
gyaan (kanuni nirmaan)

kaanoon mein, gyaan "purush riya" kii degree mein seey ack haye joe ack aparaadh kaa hissa haye. udaaharan key liye, angreji kaanoon mein, binaa sahamati key liye gaye vaahan mein jaanboojhkar yatri honey key aparaadh key liye aavashyak haye kii abhiyojan paksh naa kewal yeh saabit karey kii prativaadi ack vaahan mein yatri thaa aur ise chaalak dwara sahamati key binaa liya gayaa thaa, balki yeh bhee kii prativaadi koo pataa thaa kii ise sahamati key binaa liya gayaa thaa.
agyaan nyayshastra gair-bahaana" key siddhant key tahat, kaanoon key baare mein agyaantaa yaa galati koee bachaav naheen haye. gyaan kaa "purush siddhant" kuchh tathyon key baare mein gyaan koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. yeh "ack sakaratmak vishvaas haye kii ack sthiti maujood haye.
gyaan vaastavik, rachanaatmak yaa abhinirdhaarit hoe sakata haye.
vaastavik gyaan.
ack prativaadi key paas "vaastavik gyaan" naheen haye yadi vaha kuchh vipareet maanata haye. maanak vyaktiparak haye aur prativaadi kaa vishvaas uchit naheen honah chaahiye, kewal imandar honah chaahiye. udaaharan key liye, "aar vee" mein. williams ney kahaa kii prativaadi ney usa mein hastakshep kiya jise usane ack chori maanaa thaa lekin vaastav mein ack nagrik kii giraftari thee. unaki galati koo hamale key aarop key khilaf bachaav key roop mein barkarar rakhaa gayaa thaa. backford banaam mein. aar "prativaadi ack pulis adhikaari thaa jisane vee koo goli maar dee aur maar daala. backford ney daavaa kiya kii unakaa maanana thaa kii vee una parr goli chalaa rhaa thaa. yeh paaya gayaa kii sahee pareekshan yeh thaa kii kyaa "imandari seey vishvaas kiya" tathya, joe yadi sach hain, tou ack bachaav sthaapit karenge. vishvaas kii tarksangatata yeh pataa lagaane mein spasht hogi kii kyaa yeh vaastav mein maanaa gayaa thaa.
rachanaatmak gyaan.
gyaan bhee paaya jaataa haye jahan ack prativaadi koo sandeh hotaa haye kii paristhitiyaan maujood hain aur yadi usake sandeh achchi tarah seey sthaapit saabit hotey hain tou "jaanboojhkar aage koee poochtaachh naheen karane kaa faisala kartaa haye". ack aam udaaharan ack aisaa vyakti haye joe ack ajnabi seey kaafee sastee aur apramaanit lekin vaanchhaniya vastuein khareedata haye. aise vyakti koo "rachanaatmak gyaan" key saath taya kiye jaane kii sambhavana haye kii vastuein chori hoe gaee theen.
abhibhoot gyaan.
yeh sakht daayitva apraadhon aur corporate apraadhon mein praasangik haye. udaaharan key liye, yadi koee baar prabandhak dusaron koo apane kartavyon kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye aur joe anya parisar mein gairkaanooni gatividhiyon key baare mein jaanate hain, tou prabandhak koo gairkaanooni gatividhiyon key "kathit gyaan" key saath taya kiya jaa sakata haye.