
tarksangatata

tarksangatata karanon seey nirdeshit yaa unake aadhar parr honey kii gunavatta haye. iss sambandh mein, ack vyakti tarksangat roop seey kaary kartaa haye yadi unake paas unake kaam key liye ack achchha kaaran haye yaa ack vishvaas tarksangat haye yadi yeh majboot saboot parr adharit haye. yeh guna ack kshamata parr lagu hoe sakata haye, jaisa kii tarksangat pashu mein, ack manovaigyaanik prakriya parr, jaise tark, mansik sthitiyon parr, jaise kii vishvaas aur iraade, yaa una vyaktiyon parr joe tarksangatata key inn anya roopon koo rakhate hain. ack aisee cheej jisamen tarksangatata kaa abhaav haye, yaa tou "tarkapurna" haye, yadi yeh tarksangat mulyankan key kshetra seey baahar haye, yaa "tarkaheen" haye, yadi yeh iss kshetra seey sambandhit haye lekin apane manakon koo puuraa naheen kartaa haye. 
sabhi prakaar kii tarksangatata dwara saajha kii gaee aavashyak visheshtaon key baare mein kaee charchaaen hain. kaaran-pratikriya khaaton key anusaar, tarksangat honey kaa arth haye karanon key prati uttardaayi honah. udaaharan key liye, kaale baadal ack chhatari lene kaa ack kaaran hain, yahee kaaran haye kii ack agent key liye pratikriya mein aisaa karna tarksangat haye. iss drishtikon key liye ack mahatvapurna pratidvandi susangatta-adharit khaate hain, joe abhikarta kii mansik sthitiyon key beach aantarik susangatta key roop mein tarksangatata koo paribhaashit karate hain. iss sambandh mein susangatta key kaee niyamon kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye, udaaharan key liye, kii kissy koo virodhabhasi vishvaas naheen rakhna chaahiye yaa yadi kissy koo lagata haye kii kissy koo aisaa karna chaahiye tou kissy koo kuchh karane kaa irada rakhna chaahiye. lakshya-adharit khaate lakshyon key sambandh mein tarksangatata kii visheshta bataate hain, jaise kii saiddhaantik tarksangatata key mamle mein sachchai praapt karna. aantariktavadiyon kaa maanana haye kii tarksangatata kewal vyakti key munn parr nirbhar karati haye. baahari logon kaa tark haye kii baahari kaarak bhee praasangik hoe sakate hain. tarksangatata kii samanyata key baare mein bahas iss sawal seey sambandhit haye kii kyaa kissy koo hamesha tarksangat honah chaahiye. aage kii charcha yeh haye kii kyaa tarksangatata key liye aavashyak haye kii sabhi maanyataon kii sameeksha pahale seey maujood maanyataon parr bharosa karane key bajaay shuru seey kii jaae.
shaikshanik saahitya mein vibhinn prakaar kii tarksangatata kii charcha kii gaee haye. sabse prabhaavshaali antar saiddhaantik aur vyaavhaarik tarksangatata key beach haye. saiddhaantik tarksangatata maanyataon kii tarksangatata seey sambandhit haye. tarksangat vishvaas una saakshyon parr adharit hain joe unakaa samarthan karate hain. vyaavhaarik tarksangatata mukhya roop seey karyon seey sambandhit haye. isamen kuchh mansik sthitiyaan aur poorvavarti kriyaaen, jaise iraade aur nirnay shamil hain. kuchh mamalon mein, donon sangharsh curr sakate hain, kyonki jaba vyaavhaarik tarksangatata key liye ack tarkaheen vishvaas koo apanaane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. ack anya antar aadarsh tarksangatata key beach haye, joe tark key sabhi niyamon aur nihitarthon kaa paalan karane key liye tarksangat agents kii maang kartaa haye, aur seemit tarksangatata, joe iss baat koo dhyaan mein rakhta haye kii yeh hamesha sambhav naheen haye kyonki maanav munn kii computational shakti bahut seemit haye. adhikansh shaikshanik charchaaen vyaktiyon kii tarksangatata parr kendrit hoti hain. yeh samajik yaa saamoohik tarksangatata key vipareet haye, joe saamoohikta aur unake samooh key vishvaason aur nirnayon seey sambandhit haye.
kissy key lakshya taka kushalata seey pahunchane key liye sabhi prakaar kii samasyaon koo hull karane key liye tarksangatata mahatvapurna haye. yeh kaee vishayon key liye praasangik haye aur charcha kii gaee haye. naitikta mein, ack sawal yeh haye kii kyaa koee vyakti ack hii samay mein naitik hue binaa tarksangat hoe sakata haye. manovigyaan iss baat mein ruchi rakhta haye kii manovaigyaanik prakriyaaen tarksangatata koo kaise lagu karati hain. isamen aisaa karane mein viphaltaon kaa adhyayan bhee shamil haye, jaisa kii sangyanatmak purvagrahon key mamle mein hotaa haye. sangyanatmak aur vyavhaar vigyaan aamtaur parr yeh maanate hain kii loga yeh bhavishyavani karane key liye tarksangat hain kii way kaise sochate hain aur kaary karate hain. tark sahee tarkon key niyamon kaa adhyayan kartaa haye. yeye kaanoon maanyataon kii tarksangatata key liye atyadhik praasangik hain. nirnay siddhant mein vyaavhaarik tarksangatata kii ack bahut hii prabhaavshaali avadharana dee gaee haih yeh bataati haye kii ack nirnay tarksangat haye yadi chune gaye vikalp kii uchchatam apekshit upayogita haye. anya praasangik kshetron mein khel siddhant, biatianism, arthshastra aur kritrim buddhimatta shamil hain.
paribhasha aur shabdarth kshetra.
apane sabse samanya arth mein, tarksangatata karanon seey nirdeshit honey yaa uchit honey kii gunavatta haye. udaaharan key liye, ack vyakti joe tarksangat roop seey kaary kartaa haye, usake paas way joe karate hain usake liye achche kaaran hotey hain. iska tatparya aamtaur parr yeh hotaa haye kii way apane kaary key sambhaavit parinamon aur usa lakshya parr pratibimbit karate hain jise ise praapt karna chaahiye. maanyataon key mamle mein, kissy cheez parr vishvaas karna tarksangat haye yadi agent key paas isake liye achchha saboot haye aur yeh agent key anya vishvaason key saath susangat haye. jabaki kaary aur vishvaas tarksangatata key sabse pratimaan roop hain, iss shabd kaa upayog samanya bhasha aur kaee shaikshanik vishayon mein vyaktiyon, ichchhaon, iradon, nirnayon, neetiyon aur sansthanon jaisi vibhinn prakaar kii cheejon kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. vibhinn sandarbhon mein iss vividhata key kaaran, inn sabhi kshetron aur upayogon koo shamil karate hue ack ekikrit paribhasha denaa mushkil saabit huaa haye. iss sambandh mein, vibhinn kshetra aksar apani jaanch koo ack vishisht avadharana, prakaar yaa tarksangatata key pahalu parr kendrit karate hain, binaa ise isake sabse samanya arth mein shamil karane kii koshish kiye.
tarksangatata key inn vibhinn roopon koo kabhi-kabhi kshamataon, prakriyaon, mansik avasthaon aur vyaktiyon mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, jaba yeh daavaa kiya jaataa haye kii manushya tarksangat janwar hain, tou yeh aamtaur parr uchit tarikon seey sochane aur kaary karane kii kshamata koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. iska matlab yeh naheen haye kii sabhi manushya harr samay tarksangat hainh iss kshamata kaa prayog kuchh mamalon mein kiya jaataa haye lekin dusaron mein naheen. doosari or, yeh shabd tark kii usa prakriya koo bhee sandarbhit curr sakata haye joe iss kshamata kaa prayog karane key parinamswarup hoti haye. aksar uchch sangyanatmak sankayon kii kaee atirikt gatividhiyon koo bhee shamil kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii avadhaaranaon koo praapt karna, nirnay lena, vichaar-vimarsh karna, yojana banaana aur nirnay lena aur saath hii ichchhaon aur iradon kaa nirmaan. yeye prakriyaaen aamtaur parr vichaarak kii mansik sthitiyon mein kissy prakaar key parivartan koo prabhaavit karati hain. iss sambandh mein, koee bhee mansik avasthaon kii tarksangatata kii baat curr sakata haye, jaise kii vishvaas aur iraade. ack vyakti jisake paas paryaapt roop seey uchch star taka tarksangatata key inn roopon koo haye, usey swayam "tarksangat" kahaa jaa sakata haye. kuchh mamalon mein, tarksangat prakriyaon key gair-mansik parinam bhee tarksangat key roop mein yogya hoe sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, ack supermarket mein utpaadon kii vyavastha tarksangat hoe sakati haye yadi yeh ack tarksangat yojana parr adharit haye.
tarksangat" shabd key dou vipareet hainh "ataarkik" aur "tarkapurna". tarkapurna cheejen tarksangat mulyankan key kshetra seey baahar hain, jaise paachan prakriya yaa mausam. tarksangatata key kshetra mein cheejen yaa tou tarksangat yaa tarkaheen hoti hain joe iss baat parr nirbhar karati hain kii way tarksangatata key manakon koo puuraa karati hain yaa naheen. udaaharan key liye, vishvaas, kaary yaa samanya neetiyaan tarksangat hain yadi unake liye koee achchha kaaran haye aur anyatha ataarkik hain. sabhi mamalon mein yeh spasht naheen haye kii tarksangat mulyankan key kshetra mein kyaa haye. udaaharan key liye, iss baare mein asahamati haye kii kyaa ichchhaon aur bhaavanaon kaa mulyankan tarkapurna key bajaay tarksangat aur tarkaheen key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. tarkaheen" shabd kaa upayog kabhi-kabhi tarkaheenta key mamalon koo shamil karane key liye vyaapak arthon mein kiya jaataa haye.
akaadamik pravachan mein "tarksangat" aur "tarkaheen" shabdon kaa arth aksar rosemarra kii bhasha mein upayog kiye jaane key tareeke seey alag hotaa haye. samanya pravachan mein tarkaheen maane jaane vaale vyavhaaron key udaaharan pralobhan mein padanaa, dair seey baahar jaanaa, bhale hii kissy koo subah jaldi uthanaa padey, swaasthya jokhimon key baare mein jagrook honey key bavjood dhumrapan karna, yaa jyotish mein vishvaas karna hain. doosari or, akaadamik vimarsh mein, tarksangatata kii pehchaan aamtaur parr karanon seey nirdeshit honey yaa aantarik susangatta key maandandon kaa paalan karane key saath kii jaati haye. pahale key kuchh udaaharan paristhitiyon key aadhar parr shaikshanik arth mein tarksangat hoe sakate hain. iss arth mein ataarkiktaa key udaharanon mein sangyanatmak purvagrah, ankganitiya galatiyan karna aur bhavishya kii ghatnaaon kii sambhavana kaa aaklan karate samay sambhaavyata siddhant key niyamon kaa ullanghan karna shamil haye. yeh lekh mukhya roop seey shaikshanik arth mein tarkaheenta parr kendrit haye.
tarksangatata", "kaaran" aur "tark" shabdon kaa aksar paryaayavaachi key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye. lekin takniki sandarbhon mein, unake arth aksar alag hotey hain. kaaran koo aamtaur parr tark kii prakriya key liye jimmedaar sankaay key roop mein samajha jaataa haye. iss prakriya kaa uddeshya mansik avasthaon mein sudhaar karna haye. tark yeh sunishchit karane kii koshish kartaa haye kii tarksangatata key mandand praapt houn. yeh tarksangatata seey alag haye, phir bhee kyonki tark key alawa anya manovaigyaanik prakriyaon kaa samaan prabhaav hoe sakata haye. tarksangatata vyutpatti key roop mein lattin shabd seey praapt hoti haye.
tarksangatata kii avadharana key baare mein vivaad.
tarksangatata kii aavashyak visheshtaon key baare mein kaee vivaad hain. ise aksar sambandhparak shabdon mein samajha jaataa haih kuchh, jaise kii ack vishvaas yaa ack irada, tarksangat haye kyonki yeh kissy aur cheez seey kaise sambandhit haye. lekin iss baat parr asahamati haye kii yeh kisase sambandhit haye aur kiss tarah seey. kaaran-adharit khaaton key liye, ack kaaran key saath sambandh joe tarksangat sthiti koo uchit thaharaata haye yaa samajhaata haye, kendriya haye. susangatta-adharit khaaton key liye, mansik avasthaon key beach susangatta kaa sambandh mayane rakhta haye. samkaaleen saahitya mein iss baat parr jeevant charcha haye kii kyaa kaaran-adharit khaate yaa susangatta-adharit khaate behtar hain. kuchh siddhantkar una lakshyon key sambandh mein tarksangatata koo samajhane kii bhee koshish karate hain jinhen way praapt karane kii koshish karate hain.
iss kshetra mein anya vivaad iss baat seey sambandhit hain kii kyaa tarksangatata kewal agent key dimag parr nirbhar karati haye yaa baahari karakon parr bhee, kyaa tarksangatata key liye sabhi key vishvaason kii sameeksha kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur kyaa hamein hamesha tarksangat honah chaahiye.
kaaran-pratikriya key aadhar parr.
tarksangatata key kaee siddhanton kaa ack samanya vichaar yeh haye kii ise karanon key sandarbh mein paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye. iss drishtikon parr, tarksangat honey kaa arth haye karanon kaa sahee jawab denaa. udaaharan key liye, yeh tathya kii ack bhojan swasth haye, ise khaane kaa ack kaaran haye. isaliye yeh kaaran agent key liye bhojan khaana tarksangat banaata haye. iss vyakhya kaa ack mahatvapurna pahalu yeh haye kii kewal karanon key anusaar galati seey kaary karna paryaapt naheen haye. isake bajaay, karanon kaa "jawab" dene kaa tatparya haye kii koee inn karanon seey jaanboojhkar kaary kartaa haye.
kuchh siddhantkar karanon koo baahari tathyon key roop mein samajhate hain. iss drishtikon kii aalochana iss daave key aadhar parr kii gaee haye kii, karanon kaa jawab dene key liye, logon koo unake baare mein jagrook honah hoga, i.ee. yadi koee prakaar kii mahamari pahunch haye. lekin iss pahunch kii kamee swachaalit roop seey ataarkik naheen haye. johnn broom key ack udaaharan mein, agent salmonella seey dooshit machhali khaata haye, joe machhali khaane key khilaf ack majboot kaaran haye. lekin choonki agent koo yeh tathya pataa naheen thaa, isaliye machhali khaana unake liye tarksangat haye. aisee samasyaon key kaaran, kaee siddhantkaron ney iss khaate key aantarik sanskaran kaa vikalp chunaa haye. iska matlab haye kii agent koo samanya karanon kaa jawab dene kii aavashyakta naheen haye, balki kewal unake paas yaa unake paas honey vaale karanon kaa jawab denaa haye. iss tarah key drishtikon kii safalata iss baat parr bahut nirbhar karati haye kii iska kyaa matlab haye aur iss mudde parr vibhinn asahamati hain. ack samanya drishtikon yeh haye kii yeh pahunch sangyanatmak mansik avasthaon key roop mein sakshya key kabje key madhyam seey dee jaati haye, jaise dhaaranaaen aur gyaan. ack samaan sanskaran mein kahaa gayaa haye kii "tarksangatata mein karanon key baare mein vishvaason kaa sahee jawab denaa shamil haye. isaliye aggar agent key paas iss baat key thhos saboot hain kii barish honey vaali haye tou ack chhatari laana tarksangat haye. lekin iss saboot key binaa, ghar parr chhatari chhodana tarksangat hoga, bhale hii, agent koo pataa naa hoe, barish honey vaali hoe. yeye sanskaran pichhali apatti seey bachate hain kyonki tarksangatata key liye agent koo baahari karakon kaa jawab dene kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye jinake baare mein way jagrook naheen hoe sakate they.
sabhi prakaar key kaaran-pratikriya siddhanton key saamane ack samasya yeh haye kii aamtaur parr kaee kaaran praasangik hotey hain aur unamen seey kuchh ack dusare key saath sangharsh curr sakate hain. isaliye salmonella sandushan machhali khaane key khilaf ack kaaran haye, iska achchha swaad aur mezban koo naraj naheen karane kii ichcha ise khaane key paksh mein kaaran hain. iss samasya koo aamtaur parr sabhi alag-alag karanon kaa vajan karke dekhaa jaataa haye. iss tarah, koee vyakti pratyek kaaran key liye vyaktigat roop seey seedhe pratikriya naheen detaa haye, balki unake bhaarit yog key liye pratikriya detaa haye. iss prakaar sangharsh key mamalon koo hull kiya jaataa haye kyonki ack paksh aamtaur parr dusare paksh seey adhik hotaa haye. isaliye machhali khaane key paksh mein uddhrit karanon key bavjood, karanon kaa santulan isake khilaf khadaa haye, kyonki salmonella sankraman seey bachana anya karanon kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik mahatvapurna kaaran haye. yeh yeh kahate hue vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye kii tarksangat agent karanon key santulan dwara anukool vikalp chunate hain.
haalaanki, kaaran-pratikriya khaate parr anya aapattiyan itani aasaani seey hull naheen kii jaati hain. way aksar una mamalon parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain jahaan agent koo tarkaheen honey kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jisase ack tarksangat duvidha paida hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, yadi aatankvaadi kissy shahar koo udaane kii dhamki dete hain jaba taka kii agent ack tarkaheen vishvaas naheen banaata haye, tou tarksangatata key maandandon kaa ullanghan karane key liye apani shakti mein sub kuchh karane kaa yeh ack bahut hii mahatvapurna kaaran haye.
susangatta key niyamon parr adharit.
kaaran-pratikriya khaate key liye ack prabhaavshaali pratidvandi tarksangatata koo aantarik susangatta key roop mein samajhata haye. iss drishtikon parr, ack vyakti iss hudd taka tarksangat haye kii unaki mansik sthitiyaan aur kaary ack dusare key saath susangat hain. iss drishtikon key vividh sanskaran maujood hain joe iss baat mein bhinn hain kii way susangatta koo kaise samajhate hain aur susangatta key kaun seey niyam way prastaavit karate hain. iss sambandh mein ack samanya antar nakaratmak aur sakaratmak susangatta key beach haye. nakaratmak susangatta iss tarah key adhikansh siddhanton kaa ack nirvivaad pahalu haih isake liye virodhabhason aur visangatiyon kii anupasthiti kii aavashyakta hoti haye. iska matlab haye kii agent kii mansik sthitiyaan ack dusare key saath takraav naheen karati hain. kuchh mamalon mein, visangatiyaan spasht hain, jaise kii jaba koee vyakti maanata haye kii cull barish hogi aur cull barish naheen hogi. jatil mamalon mein, visangatiyon kaa pataa lagaana mushkil hoe sakata haye, udaaharan key liye, jaba koee vyakti euclidean jyaamiti key swayamsiddh mein vishvaas kartaa haye aur phir bhee aashvast hotaa haye kii vritt koo varg karna sambhav haye. sakaratmak susangatta usa samarthan koo sandarbhit karati haye joe vibhinn mansik avasthaaen ack dusare key liye pradaan karati hain. udaaharan key liye, iss vishvaas key beach sakaratmak samanjasya haye kii saur mandal mein aathh grah hain aur yeh vishvaas kii saur mandal mein duss seey cumm grah hainh pahale key vishvaas kaa tatparya baad vaale vishvaas seey haye. sakaratmak susangatta key madhyam seey anya prakaar key samarthan mein vyakhyatmak aur kaaran sambandh shamil hain.
susangatta-adharit khaaton koo niyam-adharit khaaton key roop mein bhee sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye kyonki susangatta key vibhinn pahaluon koo aksar sateek niyamon mein vyakt kiya jaataa haye. iss sambandh mein, vichaar aur kaary mein tarksangatata key niyamon kaa paalan karane kaa tarksangat honey kaa arth haye. udaaharan key liye, aniyamit niyam key anusaar, tarksangat agents koo yeh irada rakhane kii aavashyakta hoti haye kii unhein kyaa karna chaahiye. isake liye maanyataon aur iradon key beach samanjasya kii aavashyakta hoti haye. dridhata key maanak mein kahaa gayaa haye kii agents koo samay key saath apane iradon koo banaae rakhna chaahiye. iss tarah, pahale kii mansik sthitiyaan baad kii sthitiyon key saath mell khaati hain. vibhinn prakaar kii tarksangatata mein antar karna bhee sambhav haye, jaise kii saiddhaantik yaa vyaavhaarik tarksangatata, vibhinn prakaar key niyamon key aadhar parr jinaki unhein aavashyakta hoti haye.
tarksangatata key aise susangatta-adharit khaaton key saath ack samasya yeh haye kii mandand ack dusare key saath sangharsh mein pravesh curr sakate hain, tathaakathit tarksangat duvidhaaen. udaaharan key liye, yadi agent kaa ack poorv-maujood irada haye joe unake vishvaason key saath sangharsh karane key liye nikalata haye, tou aniyamit mandand key liye unhein ise badalane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jise dridhata key maanak dwara aswikar curr diyaa jaataa haye. isase pataa chalata haye kii tarksangat duvidhaon key mamalon mein, tarksangat honah asambhav haye, chaahe koee bhee maanak visheshaadhikaar praapt hoe. tarksangatata key susangatta siddhanton key kuchh rakshakon ney tark diyaa haye kii jaba sahee dhang seey taiyar kiya jaataa haye, tou tarksangatata key mandand ack dusare key saath sangharsh mein pravesh naheen curr sakate hain. iska matlab haye kii tarksangat duvidhaaen asambhav hain. yeh kabhi-kabhi atirikt gair-tuchchh dhaaranaon seey judaa hotaa haye, jaise kii naitik duvidhaaen bhee maujood naheen hoti hain. ack alag pratikriya goli koo kaatane aur usa tarksangat duvidhaon koo maujood honey denaa haye. iska parinam yeh haye kii aise mamalon mein, abhikarta key liye tarksangatata sambhav naheen haye aur tarksangatata key siddhant unhein margadarshan naheen dey sakate hain. inn samasyaon koo tark key kaaran-pratikriya khaaton dwara taalaa jaataa haye kyonki way "paraspar virodhi karanon key bavjood tark kii anumati dete hain lekin [susangatta-adharit khaate] paraspar virodhi aavashyaktaon key bavjood tark kii anumati naheen dete hain. kuchh siddhantkar aavashyak tarkaheenta key mamalon seey bachane key liye susangatta key kamjor mandand kaa sujhaav dete hainh tarksangatata key liye susangatta key sabhi maandandon kaa paalan naheen karna padata haye, balki adhik seey adhik maandandon kaa paalan karna aavashyak haye. isaliye tarksangat duvidhaon mein, agent abhee bhee tarksangat hoe sakate hain yadi way tarksangat aavashyaktaon kii nyuntam sankhya kaa ullanghan karate hain.
ack anya aalochana iss daave parr ticky hui haye kii susangatta-adharit khaate yaa tou anaavashyak hain yaa jhoothe hain. iss drishtikon parr, yaa tou niyam karanon key santulan key roop mein ack hii vikalp yaa ack alag vikalp kii sifarish karate hain. yadi way ack hii vikalp kii sifarish karate hain, tou way anaavashyak hain. yadi way ack alag vikalp kii sifarish karate hain, tou way galat hain, kyonki isake alochakon key anusaar, karanon key santulan key khilaf niyamon kaa paalan karane mein koee vishesh moolya naheen haye.
lakshyon parr adharit.
ack alag drishtikon una lakshyon key sambandh mein tarksangatata koo darshaata haye jinhen praapt karna iska uddeshya haye. iss sambandh mein, saiddhaantik tarksangatata kaa uddeshya gyanatmak lakshyon koo praapt karna haye, jaise kii satya praapt karna aur jhooth seey bachana. doosari or, vyaavhaarik tarksangatata kaa uddeshya gair-mahamari lakshyon jaise naitik, vivekpurna, raajneetik, aarthik yaa saundarya lakshyon koo praapt karna haye. yeh aamtaur parr iss arth mein samajha jaataa haye kii tarksangatata inn lakshyon kaa anusaran karati haye lekin unhein nirdhaarit naheen karati haye. isaliye tarksangatata koo "binaa portfolio key mantri" key roop mein samajha jaa sakata haye kyonki yeh apane liye baahari lakshyon koo puuraa kartaa haye. yeh mudda david humey aur emmanuel kaant key beach ack mahatvapurna aitihaasik charcha kaa srot rhaa haye. humey kii sthiti kaa naaraa yeh haye kii "kaaran bhaavanaon kaa gulam haye. ise aksar iss daave key roop mein samajha jaataa haye kii tarksangatata kewal ack lakshya taka pahunchane key tareeke seey sambandhit haye, lekin yeh naheen kii lakshya kaa peechha kaise kiya jaanaa chaahiye. isaliye vikrit yaa ajib lakshya vaale loga abhee bhee poori tarah seey tarksangat hoe sakate hain. iss sthiti kaa virodh kaant dwara kiya jaataa haye, joe tark dete hain kii tarksangatata key liye sahee lakshya aur uddeshya honey kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
villium frankena key anusaar, tarksangatata kii chaar avadhaaranaaen hain joe una lakshyon parr adharit hain jinhen yeh praapt karane kii koshish kartaa haye. way ahankar, upyogitaavaad, poornata aur antargyaanvaad key anuroop hain. ahankari drishtikon key anusaar, tarksangatata kaa arth haye apani khushi kii talash karna. yeh upayogitaavaadi drishtikon key vipareet haye, joe bataata haye kii tarksangatata mein sabhi kii bhalai yaa sabse badee samanya bhalai mein yogdan karane kii koshish karna shamil haye. purnataavaad key liye, poornata kaa ack nishchit aadarsh, yaa tou naitik yaa gair-naitik, tarksangatata kaa lakshya haye. antargyaanvaadi pariprekshya key anusaar, kuchh tarksangat haye "yadi aur kewal tabhi jaba [yeh] aatm-spasht satyon key anuroop hoe, kaaran seey sahaj hoe. yeye alag-alag drishtikon unake dwara nirdhaarit vyavhaar key baare mein bahut alag hain. una sabhi key liye ack samasya yeh haye kii way agent key paas maujood sakshya yaa jaankaari kii bhoomika koo nazarandaj karate hain. iss sambandh mein, yeh tarksangatata key liye mayane rakhta haye kii kyaa agent ack nishchit lakshya kii disha mein kushalata seey kaary kartaa haye, balki yeh bhee kii unake paas kyaa jaankaari haye aur iss drishtikon seey unake kaary kaise uchit dikhaai dete hain. richard brand iss vichaar kaa jawab dete hue praasangik jaankaari key aadhar parr tarksangatata kii avadharana kaa prastaav karate hainh "tarksangatata ack aisaa mamla haye joe sabhi praasangik jaankaari dwara jaanch seey bachega."iska tatparya haye kii vishay baar-baar sabhi praasangik tathyon parr pratibimbit kartaa haye, jisamen tark key niyamon jaise aupchaarik tathya shamil hain.
aantarikta aur baahyvaad.
tarksangatata key kshetra mein ack mahatvapurna samkaaleen charcha aantariktavadiyon aur bahyatavadiyon key beach haye. donon paksh iss baat parr sahmat hain kii tarksangatata kii maang hoti haye aur kuchh arthon mein karanon parr nirbhar karati haye. way iss baat parr asahmat hain kii kaun seey kaaran praasangik hain yaa una karanon koo kaise samajha jaae. aantarikvaadi karanon koo mansik avasthaon key roop mein samajhate hain, udaaharan key liye, dhaaranaon, vishvaason yaa ichchhaon key roop mein. iss drishtikon parr, ack kaarravaai tarksangat hoe sakati haye kyonki yeh agent key vishvaason key anuroop haye aur unaki ichchhaon koo mahsoos karati haye. doosari or, baahari loga karanon koo baahari karakon key roop mein dekhate hain kii kyaa achchha haye yaa sahee haye. way kahate hain kii kyaa koee kaarravaai tarksangat haye, yeh usake vaastavik parinamon parr bhee nirbhar kartaa haye. donon sthitiyon key beach kaa antar yeh haye kii aantarikvaadi pushti karate hain aur baaharivaadi iss daave koo aswikar karate hain kii tarksangatata munn parr haavi hoti haye. iss daave kaa matlab haye kii yeh kewal vyakti key dimag parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii kyaa way tarksangat hain aur baahari karakon parr naheen. isaliye aantarikta key liye, ack hii mansik avastha vaale dou vyaktiyon mein donon kii tarksangatata kii degree samaan hogi joe unaki baahari sthiti seey alag hogi. iss seema key kaaran, tarksangatata vaastaviktaa seey alag hoe sakati haye. isaliye yadi agent key paas bahut saare bhraamak saboot hain, tou unake liye baaen mudanaa tarksangat hoe sakata haye, bhale hii vaastav mein sahee raasta sahee hoe.
bernard williams ney tark key aadhar parr tark kii baahari avadhaaranaon kii aalochana kii haye kii tarkasheelata koo yeh samajhaane mein madad karni chaahiye kii agent koo kyaa karane key liye prerit kartaa haye. yeh aantarikta key liye aasaan haye lekin baahyvaad key liye mushkil haye kyonki baahari kaaran agent kii prerana seey swatantra hoe sakate hain. baahari logon ney prerak aur maanak karanon key beach antar karke iss apatti kaa jawab diyaa haye. prerak kaaran bataate hain kii koee vyakti apane tareeke seey kyon kaam kartaa haye, jabaki maanak kaaran bataate hain kii kissy koo ack nishchit tareeke seey kyon kaam karna chaahiye. aadarsh roop seey, donon ack dusare seey mell khaate hain, lekin way alag hoe sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, chocolet cake pasand karna ise khaane kaa ack prerak kaaran haye jabaki uchch raktchaap honah ise naa khaane kaa ack maanak kaaran haye. tarksangatata kii samasya mukhya roop seey maanak karanon seey sambandhit haye. yeh vishesh roop seey vibhinn samkaaleen daarshnikon key liye sach haye joe maanate hain kii tarksangatata koo maanak karanon taka cumm kiya jaa sakata haye. prerak aur maanak karanon key beach kaa antar aamtaur parr sweekaar kiya jaataa haye, lekin kaee siddhantkaron ney sandeh vyakt kiya haye kii tarksangatata koo samanyata key saath pahachaana jaa sakata haye. iss drishtikon parr, tarksangatata kabhi-kabhi upa-ishtatam karyon kii sifarish curr sakati haye, udaaharan key liye, kyonki agent mein mahatvapurna jaankaari kaa abhaav haye yaa usake paas galat jaankaari haye. iss sambandh mein, aantarikta aur baahyvaad key beach charcha tarksangatata kii aadarshikta kii charcha key saath overlap hoti haye.
saapekshata.
aantarik avadhaaranaon kaa ack mahatvapurna nihitarth yeh haye kii tarksangatata vyakti key drishtikon yaa mansik sthitiyon key saapeksh haye. kyaa koee vishvaas yaa koee kriya tarksangat haye, yeh aamtaur parr iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii vyakti kii kaun see mansik sthiti haye. isaliye supermarket mein chalane key liye ack chhatari leey jaanaa ack vyakti key liye tarksangat haye joe yeh maanata haye kii barish hogi lekin kissy anya vyakti key liye tarkaheen haye joe iss vishvaas kaa abhaav haye. robert audie key anusaar, ise anubhav key sandarbh mein samajhaaya jaa sakata haih kyaa tarksangat haye, yeh agent key anubhav parr nirbhar kartaa haye. choonki alag-alag loga alag-alag anubhav karate hain, isaliye unake liye joe tarksangat haye, usamen antar hain.
samanyata.
tarksangatata iss arth mein maanak haye kii yeh kuchh niyamon yaa shuddhata key manakon koo nirdhaarit karati haih tarksangat honah kuchh aavashyaktaon kaa paalan karna haye. udaaharan key liye, tarksangatata key liye aavashyak haye kii agent key paas virodhabhasi vishvaas naa houn. iss mudde parr kaee charchaon mein yeh sawal uthaaya gayaa haye kii yeye maanak vaastav mein kyaa hain. kuchh siddhantkar daayitvon aur anumatiyon key deontological shabdon mein tarksangatata kii manakta koo darshaate hain. anya loga unhein mulyankan key drishtikon seey achche yaa moolyavaan key roop mein samajhate hain. ack aur drishtikon yeh haye kii joe prashansa aur nindaniya haye, usake aadhar parr tarksangatata kii baat kii jaae. anya prakaar key maandandon seey tarksangatata key maandandon koo alag karna mahatvapurna haye. udaaharan key liye, fashion key kuchh roopon mein yeh nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye kii purush bell-bottom patloon naheen pahanate hain. sabse majboot arth mein samajha jaataa haye, ack maanak nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii ack agent koo kyaa karna chaahiye yaa unake paas kyaa karane kaa sabse adhik kaaran haye. fashion key mandand iss majboot arth mein mandand naheen hainh kii yeh fashion key ayogya haye, iska matlab yeh naheen haye kii purushon koo bell-bottom patloon naheen pahanana chaahiye. 
tarksangatata kii aadarshikta kii adhikansh charchaaen majboot arth mein ruchi rakhti hain, i.ee. kyaa agents koo hamesha tarksangat honah chaahiye. ise kabhi-kabhi sanrachanaatmak khaaton key vipareet tarksangatata kaa ack thhos vivaran kahaa jaataa haye. tarksangatata kii aadarshikta key paksh mein ack mahatvapurna tark prashansa aur doshpurnata key vichaaron parr adharit haye. yeh bataata haye kii humm aamtaur parr ack-dusare koo tarksangat honey key liye jimmedaar thaharaate hain aur jaba humm aisaa karane mein whiffle rahate hain tou ack-dusare kii aalochana karate hain. yeh abhyaas ingit kartaa haye kii tarkaheenta vishay key paksh mein galati kaa ack roop haye joe mamla naheen honah chaahiye. iss sthiti kaa ack majboot prati-udaaharan johnn broom key kaaran haye, joe ack machhali key mamle koo ack agent key khaane key liye maanata haye. isamen salmonella hotaa haye, joe ack nirnaayak kaaran haye kii agent koo ise kyon naheen khaana chaahiye. lekin agent iss tathya seey anjaan haye, yahee kaaran haye kii unake liye machhali khaana tarksangat haye. tou yeh ack aisaa mamla hoga jahan samanyata aur tarksangatata alag hoe jaati haye. iss udaaharan koo iss arth mein saamaanyikrit kiya jaa sakata haye kii tarksangatata kewal agent key liye sulabh karanon yaa unhein cheejen kaise dikhaai detee hain, iss parr nirbhar karati haye. doosari or, kissy koo kyaa karna chaahiye, yeh vastunishth roop seey maujooda karanon seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye. aadarsh mamle mein, tarksangatata aur samanyata ack saath aaa sakate hain lekin way yaa tou taba alag hoe jaate hain jaba agent koo kissy kaaran taka pahunch kaa abhaav hoe yaa yadi usey kissy kaaran kii upasthiti key baare mein galat vishvaas hoe. inn vichaaron koo iss kathan mein sankshep mein prastut kiya gayaa haye kii tarksangatata kewal abhikarta key dimag parr haavi hoti haye lekin samanyata naheen.
lekin tarksangatata kii samanyata key paksh mein vichaar prayog bhee hain. ack, frank jackson key kaaran, ack doctor shamil hotaa haye joe ack halki sthiti vaale rogi koo praapt kartaa haye aur usey teen davaaon mein seey ack dawa likhani hoti haih dawa aeye jisake parinamswarup aanshik ilaaj hotaa haye, dawa bee jisake parinamswarup poorna ilaaj hotaa haye, yaa dawa see jisake parinamswarup rogi kii mrityu hoti haye. doctor kii samasya yeh haye kii way yeh naheen bataa sakate kii bee aur see davaaon mein seey kaun see dawa poori tarah seey thheek hoe jaati haye aur kaun see dawa rogi kii mrityu mein hoti haye. vastunishth roop seey sabse achchha mamla rogi key liye dawa bee praapt karna hoga, lekin isake prabhaavon key baare mein anishchitata koo dekhate hue doctor key liye ise nirdhaarit karna atyadhik gairzimmedarana hoga. isaliye doctor koo cumm prabhaavi dawa aeye likhani chaahiye, joe tarksangat vikalp bhee haye. yeh vichaar prayog ingit kartaa haye kii tarksangatata aur samanyata ack saath aatee haye kyonki tarksangat kyaa haye aur kissy koo kyaa karna chaahiye, yeh agent key munn parr nirbhar kartaa haye.
kuchh siddhantkaron ney inn vichaar prayogon kaa jawab samanyata aur jimmedaari key beach antar karke diyaa haye. iss drishtikon parr, tarkaheen vyavhaar kii aalochana, jaise kii doctor dwara dawa bee nirdhaarit karane mein, jimmedaari key sandarbh mein agent kaa nakaratmak mulyankan shamil hotaa haye, lekin maanak muddon parr chup rahata haye. ack yogyata-adharit khaate parr, joe karanon kaa jawab dene kii kshamata key sandarbh mein tarksangatata koo paribhaashit kartaa haye, iss tarah key vyavhaar koo kissy kii kshamata koo nishpaadit karane mein viphalata key roop mein samajha jaa sakata haye. lekin kabhi-kabhi humm bhagyashali hotey hain aur humm saksham pradarshan karane mein whiffle rahane key bavjood maanak ayam mein safal hotey hain.ee. tarksangat roop seey, gairzimmedar honey key kaaran. isake vipareet bhee mamla hoe sakata haih ack jimmedaar, saksham pradarshan key bavjood durbhagya key parinamswarup viphalata hoe sakati haye. yeh bataata haye kii kaise tarkaheenta kii aalochana karane key hamaare abhyaas key bavjood tarkasheelata aur samanyata alag hoe sakati haye.
maanak aur varnanatmak siddhant.
samanyata kii avadharana kaa upayog tarksangatata key vibhinn siddhanton koo alag karane key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. maanak siddhant tarksangatata kii maanak prakriti kaa pataa lagaate hain. way una niyamon aur aadarshon seey sambandhit hain joe yeh niyantrit karate hain kii munn koo kaise kaam karna chaahiye. doosari or, varnanatmak siddhant, yeh jaanch karate hain kii munn vaastav mein kaise kaam kartaa haye. isamen aise mudde shamil hain jaise kii kinn paristhitiyon mein aadarsh niyamon kaa paalan kiya jaataa haye aur saath hii tarksangat vichaar key liye jimmedaar antarnihit manovaigyaanik prakriyaon kaa adhyayan karna. varnanatmak siddhanton kii aksar anubhavjanya manovigyaan mein jaanch kii jaati haye jabaki darshan maanak muddon parr adhik dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye. yeh vibhajan yeh bhee darshaata haye kii inn dou prakaron kii jaanch kaise kii jaati haye.
varnanatmak aur maanak siddhantkar aamtaur parr apane shodh mein vibhinn vidhiyon kaa upayog karate hain. varnanatmak muddon kaa adhyayan anubhavjanya shodh dwara kiya jaataa haye. yeh adhyayan kaa roop leey sakata haye joe unake pratibhagiyon koo ack sangyanatmak samasya key saath prastut kartaa haye. isake baad yeh dekhaa jaataa haye kii pratibhaagi samasya koo kaise hull karate hain, sambhavatah iss spashteekaran key saath kii way ack vishisht samadhan parr kyon pahunche. doosari or, maanak muddon kii jaanch aamtaur parr usee tarah seey kii jaati haye jaise aupchaarik vigyaan apani jaanch kaa sanchaalan karate hain. udaaharan key liye, saiddhaantik tarksangatata key kshetra mein, yeh sweekaar kiya jaataa haye kii modus pones key roop mein anumanatmak tark tarksangat vishvaason kii or leey jaataa haye. iss daave kii jaanch tarksangat antargyaan yaa ack pratibimbeet santulan kii disha mein saavdhaanipoorvak vichaar-vimarsh jaise tarikon kaa upayog karke kii jaa sakati haye. anubhavjanya sakshya parr nirbhar kiye binaa, jaanch key yeye roop iss nishkarsh parr pahunch sakate hain kii vichaar key kaun seey roop tarksangat aur tarkaheen hain.
iss kshetra mein ack mahatvapurna prashn tarkasheelata key liye varnanatmak aur maanak drishtikon key beach sambandh seey sambandhit haye. iss sambandh mein ack kathinaaee yeh haye kii kaee mamalon mein aadarsh tarksangatata key maandandon key beach ack badaa antar haye aur loga vaastav mein kaise tark karate hain. tarksangatata kii maanak pranaliyon key udaaharan shaastriya tark, sambhaavyata siddhant aur nirnay siddhant hain. vaastavik tarkakarta aksar sangyanatmak purvagrahon, shodh yaa anya mansik seemaon key kaaran inn manakon seey alag hoe jaate hain.
paaramparik roop seey, yeh aksar maanaa jaataa thaa kii vaastavik maanav tark koo maanak siddhanton mein varnit niyamon kaa paalan karna chaahiye. iss drishtikon parr, koee bhee visangati tarkaheenta kaa ack roop haye jisase bachana chaahiye. haalaanki, yeh aamtaur parr munn kii maanviya seemaon koo nazarandaj kartaa haye. inn seemaon koo dekhate hue, sabse upayogi parinam praapt karane key liye vibhinn visangatiyaan aavashyak hoe sakati hain (aur iss arth mein "tarksangat"). udaaharan key liye, nirnay siddhant key aadarsh tarksangat maandandon kii maang haye kii agent koo hamesha uchchatam apekshit moolya key saath vikalp chunana chaahiye. haalaanki, pratyek vikalp key apekshit moolya kii ganana karane mein jatil sthitiyon mein bahut lamba samay lugg sakata haye aur yeh pareshani key laayak naheen hoe sakata haye. yeh iss tathya mein parilakshit hotaa haye kii vaastavik tarkakarta aksar ack aise vikalp key liye samjhauta karate hain joe yeh sunishchit kiye binaa paryaapt haye kii yeh vaastav mein upalabdh sabse achchha vikalp haye. iss sambandh mein ack aur kathinaaee humey kaa kaanoon haye, joe kahata haye kii koee yeh anuman naheen lagaa sakata kii kyaa haye, isake aadhar parr kyaa honah chaahiye. isaliye sirf isaliye kii ack vishisht mamle mein ack nishchit shodhaatmak yaa sangyanatmak purvagrah maujood haye, yeh anuman naheen lagaaya jaanaa chaahiye kii yeh maujood honah chaahiye. inn samasyaon key liye ack drishtikon yeh haye kii varnanatmak aur maanak siddhant vibhinn prakaar kii tarksangatata key baare mein baat karate hain. iss tarah, donon key beach koee virodhabhas naheen haye aur donon apane kshetra mein sahee hoe sakate hain. tathaakathit praakritik gyanmimansa mein isi tarah kii samasyaon parr charcha kii gaee haye.
roodhivaad aur moolbhootvaad.
tarksangatata koo aamtaur parr iss arth mein roodhivaadi key roop mein samajha jaataa haye kii tarksangat agent shoonya seey shuru naheen hotey hain, lekin pahale seey hii kaee vishvaas aur iraade rakhate hain. tark inn pahale seey maujood mansik sthitiyon kii prishthabhoomi mein hotaa haye aur unhein sudhaarne kii koshish kartaa haye. iss tarah, mool vishvaas aur iraade visheshaadhikaar praapt hainh jaba taka kii una parr sandeh karane kaa koee kaaran saamane naa aae, taba taka koee unhein rakhta haye. mahamari key kuchh roop iss drishtikon koo aswikar karate hain. unake anusaar, vishvaason kii poori pranali koo aatm-spasht vishvaason dwara uchit thaharaaya jaanaa haye. iss tarah key aatm-spasht vishvaason key udaharanon mein tatkaal anubhavon key saath-saath saral taarkik aur ganitiya swayamsiddh shamil hoe sakate hain.
roodhivaad aur moolbhootvaad key beach ack mahatvapurna antar pramaan key bojh kii unaki alag avadhaaranaon seey sambandhit haye. roodhivaad key anusaar, saboot kaa bojh hamesha pahale seey hii sthaapit vishvaas key paksh mein hotaa haih nae sabooton key abhaav mein, pahale seey hii mansik sthitiyon koo banaae rakhna tarksangat haye. moolbhootvaad key anusaar, saboot kaa bojh hamesha mansik sthitiyon koo nilambit karane key paksh mein hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye, agent apane pahale seey maujood vishvaas parr pratibimbit kartaa haye kii taaj mahal agra mein haye lekin iss vishvaas key liye yaa isake khilaf kissy bhee kaaran taka pahunchane mein asamarth haye. iss mamle mein, roodhivaadiyon koo lagata haye kii iss vishvaas koo banaae rakhna tarksangat haye, jabaki moolbhootvaadi karanon kii kamee key kaaran ise tarkaheen key roop mein aswikar karate hain. iss sambandh mein, roodhivaad tarksangatata kii samanya avadharana key bahut karib haye. moolbhootvaad key liye ack samasya yeh haye kii yadi iss drishtikon koo saavdhaanipoorvak puuraa kiya jaataa haye tou bahut cumm vishvaas, yadi koee hoe, baney rahenge. doosara yeh haye kii gair-maulik maanyataon koo maulik maanyataon seey jodane vaale sabhi nyaaysangat sambandhon parr lagaatar nazar rakhane key liye bhaari mansik sansadhanon kii aavashyakta hogi.
prakaar.
tarksangatata kii charcha kaee kshetron mein kii jaati haye, aksar bahut alag shabdon mein. jabaki kuchh siddhantkar sabhi prakaar kii tarksangatata dwara saajha visheshtaon koo vyakt karane key liye ack ekikrit avadharana pradaan karane kaa prayaas karate hain, adhik samanya drishtikon vyaktigat roopon key vibhinn pahaluon koo spasht karna haye. sabse aam antar saiddhaantik aur vyaavhaarik tarksangatata key beach haye. anya vargeekaranon mein aadarsh aur seemit tarksangatata key saath-saath vyaktigat aur samajik tarksangatata key liye shreniyan shamil hain.
saiddhaantik aur vyaavhaarik.
sabse prabhaavshaali antar saiddhaantik yaa mahamari tarksangatata key saath vyaavhaarik tarksangatata key vipareet haye. iska saiddhaantik paksh maanyataon kii tarksangatata seey sambandhit haih kyaa kissy diye gaye vishvaas koo banaae rakhna tarksangat haye aur isake baare mein kissy koo kitna nishchit honah chaahiye. doosari or, vyaavhaarik tarksangatata karyon, iradon aur nirnayon kii tarksangatata key baare mein haye. yeh saiddhaantik tark aur vyaavhaarik tark key beach key antar key anuroop haih saiddhaantik tark yeh aaklan karane kii koshish kartaa haye kii kyaa agent koo apane vishvaason koo badalana chaahiye, jabaki vyaavhaarik tark yeh aaklan karane kii koshish kartaa haye kii kyaa agent koo apani yojanaon aur iradon koo badalana chaahiye.
saiddhaantik.
saiddhaantik tarksangatata sangyanatmak mansik avasthaon kii tarksangatata seey sambandhit haye, vishesh roop seey, maanyataon kii. dou karakon key beach antar karna aam baat haye. pahala kaarak iss tathya key baare mein haye kii ack vishvaas koo tarksangat honey key liye achche kaaran aavashyak hain. yeh aamtaur parr tathaakathit gyaan key sroton dwara pradaan kiye gaye sakshya key sandarbh mein samajha jaataa haye.ee. dhaarana, aatmanireekshan aur smriti jaise guna. iss sambandh mein, aksar yeh tark diyaa jaataa haye kii tarksangat honey key liye, vishvaas karane vaale koo inn sroton dwara prastut chhaapon yaa karanon kaa jawab denaa padata haye. udaaharan key liye, ack pedh parr soorya key prakaash kii drishya chhaap yeh vishvaas karna tarksangat banaati haye kii soorya chamak rhaa haye. iss sambandh mein, yeh bhee praasangik hoe sakata haye kii kyaa yeh banaa huaa vishvaas anaichhik aur antarnihit haye. 
doosara kaarak tarksangatata key maandandon aur prakriyaon seey sambandhit haye joe iss sakshya key aadhar parr agents koo vishvaas kaise banaana chaahiye, ise niyantrit kartaa haye. inn maandandon mein niyamit tark mein charcha kiye gaye anuman key niyam key saath-saath mansik sthitiyon key beach samanjasya key anya mandand shamil hain. nishkarsh key niyamon key mamle mein, ack vaidh tark kaa parisar nishkarsh kaa samarthan kartaa haye aur isaliye nishkarsh mein vishvaas tarksangat banaata haye. parisar dwara dee jaane vaali sahaayata yaa tou katauti yaa gair-katauti hoe sakati haye. donon hii mamalon mein, kissy tark key aadhar parr vishvaas karane seey usake nishkarsh parr vishvaas karna bhee tarksangat hoe jaataa haye. donon key beach kaa antar iss baat seey diyaa jaataa haye kii parisar kaise nishkarsh kaa samarthan kartaa haye. anumanatmak tark key liye, parisar sabse majboot sambhav samarthan pradaan kartaa haih yadi nishkarsh sach haye tou nishkarsh galat honah asambhav haye. gair-katauti yuktiyon kaa parisar bhee unake nishkarsh key liye samarthan pradaan kartaa haye. lekin yeh samarthan poorna naheen haih parisar kii sachchai nishkarsh kii sachchai kii guaranti naheen detee haye. isake bajaay, parisar yeh adhik sambhavana banaata haye kii nishkarsh sach haye. iss mamle mein, aamtaur parr yeh maang kii jaati haye kii gair-katauti samarthan paryaapt roop seey majboot haye yadi nishkarsh mein vishvaas tarksangat honah haye. 
saiddhaantik tarkaheenta kaa ack mahatvapurna roop prerak roop seey pakshapaati vishvaas haye, jise kabhi-kabhi ichchapurna soch key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. iss mamle mein, vishvaas kissy kii ichchhaon yaa uchit spasht samarthan key binaa kalpana karane key liye sukhad haye. aupchaarik aur anaupchaarik bhraantiyon key roop mein doshpurna tark saiddhaantik tarkaheenta kaa ack aur kaaran haye.
vyaavhaarik.
vyaavhaarik tarksangatata key sabhi roop iss baat seey sambandhit hain kii humm kaise kaary karate hain. yeh seedhe karyon key saath-saath mansik sthitiyon aur poorvavarti karyon, jaise iradon aur nirnayon, donon seey sambandhit haye. vyaavhaarik tarksangatata key vibhinn pahalu hain, jaise kii anusaran karane key liye ack lakshya kaise chunaa jaae aur iss lakshya taka pahunchane key liye saadhan kaise chunaa jaae. anya muddon mein vibhinn iradon key saath-saath vishvaason aur iradon key beach samanjasya shamil haye.
kuchh siddhantkar vishvaason aur ichchhaon key sandarbh mein karyon kii tarksangatata koo paribhaashit karate hain. iss drishtikon parr, ack nishchit lakshya key baare mein laane key liye ack kaarravaai tarksangat haye yadi agent koo iss lakshya key baare mein laane kii ichcha haye aur yeh vishvaas haye kii unaki kaarravaai ise sakar karegi. iss drishtikon key ack majboot sanskaran key liye aavashyak haye kii jimmedaar vishvaas aur ichchaaen swayam tarksangat houn. nirnayon kii tarksangatata kii ack bahut hii prabhaavshaali avadharana nirnay siddhant seey aatee haye. nirnayon mein, agent koo kaarravaai key sambhaavit pathyakramon key ack samooh key saath prastut kiya jaataa haye aur unhein unamen seey ack kaa chayan karna hotaa haye. nirnay siddhant kaa maanana haye kii agent koo usa vikalp koo chunana chaahiye jiska uchchatam apekshit moolya hoe. vyaavhaarik tarksangatata mein karyon kaa kshetra shamil haye lekin samanya roop seey vyavhaar kaa naheen. donon key beach kaa antar yeh haye kii kaary jaanboojhkar kiye gaye vyavhaar hain.ee. way ack uddeshya key liye kiye jaate hain aur isake dwara nirdeshit hotey hain. iss sambandh mein, kaar chalaane jaisa jaanboojhkar kiya gayaa vyavhaar yaa tou tarksangat yaa tarkaheen haye, jabaki chhinkane jaisa gair-iradatan vyavhaar tark key kshetra seey baahar haye.
vibhinn anya vyaavhaarik ghatnaaon key liye, iss baat parr koee spasht sahamati naheen haye kii way iss kshetra seey sambandhit hain yaa naheen. udaaharan key liye, ichchhaon kii tarksangatata key sambandh mein, dou mahatvapurna siddhant prakriyavad aur moolvaad hain. prakriyavad key anusaar, vaadya aur gair-vaadya ichchhaon key beach ack mahatvapurna antar haye. ack ichcha sahayak haye yadi usaki poorti doosari ichcha kii poorti key saadhan key roop mein kaary karati haye. udaaharan key liye, jack beemar haye aur phir seey swasth honey key liye dawa lena chaahata haye. iss mamle mein, dawa lene kii ichcha mahatvapurna haye kyonki yeh kewal jack kii swasth honey kii gair-vaadya ichcha key saadhan key roop mein kaary karati haye. prakriyavad aur moolvaad donon hii aamtaur parr iss baat seey sahmat hotey hain kii ack vyakti ataarkik hoe sakata haye yadi usake paas sambandhit gair-vaadya ichcha honey aur yeh jaanane key bavjood kii vaha ack saadhan key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, ack vaadya ichcha kii kamee hoe. prakriyavidon kaa maanana haye kii yeh ekmatra tarika haye jisase ichcha tarkaheen hoe sakati haye. doosari or, moolvaadi iss baat kii anumati dete hain kii gair-vaadya ichchhaaen bhee tarkaheen hoe sakati hain. iss sambandh mein, ack moolvaadi yeh daavaa curr sakata haye kii jack key liye swasth honey kii apani gair-vaadya ichcha kii kamee ataarkik hogi. isi tarah kii bahas bhaavanaon kii tarksangatata parr dhyaan kendrit karati haye.
donon key beach sambandh.
saiddhaantik aur vyaavhaarik tarksangatata parr aksar alag seey charcha kii jaati haye aur unake beach kaee antar hain. kuchh mamalon mein, way ack-dusare key saath sangharsh bhee karate hain. haalaanki, aise vibhinn tareeke bhee hain jinase way ack dusare parr nirbhar karate hain aur ack dusare parr nirbhar karate hain.
kabhi-kabhi yeh daavaa kiya jaataa haye kii saiddhaantik tarksangatata kaa uddeshya satya haye jabaki vyaavhaarik tarksangatata kaa uddeshya achchaae haye. johnn searl key anusaar, antar koo "fitt kii disha" key sandarbh mein vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye. iss drishtikon parr, saiddhaantik tarksangatata iss baare mein haye kii munn duniya kaa pratinidhitva karke usake saath kaise mell khaata haye. doosari or, vyaavhaarik tarksangatata iss baare mein haye kii duniya munn dwara sthaapit aadarsh key anuroop kaise haye aur ise kaise badala jaanaa chaahiye. ack anya antar yeh haye kii vyaavhaarik tarksangatata key liye kabhi-kabhi manmaane vikalpon kii aavashyakta hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, ack lakshya taka pahunchane key liye dou samaan roop seey achche maarg upalabdh hoe sakate hain. vyaavhaarik star parr, yadi koee lakshya taka pahunchana chaahata haye tou usey unamen seey ack koo chunana hoga. iss manmaane vikalp kaa virodh karna vyaavhaarik roop seey tarkaheen bhee hoga, jaisa kii buridan key gadhe seey udaaharan milata haye. lekin saiddhaantik star parr, kissy koo yeh vishvaas naheen honah chaahiye kii yeh sunkar kii koee lakshya taka pahunch gayaa haye, kiss maarg parr jaanaa gayaa thaa. iss mamle mein, ack vishvaas key liye dusare key bajaay manmana vikalp saiddhaantik roop seey tarkaheen hoga. isake bajaay, agent koo apane vishvaas koo kissy bhee tarah seey nilambit curr denaa chaahiye yadi unake paas paryaapt karanon kii kamee haye. ack anya antar yeh haye kii vyaavhaarik tarksangatata saiddhaantik tarksangatata key vipareet vishisht lakshyon aur ichchhaon dwara nirdeshit hoti haye. isaliye yadi kissy koo bimari kaa ilaaj karane kii ichcha haye tou dawa lena vyaavhaarik roop seey tarksangat haye. lekin yeh maanana saiddhaantik roop seey tarkaheen haye kii koee vyakti sirf isaliye swasth haye kyonki vaha aisaa chaahata haye. yeh ichchhaasheel soch kaa ack roop haye.
kuchh mamalon mein, vyaavhaarik aur saiddhaantik tarksangatata kii maang ack dusare key saath sangharsh karati haye. udaaharan key liye, kissy key bachche key prati wafadari kaa vyaavhaarik kaaran iss vishvaas kii maang curr sakata haye kii way nirdosh hain, jabaki unhein aparaadh seey jodane vaale saboot saiddhaantik star parr unake aparaadh mein vishvaas kii maang curr sakate hain.
lekin donon kshetra bhee kuchh tarikon seey overlap hotey hain. udaaharan key liye, tarkasheelata kaa maanak jise encracia key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, vishvaason aur iradon koo jodata haye. yeh bataata haye kii "[aar] aitiyonaliti key liye aap chaahte hain kii aap aff karane kaa irada rakhate hain yadi aapako lagata haye kii aapke karanon key liye aapako aff karane kii aavashyakta haye. iss aavashyakta koo puuraa karane mein whiffle rahane key parinamswarup ataarkiktaa key mamalon mein parinam hotaa haye jise akarasia yaa ichcha kii kamjori key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. ativyaapi kaa ack anya roop yeh haye kii vyaavhaarik tarksangatata koo niyantrit karane vaale niyamon kaa adhyayan ack saiddhaantik mamla haye. aur vyaavhaarik vichaar yeh nirdhaarit curr sakate hain kii kissy nishchit mudde parr saiddhaantik tarksangatata kaa peechha karna haye yaa naheen aur saath hii saath jaanch mein kitna samay aur sansaadhan nivesh karna haye. aksar yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii vyaavhaarik tarksangatata saiddhaantik tarksangatata koo purvanirdhaarit karati haye. yeh iss vichaar parr adharit haye kii yeh taya karane key liye kii kyaa kiya jaanaa chaahiye, kissy koo yeh jaanane kii aavashyakta haye kii mamla kyaa haye. lekin kyaa kiya jaanaa chaahiye, yeh jaanane key liye swatantra roop seey koee yeh aaklan curr sakata haye kii mamla kyaa haye. isaliye iss sambandh mein, koee bhee saiddhaantik tarksangatata kaa adhyayan vyaavhaarik tarksangatata seey swatantra ack alag anushasana key roop mein curr sakata haye, lekin dusare tareeke seey naheen. haalaanki, iss swatantrata koo kuchh prakaar key sandigdh swaichhikta dwara aswikar curr diyaa gayaa haye. unakaa maanana haye kii saiddhaantik tarksangatata koo ack prakaar kii vyaavhaarik tarksangatata key roop mein samajha jaa sakata haye. yeh iss vivadaspad daave parr adharit haye kii humm taya curr sakate hain kii kyaa vishvaas karna haye. yeh "mahamari nirnay siddhant" kaa roop leey sakata haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii loga yeh taya karate samay mahamari key uddeshyon koo puuraa karane kii koshish karate hain kii kyaa vishvaas karna haye. isi tarah key vichaar kaa bachaav yeeshu mosterine ney kiya haye. unakaa tark haye kii tarksangatata kaa uchit uddeshya "vishvaas" naheen haye balki "sweekriti" haye. vaha ack prastaav kii pushti karane key liye ack swaichhik aur sandarbh-nirbhar nirnay key roop mein sweekriti koo samajhata haye.
aadarsh aur bandhe hue.
tarksangatata key vibhinn siddhant aadarsh tarksangatata key kuchh roop koo maanate hain, udaaharan key liye, tarkapurna agents seey tark key sabhi kaanoonon aur nihitarthon kaa paalan karane kii maang karke. isamen yeh aavashyakta shamil hoe sakati haye kii yadi agent kissy prastaav parr vishvaas kartaa haye, tou unhein iss prastaav seey taarkik roop seey anusaran karane vaali harr cheej mein bhee vishvaas karna chaahiye. haalaanki, kaee siddhantkar tarksangatata key liye ack aavashyakta key roop mein taarkik sarvagyaan key iss roop koo aswikar karate hain. unakaa tark haye kii, choonki maanav munn seemit haye, isaliye tarksangatata koo usee key anusaar paribhaashit kiya jaanaa chaahiye kii vaastavik seemit manushyon key paas sansaadhan-seemit tarksangatata kaa kuchh roop kaise haye.
seemit tarksangatata kii sthiti key anusaar, tarksangatata key siddhanton koo sangyanatmak seemaon koo dhyaan mein rakhna chaahiye, jaise kii apoorna gyaan, apoorna smriti, aur ganana aur pratinidhitva kii seemit kshamata. iss kshetra mein ack mahatvapurna shodh prashn yeh haye kii samasyaon koo hull karane aur nirnay lene key liye sangyanatmak agent kroor gananaon key bajaay shodh kaa upayog kaise karate hain. udaaharan key liye, santoshjanak shodh key anusaar, agent aamtaur parr sabse achche vikalp kii khoj koo roque dete hain jaba ack baar aisaa vikalp mill jaataa haye joe unake vaanchhit upalabdhi star koo puuraa kartaa haye. iss sambandh mein, loga aksar sabse achche sambhav vikalp kii khoj jaari naheen rakhate hain, bhale hii aadarsh tarksangatata key siddhant aamtaur parr yahee maang karate hain. maanav munn kii seemaon key anukool honey key liye shodh-shaastra kaa upayog karna atyadhik tarksangat hoe sakata haye, vishesh roop seey aise jatil mamalon mein jahaan yeye seemaaen kroor gananaon koo asambhav yaa bahut samay-aur sansaadhan-gahan banaati hain.
vyaktigat aur samajik.
shaikshanik saahitya mein adhikansh charchaaen aur shodh vyaktigat tarksangatata parr kendrit hain. yeh vyaktigat vyaktiyon kii tarksangatata seey sambandhit haye, udaaharan key liye, kyaa unaki maanyataaen aur kaary tarksangat hain. lekin tarksangatata kaa sawal samajik star parr samooche samoohon parr bhee lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. samajik yaa saamoohik tarksangatata kaa yeh roop samooh vishvaason aur samooh nirnayon jaise saiddhaantik aur vyaavhaarik donon muddon seey sambandhit haye. aur vyaktigat mamle kii tarah, inn ghatnaaon key saath-saath una prakriyaon aur sanrachanaon kaa adhyayan karna sambhav haye joe unake liye jimmedaar hain. samajik star parr, ack saajha lakshya taka pahunchane key liye sahyog key vibhinn roop hain. saiddhaantik mamalon mein, juurii sadasyon kaa ack samooh pahale charcha curr sakata haye aur phir yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye matdan curr sakata haye kii prativaadi doshi haye yaa naheen. yaa vyaavhaarik mamle mein, rajneta jalavaayu parivartan seey nipatane key liye nae niyamon koo lagu karane mein sahyog curr sakate hain. sahyog key inn roopon koo unaki samajik tarksangatata key aadhar parr aanka jaa sakata haye joe iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii unhein kaise lagu kiya jaataa haye aur unake parinamon kii gunavatta parr nirbhar kartaa haye. kuchh siddhantkar yeh maanate hue samajik tarksangatata koo vyaktigat tarksangatata mein cumm karane kii koshish karate hain kii samooh prakriyaaen iss hudd taka tarksangat hain kii unamen bhaag lene vaale vyakti tarksangat hain. lekin iss tarah kii kamee koo aksar aswikar curr diyaa jaataa haye.
vibhinn adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii samooh tarksangatata aksar vyaktigat tarksangatata seey behtar pradarshan karati haye. udaaharan key liye, wonn chayan kaary parr ack saath kaam karane vaale logon key samooh aamtaur parr vyaktiyon kii tulanaa mein behtar pradarshan karate hain. samooh shreshthata key iss roop koo kabhi-kabhi "bheed kaa gyaan" kahaa jaataa haye aur iss daave key aadhar parr samajhaaya jaa sakata haye kii saksham vyaktiyon kaa samooh key nirnay parr dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik majboot prabhaav padata haye. haalaanki, yeh hamesha aisaa naheen hotaa haye aur kabhi-kabhi samooh anuroopata yaa vivadaspad muddon koo uthaane kii anichha key kaaran badatar pradarshan karate hain.
anya.
shaikshanik saahitya mein kaee anya vargeekaranon kii charcha kii gaee haye. ack mahatvapurna antar utpaadan yaa prakriya key aadhar parr tarksangatata key drishtikon key beach haye. sangyanatmak manovigyaan mein tarksangatata key prakriya-unmukh siddhant aam hain aur adhyayan karate hain kii kaise sangyanatmak pranali input koo output utpann karane key liye prakriya karati haye. darshan mein utpaadan-unmukh drishtikon adhik samanya hain aur parinami avasthaon kii tarksangatata kii jaanch karate hain. ack anya antar tarksangatata key saapeksh aur spasht nirnayon key beach haye. saapeksh mamle mein, tarksangatata kaa nirnay seemit jaankaari yaa sakshya key aadhar parr kiya jaataa haye, jabaki spasht nirnay sabhi saakshyon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hain aur iss prakaar nirnay "sabhi cheejon parr vichaar kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, yeh vishvaas karna kii kissy kaa nivesh gunaa hoga, saapeksh arth mein tarksangat hoe sakata haye kyonki yeh kissy key jyotishiya kundali parr adharit haye. lekin yeh vishvaas spasht roop seey tarkaheen haye yadi jyotish mein vishvaas hii tarkaheen haye.
mahatva.
sthaaniya aur vaishvik star parr kaee samasyaon koo hull karane key liye tarksangatata kendriya haye. yeh aksar iss vichaar parr adharit hotaa haye kii kushalata seey kaary karane aur sabhi prakaar key lakshyon taka pahunchane key liye tarksangatata aavashyak haye. isamen vibhinn kshetron key lakshya shamil hain, jaise kii naitik lakshya, manavtawadi lakshya, vaigyaanik lakshya aur yahaan taka kii dhaarmik lakshya bhee. tarksangatata kaa adhyayan bahut purana haye aur pracheen yunani key baad seey kaee mahantam dimagon parr kabja curr liya haye. yeh ruchi aksar hamaare dimag kii kshamataon aur seemaon kii khoj seey prerit hoti haye. vibhinn siddhantkar aksar manushyon koo anya jaanvaron seey alag karane key prayaas mein, tarksangatata koo maanav honey key saar key roop mein bhee dekhate hain. haalaanki, iss majboot pushti koo kaee aalochanaon key adheen kiya gayaa haye, udaaharan key liye, kii manushya harr samay tarksangat naheen hotey hain aur gair-maanav janwar bhee buddhi key vividh roop dikhaate hain.
tarksangatata kaa vishay vibhinn vishayon key liye praasangik haye. yeh darshan, manovigyaan, biatianism, nirnay siddhant aur khel siddhant mein ack kendriya bhoomika nibhaata haye. lekin yeh anya vishayon mein bhee shamil haye, jaise kii kritrim buddhimatta, vyavhaar arthshastra, sookshm arthshastra aur tantrika vigyaan. shodh key kuchh roop khud koo ack vishisht kshetra taka seemit rakhate hain jabaki anya vibhinn kshetron seey antardrishti praapt karke vishay kii antahvishay tareeke seey jaanch karate hain. 
tarksangatata key virodhabhas.
tarksangatata kaa virodhabhas" shabd key vibhinn arth hain. iska upayog aksar paheli yaa tarksangatata kii ansuljhi samasyaon key liye kiya jaataa haye. kuchh aisee paristhitiyaan hain jahan yeh spasht naheen haye kii tarksangat vyakti koo kyaa karna chaahiye. anya mein tarksangatata key bheetar hii spasht dosh shamil hotey hain, udaaharan key liye, jahaan tarksangatata ack upa-ishtatam kaarravaai kii sifarish karati haye. ack vishesh mamla tathaakathit tarksangat duvidhaaen hain, jisamen tarksangat honah asambhav haye kyonki ack dusare key saath tarksangatata key dou mandand sangharsh karate hain. tarksangatata key virodhabhason key udaharanon mein pascal kii baaji, kaidi kii duvidha, buridan kii gaand aur sent shamil hain. pietersberg virodhabhas.
itihas.
max webber.
german vidwan max webber ney samajik kaarravaai kii ack vyakhya kaa prastaav rakhaa joe chaar alag-alag aadarsh prakaar kii tarksangatata key beach antar karati haye.
pahala, jise unhone "zvekreshanal" yaa uddeshyapurna/vaadya tarksangatata kahaa, paryaavaran mein anya manushyon yaa vastuon key vyavhaar key baare mein apekshaon seey sambandhit haye. yeye apekshaaen ack vishesh abhineta key liye lakshyon koo praapt karane key saadhan key roop mein kaam karati hain, jinn lakshyon koo webber ney "tarksangat roop seey peechha kiya aur ganana kii gaee thee."doosara prakaar, webber koo" "vertrational" "yaa moolya/vishvaas-unmukh kahaa jaataa haye. yahaan kaarravaai kii jaati haye jise koee abhineta key liye aantarik kaaran kaha sakata haih kuchh naitik, saundarya, dhaarmik yaa anya uddeshya, iss baat seey swatantra kii kyaa yeh safalata kii or leey jaayega. teesara prakaar bhavatmak thaa, joe ack abhineta key vishisht prabhaav, bhavna yaa bhavna dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa thaa-jiss parr webber ney khud kahaa kii yeh ack prakaar kii tarksangatata thee joe "arthapurna roop seey unmukh" maani jaati thee."chautha paaramparik yaa paaramparik thaa, joe antarnihit aadat dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa thaa. webber ney iss baat parr jore diyaa kii inmein seey kewal ack abhivinyas koo dhoondhana bahut asamanya thaah sanyojan maanak they. unake upayog seey yeh bhee spasht hotaa haye kii unhone pahale dou koo dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik mahatvapurna maanaa, aur yeh tark yogya haye kii teesara aur chautha pahale dou key upaprakaar hain.
webber kii tarksangatata kii vyakhya mein laabh yeh haye kii yeh moolya seey bharey mulyankan seey bachaata haye, kahate hain, kii kuchh prakaar key vishvaas ataarkik hain. isake bajaay, webber kaa sujhaav haye kii aadhar yaa uddeshya diyaa jaa sakata haye-udaaharan key liye, dhaarmik yaa prabhaavit karanon key liye-joe spashteekaran yaa auchitya key mandand koo puuraa curr sakata haye, bhale hii yeh ack spashteekaran naa hoe joe sadhanon aur anta key "zvekreshanal" abhivinyas key anuroop hoe. isaliye isake vipareet bhee sach haih kuchh madhyam-anta spashteekaran una logon koo santusht naheen karenge jinake kaary key aadhar "tarkapurna" hain.
webber key tarksangatata key nirmaan kii aalochana habermacian (1984) key drishtikon seey (samajik sandarbh seey rahit aur samajik shakti key sandarbh mein cumm-siddhant key roop mein) aur nariwadi drishtikon seey bhee (eagleton, 2003) kii gaee haye, jisamen webber key tarksangatata nirmaan koo mardana moolyon key saath aatmasaat kiya gayaa haye aur purush shakti key rakharkhaav kii or unmukh kiya gayaa haye. tarksangatata parr ack vaikalpik sthiti (jisamen seemit tarksangatata key saath-saath webber key bhavatmak aur moolya-adharit tark donon shamil hain) atzioni (1988) kii aalochana mein paaee jaa sakati haye, joe nirnay lene parr vichaar koo webber dwara saamane rakhee gaee sthiti key ulat key liye bahas karane key liye phir seey taiyar kartaa haye. atzioni yeh darshaata haye kii kaise uddeshyapurna/vaadya tark maanak vichaaron (logon koo kaise vyavhaar karna chaahiye) aur bhavatmak vichaaron (maanav sambandhon key vikas key liye ack samarthan pranali key roop mein) dwara adheenasth haye.
richard brand.
richard brand ney tarksangatata kii ack "sudhaar paribhasha" kaa prastaav rakhaa, yeh tark dete hue kii koee tarksangat haye yadi unaki dhaaranaaen sangyanatmak-manochikitsa key ack roop mein jeevit rahati hain.
robert audie.
robert audie ney tarksangatata kaa ack vyaapak vivaran vikasit kiya jisamen tarksangatata key saiddhaantik aur vyaavhaarik donon paksh shamil hain. yeh khaata ack "aadhar" kii dhaarana parr kendrit haih ack mansik sthiti tarksangat haye yadi yeh auchitya key srot mein "achchi tarah seey adharit" haye. doosari or, tarkaheen mansik avasthaon mein paryaapt aadhar kii kamee hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, khidki key baahar dekhane parr ack pedh kaa bodhgamya anubhav iss vishvaas kii tarksangatata koo aadhar banaa sakata haye kii baahar ack pedh haye.
audie moolbhootvaad key ack roop key liye pratibaddh haih yeh vichaar kii uchit vishvaas, yaa unake mamle mein, samanya roop seey tarksangat avasthaon koo dou samoohon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih "neenv" aur "adhirachana". adhirachana mein mansik avasthaaen anya tarksangat mansik avasthaon seey apana auchitya praapt karati hain jabaki moolbhoot mansik avasthaaen adhik buniyaadi srot seey apana auchitya praapt karati hain. udaaharan key liye, uparokt vishvaas kii baahar ack pedh haye, moolbhoot haye kyonki yeh ack buniyaadi srot parr adharit haih dhaarana. yeh jaanate hue kii pedh mitty mein ugate hain, humm anuman lagaa sakate hain kii baahar mitty haye. yeh vishvaas samaan roop seey tarksangat haye, ack paryaapt aadhar dwara samarthit haye, lekin yeh adhirachana seey sambandhit haye kyonki isaki tarksangatata ack anya vishvaas kii tarksangatata mein adharit haye. ichchaaen, maanyataon kii tarah, ack padanukram banaati hainh aantarik ichchaaen neenv parr hoti hain jabaki vaadya ichchaaen adhirachana seey sambandhit hoti hain. vaadya ichcha koo aantarik ichcha seey jodane key liye ack atirikt tatva kii aavashyakta haih ack vishvaas kii vaadya ichcha kii poorti aantarik ichcha kii poorti kaa ack saadhan haye.
audie kaa kahana haye kii moolbhoot mansik sthitiyon key liye auchitya pradaan karane vaale sabhi buniyaadi srot anubhav seey aatey hain. maanyataon" key liye, chaar prakaar key anubhav hain joe sroton key roop mein kaary karate hainh dhaarana, smriti, aatmanireekshan aur tarksangat antargyaan. doosari or, "ichchhaon" kii tarksangatata kaa mukhya mool srot, hedonic anubhav key roop mein aataa haih anand aur dard kaa anubhav. isaliye, udaaharan key liye, icecream khaane kii ichcha tarksangat haye yadi yeh una anubhavon parr adharit haye jinamen agent ney icecream kaa swaad liya haye, aur aggar isamen iss tarah key samarthan kii kamee haye tou tarkaheen haye. anubhav parr apani nirbharta key kaaran, tarksangatata koo anubhav key prati ack prakaar kii pratikriya key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye.
"kriyaaen", maanyataon aur ichchhaon key vipareet, unake apane auchitya kaa srot naheen haye. unaki tarksangatata anya raajyon kii tarksangatata mein adharit haih vishvaason aur ichchhaon kii tarksangatata mein. ichchaaen karyon koo prerit karati hain. yahaan vishvaason kii aavashyakta haye, jaise kii vaadya ichchhaon key mamle mein, ack antar koo paatane aur dou tatvon koo jodane key liye. audie vyaktigat mansik avasthaon kii "kendriya" tarksangatata koo "vyaktiyon" kii "vaishvik" tarksangatata seey alag kartaa haye. vaishvik tarksangatata kaa ack vyutpann darja haih yeh kendriya tarksangatata parr nirbhar kartaa haye. yaa adhik sateek roop seh "vaishvik tarksangatata taba praapt hoti haye jaba ack vyakti key paas paryaapt roop seey achchi tarah seey adharit prastavatmak drishtikon, bhaavanaon aur karyon kii paryaapt ekikrit pranali hoti haye. tarksangatata iss arth mein "saapeksh" haye kii yeh prashn mein vyakti key anubhav parr nirbhar karati haye. choonki alag-alag loga alag-alag anubhavon seey gujarate hain, isaliye ack vyakti key liye joe vishvaas karna tarksangat haye, vaha dusare vyakti key liye vishvaas karna ataarkik hoe sakata haye. yeh vishvaas tarksangat haye iska matlab yeh naheen haye kii yeh "sach" haye.
vibhinn kshetron mein.
naitikta aur naitikta.
tarksangatata kii samasya naitikta aur naitikta key vibhinn muddon key liye praasangik haye. kaee bahas iss sawal key ird-gird kendrit hain kii kyaa tarksangatata naitikta kaa tatparya haye yaa isake binaa sambhav haye. samanya gyaan parr adharit kuchh udaaharan bataate hain kii donon alag hoe sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, kuchh anaitik manorogi apani yojanaon kii khoj mein atyadhik buddhiman hotey hain aur isaliye, unhein tarksangat key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa jaataa haye kii donon ack-dusare seey nikatata seey sambandhit hain. udaaharan key liye, saarvbhaumiktaa key siddhant key anusaar, "kissy key kaary karane key kaaran kewal tabhi sweekarya hain jaba yeh sweekarya hoe kii harr koee aise karanon parr kaary karey. isi tarah kaa ack sootra emmanuel kaant kii spasht anivaaryata mein diyaa gayaa haih "kewal usa siddhant key anusaar kaary karein jisake dwara aap usee samay, yeh curr sakate hain kii yeh ack saarvbhaumik kaanoon bunn jaae. saarvbhaumiktaa key siddhant koo naitikta aur tarksangatata donon key liye ack buniyaadi siddhant key roop mein sujhaaya gayaa haye. yeh iss sawal seey nikatata seey sambandhit haye kii kyaa agents kaa tarksangat honah kartavya haye. ack anya mudda tarksangatata key moolya seey sambandhit haye. iss sambandh mein, yeh aksar maanaa jaataa haye kii maanav jeevan pashu jeevan seey adhik mahatvapurna haye kyonki manushya tarksangat hain.
manovigyaan.
kaee manovaigyaanik siddhanton koo yeh varnan karane key liye prastaavit kiya gayaa haye kii tark kaise hotaa haye aur kaun see antarnihit manovaigyaanik prakriyaaen jimmedaar hain. unake lakshyon mein seey ack yeh samajhaana haye kii vibhinn prakaar kii tarkaheenta kaise hoti haye aur kuchh prakaar dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik prachalit kyon hain. inmein "mansik tark siddhant", "mansik model siddhant" aur "dohri prakriya siddhant" shamil hain. adhyayan kaa ack mahatvapurna manovaigyaanik kshetra sangyanatmak purvagrahon parr kendrit haye. sangyanatmak purvagrah galat yaa tarkaheen roopon mein sochane, nirnay lene aur kaary karane kii vyavasthit pravrittiyaan hain. udaharanon mein pushtikaran purvagrah, aatm-seva purvagrah, pashch drishti purvagrah aur chaalaak-cruiser prabhaav shamil hain. kuchh anubhavjanya nishkarsh bataate hain kii metacognition tarksangatata kaa ack mahatvapurna pahalu haye. iss daave key peechhe kaa vichaar yeh haye kii yadi jimmedaar vichaar prakriyaon koo thheek seey niyantrit aur nigrani kii jaati haye tou tark koo adhik kushalata seey aur vishvasaniya roop seey kiya jaataa haye.
vaasan chayan kaary tarksangatata aur tark kshamataon kaa adhyayan karane key liye ack prabhaavshaali pareekshan haye. isamen pratibhagiyon key saamane chaar card rakhe jaate hain. pratyek kii ack taraf ack sankhya aur doosari taraf ack akshar hotaa haye. ack mamle mein, chaar cardon key drishya paksh aeye, dee, 4 aur 7 hain. taba pratibhaagi seey poochha jaataa haye kii sashart daave koo satyaapit karane key liye kinn cardon koo ghumaaya jaanaa chaahiye "yadi card key ack taraf koee swar haye, tou card key doosari taraf ack summ sankhya haye. sahee uttar aeye aur 7 haye, lekin yeh uttar kewal lagbhag 10 pratishat dwara diyaa jaataa haye. isake bajaay kaee loga card 4 chunate hain, bhale hii isake vipareet disha mein kaun seey akshar dikhaai dey sakate hain, isaki koee aavashyakta naheen haye. inn aur isi tarah key parikshanon kaa upayog karane seey ack mahatvapurna antardrishti yeh haye kii pratibhagiyon kii tarksangat kshamata aamtaur parr amoort yaa avishvasaniya mamalon kii tulanaa mein thhos aur yathaarthvaadi mamalon key liye kaafee behtar hoti haye. iss kshetra mein vibhinn samkaaleen adhyayan vishvaas kii vyaktiparak degree kaa adhyayan karane key liye biasian sambhavana siddhant kaa upayog karate hain, udaaharan key liye, kaise parisar mein vishvaas karane vaale kii nishchitata koo tark key madhyam seey nishkarsh taka leey jaaya jaataa haye.
tark key manovigyaan mein, manovaigyanikon aur sangyanatmak vaigyaanikon ney maanav tarksangatata parr vibhinn sthitiyon kaa bachaav kiya haye. phillip johnson-layered aur rooth aim key kaaran ack pramukh drishya. jey. dusaron key beach yeh haye kii manushya siddhant roop seey tarksangat hain lekin way vyavhaar mein galat hain, yaani, manushyon mein tarksangat honey kii kshamata haye lekin unakaa pradarshan vibhinn karakon dwara seemit haye. haalaanki, yeh tark diyaa gayaa haye kii tark key kaee maanak pareekshan, jaise kii sanyojan bhranti parr, vaasan chayan kaary parr, yaa aadhar darr bhranti paddhatigat aur vaichaarik samasyaon seey peedit hain. isase manovigyaan mein iss baat parr vivaad paida hoe gayaa haye kii kyaa shodhkartaon koo (kewal) tark, sambhaavyata siddhant aur saankhyiki key maanak niyamon kaa upayog karna chaahiye, yaa achche tark key maandandon key roop mein tarksangat chayan siddhant kaa upayog karna chaahiye. iss drishtikon key virodhi, jaise kii gerd gigeranger, vishesh roop seey uchch anishchitata key tahat karyon key liye, seemit tarksangatata kii avadharana kaa samarthan karate hain. tarksangatata kii avadharana parr manovaigyanikon, arthshastriyon aur sangyanatmak vaigyaanikon dwara bahas jaari haye.
manovaigyaanik jeane piyaje ney ack prabhaavshaali vivaran diyaa kii bachpan seey vayaskata taka maanav vikas key charanon koo tarksangat aur taarkik kshamataon mein vriddhi key sandarbh mein kaise samajha jaa sakata haye. vaha motey ayu samoohon seey judey chaar charanon kii pehchaan kartaa haih dou saal kii umr seey cumm umr kaa samvedi motor charan, saat saal kii umr taka poorv-sanchaalan sthiti, gyaarah saal kii umr taka thhos parichaalan charan, aur baad mein aupchaarik parichaalan charan. tarksangat yaa taarkik tark kewal antim charan mein hotaa haye aur yeh amoort soch, avadharana nirmaan, tark, yojana aur samasya-samadhan seey sambandhit haye.
bhaavanaaen.
aeye key anusaar. see. dhabbedar, tarksangatata" bhaavanaon, vyaktigat bhaavanaon yaa kissy bhee prakaar kii pravritti seey swatantra honey chaahiye. sangyanatmak vigyaan aur tantrika vigyaan mein kuchh nishkarsh bataate hain kii kissy bhee vyakti ney kabhi bhee iss mandand koo santusht naheen kiya haye, sivaay kissy aise vyakti key jisake paas koee bhavatmak bhavna naheen haye, udaaharan key liye, ack vyakti jise badey paimaane parr kshatigrast amigdala yaa gambhir manochikitsa haye. iss prakaar, tarksangatata kaa aisaa aadarsh roop computer dwara sabse achchha udaaharan haye, naa kii logon dwara. haalaanki, vidwan sandarbh key roop mein aadarshikaran key liye utpaadak roop seey appeal curr sakate hain. apani pustak, "tark kaa kinarah ack tarkaheen duniya mein ack tarksangat sandeh" mein, british daarshanik juuliyan baigini tark key baare mein mithakon koo khariz karane key liye taiyar hain (ee.jee.yeh kii yeh "vishuddh roop seey uddeshyapurna haye aur isake liye kissy vyaktiparak nirnay kii aavashyakta naheen haye").
sangyanatmak aur vyavhaar vigyaan.
sangyanatmak aur vyavhaar vigyaan logon key sochane aur kaary karane key tareeke kaa varnan karane, samajhaane aur bhavishyavani karane kii koshish karate hain. unake model aksar iss dhaarana parr adharit hotey hain kii loga tarksangat hain. udaaharan key liye, shaastriya arthshastra iss dhaarana parr adharit haye kii loga tarksangat agent hain joe apekshit upayogita koo adhikatam karate hain. haalaanki, loga aksar vibhinn tarikon seey tarksangatata key aadarsh manakon seey alag hoe jaate hain. udaaharan key liye, way kewal pushti karane vaale sakshya kii talash curr sakate hain aur pushti naa karane vaale sakshya kii andekhi curr sakate hain. iss sambandh mein adhyayan kiya gayaa ack anya kaarak maanav bauddhik kshamataon kii seemaaen hain. tarksangatata seey kaee visangatiyaan seemit samay, smriti yaa dhyaan key kaaran hoti hain. aksar inn seemaon koo cumm karane key liye shodh aur angoothe key niyamon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, lekin way ataarkiktaa key nae roopon kii or leey jaa sakate hain.
tark.
saiddhaantik tarksangatata tark seey nikatata seey sambandhit haye, lekin isake samaan naheen haye. tark koo aksar sahee tarkon key adhyayan key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. yeh tark mein upayog kiye gaye prastaavon key beach key sambandh seey sambandhit haih kyaa iska parisar isake nishkarsh kaa samarthan kartaa haye. doosari or, saiddhaantik tarksangatata iss baare mein haye kii kyaa vishvaas kiya jaae yaa kissy key vishvaason koo kaise badala jaae. tark key niyam tarksangatata key liye praasangik hain kyonki yadi way inn kaanoonon kaa ullanghan karate hain tou agent koo apani maanyataon koo badalana chaahiye. lekin tark seedhe taur parr iss baare mein naheen haye kii kyaa vishvaas kiya jaae. isake alawa, tark key alawa anya kaarak aur mandand bhee hain joe yeh nirdhaarit karate hain kii kissy vishvaas koo banaae rakhna yaa badalana tarksangat haye yaa naheen. tark mein tarksangatata kaa adhyayan, yuktigat tarksangatata kii tulanaa mein, tarksangat tareeke seey vishvaason koo praapt karane key liye, mahamarigat tarksangatata seey adhik sambandhit haye.
nirnay siddhant.
vyaavhaarik tarksangatata kaa ack prabhaavshaali vivaran nirnay siddhant dwara diyaa jaataa haye. nirnay aisee paristhitiyaan hain jahan agent key liye kaarravaai key kaee sambhaavit pathyakram upalabdh hain, jinhen unamen seey ack kaa chayan karna hotaa haye. nirnay siddhant una niyamon kii jaanch kartaa haye joe niyantrit karate hain kii kaun see kaarravaai chuni jaani chaahiye. yeh maanata haye kii pratyek kaarravaai seey vibhinn prakaar key parinam hoe sakate hain. pratyek parinam ack sashart sambhavana aur ack upayogita seey judaa hotaa haye. kissy parinam key "apekshit laabh" kii ganana usaki upayogita key saath isaki sashart sambhavana koo gunaa karke kii jaa sakati haye. kissy adhiniyam kii "apekshit upayogita" usase judey parinamon key sabhi apekshit laabhon key yog key barabar hoti haye. inn buniyaadi avayavon seey, nirnayon kii tarksangatata koo paribhaashit karna sambhav haih ack nirnay tarksangat haye yadi yeh uchchatam apekshit upayogita key saath kaary kaa chayan kartaa haye. jabaki nirnay siddhant iss mudde kaa ack bahut hii sateek aupchaarik upchaar detaa haye, yeh upayogitaon aur sambhaavanaon koo kaise nirdisht kiya jaae, isaki anubhavjanya samasya koo kholata haye. isaliye nirnay siddhant abhee bhee kharaab anubhavjanya nirnayon kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye yadi yeh kharaab karyon parr adharit haye.
nirnay siddhantkaron key anusaar, tarksangatata mukhya roop seey aantarik sthirata kaa mamla haye. iska matlab haye kii kissy vyakti kii mansik sthitiyaan jaise vishvaas aur vareeyataaen ack dusare key anuroop hoti hain yaa ack dusare key khilaf naheen jaati hain. iss sthiti kaa ack parinam yeh haye kii spasht roop seey jhoothi maanyataon yaa vikrit prathmiktaon vaale loga abhee bhee tarksangat key roop mein giney jaa sakate hain yadi yeye mansik sthitiyaan unaki anya mansik sthitiyon key anuroop hain. upayogita koo aksar swa-hita yaa vyaktigat prathmiktaon key sandarbh mein samajha jaataa haye. haalaanki, yeh nirnay siddhant kaa ack aavashyak pahalu naheen haye aur isaki vyakhya samanya roop seey achchaae yaa moolya key sandarbh mein bhee kii jaa sakati haye.
khel siddhant.
khel siddhant nirnay siddhant aur tarksangat chayan kii samasya seey nikatata seey sambandhit haye. tarksangat vikalp iss vichaar parr adharit haye kii tarksangat agent sabhi upalabdh vikalpon kaa laagat-laabh vishleshan karate hain aur apane drishtikon seey sabse adhik fayademand vikalp chunate hain. khel siddhant key mamle mein, kaee agent shamil hain. yeh sthiti koo aur jatil banaata haye kyonki kyaa ack agent key liye diyaa gayaa vikalp sabse achchha vikalp haye, yeh anya agents dwara kiye gaye vikalpon parr nirbhar curr sakata haye. khel siddhant kaa upayog vibhinn sthitiyon kaa vishleshan karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise shatranj khelna, vyavasaay key liye pratispardha karane vaali farmein, yaa shikaar parr ladane vaale janwar. tarksangatata khel siddhant kii ack mool dhaarana haih yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii pratyek khilaadi apane drishtikon seey sabse adhik fayademand cheez key aadhar parr tarksangat roop seey chunata haye. iss tarah, agent yeh anuman lagaane mein saksham hoe sakata haye kii dusare kaise chunate hain aur dusaron key vyavhaar key saapeksh unaki sabse achchi pasand kyaa haye. isake parinamswarup aksar ack naish santulan hotaa haye, joe pratyek khilaadi key liye ack ranneeti kaa ack samooh haye, jahaan koee bhee khilaadi ektarafa roop seey apani ranneeti koo badalkar apane parinam mein sudhaar naheen curr sakata haye.
biasianism.
tarksangatata key liye ack lokpriya samkaaleen drishtikon biatian gyanmimansa parr adharit haye. biasian gyanmimansa vishvaas koo ack nirantar ghatana key roop mein dekhta haye joe degree mein aataa haye. udaaharan key liye, daniel koo apekshaakrit yakeen haye kii boston celtics apana agala match jeetenge aur yeh bilkul nishchit haye kii dou jamaa dou chaar key barabar haye. iss mamle mein, pahale vishvaas kii degree dusare vishvaas kii degree seey kamjor haye. inn degree koo aamtaur parr "credences" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye aur 0 aur 1 key beach kii sankhyaon dwara darshaaya jaataa haye. 0 poorna avishvaas key anuroop haye, 1 poorna vishvaas key anuroop haye aur 0.5 vishvaas key nilamban key anuroop haye. biasian ise sambhavana key sandarbh mein samajhate hainh vishvaas jitna adhik hoga, vyaktiparak sambhavana utani hii adhik hogi kii maanaa gayaa prastaav sach haye. sambhaavyataon key roop mein, way sambhaavyata siddhant key niyamon key adheen hain. yeye kaanoon tarksangatata key maandandon key roop mein kaary karate hainh yadi way unakaa paalan karate hain tou vishvaas tarksangat hotey hain aur yadi way unakaa ullanghan karate hain tou tarkaheen hotey hain. udaaharan key liye, yeh tarkaheen hoga kii cull 0.9 kii barish hogi aur ack aur vishvaas key saath kii cull barish naheen hogi. tarksangatata key iss khaate koo vyaavhaarik kshetra mein bhee vistaarit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisamen agents koo apani vyaktiparak apekshit upayogita koo adhikatam karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. iss tarah, bayesianwad saiddhaantik aur vyaavhaarik tarksangatata donon kaa ack ekikrit vivaran pradaan curr sakata haye.
arthshastra.
arthshastra mein tarksangatata ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati haye aur isake kaee sootra hain. sabse pahale, saadhan kii avadharana haye-mool roop seey yeh vichaar kii loga aur sangathan saadhan key roop mein tarksangat hain-yaani, apane lakshyon koo praapt karane key liye sarvottam karyon koo apanaaen. doosara, ack swayamsiddh avadharana haye kii tarksangatata aapaki prathmiktaon aur vishvaason key bheetar taarkik roop seey susangat honey kaa mamla haye. teesara, logon ney vishvaason kii sateekta aur jaankaari key poorna upayog parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye-iss drishtikon mein, ack vyakti joe tarksangat naheen haye, usake paas aise vishvaas hain joe unake paas maujood jaankaari kaa poori tarah seey upayog naheen karate hain.
aarthik samajshastra key bheetar iss baat parr bhee bahas hoti haye kii kyaa loga yaa sangathan "vaastav mein" tarksangat hain yaa naheen, saath hii saath kyaa unhein aupchaarik model mein model karna samajhadaari haye. kuchh logon ney tark diyaa haye kii ack prakaar kii seemit tarksangatata aise models key liye adhik samajhadaari paida karati haye.
anya loga sochate hain kii tarksangat chayan siddhant kii tarj parr kissy bhee prakaar kii tarksangatata maanav vyavhaar koo samajhane key liye ack bekaar avadharana haye; shabd "homo economicus" (aarthik purushah kaalpanik vyakti koo aarthik model mein maanaa jaa rhaa haye joe taarkik roop seey susangat haye lekin anaitik haye) kaafee hudd taka iss drishtikon key sammaan mein gadhaa gayaa thaa. vyavhaar arthshastra kaa uddeshya aarthik abhinetaon key liye hisab rakhna haye, kyonki way vaastav mein hain, aadarsh vaadya tarksangatata koo maanane key bajaay manovaigyaanik purvagrahon kii anumati dete hain.
kritrim buddhimatta.
kritrim buddhimatta key kshetra kaa sambandh anya cheejon key alawa, iss baat seey haye kii computer dwara tarksangatata kii samasyaon koo kaise lagu kiya jaa sakata haye aur unhein kaise hull kiya jaa sakata haye. kritrim buddhimatta key bheetar, ack "tarksangat agent" aamtaur parr vaha hotaa haye joe apane vartamaan gyaan koo dekhate hue apani apekshit upayogita koo adhikatam kartaa haye. upayogita isake karyon key parinamon kii upayogita haye. upayogita kaary koo designer dwara manmaane dhang seey paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye, lekin yeh "pradarshan" kaa ack kaary honah chaahiye, joe seedhe maapane yogya parinam haye, jaise kii paisa jeetana yaa khona. ack surakshit agent banaane key liye joe rakshaatmak roop seey khelata haye, pradarshan kaa ack gair-raikhik kaary aksar vaanchhit hotaa haye, taaki jeetane kaa inam haarne key liye sajaa seey cumm hoe. ack pratinidhi apane swayam key samasya kshetra key bheetar tarksangat hoe sakata haye, lekin manmaane dhang seey jatil samasyaon key liye tarksangat nirnay lena vyaavhaarik roop seey sambhav naheen haye. maanav vichaar kii tarksangatata tark key manovigyaan mein ack pramukh samasya haye.
antarrashtriya sambandh.
antarrashtriya sambandhon (aaee. aar.) key adhyayan mein "tarksangatata" kaa upayog karane key gunon parr bahas chala rahee haye. kuchh vidwan ise apariharya maanate hain. anya adhik gambhir hain. phir bhee, rajneeti vigyaan aur aaee. aar. mein "tarksangatata" kaa vyaapak aur lagaatar upayog vivaad seey parey haye. "iss kshetra mein "tarksangatata" sarvavyaapi bunny hui haye. abulof ney paaya kii "videsh neeti" key sabhi vidwan sandarbhon mein seey lagbhag 40 pratishat "tarksangatata" kii or ishara karate hain-aur yeh anupaat 2000 key dashak mein praasangik shaikshanik prakashanon key aadhe seey adhik taka jaataa haye. unhone aage tark diyaa kii jaba thhos suraksha aur videsh neetiyon kii baat aatee haye, tou "kadachar" parr tarksangatata kii seemaaenh tarksangatata-adharit vivaran yaa tou kaafee hudd taka galat yaa galat hain; kaee paryavekshak "tarksangatata" key arth koo spasht karane mein whiffle rahate hain jinhen way niyojit karate hain; aur avadharana kaa upayog aksar raajneetik roop seey "humm aur unake beach antar karane key liye kiya jaataa haye."
aalochana.
tarksangatata kii avadharana vibhinn daarshnikon dwara aalochana key adheen rahee haye joe vaastaviktaa aur maanav astitva kii vyaapak samajh pradaan karane key liye isaki saarvbhaumiktaa aur kshamata parr sawal uthaate hain.
friedrich neetshe ney apane kaam "achchaae aur burai seey parey" (1886) mein tark parr adhik jore dene kii aalochana kii aur tark diyaa kii yeh maanav prakriti key tarkaheen aur sahaj pahaluon kii upeksha kartaa haye. neetshe ney vyaktigat drishtikon aur satta kii ichcha key aadhar parr moolyon key punarmulyankan kii vakaalat karate hue kahaa, "koee tathya naheen hain, kewal vyaakhyaaen hain."
martin hedegger ney "astitva aur samay" (1927) mein, duniya key saath hamaare rosemarra key vyaavhaarik judaav kii pradhaantaa parr jore dete hue, tark key vaadya aur gananaatmak drishtikon kii aalochana kii. hedegger ney iss dhaarana koo chunauti dee kii kewal tarksangatata hii satya aur samajh kaa ekmatra madhyasth haye.
max horkheimer aur theoder aurengo ney apane maulik kaary "gyaan kii dwandwaatmak" (1947) mein gyaan kii tarksangatata parr sawal uthaaya. unhone tark diyaa kii aadhunik samaaj mein vaadya tark kaa prabhutva prakriti key prabhutva aur vyaktiyon key amanavikaran kii or leey jaataa haye. horkheimer aur organo ney iss baat parr prakaash daala kii kaise tarksangatata maanav anubhav key dayare koo sankuchit karati haye aur aalochanatmak soch mein baadha daalati haye.
michel faucault ney "anushasana aur dund" (1975) aur "jaiv rajneeti kaa janm" (1978) mein ack tatasth aur vastunishth bull key roop mein tarksangatata kii dhaarana kii aalochana kii. faucault ney shakti sanrachanaon key saath tarksangatata key judaav aur samajik niyantran mein isaki bhoomika parr jore diyaa. unhone prasiddh roop seey kahaa, "shakti ack sanstha naheen haye, aur naa hii ack sanrachana haye; naa hii yeh ack nishchit shakti haye jisase humm sampann hain; yeh vaha naam haye joe ack vishesh samaaj mein ack jatil ranneetik sthiti koo shreya detaa haye."
inn daarshnikon kii tarksangatata kii aalochanaaen isaki seemaon, dhaaranaon aur sambhaavit khatron parr prakaash daalati hain. unake vichaar maanav astitva aur duniya kii jatilataon koo samajhane key liye ekmatra dhaanche key roop mein tarksangatata key saarvbhaumik anuprayog koo chunauti dete hain.

