scholarship

scholl palatine (shaabdik roop seey "palatine school", mein) ack kuleen sainya shaahi gaard ikai thee, jise aamtaur parr roman samrat koo "equite singulares augusty", pratorian gaard kii ghudsavaar senaa key sthaan parr mahaan koo pratisthaapit karane key liye kahaa jaataa thaa. scholl" roman mein aur baad mein zantaain seva mein taba taka jeevit rahey jaba taka kii way 11 veen shatabdi key anta mein alexios aaee comnenos key shasankal key dauran gayab naheen hoe gaye.
chauthi-saatvin shataabdih shaahi rakshak.
itihas aur sanrachana.
chauthi shatabdi kii shuruat mein, "seasure" flavius valerius saverus ney gallerius key adesh parr pretorian gaard kii shesh ikaaiyon koo bhang karane kaa prayaas kiya. jawab mein, pretorian sevaanivritt samrat maximian key bete maxantius kii or mudey aur 28 octuber 306 koo unhein apana samrat ghoshit kiya. jaba 312 mein itali parr aakraman shuru karate hue, mahaan koo () pratibandhit kiya gayaa, tou milvian pull parr antim takraav key liye majboor kiya gayaa, pretorian samooh ney maxantius kii senaa kaa sabse pramukh tatva banaaya. baad mein, rome mein, vijayi constantine ney nishchit roop seey pretorian gaard koo bhang curr diyaa. halanki iss baat kaa koee pratyaksh pramaan naheen haye kii sangrodh ney usee samay "scholl pyalatine" kii sthaapana kii, ack angarakshak ikai kii kamee turant spasht hoe gaee hogi, aur unhein aamtaur parr unake sansthaapak key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. phir bhee, kuchh ikaaiyaan, jaise "schola gentilium" ("janjaatiyon kaa school") 312 seey bahut pahale pramaanit kii gaee hain, aur unaki utpatti diocletian (aar. 284-305).
schola" shabd kaa upayog aamtaur parr chauthi shatabdi kii shuruat mein shaahi anucharon, nagrik aur sainya donon key sangathit dall koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, aur yeh iss tathya seey nikla haye kii way mahal mein vishisht kamaron yaa kakshon parr kabja curr lete they. pratyek "schola" koo lagbhag 500 sainikon kii ack kuleen ghudsavaar resiment mein banaaya gayaa thaa. kaee vidvaanon (laitinah "scholar", yoonaanih σχολάριοι, "scholario") koo german janjaatiyon mein seey bharti kiya gayaa thaa. paschim mein, yeye frank aur alamanni they, jabaki poorv mein, goth kaaryarat they. poorv mein, 5veen shatabdi key madhya seey gothik virodhi neetiyon key prabhaav key tahat, unhein badey paimaane parr armenian aur isaurian key saath badal diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, praathamik sroton mein ullikhit vidvaanon key sakshya seey sanket milata haye kii "scholl" mein mool romanon kii upasthiti nagany naheen thee. chauthi shatabdi mein darj aur naamit vidvaanon mein seey duss nishchit roop seey roman hain, 41 shayed roman hain; jabaki kewal paanch nishchit roop seey berber hain aur gyaarah shayed berber hain.
pratyek "schola" kii kamaan ack "tribunus" dwara sambhali gaee thee, joe pratham shreni key "aataa haye" key roop mein sthaan praapt kartaa thaa, aur jinhen ack praantiya "ducks" key barabar rank key saath chhutti dee gaee thee. tribunus" mein kaee varishth adhikaari they jinhen seedhe unake adheen "domesty" yaa "protectores" kahaa jaataa thaa. pretorians key vipareet, "scholl" kaa koee samagr sainya commander naheen thaa, aur samrat ney una parr seedha niyantran banaae rakhaa; haalaanki, prashaasnik uddeshyon key liye, "scholl" koo antatah "magistrate officiarum" key nirdesh key tahat rakhaa gayaa thaa. chauthi shatabdi key anta mein "notia garima" mein, purvi samrajya key liye saat "scholl" aur paschimi samrajya key liye paanch soochibaddh hain. justinian aaee key samay mein (aar. 527-565), lekin sambhavatah pahale key samay mein bhee, "scholl" koo sthir logon key vyaapak pados mein, bithinia aur thress key shaharon mein, baari-baari seey mahal mein seva karate hue bill kiya gayaa thaa.
apane gaard key darje key anuroop, vidvaanon koo adhik vetan milata thaa aur way niyamit senaa kii tulanaa mein adhik visheshaadhikaar praapt karate theh unhein atirikt raashan ("anone sive") praapt hotaa thaa, bharti curr ("visheshaadhikaar vidwan") seey chhoot dee jaati thee aur aksar samrajya key ander nagrik missions parr samraton dwara upayog kiya jaataa thaa. haalaanki, dheere-dheere, mahal key jeevan mein aasaani aur vaastavik abhiyaan kii kamee, kyonki samraton ney khud maidan lena bund curr diyaa, unaki yuddh kshamataon koo cumm curr diyaa. poorv mein, unhein antatah mukhya shaahi angarakshak key roop mein excubitors dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa, jisaki sthaapana samrat leo aaee thracian (aar. 457-474), jabaki paschim mein, unhein shuturmurg shaasak theodoric dha grate (493-526 mein itali key shaasak) dwara sthaayi roop seey bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa. samrat zeno key adheen (aar. 474-491), way pared-ground pradarshan sainikon key liye vikrit hoe gaeh jaise-jaise "scholl" key rankon mein niyukti kharidana sambhav hoe gayaa, aur samajik sthiti aur isake laabhon key kaaran, ikaaiyaan teji seey rajdhani key achchi tarah seey judey yuva kuleen varg seey bharee hui theen. kahaa jaataa haye kii samrat justinian ney apane sadasyon koo ack abhiyaan parr bhejane kaa prastaav dekar unamen dahashat paida kii thee. justinian ney niyuktiyon kii bikri seey dhana jutaane key liye vishuddh roop seey 2,000 purushon key chaar "atirikt" "vidvaanon" koo bhee khadaa kiya. aisaa lagata haye kii yeh vriddhi baad mein usee samrat dwara vaapas kii gaee thee.
chaalees vidvaanon, jinhen unake chamkile safed angarkhe key liye "kaindidaati" naam diyaa gayaa thaa, koo samrat key vyaktigat angarakshak key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa, aur halanki 6 veen shatabdi taka unhone bhee vishuddh roop seey ack aupchaarik bhoomika nibhai, chauthi shatabdi mein way abhiyaan parr samraton key saath they, udaaharan key liye juuliyan (aar. 361-363) faras mein.
nauticia garima" seey "scholl" kii soochi.
paschimi samrajya mein ("notia" kaa paschimi bhaag 420 koo sandarbhit kartaa haye):
purvi samrajya mein ("notia" kaa purvi bhaag 390 key dashak koo sandarbhit kartaa haye):
8veen-11veen shataabdih "scholl" koo "tagmata" mein seey ack key roop mein.
scholl", "excubitor" key saath, 7veen aur 8veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein maujood rhaa, halanki aakar mein cumm hoe gayaa, vishuddh roop seey aupchaarik ikaaiyon key roop mein. haalaanki, see. aeye. mein. 743, vishayagat sainikon key ack badey vidroh koo dabaane key baad, samrat constantine vee (aar. 741-775) ney constantinople kii purani gaard ikaaiyon koo naee "tagmata" resiment mein sudhaar kiya, joe samrat koo peshevar aur wafadar sainikon kaa ack mool pradaan karane key liye they. tagmata" peshevar bhaari ghudsavaar senaa kii ikaaiyaan theen, joe nirantar logon mein aur unake aspas tainaat theen, joe byzantine sainya pranali key kendriya reserve aur shaahi abhiyaan balon key mool kaa gathan karati theen. isake alawa, unake divangat roman poorvajon kii tarah, way yuva abhijaat varg key liye ack sainya currier mein ack mahatvapurna charan they, joe pramukh feeled kamaand yaa raajya karyalayon kaa netritva curr sakate they.
tagmata" kaa sateek aakar bahas kaa vishay haye. anuman 1,000 seey 4,000 purushon taka key hain. vibhinn "tagmata" kii ack samaan sanrachana thee, joe kewal kuchh shirshakon key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale namkaran mein bhinn thee, joe unaki vibhinn poorvajon koo darshaati thee. scholai" kaa netritva "domesticos tonn scholin" (, "schools kaa gharelu") dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jise pahali baar 767 mein satyaapit kiya gayaa thaa. kyonki "magistrate officiarum" key puraane karyalaya koo "magistros" key kamobesh aupchaarik pada mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa, "domesticos" koo "scholai" key swatantra commander key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. samkaaleen abhilekhon mein, vaha "deshbhakt" kaa pada dhaaran karate hain, aur unhein sthiti mein sabse varishth generalon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye, joe kewal shaaririk vishay kii "ranneeti" seey aage nickle jaate hain. 10veen shatabdi taka, vaha poori senaa key varishth adhikaari key roop mein ubhara thaa, iss prakaar samrat key adheen ack commander-inn-cheef thaa. see. aeye. mein. 959, pada aur ikai koo dou alag-alag aadeshon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, ack poorv key liye ("domesticos [tonn scholan tess] anatolis") aur ack paschim key liye ("domesticos [tonn scholan tess] diasso").
domesticos tonn schollen" koo dou adhikaariyon dwara sahaayata pradaan kii gaee thee jinhen "topoterates" (τοποτητες, shaabdik roop seey. "placeholder," "leftinent" "), joe pratyek ikai key aadhe hisse kii kamaan sambhalata haye, ack" "chartolarios" "(χαρτοιλάριος," "sachiv" ") aur" "proexemos" "yaa" "proximos" "(pramukh doot). tagma" koo aage chhoti ikaaiyon ("bunda", "gaanaa") mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. "bandon") ack "comes" (, "count [off dha schools]") dwara aadeshit. 10veen shatabdi key anta mein, agyaat aakar key 30 aise "bunda" they. pratyek "comes" ney 5 junier "domesticoi" kii kamaan sambhali, joe niyamit senaa "kentarchoi" ("shatak") key barabar haye. 40 maanak-vaahak ("bandoforoi") bhee they, jinhen chaar alag-alag shreniyon mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. scholai" mein, yeye theh "prototores" (προτίκτορες, "rakshak", puraane "sanrakshak" seey vyutpann), "euticophoroe" (, "utchia" key vaahak; yahaan "utchia" "ptchia", bhaagya aur jeet kii chhaviyon kaa bhrashtachar haye), "skiptrophoroe" ("rajdand key vaahak", i.ee. oopar chitron key saath stave) aur "swayamsiddh" ("adhikaari").
candidatoi" kaa ullekh abhee bhee 10veen shatabdi key kaam "deconononis" mein kiya gayaa haye, lekin yeh sheershak ack mahal kii garima seey jyada kuchh naheen bunn gayaa thaa, joe vishuddh roop seey ack aupchaarik bhoomika koo puuraa kartaa thaa aur "skalaay" key "tagma" seey poori tarah seey alag thaa.
skalaay" kii resiment koo antim baar 1068/9 mein samrat romanus IV diogens () key tahat aleppo key aspas key yuddh mein pramaanit kiya gayaa haye.

