
johnn duggard

christopher johnn robbert duggard (janm 23 agast 1936 koo fort beaufort mein), jinhen johnn duggard key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye, antarrashtriya kaanoon key dakshin african professor hain. unake mukhya shaikshanik visheshagyataaen roman-dutch kaanoon, saarvajanik antarrashtriya kaanoon, nyayshastra, manvadhikar, aaparaadhik prakriya aur antarrashtriya aaparaadhik kaanoon mein hain. unhone antarrashtriya kaanoon key vikas key liye praathamik sanstha, antarrashtriya kaanoon aayog mein kaary kiya haye, aur philistine key kshetron mein israel dwara manvadhikaron key ullanghan parr reporting mein sakriya rahey hain.
unhone aaparaadhik kaanoon aur prakriya aur antarrashtriya kaanoon parr pathyapustakon key saha-lekhan key alawa rangbhed, manvadhikar aur antarrashtriya kaanoon parr kaee kitaaben likhi hain. unhone dakshin african rangbhed parr bhee vyaapak roop seey likhaa haye.
shiksha.
johnn dugard ney queens college mein bhaag liya, queenstowne ney 1953 mein matrick paas kiya aur baad mein stellenbosch vishvavidyalaya (dakshin africa) mein bee. aeye. (1956) aur ell. ell. bee. (1958) kii degree arjit kii aur doosara ell. ell. bee. (1965) aur ell. ell. arjit kiya.dee. degree, antarrashtriya kaanoon mein diploma (1965), aur ack ell. ell..dee. degree (1980), sabhi cambridge vishvavidyalaya seey.
carrier.
akaadamik.
1975-1977 seey, duggard vishvavidyalaya off whitwatersand (johannesburg, dakshin africa) mein deane aur kaanoon key professor they. 1978-1990 seey, vaha vishvavidyalaya key whitwatersrand key anuprayukt kanuni adhyayan kendra key nideshak they, "dakshin africa mein manvadhikaron key prachaar key liye pratibaddh ack shodh kendra.
dugard 1995-1997 seey cambridge vishvavidyalaya mein antarrashtriya kaanoon key liye lotterpatch kendra key nideshak they.
1998 mein, duggard koo neetherland mein leiden vishvavidyalaya mein saarvajanik antarrashtriya kaanoon mein adhyaksh aur unnat ell. ell. key nideshak key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa.aim. saarvajanik antarrashtriya kaanoon mein karyakram.
2006 seey way pretoria vishvavidyalaya key manvadhikar kendra mein kaanoon key professor rahey hain.
unhone prinston vishvavidyalaya, duke vishvavidyalaya, yuu. see. berkley aur pensylvania vishvavidyalaya aur nyu south wells vishvavidyalaya (australia) mein visiting professorship kii haye.
anya vyaavsaayik gatividhiyaan.
duggard ney 1997 seey sanyukt rashtra key antarrashtriya kaanoon aayog key sadasya key roop mein kaary kiya haye. 2000 mein, vaha rajanyik suraksha parr isake vishesh prativedak baney.
2000 mein, unhone kango (kango banaam loktaantrik ganarajya) key kshetra mein sashastr gatividhiyon seey sambandhit mamalon mein nyayadhish key roop mein kaary kiya. burundi) (kango kaa loktaantrik ganarajya banaam. uganda) aur (kango kaa loktaantrik ganarajya banaam. ravanda) antarrashtriya nyayalaya mein.
duggard ney march 2009 mein washington dee. see. mein philistine kendra kaa daura kiya aur "antarrashtriya kaanoon key tahat rangbhed aur vyavasaay" sheershak seey ack vyakhyan diyaa."video aur vyakhyan kii pratilekh online upalabdh karaai gaee thee.
sanyukt rashtra.
2000 key anta mein philistine key dusare intifada key prakop key baad, johnn duggard koo sanyukt rashtra manvadhikar aayog (uncher) dwara philistine key kshetron mein manvadhikaron kii sthiti parr jaanch aayog key adhyaksh key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. 2001 mein, duggard koo sanyukt rashtra kaa vishesh prativedak niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. unhein philistine key kshetron mein antarrashtriya manvadhikaron aur maanviya kaanoon kii sthiti key baare mein vaarshik report aur sifaarishen prastut karane kii aavashyakta thee.
julaai 2006 mein apane pahale vishesh satra mein, sanyukt rashtra manvadhikar parishad ney philistine key kshetron mein sthiti parr report karane key liye duggard kii adhyakshata mein ack tatkaal tathya-khoj mission bheja. 26 sitambar 2006 koo, duggard ney bataaya kii "philistine key kshetron mein manvadhikaron key maanak asahaniya nae staron parr gir gaye hain.
2008 mein shuru karate hue, duggard ney antarrashtriya nyayalaya mein nyayadhish key roop mein kaary kiya.
duggard ney march 2009 mein washington dee. see. mein philistine kendra kaa daura kiya aur "antarrashtriya kaanoon key tahat rangbhed aur vyavasaay" sheershak seey ack vyakhyan diyaa."
2007 aur 2008 kii report.
duggard ney farwari 2007 mein aam sabhaa koo ack report jaari kii jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii philistine key kshetra mein "israel key kaanoon aur prathaaen nishchit roop seey rangbhed key pahaluon seey milati-julati hain". duggard ney yeh bhee kahaa, "kaee kshetron mein polestinians key khilaf bhedbhaav hotaa haye. isake alawa, rangbhed key aparaadh key daman aur sajaa parr 1973 key antarrashtriya sammelan kaa kaee prathaon dwara ullanghan kiya gayaa prateet hotaa haye, vishesh roop seey joe philistiniyon koo andolan kii swatantrata seey incar karate hain. (...) usee samay vyavasaay key tatva upaniveshvaad aur rangbhed key roopon kaa gathan karate hain, joe antarrashtriya kaanoon key vipareet hain.
usee report mein, duggard ney kahaa kii "paschimi tata mein yahudi bastiyaan avaidh hain. way chauthe geneva sammelan key anuchhed 49, paragraph 6 kaa ullanghan karate hain aur deewaar parr apani salaahkaar raay mein antarrashtriya nyayalaya dwara unaki avaidhata kii pushti kii gaee haye. bastiyon kii avaidhata aur antarrashtriya samudaay dwara bastiyon kii sarvasammat ninda key bavjood, israel kii sarkaar bastiyon koo badhane dene mein luggy hui haye. kabhi-kabhi niptan vistaar khule taur parr aur sarkaar kii poorna manjuri key saath hotaa haye...) kabhi-kabhi bastiyaan israel key kaanoon key sandarbh mein gairkaanooni roop seey vistaarit hoti hain, lekin kaanoon koo lagu karane kaa koee prayaas naheen kiya jaataa haye...) nissandeh sabse adhik ugra basane vaalon kaa vyavhaar hebron mein hotaa haye, jahan philistine key schooly bachchon parr hamla kiya jaataa haye aur school jaate samay unakaa upman kiya jaataa haye, dukandaron koo peeta jaataa haye aur nivasi basane vaalon key aatank key darr seey rahate hain. nyaay key uchch nyayalaya key faisalon key bavjood kii philistine key kisaanon koo basane vaalon seey bachaana idf kaa kartavya haye, abhee bhee iss baat key saboot hain kii idf basane vaalon kii hinsa parr aankhen moond letaa haye aur iss avsar parr, philistiniyon koo pareshan karane aur apamaanit karane mein basane vaalon key saath sahyog kartaa haye. vaastav mein maine ibro mein khud key idf kii or seey iss tarah key aacharan koo dekhaa haye, "kii" iss nishkarsh kaa virodh karna mushkil haye kii israel key kaee kaanoon aur prathaaen sabhi prakaar key nasleeya bhedbhaav key unmoolan parr 1966 key sammelan kaa ullanghan karati hain. israeliyon koo binaa anumati key deewaar aur hurry rekha key beach bund kshetra mein pravesh karane kaa adhikaar haye, jabaki philistiniyon koo bund kshetra mein pravesh karane key liye anumati kii aavashyakta hoti haye; paschimi tata aur purvi jerusalam mein ghar dhwast karane kaa kaam iss tarah seey kiya jaataa haye kii philistiniyon key khilaf bhedbhaav kiya jaataa haye; poore paschim tata mein, aur vishesh roop seey hebron mein, basane vaalon koo andolan (pramukh sadaken vishesh roop seey basane vaalon key liye aarakshit hain), nirmaan adhikaar aur senaa sanrakshan key sambandh mein philistiniyon parr adhimanya upchaar diyaa jaataa haye; aur parivaar key punarmilan koo niyantrit karane vaale kaanoon (paira. 48 oopar) palestinian key saath binaa kissy sherm key bhedbhaav karein. yeh cumm nishchit haye kii rangbhed key aparaadh key daman aur sajaa parr antarrashtriya sammelan kaa ullanghan kiya gayaa haye aur "antarrashtriya samudaay ney sanyukt rashtron key madhyam seey bolate hue, teen shasanon koo manvadhikaron key liye shatrutapurna key roop mein pahachaana haye-upaniveshvaad, rangbhed aur videshi vyavasaay. sanyukt rashtra mahasabha key kaee prastaav isaki gawahi dete hain. paschimi tata, gaaja aur purvi jerusalam parr israel key kabje mein inn teenon shasanon key tatva shamil hain.
paschimi tata parr israel key karyon kaa ullekh karate hue, unhone likhaa, "kyaa iss uddeshya seey gambhirta seey incar kiya jaa sakata haye...] ack nasleeya samooh (yahudi) dwara dusare nasleeya samooh (palestinian) parr prabhutva sthaapit karna aur banaae rakhna aur vyavasthit roop seey una parr atyachar karna haye? israel iss baat seey incar kartaa haye kii yeh uska irada yaa uddeshya haye. lekin iss tarah key iraade yaa uddeshya kaa anuman iss report mein varnit karyon seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye."
alochakon ney nott kiya kii duggard koo 2001 mein uncher dwara kewal israel paksh dwara kiye gaye ullanghanon kii jaanch karane key liye ack avaitanik visheshagya key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. israel aur yuu.aiss. isaliye unaki reports koo ektarafa bataate hue khariz curr diyaa. jineva mein israel key rajdoot, itzak levnon ney kahaa kii "professor duggard israeliyon aur philistiniyon key beach nafrat koo bhadkana bund karke shaanti key kaaran kii behtar seva karenge, jinhone iss vivadaspad sthiti koo hull karane key liye gambhir baatchit shuru kii haye."israel key videsh mantralaya key pravakta maark regev ney kahaa kii yeh sanyukt rashtra key manvadhikar tantra kaa" "rajneetikaran" "thaa. "yeh pakshapaatpurna, ektarafa raajneetik drishtikon koo badhaava denaa haye joe spasht roop seey kissy bhee aise vyakti key hiton kii seva naheen kartaa haye joe manvadhikaron mein gambhirta seey ruchi rakhta haye."
duggard ney 2008 mein aam sabhaa koo ack report bhee jaari kii. iss report mein unhone unaki aalochana kaa jawab dete hue kahaa kii "vishesh prativedak key janadesh key anusaar unhein adhikaar praapt logon dwara naheen, balki adhikaar praapt shakti dwara kiye gaye manvadhikaron key ullanghan parr report karane kii aavashyakta haye. yeh bhee likhaa kii "gaaja abhee bhee adhikrit kshetra haye" aur "israel dwara gaaja kii saamoohik sajaa antarrashtriya maanviya kaanoon dwara spasht roop seey pratibandhit haye aur isake parinamswarup ack gambhir maanviya sankat paida huaa haye.
2009 mein, duggard koo vishesh prativedak key roop mein sanyukt raajya america key antarrashtriya sambandhon key professor richard aeye dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. fock.
israel aur philistine key kshetron parr anya lekhan.
huffington post" key liye agast 2009 key ack lekh mein, duggard ney kabje vaale philistine kshetra mein vartamaan sthiti kii tulanaa dakshin african rangbhed seey kii. "israel lambe samay seey lambit haye", "unhone likhaa," "usee nasleeya ganana aur parivartan seey gujarna haye joe sanyukt raajya america ney 1960 key dashak mein kiya thaa aur dakshin africa 1990 key dashak mein gujar gayaa thaa. unhone kahaa kii israel key basane vaalon key paas dou vikalp theh "kabje vaale kshetron koo chhodana" yaa "philistine key kaanoon key tahat rehna". aur unhone ghoshana kii kii "israel koo aaney vaale hafton mein yeh vikalp chunana chaahiye kii kyaa vaha anishchit kaal key liye philistiniyon parr shasson jaari rakhane kaa irada rakhta haye yaa kaanoon aur rangbhed kii dohri pranali seey peechhe hutt jaayega, yeh pradhaanmantri netanyahu key netritva mein galey lagaane key liye taiyar prateet hotaa haye."
duggard ney navambar 2011 key ack lekh mein "all jazira" key liye adhikrit philistine kshetra mein israel kii neeti kii tulanaa dakshin africa mein rangbhed seey kii. 
donon pranaliyon key beach kuchh antaron koo sweekaar karate hue, unhone kahaa kii "vyavhaar mein, bahut cumm antar haye", donon shasanon mein "bhedbhaav, daman aur kshetriya vikhandan (yaani, bhoomi kii jabti) kii visheshta haye."unhone kahaa kii israel kaa" "ack suraksha deewaar banaane key bahaane philistine key kheton koo jabt karna" "ashweton key khilaf dakshin african karyon kii yaad dilaata haye, aur tark diyaa kii" "israel ney philistiniyon aur basane vaalon key liye alag (aur asman) sadakon key nirmaan mein rangbhed dakshin africa seey parey chalaa gayaa haye. unhone yeh bhee daavaa kiya kii dakshin african suraksha pulis kii tarah israeli suraksha balon ney "badey paimaane parr yaatana kaa abhyaas kiya.
2012 key ack pepper mein, duggard ney israel aur dakshin africa kii apani tulanaa koo dohraya. "israel una logon koo, joe pratirodh gatividhiyon mein sanlagn hotey hain, yaa tou ladaakon key roop mein yaa pradarshankariyon key roop mein, 'raajneetik' kaidiyon key roop mein maanyata naheen detaa haye, kyonki yeh unhein prerit karane vaale kaaran parr vaidhata pradaan karega", duggard ney likhaa. "isake bajaay unhein sadharan aparaadhi, suraksha kaidi yaa aksar 'aatankvaadi' kahaa jaataa haye.'dakshin africa ney bhee apane raajneetik kaidiyon koo iss tarah seey badnam karane kii koshish kii. unhone aage kahaa kii "dakshin africa mein nyaayik roop seey maare jaane kii tulanaa mein ladaakon kii lakshit hatyaon mein [israel dwara] adhik philistiniyon koo maar diyaa gayaa haye. unhone nishkarsh nikala kii "pelestini kaidiyon kii paristhitiyaan kitni hii kroor aur amanviya kyon naa houn, haalaanki una parr kiye gaye mukadame anuchit houn jinhone unhein jail bhej diyaa, aur haalaanki 'apraadhiyon' yaa 'aatankvaadiyon' key roop mein unake charitra chitran koo neecha dikhaaya, hamein yeh naheen bhoolana chaahiye kii pelestini kaidi bhagyashali hain. kyonki unaki hatyaa ack aise shasson dwara naheen kii gaee thee joe 'lakshit hatyaon' key saumyokti key tahat raajneetik virodhiyon kii hatyaa kartaa haye.'"
sitambar 2012 key ack lekh mein, unhone ghoshana kii kii britten, mool "anivarya shakti" key roop mein joe abb rashtron key ack sangh key janadesh key tahat israel haye, ney dashakon seey israel kaa samarthan karke philistiniyon key liye ack "pavitra" daayitva kaa ullanghan kiya thaa aur yeh kii "juurii abhee bhee iss sawal parr haye kii kyaa israel ney chhah divasiya yuddh mein aatmaraksha mein yaa ack hamlawar key roop mein kaam kiya haye. "dukh kii baat haye kii britten ney philistine key logon key manvadhikaron kii raksha karane yaa unaki swatantrata koo aage badhaane key liye bahut cumm kiya haye", duggard ney likhaa. 
israel kii sthaapana key liye 1947 key sanyukt rashtra prastaav kii vaidhata parr sawal uthaate hue, unhone ack raajya key roop mein philistine kii vaidhata key liye tark diyaa, yeh dekhate hue kii yeh arab raajyon aur unesco key sangh kaa sadasya haye aur "120 aur 130 raajyon key beach kissy naa kissy tarah seey philistine kii sthiti koo maanyata dee haye.
duggard 52 antarrashtriya hastiyon mein seey ack they jinhone 2012 mein philistine key logon key saath ekjutata key antarrashtriya divas kii poorv sandhya parr israel key khilaf sainya pratibandh lagaane key liye ack patra parr hastakshar kiye they. anya hastaksharkartaon mein nobel shaanti puraskar vijeta marrade magwire aur adolfo perez esquival, kalakar roser watter, film nirmaata mike leh aur caine loach aur lekhak ellis walker aur naomi clain shamil they. israel kii aniyantrit yuddh" aur "philistiniyon key adheenata" kaa hawala dete hue, patra mein tark diyaa gayaa kii "" israel kaa aakramak aur asman sainya bull key avaidh upayog koo 'aatmaraksha' key roop mein uchit thaharaane kaa prayaas kanuni-yaa naitik-jaanch key liye khadaa naheen hotaa haye, kyonki raajya una krityon key liye aatmaraksha kaa ahwan naheen curr sakate hain joe ack gairkaanooni sthiti kii raksha karane key liye kaam karate hain joe unhone pahali jagah mein banaai haye. 
duggard kii aalochana.
manhani-rodhi leag (aeye. dee. ell.) ney yuu.aine. mahasachiv kofi annan aur manvadhikar uchchaayukt luis arber ney 2004 mein yuu key pada seey duggard koo hataane key liye.aine. manvadhikaron key liye vishesh prativedak, unake "spasht roop seey israel raajya key khilaf purvagrah kaa pradarshan karane" key liye. aeye. dee. ell. ney duggard kii report kaa hawala diyaa, "palestine sahit kabje vaale arab kshetron mein manvadhikaron key ullanghan kaa sawal", jisamen, aeye. dee. ell. key anusaar, vaha "vyaktigat doshasiddhi koo tathya key roop mein prastut kartaa haye, aur israel key khilaf antarrashtriya samudaay dwara kaarravaai key liye ack bhadkaau ahwan kii report karane seey parey haye. jabaki "duggard ney vyaapak roop seey philistiniyon key khilaf kathit israel manvadhikaron key hanan key tathya key roop mein prastut kiya", aeye. dee. ell. parr aarop lagaaya, unaki report mein "israel key khilaf aatankvaad, philistine key hathiyaron kii taskari surangon, yaa israel key shaharon key khilaf rockett hamalon mein philistine kii bhagidari kaa bahut cumm yaa koee ullekh naheen kiya gayaa.
2006 mein ack "tathya-khoj mission" kaa netritva karane key liye unaki niyukti kaa virodh karate hue, ack ghadee ney duggard kii aalochana kii...philistine key kshetron mein manvadhikaron kii sthiti parr. duggard kii report, binaa dekhe, "unake ugra roop seey israel virodhi purvagrah key liye, gair-manakon seey bhee alag hain. duggard naa kewal vyavasthit roop seey philistine key aatank key krityon aur unake peediton koo nazarandaj kartaa haye, balki vaha raifalon, mortar aur kasam-2 rockets seey lais philistine key sainya samoohon kii prashansa karane key liye itna aage badhaa haye [joe] nae dridh sankalp, saahas aur safalata key saath [israeli senaa] kaa saamana karate hain.'bhee, jabaki' kaee ack aankade...lambust israel kii tarah, "duggard" ekmatra niyukt vyakti haye joe niyamit roop seey gair-praayojit chaukadi aur madhya poorv shaanti key liye isake road mapp key khilaf haye.  israeli corporal gilad shaalit key hamas dwara haal hii mein kabja kiye jaane key baare mein duggard key bayaan kaa hawala dete hue, jisamen duggard ney "ack kabja karane vaali shakti kii senaa mein seva karane key liye majboor sabhi israel key yuva sainikon key liye sahaanubhooti vyakt kii", unn watch ney tippani kii kii "duggard israel kii naitikta parr, ack tej chhura ghompkar, sankeeta seey bhide hue, pakade gaye sanic key liye sahaanubhooti vyakt karane key liye khud koo naheen laa sakata thaa. hamane aisaa kuchh naheen dekhaa haye joe yeh bataata haye kii shaaririk shaalit ney apani seva key baare mein deshbhakti key alawa kuchh bhee mahsoos kiya haye. ack najar ney aage kahaa kii jabaki duggard ney philistine key doshiyon key khilaf philistine key pradhikaran dwara maut kii sajaa key upayog kii aalochana kii thee, unhone apani reports mein kabhi bhee "israel key nagrikon dwara dainik roop seey saamana kiye jaane vaale aatank" aur "israel key gaganchumbi imaraton, bandargaahon aur eendhan dipo key khilaf badey-aatankvaad key hamalon key prayaas" kaa sandarbh naheen diyaa thaa.
sadasyataaen.
vaha institute dee droit international key sadasya hain. 1997 seey way sanyukt rashtra antarrashtriya vidhi aayog key sadasya rahey hain. vaha manavata pahal salaahkaar parishad key khilaf apraadhon key sadasya hain, joe whiteney aar kii ack pariyojana haye. sent mein washington vishvavidyalaya key school off low mein harris vishva kaanoon sansthaan. louis manavata key khilaf apraadhon kii roktham aur sajaa parr duniya kii pahali sandhi sthaapit karane key liye.
sammaan aur puraskar.
johnn dugard key paas cape town vishvavidyalaya, natal vishvavidyalaya, port elizabeth vishvavidyalaya, pretoria vishvavidyalaya, stellenbosch vishvavidyalaya aur vitatersand vishvavidyalaya seey kaanoon kii maanad doctorate hain.
aprail 2012 mein, unhein rashtrapati jacob juma dwara aayojit ack samaroh mein dakshin africa key sarvocch nagrik sammanon mein seey ack, order off dha baobabah gold praapt huaa.

