
switzerland kaa sainya itihas

switzerland key sainya itihas mein sadiyon key sashastr kaary aur duniya bhar mein sanghrshon aur shaanti sthaapana mein swiss senaa kii bhoomika shamil haye. 1499 mein pavitra roman samrajya seey apani swatantrata key baad seey tatasthata banaae rakhane key bavjood, switzerland pope raajyon sahit videshi deshon dwara swiss bhaade key sainikon koo kaam parr rakhane key baad seey sainya abhiyaanon mein shamil rhaa haye.
purana swiss sangh.
1291 key sanghiya charter key saath gathit, teen cantons kaa ack gathbandhan aapsi raksha key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, mukhya roop seey habsberg key khilaf. habsberg dwara hastakshepon key ack crum key kaaran morgerton (1315) aur samepatch (1386) kii ladaai hui, jisake parinamswarup sangh key liye swatantrata hui. 1353 taka, mool teen cantons mein dou atirikt canton aur teen shahar-raajya shamil hoe gaye they.
swiss bhaade key sanic.
terahavin shatabdi key anta mein, switzerland key cantons seey liye gaye sainikon ney poore europe mein sainya pratishtha praapt kii. yeh pratishtha austriyai habsberg adhipatiyon key khilaf aur itali mein abhiyaanon key dauran unaki raksha key parinamswarup arjit kii gaee thee. pandrahavin shatabdi taka swiss vishesh roop seey kiraaye key liye sainikon key roop mein moolyavaan hoe gayaa thaa. swiss sainikon koo unake yuddh kaushal aur falenx mein ugra hamalon, yaa pike aur hulbard kaa upayog karke gahare stambh gathan key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. 1490 taka pike bhaade kii seva parr unakaa aabhaasi ekadhikar thaa.
1490 taka, german bhaade key sanic swiss sainya ranneeti mein nipun hoe gaye they aur cumm laagat parr kiraaye parr upalabdh they. 1515 mein, swiss ney khud koo tatasth honey kaa sankalp liya, aur way kewal shaahi francisi senaa kii seva mein ladanaa jaari rakhaa. way german bhaade key sainikon key saath kadve pratidvandi bunn gaye aur donon aksar agale kuchh dashakon key dauran europe key yuddh key maidanon parr ladate they.
1515 mein marignano kii ladaai key baad, saamoohik-yuddh ladaai kii swiss shally mein lagaatar girawat aaee, jise arquebusiers, topkhaane aur mitty key kaam dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. 1522 mein bikoka kii ladaai key dauran, swiss bhaade key sainikon koo bhaari hatahaton key saath ack kadvi haar kaa saamana karna padaa. phir bhee, swiss sainikon ney agali dou shataabdiyon key dauran bhaade key sainikon key roop mein seva karna jaari rakhaa, pike koo badalane key liye bandook koo apanaaya.
swiss gaard.
swiss gaard kii utpatti 1506 mein hui thee jaba pope julius dwiteeya ney unhein "angarakshak" key roop mein kaam parr rakhaa thaa; haalaanki sainikon kaa samooh ack senaa maane jaane key liye paryaapt badaa thaa. yeh uchit haye, kyonki pope raajyon ney usa samay itali kaa ack tihai hissa liya thaa, jisake liye vyaapak suraksha kii aavashyakta thee. pope ney unhein soochibaddh kiya, kyonki unakaa maanana thaa kii way usa samay sabse achche they. vartamaan mein, swiss nagrikon key liye kissy anya desh key sashastr balon mein shamil honah avaidh haye, sivaay vatican kii raksha karane vaale swiss gaard key sadasyon key. videsh mein dohare nagrikon kii sainya seva kii anumati kuchh paristhitiyon mein dee jaati haye.
sudhaar key baad aantarik sangharsh.
1653 kaa swiss kisan yuddh kaee cantons kii graameen aabaadi dwara ack lokpriya vidroh thaa. vidroh koo dabaa diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin isane kaee sudhaaron koo janm diyaa. 1656 mein, protestant aur catholics key beach tanaav phir seey ubhara aur vilmarjan key pahale yuddh kaa prakop huaa. 1712 mein ack nae sangharsh key kaaran vilmarjan kaa doosara yuddh huaa, jisane protestant cantons key liye shakti key santulan koo ulat diyaa. dhaarmik sanghrshon koo 1847 mein navinikrit kiya gayaa, jisake parinamswarup sonderbund yuddh huaa aur ack sanghiya raajya key roop mein switzerland kaa gathan huaa.
helvatic ganarajya.
1798 mein francisi senaa ney switzerland parr kabja curr liya aur helvatic ganarajya kii ghoshana kii. aantarik pratirodh aur aarthik samasyaon ney raajya koo asthir curr diyaa aur vyavastha bahaal karane key liye atirikt francisi sainikon koo tainaat kiya gayaa. italvi aur swiss abhiyaan key dauran switzerland key kuchh hisse bhee ack yuddh kaa maidan bunn gaye.
vienna kii 1814-15 congress key dauran hastaksharkartaon dwara switzerland kii tatasthata kii guaranti dee gaee thee.
sanghiya raajya kaa janm.
1815 kii sanghiya sandhi mein, tagsatzung ney pratyek chhaavani kii aabaadi key 2 pratishat kii ack tukadi koo sangh key swabhaav mein rakhane key liye chhaavani sainikon koo nirdhaarit kiya, joe lagbhag 33,000 purushon kaa ack bull thaa. 1848 key samvidhaan key saath chhaavani senaaon koo sanghiya senaa ("bandheshir") mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss samay seey, vyaktigat chhaavani key liye yuddh kii ghoshana karna yaa aatmasamarpan yaa shaanti samjhauton parr hastakshar karna avaidh thaa. paragraph 13 ney spasht roop seey sangh koo ack sthaayi senaa koo banaae rakhane seey pratibandhit curr diyaa, aur cantons koo adhikatam 300 key sthaayi bull kii anumati dee gaee (jisamen "landjegger" core, ack prakaar kaa pulis bull shamil naheen thaa). paragraph 18 ney pratyek swiss nagrik key sanghiya senaa mein seva karane key daayitva kii ghoshana kii, yadi anivarya roop seey bharti kiya jaataa haye ("weherpflicht"), tou iska aakar jansankhya key 3 pratishat parr nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye aur saath hii usa sankhya kaa aadhaa aur ack aarakshit raashi, lagbhag 80,000 kii kull bull key barabar hoti haye.
1871 mein franco-russie yuddh key kaaran, huns harjog kii kamaan mein pahali poorna gatishilata shuru hui. 1875 mein, gothard surang parr shramikon kii hadtaal koo kuchalane key liye senaa koo bulaaya gayaa thaa. chaar shramikon kii maut hoe gaee aur 13 gambhir roop seey ghayal hoe gaye.
1874 key sanshodhit samvidhaan key paragraph 19 ney sanghiya senaa kii paribhasha koo pratyek saksham nagrik taka badhaa diyaa, senaa key aakar koo cumm seey cumm siddhant roop mein 150,000 seey cumm seey 700,000 seey adhik curr diyaa, 20 veen shatabdi key dauran jansankhya vriddhi key saath kuchh aur badhkar 15 laakh hoe gaee, joe prati vyakti sabse badey sashastr bull mein seey ack haye.
vishva yuddh.
pratham vishva yuddh key dauran, switzerland ack tatasth raajya banaa rhaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein, germany ney switzerland parr aakraman key liye kuchh yojanaaen banaai, vishesh roop seey "operation tannenbaum", lekin inhen kabhi puuraa naheen kiya gayaa. haalaanki swees havaai kshetra kaa baar-baar ullanghan kiya gayaa thaa, german aur sambaddh vimaan donon dwara.
pratham vishva yuddh.
1912 mein ack pramukh paintarebaazi kii kamaan ack pratishthit german-premi ulrich wille ney sambhali, joe europeeya rashtradhyakshon koo, vishesh roop seey casser wilhelm II koo, swiss raksha kii prabhavkarita aur nirdhaaran key baare mein aashvast kartaa thaa. will koo baad mein 1914 mein dusare poorna jutaane kii kamaan saunpi gaee, aur pratham vishva yuddh key dauran switzerland aakraman seey butch gayaa.
antahbillam avadhi.
wille ney sainya bull key saath 1918 key swiss samanya hamale ("landestric") key daman kaa bhee adesh diyaa. teen shramik maare gaye, aur jutaane key dauran spanish flue seey badee sankhya mein sainikon kii mrityu hoe gaee. 1932 mein, senaa koo geneva mein ack faasivaad virodhi pradarshan koo dabaane key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa. sainikon ney 13 pradarshankariyon koo goli maar dee, ack aur 65 ghayal hoe gaye. iss ghatana ney lambe samay taka senaa kii pratishtha koo nuksan pahunchaaya, jisase vampanthi raajnetaon key beach isake unmoolan key liye lagaatar ahwan kiya gayaa. 1918 aur 1932 kii donon ghatnaaon mein, tainaat sainikon koo jaanboojhkar graameen kshetron jaise kii berner oberland seey chunaa gayaa thaa, jisase paaramparik roop seey roodhivaadi graameen aabaadi aur shahari mazdoor varg key beach dushmani fail gaee thee.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh.
senaa kaa teesara poorna parichaalan dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran heinry guisson kii kamaan mein huaa.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran switzerland kii sainya ranneeti anivarya roop seey ack pratirodh thee. vichaar yeh thaa kii teesare reech koo spasht kiya jaae kii ack aakraman kii laagat adhik hogi. saath hii, germany koo iss ummeed mein aarthik riyaayaten dee gaeen kii ack german aakraman kii samagr laagat koo sambhaavit laabhon seey adhik maanaa jaayega. isake bavjood, yeh spasht haye kii hitler antatah aakraman karane kaa irada rakhta thaa aur yeh kii normandy mein sahayogi landing key saath-saath roose parr aakraman karane mein aaney vaali kathinaaiyaan kewal ack aakraman mein "deree" karane mein mahatvapurna theen.
switzerland key german aur italvi balon dwara operation tannenbaum seey ghire honey key baad, general gisson ney 25 julaai 1940 koo tathaakathit rutley rapport mein swiss sangh key sansthaapak sthal parr swiss sashastr balon key karmchaariyon kii ack baithak mein khulasa kiya, kii hamale key mamle mein swiss kewal mahatvapurna transalpine sadakon aur rail link sahit uchch alps kii raksha karega. antim upaay key roop mein, senaa pramukh pulon aur surangon koo nasht karke inn maargon koo aksh taka bekaar banaa degi. iss yojana, jise rashtriya redout key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, kaa matlab thaa kii desh key aarthik kendron sahit aabaadi vaale nichale ilaakon koo prabhaavi roop seey germans aur italvi logon koo saunp diyaa jaayega. jyurikh mein swiss rashtriya baink key soney key bhandar koo german seema seey door, gothard paas aur burn mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
pahaadon mein kille key nirmaan mein kaee arabon swiss frank kaa nivesh kiya gayaa haye, joe abhee bhee senaa dwara aanshik roop seey upayog kiye jaate hain. inn ghaaton kii sabse mahatvapurna imaaraten sarganon, sent key kilebandi theen. mauris (valice) aur gothard kshetra. una samay kii gufaaen aavashyak buniyaadi dhaanche seey lais theen; topon aur howitzer key alawa unamen chhatrawas, rasoighar, feeled aspatal, bimaaron key liye kamare aur bekari shamil they; aur unhone kaee maheenon taka 100 seey 600 sainikon koo samaayojit karane key liye paryaapt jagah pradaan kii. kyonki paschimi deshon aur ussr key beach tanaav cumm hoe gayaa aur bunker naee hathiyar pranaliyon key kaaran kamobesh aprachalit hoe gaye, isaliye badee sankhya mein cumm imaraton koo bund curr diyaa gayaa. unamen seey kuchh koo sangrahalayon key roop mein phir seey khol diyaa gayaa haye aur yahaan dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
sheet yuddh.
1950 key dashak key anta mein, soviyat sangh dwara sambhaavit aakraman key khatare aur paramanu yuddh kii vaastaviktaon donon koo darshaate hue, swiss sainya siddhant koo mobile raksha mein badal diyaa gayaa, jisamen gatirodh hamalon aur paramanu khatron koo haraane key liye apane kshetra key baahar vayu senaa key liye mission shamil they, jisamen havaai-vitarit paramanu hathiyaron key rakshaatmak rojgar kii sambhavana bhee shamil thee. haalaanki, iss tarah key missions koo puuraa karane key liye paryaapt kshamata vaale vayu senaa koo tainaat karane mein asamarthata ney paaramparik "apane kshetra key sanrakshan" siddhant kii vaapsee kaa netritva kiya. iss beach, vayu senaa ney pahaadon mein tadarth havaai adde taiyar karna shuru curr diyaa, rajmarg key kuchh hisson koo pahaadon seey nakkashidar runway aur hanger key roop mein kaary karane key liye majboot kiya gayaa.
1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein sashastr balon koo "armi 61" sanrachana key anusaar sangathit kiya gayaa thaa.
sheet yuddh key dauran, swiss adhikaariyon ney swiss paramanu bumm key nirmaan parr vichaar kiya. paul sherer jaise sanghiya praudyogiki sansthaan zurich key pramukh paramanu bhautikavidon ney ise ack yathaarthvaadi sambhavana banaa diyaa. haalaanki, raksha bajat key saath vittiya samasyaon ney paryaapt dhana aavantit honey seey roque diyaa, aur 1968 kii paramanu aprasaar sandhi koo ack vaidh vikalp key roop mein dekhaa gayaa. paramanu hathiyaron key nirmaan key liye baaki sabhi yojanaon koo 1988 taka hataa diyaa gayaa thaa.
samkaaleen itihas.
1989 mein, ack rashtriya icon key roop mein senaa kii sthiti koo ack lokpriya pahal dwara hilaaya gayaa thaa jiska uddeshya isake vighatan (dekhein-"binaa senaa key switzerland key liye samooh") koo 35.6% samarthan praapt karna thaa. isane sudhaaron kii ack shrinkhala koo shuru kiya, aur 1995 mein, sainikon kii sankhya ghatkar 400,000 ("armi 95") hoe gaee. 1999 key samvidhaan key anuchhed 58.1 mein dohraya gayaa haye kii senaa koo "siddhant roop mein" ack milicia key roop mein sangathit kiya gayaa haye, joe nihit roop seey peshevar sainikon kii ack chhoti sankhya kii anumati detaa haye. 2001 key anta mein senaa key vighatan key uddeshya seey ack doosari pahal koo kewal 21.9% samarthan milaa. phir bhee, 2004 mein senaa koo phir seey 220,000 purushon ("armi aiks. aiks. aaee") taka sikud diyaa gayaa, jisamen bhandar bhee shamil they.
2003 mein, 1815 key baad pahali baar, switzerland ney videshi dharti parr sainikon koo tainaat kiya. swiss sashastr balon ney afghanistan mein 31 sainikon koo tainaat kiya. afghanistan mein yuddh mein swiss bhagidari 2008 mein samaapt hoe gaee jaba german balon key saath seva karane vaale 2 adhikaari ghar laut aae.
22 sitambar, 2013 koo ack janmat sangrah aayojit kiya gayaa thaa jiska uddeshya switzerland mein anivarya bharti koo samaapt karna thaa. haalaanki, janmat sangrah whiffle rhaa aur 73 pratishat seey adhik matdaataon ney isake khilaf matdan kiya, jisase switzerland mein anivarya bharti key liye majboot samarthan dikhaai diyaa.
2016 mein, swiss sanghiya sabhaa ney senaa koo 140,000 purushon seey ghataakar 100,000 purushon taka karane key liye matdan kiya, jisase buniyaadi prashikshan kaa samay 21 saptah seey ghatkar 18 hoe gayaa, lekin sainya bajat koo 2.4 billion swiss frank taka badhaane key liye bhee.