
elliot sootra

andakar sootra vishleshanatmak roop seey, yaa kuchh samayojya maapdandon jaise kii vichhedan sthiraank, thhos padarthon key prakaash avashoshan yaa utsarjan spectra key saath varnan kartaa haye. yeh mool roop seey ack ekal electron-chhed jodee key gunon key aadhar parr raikhik avashoshan kaa varnan karane key liye roser james elliot dwara vyutpann kiya gayaa thaa. vishleshan koo poorna bhavishyasoochak shaktiyon key saath ack bahu-shareer jaanch taka badhaaya jaa sakata haye jaba sabhi maapdandon kii ganana sookshmadarshi roop seey kii jaati haye, ee.jee.ardhchaalak block sameekaran (aiss. bee. aiss. key roop mein sankshipt) yaa ardhchaalak prakaash sameekaran (aiss. ell. aiss. key roop mein sankshipt).
prishthabhoomi.
ardhchaalak avashoshan aur prakaash prakaash key sabse sateek siddhanton mein seey ack kramshah aiss. bee. aiss. aur aiss. ell. ee. aiss. dwara pradaan kiya jaataa haye. way donon vyavasthit roop seey kaee-shareer/quantum-optical pranali hamiltonian seey shuru hotey hue praapt kiye gaye hain aur optical dhruvikaran (aiss. bee. aiss.) aur photoluminescence teevrata (aiss. ell. ee. aiss.) jaise optical aur quantum-optical observables kii parinami quantum gatishilata kaa poori tarah seey varnan karate hain. samooh-vistaar drishtikon jaisi vibhinn takneekon kaa upayog karke sabhi praasangik kaee-shareer prabhaavon koo vyavasthit roop seey shamil kiya jaa sakata haye.
aiss. bee. aiss. aur aiss. ell. aiss. donon mein ack samaan sajaatiya bhaag hotaa haye joe yaa tou ack shaastriya kshetra (aiss. bee. aiss.) yaa ack sahaj-utsarjan srot (aiss. ell. aiss.) dwara sanchaalit hotaa haye. yeh sajaatiya bhaag ack igenvalue samasya utpann kartaa haye jise saamaanyikrit vanier sameekaran key madhyam seey vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye jise vishesh mamalon mein vishleshanatmak roop seey hull kiya jaa sakata haye. vishesh roop seey, cumm ghanatva vaalaa vanier sameekaran quantum yantriki kii hydrogen samasya key baadhya samadhan key anuroop haye. inhen aksar exciton samadhan key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye aur way aupchaarik roop seey vipareet aaveshit electrons aur chhed dwara coolombic bandhan kaa varnan karate hain. uttejana kii avasthaon key vaastavik bhautik arth kii charcha aiss. bee. aiss. aur aiss. ell. ee. aiss. key sambandh mein aage kii jaati haye. exciton eigenfunctions koo sootra _ 1 dwara darshaaya jaataa haye jahan sootra _ 2, exciton avastha koo igen energy sootra _ 3 key saath label kartaa haye aur sootra _ 4 thhos mein charge vaahakon kii chrystal gati haye.
yeye exciton eigenstate aiss. bee. aiss. aur aiss. ell. ee. aiss. koo moolyavaan antardrishti pradaan karate hain, vishesh roop seey jaba koee sthir-avastha sthitiyon mein raikhik ardhchaalak avashoshan spectrum yaa photoluminescence kaa vishleshan kartaa haye. aiss. bee. ee. aiss. aur aiss. ell. ee. aiss. key sajaatiya bhaagon koo vikarn karane key liye kewal nirmit eigenstate kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. sthir-avastha sthitiyon key tahat, parinami samikaranon koo vishleshanatmak roop seey hull kiya jaa sakata haye jaba koee aur uchch-crum key kaee-shareer prabhaavon key kaaran defacing kaa anuman lagaata haye. jaba iss tarah key prabhaav poori tarah seey shamil hotey hain, tou kissy koo sankhyaatmak drishtikon kaa sahaara lena chaahiye. excitan avasthaon koo praapt karane key baad, koee bhee antatah raikhik avashoshan aur sthir-avastha photoluminescence koo vishleshanatmak roop seey vyakt curr sakata haye.
yahee drishtikon una kshetron key liye avashoshan spectrum kii ganana karane key liye lagu kiya jaa sakata haye joe vidyut chumbakiya vikiran kii terrahertz (thaz key roop mein sankshipt) seema mein hain. choonki thz-photon oorjaa mev seema key bheetar hoti haye, yeh jyaadaatar kaee-shareer sthitiyon key saath pratidhwanit hoti haye, naa kii antar-baind sankraman joe aamtaur parr ev seema mein hotey hain. takniki roop seey, thaz jaanch samanya aiss. bee. aiss. kaa ack vistaar haye aur/yaa isamen dou-kann sahsambandhon kii gatishilata koo spasht roop seey hull karna shamil haye. jaise kii optical avashoshan aur utsarjan samasya key liye, koee bhee samroop bhaagon koo vikarn curr sakata haye joe exciton eigenstate kii madad seey vishleshanatmak roop seey ubharate hain. ack baar vikarnan puuraa hoe jaane key baad, koee bhee vishleshanatmak roop seey thz avashoshan kii ganana curr sakata haye.
yeye sabhi vyutpann sthir-avastha sthitiyon aur uttejana avasthaon key vishleshanatmak gyaan parr nirbhar karate hain. isake alawa, aage kaee-shareer yogdaanon key prabhaav, jaise kii uttejana-prerit defacing, koo vanier solver mein sookshmadarshi roop seey shamil kiya jaa sakata haye, joe ghatnaatmak defacing sthir, oorjaa parivartan, yaa coolomb baatchit kii screening koo pesh karane kii aavashyakta koo door kartaa haye.
raikhik optical avashoshan.
broadband kamjor optical jaanch key raikhik avashoshan koo taba iss prakaar vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye
jahan sootra _ 5 probe-photon oorjaa haye, sootra _ 6 excitan avastha sootra _ 2 kii ausilator taakat haye, aur sootra _ 8 excitan avastha sootra _ 2 seey judaa defacing sthiraank haye. ack ghatnaatmak vivaran key liye, sootra _ 8 kaa upayog ekal fitt parameter key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye, i.ee.sootra _ 11. halanki, ack poorna sookshm ganana aam taur parr sootra _ 12 kaa utpaadan karati haye joe exciton soochkaank sootra _ 2 aur photon aavritti donon parr nirbhar karati haye. ack samanya pravritti key roop mein, sootra _ 12 uchch sootra _ 3 key liye badhata haye jabaki sootra _ 16 nirbharta aksar kamjor hoti haye.
jaba photon oorjaa sootra _ 3 key saath mell khaati haye tou pratyek uttejana anunaad avashoshan spectrum key liye ack shikhar kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye. pratyaksh-antaral ardhchalakon key liye, ausilator shakti dvidhruviya-matricks tatva varg aur sootra _ 18 key utpaad key samanupati haye joe golakar samamitiyon koo chhodkar sabhi avasthaon key liye gayab hoe jaati haye. dusare shabdon mein, sootra _ 6 kewal sootra _ 20 jaisi avasthaon key liye gair-adrishya haye, hydrogen samasya key quantum-sankhya sammelan kaa paalan karate hue. isaliye, pratyaksh-antaral ardhchalakon kaa optical spectrum kewal sootra _ 20 jaisi sthiti key liye ack avashoshan anunaad utpann kartaa haye. anunaad kii chaudaai sambandhit vichhedan sthiraank dwara nirdhaarit kii jaati haye.
samanya taur parr, exciton igen urjaaon mein baadhya avasthaon kii ack shrinkhala hoti haye joe maulik bandgap oorjaa key neeche urjaavaan roop seey achchi tarah seey ubharati haye aur baadhya avasthaon kii ack nirantarta joe bandgap key oopar oorjaa key liye dikhaai detee haye. isaliye, ack vishisht ardhchaalak kaa cumm ghanatva avashoshan spectrum uttejana anunaad kii ack shrinkhala aur phir ack nirantarta-avashoshan poonchh dikhaata haye. yathaarthvaadi sthitiyon key liye, sootra _ 8 uttejana-avastha antaral kii tulanaa mein adhik teji seey badhata haye taaki ack aam taur parr vaastavik prayogon mein kewal kuchh sabse cumm uttejana anunaad koo hull curr sakey.
avesh vaahakon kii sandrata avashoshan varnakram key aakar koo kaafee prabhaavit karati haye. paryaapt uchch ghanatva key liye, sabhi sootra _ 3 oorjaaen nirantarta avasthaon key anuroop hoti hain aur kuchh ausilator kii taakat pauli-blocking prabhaav key kaaran nakaratmak-moolya hoe sakati haye. bhautik roop seey, ise farmiyanon key praathamik guna key roop mein samajha jaa sakata haye; yadi koee dee gaee electronic sthiti pahale seey hii uttejit haye tou farmiyanon key beach pauli key bahishkaar key kaaran ise doosari baar uttejit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. isaliye, sambandhit electronic avasthaaen kewal photon utsarjan kaa utpaadan curr sakati hain jise nakaratmak avashoshan key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.ee., laabh joe ardhchaalak lejaron koo sakar karane kii poorv shart haye.
bhale hii koee deerghavritt sootra key aadhar parr ardhchaalak avashoshan key pramukh vyavhaar koo samajh sakata haye, sateek sootra _ 3, sootra _ 6, aur sootra _ 12 kii vistrit bhavishyavaniyon key liye madhyam vaahak ghanatva key liye pahale seey hii ack poorna kaee-shareer ganana kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
photoluminescence elliot sootra.
ardhchaalak key electronic roop seey uttejit honey key baad, vaahak pranali ack quasiquilibrium mein aaraam karati haye. usee samay, vacuum-feeled key utaar-chadhaav photon key sahaj utsarjan key madhyam seey electrons aur chhed (electronic riktiyon) key sahaj punarsanyojan koo trigger karate hain. quasiquilibrium mein, yeh ardhchaalak dwara utsarjit ack sthir-avastha photon fluxes detaa haye. slay seey shuru karke, sthir-avastha photoluminescence (pee. ell. key roop mein sankshipt) koo roop mein daala jaa sakata haye.
yeh optical avashoshan key liye andakar sootra key samaan haye. ack pramukh antar key roop mein, ansh kaa ack nayaa yogdan haye-sahaj-utsarjan srot
sootra _ 27
jisamen electron aur chhed vitaran sootra _ 28 aur sootra _ 29 shamil hain, jahaan sootra _ 30 vaahak gati haye. isake alawa, sootra _ 31 mein excitan jansankhya sootra _ 32 kaa pratyaksh yogdan bhee hotaa haye joe vaastav mein baadhya electron-chhed jode kaa varnan kartaa haye.
sootra _ 33 shabd ack hii sootra _ 34 key saath ack electron aur ack chhed khojane kii sambhavana koo paribhaashit kartaa haye. iss tarah key roop mein dou gair-sambandhit ghatnaaon kii sambhavana ack vaanchhit sootra _ 34 moolya parr ack saath honey kii ummeed haye. isaliye, sootra _ 33 asambandhit electron-chhed plasma seey utpann honey vaalaa sahaj-utsarjan srot haye. vaastav mein sahsambaddh electron-chhed jode honey kii sambhavana koo dou-kann exciton sahsambandh sootra _ 32 dwara paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye; sambandhit sambhavana sahsambandh key seedhe aanupaatik haye. phir bhee, electron-chhed plasma aur exciton donon kii upasthiti sahaj utsarjan koo samaan roop seey prerit curr sakati haye. plasma banaam key saapeksh vajan aur prakriti kii aage kii charcha. exciton sroton koo slaze key sambandh mein prastut kiya jaataa haye.
avashoshan kii tarah, ack pratyaksh-antar ardhchaalak kewal sootra _ 20 jaisi avasthaon key anuroop anunaad parr prakaash utsarjit kartaa haye. ack vishisht pravritti key roop mein, ack quasiquilibrium utsarjan 1 "s" anunaad key aspas dridhata seey charam parr haye kyonki sootra _ 31 aamtaur parr sootra _ 40 jamini sthiti key liye sabse badaa hotaa haye. yeh utsarjan shikhar aksar uchch uttejanaon parr bhee maulik bandgap oorjaa seey kaafee neeche rahata haye jahaan sabhi avasthaaen nirantarta avasthaaen hoti hain. yeh darshaata haye kii ardhchaalak aksar badey paimaane parr coolomb-prerit punarsanyaman key vishay hotey hain, taba bhee jaba pranali mein utsarjan anunaad key roop mein kewal electron-chhed plasma sthitiyaan dikhaai detee hain. oonchi vaahak ghanatvon parr sateek sthiti aur aakar kii sateek bhavishyavani karane key liye, kissy koo poorna slace kaa sahaara lena chaahiye.
terrahertz elliot sootra.
jaisa kii oopar charcha kii gaee haye, vidyut chumbakiya kshetra koo dou kaee-shareer avasthaon key beach sankraman key saath pratidhwanit karane key liye aksar saarthak hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye, koee bhee yeh dekh sakata haye kii kaise ack baadhya uttejana apani 1 "s" jamini sthiti seey 2 "p" sthiti mein uttejit hoti haye. kaee ardhchaalak pranaliyon mein, iss tarah key sankraman koo prerit karane key liye kissy koo thz kshetron kii aavashyakta hoti haye. electron-chhed sahsambandhon key sthir-avastha vinyas seey shuru karke, thz-prerit gatishilata key vikarnan seey ack thz avashoshan spectrum praapt hotaa haye.
(\omga) = \mathrm {im} \left [\frac {\sum _ {\nu, \lambda} s ^ {\nu, \lambda} (\omga) \delta n _ {\nu, \lambda}-\left [s ^ {\nu, \lambda} (-\omga) \delta n _ {\nu, \lambda} \rite] ^ {\star} {\omga (\hbar\omga + \mathrm {i} \gamma (\omga))} \rite;
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iss sanketan mein, vikarn yogdan sootra _ 41 sootra _ 2 exciton kii jansankhya nirdhaarit kartaa haye. off-diagonal sootra _ 43 tatva aupchaarik roop seey dou exciton avasthaon sootra _ 44 aur sootra _ 45 key beach sankraman ayam nirdhaarit karate hain. oonchi ghanatvon key liye, sootra _ 43 swatah nirmit hotaa haye aur way sahsambaddh electron-chhed plasma kaa varnan karate hain joe ack aisee sthiti haye jahaan electron aur chhed ack dusare key sambandh mein binaa baadhya jode banaae chalate hain.
optical avashoshan aur photoluminescence key vipareet, thz avashoshan mein sabhi exciton avasthaaen shamil hoe sakati hain. ise varnakramiya pratikriya falan seey dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
sootra _ 47
jisamen dou exciton avasthaon key beach vartamaan-matricks tatva sootra _ 48 hotaa haye. ikai sadish sootra _ 49 thz kshetra kii disha seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye. yeh paramanu dwidhruv chayan niyamon key poorna anuroop, exciton avasthaon key beach dvidhruviya chayan niyamon kii or leey jaataa haye. pratyek sweekrit sankraman sootra _ 50 mein ack anunaad utpann kartaa haye aur anunaad chaudaai ack anunaad sthir sootra _ 51 dwara nirdhaarit kii jaati haye joe aam taur parr shamil excitan avasthaon aur thz aavritti sootra _ 16 parr nirbhar kartaa haye. thz pratikriya mein sootra _ 53 bhee hotaa haye joe macroscopic thz dhaaraon key kshay sthiraank seey utpann hotaa haye.
optical aur photoluminescence spectroscopy key vipareet, thaz avashoshan seedhe paramanu spectroscopy key poorna saadrishya mein exciton aabaadi kii upasthiti koo maap sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, thaz avashoshan mein ack spasht 1 "s"-seey-2 "p" anunaad kii upasthiti vishisht roop seey exciton kii upasthiti kii pehchaan karati haye jaisa kii prayogaatmak roop seey ref mein paaya gayaa haye. paramanu spectroscopy key liye ack pramukh antar key roop mein, ardhchaalak anunaad mein ack majboot uttejana-prerit anunaad hotaa haye joe paramanu spectroscopy kii tulanaa mein bahut vyaapak anunaad paida kartaa haye. vaastav mein, koee bhee vyakti aam taur parr kewal ack 1 "s"-seey-2 "p" anunaad koo hull curr sakata haye kyonki vichhedan sthiraank sootra _ 54 n-"p" aur (n + 1)-"p" avasthaon key urjaavaan antaral kii tulanaa mein vyaapak haye joe 1 "s"-seey-n-"p" aur 1 "s"-seey-(n + 1) "p" anunaad ack asmamit poonchh mein vilay hoe jaate hain.

