
gyaapan kii raay

sanyukt raajya kanuni abhyaas key tahat, ack gyaapan raay aamtaur parr aprakaashit hoti haye aur ise udaaharan key roop mein uddhrit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. ise aupchaarik roop seey iss prakaar paribhaashit kiya gayaa haih "[aeye] sarvasammat apeeliya raay joe sankshipt roop seey adalat key nirnay koo bataati haye; ack raay joe adalat key nishkarsh kii sankshipt report karati haye, yusu. binaa vistaar key kyonki nirnay ack susthaapit kanuni siddhant kaa paalan kartaa haye yaa kaanoon key kissy bhee bindu seey sambandhit naheen haye."
aam taur parr, gyaapan raay samanya niyamon kaa paalan karati haye, jisamen poorvavarti kaa anuprayog aur "steyer desis" kaa niyam shamil haye. haalaanki, kaee adalaton mein (udaaharan key liye, newyork key sarvocch nyayalaya kaa apeeliya prabhaag), gyaapan raay mein vishleshan kii shally prakaashan key liye ack raay kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik sankshipt aur nirnaayak haye. arthaat, sandarbhon key lambe taaron koo aksar uddhrit mamalon kii prayojyata key spashteekaran yaa vishleshan key binaa daala jaataa haye. isake vipareet, california key samvidhaan key anusaar california mein sabhi apeeliya nirnayon kaa nirnay "likhit roop mein bataae gaye karanon key saath" kiya jaanaa chaahiye, jisaki vyakhya california key sarvocch nyayalaya ney tuchchh mamalon mein bhee vistrit likhit raay kii aavashyakta key roop mein kii haye. phir bhee, appeal kii adalaton key paas prakaashan key liye tuchchh mamalon mein raay pramaanit karane kaa vivekadhikar haye.
gyaapan raay aksar achchi tarah seey sthaapit kaanoon key kshetron mein jaari kii jaati haye yaa jahaan tathyon kaa ack vishesh sett aviveki mamla kaanoon banaa sakata haye.

