
purtagaal kaa itihas (1640-1777)

1640 mein braganja key ghar kii bahaali seey laker 1777 mein pombal key markis key shasankal key anta taka, purtagaal kaa raajya sankraman kii avadhi mein thaa.
iberian sangh kii shuruat mein apani oonchaai key karib honey key kaaran, purtagaali samrajya ney iss avadhi key dauran duniya mein vyaapak prabhaav kaa anand lena jaari rakhaa, jisane khojon kii avadhi kii visheshta koo darshaaya thaa. haalaanki, iss avadhi key anta taka, purtagaal aur usake samrajya kii kismat mein girawat aaee thee, jisaki parinati tavora mamle, 1755 key vinashkari lisban bhookamp aur purtagaal kii pahali shaasak raani maria pratham key rajyarohan key saath hui thee.
brazil key soney kaa samriddh upayog, nirankush shasson, brazil kii swatantrata kii disha mein andolan, methuen sandhi aur lisban bhookamp ney europe aur duniya mein purtagaal kii sthiti key patan mein yogdan diyaa. inn ghatnaaon, joe aviz rajvansh key anta mein hui theen, aur iberian sangh kii avadhi ney purtagaal koo pahale bhaarat aur phir brazil parr adhik nirbhar rahane key liye majboor kiya. bhaarat seey brazil mein yeh badalaav dutch key saath-saath british samrajya key uday kaa ack swabhavik parinam thaa. brazil key apani swatantrata praapt karane key baad isi tarah kaa badalaav huaa, jisake kaaran purtagaal ney africa mein apani sampatti parr adhik dhyaan kendrit kiya.
18veen shatabdi kii shuruat, jise pombal key markis, sebastio jose dee carvalho aeye mello key baad pombaline yug key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, tanashahi aur vyaapak sudhaaron kii avadhi thee. pombal key markis koo joseph pratham dwara niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, jinka shasson karane key liye bahut cumm jhukaav thaa. unhone desh key aadhunikikaran key uddeshya seey kaee sudhaar shuru kiye aur vishesh roop seey tavora mamle aur jesuit key nishkasana key mamle mein visheshaadhikaar praapt kuleen varg aur paadari varg kii shakti parr hamla kiya. way 1755 mein bhookamp key baad lisban key punarnirmaan key netaa bhee they. haalaanki, itihaskaron kaa yeh bhee tark haye kii pombal kaa "gyaan", doorgaami honey key bavjood, mukhya roop seey vyaktigat swatantrata kii keemat parr nirankushta koo badhaane key liye ack tantra thaa aur vishesh roop seey virodh koo kuchalane, aalochana koo dabaane aur aupaniveshik aarthik shoshan koo aage badhaane key saath-saath pustak censorship koo tej karane aur vyaktigat niyantran aur laabh koo majboot karane key liye ack upkaran thaa.
1777 mein joseph kii mrityu key turant baad, unaki betty maria pratham ney pombal koo barkhast curr diyaa, aur usey apane 20 meal key bheetar aaney seey roque diyaa.
prishthabhoomi.
1578 mein alkasar quibir kii ladaai mein yuva raajaa sebastian kii mrityu aur aviz key gharaane kaa anta donon dekhaa gayaa. sebestian key uttaradhikari, purtagaal key cardinal heinry, 70 varsh key they. heinry kii mrityu key baad ack vanshvaadi sankat paida hoe gayaa, jisamen manual pratham key teen potey-potiyon ney simhaasan kaa daavaa kiyaah catherine, duchess off braganza, jinaki shaadi johnn, braganza key 6 vein duke seey hui thee; antonio, creto seey pahale; aur spen key phillip dwiteeya. 24 julaai, 1580 koo santarem key logon dwara antonio koo purtagaal key raajaa key roop mein saraha gayaa thaa, isake baad desh bhar key kaee anya shaharon aur kasbon ney bhee unaki prashansa kii thee. haalaanki, phillip dwiteeya ney purtagaal kii or cooch kiya aur alkantara kii ladaai mein creto key poorv key wafadar sainikon koo haraaya. phillip dwiteeya koo 1580 mein purtagaal key phillip pratham kaa taaj pahanaaya gayaa thaa (baad mein unhein 1581 mein tomar key purtagaali praanton dwara aadhikarik raajaa key roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee) aur philipine rajvansh kii shuruat hui.
purtagaal kaa darja philipine rajvansh key pahale dou raajaon, phillip pratham aur unake bete purtagaal key phillip dwiteeya aur spen key III key tahat banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa. donon samraton ney spanish darbaaron mein purtagaali raeeson koo utkrisht sthaan diye, aur purtagaal ney swatantra kaanoonon, mudra aur sarkaar koo banaae rakhaa. haalaanki, donon taajon key judane seey purtagaal ack alag videsh neeti seey vanchit hoe gayaa, aur spen key dushman purtagaal key bunn gaye. ingland key saath yuddh key kaaran purtagaal key sabse puraane sahayogi (1386 mein windser kii sandhi key baad seey) key saath sambandh bigad gaye aur harmon kaa nuksan huaa.
spen key saath ekjut honey key kaaran assie saal key yuddh mein purtagaal shamil thaa, ubharate dutch ganarajya key saath spen kaa yuddh-joe dutch key apane uttari europeeya kshetra mein spanish shasson key khilaf vidroh key saath shuru huaa, lekin jald hii dutch ganarajya mein vikasit hoe gayaa joe ack pramukh naee samudri shakti bunn gayaa aur spanish upaniveshon parr hamla curr rhaa thaa. iss abhiyaan ney purtagaali upaniveshon koo bhee seedhe prabhaavit kiya, jinamen seey kaee parr dutch ney aakraman kiya thaa-jisase dutch-purtagaali yuddh huaa. asia mein, purtagaali silon (aadhunik srilanka)-jahan purtagaliyon ney lambe samay seey tateey kshetron koo niyantrit kiya thaa (halanki puuraa dweep naheen)-dutch key haathon khou gayaa thaa, jaisa kii purvi bhaarat (aaj kaa indoneshiya) mein purtagaali upanivesh they, aur japan mein vaanijyik hita they. africa (meena) aur dakshin america mein purtagaali upaniveshon parr bhee dutch dwara hamla kiya gayaa thaa. brazil parr aanshik roop seey france aur dutch ganarajya donon ney vijay praapt kii thee. brazil mein dutch ghuspaith lambe samay taka chully aur purtagaal key liye adhik pareshan karane vaali thee. dutch ney bahiya, salvador, recife, parnambuko, pairaba, riyo grande doo norte, siera aur sarjeep sahit brazil key tata key ack badey hisse parr kabja curr liya, jabaki dutch niji logon ney atlantic aur bhaaratiya mahasagaron donon mein purtagaali jahaajon parr kabja curr liya.
jaba phillip dwiteeya kii mrityu hoe gaee, tou unake baad phillip III (aur spen key IV) ney purtagaali muddon key liye ack alag drishtikon apanaaya. unhone karon mein vriddhi kii, joe mukhya roop seey purtagaali vyapariyon koo prabhaavit kartaa thaa (carmo rees 1987). purtagaali kuleen varg ney spanish "corts" mein apana mahatva khona shuru curr diyaa, aur purtagaal mein sarkari padon parr spaniards kaa kabja thaa. antatah, phillip III ney purtagaal koo ack spanish praant banaane kii koshish kii aur purtagaali raeeson ney apani saaree shakti khou dee.
iss sthiti kii parinati 1 disambar 1640 koo, phillip I key tajposhi key 60 saal baad, purtagaali kuleen varg aur uchch poonjipati varg dwara ack kranti mein hui. kranti kii yojana anto vaaz dee almada, miguel dee almeida aur joao pinto ribeiro dwara banaai gaee thee. unhone kaee sahyogiyon key saath milkar raajya sachiv miguel dee vasconcellos kii hatyaa curr dee aur raajaa key chachere bhaai, mantua kii duchess koo kaid curr liya, jisane usake naam parr purtagaal parr shasson kiya thaa. vaha kshan achchi tarah seey chunaa gayaa thaa, kyonki spen tees saal kaa yuddh lada rhaa thaa aur usa samay catalan vidroh kaa bhee saamana curr rhaa thaa.
logon kaa samarthan lagbhag turant spasht hoe gayaa aur jald hii johnn, braganza key 8vein duke, koo poore desh mein purtagaal key raajaa johnn IV key roop mein saraha gayaa. 2 disambar, 1640 taka, johnn pahale seey hii desh key samprabhu key roop mein avora key town holl mein ack patra bhej rhaa thaa.
punarsthapana yuddh.
spen key saath baad key yuddh, jise punarsthapana yuddh kahaa jaataa haye, mein mukhya roop seey seema key paas aavadhik jhadapen aur paanch mahatvapurna ladaaiyaan shamil theen, jinamen 26 maee 1644 koo montizo kii ladaai, 14 janwari 1659 koo alvas kii rekhaaon kii ladaai, 8 juuna 1663 koo amixial kii ladaai, 7 julaai 1664 koo castelo rodrigo kii ladaai aur 17 juuna 1665 koo montes claros kii ladaai shamil thee; inn sabhi ladaaiyon mein purtagaali vijayi they.
vijay isaliye sambhav thee kyonki johnn chaturth ney kaee nirnay liye jinase purtagaali senaayen majboot huin. 11 disambar, 1640 koo unhone abhiyaanon koo vyavasthit karane key liye yuddh parishad kaa gathan kiya (matoso khand. viii 1993). isake baad, raajaa ney seema key paas key kilon, lisban kii kaalpanik raksha, aur sainya-shiviron aur samudri bandargaahon kii dekhbhal key liye seemaon kaa junta banaaya. disambar 1641 mein, unhone sabhi purtagaali kilon parr unnayan sunishchit karane key liye ack kiraayedaari banaai, jisake liye kshetriya karon kaa bhugtan kiya gayaa. johnn chaturth ney senaa koo bhee sangathit kiya, raajaa sebestian key sainya kaanoonon kii sthaapana kii, aur ack gahan rajanyik gatividhi vikasit kii jisane ingland key saath achche sambandhon koo bahaal kiya.
kaee nirnaayak jeet key baad, johnn ney jaldi seey spen key saath shaanti sthaapit karane kii koshish kii. unaki yeh maang kii spen purtagaal key nae shaasak rajvansh, braganza key gharaane kii vaidhata koo maanyata detaa haye, braganza key peater (johnn key ack anya bete aur bhavishya key raajaa peater dwiteeya) key rajpratinidhi key dauran unake bete afonso VI key shasankal taka poori naheen hui thee.
johnn IV seey johnn vee.
braganja kaa purtagaali shaahi gharanon kii shuruat johnn IV key saath hui. braganza key ghar key rajkumar aviz key ghar kii ack shakha they jinhen affonso vee ney apane sautele chaacha affonso key liye banaaya thaa, barcellos kii ginati, johnn pratham key avaidh putra, aviz key ghar key pahale raajaa. braganza jald hii raajya key sabse shaktishali parivaaron mein seey ack bunn gaye, aur agale dashakon taka kaee purtagaali shaahi parivaar key sadasyon seey shaadi kii. 1565 mein, johnn, braganza key chhathe duke ney raajaa manual I kii poti rajkumari catherine seey shaadi kii. shaahi parivaar key saath yeh sambandh braganja key gharaane key shaahi gharaane key uday mein nirnaayak saabit huaa. catherine 1580 key rajvansh sankat key dauran simhaasan kii sabse majboot daavedaron mein seey ack thee, lekin spen key apane chachere bhaai phillip dwiteeya seey sangharsh haar gaee. antatah catherine kaa potaa purtagaal kaa johnn IV bunn gayaa kyonki usey vaidh uttaradhikari maanaa gayaa thaa.
johnn chaturth ack priya samrat, lalit kalaa aur sangeet key sanrakshak aur sangeet vishayon parr ack kushal sangeetkaar aur lekhak they. unhone duniya key sabse badey pustakalayon mein seey ack (madira aur aguier, 2003) koo ekatra kiya. unake lekhan mein palestrina kii raksha aur aadhunik sangeet kii raksha (lisban, 1649) shamil haye. videshon mein, dutch ney purtagaali malakka (janwari 1641) parr kabja curr liya aur oman key sultan ney muscut (1648) parr kabja curr liya. haalaanki, 1654 taka, brazil kaa adhikansh hissa purtagaliyon key haathon mein vaapas aaa gayaa thaa aur prabhaavi roop seey ack vyavharya dutch upanivesh naheen reh gayaa thaa. johnn ney apani betty catherine off braganza kii shaadi ingland key charles dwiteeya seey kii, jisamen unhone dahej key roop mein tangier aur bombe kii peshkash kii. 1656 mein johnn chaturth kii mrityu hoe gaee aur unake putra afonso VI ney unakaa uttaradhikari banaa.
afonso VI terah saal kii umr mein purtagaal kaa raajaa banaa. yuva raajaa ack bimari seey peedit they jisane unake shareer key baaen hisse koo lakvagrast curr diyaa aur unhein mansik roop seey asthir curr diyaa. luisa dee guzman kii chhah saal kii rajpratinidhi key baad, raani maan, afonso ney desh kaa niyantran grahan curr liya. unaki patni, raani mairi francois off sevoy kii sajish key kaaran unakaa shasankal chhota thaa, joe afonso key bhaai, prince peater key saath 1667 mein raajaa key saath unaki shaadi koo radd karane key liye shamil hoe gaee thee. peater ney baad mein mairi francois seey shaadi kii. usee varsh, peater raajaa koo sarkaar kaa niyantran chhodane aur usey rajkumar regent naam dene key liye majboor karane key liye paryaapt samarthan praapt karane mein kamyab rahey.
peater agale 16 varshon taka rajkumar regent key roop mein lekin purtagaal key "vaastavik" shaasak key roop mein baney rahey. jaba 1683 mein afonso kii mrityu hoe gaee, tou peater purtagaal key peater dwiteeya key roop mein unake uttaradhikari baney. peater dwiteeya koo purtagaal kaa pahala nirankush samrat maanaa jaataa haye. unhone 1697 mein aitihaasik vidhaayi "purtagaali praant" koo khariz curr diyaa aur akele shasson kiya. unhone kshetra mein chaandi milane key baad brazil key purtagaali anveshan parr dhyaan kendrit karane key liye protsaahit kiya. peater key shasankal mein ingland key saath vyaapaar kii methuen sandhi parr bhee hastakshar hue.
peater key baad 1706 mein unake bete johnn pancham ney padbhar sambhala. lui XIV key ack prashansak, johnn ney brazil key dhana dwara bhugtan kiye gaye ack bhavya darbar koo banaae rakhaa aur ack nirankush raajaa key roop mein shasson kiya, corts (joe 1640 key baad seey kewal chhitput roop seey bulaaye gaye they) kii andekhi kii aur vyaktigat roop seey mantriyon kii niyukti kii. unake gyaan "udaar", "bhavya" yaa "purtagaali soorya-raajaa" they aur way shayed purtagaal mein ack nirankush raajaa kaa sabse achchha udaaharan hain. unake lambe shasankal kii visheshta raajaa kii shaktiyon kii majbooti thee, joe brazil seey purtagaal mein bahane vaale badey rajaswa seey sambhav huaa.
johnn vee ney desh bhar mein nae nirmaataon kaa nirmaan karke purtagaal kii kamjor arthavyavastha koo vikasit karane key liye taaj key khajaane kaa upayog kiya; haalaanki, adhikansh nivesh kaa upayog kalaa aur buddhijiviyon koo sanrakshan dene aur apane europeeya padosiyon (carmo rees 1987) key beach purtagaal kii khoi hui pratishtha koo phir seey hassil karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. unaki videsh neeti ney dou saral niyamon kaa paalan kiyaah europeeya sanghrshon mein raajneetik tatasthata, aur rome mein unaki pratishtha badhaane kaa prayaas. sabse wafadar mahima" kii upaadhi antatah johnn banaam aur unake uttaradhikariyon koo ack pope bail dwara pradaan kii gaee thee.
johnn banaam key jeevan key antim varsh bhakt karyon aur paadari varg key adheenata key liye samarpit they (madira aur aguier 2003). unake praarambhik aarthik upaay, joe uchch kuleen varg key beach alokpriya they (matoso khand. (iv) 1993), aprabhaavi hoe gayaa aur saarvajanik mamle samrat key shasson parr itane nirbhar they kii way lagbhag nishkriya hoe gaye (carmo rees 1987). apane baad key varshon mein, purtagaal thaharaav mein chalaa gayaa. 31 julaai, 1750 koo johnn pancham kii mrityu hoe gaee aur unake putra joseph pratham ney unakaa sthaan liya.
brazil mein samrajya.
spen key saath vyaktigat sangh kaa ack parinam hind mahasagar mein purtagaali ekadhikar kaa nuksan thaa. angreji, francisi aur dutch ney asia mein purtagaali sampatti parr vijay praapt kii. manual I aur johnn III key vishal samrajya key, purtagaliyon koo gova key gadh, bhaarat mein kaee chhote gadh, chean key tata parr makaau aur purtagaali timor key dweep taka seemit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. africa mein vyaapaar chaukiyaan angreji (ginny kii khaadi) aur dutch (janm aur purtagaali swarn tata) key haathon khou gaeen. iss sthiti kaa saamana karate hue, purtagaliyon ney apane vaanijyik hiton koo brazil parr kendrit kiya, joe aanshik roop seey dutch niyantran mein thaa. kaee varshon key khule yuddh key baad, dutch ack angreji madhyasthata key baad 1654 mein aupchaarik roop seey vaapas leey liya.
brazil mein 17veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein cheeni kii kheti shuru kii gaee thee aur yeh ack badee safalata saabit hui thee. coloney kii arthavyavastha vrikshaaropan krishi parr adharit thee aur daas shram dwara sanchaalit thee. 17veen shatabdi key anta mein, aupaniveshik brazilian khojkartaon koo "bandirantes" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe aaj minas gerais (samanya khadanon) kii sthiti mein sonaa paaya jaataa haye. purtagaali upaniveshvadiyon ney tordsillas kii sandhi (baad mein spen key saath madrid kii sandhi key anusaar) kii rekha seey parey brazil key aantarik bhaag kii khoj shuru kii. dakshinpurvi brazil mein, soney key kshetron key karib, bastiyaan teji seey badheen, antatah poorvottar tata kii purani bastiyon koo grahan curr diyaa.
duniya kii pahali badee soney kii bheed hajaaron upaniveshvadiyon aur daason key riyo dee janeiro key uttar mein oobad-khabad pahaadon mein aaney key saath shuru hui. bheed antatah brazil key kaee anya kshetron mein fail gaee. 1720 key dashak mein heere kii khoj key saath bheed koo ack aur protsaahan kaa saamana karna padaa aur donon khanan udyogon mein teji seey vriddhi hui. 18veen shatabdi taka, shayed europe mein 80 pratishat soney kii utpatti brazil mein hui thee.
lisban mein, brazil key soney kaa purtagaali samaaj parr bahut prabhaav padaa. shaahi parivaar koo brazil mein khanan kiye gaye soney kaa paanchvaan hissa ekatra karane, ameer honey aur pichhali shataabdiyon kii pratishtha koo phir seey praapt karane kaa adhikaar thaa. soney kii bheed ney brazil mein pravaas bhee kiya aur purtagaal kii aabaadi key ack badey hisse koo vanchit curr diyaa. jansankhya koo iss hudd taka nakaar diyaa gayaa thaa kii johnn banaam ney 1709 mein pravaas parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa (matoso khand. (1993). yeh bhee iss avadhi key dauran thaa kii amerindians koo poori swatantrata millie, ack aisaa nirnay joe badhate daas vyaapaar key vipareet thaa.
brazil kii swatantrata key liye paristhitiyaan banane lageen. jaise hii purtagaali abhijaat varg koo brazil mein soney key khanan seey adhikansh laabh milaa, baganon aur khadaan maalikon ney shaahi niyantran key punah pratipaadan aur nae karon key nirantar adhiropan kaa virodh karna shuru curr diyaa. brazilian raashtravaad kaa pahala sanket, minaa kii sajish, pombal key markis key shasson key dauran mahsoos kiya gayaa thaa. pramukh hastiyon key saath-saath sainya adhikaariyon key netritva mein ack vidroh whiffle hoe gayaa aur shaahi adalaton ney adhikansh shadyantrakariyon koo jail yaa nirvaasan kii sajaa sunai. yeh sthiti taba aur bigad gaee jaba napolean yuddh shuru hue. maria pratham aur unake bete prince johnn key rajpratinidhi key shasankal key dauran, mukhya bhoomi spen key sambandh mein spen key upaniveshon key algaav ney poore lattin america mein swatantrata yuddhon kii ack shrinkhala kaa netritva kiya, jisase coloney aur lisban key beach ack tanaavpurna sthiti paida hui. 1807 mein shaahi darbar key riyo dee janeiro mein hastaantaran key saath, tanaavpurna sthiti cumm hoe gaee kyonki rajkumar regent johnn ney brazil koo ack upa-raajya ghoshit kiya aur purtagaal kaa aadhikarik naam "purtagaal, brazil aur algarve kaa sanyukt raajya" bunn gayaa.
1703 mein purtagaal key peater dwiteeya aur ingland kii raani annie key beach methuen sandhi parr hastakshar kiye gaye they. iska naam portugal mein asadharan british rajdoot johnn methuen key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa, jahaan unhone sandhi parr baatchit kii thee. methuen sandhi ney spanish uttaradhikar key yuddh mein nishtha koo majboot kiya aur donon deshon key liye anukool vyaparik shartein paida keen, vishesh roop seey port wine key sambandh mein. sandhi key vaanijyik bhaag ney sthaapit kiya kii purtagaali mein angreji vastron koo prathamikta dee jaayegi, aur yeh kii purtagaali sharaab (mukhya roop seey bandargah) koo france key saath taya daron kaa kewal dou tihai bhugtan karke ingland mein prathamikta dee jaayegi. methuen sandhi ney bandargah sharaab udyog key vikas mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai kyonki nirnayon ney porto key bheetari ilaakon mein sharaab utpaadan koo bahut protsaahan diyaa.
spanish uttaradhikar key yuddh mein ingland key saath gathbandhan mein, purtagaliyon ney angreji aur dutch donon kii suraksha praapt kii. purtagaal koo riyo dee janeiro aur purtagaali cape verde mein francisi hamalon kaa saamana karna padaa, lekin upaniveshon koo surakshit karane mein kamyab rhaa. europe mein, purtagaali mahaa gathbandhan key saath khade they aur minas aur angreji count galway key purtagaali general markis key netritva mein, 28 juuna koo madrid parr kabja karate hue spanish castile mein aage badhe, lekin 14 aprail, 1707 koo spen aur france key khilaf berwick key duke aur popoli key duke key netritva mein almansa kii ladaai mein haar kaa saamana karna padaa. purtagaali aur angreji kii sanyukt senaaon koo 5,000 hatahaton kaa saamana karna padaa aur 8,000 sainikon koo bandee banaa diyaa gayaa. 1713 mein france key saath ack yuddhaviram parr hastakshar kiye gaye aur 1715 mein spen key saath shaanti sthaapit kii gaee.
pombal kaa markis.
jaba 1750 mein johnn pancham kii mrityu hoe gaee, tou unake baad unake bete rajkumar joseph emmanuel ney shasson kiya, jinhone joseph pratham key roop mein shasson kiya. unhein bhavya jeevan, opera pasand thaa, aur way catholic church (matoso volume) key prati samarpit they. (1993). unhone shaahi parivaar key brazilian soney kii sampatti kaa anand liya aur shasson karane key bajaay, apani sabhi shaktiyon koo sebastio jose dee carvalho aeye mello (εβστίο ερος ερελο), bhavishya mein oira aur markis off pombal kii ginati koo saunpane kaa faisala kiya.
mello ney purtagaal key sthir nirankushta koo ack prabuddh tanashahi key saath badalane aur aarthik, samajik aur aupaniveshik neeti key sabhi pahaluon koo badalane kii koshish kii taaki purtagaal koo europe kii anya mahaan shaktiyon key saath ack adhik kushal davedar banaaya jaa sakey, aur iss prakaar parinamswarup apani shakti kaa darja hassil kiya jaa sakey. angreji aarthik safalata seey prabhaavit hocker, jise unhone landan mein rajdoot key roop mein seva karate hue dekhaa thaa, unhone purtagaal mein isi tarah kii aarthik neetiyon koo safaltapurvak lagu kiya. vaha 1769 mein mahadvipiya purtagaal aur purtagaali bhaarat mein gulami key unmoolan, bandargah sharaab udyog key vikas aur purtagaal mein gair-catholic isaaiyon key khilaf bhedbhaav key anta key liye jimmedaar thaa. unhone senaa aur nausena kaa bhee punargathan kiya, jisase kull purtagaali sainya shakti lagbhag 90,000 sainikon taka pahunch gaee. sudhaar kii gaee purtagaali senaa kaa pareekshan 1762 mein kiya gayaa thaa jaba spen ney saat saal key yuddh key dauran france kii sahaayata seey aakraman kiya thaa. britten ney purtagaal key saath apane gathbandhan kaa ahwan kiya aur sainikon koo bheja. kaee maheenon baad, sangharsh koo apekshaakrit cumm ladaai key saath sulajha liya gayaa. 1777 mein, spen aur purtagaal ney saine ildefonso kii sandhi parr hastakshar kiye, jisane mukhya roop seey unake dakshin americi upaniveshon key beach kaee seema vivaadon koo hull kiya.
gyaan key yug key dauran, purtagaal koo europe key agyaani apravaahi jall mein seey ack maanaa jaataa thaa; yeh 1750 mein 538 mathon mein 200,000 logon key saath tees laakh kaa desh thaa. aisaa lagata haye kii mello purtagaal key bahut vilaappurna pichhadepan seey bahut sharminda thaa. vienna aur landan donon mein apane desh key rajdoot key roop mein europeeya gyaan key dou pramukh kendron mein rahane key baad, unhone vigyaan aur shiksha parr apani kathit siddhant pakad key saath jesuit kii pehchaan ack swatantra, purtagaali shally key prakashvad parr ack antarnihit khinchaav key roop mein kii. vishesh roop seey ingland mein, vaha usa desh kii yahudi-virodhi parampara key sampark mein aaya aur vienna mein usane austriyai yahudi-virodhi aur unake prabhaav key kattar virodhi gerhard vaine switten key saath dosti kii. pradhaan mantri mello ney jesuiton koo ack gandey prachaar yuddh mein shamil kiya, jise baaki europe dwara bariki seey dekhaa gayaa thaa, aur unhone satta key liye adesh kii ichcha key baare mein kuchh sajish key siddhant shuru kiye.
markis ney kewal jesuit kaa saamana naheen kiya. tavora mamle key dauran unhone yeeshu key samaaj aur tavora parivaar koo gherne vaale shaktishali kuleen parivaaron kii ack shrinkhala parr rajdroh aur hatyaa key prayaas kaa aarop lagaaya. mello poore europe aur usake upaniveshon mein jesuit key daman key liye ack mahatvapurna agradoot thaa, joe 1773 mein samaapt huaa, jaba pope clement XIV ney adesh koo samaapt curr diyaa.
shiksha mein aur sudhaar kiye gaye. unhone dharmnirpeksh saarvajanik praathamik aur maadhyamik vidyaalayon key liye aadhar banaaya, vyaavsaayik prashikshan kii shuruat kii, saikadon nae shikshan padon kaa nirmaan kiya, coimbra vishvavidyalaya mein ganit aur praakritik vigyaan key vibhagon koo jodaa aur inn sudhaaron key liye bhugtan karane key liye nae karon kii shuruat kii.
lekin mello key sabse badey sudhaar aarthik aur vittiya they, jisamen pratyek vaanijyik gatividhi koo viniyamit karane key liye kaee companiyon aur sanghon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa. unhone bandargah key utpaadan key liye kshetra kaa seemankan kiya, joe europe mein sharaab kii gunavatta aur utpaadan koo niyantrit karane kaa pahala prayaas thaa. unhone kuleen varg seey laker mazdoor varg taka purtagaali samaaj key sabhi vargon parr sakht kaanoon lagu karke aur desh kii curr pranali kii apani vyaapak sameeksha key madhyam seey ack majboot haath seey shasson kiya. inn sudhaaron ney unhein uchch vargon mein, vishesh roop seey uchch kuleen varg mein dushman banaa diyaa, joe unhein ack samajik utthaan key roop mein tiraskar karate they. 1757 mein sharaab udyog key sudhaar ney dangon koo uksaayaa jinhen kaafee raktapaat key saath dabaaya gayaa thaa. jaba 24 farwari, 1777 koo apatic raajaa joseph kii mrityu hoe gaee, tou unake baad purtagaal kii pahali raani maria pratham ney padbhar sambhala. raani markis koo napsand karati thee aur markis naee raani (madira aur aguier 2003) koo pasand naheen karati thee, isaliye usane usey apane pada seey barkhast curr diyaa aur usey apane markest key pombal koo chhodane seey manaa curr diyaa.
1755 lisban bhookamp.
1 navambar, 1755 koo subah 9.20 baje, ack badey bhookamp (kshan parimaan paimaane parr 8.5-9.0 anumaanit) lisban mein aaya, jisake baad sunami aur aag luggy, jisake parinamswarup shahar kaa lagbhag puuraa vinash huaa. bhookamp ney purtagaal mein raajneetik tanaav koo badhaa diyaa aur desh kii 18veen shatabdi kii aupaniveshik mahatvakankshaon koo gahara baadhit curr diyaa.
lisban kii 275,000 kii aabaadi mein seey 90,000 taka maare gaye aur lisban kii 85 pratishat imaaraten nasht hoe gaeen, jinamen prasiddh mahal aur pustakalaya shamil they, saath hii saath purtagaal kii vishisht 16veen shatabdi kii manuline vastukala key adhikansh udaaharan bhee shamil they.
bhaagya key aghaat key kaaran, shaahi parivaar aapada seey baal-baal butch gayaa. raajaa joseph pratham aur darbar ney suryodaya key samay saamoohik sabhaa mein bhaag lene key baad, raajaa kii ack betty kii lisban seey door chhutti bitaane kii ichcha koo puuraa karate hue shahar chhod diyaa thaa. aapada key baad, joseph koo divaaron key bheetar rahane kaa darr hoe gayaa, aur darbar koo ajuda kii pahaadiyon mein tambu aur mandapon key ack vishal parisar mein samaayojit kiya gayaa, phir lisban key baahari ilaake mein. raajaa kaa claustrophobia kabhi cumm naheen huaa, aur joseph kii mrityu key baad hii unaki betty maria pratham ney shaahi ajuda mahal kaa nirmaan shuru kiya, joe abhee bhee puraane tambu shivir key sthaan parr khadaa haye.
raajaa kii tarah, pradhaanmantri sebastio dee mello bhookamp seey butch gaye aur bataaya jaataa haye kii unhone kahaa, "abb? mritakon koo dafna dein aur jeevit logon koo bhojan dein."unake aaney vaale shasson kii visheshta vaali vyavharikta key saath, pradhaanmantri ney turant punarpraapti aur punarnirmaan kaa ayojan karna shuru curr diyaa. unhone aag bujhaane key liye agnishamakon koo shahar mein bheja aur teams koo hajaaron shavon koo hataane kaa adesh diyaa. pratha key vipareet aur church key pratinidhiyon kii ichcha key khilaf, kaee shavon koo naukaaon mein bharaa jaataa thaa aur bimari koo rokane key liye tagus nadee key muhaane seey parey samudra mein dafnaya jaataa thaa. khandahar shahar mein avyavastha, vishesh roop seey loot koo rokane key liye, shahar key aspas key oonche sthaanon parr fansi kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa aur cumm seey cumm 34 logon koo fansi dee gaee. purtagaali senaa koo shahar koo gherne key liye jutaaya gayaa thaa taaki saksham shareer koo bhaagne seey rokaa jaa sakey, taaki unhein khandharon koo saaf karane key liye dabaaya jaa sakey.
praarambhik sankat key kuchh hii samay baad, pradhaan mantri aur raajaa ney turant vastukaron aur engineeron koo kaam parr rakhaa, aur ack saal seey bhee cumm samay baad, lisban pahale seey hii malabe seey mukt thaa aur punarnirmaan key daur seey gujar rhaa thaa. raajaa ack nayaa, poori tarah seey nirdhaarit shahar banaane key liye utsuk thaa. badey varg aur chaude aaytaakaar maarg nae lisban key sanket they. usa samay, kissy ney pombal key markis seey itani chaudi sadakon kii aavashyakta poochhi. markis ney jawab diyaah "ack dinn way chhote hoe jaayenge."aadhunik lisban kaa arajak yatayat jawab kii poorvadarshita koo darshaata haye.
pombaline imaaraten duniya mein pahale bhookampiya roop seey sanrakshit nirmaanon mein seey theen. pareekshan key liye lakadi key chhote model banaae gaye they, aur bhookampon koo unake chaaron or cooch karane vaale sainikon dwara anukaran kiya gayaa thaa. lisban kaa "nayaa" shahar, jise pombaline shahar ("baxa pombalina") key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, shahar key prasiddh akarshanon mein seey ack haye. anya purtagaali shaharon key khandon, jaise kii algarve mein vilaa real dee santo antonio, koo bhee pombaline siddhanton key saath phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa.
jesuit kaa nishkasana.
purtagaal seey jesuiton key nishkasana koo pombal key markis, pradhaan mantri sebastio dee mello key saath ack jhagade key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye. jesuits key saath mello kaa jhagada spen key saath dakshin americi aupaniveshik kshetra key adaan-pradaan koo laker shuru huaa. 1750 kii ack gupt sandhi dwara, purtagaal ney peraguay key saat katauti key badale mein urugue nadee key muhaane parr colonia kii vivaadit coloney koo spen key liye tyag diyaa, swaayatt jesuit mission joe nammatra spanish aupaniveshik kshetra they. jesuit, ack kshetra seey dusare kshetra mein gwari aabaadi key hastaantaran seey asahmat they, aur naee duniya mein ack swatantra samrajya key nirmaan key prayaas key darr seey, jesuit ney apane poorv missions key sthaaniya prashaasan koo jaari rakhane key liye pratibandhit kiya. purtagaali jesuit koo darbar seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa.
1 aprail, 1758 koo, vriddh pope benedict XIV seey ack sankshipt jaankaari praapt kii gaee, jisamen purtagaali cardinal saldanha koo niyukt kiya gayaa, jisaki sifarish pombal ney kii thee, joe purtagaal key raajaa key naam parr uthaaye gaye jesuits key khilaf aaropon kii jaanch karane key liye thaa. kathit durvyavahar kii gambhirta key baare mein benedict koo sandeh thaa. unhone ack minut kii jaanch kaa adesh diyaa, lekin samaaj kii pratishtha kii raksha key liye, sabhi gambhir mamalon koo unhein vaapas bheja jaanaa thaa. lekin agale maheene 3 maee koo benedict kii mrityu hoe gaee, 15 maee koo, saldanha ney kewal ack pakhwade pahale pope kaa sankshipt vivaran praapt kiya, jesuit houses kii poori tarah seey yatra koo chhod diyaa, aur jinn muddon parr pope ney khud koo aarakshit kiya thaa, una parr ghoshana karate hue ghoshana kii kii jesuit purtagaal aur usake upaniveshon donon mein avaidh, saarvajanik aur nindaniya vyaapaar kaa upayog karane key doshi they. pope key "sede vacante" key dauran pombal teji seey aage badhaa. teen saptah mein, jesuit koo sabhi purtagaali sampatti seey chheen liya gayaa, aur 6 julaai, 1758 koo cardinal resonico koo clement XIII key roop mein pope banaae jaane seey pahale, samaaj kaa purtagaali nishkasana ack "uchit poorti" thee.
purtagaal key darbar key liye antim pual 3 sitambar, 1758 koo raajaa kii hatyaa kaa prayaas thaa, jisake baare mein jesuiton parr poorv jaankaari honey kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa (neeche tavora mamle koo dekhein). giraftar aur fansi diye gaye logon mein tavora key leoner key jesuit kabool karane vaale gabriel malgrida bhee they. jesuiton koo raajya seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa; adesh key mahatvapurna gair-purtagaali sadasyon koo kaid curr liya gayaa thaa. 1759 mein iss adesh koo nagrik roop seey dabaa diyaa gayaa thaa. purtagaali rajdoot koo rome seey vaapas bulaa liya gayaa thaa aur pope nuncio koo upman mein ghar bhej diyaa gayaa thaa. purtagaal aur rome key beach sambandh 1770 taka toot gaye they.
tavora mamla.
tavora mamla 18veen shatabdi key purtagaali darbar kaa ack raajneetik ghotala thaa. 1758 mein raajaa joseph pratham kii hatyaa key prayaas seey shuru hui ghatanaaen 1759 mein poore tavora parivaar aur usake nikatatam rishtedaron key saarvajanik nishpaadan key saath samaapt huin. kuchh itihaaskaar iss poore mamle koo pradhaan mantri mello (pombal key bhavishya key markis) dwara uchch kuleenata key parivaaron kii badhati shaktiyon koo seemit karane key prayaas key roop mein vyakhya karate hain.
mello aur kuleen varg key beach takraav aam baat thee kyonki kuleen varg unake sheeghra satta mein aaney key liye unakaa tiraskar kartaa thaa. raajaa ney apane pradhaanmantri key faisale parr bharosa karate hue sanghrshon koo bardasht kiya.
3 sitambar, 1758 kii raat koo, joseph pratham lisban key baahari ilaake mein ack maadhyamik aur baar-baar naa aaney vaali sadak parr ack achihnit gaadi chalaa rahey they. raajaa apani malkin key saath ack shaam seey ajuda key tambu mein laut rhaa thaa. raaste mein kaheen dou-teen logon ney gaadi koo roque diyaa aur usamen savaar logon parr golibari kii. joseph pratham koo ack haath mein goli luggy thee aur unakaa chaalak buri tarah seey ghayal hoe gayaa thaa, lekin donon butch gaye aur ajuda laut aae.
mello ney turant sthiti parr niyantran curr liya. hamale aur raajaa kii choton koo chhipaate hue, vaha ack twarit jaanch key saath aage badhaa. kuchh dinon baad, dou logon koo golibari key liye giraftar kiya gayaa aur prataadit kiya gayaa. purushon ney apana aparaadh sweekaar kiya aur kahaa kii way tavora parivaar key aadeshon kaa paalan curr rahey they, joe avero key duke koo simhaasan parr bithaane kii sajish rutch rhaa thaa. hatyaa key prayaas koo saarvajanik kiye jaane seey pahale hii donon koo agale dinn fansi dey dee gaee.
agale hafton mein tavora kii marchioness leoner, usake pati, alvor kii ginati key saath-saath unake sabhi beton, betiyon aur potey-potiyon koo jail mein daal diyaa gayaa. shadyantrakariyon, avero key duke aur tavorus key damad, alorna key markis aur atogua key count koo unake parivaaron key saath giraftar curr liya gayaa thaa. tavora key leoner key jesuit kabool karane vaale gabriel malgrida koo bhee giraftar curr liya gayaa thaa.
una sabhi parr rajdroh aur raajaa kii hatyaa key prayaas kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. unake samanya mukadame mein prastut sakshya bahut saral theh (aeye) fansi diye gaye hatyaron key ikbalia bayaan; (bee) hatyaa kaa hathiyar joe avero key duke kaa thaa aur (see) yeh dhaarana kii kewal tavora koo hii usa shaam raajaa key thikaane kaa pataa hoga, kyonki vaha tavora key terresa key saath sampark seey laut rhaa thaa, jise giraftar bhee kiya gayaa thaa.
tavora ney sabhi aaropon seey incar kiya lekin antatah unhein maut kii sajaa sunai gaee. unaki sampattiyon koo mukut dwara jabt curr liya gayaa thaa, unakaa naam peerej seey mitaa diyaa gayaa thaa aur unake coat-off-arms koo gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. mool sajaa ney mahilaaon aur bachchon sahit una sabhi koo fansi dene kaa adesh diyaa. kewal raani mariana aur rajkumari maria francisca, simhaasan kii uttaradhikari, key hastakshep ney unamen seey adhikansh koo bachaaya.
halanki, julus koo bakhsha naheen gayaa. unhein aur unake anya prativaadiyon koo, jinhen maut kii sajaa sunai gaee thee, saarvajanik roop seey prataadit kiya gayaa aur 13 janwari, 1759 koo lisban key paas ack khet mein unhein fansi dey dee gaee. raajaa apane hairan darbar key saath maujood they. tavora unake saathi aur rishtedaar they, lekin pradhaanmantri chaahte they kii sabak seekha jaae. baad mein, bhavishya mein vanaspati key vikas koo rokane key liye jameen koo namkeen kiya gayaa thaa. aajkal, yeh kshetra lisban kaa ack varg haye, jise "terrero salgado" kahaa jaataa haye, joe namkeen jameen haye.
gabriel malgrida koo kuchh dinon baad daanv parr lagaa diyaa gayaa aur jesuit adesh ney usey gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa. isaki sabhi sampattiyon koo jabt curr liya gayaa aur sabhi jesuiton koo europe aur upaniveshon donon mein purtagaali kshetra seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa. alorna parivaar aur avero key duke kii betiyon koo mathon aur mathon mein aajivan karawas kii sajaa sunai gaee thee.
sebastio dee mello koo mamle koo saksham dhang seey sambhaalane key liye oirus kaa ganan kiya gayaa thaa, aur baad mein, 1770 mein, unhein markis off pombal key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa, jise aaj taka vaha naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye.
bhoot yuddh.
1762 mein, france aur spen ney purtagaal seey borban parivaar key samjhaute mein shamil honey kaa aagrah karane kii koshish kii, yeh daavaa karate hue kii grate britten saat saal key yuddh mein apani safaltaon key kaaran bahut shaktishali hoe gayaa thaa. joseph ney sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa aur virodh kiya kii britten key saath unakaa 1704 kaa gathbandhan koee khatra naheen thaa.
1762 key vasant mein, spanish aur francisi sainikon ney uttar seey purtagaal parr dauro taka aakraman kiya, jabaki ack dusare stambh ney almeida kii gherabandi koo praayojit kiya, shahar parr kabja curr liya, aur lisban parr aage badhane kii dhamki dee. british sainikon key ack bull key aagaman ney francisi-spanish pragati koo avaruddh karke aur valencia dee alcantara kii ladaai key baad unhein seema paar vaapas dhakelkar lippe kii ginati kii kamaan vaali purtagaali senaa kii madad kii. 1763 mein peris kii sandhi parr, spen ney almeida koo purtagaal koo vaapas saunpane parr sahamati vyakt kii.