
tianzin mein udyog

tianzin shahar khud koo cheeni audyogik kranti kaa mool ghar yaa janmasthan maanata haye. aadhunik udyog kii shuruat vahaan tianzin machine karkhane seey hui thee jise king sarkaar dwara aatm-sudridhikaran andolan key dauran sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. baad mein, yuan shikai ney tianjin mein naee neetiyon koo badhaava diyaa. haye nadee key uttari tata parr hebei nae jile mein kaee aadhunik audyogik udyam panape. zau zuexi sahit, kaee udyogpatiyon ney badey udyam samoohon kii sthaapana kii jinka prabandhan vyaapaari dwara kiya jaataa thaa aur sarkaar dwara unaki dekhrekh kii jaati thee. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, cheeni niji udyam teji seey badh rahey they. unamen seey sabse pratinidhi yongli kshaar karkhana haye jisane philadelphia, yuu. aiss. mein swarn puraskar aur pramaan patra jeetaa.aiss. 1926 mein sodium carbonate dwara utpaadit kiya gayaa. karkhane kii prashansa "chean ganarajya key mahatvapurna rasayanik udyog key vikas key prateek" key roop mein kii gaee thee. tianzin key aadhunik audyogik vikas aur tianzin mein riyaayaton kii sthaapana ney aadhunik tianzin key teji seey vistaar mein yogdan diyaa aur uttari chean mein udyog aur vanijya kaa sabse badaa shahar aur kendra banane key saath-saath chean mein udyog, vitt aur vyaapaar kaa doosara sabse badaa shahar bunn gayaa. tianzin aadhunik udyog kaa vikas mukhya roop seey chaar charanon seey gujaraah praarambhik avadhi, vikas avadhi, teji seey badhati avadhi aur adhikrit avadhi.  tianzin aadhunik udyog key audyogik uchhaal key kaaran, tianzin kii sarkaar ney smaarak key liye vichalan muhaane mein aadhunik udyog key tianzin sangrahalaya kaa nirmaan kiya.
praarambhik avadhi.
tianzin aadhunik udyog kii praarambhik avadhi bandargah key khulane key baad aatm-sudridhikaran andolan koo sandarbhit karati haye.  1866 seey, swa-sudridhikaran andolan key prabhaav mein, king sarkaar ney dheere-dheere tianzin aur usake aspas key kshetron mein sainya udyogon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala sthaapit kii. videshi vyaapaar seey nipatane key liye, king sarkaar ney sankou vyaparik mantri (1870 mein uttari vyaapaar mantri mein badal diyaa gayaa, joe jhili key vaaysaraay dwara aayojit pada thaa) kaa pada bhee nirdhaarit kiya. tianjin taba lii hongjhang key uttari aadhar kaa mukhya kshetra bunn gayaa, aur yeh avadhi tianjin aadhunik udyog vikas kii praarambhik avadhi haye. 
pashchimeekaran samooh dwara sthaapit sainya udyog.
dusare afeem yuddh key baad, king rajvansh mein aatm-sudridhikaran andolan phalane-phoolane lagaa, aur "pashchimeekaran samooh" ney sainya udyog key netritva mein sarkaar dwara praayojit udyogon kii sthaapana shuru curr dee. 1867 mein, chong haau naamak ack uttar vyaparik mantri ney giaggia goo daao key paas 22 hectare kii bhoomi praapt kii, joe puraane shahar tianzin seey 18 kilometres door kshetra mein sthit haye. unhone tianzin machine karkhane key purvi vibhaag key nirmaan key liye 4950 meater lambi deewaar kaa nirmaan kiya. karkhane kaa yeh barud sanyantra, jise aksar "dong juu zee" kahaa jaataa thaa, usa samay chean kaa sabse pahala aur sabse badaa sainya udyog thaa. iss vibhaag ney uttari praanton koo sainya upayog key liye bandooken aur kartus pradaan kiye, aur beyang bede kii sthaapana key baad uttari bede key liye sainya samagri bhee pradaan kii. chong haau key baad, jhili aur uttar vyaapaar mantri lii hongjhang key vaaysaraay ney tianzin machine karkhane parr kabja curr liya, ise teji seey vikasit kiya aur machine nirmaan, dhaatu shodhan, casting, germ kaam, buniyaadi rasayan vigyaan, jahaaj kii marammat aadi koo shamil karate hue ack badey paimaane parr sainya audyogik karkhana bunn gayaa. tianzin machine karkhane key purvi vibhaag ney usa samay "duniya key sabse badey machine karkhanon mein seey ack" kii pratishtha praapt kii. 
tateey raksha koo badhaane key liye, king sarkaar ney lii hongjhang koo 1880 mein tianzin mein beyang bede-degu shipyard sthaapit karane key liye niyukt kiya. dagu shipyard aadhunik chean key uttar mein pahala shipyard haye, aur ise lushun sainya bandargah aur vehai leugong dweep key saath "beyang bede key teen pramukh adde" kahaa jaataa haye. yeh beyang bede key yuddhpoton kii marammat key liye thaa, aur 1890 seey hathiyaron kaa utpaadan shuru kiya. 
sarkaar-paryavekshit aur vyaapaari-prabandhit" udyamon kii sthaapana.
sainya udyog key vikas mein sahyog karane key liye, tianjin mein, king sarkaar ney sabse pahale telegraph circuit, chean kaa pahala swaayatt maanak railway, capping railway company aur cheeni engineering aur ming company kaa nirmaan kiya. cheeni engineering aur ming company sabse purani badey paimaane parr machinikrit koyla-khanan karkhana haye joe sainya udyogon koo oorjaa aur samagri pradaan karati haye.  1878 mein, lii hongjhang koo cheeni engineering aur ming company khareedane key liye saunpa gayaa thaa jise tong king-sing dwara sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. pahale tou ise sarkaar dwara prabandhit maanaa jaataa thaa, lekin baad mein dhana kii kamee key kaaran, king sarkaar ney ise sarkaar-paryavekshit aur vyaapaari-prabandhit mein badal diyaa.  varsh 1879 mein, jhili paryavekshan beuro seey shuru honey vaalaa telegraph circuit, tianzin machine karkhane key purvi vibhaag koo paar karate hue, zizulin riyayat, cheeni vyaapaari bhaap company, taku kilon aur beitang sainya shivir taka, chean mein sabse pahala telegraph circuit haye. usake baad, tianzin-shanghai telegraph circuit kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa. phir sarkaar ney tianzin mein tianzin telegraph mukhyalaya kii sthaapana kii, jisamen purvi sahayak, uttari sahayak aur dakshin sahayak teen sahayak shamil they. halanki tianzin telegraph samooh "sarkaar-paryavekshit aur vyaapaari-prabandhit" thaa, videshi aur sainya mamalon key baare mein sabhi "sheersh aadhikarik telegraph" "sarkaar pahale" key crum mein bheje jaate they.
1880 mein sthaapit, tangshan-juegejhuang railway koo lii hongjhang dwara biang sainya balon dwara capping koyale aur golaa-barud key parivahan key liye dagu aur tianzin taka vistaarit karane kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa. 1887 mein, lii hongjhang ney capping railway company kaa naam badalkar tianzin railway company (jingu railway company bhee) curr diyaa. biang kii raksha key baare mein, jintang railway key nirmaan key puuraa honey key baad, lii hongjhang ney tianzin seey shanhai darre taka railway kaa nirmaan shuru kiya joe tianzin mein kendrit thaa. isake alawa, uttar aur dakshin key beach vyaapaar sampark koo badhaava dene key liye, lii hongjhang ney 1872 kii shuruat mein chean key vyapariyon kii bhaap jahaaj nauvahan company kii sthaapana kii. iska mukhyalaya shanghai mein thaa, aur tianzin shakha company tianzin mein dakshin zizulin mein sthit thee.
praarambhik videshi vitt poshit udyam.
sabse pahala videshi sanchaalit aadhunik udyam 1874 mein ack british company dagu bajra company thee. haalaanki, yeh company lii hongzang dwara sthaapit cheeni vyapariyon kii bhaap jahaaj nauvahan company seey baad mein thee. videshi poonji koo barge parivahan key liye tianzin mein nivesh karane kii anumati dee gaee thee, aur samay seema koo king sarkaar dwara taya kiya gayaa thaa. maee 1874 mein, 33,000 dollar kii kull poonji key saath, british-niveshit dagu bajra company kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. sitambar 1889 mein, dagu bajra company koo ack seemit deyata company mein badal diyaa gayaa, aur kull poonji 500,000 liang thee. 1900 taka, tianzin mein kull 19 videshi vitt poshit udyam they, jinamen seey 16 britten aur germany dwara sanchaalit they. yeye udyam jyaadaatar videshi vyaapaar companiyaan theen, jinamen seey 11 packaging companiyaan theen. isake alawa, anya praarambhik videshi-poonjikrit companiyan jyaadaatar chhote paimaane key nagrik udyog theen.
niji poonji udyamon kii sthaapana.
videshi poonji udyamon kii tulanaa mein, tianzin mein niji poonji udyam peechhe they. 1878 mein jhu kii 'yang dwara sthaapit yilaimu machine mill, tianzin mein niji poonji udyamon kii shuruat kaa prateek thaa.1900 seey pahale, yilaimu machine mill kii vaarshik aaya 6,000 seey 7,000 liang thee. isake baad, niji poonji kaa lagaatar nivesh kiya gayaa aur kuchh milon kii sthaapana kii gaee, joe abhee bhee prati mill 6,000 seey 7,000 liang prati varsh kii aaya banaae rakh sakati theen. isase saabit huaa kii yilaimu teji seey badhate bajar mein thaa. halanki aitihaasik abhilekhon kii kamee haye, yeh saabit huaa haye kii 1990 key dashak key dauran inn nava sthaapit machine milon mein seey teen darj kii gaee theenh dalaisheng machine mill, tianlihe machine mill aur south gett ruicheng machine mill.
1884 mein ack cantoni vyaapaari luo saanyo dwara sthaapit died machine karkhana, tianzin mein pahala niji poonji lohe kaa kaam thaa. machine nirmaan key pahaluon mein, tianzin mein wanshun lohe key kaam bhee they, jinhen 1886 mein british riyayat mein tiansin mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. isake alawa, tyday aur wanshun sabhi taku sadak kshetra (aaj bhee dagu sadak) mein sthit they joe tianzin mein riyaayaton key paas haye. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, jhichang naamak ack lohe kii kalaakritiyaan bhee hain. isaliye, yeh tianzin mein riyaayaton key vikas key saath apani gati banaae rakh rhaa thaa, aur taku sadak tianzin key shuruati niji poonji machine nirmaan kaa janmasthan thaa. uparokt key alawa, praarambhik niji poonji machine prasanskaran udyogon mein jinjucheng lohe key kaam shamil hain joe 1897 mein shantiyoshi road mein banaae gaye they. 1886 mein tianzin jalapurti company, 1897 mein beyang kashmiri karkhana aur 1898 mein beyang chamada udyog jaise anya udyog sabhi ack prasiddh compreder vu quiding dwara praayojit they. yeye companiyaan tianzin mein aur yahaan taka kii chean key uttari bhaag mein bhee sahakarmi companiyon mein sabse purani theen.
tianzin aadhunik udyog key praarambhik charan mein 30 seey adhik udyam they jinamen seey 19 videshi udyam they. anya 17 niji udyogon mein, unamen seey 6 sarkaar-paryavekshit yaa sarkaar-paryavekshit aur vyaapaari-prabandhit they. yeye 6 udyam jyaadaatar sainya sevaaon seey sambandhit they, halanki way sarkaar kii dekhrekh mein aur vyaapaari dwara prabandhit prakriti key they, way sarkaar dwara niyantrit they. niji udyamon mein baad mein nivesh, chhote paimaane parr aur cumm prakaar key they. tianzin mein, praarambhik aadhunik udyog sainya udyog mein visheshagyata praapt they, aur badey paimaane parr they, aur way kaee kshetron mein chean mein sheersh sthaan parr they aur agrani moolya seey lais they. udaaharan key liye, chean mein pahali aadhunik pouder mill-tianzin machine karkhane kaa purvi vibhaag; chean kaa pahala audyogik praudyogiki school-beyang telegraph school; pahala swaayatt maanak railway aur pahala telegraph circuit-"beitang-taku-tianzin" sainya telegraph circuit; uttari chean mein pahala shipyard, aadi. yeye sabhi tianzin seey nikatata seey sambandhit hain.
vikas kaal.
tianzin aadhunik udyog kii vikas avadhi kii shuruat chean ganarajya kii sthaapana taka yuan shikai dwara tianzin key bheetar prachaarit "naee neeti" key saath hui. 1902 key aspas, jhili key vaaysaraay aur beyang key vanijya mantri yuan shikai ney tianzin mein apani "naee neeti" koo badhaava diyaa. chean ganarajya kii sthaapana kii praarambhik avadhi tianzin aadhunik udyog key vikas kii avadhi kaa pratinidhitva karati haye, joe hebei nae jile key nirmaan, aadhunik udyog parr samriddh shiksha aur niji poonji udyamon key vikas parr kendrit thee.
sarkaar dwara paryavekshit aur vyaapaari-prabandhit" udyogon kaa vikas.
20veen shatabdi mein yuan shikai dwara prachaarit "naee neeti" ney tianzin aadhunik udyog key liye nae avsar laae they. 1902 mein, zau zuexi koo yuan shikai dwara beyang silver dollar company sthaapit karane key liye saunpa gayaa thaa. iss safalata seey, 1906 mein, jhou ney kuchh mahatvapurna sarkaar-paryavekshit aur vyaapaari-prabandhit companiyon kii sthaapana kii jaise kii beyang kwani lauh karkhana, jisane hebei nae jile koo ack mahatvapurna audyogik kshetra banaa diyaa. iss beach, hebei nae jile ney jhili college off industry, shilp kaushal karkhana, prashikshu karkhana aur anya shaikshanik sansthanon kii bhee sthaapana kii, jisane ise ack mahatvapurna shaikshik aadhar banaa diyaa.
jhau juexi ney tangshan mein kixin cement company koo apane kabje mein leey liya, joe kharaab gunavatta vaale utpaadon key kaaran bund hoe gaee thee. diwalia honey seey pahale, company tangshan fine cotton soil company thee, jisaki sthaapana 1889 mein tanga tingshu dwara kii gaee thee aur lii hongjhang dwara niji poonji dwara poonjikrit kii gaee thee. iss company koo sambhaalane key baad, jhau juexi ney uchch gunavatta vaale utpaadon kaa utpaadan karane key liye samkaaleen sabse unnat cement utpaadan upkaran-denmark mein smith company seey dry-process rotary cement bhatte-kii shuruat kii, joe chean key cement utpaadan udyog mein ack ullekhaniya agrani thaa. 
sainya udyog kaa parivartan.
1900 mein, aathh-rashtra gathbandhan dwara chean parr aakraman karane key baad, tianjin mein badey paimaane parr sarkaar dwara prabandhit udyog buri tarah seey baadhit hoe gaye they. tianzin machine karkhane key purvi vibhaag parr aathh-rashtra gathbandhan kaa kabja thaa aur phir iska upayog francisi sainya shivir key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki paschimi vibhaag, haguang mandir machine karkhana, poori tarah seey nasht hoe gayaa thaa. 1907 mein yeh japani senaa dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa, aur phir japani sainya shivir key roop mein kaary kiya. biang bede dagu shipyard 1900 aur 1902 key dauran roose dwara dou saal key kabje kaa saamana curr rhaa thaa. 1906 mein, dagu shipyard biang kwani lohe key karkhane kii ack shakha key roop mein seva mein aaya, aur iska pouder karkhana sainya puliskarmiyon key ack school key roop mein upayog kiya jaa rhaa thaa. taba seey, dagu shipyard ack sarkaar dwara praayojit aur vyaapaari-prabandhit udyam bunn rhaa thaa.
vyaapaari-prabandhit udyogon kaa vikas.
tianzin mein niji poonji "naee neeti" key kaaran jamaa hui, hebei nae jile, tianzin mudra utpaadan company, jhili shilp mukhyalaya aur biang kwani lohe key karkhane kaa nirmaan kramik roop seey puuraa kiya gayaa. isake alawa, tianzin mein machine udyog key pahale seey hii apane guna aur laabh they, shantiyoshi sadak kshetra ney dheere-dheere machine nirmaan udyog kaa kendra banaaya. usee samay, iss audyogik kshetra kaa daira hebei nae jile seey puraane shahar tianzin key paschim chhor kii or kharch huaa. 1902 seey 1911 taka, iss shahar mein 139 audyogik companiyan ubhari theen, jinamen khanan udyog, cement utpaadan, machine nirmaan, kapada udyog, khaadya udyog aadi shamil they. unamen seey kapada udyog 41 kii matra key saath sheersh parr rhaa, rasayanik udyog (machis kii chhad, chamada, saundarya prasaadhan aur tail key nirmaan sahit) 31 kii matra key saath dusare sthaan parr rhaa, khaadya udyog (tambaku sahit) 20 kii matra key saath teesare sthaan parr rhaa. usa samay kaee utkrisht companiyaan ubhar rahee theen. udaaharan key liye, 1905 mein badey laal pull key paas tianzin sabun karkhana sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, aur tambaku company jise 1908 mein jee juffen dwara sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. sthir vikas ney baad mein shinhai kranti kii avadhi mein niji poonji udyamon kii audyogik samriddhi kaa maarg prashast kiya.

