
aanvik vikas kaa itihas

aanvik vikas kaa itihas 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein "tulanaatmak jaiv rasayan" key saath shuru hotaa haye, lekin aanvik jeev vigyaan key uday key baad 1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein aanvik vikas kaa kshetra apane aap mein aaya. protein anukraman key aagaman ney aanvik jeevvigyaani koo anukram tulanaa key aadhar parr jatijanan banaane aur antim samanya poorvaj key baad seey samay kaa anuman lagaane key liye ack aanvik ghadee key roop mein samroop anukramon key beach antar kaa upayog karane kii anumati dee. 1960 key dashak key anta mein, aanvik vikas key tatasth siddhant ney aanvik ghadee key liye ack saiddhaantik aadhar pradaan kiya, halanki ghadee aur tatasth siddhant donon vivadaspad they, kyonki adhikansh vikaasvaadi jeevvigyaani praakritik chayan koo vikaasvaadi parivartan kaa ekmatra mahatvapurna kaaran maanate they. 1970 key dashak key baad, nuclic acid anukraman ney aanvik vikas koo protein seey parey atyadhik sanrakshit ribosomal aar. aine. aeye. anukramon taka pahunchane kii anumati dee, joe jeevan key praarambhik itihas key punarsandharan kii neenv thee.
praarambhik itihas.
1950 aur 1960 key dashak mein aanvik jeev vigyaan key uday seey pahale, jeevvigyaani kii ack chhoti sankhya ney vikas kaa adhyayan karane key liye prajaatiyon key beach jaiv rasayanik antar kaa upayog karane kii sambhaavanaon kaa pataa lagaaya thaa.
alfred stertwent ney 1921 mein gunasutra vyutkram key astitva kii bhavishyavani kii aur dobzansky ney polyten gunasutron key sankaran seey dekhe gaye gunasutra vyutkram key sanchay seey 17 drosophila chhadm-obstuara upbhedon parr pahale aanvik phylogeny mein seey ack kaa nirmaan kiya.
ernest baldwyn ney 1930 key dashak kii shuruat mein tulanaatmak jaiv rasayan parr vyaapak roop seey kaam kiya, aur 1940 key dashak mein aanvik aur jaiv rasayanik varnon parr adharit phylogeny key nirmaan key liye marcel florkin ney takneekon kaa beedaa uthaaya. haalaanki, 1950 key dashak taka jeevvigyaani aanvik vikas key matratmak adhyayan key liye jaiv rasayanik detta key utpaadan key liye takneekon kaa vikas naheen curr paae they.
pahala aanvik pranali vigyaan anusandhaan pratirakshaatmak parakh aur protein "fingerprinting" vidhiyon parr adharit thaa. ellen boyden-george natal key pratirakshaatmak tarikon parr nirmaan-ney 1954 mein naee takneekon kaa vikas kiya, aur 1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein curtis williams aur morris goodman ney primate phylogeny kaa adhyayan karane key liye pratirakshaatmak tulanaa kaa upayog kiya. anya, jaise kii linus polling aur unake chhatron ney, paachan enzymon dwara aanshik paachan key adheen proteins mein electrophoresis aur pepper chromatography key nae vikasit sanyojanon koo lagu kiya, jisase advitiya dou-ayami pattern banaae jaa sakein, jisase samroop protein kii maheen-daane vaali tulanaa kii jaa sakey.
1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein, kuchh prakritividon ney aanvik drishtikonon key saath bhee prayog kiya-vishesh roop seey ernst meyer aur charles sibley. jabaki meyer ney jaldi seey pepper chromatography parr khatta kiya, sibley ney pakshi vargeekaran mein samasyaon koo hull karane key liye andey-safed protein parr safaltapurvak electrophoresis lagu kiya, jald hii dee. aine. aeye. sankaran takneekon key saath poorak kiya-aanvik pranali vigyaan parr nirmit ack lambe currier kii shuruat.
jabaki iss tarah kii praarambhik jaiv rasayanik takneekon koo jeev vigyaan samudaay mein asweekriti millie, adhikansh bhaag key liye unhone vikas aur jansankhya aanuvanshiki kii mukhya saiddhaantik samasyaon koo prabhaavit naheen kiya. yeh badal jaayega kyonki aanvik jeev vigyaan jeane kii bhautik aur rasayanik prakriti parr adhik prakaash daaltaa haye.
aanuvanshik bhaar, shaastriya/santulan vivaad, aur vishamyugmata kaa maapan.
1950 key dashak mein jaba aanvik jeev vigyaan apane aap mein aaa rhaa thaa, taba ack lambe samay seey chala rahee bahas thee-shaastriya/santulan vivaad-visham roga key karanon parr, jaba naslon mein paaee jaane vaali rekhaaon koo baahar nikala jaataa haye tou fitness mein vriddhi dekhi jaati haye. 1950 mein, james aff. kauve ney jey dwara pahale vyakt kiye gaye virodhabhas key aadhar parr dou alag-alag spashteekaran (baad mein "shaastriya" aur "santulan" sthiti kahaa gayaa) diye. bee. aiss. 1937 mein haldenh aabaadi kii ausat fitness parr hanikarak utparivartan kaa prabhaav kewal utparivartan kii darr parr nirbhar kartaa haye (pratyek utparivartan key kaaran honey vaale nuksan kii degree naheen) kyonki adhik hanikarak utparivartan praakritik chayan dwara adhik jaldi samaapt hoe jaate hain, jabaki cumm-hanikarak utparivartan aabaadi mein lambe samay taka rahate hain. aich. jey. muller ney ise "aanuvanshik bhaar" kahaa.
maanav aabaadi parr vikiran key prabhaavon key baare mein apani chinta seey prerit muller ney tark diyaa kii vishamta mukhya roop seey hanikarak samroopata vaale aprabhaavi yugmavikalp kaa parinam haye, jinake prabhaav alag-alag rekhaaon koo paar karane parr chhupaae jaate hain-yeh "prabhutva parikalpana" thee, joe dobzansky dwara "shaastriya sthiti" kaa label kiya gayaa thaa. iss prakaar, aayaneekaran vikiran aur parinami utparivartan kaafee aanuvanshik bhaar paida karate hain, bhale hii mrityu yaa bimari ujagar peedhi mein naa hoe, aur utparivartan key abhaav mein praakritik chayan dheere-dheere samroopata key star koo badhaa dega. broose wallace, jey key saath kaam curr rhaa haye. see. raajaa ney "santulan sthiti" vikasit karane key liye "atee prabhutva parikalpana" kaa upayog kiya, jisane atee prabhutva key liye ack badaa sthaan chhod diyaa (jahaan ack jeane kii vishamyugma sthiti samayugma avasthaon kii tulanaa mein adhik fitt haye). usa mamle mein, heterosis kewal heterozygote laabh kii badhee hui abhivyakti kaa parinam haye. yadi adhik matra mein loki aam hain, tou praakritik chayan key parinamswarup vishamyugmata kaa ack uchch star hoga, aur utparivartan-prerak vikiran vaastav mein adhikta key kaaran swaasthya mein vriddhi kii suvidha pradaan curr sakata haye. (yeh dobzansky kaa bhee drishtikon thaa.)
1950 key dashak key dauran bahas jaari rahee, dheere-dheere jansankhya aanuvanshiki kaa ack kendriya kendra bunn gayaa. 1958 mein bhitti dwara "drosophila" key ack adhyayan ney sujhaav diyaa kii vikiran-prerit utparivartan ney pahale key samroop makkhiyon kii vyavaharyata koo "badhaa" diyaa, joe vishamjaivik laabh aur santulan sthiti key liye pramaan pradaan kartaa haye; bhitti ney anuman lagaaya kii praakritik "drosophila" aabaadi mein 50 pratishat loki vishamjaivik they. motu kimura key baad key ganitiya vishleshanon ney 1950 mein kauve key sujhaav koo majboot kiyaah kii bhale hii adhik pramukh sthaan durlabh houn, way aanuvanshik parivartansheelta kii ack asman matra key liye jimmedaar hoe sakate hain. tadnusar, kimura aur unakaa maargdarshak kauva shaastriya sthiti key buggle mein aaa gaye. kauve aur kimura key beach aage key sahyog ney anant elil model koo janm diyaa, jiska upayog jansankhya key aakar, utparivartan darr aur kyaa utparivarti elil tatasth, adhik prabal yaa hanikarak they, key aadhar parr jansankhya mein apekshit vibhinn elil kii sankhya kii ganana karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. iss prakaar, anant elil model ney shaastriya aur santulan sthitiyon key beach nirnay lene kaa ack sambhaavit tarika pesh kiya, yadi vishamyugma key star key liye sateek moolya paae jaa sakate hain.
1960 key dashak key madhya taka, jaiv rasayan aur aanvik jeev vigyaan kii takneekon-vishesh roop seey protein electrophoresis-ney praakritik aabaadi mein vishamyugmata key star koo maapane kaa ack tarika pradaan kiyaah shaastriya/santulan vivaad koo hull karane kaa ack sambhaavit saadhan. 1963 mein, jack ell. habbi ney "drosophila" mein protein bhinnata kaa ack electrophoresis adhyayan prakaashit kiya; isake turant baad, habbi ney praakritik aabaadi mein vishamyugma loki key anupaat koo mapkar shaastriya/santulan vivaad mein habbi kii vidhi koo lagu karane key liye richard levontin key saath sahyog karna shuru curr diyaa. 1966 mein prakaashit unake dou aitihaasik patron ney "drosophila" (ausatan 12 pratishat) key liye vishamyugmata kaa ack mahatvapurna star sthaapit kiya. haalaanki, inn nishkarshon kii vyakhya karna mushkil saabit huaa. adhikansh jansankhya aanuvanshikividon (pati aur levontin sahit) ney vyaapak tatasth utparivartan kii sambhavana koo khariz curr diyaa; jinn spashtikaranon mein chayan shamil naheen thaa, way mukhyadhara key vikaasvaadi jeev vigyaan key liye abhishaap they. habbi aur levontin ney bhee mukhya kaaran key roop mein vishamjaivik laabh koo khariz curr diyaa kyonki isake kaaran algaav bhaar hoga, halanki alochakon ney tark diyaa kii nishkarsh vaastav mein adhikta parikalpana key saath achchi tarah seey fitt baithate hain.
protein anukram aur aanvik ghadee.
jabaki vikaasvaadi jeevvigyaani asthaayi roop seey aanvik jeev vigyaan mein shaakhaaen banaa rahey they, aanvik jeevvigyaani teji seey vikas kii or apana dhyaan kendrit curr rahey they.
1951 aur 1955 key beach insulin key saath protein anukraman key buniyaadi siddhanton koo vikasit karane key baad, fredrick sanger aur unake sahyogiyon ney 1956 mein insulin anukram kii ack seemit antar-prajaati tulanaa prakaashit kii thee. francis crick, charles sibley aur anya ney phylogeny key nirmaan key liye javic anukramon kaa upayog karane kii kshamata koo pahachaana, halanki aise kuchh anukram abhee taka upalabdh naheen they. 1960 key dashak kii shuruat taka, protein anukraman kii takneek iss bindu taka aage badh gaee thee kii samroop amino acid anukramon kii pratyaksh tulanaa sambhav thee. 1961 mein, emmanuel margolish aur unake sahyogiyon ney horse cytochrome see (insulin kii tulanaa mein ack lamba aur adhik vyaapak roop seey vitarit protein) key liye anukram puuraa kiya, jisake baad kaee anya prajaatiyon ney sankshipt crum mein kiya.
1962 mein, linus polling aur emil zuckercandal ney vichalan key baad seey samay kaa anuman lagaane key liye samroop protein anukramon key beach antar kii sankhya kaa upayog karane kaa prastaav rakhaa, ack vichaar zuckercandal ney 1960 yaa 1961 key aspas kalpana kii thee. yeh polling key lambe samay key shodh phocus, haemoglobin key saath shuru huaa, jise walter schroeder dwara anukramit kiya jaa rhaa thaa; anukramon ney naa kewal sweekrit kasheruki phylogeny kaa samarthan kiya, balki yeh parikalpana bhee (pahali baar 1957 mein prastaavit) kii ack ekal jeev key bheetar vibhinn globin shrinkhalaon kaa bhee ack samanya paitrik protein seey pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haye. 1962 aur 1965 key beach, polling aur zuckercandal ney iss vichaar koo parishkrit aur vistrit kiya, jise unhone aanvik ghadee aur emil ell kahaa. smith aur emmanuel margolish ney vishleshan koo cytochrome see taka vistaarit kiya. praarambhik aanvik ghadee kii gananaaen jeevaashm vigyaan sakshya key aadhar parr sthaapit vichalan samay key saath kaafee achchi tarah seey sahmat theen. haalaanki, aanvik ghadee kaa aavashyak vichaar-kii vyaktigat protein ack prajaati key roopaatmak vikas seey swatantra niyamit darr seey vikasit hotey hain-behad uttejak thaa (jaisa kii polling aur zuckercandal kaa irada thaa).
aanvik yuddh".
1960 key dashak kii shuruat seey, aanvik jeev vigyaan koo vikaasvaadi jeev vigyaan key paaramparik mool key liye ack khatare key roop mein dekhaa jaa rhaa thaa. sthaapit vikaasvaadi jeevvigyaani-vishesh roop seey ernst meyer, theodosius dobzansky aur jee. jee. simpson, 1930 aur 1940 key dashak key aadhunik vikaasvaadi sanshleshan key teen sansthaapak-aanvik drishtikon key baare mein behad sandehpurna they, vishesh roop seey jaba yeh praakritik chayan key sambandh (yaa isaki kamee) kii baat aatee haye. samanya roop seey aanvik vikas-aur vishesh roop seey aanvik ghadee-ney vikaasvaadi kaaran kii khoj key liye bahut cumm aadhar pradaan kiya. aanvik ghadee parikalpana key anusaar, protein anivarya roop seey chayan key paryaavaran dwara nirdhaarit balon seey swatantra roop seey vikasit hue; yeh usa samay prachalit sarvanirdhaaranvaad key saath teevra roop seey pratikool thaa. isake alawa, polling, zuckercandal aur anya aanvik jeevvigyaani vikas sahit "sabhi" javic prakriyaon key liye "soochanaatmak macromolecules" (dee. aine. aeye., aar. aine. aeye. aur protein) key mahatva parr jore dene mein teji seey sahsi they. vikaasvaadi jeevvigyaani aur aanvik jeevvigyaani key beach sangharsh-pratyek samooh key saath samagr roop seey jeev vigyaan key kendra key roop mein apane anushasana koo banaae rakhane key saath-baad mein edward oh dwara "aanvik yuddh" kahaa gayaa. willson, jinhone 1950 key dashak key anta aur 1960 key dashak mein yuva aanvik jeevvigyaani dwara apane jeev vigyaan vibhaag key prabhutva kaa pratyaksh anubhav kiya.
1961 mein, meyer ney "karyatmak jeev vigyaan" (jise nikatvarti kaaran maanaa jaataa haye aur "kaise" prashn poochhe jaate hain) aur "vikaasvaadi jeev vigyaan" (jise antim karanon parr vichaar kiya jaataa haye aur "kyon" prashn poochhe jaate hain) key beach ack spasht antar key liye bahas karna shuru kiya, unhone tark diyaa kii donon vishayon aur vyaktigat vaigyaanikon koo "karyatmak" yaa "vikaasvaadi" paksh parr vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye, aur jeev vigyaan key liye dou drishtikon poorak they. meyer, dobzansky, simpson aur anya logon ney iss bhed kaa upayog jeev jeev vigyaan kii nirantar prasangikta key liye tark dene key liye kiya, joe dhana aur vishvavidyalaya samarthan key liye pratispardha mein aanvik jeev vigyaan aur sambandhit vishayon key liye teji seey aadhar khou rhaa thaa. yeh usa sandarbh mein thaa kii dobzansky ney pahali baar apana prasiddh bayaan prakaashit kiya, "jeev vigyaan mein kuchh bhee naheen haye sivaay vikas key prakaash mein", 1964 key ack pepper mein aanvik khatare key saamane jeev jeev vigyaan key mahatva kii pushti karate hue; dobzansky ney aanvik vishayon koo "cartasian" (kamivadi) aur jeev vishayon koo "darvinian" key roop mein varnit kiya.
meyer aur simpson ney kaee praarambhik sammelanon mein bhaag liya, jahan aanvik vikas parr charcha kii gaee thee, unhone aanvik ghadee key atyadhik saral drishtikon key roop mein joe dekhaa usaki aalochana kii thee. yaadrichhik utparivartan aur bahaav dwara sanchaalit aanuvanshik parivartan kii samaan daron parr adharit aanvik ghadee, vikas kii vibhinn daron aur paryaavaran-sanchaalit anukuli prakriyaon (jaise anukuli vikiran) key saath asangat lugg rahee thee joe vikaasvaadi sanshleshan key pramukh vikaason mein seey they. 1962 key weiner-grain sammelan mein, 1964 mein broose, belgium mein rakt protein key vikas parr bolchal aur 1964 mein rutgers vishvavidyalaya mein vikasit honey vaale jeane aur protein parr sammelan mein, way seedhe aanvik jeevvigyaani aur jaiv rasaayanvidon key saath judey hue they, joe vikas mein darvinian spashteekaran key kendriya sthaan koo banaae rakhane kii ummeed karate they kyonki iska adhyayan nae kshetron mein fail gayaa thaa.
vikas kaa jeane-kendrit drishtikon.
halanki aanvik vikas seey seedhe sambandhit naheen haye, 1960 key dashak key madhya mein george see dwara prerit vikas key jeane-kendrit drishtikon kaa uday bhee dekhaa gayaa. williams kaa "anukoolan aur praakritik chayan" (1966). chayan kii ikaaiyon parr bahas, vishesh roop seey samooh chayan parr vivaad, ney vikas key liye saiddhaantik aadhar key roop mein vyaktigat jeane (poore jeevon yaa aabaadi key bajaay) parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. haalaanki, jeane parr badhe hue dhyaan kaa matlab aanvik vikas parr dhyaan kendrit karna naheen thaa; vaastav mein, williams aur anya vikaasvaadi siddhanton dwara prachaarit anukulanvaad ney aanvik vikasvadiyon dwara adhyayan kiye gaye spasht roop seey gair-anukoolan parivartanon koo aur haashiye parr daal diyaa.
aanvik vikas kaa tatasth siddhant.
aanvik vikas kaa bauddhik khatra 1968 mein adhik spasht hoe gayaa, jaba motu kimura ney aanvik vikas key tatasth siddhant kii shuruat kii. upalabdh aanvik ghadee adhyayanon (standhaariyon kii ack vistrit vividhata seey haemoglobin, standhaariyon aur pakshiyon seey cytochrome see, aur khargoshon aur gaayon seey triocephosphate dehydrogenase) key aadhar parr, kimura (tomoko ohta dwara sahaayata praapt) ney prati 28 million varshon mein 300 aadhar jode (100 emino acid koo encoding) mein ack aadhar jodee key parivartan kii dee. aine. aeye. pratisthaapan kii ausat darr kii ganana kii. standhari genome key liye, yeh harr 1.8 saal mein ack pratisthaapan darr kaa sanket detaa haye, joe ack asthir roop seey uchch pratisthaapan bhaar kaa utpaadan karega jaba taka kii pratisthaapan kii pradhaantaa chuninda roop seey tatasth naa hoe. kimura ney tark diyaa kii tatasth utparivartan bahut baar hotey hain, joe protein vishamjaivikta key electrophoratic adhyayan key parinamon key saath sangat ack nishkarsh haye. kimura ney aanuvanshik pravaah parr apane pahale key ganitiya kaam koo bhee lagu kiya taaki yeh samajhaaya jaa sakey kii kaise tatasth utparivartan praakritik chayan key abhaav mein bhee nirdhaaran key liye aaa sakate hain; unhone jald hii james aff koo aashvast curr diyaa. tatasth yugmavikalpon aur aanuvanshik pravaah kii sambhaavit shakti kaa kauva bhee.
kimura kaa siddhant-jiska varnan kewal "prakriti" koo likhe ack patra mein sankshep mein kiya gayaa haye-isake turant baad jack ell dwara adhik thhos vishleshan kiya gayaa. raajaa aur thomas aich. juke-jinhone "gair-darvinian vikas" vishay parr apane pahale pepper kaa sheershak diyaa. halanki raajaa aur juke ney pratisthaapan daron key bahut cumm anumaanon kaa utpaadan kiya aur gair-tatasth parivartanon key mamle mein parinami aanuvanshik bhaar, way sahmat they kii aanuvanshik pravaah dwara sanchaalit tatasth utparivartan vaastavik aur mahatvapurna donon they. vyaktigat protein key liye dekhi gaee vikas kii kaafee sthir darr koo tatasth pratisthapanon kaa ahwan kiye binaa aasaani seey samajhaaya naheen gayaa thaa (halanki jee. jee. simpson aur emil smith ney koshish kii thee). juke aur king ney amino acid kii aavritti aur pratyek amino acid koo encoding karane vaale vibhinn codon kii sankhya key beach ack majboot sahsambandh bhee paaya. yeh protein anukramon mein pratisthaapan koo badey paimaane parr yaadrichhik aanuvanshik pravaah key utpaad key roop mein ingit kartaa haye.
raajaa aur juke key lekh, vishesh roop seey uttejak sheershak key saath, mukhyadhara key nava-darwinwad key liye ack seedhi chunauti key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, aur yeh aanvik vikas aur tatasth siddhant koo vikaasvaadi jeev vigyaan key kendra mein laaya. isane aanvik ghadee key liye ack tantra aur aanvik vikas key gahare muddon kii khoj key liye ack saiddhaantik aadhar pradaan kiya, jaise kii vikas kii darr aur karyatmak mahatva key beach sambandh. tatasth siddhant key uday ney vikaasvaadi jeev vigyaan aur aanvik jeev vigyaan key sanshleshan koo chihnit kiya-halanki ack adhura.
dridh saiddhaantik aadhar parr apane kaam key saath, 1971 mein emil zuckercandal aur anya aanvik vikasvadiyon ney "journal off molecular evolution" kii sthaapana kii.
tatasthavaadi-chayanwadi bahas aur lagbhag-tatasthata.
tatasth siddhant key liye mahatvapurna pratikriyaaen joe jald hii dikhaai deen, "tatasthavaadi-chayanwadi bahas" kii shuruat koo chihnit karati hain. sankshep mein, chayankartaon ney praakritik chayan koo aanvik star parr bhee vikas key praathamik yaa ekmatra kaaran key roop mein dekhaa, jabaki tatasthatavadiyon kaa maanana thaa kii tatasth utparivartan vyaapak they aur aanuvanshik pravaah protein key vikas mein ack mahatvapurna kaarak thaa. kimura tatasth siddhant key sabse pramukh rakshak bunn gaye-joe unake baaki currier key liye unakaa mukhya dhyaan hoga. ohta key saath, unhone apane tarkon koo usa darr parr phir seey kendrit kiya jiss parr drift seemit aabaadi mein nae utparivartan koo thheek curr sakata haye, nirantar protein vikas darr kaa mahatva, aur protein vikas parr karyatmak baadhaaen joe jaiv rasaayanvidon aur aanvik jeevvigyaani ney varnit kii theen. halanki kimura ney shuru mein tatasth siddhant koo aanshik roop seey shaastriya/santulan vivaad key bheetar "shaastriya sthiti" key vikas key roop mein vikasit kiya thaa (gair-tatasth utparivartan key parinamswarup uchch aanuvanshik bhaar kii bhavishyavani karate hue), unhone dheere-dheere apane mool tark parr jore diyaa kii tatasth utparivartan key binaa prithakkaran bhaar asambhav roop seey adhik hoga (jise kaee chayankartaon, aur yahaan taka kii saathi tatasth raajaa aur juke ney bhee aswikar curr diyaa).
1970 key dashak seey 1980 key dashak kii shuruat taka, chayankarta aur tatasthavaadi donon hii agyaat maapdandon key liye vibhinn moolyon koo mankar praakritik aabaadi mein vishamyugmata key uchch star koo samajha sakate they. bahas kii shuruat mein, kimura key chhaatr tomoko ohta ney praakritik chayan aur aanuvanshik bahaav key beach baatchit parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, joe utparivartan key liye mahatvapurna thaa joe sakhti seey tatasth naheen they, lekin lagbhag they. aise mamalon mein, chayan pravaah key saath pratispardha karegaah adhikansh thodaa hanikarak utparivartan praakritik chayan yaa sanyog seey samaapt hoe jaayega; kuchh pravaah key madhyam seey nirdhaaran kii or badhenge. iss prakaar key utparivartan kaa vyavhaar, ack sameekaran dwara varnit haye joe tatasth siddhant key ganit koo shaastriya model key saath jodata haye, ohta key aanvik vikas key lagbhag tatasth siddhant kaa aadhar bunn gayaa.
1973 mein, ohta ney "prakriti" mein ack chhota patra prakaashit kiya, jisamen sujhaav diyaa gayaa kii aanvik sakshya kii ack vistrit vividhata ney iss siddhant kaa samarthan kiya kii aanvik star parr adhikansh utparivartan ghatanaaen sakhti seey tatasth honey key bajaay thodi hanikarak hoti hain. aanvik vikaasvaadi yeh paa rahey they kii protein vikas kii darein (aanvik ghadee key anuroop) utpaadan samay seey kaafee swatantra theen, gair-coding dna vichalan kii darein utpaadan samay key vipareet aanupaatik theen. yeh dekhate hue kii jansankhya kaa aakar aam taur parr peedhi key samay key vipareet aanupaatik hotaa haye, tomoko ohta ney prastaav diyaa kii adhikansh emino acid pratisthaapan thode hanikarak hotey hain jabaki gair-coding dna pratisthaapan adhik tatasth hotey hain. iss mamle mein, chhoti aabaadi mein apekshit protein mein tatasth vikas kii tej darr (aanuvanshik bahaav key kaaran) lambi peedhi key samay (aur isake vipareet) dwara offset kii jaati haye, lekin cumm peedhi key samay key saath badee aabaadi mein, gair-coding dna teji seey vikasit hotaa haye jabaki protein vikas chayan dwara mund hotaa haye (joe badee aabaadi key liye bahaav kii tulanaa mein adhik mahatvapurna haye).
taba aur 1990 key dashak kii shuruat key beach, aanvik vikas key kaee adhyayanon mein ack "shift model" kaa upayog kiya gayaa jisamen hanikarak utparivartan key kaaran aabaadi kii fitness parr nakaratmak prabhaav ack mool moolya parr vaapas aaa jaataa haye jaba ack utparivartan nirdhaaran taka pahunch jaataa haye. 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein, ohta ney ack "nishchit model" vikasit kiya jisamen fayademand aur hanikarak donon utparivartan shamil they, taaki samagr jansankhya fitness kaa koee kritrim "badalaav" aavashyak naa hoe. ohta key anusaar, halanki, lagbhag tatasth siddhant 1980 key dashak key anta mein kaafee hudd taka paksh seey baahar hoe gayaa, kyonki vyaapak aanvik pranali vigyaan anusandhaan key liye ganitiya roop seey saral tatasth siddhant joe teji seey dna anukraman key aagaman key baad falaa-phoola. jaise-jaise adhik vistrit pranali vigyaan adhyayanon ney 1990 key dashak mein majboot chayan banaam kamjor chayan key adheen genome kshetron key vikas kii tulanaa karna shuru kiya, lagbhag tatasth siddhant aur chayan aur bahaav key beach kii baatchit ack baar phir shodh kaa ack mahatvapurna kendra bunn gaee haye.
sookshmajeev fallogeny.
jabaki aanvik vikas mein praarambhik kaam aasaani seey anukramit protein aur apekshaakrit haal key vikaasvaadi itihas parr kendrit thaa, 1960 key dashak key anta taka kuchh aanvik jeevvigyaani atyadhik sanrakshit nuclic acid anukramon kaa adhyayan karke jeevan key pedh key aadhar kii or aage badh rahey they. carle vois, ack aanvik jeevvigyaani, jinka pahale kaam aanuvanshik code aur isaki utpatti parr thaa, ney aanuvanshik (roopaatmak) samaantaa key bajaay bacteria koo punah vargeekrit karane key liye chhote upa-ikai ribosomal rna kaa upayog karna shuru kiya. shuru mein kaam dheere-dheere aage badhaa, lekin 1970 aur 1980 key dashak mein nae anukraman vidhiyon key vikas key roop mein teji aaee. 1977 taka, voz aur george fox ney ghoshana kii kii kuchh bacteria, jaise kii methanogens mein, aar. aar. aine. aeye. ikaaiyon kii kamee thee, jinn parr voz key phylogenetic adhyayan adharit they; unhone tark diyaa kii yeye jeev vaastav mein paaramparik bacteria aur tathaakathit uchch jeevon seey kaafee alag they, joe apana raajya banaate they, jise way archabacteria kahate they. halanki pahale vivadaspad (aur 1990 key dashak key anta mein phir seey chunauti dee gaee), vois kaa kaam archia, bacteria aur eukeria (1960 key dashak mein ubhare paanch-domen system kii jagah) kii aadhunik teen-domen pranali kaa aadhar bunn gayaa.
sookshmajeev fallogeny parr kaam ney aanvik vikas koo koshika jeev vigyaan aur jeevan anusandhaan kii utpatti key karib bhee laaya. archia key beach key antar jeevan key praarambhik itihas mein aar. aine. aeye. key mahatva kii or ishara karate hain. aanuvanshik code key saath apane kaam mein, vois ney sujhaav diyaa thaa kii aar. aine. aeye.-adharit jeevan dee. aine. aeye.-adharit jeevan key vartamaan roopon seey pahale thaa, jaisa kii unase pahale kaee anya logon key paas thaa-ack vichaar kii walter gilbert baad mein "aar. aine. aeye. duniya" kahenge. kaee mamalon mein, 1990 key dashak mein genomics anusandhaan ney aar. aar. aine. aeye.-adharit parinamon key vipareet phylogeny kaa utpaadan kiya, jisase alag-alag varg mein vyaapak paarshv jeane hastaantaran kii maanyata millie. organel seey bharey yukaria kii sambhaavit endosymbiotic utpatti key saath, yeh jeevan kii utpatti aur praarambhik itihas kii ack adhik jatil tasveer kii or ishara kartaa haye, joe samanya vansh key paaramparik shabdon mein varnit naheen hoe sakata haye.

