
bhrasht sauda

americi raajneetik itihas mein teen ghatnaaon koo ack bhrasht sauda kahaa gayaa haih 1824 sanyukt raajya america key rashtrapati chunaav, 1877 kaa samjhauta, aur gerald ford kii 1974 kii richard nixon kii kshama.
sabhi mamalon mein, congress yaa rashtrapati ney usa samay kaarravaai key sabse spasht roop seey paribhaashit kanuni pathyakram key khilaf kaam kiya, halanki kissy bhee mamle mein kaarravaai avaidh naheen thee. dou mamalon mein sanyukt raajya america kii rashtrapati chunaav prakriya seey anishchit yaa vivaadit chunavi maton kaa samadhan shamil thaa, aur teesare mein rashtrapati kii kshama kaa vivaadit upayog shamil thaa. teenon mamalon mein, rashtrapati ney ack hii karyakal yaa ack hii rikti kii seva kii, aur yaa tou phir seey naheen ladey yaa jaba vaha daudate they tou phir seey nirvaachit naheen hue.
1824 key chunaav mein, nirvaachak mandal mein poorna bahumat vijeta key binaa, 12vein sanshodhan ney adesh diyaa kii rashtrapati chunaav kaa parinam pratinidhiyon key sadan dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaae. sadan key tatkalin adhyaksh-aur usee chunaav mein nimn shreni key rashtrapati pada key ummidwar-heinry clay ney dusare sabse adhik maton vaale ummidwar johnn quincy addams koo apana samarthan diyaa. addams koo adhyakshata dee gaee, aur phir unake raajya sachiv key roop mein mitty kaa chayan karane key liye aage badhe. 1876 key chunaav mein, donon pakshon key aavashyak aur garmagarm chunavi maton kii ginati mein shamil adhikaariyon seey bhrashtachar key aarop lagey, jisamen rutherford bee. hess koo ack congress aayog dwara chunaa gayaa thaa.
1824 kaa chunaav.
yuu mein voton kii ginati key baad.aiss. 1824 key rashtrapati chunaav mein kissy bhee ummidwar koo bahumat kii aavashyakta naheen thee 
rashtrapati chunaav key vote (halanki andreau jackson key paas sabse adhik they), jisase parinam pratinidhiyon key sadan key haathon mein aaa gayaa. matpatra parr chaar ummidwar theh johnn quincy addams, heinry clay, andru jackson aur villium aich. crofford. baarahaven sanshodhan key praavdhaanon key baad, halanki, chunavi vote mein kewal sheersh teen ummidvaaron koo ummidwar key roop mein pravesh diyaa gayaa, jisase heinry clay koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa.
kaee logon koo ashcharya huaa kii sadan ney pratidvandi andreau jackson parr johnn quincy addams koo chunaa. yeh vyaapak roop seey maanaa jaataa thaa kii sadan key vaktaa, mitty ney congress koo aadam kaa chunaav karane key liye aashvast kiya, jinhone taba mitty koo apana raajya sachiv banaaya. jackson key samarthakon ney ise "bhrasht sauda" karaar diyaa."" bhrasht saudebaji "jisane raajya vibhaag mein safed ghar aur mitty mein addam koo rakhaa, andreau jackson key doston dwara badala lene key liye chaar saal kaa abhiyaan shuru kiya.
yeh daavaa karate hue kii logon koo unaki pasand key saath dhokha diyaa gayaa thaa, jacksonians ney harr modd parr addam prashaasan parr avaidh aur abhijaat varg aur bhrashtachar seey daagi honey key roop mein hamla kiya. addams ney samanya sarvekshan adhiniyam dwara bhadakaae gaye suar key maans key bairal unmaad parr lagaam lagaane mein whiffle rahane seey apani haar mein madad kii. addams aur clay dwara rashtriya khaake parr kiye gaye jackson key hamale koo puraane ganrajyon aur bajar key udaarpanthiyon kaa samarthan milaa, jinamen seey baad vaale ney teji seey tark diyaa kii aantarik sudhaaron mein congress kii bhagidari vishesh hiton aur raajneetik logrolling key liye ack khula nimantran thaa.
1998 mein khel siddhant ganit kaa upayog karate hue kiye gaye ack vishleshan mein tark diyaa gayaa kii jackson, unake samarthakon aur anginat baad key itihaskaron key daavon key vipareet, chunaav key parinam tathaakathit "imandar matdan" key anuroop they, yaani, una pratinidhiyon key sadan key sadasya joe apane sabse pasandida ummidwar key liye vote daalane mein asamarth they, unhone spasht roop seey apane dusare (yaa teesare) sabse pasandida ummidwar koo vote diyaa.
iss mamle seey sambandhit vibhinn siddhanton kii parwah kiye binaa, addams ack karyakal key rashtrapati they; unake pratidvandi, jackson, 1828 key chunaav mein matdaataon key ack badey bahumat seey rashtrapati chune gaye they aur phir unhone 1832 key chunaav mein dusare karyakal key liye clay koo haraaya.
1876 kaa chunaav.
1876 key rashtrapati chunaav koo kabhi-kabhi doosara "bhrasht sauda" maanaa jaataa haye."teen dakshini raajyon ney maton kii ginati key liye chunaav ladaa thaa, aur pratyek ney dou alag-alag matdaataon key parinam bheje they. choonki donon ummidvaaron koo chunaav jeetane key liye una chunavi maton kii aavashyakta thee, isaliye congress ney iss vivaad koo nipataane key liye ack vishesh chunaav aayog niyukt kiya kii kiss parr matdaataon key chayan koo sweekaar karna haye. 1877 key samjhaute key baad, aayog ney sabhi vivaadit chunavi maton koo gantantra key ummidwar, rutherford bee koo pradaan kiya. hays aur congress ney apani report koo sweekaar karane key liye matdan kiya. kahaa jaataa haye kii samjhaute mein kuchh bindu pahale seey hii ganarajya key namankan koo sweekaar karane key samay seey hii ghaas kii sthaapit sthiti rahey hain. hess key virodhiyon ney kathit samjhaute koo "bhrasht sauda" karaar diyaa aur "rutherfrod" upnaam seey unakaa majaak udaaya."
samjhaute" mein sabse adhik uddhrit vastu dakshini rajdhaniyon seey shesh uttari sainikon koo vaapas laker dakshini "grih shasson" koo sweekaar karane kaa samjhauta thaa. joe ack mahatvapurna upkaran koo hataa dega jiska upayog sanghiya sarkaar ney dakshin koo terahaven, chaudahaven aur pandrahaven sanshodhanon koo banaae rakhane key liye kiya thaa, jiska uddeshya african-amerikiyon key adhikaaron, vishesh roop seey unake matdan key adhikaar kii raksha karna thaa.
aam taur parr, anudan key dusare karyakal key dauran sainikon koo banaae rakhane key liye raajneetik samarthan samaapt hoe gayaa thaa, aur ghaas key paas "grih shasson" key kissy roop koo sweekaar karane key alawa bahut cumm vikalp thaa."unhone aisaa karane kaa prayaas kiya, jaisa kii unake namankan sweekriti patra mein kahaa gayaa haye, dakshini raajyon seey vaade praapt karke kii way swatantrata praapt logon key adhikaaron, aur vishesh roop seey matdan key adhikaaron kaa sammaan karenge. doosari or, saimuel tilden key loktaantrik munch ney bhee sainikon koo hataane kaa vaadaa kiya, lekin mukt logon key adhikaaron kii guaranti dene key kissy bhee prayaas kaa koee ullekh naheen kiya. kuchh samay key liye, heya key drishtikon koo kuchh safalata millie, lekin dheere-dheere dakshini raajya kaale matadhikar aur phalane-phoolane key liye naee baadhaon kaa nirmaan karane key liye aage badhe-baadhaaen joe lagbhag poori shatabdi key liye kanuni roop seey bunny raheen.
1974 nixon kii kshama.
gerald ford kii 1974 kii richard nixon kii kshama koo badnam poorv rashtrapati key alochakon dwara ack "bhrasht saudebaji" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. alochakon ney daavaa kiya kii ford kii maafi nixon key istife key liye samaan thee, jisane unhein rashtrapati pada key liye padonnat kiya. sabse adhik saarvajanik aalochak americi pratinidhi elizabeth holtzman theen, joe sadan kii nyaypalika samiti key sabse nichale darje key sadasya key roop mein, ekmatra pratinidhi theen jinhone spasht roop seey poochha kii kyaa maafi ack twarit samarthak thee. ford ney holtzman koo kaat diyaa, ghoshana karate hue, "koee sauda, avadhi, kissy bhee paristhiti mein naheen thee."

