
hardware vastukala

engineering mein, hardware vastukala ack pranali key bhautik ghatakon aur unake paraspar sambandhon kii pehchaan koo sandarbhit karati haye. yeh vivaran, jise aksar ack hardware design model kahaa jaataa haye, hardware designers koo yeh samajhane kii anumati detaa haye kii unake ghatak ack pranali vastukala mein kaise fitt hotey hain aur software ghatak designers koo software vikas aur ekikaran key liye aavashyak mahatvapurna jaankaari pradaan kartaa haye. hardware vastukala kii spasht paribhasha vibhinn paaramparik engineering vishayon (jaise.jee.vidyut aur yaantrik engineering) naee machines, upkaranon aur ghatakon koo vikasit karane aur nirmaan karane key liye adhik prabhaavi dhang seey ack saath kaam karna.
"hardware" bhee ack abhivyakti haye jiska upayog computer engineering udyog key bheetar (electronic computer) hardware koo usa "software" seey spasht roop seey alag karane key liye kiya jaataa haye joe usa parr chalata haye. lekin swachaalan aur software engineering vishayon key bheetar "hardware" koo kewal kissy prakaar kaa computer honey kii aavashyakta naheen haye. ack aadhunik automobile apolo antariksh yaan kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik "software" chalaata haye. aadhunik vimaan, poore vimaan mein embedded aur vitarit laakhon computer nirdeshon koo chalaae binaa kaam naheen curr sakate hain aur donon maanak computer hardware aur vishesh hardward ghatakon jaise kii aaee. see. wired logic gates, analogue aur hybrid upkaranon aur anya digital ghatakon mein rahate hain. computer, vyaktigat digital sahayak (pee. dee. aeye.), cell phone, shalya upkaran, upgrah aur pandubbiyon sahit anuprayogon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala parr prabhaavi roop seey model karane kii aavashyakta haye kii kaise alag bhautik ghatak jatil pranaliyon koo banaane key liye sanyojan karate hain.
hardware vastukala ack engineer (yaa "engineer kiya jaanaa") electronic yaa electromechanical hardware pranali kaa pratinidhitva haye, aur aisee pranali key liye design (oun) koo prabhaavi dhang seey lagu karane key liye prakriya aur anushasana haye. yeh aam taur parr ack badee ekikrit pranali kaa hissa haye jisamen jaankaari, software aur upkaran prototyping shamil haye.
yeh ack "pratinidhitva" haye kyonki iska upayog hardware pranali, una tatvon key beach sambandhon aur una sambandhon koo niyantrit karane vaale niyamon seey sambandhit tatvon key baare mein jaankaari dene key liye kiya jaataa haye.
yeh ack "prakriya" haye kyonki baadhaon key ack samooh key bheetar ack hardware pranali kii vastukala, aur/yaa usa vastukala seey ack design kaa utpaadan yaa parivartan karane key liye charanon kaa ack crum nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye.
yeh ack "anushasana" haye kyonki gyaan key ack nikaay kaa upayog vyavsaayiyon koo baadhaon key ack samooh key bheetar pranali koo design karane key sabse prabhaavi tareeke key roop mein soochit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
ack hardware vastukala mukhya roop seey pranali key ghatakon yaa upa-pranaliyon key beach aantarik vidyut (aur, adhik shayed hii kabhi, yaantrik) interfaces, aur pranali aur isake baahari vatavaran key beach interfaces, vishesh roop seey ack upayogkarta dwara sanchaalit yaa electronic pradarshanon dwara dekhe jaane vaale upkaranon seey sambandhit haye. (yeh baad vaalaa, vishesh interfaces, computer maanav interfaces key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, urf "maanav computer interfaces, yaa aich. see. aaee; jise pahale maine-machine interfaces kahaa jaataa thaa.) integrated circuit (aaee. see.) designer vartamaan takneekon koo nae utpaadon key liye naveen drishtikon mein chalaa rahey hain. isaliye, sakriya upkaranon kii kaee paraton koo ekal chip key roop mein prastaavit kiya jaa rhaa haye, jisase vighatankari microelectronic, optoelectronic aur nae microelectromacalicanical hardware karyanvayan key avsar khul rahey hain.
prishthabhoomi.
digital computer key aagaman seey pahale, electronics aur anya engineering vishayon mein system aur hardware shabdon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa kyonki way aaj bhee aam taur parr upayog kiye jaate hain. haalaanki, drishya parr digital computer key aagaman aur ack alag vishay key roop mein software engineering key vikas key saath, engineer "hardware" kalakritiyon, "software" kalakritiyon aur sanyukt kalakritiyon key beach antar karna aksar aavashyak thaa.
ack prograam karane yogya hardware kalaakriti, yaa machine, jisamen apane computer prograam kaa abhaav haye, napunsak haye; yahaan taka kii ack software kalaakriti, yaa prograam key roop mein, samaan roop seey napunsak haye jaba taka kii iska upayog ack upayukt (hardware) machine kii anukramik sthitiyon koo badalane key liye naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, ack hardware machine aur isaki prograaming koo lagbhag aseemit sankhya mein amoort aur bhautik karyon koo karane key liye design kiya jaa sakata haye. computer aur software engineering vishayon (aur, aksar, anya engineering vishayon, jaise kii sanchaar) key bheetar, hardware, software aur system shabd una hardware key beach antar karane key liye aae joe ack computer prograam, software aur hardware device koo chalaate hain.
hardware niyantrak naamak ack madhya upkaran kii madad seey ack hardware koo ack software seey niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye, iss hardware niyantrak kaa upayog hardware seey vibhinn swachaalit kaary karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, aam taur parr hardware niyantrak mein jee. pee. aaee. oh. (samanya uddeshya input aur output) pinn hotey hain, inn pinn key vyavhaar koo code key tukade dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa haye.
hardware" engineer yaa architect vishesh roop seey hardware device key saath (cumm yaa jyada) sauda kartaa haye; "software" engineer yaa architect vishesh roop seey prograam key saath (cumm yaa jyada) sauda kartaa haye; aur "system" engineer yaa system architect yeh dekhane key liye jimmedaar haye kii prograaming hardware device key bheetar thheek seey chalane mein saksham haye, aur yeh kii donon sansthaon seey banaa system apane baahari vatavaran, vishesh roop seey upayogkarta key saath thheek seey baatchit karane aur apane ichchit kaary koo karane mein saksham haye.
ack hardware vastukala, phir, ack electronic yaa ack electromechanical upkaran kaa ack amoort pratinidhitva haye joe ack nishchit yaa parivartansheel karyakram chalaane mein saksham haye.
ack hardware vastukala mein aam taur parr electronic aur yaantrik samvedak aur actuator key saath analogue, digital yaa hybrid electronic computer kaa kuchh roop shamil hotaa haye. hardware design koo ack 'vibhajan yojana' yaa algorithm key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, joe pranali kii sabhi vartamaan aur purvanumeya aavashyaktaon parr vichaar kartaa haye aur aavashyak hardware ghatakon koo swachchh roop seey bandhe upa-pranaliyon key ack kaary karane yogya sett mein vyavasthit kartaa haye, jisamen aavashyakta seey adhik bhaag naheen hotey hain. yaani, yeh ack vibhajan yojana haye joe ananya, samaveshi aur sampoorn haye. vibhajan kaa ack pramukh uddeshya hardware upa-pranaliyon mein tatvon koo vyavasthit karna haye taaki unamen nyuntam vidyut connection aur electronic sanchaar kii aavashyakta hoe. software aur hardware donon mein, ack achchi upapranaali koo ack saarthak "vastu" key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye."isake alawa, vastukala (hardware aur software) key liye upayogkarta aavashyaktaon kaa ack spasht aavantan, jaisa kii nirmit pranali mein upayogkarta kii aavashyaktaon key satyapan parikshanon key liye ack prabhaavi aadhar pradaan kartaa haye.

