
aavritti mishran

electronics mein, ack mishran, yaa aavritti mishran, ack vidyut paripath haye joe usa parr lagu dou sanketon seey naee aavrittiyaan banaata haye. isake sabse aam anuprayog mein, dou sanket ack mishran parr lagu kiye jaate hain, aur yeh mool aavrittiyon key yog aur antar parr nae sanket paida kartaa haye. anya aavritti ghatakon kaa utpaadan bhee ack vyaavhaarik aavritti mishran mein kiya jaa sakata haye.
mishran yantron kaa vyaapak roop seey sanketon koo ack aavritti seema seey doosari aavritti seema mein sthanantarit karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye, ack prakriya jise heteroading key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, sancharan yaa aage key sanket prasanskaran mein suvidha key liye. udaaharan key liye, ack superheterodine receiver kaa ack pramukh ghatak ack mishran haye jiska upayog praapt sanketon koo ack samanya madhyavarti aavritti mein sthanantarit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. aavritti mishran kaa upayog radio sancharakon mein vaahak sanket koo sanshodhit karane key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye.
prakaar.
ack mishran kii aavashyak visheshta yeh haye kii yeh apane utpaadan mein ack ghatak kaa utpaadan kartaa haye joe dou input sanketon kaa utpaad haye. sakriya aur nishkriya donon paripath mishrankartaon kaa ehsas curr sakate hain. nishkriya mishrankarta ack yaa adhik diode kaa upayog karate hain aur gunan tatva pradaan karane key liye voltage aur dhaara key beach apane gair-raikhik sambandh parr bharosa karate hain. ack nishkriya mishran mein, vaanchhit utpaadan sanket hamesha input sanketon kii tulanaa mein cumm shakti kaa hotaa haye.
sakriya mishrankarta ack pravardhan upkaran (jaise transister yaa vacuum tube) kaa upayog karate hain joe utpaad sanket kii taakat koo badhaa sakata haye. sakriya mishrankarta bandargaahon key beach algaav mein sudhaar karate hain, lekin adhik shore aur adhik bijli kii khapat hoe sakati haye. ack sakriya mishrankarta atibhar koo cumm sahan curr sakata haye.
mishran yantra asatat ghatakon seey baney hoe sakate hain, ekikrit paripathon kaa hissa hoe sakate hain, yaa sankar module key roop mein vitarit kiye jaa sakate hain.
mishranakon koo unaki topology dwara bhee vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haih 
ack vishesh anuprayog key liye ack mishran prakaar kaa chayan ack vyaapaar haye.
mishran paripath koo unake gunon jaise roopaantaran laabh (yaa haani), shore aakriti aur araikhikta dwara chihnit kiya jaataa haye.
gair-raikhik electronic ghatak joe mishran key roop mein upayog kiye jaate hain, unamen diode aur transister shamil hain joe cutoff key paas pakshapaati hain. raikhik, samay-parivartan karane vaale upkaran, jaise kii analogue gunak, behtar pradarshan pradaan karate hain, kyonki yeh kewal sahee gunakon mein haye kii output ayam input ayam key samanupati haye, jaisa kii raikhik roopaantaran key liye aavashyak haye. santripti mein sanchaalit lauh chumbakiya-core prerak kaa bhee upayog kiya gayaa haye. gair-raikhik prakashiki mein, gair-raikhik visheshtaon vaale chrystal kaa upayog optical heterodine banaane key liye lazer prakaash kii dou aavrittiyon koo milaane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
diode.
ack diode kaa upayog ack saral asantulit mishran banaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. iss prakaar kaa mishran mool aavrittiyon key saath-saath unake yog aur unake antar kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. diode kaa mahatvapurna guna isaki gair-raikhikta (yaa gair-ohmic vyavhaar) haye, jiska arth haye kii isaki pratikriya (dhaara) isake input (voltage) key samanupati naheen haye. diode apane madhyam seey dhaara mein apane driving voltage kii aavrittiyon koo punah utpann naheen kartaa haye, joe vaanchhit aavritti herfer kii anumati detaa haye. 
ack aadarsh diode key madhyam seey vartamaan sootra _ 1 koo voltage sootra _ 2 key ack kaary key roop mein isake paar diyaa jaataa haye
jahan gair-raikhikta kaa mahatvapurna guna sootra _ 2 key sootra _ 5 key ghatank mein honey key kaaran hotaa haye. ghatank kaa vistaar kiya jaa sakata haye
aur usa shrinkhala key pahale kuchh shabdon dwara chhote sootra _ 7 (yaani, chhote voltage) key liye anumaanit kiya jaa sakata haih
maan leejiye kii dou input sanket sootra kaa yog ack diode parr lagu kiya jaataa haye, aur ack output voltage utpann hotaa haye joe diode key madhyam seey dhaara key samanupati hotaa haye (shayed diode key saath shrinkhala mein ack pratirodhak key paar maujood voltage pradaan karke). phir, diode sameekaran mein sthiraank kii upeksha karate hue, output voltage kaa roop hoga
dahini or pahala pada mool dou sanket hain, jaisa kii apekshit haye, usake baad yog kaa varg haye, jise sootra _ 11 key roop mein phir seey likhaa jaa sakata haye, jahaan gunaa sanket spasht haye. deerghavritt usa yog kii sabhi uchch shaktiyon kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye jise humm chhote sanketon key liye nagany maanate hain.
maan leejiye kii vibhinn aavrittiyon key dou input signsoid koo diode mein daala jaataa haye, jaise kii sootra _ 12 aur sootra _ 13. sanket sootra _ 14 bunn jaataa haih
varg avadhi kii paidawar kaa vistaarah 
sootra _ 17 shabd koo chhodkar sabhi shabdon kii andekhi karna aur prostapherisis (utpaad seey yog) pehchaan kaa upayog karna, 
upaj, 
yeh pradarshit karna kii kaise mishran seey naee aavrittiyaan banaai jaati hain.
switch karna.
ack anya prakaar kaa mishran switching dwara sanchaalit hotaa haye, joe ack varg tarang dwara ack input sanket key gunan key barabar haye. ack dohare-santulit mishran mein, (chhote) input sanket koo sthaaniya ausilator (low) key charan key anusaar baari-baari seey ulta yaa gair ulta kiya jaataa haye. yaani, input sanket koo prabhaavi roop seey ack varg tarang dwara gunaa kiya jaataa haye joe low darr parr + 1 aur-1 key beach baari-baari seey aataa haye.
ekal-santulit switching mishran mein, input sanket koo baari-baari seey paarit yaa avaruddh kiya jaataa haye. iss prakaar input sanket koo ack varg tarang dwara prabhaavi roop seey gunaa kiya jaataa haye joe 0 aur + 1 key beach baari-baari seey aataa haye.
isake parinamswarup input sanket key aavritti ghatak utpaad key saath output mein maujood hotey hain, kyonki gunaa sanket koo ack dee. see. offset (i.ee. ack shoonya aavritti ghatak).
switching mixers kaa uddeshya sthaaniya ausilator dwara sanchaalit haard switching key madhyam seey raikhik sanchaalan koo praapt karna haye. aavritti kshetra mein, switching mishran sanchaalan samanya yog aur antar aavrittiyon kii or leey jaataa haye, lekin aage key shabdon ee kii or bhee.jee. ±3 "f" low, ±5 "f" low, aadi.
switching mixers kaa laabh yeh haye kii yeh (usee prayaas key saath) cumm shore kaa aankada (aine. aff.) aur badey roopaantaran laabh praapt curr sakata haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki switching diode yaa transister yaa tou ack chhote seey pratirodhak (switch bund) yaa badey pratirodhak (switch khula) kii tarah kaary karate hain, aur donon hii mamalon mein kewal ack nyuntam shore jodaa jaataa haye. paripath key drishtikon seey, kaee gunaa karane vaale mishranakon kaa upayog kewal low ayam koo badhaakar, switching mishran key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. isaliye aar. aff. engineer buss mixers key baare mein baat karate hain, jabaki unakaa matlab haye kii mixers koo badalana.
mixers circuit kaa upayog naa kewal ack receiver key roop mein ack input signal kii aavritti koo sthanantarit karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, balki ack utpaad detector, modulator, charan detector yaa aavritti gunak key roop mein bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, ack sanchaar praaptakarta mein input sanket koo madhyavarti aavritti mein badalane key liye dou mishran charan hoe sakate hain aur ack anya mishrankarta koo sanket key demodulation key liye ack detector key roop mein niyojit kiya jaa sakata haye.

