
midas (shelly play)

midas romantic lekhak mairi shelly aur persey baay shelly dwara khaali kavita mein ack padya naatak haye. mairi ney naatak likhaa aur persey ney isamen dou geet kavitaon kaa yogdan diyaa. 1820 mein likhaa gayaa jaba golabari itali mein reh rahee thee, mairi shelli ney 1830 key dashak mein ingland mein bachchon kii patrikaon dwara naatak prakaashit karane kii asafal koshish kii; haalaanki, yeh ack dashak taka prakaashit naheen huaa thaa. kosul kaa 1922 kaa vidvatapurna sanskaran. yeh naatak kabhi bhee manchan key liye thaa yaa naheen, yeh vidvaanon key beach bahas kaa ack mudda haye. yeh naatak apolo aur paine key beach sangeet pratiyogita aur raajaa midas kii kahaaniyon aur harr usa cheej koo soney mein badalane kii unaki kshamata koo jodata haye jise vaha chhoota haye.
kaafee hudd taka langic muddon seey sambandhit, unnisvin shatabdi kii shuruat mein naritva aur mardanagi kii paribhashaon parr "midas" tippaniyan aur alag-alag kshetron kii vikaasheel vichardhara jisane mahilaaon koo gharelu mamalon aur purushon koo raajneetik mamalon taka seemit rakhane key liye protsaahit kiya. shaastriya mithakon koo phir seey likhane mein romantic ruchi kaa hissa, "midas" pitrisatta koo chunauti dene aur dhana key aseemit sanchay parr vyangya karane parr kendrit haye.
midas" kii shally mein langic bahas key nishan bhee hain, saath hii, geet key paaramparik roop seey purush-pradhaan roop mein persey lekhan aur mairi apane padya naatak mein rosemarra key jeevan key vivaran parr dhyaan kendrit karati haye. 1922 mein naatak key pahale prakaashan key baad seey, alochakon ney mairi shelly key naatak kii tulanaa mein persey shelly key geeton parr adhik dhyaan diyaa haye. haalaanki, 1990 key dashak key baad seey, yeh pravritti khud koo ulat gaee haye kyonki vidwan "frankstein" (1818) key alawa mairi shelle key karyon kaa pataa lagaate hain.
prishthabhoomi.
1816 taka, golabari itali mein reh rahee thee aur 1818 aur 1819 mein, unake dou chhote bachchon, clara aur villium kii mrityu hoe gaee. mairi ack gahare avasaad mein pravesh curr gaee aur persey seey alag hoe gaee, joe apane bachchon key nuksan seey utani gaharaai seey prabhaavit naheen thee. mairi shelly ney 1819 mein persey florence key janm key saath thodaa punarjeevit kiya.
apane dou bachchon kii mrityu key kaaran bhaari dukh key bavjood, mairi shelly ney adhyayan karna aur padhana jaari rakhaa jaisa kii usane apane poore jeevan mein kiya thaa. 1818 aur 1820 key beach, unhone khud koo kaafee natakiyata seey parichit karaaya. unhone villium shekspeare key kaee naatak padhe, jinamen seey kuchh persey shelly key saath they. persey kaa maanana thaa kii mairi mein naatak key liye ack pratibha thee aur unhone unhein mahaan angreji, french, lattin aur italvi natakon key saath-saath naatak siddhant kaa adhyayan karane key liye aashvast kiya. unhone apane naatak "dha sensi" key baare mein unaki salah bhee lii. cumm glamour key saath, mairi ney persey key naatak "prometheus unbound" kii pandulipi koo likhaa. golabari mein opera, baile aur natakon mein bhee bhaag liya gayaa.
inn varshon key dauran mairi shelly kaa adhyayan vyaapak thaa. unhone 1820 mein yunani kaa adhyayan karna shuru kiya aur shiksha parr vyaapak roop seey padhana shuru kiya. udaaharan key liye, unhone shiksha parr jeane-jacks russo key daarshanik kaary, "aur unake bhaavnaatmak upanyaas," laa nauvel helos "key saath-saath thomas divas kii bachchon kii pustak" dha histry off sandford aind merton "padhee.
lekhan aur prakaashan.
mairi shelly ney 1820 mein "midas" likhaa thaa. mairi shelly key jeevanikaar miranda simore ney anuman lagaaya kii unhone dou yuva ladkiyon key liye "midas" aur "prosurpine" likhaa thaa, jinase vaha millie aur dosti kii, lauret aur nerina taigh. way itali mein golabari key doston kii betiyaan theen aur unaki maan mairi shelli kii maan, mairi wollstonecraft kii poorv chhaatra theen. usee varsh, unhone lauret key liye bachchon kii kahani "mauris" likhi.
mairi shelly ney 1824 mein bryan walter proctor dwara sampaadit "dha browning boxes" koo prakaashan key liye naatak prastut kiya; ise aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1830 mein, unhone ise rudolf ackerman koo unaki bachchon kii patrika "forgate-mee-nott" mein prakaashan key liye prastut kiya; ise phir seey aswikar curr diyaa gayaa. 1832 mein, unhone ise alaric alekjendar wats koo unake vaarshik "saahityik smarika" mein vichaar key liye bheja, haalaanki apane patra mein unhone sujhaav diyaa kii yeh naatak unaki patni, pricilla madden wats dwara sampaadit kishore prakashanon key liye adhik upayukt hoe sakata haye. yeh naatak pahali baar 1922 mein saahityik vidwan aeye. kosul.
kathaanak kaa saransh.
act aaee paine mein ack sangeet pratiyogita key liye apolo koo chunauti dee jaati haye, jisamen nyayadhish key roop mein timolus hotaa haye. tmollus ney apolo koo jeet kaa puraskar diyaa. paine apane faisale koo chunauti detaa haye, nashwar raajaa midas seey pratiyogita kaa nirnay lene key liye kahata haye. midas kaa paine key prati purvagrah hotaa haye aur vaha usake paksh mein faisala kartaa haye. amar mamalon mein iss nashwar key hastakshep seey pareshan hocker, apolo, apane kaana koo gadhe key kaana mein badalkar midas koo dandit kartaa haye, yeh kahate hue kii "iss prakaar duniya key liye/aap joe kuchh bhee hain usake nishan pahanate hain,/aise nyayadhish parr khud koo sharminda karane dein. zoperian, midas key pradhaan mantri, raajaa koo apane kaana chhipaane mein madad karate hainh way unhein chhipaane key liye ack mukut banaate hain. haalaanki zoperian raajaa key baare mein gupt rakhane key liye dridh haye, phir bhee vaha sthiti koo unmaadpurna paataa haye. jaba vaha ack darbari, asphelian seey milata haye, tou vaha usey galat samajhata haye aur sochata haye kii asphalian bhee rahasya jaanata haye. asphelian koo pataa chalata haye kii usake paas ack rahasya haye, lekin vaha kyaa haye, yeh naheen. asphalian key patton key baad, zoperian "sabse harey rung key naliyon koo rahasya fusfusaya kartaa haye joe suraj key neeche aapke pankh vaale sir koo hilaate hain/aur sir hilaate hain. bacus taba aataa haye, silenus kii talash mein. bacus apane aatithya key liye midas koo puraskrit karane kaa faisala kartaa haye aur usey koee bhee ichcha pradaan karane kii peshkash kartaa haye joe vaha chaahata haye. haalaanki unake pradhaan mantri kaa sujhaav haye kii vaha apane mool kaana vaapas chaahte hain, lekin madhya ichcha haye kii vaha joe kuchh bhee chhoote hain usey soney mein badal dein. iss baatchit key dauran, midas koo yakeen hoe jaataa haye kii vaha zoperian koo apane rahasya koo fusfusaya huaa sunata haye, lekin yeh vaastav mein nalika haye joe kahati haye, "midas, raajaa, key paas ack gadhe key kaana hain."
adhiniyam II kii shuruat cheejon koo soney mein badalane kii apani naee shakti key saath mohit midus key saath hoti haye. haalaanki, unake darbari bhaari sunhare kapade pahanane key liye majboor honey kii shikayat karate hain. midas unhein fatkaar lagaate hue kahata haye, "main ack bhagwan huun!". lekin midas khud harr usa cheej koo soney mein badalane kii samasyaon kaa anubhav karane lagata haih udaaharan key liye, vaha khaa naheen sakata. vaha apani ichcha parr paschaataap karane lagata haye, yeh kahate hue kii "oh! moorkh! sabhi cheejon koo soney mein badalane kii ichcha! / andhaa vichaar kii main thaa!". midas bacus seey usaki shakti koo chheenane key liye prarthana kartaa haye, bheekh maangata haye "mujhe peechhe curr dou, mujhe khurdari khaal mein pahano-/ aur meraa bhojan rotty, apriya jadein hoe,/lekin mujhase soney kaa daravana abhishaap leey low. midas ney apane darbaariyon koo devtaon koo yeh dekhane key liye balidan diyaa haye kii kyaa usey apane abhishaap seey raahat mill sakati haye; bachus ney usey nadee mein snan karane key liye kahaa. darbaariyon koo yeh ajib lagata haye kii vaha tairate samay apana mukut naheen hataata haye; unamen seey ack sote samay apane mukut key neeche dokaane kaa sankalp kartaa haye. apani tairane seey lautate hue, midas prakriti kaa jashn manaate hue kahate hain kii sonaa ack ghatiya, aadhar aur gandi cheej haye;-/ ghaas, akash, pedon, foolon koo dekhein,/yeye lavang key khajaane hain aur way soney key naheen hain.
shally.
mairi shelly ney "midas" koo "padya mein ack laghu pauranik haasya naatak" key roop mein varnit kiya. ise bachchon key naatak key roop mein prakaashit karane key unake prayason seey pataa chalata haye kii unhone ise bachchon key saahitya key roop mein socha thaa. iss samay, bachchon key liye "nirdeshaatmak" saahitya aksar mahilaaon dwara likhaa jaataa thaa, jinhen yuvaaon key paalan-poshan key sambandh mein behtar gyaan key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa. mahilaaon koo paaramparik maatri bhoomika mein rakhate hue, iss saahitya ney unhein saarvajanik kshetra mein lekhakon aur naitikta key nideshakon key roop mein bhaag lene kaa avsar bhee diyaa. shelly kii maan, mairi wollstonecraft ney dou aisee kritiyaan likhi theen, "betiyon kii shiksha parr vichaar" (1787) aur "vaastavik jeevan kii mool kahaaniyan" (1788) joe vaha nissandeh jaanati theen. jaisa kii purinton likhate hain, "mairi shelly key saral prateet honey vaale naatak ack aitihaasik kshan mein 'nirdeshaatmak' saahitya key iss sandarbh mein apani sthiti seey jatil hain jaba niji aur saarvajanik pravachan kii seemaaen dhundhali hoe jaati hain."
vidvaanon ney iss baat parr vivaad kiya haye kii kyaa golabari unake naatak key manchan key liye thee yaa naheen. udaaharan key liye, ellen richardson kaa tark haye kii yeh naatak romantic closset drama kii shally mein "geetaatmak naatak" yaa "mansik rangmanch" haye, jisamen kathaanak parr charitra parr jore diyaa gayaa haye, action parr pratikriya parr jore diyaa gayaa haye, aur yeh rangmanch seey door hoe gayaa haye. haalaanki, judith pasco iss nishkarsh koo chunauti detee haye, munch key nirdeshon jaise pandulipi sakshya kii or ishara karati haye; vaha tark detee haye kii mairi shelly kaa irada usake naatak kaa manchan karna thaa. saahityik vidwan jeffrey cox ney tark diyaa haye kii "midas", "prosurpine", "prometheus unbound" aur leh hunt circle dwara likhe gaye anya natakon key saath, "munch kii asweekriti naheen thee, balki ise phir seey banaane kaa prayaas thaa. trasdi aur shishtachar kii haasya seey hatkar, inn lekhakon ney mask aur dehaati naatak likhakar naatak kaa punarnirmaan kiya. unakaa tark haye kii "midas" aur "prosurpine" "ack pauranik dwigunit haye joe utpeedan kii taakton koo munch parr shamil kartaa haye. unake liye, "midas" kaa anta uchit roop seey midas key saath hotaa haye joe apana sunhara sparsh chhod detaa haye aur sadgi aur samaantaa kii ack dehaati duniya kaa jashn manaane key liye mudataa haye.
unnisvin shatabdi kii shuruat mein, geet kavita purush kaviyon aur uddharan kavita (i.ee., rosemarra kii kavita) mahila kaviyon key saath. midas" mein shram kaa vibhajan iss pravritti koo darshaata haih persey ney naatak mein dou geet kavitaon kaa yogdan diyaa jabaki mairi key naatak mein anya mahilaaon kii kavitaon mein paae jaane vaale vivaran shamil hain. haalaanki, mairi shelly inn ling-shally key bhed koo sweekaar naheen karati haye. jaisa kii richardson bataate hain, "swagat kaa pahale kaary mein virodh kiya jaataa haye aur dusare kaary mein ack sandigdh aur antarnihit mardana mode key roop mein ujagar kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, persey shelly kii kavitaon key beach key vibhedan, joe pahale kaary mein apolo aur paine dwara bolly gaee thee, aur mairi shelly key padya naatak ney aksar alochakon koo pareshan kiya haye. phir bhee, richardson kaa tark haye kii iska uddeshya kavya shally mein antar koo ujagar karna thaa.
shally aur vishay.
mairi shelly kii langic chintaaen samanya muddon key saath samaapt naheen huin. pahale kaary mein apolo aur paine key beach sangeet pratiyogita mein, apolo mardana visheshtaon seey judaa huaa haye, jaise kii darshan, vigyaan aur tark, aur paine bhed aur prakriti jaisi stree visheshtaon seey judaa huaa haye. haalaanki, jaisa kii purinton nott kartaa haye, "donon hii ahankari geet gaate hain joe unake 'vaadyayantron' aur unake karyon parr garv karate hain. jaba apolo jeetata haye, tou naatak "purush shreshthata" kaa jashn manaata haye. haalaanki, paine raajaa midas key faisale kii appeal kartaa haye, joe paine key paksh mein nirnay koo ulat detaa haye, jisake liye usey dandit kiya jaataa haye. purinton kaa tark haye kii isaliye naatak mishrit ling sanketon key saath paatron koo chitrit karate hue paaramparik ling bhed koo todata haye. iss tarah, vaha likhati hain, "cross-dressed drama key roop mein, phir," midas "purushon key shareer parr khele jaane vaale mahilaaon key muddon key baare mein ack comedy haye. unake liye, yeh naatak unnisvin shatabdi kii alag-alag kshetron kii vichardhara key saath samasyaon koo naatakiya roop detaa haye, jahaan mahilaaon seey niji, gharelu kshetra mein rahane kii ummeed kii jaati thee aur purushon seey raajneetik, saarvajanik kshetra mein bhaag lene kii ummeed kii jaati thee.
shelly ney poonjeevaad aur samrajyavad parr tippani karane key liye midas key aakriti kaa bhee upayog kiya. sonaa praapt karane mein midas kaa praarambhik anand samkaaleen ingland kaa prateek haye, "raajneetik aur vyaparik samrajyavad dwara vittaposhit ack audyogik, upabhoktaavaadi samaaj key roop mein apani naee pehchaan mein aage badh rhaa haye. shelli key liye, yeye vyaavsaayik prayaas vishesh roop seey mardana hain; midas key kaana, joe imasculation kaa prateek hain, purushon koo soney key roop mein jodate hain. isake alawa, shelly kaa sujhaav haye kii jaba raajneetik netaa narikrit hoe jaate hain, tou way apani raajneetik shakti khou dete hain. vaha midas aur george III aur george IV, british raajaon key beach ack saadrishya kheenchati haye, jinhen aksar narikrit maanaa jaataa thaa.
persey shelly, johnn keats aur lord byron kii tarah, mairi shelly shaastriya mithakon koo phir seey likh rahee thee; haalaanki, anya romantic mahila lekhakon kii tarah, vaha vishesh roop seey pitrisatta koo chunauti dey rahee thee. "midas" kewal "metamorphosis" mein kahani key ovid sanskaran parr ack tippani naheen haye; yeh "" baath kii kahani kii patni "mein geophrey chausar key sanskaran parr bhee ack tippani haye. ovid key sanskaran mein yeh midas kaa naaee haye joe apane kaana kaa rahasya naheen rakh sakata haye; chausar key sanskaran mein, yeh usaki patni haye. mairi shelly key sanskaran mein, yeh midas kaa pradhaan mantri haye joe gupt naheen rakh sakata haye; haalaanki, midas koo vishvaas haye kii ack mahila ney apana rahasya prakat curr diyaa haye aur ack darbari spasht roop seey kahata haye kii "yahaan koee mahila naheen haye.
"prosurpine" aur "midas" koo aksar vipareet natakon kii ack jodee key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. "prosurpine" mahila bandhan kaa ack naatak haye, jabaki "midas" ack purush-pradhaan naatak haye; purush kavi "midas" mein ack pratiyogita mein bhaag lete hain jabaki "prosurpine" mein mahila paatr sampradayik kahani kahane mein bhaag letee hain; "jahaan midas apane swarn mahal mein rahata haye aur khud koo ack sarv-shaktishali darbar key kendra mein kalpana kartaa haye, seres vilaap kartaa haye kii vaha goshala enclave koo chhodati haye joe vaha jove key darbar key liye prosurpine key saath saajha karati haye"; midas soney parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye, jabaki "prosurpine" mein mahilaaen foolon kaa anand letee hain; aur "jahaan midas" kaa samaaj ahankar, lalach aur kalah seey chihnit haye, "prosurpine" moolyon, samudaay, upahaar dene aur pyaar kaa mahila samaaj.
swaagat.
jaba aeye. kosjul ney pahali baar 1922 mein "midas" kaa ack sampaadit sanskaran prakaashit kiya, unhone tark diyaa kii "chhoti shaastriya kalpanaaen joe shrimati hain. shelly ney kabhi bhee prakaashit karane kaa saahas naheen kiya, joe unake adhik mahatvakankshi gadya karyon key roop mein vichaar key yogya hain. haalaanki, naatak key liye unakaa "parichay" jyaadaatar persey shelly aur mairi shelly key karyon mein unake yogdan key baare mein bataata haye. vaastav mein, jaisa kii way bataate hain, unhone persey shelly shatabdi mein yogdan karane key liye prakaashit karane kaa faisala kiya haye. unake mool prakaashan key baad seey, naa tou "midas" aur naa hii "prosurpine" parr bahut adhik mahatvapurna dhyaan diyaa gayaa haye. alochakon ney yaa tou kewal persey shelly kii kavitaon parr dhyaan diyaa haye yaa natakon koo khariz curr diyaa haye. saahityik aalochak elizabeth nichi ney likhaa kii natakon koo "kewal una geeton seey pratishthit kiya jaataa haye joe [persey] shelly ney unake liye likhe they" aur silva norman kaa tark haye kii way "vaastav mein vishleshanatmak aur tulanaatmak adhyayan kii aavashyakta naheen rakhate hain. haalaanki, 1990 key dashak seey, "dha adar mairi shelly" key prakaashan key saath shuruat karate hue, mairi shelly key "anya" karyon, jaise kii unake natakon parr adhik dhyaan diyaa gayaa haye.