
sahamati (aaparaadhik kaanoon)

aaparaadhik kaanoon mein, sahamati kaa upayog ack bahaane key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye aur prativaadi koo joe kiya gayaa thaa usake liye daayitva lene seey rokaa jaa sakata haye.
aaparaadhik daayitva key khilaf bachaav.
aaparaadhik daayitva key khilaf bachaav taba utpann hoe sakata haye jaba ack prativaadi tark dey sakata haye kii sahamati key kaaran, koee aparaadh naheen thaa (ee.jee.yeh tark dete hue kii ack automobile kaa upayog karane kii anumati dee gaee thee, isaliye yeh chori naheen thee yaa malik kii sahamati key binaa naheen lii gaee thee). lekin saarvajanik neeti key liye adalaton koo usa seema taka seema nirdhaarit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye jiss taka nagrikon koo sahamati dene kii anumati haye yaa dee gaee spasht sahamati seey baadhya honah haye.
udaaharan key liye, "maataa-pitaa key prati samarpan" key ack aavedan key roop mein, nabalig ack nirdisht ayu key tahat yaun sambandh banaane key liye sahamati naheen dey sakate hain, bhale hii vaidhaanik balatkar kaa vishesh udaaharan ack "peedit rahit" aparaadh hoe sakata haye. vayaskon key mamle mein, unaki kshamata parr samaan seemaaen lagaai gaee hain jahan raajya iss mudde koo paryaapt mahatva kaa maanata haye. iss prakaar, udaaharan key liye, ack samanya kaanoon raajya mein adhivaasit ack vyakti sahamati naheen dey sakata haye aur ack vaidh doosara vivaah naheen banaa sakata haye. doosara samaroh bhaavi jeevansathi koo bahuvivaah key aarop mein ujagar karane seey jyada kuchh naheen karega. isi tarah, ack anaitik sambandh key liye koee sahamati naheen dee jaa sakati haye aur naa hii una sambandhon key liye joe kissy ack paksh koo atyadhik hinsa key liye ujagar karate hain (jaise.jee. adhikansh raajyon mein ack niyam haye kii ack apmaanjanak pati parr mukadama chalaaya jaa sakata haye, bhale hii patni sahyog naa karey aur pati key bachaav kaa khandan karane key liye saboot naa dey kii patni ney sahamati dee).
angreji kaanoon mein, yaun aparaadh adhiniyam 2003 kaee apraadhon key "actus reus" seey sahamati key tatva koo hataa detaa haye, taaki kewal adhiniyam aur umr yaa anya baadhaon koo saabit karane kii aavashyakta hoe, jisamen shamil hainh
adhikansh raajyon mein aise kaanoon hain joe galat prastutiyon, dhokhe aur dhokhadhadi koo aaparaadhik banaate hain. yeye aisee sthitiyaan hain jinamen ack peedit ney dhana aur/yaa saman key swaamitva yaa kabje key saath alag honey key liye yaa aam taur parr nuksan jhelane key liye spasht sahamati dee hoe sakati haye, lekin iss sahamati koo asatya abhyavedan karane vaale vyakti kii beimani seey dooshit maanaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar, jabaki aaparaadhik kaanoon aam taur parr nagrik daayitvon seey bachane kaa ack saadhan naheen haye, aaparaadhik adaalaten apani sampatti vaapas karke yaa muaavaje key adesh dekar bholi koo kuchh sahaayata pradaan karane mein saksham hoe sakati hain.
sahamati seey gatividhi.
samasya hamesha yeh taya karane kii rahee haye kii peedit kii sahamati kiss star parr aprabhaavi hoe jaati haye. aitihaasik roop seey britten mein, bachaav koo taba aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa jaba choton kii matra "apang" (prati hockins kii taaj kii daleelen (8 veen sanskaran) thee.) 1824). aar vee donovan" (1934) air 207 mein jisamen swift jey. samanya niyam mein kahaa gayaa haih
haalaanki, sahamati kaee paristhitiyon mein maanya haye, jisamen sampark khel (jaise mukkebaji yaa mishrit yuddh kalaa), saath hii taitu banaana aur bhedna shamil haye. lekin sadomasochism key sandarbh mein, lord mustill ney "aar vee braun" (1993) mein vaastavik shaaririk nuksan key star koo thheek neeche nirdhaarit kiya haye. "aar vee willson" (1996), jisamen ack mamla shamil thaa jisamen ack pati ney apani patni key nitambon koo brand kiya thaa, ney iss baat koo barkarar rakhaa kii sahamati ack vaidh bachaav hoe sakati haye. iss kaary koo taitu banaane key liye tulaniya maanaa jaataa thaa, jabaki "braun" vishesh roop seey sadomasochism key liye lagu kiya jaataa thaa.
sado-masokistic yaun gatividhi key dauran sahamati key mudde parr "aar vee stein" (2007) mein vichaar kiya gayaa thaa, ack aisaa mamla jisamen ack pratibhaagi kii mrityu galaa ghontane key parinamswarup hui thee. adalat ney kahaa kii bhale hii peedit ney kissy koo rokane aur bund karane key liye sahamati dee hoe, usaki sahamati amaanya thee kyonki usake liye apane munh mein bund honey key baad vaapas lene key baare mein bataane kaa koee tarika naheen thaa.
sado-masochism key liye, "aar vee boy" (1992) 156 jey. pee. aar. 505 "donovan" mein "anupaat nirnay" kaa ack aur anuprayog thaa kii bhale hii usane vaastav mein prativaadi koo apani yoni mein apana haath rakhane aur ise modane kii anumati dekar chot lagaane key liye sahamati dee hoe, jisase usaki yoni mein aantarik aur baahari chotein lageen aur usake pubis parr chot lageen, mahila kii sahamati (yadi koee hoe) aprasangik hoti. adalat ney yaun mamalon key prati samajik drishtikon mein badalaav kaa nyaayik notice liya, lekin "hinsa kii seema... yeh mamuli chot key jokhim seey kaheen adhik thaa, jisake liye aggar vaha sahamati detee, tou usaki sahamati ack bachaav hoti. aar vee braun" mein, house off lords ney saarvajanik neeti key aadhar parr raksha koo aswikar curr diyaa (neeche dekhein). yeh samanya niyam kaa ack anuprayog haye kii ack baar ack upayukt "purush riyaaj" key saath ack "actus riyaaj" sthaapit hoe jaane key baad, koee bachaav sweekaar naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin vaakya koo cumm karane key liye sakshya koo sweekaar kiya jaa sakata haye.
iss nirnay kii pushti "laski banaam united kingdam" (1997) 24 ee. aar. aar. 39 mein iss aadhar parr kii gaee thee kii haalaanki abhiyojan paksh ney shamil logon key niji jeevan mein hastakshep kiya hoga, lekin yeh saarvajanik swaasthya kii suraksha key liye uchit thaa. aar vee amet" (aprakaashit, 18 juuna 1999) mein, unaki sahamati seey yaun gatividhi key hisse key roop mein, mahila ney apane saathi koo apane sir koo plastic key thaile seey dhakane kii anumati dee, ise gardan parr kaskar baandh diyaa. ack alag avsar parr, vaha sahmat hui kii vaha usake stanon parr ack lighter seey eendhan daal sakata haye aur eendhan mein aag lagaa sakata haye. pahale avsar parr, vaha mrityu key khatare mein thee, aur hosh khou baithi thee. dusare dinn, vaha jall gaee, joe sankramit hoe gaee. adalat ney "braun" lagu kiya aur faisala sunaaya kii inn ghatnaaon key liye mahila kii sahamati seey usake saathi key liye bachaav naheen huaa.
isaliye, samanya niyam yeh haye kii jaanboojhkar aur jaanboojhkar shaaririk nuksan pahunchaane vaali hinsa gairkaanooni haye aur bunny hui haye, isake bavjood kii iska uddeshya ack yaa donon pratibhagiyon kii yaun santushti haye. unake yaun prabhaav key bavjood, inn mamalon koo hinsak aparaadh maanaa jaataa haye aur yeh koee bahaana naheen haye kii ack saathi sahamati detaa haye.
"mauloud bebi vee. maryland kii sthiti "maryland kii appeal adalat mein 2007 kaa ack mamla thaa, joe raajya kii sarvocch adalat thee, jisane nirdhaarit kiya kii ack vyakti ise dene key baad yaun sahamati vaapas leey sakata haye, aur sahamati vaapas lene key baad yaun gatividhi jaari rakhna balatkar kaa gathan kartaa haye.
alzheimer roga yaa isi tarah kii akshamta key parinamswarup ack vyakti apane jeevansathi key saath bhee yaun sambandhon key liye kanuni sahamati dene mein asamarth hoe sakata haye.
sahamati dene kii kshamata.
yaun hinsa key mamalon mein antarrashtriya aaparaadhik adalat (joe raajyon key beach sainya sanghrshon parr niyam banaata haye) key prakriya aur sakshya (2002 mein prakaashit) key niyamon key niyam 70 key anusaarah
australia mein, yadi koee yaun saathi sou rhaa thaa, behosh thaa yaa juurii nirnay letee haye kii koee shikayatkarta sahamati dene mein asamarth thaa, tou yaun sampark koo balatkar maanaa jaataa haye. nyu south wells, victoria, dakshin australia, tasmania aur uttari kshetra mein, jaba shikayatkarta sou rhaa thaa yaa behosh thaa tou sahamati sambhav naheen haye. victoria, dakshin australia, tasmania aur uttari kshetra mein, aisee koee sahamati naheen haye jahaan shikayatkarta sharaab yaa anya davaaon seey itna prabhaavit haye kii vaha yaun gatividhi key liye "swatantra roop seey sahmat honey mein asamarth" hoe. australiyai rajdhani kshetra mein, sharaab yaa anya davaaon kaa prabhaav cumm yogya haye; yadi yeh "maadak sharaab, dawa yaa anaesthetic key prabhaav" key kaaran hotaa haye tou koee sahamati naheen haye. aine. aiss. doubleu. mein, aisee koee sahamati naheen hoe sakati haye jahaan ack shikayatkarta "sharaab yaa kissy bhee dawa seey kaafee hudd taka nashe mein thaa. yeh sutrikaran 2010 kii parivarik hinsa mein vyakt drishtikon koo apanaata haye-aaparaadhik nyaay yaun aparaadh karyabal aur australiyai kaanoon sudhaar aayog kii ack rashtriya kanuni pratikriya report kii nashe kii degree aur kyaa yeh aisaa thaa kii koee vyakti "sahamati dene mein asamarth" thaa, juurii key liye mamle hain.
dhokhadhadi dwara praapt sahamati.
aar vee clarence" (1888) 22 kyu. bee. dee. 23 mein, ack samay jaba prativaadi koo pataa thaa kii vaha ack yaun roga seey peedit thaa, usane yaun sambandh banaae aur apani patni koo bimari kaa sanchaar kiya. aggar vaha jaanati, tou vaha sambhog key liye prastut naheen hoti. prativaadi koo vyakti adhiniyam 1861 key khilaf apraadhon kii dhaara 20 key vipareet gambhir shaaririk nuksan pahunchaane kaa doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. appeal parr doshasiddhi koo radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa. shree justice vilis ney kahaa...dhokhadhadi dwara praapt sahamati vaastav mein yaa kaanoon mein ack samanya prastaav key roop mein bilkul bhee sach naheen haye.
shree justice stephens ney kahaa thaa (pri. 44)...kewal ack prakaar kii dhokhadhadi joe abb taka ack mahila kii sahamati key prabhaav koo nasht curr detee haye, vaastav mein ack sambandh koo balatkar mein badalane key liye sahamati dene key liye, adhiniyam kii prakriti key roop mein, yaa usa vyakti kii pehchaan key roop mein dhokhadhadi haye joe kaary kartaa haye. aise mamalon mein sahamati bilkul bhee maujood naheen haye kyonki sahamati dene vaalaa kaary kiya gayaa kaary naheen haye. haal taka, mamle koo kabhi chunauti naheen dee gaee thee, lekin isaki vartamaan sthiti usa samay kii samanya dhaaranaon seey jatil thee kii "hinsa key kuchh kritya kii aavashyakta thee", aur yeh kii gair-shaaririk chotein naheen lagaai jaa sakati theen aur isaliye vyakti adhiniyam key khilaf apraadhon key dayare seey baahar theen.
abb "aar vee chaan-phuk" [1994] 1 wlr 689 mein diye gaye faisale mein, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii manorog chot vaastavik shaaririk nuksan hoe sakati haye, kii pushti house off lords dwara "aar vee bursto", aar vee ireland "[1998] 1 karod aip aar 177 mein kii gaee haye. yeye mamle" spashtata "key antarnihit anupaat koo khariz karate hain kii gair-shaaririk chotein vyakti adhiniyam key khilaf apraadhon key dayare mein chotein hoe sakati hain aur hinsa key shaaririk anuprayog koo saabit karane kii aavashyakta key binaa, lord stein ney" spashtata "koo" pareshani pradhikaran "key roop mein varnit kiya, aur dhaara 20 mein" adhiropit "key arth key vishisht sandarbh mein spasht roop seey kahaa kii spashtata" abb sahaayata naheen karati haye.
isase dhokhadhadi kaa mudda chhod diyaa gayaa. aar vee linecar" [1995] kyu. bee. 250 mein, ack veshya ney iss tathya koo bataaya kii aggar usey pataa hotaa kii uska muvakkil bhugtan karane kaa irada naheen rakhta thaa, tou usane yaun sambandh banaane key liye sahamati naheen dee hoti, lekin gatividhi kii prakriti key roop mein koee dhokhadhadi-prerit sahamati naheen thee, naa hii muvakkil kii pehchaan praasangik thee.
aar vee richardson" [1998] mein 2 karod rupaye mein, rogi kaa maanana thaa kii vaha dunt chikitsa praapt curr rahee thee joe anyatha ack dunt chikitsak seey vaastavik shaaririk nuksan key liye ack hamale koo janm detaa, jise vaastav mein register seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. adalat ney maanaa kii prativaadi kii pehchaan ack aisee visheshta naheen thee, joe usa mamle mein rogi dwara sahamati dene seey bachaati thee. aar vee nabhid tabasam" (maee, 2000) mein. teen shikayatkarta mahilaaon ney appelarthy koo yeh dikhaane key liye sahamati vyakt kii kii unhein apane stanon kii jaanch kaise karni haye. jisamen appelarthy, swayam, dou mahilaaon key stanon koo mahsoos curr rhaa thaa aur teesari mahila kii braa key neeche ack stethoscope kaa upayog curr rhaa thaa. teenon mahilaaon mein seey pratyek ney kahaa kii unhone kewal isaliye sahamati dee thee kyonki unhein lagaa kii appelarthy key paas yaa tou chikitsa yogyata yaa praasangik prashikshan haye. usake paas bhee naheen thaa. kissy bhee yaun uddeshya kaa koee saboot naheen thaa. unhein iss aadhar parr doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa kii shikayatkartaon ney kewal chikitsa prakriti key karyon key liye sahamati dee thee aur abhadra vyavhaar key liye naheen, yaani, adhiniyam kii prakriti key liye sahamati thee lekin isaki gunavatta key liye naheen.
apaharan key ack mamle, "aar vee court" [2003] 3 wlr 1300 mein, shikayatkartaon ney kaar mein sawari karane key liye sahamati dee thee, lekin apaharan naheen kiya gayaa thaa. way parivahan chaahte they, apaharan naheen. dhokhadhadi dwara apaharan koo door leey jaane seey sthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye. "yeh dekhana mushkil haye kii dhokhadhadi key ack baar sthaapit honey key baad koee kaise sahamati dey sakata haye. isaliye yahaan adhiniyam kii 'prakriti' shikayatkarta koo dhokhadhadi seey door leey jaa rahee haye. shikayatkarta ney usa ghatana key liye sahamati naheen dee. usane buss kaar mein sawari karane key liye sahamati dee, joe apane aap mein aparaadh key liye aprasangik haye aur ack alag baat haye jisake saath shree court parr aarop lagaaya jaataa haye.
website parr ack pepper "chhaatr vakeel" ney dhokhadhadi key aadhar kii jaanch sahamati koo nakaarne key aadhar key roop mein kii, yuke undercover policing sambandhon key ghotale mein shamil adhikaariyon parr aarop naheen lagaane key nirnay key sandarbh mein. yeh nishkarsh nikala kii joe mudde utpann hoe sakate hain yadi yeh sahamati koo nakaarne kaa kanuni aadhar thaa, tou pahale sarahana kii jaa sakati haye, usase kaheen adhik vyaapak hoe sakata haye. lekhak dwara diye gaye udaharanon mein shamil hainh 
roga kaa yaun sancharan.
1998 mein, grih karyalaya ney "hinsaah vyakti adhiniyam 1861 key khilaf apraadhon mein sudhaar" sheershak seey ack paramarsh patra jaari kiya, jisamen vidhi aayog kii sifarish koo khariz curr diyaa gayaa kii bimari key jaanboojhkar yaa laparwahi seey sancharan key liye aparaadh honey chaahiye. sarkaar "[vishesh roop seey] chintit thee kii kaanoon koo una logon key khilaf bhedbhaav naheen karna chaahiye joe hiv positive hain, jinhen aids yaa viral hepatitis haye yaa joe kissy bhee prakaar kii bimari leey jaate hain. haalaanki, isane sweekaar kiya kii samaaj koo "burey krityon" key khilaf upayog key liye aaparaadhik pratibandhon kaa saamana karna chaahiye, aur isamen aise loga shamil hoe sakate hain joe gambhir bimari paida karane vaali beemariyon koo dusaron koo iss tarah key nuksan key iraade seey failaate hain, yeh kahate hue kii "iska uddeshya bahut gambhir jaanboojhkar kiye gaye karyon koo dandit karane kii anumati dene key beach ack samajhadaari seey santulan banaana haye, jabaki vyaktiyon koo anajaane yaa laparwah krityon key abhiyojan yaa mamuli bimari key sancharan key liye uttardaayi naheen banaana haye" (paragraph dekhein 3.13-318)
2000 mein, sarkaar ney maanav vadh parr kaanoon seey sambandhit paramarsh mein usa drishtikon koo dohraya, "sarkaar iss drishtikon key liye poori tarah seey pratibaddh haye."yeh taba seey" aar "mein maanaa gayaa haye. v dica, "joe hiv key sancharan seey sambandhit haye, yeh maanate hue kii yeh saabit karna aavashyak naheen thaa kii sancharan mein roga key" kaaran "key liye ack hamla shamil thaa. nirnay "spashtata" mein niyam koo aswikar kartaa haye kyonki yaun sambhog key liye patni kii vaivaahik sahamati kii tatkalin dhaarana seey dooshit haye, halanki vivaah key bheetar balatkar key aparaadhikaran key baad bhee "spashtata" lagu kii jaa rahee thee. manovaigyaanik sthitiyon key sancharan aur anya yaun mamalon mein shamil adhik aadhunik adhikaari iss dhaarana koo aswikar karate hain kii sahamati ack mamuli chot seey adhik kissy bhee cheez kaa bachaav hoe sakati haye.
phir bhee yeh apani kathinaaiyon key binaa naheen haye. yadi asurakshit yaun sambandh banaakar sankraman key jokhim koo lene key liye sahamati koo aparaadh ghoshit karane kaa prastaav haye, tou pravartan avyaavhaarik haye. samudaay pasand kartaa haye kii yaun sambandh shamil vyaktiyon key beach ack niji mamla haye aur yadi vayask achaanak apane swaasthya key saath gyaat jokhim lene key liye abhiyojan key liye uttardaayi they, tou yeh vyaktigat swaayatta key saath ack mahatvapurna hastakshep kaa pratinidhitva karega. isake alawa, kaanoon logon seey achaanak ack-dusare key saath imandar honey aur kandom key upayog kii salah dene kii ummeed naheen curr sakata haye, aur yadi hiv kaa khulasa kiya jaanaa thaa tou nakaratmak parinam hoe sakate hain, kyonki jinhen chikitsa salah lenny chaahiye aur pareekshan seey gujarna chaahiye, unhein aisaa karane seey hatotsaahit kiya jaa sakata haye.
natijatan, appeal adalat ney faisala kiya kii aggar mahilaaon koo usake sankraman key baare mein pataa hotaa, tou asurakshit yaun sambandh banaane key liye unaki sahamati ack vaidh bachaav hoti. iss sambandh mein, unhone mool nyayadhish key faisale koo palat diyaa. aar mein. halanki, bachaav paksh ney tark diyaa kii prativaadi key saath asurakshit yaun sambandh banaane key liye sahamati dekar, mahilaaen yaun sambandh seey judey sabhi jokhimon key liye nihit roop seey sahamati dey rahee theen, jisamen hiv key saath sankraman shamil thaa. cross-examination mein teen mein seey dou mahilaaon ney spasht roop seey sweekaar kiya thaa kii, samanya roop seey, asurakshit yaun sambhog mein sankraman kaa khatra hotaa haye.
haalaanki appeal adalat key nyayadhishon ney faisala sunaaya kii isase pahale kii shikayatkarta kii sahamati seey appelarthy koo bachaav pradaan kiya jaa sakey, yeh ack soochit aur ichchuk sahamati honey chaahiye, vishisht jokhim key liye, yahaan hiv key anubandh kaa jokhim, samanya anubandh key bajaay kuchh. usee adalat ney abhinirdhaarit kiya kii laparwahi seey ack stye prasaarit karane kaa aaropi vyakti kewal sahamati kaa bachaav curr sakata haye, jisamen sahamati mein ack imandar vishvaas bhee shamil haye, una mamalon mein jahaan vaha sahamati "ichchuk" yaa "sachet" sahamati thee. dusare shabdon mein, adalat ney "sancharan key jokhim koo swechha seey chalaane" aur "sancharan key jokhim key liye swechha seey sahamati dene" key beach antar kiya."
isase pataa chalata haye kii sahamati kewal ack bachaav key roop mein kaam karegi, lekin sabse asadharan mamle jahaan pahale seey hii gyaat hiv sakaratmak sthiti kaa poorv khulasa kiya jaa chuka haye. nyayadhish ell. jey. paira 42 mein sthiti kaa saaranshah jahaan taka sambhav hoe, saarvajanik hita mein, vinashkari bimari key prasaar seey bachaa jaanaa chaahiye yaa rokaa jaanaa chaahiye. doosari or, saarvajanik hita key liye yeh bhee aavashyak haye kii vayask ahinsak yaun sambandhon key sandarbh mein vyaktigat swaayatta key siddhant koo banaae rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye. yadi koee vyakti joe jaanata haye kii vaha aich. aaee. vee. seey peedit haye, apane yaun saathi seey iss spasht tathya koo chhupaata haye, tou usaki vyaktigat swaayatta key siddhant koo taba naheen badhaaya jaataa haye jaba vaha laparwahi seey sahamati seey yaun sambhog key madhyam seey usey aich. aaee. vee. kaa sanchaarit kartaa haye. kissy bhee drishtikon seey, iss tathya koo usase chhipaane kaa lagbhag anivarya roop seey matlab haye kii vaha dhokha khaa gaee haye. usaki sahamati koo thheek seey soochit naheen kiya jaataa haye, aur vaha kissy aisee cheez key liye soochit sahamati naheen dey sakati haye jisake baare mein vaha anabhigya haye. samaan roop seey, usaki vyaktigat swaayatta aam taur parr ack prativaadi koo anumati dekar sanrakshit naheen kii jaati haye joe jaanata haye kii vaha hiv seey peedit haye jise vaha jaanboojhkar chhipaata haye, taaki hiv key sancharan key jokhim key liye apane saathi kii soochit sahamati mein ack imandar vishvaas kaa daavaa kiya jaa sakey.
inn paristhitiyon mein maun imandari key saath asangat haye, yaa ack vaastavik vishvaas key saath kii ack soochit sahamati haye. tadnusar, aisee paristhitiyon mein soochit sahamati yaa usamen imandar vishvaas kaa mudda shayed hii kabhi utpann hogaah vaastav mein, adhikansh mamalon mein, vivaad poori tarah seey kritrim hoga. becker (2009) ney "sahamati kii naitik seemaaen" 12 (1) "naee aaparaadhik kaanoon sameeksha" mein tark diyaa kii bhale hii konjani mein sahamati vaastavik thee, kii yeh sahee nirnay liya gayaa thaa, kyonki becker kaa vichaar haye kii ack vyakti contian arth mein apani manavata koo neecha dikhaae binaa bhee ack gambhir prakaar key apuraniya nuksan key liye sahamati naheen dey sakata haye.
becker kaa yeh bhee tark haye kii haani siddhant ack mahatvapurna baadha pradaan kartaa haye, kyonki yeh sahamati dene vaale koo aparaadhi honey seey rokta haye kyonki yeh kewal dusaron koo nuksan pahunchaata haye joe haani siddhant key tahat aaparaadhik haye-swayam koo nuksan naheen pahunchaata haye. isaliye, kewal vahee loga hain joe apane saathi manushyon koo gambhir nuksan pahunchaane key liye sahamati parr bharosa karate hain jinhen becker key prastaavon key tahat aparaadhi banaaya jaataa haye. haalaanki, becker ingit kartaa haye kii "aar vee. braun "adhik seema rekha haye, kyonki usa mamle mein nuksan prativarti thaa aur anaavashyak plastic sergery seey bahut alag naheen haye joe abb rogi koo labhanvit naheen curr rahee haye-yeh kaee shalya chikitsa prakriyaaen hain joe spasht roop seey fayademand cosmetic prabhaav key bajaay vikrit curr rahee hain.
shaanti key ullanghan koo rokna.
aar vee coney" (1882) mein 8 kyu. bee. dee. 534 mein, saarvajanik sthaan parr ack avaidh puraskar ladaai mein bhaag lene vaale janata key sadasyon koo ack hamale mein sahaayata karane aur ukasaane kaa doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. way mukkebaajon kaa jaykar curr rahey they jinake aacharan seey shaanti bhang honey kii sambhavana thee, isaliye ladaakon dwara dee gaee kissy bhee parasparik sahamati koo manoranjan kii saarvajanik prakriti dwara dooshit kiya gayaa thaa, chaahe vaha kissy bhee tarah kii chot yaa iraade seey kyon naa hoe. isaliye, mukhya aparaadh kiya gayaa thaa aur, kyonki yeh naheen hotaa aggar ladaakon koo daanv lagaane aur samarthan karane key liye koee bheed naheen hoti, tou dwiteeyak paksh bhee uttardaayi they.
ack prabhaavi raksha key roop mein sahamati.
uchit roop seey viniyamit khel mein, aakasmik chot pahunchaane kaa kanuni adhikaar haye. yeh nagrik kaanoon key siddhant "swaichhik gair-upayukt injuria" (sahamati key liye lattin ack [kaarravaai yogya] chot naheen banaata haye) kaa ack aaparaadhik kaanoon sanskaran haye aur peedit khel key niyamon key bheetar utpann honey vaali chot key jokhim (nishchitata naheen) koo chalaane key liye sahmat hotaa haye. yeh khel koo spasht roop seey, atyadhik aur durbhavanapurna roop seey hinsak krityon kii anumati dene vaale niyamon koo lagu karane kaa licenses naheen detaa haye. peshevar khel mein bhee ack majedar tatva honah chaahiye, jabaki khilaadiyon koo adhik charam mamalon mein aaparaadhik key saath-saath nagrik kaanoon sanrakshan diyaa jaataa haye (dekhein "aar vee johnson" (1986) 8 karod aip aar (aiss) 343 aur "aar vee lloyd" (1989) clore 513 "off dha ball" ghatnaaon mein ragbi feeled parr luggy choton seey nipatate hue). iss prakaar, licenses praapt mukkebaji pratiyogitaon mein sahamati niyamon key bheetar jaanboojhkar nuksan pahunchaane key liye haye aur round key beach ack jhataka ack hamla hoga.
ghode kaa khel.
jahan sanskriti vyaavhaarik chutkulon key khel aur sakriya shaaririk baatchit koo "manoranjan" key roop mein samarthan detee haye, joe loga usa sanskriti kaa hissa bunn jaate hain, unhein sampark key sthaaniya manakon aur choton koo sweekaar karna chaahiye joe parinam hoe sakate hain. iss prakaar, "aar vee atken aind adar" [1992] 1 doubleu. ell. aar. 1006 mein, peedit shaahi vayu senaa kaa ack sewarat sadasya thaa aur iss tathya koo kii usane apane sathiyon parr khele gaye vyaavhaarik chutkulon mein bhaag liya thaa, iss baat key pramaan key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa kii usane peedit banane key liye sahamati dee thee jaba yeh "usaki baari" thee.

