
vikalp moolya (laagat-laabh vishleshan)

laagat-laabh vishleshan aur samajik kalyan arthshastra mein, vikalp moolya shabd usa moolya koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe saarvajanik sampatti yaa seva koo banaae rakhane yaa sanrakshit karane key liye bhugtan karane kii niji ichcha parr rakhaa jaataa haye, bhale hii vyakti key vaastav mein kabhi iska upayog karane kii bahut cumm yaa koee sambhavana naa hoe. iss avadharana kaa upayog saarvajanik neeti mulyankan mein udyaanon, vanyajeev sharan aur bhoomi sanrakshan key saath-saath rail parivahan suvidhaon aur sevaaon mein nirantar nivesh koo uchit thaharaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. ise paryavaraniya sansadhanon key kull aarthik moolya key ack tatva key roop mein bhee maanyata dee gaee haye.
laagat-laabh vishleshan mein "vikalp moolya" kii yeh avadharana vitt mein upayog kii jaane vaali avadharana seey alag haye, jahaan yeh shabd ack vittiya saadhan key mulyankan koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe bhavishya mein kissy sampatti kii khareed key liye pradaan kartaa haye. (vikalp samay moolya dekhein.) haalaanki, donon koo jokhim karakon key mulyankan key roop mein vyakhya kii jaa sakati haye.
aavedan.
paryaavaran anusandhaan saahitya mein, vikalp moolya koo aamtaur parr khatare mein padey praakritik sansadhanon key sanrakshan key moolya key roop mein vyakhya kii jaati haye taaki way bhavishya mein upayog key liye upalabdh hoe sakein. ise vanyajeev aavason, jangli kshetron aur jall manoranjan sansadhanon key sanrakshan key moolya koo sthaapit karane key liye lagu kiya gayaa haye. parivahan anusandhaan saahitya mein, vikalp moolya kii vyakhya aamtaur parr usa moolya key roop mein kii jaati haye joe gair-upayogkarta rail parivahan suvidha aur isaki seva (ack vikalp key roop mein joe bhavishya mein upalabdh hoga) kii nirantar upalabdhata sunishchit karane key liye bhugtan karane key liye taiyar hain. ise parivahan aur scotish sarkaar key liye britten vibhaag dwara parivahan nivesh vikalpon key laagat laabh mulyankan mein vichaar kiye jaane vaale laabh key ack prakaar key roop mein maanyata dee gaee haye, aur iska upayog neetherland mein kshetriya rail pariyojanaon key mulyankan key liye bhee kiya gayaa haye. sanyukt raajya america mein, parivahan laabh-laagat vishleshan guides mein vikalp moolya koo maanyata dee gaee haye, jisamen parivahan arthshastra parr parivahan anusandhaan board kii samiti, pargaman sahakaari anusandhaan karyakram aur victoria parivahan neeti sansthaan shamil hain.
vikas.
vikalp moolya" shabd aur gair-upayogkarta laabh key roop mein isake saiddhaantik aadhar koo shuru mein 1964 mein berton weisbroad dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. ise upabhokta adhishesh kii paaramparik avadharana seey alag laabh key ack tatva key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh teen karakon parr nirbhar kartaa haih (1) parisampatti kii bhavishya kii aavashyakta key baare mein anishchitata, (2) aparivartaniyata yaa parisampatti key khou jaane parr pratisthaapan kii uchch laagat, aur (3) parisampatti kii gair-bhandaran kshamata. isake baad avadharana key baare mein ack sakriya akaadamik bahas hui, aur isake maap kaa parishkaran kiya gayaa. kuchh arthshastriyon ney upabhokta adhishesh aur bhoomika koo anishchitata jokhim nivaaran premium key roop mein vikasit kiya, jisase yeh sujhaav milaa kii "vikalp moolya" kii avadharana adhik upayukt hoe sakati haye. anya logon ney sansaadhan key aparivartaniyata pahalu parr jore diyaa aur "ardh vikalp moolya" yaa "aparivartaniyata prabhaav" kii avadharana koo apanaane key sujhaavon key saath usa jokhim seey bachane key liye ruprekha koo aage nirdisht kiya."yeye sabhi shabd aur avadhaaranaaen shaikshanik saahitya mein dikhaai detee hain. haalaanki, mool shabd "vikalp moolya" abhee bhee aamtaur parr anuprayukt adhyayanon mein upayog kiya jaataa haye (jaisa kii pichhale anuprayog khand mein uddhrit karyon mein spasht haye; yeh bhee dekhein).