
japan mein vinirmaan

japan key pramukh niryaat udyogon mein automobile, upabhokta electronics (japan mein electronics udyog dekhein), computer, ardhchaalak, tamba aur loha aur ispat shamil hain. japan kii arthavyavastha mein atirikt pramukh udyog petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, jaiv udyog, jahaaj nirmaan, aerospace, kapada aur prasanskrit khaadya padaarth hain.
japani vinirmaan udyog aayatit kachche maal aur eendhan parr bahut adhik nirbhar haye. japani vinirmaan aur udyog bahut vividh haye, jisamen vibhinn prakaar key unnat udyog hain joe atyadhik safal hain. desh key jee. dee. pee. key liye udyog khaate 30.1% (2017). desh kaa vinirmaan utpaadan duniya mein teesara sabse adhik haye. prasiddh japani vinirmaan aur takniki companiyon mein toyota, nissan, honda, fujitsu, yamaha, epson, toshiba, soney, panasonic, nintendo, sega, nippon, takeda farma, maazada, subaru, isuzu, mitsubishi koo, komatsu, sharp, nicon, cannon, nec aur hitachi shamil hain.
ispat.
2018 mein, japan key liye sheersh teen niryaat bajar theh dakshin koria, thyland (nippon aur sumitomo, jey. aff. ee. steel aur kobe steel) joe upalabdh aankadon key aadhar parr 85.25 million metrick tunn, yaa kull 2018 utpaadan kaa 82 pratishat haye.
japan kaa loha aur ispat udyog mukhya roop seey tokyo-chean kshetra, chukyo kshetra, osaka-kobe, fukuoka-yamaguchi, oka-yamaha aur hokkaido kshetra mein kendrit haye joe japani ispat utpaadan mein lagbhag 20 pratishat kaa yogdan detaa haye. pramukh shahar jahan ispat udyog adharit hain, way hain kobe, osaka aur kitakushu.
jahaaj nirmaan.
1980 key dashak key anta mein japan ney vishva jahaaj nirmaan parr prabhutva jamaaya, duniya bhar mein sabhi orders mein seey aadhe seey adhik koo bhar diyaa. isake nikatatam pratiyogi dakshin koria aur spen they, joe kramshah 9 pratishat aur 5.2 pratishat bajar key saath they.
japani jahaaj nirmaan udyog 1970 key dashak key anta seey 1980 key dashak key adhikansh samay taka ack lambi mandee seey prabhaavit thaa, jisake parinamswarup suvidhaon key upayog aur karyabal mein bhaari katauti hui, lekin 1989 mein ack tej punruddhar huaa. udyog koo anya deshon seey maang mein achaanak vriddhi seey madad millie, jinhen apane puraane bede koo badalane kii aavashyakta thee aur dakshin koriyai shipping udyog mein achaanak girawat seey. 1988 mein, japani jahaaj nirmaan farmon koo 4.8 laakh sakal tunn jahaajon key liye order praapt hue, lekin 1989 mein yeh aankada badhkar 7.1 laakh sakal tunn hoe gayaa.
halanki dakshin koria aur chean seey pratispardha kaa saamana karna parh rhaa haye, japan ack safal, unnat jahaaj nirmaan udyog koo barkarar rakhta haye. japan ney 2004 mein dakshin koria key khilaf udyog mein apani agrani sthiti khou dee, aur taba seey isaki bajar hissedari mein teji seey girawat aaee haye.
jaiv praudyogiki aur aushadh vigyaan.
1980 key dashak key anta mein jaiv praudyogiki aur dawa udyogon ney majboot vikas kaa anubhav kiya. japan kii teji seey badhati umr kii aabaadi key kaaran 1989 mein dawa utpaadan mein anumaanit 8 pratishat kii vriddhi hui. pramukh utpaadak sakriya roop seey naee davaaon kaa vikas karate hain, jaise kii apakshayi aur jarachikitsa rogon key liye. dawa companiyan utpaad vikas key samanvaya key liye japan, sanyukt raajya america aur paschimi europe koo jodane vaale tripakshiya network sthaapit curr rahee theen. unhone videshon mein vilay aur adhigrahan gatividhi mein bhee vriddhi kii. jaiv praudyogiki anusandhaan aur vikas lagaatar aage badh rhaa thaa, jisamen samudri jaiv praudyogiki pariyojanaon kaa shubharambh bhee shamil thaa, jisamen 1990 key dashak mein poorna paimaane parr vyaavsaayikaran honey kii ummeed thee.
jaiv praudyogiki anusandhaan mein vibhinn prakaar key kshetra shamil hainh krishi, pashupalan, dawa, rasayan, khaadya prasanskaran aur kinwan. bacteria kaa upayog karke aanuvanshik punarsanyojan key madhyam seey dawa utpaadon key liye maanav harmon aur protein kii maang kii gaee thee.
jaiv praudyogiki kaa upayog emino-acid kinwan praudyogiki mein aur sudhaar karane key liye jeevaanu enzyme gunon koo badhaane key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye, ack aisaa kshetra jisamen japan vishva mein agrani haye. haalaanki, sarkaar japani utpadakon koo jaiv praudyogiki aur jaiv udyog key sambandh mein atiaatmavishvaas key khilaf chetavani detee haye. 1980 key dashak mein japan aur videshon mein shodh kii daud tej hoe gaee, jisase patent vivaad paida hoe gaye aur kuchh companiyon koo shodh chhodane key liye majboor honah padaa. saath hii, shodhkartaon ney yeh mahsoos karna shuru curr diyaa kii iss tarah kii dawa key vikas ney lagaatar naee jatilataon koo dikhaaya, jisake liye pahale kii kalpana seey adhik takniki safaltaon kii aavashyakta thee. phir bhee, inn samasyaon key bavjood, anusandhaan aur vikas key safal honey aur madhya avadhi mein utpaad vyaavsaayikaran mein samaapt honey kii ummeed thee.
2006 mein, japani dawa bajar duniya kaa doosara sabse badaa vyaktigat bajar thaa. 60 arab dollar kii bikri key saath yeh vishva bajar kaa lagbhag 11 pratishat haye. japani dawa udyog aur kaanoon bahut vishesh hain. way swaasthya, shram aur kalyan mantralaya dwara shaasit hain, jise 6 janwari, 2001 koo sarkari mantralayon key punargathan key liye japani sarkaar key karyakram key hisse key roop mein swaasthya aur kalyan mantralaya aur shram mantralaya key vilay dwara sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
tail aur gais aur petrochemical.
sthir aarthik vistaar key kaaran 1980 key dashak key anta mein petrochemical udyog ney madhyam vikas kaa anubhav kiya. plastic, polystyrene aur polypropylene key utpaadan mein sabse adhik vriddhi hui. asia kii naee vikaasheel arthvyavasthaon mein badhati maang key kaaran petrochemicals kii keematen adhik raheen.
1990 taka, dakshin koria aur thyland mein ethylene-adharit utpaadon koo banaane key liye karkhane key parisaron key nirmaan seey aapoorti mein vriddhi aur kimaton mein kamee aaney kii ummeed thee. deerghakaalik roop seey, gharelu aur antarrashtriya baajaron key ekikaran aur japan key saath talmel banaane key liye anya asiai deshon dwara kiye gaye prayason key parinamswarup japani petrochemical udyog koo teevra pratispardha kaa saamana karna parh sakata haye.
motor vaahan aur machinary.
motor vaahan udyog japan mein sabse safal udyogon mein seey ack haye, jisamen automobile, electric vaahan, electronics, purje, tyre aur injan nirmaan udyogon mein badee duniya kii hissedari haye. vaishvik japani motor vaahan companiyon mein shamil hainh
denso motor vaahan ghatak nirmaan mein duniya kii sabse badee company haye. isake alawa, honda, suzuki, yamaha aur kawasaki vaishvik motorcycle companiyan hain.
japan duniya key sheersh duss sabse badey vaahan nirmaataon mein seey chhah kaa ghar haye. udaaharan key liye, yeh toyota, honda, nissan, suzuki aur mazdaa jaisi bahurashtriya companiyon kaa ghar haye. inmein seey kuchh companiyan electronic upkaranon kaa utpaadan karane key liye electronics jaise vibhinn kshetron mein jaati hain kyonki unamen seey kuchh keiretsu kaa hissa hain. japan kii automobile aam taur parr apane pratispardhiyon kii tulanaa mein apekshaakrit cumm keemat parr apani gunavatta, sthaayitva, eendhan dakshata aur adhik suvidhaon key liye jaani jaati hain.
japani vaahan nirmaata mitsubishi aur toyota key patent kaa ullanghan kaee myanmar kaar companiyon, jaise uda samooh (mandale) aur kyaar koo kaung (yangon) dwara kiya gayaa haye. inn companiyon ney apane swayam key maark (jaise kii mitsubishi pajero, toyota townus pickup truck aur anya vibhinn prakaar kii japani kaaron sahit mitsubishi aur toyota utpaadon kaa utpaadan kiya.jee.binaa licenses key, khita tayaar pajero, shwe surf, uda light truck aur key. key. key light truck).
niryaat aur japani bajar.
1991 mein, japan ney 9.7 laakh automobile kaa utpaadan kiya, jisase yeh duniya kaa sabse badaa utpaadak bunn gayaa; usa varsh sanyukt raajya america ney 54 laakh kaa utpaadan kiya. japani utpaadan kaa kewal 46 pratishat seey cumm niryaat kiya gayaa thaa. automobile, anya motor vaahan aur motor vaahan purje 1980 key dashak mein japani niryaat kaa sabse badaa varg they. 1991 mein way sabhi japani niryaaton mein 17.8 pratishat key liye jimmedaar they, 1960 mein kewal 1.9 pratishat seey ack ulkapind vriddhi hui jisamen kayaa sabse badey niryatakon mein seey ack thaa.
sanyukt raajya america mein sanrakshanvaad key darr (1973 key arab tail pratibandh key maddenajar jahaan japani automobile nirmaataon ney saamoohik roop seey automobile kaa niryaat karna shuru kiya) ney yuu. aiss. mein pramukh pratyaksh videshi nivesh koo janm diyaa.aiss. japani automobile nirmaataon dwara. 1980 key dashak key anta taka, sabhi pramukh japani utpadakon key paas sanyukt raajya mein kaam karane vaali motor vaahan assembly laainen theenh isuzu kaa subaru key saath ack sanyukt sanyantra haye; toyota key sanyantron mein seey ack alabama mein haye. pramukh assembly farmon key baad, automobile purjon key japani utpadakon ney bhee 1980 key dashak key anta mein sanyukt raajya mein nivesh karna shuru curr diyaa, adhikansh japani auto purje phir bhee japan mein banaae jaate hain.
1980 key dashak key dauran japan-sanyukt raajya sambandhon key liye automobile ack pramukh vivaad kaa kshetra thaa. jaba 1979 key oorjaa sankat mein tail kii keemat badhee, tou chhote vaahanon kii maang mein vriddhi hui, jisase sanyukt raajya key bajar mein japan key niryaat kaa laabh huaa. jaise-jaise 1981 mein bajar mein japani hissedari badhkar 21.8 pratishat hoe gaee, japan seey ayaat koo pratibandhit karane key liye dabaav badh gayaa. inn dabaavon kaa parinam 1981 kii shuruat mein vaartaon kii ack shrinkhala thee, jisane sanyukt raajya america mein japan key shipment koo 1.68 laakh ikaaiyon (kuchh prakaar key vishesh vaahanon aur trucks koo chhodkar) taka seemit karane key liye ack swaichhik niryaat samjhauta kiya. yeh samjhauta shesh dashak taka prabhaavi rhaa, lekin japani pratispardha kewal nae sanyantron key nirmaan aur nirmaan key saath badhee.
niryaat samjhauta swaichhik honey key saath. japani bigg three (toyota, nissan, honda) ney bhee apane europeeya samkakshon (bmw, audie, mercedez, jaguar) key samaan lakjari automobile beche, jahaan laabh praapt karna sambhav thaa-kyonki mool companiyon kaa apane badey paimaane parr bajar automobile key saath ack ecobox nirmaata key roop mein arth thaa, unhone apane stand-alone lakjari maark (lexus, accura, infinity) kii sthaapana kii, jahaan mool company ney ack jdm (japani gharelu model) key roop mein usee utpaad kaa vipanan kiya. vilasita maark (shuru mein americi bajar key liye beche jaane vaale) kii apani brand bhasha yaa brand pehchaan naheen hoe sakati haye kyonki way aksar apani mool companiyon seey judey hotey hain. kanada aur kaee paschimi europeeya deshon dwara japani niryaat parr isi tarah key swaichhik pratibandh lagaae gaye they. phir bhee, japani kaar pratispardha kewal nae sanyantron key nirmaan aur niryaat samjhauton key swaichhik honey key kaaran badhee. taba seey tanaav bahut cumm hoe gayaa haye. kanada aur paschimi europe, jaise yuu.aiss., japani auto ayaat parr pratibandhon koo nirast curr diyaa. nissan kaa ingland mein sunderland mein ack assembly plant haye.
ayaat.
japan mein motor vaahan bajar kaa videshi pravesh aanshik roop seey cumm safal rhaa haye kyonki desh mein jansankhya ghanatva aur seemit sthaan haye. 1985 seey pahale chaalees varshon key dauran videshi vaahanon kaa ayaat bahut cumm thaa, joe salana 60,000 ikaaiyon yaa gharelu bajar key 1 pratishat seey adhik naheen thaa. vyaapaar aur nivesh baadhaon ney 1950 key dashak mein aayatit vaahanon koo bajar key ack mahatvaheen hisse taka seemit curr diyaa, aur jaise-jaise baadhaon koo cumm kiya gayaa, vitaran network parr majboot niyantran ney pravesh koo mushkil banaa diyaa. sanyukt raajya america key pramukh vaahan nirmaataon ney kuchh japani farmon mein alpamat key hiton kaa adhigrahan kiya jaba nivesh pratibandhon mein dheel dee gaee, toyo kogyo (majda) mein 25 pratishat byaaj praapt kiya, general motors isuzu mein 34 pratishat byaaj praapt kiya, aur chrysler ney mitsubishi motors mein 15 pratishat byaaj praapt kiya. iss swaamitva ney sanyukt raajya america key automobile koo japani bajar mein pravesh karane kaa koee saadhan pradaan naheen kiya, aur americi kaar companiyon ney antatah japani kaar nirmaataon key apane sheyaron seey chhutkara paa liya. ack chinta yeh thee kii japan mein beche jaane vaale americi bajar key vaahanon parr vaahan key aakar aur injan visthaapan key kaaran ack karadhan bracket lagaaya gayaa thaa-jisase bikri prabhaavit hui.
1985 mein yenn kii majboot vriddhi key baad, halanki, videshi vaahanon kii japani maang mein vriddhi hui, lekin adhikansh kaaron kaa germany seey ayaat kiya gayaa. 1988 mein, kull 150,629 vaahan ayaat kiye gaye, jinamen seey 127,309 europeeya they, jinamen seey jyaadaatar paschimi german they. usa samay sanyukt raajya america seey kewal 21,124 ikaaiyon kaa ayaat kiya gayaa thaa.
aerospace.
1969 mein rashtriya antariksh vikas agency (abb japan aerospace exploration agency) kii sthaapana key saath aerospace udyog koo ack badaa badhaava milaa, jise upgrahon aur prakshepan vaahanon key vikas key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya gayaa thaa.
japani sainya udyog, halanki jee. dee. pee. kaa ack chhota saa hissa haye, arthavyavastha kaa ack pramukh kshetra haye. yeh takniki roop seey unnat haye aur bahut safal haye, aur nae mitsubishi ladaakoo key roop mein aise vimaanon kaa utpaadan kiya haye jise launch karane kii yojana haye. asimo ack unnat maanavjanit robot haye jise honda company dwara nirmit kiya gayaa haye.
bhojan.
khaadya udyog kaa utpaadan moolya vidyut aur parivahan machinary key baad vinirmaan udyogon mein teesare sthaan parr haye. japan paaramparik japani vastuon jaise soyabean pest (misso) aur soya saus seey laker bear aur maans taka kaee prakaar key utpaadon kaa utpaadan kartaa haye.
poore udyog ney 1980 key dashak mein halke vikas kaa anubhav kiya, mukhya roop seey "dry bear" aur poorv-pakaa huaa bhojan jaise nae utpaadon key vikas seey, jiska upayog parivaar key sadasyon kii alag seey bhojan karane kii pravritti, chhote parivaaron kii or pravritti aur suvidha key kaaran teji seey kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
khaadya udyog key sabhi kshetron kii ack aam visheshta unakaa antarrashtriyakaran thaa. jaise-jaise gharelu kachche maal ney ayaat key udaarikaran key baad apani moolya pratispardha khou dee, khaadya nirmaataon ney aksar videshon mein khaadya padarthon kaa utpaadan kiya, videshi farmon key saath sambandh koo badhaava diyaa aur videshi farmon koo kharida.
2004 mein, japani khaadya udyog 600 arab dollar kaa thaa jabaki khaadya prasanskaran 209 arab dollar kaa thaa. yeh sanyukt raajya america aur europeeya sangh key khaadya udyogon key saath tulaniya haye.
way cheeni mishthaann utpaadon kii prachurta bhee vikasit karate hain.
electronics.
2005 taka japan key sheersh 20 sabse badey chip nirmaataon mein seey 7 hain. japan key electronic utpaad apani gunavatta, sthaayitva aur takniki parishkaar key liye jaane jaate hain. inmein seey kuchh companiyan kiretsu key hisse key roop mein automobile aur vitt kshetron mein jaati hain. duniya kii kaee pramukh electronics companiyan japan mein sthit hain, jinamen shamil hainh
japan kaa computer udyog asadharan gati seey vikasit huaa aur antarrashtriya baajaron mein chalaa gayaa. japani computer praudyogikiyaan duniya mein sabse unnat hain. 1980 key dashak key anta mein japan mein pramukh computer mukhya frame nirmaata (gharelu bajar mein) fujitsu, hitachi, aine. ee. see., aaee. bee. aim. japan aur unisis they. pramukh vyaktigat computer nirmaata aine. ee. see., fujitsu, seeko epson, toshiba aur aaee. bee. aim. japan they.
1988 mein, japan ney hamein 15 karod dollar key computer upkaran kaa niryaat kiya, joe 1980 mein 12 karod 20 laakh dollar seey 12 gunaa adhik thaa. japani firm mukhya frame computers key niryaat mein bahut safal naheen theen, lekin unhone paridhiya upkaran, jaise printer aur tape drive mein bahut achchha pradarshan kiya. teji seey badhate vyaktigat computer bajar mein, japan ney 1980 key dashak key dauran sanyukt raajya america mein ack pramukh bajar hissedari hassil kii. 1988 mein computer upkaranon kaa ayaat hamein $3.2 billion (purjon sahit) aaya.
aarthik vikas, arthaat outsourcing aur vaishvikaran ney inn vivaadon koo 1990 key dashak taka aprachalit curr diyaa. japani aur yuu.aiss. computer bajar mein prabhaav cumm hoe gayaa, taiwan aur mukhya bhoomi cheeni companiyon ney ghatak utpaadan aur baad mein anusandhaan aur vikas koo apane haath mein leey liya.

