
gair-vigyaan

gair-vigyaan adhyayan kaa ack aisaa kshetra haye joe vaigyaanik naheen haye, vishesh roop seey vaha joe praakritik vigyaan yaa samajik vigyaan naheen haye joe vaigyaanik jaanch kaa ack uddeshya haye. iss model mein, itihas, kalaa aur dharm sabhi gair-vigyaan key udaaharan hain.
gyaan kaa vargeekaran karna.
17veen shatabdi key baad seey, kuchh lekhakon ney adhyayan key kuchh kshetron, jaise kii kalaa aur udaar kalaa koo baahar karane key liye "vigyaan" shabd kaa upayog kiya haye. gair-vaigyaanik shaikshanik vishayon kaa varnan karane key liye "gair-vigyaan" shabd kaa upayog pahali baar 19veen shatabdi key madhya mein kiya gayaa thaa.
kuchh mamalon mein, vigyaan aur gair-vigyaan key beach sateek seemaon kii pehchaan karna mushkil hoe sakata haye. seemankan samasya yeh nirdhaarit karane mein kathinaaiyon kaa adhyayan haye kii kyaa vigyaan aur gair-vigyaan kii seemaon key paas adhyayan key kuchh kshetron koo ack yaa dusare key roop mein maanaa jaanaa chaahiye. abhee taka koee bhee aisaa pareekshan taiyar naheen kiya gayaa haye joe vigyaan koo gair-vigyaan seey spasht roop seey alag curr sakey, lekin kuchh kaarak, jinhen samagr roop seey liya jaataa haye aur samay key saath mulyankan kiya jaataa haye, aamtaur parr upayog kiye jaate hain. thomas kuhn key vichaar mein, inn karakon mein vaigyaanikon kii ack prashn kii jaanch karane kii ichcha shamil haye jaise kii yeh ack paheli thee. vigyaan key baare mein kuhn kaa drishtikon parinam key bajaay vaigyaanik jaanch kii prakriya parr bhee kendrit haye.
seema-kaary adhyayan key kshetron koo vargeekrit karane kii prakriya mein vaanchhit parinam kii vakaalat karane kii prakriya haye joe seemaon key paas hain. ack vishesh vargeekaran jeetane seey judey puraskar bataate hain kii vigyaan aur gair-vigyaan key beach kii seema samajik roop seey nirmit aur vaichaarik roop seey prerit haye, naa kii vigyaan aur gair-vigyaan key beach ack spasht praakritik antar kaa pratinidhitva karati haye. yeh vishvaas kii vaigyaanik gyaan (ee.jee.jeev vigyaan) gyaan key anya roopon (jaise) kii tulanaa mein adhik moolyavaan haye.jee.naitikta) koo "vaigyaanikvaad" kahaa jaataa haye.
gair-vigyaan key kshetra.
gair-vigyaan mein adhyayan key sabhi kshetra shamil hain joe vigyaan naheen hain. gair-vigyaan mein sabhi manaviki shamil hain, jinamen shamil hainh
daarshanik martin mahner ney inn shaikshanik kshetron koo "paraa-vigyaan" kahane kaa prastaav rakhaa, taaki unhein gair-vigyaan key apmaanjanak roopon, jaise chhadm vigyaan seey alag kiya jaa sakey.
gair-vigyaan jeevan key arth, maanviya moolyon, maanviya sthiti aur anya logon key saath baatchit karane key tarikon key baare mein jaankaari pradaan karate hain, jisamen sanskritiyon, naitikta aur naitikta kaa adhyayan shamil haye.
asahamati key kshetra.
daarshanik iss baare mein asahmat hain kii kyaa amoort avadhaaranaon seey judey adhyayan key kshetra, jaise kii shuddh ganit, vaigyaanik hain yaa gair-vaigyaanik.
antahvishay adhyayan gyaan-srijan kaary koo shamil curr sakate hain jisamen vaigyaanik aur gair-vaigyaanik adhyayan donon shamil hain. puraatatva ack aise kshetra kaa udaaharan haye joe praakritik vigyaan aur itihas donon seey udhaar letaa haye.
jaanch key kshetra samay key saath sthiti badal sakate hain. kaee shataabdiyon taka, keemiya koo vaigyaanik key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa thaah isane kuchh upayogi jaankaari kaa utpaadan kiya, aur yeh bhautik duniya koo samajhane kii khoj mein prayogon aur khuli jaanch kaa samarthan kartaa thaa. 20veen shatabdi seey, ise ack chhadm vigyaan maanaa jaataa rhaa haye. aadhunik rasayan vigyaan, joe keemiya seey vikasit huaa, ack pramukh praakritik vigyaan maanaa jaataa haye.
vaikalpik pranaaliyan.
kuchh daarshanik, jaise kii paul fairaband, gyaan koo vigyaan aur gair-vigyaan mein vargeekrit karane key prayaas parr apatti jataate hain. yeh bhed kritrim haye, kyonki gyaan key sabhi nikaayon koo ack saath jodane vaalaa bahut cumm yaa kuchh bhee naheen haye jise "vigyaan" kahaa jaataa haye.
gyaan key ayojan kii kuchh pranaaliyan kuchh jaanane yaa seekhane key gair-vyavasthit tarikon seey vyavasthit gyaan koo alag karati hain, jaise kii vyaktigat anubhav, antargyaan aur janmajaat gyaan. yeh ack vyaapak avadharana haye joe vishay kshetra key beach antar kiye binaa vishvasaniya gyaan koo shamil karati haye. wissenschaft" avadharana gyaan aur chhadm-gyaan key beach antar karane mein vigyaan aur gair-vigyaan key beach key antar kii tulanaa mein adhik upayogi haye, kyonki chhadm-gyaan key sabhi roopon mein kii gaee trutiyaan, chhadm-itihas seey chhadm vigyaan taka, samaan hain. iss "wissenshaft" avadharana kaa upayog aarthik sahyog aur vikas key liye sangathan dwara prakaashit vigyaan aur praudyogiki key kshetron kii 2006 kii soochi mein kiya gayaa haye, joe "vigyaan aur praudyogiki" koo dharm aur lalit kalaa sahit sabhi manavtawadi vishayon koo shamil karane key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye.

