
albania kaa samvidhaan

albania ganarajya () key vartamaan samvidhaan koo 21 octuber 1998 koo albania kii sansad dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa aur 28 navambar 1998 koo rashtrapati key adesh dwara pramaanit kiya gayaa thaa, ack asafal janmat sangrah key baad jiska vipaksh dwara bahishkaar kiya gayaa thaa. yeh kaee alag-alag krityon mein vibhajit haye. yeh dastaavez 1976 key samvidhaan key baad aaya, jise mool roop seey 28 disambar 1976 koo albania key lock samajwadi ganarajya key nirmaan mein apanaaya gayaa thaa aur 29 aprail 1991 koo bhaari sanshodhan kiya gayaa thaa.
vartamaan samvidhaan albania koo ekaatmak sansadiya samvaidhaanik ganarajya key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye. isamen 140 sadasyon seey banaa ack sadaniya vidhanmandal haye, joe rashtrapati koo raajya key pramukh key roop mein chunate hain, mantrimandal, jisamen sarkaar key pramukh key roop mein pradhaanmantri, upa pradhaan mantri aur anya sabhi mantri shamil hotey hain.
samvidhaan koo 18 bhaagon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye joe ack sansadiya loktantra, logon kii samprabhuta aur nagrikon key maulik adhikaaron key saath-saath anya mahatvapurna binduon koo manjuri dete hain. kahaa jaataa haye kii samvidhaan ney aadhunik europeeya samvidhaan key liye sabhi aavashyaktaon koo puuraa kiya haye.
raajneetik asthirta key kaaran, albania key itihas mein kaee samvidhaan rahey hain. rashtra koo shuru mein 1913 mein ack rajshahi key roop mein gathit kiya gayaa thaa, 1920 key dashak mein sankshipt roop seey ack ganarajya, phir 1928 mein ack loktaantrik rajshahi mein laut aaya. baad mein 1990 key dashak mein poonjeevaad kii bahaali taka yeh ack samajwadi ganarajya bunn gayaa.
itihas.
madhyayugeen kaal.
albanian logon key paas kaanoon aur viniyamon kii ack purani parampara haye. puraane kaanoonon mein kanuni aaee lake dukagjinit haye, joe sadiyon seey adhikansh albanian logon dwara sammaanit ack prakaar kaa samvidhaan haye. leke ducagzini kaa kaanoon, jise kuchh lekhan key anusaar 14veen shatabdi mein samhitaabaddh kiya gayaa thaa, kaee kaanoonon mein pratishthit haye. kanoon ney videshi shasson key tahat albanian logon key liye kuchh star kii swa-sarkaar pradaan kii haye aur iss tarah loktantra kaa prayog kiya gayaa haye. kaanoon key anusaar, mahatvapurna nirnay bujurgon key sammelanon dwara liye jaate hain.
aadhunik kaal.
19veen shatabdi key rashtriya punarjagaran key dauran, albanian logon ney leag off prisrain kii sthaapana kii aur iss beach ottoman samrajya key albanian bhashi kshetron key liye ack asthaayi sarkaar kii sthaapana kii. nae kaanoon" koo shaasi nikaayon key liye ack karyakram aur kaanoon key roop mein apanaaya gayaa thaa. ise aksar aadhunik albanian rajneeti aur kootneeti kii shuruat maanaa jaataa haye.
1913 mein, albania kii riyasat koo ack swatantra desh key roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee, phir bhee mahaan shaktiyon ney albania kii kshetriya mahatvakankshaon koo pratibandhit karane kaa faisala kiya aur german rajkumar wilheim wonn wide aur unake uttaradhikariyon key netritva mein ack samvaidhaanik rajshahi lagu kii. 1914 mein antarrashtriya niyantran aayog dwara sthaapit samvidhaan kaa aanshik roop seey videshi raajaa key khilaf vidrohon key kaaran aur aanshik roop seey pratham vishva yuddh key kaaran adhik prabhaav naheen padaa.
europeeya shaktiyon dwara vyavasthit 1913 kii seemaon ney albania kii seemaon key baahar aadhe seey adhik albanian bhashi kshetron koo chhod diyaa. haalaanki, pratham vishva yuddh key thheek baad, rashtra anya deshon key beach phir seey vibhajan key khatare mein thaa. isake virodh mein, albanian netaaon ney lutions kii congress aayojit kii, jisamen unhone apane desh kii samprabhuta kii raksha karane aur kissy bhee videshi aakraman key khilaf ladane kaa faisala kiya. ack antarim samvidhaan, jise aadhikarik taur parr qaanoon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, rajshahi koo manjuri dete hue bhee paarit kiya gayaa thaa.
1920 key dashak key dauran, albania ney raajneetik asthirta aur sarkaaron key teji seey uttaradhikar kaa anubhav kiya. 1924 mein ack krantikari samooh ney balpurvak kabja curr liya, jabaki chhah maheene baad ahmet jogu ney kranti koo kuchal diyaa. 1925 mein, teesare ganarajya key francisi model key aadhar parr ack samvidhaan key tahat ack albanian ganarajya ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. ganarajya mein ack dwisadaniya vidhaayika (pratinidhi aur senate kaa kaksh) thaa joe ack rashtrapati koo chunata thaa, joe saat saal key karyakal key liye raajya aur sarkaar (mantriparishad) kaa pramukh thaa. rashtrapati key paas kaafee vyaapak-lagbhag tanashahi-shaktiyaan nihit theen, jinamen senate key ack tihai koo niyukt karane aur decree dwara shasson karane kii shakti shamil thee.
teen saal baad, 1928 mein, albania koo ack raajya ghoshit kiya gayaa, aur rashtrapati jogu raajaa jog I bunn gaye. vidhaayi anga mein ack kaksh shamil thaa, jabaki karyakari shakti raajya key pramukh, raajaa aur pradhaan mantri aur anya mantriyon seey baney mantrimandal kii thee. haalaanki, vyavhaar mein, zog ney vahee tanashahi shaktiyaan barkarar rakhee joe unhone rashtrapati key roop mein dhaaran kii theen, aur desh abhee bhee anivarya roop seey ack sainya tanashahi thaa.
1939 mein albania parr aakraman karane vaale italvi faasivaadiyon key saath, iss samvidhaan koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. albania mein fasiwadi sahyogiyon ney itali key raajaa vijeta emmanuel III koo simhaasan kii peshkash kii, ack aisaa kaary jisane albanian raajya key samvidhaan kaa bhaari ullanghan kiya. italvi logon dwara sthaapit shaant sarkaar ney 1939 mein ack nayaa samvidhaan paarit kiya.
saamyavaadi kaal.
naazi kabje seey albania kii mukti key baad, communists ney albania kii loktaantrik sarkaar kii sthaapana kii. 11 janwari 1946 koo, albania key janvaadi ganarajya kaa samvidhaan jaari kiya gayaa thaa, jisake liye 1950 mein sanshodhanon koo apanaaya gayaa thaa. baad mein 28 disambar 1976 koo ise albania key janvaadi samajwadi ganarajya key samvidhaan dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
1976 key samvidhaan ney albania koo "samajwadi zana ganarajya" (kalaa) key roop mein paribhaashit kiya. 1) aur "sarvahara tanashahi kii sthiti" (kalaa. 2), aur apane poorvavarti key samaan tareeke seey albanian samaaj mein agrani shakti aur "shramik varg key agradoot" (kalaa) key roop mein albania key shram dall key shasson koo sthaapit kiya. 3). samajwadi avadhaaranaon mein, samvidhaan ney nagrik koo buniyaadi manvadhikaron aur visheshadhikaron kii guaranti dee, jaise kii curr chhoot (1976 kaa samvidhaan, kalaa. 31). raajya anga, lock sabhaa koo vidhaayi anga key roop mein, lock sabhaa koo raajya key vaastavik collegial pramukh key roop mein, aur mantri parishad koo karyakari shakha key roop mein sansadiya loktantra key samaan kaary karane key liye varnit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, inn angon key kaary shram dall key margadarshan aur nirnayon key adheen they, jabaki isake sangathan koo samvidhaan dwara paribhaashit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. party key pahale sachiv sashastr balon key commander-inn-cheef aur raksha parishad key adhyaksh (kalaa) they. 89).
vartamaan.
1976 kaa samvidhaan 5 sitambar, 1991 taka prabhaavi rhaa, jaba ack bahulvaadi pranali koo vaidh banaane aur albania mein ack poonjiwadi arthavyavastha koo phir seey sthaapit karane key liye ack asthaayi buniyaadi kaanoon paarit kiya gayaa thaa. iss dastaavez key aadhar parr, jisane albania koo ack sansadiya ganarajya key roop mein paribhaashit kiya thaa, nae samvidhaan kaa masauda 1998 mein taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. kaee masaude, jaise kii 1994 mein prastaavit, kii pushti karane mein whiffle rahey. vartamaan samvidhaan koo 1998 mein ack lokpriya janmat sangrah dwara anumodit kiya gayaa thaa.

