kuki jaar lekhankan

kuki jaar lekhankan yaa kuki jaar bhandar ack lekhankan abhyaas haye jisamen ack company aarthik roop seey safal varsh seey badee matra mein bhandar letee haye aur cumm safal varshon seey honey vaale nuksan key khilaf unhein wahan karati haye. iss prakriya key madhyam seey, companiyan niveshakon koo yeh vishvaas dilaane key liye gumrah curr sakati hain kii unakaa nuksan vaastavik moolya seey cumm haye.
kuki jaar reserve kaa ack udaaharan ack deyata haye joe taba banaai jaati haye jaba ack company ack aise kharch koo darj karati haye joe seedhe ack vishisht lekhankan avadhi seey judaa naheen hotaa haye-kharch ack yaa doosari avadhi mein gir sakata haye. jaba laabh adhik hotaa haye tou companiyan iss tarah key vivekadhin kharch koo darj curr sakati hain kyonki way aaya parr assar daalane kaa jokhim uthaa sakati hain. jaba laabh cumm hotaa haye, tou company cumm varsh mein kharch darj karane key bajaay deyata (aarakshit) koo cumm curr detee haye.
sanyukt raajya pratibhooti aur vinimay aayog (seik) saarvajanik companiyon dwara kuki jaar lekhankan kii anumati naheen detaa haye kyonki yeh kissy company key vittiya pradarshan key baare mein niveshakon koo gumrah curr sakata haye.
aitihaasik udaaharan.
kaee companiyon koo kuki jaar lekhankan kaa upayog karate hue pakada gayaa haye. vyaktigat lekhakaron key saath companiyon koo pratibhootiyon aur vinimay aayog seey kanuni kaarravaai kaa saamana karna padaa haye. mukdamon key seemit udaaharan -
octuber 1999 mein, pratibhootiyon aur vinimay aayog dwara rajaswa koo maanyata dene mein apane kathit kadachar key liye kuki jaar lekhankan key liye microsoft kii jaanch kii gaee thee. kendra mein, yeh thaa kii kyaa yeh apani vittiya aaya koo badhaane key liye vittiya bhandar kaa upayog curr rhaa thaa. software companiyon koo americi pramaanit saarvajanik lekhakar sansthaan dwara nirdhaarit niyamon key tahat rajaswa koo pahchaanane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe prerak sakshya kii ack seema nirdhaarit karate hain, joe vitaran kii santushti parr yaa jaba shulk parr parasparik roop seey sahamati hoti haye.
2002 mein, worldcom ink.sabhi internet yatayat key lagbhag aadhe vaahak ney apani aaya koo badhaane key liye bhandar kaa upayog karke kuki jaar lekhankan vidhiyon kaa upayog kiya. yeh mamla una logon mein sabse badaa thaa jinhone usee tarah seey bhandar kaa durupyog kiya. vishesh roop seey, worldcom ney anumaanit kharchon key liye praavdhaan badhaaya aur inca upayog aaya kii raashi badhaane key liye kiya. ack baar worldcom ney yuu. aiss. mein sabse badey diwaliyapan mamle key liye daayar kiya thaa.aiss.isane khulasa kiya kii company ney 2001 seey kharch mein $3.9 billion chhipaaye hain. isake parinamswarup, worldcom key see. ee. oh., bernard abers aur see. aff. oh., scott sullivan koo 2002 mein dhokhadhadi key liye aiss. see. dwara daayar aaparaadhik aaropon key saath giraftar kiya gayaa thaa.
2004 mein, fanny meey, ack company jise byaaj daron koo cumm karane key liye bainkon seey bandhak kharidkar ghar key swaamitva koo badhaava dene key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, lekha niyamon key ullanghan mein pakada gayaa thaa jisamen rinon kii recording shamil thee. seik ney iss kuki jaar lekhankan ghatana koo hull karane key liye pichhale chaar varshon mein apani kamai koo phir seey jamaa karane kaa adesh diyaa. company ney iss baat parr chinta jataai kii yeh parivartan ise kaise nakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit karega, phir bhee apane poonji bhandar koo 9.4 arab dollar taka badhaane parr sahmat hui.
2004 mein, newyork sthit ack dawa company, bristol-myers squib parr 4 agast, 2004 koo pratibhootiyon aur vinimay aayog dwara aanshik roop seey kuki jaar lekhankan kaa upayog karane key liye mukadama daayar kiya gayaa thaa. company ney uchch aaya, cumm dendaariyon kii dhaarana dene key liye kuki jaar lekhankan kaa upayog kiya aur saman pradaan karane seey pahale thoke bikri koo inventory bechane kii company kii yojana koo chhipa diyaa jisase uchch rajaswa reporting hoti haye. company key kadachar key parinamswarup americi dollar 100 million-nagrik jurmana, sharedharakon key liye ack nidhi key liye americi dollar 50 million-bhugtan aur ack swatantra salaahkaar sthiti kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa joe company key bheetar upayog kii jaane vaali lekha prathaon aur sateek vittiya reporting key nireekshan key liye jimmedaar haye.
julaai 2009 mein, beaser homes, usa, ink mein ack poorv mukhya lekha adhikaari., pratibhootiyon aur vinimay aayog dwara anya abhiyogon key beach kuki jaar lekhankan kaa upayog karane key liye shulk lagaaya gayaa thaa. mukhya lekha adhikaari parr aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa kii vaha bhoo-soochi khaaton mein vriddhi aur ghatate varshon mein shuddh aaya aur achche varshon mein vyay khaaton mein vriddhi karke hamein $60 million seey adhik chhipaane key liye kuki jaar lekhankan vidhi kaa upayog kartaa haye. 2006 key dauran aur 2007 kii shuruat mein, unhone bhraamak lekhankan prathaon key kaaran aaya mein adhikta aaee aur kull 47 million dollar key nuksan mein kamee aaee. karmchari koo duss saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee aur teen saal kii nigrani mein riha kiya gayaa.
julaai 2010 mein, dell parr yeh dhaarana dene key liye kii yeh vishleshakon key aaya anumaanon seey adhik thaa, apani vittiya aaya kii dhokhadhadi seey report karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. dell ney kharaab aaya seey asthirta koo door karane key liye intell seey aghoshit bhugtan kaa upayog kiya thaa. dell ney isake kadachar key liye $100 million kaa jurmana lagaaya. isamen shamil kissy bhee prabandhak koo kathin dund kaa saamana naheen karna padaa joe bhavishya mein company key aankadon mein herfer naheen karane key niveshakon koo aashvast karega.

