jeevaanu koshika sanrachana

bacteria, apani sadgi key bavjood, ack achchi tarah seey vikasit koshika sanrachana rakhta haye joe isaki kuchh anoothi javic sanrachanaon aur rogjanakta key liye jimmedaar haye. kaee sanrachanaatmak visheshtaen bacteria key liye advitiya hain aur archia yaa eukariotes key beach naheen paaee jaati hain. badey jeevon key saapeksh bacteria kii saralata aur aasaani key saath unhein prayogaatmak roop seey herfer kiya jaa sakata haye, bacteria kii koshika sanrachana kaa achchi tarah seey adhyayan kiya gayaa haye, jisase kaee jaiv rasayanik siddhant saamane aae hain joe baad mein anya jeevon parr lagu kiye gaye hain.
koshika aakriti vigyaan.
shayed bacteria kaa sabse maulik sanrachanaatmak guna unaki aakriti vigyaan (aakar) haye. vishisht udaharanon mein shamil hainh
koshika kaa aakar aam taur parr ack dee gaee jeevaanu prajaati kii visheshta haye, lekin vikas kii sthitiyon key aadhar parr bhinn hoe sakata haye. kuchh bacteria mein jatil jeevan chakr hotey hain jinamen danthal aur upaangon kaa utpaadan shamil hotaa haye (jaise.jee. "calobacter") aur kuchh prajanan bijaanuon vaali vistrit sanrachanaon kaa utpaadan karate hain (jaise.jee. "mexococcus", "streptomises"). petri plates parr ugaane parr prakaash sookshmadarshi aur vishisht coloney roopvigyaan dwara jaanch kiye jaane parr bacteria aam taur parr vishisht koshika roopvigyaan banaate hain.
shayed bacteria kii sabse spasht sanrachanaatmak visheshta (kuchh apvaadon key saath) unakaa chhota aakar haye. udaaharan key liye, "escarichia kolai" koshikaaen, ack "ausat" aakar kaa jeevaanu, lagbhag 2 microne (micrometer) lamba aur 0.5 microne vyaas kaa hotaa haye, jisamen koshika kii matra 0.6-0.7 microne 3 hoti haye. yeh lagbhag 1 picogram (piji) key geele dravyamaan seey mell khaata haye, yeh maanate hue kii koshika mein jyaadaatar paani hotaa haye. ekal koshika key shushk dravyamaan kaa anuman geele dravyamaan kaa 23 pratishat lagaaya jaa sakata haye, joe kii 0.2 pee. jee. haye. ack jeevaanu koshika key shushk dravyamaan kaa lagbhag aadhaa carbon seey banaa hotaa haye, aur iska lagbhag aadhaa hissa protein seey bhee hoe sakata haye. isaliye, "escarichia kolai" (see key anuroop, 1 key optical ghanatva parr) kii ack vishisht poori tarah seey vikasit 1-leater sanskriti. 109 koshikaaen/millie) lagbhag 1 graam geeli koshika dravyamaan kaa utpaadan karati hain. chhota aakar behad mahatvapurna haye kyonki yeh ack badey satah kshetra-seey-matra anupaat key liye anumati detaa haye joe poshak tatvon key teji seey grahan aur antahkoshikiya vitaran aur kachare key utsarjan kii anumati detaa haye. cumm satah kshetra-seey-matra anupaat mein jeevaanu koshika jhilli mein poshak tatvon aur apashisht utpaadon kaa prasaar usa darr koo seemit kartaa haye jiss parr sookshmajeev chayapachaya hoe sakata haye, jisase koshika cumm vikaasvaadi roop seey fitt hoe jaati haye. badee koshikaon key astitva kaa kaaran agyaat haye, halanki yeh anuman lagaaya jaataa haye kii koshika kii badhee hui matra kaa upayog mukhya roop seey atirikt poshak tatvon key bhandaran key liye kiya jaataa haye.
ack vishisht jeevaanu koshika aur ack vishisht maanav koshika kii tulanaa (donon koshikaon koo gole maanate hue):
koshika deewaar.
koshika aavaran koshika jhilli aur koshika deewaar seey banaa hotaa haye. anya jeevon kii tarah, jeevaanu koshika deewaar koshika koo sanrachanaatmak akhandata pradaan karati haye. procariotes mein, koshika deewaar kaa praathamik kaary koshika koo usake baahari vatavaran kii tulanaa mein koshika key ander protein kii bahut adhik sandrata aur anya anuon key kaaran honey vaale aantarik turger dabaav seey bachaana haye. bacterial koshika deewaar anya sabhi jeevon seey peptidoglycan kii upasthiti seey alag hoti haye joe koshika jhilli key turant baahar sthit hoti haye. peptidoglycan ack polysaccharide reedh seey banaa hotaa haye jisamen samaan matra mein vaikalpik aine-acetylmuramic acid (naam) aur aine-acetylglucosamine (naag) avashesh hotey hain. peptidoglycan jeevaanu koshika deewaar kii kathorta aur koshika key aakar key nirdhaaran key liye jimmedaar haye. yeh apekshaakrit chhidrapurna haye aur chhote substrate key liye pargamyata baadha naheen maanaa jaataa haye. jabaki sabhi jeevaanu koshika divaaron (kuchh apvaadon jaise kii "mycoplasma" jaise baahya koshikiya parjivi) mein peptidoglycan hotaa haye, sabhi koshika divaaron mein samaan samagr sanrachanaaen naheen hoti hain. choonki koshika kii deewaar jeevaanu key astitva key liye aavashyak haye, lekin kuchh eukariotes mein anupasthit haye, kaee antibiotic davaaen (vishesh roop seey penicillin aur cephalosporin) koshika kii deewaar sanshleshan mein hastakshep karke jeevaanu sankraman koo rokti hain, jabaki maanav koshikaon parr koee prabhaav naheen padata haye, jinamen koee koshika deewaar naheen hoti haye, kewal ack koshika jhilli hoti haye. dou mukhya prakaar key jeevaanu koshika deevaaren hain, graam-positive bacteria kii aur graam-negative bacteria kii, joe apani graam steining visheshtaon seey alag hoti hain. inn donon prakaar key bacteria key liye, lagbhag 2 nm key kann peptidoglycan seey gujar sakate hain. yadi jeevaanu koshika deewaar koo poori tarah seey hataa diyaa jaataa haye, tou ise protoplast kahaa jaataa haye, jabaki yadi ise aanshik roop seey hataa diyaa jaataa haye, tou ise spheroplast kahaa jaataa haye. beeta-lactum antibiotic jaise penicillin jeevaanu koshika deewaar mein peptidoglycan cross-link key gathan koo rokte hain. maanav aansuu mein paaya jaane vaalaa enzyme lysozyme, bacteria kii koshika deewaar koo bhee pachaata haye aur aankho key sankraman key khilaf shareer kii mukhya raksha haye.
graam-positive koshika deewaar.
graam-positive koshika deevaaren motee hoti hain aur peptidoglycan (jise "murine" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) parat kuchh graam-positive bacteria mein koshika deewaar kaa lagbhag 95 pratishat aur graam-negative bacteria mein koshika deewaar kaa 5-10% jitna cumm hotaa haye. graam-positive bacteria chrystal violet dye koo grahan karate hain aur rangeen baingani hotey hain. kuchh graam-positive bacteria kii koshika deewaar koo lysozyme dwara poori tarah seey bhang kiya jaa sakata haye joe aine-acetylmuramic acid aur aine-acetylglucosamine key beach key bandhan parr hamla karate hain. anya graam-positive bacteria, jaise kii "staphylococcus aureus" mein, deevaaren lysozyme kii kriya key liye pratirodhi hoti hain. unake paas kuchh muramic acid avasheshon key carbon-6 parr oh-acetyl samooh hain.
graam-positive bacteria kii divaaron mein matricks padaarth polysaccharides yaa techoic acid hoe sakate hain. baad vaale bahut vyaapak hain, lekin kewal graam-positive bacteria mein paae gaye hain. teikoik acid key dou mukhya prakaar hainh ribitol teikoik acid aur glycerol teikoik acid. baad vaalaa adhik vyaapak haye. yeye acid kramshah ribitol phosphat aur glycerol phosphat key polymer hain, aur kewal kaee graam-positive bacteria kii satah parr sthit hain. haalaanki, techoic acid key sateek kaary parr bahas kii jaati haye aur poori tarah seey samajha naheen jaataa haye. graam-positive koshika deewaar kaa ack pramukh ghatak lipotecoic acid haye. iska ack uddeshya ack pratijan kaary pradaan karna haye. lipid tatva jhilli mein paaya jaataa haye jahan isake chipakane vaale guna jhilli mein isake lunger mein sahaayata karate hain.
graam-nakaratmak koshika deewaar.
graam-nakaratmak koshika deevaaren graam-positive koshika divaaron kii tulanaa mein bahut patali hoti hain, aur unamen unaki patali peptidoglycan parat key liye ack doosari plasma jhilli hoti haye, joe cytoplasmic jhilli key nikat hoti haye. graam-negative bacteria gulabi rung key roop mein dagdar hotey hain. baahari jhilli key lipopolysaccharide kii rasayanik sanrachana aksar vishisht jeevaanu upa-prajaatiyon key liye advitiya hoti haye aur inn upbhedon key kaee pratijan gunon key liye jimmedaar hoti haye.
plasma jhilli.
plasma jhilli yaa jeevaanu koshika-dravya jhilli ack phospholipid dwistariya seey bunny hoti haye aur iss prakaar ack koshika jhilli key sabhi samanya kaary hotey hain jaise kii adhikansh anuon key liye pargamyata baadha key roop mein kaary karna aur koshika mein anuon key parivahan key liye sthaan key roop mein kaary karna. inn karyon key alawa, procariotic jhilli oorjaa sanrakshan mein bhee kaary karati haye kyonki usa sthaan key baare mein ack proton prerak bull utpann hotaa haye. eukariotes key vipareet, jeevaanu jhilli (kuchh apvaadon key saath ee.jee. "mycoplasma" aur methanotrophes) mein aam taur parr sterol naheen hotey hain. haalaanki, kaee sookshmajeevon mein sanrachanaatmak roop seey sambandhit yaugik hotey hain jinhen hopanoids kahaa jaataa haye joe sambhavatah ack hii kaary koo puuraa karate hain. eukariotes key vipareet, bacteria mein unaki jhilli key bheetar vibhinn prakaar key fatty acid hoe sakate hain. vishisht santript aur asantript vasaa aml key saath, bacteria mein atirikt methyl, hydroxy yaa yahaan taka kii chakreeya samoohon key saath vasaa aml hoe sakate hain. jhilli kii ishtatam taralata (ee.) koo banaae rakhane key liye inn vasaayukt aml key saapeksh anupaat koo jeevaanu dwara sanshodhit kiya jaa sakata haye.jee. tapman parivartan key baad).
graam-negative aur mycobacteria mein ack aantarik aur baahari bacteria jhilli hoti haye. ack phospholipid dwistariya key roop mein, jeevaanu baahari jhilli kaa lipid bhaag aaveshit anuon key liye abhedya haye. haalaanki, porin naamak channel baahari jhilli mein maujood hotey hain joe baahari jhilli mein kaee ayanon, sharkara aur amino acid key nishkriya parivahan kii anumati dete hain. isaliye yeye anu periplasm mein maujood hotey hain, joe koshika-dravya aur baahari jhilli key beach kaa kshetra haye. periplasm mein peptidoglycan parat aur kaee protein hotey hain joe substrate binding yaa hydrolysis aur extracellular sanketon key swaagat key liye jimmedaar hotey hain. maanaa jaataa haye kii periplasm taral key bajaay jail jaisi sthiti mein maujood haye kyonki isake bheetar protein aur peptidoglycan kii uchch sandrata paaee jaati haye. koshika-dravyamaan aur baahari jhilli key beach isake sthaan key kaaran, praapt sanket aur baadhya substrate koo parivahan aur sanket protein kaa upayog karke koshika-dravyamaan jhilli mein leey jaane key liye upalabdh hain.
baahya koshikiya (baahari) sanrachanaaen.
fimbry aur pealy.
fimbry (kabhi-kabhi "attachment pealy" kahaa jaataa haye) protein tube hain joe "seudomonadota" key kaee sadasyon mein baahari jhilli seey baahar nikalati hain. way aam taur parr lambai mein chhote hotey hain aur poore jeevaanu koshika satah key baare mein uchch sankhya mein maujood hotey hain. fimbria aamtaur parr ack satah parr ack bacteria key judaav koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye kaary kartaa haye (ee.jee. biophilm banaana) yaa anya koshikaon (jaise.jee. rogjanan key dauran pashu koshikaaen). kuchh jeev (ee.jee. "mixococcus") falon vaali vastuon jaisi bahukoshikiya sanrachanaon kii assembly koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye gatishilata key liye fimbria kaa upayog kartaa haye. paili sanrachana mein fimbria key samaan hotey hain lekin bahut lambe hotey hain aur cumm sankhya mein jeevaanu koshika parr maujood hotey hain. paili jeevaanu sanyugman kii prakriya mein shamil hotey hain jahan unhein sanyugman paili yaa "sex paili" kahaa jaataa haye. type IV pealy (gair-ling pealy) bhee gripping satahon mein bacteria kii sahaayata kartaa haye.
aiss-paraten.
aiss-parat (satah parat) ack koshika satah protein parat haye joe kaee alag-alag bacteria aur kuchh archia mein paaee jaati haye, jahaan yeh koshika deewaar key roop mein kaary karati haye. sabhi aiss-paraten protein kii dou-ayami sarani seey bunny hoti hain aur ack kristaliya upasthiti hoti haye, jisaki samroopata prajaatiyon key beach bhinn hoti haye. aiss-paraton kaa sateek kaary agyaat haye, lekin yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii way badey substrate key liye aanshik pargamyata baadha key roop mein kaary karate hain. udaaharan key liye, ack aiss-parat koshika seey unake prasaar koo rokkar koshika jhilli key paas baahya koshikiya protein koo rakh sakati haye. kuchh rogjanak prajaatiyon mein, ack aiss-layer mezban raksha tantra key khilaf suraksha pradaan karke mezban key bheetar astitva koo suvidhajanak banaane mein madad curr sakata haye.
glycocalics.
kaee bacteria apani koshika divaaron key baahar extracellular polymer kaa sraav karate hain jinhen glycocalics kahaa jaataa haye. yeye polymer aamtaur parr polysaccharides aur kabhi-kabhi protein seey baney hotey hain. capsule apekshaakrit abhedya sanrachanaaen hain jinhen bhaarat kii syaahi jaise rangon seey naheen rangaa jaa sakata haye. way sanrachanaaen hain joe bacteria koo phagocytosis aur disication seey bachaane mein madad karati hain. slime parat biophilm banaane key liye anya koshikaon yaa nirjeev satahon seey bacteria key judaav mein shamil hoti haye. slime paraton kaa upayog koshika key liye khaadya bhandar key roop mein bhee kiya jaa sakata haye.
flagela.
shayed sabse adhik pehchaane jaane vaale baahyakoshikiya jeevaanu koshika sanrachana flazella hain. flazella bacterial koshika deewaar seey nikalane vaali chabuk jaisi sanrachanaaen hain aur bacterial gatishilata (andolan) key liye jimmedaar hain. jeevaanu koshika key baare mein flazella kii vyavastha dekhi gaee prajaati key liye advitiya haye. samanya roopon mein shamil hainh
bacterial flazellum mein teen buniyaadi ghatak hotey hainh ack chabuk jaisa filament, ack motor complexes aur ack hook joe unhein jodata haye. filament lagbhag 20 nm vyaas kaa hotaa haye aur isamen kaee protophilaments hotey hain, jinamen seey pratyek hajaaron flagellin upa-ikaaiyon seey banaa hotaa haye. bundle koo ack topi dwara ack saath rakhaa jaataa haye aur ise dhank diyaa jaa sakata haye yaa naheen bhee. motor parisar mein aantarik aur baahari jhilli mein jhilli koo lunger daalane vaale valayon kii ack shrinkhala hoti haye, jisake baad ack proton-sanchaalit motor hoti haye joe filament mein ghoornan gati koo chalaati haye.
antahkoshikiya (aantarik) sanrachanaaen.
eukariotes kii tulanaa mein, jeevaanu koshika kii antahkoshikiya visheshtaen behad saral hain. bacteria mein eukariotes key samaan anga naheen hotey hain. isake bajaay, gunasutra aur shayed ribosome sabhi bacteria mein paae jaane vaale ekmatra aasaani seey avalokan yogya antahkoshikiya sanrachanaaen hain. haalaanki, bacteria key vishesh samooh maujood hain jinamen adhik jatil antahkoshikiya sanrachanaaen hoti hain, jinamen seey kuchh kii charcha neeche kii gaee haye.
jeevaanu dna aur plasmid.
eukariotes key vipareet, jeevaanu dna jhilli-baddh naabhik key ander sanlagn naheen hotaa haye, balki isake bajaay jeevaanu koshika dravya key ander rahata haye. iska matlab haye kii anuvaad, pratilekhan aur dna pratikriti kii prakriyaon key madhyam seey cellular jaankaari kaa hastaantaran sabhi ack hii dibbe key bheetar hotaa haye aur anya koshika-dravya sanrachanaon, vishesh roop seey ribosome key saath baatchit curr sakata haye. jeevaanu dna dou sthaanon parr sthit hoe sakata haih
jeevaanu dna koo eukariotes kii tarah chromatin banaane key liye histone kaa upayog karke paik naheen kiya jaataa haye, balki isake bajaay ack atyadhik saghan supercoil sanrachana key roop mein maujood haye, jisaki sateek prakriti spasht naheen haye. adhikansh jeevaanu gunasutra golakar hotey hain, halanki raikhik dna key kuchh udaaharan maujood hain (ee.jee. "borelia bergdorferry"). aamtaur parr ack ekal jeevaanu gunasutra maujood hotaa haye, halanki kaee gunasutron vaali kuchh prajaatiyon kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye. 
gunasutra dna key saath, adhikansh bacteria mein dna key chhote swatantra tukade bhee hotey hain jinhen plasmid kahaa jaataa haye joe aksar laabhprad lakshnon koo kootbaddh karate hain lekin unake jeevaanu mezban key liye aavashyak naheen hotey hain. plasmid aasaani seey ack jeevaanu dwara praapt yaa khou diyaa jaa sakata haye aur kshaitij jeane hastaantaran key roop mein bacteria key beach sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye. isaliye plasmid koo ack jeevaanu koshika mein extrachromosomal dna key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye.
ribosome aur anya bahu-protein parisar.
adhikansh bacteria mein sabse adhik antahkoshikiya sanrachana ribosome haye, joe sabhi jeevit jeevon mein protein sanshleshan kaa sthaan haye. sabhi procariotes mein 70 key dashak (jahaan s = sweadberg ikaaiyaan) ribosome hotey hain jabaki eukariotes mein unake cytosol mein badey 80 key dashak key ribosome hotey hain. 70 key dashak kaa ribosome 50 aur 30 key upa-ikaaiyon seey banaa haye. 50 key dashak mein upa-ikai mein 23 aur 5 aar. aar. aine. aeye. hotey hain jabaki 30 key dashak mein upa-ikai mein 16 aar. aar. aine. aeye. hotaa haye. yeye aar. aar. aine. aeye. anu eukariotes mein aakar mein bhinn hotey hain aur badee sankhya mein ribosomal protein key saath jatil hotey hain, jinaki sankhya aur prakaar jeevon key beach thodaa bhinn hoe sakate hain. jabaki ribosome bacteria mein sabse adhik dekhaa jaane vaalaa antahkoshikiya bahu-protein parisar haye anya badey parisar hotey hain aur kabhi-kabhi sookshmadarshi kaa upayog karke dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
antahkoshikiya jhilli.
jabaki sabhi bacteria key liye vishisht naheen haye, kuchh sookshmajeevon mein unake koshika-dravyamaan jhilli key alawa (yaa vistaar key roop mein) antahkoshikiya jhilli hoti haye. ack praarambhik vichaar yeh thaa kii bacteria mein jhilli key taha hoe sakate hain jinhen mesosome kahaa jaataa haye, lekin inhen baad mein electron microscopy key liye koshikaon koo taiyar karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale rasayanon dwara utpaadit kalakritiyon key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa. antahkoshikiya jhilli vaale bacteria key udaaharan phototroph, nitrifying bacteria aur meethen-oxidising bacteria hain. antahkoshikiya jhilli kharaab adhyayan kiye gaye plactomycetota samooh seey sambandhit bacteria mein bhee paaee jaati haye, halanki yeye jhilli eukariotes mein organeller jhilli seey adhik nikatata seey milati-julati hain aur vartamaan mein agyaat kaary karati hain. chromatophore prakaash-shoth jeevaanu mein paae jaane vaale antahkoshikiya jhilli hain. mukhya roop seey prakaash sanshleshan key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale, inmein jeevaanu chlorophil varnak aur carotenoid hotey hain.
cytoskeleton.
procariotic cytoskeleton procariotes mein sabhi sanrachanaatmak tantuon kaa saamoohik naam haye. ack baar yeh socha gayaa thaa kii procariotic koshikaon mein cytoskeleton naheen hotey hain, lekin imaging praudyogiki aur sanrachana nirdhaaran mein pragati ney inn koshikaon mein tantuon kii upasthiti koo dikhaaya haye. eukariotes mein sabhi pramukh cytoskeletal protein key liye samroopata procariotes mein paaee gaee haye. koshika vibhajan, suraksha, aakar nirdhaaran aur vibhinn procariotes mein dhruviyata nirdhaaran mein cytoskeletal tatva aavashyak bhoomika nibhaate hain.
poshak tatvon key bhandaran kii sanrachanaaen.
adhikansh bacteria aise vatavaran mein naheen rahate hain jinamen harr samay badee matra mein poshak tatva hotey hain. poshak tatvon key inn kshanik staron koo samaayojit karane key liye bacteria mein aavashyakta key samay upayog key liye paryaapt samay mein poshak tatvon key bhandaran key kaee alag-alag tareeke hotey hain. udaaharan key liye, kaee bacteria polyhydroxialcants yaa glycogen key roop mein atirikt carbon koo sangraheet karate hain. kuchh sookshmajeev ghulansheel poshak tatvon jaise nitrate koo riktiyon mein sangraheet karate hain. sulfur koo aksar maulik maulik kanikaon key roop mein sangraheet kiya jaataa haye jise yaa tou antah-yaa baahya koshikiya roop seey jamaa kiya jaa sakata haye. sulfur kann vishesh roop seey bacteria mein aam hain joe hydrogen sulphide kaa upayog ack electron srot key roop mein karate hain. uparokt udaharanon mein seey adhikansh koo sookshmadarshi kaa upayog karke dekhaa jaa sakata haye aur unhein koshika dravya seey alag karane key liye ack patali gair-ikai jhilli seey ghiraa huaa haye.
samavesh.
samavesh koo koshika key nirjeev ghatak maanaa jaataa haye joe chayapachaya gatividhi naheen rakhate hain aur jhilli seey bandhe naheen hotey hain. sabse aam samavesh glycogen, lipid boonden, chrystal aur varnak hain. volutin kanikaaen jatil acarbonic polyphosphate key koshika-dravya samaveshan hain. inn kanikaon koo metachromatic prabhaav pradarshit karane key kaaran metachromatic kanika kahaa jaataa haye; way neele rung key mithileen neele yaa toluidine neele rung seey rangane parr laal yaa neele rung mein dikhaai dete hain.
gais riktiyaan.
gais riktika jhilli-baddh, spindle-aakar key putikaaen hain, joe kuchh planctonic bacteria aur "sinobacteria" mein paae jaate hain, joe inn koshikaon koo unake samagr koshika ghanatva koo cumm karke utplavan pradaan karate hain. koshikaon koo jall stambh key oopari bhaag mein rakhane key liye sakaratmak utplavan kii aavashyakta hoti haye, taaki way prakaash sanshleshan karna jaari rakh sakein. way protein key ack khol seey baney hotey hain jisamen ack atyadhik hydrophobic aantarik satah hoti haye, joe ise paani key liye abhedya banaati haye (aur paani key vaashp koo ander sanghanan seey rokti haye) lekin adhikansh gasses key liye pargamya hoti haye. kyonki gais putika ack khokhla cylinder haye, jaba aspas kaa dabaav badhata haye tou yeh girane key liye uttardaayi hotaa haye. praakritik chayan ney gais putika kii sanrachana koo thheek seey tune kiya haye taaki buckling key prati isake pratirodh koo adhikatam kiya jaa sakey, jisamen ack baahari majboot protein, jee. vee. pee. see., balki ack bradded hosepipe mein harey dhaage kii tarah shamil haye. gais putika key vyaas aur dabaav key beach ack saral sambandh haye jiss parr yeh gir jaayega-gais putika jitani chaudi hogi utani hii kamjor hoe jaayegi. haalaanki, vyaapak gais putikaaen adhik kushal hoti hain, joe sankeern gais putikaon kii tulanaa mein protein kii prati ikai adhik utplavan pradaan karati hain. vibhinn prajaatiyan vibhinn vyaas key gais putika kaa utpaadan karati hain, jisase way paani key stambh kii vibhinn gaharaai mein upanivesh banaa paate hain (teji seey badhati, sabse adhik paraton mein vyaapak gais putikaon key saath atyadhik pratispardhi prajaatiyan; dheemi gati seey badhati, gahare paraton mein majboot sankeern gais putikaon key saath gahare anukool, prajaatiyan). gais putika kaa vyaas yeh nirdhaarit karane mein bhee madad karega kii kaun see prajaati paani key vibhinn nikaayon mein jeevit rahati haye. gahari jheelen joe sardiyon key mishran kaa anubhav karati hain, way koshikaon koo poorna jall stambh dwara utpann jalsthaitik dabaav key liye ujagar karati hain. yeh sankeern, majboot gais putikaon vaali prajaatiyon kaa chayan karega.
koshika gais putikaon koo sanshleshit karke jall stambh mein apani oonchaai praapt karati haye. jaise-jaise koshika oopar badhati haye, yeh prakaash sanshleshan mein vriddhi key madhyam seey apane carbohydrate bhaar koo badhaane mein saksham hoti haye. bahut adhik aur koshika koo photobleaching aur sambhaavit mrityu kaa saamana karna padegaa, haalaanki, prakaash sanshleshan key dauran utpaadit carbohydrate koshika key ghanatva koo badhaata haye, jisase yeh doob jaataa haye. prakaash sanshleshan aur carbohydrate catabolism seey carbohydrate key nirmaan kaa dainik chakr, andhere ghanton key dauran, paani key stambh mein koshika kii sthiti koo thheek karane key liye paryaapt haye, jaba isake carbohydrate kaa star cumm hoe aur ise prakaash sanshleshan kii aavashyakta hoe, aur jaba koshika key carbohydrate key star koo phir seey bharaa jaataa haye tou ise hanikarak yuvi vikiran seey door doobane detaa haye. carbohydrate kii atyadhik matra koshika key aantarik dabaav mein mahatvapurna parivartan kaa kaaran banati haye, jisase gais putikaaen jhuk jaati hain aur gir jaati hain aur koshika baahar doob jaati haye.
sookshm bhaag.
jeevaanu sookshm bhaag vyaapak, jhilli-baddh anga hain joe ack protein khol seey baney hotey hain joe vibhinn enzymon koo gherate hain aur gherate hain. sangathan kaa ack aur star pradaan karate hain; way bacteria key bheetar khand hain joe lipid jhilli key bajaay polyhedral protein key khol seey ghire hotey hain. yeye "polyhedral organels" bacteria chayapachaya koo sthaaniyakrit aur compartmentise karate hain, joe eukariotes mein jhilli-baddh organels dwara kiya jaane vaalaa ack kaary haye.
carboxisome.
carboxisome kaee autotrophic bacteria jaise sinobacteria, nalgasbacteria, nitroso-aur nitrobacteria mein paae jaane vaale jeevaanu sookshm bhaag hain. way proteinyukt sanrachanaaen hain joe unake roopvigyaan mein phase haid seey milati-julati hain aur inn jeevon mein carbon dioxide sthirikaran key enzyme hotey hain (vishesh roop seey ribulose bisfosphate carboxylase/oxygen, rubisco aur carbonic enhydress). aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii carbonic nirjalikaran dwara bicarbonate key carbon dioxide mein teji seey roopaantaran key saath enzymon kii uchch sthaaniya sandrata koshika dravya key ander sambhav seey adhik teji seey aur adhik kushal carbon dioxide sthirikaran kii anumati detee haye. isi tarah kii sanrachanaon koo kuchh enterobacterious mein (ee.) glycerol kinwan key pramukh enzyme, glycerol glycerol yukt glycerol dehydrates koo aashray dene key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. jee. salmonella).
magnetsome.
magnetozome magnetotactic bacteria mein paae jaane vaale jeevaanu sookshm bhaag hain joe unhein ack chumbakiya kshetra (magnetotaxis) key saath mahsoos karane aur khud koo sanrekhit karane kii anumati dete hain. magnetotaxis kii paaristhitik bhoomika agyaat haye lekin yeh socha jaataa haye kii yeh ishtatam oxygen sandrata key nirdhaaran mein shamil haye. magnetozome khanij magnetite yaa gregite seey baney hotey hain aur ack lipid dwistariya jhilli seey ghire hotey hain. magnetozome kii aakriti vigyaan prajaati-vishisht haye.
endospore.
shayed tanaav key liye sabse achchha gyaat jeevaanu anukoolan endospore kaa gathan haye. endospore jeevaanu uttarjeevita sanrachanaaen hain joe kaee vibhinn prakaar key rasayanik aur paryavaraniya tanaavon key liye atyadhik pratirodhi hain aur isaliye vatavaran mein bacteria key uttarjeevita koo saksham karati hain joe inn koshikaon key liye unake samanya vanaspati roop mein ghaatak honge. yeh prastaavit kiya gayaa haye kii endospore gathan ney saikadon laakhon varshon (jaise kii kuchh bacteria key astitva kii anumati dee haye.jee. namak key sfatikon mein) halanki inn prakashanon parr sawal uthaaye gaye hain. endospore kaa gathan graam-positive bacteria kii kaee peedhiyon jaise "basilus" aur "claustridium" taka seemit haye. yeh prajanan bijaanuon seey alag haye kii prati koshika kewal ack beejaanu banata haye jisake parinamswarup endospore ankuran parr koshika sankhya mein koee shuddh laabh naheen hotaa haye. ack koshika key bheetar ack endospore kaa sthaan prajaati-vishisht haye aur iska upayog ack jeevaanu kii pehchaan nirdhaarit karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. dipicolinic acid ack rasayanik yaugik haye joe jeevaanu bijaanuon key shushk vajan kaa 5 seey 15 pratishat banaata haye aur endospore key garmi pratirodh key liye jimmedaar honey mein funce jaataa haye. puraatatvidon ney misra kii mummy kii aanton key saath-saath uttari sweeden mein jheel key talchhat seey liye gaye vyavharya endospore paae hain joe kaee hajaaron saal puraane honey kaa anuman haye.

