
vaigyaanik saahitya

vaigyaanik saahitya mein aise shaikshanik patra shamil hain joe praakritik aur samajik vigyaan mein mool anubhavjanya aur saiddhaantik kaary kii report karate hain. shodh key kshetra mein, praasangik patron koo aksar "saahitya" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. akaadamik prakaashan saahitya mein apane shodh key parinamon mein yogdan karane kii prakriya haye, jisake liye aksar ack sahakarmi-sameeksha prakriya kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
vaigyaanik patrikaon mein pahali baar prakaashit mool vaigyaanik shodh koo praathamik saahitya kahaa jaataa haye. laghu shodh parinamon aur engineering aur design kaary (computer software sahit) key liye patent aur takniki report koo bhee praathamik saahitya maanaa jaa sakata haye.
maadhyamik sroton mein sameeksha lekh (joe pragati aur anusandhaan kii naee panktiyon koo ujagar karane key liye prakaashit adhyayanon key nishkarshon koo saranshit karate hain) aur pustaken (badee pariyojanaon yaa lekhon key sankalan sahit vyaapak tarkon key liye) shamil hain.
tritiyak sroton mein vishvakosh aur vyaapak saarvajanik upbhog key liye isi tarah key kaary shamil hoe sakate hain.
vaigyaanik prakashanon key prakaar.
vaigyaanik saahitya mein nimnalikhit prakaar key prakaashan shamil hoe sakate hainh
saahitya koo "dhusar" maane jaane vaale kshetron mein bhee prakaashit kiya jaa sakata haye, kyonki way paaramparik chainalon key baahar prakaashit hotey hain. yeh samagri paaramparik roop seey pramukh databases dwara anukramit naheen haye aur isamen niyamavali, shodh prabandh aur shodh prabandh, yaa samachar patra aur bulletin shamil hoe sakate hain.
vibhinn prakaar key vaigyaanik prakashanon kaa mahatva vishayon aur samay key saath parivartan key beach bhinn hoe sakata haye. james jee key anusaar. spite aur russell phut, sahakarmi-sameeksha kii gaee patrikaaen prakaashan kaa sabse pramukh aur pratishthit roop hain. vishvavidyalaya press vaanijyik press prakaashan kii tulanaa mein adhik pratishthit hain. kaary patron aur sammelan kii kaaryavaahi kii sthiti anushasana parr nirbhar karati haye; way aamtaur parr vyaavhaarik vigyaan mein adhik mahatvapurna hotey hain. web parr poorv-mudran yaa vaigyaanik report key roop mein prakaashan kaa moolya ateet mein cumm rhaa haye, lekin kuchh vishayon mein, jaise kii ganit yaa uchch oorjaa bhautiki, yeh abb ack sweekrit vikalp haye.
vaigyaanik lekh aur lekh.
vaigyaanik shodh patron koo duss prakaron mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. inmein seey aathh vishisht uddeshyon koo wahan karate hain, jabaki anya dou shally aur ichchit lakshya key aadhar parr bhinn hoe sakate hain.
vishisht uddeshyon koo puuraa karane vaale patra iss prakaar hainh
nimnalikhit dou shreniyaan parivartansheel hain, udaaharan key liye aitihaasik lekh aur bhashanah
vaigyaanik lekh.
taiyari.
vaigyaanik jaankaari key vaastavik dinn-pratidin key record koo shodh notebook yaa logbook mein rakhaa jaataa haye. inhen aamtaur parr kaam key buniyaadi sakshya key roop mein anishchit kaal key liye rakhaa jaataa haye, aur aksar duplicate, hastaaksharit, notarikrit aur sangraheet mein rakhaa jaataa haye. iska uddeshya vaigyaanik prathamikta key liye sakshya koo sanrakshit karna haye, aur vishesh roop seey patent praapt karane key liye prathamikta key liye. inca upayog vaigyaanik vivaadon mein bhee kiya gayaa haye. computer kii upalabdhata key baad seey, kuchh detta-gahan kshetron mein notebook koo databases record key roop mein rakhaa gayaa haye, aur upayukt software vyaavsaayik roop seey upalabdh haye.
ack pariyojana parr kaam aamtaur parr ack yaa adhik takniki report, yaa lekhon key roop mein prakaashit kiya jaataa haye. kuchh kshetron mein praarambhik report, kaary patra, yaa poorv-nishan key baad ack aupchaarik lekh donon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. lekh aamtaur parr ack pariyojana key anta mein, yaa vishesh roop seey badey key ghatakon key anta mein taiyar kiye jaate hain. iss tarah key lekh koo taiyar karane mein vaigyaanik lekhan key liye jordar niyamon kaa paalan karna hoga.
bhasha.
aksar, carrier kii unnati uchch-prabhaav vaali patrikaon mein prakaashan parr nirbhar karati haye, joe vishesh roop seey kathin aur vyaavhaarik vigyaan mein, aamtaur parr angreji mein prakaashit hoti hain. natijatan, kharaab angreji lekhan kaushal vaale vaigyaanik inn patrikaon mein prakaashit karane kii koshish karate samay ack nuksan mein hotey hain, vaigyaanik adhyayan kii gunavatta kii parwah kiye binaa. phir bhee kaee antarrashtriya vishvavidyalayon koo apane chhatron aur sankaay donon dwara inn uchch-prabhaav vaali patrikaon mein prakaashan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. kuchh antarrashtriya lekhakon dwara iss samasya koo door karane kaa ack tarika yeh haye kii swatantra pratilipi sampadakon key saath anubandh kiya jaae joe angreji key mool vaktaa hain aur apani pandulipiyon kii angreji koo iss star taka chamakaane key liye ee. aiss. ell. (doosari bhasha key roop mein angreji) mein visheshagyata rakhate hain kii uchch prabhaav vaali patrikaaen sweekaar karein.
sanrachana aur shally.
halanki ack lekh kii samagri praarup kii tulanaa mein adhik mahatvapurna haye, vaigyaanik lekhon key liye ack maanak sanrachana kaa paalan karna prathaagat haye, joe vibhinn vishayon mein kewal thodaa bhinn hotaa haye. haalaanki imrad sanrachana samagri key sangathan parr jore detee haye, aur vaigyaanik patrika lekhon mein, pratyek khand (parichay, tareeke, parinam aur charcha) mein vaigyaanik lekhan shally key liye advitiya paramparaaen hain.
praarupan key liye nimnalikhit pramukh dishanirdesh hain, halanki pratyek patrika aadi kii kuchh hudd taka apani ghar kii shally hogeeh
sahakarmi sameeksha.
digital amoort sevaaon aur akaadamik khoj injanon parr badhati nirbharta kaa matlab haye kii aise chuninda sroton mein samavesh dwara shaikshanik pravachan mein "vaastavik" sweekriti kii bhavishyavani kii jaati haye. swaamitva detta key vaanijyik pradaataon mein rasayanik saar seva, vigyaan aur scopus kaa web shamil haye, jabaki open detta (aur aksar open source, gair-laabhkaari aur pustakalaya-netritva vaali) sevaaon mein doab, doaz aur (open axes karyon key liye) unpewall (crossreff aur microsoft akaadamik record parr adharit joe open archives seey oh. aaee.-pee. aim. aich. detta seey samriddh haye) shamil hain.
naitikta.
kuchh patrikaon dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale lekhak seey prakaashak koo copyrite kaa hastaantaran vivadaspad hoe sakata haye kyonki kaee lekhak apane vichaaron koo adhik vyaapak roop seey prachaarit karna chaahte hain aur anumati kii aavashyakta key binaa apani samagri kaa anyatra punah upayog karna chaahte hain. aamtaur parr ack lekhak yaa lekhak ack lekh koo phir seey likh curr aur anya chitron kaa upayog karke usa samasya koo darkinar curr dete hain. kuchh prakaashak apani patrika key liye prachaar bhee chaahte hain isaliye way binaa shart pratiroopan koo manjuri denge; anya prakaashak adhik pratirodhi hain. 
shodh prakashanon key sandarbh mein, kaee pramukh muddon mein shamil hain aur yeye inn taka seemit naheen hainh
itihas.
pahala darj kiya gayaa sampadakiya prakaashan poorv sahakarmi-sameeksha 1665 mein "shaahi samaaj key daarshanik lenden" key sansthaapak sampaadak heinry oldenberg dwara kiya gayaa thaa.
takniki aur vaigyaanik pustaken david vaine nostrand kii ack visheshta theen, aur unaki engineering patrika ney samkaaleen vaigyaanik lekhon koo phir seey prakaashit kiya.

