
samooh

laado samooh, burney samooh (yaa "groupa ladosia",) polish rajnayikon aur yahudi kaaryakartaon key ack samooh koo diyaa gayaa ack naam haye, jinhone dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran switzerland mein lattin americi passport key avaidh utpaadan kii ack pranali koo vistaar seey bataaya, jiska uddeshya europeeya yahoodiyon koo narsamhar seey bachaana thaa.
samooh kii sanrachana.
samooh mein burn mein polish senaa key chaar rajanyik shamil they, joe vishva yahudi congress dwara sthaapit yuddh key yahudi peediton key liye punarpraapt sahaayata samiti key pratinidhi aur agudaat israel key pratinidhi they. chhah mein seey paanch sadasyon key paas polish nagrikta thee, jabaki unamen seey aadhe yahudi they.
laado samooh key sadasya theh
laado samooh kii ack ardh-anaupchaarik sanrachana thee aur isake sadasyon key beach sambandh asmamit they. yeh constant rokki thaa joe khaali passport praapt karane aur unhein bharane mein sabse adhik shamil thaa; abraham silbershane aur chaim yisrol iss aur alfred schwarzbam (bedzin seey ack yahudi bachaav karyakarta sharanarthi) ney burn aur german-kabje vaale europe key beach passport, photo aur vyaktigat detta kii taskari seey nipata, aur operation key vittaposhan kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa pradaan kiya. alexander laado aur stephen rhinivis kii bhoomika burney rajanyik core key beach ack rajanyik aavaran sunishchit karna aur swiss adhikaariyon koo operation koo todane seey rokna thaa. 1943 mein iss mamle mein laado aur renewicz donon ney hastakshep kiya aur swiss videsh mantri marcel pallet-golaaz aur pulis pramukh heinrich rothmond key saath bahas kaa adaan-pradaan kiya. julius kuhal, joe yuddh key prakop key samay burn vishvavidyalaya mein doctorate adhyayan key 26 varsheeya snaatak they, ney yahudi sangathanon aur senaa key beach sampark koo suvidhajanak banaaya. baad key varshon mein unhein rajanyik prabhaag key upa pramukh key roop mein bhee naamit kiya gayaa thaa. vaha shayed khaali passport key avaidh parivahan seey bhee nipatata thaa.
aitihaasik prishthabhoomi.
sitambar 1939 mein, polland parr naazi germany aur soviyat sangh dwara hamla kiya gayaa aur ise dou kabje vaale kshetron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa. lagbhag 3 karod seey adhik yahoodiyon sahit lagbhag 3 karod 60 laakh polish nagrik german aur soviyat shasson key adheen they. usee samay, polish sarkaar ney aatmasamarpan karane seey incar curr diyaa aur 17 sitambar, 1939 koo romenia key saath seema paar curr lii, jahan usey nazarband curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1935 key samvidhaan key anusaar, rashtrapati ignacy moskiki ney vladislav raskieves koo apana uttaradhikari niyukt kiya. peris mein nirvaasit ack naee polish sarkaar kaa gathan kiya gayaa aur france mein sashastr balon kaa punarnirmaan shuru kiya gayaa. abb general vladislav sikorsky key netritva mein sarkaar ney videsh mein polish raajya kii poori sampatti parr niyantran curr liya, jisamen isake rajanyik missions kaa network bhee shamil thaa. france parr german aakraman key baad sarkaar landan chully gaee, jahan seey usane germans seey ladanaa jaari rakhaa. paschimi europe key mahadvipiya bhaag mein, nirvaasit polish sarkaar kaa pratinidhitva switzerland, purtagaal, spen aur sweeden mein senaaon dwara kiya gayaa thaa. anya desh yaa tou german kabje mein aaa gaye yaa germans key dabaav mein, polish rajanyik missions koo bund curr diyaa. switzerland mein burn mein yeh sainya-dall kirchenfeld key rajanyik jile mein alphenstrass mein sthit thaa. isake alawa, 1940 seey thanstrass mein ack aur bhawan, jisamen ack rajanyik khand thaa, kiraaye parr liya gayaa thaa. aprail 1940 seey, iss sainya-dall kaa netritva alexander ladosh ney kiya thaa, joe latvia (1923-26) key liye ack yuddh-poorv doot aur munich (1927-31) mein ack mahavid doot they. lados ney aakraman key baad polland chhod diyaa aur kuchh samay key liye vladislav sikorsky kii sarkaar key sadasya key roop mein kaary kiya. jaba unhone burn mein pada sambhala, tou anya teen rajanyik-pahale seey hii vahaan kaam curr rahey theh 1938 seey ranivicz, aur 1939 seey kuhal aur rockies. rockie aur ranivicz reega (1934-36) mein apane pichhale pada seey ack-dusare koo jaanate they aur shayed karibi dost they. kewal burn mein way kuhal aur ladosh seey mille. abraham silbershane, joe 21 zionist congress key liye pratinidhi honey vaale they, yuddh key prakop seey kuchh samay pahale lweave seey geneva aae they. chaim yisrol iss 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat seey switzerland mein reh rahey they aur zurich mein unakaa ack store thaa. yahudi sangathanon key donon pratinidhi yuddh seey pahale ack-dusare koo naheen jaanate they aur raajneetik roop seey bahut door they.
passport kii utpatti aur utpaadan model.
julius kuhal key anusaar, jhoothe passport banaane kaa vichaar 1940 kii poorv sandhya parr aavishkaar kiya gayaa thaa aur iska narsamhar seey koee sambandh naheen thaa. soviyat sangh dwara kabja kiye gaye kshetron seey prabhaavshaali yahoodiyon koo japan key madhyam seey bhaagne mein saksham banaane key drishtikon seey kaee darjan paraguan dastavej prastut kiye gaye they. senaa ney paraguay key ack maanad vanijya doot kii pehchaan kii, joe ack burney notary rudolf hugley thaa, joe khaali passport bechane key liye taiyar thaa aur unamen seey lagbhag 30 khareede. yeh gyaat naheen haye kii unhein kisane bharaa aur unhein soviyat sangh mein kaise bheja gayaa. shuru mein, yeh maanaa gayaa thaa kii aisee gatividhiyon koo vyaktigat roop seey chalaaya jaa sakata haye, kyonki yojana kaa khulasa kiya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, baad key varshon mein isi tarah key dastavejon kaa utpaadan jaari rhaa. sabse gyaat udaaharan navambar 1941 mein apani bhaavi patni gutaa eisenzweig aur usaki maan key liye ellie sternbooch dwara praapt passport haye. sternbooch parivaar ney julius kuhal seey sampark karke ise praapt kiya. yeh gyaat naheen haye kii iss dastaavez koo kisane bharaa. 1957 key yaad washem key adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii adhik passport they-vishesh roop seey 1941 mein soviyat sangh key german aakraman key dauran aur yahudi gheto key nirmaan key baad. kuchh mamalon mein aise dastavejon key dharakon koo gheto mein rahane aur david key sitaare key saath ack baind pahanane key daayitva seey riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1942 mein wansi sammelan key baad, jaba europeeya yahoodiyon kii saamoohik hatyaa kaa faisala kiya gayaa, badey paimaane parr passport kaa utpaadan shuru huaa. usa kshan seey, lattin americi deshon key passport naazi germany unmoolan shivir mein nirvaasan seey sanrakshit they, kyonki unake dharakon koo germany aur kabje vaale france mein nazarbandi shiviron mein bheja gayaa thaa. shuru mein, operation koo chaunka dene vaalaa tareeke seey kiya gayaa thaa, jisase jhataka lagane kii sambhavana badh gaee. yahee kaaran thaa kii 1942 mein abraham silbershane taka senaa pahunch gaee.
pulis dwara jaanch kii gaee, silberchain ney ise iss prakaar varnit kiyaah "maine burn mein shree sachiv renevies aur shree key saath polish legation mein ack baithak kii thee. rokie, joe rajanyik khand kaa prabandhan kartaa haye. donon sajjanon ney meraa dhyaan iss tathya kii or aakarshit kiya kii switzerland mein kuchh loga germany dwara kabja kiye gaye deshon mein dhruvon key liye lattin americi deshon key passport pradaan karane key saath kaam karate hain. yeye passport apane dharakon koo apani sthiti mein sudhaar karane mein saksham banaate hain. hamaare paas passport kaa vaastavik "kaalaa bajar" thaa. senaa key sajjanon ney apani ichcha vyakt kii kii main iss mamle kii jimmedaari loonga, joe maine bhee relico kii or seey kiya thaa.
paraguay key passport.
yeh relico-legation axis thaa joe yojana kaa mool thaa. silberschen una logon kii soochi bhejega joe passport dhaarak banane key liye purvanirdhaarit they, joe unhein record karenge aur paraguay key passport mangadhant they. 1942 aur 1943 mein silberschen aur rokie key beach patrachar key ack vishisht adaan-pradaan mein una vyaktiyon kii soochi key saath silberschen kaa ack patra shamil haye jinhen dastavej diye jaane they. rokie ney badale mein bharey hue passport yaa notary public dwara pramaanit unaki pratiyaan bheji aur vanijya doot rudolf hugley seey ack patra jisamen passport dharakon koo soochit kiya gayaa kii unhein ack paraguan nagrikta millie haye. isake alawa, paraguay kii nagrikta kii kaee alag-alag pushti jaari kii gaee thee. aise dastavejon key praaptakartaon kii soochiyon mein kaee hazaar naam hain. pahali nazar mein aisaa lagata haye kii adhikansh paraguay passport 18 aur 30 disambar 1942 key beach jaari kiye gaye they aur unamen seey koee bhee 1943 mein naheen bharaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, yaad washem key abhilekhagar mein upalabdh silbershen aur rokie key beach patrachar seey sanket milata haye kii yeye passport puraane they (iss baat kaa saboot haye kii 30 disambar 1942 key kaee passport 1943 key sharad ritu mein jaari kiye gaye they). paraguay key passports mein seey adhikansh mein constant rokiki kii likhaavat key nishan hain, lekin ack alag charitra seey bharey kaee passport bhee hain. sabse sambhaavit sanskaran yeh haye kii way yaa tou julius kuhal yaa stephen rhinivis dwara bharey jaate hain, joe swayam ack anubhavi vanijya doot hain. polland, neetherland, slovakia aur hangri key yahudi nagrikon key saath-saath apani german nagrikta seey vanchit yahoodiyon key liye passport jaari kiye gaye they. yaad washem mein silbershen abhilekhagar mein paae gaye passport kii kramik sankhya seey pataa chalata haye kii inn dastavejon kii cumm seey cumm teen shrinkhalaaen taiyar kii gaee theen, joe kull milakar cumm seey cumm 1056 tukadon taka theen. kaee mamalon mein passport mein ack yaa dou seey adhik logon kaa ullekh haye. yeh aasaani seey aanka jaa sakata haye kii cumm seey cumm 2,100 loga inn dastavejon key labharthi they. pratyek passport kii keemat 500 aur 2,000 swiss frank key beach hoti haye. polish rajnayikon-rokie, kuhal aur ranivicz dwara rudolf hugley koo paisa hastaantarit kiya gayaa thaa aur usase unhein bhaari aaya hui thee. tulanaa mein, alexander laado kaa taba kaa masik vetan 1,800 frank key barabar thaa, aur yeh julius kuhal-350 frank key barabar thaa.
peru aur ell salvador key passport.
1943 mein silberschain ney geneva, jose barretto mein peru key vanijya doot key saath sampark sthaapit kiya. barretto ney silvershain koo 28 passport 10-12 hazaar frank key liye saunpe. peru key general consul, jinhen iss paintarebaazi key baare mein soochit kiya gayaa thaa, ney barretto koo barkhast curr diyaa. iss mamle mein, silbershane aur rhinivics key beach ack bahas chhid gaee, jinhone poorv parr apane haath seey kaam karane aur mamle koo sajish kii tarah dikhaane kaa aarop lagaaya. iss patrachar seey, aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii polish legation ney kaarravaai parr poori jaankaari kii maang kii. ranivicz ney bhee barretto koo bachaane aur mamle koo chhipaane key liye safal hastakshep kiya aur lima mein polish legtion dwara isi tarah kii kaarravaai koo prerit kiya. 1943 mein, silberschain ney geneva mein ell salvador key samanya vanijya dutawas key ack yahudi karmchari, george mandel-mentello key saath sampark sthaapit kiya. mentello-sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii apane vanijya doot-arturo castellanos kii sahamati seey, unhein poorna passport aur nagrikta pramaan patra saunpe gaye. polish legation koo shayed jaari kiye gaye passport kii sankhya aur silbershane-mentello key beach sampark key baare mein soochit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin iss baat kaa koee saboot naheen haye kii isane dastavejon key utpaadan mein bhaag liya thaa. arturo castellanos koo 2010 mein yaad washem dwara rashtron key beach dharmi ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa.
honduras, haiti aur anya deshon key passport.
honduras key passport key mamle mein, honduras key poorv maanad vanijya doot, anton baur seey seedhe sampark kiya gayaa, jinhone muhar churaa lii aur burn mein apane karyalaya mein avaidh roop seey dastavej jaari kiye. silbershen key patron kaa praaptakarta baur kii betty thee-isabella. halanki, ack mamle mein, koee bhee rokie key madhyam seey passport praapt karane key nishan dekh sakata haye. 27 maee, 1943 koo, silbershane ney unhein agale dinn key liye passport kii ack shrinkhala aayojit karane key liye kahaa aur usake turant baad cumm seey cumm dou honduran passport jaari kiye gaye.
bachaav prayason kaa parinam.
janwari 1944 mein silberschain ney bataaya kii iss kaarravaai key kaaran lagbhag 10 hazaar logon koo german unmoolan shiviron mein bheje jaane seey bachaaya gayaa thaa. unake anusaar lattin americi passport dharakon koo germany mein titemoning, libenau aur bolsenberg aur france mein vittel shivir mein nazarbandi shiviron mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. march 1944 mein, germans ney baad vaale koo samaapt curr diyaa, 200 seey 300 kaidiyon kii hatyaa curr dee, lekin anya sthaanon parr rahane vaalon koo jyaadaatar bakhsha gayaa. silbershen key sangrah key dastavejon mein seey ack kaa anuman haye kii bergen-belson upa-shivir kii mukti seey kuchh samay pahale 1,100 seey adhik passport dhaarak they. silbershane ney yeh bhee likhaa kii way maee 1946 mein polland kii apani yatra key dauran unamen seey kaee logon seey mille they.
disambar 2019 mein laado samooh dwara jaari passport key 3262 dharakon key naamon kii soochi vorsau mein pailiki sansthaan mein prastut kii gaee thee. halanki yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii passport dharakon key 5000 seey 7000 naam agyaat hain. yeh shodh jakub kumoch key netritva mein team dwara aerolsen abhilekhagar mein kiya gayaa haye-naazi utpeedan, yaad washem parr antarrashtriya kendra aur varsau mein naee kaaryavaahi key abhilekhagar.
saahitya mein samooh.
adhikansh adhyayan samooh key ekal sadasyon koo yahoodiyon koo bachaane kaa shreya dete hain. yeh iss tathya key kaaran haye kii samooh sajish mein kaam curr rhaa thaa aur isake kissy bhee sadasya dwara likhi gaee samagr yaadon kii kamee key kaaran thaa. alexander lados ney bachaav kaarravaai key vivaran kii ghoshana teesari, adhuri yaadon kii matra mein kii, lekin kahani likhe binaa hii unaki mrityu hoe gaee. ladosh samooh key rajnayikon-ladosh, rokie, kuhal aur renewicz-kaa naam janwari 1945 seey agudet israel key dhanyavaad patra mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. 2015 mein agnisca haska ney burn mein polish rajnayikon dwara yahoodiyon koo bachaane key baare mein ack lekh prakaashit kiya. agast 2017 mein marcus bletchnar, jyurikh mein polland key maanad vanijya doot, patrakaron zabignave parafianoviz aur michael potoki key saath milkar, passport dharakon key astitva mein sabhi samooh key sadasyon key yogdan koo maanyata dete hue, yojana kaa varnan kiya. lattin americi passport kaa mamla ack polish-yahudi kavi, warsau gheto mein likhi gaee kavita "passport" key lekhak, vladislav zlengel kii ack kavita kaa vishay thaa.
ee. aaee. aiss. sangrah.
laado samooh seey sambandhit kaee dastaavezon koo polish sanskriti mantralaya dwara 2018 mein israel mein ack niji collector seey maanad vanijya doot marcus blainer kii sahaayata seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa. iss sangrah kaa naam diyaa gayaa thaa, unhein janwari 2019 mein switzerland mein polish dutawas mein pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa, aur baad mein polland mein aushwitz-biru raajya sangrahalaya mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
yaad washem vivaad.
aprail 2019 mein rashtron key beach yaad washem key dharmi ney constant rokie koo upaadhi pradaan kii aur alexander laado aur stephen rhinivis koo "sarahana" kii peshkash karate hue tark diyaa kii rokie ney laado samooh kaa netritva kiya. dastaavez koo galati seey λADOSH aur rynevicz "vanijya dutawas" kahaa jaataa haye. iss nirnay ney dou anya divangat polish rajnayikon key parivaar key sadasyon aur jeevit bache logon key beach akrosh aur hatasha paida curr dee. unamen seey ektees ney yaad washem koo ack khule patra parr hastakshar kiye. rokie key chachere bhaai ney taba taka padak sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa jaba taka kii dou anya polish rajanyik, rokie key varishth koo bhee rashtron mein dharmi key roop mein maanyata naheen dee jaati. switzerland mein polish rajdoot jacob kumoch, jinhone rokie kii khoj mein yogdan diyaa, ney bhee yaad washem kii vyakhya kaa khandan karate hue kahaa kii rokie ney λADOS aur rynevicz key tahat kaam kiya.