james bell petigru

james bell petigru frus frus frus ell. ell. dee. (26 maee 1834-30 janwari 1908) ack scotish shareer rachana vigyaani aur prasiddh prakritivaadi, vimanan agrani aur sangrahalaya curator they. way britten mein ack pratishthit prakritivaadi they, aur 1875 seey apani mrityu taka sent andreau vishvavidyalaya mein shareer rachana vigyaan key professor they.
petigru pashuon kii gati aur pakshi udaan parr ack antarrashtriya star parr maanyata praapt pradhikaran thaa, jisane unake praarambhik udaan machine key aavishkaar kii jaankaari dee. raait bhaaiyon ney unaki sabse lokpriya kriti, "animal lokomoshanah yaa walking, swimming aind flying" kaa adhyayan kiya joe 1873 mein prakaashit hui thee.
praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha.
petigru kaa janm launarkshire mein calderbank key paas roxhill mein huaa thaa, joe robbert petigru aur unaki patni mairi bell key bete they. unhone airdry mein free west akadami mein shiksha praapt kii thee. isake baad unhone glassgo vishvavidyalaya mein kalaa sankaay mein pravesh kiya jahan unhone lattin, yunani, tark, ganit aur bhautiki kaa adhyayan kiya. jaisa kii usa samay aam thaa jaba unhone snaatak naheen kiya thaa. edinberg jaate hue unhone edinberg extrameral school off medicine mein johnn struthers key shareer rachana vigyaan vyakhyanon mein bhaag liya, jisane unhein chikitsa kaa adhyayan karane key liye aashvast kiya. edinberg vishvavidyalaya mein ack chikitsa chhaatr key roop mein unake shikshakon ney baad mein 'pratibha aur pratibha kii ack akashganga' key roop mein varnit kiya. inmein james sime (sergery), johnn huges bennet (shareer vigyaan), james young simpson (daaee) aur johnn gudsir (shareer rachana vigyaan) shamil they. petigru johnn gudsir key sanrakshan mein falaa-phoola, jinake saath unhone maanav hriday key aakriti vigyaan mein shodh kaa ack karyakram vikasit kiya. iss pariyojana key dauran unhone hriday kii maanspeshiyon key 112 vichhedan taiyar kiye, jinhen saavdhaanipoorvak chitra aur tasveeron dwara record kiya gayaa. iss kaam key liye unhein shareer rachana vigyaan swarn padak seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. landan key shareer vigyaani villium sharpy aur elen thomson iss kaam seey itane prabhaavit hue kii unhone petigru koo royal society key chronian vyakhyan dene key liye aamantrit kiya aur 1860.this mein landan key royal college off physician snaatak key liye ack durlabh antar thaa. inn vyakhyanon mein, petigru ney hriday kii maanspeshiyon kii shaaririk vyavastha kii ack ullekhaniya charcha koo aage badhaaya. 1861 mein unhone edinberg seey apane varsh key liye swarn padak key saath aim. dee. kii upaadhi praapt kii aur edinberg kii shaahi aspatal mein james sime key liye house sarjan bunn gaye. chhoti umr seey hii, petigru ney aakriti vigyaan vishleshan aur praakritik itihas kii vishleshanatmak samajh key liye ack ullekhaniya kaushal kaa pradarshan kiya.
carrier.
1862 mein, petigru ney landan mein royal college off sarjan key shikari sangrahalaya mein sahayak curator kaa pada sweekaar kiya. yahaan unhone lagbhag 600 vichhedanon kaa yogdan diyaa, jinamen seey jyaadaatar hriday kii maanspeshiyon, mootrashay aur prostate key they. unhone paanch saal taka iss pada parr kaary kiya. iss dauran unhone aise sakshya ekatra karna shuru curr diyaa jisase unake udaan key agrani siddhant saamane aae. 1867 mein unhone udaan koo sambhav banaane key liye aavashyak yaantrik upkaranon kii prakriti parr linian samaaj koo vyakhyan diye. unhone dikhaaya kii pashu samrajya mein pankhon kii aakriti-8 kii gati udaan mein pankhon dwara banaai gaee gati key samaan thee. 1867 mein way 'retina kii sthiti' seey peedit hoe gaye. unhone pakshiyon aur chamgaadadon kii udaan kaa adhyayan jaari rakhane key liye ireland mein ack viram liya. 1870 mein unhone udaan key apane siddhant koo prakaashit kiya jisamen unhone pradarshit kiya kii keat, chamgaadad aur pakshi aathh andolanon key aankade seey udate hain; kii keat, chamgaadad aur pakshi key pankh, sanrachanaatmak roop seey ack pench propeller key blade kii tarah pench hain; kii pankhon kii ack parasparik kriya hoti haye aur way pankh aathh track key aankade kaa varnan karate hain. pashuon kii gati mein unaki gahari ruchi thee aur vishesh roop seey udaan key siddhant mein, aur shatabdi key anta mein unhone apane swayam key design key ack pakshi-helicopter key kaee prototype banaae.
1868 mein, 36 saal kii umr mein, petigru koo shaahi samaaj kaa sadasya chunaa gayaa. 
1869 mein way edinberg key royal college off sarjan key sangrahalaya key curator key roop mein maanad pada aur edinberg royal aspatal mein rogvigyaani key roop mein rojgar lene key liye scotland laut aae. 1873 mein unhein edinberg key shaahi samaaj kaa sadasya chunaa gayaa, unake prastaavak surr thomas richard fraser they aur baad mein usa varsh unhein edinberg key royal college off physician kaa sadasya chunaa gayaa. march 1873 mein way edinberg extramural school off medicine mein shareer vigyaan key vyakhyata baney.
1873 mein, petigru ney "animal lokomoshanah yaa walking, swimming aind flying" prakaashit kiya, joe unakaa sabse lokpriya kaam thaa. 1875 mein, unhein sent andreau vishvavidyalaya mein chikitsa aur shareer rachana vigyaan key chandos adhyaksh key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa aur unhone una ankon parr ack ghar sthaapit kiya jise unhone "swelogate" kahaa kyonki isaki sthiti ney unhein udaan mein pakshiyon kaa nireekshan karane kii anumati dee. 
baad key kaee varshon mein, petigru ney apani mahaan kriti "prakriti mein design" koo ikattha kiya, joe teen khandon mein prakaashit huaa aur utkirnan aur tasveeron key saath bhavya roop seey chitrit kiya gayaa. 
iska prakaashan 1908 mein puuraa huaa thaa. 
iss kaam mein, unhone darwinwad aur mukhyadhara key vikaasvaadi jeev vigyaan key prati kuchh udasinta dikhaai, isake bajaay doorvigyaan key drishtikon kaa samarthan kiya. baad mein unaki pratishtha parr unake sahayogi dee 'arcy gowarth thompson kaa prabhaav padaa.
petigru edinberg key paschimi chhor parr 4 randolf sthaan parr rahata thaa.
1889 mein, petigru koo edinberg key harvian society kaa adhyaksh chunaa gayaa.
1908 mein sent andreau mein apane ghar parr unaki mrityu hoe gaee. petigru kii kabr sent andreau key purvi kabristan mein haye, joe sent andreau cathedral key maidan kii dakshini deewaar seey judee hui haye. unaki vidhwa aur unake dusare pati, professor james muscrove koo baad mein unake buggle mein dafnaya gayaa.
parivaar.
1890 mein unhone lc gray seey shaadi kii. unake koee bachche naheen they. unake sahayogi james muscrove seey unaki mrityu key baad unhone phir seey shaadi curr lii.

