hindu kaanoon

hindu kaanoon, ack aitihaasik shabd key roop mein, british bhaarat mein hinduon, bauddhon, jainon aur sikhon parr lagu kaanoonon kii sanhita koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. hindu kaanoon, aadhunik vidvata mein, pracheen aur madhyayugeen yug key bhaaratiya granthon mein khoje gaye kaanoon kii prakriti parr kanuni siddhant, nyayshastra aur daarshanik pratibimbon koo bhee sandarbhit kartaa haye. yeh duniya key sabse puraane gyaat nyayshastra siddhanton mein seey ack haye aur teen hazaar saal pahale shuru huaa thaa, jisake mool srot hindu granth they.
hindu parampara, apane jeevit pracheen granthon mein, saarvbhaumik roop seey "aaee. yuu. aiss" yaa "lakes" key pramanik arth mein kaanoon koo vyakt naheen karati haye. bhaaratiya granthon mein pracheen shabd dharm haye, jiska arth haye kaanoon kii sanhita seey adhik, halanki kanuni siddhant key sangrah koo naradasmriti jaise karyon mein sankalit kiya gayaa thaa. hindu kaanoon" shabd ack aupaniveshik nirmaan haye, aur bhaaratiya upmahadweep mein aupaniveshik shasson key aaney key baad ubhara, aur jaba 1772 mein british aupaniveshik adhikaariyon dwara yeh nirnay liya gayaa kii europeeya samanya kaanoon pranali bhaarat mein lagu naheen kii jaayegi, tou bhaarat key hinduon koo unake "hindu kaanoon" key tahat shasson kiya jaayega aur bhaarat key musalmaanon koo "muslim kaanoon" (shariya) key tahat shasson kiya jaayega.
angrejon dwara lagu kiye gaye hindu kaanoon kaa saar manusmriti naamak ack dharamshastra seey liya gayaa thaa, joe "dharm" parr kaee granthon (shaastra) mein seey ack haye. haalaanki, british dharamshastra koo kaanoon kii sanhita key roop mein bhool seey samajhate they aur yeh pahchaanane mein whiffle rahey kii inn sanskrit granthon kaa upayog taba taka sakaratmak kaanoon key bayanon key roop mein naheen kiya gayaa thaa jaba taka kii british aupaniveshik adhikaariyon ney aisaa karane kaa vikalp naheen chunaa. balki, dharamshastra mein nyayshastra kii tippani thee, i.ee.vyaavhaarik kaanoon parr ack saiddhaantik pratibimb, lekin desh key kaanoon kaa bayaan naheen. vidvaanon ney aupaniveshik yug key hindu kaanoon koo praapt karane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali manusmriti pandulipi kii pramanikta aur bhrashtachar parr bhee sawal uthaaye hain.
aupaniveshik itihas key sandarbh mein, hindu kaanoon aur islami kaanoon kaa nirmaan aur karyanvayan british aupaniveshik yug key dauran "kanuni bahulvaad" kaa ack prayaas thaa, jahaan ack hii kshetra key logon koo vaadi aur prativaadi key dharm key aadhar parr vibhinn nagrik aur aaparaadhik kaanoonon key adheen kiya gayaa thaa. kanuni vidvaanon kaa kahana haye kii isane bhaaratiya samaaj koo vibhajit kiya haye, aur bhaaratiya kaanoon aur rajneeti taba seey "kanuni bahulvaad-yeh dhaarana kii dharm samaaj kii buniyaadi ikai haye aur vibhinn dharmon mein alag-alag kanuni adhikaar aur daayitva honey chaahiye" aur "kanuni saarvbhaumiktaa-yeh dhaarana kii vyakti samaaj kii buniyaadi ikai hain aur sabhi nagrikon key paas samaan kanuni adhikaar aur daayitva honey chaahiye" key beach khaali hoe gaee haye.
shabdawali aur namkaran.
hindu dharm mein, kaanoon kii charcha "dharm" key ack upasamuchchay key roop mein kii jaati haye joe una vyavhaaron koo darshaata haye jinhen "aar. tii. aeye" key anusaar maanaa jaataa haye, vaha crum joe jeevan aur brahmand koo sambhav banaata haye, aur isamen kartavya, adhikaar, kaanoon, aacharan, guna aur "jeevan jeene kaa sahee tarika" shamil haye. dharm" kii avadharana mein hindu kaanoon shamil haye.
hindu dharm key pracheen granthon mein, dharm kii avadharana mein kaanoon, vyavastha, sadbhaav aur satya key siddhant shamil hain. ise jeevan key aavashyak niyam key roop mein samajhaaya gayaa haye aur brihadaaranyak upanishad key bhajan 1.4.14 mein "satya" (sanskritah satya, satya) key barabar bataaya gayaa haih
sambandhit shartein.
pracheen hindu nyayshastra granthon mein, kaee sanskrit shabd kaanoon key pahaluon kaa ullekh karate hain. inmein seey kuchh mein "niyam" (sanskritah niyam, niyam), "nyaay" (nyaay, nyaay), "yuktata" (nyaay, nyaay), "samata" (nyaay, kaanoon mein samaantaa aur nishpakshata), "nidhi" (vidhi, upadesh yaa niyam), "vyavsatha" (nyaay, viniyaman), "sambhasa" (nyaay, anubandh yaa aapsi sagaai), "nyaay-patra" (nyaay, likhit anubandh), "nyaay" (nyaay, nyaay), "nyaay" (nyaay, nyaay), "nyaay" (nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay, nyaay
shaastriya hindu kaanoon.
johnn mene ney 1910 mein likhaa kii shaastriya hindu kaanoon mein nyayshastra kii kissy bhee gyaat pranali kii sabse purani vanshavali haye. mene ney kahaa kii pracheen honey key bavjood, lagbhag harr prashn parr paraspar virodhi granth yeh taya karane mein ack badee kathinaaee prastut karate hain kii shaastriya hindu kaanoon kyaa thaa. jaise-jaise adhik saahitya ubharata haye, aur anuvaad yaa vyakhya kii jaati haye, mene ney nott kiya kii kaanoon key harr mamle parr granthon key beach sangharsh kaee gunaa badh gayaa haye, aur bhaarat mein rahane vaale paschimi kanuni vidvaanon key beach aam sahamati kii kamee haye.
ludo rochar kaa kahana haye kii hindu parampara "aaee. yuu. aiss" key arth mein kaanoon koo vyakt naheen karati haye aur naa hii "lakes" key arth mein. hindu kaanoon" shabd ack aupaniveshik nirmaan haye, aur jaba aupaniveshik shasson dakshin asia mein aaya, aur jaba 1772 mein mugal shasakon key paramarsh seey british aupaniveshik adhikaariyon dwara yeh nirnay liya gayaa kii europeeya samanya kaanoon pranali bhaarat mein lagu naheen kii jaayegi, tou bhaarat key hinduon parr unake "hindu kaanoon" key tahat shasson kiya jaayega aur bhaarat key musalmaanon parr shariya (muslim kaanoon) key tahat shasson kiya jaayega. haalaanki, bhaarat key 600 varshon key islami shasson key dauran naa tou hindu kaanoon kaa ullekh kiya gayaa thaa, naa hii upayog mein thaa, naa hii samhitaabaddh kiya gayaa thaa. rochar kahate hain kii kissy bhee puraane jeevit sanskrit paath koo khojane kaa prayaas kiya gayaa thaa jisamen kaanoon key tatvon kaa ullekh kiya gayaa thaa, aur iss tarah paschimi sampaadak aur anuvaadak iss sameekaran parr pahunche kii "dharm shaastra kaanoon kii pustak, sanhita yaa sansthaan key barabar haye".
derette, mensky aur anya vidvaanon ney baar-baar poochha haye kii kyaa aur kyaa saboot hain kii bhaarat mein islami shasson seey pahale aur usake dauran dharamshastra vaastavik kanuni adhikaar they. unhone yeh bhee sawal kiya haye kii kyaa dharmshastron mein "upadesh" yaa "sifaarishen" hain, yaani kyaa dharmshastron mein ullikhit nyayshastra kaa vaastav mein kabhi bhaaratiya samaaj mein vivaadon mein upayog kiya gayaa thaa. johnn mene jaise british aupaniveshik shasson key dauran praarambhik vidvaanon ney sujhaav diyaa kii yeh sambhav haye kii dharm-smriti granth cumm seey cumm bhaarat mein islam key aagaman seey pahale "kaanoon key vyaavhaarik prashaasan" koo darshaate hain. haalaanki, baad key adhikansh vidvaanon kaa kahana haye kii hindu dharm key dharm granth "vishuddh roop seey yaa jyaadaatar naitik aur dhaarmik maandandon seey sambandhit hain jinka kuchh lekin kanuni abhyaas key saath bahut karibi sambandh naheen haye. kuchh vidvaanon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii manusmriti, naradasmriti aur parasharasmriti jaise dharm-sambandhit smriti hindu kaanoon koo moort roop naheen dete hain, balki adhik pracheen aadhikarik kanuni granthon parr tippaniyan aur vidwan notes hain joe khou gaye hain yaa abhee taka naheen paae gaye hain.
shaastriya hindu kaanoon, donald davis kaa kahana haye, "vishva itihas mein kanuni siddhant aur nyayshastra kii sabse cumm gyaat, phir bhee sabse parishkrit paramparaon mein seey ack kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. hindu nyayshastra key granthon mein kaanoon aur dharm kii prakriti parr vistrit aur saavdhaanipoorvak daarshanik pratibimb hain. ack parampara key roop mein hindu kaanoon kii prakriti kuchh bahas aur vishesh roop seey visheshagya halakon key bheetar aur baahar donon mein kuchh galatfahmi key adheen rahee haye."
dakshin bhaarat mein, mandir kaanoon key prashaasan mein ghanishth roop seey shamil they.
dharm key srot.
"shruti" koo hindu dharm mein adhikaar maanaa gayaa haye. smriti", jaise manusmriti, naradasmriti aur parashar smriti, hindu dharm key pradarshan mein yogdan karate hain, lekin "shruti" (vaidik kosh jisamen praarambhik upanishad shamil hain) kii tulanaa mein cumm aadhikarik maane jaate hain. pracheen hindu nyayshastra aur kaanoon key mool granth "dharm-sootra" hain. yeye vyakt karate hain kii shruti, smriti aur aachar nyayshastra aur kaanoon key srot hain. inn sroton kii prathamikta gyaat, jeevit dharm-sootron mein seey pratyek key shuruati chhandon mein ghoshit kii gaee haye. udaaharan key liye,
smriti", jaise manusmriti, naradasmriti, yagyavalkya smriti aur parashar smriti ney iss paribhasha kaa vistaar kiya, nimnanusar,
dharm" key srot key roop mein, vedon mein chaar prakaar key granthon mein seey kewal teen mein vyavhaar sambandhi upadesh hain. lingat notes (sankshipt),
billimoria kaa kahana haye kii hindu dharm mein "shruti" kii bhoomika "ack uchch praakritik brahmandiya crum (" aar. tii. aeye "baad mein" dharm "kii avadharana dwara safal) mein vishvaas seey prerit haye joe brahmand koo niyantrit kartaa haye aur isake vikas, vikas aur poshan key liye aadhar pradaan kartaa haye-devtaon, manushyon, jaanvaron aur paryaavaran-roopon kaa hoe.
levinson kaa kahana haye kii hindu kaanoon mein "shruti" aur "smriti" kii bhoomika margadarshan key srot key roop mein haye, aur isaki parampara iss siddhant koo vikasit karati haye kii "kissy vishesh mamle key tathya aur paristhitiyaan nirdhaarit karati hain kii kyaa achchha haye yaa buraa. baad key hindu granthon mein "dharm" key chaar srot shamil hain, levinson kahate hain, jisamen "aatmanushti" (kissy key vivek kii santushti), "sadachar" (gunee vyaktiyon key sthaaniya mandand), "smriti" aur "shruti" shamil hain.
uddhrit granth.
bible aur kurran key vipareet, veda samajik mamalon key baare mein seedhe charcha naheen karate hain. shaastriya hindu kaanoon nimnalikhit sroton seey liya gayaa haye
"dharmasutra".
saahitya key vedang sangrah key bheetar kalpana granthon key ack hisse key roop mein, way vyaktigat aacharan (grih sootra key saath) aur samajik niyamon koo veda key siddhanton key anusaar nipataate hain. granth hain
"dharamshastra".
yeye granth, jinake lekhakon kaa shreya paaramparik roop seey vaidik rishiyon koo diyaa jaataa haye, "dharmasutra" mein charcha kiye gaye vishayon koo vistrit karate hain.
"mudrit praarup mein upalabdh "dharamshastra" hain - 
"dharamshastra" jinka astitva tippanikaron aur "nibandkar" key uddharanon key madhyam seey jaanaa jaataa haye, lekin abb taka poorna pandulipi key roop mein jeevit naheen rhaa haye, way hain 
tippani.
vidwan vidvaanon dwara rachit uparokt granthon parr tippaniyan unake vyaavhaarik anuprayogon aur "dharmasutra" aur "dharamshastra" mein bayanon key nishpaadan parr charcha karati hain.
"nibandha".
vibhinn vidvaanon dwara rachit sangrah aur sangrah vibhinn granthon aur lekhakon key beach samaan vishayon parr matbhed koo hull karane kaa prayaas karate hain.
kshetriya vividhataaen.
madhura collector banaam aadarsh vaakya ramling satupathy" mamle (1869) mein, niji parishad ney dekhaa kii poore kshetra mein hinduon dwara hindu kaanoon (jaisa kii "dharamshastra", vibhinn hindu vidvaanon dwara rachit tippaniyon aur paachan mein varnit haye) key paalan mein koee ekroopata naheen thee. adalat ney kahaa kii
shaastriya hindu kaanoon mein vakeel.
jabaki pracheen hindu kaanoon parr granth jeevit naheen hain, pracheen bhaarat mein vakeelon kii sanstha key astitva kii pushti karane vaale granth hain. udaaharan key liye, adhyaay 3 mein sanskrit paath "vivadarnavasetu" mein kahaa gayaa haye,
shaastriya hindu kaanoon mein sajaa.
hindu parampara key pracheen granth dund kaa nirmaan aur uchchaaran karate hain. pichhale 2500 varshon key inn granthon mein, terrence day key anusaar, unake uchit dund key siddhanton mein pramukh tatvon koo ingit yaa maanyata dee gaee haih (1) granthon mein adhikaar kaa ack maanak nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye, taaki ullanghan koo paribhaashit kiya jaa sakey joe sajaa kaa warrant detaa haye; (2) way ullanghan kii sambhavana parr charcha karate hain jisase ack galat kaam koo paribhaashit kiya jaa sakey; (3) way jimmedaari key siddhant aur galat kaam kii nirdishtata parr charcha karate hain; (4) granthon mein aparaadh kii degree parr charcha kii gaee haye, aur isake saath sajaa key roop aur gambhirta koo ullanghan key star seey mell khaana chaahiye; (5) way dund key anumodit aur adhikrit roopon parr charcha karate hain aur inn parr uchit roop seey kaise prashaasit kiya jaa sakata haye. hindu kaanoon mein sajaa kaa lakshya pratishodhaatmak aur sudharatmak rhaa haye. hindu kaanoon, sarkaar kaa kahana haye kii usane apane moolbhoot siddhant seey sajaa key siddhant koo vikasit kiya, joe vaha maanata thaa kii vyakti kii samriddhi aur vyaktiyon key sangrah, raajya aur gair-raajya key liye aavashyak thaa.
vibhinn granthon mein aparaadh key bayaan aur sambandhit sajaa mein vyaapak bhinnataaen hain. udaaharan key liye kuchh granthon mein vaadi yaa prativaadi key ling, varg yaa jaati kaa ullekh kiye binaa hatyaa jaise apraadhon key liye sajaa parr charcha kii jaati haye, jabaki kuchh ling, varg yaa jaati key aadhar parr aparaadh parr charcha aur antar karate hain. yeh spasht naheen haye, terrence day bataata haye kii kyaa yeye mool kaa hissa they, kyonki ack hii paath kii vibhinn pandulipiyon key sanskaranon key beach visangatiyon jaise shaileegat, sanrachanaatmak aur thhos sakshya mool granthon key parivartan aur bhrashtachar kaa sujhaav dete hain.
sabhi dandon mein seey sabse kathor dund kewal shoodron key mamle mein lagu kiye gaye they, jabaki brahmanon koo usee aparaadh key liye bahut cumm dund diyaa jaanaa thaa. brahmanon koo shaaririk dund aur maut kii sajaa seey bhee chhoot dee gaee thee.
bhaarat key baahar.
pracheen hindu kanuni granth aur paramparaaen dakshin poorv asia (kambodiya, jaava, baali, malaysia, thyland aur barma) key kuchh hisson mein vyaapaar key badhane aur pracheen asia mein ack badee sanskriti saajha karane key hisse key roop mein aaeen. inn kshetron mein seey pratyek mein, hindu kaanoon sthaaniya maandandon aur prathaon key saath judaa huaa haye, jisase kanuni granthon (jaise kii jaava mein kutra-manwa, aur bauddh-prabhaavit dhammasatta/dhammat, jaise kii vareru dhammat aur thyland) key saath-saath patthar aur tambe kii plate key shilalekhon mein (bhaarat mein) sannihit kanuni record koo janm diyaa gayaa haye.
anglo-hindu kaanoon.
east india company ney 18veen shatabdi key anta mein bhaarat key kuchh hisson mein raajneetik aur prashaasnik shaktiyan praapt keen, isaliye ise vidhaayi aur nyaypalika jaise vibhinn raajya jimmedariyon kaa saamana karna padaa. east india company ney kaanoon key shasson aur sampatti key adhikaaron koo ack sthir raajneetik vatavaran mein sthaapit karane aur banaae rakhane key liye ack saadhan kii ichcha vyakt kii, taaki vyaapaar mein teji laaee jaa sakey aur nyuntam mahange sainya judaav key saath. iss uddeshya key liye company ney cumm seey cumm pratirodh kaa maarg apanaaya, sthaaniya madhyasthon parr bharosa kiya joe jyaadaatar bhaaratiya raajyon mein musalman aur kuchh hindu they. british hastakshep seey bachkar aur sthaaniya kaanoon prathaon key anukool hocker shakti kaa prayog karate they, jaisa kii sthaaniya bichauliyon dwara samajhaaya gayaa thaa. iss prakaar aupaniveshik raajya ney unnisvin shatabdi key anta taka anivarya roop seey poorv-aupaniveshik dhaarmik aur raajneetik kaanoon aur sanghrshon koo banaae rakhaa. udaaharan key liye, bhaarat key liye vyaktigat kaanoonon kii pranali parr aupaniveshik neeti koo 1772 mein governor-general hastings dwara nimnanusar vyakt kiya gayaa thaa,
bhaarat key musalmaanon key liye, muslim kaanoon kii sanhita aurangzeb key prayojan key tahat all-hidaya aur fatwa 'alamgiri mein aasaani seey upalabdh thee. hinduon aur anya gair-musalmaanon jaise bauddhon, sikhon, jainon, paarsiyon aur adiwasi logon key liye yeh jaankaari upalabdh naheen thee. british aupaniveshik adhikaariyon ney, abhyaas key liye, aupaniveshik prashaasan key uddeshyon key liye dharamshastra seey kaanoon aur dharm kii angreji shreniyon koo nikaalane kaa prayaas kiya.
anglo-hindu kaanoon (1772-1828) kii praarambhik avadhi muslim kaanoon abhyaas kii tarj parr sanrachit thee. isamen british aupaniveshik sarkaar dwara niyukt vidvaanon (vishesh roop seey johns, heinry thomas collebrook, aiss., aur borodile) dwara ack dharamshastra seey nikaale gaye kaanoon key hisse shamil they, joe islami all-hidaya aur fatwa-ee alamgiri key samaan they. isamen islami kaanoon kii vyakhya key liye kadiyon (maulaviyon) kii tarah shaastron kii vyakhya karane mein british nyayadhishon kii sahaayata key liye british adalaton mein adalat panditon kaa upayog bhee shamil thaa.
1828 mein british bhaarat key governor-general key roop mein villium bentinuck key aagaman ney saarvbhaumik nagrik sanhita kii or ack badalaav koo chihnit kiya, jisake prashaasan ney sabhi manushyon key liye ack hii kaanoon, vyaktivaad aur bhaarat key hinduon aur musalmaanon key beach samajik prathaon koo mukt karane, sashakt banaane aur samaapt karane mein madad karane key liye samaan vyavhaar parr jore diyaa, jinhen isai missionaryon aur thomas maikaale jaise vyaktiyon key prakashanon key madhyam seey britten mein bahut adhik saarvajanik coverage millie thee.
governor-general dalhauji ney 1848 mein iss pravritti koo badhaaya aur apani neeti mein kahaa kii kaanoon koo "sabhi mool nivaasiyon key saath samaan vyavhaar karna chaahiye. samay key saath, 1828 aur 1855 key beach, angreji-hindu aur angreji-muslim kaanoonon koo sanshodhit karane key liye british sansadiya adhiniyamon kii ack shrinkhala paarit kii gaee, jaise kii dhaarmik dharmaantaran key adhikaar, vidhwa punarvivah aur viraasat key liye vaseeyat banaane key adhikaar seey sambandhit. 1832 mein, british aupaniveshik sarkaar ney dhaarmik fatave koo kaanoon key srot key roop mein sweekaar karna samaapt curr diyaa. 1835 mein, angrejon ney ack aaparaadhik sanhita banaana shuru kiya joe maujooda aaparaadhik sanhita koo pratisthaapit karegi joe muslim granthon (kurran) aur hindu granthon (shaastron) seey praapt kaanoonon kaa ack jatil paraspar virodhi mishran thaa, aur yeh samanya aaparaadhik sanhita 1855 taka taiyar thee. inn parivartanon kaa hindu kaanoon sudhaar andolan dwara swaagat kiya gayaa thaa, lekin muslim kaanoon key bheetar dharm-paribhaashit niyamon koo nirast karane parr vichaar kiya gayaa thaa. inn parivartanon ney asantosh, jihad aur dhaarmik yuddh key ahwan koo janm diyaa aur 1857 key bhaaratiya vidroh key liye aanshik roop seey jimmedaar bunn gaye, jisake parinamswarup aam dimag mein british hastakshep key khilaf bhaaratiya logon key antarnihit swashaasan key upman key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa.
1864 mein, east india company key bhang honey aur bhaarat key british samrajya kaa ack aupchaarik hissa banane key baad, anglo-hindu kaanoon dusare charan (1864-1947) mein pravesh curr gayaa, jisamen bhaarat mein british aupaniveshik adaalaten sambandhit dhaarmik kaanoonon koo nirdhaarit karane key liye muslim kadiyon aur hindu panditon parr cumm nirbhar theen, aur ack likhit kaanoon parr adhik nirbhar theen. bhaarat mein ack saarvbhaumik aaparaadhik sanhita, joe logon key beach unake dharm key aadhar parr bhedbhaav naheen karati thee, koo pahali baar 1864 mein apanaaya gayaa thaa. 1882 taka ise ack saarvbhaumik prakriyaatmak aur vaanijyik sanhita koo shamil karane key liye vistaarit kiya gayaa thaa, jisane pahale seey maujood anglo-hindu aur anglo-muslim kaanoonon koo khariz curr diyaa thaa. haalaanki, musalmaanon key liye vyaktigat kaanoon shariya-adharit rahey, jabaki anglo-hindu kaanoon koo vivaah, talaak, viraasat jaise mamalon parr kissy bhee paath seey swatantra roop seey adhiniyamit kiya gayaa thaa aur anglo-hindu kaanoon mein bhaarat mein sabhi hinduon, jainon, sikhon aur bauddhon koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa. 1872 mein, british crown ney bhaaratiya isai vivaah adhiniyam lagu kiya jisamen roman catholics koo chhodkar sabhi sampradayon key bhaaratiya isaaiyon key liye vivaah, talaak aur gujara bhatta kaanoon shamil they.
kanuni bahulvaad kaa vikas, joe kii vyakti key dharm parr adharit alag kaanoon haye, bhaarat mein shuru seey hii vivadaspad thaa.
british sarkaar dwara pesh kiya gayaa kaanoon hindu samaaj key bheetar sudhaaron koo lagu karane mein ack shaktishali upkaran thaa. kuchh mahatvapurna kaanoon they 
inn kaanoonon ney hindu samaaj key roodhivaadi tatvon seey vyaapak virodh aur ninda paida kii thee. hindu samaaj dwara baal vivaah key khilaf khule vidroh mein badhane key darr seey british sarkaar baal vivaah aur baal vivaah key unmoolan key khilaf kaanoonon koo sakhti seey lagu karane mein whiffle rahee.
aadhunik hindu kaanoon.
1947 mein britten key aupaniveshik shasson seey bhaarat kii swatantrata key baad, bhaarat ney 1950 mein ack nayaa samvidhaan apanaaya. aupaniveshik yug seey adhikansh kanuni sanhita nae rashtra key kaanoon key roop mein jaari rahee, jisamen hinduon, bauddhon, jainon aur sikhon key liye anglo-hindu kaanoon, isaaiyon key liye anglo-isai kaanoon aur musalmaanon key liye anglo-muslim kaanoon shamil they. 1950 key bhaaratiya samvidhaan key anuchhed 44 mein ack samaan nagrik sanhita kaa praavdhaan haye, jisamen poore bhaarat key kshetra mein hindu kaanoon, isai kaanoon aur muslim kaanoon sahit sabhi dharm-adharit nagrik kaanoonon koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa haye. jabaki hindu kaanoon koo pracheen dhaarmik granthon seey swatantra honey key liye sanshodhit kiya gayaa haye, bhaaratiya samvidhaan key anuchhed 44 koo 1950 seey lagaatar bhaaratiya sarkaaron dwara muslim kaanoon key mamalon mein kaafee hudd taka nazarandaj kiya gayaa haye.
samvidhaan mein ack sanshodhan (42vaan sanshodhan, 1976) ney aupchaarik roop seey bhaaratiya ganarajya kii ack visheshta key roop mein "dharmnirpeksh" shabd koo jodaa. haalaanki, dharm aur raajya koo alag karane vaali dharmnirpekshata kii paschimi avadharana key vipareet, bhaarat mein dharmnirpekshata kii avadharana kaa arth haye dhaarmik kaanoonon koo raajya parr badhyakari key roop mein sweekaar karna, aur vibhinn dharmon mein raajya kii samaan bhagidari.
1950 key dashak kii shuruat seey, bhaarat ney iss baat parr bahas kii haye kii kyaa kanuni bahulvaad koo kanuni saarvbhaumiktaa aur ack samaan nagrik sanhita key saath pratisthaapit kiya jaanaa chaahiye joe logon key beach unake dharm key aadhar parr antar naheen kartaa haye. yeh bahas abhee bhee ansuljhi haye. kurran adharit bhaaratiya muslim vyaktigat kaanoon (shariyat) aavedan adhiniyam 1937 bhaaratiya musalmaanon key liye aadhunik bhaarat kii bhoomi kaa kaanoon banaa huaa haye, jabaki 1950 key dashak key madhya mein paarit sansadiya, gair-dhaarmik samaan nagrik sanhita una bhaartiyon parr lagu hoti haye joe hindu hain (bauddh, jaine, sikh aur parcy key saath), saath hii bhaaratiya isaaiyon aur yahoodiyon parr bhee lagu hoti haye.
bhaarat sarkaar dwara prastut kaanoon hindu samaaj key bheetar sudhaaron koo prerit karane key liye ack upkaran banaa rhaa. kuchh mahatvapurna kaanoon they 
videsh yatra kii sweekriti (kalapani dekhein) hindu samaaj key bheetar ack sudhaar thaa jise binaa kissy vidhanmandal koo lagu kiye lagu kiya gayaa thaa.
hindu code bill (sankhya key tahat bataae gaye. 4, 6, 7 aur 8) koo hindu dakshinpanthi sangathanon dwara gambhir aalochana aur ninda kaa saamana karna padaa. nae kaanoonon key paarit honey key bavjood, hinduon key beach baal vivaah kaa chalan banaa huaa haye, vishesh roop seey graameen kshetron mein. hindu mandiron koo sarkari niyantran seey mukt karane key liye bhee coll kiye gaye hain.
sandarbh.
srot

