cryocular

cryogenic tapman (neeche) taka pahunchane key liye design kiye gaye refrigerator koo aksar cryocular kahaa jaataa haye. iss shabd kaa upayog aksar chhoti pranaliyon key liye kiya jaataa haye, aamtaur parr table-topp aakar, jisamen lagbhag 20 kilowatt seey cumm input shaktiyaan hoti hain. kuchh mein input shakti 2-3 doubleu key roop mein cumm hoe sakati haye. kann twarak mein atichaalak chumbak koo thandaa karane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali badee pranaliyon koo aksar cryogenic refrigerator kahaa jaataa haye. unaki input shakti 1 megawatt taka hoe sakati haye. adhikansh mamalon mein cryocular ack cryogenic drav kaa upayog kaaryasheel padaarth key roop mein karate hain aur ack ushmaagatiki chakr key aspas drav koo chakrit karane key liye gatishil bhaagon koo niyojit karate hain. drav koo aam taur parr kamare key tapman parr sampeedit kiya jaataa haye, ack ooshmaa vinimaayak mein poorv-sheetlan kiya jaataa haye, phir kuchh cumm tapman parr vistaarit kiya jaataa haye. vaapas aaney vaalaa cumm dabaav vaalaa drav taap vinimaayak key madhyam seey uchch dabaav vaale drav koo compressor key sevan mein pravesh karane seey pahale poorv-thandaa karane key liye gujarta haye. phir chakr dohraya jaataa haye.
aadarsh ooshmaa vinimaayak aur punaryoji.
ooshmaa vinimaayak sabhi cryoculars key mahatvapurna ghatak hain. aadarsh ooshmaa vinimayakon mein koee pravaah pratirodh naheen hotaa haye aur nikas gais kaa tapman ooshmaa vinimaayak key (nishchit) shareer key tapman "t" x key samaan hotaa haye. dhyaan dein kii ack poorna ooshmaa vinimaayak bhee gais key pravesh tapman "t" i koo prabhaavit naheen karega. isase nuksan hotaa haye.
prasheetak kaa ack mahatvapurna ghatak, joe ausilatory pravaah key saath kaam kartaa haye, punaryoji haye. ack punaryoji mein ack thhos chhidrapurna samagri kaa ack matricks hotaa haye, jaise kii danedar kann yaa dhaatu kii chaalani, jisake madhyam seey gais aage-peechhe bahati haye. samay-samay parr garmi koo samagri dwara sangraheet aur jaari kiya jaataa haye. gais key saath garmi kaa sampark achchha honah chaahiye aur matricks kaa pravaah pratirodh cumm honah chaahiye. yeye paraspar virodhi aavashyaktaaen hain. punaryoji key ushmaagatikiya aur jall-gatishil guna jatil hotey hain, isaliye aamtaur parr ack saral model banaata haye. apane sabse charam roop mein ack "aadarsh" punaryoji mein nimnalikhit guna hotey hainh
haal key dashakon mein cryocular kshetra mein pragati badey hisse mein 10 key seey cumm uchch garmi kshamata vaali naee samagriyon key vikas key kaaran hui haye.
refrigerator koo hilaayen.
ghatak.
mool prakaar key halchal-prakaar key sheetlak koo fig.1 mein darshaaya gayaa haye. isamen (baaen seey daaen) shamil hainh
tapman "t" a aur "t" l parr aspas key saath baaen aur daaen taapiya sampark koo sahee maanaa jaataa haye taaki sampeedan aur vistaar samtaap hoe. vistaar key dauran kiye gaye kaary kaa upayog kull input shakti koo cumm karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. aamtaur parr helium kaam karane vaalaa taral padaarth hotaa haye.
sheetlan chakr.
sheetlan chakr koo 4 charanon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye jaisa kii fig.2 mein darshaaya gayaa haye. chakr taba shuru hotaa haye jaba dou piston apani sabse baain sthiti mein hotey hainh
pee. vee. aarekh (fig.3) mein sambandhit chakr mein dou samtaap aur dou samasthaanik hotey hain. aayatan "v" dou piston key beach kii aayatan haye. vyavhaar mein chakr koo oopar varnit prithak charanon mein vibhajit naheen kiya gayaa haye. aamtaur parr donon piston kii gatiyaan ack samanya ghoornan aksh dwara sanchaalit hoti hain joe gatiyon koo harmonic banaati hain. dou piston kii gatiyon key beach charan antar lagbhag 90° haye. aadarsh mamle mein chakr prativarti haye isaliye cop (sheetlan shakti aur input shakti kaa anupaat) "t" l/("t" a − "t" l) dwara diye gaye carnot cop key barabar haye.
jaisa kii oopar varnit haye, ack thandaa piston honah itna vyaavhaarik naheen haye, isaliye, kaee mamalon mein, thhande piston key bajaay ack visthaapak kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. visthaapak ack thhos shareer haye joe sheet sheersh mein aage-peechhe chalata haye aur punaryoji key madhyam seey sheet sheersh key germ aur thhande chhor key beach gais koo aage-peechhe chalaata haye. visthaapak koo sthanantarit karane key liye kissy kaam kii aavashyakta naheen haye kyonki aadarsh roop seey usa parr koee dabaav naheen haye. aamtaur parr isaki gati piston key saath 90 degree out off phase hoti haye. aadarsh mamle mein pulis vaale bhee carnot pulis vaale key barabar hotey hain.
ack anya prakaar kaa hilaane vaalaa sheetlak vibhajit-jodee prakaar (fig.4) haye, jisamen ack sampeedak, ack vibhajit pipe aur ack thhandi ungli hoti haye. aamtaur parr assie chumbakiya kshetron dwara sanchaalit dou piston vipareet dishaaon mein chalate hain (loudspeakers kii tarah). tathaakathit flecture bearing dwara piston koo nilambit kiya jaa sakata haye. way radial disha mein kathorta aur akshiya disha mein lachilaapan pradaan karate hain. piston aur compressor aavaran koo sparsh naheen hotaa haye isaliye kissy snehak kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye aur koee ghisaav naheen hotaa haye. thhandi ungli mein punaryoji koo ack vasant dwara nilambit kiya jaataa haye. sheetlak thhandi ungli key dravyamaan-spring pranali kii anunaad aavritti key paas ack aavritti parr kaam kartaa haye.
jee. aim.-refrigerator.
 jee. aaee. aff. dee.-mcmohan (jee. aim.) sheetlakon kaa kaee nimn-tapman pranaliyon mein vyaapak anuprayog paaya gayaa haye.jee. aim. aar. aaee. aur cryopumps mein. fig.5 ack yojnabaddh aarekh haye. seema mein dabaav mein helium kaam karane vaalaa taral padaarth haye. thhande sir mein ack sampeedan aur vistaar sthaan, ack punaryoji aur ack visthaapak hotaa haye. aamtaur parr punaryoji aur visthaapak ack shareer mein sanyukt hotey hain. thhande sir mein dabaav kii bhinnataaen ack ghoornan valve dwara samay-samay parr ack compressor key uchch aur nimn dabaav vaale pakshon seey jodkar praapt kii jaati hain. isaki sthiti visthaapak kii gati key saath samkaalik haye. valve key khulane aur bund honey key dauran aparivartaniya prakriyaaen hoti hain, isaliye jee. aim.-coolers mein aantarik nuksan hotaa haye. yeh iss prakaar key sheetlak kaa ack spasht nuksan haye. laabh yeh haye kii compressor aur visthaapak kii chakr aavrittiyaan binaa jode hoti hain taaki compressor power-line aavritti (50 yaa 60 heartz) parr chala sakey jabaki thhande sir kaa chakr 1 heartz haye. iss tarah seey compressor kii swept matra cooler kii tulanaa mein 50 yaa 60 gunaa cumm hoe sakati haye. mool roop seey gharelu refrigerator key (saste) compressor kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin compressor koo adhik germ honey seey rokna chaahiye kyonki yeh helium key liye design naheen kiya gayaa haye. uchch gunavatta vaale shuddhikaran jaal dwara tail vaashp koo punaryoji mein pravesh karane seey bhee rokna chaahiye.
sheetlan chakr.
chakr koo chaar charanon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye, fig.6 key saath, nimnanusarah
chakr cumm dabaav (ell. pee.) vaale valve key bund honey, uchch dabaav (aich. pee.) vaale valve key khule honey aur visthaapak key daaeen or (isaliye thhande kshetra mein) honey seey shuru hotaa haye. saaree gais kamare key tapman parr haye.
puls-tube refrigerator.
ack tathaakathit halchal-prakaar ekal-oriphis pee. tii. aar. koo yojnabaddh roop seey fig.7 mein darshaaya jaataa haye. baaen seey daaen isamen shamil hainh ack piston joe aage aur peechhe jaataa haye; ack heat exchanger x1 (thandaa honey key baad) jahaan garmi kamare key tapman ("tii" aeye) parr paryaavaran mein jaari kii jaati haye; ack punaryoji; cumm tapman ("tii" ell) parr ack heat exchanger xl jahaan garmi anuprayog seey avashoshit hoti haye; ack tube, jise aksar puls tube kahaa jaataa haye; ack heat exchanger x3 seey kamare key tapman ("tii" aeye); ack pravaah pratirodh (oriphis); ack buffer volume, jisamen dabaav "pee" bee vyaavhaarik roop seey sthir hotaa haye.
jool-thomson cooler.
jool-thomson (jey. tii.) cooler kaa aavishkaar carle wonn linde aur villium hampson ney kiya thaa isaliye ise linde-hampson cooler bhee kahaa jaataa haye. yeh ack saral prakaar kaa sheetlak haye jise vyaapak roop seey cryocular yaa sheetlak key (antim charan) key roop mein lagu kiya jaataa haye. ise aasaani seey chhota kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin iska upayog praakritik gais key dravikaran mein bhee bahut badey paimaane parr kiya jaataa haye. jey. tii. dravikarak kaa ack yojnabaddh aarekh fig.8 mein diyaa gayaa haye. isamen ack sampeedak, ack pratipravaah taap vinimaayak, ack jey. tii. valve aur ack jalaashay hotaa haye.
sheetlan chakr.
fig.8 mein dabaav aur tapman nitrogen dravikarak key mamle koo sandarbhit karate hain. compressor key pravesh dwaar parr gais kamare key tapman (300 key) aur 1 baar (bindu aeye) kaa dabaav hoti haye. sampeedan garmi koo thandaa paani dwara hataa diyaa jaataa haye. sampeedan key baad gais kaa tapman pariveshi tapman (300 key) hotaa haye aur dabaav (bindu bee) hotaa haye. isake baad yeh pratipravaah taap vinimaayak key germ (uchch dabaav) paksh mein pravesh kartaa haye jahan ise poorv-sheetlan kiya jaataa haye. yeh vinimaayak koo bindu see parr chhod detaa haye. jey. tii. vistaar key baad, bindu dee, iska tapman 1 baar kaa dabaav hotaa haye. taral ansh "x" haye. taral jalaashay (bindu ee) key neeche pranali koo chhod detaa haye aur gais (ansh 1 − "x") pratipravaah taap vinimaayak (bindu aff) key thhande (cumm dabaav) paksh mein bahati haye. yeh garmi vinimaayak koo kamare key tapman (bindu aeye) parr chhod detaa haye. pranali koo sthir sthiti mein rakhane key liye, taral ansh "x" kii bharpai key liye gais kii aapoorti kii jaati haye jise hataa diyaa gayaa haye.
jaba cryocular key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye tou shuddh nitrogen key bajaay gais mishran kaa upayog karna behtar hotaa haye. iss tarah seey dakshata mein sudhaar hotaa haye aur uchch dabaav 200 baar seey bahut cumm hotaa haye.
jool-thomson coolers aur jool-thomson refrigerator kaa adhik vistrit vivaran yahaan paaya jaa sakata haye.
haal key vikas aur anuprayog.
cryoculars infrared detection aur applied superconductivity key liye ack pramukh saksham takneek hain. anuprayogon mein superconducting electronics aur quantum computing shamil hain. superconducting photon detector key liye compact cryoculars vikasit kiye gaye hain.
americi vayu senaa key vaigyaanik anusandhaan karyalaya dwara prakaashit saarvajanik dastaavez key aadhar parr, 10 key seey 150 key tapman seema mein thhos-sthiti sheetlan pradaan karane key liye maulik vigyaan aur praudyogiki koo vikasit karane key uddeshya seey ack saat varsheeya karyakram (2010-2017), vayu senaa dwara praayojit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen ohiyo raajya vishvavidyalaya, massachusets praudyogiki sansthaan, california praudyogiki sansthaan, boston vishvavidyalaya aur mishigan raajya vishvavidyalaya key shodhkarta shamil they.
aine"-prakaar kii bisb nanomaterials aur "pee"-prakaar key vaaee. bee. pee. dee. 2. pee. tii. composite iss cryogenic tapman seema parr sheetlan pradarshan koo badhaane mein vishesh pragati kaa pradarshan curr rahey hain. taing-dresselhoss siddhant" (shuang taing aur mildrade dresselhoss) ney bataaya haye kii quantum seemit bisb mishra dhaatu nanostructure key anisotropic parivahan vyavhaar upgrahon aur antariksh stations mein anuprayogon key liye 77 key seey neeche praasangik thermoelectric cooling pradarshan koo anukoolit curr sakate hain.

