niptan (vitt)

niptan "pratibhootiyon yaa bhugtan key bhautik adaan-pradaan seey judey swaamitva key hastaantaran mein antim kadam haye. niptan key baad, sabhi pakshon key daayitvon koo puuraa curr diyaa gayaa haye aur lenden koo poorna maanaa jaataa haye.
pratibhootiyon key sandarbh mein, niptan mein, aamtaur parr dhana key bhugtan key viruddh (ack saath badale mein), samvidaatmak daayitvon koo puuraa karane key liye, jaise kii pratibhooti vyaapaar key tahat utpann honey vaale, labharthi koo unaki delivery shamil hoti haye. aajkal, niptan aamtaur parr ack kendriya pratibhooti bhandar mein hotaa haye. sanyukt raajya america mein, vipanan yogya sheyaron key liye niptan kii tarikh aamtaur parr vyaapaar key nishpaadit honey key baad 2 vyaavsaayik dinn yaa tii + 2 hoti haye, aur soochibaddh vikalpon aur sarkari pratibhootiyon key liye yeh aamtaur parr nishpaadan key 1 dinn baad hoti haye. europe mein, vyaapaar key nishpaadit honey key 2 vyaavsaayik dinon key baad niptan kii tarikh koo bhee apanaaya gayaa haye. vyaapaar dwara nihit vitaran daayitvon parr pradarshan key hisse key roop mein, niptan mein pratibhootiyon kii delivery aur sambandhit bhugtan shamil haye. samjhauta antaral key dauran pakshon key liye kaee jokhim utpann hotey hain, joe samashodhan kii prakriya dwara prabandhit kiye jaate hain, joe vyaapaar key baad aur niptan seey pahale hotey hain. samashodhan mein una samvidaatmak daayitvon koo sanshodhit karna shamil haye taaki niptan koo suvidhajanak banaaya jaa sakey, aksar nett aur novation dwara.
pratibhooti niptan.
niptan mein ack paksh seey dusare paksh koo pratibhootiyon kaa vitaran shamil haye. delivery aamtaur parr delivery banaam bhugtan key roop mein jaane jaane vaale bhugtan key khilaf hoti haye, lekin kuchh delivery binaa kissy sambandhit bhugtan key kii jaati hain (kabhi-kabhi "muft delivery", "bhugtan seey mukt" yaa "fop" delivery key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, yaa sanyukt raajya america mein, "delivery banaam muft"). binaa bhugtan key delivery key udaaharan hain pratibhootiyon key rinn key khilaf pratibhootiyon kii sampaarshvik delivery, aur ack margine coll key anusaar kii gaee delivery.
prakriti.
paaramparik (bhautik).
aadhunik vittiya bajar praudyogikiyon aur electronic roop mein rakhe gaye depository aur pratibhootiyon jaise tarikon seey pahale, pratibhootiyon key niptan mein kagji upkaranon, yaa pramanpatron aur hastaantaran prapatron kii bhautik aavaajaahi shamil thee. bhugtan aamtaur parr kagji check dwara kiya jaataa thaa jaba panjiyak yaa sthanantaran agent dwara uchit roop seey baatchit kiye gaye pramanpatron aur anya aavashyak dastavejon kii raseed milati thee. bhautik niptan pratibhootiyaan aaj bhee aadhunik baajaron mein maujood hain, jyaadaatar niji (pratibandhit yaa apanjikrit) pratibhootiyon key liye, joe saarvajanik roop seey (vinimay) vyaapaar kii jaane vaali pratibhootiyon key vipareet hain; haalaanki, aaj key samay mein dhana kaa bhugtan aamtaur parr electronic nidhi hastaantaran (yuu. aiss. mein) key madhyam seey kiya jaataa haye.aiss., sanghiya reserve key feedwire pranali key madhyam seey kiya gayaa ack baink taar hastaantaran). bhautik/kagji niptan mein uchch jokhim shamil hotey hain, jaise kii kagji upkaran, pramaan patra, aur hastaantaran prapatra electronic media key jokhimon key adheen naheen hain, jaise kii nuksan, chori, lipikiya trutiyaan, aur jalsaji (apratyaksh holding system dekhein).
yuu.aiss. pratibhooti baajaron ney "kagji sankat" key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa anubhav kiya, kyonki niptan mein deree seey pratibhooti baajaron key sanchaalan koo baadhit karane kaa khatra thaa, jisake kaaran ack kendriya pratibhooti depository, vishesh roop seey depository trust company (dtc), aur antatah isake mool, depository trust aur clearing corporation key madhyam seey electronic niptan kaa gathan huaa. united kingdam mein, 1980 key dashak mein rashtriyakrit udyogon key nijikaran key ack karyakram seey kagaj-adharit niptan kii kamjori ujagar hui, aur 1986 key badey dhamaake key kaaran vyaapaar kii matra mein visfot huaa, aur niptan mein deree mahatvapurna hoe gaee. 1987 key bajar patan mein, kaee niveshakon ney apani pratibhootiyon koo bechkar apane nuksan koo seemit karane kii koshish kii, lekin paaya kii samay parr niptan kii viphalata ney unhein ujagar curr diyaa.
electronic.
electronic niptan pranali kaafee hudd taka "duniya key pratibhooti baajaron mein nikasi aur niptan pranaliyon" key parinamswarup aaee, joe 1989 mein washington sthit think tank, tees key samooh dwara ack pramukh report thee. iss report mein adhik kushal samadhan praapt karane key liye nau sifaarishen kii gaeen. isake baad 2003 mein ack report, samashodhan aur samadhanah 20 sifaarishon key saath ack kaary yojana key saath iska paalan kiya gayaa.
ack electronic niptan pranali mein, pratibhagiyon key beach electronic niptan hotaa haye. yadi koee gair-pratibhaagi apane hiton kaa niptara karna chaahata haye, tou usey ack sanrakshak key roop mein kaary karane vaale pratibhaagi key madhyam seey aisaa karna chaahiye. pratibhagiyon key hiton koo pranali key prachaalak dwara unake naam parr rakhe gaye pratibhooti khaaton mein credit pravishtiyon dwara darj kiya jaataa haye. yeh kagji kaarravaai kii aavashyakta koo door karke twarit aur kushal niptan donon kii anumati detaa haye, aur sahmat mudra mein sambandhit nakad raashi (jise delivery banaam bhugtan, yaa dee. vee. pee. kahaa jaataa haye) key bhugtan key saath pratibhootiyon kii ack saath delivery.
kanuni mahatva.
vyaapaar key baad aur niptan seey pahale, kharidar key adhikaar anubandhaatmak hotey hain aur isaliye vyaktigat hotey hain. kyonki way kewal vyaktigat hain, vikreta key diwalia honey kii sthiti mein kharidar key adhikaar khatare mein hain. niptan key baad, kharidar pratibhootiyon kaa malik hotaa haye aur usake adhikaar swaamitva vaale hotey hain. niptan vyaapaar koo puuraa karane key liye pratibhootiyon kaa vitaran haye. isamen vyaktigat adhikaaron koo sampatti adhikaaron mein upgraded karna shamil haye aur iss prakaar bajar pratibhagiyon koo unake samkakshon key chook key jokhim seey bachaata haye.
sthirikaran aur avamiteeyakaran.
sthirikaran aur avamiteeyakaran electronic niptan key dou vyaapak lakshya hain. 1989 mein tees key samooh dwara prabhaavshaali report dwara donon kii pehchaan kii gaee thee.
sthirikaran.
sthirikaran mein pratibhootiyon kaa upayog kagji roop mein aur kendriya pratibhootiyon key bhandar yaa ack seey adhik kaa upayog shamil haye, joe ack niptan pranali seey electronic roop seey judaa huaa haye. pratibhootiyaan (yaa tou kagji upkaranon dwara gathit yaa kagji pramanpatron dwara pratinidhitva kii jaati hain) iss arth mein sthir hoti hain kii way harr samay depository dwara rakhee jaati hain. kagaj-adharit seey electronic abhyaas mein aitihaasik sankraman mein, sthirikaran aksar dematerialization seey pahale ack sankraman charan key roop mein kaary kartaa haye.
newyork mein depository trust company duniya mein pratibhootiyon kii sabse badee sthirkarta haye. euroclear aur clearstream banking, luxemberg antarrashtriya sthirikaran pranaliyon key dou mahatvapurna udaaharan hain. donon mool roop seey euro bonned mein nipat gaye they, lekin abb kaee prakaar key samprabhu rinn aur equity pratibhootiyon sahit antarrashtriya pratibhootiyon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala unake madhyam seey niptai jaati haye.
avamiteeyakaran.
avamiteeyakaran mein kagji upkaranon aur pramanpatron key saath poori tarah seey vitaran shamil haye. avamitiya pratibhootiyaan kewal electronic abhilekhon key roop mein maujood hain. avamiteeyakaran kaa kanuni prabhaav kramshah vaahak aur panjikrit pratibhootiyon key sambandh mein bhinn hotaa haye.
pratyaksh dhaaran pranali.
pratyaksh dhaarak pranali mein, pratibhaagi antarnihit pratibhootiyon koo seedhe rakhate hain. niptan pranali swaamitva kii shrinkhala mein naheen khadee hoti haye, balki kewal jaarikartaon key liye pratibhagiyon key sanchaar key liye ack madhyam key roop mein kaary karati haye.

