
communist party yuu. aiss. aeye. aur americi shram andolan (1919-1937)

communist party america aur usake sahyogiyon ney sanyukt raajya america key shram andolan mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, vishesh roop seey 1930 aur 1940 key dashak mein, lekin samaajvaad aur udyog parr poorna shramikon key niyantran key liye ladane key apane agende mein shram andolan koo laane mein yaa kissy vishesh sangh mein apane prabhaav koo party key liye sadasyata laabh mein badalane mein safal naheen they. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad aantarik sangh raajneetik ladaai mein apane samarthakon kii haar aur 1950 mein una sanghon key nishkasana key baad seey cp kaa shram mein kewal nagany prabhaav rhaa haye, jisamen unakaa sabse adhik prabhaav thaa. communists key nishkasana key baad, sanyukt raajya mein sangathit shram mein lagaatar girawat shuru hui.
itihaaskaar iss baat seey asahmat hain kii sangh andolan ney kabhi ack shramik dall kyon naheen banaaya aur kyon americi shramikon ney pichhale nabbe varshon mein kabhi bhee kissy bhee sankhya mein samajwadi dalon koo naheen apanaaya haye. kuchh logon ney tark diyaa haye kii americi asadharanta key ack tanaav ney yuu koo banaaya.aiss. una dalon key prati pratirodhi karyakarta jinhone varg sangharsh parr jore diyaa; anya logon ney vampanth kii viphalata kaa shreya majboot sanghon key nirmaan mein apani safaltaon koo diyaa haye, lekin ekataa yaa alpakaalik laabh key liye apane raajneetik aur samajik agende koo cumm karane kii keemat parr. anya loga thheek vipareet sthiti lete hainh kii vampanthiyon ney apane vaichaarik jhaagon dwara shram andolan kaa netritva karane kii apani shakti khou dee. shram andolan key bheetar cp kaa itihas inn sabhi shodhon kaa samarthan curr sakata haye.
seepusa kii sthaapana aur praarambhik varsh.
america kii communist party kii sthaapana 1919 mein hui thee, dou samoohon mein seey joe america kii samajwadi party seey toot gaye jaba usane commintern mein shamil honey seey incar curr diyaa. cp key mool mool kaa maanana thaa kii roose mein bolshevik kranti kii jeet kaa matlab thaa kii kranti paschim mein bhee haath mein thee.
sanghon key prati cp kaa praarambhik drishtikon usa sahasrabdi drishtikon koo darshaata haye. party key ack netaa key anusaar, isaki sthaapana key samay, "aadhe darjan pratinidhiyon koo ikattha karna mushkil hotaa joe trade union andolan key baare mein kuchh bhee jaanate they."yuddh key turant baad key varshon key dauran party kaafee hudd taka ack gupt sangathan bhee bunn gaee, kyonki cumm chhaapon key kaaran party key hajaaron sadasyon kii giraftari aur nirvaasan huaa.
usa samay cp ney americi shram sangh koo kranti key bajaay sudhaarvaad key pralobhnon koo samaapt karane key liye ack dushman key roop mein nasht kiya. unhone adhikansh trade union gatividhiyon koo aparyaapt krantikari key roop mein bhee neecha dekhaah bhale hii 1919 mein shram andolan hadtaalon kii ack badee lahar mein lagaa huaa thaa, jisamen washington key ciatal mein ack samanya hadtaal bhee shamil thee, party key sadasyon kii unamen koee bhoomika naheen thee. isake bajaay unhone shramikon seey apane alpakaalik aarthik lakshyon koo alag rakhane aur raajya koo ukhaad fenkane parr dhyaan kendrit karane kaa aagrah kiya.
profintern, yaa "shram sanghon kaa laal antarrashtriya", 1921 mein see. pee. koo badalane key liye majboor curr diyaa, jaba isane yuu.aiss. saamyavaadi ise ack krantikari nikaay banaane key liye aeye. aff. ell. key bheetar kaam karate hain-jise aiss. pee. sadasyon kii ack pichhali peedhi ney "bheetar seey ubaau" kahaa thaa."ise puuraa karane key liye, profintern ney trade union ajucational leag koo maanyata dee, joe villium jaid dwara sthaapit ack sangathan haye. paalak, jaisa kii iska yuu.aiss. sambaddh.
fuel koo cp key wing key tahat laane key apane samjhaute seey pahale, ack syndicalist, joe maanata thaa kii karyakarta communist party jaise raajneetik sangathanon key bajaay union jaise shramikon key sangathanon key madhyam seey satta parr kabja curr lenge, ack sanghwadi thaa. unhone ispat udyog mein 1919 kii asafal hadtaal kaa netritva kiya thaa aur taba shikago shram sangh key adhyaksh johnn fitzpatrick key saath vishesh roop seey ghanishth sambandh sthaapit kiye they.
fuel ney maujooda sanghon key bheetar kaam kiya, audyogik sanghwad, ack shramik dall, asangathit aur soviyat sangh key ayojan key liye samarthan koo sangathit karane kii koshish kii. sthaaniya star parr vaam sanghwad key liye ack aadhar banaane kii koshish karate hue, tuel ney una netaaon key saath gathbandhan banaane kaa prayaas kiya jinhone apane kuchh agende koo saajha kiya.
halanki, kuchh sangathanaatmak safaltaon key baad, tuel fitzpatrick koo alag karane mein kamyab rhaa, unhein pramukh sahyogiyon key binaa chhod diyaa jaba fl ney tuel koo "dohare sangh" key roop mein ninda kii aur 1924 mein tuel sadasyon koo nishkaasit curr diyaa. cpusa ney adhik sahyogiyon koo khou diyaa jaba, comintern key adesh key tahat, isane robbert laa follet, sr kii pragatisheel party kii ummidwari key liye apane pichhale utsaahi samarthan koo vaapas leey liya. 1924 mein rashtrapati key liye.
doosari or, cp koo tuel kii madad key binaa shram andolan mein kuchh alpakaalik safalataaen mileen. 1920 key dashak kii shuruat mein newyork shahar mein kattarpanthi, badey paimaane parr apravasi, paridhan shramikon key beach cp koo vyaapak samarthan praapt thaa. kaee see. pee. sadasyon ney 1924 mein newyork shahar mein teen pramukh antarrashtriya mahila paridhan shramik sangh (ilgavu) sthaaniya logon mein netritva key pada jeete aur boston, shikago aur philadelphia mein anya sthaaniya karyalayon mein netritva key pada jeete. ilgavu key samajwadi netritva dwara unhein hataane key prayason key bavjood way una padon parr baney rahey.
lekin 1926 mein newyork mein vaam netritva ney 40,000 clockmakers kii hadtaal khone parr apana sub kuchh khou diyaa. sthaaniya sangh netritva ney cp key bheetar aantarik gutbaji key kaaran hadtaal kaa badaa hissa khou diyaah jaba union koo una sharton parr samjhauta karane kaa avsar milaa joe union kii maang seey cumm theen, tou union key netaa saude kii manjuri key liye cp key paas gaye. lekin sangh key bheetar party kaa ansh ise sweekaar karane key liye anichhuk thaa, iss darr seey kii isase unhein party key bheetar gutbaji key aarop lagenge. hadtaal kuchh aur maheenon taka chully, jiss samay sthaaniya logon ney ack nimn samjhaute koo sweekaar curr liya.
isane antarrashtriya sangh koo avsar diyaa jisaki usey aavashyakta theeh ilgavu key samajwadi netritva ney thake hue sthaaniya logon koo apane niyantran mein leey liya jaba way buss gaye aur unake samarthak virodh karane key liye bahut nirash they. jabaki cp ney chhote farr shramikon key sangh mein samarthan kaa ack majboot aadhar banaae rakhaa, yeh bahut badey paridhan udyog mein apani haar seey kabhi naheen uber paaya; isake vipareet, david dubinsky key netritva mein ilgavu agale chaalees varshon taka dridhata seey communist virodhi rhaa.
dwandwayuddh swayam kuchh samay key liye dohare sangh mein badal gayaa thaa, jisake liye aeye. aff. ell. ney usa parr aarop lagaaya thaa. tuel ney 1926 mein passack, nyu jersey mein oonee udyog key shramikon kii hadtaal kaa netritva kiya-jaba taka kii, comminteran ney usa varsh baad mein party koo iss aadhar parr gathit kissy bhee swatantra sangh koo chhodane kaa nirdesh diyaa kii yeye atee-vaam saahas kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. hadtaal, joe shayed kissy bhee mamle mein khou gaee hogi, chhah maheene baad aeye. aff. ell. key sanyukt kapada shramikon dwara hadtaal kaa netritva sambhaalane key baad haar mein samaapt hoe gaee.
cpusa baain or mudataa haye aur trade union unity leag.
1926 mein commintern dwara dohare sanghwad kaa khandan, halanki, neeti mein kewal ack asthaayi parivartan nikla; 1928 mein see. pee. ney koyla, kapada, khaadya aur paridhan udyogon mein nae see. pee.-netritva vaale sanghon kii sthaapana shuru kii aur 1929 mein fuel kaa naam badalkar trade union unity leag curr diyaa. neeti mein yeh parivartan stallin key baain or rukh key saath huaa kyonki vaha apane poorv sahayogi nikolai bukharin key khilaf chaley gaye they. cp netaa, jaise kii paalak, party mein apane padon parr baney rahane key liye taiyar they, jabaki joe naheen they, jaise kii jey lovestone, unhein nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
sanghon key prati cp kaa teesara karyakal 1919 seey 1921 taka lagbhag utanaa hii atee-vampanthi thaa jitna kii 1919 mein usaki sthiti thee. jabaki party ney "neeche seey ekjut morche" kii vakaalat karate hue anya samajwadi dalon parr "samajik fasiwadi" key roop mein hamla kiya aur afl koo "janata koo dabaane aur avyavasthit karane key liye ack anga" key roop mein ninda kii, jise shramikon koo kewal "sudhaarvaadi naukarshahi koo ukhaad fenkane" key liye shamil honah chaahiye joe unhein chalaati thee. isake bajaay cp ney iss ummeed mein nae krantikari sanghon kii sthaapana parr dhyaan kendrit kiya kii poonjeevaad kaa patan abhee koney mein thaa.
yeye nae dohare sangh, vaastav mein, aksar sanghon kii tulanaa mein adarak samoohon kii tarah they, jinamen kuchh sadasya they aur isase bhee cumm deerghakaalik sadasya they. phir bhee inn samoohon ney asangathit koo sangathit karane key liye kuchh veertapurna prayaas kiye. 1929 mein rashtriya kapada shramikon ney gastonia, uttari carolina mein hajaaron kapada shramikon kii hadtaal kaa netritva kiya, joe prabandhan dwara paanch sangh kaaryakartaon koo nikaal diye jaane key baad, unhein vaapas rokane key prayason key bavjood, baahar chaley gaye. nagrikon kii bheed dwara sangh karyalayon koo dhwast karane aur ack sangh karyakarta kii hatyaa karane key baad usa hadtaal koo kuchal diyaa gayaa thaa.
jabaki sthaaniya adhikaariyon, pracharakon aur samachar patron ney rashtriya kapada shramikon key ishwarheen saamyvaad key saath judaav aur shwet varchasva key virodh koo badhaava diyaa, yeh sambhavana naheen haye kii isase antim vishleshan mein bahut adhik antar aaya. kaee maheenon baad anya mill shaharon mein kapada shramikon kii sahaj hadtaal key baad jaba bahut cumm kattarpanthi aeye. aff. ell. ney hastakshep kiya tou adhikaariyon ney utani hii hinsak pratikriya vyakt kii. isi tarah usa hadtaal kaa anta saamoohik giraftari aur teen hadtaalkaariyon kii hatyaa mein huaa, jinhen sherifon ney peechhe goli maar dee.
khanik sangh.
khanan mein see. pee. key prayaas utane hii asafal rahey. 1920 key dashak mein jaba johnn ell. ney sanyukt khadaan shramikon key bheetar aantarik sanghrshon mein cp koo ack baar achchha samarthan diyaa thaa. luis ney sangh netritva key liye apane pratidvandiyon koo haraane key liye upalabdh harr hathiyar kaa istemal kiya, jabaki udyog mein majdoori aur kaam karane kii sthiti badatar hoe gaee. 1924 key chunaav mein luis key khilaf aam rashtrapati key liye daudane vaale dwandwa samarthit ummidwar koo aadhikarik tally mein 66,000 maton kaa shreya diyaa gayaa thaa-lagbhag aadhaa joe luis koo milaa thaa. see. pee. ney baad mein khud koo kuchh samay key liye, johnn broffi key saath gathbandhan kiya, jinaki "sev dha union" slate shayed 1926 mein rashtriya netritva key liye chunaav jeetati aggar vote loktaantrik roop seey aayojit kiya jaataa.
halanki, luis ney 1926 mein apani jeet key baad sangh seey sabhi dwandwayuddh aur broffi samarthakon koo prabhaavi dhang seey bhagaa diyaa. baad mein cp ney unhein ack sudhaarvaadi key roop mein ninda karate hue broffi key saath apane pulon koo jalaa diyaa.
see. pee. ney 1928 mein apane swayam key rashtriya khanik sangh kii sthaapana kii. yeh 1931 mein pensylvania aur ohiyo khadanon mein khanikon key hamale key baad majdoori mein katauti koo poorvavat karane key liye ack bhayankar sangharsh mein lagaa huaa thaa, lekin jaba khadaan sanchalakon ney hadtaal koo pahchaanane kaa vikalp chunaa-joe hadtaal mein shamil naheen thaa-naa kii aine. aim. yuu. key bajaay, phir aine. aim. yuu. koo pickett karane seey rokane key liye ack nishedhagya praapt kii.
aine. aim. yuu. ney ack hadtaal kaa netritva bhee kiya jise 1931 mein kentucky key harlen county mein aur bhee vinashkari parinamon key saath bulaaya gayaa thaa, kyonki sangh kissy bhee samay key liye hadtaal karane vaalon koo baahar rahane kii anumati dene key liye aavashyak raahat pradaan karane key liye taiyar naheen thaa, vishesh roop seey "bandook thagon" dwara hamalon key saamane."nasleeya bhedbhaav key liye aine. aim. yuu. key majboot virodh aur soviyat sangh key liye poore dill seey samarthan ney ise harlen county mein jyaadaatar kattarpanthi aur mukhya roop seey safed khanikon seey alag karane kaa kaam kiya. hadtaal ney applachia key sabse alag-thalag hisson mein seey ack mein bhayaanak sthitiyon koo prachaarit kiya, lekin hadtaal karane vaale khanikon key liye koee thhos laabh naheen huaa.
haalaanki, cp key liye kuchh ujjwal sthaan theh unake khaadya shramikon key audyogik sangh ney cafeteria aur restaraan shramikon koo safaltapurvak sangathit kiya, vishesh roop seey newyork mein, jahan kaee restaraan shramikon key sanghon koo dutch schults dwara unake shram rackett key hisse key roop mein leey liya gayaa thaa. una see. pee. key netritva vaale sanghon ney naa kewal schultz key gangsters koo rokaa, balki nyu york mein aeye. aff. ell. hotal karmchaariyon aur restaraan karmchaariyon key sangh key bheetar pramukh bunn gaye jaba way kaee varshon baad isase sambaddh hue.
samudri shramik audyogik sangh teesari avadhi mein jeevit naheen rhaa, lekin isane apani chhaap chhodi. naavikon aur lambe tata key logon key paas kattarpanthi rajneeti aur cumm yaa jyada sahaj naukari karyon kii parampara thee; iww 1920 key dashak key madhyam seey poorv aur paschim donon tata bandargaahon mein vishesh roop seey sakriya thaa. samudri shramik audyogik sangh (aim. vee. aaee. yuu.) ney kabhi-kabhaar hadtaalon kaa ayojan kiya, vaaee. aim. see. aeye. aur anya samoohon dwara berojgar shramikon key liye pradaan kii gaee aparyaapt raahat parr hamla kiya aur aim. vee. aaee. yuu. key samachar patron koo vitarit kiya. inn karyakramon ney kaee naavikon aur lambe tata key logon koo aakarshit kiya, jinamen hairi pull bhee shamil they, jinhone baad mein 1934 kii paschimi tata lambi tata hadtaal kaa netritva kiya.
tuul koo automobile udyog mein isi tarah kii seemit safalata millie, jahan isane dukaan kendra sthaapit kiye joe party koo audyogik sanghwad key abhiyaan seey jodate they. halanki, see. pee. auto shramikon kii bharti yaa ayojan kii tulanaa mein detroit aur anya auto kendron mein berojgar shramikon koo sangathit karane mein adhik safal rhaa.
nae saude key shuruati saal aur see. aaee. oh. kii sthaapana.
see. pee. ney shuru mein nae saude aur roozvelt prashaasan koo faasivaad key ack roop key roop mein dekhaa, kyonki rashtriya audyogik sudhaar adhiniyam ney nigamit niyam key ack roop key liye pradaan kiya, udyogon koo una sanhitaon parr baatchit karane key liye kahaa joe kewal apratyaksh sarkari paryavekshan key saath kimaton, utpaadan, shram sambandhon aur anya mamalon koo viniyamit karenge. aine. aar. aeye. key tahat banaae gaye sarkari panel aam taur parr niyokta kii maangon koo sweekaar karate hain aur shramikon key adhikaaron yaa jeevan star kii raksha karane kii tulanaa mein hadtaalon koo rokane key liye adhik chintit prateet hotey hain.
shramikon ney pratinidhitva key liye sanghon mein bheed lagaai, aksar kissy bhee sangh key ayojan key prayason seey pahale, iss vishvaas mein kii roozvelt aur aine. aar. aeye. unaki raksha karenge. luis aur umwa ney 1933 mein iss bhavna kaa laabh uthaaya jaba unake ayojakon ney khanikon seey kahaa kii "rashtrapati chaahte hain kii aap sangh mein shamil houn."jabaki umwa ayojakon kaa matlab rashtrapati luis hoe sakata haye, unhone kaee khanikon kii or seey galat dhaarana koo sahee naheen kiya, jinhone socha kii unakaa matlab rashtrapati roozvelt thaa.
hadtaalon kii ack lahar mein lagey shramik, 1921 key baad seey sabse adhik, 1934 mein. paschimi tata parr lambe tata parr logon, minnepolis mein truck chalakon, minnesota aur toldo, ohiyo mein automobile shramikon key beach sangh kii maanyata key liye sabse badee aur sabse mahatvapurna teen badee hadataalen theen. pratyek mamle mein hadtaal yaa tou ack samanya hadtaal yaa usake karib kuchh bunn gaee.
pratyek mamle mein kattarpanthiyon ney, yaa tou seepusa yaa anya vampanthi dalon seey judey, pramukh netritva bhoomika nibhai; see. pee. aur usake sahyogiyon, jaise kii hairi brij, ney paschimi tata key lambe tata parr hadtaal mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. halanki, see. pee. kaa prabhaav hairi pulon key vyaktigat karishme aur aim. vee. yuu. key bajaay bandargaahon parr isake sadasyon aur sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon dwara kii gaee kadee mehnat parr nirbhar kartaa thaa, joe kaafee hudd taka taba gayab hoe gayaa jaba isake kattarpanthi caders ney nae punarjeevit paschimi tata key sthaaniya logon mein sadasyata kaa anusaran kiya. jabaki pull spasht roop seey kabhi bhee see. pee. kaa sadasya naheen thaa-kuchh aisaa jise sarkaar ney ack dashak seey adhik samay mein chaar alag-alag parikshanon mein safalata key binaa saabit karane kii koshish kii-unhone party kaaryakartaon key saath milkar kaam kiya aur sangh key bheetar unake currier koo aage badhaane mein madad kii, jabaki hadtaal seey vikasit sangh, antarrashtriya lambe tata key logon aur godamon key sangh ney dashakon taka party kii rajneeti kaa samarthan kiya.
america key parivahan shramik sangh kii sthaapana mein party kii bhoomika aur bhee spasht theeh dou tule ayojakon, johnn santo aur austin hogan, ney 1934 mein sangh kii sthaapana mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai thee, aur mike quill sahit isake lagbhag sabhi mool netaa yaa tou party key sadasya they yaa party neetiyon key karibi anuyaayi they. kaee varshon key gupt ayojan, chhoti hadtaalon kii ack shrinkhala, 1937 mein bee. aim. tii. key kent avenue powerhouse mein ack dharna hadtaal aur kaee maheenon baad ack aine. ell. aar. bee. chunaav mein aaee. aar. tii. karmchaariyon key beach ack bhaari jeet key baad, donon ney newyork shahar key saarvajanik pargaman shramikon kaa pratinidhitva karane kaa adhikaar jeetaa.
phir bhee jaba see. pee. ney usa sangathan mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai, party key sadasya, yahaan taka kii way loga jinaki party kii sadasyata ateet mein khuli thee, ney apani sadasyata koo cumm karane yaa chhipaane kaa vikalp chunaa. 1934 mein congress key liye ack cp ummidwar, hogan ney apani party kii sambaddhata koo usa hudd taka niji rakhaa, jaba way newyork shahar key sthaaniya metro shramikon, too lokal 100 key adhyaksh baney. party ney apane dukaan key kagjat bund curr diye, joe 1935 mein "redd dynamo" aur "redd express" jaise naamon seey jaane gaye, jaba donon ayojakon ney daavaa kiya kii sangh mein party kii spasht bhoomika unake prayason mein hastakshep curr rahee thee aur jaba lokpriya morcha-nirmaan ney teesare daur key algavvad koo badal diyaa. jabaki party 1949 taka sangh mein prabhaavshaali rahee-kuchh ney kahaa kii pramukh-aur sangh ney nagrik adhikaaron, sabave key saarvajanik swaamitva aur kiraya vriddhi jaise muddon parr party neetiyon kaa bariki seey paalan kiya, party ney apane yogdan key liye koee shreya naheen liya aur party key sadasyon ney niyoktaon, sangh key bheetar virodhiyon aur jaanchkartaon key daavon koo jordar tareeke seey khariz curr diyaa kii party vaastav mein sangh mein ack badaa prabhaav thee.
coo.
isi tarah see. pee. ney pahale audyogik sangathanon kii navgathit congress, yaa see. aaee. oh. mein vyaktigat sadasyon key kaam key bull parr prabhaav praapt kiya. lii pressman, joe kii see. aaee. oh. key liye samanya salaahkaar they aur baad mein united steelworkers off america, soviyat sangh key liye jasusi mein shamil cp aur bhoomigat godam samooh key sadasya they. see. aaee. oh. key liye pahale prachaar nideshak, laine dee cox, isi tarah see. aaee. oh. key saath apane poore varshon key dauran see. pee. key sadasya they, jaisa kii see. aaee. oh. seey sambaddh sanghon key bheetar kaee aur aayojak aur rank-aind-file karyakarta they.
pressman aur dee cox jaise vyaktiyon ney see. oh. key liye kaam karane parr vichaar naheen kiya hotaa yadi see. pee. ney apani sthiti koo sampradayik shuddhata seey pahale ack sanyukt morche aur baad mein ack lokpriya morche kii neeti mein sthanantarit naheen kiya hotaa joe anya "pragatisheel taakton" key saath gathbandhan kaa paksh letee thee."usee samay nayaa sauda baain or muda rhaa thaa, donon key jawab mein niyoktaon dwara teji seey shatrutapurna pratikriya aur shramik asantosh kii lahar ney mahaan avasaad key pahale varshon key udaseen istife koo badal diyaa thaa. see. pee. ney kuchh saal pahale hii roozvelt koo ack fasiwadi key roop mein ninda kii thee, aur usey galey lagaane key karib aur karib aaa gayaa thaa.
usee samay see. aaee. oh. aur anya pragatisheel sangathan aur vyakti see. pee. key saath kaam karane key baare mein apane kaee apattiyon koo door karate hain. steel shramikon kii ayojan samiti key liye niyukt kiye gaye dou sou yaa usase adhik ayojakon mein seey, saath cp sadasya they, vishesh roop seey videshi mool key aur african-americi shramikon koo sangathit karane key liye jimmedaar karmchaariyon key beach aur shikago kshetra mein.
luis vishesh roop seey apane ayojakon kii raajneetik maanyataon seey chintit naheen they, jaba taka kii unhone sangathan koo niyantrit kiya. jaisa kii unhone ack baar prasiddh roop seey kahaa thaa, "main apane ayojakon yaa saha-sadasyon koo ulta naheen kartaa aur unhein yeh dekhane key liye hilaata naheen kii unake jeb seey kiss tarah kaa saahitya nikalata haye."unhone vahee pankti niji roop seey lii, jaba ilgavu key david dubinsky ney unase swalk staff parr communists key baare mein poochha; jaisa kii unhone dubinsky seey kahaa," pakshi kise milata haye? shikari yaa kutta?"
buniyaadi udyog kaa ayojan karna.
halanki, cp ney kewal karmchaariyon key padon kii talash key madhyam seey prabhaav naheen hassil kiya. acron, ohiyo mein rubber shramikon kii hadtaal mein, joe badey paimaane parr asantosh koo sangh laabh mein badalane kii cio kii kshamata key pahale pareekshan kaa pratinidhitva karati thee, kaee rank-aind-file netaa bhee cp sadasya they. hadtaal key baad gathit sanyukt rubber shramik sangh mein sthaaniya aur antarrashtriya star parr party kii upasthiti thee.
see. pee. ney sanyukt vidyut, radio aur machine shramikon key bheetar bhee bahut prabhaav daala america (yaa yuu. ee.), jisaki sthaapana 1936 mein aeye. aff. ell. aur chhote dukaan cocus dwara banaae gaye kaee sanghiya sanghon key vilay dwara kii gaee thee, joe badey paimaane parr see. pee. kaaryakartaon aur anya samajvadiyon aur kattarpanthiyon seey baney they, samanya bijli, westinghouse electric company aur anya asangathit companiyon mein. 1937 mein jaba james jey. ney see. pee. koo aur bhee adhik shaktishali banaa diyaa. cp key dhaatu shramik audyogik sangh key poorv pramukh mattles ney machinists key antarrashtriya sangh key saath ack sankshipt sambaddhata key baad kaee sthaaniya logon koo laaya. mattles aur anya cp sadasyon aur sahyogiyon ney agale baarah varshon key liye yuee key bheetar mahatvapurna padon key badey hisse parr kabja curr liya, jaba taka kii coo ney coo seey communist netaaon koo alag karane key liye isake bheetar ack vibhajan koo taiyar naheen kiya; unhone sangh key usa hisse key bheetar satta banaae rakhee, jiss parr antarrashtriya vidyut shramikon key sangh dwara chhaapa naheen maaraa gayaa thaa.
sanyukt auto karmchari.
cp ney aur bhee adhik parinam hassil kiye, lekin cumm deerghakaalik safalata, sanyukt automobile shramikon key bheetar kaam karate hue. yuu. ee. kii tarah, yuu. aeye. oh. kaa gathan bhee 1936 mein aeye. aff. ell. aur udyog mein anya sanghon key sthaaniya logon dwara banaae gaye kaee sanghiya sanghon seey kiya gayaa thaa. isake 25,000 shramikon mein seey lagbhag sabhi mishigan key baahar seey aae they.
sangh key shuruati varshon mein sabse pramukh yuu. aeye. oh. kaaryakartaon mein seey ack windham mortimer they, jinhone cleveland, ohiyo mein safed motors key khilaf hadtaal kaa netritva kiya thaa. mortimer koo yuu. aeye. oh. key pahale sammelan mein upaadhyaksh chunaa gayaa thaa aur aggar unaki party kii sadasyata key baare mein chinta naheen thee tou way adhyaksh chune jaa sakate they.
mortimer aur see. pee. ney usa pahale sammelan mein george edes, phir yuu. aeye. oh. key sachiv-khajanchi, baad mein isake adhyaksh aur walter rayther key saath gathbandhan kiya, jinhone 1947 seey 1970 mein apani mrityu taka yuu. aeye. oh. kaa netritva kiya. see. pee. ney agale dashak key liye yuu. aeye. oh. key bheetar vampanthi cocus key kendra, edes key saath apana gathbandhan banaae rakhaa. reuther key saath iska gathbandhan bahut chhota saabit huaa.
jaba yuu. aeye. oh. ney samanya motors key baad jaakar udyog koo vyavasthit karane kaa faisala kiya, tou mortimer koo flint, mishigan bheja gayaa, jahan jee. aim. kaa utpaadan kendrit thaa. usa praarambhik charan mein bhee yuu. aeye. oh. key bheetar gutbaji, vishesh roop seey mortimer aur hommer martin key beach, yuu. aeye. oh. key pahale adhyaksh ney abhiyaan koo patari seey utaarane kii dhamki dee. jaba martin ney mortimer koo flint seey baahar nikala, tou mortimer ney bobb travis, ack anya sangh karyakarta aur toldo seey cp sadasya, koo usaki jagah lene kii vyavastha kii.
travis ney flint sitt-down hadtaal mein ack sakriya bhoomika nibhai, jise machuara nikaay sanyantra key ander kuchh anubhavi cp autoworkers dwara sahaayata pradaan kii gaee-lekin anya kattarpanthi shramikon dwara bhee, kuchh trotskywadi dalon, samajwadi party yaa iww seey sambandhit they. yahee pattern paudhon key baahar lagu hotaa haih samajwadi party key sadasya, jaise kii walter rayther key bhaai victor rayther aur roy rayther, aur samajvadiyon aur poorv-samajvadiyon ney see. pee. sadasyon key saath sahyog kiya, jaise kii heinry cross, yuu. aeye. oh. key prachaar nideshak, cumm seey cumm sampradayik kalah key saath.
vaastav mein, cp ney dharna-hadtaal key dauran apani krantikari rajneeti koo cumm karke dikhaaya. kuchh hudd taka yeh jee. aim. aur usake sahyogiyon koo hadtaal key khilaf upayog karane key liye ack mudda dene seey bachane key liye thaa; kuchh hudd taka yeh party koo hadtaal karane vaalon seey door rakhane key darr seey thaa, joe see. pee. netritva kii raay mein, paaramparik sangh lakshyon koo praapt karane key liye krantikari sadhanon kaa upayog curr rahey they. isake vipareet, samajvadiyon kaa hadtaal karane vaale shramikon key bheetar bahut chhota aadhar thaa, lekin way dharna-pradarshan koo krantikari mahatva dene aur unamen apani bhoomika koo badhaane key liye bahut adhik ichchuk they.
steel key karigar.
ispat shramikon kii ayojan samiti mein cp aur bhee adhik chaukas thaa. cp apane bhagidaron aur niyoktaon koo daraane key liye chintit naheen thaah isaliye isake sadasyon ney apani party sambaddhata kaa vigyaapan karane kaa koee prayaas naheen kiya aur yahaan taka kii swalk sammelanon koo paik naheen karane key liye kadam bhee uthaaye.
naa hii paristhitiyon ney unhein netritva karane kaa bahut adhik avsar diyaa. yuu. aeye. oh. key vipareet, joe uthal-puthal bharey sanghrshon seey paida huaa thaa, jisamen see. pee. kaaryakartaon aur anya kattarpanthiyon ney pramukh bhoomika nibhai thee, swoke ney bahut adhik sheersh-down ayojan abhiyaan chalaaya, joe karibi niyantran key adheen thaa. swalk aayojak joe see. pee. seey sambandhit they, unhone sadasyon kii bharti aur ayojan mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, lekin shayed hii kabhi ack kshetra mein sthaaniya netaaon key saath aise sambandh vikasit karane key liye paryaapt samay taka rahey joe unhein party mein bharti karane kii anumati dey sakate they, aggar unhone aisaa karane kii koshish kii thee. unake paas kaarravaai kii swatantrata naheen thee joe mortimer, travis aur anya logon ney yuu. aeye. oh. key bheetar kii thee.
naa hii unake paas ack hii shakti thee. karmchari sadasyon key roop mein, pressman, dee cox aur swalk aayojak joe see. pee. seey sambandhit they, unakaa kewal see. aaee. oh. yaa swalk neeti parr apratyaksh prabhaav thaa aur anya muddon key liye samarthan yaa prachaar karane key liye koee swatantra aadhar naheen thaa. phillip murre, ack poorv umwa sahayogi, jinhen leviyon ney swalk key pramukh key roop mein sthaapit kiya thaa, ney praarambhik ayojan abhiyaanon key baad varshon mein sangh seey adhikansh communists koo baahar curr diyaa kyonki swalk america key sanyukt steel karyakarta bunn gaye. 1942 taka shuddhikaran lagbhag puuraa hoe gayaa thaa.

