
laulardy

laulardy, jise laulardism yaa laulard andolan key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack proto-protestant isai dhaarmik andolan thaa joe 14 veen shatabdi key madhya seey 16 veen shatabdi key angreji sudhaar taka maujood thaa. shuru mein iska netritva johnn wycliffe ney kiya thaa, joe ack catholic dharamshastri they, jinhen roman catholic church kii aalochana key liye 1381 mein oxford vishvavidyalaya seey barkhast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. laulards kii maangen mukhya roop seey paschimi isai dharm key sudhaar key liye theen. unhone laulard key baarah nishkarshon mein apani maanyataon koo taiyar kiya.
vyutpatti.
"laulard", "laulardy", yaa "loller" una logon koo diyaa jaane vaalaa lokpriya apmaanjanak upnaam thaa joe binaa kissy shaikshanik prishthabhoomi key they, kewal angreji mein shikshit (yadi bilkul bhee) they, joe vishesh roop seey johnn wycliffe kii shikshaon kaa paalan karane key liye pratishthit they, aur nishchit roop seey angreji bhasha mein bible key anuvaad seey kaafee utsaahit they. 15veen shatabdi key madhya taka, "laulard" kaa arth samanya roop seey ack vidharmi hoe gayaa thaa.
vaikalpik, "viclifiet", koo aam taur parr ack adhik tatasth shabd key roop mein sweekaar kiya jaataa haye joe samaan raay rakhane vaalon koo shamil kartaa haye, lekin ack shaikshanik prishthabhoomi rakhane vaalaa hotaa haye.
kahaa jaataa haye kii yeh shabd anglo-ayrish maulavi heinry krumpe dwara gadhaa gayaa thaa, lekin isaki utpatti anishchit haye. ingland mein naam kaa sabse pahala aadhikarik upayog 1387 mein versester key bishap key adesh mein paanch "garib pracharakon", "seu ritu lollardorum confederates" key khilaf hotaa haye. oxford angreji shabdakosh" key anusaar, yeh sambhavatah madhya dutch "(" mumbler, mutterer ") seey liya gayaa haye, ack kriya" lolan "(" mutter, mumble ") seey. yeh shabd isake angreji upayog kii tulanaa mein bahut purana haye; 14veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein neetherland mein laulds they joe aniyamit, begards aur anya sampradayon key samaan they joe apravasi franciscan key samaan they.
mool roop seey dutch shabd 14veen shatabdi mein kaali mrityu key dauran mritakon key haanirahit dafanaane vaalon key ack samooh key liye ack bolchal kaa naam thaa, jise alexian, alexian brothers yaa salites key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. inhen bolchal kii bhasha mein '("ladkhadaate bhaaiyon" key liye madhya dutch), yaa', ("dheere seey gaanaa"), mritakon key liye unake mantron seey jaanaa jaataa thaa. madhya angreji "(kriya" loll "," lul ", dutch" lolan "seey mutter, mumble" key angreji sangyaan) koo "laulard" kii vaikalpik vartani key roop mein darj kiya gayaa haye, jabaki iska samanya arth "ack aalsi awara, ack bevakoof, ack dhokhadhadi bhikhaari" 1582 seey pahale darj naheen kiya gayaa haye.
oxford angreji shabdakosh" mein "laulard" kii vyutpatti key liye dou anya sambhaavanaon kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haih
vishvaas.
lollardy sthaaniya bhasha mein dharm thaa. laulards ney catholic church kii kaee prathaon kaa virodh kiya. annie hudson ney likhaa haye kii "soul scriptura" kaa ack roop wycliffe key vishvaason koo rekhaankit kartaa haye, lekin ise adhik kattarpanthi vichardhara seey alag kartaa haye kii shaastra dwara anumati naheen dee gaee kissy bhee cheez koo nishiddh kiya jaataa haye. isake bajaay, hudson ney nott kiya kii wycliffe key "soul lipi" ney bible koo "siddhant kaa ekmatra vaidh srot aur vaidhata kaa ekmatra praasangik upaay maanaa."
eucharist key sambandh mein, johnn wycliffe, villium thorpe aur johnn oldcasal jaise laulds ney pavitra samudaay mein masih kii vaastavik upasthiti kaa drishtikon sikhaaya jise "consubestation" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur transbustantiation key siddhant koo sweekaar naheen kiya, jaisa kii roman catholic church dwara sikhaaya gayaa thaa. "dha ploman kii kahani", 16veen shatabdi kii ack laulard kavita, tark detee haye kii roodhivaadi siddhant key baare mein dhaarmik bahas vaastavik upasthiti kii tulanaa mein cumm mahatvapurna haih
1382 kii blackfreers parishad mein eucharist parr viclifiet shikshaon koo pakhand ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. villium sottry, ack pujari, koo kathit taur parr 1401 mein unake iss vishvaas key liye jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa kii ack pujari dwara abhishek key baad "rotty pahale kii tarah hii bunny hui haye". 15veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein richard vaaiche naamak ack pujari parr jhoothe siddhant kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. jaba unase poochtaachh key dauran abhishek key baare mein poochha gayaa, tou unhone kewal vaastavik upasthiti mein apane vishvaas koo dohraya. yeh poochhe jaane parr kii kyaa abhishek key baad bhee mezban abhee bhee rotty thaa, unhone kewal itna hii jawab diyaah "meraa maanana haye kii mezban rotty key roop mein masih kaa vaastavik shareer haye. apani poochtaachh key dauran unhone jore dekar kahaa kii way "pavitra granth key anusaar anyatha vishvaas karane key liye baadhya naheen they. poochtaachh key baad, viche ney antatah bahishkrit honey aur jail jaane key baad vaapas leey liya. 1517 mein ack sandigdh ney laulds kii sthiti kaa saransh diyaah "achche swami koo dekhane key liye choorch thinking key liye kull milaaen-way vahaan kyaa dekhate hain lekin breade aur wein?"
dhaarmik vidhi parr laulard kii shikshaon koo kaee praathamik srot dastavejon mein pramaanit kiya gayaa haye; yeh "baarah nishkarshon" mein seey chautha aur "solah binduon mein seey pahala haye jiss parr bishap laulards parr aarop lagaate hain. isaki charcha "villium thorpe kii gawahi", "laulard siddhanton key liye maafi", "jack upland" aur "opus ardume" mein kii gaee haye.
saiman fish kii ninda unake parche "bhikhaariyon key liye prarthana" mein kaee shikshaon key liye kii gaee thee, jisamen unake shuddhikaran seey incar aur aisee shikshaaen shamil theen kii pujari brahmacharya masih virodhi kaa aavishkaar thaa. unhone tark diyaa kii parthiv shasakon koo church kii sampattiyon koo chheenane kaa adhikaar haye, aur yeh dashmansh susamachar key khilaf thaa.
laulards kaa maanana thaa kii church kii prathaon mein bapatisma aur sweekaarokti moksh key liye aavashyak they. way santon seey prarthana karane aur unaki chhaviyon kaa sammaan karane koo murtipuja kaa ack roop maanate they. maanaa jaataa thaa kii shapath, upvaas aur mritakon key liye prarthana kaa koee shaastra adharit aadhar naheen haye. pavitra rotty, pavitra jall, ghantiyaan, anga aur church kii imaraton sahit catholic church key jaal key baare mein unaki kharaab raay thee. unhone pope kii kshama key moolya koo aswikar curr diyaa. vishesh vraton koo masih dwara sthaapit divya vyavastha key saath sangharsh mein maanaa jaataa thaa aur unhein abhishaap maanaa jaataa thaa. solahavin shatabdi key shaheed johnn fox ney laulardi key chaar mukhya vishvaason kaa varnan kiyaah teerthyatraon aur sant pooja kaa virodh, pargaman key siddhant kaa khandan, aur shaastron key angreji anuvaad kii maang.
laulards key ack samooh ney farwari 1395 mein westminster holl key darvaajon parr laulards key baarah nishkarshon key saath sansad mein yachika daayar kii. jabaki laulards key vishvaas kaa kendriya bayaan kissy bhee tarah seey naheen, baarah nishkarsh kuchh buniyaadi laulard vichaaron koo prakat karate hain. pahala nishkarsh church key netaaon dwara laukik dhana key adhigrahan koo aswikar kartaa haye, kyonki dhana kaa sanchay unhein dhaarmik chintaon seey door aur lalach kii or leey jaataa haye. chautha nishkarsh laulard key drishtikon seey sambandhit haye kii dhaarmik sanskar kaa sanskar ack vivadaspad siddhant haye jise bible mein spasht roop seey paribhaashit naheen kiya gayaa haye. kyaa rotty bunny rahati haye yaa masih kaa shaabdik shareer bunn jaati haye, yeh susamachar mein samaan roop seey nirdisht naheen haye. chhathe nishkarsh mein kahaa gayaa haye kii church key adhikaariyon koo church key bheetar shakti kii sthiti rakhane parr dharmnirpeksh mamalon key saath khud koo chintit naheen karna chaahiye, kyonki yeh aatma key mamalon aur raajya key mamalon key beach hiton kaa sangharsh haye. aathvaan nishkarsh, laulards key munn mein, usa shraddha kii hasyaspadta kii or ishara kartaa haye joe masih kii peedaa kii chhaviyon kii or nirdeshit haye. "aggar masih key croose, nakhun, bhaala aur kaanton key mukut koo sammaanit kiya jaanaa haye, tou phir kyon naa juda key honthon kaa sammaan kiya jaae, aggar kewal way paae jaa sakate hain?"
laulards ney kahaa kii catholic church laukik mamalon seey bhrasht hoe gayaa thaa aur sachcha church honey kaa uska daavaa isaki aanuvanshikta dwara uchit naheen thaa. iss bhrashtachar key ack hisse mein mritakon key liye prarthana aur mantra shamil they. inhen bhrasht key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa kyonki way anya karyon seey pujaariyon koo vichalit karate they; isake bajaay, sabhi koo samaan roop seey prarthana kii jaani chaahiye. laulards mein bhee pratima-chitran kii pravritti thee. church kii mahangi kalaakriti koo ack atirikt key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa; unakaa maanana thaa kii mahangi sajawat parr kaam karane key bajaay jaruratmandon kii madad karane aur prachaar karane parr prayaas kiya jaanaa chaahiye. moortiyon koo bhee khatarnak key roop mein dekhaa gayaa kyonki kaee loga bhagwan kii pooja karane kii tulanaa mein adhik utsaah seey moortiyon kii pooja karate prateet hotey they.
saarvbhaumik pujari mein vishvaas karate hue, laulards ney ack aadami koo pujari banaane key liye nivesh karane yaa divya adhikaar seey incar karane key church key adhikaar koo chunauti dee. pujari koo kissy bhee vishesh darje seey incar karate hue, laulards ney socha kii ack pujari key liye sweekaarokti anaavashyak thee kyonki unake anusaar pujaariyon mein paapon koo maaf karane kii kshamata naheen thee. laulards ney lipic brahmacharya key abhyaas koo chunauti dee aur unakaa maanana thaa kii pujaariyon koo sarkari padon parr naheen rehna chaahiye kyonki iss tarah key laukik mamle sambhavatah unake aadhyatmik mission mein hastakshep karenge. laulards kaa yeh bhee maanana thaa kii loga apani khud kii bible kii ack prati taka pahunch key hakdar they. kaee logon ney angreji pratiyon koo vitarit karane kaa prayaas kiya; haalaanki, ack mudranalaya kii kamee aur cumm saksharta star key kaaran, iss lakshya koo puuraa karna mushkil thaa.
laulards ney catholic church mein upvaas aur sanyam key liye pratibandhon kaa paalan naheen kiya. margery baxter key khilaf vidharm kaaryavaahi mein yeh saboot key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa kii ack naukar ladki koo daal key pahale shaniwar key dauran daliya key bartan mein bekan milaa thaa. aahar pratibandhon kaa paalan naa karane kaa upayog thomas money key khilaf ack anya nock mamle mein pakhand key saboot key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa, jahaan yeh aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa kii jaba maans khaana varjit thaa tou easter key ratribhoj key liye ack suar koo khaaya gayaa thaa.
itihas.
haalaanki catholic church dwara laulardy koo ack pakhand key roop mein ninda kii gaee thee, shuru mein wycliffe aur laulard koo johnn off gunt aur anya virodhi paadari kuleen varg dwara aashray diyaa gayaa thaa, joe ingland key mathon seey rajaswa key nae sroton koo praapt karane key liye laulard-samarthit lipic sudhaar kaa upayog karna chaahte they. oxford vishvavidyalaya ney akaadamik swatantrata key aadhar parr wycliffe aur isi tarah key shikshaavidon koo bhee sanrakshit kiya aur shuru mein, aise vyaktiyon koo apane vivadaspad vichaaron key bavjood apane padon koo banaae rakhane kii anumati dee. 1381 mein kisaanon key vidroh key baad laulards koo pahali baar gambhir utpeedan kaa saamana karna padaa. jabaki wycliffe aur anya laulards ney vidroh kaa virodh kiya, kisaanon key netaaon mein seey ack, johnn ball ney laulardy kaa prachaar kiya. 1382 seey pahale, sarkaar mein lalrandi maanyataon koo sahan kiya jaataa thaa kyonki way shaahi shreshthata mein vishvaas karate they. haalaanki, sarkaar aur shaahi loga hichkicha rahey they, kyonki way dhaarmik shaktiyon kii aalochana karane key liye praja koo protsaahit naheen karna chaahte they. taba rajparivar aur kuleen varg ney laulardy koo naa kewal church key liye, balki samanya roop seey angreji samaaj key liye bhee khatra paaya. laulards key chhote paimaane parr suraksha vaashpit hoe jaati haye. sthiti mein yeh parivartan 1386 mein johnn off gunt key prasthaan seey bhee prabhaavit huaa thaa, jinhone castile key taaj kaa peechha karane key liye ingland chhod diyaa thaa.
richard II (1377-99) key shasankal key dauran sakriya kuleen varg key ack samooh koo wycliffe key daavon kii sweekriti key kaaran apane jeevan key dauran yaa baad mein "laulard nights" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. heinry niton, apane itihas mein, pramukh laulard night kii pehchaan thomas latimer, johnn trussel, luis clifford, surr johnn peche (vermaliten key johnn peche key bete), richard story aur reginald hilton key roop mein karate hain. thomas walsingham kaa itihas soochi mein villium neville aur johnn clanvo koo jodata haye, aur iss vritt key anya sambhaavit sadasyon kii pehchaan unaki vaseeyaton dwara kii gaee haye, jisamen unake shareer koo spasht roop seey dafanaane key baare mein laulard-prerit bhasha haye aur jaba way aae tou unhein mitty mein lautane kii anumati haye. iss baat kaa bahut cumm sanket haye kii laulard shurveeron koo vishesh roop seey unake jivankal key dauran iss tarah seey jaanaa jaataa thaa; way vivek key purush they, aur surr johnn oldcasal key varshon baad key vipareet, shayed hii kabhi khule vidroh kaa koee sanket diyaa. haalaanki, unhone apane jivankal key dauran honey vaale wycliffe key anuyaayiyon key vibhinn abhiyojanon kaa shikaar hue binaa mahatvapurna padon koo banaae rakhane kii ullekhaniya kshamata pradarshit kii.
dhaarmik aur dharmnirpeksh adhikaariyon ney laulardy kaa kadaa virodh kiya. ack praathamik pratidvandi thomas arundel they, joe canterbury key archbishop they, jinhen norwich key heinry leey depensor jaise bishapon dwara sahaayata dee gaee thee, jinhen itihaaskaar thomas walsingham ney unake utsaah key liye prashansa kii thee. paul strome ney poochha haih "kyaa yeh ack vaastavik khatra thaa yaa ack raajneetik pyaada, asthir karane vaali chunauti kaa agent, yaa aatm-vaidh lankestrian pravachan kaa ack asahaay khatra thaa?"
16veen shatabdi key "sarvochata key krityon" kii prastaavana key roop mein joe angreji sudhaar kii shuruat koo chihnit kartaa haye, "dee hetico comburando" koo heinry IV key shasankal key dauran 1401 mein adhiniyamit kiya gayaa thaa; paaramparik roop seey dharm-virodhi koo dharamshastriya vishvaas mein ack truti key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin iss kaanoon ney raajneetik shasakon key khilaf rajdroh key saath dharm-sambandhi pakhand kii barabari kii.
puraane mahal kaa vidroh aur utpeedan.
15veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, church aur raajya dwara sakht upaay kiye gaye they, joe laulardi koo bhoomigat curr dete they. aisaa hii ack upaay thaa 1410 mein johnn badby, ack aam aadami aur shilpkar, jisane apane laulardy koo tyagane seey incar curr diyaa, key daanv parr jalana. vaha dharm-virodhi aparaadh key liye ingland mein mrityudand kaa saamana karane vaale pahale aam aadami they.
ingland key heinry vee key karibi dost aur shekspeare key itihas mein falstaff key liye aadhar johnn oldcasal koo 1413 mein unake laulard vishvaason key saboot key ujagar honey key baad mukadame mein laaya gayaa thaa. purana mahal landan key meenar seey bhaag gayaa aur ack vidroh kaa ayojan kiya, jisamen raajaa key apaharan kaa prayaas shamil thaa. vidroh whiffle hoe gayaa aur puraane mahal koo maar diyaa gayaa. puraane mahal key vidroh ney raajya koo aur bhee adhik khatra paida curr diyaa aur lauld kaa utpeedan aur adhik gambhir hoe gayaa.
agali shatabdi key dauran laulard key liye kaee anya shahidon koo maar diyaa gayaa, jisamen 1500 key dashak kii shuruat mein amarsham shaheed aur 1532 mein thomas harding shamil they, joe peedit kiye jaane vaale antim laulard mein seey ack thaa. iss utpeedan kaa ack veebhats anusmaarak thorp lakadi mein 'laulard pitt' haye, abb thorp hamlet, norwich, norphoke, "jahaan purushon koo custumbly jalaa diyaa jaataa haye", jisamen thomas bilnie bhee shamil haye.
baad kii ghatanaaen aur prabhaav.
angreji sudhaar key dauran laulard koo prabhaavi roop seey protestantwad mein avashoshit curr liya gayaa thaa, jisamen laulardy ney ack bhoomika nibhai thee. choonki laulard sou seey adhik varshon seey bhoomigat they, isaliye sudhaar key samay laulardy aur isake vichaaron kii seema anishchit haye aur bahas kaa ack bindu haye. blanch pairi (56 varshon key liye elizabeth pratham key sabse karibi vyakti) aur blanch milborne (jinhone edward vee aur elizabeth pratham koo uthaaya) key poorvajon key laulard sangh they. haalaanki, thomas morr sahit sudhaar key kaee alochakon ney protestant koo laulds key saath barabari dee. archbishop thomas cranmer sahit angreji sudhaar key netaaon ney laulardy koo bhee sandarbhit kiya, aur landan key bishap coothbert tunstall ney luthranwad koo viclifiet pakhand kaa "paalak-bachcha" kahaa. vidwan iss baat parr bahas karate hain kii kyaa protestant vaastav mein laulardy seey prabhaavit hue yaa kyaa unhone ise parampara kii bhavna paida karane key liye sandarbhit kiya.
laulard prabhaav kii seema key baare mein bahas key bavjood iss avadhi seey laulard key utpeedan key paryaapt record hain. landan key diosis mein, 1510 seey 1532 taka lagbhag 310 laulds parr mukadama chalaae jaane yaa unhein tyagane key liye majboor kiye jaane key record hain. linken diosis mein, lauldie key khilaf 45 mamalon kii sunavaai 1506-1507 mein hui thee aur 1521 mein 50 abseration aur 5 laulds key jalane key mamle they. 1511 mein, archbishop warham ney kent seey 41 laulards key tyag aur 5 koo jalaane kii adhyakshata kii.
iss samay aam janata mein laulardy kii seema agyaat haye, lekin ingland mein protestant iconclasm kii vyaapaktaa seey pataa chalata haye kii laulard vichaaron kaa abhee bhee kuchh lokpriya prabhaav hoe sakata haye yadi huldrick zwingly srot naheen thaa, kyonki luthranwad iconclasm kii vakaalat naheen kartaa thaa. catholic mairi aaee key tahat pakhand key krityon key punruddhar key dauran 1554 aur 1559 key beach laulard koo phir seey sataaya gayaa, jisane vishesh roop seey pakhand aur laulardy koo dabaa diyaa.
laulards aur baad mein angreji protestant samoohon, jaise kii baptist, puritance aur quakers key beach samaantaa bhee sudhaar key madhyam seey laulard vichaaron kii kuchh nirantarta kaa sujhaav detee haye.
kalaa aur saahitya mein pratinidhitva.
roman catholic church ney kalaa kaa upayog ack laulard virodhi hathiyar key roop mein kiya. laulards koo bhikshuon yaa pujaariyon key roop mein taiyar lomadiyon key roop mein darshaaya jaataa thaa joe durbhavana parr hanson key jhund koo prachaar karate they. inn abhyavedanon ney lokpriya madhyayugeen saahitya jaise "reynard dha fox kaa itihas" aur "reynardine key badalaav" mein paae jaane vaale prachaar lomdi kii kahani kaa sanket diyaa. lomdi ney hanson koo apane vakpatu shabdon key saath karib aur karib lubhaaya jaba taka kii vaha shikaar koo khaane key liye chheenane mein saksham naheen hoe gayaa. kahani kii naitikta yeh haye kii moorkh loga jhoothe shikshakon dwara bahakaaye jaate hain.

