
colla dee reinzo

nikola gabrini (1313-8 octuber 1354), jinhen aamtaur parr colla dee reinzo (Кола и ренсо) yaa reinzi key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye, ack italvi rajneta aur netaa they, jinhone khud koo "roman logon key tribune" key roop mein pesh kiya.
apane jivankal key dauran unhone laukik pope shakti key unmoolan aur itali key ekikaran kii vakaalat kii. inn karanon seey 19veen shatabdi mein udaar raashtravaad key netaaon key beach ack pratishthit vyakti key roop mein colla kaa phir seey uday huaa, jinhone unhein 19veen shatabdi key punrutthan key agradoot key roop mein apanaaya.
jeevani.
praarambhik jeevan aur currier.
nikola kaa janm rome mein huaa thaa. unhone pavitra roman samrat heinry VII kii swabhavik santan honey kaa daavaa kiya, lekin vaastav mein unakaa janm ack washer-mahila aur lorenzo gabrini naamak ack sharabkhane-rakhwale seey huaa thaa. nikola key pitaa kaa agranam chhota karke reenjo curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur unakaa naam chhota karke colla curr diyaa gayaa thaa; isaliye unhein colla dee reenjo yaa reenji key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye.
unhone apane shuruati varsh anagni mein bitaaye, jahan unhone apana adhikansh samay lattin lekhakon, itihaskaron, vaktaaon aur kaviyon key adhyayan mein samarpit kiya. pracheen rome key gaurav aur shakti kii kahaaniyon seey apane munn koo poshit karane key baad, unhone apane vichaaron koo apane mool shahar koo bahaal karane key kaary mein badal diyaa. colla rome koo phir seey bahaal karna chaahati thee, phir ksharan aur durbhagya mein, naa kewal achchi vyavastha mein, balki apani pracheen mahanata mein bhee. iss kaam key liye unakaa utsaah apane bhaai kaa badala lene kii ichcha seey tej hoe gayaa thaa, jise ack kuleen dwara maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
vaha ack notary aur shahar mein kuchh mahatvapurna vyakti bunn gayaa, aur 1343 mein avinon mein pope clement VII key paas ack saarvajanik kaary parr bheja gayaa. unhone apane kartavyon kaa nirvahan kshamata aur safalata key saath kiya, aur halanki unhone rome key kuleen shasakon kii bahaduri seey ninda kii, lekin unhone pope kaa anugrah aur sammaan jeetaa, jinhone unhein apane darbar mein ack aadhikarik pada diyaa.
vidroh kaa netaa.
aprail 1344 mein rome lautane key baad, colla ney apane jeevan key mahaan uddeshya parr teen saal taka kadee mehnat kii, shahar koo satta key apane poorv sthaan parr bahaal karna. unhone samarthakon key ack samooh koo ikattha kiya, yojanaaen taiyar kii gaeen, aur vidroh key liye poori tarah seey taiyar they.
19 maee 1347 koo heralds ney logon koo rajdhani mein ack sansad mein aamantrit kiya, aur 20 maee, ravivaar koo, baithak hui. poorna kavach pahane aur pope key paadari kii upasthiti mein, colla ney rajdhani kii or ack julus kaa netritva kiya, jahan unhone rome kii daasata aur mukti kii aakarshak vakpatuta key saath, ekatra bheed koo sambodhit kiya."kaanoonon kii ack naee shrinkhala prakaashit kii gaee aur prashansa key saath sweekaar kii gaee, aur kranti key lekhak koo aseemit adhikaar aur shakti dee gaee.
binaa koee jhataka lagaae raeeson ney shahar chhod diyaa yaa chhip gaye, aur kuchh dinon baad reenjo ney tribune ("nicolaus, saverus aitt clemens, libertatis, paisis justiciac tribunus, aitt sekre roman republicay liberator") kii upaadhi leey lii.
rome kaa tribune.
colla ney shahar koo ack kathor nyaay key saath shaasit kiya joe licenses aur avyavastha key pichhale shasson key vipareet thaa. unake netritva key parinamswarup, tribune sent mein praapt kiya gayaa thaa. peater ney "wennie creator spiritus" bhajan key saath, jabaki ack patra mein kavi petrarch ney unase apane mahaan aur mahaan kaary koo jaari rakhane kaa aagrah kiya, aur unhein unaki pichhali uplabdhiyon key liye badhaai dee, unhein nayaa camillus, brutus aur romulus kahaa. sabhi raeeson ney aatmasamarpan kiya, halanki bahut anichha key saath; sadakon koo luteron seey saaf curr diyaa gayaa thaa; nyaay key kuchh gambhir udaharanon ney apraadhiyon koo daraa diyaa thaa; aur tribune koo kaee logon dwara rome aur itali key niyat punarsthapanakarta key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa.
itali koo ekjut karane kaa prayaas karein.
julaai mein, ack sunoras decree mein, unhone samrajya parr roman logon kii samprabhuta kii ghoshana kii, lekin isase pahale unhone itali key shaharon aur praanton parr rome key adhikaar koo bahaal karane, shahar koo phir seey "kaiput mundi" banaane key apane kaary parr kaam karna shuru curr diyaa thaa. unhone itali key shaharon koo patra likhaa, jisamen unase ack sabhaa mein pratinidhi bhejane key liye kahaa gayaa, jisaki baithak 1 agast koo hogi, jaba rome key netritva mein ack mahaan sangh key gathan parr vichaar kiya jaayega. niyat dinn parr kaee pratinidhi upasthit hue, aur colla ney ack farman jaari kiya jisamen pavitra roman samrat lui chaturth aur unake pratidvandi charles chaturth, pavitra roman samrat, aur shaahi matdaataon aur vivaad mein shamil anya sabhi logon kaa hawala dete hue unake saamane pesh honey key liye kahaa gayaa thaa taaki vaha nirnay sunaa sakey.
agale dinn, itali kii ekataa kaa tyohar manaaya gayaa, lekin naa tou iska aur naa hii pichhali baithak kaa koee vyaavhaarik parinam nikla. halanki, colla kii shakti koo naples key raajya mein maanyata dee gaee thee, jahan seey naples key johnn pratham aur usake kadve dushman, hangri key luis pratham, donon ney unase suraksha aur sahaayata key liye appeal kii, aur 15 agast koo badee dhumdham seey unhein tribune kaa taaj pahanaaya gayaa. ferdinand gregovius kaa kahana haye kii yeh samaroh "ack shandar caricature thaa jisamen charles dha grate key samrajya kaa anta huaa. ack aisee duniya jahan raajneetik kaarravaai koo iss tarah key bhesh mein darshaaya gayaa thaa, vaha ukhaad fenkane key liye taiyar thaa, yaa kewal ack mahaan mansik sudhaar seey bachaaya jaa sakata thaa."
shasson kaa anta.
phir usane usey jabt curr liya, lekin jald hii stephano colona aur kuchh anya bairanon koo riha curr diyaa, jinhone usake baare mein apmaanjanak baat kii thee, lekin usaki shakti pahale seey hii cumm honey luggy thee.
colla dee reenjo key charitra koo gyaan, vakpatuta aur aadarsh utkrishtata key liye utsaah, ghamand, maanav jaati kii anubhavaheenta, asthirta aur shaaririk darr key sanyojan key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. jaise-jaise yeye baad key guna vishisht hoe gaye, unhone unake gunon koo grahan curr liya, aur unake laabhon koo bhulaa diyaa. unake asadharan natakon ney kewal upahaas koo uttejit karane kaa kaam kiya. unaki sarkaar mahangi thee aur isake kaee kharchon koo puuraa karane key liye way logon parr bhaari curr lagaane key liye baadhya they. unhone pope koo apane ahankar aur garv seey aur pope aur samrat donon koo ack nae roman samrajya kii sthaapana key apane prastaav seey naraj kiya, jisaki samprabhuta seedhe logon kii ichcha parr nirbhar karegi. octuber mein, clement ney ack pratinidhi koo usey apadasth karane aur usey mukadame mein laane kaa adhikaar diyaa, aur anta spasht roop seey dikhaai dey rhaa thaa.
nirvaasit bairanon ney kuchh sainikon koo ikattha kiya aur rome key pados mein yuddh shuru hoe gayaa. colla dee reenjo ney hangri key lui aur anya logon seey sahaayata praapt kii, aur 20 navambar koo unaki senaa ney porta tibertina key thheek baahar porta saine lorenzo kii ladaai mein raeeson koo haraaya, ack aisee ladaai jisamen tribune ney khud koee bhaag naheen liya, lekin jisamen unake sabse pratishthit dushman, stephano colona, maare gaye they.
lekin iss jeet ney unhein naheen bachaaya. unhone bhojon aur pratiyogitaon mein apana samay bitaaya, jabaki ack bail mein pope ney unhein ack aparaadhi, ack moortipoojak aur ack vidharmi key roop mein ninda kii, jaba taka kii 15 disambar koo thodi see gadbadi seey darkar, unhone apani sarkaar kaa tyag curr diyaa aur rome seey bhaag gaye. unhone naples mein sharan lii, lekin jald hii unhone usa shahar koo chhod diyaa aur ack italvi pahaadi mathh mein dou saal seey adhik samay bitaaya.
kaid mein jeevan.
apane ekant seey ubharate hue, colla ney julaai 1350 mein praag kii yatra kii, aur khud koo samrat charles IV kii suraksha parr fenk diyaa. pope kii laukik shakti kii ninda karate hue, unhone samrat seey itali, aur vishesh roop seey rome koo unake utpeedakon seey mukt karane kaa anurodh kiya; lekin, unake nimantranon kii parwah kiye binaa, charles ney unhein rodnitz key kille mein ack saal seey adhik samay taka jail mein rakhaa, aur phir unhein pope clement koo saunp diyaa.
avignon mein, jahan vaha agast 1352 mein upasthit hue, colla parr teen cardinalon dwara mukadama chalaaya gayaa, aur usey maut kii sajaa sunai gaee, lekin iss faisale koo lagu naheen kiya gayaa, aur petrarch kii or seey apani rihaai key liye appeal key bavjood vaha jail mein rahey.
disambar 1352 mein, clement kii mrityu hoe gaee, aur unake uttaradhikari, pope nirdosh VI, rome key aupaniveshik shasakon parr ack jhataka lagaane key liye utsuk they, aur poorv nyayadhikaran mein iss uddeshya key liye ack utkrisht upkaran koo dekhate hue, reenzi koo maaf curr diyaa aur riha curr diyaa.
rome aur mrityu key senator.
isake baad pope ney kaalaa koo kanuni, cardinal albornose key saath itali bheja aur unhein senator kii upaadhi dee. raaste mein kuchh bhaade key sainikon koo ikattha karane key baad, colla ney agast 1354 mein rome mein pravesh kiya, jahan unakaa bahut khushi key saath swaagat kiya gayaa aur jaldi hii satta kii apani poorv sthiti koo phir seey hassil curr liya.
lekin baad kaa yeh karyakal unake pahale karyakal seey bhee chhota honah taya thaa. vyarth mein palestrina key kille koo gherne key baad, vaha rome laut aaya, jahan usane vishvaasghaat seey bhaagya key sanic jiyovanni moreal koo pakad liya, jise maar diyaa gayaa thaa, aur jahan, anya kroor aur manmaane karyon seey, usane jald hii logon kaa anugrah khou diyaa. unake junoon jaldi hii jug gaye aur 8 octuber koo ack hangama chhid gayaa. colla ney unhein sambodhit karane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin jiss imarat mein vaha khadaa thaa, usamen aag lagaa dee gaee, aur bhes mein bhaagne kii koshish karate hue bheed ney usaki hatyaa curr dee.
viraasat.
14veen shatabdi key dauran, colla dee reenjo petrarch key behtareen auds mein seey ack, "spirito gentil" key naayak they.
pope kii laukik shakti key unmoolan aur itali key ekikaran donon kii vakaalat karane key baad, colla 19veen shatabdi mein phir seey ubhara, raajneetik roop seey udaar rashtravadiyon key beach ack romantic vyakti mein badal gayaa aur 19veen shatabdi key resorgimento key agradoot key roop mein apanaaya gayaa, jisane sangharsh kiya aur antatah donon uddeshyon koo praapt kiya. iss prakriya mein unhein "prerit sapane dekhane vaale key romantic roodhivaadi key roop mein phir seey kalpana kii gaee thee joe rashtriya bhavishya kii bhavishyavani kartaa haye" jaisa kii adrian littleton ney ise vyakt kiya, federico faaroofini key "colla dee reenzo key saath rome key khandharon parr vichaar karate hue" (1855) jisamen way tippani karate hain, "shahadat kii bhasha koo isake dhaarmik sandarbh seey mukt kiya jaa sakata haye aur church key khilaf istemal kiya jaa sakata haye."colla dee reenjo key jeevan aur bhaagya ney edward bulvar-litton (1835) key ack upanyaas, gustaav druinue (1826), mairi russell mitford (1828), julius mosen (1837), aur friedrich engels (1841) key dukhad natakon aur lord byron dwara" "child harrold kii tirthayatra" "(1818) key kuchh chhandon kaa vishay banaaya haye.
bulvar-litton key upanyaas parr adharit richard wagner kaa pahala safal opera, "reenji" (dresden, 1842), colla koo ack kendriya vyakti key roop mein letaa haye, aur saath hii, dresden utpaadan seey anjaan, guseppe verdy, joe resorgimento key ack utsaahi aur virodhi paadari deshbhakt they, ney "colla dee reenjo" parr vichaar kiya.
1873 mein-itali key nae raajya dwara pope kii senaaon seey rome shahar koo chheenane key kewal teen saal baad-"rayoni" prati koo sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen nae quarter kii mukhya sadak "vaaya colla dee reenjo" aur ack vishisht varg, piaza colla dee reenjo thee. spasht roop seey, yeh naam thheek usee sadak parr diyaa gayaa thaa joe tiber koo vatican seey jodati haye-usa samay, ack catholic church kaa mukhyalaya abhee bhee apani laukik shakti key nuksan seey mell naheen khaata thaa. iss bindu koo aur aage badhaane key liye, piaza dell resorgimento colla dee reenjo key paschimi chhor parr sthit thaa, joe seedhe church key mukhyalaya koo chhoo rhaa thaa.
1877 mein girolamo masini dwara tribune kii ack pratima, rome kii rajdhani pahaadi key tala parr khadee kii gaee thee. rome mein, "rayoni" ripa mein, bokka della verita key paas abhee bhee madhya yug kaa ack eent seey sajaaya gayaa ghar maujood haye, joe "dha house off pillet" key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye, lekin paaramparik roop seey ise colla dee reenjo key ghar key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye (vaastav mein yeh patrician cressengy parivaar seey sambandhit thaa).
ayrish kavi aur natakkar johnn todunter ney 1881 mein "dha true tragedy off reenzi tribune off rome" sheershak seey ack naatak likhaa."shekspeare kii shally mein, yeh kaafee hudd taka aitihaasik roop seey sateek haye. colla dee reenjo key baare mein naatak 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein polish lekhak addam asnik aur stephen zeromsky dwara bhee likhe gaye they, jinhone reenjo key vidroh aur swatantrata key liye polish sangharsh key beach samaantaaen dikhaai theen.
unake patra, aeye dwara sampaadit. gabrielli, khand mein prakaashit hue they. vee. aaee. fonty parr laa storia dee 'italia" (rome, 1890).
adolph hitler key bachpan key dost agast kubijek key anusaar, wagner key opera "reenji" key pradarshan mein hii hitler koo ack kishore key roop mein german logon key punarmilan kii pahali paramanandapurna drishti thee.
unaki janvaadi bayanbaji, lokpriya appeal aur sthaapana virodhi (kuleenata key roop mein) bhavna key liye, kuchh srot unhein pahale kaa loklubhavan aur ack adim-fasiwadi vyakti maanate hain.