
all-jajira (califal praant)

all-jajira (), jise jajirat akur yaa iklim akur key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, rashidun, umayyad aur abasid khalifaaon kaa ack praant thaa, joe cumm seey cumm oopari mesopotamia (all-jazira uchit) mein faila huaa thaa, joe diyaar bucker, diyaar rubby aur diyaar mudar key jilon key beach vibhajit thaa, aur kabhi-kabhi upa-praanton key roop mein mosul, arminia aur adharbaijan koo shamil kartaa thaa. 639/40 mein muslim arabon dwara apani vijay key baad, yeh jund key badey jile seey judee ack prashaasnik ikai bunn gaee. yeh khalifa muu 'yavia yaa yazeed key shasankal key dauran unase alag hoe gayaa thaa aur jund kinnasreen key adhikaar kshetra mein aaya thaa. ise 692 mein khalifa abd all-malik dwara apana praant banaaya gayaa thaa. 702 key baad, yeh aksar khalifa kii uttari seema key saath-saath arminia aur adharbaayajan key pramukh jilon mein fail gayaa, jisase yeh ack super-praant bunn gayaa. qaay/mudar aur raabi samoohon seey arabon kii pradhaantaa ney ise umayyad senaaon key liye janjaatiyon kaa ack pramukh bharti pool banaa diyaa aur jazira key sainikon ney 8 veen shatabdi mein umayyad khaleefaa key tahat ack pramukh sainya bhoomika nibhai, joe antim umayyad khaleefaa, marwan II () key tahat charam parr thaa, jaba taka kii 750 mein abbasid dwara umayyadon koo giraaya naheen gayaa.
bhugol.
jazira ufrates aur tigris nadiyon (oopari mesopotamia) key beach key kshetra key uttari bhaag key saath-saath oopari tigris key uttar aur poorv mein sthit aasann kshetron aur shaharon, mahaan aur chhoti zaab nadiyon key aspas key kshetron aur ufrates key paschimi taton seey door kshetra kii patti mein faila huaa haye. yeh kshetra aam taur parr apekshaakrit nimn pathaar haye, jisamen turdin, jabal sinjar, jabal makhul aur jabal abd all-aziz sahit kaee parvat shrinkhalaaen hain. inn pahaadon seey ufrates kii pramukh dhaaraaen nikalati hain, arthaat kshetra key sudur paschim mein balikh, kendra mein khabur aur uttar mein hirmas (khaboor kii ack sahayak nadee) turdin seey nikalati hain. tharthar nadee poorv mein jabal sinjar seey nikalati haye aur siriyai registan mein bahati haye jahan yeh samaapt hoti haye.
jazira key paschim mein bilaad all-shaam (bhaugolik seeriya) kaa praant thaa. uttar-paschim mein thugger all-jajiriya thaa, joe byzantine samrajya key saath oopari mesopotamia kii seema thee. arminia key praant (ee.jee. armenia) aur adharbayajan kramshah uttar aur poorvottar mein rakhe gaye. iraq dakshin mein rakhaa gayaa, dakshin-paschim mein ack baar seey laker uttar-poorv mein takrit taka chalane vaali ack rekha dwara jajira seey alag kiya gayaa.
janjaatiya aur jaatiya sanrachana.
aaee. dee. 1 mein muslim vijay seey pahale, oopari aur nichali ufrates ghaati key registan key kinaaron mein lambe samay seey sthaapit khanabdosh aur ardh-khanabdosh arab janjaatiyaan theen aur, kuchh hudd taka, nadee key taton parr bastiyon key karib theen. inn janjaatiyon mein ardh-ghumantu aur basey hue tanakh they, jinake kuchh hisson mein anbar aur hitt key beach aur aage uttar mein ufrates kaa hissa rahata thaa. unake paas, registan mein aage paschim mein, raabi sangh key taghlib aur all-namir ibn kaasit janjaatiyaan aur ayad janjaati, nizaar samooh key sabhi ghatak they, jinake sadasya sasani samrajya key sahayak key roop mein kaary karate they. all-tabari key itihas mein vivaranon key anusaar (dee. 923), isai ayad janjaati musalman vijay key dauran uttar mein byzantine anatolia mein bhaag gaee, lekin khalifa umar () ney byzantines koo unamen seey adhikansh koo vaapas jazira mein nishkaasit karane key liye majboor curr diyaa. taghlib ney apana dharm kayam rakhaa thaa aur kaafee hudd taka apane isai dharm koo barkarar rakhaa thaa kyonki anya janjaatiyon ney islam koo apanaaya thaa. taghlib ney jazira mein purani sthaapit rubby janjaatiyon kaa ack badaa hissa banaaya, lekin vahaan kii anya rubby janjaatiyon, arthaat baanu bucker sangh kii janjaatiyon ney bhee vijay key baad pahale kuchh varshon mein apani isai dharm koo banaae rakhaa.
7veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein hue byzantine-sasani yuddhon key baad, muslim vijayon ney jazira mein parityakt kheti yogya bhoomi kii bahutaayat chhod dee thee. inn bhoomi parr musalman senaaon key khanabdosh ghatak, mukhya roop seey qesa janjaatiyon key kabje mein they, jinn parr madina dwara niyukt commanders kaa bahut cumm yaa koee niyantran naheen thaa, aur jinhone khalifaaon koo nyuntam dashmansh kaa bhugtan kiya thaa. itihaaskaar muhammad abdulhai shaban key anusaar, "inn kuchh hazaar logon ney poore praant koo apani niji sampatti key roop mein maanaa aur iss tarah vahaan apana shasson sthaapit kiya. musalman janjaatiyon ney siriyai purvi hisse koo zantaain ghuspaith seey bachaane mein ack mahatvapurna sainya bhoomika nibhai, aur armenia mein aakarshak chhaapon seey labhanvit hue. muslim senaaon kii vijayi janjaatiyon ney jajira mein aage janjaatiya aapravaasan koo seemit karane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin praant key vishal kshetra aur dhana, aur arab seey vijayi upajaau ardhchandra mein aapravaasan key dabaav key kaaran nae aagaman key liye jajira koo kholane kii aavashyakta hoe gaee.
khalifa uthman () ney iss kshetra mein seedhe aapravaasan kaa sankalp liya aur shaban key anusaar, vijayi janjaatiyon key "aadhipatya koo todana". khalifa key nirdesh parr, iss kshetra koo shaasit karane vaale muu 'yavia ibn abii sufyan ney ufrates key saath bastiyon seey kuchh doori parr, jajira mein lavaris yaa khaali bhoomi parr arab janjaatiyon koo basaaya aur unhein krishi mein sanlagn honey kii anumati dee. tamim key sadasyon koo all-arabia naamak sthaan parr sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur qaay aur asad key janjaatiyon koo all-maazeehin aur all-mudibir mein basaaya gayaa thaa, joe rakka key aspas key antim sthaan parr thaa. pahale seey sthaapit qesa janjaatiyon kii chintaon koo door karane key liye, nae aagmankartaon koo armenian seema parr sainya seva seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa aur ranneetik roop seey sthit binduon mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, jaise kii pramukh maargon key chaurahon yaa sankeern parvat darron, sangrodh dwara hamalon key khilaf ack buffer key roop mein kaary karane key liye. inn janjaatiyon dwara gherabandi kiye gaye sthaanon mein melitin (jise arabon dwara maalatiya kahaa jaataa haye) thaa. parivartan dheere-dheere muu 'yavia key shasson key dauran sthaapit kiye gaye they, aur 657 mein rakka key paas sifin kii ladaai key dauran khalifa allie () aur usaki iraqi senaa key khilaf muu' yavia kaa samarthan karane key liye qaayon key liye paryaapt santoshjanak they. pahale muslim grihyuddh (656-661) key dauran, zazira mein aage aapravaasan huaa; nae aaney vaale adiwasi they joe pahale dashakon mein iraq mein kufaa aur basra key muslim sainya-shivir shaharon mein buss gaye they, lekin allie key shasson kaa virodh kiya aur zazira mein khanabdosh key liye jeevan basaaya.
arabon key alawa jazira mein ack mahatvapurna arami ghatak thaa, vishesh roop seey turdin kshetra mein. mosul kaa kshetra bhee kurdon kaa ghar thaa, jabaki oopari baghon key uttar mein armenian samudaay they.
prashaasnik prabhaag.
jazira koo teen jilon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen diyaar mudra mein ufrates key saath kshetra, diyaar rubby 'aaa tigeris key saath, aur diyaar bucker uttar mein armenian uchch bhoomi taka faila huaa thaa. pratyek kshetra mein pramukh adiwasi samooh key aadhar parr, vibhajan adiwasi rekhaaon key saath thaa.ee., mudra aur rubby. arab janjaatiya naamon vaale jile praant mein arab janjaatiyon kii badee upasthiti kaa sanket they, joe sambhavatah isaki sainya taakat key liye jimmedaar haye, kyonki isamen anya praanton kii tulanaa mein umayyad senaaon key liye janjaatiyon kii ack badee bharti pool thee. iss vibhajan ney poorv-islami prashaasnik maandandon koo bhee pratibimbit kiya hoga, kyonki diyaar mudar osroen key roman-byzantine praant key saath mell khaata thaa, joe roman shasson seey pahale ack arab rajvansh dwara shaasit raajya thaa, aur baad mein ack bhautik isai dharm kaa kendra bunn gayaa thaa. doosari or, badey diyaar rubby kii seemaaen cumm achchi tarah seey paribhaashit theen, aur poorv-islami kaal mein byzantine aur sasani samrajyon key beach sangharsh kaa pramukh kshetra thaa. sroton mein, mosul shahar koo kabhi-kabhi diyar rubby kaa hissa maanaa jaataa thaa-jisamen isaki rajdhani bhee shamil thee-lekin umayyad kaal key adhikansh samay key liye, yeh apana praant thaa.
itihas.
praarambhik prashaasan.
oopari mesopotamia seey isai arab janjaatiyon key dhyaan koo baadhit karane kii ranneeti key ack hisse key roop mein, jise hackrelius dwara emesa parr gherabandi karane key liye ikattha kiya gayaa haye.jazira koo umar key khalifa key dauran musalmaanon dwara jeet liya gayaa thaa, 638/639 yaa 639/40 mein. muslim senaaon kaa netritva iyaad ibn ghanam all-fihri ney kiya thaa. ayad ibn ghanam ney fasal kataai key samay seey pahale yaa usake dauran ufrates aur khabur nadiyon key kinare deewaar vaali bastiyon koo aksar gher liya, jabaki kisaanon key beach krishi aapoorti aur kaidiyon key liye aspas key graameen ilaakon parr chhaapa maarne key liye sainikon kii tukadiyon koo bheja. rakka (baijaanteen key liye kalinikos) key mamle mein, shahar kii divaaron key baahar key kisaanon kaa bachaav arab isai khanabadoshon dwara kiya gayaa thaa. vahaan, musalman taakton ney bhookh kii sambhavana kaa saamana curr rahey shahar key netaaon koo paanch yaa chhah dinon key bheetar aatmasamarpan karane key liye majboor curr diyaa. iyaad ibn ghanam kaa uddeshya nyuntam vinash vaale shaharon parr kabja karna thaa, taaki vijetaon key liye curr rajaswa key saath-saath krishi vastuon kaa pravaah sunishchit kiya jaa sakey. edessa, harran aur samosata key netaaon key saath aatmasamarpan kii samaan sharton parr pahuncha gayaa thaa, aur pichhale dou shaharon mein muslim senaaon koo sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
vijay key baad, jazira ney sambhavatah jund hims (homes kaa sainya jilaa) aur bhavishya key jund kinnasreen (uttari seeriya kaa sainya jilaa) key saath ack ekal prashaasnik ikai kaa gathan kiya. 639 mein aboo ubaida ibn all-jarra kii mrityu key baad, joe seeriya parr samagr kamaan sambhal chuke they, iyaad ibn ghanam koo umar dwara unake-qinanaasreen-jazira kaa rajyapal niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. jazira parr dou prashaasnik agent niyukt kiye gaye they, ack gair-arab (sambhavatah basane vaali aabaadi) kaa prabhaari aur ack khanabdosh arab janjaatiyon key liye, jaise kii taghlib. umar ney gair-arabon parr habib ibn maslama all-fihri aur arabon parr all-valeed ibn ukba koo niyukt kiya. iyaad kii mrityu 641 mein hui aur saeed ibn hidyam all-jumahi dwara uttaradhikari banaaya gayaa. 642 mein baad vaale kii mrityu key baad umar ibn saad all-ansari koo rajyapal niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. umar ibn saad uthman key khalifa key dauran beemar hoe gaye aur apane pada seey hutt gaye, jisake baad uthman ney apane-qinsin-jazira jile koo muu 'yavia ibn abii sufayan key adhikaar kshetra seey jodd diyaa; muu' yavia pahale seey hii jund dimashk (damishk kaa sainya jilaa) aur jund all-urdun (jorden kaa sainya jilaa) key rajyapal they.
muu 'yavia ney 661 mein umayyad khalifa kii sthaapana kii aur 680 mein apani mrityu taka khalifa key roop mein shasson kiya, jisake baad unake putra yazeed () ney unakaa uttaradhikari banaa. muu 'yavia yaa yazeed key shasankal key dauran, kinnsareen aur jazira koo jund hims seey alag curr diyaa gayaa aur yeh jund kinnsreen jilaa bunn gayaa. algaav muu 'yavia key rajyapal aur khalifa key dauran arab apravasi janjaatiyon key pravaah kii pratikriya hoe sakati haye. siriyai jilon key saath jazira kaa judaav roman aur byzantine-yug kii vyavastha kii nirantarta thee, jahan donon kshetron ney poorv key diosis kaa gathan kiya. phir bhee, vijay key baad kii avadhi mein jajira mein arab janjaatiyon kii sanrachana, mudra samooh (ee.jee. itihaaskaar khalid yahya blankinship key anusaar, qesa, asad, tamim) ney ise "kuchh alag ikai" banaa diyaa. halanki mool qaayasi vijetaon ney muu 'yavia key jivankal key dauran pravasiyon key pravaah koo sahan kiya, lekin unhone iss baat parr apatti jataai kii unake kshetra koo siriyai mool key bajaay baahari janjaatiyon key punarvaas key liye alag kiya gayaa thaa, jahaan baad mein yaman gutt kaa gathan karane vaali janjaatiyon aur umayyadon key saath nikatata seey sambaddh janjaatiyon kaa prabhutva thaa.
swatantra praant aur super-praant.
dusare muslim grihyuddh key dauran, jazira kii qesa janjaatiyon ney seeriya sthit umayyadon key makka-adharit pratidvandi, abd allah ibn all-zubayr kaa samarthan kiya. umayyadon key saath unakaa koee vishesh lagaav naheen thaa, jinhen way jazira koo aapravaasan key liye kholane key liye naraj they, aur hoe sakata haye kii unhein ummeed hoe kii ibn all-zubair unaki swaayatta koo bahaal karenge. 684 mein damascus key paas maraj raahat kii ladaai mein qaayon koo umayyadon aur unake arab adiwasi sahyogiyon dwara parajit kiya gayaa thaa, unamen seey mukhya baano culb they. qaayon key ack netaa, zufar ibn all-harith all-kilabi, baad mein qarqisia (syrcium) key kileband zajiran shahar seey umayyadon key virodh mein janjaati key virodh koo ekjut kiya, joe euphrates aur khaabar nadiyon key sangam key paas sthit thaa. lagbhag 686 aur 689 key beach zufar aur unake qaayasi sahayogi umayar ibn all-hubab all-sulami ney poore jazira mein palmyrine maidan aur taghlib aur isake rubby sahyogiyon mein kaalab koo chhaapon aur jawabi-radd kii ack shrinkhala mein shamil kiya, jise arabi sroton mein "ayyam" ([yuddh]-dinn) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. taghlib, jiska qaayon key saath sangharsh unake charaane key charagahon aur jall sroton parr baad key atikraman seey utpann huaa thaa, aam taur parr inn yuddhon key dauran sabse achchha thaa, lekin 689 mein umayar koo maar diyaa gayaa, jabaki culb koo palmyrine maidan seey baahar nikaal diyaa gayaa thaa, jahan qaay pramukh shakti bunn gaye they.
umayyad rajvansh key marwani shaasak gharaane key sansthaapak khalifa marwan I () key bete muhammad ibn marwan koo unake pitaa ney kaaji vidrohiyon koo niyantran mein rakhane key liye jajira kii sainya kamaan key liye niyukt kiya thaa. qarqisiya key khilaf kaee umayyad gherabandi key baad, zufar ney 691 mein khaleefaa abd all-malik (ال-malik) key saamane aatmasamarpan curr diyaa, ibn all-zubayr key kaaran koo chhod diyaa aur apane aur apane beton key liye sainya aur darbari visheshaadhikaar praapt kiye. 692 mein ibn all-zubair key vadh key saath grih yuddh samaapt huaa, lekin mukhya roop seey baanu sulem janjaati dwara pratinidhitva kiye gaye qaayon key beach chhaape aur jawabi hamale, aur taghlib usa varsh seey 694 mein abd all-malik key hastakshep key baad taka jaari rhaa. abd all-malik ney 692 mein jazira koo jund kinnasreen seey alag curr diyaa, sambhavatah ise ack "jund" (sainya jilaa) banaa diyaa. blankinship key anusaar, sthiti kaa yeh parivartan 691 mein jufar aur qaay key saath hue samjhaute seey sambandhit hoe sakata haye. itihaaskaar hoog aine key anusaar. halanki, yeh muhammad ibn marwan key anurodh parr kiya gayaa thaa, abd all-malik key bhaai, aur taba seey praant key adiwasi sainikon ney "apane rajaswa seey gujarna".
mozul aaee. dee. 1 mein jazira kii nirbharta bunn gayaa, ack aisee avadhi jisamen jajir sainikon ney 720 mein iraq mein yazeed ibn all-muhallab key pramukh vidroh key daman key liye umayyad senaaon key beach pramukhta praapt kii thee. mozul kii tulanaa mein raajneetik aur sainya roop seey adhik mahatvapurna uttari seemavarti kshetra they, joe 702 mein muhammad ibn marwan key jajiran governorship seey judey they. jazira, arminia aur adarbajayan ney milkar jazira key super-praant kaa gathan kiya. donon seemavarti jilon koo khalifa yazeed dwiteeya () dwara 721/22 mein jazira seey alag curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur jund seey sainikon koo unhein gherabandi key liye laaya gayaa thaa. zeeraan sainikon koo iraq aur khaleefaa key sudur purvi praanton koo apane mahatvapurna roop seey adhik aakarshak karyon key aalok mein siriyai logon koo jilon koo saunpana padaa. yazeed key uttaradhikari hisaham ney 724 mein iraq aur poorv seey jajiron koo vaapas leey liya aur 726 mein arminia aur adharbayjan parr apana niyantran bahaal curr diyaa, sambhavatah muaavaje key roop mein. dou seemavarti kshetron mein khazaron key saath nae sire seey yuddh ney 727 mein unake niyantran koo siriyai logon koo phir seey saunpane key liye prerit kiya, lekin 730 mein ardabil mein khazaron dwara iss siriyai senaa key vinash ney usa bindu seey zeeraan prabhutva kii bahaali kaa maarg prashast kiya.
jajiran super-praant 732 mein muhammad ibn marwan key bete, bhavishya key umayyad khalifa marwan dwiteeya kaa ack shakti aadhar bunn gayaa. 744 mein khalifa yazeed III kii mrityu key baad marwan ney sthaapit siriyai senaa key khilaf apani jajiran senaa key saath harran mein shakti kaa ack nayaa kendra banaane kaa prayaas kiya. apane mukhya roop seey jajir sainikon key saath unhone damishk key paas khalifa hizaam key bete suleiman ibn hizaam koo haraaya aur khalifa bunn gaye. marwan dwiteeya key adheen jajir siriyai logon parr chadhaai curr rahey they, joe abb taka umayyad khalifa key pramukh sainya tatva they.
haalaanki zeeraan kaafee hudd taka iraq mein umayyadon key khilaf nae sire seey matbhed koo dabaane mein saksham they, rajvansh key liye mukhya chunauti sudur purvi seemavarti praant khurasan seey utpann hui. kenedi key shabdon mein, "ack seemavarti senaa, jazira seey marwan key purushon aur dusare key khilaf, khurasan seey abbasi samarthak sainikon key sangharsh key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. siriyai aur iraqi, jinaki pratidvandvita ney praarambhik islami itihas mein itna prabhutva jamaaya thaa, darshakon seey thodaa adhik they."abasid aur khurasan seey unake sainikon ney 749 mein kufa parr kabja curr liya aur 750 mein jazira parr hamla karane key liye aage badhe, jahan unhone jazira aur seeriya seey ekatra hue marwan key sainikon key khilaf nirnaayak haar kaa saamana kiya.

