
americi jeevan mein saksharta

americi jeevan mein saksharta (2001) deborah brand kii ack pustak haye joe 1895 aur 1985 key beach paida hue amerikiyon key liye saksharta seekhane kii gatishil sthitiyon koo darshaati haye. brand apane shodh aur detta kaa vishleshan karane key liye saksharta key prayojakon key vichaar kaa upayog kartaa haye. brand key anusaar, saksharta key praayojak "koee bhee agent, sthaaniya yaa door, thhos yaa amoort hain, joe saksham karate hain, samarthan karate hain, padhaate hain, aur model, saath hii bharti karate hain, viniyamit karate hain, dabaate hain, yaa saksharta koo rokte hain-aur kissy tarah seey iska laabh uthaate hain.americi jeevan mein saksharta" jeevan key sabhi kshetron seey amerikiyon key saksharta itihas kaa upayog kartaa haye taaki 1900 key dashak mein americi samaaj mein badalati aarthik, raajneetik aur samajik-saanskritik sthitiyon key saksharta adhigrahan aur upayog parr padane vaale prabhaavon koo spasht kiya jaa sakey.
adhyaay 1: saksharta, avsar aur aarthik parivartan.
brand key anusaar, "saksharta kshamata, nigamit laabhpradata aur rashtriya utpaadaktaa sabhi ulajh gaye hain.deborah brandt key" "americi jeevan mein saksharta" "key pahale adhyaay mein iss baat parr jore diyaa gayaa haye kii kaise badalati aarthik sthitiyon aur kshetriya punargathan ney logon koo padhane aur likhane key liye seekhane key avsaron koo prabhaavit kiya. brandt dou mahilaaon key jeevan parr charcha karati haye jinhone vibhinn yugon key dauran ack krishi parivaar kii arthavyavastha mein saksharta praapt kii thee taaki inmein seey kaee mahatvapurna binduon koo spasht kiya jaa sakey. donon mahilaaon ney hyee school seey snaatak kiya lekin 1903, martha day seey ack patrakaar bunn gaee, jabaki 1971 kii mahila, barbara hunt, ack sthaaniya kiraane kii dukaan mein cashier bunn gaee. yeh vyaavsaayik virodhabhas darshaata haye kii kaise "krishi parivaar" saksharta kshamataon kaa moolya kaafee cumm hoe gayaa aur usa avadhi key dauran americi samaaj mein saksharta key maanak teji seey badhe. yeh badalate samajik aur saanskritik karakon key prabhaav koo bhee ujagar kartaa haye. martha divas ack aise yug kaa thaa jaba kaee bachchon kaa paalan-poshan kheton mein kiya jaataa thaa lekin barbara shikaar naheen thaa. iss prakaar, dinn ack alag jeevan shally aur vyavasaay mein adhik sucharu roop seey parivartit honey mein saksham thaa kyonki usa samay usaki parvarish shikaar kii tulanaa mein samaaj mein adhik aam thee. anta mein, donon mahilaaon key vivaran america mein saksharta prayojan kii gatishil sthiti koo pradarshit karate hain. beesavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein, jaba hyee school key baad ack vyavasaay kii khoj kii jaa rahee thee, lokpriya press saksharta key ack pramukh praayojak key roop mein ubhar rhaa thaa, isaliye vaha ack patrakaar key roop mein ack pada hassil karane mein saksham thee, jisase unake saksharta kaushal key vikas mein aur suvidha hui. haalaanki, beesavin shatabdi key uttaraardh taka, saksharta prayojan mein lokpriya press kaa prabhaav cumm hoe rhaa thaa, isaliye jaba vaha uchch vidyalaya seey snaatak honey key baad vyavasaay kii khoj curr rahee thee tou barbara shikaar key liye vahee avsar upalabdh naheen they. iss prakaar, inn dou saksharta itihas aakhyanon kaa upayog karate hue, brandt yeh darshaata haye kii kaise 1900 key dashak key dauran buniyaadi saksharta kaushal, aarthik prayojakon kii pehchaan aur prabhaav aur uchch vidyalaya shiksha vaale logon key liye upalabdh naukari key avsaron kaa moolya kaafee badal gayaa.
adhyaay 2: vrittachitra america mein saksharta aur niraksharta.
deborah brand key "americi jeevan mein saksharta" key dusare adhyaay mein una tarikon parr charcha kii gaee haye jinamen americi samaaj mein aarthik aur raajneetik vyavaharyata vyaktiyon key sakshar honey parr nirbhar hoe gaee. brandt likhate hain, "anpadhon key sambandh mein, sakshar adhik swaayatta aur visheshaadhikaar kaa anand lete hain; ack vyaavhaarik arth mein, unaki swatantrata adhik moolyavaan haye.yeh, badey hisse mein, likhit dastavejon key madhyam seey samajik, aarthik aur raajneetik sambandhon key kaee pahaluon key kaaran thaa. joe loga inn saksharta-aavashyak pahaluon koo samajhane aur unamen bhaag lene mein asamarth they, unhein samajik, aarthik aur raajneetik jeevan key una pahaluon key liye ack alag nuksan mein rakhaa gayaa thaa joe unhein padh aur samajh sakate they. ack vrittachitra-adharit samaaj mein yeh parivartan, yaa ack "unnat samvidaatmak samaaj" key roop mein lekhak edward stevens ney apani pustak, "saksharta, kaanoon aur samajik vyavastha" (1988) mein ise mukhya roop seey nigamon key teji seey vikas aur vikas key kaaran bataaya. brand key anusaar, "vyaktiyon key beach pratyaksh bajar sambandhon ney corporate-shally kii gatividhi koo raasta diyaa-naukarshahi sanrachanaon mein vriddhi, paraspar nirbharta, yojana, soochana key pravaah parr pratibandh, aur niyantran key anya roop, sabhi badey paimaane parr likhit aur anya prateek-adharit upkaranon parr adharit they.samaaj mein jaankaari kewal sakshar logon key liye upalabdh hoe gaee kyonki samachar mukhya roop seey samachar patron aur patrikaon jaise likhit roopon mein vyakt honey lagey. ack baar phir, badalate americi samaaj key sambandh mein ack vyakti key saksharta kaushal kaa moolya badalane lagaa. iss "unnat samvidaatmak samaaj" mein vibhinn tarikon seey saksharta koo niyantrit karane key liye nae praayojak ubhare aur kaary kiya.
brand iss avadhi key dauran saksharta prayojan key prabhaav koo spasht karane key liye 1970 aur 1980 key dashak mein rahane vaale vyaktiyon seey dou vistaarit cases studdy pradaan kartaa haye aur unakaa vishleshan kartaa haye. ack vyakti dwayne lovri haye, ack auto karmchari sangh kaa pratinidhi bunn gayaa haye, aur doosara johnny aims haye, ack sharecropper jisane pahali baar adhikatam suraksha jail mein bitaaye gaye 16 varshon key dauran padhana aur likhana seekha. lovri key mamle mein, unake saksharta kaushal kii maang samay key saath teji seey badhee; pahali baar, jaba unhone vyavsaayon koo sangh kaa pratinidhi banane key liye parivartit kiya aur phir seey 1970 key dashak mein shramikon key sanghon key roop mein mahatvapurna shakti praapt karna shuru kiya. udaaharan key liye, unake saksharta kaushal kii shakti cumm hoe gaee kyonki antargyaan ney unake khilaf baatchit karane key liye uchch shikshit vakeelon koo kaam parr rakhna shuru curr diyaa aur donon pakshon key beach samjhauton ney maukhik seey likhit roopon mein badalana shuru curr diyaa. apane saksharta kaushal kii maangon key saath talmel rakhane key liye, loeri ney anubandhon koo padhana aur likhana behtar dhang seey seekhane key liye kaee karyashalaon mein bhaag liya.
aims key mamle mein, vaha saksharta key ack asamanya sansthaagat praayojak, jail pranali key kaaran bachpan mein padhana aur likhana seekhane mein whiffle rahane key bhaari nuksan koo door karane mein saksham thaa. halanki aims kaa mamla vishisht naheen haye, brand ise saksharta shiksha parr aitihaasik aur raajneetik ghatnaaon key prabhaav koo pradarshit karane key liye prastut kartaa haye. jail prabandhan, kaidi punarvaas aur kaanoon parr sambandhit pratispardhi darshan koo padhana aur likhana sikhaane key liye kaee samagri kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. yeye kewal jail pranali dwara arjit kiye gaye they kyonki sansthaan haal key varshon mein joe badalaav anubhav curr rhaa thaa. isi tarah, aims jail mein apane samay key dauran kiye gaye kaee mahatvapurna nyaayik nirnayon parr apani saksharta seekhane mein saksham they kyonki unamen way adhikaar shamil they joe unhein aur anya kaidiyon koo anumati dee gaee thee.
lovri aur ames key udaaharan yeh spasht karane mein madad karate hain kii saksharta seekhana aksar aarthik aur raajneetik prabhutva key liye kissy key sangharsh kaa ack upa-utpaad haye. lovri key udaaharan ney unake saksharta kaushal parr rakhee gaee maang koo pradarshit kiya, ack samaaj dwara anubandh-unmukh honey key kaaran, kyonki unhone aarthik safalata key liye prayaas kiya. eme key udaaharan seey pataa chalata haye kii kaise ack kaidi key roop mein apane raajneetik adhikaaron key baare mein soochit rahane seey jail mein unaki saksharta seekhane mein madad millie. isake alawa, yeye mamle bataate hain kii kaise america mein saksharta key maanak teji seey badh rahey they kyonki pratyek vyakti koo saksharta kaushal praapt karna jaari rakhe binaa khud koo nuksan mein paaya hoga.
adhyaay 3: saksharta kaa sanchyah kaise ack americi parivaar kii chaar peedhiyon ney likhana seekha.
deborah brand key "americi jeevan mein saksharta" key teesare adhyaay mein madhya paschimi europeeya americi parivaar kii chaar alag-alag peedhiyon key sadasyon key saksharta itihas kaa upayog karke saksharta key arth aur tarikon mein teji seey parivartan key prabhaav parr vichaar kiya gayaa haye. parivaar key sadasyon key aakhyanon mein jinn pramukh prabhaavon kaa vishleshan kiya jaataa haye, unamen graameen madhya paschimi roodhivaadi samajon mein unnisvin shatabdi kii paaramparik saksharta kii viraasat, mahamandi seey pahale aur usake dauran krishi mein parivartan, dwiteeya vishva yuddh aur takniki aur sanchaar kaushal kii ichcha joe isane banaai, aur unnat schooly shiksha aur aarthik vyavaharyata key beach sambandh shamil hain.
jenaa meey kaa janm 1898 mein central wisconsin mein ack dayeri farm mein huaa thaa aur unhone usa avadhi mein school jaanaa shuru kiya jaba school jaane kii aavashyakta kewal 12 saptah ack varsh thee. school key baahar, saksharta ney unake jeevan mein ack chhoti see bhoomika nibhai aur hyee school seey snaatak honey key baad, unhone college mein dakhila liya, taaki way type karna seekh sakein aur dayeri key godamon key liye kitanunashak banaane vaali company mein naukari praapt curr sakein. mahamandi key dauran, madhya-paschim mein krishi kii sthiti naatakiya roop seey badal gaee kyonki chhote parivarik khet badey krishi vitarakon koo betch diye gaye. krishi mein shamil logon kii sankhya mein naatakiya roop seey kamee aaee aur kaee kisaanon ney khud koo parivahan, bikri aur lipic samarthan jaise kaam karate hue paaya, jisake liye vyaapak record rakhane kii aavashyakta thee. iss avadhi key dauran saksharta kii maangen badalane lageen. udaaharan key liye, brand nott, "jabaki khet-adharit lekhan kaa upayog parivaar key kaam aur maudrik lenden key record rakhane key liye kiya gayaa hoga, record rakhna-anya logon key record-abb kaam hii bunn gayaa.yeh ack aise tareeke koo darshaata haye jisamen saksharta pahali baar jenaa meey key parivarik itihas mein shram seey seedhe judee hui thee.
jenaa meey key bete, saim meey kaa janm 1925 mein huaa thaa aur apani maan key bachpan kii tulanaa mein, saim kii parvarish mein school key ander aur baahar donon jagah padhana aur likhana shamil thaa. mahamandi aspas key shaharon seey badey parivaaron koo unake graameen shahar mein leey aaee aur naatak, naatak aur circus dincharya kii rachana karane key tareeke they jinase bachche samudaay kii bhavna kaa nirmaan karate they aur apane aarthik roop seey sangharsh curr rahey parivaaron key liye paisa kamaa sakate they. film aur radio karyakramon key vikas ney bachchon koo apane parivaaron kii sahaayata key liye prachaar samagri key liye radio stations koo likhane key liye bhee prerit kiya. inn tarikon seey, mahaan avasaad key dauran gatishil aarthik karakon ney yuvaaon key liye saksharta seekhane koo prabhaavit kiya. baad mein, saim dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran senaa mein seva curr sakata haye, ack saksharta praayojak jisane teji seey takniki pragati kii maang karke saksharta prathaon mein badalaav laaya aur dhana pradaan kiya jisase saim jaise diggajon koo college mein jaane kii anumati millie.
saim meey key bete, jack meey kaa janm 1958 mein huaa thaa aur iss samay taka, parivaar ney ack jeevan shally parivartan puuraa curr liya thaa joe poore americi parivaaron kaa pratinidhi thaa. jaisa kii brandt iska varnan kartaa haye, "[parivaar] ack khet seey dusare shahar mein, vistaarit parivaar seey dusare parivaar mein, aur swa-rojgar seey vetan rojgar mein badal gayaa.inn parivartanon ney jack koo shesh samaaj key saath adhik shaikshik aur saanskritik roop seey sangat banaakar aur parivaar dwara saksharta seekhane parr diye gaye jore koo badhaakar saksharta key adhigrahan koo badhaava diyaa. jack key maataa-pitaa hamesha ghar mein samkaaleen pathan samagri rakhate they taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii jack ack aisee duniya key liye taiyar thaa joe teji seey samajik aur takniki roop seey adhik adharit hoe rahee thee. saksharta prathaon kii visheshtaon ney aarthik aur samajik duniya mein adhik mahatva lena shuru curr diyaa. udaaharan key liye, kissy key lekhan kii gunavatta koo abb kissy vyakti kii visheshtaon, vyaktitva aur kshamata key pratibimb key roop mein dekhaa jaane lagaa thaa. iss prakaar, jack key ghar mein inn saksharta kaushal kaa abhyaas iss hudd taka lagu kiya gayaa kii unhein unamen seey kaee key prati ghrina hoe gaee. vyavasaay key kshetra mein rojgar praapt karane key baad, jack ney saksharta prathaon mein naukari parr prashikshan praapt kiya; joe usaki daadi koo milaa hoga yaa jack kii aavashyakta bhee hogi, usase kaheen adhik. yeh udaaharan detaa haye kii iss avadhi key dauran sanyukt raajya america mein samaaj mein saksharta kaa moolya aur praayojak naatakiya roop seey badal rahey they.
jack meey key bete, michael meey kaa janm 1981 mein huaa thaa, ack samay jaba usee shahar mein adhikansh loga jahan unaki pardadi badee hui theen, abb kuchh prakaar kii maadhyamik shiksha praapt curr rahee theen aur safed collar key kaam mein luggy hui theen. saksharta kaushal abb samaaj mein kaam karane key liye aavashyak they aur michael koo unake pitaa dwara anubhav kiye gaye anubhav seey bhee adhik teevrata aur poornata key saath sikhaaya jaataa thaa. anya key alawa, michael kii bachpan kii saksharta bhavishya key samasya samadhan karyakram dwara praayojit thee, joe pratibhashali chhatron key liye shaikshanik pathyakram koo samriddh karane key liye banaaya gayaa ack karyakram thaa. halanki michael kewal 11 saal key hain, lekin usa umr mein parivaar key anya sadasyon key star seey kaheen adhik likh rahey hain. yeh usa vaichaarik parivartan kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye jisase saksharta samaaj mein gujar rahee haye.
adhyaay 4: "isaki shakti": african americi jeevan mein saksharta key praayojak.
deborah brand key "americi jeevan mein saksharta" key chauthe adhyaay mein 1900 key dashak key dauran african amerikiyon key pramukh saksharta prayojakon kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye. yeh adhyaay americi samaaj mein bhedbhaav aur naslavaad key kaaran saksharta praapt karane mein african amerikiyon key saamane aaney vaali baadhaon kii charcha key saath shuru hotaa haye. brand key anusaar, "beesavin shatabdi key adhikansh samay mein, halanki, kuchh channel jinake dwara saksharta koo protsaahit kiya jaa rhaa thaa aur subsidy dee jaa rahee thee, african amerikiyon key liye samaan roop seey khule they.shwet amerikiyon key liye upalabdh kaee aarthik praayojak african amerikiyon key liye upalabdh naheen they kyonki, jaisa kii brandt bataate hain," african amerikiyon ney shayed hii kabhi apane saksharta vikas koo rashtra kii jarooraton mein dekhaa haye.isase, brand kaa matlab haye kii americi samaaj african amerikiyon key saksharta kaushal parr nirbharta yaa aavashyakta key binaa vikasit huaa, aur iss prakaar, african americi saksharta kaushal koo 1900 key dashak key adhikansh samay key dauran americi samaaj dwara sakriya roop seey badhaava yaa vikasit karane key liye protsaahit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. iska ack ullekhaniya apavaad dwiteeya vishva yuddh thaa. haalaanki, african americi protestant church, shikshaavid aur zana saksharta kii disha mein zana andolanon ney african amerikiyon kii saksharta koo vibhinn tarikon seey praayojit kiya.
kewal african americi protestant church koo yahaan maanaa jaataa haye kyonki brand ney african americi saksharta prayojakon kii apani charcha parr sabse adhik jore diyaa haye. african americi protestant church 1900 key dashak key dauran african amerikiyon kii shiksha aur saksharta koo praayojit karane vaalaa ack aavashyak saanskritik sansthaan thaa. kyonki kaale church safed prabhutva seey mukt they, way ack aisaa sthaan they joe african americi yuvaaon koo saksharta aur netritva kaushal praapt karane key liye vibhinn avsar pradaan karate they. black church ney african amerikiyon koo anya tarikon seey bhee samarthan aur sahaayata pradaan kii. brandt likhate hain, "african americi churchon key sadasyon ney awas, swaasthya dekhbhal, poonji nivesh aur beema pradaan karane key liye bhee ayojan kiya.unhone naa kewal saksharta vikas koo praayojit kiya, balki maanav vikas koo bhee praayojit kiya. brandt ney ise sabse achchha bataaya, "anivarya roop seey, church nagrik adhikaar andolan kaa sangathanaatmak aadhar bunn gayaa kyonki yeh madhya shatabdi mein abhootpoorv taakat mein badh gayaa, aur church aaj bhee samaaj mein ashwet nirvaachit adhikaariyon aur samudaay ayojakon key liye ushmaayak key roop mein kaam karna jaari rakhate hain.iss prakaar, yeh spasht haye kii african amerikiyon key paas advitiya saksharta praayojak they aur yeye saksharta praayojak sanyukt raajya mein african amerikiyon key saksharta vikas mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhaate hain.
adhyaay 5: pavitra aur apavitrah lokpriya smriti mein padhana banaam likhana.
deborah brand key "americi jeevan mein saksharta" key paanchven adhyaay mein dhaarmik sansthanon kii shikshaon koo padhane aur likhane mein antar parr charcha kii gaee haye. vishesh roop seey, kaee dhaarmik sansthanon aur dhaarmik sansthanon kii shaakhaon ney apane sadasyon koo padhane kaa kaushal sikhaane kii maang kii, lekin lekhan kaushal padhaane key liye unake sansthaagat adhikaariyon dwara unaki aalochana kii gaee. sabse pahale, lekhan kii aalochana ack gatividhi key bahut dharmnirpeksh honey aur bahut adhik vyaavsaayik honey key roop mein kii gaee thee. doosara, aur adhik mahatvapurna roop seey, lekhan oopar kii or gatishilata seey judaa huaa thaa aur yeh kuchh aisaa thaa jise roodhivaadi church key netaa nichale varg koo praapt karane seey rokna chaahte they. unhone socha kii yeh samajik aur aarthik santulan koo baadhit karega jise banaane key liye unhone kaam kiya.
isake baad adhyaay mein kaee anya sansthanon dwara rakhe gaye padhane aur likhane parr vibhinn vichaaron parr charcha kii gaee haye aur inn vichaaron ney iss yug key dauran americi nagrikon key saksharta adhigrahan koo kaise prabhaavit kiya. udaaharan key liye, americi saarvajanik vidyalaya pranali kii apani charcha mein, brandt likhati hain, "bajat vyay, vidvatapurna dhyaan aur saarvajanik chinta key sandarbh mein shiksha mein padhane koo hamesha adhik" divya "darja praapt rhaa haye. padhana, hamesha ack adhik spasht roop seey paribhaashit pathyakram gatividhi rahee haye, jabaki school mein lekhan kii paribhaashaaen, nakal karane kii yaantrik kalaa seey vyaakaran kii or, rachanaatmak abhivyakti aur vyaktigat vikas kii or, badalati rahee hain.padhane aur likhane parr inn alag-alag vichaaron ney lekhan kaushal key adhigrahan koo padhane key kaushal key adhigrahan kii tulanaa mein kathin banaa diyaa haye kyonki paribhashaon yaa lekhan koo maankeekrit karna mushkil thaa.
isake alawa, lekhan kii tulanaa mein americi samaaj mein padhane kii bhoomika hamesha adhik spasht roop seey paribhaashit rahee haye, aur isase inn kaushal mein seey pratyek koo praapt prayojan kii degree prabhaavit hui haye. haalaanki, jaisa kii resnick aur resnick ney apani pustak "dha nature off literacyh aeye historical exploration" (1977) mein kahaa haye, vartamaan samaaj mein logon koo ateet kii tulanaa mein shabdon key saath adhik kaam karane mein saksham honey kii aavashyakta haye, aur isase schools, churchon, aarthik sansthanon aadi seey lekhan key prayojan mein vriddhi hui haye. iss prakaar, humm vartamaan mein ack aise yug mein hain joe shikshan lekhan kaushal seey kuchh logon koo adhik badey paimaane parr lekhan kaushal sikhaane kii or leey jaa rhaa haye.
adhyaay 6: utpaadan key saadhanh 21veen shatabdi mein saksharta aur stareekaran.
deborah brand key "americi jeevan mein saksharta" key chhathe aur antim adhyaay mein una tarikon parr charcha kii gaee haye jinamen saksharta americi aabaadi key aarthik stareekaran kaa kaaran banati haye. brand key anusaar, "jahaan ack baar sakshar kaushal ney kewal samajik laabh kii pushti kii hogi, yeh vartamaan aarthik paristhitiyon mein, samajik laabh mein hii ack badhata huaa sansaadhan haye.school swayam iss samasya kaa prachaar karate prateet hotey hain kyonki joe school sabse adhik sakshar aur sabse adhik upalabdhi hassil karane vaale vyaktiyon kaa utpaadan karate hain, unhein sabse adhik sarkari dhana praapt hotaa haye. isake vipareet, joe school sakshar aur uchch praapt karane vaale vyaktiyon koo paida karane key liye sangharsh curr rahey hain, unhein cumm seey cumm dhana praapt hotaa haye aur iss prakaar, chakr dohraya jaataa haye aur pratyek baar pattern adhik ugra hotaa jaataa haye. yeh ack bachche kii parivarik prishthabhoomi seey bhee ghanishth roop seey judaa huaa haye. udaaharan key liye, brandt likhate hain, "garib kamai yaa school sanskriti kii kharaab samajh vaale parivaaron key bachche adhik kharaab tareeke seey taiyar hain, aur yeh unake saapeksh cumm upalabdhi [school mein] koo samajhaata haye.isane iss baare mein kaee chintaon koo janm diyaa haye kii kyaa nimn samajik-aarthik prishthabhoomi key bachchon koo pahale seey hii praapt karna chaahiye aur saksharta adhigrahan kii disha mein unaki yatra mein aaney vaali antarnihit baadhaon koo door karane mein unaki madad key liye atirikt shaikshik hastakshep karna chaahiye.
brandt nimn samajik-aarthik prishthabhoomi key bachchon dwara saamana kiye jaane vaale school seey baahar saksharta seekhane mein antar parr bhee charcha kartaa haye. vaha kaee vyaktiyon kii saksharta kathaaon kaa upayog iss baat koo spasht karane key liye karati haye kii nimn-varg key parivaaron key bachchon koo unake jeevan mein saksharta naheen millie haye, jiss tarah seey madhyam aur uchch-varg key parivaar key bachche karate hain. iss bindu parr bahas karate hue, brand pustak key kaee vyaapak vishayon koo ack saath jodata haye, arthaat saksharta key vibhinn prayojakon kii bhoomikaaen aur bachchon aur parivaaron taka unaki pahunch kii vibhinn degree. vishesh roop seey, brand yeh ingit kartaa haye kii kaise ack bachche key maataa-pitaa kii saksharta key aarthik praayojak taka seemit pahunch usa bachche kii saksharta key shaikshik prayojakon taka pahunch koo prabhaavit karati haye. iss prakaar, parinam ack aarthik roop seey stareekrit americi samaaj haye joe kaafee hudd taka vyaktiyon key saksharta kaushal key adhigrahan parr adharit haye.