
bhoomigat press

bhoomigat press yaa gupt press shabd una patrikaon aur prakashanon koo sandarbhit karate hain joe aadhikarik anumodan key binaa, avaidh roop seey yaa ack pramukh (sarkari, dhaarmik yaa sansthaagat) samooh kii ichcha key khilaf utpaadit kiye jaate hain. 
vishesh roop seey haal key (dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad) asiai, americi aur paschimi europeeya sandarbh mein, "bhoomigat press" shabd kaa upayog aksar 1960 key dashak key anta aur 1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein bhaarat aur asia mein bangladesh, sanyukt raajya america aur uttari america mein kanada, aur united kingdam aur anya paschimi deshon mein pratisanskriti seey judey swatantra roop seey prakaashit aur vitarit bhoomigat patron koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya gayaa haye. yeh damankari shasanon mein swatantra roop seey utpaadit samachar patron koo bhee sandarbhit curr sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, german kabje vaale europe mein, ack sampann bhoomigat press sanchaalit hotaa thaa, aamtaur parr pratirodh key sahyog seey. anya ullekhaniya udaharanon mein "samiti" aur "bibula" shamil hain, joe sheet yuddh key dauran kramshah soviyat sangh aur polland mein sanchaalit hue they.
utpatti.
paschimi europe mein, mudranalaya key aavishkaar key ack shatabdi baad, 16veen shatabdi key madhya mein ack vyaapak bhoomigat press kaa uday huaa, jisamen kalvinwadi pustakon aur chaude kinaaron key gupt prasaar key saath, unamen seey kaee geneva mein mudrit they, jinhen gupt roop seey anya deshon mein taskari kii gaee thee, jahaan iss tarah key saahitya koo vitarit karane vaale vaahakon koo karawas, yaatana yaa maut kaa saamana karna parh sakata thaa. protestant aur catholic donon rashtron ney calvinism kii shuruat kaa mukabala kiya, jisane durgam burai parr jore dene key saath church aur raajya donon key khilaf hinsak vidroh karane key ichchuk algavvadi, baahari upa-sanskritiyon seey appeal kii. 18veen shatabdi key france mein, gyaan kaa ack badaa avaidh bhoomigat press ubhara, joe ack aise sandarbh mein raaj-virodhi, paadari-virodhi aur ashleel karyon koo prasaarit kartaa thaa jahaan sabhi prakaashit karyon koo aadhikarik roop seey licenses dene kii aavashyakta thee. 19veen shatabdi key madhya mein pratibandhit markswadi raajneetik dalon key prakashanon koo prasaarit karane key uddeshya seey duniya bhar key kaee deshon mein ack bhoomigat press kaa uday huaa; europe parr german naazi kabje key dauran, kaee adhikrit deshon mein sahyogiyon dwara praayojit aur subsidy praapt gupt press sthaapit kiye gaye they, halanki germany key bheetar hii kissy bhee prakaar key prabhaavi bhoomigat press andolan kaa nirmaan karna lagbhag asambhav saabit huaa.
francisi pratirodh ney ack badee aur sakriya bhoomigat press prakaashit kii joe ack maheene mein 20 laakh seey adhik samachar patra chhaapati thee; pramukh sheershak they "yuddh", "liberation", "defence dee laa france" aur "leey frank-tyre"."pratyek pepper ack alag pratirodh network kaa anga thaa, aur landan mein sambaddh mukhyalayon seey dhana pradaan kiya gayaa thaa aur pratirodh netaa jeane maulin dwara vibhinn peparon mein vitarit kiya gayaa thaa. yuddh key sahayogi kaidiyon (dhanush) ney ack bhoomigat samachar patra prakaashit kiya jise paav vaah kahaa jaataa haye. purvi europe mein, lagbhag 1940 seey, bhoomigat prakashanon koo "samiti" key naam seey jaanaa jaataa thaa.
1960 key dashak key prati-saanskritik bhoomigat press andolan ney 1940 key dashak key naazi vyavsaayon key dauran dutch bhoomigat press jaise pichhale "bhoomigat press" seey naam liya. way poorvavarti vaastav mein "bhoomigat" they, jiska arth haye kii way avaidh they, iss prakaar gupt roop seey prakaashit aur vitarit kiye gaye. jabaki prati-saanskritik "bhoomigat" samachar patra aksar sarkari adhikaariyon key saath ladate they, adhikansh bhaag key liye unhein sadak vikretaon, samachar kendron aur mukhya dukaanon key network key madhyam seey khule taur parr vitarit kiya jaataa thaa, aur iss prakaar ack vyaapak darshakon taka pahunchate they.
1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein bhoomigat press uchch jee. dee. pee. prati vyakti aur press kii swatantrata vaale adhikansh deshon mein maujood thaa; kuchh vikaasheel deshon mein aur saamyavaadi raajyon, vishesh roop seey chekoslovakia mein "samiti" andolan key hisse key roop mein isi tarah key prakaashan maujood they. saptahik, masik yaa "avsar" key roop mein prakaashit, aur aamtaur parr vampanthi rajneeti seey judey, way ack or aaj key vaikalpik saptahikon mein aur doosari or zaain mein vikasit hue.
australia mein.
australia mein sabse pramukh bhoomigat prakaashan "oz" (1963 seey 1969) naamak ack vyangya patrika thee, joe shuru mein sthaaniya vishvavidyalaya key chhaatr samachar patron jaise kii honey soit (sidney vishvavidyalaya) aur tharunka (nyu south wells vishvavidyalaya) key saath-saath yuke patrika "private aaee" key liye rinn thee. mool sanskaran aprail fools day, 1963 koo sidney mein dikhaai diyaa aur 1969 taka chhitput roop seey jaari rhaa. farwari 1966 key baad prakaashit sanskaranon koo richard walsh dwara sampaadit kiya gayaa thaa, unake mool saha-sampaadak richard neville aur martin sharp key britten key liye prasthaan key baad, jinhone janwari 1967 mein ack british sanskaran ("landan oz") kii sthaapana kii. melburn phillip fraser mein, janwari 1966 seey popp sangeet patrika "goo-sett" key sansthaapak aur sampaadak, 1970 mein "kranti" key saath vaikalpik, bhoomigat prakashanon mein shaakhaaen banaa, jisake baad "hyee times" (1971 seey 1972) aur "dha digger" (1972 seey 1975).
united kingdam mein.
bhoomigat press ney samajik roop seey napunsak logon koo ack munch pradaan kiya aur yuu. key. mein bhoomigat jeevan key badalate tareeke koo pratibimbit kiya.
landan mein, bairi miles, johnn hopkins aur anya ney octuber 1966 seey "antarrashtriya times" kaa nirmaan kiya, jise "dha times" samachar patra seey kanuni dhamkiyon key baad "itt" naam diyaa gayaa.
richard neville australia seey landan pahunche, jahan unhone "oz" (1963 seey 1969) kaa sampadan kiya thaa. unhone ack british sanskaran (1967 seey 1973) launch kiya, joe aeye4 thaa ("itt" key broadsheet praarup key vipareet). bahut jaldi, phir seey shuru kiye gaye "oz" ney apani adhik kathor vyangya patrika kii chhavi koo giraa diyaa aur bhoomigat kaa mukhpatra bunn gayaa. yeh vaikalpik press (kabhi-kabhi lagbhag-aprabhaavi honey kii sthiti mein) kaa sabse rangeen aur drishya roop seey sahsi thaa, jisamen martin sharp jaise designer they. 
isake baad anya prakashanon jaise landan key ladbroke grove kshetra mein sthit "friends" (baad mein "friends"); "syaahi", joe adhik spasht roop seey raajneetik thee; aur "gandalf kaa udyaan", joe rahasyavaadi maarg kaa samarthan kartaa thaa.
kanuni chunauti.
bhoomigat press key bheetar kamukta kaa pradarshan karane seey abhiyojan koo uksaayaa gayaa. "ise samlaingikon key liye chhote vigyaapan prakaashit karane key liye adalat mein leey jaaya gayaa thaa; 1967 mein sahamati seey vayaskon key beach samalaingikta koo vaidh banaane key bavjood, ayaat abhiyojan key adheen rhaa. oz" "schooly bachchon key mudde key prakaashan ney teen" oz "sampadakon key khilaf aarop lagaae, jinhen doshi thaharaaya gayaa aur jail kii sajaa dee gaee. yeh pahali baar thaa jaba ashleel prakaashan adhiniyam 1959 koo naitik sajish key aarop key saath jodaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, appeal parr doshasiddhi koo palat diyaa gayaa.
utpeedan aur dhamki.
aam taur parr, bhoomigat angrejon kaa pulis utpeedan iss hudd taka aam hoe gayaa kii 1967 mein pulis vishesh roop seey andolan key spasht srotah bhoomigat press parr dhyaan kendrit karati prateet hui. pulis abhiyaan kaa prabhaav sambhavatah usake vipareet rhaa hoga joe sambhavatah irada thaa. usa samay vahaan maujood ack yaa dou logon key anusaar, yeh vaastav mein bhoomigat press koo majboot banaata haye. "isane dhyaan kendrit kiya, dridh sankalp koo badhaaya, aur yeh pushti karane kii pravritti dikhaai kii humm joe curr rahey they usey pratishthaan key liye khatarnak maanaa jaa rhaa thaa", mick farren ney yaad kiya. aprail 1967 seey, aur kuchh samay baad, pulis ney akhbar koo vyaapaar seey baahar karane key liye majboor karane kii koshish karane key liye "antarrashtriya samay" key karyalayon parr chhaapa maaraa. itt" key liye dhana jutaane key liye 29 aprail 1967 koo "14 ghante kaa takniki rung sapana" alekjendra palace ack saath rakhaa gayaa thaa.
ack avsar parr-"itt" parr ack aur chhaape key baad-landan kaa vaikalpik press pulis parr 'pratishodh hamale' key roop mein pesh kiye gaye hamale koo rokane mein safal rhaa. black dwarf" pepper ney ack vistrit flore-baay-flore 'guide too scotland yard' prakaashit kiya, joe aarekh, vishesh darvaajon parr taale key vivaran aur sunee gaee baatchit key anshon key saath puuraa huaa. anaam lekhak, yaa 'blue dwarf', jaisa kii unhone khud koo style kiya, ney sangrah faailon koo padhane kaa daavaa kiya, aur yahaan taka kii aayukt key karyalaya mein scotch key ack yaa dou brandon kaa namuna bhee liya. landan key "shaam key maanak" ney ghatana koo "yard parr chhaapa" key roop mein sheershak diyaa. ack yaa dou dinn baad "dainik telegraph" ney ghoshana kii kii prank key parinamswarup pulis mukhyalaya key liye sabhi suraksha paas vaapas lene padey aur phir unhein phir seey jaari karna padaa.
british popp sanskriti kaa samarthan.
dashak key anta taka, samudayik kalakar aur baind jaise gulabi floid (isase pahale kii way "vyaavsaayik roop seey chaley gaye"), vichalit, gulabi purry, hockwind, michael moorcock aur steve peregrin bhoomigat press key saath ack sahajeevi sahyog mein utpann hue. bhoomigat press ney inn baindon kaa prachaar kiya aur isase unake liye daura karna aur record saude praapt karna sambhav hoe gayaa. baind key sadasyon ney naitikta kaa prasaar karate hue yatra kii aur kuchh samay key liye bhoomigat samachar patron aur patrikaon kii maang badhee aur panpi.
neville ney "play power" naamak pratisanskriti kaa ack vivaran prakaashit kiya, jisamen unhone duniya key adhikansh bhoomigat prakashanon kaa varnan kiya. unhone una prakashanon key kaee niyamit pramukh vishayon koo bhee soochibaddh kiya, jinamen viyatnam yuddh, ashwet shakti, rajneeti, pulis kii krurta, hippy aur jeevan shally kranti, drugs, lokpriya sangeet, nayaa samaaj, cinema, theatre, graphics, cartoon aadi shamil hain.
sthaaniya samachar patra.
itt" aur "oz" jaise prakashanon key alawa, donon kaa rashtriya prasaar thaa, 1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein sthaaniya vaikalpik samachar patron kii ack poori shrinkhala kaa uday huaa, joe aamtaur parr masik roop seey prakaashit hotey they. yeye kaafee hudd taka 1950 key dashak mein offset litho printing kii shuruat seey sambhav hue they, joe paaramparik typesetting aur rotary laterpress key upayog kii tulanaa mein bahut sastaa thaa. aise sthaaniya samachar patron mein shamil theh
1980 kii ack sameeksha mein united kingdam key aspas lagbhag 70 aise prakashanon kii pehchaan kii gaee thee, lekin anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii vaastavik sankhya saikadon mein hoe sakati thee. iss tarah key patra aamtaur parr britten key kathor manhani kaanoonon key darr seey gumnam roop seey prakaashit kiye jaate they. unhone laber party key ack vyaapak arajaktawadi, udaarvaadi, vampanthi, samajwadi drishtikon kaa paalan kiya, lekin ack pepper kaa darshan aamtaur parr lachila thaa kyonki isake utpaadan key liye jimmedaar loga aatey aur jaate they. adhikansh shodh patra saamoohik siddhanton parr chalaae gaye they.
uttari america.
bhoomigat" kii kanuni paribhasha.
sanyukt raajya america mein, "bhoomigat" shabd kaa arth "avaidh" naheen thaa jaisa kii kaee anya deshon mein huaa thaa. pahala sanshodhan aur vibhinn nyayalaya nirnay (udaa.jee. "vee key paas. minnesota) kissy koo bhee samachar patra yaa anya prakaashan prakaashit karane key liye bahut vyaapak adhikaar detaa haye, aur kissy niji prakaashan koo bund karane yaa sensor karane key sarkari prayason koo gambhir roop seey pratibandhit kartaa haye. vaastav mein, jaba sarkari agencies dwara censorship key prayaas kiye jaate hain, tou way yaa tou gupt tareeke seey kiye jaate hain (yeh jaanane seey bachane key liye kii kaarravaai ack sarkari agency dwara kii jaa rahee haye) yaa aamtaur parr adalaton dwara unhein rokane kaa adesh diyaa jaataa haye jaba unake jawab mein nyaayik kaarravaai kii jaati haye.
ack prakaashan koo, samanya roop seey, ack aparaadh karna chaahiye (udaaharan key liye, ack samachar vastu key baare mein jaankaari praapt karane key liye kissy key karyalaya mein chori karane vaale samvaadaata); ack vishesh lekh yaa mudde koo prakaashit karane mein kaanoon kaa ullanghan (ashleel samagri chhaapana, copyrite ullanghan, manhani, gair-prakateekaran samjhaute koo todana); seedhe rashtriya suraksha koo khatra; yaa ack aasann apatkal ("spasht aur vartamaan khatra" maanak) koo rokane yaa anyatha dabaane kaa adesh denaa yaa sambhaavit roop seey paida karna, aur phir aamtaur parr kewal vishesh aapattijanak lekh yaa lekhon koo pratibandhit curr diyaa jaayega, jabaki samachar patra koo hii sanchaalan jaari rakhane kii anumati haye aur anya lekhon koo prakaashit karna jaari rakh sakata haye.
yuu mein.aiss. bhoomigat samachar patra" shabd aam taur parr ack swatantra (aur aam taur parr chhote) samachar patra koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe alokpriya vishayon yaa pratisanskriti key muddon parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye. aam taur parr, yeye raajneetik roop seey baain or yaa door baain or hotey hain. adhik sankeern roop seey, yuu mein.aiss. bhoomigat samachar patra" shabd aksar usa avadhi key prakashanon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jaba sthaaniya tabloid bhoomigat samachar patron key liye ack tarah kii uchhaal yaa sanak adalat key faisalon key kaaran desh mein fail gaee thee, jisase ashlilata key liye mukadama chalaana kaheen adhik kathin hoe gayaa thaa. yeye prakaashan america mein 1960 key dashak key ubharate hue nae vampanthi aur hippy/cycadelic/rock aind roll pratisanskriti kii aavaaj bunn gaye, aur viyatnam yuddh aur masaude key virodh kaa ack kendra bindu bunn gaye.
utpatti.
1960 key dashak key uttari americi pratisanskriti press ney 1950 key dashak mein shuru hue poorvavartiyon seey prerana lii, jaise kii "gaanv kii aavaaz" aur paul crassner kaa vyangya patra "yathaarthvaadi"."yakinan, 1960 key dashak kaa pahala bhoomigat samachar patra" "loss angils free press" "thaa, jisaki sthaapana 1964 mein hui thee aur pahali baar 1965 mein usa naam seey prakaashit huaa thaa. 
1965-1973 boom avadhi.
lui maynand key anusaar, "dha nyu yorker" mein likhate hue, sanyukt raajya america mein bhoomigat press andolan "prakaashan itihas mein sabse sahaj aur aakramak vikas mein seey ack thaa."iss ghatana key charam varshon key dauran, vartamaan mein kissy bhee samay lagbhag 100 shodh patra prakaashit hotey they. lekin bhoomigat press kii ghatana alpakaalik saabit hui.
navambar 1966 mein prakaashit ack bhoomigat press syndicate (upp) roaster ney 14 bhoomigat patron koo soochibaddh kiya, jinamen seey 11 sanyukt raajya america mein, dou ingland mein aur ack kanada mein thaa. kuchh hii varshon mein yeh sankhya badh gaee thee. abby hoffman kii "iss pustak koo chori karein" mein prakaashit 1971 key ack roaster mein 271 upp-sambaddh patra soochibaddh kiye gaye they; 11 kanada mein, 23 europe mein aur shesh sanyukt raajya america mein they. bhoomigat press key pathakon kii sanyukt sankhya antatah laakhon taka pahunch gaee.
praarambhik shodh patra drishya shally, vishay-vastu aur yahaan taka kii buniyaadi avadharana mein bhee bahut bhinn they-aur bahut alag prakaar key samudaayon seey ubhare they. kaee nishchit roop seey motey-motey kiye gaye they, bhaagate hue patrakaarita aur utpaadan kaushal seekh rahey they. kuchh sainya roop seey raajneetik they jabaki anya mein atyadhik aadhyatmik vishay-vastu thee aur chitraatmak roop seey parishkrit aur saahasik they.
1969 taka, uttari america key lagbhag harr badey shahar yaa college shahar mein cumm seey cumm ack bhoomigat samachar patra thaa. bhoomigat patron mein seey sabse pramukh they "saine francisco orecal", "saine francisco express times", "berkley barb" aur "berkley janjaati"; "open city" (loss angils), "five estate" (detroit), "anya drishya" (johnn wilcock dwara duniya bhar key vibhinn sthaanon seey bheje gaye); "helix" (seatle); "avtaar" (boston); "shikago seed"; "dha grate speckled burd" (atlanta); "dha raag" (austin, texas); "rait" (newyork shahar); "space city!"(huston) aur kanada mein," "georgia seedha" "(vancouver, eesaa poorv).
"austin, texas mein 1966 mein thorn drayer aur caroll neeman dwara sthaapit "dha raag" vishesh roop seey prabhaavshaali thaa. itihaaskaar laurence leimer ney ise "kuchh pauranik bhoomigat mein seey ack" kahaa, aur johnn mcmillion key anusaar, isane baad mein aae kaee shodh patron key liye ack model key roop mein kaam kiya. "dha raag" dakshin mein chhathe sadasya aur pahala bhoomigat pepper thaa aur itihaaskaar ebe peck key anusaar, yeh "raajneetik aur sanskriti key sahabhaagi loktantra, samudayik ayojan aur sanshleshan kaa pratinidhitva karane vaalaa pahala underground thaa jise madhya saath key dashak kaa nayaa vaam vikas karane kii koshish curr rhaa thaa."leimer ney apani 1972 kii pustak" "dha pepper revolutionaries" "mein" "dha raag" "koo kuchh pauranik bhoomigat mein seey ack kahaa haye. gilbert shelton kii prasiddh "shandar pyaare ajib bhaaiyon" kii comic strip "dha raag" mein shuru hui, aur kuchh hudd taka upp key liye dhanyavaad, poori duniya mein punah prakaashit kii gaee.
bhoomigat patron mein seey shayed sabse adhik chitraatmak roop seey naveen "saine francisco orecal" thaa. bhoomigat press syndicate key sansthaapak johnn wilcock ney "orecal" key baare mein likhaah "isake nirmaata rung kaa upayog curr rahey hain jiss tarah seey lottreck ney ack baar lithography key saath prayog kiya hoga-madhyam key sansadhanon kaa adhikatam pareekshan karna aur vaha utpaadan karna joe lagbhag koee bhee anubhavi samachar patra aapako bataayega kii asambhav thaa... yeh ack rachanaatmak dynamo haye jiska prabhaav nissandeh americi prakaashan key roop koo badal dega."
1969-1970 kii avadhi mein, kaee bhoomigat samachar patra adhik ugra hoe gaye aur raajya key khilaf sashastr kranti parr khule taur parr charcha karna shuru curr diyaa, kuchh ney bambari key liye niyamavali chhaapane taka aur apane pathakon seey khud koo hathiyar dene kaa aagrah kiya; haalaanki, yeh pravritti jald hii bhoomigat mausam key uday aur patan aur kent raajya mein dukhad golibari key baad chup hoe gaee.
hyee school bhoomigat press.
iss avadhi key dauran yuu. aiss. key aspas saikadon hyee schools mein anadhikrit chhaatr-prakaashit patrikaon aur mimograph kiye gaye patron koo prasaarit karane vaalaa ack vyaapak bhoomigat press andolan bhee thaa.aiss. (1968 mein, dakshini california key 400 uchch vidyaalayon key ack sarvekshan mein paaya gayaa kii 52 pratishat ney apane school mein chhatron kii bhoomigat press gatividhi kii soochana dee.) inmein seey adhikansh patron ney kewal kuchh hii ank prakaashit kiye, pratyek kii kuchh sou pratiyaan chala rahee theen aur unhein kewal ack sthaaniya school mein prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa, halanki 1969 mein newyork mein 10,000-prati press runn key saath ack pranali-vyaapi yuddh-virodhi hyee school bhoomigat pepper kaa utpaadan kiya gayaa thaa. huston kaa "little redd schoolhouse", hyee school key chhatron dwara prakaashit ack shahar bhar mein bhoomigat pepper, 1970 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
kuchh samay key liye aaee. dee. 1 mein, hyee school bhoomigat press kii apani press sevaaen theenh fred (see dwara sanchaalit). shikago key schools mein apane aadhar key saath ack loktaantrik samaaj key liye chhatron kaa clark kissinger) aur koolhon (hyee school swatantra press seva, joe mukti samachar seva mukhyalaya seey baahar kaam karane vaale chhatron dwara nirmit haye aur mukhya roop seey lekin vishesh roop seey newyork shahar key schools mein naheen). yeye sevaayen aam taur parr lekhon aur suvidhaon key ack saptahik paiket kaa utpaadan karati hain joe desh bhar mein sadasyata patron koo mell kiye jaate hain; hips ney 60 sadasyata patron kii soochana dee. 
jee.aaee. bhoomigat press.
yuu key bheetar jee. aaee. bhoomigat press.aiss. senaa ney viyatnam yuddh key dauran chaar sou seey adhik khitabon kaa utpaadan kiya, jinamen seey kuchh yuddh virodhi jee coffey houses dwara nirmit they, aur unamen seey kaee chhote, krurta seey utpaadit, cumm-prasaar vaale "zaain" they jinhen jee. aaee. aiss. yaa haal hii mein yuddh key virodh mein chhutti diye gaye diggajon dwara likhaa gayaa thaa aur sthaaniya roop seey onn aur off-bases prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa. kaee jee. aaee. bhoomigat patron mein badey paimaane parr, hajaaron pratiyon kaa rashtriya vitaran thaa, jisamen hajaaron pratiyaan jee. aaee. key videshon mein bheji gaeen theen. inn kaagjaaton koo nagrik yuddh-virodhi kaaryakartaon key samarthan seey prastut kiya gayaa thaa, aur unhein daak key madhyam seey viyatnam bheja jaanaa thaa, jahaan sanic unhein vitarit curr sakate hain yaa yahaan taka kii unhein apane paas rakh sakate hain, utpeedan, anushasanatmak kaarravaai yaa giraftari key adheen hoe sakate hain. inmein seey cumm seey cumm dou patra viyatnam mein hii yuddh kshetra mein taiyar kiye gaye they, "boomerang barb" aur "jee kahate hain.
takniki aur vittiya vaastavikataaen.
bhoomigat press mein uchhaal koo saste offset printing kii upalabdhata dwara vyaavhaarik banaaya gayaa thaa, jisase ack chhote seey tabloid pepper kii kuchh hazaar pratiyon koo kuchh sou dollar mein print karna sambhav hoe gayaa thaa, jise ack sahanubhutipurna printer credit parr badhaa sakata haye. kagaj sastaa thaa, aur desh bhar mein kaee mudran farmon ney 1950 key dashak key dauran atyadhik vistaar kiya thaa aur unake offset web press parr atirikt kshamata thee, jisake liye saude kii daron parr baatchit kii jaa sakati thee.
adhikansh samachar patra cumm bajat parr kaam karate they, sampaadak kii rasoi kii mez parr leout sheet parr camera-taiyar prati chipakaate they, jisamen avaitanik, gair-sangh swayamsevakon dwara shram kiya jaataa thaa. typesetting laagat, joe usa samay kaee sthaapit badey shahar key patron koo mitaa rahee thee, kiraaye key yaa udhaar liye gaye aaee. bee. aim. chayanaatmak typewriter parr coppy type karke haath seey chipakaane seey bachaa jaataa thaa. jaisa kii ack paryavekshak ney kewal thodi atishayokti key saath tippani kii, chhaatr apane dopahar key bhojan key paise seey inn patron key prakaashan kaa vittaposhan curr rahey they.
syndicate aur samachar sevaayen.
1966 key madhya mein, ack anya praarambhik samachar patra, "east village adar" key prakaashak walter bowert key ukasaave parr sahakaari bhoomigat press syndicate (upp) kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. upa ney sadasya patron koo kissy bhee anya sadasya patra seey samagri koo swatantra roop seey punah mudrit karane kii anumati dee.
iss avadhi key dauran, bhoomigat press key samaan chintaon vaali kaee vampanthi raajneetik patrikaaen bhee theen. inmein seey kuchh patrikaaen laghu film nirmaan, vigyaapan aur lekhon aur samachar patron key mukt adaan-pradaan jaisi sevaaen praapt karane key liye bhoomigat press syndicate mein shamil hoe gaeen. udaharanon mein "black panther" (black panther party, oakland, california kaa kagaj) aur "dha guardian" (newyork shahar) shamil hain, donon kaa rashtriya vitaran thaa.
lagbhag shuru seey hii, upp ney apane sadasya patron mein bhoomigat comics strips kaa samarthan aur vitaran kiya. kuchh cartoonists mein robbert crumb, jey linch, dha maid peck kaa "burn off dha weak", ronn cob aur frank stack shamil they. bhoomigat press aur chhaatr prakashanon koo bhoomigat comics samagri bechane mein pratispardha karane key liye 1973 mein rip off press syndicate kii shuruat kii gaee thee. harr shukravaar koo, company ney gilbert shelton, bill griffith, joel beck, dave sheridon, taid richards aur hairi driggs jaise cartoonists dwara bechi jaa rahee strips key saath ack vitaran patrak bheja.
1967 kii garmiyon mein ray mungo aur marshel bloom dwara saha-sthaapit mukti samachar seva (ell. aine. aiss.) ney una ghatnaaon kaa coverage pradaan kiya, jinn taka adhikansh samachar patron kii anyatha koee pahunch naheen hoti."isi tarah, johnn burger, lii mars aur anya ney vaikalpik suvidhaon kii seva, ink. kii saha-sthaapana kii. 1970 mein bhoomigat aur college press key saath-saath swatantra radio stations koo syndicated press samagri kii aapoorti karane key liye, joe vishesh roop seey vaikalpik sansthanon key nirmaan parr prakaash daalati haye, jaise kii muft cleanic, logon key baink, muft vishvavidyalaya aur vaikalpik awas.
1973 taka, kaee bhoomigat samachar patron koo modd diyaa gayaa thaa, jiss samay bhoomigat press syndicate ney bhoomigat key paarit honey koo sweekaar kiya aur apana naam badalkar vaikalpik press syndicate (aeye. pee. aiss.) curr liya. kuchh varshon key baad, apps kii sthaapana bhee hui, jise 1978 mein vaikalpik samachar saptahikon key sangh dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa.
vivaad.
nyu orleans mein "nola express" sabse kukhyaat bhoomigat samachar patron mein seey ack thaa joe kaaryakartaon, kaviyon aur kalakaron koo binaa sensor vaali aavaaj dekar raili mein shamil huaa. 1960 key dashak key dauran raajneetik virodh key hisse key roop mein robbert haid aur darleen fife dwara shuru kiya gayaa aur virodh aur abhivyakti kii swatantrata kaviyon dwara "mimeo kranti" kaa vistaar karate hue, "nola express" chhoti patrika sampadakon aur prakashakon (cosmap) kii samiti kaa bhee sadasya thaa. aksar paraspar uddeshya vaale sangathanon key saath inn dou sambaddhataon ney "nola express" koo pratisanskriti andolan key sabse kattarpanthi aur vivadaspad prakashanon mein seey ack banaa diyaa. nola express" key baare mein vivaad key ack hisse mein graphic tasveeren aur chitra shamil they, jinamen seey kaee koo aaj key samaaj mein bhee ashleel key roop mein pratibandhit curr diyaa jaayega.
charles bukowski kaa syndicated collum, "notes off aeye derty old maine", "nola express" mein chalaa, aur kahani key liye francisco mcbride key chitran "dha phak machine" koo kamuk, ashleel maanaa gayaa aur ack hangama paida kiya. inn sabhi vivaadon ney pathakon kii sankhya badhaane aur una raajneetik karanon kii or dhyaan aakarshit karane mein madad kii jinka sampadakon ney samarthan kiya.
utpeedan aur dhamki.
kaee samachar patron koo niyamit roop seey aadhikarik utpeedan kaa saamana karna padaa; sthaaniya pulis ney baar-baar "dalla noton" key karyalayon parr chhaapa maaraa aur unakaa bhandaphod kiya aur nashili davaaon key aarop mein sampaadak koo patthar seey jalaaya; atlanta key "badey dhabbon vaale pakshi" aur anya parr ashlilata kaa aarop lagaaya; sadak parr rahane vaale vikretaon koo giraftar kiya; aur sthaaniya printers parr bhoomigat kagaj naa chhaapane kaa dabaav daala. 
austin mein, texas vishvavidyalaya key rajpratinidhiyon ney parisar mein prasaar koo rokane key liye "dha raag" parr mukadama daayar kiya, lekin americi nagrik swatantrata sangh ney yuu. aiss. key samaksh pepper key pahale sanshodhan adhikaaron kaa safaltapurvak bachaav kiya.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya. bloomington, indiana mein "darshak" koo bund karane key ack spasht prayaas mein, sampaadak james ratherford koo chuninda seva kaanoonon key kathit ullanghan key liye kuchh samay key liye jail mein daal diyaa gayaa thaa; unaki doshasiddhi koo palat diyaa gayaa thaa aur ack sanghiya nyayadhish dwara abhiyojakon koo fatkaar lagaai gaee thee.
desh bhar mein kaee bhoomigat samachar patron key karyalayon parr drive-baay golibari, aag bambari, toda-phod aur kachra daala gayaa, saubhagya seey binaa kissy zaan-maal key. huston key "antariksh shahar" key karyalaya!"bambari kii gaee aur isaki khidakiyon koo baar-baar goli maar dee gaee. huston mein, kaee anya shaharon kii tarah, hamlaavaron, jinaki kabhi pehchaan naheen hui, una parr duty seey baahar sainya yaa pulis karmi, yaa koo clux clan yaa minutman sangathanon key sadasya honey kaa sandeh thaa. 
saine diego mein bhoomigat press key khilaf kuchh sabse hinsak hamale kiye gaye they. 1976 mein "saine diego union" ney bataaya kii 1971 aur 1972 mein hamalon koo ack dakshinpanthi ardhsainik samooh dwara anjam diyaa gayaa thaa, joe khud koo gupt senaa sangathan kahata thaa, jiska sambandh aff. bee. aaee. key sthaaniya karyalaya seey thaa.
yuu.aiss. sanghiya jaanch beuro (aff. bee. aaee.) ney sanyukt raajya america mein bhoomigat press parr nigrani aur vyavadhaan gatividhiyon kaa sanchaalan kiya, jisamen vaikalpik agency mukti samachar seva koo nasht karane kaa abhiyaan bhee shamil thaa. kattarpanthi nae vaam samoohon koo badnam karane aur ghuspaith karane key liye design kiye gaye apane cointelpro key hisse key roop mein, aff. bee. aaee. ney indiana vishvavidyalaya bloomington mein "armagedden news", austin mein texas vishvavidyalaya mein "dha longhorn tail" aur washington, dee mein americi vishvavidyalaya mein "tarksangat paryavekshak" jaise nakali bhoomigat samachar patra bhee shuru kiye.see. aff. bee. aaee. ney saine francisco mein prashant antarrashtriya samachar seva, shikago midwest news aur newyork press seva bhee chalaai. inmein seey kaee sangathanon mein ack dakghar boxes aur ack laterhead seey thodaa adhik shamil thaa, jise aff. bee. aaee. koo bhoomigat press prakashanon kii vinimay pratiyaan praapt karane aur bhoomigat press sabhaon mein gupt paryavekshakon koo bhejane mein saksham banaane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa.
bhoomigat press mein girawat.
1972 key anta taka, masaude key anta aur viyatnam yuddh key samaapt honey key saath, bhoomigat press key astitva kaa kaaran bahut cumm thaa. iss dauran kaee shodh patra astitva seey baahar hoe gaye; bache hue logon mein madhyam varg key moolyon aur pranali key bheetar kaam karane key prati ack nayaa aur cumm vivadaspad drishtikon ubhara. bhoomigat press samajik roop seey jagrook, jeevan shally-unmukh vaikalpik media key roop mein vikasit honey lagaa joe vartamaan mein uttari america mein saptahik print media key iss roop parr haavi haye.
1973 mein, miller banaam mein sarvocch nyayalaya kaa aitihaasik nirnay. california ney ack lambe antaral key baad sthaaniya ashlilata key mukadame koo phir seey saksham kiya. yeh jyaadaatar shesh bhoomigat press (bhoomigat comics sahit) key liye maut kii ghanti bajaai, mukhya roop seey sthaaniya mukhya dukaanon koo joe bhoomigat kagjat aur desh bhar key samudaayon mein comics koo ikattha karate they, abhiyojan key liye adhik samvedansheel banaa dete they.
"georgia seedhe" bhoomigat andolan seey aage nickle gayaa, joe aaj bhee prakaashit ack vaikalpik saptahik key roop mein vikasit hoe rhaa haye; "paanchvin sampatti" ack arajaktawadi patrika key roop mein bunny hui haye. "dha raag"-joe austin (1966-1977) mein 11 varshon key liye prakaashit huaa thaa-2006 mein ack online prakaashan "dha raag blogg" key roop mein punarjeevit kiya gayaa thaa, jisake abb pragatisheel blogg jagat mein vyaapak anuyaayi hain aur jinake yogadankartaon mein mool bhoomigat press key kaee diggaj shamil hain.
ack upasanskriti key roop mein vaikalpik patrakaarita kii prakriti koo dekhate hue, bhoomigat samachar patron key kuchh karmchari nae vaikalpik saptahik patrikaon mein karmchari bunn gaye, bhale hii prabandhan yaa swaamitva key saath shayed hii kabhi sansthaagat nirantarta thee. ack udaaharan bhoomigat "chinook" seey "seedhi khaadi patrika" mein, "westward" mein, ack vaikalpik saptahik abhee bhee prakaashan mein haye. kuchh bhoomigat aur vaikalpik samvaadaata, cartoonist aur kalakar corporate media yaa shikshaavidon mein kaam karane key liye aage badhe.
bhoomigat press patron kii soochi.
sanyukt raajya america.
viyatnam yuddh key dauran sanyukt raajya america mein ack hazaar seey adhik bhoomigat samachar patra prakaashit hue they. nimnalikhit adhik vyaapak roop seey prasaarit, lambe samay taka chalane vaale aur ullekhaniya shirshakon kii ack chhoti soochi haye. raajyon dwara krambaddh lambi, adhik vyaapak soochi key liye, bhoomigat samachar patron kii lambi soochi dekhein.
yuu.aiss. sainya jee.aaee. kaagaz.
talika dekhein. 
bhaarat.
bhookhi peedhi bangali bhasha mein ack saahityik andolan thaa jise aaj "bhookhvaadi chaukadi" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.ee."1960 key dashak key dauran kolkata, bhaarat mein shakti chattopadhyay, malay roy chaudhari, sameer roy chaudhari aur devi roy (urf haradhon dhaara). iss awant garde saanskritik andolan mein shamil honey key kaaran, netaaon ney apani naukari khou dee aur unhein maujooda sarkaar dwara jail bhej diyaa gayaa. unhone saahitya key baare mein samkaaleen vichaaron koo chunauti dee aur samkaaleen kalakaron dwara saahitya aur chitrakala mein apani bhaavanaon koo vyakt karane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali bhasha aur muhaware key vikas mein mahatvapurna yogdan diyaa.
iss andolan kii visheshta prakriti key saath nikatata kii abhivyakti aur kabhi-kabhi gandhiwad aur garvavaad key siddhant hain. haalaanki isaki utpatti patna, bihaar mein hui thee aur shuru mein kolkata mein sthit thee, lekin isamen pratibhaagi uttari bangal, tripura aur banaras mein faile hue they. unake anusaar dow. asam vishvavidyalaya key deane shankar bhattacharya key saath-saath kaurab saahityik patrika key sampaadak aryanil mukerjea ney ellen ginsberg koo utanaa hii prabhaavit kiya jitna kii isane beat kaviyon key madhyam seey americi kavita koo prabhaavit kiya jinhone 1960-1970 key dauran kalkatta, patna aur banaras kaa daura kiya. arvind krishna mehrotra, joe abb ack professor aur sampaadak hain, bhookhi peedhi key andolan seey judey they. shakti chattopadhyay, saileshwar ghosh, subhash ghosh ney 1964 mein andolan chhod diyaa.
1961-1965 key dauran 100 seey adhik ghoshanapatra jaari kiye gaye they. malay kii kavitaon koo pro. pee. laal apane lekhak karyashala prakaashan seey. howard mccord ney malay roy chaudhari kii vivadaspad kavita "prachand boyadyutik chhutar" aaee prakaashit kii.ee.1965 mein "washington state university seey stark electric jeesas". iss kavita kaa duniya kii kaee bhaashaon mein anuvaad kiya gayaa haye; carle weisner dwara german mein, margaret randle dwara spanish mein, ameek hamphi dwara urdu mein, maanik daas dwara asamiya mein, nalin patel dwara gujaraati mein, raaj kamal chaudhari dwara hindi mein aur haward maccard dwara angreji mein.
neetherland mein.
neetherland mein gupt press dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey sambandhit haye, joe 10 maee 1940 seey 5 maee 1945 taka neetherland mein chalaa.

