machhali mein soein

kyaa machhali kii neend ack khula sawal haye, iss hudd taka kii isane kaee lokpriya vigyaan pustakon key sheershak koo prerit kiya haye. pakshiyon aur standhaariyon mein, neend koo aankh bund karane aur mastishk mein vidyut gatividhi key vishisht pattern kii upasthiti dwara paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye, jisamen neocortex bhee shamil haye, lekin machhali mein palakon aur ack neocortex kii kamee hoti haye. kuchh prajaatiyan joe hamesha shole mein rahati hain yaa joe lagaatar tairati hain (udaaharan key liye, dandon key raam ventilation kii aavashyakta key kaaran), unhein kabhi naa soney kaa sandeh haye. gufaaon mein rahane vaali kuchh andhee prajaatiyon key baare mein bhee sandeh haye.
haalaanki, anya machhaliyan sotee prateet hoti hain, vishesh roop seey jaba neend koo paribhaashit karane key liye vishuddh roop seey vyavhaar mandand kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, zebrafish, tilapia, tench, braun bullhead, aur soojan shark raat mein gatiheen aur anuttardaayi hoe jaate hain (yaa dinn mein, soojan shark key mamle mein); spanish hogfish aur neele sir vaale kharonch koo binaa pratikriya key satah taka haath seey bhee uthaaya jaa sakata haye. doosari or, neend key pattern aasaani seey baadhit hoe jaate hain aur pravaas, andey dene aur maataa-pitaa kii dekhbhal kii avadhi key dauran bhee gayab hoe sakate hain.
vyavhaar neend.
neend key pattern key liye mastishk kii gatividhi kii jaanch karane key bajaay, ack vaikalpik drishtikon kissy bhee aaraam/gatividhi chakr kii jaanch karna haye joe "vyavhaar sambandhi neend" kaa sanket dey sakata haye. nimnalikhit chaar vyavhaar sambandhi mandand pakshiyon aur standhaariyon mein neend kii visheshta hain aur inhen machhliyon taka badhaaya jaa sakata haih (1) lambe samay taka nishkriyata; (2) vishisht vishram mudra, aksar ack vishisht aashray mein; (3) 24-ghante key chakr mein gatividhi key saath parivartan; (4) uchch uttejana seema. inn maandandon key aadhar parr, kaee machhliyon kii prajaatiyon koo sote hue dekhaa gayaa haye. bhoore rung key bullhead kii vishisht neend kii mudra pankh key saath faili hui haye, poonchh neeche sapaat padee haye, shareer 10-30 degree key konn parr ack taraf jhukaa huaa haye, hriday aur shwasan aavrittiyaan samanya seey bahut dheemi hain, aur dhwani aur chhue jaane key prati bahut cumm samvedansheelta haye. mosambic tilapia raat mein neeche kii or gatiheen hotey hain, cumm shwasan darr aur koee aankh kii gati naheen hoti haye, aur way dinn key dauran bijli kii dhaaraon yaa bhojan vitaran key liye utani aasaani seey pratikriya naheen dete hain. raat mein, spanish hogfish, bluehead rais, rais "halichores bivitus", cunner "toutogolabrus adsperses" aur yahaan taka kii requium shark koo bhee binaa koee pratikriya praapt kiye haath seey uthaaya jaa sakata haye. 1961 mein europeeya saarvajanik aquaria mein lagbhag 200 prajaatiyon key avalokan adhyayan mein spasht neend key kaee mamalon kii soochana dee gaee.
gotakhor aasaani seey machhliyon koo raat key liye vishisht aashray sthalon mein basate hue dekh sakate hain, jaise kii chhed aur daraaren, kinaaron key neeche, vanaspati key beach, spunge key ander, yaa rait mein dabi hui. vishesh sraavon seey kuchh atirikt suraksha praapt kii jaa sakati haye, jaise kii kharonch aur tote kii kaee prajaatiyon dwara utpaadit shleshma lifafa, yaa tou machhali key aspas yaa unake aashray key udghaatan parr. yeye lifafe shikariyon aur ectoparasite seey sou rahee machhali koo pradarshit karate hain.
prayogshala mein, nishkriyata kii avadhi aksar 24-ghante key aadhar parr gatividhi kii avadhi key saath vaikalpik hoti haye, yaa 24-ghante key karib aadhar parr jaba prakaash kii sthiti sthir hoti haye. 40 seey adhik vibhinn machhali prajaatiyon mein gatividhi kii circadian lay kaa dastavejikaran kiya gayaa haye, jisamen hagfish, lamprey, shark, cyprinides, ectalurids, gymnoteds, salmonids aur labrids shamil hain.
shaaririk neend.
neend kii ack shaaririk visheshta "homeostatic regulation" key naam seey jaati haye. yeh dhaarana haye kii jaanvaron koo harr dinn cumm yaa jyada nirantar neend kii aavashyakta hoti haye, taaki yadi koee vyakti ack dinn neend seey vanchit hoe jaae, tou agale kuchh dinon mein neend kii matra "palat" (vriddhi) hoe jaati haye. yeh zebrafish mein dekhaa gayaa haye. raat mein, zebrafish paani key stambh mein tairate hue dikhaai detaa haye, yaa tou kshaitij roop seey yaa sir koo thodaa oopar karate hue. munh aur gill kii gati kii aavritti lagbhag aadhi hoe jaati haye aur unhein jagaana dinn kii tulanaa mein doguna kathin hotaa haye. yadi way iss neend jaise vyavhaar seey vanchit hain, tou usake baad neend kii seema lambi hoti haye aur uttejana kii seema samanya seey adhik hoti haye, joe ack paltaav prabhaav kaa sujhaav detee haye. isi tarah, doshi sicklid mein, una dinon mein gatividhi cumm hoe jaati haye joe raat mein machhali key samanya aaraam vyavhaar key prayogaatmak vyavadhaan key baad hoti haye.
neend kii anupasthiti.
kaee pelogic machhali prajaatiyan, jaise kii bluefish, atlantic mackeral, tuna, bonito aur kuchh shark, lagaatar tairati hain aur neend key vyavhaar yaa anyatha sanket naheen dikhaati hain. yeh tark diyaa gayaa haye kii neend kaa ack kaary mastishk koo una cheejon koo smriti mein samekit karane kii anumati denaa haye joe usane janwar kii samanya gatividhi key dauran seekhi hain. mastishk abhee bhee naee uttejanaon aur prakriya key liye naee jaankaari dwara hamla karate hue aisaa karane mein saksham naheen hoe sakata haye. isaliye, neend kii bhoomika samay-samay parr samvedi input koo bund karna hoga taaki mastishk koo yaaden banaane kii anumati mill sakey. pelogic prajaatiyan ack aise vatavaran mein tairati hain joe ubaau haye (kilometres parr kilometres khule paani mein bahut kuchh naheen hoe rhaa haye). aisee prajaatiyon mein, samvedi input itna cumm hotaa haye kii smriti nirmaan hoe sakata haye, bhale hii machhali chalati rahey (ack doharaae jaane vaali gatividhi) aur shabd key paaramparik arth mein sou naa jaae.
dainik demselfish aamtaur parr raat mein prawal bhittiyon key bheetar daraaron mein gatiheen sote hain, lekin teen prajaatiyan (hurry chromis, marginate dacillus aur whitetail dacillus) prawal shaakhaon key beach raat bitaati hain jahaan way apane pankhon koo dinn mein tairaki kii darr seey lagbhag doguni darr seey peetate hain. yeh paani kii dhaaraon kaa nirmaan kartaa haye joe prawal key aantarik kshetra (aur iss prakaar machhali khud) koo achchi tarah seey oxygenyukt rakhta haye, machhali kii anupasthiti kii tulanaa mein lagbhag chaar gunaa adhik star parr. haalaanki machhaliyan sakriya hoti hain (jyaadaatar doharaae jaane vaale tareeke seey), way prakaash yaa sambhaavit shikariyon kii upasthiti key liye pratikriya naheen karati hain. iss vyavhaar koo pralekhit karane vaale shodhkartaon ney ise "neend-tairaki" kahaa.
machhali key jeevan key vishisht hisson key dauran neend bhee anupasthit hoe sakati haye. aam taur parr raat mein shaant prajaatiyan andey key mausam key dauran dinn aur raat sakriya hoe jaati hain. kaee maataa-pitaa kii prajaatiyan raat mein soney seey bachati hain aur lagaatar kaee dinon taka dinn-raat apane andey pankhe mein daalati hain. yeh threaspine stickleback, doshi sicklid aur indradhanush sicklid, demselfish kii vibhinn prajaatiyon, smallmouth baas aur largemouth baas aur braun bullhead mein dekhaa gayaa haye. kuchh dainik prajaatiyan, jaise kii toutog "toutoga onitis", pravaas key dauran dinn aur raat sakriya hoe jaati hain. mosambic tilapia mein, vayaskon mein neend dekhi gaee haye, lekin kishoron mein naheen.
kuchh prajaatiyan apani dainik gatividhi/nishkriyata avadhi key charan mein parivartansheel hoe sakati hain, aur iss prakaar sambhavatah unaki neend kii. goldfish kii ack hii prayogshala aabaadi key bheetar, kuchh vyakti anayas dainik hoe sakate hain jabaki anya nishaachar hoe sakate hain. aggar dinn mein bhojan adhik upalabdh haye tou goldfish bhee dainik hoe sakati haye, yaa aggar raat mein bhojan upalabdh haye tou yeh raat mein bhee upalabdh hoe sakati haye. salmon jyaadaatar dinn mein hotey hain jaba tapman adhik hotaa haye, lekin yadi tapman girata haye tou adhik raat mein hoe jaataa haye. uchch akshaanshon parr, captive barbot, sculpin aur braun bullhead garmiyon mein nishaachar hotey hain lekin archtic sardiyon key chhote photoperiode key tahat dainik hoe jaate hain. kaid mein, safed choosane vaalaa "catostomus commercy" ack shole mein rahane parr dainik hotaa haye lekin akele rahane parr nishaachar hotaa haye.

