
emily gerard

(jaine) emily gerard (7 maee 1849-11 janwari 1905) 19veen shatabdi kii ack scotish lekhika theen, jinhen bram stoker key 1897 key upanyaas "dracula" parr unake transylvanian lokkatha sangrah key prabhaav key liye jaanaa jaataa haye.
jeevan.
praarambhik jeevan.
emily gerard kaa janm 7 maee 1849 koo chesters, jedberg, scotland mein huaa thaa, joe roxol, lanarkshire aur euphamia erskin (1818-70) key curnell archibald gerard (1812-80) kii sabse badee betty thee, joe aavishkaarak surr johnn robison (1778-1843) kii betty thee. unaki teen bahanen aur teen bhaai they jinamen general surr montagu gilbert gerard (1842-1905) shamil they. vaha ack daarshanik lekhak alekjendar gerard (1728-95), ack scotish episcopalian mantri aur lekhak archibald ellison (1757-1839) aur church off scotland key mantri aur dharamshastriya lekhak gilbert gerard (1760-1815) seey aaee theen. unaki bahan dorothea, jinka janm 9 agast 1855 koo nyu monkland, lanarch mein huaa thaa, bhee ack upanyaskar theen.
1861 kii scotland janganana mein, gerard koo apane maataa-pitaa, apani bahanon annie, dorothea aur mairi key saath lanarkshire mein rochsoles house mein rahane key roop mein darj kiya gayaa haye, aur 11 naukaron key ack karmchari key saath; janganana lene vaale kii yatra key samay unake ghar mein kaee agantuk bhee rahate hain. gerard parivaar 1863 seey 1866 taka vienna mein rahata thaa, jiss dauran emily ney rajkumari margaret dee borban key saath jeevan bhar kii dosti shuru kii, jiska parivaar margarita key pardada, charles aiks key scotish nirvaasan key baad seey dakaiti key saath dost rhaa thaa. 15 saal kii umr taka vaha ghar parr hii padhaai curr rahee thee, jaba usane austriya key redenberg mein sekre coyer key convent mein teen saal taka europeeya bhaashaon kaa adhyayan karna jaari rakhaa. parivarik prishthabhoomi mool roop seey scotish episcopalian thee, aur jaba unaki maan ney 1848 mein catholic dharm mein parivartan kiya, tou bahanon kaa paalan-poshan catholic thaa.
carrier.
donon bahanen dorothea aur emily 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein british saahityik samudaay mein sakriya bhagidar bunn gaeen, donon ney sahyogaatmak aur swatantra roop seey kaam kiya. emily gerard ney "blackwood patrika" key liye kahaaniyan likhin, saath hii "dha times" aur blackwood key liye francisi aur german saahitya kii sameeksha kii.
dorothea key saath sahyog.
1879 mein, gerard ney upanyaas likhana shuru kiya, jisamen unakaa pahala pramukh kaam sanyukt chhadm naam ee key tahat unaki bahan dorothea key saath sahyog thaa. dee. gerard. "reeta; yaa kyaa naam mein haye" (1880) ack maxican ladki key europeeya reeti-rivaajon key anukool honey key prayason seey sambandhit thaa aur ise "blackwood" patrika mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa."isi patrika mein iss jodee dwara prakaashit baad key upanyaas" "bhikhaari meraa padosi" "(1882)," "herculis kaa paani" "(1885), aur" "ack samvedansheel paudha" "(1891) they. jaba dorothea ney shaadi curr lii aur vahaan seey chalaa gayaa, tou unakaa sahyog bund hoe gayaa. dorothea (gerard) longard dee longgard (1855-1915), yakinan donon mein seey adhik safal aur nishchit roop seey adhik vipul upanyaskar, ney ack austriyai-hangerian adhikaari seey shaadi kii thee, unhone apana baad kaa jeevan austriya mein bitaaya.
vivaah kaa prabhaav.
14 octuber 1869 koo salzberg mein, gerard ney austriya-hangerian senaa mein sewarat ack polish ghudsavaar adhikaari, joe unase 20 saal badey they, ritter missislaus wonn laszowski (<unk>) seey shaadi kii. unake dou bete they. 1870 mein apani maan kii mrityu key baad unaki bahanen unake saath shamil hoe gaeen. unaki shadiyon key parinamswarup, bahanon key baad key upanyaas aksar purvi europe mein sthaapit kiye gaye they. gerard bhaaiyon ney bhaai-bahanon key saahityik utpaadan mein bhee yogdan diyaa, saamoohik roop seey lagbhag 60 pustaken aur upanyaas jode. donon bhaaiyon koo emily gerard key saath black key "kaun thaa, 1897-1916" (1953) mein soochibaddh karane key liye paryaapt roop seey ullekhaniya maanaa jaataa thaa. unaki shaadi key baad, unhein vibhinn roop seey emily gerard, shrimati dee laszowska, emily laszowska yaa emily dee laszowska gerard key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa.
swatantra lekhan.
gerard key upanyaas aksar europeeya paatron aur parivesh key ird-gird kendrit they. unhone hermanstad aur chronstad mein bitaaye apane samay kaa upayog transylvania kii sanskriti aur paridrishya key baare mein likhane key liye kiya. transylvanian lokkathaon key saath unaki parichitata 1883 seey 1885 taka unake pati key hermanstad aur chronstad shaharon mein tainaat honey key parinamswarup hui. unaki pustak "dha laind beyond dha forrest (1890)" aur nibandh "transylvania andhavishwas" koo "dracula" likhane key liye prerit karane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. baad key prakaashan ney mrit kaa varnan karane key liye "nospheratu" shabd koo bhee stoker seey parichit karaaya.
gerard likhate hainh
adhik nishchit roop seey burai "nospheratu" yaa pishach haye, jisamen pratyek rumeniyai kisan utanaa hii dridhata seey vishvaas kartaa haye jitna vaha swarg yaa narak mein kartaa haye. pishach dou prakaar key hotey hain, jeevit aur mrit. jeevit pishach aam taur parr dou avaidh vyaktiyon kii avaidh santan hoti haye; lekin ack trutiheen vanshavali bhee kissy koo bhee apane parivaar key tahakhaane mein pishach kii ghuspaith key khilaf aashvast naheen karegi, kyonki ack nospheratu dwara maaraa gayaa pratyek vyakti isi tarah mrityu key baad ack pishach bunn jaataa haye, aur anya nirdosh vyaktiyon kaa khoon chusana jaari rakhega jaba taka kii sandigdh vyakti kii kabr kholkar aatma koo baahar naheen nikala jaataa haye, aur yaa tou shav key madhyam seey ack daantaada chalaata haye, yaa phir taaboot mein pistaul seey goli chalaata haye. mrityu kii pratyek varshgaanth parr kabr key chaaron or dhumrapan karna bhee pishach koo seemit karane mein prabhaavi maanaa jaataa haye. pishach key bahut hii jiddi mamalon mein sir koo kaatane aur usey taaboot mein lahsun seey bharey munh seey badalane kii salah dee jaati haye, yaa dill koo nikaalane aur usey jalaane key liye, usaki raakh koo kabr parr fenkane kii salah dee jaati haye. yeh kii aaj bhee aksar iss tarah key upchaaron kaa sahaara liya jaataa haye, ack achchi tarah seey satyaapit tathya haye, aur shayed kuchh rumeniyai gaanv hain jahan nivaasiyon kii yaad mein aisaa naheen huaa haye. isi tarah koee rumenian gaanv naheen haye joe apane nivaasiyon mein kuchh boodhi aurat (aamtaur parr ack daaee) koo ginaa naheen jaataa haye joe pishaachon kaa mukabala karane key liye kii jaane vaali saavdhaaniyon mein paarangat haye, aur joe iss vigyaan koo ack falataa-phoolata vyaapaar banaata haye.
iss parichhed key tatva, jisamen pishach key baare mein sthaaniya kisaanon key sandeh shamil hain, spasht roop seey dracula key pahale bhaag mein dikhaai dete hain."
maark twen key saath dosti.
1897 mein gerard ney "blackwood patrika" key villium blackwood koo patra likhaa, jisamen americi lekhak maark twen seey apana parichay karaane key liye kahaa gayaa. jaba blackwood ney majboor kiya, tou gerard ney maark twen seey mulakat kii aur unase dosti kii, jinhen "pyaar kaa unmoolan" (1901) samarpit haye. blackwood koo likhe ack patra mein, gerard ney maark twen key baare mein likhaa kii vaha "ack atyadhik gambhir, lagbhag gambhir vyakti they...lekin jaba koee usey sahee tareeke seey pakad sakata haye tou vaha kaafee aakarshak hotaa haye."
mrityu.
11 janwari 1905 koo gerard kii mrityu austriya key vienna mein hui, jahan way aur unake pati sakriya seva seey unaki sevaanivritti key baad chaley gaye they. dou dinn baad usey dafnaya gayaa. unaki bahan dorothea apane pati kii mrityu key baad austriya chully gaeen aur 29 sitambar 1915 koo apani shesh jeevan ack ekantwas key roop mein bitaai.
saahityik aalochana.
apane jivankal key dauran, gerard koo europeeya deshon key vishal aur visheshaadhikaar praapt anubhav aur visheshagya bhashai kshamataon key saath ack yatra lekhak key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa. 1888 mein salt lake city kii "mahila pratipaadak" mein unake kaam kii sameeksha mein, gerard koo "ack chatur lekhak aur kaee manoranjak upanyason key lekhak [joe] apane swaad mein balki mahanagariya honey chaahiye" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa."aeye mein.aiss. austriya mein mahilaaen kyaa curr rahee hain" sheershak seey "streetva" key liye levetus kaa 1905 kaa tukada, vaha likhati haye, "[emily gerard] mein ack upajaau kalpana aur dusaron koo apane vichaaron koo sampreshit karane kaa ack jeevant aur vishvasyogya tarika haye, bhasha kaa ack samriddh upahaar, videshi bhaashaon key saath apane parichiton dwara badhaaya gayaa haye, joe sabhi vaha apani mool bhasha key samaan dharapravahta key saath bolati aur likhati haye."
haalaanki, yeh mahsoos kiya gayaa kii gerard key parivaar key anya sadasyon ney upanyason key lekhakon key roop mein janata seey adhik appeal kii. 1905 mein gerard key liye "dha times" aur "dha athenium" donon mein prakaashit shraddhanjali, unaki bahan kii dorothea kii vyaapak appeal parr tippani kii gaee thee. "usa samay" "dekhaa gayaa kii emily" "ney apani bahan key barabar lokpriyata naheen jeeti thee", "jabaki" "athenium" "ney faisala kiya kii vaha apane aap mein ack saksham upanyaskar thee, joe ack kahani kahane key liye ack utkrisht upahaar thee."
kaam kartaa haye.
(yeye sabhi pahale teen upanyaas "ee" naam seey hain.dee. gerard "-emily aur unaki bahan dorothea gerard kaa ack sahayogi upnaam) 
sahyog key alawa, unhein aamtaur parr "ee" key roop mein pahachaana jaataa thaa. inn karyon key sheershak prishthon parr gerard.

