
pratyaksh-vipareet sanrekhan

pratyaksh-vipareet bhasha kii paribhasha anusandhaan key tahat ack vishay haye, lekin ise vyaapak roop seey unake "vishay" kii saapeksh sthiti key anusaar sankramansheel purvaanumeyon key liye vibhinn vyaakaran koo shamil karane key liye samajha jaataa haye aur "vyakti padanukram" parr unaki "vastu", joe badale mein, kissy dee gaee bhasha key liye vishisht udaartaa aur sajeevata kaa kuchh sanyojan haye. pratyaksh nirmaan achihnit haye. pratyaksh nirmaan kaa upayog taba kiya jaataa haye jaba sankramansheel khand kaa vishay vyakti padanukram mein vastu koo pachhaad detaa haye, aur vyutkram kaa upayog taba kiya jaataa haye jaba vastu vishay koo pachhaad detee haye.
pratyaksh-vyutkram rupankan kaa astitva aamtaur parr nikat-avarodhak rupankan key saath hotaa haye. pratyaksh-vyutkram ayam nikatvarti-avarodhak ayam koo samaahit kartaa haye. bhaashaon mein, vikshepan mein lagbhag hamesha teesara vyakti shamil hotaa haye (halanki kuchh neelo-sahaara bhaashaon key liye dusare vyakti key vikshepan kii soochana dee jaati haye), aur pratyaksh-vipareet parivartan koo aamtaur parr ack vaakya key dou (yaa adhik) teesare vyakti key tarkon key beach nikat-vikshepan antar koo chihnit karane key tareeke key roop mein prastut kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, vyutkram pranaliyon key saath cumm seey cumm dou bhaashaaen hain, mesoamerican bhaashaaen zoke aur hustech, jinamen vyutkram rupankan kaa upayog kabhi bhee taba naheen kiya jaataa haye jaba vishay aur vastu donon teesare vyakti hotey hain, lekin kewal tabhi jaba tarkon mein seey ack teesara vyakti hotaa haye, aur doosara ack bhaashan adhiniyam pratibhaagi (sap) hotaa haye, joe pahala yaa doosara vyakti hotaa haye.
vyutkram-prakaar kii bhaashaon mein roop-vinyasatmak bhinnata.
naa tou ack aakriti vigyaan visheshta aur naa hii ack vaakya rachana visheshta sabhi vyutkram pranaliyon key liye samanya haye.
kriyaon parr pratyaksh-vyutkram pranaaliyan sangyaon mein vibhinn rupankan sanrekhan key saath saha-astitva mein hain. kuchh vyutkram bhaashaon mein, jisamen sabhi madhyaamerikan vyutkram bhaashaaen shamil hain, pratyaksh-vyutkram parivartan rupankan sanrekhan koo badal detaa haye, aur bhasha koo "padaanukramit sanrekhan" kahaa jaataa haye.
clammon ney vyutkram bhaashaon key chaar samanya gunon kaa sujhaav diyaa haih
claman kii ack vyutkram bhasha kii paribhasha kaa paalan karane vaali kuchh bhaashaaen hain masai, carib, westuck, chukchi, algonquian bhaashaaen aur kuchh athapascan bhaashaaen jaise koyukon aur navajo, mapudungun aur movima (alag-thalag bhaashaaen), ragyalrong (sino-tibbati) aur kuchh mishrit-zokian bhaashaaen. doosari or, mishrit bhasha oluteco mein ack vyutkram pranali honey kii soochana dee gaee haye joe dusare niyam key anuroop naheen haye, kyonki kuchh akarmak kriyaaen aur vikarmak key nishkriya bhee vyutkram aakriti vigyaan leey sakate hain.
ojibwe mein vyutkram aakriti vigyaan.
ojibwe, uttari america kii ack algonquian bhasha mein, vyakti padanukram doosara vyakti> pahala vyakti> teesara vyakti nikatvarti> teesara vyakti avarodhak haye. choonki ojibwe key aakriti vigyaan mein koee cases antar naheen haye (ack ojibwe nammatra vakyansh taba naheen badalata haye jaba anya vaakya ghatakon key saath isake sambandh badal jaate hain), dou pratibhagiyon key saath ack sankramansheel kriya mein vishay aur vastu koo alag karane kaa ekmatra tarika pratyaksh-vipareet pratyay key madhyam seey haye. ack pratyaksh pratyay ingit kartaa haye kii kriya vyakti padanukram parr kissy vyakti dwara kii jaati haye joe vyakti padanukram parr kissy vyakti seey cumm haih
ack vyutkram pratyay ingit kartaa haye kii kriya vyakti padanukram parr kissy vyakti key padanukram parr kissy vyakti dwara kii jaati haye (jaise kii praaptakarta parr vaktaa yaa nikatvarti parr ack aspashtata vaale teesare vyakti dwara):
jaisa kii dekhaa jaa sakata haye, inn donon kriyaon key beach ekmatra antar cases marker (yaa shabd crum, jaba alag-alag naam kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye) key bajaay pratyaksh-vipareet virodh haye. ack vyutkram kriya ack nishkriya kriya key barabar naheen haye. ack alag nishkriyata marker haye, jise saahitya mein "anishchit vyakti (x)" key roop mein darshaaya gayaa haye, joe pratham aur dwiteeya vyaktiyon key neeche saamyikta padanukram mein sthaanit haye, lekin sajeev aur nirjeev teesare vyaktiyon seey adhik haih
sahaptin mein shabdarth aur vyaavhaarik vyutkram.
uttar-paschimi sanyukt raajya america kii ack amerindian bhasha, sahaptin kaa ack vyutkram maukhik upsarg "paa"-dwara chihnit haye. yeh dusare seey pahale vyakti mein sankramansheel kriya koo ingit kartaa haye jaba donon tark russ hotey hain. jise shabdarth vyutkram kahaa jaa sakata haye.
sahaptin "paa"-russ aur teesare vyakti key beach sankramankari kriya key saath naheen hotaa haye, lekin yeh teesare vyakti key pratibhagiyon key beach hotaa haye. virodhabhas koo kaee khand udaharanon key saath nikala jaa sakata haye jaise kii neeche diyaa gayaa haye. vyutkram mein shabdarth rogi pichhale khand mein vishay key saath corferential haye. ise vyaavhaarik vyutkram kahaa jaa sakata haye.
vyaavhaarik vyutkram rogi koo saamyik banaata haye, lekin iska nammatra, yadi maujood haye, tou isaki aropatmak cases-marking barkarar rahati haye.
japani.
dene key liye" key liye vibhinn japani kriyaon, donon paksh aur bhautik vastuon key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye, pratyaksh-vipareet sanrekhan kaa ack udaaharan maanaa jaa sakata haye. "agru" (<unk>) kaa upayog taba kiya jaataa haye jaba vishay, daataa, labharthi, apratyaksh uddeshya kii tulanaa mein vyakti padanukram parr cumm hotaa haye. iss beach, yadi vishay oopar haye tou "kureru" (<unk>) yaa "kudasaru" (<unk>) kaa upayog kiya jaanaa chaahiye. udaaharan key liye, japani mein pahala vyakti vyakti padanukram parr dusare seey cumm haye, isaliye aap kahengeh
vishay aur vastu koo kissy bhee udaaharan mein badalana, yaa donon vaakyon key beach kriyaon koo badalana asweekarya hoga.

