
mamluk rajvansh (iraq)

mesopotamia () kaa mamluk rajvansh georgia key mamluk mool kaa ack rajvansh thaa jisane 18veen aur 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein iraq parr shasson kiya thaa.
ottoman samrajya mein, mamluk mukt purush they jinhen islam mein parivartit kiya gayaa thaa, ack vishesh school mein prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa, aur phir sainya aur prashaasnik kartavyon key liye saunpa gayaa thaa. aise mamlukon ney 1704 seey 1831 taka ottoman iraq kii adhyakshata kii.
mamluk shaasak abhijaat varg, joe mukhya roop seey caucasian adhikaariyon seey georgia aur circassian mool seey banaa thaa, apane ottoman adhipatiyon seey swaayatta kaa daavaa karane mein safal rhaa, aur kshetra mein vyavastha aur kuchh hudd taka aarthik samriddhi koo bahaal kiya. ottomans ney 1831 mein mamluk shasson koo ukhaad fenka aur dheere-dheere iraq parr apana seedha shasson lagu curr diyaa, joe pratham vishva yuddh taka chalaa, halanki mamluk iraq mein ack pramukh samajik-raajneetik bull baney rahey, kyonki baghdad mein adhikansh prashaasnik karmi poorv mamluk parivaaron seey aae they, yaa mamluk samay mein ullekhaniya varg key ack cross-section seey baney they.
prishthabhoomi.
mamlukon key uday seey pahale bhee, iraq kabhi bhee ottoman prashaasnik pranali mein poori tarah seey ekikrit naheen thaa. mosul praant koo timar pranali key tahat rakhaa gayaa thaa jahan ghudsavaar adhikaariyon koo karon kaa bhugtan kiya jaataa thaa. baghdad aur basra koo salian pranali mein rakhaa gayaa thaa jahan rajyapalon koo karadhan diyaa jaataa thaa. iran key saath nirantar yuddh ney ottoman niyantran koo aur kamjor curr diyaa. 1700 key dashak taka yeh samasya aur bhee kharaab hoti jaa rahee thee.
18veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein sthir logon aur baghdad donon mein mahatvapurna parivartan hue. sultan ahmed III (1703-30) key shasankal mein rajdhani mein saapeksh raajneetik sthirata aur vyaapak sudhaaron dwara chihnit kiya gayaa thaa-unamen seey kuchh europeeya model seey prabhaavit they-jinhen tulip avadhi key dauran grand vajir brahim paasha dwara lagu kiya gayaa thaa.
pichhali dou shataabdiyon kii tarah, iraq pratidvandi ottoman samrajya aur safavid samrajya key beach ack yuddh kaa maidan banaa rhaa. iss kshetra koo aksar antar-kabile sanghrshon kaa bhee saamana karna padaa.
hassan paasha kaa rajvansh.
mamlukon ney baghdad, basra aur shahrizor key pashalikon parr shasson kiya. mosul key pashaalik parr iraqi jalili rajvansh kaa shasson thaa. 
hassan paasha (1704-1723).
baghdad mein, hassan paasha (), georgia mool key ottoman governor, jinhen constantinople seey bheja gayaa thaa, aur unake bete ahmed paasha (1723-47) ney ack georgia key mamluk parivaar kii sthaapana kii, jisake madhyam seey unhone adhikaar kaa prayog kiya aur praant kaa prashaasan kiya.
ahmed paasha (1723-1747).
hassan key bete aur uttaradhikari, ahmed () ney mamlukon kii bharti karna jaari rakhaa aur unhein pramukh prashaasnik aur sainya padon parr padonnat kiya. hassan aur ahmed donon ney aniyantrit janjaatiyon parr ankush lagaakar aur sthir logon mein khajaane mein karon key sthir pravaah koo surakshit karke aur saath hii iran key safavid aur afsharid seey ack aur sainya khatare key khilaf iraq kaa bachaav karke ottoman bandargah key liye ack moolyavaan seva pradaan kii.
1747 mein ahmed paasha kii mrityu taka, unake mamlux koo lagbhag 2,000 purushon ("georgia key rakshak") key ack shaktishali, aatm-sthaayi kuleen dall mein sangathit kiya gayaa thaa. ahmed kii mrityu parr, sultan ney inn mamlukon koo satta sambhaalane seey rokane kaa prayaas kiya aur ack baahari vyakti koo baghdad mein apane vallie key roop mein bheja. haalaanki, ahmed key damad suleiman aboo laila, joe pahale seey hii basra key prabhaari they, ney apane georgia key gaard key sir mein baghdad parr chadhaai kii aur ottoman prashaasak koo bedkhal curr diyaa, jisase iraq mein 84 varshon key mamluk shasson kaa udghaatan huaa.
suleiman aboo laila paasha (1749-1762).
1750 taka, suleiman aboo laila ney khud koo baghdad mein ack nirvivaad guru key roop mein sthaapit curr liya thaa aur port dwara iraq key pahale mamluk paasha key roop mein maanyata praapt thee. nava sthaapit shasson ney ottoman sarkaar seey adhik swaayatta praapt karane aur arab aur kurdish janjaatiyon key pratirodh parr ankush lagaane key liye ack abhiyaan shuru kiya. way dakshin mein all-muntafiq khatron kaa mukabala karane mein kamyab rahey aur basra koo apane niyantran mein leey aae. unhone omani aur europeeya vyaapaar koo protsaahit kiya aur 1763 mein british east india company koo basra mein ack agency sthaapit karane kii anumati dee.
omer paasha (1762-1776).
halanki, mamluk shasson kii safalata abhee bhee iraq key bheetar apane ottoman adhirajyon aur dhaarmik abhijaat varg key saath sahyog karane kii unaki kshamata parr nirbhar karati haye. bandargah kabhi-kabhi baghdad key aprasiddh paashon koo hataane key liye bull kaa upayog karate they, lekin mamluk pashaalik parr apani pakad banaae rakhane mein saksham they, aur yahaan taka kii apane kshetra kaa vistaar bhee curr sakate they. haalaanki, way uttaradhikar kii ack niyamit pranali koo surakshit karane mein whiffle rahey aur pratidvandi mamluk parivaaron key kramik gathan key parinamswarup gutbaji aur lagaatar satta sangharsh hue. mamluk shasson key liye ack aur badaa khatra iran seey aaya, jisake punarutthaansheel shaasak, kareem khaan ney iraq parr aakraman kiya aur 1776 mein mamluk general suleiman aaga dwara diye gaye lambe aur jiddi pratirodh key baad apane bhaai saadik khaan koo basra mein sthaapit kiya. port ney sankat kaa fayda uthaane key liye jaldbaji kii aur ack gair-mamluk key saath omer paasha () koo badal diyaa, joe vyavastha banaae rakhane mein asamarth saabit huaa.
suleiman paasha mahaan (1780-1802).
1779 mein, mahaan suleiman () shiraaz mein apane nirvaasan seey laute aur 1780 mein baghdad, basra aur shahrizor key rajyapal pada koo praapt kiya. iss suleiman paasha koo "byuk" (turkey mein "mahaan") key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur unakaa shasson (1780-1802) pahale kushal thaa, lekin jaise-jaise vaha badaa hotaa gayaa, kamjor hoe gayaa. unhone apane kabile koo majboot karane key liye badee sankhya mein georgia key logon kaa ayaat kiya, gutbaddh mamluk parivaaron parr apani sarvochata parr jore diyaa aur janisari key prabhaav koo pratibandhit curr diyaa. unhone arthavyavastha koo badhaava diyaa aur europe key saath vanijya aur kootneeti koo protsaahit karna jaari rakhaa, jise 1798 mein ack badaa badhaava milaa jaba suleiman ney baghdad mein ack sthaayi british agent kii niyukti kii anumati dee. haalaanki, uttari iraq mein arab janjaatiyon key khilaf unakaa sangharsh iss tathya key bavjood cumm thaa kii unhone vidrohiyon koo berahami seey kuchal diyaa thaa.
allie paasha (1802-1807).
suleiman paasha kii 1802 mein mahaan kii mrityu key baad allie paasha, kayamakam, janisari key ahmed aaga netaa aur saleem aaga key beach ack shakti sangharsh thaa, jise allie paasha () ney jeetaa thaa, jinhone kurdish janjaatiyon koo anushaasit karane key liye ack abhiyaan shuru kiya, jinhone apane jaanvaron key madhyam seey ack shraddhanjali dee, phir sinjar mein yazidiyon dwara vidroh koo neeche giraa diyaa, phir taal afaar kii sawari kii aur muhammad binn all shaavi aur unake bhaai koo giraftar kiya aur una donon koo maar daala, unake prati shatruta key kaaran, phir vaha vahaan avyavastha koo shaant karane key liye baghdad laut aaya.
allie paasha ney 1803 aur 1806 mein najaf aur pahaadi key khilaf wahabi chhaapon koo peechhe hataa diyaa, lekin registan parr unake prabhutva koo chunauti dene mein whiffle rahey.
allie paasha kii 1807 mein madar begg all abadhi aur unake anuyaayiyon dwara unake khilaf vyaktigat dwesh key kaaran hatyaa curr dee gaee thee, jabaki allie prarthana curr rahey they, way shuru mein chaku markar bhaag gaye they, lekin unhein pakad liya gayaa aur unake shavon koo baghdad bhejkar maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
suleiman paasha dha little (1807-1810).
1807 mein allie kii hatyaa key baad, unake bhatije suleiman paasha ney sarkaar koo apane haathon mein leey liya. praantiya swaayattaon koo cumm karane key liye, sultan mahmoud dwiteeya (1808-39) ney 1810 mein baghdad seey mamlukon koo hataane kaa apana pahala prayaas kiya. ottoman sainikon ney suleiman koo padchyut curr diyaa aur maar daala, lekin phir seey desh parr niyantran banaae rakhane mein whiffle rahey. 1816 mein ack aur kadve aantarik jhagade key baad, suleiman key urjaavaan damad davud paasha ney apane pratidvandi paasha (; 1813-16) koo baahar curr diyaa aur baghdad parr niyantran curr liya. ottoman sarkaar ney anichha seey unake adhikaar koo maanyata dee.
davud paasha (1816-1831).
davud paasha () iraq key mamluk shasakon mein seey antim they. davud paasha ney mahatvapurna aadhunikikaran karyakramon kii shuruat kii jisamen naharon koo saaf karna, udyogon kii sthaapana karna, europeeya prashikshakon kii madad seey senaa mein sudhaar karna aur ack mudran press kii sthaapana karna shamil thaa. unhone apane darbar mein vistrit dhumdham aur paristhitiyon koo banaae rakhaa. arab janjaatiyon key saath samanya pareshaniyon aur sheikhon key saath aantarik matbhedon key alawa, vaha kurdon key saath adhik gambhir ladaai aur baaban kii kurd riyasat mein prabhaav koo laker iran key saath sangharsh mein shamil thaa. sangharsh kii parinati 1818 mein iraq parr irani aakraman aur suleimania key kabje mein hui. baad mein, davud paasha ney 1826 mein constantinople mein janisari key vinash kaa laabh uthaaya, aur ack swatantra sthaaniya bull key roop mein janisari koo samaapt curr diyaa.
iss beach, iraq mein swaayatt shasson kaa astitva, joe lambe samay seey logon mein chinta kaa ack srot thaa, bandargah key liye aur bhee adhik khatarnak hoe gayaa jaba misra key muhammad allie paasha ney ottoman seeriya parr daavaa karna shuru curr diyaa. 1830 mein, sultan ney daaood paasha koo barkhast karane kaa adesh diyaa, lekin adesh leey jaane vaale doot koo baghdad mein giraftar curr liya gayaa aur usey maar diyaa gayaa. 1831 mein, allie rija paasha key tahat ottoman senaa ney aleppo seey iraq mein march kiya. baadh aur bubonic plaig kii mahamari seey tabah, baghdad ney duss saptah kii lambi nakabandi key baad aatmasamarpan curr diyaa, jisase badey paimaane parr akaal padaa. davud paasha, iraq key bheetar sthaaniya padariyon key virodh kaa saamana karate hue, ottomans key saamane aatmasamarpan curr diyaa aur unake saath pakshapaat kiya gayaa. unakaa jeevan 1851 mein samaapt hoe gayaa, jaba way madina mein mandir key sanrakshak they. 1831 mein baghdad mein sultan key nae rajyapal key aagaman ney iraq mein pratyaksh ottoman shasson kii shuruat kaa sanket diyaa.
nae ottoman governor, allie ridha paasha, koo antim mamluk paasha koo apadasth kiye jaane key baad bhee baghdad mein abhee bhee vyaapak mamluk upasthiti key saath samjhauta karane key liye majboor honah padaa thaa. baad mein unhone poorv mamluk governor suleiman paasha kii betty seey shaadi kii.