
lycaxenthone

lycaxenthone rasayanon key sanrachanaatmak varg mein ack carbonic yaugik haye jise zanthones key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. lycaxenthone koo pahali baar 1940 key dashak mein japani rasaayanvidon dwara pattedaar lycane kii ack prajaati seey alag kiya gayaa thaa aur pahachaana gayaa thaa. yaugik kaee lycane mein paaya jaataa haye, aur yeh kaee vanshon mein prajaatiyon key vargeekaran mein mahatvapurna haye, jaise kii "pertusaria" aur "pyxine". ack darjan seey adhik lycane prajaatiyon mein unake dwipad naam key hisse key roop mein shamil lycaxenthone shabd kii bhinnata haye. lycane mein lycaxenthone kii upasthiti unhein lambe tarang dairdhya yuvi prakaash key tahat harey-peele rung mein fluores karane kaa kaaran banati haye; iss visheshta kaa upayog kuchh prajaatiyon kii pehchaan karane mein madad karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. lycaxenthone kaee paudhon mein bhee paaya jaataa haye (kaee anonessi aur rutacy parivaaron seey hain), aur kavak kii kuchh prajaatiyan joe lycane naheen banaati hain.
lycane mein, lycaxenthone kaa jaiv sanshleshan enzymatic pratikriyaon key ack samooh key madhyam seey hotaa haye joe anu acetyl-coa seey shuru hotaa haye aur kramik roop seey kramik ikaaiyon koo jodata haye, ack lambi shrinkhala banaata haye joe ack double-ring sanrachana mein chakrit hoti haye. halanki yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii lycaxenthone prakriti mein ack photoprotectant key roop mein kaary kartaa haye-lycane mein nivasi shaiwal aabaadi (photobiants) koo uchch teevrata vaale saur vikiran seey bachaata haye-iska poorna paaristhitik kaary poori tarah seey samajha naheen gayaa haye. lycaxenthone kii kuchh javic gatividhiyon mein jivanurodhi, larvicidal aur shukranu gatishilata badhaane vaali gatividhiyaan shamil hain joe prayogshala mein pradarshit kii gaee hain. kaee lycaxenthone vyutpann gyaat hain, kuchh lycane mein praakritik roop seey utpaadit hotey hain, aur anya kritrim roop seey banaae jaate hain; lycaxenthone kii tarah, inmein seey kuchh vyutpann bhee javic roop seey sakriya hain.
itihas.
lycaxenthone kii soochana pahali baar 1942 mein japani rasaayanagya yasuhiko asahina aur hisasi nogami dwara dee gaee thee. unhone lycane utpaad koo "parmelia formosana" (jise aaj "hypotrakina osioalba" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) seey alag kiya, joe asia mein vyaapak haye. ack anya praarambhik prakaashan ney "parmelia quersina" (abb "parmelina quersina") seey isake algaav kaa varnan kiya. lycaxenthone lycane seey report kiya jaane vaalaa pahala zanthone thaa, aur iss kaaran seey ise asahina aur nogami dwara iska naam diyaa gayaa thaa.
asahina aur nogami ney orcinol kaa utpaadan karane key liye lycaxenthone parr potash fusion (majboot kshaar potasium hydroxide key germ ghol key saath apghatan) naamak ack rasayanik vidhi kaa upayog kiya. lycaxenthone key sabse shuruati sanshleshan mein orcellinic aldehyde aur fluoroglucinol kaa upayog tanage vidhi mein praarambhik abhikarakon key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. yeh vidhi, zanthone vyutpannon koo sanshleshit karane key chhah maanak tarikon mein seey ack haye, joe aanshik roop seey mithailyukt polyhydroxicsantho key nirmaan koo saksham banaati haye. pratikriya mein, dou substrate, hydrochloric acid aur acetic acid kii upasthiti mein, ack floron vyutpann kaa utpaadan karate hain joe baad mein ack zainthen vyutpann dene key liye cumm hoe jaataa haye, joe baad mein methylation aur okseekaran key baad, teen methoxy samoohon key saath ack zanthone kii or leey jaataa haye. baad mein, methoxy samoohon mein seey ack koo lycaxenthone dene key liye demethyl kiya jaataa haye. 1956 mein everninic acid (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-6-methylbenzoic acid) aur fluoroglucinol seey shuru honey vaalaa ack saral sanshleshan prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa. inn praarambhik sanshleshanon ney vishleshan key varnakramiya tarikon key vyaapak roop seey upalabdh honey seey pahale lycaxenthone kii sanrachana kii pushti karane mein bhee madad kii. 1977 mein, harris aur haye ney polycarbonyl yaugik 3,5,7,9,11,13-hexaoxotradecanic acid seey shuru honey vaale lycaxenthone key javic roop seey pratiroopit sanshleshan kaa prastaav rakhaa. iss sanshleshan mein, sthiti 8 aur 13 key beach ack aldol cyclisation key baad sthiti 1 aur 6 key beach ack classen cyclisation yaugikon key ack samooh key gathan kii or leey jaataa haye jisamen lycaxenthone shamil hotaa haye.
guna.
lycaxenthone rasayanik yaugikon key varg kaa ack sadasya haye jise zanthones kahaa jaataa haye. vishesh roop seey, yeh ack 9 "aich"-xanthen-9-ack haye jise sthiti 1 parr ack hydroxy samooh dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaataa haye, sthiti 8 parr ack methyl samooh aur sthiti 3 aur 6 parr methoxy samooh. iska iupac naam 1-hydroxy-3,6-dimethoxy-8-methyl-9 "aich"-xanthen-9-vann haye. lycaxenthone kaa aanvik sootra c16h14o5 haye; iska aanvik dravyamaan 286.27 graam prati moll haye. apane shuddh kristaliya roop mein, yeh lambe peele prism key roop mein maujood haye jiska pighalane kaa bindu haye. isaki chrystal sanrachana monoclinic chrystal pranali kaa hissa haye, jise pee21/see naamak antariksh samooh mein kahaa jaataa haye. lycaxenthone kaa ack ethanolic ghol lohe (iii) chloride key saath pratikriya karke baingani rung kaa utpaadan kartaa haye; lycaxenthone yukt ack acetic acid ghol kendrit sulfuric acid kii ack boond jodane key baad ack harey rung kaa pratideepti utsarjit karega. lycane mein yaugik kii upasthiti unhein lambi tarang dairdhya yuvi prakaash key tahat peele rung mein fluores karane kaa kaaran banati haye, ack aisee sampatti jiska upayog lycane prajaati kii pehchaan mein ack upkaran key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.
lycaxenthone key dravyamaan varnakram kii soochana 1968 mein dee gaee thee. isamen 286 key aim/jaid (dravyamaan-seey-charge anupaat) parr ack majboot mool shikhar aur 257,243 aur 200 parr kamjor-teevrata punarvyavastha shikhar hain. chakravaati vidyut-samvarg key saath ghoornan disk aur ghoornan ring electrode key saath chakreeya voltametry jaisi yaugik kii vidyut-rasayanik kamee parr 2009 kaa ack adhyayan, aur lycaxenthone kii kamee tantra koo chihnit karane key liye niyantrit-sambhaavit vidyut apghatan, aur isaki rasayanik pratikriyashilta kii prakriti koo behtar dhang seey samajhane key liye. lycaxenthone key liye poorna proton paramanu chumbakiya anunaad (1h nmr) aur carbon-13 paramanu chumbakiya anunaad (13c nmr) varnakramiya kaary 2010 mein report kiye gaye they, saath hii saath aiks-ray vivartan kaa upayog karke isaki chrystal sanrachana nirdhaarit kii gaee thee.
javic gatividhiyaan.
inn vitro" prayogon kaa upayog karke adhyayan kii gaee lycaxenthone kii vibhinn javic gatividhiyon koo vaigyaanik saahitya mein darj kiya gayaa haye. chhaal mein rahane vaale lycane "marcellaria benguellensis" kii roganurodhi gatividhi kaa shreya kaafee hudd taka lycaxanthone kii upasthiti koo diyaa jaataa haye. rasayanik roop seey aparivartit lycaxenthone mein "mycobacterium tuberculosis" aur "aim" key khilaf kamjor antimycobacterial gatividhi hoti haye. auram ". haalaanki, lycaxenthone key ack dihydropyron vyutpann mein aamtaur parr tapedik key ilaaj key liye upayog kii jaane vaali davaaon key samaan antimycobacterial gatividhi thee. lycaxenthone kaa "basilus subtillis" kii or ack majboot jivanurodhi prabhaav hotaa haye, aur yeh methicillin-pratirodhi "staphylococcus aureus" key vikas koo bhee rokta haye. isake vipareet, "plasmodium falsiperum" yaa "trypanosoma broose" key khilaf koee parjivirodhi gatividhi kaa pataa naheen chalaa thaa, naa hii isamen vibhinn prakaar kii cancer koshika rekhaaon key khilaf koee cytotoxic gatividhi thee.
prayogshala parikshanon mein, lycaxenthone kii upasthiti maanav shukranu kii gatishilata koo badhaati haye; iss prabhaav key liye kewal kuchh yaugikon koo jaanaa jaataa haye. iss rasayan mein dengu virus key ack vector machchar "adies agypti" key dusare-sitara larva key khilaf larvicidal gatividhi bhee hoti haye.
jaiv sanshleshan.
lycane mein, lycaxenthone kaa jaiv sanshleshan acetate-malonet chayapachaya maarg key madhyam seey hotaa haye, joe ack agradoot key roop mein acetyl coenzyme aeye kaa upayog kartaa haye. iss maarg mein, polycatoids vibhinn prakaar key polycatoids syntheses kii anukramik pratikriyaon dwara banaae jaate hain. yeye enzyme ack badey multiangime protein complexes parr kaee samanvit sakriya sthalon key madhyam seey kaee enzymatic pratikriyaon koo niyantrit karate hain. lycane zanthones kii sanrachana ack orcellinic acid-prakaar key cyclisation key saath saat acetate aur malonet ikaaiyon key raikhik sanghanan seey praapt hoti haye. donon valay ack ketonic carbon aur cyclodehydration (i.ee.ack nirjalikaran pratikriya joe ack chakreeya yaugik key gathan kii or leey jaati haye). sateek tantra gyaat naheen haye, lekin yeh ring bund ack benzophanone madhyavarti key madhyam seey aage badh sakata haye joe lycaxenthone key kendriya pyron core koo utpann karane key liye nirjaleekrit curr sakata haye.
ack maankeekrit uchch-pradarshan taral chromatography (aich. pee. ell. see.) parakh koo lycaxenthone aur kaee anya zanthones sahit kaee lycane-vyutpann padarthon kii pehchaan karane key liye varnit kiya gayaa haye; kyonki kaee zanthone isomers mein alag-alag pratidhaaran samay hotey hain, iss takneek kaa upayog sanrachanaatmak roop seey samaan vyutpannon key jatil mishranon kii pehchaan karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. takneek koo baad mein ack photodiode sarani detector key saath aich. pee. ell. see. output koo unake vishisht parabaingani-drishyamaan spectra key aadhar parr zanthones key liye screen karane key liye parishkrit kiya gayaa thaa. iss tarah, lycaxenthone kaa pataa isake pratidhaaran samay kii nigrani karke aur 208,242 aur 310 nm parr adhikatam avashoshan (λmax) kii tarang dairdhya kaa pratinidhitva karane vaali teen chotiyon kii upasthiti kaa satyapan karke lagaaya jaataa haye.
ghatana.
halanki pahali baar parnapaati (pattedaar) "parmelia" prajaati seey alag kiya gayaa thaa, lycaxenthone taba seey lycane kii ack vistrit vividhata mein paaya gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, follios genus "hypotrachna" mein, yeh lagbhag ack darjan prajaatiyon mein paaya jaataa haye; jaba maujood hotaa haye, tou yeh aamtaur parr usa genus mein aam anya cortical padarthon, jaise atronorin aur yousnik acid koo poori tarah seey badal detaa haye. lycaxenthone kii upasthiti yaa anupasthiti mukhya roop seey ushnakatibandhiya genus "pixine" kii prajaatiyon koo vargeekrit karane mein upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack charitra haye; genus mein lagbhag 70 prajaatiyon mein seey, 20 mein lycaxenthone hotaa haye. yeh yaugik key saath parnapaati lycane key sabse badey samooh kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, kyonki yeh aam taur parr ushnakatibandhiya crustose lycane key kuchh samoohon, mukhya roop seey pyrenocarps aur graphidacy taka seemit haye. badee prajaati "pertusaria" prajaatiyon koo alag karane aur vargeekrit karane key liye thallus rasayan vigyaan parr bahut adhik nirbhar karati haye, jinamen seey kuchh kewal ack maadhyamik rasayan kii upasthiti yaa anupasthiti mein bhinn hotey hain. lycaxenthone, norilixenthone aur unake chlorinated vyutpann iss vansh mein aam hain.
halanki aam taur parr lycane kaa ack maadhyamik chayapachaya maanaa jaataa haye, lycaxenthone koo bhee kaee paudhon seey alag kiya gayaa haye, joe yahaan parivaar dwara aayojit kiya gayaa haih
lycaxenthone key baare mein bhee bataaya gayaa haye kii yeh "farameya saaine" kii chhaal mein hotaa haye, halanki usa mamle mein yeh sandeh thaa kii yeh chhaal parr ugane vaale lycane seey utpann huaa thaa. isake alawa, dou gair-lycanized kavak prajaatiyan, "penicillium persisinum" aur "penicillium vulpinum", lycaxanthone koo sanshleshit curr sakati hain.
zanthones mein majboot yuvi-avashoshit karane vaale guna honey key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. lycane "hematoma fluorescence" seey prayogshala mein ugaaye gaye mycobiont kaa upayog karke kiye gaye prayogon mein, lycaxenthone kaa sanshleshan taba prerit kiya gayaa thaa jaba yuva mycelia teen seey chaar maheene kii avadhi mein harr saptah teen seey chaar ghante key liye lambi tarang dairdhya vaale yuvi prakaash (365 nm) key sampark mein aaya thaa. praakritik lycane mein, yaugik thallus kii baahari cortical parat aur ascomata key exciple (rima) donon mein maujood hotaa haye. lycaxenthone uchch-teevrata vaale saur vikiran seey lycane mein yuvi-samvedansheel shaiwal parat kii raksha key liye ack prakaash filter key roop mein kaary curr sakata haye. prantstha mein photoprotective rasayan kii upasthiti unhein ushnakatibandhiya kshetron yaa uchch pahaadon mein ujagar pedon kii tarah anyatha durgam aavason mein jeevit rahane kii anumati dey sakati haye. haalaanki, yeh bataaya gayaa haye kii lycaxenthone cumm tanaavpurna vatavaran mein rahane vaale lycane mein bhee paaya jaataa haye, aur una prajaatiyon seey bhee joe una parivaaron mein hain jahaan cortical padaarth durlabh hain. kuchh udaharanon mein, samaan yaa sambandhit prajaatiyan maujood hain jinamen poori tarah seey cortical padarthon kii kamee hoti haye, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii lycaxenthone kaa vaastavik paaristhitik kaary poori tarah seey samajha naheen gayaa haye.
sambandhit yaugik.
norilichexenthone (1,3,6-trihydroxy-8-methyluxanthone) 3 aur 6 kii sthiti mein methoxy samoohon key bajaay hydroxy honey mein lycaxenthone seey alag hotaa haye. darjanon chlorinyukt lycaxenthone vyutpannon kii soochana dee gaee haye, jinamen seey kuchh vibhinn prakaar kii lycane prajaatiyon seey alag kiye gaye hain, aur kuchh kritrim roop seey utpaadit kiye gaye hain. yeye vyutpann vibhinn prakaar seey mono-, dwi-, yaa trichlorinated hain aur chlorine 2,4,5 aur 7 sthaanon parr sthit hain. 2016 taka, lycaxenthone machaan vaale 62 anuon kaa varnan kiya gayaa thaa, aur anya aathh atirikt lycaxenthone vyutpannon koo "puttive" maanaa gayaa thaa-prakriti mein maujood honey key liye, lekin abhee taka lycane mein naheen paaya gayaa thaa.
lycaxenthones key kuchh sanrachanaatmak aur electronic gunon parr chlorine pratisthaapan key prabhaavon kaa adhyayan quantum mechanical siddhant key saath kiya gayaa haye, taaki intramolicular interaction, teen rings kii sugandh, ionic aur halogen bonned key beach baatchit, aur lycaxenthone, magnicium aayan (milligram + 2) aur nh3 key beach baney parisaron kii badhyakari oorjaa jaisi cheejon koo behtar dhang seey samajha jaa sakey. lycaxenthone vyutpannon kii ack shrinkhala koo "mycobacterium tuberculosis" key khilaf antimycobacterial gatividhi key liye sanshleshit aur mulyankan kiya gayaa thaa. inn vyutpannon mein ω-bromo aur ω-aminoalcoxylaxantho shamil they; lycaxanthone aur kaee vyutpannon mein kamjor antimycobacterial gatividhi paaee gaee thee. lekhakon key anusaar, yeh chemometrics drishtikon ω-aminoalcoxylaxantho key samooh key beach "inn vitro" antimycobacterial gatividhi key saath sanrachanaatmak aur rasayanik visheshtaon koo sahsambaddh karane key liye upayogi thaa.
upnaam.
kuchh lekhakon ney apani prakaashit lycane prajaatiyon key vishisht upakhyanon mein lycaxenthone kaa spasht roop seey naam diyaa haye, jisase iss yaugik kii upasthiti koo ack mahatvapurna vargeekaran visheshta key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa haye. inn upnaamakon koo yahaan soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye, isake baad unake lekhak kaa uddharan aur prakaashan kaa varsh haye. yeye sabhi prajaatiyan brazil mein paaee jaati hainh
crypthonia", "cheodecton", "cladonia" aur "capretia" key mamle mein, soochibaddh prajaatiyan una vanshon key ekmatra sadasya hain jinamen lycaxenthone hotaa haye.