samay kaa moolya

parivahan arthshastra mein, samay kaa moolya usa samay kii avsar laagat haye joe ack yatri apani yatra parr kharch kartaa haye. sankshep mein, yeh vaha raashi haye joe ack yatri samay bachaane key liye bhugtan karane koo taiyar hoga, yaa vaha raashi joe way khoye hue samay key muaavaje key roop mein sweekaar karenge.
parivahan sudhaar key liye mukhya auchityon mein seey ack yeh haye kii yaatriyon koo kitna samay bachaayenge. samay key moolyon key ack samooh kaa upayog karate hue, ack parivahan pariyojana key aarthik laabhon kii matra nirdhaarit kii jaa sakati haye taaki unaki tulanaa lagaton seey kii jaa sakey (iss prakaar laagat-laabh vishleshan kaa aadhar banata haye). vishesh roop seey, yatra key samay mein bachat (yaa, usa mamle key liye, vriddhi) ack parivahan pariyojana key liye upabhokta adhishesh mein parivartan kaa hissa haye.
samay key moolya kii ganana karna.
samay key moolyon kaa upayog yatra key hisse key roop mein kii gaee gair-maudrik lagaton kii ganana karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, taaki yatra kii saamaanyikrit laagat (maudrik aur gair-maudrik lagaton donon kaa sanyojan) kii ganana kii jaa sakey.
samay kaa moolya vyakti seey vyakti mein kaafee bhinn hotaa haye aur yatra key uddeshya parr nirbhar kartaa haye, lekin ise aam taur parr mulyankan key dou seton mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih kaary samay aur gair-kaary samay. yeh vibhajan upayukt haye kyonki kaary samay kaa moolya (i.ee., kaam key dauran yatra karane mein bitaaye gaye samay kii ganana gair-kaary samay (i.ee., kaam key baahar yatra karane mein bitaaya gayaa samay).
udaaharan key liye, yadi koee karmchari prati ghante 20 pound key vetan parr kissy baithak mein jaataa haye, tou usa mamle mein samay kaa moolya 20 pound prati ghante haye, kyonki yeh vaha raashi haye joe niyokta yatra key samay koo cumm karane key liye bhugtan karane koo taiyar hoga (kyonki yatra key samay koo "barbad" maanaa jaa sakata haye, arthaat.ee., kaam parr kharch naheen kiya).
vyavhaar mein, kuchh mode (vishesh roop seey train, lekin buss aur kaar yaatriyon) parr yatra karane mein bitaaye gaye samay kaa upayog kabhi-kabhi kuchh kaam karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, jabaki kuchh anya mode (vishesh roop seey kaar driver, saikil chaalak aur paidal chalane vaale) kaa upayog karane mein bitaaye gaye samay kaa upayog kaam karane key liye naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. iss prakaar, yatra key samay kaa moolya (aur iss prakaar yatra key samay mein kamee kaa moolya) una tarikon key liye jahaan karmchari kuchh kaam curr sakata haye, pahale seey hii aise kissy bhee mode kaa upayog karane vaale karmchaariyon key liye cumm haye. isake vipareet, vartamaan mein ack aise mode kaa upayog karane vaale karmchaariyon key liye aise mode key liye yatra samay mein kamee kaa moolya joe kaam karane kii anumati naheen detaa haye (aur joe mode badal dega) badaa haye.
parivahan key liye yuu. key. vibhaag parivahan key vibhinn sadhanon parr yatra key liye samay key ausat moolyon kii ganana kartaa haye taaki inn moolyon kaa upayog parivahan pariyojanaon kaa mulyankan karane key liye kiya jaa sakey. 2002 kii kimaton key kuchh udaaharan neeche diye gaye hainh
≤ landan vetan dwara tirchha
parivahan key liye americi vibhaag vetan darr key 50 pratishat parr buniyaadi dhancha pariyojanaon key liye samay key ausat moolya kaa upayog kartaa haye. haal hii mein poore america mein hue prayogaatmak shodh seey pataa chalata haye kii yeh moolya 75 pratishat honah chaahiye.
gair-kaary samay.
yeh hamaare kaam key baahar bitaaya gayaa samay haye, jisamen kaam seey aaney-jaane aur avkash yaatraaen shamil hoe sakati hain. choonki iss samay kaa bajar mein koee moolya naheen haye, isaliye iska anuman kewal prakat vareeyata yaa ghoshit vareeyata vishleshan takneekon seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye, jahaan tej, adhik mahange mode aur dheemi, sastee mode key beach yaatriyon key vaastavik yaa kaalpanik vikalpon kii jaanch kii jaa sakati haye.
udaaharan key liye, yadi ack yatri key paas ack coach key beach ack vikalp haye joe chhah ghante letaa haye aur jisaki laagat £10 haye, yaa ack train joe chaar ghante letee haye aur jisaki laagat £30 haye, tou humm yeh anuman lagaa sakate hain kii yadi yatri train chunata haye, tou unake samay kaa moolya £10 prati ghanta yaa usase adhik haye (kyonki way dou ghante kii yatra kaa samay bachaane key liye "cumm seey cumm" £20 kharch karane key liye taiyar hain).
vikalpon kii ack jodee seey samay key "vaastavik" moolya koo cumm karane mein kathinaaee kaa matlab haye kii samay key moolyon kaa anuman lagaane key liye aam taur parr kaalpanik sthitiyon (bataai gaee vareeyata takneek) kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye.
gair-kaary samay kaa moolya upayogita siddhant seey dridhata seey judaa huaa haye.
samay key moolya kaa purvanuman lagaana.
samay kaa moolya samay key saath sthir naheen maanaa jaa sakata haye. samay ack seemit achchha haye aur jaise-jaise utpaadaktaa aur aaya mein vriddhi hoti haye, samay kaa saapeksh moolya bhee badhata haye. aitihaasik roop seey, samay key moolya kaa anuman vyaktigat aaya vriddhi seey nikatata seey judaa huaa haye, joe vyaavhaarik anuprayogon mein aamtaur parr jee. dee. pee. vriddhi dwara anumaanit haye. aaya aur samay key moolya key beach sambandh kii bhavishyavani karane mein paryaapt matra mein anishchitata key kaaran, apekshaakrit saral "angoothe key niyam" anumaanon koo lagu karna aam baat haye jinhen aaya key liye loach key roop mein maapa jaataa haye.
aam taur parr, yeh spasht naheen haye kii loach kyaa honey chaahiye, aur ack saiddhaantik drishtikon seey koee kaaran naheen haye kii niji yatra key liye aaya loach ekataa kyon honey chaahiye, kyonki yeh vyaktigat prathamikta kaa mamla haye kii vyakti yaa parivaar samay kii bachat karane key liye atirikt aaya kaise aavantit karate hain.
aage padhein.
wickerman, aar.doubleu. 1975 dha economics off lazer aind recreation, landanah mcmillan

