
constantin pates

constantin pats (-18 janwari 1956) ack astonian rajneta they aur desh key rashtrapati they. pats swatantra loktaantrik ganarajya astonia key sabse prabhaavshaali raajnetaon mein seey ack they, aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale dou dashakon key dauran unhone desh key pradhaan mantri key roop mein bhee paanch baar seva kii. juuna 1940 key soviyat aakraman aur astonia parr kabje key baad, rashtrapati ack maheene seey adhik samay taka aupchaarik roop seey karyalaya mein rahey, jaba taka kii unhein istifa dene key liye majboor naheen kiya gayaa, nae stalinwadi shasson dwara kaid curr liya gayaa, aur ussr mein nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa, jahaan unaki 1956 mein mrityu hoe gaee.
rajneeti mein sakriya honey vaale pahale estonians mein seey ack, pait they, aur phir unhone zaan tonnison key saath ack prasiddh, lagbhag chaar dashakon lambi, raajneetik pratidvandvita shuru kii-pahale apane samachar patra "titaja" key saath patrakaarita key madhyam seey, baad mein rajneeti key madhyam seey. halanki 1905 kii russie kranti key dauran pats koo maut kii sajaa (anupasthiti mein) sunai gaee thee, lekin vaha videsh bhaagne mein saksham they, pahale switzerland, phir finland, jahan unhone apana saahityik kaary jaari rakhaa. vaha astonia (taba russie samrajya kaa hissa) laut aaya, aur usey 1910-1911 mein jail kii sajaa kaatani padee.
1917 mein farwari kranti key baad, pait ney astonia key navgathit swaayatt raajya-mandal kii praantiya sarkaar kaa netritva kiya, jise navambar 1917 mein bolshevik takhtapalat key baad bhoomigat honey key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. 19 farwari 1918 koo, pait astonian moksh samiti key teen sadasyon mein seey ack bunn gaye jinhone 24 farwari 1918 koo astonian swatantrata kii ghoshana jaari kii. unhone astonian asthaayi sarkaar (1918-1919) kaa netritva kiya, halanki unhein 1918 mein kaee maheenon key liye german kabje vaale shasson dwara kaid bhee kiya gayaa thaa. asthaayi sarkaar mein, pait ney aantarik mamalon key mantri (1918) aur yuddh mantri (1918-1919) key roop mein bhee kaary kiya, jisane unhein soviyat russie aakraman key khilaf swatantrata key yuddh mein astonian senaa koo aayojit karane kaa prabhaar diyaa.
1920 aur 1930 key dashak kii shuruat key dauran, pats ney usa samay key adhik pramukh dakshinpanthi dalon mein seey ack kaa netritva kiya-roodhivaadi kisan sabhaaen, joe antatah 1932 mein ack anya party, basane vaalon aur chhote dharakon key sangh mein vilay hoe gaee. pats sansad key adhyaksh ("rigikogu") (1922-1923) they aur paanch baar raajya key bujurg key roop mein kaary kiya, joe astonia kii mool roop seey sansadiya pranali (1921-1922,1923-1924,1931-1932,1932-1933, aur 1933-1934) mein rashtrapati key barabar pada thaa. raajya key bujurg key roop mein apane antim karyakal key dauran, unhone dakshinpanthi loklubhavan vaap andolan koo beasar karane key liye ack aatm-takhtapalat kaa ayojan kiya. unhein senaa aur sansad kaa samarthan praapt thaa. " "" maun key yug "" key dauran, kaee sudhaar kiye gaye aur arthavyavastha mein vriddhi hui, jabaki unhone samvaidhaanik vyavastha kii vaapsee koo sthagit curr diyaa. " eastonian raksha balon key commander, general johann leoner dwara kaafee hudd taka samarthit, piets ney raajya key bujurg (1934-1937) aur rashtrapati-regent (1937-1938) key kartavyon mein pradhaan mantri key roop mein shasson kiya, jaba taka kii 1938 mein ack nayaa samvidhaan apanaaya naheen gayaa, jisake baad piets koo astonia kaa pahala rashtrapati chunaa gayaa. unake rashtrapati pada key dauran, juuna 1940 mein stalinwadi soviyat sangh ney estonia parr aakraman kiya aur kabja curr liya. rashtrapati key roop mein, unhein ack maheene seey adhik samay taka farmaanon parr hastakshar karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa, jaba taka kii unhein giraftar naheen kiya gayaa aur soviyat roose mein nirvaasit naheen kiya gayaa, jahaan 1956 mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
parivaar.
pats key maataa-pitaa kii utpatti tatkalin livonia key rajyakshetra mein viljandi key paas holstray seey hui thee. parivarik naam "pots" kaa arth haye eastonian mein ack "rotty" aur maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh 18veen shatabdi kii shuruat seey unake pitrivanshiya poorvajon seey liya gayaa haye, jinhone akaal key dauran apani mill seey muft rotty vitarit kii thee. mill koo shuru mein pats mill naam diyaa gayaa thaa aur "pats" (mool roop seey "pats") koo baad mein ack aadhikarik upnaam key roop mein apanaaya gayaa thaa.
constantin key pitaa, yakub (jagup) pats (1842-1909), viljandi key paas himtali key ack ghar kaa nirmaan karane vaale they. constantin kii maan, olga pots (nee tumanova; 1847-1914), ack anath thee, jise kathit taur parr rajumovsky parivaar dwara ack mool russie-vaktaa key roop mein paalaa gayaa thaa, jahan ack samay mein usake dattak pitaa valga key mahapour they. yeh bhee daavaa kiya gayaa haye kii vaha crudener parivaar key saath pully-badhee, jahan god lene vaale pitaa, bairan crudener, usake chaacha they; haalaanki, yeh adhik sambhavana haye kii usane baad mein ack governess key roop mein crudener parivaar kii seva kii. jacob aur olga kii mulakat taba hui jaba way donon crudener parivaar kii seva mein they.
constantin kaa ack badaa bhaai, nikolai (1871-1940), teen chhote bhaai-paul (1876-1881), voldemar (1878-1958), aur peater (1880-1942)-aur ack chhoti bahan, mariane (1888-1947) thee. choonki unaki maan olga kaa paalan-poshan ack ameer russie parivaar mein huaa thaa, isaliye unake pitaa jacob ney luthranwad seey purvi roodhivaadi isai dharm mein parivartan curr liya. sabhi bachchon kaa paalan-poshan majboot roodhivaadi paramparaon mein kiya gayaa thaa.
parivaar shuru mein viljandi mein rahata thaa. pait key pitaa jacob astonian rashtravadi kisaanon mein seey ack they, jinhone 1865 mein roose key samrat alekjendar dwiteeya seey baltic german bhoomi maalikon key kuleen visheshadhikaron koo hataane key liye yachika daayar kii. yachika key baad, yakub sthaaniya kuleen varg key saath sangharsh mein aaa gayaa aur 1873 mein usey parnu key paas tahkuranna jaane key liye majboor honah padaa. kyonki pitaa koo tehkuranna mein naukari naheen mill rahee thee, parivaar 1882 mein parnu mein ack kiraaye key apartment mein chalaa gayaa. teen saal baad, yakub ney khud koo parnu key paas rekula mein kuchh jameen kharidi, jahan way shuru mein sadak kinare ack saraay mein rahate they, lekin saraay key jalane key baad ack nayaa ghar banaaya. yakub ney apani bhoomi koo chhote-chhote bhaagon mein vibhajit kiya aur usa sthaan parr aadhaa darjan nae ghar banaae, joe antatah ack nagar mein vikasit huaa, aur baad mein ack jilaa bunn gayaa.
praarambhik jeevan.
constantin pats kaa janm tahkuranna key paas huaa thaa. sthaaniya logon kii yaadon key anusaar, unakaa janm sadak kinare ack khet key ack godam mein huaa thaa, kyonki unaki maan samay parr doctor taka naheen pahunch sakati theen. unhone tehkuranna roodhivaadi church mein bapatisma liya thaa.
constantin ney apani shiksha tehkuranna key roodhivaadi parrish school mein shuru kii. 
parnu mein, constantin ney russie bhasha key roodhivaadi parrish school mein bhaag liya. baad mein, unhone 1887-1892 mein reega clerical seminar mein bhaag liya, lekin pujari naheen banane kaa nirnay lene key baad, way parnu mein hyee school key liye chaley gaye.
1894 seey 1898 taka, unhone tartu vishvavidyalaya key kaanoon sankaay mein bhaag liya, jahan seey unhone canded key roop mein snaatak kiya. nyaay. snaatak honey key baad, puts ney pskov mein omsk kii russie 96veen paidal senaa resiment mein seva kii aur unhein ack dhwaj key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa. tartu mein ack shaikshanik currier koo aswikar karane key baad, way 1900 mein raajneetik currier shuru karane key liye talinn chaley gaye.
carrier.
patrakaarita.
talinn mein, constantin pats ney zaan posca kii vakaalat mein ack sahayak key roop mein apana currier shuru kiya, lekin naukari pats key liye santoshjanak naheen thee. tartu mein, zaan tonnison ney pahale seey hii 1891 mein apane rashtravadi samachar patra "postimis" kii sthaapana curr lii thee; pats ney tollin mein apana khud kaa samachar patra khojane kii yojana banaai thee. pahali prerana lekhak edward wilde aur aeye seey aaee. aich. tamsare, joe apane samajik loktaantrik vichaaron key kaaran aantarik mamalon key mantralaya seey licenses praapt naheen curr sakey. isake bajaay, unhone roodhivaadi church mein ack sambaddhata key saath ack agyaat vakeel key roop mein pats kii madad kaa upayog kiya.
adhikaariyon dwara yeh maanaa gayaa thaa kii unhone ack samachar patra sthaapit kiya thaa joe samrajya key prati wafadar thaa aur "sabhi roodhivaadi estonians koo ekjut karega"; haalaanki, vaastav mein unake samachar patra mein ack kattarpanthi raajneetik samagri thee. teetja" ("rajpatra") kaa pahala mudda saamane aaya, jisamen naa kewal "postemies" aur "titaja" key beach pratidvandvita shuru hui, balki astonian rashtravadi andolan mein netritva kii sthiti key liye zaan tonnison aur constantin pats key beach bhee vyaktigat roop seey pratidvandvita shuru hui. adhik rashtravadi aur mool roop seey vaichaarik "postomies" key vipareet, "teetja" ney rashtravadi uddeshya key liye shiksha aur vanijya key mahatva parr jore diyaa. russie samrajya key sarkari adhikaariyon dwara lagaai gaee sakht censorship neetiyon ney kaam koo mushkil banaa diyaa thaa.
praarambhik raajneetik jeevan.
pats kaa pahala raajneetik lakshya shaharon mein satta hassil karna thaa, jahan baltic german abhee bhee nagarpalika sarkaaron koo niyantrit karate they. pats ney 1904 seey tollin mein ack nagarpalika salaahkaar key roop mein kaary kiya; aur zaan posca key saath milkar, unhone astonian aur udaarvaadi rusiyon key beach ack chunavi block kaa ayojan kiya, joe 1904 key tollin nagarpalika chunaavon mein jeetane mein kamyab rhaa. pats nagar parishad key sadasya bunn gaye aur aprail 1905 mein, way nagar parishad kii adhyakshata karate hue upa mahapour bunn gaye. nagar sarkaar mein unake sakriya kaam ney unhein apane samachar patra key liye bahut cumm samay diyaa. hains poggelman key netritva mein krantikariyon key ack samooh ney "titaja" key karmchaariyon parr niyantran curr liya thaa aur sarkaar virodhi lekh prakaashit kiye they aur logon koo kranti key liye bulaaya thaa.
1905 kii kranti key dauran, pats pahale seey hii swa-sarkaar sudhaar parr ack karyakarta they, jahan unhone baltic governorate mein rashtriya swaayatta kaa samarthan kiya thaa. kranti key badhane mein, unakaa samachar patra bund curr diyaa gayaa aur isake karmchaariyon koo giraftar curr liya gayaa. pats koo pahale seey hii iss baare mein pataa chalaa aur way switzerland bhaagne mein kamyab rahey, kewal yeh pataa lagaane key liye kii unhein russie samrajya mein maut kii sajaa sunai gaee thee.
1906 mein, way helsinki, finland chaley gaye, jahan unhone apana saahityik aur patrakaar jeevan jaari rakhaa. unakaa adhikansh kaam agyaat roop seey astonia mein prakaashit huaa thaa. unhone bhoomi sudhaar key prashnon parr sthaaniya nagar paalikaon koo bhee salah dee. 1908 mein, pats olila mein chaley gaye, joe sent pietersberg key paas russie seema parr sthit thaa. vahaan way astonian samachar patra "pieterbury tetaza" ("sent pietersberg rajpatra") key sampadakon mein seey ack bunn gaye, haalaanki way abhee bhee finland mein rahate they. olila mein, vaha apane parivaar key saath phir seey milaa, jisake saath vaha 1905 mein switzerland bhaag jaane parr alag hoe gayaa thaa.
jaba unaki patni gambhir roop seey beemar hoe gaee thee, tou unhein pataa chalaa kii unhein russie samrajya mein maut kii sajaa naheen dee gaee thee. vaha 1909 mein kewal mamuli aaropon kaa saamana karane key liye vaapas astonia chaley gaye. farwari 1910 seey, unhone sent pietersberg mein cresty jail mein samay bitaaya, jabaki unaki patni kii switzerland mein tapedik seey mrityu hoe gaee, jahan pats ney unhein ilaaj key liye bheja thaa. apane karawas key dauran, vaha videshi bhaashaon kaa adhyayan karane aur samachar patron mein prakaashit honey key liye lekh likhane mein saksham they. 25 march 1911 koo pots koo riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa. astonia key governor ney 1905 mein astonia mein pots kii gatividhi key baare mein shikayat kii aur sarkaar seey anurodh kiya kii vaha usey vaapas naa aaney dey. unhein chhah saal key liye astonia aur livonia key rajyapalon mein rahane seey pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, zaan posca key saath majboot sambandhon ney unhein astonia lautane mein madad kii, jahan unhone ack aur samachar patra, "talinna tetaza" ("dha talinn rajpatra") kii sthaapana kii.
farwari 1916 seey, pats ney talinn mein ack adhikaari key roop mein kaary kiya. julaai 1917 mein, unhein eastonian sainikon kii sarvocch samiti key adhyaksh key roop mein chunaa gayaa, jahan unhone shaahi senaa mein eastonian ikaaiyon key gathan key liye sakriya roop seey kaam kiya. yuddh key dauran, unhone astonian aur liberal baltic german estate maalikon key beach sahyog kaa bhee ayojan kiya.
1917-1918: swaayatta aur german vyavasaay.
1917 mein, jaba german senaayen astonia parr aage badh rahee theen, tou pats gatishilata seey bachane mein saksham they. choonki farwari kranti key baad niyantran russie asthaayi sarkaar key haathon mein thaa, isaliye astonian russie samrajya key bheetar swaayatta key liye prayaas curr rahey they. astonia mein ack yaa dou swaayatt rajyapalon kaa gathan karane parr sthaaniya bahason mein, constantin pats, jinhone ack ekal swaayatt rajyapal kaa samarthan kiya, ney zaan tonnison seey ack aur jeet hassil kii, jinhone dou swaayatt rajyapalon kaa samarthan kiya. petrograd mein astonian saamoohik virodh key baad, asthaayi sarkaar ney astonia key swaayatt raajya kaa gathan kiya.
astonian praantiya vidhansabha (mapev) kaa chunaav kiya gayaa thaa; pait shamil hoe gaye aur astonian desh key logon key sangh key pramukh vyaktiyon mein seey ack bunn gaye, jisane 55 mein seey 13 seeten leen. vampanthi aur dakshinpanthi raajnetaon ney praantiya vidhansabha mein samaan sankhya mein seeten hassil keen, jisase vidhansabha key liye ack adhyaksh niyukt karna mushkil hoe gayaa. kendra-dakshin key zaan tonnison ney constantin pats kii ummidwari koo naamit kiya, joe, halanki, lagbhag agyaat artur wallner seey kewal ack vote seey haar gaye. pahale tou, pats ney kissy bhee sansadiya samooh mein shamil naheen honey kaa faisala kiya, lekin antatah sabse dakshinpanthi loktaantrik samooh mein shamil hoe gaye. praantiya sarkaar key adhyaksh key roop mein zaan ramot kii jagah pats ney lii. octuber kranti key dauran, bolshevikon ney astonia mein niyantran curr liya aur praantiya vidhansabha koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa. aadhikarik dastavej dene mein whiffle rahane key baad, teen baar giraftar kiya gayaa, jaba taka kii vaha anta mein bhoomigat naheen hoe gayaa.
choonki astonia mein bolshevik shasson apekshaakrit kamjor thaa, isaliye mapev key bujurgon kii parishad ney ghoshana kii kii vidhansabha ekmatra kanuni roop seey nirvaachit aur astonia mein gathit pradhikaran thee. choonki bujurgon kii parishad bhee bhoomigat kaam karane key liye bahut badee thee, isaliye teen sadasyiya astonian moksh samiti kaa gathan 19 farwari 1918 koo kiya gayaa thaa aur constantin pats isake sadasyon mein seey ack bunn gaye.
soviyat russie balon koo baahar nikaalate hue, moksh samiti "intergrenum" kaa upayog karna chaahati thee aur astonia kii swatantrata kii ghoshana karna chaahati thee. 21 farwari 1918 koo, ack pratinidhi mandal koo hapsalu bheja gayaa, jise praarambhik ghoshana key sthal key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa, lekin unhein vaapas tullin jaane key liye majboor kiya gayaa, kyonki usee dinn german balon ney hapsalu parr kabja curr liya thaa. german kabje seey pahale tartu taka pahunchane key prayaas bhee whiffle hoe gaye they.
jaba soviyat russie senaaon ney anta mein talinn seey nikasi kii aur german senaayen aage badh rahee theen, tou moksh samiti ney 24 farwari 1918 koo swatantrata kii astonian ghoshana jaari kii (ghoshana bhee parnu koo dee gaee thee, jahan ise 23 farwari koo ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa). turant, astonian asthaayi sarkaar kaa gathan kiya gayaa; aur constantin pats mantriyon kii parishad key adhyaksh, aantarik mamalon key mantri aur vanijya aur udyog mantri bunn gaye. vanijya aur udyog mantri kaa pada shayed vaastaviktaa mein khaali rhaa.
25 farwari 1918 koo german senaa ney talinn parr kabja curr liya. constantin pats koo 16 juuna 1918 koo giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. unhein latvia mein kaee jail shiviron mein bheja gayaa thaa, jaba taka kii unhein antatah polland key grodo mein ack shivir mein naheen rakhaa gayaa thaa. 17 navambar 1918 koo yuddh key anta mein unhein riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
mantri parishad key upaadhyaksh juurii wilms kii finland mein rahasyamay tareeke seey mrityu key baad, zaan posca ney bhoomigat ganarajya kaa netritva kiya. germany key aatmasamarpan karane key baad, constantin pats key anantim sarkaar key dusare mantrimandal ney 12 navambar 1918 koo pada sambhala, jisase pats koo anantim sarkaar kaa pradhaan mantri aur aantarik mamalon kaa mantri banaaya gayaa.
jaba pats tullin mein pahunche aur mapev ikattha hue, tou 27 navambar 1918 koo asthaayi sarkaar key teesare mantrimandal kaa gathan kiya gayaa, jisamen pats koo asthaayi sarkaar key pradhaan mantri aur yuddh mantri key roop mein bhee rakhaa gayaa, aur yeh rashtriya raksha koo vyavasthit karane key liye una parr chhod diyaa gayaa. haalaanki, sarkaar mein unake kaee vibhagon key kaaran, yuddh mantralaya mein adhikansh kaam uchch adhikaariyon koo saunpa gayaa thaa.
1918-1920: swatantrata kaa yuddh.
28 navambar 1918 koo, soviyat russie laal senaa ney estonia parr aakraman kiya aur narva key seemavarti shahar parr vijay praapt kii, jisase estonian swatantrata yuddh kii shuruat hui. janwari 1919 taka, estonians ney bolshevikon koo peechhe hatane key liye majboor curr diyaa thaa; aur 24 farwari 1919 taka, puuraa astonian kshetra asthaayi sarkaar key niyantran mein thaa. 1919 key swatantrata divas pared mein apane bhaashan mein, pats ney kahaah "hamein apani arthavyavastha koo surakshit karna hoga taaki humm apane sahyogiyon parr cumm nirbhar hoe sakein. diwaliyapan seey bachane key liye, hamaare nae raajya koo krishi kii ack thhos neenv kii aavashyakta haye."
aprail 1919 mein, astonian samvidhaan sabhaa kaa chunaav kiya gayaa thaa, lekin astonian desh key peepuls union ney 120 seeton mein seey kewal 8 seeten jeetin, jisase bahumat kendra-vaam dalon key paas reh gayaa. 9 maee 1919 koo, auto august strandman ney pahale pradhaanmantri key roop mein padbhar sambhala. 1919 kii garmiyon mein, pats ney padosi latvia mein baltic german "landeswehr" key khilaf yuddh mein astonian hastakshep kaa virodh kiya, lekin choonki vaha vipaksh mein they aur kewal ack chhote seey sansadiya alpasankhyak dwara samarthit they, isaliye tatkalin sarkaar ney landeswehr yuddh shuru karane kaa faisala kiya, joe astonian-latvian jeet mein samaapt huaa. soviyat sangh key saath yuddh key baad roose ney bhee 2 farwari 1920 koo estonian jeet key saath anta kiya thaa, bahusankhyak vampanthi samvidhaan sabhaa ney ack kattarpanthi bhoomi sudhaar kaanoon aur pahala samvidhaan apanaaya, jisane aanupaatik roop seey pratinidhi aur bahut khandit sansad koo laaya, teji seey sarkari cabinet koo badal diyaa, aur raajya kaa ack nammatra pramukh jisake karyalaya mein kewal aupchaarik shaktiyon seey thodaa adhik thaa.
1918-1940: estonia kaa swatantra ganarajya.
sitambar 1919 mein, pats ney ack naee raajneetik party, krishi-roodhivaadi kisaanon kii sabhaon kaa gathan kiya, joe desh key logon key sangh parr adharit thee. 1920 key chunaavon mein, party ney 100 sadasyiya rigikogu mein 21 seeten jeetin aur 25 janwari 1921 seey 21 navambar 1922 taka, constantin pats raajya key varishth they aur pahale samvaidhaanik sarkaar key mantrimandal kaa netritva kiya. yeh teen madhyamaargi dalon key saath ack kendra-dakshinpanthi gathbandhan thaa. kendra-vaam estonian laber party key gathbandhan chhodane key turant baad cabinet gir gayaa kyonki pots kii dakshinpanthi neetiyon aur estonia key baink key bheetar bhrashtachar kii aalochana key kaaran. sarkaar key pramukh key roop mein pada chhodane key baad, 20 navambar 1922 seey 7 juuna 1923 taka rigikogu key adhyaksh (vaktaa) key roop mein kaary kiya.
1923 key chunaavon mein kisaanon kii vidhaansabhaaon ney 23 seeten jeeti theen. 2 agast 1923 koo, pats doosari baar raajya key varishth bunn gaye. teen madhyamaargi dalon key saath ack samaan kendra-dakshinpanthi gathbandhan phir seey taba taka chalaa jaba taka kii astonian laber party ney gathbandhan naheen chhod diyaa, jisase 26 march 1924 koo pats koo pada chhodane key liye majboor honah padaa. auto august strandman ney astonia key baink key bheetar bhrashtachar mein unaki bhoomika aur roose key saath vyaapaar parr nirbhar aarthik neetiyon key liye pats kii khule taur parr aalochana kii thee. saat saal taka pada kii rajneeti seey door rahey. unaki party key liye samarthan cumm naheen huaa. 15 disambar 1925 seey 9 disambar 1927 taka, kisaanon kii vidhaansabhaaon key zana samooh raajya key varishth they.
1926 key chunaavon mein, kisaanon kii vidhaansabhaaon ney phir seey 23 seeten jeeti aur zana-timant raajya key varishth key roop mein jaari rhaa. pahale seey hii 1927 mein, pats ney rigikogu key sadasyon kii aalochana karate hue kahaa kii way vaichaarik matbhedon key bajaay sarkari gathbandhanon kii asthirta kaa kaaran bunn rahey they. 1929 mein kisaanon kii vidhaansabhaaon kii 6 veen congress mein, party agast ree kii vampanthi sarkaar key virodh mein thee aur anya logon key beach, samvidhaan mein badalaav, ack chhoti sansad, ack alag rashtrapati karyalaya aur bhrashtachar key khilaf ladaai kii maang kii.
1929 key chunaavon mein, kisaanon kii vidhaansabhaaon ney 24 seeten leen aur 12 farwari 1931 seey 19 farwari 1932 taka raajya key bujurg key roop mein apane teesare karyakal kii seva kii. yeh astonian samajwadi kaaryakartaon kii party aur kendra-dakshinpanthi astonian peepuls party key saath ack vaichaarik roop seey vyaapak gathbandhan thaa. 26 janwari 1932 koo, kisaanon kii sabhaon aur vampanthi-krishi-adharit basane vaalon kii party kaa vilay hoe gayaa aur basane vaalon aur chhote dharakon kaa sangh banaa, jisake baad chaar madhyamaargi dalon dwara rashtriya kendra party kaa gathan kiya gayaa. pait key mantrimandal ney istifa dey diyaa, jisase zaan raajya key nae bujurg bunn gaye.
1932 key chunaavon mein navgathit basane vaalon aur chhote dharakon key sangh ney rigikogu mein 42 seeten jeetin aur party key netaaon mein seey ack, carle august inbund, raajya key varishth baney. 3 octuber 1932 koo, basane vaalon aur chhote dharakon key sangh aur rashtriya kendra party key beach gathbandhan toot gayaa, baad vaale mahaan avasaad key dauran astonian crone kaa avamoolyan karna chaahte they. swayam pats avamoolyan key pramukh virodhiyon mein seey ack they.
ack maheene kaa sarkari sankat shuru hoe gayaa. choonki sansad mein kewal teen pramukh dall they, teesara eastonian samajwadi shramik dall thaa, isaliye koee bhee kaaryasheel gathbandhan taba taka naheen mill sakaa jaba taka kii constantin pats koo teenon pramukh dalon key beach ack bhavya gathbandhan banaane key liye vishesh adhikaar naheen diyaa gayaa. unake mantrimandal ney 1 navambar 1932 koo padbhar sambhala. 25 navambar 1932 koo, vibhajit rigikogu dwara aarthik sankat seey nipatane key liye pats kii sarkaar koo adhik shaktiyan dee gaeen. unaki sarkaar koo 18 maee 1933 koo istifa dene key liye majboor honah padaa, jaba rashtriya kendra party ney abhee bhee avamoolyan kaa paksh liya, gathbandhan chhod diyaa aur basane vaalon aur chhote dharakon key sangh ney apane kaee sadasyon koo phir seey sakriya basane vaalon kii party key haathon khou diyaa thaa. 27 juuna 1933 koo baad key tonnison key rashtriya kendra party mantrimandal ney astronian crone kaa 35 pratishat taka avamoolyan kiya. halanki avamoolyan safal saabit huaa aur baad mein apane shasson key tahat arthavyavastha parr iska achchha prabhaav padaa, lekin unhone kabhi bhee avamoolyan kaa virodh karke apani galati koo sweekaar naheen kiya.
sarkari sthirata kii kamee ney kaee nae samvidhaan prastaavon koo janm diyaa, lekin dakshinpanthi loklubhavan waps andolan dwara kewal teesare prastaav koo 14-16 octuber 1933 koo ack janmat sangrah mein sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa. 21 octuber 1933 koo gutnirpeksh sankramankalin sarkaar key netritva key liye dusare samvidhaan key liye pats kaa chunaav kiya gayaa thaa. 24 janwari 1934 taka unhone raajya key varishth key roop mein kaary kiya, lekin nayaa samvidhaan lagu honey key baad, way pradhaanmantri baney. nayaa samvidhaan loktantra seey ack bahaav thaa, joe raajya key pramukh (abhee bhee "raajya key bujurg" naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye) koo bahut adhik shakti detaa thaa aur rigikogu koo kewal ack salaahkaar bhoomika chhodata thaa.
raajya key pramukh key roop mein unake poorvavarti, pats aur tonnison donon ney waps andolan koo niyantrit karane kii koshish kii jise loktaantrik dalon dwara ack sthaaniya rashtriya samajwadi party key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa jise satta seey door rakhaa jaanaa thaa. agast 1933 mein, raajya key varishth zaan tonnison ney apatkal aur asthaayi censorship kii sthiti ghoshit curr dee thee, jise kewal taba hataaya gayaa thaa jaba pats kii sankramankalin sarkaar ney padbhar sambhala thaa.
kamjor sarkari pratikriya ney kewal vaap andolan key liye samarthan praapt kiya aur janwari 1934 kii shuruat mein, andolan ney kaee shahari nagar paalikaon mein nagarpalika chunaav jeete. 27 farwari 1934 koo, swayam ack kaanoon lagu kiya, jisamen senaa key sadasyon koo rajneeti mein bhaag lene seey pratibandhit kiya gayaa. iss kaarravaai ney senaa key kaee hazaar sadasyon koo waps andolan seey alag honey key liye majboor curr diyaa.
rashtrapati chunaav mein pait una ummidvaaron mein seey ack they joe aprail 1934 mein honey vaale they, lekin waps andolan key ummidwar andress lerca aur yahaan taka kii leftinent general johann leyner bhee spasht roop seey janata kii raay mein pait kii tulanaa mein adhik lokpriya ummidwar they. iss abhiyaan key saath satta parr kabja karane key liye waps andolan kii dhamkiyan aur agami "takhtapalat" kii afavaahen theen. march 1934 kii shuruat mein, pats key raajneetik pratidvandi zaan tonnison ney germany mein naazi key saath waps andolan kii tulanaa kii aur sarkaar koo andolan key khilaf aavashyak kaarravaai karane kii salah dee. constantin pats ney phir 12 march 1934 koo ack aatm-takhtapalat kiya. unhein general johann leoner aur senaa dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa.
apatkal kii sthiti ghoshit curr dee gaee aur rashtrapati pada key ummidwar aur rez lerca sahit lagbhag 400 sadasyon koo giraftar karke waps andolan koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa. johann leoner koo senaa key pramukh key roop mein phir seey niyukt kiya gayaa. aaee. dee. 1. mein aatm-takhtapalat key baad kii avadhi koo kuchh raajnetaon aur itihaskaron dwara "maun kaa yug" kahaa gayaa haye, jise kuchh hudd taka sattawadi dwara chihnit kiya gayaa thaa.
15 march 1934 koo sansad mein bolate hue, pats ney kahaa kii astonian loga "waps andolan key prachaar seey andhe hoe gaye they aur isake kaaran durbhavanapurna they, aur isaliye shakti logon key haathon mein naheen hoe sakati thee. 1934 key march mein, sansad ("rigikogu") ney astonian loktantra koo bachaane kii ummeed mein pats key karyon koo manjuri dee. pats ney apatkal kii avadhi key liye rashtrapati chunaav koo sthagit curr diyaa, "waps andolan dwara sarkaar virodhi andolan key kaaran bhaavanaon key bahut adhik honey" key baare mein chinta vyakt kii.
agast 1934 mein, pats ney carle august enbund koo aantarik mamalon key mantri key roop mein niyukt kiya, jisase vaha pats aur leyner key baad yug kaa teesara pramukh vyakti bunn gayaa. sitambar mein, andolan aur prachaar vibhaag banaaya gayaa thaa, octuber mein, vipaksh dwara raajneetik pratibandhon kii aalochana karane key baad sabhi sansadiya karyon koo nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur disambar mein, censorship shuru kii gaee thee.
farwari 1935 mein, raajneetik dalon koo badalane key liye deshbhakti leag ("isamalit") kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki march 1935 mein anya sabhi raajneetik sangathanon koo nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. march 1934 mein chhah maheene key liye apatkal kii praarambhik sthiti ghoshit kii gaee thee, lekin sitambar 1934 key baad, kull chhah baar ise ack saal key liye badhaa diyaa gayaa.
pats kaa maanana thaa kii ack rashtra koo raajneetik vichaaron seey dalon mein naheen, balki sambandhit kakshon mein vyavasaay dwara sangathit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur iss prakaar raajya nigamit sansthanon kii ack shrinkhala pesh kii gaee, joe badey hisse mein fasiwadi itali mein samkaaleen nigameekaran key udaaharan kaa anusaran karati haye. pats ney pahale seey hii 1918 mein corporate chamber key vichaar koo badhaava diyaa thaa, lekin iss vichaar koo usa samay majboot vampanthi dalon seey samarthan naheen milaa thaa. kakshon key gathan key mukhya prastaavak they aur pahale dou kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, jabaki 1924 aur 1931 mein unake sarkari mantrimandal karyalaya mein they. 1934 aur 1936 key beach pandrah aur kaksh sthaapit kiye gaye, jisase kull sankhya 17 hoe gaee.
7 disambar 1935 koo, waps andolan dwara ack "takhtapalat dee 'attet" prayaas ("astonia plot", jiska naam astonia theatre key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa) ujagar hoe gayaa thaa. poore raajya mein 750 seey adhik logon koo giraftar kiya gayaa, jisane andolan koo nirnaayak roop seey kuchal diyaa. andolan key netaaon koo jald hii 20 saal key jabaran shram key roop mein kathin adalat kii sajaa dee gaee, haalaanki dou saal baad, disambar 1937 mein una sabhi koo maaf curr diyaa gayaa.
iss beach, zaan tonnison ney nae samvidhaan koo lagu karane mein pats kii asamarthata kii aalochana kii thee. julaai 1935 mein, tonnison koo "postemize" board seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. octuber 1936 mein, chaar poorv raajya bujurgon, juhan kukk, antus pip, zaan teament aur zaan tonnison ney nagrik swatantrata aur loktaantrik shasson kii bahaali kii maang karate hue ack sanyukt patra bheja. loktantra koo bahaal karane mein anichha key kaaran 1936 kii sharad ritu mein tartu mein chhaatr dange bhee hue, jisake kaaran pulis key saath jhadap hui aur tartu vishvavidyalaya kii chhaatr parishad bhang hoe gaee.
apatkal key dauran sangathit vipaksh kii kamee ney raajyon key liye sudhaaron koo paarit karna aasaan banaa diyaa. pats ney jyaadaatar rashtrapati key farmaanon key madhyam seey shasson kiya, kyonki vaastavik kaanoonon koo paarit karane key liye rigikogu kii aavashyakta thee. arthavyavastha kaa vikas huaa aur buniyaadi dhancha, udyog aur shiksha kaa vikas huaa. vyaktigat naamon key estoniankaran kaa samarthan kiya gayaa thaa, sabse pramukh udaaharan aantarik mamalon key mantri carle august enbund they, jinhone apana naam badalkar carrell enpalu curr liya.
piets ney 1935 mein sarvocch nyayalaya koo tartu seey talinn laane key liye ack decree parr bhee hastakshar kiye, halanki sabhi nyayadhishon ney isake khilaf matdan kiya. takhtapalat" key baad, sarvocch nyayalaya ney apani kaee shaktiyaan khou deen aur desh mein loktaantrik siddhanton key karyanvayan kaa paalan karane mein saksham naheen thaa. 15 sitambar 1936 koo estonia mein dusare vishvavidyalaya key roop mein pats ney tullin takniki sansthaan kii sthaapana kii. sarvocch nyayalaya aur vishvavidyalaya mein kuchh sankayon koo khone seey nishchit roop seey dakshini estonia mein tartu kaa mahatva cumm hoe gayaa-vaha shahar joe aitihaasik roop seey pats key pratidvandi zaan tonnison kaa samarthan kartaa thaa.
1934 key samvidhaan koo bahut adhik sattawadi bataate hue, ack janmat sangrah aur ack samvidhaan sabhaa key madhyam seey ack nae samvidhaan koo paarit karane kaa ayojan kiya gayaa. nigam kakshon koo sabhaa banaane kaa aadhar honah thaa. 1936 mein ack janmat sangrah mein isake gathan koo manjuri dee gaee (76 pratishat key paksh mein). 1936 key rashtriya vidhansabha chunaavon kaa adhikansh chunavi jilon mein vipaksh dwara bahishkaar kiya gayaa thaa.
28 julaai 1937 koo, vidhansabha ney teesara samvidhaan apanaaya, joe kii pats key masaude parr adharit thaa. dwisadaniya sansad kaa chunaav honah thaa aur rashtrapati kaa chunaav sansad dwara kiya jaanaa thaa, logon dwara naheen. 3 sitambar 1937 koo, sankraman kii 120-divasiya avadhi shuru hui, jisake dauran rashtrapati-rajpratinidhi key roop mein shasson kiya.
1 janwari 1938 koo nayaa samvidhaan lagu huaa aur 1938 key sansadiya chunaav hue. vipakshi ummidvaaron koo bhaag lene kii anumati dee gaee thee, halanki unhein media mein bahut cumm yaa koee dhyaan naheen diyaa gayaa thaa. samvidhaan key karyanvayan key liye rashtriya morche parr pats key samarthakon ney nichale sadan, "rigivolikogu" mein 80 seeton mein seey 64 parr jeet hassil kii. rashtrapati, joe abhee taka nirvaachit naheen huaa thaa, uchch kaksh key 40 sadasyon mein seey 10 koo seedhe karyalaya mein niyukt karane mein saksham thaa, "riginokogu".
23 aprail 1938 koo, constantin pats koo sansad key donon sadanon ("rigikogu") key saath-saath nagarpalika pratinidhiyon kii vidhansabha dwara rashtrapati pada key ummidwar key roop mein chunaa gayaa aur naamit kiya gayaa. sansad key nichale sadan ("rigivolikogu") mein zaan tonnison ekmatra vipakshi ummidwar they. isake 80 sadasyon mein seey 65 ney pats key liye aur 14 ney tonnison key liye matdan kiya. oopari sadan ("riginokogu") aur nagarpalika pratinidhiyon kii vidhansabha mein koee vipakshi ummidwar naheen they, aur koee chunaav aavashyak naheen they, jahaan kull 120 maton mein seey kramshah 40 aur 113 maton seey 36 praapt hue. kyonki sansad key donon sadanon aur nagarpalika pratinidhiyon kii vidhansabha ney samvidhaan key anusaar ack hii ummidwar koo chunaa aur naamit kiya thaa, ack saamoohik chunavi nikaay 24 aprail 1938 koo bulaaya gayaa aur ummidwar key paksh mein 219 maton key saath matdan kiya, aur 19 matpatra khaali reh gaye. kull 240 maton mein seey 219 mutt aavashyak 3/5 bahumat (144 mutt) seey adhik they. pats ney usee dinn, 24 aprail 1938 koo sansad ("rigikogu") key saamane rashtrapati pada kii shapath lii, iss prakaar way astonia key pahale rashtrapati baney.
9 maee 1938 koo, pats ney carrell enpalu koo pradhaanmantri niyukt kiya. 5 maee 1938 koo, sabhi raajneetik kaidiyon, jyaadaatar communists aur vaap andolan key sadasyon koo maafi dee gaee. iss parr koee aam sahamati naheen haye, chaahe tathaakathit "maun kaa yug" 1938 mein nae samvidhaan koo apanaane key saath samaapt huaa hoe, yaa 1940 mein soviyat kabje key saath. 1934-1940 key yug koo aam taur parr "páts yug" bhee kahaa jaataa haye. 1938 mein bhee waps andolan aur communist party key una raajneetik kaidiyon key liye ack samanya maafi dee gaee thee, jinhone seedhe kissy kii hatyaa naheen kii thee.
1939-1940: dwiteeya vishva yuddh, astonia parr soviyat aakraman.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii shuruat key baad astonia ney apani tatasthata kii ghoshana kii, lekin 28 sitambar 1939 koo soviyat-astonian aapsi sahaayata sandhi parr hastakshar karane key liye majboor hoe gayaa taaki astonia mein soviyat sainya thikaanon aur 25,000 sainikon koo anumati dee jaa sakey. 12 octuber 1939 koo, pats ney juurii uluts koo ack nae, madhyam pradhaanmantri key roop mein niyukt kiya.
maee 1940 mein, pots kaa maanana thaa kii astronia key liye sabse achchha vikalp german-soviyat yuddh taka soviyat netritva (stallin key) dishaanirdeshon kaa paalan karna hoga. iss tarah key yuddh key mamle mein, "astonia koo bachaaya jaayega. haalaanki, 16 juuna 1940 koo, soviyat sangh ney astonian sarkaar koo ack ultimatum diyaa. astonian sarkaar koo ultimatum sweekaar karane key liye majboor honah padaa aur 17 juuna 1940 koo astonia key poore kshetra parr ack poorna soviyat aakraman aur kabja kiya gayaa.
soviyat aakramankariyon ney paton koo karyalaya mein rahane kii anumati dee, lekin unhein pahale seey hii 21 juuna 1940 koo johannes warres key saath ack naee soviyat samarthak kathputali sarkaar niyukt karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. pats prabhaavi roop seey khud ack kathputali bunn gaye, aur agale maheene unhone nae stalinwadi shasson dwara jaari lagbhag 200 farmaanon parr hastakshar kiye. anya logon key beach, unhone chunavi kaanoon koo badalane key liye ack farman parr hastakshar kiye, jisase naee sarkaar koo twarit chunaav aayojit karane kii anumati millie. kaanoon koo badalane kaa yeh farman asamvaidhaanik thaa, kyonki eastonian sansad key oopari sadan ("rigikogu") koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur kabhi phir seey naheen bulaaya gayaa thaa. nae soviyat shally key nakali chunaav kewal nichale kaksh ("rigivolikogu") key liye aayojit kiye gaye they, jisamen matdaataon koo communists aur saathi yaatriyon kii ack hii soochi key saath prastut kiya gayaa thaa. 23 juuna 1940 key vijay divas parr, pats ney ghoshana keeh "sabse badee cheej joe hamane hassil kii haye vaha haye astonian raajya kaa nirmaan. hamane usey apana sabse majboot pyaar, apani wafadari, apana kaam aur apana jeevan diyaa haye."29 juuna 1940 seey, puts sthaayi roop seey nazarband rahey. julaai kii shuruat mein bhee, pats ney kathit taur parr german rajdoot koo soochit kiya kii unhein vishvaas naheen thaa kii astonia kaa soviyatkaran hoe jaayega. 21 julaai 1940 koo, naee samarthak-stalinwadi "sansad" ney astonia koo "soviyat samajwadi ganarajya" ghoshit kiya aur yeh daavaa kiya jaataa haye kii kewal tabhi pots koo soviyat kabje key saar kaa ehsas huaa.
soviyat roose mein nirvaasan aur karawas.
21 julaai 1940 koo, pats ney apane bete victor koo talinn mein sanyukt raajya america key dutawas kaa daura karane aur apane aur apane parivaar key liye sanyukt raajya mein suraksha aur sharan key liye appeal karane key liye bheja. karyavahak americi raajya sachiv, sumner wells ney agale dinn hii poore pait parivaar koo rajanyik veeja jaari karane kii anumati dey dee. kaee soviyat-yug key sroton kaa daavaa haye kii 21 julaai 1940 koo pait ney pada seey istifa dey diyaa thaa. kuchh anya sroton key anusaar, unhone 22 julaai koo istife key dastaavez parr hastakshar kiye aur 23 julaai 1940 koo istife koo manjuri dee gaee, jisase pait koo aupchaarik roop seey dou dinon key liye nae astonian "soviyat samajwadi ganarajya" kaa rashtrapati banaa diyaa gayaa. sateek kalakram kii parwah kiye binaa, tatkalin soviyat samarthak pradhaan mantri ney rashtrapati kii shaktiyon koo "rashtrapati key kartavyon mein pradhaan mantri" key roop mein kewal aupchaariktaa key roop mein aur kewal kuchh hafton key liye leey liya. 
yaa tou americi veeja bahut dair seey aaya yaa pait parivaar nazarband rhaa, lekin 30 julaai 1940 koo, unake bete victor aur victor kii patni helgi-ellis aur beton matty aur henn key saath, constantin pait koo yufa, roose mein nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa, jahan way 9 agast koo pahunche. vahaan way ack saal taka ack badey apartment mein nigrani mein rahey. yufa mein, pats ney karyalaya mein apane samay key apane sansmaran likhe aur anurodh kiya kii unake potey, unaki maan aur aaya koo yaa tou switzerland yaa itali bheja jaayega, kyonki unake potey murgi kii tabiyat pahale seey hii kharaab thee. koee jawab naheen milane key baad, unhone unase estonia vaapas bhejane kaa anurodh kiya. apani nadani mein, unhone germany kii communist party key poorv netaa ernst thalman key saath adaan-pradaan karane kaa anurodh kiya, joe germany mein kaid they. usake baad, pait shaant rahey, jabaki unake bete victor koo yakeen thaa kii naazi germany soviyat sangh parr aakraman karegi aur vaha jald hii videsh mein reh rhaa hoga.
parivaar "yaadrichhik roop seey" 29 maee 1941 koo ack yufa bajar mein ack astonian jode, donon aine. key. vee. dee agents seey milaa. unhein agale dinn parivaar key ghar mein ack nimantran milaa. yatra key baad, yeh daavaa kiya gayaa kii constantin aur victor donon ney joseph stallin aur vyacheslav molotov key khilaf vishesh dushtata kaa pradarshan kiya, germany key saath sahaanubhooti vyakt kii, aur ghoshana kii kii way soviyat sangh parr german hamale kii basebry seey prateeksha curr rahey they.
26 juuna 1941 koo unhein giraftar curr liya gayaa aur yufa mein kaid curr liya gayaa, bachchon koo ack anathalaya mein bhej diyaa gayaa. pats seey ghanton poochtaachh kii gaee, lekin unhone dosh naheen liya. march 1942 mein bhee unakaa maanana thaa kii paschimi shaktiyaan unhein videsh bhejane key liye soviyat sangh parr dabaav daalengi. antatah, pats aur unake bete koo masco mein butirka jail aur helgi-ellis koo cyberia mein gulag jail shiviron mein bheja gayaa. butirka jail mein, johann leoner kaidi naheen they. 11, constantin ney naheen kahaa. 12 aur victor nam. 13.
24 march 1943 koo, pahale kazaan mein manovikriti aspatalon mein, phir taataar assar mein chistopol mein, pats koo jabaran upchaar key liye bheja gayaa. unake jabaran manorog aspatal mein bharti honey koo unake "astonia key rashtrapati honey key lagaatar daave" dwara uchit thaharaaya gayaa thaa. 29 aprail 1952 koo, dund sanhita key § 58-14 aur § 58-10 key anusaar, jiska arth thaa prati-krantikari todfod aur soviyat virodhi aur prati-krantikari prachaar aur andolan. 1954 mein jabaran upchaar samaapt hoe gayaa aur pett koo jemejala, astonia mein ack manovaigyaaniki aspatal mein bheja gayaa. sthaaniya logon dwara maanyata aur bahut adhik dhyaan dene key parinamswarup unhein kalinin oblast (abb twer oblast) mein burasevo manorog aspatal bheja gayaa, jahan antatah 18 janwari 1956 koo unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
vyaavsaayik aur samajik gatividhiyaan.
1919 aur 1933 key beach, pats beema company "astonian lloyd" key adhyaksh they. 1925 seey 1929 taka, pats chamber off commers aind industry kii parishad key adhyaksh they aur 1935 seey isake maanad paarshad key roop mein baney rahey. unhone harju baink key board key adhyaksh aur tollin exchange kameti key adhyaksh key roop mein bhee kaary kiya.
1901 mein astonian sports association kalev key sansthapakon mein seey ack aur isake pahale upaadhyaksh bhee they. pats 1925 seey 1936 taka astonian-finish-hangerian association key adhyaksh they aur 1936 seey maanad adhyaksh key roop mein baney rahey. 1927 seey 1937 taka, way "feno-yugria" foundation key adhyaksh they.
1928 mein tartu vishvavidyalaya seey doctorate kii maanad upaadhi praapt kii, 1938 mein taaleen takniki vishvavidyalaya aur aandhr vishvavidyalaya (bhaarat mein), 1938 mein vidwan astonian samaaj kii maanad sadasyata aur 1939 mein astonian vigyaan akadami key saath. 1938 mein, vaha astonian prakritividon key samaaj aur astonian praakritik sansadhanon key sansthaan key maanad sadasya bunn gaye. unhein chhaatr dall key maanad poorv chhaatr aur tullin, narva, parnu aur tartu shaharon key maanad nagrik key saath-saath unake mool tehkuranna parrish kaa bhee naam diyaa gayaa thaa.
videshi sambandh.
1918 mein, pats ney ack astonian-finish vyaktigat sangh key liye ack anaupchaarik prastaav rakhaa. swatantra finland key samkaaleen netaaon koo sangh mein paryaapt ruchi naheen thee aur iss vichaar koo prabhaavi roop seey nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa aur bhulaa diyaa gayaa. jaisa kii unake tathaakathit "raajneetik vasiyatnama" ney julaai 1940 mein likhaa thaa, unake dimag mein abhee bhee iss vichaar koo dhaaran kiya thaa. 1922 mein, raajya key bujurg key roop mein apane pahale karyakal key dauran, unhone finland kii pahali astonian aadhikarik raajya yatra kii. unhone 1931,1935 aur 1937 mein finland kii anaupchaarik yaatraaen bhee keen. finland key rashtrapati, pehar ivind swinhoofwod ney 1934 aur 1936 mein dou baar astonia mein puts kaa daura kiya.
1933 mein, pats ney latvia kii raajya yatra bhee kii aur 1934 mein astonia, latvia aur lithuania key beach "baltic entent" kii sandhi parr hastakshar kiye gaye. yeh samjhauta spasht roop seey finland koo astonia key karib laane kaa ack aur asafal prayaas bhee thaa. 1930 key dashak key dauran, eastonian aur polish adhikaariyon ney donon deshon kii kaee raajkeeya yaatraaen keen.
1930 key dashak key anta mein, jaba stalinwadi soviyat sangh ney baltic deshon mein adhik aakramak ruchi lii, tou astonia ney apani videsh neeti mein germany key karib jaane kaa prayaas kiya. iss parivartan koo 1936 mein 3 disambar 1938 koo germany mein astronian rajdoot key roop mein friedrich akel (poorv videsh mantri) kii niyukti dwara chihnit kiya gayaa thaa, astronian sarkaar ney europe mein kissy bhee sainya sangharsh kii sthiti mein aadhikarik taur parr desh kii tatasthata ghoshit kii thee.
aalochana.
pats key currier key kaee pahalu abhee bhee mahatvapurna saarvajanik bahas key tahat hain aur vibhinn siddhant banaae gaye hain, halanki unamen seey kaee ney vyaapak aalochana bhee dekhi haye. udaaharan key liye soviyat roose key saath aarthik gatividhiyon aur vyaavsaayik samparkon kii mahatvapurna aalochana hui haye. anya europeeya deshon kii tulanaa mein soviyat roose key saath astonia key adhik vyaapak sambandh they. talinn mein russie dutawas paschim mein russie soney kii bikri key kendra mein thaa, joe usa avadhi mein vaishvik soney kii bikri kaa lagbhag 4 pratishat thaa. astonia aur baink off astonia koo cumm seey cumm 30 million soney key rubal lenden shulk kaa lagbhag 2/3 praapt huaa. laine-daine koo gupt rakhaa gayaa thaa aur jyaadaatar kewal 1920-1921 mein baink off astonia key nideshak aur 1921-1922, george westell mein vitt mantri aur 1921-1922 mein raajya key bujurg, constantin pats, inn lenden key baare mein jaanate they.
isase bhee adhik, yeh harju baink thaa joe anya logon key beach pats aur westell seey sambandhit thaa joe soney kii kaee bikri kaa laine-daine kartaa thaa. iss prakaar, pats, westell aur anya badey vyapariyon, jyaadaatar pats key kisan sanghon key sadasyon parr iss lenden key paise kaa upayog apani bhalai key liye karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa haye. yeh bhee daavaa kiya gayaa haye kii baink off astonia ney una udyamon koo kaee rinn diye joe pats kii gatividhiyon seey sambandhit they aur lagbhag sabhi anya rinn baink kii apani parishad key sadasyon aur anya sheersh star key raajnetaon seey sambandhit udyamon koo diye gaye they. badey rinn honey kaa kaaran yeh bhee thaa kii pats, westell aur anya sheersh star key raajnetaon ney usa samay atee mudrasfeeti seey ladaai naheen ladee.
soney key adaan-pradaan aur badey rinon ney bhee astonia mein dhana parisancharan koo badhaava diyaa, jisase vyaapak janata key liye ack bhram paida huaa kii astonia aur astonian maark kii arthavyavastha achchi sthiti mein thee. yeh kewal disambar 1923 mein thaa jaba eastonian laber party key poorv pradhaan mantri otto strandman ney raajya key khajaane key galat kharch key liye sansad mein vitt mantri george westell kii aalochana kii thee. westell koo pada seey hataa diyaa gayaa aur strandman kii aalochana key kaaran 1924 mein pait key dusare mantrimandal kaa antim istifa dey diyaa gayaa aur saat varshon taka saarvajanik rajneeti seey khud koo door karane key liye pait kaa netritva kiya. otto strandman 1924 mein vitt mantri baney. unhone aarthik punarvikas kii apani naee aarthik neeti ("us mazanduspolitica") koo lagu kiya, jisane astonian maark koo sthir curr diyaa aur astonian arthavyavastha koo roose key saath vyaapaar kii nirbharta seey alag curr diyaa. roose parr nirbharta aur atee mudrasfeeti ney estonia mein samajik sthiti koo mahatvapurna roop seey prabhaavit kiya hoga, vishesh roop seey 1 disambar 1924 key saamyavaadi takhtapalat key prayaas key aalok mein.
jabaki kuchh logon ney ise ack rajneta key roop mein dekhaa haye jisane 1934 key aatm-takhtapalat key saath loktantra koo nasht curr diyaa thaa, aaj kaee astonian iss khatare koo samajhate hain kii waps andolan loktantra aur aantarik aur baahari suraksha key liye hoe sakata thaa. isake alawa, "takhtapalat" kii sifarish shuru mein swayam pait key raajneetik pratidvandi zaan tonnison dwara kii gaee thee, aur loktaantrik roop seey nirvaachit sansad ("rigikogu") dwara samarthit thaa. saath hii saath astonian samajwadi party kaa madhyam varg.
halanki kuchh itihaskaron key anusaar, pats aur unake karibi sahyogiyon ney 1934 key "takhtapalat" kaa upayog apane vyaktigat laabh key liye kiya aur naa kii waps andolan koo satta lene seey rokane key liye. paadari parivaar key kaee sadasyon ney maulavi seey laker saanskritik kshetron taka mahatvapurna pada praapt kiye. anya logon ney ack nae samvidhaan koo apanaane mein lagane vaale lambe samay kii aalochana kii haye, joe teen saal seey adhik samay kaa thaa.
ack rajneta key liye aamtaur parr ack "vinamra vyakti" maanaa jaataa thaa. anuchit aatm-prachaar key liye unaki aalochana kii gaee haih udaaharan key liye, unake apane shasson key dauran, unhein kaee raajya sajaavaton seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. unhein kuchh badey astonian shaharon aur kuchh pairishon key maanad nagrik key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. unake rashtrapati pada key varshon key dauran, astonian swatantrata divas kaa aadhikarik raajya samaroh ack dinn pahale, pait key janmadin parr shuru huaa. antar-yuddh astonia mein pratham aur ekmatra vyakti bhee pats they, jinake paas 1936 seey shuru hocker apani tasveer key saath daak tikat they aur prasaarit kiye gaye they.
2017 mein, tompey mahal key dakshin kii or park key liye ack smaarak kii yojana banaai gaee thee, lekin usa samay desh key rashtrapati, kersty kaljulaid ney nirnay kii aalochana karate hue kahaah
1940 key soviyat aakraman aur astonia key kabje seey pahale aur usake aspas key samay mein pats key karyon parr sawal uthaaye gaye hain. jahira taur parr, 1918 mein, pats ney soviyat communists key saath samjhauta karane seey incar curr diyaa, lekin 1940 mein, unhone kaee apattiyon key binaa usee soviyat communists koo astonia koo "saunp diyaa"-iss vivaad ney siddhanton koo janm diyaa haye, kii pats yaa tou ack soviyat agent thaa, ack sahayogi thaa, soviyat aakraman koo apariharya key roop mein liya yaa sirf durbhavanapurna thaa aur sthiti seey nipatane mein whiffle rhaa.
pats key adhik pramukh aadhunik alochakon mein seey ack, magnus ilmajarv ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii soviyat roose ney 1920 key dashak seey kuchh sheersh-stariya astonian raajnetaon koo khareedane kii maang kii thee. unakaa sujhaav haye kii soviyaton ney pots aur unaki roodhivaadi kisaanon kii sabhaon koo sabse upayukt maanaa. kahaa jaataa haye kii estonian-russie vanijya mandal, pats aur unaki party koo prabhaavit karane kaa sabse aasaan tarika thaa. pats gupt roop seey bahut russie-dimag vaale they, kyonki way ack russie bhashi ghar mein paley-badhe they. ilmajarv kaa yeh bhee daavaa haye kii pats ney estonia aur soviyat sangh key beach sangh kaa sujhaav tullin mein soviyat dutawas koo diyaa thaa.
ilmajarv kaa daavaa haye kii pates kissy bhee "baltic union" key khilaf thaa jiska prachaar astronian videsh mamalon key mantri carrell robbert pusta dwara kiya gayaa thaa. yahaan taka kii soviyat rajdoot seey yeh kahane key liye bhee pralekhit kiya gayaa haye kii vaha pusta jaise raajnetaon key khilaf thaa aur vaha ack nayaa samvidhaan banaana chaahata thaa joe rigikogu kii shakti koo cumm curr dega. kahaa jaataa haye kii soviyat sangh ney sarkari mantrimandal seey pusta praapt kiya aur usake saath ack sanyukt baltic raajya key vichaaron koo bhee samaapt curr diyaa.
yeh bhee daavaa kiya jaataa haye kii jaba unhone astonia key liye astonian-russie vanijya sandhi parr baatchit kii tou unhone uddeshyapurna roop seey soviyaton koo moolyavaan jaankaari dey dee. pats ney german udyam seamens-scurt varke koo narva nadee panbijali sanyantra key riyayat adhikaar dene kaa bhee samarthan kiya, jisake paas pahale seey hii roose mein kaee pariyojanaaen theen aur isase prabhaavit thaa.
ack astonian tail syndicate 1928 mein ack sanyukt astonian-soviyat udyam bunn gayaa aur 1930 mein ack kanuni salaahkaar key roop mein isake dwara pats koo kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. unakaa vaarshik vetan 4,000 dollar thaa, joe raajya key bujurg kii kamai seey doguna thaa aur sansad key sadasya key roop mein arjit pats seey aathh gunaa adhik thaa. soviyat sangh key liye sanyukt udyam kaa uddeshya vyavasaay seey sambandhit naheen honah chaahiye thaa, balki kewal pats koo aakarshit karna thaa. iss prakaar soviyat sangh dwara iss aadhikarik vetan koo soviyat sangh key saath unake deerghakaalik sahyog key liye vetan key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye. pats key "takhtapalat key baad", soviyat sangh ney astonian udyamon key saath aarthik sahyog badhaaya.
anya siddhanton kaa maanana haye kii pats ney soviyat adhikaariyon parr bharosa kiya thaa aur kuchh soviyat netaaon seey dosti kii thee. yeh bhee sambhav haye kii aine. key. vee. dee. ney pats key swaasthya yaa usa jaankaari koo niyantrit kiya joe usa taka pahunchi. finish itihaaskaar marty tertola kaa daavaa haye kii 28 sitambar 1939 koo soviyat-astonian parasparik sahaayata sandhi parr hastakshar karane key baad seey hii soviyat sangh kii maangon key anusaar pats key kaary they aur unhone ack baar bhee adhik upayukt samjhaute khojane kii koshish naheen kii.
yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa jaataa haye kii pats key kharaab swaasthya aur akelepan ney unhein vaastavik roop seey sthiti kaa vishleshan naheen karane diyaa. isake alawa, yeh sujhaav diyaa jaataa haye kii pats aur unake mantrimandal mein antarrashtriya mamalon mein aavashyak gyaan kii kamee thee aur soviyat sangh aur naazi germany key beach gair-aakraamakta kaa molotov-rebentrop samjhauta pats mantrimandal key liye ack sadame key roop mein aaa sakata haye.
ack anya siddhant seey pataa chalata haye kii naazi germany aur soviyat sangh key beach yuddh key baare mein pataa thaa aur beach mein alpaavadhi mein jeevit rahane key liye kewal astonia key liye ack raasta khoj rhaa thaa. yeh sujhaav diyaa jaataa haye kii pats sthiti kii kathinaaee key baare mein jaanate they aur soviyaton key saath yuddh seey bachkar aur samay kharidkar astonian koo yathasambhav surakshit rakhane kii koshish kii. soviyat sangh koo estonians koo dandit karane kaa mauka naheen dene kii koshish karate hue, unhone lagaatar andolan koo sthagit curr diyaa, joe antatah kabhi naheen huaa, latvia aur lithuania key vipareet 1939-1940 mein. antarrashtriya kaanoon key tahat ack yuddh ney tartu shaanti sandhi koo amaanya curr diyaa hoga. ack vakeel key roop mein, unhein yeh bhee samajhana thaa kii jaba ack kabja karane vaali shakti dwara majboor kiya jaataa haye tou unake nirnay maanya naheen hotey hain.
viraasat.
constantin pats aantarik rajneeti mein apekshaakrit safal rahey. samvidhaan koo apanaane key baad, unaki party sabhi sarkari mantrimandalon mein thee, sivaay friedrich carle akel aur agast ray key mantrimandal aur zaan tonnison key chauthe mantrimandal key. isase sarkaar mein 4,017 dinn (89 pratishat) (1921-1933 mein 4,497) hoe jaate hain. kull 1,476 dinn (33 pratishat) key saath, swayam raajya key varishth chaar baar they. unhone sarkaar key pramukh key alawa (asthaayi sarkaar mein atirikt mantri vibhagon koo chhodkar) sarkaar mein kabhi bhee koee anya pada naheen bharaa.
pats ney kewal anaupchaarik roop seey kisan sabhaon key adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya aur unhein ack kharaab pakshapaati maanaa jaataa thaa aur aksar party key bheetar vipaksh kaa gathan kiya. isaliye, unhone shayed hii kabhi unaki aadhikarik baithakon mein bhaag liya. kewal 1933 mein, unhein party kaa maanad adhyaksh banaaya gayaa.
sansad mein sadasyataah
unake karyakal key dauran pats kii vichardhara mein badey badalaav aae. 1905 kii kranti key dauran, unhein ack samajwadi maanaa jaataa thaa, kyonki unhone pragatisheel vichaaron kii vakaalat kii thee jinhen usa samay samajwadi maanaa jaataa thaa. apane nirvaasan key varshon key dauran, vaha ack samajik udaarvaadi bunn gaye, donon vichardharaon mein seey sarvshreshth kaa upayog karane kii koshish curr rahey they. jaba taka astonia swatantra hoe gayaa, vaha ack roodhivaadi bunn gayaa thaa, aur apane sattawadi varshon key dauran usane rajyavaad kaa prabhaav dikhaaya.
antarrashtriya kaanoon aur astonian samvidhaan key anusaar, kabze kii shuruat seey yaa cumm seey cumm 21 juuna 1940 seey, jaba andrei zadanov ney unhein johannes warres key netritva mein kathputali cabinet niyukt karane key liye majboor kiya, tou pats key karyon kaa koee prabhaav naheen thaa. soviyat yug key anta key baad seey astonia kii aadhikarik sthiti yeh rahee haye kii warres cabinet dwara paarit aur pats dwara ghoshit kaanoon kissy bhee mamle mein amaanya they kyonki unhone sansad key oopari sadan ("riginokogu") dwara samvidhaan dwara aavashyak roop seey pushti naheen kii thee. kabje key turant baad oopari kaksh koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa aur kabhi bhee phir seey naheen bulaaya gayaa.
kanuni roop seey, 1956 mein unaki mrityu taka pats "dee jeur" rashtrapati baney rahey. unake sakriya kartavya antim poorv-vyast pradhaan mantri juurii uluts key paas gaye, jinhone 1944 mein soviyat sangh key punah kabja karane seey pahale, otto teaf koo sarkaar banaane diyaa. 1945 mein stockholm mein uluts kii mrityu key baad, rashtrapati key kartavyon koo chor key mantrimandal key sabse puraane sadasya, agast ray key paas chalaa gayaa, jinhone 1953 mein nirvaasan mein astonian sarkaar kaa gathan kiya. rashtrapati key kartavyon mein antim pradhaan mantri, heinrich maark ney 8 octuber 1992 koo aaney vaale rashtrapati lenart jorg merrie koo apani saakh saunp dee.
astonia mein kaee sthaanon aur sansthanon kaa naam constantin pats key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. tollin mein kentmani street kaa naam constantin pats key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa aur 1939-1940 aur 1941-1944 mein lossy street kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. pats key karyakal key dauran, unake naam parr malaidar "statespressident" pats gulab kii kheti kii gaee thee aur rashtrapati bhawan key paas, tullin mein kadirog park mein phool ugaaye jaa rahey hain.
1991 mein tollin vanaspati udyaan mein constantin pats kaa ack sangrahalaya sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jahan pats kaa khet banaa huaa haye. sangrahalaya abhee bhee maujood haye, lekin 1995 mein formstead koo pats key vanshajon koo vaapas curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
saahitya mein pats koo chitrit kiya gayaa haye, sabse prasiddh mein seey ack andrus kivik dwara vyangyaatmak "ivan orav key sansmaran" hain, jahaan pats koo ack sachche logon key vyakti key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye, joe poore rashtra dwara priya thaa aur joe poori tarah seey ack achchha vyakti thaa. kathputali raajneetik vyangya show mein "pehmad jaa karwased" pates koo ack baat karane vaali pratima key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye jise anya poorv rashtrapatiyon key saath ack sarkari imarat key tahakhaane mein rakhaa gayaa haye. ack paarshv charitra key roop mein pats key jeevan kii avadhiyon koo bhee television shrinkhala "tulepille maa" mein chitrit kiya gayaa thaa.
reh jaataa haye.
1988 mein, astonian haine lant aur valdur timsk ney roose mein constantin pats key avasheshon kii khoj karane kaa faisala kiya. way kalinin (abb twer) seey 15 kimmy door burasevo gaanv pahunche, jahan aspatal mein ack mareej thaa. way unake antim doctor senya guseva seey mille, jinhone 1956 mein pait key antim sanskar kaa varnan kiya. unhone kahaa kii pait koo ack rashtrapati kii tarah dafnaya gayaa thaa-usa samay key anya mrit rogiyon key vipareet, ack taaboot mein. 22 juuna 1990 koo, unaki kabr khodi gaee aur avasheshon koo 21 octuber 1990 koo tullin metsakalmistu kabristan mein phir seey dafnaya gayaa. 2011 mein, burasevo gaanv mein ack smaarak cross rakhaa gayaa thaa, jahan ack baar putt koo dafnaya gayaa thaa.
vyaktigat jeevan.
1901 mein, constantin pats ney vilhelma ("helma") idaa emili peedi (bee. 1878), jinase way parnu hyee school mein mille they. unake dou bete they, leo aur victor. constantin ney 1905 mein nirvaasan key liye apane parivaar koo chhod diyaa aur unake dusare bete kaa janm taba huaa jaba vaha abhee bhee switzerland mein reh rahey they. jaba constantin olila, finland chaley gaye tou way ekjut hoe gaye. 1910 mein unaki patni kii fefadon kii bimari seey mrityu hoe gaee, jabaki way sent pietersberg mein kaid they, aur unhone kabhi punarvivah naheen kiya. unake bachchon kaa paalan-poshan unaki patni kii avivaahit bahan johanna (johanna) wilhelmin alexcendra peedi ney kiya thaa. constantin pats mein bhee cumm seey cumm ack godson thaa.
puts koo ack dayalu vyakti key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa, joe achche bhaashan dene mein saksham thaa aur joe graameen kshetra mein badaa huaa thaa aur isaliye bhoomi key liye dill thaa. unhone bachchon seey sambandhit muddon mein vishesh ruchi lii. way aksar badey parivaaron aur schools koo dhana daan karate they aur chhatron key liye karyakramon kaa ayojan karate they, jisamen unhone bhee bhaag liya thaa. unhein rashtrapati bhawan key aspas kadrorag park mein subah lambi sair karane aur park key shramikon key saath baatchit karane key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa. constantin pates koo madhumeh thaa.
1919 mein, pats ney kiraaye parr liya, sangathit kiya, aur baad mein tollin key thheek baahar, vaao jagir seey alag bhoomi parr ack khet kharida. baad mein unhein kaee anya pratibhagiyon kii tarah ack formstead seey sammaanit kiya gayaa aur swatantrata key estonian yuddh mein yogdan diyaa. haalaanki, unakaa khet clustrimata mein thaa, joe kii tollin key thheek baahar ack pramukh sthaan parr thaa. vartamaan mein tollin vanaspati udyaan key bheetar sthit, formstead koo pats key vanshajon koo vaapas curr diyaa gayaa haye.
vanshaj.
constantin kaa sabse badaa betaa, leo pats (1902-1988), 1939 mein finland bhaagne mein kamyab rhaa. vaha antatah sweeden chalaa gayaa, jahan 1988 mein usaki mrityu hoe gaee. constantin kaa doosara betaa, victor pats (1906-1952), 4 march 1952 koo masco kii butirka jail mein marr gayaa. victor key bete haine (aine; 1936-1944) aur matty (bee. 1933) koo 1941 mein ack anathalaya mein bheja gayaa thaa lekin jald hii alag curr diyaa gayaa thaa. way saptah mein ack baar ekjut they, jaba taka kii 1944 mein murgi kii mitty kii baahon mein bhukhmari seey mrityu naheen hoe gaee.
constantin pats key sabhi jeevit vanshaj matty pats key bachche aur potey hain, joe 1946 mein apani maan helgi-ellis key saath roose seey laute they. helgi-ellis koo 1950 mein phir seey giraftar kiya gayaa thaa aur kazakh mein 10 saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee thee aur 1955 mein vaapas aaa gayaa thaa. matty pats 1991 seey astonian patent karyalaya key nideshak rahey hain; vaha rigikogu aur tollin city council key sadasya bhee rahey hain. pro patria union key roodhivaadi wing dwara unhein 2001 key rashtrapati chunaav key liye ack sambhaavit ummidwar key roop mein bhee dekhaa gayaa thaa.