nicos skalkottas

nicos skalkottas (21 march 1904-19 sitambar 1949) 20veen shatabdi key shaastriya sangeet key ack yunani sangeetkaar they. dusare vienni school key sadasya, unhone shaastriya pradarshanon kii soochi aur yunani parampara donon seey apana prabhaav aakarshit kiya. unhone apani sangeet rachnaatmaktaa key antim charan mein badee matra mein swar sangeet kaa nirmaan bhee kiya.
jeevani.
skalkottas kaa janm yuboya dweep parr chalcis mein huaa thaa. unhone apane pitaa aur chaacha costas skalkottas key saath paanch saal kii umr mein violine seekhana shuru kiya, unake parivaar key athens jaane key teen saal baad kyonki costas ney 1906 mein raajneetik aur kanuni sazishon key kaaran town bandmaster kaa pada khou diyaa thaa. unhone athens conservatory mein tonny schulz key saath violine kaa adhyayan jaari rakhaa, jahan seey unhone 1920 mein uchch vishishtata key diploma key saath snaatak kiya. agale varsh avrof foundation kii chhatravritti ney unhein videsh mein adhyayan karane mein saksham banaaya. 1921 seey 1933 taka way berlin mein rahate they, jahan unhone pahali baar prussian akadami off arts mein villie hess key saath violine kaa paath liya thaa. 1923 mein ack violine vaadak key roop mein apana currier chhodane aur ack sangeetkaar banane kaa nirnay lete hue, unhone robbert kaana, paul juon, curt wheel aur phillip jarnach key saath rachana kaa adhyayan kiya. 1927 aur 1932 key beach vaha kalaa akadami mein rachana mein arnold sconberg key masterclass key sadasya they, jahan unake saathi chhatron mein maark blitzstein, roberto gerhard aur norbert wonn hannenheim shamil they. skalkotta kaee varshon seey russie-yahudi violine vaadak matala temco key saath reh rahey they; unake dou bachche they, halanki kewal doosari, ack betty, bachpan mein butch gaee, aur unake rishte key anta ney unake pahale seey hii maujood aatm-sandeh aur asuraksha kii bhaavanaon koo badhaa diyaa. 1930 mein skalkotta ney athens mein apane kuchh karyon koo karane key liye kaafee prayaas kiya, lekin unhein samajh seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa, aur yahaan taka kii berlin mein bhee unake kuchh pradarshanon ney bahut behtar pragati naheen kii. 1931 mein aisaa lagata haye kii unakaa ack vyaktigat aur kalaatmak sankat thaah temco key saath unakaa sambandh samaapt hoe gayaa aur unake baare mein yeh bhee bataaya gayaa haye kii way sconberg key saath baahar hoe gaye, halanki unaki asahamati kii prakriti spasht naheen haye aur sconberg ney unhein ack sangeetkaar key roop mein uchch mulyankan karna jaari rakhaa. kissy bhee ghatana mein aisaa lagata haye kii skalkotta ney cumm seey cumm dou varshon taka kuchh bhee naheen likhaa haye.
march 1933 mein vaha garibi aur rinn key kaaran athens lautane key liye majboor hoe gaye, kuchh maheene rahane aur phir berlin lautane kaa irada rakhate hue. haalaanki, unhein ack ghabarahat kaa saamana karna padaa aur unakaa passport yunani adhikaariyon dwara jabt curr liya gayaa (jahira taur parr kyonki unhone kabhi sainya seva naheen kii thee) aur vaastav mein way apane shesh jeevan key liye grees mein rahey. unake dwara chhodi gaee vibhinn sampattiyon mein badee sankhya mein paandulipiyaan theen; inmein seey kaee taba khou gaee theen yaa nasht hoe gaee theen (halanki kuchh 1954 mein ack purani kitab kii dukaan mein paaee gaee theen). ack anya vivaran key anusaar, unaki pandulipiyon koo unake german makaan malik ney berlin chhodane key turant baad betch diyaa thaa. athens mein skalkotta ney chhatravritti key madhyam seey dhana key anya sadhanon kii maang kii yaa ack orchestra khilaadi key roop mein bhugtan kiya, lekin usa samay athens mein sangeet key mamalon kii sthiti seey unakaa jald hii mohbhang hoe gayaa thaa. apani mrityu taka unhone athens conservatory, radio aur opera orchestra mein back-desk violine vaadak key roop mein jeevan yapan kiya. 1930 key dashak key madhya mein unhone athens mein lock sangeet sangrah mein kaam kiya, aur sangeetvid melpo merler key liye paschimi-sangeet score mein yunani lock geeton kaa pratilekhan kiya.
ack sangeetkaar key roop mein unhone akele kaam kiya, lekin mukhya roop seey apane bahut hii vyaktigat post-shonbergian muhaware mein likhaa, jise yunani sangeet pratishthaan dwara samajhane kii bahut cumm sambhavana thee. unhone kuchh pradarshan kiye, vishesh roop seey kuchh "yunani nrityon" aur unaki kuchh adhik swar rachanaon mein, lekin unake sangeet kaa badaa hissa ansuna rhaa. yunan key german kabje key dauran unhein kuchh maheenon key liye ack nazarbandi shivir mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. 1946 mein unhone piyanovadak maria pangali seey shaadi kii; unake dou bete they. 1949 mein, 45 varsh kii ayu mein aur apane dusare bete key janm seey kuchh samay pahale, ack upekshit samanya hernia key tootane seey unaki mrityu hoe gaee, jisase kuchh symphonic kaary adhure orchestration key saath reh gaye, aur kaee poorna kiye gaye kaary jinhen maranoparant premiere diyaa gayaa.
sangeet.
skalkottas kii praarambhik kritiyaan, jinamen seey adhikansh unhone berlin mein likhi theen, khou gaee hain, jaisa kii athens mein likhi gaee kuchh kritiyaan hain. aaj hamaare liye upalabdh unaki sabse purani kritiyaan 1922-24 seey hain; yeye piano rachanaaen hain aur saath hii demetry metropolos dwara "crayton dawat" kaa vaadya-yantra bhee hain. berlin mein likhi gaee kritiyon mein ekal violine key liye sonata, piano key liye kaee kritiyaan, kaksh sangeet aur kuchh symphonic kritiyaan shamil hain. haalaanki 1931-34 skalkottas ney iss avadhi key dauran kuchh bhee naheen likhaa, unhone athens mein rachana phir seey shuru kii aur apani mrityu taka jaari rakhee. unake pradarshan mein swar-rachana ("36 yunani nritya", swar-rachana "eulysis kii vaapsee", purry naatak "mede spell", doosara swar-rachana, baile "dha maydon aind death", pawan vaadya-yantra aur kaee sangeet-karyakram key liye kaam kartaa haye), kaksh, gaayan aur vaadya-rachana shamil they, jisamen "32 piano key tukadon" kaa vishal chakr shamil thaa.
apane sangeet kaary key alawa, skalkottas ney ack mahatvapurna saiddhaantik kaary sankalit kiya, jisamen kaee "sangeet lekh", "vaadyayantra parr ack granth", sangeet vishleshan aadi shamil they. skalkottas ney jald hii sangeet lekhan kii apani vyaktigat visheshtaon koo aakar diyaa taaki unake shikshakon key kissy bhee prabhaav koo jald hii rachanaatmak roop seey rachana key tareeke seey aatmasaat kiya jaa sakey joe bilkul vyaktigat aur pahchaanane yogya haye.
apane poore currier mein skalkottas 1925 mein europe mein ghoshit nyu saclichket aur 'nirpeksh sangeet' key nava-shaastriya aadarshon key prati wafadar rahey. pahale seey hii berlin mein way jaiz mein ruchi leey rahey they aur saath hii baarah-nott vidhi key ack bahut hii vyaktigat roop koo vikasit curr rahey they, ack kaam mein ack naheen balki kaee swar-panktiyon kaa upayog curr rahey they aur vibhinn vishayagat aur harmonic kshetron koo paribhaashit karane key liye inn panktiyon koo vyavasthit curr rahey they. (udaaharan key liye, "largo synfonico" mein 16 baarah-swar panktiyon seey cumm naheen haye.) sconberg kii tarah, unhone lagaatar shaastriya roopon (jaise sonata, vividhata, soot) kii kheti kii, lekin unaki kriti koo atnal, baarah-swar aur tonal karyon key beach vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, joe unake poore rachana currier mein faile hue hain. iss tarah kii spasht vividhata yunani lock sangeet key prem seey aur badh sakati thee. yunani lock sangeet key prati unaki pratibaddhata kaa sabse ullekhaniya udaaharan 1931 aur 1936 key beach orchestra key liye rachit "36 yunani nrityon" kii shrinkhala haye, joe aaney vaale varshon mein vibhinn alag-alag kalakaron key liye vyavasthit kii gaee thee aur aanshik roop seey 1948-49 mein mool roop seey phir seey vyavasthit kii gaee thee. inmein seey lagbhag dou-tihai nritya yunani mukhya bhoomi aur dweepon key vibhinn hisson seey vaastavik yunani lock vishayon parr adharit hain, lekin lock shally mein skalkotta kii apani rachana kii anya teesari samagri kaa upayog karate hain. 
iss avadhi kaa anya utkrisht swar rachana unakaa baile soot "dha maydon aind death" (1938) haye. yeh ack prasiddh yunani lock-kavita parr adharit haye jisamen yuva constantis kii mrit prem ruchi usake dimag parr bahut adhik bhaar daalati haye. orpheus kii tarah, vaha bhaagya seey ladane aur usake saath ekjut honey key liye dridh haye. vaha taba taka mritakon kii bhoomi mein rahati haye jaba taka kii constantis kaam key anta mein naheen pahunchata aur usey jeevit kii duniya mein vaapas naheen leey jaataa. gramophone sangeet guide (2010) key anusaar, jisane nicos christodolo key batton key tahat iceland symphany orchestra key saath ack recording kii sameeksha kii, "yahaan skalkottas kaa shandar orchestration maee key samay key poorv-sanchaalan seey kaheen adhik chamakata haye. muhawara baad vaale kii tulanaa mein cumm khandit haye; vaastav mein, yeh ack yunani chamatkari mandarin kaa sujhaav detaa haye, yadi dhwani mein cumm spasht roop seey shandar yaa kathaanak mein nindaniya haye."aur bhee adhik utsaah seey, sangeet aalochak david hervitz ney iss vakyansh key saath isaki sameeksha kii" "yeh tukada drop-dade bhavya haye, aur dair seey romantic rashtravadi sangeet key prashansakon koo romanchit karega."yeh bhee baad mein ack poorna symphonic orchestra (1948) key liye orchestrate kiya gayaa thaa.
phir bhee, vaha apane yunani samkaaleenon key lock sangeet koo aadhunik symphonic shally mein ekikrit karane key prayason key baare mein sandeh mein baney rahey, aur kuchh karyon mein kewal mishrit aur mishrit lock, atonal aur 12-nott shailiyon jaise kii christos evailpids key 1943 key purry-kathaa naatak "mede spell" key liye aakasmik sangeet. skalkottas spasht roop seey usa tarah key sanrachanaatmak aur shaileegat tanaav koo tainaat karane key liye anichhuk they joe unaki sconbergian viraasat key ekikaranvadi aadarshon koo dhokha dete. ise (ack vyaapak judaav aaveg key sandarbh mein) dusare vienese, busoni, stravinsky aur bartokian schools key beach ack kadee key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. 1945 key aspas unhone kuchh hudd taka apani saundarya disha kaa punarmulyankan kiya aur kaee karyon koo adhik paaramparik roop seey tonal muhaware mein likhaa-inmein seey kaee key pramukh hastakshar hain, udaaharan key liye, phir bhee visangati kaa samanya star kaafee cumm naheen huaa haye. rachnaatmaktaa kii iss antim avadhi mein unaki sabse prabhaavshaali tonal kritiyaan hain unaki "aeye mein shaastriya symphany" (1947), aashcharyajanak roop seey vayumandaliya "dha see" (1948-1949), ack baile soot, jisamen alekjendar kii mahaan mahaan kii mahaan bahan kaa sangeet sandarbh bhee shamil haye, joe ack matsyangana key roop mein samudra mein ghoomati haye; ack "bee flat mejar mein synphoniata" (1948); aur programmatic "chaar chhaviyaan" (1948-1949), joe ekal piano key liye nritya soot "dha laind aind dha see off grees" (1948) seey aatee hain.
maranoparant pratishtha.
unaki mrityu key baad hii skalkottas kaa sangeet bajaana, prakaashit karna yaa kaafee hudd taka aalochanatmak roop seey anumaanit kiya jaanaa shuru huaa, aanshik roop seey johnn jee jaise doston aur shishyon key prayason key kaaran. papayonnou aur george hajinikos.
1988 mein unake jeevan aur kaam key baare mein ack laghu vrittachitra (60 minut) koo skalkottas key janmasthan (euboa dweep) key sthaaniya adhikaariyon key saath-saath yunani sanskriti mantralaya key vitt poshan key saath filmaya gayaa thaa.
1998 aur 2008 key beach, swedish record label biss ney unake karyon kii recording jaari kii.

