
solan

solan (bee. see.) ack ethanian rajneta, samvaidhaanik saansad aur kavi they. unhein vishesh roop seey pracheen ethan mein raajneetik, aarthik aur naitik girawat key khilaf kaanoon banaane key unake prayason key liye yaad kiya jaataa haye. unake sudhaar alpaavadhi mein whiffle rahey, phir bhee solan koo ethanian loktantra kii neenv rakhane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. unake samvaidhaanik sudhaar ney draco dwara sthaapit adhikansh kaanoonon koo palatane mein bhee safalata praapt kii.
solan kaa aadhunik gyaan iss tathya seey seemit haye kii unaki kritiyaan kewal tukadon mein jeevit rahati hain aur baad key lekhakon dwara aur chhathi shatabdi eesaa poorv kii shuruat mein ethen koo cover karane vaale vrittachitra aur puraataatvik sakshya kii samanya kamee dwara prakshepit hoti hain. yeh darj haye kii unhone anand key liye, deshbhakti key prachaar key roop mein aur apane samvaidhaanik sudhaar kii raksha mein kavita likhi thee. alexandaria key philo, herodotus aur plutarch jaise pracheen lekhak mukhya srot hain, lekin unhone solan key baare mein unaki mrityu key lambe samay baad likhaa thaa. eesaa poorv chauthi shatabdi key vaktaa, jaise kii eschines, bahut baad mein apane swayam key sabhi kaanoonon koo solan key liye jimmedaar thaharaate they.
jeevani.
solan kaa janm 630 eesaa poorv key aspas athens mein huaa thaa. unake parivaar koo attari mein pratishthit kiya gayaa thaa kyonki way ack kuleen yaa eupatrid kabile seey sambandhit they. solan key pitaa shayed hatyaa curr rahey they. yadi aisaa haye, tou unaki vanshavali kaa pataa athens key antim raajaa codrus seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye. diogens lartius key anusaar, unakaa ack bhaai thaa jiska naam dropides thaa, joe plato kaa poorvaj (chhah peedhiyon koo hataa diyaa gayaa) thaa. plutarch key anusaar, solan atyachari pisistrates seey sambandhit thaa, kyonki unaki maataaen chachere bhaai theen. solan antatah vanijya kii ataarkik khoj mein aakarshit huaa.
jaba athens aur megara salami key kabje key liye chunaav lada rahey they, tou solan koo ethanian balon kaa netaa banaaya gayaa thaa. baar-baar aapadaon key baad, solan dweep key baare mein likhi ack kavita key madhyam seey apane sainikon key manobal mein sudhaar karane mein saksham they. pisistrates dwara samarthit, unhone yaa tou ack chaalaak chaal key madhyam seey yaa 595 eesaa poorv key aspas veertapurna yuddh key madhyam seey seedhe taur parr megerianon koo haraaya. haalaanki, megariyanon ney apane daave koo chhodane seey incar curr diyaa. vivaad koo sparton koo bheja gayaa thaa, jinhone antatah solan dwara unhein diye gaye mamle key bull parr ethan koo dweep kaa kabja diyaa.
diogens lertius key anusaar, 594 eesaa poorv mein, solan koo arcan yaa mukhya magistrate chunaa gayaa thaa. archan key roop mein, solan ney kuchh doston key saath apane ichchit sudhaaron parr charcha kii. yeh jaanate hue kii vaha sabhi rinon koo radd karane vaalaa thaa, inn doston ney rinn liya aur turant kuchh jameen khareed lii. milibhugat key sandeh mein, solan ney apane swayam key kaanoon kaa paalan kiya aur apane swayam key dendaaron koo paanch pratibha (yaa kuchh sroton key anusaar 15) kii raashi key saath riha curr diyaa. usake doston ney kabhi bhee apane rinon kaa bhugtan naheen kiya.
apane sudhaaron koo puuraa karane key baad, unhone duss saal key liye videsh kii yatra kii, taaki ethanian unhein apane kissy bhee kaanoon koo nirast karane key liye prerit naa curr sakein. unakaa pahala padaav misra thaa. vahaan, naayak key anusaar, vaha misra key firaun, amasis II kaa daura karane gayaa. plutarch key anusaar, unhone kuchh samay bitaaya aur dou misra key pujaariyon, heliopolis key panophis aur saais key sonchis key saath darshan parr charcha kii. plato key dou samvaadon, "timeus" aur "critias" mein ack charitra, daavaa kartaa haye kii solan ney sais mein neeth key mandir kaa daura kiya aur vahaan key pujaariyon seey atlantis key itihas kaa ack vivaran praapt kiya. isake baad, solan cyprus key liye ravaana hue, jahan unhone ack sthaaniya raajaa key liye ack naee rajdhani key nirmaan kaa nireekshan kiya, jisake liye raajaa ney iska naam soloi rakhaa.
solan kii yaatraaen antatah usey lydia kii rajdhani sardis leey aaeen. herodotus aur plutarch key anusaar, vaha crosus seey milaa aur lydian raajaa koo salah dee, jise crosus taba taka samajhane mein whiffle rhaa jaba taka kii bahut dair naheen hoe gaee. crosus ney khud koo sabse khush aadami jeevit maanaa thaa aur solan ney usey salah dee thee, "jaba taka vaha marr naheen jaataa, taba taka kissy bhee aadami koo khush naa samajhen."iska kaaran yeh thaa kii kissy bhee samay, bhaagya sabse khush aadami parr bhee haavi hoe sakata haye aur uska jeevan dayaniya hoe sakata haye. nishpaadan kii prateeksha karate hue, farsi raajaa cyrus key haathon apana raajya khone key baad hii crosus ney solan kii salah key gyaan koo sweekaar kiya.
athens mein lautane key baad, solan pisistrates kaa kattar pratidvandi bunn gayaa. virodh mein, aur dusaron key liye ack udaaharan key roop mein, solan apane ghar key baahar poorna kavach mein khadaa thaa, aur una sabhi seey aagrah kartaa thaa joe aage badhkar atyachari honey kii sajish kaa virodh karane key liye aage badhe. unake prayaas vyarth gaye. pisistrates dwara usa nirankush shakti koo balpurvak hadapane key turant baad solan kii mrityu hoe gaee joe athens ney ack baar usey swatantra roop seey dee thee. solan kii mrityu 80 varsh kii ayu mein cyprus mein hui aur unaki ichcha key anusaar, unaki raakh usa dweep key aspas bikhare hue thee, jahan unakaa janm huaa thaa.
pausaaniyon ney saat rishiyon mein solan koo soochibaddh kiya, jinake sootra ney delphi mein apolo key mandir koo sajaaya. fluorillagium mein stobayus ack sangoshthi key baare mein ack kahani bataata haye jahan solan kaa chhota bhatija saifo kii ack kavita gaa rhaa thaah solan, geet sunane parr, ladke seey usey gaanaa sikhaane key liye kahaa. jaba kissy ney poochha, "aapako iss parr apana samay kyon barbad karna chaahiye?", solan ney jawab diyaa," "taaki main ise marane seey pahale seekh sakoon."halanki, amianus marcellinus ney socretus aur kavi stacicorus key baare mein ack samaan kahani sunai, lagbhag samaan shabdon mein daarshanik key harshollas kaa hawala dete hueh" "yuu. tii. aliquid skiens emplius ee veeta disedam", "jiska arth haye" "jeevan koo thodaa aur jaanane key liye chhodana.
aitihaasik parivesh.
solan key samay key dauran, kaee yunani shahar-raajyon ney atyachari, avasarvaadi raeeson kaa uday dekhaa thaa jinhone anubhaagiya hiton kii or seey satta sambhali thee. saisiyon mein, clistonies ney ack aayani alpasankhyak kii or seey shakti kaa adhigrahan kiya thaa. megara mein, sthaaniya kuleen varg key dushman key roop mein dagens satta mein aae they. thiagens key damad, ack ethanian kuleen vyakti jiska naam bellen thaa, ney 632 eesaa poorv mein athens mein satta parr kabja karane kaa asafal prayaas kiya. solan koo plutarch dwara iss aadhar parr varnit kiya gayaa thaa kii ethanian nagrikon dwara unhein asthaayi roop seey nirankush shaktiyon seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa kii unake paas unake liye shantipurna aur nyaaysangat tareeke seey unake matbhedon koo hull karane kaa gyaan thaa. pracheen sroton key anusaar, unhone inn shaktiyon koo taba praapt kiya jaba unhein naamit arcon (594/3 BC) chunaa gayaa thaa. kuchh aadhunik vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii yeye shaktiyaan vaastav mein solan key arcon honey key kuchh varshon baad dee gaee theen, jaba vaha aeropagus kaa sadasya hotaa aur shayed apane sathiyon dwara adhik sammaanit rajneta hotaa.
solan key samay mein athens kii visheshta vaale samajik aur raajneetik uthal-puthal kii vyakhya pracheen kaal seey laker vartamaan samay taka itihaskaron dwara kii gaee haye. dou samkaaleen itihaskaron ney solan key athens key teen alag-alag aitihaasik vivaranon kii pehchaan kii haye, joe kaafee alag pratidvandvita parr jore dete hainh aarthik aur vaichaarik pratidvandvita, kshetriya pratidvandvita aur kuleen kulon key beach pratidvandvita. yeye vibhinn khaate shamil muddon key avalokan key liye ack suvidhajanak aadhar pradaan karate hain.
solan key athens kaa aitihaasik vivaran kaee shataabdiyon mein virodhabhasi kahaaniyon yaa ack jatil kahani key samooh mein vikasit huaa haye jisaki vibhinn tarikon seey vyakhya kii jaa sakati haye. jaise-jaise aage key sakshya jamaa hotey hain, aur jaise-jaise itihaaskaar muddon parr bahas karna jaari rakhate hain, solan kii preranaaen aur unake sudhaaron key peechhe key iraade atkalon koo aakarshit karna jaari rakhenge.
solan key sudhaar.
solan key niyam badey lakadi key slab yaa cylinders parr utkeern kiye gaye they joe dhuri kii ack shrinkhala seey judey they joe pretanian mein seedhe khade they. yeye "akshatantu" ack turntable key roop mein ack hii siddhant parr sanchaalit hotey prateet hotey hain, jisase suvidhajanak bhandaran aur aasaani donon kii anumati milati haye. mool roop seey akshtantuon ney 7veen shatabdi key anta mein (paaramparik roop seey 621 eesaa poorv) draco dwara adhiniyamit kaanoonon koo darj kiya. draco key samhitaakaran kaa kuchh bhee naheen bachaa haye sivaay hatyaa seey sambandhit ack kaanoon key, phir bhee vidvaanon key beach aam sahamati haye kii yeh samvidhaan jaisi kissy bhee cheez key barabar naheen haye. solan ney hatyaa seey sambandhit kaanoonon koo chhodkar sabhi draco key kaanoonon koo nirast curr diyaa. athens, posanias kii apani yatra key dauran, doosari shatabdi key vigyaapan bhoogolvetta ney bataaya kii solan key utkeern niyam abhee bhee pretanian dwara pradarshit kiye gaye they. akshtantuon key tukade abhee bhee plutarch key samay mein dikhaai dey rahey they, lekin aaj hamaare paas solan key niyamon key kewal abhilekh saahityik sroton mein khandit uddharan aur tippaniyan hain jaise kii plutarch dwara swayam likhe gaye. isake alawa, unake kaanoonon kii bhasha paanchvin shatabdi key manakon seey bhee pracheen thee aur isase pracheen tippanikaron key liye vyakhya kii samasyaaen paida huin. aadhunik vidwan inn sroton kii vishvasaniyata parr sandeh karate hain aur isaliye solan key kaanoon key baare mein hamara gyaan vaastav mein isake vivaran mein bahut seemit haye.
aam taur parr, solan key sudhaar apane dayare mein samvaidhaanik, aarthik aur naitik prateet hotey hain. yeh antar, halanki kuchh hudd taka kritrim haye, cumm seey cumm ack suvidhajanak dhancha pradaan kartaa haye jisake bheetar solan koo jimmedaar thaharaae gaye kaanoonon parr vichaar kiya jaataa haye. unake sudhaaron key kuchh alpakaalik parinamon parr khand key anta mein vichaar kiya jaataa haye.
samvaidhaanik sudhaar.
solan key sudhaaron seey pahale, ethanian raajya koo kuleen janm aur dhana key aadhar parr aeropagus dwara salana niyukt yaa chune jaane vaale nau archan dwara prashaasit kiya jaataa thaa. aeropagus mein poorv arcons shamil they aur isaliye niyukti kii shakti key alawa, ack salaahkaar nikaay key roop mein iska asadharan prabhaav thaa. nau archanon ney agora mein ack patthar parr aupchaarik roop seey khade hocker pada kii shapath lii, aur ghoshana kii kii aggar unhein kabhi kaanoonon kaa ullanghan karate hue paaya jaanaa chaahiye tou way ack swarn pratima samarpit karane key liye taiyar hain. ethanian nagrikon (acclesia) kii ack sabhaa thee, lekin sabse nichale varg (theats) koo sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa thaa aur isaki vichaar-vimarsh prakriyaaen raeeson dwara niyantrit kii jaati theen. isaliye aisaa koee saadhan naheen prateet hotaa thaa jisake dwara ack archan koo shapath key ullanghan key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya jaa sakey jaba taka kii aeropagus ney usake abhiyojan kaa samarthan naheen kiya.
ethanian samvidhaan" key anusaar, solan ney sabhi nagrikon koo acclesia mein pravesh dene aur sabhi nagrikon seey ack adalat (helia) banaane key liye kaanoon banaaya. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii helia acclesia yaa iska kuchh pratinidhi hissa thaa, joe ack juurii key roop mein baithaa thaa. aam logon koo naa kewal adhikaariyon koo chunane kii shakti dekar balki unhein jawabdeh thaharaane kii shakti dekar, aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii solan ney ack sachche ganarajya kii neenv rakhee haye. kuchh vidvaanon koo sandeh haye kii kyaa solan ney vaastav mein acclesia mein theats koo shamil kiya thaa, ise pracheen kaal mein kissy bhee abhijaat varg key liye bahut saahasik kadam maanaa jaa rhaa haye. pracheen sroton ney chaar sou kii ack parishad key nirmaan key saath solan koo shreya diyaa, joe chaar ethanian janjaatiyon seey lii gaee thee, joe vistaarit acclesia key liye ack sanchaalan samiti key roop mein kaam karati thee. haalaanki, kaee aadhunik vidvaanon ney iss parr bhee sandeh kiya haye.
vidvaanon key beach iss baat parr aam sahamati haye kii solan ney una aavashyaktaon koo cumm curr diyaa-joe vittiya aur samajik yogyata key sandarbh mein maujood theen-joe saarvajanik karyalaya key chunaav mein lagu hoti theen. solonian samvidhaan ney nagrikon koo chaar raajneetik vargon mein vibhajit kiya, joe aaklan yogya sampatti key anusaar paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa-ack vargeekaran joe pahale kewal sainya yaa karadhan uddeshyon key liye raajya kii seva curr sakata thaa. iss mulyankan key liye maanak ikai anaaj kii ack "medimnos" (lagbhag 12 gallen) thee aur phir bhee neeche diye gaye vargeekaran koo aitihaasik roop seey sateek honey key liye bahut saral maanaa jaa sakata haye.
ethanian samvidhaan" key anusaar, kewal "pentacosiomedimnoi" archan key roop mein uchch pada key chunaav key liye paatr they aur isaliye kewal unhein aeropagus mein pravesh milaa. ack aadhunik drishtikon "hippy" koo bhee yahee visheshaadhikaar pradaan kartaa haye. sheersh teen varg vibhinn prakaar key cumm padon key liye paatr they aur kewal "thets" koo sabhi saarvajanik karyalayon seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa.
humm jinn aitihaasik tathyon kii vyakhya karate hain, unake aadhar parr solan key samvaidhaanik sudhaar yaa tou loktaantrik sarkaar kii kattar pratyasha they, yaa way kewal ack jiddi kuleen shasson koo ack udaar swaad pradaan karate they, yaa phir sachchai inn dou charam seemaon key beach kaheen naa kaheen nihit haye.
aarthik sudhaar.
solan key aarthik sudhaaron koo adim, nirvaah arthavyavastha key sandarbh mein samajhane kii aavashyakta haye joe unake samay seey pahale aur baad mein donon mein prachalit thee. adhikansh ethanian abhee bhee palloponesian yuddh taka graameen bastiyon mein reh rahey they. ethanian seemaon key bheetar bhee vyaapaar key avsar seemit they. vishisht krishak parivaar, yahaan taka kii shaastriya samay mein bhee, apani jarooraton koo puuraa karane key liye mushkil seey paryaapt utpaadan kartaa thaa. antarrashtriya vyaapaar key liye avsar nyuntam they. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii, roman samay mein bhee, harr 100 meal key liye maal kaa moolya 40 pratishat badh gayaa thaa, lekin usee doori key liye kewal 1.3 pratishat unhein jahaaj dwara leey jaaya gayaa thaa aur phir bhee iss baat kaa koee saboot naheen haye kii ethan key paas lagbhag 525 eesaa poorv taka koee vyaparik jahaaj thaa. taba taka, sankeern yuddhapot ack malvahak pott key roop mein doguna hoe gayaa. athens, 7veen shatabdi eesaa poorv mein anya yunani shahar raajyon kii tarah, badhati jansankhya key dabaav kaa saamana curr rhaa thaa aur lagbhag 525 eesaa poorv taka yeh kewal 'achche varshon' mein hii khud koo khilaane mein saksham thaa.
iss prakaar solan key sudhaaron koo aarthik parivartan key ack mahatvapurna avadhi mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, jaba ack nirvaah graameen arthavyavastha koo ack nae vaanijyik kshetra key samarthan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. solan koo shreya diye jaane vaale vishisht aarthik sudhaar yeye hainh
aam taur parr yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii pracheen tippanikaron key adhikaar parr solan ney ethanian sikke mein bhee sudhaar kiya. haalaanki, haal key mudrashastriya adhyayan abb iss nishkarsh parr pahunchate hain kii solan key sudhaaron key baad, lagbhag 560 eesaa poorv taka athens key paas shayed koee sikka naheen thaa. phir bhee, abb yeh sujhaav dene key kaaran hain kii solan key sudhaaron seey pahale hii mudrikaran shuru hoe chuka thaa. chhathi shatabdi kii shuruat taka ethanian mudra bhugtan key liye vibhinn prakaar key sarrafa chaandi key tukadon key roop mein chaandi kaa upayog curr rahey they. sarafa moolya key roop mein drakma aur obol koo pahale hii apanaaya jaa chuka thaa, halanki sambandhit maanak vajan shayed asthir they.
solan key aarthik sudhaar videshi vyaapaar koo protsaahit karane mein safal rahey. ethanian kaale-aakriti vaale mitty key bartanon kaa niryaat 600 eesaa poorv aur 560 eesaa poorv key beach poore agean mein badhati matra aur achchi gunavatta mein kiya gayaa thaa, ack safalata kii kahani joe corinthian mitty key bartanon key vyaapaar mein girawat key saath mell khaati thee. anaaj key niryaat parr pratibandh koo garibon key laabh key liye ack raahat upaay key roop mein samajha jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, niryaat key liye zaitoon key utpaadan koo badhaava dene seey vaastav mein kaee ethaniyanon key liye kathinaaee badh sakati thee, jisase anaaj key liye samarpit bhoomi kii matra mein kamee aaee. isake alawa, ack zaitoon pahale chhah varshon key liye koee phal naheen detaa haye (lekin kisaanon kii bhugtan taka chalane kii kathinaaee bhee unake samarthan key paksh mein ack vyaparik tark koo janm dey sakati haye, kyonki british mamle seey pataa chalata haye kii "ack gharelu neeti jiska sthaayi prabhaav thaa vaha 'apashisht bhoomi' koo krishi upayog mein badalana thaa. vyaapaari mahsoos karate they kii kissy rashtra kii shakti koo adhikatam karane key liye sabhi bhoomi aur sansadhanon kaa adhikatam upayog karna hoga..."). isaliye solan key aarthik sudhaaron key peechhe key vaastavik uddeshya samvaidhaanik sudhaar key liye unake vaastavik uddeshyon key roop mein sandigdh hain. kyaa garibon koo badalati arthavyavastha kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane key liye majboor kiya jaa rhaa thaa, kyaa arthavyavastha mein garibon kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane key liye sudhaar kiya jaa rhaa thaa, yaa solan kii neetiyaan garib nagrikon aur abhijaat varg key beach hoe rahey sangharsh kii abhivyakti theen?
naitik sudhaar.
apani kavitaon mein, solan athens koo apane nagrikon key aniyantrit lalach aur ahankar seey khatare mein honey key roop mein chitrit kartaa haye. yahaan taka kii devtaon kii shaktishali maan, prithvi (gayaa) koo bhee gulam banaa liya gayaa thaa. praakritik aur samajik vyavastha key iss vikriti kaa drishya prateek ack seema chinh thaa jise "kundali" kahaa jaataa thaa, ack lakadi yaa patthar kaa stambh joe ingit kartaa haye kii ack kisan kissy aur key liye rinn mein thaa yaa anubandh key daayitva key tahat thaa, yaa tou ack mahaan sanrakshak yaa ack lendar. solan key samay taka, bhoomi ack parivaar yaa kabile kii avibhajya sampatti thee aur ise becha yaa girvi naheen rakhaa jaa sakata thaa. yeh badey bhoo-swaamitva vaale kabile key liye koee nuksan naheen thaa kyonki yeh hamesha ack bataai pranali mein kheton koo kiraaye parr dey sakata thaa. ack chhote seey khet mein sangharsh curr rhaa parivaar halanki khet key swaamitva mein honey key bavjood khet kaa upayog rinn key liye pratibhooti key roop mein naheen curr sakata thaa. isake bajaay kisan koo khud koo aur apane parivaar koo pratibhooti key roop mein pesh karna hoga, bhugtan key badale mein kissy prakaar kaa daas shram pradaan karna hoga. samaan roop seey, ack parivaar swechha seey apani krishi aaya yaa shram kaa ack hissa apane sanrakshan key badale mein ack shaktishali kabile koo girvi rakh sakata haye. iss tarah kii vyavasthaon key adheen kisaanon koo "hectemoroe" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa joe darshaata haye kii way yaa tou khet kii vaarshik upaj kaa chhathaa hissa dete they yaa rakhate they. diwaliyapan' kii sthiti mein, yaa 'kshitij' dwara nirdhaarit anubandh kaa sammaan karane mein viphalata, kisaanon aur unake parivaaron koo vaastav mein gulami mein becha jaa sakata haye.
solan dwara inn anyaayon key sudhaar koo baad mein ethaniyon key beach sisachathia (bojh koo hilana) key roop mein jaanaa gayaa aur manaaya gayaa. unake sabhi sudhaaron kii tarah, isake vaastavik mahatva key baare mein bhee kaafee vidvatapurna bahas haye. kaee vidwan pracheen sroton dwara diye gaye khaate koo sweekaar karane mein santusht hain, ise rinon key radd honey key roop mein vyakhya karate hain, jabaki anya ise ack prakaar key samanti sambandhon key unmoolan key roop mein vyakhya karate hain, aur kuchh vyakhya key liye naee sambhaavanaon kaa pataa lagaana pasand karate hain. sudhaaron mein shamil theh
horoi" koo hataane seey spasht roop seey attari mein sabse utpeedit samooh key liye tatkaal aarthik raahat millie, aur yeh unake deshvaasiyon dwara ethaniyanon kii gulami kaa tatkaal anta bhee laaya. kuchh ethanian pahale seey hii videshon mein gulami mein beche jaa chuke they aur kuchh gulamon seey bachane key liye videsh bhaag gaye they-iss pravaasi kii vaapsee key baare mein garv seey kavita mein likhaa haye. haalaanki, yeh bhavnashunya roop seey dekhaa gayaa haye kii inmein seey kuchh durbhagyapurna logon key thheek honey kii sambhavana thee. yeh bhee dekhaa gayaa haye kii "sisachathia" ney naa kewal gulami aur sanchit rinn koo hataa diyaa haye, balki aage rinn praapt karane key liye aam kisan key ekmatra saadhan koo bhee hataa diyaa haye.
sisachathia halanki naitik sudhaar key vyaapak agende key bheetar sudhaaron kaa kewal ack samooh thaa. anya sudhaaron mein shamil hainh
demosthenes ney daavaa kiya kii shahar key baad key swarn yug mein ethanian abhijaat varg key beach "vyaktigat vinamrata aur mitavyayi" shamil thee. shayed solan ney vyaktigat udaaharan aur vidhaayi sudhaar donon dwara iss shishtachar key liye ack misal sthaapit kii. nagrik kartavya kii ack veer bhavna ney baad mein faarsiyon kii shakti key khilaf ethaniyanon koo ekjut kiya. shayed yeh saarvajanik bhavna unamen solan aur unake sudhaaron dwara paida kii gaee thee.
solan key sudhaaron key baad.
sudhaar key apane kaam koo puuraa karane key baad, solan ney apane asadharan adhikaar koo aatmasamarpan curr diyaa aur desh chhod diyaa. herodotus key anusaar desh 10 varshon taka apane sudhaaron koo banaae rakhane key liye solan dwara baadhya thaa, jabaki plutarch aur "ethanian samvidhaan" (pratishthit abhijaat) key lekhak key anusaar anubandh avadhi 100 varsh thee. ack aadhunik vidwan naayak dwara diye gaye samay-avadhi koo aitihaasik roop seey sateek maanata haye kyonki yeh usa 10 varshon key liye upayukt haye jaba solan koo desh seey anupasthit kahaa gayaa thaa. solan key jaane key chaar saal key bheetar, purani samajik daraaren phir seey dikhaai deen, lekin kuchh naee jatilataon key saath. naee sarkari prakriyaon mein aniyamitataaen theen, nirvaachit adhikaariyon ney kabhi-kabhi apane padon seey hatane seey incar curr diyaa aur kabhi-kabhi mahatvapurna pada khaali reh gaye. yeh bhee kahaa gayaa haye kii kuchh logon ney apani pareshaniyon key liye solan koo doshi thaharaaya haye. antatah solan key rishtedaron mein seey ack, peasistrates ney balpurvak gutbaji koo samaapt curr diyaa, iss prakaar asamvaidhaanik roop seey praapt atyachar koo sthaapit kiya. plutarch key khaate mein, solan ney ethaniyon parr moorkhata aur kayarta kaa aarop lagaaya kii unhone aisaa honey diyaa.
solan key chhand pracheen lekhakon jaise plutarch aur demostheness key khandit uddharanon mein hamaare paas aae hain jinhone unhein apane swayam key tarkon koo spasht karane key liye upayog kiya. yeh sambhav haye kii kuchh tukadon koo galat tareeke seey unake liye jimmedaar thaharaaya gayaa hoe aur kuchh vidvaanon ney baad key lekhakon dwara antarveshan kaa pataa lagaaya hoe. vaha athens key pahale nagrik bhee they jinhone ethena devi (farr. 4.1-4).
solan kii kavita kii saahityik yogyata koo aam taur parr asadharan maanaa jaataa haye. solan kii kavita koo kabhi-kabhi 'aatm-dharmi' aur 'bhavya' prateet honey key liye kahaa jaa sakata haye aur unhone ack baar adhik pratibhashali shoke kavi, mimnermous key liye naitik salah key saath ack shokgeet kii rachana kii thee. adhikansh maujooda chhandon mein unhein ack raajneetik karyakarta kii bhoomika mein likhate hue dikhaaya gayaa haye joe vyaktigat adhikaar aur netritva kaa daavaa karane key liye dridh haye aur unhein german shaastriyavaadi vilaamovitz dwara "satyaapit harrangue" ("eene wolksreade inn versen") key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. halanki, plutarch key anusaar, solan ney mool roop seey manoranjan key liye kavita likhi, jisamen daarshanik tareeke key bajaay lokpriya tareeke seey anand parr charcha kii gaee. kahaa jaataa haye kii solan kii shoke-bhavna shally tyrtius key udaaharan seey prabhaavit hui haye. unhone imbic aur trokic chhand bhee likhe, joe ack aadhunik vidwan key anusaar, unaki bhavyata kii tulanaa mein adhik jeevant aur pratyaksh hain aur sambhavatah ethanian naatak key imbic key liye maarg prashast karate hain.
solan key chhand mukhya roop seey saundarya karanon key bajaay aitihaasik karanon seey mahatvapurna hain, joe unake sudhaaron aur drishtikon key vyaktigat record key roop mein hain. haalaanki, kavita tathyon koo sampreshit karane key liye ack aadarsh shally naheen haye aur jeevit tukadon seey bahut cumm vistrit jaankaari praapt kii jaa sakati haye. kavi solan key anusaar, solan sudhaarak ack aise samay mein ethan mein raajneetik sanyam key liye ack aavaaj they jaba unake saathi nagrik samajik aur aarthik matbhedon seey teji seey dhruvikrit hoe rahey theh
yahaan angreji kavi johnn dryden dwara anuvaadit, solan key shabd ack 'naitik uchch aadhar' koo paribhaashit karate hain jahan ameer aur garib key beach key matbhedon koo sulajha liya jaa sakata haye yaa shayed kewal nazarandaj kiya jaa sakata haye. unaki kavita ingit karati haye kii unhone desh key pratidvandi guton key beach ack shantipurna samjhauta sthaapit karane key liye apani asadharan vidhaayi shaktiyon kaa upayog karane kaa prayaas kiyaah
unake prayason koo spasht roop seey galat samajha gayaah
solan ney ethanian 'raashtravaad' koo aavaaj dee, vishesh roop seey shahar key raajya key megara, isake padosi aur saronic khaadi mein pratidvandi key saath sangharsh mein. plutarch solan kii shoke-gaatha kii prashansa kaa daavaa karate hain aur ethaniyanon seey megarian niyantran seey salamis key dweep koo phir seey hassil karane kaa aagrah karate hain. yahee kavita diogenes lartius dwara kahaa gayaa thaa kii solan ney joe anya chhand likhe they, unaki tulanaa mein ethanians koo adhik uttejit kiya haih
<kavita shally = "margine-leftah 2aim">
chalo humm dweep key liye ladane key liye salami mein jaate hain
humm chaahte hain, aur apani kadvi sherm seey door chaley jaate hain!
</kavita>
ack tukada mishrit rotty aur cake kaa varnan kartaa haih
way kuchh shahad aur tila key cake ("itriya") peete hain, anya unaki rotty, anya "goroi" koo daal key saath milaate hain. usa sthaan parr, una sabhi mein seey ack bhee cake upalabdh naheen thaa joe kaali prithvi manushyon key liye dhaaran karati haye, aur sabhi binaa kissy rukawat key maujood they.
cake key baare mein solan key tukade mein varnit prachurta kaa sthaan agyaat haye. kuchh lekhakon kaa anuman haye kii yeh naayak kii tippaniyon key aadhar parr farsi hoe sakata haye kii cake bhojan kaa sabse mahatvapurna hissa thaa, yunani shahar-raajyon mein seey ack, yaa yahaan taka kii 'swarg' key liye ack saahityik sanket bhee thaa. halanki athenius solan kii kavita seey "ghante" cake kii pehchaan karane mein saksham naheen haye, lekin vaha ise ack "placus" key roop mein varnit kartaa haye joe darshaata haye kii yeh ack prakaar kaa 'flat cake' thaa. isi tarah key cake kaa varnan saithera key philoxenous dwara kiya gayaa haye.
solan aur ethanian sex.
ethanian samaaj key ack niyaamak key roop mein, solan, kuchh lekhakon key anusaar, apane yaun roodhivaad koo bhee aupchaarik roop diyaa. haasya natakkar phileman dwara ack kaam ("bhaaiyon") key bache hue tukade key anusaar, solan ney yaun anand kii upalabdhata koo "loktaantrik" karane key liye athens mein saarvajanik roop seey vitt poshit veshyalayon kii sthaapana kii. jabaki iss haasya vivaran kii sachchai sandeh key liye khuli haye, cumm seey cumm ack aadhunik lekhak ise mahatvapurna maanata haye kii shaastriya athens mein, solan kii mrityu key teen sou yaa usase adhik varshon baad, ack pravachan maujood thaa joe vishamalaingik samparkon kii badhati upalabdhata key saath unake sudhaaron koo jodata thaa.
pracheen lekhakon kaa yeh bhee kahana haye kii solan athens mein pederastic sambandhon koo niyantrit kartaa haye; ise "polis" kii naee sanrachana key liye pratha key anukoolan key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa haye. vibhinn lekhakon key anusaar, pracheen kaanoon nirmaataon (aur isaliye nihitarth dwara solan) ney kaanoonon kaa ack samooh taiyar kiya jiska uddeshya pedrasty kii sanstha koo badhaava denaa aur usaki raksha karna aur swatantra roop seey janme ladakon key khilaf durvyavahar koo niyantrit karna thaa. vishesh roop seey, vaktaa ashins ney daason koo kushti holl seey baahar rakhane vaale kaanoonon kaa hawala diyaa aur unhein nagrikon key beton key saath parivarik sambandhon mein pravesh karane seey manaa curr diyaa. haalaanki, chauthi shatabdi taka eschines jaise vaktaaon dwara solan key niyamon key vivaran koo kaee karanon seey avishvasaniya maanaa jaataa haye.
attari abhivaakiyon ney unhein (solan) kissy bhee kaanoon key liye shreya dene mein sankoch naheen kiya joe unake mamle key anukool thaa, aur baad key lekhakon key paas koee mandand naheen thaa jisake dwara way pahale key karyon seey alag curr sakein. naa hii pracheen vidvaanon seey paramarsh karane key liye unake kaanoonon kaa koee poorna aur pramanik sangrah bachaa reh sakata haye.
pederstee key saath solan kii bhagidari key kathit vidhaayi pahalu key alawa, vyaktigat bhagidari key sujhaav bhee they. pracheen pathakon ney apani kamuk kavita key aadhar parr nishkarsh nikala kii solan koo khud ladakon key liye prathamikta thee. kuchh pracheen lekhakon key anusaar solan ney bhavishya key atyachari pisistrates koo apane aeromenos key roop mein liya thaa. aristotal ney 330 eesaa poorv key aspas likhate hue usa vishvaas kaa khandan karane kaa prayaas kiya, yeh daavaa karate hue kii "way spasht roop seey murkhtapurna baat curr rahey hain joe yeh naatak karate hain kii solan pisistrates kaa premi thaa, kyonki unaki umr key liye ise sweekaar naheen karate hain", kyonki solan pisistrates seey lagbhag tees saal badaa thaa. phir bhee, parampara bunny rahee. chaar shataabdiyon key baad plutarch ney abhijaat varg key sandeh koo nazarandaj curr diyaa aur nimnalikhit upakhyan koo darj kiya, joe unake apane anumaanon key saath poorak thaah
aur way kahate hain kii solan pyaar kartaa thaa [pisistrates]; aur yahee kaaran haye, mujhe lagata haye, kii jaba baad mein way sarkaar key baare mein bhinn they, tou unaki dushmani ney kabhi bhee koee germ aur hinsak junoon paida naheen kiya, unhone apani purani dayaluta koo yaad kiya, aur apane pyaar aur priya sneh kii "majboot aag mein jeevit" "apane angaaron mein banaae rakhaa.
plutarch key ack shatabdi baad, allion ney yeh bhee kahaa kii pisistrates solan kaa "iromenos" thaa. haalaanki, isaki dridhata key bavjood, yeh gyaat naheen haye kii yeh vivaran aitihaasik haye yaa mangadhant haye. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii solan aur pisistrates key beach ack shantipurna aur khushahal saha-astitva prastut karane kii parampara koo baad vaale key prabhutva key dauran vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, taaki unake apane shasson key saath-saath unake beton key shasson koo bhee vaidh banaaya jaa sakey. isake srot joe bhee houn, baad kii peedhiyon ney iss kathaa koo vishvaas dilaaya. solan kii anumaanit pederastic ichcha koo pracheen kaal mein unaki kavita mein bhee abhivyakti millie thee, joe aaj kewal kuchh jeevit tukadon mein dikhaai detee haye. solan key liye jimmedaar sabhi kavyatmak tukadon kii pramanikta halanki anishchit haye-vishesh roop seey, kuchh pracheen sroton dwara solan key liye jimmedaar pederastic afforism koo anya sroton dwara augnis key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya gayaa haye.