
argentine kaa samvidhaan

argentine rashtra kaa samvidhaan () argentine kaa mool shaasi dastavej haye, aur argentine mein maujooda kaanoon kaa praathamik srot haye. iska pahala sanskaran 1853 mein ack samvaidhaanik sabhaa dwara likhaa gayaa thaa joe saanta phey mein ekatra huaa thaa; saiddhaantik aadhar sanyukt raajya key samvidhaan seey liya gayaa thaa. isake baad 1860,1866,1898,1949,1957 (joe mukhya roop seey 1949 key sudhaar koo nirast kartaa haye) mein isamen sudhaar kiya gayaa thaa, aur vartamaan sanskaran 1994 kaa sudhaar paath haye. yeh vartamaan mein 1 maee, 1853 koo anumodit honey vaalaa satwan sabse purana rashtriya samvidhaan haye.
argentine key samvidhaan mein ack prastaavana aur dou maanak bhaag hotey hainh
nimnalikhit antarrashtriya manvadhikar upkaranon-sandhiyon aur ghoshanaon-koo bhee anuchhed 75 paragraph 22 key aadhar parr samvaidhaanik darja praapt haih
itihas.
argentine mein raajneetik shakti koo vibhajit karane kaa pahala prayaas maee kranti (spenishah revolutian dee meyo) key baad banaai gaee sarkaar key dauran kiya gayaa thaah primera junta "cabildo" key pradhikaran key binaa nae karon kaa nirmaan naheen curr sakata thaa.
mariano moreno key netritva mein kaee krantikari netaa turant swatantrata kii ghoshana karna chaahte they aur ack swatantra raajya key nirmaan key liye ack samvidhaan banaana chaahte they. octuber 1811 mein, junta grande, joe primer junta key baad aaya, ney shakti key vibhajan key liye viniyaman lagu kiya, lekin ise karyakari shakti dwara sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa. phir bhee, press kii swatantrata aur vyaktigat suraksha parr decree navambar taka sweekaar curr lii gaee thee.
1813 mein, aam samvaidhaanik sabhaa kaa uddeshya ack samvidhaan ghoshit karna thaa, lekin yeh kewal daason key beton key liye swatantrata kii ghoshana curr sakati thee.
1819 aur 1826 mein dou samvidhaan ghoshit kiye gaye joe antatah sanghvaadiyon aur ekaatmak logon key beach asahamati key kaaran whiffle hoe gaye.
1820 aur 1853 (jaba vartamaan argentine samvidhaan lagu kiya gayaa thaa) key beach kaee anya "samvaidhaanik" samjhaute maujood they. unamen seey sabse mahatvapurna hainh piller kii sandhi (1820), "quadrilatero" kii sandhi (1822), sanghiya sandhi (1831), palermo protocol (1852), aur saine nicolas kii sandhi (1852).
sanghiya samjhaute ney sabhi praanton seey ack samanya sanghiya congress bulaane kaa aagrah kiya, halanki isamen juan manual dee rosas kii shakti seemit hogi joe sabse shaktishali praant governor they, isaliye congress koo kabhi naheen bulaaya gayaa thaa.
jaba rosas koo haraaya gayaa, tou 1852 mein, saine nicolas kii sandhi koo antatah samvaidhaanik congress kahaa gayaa, joe saanta phey mein, 1 maee 1853 koo, sanghiya samvidhaan koo prabhaavi banaane kii kasam khaai. natijatan, buenos aayars praant ney 1859 taka argentine sangh koo chhod diyaa.
1853 key samvidhaan mein sudhaar.
mool 1853 paath mein pahala samvaidhaanik sanshodhan 1860 mein huaa jaba buenos aiyars argentine sangh mein phir seey shamil hoe gaye. isamen kaee mool lekhon mein parivartan shamil they. pramukh parivartanon mein seey ack raajya kaa naam badalana thaah sudhaar key anusaar, desh kaa aadhikarik taur parr naam "republic argentine" ("argentine ganarajya") rakhaa jaayega aur, kanuni uddeshyon key liye, samvidhaan key sabhi anuchhedon mein puraane "argentine sangh" kii jagah "nacione argentine" ("argentine rashtra") rakhaa jaayega. ack anya mahatvapurna samavesh saine nicolas kii sandhi dwara guaranteekrit buenos air key vishesh adhikaaron kii samvaidhaanik maanyata thee.
agala sudhaar 1866 mein huaa aur yeh sthaapit kiya kii niryaat aur ayaat curr anishchit kaal key liye rashtriya khajaane mein niyat honge, 1866 taka naheen kyonki 1860 key sudhaar ney sthaapit kiya thaa.
1898 mein ack aur mamuli samvaidhaanik sanshodhan koo manjuri dee gaee. isane pratiniyuktiyon key kaksh mein aanupaatik vibhajan key liye adhik lacheele anupaat kii anumati dee aur mantralayon kii sankhya aathh nirdhaarit kii.
juan domingo peron kii sarkaar key dauran, 1949 kaa argentine samvidhaan safaltapurvak paarit kiya gayaa thaa, joe ack pramukh sanshodhan thaa. iska lakshya beesavin shatabdi kii loktantra kii avadhaaranaon key anuroop paath koo aadhunik banaana aur anukoolit karna thaa, udaaharan key liye, "samajik adhikaaron" kii ack soochi jodana jisamen shramik varg key liye behtar kaam karane kii sthiti, achchi shiksha kaa adhikaar aadi shamil they. ise prastaavana mein bataae gaye siddhanton mein bhee shamil kiya gayaa thaa. isane rashtrapati key anishchitkaal key liye phir seey chunaav kii bhee anumati dee.
sainya shasson key dauran jise "revolution libertadora" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, jisane 1955 mein peron kii sarkaar koo apadasth curr diyaa thaa, 1957 mein aur 1958 mein honey vaale chunaavon seey pahale, samvidhaan mein sudhaar key liye ack samvaidhaanik sammelan chunaa gayaa thaa. iss sudhaar mein 1949 kaa shamil naheen haye, ise antarnihit roop seey radd curr diyaa gayaa haye isaliye paath 1898 key ack parr adharit thaa. kewal parivartanon mein peron key samajik lekhon kaa saransh shamil karna thaa jise "anuchhed 14 biss" (vartamaan mein maujood) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur shram aur samajik suraksha sanhita kii aavashyakta koo sthaapit karna thaa.
1972 mein, general alegendro aeye key netritva mein sainya sarkaar dwara ack "samvaidhaanik sanshodhan" kiya gayaa. lunus ney 1957 key paath mein sudhaar kiya. yeh 1977 taka jaari rehna thaa, lekin isake aavedan koo 1981 taka badhaaya jaa sakata thaa, aggar 1976 mein kissy bhee samvaidhaanik sammelan ney ise sweekaar karane yaa nishchit roop seey aswikar karane kaa nirnay naheen liya. iss sanshodhan koo peron kii loktaantrik sarkaar dwara unake teesare karyakal mein poori tarah seey lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa aur naa hii unaki patni isabelle peron dwara unaki mrityu key baad rashtrapati key roop mein kaary kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh parivartan senate key aakar aur rashtrapati aur upaadhyaksh key ack karyakal key punarnirvaachan seey sambandhit they. isane rashtrapati, senate aur pratinidhiyon key karyakal koo bhee ghataakar chaar saal curr diyaa.
argentine key samvidhaan kaa antim (aur vartamaan) sanskaran 1994 mein carlos saul menem dwara kiya gayaa thaa. isamen senate key aakar (teen prati praant) kii vriddhi key roop mein 1972 key "sanshodhan" seey kaee sanshodhan shamil they, ack baar lagaatar rashtrapati kaa punarnirvaachan aur isake karyakal koo chaar saal taka cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa. isane buenos air shahar koo apane swayam key adhikaariyon key saath ack swaayatt ikai bhee banaa diyaa. rashtrapati shasson koo naram banaane, rajneeti, swaasthya aur paryaavaran seey sambandhit adhikaaron key vidheyak mein ack nae adhyaay koo shamil karane aur kaanoon banaane key liye ack bahut tej vidhaayi prakriya koo apanaane key liye anya parivartan kiye gaye they. isake alawa, yeh aavashyakta bhee samaapt curr dee gaee thee kii ganarajya key rashtrapati yaa uparaashtrapati roman catholic dharm seey sambandhit hain.
vibhajan.
argentine key samvidhaan mein chaar pramukh vibhajan prakaar hain; bhaag, sheershak, vibhajan aur adhyaay, halanki yeye harr samay maujood honey kii aavashyakta naheen haye. udaaharan key liye, pahala bhaag adhyaayon mein vibhajit haye lekin sheershak yaa khandon mein naheen. samvidhaan kii yojana nimnalikhit haih
prastaavana.
argentine key samvidhaan kii prastaavana mein kahaa gayaa haye yaa sankshipt roop seey, rashtra kii avadharana key liye kaee praarambhik bindu, jaise kii ack pratinidhi sarkaar kaa tatparya haye. yeh ack samvidhaan banaane key liye pichhale samjhauton koo sweekaar kartaa haye (vidhansabha kii sabhaa koo vaidh banaane key liye). anta mein, yeh aapravaasan key samarthan kii neeti kii neenv rakhta haye, joe argentine mein rahane kii ichcha rakhane vaale sabhi logon key liye "bhagwan kii suraksha, sabhi karanon aur nyaay key srot" key liye poochata haye.
ghoshanaaen, adhikaar aur guaranti.
samvidhaan sabhi vyaktiyon, argentine yaa videshi key liye adhikaaron aur guaranti kaa ack vidheyak sthaapit kartaa haye; jeevan, swatantrata, samaantaa, suraksha aur sampatti key adhikaar kii alanghaniyata. doosara adhyaay, 1994 mein jodaa gayaa, saarvajanik naitikta, raajneetik adhikaaron, paryaavaran sanrakshan aur upabhokta adhikaaron seey sambandhit haye.
nagrik adhikaaron koo sabhi nivaasiyon key liye maanyata praapt haye, jisamen rashtriyata kaa koee bhed naheen haye. yeh videshiyon aur videshi nivesh kii samriddhi mein argentine key paaramparik hita kaa parinam haye. shram adhikaaron koo bhee sweekaar kiya jaataa haye (yeh peronism kii viraasat kaa hissa haye, jisake parinamswarup 1949 aur 1957 key sudhaar hue). inmein seemit shram divas, kewal vetan, sangathan kaa adhikaar, samajik suraksha laabh aadi shamil hain.
samvidhaan ghoshit kartaa haye kii kissy koo bhee sampatti seey vanchit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, sivaay pahale seey adhiniyamit kaanoon key aadhar parr nyaayik sajaa key mamle mein, yaa saarvajanik upayogita key karanon seey zabt key madhyam seey, kaanoon dwara yogya aur pahale kshatipurti key. vyakti, uska nyaayik bachaav, uska adhivaas aur patrachar alanghaniya hain.
kaanoon jise manaa naheen kartaa haye, usaki anumati haye. vyaktiyon koo niji roop seey kuchh bhee karane yaa karane seey incar karane kii poori swatantrata haye, sivaay isake kii aggar yeh saarvajanik vyavastha yaa naitikta mein hastakshep kartaa haye, yaa teesare paksh koo nuksan pahunchaata haye.
1994 key sudhaar ney kaee nae kanuni aankadon kaa parichay diyaah "emparo nyaayik" (ack nishedhagya), "bandee pratyaksheekaran" aur "bandee detta". nishedhagya nagrikon koo vaastavik yaa aasann kshati seey bachaane key liye niyat haye; bandee pratyaksheekaran (lambe samay seey argentine key nyayshastra key liye jaanaa jaataa haye, aur samanya kaanoon key bandee pratyaksheekaran seey sambandhit) nagrik kii shaaririk swatantrata kii raksha karane key liye haye; aur bandee detta ack vyakti kaa apane baare mein jaankaari taka pahunch kaa adhikaar haye, aur isaki gopaniyata, ack parivartan yaa daman kaa anurodh kartaa haye.
argentine key samvidhaan key adhikaar chaar samoohon mein vibhajit hainh nagrik, paitrik, raajneetik aur samajik.
ghoshanaaen.
ghoshanaaen usa aadhar koo bataati hain joe rashtra kii rajneeti koo dhaaran kartaa haye aur ise ack swatantra ikai key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye, udaaharan key liye, anuchhed 1 mein kahaa gayaa haye kii sarkaar pratinidhi, ganarajya aur sanghiya haye aur anuchhed 35 desh key aadhikarik naamon koo soochibaddh kartaa haye.
guaranti.
way maulik adhikaaron key prayog kii raksha key liye sansthaagat tareeke hain. way itane mahatvapurna hain kii yeh kahana sambhav haye kii ack adhikaar taba taka rakhaa jaa sakata haye jaba taka kii isaki raksha karane kii guaranti haye.
adhikansh guaranti dhaara 18 aur 43 mein hain, inke beach hainh bandee pratyaksheekaran, mrityu dund aur yaatana kaa unmoolan.
adhikaar.
argentine key samvidhaan key adhikaar chaar samoohon mein vibhajit hainh nagrik, paitrik, raajneetik aur samajik.
argentine mein, swatantrata sabse mahatvapurna adhikaaron mein seey ack haye. dhaara 19 mein kahaa gayaa haye kii purushon key niji karyon seey saarvajanik vyavastha yaa kissy anya vyakti koo nuksan naheen pahunchata haye, adhikaariyon dwara iska nyaay naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. isake alawa, yeh "vaidhata kaa siddhant" rakhta haih "rashtra key kissy bhee nivasi koo vaha karane key liye majboor naheen kiya jaayega joe kaanoon adesh naheen detaa haye aur naa hii vaha karane key liye varjit kiya jaayega joe kaanoon nishedh naheen kartaa haye.
samaantaa utani hii mahatvapurna haye jitani swatantrata. dhaara 16 mein kahaa gayaa haye kii desh mein koee mahaan upaadhiyan naheen hain aur "isake sabhi nivasi kaanoon key samaksh samaan hain"
sarkaar kaa roop.
samvidhaan key anusaar, argentine ack pratinidhi sanghiya ganarajya haye joe praanton mein vibhajit haye, joe nagar paalikaon mein upvibhajit hain, aur buenos aayars kaa swaayatt shahar haye, joe desh kii rajdhani key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. pratyek praant koo apane samvidhaan koo nirdhaarit karane kaa adhikaar aur kartavya haye, joe rashtriya key samaan siddhanton kaa sammaan kartaa haye.
sarkari shaktiyon key vibhajan.
samvidhaan sarkari shaktiyon koo teen shaakhaon (karyakari, vidhaayi aur nyaayik) aur saarvajanik mantralaya mein sakht roop seey alag karane kaa adesh detaa haye.
karyakari.
karyakari shakha kaa gathan rashtrapati dwara kiya jaataa haye, joe raajya key pramukh honey key saath-saath mukhya karyakari aur sarkaar key pramukh bhee hotey hain. (kalaa. 87). uparaashtrapati bimari, rajdhani seey anupasthiti, mrityu, tyagpatra yaa hataane key mamle mein rashtrapati kii jagah letaa haye.
upaadhyaksh karyakari shakha seey sambandhit naheen haye. dilchasp baat yeh haye kii yeh vidhaayi shakha seey sambandhit haye kyonki vaha senate key adhyaksh bhee hain. (kalaa. 57)
rashtrapati congress dwara sweekrit kaanoonon koo jaari kartaa haye, aur una parr veeto shakti rakhta haye. rashtrapati antarrashtriya sambandhon kaa nirdeshan kartaa haye aur senaa kaa pramukh commander hotaa haye. kuchh mamalon mein rashtrapati aapaatkaaleen adesh jaari curr sakate hain.
1853 key samvidhaan mein 1994 key sanshodhanon mein, cabinet mantriyon key pramukh kaa pada banaaya gayaa thaa joe mukhya sanchaalan adhikaari key roop mein kaary karega aur sarkaar key dinn-pratidin key karyon koo chalaayega aur ack hii samay mein hoga, rashtriya congress key donon sadanon, senate aur chamber off deputies key liye raajneetik roop seey jimmedaar hoga aur way ninda key madhyam seey usey hataa sakate hain. pada key nirmaan kaa uddeshya desh key rashtrapati key roop mein sarkaar key rashtrapativadi charitra koo cumm karna thaa.
vidhaayi.
vidhaayi shakha mein upaadhyaksh, ack dwisadaniya congress, rashtra kaa samanya lekha pariksha karyalaya aur lokpal shamil hotey hain. congress dou sadanon mein vibhajit haih "kaimara dee diputados" (upa-sabhaapation kaa sadan, nichala sadan) aur "kaimara dee cinadorus" (senate, oopari sadan).
uparaashtrapati vidhaayi shakha mein hain kyonki vaha (yaa vaha) senate kaksh key adhyaksh bhee hain.
rashtra kaa samanya lekha pariksha karyalaya karyatmak swaayatta key saath congress kaa ack takniki salaahkaar nikaay haye.
lokpal ack swatantra nikaay haye joe kissy bhee pradhikaran seey nirdesh praapt kiye binaa kaam kartaa haye. lokpal kaa mission manvadhikaron kii raksha aur sanrakshan, nagrik adhikaaron aur guaranti aur prashaasan kaa niyantran haye.
nyaayik.
nyaayik shakha kaa gathan sarvocch nyayalaya dwara kiya jaataa haye, aur nichali adaalaten joe congress rashtra key kshetra mein sthaapit karati hain. sarvocch nyayadhish aur sabhi nyayadhish taba taka apane pada parr rahate hain jaba taka kii way durvyavahar key liye padchyut naheen hotey hain aur paarishramik kii amurtata kaa anand lete hain.
saarvajanik mantralaya.
saarvajanik mantralaya karyatmak swaayatta aur vittiya nirankushta key saath ack swatantra nikaay haye, jisamen ganarajya key anya adhikaariyon key saath samanvaya mein samaaj key samanya hiton kii vaidhata kii raksha key liye nyaay koo badhaava dene kaa kaary haye.
yeh rashtra key ack abhiyojak aur rashtra key ack rakshak general aur aise anya sadasyon seey banaa haye joe kaanoon sthaapit curr sakata haye.
isake sadasya karyatmak pratirakshaatmaktaa aur paarishramik kii amurtata kaa anand lete hain. (kalaa. 120).

