
baaku-tbilisi-seehan pipeline

baaku-tbilisi-sehan (bee. tii. see.) pipeline caspian samudra mein ezeri-chirag-gunashali tail kshetra seey bhoomadhya sagar taka ack lambi kachche tail kii pipeline haye. yeh azerbaijan kii rajdhani baaku aur georgia kii rajdhani tbilisi key madhyam seey turkey key dakshin-purvi bhoomadhyasagariya tata parr ack bandargah sehan koo jodata haye. yeh druzba pipeline key baad poorv soviyat sangh mein doosari sabse lambi tail pipeline haye. pipeline key baaku chhor seey pump kiya gayaa pahala tail 28 maee 2006 koo seehan taka pahuncha.
itihas.
yojana banaana.
caspian samudra duniya key sabse badey tail aur gais kshetron key sangrah mein seey ack key oopar sthit haye. samudra bhoomi seey ghiraa huaa haye, isaliye paschimi baajaron mein tail kaa parivahan karna jatil haye. soviyat kaal key dauran, caspian kshetra seey sabhi parivahan maarg roose key madhyam seey they. soviyat sangh key patan ney nae maargon kii khoj koo prerit kiya. roose ney pahale jore dekar kahaa kii naee pipeline koo apane kshetra seey gujarna chaahiye, phir bhaag lene seey incar curr diyaa.
1992 key vasant mein, turkey key pradhaan mantri suleiman demirail ney azerbaijan sahit madhya asiai deshon koo prastaav diyaa kii pipeline turkey key madhyam seey chalati haye. baaku-tbilisi-sehan pipeline key nirmaan parr pahale dastaavez parr 9 march 1993 koo ankara mein azerbaijan aur turkey key beach hastakshar kiye gaye they. turkey maarg kaa arth thaa kii azerbaijan seey ack pipeline georgia yaa armenia seey hocker gujaregi, lekin armeniya aur azerbaijan key beach nagoro-karabakh kii sthiti parr ansuljhe yuddh key kaaran armenia key madhyam seey maarg raajneetik roop seey asambhav thaa. isase circuitus azerbaijan-georgia-turkey maarg chhod diyaa gayaa, joe anya vikalp kii tulanaa mein nirmaan key liye lamba aur adhik mahanga thaa.
29 octuber 1998 koo azerbaijan key rashtrapati heydar aliyev, georgia key rashtrapati edward shevardanadje, kazakhstan key narsultan key adhyaksh naazarbaayev, turkey suleiman demirail key adhyaksh aur uzbekistan key rashtrapati islam karimov dwara apnai gaee ankara ghoshana key baad pariyojana koo gati millie. ghoshana koo sanyukt raajya america key oorjaa sachiv bill richardson ney dekhaa, jinhone pipeline key liye majboot samarthan vyakt kiya. pipeline key samarthan mein antar-sarkari samjhaute parr 18 navambar 1999 koo turkey key istanbul mein europe (osc) mein suraksha aur sahyog key liye sangathan kii ack baithak key dauran azerbaijan, georgia aur turkey dwara hastakshar kiye gaye they.
nirmaan.
baaku-tbilisi-sehan pipeline company (btc koo.) kii sthaapana 1 agast 2002 koo landan mein hui thee. pipeline kaa nirmaan 18 sitambar 2002 koo shuru kiya gayaa thaa. nirmaan aprail 2003 mein shuru huaa aur 2005 mein puuraa huaa thaa. azerbaijan khand kaa nirmaan grees key samekit thekedaaron dwara kiya gayaa thaa, aur georgia key khand kaa nirmaan france key spie capag aur yuke petrophac international key sanyukt udyam dwara kiya gayaa thaa. turkey khand kaa nirmaan botaa petroleum pipeline nigam dwara kiya gayaa thaa. bechtel engineering, khareed aur nirmaan key liye mukhya thekedaar thaa. vistrit design aur engineering thekedaar pipeline key turkey khand key liye paramarsh engineer they, joe lagbhag 1000 kilometres seey adhik haye. 
udghaatan.
25 maee 2005 koo, azerbaijan ganarajya key rashtrapati ilham aliyev, georgia key rashtrapati mikhail sakashvili aur turkey key rashtrapati ahmet sezar dwara sangchal terminal parr pipeline kaa udghaatan kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen kazakhstan key rashtrapati narsultan naazarbaayev aur sanyukt raajya america key oorjaa sachiv saimuel bodman shamil hue they. georgian khand kaa udghaatan 12 octuber 2005 koo rashtrapati mikhail sakashvili dwara gardbani key paas pumping station parr kiya gayaa thaa. 13 julaai 2006 koo sehan terminal mein udghaatan samaroh aayojit kiya gayaa thaa.
pipeline koo dheere-dheere baaku seey bahane vaale 1 karod bairal tail seey bharaa gayaa aur 28 maee 2006 koo seehan taka pahuncha. pahala tail seehan samudri terminal (haider aliyev terminal) parr "british hothorn" naamak ack tanker parr load kiya gayaa thaa. tanker 4 juuna 2006 koo lagbhag kachche tail key saath ravaana huaa.
varnan.
maarg.
lambi pipeline azerbaijan mein baaku key paas sangchal terminal seey shuru hoti haye, georgia koo paar karati haye aur turkey key dakshin-purvi bhoomadhyasagariya tata parr sehan samudri terminal (haider aliyev terminal) parr samaapt hoti haye. pipeline kaa hissa azerbaijan, georgia aur turkey mein haye. yeh kaee parvat shrinkhalaon koo paar kartaa haye. yeh 3,000 sadakon, railway aur upayogita lines-donon bhoomigat aur bhoomigat-aur 1,500 jalmaargon koo chaude (turkey mein seehan nadee key mamle mein) taka paar kartaa haye. pipeline aathh meater chaude galiyare parr faili hui haye, aur cumm seey cumm ack meater kii gaharaai taka dafan haye. pipeline dakshin coccus gais pipeline key samanantar chalati haye, joe sangachal terminal seey turkey mein erjuram taka praakritik gais kaa parivahan karati haye. 
takniki visheshataaen.
pipeline kaa anumaanit jivankal 40 varsh haye, aur samanya kshamata parr yeh parivahan kartaa haye. pipeline koo bharane key liye tail kii aavashyakta hoti haye. tail prati sekand bahata haye. aathh pump station hain, dou azerbaijan mein, dou georgia mein, chaar turkey mein. iss pariyojana mein seehan samudri terminal (aadhikarik taur parr haider aliyev terminal, jiska naam azerbaijani key divangat rashtrapati haider aliyev key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye), teen madhyavarti pigging station, ack dabaav cumm karane vaalaa station aur 101 chhote block valve bhee shamil hain. iska nirmaan line pipe key 150,000 alag-alag jodon seey kiya gayaa thaa, jinamen seey pratyek kii lambai maapi jaati thee. yeh kull vajan key anuroop haye. pipeline apani adhikansh lambai key liye vyaas haye, vyaas taka sankeern hoti haye kyonki yeh seehan key paas haye.
laagat aur vittaposhan.
pipeline kii laagat hamein $3.9 billion haye. nirmaan ney 10,000 alpakaalik naukariyon kaa srijan kiya aur pipeline key sanchaalan key liye 40 saal kii avadhi mein 1,000 deerghakaalik karmchaariyon kii aavashyakta hoti haye. laagat kaa 70 pratishat teesare paksh dwara vitt poshit kiya jaataa haye, jisamen vishva baink kaa antarrashtriya vitt nigam, punarnirmaan aur vikas key liye europeeya baink, saat deshon kii niryaat rinn agencies aur 15 vaanijyik bainkon kaa ack syndicate shamil hain.
aapoorti kaa srot.
pipeline kii aapoorti sangchal terminal key madhyam seey caspian samudra mein azerbaijan key azar-chirag-guneshali tail kshetra seey tail dwara kii jaati haye. yeh pipeline madhya asia mein kazakhstan key kashaigan tail kshetra aur anya tail kshetron seey bhee tail kaa parivahan curr sakati haye. kazakhstan kii sarkaar ney ghoshana kii kii vaha kazakhstan bandargah seey baaku taka ack trance-caspian tail pipeline kaa nirmaan karegi, lekin roose aur iran donon key virodh key kaaran isane caspian samudra key paar tankers dwara btc pipeline taka tail kaa parivahan karna shuru curr diyaa.
naa kewal kazakh, balki turkmen tail bhee baaku-tbilisi-sehan pipeline key madhyam seey leey jaaya gayaa haye. iss prakaar, 2015 mein, 52 laakh kazakh aur turkmen tail koo iss pipeline key madhyam seey vishva baajaron mein leey jaaya gayaa thaa.
israel key madhyam seey sambhaavit parivahan.
yeh prastaav diyaa gayaa haye kii pipeline seey tail koo ashkelon aur eelat mein israeli tail terminals key madhyam seey purvi asia mein leey jaaya jaae, joe kii eelat ashkelon pipeline company (ee. aeye. pee. see.) key swaamitva vaali trance-israel pipeline dwara pull banaaya jaa rhaa haye.
swaamitva.
pipeline kaa swaamitva aur sanchaalan 11 oorjaa companiyon key ack sangh, bee. tii. see. koo. dwara kiya jaataa haye. sangh kaa prabandhan bee. pee. dwara kiya jaataa haye. sharedharak hainh
puraatatva.
azerbaijani, georgia, turkey, british aur americi puraatatvidon ney 2000 mein bee. pee. dwara praayojit puraataatvik sarvekshan shuru kiye. nirmaan key dauran kaee saanskritik kalakritiyon kaa pataa chalaa, jisake parinamswarup azerbaijan mein dashbulak, hasanasu, zaayamchaai aur tovuzchai jaise puraataatvik sthalon kaa ack samanvit shodh huaa; georgia mein clude, orcosani aur suffer-kharaba; aur turkey mein gulladere, urane aur ziaretsuyu.
vivadaspad pahalu.
rajneeti.
isake puuraa honey seey pahale hii pipeline kaa duniya kii petroleum rajneeti parr prabhaav parh rhaa thaa. dakshin coccus, jise pahale roose key pichwade key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa, abb mahaan ranneetik mahatva kaa kshetra haye. yuu.aiss. aur anya paschimi rashtra teen rashtron key mamalon mein bahut adhik shamil hoe gaye hain jinake madhyam seey tail pravaahit hoga. desh iss kshetra mein russie aur irani aarthik aur sainya prabhutva key prati santulan key roop mein bhagidari kaa upayog karane kii koshish curr rahey hain. russie visheshagyon kaa daavaa haye kii pipeline coccus mein russie prabhaav koo kamjor curr degi. russie sansad kii videsh mamalon kii samiti key adhyaksh ney kahaa kii sanyukt raajya america aur anya paschimi desh una kshetron mein asthirta key bahaane coccus mein sainikon koo tainaat karane kii yojana banaa rahey hain, jinn seey pipeline gujarati haye.
armenia key kshetriya algaav key saath-saath manvadhikaron aur suraksha chintaon key kaaran iss pariyojana kii aalochana kii gaee haye. azerbaijan key adhyaksh ilham aleev, joe armenia key saath sangharsh mein hain, kaa kahana thaa, "aggar humm iss pariyojana key saath safal hotey hain, tou armenian poori tarah seey algaav mein samaapt hoe jaayenge, joe unake bhavishya key liye ack atirikt samasya paida karega, joe unake pahale seey hii nirashajanak bhavishya haye.
yeh pariyojana poorv-paschim oorjaa galiyare kaa ack mahatvapurna charan bhee haye, joe turkey koo adhik bhoo-raajneetik mahatva detaa haye. pipeline russie prabhaav seey georgia kii swatantrata kaa samarthan karati haye. poorv rashtrapati edward shevardanadze, joe pariyojana key vastukaron aur aarambhakartaon mein seey ack they, ney georgia key madhyam seey nirmaan koo desh key bhavishya kii aarthik aur raajneetik suraksha aur sthirata kii guaranti key roop mein dekhaa. rashtrapati mikhail sakashvili iss vichaar koo saajha karate hain. "georgia mein sabhi ranneetik anubandh, vishesh roop seey caspian pipeline key liye anubandh georgia raajya key liye astitva kaa mamla haye", unhone 26 navambar 2003 koo samvaaddaataon seey kahaa.
arthshastra.
halanki kuchh logon ney pipeline koo madhya poorv seey tail parr america aur anya paschimi deshon kii nirbharta koo aasaan banaane key roop mein bataaya haye, yeh apane pahale charan key dauran vaishvik maang kaa kewal 1 pratishat aapoorti kartaa haye.
pipeline vaishvik tail aapoorti mein vividhata laati haye aur isaliye kaheen aur aapoorti mein viphalata key khilaf kuchh hudd taka beema karati haye. pipeline key aalochak-vishesh roop seey roose-isaki aarthik sambhaavanaon key baare mein sandeh karate hain.
pipeline key nirmaan ney mezban deshon kii arthvyavasthaon mein yogdan diyaa haye. 2007 kii pahali chhamaahi mein, azerbaijani tail key liye mukhya niryaat maarg key roop mein pipeline key shubharambh key ack saal baad, azerbaijan kii vaastavik jee. dee. pee. vriddhi 35 pratishat kii record vriddhi darj kii. georgia aur turkey key liye paryaapt pargaman shulk jamaa hotaa haye. georgia key liye, pargaman shulk seey prati varsh ausatan 62.5 laakh dollar kaa utpaadan honey kii ummeed haye. turkey koo sanchaalan key shuruati varshon mein prati varsh lagbhag 200 million dollar pargaman shulk praapt honey kii ummeed haye, iss sambhavana key saath kii shulk 17 seey 40 varsh taka prati varsh 290 million dollar taka badh jaataa haye. turkey koo seehan key bandargah aur purvi anatolia key anya hisson mein vanijya mein vriddhi seey bhee laabh hotaa haye, jiss kshetra ney 1991 mein khaadi yuddh key baad seey aarthik gatividhiyon mein mahatvapurna kamee kaa anubhav kiya thaa.
iss chinta kaa mukabala karane key liye kii bhrasht adhikaariyon dwara tail key paise kaa durupyog kiya jaayega, azerbaijan ney ack raajya tail kosh (safaaz) kii sthaapana kii, joe bhavishya kii peedhiyon koo labhanvit karane, pramukh antarrashtriya rinadaataon seey samarthan koo majboot karane aur paardarshita aur jawabdehi mein sudhaar key liye praakritik sansadhanon seey rajaswa kaa upayog karane key saath anivarya thaa. azerbaijan ee. aaee. tii. mein shamil honey vaalaa pahala tail utpaadak desh bunn gayaa, joe british netritva vaale nishkarshan udyog paardarshita pahal haye.
suraksha.
pipeline kii suraksha key baare mein chintaon koo door kiya gayaa haye. yeh armenia koo darkinar kartaa haye, jiska nagarno-karabakh kii sthiti parr azerbaijan key saath ack ansulajha sangharsh haye, georgia seey hocker gujarta haye, jisamen dou ansuljhe algavvadi sangharsh hain, aur turkey key kurdish kshetra key kinaaron seey gujarta haye, jisane kurdish algavvadiyon key saath lambe aur kadwa sangharsh dekhaa haye. ise todfod koo rokane key liye lagaatar suraksha kii aavashyakta hogi, halanki yeh tathya kii lagbhag sabhi pipeline dafan hoe gaee haye, hamla karna kathin banaa dega. georgia ney ack vishesh uddeshya batalian kaa gathan kiya joe pipeline kii raksha karegi jabaki america maanav rahit areal vaahanon (yuu. aeye. vee. aiss.) key saath kshetra parr najar rakh rhaa thaa.
5 agast 2008 koo, rifahi (purvi turkey ergincan praant) mein ack badey visfot aur aag ney pipeline koo bund curr diyaa. kurdistan karyakarta party (pee. key. key.) ney jimmedaari lii. pipeline koo 25 agast 2008 koo phir seey shuru kiya gayaa thaa.
paristhitijanya pramaan hain kii isake bajaay yeh line key niyantran aur suraksha pranaliyon parr ack parishkrit cyber hamla thaa jisake kaaran dabaav aur visfot mein vriddhi hui. yeh hamla roose-georgia yuddh seey sambandhit hoe sakata haye, joe dou dinn baad shuru huaa thaa. haalaanki, cyber hamale key siddhant kii kaafee hudd taka sabooton kii kamee key kaaran aalochana kii gaee haye, aur aaee. aaee. aiss. cyber suraksha visheshagya robbert aim. dwara saarvajanik roop seey khariz kiya gayaa thaa. lii.
sitambar 2015 mein, gair-maanyata praapt nagorno-karabakh key raksha mantri, levon mnatskanyan koo yeh kahate hue uddhrit kiya gayaa thaah "yeh azerbaijan key liye ack bahut hii gambhir vittiya sansaadhan haye aur hamein unhein inn sadhanon seey vanchit karane kii aavashyakta haye. octuber 2020 mein, azerbaijan ney daavaa kiya kii armeniya aur azerbaijan key beach nagorno-karabakh yuddh key dauran pipeline koo lakshit kiya gayaa thaa. armenia ney aaropon koo khariz curr diyaa.
paryaavaran.
pipeline key alochakon ney bataaya haye kii ise thheek seey bhookamp seey nirmit kiya jaanaa chaahiye kyonki yeh azerbaijan mein teen sakriya doshon, georgia mein chaar aur turkey mein saat seey hocker gujarta haye. paryaavaran kaaryakartaon ney georgia mein borjomi-kharagauli rashtriya udyaan key jalvibhaajak koo paar karane kaa kadaa virodh kiya, joe khanij jall key jharanon aur praakritik sundarta key liye jaanaa jaane vaalaa kshetra haye, halanki pipeline swayam udyaan mein pravesh naheen karati haye. pipeline key nirmaan ney poore paridrishya mein ack atyadhik dikhaai dene vaalaa nishan chhod diyaa. oxford sthit "baaku sehan abhiyaan" mein kahaa gayaa haye kii "saarvajanik dhana kaa upayog samajik aur paryavaraniya samasyaon koo subsidy dene key liye naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, vishuddh roop seey niji kshetra key hiton mein, lekin kshetra mein logon key aarthik aur samajik vikas mein sakaratmak yogdan parr sashart honah chaahiye."choonki borjomi khanij jall georgia kii ack pramukh niryaat vastu haye, isaliye vahaan kissy bhee tail key risaav kaa arthavyavastha parr vinashkari prabhaav padegaa.
pipeline kaa feeled jewint coating iss daave parr vivadaspad rhaa haye kii upayog kiye gaye sealant aiss. pee. see. 2888 kaa thheek seey pareekshan naheen kiya gayaa thaa. bee. pee. aur usake thekedaaron ney samasya key samaapt honey taka kaam mein baadha daali.
pipeline samvedansheel bheedbhaad vaale phosphorus aur dardanel key madhyam seey prati varsh 350 tanker cargo koo samaapt karati haye.
manvadhikar.
manvadhikar kaaryakartaon ney azerbaijan mein aliyev shasson dwara maanav aur nagrik adhikaaron key hanan kii soochana key kaaran pipeline key liye paschimi sarkaaron kii aalochana kii. ack check vrittachitra film "zadroz" ("srot") inn manvadhikaron key hanan koo rekhaankit karati haye, jaise kii pipeline key maarg key liye bhoomi key viniyog mein pramukh domen ullanghan, aur sarkaar kii aalochana jisase giraftari hoti haye.
kalpana mein.
pipeline james bonned film "dha worled ijj nott proffee" (1999) mein ack kendriya kathaanak bindu thaa. kendriya paatron mein seey ack, electra king, caspian samudra seey turkey key bhoomadhyasagariya tata taka coccus key madhyam seey ack tail pipeline key nirmaan key liye jimmedaar haye. film mein "king pipeline" naam diyaa gayaa haye, yeh bee. tii. see. kaa ack chhota saa prachhann sanskaran haye.
notes.
baaku-tbilisi-sehan aur dakshin coccus pipeline pariyojanaon kii safal bhoomi adhigrahan prakriyaon kaa vishvakosh' azerbaijan mein.

