
shishu neend prashikshan

shishu neend prashikshan yaa niyantrit rona ack maataa-pitaa yaa dekhbhal karane vaale dwara bachche kii neend key vyavhaar mein sudhaar karane kaa ack tarika haye joe bachche koo swatantra roop seey basane kii anumati dene key liye samay antaral parr apane shishu key rone kaa jawab detaa haye. visheshagya shishu koo neend prashikshan 6 maheene kii umr seey pahale shuru naheen karane kii salah dete hain.
pahale varsh mein neend kaa vikas.
jeevan key pahale varsh key dauran, shishu apana adhikansh samay sote hue bitaate hain. ack shishu kaee avadhiyon seey gujar sakata haye, jise neend pratigaman kahaa jaataa haye. yeye 1 saptah seey shuru hoe sakate hain, joe saptahik yaa pakhwade mein 8 saal kii umr taka hoe sakate hain, joe janmajaat aur baahari karakon key kaaran neend mein yogdan karate hain.
lambe samay taka neend kii avadhi" (ell. aiss. pee.) vaha avadhi haye jaba ack bachcha binaa jaagane key sotaa haye. iss avadhi kii avadhi pahale aur dusare maheenon key beach naatakiya roop seey badh jaati haye. teen aur ekvees maheene kii umr key beach, ell. aiss. pee. pathaar, ausatan kewal 30 minut taka badhata haye. isake vipareet, ack bachche kii "sabse lambi swa-viniyamit neend kii avadhi" (ell. aiss. aar. aiss. pee.) vaha avadhi haye jaba neend kii samasyaon key binaa ack bachcha jaagane parr maataa-pitaa key hastakshep key binaa neend kii shuruat karane mein saksham hotaa haye. iska matlab haye kii bachcha apane maataa-pitaa kii madad key binaa sou sakata haye. yeh aatm-niyaman, jise aatm-sukhdaayak bhee kahaa jaataa haye, bachche koo raat kii avadhi key dauran inn kaushal kaa lagaatar upayog karane kii anumati detaa haye. pahale chaar maheenon, pathaaron mein ell. aiss. aar. aiss. pee. kii lambai naatakiya roop seey badh jaati haye, aur phir nau maheenon mein lagaatar badh jaati haye. lagbhag chhah maheene taka, adhikansh shishu raat mein nirbaadh roop seey yaa jaagane parr maataa-pitaa key hastakshep key binaa aathh ghante yaa usase adhik sou sakate hain.
ack seey teen maheene kii umr kaa ack shishu teen seey chaar ghante taka chalane vaali avadhi mein dinn mein solah seey athaarah ghante sou sakata haye. teen maheene taka, neend kii avadhi lagbhag chaar yaa paanch ghante taka badh jaati haye, kull neend key samay mein kamee key saath lagbhag chaudah yaa pandrah ghante hoe jaati haye. teen maheene mein, way andhera honey parr soney lagate hain aur halka honey parr jaag jaate hain. dou alag-alag jhapaki avadhi hainh madhya-subah aur dair dopahar. anta mein, chhah maheene taka sabse lamba ell. aiss. pee. chhah ghante kaa hotaa haye aur raat key dauran hotaa haye. chaudah ghante key kull ausat neend key samay key saath dou teen-yaa-adhik ghante kii jhapaki hoti haye.
haalaanki neend mukhya roop seey ack javic prakriya haye, lekin ise ack vyavhaar key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye. iss prakaar neend koo abhyaas key madhyam seey badala aur prabandhit kiya jaa sakata haye aur bachche dwara seekha jaa sakata haye, isi tarah vayask ise kaise badal sakate hain aur herfer curr sakate hain. paschimi europeeya sanskriti aur anya jagahon mein, inn aadton mein aam taur parr paalana mein sonaa (kaar kii seat, ghumakkad yaa jhoole key bajaay), neend aaney parr soney key liye rakhaa jaanaa, lekin jaagana, aur nakaratmak neend sanghon seey bachana, jaise kii soney key liye nursing yaa soney key liye ack shaant karane vaale kaa upayog karna shamil haye.
yell child studdy center mein doctor linda meyas aur donald kohain ney nishkarsh nikala kii shishu key liye aadarsh soney kaa samay shaam 6 baje seey raat 8 baje key beach hotaa haye, jisamen aadarsh jaagane kaa samay subah 6 baje seey subah 7 baje key beach hotaa haye. chaar maheene kii umr mein, shishu aamtaur parr dinn mein dou seey teen baar ghante kii jhapaki lete hain, teesari jhapaki lagbhag nau maheene taka cumm hoe jaati haye. 9 maheene taka, unaki neend kaa swaroop swabhavik roop seey samanya hoe jaataa haye. ack saal kii umr taka, adhikansh shishuon koo raat mein jitani neend milati haye, vaha vayaskon kii neend key barabar hoti haye.
achchi neend kii sthiti.
johns hopkins vishvavidyalaya kii sylvia bell ney bataayah pahale varsh key anta taka rone mein vyaktigat antar shishu chidchidaapan mein samvaidhaanik antar key bajaay maatri pratikriya key itihas koo darshaate hain. vaha yeh bhee bataati haih maatri pratikriya kii nirantarta aur sheeghrata shishu key rone kii aavritti aur avadhi mein girawat seey judee hui haye. jaba iss maatri pratikriya kaa paalan kiya jaataa haye, tou ghanti nott karati haye kii shishu key saath shaaririk sampark lagu karna sabse prabhaavi haye.
achaanak shishu mrityu syndrome (aiss. aaee. dee.) koo rokane key liye neend kii sthiti bhee mahatvapurna haye. yeh anushansa kii jaati haye kii bachchon key liye soney key liye uchit sthiti poori raat unaki peeth parr letna haye. unakaa bistar dridh honah chaahiye aur paalana khilaunon yaa kambal seey mukt honah chaahiye joe bachche koo chot yaa dumm ghutane kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain. paalana mein khule kambal aur khilaune bachche key liye seeds kaa khatra badhaa sakate hain.
neend prashikshan mein vivaad.
neend prashikshan mein ack pramukh bahas maataa-pitaa key sukhdaayak honey aur bachche koo aatm-shaant karane key liye sikhaane key beach sahee santulan praapt karane key ird-gird ghoomati haye. kuchh maataa-pitaa joe lagaav paalan-poshan kaa abhyaas karate hain, unhein lagata haye kii jaba bhee vaha rotaa haye tou maataa-pitaa koo bachche kii dekhbhal karni chaahiye. adhyayanon key anusaar, 20 seey 30 pratishat shishuon mein neend kii samasyaaen paaee gaee hain, joe maataa-pitaa koo jaagate rakhate hain. haalaanki, kaee lokpriya neend prashikshan vidhiyaan, jaise kii ferber vidhi, bachche koo kuchh minaton key liye rone dene parr nirbhar karati haye, taaki baahari roop seey pradaan kiye gaye sukhdaayak parr adhik nirbharta key bajaay aatm-sukhdaayak kaushal koo badhaava diyaa jaa sakey. kroor honey key liye kuchh logon dwara furber vidhi kii aalochana kii gaee haye. vikasatmak manovaigyaanik shodh ney pradarshit kiya haye kii jeevan key pahale varsh mein shishu kii swatantrata parr jore denaa asurakshit lagaav key saath sahsambaddh haye, joe bachpan mein kharaab sahakarmi sambandhon aur adhik nirbharta kii or leey jaataa haye.
ack anya vidhi shishu neend kii samasyaon koo prabhaavi dhang seey cumm karane key liye vyavhaaraatmak shishu neend hastakshep haye aur alp seey madhyam avadhi mein sambandhit maatri avasaad haye. iss yaadrichhik vidhi koo aajmaaya gayaa aur prabhaavi paaya gayaa, halanki bachchon key bhaavnaatmak vikas aur tanaav viniyaman aur bachche-maataa-pitaa key sambandh parr deerghakaalik nuksan key baare mein chinta bunny hui haye. 
kuchh shishu sukhdaayak takneekon mein bachche koo ack hilaa dene vaali kursi parr baithe hue uchhalaana aur hilaa denaa, unhein pakadate hue ghutane jhukaana, aaraam seey khaana khilana, unhein ack shaant karane vaalaa pradaan karna, safed shore kaa upayog karna, unhein swadling karna, twacha seey twacha kaa sampark karna aur unhein yaantrik roop seey hilaa dene key liye ack bouncer yaa swing kaa upayog karna shamil haye.
ack adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii asiai deshon key 80 pratishat shishu apane maataa-pitaa key saath ack kamra saajha karate hain. inn maataa-pitaa ney caucasian deshon kii tulanaa mein cumm samagr neend kii soochana dee, jahaan 50 pratishat shishuon key jeevan key pahale kuchh maheenon key dauran apane maataa-pitaa key saath ack kamra saajha karane kii soochana dee gaee thee.
adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii vyavhaar takneeken una shishuon mein kushal, swasth neend key pattern koo badhaava detee hain joe maataa-pitaa unakaa abhyaas karate hain. ack adhyayan mein bataaya gayaa kii maataa-pitaa raat mein cumm jaagate hain aur inn vyavhaar takneekon koo sikhaae gaye samooh mein maataa-pitaa kii adhik kshamata mahsoos karate hain.
shishu kii neend parr anya prabhaav.
neend key samekan mein samasyaon key saath kaee karakon koo jodaa gayaa haye, jisamen ack bachche kaa swabhaav, jiss hudd taka way stanpan banaam stanpan curr rahey hain, shamil hain. bottle seey khilaaya gayaa, aur dinn key dauran unaki gatividhiyaan aur neend.
stanpaane koo formula-poshit shishuon kii tulanaa mein raat mein adhik jaagane seey jodaa gayaa haye kyonki shishu kii stun doodh koo formula kii tulanaa mein adhik jaldi pachaane kii kshamata haye. stanpan karaane vaale shishuon koo formula-poshit shishuon kii tulanaa mein baad kii umr mein raat bhar sonaa shuru karate hue dekhaa gayaa haih formula-poshit shishu 6-8 saptah key beach raat bhar sonaa shuru curr dete hain, jabaki stanpan karaane vaale shishuon koo raat bhar soney seey pahale 17 saptah taka lugg sakate hain.
anabhigya neend key pattern key parinam.
vartamaan gyaan seey pataa chalata haye kii joe shishu apani neend key pattern koo swa-viniyamit karna naheen seekhate hain, way sambhaavit manovaigyaanik aur shaaririk samasyaon kaa saamana karate hain. vartamaan saahitya kii reports mein kahaa gayaa haye kii "bachpan mein neend kii samasyaaen shishu key kathin swabhaav, baad mein vyavhaar samasyaon kii badhati sambhavana, sangyanatmak kshamataon seey samjhauta aur shareer key vajan mein vriddhi seey judee hain" (wolfson, aeye.; abhaav, pee.; futerman, aeye (1992). shishuon kii neend kii samasyaaen adhik maataa-pitaa key avasaad, tanaav, jeevan kii gunavatta mein kamee, shaaririk swaasthya mein kamee aur aparyaptata kii bhaavanaon seey judee hoti hain.; abhaav, pee.; futerman, aeye (1992).

