
aparaadh kaa vikasatmak siddhant

1993 mein, americi manovaigyaanik terry moffit ney vikasatmak prakriyaon kii vyakhya karane key prayaas mein apmaanjanak vyavhaar key dohare vargeekaran kaa varnan kiya joe ayu aparaadh vakr key vishisht aakar kii or leey jaataa haye. moffit ney prastaav diyaa kii samaaj mein dou mukhya prakaar key asamajik aparaadhi hainh kishoravastha-seemit aparaadhi, joe kewal kishoravastha key dauran asamajik vyavhaar pradarshit karate hain, aur jeevan-pathyakram-nirantar aparaadhi, joe bachpan mein hii asamajik vyavhaar karna shuru curr dete hain aur vayaskata taka iss vyavhaar koo jaari rakhate hain. iss siddhant kaa upayog sanskritiyon key beach 'aparaadh' kii alag-alag paribhashaon key kaaran aparaadh key bajaay asamajik vyavhaar key sambandh mein kiya jaataa haye. samaan visheshtaon aur prakshepavakron key kaaran, iss siddhant koo mahilaaon aur purushon donon parr lagu kiya jaa sakata haye.
asamajik vyaktitva vikaar.
asamajik vyaktitva vikaar (aeye. aiss. pee. dee.) koo mansik vikaaron key naidaanik aur saankhyikiya manual (dee. aiss. aim.-aaee. vee.) dwara pahachaana jaataa haye. yeh ack vikaar haye jisaki visheshta dusaron key adhikaaron key prati gambhir upeksha haye. neeche varnit adhikansh adhyayanon mein, aise vyakti joe asamajik vyavhaar pradarshit karate hain, lekin jinhen aeye. aiss. pee. dee. kaa nidan naheen kiya gayaa haye, unakaa upayog vishayon key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.
ayu aur asamajik vyaktitva vikaar.
kishoravastha mein giraftari kii sankhya mein vriddhi hoti haye, lekin baad mein isamen kamee aatee haye. yeh vriddhi logon koo aashcharyachakit karati haye kii kyaa adhik aparaadhi dikhaai dey rahey hain yaa adhik aparaadh unheen kuchh apraadhiyon dwara kiye gaye hain. sakshya seey pataa chalata haye kii donon mein vriddhi hui haye. sabse lagaatar 5 pratishat aparaadhi 50 pratishat seey adhik gyaat apraadhon key liye jimmedaar hain.
charam seema aur apraadhon kii sthirata key beach sambandh kii jaanch karane key liye kaee prayog kiye gaye hain. aise hii ack prayog mein teesari kaksha key ladakon key ack samooh kaa adhyayan kiya gayaa thaa. sabse aakramak 5 pratishat mein seey, unamen seey 39 pratishat ney duss saal baad aakraamakta parr 95vein pratishat seey adhik ank praapt kiye, aur unamen seey 100% ausat seey oopar they.
ack bachche mein aakraamakta aur asamajik vyavhaar vayask asamajik vyavhaar kaa ack bhavishyavakta haye. kuchh 'kathin' bachche tantrika sambandhi vikaaron key kaaran vyavhaar sambandhi samasyaon kaa pradarshan karate hain. ack adhyayan mein vishesh roop seey madhyam varg key parivaaron key 66 cumm janm-vajan vaale shishuon mein tantrika sambandhi kshati aur shishu vyavhaar koo dekhaa gayaa. inn bachchon ney aparipakvata, atee sakriyata, gusse mein gussa, kharaab dhyaan aur kharaab school pradarshan jaise lakshnon kaa pradarshan kiya. soochibaddh pichhale lakshnon mein seey pratyek koo baad key jeevan mein asamajik vyavhaar seey jodaa gayaa haye. haalaanki, inn bachchon koo baad mein jeevan mein aparaadh mein unakaa path sunishchit karane key liye anusaran naheen kiya gayaa.
asamajik vyavhaar kii nirantarta aur sthirata.
asamajik vyavhaar kii nirantarta aur sthirata moffit key siddhant kii jarh mein nihit haye. kishore seemit aparaadhi apane jivankal mein binaa sthirata key asamajik vyavhaar kaa pradarshan karate hain, jabaki jeevan-crum-nirantar aparaadhi aamtaur parr bahut shuruati umr seey hii asamajik vyavhaar kaa pradarshan karate hain. 4 saal kii umr mein hii kaatane aur maarne key baad dukaan seey chori, nashili davaaen bechane, chori, dakaiti, balatkar aur baal shoshan jaise aparaadh ack jeevan key nirantar aparaadhi koo darshaate hain.
donner "aur anya."anudairdhya asamajik vyavhaar kii sthirata parr bhavishyavani key baare mein ack pareekshan prastut kartaa haye. dou prakaar key asamajik vyavhaar koo maapa gayaah gupt, yaa vyavhaar joe chhal aur chori parr kendrit haye, aur pratyaksh, yaa vyavhaar jisamen pratyaksh takraav aur shaaririk nuksan kaa khatra shamil haye. yeh prayog unake jeevan kii teen mukhya avadhiyon key dauran vishayon koo dastavej kartaa haih bachpan, 6-11 ayu key varsh, kishoravastha, 12-17 ayu key varsh, aur vayaskata, 20-25 ayu key varsh. joe aparaadhi bachpan mein asamajik vyavhaar dikhaana shuru curr dete hain joe vayaskata taka jaari rahata haye, unhein moffit jeevan-crum-nirantar aparaadhi maanata haye. unake aparaadhi vyavhaar kaa shreya tantrika-manovaigyaanik haani aur nakaratmak paryavaraniya visheshtaon sahit kaee karakon koo diyaa jaataa haye. moffit ney isaki bhavishyavani kii haye...asamajik vyavhaar kii vyaktigat sthirata key anumaanon seey anudairdhya kaanoon kaa ullanghan honey kii ummeed haye, joe bataata haye kii charr key beach sambandh kamjor hoe jaate hain kyonki unake beach kaa samay antaral lamba hotaa jaataa haye."
1983 mein bachchon key mool namoone (ayu 6-11) mein 1,125 vishay shamil they. vishayon mein teen mukhya kshetron kaa adhyayan kiya gayaah sthiti ullanghan, pratyaksh vyavhaar aur gupt vyavhaar. khule vyavhaar kaa pradarshan karane vaale bachchon mein kishoravastha mein gupt vyavhaar key liye dou gunaa adhik jokhim aur vayaskata mein isake liye teen gunaa adhik jokhim paaya gayaa. yeh anudairdhya kaanoon kaa ullanghan kartaa haye aur moffit kii apekshaon koo sahee saabit kartaa haye. aage key parinamon ney bhee iss ullanghan kaa samarthan kiya, lekin kewal khule vyavhaar key sambandh mein, naa kii gupt vyavhaar key sambandh mein.
purushon aur mahilaaon key beach asamajik vyavhaar kii nirantarta mein bhee antar haye. ack anudairdhya adhyayan mein poore county kii aabaadi kaa 8 seey 48 varsh kii ayu taka paalan kiya gayaa thaa. kewal 18 pratishat mahilaaen joe 8 varsh kii ayu mein asamajik vyavhaar mein uchch sthaan parr theen, 48 varsh kii ayu mein uchch sthaan parr theen, jabaki 47 pratishat purush uchch shreni mein rahate hain. haalaanki, lagbhag 37 pratishat purushon aur mahilaaon ney 48 varsh kii ayu taka cumm asamajik vyavhaar banaae rakhaa.
jeevan-crum-sthaayi aparaadhi.
javic jokhim kaarak.
nimnalikhit javic jokhim karakon koo jeevan bhar lagaatar asamajik vyavhaar seey jodaa gayaa haye, lekin iska kaaran naheen banata haye.
samajik jokhim kaarak.
kaee adhyayanon mein, asamajik vyavhaar pradarshit karane vaale vyakti ack parivaar mein "vichalit vyavhaar", "pratikool gharelu vatavaran" yaa kuchh isi tarah key pradarshan mein vikasit hue. haalaanki adhikansh adhyayan una sateek lakshnon koo nirdisht naheen karate hain joe pareekshan kiye gaye 'vichalit' yaa 'pratikool' vatavaran koo darshaate hain. jinn kaee baaton kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye unamen durvyavahar, upeksha, samajik-aarthik sthiti, maataa-pitaa kaa asamajik vyavhaar aadi shamil hain. iss baat kaa koee pramaan naheen haye kii samajik kaarak, jaise kii yeye, javic karakon key saath binaa asamajik vyavhaar koo prerit curr sakate hain.
javic aur samajik jokhim karakon kaa ack saath prabhaav.
praarambhik javic poorvadhaaranaaen joe ack pratikool paalan-poshan vatavaran key saath sanyukt hain, jeevan-pathyakram key nirantar asamajik vyavhaar key jokhim koo shuru karengi. unhone newzealand mein ladakon kaa ack anudairdhya adhyayan kiya joe asamajik pravrittiyon kii ack shrinkhala kaa pradarshan kartaa haye. 536 ladakon mein seey 75 ladakon koo pratikool gharelu vatavaran aur tantrika-manovaigyaanik samasyaaen theen. una 75 ladakon ney pratikool gharelu vatavaran yaa tantrika-manovaigyaanik samasyaon (dou mein seey ack) vaale ladakon kii tulanaa mein aakraamakta parr 4 gunaa adhik ank praapt kiye. pensylvania adhyayan mein lcp apraadhiyon mein niyantran pratibhagiyon kii tulanaa mein garibi kaa star adhik thaa, aur niyantran pratibhagiyon aur anya pratibhagiyon donon kii tulanaa mein unaki upeksha kaa star adhik thaa. isake alawa, prakriti key prabhaavon koo alag karane aur poshan key liye aksar dohare adhyayanon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. aise hii ack adhyayan mein, una vyaktiyon mein uchchatam aaparaadhik gatividhi key star dekhe gaye jinake paalak parivaaron ney vichalit vyavhaar kaa pradarshan kiya.
kishoravastha-seemit aparaadhi.
halanki javic jokhim kaarak iss samooh parr lagu naheen hotaa haye, ack baat dhyaan dene yogya haye kii frontal cortex kaa myelination hamaare 20 key dashak mein jaari haye. yeh nirantar vikas yeh samajhaane mein madad curr sakata haye kii kishoravastha key baad asamajik vyavhaar kyon bund hoe jaataa haye aur aparaadh mein iss tarah kii vriddhi kyon pahale sthaan parr maujood haye.
kaaran.
terry moffit key anusaar, kishore-seemit apraadhiyon key liye 3 ateological parikalpanaaen hainh
1. kishoravastha-seemit asamajik vyavhaar javic paripakvata aur samajik paripakvata key beach key antar seey prerit haye.
2. yeh asamajik models seey seekha jaataa haye joe aasaani seey nakal curr sakate hain.
3. yeh seekhane key siddhant key sudridhikaran siddhanton key anusaar banaa rahata haye.
tantrika sambandhi prabhaav.
iss prakaar kaa siddhant kaee alag-alag tantrika sambandhi muddon kii or leey jaataa haye. yadi, bhavishya mein, humm bachpan mein jeevan-crum-nirantar apraadhiyon kii pehchaan karane key liye mastishk scan, vyavhaar detta, yaa kissy anya prakaar kii jaanch kaa upayog karane mein saksham they, tou kiss prakaar key hastakshep lagu kiye jaayenge, yadi koee hoe? kyaa bachchon kaa pahale seey hii pareekshan karane key liye mastishk scan yaa anya jaanch vidhiyon kaa upayog karna bhee naitik hoga? yeh maanate hue kii detta itna vishvasaniya thaa kii koee bachcha jeevan-crum-sthaayi aparaadhi honey key liye pareekshan naheen kiya gayaa thaa, samajik yaa paryavaraniya karakon key kaaran apane poore jeevan mein pathyakram badal sakata thaa, humm una bachchon key saath kyaa karenge? yadi una sakaratmak pareekshan kiye gaye bachchon koo anya bachchon seey door ack saath kaksha mein rakhaa jaataa haye, tou yeh sambhavana haye kii unaki hinsa yaa aakraamakta buss badatar hoe jaayegi. kyaa humm aisee neetiyaan sthaapit karna chaahte hain joe "pareshan bachchon koo bhavishya key apraadhiyon key roop mein vyavhaar karati hain?"ack vishesh prayog asamajik vyavhaar aur naitikta key tantrika aadharon kii tulanaa kartaa haye. aggar bhavishya mein humm una logon kii pehchaan curr sakein jinake paas ack akshunna naitik disha-nirdesh thaa, lekin joe asamajik vyavhaar koo pradarshit karane key liye javic roop seey engineer they? kyaa isase inn vyaktiyon key saath kaarravaai kaa maarg badal jaayega, yaa kyaa pratyek asamajik vyakti apane naitik swaasthya key bavjood hastakshep kaa hakdar haye?

