wilfredo pereto

wilfredo federico damaso pereto (,,,,; janm wilfred fritz pereto; 15 julaai 1848-19 agast 1923) ack italvi bahushrut (sivil engineer, samajshastri, arthashastri, raajneetik vaigyaanik aur daarshanik) they. unhone arthshastra mein kaee mahatvapurna yogdan diye, vishesh roop seey aaya vitaran key adhyayan aur vyaktiyon key vikalpon key vishleshan mein. way samajik vishleshan mein "abhijaat varg" shabd key upayog koo lokpriya banaane key liye bhee jimmedaar they.
unhone pereto dakshata kii avadharana pesh kii aur sookshm arthshastra key kshetra koo vikasit karane mein madad kii. vaha yeh bhee pataa lagaane vaale pahale vyakti they kii aaya ack pereto vitaran kaa anusaran karati haye, joe ack shakti kaanoon sambhaavyata vitaran haye. pereto siddhant kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur yeh unake avalokan parr banaaya gayaa thaa kii itali mein 80 pratishat sampatti lagbhag 20 pratishat aabaadi kii thee. unhone samajshastra aur ganit key kshetron mein bhee yogdan diyaa.
jeevani.
pereto kaa janm 15 julaai 1848 koo peris mein ack nirvaasit kuleen genois parivaar mein huaa thaa, joe usa varsh kii lokpriya kraantiyon kaa kendra thaa. unake pitaa, raffle pereto (1812-1882), ack italvi sivil engineer aur ligurian markis they, jinhone itali koo guseppe maazini aur anya italvi rashtravadiyon kii tarah hii chhod diyaa thaa. unaki maan, mairi metanier, ack francisi mahila theen. german raajyon mein 1848 kii kraantiyon key baare mein utsaahit, unake maataa-pitaa ney unakaa naam wilfred fritz rakhaa, joe 1858 mein unake parivaar key itali vaapas jaane parr wilfredo federico bunn gayaa. unake bachpan mein, paretto ack madhyam vargiya vatavaran mein rahate they, shiksha key uchch maanak praapt karate hue, nava nirmit "istituto technico lardy" mein bhaag lete they, jahaan ferdinando piyo rosellini unake ganit key professor they. 1869 mein, unhone engineering mein doctorate kii upaadhi arjit kii, joe abb turin key polytechnic vishvavidyalaya (taba engineeron key liye takniki vidyalaya) haye, jisamen "thhos nikaayon mein santulan key maulik siddhant" naamak ack shodh prabandh haye. arthshastra aur samajshastra mein santulan vishleshan mein unaki baad kii ruchi kaa pataa iss shodh prabandh seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye. pereto 1919 aur 1922 key beach rome-adharit patrika "laa ronda" key yogadankartaon mein seey ack they.
sivil engineer seey laker shaastriya udaar arthashastri taka.
snaatak honey key baad kuchh varshon taka, unhone pahale raajya key swaamitva vaali italvi railway company key liye aur baad mein niji udyog mein sivil engineer key roop mein kaam kiya. way saine giovanni vuldarno key lohe key karyon key prabandhak they aur baad mein italvi lohe key karyon key mahaprabandhak they.
unhone apane chaalees key dashak key madhya taka arthshastra mein gambhir kaam shuru naheen kiya thaa. unhone apane currier kii shuruat shaastriya udaarvaad key ack ugra samarthak key roop mein kii, joe mukt bajar mein kissy bhee prakaar key sarkari hastakshep parr apane hamalon key saath sabse utsaahi british udaarpanthiyon koo gherate they. 1886 mein, way florence vishvavidyalaya mein arthshastra aur prabandhan parr vyakhyata baney. florence mein unakaa pravaas raajneetik gatividhi seey chihnit thaa, jiska adhikansh hissa sarkari niyamakon key saath unaki apani hataashaon seey prerit thaa. 1889 mein, apane maataa-pitaa kii mrityu key baad, pereto ney apani jeevan shally badal dee, apani naukari chhod dee aur ack russie mahila, alessandrina bakunina seey shaadi curr lii.
arthshastra aur samajshastra.
1893 mein, unhone switzerland mein lausen vishvavidyalaya mein raajneetik arthavyavastha kii adhyakshata karane key liye leone valras key baad padbhar sambhala, jahan way apane shesh jeevan key liye rahey. unhone vahaan ack paathyapustak mein prakaashit kiya jisamen dhana key vitaran key baare mein bataaya gayaa haye, joe unakaa maanana thaa kii kissy bhee maanav samaaj key madhyam seey, kissy bhee umr mein, yaa desh mein ack nirantarta thee. 1906 mein, unhone prasiddh avalokan kiya kii bees pratishat aabaadi key paas itali mein assie pratishat sampatti thee, jise baad mein joseph aim dwara saamaanyikrit kiya gayaa. pereto siddhant mein juran (jise 80-20 niyam bhee kahaa jaataa haye).
pereto ney vyaktigat samajvadiyon key saath sauhaardpurna vyaktigat sambandh banaae rakhe, lekin unhone hamesha socha kii unake aarthik vichaar gambhir roop seey trutipurna they. baad mein unhein unake uddeshyon parr sandeh huaa aur unhone samajwadi netaaon koo 'brigedon kaa abhijaat varg' bataaya, jinhone desh koo lootane kii dhamki dee aur italvi rajneta jiyovanni giolitti kii sarkaar kii shramikon kii hadtaalon key khilaf sakht rukh naheen apanaane key liye aalochana kii. itali key raajya mein shramikon key beach badhati ashanti ney unhein asamajik aur loktantra virodhi shivir mein leey jaaya. apane antim varshon mein italvi faasivaad key prati unakaa ravaiya vivaad kaa vishay haye.
neenv key yug mein vaigyaanik samajshastra key saath pereto key sambandh koo usa kshan mein ack pratimaan tareeke seey kalambaddh kiya gayaa haye jisamen vaha raajneetik arthavyavastha seey shuru karate hue, pratyakshvaad kii aalochana ack kathor taarkik-prayogaatmak vidhi seey rahit ack samagr aur aadhyatmik pranali key roop mein karate hain. iss arth mein humm samajik vigyaan key itihas key bheetar peretian utpaadan key bhaagya koo padh sakate hain joe 21veen sadee mein apane yogdan key liye apani vishishtata aur ruchi dikhaata haye. pereto kii kahani ack vaigyaanik model key bahu-vishayak anusandhaan kaa bhee hissa haye joe samajshastra koo gyaan key sanchayi model kii aalochana key saath-saath vigyaan key sambandhparak model kii pushti key liye ack anushasana key roop mein visheshaadhikaar detaa haye.
vyaktigat jeevan.
1889 mein, pereto ney ack russie mahila, alessandrina bakunina seey shaadi kii. unhone 1902 mein unhein ack yuva naukar key liye chhod diyaa. bees saal baad 1923 mein, unhone 19 agast 1923 koo jineva, switzerland mein apani mrityu seey thheek pahale ack francisi mahila jeane regis seey shaadi kii.
samajshastra.
pereto key baad key varshon mein unake sabse prasiddh kaam, "tratato dee sociologia generail" (1916) ("dha mind aind society", 1935 mein prakaashit) key liye samagri ekatra karane mein kharch kiya gayaa. unakaa antim kaary "samajshastra samanya sangrah" (1920) thaa.
unake "tratato dee sociologia general" (1916, rev. french trance. 1917), jise harcourt dwara angreji mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, arther livingston dwara "dha mind aind society" (1935) sheershak key tahat sampaadit chaar-khand sanskaran mein brace, pereto ney abhijaat varg key parisancharan kii dhaarana vikasit kii, joe samajshastra mein pahala samajik chakr siddhant haye. vaha yeh kahane key liye prasiddh hain kii "itihas abhijaat varg kaa kabristan haye.
aisaa lagata haye kii paretto ney samajshastra kii or rukh kiya haye taaki yeh samajha jaa sakey kii unake amoort ganitiya aarthik siddhant vyavhaar mein kyon kaam naheen karate they, iss vishvaas mein kii apratyaashit yaa aniyantrit samajik karakon ney hastakshep kiya. unake samajshastra kaa maanana haye kii bahut adhik samajik kaary gair-tarkapurna hain aur bahut adhik vyaktigat kaary gair-tarkapurna karyon koo nakali tarkikta dene key liye design kiye gaye hain. humm kuchh "avasheshon" aur inn avasheshon seey "vyutpattiyon" dwara sanchaalit hain, unhone sikhaaya. inmein seey adhik mahatvapurna roodhivaad aur jokhim lene key saath karna haye, aur maanav itihas sattaaroodh abhijaat varg mein inn bhaavanaon key vaikalpik prabhutva kii kahani haye, joe roodhivaad mein majboot satta mein aataa haye lekin dheere-dheere "lomadiyon" yaa sattebaajon key darshan mein badal jaataa haye. ack aapada key parinam, roodhivaad kii or lautane key saath; "shher" mansikta kaa anusaran kartaa haye. pereto kahate hain kii yeh chakr bull key upayog seey toot sakata haye, lekin abhijaat varg kamjor aur maanviya hoe jaataa haye aur hinsa seey sikud jaataa haye.
sanyukt raajya america mein pereto key samajshastra kii shuruat karane vaalon mein george homans aur laurence jey they. harvard mein henderson aur peretian vichaaron ney kaafee prabhaav praapt kiya, vishesh roop seey harvard samajshastri talcott parsons parr, jinhone samaaj aur arthshastra key liye ack pranali drishtikon vikasit kiya joe tark detaa haye kii sthiti aamtaur parr karyatmak haye. americi itihaaskaar bernard devoto ney 1930 key dashak mein inn cambridge buddhijiviyon aur anya amerikiyon koo pereto key vichaaron seey parichit karaane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. valas stagner ney apani devto kii jeevani mein inn vikaason kaa varnan kiya haye aur aksar "avasheshon" aur "vyutpattiyon" key beach key galat samajhe jaane vaale antar key baare mein kahaa haih "pereto kii vidhi key liye buniyaadi samaaj kaa vishleshan haye isake gair-tarksangat 'avasheshon' key madhyam seey, joe nirantar aur nirvivaad samajik aadaten, vishvaas aur dhaaranaaen hain, aur isaki 'vyutpattiyan' hain, joe unake spashteekaran, auchitya aur tarksangatata hain joe humm karate hain. samajik vicharakon kii sabse aam galatiyon mein seey ack samajik drishtikon aur sanrachanaon mein tarksangatata aur tark koo grahan karna haye; doosara avasheshon aur vyutpattiyon koo bhramit karna haye."
faasivaad aur shakti vitaran.
renato sirilo ney likhaa kii wilfredo pereto koo aksar faasivaad kaa poorvavarti maanaa jaataa thaa kyonki jaba yeh andolan shuru huaa thaa tou unake samarthan key parinamswarup. haalaanki, sirilo iss vyakhya seey asahmat they, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii pereto apane niji patron mein faasivaad kii aalochana curr rahey they.
pereto ney tark diyaa thaa kii loktantra ack bhram thaa aur ack sattaaroodh varg hamesha ubhara aur khud koo samriddh kiya. unake liye, pramukh sawal yeh thaa kii shasakon ney kaise sakriya roop seey shasson kiya. iss kaaran seey, unhone raajya mein bhaari kamee kaa ahwan kiya aur "shuddh" aarthik taakton koo mukt karane key liye iss nyuntam raajya mein sankraman key roop mein benito musolini key shasson kaa swaagat kiya.
jaba way abhee bhee ack yuva chhaatr they, taba italvi faasivaad key bhavishya key netaa benito musolini ney 1904 mein lusaane vishvavidyalaya mein pereto key kuchh vyakhyanon mein bhaag liya. yeh tark diyaa gayaa haye kii musolini key samaajvaad seey "abhijaatya" key ack roop kii or chaley jaane kaa shreya pereto key vichaaron koo diyaa jaa sakata haye. ack jeevanikaar franz borkenaau ney tark diyaa kii pradhaan mantri key roop mein apane karyakal kii shuruat key dauran musolini ney pareto key neetigat vichaaron kaa paalan kiya.
carle popper ney pereto koo "adhinayakvad kaa siddhantkar" kahaa, lekin renato sirilo key anusaar, popper key prakaashit kaam mein koee saboot naheen haye kii unhone usa samay ack aam lekin sandigdh nirnay koo doharaane seey pahale kissy bhee vistaar seey pereto padhaa thaa.
aarthik avadhaaranaaen.
adhikatam arthshastra kaa pereto siddhant
pereto ney apani ruchi aarthik mamalon mein badal dee aur vaha swatantra vyaapaar key samarthak bunn gaye, aur khud koo italvi sarkaar key saath kathinaaee mein paaya. unake lekhan mein leone valras key vichaaron koo pratibimbit kiya gayaa kii arthshastra anivarya roop seey ack ganitiya vigyaan haye. pereto "lusaane school" key netaa they aur neoclassical kranti kii doosari peedhi kaa pratinidhitva karate they. samanya santulan siddhant key liye unake "swaad-aur-baadhaon" key drishtikon koo 1930 key dashak key mahaan "peretian punruddhar" key dauran punarjeevit kiya gayaa thaa aur taba seey isane saiddhaantik arthshastra koo prabhaavit kiya haye.
unaki "raajneetik arthavyavastha kii niyamavali" (1906) mein "uddeshyon aur baadhaon" kii vyaktigat samasyaon key samadhan key sandarbh mein santulan parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa haye. unhone upabhokta key siddhant key liye, aur nirmaata key apane siddhant mein, ack aur mahaan naveenata key liye, edjeworth (1881) key udasinta vakr kaa vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya. unhone trade-off boxes kii pahali prastuti dee jise abb "azworth-bauli" boxes key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
pereto ney sabse pahale yeh mahsoos kiya kii mool upayogita koo vyavasthit upayogita key sandarbh mein vitarit kiya jaa sakata haye aur aarthik santulan key baare mein socha jaa sakata haye-yaani, yeh jaanana aavashyak naheen thaa kii ack vyakti ise yaa usey kitna mahatva detaa haye, kewal yeh kii vaha isake x koo y kii tulanaa mein pasand kartaa haye. upayogita ack vareeyata-adesh thaa. isake saath, pareto ney naa kewal aadhunik sookshm arthshastra kaa udghaatan kiya, balki unhone arthshastra aur upayogitaavaadi darshan key gathbandhan koo bhee dhwast curr diyaa (joe sabse badee sankhya key liye sabse badee bhalai kaa ahwan kartaa haye; pareto ney kahaa kii "achchha" koo maapa naheen jaa sakata haye). unhone ise "pereto-optimality" kii dhaarana key saath badal diyaa, yeh vichaar kii ack pranali adhikatam aarthik santushti kaa anand leey rahee haye jaba kissy aur koo badatar banaae binaa kissy koo behtar naheen banaaya jaa sakata haye. pareto ishtatamta kaa vyaapak roop seey kalyan arthshastra aur khel siddhant mein upayog kiya jaataa haye. ack maanak pramey yeh haye kii ack poori tarah seey pratispardhi bajar dhana key vitaran kaa nirmaan kartaa haye joe kii ishtatam haye.
avadhaaranaaen.
vartamaan mein upayog mein aaney vaali kuchh aarthik avadhaaranaaen unake kaam parr adharit hainh
unhone tark diyaa kii sabhi deshon aur samay mein, aaya aur dhana kaa vitaran atyadhik visham haye, jisamen kuchh key paas adhikansh dhana haye. unhone tark diyaa kii sabhi avalokan kiye gaye samaaj ack niyamit laghuganak pattern kaa paalan karate hainh
jahan n, x seey adhik dhana vaale logon kii sankhya haye, aur a aur m sthiraank hain. pichhale kuchh varshon mein, pereto kaa kaanoon avalokan kiye gaye aankadon key ullekhaniya roop seey karib saabit huaa haye.

