
johnn wycliffe

johnn wycliffe (; wycliffe, wickliffe aur anya roopon kii vartani bhee; 1328-31 disambar 1384) ack angreji vidwan daarshanik, dharamshastri, bibil anuvaadak, sudhaarak, catholic paadari aur oxford vishvavidyalaya mein ack seminary professor they. vaha 14veen shatabdi key dauran catholic pujari varg key bheetar ack prabhaavshaali asantusht bunn gaye aur unhein protestantwad kaa ack mahatvapurna poorvavarti maanaa jaataa haye. wycliffe ney paadari varg kii visheshaadhikaar praapt sthiti parr sawal uthaaya, jinhone ingland mein apani shaktishali bhoomika koo badhaava diyaa thaa, aur sthaaniya pairishon aur unake samarohon kii vilasita aur dhumdham parr sawal uthaaya thaa.
wycliffe ney bibil key aam bhasha mein anuvaad kii vakaalat kii. parampara key anusaar, kahaa jaataa haye kii wycliffe ney vulgate seey seedhe madhya angreji mein anuvaad puuraa kiya haye-ack sanskaran jise abb wycliffe kii bible key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. jabaki yeh sambhav haye kii unhone vyaktigat roop seey maithyu, maark, luke aur johnn key susamachar kaa anuvaad kiya, yeh sambhav haye kii unhone poore nae vasiyatname kaa anuvaad kiya hoe. kissy bhee tarah seey, yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii unake sahyogiyon ney puraane vasiyatname kaa anuvaad kiya thaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii wycliffe kii bible 1384 seey pahale poori hoe gaee thee, jisamen 1388 aur 1395 mein wycliffe key sahayak johnn parve aur anya dwara atirikt adyatan sanskaran kiye gaye they. haal hii mein, viclifiet andolan key itihaskaron ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii vaastavik anuvaad mein wycliffe kii ack chhoti bhoomika thee.
wycliffe key baad key anuyaayiyon, jinhen 15veen aur 16veen shatabdi mein unake roodhivaadi samkaaleenon dwara apmaanjanak roop seey lauld kahaa jaataa thaa, ney kaee maanyataon koo apanaaya jaise kii dhaarmik guna, purvanirdharan, pratima, aur seasuropapism kii dhaarana, sant, sanskar, maang, transbustation, mathvaad aur popsi kii vaidhata kii pooja parr sawal uthaate hue. valdensian, husites aur bhagwan key doston kii tarah, laulard andolan ney kuchh tarikon seey protestant sudhaar kaa anuman lagaaya. tadnusar, wycliffe koo vidvataavaad key "shaam key taare" key roop mein aur subah key taare yaa angreji sudhaar key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa, ack upnaam joe pahali baar 16 veen shatabdi key itihaaskaar aur vivadaspad johnn bell dwara dharamshastri koo unake "illustrium myoris britania scriptorum" (vessel, 1548) mein diyaa gayaa thaa.
lattin mein wycliffe key lekhan ney check sudhaarak zaan huss (1369-1415) key darshan aur shikshan koo bahut prabhaavit kiya, jinake 1415 mein nishpaadan ney vidroh koo janm diyaa aur 1419-1434 key hussite yuddhon kaa netritva kiya.
jeevan aur currier.
praarambhik jeevan.
wycliffe kaa janm 1320 key dashak key aspas ingland key yorkshire key uttar mein richmond key paas hipswell gaanv mein huaa thaa. unhein paaramparik roop seey 1324 kii janm tithi dee gaee haye, lekin hudson aur kenni raajya key kewal record bataate hain kii unakaa janm 1320 key dashak key madhya mein huaa thaa. konti kaa kahana haye kii unakaa janm "1331 seey pahale" huaa thaa. 
wycliffe ney apani praarambhik shiksha apane ghar key paas praapt kii. yeh agyaat haye kii vaha pahali baar oxford aaya thaa, jisake saath vaha apane jeevan key anta taka itna nikatata seey judaa huaa thaa, lekin vaha 1345 key aspas oxford mein rahane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. thomas bradwardeen canterbury key archbishop they, aur unaki pustak "pelagian key khilaf bhagwan key kaaran parr", anugrah key paulin-augustein siddhant kii ack saahasik vasuli, yuva wycliffe key vichaaron koo bahut aakar degi, jaisa kii 1348 kii garmiyon mein ingland mein kaali mrityu pahunchi thee. baad key jeevan mein isake baare mein unake baar-baar sandarbhon seey, yeh usa parr ack gahara aur sthaayi prabhaav daaltaa prateet hotaa haye. robert wonn key anusaar, iska prabhaav wycliffe koo "maanav jaati kii sthiti aur sambhaavanaon key sambandh mein bahut udas vichaar" dene key liye thaa. 1351 key sitambar mein, wycliffe ack pujari bunn gaye. wycliffe sent scholastica divas key dangon key dauran oxford mein rahey honge jisamen 63 chhaatr aur kaee shahar key loga maare gaye they.
shiksha mein currier.
wycliffe ney 1356 mein ack junier fellow key roop mein merton college mein apani kalaa kii degree poori kii. usee varsh unhone ack chhota granth, "church kii antim ayu" kaa nirmaan kiya. saat saal pahale cumm hue plaig key prakop key aalok mein, wycliffe key adhyayan ney unhein iss raay kii or leey gayaa kii 14veen shatabdi key anta mein duniya kaa anta hoe jaayega. jabaki anya lekhakon ney plaig koo paapi logon parr bhagwan key nirnay key roop mein dekhaa, wycliffe ney ise ack ayogya paadari key abhiyog key roop mein dekhaa. paadari varg key beach mrityu darr vishesh roop seey adhik thee, aur joe loga unaki jagah leey rahey they, unaki raay mein, ashikshit yaa aam taur parr apmaanjanak they.
way 1361 mein belliol college key master they. isi varsh, unhein college dwara linkenshire mein fillingham key parrish koo prastut kiya gayaa thaa, jahan way oxford seey lambi chhuttiyon key dauran shayed hii kabhi jaate they. isake liye unhein balliol college kaa pramukh pada chhodana padaa, halanki way oxford mein rehna jaari rakh sakate they. kahaa jaataa haye kii raani key college kii imaraton mein unake kamare they. 1362 mein unhein westbury-onn-trim mein aust mein ack preband diyaa gayaa thaa, jise unhone fillingham mein pada key alawa rakhaa thaa.
unake pradarshan ney canterbury key archbishop saiman islip koo 1365 mein canterbury holl key pramukh key roop mein sthaapit kiya, jahan baarah yuva pujari key liye taiyari curr rahey they. disambar 1365 mein islip ney wycliffe koo warden niyukt kiya, lekin jaba agale varsh islip kii mrityu hoe gaee tou unake uttaradhikari, saiman langham, joe mathwasi prashikshan key ack vyakti they, ney college key netritva koo ack bhikshu koo saunp diyaa. 1367 mein wycliffe ney rome seey appeal kii. 1371 mein wycliffe kii appeal kaa faisala kiya gayaa aur parinam unake liye pratikool thaa. yeh ghatana iss samay oxford mein bhikshuon aur dharmnirpeksh padariyon key beach chala rahee pratidvandvita kii vishishtata thee.
1368 mein, unhone filmingham mein apana jeevan yapan chhod diyaa aur oxford seey bahut door, ludgershall, buckinghamshire key rectory koo apane haath mein leey liya, jisase way vishvavidyalaya key saath apana sambandh banaae rakhane mein saksham hue. parampara haye kii unhone angreji mein bible kaa anuvaad shuru kiya, jabaki way ack kamare mein baithe they joe abb luggershaul church mein baramda haye. 1369 mein wycliffe ney dharamshastra mein snaatak kii degree praapt kii, aur 1372 mein apani doctorate kii upaadhi praapt kii. 1374 mein, unhone sent mairi church, lutterworth, leicessire mein taaj praapt kiya, jise unhone apani mrityu taka banaae rakhaa.
rajneeti.
1374 mein unakaa naam ack bishap key baad dusare sthaan parr dikhaai detaa haye, ack aayog parr jise angreji sarkaar ney raajaa aur pope key beach vivaad mein kaee binduon parr charcha karane key liye gregory xi key pratinidhiyon key saath bheja thaa. way apane vichaaron key prachaar key saadhan key roop mein apani kursi seey santusht naheen they, aur choton seey lautane key turant baad unhone unhein maargon aur lambe karyon mein vyakt karna shuru curr diyaa. bhagwan kii sarkaar aur duss aagyaon seey sambandhit ack pustak mein, unhone paadari varg key laukik shasson, annets, bhog aur simoni key sangrah parr hamla kiya.
unhone apane mahaan kaary "dee sivil dominio" ("sivil dominian parr") key saath usa samay kii rajneeti mein pravesh kiya, jisamen richard fitzralf key karyon seey tark liye gaye. yeh sabhi church sampatti key shaahi vibhajan key liye kahaa jaataa haye. prabhuta aur church kii sampatti parr unake vichaaron ney 1377 mein pope gregory xi dwara unaki pahali aadhikarik ninda kii, jinhone 19 lekhon kii ninda kii. wycliffe ney tark diyaa kii church paap mein parh gayaa thaa aur isaliye usey apani saaree sampatti chhod deni chaahiye aur paadari varg koo poori tarah seey garibi mein rehna chaahiye. raajya key uchch padon koo maulaviyon dwara aayojit kiye jaane kii pravritti kaa kaee raeeson dwara virodh kiya gayaa thaa, jaise kii backroom power broker johnn off gunt, jinake paas paadari kii sampatti aur shakti kaa virodh karane key liye apane kaaran hotey, kyonki yeh unaki shakti kii neenv koo chunauti detaa thaa.
church key saath sangharsh.
19 farwari 1377 koo landan key bishap villium courtene key samaksh wycliffe koo talab kiya gayaa thaa. sateek aaropon kaa pataa naheen haye, kyonki mamla ack nishchit jaanch taka naheen pahuncha thaa. lecler kaa sujhaav haye kii wycliffe koo kulinon aur church padanukram key beach johnn off gunt key virodhiyon dwara lakshit kiya gayaa thaa. gunt, earl marshel heinry persey aur kaee anya samarthak wycliffe key saath they. church mein ack bheed ikattha hui, aur pravesh dwaar parr, party kii dushmani dikhaai dene luggy, vishesh roop seey bishap aur wycliffe key rakshakon key beach gusse mein adaan-pradaan mein. gunt ney ghoshana kii kii vaha angreji paadari varg aur unake pakshpaatiyon key garv koo cumm karenge, church kii sampatti koo dharmnirpeksh banaane key iraade kii or ishara karate hue. sabhaa toot gaee aur usake samarthak apane aashriton key saath chaley gaye.
adhikansh angreji paadari iss muthbhed seey pareshan they, aur wycliffe parr hamale shuru hoe gaye. nagrik sarkaar seey sambandhit unake kaam kii doosari aur teesari pustakon mein ack teekha vivaad haye. 22 maee 1377 koo pope gregory xi ney wycliffe key khilaf ack bail kii paanch pratiyaan bhejin, ack canterbury key archbishop koo bheji, aur anya landan key bishap, king edward III, chansler aur vishvavidyalaya koo bheji; gherabandi mein unake 18 thesis they, jinhen church aur raajya key liye galat aur khatarnak key roop mein ninda kii gaee thee. stephen lehe kaa sujhaav haye kii wycliffe key khilaf gregory kii kaarravaai france key saath shaanti banaane key liye raajaa edward parr dabaav banaane kaa ack prayaas thaa. edward III kii mrityu 21 juuna 1377 koo hui, aur wycliffe key khilaf bail disambar seey pahale ingland naheen pahuncha thaa. wycliffe koo raajaa kii parishad koo apani raay dene key liye kahaa gayaa thaa kii kyaa rome koo paaramparik bhugtan koo rokna vaidh thaa, aur unhone jawab diyaa kii yeh thaa.
oxford mein vaapas kulpati ney wycliffe koo kuchh samay key liye black holl mein seemit curr diyaa, lekin unake doston ney jald hii unaki rihaai praapt curr lii. march 1378 mein, unhein apana bachaav karane key liye lambeth mahal mein upasthit honey key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, surr luis clifford ney chappel mein pravesh kiya aur raani maan (johnn off kent) key naam parr, bishap koo wycliffe key aacharan yaa raay key baare mein ack nishchit vaakya parr aage badhane seey manaa curr diyaa. bishap, joe vibhajit they, unhein vivaad parr aage bolane seey manaa karke khud koo santusht curr liya. wycliffe ney taba apana "dee carindis fedelibus" likhaa, jisamen unhone maang kii kii bahishkrit logon key liye raajaa aur unaki parishad seey bahishkaran key khilaf appeal karna kanuni honah chaahiye; iss lekhan mein unhone poore mamle koo iss tarah seey khola kii ise aam janata samajh gaee. unhone apane 33 nishkarsh lattin aur angreji mein likhe. janata, kuchh kuleen varg aur unake poorv rakshak, johnn off gunt ney unake paas raili kii. rome mein aage koee kadam uthaaye jaane seey pahale, gregory xi kii mrityu 1378 mein hui.
pope gregory xi parr hamale aur adhik charam parr pahunch gaye. garibi key aadarsh key baare mein wycliffe kaa rukh lagaatar majboot hotaa gayaa, saath hii paadari varg key laukik shasson key sambandh mein unaki sthiti bhee majboot hoti gaee. iss drishtikon seey nikatata seey sambandhit unaki pustak "dee officio regis" thee, jisaki samagri unake 33 nishkarshon mein poorvavat thee. yeh pustak, una pustakon kii tarah joe pahale aur baad mein aaee theen, church key sudhaar seey sambandhit thee, jisamen laukik shakha kaa ack prabhaavshaali hissa honah thaa.
1380 key baad seey, wycliffe ney khud koo una lekhan key liye samarpit curr diyaa, jisamen tark diyaa gayaa thaa kii unhone pargaman koo aswikar curr diyaa haye, aur una bhikshuon kii kadee aalochana kii jinhone iska samarthan kiya.
anty-wycliffe synod.
1381 kii garmiyon mein wycliffe ney baarah chhote vaakyon mein prabhu key bhojan key apane siddhant koo taiyar kiya, aur harr jagah isaki vakaalat karna ack kartavya banaa diyaa. phir angreji padanukram unake khilaf aage badhaa. oxford vishvavidyalaya key kuladhipati ney kuchh ghoshanaon koo vidharmi ghoshit kiya thaa. jaba wycliffe koo isaki ghoshana kii gaee, tou unhone ghoshana kii kii koee bhee unake vishvaas koo naheen badal sakata haye. phir unhone appeal kii-naa tou pope seey aur naa hii desh key church key adhikaariyon seey, balki raajaa seey. unhone iss vishay parr apana mahaan sweekaarokti prakaashit kiya aur aam logon key liye angreji mein doosara lekhan bhee prakaashit kiya.
jaba taka wycliffe ney apane hamalon koo durvyavahar aur church kii sampatti taka seemit rakhaa, taba taka vaha paadari aur abhijaat varg key hisse key samarthan parr bharosa curr sakata thaa, lekin ack baar jaba usane pargaman key paaramparik siddhant koo khariz curr diyaa, tou usake shodh-prabandhon kaa aur bachaav naheen kiya jaa sakaa. iss drishtikon key liye unhein johnn off gunt aur kaee anya logon kaa samarthan lena padaa.
isake beach mein 1381 kaa kisaanon kaa vidroh aaya. vidroh kuchh hudd taka wycliffe (jyaadaatar aam aadami) dwara niyukt "garib pujaariyon" dwara poore kshetra mein kiye gaye wycliffe key prachaar seey shuru huaa thaa. pracharakon ney dhana aur sampatti key sanchay kii apani aalochana koo mathon taka seemit naheen rakhaa, balki kuleen varg seey sambandhit dharmnirpeksh sampattiyon koo bhee shamil kiya. halanki wycliffe ney vidroh koo aswikar curr diyaa, unake kuchh shishyon ney canterbury key archbishop saiman sudbury kii hatyaa koo uchit thaharaaya. 1382 mein wycliffe key puraane dushman villium courtene, joe abb canterbury key archbishop hain, koo landan mein ullekhaniya logon kii ack church sabhaa kahaa jaataa haye. 21 maee koo paramarsh key dauran ack bhookamp aaya; pratibhaagi bhayabheet they aur sabhaa koo todane kii ichcha rakhate they, lekin adalat ney bhookamp koo ack anukool sanket ghoshit kiya jiska arth thaa prithvi koo galat siddhant seey shuddh karna, aur "bhookamp sabhaa" kaa parinam sunishchit thaa.
wycliffe key naam kaa ullekh kiye binaa 24 prastaavon mein seey duss koo vidharmi aur chaudah koo galat ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. poorv mein sanskar mein parivartan kaa sandarbh thaa, baad mein church vyavastha aur sansthanon key mamalon kaa. usa samay seey inn vichaaron koo rakhane yaa updeshon yaa shaikshanik charchaon mein unhein aage badhaane key liye manaa kiya gayaa thaa. iss adesh kii avahelana karane vaale sabhi vyaktiyon parr mukadama chalaaya jaanaa thaa. ise puuraa karane key liye raajya kii madad aavashyak thee; lekin aam logon ney vidheyak koo khariz curr diyaa. haalaanki, raajaa ney ack farman jaari kiya thaa jisamen galati karane vaalon kii giraftari kii anumati dee gaee thee.
sudharatmak andolan kaa gadh oxford thaa, jahan vicliffe key sabse sakriya sahayak they; inhen pratibandh key tahat rakhaa gayaa thaa aur unhein vaapas bulaane key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa, aur yahaan key nicolaus appeal karane key liye rome gaye they.
17 navambar 1382 koo, wycliffe koo oxford mein ack sabhaa key samaksh bulaaya gayaa thaa. unhone taba bhee adalat aur sansad key paksh mein adesh diyaa, jiss parr unhone ack smaarak koo sambodhit kiya. usa samay unhein naa tou bahishkrit kiya gayaa thaa aur naa hii way apane jeevan seey vanchit they.
wycliffe kaa uddeshya maujooda padanukram koo samaapt karna aur ise "garib pujaariyon" key saath badalana thaa joe garibi mein rahate they, joe koee pratigya seey bandhe naheen they, koee aupchaarik abhishek praapt naheen kiya thaa, aur logon koo susamachar kaa prachaar kiya thaa. yatra karane vaale pracharakon ney wycliffe kii shikshaon kaa prasaar kiya. gregory xi key bail ney una parr laulard key naam koo prabhaavit kiya, jiska uddeshya ack anuchit upnaam key roop mein thaa, lekin yeh unake liye sammaan kaa naam bunn gayaa. yahaan taka kii wycliffe key samay mein bhee "laulds" ingland mein vyaapak halakon mein pahunch gaye they aur "bhagwan key kaanoon" kaa prachaar kiya thaa, jisake binaa kissy koo bhee uchit naheen thaharaaya jaa sakata thaa."
mrityu aur maranoparant dharm-virakti kii ghoshana.
1384 mein apani mrityu seey pahale key varshon mein unhone dharmgranthon koo isai dharm key aadhikarik kendra key roop mein tark diyaa kii pope key daave gair-aitihaasik they, kii mathvaad avishvasaniya roop seey bhrasht thaa, aur pujaariyon kii naitik ayogyata ney unake karyalaya aur sanskaron koo amaanya curr diyaa.
wycliffe lutterworth laut aae, aur bhikshuon aur shahari vee key khilaf maarg bheje, kyonki baad vaalaa, wycliffe kii ummeedon key vipareet, ack sudhaar pope naheen nikla thaa. wycliffe key antim dinon kii saahityik uplabdhiyaan, jaise kii "trilogus", unake samay key gyaan key shikhar parr khadee hain. unakaa antim kaary, opus evangelicum, jiska antim bhaag unhone vishisht roop seey "masih-virodhi" naam diyaa thaa, apoorna rhaa. jaba way pavitra nirdosh divas, 28 disambar 1384 koo parrish church mein saamoohik prarthana curr rahey they, tou unhein ack aghaat huaa, aur kuchh dinon baad unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
1401 key viclifiet virodhi kaanoon ney wycliffe key shesh anuyaayiyon koo utpeedan kaa saamana karna padaa. 1408 key "oxford key samvidhaan" kaa uddeshya sabhi church key mamalon mein adhikaar koo punah praapt karna thaa, aur vishesh roop seey johnn vicliffe kaa naam diyaa gayaa kyonki isane kuchh lekhan parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa, aur nott kiya kii binaa licenses vaale samanya dwara angreji mein shaastra kaa anuvaad ack aparaadh thaa joe pakhand key aaropon seey dandaniya thaa.
constance kii parishad ney 4 maee 1415 koo wycliffe koo ack vidharmi ghoshit kiya, aur unake lekhan parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa, prabhaavi roop seey unhein purvavyaapi roop seey bahishkrit kiya aur unhein protestantwad kaa praarambhik agradoot banaa diyaa. parishad ney faisala sunaaya kii wycliffe key karyon koo jalaa diyaa jaanaa chaahiye aur unake shaaririk avasheshon koo pavitra bhoomi seey hataa diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. pope martin vee dwara pushti kiye gaye iss adesh koo 1428 mein kiya gayaa thaa. wycliffe key shav koo baahar nikala gayaa aur jalaa diyaa gayaa aur raakh koo nadee mein fenk diyaa gayaa, joe lutterworth seey hocker bahati haye.
wycliffe key samkaaleenon mein seey kissy ney bhee unake vyakti, unake jeevan aur unaki gatividhiyon kii poori tasveer naheen chhodi. wycliffe kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale chitra baad kii avadhi key hain. villium thorpe kii gawahi" (1407) mein, wycliffe barbad aur shaaririk roop seey kamjor dikhaai detaa haye. thorpe kaa kahana haye kii wycliffe jeevan mein bedagh chalane vaale they, aur rank key logon dwara snehpurvak maane jaate they, joe aksar unake saath rahate they, unaki baaton koo lete they, aur unase chipke rahate they. "main vaastav mein usake adhik nikat kissy seey naheen pyaar kartaa, joe sabhi purushon mein sabse buddhiman aur sabse dhanya haye jinhen maine kabhi paaya haye."
thomas netter ney johnn kingham koo iss mayane mein bahut sammaanit kiya kii unhone "itani bahaduri seey khud koo dharm-virodhi key teekhe bhaashan aur una shabdon key liye pesh kiya joe masih key dharm key binaa honey key roop mein they. lekin netter kaa yeh udaaharan achchi tarah seey naheen chunaa gayaa haye, kyonki kingham kii or wycliffe kaa lahazaa ack junier kaa haye joe ack bujurg key prati haye jiska koee sammaan kartaa haye, aur usane anya virodhiyon koo isi tarah seey sambhala.
kaam kartaa haye.
wycliffe key iss vishvaas koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue kii dharmgranth bhagwan key baare mein sachchai key liye ekmatra aadhikarik vishvasaniya maargdarshak thaa, vaha bible kaa angreji mein anuvaad karane key prayason mein shamil hoe gaye. jabaki wycliffe koo shreya diyaa jaataa haye, anuvaad mein unake hisse koo paribhaashit karna bilkul sambhav naheen haye, joe vulgate parr adharit thaa. isamen koee sandeh naheen haye kii yeh unaki pahal thee, aur pariyojana kii safalata unake netritva key kaaran thee. unase nae vasiyatnama kaa anuvaad aataa haye, joe unake dost nicolaus dwara puraane vasiyatname key pratipaadan kii tulanaa mein adhik sahaj, spasht aur adhik pathaniya thaa. 1388 mein wycliffe key yuva samkaaleen johnn parve dwara poore koo sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa.
abhee bhee lagbhag 150 paandulipiyaan maujood hain, jinamen poorna yaa aanshik roop seey anuvaad apane sanshodhit roop mein haye. isase, koee bhee aasaani seey anuman lagaa sakata haye kii 15veen shatabdi mein yeh kitna vyaapak roop seey faila huaa thaa. iss kaaran seey ingland mein viclifiet koo aksar unake virodhiyon dwara "bibil purush" key roop mein naamit kiya jaataa thaa.
wycliffe key anya karyon mein shamil hainh
siddhant.
wycliffe ney shaastron koo ishwar key baare mein sachchai key liye ekmatra vishvasaniya maargdarshak key roop mein maanaa thaa, aur kahaa thaa kii sabhi isaaiyon koo pope aur maulaviyon kii shikshaon key bajaay bible parr bharosa karna chaahiye. unhone kahaa kii pope key shasson key liye koee shaastriya auchitya naheen thaa.
dhaarmik roop seey, unake prachaar ney purvanirdharan mein ack majboot vishvaas vyakt kiya, jisane unhein "drishyamaan" catholic church key bajaay, bachaaye jaane key liye purvanirdhaarit logon seey baney "nirvaachit key adrishya church" kii ghoshana karane mein saksham banaaya.
wycliffe key liye, church una logon kii samagrata thee joe aashirvaad key liye purvanirdhaarit hain. joe hamesha key liye khou jaataa haye, uska isamen koee hissa naheen haye. ack saarvbhaumik church haye, aur isake baahar koee moksh naheen haye.
unake pahale lekhon aur church-raajneetik vishay-vastu key adhik karyon ney raajya key visheshadhikaron kaa bachaav kiya. 1379 taka apane "dee acclesia" ("church parr") mein, wycliffe ney spasht roop seey purohit parr raajaa kii sarvochata kaa daavaa kiya. unhone bhog kii bikri koo bhee aswikar curr diyaa.
jahan taka unake vivaad pope key pahale key virodhi key saath sahmat hain, yeh maan lena uchit haye kii vaha unase anjaan naheen they aur unase prabhaavit they. yeh wycliffe thaa jisane sudhaar key dou pramukh aupchaarik siddhanton mein seey ack koo maanyata dee aur taiyar kiya-isai key vishvaas aur jeevan key liye bible kaa advitiya adhikaar.
mathvaad parr hamla.
unhone jise ack samrajyavadi pope aur usake samarthakon key roop mein dekhaa, "sampradaay", jaisa kii unhone mathh key aadeshon koo kahaa, key khilaf ladaai naa kewal unake baad key karyon mein ack badee jagah letee haye, jaise kii "trilogus", "dialogus", "opus evangelicum", aur unake updeshon mein, balki lattin aur angreji mein tej tract aur vivadaspad prastutiyon kii ack shrinkhala mein bhee (jinamen seey unake baad key varshon mein jaari kiye gaye lekh "vivadaspad lekhan" key roop mein ekatra kiye gaye hain).
1380 mein "bhikshuon key prati aapattiyan", way bhikshuon koo samaaj key keat, dharm key dushman aur harr aparaadh key sanrakshak aur pravartak kahate hain. unhone bhikshuon key khilaf apani sabse majboot aalochana kaa nirdesh diyaa, jinake prachaar koo unhone naa tou shaastrokt aur naa hii imandar maanaa, balki "laukik laabh" seey prerit maanaa. jabaki anya loga vishesh trutiyon aur durvyavaharon key sudhaar kii maang karane mein santusht they, wycliffe ney sanstha key vilupt honey seey cumm kuchh naheen chaaha, kyonki way shaastra key prati pratikool they, aur church kii vyavastha aur samriddhi key saath asangat they. unhone mathon key vighatan kii vakaalat kii.
pope parr vichaar.
rudolf buddensig koo wycliffe key kaam mein dou alag-alag pahalu milate hain. pahala, 1366 seey 1378 taka, rome key saath ack raajneetik sangharsh koo darshaata haye, jabaki 1378 seey 1384 taka ack dhaarmik sangharsh haye. pratyek wycliffe mein dou drishtikon hainh vaha pope aur usake sansthanon donon parr hamla kartaa haye, aur roman catholic siddhant bhee.
wycliffe kaa prabhaav usa samay seey kabhi adhik naheen thaa jaba pope aur antipope ney apane liye maanyata praapt karane key liye apane rajdooton koo ingland bheja thaa. 1378 mein, rajdooton kii upasthiti mein, unhone sansad key samaksh ack raay dee, joe ack mahatvapurna church sambandhi raajneetik prashn (westminster mathh mein sharan key adhikaar kaa mamla) mein dikhaai, ack aisee sthiti joe raajya kii pasand thee. unhone tark diyaa kii jinn apraadhiyon ney churchon mein abhayaranya leey liya thaa, unhein kanuni roop seey abhayaranya seey baahar ghasita jaa sakata haye.
wycliffe key pichhale chhah varshon kii pustakon aur lekhon mein pope shasson aur unake samay key poore padanukram parr nirantar hamale shamil hain. harr saal way adhik seey adhik dhyaan kendrit karate hain, aur anta mein, pope aur masih-virodhi unhein vyaavhaarik roop seey samaan avadhaaranaaen prateet hoti hain. phir bhee aise maarg hain joe swar mein madhyam hainh jee. vee. lecler ney pope key saath wycliffe key sambandhon mein teen charanon kii pehchaan kii. pahala kadam, joe unhein matbhed key prakop taka leey gayaa, isamen pope kii pradhaantaa kii madhyam maanyata shamil haye; doosara, joe unhein 1381 taka leey gayaa, pope seey ack algaav dwara chihnit haye; aur teesara usey tej pratispardha mein dikhaata haye.
darshan mein buniyaadi sthiti.
wycliffe 14veen shatabdi key uttaraardh key ack pramukh angreji dharamshastri aur vidwan daarshanik they. unhone ack daarshanik key roop mein apani mahaan pratishtha kamaayi. heinry niton kaa kahana haye kii darshan mein way kissy seey peechhe naheen they, aur shaikshik anushasana mein atulaniya they. unake jeevan mein ack samay thaa jaba unhone khud koo vishesh roop seey shaikshik darshan key liye samarpit curr diyaa thaa. unaki pahali pustak, "dee logica" (1360), vidvatapurna dharamshastra key mool siddhanton kii khoj karati haye. unakaa maanana thaa kii "maanav munn koo behtar dhang seey samajhane key liye tark kaa adhyayan karna chaahiye kyonki...maanav vichaar, bhaavanaaen aur kaary ishwar kii chhavi aur samaantaa koo dhaaran karate hain.
wycliffe kii daarshanik pranali kaa kendra sabhi cheejon aur ghatnaaon key bhagwan key vichaar mein poorv astitva key siddhant seey banaa haye. jabaki platonic yathaarthvaad "sundarta" koo ack aisee sampatti key roop mein dekhega joe kissy bhee munn yaa cheez seey swatantra roop seey ack aadarsh roop mein maujood haye, "kyonki pratyek saarvbhaumik, srishti key hisse key roop mein, bhagwan, nirmaata seey apane astitva koo praapt kartaa haye. wycliffe augustin key karibi anuyaayi they, aur hamesha srijit vaastaviktaa parr nirmaata kii pradhaantaa koo barkarar rakhaa.
wycliffe kaa doosara pramukh bindu divya swami kii dhaarana parr unakaa jore haye, jiska anveshan "dee dominio divino" (see. 1373), joe bhagwan aur unake praniyon key beach sambandh kii jaanch kartaa haye. wycliffe key liye iska vyaavhaarik anuprayog sahee adhikaar (saarvbhaumik) key prati vyaktiyon (vishesh) key vidrohi ravaiye mein dekhaa gayaa thaa. dee sivil dominio" mein vaha usa uchit paristhiti parr charcha kartaa haye jisake tahat ack ikai koo cumm vishayon parr adhikaar rakhane key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. "dominium" hamesha bhagwan dwara pradaan kiya jaataa haye. "sabhi sandehon seey parey, saarvbhaumik key baare mein bauddhik aur bhaavnaatmak truti duniya mein shasson karane vaale sabhi paapon kaa kaaran haye."unaki kuchh shikshaon mein, jaisa kii" dee annihilation "mein, thomas aquina key prabhaav kaa pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haye.
unhone kahaa kii loktantra, plato, augustein aur sthulata abhijaat varg seey kaheen adhik haye. jahan taka madhya yug key daarshnikon key saath unake sambandhon kaa sambandh haye, unhone okham key villium dwara unnat nammatravad key vipareet yathaarthvaad koo apanaaya.
beesavin shatabdi mein daarshanik aur dharamshastri cornelius vaine till dwara wycliffe key kaee vichaaron koo aage badhaaya gayaa haye.
atkalon key prati ravaiya.
sabhi vaastaviktaon key vichaar mein poorv astitva key wycliffe key maulik siddhant mein ichcha kii swatantrata key liye sabse gambhir baadha shamil haye; daarshanik kewal iss sootra seey khud kii sahaayata curr sakata thaa kii manushya kii swatantra ichcha kuchh aisaa thaa joe bhagwan kii poorv nirdhaarit thee. unhone sach aur jhooth koo alag karane key saadhan key roop mein sakht dwandwaatmak prashikshan kii maang kii, aur jore dekar kahaa kii tark (yaa shabdansh) ney catholic satya key gyaan koo aage badhaaya; tark kii agyaantaa kaa kaaran thaa kii purush shaastra koo galat samajhate they, kyonki purushon ney sambandh, vichaar aur roop key beach key antar koo andekha curr diyaa thaa.
wycliffe kewal dharamshastra aur darshan key beach key antar key prati sachet naheen they, balki unaki vaastaviktaa kii bhavna ney unhein shaikshik prashnon seey gujarane key liye prerit kiya. unhone una daarshanik charchaon koo ack taraf chhod diyaa jinka dhaarmik chetna key liye koee mahatva naheen thaa aur joe vishuddh roop seey vidvataavaad seey sambandhit theenh "humm una vaastaviktaon key saath khud koo chintit karate hain joe hain, aur una galatiyon koo ack taraf chhod dete hain joe una mamalon parr atkalon seey utpann hoti hain joe naheen hain."
sanskar.
johnn wycliffe ney sweekaarokti key sanskar key saath-saath pargaman koo yeh kahate hue khariz curr diyaa kii yeh shaastra key khilaf thaa. wycliffe parr ack daandaata honey key roop mein hamla kiya gayaa thaa, haalaanki yeh daavaa ack galat dhaarana thee, shayed iss dhaarmik vidhi parr unake vichaaron koo badnam karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa thaa.
soteriology.
aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii wycliffe key paas baad key sudharakon key samaan auchitya key vichaar they. wycliffe key anusaar vishvaas moksh key liye paryaapt thaah
masih parr poori tarah seey bharosa rakhein; poori tarah seey usake dukhon parr bharosa karein; usaki dharmikta key alawa kissy anya tareeke seey nyaaysangat honey kii koshish karane seey savdhan rahein. hamaare prabhu yeeshu masih mein vishvaas moksh key liye paryaapt haye.
viraasat.
wycliffe ney angreji mein bible key anuvaad key vikas mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, iss prakaar ise aam logon key liye sulabh banaa diyaa. unakaa zaan huss parr bhee majboot prabhaav thaa. unake naam parr kaee sansthanon kaa naam rakhaa gayaa haih
31 disambar koo ingland key church mein aur kanada key anglican church mein wycliffe koo ack smaarak key saath sammaanit kiya jaataa haye.