peronospora

peronospora oomaaisets kaa ack vansh haye joe kaee udicot key badhyakari paadap rogjanak hain. iss samooh kii adhikansh prajaatiyan ack fafoondi roga paida karati hain, joe kaee alag-alag kheti kii gaee fasalon key saath-saath jangli aur sajawati paudhon koo gambhir nuksan pahuncha sakati hain. 19 prajaatiyan hain joe down fafoondi kaa utpaadan karati hain, aur "peronospora" koo rangeen konidiya key saath down fafoondi key samooh mein "seudoperonospora" key saath rakhaa gayaa haye. "peronospora" mein down fafoondi key kissy bhee anya vansh kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik prajaatiyan hain. haalaanki, kaee prajaatiyon koo iss vansh seey anya yaa naee vansh mein punah vargeekrit karane key liye sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa haye. inmein seey sabse prasiddh "peronospora" prajaati thee, jise pahale "peronospora parjivi" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, aur abb ise "hyloperonospora parjivi" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. abb, sabse mahatvapurna "peronospora" prajaati sambhavatah "peronospora tabsina" haye. "peronospora tabsina" tambaku key paudhon parr neele rung key saanche kaa kaaran banata haye aur iss aarthik roop seey mahatvapurna fasal kii paidawar koo iss hudd taka cumm curr sakata haye kii ise jaiv hathiyar key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye.
itihas.
"peronospora kaa varnan pahali baar 1837 mein ack check mycologist aur chikitsak, agast carle joseph corda dwara apane "icons fangoram hukusk cognitorum" key chhah khandon mein seey pahale mein kiya gayaa thaa. taba seey, mool roop seey "peronospora" mein rakhee gaee kaee prajaatiyon koo anya vanshon koo aavantit kiya gayaa haye yaa aanvik aanuvanshiki jaisi naee takneekon key aadhar parr naee vanshon koo janm diyaa gayaa haye.
1960 mein tambaku key paudhon koo prabhaavit karane vaali "peronospora tabsina" kii ack mahamari thee, jisase gyaarah deshon mein $25 million kaa nuksan huaa, joe tambaku key paudhon kaa lagbhag 30 pratishat thaa. ack anya mahamari joe "peronospora distructor" key kaaran hui thee, ney 2012 mein georgia, america mein meethe pyaaj kii paidawar mein 25 pratishat kii kamee kii aur anumaanit $18.2 laakh kaa nuksan huaa.
nivaas aur paaristhitiki.
adhikansh "peronospora" prajaatiyan apane mejbaanon key liye atyadhik vishisht hain aur aam taur parr mezban paudha jahaan bhee badhata haye, yaa kheti kii jaa rahee haye, vahaan paaya jaa sakata haye. unake jeevan chakr kaa ack badaa hissa unake mezban paudhe key ander bitaaya jaataa haye. peronospora" kii kaee prajaatiyan beej janit rogjanak hain, isaliye "peronospora" fasal-paudhe rogjanakon kaa duniya bhar mein prasaar anajaane mein nae kshetron mein sankramit beejon key vyaapaar kaa parinam honey kii sambhavana haye. kaee "peronospora" prajaatiyan bhee hain joe havaa kii dhaaraon dwara faili hui hain, joe unhein badee doori taka failaane kii anumati detee hain. "peronospora" prajaatiyan aardr havaa aur thhande tapman koo pasand karati hain.
samanya roop aur sanrachana.
peronospora" jeevan itihas mein pahala charan sporangia haye. sporangia lagbhag 65 yuu. aim. lambi chhoti beejaanu jaisi sanrachanaaen hain joe ack keetanu-nully koo ankurit karati hain jaba way ack patti key stoma key paas hotey hain. ack roganu nully sporangium seey aaegi aur patti koshika mein pravesh karegi jahan yeh ack hostorium banaayegi. hostorium patte seey poshak tatvon koo avashoshit kartaa haye, jabaki hyphe antarkoshikiya sthaan parr aakraman kartaa haye, aur patte mein antatah ack ghaav vikasit hoga. yeye ghaav aksar peele rung seey shuru hotey hain aur phir bhoore rung key hoe jaate hain kyonki patte koo necrosis honey lagata haye. yahaan seey, "peronospora" yaa tou alaingik prajanan yaa yaun prajanan seey gujar sakata haye. alaingik prajanan taba hotaa haye jaba baahar kii havaa nama hoti haye joe anukool paristhitiyon key liye hoti haye. alaingik prajanan key dauran, mezban paudhe parr hyphe sporangiophores banaayega, joe konidiya kaa utpaadan karega. konidiya havaa dwara fail jaayega joe anya paudhon koo sankramit karane mein saksham haye. alaingik chakr koo puuraa honey mein kewal paanch seey saat dinn lagate hain. yaun prajanan taba hotaa haye jaba sthitiyaan pratikool hoti hain aur ise kathor paryavaraniya sthitiyon kaa saamana karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. yaun prajanan key dauran, hypha ardhasutri vibhaajak seey gujarega joe antheridia aur ogonia kaa nirmaan karega, joe "peronospora" jeevan itihas mein ekmatra haploid sanrachana haye. antheridia oogoniya mein fuse hoe jaayega, jisase plasmogamy aur phir karyogaimi shuru hogi, aur isake parinamswarup kaee oospor kaa utpaadan hoga. isake baad adhik paudhon koo sankramit karane key liye oospor koo havaa dwara failaaya jaa sakata haye.
peronospora" aur "seudoperonospora" donon koo melanized sporangia kaa utpaadan karane kii unaki kshamata kii visheshta haye, lekin "seudoperonospora" zoospore kaa utpaadan kartaa haye jabaki "peronospora" naheen curr sakata haye.
vyaavhaarik mahatva.
model oomaaiset rogjanak, "peronospora parjivi", koo iss vansh mein shamil kiya jaataa thaa, haalaanki ise "hyloperonospora" vansh mein phir seey vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye.
peronospora" kii kuchh prajaatiyon koo jaiv-hathiyar key roop mein unake upayog key liye maanaa gayaa haye yaa sambhaavit jaiv-hathiyar key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. "peronspora somniferi" koo afeem key khaskhas key kheton koo nasht karane kii kshamata key liye maanaa jaataa thaa, joe fasal parr nirbhar kshetron koo lakshit curr sakata thaa. sanyukt raajya america ney "peronospora tabsina" koo ack sambhaavit jaiv hathiyar key roop mein vargeekrit kiya haye, kyonki yadi iska upayog americi tambaku udyog koo lakshit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, tou isase badaa aarthik nuksan hoga.
genomics aur aanuvanshiki.
genus "peronospora" mein kewal ack prajaati kaa genome anukramit aur ikattha kiya gayaa haye. 2015 mein, derivanina aur anya. illumina anukraman kaa upayog karke dou "peronospora tabsina" prithak kiye gaye genome kii "dee novo" anukram assembly kaa pradarshan kiya. unhone anuman lagaaya kii genome kaa aakar 68 mb haye aur 43 key. bee. kaa mitochondrial genome haye. donon vidhaansabhaaon mein paramanu genome key liye 61.8x aur 128.9x coverage aur mitochondrial genome key liye 6,824x aur 43,225x coverage thaa. mitochondrial genome kewal saat ekal nucleotide bahuroopata, teen chhote indell aur ack pratilipi sankhya sanskaran seey bhinn thaa. jeane model kii bhavishyavani karane key liye ack karyakram kaa upayog karate hue, unhone 18,000 sambhaavit protein coding jeane paae.

