
richard cobden

richard cobden (3 juuna 1804-2 aprail 1865) ack angreji kattarpanthi aur udaar rajneta, nirmaata aur mukt vyaapaar aur shaanti key liye ack prachaarak they. vaha anty-corn low leag aur cobden-chevelier sandhi seey judey they.
ack yuva vyakti key roop mein, cobden ack safal vaanijyik yatri they joe subden mein ack atyadhik laabhdaayak calico printing karkhane key saha-malik bunn gaye, lekin manchester mein rahate they, ack shahar jisake saath unaki dridhata seey pehchaan hoe jaayegi. haalaanki, unhone jald hii khud koo rajneeti mein adhik vyast paaya, aur unaki yaatraon ney unhein behtar antarrashtriya sambandhon kii kunji key roop mein mukt vyaapaar (suraksha-virodhi) key gunon key baare mein aashvast kiya.
1838 mein, unhone aur johnn brite ney anty-corn low leag kii sthaapana kii, jiska uddeshya alokpriya makai kaanoonon koo samaapt karna thaa, joe aayatit gehuun parr curr lagaakar bhoomi maalikon key hiton kii raksha karate they, iss prakaar rotty kii keemat badh jaati thee. 1841 seey sansad key sadasya key roop mein, unhone chhilka mantralaya key virodh key khilaf ladaai ladee, aur 1846 mein unmoolan hassil kiya gayaa.
ack anya mukt vyaapaar pahal 1860 kii cobden-chevlier sandhi thee, joe britten aur france key beach nikat paraspar nirbharta koo badhaava detee thee. yeh abhiyaan johnn brite aur francisi arthashastri michel chevlier key sahyog seey aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, aur sansad key francisi key prati sthaanik avishvaas key bavjood safal rhaa.
praarambhik varsh.
cobden kaa janm dunford naamak ack farmhouse mein huaa thaa, joe midhurst key paas heshot mein, suspex mein thaa. vaha villium cobden aur unaki patni, millicent (ember) key 11 bachchon mein seey chauthe they. unakaa parivaar kaee peedhiyon seey usa pados mein reh rhaa thaa, joe aanshik roop seey vyaapaar aur aanshik roop seey krishi mein vyast thaa. unake daadaa, richard cobden, heshot mein bakes mill key malik they aur ack urjaavaan aur samriddh maltster they jinhone midhurst mein belif aur mukhya magistrate key roop mein kaary kiya aur county mamalon mein ack ullekhaniya bhaag liya. haalaanki unake pitaa villium ney kheti key paksh mein malting karna chhod diyaa, jaba 1809 mein richard kii mrityu hoe gaee tou dunford farm kaa sanchaalan sambhal liya. ack garib vyavasaayi, unhone sampatti betch dee jaba khet whiffle hoe gayaa aur parivaar koo paas key gullard key oak key ack chhote seey khet mein sthanantarit curr diyaa. sthiti mein sudhaar naheen huaa aur 1814 taka, kaee aur kadmon key baad, parivaar antatah hampshire mein elton key paas west meone mein kirayedar kisaanon key roop mein buss gayaa.
cobden ney ack dame school mein padhaai kii aur phir yorkshire key uttar mein sthit boves holl school mein padhaai kii. pandrah saal kii umr mein vaha apane chaacha richard wayer coley key godam vyavasaay key liye landan gaye, jahan way malmal aur calico mein ack vaanijyik yatri bunn gaye. usake rishtedaar ney ladke kii adhyayan kii jununi lutt koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue usey iss tarah key swaad mein lipt honey key khilaf gambhir roop seey chetavani dee, joe vyaavsaayik jeevan mein usaki safalata mein ack ghaatak baadha saabit honey kii sambhavana haye. cobden koo aniyantrit kiya gayaa thaa aur landan sansthaan key pustakalaya kaa achchha upayog kiya gayaa thaa. jaba unake chaacha kaa vyavasaay whiffle hoe gayaa, tou way eastchap mein teetar aur keemat mein shamil hoe gaye, bhagidaron mein seey ack unake chaacha kaa poorv saathi thaa.
1828 mein, cobden ney sheriff aur gillet key saath apana vyavasaay sthaapit kiya, aanshik roop seey johnn luis kii rajdhani key saath, fort brothers, manchester calico printer key liye landan agent key roop mein kaary kiya. 1831 mein, bhagidaron ney clithiro, lancashire key paas subden mein kille key karkhane koo patte parr dene kii maang kii. haalaanki, unake beach aparyaapt poonji thee. cobden aur unake sahyogiyon ney kille koo itna prabhaavit kiya kii unhone equity key ack badey anupaat koo banaae rakhane key liye sahamati vyakt kii. naee firm samriddh hui aur jald hii teen pratishthaan they-subden mein mudran kaary aur landan aur manchester mein bikri kendra. manchester outlet cobden key pratyaksh prabandhan key tahat aaya, joe 1832 mein vahaan buss gaye, jisase shahar key saath ack lambe sambandh kii shuruat hui. vaha kwe street parr ack ghar mein rahata thaa, jise abb cobden house kahaa jaataa haye. ack pattika unake nivaas kii yaad dilaati haye. udyam kii safalata nirnaayak aur teji seey thee, aur "cobden print" jald hii apani gunavatta key liye prasiddh hoe gaye.
aggar cobden ney apani saaree oorjaa vyavasaay key liye samarpit curr dee hoti, tou vaha jald hii bahut ameer hoe gayaa hotaa. vyavasaay mein unaki kamai aamtaur parr prati varsh £8,000 seey £10,000 thee. haalaanki, seekhane aur poochtaachh kii unaki aajivan aadat ney unakaa adhikansh samay avashoshit curr liya. libra" key upnaam seey likhate hue, unhone "manchester times" mein vaanijyik aur aarthik prashnon parr charcha karate hue kaee patra prakaashit kiye. unake kuchh vichaar addam smith seey prabhaavit they.
pratham prakaashan.
1835 mein, unhone apana pahala parcha prakaashit kiya, jiska sheershak thaa "ingland, ireland aur america, ack manchester nirmaata dwara. 
cobden ney shaanti, gair-hastakshep, chhantai aur mukt vyaapaar key siddhanton kii vakaalat kii, jiska unhone vishvaspurvak paalan karna jaari rakhaa. unhone 7 juuna 1835 koo newyork mein utarate hue sanyukt raajya america kii yatra kii. unhone iss daure key liye lagbhag teen maheene samarpit kiye, samudri tata raajyon aur kanada key aspas key hisse seey teji seey gujarate hue, aur rashtra kii sthiti, sansadhanon aur sambhaavanaon key sammaan mein jaankaari key badey bhandar mein jaate hue ekatra kiya. ack aur kaam 1836 key anta mein "roose" key sheershak key tahat dikhaai diyaa. ise david urkhart seey prerit rusofobia key jangli prakop kaa mukabala karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. isamen shakti santulan key vichaaron aur vanijya kii suraksha key liye badey hathiyaron kii aavashyakta parr adharit videsh neeti kii poori pranali kaa ack saahasik abhiyog bhee shamil thaa.
kharaab swaasthya ney unhein britten chhodane key liye majboor curr diyaa, aur kaee maheenon key liye, 1836 key anta aur 1837 kii shuruat mein, unhone spen, turkey aur misra kii yatra kii. misra kii apani yatra key dauran unhone muhammad allie key saath ack sakshatkar kiya, jinake charitra mein ack sudhaar karane vaale samrat key roop mein unhone bahut anukool prabhaav naheen daala. way aprail 1837 mein britten laut aae.
rajneeti mein pahala kadam.
cobden jald hii manchester raajneetik aur bauddhik jeevan mein ack vishisht vyakti bunn gaye. unhone manchester athenium kii neenv koo badhaava diyaa aur iska udghaatan bhaashan diyaa. vaha chamber off commers key sadasya they aur shahar key samavesh key liye abhiyaan kaa hissa they, joe isake pahale sadasyon mein seey ack chune gaye they. unhone lokpriya shiksha key uddeshya mein bhee garmajoshi seey ruchi lenny shuru curr dee. saarvajanik bhaashan mein unake kuchh pahale prayaas una baithakon mein they jinhen unhone british schools kii sthaapana kii vakaalat karane key liye manchester, salford, bolton, roachdale aur anya aasann shaharon mein bulaaya thaa. yeh usa samay thaa jaba vaha iss uddeshya key liye ack mission parr thaa jaba vaha pahali baar johnn brite seey parichit huaa thaa. 1837 mein, villium IV kii mrityu aur raani victoria key vilay ney ack aam chunaav kaa netritva kiya. cobden stockport key liye ummidwar they, lekin unhein bahut cumm haar kaa saamana karna padaa.
anya hiton mein george combay key saath unaki dosti aur 1830 aur 1840 key dashak mein manchester phrenological society key saath unaki bhagidari shamil thee. 1850 mein, unhone combay seey apane bete kaa ack phrenological adhyayan pradaan karane key liye kahaa.
makai key kaanoon.
makai kaanoon" aayatit anaaj parr curr they jinhen grate britten mein anaaj utpadakon key liye kimaton koo uchch rakhane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. kaanoonon ney vaastav mein khaadya padarthon kii kimaton koo badhaaya aur shahari kshetron seey virodh kaa kendra bunn gayaa, jahaan taba graameen britten kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm raajneetik pratinidhitva thaa. makai key kaanoonon ney bhaari ayaat shulk lagaaya, anya deshon seey aayatit anaaj kii matra koo cumm kiya, taba bhee jaba khaadya aapoorti cumm thee. kaanoonon koo roodhivaadi bhoomi maalikon dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa aur badey udyogpatiyon aur shramikon dwara iska virodh kiya gayaa thaa. anty-corn low leag kaanoonon key khilaf janata aur sattaaroodh varg kii raay koo badalane key liye jimmedaar thee. yeh ack vishal, rashtravyapi, madhyam vargiya naitik dharmayuddh thaa jisamen ack aadarshvaadi drishti thee. isake pramukh adhivakta richard cobden they. itihaaskaar aasaa briggs key anusaar, cobden ney baar-baar vaadaa kiya kii nirsan ack saath chaar badee samasyaon kaa samadhan karegaah
1838 mein, leag kaa gathan manchester mein kiya gayaa thaa; cobden key sujhaav parr, yeh ack rashtriya sangh, anty-corn low leag bunn gayaa. leag key saat varshon key dauran, cobden isake mukhya pravakta aur animating spirit they. vaha krishi bhuswamiyon key saamane vyaktigat roop seey apani chunauti dene yaa darr key kaaran kaam karane vaale varg key chartists kaa saamana karane seey darte naheen they.
1841 mein, surr robbert peel ney sansad mein melburn mantralaya koo haraaya, ack aam chunaav huaa, aur cobden koo stockport key liye nae sadasya key roop mein vaapas curr diyaa gayaa. unake virodhiyon ney aatmavishvaas seey bhavishyavani kii thee kii vaha house off commons mein poori tarah seey whiffle hoe jaayenge. unhone usa sabhaa mein pravesh lene key baad unaki bhavishyavaniyon koo pareekshan mein laane key liye lambe samay taka intezar naheen kiya. sansad kii baithak 19 agast koo hui. 24 tarikh koo, raani key bhaashan parr bahas key dauran, cobden ney apana pahala sambodhan diyaa. "yeh tippani kii gaee thee," "harriot martino ney apane" "shaanti key itihas" "mein bataaya kii unake saath ghar mein aamtaur parr ack nae sadasya key saath shishtachar key saath vyavhaar naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh maanaa gayaa thaa kii unhein iss tarah key paalan kii aavashyakta naheen thee."vichalit naa hocker, unhone makai key kaanoonon parr apani sthiti kaa ack saral aur jordar vivaran diyaa. isase muddon key ack master key roop mein unaki pratishtha kii shuruat hui.
21 aprail 1842 koo, 67 anya aim. pee. aiss. key saath, cobden ney logon key charter (1838) kii maangon parr vichaar karane key liye ack samiti banaane key liye villium sherman crofford (ack saathi corn-virodhi kaanoon leager) key prastaav key liye matdan kiyaah kamkaji purushon key liye vote, gupt matpatra dwara sanrakshit. 
17 farwari 1843 koo, cobden ney chhilka parr hamla kiya, aur usey rashtra key shramikon kii dayaniya aur asantusht sthiti key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya. bahas mein peel ney koee pratikriya naheen dee, lekin bhaashan aise samay mein diyaa gayaa thaa jaba raajneetik bhaavanaaen badh gaee theen. peel key niji sachiv edward drummond koo haal hii mein pradhaanmantri key liye galati seey jaanaa gayaa thaa aur ack pagal ney sadak parr goli maar dee thee. haalaanki, shaam koo, peel ney apane vyakti key khilaf hinsa key liye ukasaane key roop mein, tippani koo utsaahit aur uttejit swaron mein sandarbhit kiya. iss sanket koo pakadate hue peel kii tory party ney khud koo utsaah kii ack ugra sthiti mein fenk diyaa, aur jaba cobden ney yeh samajhaane kaa prayaas kiya kii vaha vyaktigat jimmedaari naheen, balki aadhikarik thaa, tou vaha doob gayaa.
chhilka ney apani sthiti koo ulat diyaa aur 1846 mein makai kaanoonon koo nirast karane kaa ahwan kiya. cobden aur leag ney varshon key liye iss kshan koo taiyar kiya thaa, lekin 1846 mein unhone bahut cumm bhoomika nibhai. chhilka kii aakramak rajneeti key baad, makai kaanoonon key nirsan ney 16 maee 1846 koo house off commons koo 98 maton seey paarit curr diyaa. peel ney roodhivaadi netritva kaa ack gathbandhan banaaya thaa aur isake ack tihai saansad whiggs key saath shamil hoe gaye they, jisamen dou-tihai roodhivaadiyon ney unake khilaf matdan kiya thaa. usa dall key tootane seey unaki sarkaar gir gaee. apane istife key bhaashan mein unhone makai kaanoonon koo nirast karane kaa shreya kissy aur seey adhik cobden koo diyaa.
shraddhanjali, yatra aur punarvaas.
cobden ney apane vyavasaay, apane gharelu sukh-suvidhaon aur kuchh samay key liye apane swaasthya kaa tyag abhiyaan key liye curr diyaa thaa. isaliye unake doston ney mahsoos kiya kii rashtra una balidaanon key liye unake prati kritagyata aur prashansa kaa kuchh badaa prateek haye. saarvajanik sadasyata ney 80,000 pound kii raashi jutai. aggar vaha vyaktigat mahatvakanksha seey prerit hotey, tou unhone uchchatam pada praapt karane kii sambhavana key saath raajneetik unnati kii daud mein pravesh kiya hotaa. lord johnn russell, joe makai kaanoonon key nirsan key turant baad, pradhaan mantri key roop mein peel key uttaradhikari baney, ney cobden koo apani sarkaar mein shamil honey key liye aamantrit kiya, lekin cobden ney nimantran koo aswikar curr diyaa.
cobden koo videshon mein kuchh punarsthapanatmak gopaniyata kii ummeed thee, lekin unaki prasiddhi poore europe mein fail gaee thee aur unhone khud koo kattarpanthi andolan seey prabhaavit paaya. julaai 1846 mein, unhone ack dost koo likhaa, "main aapako ack naee pariyojana key baare mein bataane jaa rhaa huun joe merey dimag mein bunn rahee haye. maine khud koo misra yaa itali mein dafanaane kaa saaraa vichaar chhod diyaa haye. main europe mahadweep key madhyam seey ack andolankari daure parr jaa rhaa huun."unhone france, prussia, austriya, roose aur spen seey praapt nimantranon kaa ullekh kiya aur kahaa, thheek haye, main agale baarah maheenon key dauran bhagwan kii sahaayata seey europe key sabhi badey raajyon kaa daura karunga, unake shaktishali yaa raajnetaon koo dekhunga, aur una satyon koo lagu karane kaa prayaas karunga joe ghar parr apratirodhya rahey hain. nishkriyata mein mujhe jung kyon lagani chaahiye? aggar merey deshvaasiyon kii saarvajanik bhavna mujhe unake missionary key roop mein yatra karane kaa saadhan pradaan karati haye, tou main iss desh key logon seey mahadweep key rashtron mein pahala rajdoot houunga. main ack sahaj bhavna seey prerit huun, jaise kii maine kabhi mujhe dhokha naheen diyaa. mujhe lagata haye kii main europe key nishedhaatmak deshon key liye ack majboot mamla banaane mein safal hoe sakata huun taaki unhein hamari suraksha neeti koo palatane key liye yahaan kii tulanaa mein ack swatantra pranali apanaane key liye majboor kiya jaa sakey.
unhone france, spen, itali, germany aur roose kaa daura kiya aur jahaan bhee way gaye unhein sammaanit kiya gayaa. unhone naa kewal saarvajanik pradarshanon koo sambodhit kiya, balki pramukh raajnetaon key saath kaee niji darshakon koo bhee sambodhit kiya. unaki anupasthiti mein ack aam chunaav huaa, aur unhein stockport aur yorkshire key paschim kii sawari key liye (1847) vaapas curr diyaa gayaa. unhone baad vaale key liye baithane kaa faisala kiya.
juuna 1848 mein richard coben ney apane parivaar koo manchester seey paddington, landan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa, 103 westbourne terres parr ack ghar leey gaye. mein
1847 mein unhone dunford mein puraane parivaar key ghar koo bhee phir seey kharida thaa aur 1852 yaa 1853 mein vahaan ghar kaa punarnirmaan kiya thaa, jiss parr unhone apani mrityu taka kabja karna jaari rakhaa.
shantivadi sakriyata.
jaba cobden videsh seey laute, tou unhone khud koo mukt vyaapaar key taarkik poorak key roop mein sambodhit kiya, arthaat shaanti koo badhaava denaa aur nausena aur sainya hathiyaron mein kamee. vaha gair-hastakshepvaad key samarthak they aur yuddh key prati unaki ghrina ack junoon key samaan thee aur vaastav mein, makai kaanoonon key khilaf unake abhiyaan unake iss vishvaas seey prerit they kii mukt vyaapaar shaanti aur yuddh key khilaf raksha key liye ack shaktishali shakti thee. unhone jaanboojhkar upahaas aur aadarshvaad kii ninda key jokhim key liye khud koo ujagar kiya. 1849 mein, unhone antarrashtriya madhyasthata key paksh mein sansad mein ack prastaav laaya, aur 1851 mein, hathiyaron kii aapsi kamee key liye ack prastaav laaya. naa tou way kissy bhee mamle mein safal hue aur naa hii unhein aisaa honey kii ummeed thee. usee uddeshya key anusaran mein, unhone khud koo shaanti congress kii ack shrinkhala key saath pahachaana joe 1848 seey 1851 taka brussels, peris, frankfurt, landan, manchester aur edinberg mein kramik roop seey aayojit kii gaee thee.
afeem yuddhon key virodh mein, cobden ney tark diyaa kii jaise "daas vyaapaar mein humm [british] ney duniya koo aparaadhbodh mein paar curr liya thaa, vaise hii videshi yuddhon mein hamaare paas soorya key neeche sabse aakramak, chatur, yuddh jaisa aur khooni rashtra haye."octuber 1850 mein unhone joseph sturge koo ack patra likhaa, jisamen daavaa kiya gayaa kii pichhale panchish varshon mein" aap paayenge kii humm prithvi parr sabse adhik raktaranjit rashtra rahey hain... chean mein, barma mein, bhaarat mein, newzealand mein, cape, seeriya, spen, purtagaal, grees aadi mein, shayed hii koee aisaa desh hoe, chaahe vaha kitna bhee door hoe, jisamen humm yuddh naheen curr rahey houn yaa apani sharton koo ack beyonet key bindu parr nirdhaarit naheen curr rahey houn."cobden kaa maanana thaa kii british," sabhi key sabse badey rakt-shaadar ", taba baaki europe kii tulanaa mein adhik yuddhon mein shamil they. isamen, cobden ney british abhijaat varg koo doshi thaharaaya, jisake baare mein unhone daavaa kiya kii "angreji jaati kii yuddhatmakta koo apane lakshyon mein badal diyaa thaa.
aprail 1852 mein, jaba british ney bermi sarkaar dwara dou british samudri kaptan key saath durvyavahar key liye barma parr yuddh kii ghoshana kii, tou cobden yuddh key liye "casus bellie" key roop mein "chakit" thaah
cobden ney 1853 mein "bhaarat mein yuddh kaise shuru hueh bermi yuddh kii utpatti" prakaashit kii. iss kaam mein unhone siddhant diyaa kii sanyukt raajya key saath isi tarah key vivaad kabhi bhee yuddh mein kyon naheen samaapt hue. cobden key anusaar, iska kaaran thaa "kii america shaktishali aur barma kamjor haye... britten ney apani raksha karane mein saksham shakti key prati iss tarah seey kaary naheen kiya hoga."
1851-1852 mein dusare francisi samrajya kii sthaapana parr, press dwara uttejit ack hinsak dahashat ney janata koo pakad liya. lui napolean koo binaa kissy bahaane yaa ukasaave key british tata parr achaanak aur samudri dakuon key utarane key baare mein vichaar karane key roop mein darshaaya gayaa thaa. sansad key ander aur baahar bhashanon aur parche kii ack shrinkhala dwara, cobden ney apane deshvaasiyon key junoon koo shaant karane kii koshish kii. aisaa karate hue, unhone mukt vyaapaar key champion key roop mein jeeti gaee mahaan lokpriyata kaa tyag curr diyaa, aur kuchh samay key liye britten mein sabse adhik durupyog kiye jaane vaale vyakti bunn gaye.
haalaanki, europe key poorv mein utpann hue philistine key dhaarmik sthalon key baare mein jhagade key kaaran, janata kii raay achaanak badal gaee, aur francisi samrat key khilaf joe bhee sandeh aur nafrat thee, usey unase roose key samrat kii or modd diyaa gayaa. luis napolean koo britten key wafadar sahayogi key roop mein paksh mein liya gayaa thaa, aur lokpriya utsaah key bavandar mein rashtra koo crimean yuddh mein jhonk diyaa gayaa thaa.
phir seey janata kii bhavna kaa saamana karate hue, joe turkey mein yatra curr chuke they, aur isaki rajneeti kaa adhyayan curr chuke they, ottoman samrajya kii swatantrata aur akhandata koo banaae rakhane key baare mein akrosh koo khariz curr rahey they. unhone iss baat seey incar kiya kii unakaa rakharkhaav sambhav thaa, aur cumm kathorta seey incar naheen kiya kii yeh vaanchhaniya thaa. unakaa maanana thaa kii russie unnati kii irshya aur russie shakti kaa bhaya betuka atishayokti thee. unhone kahaa kii europeeya turkey kaa bhavishya isai aabaadi key haathon mein thaa, aur britten key liye yeh buddhimani hogi kii vaha unake saath khud koo gathbandhan karey, naa kii jise unhone vinashkari aur kshayakaari islami shakti key roop mein dekhaa. unhone kahaa kii house off commons mein aapako khud koo buddhiman aur urjaavaan logon key roop mein sambodhit karna chaahiye, iss sawal key liye-aap isai aabaadi key saath kyaa karenge? mahamedanwad key liye [islam] banaae naheen rakhaa jaa sakata haye, aur mujhe yeh dekhkar khed honah chaahiye kii yeh desh mahamedanwad key rakharkhaav key liye lada rhaa haye... aap turkey koo europe key nakshe parr rakh sakate hain, aap chaahen tou desh koo turkey key naam seey bulaa sakate hain, lekin yeh naa sochein kii aap desh mein mahamedan shasson koo banaae rakh sakate hain. haalaanki, yuddh key paksh mein lokpriya bhavna kii dhaara apratirodhya thee; aur cobden aur johnn brite donon obluki seey abhibhoot they. carle marks ney likhaa "aur coran key kaanoon key poorna parityag key binaa [vipaksh kaa tark haye kii aim. pee. cobden], turkey key isaaiyon koo turkon key saath samaantaa parr rakhna asambhav thaa. humm shree cobden seey yeh bhee poochh sakate hain kii kyaa maujooda raajya church aur ingland key kaanoonon key saath, unake kaam karane vaale logon koo cobdance aur brites key saath samaantaa parr rakhna sambhav haye?"
doosara afeem yuddh.
1857 kii shuruat mein chean seey khabar britten taka pahunchi kii usa desh mein british poornashakti vaale aur canton praant key governor key beach ack chhote seey jahaaj yaa lorcha key sandarbh mein "teer" naamak ack toot gayaa thaa, jisake parinamswarup british admiral ney nadee key kilon koo nasht curr diyaa thaa, king nausena seey sambandhit 23 jahaajon koo jalaa diyaa thaa aur canton shahar parr bambari kii thee. aadhikarik dastavejon kii saavdhaanipoorvak jaanch key baad, cobden koo vishvaas hoe gayaa kii way poori tarah seey adharmi kaaryavaahi theen. unhone iss aashay kaa ack prastaav sansad mein pesh kiya, jisake parinamswarup ack lambi aur yadgar bahas hui, joe chaar raaton taka chully, jisamen unhein sidney herbert, surr james graham, villium gladstone, lord johnn russell aur benjamin disrelli kaa samarthan praapt thaa, aur joe lord palmerston kii solah key bahumat seey haar mein samaapt huaa.
lekin iss jeet key kaaran unhein sansad mein apani seat chukani padee. lord palmerston kii haar key baad hue vighatan parr, cobden huddersfield key liye ummidwar bunn gaye, lekin usa shahar key matdaataon ney apane pratidvandi koo prathamikta dee, jinhone russie yuddh kaa samarthan kiya thaa aur canton mein kaaryavaahi koo manjuri dee thee. iss prakaar cobden koo niji jeevan mein chhod diyaa gayaa, aur dunford mein apane graameen ghar mein sevaanivritt hoe gaye, unhone apana samay apani bhoomi kii kheti karane aur apane sooaron koo khilaane mein poori tarah seey santusht hocker bitaaya.
unhone sanyukt raajya america kii ack aur yatra karane key liye avkash key iss mausam kaa laabh uthaaya. unaki anupasthiti mein 1859 kaa aam chunaav huaa, jaba unhein roachdale key liye nirvirodh vaapas curr diyaa gayaa. lord palmerston phir seey pradhaanmantri baney, aur yeh pataa chalane key baad kii unnat udaarvaadi party itani aasaani seey "kuchal" naheen gaee thee, jitna kii unhone pakada thaa, unhone sulah kaa prastaav rakhaa, aur cobden aur thomas milner gibson koo apani sarkaar key sadasya banane key liye aamantrit kiya. ack spasht, sauhaardpurna patra mein joe cobden koo liverpool mein utarane parr diyaa gayaa thaa, lord palmerston ney unhein vyaapaar mandal key adhyaksh kii bhoomika kii peshkash kii, jisamen cabinet mein ack seat thee. unake kaee doston ney unhein turant sweekaar karane key liye dabaav daala, lekin binaa kissy hichkichaahat key unhone prastaavit sammaan koo aswikar karane kaa faisala kiya. landan pahunchane parr unhone lord palmerston seey mulakat kii aur poori imandari seey unhein bataaya kii unhone saarvajanik roop seey unakaa virodh kiya thaa aur unaki itani baar ninda kii thee kii way abhee bhee apane vichaaron seey itane vyaapak roop seey bhinn they, vishesh roop seey videsh neeti key prashnon parr, kii way apane kartavya aur nirantarta kii bhavna key liye hinsa kiye binaa, mantri key roop mein unake adheen seva naheen curr sakate they. lord palmerston ney apani apattiyon kaa mukabala karane key liye achchi tarah seey majakia tareeke seey koshish kii, lekin safalata naheen millie.
cobden-chevlier sandhi.
halanki cobden ney lord palmerston key prashaasan kii jimmedaari koo saajha karane seey incar curr diyaa, lekin vaha britten aur france key beach swatantra vaanijyik sambhog koo badhaava dene mein isake pratinidhi key roop mein kaary karane key liye taiyar they. lekin iss uddeshya key liye baatchit ujjwal aur michel chevlier key sanyojan mein khud key saath utpann hui. 1859 key anta mein unhone lord palmerston, lord johnn russell aur gladstone seey mulakat kii aur iss uddeshya koo badhaava dene key liye france kii yatra karane aur france key napolean III aur unake mantriyon key saath sampark karane key apane iraade kaa sanket diyaa. inn raajnetaon ney samanya roop seey unake uddeshya key liye apani manjuri vyakt kii, lekin way poori tarah seey apane hisab seey gaye, pahale tou binaa kissy aadhikarik adhikaar key. peris mein unake aagaman parr unhone napolean key saath ack lamba shrota sammelan kiya, jisamen unhone una baadhaon koo door karane key paksh mein kaee tarkon kaa aagrah kiya, joe donon deshon koo ack dusare parr adhik nirbharta mein laane seey rokti theen, aur way mukt vyaapaar key paksh mein apane munn parr kaafee prabhaav daalane mein safal rahey. isake baad unhone khud koo francisi mantriyon koo sambodhit kiya, aur vishesh roop seey eugene roohar key saath bahut gambhir baatchit kii, jinhen unhone aarthik aur vaanijyik siddhanton key prati achchi tarah seey jhukaav paaya, jinaki unhone vakaalat kii thee. inn praarambhik aur anaupchaarik vaartaon mein kaafee samay bitaane key baad, donon deshon key beach vanijya kii sandhi key sawal key baad, british sarkaar ney cobden seey anurodh kiya kii way iss mamle mein heinry welsley, france mein unake rajdoot, 1st earl kauli key saath milkar apani poorna shakti key roop mein kaary karein. lekin yeh ack bahut lamba aur shramsadhya kaary saabit huaa. unhein francisi sanrakshanvadiyon kii kadvi shatruta kaa saamana karna padaa, jisase samrat aur unake mantriyon kii or seey kaafee uthal-puthal hui. ghar mein deree, hichkichaahat aur guhaaen bhee theen, joe adhik aspasht theen.
isake alawa, british press key ack shaktishali varg ney una parr badee hinsa kii, jabaki francisi shulk mein prastaavit parivartanon key sambandh mein unhein badee sankhya mein sookshm vivaranon seey nipatna padaa, jisamen unake dhairya aur udyog parr curr shamil thaa, joe ack cumm dridh vyakti koo pareshan curr sakata thaa. lekin baaki sabhi kii tulanaa mein sharmindagi kaa ack srot adhik thaa. ack majboot uddeshya jisane unhein iss udyam mein shamil honey key liye prerit kiya thaa, vaha thaa britten aur france key beach adhik maitripurna sambandh sthaapit karane kii unaki utsuk ichcha, aur aapsi irshya aur khatare kii una bhaavanaon koo door karna joe aksar donon deshon key beach shaanti koo khatare mein daal rahee theen. yeh sabse shaktishali tark thaa jisake saath unhone samrat aur francisi sarkaar key sadasyon koo pesh kiya thaa, aur jise unhone unake saath sabse adhik prabhaavi paaya thaa. lekin jaba vaha baatchit key beach mein they, lord palmerston ney britten key nausena key shastragar koo majboot karane key liye house off commons mein ack upaay aage laaya, jise unhone france key khilaf ack yuddh jaise bhaashan mein pesh kiya, joe aakraman aur hamale key khatare key srot key roop mein thaa, jisake khilaf raksha karna aavashyak thaa. isase peris mein jalan aur akrosh paida huaa, aur lekin usa prabhaav key liye joe cobden ney arjit kiya thaa, aur usaki imandari mein joe poorna vishvaas thaa, shayed baatchit poori tarah seey barbad hoe gaee hogi. aakhirkaar, halanki, lagbhag baarah maheene key nirantar shram key baad, kaam navambar 1860 mein puuraa hoe gayaa thaa. shree gladstone ney kahaa, "durlabh", kissy bhee vyakti kaa visheshaadhikaar haye, jisane chaudah saal pahale apane desh koo ack sanket seva pradaan kii thee, abb phir seey, jeevan key usee sankshipt avadhi key bheetar, naa tou bhoomi seey sajaaya gayaa aur naa hii upaadhi, jisase usey apane priya logon seey alag karane key liye koee nishan naheen milaa, usey apane samprabhu aur apane desh key liye ack aur mahaan aur yadgar seva karane kii anumati dee gaee haye."
iss kaary key samaapan parr donon deshon kii sarkaaron dwara cobden koo sammaan kii peshkash kii gaee thee jisase unhein bahut laabh huaa thaa. lord palmerston ney unhein ack baronetsy aur privy council mein ack seat kii peshkash kii, aur francisi samrat ney khushi seey unhein unake paksh mein kuchh vishisht chihn pradaan kiya hoga. lekin vishisht udasinta aur vinamrata key saath unhone aise sabhi sammanon koo aswikar curr diyaa.
mukt vyaapaar koo aage badhaane key liye cobden key prayaas hamesha uchchatam naitik uddeshyon key adheen theh prithvi parr shaanti aur purushon key beach sadbhavana koo badhaava denaa. france key saath vaanijyik sandhi key sambandh mein yeh unaki ichcha aur aashaa thee. isaliye vaha yeh jaankar bahut nirash aur vyathit they kii press aur desh key kuchh pramukh raajnetaon dwara abhee bhee avishvaas kii purani bhavna sakriya roop seey paida kii gaee haye. 1862 mein unhone "teen ghabarahat" sheershak seey apani purchy prakaashit kii, jiska uddeshya itihas kaa pataa lagaana aur una aavadhik yaatraon kii moorkhata koo ujagar karna thaa joe francisi designs key baare mein they jinase britten pichhale pandrah yaa solah varshon seey peedit thaa.
americi grihyuddh.
jaba americi grihyuddh ney sanyukt raajya mein tootane kii dhamki dee, tou cobden bahut pareshan thaa, lekin sangharsh apariharya honey key baad usaki sahaanubhooti poori tarah seey sangh key saath thee kyonki sangh gulami key liye lada rhaa thaa. phir bhee, unaki badee chinta yeh thee kii usa sangharsh kii pragati key dauran british rashtra koo kissy bhee ayogya maarg key liye pratibaddh naheen honah chaahiye. jaba sanyukt raajya america key saath sambandh sanyukt raajya key khilaf kiye gaye apavanchan key parinamswarup mahatvapurna aur khatarnak hotey jaa rahey they, tou kramshah british bandargaahon seey jaari kiye gaye avarodhan dhaavakon aur parisanghiya vanijya hamlaavaron seey parisangh koo sahaayata, joe kaarravaai yuddh key baad key albama daavon kii or leey jaayegi, unhone durlabh spashtata aur bull key bhashanon kii ack shrinkhala mein house off commons key saamane sawal uthaaya.
mrityu.
kaee varshon seey cobden koo shwas-nully mein jalan aur saans lene mein kathinaaee seey gambhir roop seey peedit thaa. isake kaaran unhone 1860 kii sardi algeria mein bitaai thee, aur harr baad kii sardiyon mein unhein bahut savdhan rehna padata thaa aur khud koo ghar taka seemit rakhna padata thaa, vishesh roop seey nama aur kohre vaale mausam mein. 2 aprail 1865 koo landan mein apane apartment mein unakaa shaantipoorvak nidhan hoe gayaa.
agale dinn lord palmerston ney kahaa, "cull subah hui ghatana seey ghar aur desh koo hue badey nuksan koo harr sadasya key dimag mein yaad kiye binaa ghar key liye vyaapaar karna sambhav naheen thaa."disrelli ney kahaa kii vaha" house off commons key liye ack aabhushan aur ingland key liye ack sammaan thaa."
francisi core mein legislatif, uparaashtrapati ney bhee, jabaran laa roquet koo unaki mrityu kaa ullekh kiya, aur sammaan key garmajoshi bharey bhaavon koo dohraya gayaa aur harr taraf seey unaki sarahana kii gaee. "ameer cobden kii maut", aim ney kahaa. laa roquet, "ingland (yuu. key.) key liye ack durbhagya naheen haye, balki france aur manavata key liye shoke kaa kaaran haye."francisi videsh mantri, daroin dee luis ney apani mrityu koo ack vishesh preshan kaa vishay banaa diyaa, francisi rajdoot koo sarkaar key prati shokpurn sahaanubhooti aur vaastav mein rashtriya khed vyakt karane key liye kahaa, joe kii mrityu, jaisa kii samay seey pahale vilaap kiya gayaa thaa, ameer cobden kii mrityu ney angreji channel key usa taraf utsaahit kiya thaa... unhone kahaa, "vaha hamari nazaron mein una bhaavanaon aur una mahanagariya siddhanton key pratinidhi hain jinake saamane rashtriya seemaaen aur pratidvandvita gayab hoe jaati hain; jabaki anivarya roop seey unake desh key, way abhee bhee apane samay key adhik they; way jaanate they kii logon kii samriddhi key liye hamaare dinn mein aapsi sambandh kyaa hassil curr sakate hain. aggar mujhe aisaa kahane kii anumati dee jaae tou cobden ack antarrashtriya vyakti thaa."cobden koo udaarvaadi aur itihaaskaar ralf rico dwara" "antarrashtriya mamalon parr sabse mahaan shaastriya-udaarvaadi vichaarak" "kahaa gayaa haye.
unhein 7 aprail koo west sussex key west lavington church mein dafnaya gayaa thaa. unaki kabr shoke manaane vaalon kii ack badee bheed seey ghiri hui thee, jinamen desh key sabhi hisson key alawa harsh-patthar, ujjwal, millen gibson, charles villier aur ack mezban they. 1866 mein, mukt vyaapaar arthshastra koo badhaava dene key liye landan mein cobden club kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, aur yeh una tarj parr raajneetik prachaar kaa kendra bunn gayaa; aur oxford aur cambridge mein unake naam parr puraskar sthaapit kiye gaye they.
cobden ney 1840 mein catherine annie williams seey shaadi kii thee, joe ack velsh mahila theen aur unhone apani paanch bachee hui betiyaan chhod dee theen. inmein seey, ack british udaarvaadi rajneta, jaine ney prakaashak thomas fisher anvin seey shaadi kii aur unhein shrimati cobden anvin key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa; elen chitrakaar walter sickert kii teen patniyon mein seey pahali theen; aur annie ney bookbinder tii seey shaadi kii. jey. sanderson aur usane uska upnaam usake saath jodaa. 
baad mein way vibhinn kshetron mein pramukh hoe gaye aur unhein apane pitaa kii raajneetik ruchi viraasat mein millie. unake ekmatra bete kii mrityu hoe gaee, cobden key avarnaniya duhkh key kaaran, pandrah saal kii umr mein, 1856 mein.
viraasat.
cobden, aur jise "cobdinism" kahaa jaataa thaa aur baad mein "lassays-fair" key saath pahachaana gayaa, alekjendar hamilton aur friedrich soochi key vichaaron parr sanrakshanvaad kii vakaalat karane vaale british arthshastriyon key school seey bahut aalochana kaa saamana karna padaa. haalaanki, unnisvin shatabdi key adhikansh samay key dauran, mukt vyaapaar andolan key saath unaki safalata koo chunauti naheen dee gaee thee, aur sanrakshanvaad vipareet hoe gayaa thaa. britten mein joseph chamberlain dwara shuru kiye gaye shulk sudhaar andolan ney manchesterwad key nae virodhiyon koo laaya, aur puuraa vishay ack baar phir vivadaspad hoe gayaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad punarnirmaan key varshon mein antarrashtriya vyaapaar mein sarkari hastakshep key liye ack nayaa fashion dekhaa gayaa, lekin 1980 key dashak mein shuru hocker, britten mein margaret thatcher (keth joseph key madhyam seey anoch powell key prabhaav mein) aur yuu. mein ronald reegan.aiss. lassays-fair" key punrutthan kaa netritva kiya, joe mukhyadhara kii aarthik soch mein kuchh prabhaav rakhta haye.
cobden ney british itihas parr ack gahari chhaap chhodi. haalaanki way ack "vaigyaanik arthashastri" naheen they, unake kaee vichaaron aur bhavishyavaniyon ney tarkon aur drishtikonon koo purvanirdhaarit kiya joe baad mein shaikshanik arthshastra mein dikhaai denge. unhone maanaa kii britten key liye duniya key liye nirmaan aur anya deshon key krishi utpaadon key liye adaan-pradaan karna "swabhavik" thaa. aadhunik arthashastri ise tulanaatmak laabh kahate hain. unhone makai kaanoonon koo nirast karane kii vakaalat kii, jisane naa kewal bhojan koo sastaa banaa diyaa, balki udyog koo vikasit karane aur shramikon koo labhanvit karane mein bhee madad kii. unhone sahee dhang seey dekhaa kii anya desh nikat bhavishya mein nirmaan mein britten key saath pratispardha karane mein asamarth honge. "humm vakaalat karate hain", unhone kahaa, "kuchh bhee naheen balki isai dharm key uchchatam aadeshon key liye sahmat haye-sabse saste bajar mein kharidana, aur sabse pyaare mein bechana."makai kaanoonon key nirsan key baad, british vinirmaan mein mahatvapurna utpaadaktaa mein vriddhi dekhi gaee, jabaki british krishi antatah ayaat pratispardha key kaaran girawat mein chully gaee. unhone mahsoos kiya kii baaki duniya koo britten key udaaharan kaa paalan karna chaahieh "yadi aap makai-kaanoonon koo imandari seey samaapt karate hain, aur isaki sadgi mein mukt vyaapaar koo apanaate hain, tou europe mein aisaa koee shulk naheen hoga joe paanch saal seey cumm samay mein naheen badala jaayega" (janwari 1846). unake mahanagariyavad, jisake kaaran cobden key pratidvandiyon key beach yeh dhaarana paida hui kii way ack chhote seey angrej they-ney unhein upaniveshvaad key virodh koo vikasit karane key liye prerit kiya. cobden ney shaanti aur mukt vyaapaar key beach sambandh bhee dekhaa. "prithvi parr shaanti taba aaegi jaba logon koo ack-dusare key saath adhik sambandh rakhane honge aur sarkaaren cumm."videshi rashtron key sambandh mein hamaare liye aacharan kaa mahaan niyam haye-hamaare vaanijyik sambandhon kaa vistaar karane mein-unake saath jitna sambhav hoe utanaa cumm raajneetik sambandh rakhna."
johnn brite aur surr luis mallet jaise samkaaleenon key input key saath likhi gaee unaki jeevani, "richard cobden kaa jeevan", 1881 mein prakaashit hui thee (roberts bradarsah boston).
1866 mein, cobden club kii sthaapana "rashtron key beach shaanti, mukt vyaapaar aur sadbhavana" koo badhaava dene key liye kii gaee thee. yeh thomas bellie potter key prayason key kaaran thaa, joe apani roachdale seat parr cobden key uttaradhikari they, joe ack aisee sanstha chaahte they joe cobden key siddhanton kaa samarthan karey. 15 maee 1866 koo club kii udghaatan baithak landan key reform club mein aayojit kii gaee thee aur pahala club dinner 21 julaai 1866 koo richmond key starr aind garter hotal mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, jisaki adhyakshata gladstone ney kii thee. club ney prachaar uddeshyon key liye mukt vyaapaar saahitya koo sakriya roop seey failaaya.
1903 mein shuru kiye gaye prashulk sudhaar key liye joseph chamberlain key prastaav ney britten mein mukt vyaapaar banaam sanrakshanvaad kii bahas koo phir seey shuru kiya. juuna 1904 mein landan key alekjendra palace mein cobden key janm kii shatabdi key liye 10,000 loga ekatra hue. cobden "mukt vyaapaar kii saumya taakton dwara ack saath aayojit ack shantipurna, samriddh vaishvik vyavastha key udaar drishtikon kaa prateek thaa" jaisa kii unnisvin shatabdi key kissy anya vyakti ney naheen kiya thaa. baithak koo sambodhit karate hue, udaar netaa surr heinry campbelle-bannerman ney kahaah
sabhaa kii rachana karane vaalon koo prerit karane kaa uddeshya dou gunaa thaa. way ack mahaan angrej key prati apani prashansa aur kritagyata dikhaana chaahte they, jiska sahanubhutipurna hriday, gyaan, antargyaan, saahas aur prashansa key yogya vakpatuta ney unake pitaa key dinon mein unake liye ack mahaan mukti pradaan kii. way una siddhanton key prati apane paalan kii ghoshana karna chaahte they joe unhone sikhaae they, aur unakaa dridh sankalp kii una siddhanton kii shakti, bhagwan kii madad seey, baadhit naheen honey chaahiye. unhone joe kuchh bhee unake aur apane liye diyaa thaa, vaha yeh thaa kii way sabhi logon kii drishti mein yeh spasht curr dein kii way usa viraasat koo banaae rakhna chaahte they, jise unhone shayed kissy anya vyakti seey adhik unake liye jeetaa thaa; aur yeh kii usa yuddh key phal joe unhone jabardast baadhaon key khilaf ladey they, unase halke mein naheen liye jaane chaahiye. way ack prerit paigambar key roop mein cobdon kii prashansa karane key liye vahaan naheen they, lekin unhone unamen ack mahaan nagrik, ack mahaan rajneta, ack mahaan deshbhakt aur ack mahaan aur lokpriya netaa dekhaa... cobden ney apana jeevan una kritrim pratibandhon aur baadhaon koo cumm karane mein bitaaya joe vartamaan samay mein jaldbaji aur laparwah loga phir seey sthaapit karane kii koshish curr rahey they-naa kewal vanijya key liye, balki shaanti aur sadbhavana aur aapsi samajh key liye bhee; haan, aur ghar mein swatantrata aur achchi sarkaar key liye baadhaaen. jinn logon ney ashcharya vyakt kiya kii buddhiman mazdoor nirmaata, cobden parr sawal naheen kartaa thaa, unhone iss tathya koo nazarandaj curr diyaa thaa kii unhone logon koo sastaa bhojan aur prachur matra mein rojgar diyaa thaa, aur bahut kuchh kiya thaa; kii unhone varg sarkaar aur varg adheenata key aarthik aadhar koo visfot curr diyaa thaa.
steinly baldwyn ney disambar 1930 mein, mahamandi key dauran kahaa thaa kii roodhivaadi una sabhi kii ack rashtriya party thee joe maanate hain kii iss desh kii audyogik aur aarthik sthiti mein koee bhee sudhaar kewal pichhali peedhi key cobdanism seey chhootkar aur iss desh koo sanrakshanvaadi aadhar parr rakhane seey hii hassil kiya jaa sakata haye. dou saptah baad baldwyn ney shram sarkaar key shaahi sammelan koo sambhaalane parr hamla kiyaah "usa sammelan mein sarkaar key paas british udyog kii madad karane aur vyaapaar kii ack karibi saajhedaari mein samrajya koo ack saath baandhane key liye kuchh vyaavhaarik karane kaa shandar avsar thaa. way iss avsar kaa laabh uthaane mein whiffle rahey kyonki prabhutva prastaavon koo pracheen aur aprachalit mukt-vyaapaar siddhanton key saath sulajha naheen jaa sakaa. britten ney 1932 mein mukt vyaapaar koo chhod diyaa aur ack samanya shulk koo apanaaya. 1932 mein sarkari khajaane key poorv shram kuladhipati phillip snoden ney kahaa kii yeh kahane seey badee galati kabhi naheen thee kii cobdinism marr chuka thaah "cobdinism aaj kii tulanaa mein duniya bhar mein kabhi bhee adhik jeevit naheen thaa... aaj key samay mein cobden key vichaar swarthi raashtravaad key khilaf vidroh mein they. vyaapaar pratibandhon koo todane kii aavashyakta, joe vibhinn roop leey gaye, una logon dwara bhee saarvbhaumik roop seey maanyata praapt thee joe una bediyon koo fenkane mein asamarth they. aff. doubleu. hirst ney 1941 mein, dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran kahaa thaa kii cobden key vichaar "marks key anusaar 'gospel' key lagbhag poorna virodh mein khade hainh
cobden key antarrashtriya vichaar deshbhakti aur shaanti, vargon key sadbhaav, samvaidhaanik tarikon seey sudhaar, purushon aur rashtron key beach sadbhavana parr adharit they. cobedon... vyaktigat swatantrata aur udyam, mukt baajaron, raay kii swatantrata aur vyaapaar kii swatantrata mein vishvaas karate they. [unakaa] puuraa panth carle marks key liye abhishaap thaa. unhein deshbhakti yaa desh key prati prem kii koee bhavna naheen thee. unhone sabhi deshon mein "sarvahara varg" koo hinsak kranti dwara samaaj koo ukhaad fenkane, madhyam varg aur shram key sabhi niyoktaon koo nasht karane kaa aagrah kiya, jinhen unhone poonjipati aur gulam chaalak key roop mein ninda kii. unhone niji sampatti koo jabt karane aur ack naee tanashahi, sarvahara varg kii tanashahi kii maang kii. jaise cobden ney addam smith key updeshon kii vyakhya aur abhyaas kiya, vaise hii lenin ney carle marks key updeshon kii vyakhya aur abhyaas kiya. yeye dou mahaan purush bhale hii marr chuke houn, phir bhee boll rahey hain. way raajneetik arthavyavastha, raajneetik vichaar aur maanav samaaj kii dou pranaliyon key naayak key roop mein sabhya duniya key saamane khade hain... jaba yeh yuddh samaapt hoe jaayega, tou britten mein hamein nishchit roop seey yeh chunana hoga kii kyaa hamari press aur sansad koo swatantra honah haye, kyaa hamein ack anivarya rashtra banana haye, kyaa niji sampatti aur bachat koo surakshit kiya jaanaa haye yaa jabt kiya jaanaa haye, kyaa hamein binaa mukadame key kaid kiya jaanaa haye; kyaa humm phir seey kahaan aur kaise khareed-bikri key adhikaar kaa anand lena chaahte hain-sankshep mein, kyaa hamein ack pulis raajya kii naukarshahi dwara gulam key roop mein yaa hamaare chune hue pratinidhiyon dwara swatantra purushon key roop mein shaasit kiya jaanaa haye. iss sangharsh koo richard cobden aur carle marks dwara prateek aur vyakt kiya jaayega.
shram videsh sachiv ernest bevin ney 26 julaai 1947 koo kahaa kii "humm cobdenite arthavyavastha mein vaapas naheen jaa sakate hain. 1966 mein shram pradhaan mantri harrold willson ney phillip snoden parr "shuddhatavadi cobdanism" key vichaaron koo rakhane key liye hamla kiya, jisane mahamandi key dauran sarkaar dwara "berojgari koo door karane key liye kissy bhee vistaarvaadi kaarravaai koo roque diyaa".
sthaan.
cobden key mahaan-mahaan-potey, nick cobden-raait ney apane poorv ghar, dunford house, midhurst (unaki betty annie, ack samajwadi aur matadhikar kaa ghar bhee) koo 2019 mein isake maalikon, vaay. aim. see. aeye. dwara bikri seey bachaane key liye ack abhiyaan shuru kiya. isamen unakaa banner 'noo vote noo taxes' thaa jise unhone downing street virodh pradarshan mein rakhaa thaa. unake cobden foundation abhiyaan koo anya logon key beach ammline pankhurst kii parpoti, helen pankhurst, cbe dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa.
kanada, yuu. mein cobden, ontario, cobden, ilinois, cobden, minnesota aur cobden, victoria key samudaay.aiss. aur australia kaa naam kramshah richard cobden key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.
cob steinham kaa naam bhee unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. newzealand key dakshin dweep mein cobden kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye.
camden shahar mein richard cobden praathamik vidyalaya aur landan key uttari kensington mein kensal road mein grade II soochibaddh cobden working mains club kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye.
southampton mein cobden brij kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.
kabr mein cobden street, darlington, furness nottingham mein dalton aur nelson, lancashire sabhi kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. bedford mein cobden squire aur worthing aur midhurst [west sussex] aur edinberg mein ack cobden road bhee haye. nottingham mein cobden street key buggle mein ack ujjwal street bhee haye. burnley, lancashire mein dou cobden sadaken hain.
worthing mein richard cobden pub kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye aur schafield mein cobden vyu pub mein darwaaje key oopar unakaa chehra haye. cocking, west sussex mein ack samriddh cobden pub thaa joe 20veen shatabdi mein bund hoe gayaa aur ack niji nivaas bunn gayaa. chaitham mein richard cobden pub, kent kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye aur baad mein yuke baind vee. ell. key. dwara "dha richard cobden" geet kaa vishay bunn gayaa. khadaan sadak, oont, liverpool mein ack pub bhee haye jiska naam 'dha cobden' haye, jisamen baahari saain board parr unaki chhavi haye.
moortiyaan.
manchester mein sent aine key chauk mein (oopar chitrit) cobden kii kansya pratima haye aur unaki pratima manchester town holl mein haye.
landan key camden shahar mein mornington ardhchandra bhoomigat station dwara chauk mein unaki ack pratima haye, jise saarvajanik sadasyata (jisamen napolean III ney yogdan diyaa) dwara vitt poshit kiya gayaa haye. camden hyee street parr sthit cobden pub kaa naam moorti key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye.
stockport town center mein cobden kii moorti koo 2006 mein shahari punarjanan yojana key hisse key roop mein sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin abb yeh vaapas aaa gaee haye.
bradford oona vinimay key ander, west yorkshire mein ack moorti haye jisamen ack ameer cobden haye.
bhootal key mehraabon key beach oona key adaan-pradaan key baahar ullekhaniya logon key nakkashidar chitra hain, jinamen cobden (anya titus salt, stephenson, vaat, archarite, jackward, gladstone aur palmerston aur (baink street kaa saamana karna) raile, drake, columbus, cook aur enson) shamil hain. meenar key neeche key dwaar key buggle mein bishap blaze, ooncomber key sanrakshak sant aur raajaa edward III kii moortiyaan hain jinhone oona key vyaapaar koo bahut badhaava diyaa thaa.
1868 mein unaki smriti mein ack stambhaakaar stambh paschim susanks mein paschim lavington mein sthit haye. pratima parr "mukt vyaapaar" shabd hain. rashtron key beach shaanti sadbhavana.
bust.
cobden kii ack pratima westminster mathh key uttar bhaag key paschim galiyare mein sthit haye.
vividh.
1980 key dashak key ack americi udaarvaadi prakaashak cobden press kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa aur yeh aaj bhee moorfield story institute kii chhaap key roop mein jaari haye. cobden kaa naam ferdinand dee lesseps ney suez kainal company key sansthaapak key roop mein rakhaa thaa.

