
1 octuber, 1990 seey ravanda mein manvadhikaron key ullanghan parr antarrashtriya aayog kii jaanch

1 octuber, 1990 seey ravanda mein manvadhikaron key ullanghan parr jaanch kaa antarrashtriya aayog ack antarrashtriya jaanch thee jisane ravanda key grih yuddh key dauran manvadhikaron key hanan kii report kii jaanch kii thee. chaar antarrashtriya gair-sarkari sangathanon dwara praayojit, aayog koo aadhikarik taur parr ravanda sarkaar dwara anivarya naheen kiya gayaa thaa. aathh deshon key duss ayukton ney dou saptah taka ravanda mein praanton kaa daura kiya aur maukhik aur likhit vivaranon kaa dastavejikaran kiya, saath hii saamoohik kabron key sthaanon kii soochana dee. mukhya roop seey, jaanch mein 1990 aur 1992 key beach hue teen pramukh narsamhaaron kii jaanch kii gaee. aayog teen maheene taka chalaa aur antim report march 1993 mein jaari kii gaee. isaki jaanch kii taarikhon key kaaran, aayog ney aprail 1994 mein hue ravandan narsamhar koo shamil naheen kiya.
apani antim report mein, aayog ney nishkarsh nikala kii lagbhag 2,000 nagrik mauton key liye ravanda sarkaar seedhe taur parr jimmedaar thee, jinamen seey adhikansh tutsi they. isane sarkari pradhikaran key sabhi staron koo jimmedaar thaharaaya aur kahaa kii sthaaniya adhikaari aksar hamalon kaa netritva karate they aur hutu nagrikon koo bhaag lene key liye protsaahit karate they. inmein seey adhikansh adhikaariyon ney report key samay apani naukari banaae rakhee aur kissy parr bhee nyaayik roop seey mukadama naheen chalaaya gayaa thaa. report mein paaya gayaa kii ravanda nyaayik pranali grihyuddh seey sambandhit nyaay key mamalon koo uchit roop seey nipataane mein asamarth thee, kyonki adaalaten swayam saamoohik durvyavahar key liye jimmedaar theen. vidrohi bull, jinhen ravandan deshbhakt morcha kahaa jaataa haye, bhee ravandan nagrikon key apaharan, nishkasana aur anirdisht sankhya mein hatyaa key liye jimmedaar thaa.
prishthabhoomi.
hutu, tutsi aur ravanda kaa grihyuddh.
1962 mein belgium seey rashtra kii swatantrata key baad seey, jaatiya tanaav ravanda key uttar-aupaniveshik itihas mein ack dusare seey judey hue hain. jaatiya bahumat key roop mein, pahali swatantra sarkaar mein hutu pratinidhiyon kaa varchasva thaa. raajneetik asthirta aur jaatiya utpeedan key varshon key dauran, saikadon hajaaron tutsi sharanarthi padosi deshon, arthaat burundi aur uganda mein bhaag gaye. yeh tutsi sharanarthiyon mein seey ack thaa kii raajneetik sangathan ravandan deshbhakt morcha (aar. pee. aff.) ney antatah apani utpatti paaee. 1987 taka, aar. pee. aff. ney maanaa kii ravanda mein vaapsee kewal sashastr kaarravaai key madhyam seey safal hogi. 1 octuber, 1990 koo aar. pee. aff. ney seema paar kii aur ravandan kii mitty parr hamla kiya. isake jawab mein, rashtrapati juvenal habyarimana key netritva mein hutu-pradhaan sarkaar ney "tutsi khatare" parr jawabi hamale shuru kiye."desh koo teen saal key grih yuddh mein dhakel diyaa gayaa thaa jisamen sarkaar aur gurilla balon donon ney badey paimaane parr atyachar kiye they. julaai 1992 mein ack yuddhaviram parr hastakshar kiye gaye aur agast 1993 taka, nagrik sangharsh key anta aur ack shakti-sajhakaran sarkaar key nirmaan key iraade koo darshaane key liye arusha samjhauton parr hastakshar kiye gaye.
aayog kaa nirmaan.
antarrashtriya samudaay seey appeal karein.
arusha samjhaute key ack samjhaute key hisse key roop mein-grih yuddh key anta koo chihnit karane key liye baatchit kii ack shrinkhala-ravanda sarkaar aur vidrohi netaaon ney pichhale teen varshon key manvadhikaron key hanan kii jaanch kii sthaapana parr hastakshar kiye. shuru mein, sarkari adhikaariyon ney aayog banaane key liye ack ekal francisi ngo koo aamantrit kiya thaa, halanki, anurodh koo aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. natijatan, kuchh mutthi bhar ravanda manvadhikar samoohon ney pichhale teen varshon kii ghatnaaon kii jaanch key liye ack satya aayog key gathan aur karyanvayan mein sahaayata kaa anurodh karate hue antarrashtriya samudaay seey appeal kii. isake jawab mein, chaar antarrashtriya gair-sarkari sangathanon ney apane sansadhanon aur poonji kii peshkash keeh
apani gair-sarkari prakriti key kaaran, aayog key paas koee aadhikarik janadesh naheen thaa, naa hii ise aadhikarik rashtriya jaanch maanaa gayaa thaa.
aayukt.
kaanoon, manvadhikar aur forensic vigyaan key vibhinn kshetron kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale aathh alag-alag deshon key duss ayukton dwara jaanch kii gaee thee. sambhaavit saamoohik kabron key saath kaam karate samay, ayukton ney chaar vishisht roga visheshagya key saath kaam kiya. ravanda manvadhikar sangathanon ney antarrashtriya dhana ugaahane kii vyavastha kii, saath hii ayukton key liye sangathit rasad kii vyavastha kii jaba way ravanda mein they; haalaanki, yeh jaanch mein unaki bhagidari kaa vistaar thaa. aadhikarik report mein ayukton koo nimnalikhit roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haih
prakriya.
aayog kii jaanch kii poori seema janwari 1993 mein dou saptah mein hui jaba aayog ney ravanda kii yatra kii. desh mein aayog kii upasthiti mukh key madhyam seey aur ravandan media key madhyam seey fail gaee. ayukton ney jeevit bache logon aur gavaahon seey gawahi lii, sarkari dastavejon kaa vishleshan kiya aur kaee saamoohik kabron koo nikala.
dhamki kii report.
rashtrapati habyarimana ney janwari 1993 mein aayog key pahunchane parr aadhikarik taur parr swaagat kiya aur adhikansh khaaton key anusaar, ravanda sarkaar ney jaanch mein sahyog kiya. haalaanki, una logon key khilaf dhamki aur hinsa kii khabaren theen joe ayukton key saath baat karane vaale they. aayog key aagaman seey dou dinn pahale, una vyaktiyon parr hamalon kii ack shrinkhala kii gaee thee, jinake desh mein apane samay key dauran jaanch mein sahaayata karane kii ummeed thee. manvadhikar aur saarvajanik swatantrata key liye ravandan sangh key karyakari nideshak monic mujawamaria, nagrik samaaj samoohon mein seey ack jinhone aayog kii ravanda yatra kii vyavastha kii thee, aayog key aagaman seey pahale ack sandigdh parivahan durghatana mein shamil they. isake alawa, mujawamaria koo ayukton key saamane ack sainya adhikaari dwara dhamki dee gaee thee.
jaanch key jaane key baad key dinon mein, sarkari balon ney saikadon nagrikon kii saamoohik hatyaaen phir seey shuru keen-jinamen seey kuchh ney aayog kii sahaayata kii thee. aayog key saha-adhyaksh ellison days forges ney kahaa kii mauton koo aayog seey vyaktiyon key sambandh key parinamswarup nirnaayak roop seey naheen maanaa jaa sakata haye. hinsa kii reports mein ack vyakti key parivaar parr hinsak hamla shamil haye jisane gawahi dee thee, jisake baad vyakti key pitaa ney jabaran aatmahatya curr lii thee. inn naee reports key jawab mein, sanyukt rashtra key ack vishesh prativedak ney anurodh kiya, aur unhein "sthiti kaa pratyaksh aaklan karane key liye" ravanda kii yatra kii anumati dee gaee."yatra key nishkarsh manvadhikaron parr sanyukt rashtra aayog koo prastut ack antim report mein prakaashit kiye gaye hain.
nishkarsh.
narsamhar.
teen pramukh narsamhaaron kii jaanch kii gaee thee-joe swayam kaee dinon mein hamalon kii ack shrinkhala seey baney they-aayog ney nishkarsh nikala kii prashaasan key sabhi staron parr ravandan adhikaariyon key paas alag-alag star kii jimmedariyan theen. adhikansh hamalon koo nagrik adhikaariyon dwara uksaayaa gayaa, protsaahit kiya gayaa aur netritva kiya gayaa, jabaki ravandan sainikon ney sainya thikaanon key paas honey vaale hamalon mein sahaayata kii. samay, prastut bahaana aur doshiyon parr dosh lagaane kii aadat koo dekhate hue, jaanch mein kahaa gayaa kii badee, deshvyaapi yojana key paryaapt saboot hain. adhikansh khaaton key anusaar, pulis adhikaariyon kii pratikriyaaen "dheemi, kamjor aur beparwah" theen aur nyaypalika kathit hamlaavaron parr mukadama chalaane mein whiffle rahee thee.
kibilira mein narsamhar 11 octuber, 1990 koo grihyuddh kii shuruat key duss dinn baad ack samudaay mein shuru huaa, jahan tutsi aur hutu pahale apekshaakrit shantipurna saha-astitva mein rahey they. sampradayik parshadon kii ack baithak mein, sahayak prefect ney upasthit sadasyon koo dou shav dikhaae aur daavaa kiya kii unhein tutsi dwara maaraa gayaa thaa. unhone parshadon seey kahaa kii way ghar jaaen aur suraksha upaayon kii aavashyakta key prati "aabaadi koo samvedansheel banaaen". isake baad adhikaariyon ney nagrikon koo iss bahaane seey tutsi key gharon koo jalaane key liye uksaayaa kii hutu koo khatm karane kii ack badee yojana thee. kuchh parshadon ney sainya adhikaariyon kii hatyaa aur sthaaniya schools mein bachchon kii hatyaa karane vaale ack tutsi kii mangadhant kahani key baare mein jhoothi afavaahen failai.
aayog koo dee gaee gawahi ney sthaaniya adhikaariyon dwara tutsi aabaadi koo ack vyavasthit lakshya banaaya, joe gaanvon koo jaanate they, kyonki tutsi ghar tabah hoe gaye they lekin hutu ghar achhoote they. jaise-jaise hamale jaari rahey, lakshya tutsi gharon seey khud tutsi nagrikon kii or sthanantarit hoe gaye. ack paarshad ney hamlaavaron koo yeh kahakar hatyaon koo uksaayaa kii "aap mujhe khopadi dikhaane key bajaay maveshiyon koo maarne aur khaane key alawa kuchh naheen curr rahey hain."11 octuber seey 13 octuber taka, 348 nagrik maare gaye, 550 ghar jalaa diye gaye, aur lagbhag sabhi jaanvaron aur bhojan koo luutaa gayaa thaa. adhikaariyon koo jawab dene mein 48 ghante lugg gaye.
tutsi kaa ack upa-samooh, gishwati vann key saath kshetron key baahar cumm jaanaa jaataa thaa jahan way rahate they. unake praanton key bheetar, andolan sadak avrodhon dwara seemit thaa, joe peediton koo bhaagne aur patrakaron aur jaanchkartaon koo pravesh karane seey rokta thaa. kshetra key algaav key kaaran, rashtrapati sahit adhikaari una hatyaon seey thheek seey incar karane mein saksham they jinhone 1000 tutsi logon kii zaan leey lii thee. yeye hamale ruhengeri shahar mein aar. pee. aff. key aashcharyajanak prabhutva kaa parinam they, jinhone taba shahar kii jailon seey sabhi kaidiyon koo mukt curr diyaa. anya tutsi key saath bagogway koo aar. pee. aff. kii madad karane aur narsamhar key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. janwari seey march 1991 taka, nagrikon koo pattharon, bhaale, dandon aur bandookon seey maar diyaa gayaa aur shavon koo aksar anivarya samudayik shram key bahaane dafnaya jaataa thaa. ack poorv ravandan gupt agent key saath baat karane seey, aayog ney sunaa kii uchch adhikaariyon ney janwari mein narsamhar kii yojana banaai, isase pahale kii aar. pee. aff. ney ruhengeri parr niyantran praapt curr liya thaa. rashtrapati habyarimana baithak mein upasthit they aur unhone ack sahamati key saath prastaavit narsamhar koo "sweekaar" curr liya."
yeh sunkar kii shavon koo aksar gufaaon mein fenk diyaa jaataa thaa, aayog ney narsamhar kii jaanch karate hue saamoohik kabron kii khoj kii. vishishtata vigyaaniyon koo dafanaane key sambhaavit sthalon key saboot mille, lekin seemit samagri aur sateek sthaanon kaa khulasa karane key liye gavaahon kii anichha key kaaran, kuchh hii paae gaye. asadharan roop seey, ack sthaaniya adhikaari key pichwade mein ack dafan sthal paaya gayaa thaa, jisane isake astitva key baare mein koee poorv jaankaari naheen honey kaa daavaa kiya thaa, jabaki ack anya ack khet key buggle mein paaya gayaa thaa.
bugesera 5 march seey 9 march 1992 taka chalaa, jisake dauran 277 loga maare gaye aur 15,000 koo apane gharon seey bhaagne key liye majboor honah padaa. 3 march koo jaba station ney baar-baar hutu netaaon kii hatyaa karane kii tutsi yojanaon kii chetavani dee, tou hamale honey seey pahale key maheenon mein ravandan media, vishesh roop seey radio ravanda ney tutsi virodhi prachaar failaane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. hamalon kii khabar parr pulis aur sainikon koo kigali seey bheja gayaa, halanki, narsamhar chaar dinon taka jaari rhaa. gavaahon kii gawahi ney ayukton koo yeh nishkarsh nikaalane key liye prerit kiya kii hamlaavaron mein nagrik kapadon mein sanic shamil they. 9 march koo, adhikaariyon ney hajaaron visthaapit logon koo ghar lautane kaa adesh diyaa. lautane key liye kuchh naheen honey aur apane jeevan koo jokhim mein naheen dalna chaahte honey key kaaran, visthaapit loga jaane key liye taiyar naheen they. isake jawab mein, adhikaariyon ney unaki paani kii aapoorti bund karane kaa adesh diyaa.
report mein narsamhar kaa saransh iss prakaar diyaa gayaa haih 
"...octuber 1990 key baad seey hue narsamhar naa tou aakasmik they aur naa hii sahaj they, balki uchchatam star parr jaanboojhkar liye gaye nirnayon kaa parinam they. uchch sanrachit ravandan samaaj mein, adhikaariyon ney aasaani seey shakti kaa prayog kiya. narsamhar kii taiyari kaa pataa kabhi-kabhi vaastavik ghatana seey bahut pahale lagaaya jaa sakata haye...narsamhaaron koo nishpaadit karane mein, pramukh abhinetaon mein sthaaniya prefect adhikaariyon seey laker cell samiti key sadasya shamil hain. bagogwe narsamhar aur bugesera mein narsamhar key mamalon mein, senaa ney logon koo apane padosiyon parr hamla karane key liye ukasaane aur hatyaon koo anjam dene mein madad karane mein adhikaariyon key saath sahyog kiya." 
narsamhar kaa sawal.
15 aprail, 1975 koo, ravanda ney narsamhar samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye, iss prakaar narsamhar koo kissy bhee dhamki, ukasaave yaa narsamhar karane key liye aatmasantushti key saath pratibandhit kiya. aayog koo dee gaee gawahi key aadhar parr, adhikansh peediton koo unaki tutsi jaatiyata key aadhar parr maar diyaa gayaa thaa, joe ack jaatiya samooh key sadasyon kii hatyaa karane key iraade kaa pradarshan karate they. haalaanki, yeh kahaa gayaa thaa kii hatahaton key aankade, jabaki dukhad hain, "narsamhar sthaapit karane key liye aavashyak seema seey neeche hoe sakate hain."aayog ney lakshyon kii badhati sankhya key kaaran jatilataon kaa bhee ullekh kiya joe ravanda sarkaar key hutu raajneetik virodhi they.
ravanda sarkaar dwara manvadhikaron kaa hanan.
aayog key dastaavez senaa dwara durupyog kiye gaye hain, jisamen rashtriya pulis aur senaa donon shamil hain. nagrikon koo kathit roop seey aar. pee. aff. key saath sahaanubhooti rakhane yaa sahaayata karane key liye giraftar kiya gayaa thaa aur unhein buri tarah peeta jaataa thaa, maar diyaa jaataa thaa yaa gayab curr diyaa jaataa thaa. gawahi mein badey saransh mein fansi, balatkar, jabaran shram aur loot kii soochana dee gaee. antarrashtriya samudaay key dabaav key baad, ravanda sarkaar ney inn durvyavaharon kii jaanch key liye ack aayog banaaya, jisane hatyaon koo rokane yaa rokane mein adhikaariyon kii viphalata kii ninda kii, lekin vyaktiyon koo jawabdeh thaharaane seey chook gaee. cumm seey cumm dou mamalon mein, saamoohik giraftari key liye auchitya pradaan karane key liye aar. pee. aff. parr doorgaami sainya hamale, jisamen octuber 1990 mein 10,000 logon kii giraftari shamil thee, jinamen seey kuchh koo sankshep mein fansi dee gaee thee. jaanch mein antarrashtriya kaanoon key ullanghan key saboot mille, jisamen aatmasamarpan karane vaale aar. pee. aff. sainikon kii hatyaa aur nagrikon parr sainya hamalon kii jaanch karane mein nyaayik viphalata shamil haye. antim report key samaapan mein, yeh likhaa gayaa haye kii "rashtrapati habyarimana aur unake tatkaal dall inn narsamhaaron aur anya durvyavaharon key liye bhaari jimmedaari lete hain."
ravanda deshbhakt morche dwara manvadhikaron kaa hanan.
aayog ney mukhya roop seey ravanda sarkaar key karyon kii jaanch kii aur bahut door, halanki ekatra kii gaee gawahi seey, report aar. pee. aff. dwara durvyavahar koo sweekaar karati haye. aayog ney visthaapit vyaktiyon key liye ack shivir aur ack clinic sahit nagrik lakshyon parr hamalon key saath-saath gaanvon mein yaadrichhik hatyaon parr prakaash daala. saransh nishpaadan, lootpaat aur sampatti key vinash koo dandit naheen kiya gayaa. visthaapit shiviron mein jaanvaron aur khaadya aapoorti kii chori key saath-saath jabaran bharti honey kii khabaren theen. aar. pee. aff. aabaadi key jabaran nishkasana key liye jimmedaar thaa, kuchh koo kuliyon aur pashu charvaahon key roop mein saman leey jaane key liye upayog kartaa thaa aur sambhaavit maanav hatahaton seey yuddh kshetron koo khaali karane kii ranneeti key hisse key roop mein anya gatividhiyon koo uchit thaharaata thaa. ayukton ney adhikrit aar. pee. aff. kshetron mein aar. vandan seey mulakat kii, jahan seey way gawahi dene key liye vyaktiyon koo chunane mein saksham they. haalaanki, way vyaktiyon seey niji taur parr milane mein asamarth they. kissy bhee gawah ney durvyavahar kii shikayat naheen kii, balki ghar lautane kii ichcha key baare mein baat kii. anumati diye jaane aur pehchaan patra jamaa kiye jaane key baad hii nagrik aar. pee. aff. kshetron key beach jaane mein saksham they aur sabhi nagrikon koo badey samudaay koo labhanvit karane key liye saptah mein chaar dinn kheti karane kii aavashyakta thee.
sifaarishen.
apani antim report mein, jaanch ney rashtrapati habyarimana, mantrimandal, ravandan deshbhakt morche aur antarrashtriya samudaay koo kaee sifaarishen keen. 
pratikriya aur aalochana.
ravanda.
aadhikarik report key jaari honey parr, habyarimana aur unaki sarkaar ney report koo ack pakshapaati dastaavez key roop mein darshaaya joe vipakshi raajneetik dalon seey prabhaavit thaa, joe maanate they kii way ravandan manvadhikar sangathanon key madhyam seey kaam curr rahey they. isake baad key hafton mein, ravandan sarkaar ney aar. pee. aff. dwara kiye gaye vishisht durvyavaharon koo ujagar karane key liye ack prachaar abhiyaan shuru kiya. isake jawab mein, vidrohi samooh ney ravanda sarkaar key aaropon kii aage kii jaanch key liye aayog koo desh lautane kaa nimantran diyaa. aprail 1994 mein hinsa badhane seey pahale doosari yatra parr vichaar kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
apane desh mein galatiyon koo sweekaar karane kii praarambhik anichha key bavjood, habyarimana ney baad mein apane pradhaan mantri key saath ack sanyukt bayaan jaari kiya jisamen sweekaar kiya gayaa kii manvadhikaron kaa ullanghan huaa thaa. bayaan ney una teen narsamhaaron koo maanyata dee jinaki jaanch kii gaee aur anushaasanheen sainya adhikaariyon key saath unaki jimmedaari rakhee gaee. bayaan mein kissy bhee vyavasthit yaa sarkari jimmedaari kaa daavaa naheen kiya gayaa thaa. ravanda sarkaar ney aayog kii antim report mein rakhee gaee kaee sifaarishon key liye khud koo pratibaddh kiya, jisamen jaatiyata yaa raajneetik sambaddhata kii parwah kiye binaa ravanda mein manvadhikaron koo banaae rakhane, rashtriya sulah koo badhaava dene aur arusha samjhaute key sabhi pahaluon koo puuraa karane kii guaranti shamil haye.
6 aprail, 1994 koo, jaba unake havaai jahaaj koo kigali key paas ack missile seey goli maar dee gaee thee, taba burund key rashtrapati key saath habyarimana maare gaye they; hamale key liye aar. pee. aff. aur hutu charampanthiyon donon koo doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. hamale ney jaatiya hinsa koo tej curr diyaa aur ravandan narsamhar key liye ack prerana key roop mein kaam kiya, jisamen 800,000 ravandanon kii zaan chully gaee.
antarrashtriya star parr.
europe mein, report kii praarambhik 200,000 mudrit pratiyaan ack saptah key bheetar poori tarah seey vitarit kii gaeen. apani rihaai key dou ghante baad, belgium ney paramarsh key liye ravanda mein apane rajdoot koo vaapas bulaa liya aur dou saptah key bheetar, ravanda key prati belgium kii neeti key baare mein aayog key saha-adhyaksh kii sifaarishon kaa anurodh kiya. report jaari honey key dou dinn baad, france, joe sainya roop seey ravanda mein shamil thaa, ney yuddhaviram samjhaute key jawab mein ravanda kii dharti seey apane sainikon koo vaapas lena shuru curr diyaa. europeeya sansad ney report mein ullikhit durvyavahar kii ninda karate hue ack prastaav paarit kiya aur ullanghan koo samaapt karane key liye ravanda sarkaar aur aar. pee. aff. donon seey ahwan kiya. report parr pratikriya dete hue, sanyukt raajya sarkaar ney bhee apraadhon kii ninda kii aur 19.6 laakh dollar key sahaayata package koo badal diyaa, jise ravanda koo diyaa jaanaa thaa, jisase aarthik vikas sahaayata key liye dhana koo cumm karate hue maanviya sahaayata key liye naamit poonji mein vriddhi hui. chhah ravanda sainya adhikaariyon koo prashikshit karane key liye americi dhana achhoota rhaa.
sanyukt rashtra manvadhikar aayog (yuu. aine. aich. aar. see.) kii or seey ack aadhikarik yatra kii taiyari mein, report kaa upayog vishesh prativedak acker valley indiye dwara kiya gayaa thaa kyonki "isaki paddhatigat aur vishisht prakriti aur isamen nihit gawahi kii vividhata aur sthirata."yuu. aine. aich. aar. see. koo prastut antim report mein, aine. dee. aaee. aeye. ee. ney nishkarsh nikala kii" aayog kii report mein nihit aaropon key saar koo, badey paimaane parr, sthaapit maanaa jaa sakata haye."

