
lactic acid

lactic acid ack carbonic acid haye. iska ack aanvik sootra haye. yeh thhos avastha mein safed hotaa haye aur paani key saath mishrit hotaa haye. jaba yeh bhang avastha mein hotaa haye, tou yeh ack rangheen ghol banaata haye. utpaadan mein kritrim sanshleshan key saath-saath praakritik srot bhee shamil hain. lactic acid ack alfa-hydroxy acid (aeye. aich. aeye.) haye joe carboxyl samooh key nikat ack hydroxyl samooh kii upasthiti key kaaran hotaa haye. iska upayog kaee javic sanshleshan udyogon aur vibhinn jaiv rasayanik udyogon mein ack synthetic madhyavarti key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. lactic acid key sanyugma aadhar koo lactate (yaa lactate aayan) kahaa jaataa haye. vyutpann asyl samooh kaa naam lactoil haye.
vilayan mein, yeh lactate aayan kaa utpaadan karane key liye ack proton key nuksan seey aayanit hoe sakata haye. acetic acid kii tulanaa mein, iska pee "key" 1 ikai cumm haye, jiska arth haye kii lactic acid acetic acid kii tulanaa mein duss gunaa adhik amleeya haye. yeh uchch amlata α-hydroxyl aur carboxylate samooh key beach intramolicular hydrogen bandhan kaa parinam haye.
lactic acid kieral haye, jisamen dou anantiomers hotey hain. ack koo-lactic acid, ("s")-lactic acid, yaa (+)-lactic acid key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur doosara, isaki darpan chhavi,-lactic acid, ("r")-lactic acid, yaa (−)-lactic acid haye. samaan matra mein donon key mishran koo-lactic acid yaa resmick lactic acid kahaa jaataa haye. lactic acid hygroscopic haye. -lactic acid paani key saath aur ethanol key saath isake pighalane key bindu seey oopar hotaa haye, joe lagbhag haye. -lactic acid aur-lactic acid kaa pighalane kaa bindu adhik hotaa haye. doodh key kinwan dwara utpaadit lactic acid aksar resmick hotaa haye, halanki bacteria kii kuchh prajaatiyan poori tarah seey-lactic acid kaa utpaadan karati hain. doosari or, pashuon kii maanspeshiyon mein avaayaviya shwasan dwara utpaadit lactic acid mein () anantiomer hotaa haye aur ise kabhi-kabhi greek seey "sarcolactic" acid kahaa jaataa haye, jiska arth haye "maans".
jaanvaron mein, samanya chayapachaya aur vyayam key dauran kinwan kii prakriya mein lactate dehydrogenase (ell. dee. aich.) enzyme key madhyam seey pyruvet seey lagaatar lactate kaa utpaadan hotaa haye. yeh taba taka ekagrata mein vriddhi naheen kartaa jaba taka kii lactate utpaadan kii darr lactate hataane kii darr seey adhik naheen hoe jaati, joe monocarboxylate transporter, ell. dee. aich. kii ekagrata aur isophorm aur ootakon kii oxidative kshamata sahit kaee karakon dwara niyantrit hoti haye. rakt lactate kii sandrata aamtaur parr aaraam parr hoti haye, lekin teevra parishram key dauran 20 mimi seey adhik aur baad mein 25 mimi taka badh sakati haye. anya javic bhoomikaon key alawa,-lactic acid hydroxycarboxylicslic acid receptor 1 (hca) kaa praathamik antajanan agonist haye, joe ack jee protein-yugmit receptor (gpcr) haye.
udyog mein, lactic acid kinwan lactic acid bacteria dwara kiya jaataa haye, joe glucose, sukroj yaa galactose jaise saral carbohydrate koo lactic acid mein parivartit curr dete hain. yeye bacteria munh mein bhee badh sakate hain; way joe acid paida karate hain vaha daanton key kshay key liye jimmedaar hotaa haye jise kshay key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. chikitsa mein, lactate lactated ringer key ghol aur hartman key ghol key mukhya ghatakon mein seey ack haye. inn antahshira taral padarthon mein sodium aur potasium key saath-saath lactate aur chloride aayan aasut jall key saath ghol mein hotey hain, joe aam taur parr maanav rakt key saath samasthaanik sandrata mein hotey hain. aghaat, shalya chikitsa yaa jalan key kaaran rakt kii haani key baad iska upayog aamtaur parr drav punarjeevan key liye kiya jaataa haye.
itihas.
swedish rasaayanagya carle wilheim skille 1780 mein khatte doodh seey lactic acid koo alag karane vaale pahale vyakti they. yeh naam lattin shabd seey vyutpann "lact-" sanyojan roop koo darshaata haye, jiska arth haye "doodh". 1808 mein, johns jacob bergelius ney paaya kii shram key dauran maanspeshiyon mein lactic acid (vaastav mein-lactate) bhee utpann hotaa haye. isaki sanrachana 1873 mein johannis vislicinus dwara sthaapit kii gaee thee.
1856 mein, lactic acid key sanshleshan mein "lactobacillus" kii bhoomika kii khoj lui pasteur dwara kii gaee thee. iss maarg kaa upayog 1895 mein german pharmacy boehringer ingelheim dwara vyaavsaayik roop seey kiya gayaa thaa.
2006 mein, lactic acid kaa vaishvik utpaadan 10 pratishat kii ausat vaarshik vriddhi key saath 275,000 tunn taka pahunch gayaa.
utpaadan.
lactic acid kaa utpaadan carbohydrate key jeevaanu kinwan dwara yaa acetaldehyde seey rasayanik sanshleshan dwara audyogik roop seey kiya jaataa haye. lactic acid kaa utpaadan mukhya roop seey kinwan dwara kiya jaataa thaa (70-90%). 1: 1 aur stereoisomers key mishran seey yukt resmick lactic acid kaa utpaadan, yaa 99.9%-lactic acid taka key mishran, sookshmajeev kinwan dwara sambhav haye. kinwan dwara lactic acid kaa audyogik paimaane parr utpaadan sambhav haye, lekin bahut adhik chunautipurna haye.
kinwan utpaadan.
kinvit doodh utpaad audyogik roop seey "lactobacillus" bacteria dwara doodh yaa mattha key kinwan dwara praapt kiye jaate hainh "lactobacillus acidphilus", "lacticebacillus kesai" ("lactobacillus kesai"), "lactobacillus delbrooky" upa-utpaad. "bulgaricus" ("lactobacillus bulgaricus"), "lactobacillus helvaticus", "lactococcus lactis", "basilus amyeloliquifacians", aur "streptococcus celevarius" upa-bhaag. "thermophilus" ("streptococcus thermophilus").
lactic acid key audyogik utpaadan key liye ack praarambhik samagri key roop mein, lagbhag kissy bhee carbohydrate srot (pentose cheeni) aur (hexos cheeni) kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. shuddh sukroj, starch seey glucose, kachchi cheeni aur chukandar key russ kaa aksar upayog kiya jaataa haye. lactic acid paida karane vaale bacteria koo dou vargon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih homophormative bacteria jaise "lactobacillus kaisi" aur "lactococcus lactis", joe glucose key ack moll seey lactate key dou moll kaa utpaadan karate hain, aur heteroformative prajaatiyan joe glucose key ack moll seey lactate key ack moll kaa utpaadan karati hain, saath hii saath carbon dioxide aur acetic acid/ethanol.
rasayanik utpaadan.
resmick lactic acid koo hydrogen sinide key saath acetaldehyde kii pratikriya karke aur parinami lactonitrile koo hydrolyse karke audyogik roop seey sanshleshit kiya jaataa haye. jaba hydrochloric acid dwara jall apghatan kiya jaataa haye, tou amonium chloride ack upa-utpaad key roop mein banata haye; japani company musashino iss maarg seey lactic acid key antim badey nirmaataon mein seey ack haye. resmick aur anantiopur lactic acid donon kaa sanshleshan anya praarambhik samagri (vinail acetate, glycerol, aadi) seey bhee sambhav haye.) utprerak prakriyaon key anuprayog dwara.
jeev vigyaan.
aanvik jeev vigyaan.
-lactic acid hydroxycarboxylicslic acid receptor 1 (hca1), ack jee protein-yugmit receptor (jee. pee. see. aar.) kaa praathamik antajanan agonist haye.
vyayam aur lactate karein.
sprinting jaise shakti abhyason key dauran, jaba oorjaa kii maang kii darr adhik hoti haye, tou glucose toot jaataa haye aur pyruvet mein aukseekrit hoe jaataa haye, aur lactate taba pyruvet seey shareer dwara sansaadhit kiye jaane kii tulanaa mein teji seey utpaadit hotaa haye, jisase lactate kii sandrata badh jaati haye. lactate kaa utpaadan naid + punarjanan key liye fayademand haye (pyruvet koo lactate mein cumm curr diyaa jaataa haye jabaki naid koo naid + mein aukseekrit kiya jaataa haye), jiska upayog glucose seey pyruvet key utpaadan key dauran glyceraldehyde 3-phosphat key okseekaran mein kiya jaataa haye, aur yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii oorjaa utpaadan banaae rakhaa jaataa haye aur vyayam jaari reh sakata haye. teevra vyayam key dauran, shwasan shrinkhala hydrogen ayanon kii matra key saath naheen reh sakati haye joe jodkar naadh banaate hain, aur naad + koo jaldi seey punarjeevit naheen curr sakate hain.
parinami lactate kaa upayog dou tarikon seey kiya jaa sakata haih
haalaanki, lactate lagaatar aaraam mein aur sabhi vyayam kii teevrata key dauran banata haye. lactate ack chayapachaya eendhan key roop mein kaary kartaa haye joe utpaadit kiya jaa rhaa haye aur aaraam karane aur maanspeshiyon kaa vyayam karane mein oxidative roop seey nipataaya jaa rhaa haye. isake kuchh kaaran laal rakt koshikaon mein chayapachaya hain jinamen mitochondria kii kamee hoti haye, aur uchch glycolytic kshamata vaale maanspeshiyon key tantuon mein honey vaali enzyme gatividhi key parinamswarup seemaaen hoti hain. lactic acidosis ack shaaririk sthiti haye jisaki visheshta lactate (vishesh roop seey-lactate) key sanchay seey hoti haye, jisamen ootakon mein chayapachaya amlata key roop mein atyadhik cumm ph kaa gathan hotaa haye.
vyayam key dauran lactic acidosis aeye. tii. pee. hydrolysis (aeye. tii. pee. 4 − + aich. 2oh. → aeye. dee. pee. 3 − + aich. +) seey aich. + key kaaran hoe sakata haye, aur yeh kii pyruvet koo lactate (pyruvet − + naadh + aich + + lactate − + nad +) mein cumm karane seey vaastav mein aich + kaa upbhog hotaa haye. [aich +] mein vriddhi key kaaran kaarak ack tatasth anu seey lactate key utpaadan key parinamswarup hotey hain, joe vidyut tatasthata banaae rakhane key liye [aich +] badh rahey hain. ack vipareet drishtikon yeh haye kii lactate-pyruvet-seey utpann hotaa haye, jiska charge samaan hotaa haye. yeh pyruvet haye-tatasth glucose seey utpaadan joe aich + utpann kartaa haih
haalaanki pratikriya glucose → 2 lactate − + 2 aich + dou aich + jaari kartaa haye jaba ise apane dumm parr dekhaa jaataa haye, aich + atp key utpaadan mein avashoshit hoe jaataa haye. doosari or, avashoshit amlata aeye. tii. pee. key baad key jall apghatan key dauran jaari kii jaati haih aeye. tii. pee. 4 − + aich2oh. → aeye. dee. pee. 3 − + + aich +. isaliye ack baar jaba aeye. tii. pee. kaa upayog shamil hoe jaataa haye, tou samagr pratikriya hoti haye
shwasan key dauran carbon dioxide kii utpatti bhee [aich +] mein vriddhi kaa kaaran banati haye.
tantrika ootak oorjaa srot.
haalaanki glucose koo aamtaur parr jeevit ootakon key liye mukhya oorjaa srot maanaa jaataa haye, kuchh reportein hain joe ingit karati hain kii yeh lactate haye, aur glucose naheen haye, joe kaee standhari prajaatiyon key mastishk mein neurons dwara adhimaantah chayapachaya kiya jaataa haye (ullekhaniya choohe, choohe aur manushya). lactate-shuttle parikalpana key anusaar, glial koshikaaen glucose koo lactate mein badalane aur neurons koo lactate pradaan karane key liye jimmedaar hain. glial koshikaon kii iss sthaaniya chayapachaya gatividhi key kaaran, neurons key aspas turant baahari koshikiya drav rakt yaa pramastishkameru drav seey sanrachana mein dridhata seey bhinn hotaa haye, joe lactate key saath bahut adhik samriddh hotaa haye, jaisa kii microdialysis adhyayanon mein paaya gayaa thaa.
mastishk vikas chayapachaya.
kuchh sakshya bataate hain kii lactate prasavpurv aur prasav key baad key vishayon mein mastishk chayapachaya key liye vikas key praarambhik charanon mein mahatvapurna haye, inn charanon mein lactate key shareer key taral padarthon mein uchch sandrata hoti haye, aur mastishk dwara glucose kii tulanaa mein adhimaantah upayog kiya jaataa haye. yeh bhee parikalpana kii gaee thee kii lactate vikaasheel mastishk mein gabergic network parr ack majboot kaarravaai curr sakata haye, jisase unhein pahale kii tulanaa mein adhik avarodhak banaa sakata haye, yaa tou chayapachaya key behtar samarthan key madhyam seey kaary curr sakata haye, yaa aadhar intracellular staron mein parivartan, yaa donon.
choohon key mastishk key tukadon key adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii β-hydroxybutorate, lactate aur pyruvet oxidative oorjaa substrate key roop mein kaary karate hain, jisase nad (pee) aich okseekaran charan mein vriddhi hoti haye, kii glucose teevra synaptic gatividhi key dauran ack oorjaa vaahak key roop mein aparyaapt thaa aur anta mein, vaha lactate ack kushal oorjaa substrate hoe sakata haye joe mastishk aerobic oorjaa chayapachaya koo banaae rakhane aur badhaane mein saksham hoe sakata haye. adhyayan "dwi-paisik naad (pee) aich pratideepti pargaman parr nayaa detta pradaan kartaa haye, tantrika sakriyan key liye ack mahatvapurna shaaririk pratikriya joe kaee adhyayanon mein punah prastut kii gaee haye aur maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh mukhya roop seey cellular naad pool mein gatividhi-prerit ekagrata parivartanon seey utpann hoti haye."
lactate hriday aur yakrit sahit anya angon key liye oorjaa key ack mahatvapurna srot key roop mein bhee kaam curr sakata haye. shaaririk gatividhi key dauran, hriday kii maanspeshiyon kii oorjaa karobar darr kaa 60 pratishat taka lactate okseekaran seey praapt hotaa haye.
rakt pareekshan.
shareer mein acid bases homeostasis kii sthiti nirdhaarit karane key liye lactate key liye rakt pareekshan kiye jaate hain. iss uddeshya key liye rakt kaa namuna lena aksar dhamani (bhale hii yeh venepuncture seey adhik kathin hoe) hotaa haye, kyonki lactate kaa star dhamani aur shiraparak key beach kaafee bhinn hotaa haye, aur dhamani kaa star iss uddeshya key liye adhik pratinidhi hotaa haye.
bachche key janm key dauran, bhroon mein lactate key star koo bhroon kii khopadi key rakt pareekshan dwara maapa jaa sakata haye.
upayog karein.
bahulak agradoot.
lactic acid key dou anuon koo lactone lactide mein nirjalit kiya jaa sakata haye. utprerak lactide kii upasthiti mein yaa tou aitaiktik yaa syndiotactic polylactide (pee. ell. aeye.) mein bahulak hoe jaataa haye, joe biodegradable polyester hotey hain. pee. ell. aeye. ack plastic kaa udaaharan haye joe petrochemicals seey praapt naheen hotaa haye.
aushadhiya aur cosmetic anuprayog.
lactic acid koo dawa praudyogiki mein bhee istemal kiya jaataa haye taaki anyatha aghulansheel sakriya avayavon seey paani mein ghulansheel lactate kaa utpaadan kiya jaa sakey. yeh amlata koo samaayojit karane aur isake kitanunashak aur caratolytic gunon key liye saamyik taiyari aur saundarya prasadhanon mein aage upayog paataa haye.
lactic acid yukt bacteria ney calcium yaugikon parr apane avrohan gunon key saath auxaluria koo cumm karane mein achchha pradarshan kiya haye.
khaadya padaarth.
kinvit bhojan.
lactic acid mukhya roop seey khatte doodh key utpaadon mein paaya jaataa haye, jaise kii kumis, laaban, dahee, kefir aur kuchh kuteer cheez. kinvit doodh mein cassine koo lactic acid dwara jamaaya jaataa haye. lactic acid khatte bread key khatte swaad key liye bhee jimmedaar haye.
poshan sambandhi jaankaari kii soochiyon mein lactic acid koo "carbohydrate" (yaa "carbohydrate antar seey") shabd key tahat shamil kiya jaa sakata haye kyonki isamen aksar paani, protein, vasaa, raakh aur ethanol key alawa anya sub kuchh shamil hotaa haye. yadi aisaa haye tou ganana kii gaee khaadya oorjaa prati graam maanak kaa upayog curr sakati haye joe aksar sabhi carbohydrate key liye upayog kii jaati haye. lekin kuchh mamalon mein ganana mein lactic acid koo nazarandaj curr diyaa jaataa haye. lactic acid kaa oorjaa ghanatva prati 100 graam haye.
kuchh bear (khatti bear) mein uddeshyapoorvak lactic acid hotaa haye, ack aisaa prakaar belgium lambics haye. aamtaur parr, yeh praakritik roop seey bacteria key vibhinn upbhedon dwara utpaadit hotaa haye. yeye bacteria sharkara koo aml mein kinvit karate hain, khameer key vipareet joe cheeni koo ethanol mein kinvit karate hain. baasan koo thandaa karane key baad, khameer aur bacteria koo khule kinvak mein "girane" kii anumati dee jaati haye. adhik samanya bear shailiyon key sharaab banaane vaale yeh sunishchit karenge kii aise kissy bhee bacteria koo kinvak mein pravesh karane kii anumati naheen haye. bear kii anya khatti shailiyon mein berliner veese, flanders redd aur american wild ell shamil hain.
wine banaane mein, ack jeevaanu prakriya, praakritik yaa niyantrit, aksar praakritik roop seey maujood mallic acid koo lactic acid mein badalane key liye, teekshnata koo cumm karane key liye aur swaad seey sambandhit anya karanon seey upayog kii jaati haye. yeh malolactic kinwan lactic acid bacteria dwara kiya jaataa haye.
jabaki aam taur parr falon mein mahatvapurna matra mein naheen paaya jaataa haye, lactic acid akebia phal mein praathamik carbonic acid haye, joe russ kaa 2.12% banaata haye.
alag seey jodaa gayaa.
ack khaadya yojak key roop mein ise europeeya sangh, sanyukt raajya america aur australia aur newzealand mein upayog key liye anumodit kiya gayaa haye; ise isaki sankhya 270 yaa ee sankhya ee270 key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye. lactic acid kaa upayog khaadya sanrakshak, upchaar agent aur swaad agent key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. yeh prasanskrit khaadya padarthon mein ack ghatak haye aur maans prasanskaran key dauran kitanunashak key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye. lactic acid kaa utpaadan vyaavsaayik roop seey carbohydrate jaise glucose, sukroj yaa lactose key kinwan yaa rasayanik sanshleshan dwara kiya jaataa haye. carbohydrate sroton mein makai, chukandar aur ganna cheeni shamil hain.
jalsaji.
aitihaasik roop seey jaali key dauran sanshodhit kiye jaane vaale aadhikarik kaagjaaton seey syaahi key unmoolan mein sahaayata key liye lactic acid kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye.
safai utpaad.
lactic acid kaa upayog kuchh taral cleaner mein calcium carbonate jaise kathor jall bhandar koo hataane key liye ack avrohan agent key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, jisase lactate, calcium lactate banata haye. isaki uchch amlata key kaaran, iss tarah key bhandar bahut jaldi samaapt hoe jaate hain, vishesh roop seey jahaan ubalate paani kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii catals mein. iska upayog kuchh jivanurodhi sabun aur dish detergent mein triclosan key pratisthaapan key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.

