
aiss aind pee vaishvik rating

aiss aind pee vaishvik rating (pahale maanak aur garib aur anaupchaarik roop seey aiss aind pee key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) ack americi credit rating agency (see. aeye. aar.) haye aur aiss aind pee vaishvik kaa ack prabhaag haye joe stock, bonned aur vastuon parr vittiya anusandhaan aur vishleshan prakaashit kartaa haye. aiss aind pee koo badee teen credit-rating agencies mein seey sabse badaa maanaa jaataa haye, jisamen moody kii niveshak seva aur fitch rating bhee shamil hain. iska mukhya karyalaya loer mainhattan, newyork shahar mein 55 watter street parr sthit haye.
itihas.
company ney 1860 mein apane itihas kaa pataa lagaaya, jisamen heinry warnam dwara "sanyukt raajya mein rail maarg aur naharon key itihas" key prakaashan key saath. iss pustak ney yuu. aiss. kii vittiya aur parichaalan sthiti key baare mein vyaapak jaankaari sankalit kii.aiss. rail companiyaan. 1868 mein heinry warnam garib ney aich.vee. aur aich.doubleu. garib saha. apane bete heinry villium key saath, garib, aur dou vaarshik adyatan hardback guidebook, "sanyukt raajya key rail maarg kii garib niyamavali" aur "railway adhikaariyon kii garib nirdeshika" prakaashit kii.
1906 mein, luther lii blake ney gair-rail-sadak companiyon parr vittiya jaankaari pradaan karane key drishtikon seey maanak saankhyiki beuro kii sthaapana kii. vaarshik roop seey prakaashit pustak key bajaay, maanak aankade 5-baay-7-inch card kaa upayog karenge, jisase adhik baar adyatan honey kii anumati milegi.
1941 mein, paul talboat babson ney garib prakaashan koo kharida aur ise maanak aur garib nigam banane key liye maanak aankadon key saath vilay curr diyaa. 1966 mein, company kaa adhigrahan aim. see. aar.-hill companiyon dwara kiya gayaa thaa, joe vittiya soochana sevaaon key kshetra mein aim. see. aar.-hill kaa vistaar curr rahee thee.
credit rating.
ack credit rating agency (see. aeye. aar.) key roop mein, company saarvajanik aur niji companiyon aur anya saarvajanik udharkartaon jaise sarkaaron aur sarkari sansthaon key rinn key liye credit rating jaari karati haye. yeh una kaee cross mein seey ack haye jinhen yuu dwara rashtriya star parr maanyata praapt saankhyikiya mulyankan sangathan naamit kiya gayaa haye.aiss. pratibhootiyaan aur vinimay aayog.
samagr deerghakaalik credit rating.
company udharkartaon koo aaa seey dee taka key paimaane parr darr detee haye. aa aur ccc (jaise bbb +, bbb, aur bbb-) key beach pratyek star parr madhyavarti rating kii peshkash kii jaati haye. kuchh udharkartaon key liye, company margadarshan bhee dey sakati haye (jise "credit watch" kahaa jaataa haye) kii kyaa isake unnat (sakaratmak), downgrade (nakaratmak) yaa anishchit (tatasth) honey kii sambhavana haye.
nivesh shreni
gair-nivesh shreni (jise satta shreni key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye)
alpakaalik credit rating.
company vishisht muddon koo aeye-1 seey dee taka key paimaane parr darr detee haye. aeye-1 shreni key bheetar ise ack plus chihn (+) key saath naamit kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh ingit kartaa haye kii jarikarta kii apani baadhyata koo puuraa karane kii pratibaddhata bahut majboot haye. desh kaa jokhim aur nirgam daayitva koo puuraa karane key liye baadhya vyakti key punarbhugataan kii mudra koo rinn vishleshan mein shamil kiya jaataa haye aur yeh nirgam mulyankan mein parilakshit hotaa haye.
shasson ank.
aiss aind pee ney company kii corporate shasson prathaon kii saapeksh taakat key baare mein apani raay koo pratibimbit karane key liye vibhinn drishtikon rakhe hain. nigam prashaasan sambhaavit shasson-sambandhit moolya key nuksan yaa moolya banaane mein viphalata key khilaf niveshak sanrakshan key roop mein kaary kartaa haye.
see. jee. aiss. score.
aiss aind pee ney nigamit shasson kaa aaklan karane key liye mandand aur karyapranali vikasit kii. isane 2000 mein corporate governance score (see. jee. aiss.) jaari karna shuru kiya. see. jee. aiss. ney companiyon kii corporate governance prathaon kaa mulyankan kiya. unhein mulyankan kii jaa rahee company key anurodh parr saunpa gayaa thaa, way gair-saarvajanik they (halanki companiyan unhein prakat karane key liye swatantra theen aur kabhi-kabhi karati theen) aur saarvajanik yuu taka seemit theen.aiss. nigam. 2005 mein, aiss aind pee ney see. jee. jaari karna bund curr diyaa.
gaama score.
aiss aind pee key shasson, jawabdehi, prabandhan metricks aur vishleshan (gaama) score koo ubharate baajaron mein equity niveshakon key liye design kiya gayaa thaa aur gair-vittiya-jokhim mulyankan parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa thaa, aur vishesh roop seey, corporate-shasson jokhim key mulyankan parr. aiss aind pee ney 2011 mein stand-alone governance score pradaan karna bund curr diyaa, "vaishvik aur sthaaniya paimaane parr credit rating mein shasson vishleshan koo shamil karna jaari rakhate hue.
prabandhan aur shasson mandand.
navambar 2012 mein, aiss aind pee ney bimakartaon aur gair-vittiya udyamon key prabandhan aur shasson rinn karakon key mulyankan key liye apane mandand prakaashit kiye. yeye ank swatantra naheen hain, balki ack udyam kii samagr saakh yogyata kaa aaklan karane mein aiss aind pee dwara upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack ghatak haye. aiss aind pee ney gair-vittiya companiyon dwara jaari rinn kii apani rating mein udyam jokhim prabandhan vishleshan koo shamil karane key ack badey prayaas key hisse key roop mein apane prabandhan aur shasson scoring paddhati koo adyatan kiya. "prabandhan aur shasson kaa scoring kamjor, nishpaksh, santoshjanak yaa majboot paimaane parr kiya jaataa haye, joe sakaratmak aur nakaratmak prabandhan score key mishran aur shasson kii kamiyon key astitva aur gambhirta parr nirbhar kartaa haye."
deshon kaa downgrade.
yuu kaa downgrade.aiss. deerghakaalik credit rating.
5 agast, 2011 koo, 2011 key bajat niyantran adhiniyam key adhiniyaman key baad, aiss aind pee ney america kii samprabhu deerghakaalik credit rating koo aaa seey ghataa curr aa + curr diyaa. nirnay key saath bheji gaee press vigyapti mein kahaa gayaa haye, aanshik roop seh
sanyukt raajya key koshagar vibhaag, jisane bajat niyantran adhiniyam key tahat duss saal key ghaate mein kamee kii ganana karane mein apani 2 trillion dollar kii truti parr aiss aind pee kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya thaa, ney tippani kii, "iss galati kaa parimaan-aur jiss jaldbaji mein aiss aind pee ney iss truti key saath prastut kiye jaane parr kaarravaai key liye apana pramukh tark badal diyaa-aiss aind pee kii rating kii vishvasaniyata aur akhandata key baare mein maulik sawal uthaate hain."agale dinn, aiss aind pee ney apani ganana mein us $2 trillion truti koo likhit roop mein sweekaar kiya, yeh kahate hue kii truti kaa" "mulyankan nirnay parr koee prabhaav naheen padaa" "aur jodaah
10 varshon key lambe samay taka kshitij mein, yuu.aiss. vartamaan dhaaranaon key saath shuddh samanya sarkari rinn star 20.1 trillion dollar (2021 jee. dee. pee. kaa 85 pratishat) hoga. mool dhaaranaon key saath, rinn star 22.1 trillion dollar (2021 jee. dee. pee. kaa 93 pratishat) honey kaa anuman thaa.
2013 mein, nyaay vibhaag ney maanak aur garibon parr 5 arab dollar key mukadame mein dhokhadhadi kaa aarop lagaayah yuu.aiss. vee. mcgraw-Hill cos et al., yuu.aiss. jilaa adalat, california kaa kendriya jilaa, nam. 13-00779. choonki isane fitch aur moody parr shulk naheen lagaaya aur kyonki vibhaag ney saboot taka pahunch naheen dee, isaliye atkalen lagaai jaa rahee hain kii kyaa mukadama aiss aind pee key downgrade karane key faisale key pratishodh mein hoe sakata haye. 15 aprail, 2013 koo nyaay vibhaag koo sakshya taka aiss aind pee pahunch pradaan karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa.
france kii deerghakaalik credit rating mein girawat.
11 navambar, 2011 koo aiss aind pee ney galati seey france kii triple-aeye rating (aaa) mein katauti kii ghoshana kii. francisi netaaon ney kahaa kii truti akshamya thee aur niji credit rating agencies key aur bhee adhik viniyaman kaa ahwan kiya. 13 janwari, 2012 koo aiss aind pee ney france kii aaa rating koo ghataakar aa + curr diyaa. 1975 key baad yeh pahali baar thaa jaba europe kii doosari sabse badee arthavyavastha, france koo aa + mein downgrade kiya gayaa thaa. usee dinn, aiss aind pee ney aathh anya europeeya deshon kii rating koo cumm curr diyaah austriya, spen, itali, purtagaal, malta, slovenia, slovakia aur cyprus.
prakaashan.
company vyaktiyon aur peshevar niveshakon key liye ack saptahik nivesh salaahkaar samachar patra "dha outlook" prakaashit karati haye, joe 1922 seey lagaatar prakaashit hotaa haye. "credit weak" maanak aur garib credit bajar seva samooh dwara utpaadit kiya jaataa haye. yeh vaishvik rinn baajaron kaa ack vyaapak drishtikon pradaan kartaa haye, joe credit rating samachar aur vishleshan pradaan kartaa haye. standard aind powers vittiya baajaron, companiyon, udyogon, sheyaron, bonned, fund, aarthik drishtikon aur niveshak shiksha key liye kaee anya sampadakiya, nivesh tippaniyan aur samachar update pradaan kartaa haye. sabhi prakaashan grahakon key liye upalabdh hain.
aiss aind pee daau johns soochkaank kaee blogg prakaashit karate hain jinhen upayog karane key liye sadasyata kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye. inmein anukramaniki, wicks drishya aur awas drishya shamil hain.
aalochana aur ghotala.
vittiya sankat mein bhoomika.
aiss aind pee jaisi credit rating agencies koo 2007-08 key vittiya sankat mein yogdan karane key liye uddhrit kiya gayaa haye. aaa (upalabdh uchchatam rating) kii credit rating koo sampaarshvik rinn daayitva (cdo) bajar mein rinon key sabse jokhim bharey pool key badey hisse koo bhee diyaa gayaa thaa. jaba 2007 mein achal sampatti kaa bulbula foot gayaa, tou awas kii kimaton mein girawat aur kharaab rinadaataon kii punarvitt karane mein asamarthata key kaaran kaee rinn kharaab hoe gaye. jinn niveshakon ney aaa rating parr bharosa kiya thaa, unakaa matlab thaa kii cdo cumm jokhim vaali thee, unhone badee matra mein kharidari kii thee, jisake baad moolya mein chaunka dene vaali girawat aaee yaa kissy bhee keemat parr becha naheen jaa sakaa. udaaharan key liye, aiss aind pee dwara aaa mulyankan kiye jaane key bavjood, sansthaagat niveshakon koo credit suis samooh dwara jaari kiye gaye $340.7 million moolya key cdo parr $125 million kaa nuksan huaa.
companiyan apane rinn muddon koo mulyankan karane key liye aiss aind pee, moody aur fitch kaa bhugtan karati hain. natijatan, kuchh alochakon ney tark diyaa haye kii credit rating agencies hiton key takraav mein inn jaarikartaon key prati samvedansheel hain aur unaki rating utani vastunishth naheen haye jitani unhein honey chaahiye, kyonki iss "khelane key liye bhugtan" model key kaaran.
2015 mein, maanak aur garibon ney yuu. koo 1.50 karod dollar kaa bhugtan kiya.aiss. nyaay vibhaag, vibhinn raajya sarkaaren, aur california saarvajanik karmchaariyon kii sevaanivritti pranali ney apani galat rating kaa daavaa karate hue niveshakon koo dhokha diyaa.
samprabhu rinn mulyankan kii aalochana.
aprail 2009 mein, company ney ayrish sarkaar mein "nae cheharon" kaa ahwan kiya, jise loktaantrik prakriya mein hastakshep key roop mein dekhaa gayaa. baad key ack bayaan mein unhone kahaa kii unhein "galat samajha gayaa".
aiss aind pee ney 2011 mein sanyukt raajya america kii credit rating koo cumm karane key apane auchitya mein 2 trillion americi dollar kii truti koo sweekaar kiya, lekin kahaa kii iska "rating nirnay parr koee prabhaav naheen padaa". britten key sabse lambe samay taka sthaapit swatantra aarthik anusandhaan sansthaan, nicer key nideshak jonathan ports ney dekhaa haye kii aiss aind pee kaa record haye. . . ullekhaniya haye. agency ney 2002 mein japan kii credit rating koo cumm curr diyaa, jaba seey isaki deerghakaalik byaaj darein darj aarthik itihas mein sabse cumm rahee hain."paul krugman ney likhaa," "rating agencies kii tulanaa mein america parr nirnay dene key liye cumm yogya kissy key baare mein sochana mushkil haye", "aur, aiss aind pee kii maangon seey pataa chalata haye kii yeh americi rajkoshiya sthiti key baare mein betuki baat curr rhaa haye.
2013 key anta mein, aiss aind pee ney france kii credit rating koo cumm curr diyaa. paul krugman ney tippani kii kii nirnay thhos vittiya vishleshan key bajaay rajneeti parr adharit thaa.
australiyai sanghiya adalat kaa nirnay.
navambar 2012 mein, australia kii sanghiya adalat key nyayadhish jaine jagot ney paaya kih
"ack uchit roop seey saksham mulyankan agency inn paristhitiyon mein rembrand 2006-3 cpdo aaa koo mulyankan naheen curr sakati thee"; aur
"aiss aind pee kii rembrand 2006-2 aur 2006-3 see. pee. dee. oh. noton kii aaa. kii rating bhraamak aur bhraamak thee aur isamen samagri vivaranon mein galat jaankaari yaa bayanon kaa prakaashan shamil thaa aur anyatha isamen australia mein sambhaavit niveshakon key varg key liye laparwahi seey galat pratinidhitva shamil thaa, jisamen sthaaniya sarkari vittiya sevaayen ptild aur parishaden shamil theen, kyonki sa rating dwara ack pratinidhitva diyaa gayaa thaa kii aiss aind pee kii raay mein sabhi vittiya daayitvon koo puuraa karane kii noton kii kshamata" "behad majboot" "thee aur ack pratinidhitva thaa kii aiss aind pee uchit aadharon key aadhar parr iss raay taka pahuncha thaa aur jaba donon mein seey koee bhee sahee naheen thaa aur aiss aind pee bhee usa samay sahee naheen honah jaanata thaa."
anta mein, jagot ney paaya kii maanak aur garib loga sanyukt roop seey aeye. bee. aine. aim. aar. oh. aur sthaaniya sarkari vittiya sevaaon peaty. aaee. ell. dee. key saath uttardaayi hain.
avishvaas sameeksha.
navambar 2009 mein, ack jaanch shuru karane key duss maheene baad, europeeya aayog (ee. see.) ney aupchaarik roop seey aiss. aind. pee. parr sanyukt raajya america kii pratibhootiyon key liye antarrashtriya pratibhooti pehchaan sanhita key ekmatra pradaata key roop mein apani sthiti kaa durupyog karane kaa aarop lagaaya, jisamen europeeya vittiya farmon aur detta vikretaon koo unake upayog key liye licenses shulk kaa bhugtan karane kii aavashyakta thee. "yeh vyavhaar anuchit moolya nirdhaaran key barabar haye", ee. see. ney apani apattiyon key bayaan mein kahaa joe aiss. aind. pee. key khilaf pratikool nishkarsh key liye aadhar taiyar kartaa haye. "(sankhya) vittiya sansthanon dwara kiye jaane vaale kaee karyon key liye apariharya hain-udaaharan key liye, adhikaariyon koo report karna yaa samashodhan aur niptan-aur inhen pratisthaapit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye."
aiss aind pee ney americi banker sangh kii or seey us mein ekmatra antarrashtriya pratibhooti pehchaan sankhya (aaee. aiss. aaee. aine.) jarikarta, cusip seva beuro chalaaya haye. apattiyon key apane aupchaarik bayaan mein, ee. see. ney aarop lagaaya kii aiss. aind. pee. (aeye) ee. ee. aeye. mein bainkon aur anya vittiya seva pradaataon aur (bee) ee. ee. aeye. mein soochana seva pradaataon dwara us aaee. aiss. aaee. aine. key upayog key liye licenses shulk key bhugtan koo lagu karke iss ekadhikar sthiti kaa durupyog curr rhaa haye."yeh daavaa kartaa haye kii duniya mein anya jagahon parr tulaniya agencies yaa tou shulk naheen letee hain, yaa upayog key bajaay vitaran laagat key aadhar parr aisaa karati hain.

