
protein mein golakar kramparivartan

ack golakar kramparivartan protein key beach ack sambandh haye jisake tahat protein key peptide anukram mein emino acid kaa ack crum badal jaataa haye. parinam alag-alag sampark key saath ack protein sanrachana haye, lekin samagr roop seey samaan tri-ayami (3dee) aakar haye. 1979 mein, golakar krambaddh protein kii pahali jodee-conconavelin aeye aur lectin-kii khoj kii gaee thee; abb 2000 seey adhik aise protein gyaat hain.
vrittakar kramparivartan vikaasvaadi ghatnaaon, uttar-anuvadatmak sanshodhanon yaa kritrim roop seey engineer utparivartan key parinamswarup hoe sakata haye. vrittakar krambaddh protein key vikas kii vyakhya karane key liye prastaavit dou mukhya model "dohrao dwara kramparivartan" aur "vikhandan aur sanlayan" hain. dohrao dwara kramparivartan taba hotaa haye jaba ack jeane ack tendam repeat banaane key liye duplication seey gujarta haye, isase pahale kii protein key anaavashyak khandon koo hataa diyaa jaae; yeh sambandh saposin aur swaposin key beach paaya jaataa haye. vikhandan aur sanlayan taba hotaa haye jaba aanshik protein ekal polypeptide banaane key liye fuse karate hain, jaise kii nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase mein.
golakar kramparivartan niyamit roop seey prayogshala mein unaki utprerak gatividhi yaa ushmaayan kshamata mein sudhaar karane key liye, yaa mool protein key gunon kii jaanch karane key liye engineer kiye jaate hain.
anukram sanrekhan aur sanrachana sanrekhan key liye paaramparik algorithm protein key beach golakar kramparivartan kaa pataa lagaane mein saksham naheen hain. nae gair-raikhik drishtikon vikasit kiye gaye hain joe ise door karate hain aur topology-swatantra samaantaon kaa pataa lagaane mein saksham hain.
itihas.
1979 mein, broose cunningham aur unake sahyogiyon ney prakriti mein ack golakar krambaddh protein kaa pahala udaaharan khoja. lectin protein favin key peptide anukram koo nirdhaarit karane key baad, unhone ack gyaat protein-conconavelin aeye-key saath isaki samaantaa dekhi, sivaay isake kii chhor golakar krambaddh they. baad mein kiye gaye kaam ney jodee key beach golakar kramparivartan kii pushti kii aur dikhaaya kii conconaveline aeye koo vichhedan aur ack asamanya protein bandhan key madhyam seey anuvaad key baad krambaddh kiya jaataa haye.
ack praakritik golakar krambaddh protein kii khoj key baad, shodhkartaon ney iss prakriya kaa anukaran karane kaa ack tarika khoja. 1983 mein, david goldenberg aur thomas creiton rasayanik roop seey ack chakreeya protein banaane key liye terminai koo jodkar ack protein kaa golakar krambaddh sanskaran banaane mein saksham they, phir tripsin kaa upayog karke kaheen aur naee terminai pesh kii. 1989 mein, carolin lugar aur unake sahyogiyon ney dee. aine. aeye. koo saavdhaanipoorvak tukadon mein katkar aur jodkar golakar kramparivartan karane key liye ack aanuvanshik vidhi pesh kii. iss vidhi ney manmaane dhang seey sthalon parr kramparivartan kii anumati dee.
anuvaad key baad key golakar kramparivartan kii praarambhik khoj aur golakar kramparivartakon koo vikasit karane key liye ack sambhaavit aanuvanshik tantra key sujhaav key bavjood, yeh 1995 taka naheen thaa kii jeane kii pahali golakar kramparivartit jodee kii khoj kii gaee thee. saposin protein kaa ack varg haye joe manushyon mein sphingolipid catabolism aur lipid kii pratijan prastuti mein shamil haye. criss ponting aur robert russell ney paudhe key aspartic protein mein daale gaye saposin key ack golakar krambaddh sanskaran kii pehchaan kii, jise unhone swaposin upnaam diyaa. saposin aur swaposin dou praakritik jeenon kaa pahala gyaat mamla thaa joe ack golakar kramparivartan seey sambandhit thaa.
ack golakar kramparivartan seey sambandhit protein jode key saikadon udaaharan baad mein prakriti mein khoje gaye yaa prayogshala mein utpaadit kiye gaye. farwari 2012 taka, vrittakar kramparivartan databases mein gyaat sanrachanaon key saath 2,238 vrittakar krambaddh protein jode hain, aur kaee aur sanrachanaon key binaa gyaat hain. cybase databases aise protein ekatra kartaa haye joe chakreeya hotey hain, jinamen seey kuchh chakreeya jangli prakaar key protein key krambaddh roop hotey hain. ciciphus ack databases haye jisamen gair-tuchchh sambandhon key saath protein key haath seey curated manual sanrekhan kaa sangrah hotaa haye, jinamen seey kaee mein golakar kramparivartan hotey hain.
vikas.
vartamaan mein dou mukhya model hain jinka upayog golakar krambaddh protein key vikas kii vyakhya karane key liye kiya jaa rhaa haih "dohrao dwara kramparivartan" aur "vikhandan aur sanlayan". donon models key paas unakaa samarthan karane vaale sammohak udaaharan hain, lekin vikas mein pratyek model key saapeksh yogdan parr abhee bhee bahas chala rahee haye. anya, cumm samanya, tantra prastaavit kiye gaye hain, jaise kii "cutt aind pest" yaa "exon shuffling".
dohrao dwara kramparivartan.
vrittakar kramparivartan key vikas key liye prastaavit sabse pahala model dohrao tantra dwara kramparivartan haye. iss model mein, ack agradoot jeane pahale ack badee tendam punaravritti banaane key liye ack duplication aur fusion seey gujarta haye. isake baad, protein key anaavashyak vargon koo hataate hue, duplicate jeane mein sambandhit sthaanon parr start aur stop coden pesh kiye jaate hain.
duplication tantra dwara kramparivartan kii ack aashcharyajanak bhavishyavani yeh haye kii madhyavarti kramparivartan hoe sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, protein kaa dohra sanskaran abhee bhee karyatmak honah chaahiye, kyonki anyatha vikas jaldi seey aise protein key khilaf chayan karega. isi tarah, aanshik roop seey duplicate kiye gaye madhyavarti jahaan kewal ack terminus koo kaataa gayaa thaa, karyatmak honah chaahiye. iss tarah key madhyavarti koo dee. aine. aeye. methyltransferess jaise protein parivaaron mein vyaapak roop seey pralekhit kiya gayaa haye.
saposin aur swaposin.
duplication dwara kramparivartan key liye ack udaaharan saposin aur swaposin key beach kaa sambandh haye. saposin atyadhik sanrakshit glycoprotein hotey hain, lagbhag 80 amino acid avashesh lambe hotey hain aur chaar alfa helical sanrachana banaate hain. unamen cysteine avasheshon aur glycosylation saiton kaa lagbhag samaan sthaan haye. see. dee. aine. aeye. anukram joe saposin key liye code kartaa haye, usey prosaposin kahaa jaataa haye. yeh chaar vichhedan utpaadon, saposin aeye, bee, see aur dee key liye ack agradoot haye. chaar saposin kshetra sambhavatah ack paitrik jeane key dou tendam duplication seey utpann hue. yeh dohrao paudhe-vishisht sammilit (pee. aiss. aaee.) key saath sambandh key vikas key liye ack tantra kaa sujhaav detaa haye. pee. aiss. aaee. vishesh roop seey paudhon mein paaya jaane vaalaa ack kshetra haye, jisamen lagbhag 100 avashesh hotey hain aur joe paadap key aspartic protease mein paae jaate hain. yeh saposin jaise protein parivaar (sapplip) seey sambandhit haye aur isamen aine-aur see-terminis "swap" kiya gayaa haye, jaise kii saposin kii tulanaa mein helix kaa crum 3-4-1-2 haye, iss prakaar yeh naam "swaposin" hoe jaataa haye.
vikhandan aur sanlayan.
vrittakar kramparivartan key vikas key liye ack aur model vikhandan aur sanlayan model haye. prakriya dou aanshik protein seey shuru hoti haye. yeye dou swatantra polypeptides (jaise kii ack heterodymer key dou bhaag) kaa pratinidhitva curr sakate hain, yaa mool roop seey ack ekal protein key aadhe hoe sakate hain joe dou polypeptides banane key liye ack vikhandan ghatana seey gujarta haye.
donon protein baad mein ack ekal polypeptide banaane key liye ack saath fuse curr sakate hain. chaahe kaun saa protein pahale aae, yeh sanlayan protein samaan kaary dikhaa sakata haye. iss prakaar, yadi dou proteins key beach ack sanlayan vikas mein dou baar hotaa haye (yaa tou ack hii prajaati key bheetar samanantaron key beach yaa vibhinn prajaatiyon mein orthologue key beach) lekin ack alag crum mein, parinami sanlayan protein ack golakar kramparivartan dwara sambandhit honge.
vikhandan aur sanlayan tantra dwara vikasit ack vishesh protein key liye sakshya sambandhit prajaatiyon mein swatantra polypeptides key roop mein kramparivartan key aadhe hisse koo dekhkar yaa prayogaatmak roop seey yeh pradarshit karke pradaan kiya jaa sakata haye kii donon aadhe alag-alag polypeptides key roop mein kaary curr sakate hain.
transhydrogenase.
vikhandan aur sanlayan tantra kaa ack udaaharan nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase mein paaya jaa sakata haye. yeye jhilli-baddh enzyme hain joe ack pratikriya mein nad (aich) aur nadp (aich) key beach ack hydride aayan key hastaantaran koo utprerit karate hain joe transmembrane proton sthanantaran key liye yugmit hotaa haye. inmein teen pramukh karyatmak ikaaiyaan (i, ii, aur iii) hoti hain joe bacteria, protozoa aur uchch eukariotes mein alag-alag vyavastha mein paaee jaa sakati hain. jatijanya vishleshan seey pataa chalata haye kii kshetra vyavastha key teen samoohon koo swatantra roop seey praapt aur sanyojit kiya gayaa thaa.
anya prakriyaaen joe golakar kramparivartan kaa kaaran bunn sakati hain.
anuvaad key baad sanshodhan.
oopar ullikhit dou vikaasvaadi model una tarikon kaa varnan karate hain jinamen jeane golakar roop seey krambaddh hoe sakate hain, jisake parinamswarup pratilekhan key baad ack golakar krambaddh mrinaa hoe sakata haye. antarnihit jeane koo krambaddh kiye binaa, anuvaad key baad key sanshodhan key madhyam seey protein koo golakar roop seey krambaddh bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. autocatalysis key madhyam seey golakar kramparivartan anayas hoe sakate hain, jaisa kii conconavelin aeye key mamle mein hotaa haye. vaikalpik roop seey, kramparivartan key liye pratibandh enzymon aur liges kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
protein engineering mein bhoomika.
kaee proteins kaa antim bhaag 3dee sthaan mein ack saath sthit hotaa haye. iss vajah seey, aksar protein key golakar kramparivartan koo design karna sambhav haye. aaj, maanak aanuvanshiki takneekon kaa upayog karke prayogshala mein niyamit roop seey golakar kramparivartan utpann kiye jaate hain. halanki kuchh kramparivartan sthal protein koo sahee dhang seey modane seey rokte hain, kaee kramparivartan mool protein key lagbhag samaan sanrachana aur kaary key saath banaae gaye hain.
protein kaa ack golakar kramparivartak banaane kii prerana bhinn hoe sakati haye. vaigyaanik protein key kuchh gunon mein sudhaar karna chaah sakate hain, jaise kih
vaikalpik roop seey, vaigyaanik mool protein key gunon mein ruchi leey sakate hain, jaise kih
algorithm kaa pataa lagaana.
kaee anukram sanrekhan aur protein sanrachana sanrekhan algorithm raikhik detta pratinidhitva maanate hue vikasit kiye gaye hain aur iss tarah protein key beach golakar kramparivartan kaa pataa lagaane mein saksham naheen hain. aksar upayog kii jaane vaali vidhiyon key dou udaaharan jinamen golakar kramparivartan seey sambandhit protein koo sahee dhang seey sanrekhit karane mein samasyaaen hain, way hain gatishil prograaming aur kaee chhipe hue markov model. inke vikalp key roop mein, kaee algorithm gair-raikhik drishtikonon key sheersh parr banaae gaye hain aur topology-swatantra samaantaon kaa pataa lagaane mein saksham hain, yaa unhein gatishil prograaming kii seemaon koo darkinar karane kii anumati dene vaale sanshodhanon koo niyojit karate hain. neeche dee gaee talika mein aisee vidhiyon kaa sangrah haye.
algorithm koo unaki aavashyakta key input key prakaar key anusaar vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye. "anukram"-adharit algorithm koo sanrekhan banaane key liye kewal dou proteins key anukram kii aavashyakta hoti haye. anukram vidhiyaan aam taur parr tez hoti hain aur protein key golakar krambaddh jode key liye poore genome kii khoj key liye upayukt hoti hain. "sanrachana"-adharit vidhiyon key liye donon proteins kii 3dee sanrachanaon parr vichaar karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. way aksar anukram-adharit vidhiyon kii tulanaa mein dheemi hoti hain, lekin cumm anukram samaantaa key saath door seey sambandhit protein key beach golakar kramparivartan kaa pataa lagaane mein saksham hoti hain. kuchh sanrachanaatmak vidhiyaan "topology swatantra" hain, jiska arth haye kii way golakar kramparivartan kii tulanaa mein adhik jatil punarvyavastha kaa pataa lagaane mein bhee saksham hain.