "dhaarmik anugyapti" banaa diyaa, joe yahudi dharm key barabar thaa, aur anya cheejon key alawa, isaaiyon kii sampatti koo surakshit kiya.
sabhi itane utsaahit naheen rahey hain. 17veen shatabdi key church key itihaaskaar tillemont ney iss shilalekh koo "mahatvaheen" kahaa; isi tarah, 20veen shatabdi key uttaraardh key itihaaskaar timothi barnes ney chetavani dee kii "[gallerius] key upaay kii naveenata yaa mahatva koo adhik naheen aanka jaanaa chaahiye. barnes ney nott kiya kii gallerius key kaanoon ney kewal purvi adhikaaron koo laaya joe pahale seey hii itali aur africa mein isai they. isake alawa, gaul, spen aur britten mein, isaaiyon key paas pahale seey hii purvi isaaiyon koo dee jaane vaali gallerius kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik thaa. 20veen shatabdi key uttaraardh key anya itihaaskaar, jaise grame clark aur david aiss. kumhar, daavaa karate hain kii apani sabhi bachaav key liye, gallerius dwara shilalekh jaari karna isai dharm aur roman samrajya key itihas mein ack aitihaasik ghatana thee.
gallerius kaa niyam maximinus jile mein lambe samay taka prabhaavi naheen thaa. gallerius kii ghoshana key saat maheenon key bheetar, maximinus ney utpeedan phir seey shuru curr diyaa, joe unaki mrityu seey kuchh samay pahale 313 taka jaari rhaa. 31 farwari mein milan mein lysinius aur constantine key beach ack baithak mein, donon samraton ney ack saarvbhaumik shaanti kii sharton kaa masauda taiyar kiya. iss shaanti kii sharton koo 13 juuna, 313 koo nicomedia mein vijayi lychenius dwara post kiya gayaa thaa. baad key yugon mein dastaavez koo "millen kaa adesh" kahaa gayaa haye.
humm inn cheejon kii poori tarah seey aapaki dekhbhal key liye sarahana karna uchit samajhate hain kii aap zaan sakate hain kii hamane una isaaiyon koo dhaarmik pooja kaa muft aur apratibandhit avsar diyaa haye. jaba aap dekhenge kii yeh hamaare dwara unhein diyaa gayaa haye, tou aapaki pooja koo pataa chala jaayega kii hamane apane samay kii shaanti key liye anya dharmon koo bhee unaki pooja key khule aur swatantra paalan kaa adhikaar diyaa haye, taaki pratyek koo apani ichcha key anusaar pooja karane kaa swatantra avsar mill sakey; yeh viniyaman banaaya gayaa haye kii humm kissy bhee garima yaa kissy bhee dharm seey vichalit naheen hoe sakate hain.
kshetriya bhinnata.
sataane vaale aadeshon kaa pravartan asangat thaa. choonki chatushkoniya apane swayam key kshetron mein cumm yaa jyada samprabhu they, isaliye utpeedan neeti parr unakaa achchha niyantran thaa. constantius key kshetra (britten aur gaul) mein utpeedan koo kewal halke seey lagu kiya gayaa thaa; maximian key kshetra (itali, spen aur africa) mein, ise dridhata seey lagu kiya gayaa thaa; aur poorv mein, diocletian (asia minor, seeriya, palestine aur misra) aur gallerius (grees aur balcon) key tahat, isake praavdhaanon kaa kaheen aur kii tulanaa mein adhik utsaah key saath paalan kiya gayaa thaa. purvi praanton key liye, peater davis ney "journal off theological studies" mein ack lekh key liye shahidon kii kull sankhya koo saaranibaddh kiya. deviyon kaa tark haye kii halanki yeye aankade "acta" key sangrah parr nirbhar hain joe adhure hain aur kewal aanshik roop seey vishvasaniya hain, lekin yeh gallerius kii tulanaa mein diocletian key tahat bhaari utpeedan kii or ishara karate hain. itihaaskaar saiman korkoran, praarambhik utpeedan aadeshon kii utpatti parr ack ansh mein, inn "sandigdh shaheed krityon" parr deviyon kii atee-nirbharta kii aalochana karate hain aur unake nishkarshon koo khariz karate hain.
britten aur gaul.
sroton mein nirantar key kshetra mein utpeedan kii seema key baare mein asangat hain, halanki sabhi ise kaafee seemit key roop mein chitrit karate hain. lactantius kaa kahana haye kii church kii imaraton kaa vinash sabse buri baat thee joe hui thee. eusebius spasht roop seey iss baat seey incar kartaa haye kii unake "church sambandhi itihas" aur unake "sangrodh key jeevan" donon mein kissy bhee church koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin gaul koo apane "pyalestine key shahidon" mein utpeedan key prabhaavon seey peedit kshetra key roop mein soochibaddh kartaa haye. bishapon key ack samooh ney ghoshana kii kii "gaul koo constantius key tahat utpeedan seey pratiraksha thee" ("immunis est gallia"). sant alban kii mrityu, pahale british isai shaheed, ack baar iss yug kii thee, lekin abb adhikansh ise septimius saverus key shasankal koo saunpate hain. aisaa lagata haye kii dusare, teesare aur chauthe adesh paschim mein lagu naheen kiye gaye hain. yeh sambhav haye kii constantius kii apekshaakrit sahishnu neetiyaan chatushkoniya irshyaon kaa parinam theen; utpeedan, aakhirkaar, purvi samraton kii pariyojana thee, naa kii paschimi. 306 mein apane pitaa key uttaradhikari key roop mein sangrodh key baad, unhone utpeedan mein khoye hue church kii sampatti kii vasuli kaa aagrah kiya aur apane kshetra mein sabhi isaaiyon key liye poorna swatantrata kaa kaanoon banaaya.
africa.
jabaki constantius key tahat utpeedan apekshaakrit halka thaa, maximian key kshetra mein utpeedan kii shakti key baare mein koee sandeh naheen haye. isake prabhaav rome, sisili, spen aur africa mein darj kiye gaye hain-vaastav mein, maximian ney africa mein vishesh roop seey shilalekh key sakht pravartan koo protsaahit kiya. africa key raajneetik abhijaat varg utpeedan koo puuraa karane parr jore dey rahey they, aur africa key isai, vishesh roop seey numedia mein, unakaa virodh karane parr samaan roop seey jore dey rahey they. mudraon key liye, shaastron koo saunpana ack bhayaanak dharmatyag kaa kaary thaa. africa lambe samay seey shahidon key church kaa ghar rhaa thaa-africa mein, shahidon koo paadari varg kii tulanaa mein adhik dhaarmik adhikaar praapt thaa-aur isai dharm kii vishesh roop seey hathdharmi, kattar aur kanuni vividhata koo aashray diyaa. yeh africa thaa jisane paschim koo apane sabse adhik shaheed diye.
africa ney mahaan utpeedan seey thheek pahale key varshon mein bhee shahidon koo janm diyaa thaa. 298 mein, tebesa mein ack sanic, maximilian, koo sainya anushasana kaa paalan karane seey incar karane key liye azmaya gayaa thaa; 298 mein mauretania mein, sanic marcellus ney apani senaa key bonus koo aswikar curr diyaa aur saarvajanik roop seey apani vardi utaar dee. ack baar utpeedan shuru honey key baad, saarvajanik adhikaari apane adhikaar kaa daavaa karane key liye utsuk they. africa key prantpal anulinus ney iss adesh kaa vistaar karate hue nirnay liya kii isaaiyon key shaastron aur churchon key vinash key alawa sarkaar koo isaaiyon koo devtaon koo balidan karane key liye majboor karna chaahiye. governor valerius florus ney 303 kii garmiyon yaa sharad ritu key dauran numedia mein ack hii neeti lagu kii, jaba unhone "dhoop jalaane key dinon" kaa ahwan kiya; isai balidan karenge yaa way apani zaan ganwa denge. pahale seey soochibaddh logon key alawa, african shahidon mein saterninus aur abitina key shaheed, 12 farwari, 304 koo carthage mein shaheed hue ack anya samooh aur milevis (milaa, algeria) key shaheed bhee shamil hain.
africa mein utpeedan ney daanvaad key vikas koo protsaahit kiya, ack vibhedkari andolan joe roman sarkaar yaa "vyaapaari" bishap (jinhone dharmgranth dharmnirpeksh adhikaariyon koo saunp diye they) key saath kissy bhee tarah key samjhaute koo pratibandhit kartaa thaa. mukhya church key saath break key pramukh kshanon mein seey ack 304 mein carthage mein huaa. abitina key isaaiyon koo shahar mein laaya gayaa thaa aur kaid curr liya gayaa thaa. kaidiyon key dost aur rishtedaar milane aae lekin unhein sthaaniya bheed key virodh kaa saamana karna padaa. samooh koo pareshan kiya gayaa, peeta gayaa aur kodaa maaraa gayaa; way apane kaid doston key liye joe bhojan laae they vaha jameen parr bikhare hue thaa. bheed koo shahar key bishap mensurious aur usake decan casilian dwara agyaat karanon seey bheja gayaa thaa. 311 mein, casilian koo carthage kaa bishap chunaa gayaa. unake virodhiyon ney aarop lagaaya kii unake "parampara" ney unhein pada key ayogya banaa diyaa aur khud koo ack anya ummidwar, majourinus key liye ghoshit curr diyaa. abitinian sahit africa mein kaee anya logon ney bhee casilian key khilaf majourinus kaa samarthan kiya. majourinus key uttaradhikari donatus ney asantusht andolan koo apana naam diyaa. jaba taka constantine ney praant parr kabja curr liya, taba taka african church gaharaai seey vibhajit hoe gayaa thaa. daan karane vaalon kaa 411 key baad taka catholic church key saath sulah naheen hoga.
itali aur spen.
maximian ney shayed rome mein isai sampatti koo kaafee aasaani seey jabt curr liya-roman kabristan dhyaan dene yogya they, aur isai sabhaa sthaanon kaa aasaani seey pataa lagaaya jaa sakata thaa. varishth church key loga bhee isi tarah pramukh rahey honge. rome marcellinus key bishap kii mrityu 304 mein utpeedan key dauran hui thee, lekin itihaskaron key beach unaki mrityu kaise hui, yeh vivaadit haih eusebius ney apane "historia acclesistica" mein likhaa thaa kii marcellinus koo "utpeedan dwara door laaya gayaa thaa", ack aspasht vakyansh joe unaki shahadat yaa iss tathya koo sandarbhit curr sakata haye kii vaha shahar seey bhaag gayaa thaa. anya loga daavaa karate hain kii marcellinus ack "vyaapaari" thaa. marcellinus chauthi shatabdi key church key "deposio episcoporum" mein dikhaai detaa haye, lekin isake "ferrial" yaa daavaton key calender mein naheen, jahaan fabian seey sabhi marcellinus key poorvavartiyon koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa-itihaaskaar johnn karran kii raay mein ack "spasht" anupasthiti. chaalees varshon key bheetar, daandaataon ney afavaahen failana shuru curr diyaa kii marcellinus ack "vyaapaari" thaa aur usane moortipoojak devtaon koo bhee balidan diyaa thaa. iss kahani koo 5veen shatabdi kii jalsaji mein "sinusa kii parishad" aur "libber pontificalis" key "veeta marcelli" mein kadhaai kii gaee thee. baad key kaam mein kahaa gayaa haye kii bishap ney vaastav mein dharmatyag kiya thaa lekin kuchh dinon baad shahadat key madhyam seey khud koo chhudaa liya thaa.
marcellinus key "traditio" key kaary key baad kyaa huaa, aggar yeh vaastav mein kabhi huaa, tou yeh spasht naheen haye. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii episcopal uttaradhikar mein ack viram rhaa haye kyonki unake uttaradhikari, marcellus aaee, koo navambar yaa disambar 308 taka pavitra naheen kiya gayaa thaa; utpeedan key dauran ack nae bishap kaa chunaav karna sambhav naheen thaa. iss beach, roman church mein dou gutt alag hoe gaye, joe chook gaye (isai jinhone apani suraksha sunishchit karane key liye aadeshon kaa paalan kiya thaa) aur kathortawadi (joe dharmnirpeksh adhikaar key saath samjhauta naheen karenge) koo alag curr rahey they. inn donon samoohon key beach sadak parr ladaai-jhagade aur dange hue, jisase antatah hatyaaen huin. aisaa kahaa jaataa haye kii ack kathortawadi, marcellus ney church key record seey marcellinus key sabhi ullekh koo hataa diyaa aur bishapon kii aadhikarik soochi seey apana naam hataa diyaa. marcellus koo shahar seey nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa aur 16 janwari, 309 koo nirvaasan mein usaki mrityu hoe gaee.
305 mein maximian key tyag taka utpeedan koo dridhata seey lagu kiya gayaa thaa, lekin jaba constantius (joe isake baare mein utsaahi naheen prateet hotaa thaa) agast key roop mein safal huaa tou yeh cumm honey lagaa. constantius kii mrityu key baad, maxantius ney khud koo samrat ghoshit karane key liye itali mein gallerius kii alokpriyata kaa laabh uthaaya (gallerius ney samrajya key itihas mein pahali baar rome key shahar aur graameen ilaakon key liye karadhan kii shuruat kii thee). 28 octuber, 306 koo, maxantius ney pretorian gaard koo uska samarthan karane, vidroh karane aur samrat key baingani vastron key saath usey nivesh karane key liye aashvast kiya. maxantius ney isaaiyon koo raajya mein dhaarmik swatantrata yaa jabt kii gaee sampatti key punarsthaapan kii anumati naheen dee. mahaan utpeedan 311 taka jaari rhaa jaba constantine rome key dwaar parr pahuncha aur maxantius koo kewal aadhi badee senaa key saath haraaya. maxantius ack aisaa atyachari thaa kii roman usaki parajit, peechhe hatane vaali senaa key liye dwaar naheen kholenge, lekin unhein kewal vijeta sangrodh key liye kholenge.
18 aprail, 308 koo maxantius ney isaaiyon koo shahar key bishap key liye ack aur chunaav karaane kii anumati dee, jisamen eusebius ney jeet hassil kii. eusebius ack madhyampanthi thaa, halanki, ack abhee bhee vibhajit church mein. kathorwadi gutt key pramukh hackrelius ney chook key punah pravesh kaa virodh kiya. isake baad dange hue aur maxantius ney shahar seey yuddharat jodee koo nirvaasit curr diyaa, jisase 21 octuber koo eusebius kii maut hoe gaee. karyalaya lagbhag teen saal key liye khaali thaa, jaba taka kii maxantius ney ack aur chunaav kii anumati naheen dee. 2 julaai, 311 koo miltiads koo chunaa gayaa thaa, kyonki maxantius yuddh mein sangrodh kaa saamana karane key liye taiyar thaa. miltiads ney anupaalan sunishchit karane key liye shahar key bheetar shaahi aadeshon koo prakaashit karane key liye jimmedaar shahar key pramukh, rome key prefect koo maxantius key patron key saath dou dicken bheje. african isai abhee bhee 312 taka khoye hue sampatti kii vasuli curr rahey they.
rome key baahar, itali mein utpeedan kii pragati aur prabhaavon key baare mein cumm nishchit vivaran hain, aur mauton kii sankhya spasht naheen haye. acta yulpi" mein catania key uplus kii shahadat kaa ullekh haye, ack isai jisane pavitra susamachar koo chaaron or leey jaane kii himmat kii, aur unhein aatmasamarpan karane seey incar curr diyaa. uplus koo 29 aprail, 304 koo giraftar kiya gayaa thaa, 12 agast koo mukadama chalaaya gayaa thaa aur shaheed kiya gayaa thaa. "shaheed chitralipi" key anusaar, aquilia chrysogonous key bishap koo iss avadhi key dauran maar diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki turin aur venesius key maximus ney aquilia mein bhee cantius, cantianus aur cantianilla kii shahadat kaa ullekh kiya thaa. spen mein corduba key bishap osius shaheed honey seey butch gaye.
28 octuber, 312 koo rome key baahar milvian pull kii ladaai mein constantine ney maxantius kaa saamana kiya aur usey haraaya; maxantius tiber nadee mein peechhe hutt gayaa aur doob gayaa. agale dinn constantine ney shahar mein pravesh kiya lekin jupiter key mandir mein capitoline pahaadi parr paaramparik chadhaai mein bhaag lene seey incar curr diyaa. constantine kii senaa ack isai sanket key tahat rome parr aage badhee thee. yeh aadhikarik taur parr cumm seey cumm ack isai senaa bunn gaee thee. sangrodh kaa spasht roopaantaran kaheen aur bhee dikhaai dey rhaa thaa. bishapon ney constantine kii mez parr bhojan kiya, aur unaki jeet key turant baad kaee isai nirmaan pariyojanaaen shuru huin. 9 navambar, 312 koo shaahi ghudsavaar key puraane mukhyalaya koo baad key basilica key liye raasta banaane key liye dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. sangrodh key shasson key tahat, isai dharm aadhikarik sanrakshan kaa pramukh kendra bunn gayaa.
nicomedia.
farwari 303 key anta seey pahale, nicomedia mein shaahi mahal key ack hisse koo aag ney nasht curr diyaa. gallerius ney dioclacian koo aashvast kiya kii aparaadhi isai shadyantrakari they jinhone mahal key napunsakon key saath sajish rachee thee. adhiniyam kii jaanch shuru kii gaee thee, lekin koee jimmedaar paksh naheen paaya gayaa thaa. usake baad fansi dee gaee. mahal napunsak dorotheus aur gorgonius koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. peater naamak ack vyakti koo nirvastra, oonchaa uthaaya gayaa aur kodaa gayaa. usake ghaavon mein namak aur sirka daala gayaa aur vaha dheere-dheere ack khuli lau parr ubla. fansi cumm seey cumm 24 aprail, 303 taka jaari rahee, jaba bishap anthemus sahit chhah vyaktiyon kaa sir kalam curr diyaa gayaa. utpeedan tej hoe gayaa; presbyter aur anya paadari koo binaa kissy aparaadh key aaropi banaae aur maut kii sajaa diye giraftar kiya jaa sakata thaa. pahali aag lagane key solah dinn baad doosari aag luggy. gallerius ney shahar koo asurakshit ghoshit karate hue chhod diyaa, aur jald hii diocletian ney iska anusaran kiya. lactantius aag lagaane key liye gallerius key sahyogiyon koo doshi thaharaata haye; baad mein ack smriti mein, sangrodh, aag koo "swarg seey bijli" key liye jimmedaar thaharaata haye.
lactantius, joe abhee bhee nicomedia mein reh rhaa thaa, ney dioclacian key utpeedan mein sarvanash kii shuruat dekhi. utpeedan key dauran lactantius key lekhan kadvaahat aur isai vijayvaad donon koo pradarshit karate hain. unaki escatology "navinikaran" key tetrarkic daavon key seedhe vipareet haye. diocletian ney jore dekar kahaa kii unhone suraksha aur shaanti key ack nae yug kii sthaapana kii thee; lactantius ney ack brahmandiya kranti kii shuruat dekhi.
palestine aur seeriya.
gallerius key sahishnuta key adesh seey pahale.
palestine ekmatra aisaa kshetra haye jisake liye eusebius key "palestine key shahidon" key roop mein utpeedan kaa ack vistaarit sthaaniya drishtikon maujood haye. eusebius utpeedan kii avadhi key liye roman palestine kii rajdhani sizeria mein nivasi thaa, halanki usane phoenicia aur misra aur shayed arabia kii bhee yatra kii. eusebius kaa lekha apoorna haye. yeh una shahidon parr kendrit haye joe utpeedan shuru honey seey pahale unake vyaktigat dost they aur isamen way shahidon bhee shamil hain joe philistine key baahar hue they. unakaa coverage asman haye. udaaharan key liye, vaha utpeedan key khooni anta mein kewal samanyata pradaan kartaa haye. eusebius apane kuchh doshon koo pahachaantaa haye. sampradayik itihas" mein samanya utpeedan key apane khaate kii shuruat mein, eusebius ney apane vivaran kii apurnata parr vilaap kiyaah "pratyek praant mein, aur vishesh roop seey africa aur mauretania mein, aur zaid aur misra mein shahidon kii bheed kii sankhya kaise hoe sakati haye?"
choonki rajyapal key darje seey neeche kissy key paas bhee mrityudand lagu karane kii kanuni shakti naheen thee, isaliye adhikansh anugat isaaiyon koo sajaa kii prateeksha karane key liye sizeria bheja gayaa hoga. pahale shaheed, procopius koo cythopolis (beit shee 'aine, israel) seey sizeria bheja gayaa thaa, jahan vaha ack paathak aur ack bhoot bhagaane vaalaa thaa. unhein 7 juuna, 303 koo rajyapal key saamane laaya gayaa aur devtaon koo balidan karane aur samraton key liye ack bhajan daalane key liye kahaa gayaa. procopius ney hommer koo uddhrit karate hue jawab diyaah "kaee logon kaa swami honah achchi baat naheen haye; ack shaasak, ack raajaa hoe. rajyapal ney turant usa vyakti kaa sir kalam curr diyaa.
isake baad key maheenon mein aur adhik shahaadaten huin, agale vasant mein badhati gaeen, jaba nae rajyapal, urbanus ney chautha shilalekh prakaashit kiya. eusebius shayed chauthe adesh key tahat nishpaadit kiye gaye sabhi logon key poore khaate koo soochibaddh naheen kartaa haye-vaha gaza key saath kaid kiye gaye anya logon koo bhejane kaa sanket detaa haye, udaaharan key liye, halanki vaha unakaa naam naheen letaa haye.
eusebius key khaate kaa badaa hissa maximinus key saath sambandhit haye, jisane 1 maee, 305 koo nicomedia mein samrat kaa pada sambhala, aur usake turant baad shahar koo cesaria key liye chhod diyaa, jaldi karate hue, lactantius kaa aarop haye, taaki orient key diosis parr atyachar kiya jaa sakey aur usey raund diyaa jaa sakey. shuru mein, maximinus ney kewal misra aur levent koo shaasit kiya. unhone samanya balidan kaa adesh dete hue, 306 key vasant mein apana swayam kaa sataane vaalaa adesh jaari kiya. 304 key adesh koo lagu karna mushkil thaa, kyonki shaahi sarkaar key paas shahar mein rahane vaale logon kaa koee record naheen thaa jinake paas koee krishi bhoomi naheen thee. gallerius ney ack aur janganana chalaakar iss samasya koo 306 mein hull kiya. isamen ghar key sabhi shahari mukhiyaon key naam aur unake aashriton kii sankhya (pichhali janganana mein kewal bhoomi parr curr kaa bhugtan karane vaale vyaktiyon koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa, jaise kii bhoomi malik aur kirayedar). sivil seva dwara taiyar kii gaee soochiyon kaa upayog karate hue, maximinus ney apane herauld koo sabhi purushon, mahilaaon aur bachchon koo mandiron mein bulaane kaa adesh diyaa. vahaan, tribune dwara sabhi koo naam seey bulaaye jaane key baad, sabhi ney balidan diyaa.
maximinus key pahale shilalekh key prakaashan key baad, shayed 307 mein, maximinus ney apraadhon key liye dund koo badal diyaa. mrityudand praapt karane key bajaay, isaaiyon koo abb vikrit kiya jaayega aur raajya key swaamitva vaali khadanon mein shram karane kii ninda kii jaayegi. choonki misra kii khaanon mein adhik karmchari they, jyaadaatar isai kaidiyon key pravaah key kaaran, misra key prayojakon koo teji seey asia minor mein palestine aur silicia mein feno mein tambe kii khaanon mein bheja gayaa thaa. 308 key vasant mein diocasarea (sephoris, israel) mein, 97 isai kabulatkartaon koo fermilionus dwara dabaid mein porphiri khaanon seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa. fermilionus ney unake baaen pairon kii nason koo kaat diyaa, unaki dahini aankho koo andhaa curr diyaa aur unhein pyalestine kii khaanon mein bhej diyaa. ack anya avsar parr, 130 anya logon koo bhee yahee sajaa millie. kuchh koo feno aur kuchh koo silicia bheja gayaa.
eusebius ney urbanus koo ack aise vyakti key roop mein chitrit kiya haye jisane apane dund mein kuchh vividhata kaa anand liya. ack dinn, easter 307 key turant baad, unhone mukadame mein bhaag lene aur balidan seey incar karane vaale isaaiyon key saath baatchit karane key liye tyre (shoor, lebnan) seey virgine theodosia koo samudra mein fenkane kaa adesh diyaa; iss beach, adalat mein isaaiyon koo, unhone feno koo bheja. ack hii dinn, 2 navambar, 307 koo, urbanus ney domninus naam key ack vyakti koo jinda jalaa diyaa, teen yuvaaon koo gladiator key roop mein ladane key liye aur ack pujari koo ack janwar key sampark mein aaney key liye sajaa sunai. usee dinn, unhone kuchh yuvaaon koo napunsak banaane kaa adesh diyaa, teen kunwari koo veshyalayon mein bheja, aur kaee anya logon koo kaid curr liya, jisamen sizeria kaa parcha, ack pujari, vidwan aur dharamshastri mool key rakshak shamil they. isake turant baad, aur agyaat karanon seey, shahari koo ack dinn kii twarit kaaryavaahi mein apane pada seey hataa diyaa gayaa, kaid curr liya gayaa, mukadama chalaaya gayaa aur fansi dee gaee. unake sthaan parr, fermilionus, ack anubhavi sanic aur maximinus key bharosemand vishvaspatron mein seey ack they.
eusebius ney nott kiya kii iss ghatana ney utpeedan seey ack asthaayi raahat kii shuruat kii. halanki iss raahat kii sateek tarikh eusebius dwara vishesh roop seey nott naheen kii gaee haye, "shahidon" key paath mein 25 julaai, 308 aur 13 navambar, 309 key beach koee bhee philistine key shaheed naheen darj hain. raajneetik mahaul shayed yahaan utpeedan neeti parr nihit haih yeh carnuntum key sammelan kii avadhi thee, joe navambar 308 mein millie thee. maximinus ney shayed agale kuchh maheene shaahi sarkaar mein apani bhoomika parr gallerius key saath charcha mein bitaaye, aur unake paas isaaiyon key saath nipatane kaa samay naheen thaa.
309 kii sharad ritu mein, maximinus ney praantiya rajyapalon aur apane pretorian prefect koo patra jaari karke utpeedan phir seey shuru kiya, joe samrat key baad nyaayik kaaryavaahi mein sarvocch adhikaari thaa, aur yeh maang kii kii isai moortipoojak reeti-rivaajon key anuroop houn. unake nae kaanoon mein ack aur samanya balidan kaa ahwan kiya gayaa, saath hii saath samanya roop seey daan kii peshkash kii gaee. yeh pahale kii tulanaa mein aur bhee adhik vyavasthit thaa, jisamen shishuon yaa sevakon key liye koee apavaad naheen thaa. "logisty" ("curatorus"), "stratgoi", "duumviri" aur "tebulari", jinhone record rakhe, unhone dekhaa kii koee chori naheen hui thee. maximinus ney iss prakriya mein kuchh navacharon koo pesh kiya, jisase vaha aisaa karane vaalaa ekmatra gyaat utpeedak samrat bunn gayaa. iss adesh key liye abb bazaron mein beche jaane vaale bhojan koo daan mein shamil karane kii aavashyakta thee. sabhi grahakon key balidan koo sunishchit karane key liye snangrihon aur shahar key dwaaron parr pahara dene key liye adhikatam santari. unhone masih key prati lokpriya ghrina koo protsaahit karane key liye kaalpanik "pillet key krityon" kii pratiyaan jaari keen. veshyaon ney nyaayik yaatana key tahat, isaaiyon key saath durachar mein lipt honey kii baat sweekaar kii. shaahi ghudsavaar yaa shaahi oonton key rakhwale key liye sthir ladakon key roop mein kaam karane key liye bishapon koo phir seey niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. maximinus ney moortipoojak dharm key punrutthan key liye bhee kaam kiya. unhone pratyek praant key liye uchch pujari niyukt kiye, joe safed vastra pahanane vaale they aur devtaon kii dainik pooja kii dekhrekh karate they. maximinus ney maang kii kii unake kshetra key bheetar kshay hoe rahey mandiron parr jordar bahaali kaa kaam kiya jaae.
agale kuchh maheenon mein utpeedan kii sabse buri charam seema dekhi gaee. 13 disambar, 309 koo, fermilionus ney silicia mein ikbaaliyon seey milane key liye raaste mein escalan (ashkelan, israel) mein giraftar kiye gaye kuchh misriyon kii ninda kii. teen kaa sir kaat diyaa gayaa thaa; baaki ney apane baaen pair aur dahini aankhen khou deen. 10 janwari, 310 koo, peater aur dwaitvaadi isai sampradaay key bishap escalpius, donon ania, (aleuthropolis, israel key paas) seey, koo jinda jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa. 16 farwari koo, parche aur unake chhah sathiyon koo maar diyaa gayaa. isake baad, parche key ghar key chaar aur sadasya ninda key liye sahaanubhooti key pradarshan key liye shaheed hoe gaye. gallerius key sahishnuta key adesh seey pahale antim shahidon koo 5 aur 7 march koo fansi dee gaee thee. phir fansi bund hoe gaee. eusebius iss achaanak rukane kii vyakhya naheen kartaa haye, lekin yeh gallerius kii mrityu seey pahale kissy samay niyukt ack vyakti, valentinius key saath fermilionus key pratisthaapan key saath mell khaata haye. pratisthaapan kewal shilalekh avasheshon key madhyam seey pramaanit kiya gayaa haye, jaise patthar key shilalekh; eusebius ney apane lekhan mein kaheen bhee valentinius kaa ullekh naheen kiya haye.
gallerius key sahishnuta key adesh key baad.
gallerius kii mrityu key baad, maximinus ney asia minor koo jabt curr liya. 311 mein gallerius key sahishnuta key adesh key baad bhee, maximinus ney utpeedan jaari rakhaa. shayed baad mein daman key madhyam seey, gallerius key sahishnuta key adesh koo prakaashit karane vaale samraton kii soochi seey unakaa naam anupasthit haye. eusebius kaa kahana haye kii maximinus ney kewal anichha seey isake praavdhaanon kaa paalan kiya. maximinus ney apane pretorian prefect subinus seey praantiya rajyapalon koo likhane key liye kahaa, anurodh kiya kii way aur unake adheenasth "usa patra" (gallerius key adesh) koo nazarandaj karein. isaaiyon koo chhedchhaad seey mukt honah thaa, aur unaki kewal isai dharm unhein aaparaadhik aaropon key liye khula naheen chhodata thaa. gallerius key adesh key vipareet, halanki, maximinus key patra mein isai sabhaa key liye koee praavdhaan naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur naa hii unhone sujhaav diyaa thaa kii isai adhik churchon kaa nirmaan karein.
maximinus ney 311 kii sharad ritu mein adesh jaari kiye jisamen isaaiyon koo kabristanon mein ikattha honey seey manaa curr diyaa gayaa. inn aadeshon koo jaari karane key baad, unake kshetra key bheetar key shaharon key dutaavaason dwara unase sampark kiya gayaa, jisamen unhone ack samanya utpeedan shuru karane kii maang kii gaee. lactantius aur eusebius kaa kahana haye kii yeye yaachikaaen swaichhik naheen theen, lekin maximinus key kahane parr kii gaee theen. 311 key anta seey pahale maximinus ney church key netaaon koo satana shuru curr diyaa. alekjendar key peater kaa 26 navambar, 311 koo sir kalam curr diyaa gayaa thaa. antioc key lutian koo 7 janwari, 312 koo nicomedia mein maar diyaa gayaa thaa. eusebius key anusaar, kaee misra key bishapon koo bhee yahee sthiti kaa saamana karna padaa. lactantius key anusaar, maximinus ney kabool karane vaalon koo "unaki aankhen baahar nikaalane, unake haath kaatane, unake pair kaatane, unaki naak yaa kaana kaatane" kaa adesh diyaa. antioc ney maximinus seey poochha kii kyaa yeh isaaiyon koo shahar mein rahane seey roque sakata haye. isake jawab mein, maximinus ney ack punarlekhan jaari kiya joe pratyek shahar koo apane masihiyon koo nishkaasit karane key liye protsaahit kartaa haye. yeh punarlekhan 6,312 aprail koo sardis mein aur maee yaa juuna taka tyre mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. adhikatam kii punarlekhan kii teen pratiyaan jeevit hain, tyre, erikanda (ayakirise, turkey) aur kolbasa mein. way sabhi anivarya roop seey samaan hain. naastikon [isaaiyon] key ghrinit karyon" key baare mein lysia aur pamphilia kii shikayat koo sambodhit karane key liye, maximinus ney praantiya logon seey joe kuchh bhee way chaahte they, shayed chunaav curr seey chhoot kaa vaadaa kiya.
jaba maximinus koo notice milaa kii constantine maxantius key khilaf apane abhiyaan mein safal hoe gayaa thaa, tou usane ack nayaa patra jaari kiya joe isaaiyon koo unaki poorv swatantrataon koo bahaal kartaa haye. iss patra kaa paath, joe eusebius key "historia acclesistica" mein sanrakshit haye, halanki, sujhaav detaa haye kii pahal kewal maximinus kii thee, naa kii constantine yaa lychenius kii. yeh pracheen sroton mein lactantius aur eusebius kii shatruta key binaa, unake karyon key liye adhikatam tark pradaan karane vaalaa ekmatra maarg bhee haye. maximinus kaa kahana haye kii unhone diocletian aur gallerius key praarambhik kaanoon kaa samarthan kiya, lekin seasure banaae jaane parr, unhein ehsas huaa kii aisee neetiyon seey unake shram bull parr prabhaav padegaa, aur binaa kissy jabardasti key anunaya karna shuru curr diyaa. vaha aage daavaa kartaa haye kii usane nikmediyanon seey isaaiyon koo unake shahar seey pratibandhit karane kii yachikaon kaa virodh kiya (ack ghatana eusebius anyatha record naheen kartaa haye), aur jaba usane anya shaharon seey pratiniyukti kii maangon koo sweekaar kiya tou vaha kewal shaahi pratha kaa paalan curr rhaa thaa. maximinus ney apane patra kaa samaapan usa patra kaa ullekh karate hue kiya joe usane gallerius key adesh key baad likhaa thaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii usake adheenasth narmi baraten. vaha apane shuruati patron kaa ullekh naheen kartaa haye, joe shaukeen utpeedan koo protsaahit karate they.
313 key vasant kii shuruat mein, jaise hii lysinius ney maximinus key khilaf pragati kii, baad vaale ney apane nagrikon aur vishesh roop seey apane isaaiyon key saath apane vyavhaar mein barbarta kaa sahaara liya. 313 maee mein, maximinus ney sahansheelata kaa ack aur adesh jaari kiya, jisase kii vaha lysinius koo aage badhane seey rokane aur adhik saarvajanik samarthan jeetane key liye raaji curr sakey. pahali baar, maximinus ney ack kaanoon jaari kiya joe vyaapak sahishnuta aur ise prabhaavi dhang seey surakshit karane key saadhan pradaan kartaa thaa. jaisa kii unake pahale key patra mein, maximinus maafi maangane vaalaa lekin ektarafa haye. maximinus apani neeti kii sabhi viphaltaon key liye khud koo doshmukt curr detaa haye, isake bajaay sthaaniya nyayadhishon aur pravartankartaon key saath galati kaa pataa lagaata haye. vaha sabhi aspashtata aur jabaran vasuli koo door karane key saadhan key roop mein naee saarvbhaumik sahishnuta koo taiyar kartaa haye. maximinus taba dhaarmik abhyaas kii poorna swatantrata kii ghoshana kartaa haye, isaaiyon koo apane churchon key punarnirmaan key liye protsaahit kartaa haye, aur utpeedan mein khoye hue isai sampatti koo bahaal karane kaa sankalp letaa haye. shilalekh thodaa badal gayaah 30 aprail, 313 koo zirlam kii ladaai mein lacinius ney maximinus koo haraaya; abb-shaktiheen maximinus ney 313 kii garmiyon mein tarsus mein aatmahatya curr lii. 13 juuna koo, lacinius ney nicomedia mein milan kaa shilalekh prakaashit kiya.
misra.
eusebius key "pyalestine key shahidon" mein, misra kewal gujarane mein hii shamil haye. haalaanki, jaba eusebius iss kshetra parr tippani kartaa haye, tou vaha dasiyon, bees key dashak, yahaan taka kii saikadon isaaiyon koo bhee ack hii dinn mein maar daalane key baare mein likhate hain, joe misra koo usa kshetra mein banaata haye jise utpeedan key dauran sabse adhik nuksan uthaana padaa. ack report key anusaar kii barnes "prashansaniya, yadi asatyaapit haye", tou akele alekjendar mein 303 aur 311 key beach 660 isai maare gaye they. misra mein, alekjendar key peater utpeedan mein apane naam key shahar seey bhaag gaye, jisase church kaa netaa beghar hoe gayaa. lycopolis (assuit) key bishap, melatius ney unake sthaan parr naukari kii. melatius ney peater kii anumati key binaa adesh diye, jisake kaaran kuchh bishap peater seey shikayat karate they. melatius ney jald hii peater koo kissy bhee prakaar key adhikaar key roop mein maanane seey incar curr diyaa, aur alekjendar mein apane sanchaalan kaa vistaar kiya. salmis key epiphanius key anusaar, church dou vargon mein vibhajit haih peater key tahat "catholic church", aur peater key nishpaadan key baad, alekjendar; aur melatius key tahat "shahidon kaa church". jaba donon samoohon ney utpeedan key dauran alekjendar mein khud koo ack saath kaid paaya, tou alekjendar key peater ney apani kothri key beach mein ack pardaa banaaya. phir unhone kahaah "kuchh loga hain joe merey vichaar seey hain, unhein merey paksh mein aaney dein, aur melitius key vichaar seey, melitius key saath rahein."iss prakaar vibhajit, donon sampradaay ack-dusare key astitva koo jaanboojhkar nazarandaj karate hue apane mamalon key saath chaley gaye. jail mein apane netaaon key saath bhee, poore utpeedan key dauran matbhed badhata rhaa, aur peater aur melatius donon kii mrityu key baad bhee lambe samay taka banaa rhaa. misra key liye 325 mein 51 bishap pramaanit kiye gaye hain; pandrah koo kewal bhinnataavaadi church kii seeton key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
viraasat.
diocletianic utpeedan antatah asafal rhaa. jaisa kii robbin laine fox ney kahaa haye, yeh buss "bahut cumm aur bahut dair seey" thaa. samrajya key kissy bhee hisse mein isaaiyon koo kabhi bhee vyavasthit roop seey shuddh naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur isai chori lagaatar aadeshon key pravartan koo cumm karati rahee. kuchh logon ney swatantrata key liye rishwat dee. isai sipahi ack taknikita parr butch nikaleh adalat mein balidan seey bachane key liye, unhone apane bhaai koo power off attorney diyaa, aur isake bajaay unhein aisaa karane key liye kahaa. kaee loga buss bhaag gaye. eusebius ney apani "veeta constantini" mein likhaa haye kii "ack baar phir kheton aur jangalon mein bhagwan key upaasak aae. samkaaleen dharmshastriyon key liye, iss vyavhaar mein koee paap naheen thaa. lactantius ney maanaa kii masih ney khud ise protsaahit kiya thaa, aur alekjendar key bishap peater ney iss ranneeti key samarthan mein uddhrit kiya ("jaba way aapako iss shahar mein sataate hain, tou aap dusare mein bhaag jaate hain").
moortipoojak bheed poorv kii tulanaa mein isaaiyon key dukhon key prati adhik sahaanubhooti rakhti thee. lactantius, eusebius aur constantine ney utpeedakon kii jyadatiyon parr tiraskar key baare mein likhaa haye-una logon koo bund karna joe "thake hue they, aur kroortaon seey naraj they" joe unhone kiye they. mrityu key saamane shahidon key dhairya ney ateet mein vishvaas kaa sammaan arjit kiya thaa, halanki isane kuchh dharmaantarit logon koo jeetaa hoga. haalaanki, shahadat key vichaar ney masihiyon koo mukadame key tahat aur jail mein banaae rakhaa, jisase unakaa vishvaas kathor hoe gayaa. shashwat jeevan key vaade key saath paik kiya gayaa, shahadat moortipoojak aabaadi key badhate hisse key liye aakarshak saabit hui, joe kii "mrityu key saath pyaar mein" thaa. tertullion key prasiddh vakyansh kaa upayog karane key liye, shahidon kaa khoon church kaa beej thaa.
324 taka, isai dharmaantarit, constantine ney akele poore samrajya parr shasson kiya. isai dharm shaahi udaartaa kaa sabse badaa labharthi bunn gayaa. utpeedakon koo parajit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. itihaaskaar jey. libesuetz ney likhaa haih "mahaan utpeedan key antim parinam ney isai dharm key satya koo ack pramaan pradaan kiya jise vaha kissy anya tareeke seey naheen jeet sakata thaa."sangrodh key baad, roman samrajya kaa isaikaran teji seey jaari rhaa. theodosius i ("r") key tahat. 378-95), isai dharm raajya dharm bunn gayaa. 5veen shatabdi taka, isai dharm samrajya kaa pramukh vishvaas thaa, aur teesari shatabdi key anta mein moortipoojak kii vahee bhoomika thee. haalaanki, utpeedan key kaaran, kaee isai samudaay una logon key beach they jinhone shaahi adhikaariyon ("vyapariyon") kaa paalan kiya thaa aur jinhone incar curr diyaa thaa. africa mein, daandaata, jinhone kathit "vyaapaari" casilian key carthage key bishparik key chunaav kaa virodh kiya, 411 key baad taka kendriya church key adhikaar kaa virodh karna jaari rakhaa. misra mein melitians ney misra key church koo isi tarah vibhajit curr diyaa.
bhavishya kii peedhiyon mein, isai aur moortipoojak donon dharamshastri heinry chadwick key shabdon mein, "ataarkik krurta key avtaar" key roop mein diocletian parr peechhe mudkar dekhenge. madhyayugeen isaaiyon key liye, sabhi roman samraton mein dioclacian sabse ghrinit thaa. chauthi shatabdi seey, isai dharmaguru key shasankal key mahaan utpeedan koo ack raktapaat key roop mein varnit karenge. popon kii jeevani kaa ack sangrah, "libber pontificalis", ack hii tees-divasiya avadhi key bheetar 17,000 shahidon parr aarop lagaata haye. chauthi shatabdi mein, isaaiyon ney shaheed logon koo shraddhanjali dene key liye "shahidon kaa panth" banaaya.
vivaad.
itihaaskaar jee.ee.aim. dee stee crokes kaa tark haye kii hagigraphers ney vaastavik utpeedan kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik vyaapak utpeedan koo chitrit kiya thaa, aur iss panth key liye jimmedaar isai tathyon key saath khule they. shahidon kii unaki "veertapurna ayu", yaa "shahidon key yug", kii shuruat 303 key bajaay 284 mein samrat key roop mein honey key saath kii gaee thee, jaba vaastav mein utpeedan shuru huaa thaa; barnes kaa tark haye kii unhone badee sankhya mein shahidon kii kahaaniyon koo gadhaa (vaastav mein, adhikansh jeevit shahidon kii kahaaniyan jaali hain), dusaron mein tathyon koo badhaa-chadhaakar pesh kiya, aur chamatkari vivaranon key saath sachche khaaton koo kadhaai kiya. kurran key anusaar, jeevit shahidon key krityon mein seey kewal agness, sebastian, felix aur adductus aur marcellinus aur peater key kaary bhee door seey aitihaasik hain. inn paaramparik khaaton parr pahali baar gyaan praapti mein sawal uthaaye gaye they, jaba heinry dodwell, voltaire aur sabse prasiddh, edward gibbon ney isai shahidon key paaramparik khaaton parr sawal uthaaye they.
roman samrajya key patan aur patan key itihas (1776) key pahale khand key antim adhyaay mein gibban kaa daavaa haye kii isaaiyon ney utpeedan key paimaane koo bahut badhaa-chadhaakar pesh kiya thaah church dwara apane sabhi dushmanon parr vijay praapt karane key baad, bandee key hiton key saath-saath ahankar ney unhein apane-apane dukhon kii yogyata koo badhaane key liye prerit kiya. samay yaa sthaan kii ack suvidhajanak doori ney kalpana kii pragati koo paryaapt gunjaish dee; aur aksar aise udaaharan joe pavitra shahidon key baare mein aarop lagaae jaa sakate hain, jinake ghaav turant thheek hoe gaye they, jinaki taakat koo navinikrit kiya gayaa thaa, aur jinake khoye hue sadasyon koo chamatkaarik roop seey bahaal curr diyaa gayaa thaa, harr kathinaaee koo door karane aur harr apatti koo chup karaane key uddeshya seey behad suvidhajanak they. sabse asadharan kinvadantiyon, jaba way church key sammaan key liye aage badhate they, tou vishvasaniya bheed dwara saraha gayaa, paadari varg kii shakti seey sammaanit kiya gayaa, aur church key itihas key sandigdh sakshya seey pramaanit kiya gayaa.unake poore itihas mein, gibban kaa tatparya haye kii praarambhik church ney paaramparik roman gunon koo cumm kiya, aur iss tarah nagrik samaaj key swaasthya koo baadhit kiya. jaba gibban ney apane "itihas" mein shahidon kii sankhya koo cumm karane kii maang kii, tou unhein church koo cumm karane aur pavitra itihas koo nakaarne kaa irada maanaa gayaa. chhaap mein unake sandigdh dharmaheenta key liye una parr hamla kiya gayaa thaa. samkaaleen shaastriya vidwan richard porson ney gibban kaa majaak udaate hue likhaa kii unaki manavata kabhi naheen sotee, jaba taka kii mahilaaon koo apamaanit naheen kiya jaataa, yaa isai utpeedan naheen karate.
halanki, baad key kuchh itihaskaron ney gibban key mahatva koo aur bhee aage badhaaya. jaisa kii crokes ney 1954 mein kahaa, "tathaakathit mahaan utpeedan koo isai parampara mein iss hudd taka badhaa-chadhaakar pesh kiya gayaa haye kii gibban bhee isaki poori tarah seey sarahana naheen kartaa thaa."1972 mein, church key protestant itihaaskaar herman dorry koo apane sahyogiyon key saamane yeh sweekaar karane mein sherm aaee kii unaki sahaanubhooti unake utpeedakon key bajaay isaaiyon key saath haye. anglikan itihaaskaar doubleu.aich.see. friend ney anuman lagaaya kii 3,000-3,500 isai utpeedan mein maare gaye they, halanki yeh sankhya vivaadit haye. itihaaskaar minn seok shinn kaa anuman haye kii 23,500 seey adhik isai diocletian key tahat shaheed hue, jinamen seey 850 key naam gyaat hain.
yadyapi satya shahidon kii kahaaniyon kii sankhya mein kamee aaee haye, aur kull hataahat darr key anuman cumm hoe gaye hain, lekin adhikansh aadhunik lekhak utpeedan kii gambhirta key baare mein sandeh karane vaale naheen hain. jaisa kii lekhak stephen williams ney 1985 mein likhaa thaa, "aavishkaar key liye ack antar kii anumati dene key bavjood, joe bachaa haye vaha kaafee bhayaanak haye. gibban key vipareet, humm ack aise yug mein rahate hain jisane isi tarah kii cheejon kaa anubhav kiya haye, aur jaanate hain kii iss tarah kii reports parr avishvasaniyata kii sabhya muskan kitni kharaab haye. cheejen hamari sabse buri kalpanaon key samaan kharaab hoe sakati hain."

