
antar-saanskritik darshan

antarsaanskritik darshan darshan key liye ack drishtikon haye joe vibhinn sanskritiyon key prabhaavon key ekikaran parr jore detaa haye. yeh vibhinn daarshanik paramparaon kii baithak kaa pratinidhitva curr sakata haye, jaise kii paschimi darshan, asiai darshan aur african darshan.
aaee. ee. pee." key liye likhate hue, rony littlejohn ney tulanaatmak darshan koo pratishthit kiya, jisamen daarshanik jaanboojhkar saanskritik, bhashai aur daarshanik dhaaraon seey vibhinn sroton koo samvaad mein sthaapit karke samasyaon parr kaam karate hain, aur vishva darshan, "jisamen daarshanik vichaar kii vaishvik paramparaon kii poornata parr adharit ack daarshanik pranali kaa nirmaan karate hain.
jabaki kaee poorvavartiyon kii pehchaan kii jaa sakati thee, jaise kii paul mason-orcell, brajendranath seal aur sarvapalli radhakrishnan, 1980 key dashak mein ack avadharana key roop mein antar-saanskritik darshan ubhara. yeh aksar ack antar-saanskritik daarshanik pariprekshya kaa peechha karane vaale german bhashi europeeya vicharakon seey judaa huaa haye.
antar-saanskritik darshan kaa vichaar.
daarshanik vichaar key lambe itihas mein hamesha saarvbhaumiktaa kaa daavaa kiya gayaa haye, halanki ateet key kaee mahaan vichaarak kewal paschimi parampara mein daarshanik moolya dekhate hain aur sadiyon seey duniya key anya hisson ney apane dumm parr kyaa hassil kiya haye, isaki dekhrekh karate hain. euro-kendrit daarshanik jaise kii george wilhelm friedrich hegel iss baat parr sahmat hain kii yunani darshan aur paramparaon kaa ekmatra janmasthan haye jaise kii cheeni yaa bhaaratiya kewal gyaan kii shikshaaen hain. anya loga ack seey adhik janmasthan kii baat karate hain aur inmein asiai paramparaaen shamil hain.
carle jaspers, ack german manochikitsak aur daarshanik, ney ack akshiya yug kaa siddhant vikasit kiya, joe 800 eesaa poorv seey 200 eesaa poorv taka kii avadhi kaa ullekh kartaa haye, jisake dauran chean, bhaaratiya aur paschimi deshon mein daarshanik soch vikasit hui. jasper key siddhant koo una logon dwara vyaapak roop seey sweekaar kiya jaataa haye joe antar-saanskritik roop seey darshan karate hain.
kissy bhee eurocentrism key vipareet aise daarshanik hain joe maanate hain kii vibhinn paramparaon aur sanskritiyon key beach sanchaar key saath-saath sahyog kii aavashyakta haye, vishesh roop seey aaj kii vaishvik sthiti mein, yeh dekhate hue kii antar-saanskritik baatchit aur muthbhedon maanav astitva kaa ack tathya haye. lakshya yeh haye kii kissy kii soch koo anya sanskritiyon koo shamil karane mein vistaarit kiya jaae, naa kewal ack parampara parr vichaar kiya jaae, balki asiai, lattin-americi, islami yaa african jaise adhik seey adhik paramparaon parr vichaar kiya jaae. abb apane dumm parr sawal poochhana mahatvapurna naheen haye kyonki yeh ack bahut hii kshetriya drishtikon hoga. antarsaanskritik darshan dusaron key alawa ack shaikshanik vishay naheen honah chaahiye, balki ack aisaa drishtikon honah chaahiye jiska paalan harr koee kartaa haye joe darshan kartaa haye. koee fark naheen padata kii daarshanik abhivinyas kyaa haye, anya sanskriti key vichaaron koo dhyaan mein rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye.
raymon panikkar key liye dharm aur darshan koo jodana bhee mahatvapurna haye kyonki way donon maanav vaastaviktaa key pramukh tatva hain aur kaee sanskritiyon key liye mahatvapurna hain. antarsaanskritik darshan key prati drishtikon vikasit karate samay kissy koo kewal apane pradarshan aur vivaran key tarikon kaa upayog karane key vichaar koo chhodana padata haye, lekin isamen nritya, sangeet, vastukala, anushthaan, kalaa, saahitya, mithak, kahaavaten, lock kathaaen aadi jaise anya roop shamil karane hotey hain. 
vibhinn prakaar key adaan-pradaan kii anumati dene key liye baithak kaa ack tarika khojana hoga jahaan kissy kii apani parampara koo sanrakshit kiya jaa sakata haye aur ack badey samanvaya mein jaali naheen banaaya jaa sakata haye. sanskritiyon koo vaishvikaran dwara avashoshit honey aur vishva sanskriti kaa kuchh banane seey rokane kaa ekmatra tarika, joe kii ack saanskritik roop seey poorv nirdhaarit haye, fornet-betancourt key anusaar, ack antar-saanskritik samvaad kii pariyojana haye. anya loga chean aur japan koo antar-saanskritik pratha key ack udaaharan key roop mein dekhate hain jisase anya loga seekh sakate hain kyonki way apani saanskritik pehchaan khoye binaa bauddh dharm koo ekikrit karane mein kamyab rahey hain. wimmer aur maull jaise daarshanik samvaad key aise roopon koo sweekaar karate hain jinamen sabhi paksh ack hii star ('eben dair gleachite') parr hotey hain, binaa kissy anya shakti key lekin behtar tark key.
mukhya vicharakon.
antar-saanskritik vichaaron key kissy bhee poorvajon yaa maataon kaa naam lena sambhav naheen haye kyonki darshan key itihas mein hamesha aise vyakti rahey hain jinka apane siddhanton mein antar-saanskritik drishtikon rhaa haye. halanki kuchh bhee paribhaashit naheen haye aur bahut adhik prabhaav key binaa. choonki antarsaanskritik darshan kewal kuchh daarshnikon key liye chinta kaa vishay bunn gayaa haye, isaliye kuchh naamon kaa ullekh kiya jaanaa chaahiye. antar-saanskritik darshan kii unaki avadharana unaki vyaktigat prishthabhoomi key anusaar bhinn hoti haye, lekin way sabhi iss drishtikon kii vyaavhaarik prasangikta parr sahmat hain. aaj key vaishvikaran kii sthiti key prati antar-saanskritik darshan koo kaise pratikriya deni chaahiye, isake liye unamen seey pratyek key apane sujhaav hain.
nett-betancourt key liye roll.
fornet-bettoncourt (janm 1946) germany key aachen mein missiology vibhaag mein professor hain. unakaa janm aur paalan-poshan cuba mein huaa thaa, jahan way pahale seey hii ack seey adhik sanskriti, arthaat europeeya yaa hyspanic aur african sanskriti key sampark mein aaa chuke they. unaki mukhya ruchi lattin-americi darshan mein haye, halanki unhone ghoshana kii haye kii way lattin-americi darshan parr apane dumm parr shodh naheen karate hain, balki iss parampara key mool nivasi daarshnikon kii madad seey karate hain. fornet-betancourt kissy bhee eurocentrism parr kaaboo paane mein ack antar-saanskritik drishtikon key mahatva koo dekhta haye joe abhee bhee duniya parr haavi haye. darshan key itihas kaa punarnirmaan vistaarvaadi vikas key aadhar parr naheen balki maanav jaati kii sabhi sanskritiyon kii vividhata key madhyam seey kiya jaanaa chaahiye. lekin naa kewal ateet koo dhyaan mein rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye, balki vartamaan kaa nayaa roop bhee utanaa hii mahatvapurna haye. antarsaanskritik darshan vividhata koo sunane kaa ack saadhan haye.
henz kimmerley.
kimmerley (janm 1930) rotterdam mein erasmus-vishvavidyalaya mein maanad professor hain. vaha darshan kii ack antar-saanskritik avadharana kii kalpana karane key liye aupaniveshik soch seey poorna samaantaa parr adharit african darshan key saath ack samvaad kii disha mein ack raasta vikasit karane kaa irada rakhta haye. kimmerley key liye antar-saanskritikta harr cheej koo prabhaavit karati haye aur isaliye darshan koo apani vyaavhaarik prasangikta koo naa khone key liye sabhi upa kshetron mein antar-saanskritikta key liye khud koo anukoolit karna hoga. unaki raay mein kalaa kaa darshan antar-saanskritik soch key liye ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye.
raam aadhar maull.
maull (janm 1937) darshan key professor hain aur munich vishvavidyalaya mein antar-saanskritik darshan aur vyakhyashastra padhaate hain. unhone bhaaratiya darshan aur samajshastra key madhyam seey vyavasthit roop seey kaam kiya haye, aur apani bhaaratiya viraasat aur paschimi shiksha key kaaran khud koo ack andaruni vyakti key saath-saath ack baahari vyakti key roop mein bhee dekhaa haye. maull key liye antar-saanskritikta una sanskritiyon key ativyaapi honey seey utpann hoti haye joe apane aap mein maujood naheen hain. antar-saanskritik darshan kissy bhee gair-europeeya cheez key liye ack romantic dhaarana naheen haye, balki ack aisaa drishtikon haye joe daarshanik soch seey pahale honah chaahiye. tabhi tulanaatmak darshan sambhav hoe paataa haye. maull ney ack hermanutic taiyar kiya haye jise vaha 'analogus' kahata haye, joe dou hermanutic charam seemaon, arthaat kattarpanthi antar aur kull pehchaan key beach chalata haye. matbhedon key bavjood overlapping seey kaam karane seey anya sanskritiyon koo samajhane mein madad milati haye joe kissy kii apani sanskritiyon key samaan naheen hain. maull siddhant key saath-saath vyavhaar mein poorna adhikaar key kissy bhee daave koo chhodane key liye anurodh kartaa haye.
franz martin wimmer.
wimmer (janm 1942) vienna vishvavidyalaya mein ack sahayogi professor hain. unake liye yeh mahatvapurna haye kii way darshan kii avadharana koo eurocentrism seey mukt karein. vaha poochhe gaye prashnon key sambandh mein darshan kii samagri koo paribhaashit kartaa haye. tark, ontology, gyanmimansa yaa maandandon aur moolyon key auchitya key saath apane baare mein koee bhee parampara vaastav mein daarshanik haye. darshan harr samay antarsaanskritik honah chaahiye, bhale hii yeh abhee taka aisaa naheen haye. yeh kaafee hudd taka 'saanskritikta kii durdasha' haye kii darshan saarvbhaumik honey kaa daavaa kartaa haye lekin doosari or hamesha sanskriti, abhivyakti key kuchh sadhanon aur kuchh prashnon mein antarnihit rahega. wimmer daarshanik vichaar key itihas seey sambandhit haye jise paschimi key alawa anya paramparaon koo shamil karane key liye phir seey likhaa jaanaa chaahiye. vaha antar-saanskritik samvaadon yaa 'polywood' koo saksham karane key tareeke bhee vikasit karna chaahte hain, jaisa kii way unhein kahate hain.
ack antar-saanskritik samvaad key liye drishtikon.
jaba koee alag-alag sanskritiyon key saath kaam kartaa haye tou vaha apane tarikon parr jore naheen dey sakata haye aur harr kissy koo aisaa karane key liye naheen kaha sakata haye. sanchaar koo iss naee sthiti key anukool banaana hoga. antarsaanskritik vichaaron key kaee daarshanik anya paramparaon kaa anusaran karate samay samaan lekin phir bhee alag-alag niyamon yaa dishaanirdeshon kaa sujhaav dete hain.
bahupadi.
yeh austriyai daarshanik franz martin wimmer kii ack avadharana haye. vaha yeh maanata haye kii antar-saanskritik roop seey unmukh darshan key tarikon koo dhoondhana hoga joe kissy bhee raish saarvbhaumiktaa yaa saapekshvaad koo aksham karate hain. jaba anya awazon koo sunaate hain, tou bolane key liye, naa kewal yeh poochha jaanaa chaahiye kii way kyaa kahate hain aur kyon, balki yeh bhee poochha jaanaa chaahiye kii kyaa auchitya aur kyaa vishvaas aur vishvaas key kaaran. kattarpanth aur saarvbhaumiktaa key beach anya sanskritiyon kii madad seey darshan key karyakram koo puuraa karane kaa ack teesara tarika honah chaahiye. wimmer iss tarah seey bahupadi kahata haye, kaee logon kaa samvaad. iss tarah key bahupad key dauran vishayagat prashnon key uttaron parr kaam kiya jaanaa chaahiye. vaha ack 'nyuntam niyam' kaa masauda taiyar kartaa haih kabhi bhee ack ekal saanskritik parampara key lekhak seey ack daarshanik thesis koo achchi tarah seey sthaapit honey key liye sweekaar naa karein. lekin ack bahupadi kaisa dikhta haye? vimer chitran key liye chaar paramparaon (aeye, bee, see aur dee) mein praasangik ack mudda maanata haye. ack tarfa prabhaav ( →) yaa parasparik prabhaav (′) hoe sakata haye. alag-alag model hain jinhen alag kiya jaanaa chaahieh
ektarafa prabhaav
a → b aur a → c aur a → d
iss model mein koee samvaad sambhav naheen haye. bee, see aur dee jaisi sanskritiyon key vilupt honey key saath parampara key vistaar kaa lakshya haye. unaki pratikriya samaan naheen honey chaahiye. hoe sakata haye kii way parampara parr kadee apatti karein yaa poori tarah seey uska anukaran karein. yeh eurocentrism kaa ack udaaharan haye.
ektarafa aur sankramansheel prabhaav
a → b aur a → c aur a → d aur b → c
iss model mein samvaad bhee aavashyak naheen hain. aeye sabse prabhaavshaali sanskriti bunny hui haye, bee dee koo nazarandaj kartaa haye, see dee koo nazarandaj kartaa haye. yeh see parr dou gunaa prabhaav key kaaran hoe sakata haye kii tulanaatmak dhaaranaaen hoti hain. 12
aanshik roop seey parasparik prabhaav
kaee roop hain jaise kih
a ′b aur a → c aur a → d
yaah
a ′ b aur a → c aur a → d aur b → c
takah
a ′b aur a ′c aur a ′d aur b ′c aur b ′d aur c → d
yahaan sabhi roopon koo chayanaatmak sanskriti key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. dee key apavaad key saath kuchh samvaad yaa yahaan taka kii polylogue bhee sambhav hain.
poorna parasparik prabhaavah bahupadi
a ′b aur a ′c aur a ′d aur b ′c aur b ′d aur c ′d
pratyek parampara key liye doosari kaafee dilchasp haye joe antar-saanskritik darshan key liye susangat model haye. parasparik prabhaav poorna samaantaa key aadhar parr hotaa haye. beshak jaba vyaavhaarik upayog kii baat aatee haye tou yeh utani saavdhaanipoorvak santulit naheen hoe sakati haye. ack parampara mein teesare kii tulanaa mein dusare mein adhik ruchi hoe sakati haye joe samanya roop seey antar-saanskritik samvaad key sambandh mein ack aam kathinaaee haye.
angoothe key niyam.
elmer hollenstein (janm 1937) ack swiss daarshanik hain joe bhasha aur sanskriti key ghatana vigyaan aur darshan key sambandh mein prashnon key saath khud koo chintit karate hain. vaha kaee niyamon kaa paalan kartaa haye joe adhikansh bhaag key liye antar-saanskritik galatfahmi seey bachana sambhav banaate hain.
taarkik tarksangatata kaa niyam-kissy koo yeh maanana hoga kii apane liye taarkik naheen vichaar sanskriti yaa parampara koo tarkapurna yaa poorv-tarkapurna naheen banaate hain, balki yeh maanate hain kii kissy ney unhein galat samajha haye.
teleological tarksangatata kaa niyam (karyakshamta niyam)-loga joe karate hain uska anta karate hain aur naa kewal taarkik tarksangatata key saath khud koo vyakt karate hain. yadi koee taarkik aur doordarshi tarksangatata, ack vaakya key shaabdik arth aur usake saath peechha kiye gaye lakshya mein antar naheen curr sakata haye tou ise galat samajhana aasaan haye.
manavata shasson (prakritikta niyam)-arthaheen, apraakritik, gair-maanav yaa aparipakva vyavhaar aur sambandhit moolyon koo doosari sanskriti key logon key liye jimmedaar thaharaane seey pahale, apane swayam key nirnay aur gyaan kii paryaptata parr sandeh karke shuru karna behtar haye.
nose-kwok niyam (humm-yeh-bahut-niyam)-yadi koee videshi sanskriti mein kissy aisee cheez kaa saamana kartaa haye jise koee binaa virodhabhas key sweekaar karane key liye poori tarah seey taiyar naheen haye, tou yeh sambhavana naheen haye kii kissy koo tulaniya milega, yadi usase bhee badatar naheen tou apani sanskriti, aitihaasik aur samkaaleen mein ghatit hotaa haye.
vose-kwok niyam (yuu-doo-itt-too-ruul)-poorv niyam koo dekhate hue, yeh cumm sambhavana naheen haye kii videshi sanskriti mein aise vyakti paae jaayenge joe iss nindaniya ghatana koo bhee aswikar curr dein.
anty-crypto-naslavaad niyam-jaba loga nirash hotey hain, tou way anya samoohon key sadasyon mein aavardhit roop mein apani kamiyon koo samajhane key liye ichchuk hotey hain. gupt-naslavaad, chhipa huaa naslavaad, taba prakat hoe jaataa haye jaba kissy kii apani shreshthata kii bhavna koo khatra hotaa haye. apani sanskriti parr prakaash daalane key liye videshi sanskritiyon kaa vishleshan karna hoga.
vyaktitva niyam-kissy anya sanskriti key sadasyon koo kabhi bhee vastu yaa anusandhaan key saadhan key roop mein naheen, balki samaan adhikaar key shodh bhagidar key roop mein vyavhaar karke galat nirnay aur kaushalheenta seey bachana sambhav haye.
vyaktiparakta niyam-ack aatm-chhavi koo kissy baahari vyakti key prabhaavon kii tulanaa mein adhik ankit moolya parr naheen liya jaanaa chaahiye. apane samvidhaan aur muthbhed key prakaar key anusaar, loga khud koo adhik mahatva dete hain, adhik uchch star parr rakhate hain aur khud koo alankrit karate hain, yaa khud koo cumm karke, cumm karke aur apamaanit karate hain.
ontology-deontology niyam (̃ is 'versus' Â 'Â' Â 'Â' Â niyam)-vyavhaar sanhitaaen aur samvaidhaanik granth sthitiyon kaa pratinidhitva naheen karate hain jaise way hain, lekin jaisa kii way samooh key drishtikon key anusaar honah chaahiye. kabhi-kabhi way ack darpan chhavi prakat karate hain joe mamla naheen haye lekin uchit vyavhaar maanaa jaataa haye.
vidhruveekaran niyam (saanskritik dwaitvaad key khilaf niyam)-dhruvikaran jatilata koo cumm karane aur cheejon koo vargeekrit karane kaa ack praathamik saadhan haye. iska praathamik kaary cheejon koo vaisa prastut karna naheen haye jaisa way vaastav mein hain, balki unhein usa tareeke seey prastut karna haye jisamen way upayogi hain. dou sanskritiyon kii tulanaa koo seemit karane key bajaay, aur una paristhitiyon parr dhyaan dekar, jinake tahat dou sanskritiyon key beach iss tarah key dhruviya sambandh banaae rakhe jaa sakate hain, aur kinn paristhitiyon mein ack dusare key vipareet sanskritiyon key bheetar bhee iska pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haye, unake saralikaran, atishayokti, nirankushta aur vishishtata key saath dhruvikaran koo ack dusare key saath kaee sanskritiyon kii tulanaa karke sabse achchha rokaa jaataa haye.
gair-samroopata niyam-yeh dhaarana kii sanskritiyaan sajaatiya hain, vibhinn yugon, rujhaanon aur sanrachanaon koo ack-raikhik crum mein rakhane kaa ack pralobhan haye jaise kii way kewal vikas kii apani degree seey pratishthit hain aur unamen seey kissy kii bhee apani maulikta aur swaayatta naheen haye.
agyeyavaad kaa niyam-aise rahasya hain jinka sabhi sanskritiyon aur sanskritiyon mein uttar naheen diyaa jaayega. iss tathya key liye taiyar rehna hoga kii santoshjanak uttar naheen mill sakate hain.
antarsaanskritik darshan key liye gregor paul key buniyaadi niyam.
paul karlsruhe vishvavidyalaya mein ack sahayogi professor hain. unaki chintaaen gyanmimansa, tark, saundaryashastra aur tulanaatmak darshan key saath-saath manvadhikar bhee hain. unhone antar-saanskritik darshan key sambandh mein 16 paddhatigat niyam banaae hain.
tulanaatmak darshan key baare mein niyamah
tulanaatmak darshan koo kuchh maangon koo puuraa karna chaahieh
aage key samanya niyamah
una 16 niyamon seey sanskritiyon key beach samaan star parr adaan-pradaan karane mein madad milegi.
antarsaanskritik media.
vyaktigat daarshnikon key kaam key alawa antar-saanskritik vichaaron koo failaane aur adhik seey adhik aavaajen sunane key liye patrikaaen prakaashit kii gaee hain.
"polylogue" antar-saanskritik darshan key liye ack patrika haye, joe 1998 seey austriya key vienna mein prakaashit hoti haye aur jyaadaatar german bhasha mein lekh pradaan karati haye. "simpalgadi" antar-saanskritik darshan key liye ack patrika bhee haye, joe 1996 seey itali key padua mein prakaashit hoti haye. patrika kii bhasha italvi haye. 2010 seey, ack raymon panikar (raymon panikar koo samarpit antar-saanskritik kendra) samarpit kendra raymon panikar key vichaar seey prerit saanskritik karyakramon koo badhaava dene aur failaane key liye print yaa digital praarup mein "sirpit sameeksha" prakaashit kartaa haye.

