
arab yuddh

congo arab yuddh yaa arab yuddh 1892 aur 1894 key beach congo besin key purvi kshetron mein arab gulam vyaapaar seey judey congo mukt raajya aur arab-swahili sardaaron key beach ladaa gayaa ack aupaniveshik yuddh thaa.
yuddh swatantra raajya aur kshetriya sansadhanon key niyantran key liye sangharsh karane vaale arabon key kaaran huaa thaa. yuddh janwari 1894 mein leopold key "force public" kii jeet key saath samaapt huaa. shuru mein, swatantra raajya ney arabon key saath sahyog kiya. phir bhee, hathidant key niyantran aur leopold II, kango mukt raajya key raajaa-samprabhu dwara gulami koo samaapt karane key liye berlin sammelan mein dee gaee maanviya pratigyaon key vishay parr pratispardha hui. leopold dwiteeya kaa rukh unake ack baar key sahyogiyon key khilaf takraavpurna hoe gayaa. swahili-arab aarthik aur raajneetik shakti key khilaf yuddh koo ack isai gulami virodhi dharmayuddh key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa.
purvavlokan karein.
1886 mein, jaba tipu tip zaanzeebaar mein thaa, taba tipu tip key stanley fauls mein ack kille aur walter deaney aur ack ell. tii. key netritva mein ack chhote, paas key congo mukt raajya kille key beach ack vivaad paida huaa. dubois. steinly fauls kille mein tip key logon ney aarop lagaaya kii deane ney ack arab adhikaari seey ack gulam mahila koo churaaya thaa, lekin deane ney daavaa kiya kii ladki apane malik dwara buri tarah seey peeta jaane key baad bhaag gaee thee, aur usane kewal usey sharan dee thee.
tipu tip key logon ney kille parr hamla kiya-kango mukt raajya kille kii raksha dou adhikaariyon, assie nigerian hausa aur saath sthaaniya milicia dwara kii gaee thee-aur chaar dinn kii gherabandi key baad, rakshak golaa-barud seey baahar bhaag gaye aur kille koo chhodkar bhaag gaye. swatantra raajya ney jawabi hamla naheen kiya, aur tipu tip ney kaee arab slaver kaptanon aur kuchh kangoli netaaon sahit adhik logon koo kango mein sthanantarit karna shuru curr diyaa.jee. gongo lutete.
shuru mein, kongo key purvi kshetron mein kongo mukt raajya kaa adhikaar apekshaakrit kamjor thaa. 1887 kii shuruat mein, heinry morton steinly zaanzeebaar pahunche aur prastaav diyaa kii "tipu tip" (nome dee guerre-unakaa asli naam hamad binn muhammad binn juma binn panjab ell murjebi thaa) koo kongo mukt raajya mein steinly fauls jile kaa governor ("vallie") banaaya jaae. leopold II aur barghash binn donon ney sahamati vyakt kii. 24 farwari, 1887 koo, tippu tip sweekaar curr lii gaee. tipu tip ney kango mukt raajya key adhikaar key samaksh samarpan karane aur apane paksh mein ack kango mukt raajya nivasi koo iss kshetra koo apratyaksh shasson kii pranali mein shaasit karane mein madad karane kii anumati dene parr sahamati vyakt kii, joe africa aur asia mein anya europeeya aupaniveshik shaktiyon dwara niyojit logon key anuroop thee. kshetra kii seemaaen aruvimi aur lualaba nadiyaan theen.
isake alawa, tipu tip koo apane hathidant key vyaapaar koo kongo mukt raajya key madhyam seey, atlantic mahasagar bandargaahon parr punarnirdeshit karna thaa aur vaha raajaa leopold dwiteeya kii senaaon koo oopari nile mein unake abhiyaanon mein sahaayata karna thaa, taaki unake kshetron koo aur vistaar karane mein madad mill sakey. iss saude key turant baad, yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii tipu tip koo raajya key adhikaar koo sweekaar karane key liye ichchuk naheen thaa aur vaha khud koo ack raajya adhikaari kii tulanaa mein ack jagirdar key roop mein adhik maanata thaa, jise kuchh seemaon key bheetar, jaisa vaha chaahata thaa, karane kii anumati thee. isake alawa, tipu tip kaa purvi congo kshetra parr poorna adhikaar naheen thaa, lekin ise "primus inter peres" maanaa jaataa thaa. anya pramukh gulam vyapariyon jaise kii jheel tanganyika key majboot vyakti rumalija ney kango mukt raajya key saath unake saude koo rajdroh maanaa. rumalija ney kango mukt raajya dhwaj koo samaapt curr diyaa aur zaanzeebaar sultan key laal dhwaj key prati wafadari kii kasam khaai.
leopold II kii europeeya janmat mein tippu tip key saath unake vyavhaar key liye bhaari aalochana kii gaee thee. belgium mein, 1888 mein sthaapit belgium key daasata-virodhi samaaj, mukhya roop seey roman catholic buddhijiviyon dwara count hippolyte dee 'arcel key netritva mein, jiska uddeshya purvi african daas vyaapaar koo samaapt karna thaa. mukt raajya adhikaariyon ney 1890 key brussels sammelan adhiniyam key praavdhaanon kaa sakhti seey paalan kiya, jisane africa key "ushnakatibandhiya" hisson mein agneyastron aur golaa-barud koo havaa mein leey jaane key vyaapaar koo pratibandhit curr diyaa thaa. maee yaa juuna 1890 mein, tippu tip ney manima chhod diyaa aur zaanzeebaar laut aaya, apane bete, sefu binn hamid koo kasongo key shaasi aasan seey apane adhikansh kshetra kaa prabhaari chhod diyaa, aur usake bhatije, rashid binn mohammad koo steinley fauls kaa prabhaari banaa diyaa.
yuddh kaa maarg.
march aur aprail 1892 mein, tippu tip key bete sefu binn hamid ney purvi kango mein kango mukt raajya karmiyon parr hamla karna shuru curr diyaa, jisamen hathidant vyaapaari arther hodister bhee shamil thaa-jise syndicate commercial doo katanga dwara hathidant 'praapt' karane key liye bheja gayaa thaa-aur kaptan guillaume vaine kerkhowen, joe kaee shaktishali arab vyapariyon seey hathidant koo jabaran jabt curr rahey they. inn abhiyaanon ney kshetriya gulam aur haathi daant key vyapariyon koo apane samanya dushman, kango mukt raajya seey ladane key liye ekjut kiya. 1892 mein times ney bataaya kii, kongo mein aage key anveshan key dauran, hodister koo pakad liya gayaa aur maar diyaa gayaa, uska sir ack khambhe parr atak gayaa. jaba rashid ney hodister kii maut kii jaanch mein sahaayata karane seey incar curr diyaa tou sambandh aur tanaavpurna hoe gaye. gongo lutete ney bhee iss samay poorv mein kaarravaai kaa netritva kiya.
praarambhik shatrutaaen.
francis dhanis key netritva mein bull saarvajanik koo katanga bheja gayaa taaki lofoi vyaparik chauki koo phir seey aapoorti kii jaa sakey aur unake raaste parr naee chaukiyan sthaapit kii jaa sakein. iss mission key dauran, saarvajanik bull ney gongo lutete key sainikon key saath raaste paar kiye-ack ladke key roop mein tipu tip dwara pakada gayaa; apani swatantrata jeetane key baad, vaha batetela aur bakusu janjaatiyon kaa netaa bunn gayaa. gongo latete lomani kshetra mein apani sthiti koo majboot karane key prayaas mein angola seey hathiyar kii aapoorti uthaate hue paschim kii or kaasa jaa rhaa thaa.
aprail-maee 1892 mein dhaniyon aur michoux key behtar susajjit mukt raajya balon key saath kaee jhadapon key baad, gongo lutet ney kango mukt raajya key saath ack sauda karane kaa faisala kiya. 19 sitambar koo, unhone paksh badal liya aur bull saarvajanik mein shamil hoe gaye-unake pahale pania mutomba jaise anya deshi netaa aur isake turant baad kabinda mein songe key pramukh lupungu bhee bull saarvajanik mein shamil hoe gaye they.
manima abhiyaan.
octuber 1892 taka, sefu 10,000 purushon key ack bull kaa netritva curr rhaa thaa, lagbhag 500 zanzibari adhikaari aur shesh kangoli they. francis dhanis key netritva mein bull saarvajanik senaa mein kuchh darjan belgium key adhikaari aur kaee hazaar african sahayak shamil they. navambar 1892 key anta mein khula yuddh shuru huaa, jaba sefu ney lomami nadee parr ack kilaa sthaapit kiya, jahan bull saarvajanik ney una parr hamla kiya aur antatah peechhe hatane key liye majboor hoe gayaa. dhaniyon ney iss yuddh kaa istemal balpurvak arabon key khilaf aage badhane key bahaane key roop mein kiya. unhone apani senaa koo apani sabhi patniyon, daason aur sevakon key saath yatra karane kii anumati dee, joe senaa key sabhi khaana pakaane aur safai karate they aur ack aapoorti train key roop mein kaam karate they. isake alawa, unhone apane aadmiyon koo sthaaniya gair-ladaakon koo nuksan pahunchaane kii anumati naheen dee, jisase unhein sthaaniya logon kii sadbhavana millie.
rumalija abhiyaan.
iss samay taka, kango mukt raajya ney iss kshetra mein sainya taakat hassil curr lii aur "arab" key majboot logon key prati cumm sahishnu hoe gayaa, joe unhein baahar nikaalane key liye dridh thaa. francis dhanis key tahat kango mukt raajya balon ney 1892 mein gulam vyapariyon key khilaf ack nayaa abhiyaan shuru kiya, aur rumalija mukhya lakshyon mein seey ack thaa.
1892 taka, swahili gulam aur hathidant vyaapaari rumalija ney puraane gulam maarg parr ujiji mein apane aadhar seey tanganyika parr prabhutva jamaaya, joe stanley seey nyangve taka, poorv mein jheel tanganyika taka aur phir tabora key madhyam seey zaanzeebaar key vipareet bagamoyo taka jaataa thaa. iss vishal kshetra mein swahili ladaakon kii kull sankhya lagbhag 100,000 thee, lekin pratyek pramukh ney mukhya nikaay seey swatantra roop seey kaam kiya. haalaanki way yuddh mein anubhavi they, lekin way sadharan raifalon seey lais naheen they. belgium key paas basako aur lusambo shiviron key beach kewal 600 sanic vibhajit they, lekin way bahut behtar hathiyarband they aur unake paas chhah topein aur ack machine gunn thee.
pichhale varshon mein (1886-1891), africa key missionaryon key samaaj ney jheel tanganyika key uttar aur dakshin chhor parr catholic missions kii sthaapana kii. ack francisi sanic aur sashastr sahayak, leopold luis joubert koo archbishop charles lavigeri kii society off missionaries off africa dwara missionaryon kii raksha key liye bheja gayaa thaa. missionaryon ney tippu tip aur rumalija key hamalon key kaaran teen nae stations koo chhod diyaa. 1891 taka, slavers key paas jheel key poore paschimi tata parr niyantran thaa, isake alawa iss kshetra kaa bachaav joubert dwara "mapala" aur "sent luis dee mrambi" key aspas kiya gayaa thaa. kaptan alphons jacks key tahat gulami-virodhi abhiyaan-belgium key gulami-virodhi samaaj dwara vitt poshit-30 octuber 1891 koo joubert kii raahat key liye aaya. jaba jacks abhiyaan aaya, tou joubert kii senaa lagbhag 200 purushon taka cumm hoe gaee, joe "upayukt cartridge key binaa chasaipat, remington aur thoothan-loader key sabse vividh vargeekaran key saath kharaab hathiyarband thee."unake paas shayed hii koee dawa bachee thee. kaptan jack ney joubert koo rakshaatmak roop seey baney rahane key liye kahaa, jabaki unakaa abhiyaan uttar kii or badhaa.
3 janwari 1892 koo, kaptan alphons jacks key gulami virodhi abhiyaan ney jheel tanganyika key tata parr albertville kille kii sthaapana kii, aur kshetra mein daas vyaapaar koo samaapt karane kii koshish kii. rumalija key sainikon ney 5 aprail koo albertville koo gher liya aur 9 maheene taka chauki koo gher liya. antatah, rumaliza kii senaaon koo "lambe samay taka-kamjor-gulami-virodhi" abhiyaan key aagaman key kaaran peechhe hatna padaa, joe kaptan alphons jack key sahayogi parr brussels seey bheja gayaa ack raahat stambh thaa.
nyangve aur kasongo parr kabja.
28 janwari 1893 koo, kango mukt raajya senaayen nyangve shahar key saamane lualaba nadee key paschimi tata parr pahunch gaeen, joe iss kshetra mein daason aur hathidant key liye ack pramukh vyaparik bandargah haye. senaa ney paar karane kaa koee prayaas naheen kiya aur isake bajaay nadee key kinare ack shivir sthaapit kiya, halanki baad key hafton mein way kabhi-kabhi shahar mein bandook key gole daagate they. 4 march koo, mukt raajya balon ney genia machuaare dwara sanchaalit 100 dugout dongiyon kaa upayog karke nadee koo paar kiya. paar karane seey aashcharyachakit hocker, arab rakshak aur shahar mein unake sahayogi bhaag gaye, jisase yeh badey paimaane parr binaa pratirodh key gir gayaa. mukt raajya balon ney shahar mein ack oonche kshetra mein ack kileband sthiti sthaapit kii. 13 march koo, nyangve key nivaasiyon ney vidroh curr diyaa. swatantra raajya sainikon ney vidroh koo haraaya aur aage kii ashanti key darr seey shahar key adhikansh hisse koo aag lagaa dee. adhikansh swatantra raajya senaayen 17 aprail koo ravaana huin. free state armi key kaptan sidney langford hinde ney likhaa kii jaba taka sanic chaley gaye, taba taka shahar "lagbhag tees hazaar nivaasiyon key ack achchi tarah seey nirmit shahar seey ack badey kileband ghar mein cumm hoe gayaa thaa, jisake chaaron or sainikon kaa shivir thaa."
nyangve key surakshit honey key saath, swatantra raajya balon ney kasongo parr kabja karane parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. manima mein tippu tip kii rajdhani, shahar nyangve seey 35 meal dakshin mein thaa aur niyamit roop seey 20,000 nivaasiyon kii mejbani kartaa thaa, lekin nyangve seey sharanarthiyon key saath-saath binn abid aur muhammad binn amisi key netritva mein sainikon key aagaman key kaaran aabaadi teen gunaa hoe gaee thee. kabhi yeh anuman naheen lagaaya thaa kii kasongo koo khatra hoga, sefu key leftinent ney bachaav koo vyavasthit karane key liye jaldbaji mein kaam kiya. dhanis 22 aprail 1893 koo shahar koo gherne key liye leftinent dorme aur apane unnat gaard koo bhejate hue kasongo taka nadee kii or badhe. swatantra raajya sainikon key beach pakade gaye, arab rakshakon key saath-saath nagrik aur gulam shahar seey bhaag gaye, aur ise dou ghante mein apane hamlaavaron key haathon mein jaane diyaa. bull saarvajanik ney kasongo mein ack badaa aapoorti bhandar paaya, jisamen hathidant, golaa-barud, bhojan aur cheeni, mombattiyaan, sonaa aur chrystal tableware jaise vilasita shamil they. sefu aur anya arab netaa bhaag gaye. agale chhah maheenon taka, dhaani nishkriya rahey, aapoorti maarg sthaapit kiye aur sthaaniya janjaatiyon seey dosti kii, jabaki rumalija kii senaa swahili ladaakon dwara badhaa dee gaee joe dhaani dwara pahale kii haar seey butch gaye they.
steinly fauls key liye lado.
1893 mein, luis-napolean chaltin basoko mein bull saarvajanik station key pramukh they-basoko mein shivir koo congo mukt raajya dwara ehatiyaat key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, yadi stanley fauls mein arab gulam aur hathidant key vyapariyon key saath jhagada hotaa haye. capton chaltin aur richard mohan-sanyukt raajya america key liye ack vaanijyik agent aur iss abhiyaan seey judey topkhaane kii battery key commander-koo maee 1893 mein kasongo key paas kaptan dhanis kii senaa mein shamil honey kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. chultin dou nadee vaashpon key saath lomami nadee seey benaa-kamba taka gayaa, phir vartamaan key hindu key paas reeba reeba taka jameen parr maaraa. iss samay, chechak apane kafile mein toot gayaa thaa, aur chaltin koo basoko lautane key liye majboor honah padaa. 18 maee koo chaltin steinly fauls pahunche, jahan kaptan tobback aur leftinent vaine lint paanch dinon seey tippu tip key bhatije rashid bayne mohammad key balon key hamalon kaa virodh curr rahey they. stanley fauls mein basoko seey sainikon key utarane parr, arab hamlaavaron ney shahar chhod diyaa. kirundu mein unhein phir seey haraane key baad, arab vyapariyon koo iss kshetra seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa. chaltin ney kongo mukt raajya key poorvottar mein dungu kshetra koo surakshit kiya, aur 1893 seey haat-yule jile key commander they.
25 juuna 1893 koo, commandant piyare ponthere europe seey steinly fauls pahunche. unhone turant apane dwara kiye jaa sakane vaale sabhi sainikon koo ikattha kiya, kaptan hubert lothire aur bangala key kuchh logon koo apane saath leey gaye aur arab ikaaiyon kaa peechha kiya, joe nadee key oopar girane vaale stanley seey bhaag gaye they. kuchh gambhir ladaai aur kaee jhadapon key baad, unhone nadee aur usake pados koo saaf curr diyaa, jahan taka kii nyangve taka. ack pakhwade kii gambhir ladaai key dauran, rumaliza key kilon parr commandant ponthere key hamale whiffle hoe gaye, aur ponthere kaarravaai mein maare gaye.
rumalija kaa antim stand.
nyangve aur kasongo key patan key baad, ujiji key arab netaa rumalija ney jheel tanganyika kshetra seey ack badee senaa koo kabambare laaya taaki arabon kii khoi hui jameen koo phir seey hassil kiya jaa sakey. usake baad usake sanic lualaba nadee kii or badhe aur shahar parr swatantra raajya key niyantran koo khatare mein daalane key liye kasongo key dakshin mein kille banaae. 15 octuber 1893 koo rumalija kii senaa kii dhanis key stambh key saath jhadap hui, jisase dou europeeya netaaon aur unake 50 sainikon kii maut hoe gaee. 19 octuber 1893 koo rumalija ney kasongo seey ack dinn key march parr hamla kiya. dhanis ney apani senaa koo kendrit kiya aur rumalija koo haraaya.
yuddh kii antim badee ladaai 20 octuber 1893 koo, tanganyika jheel key paschim mein, luama nadee parr hui thee. yeh ack saamarik gatirodh thaa, lekin sefu koo maar diyaa gayaa, aur shesh pratirodh jald hii vighatit hoe gayaa. 24 disambar 1893 taka, dhaniyon ney sudridhikaran praapt kiya aur phir seey aage badhane key liye taiyar they. rumalija koo bhee sahaayata millie thee. dhaniyon ney rumalija key peechhe hatane seey rokane key liye ack stambh koo gillan key neeche bheja, aur doosara benaa kalunga key paas rumalija key kille parr aage badhane key liye bheja. german purvi africa seey rumaliza kii sahaayata key liye aaney vaale nae balon kaa ack samooh ravaana hoe gayaa thaa, aur dhanis kii senaa rumaliza key "boma" (kille key liye swahili) parr bund hoe gaee thee. 9 janwari 1894 koo, belgium key sainyabal kaptan hubert lothire key netritva mein pahunche, aur usee dinn ack gole ney rumalija key golaa-barud key bhandar koo udaa diyaa aur usa kille koo jalaa diyaa jisamen yeh thaa. bhaagne key prayaas mein adhikansh savaar maare gaye they. teen dinon key bheetar, paani aur anya aapoorti seey cutt gaye shesh kilon ney aatmasamarpan curr diyaa. dou hazaar seey adhik kaidiyon koo leey jaaya gayaa. lothire key neeche ack stambh ney maarg key saath usaki kileband sthitiyon koo nasht karate hue, jheel tanganyika key uttar mein uska peechha kiya, halanki rumalija khud bhaagne mein kamyab rahee. jheel mein, way kaptan alphons jack rumaliza key netritva mein gulami virodhi abhiyaan mein shamil hoe gaye aur german purvi africa kii german coloney mein sharan lii. yuddh janwari 1894 taka swatantra raajya kii jeet mein samaapt huaa.
parinam aur prabhaav.
yuddh key parinamswarup ladaakon aur nagrikon donon key beach hajaaron mautein huin, aur kango key raajneetik aur aarthik bhugol mein kaafee badalaav aaya. nyangve key aspas kaa bajar astitva mein naheen thaa, jabaki kasongo shahar sub nasht hoe gayaa thaa. inn baajaron aur arab vyapariyon kii anupasthiti key kaaran, congo key adhikansh niryaat koo purvi africa mein unake gantavyon seey stanley pool aur atlantic mahasagar taka punarnirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa. aupaniveshik adhikaariyon ney 1920 key dashak taka purvi kango mein arab prashaasnik sanrachana key adhikansh hisse koo barkarar rakhaa. yuddh mein batetala aur bakusu janjaatiyon kii bhagidari ney vistaarvaad, ekikaran aur saanskritik adaan-pradaan key madhyam seey dhana aur shakti kii ichchhaon dwara unake samajon key paaramparik moolyon kii pargaman koo chihnit kiya. daas vyaapaar mein unaki bhagidari ney belgium key adhikaariyon koo unase savdhan curr diyaa, aur badale mein, aupaniveshik shasson key dauran unaki upeksha kii gaee.
yuddh koo aam taur parr bahut cumm akaadamik dhyaan milaa haye. itihaaskaar broose vandervort key anusaar, yeh sangharsh "africa mein shaahi vijay key yuddhon mein sabse aspasht thaa."