misra kaa kalakram

adhikansh misra vigyaani pracheen misra key kalakram kii ruprekha aur kaee vivaranon parr sahmat hain. yeh vidvatapurna sarvasammati tathaakathit paaramparik misra kalakram haye, joe 27veen shatabdi eesaa poorv mein puraane raajya kii shuruat, 21veen shatabdi eesaa poorv mein madhya raajya kii shuruat aur 16veen shatabdi eesaa poorv key madhya mein nae raajya kii shuruat koo sthaan detaa haye.
iss aam sahamati key bavjood, vidvatapurna samudaay key bheetar asahamati bunny hui haye, jisake parinamswarup praarambhik rajvansh kaal key liye lagbhag 300 varshon, nae raajya mein 30 varshon aur antim avadhi mein kuchh varshon taka bhinn kalakram alag hoe jaate hain.
isake alawa, vidvaanon kii aam sahamati key baahar kaee "vaikalpik kalakram" hain, jaise kii 1990 key dashak mein prastaavit "nayaa kalakram", joe nae raajya kii taarikhon koo 350 varshon taka cumm kartaa haye, yaa "glassgo kalakram" (prastaavit 1978-1982), joe nae raajya kii taarikhon koo 500 varshon taka cumm kartaa haye.
avalokan.
misra vigyaan mein vartamaan paaramparik kalakram kii samanya ruprekha parr vidvatapurna sahamati pichhale 100 varshon mein bahut adhik naheen badhee haye. puraane raajya key liye, aam sahamati mein kuchh shataabdiyon taka utaar-chadhaav hotaa haye, lekin madhya aur nae raajyon key liye, yeh kuchh dashakon key bheetar sthir rhaa haye. yeh dou misravidon dwara diye gaye kalakram kii tulanaa karke sachitra haye, pahala lekhan 1906 mein, doosara 2000 mein (talika mein sabhi tithiyaan eesaa poorv hain).
taarikhon key dou seton key beach asamaanta atirikt khojon aur abhee bhee bahut adhure srot sakshya kii parishkrit samajh key parinamswarup hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, standhari beesavin rajvansh mein ack shaasak koo jodata haye joe aage key shodh seey pataa chalata haye kii maujood naheen thaa. mantho key baad, yeh bhee maanaa gayaa kii sabhi rajvansh kramik they, jabaki abb yeh gyaat haye kii ack hii samay mein kaee rajvansh maujood they. inn sanshodhanon key parinamswarup rajvansh kii shuruat mein paaramparik kalakram mein 400 varshon taka kii kamee aaee haye.
raaj key varsh.
misra key kalakram kii reedh banaane vaale raaj-kaal key varsh hain jaisa kii pracheen misra key raajaa soochiyon mein darj haye. jeevit raajaa soochiyaan yaa tou vyaapak hain lekin unake paath mein mahatvapurna antaral hain (udaaharan key liye, turin raajaa soochi), yaa paath roop seey poorna hain, lekin shasakon kii poori soochi (udaaharan key liye, abidos raajaa soochi aur palermo patthar) pradaan karane mein whiffle hain, misra key itihas kii ack chhoti avadhi key liye bhee. ack hii paath key vibhinn sanskaranon seey ack hii raaj-kaal parr saamyik paraspar virodhi jaankaari seey sthiti aur jatil hoe jaati haye; iss prakaar, misra key itihaaskaar manetho key misra key itihas koo kewal eusebius aur sextus julius africanus jaise baad key lekhakon dwara kiye gaye upakhyanon aur sandarbhon seey jaanaa jaataa haye, aur usee raajaa key liye tithiyaan aksar madhyavarti srot key aadhar parr kaafee bhinn hoti hain.
shasson kaal koo shilalekhon seey ack saath jodaa jaanaa chaahiye, joe aksar shaasak firaun key shasson varsh key roop mein ack tarikh dega. phir bhee yeh kewal usa shasankal kii nyuntam avadhi pradaan kartaa haye aur isamen poorvavarti yaa uttaradhikari key saath koee bhee pramukh aapaat sthiti shamil hoe sakati haye yaa naheen bhee. isake alawa, kuchh misra key rajvanshon ney sambhavatah ack dusare koo pachhaad diyaa, jisamen alag-alag raajaon ney ack hii samay mein alag-alag kshetron mein shasson kiya, naa kii kramik roop seey. yeh naheen jaanana kii kyaa rajtantra ack saath they yaa kramik parinam vyaapak roop seey alag kalanukramik vyakhyaon mein they.
jahan ack diye gaye shaasak key liye shasson key varshon kii kull sankhya gyaat naheen haye, misravidon ney usa kull sankhya kaa anuman lagaane key liye dou sanketkon kii pehchaan kii haih puraane raajya key liye, pashu janganana kii sankhya; aur baad kii avadhi key liye, ack sedd utsav kaa utsav. kaee puraane raajya shilalekh maveshiyon kii aavadhik janganana kaa sanket dete hain, joe pahale visheshagyon kaa maanana thaa kii harr dusare varsh hoti thee; iss prakaar 24 maveshiyon kii janganana key record seey sanket milata haye kii snephru ney 48 varshon taka shasson kiya thaa. haalaanki, aage key shodh seey pataa chalaa haye kii yeye jangananaaen kabhi-kabhi lagaatar varshon mein yaa dou yaa dou seey adhik saal beet jaane key baad kii jaati theen. sedd tyohar aamtaur parr ack firaun key aarohan kii teesavin varshgaanth parr manaaya jaataa thaa, aur iss prakaar una shasakon koo cumm seey cumm 30 saal taka shasson karane key liye maanaa jaa sakata haye jinhone ack koo manaane kaa record banaaya thaa. haalaanki, ack baar phir, yeh sabhi mamalon mein maanak abhyaas naheen hoe sakata haye.
misra vigyaan key shuruati dinon mein, rajkal key sankalan mein bhee misravidon kii or seey ack gahare bibil key purvagrah seey baadha aaee thee. yeh 19veen shatabdi key madhya seey pahale sabse vyaapak thaa, jaba manetho key aankadon koo misra key puraane vasiyatnama sandarbhon key aadhar parr bibil key kalakram key saath virodhabhasi key roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee (bibil mein firo dekhein). 20veen shatabdi mein, iss tarah key bibil key purvagrah jyaadaatar vidvaanon kii mukhyadhara key baahar vaikalpik kalakram taka hii seemit rahey hain.
samkaaliktaa.
gyaan mein inn antaralon key aspas kaam karane kaa ack upayogi tarika kalanukramik samkaaliktaa kaa pataa lagaana haye, joe ack sateek tithi kii or leey jaa sakata haye. pichhale dashakon mein, inmein seey kaee paae gaye hain, halanki way upayogita aur vishvasaniyata key alag-alag staron key hain.
vaikalpik kalakram.
20veen shatabdi key dauran paaramparik kalakram parr aam sahamati key vikalpon key liye kaee sujhaav prastut kiye gaye hainh

