
kiritimati

kiritimati (jise chrismus dweep key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) uttari rekha dweepon mein ack prashant mahasagar kaa pravaaldweep haye. yeh kiribati ganarajya kaa hissa haye. yeh naam angreji shabd "chrismus" seey liya gayaa haye joe isake dhwani vigyaan key anusaar gilberties mein likhaa gayaa haye, jisamen sanyojan "tii" koo "aiss", dete hue uchchaaran kiya jaataa haye.
kiritimati mein duniya key kissy bhee pravaaldweep kaa sabse badaa bhoomi kshetra haye, lagbhag; iska lagoon lagbhag samaan aakar kaa haye. pravaaldweep lagbhag paridhi mein haye, jabaki lagoon tatrekha adhik samay taka faili hui haye. kiritimati mein kiribati key kull bhoomi kshetra kaa 70 pratishat seey adhik hissa shamil haye, joe ack desh haye jisamen 33 prashant pravaaldweep aur dweep shamil hain.
yeh bhoomadhya rekha key uttar mein, honolulu key dakshin mein aur saine francisco seey sthit haye. kiritimati duniya key sabse door key samay kshetra, utc + 14 mein haye, aur isaliye nae saal key dinn kaa anubhav karane vaale prithvi parr pahale basey hue sthaanon mein seey ack haye. (carolin atole, kiribati bhee dekhein). haalaanki yeh 180vein meridian key poorv mein sthit haye, kiribati ganarajya ney 1995 mein antarrashtriya tithi rekha koo phir seey vyavasthit kiya, jisase kiritimati koo tithi rekha key paschim mein rakhaa gayaa.
1950 key dashak key anta mein sanyukt raajya dwara kiritimati parr aur usake aspas paramanu pareekshan kiye gaye they, aur 1962 mein sanyukt raajya dwara. inn parikshanon key dauran, dweep koo khaali naheen kiya gayaa thaa, jisase aaee-kiribati nivasi aur british, newzealand aur fiji key sanic paramanu vikiran key shikaar hoe gaye they.
puuraa dweep ack vanyajeev abhayaranya haye; paanch vishesh roop seey samvedansheel kshetron taka pahunch pratibandhit haye.
itihas.
kiritimati mein shuru mein polynesian loga rahate they. dweep parr sthalon seey radiometric detting 1250 aur 1450 esvi key beach maanav upayog kii avadhi koo sthaan detee haye. kiritimati parr sthaayi maanav basti sambhavatah kabhi naheen hui. aag key gaddhon mein khudai kii gaee stareekrit paraten lakadi key koyale key baari-baari seey pattiyan dikhaati hain joe bhaari upayog aur sthaaniya mitty key upayog kii kamee kaa sanket detee hain. iss prakaar, kuchh shodhkartaon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii kiritimati kaa upayog beach-beach mein (sambhavatah uttar mein tabueran key logon dwara) pakshiyon aur kachhuon jaise sansadhanon koo ikattha karane key liye ack sthaan key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa, joe carolin dweepon key paanch kendriya pravaaldveepon key jaatiya roop seey pralekhit upayog key samaan thaa.
dweep parr puraataatvik sthal dweep key poorv (pawan kii or) kii or kendrit hain aur gyaat sthal nivaas sthalon, maare aur sahayak sanrachanaon jaise kii dongi bhandaran shade aur nauvahan sahaayata kii ack shrinkhala kaa pratinidhitva karate hain.
isake baad 1537 mein spanish abhiyaan key saath europeeya logon dwara pravaaldweep kii khoj kii gaee, jisane ise "esiya" key roop mein soochibaddh kiya. iss khoj kaa ullekh ack samkaaleen, purtagaali antonio galvao, ternet key governor ney 1563 kii apani pustak "tratado doss descubrimientos" mein kiya thaa. apani teesari yatra key dauran, kaptan james cook ney chrismus kii poorv sandhya (24 disambar) 1777 koo dweep kaa daura kiya aur dweep koo 1781 mein augusberg dwara "иle des toortures" (kachhue dweep) key roop mein ack maanchitra parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. whale shikaar karane vaale jahaajon ney cumm seey cumm 1822 seey dweep kaa daura kiya aur 1856 key guano dweep adhiniyam key tahat sanyukt raajya dwara iska daavaa kiya gayaa thaa, halanki guano kaa bahut cumm vaastavik khanan huaa thaa.
sthaayi basti 1882 mein shuru hui, mukhya roop seey narial baganon mein shramikon aur machuaaron dwara. 1902 mein, british sarkaar ney dweep parr leaver prashant baganon koo 99 saal kaa patta diyaa. company ney dweep parr 72,863 narial key taad lagaae aur jheel mein chaandi key motee seepon koo pesh kiya. basti naheen tikeeh atyadhik sookhe ney narial key taadon key 75 pratishat koo maar daala, aur dweep koo 1905-1912 seey chhod diyaa gayaa.
dweep mein kaee toponium pitaa key hain, ack francisi pujari jinhone 1917-1939 seey dweep koo patte parr diyaa thaa, aur vahaan lagbhag 500,000 narial key pedh lagaae they. vaha apane "peris" ghar (abb kewal chhote khandahar) mein rahate they, joe "benson point" parr sthit thaa, "brij point" (aaj landan) parr "landan" seey berger channel key paar, jahan unhone bandargah kii sthaapana kii thee. unhone ack gaanv koo "polland" kaa naam diyaa jahan unake polish bagan prabandhak stanislav (stanislaus) pelsinsky rahate they.
medford, massachusets key joe inglish, rugier key bagan prabandhak, joe apane naam parr "joe kii pahaadi" (kuchh 12 meater/40 feat oonchi) naam seey naamit hain. angreji aur dou kishore dedh saal (1917-1919) key liye dweep parr fanse hue they kyonki taahiti aur duniya bhar mein spanish flue key failane key kaaran parivahan bund hoe gayaa thaa. baad mein british admiral johnn jeliko ney angreji koo bachaa liya. angreji, yeh sochkar kii bachaav jahaaj german thaa aur yuddh abhee bhee prabhaavi thaa, admiral jeliko parr apani revolver kheench lii, jisase sthiti koo kuchh spashteekaran taka cumm karane taka ack chhota gatirodh paida hoe gayaa.
kiritimati parr dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein yuu key saath sahyogiyon kaa kabja thaa.aiss. dweep kii senaa key niyantran mein. pravaaldweep koo pakadana mahatvapurna thaa, kyonki japani kabje seey havaai-seey-australia aapoorti maarg parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa jaayega. pahale kuchh maheenon key liye dweep parr koee manoranjak suvidhaaen naheen theen, aur loga lagoon mein shark koo goli markar khud koo khush karate they. dweep kii pahali havaai patti kaa nirmaan iss samay vayu senaa mausam station aur sanchaar kendra kii aapoorti key liye kiya gayaa thaa. havaai patti ney havaai aur dakshin prashant key beach yatra karane vaale vimaanon key liye aaraam aur eendhan bharane kii suvidha bhee pradaan kii. 1947 kii janganana mein dweep parr kewal 47 nivaasiyon koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa. yuu.aiss. guano dweep adhiniyam kaa daavaa aupchaarik roop seey yuu key beach tarawa kii sandhi dwara diyaa gayaa thaa.aiss. aur kiribati. iss sandhi parr 1979 mein hastakshar kiye gaye they aur 1983 mein isaki pushti kii gaee thee.
spen key samprabhuta adhikaar.
1885 mein germany aur spen key beach carolin dweepon parr vivaad key dauran, jise pope leo xiii dwara madhyasthata kii gaee thee, spanish purvi indies key hisse key roop mein carolin aur palaau dweepon parr spen kii samprabhuta kaa vishleshan cardinalon key ack aayog dwara kiya gayaa thaa aur 17 disambar 1885 koo hastaaksharit ack samjhaute dwara pushti kii gaee thee. iska anuchhed 2 dakshin micronesia mein spanish samprabhuta kii seemaon koo nirdisht kartaa haye, joe bhoomadhya rekha aur 11° akshansh aur 133° aur 164° deshantar dwara banaai jaa rahee haye. 1898 mein spanish-americi yuddh mein apani haar key baad spen ney mariana, carolin aur palaau koo germany koo betch diyaa. haalaanki spanish rashtriya anusandhaan parishad key ack shodhkarta emilio paadari santos ney 1948 mein daavaa kiya kii yeh tark dene key liye aitihaasik aadhar thaa kii kiritimati (spanish maanchitron parr "aiss") aur kuchh anya dweepon koo kabhi bhee caroline kaa hissa naheen maanaa gayaa thaa, joe usa samay key chart aur maanchitron dwara samarthit thaa. sandhi kii vyakhya key sambandh mein mudde kii sweekriti kii maang key bavjood, kissy bhee spanish sarkaar ney kiritimati parr samprabhuta kaa daavaa karane kaa koee prayaas naheen kiya haye, aur yeh mamla ack aitihaasik jigyasa banaa huaa haye.
paramanu bumm pareekshan.
sheet yuddh key dauran sanyukt raajya aur america dwara paramanu hathiyaron key pareekshan key liye kiritimati kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. united kingdam ney 15 maee seey 19 juuna 1957 taka malden dweep parr apani pahali hydrogen bumm pareekshan shrinkhala, grapple-1-3 kaa sanchaalan kiya aur operation key mukhya aadhar key roop mein kiritimati kaa upayog kiya. 8 navambar 1957 koo, pahala aich-bumm grapple aiks pareekshan mein kiritimati key dakshin-purvi sire parr visfot kiya gayaa thaa. 1958 mein baad key pareekshan (graple vaaee aur jaid) bhee kiritimati key oopar yaa usake paas hue.
united kingdam ney 1957-1958 mein kiritimati key paas aur seedhe oopar kuchh paramanu payload kaa visfot kiya, jabaki sanyukt raajya dwara 25 aprail aur 11 julaai 1962 key beach dweep key aspas key kshetra mein pareekshan kiye gaye hathiyaron kii kull upaj thee. british grapple aiks pareekshan key dauran, upaj ummeed seey adhik majboot thee, jisake parinamswarup visfot seey imaaraten aur buniyaadi dhaanche dhwast hoe gaye. dweepwasiyon koo aamtaur parr paramanu hathiyaron key pareekshan key dauran naheen nikala gayaa thaa, aur inn parikshanon key paryavaraniya aur saarvajanik swaasthya prabhaav parr detta vivaadit banaa huaa haye. sainikon kaa maanana haye kii cancer aur aanuvanshik kshati unake vyaavsaayik sampark key parinam they aur unhone binaa safalata key maafi aur muaavaje kii maang kii haye. yuu key liye ack pravakta.key.'raksha vibhaag ney 2018 mein kahaa kii "rashtriya vikiran sanrakshan board ney paramanu pareekshan key diggajon key teen badey adhyayan kiye hain aur inn parikshanon mein bhagidari koo kharaab swaasthya seey jodane key liye koee vaidh saboot naheen milaa haye."
sanyukt raajya america ney 1962 mein operation dominic key hisse key roop mein dweep parr 22 safal paramanu visfot bhee kiye. kuchh toponyms (jaise "banaana" aur "mukhya shivir") paramanu pareekshan avadhi seey aatey hain, jisake dauran kabhi-kabhi 4,000 seey adhik sanic maujood they. 1969 taka, kiritimati mein sainya ruchi samaapt hoe gaee thee aur suvidhaon koo jyaadaatar dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, kuchh sanchaar, parivahan aur rasad suvidhaon koo nagrik upayog key liye parivartit kiya gayaa thaa, jiska upayog kiritimati line dweepon key liye prashaasnik kendra key roop mein kartaa haye.
vartamaan sthiti.
dweep kii aabaadi haal key varshon mein kaafee badh gaee haye, joe 1989 mein lagbhag 2,000 seey 2000 key dashak kii shuruat mein lagbhag 5,000 hoe gaee haye. kiritimati key teen pratinidhi hain-manaba nee mungatabu. aaj dweep parr paanch gaanv hain, jinamen seey chaar aabaadi vaale hain aur ack parityakt haih
kiritimati key mukhya gaanv kele, tabwaki aur landan hain, joe dweep key uttari chhor parr mukhya sadak key saath sthit hain, aur polland, joe dakshin mein mukhya lagoon key paar haye. landan mukhya gaanv aur bandargah suvidha haye. kelaa cassidy antarrashtriya havaai adde key paas haye lekin bhujal sandushan koo rokane key liye ise landan key karib sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye. peris kaa parityakt gaanv abb janganana reports mein soochibaddh naheen haye.
line aur phoenix dweepon kaa mantralaya landan mein sthit haye. tabwaki aur kele key beach kii sadak parr dou nae uchch vidyalaya bhee hainh ack catholic aur ack protestant. havaai vishvavidyalaya mein kiritimati parr jalavaayu vigyaan anusandhaan suvidha haye. sent stanislaus key tatvavdhan mein samarpit ack catholic church aur ack praathamik vidyalaya polland mein sthit haye. tarawa parr adharit kiribati praudyogiki sansthaan (kitt) ney juuna 2019 mein kiritimati parr ack parisar khola.
vanijya.
pravaaldweep kii adhikansh khaadya aapoorti kaa ayaat karna padata haye. peene yogya paani kii aapoorti cumm hoe sakati haye, vishesh roop seey laa nina varshon mein navambar key aspas. kuchh maal koo sambhaalane vaali ack badee aur aadhunik jetty kaa nirmaan landan mein japaniyon dwara kiya gayaa thaa. samudri machhaliyan dweep key poshan kaa ack badaa hissa pradaan karati hain, haalaanki adhik machhali pakadane seey pichhale kaee varshon mein badee, shikari machhliyon kii aabaadi mein bhaari kamee aaee haye.
pravaaldweep kaa niryaat mukhya roop seey kopra (sookhe narial kaa goodaa) haye; raajya key swaamitva vaale narial key bagan mein lagbhag lagbhag lagbhag lagbhag. isake alawa machhalighar machhali aur samudri shaiwal kaa niryaat kiya jaataa haye. 1970 key dashak mein namak key talabon mein "artemia salina" lavan jheenga koo vyaavsaayik roop seey prajanan karane kii pariyojana koo 1978 mein chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. haal key varshon mein jeevit crayfish aur thhandi machhali key niryaat aur namak utpaadan kii vyavaharyata kaa pataa lagaane key prayaas kiye gaye hain.
parivahan.
cassidy antarrashtriya havaai adda kele key uttar aur uttar poorv bindu parr sthit haye. isamen ack pakki runway haye jisaki lambai kuchh samay key liye thee aur yeh kiribati mein ekmatra havaai adda thaa joe america kii seva kartaa thaa, ack air paisifik (abb fiji airways) udaan key madhyam seey honolulu, havaai key liye. american tey mauri yatra honolulu seey saptahik charter udaanen pradaan karati haye.
air paisifik ney 2008 taka kiritimati key liye udaanen chalaain, jaba way runway kii sthiti key baare mein chintaon koo laker rook gaye. 2010 mein sevaaen phir seey shuru huin. asia paisifik airlines dwara sanchaalit honolulu seey ack chartered kaa upayog karke ack masik havaai maal seva udaai jaati haye.
aoin feeled ack parityakt havaai adda haye, jiska nirmaan british paramanu parikshanon seey pahale kiya gayaa thaa. yeh dakshinpurvi praaydweep mein sthit haye.
paryatan.
paryatan kii ack chhoti matra haye, joe mukhya roop seey lagoon machhali pakadane (vishesh roop seey asthi machhali key liye) yaa apatatiya machhali pakadane mein ruchi rakhane vaale machuaaron seey judee haye. saptah bhar chalane vaale paaristhitiki paryatan package bhee upalabdh hain, jinake dauran kuchh samanya roop seey bund kshetron mein bhee jaa sakate hain.
haal key varshon mein, surf karane vaalon ney paaya haye kii uttari golardh key sardiyon key mausam key dauran achchi laharen hain aur inn manoranjak paryatakon kii seva key liye ruchi vikasit hoe rahee haye. paryatan seey sambandhit kuchh buniyaadi dhancha haye, jaise kii ack chhota hotal, kiraaye kii suvidhaaen aur khaadya sevaaen.
sambhaavit prakshepan sthal.
1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein, wernher wonn braun ney bhoomadhya rekha seey isaki nikatata aur aam taur parr khaali mahasagar kii neeche kii seema (poorv) key aadhar parr iss dweep koo maanavyukt antariksh yaan key liye ack prakshepan sthal key roop mein upayog karane kaa prastaav rakhaa.
ack japani jaxa upgrah tracking station haye. parityakt aoin kshetra koo ack samay mein japaniyon dwara unaki abb radd kii gaee aashaa-x antariksh shuttle pariyojana key liye punah upayog key liye prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa.
kiritimati bhee samudra prakshepan upgrah prakshepan sthal key kaafee karib 0°n154°W parr sthit haye, joe antarrashtriya jall mein poorv mein lagbhag 370 kilometres (200nmi) haye.
bhugol.
kiritimati kaa lagbhag lagoon uttar-paschim mein samudra key liye khulata haye; "bergle channel" (lagoon kaa pravesh dwaar) uttari "cook eyeland maarg" aur dakshini "dakshin maarg" mein vibhajit haye. lagoon kaa dakshin-purvi bhaag aaj aanshik roop seey sookh gayaa haye; anivarya roop seey, bergle channel seey aage badhate hue, mukhya lagoon dheere-dheere sahayak lagoon, jwaariya flat, aanshik roop seey atisbanak lavan talabon aur namak key paine key network mein badal jaataa haye, joe poore mukhya lagoon key samaan kshetra mein haye. iss prakaar, bhoomi aur lagoon kshetron koo kewal lagbhag diyaa jaa sakata haye, kyonki mukhya dweep nikaay aur namak key samtal key beach koee thhos seema maujood naheen haye. waskes khaadi ack badee khaadi haye joe kiritimati dweep key dakshin-paschim tata key saath faili hui haye.
mukhya dweep key alawa, kaee chhote dweep hain. "cook eyeland" pravaaldweep kaa hissa haye lekin kiritimati mukhya bhoomi seey asambaddh haye. yeh ack rait/prawal dweep haye, joe uttari aur dakshini pravesh dwaar mein chor channel koo vibhajit kartaa haye, aur isaki ack badee samudri pakshi coloney haye. lagoon mein chhote dweepon (motu) mein isake "pisonia" jangal key saath "motu tabbu" () aur uttari taraf jhaadi seey dhaki "motu upua" (jise motu upau yaa motu upoa bhee kahaa jaataa haye) aur purvi taraf "ngontetech" () shamil hain.
"dakshin-purvi praaydweep key uttari tata parr, artemia konon key dakshin-poorv mein, lagbhag sl parr, "joe kii pahaadi" (mool roop seey "laa collin dee joe") pravaaldweep parr sabse oonchaa bindu haye. udaaharan key liye, uttar-paschimi praaydweep parr, bhoomi kewal kuchh 7 meater (20 feat) taka badhati haye, joe abhee bhee ack pravaaldweep key liye kaafee haye. vishal prashant mahasagar mein isake algaav key kaaran, "joe kii pahaadi" prithvi parr 33 vaan sabse adhik bhaugolik roop seey alag-thalag shikhar haye.
jalavaayu.
antar-ushnakatibandhiya abhisaran kshetra (itc) seey isaki nikatata key bavjood, kiritimati ack bhoomadhyarekhiya shushk kshetra mein sthit haye aur prati varsh ausatan cumm varsha hoti haye, lekin all neeno varshon key dauran, kuchh varshon mein yeh utanaa hii cumm hoe sakata haye jitna kii 1978 key anta mein huaa thaa aur adhikansh samtal aur talab sookh sakate hain. doosari or, kuchh asadharan roop seey geele varshon mein march-aprail mein prachur varsha key parinamswarup kull vaarshik varsha hoe sakati haye. kiritimati iss prakaar niyamit, gambhir sookhe seey prabhaavit hotaa haye. way apani bhoovaigyaanik sanrachana seey adhik kharaab hoe jaate hain; jalavaayu key anusaar "shushk" prashant dweep aamtaur parr lagbhag 30°n yaa s akshansh parr "registani patti" mein sthit hotey hain. kiritimati ack ubhara huaa pravaaldweep haye, aur halanki kabhi-kabhi isamen bahut adhik varsha hoti haye, lekin chhidrapurna carbonate chattan, patali mitty aur dweep key adhikansh hisson mein ghaney vanaspati aavaran kii anupasthiti koo dekhate hue bahut cumm banaae rakhaa jaataa haye, jabaki vashpikaran lagaatar adhik hotaa haye. natijatan, kiritimati bhoomadhya rekha key karib kuchh sthaanon mein seey ack haye, jahaan prabhaavi roop seey shushk jalavaayu haye.
tapman lagaatar 24 degree celsius aur 30 degree celsius (75 degree fahrenheit aur 86 degree fahrenheit) key beach rahata haye, jisamen mausami bhinnata kii tulanaa mein adhik dainik tapman bhinnata hoti haye. purvi vyaparik havaayen prabal hoti hain.
jansankhyiki.
1931 mein gilbert aur ellis dweep coloney mein kii gaee pahali janganana mein, dweep parr kewal 38 nivasi they, jinamen seey adhikansh company key karmchari they. 1947 mein dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad vahaan 52 nivasi they. 1963 mein paramanu parikshanon key baad yeh badhkar 477 hoe gayaa thaa, joe 1967 taka ghatkar 367 reh gayaa thaa, lekin 1973 mein phir seey badhkar 674,1978 mein 1,265,1985 kii janganana mein 1,737,1990 mein 2,537,1995 mein 3,225,2000 mein 3,431,2005 mein 5,115,2010 mein 5,586 aur 2015 mein 6,456 hoe gayaa thaa. yeh kiribati mein sabse tej jansankhya vriddhi thee.
paaristhitiki.
vanaspati aur jeevon mein sookhe key anukool varg shamil hain. sthaliya jeev bahut cumm hain; vaastav mein koee deshi bhoomi standhari naheen hain aur kewal ack deshi bhoomi pakshi haye-kiribati kaa sthaanik reed-warbler, bokikokiko ("acrocephalus aquinoctialis"). luptapray rimitara loricate ("vinnie kuhli") koo pesh karane kaa 1957 kaa prayaas kaafee hudd taka whiffle rhaa haye; kuchh pakshi lambe samay taka tike rahate hain, lekin prachur matra mein narial taad key jangal kii kamee, jiss parr yeh chhota totaa nirbhar kartaa haye, kiritimati koo iss prajaati key liye ack upa-ishtatam nivaas sthaan banaata haye.
vanaspati.
kiritimati parr praakritik vanaspati mein jyaadaatar cumm jhaadiyan aur ghaas key maidan shamil hain. joe chhota saa jangal maujood haye vaha mukhya roop seey khule narial taad ("cocos nucifera") kaa bagan haye. dakshin-poorv bindu, uttar-paschim bindu aur motu tabbu parr teen chhote catchbird pedh ("pisonia grandis") hain. baad vaalaa haal key dinon mein vahaan lagaaya gayaa thaa. lagbhag 50 shuru kii gaee paudhon kii prajaatiyan kiritimati parr paaee jaati hain; kyonki adhikansh bastiyon, poorv sainya sthalon aur sadakon key aspas prachur matra mein hain, aisaa lagata haye kii yeye kewal 20 veen shatabdi mein sthaapit hue they.
samudra tata napaka ("scavola takkada") kiritimati parr sabse aam jhaadi haye; samudra tata napaka jhaadi dweep key adhikansh bhaag mein vanaspati parr haavi haye, yaa tou shuddh roop seey khadee haye yaa pedh heliotrope ("heliotropium fortarianum") aur bey seeder ("suriana maritima") key saath antarit haye. baad kii prajaati lagoon flat key sookhe hisson parr pramukh haye jahan yeh lamba hotaa haye. vriksh heliotrope aamtaur parr samudra yaa lagoon-tata seey thodi doori parr paaya jaataa haye. samudra tata key paas kuchh sthaanon parr, cumm vanaspati mein polynesian heliotrope ("heliotropium anomalum"), peele perslane ("portulaka lutia") aur samanya perslane ("pee. olerasia ") paaya jaataa haye. dakshin mein aur retile hisson mein, "cida flacks", joe 2 meater taka lamba bhee hotaa haye, prachur matra mein hotaa haye. dakshinpurvi praaydweep parr, aiss. flacks "adhik avikasit hotaa haye, aur polynesian heliotrope, peela aur samanya perslane key saath-saath makadi" boarhavia repence ", parjivi bell" casitha philiphormis ", aur prashant dweep thintel (" lepturus repence ") isake poorak hotey hain. antim prajaati tateey ghaas key maidanon mein haavi haye. lagoon tata key geele hisse aksar tatrekha perslane ("sesuvium portulacastrum") kii prachur vriddhi seey dhake hotey hain.
shayed haal hii mein pesh kiye gaye paudhon mein sabse vinashkari mithaai ("plucia odoretta") haye, ack kapurweed, jise ack aakramak kharpatwar maanaa jaataa haye kyonki yeh jadee-bootiyon aur ghaason koo oopar ugaata haye aur visthaapit kartaa haye. pesh kiya gayaa lataa "tribulus systoids", spasht roop seey failane key bavjood, paaristhitiki tantra key liye hanikarak seey adhik fayademand maanaa jaataa haye, kyonki yeh kuchh samudri pakshiyon key liye achche ghonsale banaane key sthal pradaan kartaa haye.
pakshiyon.
kiritimati seey 35 seey adhik pakshi prajaatiyan darj kii gaee hain. jaisa kii oopar ullekh kiya gayaa haye, kewal bokikokiko (acrocephalus aquinoctialis), shayed kuchh rimitara loricates (vinnie kuhli)-yadi koee bhee reh jaataa haye-aur kabhi-kabhi purvi reif aggret (agreta saikra) poore bhoo-pakshi jeevon koo banaata haye. lagbhag 1,000 vayask bokikokiko kissy bhee tarikh koo paae jaate hain, lekin mukhya roop seey bastiyon seey door mishrit ghaas/jhaadiyon mein paae jaate hain.
doosari or, samudri pakshi kiritimati parr prachur matra mein paae jaate hain, aur prajanan karane vaale pakshiyon kii aabaadi kaa badaa hissa banaate hain. dweep parr prajanan karane vaale samudri pakshiyon kii 18 prajaatiyan hain, aur inmein seey kaee key liye kiritimati duniya mein kaheen bhee sabse mahatvapurna prajanan sthalon mein seey ack haih
phethontiform
charadriformus
procellariform
pelecaniform
kiritimati kaa lagoon aur namak key maidan pravaasi pakshiyon key liye poori sardi rukane yaa rahane key liye ack pramukh sthaan hain. sabse adhik dekhe jaane vaale pravasiyon mein rudy turnstone ("erneria interpress"), paisifik golden plover ("pluvialis phulwa"), bristal-thig curl ("neumanius tahitensis"), aur bhatakate hue tatler ("tringa inkana") hain; anya samudri pakshi, jalchar aur yahaan taka kii doubling batakh bhee samay-samay parr dekhe jaa sakate hain. lagbhag 7 octuber (±5 dinn), lagbhag 20 million suity shearwater yahaan seey uttar prashant bhojan key maidanon seey newzealand key aspas prajanan sthalon key raaste seey gujarate hain.
anya jeev.
iss kshetra key mool nivasi kewal standhari hain aam polynesian chuha ("ratus exulance") aur bakariyaan. aisaa lagata haye kii choohe koo 1777 mein rasoiye key aaney seey kaee shataabdiyon pahale naavikon dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa (unhone ullekh kiya kii way pahale seey hii maujood hain); bakariyaan 14 janwari 2004 seey vilupt hoe gaee hain. kaale choohe ("ratus ratus") kissy samay maujood they, shayed 19 veen shatabdi key naavikon dwara yaa paramanu parikshanon key dauran pesh kiye gaye they. way billiyon dwara shikaar aur polynesian choohon dwara pratispardhi bahishkaar key beach pair naheen jamaa paae, aur aaj koee kaalaa chuha aabaadi kiritimati parr naheen paaee jaati haye.
dweep parr kuchh varshon mein 2,000 jangli billiyaan paaee jaa sakati hain; aabaadi 19veen shatabdi mein sthaapit hoe gaee. unake apavitra honey seey pakshi jeevan koo gambhir nuksan hotaa haye. 19veen shatabdi key anta seey, unhone lagbhag 60 pratishat samudri pakshi prajaatiyon koo poori tarah seey mukhya bhoomi seey bhagaa diyaa haye, aur vishesh roop seey sookhe mausam key dauran way mitty key maidanon koo paar karenge aur "motu" parr pakshiyon koo bhojan denge. chashmedar terron chooje sthaaniya billi aabaadi kaa pasandida bhojan prateet hotey hain. billi kii aabaadi naa badhe isake liye kuchh upaay kiye jaa rahey hain. billi kii aabaadi koo kuchh matra mein cumm karane seey chrismus koo bahut laabh hoga aur isake nivaasiyon koo aam taur parr sweekaar kiya jaataa haye, lekin sthiti bahut jatil haye kii unhein seedhe taur parr samaapt naheen kiya jaa sakata haye (joe saiddhaantik roop seey sambhav haye; marrian dweep dekhein)-vivaran key liye neeche dekhein. jangli sooaron kii ack seemit aabaadi maujood haye. way ack baar prachur matra mein they aur vishesh roop seey "onicopriyan" aur sir parr kahar barpaate they. sthaaniya logon dwara suar key shikaar koo protsaahit kiya gayaa haye, aur dweepwasiyon key liye saste protein kaa srot pradaan karate hue suar kii aabaadi koo ack sthaayi star taka seemit karane mein atyadhik safal rhaa haye.
kuchh "supertramp" chhipkaliyaan hain joe apane madhyam seey dweep taka pahunch chuki hain. aam taur parr shoke geko ("lapidodactylus lugubris") aur skink "cryptoblaferous butoni" dekhe jaate hain; chaar-panje vaale geko ("gaihra mutilata") cumm baar dekhe jaate hain.
kiritimati aur turant nikatvarti jall mein kuchh ullekhaniya crustatian paae jaate hain. ubhayachar narial kekada ("bergus latro") terrana kii tarah aam naheen haye. bhoot kekade (genus "ausipod"), "cardisoma carnifex" aur "geograpsus gry" bhoomi kekade, strawberry bhoomi sannyasi kekada ("coenobita perlates") bhee ullekhaniya hain. dweep key khaare talabon mein lavan jheenga "artemia salina" kaa prachalan huaa.
chattan kii paaristhitiki.
dweep key aspas key samudra parr adhik machhali pakadane aur pradooshan kaa prabhaav padaa haye. uttari rekha key dweepon key nirjan dweepon key aspas key mahasagar mein, kingman reif parr sheersh shikari biomass (329 graam/mee2) kaa 74 pratishat aur palmyra atole (97 graam/mee2) parr 57 pratishat shark shamil hain, jabaki tabueran aur kiritimati mein cumm shark sankhya dekhi gaee haye.
harey kachhue ("chelonia mydas") niyamit roop seey kiritimati parr cumm sankhya mein ghonsale banaate hain. yeh lagoon apani asthi machhali ("albula glosodonta") key liye duniya bhar mein samudri machuaaron key beach prasiddh haye, aur samudri prajaatiyon kii adhik machhali pakadane koo cumm karane key liye "aurochromis" tilapia key saath bhandarit kiya gayaa haye. yadyapi tilapia samtal key khaare paani mein panapate hain, lekin way lambe samay taka naheen tikenge yadi way aspas key samudra mein bhaag jaate hain.
vishal travely (carenx ignobilis) jheel key ander aur baahar aur aspas kii chattanon key saath badee sankhya mein paae jaate hain. inn aspas kii chattanon key aspas vishal travely key bahut badey namoone paae jaa sakate hain aur asthi machhali key alawa kaee machuaaron dwara unaki talash kii jaati haye.
sanrakshan aur vilupt honah.
disambar 1960 mein, british aupaniveshik pradhikaran ney 1938 key "gilbert aur ellis dweep coloney jangli pakshi sanrakshan adhyadesh" key tahat ack pakshi abhayaranya key roop mein kiritimati koo rajpatrit kiya. cook dweep, motu tabbu aur motu upua taka pahunch pratibandhit thee. kiritimati koo maee 1975 mein tatkalin swa-shaasit coloney key vanyajeev sanrakshan adhyadesh key anusaar vanyajeev abhayaranya ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. uttar paschim bindu parr engaontetech aur suity terron prajanan sthal bhee pratibandhit-pahunch kshetra bunn gaye. dou saal baad, sakriya sanrakshan upaay shuru hue.
seemit seema taka, anusandhaan yaa chhote paimaane parr paaristhitiki paryatan jaise uddeshyon key liye pratibandhit kshetron mein pravesh karane kii anumati dee jaati haye. kiribati kii vanyajeev sanrakshan ikai kiritimati vikas samiti aur sthaaniya bhoomi yojana board mein bhaag letee haye, aur vanyajeev sanrakshan aur shiksha kaa ack ekikrit karyakram maujood haye. newzealand kiritimati parr sanrakshan prayason kaa ack pramukh praayojak haye.
poorv andaa sangrah.
ateet mein badey paimaane parr bhojan key liye andaa ikattha karna aksar hotaa thaa lekin abb ise gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa haye. yeh dhyaan diyaa jaanaa chaahiye kii udaaharan key liye suity turn prabhaavi roop seey ack mausam key sabhi andon (1 karod seey adhik) key saamyik sangrah koo banaae rakh sakate hain, yadi thheek honey key liye paryaapt samay diyaa jaae aur yadi billiyaan anupasthit houn. siddhant roop mein, andey kaa sangrah bhee ack aise paimaane parr kiya jaa sakata haye joe mahange khaadya ayaat koo kaafee cumm curr detaa haye, lekin taba taka sambhav naheen haye jaba taka kii billi aur choohe kii aabaadi koo niyantran mein naheen laaya jaataa haye. avaidh shikaar ack chinta kaa vishay banaa huaa haye; jansankhya badhane aur kiritimati parr failane key saath, poorv mein doorasth pakshi upanivesh adhik sulabh hoe gaye hain; laal-poonchh vaale ushnakatibandhiya pakshi aur "soola" vishesh roop seey shikaar aur gadbadi seey buri tarah prabhaavit hain. ushnakatibandhiya pakshiyon koo mukhya roop seey unake pankhon key liye avaidh shikaar kiya jaataa haye, jinka upayog sthaaniya kalaa aur hastshilp mein kiya jaataa haye; nishchit roop seey unhein jeevit pakshiyon seey praapt karna sambhav hoga jaisa kii niyamit roop seey polynesian sabhyata kii oonchaai parr kiya jaataa thaa.
jangli billiyaan.
aisaa lugg sakata haye kii samudri pakshiyon kii poorv sankhya kewal jangli billiyon key thoke unmoolan dwara phir seey sampark kii jaa sakati haye. jabaki yeh taba seey sambhav dikhaaya gayaa haye, yeh spasht naheen haye kii billi kii aabaadi mein gambhir katauti bhee vaanchhaniya hogeeh halanki pahale yeh maanaa gayaa thaa kii chhota polynesian chuha samudri pakshiyon koo bahut cumm, yadi koee nuksan pahunchaata haye, tou ghar key choohe bhee samudri pakshi ghonsale koo khaate hain. adhikansh ghonsale banaane vaale pakshi, vishesh roop seey procellariform mein, abb "ratus exulance" dwara khatare mein padane key liye sweekaar kiye jaate hain. iss beach, kiritimati kii billiyaan, yuva samudri pakshiyon key bahut shaukeen hain; aisaa bhee lagata haye kii unakaa vyavhaar tadnusar badalata haye, billiyaan aam taur parr cumm kshetriya hoti hain, aur sakriya pakshi upaniveshon mein sankhya mein ikattha hoti hain; way aam taur parr choohe kaa shikaar karane seey bachati hain jaba samudri pakshi chooche bahutaayat mein hotey hain.
kiritimati parr ack binaa kissy stree billi koo rakhna avaidh haye, aur maalikon koo apani gharelu billiyon koo jangli bhaagne seey rokane kii aavashyakta haye (aise jaanvaron koo aamtaur parr iss uddeshya key liye jaali mein jaldi seey maar diyaa jaataa haye). raat mein billi key shikaar ney billi kii aabaadi parr bahut cumm prabhaav daala haye. jaisa kii oopar ullekh kiya gayaa haye, billiyon seey sakriya ghonsale key maidanon kii jaal aur jahar dwara jordar suraksha, shooting dwara poorak, jabaki anyatha unhein choohe kaa shikaar karane key liye akela chhodana ishtatam samadhan hoe sakata haye.
vikiran key khatare.
1950 key dashak key anta mein dweep parr kiye gaye paramanu parikshanon key paryavaraniya aur saarvajanik swaasthya prabhaav parr koee vishvasaniya detta naheen haye. 1975 key ack adhyayan mein daavaa kiya gayaa thaa kii vikiran kaa khatra bahut cumm thaa; nishchit roop seey, girawat koo safaltapurvak cumm kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki haal hii mein, newzealand key ack massie vishvavidyalaya key adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii parikshanon mein bhaag lene vaale diggajon mein gunasutra sthanantaran ausatan lagbhag teen gunaa badh gayaa haye; adhikansh praasangik detta aaj taka vargeekrit haye.
1982-1983 all neeno.
1982-1983 "mega-ell neeno" ney kiritimati parr samudri pakshiyon kii aabaadi koo tabah curr diyaa. kuchh prajaatiyon mein, mrityu darr 90 pratishat taka badh gaee aur usa samay prajanan kii safalata shoonya hoe gaee.
samanya taur parr, all neeno sthitiyon key kaaran samudri pakshiyon kii aabaadi mein girawat aaegi, shikariyon key vartamaan ghanatva parr thheek honey mein kaee saal lagenge. kiritimati parr vaishvik tapman vriddhi kaa prabhaav iss prakaar apratyaashit haye. all neeno ghatanaaen cumm hoti prateet hoti hain lekin germ jalavaayu mein adhik baar hoti hain.
jalavaayu parivartan.
havaai adda kshetra key ullekhaniya apavaad key saath dweep kii adhikansh buniyaadi sanrachana aur nivaas, leeward mein sthit haye aur iss prakaar kuchh hudd taka toofaanon seey sanrakshit haye.
samudra kaa badhata star vishesh roop seey samasyagrast naheen prateet hotaa haye; sahayak lagoon kii badhati baadh aasaani seey poorv chetavani pradaan karegi, aur "motu" koo shikariyon key liye cumm sulabh banaakar samudri pakshi aabaadi koo bhee labhanvit curr sakati haye. vaastav mein, bhoogarbhiya aankadon seey pataa chalata haye kii kiritimati ney pragaitihasik samudra star key parivartanon koo achchi tarah seey sahan kiya haye.
badalate jalavaayu key kaaran honey vaalaa sabse badaa khatra adhik lamba aur/yaa gambhir sookha prateet hotaa haye, joe dweep key parityag koo bhee badhaa sakata haye (jaisa kii 1905 mein huaa thaa). haalaanki, yeh spasht naheen haye kii mausam key pattern kaise badalenge, aur yeh hoe sakata haye kii varsha badh jaae.
vilupt hoe rhaa haye.
tuamotu sandpiper ("prosobonia cancellata") kaa prakaar namuna 1778 mein chrismus dweep parr, shayed 1 yaa 2 janwari koo, kaptan rasoiye kii yatra key dauran ekatra kiya gayaa thaa. abhiyaan key prakritivaadi villium anderson ney pakshi kaa nireekshan kiya, aur ise villium ellis (neeche link kiya gayaa) dwara chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. 18veen shatabdi key anta mein ekal namuna joseph banks key sangrah mein thaa, lekin baad mein khou gayaa yaa nasht hoe gayaa. kiritimati aabaadi key sambandh mein kuchh vargeekaran vivaad haye.
choonki sabhi "prosobonia" nivasi pakshi prateet hotey hain, joe lambi doori key pravaas koo karane key liye taiyar naheen hain, isaliye vilupt aabaadi koo naamit upa-prajaati key roop mein "prosobonia cancellata cancellata" yaa kiritimati sandpiper key roop mein ack uchit upchaar maanaa jaayega, joe dakshin-poorv mein 2,000 kimmy (1,200 meal) seey adhik jeevit tuamotu dweepon kii aabaadi seey alag haye.
yeh hoe sakata haye, lekin shayed kiritimati taka seemit naheen thaa; jabaki koee avashesh naheen milaa haye, bahut cumm fieldwork kiya gayaa haye, aur tuamotu sandpiper kii aadton koo dekhate hue, lagbhag sabhi line dweepon ney upayukt nivaas kii peshkash kii hogi.
pee" kii kiritimati jansankhya. 19veen shatabdi key shuruati bhaag mein lagbhag nishchit roop seey standhaariyon dwara pesh kiye gaye shikaar key kaaran cancellata gayab hoe gayaa. jabaki "prosonia" aam taur parr polynesian choohon key khilaf apana khud kaa prabandhan karane kaa prabandhan kartaa haye, way kaale choohe aur jangli billiyon key liye atyadhik samvedansheel hotey hain. parichay kii tarikh aur poorv kii adhikatam aabaadi key aspas kii anishchitataon koo dekhate hue, billiyaan kiritimati sandpiper key vilupt honey mein mukhya doshi prateet hoti hain.
yeh dekhate hue kii dweep pragaitihasik samay mein kuchh hudd taka buss gayaa thaa, yeh pahale seey hii pakshi prajaatiyon koo khou chuka hoga. bhoogarbhiya aankade ingit karate hain kii kiritimati bahut purana haye aur cumm seey cumm holocene mein kabhi bhee poori tarah seey paani key neeche naheen thaa; iss prakaar yeh ack baar atyadhik vishisht ardrabhoomi pakshiyon koo aashray dey sakata thaa.
kiritimati parr seemit samagr awas vividhata phir bhee iss tarah key kaalpanik vargeekaran kii seema koo seemit karati haye, jaisa kii isake doorasth sthaan key kaaran jaiv bhugol kartaa haye. cumm seey cumm ack, sambhavatah kaee "gallyrus" aur/yaa "porjana" rail sabse adhik sambhaavit ummidwar banaate hain, iss kshetra mein unaki poorv upasthiti koo dekhate hue, aur kiritimati parr sthitiyaan achchi tarah seey upayukt lagengi. shayed ack "todiramphus" kingfisher bhee maujood thaa; aisaa pakshi shayed pavitra kingfisher (tii) kaa hotaa. sanctus) samooh, kyonki vaha prajaati aaj micronesia mein ack awara key roop mein paaee jaati haye, aur sambandhit roop dakshinpurvi polynesia mein nivasi hain. yeye pakshi polynesian choohe key shikaar hoe gaye honge. kabhi-kabhi nivasi polynesian dwara shikaar karane vaale rail (joe lagbhag nishchit roop seey udaan rahit hotey) key mamle mein, aayatit choohon dwara shikaar key alawa, unake vilupt honey mein yogdan diyaa.
shiksha.
ack catholic varishth uchch vidyalaya key alawa, ack sarkari uchch vidyalaya, melengi tabai maadhyamik vidyalaya haye, joe tabuaran mein sthit haye (halanki kiribati kii sarkaar isake bajaay kiritimati parr apane parisar koo phir seey kholna chaahati thee). fraansis hyee school.

