
ack hazaar bachche

ack hazaar bachche (oh. tii. see.) ack padnam haye, jise 2000 mein banaaya gayaa thaa, jiska upayog lagbhag 1,400 yahudi bachchon koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jinhen naazi germany aur anya naazi-kabje vaale yaa khatare mein padey europeeya deshon seey bachaaya gayaa thaa, aur jinhen 1934-1945 kii avadhi key dauran seedhe sanyukt raajya america leey jaaya gayaa thaa. vakyansh "ack hazaar bachche" kewal una bachchon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe akele aae they aur apane maataa-pitaa koo europe mein peechhe chhod gaye they. lagbhag sabhi mamalon mein, unake maataa-pitaa apane bachchon key saath bhaagne mein saksham naheen they, kyonki unhein anya karanon key alawa aavashyak veeja naheen mill sakaa thaa. baad mein, lagbhag inn sabhi maataa-pitaa kii naajiyon dwara hatyaa curr dee gaee thee.
sanyukt raajya america key holocost memorial sangrahalaya (yuu. aiss. aich. aim. aim.), apane online "holocost vishvakosh" mein, "sanyukt raajya america mein sharanarthi bachchon key aapravaasan" parr lekh mein, iss aadhikarik naam koo maanyata detaa haih bachchon key iss samooh key liye "ack hazaar bachche".
ack hazaar bachchon" key abhilekhagar, jinamen ack hazaar bachchon key 2002 key sammelan key audio aur video, aur otc bachchon key vyaktigat sakshatkar key saath-saath kaee anya mool samagri, aur joe sabhi ack saath maulik sandarbh-srot hain, sahit bahut saaree vrittachitra samagri shamil haye, yovo sansthaan dwara aayojit kiye jaate hain.
oh. tii. see. bachchon koo americi aur europeeya sangathanon key saath-saath vyaktiyon dwara bhee bachaaya gayaa thaa.
mool roop seey kewal ack hazaar aise bachchon kii pehchaan oh. tii. see. bachchon key roop mein kii gaee thee-isaliye iska naam "ack hazaar bachche" rakhaa gayaa. 2017 taka lagbhag 1,400 kii pehchaan kii jaa chuki haye.
ack hazaar bachche, ink. (otc, ink.) oh. tii. see. bachchon key aage key kalyan key liye banaaya gayaa ack sangathan thaa.
paribhasha aur praarambhik itihas.
lagbhag 15 laakh bachche, jinamen seey lagbhag sabhi yahudi they, koo narsamhar mein naajiyon dwara jaanboojhkar maar diyaa gayaa thaa. (isamen way loga bhee shamil hain joe bhukhmari yaa basti mein amanviya sthitiyon key kaaran bimari seey marr gaye.)
apekshaakrit kuchh yahudi bachchon koo sahsi gair-yahoodiyon dwara vibhinn tarikon seey, unake naazi-kabje vaale grihnagar mein yaa usake karib chhipaakar bachaaya gayaa thaa (chhipe hue bachchon koo dekhein).
ack aur apekshaakrit kuchh yahudi bachche gair-naazi-adhikrit bhoomi mein chaley gaye. swabhavik roop seey isake liye vayaskon kii sahaayata kii aavashyakta thee-inhen karyakramon, samoohon, vyaktiyon yaa vaastavik maataa-pitaa key prayason seey bachaaya gayaa thaa. paschimi europe mein inmein kindertransport karyakram shamil hoga jisamen surr nicolaus winton key vyaktigat prayaas shamil they; aur francisi yahudi sangathan 'yuvre dee secorus aux enfants' (ose) kaa kaam. bachchon koo bachaane key liye vishesh roop seey kaam karane vaale adhikansh karyakramon mein bachche paschimi europe key bheetar hii rahey.
anya suvyavasthit karyakramon ney bachchon koo taiyar kiya aur unhein palestine bheja.
isake vipareet, ack hazaar bachchon key karyakram mein, lagbhag 1,400 bachchon, lagbhag sabhi yahoodiyon koo safaltapurvak bachaaya gayaa aur samudra key paar sanyukt raajya america laaya gayaa.
samanya taur parr, unhein algavvadi aur anya yahudi virodhi taakton seey nakaratmak dhyaan seey bachane key liye banaae gaye shaant abhiyaanon mein laaya gayaa thaa. mool roop seey aise 1,177 bachchon kii pehchaan otc key roop mein kii gaee thee-isaliye iska naam "ack hazaar bachche" (otc) rakhaa gayaa.
yeye oh. tii. see. baccheh
oh. tii. see. itihas koo chaar avadhiyon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih
chhah bachchon kaa pahala chhota samooh navambar 1934 mein newyork shahar mein aaya. isake baad chhote samoohon ney, joe operation key shuruati varshon mein salana lagbhag 100 bachchon koo janm dete they, aur unhein mandalon aur anya sangathanon key sadasyon koo appeal key madhyam seey aayojit paalak gharon mein leey jaaya gayaa.
adhikansh bachche niji sharanarthi agencies jaise german yahudi bachchon kii sahaayata (gjca) dwara sanchaalit karyakramon key madhyam seey aae. hibru apravasi sahaayata samaaj (aich. aaee. aeye. aiss.) key saath-saath americi yahudi sanyukt vitaran samiti, (bolchal kii bhasha mein "sanyukt" key roop mein jaani jaati haye), haisem, aur doston kaa samaaj (quakers). inmein seey kaee prayason koo yuu banaane key liye sanyukt kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. europeeya bachchon kii dekhbhal key liye samiti (yuu. aiss. see. oh. aim.) joe americi sarkaar key saath panjikrit thee aur baad mein rashtriya yuddh kosh kaa hissa bunn gaee. americi yahudi samiti, americi yahudi congress aur yahudi mahilaaon kii rashtriya parishad dwara dhana ugaahane key prayason mein sahaayata kii gaee.
udaaharan key liye, kaee oh. tii. see. shuru mein ack saath ekatra hue, samarthan kiya, dekhbhal kii, aur french oyuvar dee secorus aux enfants (oh. aiss. ee.) dwara shikshit kiye gaye, inmein seey kaee bachche gurs nazarbandi shivir seey aae they.
anya oh. tii. see. niji vyavasthaon aur prayojan key tahat aatey they, joe aamtaur parr maataa-pitaa dwara parivaar key rishtedaar yaa dost key saath kiye jaate they. aise bachche apane praayojak key saath rahate they, yaa kabhi-kabhi apane praayojak key saath nikat sampark mein rahate they.
1938 seey pahale, aise sangathanon dwara kewal chhote samoohon koo desh mein laaya gayaa thaa, kyonki yahudi-virodhi aur videshiyon koo yuu. aiss. mein pravesh karane kii anumati dene key liye samajik shatruta kii chinta thee.aiss. avasaad key dauran. praayojak sangathan bachchon kii or anuchit dhyaan aakarshit karane seey bachana chaahte they. isake alawa, unakaa aapravaasan yuu dwara seemit thaa.aiss. unake mool deshon key liye aapravaasan kotaa pranali.
navambar 9/10,1938 mein chrystallencht key baad inn sangathanon kii maang mein ullekhaniya vriddhi hui, aur adhik europeeya maataa-pitaa ney aashvast kiya kii yahoodiyon kaa vinash naazi agende kaa ack tatva thaa.
aaee. dee. 1. key baad kii avadhi mein, jaba naazi atyacharon kii khabaren adhik vyaapak roop seey prasaarit kii gaeen, tou oh. tii. see. key badey samooh sangathit kiye gaye aur yuu. mein pahunche.aiss. kuchh oh. tii. see. british bachchon key videshi swaagat board (corb) karyakram key saath-saath "yuu" key tahat aae.aiss. europeeya bachchon kii dekhbhal key liye samiti "(yuu. aiss. comm.).
hebru apravasi sahaayata samaaj (abb lagbhag hamesha aich. aaee. aeye. aiss. key liye anubandhit), german yahudi bachchon kii sahaayata samaaj, (jee. jey. see. aeye.), quakers aadi key tahat oh. tii. see. karyakramon mein.yuu mein paalak parivaar.aiss. ekvees saal kii umr taka bachchon kii dekhbhal karane key liye sahmat hue, yeh dekhein kii way shikshit they, aur ack guaranti pradaan kii kii way saarvajanik shulk naheen banenge. inmein seey adhikansh bachchon koo bachche key punarvaas prakriya kii dekhrekh key liye ack sthaaniya samajik seva agency seey ack samajik karyakarta saunpa gayaa thaa. yahudi bachchon koo aam taur parr yahudi gharon mein rakhaa jaataa thaa. inn bachchon aur unake prayojakon koo ummeed thee kii yuddh key anta mein way apane parivaaron key saath phir seey mill jaayenge. dwiteeya vishva yuddh samaapt honey taka adhikansh bachchon ney ack yaa donon maataa-pitaa koo khou diyaa thaa, aur unake adhikansh vistaarit parivaaron ney khou diyaa thaa.
jahan seey bachche aae they, aur unaki kuchh yaatraaen.
adhikansh oh. tii. see. bachche germany, austriya aur chekoslovakia seey aae they. kuchh france, belgium, holland aur luxemberg seey aae they. kewal bahut cumm loga seedhe purvi europe seey aae they. haalaanki, oh. tii. see. key kuchh parivaaron ney pahale ise purvi seey paschimi europe mein banaaya thaa; aur phir oh. tii. see. bachcha paschimi europe seey bhaag gayaa. (udaaharan key liye, yeh wolf volodia grajonka key liye mamla thaa, joe baad mein "rock-aind-roll" impresserio bill graham (promoter) bunn gayaa).
yuddh seey pahale, kaee loga buss hamberg yaa kissy anya bandargah taka pahunchane mein kamyab rahey, aur vahaan seey ravaana hue. haalaanki yeh apane aap mein aasaan naheen thaa.
1940 key german "blitzkrieg" key baad belgium, holland aur luxemberg key madhyam seey aur teji seey france mein, kaee otc bachche dakshin aur paschim mein spanish seema parr jaakar kabje vaale france yaa witchy france seey bhaag gaye. phir unhone pyreni parr chadhaai karna mushkil banaa diyaa, aamtaur parr ack "passer" guide/taskar dwara nirdeshit. spen seey, way tatasth portugal aur lisban kii yatra karate they. vahaan seey, way aksar purtagaali liners mein seey ack sarpa pinto (jise rms abro key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye), yaa mauzinho, yaa nyasa parr america key liye ravaana hue. iss palayan maarg koo kaee parivaaron dwara bhee liya gayaa thaa.
iss palayan maarg key madhyam seey, france aur pyreni key madhyam seey spen, phir portugal aur lisban, key baad way loga bhee aae joe belgium, holland aur luxemberg seey bhaag gaye.
kuchh anya otc bachche uttari africa mein casablanca pahunchane mein kamyab rahey, aur vahaan seey ravaana hue.
aksar aisaa hotaa thaa kii poore parivaar bandargah kii kuchh yaa poori yatra karate they, dukhad vibhajan seey pahale jaba otc bachcha akela rahata thaa. udaaharan key liye, kuchh francisi akshat parivaaron ney ack prakshepavakra kaa anusaran kiya joe unhein "gurr" jaise francisi yaatana shiviron mein seey ack mein leey gayaa. taba oss usa shivir seey bachche (raine) koo nikaalane mein saksham thaa, lekin maataa-pitaa key saath abhee bhee nazarband thaa. taba oss agale otc charanon mein bachche (raine) koo atlantic mein unake antim parivahan mein sahaayata karega. iss yatra key baad key charanon mein, aksar aich. aaee. aeye. aiss., yaa "sanyukt" bhee oh. tii. see. bachchon kii sahaayata kartaa thaa.
ullekhaniya roop seey, lagbhag 6-8 saath naa aae yahudi bachchon kaa ack samaan chhota samooh venezuela seey sanyukt raajya america bhaag gayaa. maracabo seey venezuela key chhote yahudi samudaay mein unake maataa-pitaa hitler key sambhaavit vaishvik khatare seey achchi tarah seey avagat they, jisamen venezuela key tata seey door german pandubbiyan shamil theen.
otc" bachche.
kaee oh. tii. see. bachchon key liye, america pahunchane seey pahale kii avadhi bahut mushkil thee. dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale, adhikansh koo bachaav agencies dwara seedhe germany aur austriya mein apane grih shaharon seey ikattha kiya jaataa thaa, aur phir aasaani seey america leey jaaya jaataa thaa. lekin yuddh shuru honey key baad, lagbhag sabhi sanyukt raajya key liye jahaaj parr chadhane seey pahale atyadhik kathinaaiyon aur khatron seey gujare. kuchh ney maataa-pitaa key saath bandargah kii yatra kii, lekin kaee ney cumm seey cumm apani udaan key hisse key liye akele yatra kii. kuchh koo pyreni (aamtaur parr apane maataa-pitaa key saath) key oopar seey taskari kii jaati thee. kuchh koo dakshini france mein gurr nazarbandi shivir jaise yaatana shiviron mein kuchh samay key liye kaid kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki kuchh ney oyuvar dee secorus aux enfants yaa oss dwara sanchaalit ack francisi "cheto" (badee haveli) mein samay bitaaya thaa. aamtaur parr yatra mein dair hoe jaati thee kii ack bachaav agency bachchon koo sakaratmak roop seey leey jaanaa shuru curr detee thee.
kuchh oh. tii. see. bachche apane parivaar dwara kii gaee vyaktigat vyavasthaon key anusaar aae, jisamen bachche koo america mein ack rishtedaar kii dekhbhal mein bheja jaayega. america mein, way yaa tou usa parivaar key saath rahate they, yaa shayed unhein boarding school mein rakhaa jaataa thaa.
kaee oh. tii. see. bachchon ney americi samaaj mein ullekhaniya yogdan diyaa. unamen seey hainh
bhaavnaatmak aur vyaavhaarik prabhaav.
usa samay, oh. tii. see. key bachche america mein aaney seey pahale europe mein bahut bhaavnaatmak tanaav aur aghaat aur vyaavhaarik kathinaaiyon seey gujare, america mein apani praarambhik avadhi key dauran bhee, aur yahaan taka kii baad key yuddh key varshon mein bhee. yuddh key anta mein, adhikansh anya bachchon koo pataa chalega kii unake maataa-pitaa kii hatyaa naziyon dwara kii gaee thee. usa samay, unhein jeevan key anubhavon key ack aur nae sett key saath samaayojan karna thaa, aur apane liye banaana thaa. jaisa kii abb achchi tarah seey samajha gayaa haye, iss tarah key tanaav aur aghaat kaee varshon taka sachet aur achetan aghaat aur unake parinam paida karate rahenge.
yeye aghaat, donon samay aur baad mein, europe mein jeevit bache anya baal narsamhar seey bache logon key samaan hain. yeye oh. tii. see. aghaat holocost key kaaran hue they. sanyukt raajya america mein oh. tii. see. bachche kii sthiti europe mein rahane vaale bachche kii sthiti seey bahut alag thee, lekin yeh usake bachpan key vikas key liye samaan roop seey hanikarak thee.
bahut mahatvapurna baat yeh haye kii yeye aghaat ack vayask narsamhar uttarjeevi kii tulanaa mein alag aur adhik charam they. ack vayask ney jeevan bhar jeevit rahane key liye mukabala karane key tareeke vikasit kiye they. bachche abhee badey naheen hue hain. bachchon koo abhee bhee paripakva mukabala karane key kaushal kaa ack puuraa sett seekhana hotaa haye-yahee kaaran haye kii unake maataa-pitaa apane bachchon kaa samarthan karate hain, sikhaate hain aur unaki raksha karate hain. samaaj bhee iss sambandh mein ack mahatvapurna jimmedaari sweekaar kartaa haye.
anya baal narsamhar seey bache logon kii tarah, oh. tii. see. baal uttarjeeviyon dwara praapt vaastavik anubhav aur manovaigyaanik aghaat ack vayask narsamhar uttarjeevi seey maulik roop seey, mahatvapurna roop seey aur nakaratmak roop seey alag they. aam taur parr ack vayask ney aatm aur ahankar kii bhavna vikasit kii hogi, joe usey vyaavhaarik aur bhaavnaatmak aghaat seey nipatane kaa prayaas karane kaa ack tarika pradaan karegi. aamtaur parr ack bachche mein abhee taka ack majboot ahankar yaa aatm kii bhavna vikasit naheen hui haye. saath hii, ack bachcha samarthan aur suraksha key liye apane maataa-pitaa parr nirbhar kartaa haye, aur vishesh roop seey pyaar key liye. phir bhee inn bachchon key liye, joe narsamhar seey bache they, unake maataa-pitaa aur unake maataa-pitaa key pyaar kii kamee thee; aur way kewal kamjor ahankar aur aatm kii bhavna vikasit curr rahey they, usee samay jaba baahari aur manovaigyaanik aghaat sabse adhik thaa. (kuchh apavaad badey kishore auters hoe sakate hain, jaise kii way joe richi ladakon mein shamil hoe gaye they).
pahala bahut mahatvapurna aghaat unake maataa-pitaa (oun) seey alag honey key samay huaa, chaahe vaha jahaaj parr chadhane key samay hoe yaa pahale key samay aur ghatana mein. chhote bachchon key liye, maataa-pitaa (oun) joe bhee aashvast karane vaale shabd kahein, bachche koo apane maataa-pitaa dwara parityakt mahsoos hoga. badey bachche bhee, joe vaastaviktaa koo "bauddhik roop seey" samajh sakate they, unhein aisaa mahsoos hoga kii unhein chhod diyaa gayaa haye.
bahut chhote bachchon key liye, bhale hii baad key varshon mein unake paas vibhajan aur inn bhaavanaon kii koee vaastavik smriti naheen hogi, aur baad key varshon kii koee smriti (hissa) bhee naheen hogi, phir bhee vibhajan aur nirantar algaav key aghaat kaa abhee bhee vartamaan aur nirantar avachetan prabhaav hoga.
adhikansh oh. tii. see. bachchon koo "paalak-parivaaron" mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, jinamen seey kuchh pyaar karane vaale they aur kuchh naheen; yaa kabhi-kabhi unhein vibhinn prakaar key sansthanon mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, kuchh dekhbhal karane vaale, aur kuchh naheen. lekin jyaadaatar mamalon mein yeye unake apane parivaar key pyaar aur samarthan koo pratisthaapit naheen curr sakey; aur nae rishte koo vikasit honey mein samay lagega. kuchh bhagyashali udaharanon mein, oh. tii. see. bachcha poori tarah seey paalak parivaar mein ghulmil jaataa aur unhein pyaar karna seekhata jaise kii way usake apane maataa-pitaa aur bhaai-bahan houn.
badey oh. tii. see. bachche poori tarah seey jaanate they kii unake baaen-peechhe key maataa-pitaa koo naazi khatare seey honey vaale khatron kaa saamana karna padata haye. aur phir, yuddh key anta mein, lagbhag hamesha oh. tii. see. bachche koo jald yaa baad mein pataa chala jaataa kii usake maataa-pitaa kii naajiyon dwara hatyaa curr dee gaee thee; aur usa antim tathyaatmak khoj seey pahale prateeksha karane aur ummeed karane kaa poorv tanaav bhee rhaa hoga.
ashcharya kii baat naheen haye kii kuchh oh. tii. see. bachche apani sthiti seey bahut naraj hoe gaye. kuchh loga aisaa karate they, kabhi-kabhi itna kii unake "paalak-maataa-pitaa" ney faisala kiya kii unhein mool sangathan mein otc bachche koo vaapas karna hoga, jaise kii aich. aaee. aeye. aiss., kaheen aur rakhaa jaanaa haye-lekin phir chakr dohraya jaa sakata haye.
udaaharan key liye, ack otc bachcha, philis helen matson ney bhee "anathalaya" sansthaan mein abhinay kiya, jahan usey dou baar rakhaa gayaa-vaha antatah chaar "paalak-parivaaron" key saath rahee, aur dou baar "anathalaya" mein thee. vaha apane dou "paalak-parivaaron" seey bhaag gaee, aur ack "paalak-parivaar" ney usey "anathalaya" mein vaapas bhej diyaa."jaisa kii vaha khud likhati hain, yeh kuchh hudd taka ullekhaniya haye kii vaha ack jimmedaar paripakva vayask banane mein kamyab rahee. vaha apani pustak "saine francisco mein yuddh anath" mein yeh sub bataati haye."
adhik vyaavhaarik star parr, lagbhag harr oh. tii. see. bachcha angreji bolane mein saksham naheen honey key kaaran america mein aaya, aur isaliye vaha school grade placement mein peechhe reh gayaa (halanki sabse teji seey angreji seekhi gaee, aur phir teji seey apane uchit school-grade mein aage badhaa). usey ack naee sanskriti aur vyavhaar key tareeke key anukool honah padaa.
yuddh samaapt honey key baad bhaavnaatmak aghaat jaari rhaa.
anya holocost seey bache bachchon kii tarah, yuddh key baad oh. tii. see. bachche koo jeevan mein dardanaak samaayojan karane they. usake maataa-pitaa kii lagbhag nishchit roop seey naziyon dwara hatyaa curr dee gaee thee, jaba vaha abhee bhee ack chhota bachcha thaa, jise usey yaa tou yuddh samaapt honey key turant baad pataa chalaa-yaa koee jaankaari upalabdh naheen thee, aur phir vaha ummeed curr sakata thaa kii way abhee bhee jeevit they, aur darr thaa kii way marr chuke they.
phir bhee, yuddh key baad bhee, unhein apane maataa-pitaa kii sabse adhik aavashyakta thee. sabse achchha, unhone ack achchha "vikalp" paaya joe abb sthaayi "paalak maataa-pitaa" bunn jaayega."yeh" switch "swabhavik roop seey bhee dardanaak thaa.
unhein bhee, ack oh. tii. see. key roop mein apani avikasit mudra seey, vayaskata kii or badhate hue, aatm-pehchaan aur swaayatta kii bhavna paida karni padee.
holocost baal bache hue-chhipe hue bachche; otc samaantaaen; kindertransport; german sarkaar kinder koo pehchaanati haye; otc "americi kindertransport" hain, otc holocost baal bache hue hain.
holocost key chhipe hue bachche; otc koo samaan aghaat thaa; otc holocost seey bache bachche hain.
holocost key chhipe hue bachche way bachche hain joe kabje vaale europe mein naziyon seey holocost key dauran kissy tarah seey chhipe hue they, taaki naziyon dwara pakade jaane seey bachaa jaa sakey.
ack upa-samooh, yahaan taka kii chhipe hue bachche bhee aise bachche hain, jinhen holocast key dauran, ack "paalak-parivaar" kii dekhbhal mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, aamtaur parr catholic, aur parivaar key ack sadasya key roop mein paalaa gayaa thaa.
inn chhipe hue bachchon koo naziyon ney hatyaa seey bachaa liya thaa. phir bhee, una sabhi koo, jinamen "paalak-parivaar" bhee shamil they, usa samay bahut aghaat kaa saamana karna padaa, aur baad mein sachet roop seey aur avachetan roop seey bhee.
oh. tii. see. bachche bahut mahatvapurna aghaat seey gujare, manovaigyaanik aur vyaavhaarik donon key sandarbh mein-pralay key kaaran. yeye aghaat badey hisse mein chhipe hue bachchon key "paalak-parivaar" upa-samooh dwara vikasit una aghaat key kaee pahaluon seey mell khaate hain-bachche joe jeevit bache they-yadi ack (aam taur parr catholic) parivaar mein seey ack key roop mein paley-badhe they. otc aghaat isi tarah holocost key kaaran huaa thaa. kewal isi kaaran seey, humm dekhate hain kii otc holocost seey bache bachche hain.
kindertransport; otc "americi kindertransport" hain; german sarkaar bhugtan kosh banaati haye aur "british" kindertransport koo holocost baal uttarjeevi key roop mein maanyata detee haye; isi tarah otc holocost baal uttarjeevi hain.
oh. tii. see. americi kindertransport hain."kindertransport karyakram parr baad key khand mein adhik vistaar seey charcha kii gaee haye. yahaan, hamein kewal yeh jaanane kii aavashyakta haye kii, chrystallencht aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii shuruat key beach kii avadhi key dauran, kindertransport karyakram ney lagbhag 10,000 yahudi bachchon koo germany, german-annexed austriya aur german-kabje vaale chekoslovakia seey ingland laaya-lekin bachchon ("kinder") koo khud seey bhaagne key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa, aur apane maataa-pitaa koo peechhe chhodane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. (baad mein naazi dwara lagbhag sabhi bachchon key maataa-pitaa kii hatyaa curr dee gaee.)
navambar 2018 mein, german sarkaar ney ack "kindertransport fund" kii ghoshana kii joe pratyek jeevit kindertransport "child" koo 2,500 euro (usa samay lagbhag 2,850 dollar) kii prateekaatmak raashi kaa bhugtan karegi. iska uddeshya iss vishesh aghaat kii maanyata mein thaa kii inn prakaar key parivahan koo hitler seey udaan key dauran bachchon key roop mein peedit honah padaa thaa, lekin unhein apane saath bhaagne key liye majboor honah padaa, aur apane maataa-pitaa koo peechhe chhodane key liye majboor honah padaa. german sarkaar ney iss kosh koo thheek seey yeh pahchaanane key liye banaaya kii kinder holocost seey bache bachche they.
oh. tii. see., kyonki bachchon koo thheek vahee aghaat huaa jaisa kii kinder koo huaa thaa. yeh doosara kaaran haye kii humm dekhate hain kii otc holocost seey bache bachche hain.
shodh aur khoj.
tathya yeh haye kii kuchh saath naa aae bachche europe seey seedhe yuu. aiss. bhaag gaye.aiss.aeye. pahali baar judith baumel-schwartz dwara ack doctorate thesis aur sambandhit pustak mein shodh kiya gayaa thaa.
haalaanki, kewal 2000 mein iris posner koo ehsas huaa aur phir ise lagu kiya gayaa, kii inn bachchon koo holocast seey bache logon kaa ack mahatvapurna alag samooh maanaa jaanaa chaahiye, jisaki charcha vaastav mein saarvajanik kshetra mein kii jaani chaahiye.
vishesh roop seey, 2000 mein, iris posner koo british sarkaar dwara sahaayata praapt kindertransport prayaas key baare mein pataa chalaa thaa, aur iss sawal seey chintit thaa kii kyaa aisaa hii vaastavik aadhikarik americi sarkaar kaa prayaas thaa. posner ney samachar patron koo patra likh curr aise kissy bhee bachche seey unase sampark karane key liye kahaa. posner aur leonor moskovitz ney bhee jahaaj key prakat honey aur anya dastavejon parr shodh kiya. iss tarah, posner ney america key saath naa rahane vaale bachchon key iss samooh kii kahani ("ack hazaar bachche", jaisa kii unhone baad mein unakaa naam rakhaa) banaai. usa samay, way 1,000 seey thodaa adhik kii pehchaan karane mein kamyab rahey, isaliye iska naam padaa. posner aur moskovitz inmein seey lagbhag 500 kaa pataa lagaane mein kamyab rahey joe abhee bhee jeevit they, aur unamen seey pratyek koo 2002 otc sammelan mein aamantrit kiya.
isake turant baad, 2001 mein, posner aur moskovitz ney sanyukt roop seey gair-laabhkaari sangathan "ack hazaar bachche, ink. kii sthaapana kii."
posner aur moskovitz ney apane sangathan "ack hazaar bachchon" key tatvavdhan mein 2002 mein shikago mein teen divasiya antarrashtriya otc sammelan aur punarmilan kaa ayojan kiya. lagbhag 200 upasthit logon koo otc bachchon, unake bachchon aur potey-potiyon, aur "paalak" parivaar key sadasyon aur bachaav sangathanon key bachavkartaon seey liye gaye 50 seey adhik vaktaaon koo sunane aur baatchit karane kaa avsar milaa.
2002 mein sammelan key samay, unhein lagbhag 1,200 otc key naam mille they. usa samay seey gyaat sankhya badhkar lagbhag 1,400 hoe gaee haye.
americi "pratikriya".
oh. tii. see. kii kahani kuchh hudd taka usa prakaar key parivahan key samaan haye jisamen akele bachche mukhya bhoomi europe seey grate britten aae they. oh. tii. see. karyakram key vipareet, british kindertransport karyakram aadhikarik taur parr british sarkaar dwara chrystalnact key liye bahut twarit pratikriya mein banaaya gayaa thaa, 1938 mein. chhah dinon key bheetar british sarkaar ney sansad mein ack aadhikarik vidheyak prastut kiya jise teji seey paarit curr diyaa gayaa, jisane sabhi aapravaasan aur gair-saathi bachchon key liye veeja aavashyaktaon koo maaf curr diyaa, halanki isane niji raahat sangathanon aur vyaktigat prayojakon key liye vaastavik vyavastha chhod dee.
isake vipareet, sanyukt raajya america ney kissy bhee aapravaasan kaanoon koo naheen badala. 1939 mein, 14 varsh seey cumm ayu key 20,000 yahudi sharanarthiyon koo naazi germany seey sanyukt raajya america mein pravesh dene key liye prastaavit wagner-roggers bill, jise saine dwara praayojit kiya gayaa thaa. robbert aff. wagner (dee-aine.vaaee.) aur pratinidhi. edith rosers (aar-maas.), congress kii manjuri praapt karane mein whiffle rhaa. yahudi sangathanon ney iss nirnay koo chunauti naheen dee. wagner-roggers bill kii viphalata kii poori kahani usa samay algavvadi balon kii shakti koo darshaati haye, jisamen "yahoodiyon key prati akrosh kaa ack antarvaah" shamil thaa. yahaan taka kii alaska mein yahoodiyon koo basaane key liye ikke kii yojana, jise slattery report key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, koo bhee koee safalata naheen millie.
isake alawa, raajya vibhaag ney jaanboojhkar ack baadha daalane vaali "pepper wall" neeti apnai thee taaki una sabhi sharanarthiyon key liye kissy bhee aadhikarik roop seey anumati praapt veeja koo jaari karane mein deree yaa roque lagaai jaa sakey joe america mein pravesh karna chaahte they.", iss kagaj kii deewaar ney sharanarthiyon kii cumm sankhya mein yogdan diyaa. julaai 1941 seey sabhi aapravaasan aavedan ack vishesh antar-vibhaagiya samiti key paas gaye, aur "rishtedaar niyam" key tahat german, italvi yaa russie kshetra mein rishtedaron key saath kissy bhee aavedak koo vishesh jaanch dee gaee.
julaai 1943 kii shuruat mein, chaar phut lambe ack nae raajya vibhaag key veeja aavedan patra kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen sharanarthi aur dou prayojakon key vivaran kii aavashyakta thee; aur chhah pratiyaan jamaa karni theen. avedanon mein lagbhag nau maheene lagey aur aasann khatare key mamalon mein bhee teji naheen laaee gaee. isake alawa, 1943 key patan seey, sharanarthiyon key avedanon koo "gambhir khatare mein naheen" aswikar kiya jaa sakata thaa (jaise.jee. joe loga spen, purtagaal yaa uttari africa pahunch chuke they). isase ack badee baadha paida hoe gaee, kyonki inmein seey kaee bachche (aamtaur parr apane maataa-pitaa key saath) europe key anya hisson seey vahaan bhaag gaye they, jinamen seey kuchh koo pyreni key oopar seey taskari karke leey jaaya gayaa thaa.
americi janata ney bhee oh. tii. see. karyakram kaa virodh kiya, kyonki videshiyon koo yuu. mein pravesh karane kii anumati dene key liye samajik shatruta thee.aiss. avasaad key dauran, aur aam taur parr algavvadi aur yahudi virodhi taakton seey.
oh. tii. see. kahani mein iris posner kaa yogdan.
iris posner key yogdan kii shuruat unaki "khoj" aur ack avadharana key roop mein ack hazaar bachchon koo "banaane" seey hui.
posner aur moskovitz ney phir inn otc bachchon key baare mein jaankaari-unake naam aur anya otc jaankaari-kii khoj kii aur phir vaastavik otc bachchon kii khoj kii."
posner aur moskovitz ney phir 2002 otc sammelan mein bhaag liya (oopar dekhein).
posner ney otc kahani banaai. posner ney inn bachchon key liye naee "ack hazaar bachchon" samooh-pehchaan pradaan kii. posner ney inn bachchon koo yeh mahsoos karane mein saksham banaaya kii way "holocost seey bache hue bachche they."posner ney sabhi holocost samoohon aur vidvaanon koo holocost seey bache bachchon key iss" nae "samooh koo pahchaanane key liye prerit kiya."
vyaktigat anubhav kii way "narsamhar seey bache hue bachche" they.
yeh 2002 key oh. tii. see. sammelan mein thaa kii oh. tii. see. key kaee bachchon koo pahali baar ehsas huaa kii unaki dou naee pahachaanen hain-donon oh. tii. see. key roop mein, aur "holocost seey bache bachchon key roop mein."unhone mahsoos kiya kii way vaastav mein narsamhar seey bache hue bachche they. ack oh. tii. see. dwara ack bahut hii jordar audio-visual bayaan key liye kii vaha vaastav mein holocost seey butch gaee ack bachchi thee, usaki youtube gawahi sunein "main ack holocost survivour huun! hitler mujhe itihas key gobar key dher parr dalna chaahata thaa! vaha asafal rhaa!" 
ack hazaar bachche, ink (otc, ink.).
iris posner aur leonor moskovitz ney ack hazaar bachchon key gair-laabhkaari anusandhaan aur shiksha sangathan, ink (otc, ink.) kaa nirmaan kiya.), jiska praathamik uddeshya oh. tii. see. bachchon key beach sambandh banaae rakhna, americi itihas key iss alp-gyaat khand kaa pataa lagaana aur abhilekhiya samagri aur bhandar banaana haye. otc, ink key print, photo aur audio-visual abhilekhagar, aur isaki kuchh gatividhiyon koo "yahudi anusandhaan key liye yivo sansthaan" mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa haye, halanki otc, ink kaa astitva hii samaapt hoe gayaa haye (agala khand dekhein).
oh. tii. see. anubhav kaa video yog, aur oh. tii. see., ink. kaa "vighatan" octuber 2013 mein.
otc, ink. octuber 2013 mein aupchaarik roop seey bhang curr diyaa gayaa, lekin iska kaam jaari haye. yahudi anusandhaan key liye yivo sansthaan mein dou ghante key sammelan mein samaapan huaa. vyaktigat otc dwara dee gaee gawahi iss sammelan kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa haye.
british kindertransport, aur ack hazaar bachchon key prayaas kii tulanaa mein.
ack badaa lekin isi tarah kaa british karyakram, "kindertransport", adhik prasiddh haye. usa prayaas ney 21 navambar, 1938 aur 3 sitambar, 1939 key beach lagbhag 10,000 samaan roop seey paribhaashit yahudi bachchon koo united kingdam mein laaya. ise usa tarikh koo rokna padaa, kyonki yeh dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii shuruat thee.
kindertransport karyakram british sarkaar dwara banaaya gayaa thaa jisane chrystallencht key chhah dinon key bheetar british sansad mein ack adhiniyam prastut kiya thaa. iss adhiniyam ney binaa saath key rahane vaale bachchon kii anirdisht sankhya key liye sabhi veeja aur aapravaasan aavashyaktaon koo maaf curr diyaa. swabhavik roop seey, bachchon koo niji roop seey vittaposhit aur guaranti dee jaani thee, aur vibhinn british yahudi sangathanon dwara rakhaa jaanaa thaa. (britten seey kuchh "kinder" baad mein america chaley gaye, ee.jee. nobel puraskar vijeta vaigyaanik arno penzias aur walter kohan.)
isake vipareet, sanyukt raajya sarkaar ney kissy bhee oh. tii. see. bachchon kii sahaayata key liye kuchh naheen kiya, aur kissy bhee kotaa yaa aapravaasan aavashyaktaon koo maaf naheen kiya. 12 saal key otc prayaas key liye pratyek otc bachche koo americi aapravaasan aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
oh. tii. see. abhilekhit dastaavez aur anya media abb mukhya roop seey "yahudi anusandhaan key liye yivo sansthaan" mein hain.
sangathan key abhilekhagar koo daan kiya gayaa haye aur abb newyork shahar mein yahudi anusandhaan key liye yivo sansthaan mein rahate hain. inn praathamik abhilekhagaron mein 2002 key poorna oh. tii. see. sammelan key video-recording key saath-saath aanshik likhit pratilekh bhee shamil hain. bachchon key roop mein yaa baad mein vayaskon key roop mein likhi gaee vyaktigat diarry sahit kaee kalaakritiyaan shamil hain; saath hii pratyek vyakti (pehchaane gaye) bachche, anya jaankaari aur tasveeron key baare mein detta bhee shamil haye. yeh sangrah vidvaanon key liye khula haye.
naamon aur kaee anya vivaranon key saath mool roop seey pehchaane gaye 1177 otc 'aar kii soochi yivo mein haye. yeh sanyukt raajya america key holocast memorial sangrahalaya mein bhee haye (donon mamalon mein, yeh gopaniya haye, aur kewal shodhkartaon key liye upalabdh haye.)
anya dastavej aur kalaakritiyaan sanyukt raajya america key holocast memorial sangrahalaya (yuu. aiss. aich. aim. aim.) aur philadelphia mein americi yahudi itihas key rashtriya sangrahalaya (aine. aim. aeye. jee. aich.) mein sthit hain.
50 brith sholam otc bachchon key bachaav kii kahani.
kuchh oh. tii. see. bachchon koo yahudi sangathanon jaise kii hiyas dwara bachaaya gayaa thaa. lekin kuchh logon koo vyaktiyon dwara bachaaya gayaa. udaaharan key liye, ack americi 51 varsheeya avivaahit door key chachere bhaai ney praayojit kiya aur chhah varsheeya otc 'air key liye aadhikarik jimmedaari lii, lekin otc' air koo ack chhote seey saal bhar key boarding-school mein rakhaa jaanaa thaa.
ack niji ameer philadelphia parivaar, gilbert aur eleanor cross dwara ack ullekhaniya bachaav kiya gayaa thaa. unhone khud hii chrystallanch key baad vienna seey 25 ladakon aur 25 ladkiyon koo bachaaya, lekin europe mein yuddh shuru honey seey pahale. unhein kaee vyaavhaarik kathinaaiyaan theen, jinamen aapravaasan kotaa pranali key bheetar seey aavashyak 50 americi veeja praapt karna bhee shamil thaa. aagaman parr, inn bachchon koo pahale bhraatri crum brith sholom key grishmakaaleen shivir suvidhaon mein rakhaa gayaa, aur phir philadelphia parivaaron key gharon mein rakhaa gayaa.