
shram aapoorti

mukhyadhara key aarthik siddhanton mein, shram aapoorti kull ghante (prayaas kii teevrata key liye samaayojit) haye joe shramik vaastavik majdoori darr parr kaam karna chaahte hain. ise aksar ack shram aapoorti vakr dwara chitraatmak roop seey darshaaya jaataa haye, joe kii kaalpanik majdoori daron koo urdhvaadhar roop seey aur shram kii matra koo darshaata haye jise ack vyakti yaa vyaktiyon kaa samooh kshaitij roop seey usa majdoori darr parr aapoorti karane key liye taiyar haye. shram aapoorti yaa kaam key apekshit ghanton key teen alag-alag pahalu hainh niyojit aabaadi kaa ansh, niyojit logon dwara kaam kiye gaye ghanton kii ausat sankhya, aur samagr roop seey aabaadi mein kaam kiye gaye ghanton kii ausat sankhya.
neoclassical drishya.
shram aapoorti vakr 'shram-avkash' vyaapaar-vinimay seey utpann hotaa haye. adhik ghante kaam karane seey adhik aaya hoti haye, lekin shramikon koo milane vaale avkash kii matra mein katauti kii aavashyakta hoti haye. natijatan, vaastavik majdoori darr mein parivartan key kaaran aapoorti kii gaee shram kii matra parr dou prabhaav padate hain. udaaharan key liye, jaise-jaise vaastavik majdoori darr badhati haye, avkash kii avsar laagat badhati haye. isase shramikon koo adhik shram kii aapoorti hoti haye ("pratisthaapan prabhaav"). haalaanki, jaise-jaise vaastavik majdoori darr badhati haye, shramikon koo diye gaye ghanton key liye adhik aaya hoti haye. yadi avkash ack samanya vastu haye-aaya badhane key saath isaki maang badh jaati haye-tou aaya mein iss vriddhi seey shramikon koo cumm shram kii aapoorti hoti haye taaki way avkash parr uchch aaya ("aaya prabhaav") "kharch" curr sakein. yadi pratisthaapan prabhaav aaya prabhaav seey adhik majboot haye tou shram aapoorti oopar kii or dhalti haye. yadi, ack nishchit majdoori darr seey parey, aaya prabhaav pratisthaapan prabhaav seey adhik majboot haye, tou shram aapoorti vakr peechhe kii or jhukata haye. arthavyavastha kii kull shram aapoorti praapt karane key liye vyaktigat shram aapoorti vakron koo ekatrit kiya jaa sakata haye.
markswadi drishtikon.
markswadi drishtikon seey, ack poonjiwadi samaaj mein shram aapoorti ack mukhya aavashyakta haye. shram kii kamee seey bachane aur shram aapoorti sunishchit karane key liye, aabaadi key ack badey hisse key paas swa-praavdhaan key srot naheen honey chaahiye, joe unhein swatantra honey dega-aur isake bajaay, unhein jeevit rahane key liye, aajeevika majdoori key liye apane shram koo bechane key liye majboor honah chaahiye. poorv-audyogik arthvyavasthaon mein majdoori shram aam taur parr kewal unheen logon dwara kiya jaataa thaa jinake paas apani cumm yaa koee bhoomi naheen thee.
mahilaaon kii prasav aapoorti parr garbhanirodhak goliyon kaa prabhaav.
mahila shram aapoorti key baare mein aage adhyayan karane key liye mahilaaon kii shram aapoorti parr garbhanirodhak goliyon key prabhaavon koo jaanana poori tarah seey mahatvapurna haye. gharelu vyavhaar key siddhant mein dou navacharon ney haal key varshon mein shram aapoorti key vishleshan koo vyaapak banaaya haye. ack haye garbhavastha, shiksha aur vivaah jaisi vibhinn gair-bajar gatividhiyon key baare mein nirnayon seey judey shram aapoorti kii avadharana. doosara haye, naukari kii khoj, rojgar aur nivesh key mamle mein ghar key sadasyon key vyavhaar seey prabhaavit vikalp charr key roop mein bajar aur ghar donon mein majdoori daron kaa nireekshan karna.
pahali janm niyantran goli, annovid 1960 mein jaari kii gaee thee. annovid ney karyabal mein mahilaaon key drishtikon koo badal diyaa. garbhanirodhak goli key kaaran, mahilaaon kaa abb parivaar niyojan parr adhik niyantran thaa, jisase badale mein vyaavsaayik aur carrier key maarg/lakshyon koo chunane key mamle mein adhik niyantran aur lachilaapan aaya. iss baat key bhee pramaan hain kii praapt shiksha key sabhi staron parr, garbhanirodhak key iss roop kaa mahilaaon kii shram bull bhagidari darr parr deerghakaalik aur doorgaami prabhaav padaa haye. aitihaasik roop seey, maukhik garbh nirodhakon aur mahilaaon aur shram bull kii bhagidari parr isake prabhaavon key kshetra mein anubhavjanya anusandhaan kii kamee rahee haye. 1960 mein goli kii shuruat aur usake baad vyaapak upayog usa samay mahilaaon key andolan key punruddhar key saath huaa. isake alawa, garbhpaat usee samay key aspas adhik vyaapak roop seey upalabdh hoe gayaa jaba kaee yuva mahilaaon koo goli taka pahunch praapt hui. sakshya bataate hain kii mahilaaon key yaun swaasthya mein inn safaltaon kaa unaki prajanan kshamata aur rojgar/carrier key prayason parr mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa. kaatz" aur "goldin" key anusaar, garbhanirodhak goliyon taka vyaapak pahunch ney dou pramukh aarthik parivartan laae. sabse pahale, isane mahilaaon key shaikshik aur carrier-unmukh vikalpon mein bhaari badalaav laae. pahale key varshon mein, yadi koee mahila uchch shiksha praapt karane key apane sapanon kaa paalan karna chaahati thee, tou usey apani shaadi mein deree karni padee aur isaki kuchh samajik laagaten bhee theen. usey yaa tou yaun anupasthiti key liye jurmana denaa hoga yaa yeh mauka lena hoga kii vaha garbhavati naheen hogi aur usake currier mein uska nivesh barbad naheen hoga. ise goli kaa pratyaksh prabhaav kahaa jaataa thaa. doosara "kaatz" aur "goldin" key anusaar apratyaksh prabhaav thaa. unhone iss prabhaav koo samajik gunak prabhaav key roop mein gadhaa. iska purush aur mahila donon parr prabhaav padaa. kyonki purushon key paas bhee abb shaadi mein deree karane aur isake liye bhaari jurmana naa dene kaa avsar thaa. abb, choonki sabhi koo apani shaadi mein deree karane kaa mauka milaa, isaliye isane logon kaa ack badaa samooh yaa kissy behtar vyakti seey shaadi karane kii behtar sambhavanaen paida keen.

