ack bandar kaa munn

dha mind off aine app david premack aur unaki patni aine james premack kii 1983 kii pustak haye. lekhakon kaa tark haye kii (gair-maanav) mahaan vanaron koo bhasha sikhana sambhav haye. way likhate hainh "abb humm jaanate hain kii joe vyakti bhaashan koo samajhata haye usey bhasha kaa gyaan honah chaahiye, bhale hii vaha ise prastut naheen curr sakata hoe."
lekhakon koo.
pensylvania vishvavidyalaya mein manovigyaan key maanad professor david premack aur ack vigyaan lekhak aine james premack ney 1964 mein vanaron koo bhasha sikhana shuru kiya. premack ney orange park, florida mein primate jeev vigyaan kii yarkes prayogshalaon mein apana kaam shuru kiya, florida vishvavidyalaya mein ack karyakram, ise misauri vishvavidyalaya mein jaari rakhaa, phir california vishvavidyalaya, saanta barbara aur pensylvania vishvavidyalaya mein.
bandaron.
karyakram key vishayon, nau chimpanzi, koo ack prayogshala vatavaran mein paalaa gayaa thaa, jise vishesh roop seey unaki buddhi koo protsaahit karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki paley-badhe janwar anyatha panapane mein whiffle rahate hain. yeh paaramparik manovigyaan prayogshala key vipareet thaa jahan jaanvaron koo pinjare mein rakhaa jaataa haye aur way akele rahate hain. 1959 mein paida hui saaraa ney ack aavishkaar kii gaee bhasha key upayog kaa pradarshan kiya. gussi koee shabd seekhane mein whiffle rhaa. elizabeth aur penny koo iss bhasha mein prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa. dair seey aaney vaale akhrot koo bhee bhasha mein prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin vaha koee shabd seekhane mein whiffle rhaa. 1975 key jessy, saddy, bert aur lavee niyantranon koo bhasha mein prashikshit naheen kiya gayaa thaa, balki unhone ishara karane kaa pradarshan kiya thaa.
wanner key liye upayukt bhasha.
ack bandar key liye premack dwara design kii gaee bhasha maukhik naheen thee; premack kaa chimpanzi karyakram ack alag shodh karyakram seey alag thaa jisamen anya chimpanzi koo maanav shishuon key samanantar ack maanav parivaar mein paalaa gayaa thaa, aur shabd sikhaae gaye they. antatah, chimpanzi dou saal key maanav key shabdon kii soochi mein aaa sakate hain, lekin aage naheen. vikki koo antatah chaar shabd bolane key liye prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa. una chimpanzi key saath prayogon ney sarah dwara dikhaae gaye sankayon key astitva koo pradarshit naheen kiya, udaaharan key liye, ack bhasha key apane adesh mein, neeche charcha kii gaee haye. anya prayogon mein, anya chimpanzi koo americi saanketik bhasha (aeye. aiss. ell.) sikhai gaee haye, vishesh roop seey vasho. teen saal key prashikshan key baad washoe 68 ishaaron kaa upayog curr sakata haye, antatah 150 ishaaron taka pahunch jaataa haye. haalaanki, aeye. aiss. ell. mein prashikshit nima koo vyaakaran key saath koee roop pradarshit naheen karate hue paaya gayaa, unaki bhashai prastutiyaan kissy vishesh crum mein haavbhaav key samooh naheen theen. koko aur chantech koo bhee sl mein prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa. 2005 taka kanji kii 400 shabdon kii sahaj prastutiyon kii shabdawali bhee dekhein.
bhasha tokan.
bhasha mein rangeen plastic tokan kii ack shrinkhala shamil thee, jise chimpanzi herfer curr sakate they aur ack chumbakiya board seey chipak sakate they. pratyek prateek ack aise shabd key liye khadaa thaa joe chimpanji kii upasthiti mein kabhi naheen bolaa gayaa thaa. saaraa ney 1967 mein 5 saal kii umr mein prashikshak key saath samajik adaan-pradaan sthaapit karane key liye khaadya adaan-pradaan seey shuru karate hue apana bhasha prashikshan shuru kiya. premax mein kahaa gayaa haye kii chimpanzi anichha aur anichha seey bhojan "dete they", aur bhojan "praapt" karna pasand karate they. prayogon kii ack shrinkhala mein, premack sarah, elizabeth aur penny koo vaakyon kaa vishleshan karane key liye prashikshit karane mein saksham thaah
jisake parinamswarup penny prashikshak kii naak koo chhoo sakata haye.
tokan vastuon seey milate-julate naheen they; ack seb koo neele trikon tokan dwara prateek kiya gayaa thaa. chimpanji elizabeth koo ack sajaae gaye ee tokan dwara prateek banaaya jaayega, jisaki ack prati usake galey mein ack haar seey latakati hogi. prashikshak bhee ack sambandhit tokan pahanega, jaisa kii anya jaanchkartaon koo lakshya vaakya key gathan mein naam denaa hoga. tokan aur vastuon key beach ack sambandh banaane key liye harr saikadon parikshanon mein saaraa, elizabeth aur penny koo samay lagaa. saaraa koo vishesh roop seey 18 maheenon key liye saanketik herfer mein prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa. saaraa vyaakaran key saath anivarya vaakyon koo seekhane mein saksham thee, 
jisamen prashikshak ney usey rotty aur jaim lene kii anumati dee, aur nakaratmak vaakya bhee diye.
jisamen prashikshak ney usey patakha aur shahad lene seey roque diyaa, jisane saaraa koo nakaratmak vastu lene key liye apane aaveg koo dabana sikhaaya. vishesh roop seey, sangya koo shuruat mein honah chaahiye thaa aur kriya koo utpaadan key anta mein honah chaahiye thaa, anyatha prashikshak saaraa key avyaakaran vaakya kaa jawab naheen dega. saikadon parikshanon key baad, saaraa vishvasaniya roop seey vyaakaranik roop kaa utpaadan curr sakati thee
sawal.
saaraa ack prashn tokan key roop mein prashnon kaa uttar dene mein bhee saksham thee "?"jiska vaha samadhan karane key liye ack tokan kaa chayan karke jawab dey sakati thee. haalaanki, saaraa kabhi bhee "?" mein herfer karke sawal naheen poochh paaee."tokan. sawal "seb kaa rung kyaa haye?"
iska jawab 'laal' (ack gray ghumaavdaar tokan) key liye tokan key saath diyaa jaayega.
nae prateek.
premack yeh pradarshit karane mein saksham thaa kii saaraa prashikshan key baad ack prateek dhaara koo decode karane kaa tarika samajh sakati thee. pahale, usey tokan "naam-kaa" seekhana thaa aur phir yeh seekhana thaa kii kuchh naee, lekin vaastavik vastuon mein "anjir tokan 1" aur "pataakhe tokan 2" kaa naam thaa.
usane seekha
aur
uska pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa
jiska usane sahee jawab diyaa 
anta mein, prashikshak dwara mez parr ack pakey hue anjir koo rakhane key saath, aur tokan "anjir tokan 1", "pataakhe tokan 2", "merrie, saaraa, narangi, kelaa, saaraa ney nayaa vaakya prastut kiya.
aur prashikshak dwara mez parr pataakhe daalane key saath, saaraa ney nayaa vaakya prastut kiya
anya avadhaaranaaen.
saaraa, peoni aur elizabeth samaantaon kaa jawab dene aur unhein taiyar karane aur nirnayon koo vyakt karane mein saksham they. inn parikshanon mein, samasyaon koo video tape kii gaee sthitiyon dwara taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen ack abhineta, donon dostana aur gair-dostana shamil they. binaa kissy prashikshan key, aur kewal prayogshala key avalokan key saath, saaraa prayogshala mein apane anubhavon key aadhar parr nirnay kii aavashyakta vaale uttaron kaa chayan karane mein saksham thee, jaise kii iss tathya key aadhar parr kii kuchh samasyaon koo hull karane key liye ack prakaash taar koo jodana padata thaa. sarah sthitiyon koo hull karane key liye prastaavit samadhanon kaa chayan karane mein saksham thee.
sarah samaantaa key nirnayon parr sabse sateek thee, samaantaa parr cumm, aur antar key nirnayon parr cumm seey cumm sateek thee. maanav bachchon kaa taba bhaashan kaa upayog karate hue samaan protocol key saath pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa. chhote bachche sankhya key aadhar parr parikshanon mein utteern hue, lekin taral aur thhos key sanrakshan koo maapane vaale parikshanon mein whiffle rahey. paanch seey chhah saal key bachchon ney taral aur thhos key sanrakshan parr parikshanon mein utteern kiya, joe bandar aur maanav key beach taral aur thhos key sanrakshan key maapan key bodh key liye ack samaan prakriya kaa sujhaav detaa haye.
sashart kathan.
saaraa nimnalikhit vaakya kaa iss tarah seey vishleshan karane mein saksham thee kii usey sabse adhik puraskar diyaa jaaeh
iss vaakya mein, aggar saaraa seb letee haye, tou mairi, prashikshak, usey chocolet detee haye, lekin aggar saaraa kelaa letee haye, tou mairi usey chocolet naheen detee haye.
ishara karate hue.
chimpanzi manovaigyaanik prayogshala key baahar swatah ingit naheen karate hain. niyantran chimpanzi, joe bhasha mein prashikshit naheen they, sabhi prashikshakon key saath samvaad karane kii or ishara curr sakate they.
maanchitran aur anya pratinidhitva.
premack kii prayogshala key chimpanzi maanchitra parr diye gaye prashikshan koo navigate karane mein saksham naheen they, jaba taka kii maanchitra mission kii sthiti kii sateek paimaane kii pratikriti naa hoe.
swatahsfurt utpaadan.
kissy bhee prajaati key sabhi vyaktiyon mein sahaj sanchaar utpann karane kii samaan kshamata naheen hoti haye. dhoya,
 nima key vipareet, swatah hastaaksharit. haalaanki, kanji ney 30 maheene kii umr mein vaanchhit vastuon yaa ghatnaaon key liye poochhane key liye aur prashikshak key prashnon key jawab mein vastuon key naam dene key liye ishaaron aur keyboard press key sahaj utpaadan kaa pradarshan kiya. kanji koo sanchaar utpaadan mein prashikshit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. jahir haye, unhone yeh prashikshan kaksh mein khelate hue seekha jaba unaki god lii hui maan maataa koo ishare aur keyboard press ("lexigram") kaa upayog karane key liye prashikshit kiya jaa rhaa thaa. kanji dwara swatahsfurt utpaadan matata key abhaav mein huaa. kanji 400 shabdon kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye aur 500 koo pehchaan sakata haye.
praakritik haav-bhaav.
premax mein nott kiya gayaa haye kii chimpanzi ack-dusare key saath kuchh ishaaron kaa upayog karate hain, jinka upayog prashikshak bhasha-prashikshit chimpanzi aur niyantran chimpanzi donon key saath samvaad karane key liye karate hain.
anya vyaktigat lakshan.
premax ney kahaa kii chimpanzi mein vishisht lakshan they, jaise kii pasandida prashikshak, aur kuchh chimpanzi, jaise kii gussi, dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik bhayabheet lugg rahey they. jaisa kii pahale ullekh kiya gayaa haye, premax ney dekhaa kii jessy nau chimpanzi vishayon mein sabse ujjwal lugg rhaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, unhone ack nakabposh shodhkarta koo ujagar karane mein sankoch naheen kiya, jise kissy anya chimpanzi ney naheen karane kaa prayaas kiya. yeh spasht haye kii premax ney chimpanzi key liye ack maanviya, sahayak vatavaran pradaan karane kaa prayaas kiya.
vaclair ney nott kiya kii chimpanzi apane pasandida saathi kii anupasthiti mein vyathit hoe jaate hain.

