
sanyukt raajya america mein akaadamik poshak

 
sanyukt raajya america mein aupaniveshik mahavidyalayon key yug mein akaadamik poshak kaa ack itihas rhaa haye. yeh europe kii shaikshanik poshak paramparaon seey sabse adhik prabhaavit rhaa haye. ack antar-mahavidyalayi sanhita haye joe shaikshanik rajkosh kii ack vistrit samaan yojana nirdhaarit karati haye jiska kaee loga swechha seey paalan karate hain, halanki sabhi sansthaan poori tarah seey iska paalan naheen karate hain.
tatva.
kapade aur kapade.
sanyukt raajya america mein snaatak aur master key gaaun united kingdam mein unake kuchh samkakshon key samaan hain, vishesh roop seey oxford. mukhya antar yeh haye kii snaatak kaa gaaun bund pahanane key liye design kiya gayaa haye aur aadhunik gaaun kii baajuen code key anusaar nukile honey key bajaay anta mein vargakar hain. master kii gaaun sleeve aaytaakaar hoti haye aur, halanki sleeve kaa aadhar neeche latakata haye, yeh aaytaakaar aakar key pichhale hisse mein vargakar hotaa haye. saamane key hisse mein ack chaap kaat diyaa gayaa haye, aur kalaai key udghaatan key liye ack cheera haye (joe 1960 seey pahale british gaaun kii tarah kohni parr sthit thaa), lekin baaki chaap bund haye. aakar kaee shaikshanik hood mein shamil varg-cutt lyripipe kaa prerak haye. master kaa gaaun khula yaa bund pahanane key liye design kiya gayaa haye.
doctorate gaaun aam taur parr kaale hotey hain, halanki kuchh school school key rangon mein gaaun kaa upayog karate hain. code usa mamle mein hood key baahari khol koo kaalaa rakhane key liye kahata haye. doctorate gaaun mein teen makhmali pattiyon key saath bell sleeves hoti hain aur gaaun key saamane makhmali hoti haye. code mein kahaa gayaa haye kii gaaun trim yaa tou kaalaa honah chaahiye yaa adhyayan key kshetra key liye nirdisht rung jisamen doctorate arjit kii jaati haye, iss parantuk key saath kii doctor off philosophy kii degree (ph.dee.) adhyayan kiye gaye vishesh kshetra kii parwah kiye binaa darshan key gahare neele makhmali rung kaa upayog kartaa haye. (udaaharan key liye, ack ph.dee. dharamshastra mein makhmali gaaun kaa trim gahare neele rung mein pahana jaataa thaa, joe dharamshastra key ack doctor they (tha.dee.) laal rung kii poshak pahanenge, yaa yaa tou kaale rung kaa chayan curr sakate hain.) kuchh gaaun bund honey parr ack nekti yaa kraavat koo ujagar karate hain. inhen saamane khule yaa bund pahanane key liye design kiya gayaa haye.
nyasi mandal key sadasya yaa kissy college yaa vishvavidyalaya key anya shaasi nikaay key adhikaari, chaahe unaki degree kuchh bhee hoe, doctor key gaaun pahanane key hakdar hain, jinka saamana kewal kaali makhmali aur kaali makhmali pattiyon key saath kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, unake hood (neeche dekhein, neeche dekhein) kewal vahee hoe sakate hain joe vaastav mein pahanane vaale dwara dhaaran kiye gaye degree key hoe (yaa sansthaan dwara vishesh roop seey nirdhaarit). hood key baahari khol key liye rung mankikaran upayog kaa lachilaapan pradaan kartaa haye aur iss abhyaas koo suvidhajanak banaane mein madad kartaa haye.
hood.
hood kaa rung aur aakar arjit degree key prakaar aur vishay key saath-saath usa sansthaan kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye jisase ise sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. halanki code mein koee aakar nirdisht naheen haye, americi snaatak aur master aamtaur parr wells key saral aakar (grove vargeekaran pranali mein aiss5) koo ack vibhajit salmon cutt key saath pahanate hain; doctor ack hii aakar pahanate hain lekin kinaaron seey judey "panel" key saath.
ummidvaaron koo aupchaarik roop seey topi pehnai jaa sakati haye, jaisa kii kuchh british vishvavidyalayon mein kiya jaataa haye, yaa ack college yaa school samaroh key dauran uchit samay parr 'aatm-astitva' 'saamoohik roop seey' hoe sakata haye. isake alawa, sanhita shaikshanik julus key hisse key roop mein udghaatan samaroh mein hood pahanane kii anumati detee haye, lekin kewal tabhi jaba uparokt donon prakriyaon mein seey kissy kaa bhee upayog naheen kiya jaa rhaa hoe. code mein yeh bhee kahaa gayaa haih "binaa hood key avivaahit key gaaun koo pahanana kaafee upayukt haye."kaee sansthaan, vishesh roop seey badey, isaliye praarambhik samarohon mein snaatak key hood key saath poori tarah seey vitarit kiye gaye hain, halanki ack snaatak abhee bhee degree pradaan kiye jaane key baad ack pahanane kaa hakdar haye. samaroh mein anya ummidvaaron key liye apnai jaa rahee prakriya kii parwah kiye binaa, maanad aur arjit doctorate kii upaadhiyan aksar kissy sansthaan key sarvocch shaikshanik adhikaari dwara pradaan kii jaati hain, joe munch parr uchit adhikaar pradaan karate hain.
kissy bhee samay kewal ack hood pahanana chaahiye. uchchatam degree praapt karane kaa sanket dene vaalaa rajchinh aamtaur parr pahana jaataa haye, halanki code ack snaatak koo kissy avsar key liye cumm degree arjit kii gaee poori shaikshanik poshak mein vaapas aaney kii anumati detaa haye. joe ack hii star kii kaee degree rakhate hain (i.ee. ack seey adhik master yaa doctorate kii degree) kissy bhee samay arjit kissy bhee ack degree kaa rajchinh, apani sampoornata mein, pahan sakati haye. code 'mishran aur milan' kii anumati naheen detaa haye.'ack apavaad shaikshanik sansthaan key adhikaariyon key liye haye, joe vishvavidyalaya kaa doctorate gaaun pahanate hue, kissy bhee sansthaan seey arjit kissy bhee degree seey ack hood pradarshit curr sakate hain (oopar "gaaun aur vastra" dekhein).
sir key kapade.
topi aur paridhan kaa ack mahatvapurna ghatak shirastraan haye, aur isake binaa shaikshanik poshak poori naheen hoti haye. headwear shaikshanik upalabdhi key star key saath aur kuchh hudd taka, vyaktigat shaikshanik sansthaan key vinirdeshon key anusaar bhinn hoe sakate hain.
kuchh colleges aur vishvavidyalayon mein snaatak honey parr ack taraf seey doosari taraf leey jaane kii pratha haye, lekin yeh ack aadhunik navachar haye joe havaa kii anishchitataon key kaaran avyaavhaarik hoga. haalaanki, snaatak sthiti mein sankraman key iss nishan mein adhik paaramparik sanketkon kii tulanaa mein cumm samay lene kaa laabh haye jaise kii vyakti koo hood pradaan karna yaa samaroh key madhyam seey poshak kaa poorna parivartan (jaisa kii united kingdam mein oxford mein). aise vishvavidyalayon mein snatakon key liye praarambh samaroh kii shuruat daaeen or apane tussel key saath karna aam baat haye. tassel koo baain or badalana vyaktigat roop seey yaa ack samooh key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. doctorate aur paraasnaatak chhatron key liye, tassel aamtaur parr baain or shuru hotaa haye aur rahata haye.
anya sajawat.
kaee anya vastuein jaise doriyaan, stoll yaa vibhinn shaikshanik uplabdhiyon yaa anya sammanon kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale aguillet bhee kuchh degree dene vaale sansthanon key vivek parr pahane jaate hain. code akaadamik rajkosh parr yaa usake oopar unake upayog koo aswikar kartaa haye, yeh kahate hue kii "...snatakon dwara pahane jaane vaale joote aur drishya paridhaanon kii anya vastuein gahare rung kii honey chaahiye joe shaikshanik poshak key saath mell khaati houn. akaadamik gaaun parr aur kuchh naheen pahanana chaahiye."puraskaron aur sammanon kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale paridhaanon aur tokan koo shaikshanik poshak kaa ack ghatak naheen maanaa jaataa haye, naa kewal isaliye kii sanhita unhein taalane kaa sujhaav detee haye, balki isaliye bhee kii (aeye) unhein aksar paribhaashit topi aur gaaun key binaa pahana jaataa haye, aur (bee) way aamtaur parr usa varsh key baad shaikshanik vastron key saath ack snaatak dwara naheen pahane jaate hain jisamen sammaan pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. phir bhee, unhein aksar sanyukt raajya america mein akaadamik raaj key saath dekhaa jaataa haye, aur isaliye yahaan ullekh kiya gayaa haye.
antar-mahavidyalayiya rung.
seekhane key vibhinn kshetron key liye aavantit rangon koo sanyukt raajya america mein intercollegiate beuro off academic costume dwara badey paimaane parr maankeekrit kiya gayaa haye, aur americi council onn ajucation dwara apane "akaadamik costume code" mein sweekaar kiya gayaa haye."diye gaye hood trim aur/yaa tussels koo saunpa gayaa rung aur-jahaan upayukt hoe-gaaun facing, adhyayan kiye gaye kshetra seey jitna sambhav hoe utanaa nikatata seey sambandhit honah chaahiye. udaaharan key liye, jisane pashupalan mein degree arjit kii haye, vaha krishi kaa makka pahanega, kyonki koee bhee rung pashupalan key vishay key liye vishisht naheen haye, aur yeh aam taur parr krishi key vyaapak kshetra mein shamil haye. cumm saralata seey, ganit paaramparik roop seey udaar kalaaon key beach haye, joe safed dwara pratinidhitva kiya jaataa haye, lekin ise ack aupchaarik vigyaan bhee maanaa jaa sakata haye, jise vigyaan key liye sunhare peele rung dwara pratinidhitva kiya jaataa haye.
vibhinn shaikshanik vishayon seey judey samhitaabaddh rung neeche dikhaae gaye hainh
code mein ack snaatak koo praapt degree key vishay kaa rung pradarshit karane key liye kahaa gayaa haye, naa kii swayam degree koo. udaaharan key liye, yadi kissy snaatak koo vyavasaay mein kalaa snaatak (bee. aeye.) kii degree seey sammaanit kiya jaataa haye, tou chhantai vyaapak kalaa/akshar/manaviki kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale safed key bajaay vanijya/lekhankan/vyavasaay kaa pratinidhitva karane vaali, kathor honey chaahiye; yadi bee. aeye. arthshastra mein hotaa, tou chhantai tambe kii hoti; yadi paryaavaran adhyayan mein, tou yeh russet hotaa, aur isi tarah. yadi baa kissy bhasha mein hotaa, joe manaviki key bheetar ack vishay hotaa aur anyatha ack advitiya rung naheen diyaa jaataa, tou makhmali vaastav mein safed hoti. isi tarah, yadi bhautiki key liye vigyaan snaatak (bss) kii degree pradaan kii jaati haye, tou makhmal trim sunhara peela honah chaahiye, joe bhautiki koo praakritik vigyaanon mein seey ack key roop mein darshaata haye; haalaanki, yadi bss engineering mein hotaa, tou trim narangi hotaa, yaa yadi shiksha mein, trim halka neela hotaa. master degree aur doctorate key mamle mein bhee yahee tarika haih vigyaan aur praudyogiki mein lock prashaasan key master koo vigyaan key liye sunhare peele rung kii trim dikhaani chaahiye, naa kii lock prashaasan key liye morr neele rung kii; isake vipareet, saarvajanik prashaasan mein vigyaan key master koo lock prashaasan key liye morr neele rung kii trim dikhaani chaahiye naa kii vigyaan key liye sunhare peele rung kii.
isake alawa, yeh samasyagrast hotaa haye jaba adhyayan key ack kshetra koo ack seey adhik vishayon mein shamil kiya gayaa haye, joe vibhinn rangon dwara darshaae jaate hain. udaaharan key liye, itihas koo paaramparik roop seey manaviki key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, jiska pratinidhitva safed dwara kiya jaataa haye, lekin ise ack samajik vigyaan bhee maanaa jaataa haye, jise sunhare peele rung seey darshaaya jaa sakata haye. ise aksar ack shaikshanik sansthaan dwara sambodhit kiya jaataa haye joe arjit degree koo prabhaavit karane kii anumati detaa haye-lekin rung assignment koo "nirdhaarit" naheen kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, itihas mein snaatak kalaa snaatak safed rung kaa pradarshan curr sakata haye, jabaki usee sansthaan mein itihas mein snaatak vigyaan snaatak sunhare peele rung kaa pradarshan curr sakata haye, aur "isake vipareet". isake baad pahali baar mein yeh bhram paida curr sakata haye kii code mein nirdhaarit shaikshanik kshetra key bajaay arjit degree key aadhar parr rung pradarshit kiye jaate hain.
1986 mein, shiksha parr americi parishad ney code koo adyatan kiya aur doctor off philosophy kii degree key liye gahare neele rung key upayog koo spasht karane vaalaa nimnalikhit vaakya jodaa, joe kii kissy bhee kshetra mein pradaan kiya jaataa haih "doctor off philosophy (ph.dee.) degree, gahare neele rung kaa upayog kissy bhee kshetra mein seekhane aur chhatravritti key vishay mein mahaarat kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye kiya jaataa haye joe degree pradaan karane seey pramaanit hotaa haye, aur iska uddeshya darshan key kshetra kaa pratinidhitva karna naheen haye."ph key alawa doctorate.dee. oopar bataae gaye rangon dwara darshaaya jaayega. udaaharan key liye, shiksha key doctor (aid.dee.) saarvajanik swaasthya mein saarvajanik swaasthya key liye salmon gulabi pradarshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, shiksha key liye halka neela naheen, aur saarvajanik prashaasan mein saarvajanik swaasthya key doctor (dee. aar. aff.) koo saarvajanik prashaasan key liye morr neela pradarshit karna chaahiye, naa kii saarvajanik swaasthya key liye salmon gulabi. doctor off engineering (dee.ing.) degree, yadi aage koee visheshagyata naheen kii gaee thee, tou narangi dwara pratinidhitva kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur mantralaya key doctor (dee.minn.) laal rung seey yadi aage koee visheshagyata naheen haye, aadi.
itihas.
aupaniveshik kaal.
abb sanyukt raajya america mein akaadamik rajchinh pahanane kii pratha aupaniveshik mahavidyalayon kii avadhi seey haye, aur europeeya prathaon aur shailiyon seey bahut prabhaavit thee. college off nyu jersey (abb prinston vishvavidyalaya) aur kings college (abb kolambiya) key chhatron koo 1755 mein prinston mein aur 1763 mein kolambiya mein harr samay apani "college kii aadaten" pahanane kii aavashyakta thee. haalaanki, samkaaleen sroton key anusaar, unnisvin shatabdi kii shuruat key turant baad, dainik aadhar parr akaadamik poshak shayed hii kabhi pahani jaati thee.
19veen shatabdi.
americi grihyuddh key baad, akaadamik poshak aam taur parr kewal samarohon mein yaa sansthaan kaa pratinidhitva karate samay pahani jaati thee, halanki kuchh udaharanon mein yeh pratha bunny hui haye, jaise kii aeye. tii., jahaan ack chhaatr samaaj key sadasya kaksha mein gaaun pahanana jaari rakhate hain.
haalaanki shaikshanik poshak koo apanaane vaale vishvavidyalayon ney unhein vishisht arth diye, lekin niyamon key vibhinn seton key beach koee susangatta naheen thee. udaaharan key liye, jaba pensylvania vishvavidyalaya ney aprail 1887 mein apane akaadamik poshak kaanoon koo apanaaya tou isane hood koo samaapt curr diyaa. isake bajaay, isane aathh sankaay rangon koo nirdhaarit kiya joe gaaun key juon parr dikhaae gaye they.
kolambiya ney usa varsh disambar mein ack akaadamik poshak kaanoon koo apanaaya. isamen baahon parr teen makhmali dhaariyon kaa pahala gyaat americi samavesh shamil thaa. doctor aur master donon hii baju kii dhaariyon aur chehare key saath kaale gaaun pahanate they; master key liye makhmali hamesha kaali hoti thee, aur doctors key liye makhmali hamesha baingani hoti thee. kolambiya ney "utsav" key avsaron parr doctors key upayog key liye ack laal rung key gaaun koo bhee manjuri dee. isase pahale, 1865 mein kolambiya mein kaksha divas samarohon key nimantran mein chitrit ack gaaun kii baju koo teen dhaariyon seey sajaaya gayaa thaa.
jaba newyork vishvavidyalaya ney 1891 mein apani khud kii shaikshanik poshak koo apanaaya, tou kolambiya kii tarah isane teen baju kii dhaariyon koo jodaa, lekin unhein vishvavidyalaya key sankaay rangon mein pahanane kii anumati dee. isane apane hood key liye edinberg aakar (upavan vargeekaran pranali mein [aiss 4]) koo bhee apanaaya. halanki code koo apanaane key baad nyu ney iss aakar koo chhod diyaa, harvard ney 1902 mein ise apane sabhi snatakon key liye apanaaya.
1891 mein bhee, prinston snatakon ney kandhon key beach ack narangi patti key saath ack kaalaa gaaun pahana thaa, jisase yeh shayed kissy vishvavidyalaya key corporate rangon mein pahala americi gaaun bunn gayaa.
yeye america mein ekmatra pree-code gaaun naheen they joe kaale seey chaley gaye they. hampden-sidney ney 1893 mein gray gaaun kaa upayog karna shuru kiya, aur dakshin vishvavidyalaya ney oxford key samaan aakaron aur rangon mein apane uchch degree key liye gaaun koo manjuri dee. haalaanki, choonki usa samay vishvavidyalaya ney kewal maanad master aur doctorate kii degree pradaan kii thee, yeh agyaat haye kii kyaa kissy ney kabhi oxford-shally key gaaun pahane they.
akaadamik poshak parr antar-mahavidyalayi code.
juuna 1893 mein, princeton key nyasiyon ney apane sadasyon mein seey ack, johnn jey. koo niyukt kiya. macook, ack aisee shaikshanik poshak banaane parr vichaar karna joe pahanane vaale kii degree, sankaay aur alma matter koo darshaati hoe, aur kolambiya, yell, harvard aur anya vishvavidyalayon key saath iss avadharana parr charcha karna jiska lakshya "ack samaan shaikshanik poshak koo apnana" haye."
columbia ney baithak kii mejbani prinston (macook), yell aur newyork vishvavidyalaya key pratinidhiyon key saath kii, aur ack "takniki salaahkaar" maali cottrell leonard key roop mein, jinake albany, aine.vaaee.firm ney akaadamik poshak kaa nirmaan kiya. (harvard ney 1902 taka apane akaadamik poshak kaanoon koo apanaane key liye intezar kiya, joe vishvavidyalaya key unnisvin shatabdi key kauvon key pairon koo shamil karane aur edinberg saral aakar hood [aiss 4] key upayog key liye pahachaana jaataa haye. yeh baithak yaa tou 1894 yaa 1895 mein hui aur 16 march, 1895 koo akaadamik poshak key antar-mahavidyalayi sanhita koo apanaaya gayaa. sanhita kolambiya key maujooda kaanoon parr adharit thee, aur gaaun key cutt aur shally aur samagri key saath-saath seekhane key kshetron kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale aathh rangon koo nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, europe mein shaikshanik poshak key vivaran kii tulanaa mein vivaran aspasht hain. udaaharan key liye, code mein hood kaa koee vishesh aakar nirdisht naheen kiya gayaa thaa (naa hii kabhi kiya gayaa haye). aam taur parr americi joe sanskaran pahanate hain vaha wells key saral aakar [aiss5] mein ack vibhajit-salmon cutt key saath hotaa haye. unnisvin shatabdi key anta mein yeh aakar oxford snaatak dwara pahana jaataa thaa; aaj ise wells vishvavidyalaya key snatakon dwara pahana jaataa haye.
1895 key baad seey, code mein kaee badalaav kiye gaye hain.
20veen sadee.
1932.
1932 mein shiksha parr americi parishad (aiss) ney ack samiti kii niyukti koo adhikrit kiya "yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye kii kyaa 1895 mein colleges aur vishvavidyalayon key sammelan dwara apanaae gaye shaikshanik sanhita kaa sanshodhan aur puuraa honah iss samay vaanchhaniya haye, aur yadi aisaa haye, tou ack sanshodhit sanhita kaa masauda taiyar karna aur parishad key sansthaagat sadasyon key vichaar key liye sanhita prastut karane key liye ack yojana prastut karna."samiti ney anivarya roop seey sanhita koo poori tarah seey apanaaya aur ise dou tarikon seey badalaah
1959.
1959 mein shiksha parr americi parishad dwara niyukt shaikshanik veshbhusha aur samarohon parr ack samiti ney phir seey shaikshanik poshak sanhita kii sameeksha kii aur kaee badalaav kiye. way 1960 seey prabhaavi hue. mahatvapurna parivartanon mein shamil theh
inn parivartanon koo march 1959 mein manjuri dee gaee thee. aprail mein, samiti ney gharelu arthavyavastha key liye maroon key upayog koo manjuri dee. iss rung koo kabhi bhee iss utkrisht pustak key kissy bhee sanskaran mein shamil naheen kiya gayaa haye.
kaee paschimi sanskritiyon mein 1960 key dashak kii samajik-raajneetik uthal-puthal key hisse key roop mein, akaadamik rajtantra koo chhodana, vishesh roop seey sanyukt raajya america mein viyatnam yuddh aur nagrik adhikaar andolan key jawab mein, sthaapana virodhi vichaaron koo pradarshit karane kaa ack lokpriya saadhan bunn gayaa. chhaatr virodh, jiska prabhaav kuchh americi vishvavidyalayon mein snaatak samarohon koo radd karane kaa thaa, ney shaikshanik poshak aur aupchaarik pradarshan parr protocol mein samanya dheel dee. yuddh key baad, kuchh logon dwara akaadamik raaj-sthaan seey door rehna jaari rakhaa gayaa, joe ise abhijaatya varg kaa prateek maanate they. haalaanki, 1980 key dashak seey, akaadamik raaj punrutthan mein rhaa haye. kuchh college yaa shaikshanik vibhaag snaatak chhatron koo iss baat parr matdan karane kii anumati dete hain kii snaatak samarohon mein shaikshanik rajchinh pahanana haye yaa naheen.
1973.
samiti dwara praapt "shaikshanik poshak key baare mein salah key liye badee sankhya mein anurodhon" key baad 1973 mein samiti dwara aur parivartanon koo manjuri dee gaee. mahatvapurna parivartan, joe pahali baar asses book (1973 mein prakaashit) key 11vein sanskaran mein dikhaai diye, unamen shamil hainh
11vein sanskaran mein sankaay rung key chayan mein ack virodhabhas bhee shamil thaa. 1960 seey rung koo degree key sheershak seey naheen balki adhyayan kiye gaye vishay (jaise.jee. sangeet mein snaatak safed aadi key bajaay gulabi, sangeet key liye pahanata thaa.). yeh sujhaav 11vein sanskaran mein banaa rhaa, lekin ack anya paragraph mein vipareet disha theeh "hood key liye, seema [i.ee. yadi degree kalaa mein dee jaati haye tou aavaran kaa kinara safed honah chaahiye (bee.aeye. yaa aim.aeye.), aggar vigyaan mein sunhara peela (bee.aiss. yaa aim.aiss.)."
doctors ney bhee isi tarah kii bhramit karane vaali salah dee thee. antahvishay doctorate kaee kshetron mein seey kissy key bhee sankaay rung koo pahan sakate hain. iss prakaar, 1973 key sanhita mein kahaa gayaa haye," shahari mamalon koo tambe (arthshastra), morr neele (saarvajanik prashaasan), yaa pahale seey hii saunpe gaye kissy anya kshetra seey alag kiya jaa sakata haye..."
1987.
doctorate kii degree 1987 mein spasht kii gaee thee jaba sabhi ph.dee. snatakon koo apane sankaay rung key roop mein gahara neela pahanana thaa. jabaki usa varsh prabhaavi hue parivartanon mein yeh sabse adhik dikhaai dene vaalaa thaa, yeh shayed hii ekmatra thaa, aur yeh ekmatra parivartan naheen thaa jisamen rung shamil thaa. kuchh anya parivartanon mein shamil hainh
niyam banaam guide.
halanki sanhita key paathak ise ack lagu karane yogya adesh maan sakate hain, sanhita kaa vartamaan sanskaran isaki anumat prakriti kii or ishara kartaa haih.. shaikshanik veshbhusha key sambandh mein lagu karane yogya niyam nirdhaarit karna asambhav (aur shayed avaanchhaniya) haye. shaasi bull madhya yug seey parampara aur shaikshanik prateekon kii nirantarta haye. parampara koo jitna sambhav hoe utanaa cumm seey cumm chhod diyaa jaanaa chaahiye... isake alawa, samiti ney 1967 mein ack gyaapan likhaa joe seedhe taur parr iss baat koo bataata haye, yeh ingit karate hue kii" samanya dishanirdesh bataae gaye hain aur kissy kendriya sthaan parr file parr atyadhik vistrit aur kathor aur tej niyamon dwara samarthit key roop mein vyakhya naheen kii jaani chaahiye."
21veen sadee.
haalaanki aaj yuu mein.aiss. shaikshanik poshak shayed hii kabhi praarambhik samarohon yaa anya shaikshanik anushthaanon jaise kii encania aur snaatak sevaaon key baahar pahani jaati haye, una snaatak samarohon ney lokpriyata hassil kii haye aur hyee school snaatak, maadhyamik vidyalaya, praathamik vidyalaya aur yahaan taka kii baalvaadi snaatak samarohon taka vistaarit hoe gaye hain.
sanyukt raajya america key vishvavidyalayon kaa vishesh shaikshanik rajkosh.
yuu. aiss. mein 400 seey adhik vishvavidyalaya.aiss. doctorate kii degree pradaan karein. unamen seey 125 seey adhik apane doctors key liye shaikshanik poshak kaa upayog karate hain joe sanhita mein paae gaye dishaanirdeshon seey bhinn hoti haye. kuchh vishvavidyalaya apani anoothi veshbhusha koo kewal doctors key liye seemit karate hain; anya ise doctors aur parasnatakon key liye pradaan karate hain; kuchh ise uchch degree aur snaatak key liye bhee pradaan karate hain.
advitiya shaikshanik poshak aam taur parr rung key madhyam seey code key manakon seey khud koo alag karati haye. jabaki sanhita snaatak star aur usase oopar key gaaun key liye kaale rung koo pratibandhit karati haye (aur sahayogi degree key liye gray gaaun), unnisvin shatabdi key anta mein kaee americi colleges ney rangeen shaikshanik poshak koo apanaaya thaa (oopar "itihas" dekhein). jaba 1895 mein code koo manjuri dee gaee, tou gaaun, topi aur hood key khol key liye kaalaa ekmatra sweekrit rung bunn gayaa.
halanki, 1912 kii shuruat mein, ekroopata koo chunauti dee gaee thee jaba vishvavidyalaya key rung mein apane nyasiyon aur sathiyon key liye bhoore rung key mortarboard koo apanaaya gayaa thaa, seal bhoore rung mein. 1938 mein yell ney apane masters aur doctors kii shaikshanik poshak key liye yell neele gaaun kaa upayog karna shuru kiya.
1950 mein syracuse ney apane shaikshanik adhikaariyon key liye narangi gaaun kaa upayog karna shuru kiya, lekin snatakon key liye naheen. rochester ney 1954 mein apane adhyaksh key liye ack laal gaaun aur apane kuchh adhikaariyon key liye soney key trim key saath ack kaalaa gaaun banaaya. agale varsh, harvard ney apane ph key gaaun key liye laal rung koo apanaaya.dee. dhaarak. (baad mein, sabhi harvard doctor lekin jey.dee. laal rung kaa gaaun pahanenge; aaj, kewal shodh chikitsak hii laal rung kaa gaaun pahan sakate hain.)
anya iv leag vishvavidyalayon ney jald hii iska anusaran kiya. prinston ney 1960 mein ack doctorate gaaun apanaaya jiska aakar code key maanak seey thodaa alag thaa. baajuuen kuchh chhoti theen aur way narangi rung mein panktibaddh theen; gaaun narangi trim key saath kaalaa thaa. maanak aakar koo haal hii mein princeton dwara adhikrit kiya gayaa thaa; donon koo aaj anumati dee gaee haye. 1948 aur 1958 mein rangeen gaaun apanaane key asafal prayason key baad, kolambiya ney 1963 mein sabhi snatakon key liye apane halke neele rung key gaaun kii shuruat kii. 1963 seey jack barzun dwara design kiye gaye columbia key gaaun mein joole key neeche mukut kii ack jodee hoti haye; snaatak aur master key gaaun parr unhein ack tab parr kadhaai kii jaati haye jabaki unhein seedhe doctorate gaaun key makhmal mein kadhaai kii jaati haye. pensylvania key vishisht doctorate gaaun kaa upayog pahali baar 1964 mein kiya gayaa thaa. yeh laal haye lekin baju key nichale chhor neele hain.
code seey vichalan aam taur parr paanch shreniyon mein seey ack mein aatey hain. doctorate gaaun kaa ullekh karate hue, yeye hainh