
ludwig prandtal

ludwig prandtal (4 farwari 1875-15 agast 1953) ack german drav gatishil vigyaani, bhautik vigyaani aur aerospace vaigyaanik they. way kathor vyavasthit ganitiya vishleshanon key vikas mein agrani they, jinka upayog unhone vaayugatiki key vigyaan koo antarnihit karane key liye kiya, joe vaimaaniki engineering key anuprayukt vigyaan kaa aadhar baney hain. 1920 key dashak mein, unhone vishesh roop seey subsonic vaayugatiki key maulik siddhanton key liye ganitiya aadhar vikasit kiya; aur samanya roop seey pargaman vegon taka aur shamil kiya. unake adhyayanon ney seema parat, patali-vayu-foil aur uthaane-rekha siddhanton kii pehchaan kii. prandtal number kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.
praarambhik varsh.
prandtal kaa janm 4 farwari 1875 koo munich key paas freezing mein huaa thaa. unaki maan ack lambi bimari seey peedit theen aur isake parinamswarup, ludwig ney apane pitaa, joe engineering key professor they, key saath adhik samay bitaaya. unake pitaa ney unhein prakriti kaa avalokan karane aur apane avlokanon key baare mein sochane key liye bhee protsaahit kiya.
prandtal ney 1894 mein technische hoshchule munich mein pravesh kiya aur ph. dee. key saath snaatak kiya.dee. professor august foyal key margadarshan mein chhah varshon mein. unaki shodh prabandh "jhukaav kii ghatnaaon parr, asthir lochdaar santulan kaa ack udaaharan" (1900) thaa, 
vishvavidyalaya key baad, prandtal nirmaan prakriya mein shaving hataane key liye ack chushan upkaran mein sudhaar karane key liye mashinenfabric augsberg-noornberg mein kaam karane gaye. vahaan kaam karate samay, unhone paaya kii chushan nully kaam naheen curr rahee thee kyonki pravaah kii rekhaaen nully kii divaaron seey alag hoe jaati theen, isaliye teji seey-bhinn nully mein apekshit dabaav mein vriddhi kabhi naheen hui. iss ghatana koo pahale daniel bernauli dwara isi tarah key hydrolic mamle mein nott kiya gayaa thaa. prandtal ney yaad kiya kii iss khoj ney thode chipchipe taral padarthon mein pratirodh key liye unake seema-parat drishtikon key peechhe key tark koo janm diyaa.
baad key varshon mein.
1901 mein prandtal hanovar key takniki vidyalaya mein drav yantriki key professor baney, baad mein takniki vishvavidyalaya hanovar aur phir hanovar vishvavidyalaya. yaheen parr unhone apane kaee sabse mahatvapurna siddhanton koo vikasit kiya. 8 agast, 1904 koo unhone headleberg mein teesari antarrashtriya ganit congress mein ack abhootpoorv pepper, "über flussigkeitsbewegung bei sehr kleiner Reibung" ("bahut cumm gharshan mein taral padarthon kii gati parr") diyaa. iss lekh mein unhone seema parat aur kheenchane aur suvyavasthit karane key liye isake mahatva kaa varnan kiya. pepper ney pahali baar stall kii avadharana koo spasht roop seey samajhaate hue seema parat key parinamswarup pravaah prithakkaran kaa bhee varnan kiya. unake kaee chhatron ney bund-roop samadhanon key prayaas kiye, lekin whiffle rahey, aur anta mein unake mool pepper mein nihit anuman vyaapak upayog mein banaa huaa haye.
pepper kaa prabhaav itna badaa thaa kii prandtal varsh key anta mein gottingen vishvavidyalaya mein takniki bhautiki sansthaan key nideshak key roop mein hains lorenz kaa sthaan lenge. 1907 mein, gottingen mein apane samay key dauran, prandtal koo motor chaalit airship key model adhyayan key liye ack naee suvidha sthaapit karane kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa jise motorlooftshiff model-versuchancestalt (aim. vee. aeye.) kahaa jaataa haye, baad mein 1919 mein vaayugatiki versuchsonstalt (aeye. vee. aeye.). yeh suvidha nyuntam vayu pratirodh key saath aakaron key lakshya key saath airship model key pawan surang maap parr kendrit thee. doubleu. doubleu. aaee. key dauran, iska upayog ack badey shodh pratishthaan key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen airfoil parr lift aur dragg, bamon key vaayugatiki aur pandubbi propeller blade parr cavitation sahit kaee kaary shamil they. 1925 mein, vishvavidyalaya ney pravaah anusandhaan key liye casser wilheim sansthaan (abb gatishilata aur swa-sangathan key liye adhikatam plank sansthaan) banaane key liye apani shodh shakha koo alag curr diyaa.
1904 key apane shodh patra mein prandtal key seema parat vichaaron kii jatilata key kaaran, avadharana kaa prasaar shuru mein dheema thaa. samajh kii kamee key kaaran kaee loga iss vichaar koo apanaane mein whiffle rahey. naee seema parat kii khojon parr 1908 taka viram lagaa thaa jaba gottingen, blasius aur boltze mein unake dou chhatron ney seema parat parr apane shodh prabandh jaari kiye. blasius key shodh prabandh ney samajhaaya kii seema parat key saath kyaa huaa jaba ack sapaat plate ack samaan dhaara key samanantar sampark mein aatee haye. boltze kaa shodh blasius key samaan thaa, lekin prandtal key siddhant koo sapaat vastuon key bajaay golakar aakaron mein lagu kiya gayaa. prandtal ney apane chhaatr key shodh prabandhon mein una vichaaron kaa vistaar kiya, jisamen ooshmaa hastaantaran seey judee ack taapiya seema parat koo shamil kiya gayaa. 
1914 taka jaari seema parat key sambandh mein gottingen shodhkartaon key teen aur shodh patra honge. prandtal key 1904 key shodh patra key samaan karanon seey, seema parat parr yeye pahale 7 shodh patra gottingen key baahar failane mein dheemi gati seey honge. aanshik roop seey pratham vishva yuddh key kaaran, seema parat key baare mein prakaashit peparon kii kamee taba taka hogi jaba taka kii prandtal key ack anya chhaatr, theodor wonn carmon ney 1921 mein seema parat key paar samveg abhinn sameekaran parr ack pepper prakaashit naheen kiya.
1902-1907 seey fredrick launchester dwara pahale key netritva key baad, prandtal ney "vaastavik duniya" key pankhon seey lift kii jaanch key liye ack upayogi ganitiya upkaran kii samasya parr albert betz aur max munk key saath kaam kiya. parinam 1918-1919 mein prakaashit kiye gaye they, jise launchester-prandtal wing siddhant key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. unhone pratham vishva yuddh key vimaanon kii tarah camber airfoil kaa adhyayan karane key liye vishisht parivardhan bhee kiye, aur inn designs key liye ack saralikrit patali-airfoil siddhant prakaashit kiya. iss kaam seey yeh ehsas huaa kii seemit lambai key kissy bhee pankh parr, pankh key samagr pradarshan aur lakshan varnan key liye pankh-tip prabhaav bahut mahatvapurna hoe gaye. prerit khinchaav aur pankhon kii noke key bhanwar kii prakriti parr kaafee kaam kiya gayaa thaa, jinhen pahale nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa. prandtal ney dikhaaya kii ack andakar vistaarak lift vitaran sabse kushal haye, joe diye gaye samay key liye nyuntam prerit khinchaav detaa haye. inn upkaranon ney vimaan designers koo unake nirmaan seey pahale apane vimaan kaa saarthak saiddhaantik adhyayan karane mein saksham banaaya.
prandtal ney baad mein ack ghanti jaise lift vitaran kaa varnan karane key liye apane siddhant kaa vistaar kiya, jaba taka kii nakaratmak downwash praapt naheen hoe jaataa, taba taka pankhon key sire key paas bhaar koo cumm karate hue pankhon key sire koo dhou diyaa, jisase kissy bhee diye gaye pankhon key sanrachanaatmak vajan key liye nyuntam prerit khinchaav diyaa gayaa. haalaanki, iss nae lift vitaran ney andakar vitaran kii tulanaa mein cumm ruchi aakarshit kii aur shuru mein adhikansh vyaavhaarik vimaan designs mein ise nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss avadharana koo anya shodhkartaon dwara phir seey khoja gayaa haye aur yeh teji seey mahatvapurna hoe gayaa haye (prandtal-dee prayogaatmak vimaan bhee dekhein).
prandtal aur unake chhaatr theoder meyer ney 1908 mein supersonic shock waves aur flow key pahale siddhanton koo vikasit kiya. prandtal-meyer vistaar pankhon ney supersonic pawan surangon key nirmaan kii anumati dee. 1920 key dashak taka unake paas iss samasya parr aage kaam karane key liye bahut cumm samay thaa, jaba unhone adolph buseman key saath kaam kiya aur 1929 mein ack supersonic nozzle design karane key liye ack vidhi banaai. aaj, sabhi supersonic pawan surangon aur rockett nozzle koo ack hii vidhi kaa upayog karke design kiya gayaa haye. supersonic key poorna vikas key liye gottingen mein prandtal key chhaatr theodor wonn carman key kaam kii prateeksha karni hogi.
prandtal ney "parisancharan" kii avadharana vikasit kii joe jahaaj pranodak key hydrodynamics key liye vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna saabit hui. unhone apane sahayak albert betz aur chhaatr max munk key saath 1910-1918 seey gottingen mein apani prayogshala mein adhikansh prayogaatmak kaam kiya. parisancharan seey sambandhit unaki adhikansh khojon koo pratham vishva yuddh key baad taka paschimi duniya seey gupt rakhaa jaataa thaa.
pratham vishva yuddh seey pahale, german praakritik vaigyaanikon aur chikitsakon kaa samaaj (jee. dee. aine. aeye.) german bhashi deshon mein vyaavhaarik ganitvidon, bhautikavidon aur engineeron key liye charcha karane kaa ekmatra avsar thaa. 1920 mein, way kharaab nauhem mein mille aur iss nishkarsh parr pahunche kii yuddh key dauran unake anubhav key kaaran anuprayukt vigyaan key liye ack naee chhatra kii aavashyakta thee. usee varsh, mukhya roop seey audyogik prayogshalaon key bhautikavidon ney german bhautik samaaj (dee. jee. tii. pee.) naamak ack nae samaaj kaa gathan kiya. sitambar 1921 mein, donon samitiyon ney jenaa mein german ganitiya samaaj (dee. aim. vee.) key saath ack baithak kii. apane pahale khand mein, zam (journal off applied mathematics aind mechanics) ney kahaa kii yeh baithak "pahali baar, applied mathematics aur mechanics kaafee hudd taka apane aap mein aaa rahey they" iss patrika ney prandtal, theodor wonn carman, richard wonn misses aur hains reitioner key samanya lakshyon kaa vigyaapan kiya.
zamm kii neenv key sheersh parr, gaam (anuprayukt ganit aur yantriki kaa antarrashtriya sangh) kaa gathan bhee prandtal aur unake sathiyon key sanyukt prayason key kaaran kiya gayaa thaa. gaim kii inn praarambhik baithakon key baad, yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii abb ganitvidon, "vaigyaanik engineeron" aur bhautikavidon kaa ack nayaa antarrashtriya samudaay thaa.
anya karyon ney uchch subsonic gati parr sampeedan kii samasya kii jaanch kii, jise prandtal-gloart sudhaar key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran bahut upayogi hoe gayaa kyonki vimaan pahali baar supersonic gati key karib aaney lagey. unhone mausam vigyaan, plasticity aur sanrachanaatmak yantriki parr bhee kaam kiya. unhone janjaati vigyaan key kshetra mein bhee mahatvapurna yogdan diyaa.
1921-1929 seey asthirtaon mein prandtal kii jaanch key baad, vaha vikasit ashanti kii khoj karane key liye aage badhe. isaki bhee carman dwara jaanch kii jaa rahee thee, jisake parinamswarup vikasit ashanti mein wegg profile key liye ack samadhan taiyar karane key liye ack daud thee. donon key beach shuru hui peshevar pratidvandvita key baare mein, carman ney tippani keeh "mujhe ehsas huaa kii jaba seey main aachen aaya thaa, taba seey main aur merey puraane professor ack tarah kii vishva pratiyogita mein they. pratiyogita nishchit roop seey vinamra thee. lekin yeh pratham shreni kii pratidvandvita thee, ack prakaar key olympic khel, prandtal aur merey beach, aur usase parey gottingen aur aachen key beach. khel kaa maidan' anuprayukt yantriki kaa sammelan thaa. hamari 'gend' ashanti key saarvbhaumik niyam kii khoj thee.1930 key aspas, daud ack drow mein samaapt hui kyonki donon purushon ney nishkarsh nikala kii twacha gharshan kaa vyutkram varg reynold kii sankhya aur twacha gharshan key utpaad key laghuganak moolya seey sambandhit thaa jaisa kii neeche dekhaa gayaa haye jahaan key aur see sthiraank hain. 
sootra _ 1
seema parr prandtal aur wonn carman kaa kaam prabhaavshaali thaa aur wwi key baad duniya bhar key vaayugatiki aur hydrodynamic visheshagyon dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa. maee 1932 mein, jahaaj pranodan kii jall-yaantrik samasyaon parr antarrashtriya sammelan hamberg mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. gunthar kemp ney sammelan mein kaee prayogon kaa pradarshan kiya, jisane wonn carman aur prandtal kii kaee saiddhaantik khojon kii pushti kii.
prandtal aur teesara reech.
hitler key satta mein aaney aur teesare reech kii sthaapana key baad, prandtal ney casser wilheim society key nideshak key roop mein apani bhoomika jaari rakhee. iss avadhi key dauran, herman goring key netritva mein naazi vayu mantralaya ney aksar germany key vaigyaanik agende koo badhaava dene key liye ack vaigyaanik key roop mein prandtal kii antarrashtriya pratishtha kaa upayog kiya. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii prandtal ney khushi-khushi naazi shasson key liye ack rajdoot key roop mein kaary kiya, 1937 mein ack naaka pratinidhi koo likhaa "meraa maanana haye kii itali mein faasivaad aur germany mein rashtriya samaajvaad naee soch aur arthshastra kii bahut achchi shuruat kaa pratinidhitva karate hain."shasson key liye prandtal kaa samarthan jee koo likhe unake patron mein spasht haye. aaee. 1938 aur 1939 mein teller aur unaki patni ney naazi germany dwara yahoodiyon key saath kiye gaye vyavhaar kaa ullekh karate hue, prandtal ney likhaa, "sangharsh, jise durbhagya seey germany koo yahoodiyon key khilaf ladanaa padaa, apane aatm-sanrakshan key liye aavashyak thaa."prandtal ney yeh bhee daavaa kiya kii" yadi yuddh hoga, tou raajneetik upaayon key kaaran iska kaaran banane kaa aparaadh iss baar spasht roop seey ingland kii or haye."
german bhautik samaaj (dee. pee. jee.) key sadasya key roop mein, prandtal ney 1941 mein dee. pee. jee. yachika kaa masauda taiyar karane mein carle ramsaur kii sahaayata kii. dee. pee. jee. yachika 1942 mein prakaashit kii jaayegi aur tark diyaa kii german bhautikavidon seey "yahudi bhautiki" (saapekshata aur quantum siddhant) kii asweekriti key kaaran germany mein bhautiki sanyukt raajya america seey peechhe parh rahee thee. dee. pee. jee. yachika key prakaashan key baad, german chhatron koo school mein inn nae kshetron kaa adhyayan karane kii anumati dene key liye "german bhautiki" shreshthata kaa vishvaas bigad gayaa.
mrityu aur usake baad.
prandtal ney 15 agast 1953 koo apani mrityu taka gottingen mein kaam kiya. drav gatiki mein unakaa kaam aaj bhee vaayugatiki aur rasayanik engineering key kaee kshetron mein upayog kiya jaataa haye. unhein aksar aadhunik vaayugatiki kaa janak kahaa jaataa haye.
chandrama key door kii or crater prandtal kaa naam unake sammaan mein rakhaa gayaa haye.
ludwig-prandtal-ring koo aerospace engineering key kshetra mein utkrisht yogdan key liye unake sammaan mein duesh gasselshaft farr luft-unda romfahert dwara sammaanit kiya jaataa haye.
1992 mein, prandtal koo saine diego air aind space museum mein antarrashtriya air aind space holl off fame mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.

