
sanyukt raajya america mein chunavi sudhaar

sanyukt raajya mein chunavi sudhaar americi chunaavon aur sanyukt raajya mein upayog kii jaane vaali chunavi pranali koo badalane key prayason koo sandarbhit kartaa haye.
yuu mein adhikansh chunaav.aiss. ack vyakti kaa chayan karein; aanupaatik pratinidhitva dwara chune gaye kaee ummidvaaron key saath chunaav apekshaakrit durlabh hain. vishisht udaharanon mein pratinidhiyon kaa sadan shamil haye, jinake sadasya ekal-sadasya jilon mein maton kii bahulata seey chune jaate hain. pratyek raajya key pratinidhiyon kii sankhya sabse haal kii dashvarshiya janganana mein pratyek raajya kii aabaadi key anupaat mein nirdhaarit kii jaati haye. pratyek aisee janganana key baad aamtaur parr jile kii seemaon koo phir seey kheencha jaataa haye. yeh prakriya aksar vipakshi dall key sadasyon koo surakshit seeten pradaan karke, satta mein party key bahumat koo badhaane aur surakshit karane key liye design kii gaee "gerrymondered" jilaa seemaon kaa utpaadan karati haye. yeh kaee sansthaagat visheshtaon mein seey ack haye joe punah chunaav kii maang karane vaale sattadhariyon key laabh koo badhaati haye. senate aur rashtrapati bhee bahulata dwara chune jaate hain. haalaanki, yeye chunaav gerrymondering seey prabhaavit naheen hain (maine aur nebrasca mein rashtrapati pada kii daud key sambhaavit apavaad key saath, jinake chunavi vote aanshik roop seey congress key jile dwara aavantit kiye jaate hain).
chunavi sudhaar key prastaavon mein "nagrik sanyukt banaam" mein sarvocch nyayalaya key faisale koo palatana shamil haye. aff. ee. see., "chunaavon key liye saarvajanik aur nagrik vitt poshan, dhana mein seema aur paardarshita, shrenibaddh-vikalp matdan (aar. see. vee.), nirvaachak mahavidyalaya koo samaapt karna yaa rashtriya lokpriya vote antarrajyiya compact key madhyam seey isake prabhaav koo radd karna, aur anya key beach teesare dalon key liye matpatra kii pahunch mein sudhaar karna. yuu.aiss. samvidhaan raajyon koo yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye vyaapak akshansh detaa haye kii chunaav kaise aayojit kiye jaate hain, halanki kuchh vivaran, jaise kii chunaav karon parr pratibandh, sanghiya star parr anivarya hain.
vartamaan pranali kii laagat.
nirvaachit honey kii laagat, vishesh roop seey america mein kissy bhee rashtriya karyalaya key liye, badh rahee haye. sanghiya chunaav aayog ney anuman lagaaya kii "ummidvaaron, dalon, dalon, super-paik aur raajneetik roop seey sakriya gair-laabhkaari sansthaon" ney 2012 mein kull 7 arab dollar kharch kiye. patrika "madar johns" ney kahaa kii iss paise kaa upayog "matpatra koo oopar aur neeche karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa", yeh dekhate hue kii chunaavon kii laagat lagaatar badh rahee haye. 2010 key congress chunaav mein lagbhag 4 arab dollar kii laagat aaee.
4 saal key rashtrapati chunaav chakr key liye prati varsh ausatan $3 billion seey cumm kharch hotaa haye.
yeh abhiyaan key pramukh yogadankartaon, croney capitalist (chaahe way kathit roop seey "udaar" houn yaa "roodhivaadi") koo unake paise key liye joe milata haye, usake saapeksh chhota haye. cato sansthaan ney 2012 mein kull 100 arab dollar kaa corporate kalyan paaya.aiss. sanghiya bajat. isamen kewal pratyaksh subsidy shamil haye joe vishesh roop seey cato sansthaan anusandhaan mein pahachaani gaee haye. isamen apratyaksh subsidy jaise curr chhoot, vyaapaar baadhaaen, "seemit samay" seey parey copyrite kaanoon koo vikrit karna aur yuu. mein ullikhit anya pratibandh shamil naheen hain.aiss. samvidhaan, aur yuu key anya vikritiyaan.aiss. pramukh nigamon aur yuu. aiss. key baahar paryaapt vittiya hiton vaale logon koo labhanvit karane key liye videsh aur raksha neetiyaan.aiss.
anya adhyayanon ney pramukh nigamon aur atee-dhanee vyaktiyon dwara lobbing aur raajneetik abhiyaanon mein nivesh kiye gaye pratyek $1 key liye $6 aur $220 key beach laabh kaa anuman lagaaya haye.
vaapsee kii yeh darr chunaav kii laagat koo badhaane mein madad karati haye. apane agale chunaav abhiyaan key liye aavashyak dhana praapt karane key liye, nivartamaan rajneta apane samay kaa ack badaa hissa badey daataon seey dhana maangane mein kharch karate hain, joe aksar pratispardhi ummidvaaron koo daan karate hain, jisase jeetane vaale key saath pahunch khareedate hain.
yeh $3 billion prati varsh america mein 31.6 karod logon mein seey pratyek key liye lagbhag $10 haye, 2012 mein matdan karane vaale 130 million logon mein seey pratyek key liye $23 haye.
chunaav sudhaar prastaav.
josh silver kaa "raajneetik bhrashtachar kaa ilaaj" chunavi sudhaaron koo abhiyaan vitt, lobbing aur chunaav prashaasan key beach vibhajit kartaa haye.
adhikansh prastaavit sudhaar cumm seey cumm aanshik roop seey kaanoon dwara praapt kiye jaa sakate hain, halanki kuchh koo yuu mein sanshodhan kii aavashyakta hoti haye.aiss. samvidhaan. sarvocch nyayalaya ney "nagrik sanyukt banaam. aff. ee. see. aur sambandhit nirnayon key liye sthaayi roop seey parivartan key liye ack samvaidhaanik sanshodhan kii aavashyakta hogi, aur kaee prastaavit kiye gaye hain. isi tarah, abhiyaan vitt key liye kuchh prastaavit pranaliyon yaa abhiyaan yogdan parr pratibandhon koo asamvaidhaanik ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa haye; una parivartanon key karyanvayan key liye samvaidhaanik sanshodhan kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
haalaanki, kaee anya sudhaar samvaidhaanik sanshodhan key binaa praapt kiye jaa sakate hain. inmein raajneetik abhiyaanon key saarvajanik vittaposhan, prakateekaran aavashyaktaon aur tatkaal matdan key vibhinn roop shamil hain. americi bhrashtachar-rodhi adhiniyam (aeye. aeye. see. aeye.) una sudhaaron kaa ack sangrah haye joe maujooda americi sarvocch nyayalaya key faisalon key anuroop prateet hotey hain, jinhen republican traver potter dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone pahale loktaantrik rashtrapati bill clinton key tahat americi sanghiya chunaav aayog key pramukh key roop mein kaary kiya thaa. akka key sthaaniya sanskaranon koo pratinidhi dwara badhaava diyaa jaa rhaa haye.
abhiyaan vitt sudhaar.
laurence lessig ney kahaa, "20 janwari, 2010 koo, jiss dinn nagrikon key ekjut honey kaa faisala kiya gayaa thaa, hamara loktantra pahale hii toot chuka thaa. ekjut nagrikon ney shareer koo goli maar dee hogi, lekin shareer pahale seey hii thandaa thaa. aur ekjut nagrikon key prati kissy bhee pratikriya koo usa adhik maulik bhrashtachar kaa bhee jawab denaa chaahiye. hamein 'kewal logon parr nirbhar' sarkaar koo bahaal karane kaa ack tarika khojana chaahiye, taaki humm 'logon' koo unaki sarkaar mein vishvaas rakhane kaa ack kaaran phir seey dey sakein."
cumm anukool pranaaliyan joe una nirnayon koo vyaapak roop seey saajha karati hain jinake baare mein ummidvaaron yaa pahalon koo matdaataon taka apana sandesh pahunchaane key liye aavashyak dhana milata haye. broose ackerman key baad, lessig pratyek paatr matadaata koo ack "loktantra voucher" dene kii sifarish kartaa haye, jaise.jee.pratyek chunaav varsh mein $100 joe kewal raajneetik ummidvaaron yaa muddon parr kharch kiye jaa sakate hain. yeh raashi pichhale chunaav chakr mein kharch kii gaee niji raashi seey lagbhag doguni hogi. vartamaan rashtrapati chunaav abhiyaan kosh key vipareet, yeh nirnay kii vaha paisa kise milata haye, vyaktigat nagrikon dwara liya jaayega.
lessig aise yogdaanon key liye curr chhoot pradaan karane yaa chhote dollar yogdaanon key liye milan karane key liye pranaliyon kaa bhee samarthan kartaa haye jaise kii newyork shahar mein pranali joe $250 taka key yogdan key liye 5-seey-1 match pradaan karati haye. voucher, chhoot yaa milan nidhi seey dhana key liye paatr honey key liye, ummidvaaron koo vyaktigat yogadankartaon seey jutai gaee raashi parr kuchh seemaaen sweekaar karni chaahiye.
voucher, curr chhoot aur chhote dollar milan koo adhik paaramparik "saarvajanik vitt poshan" key vipareet "nagrik vitt poshan" kahaa jaataa haye, joe ack saarvajanik agency koo yeh taya karane key liye kaam kartaa haye kii pratyek ummidwar koo sarkaar seey kitna paisa milata haye. jabaki sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya ney pahale hii raajneetik abhiyaanon key saarvajanik vittaposhan key kaee roopon koo khariz curr diyaa haye, saarvajanik aur vishesh roop seey nagrik vittaposhan key roop hain joe samvidhaan key saath susangat prateet hotey hain jaisa kii abb taka adalaton dwara vyakhya kii gaee haye aur isaliye maanak vidhaayi prakriyaon dwara surakshit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisamen samvidhaan mein sanshodhan kii aavashyakta naheen haye.
ack bill joe yuu key liye aisee pranali kaa prastaav kartaa haye.aiss. congress chunaav "jamini star parr loktantra adhiniyam" haye. ise 14 sitambar, 2012 koo yuu. dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. pratinidhi johnn surbanes aich key roop mein.aar. 6426 aur 15 janwari, 2013 koo aich key roop mein phir seey pesh kiya gayaa. aar. 268.
ekjut nagrik" koo palatana.
nagrik sanyukt v. 21 janwari, 2010 koo yuu. key aff. ee. see. "nirnay.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya koo kaafee badnami millie haye, jisane kaee logon koo ise palatane key liye samvaidhaanik sanshodhan key liye kaam karane key liye prerit kiya haye. usa nirnay key pramukh praavdhaanon mein saar mein daavaa kiya gayaa haye kii paisa bhaashan haye aur pahale sanshodhan sanrakshan key adheen haye. sitambar 2009 mein usa nirnay kaa virodh karane key liye sanshodhan karane kaa kadam shuru huaa. juuna 2013 taka, unake paas 36 raajyon aur kolambiya jile mein cumm seey cumm 164 sthaaniya sahayogi they. unhone sanshodhan key liye apane prastaav key liye lagbhag 300,000 vyaktigat hastakshar praapt kiye they aur 367 sthaaniya prastaavon aur adhyadeshon koo paarit kiya thaa. "logon key liye ekjut" kuchh 144 sangathanon kaa sangh haye joe "" nagrikon key ekjut honey "" koo palatane key liye ack samvaidhaanik sanshodhan kaa samarthan kartaa haye.  united forr dha peepal" kii web site mein 112veen sanyukt raajya congress mein pesh kiye gaye 17 samvaidhaanik sanshodhanon koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye aur 113veen mein "nagrikon koo alag-alag tarikon seey ekjut karane" key prastaav koo 13 march, 2013 taka pesh kiya gayaa thaa.
swatantrataavaadi vichaar-samooh cato sansthaan chintit haye kii "nagrik ekjut" key liye adhikansh prastaavit pratikriyaen "raajneetik bhaashan parr kharch karane parr congress koo aniyantrit naee shakti dengi, shakti jiska nishchit roop seey durupyog kiya jaayega."
swachchh chunaav, swachchh dhana aur prakateekaran.
swachchh chunaav" aur "swachchh dhana" jaise shabdon kaa kabhi-kabhi asangat roop seey upayog kiya jaataa haye. swachchh chunaav aamtaur parr una pranaliyon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jahaan ummidwar chhote dollar yogdan (jaise kii, ack nishchit raashi) ekatra karke yogyata praapt karane key baad apane abhiyaanon koo chalaane key liye sarkaar seey dhana praapt karate hain.jee., $5) nagrikon key ack badey samooh seey. iss prakriti kii pranaliyon koo maine, arizona, uttari carolina, nyu maxico, vermont, wisconsin, massachusets, connecticut aur anya jagahon mein azmaya gayaa haye; inmein seey kuchh koo cumm seey cumm adalaton dwara aanshik roop seey ayogya ghoshit kiya gayaa haye.
"swachchh dhana" kaa upayog kabhi-kabhi swachchh chunaavon key paryaay key roop mein kiya jaataa haye; anya samay parr, yeh ack khulasa adhiniyam koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jisamen abhiyaan nidhi key sroton key prakateekaran kii aavashyakta hoti haye. yuu mein prakateekaran adhiniyam bill.aiss. congress sanghiya chunaavon mein videshi prabhaav koo pratibandhit karane, sarkari thekedaaron koo aise chunaavon key sambandh mein vyay karane seey rokane aur aise chunaavon mein kharch key sambandh mein atirikt prakateekaran aavashyaktaon koo sthaapit karane aur anya uddeshyon key liye chaahati haye."
california swachchh dhana abhiyaan "california" khulasa adhiniyam koo aage badhaa rhaa haye, joe sanghiya khulasa adhiniyam seey kaafee alag haye. california vidheyak raajneetik vigyapanon key liye prakateekaran aavashyaktaon koo majboot karega. anya praavdhaanon key alawa, kissy bhee raajneetik vigyaapan key liye sheersh teen yogadankartaon koo vigyaapan parr naam seey pahachaana jaanaa aavashyak haye.
ackerman aur aayars ack "gupt daan booth" kaa prastaav rakhate hain, joe poorna prakateekaran key bilkul vipareet haye. iss pranali key liye aavashyak hoga kii sabhi abhiyaan yogdan ack sarkari agency key madhyam seey gumnam roop seey diye jaaen. unaki pranali daandaataon koo apana munn badalane aur daan key praaptakarta koo vaapas lene yaa badalane key liye kuchh dinn degi; yeh yeh sunishchit karane key liye ack yaadrichhik samay deree bhee jodd dega kii daan key praaptakartaon koo kabhi bhee nishchit roop seey pataa naheen chala sakata kii unhein praapt dhana kaa srot kyaa haye.
sarvocch nyayalaya key nyayadhishon kaa chunaav karna.
karyakal kii seemaon key karyanvayan aur sarvocch nyayalaya key nyayadhishon key liye chunaav aayojit karane key saath sanyukt raajya america kewal taba vivadaspad ladaai koo hull curr sakata haye jaba sarvocch nyayalaya key sadasya apratyaashit roop seey marr jaate hain. yadi koee chunaav parinam taya karane vaalaa hotaa tou sarvocch nyayalaya key prastaavon koo paik karna samaapt hoe jaayega. 33 raajya pahale seey hii apane raajya key sarvocch nyayalayon kaa chunaav curr chuke hain. villium watkins junier. rashtriya saarvajanik radio parr swatantra sansthaan key ack samvaidhaanik vidwan ney 8 seey 10 saal kii ack samay seema key liye apane prastaav koo bataaya, unhone yeh bhee kahaa kii nyayadhishon koo khel mein gend aur strike koo bulaane vaale umpires kii tarah maanaa jaataa haye, lekin way kochon kii tarah kaam curr rahey hain joe shuruati lineup key saath chhedchhaad curr rahey hain, aur hitt aur runn curr rahey hain. sthaaniya jilaa vakeel aur county sheriff chune jaate hain aur isaliye sarvocch nyayalaya key nyayadhish bhee. sanyukt raajya senate koo 1913 mein 17vein sanshodhan key paarit honey seey pahale raajya vidhaansabhaaon dwara niyukt kiya jaataa thaa. samvidhaan mein sanshodhan key liye raajyon kaa doosara samvaidhaanik sammelan iss sudhaar koo aage badhaane kaa ack tarika hoe sakata haye. 
vartamaan matdan pranali mein prastaavit sudhaar yaa pratisthaapan.
matdan kii manjuri.
anumodan matdan ack gair-shreni-crum lekin shrenibaddh pranali haye jisamen matadaata una sabhi ummidvaaron kaa chayan curr sakate hain joe matadaata kii manjuri key saath milate hain. uchchatam anumodan ank vaalaa ummidwar (i.ee. sabse adhik matdaataon dwara anumodit) chunaav jeetata haye. teen yaa adhik ummidvaaron key saath chunaavon mein, matadaata ack seey adhik ummidvaaron kii manjuri kaa sanket dey sakate hain. matdan kii sweekriti matdan kii vidhi haye jise chunaav pranali visheshagyon key 2021 key sarvekshan mein sabse adhik manjuri millie haye.
chunaav vigyaan kendra dwara anumodan matdan koo badhaava diyaa jaataa haye.
2017 mein, colorado vidhaayika ney matdan koo manjuri dene parr vichaar kiya. yadi vidheyak paarit hoe gayaa hotaa, tou matdan kaanoon koo manjuri dene vaalaa colorado pahala raajya hotaa, lekin vidheyak koo anishchit kaal key liye sthagit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
2018 mein, fargo, uttari dakota ney shahar key sthaaniya chunaavon key liye matdan koo manjuri dene key liye ack sthaaniya matpatra pahal koo paarit kiya, aur iska upayog juuna 2020 mein adhikaariyon koo chunane key liye kiya gayaa, joe anumodan matdan koo apanaane vaalaa pahala sanyukt raajya shahar aur adhikaar kshetra bunn gayaa. 2023 mein, uttar dakota vidhansabha ney aich. bee. 1273 vidheyak pesh kiya, joe raajya bhar mein matdan kii manjuri parr pratibandh lagaa dega. governor daug bergum dwara veeto kiye jaane seey pahale vidheyak sadan aur senate donon koo paarit curr diyaa gayaa. veeto koo sadan mein dou-tihai bahumat seey override kiya gayaa thaa, lekin senate mein ise barkarar rakhaa gayaa, jisase anumodan matdan koo fargo key matdan vidhi key roop mein chhod diyaa gayaa.
navambar 2020 mein, sent. lui ney nagarpalika karyalayon key liye anumodan matdan (ekikrit praathamik key roop mein) key ack sanskaran koo adhikrit karane key liye prastaav paarit kiya.
matdan kaa sthaan chunein.
sanyukt raajya mein krambaddh matdan, jise krambaddh vikalp matdan bhee kahaa jaataa haye, ack matpatra design haye jahan matadaata apani pasand koo krambaddh curr sakate hain. duniya bhar key kuchh kshetradhikaron mein upayog kii jaane vaali lokpriya vidhiyon mein ack ummidwar koo chunane key liye tatkaal-runoff matdan (aaee. aar. vee.) naamak ack pranali, yaa kaee ummidvaaron koo chunane key liye ekal hastantaraniya vote (aiss. tii. vee.) naamak ack pranali shamil haye. pratyek matadaata upalabdh vikalpon mein seey sabhi (yaa cumm seey cumm kuchh) koo rank kartaa haye. yadi ack vikalp koo bahumat matdaataon dwara pratham sthaan diyaa jaataa haye, tou vaha jeet jaataa haye. anyatha, sabse cumm vote praapt karane kaa vikalp (oun) samaapt hoe jaataa haye, aur una matdaataon dwara dusare sthaan parr rakhe gaye vikalpon koo way vote milate hain.
aaee. aar. vee. koo yuu. mein badhaava diyaa jaa rhaa haye.aiss. kaee vyaktiyon aur sangathanon dwara. inmein seey ack fairwate haye, joe rashtrapati obama, senator johnn mccain aur burney sanders, paanch yuu sahit irv key samarthankartaon kii ack lambi soochi pradaan kartaa haye.aiss. pratinidhi, neeti vishleshak michael ee. arth, harit, udaarvaadi aur samajwadi dall, mahila matdaataon kii leag key ack darjan raajya adhyaay, loktaantrik party key chaar raajya adhyaay, alaska kii republican party aur kaee anya. vartamaan mein iska upayog yuu mein kuchh kshetradhikaron mein kiya jaa rhaa haye.aiss., jisamen maine raajya aur navambar 2020 seey alaska raajya shamil haye.
raajneetik navachar sansthaan, sanyukt america aur nevada matdaataon jaise sangathanon key saath, "antim paanch matdan" kaa samarthan kartaa haye jisamen sheersh paanch ummidvaaron kaa chunaav karane key liye samanya praathamik matdan kaa sanyojan hotaa haye, jisamen vijeta kaa faisala karane key liye tatkaal matdan hotaa haye. 2020 key matpatra key madhyam seey alaska mein isi tarah kii pranali koo manjuri dee gaee thee.
nishpaksh pratinidhitva adhiniyam mein bahu-sadasya jilon key saath-saath pratinidhi sabhaa key chunaavon key liye stv koo lagu karane kaa prastaav haye.
nirvaachak mandal koo samaapt karna.
rashtrapati aur upaadhyaksh key chayan key nirvaachak mandal key tareeke key saath samasyaon key baare mein lambe samay seey chintaaen hain. iss pranali key tahat, joe party kissy diye gaye raajya mein bahulata jeetati haye, usey usa raajya key sabhi chunavi vote milate hain. (maine aur nebrasca mein, bahulata niyam pratyek congress key jile parr lagu hotaa haye.)
aadhunik matdan ney rashtrapati abhiyaanon koo yeh nirdhaarit karane kii anumati dee haye kii kaun seey raajya "swing state" hain (jinhen "yuddh key maidan vaale raajya" bhee kahaa jaataa haye) aur joe ganarajya yaa loktaantrik ummidvaaron key liye lagbhag nishchit jeet pradaan karenge. abhiyaan taba mukhya roop seey swing raajyon parr dhyaan kendrit karke jeetane kii sambhaavanaon koo badhaate hain. yeh prabhaavi roop seey anya raajyon mein matdaataon koo iss hudd taka matadhikar seey vanchit curr detaa haye kii unaki chintaaen swing raajyon mein matdaataon seey alag hain.
aadhikarik taur parr nirvaachak mandal koo samaapt karane key liye yuu mein sanshodhan kii aavashyakta hogi.aiss. samvidhaan. haalaanki, vahee prabhaav taba bhee praapt kiya jaa sakata haye jaba nirvaachak mandal key sabhi pratinidhi nirvaachak maton key bahumat vaale raajyon key nirvaachak mandal key pratinidhi rashtrapati pada key liye matdan karane key liye pratibaddh houn joe ack rashtriya bahulata (yaa tatkaal-runn-off matdan key baad bahumat) praapt kartaa haih rashtrapati pada key ummidvaaron koo taba sabhi 50 raajyon mein maton key liye pratispardha karni hogi, naa kii kewal ack darjan seey cumm swing raajyon mein.
rashtriya lokpriya antarrajyiya vote compact key peechhe yeh vichaar haye. march 2022 taka, kull 196 nirvaachak maton vaale solah raajyon ney samjhaute koo manjuri dee thee. ise prabhaavi banaane key liye kull 270 nirvaachak maton vaale raajyon dwara anumodit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, joe vartamaan kull 538 nirvaachak maton key aadhe seey kuchh adhik haye.
punarvitaran.
sanyukt raajya america key pratinidhi sabhaa aur kaee anya vidhaayi nikaayon jaise kii nagar parishadon mein, sadasyon koo jilon seey chunaa jaataa haye, jinaki seemaon koo samay-samay parr ack prakriya key madhyam seey badala jaataa haye jise punarvitaran key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. jaba iss prakriya mein kissy vishesh raajneetik dall yaa paddhari koo laabh pahunchaane key liye herfer kiya jaataa haye, tou parinam koo gerrymandering key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. khule loktantra adhiniyam aur logon key liye adhiniyam garrymandering koo samaapt karane key liye design kiye gaye bill hain. 3 march, 2020 koo sanyukt raajya pratinidhi sabhaa ney janata adhiniyam paarit kiya. juuna 2021 taka, ise sanyukt raajya senate dwara paarit naheen kiya gayaa haye. ack samaan congressional jilaa adhiniyam key kaaran, ack seey adhik pratinidhiyon vaale raajya key liye kaee bahu-sadasya jilon mein yaa badey chunaav mein aanupaatik roop seey apane pratinidhiyon kaa chunaav karna avaidh haye.
punarvitaran mein parivartanon koo badhaava dene vaale sangathanon mein fairwate, representative aur shamil hain.
matdan anivarya.
kissy bhee raajya mein nagrikon key liye matdan kii aavashyakta naheen haye, isaliye chunaav una logon dwara taya kiye jaate hain joe dikhaai dete hain. rajneta apane sandesh koo anishchit matdaataon yaa udaseen nagrikon koo jeetane key bajaay apane swayam key samarthakon koo chunaav mein laane key liye lakshit karate hain. iss samasya kaa ack samadhan anivarya matdan haye.
anivarya matdan kii aalochana "aspasht roop seey gair-americi" key roop mein kii gaee haye lekin loktantra key liye sambhaavit roop seey fayademand haye.
anivarya matdan koo americi aabaadi kaa behtar pratinidhitva karane key liye ack samadhan key roop mein prastaavit kiya gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey ise nasleeya aur samajik-aarthik roop seey adhik pratinidhi banaane key liye. 
anya prastaav.
chunaav aur raajneetik netaaon koo adhik prabhaavi banaane key uddeshya seey anya prastaavon mein shamil hainh
sudhaaron kaa samarthan karane vaale sangathan.
ullekhaniya sangathan joe oopar ullikhit sudhaaron mein seey cumm seey cumm ack key kuchh prakaar kaa samarthan karate hain, unamen shamil hainh

