
raajya (print making)

mudran mein, ack raajya ack mudran kaa ack alag roop haye, joe tambe kii plate (nakkashi aadi key liye) jaise matricks mein jaanboojhkar aur sthaayi parivartan key kaaran hotaa haye.) yaa lakadi kaa tukada (lakadi key cutt key liye).
kalakar aksar ack plate (yaa block, aadi) seey print lete hain.) aur phir adhik chhaap (pratiyaan) chhaapane seey pahale plate parr aage kaam karein. kabhi-kabhi dou raajyon koo ack hii dinn mudrit kiya jaa sakata haye, kabhi-kabhi unake beach kaee saal beet sakate hain.
avasthaon koo aamtaur parr roman ankon mein kramaankit kiya jaataa haih i, ii, iii..., aur aksar ee key roop mein.jee.: "i/iii", teen abhilikhit avasthaon mein seey pahale koo ingit karane key liye. kuchh haal key vidwan "aaee. aaee. aeye", "aaee. vee. bee." aadi jaise raajyon kii pehchaan karke, ack bhramit karane vaali naee sankhya banaane kii ichcha key binaa, apane poorvavartiyon key kaam koo parishkrit karate hain. ack print jisake baare mein koee alag raajya gyaat naheen haye, usey "kewal raajya" key roop mein soochibaddh kiya jaataa haye.
adhikansh adhikaari ack plate koo aakasmik kshati-aamtaur parr ack dhaatu kii plate parr kharonch yaa lakadi key tukade mein daraaron-koo alag-alag avasthaon key roop mein naheen maanate hain, aanshik roop seey kyonki kharonch kaee baar mudrit honey key baad phir seey gayab hoe sakati hain.
itihas.
raajyon kii paribhasha jyaadaatar puraane master print key mahaan soochikaar addam wonn barch seey milati haye. 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat key dauran kalaa itihaskaron dwara bahut kaam kiya gayaa thaa, aur adhikansh gair-samkaaleen print nirmaataon key paas abb apane print key sabhi raajyon koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye. isaliye ack puraane master print kii naee yaa "unrockered" sthiti kii khoj karna abb durlabh haye, halanki yeh kewal 1967 mein thaa, jaba ise cleveland koo becha gayaa thaa, kii yeh mahsoos kiya gayaa thaa kii joe lambe samay seey atyadhik mahatvapurna print kii sabse achchi chhaap key roop mein prasiddh thaa, antonio dell polaiolo (1465-75) dwara "nagnata kii ladaai" pahale seey hii maanyata praapt pahale raajya kii anoothi jeevit chhaap thee. yeh vishesh roop seey aashcharyajanak haye kyonki poori plate koo donon key beach badey paimaane parr phir seey kaam kiya gayaa thaa, jahir haye kii ise mudran seey kharaab honey key baad ise navinikrit karane key liye.
aadhunik printon mein, "proof state" yaa "working proof" key beach antar kiya jaataa haye, joe print koo samaapt honey seey pahale prastut kiye jaate hain, aur anya state. yeh aamtaur parr sambhav haye kyonki aadhunik printon koo sanskaranon mein jaari kiya jaataa haye, aamtaur parr hastaaksharit aur kramaankit. puraane master print key mamle mein, lagbhag 1830 seey pahale, yeh aamtaur parr mamla naheen thaa, aur "proof state" kaa upayog kewal tabhi kiya jaataa haye jaba print spasht roop seey aadhaa-samaapt hoe jaataa haye, jaisa kii british sangrahalaya mein albrecht durer key "addam aind eev" aur vienna mein albertina key dou prabhaavon key saath hotaa haye. haalaanki, adhikansh "kalakar key pramaan" mukhya raajya key prabhaav hain jinhen mukhya seemit sanskaran sankhya mein naheen ginaa jaataa haye, aur kalakar dwara liye jaate hain; isaliye way mukhya sanskaran key samaan raajya seey hain.
udaaharan key liye, durer key vipareet, jinake liye apekshaakrit kuchh alag-alag raajya jeevit hain, rembrand print aksar kaee raajyon (gyaarah taka) mein jeevit rahey hain. yeh spasht haye kii pahale key kaee raajya kaam karane vaale pramaan hain, joe iss baat kii pushti karane key liye banaae gaye hain kii mudrit chhavi kaise vikasit hoe rahee thee, lekin inn aur anya raajyon key beach ack aatmavishvaas rekha kheenchana asambhav haye kii rembrand koo unake dwara mudrit bindu parr samaapt maanaa gayaa hoga. rembrant raajyon key sabse vipul nirmaataon mein seey ack haye, aur kuchh varshon taka unhein chhodane key baad plates parr phir seey kaam kiya gayaa haye.
puraane master print mein nae raajya aksar chhavi key ander yaa neeche shilalekhon (hastakshar, samarpan, prakashakon kaa vivaran, yahaan taka kii ack keemat) koo jodane key kaaran hotey hain. hastaksharon koo chhodkar, inhen aksar swayam kalakar dwara naheen jodaa jaataa thaa. ack thoke udaaharan daniel hoffer haye, joe ack printmaking takneek () key roop mein naqqaashi key aavishkaarak hain, aur unake parivaar key anya sadasya hain. 17veen shatabdi key anta mein, hoffers key ack door key rishtedaar, david funk ney hoffers kii lohe kii plates mein seey 230 kaa adhigrahan kiya, aur inhen "opere hofferiane" sheershak key tahat punarmudran kiya, jisamen kuchh hudd taka kharonch vaali sankhya jodee gaee, jise "funk sankhya" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, iss prakaar abb taka kii achhoot plates kii doosari sthiti paida hui.
kabhi-kabhi koee anya kalakar ack plate mein jodd sakata haye, yaa ack (aamtaur parr) anaam kalakar yaa shilpkar ack plate parr "phir seey kaam" karega joe mudran seey kharaab hoe gaee haye. yeh abb adhikansh jeevit plates key liye rembrand (aksar ack seey adhik baar) aur kaee key liye goya, martin shongoire aur anya dwara kiya gayaa haye. ack udaaharan haye "tata parr yaatriyon key saath vann daldal" (1640-1650), jacob vaine ruisdale dwara ack nakkashi, jahaan baad mein ack aur haath ney baadal jodd diye.
jaba way ack utsuk sangrahakarta bajar vikasit karate hain, tou kalakaron ney aksar atirikt raajyon kaa nirmaan karke iska fayda uthaaya haye. iss pravritti koo anya logon key alawa, 18veen shatabdi key anta key angreji mazotinters ("aksharon seey pahale" raajya unaki visheshta they) aur 19veen shatabdi mein shuru honey vaale etching punruddhar mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, jisamen surr david jaise kalakar shamil they.
pustak sangrah.
raajya" kaa ack samaan upayog pustak sangrah mein haye, jahan mudran key dauran kissy vishesh prishth koo kissy kaaran seey reset kiya jaa sakata haye.

