
villium dha kankar

villium pratham (-9 sitambar 1087), jinhen aamtaur parr villium vijeta aur kabhi-kabhi villium kameene key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ingland key pahale norman raajaa they, jinhone 1066 seey 1087 mein apani mrityu taka shasson kiya. rollo key vanshaj, way 1035 seey normandy key duke they. 1060 taka, apani gaddi sthaapit karane key liye ack lambe sangharsh key baad, normandy parr unaki pakad surakshit thee. 1066 mein, edward dha confessor kii mrityu key baad, villium ney ingland parr aakraman kiya, jisase norman kii ack senaa ney hastings kii ladaai mein harrold godwinson kii anglo-saxon senaaon parr vijay praapt kii, aur baad mein angreji vidrohon koo dabaa diyaa, jise norman vijay key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. unakaa shesh jeevan ingland aur unaki mahadvipiya bhoomi parr apani pakad koo majboot karane key liye sanghrshon aur apane sabse badey bete, robbert carthos key saath kathinaaiyon seey chihnit thaa.
villium normandy key avivaahit duke robbert pratham aur unaki malkin harleva kaa betaa thaa. unake pitaa key uttaradhikari banane key baad unaki avaidh sthiti aur unaki yuvavastha ney unake liye kuchh kathinaaiyaan paida keen, saath hii arajakta ney bhee joe unake shasson key pahale varshon mein utpann hui thee. unake bachpan aur kishoravastha key dauran, norman abhijaat varg key sadasyon ney baal duke key niyantran aur apane uddeshyon key liye ack-dusare seey ladaai kii. 1047 mein, villium ack vidroh koo samaapt karane mein saksham thaa aur duchy parr apana adhikaar sthaapit karna shuru curr diyaa, ack aisee prakriya joe lagbhag 1060 taka poori naheen hui thee. 1050 key dashak mein flanders kii matilda key saath usaki shaadi ney usey flanders key padosi county mein ack shaktishali sahayogi pradaan kiya. apani shaadi key samay taka, villium norman church mein apane samarthakon kii bishap aur mathadhishon key roop mein niyukti kii vyavastha karane mein saksham they. unake satta key samekan ney unhein apane kshitij kaa vistaar karane kii anumati dee, aur unhone 1062 taka maine key padosi county parr niyantran hassil curr liya.
1050 key dashak aur 1060 key dashak kii shuruat mein, villium ingland key simhaasan key liye ack davedar bunn gaye, joe nihsantaan edward dha confessor key paas thaa, jise ack baar unake pahale chachere bhaai ney hataa diyaa thaa. anya sambhaavit davedar they, jinamen shaktishali angrej earl harrold godwinson bhee shamil they, jinhen edward ney janwari 1066 mein apani mrityushayya parr raajaa key roop mein naamit kiya thaa. yeh tark dete hue kii edward ney pahale unhein simhaasan kaa vaadaa kiya thaa aur harrold ney apane daave kaa samarthan karane kii shapath lii thee, villium ney ack badey bede kaa nirmaan kiya aur sitambar 1066 mein ingland parr aakraman kiya. unhone 14 octuber 1066 koo hassing kii ladaai mein nirnaayak roop seey harold koo haraaya aur maar daala. aage key sainya prayason key baad, villium koo chrismus key dinn, 1066 mein landan mein raajaa kaa taaj pahanaaya gayaa. unhone normandy lautane seey pahale 1067 kii shuruat mein ingland key shasson kii vyavastha kii. isake baad kaee asafal vidroh hue, lekin villium kii pakad 1075 taka ingland parr adhik surakshit thee, jisase unhein apane shasankal kaa badaa hissa mahadvipiya europe mein bitaane kaa mauka milaa.
villium key antim varshon mein unake mahadvipiya kshetron mein kathinaaiyaan, unake bete robbert key saath pareshaaniyan aur danes dwara ingland parr aakraman kii dhamki thee. 1086 mein, unhone "gumbad pustak" key sankalan kaa adesh diyaa, ack sarvekshan jisamen ingland mein sabhi bhoomi-swaamitvon koo unake poorv-vijay aur vartamaan dharakon key saath soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa. sitambar 1087 mein uttari france mein ack abhiyaan kaa netritva karate hue unaki mrityu hoe gaee aur unhein caine mein dafnaya gayaa. ingland mein unake shasankal mein mahalon kaa nirmaan, bhoomi parr ack nae samanya kuleen varg koo basaane aur angreji paadari varg kii sanrachana mein parivartan huaa. unhone apane kshetron koo ack samrajya mein ekikrit karane kii koshish naheen kii, lekin pratyek bhaag koo alag-alag prashaasit karna jaari rakhaa. unaki mrityu key baad unaki bhoomi vibhajit curr dee gaeeh normandy robbert key paas gayaa, aur ingland unake dusare jeevit bete, villium rufus key paas gayaa.
prishthabhoomi.
nausainikon ney pahali baar 8veen shatabdi key anta mein normandy mein chhaapa maarnaa shuru kiya. sthaayi scandinavian basti 911 seey pahale hui thee, jaba wiking netaaon mein seey ack, rollo aur france key raajaa charles, ack sadharan, ruen county koo rollo koo saunpane key liye ack samjhaute parr pahunche. ruen key aspas kii bhoomi baad mein normandy key duchy kaa mool bunn gaee. normandy kaa upayog ack aadhar key roop mein kiya gayaa hoga jaba 10 veen shatabdi key anta mein ingland parr scandinavian hamalon koo navinikrit kiya gayaa thaa, jisase ingland aur normandy key beach sambandh bigad gaye honge. mamalon mein sudhaar key prayaas mein, raajaa athelred ney 1002 mein normandy key duke richard dwiteeya kii bahan emma koo apani doosari patni key roop mein liya.
ingland parr dennish hamale jaari rahey, aur athelred ney richard seey madad maangi, 1013 mein normandy mein sharan lii, jaba denmark key raajaa swen pratham ney athelred aur usake parivaar koo ingland seey bhagaa diyaa. 1014 mein swen kii mrityu ney athelred koo ghar lautane kii anumati dee, lekin swen key bete ney athelred kii vaapsee kaa virodh kiya. athelred kii 1016 mein apratyaashit roop seey mrityu hoe gaee, aur koonat ingland kaa raajaa bunn gayaa. athelred aur emma key dou bete, edward aur alfred, normandy mein nirvaasan mein chaley gaye, jabaki unaki maan, emma, koonat kii doosari patni bunn gaeen.
1035 mein koonat kii mrityu key baad, angreji simhaasan unaki pahali patni seey unake bete herold hairfoot key haathon gir gayaa, jabaki emma seey unakaa betaa harthconnet denmark mein raajaa bunn gayaa. ingland asthir rhaa. alfred 1036 mein apani maan seey milane aur shayed raajaa key roop mein herold koo chunauti dene key liye ingland laut aae. ack kahani alfred kii baad kii mrityu mein wessex key earl godwin koo nihit karati haye, lekin anya herold koo doshi thaharaate hain. emma 1040 mein herold kii mrityu key baad harthconnet key raajaa banane taka flanders mein nirvaasan mein chully gaeen, aur unake sautele bhaai edward ney harthconnet key baad ingland kii yatra kii; juuna 1042 mein harthconnet kii mrityu key baad edward koo raajaa ghoshit kiya gayaa.
praarambhik jeevan.
villium kaa janm 1027 yaa 1028 mein falais, normandy key duchy mein huaa thaa, sambhavatah 1028 key anta mein. vaha richard dwiteeya key bete robbert pratham key iklaute bete they. unaki maan harleva falais key fulbert kii betty theen; way ack charmkaar yaa lape banaane vaale hoe sakate hain. harleva sambhavatah ducal parivaar kii sadasya thee, lekin usane robbert seey shaadi naheen kii. baad mein unhone harluin dee contexville seey shaadi kii, jinase unake dou bete they-odo off bayox aur count robbert off morton-aur ack betty jiska naam agyaat haye. harlava key bhaaiyon mein seey ack, walter, apane alpamat key dauran villium key samarthak aur rakshak bunn gaye. robbert pratham kii ack betty bhee thee, adelide, ack anya malkin seey.
6 agast 1027 koo robbert pratham ney apane badey bhaai richard tritiya kaa uttaradhikari key roop mein duke key roop mein padbhar sambhala. uttaradhikar koo laker bhaaiyon key beach matbhed they aur richard kii mrityu achaanak hoe gaee thee. robbert parr kuchh lekhakon ney richard kii hatyaa kaa aarop lagaaya thaa, joe ack prashansaniya lekin abb apramaanit aarop haye. normandy mein sthitiyaan asthir theen, kyonki kuleen parivaaron ney church koo loot liya aur britney key alaan III ney sambhavatah niyantran karane key prayaas mein duchy key khilaf yuddh chhed diyaa. 1031 taka robbert koo raeeson seey kaafee samarthan milaa thaa, jinamen seey kaee villium key jeevan key dauran pramukh bunn gaye they. inmein duke key chaacha robbert, ruen key archbishop, jinhone mool roop seey duke kaa virodh kiya thaa, shamil they; ausburn, gunner kaa bhatija, richard pratham kii patni; aur gilbert off brion, richard pratham kaa potaa. apane rajyarohan key baad, robbert ney angreji rajkumar edward aur alfred key liye samanya samarthan jaari rakhaa, joe abhee bhee uttari france mein nirvaasan mein they.
aise sanket hain kii robbert kaa kuchh samay key liye king koonat kii betty seey vivaah huaa hoga, lekin koee vivaah naheen huaa. yeh spasht naheen haye kii kyaa villium koo ducal uttaradhikar mein pratisthaapit kiya gayaa hotaa yadi robbert kaa ack vaidh putra hotaa. pahale key duke avaidh they, aur ducal charter parr apane pitaa key saath villium key judaav seey sanket milata haye kii villium koo robbert kaa sabse sambhaavit uttaradhikari maanaa jaataa thaa. 1034 mein duke ney jerusalam kii tirthayatra parr jaane kaa faisala kiya. haalaanki unake kuchh samarthakon ney unhein yatra karane seey rokane kii koshish kii, lekin unhone janwari 1035 mein ack parishad bulaai aur ikattha hue norman magneton seey villium koo unake uttaradhikari key roop mein shapath dilaaee. julaai kii shuruat mein neesa mein normandy lautate samay unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
duke off normandy.
chunauti.
villium koo duke banane parr kaee chunautiyon kaa saamana karna padaa, jisamen unakaa avaidh janm aur unaki yuvavastha shamil theeh sakshya ingit karate hain kii vaha usa samay saat yaa aathh saal key they. unhein apane chaacha, archbishop robbert key saath-saath france key raajaa heinry pratham kaa samarthan praapt thaa, jisase way apane pitaa key duchy mein safal hoe sakey. 1036 mein nirvaasit angreji rajkumaron koo ingland lautane key unake prayaas mein diyaa gayaa samarthan darshaata haye kii nae duke key abhibhaavak apane pitaa kii neetiyon koo jaari rakhane kaa prayaas curr rahey they, lekin march 1037 mein archbishop robbert kii mrityu ney villium key mukhya samarthakon mein seey ack koo hataa diyaa, aur normandy mein sthitiyaan jaldi hii arajakta mein aaa gaeen.
duchy mein arajakta 1047 taka chully, aur yuva duke kaa niyantran satta key liye sangharsh karane vaalon kii prathmiktaon mein seey ack thaa. sabse pahale, britney key ellen key paas duke kii hirasat thee, lekin jaba 1039 key anta yaa octuber 1040 mein ellen kii mrityu hoe gaee, tou bryan key gilbert ney villium kaa karyabhar sambhala. gilbert koo maheenon key bheetar maar diyaa gayaa thaa, aur ack anya abhibhaavak, turchell, bhee gilbert kii mrityu key samay maaraa gayaa thaa. ack aur sanrakshak, ausburn, 1040 key dashak kii shuruat mein villium key kaksh mein maare gaye they, jaba duke sou rhaa thaa. aisaa kahaa jaataa thaa kii villium key maama walter koo kabhi-kabhi yuva duke koo kisaanon key gharon mein chhipaane key liye majboor kiya jaataa thaa, halanki yeh kahani vyavasthit jeevan-shally seey ack alankaran hoe sakati haye. itihaaskaar eleanor searl kaa anuman haye kii villium kaa paalan-poshan teen chachere bhaaiyon key saath huaa thaa joe baad mein unake currier mein mahatvapurna bunn gaye-villium fitzosburn, roser dee beamont aur montgomeri key roser. haalaanki villium key alpasankhyak key dauran kaee norman kuleen apane niji yuddhon aur jhagadon mein lagey hue they, wiscount ney abhee bhee ducal sarkaar koo sweekaar kiya, aur church kaa padanukram villium kaa samarthan kartaa thaa.
raajaa heinry ney yuva duke kaa samarthan karna jaari rakhaa, lekin 1046 key anta mein villium key virodhi nichale normandy mein kendrit ack vidroh mein ack saath aae, jiska netritva bargandi key vyakti ney nigel, cotentin key wiscount aur besin key ranalf wiscount key samarthan seey kiya. aisee kahaaniyon key anusaar jinamen pauranik tatva hoe sakate hain, valogness mein villium koo jabt karane kaa prayaas kiya gayaa thaa, lekin vaha raajaa heinry key paas sharan lete hue andhere kii aadh mein bhaag gayaa. 1047 kii shuruat mein heinry aur villium normandy laut aae aur caine key paas wall-aiss-teelon kii ladaai mein vijayi hue, halanki vaastavik ladaai key kuchh vivaran darj kiye gaye hain. villium off poetiers ney daavaa kiya kii ladaai mukhya roop seey villium key prayason key madhyam seey jeeti gaee thee, lekin pahale key vivaranon mein daavaa kiya gayaa haye kii raajaa heinry key logon aur netritva ney bhee ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai thee. villium ney normandy mein satta grahan kii, aur yuddh key turant baad varsh key una dinon koo seemit karke yuddh aur hinsa koo seemit karane key prayaas mein, jiss parr ladaai kii anumati dee gaee thee, apane poore duchy mein bhagwan key sangharsh viram kii ghoshana kii. haalaanki vail-aiss-teelon kii ladaai ney duchy parr villium key niyantran mein ack mahatvapurna modd koo chihnit kiya, lekin kuleenata parr apana adhikaar hassil karane key unake sangharsh kaa anta naheen thaa. 1047 seey 1054 kii avadhi mein lagbhag nirantar yuddh dekhaa gayaa, jisamen 1060 taka cumm sankat jaari rahey.
shakti kaa ekikaran.
villium key agale prayaas bargandi key vyakti key khilaf they, joe bryan mein apane mahal mein peechhe hutt gayaa, jise villium ney gher liya thaa. ack lambe prayaas key baad, duke 1050 mein usa vyakti koo nirvaasit karane mein safal rhaa. anjou, geophrey martel kii ginati kii badhati shakti koo sambodhit karane key liye, villium raajaa heinry key saath unake khilaf ack abhiyaan mein shamil hoe gayaa, joe donon key beach antim gyaat sahyog thaa. way ack angivin kille parr kabja karane mein safal rahey lekin bahut cumm hassil kiya. geophrey ney maine county mein apane adhikaar kaa vistaar karane kaa prayaas kiya, vishesh roop seey 1051 mein maine key hyug IV kii mrityu key baad. maine key niyantran key liye belem parivaar kii holdings theen, joe maine aur normandy kii seema parr belem rakhate they, saath hii saath alencon aur domfront key kille bhee they. belem kaa adhipati france kaa raajaa thaa, lekin domfront geophrey martel key adhipati key adheen thaa aur duke villium alencon kaa adhipati thaa. belem parivaar, jinaki bhoomi kaafee ranneetik roop seey unake teen alag-alag adhipati key beach rakhee gaee thee, unamen seey pratyek koo dusare key khilaf khelane aur apane liye aabhaasi swatantrata praapt karane mein saksham they.
hyug off maine kii mrityu parr, geophrey martel ney villium aur raajaa heinry dwara ladey gaye ack kadam mein maine parr kabja curr liya; antatah, way geophrey koo county seey bhagaane mein safal rahey, aur iss prakriya mein, villium alencon aur domfront mein beleme parivaar key gadhon koo apane liye surakshit karane mein saksham hoe gaye they. iss prakaar vaha belem parivaar parr apana prabhutva sthaapit karane mein saksham thaa aur unhein samanya hiton key saath lagaatar kaary karane key liye majboor kartaa thaa. haalaanki, 1052 mein raajaa aur geophrey martel ney villium key khilaf ack hii samay mein aam mudda banaaya jaba kuchh norman raeeson ney villium kii badhati shakti kaa virodh karna shuru curr diyaa. heinry kaa saamana shayed normandy parr prabhutva banaae rakhane kii ichcha seey prerit thaa, joe abb villium kii apani duchy parr badhati mahaarat seey khatare mein thaa. villium 1053 key dauran apane hii raeeson key khilaf sainya kaarravaai mein lagey rahey, saath hii saath ruen key nae archbishop, maugar key saath bhee.
farwari 1054 mein raajaa aur norman vidrohiyon ney duchy parr dohra aakraman shuru kiya. heinry ney averax county key madhyam seey mukhya bull kaa netritva kiya, jabaki raajaa key bhaai odo key tahat dusare wing ney purvi normandy parr aakraman kiya. villium ney apani senaa koo dou samoohon mein vibhajit karke aakraman kaa saamana kiya. pahala, jiska unhone netritva kiya, heinry kaa saamana kiya. doosara, jisamen kuchh loga shamil they joe villium key dridh samarthak bunn gaye, jaise kii robbert, count off eu, walter gifford, roser off mortmer aur villium dee warren, ney anya aakramankari bull kaa saamana kiya. iss doosari senaa ney martemer kii ladaai mein aakramankariyon koo haraaya. donon akramanon koo samaapt karane key alawa, ladaai ney duke key church key samarthakon koo archbishop maugar koo apadasth karane kii anumati dee. iss prakaar mortemer ney duchy parr villium key badhate niyantran mein ack aur mahatvapurna modd koo chihnit kiya, halanki francisi raajaa key saath unakaa sangharsh aur anjo kii ginati 1060 taka jaari rahee. heinry aur geophrey ney 1057 mein normandy parr ack aur aakraman kaa netritva kiya, lekin varaville kii ladaai mein villium seey haar gaye. villium key jivankal key dauran yeh normandy kaa antim aakraman thaa. 1058 mein, villium ney drakes county parr aakraman kiya aur tillires-sur-evre aur thimmert parr kabja curr liya. heinry ney villium koo hataane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin thimmert kii gherabandi heinry kii mrityu taka dou saal taka chully. 1060 mein count geophrey aur raajaa kii mrityu ney villium kii or shakti santulan mein badalaav koo majboot kiya.
villium key paksh mein ack kaarak thaa kii unaki shaadi flanders kii matilda seey hui, joe flanders key count baldwyn banaam kii betty thee. sangh kii vyavastha 1049 mein kii gaee thee, lekin pope leo ney octuber 1049 mein reims kii parishad mein shaadi parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. phir bhee shaadi 1050 key dashak kii shuruat mein kuchh samay key liye aage badhee, sambhavatah pope dwara binaa kissy manjuri key. ack dair seey praapt srot key anusaar jise aam taur parr vishvasaniya naheen maanaa jaataa thaa, 1059 taka pope kii manjuri surakshit naheen thee, lekin 1050 key dashak mein pope-samanya sambandh aam taur parr achche they, aur samanya paadari binaa kissy ghatana key 1050 mein rome jaane mein saksham they, yeh shayed pahale seey hii surakshit thaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii vivaah kii pope kii manjuri key liye caine mein dou mathon kii sthaapana kii aavashyakta thee-ack villium dwara aur ack matilda dwara. villium kii sthiti koo majboot karane mein vivaah mahatvapurna thaa, kyonki flanders adhik shaktishali fraansisi kshetron mein seey ack thaa, jiska fraansisi shaahi gharaane aur german samraton seey sambandh thaa. samkaaleen lekhakon ney iss shaadi koo safal maanaa, jisase chaar bete aur paanch yaa chhah betiyaan paida huin.
roop aur charitra.
villium kaa koee pramanik chitra naheen milaa haye; bayox tapestry aur unaki muharon aur sikkon parr unake samkaaleen chitran unake adhikaar kaa daavaa karane key liye design kiye gaye paaramparik pratinidhitva hain. pett kii aavaaz key saath ack bhaari aur majboot upasthiti key kuchh likhit vivaran hain. way budhaape taka utkrisht swaasthya kaa anand lete they, halanki baad key jeevan mein way kaafee motey hoe gaye. vaha dhanush kheenchane key liye paryaapt majboot thaa jise dusare kheenchane mein asamarth they aur unamen bahut adhik sahanshakti thee. geophrey martel ney unhein ack yoddha aur ack ghudsavaar key roop mein varnit kiya. villium kii feimer kii jaanch seey pataa chalaa kii usaki ekmatra huddy bachee hui thee jaba usake baaki avashesh nasht hoe gaye they, jisase pataa chalaa kii vaha lagbhag oonchaai mein thaa.
1030 key dashak key anta aur 1040 key dashak kii shuruat mein villium key liye dou shikshakon key record hain, lekin unaki saahityik shiksha kaa vistaar spasht naheen haye. unhein lekhakon key sanrakshak key roop mein naheen jaanaa jaataa thaa, aur iss baat key bahut cumm pramaan hain kii unhone chhatravritti yaa anya bauddhik gatividhiyon koo praayojit kiya thaa. ordrick whiteliss record kartaa haye kii villium ney jeevan mein dair seey purani angreji padhana seekhane kii koshish kii, lekin vaha prayaas mein paryaapt samay dene mein asamarth they aur jaldi hii haar maan gaye. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii villium kaa mukhya shauk shikaar thaa. matilda key saath unaki shaadi kaafee snehi prateet hoti haye, aur iss baat key koee sanket naheen hain kii vaha unake prati bevafa thaa-ack madhyayugeen samrat mein asamanya. madhyayugeen lekhakon ney villium kii unake lalach aur krurta key liye aalochana kii, lekin samkaaleenon dwara unaki vyaktigat dharmanishtha kii saarvbhaumik roop seey prashansa kii gaee.
samanya prashaasan.
villium key tahat norman sarkaar usa sarkaar key samaan thee joe pahale key duke key tahat maujood thee. yeh ack kaafee saral prashaasnik pranali thee, joe ducal gharaane key aspas banaai gaee thee, jisamen karbhari, butler aur marshel sahit adhikaariyon kaa ack samooh shamil thaa. duke ney charter kii pushti karate hue aur rajaswa ekatra karate hue duchy key chaaron or lagaatar yatra kii. adhikansh aaya ducal bhoomi key saath-saath toll aur kuchh karon seey aatee thee. yeh aaya ghar key vibhagon mein seey ack, kaksh dwara ekatra kii gaee thee.
villium ney apani duchy mein church key saath ghanishth sambandh banaae. unhone church parishadon mein bhaag liya aur norman episcopate mein kaee niyuktiyaan keen, jinamen maurilius kii ruen key archbishop key roop mein niyukti bhee shamil thee. ack anya mahatvapurna niyukti villium key sautele bhaai, odo kii thee, joe 1049 yaa 1050 mein bayox key bishap key roop mein they. unhone salah key liye paadari varg parr bhee bharosa kiya, jisamen lanfrank bhee shamil they, joe ack gair-samanya vyakti they, joe 1040 key dashak key anta mein villium key pramukh church salaahkaaron mein seey ack bunn gaye aur 1050 aur 1060 key dashak mein bhee baney rahey. villium ney church koo udaartaa seey daan diyaa; 1035 seey 1066 taka, norman abhijaat varg ney cumm seey cumm bees nae mathon kii sthaapana kii, jisamen caine mein villium key dou mathh shamil they, joe duchy mein dhaarmik jeevan kaa ack ullekhaniya vistaar thaa.
angreji aur mahadvipiya chintaaen.
aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii 1051 mein ingland key nihsantaan raajaa edward ney villium koo apane uttaradhikari key roop mein chunaa thaa. villium edward key maama, normandy key richard dwiteeya key potey they.
dee" sanskaran mein "anglo-saxon chronicle" mein kahaa gayaa haye kii villium ney 1051 key uttaraardh mein ingland kaa daura kiya, shayed uttaradhikar kii pushti karane key liye, yaa shayed villium normandy mein apani pareshaniyon key liye sahaayata praapt karane kaa prayaas curr rhaa thaa. usa samay anjou key saath yuddh mein villium key avashoshan koo dekhate hue yatra kii sambhavana cumm haye. edward kii joe bhee ichcha hoe, yeh sambhavana thee kii villium key kissy bhee daave kaa ingland key sabse shaktishali parivaar key sadasya, wessex key earl, godwin dwara virodh kiya jaayega. edward ney 1043 mein godwin kii betty edith seey shaadi kii thee aur aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii godwin edward key simhaasan parr daave key mukhya samarthakon mein seey ack they. haalaanki, 1050 taka, raajaa aur earl key beach sambandhon mein khatas aaa gaee thee, jisaki parinati 1051 mein ack sankat mein hui thee jisake kaaran godwin aur unake parivaar koo ingland seey nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss nirvaasan key dauran edward ney villium koo simhaasan kii peshkash kii thee. godwin 1052 mein sashastr balon key saath nirvaasan seey laute, aur raajaa aur earl key beach ack samjhauta huaa, earl aur unake parivaar koo unaki bhoomi parr bahaal kiya gayaa aur robbert off jumizes kii jagah lii gaee, ack norman jise edward ney canterbury key archbishop key roop mein naamit kiya thaa, aur winchester key bishap koo stiggend key saath. kissy bhee angreji srot ney archbishop robbert dwara villium koo uttaradhikar key vaade koo vyakt karane vaale ack kathit dutawas kaa ullekh naheen kiya haye, aur iska ullekh karane vaale dou norman srot, villium off jumijes aur villium off poetiers, apane kalakram mein sateek naheen hain kii yeh yatra kaba hui thee.
maine key count herbert dwiteeya kii mrityu 1062 mein hui, aur villium, jinhone apane sabse badey bete robbert koo herbert kii bahan margaret seey shaadi key liye taya kiya thaa, ney apane bete key madhyam seey county parr daavaa kiya. sthaaniya raeeson ney daave kaa virodh kiya, lekin villium ney aakraman kiya aur 1064 taka kshetra parr niyantran hassil curr liya. villium ney 1065 mein leey maine key bishparik key liye ack norman niyukt kiya. unhone apane bete robbert carthos koo bhee anjou, geophrey dha daadhi vaale key nae count koo shraddhanjali dene kii anumati dee. iss prakaar villium kii paschimi seema surakshit thee, lekin britney key saath unaki seema asurakshit rahee. 1064 mein villium ney ack abhiyaan mein britney parr aakraman kiya joe isake vivaran mein aspasht haye. haalaanki, iska prabhaav britney koo asthir karna thaa, jisase duke, connon II koo vistaar key bajaay aantarik samasyaon parr dhyaan kendrit karane key liye majboor honah padaa. 1066 mein connon kii mrityu ney normandy mein villium kii seemaon koo aur surakshit curr liya. villium koo kuchh brayton raeeson kaa samarthan praapt karke britney mein apane abhiyaan seey bhee laabh huaa, jinhone 1066 mein ingland key aakraman kaa samarthan kiya.
ingland mein, earl godwin kii mrityu 1053 mein hui aur unake bete satta mein badh rahey theh herold apane pitaa key janm key liye safal hue, aur ack anya betaa, tostig, northumbria kaa earl bunn gayaa. anya beton koo baad mein earldam diye gaeh 1057 mein purvi anglia key earl key roop mein girth aur 1055 aur 1057 key beach key samay mein kent key earl key roop mein leofwine. kuchh sroton kaa daavaa haye kii herold ney 1064 key villium key brayton abhiyaan mein bhaag liya aur abhiyaan key anta mein villium key angreji simhaasan parr daave koo banaae rakhane kii kasam khaai, lekin koee angreji srot iss yatra kii soochana naheen detaa haye, aur yeh spasht naheen haye kii yeh vaastav mein huaa thaa yaa naheen. yeh samanya prachaar hoe sakata haye jise herold koo badnam karane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, joe raajaa edward key uttaradhikari key roop mein mukhya davedar key roop mein ubhara thaa. iss beach, simhaasan key liye ack aur davedar ubhara thaa-edward nirvaasan, admond ironside kaa betaa aur athelred dwiteeya kaa potaa, 1057 mein ingland laut aaya, aur haalaanki apani vaapsee key turant baad unaki mrityu hoe gaee, lekin vaha apane saath apane parivaar koo leey aaya, jisamen dou betiyaan, margaret aur christina aur ack betaa, edger dha ethling shamil they.
1065 mein northumbria ney toastig key khilaf vidroh kiya, aur vidrohiyon ney toastig key sthaan parr earl key roop mein advin key chhote bhaai, earl off mercia, morkar koo chunaa. herold ney, shayed simhaasan key liye apani bolly mein advin aur morkar kaa samarthan hassil karane key liye, vidrohiyon kaa samarthan kiya aur raajaa edward koo toastig koo morkar seey badalane key liye raaji kiya. tostig apani patni judith key saath flanders mein nirvaasan mein chalaa gayaa, joe flanders kii ginati key baldwyn IV kii betty thee. edward beemar thaa aur 5 janwari 1066 koo usaki mrityu hoe gaee. yeh spasht naheen haye kii edward kii mrityushayya parr vaastav mein kyaa huaa thaa. edward kii jeevani "veeta edwardi" seey praapt ack kahani mein daavaa kiya gayaa haye kii unaki patni edith, herold, archbishop stigand aur robbert fitzwimark ney bhaag liya thaa aur raajaa ney herold koo apana uttaradhikari naamit kiya thaa. norman srot iss tathya parr vivaad naheen karate hain kii herold koo agale raajaa key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin way ghoshana karate hain kii herold kii shapath aur edward key simhaasan key pahale key vaade koo edward kii mrityushayya parr naheen badala jaa sakata thaa. baad mein angreji sroton ney kahaa kii herold koo ingland key paadari aur dhanadhyon dwara raajaa key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa.
ingland parr aakraman.
herold kii taiyari.
6 janwari 1066 koo edward key nae norman-shally key westminster mathh mein herold koo taaj pahanaaya gayaa thaa, halanki kuchh vivaad iss samaroh koo karane vaalon koo gherate hain. angreji sroton kaa daavaa haye kii york key archbishop aldrade ney samaroh kiya, jabaki norman sroton kaa kahana haye kii rajyabhishek stiggend dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jinhen pope dwara gair-canonical archbishop maanaa jaataa thaa. simhaasan parr herold kaa daavaa poori tarah seey surakshit naheen thaa, kyonki anya davedar they, jinamen shayed unake nirvaasit bhaai toastig bhee shamil they. norwey key raajaa herauld hardrada ney bhee raajaa magnus pratham key chaacha aur uttaradhikari key roop mein simhaasan parr daavaa kiya thaa, jinhone lagbhag 1040 mein harthacknut key saath ack samjhauta kiya thaa kii yadi magnus yaa harthacknut mein seey koee bhee uttaradhikari key binaa marr jaataa haye, tou doosara safal hoga. antim davedar normandy kaa villium thaa, jisake pratyaashit aakraman key khilaf raajaa harrold godwinson ney apani adhikansh taiyari kii.
herold key bhaai toastig ney maee 1066 mein ingland key dakshini tata parr jaanch hamale kiye, jisamen flanders key baldwyn dwara aapoorti kiye gaye bede kaa upayog karke dweep key vite parr utarane kaa prayaas kiya gayaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii toastig koo bahut cumm sthaaniya samarthan milaa thaa, aur linkenshire aur humber key paas aage key chhaapon koo koee safalata naheen millie, isaliye vaha scotland vaapas chaley gaye, jahan way kuchh samay key liye rahey. jumies key norman lekhak villium key anusaar, villium ney iss beach raajaa harrold godwinson koo villium key daave kaa samarthan karane kii apani shapath kii yaad dilaane key liye ack dutawas bheja thaa, halanki yeh dutawas vaastav mein huaa thaa yaa naheen, yeh spasht naheen haye. harrold ney villium key pratyaashit aakraman bull koo peechhe hataane key liye ack senaa aur ack bede koo ikattha kiya, adhikansh garmiyon key liye angreji channel key saath sainikon aur jahaajon koo tainaat kiya.
villium kii taiyari.
villium off poetteers ney duke villium dwara bulaaye gaye ack parishad kaa varnan kiya haye, jisamen lekhak villium key raeeson aur samarthakon key beach ingland parr aakraman kaa jokhim uthaane parr hui ack badee bahas kaa vivaran detaa haye. haalaanki kissy prakaar kii aupchaarik sabhaa shayed aayojit kii gaee thee, lekin yeh sambhavana naheen haye kii koee bahas hui, kyonki duke ney taba taka apane raeeson parr niyantran sthaapit curr liya thaa, aur ikattha hue adhikansh loga ingland kii vijay seey puraskaron key apane hisse koo surakshit karane key liye utsuk they. villium off poetteers kaa yeh bhee kahana haye kii duke ney ack pope banner key saath aakraman key liye pope alekjendar dwiteeya kii sahamati praapt kii thee. itihaaskaar ney yeh bhee daavaa kiya kii duke ney pavitra roman samrat heinry chaturth aur denmark key raajaa swen dwiteeya kaa samarthan praapt kiya. haalaanki, heinry abhee bhee nabalig thaa, aur swen key herold kaa samarthan karane kii adhik sambhavana thee, joe taba norwey key raajaa key khilaf pasina bahaane mein madad curr sakata thaa, isaliye inn daavon koo savdhani key saath maanaa jaanaa chaahiye. haalaanki alekjendar ney vijay key baad pope koo manjuri dee thee, lekin aakraman seey pahale koee anya srot pope key samarthan kaa daavaa naheen kartaa thaa. aakraman key baad kii ghatanaaen, jisamen vilyam dwara kiya gayaa praayashchit aur baad key popon dwara diye gaye bayaan shamil they, pope kii manjuri key daave koo paristhitijanya samarthan detee hain. norman mamalon seey nipatane key liye, villium ney aakraman kii avadhi key liye normandy kii sarkaar koo apani patni key haathon mein dey diyaa.
poori garmiyon mein, villium ney normandy mein ack senaa aur ack aakraman bede koo ikattha kiya. halanki villium off jumijes kaa daavaa haye kii ducal bede kii sankhya 3,000 thee, yeh spasht roop seey ack atishayokti haye, yeh shayed badaa thaa aur jyaadaatar kharonch seey banaaya gayaa thaa. halanki villium off poetteers aur villium off jumies iss baare mein asahmat hain kii bedaa kahaan banaaya gayaa thaa-poetteers kaa kahana haye kii iska nirmaan nadee key gotakhori key muhaane parr kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki jumies kaa kahana haye kii yeh sent-valery-sur-some mein banaaya gayaa thaa-donon iss baat seey sahmat hain kii yeh antatah valery-sur-some seey ravaana huaa thaa. bede mein ack aakraman bull thaa jisamen villium key apane normandy aur maine kshetron key sainikon key alawa, badee sankhya mein bhaade key sanic, sahayogi aur britney, poorvottar france aur flanders key swayamsevak shamil they, saath hii europe key anya hisson seey cumm sankhya mein. halanki senaa aur bedaa agast kii shuruat taka taiyar they, pratikool havaaon ney sitambar key anta taka jahaajon koo samanya sthiti mein rakhaa. villium kii deree key shayed anya kaaran bhee they, jisamen ingland kii khufiya reports mein khulasa kiya gayaa thaa kii herold key balon koo tata parr tainaat kiya gayaa thaa. villium ney aakraman mein deree karna taba taka pasand kiya hoga jaba taka kii vaha nirvirodh landing naheen curr paataa. herold ney apani senaa koo poori garmiyon mein satark rakhaa, lekin fasal kataai key mausam key aaney key saath unhone 8 sitambar koo apani senaa koo bhang curr diyaa.
toastig aur hardrada kaa aakraman.
sitambar 1066 mein tostig godwinson aur herauld hardrada ney northumbria parr aakraman kiya aur york key paas fulford kii ladaai mein morkar aur advin key netritva mein sthaaniya balon koo haraaya. raajaa herold koo unake aakraman kii soochana millie aur unhone 25 sitambar koo stamford brij kii ladaai mein aakramankariyon koo harakar aur toastig aur hardrada koo maar curr uttar kii or cooch kiya. norman bedaa antatah dou dinn baad ravaana huaa, 28 sitambar koo pavency khaadi mein ingland mein utaraa. villium phir poorv mein kuchh meal kii doori parr hastings mein chaley gaye, jahan unhone sanchaalan key aadhar key roop mein ack mahal kaa nirmaan kiya. vahaan seey, unhone aantarik bhaag koo tabah curr diyaa aur uttar seey herold kii vaapsee kaa intezar kiya, samudra seey door jaane seey incar curr diyaa, normandy key saath unaki sanchaar kii line.
hasting kii ladaai.
herauld hardrada aur toastig koo haraane key baad, herold ney uttar mein apani adhikansh senaa chhod dee, jisamen morkar aur advin shamil they, aur khatare mein padey norman aakraman seey nipatane key liye baaki dakshin kii or cooch kiya. unhein shayed villium key utarane key baare mein taba pataa chalaa jaba way dakshin kii yatra curr rahey they. herold landan mein ruka, aur hastings kii or cooch karane seey pahale lagbhag ack saptah taka vahaan rhaa, isaliye yeh sambhavana haye kii usane lagbhag ack saptah apane march dakshin parr bitaaya, ausatan lagbhag prati dinn, lagbhag ack saptah kii doori key liye. halanki herold ney norman koo aashcharyachakit karane kaa prayaas kiya, villium key scouts ney duke key paas angreji aagaman kii soochana dee. yuddh seey pahale kii sateek ghatanaaen aspasht hain, sroton mein virodhabhasi vivaran hain, lekin sabhi iss baat seey sahmat hain kii villium ney apane mahal seey apani senaa kaa netritva kiya aur dushman kii or badh gaye. harrold ney hastings mein villium key mahal seey lagbhag, senleck pahaadi (vartamaan yuddh, purvi sussex) kii choti parr ack rakshaatmak sthiti leey lii thee.
ladaai 14 octuber koo subah lagbhag 9 baje shuru hui aur poore dinn chully, lekin ack vyaapak ruprekha gyaat haye, lekin sroton mein virodhabhasi vivaranon seey sateek ghatnaaon koo aspasht curr diyaa gayaa haye. haalaanki donon taraf kii sankhya lagbhag barabar thee, villium key paas ghudsavaar aur paidal senaa donon they, jinamen kaee teerandaaz bhee shamil they, jabaki herold key paas kewal paidal sanic aur kuchh, yadi koee hoe, teerandaaz they. angrej sanic parvat shrinkhala key saath ack dhaal kii deewaar key roop mein baney aur shuru mein itane prabhaavi they kii villium kii senaa koo bhaari hatahaton key saath vaapas fenk diyaa gayaa. villium key kuchh brayton sanic ghabra gaye aur bhaag gaye, aur kuchh angreji sainikon ney bhaagne vaale brayton kaa peechha kiya jaba taka kii way swayam norman ghudsavaar senaa dwara hamla aur nasht naheen kiye gaye. brayton kii udaan key dauran, norman balon mein afavaahen fail gaeen kii duke maaraa gayaa thaa, lekin villium apane sainikon koo ikattha karane mein safal rhaa. ack baar phir angrejon koo peechha karane key liye aakarshit karane aur unhein norman ghudsavaar senaa dwara baar-baar kiye jaane vaale hamalon key liye ujagar karane key liye dou aur norman peechhe hatane kaa naatak kiya gayaa. upalabdh srot dopahar kii ghatnaaon key baare mein adhik bhramit hain, lekin aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii nirnaayak ghatana herold kii mrityu thee, jisake baare mein alag-alag kahaaniyan bataai gaee hain. villium off jumijes ney daavaa kiya kii herold koo duke ney maar daala thaa. biox tapestry mein herold kii maut koo aankh parr ack teer seey dikhaane kaa daavaa kiya gayaa haye, lekin yeh 12veen shatabdi kii kahaaniyon key anuroop tapestry kaa baad mein punarnirmaan hoe sakata haye jisamen herold koo sir parr ack teer key ghaav seey maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
yuddh key agale dinn, yaa tou usake kavach yaa usake shareer parr nishan key madhyam seey, herold key shareer kii pehchaan kii gaee thee. angrej mrit, jinamen herold key kuchh bhaai aur usake gharwale shamil they, yuddh key maidan mein chhod diye gaye they. herold kii maan githa thorkelsdottir ney vijayi duke koo apane bete key shareer kaa vajan soney mein rakhane kii peshkash kii, lekin usake prastaav koo aswikar curr diyaa gayaa. villium ney adesh diyaa kii shav koo samudra mein fenk diyaa jaae, lekin kyaa aisaa huaa, yeh spasht naheen haye. waltham abby, jisaki sthaapana herold ney kii thee, ney baad mein daavaa kiya kii unake shareer koo gupt roop seey vahaan dafnaya gayaa thaa.
landan kii or cooch karein.
villium koo ummeed thee kii unaki jeet key baad angrej aatmasamarpan curr denge, lekin unhone aisaa naheen kiya. isake bajaay, kuchh angreji paadari aur mahanayakon ney edger dha ethling koo raajaa key roop mein naamit kiya, halanki edger key liye unakaa samarthan kewal halka thaa. thodi dair intezar karane key baad, villium ney dover, kent key kuchh hisson aur canterbury koo surakshit kiya, saath hii winchester parr kabja karane key liye ack bull bhee bheja, jahan shaahi khajaana thaa. yeye villium key pichhale kshetron koo surakshit karate hain aur yadi aavashyakta hoe tou normandy mein unake peechhe hatane kii rekha koo bhee pakadate hain. villium ney taba landan seey themus key paar southwark kii or cooch kiya, jahan vaha navambar key anta mein pahunche. isake baad, unhone landan key dakshin aur paschim mein apani senaa kaa netritva kiya, raaste mein jalate hue. unhone antatah disambar kii shuruat mein wallingford mein them koo paar kiya. vahaan stiggend ney villium koo sharan dee, aur jaba duke jald hii berkhamstead chalaa gayaa, tou edger ethling, morkar, advin aur aldrade ney bhee sharan lii. villium ney taba ack mahal key nirmaan key liye landan mein senaa bheji; unhein chrismus key dinn 1066 mein westminster mathh mein taaj pahanaaya gayaa thaa.
samekan.
pahale kaary.
villium apane rajyabhishek key baad ingland mein rahey aur unhone deshi diggajon key beach sulah karane kii koshish kii. shesh earl-advin (mercia kaa), morkar (northumbria kaa), aur walthioff (northumpton kaa)-koo unaki bhoomi aur khitabon mein pushti kii gaee thee. walthioff kaa vivaah villium kii bhatiji judith seey huaa thaa, joe unaki sauteli bahan adelide kii betty thee, aur advin aur villium kii ack betty key beach shaadi kaa prastaav rakhaa gayaa thaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii adder ethling koo bhee bhoomi dee gaee thee. aakraman seey pahale kii tarah hii bishapon dwara church key karyalayon kaa sanchaalan jaari rhaa, jisamen gair-kanuni kalank bhee shamil thaa. lekin herold aur usake bhaaiyon key parivaaron ney apani jameen khou dee, jaisa kii kuchh anya logon ney kiya jinhone villium key khilaf ladaai ladee thee. march taka, villium normandy lautane key liye paryaapt surakshit thaa, lekin vaha apane saath stiggend, morkar, advin, edger aur walthioff leey gayaa. unhone apane sautele bhaai odo, biox key bishap koo ack anya prabhaavshaali samarthak, villium fitzosburn, joe unake poorv abhibhaavak key bete they, key saath ingland key prabhaari key roop mein chhod diyaa. donon purushon kaa naam earldam key naam parr bhee rakhaa gayaa thaa-fitzosburn seey hairford (yaa wessex) aur odo seey kent. haalaanki unhone dou norman koo samagr prabhaar mein rakhaa, lekin unhone kaee mool angreji sheriff koo banaae rakhaa. ack baar normandy mein nae angreji raajaa ruen aur facamp key mathh gaye, aur phir dou norman mathon mein nae churchon key abhishek mein bhaag liya.
jabaki villium normandy mein thaa, ack poorv sahayogi, eustes, bologne kii ginati, ney dover parr aakraman kiya lekin usey khaded diyaa gayaa. angreji pratirodh bhee shuru hoe gayaa thaa, jisamen adric jangli ney yahaan parr hamla kiya aur baahar nikalane vaale parr vidroh kiya, jahan herold kii maan geetha pratirodh kaa kendra thee. fitzosburn aur odo koo mool aabaadi koo niyantrit karna mushkil lagaa aur unhone raajya parr apani pakad banaae rakhane key liye mahal nirmaan kaa ack karyakram shuru kiya. villium disambar 1067 mein ingland laut aae aur baahar nikalane kii or badhe, jise unhone gher liya. yeh shahar 18 dinon taka chalaa aur villium key haathon mein aaney key baad unhone apana niyantran surakshit karane key liye ack mahal banaaya. iss beach herold key bete ireland key ack adde seey ingland key dakshin-paschim mein chhaapa maar rahey they. unaki senaa bristol key paas utari lekin adnoth seey haar gaee. easter taka, villium winchester mein they, jahan jald hii unaki patni matilda bhee shamil hoe gaeen, jinhen maee 1068 mein taaj pahanaaya gayaa thaa.
angreji pratirodh.
1068 mein advin aur morkar ney vidroh kiya, jise northumbria key earl ney samarthan diyaa. itihaaskaar ordrick vitilis kaa kahana haye kii advin key vidroh kaa kaaran yeh thaa kii unake aur villium kii ack betty key beach prastaavit vivaah naheen huaa thaa, lekin ack anya kaaran mein shayed hairfordshire mein fitzosburn kii badhati shakti shamil thee, jisane advin kii shakti koo prabhaavit kiya. raajaa ney advin kii bhoomi seey hocker aage badhkar vaarvik mahal kaa nirmaan kiya. advin aur morkar ney aatmasamarpan curr diyaa, lekin villium ney dakshin mein lautane seey pahale york aur nottingham mahalon kaa nirmaan karate hue york jaanaa jaari rakhaa. apani dakshin kii yatra mein, unhone linken, huntingdon aur cambridge mahalon kaa nirmaan shuru kiya. villium ney inn nae kilebandi key liye samarthakon koo prabhaari banaaya-unamen seey villium peverel nottingham mein aur heinry dee beamont vaarvik mein they. phir raajaa 1068 mein dair seey normandy laut aae.
1069 kii shuruat mein, edger dha ethling vidroh mein uthhe aur york parr hamla kiya. halanki villium york laut aaya aur ack aur mahal kaa nirmaan kiya, edger swatantra rhaa, aur sharad ritu mein vaha raajaa swen key saath juda gayaa. dennish raajaa ingland mein ack badey bede koo laker aaya thaa aur naa kewal york parr balki exeter aur shroosbury parr bhee hamla kiya thaa. york parr edger aur swen kii sanyukt senaaon ney kabja curr liya thaa. edger koo unake samarthakon dwara raajaa ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. villium ney maine mein ack mahadvipiya vidroh kii andekhi karate hue teji seey pratikriya vyakt kii, aur chrismus key dinn 1069 koo york key khandharon mein prateekaatmak roop seey apana mukut pahana. phir vaha danes koo khareedane key liye aage badhe. vaha tease nadee kii or badhaa, graameen ilaakon koo tabah curr diyaa. edger, apana bahut adhik samarthan khone key baad, scotland bhaag gayaa, jahan raajaa malcum tritiya kaa vivaah edger kii bahan margaret seey huaa thaa. vidroh mein shamil honey vaale walthioff ney gospatric key saath aatmasamarpan curr diyaa aur donon koo apani bhoomi banaae rakhane kii anumati dee gaee. lekin villium kaa kaam puuraa naheen huaa thaa; unhone sardiyon key dauran painin key oopar seey cooch kiya aur chester aur stafford mahalon key nirmaan seey pahale shroosbury mein shesh vidrohiyon koo haraaya. yeh abhiyaan, jisamen graameen ilaakon key usa hisse koo jalaana aur nasht karna shamil thaa, jisase shaahi senaayen gujarati theen, aamtaur parr "uttar kii harring" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye; yeh aprail 1070 taka samaapt hoe gayaa thaa, jaba villium ney winchester mein easter key liye aupchaarik roop seey apana mukut pahana thaa.
church key mamle.
1070 mein winchester mein, villium ney teen pope uttaradhikariyon-johnn minutus, peater aur saayan key ermanfried seey mulakat kii, jinhen pope dwara bheja gayaa thaa. easter darbar key dauran uttaradhikariyon ney aupchaarik roop seey villium kaa taaj pahanaaya. itihaaskaar david bates iss rajyabhishek koo villium kii vijay key liye aupchaarik pope "anumodan kii muhar" key roop mein dekhate hain. isake baad raajaa aur uttaradhikari angreji church mein sudhaar aur punargathan key liye samarpit church sambandhi parishadon kii ack shrinkhala aayojit karane key liye aage badhe. stigand aur unake bhaai, elham key bishap athelmer koo unake bishap seey apadasth curr diyaa gayaa thaa. easter key paas aayojit parishad mein aur whitson key paas aayojit ack aur parishad mein kuchh deshi mathadhishon koo bhee apadasth curr diyaa gayaa thaa. whitson parishad ney canterbury key nae archbishop key roop mein lanfrank kii niyukti dekhi, aur thomas off biox koo york key nae archbishop key roop mein, aldrade kii jagah lene key liye, jinaki sitambar 1069 mein mrityu hoe gaee thee. villium key sautele bhaai odo key shayed canterbury mein niyukt honey kii ummeed thee, lekin villium shayed parivaar key kissy sadasya koo itani shakti naheen denaa chaahte they. niyukti kaa ack anya kaaran lanfrank koo niyukt karane key liye pope shasson kaa dabaav hoe sakata haye. padchyut bishapon aur mathadhishon koo badalane key liye norman paadari niyukt kiye gaye they, aur prakriya key anta mein, kewal dou mool angreji bishap karyalaya mein baney rahey, saath hii edward dha confessor dwara niyukt kaee mahadvipiya paadari bhee. 1070 mein villium ney yuddh mathh kii bhee sthaapana kii, joe yuddh key sthal parr ack nayaa mathh thaa, aanshik roop seey yuddh mein mauton key liye praayashchit key roop mein aur aanshik roop seey mritakon key smaarak key roop mein. 1080 mein lillebone mein aayojit ack church parishad mein, unhein norman church parr apane antim adhikaar mein pushti kii gaee thee.
ingland aur mahadweep mein pareshaaniyan.
denmark key hamale aur vidroh.
haalaanki swen ney ingland chhodane kaa vaadaa kiya thaa, lekin vaha 1070 kii shuruat mein vaapas aaya, humber aur purvi anglia key saath ellie dweep kii or chhaapa maaraa, jahan vaha ack sthaaniya thagan key saath juda gayaa. isake baad kii senaaon ney pieterboro abby parr hamla kiya, jise unhone pakad liya aur loot liya. villium 1070 mein swen aur apane bede key prasthaan koo surakshit karane mein saksham thaa, jisase vaha maine mein pareshaniyon seey nipatane key liye mahadweep mein lautane mein saksham thaa, jahaan 1069 mein leey maine shahar ney vidroh kiya thaa. ack aur chinta julaai 1070 mein flanders key count baldwyn VI kii mrityu thee, jisake kaaran uttaradhikar sankat paida hoe gayaa kyonki unaki vidhwa, richilde, apane dou chhote beton, arnalf aur baldwyn key liye shasson curr rahee thee. unake shasson kaa mukabala baldwyn key bhaai robbert ney kiya thaa. richilde ney villium fitzosburn koo shaadi kaa prastaav rakhaa, joe normandy mein they, aur fitzosburn ney sweekaar curr liya. lekin farwari 1071 mein casal kii ladaai mein maare jaane key baad, robbert ginati mein aaa gaye. vaha mahadweep parr raajaa villium kii shakti key khilaf thaa, iss prakaar casal kii ladaai ney uttari france mein shakti key santulan koo kharaab curr diyaa aur saath hii villium koo ack mahatvapurna samarthak key roop mein bhee nuksan pahunchaaya.
1071 mein villium ney uttar key antim vidroh koo haraaya. earl advin koo usake hii logon ney dhokha diyaa aur maar daala, jabaki villium ney ellie dweep koo vash mein karane key liye ack pull kaa nirmaan kiya, jahan aage wake aur morkar chhipe hue they. isake baad vaha bhaag gayaa, lekin murdaghar koo pakad liya gayaa, usake adhikaar seey vanchit curr diyaa gayaa aur kaid curr liya gayaa. 1072 mein villium ney malcum koo harakar scotland parr aakraman kiya, jisane haal hii mein ingland key uttar parr aakraman kiya thaa. villium aur malcum ebernethy kii sandhi parr hastakshar karke shaanti key liye sahmat hue, aur malcum ney shayed shaanti key liye bandhak key roop mein apane bete dunken koo chhod diyaa. shayed sandhi kii ack aur shart edger dha ethling koo malcum key darbar seey nishkaasit karna thaa. villium ney taba mahadweep kii or apana dhyaan kendrit kiya, 1073 kii shuruat mein normandy lautkar, anjou kii ginati, phulk leey rechin dwara maine key aakraman seey nipatane key liye. ack twarit abhiyaan key saath, villium ney 30 march 1073 taka abhiyaan koo puuraa karate hue, phulk kii senaa seey leey maine koo jabt curr liya. isase uttari france mein villium kii shakti adhik surakshit hoe gaee, lekin flanders kii naee ginati ney edger dha ethling koo apane darbar mein sweekaar curr liya. robbert ney apani sauteli bahan bertha seey france key raajaa phillip pratham seey bhee shaadi kii, joe samanya shakti key virodhi they.
villium 1073 mein apani senaa koo seva seey mukt karane key liye ingland laut aae, lekin jaldi hii normandy laut aae, jahan unhone 1074 kaa puuraa samay bitaaya. unhone ingland koo apane samarthakon key haathon mein chhod diyaa, jisamen richard fitzgilbert aur villium dee warren key saath-saath lanfrank bhee shamil they. villium kii poore ack saal key liye ingland chhodane kii kshamata iss baat kaa sanket thee kii unhone mahsoos kiya kii raajya parr unakaa niyantran surakshit thaa. jaba villium normandy mein thaa, edger ethling flanders seey scotland laut aaya. francisi raajaa ney villium kii shakti kaa virodh karane vaalon key liye dhyaan kendrit karane kii maang karate hue, taba prastaav rakhaa kii edger koo channel parr montrail-sur-meir kaa mahal diyaa jaae, jisase edger koo villium key khilaf ack ranneetik laabh mill sakata thaa. haalaanki, isake turant baad edger koo villium key saamane aatmasamarpan karane key liye majboor honah padaa, aur vaha villium key darbar mein laut aaya. phillip, halanki iss prayaas mein whiffle hoe gayaa, lekin apana dhyaan britney kii or modd diyaa, jisase 1075 mein vidroh huaa.
earl kaa vidroh.
1075 mein, villium kii anupasthiti key dauran, norphoke key earl raalf dee gell aur hairford key earl roser dee bratuil ney "earles key vidroh" mein villium koo ukhaad fenkane kii sajish rachee. ralf cumm seey cumm aanshik brayton they aur unhone 1066 seey pahale apana adhikansh jeevan britney mein bitaaya thaa, jahan unake paas abhee bhee jameenen theen. roser villium fitzosburn key bete they, lekin unhein apane pitaa kii tulanaa mein cumm adhikaar viraasat mein milaa thaa. aisaa lagata haye kii ralf kaa adhikaar bhee poorvavarti shasson mein unake poorvavartiyon kii tulanaa mein cumm thaa, aur sambhavatah vidroh mein unaki bhagidari kaa kaaran yahee thaa.
vidroh kaa sahee kaaran spasht naheen haye, lekin yeh ralf kii shaadi mein roser key ack rishtedaar key saath shuru kiya gayaa thaa, joe exoning inn safolk mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. walthioff, northumbria kaa earl, halanki villium key pasandida mein seey ack thaa, isamen shamil thaa, aur kuchh brayton lords they joe ralf aur roser key samarthan mein vidroh karane key liye taiyar they. ralf ney bhee denmark kii sahaayata kaa anurodh kiya. villium normandy mein hii rahey jabaki ingland mein unake aadmiyon ney vidroh koo vash mein curr liya. versester key bishap wolfstan aur athelwig, avatiom key mathadhish key prayason key kaaran roser yahaan key forfordshire mein apana gadh chhodane mein asamarth thaa. ralf koo norwich mahal mein odo off bayox, geophrey dee montbray, richard fitzgilbert aur villium dee warren key sanyukt prayason seey botalband kiya gayaa thaa. ralf ney antatah norwich koo apani patni key niyantran mein chhod diyaa aur ingland chhod diyaa, anta mein vaha britney mein chalaa gayaa. norwich koo gher liya gayaa aur aatmasamarpan curr diyaa gayaa, jisamen sainya-dall koo britney jaane kii anumati dee gaee. iss beach, dennish raajaa key bhaai, koonat, antatah 200 jahaajon key bede key saath ingland pahunche they, lekin unhein bahut dair hoe chuki thee kyonki norwich ney pahale hii aatmasamarpan curr diyaa thaa. isake baad danes ney ghar lautane seey pahale tata parr chhaapa maaraa. villium baad mein 1075 mein denmark key khatare seey nipatane key liye ingland laut aae, apani patni matilda koo normandy kaa prabhaari chhod diyaa. unhone winchester mein chrismus manaaya aur vidroh key baad key ghatanakram seey nipata. roser aur walthioff koo jail mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, jahan maee 1076 mein walthioff koo maar diyaa gayaa thaa. isase pahale, villium mahadweep laut aaya thaa, jahan ralf ney britney seey vidroh jaari rakhaa thaa.
desh aur videsh mein pareshaaniyan.
earl ralf ney doll mein mahal kaa niyantran hassil curr liya thaa, aur sitambar 1076 mein villium britney mein aage badhe aur mahal kii gherabandi curr lii. france key raajaa phillip ney baad mein gherabandi koo mukt curr diyaa aur 1076 mein doll kii ladaai mein villium koo haraaya, jisase unhein normandy vaapas jaane key liye majboor honah padaa. haalaanki yeh ladaai mein villium kii pahali haar thee, lekin isane cheejon koo badalane mein bahut cumm kaam kiya. 1076 yaa 1077 key anta mein maine parr ack angivin hamale koo haraaya gayaa thaa, jisamen asafal hamale mein count phulk leey rechin ghayal hoe gaye they. adhik gambhir thaa kii emines kii ginati, saiman dee crapy kii ack mathh mein sevaanivritti. bhikshu banane seey pahale, saiman ney vexin kaa apana county raajaa phillip koo saunp diyaa. vexin normandy aur francisi raajaa kii bhoomi key beach ack buffer raajya thaa, aur saiman villium kaa samarthak thaa. villium 1077 mein phillip key saath shaanti sthaapit karane mein saksham thaa aur 1077 key anta yaa 1078 kii shuruat mein count phulk key saath ack yuddhaviram hassil kiya.
1077 key anta mein yaa 1078 kii shuruat mein villium aur unake sabse badey bete, robbert key beach pareshani shuru hui. halanki ordrick vitilis ney ise robbert aur unake dou chhote bhaaiyon, villium aur heinry key beach ack jhagade key saath shuru honey key roop mein varnit kiya haye, jisamen ack kahani bhee shamil haye kii jhagada taba shuru huaa thaa jaba villium aur heinry ney robbert parr paani fenka thaa, yeh bahut adhik sambhavana haye kii robbert shaktiheen mahsoos curr rhaa thaa. ordrick kaa kahana haye kii usane pahale maine aur normandy parr niyantran kii maang kii thee aur usey aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1077 yaa 1078 mein hui pareshani key parinamswarup robbert ney yuvaaon key ack samooh key saath normandy chhod diyaa, jinamen seey kaee villium key samarthakon key bete they. unamen belem key robbert, villium dee bratuil aur richard fitzgilbert key bete roser shamil they. yuvaaon kaa yeh dall remallard key mahal mein gayaa, jahan way normandy mein chhaapa maarne key liye aage badhe. hamlaavaron koo villium key kaee mahadvipiya dushmanon kaa samarthan praapt thaa. villium ney turant vidrohiyon parr hamla kiya aur unhein puraane logon seey bhagaa diyaa, lekin raajaa phillip ney unhein gerberoy mein mahal diyaa, jahan unake saath nae samarthak shamil hoe gaye. villium ney phir janwari 1079 mein gerberoy kii gherabandi kii. teen saptah key baad, gherabandi kii gaee senaa ney mahal seey bhaag liya aur gherabandi karane vaalon koo aashcharyachakit karane mein kamyab rahey. villium koo robbert ney bachaaya aur kewal ack angrej, vigod key bete, joe khud maaraa gayaa thaa, ney usey maut seey bachaaya. villium kii senaa koo gherabandi hataane key liye majboor honah padaa aur raajaa ruen laut aae. 12 aprail 1080 taka, villium aur robbert ack awas parr pahunch gaye they, villium ney ack baar phir pushti kii kii robbert koo unaki mrityu key baad normandy praapt hogi.
jarberoy mein villium kii haar key shabd ney uttari ingland mein kathinaaiyon koo janm diyaa. agast aur sitambar 1079 mein scots key raajaa malcum ney nadee tweed key dakshin mein chhaapa maaraa, jisamen lagbhag ack maheene taka chaley chhaape mein nadee tease aur tweed key beach kii bhoomi koo nasht curr diyaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii norman pratikriya kii kamee key kaaran northumbrian ashant hoe gaye they, aur 1080 key vasant mein unhone durham key bishap aur northumbria key earl, valture key shasson key khilaf vidroh kiya. 14 maee 1080 koo valture kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee, aur raajaa ney vidroh seey nipatane key liye apane sautele bhaai odo koo bheja thaa. villium ney julaai 1080 mein normandy chhod diyaa, aur sharad ritu mein unake bete robbert koo scott key khilaf ack abhiyaan parr bheja gayaa. robbert ney lothian parr hamla kiya aur ingland lautate samay nucasal apon tyne mein ack kilebandi ('nayaa mahal') kaa nirmaan karate hue malcum koo sharton parr sahmat honey key liye majboor kiya. raajaa chrismus 1080 key liye glocester mein they aur 1081 mein whitson key liye winchester mein they, donon avsaron parr aupchaarik roop seey apana mukut pahane hue they. iss avadhi key dauran ack pope dutawas ingland pahuncha, jisamen villium seey pope key prati ingland key liye nishtha rakhane key liye kahaa gayaa, ack anurodh jise unhone aswikar curr diyaa. villium ney 1081 mein wells kaa bhee daura kiya, halanki angreji aur wells srot yatra key sateek uddeshya parr bhinn hain. anglo-saxon chronicle" mein kahaa gayaa haye kii yeh ack sainya abhiyaan thaa, lekin velsh sroton ney ise sant david key sammaan mein sent david kii tirthayatra key roop mein darj kiya haye. villium key jeevanikaar david bates kaa tark haye kii poorv spashteekaran kii adhik sambhavana haye, yeh bataate hue kii wells mein shakti kaa santulan haal hii mein sthanantarit huaa thaa aur villium norman shakti kaa vistaar karane key liye badali hui paristhitiyon kaa laabh uthaana chaahte they. 1081 key anta taka, villium mahadweep parr vaapas aaa gayaa thaa, joe maine mein gadbadi seey nipat rhaa thaa. haalaanki unhone maine mein ack abhiyaan kaa netritva kiya, lekin iska parinam ack pope key uttaradhikari dwara vyavasthit ack baatchit samjhauta thaa.
pichhale varshon mein.
1082 aur 1084 key beach villium key karyon key srot bahut cumm hain. itihaaskaar david bates key anusaar, iska shayed matlab haye kii bahut cumm dhyaan diyaa gayaa thaa, aur kyonki villium mahadweep parr thaa, isaliye "anglo-saxon itihas" koo darj karane key liye kuchh bhee naheen thaa. 1082 mein villium ney apane sautele bhaai odo kii giraftari kaa adesh diyaa. sateek kaaran spasht naheen hain, kyonki kissy bhee samkaaleen lekhak ney darj naheen kiya haye kii sautele bhaaiyon key beach jhagade kaa kaaran kyaa thaa. ordrick vitilis ney baad mein darj kiya kii odo kii pope banane kii aakaankshaaen theen. ordrick ney yeh bhee bataaya kii odo ney villium key kuchh jagirdaron koo dakshini itali key aakraman mein odo mein shamil honey key liye manaane kaa prayaas kiya thaa. ise raajaa key jagirdaron parr usake adhikaar key saath chhedchhaad maanaa jaataa, jise villium ney bardasht naheen kiya hotaa. haalaanki odo villium key shesh shasankal key liye karawas mein rhaa, lekin usaki bhoomi jabt naheen kii gaee thee. 1083 mein aur adhik kathinaaiyaan aaeen jaba villium key bete robbert ney francisi raajaa key samarthan seey ack baar phir vidroh kiya. 2 navambar 1083 koo raani matilda kii mrityu ack aur jhataka thaa. villium koo hamesha apani patni key karib bataaya jaataa thaa, aur unaki mrityu ney unaki samasyaon koo aur badhaa diyaa hotaa.
shayed 1084 mein hubert dee beamont-oh-mine key vidroh key saath, maine mushkil banaa rhaa. hubert koo cumm seey cumm dou saal taka villium kii senaa dwara sente-sujain mein unake mahal mein gher liya gayaa thaa, lekin antatah usane raajaa key saath apani shaanti banaa lii aur usey phir seey samarthan milaa. 1084 aur 1085 key dauran villium kii gatividhiyaan spasht naheen hain-vaha easter 1084 mein normandy mein they, lekin hoe sakata haye kii denmark key raajaa koonat IV dwara aakraman key khilaf ingland kii raksha key liye usa varsh mulyankan kiye gaye denegeld koo ikattha karane key liye way ingland mein they. haalaanki angreji aur norman senaayen poore 1085 aur 1086 mein satark raheen, lekin julaai 1086 mein koonat kii maut seey aakraman kaa khatra samaapt hoe gayaa.
villium raajaa key roop mein.
ingland mein parivartan.
ingland koo surakshit karane key apane prayason key hisse key roop mein, villium ney kaee mahalon, keeps aur moton key nirmaan kaa adesh diyaa-jinamen seey landan key tower kaa kendriya keep, white tower thaa. inn kilebandi ney vidroh kii dhamki milane parr norman koo surakshit roop seey peechhe hatane kii anumati dee aur graameen ilaakon parr kabja karate samay sainikon koo surakshit rakhane kii anumati dee. praarambhik mahal sadharan mitty aur lakadi key nirmaan they, jinhen baad mein patthar kii sanrachanaon seey badal diyaa gayaa.
shuru mein, adhikansh nae basey norman gharelu shurveeron koo rakhate they aur apane rakhwalon koo apani jaagiron key saath basaate naheen they, lekin dheere-dheere inn gharelu shurveeron koo apani jameen dee jaane luggy, ack prakriya jise adheenata key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. villium ney apane navanirmit diggajon seey naa kewal sainya abhiyaanon key liye balki mahal key sainya shiviron key liye bhee shurveeron key nishchit kotaa kaa yogdan karane kii bhee aavashyakta thee. sainya balon koo sangathit karane kii yeh vidhi vijay seey pahale kii angreji pratha seey hatkar, sainya seva koo kshetriya ikaaiyon jaise kii chhipaav parr adharit karna thaa.
villium kii mrityu seey, vidrohon kii ack shrinkhala koo samaapt karane key baad, adhikansh deshi anglo-saxon abhijaat varg koo norman aur anya mahadvipiya abhijaat varg dwara pratisthaapit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. praarambhik vijay mein villium key saath aaney vaale sabhi normans ney ingland mein badee matra mein bhoomi kaa adhigrahan naheen kiya. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii kuchh loga aise raajya mein bhoomi lene key liye anichhuk they joe hamesha shaant naheen dikhaai detaa thaa. haalaanki ingland mein kuchh nae ameer norman villium key karibi parivaar yaa uchch norman kuleen varg seey aae they, anya apekshaakrit vinamra prishthabhoomi seey they. villium ney apane mahadvipiya anuyaayiyon koo ack yaa adhik vishisht angrejon kii joth seey kuchh bhoomi pradaan kii; anya samay parr, unhone ack samanya anuyaayi koo kaee alag-alag angrejon dwara pahale seey dhaaran kii gaee bhoomi kaa ack sankshipt samooh pradaan kiya, aksar ack ranneetik roop seey sthit mahal key aspas kii bhoomi key samekan kii anumati dene key liye.
malmesbury key madhyayugeen itihaaskaar villium kaa kahana haye kii raajaa ney kaee meal bhoomi (36 parrish) koo bhee jabt curr liya aur aabaadi koo samaapt curr diyaa, jisase shikaar key apane utsaahi anand kaa samarthan karane key liye ise shaahi nae vann kshetra mein badal diyaa gayaa. aadhunik itihaaskaar iss nishkarsh parr pahunche hain kii nae vanon kii aabaadi mein kamee koo bahut badhaa-chadhaakar pesh kiya gayaa thaa. nae vann kii adhikansh bhoomi kharaab krishi bhoomi haye, aur puraataatvik aur bhaugolik adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii jaba ise shaahi vann mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa tou yeh sambhavatah bahut cumm basaa huaa thaa. villium koo shikaar key prati apane pyaar key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa, aur unhone desh key kshetron mein vann kaanoon kii shuruat kii, joe yeh viniyamit kartaa thaa kii kaun shikaar curr sakata haye aur kyaa shikaar kiya jaa sakata haye.
prashaasan.
1066 key baad, villium ney apane alag-alag kshetron koo kaanoonon key ack samooh key saath ack ekikrit kshetra mein ekikrit karane kaa prayaas naheen kiya. 1066 key baad seey unaki muhar, jinamen seey chhah chhaap abhee bhee jeevit hain, unake liye ingland parr vijay praapt karane key baad banaai gaee thee aur raajaa key roop mein apani bhoomika parr jore diyaa thaa, jabaki duke key roop mein unaki bhoomika kaa alag seey ullekh kiya gayaa thaa. jaba normandy mein, villium ney sweekaar kiya kii vaha francisi raajaa key prati wafadar thaa, lekin ingland mein aisee koee sweekriti naheen dee gaee-iss baat kaa aur saboot kii villium kii bhoomi key vibhinn hisson koo alag maanaa jaataa thaa. normandy, ingland aur maine kii prashaasnik machinary anya deshon seey alag bunny rahee, jisamen seey pratyek ney apane roop banaae rakhe. udaaharan key liye, ingland ney ritt kaa upayog jaari rakhaa, joe mahadweep parr gyaat naheen they. isake alawa, normandy mein sarkaar key liye prastut kiye gaye charter aur dastaavez ingland mein utpaadit sootron seey alag they.
villium ney ack angreji sarkaar koo apane haath mein leey liya joe norman pranali seey adhik jatil thee. ingland koo shear yaa county mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhen aage saikadon yaa vapentech mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. pratyek shayer koo ack shaahi adhikaari dwara prashaasit kiya jaataa thaa jise ack sheriff kahaa jaataa thaa, jise lagbhag norman wiscount key samaan darja thaa. ack sheriff shaahi nyaay aur shaahi rajaswa ekatra karane key liye jimmedaar thaa. apane vistaarit kshetra kii dekhrekh karane key liye, villium koo duke key roop mein yatra karane key liye majboor honah padaa. unhone 1067 aur apani mrityu key beach cumm seey cumm 19 baar mahadweep aur ingland key beach aage-peechhe paar kiya. villium ney apana adhikansh samay ingland mein hastings kii ladaai aur 1072 key beach bitaaya, aur usake baad, unhone apana adhikansh samay normandy mein bitaaya. sarkaar taba bhee villium key parivaar parr kendrit thee; jaba vaha apane kshetra key ack hisse mein thaa, tou usake kshetra key anya hisson key liye nirnay liye jaate they aur ack sanchaar pranali key madhyam seey preshit kiye jaate they jisamen patron aur anya dastavejon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. villium ney aise pratinidhi bhee niyukt kiye joe anupasthit rahate hue nirnay leey sakate they, khaskar aggar anupasthiti lambe samay taka rahane kii ummeed thee. aamtaur parr, yeh villium key karibi parivaar kaa sadasya thaa-aksar uska sautela bhaai odo yaa usaki patni matilda. kabhi-kabhi vishisht muddon seey nipatane key liye pratinidhiyon kii niyukti kii jaati thee.
villium ney denegeld, ack bhoomi curr kaa sangrah jaari rakhaa. yeh villium key liye ack laabh thaa, kyonki iss avadhi key dauran paschimi europeeya shasakon dwara ekatra kiya gayaa yeh ekmatra saarvbhaumik curr thaa. yeh bhoomi key moolya parr adharit ack vaarshik curr thaa, aur ise alag-alag daron parr ekatra kiya jaa sakata thaa. adhikansh varshon mein prati chhipaai dou chharron kii darr dekhi gaee, lekin sankaton mein, ise prati chharron chhah chharron taka badhaaya jaa sakata thaa. unake kshetron mein sikkon kaa nirmaan vibhinn chakron aur shailiyon mein jaari rhaa. angreji sikke aam taur parr uchch kalaatmak manakon key saath uchch chaandi samagri key hotey they, aur harr teen saal mein phir seey banaae jaane kii aavashyakta hoti thee. norman sikkon mein chaandi kii matra bahut cumm thee, aksar kharaab kalaatmak gunavatta key hotey they, aur shayed hii kabhi phir seey banaae jaate they. ingland mein bhee kissy anya sikke kii anumati naheen thee, jabaki mahadweep parr anya sikkon koo kanuni mudra maanaa jaataa thaa. naa hii iss baat kaa pramaan haye kii kaee angreji paise normandy mein prasaarit hoe rahey they, joe ingland aur normandy kii maudrik pranaliyon koo ekikrit karane key bahut cumm prayaas koo darshaata haye.
karadhan key alawa, poore ingland mein villium kii badee bhoomi ney unake shasson koo majboot kiya. raajaa edward key uttaradhikari key roop mein, unhone sabhi poorv shaahi bhoomi koo niyantrit kiya. unhone herold aur apane parivaar kii adhikansh bhoomi parr bhee niyantran banaae rakhaa, jisane raajaa koo vyaapak antar seey ingland mein sabse badaa dharmnirpeksh bhoomi malik banaa diyaa.
dome day book.
chrismus 1085 mein, villium ney apane poore raajya mein apane aur apane jagirdaron key paas bhoomi key sarvekshan key sankalan kaa adesh diyaa, jise county dwara aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. isake parinamswarup ack kaam huaa jise abb "gumbad pustak" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. pratyek county key liye soochi pratyek bhoomidharak kii swaamitva pradaan karati haye, jise maalikon dwara samoohbaddh kiya jaataa haye. soochi mein usa bhoomi kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye, jisake paas vijay seey pahale bhoomi kaa swaamitva thaa, iska moolya, curr nirdhaaran kyaa thaa, aur aamtaur parr kisaanon, halon aur kissy bhee anya sansaadhan kii sankhya kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye. shaharon koo alag seey soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa. nadee tease aur nadee key ribble key dakshin mein sabhi angreji county shamil hain, aur aisaa lagata haye kii puuraa kaam jyaadaatar 1 agast 1086 taka puuraa hoe gayaa thaa, jaba "anglo-saxon chronicle" record kartaa haye kii villium koo parinam praapt hue aur sabhi mukhya diggajon ney salisbury shapath lii, joe unaki nishtha kii shapath kaa navinikaran thaa. sarvekshan kaa adesh dene mein villium kii sateek prerana spasht naheen haye, lekin isake kaee uddeshya they, jaise samanti daayitvon kaa record banaana aur badhe hue karadhan koo uchit thaharaana.
mrityu aur usake baad.
villium ney 1086 key anta mein ingland chhod diyaa. mahadweep parr vaapas aaney key baad unhone apani betty constance kii shaadi britney key duke ellen seey curr dee, francisi raajaon key khilaf sahyogiyon kii talash karane kii apani neeti koo aage badhaane key liye. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii villium kaa betaa robbert, joe abhee bhee francisi raajaa key saath gathbandhan curr rhaa thaa, pareshani paida karane mein sakriya thaa, itna kii villium ney julaai 1087 mein francisi vexin key khilaf ack abhiyaan kaa netritva kiya. jaba villium ney maintes koo jabt kiya, tou villium yaa tou beemar hoe gayaa yaa apane kaathi key pomel seey ghayal hoe gayaa. unhein ruen mein sant gervase key priyori mein leey jaaya gayaa, jahan 9 sitambar 1087 koo unaki mrityu hoe gaee. unaki mrityu seey pahale kii ghatnaaon kaa gyaan bhramit haye kyonki dou alag-alag vivaran hain. ordrick whiteliss ack lamba vivaran rakhta haye, jisamen kaee pracharyon dwara diye gaye bhaashan shamil hain, lekin yeh sambhavatah ack raajaa kii mrityu key baare mein adhik haye, vaastav mein joe huaa usase adhik. doosara, "dee obitu vilemi", yaa "villium kii mrityu parr", naam badale jaane key saath 9veen shatabdi key dou khaaton kii ack prati key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye.
villium ney normandy koo robbert koo chhod diyaa, aur ingland kii abhiraksha villium key dusare jeevit bete koo dee gaee, jise villium bhee kahaa jaataa haye, iss dhaarana parr kii vaha raajaa bunn jaayega. sabse chhote bete heinry koo paise mille. ingland koo apane dusare bete koo saunpane key baad, badey villium ney chhote villium koo 7 yaa 8 sitambar koo ingland vaapas bhej diyaa, jisamen lanfrank koo ack patra likhaa gayaa thaa jisamen archbishop koo nae raajaa kii sahaayata karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. anya vaseeyaton mein church koo upahaar aur garibon koo vitarit kiye jaane vaale paise shamil they. villium ney yeh bhee adesh diyaa kii usake sautele bhaai odo sahit usake sabhi kaidiyon koo riha curr diyaa jaae.
villium kii mrityu key baad avyavastha hui; joe bhee unaki mrityushayya parr thaa, usane shav koo ruen mein chhod diyaa aur apane mamalon koo dekhane key liye jaldi mein chalaa gayaa. antatah, ruen key paadari varg ney shav koo caine bhejane kii vyavastha kii, jahan villium koo abbaaye-aux-home kii neenv mein dafnaya jaanaa chaahata thaa. antim sanskar mein, jisamen normandy key bishap aur mathadhishon key saath-saath unake bete heinry ney bhaag liya, caine key ack nagrik key daave seey pareshan they, jinhone aarop lagaaya thaa kii unake parivaar koo usa bhoomi seey avaidh roop seey loot liya gayaa thaa jiss parr church banaaya gayaa thaa. jaldbaji mein paramarsh key baad, aarop koo sach dikhaaya gayaa, aur usa vyakti koo muaavaja diyaa gayaa. ack aur upman taba huaa jaba shav koo kabr mein giraa diyaa gayaa. shav jagah key liye bahut badaa thaa, aur jaba paricharakon ney shav koo kabr mein dhakel diyaa tou yeh futt gayaa, jisase poore church mein ack ghrinit gandh fail gaee.
villium kii kabr vartamaan mein 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat key lattin shilalekh key saath ack sangamarmar key slab seey chihnit haye. 1087 key baad seey kabr koo kaee baar baadhit kiya gayaa haye, pahali baar 1522 mein jaba pope shasson key adesh parr kabr kholi gaee thee. usa samay akshat shareer koo kabr mein bahaal curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin 1562 mein, dharm key francisi yuddhon key dauran, kabr koo phir seey khol diyaa gayaa thaa aur ack jaangh kii huddy koo chhodkar haddiyan bikhare hue aur khou gaee theen. iss ekmatra avashesh koo 1642 mein ack nae marker key saath phir seey dafnaya gayaa thaa, jise 100 saal baad ack adhik vistrit smaarak key saath badal diyaa gayaa thaa. iss makbare koo francisi kranti key dauran phir seey nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin antatah vartamaan khaata patthar key saath badal diyaa gayaa thaa.
viraasat.
villium kii mrityu kaa tatkaal parinam unake beton robbert aur villium key beach ingland aur normandy key niyantran koo laker yuddh thaa. 1100 mein chhote villium kii mrityu key baad aur raajaa key roop mein unake sabse chhote bhaai heinry key uttaradhikar key baad bhee, normandy aur ingland bhaaiyon key beach taba taka vivaadit rahey jaba taka kii 1106 mein tinchebre kii ladaai mein heinry dwara robbert koo pakad naheen liya gayaa. uttaradhikar parr kathinaaiyon key kaaran normandy mein adhikaar kii haani hui, jisamen abhijaat varg ney badee villium seey khoye gaye adhikansh shakti koo phir seey praapt curr liya. unake beton ney bhee maine parr apana adhikansh niyantran khou diyaa, jisane 1089 mein vidroh curr diyaa aur usake baad jyaadaatar samanya prabhaav seey mukt rahane mein kamyab rahey.
villium kii vijay kaa ingland parr gahara prabhaav padaa; church, abhijaat varg, sanskriti aur desh kii bhasha mein parivartan aadhunik samay taka baney rahey hain. iss vijay ney raajya koo france key saath nikat sampark mein laaya aur france aur ingland key beach sambandh banaae joe poore madhya yug mein chaley. villium key aakraman kaa ack aur parinam ingland aur scandinavia key beach poorv ghanishth sambandhon kaa samarpan thaa. villium kii sarkaar ney angreji aur norman pranaliyon key tatvon koo ack nae mein mishrit kiya jisane baad key madhyayugeen angreji samrajya kii neenv rakhee. parivartan kitane achaanak aur doorgaami they, yeh abhee bhee itihaskaron key beach bahas kaa vishay haye, jisamen richard sadarn jaise kuchh logon kaa daavaa haye kii rome key patan aur 20veen shatabdi key beach europeeya itihas mein yeh ekmatra sabse krantikari parivartan thaa. anya, jaise aich. jee. richardson aur jee. oh. halanki, dakshin kii tulanaa mein vijay dwara laae gaye parivartanon koo bahut cumm kattarpanthi bataate hain. itihaaskaar eleanor searl ney villium key aakraman koo "ack aisee yojana key roop mein varnit kiya haye jiss parr kissy bhee shaasak ney lekin ack scandinavian ney vichaar naheen kiya hoga.
villium key shasankal ney unaki mrityu seey pahale seey hii aitihaasik vivaad paida curr diyaa haye. villium off poetiers ney villium key shasankal aur isake laabhon key baare mein shandar likhaa, lekin "anglo-saxon chronicle" mein villium key liye shraddhanjali notice kathor shabdon mein villium kii ninda kartaa haye. vijay key baad key varshon mein, raajnetaon aur anya netaaon ney poore angreji itihas mein raajneetik ghatnaaon koo chitrit karane key liye villium aur unake shasankal kii ghatnaaon kaa upayog kiya haye. ingland kii raani elizabeth pratham key shasankal key dauran, archbishop maithyu parker ney iss vijay koo ack shuddh angreji church koo bhrasht karane key roop mein dekhaa, jise parker ney bahaal karane kaa prayaas kiya. 17veen aur 18veen shatabdi key dauran, kuchh itihaskaron aur vakeelon ney villium key shasankal koo deshi anglo-saxons parr "norman juaa" lagu karane key roop mein dekhaa, ack tark joe 19veen shatabdi key dauran rashtravadi rekhaaon key saath aage key vistaar key saath jaari rhaa. inn vivaadon key kaaran kuchh itihaaskaar villium koo yaa tou ingland kii mahanata key rachnakaron mein seey ack key roop mein dekhate hain yaa angreji itihas mein sabse badee haar key roop mein dekhate hain. anya logon ney unhein angreji samvidhaan key dushman key roop mein, yaa vaikalpik roop seey isake nirmaata key roop mein dekhaa haye.
parivaar aur bachche.
villium aur unaki patni matilda key cumm seey cumm nau bachche they. putron kaa janm crum spasht haye, lekin koee bhee srot putriyon key janm kaa saapeksh crum naheen detaa haye.
villium key janm key kissy bhee avaidh bachche kaa koee pramaan naheen haye.