
jiyovanni casselli

giovanni casselli (8 juuna 1815-25 aprail 1891) ack italvi pujari, aavishkaarak aur bhautik vigyaani they. unhone ack bachche key roop mein bijli aur chumbakatva kaa adhyayan kiya, jisake kaaran unhone fax machine key agradoot, pantelgraph (jise saarvbhaumik telegraph yaa sabhi uddeshya vaale telegraph key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) kaa aavishkaar kiya. duniya kii pahali vyaavhaarik sanchaalan pratiroopan machine ("fax") pranali kaa upayog casselli dwara kiya gayaa thaa. unake paas apani pranali parr duniya bhar mein patent they. unake praudyogiki vichaar koo aaj key analogue television mein aur vikasit kiya gayaa.
casselli itali mein florence vishvavidyalaya mein ack chhaatr aur professor they. unhone ack takniki patrika shuru kii jisamen samanya logon key shabdon mein bhautiki kii vyakhya kii gaee. apani pantelgraph takneek key liye unhein france key napolean III dwara leason off onar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. peris key vaigyaanikon aur engineeron ney pantelgraph aur sambandhit synchronizing upkaran key baare mein vichaaron kaa adaan-pradaan karane key liye pantelgraph samaaj kii shuruat kii, taaki bhejane aur praapt karane key tantra koo ack saath thheek seey kaam karane key liye praapt kiya jaa sakey.
praarambhik jeevan.
casselli kaa janm 25 aprail 1815 koo itali key siena shahar mein huaa thaa. ack bachche key roop mein, unhein italvi bhautik vigyaani leopoldo nobili dwara florence mein padhaaya gayaa thaa. inn adhyayanon mein vidyut rasayan, vidyut chumbakatva, bijli aur chumbakatva shamil they. way 1836 mein ack pujari bunn gaye. casselli florence vishvavidyalaya mein ack chhaatr bunn gaye aur saahitya, itihas, vigyaan aur dharm kaa adhyayan kiya. way 1841 seey 1848 taka parma mein rahey aur saine vital key basilica key markis key beton key liye ack shikshak they.
unhone 1848 key vidroh mein bhaag liya taaki duchy off parma koo peedmont kaa hissa banaaya jaa sakey, aur iss raajneetik hinsa key dauran unake karyon key liye unhein kshetra seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa. way florence laut aae jahan way 1849 mein florence vishvavidyalaya mein bhautiki key professor baney. 1851 mein, unhone takniki patrika "laa recresion" kii sthaapana kii, jisamen aam aadami key shabdon mein likhi gaee bhautiki koo janata key saamane samajhaaya gayaa. unhone bijli aur chumbakatva kaa adhyayan kiya, aur unhone 1855 aur 1861 key beach pantelgraph banaaya, joe fax machine kaa agradoot thaa.
pantelgraph.
"pantigraph" pantograph seey ack portmento haye, ack upkaran joe hastalikhit shabdon aur rekhaachitron kii pratilipi banaata haye, saath hii "telegraph", ack vidyut pranali joe lambi doori parr ack samanya taar key madhyam seey sandesh bhejati haye aur jise yaantrik roop seey samanvit kiya jaa sakata haye. jaba way florence vishvavidyalaya mein padhaate they, tou casselli ney apane shodh kaa adhikansh hissa rekhaachitron key saath-saath hastalikhit shabdon key telegraph prasaran kii takneek key liye samarpit curr diyaa. aavishkaarak alekjendar bain iss takneek parr kaam curr rahey they jaisa kii bhautik vigyaani fredrick beckwell they. usa samay kii pramukh samasya sanchaaran aur praapt karane vaale bhaagon key beach sahee samanvaya praapt karna thaa taaki way ack saath sahee dhang seey kaam curr sakein. casselli ney ack "synchronizing upkaran" (regulating clock) key saath ack electrochemical takneek vikasit kii taaki bhejane aur praapt karane key tantra koo ack saath kaam karane key liye joe kissy bhee takneek bain yaa beckwell seey kaheen behtar thaa.
takneek mein tinn key panni key tukade parr gair-pravaahakiya syaahi kaa upayog karke banaai gaee chhavi shamil haye. tinn panni key vidyut path mein ack stylus panni key oopar seey gujarta haye jahan yeh ise najuk roop seey chhoota haye. stylus scan key saath samaan roop seey thodaa alag hocker gujarta haye. phir kyaa hotaa haye kii bijli kaa sanchaalan vahaan hotaa haye jahan koee syaahi naheen hoti haye joe stylus seey sampark karati haye aur vahaan naheen jahan beach mein syaahi hoti haye. yeh chhavi key milan key liye bijli key spurt kaa kaaran banata haye kyonki ise scan kiya jaa rhaa haye. isake baad sanketon koo ack lambi doori kii telegraph line key saath bheja jaataa haye. dusare chhor parr praapt karane vaale upkaran mein ack vidyut shally hoti haye aur safed kagaj parr neeli syaahi kheenchati haye, joe chhavi koo rekha-darr-rekha punah utpann karati haye. parinami dastaavez scan kii gaee mool chhavi kaa ack "faces simail" (lattin, "samaan banaaen") haye.
casselli ney 1856 taka apani pranali kaa ack prototype banaaya aur ise tuscany key grand duke leopold II koo ack pradarshan mein prastut kiya, jisamen telegraph lines kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. duke casselli key upkaran seey itna prabhaavit huaa kii duke ney casselli key prayogon koo vittaposhit kiya. jaba duke kaa utsaah cumm hoe gayaa, tou casselli apane aavishkaar koo napolean III seey parichit karaane key liye peris chaley gaye. napolean turant praudyogiki kaa ack utsaahi prashansak bunn gayaa. casselli ney francisi aavishkaarak aur engineer paul-gustev key netritva mein peris mein 1857 aur 1861 key beach apane pantelgraph (jise autotelgraph key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) koo paripurna kiya. duniya kii pahali vyaavhaarik operating facemile machine ("fax") pranali kaa upayog casselli dwara kiya gayaa thaa aur isamen ack scanning takneek kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. 
1858 mein peris mein french academy off sciences mein francisi bhautik vigyaani alekjendar-admond backrell dwara casselli key behtar sanskaran kaa pradarshan kiya gayaa thaa. napolean ney 1860 mein casselli key pantelgraph kaa pradarshan dekhaa aur phir ise francisi telegraph network key bheetar sanchaalit karane kaa adesh diyaa joe lagbhag ack saal baad desh mein shuru huaa. casselli key paas naa kewal apani pantelgraph facimile machine takneek key liye francisi telegraph lines taka pahunch thee, balki napolean dwara vitt pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. phir peris aur emines key beach ack pareekshan safaltapurvak kiya gayaa thaa jisamen sangeetkaar gioachino rosini key hastakshar key saath chhavi bheji gaee thee, aur ise pahchaanane yogya roop seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa. 
casselli ney 1863 mein peris aur marcille key beach pareekshan kiya, joe ack doori parr thaa, joe safal saabit huaa. francisi kaanoon 1864 mein lagu kiya gayaa thaa taaki iska aadhikarik roop seey francisi telegraph network parr upayog kiya jaa sakey joe aamtaur parr kewal telegraph sandeshon key liye upayog kiya jaataa thaa. 1865 mein, peris seey lyon line parr sanchaalan shuru huaa, aur iss line koo 1867 mein marceil taka vistaarit kiya gayaa thaa. halanki praathamik, casselli ney pahali vaanijyik fax pranali aur fax cover sheet kaa aavishkaar kiya thaa. unnisvin shatabdi key madhya mein pantelgraph koo 25 hastalikhit shabdon key saath kagaj kii ack sheet koo prasaarit karane mein lagbhag dou minut lagey. beesavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein aadhunik fax machine koo 250 hastalikhit shabdon key saath kagaj kii ack sheet koo prasaarit karane mein lagbhag ack minut kaa samay lagaa.
baad mein jeevan aur viraasat.
casselli ney 1861 mein europe mein apane "pantelgraph" key liye ack patent key liye aavedan kiya aur antatah upkaran key liye europeeya patent sankhya 2,532 praapt kii. unhone sanyukt raajya america mein 1863 mein ack patent key liye aavedan kiya aur ise patent sankhya 37,563 praapt hui. casselli ney 1861 kii florence pradarshani mein apane pantelgraph kaa safaltapurvak pradarshan kiya jisamen itali key raajaa, raajaa vijeta emmanuel they. napolean ney 1860 mein apani karyashala mein casselli kaa daura kiya aur machine key kaam karane key tareeke kaa pradarshan kiya. napolean iss baat seey prabhaavit they kii kaise casselli kaa upkaran achchi tarah seey kaam kartaa haye aur unhein machine koo aage vikasit karane key liye parikshanon key liye francisi telegraph lines kaa upayog karane kii anumati dee gaee. 1861 mein, casselli ney aadhikarik taur parr apane aavishkaar koo ack patent key roop mein panjikrit kiya. yeh 1865 taka peris aur lyon key beach poorna paimaane parr sanchaalit thaa. sanchaar seva key kaaran pantelgraph ney casselli koo praudyogiki key saath aaney key liye ack naayak key roop mein saraha gayaa aur napolean ney unhein sammaan kaa sainyadal pradaan kiya.
ingland mein 1863 mein landan aur liverpool shaharon key beach upkaran key sanchaalan kaa pareekshan karane key liye chaar maheene kii avadhi key liye ack prayogaatmak line thee. 1867 mein francisi raajya vidhaan parishad ney peris aur marcille shahar key beach ack vidyut line koo sthaayi roop seey ack pantelgraph chalaane key liye sthaapit karane key liye adhikrit kiya. napolean ney ack saarvajanik seva key roop mein casselli key pantelgraph koo kharida aur ise peris seey lyon taka chhaviyon key prasaran key liye jagah dee. yeh sedan (1870) kii ladaai mein napolean kii haar taka thaa.
russie zaar alekjendar dwiteeya ney 1861 aur 1865 key beach sent pietersberg aur masco mein apane mahalon key beach ack prayogaatmak seva kii. pantelgraph key sanchaalan key pahale varsh mein, pranali ney lagbhag 5,000 fax prasaarit kiye, jisamen 110 prati ghante kii darr seey fax bheje gaye. inn sabke bavjood, takneek ney bahut dheere-dheere vikas kiya taaki ise poori tarah seey vishvasaniya banaaya jaa sakey. casselli ney antatah apane aavishkaar koo chhod diyaa aur peris seey vaapas florence chaley gaye, jahan 1891 mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee. casselli key adhikansh patent, patra aur teleotographic prasaran key pramaan aajkal tuscany, itali mein siena key nagarpalika pustakalaya mein rakhe gaye hain, aur kuchh florence mein museo galileo key abhilekhagar mein paae jaa sakate hain.
keseli kii scanning takneek unnisvin shatabdi key anta aur beesavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein phir seey lokpriya hoe gaee. angrej bhautik vigyaani aur aavishkaarak shelford bidwell ney 1881 mein phototelgraph kaa nirmaan kiya, joe selenium photocel kaa upayog karke scan aur sanchaarit chhaviyon kaa nirmaan kartaa thaa. 1900 key dashak kii shuruat mein german bhautik vigyaani arther corn ney ack vyaavhaarik yaantrik television pranali vikasit kii, jise "buildtegraph" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe apraadhiyon kii tasveeron aur ungaliyon key nishan koo prasaarit kartaa haye. 1900 key dashak kii shuruat mein, francisi photographer aur engineer edward bellin ney "belinograph" ("telesteriograph") naamak ack phototelagraphic upkaran kaa aavishkaar kiya, joe telephone taaron parr tasveeren praapt karane key liye ack pranali thee aur samachar patron dwara iska upayog kiya jaataa thaa. unaki pranali kaa upayog 1928 mein francisi radio stations dwara havaa kii laharon parr scan kii gaee tasveeron koo prasaarit karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. 1923 mein, richard aich. ranger, radio corporation off america key engineer, ney wireless photoradiogram radio facimile kaa aavishkaar kiya joe ingland aur sanyukt raajya america key beach atlantic mahasagar mein chitron aur hastaaksharit dastavejon kii chhaviyon koo scan karane aur bhejane mein saksham thaa. herbert ee. ives, aeye. tii. aind. tii. key television engineer ney 1927 mein ack aisee pranali taiyar kii joe ack cabinet mein lagey electronic "electric eyes" kaa upayog karke ack vyakti key chehare kii live scan kii gaee chhaviyon koo prasaarit karati haye. yeh chala studio television cameray aur haath seey pakade jaane vaale camcorder kaa agradoot thaa.

