
vidyut chumbakatva kaa parichay

vidyut chumbakatva prakriti kii maulik shaktiyon mein seey ack haye. shuruat mein, bijli aur chumbakatva kaa alag seey adhyayan kiya gayaa thaa aur inhen alag-alag ghatnaaon key roop mein maanaa gayaa thaa. huns christian orsted ney paaya kii donon sambandhit they-vidyut dhaaraaen chumbakatva koo janm detee hain. michael fairade ney iss baat kii khoj kii kii chumbakatva vidyut dhaaraon koo prerit curr sakata haye, aur james clerk maxwell ney vidyut chumbakatva key ack ekikrit siddhant mein poori baat koo ack saath rakhaa. maxwell key samikaranon ney aage sanket diyaa kii vidyut chumbakiya tarangen maujood theen, aur heinrich heartz key prayogon ney isaki pushti kii, jisase radio sambhav hoe gayaa. maxwell ney yeh bhee sahee dhang seey kahaa kii prakaash vidyut chumbakiya tarang kaa ack roop thaa, iss prakaar sabhi prakashiki vidyut chumbakatva kii ack shakha bunn gaee. radio tarangen prakaash seey kewal iss mayane mein bhinn hoti hain kii poorv kii tarang dairdhya baad vaale kii tulanaa mein bahut lambi hoti haye. albert einstein ney dikhaaya kii chumbakiya kshetra vidyut kshetra kii saapeksh gati key madhyam seey utpann hotaa haye aur iss prakaar chumbakatva kewal bijli kaa ack dushprabhaav haye. vidyut chumbakatva kaa aadhunik saiddhaantik upchaar quantum vidyutgativigyaan mein ack quantum kshetra key roop mein haye.
vidyut abhiyaantriki mein ruchi kii kaee sthitiyon mein, sahee parinam praapt karane key liye quantum siddhant koo lagu karna aavashyak naheen haye. shaastriya bhautiki abhee bhee macroscopic vastuon seey judee adhikansh sthitiyon mein ack sateek anuman haye. kuchh apvaadon key saath, quantum siddhant kewal paramanu paimaane parr aavashyak haye aur ack saral shaastriya upchaar lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. seemit sthitiyon mein upchaar kaa aur saralikaran sambhav haye. vidyutsthaitikta kewal sthir vidyut aaveshon key saath kaam karati haye isaliye chumbakiya kshetra utpann naheen hotey hain aur unhein maanaa naheen jaataa haye. sthaayi chumbakon koo bijli yaa vidyut chumbakatva key sandarbh key binaa varnit kiya jaa sakata haye. paripath siddhant vidyut network seey sambandhit haye jahan kshetra kaafee hudd taka vartamaan vaahak key aspas seemit hain. aise paripathon mein, maxwell key samikaranon koo bhee saral sutrikaranon key saath vitarit kiya jaa sakata haye. doosari or, vidyut chumbakatva kaa ack quantum upchaar rasayan vigyaan mein mahatvapurna haye. rasayanik pratikriyaaen aur rasayanik bandhan parmaanuon key aspas electrons kii quantum yaantrik antahkriyaon kaa parinam hain. kaee electronic upkaranon key vyavhaar kii vyakhya karane key liye bhee quantum vichaar aavashyak hain, udaaharan key liye tunnel diode.
vidyut avesh.
vidyut chumbakatva gurutvaakarshan, majboot bull aur kamjor bull key saath prakriti kii maulik shaktiyon mein seey ack haye. jabaki gurutvaakarshan una sabhi cheejon parr kaary kartaa haye jinamen dravyamaan hotaa haye, vidyut chumbakatva una sabhi cheejon parr kaary kartaa haye jinamen vidyut avesh hotaa haye. isake alawa, jaisa kii dravyamaan kaa sanrakshan haye jisake anusaar dravyamaan naheen banaaya jaa sakata haye yaa nasht naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, avesh kaa sanrakshan bhee haye jiska arth haye kii ack bund pranali mein avesh (jahaan koee avesh naheen nickle rhaa haye yaa pravesh naheen curr rhaa haye) sthir rehna chaahiye. shaastriya bhautiki mein ack vishal vastu parr gurutvaakarshan bull kaa varnan karane vaalaa maulik niyam neuton kaa gurutvaakarshan kaa niyam haye. samaan roop seey, coolomb kaa niyam maulik niyam haye joe usa bull kaa varnan kartaa haye joe ack dusare parr aaveshit vastuon koo lagaata haye. yeh sootra dwara diyaa jaataa haye
jahan "f" bull haye, "k" e kulamb sthiraank haye, "q" 1 aur "q" 2 dou aaveshon key parimaan hain, aur "r" 2 unake beach kii doori kaa varg haye. yeh iss tathya kaa varnan kartaa haye kii jaise avesh ack dusare koo peechhe hataate hain, jabaki vipareet avesh ack dusare koo aakarshit karate hain aur kanon key avesh jitane majboot hotey hain, way ack dusare parr utanaa hii majboot bull lagaate hain. niyam bhee ack vyutkram varg niyam haye jiska arth haye kii jaise-jaise dou kanon key beach kii doori doguni hoti haye, una parr bull chaar key kaarak seey cumm hoe jaataa haye.
vidyut aur chumbakiya kshetra.
bhautiki mein, kshetra way nikaay hain joe padaarth key saath antahkriya karate hain aur antariksh aur samay mein pratyek bindu koo ack moolya nirdhaarit karke ganitiya roop seey varnit kiya jaa sakata haye. vector kshetra way kshetra hain jinhen sthaan aur samay mein pratyek bindu parr ack sankhyaatmak moolya aur ack disha donon aavantit kiye jaate hain. vidyut avesh ack sadish kshetra kaa utpaadan karate hain jise vidyut kshetra kahaa jaataa haye. vidyut kshetra kaa sankhyaatmak moolya, jise vidyut kshetra kii shakti bhee kahaa jaataa haye, vidyut bull kii taakat nirdhaarit kartaa haye joe ack aaveshit kann kshetra mein mahsoos karega aur kshetra kii disha nirdhaarit karati haye kii bull kiss disha mein hoga. parampara key anusaar, vidyut kshetra kii disha sakaratmak aaveshon parr bull kii disha key samaan aur nakaratmak aaveshon parr bull kii disha key vipareet hoti haye. kyonki dhanaatmak avesh anya dhanaatmak aaveshon dwara pratikshipt hotey hain aur rinaatmak aaveshon kii or aakarshit hotey hain, iska matlab haye kii vidyut kshetra dhanaatmak aaveshon seey door aur rinaatmak aaveshon kii or ingit karate hain. vidyut kshetra key inn gunon koo vidyut kshetra key sandarbh mein likhe gaye avesh parr vidyut bull key sameekaran mein samaahit kiya gayaa haih
sootra _ 2
jahan "f" ack vidyut kshetra "e" mein ack avesh "q" parr bull haye.
ack vidyut kshetra kaa utpaadan karane key saath-saath aaveshit kann ack chumbakiya kshetra kaa utpaadan karenge jaba way gati kii sthiti mein honge joe gati mein anya aaveshon (saath hii saath sthaayi chumbak) dwara mahsoos kiye jaayenge. chumbakiya kshetra seey chalane vaale avesh parr bull kii disha gati kii disha aur chumbakiya kshetra rekhaaon kii disha donon key liye lambavat hoti haye aur ise daahine haath key niyam kaa upayog karke paaya jaa sakata haye. bull kii shakti sameekaran dwara dee jaati haye
sootra _ 3
jahan "f" ack chumbakiya kshetra "b" mein "v" kii gati key saath ack avesh "q" parr bull haye joe avesh kii gati kii disha seey konn "θ" kii disha mein ingit curr rhaa haye.
aaveshit kann parr vidyut aur chumbakiya balon key sanyojan koo lorentz bull kahaa jaataa haye. shaastriya vidyut chumbakatva koo maxwell key samikaranon naamak samikaranon key ack samooh key saath lorentz bull dwara poori tarah seey varnit kiya gayaa haye. inn samikaranon mein seey pahale koo goss key niyam key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh aaveshit kanon aur aaveshit vitaran dwara utpaadit vidyut kshetra kaa varnan kartaa haye. goss key niyam key anusaar, kissy bhee bund satah key madhyam seey vidyut kshetra kaa pravaah (yaa pravaah) usa satah seey ghire avesh kii matra key samanupati haye. iska matlab haye kii jitna adhik charge hoga, utanaa hii adhik vidyut kshetra kaa utpaadan hoga. isake anya mahatvapurna nihitarth bhee hain. udaaharan key liye, iss niyam kaa arth haye kii yadi satah seey koee avesh naheen judaa haye, tou yaa tou koee vidyut kshetra naheen haye yaa, yadi bund satah key paas lekin baahar koee avesh haye, tou satah mein vidyut kshetra kaa pravaah satah seey baahar key pravaah key saath bilkul radd hoe jaanaa chaahiye. maxwell key samikaranon mein seey dusare koo chumbakatva key liye goss key niyam key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur, pahale goss key niyam key samaan, yeh fluxes kaa varnan kartaa haye, lekin vidyut fluxes key bajaay, yeh chumbakiya pravaah kaa varnan kartaa haye. chumbakatva key liye goss key niyam key anusaar, ack bund satah key madhyam seey chumbakiya kshetra kaa pravaah hamesha shoonya hotaa haye. iska matlab haye kii yadi koee chumbakiya kshetra haye, tou bund satah mein pravaah hamesha bund satah seey baahar nikalane key saath radd hoe jaayega. iss niyam koo "koee chumbakiya monopole naheen" bhee kahaa gayaa haye kyonki iska matlab haye kii ack bund satah seey baahar nikalane vaale kissy bhee chumbakiya pravaah koo isamen vaapas pravaahit honah chaahiye, jiska arth haye kii sakaratmak aur nakaratmak chumbakiya dhruv ack chumbakiya dwidhruv key roop mein ack saath aaney chaahiye aur kabhi bhee chumbakiya monopole mein alag naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh vidyut aaveshon key vipareet haye joe alag-alag sakaratmak aur nakaratmak aaveshon key roop mein maujood hoe sakate hain.
maxwell key samikaranon mein seey teesare koo ampere-maxwell niyam kahaa jaataa haye. yeh bataata haye kii ack chumbakiya kshetra ack vidyut pravaah dwara utpann kiya jaa sakata haye. chumbakiya kshetra kii disha ampere key daahine haath kii pakad niyam dwara dee jaati haye. yadi taar seedha haye, tou chumbakiya kshetra koo daahine haath key niyam mein pakad kii gaee ungaliyon kii tarah isake chaaron or ghumaaya jaataa haye. yadi taar koo kundaliyon mein lapeta jaataa haye, tou kundaliyon key ander kaa chumbakiya kshetra daahine haath kii pakad key niyam mein faila huaa angootha kii tarah ack seedhi rekha mein ingit kartaa haye. jaba vidyut dhaaraon kaa upayog iss tarah seey chumbak kaa utpaadan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, tou ise vidyut chumbak kahaa jaataa haye. vidyut chumbak aksar ack lohe key core key chaaron or ack taar kaa upayog karate hain joe ack lohe key core key chaaron or ack taar koo ghumaakar ack solenoid mein badal detaa haye joe utpaadit chumbakiya kshetra koo majboot kartaa haye kyonki lohe kaa core chumbak bunn jaataa haye. maxwell key kaanoon key vistaar mein kahaa gayaa haye kii ack samay-parivartansheel vidyut kshetra bhee ack chumbakiya kshetra utpann curr sakata haye. isi tarah, fairade key preran key niyam mein kahaa gayaa haye kii ack chumbakiya kshetra vidyut pravaah kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, taaron kii kundal mein aur baahar dhakelane vaalaa chumbak kundaliyon mein ack vidyut pravaah kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye joe chumbak kii taakat key saath-saath kundaliyon kii sankhya aur usa gati key samanupati haye jiss parr chumbak koo kundaliyon seey daala aur nikala jaataa haye. yeh siddhant una transformers key liye aavashyak haye jinka upayog dhaaraon koo uchch voltage seey cumm voltage mein badalane key liye kiya jaataa haye, aur isake vipareet. unhein uchch voltage mukhya bijli koo cumm voltage bijli mein badalane kii aavashyakta hoti haye jiska upayog gharon mein surakshit roop seey kiya jaa sakata haye. maxwell key niyam kaa sutrikaran maxwell-fairade sameekaran mein diyaa gayaa haye-maxwell key samikaranon kaa chautha aur antim-joe bataata haye kii ack samay-bhinn chumbakiya kshetra ack vidyut kshetra kaa utpaadan kartaa haye.
maxwell key sameekaran ack saath vidyut aur chumbakiya kshetron kaa ack samaan siddhant pradaan karate hain aur iss siddhant koo banaane mein maxwell key kaam koo neuton key saarvbhaumik gurutvaakarshan key pahale mahaan ekikaran key baad "bhautiki mein doosara mahaan ekikaran" kahaa gayaa haye. mukt sthaan mein maxwell key samikaranon kaa samadhan (jahaan koee avesh yaa dhaara naheen hain) prakaash kii gati seey yatra karane vaali vidyut chumbakiya tarangon (vidyut aur chumbakiya donon ghatakon key saath) key anuroop tarang sameekaran paida kartaa haye. yeh avalokan kii inn tarang samadhanon kii tarang gati prakaash kii gati key barabar thee, maxwell ney yeh parikalpana kii kii prakaash vidyut chumbakiya vikiran kaa ack roop haye aur yeh darshaane key liye kii anya vidyut chumbakiya vikiran vibhinn tarang dairdhya key saath maujood hoe sakate hain. vidyut chumbakiya vikiran kaa astitva 1886 seey 1889 taka key prayogon kii ack shrinkhala mein heinrich heartz dwara saabit kiya gayaa thaa jisamen unhone radio tarangon key astitva kii khoj kii thee. poorna vidyut chumbakiya varnakram (badhati aavritti key crum mein) mein radio tarangen, microwave, avarakt vikiran, drishya prakaash, parabaingani prakaash, aiks-ray aur gaama kiranen hoti hain.
vidyut chumbakatva kaa ack aur ekikaran einstein key vishesh saapekshata siddhant key saath aaya. vishesh saapekshata key anusaar, ack dusare key saapeksh alag-alag gati seey aage badhane vaale paryavekshak sandarbh key alag-alag avalokan frame parr kabja curr lete hain. yadi ack paryavekshak dusare paryavekshak key saapeksh gati mein haye tou way lambai key sankuchan kaa anubhav karate hain jahaan binaa gati vaali vastuen gati mein paryavekshak key karib dikhaai detee hain, jabaki paryavekshak aaraam mein hotaa haye. isaliye, yadi koee electron ack tatasth taar mein dhaara key samaan gati seey aage badh rhaa haye, tou way taar mein bahate electrons koo isake saapeksh sthir roop seey khade honey aur sakaratmak aaveshon koo ack saath anubandhit honey kaa anubhav karate hain. prayogshala frame mein, electron chala rhaa haye aur isaliye taar mein dhaara seey ack chumbakiya bull mahsoos hotaa haye, lekin taar tatasth honey key kaaran yeh koee vidyut bull mahsoos naheen kartaa haye. lekin electron key vishram frame mein, sakaratmak avesh bahate electrons kii tulanaa mein ack saath karib lagate hain aur isaliye taar sakaratmak roop seey aaveshit prateet hotaa haye. isaliye, electron key vishram frame mein yeh koee chumbakiya bull mahsoos naheen kartaa haye (kyonki yeh apane swayam key frame mein naheen chala rhaa haye) lekin yeh sakaratmak roop seey aaveshit taar key kaaran ack vidyut bull mahsoos kartaa haye. saapekshata seey yeh parinam saabit kartaa haye kii chumbakiya kshetra ack alag sandarbh frame mein sirf vidyut kshetra hain (aur isake vipareet) aur isaliye donon ack hii antarnihit vidyut chumbakiya kshetra kii alag-alag abhivyaktiyaan hain.
conductor, insulator aur circuit.
vaahak.
ack chaalak ack aisee samagri haye joe electrons koo aasaani seey pravaahit karane kii anumati detee haye. sabse prabhaavi chaalak aamtaur parr dhaatu hotey hain kyonki unhein mukt electron model dwara kaafee sateek roop seey varnit kiya jaa sakata haye jisamen electron paramanu naabhik seey delocalise hotey hain, jisase sakaratmak aayan mukt electrons key baadal seey ghire hotey hain. achche chalakon key udaharanon mein tamba, aluminium aur chaandi shamil hain. electronics mein taar aksar tambe seey baney hotey hain.
chalakon key mukhya guna hainh
kuchh samagriyon mein, electron paramanu naabhik seey bandhe hotey hain aur isaliye way ghoomane key liye swatantra naheen hotey hain, lekin unhein mukt karane key liye aavashyak oorjaa cumm hoti haye. inn samagriyon mein, jinhen ardhchaalak kahaa jaataa haye, cumm tapman parr chaalakta cumm hoti haye, lekin jaise-jaise tapman badhata haye, electron adhik taapiya oorjaa praapt karate hain aur chaalakta badhati haye. silicon ack ardhchalakon kaa ack udaaharan haye jiska upayog saur panels koo banaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye joe soorya seey photon seey praapt adhik oorjaa key roop mein adhik pravaahakiya hoe jaate hain.
superconductor way padaarth hain joe ack nishchit mahatvapurna tapman seey neeche thandaa honey parr electrons key pravaah key prati bahut cumm yaa koee pratirodh pradarshit naheen karate hain. atichaalaktaa koo kewal quantum yaantrik pauli bahishkaran siddhant dwara samajhaaya jaa sakata haye joe kahata haye kii koee bhee dou fermian (ack electron ack prakaar kaa fermian haye) bilkul ack hii quantum avastha mein naheen reh sakate hain. superconductors mein, ack nishchit tapman seey neeche electron boson baadhya jode banaate hain joe iss siddhant kaa paalan naheen karate hain aur iska matlab haye kii sabhi electron ack hii oorjaa star parr gir sakate hain aur ack dhaara mein samaan roop seey ack saath chala sakate hain.
insulator.
avaahak aisee samagri hain joe electrons key pravaah key liye atyadhik pratirodhi hoti hain aur isaliye aksar suraksha key liye taaron koo sanchaalit karane key liye upayog kii jaati hain. avaahak mein, electron paramanu naabhik seey kaskar bandhe hotey hain aur unhein mukt karane kii oorjaa bahut adhik hoti haye isaliye way chalane key liye swatantra naheen hotey hain aur baahari vidyut kshetra dwara prerit andolan key liye pratirodhi hotey hain. halanki, kuchh avaahak, jinhen paraavartak kahaa jaataa haye, koo baahari vidyut kshetra key prabhaav mein dhruvikrit kiya jaa sakata haye taaki avesh sookshm roop seey visthaapit hocker dwidhruv banaate hain joe ack sakaratmak aur nakaratmak paksh banaate hain. sandharitron mein astarak kaa upayog sandharitra plates key beach vidyut kshetra mein adhik vidyut kshamata oorjaa koo sangraheet karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
sandharitra.
sandharitra ack electronic ghatak haye joe dou vipareet aaveshit samvaahak plates key beach ack vidyut kshetra mein vidyut kshamata oorjaa koo sangraheet kartaa haye. yadi ack chaalan plate mein + "q/a" kaa avesh ghanatva haye aur dusare mein-"q/a" kaa avesh haye jahan "a" plates kaa kshetra haye, tou unake beach ack vidyut kshetra hoga. dou samanantar plates "v" key beach sambhaavit antar koo ganitiya roop seey iss prakaar praapt kiya jaa sakata haye -
sootra _ 4
jahan "d" plate separation haye aur sootra _ 5 khaali sthaan kii pargamyata haye. vidyut vibhav oorjaa koo sangraheet karane kii sandharitra kii kshamata koo sandharitra dwara maapa jaataa haye jise sootra _ 6 key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye aur ack samanantar plate sandharitra key liye yeh haye
sootra _ 7
yadi plates key beach ack paraavartak rakhaa jaataa haye tou mukt sthaan kii paraavartaktaa koo paraavartak kii saapeksh paraavartaktaa seey gunaa kiya jaataa haye aur dhaarita badh jaati haye. sandharitra dwara sangraheet kii jaa sakane vaali adhikatam oorjaa sandharitra aur plates key beach sambhaavit antar key varg key samanupati hoti haye.
sootra _ 8
prerak.
ack prerak ack electronic ghatak haye joe taar kii kundal key ander ack chumbakiya kshetra mein oorjaa sangraheet kartaa haye. taar kii ack dhaara-wahan kundal ampere key paridhiya niyam key anusaar ack chumbakiya kshetra koo prerit karati haye. vidyut dhaara "i" jitani adhik hogi, chumbakiya kshetra mein sangraheet oorjaa utani hii adhik hogi aur cumm preran joe sootra 9 mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, jahan sootra 10 taar kii kundal dwara utpaadit chumbakiya pravaah haye. preran vartamaan mein parivartan key liye paripath key pratirodh kaa ack upaay haye aur isaliye uchch preran vaale prerak kaa upayog vaikalpik pravaah kaa virodh karane key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye.
paripath kaanoon.
paripath siddhant vidyut network seey sambandhit haye jahan kshetra kaafee hudd taka vartamaan vaahak key aspas seemit hain. aise paripathon mein, vidyut chumbakiya niyamon seey seedhe paripathon key sabhi vyavhaar koo praapt karane key bajaay saral paripath niyamon kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. ome kaa niyam pratirodh "aar" key roop mein jaani jaane vaali matra koo pesh karke ack paripath key vartamaan "aaee" aur voltage "vee" key beach sambandh bataata haye."
ome kaa niyamah sootra _ 11
shakti koo sootra _ 12 key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye isaliye ome key niyam kaa upayog hamein anya maatraon key sandarbh mein paripath kii shakti bataane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
sootra _ 13
kirchoff key junction niyam mein kahaa gayaa haye kii ack junction (yaa node) mein jaane vaali dhaara koo node koo chhodane vaali dhaara key barabar honah chaahiye. yeh avesh sanrakshan seey aataa haye, kyonki vartamaan koo samay key saath avesh key pravaah key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. yadi ack dhaara ack junction seey baahar nikalane key saath vibhajit hoti haye, tou parinami vibhajit dhaaraon kaa yog aaney vaale paripath key barabar hotaa haye.
kirchoff key loop niyam mein kahaa gayaa haye kii ack paripath key chaaron or ack bund loop mein voltage kaa yog shoonya key barabar hotaa haye. yeh iss tathya seey aataa haye kii vidyut kshetra roodhivaadi haye jiska arth haye kii koee bhee raasta liya jaae, jaba aap vahaan vaapas aatey hain tou ack bindu parr kshamata naheen badalati haye.
niyam hamein yeh bhee bataa sakate hain kii shrinkhala aur samanantar paripathon mein dhaara aur voltage jaisi maatraon koo kaise jodaa jaae.
shrinkhala paripathon key liye, pratyek ghatak key liye dhaara samaan rahati haye aur voltage aur pratirodh jodate hainh
sootra _ 14
samanantar paripath key liye, pratyek ghatak key liye voltage samaan rahata haye aur dhaaraaen aur pratirodh sambandhit hain jaisa kii dikhaaya gayaa haih
sootra _ 15

