
bauligand sanrachana

ack bauligand sanrachana plywood seey milati-julati ack parat aur ghoornit sookshm sanrachana haye, joe aksar praakritik roop seey design kii gaee samagri mein paaee jaati haye. isamen kaee lamel yaa paraten hoti hain, jinamen seey pratyek sanrekhit tantuon seey banaa hotaa haye. nikatvarti lamel koo unake padosiyon key sambandh mein uttarottar ghumaaya jaataa haye. yeh sanrachana samagri key yaantrik gunon koo badhaati haye, vishesh roop seey isake asthibhang pratirodh koo, aur shakti aur samtal samtaap koo saksham banaati haye. yeh vibhinn praakritik sanrachanaon mein paaya jaataa haye, jisamen coelacanth kaa cosmoid scale, aur mantis jheenga aur kaee anya stomatopods kaa dectil club shamil haye.
isake vaanchhaniya yaantrik gunon key kaaran, viphalata pratirodhi jaiv-prerit samagri key nirmaan mein bauligand vyavasthaon koo doharaane key prayaas jaari hain. udaaharan key liye, yeh dikhaaya gayaa haye kii iss sanrachana kaa upayog karane vaale starit yaugikon (jaise see. aff. aar. pee.) mein prabhaav gunon mein vriddhi hui haye. haalaanki, chhoti lambai key taraju parr sanrachana kii pratikriti banaana chunautipurna haye, aur vinirmaan takneekon kaa vikas aur unnati lagaatar iss vaanchhaniya sanrachana koo doharaane kii kshamata mein sudhaar karati haye.
yaantrik guna.
tantra koo majboot karna.
kaee praakritik samagriyon mein paaee jaane vaali bauligand sanrachana koo samagr samagri key liye bahut uchch kathorta aur asthibhang pratirodh pradaan karane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. jinn tantron dwara yeh kathorta hoti haye, way kaee hain, aur sanrachana kii kathorta key mukhya srot key roop mein abhee taka kissy ack tantra kii pehchaan naheen kii gaee haye. inn maargon koo nirdhaarit karane key liye computational kaary aur bhautik prayog donon kiye gaye hain jinake dwara sanrachana fracture kaa pratirodh karati haye taaki synthetic kathin bauligand sanrachanaon kaa laabh uthaaya jaa sakey.
ack yaa dusare roop key daraar vikshepan koo bauligand sanrachana mein mukhya kathor tantra maanaa jaataa haye. vikshepan daraar jhukane aur daraar pull kaa roop leey sakata haye. poorv mein, daraar fiber tala kii disha mein failati haye; matricks samagri key saath interfaces parr. ack baar jaba noke parr oorjaa chhodane kii darr paryaapt roop seey cumm hoe jaati haye, tou daraar fiber kii disha mein fail naheen sakati haye aur ise daraar pull parr jaanaa chaahiye. iss mode mein daraar kii disha mein bhaari badalaav aur prasaar key liye ack nae tala taka pahunchane key liye tantuon koo kaatna shamil haye. bauligand sanrachana mein daraar jhukane aur daraar pull key sanyojan key parinamswarup ack atyadhik vikrit aur badhee hui daraar hoti haye. yeh prasaar daraar dwara banaae gaye nae satah kshetra koo ack seedhi daraar key saapeksh naatakiya roop seey badhaane kaa kaaran banata haye; aage prasaar koo cumm aur cumm anukool banaata haye aur badale mein samagri koo sakht kartaa haye.
daraar vikshepan key alawa joe kewal ack daraar kaa kaaran banata haye aur disha badal detaa haye aur ack adhik tanga raaste kaa paalan kartaa haye, bauligand sanrachana kaee daraaron koo bhee bardasht curr sakati haye aur unhein ekjut honey seey roque sakati haye. ise kabhi-kabhi daraar modana kahaa jaataa haye.
swabhavik roop seey daraar vikshepan, jhukaav, pull aur mudanaa fracture mode kaa mishran haye. fracture mode mein opening, inn-plain shear aur out-off-plain shear shamil hain. inn tarikon kaa daraar pull, jhukaav aur mudane key madhyam seey mishran samagri dwara anubhav kiye gaye tanaav kshetron koo bahut jatil banaata haye; kissy bhee ack tukade tukade vaale tala parr bull koo nasht karane mein madad kartaa haye.
prabhaav pratirodh.
samagri mein prabhaav pratirodh samanya roop seey kathor honey seey usa darr seey alag hotaa haye jiss parr tanaav lagu kiya jaataa haye. prabhaav pareekshan mein, jiss darr parr yaa tou tanaav yaa tanaav koo namoone parr lagu kiya jaataa haye, vaha tathaakathit sthir pareekshan kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik haye. synthetic naino-cellulose filmon mein joe bauligand sanrachanaon mein banati hain, yeh dikhaaya gayaa thaa kii jaise-jaise pitch konn badhata gayaa, ghanatva jaldi seey lagbhag sthir moolya taka gir jaataa haye kyonki filmein ack-dusare parr saaf-suthare dhang seey dher karane mein saksham naheen hoti hain. yeh moolya phir seey 42 aur 60 degree key beach badhata haye aur uchch konon parr phir seey sthir hotaa haye. ghanatva mein iss kamee key saath vishisht ballistic seema wegg aur vishisht oorjaa avashoshan donon mein tej vriddhi hoti haye. 18 seey 42 degree key apekshaakrit chhote konn joe bauligand sanrachana key liye sabse cumm ghanatva seey sambandhit hain, unamen bhee behtar prabhaav pratirodh aur prabhaav pratirodh key liye banaai gaee paaramparik kritrim ardh-samasthaanik sanrachanaon kii tulanaa mein behtar oorjaa avashoshan dikhaaya gayaa haye. prabhaav pratirodh key liye konon kii yeh prayogaatmak roop seey anukoolit seema, bauligand sanrachana key praakritik udaharanon mein paae jaane vaale fiber paraton key beach konon kii seema key saath susangat haye.
bauligand sanrachana koo kadaa karane kaa ack anya saadhan katarani tarang filtering haye. bauligand sanrachana kii aavadhik aur padaanukramit prakriti, ack katarani tarang filtering prabhaav paida karati haye joe vishesh roop seey uchch teevrata vaale gatishil bhaar key dauran prabhaavi hoti haye. jaise-jaise bull lagaaya jaataa haye, katarani mein vishisht aavrittiyon koo parat sanrachana key madhyam seey sanchaarit karane kii anumati naheen haye, jisase sanchaarit urjaaon mein ack baind antar paida hotaa haye aur pranali dwara mahsoos kii jaane vaali prabhaavi oorjaa cumm hoe jaati haye. paraton kaa pitch konn, paraton kii motai, aur samagri mein maujood paraton kii sankhya, sabhi prabhaav joe aavrittiyon koo filter kiya jaataa haye.
anukoolan kshamata.
loading key dauran bauligand sanrachana key samaayojan koo chhote konn aiks-ray scattering (sax) kaa upayog karke maapa gayaa haye. dou samaayojan prabhaav collegen fibrill aur tanyata aksh key beach key konn mein parivartan aur collegen fibrill kaa khinchaav hain. chaar tantra hain jinake madhyam seey yeye samaayojan hotey hain.
si tanyata aksh aur collegen fibrill key beach key konn koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. tantra 1 aur 2 donon si koo cumm karate hain. tantra 3 aur 4 si koo badhaa sakate hain, kyonki, tantu tanyata aksh seey door chalaa jaataa haye. ack chhote seey si khinchaav key saath reshe. ack badey si key saath tantuon koo sampeedit kiya jaataa haye, kyonki nikatvarti lamela poison key anupaat key anusaar anubandh kartaa haye, joe kii tanaav anisotropy kaa ack kaary haye.
ekal banaam dohri bauligand sanrachana.
prakriti mein paaee jaane vaali sabse aam bauligand sanrachana ghumaavdaar plywood sanrachana haye jahan paraton key beach galat sanrekhan kaa ack sthir konn hotaa haye. iss sanrachana kii ack durlabh bhinnata tathaakathit "double twisted" bauligand sanrachana haye joe coelacanth mein dekhi jaati haye. yeh sanrachana kuchh nirantar galat sanrekhan konn parr ack dusare key sambandh mein mudane key liye dou ikaaiyon key dher kaa upayog karati haye. iss mamle mein inn ikaaiyon mein seey pratyek mein dou tantu paraten aisee hoti hain kii unakaa tantu abhivinyas ack dusare key lambavat hotaa haye.
ekal aur dohare mudit bauligand sanrachana key beach yaantrik antar dekhaa gayaa haye. yeh dikhaaya gayaa thaa kii dohri bauligand sanrachana adhik samanya ekal bauligand sanrachana kii tulanaa mein kathor aur kathor haye. kathorta mein vriddhi key saath lachilepan mein kamee bhee aatee haye. badhee hui taakat kaa shreya kuchh hudd taka "inter-bundle fibrill" kii sanrachana koo diyaa jaataa haye joe paraton key dher key oopar aur neeche, mudey hue fiber vimaanon key lambavat chalati haye. yeye fiber bundles antar-fiber sliding key liye aavashyak oorjaa koo bahut badhaate hue sanrachana koo ack saath rakhane mein madad karate hain. inn bandalon koo plywood key sanrekhan kii dohri muda prakriti key saath jodaa jaataa haye, joe usa disha koo badal detaa haye jisamen ack daraar pratyek parat key saath teji seey badhana chaahegi.
yeh bhee dekhaa gayaa haye kii ack sanrachana jyaadaatar ekal mudit bauligand sanrachana key samaan hoe sakati haye, lekin galat sanrekhan key gair-sthir konn key saath. yeh abhee bhee spasht naheen haye kii yeh vishesh sanrachanaatmak antar yaantrik gunon koo kaise prabhaavit kartaa haye.
prakriti mein udaaharan.
arthropods.
arthropod exoskeleton atyadhik padaanukramit haye. polysaccharide chittin fibrill fiber banaane key liye protein key saath vyavasthit hotey hain, fiber bandalon mein ekjut hoe jaate hain, aur phir bandalon koo kshaitij vimaanon mein vyavasthit kiya jaataa haye joe helicoidly roop seey dher kiye jaate hain, jisase mudey hue plywood bauligand sanrachana banati haye. doharaae jaane vaale bauligand sanrachanaaen bahirgaman aur antahgaman kaa nirmaan karati hain. donon kshetron key yaantrik gunon kaa vishleshan karane key liye bahirgaman aur antahgaman kii bauligand sanrachana mein antar mahatvapurna paae gaye hain.
arthropods mein exoskeleton hotey hain joe paryaavaran, yaantrik bhaar samarthan aur shareer kii sanrachana seey suraksha pradaan karate hain. baahari parat, jise epicatical kahaa jaataa haye, patali aur mome vaali hoti haye aur mukhya jalrodhak baadha haye. neeche procutical haye, jise shareer key mukhya sanrachanaatmak tatva key roop mein design kiya gayaa haye. procutical dou khandon seey banaa hotaa haye, baahari bhaag parr exocutical aur aantarik bhaag parr endocutical. exocutical endocutical kii tulanaa mein ghanaa hotaa haye; endocutical exoskeleton kaa lagbhag 90 pratishat bhaag banaata haye. exocutical aur endocutical donon ack bauligand sanrachana key saath banaae jaate hain.
kekade.
kekade key exoskeleton mein, calcite aur anakar calcium carbonate chittin-protein padaanukramit matricks mein jamaa khanij hain. bhed kekade ("loxorhinchun grandis") mein anya kekadon kii tarah, ack atyadhik anisotropic exoskeleton hotaa haye. kekade key bahirgaman mein (x-y) samtal bauligand lamel key beach kii doori ~ 3-5 microne haye, jabaki antargrahan mein antar-taarakiya doori bahut adhik haye, lagbhag 10-15 microne. bahirgaman kii chhoti doori key parinamswarup bahirgaman mein uchch lamel ghanatva hotaa haye. antahsraavi kii tulanaa mein bahirgaman mein kathorta kaa maap adhik hotaa haye, joe bahirgaman mein uchch khanij samagri key liye jimmedaar haye. yeh exoskeleton kii satah parr adhik ghisaav pratirodh aur kathorta detaa haye, iss prakaar kekade koo adhik suraksha detaa haye. tanaav mein, bauligand vimaan samanya bundle fracture yaa bundle prithakkaran tantra key madhyam seey whiffle hoe jaate hain. exocutical-endocutical interfaces sabse mahatvapurna kshetra haye aur aamtaur parr jahaan viphalata pahali baar hoti haye, iss interfaces parr anisotropic sanrachana aur bauligand vimaanon kii visangati aur antaral key kaaran hoti haye.
jaid-disha mein, chhidrapurna nalikaaen bollygand vimaanon key liye samanya hain joe exoskeleton mein pravesh karate hain. inn nalikaon kaa kaary moulting prakriya key dauran nae exoskeleton mein ayanon aur poshak tatvon koo leey jaanaa haye. inn nalikaon kii upasthiti, jinamen ack helical sanrachana hoti haye, tanaav key dauran ack ductile gardan kshetra mein parinam detee haye. namaniyata kii badhee hui degree kekade key exoskeleton kii kathorta koo badhaati haye.
lobster.
homarus americanus" (american lobster) ack arthropod haye jisaki exoskeleton sanrachana oopar key kekadon key samaan haye, aur endo-aur exo-cuticals kii tulanaa mein samaan rujhaanon key saath haye. lobster exoskeleton sanrachanaatmak/yaantrik gunon key liye ack mahatvapurna nott bauligand vimaanon dwara banaai gaee madhuchakra sanrachana kaa prabhaav haye. lobster mein exocutical key liye kathorta maan 8.5-9.5 gPA seey hotey hain, jabaki endocutical 3-4.5 gPA seey hotey hain. honeycomb network mein dhaal, vishesh roop seey endo-aur exo-cutical key beach key interfaces parr, sanrachanaon key beach iss visangati kaa kaaran maanaa jaataa haye.
mentis jheenga.
stomatopods mein vaksh upang hotey hain jinka upayog shikaar karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. prajaati key aadhar parr upang yaa tou bhaala jaise yaa club jaise hoe sakate hain. ack club jaise upang key saath mentis jheenga, yaa "dectil club", iska upayog molsk yaa kekadon jaise shikaar key khol koo todane key liye kartaa haye. morr kii jhingra kii ack prajaati haye jisamen ack dectile club haye. club shikaar key khilaf prahaar seey judee uchch tanaav laharon key tahat fracture kaa saamana karane mein saksham hain. yeh clubon kii bahu-kshetriya sanrachana key kaaran sambhav haye, jisamen ack kshetra shamil haye jisamen ack bauligand sanrachana shamil haye.
club key baahari, sheersh kshetra koo prabhaav kshetra kahaa jaataa haye. prabhaav kshetra aavadhik kshetron aur ack dhaaridaar kshetra kaa samarthan kartaa haye. aavadhik kshetra prabhaav kshetra key neeche, club key ander hotey hain. pattedaar kshetra club key kinaaron parr maujood haye, joe aavadhik kshetra key kinaaron key aspas haye.
prabhaav kshetra lagbhag 50 seey 70 microne motaa haye, aur atyadhik kristaliya hydroxypatite seey banaa haye. aavadhik kshetra mein ack anakar calcium carbonate charan kaa prabhutva haye. anakar khanij charan seey ghire chittin fibrill hain, joe ack bauligand sanrachana banaate hain. aavadhik kshetra kii paratdaar vyavastha tantuon key 180° ghoornan key liye pratispardha seey mell khaati haye. prabhaav kshetra kii sanrachana samaan haye, lekin ack badee pitch doori (180° ghoornan key beach kii lambai) key saath. dhaaridaar kshetra atyadhik sanrekhit samanantar chittin fiber bandalon seey banaa haye.
club appendage apani bauligand sanrachana kii aavadhikta aur cirelity key kaaran katarani tarang filtering dwara uchch teevrata key bhaar koo banaae rakh sakata haye. vinashkari daraar vriddhi dou tarikon seey baadhit hoti haye. jaba daraar kii vriddhi chittin fiber kii paraton key beach helicoidal sanrachana kaa anusaran karati haye, tou prati daraar kii lambai mein ack badaa satah kshetra utpann hotaa haye. isaliye, club prabhaav aur daraar prasaar key dauran uchch kull oorjaa kaa apavyay hotaa haye. jaba daraaren padosi paraton key madhyam seey failati hain, tou mapank dolan key kaaran vriddhi baadhit hoti haye. bauligand sanrachana mein anisotropic kathorta hoti haye, jisake parinamswarup paraton key madhyam seey ack lochdaar mapank dolan hotaa haye. samagr kshati sahishnuta mein sudhaar kiya jaataa haye, jisamen cheatin fiber abhivinyas key sambandh mein vikas kii disha key aadhar parr daraar prasaar hotaa haye.
machhali.
arapaima.
arapaima machhali key baahari taraju koo piranha key kaatane kaa virodh karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. yeh taraju kii padaanukramit vastukala key madhyam seey praapt kiya jaataa haye. taraju kaa patala honah aur unaki ativyaapi vyavastha andolan key dauran lachilepan kii anumati detee haye. yeh yeh bhee prabhaavit kartaa haye kii jaba ack shikari hamla kartaa haye tou ack ekal paimana kitna jhuk jaayega.
arapaima gigas" prajaati mein, pratyek paimaane mein dou alag-alag sanrachanaatmak kshetra hotey hain jinake parinamswarup ack paimana hotaa haye joe chhidra aur jhukane key liye pratirodhi hotaa haye. baahari parat lagbhag 0.5 mimi motee hoti haye aur atyadhik khanij hoti haye, joe ise kathin banaati haye, jisase shikari daant tootane koo badhaava milata haye. bheetari parat lagbhag 1 mimi motee hoti haye aur khanij collegen tantuon seey bunny hoti haye joe ack bauligand sanrachana mein vyavasthit hoti haye. fibrill mein, collegen anu hydroxypatite khanij nanocrystal key saath antarnihit hotey hain. collegen fibrill lagbhag 50 microne motai vaale collegen lamella kii ack parat banaane key liye usee disha mein sanrekhit hotey hain. lamelle koo abhivinyas mein ack galat sanrekhan key saath dher kiya jaataa haye, jisase ack bauligand sanrachana banati haye.
jaba ack hamale key dauran taraju jhukate hain, tou nalidar aakriti vigyaan key kaaran tanaav vitarit hotaa haye. sabse badee vikriti aantarik mool parat mein honey key liye design kii gaee haye. aantarik parat bhangur baahari parat kii tulanaa mein adhik plastic viroopan kaa samarthan curr sakati haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki bauligand sanrachana lagu balon key anukool honey key liye apani lameller paraton koo samaayojit curr sakati haye.
loading key dauran bauligand sanrachana key samaayojan koo chhote konn aiks-ray scattering (sax) kaa upayog karke maapa gayaa haye. jinn chaar tantron key madhyam seey samaayojan hotaa haye, way hain fibrill rotation, collegen fibrill stretching, fibrill key beach tanyata udghaatan aur sahanubhutipurna lamela rotation.
loading vatavaran key anukool honey vaale reshe lamel key lachilepan koo badhaate hain. yeh paimaane key jhukane key pratirodh mein yogdan detaa haye, aur isaliye asthibhang pratirodh koo badhaata haye. samagr roop seey, baahari paimaane kii parat kathor aur bhangur hoti haye, jabaki aantarik parat namaneey aur kathor hoti haye.
carp.
ack samaan bauligand sanrachana samanya carp ("cyprinus carpio") key taraju mein paaee gaee thee. arapyma kii tulanaa mein, carp taraju mein khanij samagri cumm hoti haye, jabaki tanyata pareekshan mein uchch kull oorjaa apavyay key saath-saath uchch tantu vistaaraktaa kaa pradarshan karati haye.
biomimicry.
yogaatmak vinirmaan.
yojak vinirmaan udyog kaa ack lokpriya agami roop haye joe jatil jyaamiti aur aeye. aim. bhaagon key liye advitiya pradarshan visheshtaon kii anumati detaa haye. aeye. aim. bhaagon key yaantrik gunon key saath mukhya mudda jamaa samagri kii paraton key bheetar sookshm sanrachanaatmak vishamtaon kaa parichay haye. inn doshon, jinamen chhidrata aur advitiya interfaces shamil hain, key parinamswarup workpeace kii yaantrik pratikriya kii anisotropy hoti haye, joe avaanchhaniya haye. iss anisotropic yaantrik pratikriya kaa mukabala karane key liye, ack bauligand-prerit upkaran path kaa upayog samagri koo ack mudey hue bauligand sanrachana mein jamaa karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. isake parinamswarup ack tanaav hastaantaran tantra banata haye joe tanaav vikshepan binduon key roop mein antar-parat vishamtaon kaa upayog kartaa haye, iss prakaar inn binduon parr workpeace koo majboot kartaa haye. bauligand upkaran path kaa upayog vishesh roop seey cement/syremic nikshepan mein kiya jaataa haye. bauligand seey prerit aim bhaagon koo yaantrik tanaav mein cast tatvon kii tulanaa mein behtar vyavhaar karate hue dekhaa gayaa haye.
pitch konn.
bauligand-prerit upkaran path key vikas mein ack mahatvapurna mapdand pitch konn haye. pitch konn γ vaha konn haye jiss parr helicoidal sanrachana banati haye. pitch konn kaa saapeksh aakar ack bauligand-prerit aim tool pees kii yaantrik pratikriya key liye mahatvapurna haye. γ <45° (chhote konn) key liye, antarfalak daraar vriddhi aur antarfalak sookshm daraar dekhi jaati haye. 45° <γ <90° (badey pitch konn) key liye, thhos key madhyam seey pramukh daraar vriddhi dekhi jaati haye.
battery electrode.
kekade key gole jinamen pahale seey hii bauligand sanrachana haye, unakaa upayog nanostructured battery electrode key liye template key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. kekade key gole nanostructure baitariyon key liye anyatha mahangi praarambhik samagri aur prasanskaran vidhiyon key liye ack cumm laagat vaalaa, tikaau vikalp hain. kekade key kholon mein ack bauligand sanrachana hoti haye joe atyadhik khanijit chittin tantuon seey bunny hoti haye. sanrachana kaa upayog khokhla carbon nanofiber banaane key liye ack jaiv-template key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. cathode aur anode banaane key liye vaanchhit battery samagri, aksar sulfur aur silicon, inn khokhale tantuon mein nihit hoe sakate hain.
nanocellulose filmein.
cellulose nanocrystal swayam helicoidal patali filmon mein ikattha hotey hain, paraton key beach pitch konn koo phir vilaayak prasanskaran key madhyam seey sanshodhit kiya jaa sakata haye. parinami nanocellulose filmon, jinamen ack bauligand sanrachana hoti haye, koo bhautik gunon parr vibhinn prabhaav praapt karane key liye herfer kiya jaa sakata haye. yeye nanocellulose filmein prabhaav-pratirodhi, tikaau aur bahu-karyatmak hain aur inca upayog vibhinn anuprayogon jaise kii khinchaav electronics, surakshaatmak coatings, chashme aur shareer key kavach mein kiya jaa sakata haye.