chean mein vaaysaraay

jongdu (tsung-thu; maanchuh "uheri kadlara amban"), aamtaur parr vaaysaraay, raajya key pramukh yaa governor-general key roop mein anuvaadit, ming aur king rajvanshon key dauran chean key ack kshetra yaa adhik praanton koo shaasit kartaa thaa. 
sabse mahatvapurna mein seey ack jhili (chihli) kaa vaaysaraay thaa, kyonki yeh shaahi rajdhani koo gherta thaa. baad mein ganarajya chean key rashtrapati yuan shikai ney iss pada koo sambhala.
ming rajvansh.
jhu yuanjhang, ming rajvansh key sansthaapak samrat (1368 aeye.dee. 1644 aeye taka.dee.), yuan rajvansh kii praantiya pranali koo jaari rakhaa lekin kendra sarkaar kii neetiyon koo failaane key uddeshya seey 13 cheng juan boo jheng shee mein alag kiya. haalaanki, baad mein ming sarkaar koo pataa chalaa kii unhein kaee praanton key beach sangharsh seey nipatane yaa vidroh koo dabaane key liye ack samanvayak kii aavashyakta haye. 
vaaysaraay pranali 1441 mein shuru hui, jhengtong avadhi key 6 vein varsh mein, jaba yuddh mantri koo yunnan mein vidroh seey nipatane key liye saunpa gayaa thaa. 15veen shatabdi key anta seey, ming kendriya vaaysaraay koo badhati aavritti key saath saunpa gayaa thaa. chenghua samrat key 5vein varsh (1469 aeye.dee.), lianguang (gwangdong aur gwangxy) key vaaysaraay koo sthaayi roop seey niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. 
kewal grand council key sachiv koo vaaysaraay key roop mein niyukt kiya jaa sakata haye. jhengade samrat key 8vein varsh mein (1510 aeye.dee.), zuanda key vaaysaraay koo vaarshik uttari yuan mangol akramanon key khilaf mahaan deewaar kii raksha karane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. 
1550 aeye aeye varsh key jiazing samrat, jhezi key vaaysaraay koo japani voku seey khatare kaa saamana karane key liye sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. 
jaba yeh 1600 key dashak mein aaya, tou chean key uttar-poorv seey manchu, baad mein jinn key khaan, nurahachi ney 1610 mein ming rajvansh key khilaf apane vidroh kii ghoshana kii. 1626 mein, tianki key chhathe varsh mein, ninguan kii ladaai mein, yuan chonguan ney nurahachi koo haraaya aur ninguan kaa bachaav kiya. nurhasi kaee maheenon baad marr jaayega. yuan chonguan jiliyo key vaaysaraay banane key liye uttaradhikar mein they. jaise hii yuan chonguan ney kaee baar manchu aakraman seey ninguan aur jinjhou kaa bachaav kiya, hong taiji, nurhasi key agale khaan ney ninguan aur jinjhou koo darkinar curr diyaa aur mahaan deewaar koo toda diyaa aur rajdhani taka pahunch gaye. 
1630 mein, chongjhen yug key teesare varsh mein, yuan koo ming rajvansh key saath vishvaasghaat karane key liye giraftar kiya gayaa aur maut kii sajaa sunai gaee. apani mrityu seey pahale, yuan ney ack kavita likheeh "jeevan kaa kaam hamesha vyarth hoe jaataa haye; merey currier kaa aadhaa hissa sapanon mein lagata haye. main apani mrityu key baad bahadur yoddhaon kii kamee key baare mein chinta naheen kartaa, kyonki merrie wafadar bhavna liaodong kii raksha karna jaari rakhegi."usee samay, shaan-gaan key vaaysaraay, hong chengchou koo uttar-paschim chean mein gaao yingshiang (chuang raajaa) aur lii jicheng (general chuang koo baad mein gaao kaa upnaam aur usaki senaa viraasat mein millie) key netritva mein kisan vidroh seey nipatane key liye saunpa gayaa thaa. kisan vidroh koo dabaane key liye, ming sarkaar ney heenan, shanxi, shanxi, huguang aur sichuan sahit paanch praanton key vaaysaraay kii sthaapana kii, luu shiangsheng koo isake liye niyukt kiya gayaa aur jald hii 20,000 kii senaa key saath gaao yingshiang aur unake 300,000 sainikon koo haraaya. isase pahale kii luu kisan vidroh key sabhi avasheshon koo dabaa sakey, unhein manchus key khilaf raksha karane key liye samrajya kii uttari seema kii raksha key liye zuanda kaa vaaysaraay niyukt kiya gayaa. 1638 mein, chongjhen key 11vein varsh mein, luu saat dinon taka bhojan kii kamee key mamle kaa saamana karane key baad manchus key khilaf ladaai mein apane desh key liye marr gayaa. 
kuchh logon kaa maanana haye kii 1639 aur 1641 key dauran jiliyo key vaaysaraay, hong chengchou, song-jinn kii ladaai mein whiffle rahey aur lagbhag aadhi ming kii senaa khou dene key baad ming rajvansh kii mrityu koo seal curr diyaa gayaa thaa. halanki haang chengchou koo chongjhen samrat dwara atyadhik sammaanit kiya jaataa thaa, lekin unhone king key saamane aatmasamarpan curr diyaa. 1644 mein, ming key antim samrat, chongjhen samrat jhu yujian ney pratibandhit shahar key baahar beijing mein fansi lagaa lii jaba lii jicheng ney beijing mein pravesh kiya.
praarambhik king rajvansh (1840 key afeem yuddh seey pahale).
king rajvansh koo prabhaavi roop seey dair seey millie hui pranali viraasat mein millie, jisamen vaaysaraay ney ack yaa adhik praanton parr sainya aur nagrik donon shaktiyon koo jodaa. jabaki niyamit roop seey niyukt ming vaaysaraay uttari seema parr kendrit they, mangolon aur manchus key sainya khatare key khilaf, king rajvansh ney pranali koo chean mein bhee vistaarit kiya.
king rajvansh key dauran adheenasth praanton key saath kshetriya vaaysaraay theh
cheeni itihaaskaar aksar jhili key vaaysaraay koo sabse sammaanit aur shaktishali key roop mein aur liangjiang key vaaysaraay koo aathh mein seey sabse ameer key roop mein sthaan dete hain.
kuchh praant kissy bhee kshetriya vaaysaraay dwara shaasit naheen they. inmein shanxy, shandong aur henan key praant shamil they.
kshetriya vaaysaraay key alawa, dakshini nadiyon key vaaysaraay aur purvi nadiyon key vaaysaraay jaise vishesh prakaar key vaaysaraay bhee they, joe jalmarg key prabhaari they.
king rajvansh key praarambhik shaasak (1644 aeye.dee. 1912 aeye taka.dee.) mool roop seey ming rajvansh kii pranali kaa paalan kiya aur sthir praantiya seemaon koo sthaapit kiya. unhone 18 praant banaae aur unamen seey dou yaa teen ney vaaysaraay kaa adhikaar kshetra banaaya. ming key vipareet, king rajvansh mein vaaysaraay sainya vistaar pragati (vyakti, aar, 2010) key anusaar banaae gaye they. 1649 mein, shoonjhi samrat key 5vein varsh mein, jhili key vaaysaraay kii sthaapana jhili, shendong aur henan donon parr apane niyantran koo majboot karane key liye kii gaee thee. iss beach, dakshin-paschim chean seey ming rajvansh key khatare key kaaran, hong chengchou koo apane karyalaya key karyakal mein, yungai, huguang aur lianguang kaa vaaysaraay niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, unhone kaee logon kaa narsamhar kiya jinhone king rajvansh key saamane ghutane tekane seey incar curr diyaa thaa, isake alawa, dakshini ming rajvansh key antim samrat, yongli samrat zulang koo mayanmar mein daal diyaa gayaa thaa aur anta mein pinguxy rajkumar vu sangui dwara maar diyaa gayaa thaa. chean kii mukhya bhoomi parr ming rajvansh key avasheshon koo samaapt karane key baad, kendra sarkaar teen samanti kii apani shakti koo cumm karna chaahati thee. yungui key vaaysaraay, gaan venkun koo pinguxy rajkumar vu sangui koo neeche leey jaane kii vyavastha kii gaee thee, lekin jaba vu sangui ney anya dou rajkumaron key saath king key liye apane vidroh kii ghoshana kii tou usey pakad liya gayaa aur maar diyaa gayaa, teen samanti vidroh shuru hoe gayaa. king key woo key vidroh koo dabaane key baad, kangshi samrat antatah dusare shesh bhaag, tunganing key raajya, minje yaao kisheng key vaaysaraay aur general shilang koo lene kii koshish kartaa haye, jinhone 1683 mein kangsi samrat (pieterson, willard jey.) key 22vein varsh mein kaary samaapt kiya.2016).
king rajvansh key anta mein.
1840 mein, lianguang key vaaysaraay key baad, linn zexu ney british vyavasaayi dwara chean mein aayatit afeem koo samaapt curr diyaa. british parishad ney chean key khilaf yuddh kii ghoshana kii aur afeem yuddh chhid gayaa. sadiyon seey seemaon koo bund karane key baad aur adhikaari nausena key bull koo badhaava dene key liye taiyar naheen they. king kii nausena british bhaap yuddhapot kaa saamana karane mein whiffle rahee aur british senaa ney nanjing kii or cooch kiya aur liangjiang key vaaysaraay koo nanking kii sandhi parr hastakshar karane key liye majboor kiya, iss sandhi mein, king ney britten koo chhah million chaandi key dollar kaa bhugtan kiya, anya chaar vyaparik bindu khole aur haang kaang koo britten (fairbank, johnn key) koo saunp diyaa., aur kwang-ching liu, 1980). pahale afeem yuddh kii haar key kaaran, manchu aur haan key beach sangharsh aur king rajvansh kii aabaadi apane charam parr pahunch gaee haye, jisase varsh 1850 mein isai vishvaas key aadhar parr taiping vidroh mein vriddhi hui haye. 
shuruat mein, bhrasht harit maanak senaa aur aathh banner vidroh key netaa hong zikuan key khilaf naheen lada sakate hain aur hong koo swargiya raajya banaane seey bhee naheen roque sakate hain. vidroh seey nipatane key liye, king sarkaar ney zheng guffan koo liangjiang key vaaysaraay key roop mein niyukt kiya aur unaki madad key liye ack naee senaa, ziang senaa koo prashikshit kiya, iss beach, yeh pahali baar haye jaba haan vaaysaraay kii sankhya manchu seey adhik hoe gaee haye, joe kii king kii kendriya shakti (fairbank, jokan king, 1978) key patan koo darshaata haye. ziang senaa key ack anya sansthaapak zuo zongtang ney zheng guocan key saath, zheng guofan key chhote bhaai aur liangjiang key vaaysaraay ney aakhirkaar taiping swargiya raajya nanjing kii rajdhani leey lii aur hong zikuan key kishore samrat, taiping swargiya raajya key kishore samrat, haang tianguifu parr kabja curr liya, jisase vidroh kaa anta hoe gayaa (michael aur zhang, 1971). usake baad, 1868 mein, zuo koo shaan gaan kaa vaaysaraay niyukt kiya gayaa aur uttari chean mein ack aur vidroh, nian vidroh koo kuchal diyaa gayaa. 1870 key dashak key dauran, zuo ney chean key poorvottar mein muslim vidrohiyon koo kuchalane key liye kaee unnat hathiyaron seey lais 120,000 ziang senaa kaa netritva kiya. 1878 mein, zuo zongtang ney yakub begg key vidrohi koo neeche laane aur russie ghuspaithiye koo ili shahar seey nikaalane key liye shinziang kii or cooch kiya. phir bhee, zuo paschimi mamalon key andolan key sansthapakon mein seey ack they, unhone paschimi unnat upkaran seekhane key liye foozou mein foozou nausena college aur mavei shastragar kaa nirmaan kiya jaba way minze key vaaysaraay they. fairbank aind jokan king (1978) key anusaar, paschimi mamalon key andolan key ack anya sansthaapak jhili key vaaysaraay, lii hongjhang hain, jinhone taiping vidroh key dauran king sarkaar kii bhoomika kaa samarthan karane key liye huai senaa kaa nirmaan kiya thaa, vaha zheng guffan key chhaatr bhee they. 
1886 mein, cheeni-francisi yuddh key baad, unhone king rajvansh kaa samarthan karane key liye ack shaktishali senaa aur bede koo prashikshit karane kii aavashyakta kaa ehsas kiya, isake kaaran unhone purvi asia mein sabse majboot bedaa banaaya. aathh saal baad, japan key aakraman seey king key sahayak raajya koria kii raksha key liye, king ney japan key saath yuddh kii ghoshana kii, lii koo koria kii raksha key liye senaa kaa netritva karane key liye chunaa gayaa. haalaanki, king rajvansh mein bhrashtachar aur samanti pranali key antarnihit doshon key kaaran king yuddh haar gaye aur lii koo shimonoseki kii sandhi parr hastakshar karane padey. iss sandhi mein, king koo yuddh key muaavaje key roop mein japan koo 20 karod tail (8,000,000 kilogram/17,600,000 lb) chaandi kaa bhugtan karna thaa aur liaodong praaydweep, taiwan aur isake sambaddh dweepon aur penghu dweepon (roway, 2012) koo saunpana thaa. lii koo apani haar key kaaran liang guang key vaaysaraay key roop mein padchyut kiya gayaa thaa. 1900 key dashak mein, jaba aathh videshi deshon kii senaa ney beijing parr march kiya, tou dakshin poorv chean key haan vaaysaraay tatasth rahate hain aur abhee bhee maharani dovager (newyork times, 1900) key khilaf virodh karate hain. inn videshiyon key saath baatchit karane key liye, linn hongjhang koo shinn chau sandhi (mukkebaaz protocol) parr hastakshar karane key liye pramukh cheeni vartakar honey kii vyavastha kii gaee thee. pahale sino-japani yuddh key dauran, maharani dovager sixi ney shaahi parivaar key prati wafadar general yuan shikai koo paaya. vuksu sudhaar mein, yuan maharani dovager sixi kii raksha karane aur sudhaar key pramukh taana sitong, liang kichaao aur anya logon koo giraftar karane vaalaa pahala vyakti thaa aur anta mein unamen seey chhah koo maar daala. inn sabhi ghatnaaon key baad, 1901 mein lii kii mrityu key baad yuan ney antatah lii hongjhang koo jhili key vaaysaraay key roop mein badal diyaa. 
1900 key dashak kii shuruat mein, jaisa kii fairbank aind jokan king (1978) ney uddhrit kiya, yuan koo king rajvansh kii raksha key liye ack naee senaa biang senaa banaane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa, jise chean mein sabse badee aur sabse achchi prashikshit senaa maanaa jaataa thaa (shillinger, nicolaus 2016). basaki (2002) key anusaar, yuan koo apane sabhi padon seey mukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur 1908 mein apani matribhoomi mein sevaanivritt hoe gaye they, apani sevaanivritti seey pahale unhein chean mein sabse shaktishali vyakti key roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee (dugglus kahani, 1907). 1904 mein, liangjiang key vaaysaraay, jhaang jhidong ney khud seey pealy nadee sanrakshan kaa nirmaan karane kii yojana banaai aur kendra sarkaar (newyork times, 1904) koo alag curr diyaa. kendra sarkaar kii shakti kaa patan baad key king rajvansh mein adhik spasht hoe gayaa, jaba 11 octuber 1911 koo wuchang vidroh huaa, tou biang senaa ney king sarkaar key adesh kaa paalan karane seey incar curr diyaa, lekin yuan kii vaapsee key liye kahaa. yuan kaa maanana thaa kii samay unake paksh mein thaa, isaliye unhone adalat key adesh koo kaee baar taba taka khariz curr diyaa jaba taka kii way santusht naheen hoe gaye. jaba vaha antatah vidroh koo dabaane key liye sahmat huaa, tou lagbhag aadhaa chean king key shasson key niyantran seey baahar thaa, iss sthiti koo mahsoos karate hue, yuan ney chean ganarajya key rashtrapati kaa pada diye jaane key badale mein baal samrat puyi key tyag kii vyavastha kii.

