
samaan tathya sakshya

sakshya key kaanoon mein, samaan tathya sakshya (yaa samaan tathya siddhant) una sharton koo sthaapit kartaa haye jinake tahat abhiyukt key pichhale kadachar key tathyaatmak sakshya koo yeh anuman lagaane key uddeshya seey mukadame mein sweekaar kiya jaa sakata haye kii abhiyukt ney mudde parr kadachar kiya thaa.
adhikaar kshetra dwara.
kanada.
kanada mein, niyam "aar" mein sthaapit kiya gayaa haye. vee. 164 cc (3dee) 481,2 sr 908 (2002):
abhiyukt dwara poorv mein kiye gaye burey krityon kaa sakshya sweekarya hoga yadi abhiyojan paksh nyayadhish koo sambhaavanaon key santulan parr santusht kartaa haye kii, vishesh mamle key sandarbh mein, kissy vishisht mudde key sambandh mein sakshya kaa sambhaavit moolya usake sambhaavit purvagrah seey adhik haye aur iss tarah usake swaagat koo uchit thaharaata haye.
sawal uthate hain kii adalat iss niyam key tatvon koo kaise maapegih
(i) durachar kaa poorv kaary kyaa haye? 
(kha) adalat kissy 'vishisht mudde' key sambandh mein sakshya kii baat kyon karati haye? 
(gaga) probative value kaise nirdhaarit kii jaati haye? 
ingland aur wells.
2001 key roy whitting key mukadame ney ingland aur wells mein kaanoon koo badalane key nirnay koo prabhaavit kiya hoga (aar vee kanada mein kaanoon koo niyantrit karna jaari rakhta haye). inn parivartanon koo aaparaadhik nyaay adhiniyam 2003 (dhaara 98 seey 113) key 'kharaab charitra' praavdhaanon dwara lagu kiya gayaa thaa.
haalaanki inn parivartanon seey pahale, rosemary west key 1995 key mukadame koo bhee ack udaaharan key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye jahan isi tarah key tathya sakshya abhiyojan mamle key liye mahatvapurna they.
isi tarah key tathya sakshya kaa upayog taba bhee kiya jaa sakata haye jaba mool "kadachar" parr dabaav yaa aparaadhi kii yuvavastha key kaaran mukadama naheen chalaaya jaa sakaa. 1998 mein jail mein bund ack devon parivaar key mamle mein, prativaadiyon mein seey ack ney 16 saal kii umr mein apani bahan key saath balatkar key liye apani sajaa kii appeal kii, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii yeh sambhavana naheen thee kii vaha shikayat naheen karegi yaa madad naheen legee. yeh abhinirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa kii usake pitaa dwara usey ack bachche key roop mein apani anya bahanon key saath yaun krityon key liye majboor karane kaa saboot samaan tathya sakshya thaa aur parivaar key bheetar vyavasthit deerghakaalik yaun gatividhi aur durvyavahar key alawa, yeh samajhaane key liye paryaapt thaa kii vaha kyon mahsoos kartaa thaa kii vaha usey gaali dey sakata haye aur jaanata thaa kii vaha suraksha key liye apane parivaar parr bharosa naheen curr sakati; usaki appeal whiffle hoe gaee. [aar vee tii aim, 2000,2 karod aip 266]
newzealand.
newzealand mein, samaan tathya sakshya key sambandh mein niyam sakshya adhiniyam 2006 kii dhaara 43 dwara samhitaabaddh kiye gaye hain.
scotland.
scots kaanoon key tahat, yeh murov siddhant key achchi tarah seey sthaapit upayog dwara cover kiya gayaa haye.
sanyukt raajya america.
sanyukt raajya america key sanghiya sakshya niyamon key niyam 404 key tahat, kissy vyakti key charitra yaa charitra visheshta key sakshya koo yeh saabit karane key liye sweekarya naheen haye kii kissy vishesh avsar parr vyakti ney charitra yaa visheshta key anusaar kaary kiya haye. isake alawa, kissy aparaadh, galat yaa anya kaary key sakshya koo kissy vyakti key charitra koo saabit karane key liye sweekarya naheen haye taaki yeh dikhaaya jaa sakey kii kissy vishesh avsar parr vyakti ney charitra key anusaar kaary kiya haye. yeh sakshya kissy anya uddeshya key liye sweekarya hoe sakata haye, jaise kii uddeshya, avsar, irada, taiyari, yojana, gyaan, pehchaan, galati kii anupasthiti, yaa durghatana kii kamee koo saabit karna.