
gawahi

gawahi kissy mamle kii sachchai key roop mein ack gambhir pramaan haye.
vyutpatti.
gawahi" aur "gawahi" donon shabd lattin shabd "testis" seey vyutpann hain, joe ack udaseen teesare paksh key gawah kii dhaarana kaa ullekh karate hain.
kaanoon.
kaanoon mein, gawahi sakshya kaa ack roop haye jisamen ack gawah ack gambhir ghoshana yaa pushti kartaa haye... kuchh tathya sthaapit karane yaa saabit karane key uddeshya seey. bryan aeye key anusaar. garner, "black low dictionary" key sampaadak, "gawahi" shabd kaa upayog ack saamoohik sangya key roop mein kiya jaataa haye (yaani, hamesha sankhya kii parwah kiye binaa anirdisht), naa kii ack ginati sangya key roop mein.
gawahi maukhik yaa likhit hoe sakati haye, aur yeh aamtaur parr jhoothi gawahi key dund key tahat shapath yaa pushti dwara kii jaati haye. aitihaasik roop seey, adalat mein sweekarya honey key liye aur adhikatam vishvasaniyata aur vaidhata sunishchit karane key liye, ack halafname key roop mein prastut likhit gawahi (i.ee.gawah usa sunavaai mein adalat mein pesh naheen hoga jiss parr halafname koo sakshya key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa) aamtaur parr kissy anya vyakti (kaee samanya kaanoon kshetradhikaron mein, ack notary janata) dwara dekhaa jaataa thaa, jise jhoothi gawahi key dund key tahat bhee isaki pramanikta kii shapath lenny yaa pushti karni hoti thee. 1976 mein, sanyukt raajya congress ney sanghiya adalaton mein ack halafname key badale mein jhoothi gawahi key dund key tahat ack gair-shapath ghoshana key upayog kii anumati dene vaalaa ack kaanoon banaaya. dusare shabdon mein, udghoshak key hastakshar key saath ack bayaan kii way jhoothi gawahi key dund key tahat asweekrit ghoshana curr rahey they, koo kaanoon key mamle key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa kii yeh ghoshana karane vaale koo satya, poore satya, aur satya key alawa kuchh bhee bolane key apane kartavya kii yaad dilaane key liye paryaapt roop seey gambhir thaa (jiska arth haye kii abb notarikaran kii aavashyakta naheen thee). 2006 taka, lagbhag 20 raajyon mein bhee apane raajya kii adalaton mein gair-shapath ghoshanaon key upayog kii anumati dene vaale samaan kaanoon they.
jaba taka koee gawah ack visheshagya gawah key roop mein gawahi naheen dey rhaa haye, raay yaa nishkarshon key roop mein gawahi aam taur parr una raay yaa nishkarshon taka seemit haye joe gawah kii dhaaranaon parr tarksangat roop seey adharit hain aur gawah kii gawahi kii spasht samajh key liye sahayak hain.
kanuni prakriya kii vaastavik samajh aur jhoothi yaa bhraamak gawahi key antarnihit khatron key saath vaidh visheshagya gawah tathya key bayaan dene seey bachate hain. way yeh bhee maanate hain kii way vaastav mein kissy kathit aparaadh yaa kissy bhee tarah, aakar yaa roop mein anya ghatana key gawah naheen hain. unaki visheshagyata mamle mein sakshya yaa praasangik tathyon kii jaanch mein haye. unhein apani visheshagyata kii sankeern seema key baahar mamle key kissy bhee pahalu key baare mein koee thhos nirnay yaa daavaa yaa aarop naheen lagaana chaahiye. unhein kissy bhee tathya kaa aarop naheen lagaana chaahiye kii way turant aur vishvasaniya roop seey vaigyaanik roop seey saabit naheen curr sakate hain.
udaaharan key liye, abhiyojan paksh dwara sakshya key roop mein darj kiye gaye aparaadh sthal seey ack baal key namoone koo ack visheshagya gawah dwara prativaadi seey ekatra kiye gaye namoone key anuroop key roop mein varnit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, naa kii ack "match" key roop mein varnit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. kaee prakaar key kaarak yeh saabit karna asambhav banaate hain kii dou baal yaa ootak key namoone ack samanya srot seey aae hain.
vaastav mein ghatnasthal parr prativaadi koo naheen dekhane key kaaran, visheshagya gawah iss tathya key liye naheen kaha sakata haye kii namuna prativaadi key saath mell khaata haye, vishesh roop seey jaba vibhinn samay parr aur vibhinn sthaanon parr vibhinn sangrah vidhiyon kaa upayog karke vibhinn collectors dwara namoone ekatra kiye gaye they. antatah, visheshagya gavaahon kii gawahi koo sakshya key bajaay sakshya kaa samarthan maanaa jaataa haye, aur ack achchha bachaav vakeel yeh bataayega kii visheshagya gawah vaastav mein kissy bhee cheez kaa gawah naheen haye, balki ack paryavekshak haye.
jaba ack gawah seey ack prashn poochha jaataa haye, tou virodhi vakeel ack apatti uthaa sakata haye, joe dusaron koo anuchit prashn kii anumati dene yaa rokane key liye ack kanuni kadam haye, adhimaantah gawah key uttar dene seey pahale, aur maanak karanon mein seey ack kaa ullekh karna, jisamen shamil hainh
uttar parr apatti bhee hoe sakati haye, jisamen shamil hainh
20veen shatabdi key madhya taka, sanyukt raajya key adhikansh hisson mein, ack vakeel koo aksar appeal key liye mudde koo sanrakshit karane key liye ack apavaad key saath ack apatti kaa paalan karna padata thaa. yadi koee vakeel apatti parr adalat key faisale key turant baad "apavaad lene" mein whiffle rhaa, tou usane mudde parr appeal karane key apane muvakkil key adhikaar koo maaf curr diyaa. apvaadon koo taba seey samaapt curr diyaa gayaa haye, vyaapak maanyata key kaaran kii vakeelon koo unhein lene key liye majboor karna samay kii barbadi thee.
jaba koee paksh saboot dikhaane key liye gawah kii gawahi kaa upayog kartaa haye, tou virodhi paksh aksar gawah parr mahaabhiyog chalaane kaa prayaas kartaa haye. yeh jirah kaa upayog karke, gawah kii kshamata parr sawal uthaate hue, yaa gawah key charitra yaa aadat parr hamla karke kiya jaa sakata haye. isaliye, udaaharan key liye, yadi koee gawah gawahi detaa haye kii usey mangalwar koo dopahar 2 baje kissy vyakti koo dekhana yaad haye aur mangalwar koo usaki aadat usaki desk parr naukari karane kii haye, tou virodhi paksh usa ghatana seey sambandhit usaki gawahi parr mahaabhiyog laane kii koshish karega.
dharm.
samanya taur parr isai, vishesh roop seey susamachar parampara key bheetar, "gawahi dene key liye" yaa "apani gawahi dene key liye" shabd kaa upayog karate hain jiska arth haye "yeh kahani bataane key liye kii koee kaise ack isai bunn gayaa. aamtaur parr yeh ack isai key jeevan mein ack vishisht ghatana koo sandarbhit curr sakata haye jisamen bhagwan ney kuchh aisaa kiya jise vishesh roop seey saajha karane key laayak maanaa jaataa haye. isai aksar apane swayam key bapatisma, church kii sevaaon aur susamachar prachaar karyakramon mein apani gawahi dete hain. kaee isaaiyon ney internet parr apani gawahi bhee prakaashit kii haye.
nayaa vasiyatnama.
praarambhik church dwara yeeshu masih kii mrityu aur punrutthan key baare mein prachaar karna shuru karane key baad, peater aur anya preriton ney jore dekar kahaa kii "humm inn cheejon key gawah hain. pope francis ney peater key "apani gawahi mein majboot" honey parr tippani kii haye, jisamen "gawahi" koo church key "jeevan-rakt" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye.
prakaar.
pavitrata parampara mein kaee paddhativaadi church apane ravivaar shaam kii seva aur/yaa budhwar key madhya saptah shaam kii pooja kii seva kaa ack hissa samarpit karate hain taaki sadasya isai jeevan jeene mein apane vishvaas aur anubhavon key baare mein vyaktigat gawahi dey sakenh
mitron key dhaarmik samaaj mein, "gawahi" shabd kaa upayog una tarikon koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye jinamen mitra apane rosemarra key jeevan mein apane vishvaason key liye "gawahi" dete hain yaa "gawahi dete hain". iss sandarbh mein, "gawahi" shabd antarnihit vishvaas koo sandarbhit naheen kartaa haye, balki unake vishvaason seey utpann honey vaali pratibaddh kaarravaai koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, joe unake vishvaason kii "gawahi" detaa haye. samanya kshetra jinamen aadhunik mitron koo gawahi dene key liye kahaa jaataa haye, unamen shaanti kii gawahi, sadgi kii gawahi, sachchai aur akhandata kii gawahi aur samaantaa kii gawahi shamil hain.
 kuchh dharmon mein (vishesh roop seey mormanwad aur islam) kaee anuyaayi apane vishvaas key peshe key roop mein gawahi dete hain, aksar vishvaasiyon kii ack sabhaa key liye. mormonism mein, gawahi dene koo "kissy kii gawahi dene" key roop mein bhee sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, aur aksar vyaktigat anubhav koo saajha karna shamil hotaa haye-ack saral upakhyan seey laker vyaktigat rahasyodghatan key khaate taka-isake baad vishvaas kaa ack bayaan hotaa haye jisaki pushti iss anubhav dwara kii gaee haye. morman sanskriti key bheetar, "gawahi" shabd "vishvaas" kaa paryaay bunn gayaa haye. haalaanki "gawahi" aur "vishvaas" kaa upayog aksar ack dusare key sthaan parr kiya jaataa haye, way swabhavik roop seey alag hain. adhikansh mormans kaa maanana haye kii jaba vishvaas parr amal kiya jaataa haye, tou vyakti ack aadhyatmik gawah praapt curr sakate hain joe vishvaas koo gawahi mein majboot kartaa haye; kii yadi vishvaas kaa abhyaas achche karyon kii or leey jaataa haye, tou way zaan sakate hain kii unake dhaarmik siddhant sach hain. ack vyakti joe abb dharm mein vishvaas naheen kartaa haye, usey "apani gawahi khone" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaa sakata haye.
badey samooh jagrukta prashikshan.
badey samooh key jagrukta prashikshan key sandarbh mein, upakhyanatmak gawahi "saajha karane" yaa "saajha karane" key roop mein kaam curr sakati haye.
saahitya.
kuchh prakaashit maukhik yaa likhit aatmakathaatmak aakhyanon koo "prashansaatmak saahitya" maanaa jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey jaba way manvadhikaron key hanan, hinsa aur yuddh key sakshya yaa pratham vyakti vivaran prastut karate hain, aur samajik utpeedan kii sthitiyon mein rahate hain. iss shabd kaa upayog mool roop seey lattin america aur spanish shabd "prashansaapatra" seey aataa haye jaba yeh chilly aur argentine jaise deshon mein manvadhikar nyayadhikaranon, satya aayogon aur anya antarrashtriya manvadhikar upkaranon seey ubhara thaa. sabse prasiddh, halanki vivadaspad, inn karyon mein seey ack kaa angreji mein anuvaad kiya jaanaa haye "i, rigoberta menchu". fredrick dugglus kii aatmakathaon koo iss shally mein sabse shuruati mahatvapurna angreji-bhasha key karyon mein seey ack maanaa jaa sakata haye.
darshan.
darshan mein, gawahi ack ikai (vyakti yaa samooh) dwara doosari ikai koo diyaa gayaa ack prastaav haye, chaahe vaha bhaashan yaa lekhan key madhyam seey hoe yaa chehare kii abhivyakti key madhyam seey, joe ikai key gyaan aadhar parr adharit haye. ack gawahi key aadhar parr maanaa jaane vaalaa prastaav uchit haye yadi aisee sharton koo puuraa kiya jaataa haye joe anya cheejon key alawa, vaktaa kii vishvasaniyata (kyaa usaki gawahi aksar sach hoti haye) aur shrota key sakaratmak karanon (udaaharan key liye, kii vaktaa nishpaksh haye) kaa aaklan karati hain.
humm kissy anya vyakti kii gawahi key aadhar parr bhee tarkapurna roop seey ack daave koo sweekaar curr sakate hain jaba taka kii nimnalikhit mein seey cumm seey cumm ack sach naa paaya jaaeh

