
citron

citron (citrus medica), aitihaasik roop seey cedrate, ack motee chhaal vaalaa ack badaa sugandhit citrus phal haye. kahaa jaataa haye kii yeh ack 'vishal, khurdara nimbu' jaisa dikhta haye. yeh mool khatte falon mein seey ack haye jisase anya sabhi khatte prakaar praakritik sankar vikhandan yaa kritrim sankaran key madhyam seey vikasit hue hain. halanki citron kii kismein vibhinn prakaar key bhautik roop letee hain, way sabhi aanuvanshik roop seey nikatata seey sambandhit hain. iska upayog asiai vyanjanon, paaramparik davaaon, itra aur dhaarmik anushthaanon aur prasadon mein kiya jaataa haye. anya citrus key saath citron key sankar vyaavsaayik roop seey adhik pramukh hain, vishesh roop seey nimbu aur kaee choone.
vyutpatti.
phal kaa angreji naam "citron" antatah lattin, "citrus" seey nikla haye, joe genus naam kaa mool bhee haye.
anya bhaashaaen.
bhram kaa ack srot yeh haye kii french aur angreji mein "citron" jhoothe dost hain, kyonki french shabd semon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jabaki angreji shabd kaa anuvaad "sedrate" kiya jaataa haye. vaastav mein, 16veen shatabdi mein, angreji naam "citron" mein nimbu aur shayed choone bhee shamil they. anya bhaashaaen joe nimbu koo sandarbhit karane key liye "citron" key roopon kaa upayog karati hain, unamen armenian, check, dutch, finish, german, latvian, lithuanian, hangerian, asperanto, polish aur scandinavian bhaashaaen shamil hain.
italvi mein ise isi naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye, jiska upayog shankudhari pedh devdaar koo ingit karane key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye. isi tarah, lattin mein, citrus, yaa thine lakadi koo uttar african cyprus kii lakadi, "tetraclinis articulata" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.
indo-irani bhaashaon mein, ise ('kadwa narangi') key vipareet kahaa jaataa haye. donon naam arabi mein udhaar liye gaye they aur 711 mein musalmaanon dwara apane kabje key baad spen aur purtagaal mein pesh kiye gaye they, jahan seey baad vaalaa naam rebacting key madhyam seey "orange" naam kaa srot bunn gayaa (aur 'toronza' aur 'toranja' kaa poorv, joe aaj kramshah spanish aur purtagaali mein angur kaa varnan kartaa haye).
dutch vyaapaari mausami roop seey beck kiye gaye saman key liye suked kaa ayaat karate hain, ack motaa halka haraa vaanijyik roop seey indoneshiya aur anya deshon seey aadhaa chhilka hotaa haye ("suked"-pyaar key liye indoneshiyai shabd, "citrus medica" kism 'macrocarpa') joe 2.5 kilogram dravyamaan taka pahunch sakata haye. mithaas mein prasanskaran seey pahale namak upchaar dwara ack kadwa swaad hataa diyaa jaataa haye.
hibru mein ise 'atrog' (ατρογ) kahaa jaataa haye.
utpatti aur vitaran.
citron ack purani aur mool citrus prajaati haye. 19veen shatabdi mein yeh uttari iran mein vyaapak roop seey ugaaya gayaa thaa.
aanvik pramaan hain kii adhikansh kheti kii jaane vaali citrus prajaatiyan kuchh paitrik prakaron, citron, pomelo, mandarin aur kuchh hudd taka, paped aur kumkwat key sankaran seey utpann huin. citron koo aamtaur parr swa-paraagan dwara nishechit kiya jaataa haye, jisake parinamswarup way uchch star kii aanuvanshik samroopata pradarshit karate hain. yeh mahila key bajaay kissy bhee citrus sankar kaa purush mool haye.
khatte falon key liye puraataatvik sakshya seemit rahey hain, kyonki puraatatva mein naa tou beej aur naa hii parag niyamit roop seey baramad honey kii sambhavana haye. maanaa jaataa haye kii citron purvi himalaya kii talhati mein ghaatiyon mein bhaarat kaa mool nivasi thaa. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii eesaa poorv chauthi shatabdi taka, jaba theophrastus ney "madhya seb" kaa ullekh kiya thaa, tou citron kii kheti jyaadaatar caspian samudra mein bhoomadhyasagariya besin key raaste mein kii gaee thee, jahaan baad kii shataabdiyon key dauran isaki kheti vibhinn kshetron mein kii gaee thee jaisa kii erich isaq dwara varnit haye. kaee loga alekjendar mahaan aur usaki senaaon kii bhoomika kaa ullekh karate hain kyonki unhone iran parr hamla kiya aur joe aaj pakistan haye, vaha citron key paschim kii or prasaar key liye jimmedaar haye, joe grees aur itali jaise europeeya deshon taka pahunchata haye.
pracheen kaal.
leveeya shaastra mein "sunder ('hudder') pedh key phal" kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye joe tambu (lev) key dawat key dauran anushthaan upayog key liye aavashyak haye. 23:40). rabbiyon kii parampara key anusaar, "pedh key hudder kaa phal" citron koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. mishna sukka, citron key halakhi pahaluon seey sambandhit haye.
misra key vigyaani aur puraatatvavid victor lorate ney kahaa kii unhone ise karnak mandir mein vanaspati udyaan kii divaaron parr chitrit kiya thaa, joe lagbhag 3,500 saal pahale thutmosis III key samay kaa haye. teesari sahasrabdi eesaa poorv key shuru mein sumer mein citron kii kheti bhee kii gaee thee.
citron kii kheti pracheen kaal seey kii jaa rahee haye, joe anya citrus prajaatiyon kii kheti seey pahale kii haye.
theophrastus.
citron parr nimnalikhit vivaran theophrastus dwara diyaa gayaa thaa
poorv aur dakshin mein vishesh paudhe hain... aaee.ee. media aur faras mein kaee prakaar key phal hotey hain, unake beach ack phal hotaa haye jise median yaa farsi seb kahaa jaataa haye. pedh kaa ack patta "andracan" ("arbutus andracan" ell key samaan aur lagbhag samaan haye.), lekin "apios" (jangli nashpati, "pyrus amigdaliforamis" will kii tarah kaante hain.) yaa agni-kaanta ("cotonister pyrakantha" spatch.), sivaay isake kii way safed, chikane, tej aur majboot hain. phal naheen khaaya jaataa haye, lekin bahut sugandhit hotaa haye, jaisa kii pedh kaa patta bhee hotaa haye; aur phal kapadon key beach daal diyaa jaataa haye, yeh unhein patang khaane seey bachaata haye. yeh taba bhee upayogi hotaa haye jaba koee vyakti ghaatak jahar pee letaa haye, kyonki jaba ise sharaab mein diyaa jaataa haye; yeh pett koo pareshan kartaa haye aur jahar laataa haye. yeh saans koo behtar banaane key liye bhee upayogi haye, kyonki yadi koee kissy vyanjan mein phal key ander key hisse koo ublata haye yaa kissy anya madhyam seey ise munh mein nichodata haye, tou yeh saans koo adhik sukhad banaata haye.
beej koo phal seey hataa diyaa jaataa haye aur vasant mein saavdhaanipoorvak jutai kii gaee talhati mein boya jaataa haye, aur ise harr chauthe yaa paanchven dinn paani diyaa jaataa haye. jaise hii paudha majboot hotaa haye, ise vasant mein bhee ack naram, achchi tarah seey paani vaali jagah parr pratyaaropit kiya jaataa haye, jahaan mitty bahut achchi naheen hoti haye, kyonki yeh aisee jagahon koo pasand kartaa haye.
aur yeh harr mausam mein apane phal detaa haye, kyonki jaba kuchh ikattha hoe jaate hain, tou dusaron kaa phool pedh parr hotaa haye aur dusaron koo puck rhaa hotaa haye. maine kahaa haye kii jinn foolon mein ack prakaar kaa dystaff (jiska arth haye pistil) haye joe beach seey nikalate hain way upajaau hotey hain, jabaki jinn foolon mein yeh naheen hotaa haye way sterile hotey hain. ise khajur kii tarah, chhed vaale bartanon mein bhee boya jaataa haye.
jaisa kii kahaa gayaa haye, yeh pedh media aur faras mein badhata haye.
pliny dha elder.
citron kaa varnan pliny dha elder ney bhee kiya thaa, jinhone ise "naata assyria mallus" kahaa thaa. nimnalikhit unaki pustak "praakritik itihas" seey haih
citrus" key samaan naam kaa ack aur pedh bhee haye, aur ack phal detaa haye jise kuchh loga vishesh roop seey isaki gandh aur ullekhaniya kadvaahat key liye napsand karate hain; jabaki, doosari or, kuchh aise hain joe ise bahut adhik sammaan dete hain. iss pedh kaa upayog gharon key liye ack aabhushan key roop mein kiya jaataa haye; haalaanki, isake liye aage key vivaran kii aavashyakta naheen haye.
citron kaa pedh, jise assyrian kahaa jaataa haye, aur kuchh logon dwara ausat seb, jahar key khilaf ack aushadhi haye. patta arbute key samaan hotaa haye, sivaay isake kii isake paar chhote kaante hotey hain. phal key baare mein, ise kabhi naheen khaaya jaataa haye, lekin yeh apani atyant shaktishali gandh key liye ullekhaniya haye, joe kii pattiyon key saath bhee haye; vaastav mein, gandh itani majboot haye, kii yeh kapadon mein pravesh curr jaayegi, jaba way ack baar isake saath garbhavati hoe jaati hain, aur isaliye yeh hanikarak keedon key hamalon koo door karane mein bahut upayogi haye.
pedh saal key sabhi mausamon mein phal detaa haye; jabaki kuchh gir rhaa haye, anya phal puck rahey hain, aur anya, phir seey, buss janm mein futt rhaa haye. vibhinn rashtron ney apane beach iss pedh koo praakritik banaane kaa prayaas kiya haye, isake chikitsa gunon key liye, mitty key bartanon mein ise lagaakar, unamen chhed karke, jadon koo havaa seey parichit karaane key uddeshya seey; aur main yahaan tippani karuungaa, ack baar key liye, yeh yaad rakhna bhee sabse achchi yojana haye kii pedon kii sabhi slip koo paik karna haye, jinhen kissy bhee doori taka leey jaanaa haye, jitna kii unhein sambhavatah ack saath rakhaa jaa sakata haye.
haalaanki, yeh paaya gayaa haye kii yeh pedh media yaa faras key alawa kaheen bhee naheen badhega. yeh vaha phal haye, jisake pip, jaisa kii humm pahale hii ullekh curr chuke hain, parthian grandy apane rogout koo masaledar banaane mein kaam karate hain, joe saans kii mithaas key liye vishesh roop seey anukool haye. humm media mein utpaadit kissy anya pedh koo bahut adhik prashansit naheen paate hain.
citron, yaa tou unakaa goodaa yaa pips, sharaab mein jahar key liye ack antidote key roop mein liye jaate hain. citron kaa kaadha, yaa unase nikaale gaye russ kaa upayog saans koo mithaas dene key liye kulla key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. iss phal key pips kii sifarish garbhavati mahilaaon koo gunadosh seey prabhaavit honey parr chabaane key liye kii jaati haye. citron kamjor pett key liye bhee achche hotey hain, lekin sirke key alawa unhein khaana aasaan naheen hotaa haye.
madhyayugeen lekhak.
ibn all-'awam kaa 12veen shatabdi kaa krishi vishvakosh, "krishi parr pustak", spen mein citron pedh kii kheti parr ack lekh haye.
vivaran aur bhinnata.
phal.
citron phal aamtaur parr andakar yaa aaytaakaar hotaa haye, joe styler chhor kii or sankeern hotaa haye. halanki, citron kaa phal aakar atyadhik parivartansheel haye, kyonki badee matra mein albedo, joe pedh parr falon kii sthiti, tahaniyon key abhivinyas aur kaee anya karakon key anusaar swatantra roop seey banata haye. chhaal chamade kii, khurli aur chipchipi hoti haye. bheetari bhaag motaa, safed aur kathor hotaa haye; baahari bhaag samaan roop seey patala aur bahut sugandhit hotaa haye. goodaa aamtaur parr amleeya hotaa haye, lekin meethaa bhee hoe sakata haye, aur kuchh kismein poori tarah seey goode rahit hoti hain.
adhikansh citron kismon mein badee sankhya mein monoembronic beej hotey hain. beej amleeya kismon key liye gahare aantarik coat aur laal-baingani chalzal dhabbon key saath safed hotey hain, aur meethe key liye rangheen hotey hain. kuchh citron kismon mein sthaayi shailiyaan hoti hain joe prajanan key baad naheen girati hain. unhein aamtaur parr yahudi dharm mein anushthaan "atrog" key upayog key liye pasand kiya jaataa haye.
kuchh citrons mein baahari satah parr madhyam aakar key tail key bulbule hotey hain, joe ack dusare seey madhya mein door hotey hain. kuchh kismein baahari satah parr ribbed aur mund roop seey kaat dee jaati hain. ack ungaliyon vaali citron kism koo aamtaur parr buddh kaa haath kahaa jaataa haye.
rung harey seey, jaba aparipakva hotaa haye, peele-narangi taka hotaa haye jaba adhik pakey hotey hain. citron pedh seey naheen girata haye aur aggar poori tarah seey paripakva honey seey pahale naheen uthaaya jaataa haye tou yeh 8-10 pound (4-5 kilogram) taka pahunch sakata haye. haalaanki, unhein sardiyon seey pahale uthaaya jaanaa chaahiye, kyonki shaakhaaen jhuk sakati hain yaa jameen parr toot sakati hain, aur pedh key liye kaee kavak rogon kaa kaaran bunn sakati hain.
phal dwara liye gaye roopon kii vistrit vividhata key bavjood, citron sabhi aanuvanshik roop seey nikatata seey sambandhit hain, joe ack hii prajaati kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. aanuvanshik vishleshan gyaat kismon koo teen samoohon mein vibhajit kartaa haih ack bhoomadhyasagariya samooh joe bhaarat mein utpann huaa thaa, aur dou samooh mukhya roop seey chean mein paae jaate hain, ack ungli vaale citron kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, aur doosara gair-ungli vaali kismon seey banaa hotaa haye.
paudha.
"citrus medica" ack dheemi gati seey badhane vaalaa jhaadi yaa chhota pedh haye joe lagbhag ack oonchaai taka pahunchata haye. isaki aniyamit straggling shaakhaaen aur kathor tahaniyaan aur patti key aksh parr lambi reedh hoti hain. sadabahar patte harey aur thode seey laal kinaaron key saath nimbu-sugandhit hotey hain, andashay-lansolate yaa andakar 2.5 seey 7 inch lambe hotey hain. petiol aamtaur parr binaa pankhon vaale yaa chhote pankhon vaale hotey hain. amleeya kismon key guchhedaar phool baahar seey baingani rung key hotey hain, lekin meethe safed-peele rung key hotey hain.
citron kaa pedh bahut jordar hotaa haye aur lagbhag koee nishkriyata naheen hoti haye, joe varsh mein kaee baar khilata haye, aur isaliye yeh najuk aur paalaa key prati behad samvedansheel hotaa haye.
kismein aur sankar.
amleeya kismon mein itali seey florentin aur diamente citron, greek citron aur israel seey baladi citron shamil hain. meethe prakaron mein corsican aur morocan citron shamil hain. pulplace kismon mein kuchh ungaliyon vaali kismein aur yamenite citron bhee shamil hain.
kaee citron sankar bhee hain; udaaharan key liye, ponderosa leman, lumia aur robbs ell arsa koo citron sankar key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. kuchh loga daavaa karate hain kii florentin citron bhee shuddh citron naheen haye, balki ack citron sankar haye.
upayog karein.
paak kalaa.
jabaki nimbu aur santare koo mukhya roop seey unake goodedaar aur rasdar bhaagon kaa sevan karane key liye chhilka jaataa haye, citron kaa goodaa sookha hotaa haye, jisamen thodi matra mein russ hotaa haye, yadi koee hoe. citron phal kii mukhya samagri isaki motee safed chhaal hoti haye, joe khandon seey chipki rahati haye aur aasaani seey unase alag naheen kii jaa sakati haye. citron aadhaa hoe jaataa haye aur cumm hoe jaataa haye, phir isaki chhaal (jitani motee hogi utani behtar) koo tukadon mein kaat diyaa jaataa haye. inhen cheeni key sirap mein pakaaya jaataa haye aur ack chammach mithaai key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye jise greek mein "kitro glyco" (κίτρο γλyκο) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, yaa cheeni key saath kataa aur candy kiya jaataa haye aur cake mein ack mishthaann key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye. itali mein, "cedrata" naamak ack sheetal peya phal seey banaaya jaataa haye.
samoa mein nichode hue russ seey "vaaee tipolo" naamak ack taaza peya banaaya jaataa haye. ise "oka" naamak ack kachche machhali key vyanjan mein aur palusamy yaa luau key ack bhinnata mein bhee jodaa jaataa haye.
citron asiai vyanjanon mein niyamit roop seey upayog kii jaane vaali vastu haye.
aaj citron kaa upayog isake flavedo kii sugandh yaa russ key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye, lekin sabse mahatvapurna hissa abhee bhee aantarik chhaal (jise pith yaa "albedo" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) haye, joe antarrashtriya vyaapaar mein kaafee mahatvapurna vastu haye aur khaadya udyog mein vyaapak roop seey sucked key roop mein niyojit haye, jaisa kii ise cheeni mein candy kiye jaane parr jaanaa jaataa haye.
citron kii darjanon kismon koo saamoohik roop seey bangladesh, paschim bangal mein "lebu" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jahan yeh praathamik citrus phal haye.
iran mein, citron kii motee safed chhaal kaa upayog jaim banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye; pakistan mein phal kaa upayog jaim banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye lekin ise achaar bhee kiya jaataa haye; dakshin bhaaratiya vyanjanon mein, citron kii kuchh kismein (saamoohik roop seey tamil mein "narthangai" aur kannad mein "heralikai" key roop mein sandarbhit) achaar aur sanrakshan mein vyaapak roop seey upayog kii jaati hain. karnatak mein, nimbu chawal banaane key liye heralikai (citron) kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. kachch, gujaraat mein, iska upayog achaar banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jisamen falon key poore tukadon koo namkeen kiya jaataa haye, sukhaaya jaataa haye aur guda aur masalon key saath milaaya jaataa haye taaki meethaa masaledar achaar banaaya jaa sakey. sanyukt raajya america mein, citron chhuttiyon key falon key cake mein ack mahatvapurna ghatak haye.
lock chikitsa.
pracheen kaal seey laker madhyayugeen kaal taka, citron kaa upayog mukhya roop seey samudra kii bimari, scurvy aur anya vikaaron seey nipatane key liye maanaa jaane vaalaa chikitsa uddeshyon key liye kiya jaataa thaa. flavedo key aavashyak tail (chhaal kii sabse baahari, varnak parat) koo bhee ack antibiotic maanaa jaataa thaa.
citron key russ mein vitamin see aur aahar fiber (pectin) kii uchch matra hoti haye jise citron key motey albido seey nikala jaa sakata haye.
dhaarmik.
yahudi dharm mein.
citron (jisake liye hibru mein "atrog" shabd haye) kaa upayog yahoodiyon dwara sukot key yahudi fasal avkash key dauran ack dhaarmik anushthaan key liye kiya jaataa haye, joe kii tambu kaa parv haye; isaliye, ise ack yahudi prateek maanaa jaataa haye, joe vibhinn hibru pracheen vastuon aur puraataatvik nishkarshon parr paaya jaataa haye.
bauddh dharm mein.
chean key mool nivasi citron kii ack kism key khand hain joe ungli jaise hisson mein alag hotey hain aur bauddh mandiron mein ack bhent key roop mein upayog kiye jaate hain.
hindu dharm mein.
nepal mein, tihaad utsav mein bhaai teeka samaroh key dauran citron () kii pooja kii jaati haye.
itra.
kaee shataabdiyon seey, citron key sugandhit aavashyak tail (cedrate kaa tail) kaa upayog itra mein kiya jaataa rhaa haye, vahee tail jiska upayog isake antibiotic gunon key liye aushadhiya roop seey kiya jaataa thaa. iska pramukh ghatak limonin haye.