
david bronstein

david ayonovic bronstein (19 farwari, 1924-5 disambar, 2006) ack soviyat shatranj khilaadi they. 1950 mein antarrashtriya grandmaster kii upaadhi seey sammaanit, vaha 1951 mein vishva shatranj champion banane seey chook gaye. bronstein 1940 key dashak key madhya seey 1970 key dashak key madhya taka duniya key sabse majboot khilaadiyon mein seey ack they, aur unake sathiyon ney unhein ack rachanaatmak pratibha aur ranneeti key master key roop mein varnit kiya thaa. way ack prasiddh shatranj lekhak bhee they; unaki pustak "zurich antarrashtriya shatranj tournament 1953" koo vyaapak roop seey abb taka likhi gaee sabse mahaan shatranj pustakon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye.
praarambhik jeevan.
david bronstein kaa janm billy tserkwa, ukraini ssr, soviyat sangh mein yahudi maataa-pitaa key ghar huaa thaa. ack garib parivaar mein paley-badhe, unhone chhah saal kii umr mein apane daadaa seey shatranj seekha. keev mein ack yuva key roop mein, unhein prasiddh antarrashtriya master alekjendar constantinopolsky dwara prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa. jaba way kewal 15 varsh key they, taba keev championship mein dusare sthaan parr rahey aur 1940 kii ukraini ssr shatranj championship mein isaq bolslavsky key baad apane dusare sthaan key parinam key liye 16 varsh kii ayu mein soviyat master khitaab hassil kiya, jinake saath way shatranj key maidan key ander aur baahar donon jagah karibi dost bunn gaye. unaki pahali patni olga ignativa 1950 key dashak kii sabse majboot mahila shatranj khilaadiyon mein seey ack theen. baad mein unhone 1984 mein bolslavsky kii betty, tatiana seey shaadi kii.
1941 key vasant mein hyee school puuraa karane key baad, 1940 key dashak kii shuruat mein poore purvi europe mein dwiteeya vishva yuddh key prasaar seey keev vishvavidyalaya mein ganit kaa adhyayan karane kii unaki yojana baadhit hoe gaee. unhone 1941 mein soviyat championship key semifinal mein khelna shuru kiya thaa, lekin yuddh shuru honey parr iss ayojan koo radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yuddh key samaapan key turant baad, unhone leninagrad polytechnic sansthaan mein bhaag lena shuru curr diyaa, jahan unhone lagbhag ack varsh taka adhyayan kiya.
sainya seva key liye ayogya maane jaane parr, bronstein ney yuddh mein vibhinn kaary kiye; isamen yuddh seey kshatigrast imaraton kaa kuchh punarnirmaan aur anya lipic/shram prakaar kii naukariyan shamil theen. yuddh key dauran bhee, unake pitaa, johnon koo kaee varshon taka gulag mein anuchit tareeke seey kaid kiya gayaa thaa aur binaa kissy aparaadh koo karane key paryaapt saboot key unhein hirasat mein liya gayaa thaa, baad mein yeh pataa chalaa. bronstein dwara apani pustak "dha mairsars apprentices" (1995) mein yeh afwah kii bronstein poorv soviyat communist netaa leone trotsky (jinka asli parivarik naam bronstein thaa) seey sambandhit thaa, koo apusht, lekin sandigdh maanaa gayaa thaa. yeh vishvaas bronstein key pitaa key karawas kii vyakhya curr sakata thaa.
grandmaster kii or.
naazi aakramankariyon parr antim soviyat yuddh kii jeet kii or rukh karane key saath, bronstein ack baar phir kuchh pratispardhi shatranj khelane mein saksham hoe gaye. unakaa pahala sheersh maanak soviyat karyakram 1944 yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. championship thaa, jahan unhone antim vijeta (aur jald hii vishva champion banane vaale) mikhail botwinick key khilaf apana vyaktigat khel jeetaa. yuddh samaapt honey parr bronstein masco chaley gaye. phir ack honhar lekin anivarya roop seey apramaanit yuva khilaadi key roop mein dekhaa gayaa, joe gahare soviyat agradoot mein darjanon mein seey ack thaa, unhone 1945 yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. championship mein teesare sthaan parr rahane key liye apane khel key star koo naatakiya roop seey badhaaya. iss parinam ney unhein soviyat team mein jagah dilaaee; unhone board taine parr khele gaye apane donon khel jeete, jisase soviyat team koo 1945 key prasiddh sanyukt raajya america banaam sanyukt raajya america mein jeet hassil karane mein madad millie. yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. radio shatranj match. isake baad unhone kaee team maichon mein safaltapurvak bhaag liya, aur dheere-dheere saabit kiya kii way soviyat shatranj abhijaat varg seey sambandhit they. bronstein ney 1948 aur 1949 donon kii soviyat championship mein pahale sthaan key liye barabari kii.
vishva khitaab pratidvandi (1948-1951).
bronstein kii pahali badee antarrashtriya pratiyogita safalata 1948 key saltsjobaden antar-kshetriya mein hui, jise unhone jeetaa. iss pratiyogita mein unakaa yogyata sthaan videshi shatranj mahasanghon seey namankan key madhyam seey aaya thaa. unhone 1950 mein apana grandmaster khitaab arjit kiya, jaba vishva shatranj mahasangh ney iss prakriya koo aupchaarik roop diyaa. unaki antar-kshetriya jeet ney unhein budapest mein 1950 key ummidvaaron key tournament key liye yogya banaa diyaa. bronstein ack (mosco) 1950 playoff match mein bolslavsky parr antim ummidvaaron key vijeta bunn gaye, dou overtime match khelon key baad, donon key buddepest mein barabari parr rahane key baad, aur phir 12 nirdhaarit match khelon mein phir seey samaan rahey.
1951 mein vishva shatranj championship challenge match mein pahunchane key baad, iss avadhi mein bronstein key vikas mein ulkapind kii vriddhi dekhi gaee.
1951 vishva championship match botwinick key khilaf.
bronstein koo vyaapak roop seey mahaan khilaadiyon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye jinhone vishva championship naheen jeeti haye. vaha usa lakshya key karib aaa gaye jaba unhone 1951 key vishva championship match koo maujooda champion mikhail botwinick key saath barabari parr laa diyaa. pratyek khilaadi ney paanch match jeete, aur shesh 14 match drow rahey.
ack aise match mein jahaan badhat kaee baar aage-peechhe jhoolati thee, donon khilaadiyon ney ack-dusare kaa vibhinn prakaar kii shuruati sanrachanaon mein pareekshan kiya, aur pratyek khel (24vein koo chhodkar) poorna rakt seey bharaa huaa thaa aur ack spasht anta taka kadee mehnat seey khela gayaa thaa. bronstein aksar pichhali ghatnaaon mein pasandida panktiyon seey bachate they, aur aksar botwinick key apane pasandida sanskaranon koo apanaate they. iss ranneeti ney botwinick koo aashcharyachakit curr diyaa; champion ney 1948 mein khitaab jeetane key baad seey teen saal taka pratispardhi roop seey naheen khela thaa. donon khilaadiyon dwara khel kii gunavatta bahut adhik thee, halanki botwinick ney baad mein apane kamjor khel kii shikayat kii. unhone kewal bronstein kii vishal pratibha koo sweekaar kiya. bronstein ney apane paanch maichon mein seey chaar mein gahare sanyukt khel seey jeet hassil kii, aur atyadhik jatil tareeke seey sthagan seey pahale jeet hassil kii. unhone dou game baaki rahate hue ack ank seey badhat banaa lii, lekin 23 vaan game haar gaye aur antim (24 vaan) game drow hoe gayaa. dridh niyamon key tahat, khitaab dhaarak key paas banaa rhaa, aur bronstein phir kabhi itane karib naheen aaya.
botwinick ney likhaa kii bronstein kii viphalata andgame takneek koo cumm aankane kii pravritti aur saral sthitiyon mein kshamata kii kamee key kaaran hui thee. botwinick ney sthagan key baad chaar vastutah star key antim khel jeete, aur unaki paanchvin jeet ack antim khel mein aaee kii bronstein ney 40 kii chaal parr istifa dey diyaa. inn sthagit khelon ney botwinick kii paanch match jeet mein seey chaar banaa diye; jaba unhein 40 kii chaal parr sthagit curr diyaa gayaa tou botwinick koo inn khelon mein nyuntam laabh seey adhik kuchh naheen milaa.
bronstein key pitaa kabhi-kabhi 1951 key khitaab match khelon key dauran darshakon key beach gupt roop seey they, aise samay mein jaba unhein masco mein aadhikarik roop seey anumati naheen thee.
1953 ummidwar.
bronstein ney switzerland mein 1953 key candidates tournament mein chunauti dee aur paul keres aur saimuel reshevsky sahit dusare seey chauthe sthaan key liye barabari parr rahey, vijeta vasily smislov seey dou ank peechhe. tournament parr bronstein kii pustak koo ack classic maanaa jaataa haye.
yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii soviyat khilaadiyon parr yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii ack soviyat khilaadi jeetega, milibhugat karane kaa dabaav thaa. haalaanki, glassnost key baad bhee, bronstein ney apane saarvajanik bayanon yaa lekhan mein inn afvaahon kii kewal aanshik roop seey pushti kii, kewal 'majboot manovaigyaanik dabaav' lagu honey koo sweekaar kiya, aur yeh khud bronstein parr nirbhar thaa kii iss dabaav key aage jhukane kaa nirnay liya jaae yaa naheen. 2007 mein apani mrityu key turant baad prakaashit apani antim pustak "gupt tippaniyon" mein, bronstein ney aage badhkar aarop lagaaya kii una parr aur keres parr yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii smislov reshevsky seey pahale jeetenge, smislov key saath apane khel drow karane kaa dabaav daala gayaa thaa.
1953 key baad kaa karyakal.
1953 key ummidvaaron key parinam ney unhein seedhe 1955 key gothenberg antar-kshetriya key liye yogya banaaya, jise unhone ack nabad ank key saath jeetaa. vahaan seey yeh amsterdam mein 1956 key ummidvaaron key tournament mein ack aur karib chook gaee, jahan way vijeta smislov aur upvijeta keres key baad teesare seey saatven sthaan key liye ack badey tyee mein samaapt hoe gaye.
bronstein koo 1958 key antar-kshetriya key liye arhata praapt karni padee, aur 1958 mein yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. championship, reega mein teesare sthaan parr rahkar aisaa kiya. portorose, bronstein mein 1958 key antar-kshetriya mein, jinhen bobby fisher dwara spasht poorv-ghatana pasandida key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa, 1959 key ummidvaaron kii or badhane seey aadhe ank seey chook gaye, antim daur key khel koo bahut kamjor philipino rodolfo taine cardoso key paas chhod diyaa, jaba khel key dauran aandhi key kaaran bijli kii shakti whiffle hoe gaee, aur vaha ekagrata hassil karane mein asamarth they. bronstein 1962 key chakr key liye soviyat kshetriya charan mein yogyata seey chook gaye. phir amsterdam 1964 interzonal mein, bronstein ney bahut achchha score kiya, lekin kewal teen soviyat ack nishchit niyam seey aage badh sakey, aur vaha deshvaasiyon smislov, mikhail taal aur boris spasky seey peechhe rahey, joe larson key saath sanyukt vijeta key roop mein samaapt hue. unakaa antim antar-kshetriya 49 saal kii umr mein thaa jaba way 1973 mein petropolis mein chhathe sthaan parr rahey.
bronstein ney tournaments mein kaee pratham puraskar jeete, jinamen seey sabse ullekhaniya 1948 kii soviyat shatranj championship (alekjendar kotov key saath sanyukt roop seey) aur 1949 (smislov key saath sanyukt roop seey) thee. unhone 1957 kii soviyat championship aur aaee. dee. 1 mein bhee dusare sthaan key liye barabari kii. unhone 1952 mein liverpool mein vishva chhaatr championship mein maark taimanov key saath barabari kii. bronstein masco championship key chhah baar key vijeta bhee they, aur 1952,1954,1956 aur 1958 key olympiad mein ussr kaa pratinidhitva kiya, unamen seey pratyek mein board puraskar jeetaa, aur una ayojanon mein apane 49 khelon mein seey kewal ack mein haar gaye. raaste mein unhone chaar olympiad team swarn padak jeete. sanyukt raajya america key khilaf 1954 key team match (newyork mein aayojit) mein, bronstein ney khel key iss star parr lagbhag ansuna sweep kiya, dusare board parr apane sabhi chaar khel jeete.
aage kii pramukh pratiyogita jeeten hastings 1953-54, belgrade 1954, gotha 1957, mosco 1959, zombetheli 1966, east berlin 1968, denepropetrovsk 1970, sarajevo 1971, sandomeiers 1976, evonics gedrose 1976, budapest 1977 aur jumala 1978 mein hassil kii gaeen.
viraasat aur baad key varshon mein.
david bronstein ney shatranj kii kaee kitaaben aur lekh likhe, aur kaee varshon taka soviyat samachar patra "isestia" mein unakaa niyamit shatranj collum thaa. unhein shayed "zurich antarrashtriya shatranj tournament 1953" (angreji anuvaad 1979) key prasiddh lekhak key roop mein sabse adhik sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh pustak yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. mein ack bahut badee vikreta thee, joe kaee punarmudranon seey gujri thee, aur ise abb taka likhi gaee sabse achchi shatranj pustakon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. haal hii mein, unhone apane dost tomm firstenberg key saath aatmakathaatmak "dha masserers apprentices" (1995) kaa saha-lekhan kiya. donon shatranj prakaashan key itihas mein mahatvapurna sthaan bunn gaye hain; bronstein ney khilaadiyon kii chaalon key peechhe key vichaaron koo badhaane kii koshish kii, naa kii una chaalon key vishleshan key prishthon key saath joe kabhi bhee ank patra mein naheen aae, pathakon parr bojh daalane kii. shatranj key baare mein bronstein kii romantic drishti koo sheersh star kii pratiyogita mein shayed hii kabhi dekhe jaane vaale raajaa key juaa koo unake bahut safal apanaane key saath dikhaaya gayaa thaa. raajaa kii bhaaratiya raksha koo ack avishvasaniya, aspasht bhinnata seey ack lokpriya pramukh pranali mein badalane mein unake agrani saiddhaantik aur vyaavhaarik kaary (bolslavsky aur ephim geller key saath) koo yaad kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur 1999 kii pustak "bronstein onn dha kings indian" mein unake pramukh yogdan seey iska pramaan milata haye. bronstein ney apane lambe currier key dauran asadharan roop seey vibhinn prakaar kii shuruat kii, joe kissy bhee anya vyakti key saath tulaniya haye joe kabhi bhee sheersh star parr pahuncha haye.
unake naam parr dou aur vividhataon kaa naam rakhaa gayaa haye. carro-caine raksha mein, bronstein-larson bhinnata 1. ee. 4 see. 6 2. dee. 4 dee. 5 3.nc3 dxe4 4.nxe4 nf6 5.nxf6 + gxf6. scandinavian raksha mein, bronstein bhinnata 1. ee. 4 dee5 2.exd5 qxd5 3.nc3 cudy8 jaati haye.
bronstein ney 1976 mein victor korchnoi key dalbadal kii ninda karate hue ack samooh patra parr hastakshar karane seey incar curr diyaa, aur unhone iss swatantrata key liye ack vyaktigat keemat chukai, kyonki unake raajya-bhugtan master kaa wazifa nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur unhein ack saal seey adhik samay key liye pramukh tournaments seey bhee roque diyaa gayaa thaa. 1980 key dashak key madhya mein unhein kaee varshon key liye uchch shreni key karyakramon seey lagbhag pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
bronstein shatranj key doordarshi they. way pratispardhi shatranj koo tej karane key shuruati samarthak they. 1973 mein unhone pratyek chaal key liye ack chhoti see samay vriddhi jodane kaa vichaar pesh kiya, jiska ack sanskaran haal key varshon mein bahut lokpriya hoe gayaa haye aur lagbhag sabhi digital shatranj ghadiyon parr lagu kiya gayaa haye. unhone harr avsar parr computer programon koo chunauti dee, aamtaur parr achche parinam praapt kiye.
bronstein koo asamanya aur offbeat opening jaise kii raajaa key gambit aur latvian gambit key saath prayog karane mein mazaa aaya; haalaanki, vaha aam taur parr unhein gambhir khelon mein naheen khelate they. 1950-1960 key dashak key adhikansh grandmasters kii tarah, unhone ee4 opening kaa samarthan kiya, vishesh roop seey rui lopez, francisi raksha aur cicilian raksha. haalaanki unhein opening aur opening theory kaa vyaapak gyaan thaa, lekin unaki andgame takneek koo cumm vishvasaniya maanaa jaataa thaa.
baad key varshon mein bronstein tournament key khel mein sakriya baney rahey, aksar paschimi europe mein yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. key tootane key baad. unhone ack bahut achchha maanak banaae rakhaa (70 varsh kii ayu mein sanyukt roop seey 1994-95 kaa hasting swiss jeetaa), kaee mahatvapurna shatranj pustaken likhin, aur yuvaaon aur bujurgon koo ack saath antaheen pradarshan, ack garmajoshi, dayalu drishtikon aur apani samriddh shatranj viraasat kii shandar kahaaniyon key saath prerit kiya. bronstein kii mrityu 5 disambar, 2006 koo minsk, bellaroos mein uchch raktchaap kii jatilataon key kaaran hui.
unaki antim pustak, joe unaki mrityu key samay lagbhag poori hui thee, 2007 mein david bronstein aur sergei voronkov dwara prakaashit "gupt tippaniyan", jyurikh 2007, sanskaran olms, mein prakaashit hui thee. bronstein key shatranj yogdan key utsaahi prashansak gairi kasparov ney apani raay mein kahaa kii bronstein koo apane khel key aadhar parr 1951 kaa match botwinick key khilaf jeetana chaahiye thaa.
sabse achchha sanyojan.
1962 masco banaam leninagrad match bronstein ney masco team key liye sheersh board khela. safed tukadon key saath unhone ack khel mein victor korchnoi koo haraaya joe ack ranneeti key saath samaapt huaa jise unhone baad mein "merey jeevan key sarvshreshth sanyojanon mein seey ack, yadi sarvshreshth naheen" key roop mein varnit kiya.<ref naam = "newinches 2007/1"> shatranj mein nayaa, 2007/1. khel key pyaar key liye, pp. 56-61 </ref>

