
amleeya kagaj

amleeya kagaj vaha kagaj hotaa haye jisamen nirmaan prakriya key dauran kuchh amleeya padarthon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. iss prakaar kaa kagaj, joe unnisvin shatabdi key madhya seey vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaataa haye, cumm samay mein peela hoe jaataa haye aur behad bhangur hoe jaataa haye, jisase pustakalaya aur abhilekhagar sangrah mein bhaari nuksan hotaa haye.
kagaj key ksharan key kaaran.
kagaj kaa ksharan ack dheemi prakriya haye, lekin ack amleeya vatavaran mein yeh kaafee tej hoe jaati haye. unnisvin shatabdi key madhya mein, kagaj utpaadan kii vidhi lokpriya hoe gaee, jisamen kagaj key goode mein raal-elam gond jodaa gayaa thaa. kagaj key roop mein shesh aluminium sulfate, paani key saath pratikriya mein, acid joe cellulose (amleeya hydrolysis) key apghatan koo utprerit karate hain. iss prakriya mein, cellulose shrinkhalaon koo chhota curr diyaa jaataa haye, joe kagaj key aansuu pratirodh koo cumm kartaa haye, aur saath hii unaki sanrachana key cross-linking koo badhaata haye joe kagaj koo kathor aur bhangur banaa detaa haye. jall key prabhaav mein ksharan key samanantar, cellulose shrinkhalaaen oxygen key saath pratikriya karati hain, okseekaran key parinamswarup shrinkhalaaen bhee chhoti hoe jaati hain. naa kewal cellulose, balki kagaj mein nihit lignin bhee aukseekrit hotaa haye, jisase kagaj peela parh jaataa haye.
cellulose shrinkhalaon key tootane seey kagaj kii sthiti dheere-dheere bigadati haye aur antatah isake poorna ksharan kii or jaataa haye, ack prakriya jise "dheemi aag" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. kagaj amlikaran baahari karakon, vishesh roop seey pradooshit havaa mein maujood nitrogen aur sulfur oxide dwara bhee tej kiya jaataa haye.
abhilekhiya key liye parinam.
kagaj key aatm-ksharan kii prakriya abhilekhagar aur pustakalayon key sangrah kii suraksha mein asadharan kathinaaiyon kaa kaaran banati haye. udaaharan key liye, jagilonian pustakalaya, poznan mein addam mikiviz vishvavidyalaya, vigyaan aur praudyogiki vishvavidyalaya aur praudyogiki key craco vishvavidyalaya key pustak sangrah key vishleshan ney saabit kiya kii 1990 key dashak key madhya taka prakaashit sansadhanon kaa 90 pratishat (polland mein 1996 mein sateek honey key liye) amleeya kagaj kii sabhi visheshtaon mein haye. yeh pataa chalaa kii ateet kii viraasat kii dekhbhal key liye sthaapit yeye sansthaan apane mission koo prabhaavi dhang seey puuraa karane mein saksham naheen hain.
halanki kagaj key ksharan koo poorvavat naheen kiya jaa sakata haye (ise kewal dheema kiya jaa sakata haye), decidification sangrah key sanrakshan kaa ack vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna roop haye. durbhagya seey, prayukt praudyogikiyon kii dakshata seemaon aur kagaj key ksharan kii teji seey gati key kaaran, 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi key sabhi dastavejon koo sahejana sambhav naheen haye. badey paimaane parr nirjalikaran kii neeti mein, luptapray dastavejon key chayan key liye aise mandand sthaapit karna aavashyak lagata haye joe sabse mahatvapurna aur moolyavaan saanskritik sakshya koo jeevit rahane kii anumati dega. isake alawa, kagaj sangrah kii suraksha key liye, unakaa digitalikaran aur microfilming bahut mahatvapurna haye, saath hii saath unake saajha karane aur bhandaran key liye upayukt paristhitiyaan sunishchit karna (jaise.jee. acid-mukt abhilekhiya faailon kaa upayog joe paryaavaran key hanikarak prabhaavon seey bachaati hain yaa prakaash key sampark koo seemit karati hain, vishesh roop seey yuvi renz key saath-saath drishya seema mein).
kagaj kaa aml-vichhedan.
pepper prakashanon key amlikaran key liye ack badey paimaane parr prayaas kaa ack udaaharan polland mein kii gaee pariyojana thee, joe bahu-vaarshik sarkari karyakram "amleeya pepper" key tahat shuru kii gaee thee, joe varshon mein sanchaalit hoti thee. yeh ack karyakram thaa joe librarian (jagilonian pustakalaya seey) aur rasaayanagyon (jagilonian vishvavidyalaya key rasayan vigyaan key sankaay seey) key samudaay dwara sanyukt roop seey prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone janwari 1998 mein "19 veen aur 20 veen shatabdi key pustakalaya aur abhilekhagar mein polish sanskriti kii viraasat koo bachaane kii aavashyakta key baare mein smaarak" taiyar kiya thaa. (lekhakah aeye. baransky, jey. grochovsky, aeye. manikovsky, dee. naa, key. zamorsky). americi bookiper takneek koo badey paimaane parr polland mein kagaj koo dee-acidify karane key liye chunaa gayaa thaa, jisamen dee-acidifying agent thheek kristaliya magnicium oxide haye, aur iska vaahak ack carbonic taral perfluoroheptain haye, joe syaahi, rung aur rangon key liye tatasth haye. bookiper takneek paryaavaran key anukool haye aur perfluoroheptain key poorna punarjanan kii anumati detee haye.
pustakon koo ack dee-acidifying taral mein visarjit kiya jaataa haye aur dheere-dheere sthanantarit kiya jaataa haye, jisake kaaran magnicium oxide kagaj kii sanrachana mein pravesh kartaa haye. vikshepan urdhvaadhar aur kshaitij kakshon mein hotaa haye. pahala vishisht aakar kii pustakon key liye haye, doosara patrikaon yaa abhilekhagar jaisi badee yaa bhaari vastuon key liye haye. vishesh roop seey kamjor cardon key manual dacdfication key liye ack sett dwara pranali koo poorak kiya jaataa haye.
polland mein pahala takniki holl jisamen mudrit aur pandulipi kagaj key badey paimaane parr dee-acidisation key liye baadhya matra aur dheele card key roop mein sthaapana kii gaee haye, craco mein jagilonian pustakalaya kaa pepper clinic haye, jise 2005 mein khola gayaa thaa. isaki sthaapana kii vaarshik kshamata lagbhag 35 tunn pustakalaya samagri haye. doosara bookiper installation 2007 seey rashtriya pustakalaya mein kaam curr rhaa haye, aur isaki kshamata prati varsh 50 tunn pustakalaya samagri honey kaa anuman haye.
acid mukt kagaj.
haal key varshon mein, adhikansh pustaken acid-mukt kagaj parr mudrit kii gaee hain, jinake guna iso 9706 maanak maanak iso 9706 dwara paribhaashit kiye gaye hain. lambe seva jeevan kii guaranti dene vaali visheshtaon key saath tikaau kagaj kaa upayog niyam bunn jaanaa chaahiye, vishesh roop seey moolyavaan dastavejon key liye joe bhavishya kii peedhiyon key liye sangraheet saanskritik, sanrakshit aur sanrakshit viraasat kaa hissa hain.