
saarvajanik bhoomi hastaantaran adhiniyam

donald jey key anusaar, 2012 mein yoota raajya ney kaanoon paarit kiya-saarvajanik bhoomi hastaantaran adhiniyam-sanghiya sarkaar koo 2014 key baad yoota raajya koo raajya mein adhikansh sanghiya bhoomi dene kii aavashyakta haye. lekin, sanghiya sarkaar ney inn bhoomi koo raajya koo hastaantarit karane kaa vaadaa kiya thaa, joe kii 1894 key yuu. tii. aeye. saksham adhiniyam mein thaa.
yuu. tii. aeye. ney abhee taka raajya key kaanoon koo lagu karane key prayaas key liye mukadama daayar naheen kiya haye aur avahelana kaanoon samooh kaa maanana haye kii sanghiya sarkaar kissy bhee mukadame kaa "jordar virodh" curr sakati haye joe yuu. tii. aeye. laa sakata haye, aur usase "ise rokane key liye harr kanuni saadhan kaa upayog karane" kii ummeed kii jaayegi."
itihas.
vibhinn yuu. tii. aeye. sanghiya nirvaachit adhikaariyon ney 2012 seey cumm seey cumm kaee dashakon pahale "saarvajanik bhoomi seey sambandhit raajya adhikaaron" key liye tark diyaa haye.
haal hii mein, raajya pratinidhi caine hathidant raajyon key adhikaaron kaa ack majboot samarthak rhaa thaa aur usane aksar sanghiya bhoomi parr niyantran hassil karane key liye yuu. tii. aeye. kii vakaalat kii thee. 2012 mein, hathidant praayojit aich. bee. 148, saarvajanik bhoomi hastaantaran adhiniyam, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii sanghiya sarkaar koo 2014 key baad yuu. tii. aeye. raajya koo sanghiya bhoomi vaapas deni chaahiye. vidhaayika ney vidheyak paarit kiya. governor gairi herbert ney 23 march 2012 koo ise kaanoon mein hastaaksharit karate hue kahaa, "yeh ack lambi prakriya mein kewal pahala kadam haye, lekin yeh ack kadam haye joe hamein uthaana chaahiye."
halanki 2012 mein vidheyak parr hastakshar kiye gaye they, lekin sanghiya bhoomi disambar 2014 taka aantarik vibhaag key niyantran mein rahee, jabaki raajya ney sanghiya adhikaariyon key saath "shikshit karane aur baatchit karane" kaa prayaas kiya. sanghiya sarkaar baatchit mein pravesh karane key liye sahmat naheen hui thee.
, yuu. tii. aeye. raajya ney raajya key bheetar sthit 31.2 laakh ekad sanghiya bhoomi parr niyantran praapt karane key liye kaarravaai shuru kii. raajya kii kull bhoomi mein seey aadhe seey adhik bhoomi shamil haye. 2014 taka raajya ney vaadaa kiya thaa kii vaha inn bhoomi parr sanghiya niyantran koo samaapt karane key liye bull kaa upayog naheen karega, balki isake bajaay "chaar-charaniya yojana key madhyam seey hastaantaran kii maang karega joe rajyapal ney nirdhaarit kii theeh shiksha, baatchit, kaanoon aur mukdamebaji kaa ack karyakram. raajya ney 2014 mein yojana key praarambhik charanon key liye dhana jutaane key liye alag rakhaa.
disambar 2015 mein, saarvajanik bhoomi key prabandhan key liye yuu. tii. aeye. aayog ney ack kanuni shikayat taiyar karane kii prakriya shuru kii joe ack mukadame kaa aadhar banegi.
disambar 2015 mein, yoota vishvavidyalaya key kaanoon key professor bobb ketter ney johnn rupley key saath ack pepper prakaashit kiya jisamen tark diyaa gayaa thaa kii vivaadit bhoomi parr khanij adhikaar praapt karane mein raajya key prabal honey kii sambhavana naheen hogi, aur isaliye raajya curr rajaswa key atirikt sroton key binaa bhoomi kaa prabandhan karane mein saksham naheen hoga.
2019 key anta mein, sanghiya sarkaar ney sanghiya bhoomi kii ack chhoti raashi koo sthanantarit karane kaa prastaav rakhaa-- colorado key aasann americi raajya mein jise sanghiya sarkaar ney colorado karane kaa vaadaa kiya thaa, lekin kabhi bhee sthanantarit naheen kiya, colorado key raajya key samay.
vishleshan.
paksh mein.
washington times key anusaar, "sanghiya sarkaar kansas key paschim mein 50 pratishat seey adhik bhoomi koo niyantrit karati haye-yoota key mamle mein, yeh 64.5 pratishat haye, ack aisee sthiti jisake parinamswarup chattani parvat paschim mein tanaav badh rhaa haye."sanghiya samaaj key liye likhate hue, donald kochan kaa tark haye kii yoota raajya banaane vaale mool sanghiya dastavejon mein vaade shamil they kii" sanghiya swaamitva seemit avadhi kaa hoga aur una bhoomi key badey hisse kaa samay parr sanghiya sarkaar dwara niji swaamitva mein niptan kiya jaayega yaa anyatha raajya koo vaapas curr diyaa jaayega."
yuu. tii. aeye. raajya sampatti khand aur vibhinn sanghiya sarkari adalat key faisalon parr nirbhar kartaa haye-kuchh yuu. tii. aeye. aich. raajya key samay seey-jiska arth haye kii sanghiya yuu. tii. aeye. saksham adhiniyam mein kahaa gayaa haye...sanghiya swaamitva seemit avadhi kaa hoga aur una bhoomi key badey hisse kaa sanghiya sarkaar dwara samay parr niji swaamitva mein niptan kiya jaayega yaa anyatha raajya koo vaapas curr diyaa jaayega, "iska arth yeh honah chaahiye kii cumm seey cumm sanghiya bhoomi kaa badaa hissa aaj kii tarikh taka sthanantarit kiya jaanaa chaahiye thaa.
march 2012 mein, ack yuu. tii. aeye. raajya kaanoon koo vidhaayika dwara paarit kiya gayaa aur rajyapal dwara kaanoon mein hastakshar kiye gaye, jisamen maang kii gaee kii "sanghiya sarkaar 31 disambar, 2014 taka yuu. tii. aeye. raajya mein sanghiya saarvajanik bhoomi key anumaanit 20 million seey adhik (yaa kuchh reports dwara 30 million seey bhee adhik) ekad key apane adhikaar koo samaapt curr dey." yeh "raajya koo iss tarah key ekad key hastaantaran key liye bhee ahwan kartaa haye aur hastaantaran key parinamswarup bhoomi key iss badhe hue raajya portfolio key vikas key liye ack prabandhan vyavastha key vikas key liye prakriyaaen sthaapit kartaa haye."
bhoomi kii maang key liye yuu. tii. aeye. raajya key kanuni mamle mein, halanki paimaane mein abhootpoorv, pro aur conn donon poorvavarti mamalon parr adharit kanuni tark hain, aur adalaton key madhyam seey vibhinn kanuni kaarrvaaiyon key mukadame seey pahale mamle key parinam key baare mein koee nishchitata naheen hogi. "cumm seey cumm, [saarvajanik bhoomi hastaantaran adhiniyam] (tii. pee. ell. aeye.) mein shamil khule kanuni prashn hain jinhen adalaton mein kabhi bhee nishchit samadhan naheen milaa haye. iss prakaar, aalochak kaanoon key khilaf ack cutt aind dry cases naheen banaa sakate. ... vaastav mein tii. pee. ell. aeye. key saath vichaar karane key liye gambhir kanuni prashn hain."
raajya kaa kanuni mamla americi samvidhaan key sarvochata khand aur sampatti khand key kuchh rahasyamay pahaluon parr nirbhar hoe sakata haye aur way 16 julaai, 1894 key yuu. tii. aeye. saksham adhiniyam key saath kaise sambandhit hain, halanki anya kanuni siddhant bhee tii. pee. ell. aeye. kii maang kaa samarthan curr sakate hain."
virodh kiya.
vishvavidyalaya key yuu. tii. aeye. college off low key professor robbert ketter aur shodh sahayogi johnn rupley dwara 2014 mein kiye gaye ack adhyayan ney nishkarsh nikala kii raajya key prayaas adalat mein safal honey kii sambhavana naheen haye. bhoomi key swaamitva koo banaae rakhane key sanghiya sarkaar key adhikaar koo "achchi tarah seey sthaapit" key roop mein chihnit kiya gayaa haye."sanghiya sarkaar kaa sanghiya saarvajanik bhoomi parr poorna niyantran haye, jisamen sanghiya swaamitva mein bhoomi koo banaae rakhane kaa samvaidhaanik adhikaar bhee shamil haye", adhyayan kahata haye. "paschimi raajyon koo sangh mein shamil honey key liye adhikrit karane vaale kaanoonon key liye una raajyon koo atirikt bhoomi key adhikaar koo aswikar karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur usa asweekriti koo nipataane key liye ack sanghiya kartavya mein naheen badala jaa sakata haye."saarvajanik bhoomi andolan key hastaantaran parr shwet patra koo bhoomi, sansadhanon aur paryaavaran key liye bhitti stagner kendra dwara ack saath rakhaa gayaa thaa.
aarthik vishleshan.
sanghiya sarkaar ney 2012 key dauran yuu. tii. aeye. mein lagbhag 8 dollar prati ekad bhoomi kaa prabandhan karane mein kharch kiya aur 2100 logon koo rojgar diyaa (rashtriya udyaan seva sahit naheen, joe udyaan seva bhoomi key roop mein shamil naheen haye, mool kaanoon key anusaar sanghiya sarkaar key saath baney rehna haye.)
kuchh vishleshakon koo ummeed haye kii raajya key adhikaariyon dwara bhoomi kaa prabandhan rajaswa sakaratmak hoga-kissy bhee bhoomi koo bechane seey pahale aur iss prakaar raajya koo curr rajaswa utpann karna shuru hoe jaayega-kyonki manoranjan, tail aur gais vikas aur anya upayogon seey aaya lagbhag prati varsh raajya prabandhan key tahat raajya sarkaar key khajaane mein honey kii ummeed haye, yeh maanate hue kii tail kii keemat cumm naheen hoti haye. anya vishleshakon kaa kahana haye kii yadi jangal kii aag sahit prabandhan kii laagat poori tarah seey raajya dwara wahan kii jaati haye, tou isake parinamswarup vikas mein vriddhi hoe sakati haye, pahunch shulk mein vriddhi hoe sakati haye aur saarvajanik nireekshan mein kamee aaa sakati haye.