
galloway vee. sanyukt raajya america

galloway vee. sanyukt raajya america, 319 yuu.aiss. 372 (1943), sanyukt raajya america key nirnay kaa ack sarvocch nyayalaya thaa jisamen adalat ney nirdhaarit kiya kii ack diwani mamle mein ack nirdeshit nirnay sanyukt raajya key samvidhaan key saatven sanshodhan key tahat diwani mamalon mein juurii dwara mukadame key unake adhikaar seey vaadi koo vanchit naheen kartaa haye.
yachikakarta kaa senaa aur nausena key saath ack onn aur off itihas thaa. 1930 mein unhone diggajon key beuro key saath chikitsa pareekshaon kii ack shrinkhala shuru kii, jisamen unhein manovikriti honey kaa label diyaa gayaa thaa. yachikakarta ney daavaa kiya kii vaha videsh mein sakriya seva key tanaav key kaaran paida hue pagalpan key kaaran abb poori tarah seey aur sthaayi roop seey aksham hoe gayaa thaa. yachikakarta ney aarop lagaaya kii unakaa pagalpan 31 maee, 1919 seey pahale maujood thaa, jiss dinn unaki vaarshik akshay avadhi beema policy premium kaa bhugtan naa karane key kaaran samaapt hoe gaee thee. apana mamla saabit karane key liye, yachikakarta ney chhah gavaahon kii ack shrinkhala kii peshkash kii joe usey seva seey pahale aur baad mein jaanate they aur usake vyavhaar parivartan parr tippani karenge. yachikakarta kaa bojh atkalon seey adhik anumaanon dwara pradarshit karna thaa kii usaki sthiti 31 maee, 1919 koo yaa usase pahale shuru hui thee aur 1930 taka lagaatar astitva mein thee yaa aage badhee thee. sarkaar ney ack nirdeshit faisale key liye kadam badhaaya aur jilaa adalat ney ise sarkaar key paksh mein yeh kahate hue pradaan kiya kii yachikakarta ney apane sakshya key saath apane bojh koo puuraa naheen kiya. yachikakarta ney daavaa kiya kii nirdeshit faisale ney unhein juurii trial key adhikaar seey vanchit curr diyaa. appeal adalat ney jilaa adalat key faisale kii pushti kii. iss mamle mein mudda yeh thaa kii kyaa ack nirdeshit faisale ney yachikakarta koo juurii trial key adhikaar seey vanchit curr diyaa thaa.
prishthbhoomih saatven sanshodhan kaa itihas.
saatven sanshodhan mein praavdhaan kiya gayaa haye kii "samanya kaanoon key mukdamon mein, jahaan vivaad mein moolya bees dollar seey adhik hoga, juurii dwara mukadame kaa adhikaar sanrakshit kiya jaayega..."ack pakshapaati yaa bhrasht adalat dwara utpeedan koo rokane key liye sanshodhan lagu kiya gayaa thaa. iska matlab yeh thaa kii kuchh nyayadhishon key vyaktigat hita yaa purvagrah adalaton key samaksh nagrikon key adhikaaron aur jimmedariyon koo haraane key liye kaam naheen karenge. bhrashtachar koo rokane key liye, satwan sanshodhan hamaare sathiyon dwara mukadame kii guaranti dene key liye likhaa gayaa thaa.
saatven sanshodhan kii vyakhya logon koo sanghiya adalat mein kaee nagrik mamalon mein juurii pareekshan kaa adhikaar dene key liye kii gaee haye, lekin, sanshodhan key shabdon key vipareet prateet hotaa haye, sabhi naheen. udaaharan key liye, sarkaar key khilaf mukadame, aur nausena mamalon, mamle kaa faisala juurii dwara karane key adhikaar koo janm naheen dete hain. sanyukt raajya sarkaar parr mukadama karane kii kshamata sahit kaanoon dwara banaae gaye mukadame key adhikaar (banaam samanya kaanoon, yaa adalat key nirnay dwara banaae gaye kaanoon), adalaton key anusaar, saatven sanshodhan key bajaay kaanoon dwara banaae gaye juurii adhikaar hain.
sanghiya chikitsa suvidhaaen aur sanghiya yaatana daavaa adhiniyam dwara paryavekshit chikitsa vyavsaayiyon koo juurii pareekshan seey poori tarah seey chhoot dee gaee haye. iss tarah key mamalon mein juurii parikshanon koo rokane key nirnay kii 1943 mein taya kiye gaye ack mamle mein uchch nyayalaya key nyayadhish hyugo black kii asahamati kii raay dwara aalochana kii gaee thee, jisamen unhone "nyaayik ksharan kii kramik prakriya kii nirantarta kii or ishara kiya thaa, joe ack sou pachas varshon mein dheere-dheere saatven sanshodhan kii aavashyak guaranti kaa ack badaa hissa cumm hoe gayaa haye", galloway banaam. sanyukt raajya america, 319 yuu.aiss. 372, 397 (yuu.aiss. 1943).
mamle key tathya.
yachikakarta ney daavaa kiya kii usaki mansik pagalpan senaa mein iss sanliptata key kaaran hui thee aur sarkaar parr mukadama daayar kiya. jilaa adalat ney yachikakarta key apane daave koo saabit karane key liye paryaapt sabooton kii kamee kaa hawala dete hue ack nirdeshit faisale key liye sarkaar key prastaav koo manjuri dee aur sarkaar key liye faisala sunaaya. yachikakarta ney appeal karate hue kahaa kii sanyukt raajya key samvidhaan key saatven sanshodhan key adhikaar koo juurii trial key liye nirdeshit faisale key kaaran aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
yachikakarta ney 1 navambar, 1917 koo senaa mein bharti honey seey pahale philadelphia aur anya jagahon parr ack lambe tata parr rahane vaale key roop mein kaam kiya. vaha ack machine gunn batalian mein rasoiya bunn gayaa. unaki ikai aprail 1918 mein france pahunchi. unhone 24 sitambar taka sakriya roop seey seva kii. taba seey agali janwari taka way influenzae key saath ack aspatal mein they. phir vaha sakriya duty parr laut aae. vaha sanyukt raajya america vaapas aae, aur 29 aprail, 1919 koo unhein sammaanjanak nirvahan praapt huaa. way 15 janwari, 1920 koo nausena mein bharti hue, aur julaai mein kharaab aacharan key liye unhein chhutti dey dee gaee. agale disambar mein vaha phir seey senaa mein bharti hoe gaye aur maee 1922 taka seva kii, jaba taka kii unhone tyag naheen kiya. isake baad unhein senaa key record mein ack palayankarta key roop mein leey jaaya gayaa.
1930 mein diggajon key beuro chikitsakon dwara chikitsa pareekshaon kii ack shrinkhala shuru kii gaee. usa varsh 19 maee koo unaki sthiti kaa nidan "moran, low grade; observation, dementia precox, simpal type" key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa."navambar, 1931 mein, aage kii jaanch ney nidan diyaa," anya beemariyon yaa sthitiyon (kendriya tantrika tantra kii javic bimari-prakaar anirdhaarit) key saath manovikriti."julaai, 1934 mein, nidan key saath ack aur pariksha kii gaeeh" manovikriti-mansik aur avasaadgrast pagalpan aksham; uchch raktchaap, madhyam; otitis media, purana, baaen; varicas nasein bachee, halki; fodedaar daanton kii jadein; myocarditis, halka."
yachikakarta kii patni, iss mukadame mein nammatra kii party, koo farwari, 1932 mein unake vyakti aur sampatti kaa sanrakshak niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. beema laabh key liye daavaa juuna, 1934 mein kiya gayaa thaa, aur antatah janwari, 1936 mein diggajon key board dwara apeelon seey incar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss mukadame key dhaaee saal baad.
yachikakarta ney sweekaar kiya kii vaha pagalpan key kaaran abb poori tarah seey aur sthaayi roop seey aksham haye aur iss mukadame koo lagu karane seey pahale kuchh samay seey haye. yeh bhee maanaa jaataa haye kii aprail 1918 mein france pahunchane taka vaha munn aur shareer mein swasth they.
unake mamle kaa siddhant yeh haye kii videshon mein sakriya seva key tanaav ney tatkaal badalaav laaya, joe ack mansik tootane kii shuruat thee joe baad key sabhi varshon mein lagaatar badatar hoe gaee haye. isamen yeh vichaar aavashyak haye kii yeh 31 maee, 1919 key baad seey kull aur sthaayi akshamta bunn gayaa thaa.
iss siddhant kaa samarthan karane key liye sakshya swabhavik roop seey teen avadhiyon mein aataa haye, arthaat, 1923 seey pahale; taba seey 1930 taka kaa antaral; aur 1930 key baad kii ghatanaaen joe parivartan kii shuruat koo darshaati hain, isamen parivartan kii ghatnaaon kaa pramaan shamil haye; yachikakarta key sanyukt raajya mein lautane key turant baad key varshon mein badale hue roop aur vyavhaar kii gawahi, joe usake prasthaan seey pahale key varshon kii tulanaa mein sanyukt raajya america mein vaapas aaney key baad key varshon mein, 1930 key baad key varshon mein jamaa hue pagalpan key chikitsa sakshya; aur anta mein ack chikitsak kaa sakshya, joe badey paimaane parr chikitsa raay key roop mein diyaa gayaa haye, joe 1941 key nishkarsh key liye aadhar key roop mein anya sabhi saakshyon koo ack saath baandhana chaahata haye, joe kii yachikakarta kii akshamta 1919 key baad key samay key roop mein kull aur sthaayi thee.
dastaveji pradarshaniyon mein sainya, nausena aur diggajon key beuro record shamil they. gawahi mukhya roop seey paanch gavaahon dwara bayaan yaa mukadame mein dee gaee thee. ack, oh 'neel, ack saathi karyakarta aur bachpan seey dost thaa; dou, kuein aur tanikawa, videshon mein yachikakarta key saath seva karate they; ell. tii. cole. albert key. mathuse, joe ack senaa paadari they, ney 1920 kii shuruat mein california key ack senaa aspatal mein unhein yaa isi naam key kissy anya vyakti koo dekhaa; aur dow. wilder, ack chikitsak, ney mukadame seey kuchh samay pahale usaki jaanch kii aur usaki or seey ekmatra visheshagya gawahi dee. yachikakarta ney commander plaat aur leftinent key bayanon koo bhee sakshya mein rakhaa. cole. james ee. maithev, nausena aur senaa mein unake varishth adhikaari, kramshah, 1920-22 key dauran.
1918-19 key dauran france mein joe huaa vaha mukhya roop seey kuon aur tanikawa dwara dikhaaya gayaa haye. kuon ney isonville mein ack ghatana kii gawahi dee, jahan france pahunchane key turant baad aur kaarravaai mein jaane seey pahale ikai koo girvi rakhaa gayaa thaa. dair raat yachikakarta ney ack ashanti paida kii, "chillana, chillana, shapath lena. . . . poore khand seey loga baahar nickle aae."kuon ney ghatana koo naheen dekhaa, lekin yachikakarta koo apane varishth adhikaariyon parr shapath lete hue sunaa aur dekhaa kii" parinam, ell. tii. key liye ack kaali aankh. chetavani dene vaalaa."haalaanki, unhone yeh naheen dekhaa kii unhein yeh kisane diyaa."[4] kuon ney vyaktigat roop seey iss ghatana key alawa anushasana kaa koee ullanghan naheen dekhaa, aur unhein naheen pataa thaa kii isake kaaran kyaa huaa. yachikakarta kaa shaaririk roop achchha thaa, usane "ack rasoiye key roop mein apane kartavyon koo thheek seey nibhaaya", aur gawah ney usey 1 juuna key baad naheen dekhaa, sivaay julaai mein lagbhag teen dinon key jaba usane yachikakarta koo kaam parr kaee baar stragglers koo khilaate hue dekhaa.
havaai mein janme nagrik tanikawa ney sitambar 1918 taka yachikakarta key saath seva kii, jaba galloway koo aspatal mein bharti karaaya gayaa thaa, halanki gawah ney socha kii way ack saath ladey they aur yachikakarta octuber mein argon kii ladaai mein "abhinay karane vaalaa samlaingik" thaa. north carolina key camp green mein yachikakarta "ack niyamit sanic thaa, bahut samanya thaa. . . bahut saaf-suthra."france pahunchane key baad" vaha ghabra rhaa thaa. . ., ack tarah seey chidchida, hamesha anya sainikon key saath ladaai karna."yeh isonville mein shuru huaa. tanikawa ney jail mein fansi dekhi, jahira taur parr juuna seey pahale. yeh spasht naheen haye kii kyaa yeye varnit ghatana kuon key sandarbh hain.
tanikawa ney juuna mein ack aur ghatana kaa varnan kiya "jaba humm marne parr they," german "doosari taraf they aur humm iss taraf they."yeh ack nayaa morcha thaa, jisamen khaai naheen thee. gawah aur yachikakarta dusaron key saath gaard duty parr they. tanikawa samajh gayaa kii german ack badey drive key liye taiyar hoe rahey they. "ack raat vaha [yachikakarta] chillaya. unhone kahaa, 'german aaa rahey hain' aur humm sabhi ney unakaa munh bund curr diyaa."koee golibari naheen thee, german naheen aaa rahey they, aur gawah koo yeh vishvaas karaane key liye kuchh bhee naheen thaa kii way they. yachikakarta koo mamle key liye court-marshel kiya gayaa thaa, lekin tanikawa koo naheen pataa thaa kii unhone usake saath kyaa kiya."usa raat usane fansi parr naheen baat kii, kyonki" vaha apane dimag seey baahar thaa "aur pagal dikhaai diyaa. tanikawa koo naheen pataa thaa kii yachikakarta ney kaba batalian chhod dee yaa argon ladaai key baad (jaisa kii gawah ney kahaa) usake saath kyaa huaa, lekin usane sunaa kii vaha aspatal gayaa, "mujhe lagata haye kii buss dressing station."agale gawah ney 1936 mein sacramento, california mein ack viklang diggajon kii baithak key baad fansi dee. yachikakarta ney taba "mujhe dekhaa jaise kii vaha vahaan naheen thaa. pagal. usee key baare mein.. . france mein unake abhinay key tareeke kii tulanaa mein, vishesh roop seey jaba way unakaa munh bund karate they. . ."
oh 'neel yachikakarta key saath "paida huaa aur palaa-badhaa" thaa, usake saath ack lambe tata parr rahane vaale key roop mein kaam kiya, aur usey taba seey jaanata thaa jaba vaha saat saal taka senaa seey baahar aaya. . . main kahoonga kii paanch yaa chhah saal."jaba yachikakarta aprail yaa maee, 1919 mein lauta, tou vaha usa samay kii tulanaa mein ack barbad thaa jaba vaha chalaa gayaa thaa. patit kaa munn spasht roop seey asantulit thaa."nirdisht lakshan swayam key liye vaapas lena they; rote hue mantra; samanya vyavhaar kii vaikalpik avadhi aur nirathak baat; darr kii abhivyakti kii achche dost" usey peetna chaahte they "; khoon thookana aur isake baare mein ashleel shabdon mein tippani karna. ack baar yachikakarta ney kahaa, "jee _ _ _ _ dee _ _ _ yeh, mujhe ack doctor jekil aur shree honah chaahiye. hyde."
oh 'neel ney inn lakshnon kii gawahi dee aur yeh sthiti lagbhag paanch varshon taka lagbhag vaisi hii bunny rahee. unaki raay mein yachikakarta "kabhi-kabhi saksham thaa aur anya aksham they."antaral" kuchh dinn, kuchh maheene hoe sakate hain."samanya avadhi mein" unakaa purana swabhaav hoga. . . bilkul oh.key."
oh 'neel yachikakarta kii sthiti koo yaad karane mein nishchit they aur 1919 mein unhein aksar dekhaa thaa, mukhya roop seey, aur dopahar key bhojan key dauran sadak parr. unhein yakeen naheen thaa kii way kaam curr rahey they aur "aashcharyachakit they kii way nausena mein they, mujhe lagata haye kii nausena mein yaa sarkari seva mein."
oh 'neel ney kahaa kii unhone yachikakarta koo usa [1920] seey dekhaa."lekin unaki taarikhon kii yaad, avalokan key liye avsaron kii sankhya aur thhos ghatanaaen poori tarah seey anishchit theen. unhone yachikakarta koo kitni baar dekhaa thaa, iska koee anuman naheen lagaayah "1920 mein mujhe yaad naheen thaa kii yeh ack thaa yaa ack hazaar."baad key varshon key liye vaha yeh naheen kahenge kii yeh" paanch baar thaa yaa cumm yaa adhik."jaba unhein jirah key liye bulaaya gayaa, tou unaki gawahi kaa prabhaav yeh thaa kii unhone 1919 mein yachikakarta koo spasht roop seey yaad kiya" kyonki usa vyakti mein itna badaa virodhabhas thaa ", lekin baad key varshon key liye vaha bahut cumm yaa koee nishchit jaankaari naheen dey sakey. antar mein nirdhaarit gawahi kaa ansh iss virodhabhas koo darshaata haye. humm neeche anya saakshyon koo bhee sankshep mein prastut karate hain joe 1919 key baad kii ghatnaaon key liye gawah kii aspashtata koo samajhaate hain yaa darshaate hain. oh 'neel ney 1919 key baad ack vishisht avsar koo yaad kiya jaba yachikakarta 1920 yaa 1921 key aspas philadelphia laut aaya thaa, lekin main nishchit naheen hoe sakaa, ack aaparaadhik kaaryavaahi mein gawahi dene key liye. unhone yeh bhee kahaa, "paanch yaa chhah saal door rahane key baad, vaha philadelphia vaapas aae, lekin mujhe usa parr taarikhon key baare mein kuchh naheen pataa thaa. vaha paanch yaa chhah maheene yaa usase adhik samay key liye philadelphia mein vaapas aaa gayaa thaa, aur vaha abhee bhee spasht roop seey thheek thaa, aur phir vaha baahar hoe jaayega."
ell. tii. cole. (paadari) mathuse ney kahaa kii unhone 1920 kii shuruat mein chhah saptah kii avadhi key dauran ack niji joseph galloway koo dekhaa, joe registan key liye ack kaidi thaa aur fort mccarthur station aspatal, california key mansik ward mein ack rogi thaa. paadari kii gawahi seey majboot saboot milata haye kii vaha aadami pagal thaa. haalaanki, iss sakshya mein ack ghaatak kamjori haye. apani pratyaksh gawahi mein, jise bayaan dwara liya gayaa thaa, paadari ney kahaa kii vaha nishchit thaa kii sanic yachikakarta thaa. jaba iss nirvivaad tathya kaa saamana kiya gayaa kii yachikakarta 1920 kii pahali chhamaahi key dauran nausena mein sakriya kartavya parr thaa, tou gawah ney pahale kahaa kii hoe sakata haye kii usey apane avalokan key samay key roop mein galat samajha gayaa hoe. baad mein unhone avalokan key samay key roop mein apane mool bayaan kii sateekta koo phir seey sthaapit kiya, lekin sweekaar kiya kii unhein yeh vishvaas karane mein galati hui hogi kii rogi-kaidi yachikakarta thaa. iss sambandh mein unhone swechha seey yeh bayaan diyaa, "shayed main jodd doon, kii aggar main usa sanic seey aamane-saamane milna chaahata tou main abb usaki pehchaan naheen curr sakata, aur yeh lambe samay key antaral key kaaran haye."jiss rogi koo gawah ney dekhaa vaha apane bistar taka seemit thaa. yeh abhilekh anya saakshyon kaa banjar haye, chaahe aspatal key yaa senaa key abhilekhon dwara yaa anyatha, yeh dikhaane key liye kii yachikakarta 1920 mein yaa kissy anya samay fort mccarther mein rogi yaa kaidi thaa.
commander plaat ney gawahi dee kii yachikakarta ney 1920 key pahale bhaag mein apani nausena seva key dauran avagya aur binaa anumati key jahaaj chhodane seey kaafee pareshani paida kii. "baar-baar chetavani aur dund key baad, jisase court marshel kii or leey jaaya gayaa", unhein ack burey aacharan key nirvahan kii sajaa sunai gaee.
ell. tii. cole. james ee. maithyu (paadari naheen) ney bayaan dwara gawahi dee, jisamen yachikakarta key vakeel ney dow. wilder kii gawahi koo sakshya mein padhane key liye. gawah 1921 kii shuruat seey usa varsh kii garmiyon taka galloway kaa commanding officer thaa, jaba yachikakarta koo anya sainikon key saath doosari ikai mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. pahale tou curnell maithyu ney yachikakarta koo shaaririk banaane parr vichaar kiya, lekin usey avishvasaniya paaya aur usey anushaasit karna padaa. yachikakarta ney "kaafee sharaab pee", "jise humm bolshevik kahate they", wafadar naheen lugg rhaa thaa, aur "aisaa vyavhaar kiya jaise usey koee sauda naheen mill rhaa thaa."adhikaari ney nishkarsh nikala kii" vaha ack naitik vikrit thaa aur shayed maadak padarthon kaa istemal kartaa thaa ", lekin iska saboot surakshit naheen curr sakaa. saarvajanik nashe kii lutt aur avyavasthit aacharan key liye court-marshel kiya gayaa, ack maheene kii kadee mehnat kii, aur sakriya duty parr laut aae. kabhi-kabhi vaha "merey paas sabse achche sainikon mein seey ack thaa", dusaron parr avishvasaniya thaa. vaha shaaririk roop seey swasth thaa, apana kaam karane mein saksham thaa, close order drill aadi kartaa thaa., bahut achchha."unake paas anand aur avasaad kii vaikalpik avadhi thee, kaee baar asangat roop seey baat karate they, yeh dhaarana dete they kii vaha aasaani seey ladenge, lekin aadeshon seey naraj naheen they aur anya sainikon key saath achchi tarah seey milate they. adhikaari ney yachikakarta key vyavhaar kaa shreya sharaab aur maadak padarthon koo diyaa, aur yeh usake vivek parr sawal uthaane key liye kissy bhee samay naheen huaa.
dow. wilder mukhya gawah thaa. unhone mansik roga mein visheshagyata kaa daavaa kiya, lekin ise "vishesh dhyaan" dene key liye yogya they."unhone mukadame seey kuchh samay pahale yachikakarta koo dekhaa, kaee baar unaki jaanch kii."unhone nishkarsh nikala kii yachikakarta kii bimari" ack schizophrenic shakha yaa precox kaa roop haye."dow. wilder ney gawahi sunee aur anya gavaahon key bayaan padhe, aur dastaveji sakshya kii jaanch kii. iss samagri parr apane nirnay koo aadhar banaate hue, isase nikaale gaye nishkarshon key saath, unhone nishkarsh nikala kii yachikakarta "ack antarnihit asthirta" key saath paida huaa thaa, halanki vaha taba taka samanya rhaa jaba taka kii vaha france naheen gayaa; vahaan seey shuru huaa "sainya jeevan key tanaav key adheen honah, phir vaha tukadon mein jaane lagaa."maee, 1919 mein, yachikakarta" abhee bhee tootane kii teevrata seey peedit thaa. . . vaha abhee bhee pahaadi seey neeche jaa rhaa haye, lekin baat tootane key saath shuru hui. . ."yachikakarta 1920 mein" nishchit roop seey pagal thaa, haan, surr ", aur" harr samay pagal rhaa haye, cumm seey cumm julaai 1918 seey, maarn parr iss prakaran key samay seey "; yaani,", iss bindu taka kii vaha khud koo anukoolit karane mein asamarth thaa. meraa matlab yeh naheen haye kii unake paas aise kshan naheen they jaba way kuchh niyamit kaary naheen curr sakey, lekin "ack vyaavsaayik drishtikon seey. . . vaha pagal hoe gayaa haye."vaha" kewal ack dincharya "kaa paalan curr sakata thaa, lekin usake paas koee protsaahan naheen hoga, vaha ack sthir naukari naheen karega, samay parr kaam parr naheen aayega, yaa kuchh bhee karega joe vaha naheen karna chaahata thaa.dow. wilder ney seva mein pravesh karane seey pahale yachikakarta key kaary record kii or ishara kiya aur kahaah "yuddh mein jaane key baad kissy bhee samay humm usey kissy bhee tarah kii naukari karane mein saksham naheen paate hain. vaha toot gayaa."unhone yachikakarta kii nausena mein aur baad mein senaa mein bharti key baare mein yeh kahate hue samajhaaya," yeh ack aise vyakti key liye koee chaal naheen hogi joe seva mein aaney key liye uchit roop seey anukool thaa."(jore diyaa gayaa.)
haalaanki, gawah koo 1925 aur 1930 key beach yachikakarta kii gatividhiyon key baare mein "apani shaadi key alawa kuchh bhee naheen pataa thaa", aur 1922 aur 1925 key beach unake baare mein vaha joe kuchh bhee jaanata thaa vaha poori tarah seey oh 'neel kii gawahi aur ack kagaj parr adharit thaa joe yahaan record naheen thaa.dow. wilder ney pahale 1925 aur 1930 key beach yachikakarta kyaa curr rhaa thaa, isake baare mein jaankaari koo aavashyak naheen maanaa. "hamaare paas ack nirantar bimari haye, joe spasht roop seey unaki sainya seva key dauran shuru hui, aur spasht roop seey 1930 mein jaari haye, aur chhoti-motee ghatanaaen mujhe _ _ _ _ _ naheen lagati hain.) sarkaar key vakeel ney poochtaachh karane mein baadha daali, "thheek haye, aggar vaha 1925 seey 1930 taka dinn mein aathh ghante lagaatar kaaryarat rahata tou iska koee assar padata?"gawah ney jawab diyaa", yeh bahut achchha hoga."halanki, aage kii poochtaachh key baad, vaha apane pahale pada parr laut aae, yeh kahate hue kii yeh jaanana unake liye aavashyak yaa sahayak naheen hoga kii yachikakarta 1925 seey 1930 taka kyaa curr rhaa thaah" maine apane paas maujood jaankaari seey gawahi dee."
bahumat kii raay.
justice villie blount rutleys ney adalat kii raay dee. 
kaanoon key anusaar, yachikakarta kaa bojh yeh dikhaana thaa kii vaha 31 maee, 1919 seey 1930 taka yaa usase pahale seey poori tarah seey aur poori tarah seey pagal thaa. adalat ney maanaa kii yachikakarta dwara saamane laaya gayaa sakshya atkalon aur aspasht thaa. sabse achchha, yachikakarta ney usa samay key dauran vishisht prakarnon key sakshya prastut kiye, lekin apani nirantar akshamta koo saabit naheen curr sakaa. adalat ney aage kahaa kii yachikakarta chaahata thaa kii adalat poore samay key liye apani pagalpan kaa anuman lagaae aur yeh kii nishkarsh sakshya kaa sthaan naheen letaa haye. isaliye, yachikakarta kaa bojh puuraa naheen huaa. 
adalat ney tark diyaa kii sanyukt raajya key samvidhaan key saatven sanshodhan kaa koee aavedan naheen thaa, iss mamle mein, shuru mein, kyonki yeh sarkaar key khilaf maudrik daave key liye thaa, joe aitihaasik roop seey juurii key paas naheen gayaa thaa. aage, aur adhik mahatvapurna roop seey, nirdeshit nirnay abhyaas poorv poorvavarti aur nagrik prakriya (aff. aar. see. pee.) key sanghiya niyamon mein isaki upasthiti key kaaran maanya thaa.
yuddh jokhim neeti parr kaarravaai mein, vayovriddh koo yeh dikhaane kaa bojh thaa kii kathit roop seey policy key jeevan key dauran hui akshamta nirantar thee, aur usa tarikh seey pahale key varshon key dauran maujood thee jaba vayovriddh koo poori tarah seey aur sthaayi roop seey aksham kiya gayaa thaa. yuddh seva key dauran dou avsaron parr poorv sainikon key asamanya vyavhaar key pramaan, aur yuddh key baad aur yuddh jokhim neeti key samaapt honey key baad tarkaheen aacharan, aur chikitsa gawahi sahit sakshya, juurii key liye yeh mudda banaane key liye aparyaapt thaa kii kyaa poorv sanic poori tarah seey aur sthaayi roop seey viklang they.
asahamati kii raay.
justice hyugo black ney justice villium oh key saath milkar ack asahamatipurna raay likhi. dugglus aur justice frank marfi. 
black ney tark diyaa kii nirdeshit faisalon kaa upayog kewal tabhi kiya jaanaa chaahiye, jaba gavaahon kii vishvasaniyata koo taule binaa, vivaad mein tathyaatmak mudde parr raay key imandar antar key liye saboot mein koee jagah naheen haye.
black ney yeh bhee tark diyaa kii kyonki nirdeshit faisale koo manjuri dene key liye bahumat kaa mukhya kaaran yeh thaa kii paanch seey aathh saal kii avadhi key liye chikitsa gawahi key alawa koee saboot naheen diyaa gayaa thaa, kii adalat koo cumm seey cumm ack nae mukadame koo adhikrit karna chaahiye thaa kyonki yachikakarta kaa gyaan thaa kii usake sakshya ney ack nyayadhish koo santusht naheen kiya, lekin shayed ack juurii koo santusht curr sakata thaa, vaha usa samay avadhi koo bharane key liye adhik saboot praapt curr sakata thaa.

