
videshi anubandh shram kaanoon

1885 videshi anubandh shram kaanoon (cess. II adhyaay. 164; 23 state. 332), jise forren adhiniyam key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, sanyukt raajya america, usake kshetron aur kolambiya jile mein shram karane key liye anubandh yaa samjhaute key tahat videshiyon aur videshiyon key ayaat aur pravaas koo pratibandhit karane key liye ack adhiniyam thaa.
prishthabhoomi.
americi itihas mein 19veen shatabdi key anta mein audyogikaran aur rashtriya suraksha chintaon key vistaar kii avadhi koo chihnit kiya gayaa. uttar mein vinirmaan abhootpoorv darr seey badh rhaa thaa jabaki dakshin ney kapada udyog parr kabja curr liya. sanyukt raajya america saste shram kii maang koo lagbhag kabhi samaapt naheen honey vaalaa mahsoos curr rhaa thaa. audyogikaran aur shaharikaran kii prakriya america mein pravasiyon key liye ack mukhya aakarshan thee. 1864 key anubandh shram kaanoon ney una companiyon kaa samarthan karke aapravaasan koo protsaahit karane kii neeti sthaapit kii joe shram key badale mein apane shramikon koo maarg pradaan karengi. kaanoon koo jald hii nirast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin yeh usa samay key rashtriya samarthan koo darshaata haye jise apravasiyon kii "baadh" kahaa jaataa thaa.
1880 key dashak mein dakshin, madhya aur purvi europe seey aapravaasan mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi hui aur iss kshetra seey apravasi aabaadi americi saarvajanik neeti mein adhik prabhaavshaali hoe gaee. ack baar swaagat kiya gayaa samooh, cheeni, 1882 key cheeni bahishkaar adhiniyam sahit pratibandhaatmak aapravaasan neeti kaa lakshya bunn gayaa. sabhi apravasiyon kii naatakiya roop seey badhati sankhya key saath, lekin vishesh roop seey america mein cheeni "kulee" shram key prati pratikriya key saath, congress key saamane ack naee chinta aaee, joe apravasi shram kaa shram bajar aur mool shramik parr prabhaav thaa.
jaise-jaise majdoori cumm hoe gaee, anubandh shram aapravaasan virodhi bhavna key liye ack raili bindu bunn gayaa.
kaanoon.
26 farwari, 1885 key videshi anubandh shram adhiniyam kaa pahala sanskaran vyaapak shabdon mein likhaa gayaa thaa aur isake pahale khand mein kahaa gayaa thaa,
kissy bhee vyakti, company, saajhedaari yaa nigam key liye kissy bhee tarah seey, parivahan kaa poorv bhugtan karna, yaa kissy bhee tarah seey kissy videshi yaa videshi, kissy videshi yaa videshi key sanyukt raajya, usake kshetron, yaa kolambiya jile mein ayaat yaa pravaas koo protsaahit karna yaa protsaahit karna, anubandh yaa samjhaute key tahat, parol yaa vishesh, vyakt yaa nihit, sanyukt raajya, usake kshetron, yaa kolambiya key jile mein kissy bhee prakaar key shram yaa seva karane key liye aise videshi yaa videshi, videshi yaa videshiyon key ayaat yaa pravaas key liye, sanyukt raajya, usake kshetron, yaa kolambiya key jile mein kissy bhee prakaar kaa shram yaa seva karane key liye kiya gayaa.
kaanoon key dusare khand ney sabhi anubandhon yaa samjhauton koo radd curr diyaa yadi aapravaasan seey pahale kiya gayaa hoe.
agale dou khandon mein una niyoktaon key liye 1000 dollar key jurmaane sahit dund pradaan kiya gayaa joe jaanboojhkar ack anubandh mazdoor koo desh mein laate hain.
paanchvaan khand adhiniyam seey chhoot kii ruprekha pradaan kartaa haye. way (1) sanyukt raajya mein asthaayi roop seey videshi hain aur anya videshiyon koo sachivon, sevakon yaa gharelu karmchaariyon key roop mein sanlagn karate hain, (2) kushal shramik, basharte kii aise shramikon koo sanyukt raajya mein praapt naheen kiya jaa sakata haye (3) peshevar abhineta, kalakar, vyakhyata, yaa gaayak, yaa vyakti jinhen vyaktigat yaa gharelu sevakon key roop mein sakhti seey niyukt kiya gayaa haye.
anta mein chhoot (4) apane parivaar key kissy sadasya yaa kissy vyaktigat mitra dwara niptan key uddeshya seey aaney key liye sahaayata thee.
sanshodhan.
7 farwari, 1887 koo oh 'neel vidheyak paarit kiya gayaa thaa jisane 1885 key anubandh shram kaanoon mein sanshodhan kiya thaa. isane mool adhiniyam mein teen pramukh dhaaraon koo jodaa thaa. samasya kaafee hudd taka yeh thee kii halanki kaanoon shram anubandhon key apane nishedh mein vyaapak thaa, lekin ise lagu karna lagbhag asambhav thaa.
naee dhaaraon ney koshagar key sachiv parr adhiniyam key pravartan kaa aarop lagaaya, unhein aavashyak niyam aur vinium sthaapit karane kii shakti dee, aur yeh pradaan kiya kii nishiddh vyaktiyon koo aagaman parr vaapas bheja jaanaa thaa.
kaanoon mein bhedbhaav.
anubandh shram kaanoon naa kewal badey paimaane parr cheeni "kulee" shram key liye ack pratikriya thee, balki isamen spasht roop seey kaanoon mein chhoot likhi gaee thee joe vyaavsaayik vareeyata kaa pradarshan karati thee. yaani, chhoot una shramikon kii aavaajaahi koo pratibandhit naheen karati thee jinake paas ack kushal vyaapaar thaa yaa joe usa samay hoe rahey sangh andolan mein naheen aaya thaa, lekin unhone "peshevar abhinetaon, kalakaron, vyakhyataon yaa gayakon" koo baahar rakhaa, naa hii una vyaktiyon koo jinhen sakhti seey vyaktigat yaa gharelu sevakon key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa."
baad mein ack adhiniyam ney 1885 key adhiniyam mein kissy bhee dhaarmik sampradaay key mantriyon, kissy bhee maanyata praapt peshe seey sambandhit vyaktiyon aur vyaavsaayik vargon key liye colleges aur madrason key professors koo anubandh shram kaanoon seey chhoot dekar sanshodhan kiya.