dursanchar kaa itihas

dursanchar kaa itihas africa, asia aur america mein dhuein key sanketon aur drum key upayog key saath shuru huaa. 1790 key dashak mein, europe mein pahali nishchit semaphore pranali ubhari. haalaanki, 1830 key dashak taka vidyut dursanchar pranali dikhaai dene luggy. iss lekh mein dursanchar key itihas aur una vyaktiyon kaa vivaran diyaa gayaa haye jinhone dursanchar pranaliyon koo banaane mein madad kii joe way aaj hain. dursanchar kaa itihas sanchaar key badey itihas kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa haye.
pracheen pranaaliyan aur optical telegraph.
praarambhik dursanchar mein dhuein key sanket aur drum shamil they. bolane vaale drum kaa upayog africa mein mool nivaasiyon dwara kiya jaataa thaa, aur uttari america aur chean mein dhuein key sanket. inn pranaliyon kaa upayog aksar ack sainya shivir kii upasthiti kii ghoshana karane seey adhik karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa.
rabbiyon key judawad mein pradhaan pujari koo vaapas jaane key raaste mein rumal yaa jhandon key madhyam seey ack sanket diyaa gayaa thaa taaki yeh sanket diyaa jaa sakey kii bakri koo "azazel key liye" chattan seey dhakel diyaa gayaa thaa.
vibhinn sanskritiyon dwara itihas mein kabhi-kabhi home kabootaron kaa upayog kiya jaataa rhaa haye. kabootar kii chauki kii jadein farsi theen, aur baad mein romanon dwara apani senaa kii sahaayata key liye iska upayog kiya gayaa thaa.
yunani hydrolic semaphore pranaliyon kaa upayog eesaa poorv chauthi shatabdi mein kiya gayaa thaa. hydrolic semaphore, joe paani seey bharey jahaajon aur drishya sanketon key saath kaam karate they, optical telegraph key roop mein kaary karate they. haalaanki, way kewal poorv-nirdhaarit sandeshon kii ack bahut hii seemit shrinkhala kaa upayog curr sakate they, aur jaise kii aise sabhi optical telegraph koo kewal achchi drishyata sthitiyon key dauran tainaat kiya jaa sakata thaa.
madhya yug key dauran, batti kii janjeeron kaa upayog aamtaur parr pahaadi kii chotiyon parr sanket dene key saadhan key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. beekan chain koo iss kamee kaa saamana karna padaa kii way kewal ack bitt jaankaari paarit curr sakate they, isaliye sandesh key arth jaise kii "dushman koo dekhaa gayaa haye" parr pahale seey hii sahamati banani thee. unake upayog kaa ack ullekhaniya udaaharan spanish armada key dauran thaa, jaba ack beekan shrinkhala ney plymouth seey landan taka ack sanket prasaarit kiya joe spanish yuddhpoton key aagaman kaa sanket detaa thaa.
1774 mein, swiss bhautik vigyaani georges lessage ney ack sthir vidyut taar kaa nirmaan kiya jisamen 24 pravaahakiya taaron kaa ack sett thaa joe kuchh meater lambe they aur joe ack resham dhaage seey nilambit 24 badee gendon seey judey they (pratyek taar ack patra seey mell khaata haye). ack sthir vidyut janitra key madhyam seey ack taar key vidyuteekaran seey sambandhit badee gend koo vikshepit karane aur rekha key anta mein sthit prachaalak koo ack patra nirdisht karane kaa kaaran banata haye. chayanit aksharon kaa crum ack sandesh key lekhan aur sancharan kii or leey jaataa haye.
francisi engineer clod chaipe ney 1790 mein drishya telegraph parr kaam karna shuru kiya, jisamen "ghadiyon" key jode kaa upayog kiya gayaa, jinake haath vibhinn prateekon kii or ishara karate they. yeye lambi doori parr kaafee vyavharya saabit naheen hue, aur chaipe ney apane model koo dou sett judey hue lakadi key beemon kaa upayog karane key liye sanshodhit kiya. prachaalak crank aur taaron kaa upayog karke beam koo sthanantarit karate hain. unhone lilly aur peris key beach apani pahali telegraph line banaai, jisake baad strasberg seey peris taka ack line bunny. 1794 mein, ack swedish engineer, abraham adelcrantz ney stockholm seey drottingholm taka ack bilkul alag pranali kaa nirmaan kiya. chaap kii pranali key vipareet jisamen lakadi key ghoomate beam shamil they, adalcrantz kii pranali kewal shutter parr nirbhar thee aur isaliye tej thee.
halanki, ack sanchaar pranali key roop mein semaphore koo kushal operators aur mahange towers kii aavashyakta kaa saamana karna padaa, joe aksar kewal duss seey tees kilometres (chhah seey unnis meal) key antaral parr hotey they. isake parinamswarup, antim vaanijyik line koo 1880 mein chhod diyaa gayaa thaa.
vidyut telegraph.
bijli key saath sanchaar parr prayog, shuru mein asafal, lagbhag 1726 mein shuru hue. lapless, ampere aur goss sahit vaigyaanik shamil they.
vidyut telegraph mein ack praarambhik prayog ack 'vidyut rasayanik' telegraph thaa jise 1809 mein german chikitsak, shareer rachana vigyaani aur aavishkaarak saimuel thomas wonn somering dwara banaaya gayaa thaa, joe spanish polymath aur vaigyaanik francisco salva campillo dwara 1804 key pahale, cumm majboot design parr adharit thaa. unake donon designs mein kaee taaron (35 taka) kaa upayog kiya gayaa taaki lagbhag sabhi lattin aksharon aur ankon koo drishtigat roop seey darshaaya jaa sakey. iss prakaar, sandeshon koo kuchh kilometres (wonn summering key design mein) taka vidyut roop seey preshit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisamen telegraph receiver key pratyek taar koo acid kii ack alag kaanch kii nully mein visarjit kiya jaataa haye. ack vidyut dhaara koo bhejane vaale dwara ack sandesh key pratyek ank kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale vibhinn taaron key madhyam seey kramik roop seey lagu kiya gayaa thaa; praaptakarta key anta mein dhaaraon ney anukram mein naliyon mein acid koo vidyut apghatan kiya, pratyek sambandhit akshar yaa ank key buggle mein hydrogen bulbule kii dhaaraon koo jaari kiya. telegraph receiver kaa sanchaalak bulbule koo netraheen roop seey dekhta thaa aur phir sanchaarit sandesh koo record curr sakata thaa, halanki bahut cumm boud darr parr. pranali kaa pramukh nuksan isaki nishedhaatmak laagat thee, kyonki baad mein telegraph dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale ekal taar (ground return key saath) key vipareet, kaee taar paripathon kaa nirmaan aur taar lagaana thaa.
pahala kaam karane vaalaa telegraph 1816 mein francis ronalds dwara banaaya gayaa thaa aur isamen sthir bijli kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa.
charles wheatstone aur villium fodergill cook ney ack paanch-suee, chhah-taar pranali kaa patent karaaya, joe 1838 mein vaanijyik upayog mein aaya. isane sandeshon kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye suiyon key vikshepan kaa upayog kiya aur 9 aprail 1839 koo mahaan paschimi railway key 21 kilometres (terah meal) seey adhik kaa sanchaalan shuru kiya. wheatstone aur cook donon ney apane upkaran koo "[maujooda] vidyut chumbakiya telegraph mein sudhaar" key roop mein dekhaa, naa kii ack nae upkaran key roop mein.
atlantic mahasagar key doosari or, saimuel morse ney vidyut telegraph kaa ack sanskaran vikasit kiya jise unhone 2 sitambar 1837 koo pradarshit kiya. alfred vail ney iss pradarshan koo dekhaa aur register koo vikasit karane key liye morse mein shamil hoe gaye-ack telegraph terminal joe kagaj key tape mein sandeshon koo record karane key liye ack logging device koo ekikrit kartaa haye. iska pradarshan 6 janwari 1838 koo teen meal (paanch kilometres) aur antatah washington, dee key beach chaalees meal (chausath kilometres) seey adhik safaltapurvak kiya gayaa thaa.see.24 maee 1844 koo baltimore mein patent praapt aavishkaar aakarshak saabit huaa aur 1851 taka sanyukt raajya america mein telegraph laainen fail gaeen. iss telegraph mein morse kaa sabse mahatvapurna takniki yogdan saral aur atyadhik kushal morse code thaa, jise vail key saath saha-vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, joe kii wheatstone kii adhik jatil aur mahangi pranali parr ack mahatvapurna pragati thee, aur isake liye kewal dou taaron kii aavashyakta thee. morse code kii sanchaar dakshata digital sanchaar mein huffman code seey 100 seey adhik varshon seey pahale thee, lekin morse aur vail ney code koo vishuddh roop seey anubhavjanya roop seey vikasit kiya, jisamen adhik baar aksharon key liye chhote code they.
angreji channel key paar pandubbi cable, gutta parcha mein lepit taar, 1851 mein bichhaaya gayaa thaa. 1857 aur 1858 mein sthaapit atlantic paar cable kewal kuchh dinon yaa hafton key liye sanchaalit hue (james buchnan aur raani victoria key beach abhivaadan key sandesh leey jaane seey pahale). americi grihyuddh key kaaran ack pratisthaapan rekha bichhaane kii pariyojana mein paanch saal kii deree hui thee. pahali safal atlantic paar telegraph cable 27 julaai 1866 koo poori hui, jisase pahali baar nirantar atlantic paar dursanchar kii anumati millie.
telephone.
vidyut telephone kaa aavishkaar 1870 key dashak mein kiya gayaa thaa, joe harmonic (bahu-sanket) telegraph key saath pahale key kaam parr adharit thaa. pahali vaanijyik telephone sevaayen 1878 aur 1879 mein atlantic key donon or nae swarg key shaharon mein sthaapit kii gaeen, joe sanyukt raajya america mein connecticut aur britten mein landan hain. alekjendar graham bell ney telephone key liye master patent rakhaa joe donon deshon mein aisee sevaaon key liye aavashyak thaa. vidyut telephone upkaranon aur suvidhaon key liye anya sabhi patent iss master patent seey pravaahit hue. vidyut telephone key aavishkaar key liye shreya aksar vivaadit rhaa haye, aur iss mudde parr samay-samay parr nae vivaad utpann hue hain. radio, television, light bulb aur digital computer jaise anya mahaan aavishkaron key saath, kaee aavishkaarak they jinhone "ack taar parr dhwani prasaran" parr praayogik kaam kiya, jinhone phir ack dusare key vichaaron mein sudhaar kiya. haalaanki, pramukh navpravartak alekjendar graham bell aur gardiner green hubbard they, jinhone sanyukt raajya mein pahali telephone company, bell telephone company banaai, joe baad mein americi telephone aur telegraph (aeye. tii. aind. tii.) mein vikasit hui, joe kabhi-kabhi duniya kii sabse badee phone company thee.
pahali vaanijyik sevaaon key ubharane key baad telephone praudyogiki kaa teji seey vikas huaa, jisamen 1880 key dashak key madhya taka sanyukt raajya key harr pramukh shahar mein antar-shahar lines kaa nirmaan aur telephone exchange kiya gayaa. pahala antarmahadvipiya telephone coll 25 janwari, 1915 koo huaa. isake bavjood, 7 janwari, 1927 taka grahakon key liye atlantic paar aavaaj sanchaar asambhav rhaa, jaba radio kaa upayog karke ack connection sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki 25 sitambar, 1956 koo 36 telephone circuit pradaan karate hue tait-1 kaa udghaatan honey taka koee cable connection maujood naheen thaa.
1880 mein, bell aur saha-aavishkaarak charles sumner tenter ney photophone dwara prakshepit modulated lightbeam key madhyam seey duniya kii pahali wireless telephone coll kaa sanchaalan kiya. unake aavishkaar key vaigyaanik siddhanton kaa upayog kaee dashakon taka naheen kiya jaayega, jaba unhein pahali baar sainya aur fiber-optic sanchaar mein tainaat kiya gayaa thaa.
pahala atlantic paar "telephone" cable (jisamen saikadon electronic emplifier shamil they) 1956 taka chaalu naheen thaa, pahale vaanijyik dursanchar upgrah, telstar, koo antariksh mein launch kiye jaane seey kewal chhah saal pahale.
radio aur television.
kaee varshon mein, itali key aavishkaarak guglielmo marconi ney radio tarangon kii naee khoji gaee ghatana koo dursanchar key liye anukoolit karane parr kaam kiya, unakaa upayog karke pahali wireless telegraph pranali kaa nirmaan kiya. disambar 1901 mein, unhone sent key beach wireless sanchaar sthaapit kiya. johnn, newfoundland aur poldu, cornwall (ingland) ney unhein 1909 mein bhautiki mein nobel puraskar (jise unhone carle braun key saath saajha kiya) arjit kiya. 1900 mein, reginald facenden wireless roop seey ack maanav aavaaj prasaarit karane mein saksham they.
millimeter tarang sanchaar kii pahali baar jaanch bangali bhautik vigyaani jagdish chandra boses dwara 1894-1896 key dauran kii gaee thee, jaba way apane prayogon mein 60 geegahertz taka kii atyadhik uchch aavritti taka pahunch gaye they. unhone radio tarangon kaa pataa lagaane key liye ardhchaalak junctions key upayog kii bhee shuruat kii, jaba unhone 1901 mein radio chrystal detector kaa patent karaaya.
1924 mein, japani engineer kenjiro takaayanaagi ney electronic television parr ack shodh karyakram shuru kiya. 1925 mein, unhone thermal electron utsarjan key saath ack see. aar. tii. television kaa pradarshan kiya. 1926 mein, unhone 40-line resolution key saath ack see. aar. tii. television kaa pradarshan kiya, joe poori tarah seey electronic television receiver kaa pahala kaaryasheel udaaharan thaa. 1927 mein, unhone television resolution koo 100 lines taka badhaa diyaa, joe 1931 taka bejod thaa. 1928 mein, way television parr aadhe swar mein maanav chehare prasaarit karane vaale pahale vyakti they, joe vladmir key key baad key kaam koo prabhaavit karate they. zworikin.
25 march, 1925 koo, scotish aavishkaarak johnn loggy bayered ney saarvajanik roop seey landan department store selfries mein chalati sylhoot tasveeron key prasaran kaa pradarshan kiya. bayered kii pranali teji seey ghoomane vaali nipco disk parr nirbhar thee, aur iss prakaar yeh yaantrik television key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. octuber 1925 mein, bayered haftone shades key saath chalati hui tasveeren praapt karane mein safal rhaa, joe adhikansh khaaton mein pahali sachchi television tasveeren theen. isake kaaran 26 janwari 1926 koo phir seey selfries parr behtar upkaran kaa saarvajanik pradarshan kiya gayaa. unake aavishkaar ney 30 sitambar, 1929 seey british prasaran nigam dwara kiye gaye ardh-prayogaatmak prasaran kaa aadhar banaaya.
beesavin shatabdi key adhikansh televisions mein carle braun dwara aavishkaar kii gaee cathode ray tube (see. aar. tii.) kaa upayog kiya gayaa. iss tarah key ack television kaa nirmaan philo farnsworth dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone 7 sitambar, 1927 koo idaho mein apane parivaar key liye kachche sylhoot chhaviyon kaa pradarshan kiya thaa. farnsworth kaa upkaran kalman tihanayi aur vladmir zworikin key samvarti kaam key saath pratispardha karega. haalaanki iss upkaran kaa nishpaadan abhee taka vaha naheen thaa joe sabhi koo ummeed thee kii yeh hoe sakata haye, lekin isane farnsworth koo ack chhoti utpaadan company arjit kii. 1934 mein, unhone philadelphia key franklin sansthaan mein television kaa pahala saarvajanik pradarshan kiya aur apana prasaran kendra khola. tihanayi key radioscope parr adharit zworikin key cameray, jise baad mein iconscope key roop mein jaanaa jaayega, koo prabhaavshaali radio corporation off america (aar. see. aeye.) kaa samarthan praapt thaa. sanyukt raajya america mein, farnsworth aur aar. see. aeye. key beach adalati kaarravaai farnsworth key paksh mein hogi. johnn loggy bayered ney yaantrik television koo chhod diyaa aur cathode-ray tubes kaa upayog karke rangeen television key agrani bunn gaye.
madhya shatabdi key baad samakshiya cable aur microwave radio rille key prasaar ney television network koo badey deshon mein bhee failaane kii anumati dee.
ardhchaalak yug.
1950 key baad seey dursanchar itihas key aadhunik kaal koo dursanchar praudyogiki mein ardhchaalak upkaranon koo vyaapak roop seey apanaane key kaaran ardhchaalak yug key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. transister praudyogiki aur ardhchaalak udyog key vikas ney dursanchar praudyogiki mein mahatvapurna pragati koo saksham kiya, jisase dursanchar sevaaon kii keemat mein kaafee girawat aaee, aur raajya key swaamitva vaale naroband circuit-switched network seey niji broadband paiket-switched network mein sankraman huaa. badale mein, isase telephone grahakon kii kull sankhya mein ullekhaniya vriddhi hui, joe 20veen shatabdi key anta taka duniya bhar mein lagbhag 1 arab upayogkartaon taka pahunch gaee.
dhaatu-oxide-ardhchaalak (aim. oh. aiss.) badey paimaane parr ekikaran (ell. aiss. aaee.) praudyogiki, soochana siddhant aur cellular networking key vikas ney kifayati mobile sanchaar key vikas koo badhaava diyaa. 20veen shatabdi key anta mein dursanchar udyog kaa teji seey vikas huaa, mukhya roop seey wireless sanchaar mein digital signal processing kii shuruat key kaaran, joe cumm laagat, bahut badey paimaane parr ekikaran (vee. ell. aiss. aaee.) aar. aff. see. aim. oh. aiss. (radio-aavritti poorak mose) praudyogiki key vikas seey sanchaalit thaa.
video telephony.
video telephony key vikas mein kaee praudyogikiyon kaa aitihaasik vikas shamil thaa, jisane dhwani dursanchar key alawa live video key upayog koo saksham banaaya. video telephony kii avadharana koo pahali baar 1870 key dashak key anta mein sanyukt raajya america aur europe donon mein lokpriya banaaya gayaa thaa, halanki buniyaadi vigyaanon koo isake sabse shuruati parikshanon kii anumati dene mein lagbhag aadhi sadee lugg jaayegi. yeh pahali baar usa upkaran mein sannihit thaa jise video telephone, yaa videophone key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, aur yeh kaee dursanchar kshetron, vishesh roop seey vidyut telegraphy, telephony, radio aur television mein gahan anusandhaan aur prayog seey vikasit huaa.
mahatvapurna video praudyogiki kaa vikas pahali baar 1920 key dashak key uttaraardh mein united kingdam aur sanyukt raajya america mein shuru huaa, vishesh roop seey johnn loggy bayered aur aitt aind tii kii bell labs dwara prerit. yeh aanshik roop seey, cumm seey cumm aeye. tii. aind. tii. dwara, telephone key upayog key poorak key roop mein kaary karane key liye huaa. kaee sangathanon kaa maanana thaa kii video telephony saade aavaaj sanchaar seey behtar hogi. haalaanki, video takneek koo videophone key liye vyaavhaarik-yaa lokpriya-banane seey bahut pahale analogue television prasaran mein tainaat kiya jaanaa thaa.
20veen shatabdi key madhya seey anta taka paaramparik dhwani telephone pranaliyon key samanantar video telephony vikasit hui. kewal 20veen shatabdi key anta mein shaktishali video codec aur uchch gati vaale broadband key aagaman key saath yeh niyamit upayog key liye ack vyaavhaarik takneek bunn gaee. internet key teji seey sudhaar aur lokpriyata key saath, yeh video conferencing aur webcam key upayog key madhyam seey vyaapak hoe gayaa, joe aksar internet telephony kaa upayog karate hain, aur vyavasaay mein, jahaan telepresence takneek ney yatra kii aavashyakta koo cumm karane mein madad kii haye.
vyaavhaarik digital video telephony kewal video sampeedan mein pragati key saath sambhav huaa thaa, kyonki asampeedit video kii avyaavhaarik roop seey uchch bandwidth aavashyaktaaen theen. kachche asankuchit video key saath video graphics sarani (vee. jee. aeye.) gunavatta vaale video (480pee resolution aur 256 rung) koo praapt karane key liye, ise ise. bee. pee. aiss. seey adhik kii bandwidth kii aavashyakta hogi.
upgrah.
pahala yuu.aiss. sanchaar koo prasaarit karane key liye upgrah 1958 mein pariyojana score thaa, jisamen dhwani sandeshon koo sangraheet karane aur aage badhaane key liye ack tape recorder kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. iska upayog yuu seey duniya koo chrismus kii badhaai bhejane key liye kiya jaataa thaa.aiss. rashtrapati dwite dee. eisenhower. 1960 mein nassa ney ack pratidhvani upgrah launch kiya; aluminised paltu film gubbara radio sanchaar key liye ack nishkriya paraavartak key roop mein kaary kartaa thaa. 1960 mein launch kiya gayaa, filco dwara nirmit courier 1bee, duniya kaa pahala sakriya repeater upgrah thaa. inn dinon upgrahon kaa upayog jee. pee. aiss., television, internet aur telephone jaise kaee anuprayogon key liye kiya jaataa haye.
telstar pahala sakriya, pratyaksh rille vaanijyik sanchaar upgrah thaa. upgrah sanchaar vikasit karane key liye aeye. tii. aind. tii., bell telephone prayogshaalaaen, nassa, british samanya dakghar aur francisi rashtriya ptt (dakghar) key beach ack bahu-rashtriya samjhaute key hisse key roop mein aeye. tii. aind. tii. seey sambandhit, ise nassa dwara cape canveral seey 10 julaai, 1962 koo launch kiya gayaa thaa, joe pahala niji praayojit antariksh prakshepan thaa. rille 1 koo 13 disambar, 1962 koo launch kiya gayaa thaa aur 22 navambar, 1963 koo prashant mein prasaarit honey vaalaa pahala upgrah bunn gayaa thaa.
sanchaar upgrahon key liye pahala aur aitihaasik roop seey sabse mahatvapurna anuprayog antarmahadvipiya lambi doori kii telephony mein thaa. nishchit saarvajanik switch telephone network laind line telephone seey ack prithvi station taka telephone coll rille kartaa haye, jahan unhein prithvi kii kaksha mein ack bhusthaitik upgrah key madhyam seey ack praapt karane vaale upgrah dish key madhyam seey preshit kiya jaataa haye. fiber-optics key upayog key madhyam seey pandubbi sanchaar kebalon mein sudhaar, 20 veen shatabdi key anta mein nishchit telephony key liye upgrahon key upayog mein kuchh girawat kaa kaaran banaa, lekin way abhee bhee vishesh roop seey doorasth dweepon jaise kii ascension dweep, sent helena, diago garcia aur easter dweep kii seva karate hain, jahaan koee pandubbi cable seva mein naheen hain. kuchh mahadweep aur kuchh aise desh bhee hain jahan landline dursanchar durlabh hain, udaaharan key liye antarctica, saath hii australia, dakshin america, africa, uttari kanada, chean, roose aur greenland key badey kshetra.
sanchaar upgrahon key madhyam seey vaanijyik lambi doori kii telephone seva sthaapit honey key baad, 1979 mein mobile upgrah phone, upgrah radio, upgrah television aur upgrah internet pahunch sahit anya vaanijyik doorsancharon koo bhee isi tarah key upgrahon key liye anukoolit kiya gayaa thaa. aisee adhikansh sevaaon key liye sabse pahala anukoolan 1990 key dashak mein huaa kyonki vaanijyik upgrah transponder chainalon key liye moolya nirdhaaran mein kaafee girawat jaari rahee.
29 octuber, 2001 koo europe mein upgrah dwara pahali digital cinema prasaran kaa ehsas aur pradarshan, bernard pauchon, elen lorentz, raymond mailwig aur phillip binnent dwara ack feature film kaa.
computer network aur internet.
11 sitambar, 1940 koo, george stibbitz newyork shahar mein apane jatil sankhya calculator mein teletype kaa upayog karke samasyaon koo prasaarit karane mein saksham they aur nyu hampshire key dartmouth college mein sanganit parinam praapt karane mein saksham they. doorasth mook terminals key saath ack kendrikrit computer yaa mukhya frame kaa yeh vinyas 1950 key dashak mein lokpriya rhaa. haalaanki, yeh 1960 key dashak taka naheen thaa jaba shodhkartaon ney ack aisee takneek koo badalane key liye paiket kii jaanch shuru kii joe pahale ack kendrikrit mukhya frame seey gujarane key binaa detta key tukadon koo vibhinn computers mein bhejane kii anumati degi. 5 disambar, 1969 koo california vishvavidyalaya, loss angils, steinford anusandhaan sansthaan, yoota vishvavidyalaya aur california vishvavidyalaya, saanta barbara key beach ack chaar-node network ubhara. yeh network arpenet bunn jaayega, jisamen 1981 taka 213 nodes honge. juuna 1973 mein, norwey kii norser pariyojana seey sambandhit network mein pahala gair-us node jodaa gayaa thaa. isake baad jald hii landan mein ack node aaya.
arpenet kaa vikas tippani prakriya key anurodh parr kendrit thaa aur 7 aprail, 1969 koo aar. aff. see. 1 prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh prakriya mahatvapurna haye kyonki arpenet antatah internet banaane key liye anya network key saath vilay hoe jaayega aur aaj internet parr nirbhar kaee protocol iss prakriya key madhyam seey nirdisht kiye gaye they. pahala sancharan niyantran protocol (tcp) vinirdesh, ("internet sancharan niyantran karyakram kaa vinirdesh"), winton surf, yogen dalal aur carle sunshine dwara likhaa gayaa thaa, aur disambar 1974 mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. isane internet working key liye ack sankshipt naam key roop mein "internet" shabd gadhaa thaa. sitambar 1981 mein, aar. aff. see. 791 ney internet protocol protocol (aaee. pee. vee. 4) pesh kiya. isane tcp/ips protocol sthaapit kiya, jiss parr aaj internet kaa adhikansh hissa nirbhar haye. upayogkarta datagram protocol (yuu. dee. pee.), ack adhik aramdayak parivahan protocol joe tii. see. pee. key vipareet, packets kii vyavasthit delivery kii guaranti naheen detaa thaa, 28 agast 1980 koo aar. aff. see. 768 key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa. ack ee-mell protocol, aiss. aim. tii. pee., agast 1982 mein aar. aff. see. 821 dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa aur http://1.0 ack protocol joe hyperlinked internet koo sambhav banaayega, maee 1996 mein aar. aff. see. 1945 dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa.
haalaanki, tippani prakriya key anurodh key madhyam seey sabhi mahatvapurna ghatanakram naheen kiye gaye they. sthaaniya kshetra network (laine) key liye dou lokpriya link protocol bhee 1970 key dashak mein dikhaai diye. tokan ring protocol key liye ack patent 29 octuber, 1974 koo olof soderbloem dwara daayar kiya gayaa thaa. aur ethernet protocol parr ack pepper robbert metcaff aur david bogs dwara "acm key sanchaar" key julaai 1976 key ank mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. ethernet protocol allohnet protocol seey prerit thaa jise havaai vishvavidyalaya mein electrical engineering shodhkartaon dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa.
purani telephone aur television network kaa upayog karke sadee key anta mein internet kii pahunch vyaapak hoe gaee.
digital telephone praudyogiki.
mose praudyogiki koo shuru mein ghanti dwara andekha curr diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki unhein yeh analogue telephone anuprayogon key liye vyaavhaarik naheen lagaa thaa. mose praudyogiki antatah mose mishrit-sanket ekikrit paripath key saath telephone anuprayogon key liye vyaavhaarik hoe gaee, joe ack ekal chip parr analogue aur digital signal prasanskaran koo jodati haye, jise poorv bell engineer david aeye dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. paul aar key saath hodges. 1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein yuu. see. berkley mein gray. 1974 mein, hodge aur gray ney aar key saath kaam kiya.ee. suerez ney moss switch capacitor (sc) circuit takneek vikasit kii, jiska upayog way detta roopaantaran key liye mosfet aur moss capacitor kaa upayog karke digital-too-analogue convertor (dac) chip vikasit karane key liye karate they. isake baad analogue-too-digital convertor (adc) chip kaa vikas kiya gayaa, jise gray aur jey dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. 1975 mein aim. see. see.
1970 key dashak key anta mein moss sc circuit ney pcm codec-filter chips key vikas kaa netritva kiya. silicon-gett see. aim. oh. aiss. (poorak moss) pee. see. aim. codec-filter chip, jise hodge aur doubleu. dwara vikasit kiya gayaa haye.see. 1980 mein kaalaa, taba seey digital telephony key liye udyog maanak rhaa haye. 1990 key dashak taka, saarvajanik switch telephone network (pee. aiss. tii. aine.) jaise dursanchar network koo badey paimaane parr bahut badey paimaane parr ekikaran (vee. ell. aiss. aaee.) see. aim. oh. aiss. pee. see. aim. codec-filter key saath digitalikaran kiya gayaa thaa, jiska vyaapak roop seey telephone exchange aur detta sancharan anuprayogon key liye electronic switching system mein upayog kiya jaataa thaa.
wireless kranti.
1990 key dashak mein digital wireless network key aagaman key saath wireless kranti shuru hui, jisase ack samajik kranti hui, aur taaron seey wireless takneek kii or ack pratimaan badalaav, jisamen cell phone, mobile telephony, pager, wireless computer network, cellular network, wireless internet, aur wireless connection key saath laptop aur haath seey pakade jaane vaale computer jaisi vaanijyik wireless takneekon kaa prasaar shamil haye. wireless kranti radio aavritti (aar. aff.) aur microwave engineering mein pragati aur analogue seey digital aar. aff. praudyogiki mein sankraman seey prerit haye.
dhaatu-oxide-ardhchaalak kshetra-prabhaav transister (mosfet, yaa mose transister) praudyogiki mein pragati, aar. aff. praudyogiki kaa pramukh ghatak joe digital wireless network koo saksham banaata haye, iss kranti key liye kendriya rhaa haye. hitachi ney 1969 mein urdhvaadhar shakti mosfet kaa vikas kiya, lekin 1976 mein ragal dwara avadharana koo poorna karane taka power mosfet vyaavhaarik naheen hoe gayaa. 1977 mein hitachi ney ack samtal prakaar key dee. aim. oh. aiss. kii ghoshana kii joe audio power output charanon key liye vyaavhaarik thaa. aar. aff. see. aim. oh. aiss. (radio aavritti see. aim. oh. aiss.) ekikrit paripath praudyogiki koo baad mein 1980 key dashak key anta mein yuu. see. ell. aeye. mein asad abidi dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. 1990 key dashak taka, aar. aff. see. aim. oh. aiss. ekikrit paripathon koo vyaapak roop seey aar. aff. paripathon key roop mein apanaaya gayaa thaa, jabaki asatat mosfet (power mosfet aur ell. dee. aim. oh. aiss.) upkaranon koo vyaapak roop seey aar. aff. power emplifiers key roop mein apanaaya gayaa thaa, jisase digital wireless network kaa vikas aur prasaar huaa. aadhunik wireless network key adhikansh aavashyak tatva mozfet seey banaae gaye hain, jinamen bases station module, router, dursanchar circuit aur radio transceiver shamil hain. mosfet scaling ney teji seey wireless bandwidth koo badhaaya haye, joe harr 18 maheene mein doguna hoe rhaa haye (jaisa kii adholm key kaanoon dwara ullekh kiya gayaa haye).
samayrekha.
drishya, shravan aur sahayak vidhiyaan (gair-vidyut).
tasveer

