
tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee.

computer networking aur dursanchar mein, tii. dee. aim. over aaee. pee. (tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee.) ack paiket-switched network (pee. aiss. aine.) parr samay-vibhajan bahu-vibhajan (tii. dee. aim.) kaa anukaran haye. tii. dee. aim. ack tii1, ee1, tii3 yaa ee3 sanket koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jabaki pee. aiss. aine. yaa tou aaee. pee. yaa aim. pee. ell. yaa kachche ethernet parr adharit haye. ack sambandhit takneek paripath anukaran haye, joe koshika-adharit (aeye. tii. aim.) network parr tii. dee. aim. yatayat key parivahan koo saksham banaati haye.
tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. ack prakaar kaa chhadm taar (peedblue) haye. haalaanki, anya yatayat prakaron key vipareet jinhen chhadm taaron parr leey jaaya jaa sakata haye (jaise.jee. aeye. tii. aim., frame rille aur ethernet), tii. dee. aim. ack vaastavik samay kii bitt dhaara haye, jisase tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. kii anoothi visheshtaen hoti hain. isake alawa, paaramparik tii. dee. aim. network mein kaee vishesh visheshtaen hain, vishesh roop seey joe voyce-grade telephony chainalon koo leey jaane key liye aavashyak hain. inn visheshtaon kaa tatparya sanket pranaliyon seey haye joe doorbhaash suvidhaon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala, ack samriddh mankikaran saahitya aur achchi tarah seey vikasit sanchaalan aur prabandhan (ome) tantra kaa samarthan karate hain. pee. aiss. aine. parr tii. dee. aim. kaa anukaran karate samay inn sabhi karakon koo dhyaan mein rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye.
tii. dee. aim. peedblue. aiss. koo lagu karane mein ack mahatvapurna mudda ghadee kii vasuli haye. deshi tii. dee. aim. network mein bhautik parat tii. dee. aim. detta key saath atyadhik sateek samay kii jaankaari rakhti haye, lekin jaba pee. aiss. aine. parr tii. dee. aim. kaa anukaran kiya jaataa haye tou yeh samkraman anupasthit hotaa haye. tii. dee. aim. samay maanak sateek hoe sakate hain aur inke anuroop honey key liye tii. dee. aim. samay koo anukuli roop seey punah utpann karane key liye naveen tantra kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
ack anya mudda jise sambodhit kiya jaanaa chaahiye vaha haye tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. paiket loss consealment (pee. ell. see.). choonki tii. dee. aim. detta ack samarpit channel parr ack sthir darr parr vitarit kiya jaataa haye, isaliye deshi seva mein bitt trutiyaan hoe sakati hain lekin pargaman mein detta kabhi naheen khota haye. sabhi pee. aiss. aine. kuchh hudd taka paiket key nuksan seey peedit hotey hain aur ack pee. aiss. aine. parr tii. dee. aim. vitarit karate samay isaki bharpai kii jaani chaahiye.
disambar 2007 mein tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. koo dow. dwara likhit aaee. ee. tii. aff. aar. aff. see. 5087 key roop mein anumodit kiya gayaa thaa. redd detta sanchaar key yakov stein, ronen shashua, rone insler aur motti anavi.
prishthabhoomi.
sanchaar seva pradaata aur udyam graahak kushal ethernet, aaee. pee. aur aim. pee. ell. aiss. buniyaadi dhaanche parr dhwani aur patte parr dee gaee line sevaaon kii tainaati mein ruchi rakhate hain. jabaki voyce over aaee. pee. (vee. oh. aaee. pee.) paripakva hoe rhaa haye, isaki tainaati key liye nae network buniyaadi dhaanche aur graahak parisar upkaran (see. pee. ee.) mein nivesh kii aavashyakta hoti haye. tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. ack pravaas maarg prastut kartaa haye, jisake madhyam seey parivahan key liye aadhunik paiket switch kiye gaye network kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye, jabaki antim-upayogkarta upkaran koo turant badalane kii aavashyakta naheen haye.
tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. koo pahali baar 1998 mein redd detta sanchaar dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa (yuu dekhein.aiss. patent sankhya 6,731,649) aur pahali baar 1999 mein sweeden mein yuu. tii. aff. aar. (baad mein telenor dwara adhigrahit) dwara tainaat kiya gayaa. yuu. tii. aff. aar. ney pahali peedhi key tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. utpaad (jise aaee. pee. aim. aiks.-4 key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) koo tii. dee. aim. niji lines, tii. dee. aim. patte parr dee gaee lines aur vibhinn prakaar kii aaee. pee. aur ethernet sevaaon sahit bundle kii gaee sevaaen pradaan karane key liye niyojit kiya. 2001 mein, aaee. ee. tii. aff. ney pee. doubleu. ee. 3 kaary samooh kii sthaapana kii, jise kinare seey kinare key chhadm taaron key liye ack vastukala vikasit karane aur tii. dee. aim. sahit vibhinn sevaaon key liye vinirdeshon kaa utpaadan karane key liye chartered kiya gayaa thaa. itu aur aim. pee. ell. aiss.-frame rille gathbandhan sahit anya mankikaran munch bhee chhadm taaron key liye manakon key utpaadan aur karyanvayan samjhauton mein sakriya hain.
tii. dee. aim. sanrachana koo sambhalana.
haalaanki tii. dee. aim. kaa upayog g.702 mein paribhaashit daron parr manmaane bitt dhaaraon koo leey jaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin badee ikaaiyon mein bitt dhaaraon koo leey jaane key maankeekrit tareeke hain jinamen seey pratyek mein samaan sankhya mein bits hotey hain, jinhen frame kahaa jaataa haye. tii. dee. aim. framing frame darr koo dhwani yatayat kii namuna aavritti key liye bund curr detee haye, taaki hamesha 8000 frame prati sekand houn; ack tii1 frame mein 193 bits aur 256 bits kaa ee1 frame hotaa haye. 
binaa frame vaale tii. dee. aim. key vipareet, jisake liye sabhi bits payload key liye upalabdh hain, frame kiye gaye tii. dee. aim. koo synchronization key liye prati frame kuchh bits kii sankhya koo samarpit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur shayed vibhinn anya karyon (jaise.jee. 1 bitt prati tii1 frame, 8 bitt prati ee1 frame). frame kiye gaye tii. dee. aim. kaa upayog aksar kaee voyce chainalon koo multiplexes karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jisamen pratyek frame mein aavarti timelot key crum mein prati sekand 8000 8-bitt namoone hotey hain. jaba yeh kiya jaataa haye tou hamaare paas "channelised tii. dee. aim" hotaa haye aur atirikt sanrachana pesh kii jaani chaahiye.
dheere-dheere alag-alag channel seey judey signalling bits koo kushalata seey parivahan karane key liye, multiframe yaa superframe key roop mein jaani jaane vaali dusare crum kii sanrachanaon koo paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, ee1 trunk key liye cases signalling bits koo 16 frame (harr 2 millisecond) key prati multiframe mein ack baar update kiya jaataa haye, jabaki tii1 esf trunk key liye superframe 24 frame (3 millisecond) hotaa haye. anya prakaar kii dwiteeya crum sanrachanaaen bhee aam upayog mein hain. jee. aiss. aim. cellular network mein, bases transceiver station (bts) aur bases station controller (bsc) koo jodane vaalaa abis channel kaee framing vikalpon key saath ack ee1 link haye, jinamen seey sabhi kii buniyaadi superframe avadhi 20 millisecond haye. 
sanrachit tii. dee. aim." shabd kaa upayog sanrachana key kissy bhee star key saath tii. dee. aim. koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jisamen 'frame kiye gaye tii. dee. aim.' aur 'channelised tii. dee. aim.' shamil hain. 
tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. parivahan koo "sanrachit-agyeyavaadi" kahaa jaataa haye jaba tii. dee. aim. koo binaa frame key yaa ise frame yaa channel kiya jaataa haye, lekin parivahan tantra dwara framing aur channelisation sanrachana koo poori tarah seey nazarandaj curr diyaa jaataa haye. aise mamalon mein sabhi sanrachanaatmak overhead koo payload detta key saath pardarshi roop seey leey jaaya jaanaa chaahiye, aur niyojit encapsulation vidhi isake sthaan yaa upayog key liye koee tantra pradaan naheen karati haye. sanrachana-jagrook tii. dee. aim. parivahan spasht roop seey tii. dee. aim. sanrachana kii raksha curr sakata haye, teen vaichaarik roop seey alag-alag tarikon seey, jise humm sanrachana-locking, sanrachana-sanket aur sanrachana-punarsanyojan kahenge. 
sanrachana-taalaa lagaana yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii packets mein poori tii. dee. aim. sanrachanaaen yaa usake gunak/ansh shamil houn. sanrachana-sanket packets koo buniyaadi sanrachanaon key manmaane tukade rakhane kii anumati detaa haye, lekin yeh ingit karane key liye sanketkon kaa upayog kartaa haye kii nimnalikhit sanrachana kahaan seey shuru hoti haye. sanrachana-punarsanyojan mein tii. dee. aim. sanrachanaon key ghatakon koo pravesh key samay nikala aur punargathit kiya jaa sakata haye, aur mool sanrachana koo praapt ghatakon seey nikas key samay phir seey jodaa jaa sakata haye.
tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. praarup.
tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. pee. aiss. aine. pravesh parr tii. dee. aim. yatayat koo vibhajit karke, anukoolit karke aur sanlagn karke aur pee. aiss. aine. prasthaan parr vyutkram sanchaalan karke sanchaalit kartaa haye. anukoolan una tantron koo darshaata haye joe pee. aiss. aine. nikas parr isaki uchit bahaali koo saksham karane key liye payload koo sanshodhit karate hain. uchit anukoolan kaa upayog karke, tii. dee. aim. sanket aur samay koo punarpraapt kiya jaa sakata haye, aur paiket key nuksan kii ack nishchit matra koo samaayojit kiya jaa sakata haye. encapsulation kaa arth haye antarnihit pee. aiss. aine. praudyogiki dwara aavashyak praarup key packets mein anukoolit payload koo rakhna. aim. pee. ell. aiss. mamle key liye, aaee. tii. yuu.-tii. anushansa y.1413 mein paiket praarup kaa puuraa vivaran hotaa haye.
sabhi mamalon mein ack tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. paiket pee. aiss. aine. shirshakon key saath shuru hotaa haye. yeye psn praudyogiki dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale maanak sheershalekh hain, jaise.jee. yuu. dee. pee./aaee. pee. kaa 20-bite kaa sheershalekh, yaa aim. pee. ell. aiss. kaa label-stack. inn shirshakon key baad "peedblue label" aataa haye, ack chaar-bitt aim. pee. ell. aiss.-jaisa label joe vibhinn tii. dee. aim. peedblue. aiss. koo demultiplexes karane key liye kaam kartaa haye. pee. aiss. aine. header key baad chaar-bitt vaalaa tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. "niyantran shabd" aataa haye. niyantran shabd mein ack 16-bitt paiket anukram sankhya (paiket punah-adesh aur paiket haani kaa pataa lagaane key liye aavashyak), payload kii lambai aur dosh sthitiyon kaa sanket dene vaale jhande hotey hain. 
niyantran shabd key baad tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. payload aataa haye. sanrachana-agyeya parivahan (satope) key liye yeh kewal tii. dee. aim. octate kii ack poorv nirdhaarit sankhya haye, jabaki sanrachana-bund praarup key liye payload tii. dee. aim. frame kii ack purnank sankhya haye. sanrachana-sanket aur sanrachana-punarsanyojan key liye tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. mool roop seey aeye. tii. aim. key liye vikasit siddh anukoolan tantra parr aakarshit kartaa haye. payload prakaron key iss vikalp kaa ack side laabh atm network parr leey jaane vaali circuit amulation sevaaon key saath kaam karna saral haye. sthir roop seey aavantit, sthir bitt-darr (see. bee. aar.) tii. dee. aim. link key liye, tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. aeye. tii. aim. anukoolan parat 1 (aeye. aeye. ell. 1) koo niyojit kartaa haye. yeh tantra, jise aaee. tii. yuu.-tii maanak i.363.1 aur aeye. tii. aim. forum vinirdesh aeye. tii. aim.-vee. tii. oh. aeye.-0078 mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, koo aeye. tii. aim. parr see. bee. aar. sevaaon koo leey jaane key liye vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. aeye. aeye. ell. 1 tii. dee. aim. detta kii nirantar dhaara koo chhote 48-bitt koshikaon mein vibhajit karke aur unamen anukraman, samay, truti punarpraapti aur samanvaya jaankaari dalkar kaam kartaa haye. tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. kissy bhee sankhya mein aeye. ell. 1 koshikaon koo ack paiket mein jodane kii anumati detaa haye (dhyaan dein kii yeye aeye. ell. 1 koshikaaen hain aur aeye. tii. aim. koshikaaen naheen hain, i.ee. inmein paanch-bitt "cell taxes" shamil naheen haye). prati paiket kaee koshikaon kii anumati dekar, tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. bandwidth dakshata key liye buffering deree (joe prati paiket cumm koshikaon key saath cumm hoe jaati haye) key lacheele adaan-pradaan kii suvidha pradaan kartaa haye (joe prati paiket adhik koshikaon key saath badhata haye, prati paiket overhead key kaaran). gatishil roop seey aavantit tii. dee. aim. link key liye, chaahe soochana darr samay sthaan key sakriyan key kaaran bhinn hoe yaa dhwani gatividhi kaa pataa lagaane key kaaran, tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. aeye. tii. aim. anukoolan parat 2 (aeye. aeye. ell. 2) koo niyojit kartaa haye. yeh tantra, jise aaee. tii. yuu.-tii. maanak i.363.2 mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, koo aeye. tii. aim. parr parivartaniya bitt darr (vee. bee. aar.) sevaaon koo leey jaane key liye vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. aeye. aeye. ell. 2 pratyek tii. dee. aim. samay slot koo chhote minicel mein buffering karke, samay slot pahchankarta aur lambai sanket, anukraman dalkar, aur phir iss minicel koo tabhi bhejata haye jaba isamen vaidh jaankaari hoe. tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. sabhi sakriya samay sthaan seey minicel koo ack hii paiket mein jodata haye. uchch-stariya detta link niyantran (aich. dee. ell. see.) detta leey jaane vaale samay slot key liye, jaise kii samanya channel signalling (see. see.) key liye detta, tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. mein ack vishesh anukoolan haye joe gair-idel detta key vistaar koo samaahit kartaa haye. 
deree.
telephony network anta seey anta taka deree koo gambhir roop seey baadhit kartaa haye. itu-tii g.114/g.131 kaa kahana haye kii 150 ms taka kaa ektarafa sancharan samay saarvbhaumik roop seey sweekarya haye, yeh maanate hue kii paryaapt pratidhvani niyantran pradaan kiya gayaa haye. yeye baadhaaen tii. dee. aim. network key liye samasyagrast naheen hain, jahaan anta seey anta taka deree kaa pramukh ghatak vidyut prasaar samay ("prakaash gati deree") haye. isake vipareet, aaee. pee.-adharit pranaaliyan aam taur parr deree key vibhinn roop jodati hain, jinamen seey ack paiket banaane mein lagane vaale samay (paiketikaran deree) parr adharit hotaa haye, joe paiket key aakar koo detta darr seey vibhajit karane key samanupati hotaa haye. paiket key aakar koo bahut chhota naheen banaaya jaa sakata haye yaa paiket key sheersh kaa oopar kaa hissa bhaari hoe jaayega. aaee. pee. pranaliyon dwara shuru kii gaee deree kaa doosara roop playout deree haye, jise praaptakarta koo buffer paiket deree bhinnata key liye jodaa jaanaa chaahiye aur ack sucharu playout sunishchit karna chaahiye.
voyce codec mein dasiyon millisecond kii algoridmic deree bhee voyce system joe bahut hii bandwidth kushal honey kii koshish karate hain, jodd sakate hain. aitihaasik roop seey, kharaab karyanvayan ney atirikt, sanchaalan-pranali prerit deree koo jodaa haye, joe vyavhaar mein anya deree key saath kabhi-kabhi prasaar deree koo dhyaan mein rakhane seey pahale hii 100 ms taka pahunch jaati haye. 
isake vipareet, tii. dee. aim. octate koo seedhe payload mein binaa kissy dhwani sampeedan algorithm aur koee parinami algoridmic deree key saath mapp kartaa haye. tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. dwara jodee gaee paiketikaran vilambata prati paiket koshikaon kii sankhya parr nirbhar karati haye, lekin aam taur parr ekal vee. oh. aaee. pee. pravaah kii tulanaa mein ack poorna bahugunak kii uchch detta darr key kaaran yeh ekal millisecond kii seema mein hoti haye. halanki, tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. aur vee. oh. aaee. pee. key beach playout deree key vichaar bhautik roop seey bhinn naheen hain, isaliye donon niyantrit paiket deree bhinnata (majboot atee-praavdhaan yaa "kyu. oh. aiss") key saath sabse achchha kaam karate hain.
samay kii punarpraapti.
deshi tii. dee. aim. network samay key padaanukramit vitaran parr nirbhar karate hain. network mein kaheen naa kaheen 1 x 10-11 kii deerghakaalik sateekta key saath cumm seey cumm ack atyant sateek praathamik sandarbh ghadee haye. yeh node, joe star 1 sateekta pradaan kartaa haye, star 2 sateekta key saath maadhyamik nodes koo sandarbh ghadee pradaan kartaa haye. dwiteeyak nodes taba star 3 nodes key liye ack samay sandarbh pradaan karate hain. samagr roop seey network key uchit kaary key liye samay samanvaya kaa yeh padanukram aavashyak haye. 
pee. aiss. aine. mein paiket deree key saath apane gantavya taka pahunchate hain jisamen ack yaadrichhik ghatak hotaa haye, jise paiket deree bhinnata (pee. dee. vee.) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. aise network parr tii. dee. aim. parivahan kaa anukaran karate samay, iss yaadrichhikta koo tii. dee. aim. packets koo ack jitter buffer mein rakhkar door kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase tii. dee. aim. antim-upayogkarta upkaran koo delivery key liye detta koo sthir darr parr padhaa jaa sakata haye. samasya yeh haye kii tii. dee. aim. srot samay sandarbh abb upalabdh naheen haye, aur jiss sateek darr parr detta koo jitter buffer seey "clock out" kiya jaanaa haye, vaha agyaat haye. 
kuchh mamalon mein samay koo peedblue key donon siron parr tii. dee. aim. upkaran seey praapt kiya jaa sakata haye. choonki inmein seey pratyek ghadee atyadhik sateek haye, isaliye way aavashyak roop seey uchch crum key liye sahmat hain. samasya taba utpann hoti haye jaba tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. surang key adhik seey adhik ack taraf atyadhik sateek samay maanak hotaa haye. aeye. tii. aim. network key liye, joe ack bhautik parat koo paribhaashit kartaa haye joe samay wahan kartaa haye, samkaalik avashisht samay stamp (aiss. aar. tii. aiss.) vidhi kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye; haalaanki, aaee. pee./aim. pee. ell. aiss. network bhautik parat koo paribhaashit naheen karate hain aur iss prakaar isaki ghadee kii sateekta koo nirdisht naheen curr sakate hain. 
isaliye, kaee mamalon mein ekmatra vikalp vishesh roop seey tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. yatayat key aadhar parr ghadee koo punarpraapt karane kaa prayaas karna haye, ack takneek jise "anukuli ghadee punarpraapti" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh sambhav haye kyonki srot tii. dee. aim. upkaran apani ghadee dwara nirdhaarit sthir darr parr bits kaa utpaadan curr rhaa haye, halanki yeh darr pee. dee. vee. dwara chhipi hui haye. iss prakaar ghadee kii punarpraapti kaa kaary ack "ausat" prakriya haye joe yaadrichhik pee. dee. vee. key prabhaav koo nakaarati haye aur mool bitt dhaara key sancharan kii ausat darr koo pakadati haye.
paiket kaa nuksan.
jabaki yatayat engineering aur seva kii gunavatta (kyu. oh. aiss.) key uchit anuprayog seey paiket key nuksan koo cumm karane kii ummeed haye, paiket kabhi-kabhi crum seey baahar nickle jaate hain. hoe sakata haye kii unhein poori tarah seey pee. aiss. aine. key bheetar chhod diyaa gayaa hoe. oopar varnit tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. niyantran shabd mein khoye hue aur galat-aadeshit packets kaa pataa lagaane aur unhein sambhaalane key liye ack 16-bitt anukram sankhya shamil haye. khoye hue packets key mamle mein, tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. koo tii. dee. aim. samay banaae rakhane key liye antarveshan packets koo daalane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. galat tareeke seey vyavasthit kiye gaye packets koo yaa tou phir seey vyavasthit kiya jaa sakata haye yaa giraaya jaa sakata haye aur antarveshtit kiya jaa sakata haye. 
jabaki manmaane packets kaa sammilit honah tii. dee. aim. samay koo banaae rakhane key liye paryaapt hoe sakata haye, dhwani anuprayogon mein paiket kaa nuksan antaral yaa trutiyon kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye jisake parinamswarup uthal-puthal, kashtaprad yaa yahaan taka kii aspasht bhaashan bhee hoe sakata haye. aavaaj kii gunavatta parr paiket key nuksan kaa sateek prabhaav aur paiket key nuksan koo chhipaane key algorithm kaa vikas voip samudaay mein vistrit adhyayan kaa vishay rhaa haye, lekin unake parinam seedhe tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. mamle parr lagu naheen hotey hain. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki voip packets mein aam taur parr bhaashan sanket key 80 namoone (10 ms) aur 240 namoone (30 ms) hotey hain, jabaki tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. packets mein kewal thodi sankhya mein namoone hoe sakate hain. choonki tii. dee. aim. oh. aaee. pee. paiket itane chhote hotey hain, isaliye kissy bhee khoye hue bhaashan key namoone key sthaan parr ack sthir moolya dalna sweekarya haye. yeh maanate hue kii input sanket shoonya-arth (i.ee. isamen koee dee. see. ghatak naheen hotaa haye), nyuntam vikriti taba praapt hoti haye jaba iss sthiraank koo shoonya parr sett kiya jaataa haye. vaikalpik roop seey, adhik parishkrit drishtikon key liye laapata namoonon key moolyon kii ishtatam bhavishyavani karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. 

