anukram starilekhan

anukram starilekhan bhoovigyaan kii ack shakha haye, vishesh roop seey stareekaran kii ack shakha, joe vibhinn taraju parr avasaadi jamaa koo asangatata seey bandhi ikaaiyon mein upvibhajan aur jodkar samay key madhyam seey aitihaasik bhoovigyaan koo samajhane kaa prayaas karati haye. iss vidhi kaa saar satahon kii pehchaan key aadhar parr staron kaa maanchitran haye joe samay rekhaaon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain (ee.jee. upa-kshetriya asangatiyaan, adhikatam baadh kii satahen), jisase kalanukramik sanrachana mein starilekhan koo rakhaa jaataa haye jisase samay key madhyam seey ack vishesh kshetra mein prithvi kii satah key vikas kii samajh hoe jaati haye. anukram starilekhan vishuddh roop seey shilaalekhiya drishtikon kaa ack upayogi vikalp haye, joe samay key mahatva key bajaay poori tarah seey chattan ikaaiyon key shilalekhon kii sanrachanaatmak samaantaa parr adharit haye. bhoovaigyaanik itihas koo samajhane mein asangatiyaan vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna hain kyonki way ksharan satahon kaa pratinidhitva karati hain jahan record mein ack spasht antar hotaa haye. isake vipareet ack anukram key bheetar bhoovaigyaanik abhilekh apekshaakrit nirantar aur poorna abhilekh honah chaahiye joe aanuvanshik roop seey sambandhit hoe.
starilekhakon ney anukram seemaon aur stareekrit ikaaiyon kii vyakhya mukhya roop seey saapeksh samudra star mein parivartan key sandarbh mein kii haye (bhoo-prishthiya samudra star mein vaishvik parivartan aur vivartanik avakraman, taapiya avakraman aur bhaar-prerit avakraman key kaaran kshetriya avakraman kaa sanyojan kyonki sanchit talchhat aur jall kaa vajan ack talchhati besin key roop mein isostatic avakraman kaa kaaran banata haye). inn urdhvaadhar balon key parinamswarup honey vaale shuddh parivartanon seey talchhat besin mein jamaa honey key liye samaayojan sthaan badh jaataa haye yaa cumm hoe jaataa haye. ack dwiteeyak prabhaav besin koo talchhat aapoorti kii darr haye joe usa sthaan koo bharane kii darr koo nirdhaarit karati haye.
aitihaasik vikas.
anukram starilekhan kii utpatti kaa pataa ell key kaam seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye.ell. uttari americi crayton kii antar-kshetriya asangatiyon parr sloss. sloss ney prithvi key saikadon laakhon varshon key itihas kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale chhah crayton-wide anukramon koo pahachaana. 1960 key dashak key anta mein sloss mein kaee chhaatr they, vishesh roop seey peater vail, robbert micham aur johnn sangri, jinhone uttar americi crayton kii pensylvanian talchhati chattanon kaa adhyayan karane vaale shodh prabandh poore kiye aur unhein pataa chalaa kii samudra key star mein vaishvik parivartan una chattanon mein kaee vyaapak asangatiyon key liye jimmedaar hoe sakate they. exon key shodh vibhaag mein shodh vaigyaanikon key roop mein apane baad key currier key dauran, micham aur anya ney bhookampiya starilekhan key abhyaas kaa beedaa uthaaya, bhookampiya pratibimb profile kii stareekrit vyakhya koo dhwanik imaging kaa upayog karke upasatah mein talchhati chattanon key star aur packaging koo samajhane key liye. bhookampiya starilekhan key aagaman ney dasiyon hazaaron seey kuchh million varshon kii avadhi key cumm samay kii avadhi kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale anukramon kii pehchaan karna sambhav banaa diyaa; aur duniya bhar mein anukram starilekhan itihas kii tulanaa karna sambhav banaa diyaa. isake parinamswarup anukram starilekhan vyavasthit hoe gayaa aur prithvi kii satah parr chattanon key bahirgaman key stareekrit adhyayan key liye vyaapak anuprayog key roop mein samajha gayaa. 1980 key dashak key dauran isane kshetriya bhautik satahon key chitran key aadhar parr stareekaran mein ack kranti kii shuruat kii joe talchhati chattan koo alag-alag packages mein alag karati haye joe samay kii asatat aur anukramik avadhi aur talchhat nikshepan itihas key anumaanit pattern kaa pratinidhitva karati haye.
mahatvapurna satahen.
anukram seemaaen.
anukram seemaon koo sabse mahatvapurna satah maanaa jaataa haye. anukram seemaon koo asangatiyon yaa unake sahsambaddh anuroopataon key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. samudra tala key girane key kaaran anukram seemaaen banati hain. udaaharan key liye, bahu-manjila nadee key balua patthar key package aksar anukram seemaon seey judey samudra key star key girane seey bunny chiredar ghaatiyon koo bhar dete hain. anukram seemaon kii cheera ghaatiyan, cheera ghaatiyon key kinaaron parr baney antar-pravaah, jeevashmon key saath paarshv roop seey sahsambaddh hain. ghaati key infill aanuvanshik roop seey antarnihit nikshepan pranaliyon seey sambandhit naheen hain jaisa kii pichhali vyakhyaon mein socha gayaa thaa. cheera ghaati koo anya prakaar key bahu-manjila balua patthar key bhandar seey alag karane key liye chaar mandand hainh ack kshetriya, uchch raahat ksharan satah key saath ack vyaapak sahsambandh joe ghaati key bheetar vyaktigat chainalon key ksharan aadharon kii tulanaa mein adhik vyaapak haye; antarnihit ikaaiyon kii tulanaa mein chehare sangh chehare mein ack besin kii or badalaav koo darshaate hain; ghaati kaa ksharan aadhar poorvavarti pranaliyon key maargon aur samudri pattiyon koo hataa detaa haye joe ack samay antaral kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, hataa dee gaee ikaaiyon koo interflove key neeche sanrakshit kiya jaayega; channel bharane aur maheen grained ikaaiyon koo oopar kii or badhaaya jaayega yaa jaldhara pranaliyon key charitra mein parivartan koo pratibimbit kartaa haye joe badhati jagah koo darshaata haye. cheera-podaa ghaatiyon seey judey balua patthar key nikaay achche hydrocarbon jalaashay hoe sakate hain. inn nikaayon key sahsambandh aur vitaran mein samasyaaen rahee hain. anukram stareekrit siddhanton aur mahatvapurna satahon kii pehchaan ney kuchh muddon koo hull kiya haye.
parsequence seemaaen.
parsequence seemaon key liye cumm mahatva diyaa jaataa haye, halanki, ack sujhaav haye kii parsequence seemaon kaa pratinidhitva karane vaali baadh kii satahen anukram seemaon kii tulanaa mein adhik sakshya chhodate hue adhik parshviya roop seey vyaapak hoe sakati hain kyonki tateey maidan mein aantarik mahadvipiya shelf kii tulanaa mein cumm dhaal haye. parsequence seemaon koo satah parr bhautik aur rasayanik gunon mein antar seey alag kiya jaa sakata haye jaise kii gathan jall lavanata, hydrocarbon guna, chhidrata, sampeedan wegg aur khanij vigyaan. parsequence seemaaen hydrocarbon sanchay mein baadha naheen banaa sakati hain lekin urdhvaadhar jalaashay sanchaar koo roque sakati hain. utpaadan shuru honey key baad parasquences baadh kii satahon key saath alag-alag jall nikasi ikaaiyon key roop mein kaary karate hain, joe shale yaa carbonate-cement kshitij dwara aachchhaadit hotey hain, joe urdhvaadhar jalaashay sanchaar key liye ack baadha banaate hain. ack baar jalaashay paimaane kii vastukala kii pehchaan honey aur alag-alag jall nikasi ikaaiyon kii pehchaan honey key baad anukram stareekrit siddhanton mein utpaadan kshamata koo anukoolit kiya jaataa haye.
system tract.
pranali maargon kii avadharana samkaaleen nikshepan pranaliyon koo jodane key liye vikasit hui. pranali maarg ack anukram mein upkhand banaata haye. vibhinn prakaar key pranali maargon koo stareekrit dher pattern, ack anukram mein sthiti aur samudra tala vakr aur seema satahon key prakaron key aadhar parr saunpa jaataa haye. 
parasquences aur stacking pattern.
ack parasquence apekshaakrit anuroop, aanuvanshik roop seey sambandhit bistaron aur bedset kaa ack anukram haye joe samudri baadh kii satahon aur unaki sahsambaddh satahon seey ghiraa huaa haye. baadh kii satahon kii seema paar anukram kshetriya atikramankari satah key samaan paimaane key naheen hain joe ack anukram seema seey judee hui haye.
parasequences koo stacking pattern mein alag kiya jaataa haih
pratyek dher pattern awas sthaan key vyavhaar parr alag-alag jaankaari dega, jiska ack pramukh niyantran saapeksh star haye. isaliye ack teji seey pragati kaa pattern samudra key star mein girawat kaa sanket hoga, teji seey pratigaami samudra key star koo teji seey paar karane kaa pramaan haye aur vriddhi darr dheere-dheere samudra key star mein vriddhi kaa sanket hogi.
bhoovaigyaanik samay key madhyam seey samudra kaa star.
bhoovaigyaanik samay key saath samudra kaa star badalata haye. dahini or kaa graph fanrozoic key dauran samudra key star mein parivartan kii dou halia vyakhyaon koo darshaata haye. aadhunik yug koo baain or darshaaya gayaa haye, jise neogene key liye aine label kiya gayaa haye. 
shoonya tithi key paas neele spikes sabse haal key himnad kaal seey judey samudra key star key parivartanon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, joe vartamaan (bee. pee.) seey lagbhag 20,000 saal pahale apani adhikatam seema taka pahunch gaye they. iss himanadiya ghatana key dauran, duniya kaa samudra star aaj kii tulanaa mein lagbhag 320 feat (98 meater) cumm thaa, kyonki badee matra mein samudri paani vaashpit hoe gayaa thaa aur uttari golardh key glaciers mein burf aur burf key roop mein jamaa hoe gayaa thaa. jaba duniya kaa samudra star iss "nimn sthiti" parr thaa, tou poorv samudri tala tala talchhat upa-vayu mausam (barish, paalaa, nadiyon aadi dwara kataav) key adheen they.) aur ack naee tatrekha nae star parr sthaapit kii gaee thee, kabhi-kabhi poorv tatrekha key besin kii or meal aggar samudra tala uthala jhukaa huaa thaa.
aaj, samudra kaa star twarit anta-plistocene aur praarambhik-holocin apakshay key kaaran chaturthak himnad chakron key bheetar ack saapeksh "uchch sthiti" parr haye. antim himyug kii pracheen tatrekha abb lagbhag paani key neeche haye. haalaanki prithvi key vaigyaanikon key beach bahas haye kii kyaa humm vartamaan mein ack "uchch sthiti" kaa anubhav curr rahey hain, yeh aam taur parr sweekaar kiya jaataa haye kii eustatic samudra kaa star badh rhaa haye.
sudur ateet mein, samudra kaa star aaj kii tulanaa mein kaafee adhik rhaa haye. cretaceous (graph parr key label) key dauran, samudra kaa star itna adhik thaa kii texas seey archtic mahasagar taka uttari america key kendra mein ack samudri maarg faila huaa thaa.
yeye uchch aur nimn samudra star kaee samay paimaane parr dohrate hain. inn chakron mein seey sabse chhota lagbhag 20,000 varsh kaa haye, aur prithvi key ghoornan aksh kii purvagaman darr seey mell khaata haye (milankovic chakr dekhein) aur aamtaur parr '5vein crum' chakr key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. agala badaa chakr ('chautha crum') lagbhag 40,000 varsh kaa haye aur lagbhag usa darr seey mell khaata haye jiss parr prithvi kaa soorya kii or jhukaav badalata haye (milankovic dwara phir seey samajhaaya gayaa). agala badaa chakr ('teesara crum') lagbhag 110,000 varsh kaa haye aur usa darr seey mell khaata haye jiss parr prithvi kii kaksha andakar seey golakar taka dolan karati haye. nimn crum key chakron koo pahachaana jaataa haye, joe mahadvipiya dravyamaan koo vibhajit karke nae mahasagar besin key khulane jaisi plate vivartanik ghatnaaon key parinamswarup prateet hotey hain.
prithvi key poore itihas mein isi tarah key saikadon himnad chakr hue hain. samay key madhyam seey tateey talchhat jamaa kii sthiti kaa adhyayan karane vaale prithvi vaigyaanikon ("anukram starilekhakon") ney baad mein sudhaar key saath judey tatrekhaon key samaan besin kii or darjanon badlaavon kaa ullekh kiya haye. inn talchhati chakron mein seey sabse badaa kuchh mamalon mein duniya bhar mein badey aatmavishvaas key saath sahsambaddh hoe sakata haye.
stareekrit vastukala aur talchhati chakr vikas parr teen niyantran hainh
eustatic samudra star ack nishchit bindu, prithvi key kendra key sandarbh mein samudra star haye. "saapeksh" samudra star koo aadhar star key sandarbh mein maapa jaataa haye, jisake oopar ksharan hoe sakata haye aur jisake neeche jamaav hoe sakata haye. samudra key star mein parivartan aur avakraman darr donon lambe chakr hotey hain. talchhat kii aapoorti koo kaafee hudd taka sthaaniya jalavaayu sthitiyon dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa haye aur yeh teji seey bhinn hoe sakata haye. sthaaniya talchhat aapoorti mein yeye bhinnataaen sthaaniya aur saapeksh samudra star koo prabhaavit karati hain joe sthaaniya talchhat chakron kaa kaaran banati hain.
chhote aur sthaaniya talchhati chakr duniya bhar mein (eustatic) samudra star key parivartanon seey sambandhit naheen hain, balki aspas key besinon mein talchhat kii aapoorti seey adhik hain jahaan inn talchhat kii aapoorti kii jaa rahee haye. udaaharan key liye, jaba tatrekhaon key vistaar key saath besin kii or (samudra kii or) badalaav hotaa thaa, tou yoota key pustak chattan kshetra mein tatarekhaaen cumm hoe rahee theen yaa wiming mein uttar kii or paar hoe rahee theen. yeye talchhati chakr besin mein talchhat kii aapoorti kii matra key pratinidhi hain. ack atikraman mein, paani kii gaharaai mein vriddhi kii darr kii tulanaa mein cumm talchhat kii aapoorti kii jaa rahee haye, aur iss prakaar tatrekha bhoomi kii or sthanantarit hoe jaati haye. pratigaman mein, yadi paani kii gaharaai cumm hoe rahee haye, tou tatrekha samudra key kinare (besin kii or) sthanantarit hoe jaati haye aur pichhali tatrekha kaa ksharan hoe jaataa haye. tatrekha kaa pratigaman taba bhee hotaa haye jaba tatrekha kii tulanaa mein adhik talchhat kii aapoorti kii jaa rahee haye, jisase tatrekha samudra key kinare seey palayan curr sakati haye. baad vaale koo progradation kahaa jaataa haye. baar-baar atikraman aur pratigaman key dauran jamaa star kaa chakr ack nikshepan anukram banaata haye.
aarthik mahatva.
crum starilekhan petroleum bhoovigyaan key kshetra key ack hisse key roop mein tail aur gais key anveshan key liye bhoovigyaan key anuprayog mein aavashyak upkaran haye. iss vaigyaanik anushasana kaa adhikansh vikas oorjaa nigamon aur unaki bhoovaigyaanik anusandhaan prayogshalaon key bheetar huaa haye yaa unake dwara vitt poshit kiya gayaa haye.
anukram seemaon kaa aarthik mahatva haye kyonki samudra tala mein yeye parivartan samudra tala tala key talchhat key nikshepan pattern mein badey paarshv parivartan kaa kaaran banate hain. nikshepan mein yeye paarshv parivartan achchi jalaashay gunavatta vaali chattan (chhidrapurna aur pargamya rait) aur kharaab gunavatta vaale mitty key pattharon (kissy bhee sanchit hydrocarbon key risaav koo rokane key liye ack jalaashay "seal" pradaan karane mein saksham joe rait key pattharon mein sthanantarit hoe sakate hain) kii vaikalpik paraten banaate hain. hydrocarbon prospector duniya mein una sthaanon kii talash karate hain jahaan chhidrapurna aur pargamya rait cumm pargamyata vaali chattanon seey aachchhaadit hoti haye, aur jahaan hydrocarbon utpann honey aur inn "traps" mein sthanantarit honey key liye paristhitiyaan sahee hoti hain.

