puerto rico mein arajaktawad

ack samajik andolan key roop mein arajaktawad puerto rico key shramik vargon key bheetar raajneetik vampanth kii abhivyaktiyon mein seey ack haye, joe 19veen shatabdi key anta aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein apane charam parr thaa. arajaktawad mukhya roop seey bheetar maujood thaa, lekin samajik-raajneetik vatavaran key roop mein ubhare shramik vargon key liye ananya naheen thaa. kaguas aur bayaman kii nagarpaalikaaen andolan key kendra they. yeh anya audyogik kendron mein bhee darj kiya gayaa thaa, jaise kii ponse, saine juan, aresibo, keya, cidra, juncos, vega baajaa, eutuado, laures, yauko aur maayaaguez. kuchh mool moolyon koo saajha karane key bavjood, puerto rican arajaktawad prakriti mein visham thaa. samanya taur parr, puerto rican arajaktawad spasht roop seey sangathit dharm virodhi thaa, vishesh roop seey catholic church key khilaf jisane spanish upaniveshvaad kii shuruat key baad seey kaafee prabhaav banaae rakhaa thaa. peris kii sandhi key baad, yeh americi samprabhuta kaa virodh karane key liye bhee badhaa, kyonki yeh maanaa gayaa kii dweep koo amerikikaran kii pahal key saath gulami mein majboor kiya jaa rhaa thaa, jisase videshi aur sthaaniya raajnetaon, ameer uchch vargon aur americi shramik sanghon donon key khilaf alag-alag pradhikaran virodhi rukh apanaaya gayaa. haalaanki, siddhant roop mein (raashtravaad key virodh key roop mein, jise raajya key liye shakti koo majboot karane key tareeke key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa) arajaktawadi swatantrata andolan mein shamil honey kaa virodh karate they.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat key dauran, arajaktavadiyon koo puerto rican key bheetar ack chhota, lekin sakriya, alpasankhyak maanaa jaataa thaa. iss andolan ney mahilaaon koo aakarshit kiya, vishesh roop seey yuva, joe mukhya roop seey "pitrisattaatmak samaaj" key bheetar asantusht mahsoos karate they. aabaadi key ashikshit ansh key liye school banaane kii pahal kii gaee. yeh lattin americi arajaktawadi andolanon key beach bhee anoothi paristhitiyon kaa saamana curr rhaa thaa, joe ack americi aupaniveshik prashaasan key tahat kaam curr rahey they (jabaki anya sabhi aupaniveshik yaa nava-aupaniveshik vatavaran mein sanchaalit they), vishesh jaatiya samoohon key anuroop naheen they aur 1898 key baad spanish arajaktavadiyon kii kamee thee. unhone abhee bhee una sangathanon kaa virodh kiya joe spanish shakti kaa pratinidhitva karate they, jaise kii 1912 mein mamla thaa, jaba unhone clerical virodhi karyakarta bellen dee saraga key netritva mein ack church virodhi abhiyaan mein bhaag liya thaa. apane antarrashtriyavadi aadarshon key hisse key roop mein, puerto rican arajaktawadi videshon mein kaam karane kii sthitiyon kii ninda karenge, jaise kii tampa. antatah, netaaon key dalbadal aur sarkari hastakshep ney puerto rican arajaktawad koo khokhla banaa diyaa. iglesius pantin jaise kuchh logon ney ise jaldi kiya aur aeye. aff. ell. key saath gathbandhan kiya, antatah 1917 mein ack samajwadi senator bunn gaye.
sangh key saath sangh key sambandhon ney ise spanish syndicates kii arajaktawadi jadon seey door curr diyaa, jinase sthaaniya mazdoor varg koo jodaa gayaa thaa. poorv ney aupchaarik roop seey ack udaar vichardhara koo apanaaya joe unake sahayogi koo pratibimbit karati thee. haalaanki, isake saath ack arajaktawadi bhavna bhee aaee joe aeye. aff. ell. key uchch staron key bheetar pramukh thee. romero rossa arajaktawad seey door chaley gaye kyonki unhone 1904 mein party kii rajneeti mein kadam rakhaa, 9 march, 1911 koo, kaigua mein tambaku karyakarta kii hadtaal kaa netritva karane vaale seez key pratinidhitva mein. ghatana key antim charanon key dauran, dou ameer nagrikon koo goli maar dee gaee thee. aupaniveshik adhikaariyon ney kaee arajaktavadiyon key saath hastakshep karke pratikriya dee, jisase yaatana kii khabaren aaeen. sandigdh parr antatah mukadama chalaaya gayaa aur usey pratham shreni kii hatyaa kaa doshi paaya gayaa. vilar parr iss mamle mein aarop naheen lagaaya gayaa thaa, lekin paadari varg key ack sadasya dwara baal shoshan key mamle kii ninda karane key baad aupaniveshik adhikaariyon ney saarvajanik naitikta sanhitaon key ullanghan key liye una parr aarop lagaane kaa faisala kiya. 1915 mein, vilar kii usa varsh kii sajaa kaatate hue mrityu hoe gaee jisake liye unhein doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. iss ghatana ney ack sankat paida curr diyaa jisamen kaee netaa yaa tou chaley gaye yaa adhik madhyam karanon seey chaley gaye. puerto rican arajaktavadiyon kaa ack aur ansh raajneetik sangathanon mein sthanantarit hoe jaayega, jaise kii partido socilista. romero rossa jaise loga khou jaayenge, unake mamle mein teji seey roodhivaadi hoe rahey hain aur apane pichhale raajneetik rukh koo chhod rahey hain.
itihas.
prishthabhoomi aur utpatti.
kaam karane kii sthitiyon seey sambandhit pahali hadtaal joe 1848 mein spanish aupaniveshik sarkaar kii rajdhani saine juan mein darj kii gaee thee. 1868 key spanish ganarajya aur paanch saal baad gulami key unmoolan key baad, aarthik parivartanon ney kisaanon koo puerto rico key shahari kendron mein dhakel diyaa, jisase vetanbhogi bagan shramikon aur "kaarigaron" (shilpkaron) dwara rachit ack nayaa shramik varg banaa. 1873 mein primo dee rivera dwara mukt sangathan key adesh key baad, tambaku karyashalaon ney karmchaariyon key liye manoranjan kendra banaae, jahaan sabhaon mein aayojit natakon mein udaar vichaaron koo saajha kiya gayaa thaa (baad mein "varg aatm-pushti key liye ack vaahan" key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa) aur jisake kaaran kaary shoshan key roop mein maane jaane vaale rukh key khilaf rukh kaa prachaar kiya gayaa. isake baad saamoohik kalyan key liye parasparik sahaayata pahalon (jaise kii santigo andrade kaa socidad amigos dell bien publico) aur casino, jaise kii circulo dee recreo vaaee beneficia kaa vyavasthit samavesh kiya gayaa. inn samoohon key agantukon key beach sauhard ney ack varg pehchaan key pranaaleegat nirmaan kii anumati dee, joe puerto rican danza jaise saanskritik tatvon key udbhav mein parilakshit hotaa haye aur saksharta koo badhaava dene kii pahal (jisake liye vishisht pahal, jaise kii socidad protectora dee laa intelligencia dell obrero, banaai gaee thee) aur isake sadasyon key beach aupchaarik kalaa. baad mein, "lector" (ack sakshar vaktaa jise padhane key liye bhugtan kiya jaataa thaa jabaki sigar rollers kaam karate they) kii bhoomika kaa upayog saksharta koo badhaava dene key liye kiya jaataa thaa aur iska upayog vampanthi vichaaron, sahyogvaad aur adhikaariyon key liye ack khuli avagya key prachaar mein bhee kiya jaataa thaa taaki unaki swaayatta koo sanrakshit kiya jaa sakey.
1880 key dashak key dauran, gulami key unmoolan key baad ack badalaav dekhaa gayaa, jisamen ack badhata huaa shramik varg nae coffey baganon kii or palayan curr rhaa thaa, joe spanish daason key cheeni baganon koo pratisthaapit curr rahey they. 1890 taka, saine juan mein "vyakhyan" gyaat they, joe rajdhani aur ack bandargah shahar honey key naate, kaee videshi prakashanon taka pahunch thee jahan inn avadhaaranaon parr vistaar seey charcha kii gaee thee. haalaanki, dashak key anta taka shram andolan ack ubharata huaa astitva banaa rhaa, aur sthaaniya arajaktawadi key vikas ney iss pravritti koo pratibimbit kiya. 1874 aur 1897 key beach cumm seey cumm duss shramik varg key samachar patra banaae jaayenge, jinaki shuruat "ell artesano" seey hogi. adhikansh kshetra dwara prakaashit kiye gaye they, jinamen seey chaar ponse mein aur teen saine juan mein dikhaai diye. jald hii iss varg key shikshit kshetron ney karkhanon mein anpadh vyaktiyon koo shikshit karane kii pahal shuru curr dee, mukhya roop seey way joe tambaku key nirmaan key liye samarpit they, jahaan ack "shikshak" yaa paathak sthaaniya samachar aur raajneetik/saahityik samagri koo padhata thaa joe ack aayog kii sifaarishon (marks, maltesta, kropotkin, bakunin, aadi) seey liya jaataa thaa.) aur shramikon dwara chunaa gayaa. way baad mein apane bheetar kii samagri parr charcha karenge.
mrityu yaa chot/bimari key mamle mein sahaayata pradaan karane vaale samoohon koo bhee sangathit kiya gayaa thaa. iss samay seema key dauran sahakaari samitiyon kii sthaapana pahali baar kii gaee thee. paridrishya mein achaanak badalaav ney, halanki, shramikon kii bahutaayat paida curr dee aur unhein samaayojit karane key liye paryaapt jagah naheen banaai. 1890 key dashak taka, karon mein vriddhi key virodh mein hadataalen kii jaa rahee theen. arajaktawadi samachar patra "enseo obrero" kii upasthiti ney aupaniveshik governor sabas marin gonzalez koo pareshan curr diyaa, joe spen key raajaa alphonso xiii koo ack patra likhane key liye paryaapt thaa, jisamen puerto rico key madhyam seey arajaktawad key aasann vistaar parr vilaap kiya gayaa thaa. padadhikari ney taaj seey una kaanoonon koo paarit karane kaa anurodh kiya joe vichaaron key mudrit prakaashan koo rokte hain.
1896 mein, spen mein janme arajaktawadi santigo iglesius pantin-jinhone videshon mein arajaktawadi andolanon mein shamil honey kaa daavaa kiya thaa aur kii unhein cuba key swatantrata prayason mein unaki bhagidari key kaaran spanish kabje koo chhodane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa-ney ingland kii or ack atlantic paar yatra mein puerto rico mein ack paimana banaaya. vahaan ack baar, unhone saine juan mein rahane kaa faisala kiya, jahan unhein kuchh nivaasiyon key saath vaichaarik sambandh milaa. dashak key anta mein, mikhail bakunin key "sanghwad, samaajvaad, dharm-virodhi" kii pahali gyaat prati pahali baar puerto rico mein darj kii gaee thee, jiska anuvaad aur punarmudran sthaaniya roop seey maayaaguez mein kiya gayaa thaa. yeh aur anya pustaken sthaaniya print dwara kiye gaye prachaar key saath vitarit kii gaeen aur shramikon koo nirdeshit kii gaeen. iss samay, ramon romero rossa jaise vyaktiyon ney inn pahalon koo ack mukti ranneeti key roop mein aage badhaaya. varg kaa ack sakshar varg (jose ferrer vaaee ferrer jaise vyaktiyon key netritva mein) teji seey kattarpanthi hoe gayaa aur bakunin jaise lekhakon key vichaaron koo apanaaya kyonki way swatantra roop seey upalabdh hoe gaye, jisase swatantrataavaadi samaajvaad key saath pehchaane jaane vaale pahale samooh banane kaa maarg prashast huaa.
1897 mein, jose ferrey vaaee ferrer, eusebio felix, fernando gomez acosta, ramon romero rossa aur aduardo konde saine juan mein ell porvenir dee borinkwen naamak ack seez kii sthaapana mein iglesius mein shamil hoe gaye, joe "enseo obrero" prakaashit karega, jahan unhone arajaktawad sahit vibhinn samajvadiyon key rukh seey prakaashit kiya. unake dwisaptahik punarmilan inn vishayon key ird-gird kendrit they, jinhen arajaktawadi aur samajwadi saahitya key badhate pustakalaya kaa samarthan praapt thaa. 1898 mein, "enseo obrero" ney mahila karyakarta dominica gonzalez koo pesh kiya. 1900 taka, puerto rico mein 30 seey adhik upkar they, jisamen saine juan, ponse, keya, yauko aur maayaaguez ack seey adhik kii mejbani curr rahey they. inn praarambhik arajaktavadiyon kaa maanana thaa kii shramikon koo jaanboojhkar shiksha parr roque lagaai jaa rahee thee aur sanrakshak unhein avyavasthit rakhane key liye iss disha mein apane khaali samay aur aaya koo seemit curr rahey they.
hadtaal key kaaran lector koo nilambit curr diyaa gayaa, lekin atirikt dabaav ney abhyaas koo jaari rakhane kii anumati dee.
jaise-jaise prakashanon aur prachaar key vitaran kaa vistaar huaa, esteban rivera aur gabino mokjo ney ack nae sansthaan kii vyavastha kii jahaan samagri aasaani seey upalabdh thee aur "ell enseo obrero" koo sampaadit kiya jaa sakata thaa. jiss dinn luis munoz nadee ney puerto rico aur spen (11 farwari, 1898) key beach naee swaayatt vyavastha key pradhaan mantri key roop mein shapath lii thee, usa dinn virodh pradarshan aayojit kiye jaane key baad, sarkaar aur shramik varg key sangathanon mein matbhed they. spanish adhikaariyon ney "enseo obrero" key saath hastakshep kiya, joe ack shram sangh key ahwan seey sambandhit thaa aur isase antarrashtriya sahyog ubhara. 25 march, 1898 koo aduardo konde, ramon romero rossa, jose maulen, jose ferrer vaaee ferrer, juan sepeda, emiliano ramos aur santigo iglesius pantin key netritva mein ack "sarvahara sabhaa" kaa aupchaarik roop seey ayojan kiya gayaa thaa. "enseo obrero" parr jurmana lagaaya gayaa, jabaki iglesius pantin koo rakhaa gayaa aur baad mein giraftar curr liya gayaa. enseo obrero" kii pratiyon koo pradhikaran key liye unhein bheje jaane kii ummeed thee, jisake parinamswarup prakaashak aksar jurmaane aur ferrer aur iglesius key liye karawas seey bachate they.
"enseo obrero" puerto rico kii sthiti parr tatasth rhaa, kyonki puerto rico ney spen key saath ack naee swaayatta mein pravesh kiya, sthaaniya arajaktavadiyon ney videshi prabhaav koo cumm karane key prayaas mein swaayatt andolan key saath gathbandhan kiya aur antim haare hue, jose celso barbosa kaa paksh liya, kyonki unhone spanish liberal party seey sambandhon koo todane kaa prastaav rakhaa, jisase europeeya upasthiti koo adhik seemit kiya gayaa. iss sampadakiya pankti key apratyaashit sanyam koo adhik kattarpanthi kaaryakartaon kii aalochana kaa saamana karna padaa, jinhone ise nakaratmak roop seey "roodhivaadi modd" kahaa, jabaki sampadakon ney ack roodhivaadi aur vinashkari arth mein arajaktawadi key roop mein label kiye jaane seey incar karna shuru curr diyaa. isake bavjood, sarkaar ney "enseo obrero" key prakaashan aur emiliano ramos aur iglesius sahit shram andolan key kaid kiye gaye logon koo roque diyaa.
arajaktawadi banaam americi sarkaar.
spanish-americi yuddh key baad, poori tarah seey aupaniveshik prashaasan key paksh mein swaayatta samaapt curr dee gaee thee. aarthik padanukram mein teji seey badalaav, puerto rican peso (baad mein puerto rican dollar) key avamoolyan aur americi aupaniveshik sarkaar dwara lagu kiye gaye nae cabotage karon key kaaran shramik varg key liye sthiti bigad gaee. americi tambaku company ney puerto rico mein apani upasthiti kaa vistaar kiya, joe sthaaniya udyog key bheetar pramukh sangathan bunn gayaa. sthaaniya sanghon kii kamee kaa matlab thaa kii ise ack vyavasthit poonjiwadi praarup key saath sigar rolling key paaramparik roop seey swatantra karigar abhyaas koo pratisthaapit karane kii anumati dee gaee, jisake kaaran chhoti sigar kii dukaanen gayab hoe gaeen aur anubhavi rollers koo inn nigamon key karyabal mein shamil kiya gayaa aur ack aisee prakriya mein seemit bhoomika dee gaee joe teji seey vishisht karyon parr kendrit hoe gaee. sthaaniya rollers, joe aitihaasik roop seey aatmanirbhar they aur jinhone nireekshan pradhikaran aur jabaran sanrachana kaa virodh kiya thaa, ney arajaktawad key prati sahanubhutipurna rukh apnana shuru curr diyaa, joe videsh seey aayatit vichaaron key saath sanyukt they.
naee sarkaar dwara riha kiye jaane key baad iglesius, joe apane kishoravastha key varshon seey americi samarthak they, puerto rican swatantrata andolan seey adhik door hoe gaye. badale mein, johnn brook ney spen seey pratyarpan anurodhon koo avaruddh curr diyaa. 20 octuber, 1898 koo, sanghiya kshetriya dee trabazdors koo aupchaarik roop seey sandleo sanchez key tahat aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. enseo obrero" key poorv sadasya taba sanghiya kshetriya dee trabazador koo nidhi denge, jisamen ramos jaise arajaktawadi netritva kii bhoomikaaen praapt karate hain, joe "ell porvenir soshal" prakaashit karate hain. apane poorvavarti kii tarah, sangathan ack vaichaarik sarvasammati sthaapit karane mein whiffle rhaa aur isake bajaay sanyukt raajya key shram andolanon key saath sambandh sthaapit karane aur ganarajya aur sanghiya dalon kii aalochana karane kii koshish kii joe spanish yug seey butch gaye they aur swaayatt baney rahey they. inn prayason seey arajaktawadi newyork sthit "ell hatash" mein unake prakaashan koo maanyata millie. iglesius key netritva mein, aff. aar. tii. sanyukt raajya america dwara shuru kii gaee amerikikaran prakriya key prati sahaanubhooti rakhta thaa, yeh maanate hue kii vahaan kaa kaary vatavaran sthaaniya shram andolan key liye fayademand hoe sakata haye, aur americi samajwadi pahalon koo apnana shuru curr diyaa.
saine juan key tambaku udyog key bheetar hadtaalon key baad, ikai kaa vistaar ponse, carolina, aguadilla aur fazardo taka huaa, jisamen typographic aur dock shramik (muelle dee aspigon) shamil they. antatah aage kii kaarrvaaiyon seey 20-25% kii vetan vriddhi hoti haye. iglesius ney aff. aar. tii. key saath teji seey ack pro-anexionism rukh sthaapit kiya, joe unaki 1898 kii mudraon key vipareet thaa. "ell porvenir soshal" america key samarthak, samaajvaad aur arajaktawad banaa rahega, videshon seey arajaktawadi lekhakon seey samagri prakaashit karega lekin americi prateekvaad kaa pradarshan karega. iss beach, iglesius ney samajwadi laber party key daniel dee leone key saath ack gathbandhan banaaya, jise puerto rico mein ack shakha sthaapit karane key liye seal curr diyaa gayaa. sangathan ney puerto rico mein 1 maee key utsav kii bhee shuruat kii, aur isake pahale utsav mein shramikon ney laal jhanda faharaaya. santigo iglesius pantin aur ramon romero rossa sahit netaaon ney sainya governor key saath punarmilan kiya governor heinry aur saine juan meyer luis sanchez morales, jisamen unhone mazdoor varg key liye anya laabhon key saath aathh ghante kii paali kii maang kii. isake baad, imarat key baahar ack baithak aayojit kii gaee, jahan "ell porvenir soshal" prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa.
ack aur ayojan maayaaguez mein kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen eugenio maria dee hostos ney bheed koo sambodhit kiya thaa. inn krityon key dabaav aur cumm seey cumm saat aur nagar paalikaon mein isi tarah kii ghatnaaon key kaaran 2 maee koo ack anupaalan kaanoon paarit kiya gayaa, joe sainya sarkaar dwara isake anuprayog mein aprabhaavi saabit huaa. jaise hii samooh ney sthaaniya dalon kii apani aalochana jaari rakhee aur vilay key liye apane samarthan koo badhaava diyaa, aff. aar. tii. ney ack aantarik matbhed vikasit karna shuru curr diyaa kyonki isake adhik sadasya vishesh roop seey swatantrata andolan aur raashtravaad key prati sahaanubhooti rakhate hue, "vyaktigat swatantrata" aur "matribhoomi key prati sammaan" key siddhanton kaa hawala dete hue sahaanubhooti rakhate they. kuchh sadasyon dwara republican party kaa paksh lene seey yeh jatil hoe gayaa thaa. isake kaaran 18 juuna, 1899 koo iglesius, romero aur konde key samooh ney aff. aar. tii. koo chhod diyaa aur federation libre dee trabazdores (aff. ell. tii.) kaa nirmaan kiya. jabaki ameeron key khilaf ack aakramak kadam uthaaya gayaa, aff. ell. tii. puerto rican raashtravaad kii bhee aalochana curr rhaa thaa, jisase ack videshi key roop mein iglesius kii sthiti key baare mein tark uthhe. sangathan key bheetar arajaktavadiyon koo bhee nirvaasan kii dhamkiyon kaa saamana karna padaa.
flut ney 1 maee, 1900 koo dou congress aayojit kiye, joe abb 30 shramik sanghon dwara rachit hain aur forkar adhiniyam kii aalochana karate hain, unhone anya vishayon key beach antarrashtriya paridrishya, aathh ghante kii paali, prachaar aur shiksha parr charcha kii. 
1900 mein, loktaantrik vote key binaa ack videshi governor key thope jaane seey kaee ghatanaaen huin joe hadtaalon kii ack shrinkhala key saath samaapt huin, jisamen adhikaariyon ney iss ghatana key khilaf hastakshep kiya. arajaktawadi aur americi virodhi honey kaa aarop lagaae jaane key baad, iglesius ney puerto rico chhod diyaa aur flut key bheetar ack kathor vaichaarik badalaav shuru kiya, jisase slup key saath iska judaav samaapt hoe gayaa, aur americi shram sangh kaa sampark kiya gayaa. isake bavjood, peechhe reh gaye flut sadasyon ney apane arajaktawadi aur paine-samajwadi rukh koo jaari rakhaa, jisamen romero kaa "laa miseriyaah periodico defencer dee laa klaaz obrera" shamil thaa, jisane khule taur parr shramik sanghon koo udaarvaadi rakhane key liye coll kiya aur havaai aur carnival mein baganon mein kaam karane key liye puerto rickens key praayojit pravaas parr sawal uthaaya. sanyukt raajya america mein ack spaniard dwara pratinidhitva kiye jaane key saath asantosh flut key kuchh sadasyon key bheetar maujood thaa, jabaki anya ney puerto rico mein sanyukt raajya america key agende parr sawal uthaaya aur amerikikaran key prayason kii ninda kii, jisamen ferrer bhee shamil thaa, jisane "american colosus" parr hamla kiya. flut key anya sadasya jaise kii jeesas aim. balsac aur santigo vaale ney apane swayam key dalon kaa nirmaan karke samaajvaad koo aage laane key liye ack raajneetik upkaran key roop mein vote key upayog key liye bahas shuru kii. kaee arajaktawadi party-rajneeti mein shamil honey key baare mein sandeh curr rahey they, unhein khokhale vaadon key munch key alawa aur kuchh naheen maanate they.
araajakvaadiyon key khilaf vaichaarik bheed hinsa prakat honey luggy aur aff. ell. tii. mukhyalaya mein kaam karate samay sevro sirino parr hamla kiya gayaa. ranneetik chaalen bhee bharpur hain aur venasio cruze aur alphonso torres ney kaguas mein ack sangh kaa ayojan karna shuru curr diyaa. 1901 key dinn antim gatividhiyon koo chihnit kiya gayaa jahaan arajaktawadi rukh koo aff. ell. tii. dwara sansthaagat roop seey badhaava diyaa gayaa thaa.
iglesius ney "newyork journal" mein araajakvaad parr hinsak aur puratan key roop mein hamla karane vaale ack tukade koo prakaashit karke apane pichhale rukh seey door jaanaa shuru curr diyaa aur aupchaarik roop seey trade unionvaad koo apanaaya aur affle key saath ack sangathan koo aadhikarik roop diyaa, joe sakriya roop seey arajaktavadiyon kaa virodh kartaa thaa, kuchh dinon key bheetar unake amerikikaran samarthak rukh key bhautikakaran key roop mein. iss tukade koo "laa miseria" dwara punarmudrit kiya gayaa thaa. isake turant baad, iglesius ney apani naee mudra aur vyaapaar sanghwad koo apanaane kii pushti karate hue aeye. aff. ell. seey sambaddh honey kii vyavastha shuru kii, gompers dwara carribean key liye aeye. aff. ell. aayojak naamit kiye jaane aur theodor roozvelt key saath ack baithak aayojit karke prabhaav praapt kiya. isase donon shiviron key beach sangharsh huaa, inn muddon parr asahamati aur sanyukt raajya aupaniveshik pradhikaran key baare mein raay key aspas kendrit.
arajaktawadi iglesius key uddeshyon parr sandeh karane lagey, aanshik roop seey kyonki unhein aeye. aff. ell. dwara bhugtan kiya jaa rhaa thaa aur kyonki unakaa sangh netritva seedhe aupaniveshik rajyapalon key saath kaam karega, isake parinamswarup unhone puerto rican kaary varg key prati unaki nishtha aur raajya key saath kaam karane key gyaan parr sawal uthaaya. isake bavjood arajaktawadi apane aadarshon koo aage badhaane key liye ack morche key roop mein flut kaa upayog karna jaari rakhenge, aur ferrer vaaee ferrer ney kaguas mein ack sahayak company sthaapit karane key liye pablo vega santos key saath sahyog kiya. anya, jaise cruze, baithakon mein kuchh upasthiti banaae rakhate they. iglesius navambar 1901 taka puerto rico lautenge.
flut ney bharti key muddon kaa anubhav kiya aur agale varshon key dauran sadasyata khona shuru curr diyaa, kewal badhai aur tambaku shramikon kii sthir upasthiti koo sanrakshit kiya, joe unake samanvaya vittaposhan prayason koo bhee jatil banaata haye. inn donon samoohon ney anya karyalayon kii tulanaa mein apani arajaktawadi pravrittiyon koo adhik banaae rakhaa thaa, joe seedhe iglasia key netritva key saath takra gaye they. 1902 kii baithak mein paaka escabi arajaktavadiyon kaa pratinidhitva karenge. 1902 key vasant key dauran, romero rossa aur fernando gomez donon parr hamla kiya gayaa thaa. sangh aur ganarajya key beach takraav key baad, flut ney virodh kiya aur badale mein romro rossa aur corino sahit isake kaee sadasyon koo giraftar curr liya. ack ghatana key dauran gomez acosta parr bhee goli chalaai gaee thee, jisase vaha nuksan seey butch gayaa thaa. arajaktavadiyon parr ack pipe bumm visfot karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa jisake parinamswarup humakao mein ack maut hoe gaee thee.
yeh adheenata arajaktawad seey pakshapaatpurna samaajvaad kii or leey jaati haye, yeh aupaniveshik prashaasan key karyon key saath asantosh key saath sanyukt hoti haye aur isake parinamswarup sangathan seey arajaktavadiyon koo hataane kii maang karane vaale sadasyon mein shamil hoe jaati haye. yeh sweekaar karate hue kii una sabhi mein abb krantikari samajwadi naheen hain, netritva ney unhein nishkaasit karane key khilaf tark diyaa. arajaktawadi paksh key bheetar hii rahenge, lekin aiss. ell. pee. key aadhikarik patra key roop mein bhee kaam karane key bavjood, unhone apani mudraon (vishesh roop seey catholic church aur sthaaniya rajneeti parr hamalon) koo badhaava dene vaali aalochanatmak samagri prakaashit kii aur videshi lekhakon koo "ell porvenir soshal" key saath phir seey mudrit kiya, jisamen aff. aar. tii. aur aff. ell. tii. donon shamil they aur poore ibero america mein arajaktawadi samoohon key saath judaav thaa (jisamen "cncia soshal", "laa rivista blanca", "ell newo ideal" shamil they). arajaktawadi-prakritivaadi aur arajaktawadi-saamyavaadi jhukaav key saath samagri bhee prakaashit kii gaee thee.
haalaanki, sangathan kaa aadhar sangathan key aupchaarik standing seey door chalaa gayaa aur arajaktavadiyon koo shramikon key beach apani vichardhara koo badhaava dene key liye ack upkaran key roop mein upayog karane key liye apane tarikon mein panapane key liye paryaapt jagah dee. kalaa-naatak, kavita, samooh aur sangeet karyakram-kaa upayog door vampanthi avadhaaranaon koo aage badhaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. adhyayan kendra "javic buddhijiviyon" kaa ack varg banaane key liye kaam karenge joe taba anpadhon koo shikshit karane, pustaken/prachaar likhane aur nyayadhikaranon aur charchaon kii mejbani karane mein shamil hoe jaayenge. swatantra sangh ubharenge, lekin koee bhee itna shaktishali naheen huaa kii vaha flut kaa mukabala curr sakey, isake bajaay rankon mein ghuspaith curr aur isake bheetar alag-alag samooh banaa.
1 maee, 1901 koo, palmyro dee lydia kaa "finn dee fiesta" ("samajwadi naatak" kii aadh mein.) utsavon mein ujagar kiya gayaa thaa. sthaaniya arajaktawadi naatak ubharenge, jinamen enrique plaza key "ell anarquista", ramon romero rossa key "laa ammissipacion dell obrero", rebeldias ", luisa capitillo key" aine ell campo, emore libre "aur" como seey prostituen loss pobres ", jose limone dee arse key" radensian ", aeye shamil hain. milan kaa "ell podder dell obrero" (aeye.key.aeye. "laa mejor venganza") aur jey.aim. santigo kaa "loss crimmens socialus vaaee peluchin ell limpiabota" (aeye.key.aeye. "laa obra dell systema capitalista").
saarvajanik plaza mein tatkaal nyayadhikaranon kaa ayojan kiya jaataa thaa, lekin way aksar pulis key saath takraav mein samaapt hotey they.
arajakta tambaku shramikon key beach teji seey lokpriya hoe rahee thee, lekin kaam kii anya panktiyon key beach badhai, naaee, baandhane vaale, builder aur jootaa banaane vaalon key beach bhee maujood thee. poorv nyaason key khilaf adhikansh hadtaalon aur saahitya vitaran key liye jimmedaar they. unakaa maanana thaa kii hadtaal una adhikaaron koo punarpraapt karke arajaktawadi-saamyvaad laane kaa maarg thaa joe unhein lagata thaa kii unake sanrakshkon dwara viniyojit kiye gaye they. yeye abhee bhee alpasankhyak they aur anya guton key saath sangharsh mein parh gaye, vishesh roop seey tambaku shramik antarrashtriya sangh seey sambaddh shramikon key saath, jinhone anya cheejon key alawa una parr sanghon koo bheetar seey nasht karane kaa kaam karane vaale dohare agent honey kaa aarop lagaaya.
isake turant baad, dall khule taur parr ummidvaaron koo aage badhaa rhaa thaa. haalaanki, arajaktawadi iss baat parr sandeh curr rahey they kii iss ayojan key vijeta poonjeevaad key alawa kissy bhee cheez kaa paksh lenge aur raajneetik ghatnaaon key khilaf ack abhiyaan shuru kiya. iss rukh ney puerto rico mein andolan aur sanyukt raajya pradhikaran key beach ack pratyaksh takraav kaa netritva kiya, jise unhone mahsoos kiya kii americi nigamit hiton aur aeye. aff. ell. dwara niyantran badhaane kii anumati dee gaee thee. flut netritva ney apane partido obrero socialist key beach gathbandhan kaa samarthan kiya.
kaguas jaise sthaanon parr, flt sahayak companiyon parr ferrer vaaee ferrer aur pablo vega santos jaise spasht roop seey arajaktawadi kendrak kaa prabhutva thaa. juan vilar kaa solidaridad swatantra roop seey kaam karane vaalaa pahala darj arajaktawadi samooh bunn jaayega. 1903 mein, venasio cruze ney "fragmentos" prakaashit kiya, jahan "apoca insana" kavita mein apane arajaktawadi mudraon kii bhaari pushti karane key bavjood, unhone vaichaarik matbhedon key bavjood ferrer vaaee ferrer aur iglesius kaa sammaan bhee kiya. escabi ney ack baar phir 1904 aff. tii. ell. baithakon mein aadarsh kaa pratinidhitva kiya. unhone agale varsh ise dohraya, jisamen marcella torres dee sirino shamil hue, sangathan key rajneeti mein shamil honey koo hatotsaahit karane key prayaas mein, ack aisaa ahwan joe netritva dwara naheen sunaa gayaa thaa. iss beach, luisa capetillo ney aresibo mein likhana shuru kiya aur baad mein vaha lector kii bhoomika nibhaayengi.
1904 taka, flut sakriya roop seey partido union aur romero rossa key saath kaam curr rhaa thaa-matadhikar samarthak, pradhikaran virodhi, poonjiwadi virodhi aur upaniveshvaad virodhi kaam "laa custian yay puerto rico" prakaashit karane key baad-iss tark parr ack pratinidhi key roop mein ack seat jeeti kii shramik inn cheejon koo badalane key liye apani sankhya kaa upayog curr sakate hain. vaha aathh ghante kii paali mein vijeta banenge, aur badale mein typographers key liye nyuntam kaam karane kii umr jaisi anya pahalon koo badhaava dene key liye dabaav daala gayaa. rossa ney 1905 mein "catasismo socialista" prakaashit kiya jisamen unhone ack baar phir raajya virodhi mudra seey tark diyaa aur nishkarsh nikala kii kewal udaarvaadi samaajvaad yaa isake samkaksh, sansadiya samaajvaad, puerto rico key muddon koo hull curr sakata haye. haalaanki, rossa key raajneetik kaam ney kuchh arajaktavadiyon koo naraj curr diyaa, jinhone inn niraashaon koo baahar nikaalane key liye "union obrera" samachar patra kaa upayog kiya aur unhein "bick chuka" karaar diyaa aur ack baar phir raajneetik dalon key saath shamil honey key khilaf aagrah kiya.
1905 mein, balsac ney arajaktawad key ack prakaar key liye dabaav daala jise unhone apane "appuntes historicos (dee maayaaguez)" mein "mukt samaajvaad" kahaa. iss varsh hadtaalon key saath chihnit kiya gayaa thaa aur press, vishesh roop seey "laa democracy", ney hadtaal karane vaalon koo arajaktavadiyon dwara gumrah kiye jaane key roop mein varnit karna shuru curr diyaa. vega santos ney yeh aalochana karane seey pahale kii khud koo loktaantrik maanane vaali sarkaar ney "hadtaal karane vaalon koo jail mein fenk diyaa", jawab diyaa kii way poonjeevaad aur raajya key paksh mein pakshapaati hoe gaye they. jabaki winthrop teji seey flut mein arajaktawadi upasthiti key saath chintit thaa, hadtaalon key kaaran 10 ghante kii paali aur vetan mein vriddhi hui. iss lekhak ney sarkaar dwara sweekrit carnival koo bhee avamaanana mein rakhaa aur iss baat seey bahut nirash honey kaa vyakt kiya kii shramik varg unamen bhaag legaa, isi tarah kii chinta fernando dee mentilla dwara saajha kii gaee thee. jose jee. sorio ney apane europeeya samkakshon key lokpriya "bear holl" seey puerto rican andolan koo door karate hue, sarayon key baare mein bhee yahee socha. solidaridad!" sheershak seey ack pustak prakaashit karna.", saathi arajaktawadi alphonso torres ney amerikiyon koo pichhale spanish shasson key barabar karaar diyaa aur chunaavon koo una vyaktiyon key pratinidhitva koo vaidh banaane key tareeke key roop mein khariz curr diyaa joe shramik varg kii sthitiyon koo naheen samajhate they. isake bavjood, unhone mahsoos kiya kii aff. tii. ell.-aeye. aff. ell. sangh key samajik/aarthik agende aur antatah arajaktawadi-saamyvaad koo aage badhaane kaa sabse achchha tarika thaa, joe unake apane lakshyon key liye ack upkaran key roop mein kaam kartaa thaa. iss varsh key dauran arajaktavadiyon dwara prakaashit patron mein, unhone lagaatar sanyukt raajya koo "loktaantrik honey kaa daavaa karane" key liye pakhandi key roop mein label kiya, lekin hadtaalon koo dabaane key liye pulis kaa upayog kiya, vishesh roop seey roose key saath karyapranali kii tulanaa kii. escabi torres kii tulanaa koo pratidhwanit karega, lekin tark diyaa kii americi aakraman key baad seey vaastav mein shramik varg key liye sthiti bigad gaee thee. donon lekhak prashaasan koo ausat darje kaa bataate they aur governor beakman winthrop key khilaf hamla karate they, donon koo ack "samrajyavadi" thope jaane key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa.
1906 mein, kagues-keya tambaku company ney hadtaal kii ghoshana kii, jise arajaktawadi media ney badhaava diyaa aur jald hii ise turina aur quinons karkhanon taka badhaa diyaa gayaa. virodh pradarshan key parinam koo shramikon dwara ack jeet key roop mein maanaa gayaa thaa, jise unhone apane samachar patron mein bataaya, iss prakriya mein kaee logon koo nikaal diye jaane key bavjood. raajya kii or seey ganatantravaadi ubharane key saath takraav jaari rhaa, jabaki prakashanon key jawab mein giraftari kaa adesh diyaa gayaa. puerto rican arajaktawadi sakriya roop seey antarrashtriya drishya kii nigrani karate they aur 4 juuna, 1906 koo francisco ferrer vaaee guardia kii giraftari jaisi ghatnaaon parr report karate they. iss bindu taka unake vichaaron koo sthaaniya samudaay mein sakriya roop seey apanaaya gayaa thaa, jinhen juan willer jaise vyaktiyon dwara badhaava diyaa jaa rhaa thaa. bayaman key arajaktawadi kendra mein, ack sadak kaa naam ferrer vaaee guardia key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.
1906 taka, ack teji seey vivaadit rossa ney "entre broma vaaee vera" key hisse key roop mein "ell podder day laa amisted" sheershak seey arajaktawad key liye maafi (ise "ack aadarsh joe behad sammaanjanak aur achchha haye") naamak ack nibandh prakaashit kiya, jahan unhone kropotkin kii bhee sarahana kii. usa varsh baad mein unhone partido union key liye bhaagne kii koshish kii, jisake kaaran unhein flut seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa, ack saal baad unaki mrityu hoe gaee. haisiya ell porvenir" koo prakaashit karke venasio cruze ney romero rossa parr hamla karane kii prakriya mein ack aur virodhi-rosh, virodhi-deshbhakti aur virodhi-raajya durdasha paida curr dee. 1906 aur 1907 key beach, arajaktavadiyon ney sigar nirmaata antarrashtriya sangh key aasann aagaman koo toda-marodkar pesh karane kii koshish kii, jise baad key varsh kii janwari mein aupchaarik maanyata milna shuru hoe gaee, yeh maanate hue kii yeh ack americi ekadhikar kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. venasio cruze sahit lekhakon ney ack shulk lene key liye ikai kii aalochana kii jise asweekarya roop seey uchch maanaa jaataa thaa, aur tark diyaa kii shramik sanghwad key prati udaseen hoe jaayenge. see. aim. aaee. yuu. ney jawab diyaa kii iss tarah key rukh ney sanghwad kii sampoornata seey samjhauta kiya aur una parr vishesh roop seey dohare agent honey kaa aarop lagaaya. isake samanantar, pedro saine myguel, pablo vega santos aur juan vilar ney puerto rican tambaku shramikon kii mahaan sabhaa key sangathan parr kaam kiya. anya logon ney videshon mein pratirodh key liye utsukta kii kamee parr vilaap karate hue likhaa.
1908 mein, ponse mein ack naastik pustakalaya ney sakhti seey arajaktawadi naheen honey key bavjood, anya vampanthiyon key beach kropotkin key kaam koo vitarit kiya.
jaise-jaise americi shally key sanghwad aur chunaavon key khilaf unakaa agenda badhaa, arajaktawadi kissy bhee karyakarta koo dandit karna jaari rakhenge joe raajneetik vivaad mein pravesh curr gayaa aur khud koo ladkhadaataa rhaa. voz humana" key madhyam seey kagua arajaktavadiyon ney khule taur parr kissy bhee vichaar kaa majaak udaaya kii navambar key chunaav kuchh bhee badal denge. ack saamaanyikrit vichaar kii shramikon koo dou nakali dalon-partido union aur republican-key beach chayan karane mein thagaa jaa rhaa thaa, ack vibhajan aur vijay ranneeti samooh key bheetar prachalit hoe gaee, jinhone nott kiya kii antatah ekmatra vaastavik shakti washington mein haye. jaise-jaise chunaav najdeek aae, torres 'laa farsa electoral aine puerto rico' aur 'politico, jaimas' prakaashit kiye gaye. haalaanki, jaba flut ney unaki durdasha koo nazarandaj curr diyaa aur ack alag party banane kaa kadam uthaaya. octuber mein, negrin ney sangh koo chhod diyaa aur apana khud kaa gathan kiya, jisase porto rico american tambaku company key foreman key saath ladaai hui, jisamen unhein goli naheen luggy thee. chunaav mein, sthaapit dalon key liye daudane vaale kaaryakartaon ney achchha pradarshan kiya, lekin flut kaa prayog 1 pratishat samarthan key saath samaapt huaa. torres ney "iko dell torsader" key madhyam seey aalochana kii. disambar 1908 mein, iss prakaashan key sampadakon parr unake rukh key kaaran manhani key liye ack mukadame key baad jurmana lagaaya jaayega aur unhone press bund karane seey pahale byman mein sthanantarit honey kaa faisala kiya.
agale varsh iglesius key saath apane sangharsh koo phir seey shuru karate hue, arajaktavadiyon ney videshon mein unhein ack pakhandi aur ack bikwali kahane key liye likhaa. isake bavjood, anya loga bhee aff. tii. ell.-sweekrit kruzada dell aadarsh key saath shamil hoe gaye, joe saanskritik aur kalaatmak pradarshanon kaa upayog karke puerto rico mein vampanthi aadarshon koo badhaava dene kaa ack abhiyaan thaa. isamen shamil logon mein torres bhee shamil they. 1909 mein, saine miguel aur diappa ney tambaku shramikon key "newo kshitij", "ell iko dell torsader" key liye ack aadhyatmik uttaradhikari banaaya. vayask aabaadi taka pahale seey hii pahunch jaane key baad, vilar ney puerto rico mein pahala vampanthi school shuru kiya, ise saarvajanik aur isai shiksha donon seey door rakhaa. vaha vishesh roop seey bachchon kii dhaarmik maanyataon aur manoranjan kii aalochana karate they, jisake baare mein way saarvajanik roop seey likhate they. vayaskon aur bachchon donon key liye shaikshik pahal bayaman, kaguas aur saine juan aur unake upkar parr kendrit thee. ferrer vaaee guardia key nishpaadan ney vega santos aur enrique gomez jaise arajaktavadiyon koo saarvajanik aur isai shiksha key khilaf laat maarne key liye prerit kiya, joe unaki aadhunik school pranali key charanon kaa paalan karane key unake iraade koo darshaata haye. isake parinamswarup centro rationalista juventood astudiosa kii sthaapana hui. (poorna roop seey) 
jaise-jaise mahila shramikon kii sankhya badhee, vishesh roop seey tambaku udyog mein, capetillo key lekhan kaa prabhaav padane lagaa aur 1910 taka unhone "laa mujer" naam kaa ack samachar patra prakaashit curr diyaa thaa. usee varsh, anya shramik varg samoohon kii udasinta key baad, nagreen key netritva mein arajaktavadiyon ney swayam tampa mein hadtaal karane vaalon key liye ack dhana ugaahane kii shuruat kii. yeh taba taka naheen thaa jaba taka kii ack fluoridian patra ney shikayat naheen kii kii bayaman seey kewal ack hii madad aaee thee jise "enseo obrero" mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa kii anya loga shamil honge.
saine juan key adhikansh newas vichaar samooh sevro sirino aur alphonso tors key netritva mein arajaktawadi they, jinamen seey baad vaale koo vichaar koo prerit karane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye.
ack dashak key bheetar, aff. ell. tii. kii sadasyata badhkar 54 sangh hoe gaee thee. inn varshon key dauran, 1 maee kaa utsav door key prabhaav koo banaae rakhega. aeye. aff. ell. dwara apanaae gaye shram divas key baad, aff. ell. tii. ney anusaran kiya. ise "krantikari ateet seey rahit ack aadhikarik utsav" maane jaane key bavjood, arajaktawadi naatak jaise kii pitro gori key "primero dee meyo" aur palmyro dee lydia key "finn dee fiesta" koo unake dauran pradarshit kiya jaayega. jaba dow. ruiz solar sanitorium kaa nirmaan kiya jaa rhaa thaa, tambaku shramikon ney tapedik rogiyon key liye ack imarat key liye bhugtan kiya. unhone kaee nidhiyon kaa ayojan kiya jinhen videshon mein chhatron jaisi anya pahalon key liye punarnirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa. anya jagahon parr eendhan hadtaalon key liye dhana daan karane kii unaki pratha ney kuchh shramikon koo karkhanon seey baahar rakhane key liye ack kaali soochi kaa nirmaan kiya. americi samprabhuta key pahale dashak key bheetar, sigar rolling mein karyabal lagbhag 200% badh gayaa kyonki atc lagbhag 80 pratishat bajar taka pahunch gayaa. isane kuchh shramikon key beach arajaktawadi vichaaron key prachaar koo suvidhajanak banaaya, joe puerto rico mein americi hastakshep seey naraz hue. udaarvaadi samaajvaad kaa yeh praarambhik roop mazdoor varg key beach anya samajwadi pravrittiyon key saath saha-astitva mein thaa. 1910 mein, solidaridad! francisco ferrer vaaee guardia key sammaan mein trace dee octuber bunn gayaa aur unaki mrityu key uplakshya mein ack baithak aayojit kii gaee jahaan naatak aur kalaatmak abhivyaktiyon kaa ayojan kiya gayaa. yeh alpakaalik thaa, aur ack varsh key bheetar unakaa naam juventud astudiosa rakhaa gayaa.
usee varsh, ack anya karyakarta ney kissy bhee chunavi karyakram seey hatane kii vakaalat kii, aur pratinidhiyon ney apane raajneetik aakraman koo samaapt karane aur arajaktavadiyon key liye ack naitik jeet pradaan karane key kadam kaa samarthan kiya. kagua mein aayojit shram divas gatividhiyon kii mejbani vilar dwara kii gaee thee aur vega santos key anusaar, usa samay taka shahar mein dekhi jaane vaali sabse badee shramik varg kii sabhaa thee. isake bavjood, tambaku key patte aur vilar key swaasthya kii kamee key kaaran unake pett mein tej dard aur dhundhali drishti ney usa varsh seez koo khatare mein daal diyaa, jisase unhein ack baind, ack pepper prakaashit karane key liye ack alpakaalik prayaas aur adhik natakon sahit naveen drishtikonon parr dhyaan kendrit karane key liye majboor honah padaa. ferrer vaaee guardia kii mrityu kii varshgaanth parr ack baithak aayojit karane key liye samoohon kaa ack samooh shamil huaa, jisamen unhone unake shiksha model koo apanaane kii vakaalat kii. jaise-jaise unakaa jeevan bigadata gayaa, unhein kuchh sahaayata milati rahee, lekin jald hii yeh aanaa bund hoe gayaa aur unaki patni bhee beemar hoe gaee, jisase netaa krodhit hoe gaye, jinhone mazdoor varg kii sthiti kii aalochana karate hue saat patra likhe aur unhein kyon lagaa kii unhone apani bimari key dauran seez koo chhod diyaa. isake liye pratikriyaaen mishrit theen, aff. ell. tii. key enrique gomez ney una parr sangh key dhana kaa durupyog karane kaa aarop lagaaya, lekin bayaman mein sahyogiyon ney upchaar kaa bhugtan karane mein madad kii jaba unhone manorog key lakshan pradarshit kiye. 1911 mein, gymenase, barrios aur negreen ney ack vishesh pepper prakaashit karke hadtaalon kaa samarthan kiya, "laa huelga! argano defencer dell moviento. 1912 mein newyork chhodane key baad, capetillo ney arajaktawadi-narivad key vishay parr arajaktawadi patron koo likhana jaari rakhaa. isake samanantar, francisca barrios ney sthaaniya aur videshi arajaktawadi press mein likhaa.
ventura grillo sankat.
ferrer vaaee ferrer seey judey prakaashan apane sarkaar virodhi rukh mein spasht they, yeh maanate hue kii sarkaar kaa koee bhee roop prakriti mein damankari thaa, jabaki unake vishvaas mein sakaratmakta kii visheshataaen bhee theen kii ack baar niyantran hataa diye jaane key baad, sub kuchh sahee jagah parr aaa jaayega. virodh pradarshanon koo iss lakshya kii disha mein antim upkaran key roop mein badhaava diyaa gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey samanya hadtaalon mein, jabaki raktapaat koo hatotsaahit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, capetillo jaise anya loga jawabi hinsa koo apariharya aur uchit key roop mein sweekaar karane key liye badhe they, jisamen ferrer vaaee guardia aur shusui kotoku kii mauton key saath-saath ghaas key bajar key mamle kaa hawala diyaa gayaa thaa, udaaharan key roop mein sarkaar key saath takraav key kaaran hatyaon koo kanuni roop seey manjuri dee gaee thee. samanya taur parr unhone nyaaysangat thaharaaya kii kewal alpamat key arajaktavadiyon ney pahale hamla kiya, jabaki church aur 1898 kii francisi kranti mein shamil logon kii aalochana karate hue unake aadarshon koo hatyaa key auchitya key roop mein upayog karke vikrit kiya.
march 1911 mein ventura grillo naamak ack kaalaa tambaku karyakarta aur arajaktawadi ack hadtaal mein shamil thaa aur tanaav key beach engel neez, jose maria beris aur rafale sepherino kii tikadi parr hamla kiya gayaa. mansik roop seey beemar logon key liye ack suvidha mein unhein nazarband karane kaa prayaas whiffle rhaa. haalaanki, samachar patra "laa correspondencia" ney saarvajanik roop seey unhein pagal karaar diyaa. 9 march, 1911 koo, grillo ney ee key adrian perez key khilaf bandook seey golibari karke jawabi kaarravaai karane kaa faisala kiya. morno aind koo. kaguas mein, pedro jose diaz naamak ack nirdosh darshak kii bhee hatyaa curr dee gaee jisane madad karane kii koshish kii. baad key lekhan mein, santigo iglesius ney iss ghatana koo lakshya aur west indies nigam key beach ack sambandh seey jodane kii koshish kii. dou dinn baad raajya key ack sahaanubhooti rakhane vaale justo andrade ney striker alphonso reyes kii hatyaa karke jawab diyaa. isake jawab mein, centro 11 dee marjo-ack arajaktawadi-saamyavaadi punarmilan kendra aur byman mein pustakalaya-koo neegrin, ramon barrios aur epiphanio fiz gymenase key netritva mein ack samooh dwara banaaya gayaa thaa.
grillo sweekaar kartaa kii vaha ack arajaktawadi thaa aur anya logon ney usake saath sajish rachee thee, lekin yeh daavaa karke apana bachaav kartaa kii perez ney pichhale dinn hadtaal karane vaalon kii maangon koo aswikar curr diyaa thaa. inn ghatnaaon ney puerto rican arajaktawad key liye ack sankat paida curr diyaa, kyonki pulis ney biamon aur kagua mein apani upasthiti koo gunaa karke pratikriya dee, jabaki door-vaam saahitya kaa adhyayan pratibandhit thaa. juan vilar koo giraftar curr liya gayaa. saine telmo key adesh key tahat gupt pulis ney centro 11 dee marjo kaa ullanghan kiya aur sabhi saahitya aur prachaar koo jabt curr liya. tambaku shramikon key beach hadtaalon key liye ranneetik samarthan kii peshkash karane key baad, hastakshep ney ise bund karane key liye majboor curr diyaa. juventud estudiosa koo bhee yahee nuksan huaa. giraftar kiye gaye 33 shramikon key prasanskaran kii dekhrekh abhiyojak dwara kii gaee thee. jaise-jaise enrique plaza jaise bhagode ghoshit kiye gaye sahyogiyon kii khoj mein aur adhik imaraton kaa ullanghan kiya gayaa, sainya governor colton vilar key centro dee astudios soshal mein pravesh karane mein telmo mein shamil hoe gaye. prachaar, saahitya aur samachar patra jabt curr liye gaye. tambaku shramikon, flt, federation aspiritista aur anya logon dwara ack sanyukt prayaas ney giraftar kiye gaye logon koo bhojan aur kanuni raksha pradaan kii. sainya governor key saath bhee baithak hui.
acosta sandigdhon koo "arajaktawadi prakoshth" key roop mein label karega aur dhwast kiye gaye seez koo "arajaktawadi club" key roop mein varnit kiya jaayega. abhiyojan paksh ney tark diyaa kii seez ney dynamite stick banaane kii koshish kii thee, lekin adhikansh koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. vilar koo kuchh samay key liye riha curr diyaa gayaa, lekin phir seey giraftar kiya gayaa. pulis dwara "arajaktawadi sajish" kii jaankaari ekatra karane mein whiffle rahane key baad, vaha grillo key saath hirasat mein rahega, jabaki anya koo riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa. jabaki nyayadhikaran key pramukh ney bandee pratyaksheekaran key ullanghan parr unhein riha curr diyaa, raajya ney appeal kii aur vaha jail mein rahey. caguas mein, acosta ney ack pedophile koo church seey jodane vaale ack lekh koo prakaashit karane key liye ("laa voz dell cantero" samachar patra seey lekhon koo phir seey prakaashit karane) "imandari key khilaf aparaadh" kaa aarop lagaaya. vilar koo doshi paaya gayaa, athaarah maheene taka jail mein rahane kii sajaa sunai gaee aur 26 aprail, 1911 koo jurmana lagaaya gayaa.
grillo kaa mukadama agale maheene shuru huaa aur bachaav paksh ney "asthaayi pagalpan" kaa hawala diyaa, press chitran kaa fayda uthaate hue joe ack juurii koo samajhaane mein whiffle rhaa jisane usey pratham degree hatyaa key aaropon mein doshi thaharaaya. colton koo giraftar kiye gaye kaee logon kii shikaayaten milengi, jinhone prakriya mein aniyamitataon, avaidh adhivaas khoj, avaidh poochtaachh, kanuni sahaayata key nishedh, manhani, hamla aur jhoothe karawas kaa daavaa kiya. jabaki aupaniveshik governor aur general attorney ney v. braun ney sweekaar kiya kii acosta ney atee kii thee, way sthiti key baare mein maafi maang rahey they aur unake karyon koo uchit thaharaaya. juuna 1911 mein, vilar key mamle mein appeal koo nyayadhikaran key pramukh dwara dekhaa gayaa, jisane apane pichhale rukh kii pushti kii kii bandee pratyaksheekaran kaa ullanghan huaa thaa. arajaktawadi apani gatividhiyon kaa dhyaan bayaman kii or kendrit karenge.
baad mein, colton khud juventude astudiosa key baare mein galat bolenge aur grillo key karyon key liye ise doshi thaharaayenge, jabaki yeh daavaa karate hue kii vaha "kaanoon todane yaa arajaktavadiyon seey sajishon koo peechhe chhodane koo bardasht naheen karenge", iss baat parr jore dete hue kii "arajakta aur arajaktawadi samajon key paas iss kshetra mein koee jagah naheen haye. grillo mamle kaa arajaktavadiyon key prachaar parr mahatvapurna prabhaav padegaa, jisamen isake prachaar koo rokane key liye dharamshastri koo niyantrit kiya jaayega. haalaanki, arajaktawadi aur anya kattarpanthi kanuni pranali kaa upayog karke nigamon parr hamla karate hue apani sakriyata jaari rakhenge. jaba andrades parr rayus kii hatyaa kaa mukadama chalaa, tou neegrin key netritva mein ack samooh ney gavaahon key roop mein kaam kiya, aur juurii ney 3 navambar, 1911 koo prativaadi koo doshi paaya. almo ney saarvajanik roop seey arajaktawadi aadarshon koo aage badhaane key liye tamas vega, francisco pagan aur luis aguiller koo byman mein mukadame mein rakhaa, jisake liye una sabhi parr jurmana lagaaya gayaa thaa. vega santos ney seez parr aasann hadtaal key baare mein chetavani dee. jasus 11 dee marjo parr dhyaan kendrit karega aur colton ney pulis koo imarat koo todane key liye adhikrit kiya, jisake kaaran ise sthaayi roop seey bund curr diyaa gayaa. vilar ney "imandari" parr apane aaropon kii appeal karane kii koshish kii, ack aisaa mamla jisane antatah aff. ell. tii. key sahyog seey nyayadhikaran key pramukh key paas apana raasta paaya, jisane navambar mein kaguas adalat kii doshasiddhi koo barkarar rakhaa, lekin ise chhah maheene taka cumm curr diyaa. unakaa swaasthya teji seey bigad gayaa aur juan obrer aur "iris dee paaz" patrika key sampaadak ramon negron flores sahit aspiritists ney unaki madad key liye dhana jutana shuru curr diyaa. vilar 1912 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa aur "peginas libres" prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin unake swaasthya muddon ney baad mein kissy bhee mahatvapurna yogdan koo roque diyaa aur 1 maee, 1915 koo unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
nirvaasan mein kaam karna aur netaaon koo door karna.
flut key oopari staron ney iss uddeshya key liye prateek yaa "shahidon" key roop mein shamil logon koo ujagar karane key liye kagua mein ghatnaaon kaa upayog naheen kiya, jabaki sarkaar ney apane media mein unaki charcha karna bund curr diyaa, kyonki iss arajaktawad key parinamswarup samarthan mein tej girawat kaa anubhav hoga. isake saath hii, raajneetik dalon key madhyam seey trade unionvaad koo aage badhaane key liye flut kii daleelen adhik lokpriya hoe gaeen aur arajaktawadi shramikon key bheetar adhik aadhar khou baithe. tambaku trust ney hadtaal mein shamil logon koo pratibandhit karane key liye ghatnaaon kaa upayog karane kaa bhee faisala kiya, jisase newyork, habana aur tampa sahit vibhinn sthaanon parr apane netaaon key pravaas koo tej karke andolan koo pangu banaa diyaa gayaa. arajaktawadi pravaasi bernardo vega jaise anya vampanthiyon mein shamil hoe gaye.
joe loga kaam kii kamee key kaaran chaley gaye, unamen shamil honey kaa irada sarkaar seey bachane kaa thaa, kull milakar pramukh arajaktawadi they. apane nirvaasan key bavjood, unhone puerto rican sahyogiyon key saath sanchaar jaari rakhaa aur apani sthiti key baare mein soochit kiya. udaaharan key liye, sthaaniya cheeni udyog key bheetar hadtaal shuru honey key baad, nirvaasiton dwara lexington avenue mein shramikon kaa samarthan karane key liye ack sabhaa kaa ayojan kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen engel maria diappa, rafale koria, herminio collon, ventura mijan aur antonio vega jaise loga dikhaai dete hain. way duniya key audyogik shramikon jaise videshi arajaktawadi-anukool samoohon key saath bhee ghulmil gaye. videshon mein aayojit hadtaalon mein bhaag lene key liye cumm seey cumm ack darjan loga sakriya honge, jinamen diappa aur plaza jaise loga shamil hain.
1913 aur 1914 key beach tambaku shramikon ney virodh kiya, 1915 mein krishi shramikon ney baganon koo nasht curr diyaa aur pulis ney unhein nishana banaakar jawab diyaa. congress kii una kaanoonon kii maang key roop mein joe unhein sanrakshit karate they, cumm hoe gaye aur kaam karane kii sthiti aur majdoori bigad gaee kyonki videshi nigamon ney sthaaniya udyogon koo apane niyantran mein leey liya, sangh ney rajneeti mein vaapas jaane kii sambhavana parr vichaar karna shuru curr diyaa. march 1915 mein, partido socialista kaa janm huaa aur iglesius pantin koo iss swatantra shakha kaa adhyaksh naamit kiya gayaa. isake samanantar, sevro sirino ney cuba kii sarkaar dwara nikatvarti dweep mein kiye jaa rahey upaayon kii ninda kii. pee. aiss. ney khud koo arajaktawad seey door curr liya, lekin unake aadarshon ney abhee bhee isamen apana raasta paaya. sambaddh juan aiss. markeno, enrique plaza aur jose alias levis bernard ney apani pustakon mein arajaktawadi prateek kaa upayog kiya.
haalaanki, vaastavik arajaktawadi taba vibhajit they jaba ack samooh ney pablo vega santos key netritva mein khud koo mudra seey door curr liya thaa, jabaki anya ney party rajneeti key khilaf apana abhiyaan jaari rakhaa. joe bache rahey, vishesh roop seey deeppa ney nae pss sahyogiyon key khilaf hamla kiya. vega santos ney usey deshdrohi kahakar jawab diyaa aur usa parr ameeron key liye dohra agent honey kaa aarop lagaaya. diappa ney yeh yaad karate hue jawabi kaarravaai kii kii yeh pahali baar naheen thaa jaba vega santos ney raajneetik dalon mein bhaag liya thaa aur isake liye unhein achchha bhugtan kiya gayaa thaa. isake bavjood, "ell porvenir soshal" mein vaha tark denge kii ack "ganatantravaadi samajwadi shasson" bhee vartamaan raajya seey behtar hoga, lekin arajaktawad key roop mein aadarsh naheen hoga.
1914 mein, capetillo cuba mein sangathit shramikon mein shamil hoe gayaa, agale varsh ack hadtaal mein shamil hoe gayaa aur sangh arajaktawadi dee cuba dwara banaae gaye ack ghoshanapatra kaa samarthan kiya. isake jawab mein, rashtrapati manual garsia menocal ney usey nirvaasit karane kaa adesh diyaa. isake bavjood, capetillo jaime vidal jaise arajaktavadiyon key sampark mein rahega, jinhone "mee opinion" mein unake saath sahyog kiya. jaba jeane grave, malato, rickles aur kropotkin jaise pramukh arajaktawadi pratham vishva yuddh key dauran saarvajanik roop seey sahyogiyon kaa samarthan karate they, tou puerto rican arajaktawadi juan jose lopez ney iss mudra koo "buddhiheen" bataate hue khandan kiya, yeh kahate hue kii yeh vishvaas karna asambaddh thaa kii isake kaee sadasya vaastav mein sainyavaad kaa virodh karate they yaa yeh kii ack jeet samriddhi yaa loktantra key yug kii shuruat karegi. unhone tark diyaa kii anta mein, yeh adhik beghar aur adhik viklang vyaktiyon koo laayega. isi tarah, diappa ney sainikon key khilaf hamla kiya, unhein "sabse cumm gulam" aur "[usase bhee badatar] ack napunsak" kahaa aur unase raajya koo lagu karane aur shramikon mein shamil honey kaa aagrah kiya. yeh unake apane moolyon key jawab mein antarrashtriya arajaktawad key prabhaavshaali mudraon seey prasthaan saabit huaa.
apane nirvaasan seey lautane parr, capetillo aur diappa, ack sangharsharat arajaktawadi andolan kii sahaayata karane key prayaas mein apane connections koo niyojit karate hain. abb ack sthaaniya press kii kamee key kaaran, unhone apane prachaar koo prakaashit karane key liye newyork seey "kalchura obrera" koo niyojit kiya, usa kagaj key vittaposhan key badale mein. farwari 1916 mein pulis dwara bymon flate mein ack punarmilan mein baadha daalane key baad, donon pakshon mein jhadap hui, jisase neegrin ghayal hoe gayaa. newyork mein, diappa, herminio collon aur mijan ney cheeni udyog key bheetar hoe rahee hadtaalon kaa samarthan kiya. iss samay key dauran, alphonso torres, alicia aur rafale acosta ney vega key saath sahyog kiya.
sanyukt raajya america kii nagrikta key kanuni adhiropan aur baad mein puerto rickens parr sainya masaude ney 1917 koo chihnit kiya. iglesius ney pahale key liye dhakka dene key liye flt aur pss kaa upayog kiya thaa, jabaki arajaktavadiyon ney iss mudde parr koee mudra naheen lii thee. natijatan, unhone johns adhiniyam parr saarvajanik roop seey pratikriya naheen dee. nivasi aayukt luis munoz rivera aur anya raajnetaon ney puerto rico koo chuninda seva dene key paksh mein pairavi kii aur anoch croder ney ise manjuri dee. sansthaagat roop seey, flt ney iska samarthan kiya aur pss key adhyaksh key roop mein, iglesius pantin ney bhee kiya. arajaktavadiyon, rashtravadiyon aur swatantratavadiyon ney masaude kaa virodh kiya aur isake khilaf abhiyaan chalaaya. jose aim. alicia koo panjikaran karane seey incar karane key liye ack maheene key dauran giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. pratham vishva yuddh key dauran bhaashan koo seemit karane vaale sthaaniya kaanoon aur sanghiya rajdroh kaanoon paarit honey key baad, diappa ney saarvajanik roop seey adhikaariyon parr hamla kiya aur unhein giraftar curr liya gayaa, baad mein mamle kaa faisala unake paksh mein kiya jaayega. pedro kailja koo duniya key audyogik shramikon (iww), sadasyata key kaaran puerto rico lautate samay hirasat mein liya gayaa thaa. yuddh key dauran hadtaal jaari rahane key kaaran, aupaniveshik governor arther yagar ney marshel low kii ghoshana kii aur saarvajanik pradarshanon aur vampanthi prachaar koo pratibandhit curr diyaa. avagya karane aur ack hadtaal karane vaalon kii baithak mein bhaag lene key parinamswarup, capetillo koo giraftar curr liya gayaa. unake saath vyavhaar kaa virodh saathi arajaktawadi ramon barrios aur sahaanubhooti rakhane vaale epiphanio fiz gymenase ney kiya thaa.
pratham vishva yuddh key dauran, byman arajaktavadiyon ney apani sakriyata jaari rakhee.
1917 key aam chunaavon mein, pee. aiss. ney 14 pratishat vote darj kiye, jisamen nagar paalikaon mein chhah sadasya chune gaye. iglesius key puerto rico kii senate mein bhee ack seat jeetane key saath, isane unake tark koo badhaava diyaa kii yeh poonjeevaad koo kamjor karane kaa tarika thaa.
1918 mein, groupo suverine aur ack seez banaaya gayaa thaa. pss netaa roja ney kaee arajaktawadi vichaaron koo apanaane key sanket pradarshit kiye, bolshevik kranti mein ruchi lii, khud koo iglasia aur anya logon seey door rakhaa. janwari mein, bayaman aur puerta dee tiera samooh tambaku udyog key bheetar ack hadtaal mein sahyog curr rahey they. neegrin aur barrios ney cuba mein samoohon key saath samanvaya karane key liye yatra kii. baad mein, jaba doj florida sthit jose martinez gill kii jaanch curr rhaa thaa, tou agent byrd dugglus ney daavaa kiya kii usane donon key saath sahyog kiya. navambar 1919 mein, juan aim. alicia, antonio palaau aur emiliano ramos ney ell groupo soviyat dee byman kii sthaapana kii. samajwadi aur arajaktawadi vimarsh kaa sankaran jaari rhaa, aur 1919 taka kaee antarrashtriya arajaktavadiyon koo "shaheed" key roop mein label kiya jaa rhaa thaa, ack aisee mudra jise unhone willer key sambandh mein bhee vyakt kiya thaa, jinhen "mahaan prerit" maanaa jaataa thaa.
tambaku shramikon aur trust key beach ack samjhauta 1917 mein huaa thaa. haalaanki, dou saal baad puerto rico, cuba aur tampa mein ack sanyukt prayaas ney yeh daavaa karane key baad hadtaal key saath pratikriya dee kii samjhaute kaa sammaan naheen kiya jaa rhaa thaa. arajaktawadi alfredo neegrin koo prachaar parr kaam karane aur hadtaal kii bhavna koo badhaava dene key liye ack anya pratinidhi key saath hawana bheja gayaa thaa. haalaanki, jaise hii way bandargah parr pahunche unhein giraftar curr liya gayaa aur unaki or seey samajwadi party aur antarrashtriya tambaku sangh key hastakshep key baad cuba seey nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa. sthiti kii ninda karane key liye ack baithak aayojit kii gaee thee. 23 farwari, 1919 koo sanghiya sarkaar ney willson parr bambari karane key iraade key aarop mein lexington avenue mein "ell corsario" key mukhyalaya kaa ullanghan kiya aur anya logon key saath-saath puerto rican rafale acosta koo giraftar curr liya.
1919 mein, engel maria diappa ney "ell porvenir day laa socieded humana" mein arajaktawad key aadarshon parr apana vichaar prakaashit kiya. 
1919 mein, newyork mein apani sakriyata jaari rakhate hue, mijan aur acosta ney samachar patra "ell corsario" key saath sahyog kiya. diappa aur acosta ney shahar mein hadtaalon kaa samarthan karke apani bhoomika nibhai. juan alicia aur unake bhaai, jose ney ack network banaaya joe puerto rico aur newyork key beach "ell communista" vitarit kartaa thaa aur sthaaniya logon aur videshi kaaryakartaon key beach sambandh banaata thaa.
puerto rico kii seemaon seey parey apane ranneetik kadmon key beach, "ell communista" ney americi communist party kaa samarthan kiya aur russie kranti koo aarthik roop seey samarthan diyaa. iww, jiska domeson newnez key madhyam seey puerto rico seey sambandh thaa, ney ack sthaaniya shakha sthaapit karane kii asafal koshish kii. sthaaniya arajaktavadiyon ney apane tarikon key liye sahaanubhooti vyakt kii aur alphonso torres ney "wabley" key karyapranali kaa bachaav "tej aur adhik kifayati" key roop mein kiya, jisake liye unhein sangh key netaaon dwara apamaanit kiya gayaa thaa.
maee 1920 mein, byman gutt ney "ell communista" kaa nirmaan kiya, apane arajaktawadi-saamyavaadi jhukaav kaa varnan karane key liye "communista" shabd koo apanaaya, jise antarrashtriya star parr vitarit kiya gayaa thaa aur iww key liye naitik samarthan vyakt kiya gayaa thaa. kagaj koo saine juan, keya, ponse, eutuado, salina, riyo pedras, kaguas, toss alta, manati aur kataano key alawa biamon mein isake vitaran kii aaya dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa. akhbar key udghaatan mein naee shiksha pranali parr sandleo marcial hamla dikhaaya gayaa, joe arajaktavadiyon kaa maanana thaa kii americi sainyavaad koo badhaava detaa haye. yeh anya sadasyon key liye ack baat kaa bindu hoga, jaise kii antonio alvaarez aur manual garsia, jinhone puerto rico national gaard key gathan kii aalochana kii, jisase unhein hadtaalon koo "dabaane" kii ummeed thee. yeh madhya america aur carribean mein americi hastakshep key liye rashtrapati vudro willson key khilaf ack aalochak key saath gayaa, jise way "pakhandi" maanate they, kyonki rashtra ney khud koo loktantra key rakshak key roop mein badhaava diyaa thaa.
iss samooh ney badee yuniyanon key arajaktavadiyon seey apani swatantrata kaa pradarshan karate hue seedhe flt/aeye. aff. ell/see. aim. aaee. yuu. parr hamla kiya, kyonki way videshon key samoohon key saath apane gathbandhan kii seema koo pratibimbit karate hain-jaise kii tampa, hawana, kii west aur pinar dell riyo-unaki sthiti parr jore dekar aur hadtaalon key liye dhana jutaakar. "ell communista" ney arajaktavadiyon koo sangh key netaaon, vishesh roop seey iglasius pantin aur vega santos parr seedhe hamla karane aur swatantrata samarthak rukh key liye sangh party parr hamla karane kii anumati dee. venasio cruze ney iss modd kaa upayog flt netritva key liye jawabi hamla karane key liye kiya, jisamen unhein kaee avsaron parr "strikebreaker" (1905 mein aur baad mein 1911 aur 1914 mein sansthaagat mudraon seey doori banaane key liye videshi sanghon key shulk kaa virodh karane key liye) kaa label diyaa gayaa thaa. juan ocassian ney poorv arajaktavadiyon koo "agyakari" kahaa. iglesius ney sangh angon kaa upayog vaapas aag lagaane key liye kiya aur unhein florida key mudde parr "strikebreaker" kahaa, saath hii iww koo bhee fatkaar lagaai aur palaau parr "draft dozz" key liye flt kaa upayog karane kaa aarop lagaaya. jawab mein, "ell communista" ney villium dudley haywood kaa ack tukada prakaashit kiya, jisamen sangh key maanyata praapt sahyogiyon dwara aff. ell. tii. netaaon parr sawal uthaaye gaye. jaba iglesius ney saimuel gompers kii tulanaa kaee vampanthi lekhakon aur kaaryakartaon seey kii, tou "ell communista" ney iss vichaar kaa majaak udaaya aur unhein "hack" kahaa.
iglesius aur ell communista key beach adaan-pradaan ney pss key bheetar aantarik matbhedon koo badhaa diyaa, joe amerikikaran key liye netaa key samarthan seey sanyukt roop seey ack samooh seey virodh ekatra huaa jisamen gair-(aur poorv) arajaktawadi jaise kii plaza, markeno aur roja shamil they. 1919 key sammelan mein, iglesius seey yuddh aur sainya seva parr unake badalate rukh key baare mein sawal kiya gayaa thaa. palaau ney iss rukh kaa upayog yeh tark dene key liye kiya thaa kii unhone sangh koo "yuddh samarthak adhivaktaon" key haathon mein dey diyaa thaa aur yuddh bandhanon koo betch diyaa thaa. puerto rico kii swatantrata parr bhee charcha kii gaee, jisamen torres ney saavdhaanipoorvak tark diyaa kii iska upayog karyakarta key agende koo aage badhaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. roja ney rukh kaa samarthan kiya, lekin iglesius ney sthiti key mudde parr charcha karane kii anumati naheen dee. ack tatkalin udaarvaadi aur swatantrataavaadi luis munoz marin ney "ell communista" seey sampark kiya aur dashakon key dauran arajaktavadiyon dwara kiye gaye kaam key baare mein achchi tarah seey bolane key bavjood yeh bhee vakaalat kii kii aupaniveshik sthiti kissy bhee kattarpanthi vichaaron koo phalane-phoolane seey roque rahee thee aur unhein ack samajik "kranti" kii sthitiyon koo aage badhaane key liye samanantar kaam karate hue chunavi pranali key bheetar kaam karna thaa taaki swatantrata usee abhijaat varg koo sambhaalane key liye prerit naa karey, kewal sampaadak ventura mijan dwara khariz kiya jaae, jinhone tark diyaa kii way "[apane] siddhanton koo naheen chhodenge" aur raajneetik sthiti key mudde kii avahelana karate hue daavaa kiya kii "americi communist party key saath samanya kaaran" banaana aur teesara antarrashtriya unake lakshyon koo praapt karane kaa ack tez tarika thaa. swatantrata key mudde koo ack samarthak soviyat lekh mein amelio morazin dwara chhuaa jaayega, jinhone atmanirnaya key paksh mein tark diyaa thaa.
aupaniveshik matadhikar seey teen maheene pahale, roja ney flt key "union obrera" koo apane niyantran mein leey liya aur ack sahanubhutipurna mudra kii peshkash kii, jawab mein "ell communista" ney iglesius parr apana hamla bund curr diyaa. 1920 key aam chunaavon mein, pee. aiss. ney aathh nagar paalikaon koo jeetate hue vote kaa 23.7% darj kiya.
laal darr puerto rico mein lagu kiya gayaa thaa kyonki yeh poore golardh mein thaa. 18 sitambar, 1920 taka, "ell communista" ney ninda kii kii iss avadhi key dauran sudur vaam prachaar key khilaf jasusi adhiniyam kaa ack samanya rojgar, usps dwara dusare shreni seey incar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. isake jawab mein, pratiyon koo gupt tarikon kaa upayog karke videshon mein vitarit kiya gayaa aur pravaasi kaaryakartaon dwara leey jaaya gayaa.
julaai 1920 mein, arizona mein iww sadasyon key khilaf ack chhaape key dauran "ell communista" key teen muddon koo jabt curr liya gayaa thaa. isake saath hii akhbar koo videsh seey badhati hui raashi millie.
disambar 1920 mein, sanyukt raajya sanghiya jaanch beuro ney sthaaniya vampanthi samoohon parr ack jaanch shuru kii, jisamen sthaaniya arajaktawadi bhee shamil they. jaba 31 janwari, 1921 koo praasangik report daayar kii gaee thee, tou "communist party off porto rico" key chhadm naam key tahat byman iska mukhya kendra thaa. yeh shramikon kii vyavasthit chhantani key saath jodaa gayaa thaa jisane videshi niveshakon key saath pepper key liye $100 adhishesh banaane mein yogdan diyaa thaa aur farwari 1921 mein, "ell communista" ney apana antim ank prakaashit kiya. jaise hii yeh sanghiya jaanch key dayare mein aaya, bayaman arajaktawadi gutt janata seey gayab hoe gayaa. yeh vahee varsh thaa, jaba russie arajaktavadiyon key soviyat daman kii khabar vyaapak roop seey gyaat hui, kii carribean arajaktawadi unase aur unake saamyvaad key roop seey door hoe gaye.
guptata aur aadhunik arajaktawad.
sarkaar key saath adhik sangharsh kaa saamana karate hue, puerto rico mein arajaktawadi gatividhiyon koo bhoomigat curr diyaa gayaa. jabaki way andolan key sunhare dinon key dauran prachaar aur samachar patra parr bharosa karate they, way 1920 key dashak key dauran saamane aaee ghatnaaon key baad bahut cumm yaa koee kagji nishan naheen chhodate they. 
capetillo kii mrityu 1922 mein hui, ack aisee ghatana jisane unaki lokpriyata key kaaran sthaaniya arajaktavadiyon koo cumm curr diyaa. alphonso torres ney khud koo arajaktawad seey door curr liya aur pss key bheetar pramukhta praapt kii. jaise-jaise unakaa andolan gati khou rhaa thaa, ramon barrios jaise anya loga bhee party mein shamil hoe gaye. sakriyata abb videshon mein kendrit haye, jisamen diappa aur marcial newyork mein isi tarah key prakashanon kaa netritva curr rahey hain. iss beach, jose aim. alicia ferrer school key saath shamil hoe gayaa. anya, jaise emiliano ramos, videshon mein prakashanon mein yogdan karna jaari rakhaa.
iss beach, deeppa florida arajaktavadiyon key saath judanaa jaari rakhaa aur ack lekhak key roop mein, apane sandesh koo badhaava denaa jaari rakhaa. emiliano ramos ney 1931 taka iww key "kalchura prolateria" key liye ack lekhak key roop mein apana kaam jaari rakhaa. 1932 mein, ferrer vaaee ferrer ney "loss ideals dell siglo xxx" prakaashit kiya, jisamen unhone apane arajaktawadi ateet seey khud koo door curr liya aur ack behtar vikalp key roop mein swatantratavad koo aage badhaane kii koshish kii, jabaki ack vilayavaadi mudra kaa bachaav bhee kiya. jey.aar. 1933 mein perez key yogdan ney puerto rican arajaktavadiyon aur iww key beach antim patrachar koo chihnit kiya. 1934 mein, ventura mijan ney puerto rican communist party kii aupchaarik neenv mein bhaag liya, andolan key anya avasheshon koo kabhi-kabhaar saarvajanik roop seey arajaktawad key ullekh mein dekhaa jaa rhaa thaa, joe jyaadaatar 1936 kii spanish kranti kii pratikriya key roop mein ubhar rhaa thaa. puerto rican rashtravadi party key uday ney puerto rikon mein krantikari vichaaron parr ekadhikar curr diyaa.
yeh 1960 key dashak taka naheen thaa kii kaee dashakon kii khamoshi samaapt hoe gaee, lambe liberantio luisa capetillo key nirmaan aur unake naam parr unake prakaashan key saath. agale dashak mein pravesh karate hue, aur abb samajwadi aadarshon key nikat sambandhon key saath, sangh samajwadi swatantrata key kshetra oopar seey ubhare aur 10 aprail, 1972 koo "bandera neegra" prakaashit karane jaise kaee arajaktawadi jhukaav koo apanaaya, maee divas manaate hue aur avadharana parr kakshaaen dete hue. iss samay key dauran, saarvbhaumik dee puerto rico key chhatron key bheetar arajaktawad kii upasthiti darj kii gaee thee, lekin antatah yeh punrutthan gayab hoe gayaa kyonki anya door key baaen vichaar adhik lokpriya they. iss dashak key dauran, "left libertarian" ney partido independent puertoricano (pip) key bheetar ack pratishat kaa pratinidhitva kiya.
luis fortuno prashaasan dwara saarvajanik kaanoon 7 paarit karane key baad, jisane sarkaar koo cumm curr diyaa aur hajaaron saarvajanik kaaryakartaon koo laharaaya gayaa, arajaktavadiyon ney kaee juluson mein apani upasthiti kaa pataa lagaaya. inn vyaktiyon ney kaee antarrashtriya prateek jaise kaalaa jhanda aur bhajan laa international koo apanaaya. 2010-11 oopar kii hadtaalon seey kuchh hii samay pahale, arajaktawadi chhaatr oopar vyakhyan samoohon kii mejbani karna shuru curr denge, kaee asambaddh sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon koo ack saath ikattha karenge. juuna 2009 mein, puerto rico liberantio banaaya gayaa thaa. ubharane vaalaa sabse badaa samooh aseon libertaria thaa, jisane anya prateekon key beach puerto rico key dhwaj key ack sanshodhit sanskaran koo apanaaya. laa exian libertaria aur semilas libertarias ney soochana aur prachaar key prasaar key liye blogg aur websites key madhyam seey internet kaa upayog kiya. arajaktawadi shiksha parr dhyaan kendrit karane key alawa, inn samoohon ney natakon key upayog koo punarjeevit kiya. axione libertaria kaa rukh raajya-virodhi aur arajaktawadi-saamyavaadi haye, jabaki dusare ney antarrashtriya udaarvaadi sahyog parr jore diyaa.
inn ghatnaaon key alawa joe oopar kii hadtaalon kaa kaaran banati hain, anya kshetra nagrik mamalon mein raajya kii "ghuspaith" they-jaise kii vikas aur bhoomi key zabt key beach sambandh-inn samoohon key liye ruchi key hain. ack anya prakoshth ney uttar americi arajaktawadi adhyayan network kaa ack sammelan aayojit kiya, jisamen cumm seey cumm 200 logon kii bheed koo aakarshit kiya gayaa.see.see. kaee gatividhiyon kaa ayojan kiya. haalaanki, yeh ack saal key baad bhang hoe gayaa, jabaki axione libertaria ney bhee apani sadasyata mein kamee dekhi. anya, swatantra samooh 2010 key dashak key madhya key dauran dikhaai denaa jaari rakhaa. ack alag tarika, arajaktawadi-poonjeevaad, puerto rico mein toofaan maria key kaaran hue vinash key maddenajar saarvajanik roop seey ujagar honah shuru hoe gayaa. yeh cryptocurancy niveshakon key ack badey samooh key aagaman kaa ack pratyaksh parinam thaa, jinhone jaba sakshatkar kiya tou kahaa kii way "puertopia" naamak ack kendra banaane kaa irada rakhate hain, jisase way apane udaarvaadi model koo lagu karane kii ummeed karate hain.
1980 key dashak seey puerto rican punk drishya mein baind, fanzine yaa saamoohik roop seey arajaktawadi aadarsh they. praarambhik boricua anarco-punk baind mein biamon seey actitude subversiva (1993), carolina seey kojoba (1995) yaa gwayama seey dystorcian rebelde (1995) shamil hain, jinhone arajaktawad seey prerit geet likhe they. zinevergenza yaa factura noo pagada jaise fanzine ney bhee poore dweep mein punk circle mein arajakta key susamachar koo failaane mein madad kii. way aff kii tarah saamoohik bhee they.aeye.aar. (frente anarchista revolutionario) 2000 key dashak kii shuruat mein bayaman, puerto rico mein. baad vaale kaa netritva omar 'killin' quills (baad mein antim ghaatak mein agrani) ney kiya aur yeh ack bindu parr bymon aantarik shaharon seey 20 seey 30 ghoonse aur twacha key siron dwara rachit thaa, joe anarco-punk jeevan shally dwara jeete they.
darshan aur raajneetik rukh.
aatm-dhaarana.
bhaari europeeya prabhaav key bavjood, puerto rican arajaktawadi apani sthitiyon koo anya sthaanon seey alag maanate they. luisa capetillo key shabdon mein, way khud koo "nishpaksh, samantawadi, maanviya, sauhaardpurna, [key roop mein maanate they...] wafadar [aur] bahadur, "anya cheejon key alawa aur ack" saarvbhaumik biradari "key rakshakon aur shahidon key roop mein unaki bhoomika koo maanate they. engel maria diappa aur juan jose lopez donon ney tark diyaa kii arajaktawad "sadbhaav" kaa raasta thaa, pahala ise "sarkaar key binaa sahee vyavastha" kaa label lagaana aur doosara "nae dinon, adhik paryaavaran, saathi prakaash, adhik shikshaon, adhik vaastaviktaon, adhik aashaa [aur] saha aur prem kaa jeevan" kaa ack tarika. sthaaniya arajaktavadiyon ney krantikari samarthak kavitaon, kahaaniyon aur natakon key madhyam seey apane vishvaason koo vyakt kiya, joe sabhi samajik samaantaa koo surakshit karane key saadhan key roop mein uchch vargon koo samaapt karane kii ichcha kii abhivyakti key roop mein they. juan jose lopez aur romero rossa donon ney kille koo "samajik kranti" laane key liye hinsa key kaalpanik vivaran likhe. shuru mein puerto rican arajaktawadi apane swayam key upsamooh seey sambandhit honey aur unakaa sahyog kewal samanya hiton key mamalon parr honey key bavjood samaajvaad seey judey laal jhande kaa upayog karate they.
dharm.
puerto rican arajaktawadi spasht roop seey dharm-virodhi aur prakriti-samarthak they, jisamen lopez ney daavaa kiya kii yeh "shikshanaatmak vidyaalayon key ekadhikar koo samaapt karane kaa raasta kholega, jisamen tarkvaad aur manaviki key mukt shikshan" koo "rahasyamay vichaaron" seey mukt maanaa jaataa thaa. romero rossa catholic church key khilaf vampanthi maanak vaahak they, jinhone 1899 mein aur phir 1904 key "laa custian soshal yay puerto rico" mein hamla kiya, jahaan unhone ise poonjeevaad key ack "saadhan" key roop mein hamla kiya.
ferrer vaaee ferrer ney shaitan key aadarsh key roop koo maanaa, kyonki vaha "mukt aur mukt" thaa. kaee logon ney yeeshu kii shikshaon koo arajaktawadi samajik saamyvaad kaa ack praarambhik udaaharan maanaa aur tark diyaa kii vaha ack tarkvaadi shikshak they.
capetillo ney aspiritism key paksh mein tark diyaa aur arajaktavadiyon seey krishna, samrat yaao, confucius, philo aur yeeshu key lekhan kaa adhyayan karane kaa bhee aagrah kiya, taaki prem key baare mein unake vichaaron koo samajha jaa sakey. aspiritism key liye apane samarthan key bavjood, unhone sangathit dharm mein shamil naheen honey kaa aagrah kiya. capetillo kaa vishvaas leo tolstoy key kaam seey prabhaavit thaa aur unakaa maanana thaa kii ack arajaktawadi jeevan key parinamswarup aadarsh shaaririk shareer koo baahar nikaal dega aur punarjanm key madhyam seey punarjanm hoga. vilar koo aatmikta mein bhee dilchaspi thee aur unhone vyakti key "saar" aur prakriti key shaaririk/aadhyatmik ghatakon parr likhaa, joe ack parasparik sambandh kaa hissa thaa jisamen pretvaadiyon ney apane kendra koo "tarkvaadi aur samanya siddhanton" mein badalane kaa bhee samarthan kiya, joe unaki mukhya suraksha thee. sangathit dharm key prati apane tiraskar key alawa, donon samooh 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein kuchh muddon parr overlap karate hain, maut kii sajaa aur sharaab key sevan kaa virodh karate hain, saath hii saath apani pahalon mein adhik mahilaaon kii bhagidari key liye jore dete hain. yeh 1911 taka chalaa, jaba aspiritista varg key muddon seey khud koo door karane lagey. anya, jaise juan jose lopez ney anya dharmon key saath-saath aspiritism kii upeksha kii.
ack samanya sangathit-virodhi dharm mudra key bavjood, puerto rican arajaktawad key aadarshvaad ney ack aisee ghatana koo janm diyaa jahaan kuchh logon ney "santos lycos" yaa "dharmnirpeksh santon" key abhyaas koo apanaaya, ack bhikshu jaisi jeevan shally jisamen tambaku yaa sharaab jaise nashe kii lutt vaale padarthon koo tyagana aur unhein aise buraaiyon key roop mein ninda karane key liye apana jeevan jeena shamil thaa joe shramik varg koo "bhrasht" karate they aur "dukh laate they.
pragativaad.
capetillo ney bhavishya kii anishchitata koo amoort aur "eutopic" prakriti key roop mein pahachaana, lekin lakshya aur vichaar adhik thhos aur vyaavhaarik they. isake bavjood, venasio cruze jaise kuchh logon ney "poonjipati samaaj" key patan koo apariharya maanaa, aur "poorna mukti" kewal samay kii baat thee. andolan key bheetar anya logon, jaise kii fra philipo, ney mahsoos kiya kii kewal sangh aur syndicates hii iss lakshya koo puuraa curr sakenge. varg yuddh koo shramik varg key virodh key liye ack sahayak aur "krantikari" aadarshon key prerak key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa. deeppa kaa yeh bhee maanana thaa kii usa samay unake kaary kitane bhee krantikari kyon naa houn, way aaney vaali peedhiyon key liye aprabhaavpurna aur "roodhivaadi" lagenge. yeh coll achchi tarah seey jaanane key bavjood kiya gayaa thaa kii unhein aabaadi key ack badey hisse dwara yaa tou hinsak yaa bhram key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa.
puerto rico kii raajneetik sthiti.
yeh dhaarana kii swatantrata andolan koo uchch vargon key sadasyon dwara aage badhaaya jaa rhaa thaa aur abhijaat varg bunn gayaa thaa, saath hii saath aeye. aff. ell. kaa prabhaav aur yeh vichaar kii videshi bhagidari sanrakshkon key saath sthaaniya takraav mein madad curr sakati haye, mukhyadhara key shramik varg koo ack vilayavaadi drishtikon kii or leey gayaa jahan taka raajneetik sthiti kaa sambandh thaa. jaise-jaise puerto rican sikke key americi hiton key paksh mein avamoolyan key parinamswarup adhikansh vyavharya bhoobhaag americi hiton dwara adhigrahit kiye gaye, aeye. aff. ell. ney sthaaniya shram andolan parr badhata prabhaav praapt kiya. haalaanki, arajaktawadi puerto rico parr hoe rahey "amerikikaran" prayason key saath teji seey asahaj hoe gaye aur unake bheetar aeye. aff. ell. kii bhoomika parr apane sandeh kaa nirdesh diyaa.
iss prakaar, unhone ack rashtra-virodhi rukh apanaaya, lekin vilayavaadi vichaaron seey bhee door rahey. unhone antatah puerto rico koo diye gaye sabhi raajneetik sthiti vikalpon koo aswikar curr diyaa, unhein asantoshjanak aur avyaavhaarik maanate hue, isake bajaay vaastavik samadhan key roop mein arajaktawad koo badhaava diyaa. sandleo marcial ney iss vishay parr union party parr hamla kiya, yeh tark dete hue kii sansthaan ney poonjipatiyon seey shakti hataane key paksh mein bahas naheen kii aur puerto rico abhee bhee aarthik roop seey sanyukt raajya seey bandha rahega, joe ack prakaar kii "burjua swatantrata" haye. 1914 key dashak mein, samajwadi rojaon ney tark diyaa kii aggar puerto rico swatantra hoe jaataa haye, tou bhee arthavyavastha "videshi poonjipatiyon" key haathon mein hogi aur tark diyaa kii poonjeevaad koo door karane key liye, deshbhakti key vichaaron koo baahar dhakelane kii aavashyakta hogi taaki sabhi vampanthiyon key beach ack ekikrit morcha ubhar sakey.
sahyog.
puerto rico mein, arajaktawadi andolan ney aeye. aff. ell. key prabhaav, sanyukt raajya kii rajneeti, catholic church aur anya sansthanon key prabhaav kaa virodh kiya, jinhen way puerto rickens kii swatantrata parr thopane key roop mein maanate they. gathbandhanon koo badhaava diyaa gayaa aur lambe samay mein, unhone mukt vicharakon aur aspiritista (catholic church key virodh mein ack samanya hita saajha karane parr adharit) jaise vividh samoohon key saath gathbandhan banaae, jisamen kuchh capitillo jaise mudra inn sambandhon koo suvidhajanak banaati haye. vilar ney aff. ell. tii. aur pee. aiss. key sadasyon key saath khule sanghon mein bhee bhaag liya, joe samanya hiton mein sahyog karate they. 1910 key dashak key dauran, byman arajaktavadiyon ney newyork sthit "kalchura obrera" aur "brezzo vaaee cerebro" key saath sahyog kiya, joe anya videshi prakashanon key beach sthaaniya roop seey bhee vitarit kiye gaye they. 1920 key dashak key dauran, soviyat-prabhaavit "ell communista" aise lekh prakaashit kartaa thaa joe ack arajaktawadi pariprekshya koo apanaate they aur yahaan taka kii ventura cruze koo ack sahayogi key roop mein bhee pesh karate they, yeh octuber kranti key dauran arajaktavadiyon aur bolshevikon key beach takraav seey pahale thaa.
puerto rican arajaktawad poore itihas mein pravaas kii laharon key aadhar parr sthaaniya aur raajyon donon mein adharit haye. shuruat mein, isake sadasyon ney newyork, florida aur cuba mein tambaku shramikon key bheetar khud koo sthaapit kiya, jahan way sthaaniya arajaktawadi andolanon key saath shamil hoe gaye aur prachaar key prakaashan key saath sahyog kiya. iss visheshta ney unhein lattin america aur sanyukt raajya america key bheetar connection banaane aur antarrashtriya network banaane kii anumati dee. cuba sthit samachar patra "tearra!" key varshon baad"apani sarkaar dwara bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa, bayaman-adharit" "ell communista" "banaaya gayaa thaa aur spanish bhashi arajaktavadiyon key bheetar drishyata praapt kii gaee thee, joe sthaaniya aur antarrashtriya star parr vyaapak roop seey vitarit hoe gaee thee. sthaaniya prachaar kaee videshi pustakon seey prabhaavit thaa joe sthaaniya, gatividhiyon aur daak aur aupchaarik vitaran companiyon key madhyam seey vitarit kii gaee theen. videshi arajaktavadiyon aur prakashanon key saath patrachar ney sthaaniya aadarsh kaa aur vistaar kiya, joe abhee bhee europeeya vichaaron seey vichalan kaa pradarshan kartaa haye. arajaktawadi samachar patron ney sansadhanon aur samagri koo saajha karane key liye antar-nagarpalika network mein bhee sahyog kiya. puerto rican arajaktavadiyon ney vampanthi natakon kaa upayog kiya joe janata key liye manchan kiye gaye they aur isi tarah key uddeshyon key liye videshon mein likhe gaye they. yeh lattin america mein arajaktawadi sangathanon key saath samanvaya key kaee prayason mein seey ack thaa.ee. hawana) aur sanyukt raajya (i.ee. newyork aur tampa), donon saanskritik sambandhon aur pravaas key pattern key kaaran.
loktantra.
arajaktawad key adhik ugravaadi kshetra mein, americi loktantra koo dhokhadhadi key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa aur samriddh logon key liye ack sharan key roop mein, chunaavon mein bhaag naheen lene key liye coll kiye gaye they. jaise-jaise sanyukt raajya america key liye samarthan shramik varg key beach badhata gayaa, juan jose lopez ney ghaas key bajar key mamle aur isake prabhaavon, tampa sigar nirmaataon kii hadtaal aur sanghiya sarkaar aur duniya key audyogik shramikon key beach takraav, saiman radowitzki key mamle, ganarajya-adharit loktantra key vichaaron key khilaf anya udaharanon key saath-saath, jaisi ghatnaaon kaa hawala dete hue isake khilaf agah kiya. unhone hadtaalon kaa mukabala karane key liye pulis koo niyukt karane key liye aupaniveshik prashaasan kii aalochana kii aur una logon koo "moorkh" kahaa joe abhee bhee americi dhwaj aur samvidhaan mein vishvaas karate they, unhone kahaa kii mazdoor varg key netaa upkaran bunn gaye they aur kewal varg sangharsh koo badnam karane key liye kaam kiya thaa.
haalaanki, alfredo negrin, juan willer aur venasio cruze jaise vyaktiyon key beach ack aantarik dwait shuru mein hii ubhara thaa, jinhone iss samay khule taur parr raajneetik dalon kii upeksha kii aur capetillo aur ferrer vaaee ferrer jaise vyaktiyon kaa virodh kiya, jinhone unamen kuchh upayog dekhaa. iss sambandh mein, ferrer vaaee ferrer ney gair-shramik varg key raajneetik dalon key adiwasi swabhaav kii or ishara kiya aur una parr pakshapaat aur sanrakshkon kii shakti koo banaae rakhane kaa aarop lagaaya, unhone krantikari vichaaron koo dabaane key liye diye jaa rahey laabhon key baare mein bhee chetavani dee. cruze ney rajneeti koo ack "pratishodhaatmak nyayadhikaran" key barabar curr diyaa joe logon parr "lohe kii pakad" rakhane key liye sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur yeh kii jitani adhik shakti vaidh hogi, "daason" kii aavashyakta utani hii adhik badhegi. diappa ney badale mein, "samajik anubandh" kii bhoomika koo poonjeevaad key ack upkaran key roop mein tark diyaa aur vyakt kiya kii rajneeti kaa upayog puerto rico kii "sachchi swatantrata" seey vichalit vibhajan koo gahara karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. romero rossa ney raajnetaon parr kewal "sheersh koo pakadane kii koshish karane" aur apane ghatakon kii upeksha karane kaa aarop lagaaya. candido ruibola ney iss rukh koo sankshep mein yeh kahate hue prastut kiya kii "jaba taka rajyapal aur shaasit hain, taba taka ack [karyatmak] samaaj naheen hoe sakata haye...] kyonki sabhi adhikaar pratibandhit hain. yeh virodh anya tatvon taka faila joe sarkaar aur sanrakshkon/vyavasaay maalikon, jaise pulis seey parey isake sahayogi maane jaate they.
unhone gantantra model koo "betuka" aur rajshahi yaa samrajyon key barabar adhikaar key ack anya roop key roop mein bhee nazarandaj kiya, kissy bhee samvidhaan koo vaidhata dene seey bhee incar curr diyaa. unhone apane vimarsh mein arajaktawad koo samaajvaad seey alag curr diyaa aur baad vaale koo heane maanaa, sansadiya samaajvaad kii aalochana kii, yeh dekhate hue kii yeh aprachalit hoe gayaa thaa aur swabhavik roop seey asantulit thaa, jisamen vyaktiyon ney utpaadan karane key liye kaam karane seey adhik upbhog kiya thaa. unhone sthaaniya partido socialista republicano koo kewal chunaav jeetane mein ruchi rakhane vaale, anukoolvaadi aur krantikari kaaran kii kamee key roop mein dekhaa. sankshep mein, unhone ise "sattawadi kaanunvaad" kaa vichaar maanaa. isake bavjood, unhone abhee bhee laal jhande-laal bhoot yaa laal sangharsh-key sandarbh diye-isake bavjood kii duniya bhar mein arajaktawad seey doori badh rahee haye aur isake bajaay ack saamyavaadi prateek bunn gayaa haye.
samajik mudde aur langic bhoomikaaen.
samajshastriya shabdon mein, arajaktavadiyon kaa maanana thaa kii dhana koo anuchit roop seey poonjeevaad mein nihit naitikta kii kamee key parinamswarup vitarit kiya gayaa thaa, joe kii way nichale vargon key "shoshan" parr nirbharta key mamle mein saamantvaad aur gulami key barabar thaa. capetillo ney ise "vetanbhogi gulami" kaa label diyaa aur ise shaastriya sanskaranon seey bhee badatar maanaa. yeh maanate hue kii adhikansh kaidi shiksha yaa sansadhanon kii kamee key kaaran samaapt hoe gaye, unhone jail pranali kii ninda kii, ise kuchh bhee naheen balki sajaa key ack roop key roop mein maanate hue joe unhein punarvaas naheen kartaa thaa. arajaktavadiyon ney vaastav mein pranali key unmoolan aur audyogik vidyaalayon key saath isake pratisthaapan key liye pairavi kii.
veshyavritti ack vivadaspad vishay thaa, jise adhikansh arajaktawadi ise "samajik sthiti", dukh aur purani shiksha kii abhivyakti maanate hain aur isake abhyaas kii ninda karate hain, jabaki ise una mahilaaon seey alag karate hain jinhen way shoshan kaa shikaar maan rahey they. capetillo ney arajaktawadi-prakritivaadi mudraon kii vakaalat kii joe yaun udaarikaran key liye tark dete they. vaha una kuchh arajaktavadiyon mein seey ack thee jinhone veshyavritti koo donon lingon key liye binaa hastamaithun kii aavashyakta key praakritik aagrah koo santusht karane key ack tareeke key roop mein dekhaa, jise apraakritik key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, aur aavashyak roop seey kuchh nakaratmak key roop mein naheen. doosari or, samaan roop seey veshyavritti koo tuchchh maanaa jaataa haye, ise poonjeevaad key ack anya upotpaad key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.
vivaah koo gulami kaa ack roop bhee maanaa jaataa thaa, yeh daavaa karate hue kii yeh vyaktiyon koo "pinjare mein bund" curr detaa haye aur unhein unake aadarshon seey vichalit kartaa haye, vyavhaar mein unhein vidroh karane seey rokta haye. emiliano ramos ack aur arajaktawadi they jinhone "mukt prem" kii vakaalat kii thee. isi pankti mein, arajaktavadiyon kaa maanana thaa kii joe koee bhee swatantra prem kii apani avadharana mein vishvaas naheen kartaa thaa, vaha yaa tou "pakhandi yaa agyaani" thaa. samaaj mein mahilaaon kii bhoomika key sambandh mein, capetillo ney vakaalat kii kii unhein apane "eutopia" mein karyakarta banane mein saksham honah chaahiye. capetillo ney "daas" kii bhoomikaon kaa virodh kiya aur tark diyaa kii aggar mahilaaon koo bachchon koo padhaana haye, tou unhein kewal ghar kaa kaam sikhaane kaa koee matlab naheen haye. antatah, unhone nishkarsh nikala kii aisaa parivaar kewal ack arajaktawadi-saamyavaadi samaaj mein hii sambhav thaa. ack arajaktawadi samaaj mein mahilaaon kii bhoomika key baare mein deeppa adhik paitrik they, jahan way unake liye paryaapt kaam karenge aur garbhavastha key baad bachchon koo unake tarikon seey shikshit karane parr dhyaan kendrit karenge.
puerto rican arajaktawadi saahitya.
1890 key dashak mein pravesh karate hue, centro dee astudios soshal, bhaari arajaktawadi upasthiti key saath ack spasht vampanthi sangathan, ack prachaar upkaran key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa jahaan arajaktawadi prakaashan muft mein upalabdh they. aupaniveshik sarkaar ikai key prati satark thee. iss dashak key dauran, puerto rican arajaktawadi kshetriya trabazadores sangh aur trabazadores sangh kii neenv key saath ack shram andolan key nirmaan mein udaarvaadi aur kranti samarthak samajvadiyon mein shamil hoe gaye. tambaku udyog unakaa mukhya mool thaa, nagarpalikaon key saath aggar kagua, biamon aur saine juan unake mukhya gadh key roop mein kaary karate they. iss kaary ney inn shramikon key pravaas koo bhee prabhaavit kiya, unaki vichardhara key saath, lattin america aur sanyukt raajya america mein anya sthaanon parr. videshon mein anya arajaktavadiyon key sampark mein aaney seey puerto rico mein aur vahaan seey soochana key pravaah kii anumati millie, jisase soochana kaa sahajeevan huaa aur samanantar muddon kii pehchaan hui. flut aur frutt dou samajwadi prakashanon, "enseo obrero" aur "ell porvenir soshal" koo prakaashit karenge, jisamen kuchh arajaktawadi lekhak shamil they. poorv koo ferrer, gomez aur romero dwara sampaadit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen arajaktawad parr jore dene key saath vyaapak samajwadi rukh apanaaya gayaa thaa, jise baad mein baad vaale dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa.
1905 mein, juan vilar ney caguas mein pahala sthaaniya arajaktawadi prakaashan, "voz humana" (1905-06) prakaashit kiya. bayaman aur kaguas agale dedh dashak key dauran aaney vaale prakashanon key liye aadhar key roop mein kaam karenge. haalaanki, inmein seey adhikansh alpakaalik they. vilar ney videshon seey arajaktawadi prakashanon key saath bhee sahyog kiya, jaise kii "tiera!", joe antatah puerto rico mein vaapas aaney kaa raasta khoj legaa. sthaaniya arajaktawadi patrachar key madhyam seey anya samachar patron kaa bhee upayog karate they, jisamen unhone apane virodhiyon parr hamla kiya aur bhavishya key liye apane drishtikon koo ujagar kiya. aeye. aff. ell. key saath sambaddh honey key bavjood, arajaktawadi apane sandeshon koo prakaashit karane key liye apane prakashanon kaa upayog karate they, lekin pahale kii aalochana kiye binaa naheen. muktachintakon aur anubhavvaad seey sambandhit prakashanon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, antarrashtriya arajaktawadi press kaa upayog samanvaya key liye pramukhta seey kiya gayaa thaa.
ell hatash" aur "tiara!" jaise kagjat."(cumm seey cumm octuber 1903 seey) iss network kaa hissa banaa, jisamen dusare mein nivesh kiya gayaa aur mudran aur vitaran key baad puerto rico mein vaapas laaya gayaa. juan vilar aur pablo vega santos cumm seey cumm 99 key liye vitt poshan prayason kaa netritva karate hain.'key mudde, joe kagua aur saine juan dwara pramukh they, lekin cumm seey cumm ack darjan nagarpalikaon koo shamil karate they. 1910 key dashak key dauran, newyork mein sthit puerto rican arajaktavadiyon ney donon kaa upayog outlet key roop mein karate hue, pedro estive key prakashanon "kalchura obrera" aur "kalchura prolateria" sampatti key saath ack kadee sthaapit kii. puerto rico mein sahaanubhooti rakhane vaale antarrashtriya arajaktawadi pahalon key liye dhana kaa praavdhaan karenge. sthaaniya lekhak inn patron mein collum likhate they, jisase samoohon key beach sambandh banate they. inn patron key vitaran mein tambaku karkhanon, kaife aur anya shramik varg key pratishthanon kaa pramukhta seey upayog kiya jaataa thaa. venasio cruze kii "hasiya ell porvenir" aur luisa capetillo kii "enseos liberatorios" (1907), "influencius dee laas dee laas ideas moderns" (1910), "mee opinion sobre laas liberteds, derecos vaaee deberus dee laa mujer como compaignara, madre vaaee sair independent" (1911), "influencius dee laas dee laas ideas moderns" (1916) aur angel maria diappa kii "ell porvenir dee laa socidado human" (1915) jaisi pustaken bhee dikhaai deen, jinhone likhit roop mein puerto reekan arajaktawad key visham aadarshon koo paribhaashit kiya.
jaba arajaktawadi apane prachaar-prasaar/pustikaaen aur samachar patra likhate they, tou way nimn saksharta rakhane key baare mein khule they, isake liye samajik maandandon koo doshi thaharaate they aur ise uchch vargon seey doori banaane key liye ack tareeke key roop mein upayog karate they. apane karyon mein, puerto rican arajaktavadiyon ney yeh vishvaas vyakt kiya kii vigyaan poonjeevaad key liye ack upkaran bunn gayaa thaa aur kewal ameer aur shaktishali logon kii seva kartaa thaa, aupchaarik roop seey shikshit logon koo dhong aur "burai" key roop mein chitrit kartaa thaa, joe duniya kii buraaiyon koo samajhane mein saksham thaa, lekin unakaa mukabala karane key liye paryaapt naheen thaa. unakaa yeh bhee maanana thaa kii joe shramik poori tarah seey sakshar hoe gaye hain, unhein bhee mazdoor varg key saath vistaarit sampark kii aavashyakta hogi, yaa poonjiwadi samaaj key tarikon mein aatmasaat honey kaa jokhim hoga. shuruat mein, romero rossa aur ferrer vaaee ferrer jaise vyakti kaee samachar patron key saath sahyog karane key liye jimmedaar they, jabaki anya jaise kii mazdoor varg "laa miseria" ney vyaapak dayare key bavjood arajaktavadiyon key liye jagah dee. aprail 1901 mein, unhone charles pelletier key liye ack lekh prakaashit kiya aur joe seedhe arajakta kaa bachaav kartaa haye, saath hii darshan kii prashansa karane vaali kavita bhee.
1902 mein, pedro goeko ney vyangyapurna "ell anarquista" prakaashit kiya joe solidaridad jaise sangathit samoohon mein shamil hoe rhaa thaa! (ferrer vaaee ferrer, aur anya.) aur unakaa "adellant" samachar patra. baad vaalaa taba 1904 mein "voz humana" bunn gayaa, jise kagua mein usee "samajik adhyayan kendra" dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, aur sadasyata key saath kaee lekhakon key kaam kii peshkash karane kii seema taka apane arajaktawadi jhukaav key baare mein khula thaa. iss pepper ney karmchaariyon dwara taiyar kiye gaye ghoshanapatra koo prakaashit karke caguas-keya johnson tambaku karkhane kii hadtaal koo protsaahit kiya. iss kadam key kaaran anya karkhanon, arthaat turina aur quinons mein virodh pradarshan hue. "voz humana" ney videshon mein kaee drishtikon banaae, catalan "ásalud y fuerza!"aur nikatvarti" "ell utpaadak libertiero" "key saath-saath" "tiera vaaee liberted", "" "ell porvenir dell obrero", "" "ell prolatorio" "aur" "laa voz dell cantero" "sahit kaee spanish samachar patron seey sampark karna. iska sabse karibi antarrashtriya sampark "tiara!" key saath thaa."hawana seey, jisake cumm seey cumm gyaarah puerto rican nagar paalikaon mein graahak they. badale mein, juan sorio, alphonso torres aur paaka escabi jaise lekhakon ney cuba key samachar patra key liye likhaa.
ferrer vaaee ferrer 1904-06 key "humanidad libre" (sansthaapak juan willer, prudencio river martinez, tedio rodrigues aur pedro saine myguel key saath), "hijo dell pueblo" (venasio aurtiz key saath) aur "avante" (willer, river, sanuel, rodrigues, antonio aroyo aur pablo vega santos key saath) mein bhee shamil honge. "voz humana kii" "kamai, kharch aur graahak soochiyon koo prakaashit karane kii pravritti ney pulis chhaapon mein upayog key liye paryaapt jaankaari pradaan kii, ergon, chhadm naamon kaa upayog karke (jaise ferrer vaaee ferrer kaa" "rabachol" ") aur vyavasthit roop seey kaee samachar patra banaana ack aam pratha bunn gaee joe sarkari censorship seey bachane yaa poorv key dhana samaapt honey key baad ack nayaa prakaashan shuru karane key tareeke key roop mein kaary karati thee. anya karyon mein juan jose lopez kii "voces libertarias" aur juan vilar kii "peginus libres" shamil hain.
anya srot bhee arajaktawadi saahitya key prasaar mein yogdan denge. darshan seey asambandhit kaee prakashanon, jaise "ell combate", "laa sotana" aur "ell obrero libre" ney lekhon key liye apane vichaaron koo sthaan diyaa. 1909 taka, tambaku shramikon ney samachar patra "neuvos horizonts" kii shuruat kii. usee varsh, flut key sadasyon ney "luz vaaee vidaa" patrika prakaashit karna shuru kiya, juan montseni carrett key kaam koo prakaashit kiya aur anya shramik varg key vishayon key beach fraansas pee aaee margal aur piyare-joseph garvan jaise aankadon koo shamil kiya. 1910 mein, ack samooh jisamen saine miguel aur rivera martinez shamil they, ney club ideas nuevas kii sthaapana kii, joe udaar saahitya kaa ack bhandar thaa, aur patrika koo apanaaya.
1920 mein, arajaktawadi-saamyavaadi prakaashan "ell communista" koo bayaman mein prakaashit kiya jaanaa shuru huaa, joe antarrashtriya arajaktawadi sangathanon key liye apana raasta khoj rhaa thaa. laal darr key baad, americi aupaniveshik prashaasan ney sanyukt raajya america mein latino arajaktavadiyon key beach ack pratikriyaavaadi lokpriyata key beach iss samooh key saath hastakshep kiya, jisake parinamswarup videsh seey nivesh aaya thaa. yeh kadam samachar patra key samaapan aur puerto rican arajaktawadi andolan key asthirta mein samaapt huaa.
viraasat aur prabhaav.
akaadamik adhyayan.
samagr roop seey carribean mein arajaktawad 1990 key dashak taka itihaskaron key beach alokpriya rhaa. jabaki sthaaniya shram andolan kaa dashakon seey adhyayan aur pralekhan kiya gayaa thaa, isake bheetar arajaktavadiyon kii bhoomika kaa ullekh durlabh, sankshipt aur/yaa nakaratmak thaa. saahityik karyon mein, arajaktawad kaa upayog avyavastha key pratisthaapan key roop mein kiya gayaa haye, jaisa kii kalpana key mamle mein thaa. dee font kaa "anarchia monetaria" joe sikke key adaan-pradaan seey sambandhit thaa aur shabd kii raajneetik paribhasha key liye bahut cumm prasangikta thee. jaba gantantra jose maulen, fernando jey dwara aayojit hadtaalon kii ack shrinkhala koo cover kiya jaataa haye. arajak andolan kii sthaaniya prathaon key vipareet ack raajneetik dall key samarthan mein honey key bavjood matia ney iss shabd kaa upayog kiya. arajaktavadiyon key vyangyaatmak chitran bhee pustakon mein maujood they, jaisa kii "planta maldita" (samajwadi karyakarta jose alias levis bernard dwara likhit) mein huaa thaa. sthaaniya andolan kaa videsh mein prakaashit kaary mein kabhi-kabhaar ullekh milata thaa, jaise "araajaktaah ack ichcha kii patrika sashastr". capitillo key karnamon ney bhee dhyaan aakarshit kiya aur vaha puerto rico key shram andolan key bheetar sabse adhik adhyayan kii gaee vyakti bunny hui haye, jise "carribean kaa laal emma swarnakanya" upnaam praapt huaa haye.
sthaaniya shikshaavidon ney apane karyon mein arajakta koo shamil naheen kiya. haalaanki, videshi lekhakon ney iska ullekh kiya, jaise kii max netlau ney apane 1927 key lekh "contributian aeye laa bibliographia anarchista day laa america hastaa 1914" mein, jisamen "voz humana" koo ack udaarvaadi prakaashan key roop mein charcha kii gaee haye. historia soshal latinoamericana" mein carlos raama ney carribean mein antarrashtriya upasthiti kaa sandarbh diyaa. iss lekhak ney baad mein angel jey key saath sahyog kiya. capellaty "ell anarquismo aine america lattin" mein joe puerto rican arajaktawad kaa vishleshan kartaa haye aur isi tarah key spanish andolanon mein isaki jadon kaa pataa lagaata haye, aur poonjeevaad key saath pratyaksh sambandh key parinamswarup unaki americi virodhi mudraon parr bhee charcha kartaa haye. anarchistas aine america lattin" mein david vinas ney sthaaniya arajaktawad parr charcha kii aur isake nirmaan mein shramik varg key alawa saksharon koo kuchh shreya diyaa.
apani pustak "cuban kraantih ack mahatvapurna pariprekshya" mein, saim dolgoff ney ise ack udaaharan key roop mein uddhrit kiya haye kii "carribean kshetra mein shram aur samajwadi andolanon kii arajaktawadi-syndalist utpatti key baare mein kitna cumm pataa haye.
1970 key dashak key dauran, jabaki sthaaniya arthavyavastha krishi seey teji seey audyogik kii or sthanantarit hoe gaee haye, kuchh puerto rican shikshaavidon ney apane pathyakram mein vichardhara koo shamil kiya, lekin samudaay key bheetar maujood pramukh markswadi jhukaav dwara virodh kaa saamana karna padaa aur isake saath ack vaichaarik vivaad mein bund thaa. inmein seey adhikansh kritiyon ney usa shatabdi kii shuruat seey apnai gaee aitihaasik kathaa parr sawal uthaaye (joe aaj bhee bunny hui haye) aur shramik varg koo ack aitihaasik upasthiti key roop mein pesh kiya, jise aanshik roop seey salvador bru, jose juuliyan acosta yaa kayetano cole vaaee toste jaise vyaktiyon key kaaran chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, joe ack dhanee varg seey sambandhit they. engel quintero rivera kii "lucha obrera aine puerto rico" praasangik karyon kii ack shrinkhala key saath sanyukt thee, joe shramik varg key itihas kaa ack sthaaniya adhyayan banaane kaa aadhar they. lattin america mein americi hastakshep ney sthaaniya swatantrata samarthak aur samajwadi samoohon key beach ack samajik-saanskritik rukh parr bhee jore diyaa, jisane iss prakriya koo prabhaavit kiya aur sanshodhanvaadi shaikshanik samoohon key nirmaan koo suvidhajanak banaaya.
seasure aur reu iglesius ney mahsoos kiya kii lattin america mein anya udaharanon kaa hawala dete hue, puerto rican kaary andolan mein arajaktawadi-syndicalist pahale vaichaarik prabhaav they. haalaanki, angle jee. quintero ney mahsoos kiya kii aisee gahari paristhitiyaan theen joe iss vichardhara koo pakadane kii anumati detee theen. gervasio ell. garcia kaa pataa tambaku shramikon key beach samajwadi udaarvaadi pravrittiyon aur sigar nirmaataon key "sarvahara" seey chalata haye. appuntes paira laa historia dell movimiento obrero puertoricano" mein, juan engel silen ney kuchh praarambhik arajaktawadi karyon kaa hawala diyaa aur sthaaniya itihas mein isake sthaan kaa tark diyaa.
iglesius pantin kii bhoomika kaa kendrikaran aur yeh daavaa kii americi aakraman ney shramik varg key sangathan koo prajwalit kiya, 1970 key dashak taka sthaaniya itihaskaron key beach pramukh mudra bunny rahee, jaba centro dee astudios dee laa riyalidad puertoricana (serep) jaise sansthaan aur emilkar tirado avilles jaise vyaktiyon ney sthaapit kiya kii isase pahale hii proto-sangathan key charan they. 1980 key dashak key dauran, ruben devilla santigo ney saanskritik drishtikon seey udaarvaadi samaajvaad kaa dastavejikaran aur samarthan karane vaale karyon koo prakaashit kiya, "teatro obrero aine puerto rico (1900-1920)" aur "ell deribo dee laas muralasah origens intellectuals dell samaajvaad aine puerto rico". shram andolan parr iss lekhak key kaam mein ramon romero rossa kaa naatak "rebeldias" aur capetillo dwara likhaa gayaa ack jodaa shamil thaa. historia critica, historia sinn kortadasah algunos problem day laa historia dee puerto rico", mein. garsia kaa tark haye kii arajaktawad 19veen shatabdi key anta taka praasangik thaa aur 20veen taka khou gayaa thaa.
1990 mein, norma vaile ferrer ney luisa capetillo key jeevan parr ack nariwadi tippani, "historia dee unaa mujar proscrita" prakaashit kii, joe unake aur emma goldman key beach samaantaon koo sthaapit karati haye. dou saal baad, julio ramos ney "emore vaaee anaarkiyah loss ascritos dee luisa capitillo" prakaashit kiya. garsia aur angel jee. quintero ney sakshar shramik varg key praarambhik charanon key dauran antarrashtriya arajaktawad aur samaajvaad key prabhaavon parr charcha kii 'desafio vaaee solidaridadah breeve historia dell movimiento obrero puertoricano' (1997) mein. 1998 key "pehchaan aur sangharsh aur rashtra-raajya key maarjinah madhya america key shramik loga aur hyspanic carribean" key liye unake sahyog mein, aline jey. khoj 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat key arajaktavadiyon key bheetar ling dhaarana parr ack antardrishti pradaan kartaa haye. samanya taur parr, puerto rican arajaktawad koo itihaskaron dwara sakaratmak drishtikon key paksh mein taalaa gayaa thaa joe andolanon key bajaay chuninda aankadon parr jore detaa haye. 1970 key dashak key dauran, ack samanantar kathaa banaane key pahale prayaas kiye gaye they.
2005 mein, carmen santeno annesses ney 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat seey shramik varg key saahitya kaa ack adhyayan "aadhunik aur pratirodh" prakaashit kiya. unase pahale key anya logon key vipareet, unhone apane shodh mein venasio cruze koo shamil kiya. 2008 mein, arturo burd carmona ney puerta dee tearra mein 20veen shatabdi key shuruati tambaku shramikon kaa ack vishleshan prakaashit kiya, jiska sheershak "perageros vaaee desaphiants" thaa, jisamen sangh aur arajaktawadi shramikon key beach chala rahey dwaitvaad bhee shamil thaa. unhone saine juan mein puerta dee aeye tearra key tambaku shramikon key bheetar poorv-partido samajwadi arajaktavadiyon key prabhaav kaa dastavejikaran kiya. 2013 key "black flagg boricuas" mein, lekhak kirving aar. schafer ney puerto rico mein paryaavaran koo "beesavin shatabdi key upaniveshvaad seey nipatane vaale arajaktawadi" key roop mein sankshep mein prastut kiya. iss sambandh mein, lekhak ney maanaa kii "puerto rico mein arajaktawadi anubhav america mein advitiya thaa", kyonki unhone ack rashtriya sarkaar key bajaay ack aupaniveshik sarkaar (aur isaliye sthaaniya aur americi hiton key khilaf dohri ladaai) kaa saamana kiya.
arajaktawadi saahitya key sampark mein aaney vaali uchch varg kii kishoravastha kii ladakiyan samajik "jaagriti" koo chitrit karane key liye pustakon aur natakon mein upayog kii jaane vaali prateek bunn gaeen.
lokpriya sanskriti.
1890 key dashak seey aur sadee key anta key baad, sthaaniya media ney "arajaktawad" koo ack nakaratmak shabd key roop mein istemal kiya, kuchh videshi key roop mein (ack, vishesh roop seey, peris, landan yaa madrid key "dayaniya" hisson koo isake srot key roop mein uddhrit kartaa haye), aatm-vinashkari, puerto rican samaaj koo nasht karane aur isake vikas koo rokane mein saksham. yahaan taka kii shramik varg seey judey prakaashan bhee iss pravritti mein shamil they. aajkal, arajaktawadi kii vinashkari key roop mein dhaarana roodhivaadi media key bheetar bunny hui haye, jaisa kii "ell vosero" key mamle mein 2010-11 oopar kii mukhya prerana koo vistaar seey bataaya gayaa thaa. anya, jaise kii madhyamaargi "ell newo dia", ney "arajakta" key vikalp key roop mein shabd kaa upayog kiya haye. isase pahale, 1892 key prakaashan "ell iko proletaariyoh semanario consagrado aeye laa defensa dee laa klaaz obrera" ney sanghon key nirmaan koo badhaava diyaa, lekin hadtaalon key khilaf vakaalat kii aur arajaktawad key baare mein sandeh thaa.
baain or, yeh behtar rhaa. arajaktawadi anukool samachar patron mein "voz humana", "ell iko dell torsader", "ell centinella" aur "newo kshitij" shamil they. flt key "luz vaaee vidaa" ney bhee apane tukade prakaashit kiye. ell centinella" mein, sevro sirino ney europe seey aae "varg dalon aur shramik sanghon" key baare mein vichaar kii vakaalat kii aur usey phir seey prakaashit kiya. 1910 mein samajwadi jose alias levis bernard ney "lissy archaeval" key corrector key madhyam seey arajaktawad key apane vichaaron koo chitrit kiya. isi tarah-jabaki pee. aiss.-juan markeno aur magdeleno gonzalez key sadasyon ney abhee bhee 1919 key "peginus roja" mein arajaktawad key baare mein sakaratmak roop seey likhaa thaa. samaajvaad key liye arajaktawad chhodane key bavjood, plaza 1920 key dashak mein arajakta key sahanubhutipurna chitran koo darshaata haye."mukhya charitra" "rossa" "key roop mein.
haal hii mein kalaatmak abhivyakti mein, kaile 13 key gaayak rene perez ney apane ekal "miss disculps" mein arajaktawadi key roop mein apani pehchaan banaai haye, joe pahale ack anya geet, "vamos aeye portarnos maal" mein bhee iss vishay parr chhuaa thaa.
sandarbh.
futnote
granth soochi 

