
minsk kaa itihas

praarambhik purvi daason ney 9veen shatabdi taka aaj key minsk kii vanon seey bharee pahaadiyon koo basaaya. way aage dakshin seey palayan curr rahey they aur pichhale balt koo uttar kii or dhakel rahey they. swisluch" nadee kii ghaati dou praarambhik purvi slaavon key adiwasi sanghon-crivich aur dragovic key beach basti seema thee. 980 taka iss kshetra koo praarambhik madhyayugeen riyasat polatsk mein shamil curr liya gayaa thaa, joe kii keev aur novgorod kii riyasaton key saath sabse puraane purvi slaav raajyon mein seey ack thaa.
avalokan.
minsk kii sthaapana kii tarikh kaa koee sateek aitihaasik record naheen haye. iska pahali baar ullekh ("mensk" key roop mein) 1067 mein praathamik itihas mein kiya gayaa thaa. usa varsh itihas mein niyamiha nadee ("swislatch" kii sahayak nadee) key tata parr polatsk aur keev rajkumaron key sainikon key beach ack khooni ladaai darj kii gaee thee. minsk, joe kii polatsk shahar kii ack riyasat thee, keev aur polatsk key beach yuddh key dauran keevan senaa dwara jalaa dee gaee thee. 1067 koo abb vyaapak roop seey minsk key sthaapana varsh key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, halanki shahar (taba taka lakadi kii divaaron seey majboot) koo jalaane seey pahale kuchh samay key liye astitva mein honah chaahiye thaa. kuchh itihaskaron kaa maanana haye kii minsk ack puraane gaanv seey vikasit huaa, jisaki sthaapana 9veen yaa 10veen shatabdi mein hui hogi. haal kii puraataatvik khudai iss vichaar kaa samarthan karati haye.
ack siddhant haye kii shuru mein minsk dakshin-paschim mein 16 kimmy door "menka" nadee key tata parr sthit thaa. iss drishtikon key anusaar, keevan sainikon ney pahale shahar parr kabja curr liya aur phir ack chhote seey kille key sthaan, niyamiha key muhaane kii or cooch kiya, jahan itihas yuddh huaa thaa. baad mein kille kaa punarnirmaan kiya gayaa aur iska naam badalkar "mensk" curr diyaa gayaa.
naam kii utpatti parr kaee siddhant hain.
praarambhik itihas.
1067 kii ladaai key baad shahar key punarnirmaan key baad, yeh niyamiha aur swislack sangam key dakshin mein sthit thaa. yeh ack lakadi key kille parr kendrit thaa, joe ack baadh khaai aur mitty key tealey seey ghiraa huaa thaa. minsk kaa yeh kshetra baad mein "zamchisha" yaa "gadh" mein vikasit huaa. isamen ack church aur kaee rahane vaale ghar shamil they. baad key varshon mein minsk swislack key daahine tata parr dakshin kii or badhaa. shahar kii divaaron key baahar karigar aur vyaapaari lakadi key farsh key saath sankeern sadakon parr lakadi key ghar banaa rahey they. vyaparik niptan ney "nijhani rinak" ('nichala bajar') timahi kaa gathan kiya, joe abb niyamiha metro station key aspas kaa kshetra haye.
12veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein polatsk kii riyasat chhoti jaagiron mein vighatit hoe gaee. minsk kii riyasat kii sthaapana polatsk rajvansh key rajkumaron mein seey ack dwara kii gaee thee. minsk key pahale rajkumar "hleb usiaslavavich" (1119 mein mrityu hoe gaee) they, jinhone shahar kaa vistaar kiya aur iska pahala patthar kaa church banaaya (virgine mairi key church kaa punarnirmit tehkhana abb khoja gayaa haye aur swislack tatbandh key paas paaya jaa sakata haye). rajkumar hleb key shasankal key dauran minsk koo keev aur anya riyasaton key sainikon dwara dou baar (1104 aur 1115 mein) gher liya gayaa thaa, lekin aakramankariyon kaa saamana kiya.
1129 mein minsk kii riyasat parr keevan russ key pramukh shahar keev dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa, halanki 1146 mein polatsk rajvansh ney riyasat parr niyantran hassil curr liya. 1150 taka minsk ney polatsk kii poorv riyasat key pramukh shahar key roop mein polatsk koo pratidvandi banaa diyaa haye. minsk aur polatsk key rajkumar pahale polatsk key shasson key tahat sabhi bhoomi koo ekjut karane kii koshish mein varshon key sangharsh mein lagey hue they.
lithuania key grand duchy mein.
minsk ney roose key mangol aakraman seey bachkar aaee. dee. 1 mein bhaag liya. haalaanki, baad key varshon mein iss parr sunhare dall key khanabdosh aakramankariyon dwara hamla kiya gayaa, jinhone vighatit keevan roose kii kaee riyasaton koo apane jagirdar raajyon mein badal diyaa. taataar juay seey bachane kii koshish mein, minsk kii riyasat ney paschim mein lithuanian rajkumaron seey suraksha kii maang kii, joe iss kshetra mein apani shakti koo majboot curr rahey they. 1242 mein minsk lithuania key badhate grand duchy kaa hissa bunn gayaa. ise shaantipoorvak milaa liya gayaa aur sthaaniya abhijaat varg koo grand duchy key samaaj mein uchch sthaan praapt thaa. udaaharan key liye, lithuania key grand duchy aur novgorod shahar key beach ack sandhi parr lithuania key rajkumar gediminas key liye minsk key tatkalin shaasak vasili dwara hastakshar kiye gaye they.
1441 mein lithuania key rajkumar casemeres IV jagilon ney minsk koo kuchh visheshadhikaron kaa anand lene vaale shaharon kii soochi mein shamil kiya. unake bete alexander jagilon minsk key shasankal key dauran 1499 mein unhein apane shahar key visheshaadhikaar (magdeberg kaanoon) praapt hue. shahar koo ack niyukt governor, aamtaur parr ack prabhaavshaali sthaaniya jamindar kii adhyakshata mein ack magistrate dwara shaasit kiya jaataa thaa.
1450 taka minsk lagbhag 5,000 kii aabaadi key saath lithuania key grand duchy key 15 sabse badey shaharon mein seey ack thaa. yeh ack mahatvapurna aur samriddh vyaparik shahar thaa joe apane anukool sthaan seey laabh uthaa rhaa thaa. yeh poorv mein smolensk aur mosco koo paschim mein polland aur madhya europe seey jodane vaali pracheen vyaparik sadakon parr thaa, aur kramshah uttar aur uttar-paschim mein novgorod aur vilnius koo ukraine seey jodata thaa. aitihaasik abhilekhon seey pataa chalata haye kii minsk ney grand duchy key khajaane mein badee raashi kaa yogdan diyaa.
minsk aksar videshi akramanon kaa lakshya thaa. 1505 mein crimean khaanat senaa dwara iss parr chhaapa maaraa gayaa thaa, 1508 mein maskovi key sainikon dwara gher liya gayaa thaa, jinhone 1514 aur 1519 mein minsk key aspas key kshetra parr bhee chhaapa maaraa thaa. shahar kii sampatti koo bahaal karane key liye, sigismund dwiteeya augustus ney 1552 mein shahar key visheshadhikaron kaa vistaar kiya, jisase vyaapaar melon kii anumati millie, aur shahar key aspas kii kuchh krishi bhoomi koo minsk mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa.
lublin key sangh key baad.
1569 mein lublin key sangh key baad lithuania key grand duchy aur polland key samrajya kaa polish-lithuanian rashtramandal mein vilay hoe gayaa, jabaki abhee bhee khud koo kanuni, sainya aur samajik roop seey dou alag-alag sansthaon key roop mein banaae rakhaa. taba seey, ack polish samudaay minsk mein buss gayaa-sarkari clerk, adhikaari aur shilpkar.
16veen shatabdi key madhya taka minsk polish-lithuanian rashtramandal kaa ack mahatvapurna aarthik aur saanskritik kendra thaa. iss shahar mein kaarigaron key kaee sangh they aur yeh ack mahatvapurna vyaparik kendra thaa. minsk vyaapaari lakadi, taar, mome, lohar kaa kaam, kaanch, khaal aur farr kaa niryaat karate they. way namak, sharaab, masaale, kapade aur dhaatuen laate they. minsk mein swislack nadee parr ack sampann vyaparik bandargah thaa, joe shahar koo keev aur smolensk seey jodata thaa.
minsk purvi roodhivaadi church key liye ack mahatvapurna kendra thaa aur isamen saat roodhivaadi dhaarmik bhaichare they. breast key sangh key baad uniate church aur roman catholic church donon kaa prabhaav badhaa. way polish shasson key tahat adhik dhanee they aur nae mathon aur churchon key nirmaan key liye dhana praapt karate they. 16veen shatabdi mein minsk schools aur mudran karyon key saath ack mahatvapurna saanskritik kendra thaa. isi samay mein yahoodiyon ney shahar mein basna shuru kiya thaa. 1591 mein minsk koo apana pahala coat-off-arms milaa, jisamen kunwari mairi aur swargadooton koo darshaaya gayaa thaa. 17veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka minsk mein "varkhani horad" ("oopari shahar") mein kuchh patthar key ghar they aur yeh patthar key kilebandi key saath naee prithvi key tealey seey ghiraa huaa thaa. shahar kii divaaron key baahar dou upnagar they-swislatch key baaen tata parr "tretske upnagar" aur shahar key paschim mein "rakauske upnagar", vilnius aur varsau key vyaapaar maarg parr.
1654 mein roose key zaar alexei key sainikon ney minsk parr vijay praapt kii thee. rusiyon ney 1667 taka shahar parr shasson kiya, jaba ise polland key raajaa aur lithuania key grand duke johnn dwiteeya casimir vaasaa dwara phir seey hassil kiya gayaa. baadh key anta taka, minsk mein kewal 2,000 nivasi aur kewal 300 ghar they. lithuania key anya shahar aur kasbe bhee yuddh seey bhaari tabah hoe gaye they. vinash kii doosari lahar mahaan uttari yuddh key dauran hui jaba 1708 aur 1709 mein minsk parr charles XIII kii swedish senaa aur phir peater dha grate kii russie senaa ney kabja curr liya thaa. minsk ney donon videshi senaaon koo badaa badala diyaa.
polish-lithuanian shasson key antim dashakon mein girawat yaa bahut dheemi gati seey vikas huaa. minsk ack chhota saa praantiya shahar thaa jiska aarthik yaa sainya mahatva cumm thaa. 1790 taka isaki jansankhya 6,500-7,000 thee aur dheere-dheere 1654 kii shahar kii seema taka punarnirmaan kiya jaa rhaa thaa. 1785 mein shahar key magistrate koo bhee ack nirvaachit shahar parishad key saath poorak kiya gayaa thaa. minsk key adhikansh nivasi yahudi aur khambhe they, jabaki belarusi alpasankhyak they. belarusi bhashi tartaron kaa ack chhota saa alpasankhyak bhee tatkalin shahar kii seema key uttar-paschim mein tatarskaya slabada mein rahata thaa.
russie shasson.
polland key dusare vibhajan key parinamswarup 1793 mein roose ney minsk parr kabja curr liya thaa. 1796 mein yeh minsk praant (praant) kaa kendra bunn gayaa. sabhi polish sadakon key naam badalkar russie curr diye gaye they, halanki shahar key naam kii vartani aparivartit rahee.
1805 mein minsk governor dwara sthaaniya nivaasiyon key anand key liye ack nagarpalika udyaan kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. 1811 taka minsk mein lagbhag 11,000 nivasi they. 1812 mein roose parr napolean key aakraman seey iska vikas baadhit huaa thaa. francisi kabje key dauran shahar key niyantran key liye polish aur belarusi abhijaat varg key beach sangharsh huaa thaa. dhruvon ney polland key raajya key punruddhar key liye prayaas kiya, jabaki belarusi logon koo apani rashtriya matribhoomi kii ummeed thee. francisi kabje key anta taka minsk mein kewal 3,500 nivasi they aur francisi aur russie senaaon key beach ladaai key dauran shahar kaa badaa hissa poori tarah seey nasht hoe gayaa thaa.
1830 mein lithuania key poorv grand duchy mein navambar vidroh key kendron mein seey ack thaa. 1831 key baad, belarusi aur polish bhaashaon key upayog parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa haye, aur russie ekmatra aadhikarik bhasha thee. 1835 mein minsk koo aadhikarik taur parr basti key dayare mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, jisake kaaran baad mein yahudi aabaadi mein vriddhi hui.
19veen shatabdi key dauran shahar kaa vikas huaa aur isamen kaafee sudhaar huaa. 1830 key dashak mein minsk kii pramukh sadakon aur chaurahon koo pakka aur pakka kiya gayaa thaa. 1836 mein pahala saarvajanik pustakalaya khola gayaa, 1837 mein ack agnishaman dall koo chaalu kiya gayaa. 1838 mein pahala sthaaniya samachar patra, "minsky guburnsky vedomosti" ("minsk praant samachar") prachalan mein aaya. pahala rangmanch 1844 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. 1850 taka minsk mein ack darjan school aur dou college they. 1860 taka minsk 27,000 kii aabaadi key saath ack mahatvapurna vyaparik shahar thaa. nirmaan mein teji aaee jisake kaaran "oopari shahar" mein 2 aur 3 manjila eent aur patthar key ghar baney.
minsk bellaroos key shaharon mein seey ack thaa, jisane polland, lithuania aur bellaroos mein janwari key vidroh kaa samarthan kiya thaa. yeh 1863 seey 1870 taka russie marshel low key tahat thaa. vidroh key daman key kaaran polish aur bellaroos kii bhaashaon key upayog key khilaf daman mein vriddhi hui, vishesh roop seey shiksha aur samachar patron mein.
parivahan mein sudhaar seey shahar key vikas koo badhaava milaa. 1846 mein mosco-warsa sadak minsk key bavjood bichhaai gaee thee. 1871 mein masco aur varsau key beach railway link minsk key madhyam seey chalaa, aur 1873 mein ukraine mein romi seey libawa (lipaza) key baltic samudri bandargah taka ack naee railway. iss prakaar minsk ack mahatvapurna rail junction aur ack vinirmaan kendra bunn gayaa. 1872 mein nagarpalika jall aapoorti, 1890 mein telephone, 1892 mein horse traum aur 1894 mein pahala bijli generator shuru kiya gayaa thaa. 1900 taka minsk mein 58 karkhane they jinamen 3,000 shramik kaaryarat they. shahar mein theatre, cinema, samachar patra, school aur college key saath-saath kaee mathh, church, aradhanalaya aur ack masjid thee. 1897 kii russie janganana key anusaar shahar mein 91,494 nivasi they, jinamen seey adhikansh yahudi they. anya badey samooh khambhe aur russie they. belarusi loga minsk kii tatkalin aabaadi kaa kewal 8 pratishat banaate they (kuchh itihaskaron kaa maanana haye kii kaee belarusi logon koo baad vaale kii sankhya badhaane key liye russie key roop mein ginaa gayaa thaa).
20veen sadee.
20veen shatabdi key shuruati varshon mein, minsk bellaroos key bheetar shramikon key andolan kaa ack pramukh kendra thaa. yeh vilnius key saath belarusi rashtriya punruddhar key pramukh kendron mein seey ack thaa.
pratham vishva yuddh ney minsk key vikas koo bahut prabhaavit kiya, 1915 taka minsk agrim pankti mein thaa. kuchh karkhanon koo bund curr diyaa gayaa aur nivaasiyon ney poorv kii or palayan karna shuru curr diyaa. minsk russie senaa key paschimi morche kaa mukhyalaya bunn gayaa, saath hii sainya aspatalon aur sainya aapoorti thikaanon kaa bhee awas banaa.
russie kranti kaa minsk mein tatkaal prabhaav padaa. octuber 1917 mein minsk mein ack shramik soviyat sangh kii sthaapana kii gaee thee aur ise asantusht sainikon aur shramikon kaa samarthan praapt thaa. farwari 1918 mein breast-litovsk kii sandhi key baad german balon ney minsk parr kabja curr liya. 25 march 1918 koo minsk koo belarusi janvaadi ganarajya kii rajdhani ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa. ganarajya alpakaalik thaah disambar 1918 mein minsk parr laal senaa ney kabja curr liya aur janwari 1919 mein minsk koo belorussian ssr kii rajdhani ghoshit kiya gayaa.
1919 mein (operation minsk dekhein) aur phir 1920 mein polish-bolshevik yuddh key dauran shahar koo dusare polish ganarajya dwara niyantrit kiya gayaa thaa. riga minsk kii shaanti kii sharton key tahat soviyat roose koo saunp diyaa gayaa aur yeh soviyat samajwadi ganrajyon key sangh key ghatak ganrajyon mein seey ack belorussian ssr kii rajdhani bunn gaee.
pratham vishva yuddh key dauran, russie kranti aur polish-bolshevik yuddh key dauran, minsk koo kaafee nuksan huaa. 1922 mein punarnirmaan aur vikas kaa ack karyakram shuru kiya gayaa thaa. 1924 taka 29 karkhane chaalu they; school, sangrahalaya, theatre, pustakalaya khul rahey they. 1921 mein belarusi raajya vishvavidyalaya, joe abb bellaroos kaa ack pramukh vishvavidyalaya haye, kii sthaapana minsk mein kii gaee thee. 1929 mein ack vidyut tramway koo chaalu kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1934 mein havaai adda (minsk-1) khola gayaa thaa. 1920 aur 1930 key dashak key dauran minsk mein darjanon nae karkhanon key nirmaan, nae school, college, uchch shiksha pratishthaan, aspatal, theatre aur cinema khole jaane key saath teji seey vikas huaa. 1920 key dashak key dauran aur 1930 key dashak kii shuruat mein minsk belarusi bhasha aur sanskriti donon key vikas kaa kendra thaa. 1935 taka yeh lagbhag dwibhashi hoe gayaa thaa, jisamen belarusi samachar patron, theatres aur shiksha kii pramukh bhasha thee. 1930 key dashak key anta mein ack rusikaran neeti key saath pravritti koo ulat diyaa gayaa thaa.
minsk 1930 key dashak key anta mein bellaroos mein saamyavaadi daman kaa kendra thaa. aine. key. vee. dee. ney "kamroka" mein aur baad mein minsk key paas "kurapatti" mein logon kii hatyaa curr dee. vibhinn samajik aur jaatiya prishthabhoomi key hajaaron minsk nivasi maare gaye they. soviyat adhikaariyon ney vishesh roop seey belarusi, polish aur yahudi rashtriya buddhijiviyon parr atyachar kiya.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale minsk kii aabaadi 300,000 thee. 22 juuna 1941 koo germany dwara soviyat sangh parr aakraman key baad operation mein barbarosa minsk parr tatkaal hamla kiya gayaa. yuddh key pahale dinn shahar parr bambari kii gaee aur chaar dinn baad germans ney usa parr kabja curr liya. halanki, kuchh karkhanon, sangrahalayon aur hajaaron nagrikon koo poorv kii or nikaal liya gayaa thaa.
germans ney minsk koo "reechkomisariyat ostland" kaa prashaasnik kendra banaaya aur sthaaniya aabaadi koo dabaa diyaa. communists aur sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon koo maar diyaa gayaa yaa kaid curr liya gayaa; hajaaron logon koo sthaaniya aur germany donon mein gulam shram karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa. german kabje vaali senaaon koo rakhane key liye gharon koo jabt curr liya gayaa thaa. raashan jabt kiye jaane aur vetan key abhaav mein hajaaron loga bhookhe marr gaye. usee samay, kuchh nivaasiyon ney germans kaa samarthan kiya, vishesh roop seey pahale key varshon mein. kuchh belarusi rashtravadiyon ney german sanrakshit raajya key tahat ack belarusi rashtriya raajya key gathan kii ummeed kii, aur isake parinamswarup shahar vibhajit hoe gayaa. 1942 taka minsk "mahaan deshbhakti yuddh" key dauran german kabje key khilaf soviyat pakshapaatpurna pratirodh kaa ack pramukh kendra bunn gayaa. iss bhoomika key liye minsk koo 1974 mein "hiro city" kii upaadhi seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.
minsk dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein sabse badey naazi-sanchaalit gheto mein seey ack thaa, minsk gheto, jisamen 100,000 seey adhik yahudi they. pratyek vyakti key liye dedh varg meater kaa rahane kaa sthaan aavantit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen bachchon key liye koee jagah naheen thee. jaise hii nae yahoodiyon koo paschim seey yahudi basti mein laaya gayaa, maujooda yahudi nivaasiyon koo maar diyaa gayaa-7 navambar 1941 koo 2,000 yahoodiyon koo maar diyaa gayaa, julaai 1942 mein teen dinon mein 30,000 yahoodiyon kii hatyaa curr dee gaee, aur anya samay mein dasiyon hazaaron aur maare gaye, jabaki adhik yahoodiyon koo yahudi basti mein majboor kiya gayaa thaa. kewal mutthi bhar loga butch gaye.
minsk parr 3 julaai 1944 koo "operation baggression" key dauran soviyat sainikon dwara phir seey kabja curr liya gayaa thaa. yeh shahar soviyat senaa key aage badhane key liye german pratirodh kaa kendra thaa aur german aur soviyat sainikon key beach bhaari ladaai kaa ack sthal thaa; 1944 key madhya taka, shahar khandahar hoe gayaa thaa. karkhanon, nagarpalika bhavanon, bijli stations, pulon, adhikansh sadakon aur 80 pratishat aavason koo malabe mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa. ladaai mein butch gaye kuchh churchon koo baad mein soviyat adhikaariyon dwara dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1944 mein minsk kii aabaadi 50,000 taka cumm hoe gaee thee, jisamen adhikansh nivaasiyon (vishesh roop seey yahudi nivaasiyon) koo nikaal liya gayaa thaa yaa maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad minsk kaa punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, lekin iska punarnirmaan naheen kiya gayaa thaa. aitihaasik kendra koo 1940 aur 1950 key dashak mein stellinwadi vastukala dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe bhavya imaraton, chaude maargon aur chaude chaurahon kaa samarthan kartaa thaa. baad key varshon mein badey paimaane parr audyogikaran key parinamswarup shahar kaa teji seey vikas huaa. isane 1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein tathaakathit "minsk ghatana" utpann kii (yeh ghatana anusandhaan aur vikas-gahan vinirmaan, anusandhaan sansthanon aur atyadhik kushal shram key sanyojan key kaaran hui thee, jisake parinamswarup utpaadan vistaar kii uchch darein huin). minsk nirmaan (truck, tractor, refrigerator, television sett, sainya upkaran, optical, aadi) key liye ack mahatvapurna kendra bunn gayaa.) aur vigyaan. yeh belarusi vigyaan akadami, shaikshanik aur anuprayukt vigyaan donon mein darjanon anusandhaan aur vikas sansthanon aur kaee vishvavidyalayon kaa ghar thaa.
1960 key dashak key baad seey minsk kii aabaadi teji seey badhee haye, 1972 mein 10 laakh aur 1986 mein 15 laakh taka pahunch gaee haye. teji seey jansankhya vriddhi mukhya roop seey bellaroos key graameen kshetron seey yuva akushal shramikon key badey paimaane parr pravaas key saath-saath soviyat sangh key anya hisson seey kushal shramikon key pravaas seey prerit thee. badhati aabaadi koo rakhane key liye, minsk mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi hui. isake aspas key gaanvon koo avashoshit curr liya gayaa aur "microrian" key roop mein punarnirmit kiya gayaa, joe uchch ghanatva vaale apartment awas key jile they. inhen aam taur parr "sote hue jilon" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, kyonki inmein kuchh kaaryasthal aur manoranjan sthal they. microrians mein, "chijhauka" 1960 key dashak mein, "serabranca, zahaad, kurasaushchina (vistaarit), paudnovi zahaad, uskhod" 1970 key dashak mein, "kuntsaushchina, malinauka" aur "urucha" 1980 key dashak mein banaaya gayaa thaa. microrian aur shahar key kendra koo jodane key liye, saarvajanik parivahan vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. isamen basein, trolley basein, traum aur 1984 seey metro pranali shamil thee (minsk metro dekhein). minsk vrittakar sadak kaa nirmaan yatayat key madhyam seey ack bipass pradaan karane key liye kiya gayaa haye. antarrashtriya havaai adda (minsk-2) 1982 mein banaaya gayaa thaa.
1980 key dashak key anta mein minsk ack baar phir belarusi rashtriya andolan kaa kendra bunn gayaa. perestroica key dauran abhivyaktiyon aur virodhon ney belarusi bhasha aur anya sudhaaron key upayog kii or lautane kaa ahwan kiya. 1990 kii shuruat mein minsk hajaaron shramikon dwara apratyaashit audyogik kaarravaai kaa sthaan thaa, joe aarthik aur raajneetik sudhaar donon kii maang curr rahey they. disambar 1991 mein minsk ney soviyat sangh key vighatan mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, kyonki roose, ukraine aur bellaroos key netaa vighatan vaarta key liye vahaan mille they. 1991 seey minsk bellaroos key swatantra ganarajya kii rajdhani rahee haye.
haal key ghatanakram.
1990 key dashak key dauran shahar mein badalaav hotaa rhaa haye. ack nae swatantra desh kii rajdhani banane key liye ack rajdhani shahar kii visheshtaon koo praapt karna aavashyak thaa. dutawas khole gaye hain, kaee prashaasnik bhavanon koo sarkari bhavanon mein badal diyaa gayaa haye. 1990 key dashak kii shuruat aur madhya key dauran minsk aarthik sankat seey prabhaavit thaa-kaee vikas pariyojanaaen roque dee gaee hain, berojgari aur alp-rojgar adhik thaa. 1990 key dashak key anta seey parivahan buniyaadi dhaanche mein sudhaar huaa haye aur vishesh roop seey 2002 key baad awas mein teji aaee haye. minsk key baahari ilaakon mein aavaasiya vikas key nae "microrian" kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa haye. metro lines kaa vistaar kiya gayaa haye, sadak pranali (minsk ring road sahit) kaa navinikaran kiya gayaa haye. bellaroos mein niji kshetra key chhote hisse key kaaran adhikansh vikas kaa vittaposhan sarkaar dwara kiya gayaa haye.
minsk 2020 key belarusi virodh pradarshanon key kendron mein seey ack bunn gayaa haye. 9 agast 2020 koo pulis aur sainikon koo virodh pradarshanon parr nakel kasane key liye minsk leey jaaya gayaa. suraksha bull logon key paas grenade giraa rahey they, aur kuchh loga gambhir roop seey ghayal hoe gaye.

