ekikrit nishkriya upkaran

ekikrit nishkriya upkaran (aaee. pee. dee.), jinhen ekikrit nishkriya ghatak (aaee. pee. see.) yaa antarnihit nishkriya ghatak (ee. pee. see.) key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, electronic ghatak hain jahaan pratirodhak (aar.), sandharitra (see.), prerak (ell.)/kundal/chok, microstripline, pratibadha milan tatva, baalan yaa unake kissy bhee sanyojan koo ack hii package mein yaa ack hii substrate parr ekikrit kiya jaataa haye. kabhi-kabhi ekikrit nishkriyon koo antarnihit nishkriya key roop mein bhee kahaa jaa sakata haye, aur phir bhee ekikrit aur antarnihit nishkriyon key beach kaa antar takniki roop seey spasht naheen haye. donon hii mamalon mein nishkriyata koo paraavartak paraton key beach yaa ack hii substrate parr mahsoos kiya jaataa haye.
aaee. pee. dee. kaa sabse pahala roop pratirodhak, sandharitra, pratirodhak-sandharitra (aar. see.) yaa pratirodhak-sandharitra-kundal/prerak (aar. see. ell.) network hain. nishkriya transformers koo ekikrit nishkriya upkaranon key roop mein bhee mahsoos kiya jaa sakata haye jaise kii ack patali paraavartak parat dwara alag kiye gaye ack dusare key oopar dou kundaliyan dalna. kabhi-kabhi diode (pn, pinn, genner aadi).) koo ekikrit nishkriya key saath ack hii substrate parr ekikrit kiya jaa sakata haye, vishesh roop seey yadi substrate silicon yaa gallium arsenide (gais) jaise kuchh anya ardhchaalak haye.
varnan.
ekikrit nishkriya upkaranon koo sakriya ekikrit paripath yaa electronic pranali vidhansabha mein anya aaee. pee. dee. key saath teesare ayam (3dee) mein paik kiya jaa sakata haye, nange dye/chips yaa yahaan taka kii dher kiya jaa sakata haye (kissy anya nange dye/chip key oopar ikattha kiya jaa sakata haye). ekikrit nishkriya key liye vishisht package sill (maanak line mein), sip yaa koee anya package (jaise dyle, dip, qfn, chip-scale package/csp, wafer star package/wlp aadi) hain.) electronic packaging mein upayog kiya jaataa haye. ekikrit nishkriya ack module substrate key roop mein bhee kaary curr sakate hain, aur isaliye ack sankar module, bahu-chip module yaa chiplet module/karyanvayan kaa hissa hoe sakate hain.
aaee. pee. dee. key liye substrate kathor hoe sakata haye jaise syremic (aluminiumoxide/alumina), paratdaar syremic (cumm tapman saha-chaalit syremic/ell. tii. see. see., uchch tapman saha-sanchaalit syremic/aich. tii. see. see.), kaanch, aur silicon dioxide jaisi kuchh paraavartak parat key saath silicon lepit. substrate bhee laminate ee kii tarah lachila hoe sakata haye. jee. ack package prakshepak (jise ack sakriya prakshepak kahaa jaataa haye), aff. aar. 4 yaa isi tarah kaa, capton yaa koee anya upayukt polymide. yeh electronics pranali key design key liye fayademand haye yadi substrate key prabhaav aur aaee. pee. dee. key pradarshan key liye sambhaavit package koo upekshit yaa jaanaa jaa sakata haye.
upayog kiye jaane vaale aaee. pee. dee. key nirmaan mein motee aur patali film praudyogikiyan aur vibhinn prakaar key ekikrit paripath prasanskaran charan yaa sanshodhan (jaise aluminium yaa tambe kii tulanaa mein motee yaa alag dhaatuen) shamil hain. ekikrit nishkriya maanak ghatakon/bhaagon key roop mein yaa custom design (ack vishisht anuprayog key liye) upkaranon key roop mein upalabdh hain.
anuprayog.
ekikrit nishkriya upkaranon kaa upayog mukhya roop seey maanak bhaagon yaa custom key roop mein kiya jaataa haye joe isake kaaran design kiye gaye hain
maanak ekikrit yaa asatat nishkriya kii tulanaa mein custom aaee. pee. dee. kii chunauti halanki assembly key liye upalabdhata samay aur kabhi-kabhi pradarshan bhee haye. ekikrit nishkriyon kii vinirmaan praudyogiki key aadhar parr uchch kshamata yaa aavashyak sahishnuta key saath pratirodhak moolyon koo puuraa karna mushkil hoe sakata haye. coil/inductors kaa q maan bhee karyanvayan mein upalabdh dhatuon kii motai seey seemit hoe sakata haye. halanki naee samagri aur paramanu parat nikshepan (aeye. ell. dee.) jaisi behtar vinirmaan takneekon aur badey substrate parr motey dhaatu mishra dhatuon key nirmaan aur niyantran koo samajhane seey sandharitra ghanatva aur kundaliyon/prerakon key kyu moolya mein sudhaar hotaa haye. 
isaliye prototyping aur chhote/madhyam aakar key utpaadan charan mein maanak bhaag/nishkriya kaee mamalon mein praapti kaa sabse tez tarika haye. yadi samay-seey-bajar aur utpaad (oun) key laagat lakshyon koo puuraa kiya jaa sakata haye, tou matra nirmaan mein saavdhaanipoorvak takniki aur kifayati vishleshan key baad custom design kiye gaye nishkriyon kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. isaliye ekikrit nishkriya upkaranon koo lagaatar takniki aur aarthik roop seey chunauti dee jaati haye, jisamen aakar mein kamee, sahansheelata mein sudhaar, system motherboard kii assembly takneekon (jaise aiss. aim. tii., satah-mount takneek) kii sateekta mein sudhaar aur asatat/alag nishkriya upkaranon kii laagat shamil haye. aage badhate hue asatat aur ekikrit nishkriya takniki roop seey ack dusare key poorak honge. naee samagriyon aur sanyojan takneekon kaa vikas aur samajh ekikrit aur asatat nishkriya upkaranon donon key liye ack pramukh sahayak haye.
nirmaan.
silicon substrate parr aaee. pee. dee.
silicon substrate parr aaee. pee. dee. aam taur parr maanak wafer nirmaan takneekon jaise kii patali film aur photolithography prasanskaran kaa upayog karke banaae jaate hain. ardhchaalak silicon uchch pratirodhi silicon substrate key kaaran sambhaavit parjivi prabhaavon seey bachane key liye aamtaur parr ekikrit nishkriya key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye. silicon parr aaee. pee. dee. koo flip chip aarohaniya yaa taar bandhaniya ghatakon key roop mein design kiya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki takniki roop seey sakriya ekikrit paripath (aaee. see.) praudyogikiyon seey alag karane key liye aaee. pee. dee. praudyogikiyan vishisht aaee. see. praudyogikiyon kii tulanaa mein uchch sandharitra ghanatva key liye motee dhaatu (prerak key uchch kyu moolya key liye) yaa vibhinn pratirodhi (jaise aiss. aaee. see. aar.) paraton, patali yaa vibhinn uchch key. (uchch paraavartak sthiraank) paraavartak paraton (jaise silicon dioxide yaa silicon nitride key bajaay pee. jaid. tii.) kaa upayog curr sakati hain.
silicon parr aaee. pee. dee. koo pees curr-yadi aavashyak hoe-100 microne seey cumm motai mein aur kaee packaging vikalpon (micro-bumping, wire bonding, copper paid) aur delivery mode vikalpon (wafers, bayer dye, tape aur reel key roop mein) key saath peesa jaa sakata haye.
silicon mein 3dee nishkriya ekikaran ekikrit nishkriya upkaranon (aaee. pee. dee.) key nirmaan key liye upayog kii jaane vaali takneekon mein seey ack haye, joe uchch ghanatva vaale trench capacitor, dhaatu-insulator-dhaatu (nakal) capacitor, pratirodhak, uchch-kyu inductor, pinn, scotkey yaa zunner diode koo silicon mein lagu karane mein saksham banaata haye. silicon parr aaee. pee. dee. kaa design samay design kii jatilata parr nirbhar kartaa haye, lekin usee design upkaran aur paryaavaran kaa upayog karke banaaya jaa sakata haye jiska upayog anuprayog vishisht ekikrit paripath (aeye. aiss. aaee. see.) yaa ekikrit paripath key liye kiya jaataa haye. kuchh aaee. pee. dee. aapurtikarta poorna design kitt samarthan pradaan karate hain taaki package (sip) module nirmaataon yaa system houses mein system apani vishisht anuprayog aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane key liye apane swayam key aaee. pee. dee. design karane mein saksham hoe.
electronic system assembly mein itihas aur aaee. pee. dee. aiss. kii bhoomika.
praarambhik niyantran pranali key design mein yeh paaya gayaa thaa kii ghatakon kaa samaan moolya honey seey design aasaan aur tej hoe jaataa haye. samaan moolya key saath yaa vyavhaar mein sabse cumm sambhav vitaran key saath nishkriya ghatakon koo lagu karane kaa ack tarika unhein ack dusare key paas ack hii substrate parr rakhna haye.
ekikrit nishkriya upkaranon kaa sabse pahala roop 1960 key dashak mein pratirodhak network thaa jaba chaar seey aathh pratirodhakon koo vishisht antar-praudyogiki dwara ekal-inn-line package (sip) key roop mein paik kiya gayaa thaa. kaee anya prakaar key package jaise dills, dips aadi. packaging integrated circuit mein upayog kiye jaane vaale anukoolit packages kaa upayog integrated passive upkaranon key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye. pratirodh, sandharitra aur pratirodh sandharitra network abhee bhee pranaliyon mein vyaapak roop seey upayog kiye jaate hain, bhale hii ekshila ekikaran aage badhaa haye.
aaj portable electronic pranaliyon mein lagbhag 2-40 asatat nishkriya upkaran/ekikrit paripath yaa module shamil hain. yeh darshaata haye kii ekshila yaa module ekikaran pranali praapti mein nishkriya ghatakon key aadhar parr sabhi karyakshamtaon koo shamil karane mein saksham naheen haye, aur rasad aur pranali key aakar koo cumm karane key liye vibhinn prakaar kii praudyogikiyon kii aavashyakta haye. yeh aaee. pee. dee. key liye aavedan kshetra haye. electronic pranaliyon mein paasivon mein seey adhikansh-sankhya key anusaar-aamtaur parr sandharitra hotey hain jinake baad pratirodhakon aur prerak/kundaliyon kii sankhya hoti haye.
aaee. pee. dee. aiss. praudyogiki dwara kaee karyatmak khand jaise pratibadha milan paripath, harmonic filter, yugmak aur baloon aur power combinner/devider koo mahsoos kiya jaa sakata haye. aaee. pee. dee. aam taur parr patali, motee film aur wafer nirmaan praudyogikiyon jaise photolithography prasanskaran yaa vishisht cheeni mitty kii praudyogikiyon (ell. tii. see. see. aur aich. tii. see. see.) kaa upayog karke banaae jaate hain. aaee. pee. dee. koo flip chip aarohaniya yaa taar bandhaniya ghatakon key roop mein design kiya jaa sakata haye.
chhote aakar, portability aur wireless connectivity vaale anuprayogon key rujhaanon ney nishkriya ghatakon koo mahsoos karane mein saksham honey key liye vibhinn karyanvayan praudyogikiyon koo badhaaya haye. 2021 mein, duniya bhar mein 25-30 companiyan ekikrit nishkriya (saral nishkriya network aur kaanch, silicon aur alumina jaise vibhinn substrate parr nishkriya) upkaran vitarit curr rahee theen.

