
puerto rico key jahaaj toot gaye

puerto rico key aspas key kshetriya jall mein 200 seey adhik jahaaj toot gaye hain, jinamen mukhya dweep aur chhote dweep shamil hain (jaise isla dee monaa, jisamen cumm seey cumm 20 hain). spanish basti key pahale 150 varshon key dauran hui jahaaj tootane kii ghatnaaon mein seey lagbhag aadhi (45 pratishat) saine juan mein hui, jisamen adhikansh jahaaj chala rahey sainya sanghrshon aur mausam kii sthiti (mukhya roop seey ushnakatibandhiya chakravaat) key kaaran khou gaye they. aadhunik samay mein, saine juan khaadi una drezing pahalon key adheen rahee haye jinhone saiton koo pratikool roop seey prabhaavit kiya haye, jisamen abb ack kritrim dweep key bheetar malabe kaa hissa nihit haye, joe abhee taka agyaat haye. 7 agast, 1987 koo, saarvajanik kaanoon 10 ney upa-jaleey puraataatvik sthalon aur sansadhanon key adhyayan key liye parishad kaa gathan kiya, jisase puraatatvidon dwara paani key neeche avasheshon kii registry kii anumati millie. haalaanki, ikai koo 2013 mein dhana shodhan seey vanchit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur taba seey yeh nishkriya haye. 2020 taka, puerto rican jall mein jahaaj key tootane seey sambandhit dastavej parishad key poorv nideshak, juan vera kii hirasat mein hain.
doobe hue jahaajon mein paaee jaane vaali vastuon kaa sanchaalan aitihaasik roop seey vivadaspad rhaa haye, jisamen 2010 key madhya americi aur carribean khelon key liye dou gallen kii loot key saath dhana jutaane key prastaav shamil hain, jinake baare mein maanaa jaataa haye kii way fraansis drack key bede seey sambandhit they. 16veen aur 17veen shatabdi key beach, jahaaj key tootane koo bachaane key cumm seey cumm 22 prayaas kiye gaye, joe jyaadaatar swatantra roop seey kiye gaye they aur jinamen chhote jahaajon koo niyojit kiya gayaa thaa. shaahi kaanoonon key khilaf raajnetaon key mamle mein, sarkari adhikaariyon aur udyamon seey sambandh rakhane vaale nagrikon koo baad kii nilami seey laabh huaa. protocol ney kewal una vinashon koo anumati dee joe ack dinn key bheetar bataae gaye they, ack bachaav operation key saath anukool honey key liye, jisamen maal kii registry aur nilami shamil thee, jisamen sarkaar ney apani bhagidari key liye ack ansh liya thaa. vyapariyon key liye pratikool paristhitiyon mein maal bechane vaale dekhbhal karane vaalon kii pratha antatah 1550 mein ack sudhaar kii or leey jaati haye, jahaan cases dee contration kii dekhrekh mein becha jaataa haye aur vastuon koo "mritakon kii sampatti" key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye aur spen bheja jaataa haye. 
itihas.
praarambhik niptan.
16veen shatabdi kii shuruat key dauran, saine juan bottista (aadhunik puerto rico) aur monaa ney europe seey paschim bhaarat kii yatra karane vaale jahaajon key liye aapoorti padaav key roop mein kaam kiya. upaniveshvaad key prayaas 1508 key dauran gambhirta seey shuru hue aur unakaa netritva juan ponse dee leone ney kiya, pahale ack rajanyik raajneetik samjhaute koo praapt kiya jisane spanish buniyaadi dhaanche key vikas aur sthaaniya aapoorti key vistaar kii anumati dee, lekin antatah saine juan-borican key spanish-taino yuddh kii or leey gayaa. sangharsh key dauran daguao (aadhunik samay key lukuilo aur aspas key kshetron) key aspas key kshetra mein soney kii khoj aur spanish key jameen hassil karane key saath, khanan parr adharit ack naee arthavyavastha banaai gaee aur aakarshak saabit hui. apane shuruati varshon mein 23,000 seey adhik castellanos key khanan key saath, matra ney taaj koo aashcharyachakit curr diyaa aur raajaa koo nicolas dee ovando vaaee cassors, governor aur indies key kaptan-general koo ack patra mein matra parr apani santushti aur ashcharya kaa dhyaan dilaaya. spanish vistaarvaad aur daas ghuspaith seey prerit, saine juan cumm antill key tushtikaran mein bhee ack sainya bhoomika nibhaayega, joe yuddh seey sharanarthiyon dwara basey they joe sthaaniya mool nivaasiyon mein shamil hoe gaye they.
yeh dweep atlantic paar kii yaatraon key baad pahala spanish bandargah bunn jaayega aur unase pahale antim padaav hoga, joe ack aapoorti stop, ack samarthan station aur soochana key kendra key roop mein mahatva praapt karega. yeh videshon mein aur aspas key chhote antiles (jinhen aamtaur parr sthaaniya praathamik chikitsa praapt hoti haye) mein kaee jahaaj tootane key baare mein jagrook honey vaalaa pahala sthaan bunn gayaa aur jahaan seey inn seey sambandhit kanuni vivaad shuru hue. dweep kaa upayog naee duniya mein anya upaniveshon seey maal aur shraddhanjali rakhane key liye bhee kiya jaataa thaa, jisamen paanchvaan bhee shamil thaa. monaa maarg ney inn yaatraon key dauran nauvahan mahatva key ack bindu key roop mein bhee kaam kiya, jiska upayog una jahaajon dwara kiya jaa rhaa thaa joe hyspaniola key uttari tata parr paae gaye samudri dakuon kii badee matra seey bachana chaahte they aur dweep key sainya moolya mein vriddhi key baad nae spen bede dwara iska upayog kiya gayaa thaa. puerto rico bhee bahamas aur bahamian channel key aspas kii khatarnak samudri sthalaakriti mein kshatigrast jahaajon key liye ack padaav bunn gayaa. sent mein castillo dee saine marcos kii sthaapana key baad. augustin, florida, jise puerto rico, praaydweep aur grater antils seey dou jahaajon key saath puuraa kiya gayaa thaa, ney iss kshetra mein ack spanish aakraman kii adharshila banaai, jiska netritva menandes dee avilles bede ney kiya. shatabdi key anta kii or, iss nausainik pott puerto rico mein mukhya bhoomi kii or jaane vaale bede kaa intezar karate they, jahan seey way unhein leey jaate they. iss samay key dauran, paschimi indies koo gally kii ack atirikt senaa saunpi gaee thee, lekin shayed hii kabhi puerto rico kaa daura kiya gayaa aur isake parinamswarup ack aarthik baadha (marammat curr key kaaran) paida hui jisake kaaran 1590 mein curr koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa.
puerto rico (aadhunik saine juan) key mool shahar key saath isake mukhya bandargah key roop mein seva pradaan karate hue aur saine germain isake poorak honey key kaaran, 16 veen shatabdi key pahale bhaag key dauran spen mein vastuon aur khajaane kaa vyaapaar aur parivahan mahatvapurna hoe jaayega. 1510 key dashak key dauran, jabaran kaary bull mein girawat key kaaran african daason kii shuruat hui, jisase spanish taaj kii manjuri key saath ack aur samudri bajar khula. spanish aabaadi mein girawat key saath, gulam dweep key kaary bull key badey hisse key roop mein kaam karenge, khanan aur usake baad kii krishi arthavyavastha donon mein. jaba mool nivaasiyon seey ladane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale jahaaj samudri dakuon, bookenners aur niji logon sahit europeeya hamlaavaron kaa mukabala karane mein whiffle rahey, tou spanish ney kaee raksha upaay shuru kiye joe bede, armadas aur armadila kii shuruat key saath shuru hue. yeye kewal asthaayi raksha pradaan karane mein saksham they aur dushman key hamale shaharon key khilaf nirantar they, ack aisaa pattern jisake kaaran unake chaaron or sainya raksha kaa nirmaan huaa. puerto rico mein, divaaron aur mahalon kaa nirmaan saine juan parr huaa, jahan paschimi golardh mein sabse badaa spanish kilaa banaaya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, anya bandargah utane majboot naheen they, jisase way buchanier ghuspaith key prati adhik samvedansheel hoe gaye aur ack chetavani pranali parr nirbhar they jise "aviso" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. iss pahal key kaaran dweep mein vyaapaar key liye adhikrit tirchhe jahaajon mein bhee vriddhi hui.
gupt vyaapaar, samudri daku aur niji.
shatabdi key madhya taka, khanan arthavyavastha ney nae udyamon koo raasta diyaa, jaise kii krishi, jisane puerto rico (aur samanya roop seey paschimi indies) mein jahaajon key pravaah koo bhee prabhaavit kiya, joe pratikool nausainik praavdhaanon (???) aur monaa maarg mein samudri dakuon kaa prasaar, jisake parinamswarup mandee aatee haye. sthaaniya sarkaar ney taaj seey kaee anurodh kiye kii chhote jahaajon koo paschimi indies mein vyaapaar karane kii anumati dee jaae, jisake parinamswarup cannery dweepon seey jahaajon kii sankhya mein vriddhi hui, jisase sastaa saman, adhik lachili saudebaji pranali aur mudrasfeeti kii chinta cumm hui. anya upaayon seey bhee adhik antiles koo laabh huaa (???) sthaaniya vyaapaar arthavyavastha koo majboot karane key liye thaa, lekin jahaajon kii aamad cumm hoe gaee aur mudrasfeeti vaapas aaa gaee, jisase nagrik spanish shipment parr cumm nirbhar hoe gaye aur taskari nishiddh padaarth jaise vikalpon kii talash curr rahey they. videshi udyam seey labhanvit hue aur jabaki kuchh loga iss adhiniyam mein funce gaye, vyaapaar mein saine juan key pratiroopan key parinamswarup sarkari adhikaari dweep key anya, cumm pasandida, kshetron mein sahayogi bunn gaye aur johnn hockins jaise vyaktiyon koo aakarshit kiya. cannery dweepon mein taskaron dwara grahakon kii khoj seey bachane key prayason key parinamswarup ise carribean vyaapaar seey roque diyaa gayaa, jisase puerto rico bhee prabhaavit huaa. saine germain kaa bandargah shahar anya bastiyon key vikas key saath teji seey kamjor hoe gayaa, jaise kii gwayanila, joe nishiddh padarthon parr teji seey nirbhar hoe rhaa thaa. 1560 key dashak key dauran, naee bede pranali ney kewal puerto rico koo ack hii jahaaj diyaa, jisake parinamswarup aparyaapt maal aur atyadhik keematen aaeen, iss prakriya mein avaidh vyaapaar koo badhaava milaa. crown dwara sahyogiyon koo dandit karane key liye uthaaye gaye upaayon key bavjood, yeh pratha agali shataabdiyon taka falati-phoolati rahee. dutch urka monaa maarg mein ack aam drishya bunn gayaa, jabaki francisi aur angreji jahaaj bhee prachalit they kyonki una deshon ney naee duniya mein vistaar kiya thaa. 
baad mein shatabdi mein, puerto rico kaa upayog sthaaniya bishparik key madhyam seey spen key liye dashmansh koo funnel karane key liye ack maarg key roop mein kiya jaayega, joe kaee chhote antill key prabhaari they, yahaan taka kii madhya america seey bhee vahaan delivery key liye bheja jaa rhaa thaa. dakshin america seey nikaale gaye motiyon koo bhee sthaaniya bandargaahon parr bheja gayaa, jisase ack aisaa udyam banaaya gayaa joe agale 200 varshon taka chalega. anya sansadhanon kaa vyaapaar, jaise machhali aur daas, saine juan aur aspas kii spanish bastiyon key aarthik sahajeevan key hisse key roop mein bhee kaam karate they. haalaanki, paschimi bhaarat seey baadhya europeeya shipment parr pratibandhon ney mudrasfeeti koo aur kharaab curr diyaa, jisase sthaaniya sarkaar koo sahaayata kaa anurodh karane key liye majboor honah padaa, joe chhote swatantra jahaajon mein maal kii anumati aur anya chhoot key roop mein aaya joe cases dee contration key oopar chalaa gayaa. halanki, kuchh vyapariyon ney apane laabh key liye iss vyavastha kaa fayda uthaaya. jaise-jaise way america mein vistaarit hue, angreji jasusi, hamale aur ghuspaith puerto rico mein aam hoe gaye, jinhen walter raile aur francis drake jaise vyaktiyon dwara leey jaaya jaa rhaa thaa, joe pahale seey hii prachalit videshi taskaron mein shamil hoe gaye they.
1580 key dashak key dauran dushman key jahaajon parr kabja karane key baad aabaadi key liye laabhdaayak hoe gayaa, niji logon key bede koo senaa kaa bojh uthaane key liye bheja gayaa (vishesh roop seey purvi tata aur aas-paas key dweepon mein), ack aisaa udyam banaaya joe agali shataabdiyon key liye safal aur aakarshak donon saabit huaa, jisase myguel enrequez jaise aankade badhe. governor dwara sweekrit, sthaaniya abhyaas pahale aupchaarik niji licenses seey pahale thaa, jise 7 maee, 1625 koo spanish rajshahi dwara pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. 1690 key dashak mein, puerto rican taton kii raksha key liye ack "guarda costas" bede kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, lekin kuchh niji logon koo governor dwara sweekrit kiya jaanaa jaari rakhaa gayaa. 
agali shatabdi mein pravesh karate hue, vyaapaar ney jyaadaatar cannery dweepon key vyapariyon koo labhanvit kiya, jabaki saine juan ney europeeya ayaat parr apana niyantran banaae rakhaa aur saine germain koo aspas key dweepon aur dakshin america seey anya sansaadhan praapt hue. poore carribean mein taskari abhee bhee prabal thee aur nausena shaktiyon key beach yuddh key yuddhaviram taka pahunchane key saath, abhyaas kaa mukabala karane key liye upaay kiye gaye they. 1620 key dashak key dauran, spen aur neetherland key beach yuddh chhid gayaa. sangharsh 1625 mein puerto rico taka pahunch gayaa, jaba dutch ney saine juan kii teesari ladaai key dauran hamla kiya. shatabdi key madhya taka, spanish paschimi indies key aspas key paani mein niji aur samudri daku adhik prachur matra mein hoe gaye, jabaki videshi rashtra cumm antiles key madhyam seey vistaar karate rahey, puerto rico kii arthavyavastha koo vyaapaar key nuksan seey khatra thaa aur isaki sthiti kaee baar samudra mein kabja curr lii gaee aur khou gaee. laa aguada parr saine juan key paksh mein kiye jaa rahey prayason key bavjood, usa kshetra ney punah aapoorti key roop mein apani lokpriyata barkarar rakhee.
aadhunik drishya.
anusandhaan aur pralekhan.
puerto rico mein anya shodh sthalon key vipareet, samudri puraatatva apane vikas mein sust thaa. 20veen shatabdi key uttaraardh taka, sthaaniya jahaaj key tootane key dastavejikaran parr saarvajanik pahunch seemit thee aur robbert marks dwara "paschimi golardh key jahaaj key tootane, 1493-1825" aur adolfo dee hostos dwara "dichionario bibliographico-histrico commentado dee puerto rico" parr chitrit kii gaee thee. 1983 mein, myguel pagan meer ney monaa dweep key aspas key jahaaj key tootane parr ack vishesh pustak prakaashit kii, "nauphragios aine aguas dee isla dee monaa". haalaanki, inn praarambhik dastavejon mein kuchh tathyaatmak trutiyaan theen joe anya sroton mein prasaarit kii gaee theen. isake bavjood, 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi key malabe samachar patron aur anya prakashanon mein shamil kiye gaye they joe apekshaakrit sulabh they. haalaanki, purani ghatnaaon key liye riyo pedras mein puerto rico vishvavidyalaya key liye upalabdh spanish yug key patron key sangrah mein shodh kii aavashyakta thee.
myguel pagan meer aur jaime braulio dwara ack khoj koo "puerto rico key ack samudri atlus" mein phir seey banaane mein kamyab rhaa. 1970 key dashak key dauran, saine juan key bandargah parr ack malba milaa thaa, jiss parr kuchh hudd taka shodh kiya gayaa thaa. agale dashak mein, puerto rican sanskriti sansthaan ney dastavejon kii kamee aur khajaane key shikariyon seey nipatane key prayaas mein muddon parr bhaag lene key liye iss vishay mein ruchi lii. 1987 mein, mell machuaaron dwara viek key tata parr ack gallen milane kaa daavaa karane key dou saal baad kaanoon paarit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, yeh jyaadaatar puerto rico key paani key bheetar samudri khajaane key shikaar mein vriddhi key jawab mein thaa. kshetra kaa adhyayan karane key liye aaee. see. pee. key bheetar ack samiti banaai gaee thee. haalaanki, byaaj mein iss vriddhi seey aupchaarik adhyayan bhee rook jaataa haye. 1989 mein, walter cardona ney samkaaleen dastavejon dwara srot kiye gaye vishay parr pahala samajik-saanskritik adhyayan prakaashit kiya, jaba iss vishay mein ruchi lene key baad pagan meer (unake doston mein seey ack) uttari tata parr ack jahaaj key tootane kii khoj mein shamil thaa.
spanish-americi jahaajon kaa uddhaar.
manuela" aur "christobal collan" kaa bachaav, dou bhaap jahaajon koo jaanboojhkar 6 maee, 1898 koo saine juan kii bambari kii pratyasha mein, 2001 mein saine juan khaadi key pravesh dwaar koo khodane aur vistaarit karane kii pariyojana key hisse key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. bheetar paaee gaee vastuon koo sangrahalaya pradarshani key liye sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa. jahaajon koo khud phir seey tairaaya gayaa aur usa sangharsh key ack anya jahaaj key tootane key sthaan, "antonio lopez" key paas aaraam karane key liye rakhaa gayaa.
drake key bede key bachaav kaa prastaav.
1991 mein ack machuaare ney kaee phuldan key tukade baramad kiye, jisase aguadilla aur isabella kii nagar paalikaon key tata parr dou british gallen kii khoj hui. peshevar gotakhori kii puerto rican akadami dwara icp koo iss khoj kii soochana dee gaee thee, lekin "gair-aavashyak" maani jaane vaali vastuon kii bikri seey laabh key vitaran ney isake adhyaksh afran esvedo aur sarkaar key beach sangharsh paida curr diyaa, jisamen baad vaale ney 50 pratishat laabh sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa (kyonki tukadon key sanrakshan koo prathamikta deni thee). 2009 mein, poorv senator avalin wazquays (joe esvedo seey sambandhit hain, kyonki vaha unaki shaadi key sabse achche aadami they) ney 2010 key kendriya americi aur carribean khelon key liye dhana jutaane key liye jahaaj key tootane aur isaki samagri kii bikri koo badhaava dene key liye ack bill prastut kiya, jiska moolya 1,000-2,000 million dollar thaa. prastaav kaa upahaas kiya gayaa thaa, aur antatah prashaasan dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki ise vyaavhaarik banane key liye kaee neetigat sanshodhanon kii aavashyakta hogi.
aitihaasik vinash kii samayrekha.
 piyare chunu, robbert aff dwara soochibaddh kaee vidhvans. marks, adolfo dee hostos aur orin aich. pilky koo sthaan mein trutiyon yaa puerto rican jall key saath kathit sambandh kaa samarthan karane vaale paraspar virodhi/anupasthit aadhikarik record key kaaran sanshodhit aur/yaa chhod diyaa jaataa haye. myguel pegan meer dwara gallen key roop mein pehchaane gaye kaee jahaajon koo praathamik sroton kaa upayog karke unake vaastavik model mein thheek kiya gayaa haye. kaptan diago bernel, jise alegendro tapia vaaee rivra aur usake baad aaney vaale kaee lekhakon dwara "domingo" key roop mein galat naam diyaa gayaa thaa, koo praathamik sroton key saath thheek kiya gayaa haye. saanta maria dee jesu" key baare mein ack sampaadak kii galati koo sahee kiya gayaa haye.
sandarbh.
notes
uddharan
granth soochi

