
tapayan

tapayan yaa tempayan (jise balanga, belanga yaa banga key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) dweep dakshin poorv asia mein vibhinn austronesian sanskritiyon mein paae jaane vaale badey chaude munh vaale mitty key bartan yaa patthar key bartan hain. unake vibhinn karyon mein chawal ("tapai") koo kinwan karna, sirka yaa maadak peya padaarth koo kinwan karna, bhojan aur paani kaa bhandaran karna, khaana banaana aur mritak koo dafnaya jaanaa shamil haye. 
tapayan" shabd mein aayatit martaban patthar key bartan (dachah <unk>) bhee shamil hain, joe mool roop seey dakshini chean aur indochin mein bhatton seey hain. inca upayog mukhya roop seey khaadya padarthon key bhandaran key liye aur jahaaj kii yaatraon key dauran moolyavaan vyaapaar vastuon key liye kiya jaataa thaa, lekin vyaapaar vastuon key roop mein inhen atyadhik mahatva diyaa jaataa thaa. way dakshin poorv asia key dweepon mein vibhinn swadeshi sanskritiyon key beach viraasat aur dhana aur sthiti key prateek bunn gaye.
vyutpatti.
"tapayan" proto-malaayo-polynesian * tapaay-aine seey liya gayaa haye joe mool roop seey chawal kii sharaab ("tapai") koo kinvit karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale badey mitty key jaaron koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. aadhunik austroneshiyai bhaashaon mein, vyutpannon mein phillippeans mein "tapayan" (tagalog, ilocano aur vibhinn visaayan bhaashaaen), "tapaj-aine" (ibaloi), aur "tapaay-aine" (hanuno) shamil hain; aur brunei, malaysia aur indoneshiya mein "tepayan" (taliban) aur "tempayan" (jawani aur malay) shamil hain.
"balanga" proto-phillipine * balangaon ('watter jaar') seey liya gayaa haye. sangyanatmak mein shamil hain "balanga" aur "banga" (tagalog, ilocano, pangasinan, adhikansh visaayan bhaashaaen), "vangak" (ivtan), "byang" (kalinga), aur phillippeans mein "balangaon" (kapampangan); aur indoneshiya aur malaysia mein "balanga", "belanga", yaa "blanga".
varnan.
"tapayan" jaar aakar mein aakar seey laker usase badey taka hotey hain. unake paas aam taur parr bulbus "kandhe" aur sapaat binaa alankrit aadhar hotey hain. kshaitij (lugg) yaa urdhvaadhar handle adhikatam aathh taka maujood hoe sakate hain. jaar kaa munh aam taur parr chauda hotaa thaa, lekin sharaab koo sangraheet karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale jaaron kaa munh apekshaakrit chhota hoe sakata haye aur sharaab koo vaashpit honey seey rokane key liye unhein kaskar dhakaa jaataa thaa. praarambhik mool "tapyan" jyaadaatar binaa chamak vaale they, jabaki baad mein "tapayan" aur aayatit "martaban" chamkile they (aamtaur parr baahar kii or) aur iss prakaar taral padarthon key bhandaran key liye adhik upayukt they.
phillippeans.
"phillippeans mein "tapayan" kaa upayog aamtaur parr paani key bhandaran, kinwan aur khaana pakaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. "tapayan" khaana pakaane key bahut chhote mitty key bartan ("palayak" yaa "kulon") seey alag thaa. "tapayan" koo tagalog aur itavis mein "kalamba" yaa "angang" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.
"tapayan" kaa upayog vishesh roop seey paani key bhandaran key liye kiya jaataa haye, jise kabhi-kabhi "" banga "" yaa "" balanga "" kahaa jaataa haye, taaki unhein anya "" tapayan "" seey alag kiya jaa sakey.  "banga" paaramparik philipino rasoi kaa ack aavashyak hissa thaa aur aam taur parr "bangera" mein rakhaa jaataa thaa, joe kii ghar kii baahari divaaron seey faile hue slatted baans seey banaa rasoi counter hotaa haye. khaadya utpaadon koo kinvit karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale vishesh "tapayan" koo motee divaaron aur ack vayu-rodhi aavaran key saath, ilocano mein "burney" key roop mein bhee pratishthit kiya jaataa haye.
indoneshiya, malaysia aur brunei.
"indoneshiya, malaysia aur brunei mein "tempayan" jaar (jise "tempajan", "kendi", "balanga", "belanga" yaa "blanga" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) kaa upayog mukhya roop seey paani key bhandaran, kinwan aur khaana pakaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa.
jaar dafan.
"tapayan" key saath-saath anya adhik vishesh kalshon kaa upayog pracheen austronesian sanskritiyon mein antim sanskar key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye. inca upayog mritak logon key kankal avasheshon koo sangraheet karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. jiska sabse purana udaaharan phillippeans key palaavan kii tabon gufaaon seey alankrit manungul jaar haye, joe 890-710 bce dinaankit haye.
vyaapaar.
"martaban" jaar.
"martaban" chamkile patthar key bartan aamtaur parr ayaat kiye jaate they. way mool roop seey cumm seey cumm haan rajvansh kii avadhi (206 eesaa poorv-220 esvi) seey dakshini chean mein baney patthar key bartan they, lekin baad kii shataabdiyon mein thyland, myanmar, kambodiya, laos, viyatnam aur dweep dakshin poorv asia mein mool nivaasiyon aur cheeni pravasiyon dwara banaae gaye patthar key bartan bhee shamil they. martaban" naam martaban (aadhunik mottama, mainmar) key bandargah shahar seey aaya haye joe samudri resham sadak mein ack mahatvapurna vyaparik bandargah haye. martaban" shabd kaa upayog nikat poorv mein bhee kiya jaataa haye (aur marjipan key liye shabdon kaa srot hoe sakata haye), lekin dakshin poorv asiai "martaban" key vipareet, way cheeni seldon greenware koo sandarbhit karate hain. viyatnami patthar key bartanon koo kabhi-kabhi martaban seey "gusi" ("gusi", "gusih", "guchi" yaa "guchi" bhee) key roop mein uttari viyatnam key puraane naam gaao chh seey alag kiya jaataa thaa, jabaki thaai patthar key bartanon koo "syaam" key roop mein alag kiya jaataa thaa, joe thyland key puraane naam siyam yaa siyam seey thaa.
"martaban" kaa upayog mukhya roop seey khaadya padarthon (jaise anaaj, sharaab, candy phal aur masaale) aur moolyavaan vyaapaar vastuon (jaise afeem aur tail) key liye bhandaran jaar key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. lekin way mool nivaasiyon dwara khud vyaapaar vastuon key roop mein atyadhik moolyavaan hoe gaye, europeeya vyapariyon dwara pasand kiye gaye crock aur swato cheeni mitty key bartan seey bhee adhik. jaar (aur unaki samagri) kaa vyaapaar dakshin poorv asia key nivaasiyon koo regin, gumm, pakshi kaa ghonsala, trepang (samudri kheere) aur motiyon jaise vilasita key saamanon key liye kiya jaataa thaa. unake uchch moolya key kaaran, "martaban" kaa upayog aam taur parr samanya "tapayan" key vipareet austronesian sanskritiyon dwara rosemarra key uddeshyon key liye naheen kiya jaataa haye.
"martaban" koo dakshin poorv asia key dweepon mein vibhinn swadeshi sanskritiyon key beach viraasat aur dhana aur sthiti key prateek maanaa jaataa thaa. way aksar raeeson aur pramukh parivaaron key gharon mein pradarshit kiye jaate they. unamen aisee prachurta hoe sakati haye kii scotish navik thomas forrester ney ack baar luzon mein ack "datu" key darshak kaksh koo "chean kii dukaan kii upasthiti" key roop mein varnit kiya thaa, kyonki lagbhag tees "martaban" almaariyon mein pramukhta seey pradarshit kiye jaa rahey they. bornio key taliban logon mein, sabse moolyavaan "martaban" ack purush gulam key moolya key barabar thaa. galati seey ack koo toda dene seey aparaadhi jaar key malik dwara gulam bunn sakata haye, jaba taka kii way ise samaan moolya key ack jaar key saath-saath atirikt muaavaje key saath naheen badal sakate.
ack anya ullekhaniya udaaharan dayaak logon kaa "balanga" haye. mool roop seey chean seey, unake munh aam taur parr bahut badey hotey they aur aakar mein kuchh shanku aakar key hotey they. way aamtaur parr dragon designs koo pradarshit karate hain isaliye unhein kabhi-kabhi "dragon jaar" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. way viraasat ("pusak" yaa "pesaka") key roop mein moolyavaan they aur haal key dinon mein "dayaakata" kaa prateek bunn gaye hain.
maudrik moolya key alawa, "martaban" kaa bhee mahaan aadhyatmik aur prateekaatmak moolya thaa. vishisht jaaron kii viraasat kaa arth vishesh roop seey kuleen parivaaron key beach, vaseeyat karane vaale kii samajik sthiti kii viraasat bhee hoe sakati haye. inca upayog vibhinn janjaatiyon mein shaanti sandhiyon aur samjhauton koo seal karane key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. 
kuchh jaar vivaah anushthaan, antim sanskar aur poorvaj pooja jaise deshi dhaarmik samarohon mein ekikrit hoe gaye hain. way mool mithakon seey bhee judey hue hain, vishesh roop seey jeevavaadi adholok key sambandh mein. maanaa jaataa haye kii kuchh logon ney apani "aatmaon" (philipino "anito", "iban" entu ", aadi) koo praapt curr liya haye.) aur ling aur vyaktigat naamon jaisi visheshtaon key roop mein maanav-aakriti koo chitrit kiya gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey phillippeans key "baat karane vaale jaar", joe kathit roop seey baat curr sakate they, ghoom sakate they, aur aakar badal sakate they. unhein anya jaaron key saath "vivaahit" aur "bachche" vaale jaar bhee maanaa jaataa thaa.
"rusan" jaar.
luzon jaar" key roop mein bhee jaane jaane vaale, uttari phillippeans mein luzon dweep seey gahare bhoore seey baingani-kaale "tapayan" they. 16veen shatabdi key nainban vyaapaar mein japani vyapariyon dwara inki atyadhik maang kii gaee thee aur aadhunik japan mein moolyavaan pracheen viraasat key roop mein bunny hui haye. inca upayog mukhya roop seey japani chaay samaroh ("chanoyu") key liye kiya jaataa haye. way apani sadgi aur aksar asman design key liye moolyavaan they, joe "vaabi-saabi" ("apurnata mein poornata") key paaramparik japani saundaryashastra kaa prateek thaa. 
spanish itihaaskaar antonio dee morga ney apane "sucessos dee laa islasipinas" (1609) mein "rusan" jaar kaa varnan iss prakaar kiya haih
"rusan" jaar usa cheez kaa hissa they jise saamoohik roop seey mishima ("teen dweep") key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. anya dou dweep swadeshi taiwan aur agyaat "amkawa" hain.