manchukuo mein yuddh aparaadh

manchukuo mein yuddh aparaadh poorvottar chean mein japan key samrajya key shasson key dauran yaa tou seedhe, yaa isaki kathputali raajya manchukuo key madhyam seey 1931 seey 1945 taka kiye gaye they. vibhinn yuddh apraadhon parr aarop lagaaya gayaa haye, lekin tulanaatmak roop seey cumm aitihaasik dhyaan diyaa gayaa haye.
kanuni aadhar.
haalaanki japan key samrajya ney geneva sammelanon parr hastakshar naheen kiye, jinhone 1864 seey yuddh apraadhon kii maanak paribhasha pradaan kii haye, lekin kiye gaye aparaadh antarrashtriya aur japani kaanoon key anya pahaluon key tahat aatey hain. udaaharan key liye, japani karmiyon dwara kiye gaye kaee kathit apraadhon ney japani sainya kaanoon koo toda diyaa, aur usa kaanoon dwara aavashyak court marshel key adheen naheen they. japan ney hastaaksharit antarrashtriya samjhauton kaa bhee ullanghan kiya, jisamen rasayanik hathiyaron key upayog parr pratibandh jaise varsaay kii sandhi key praavdhaan aur yuddh key kaidiyon (dhanush) kii raksha karane vaale hegg sammelan (1899 aur 1907) shamil hain. japani sarkaar ney kelog-bryand sandhi (1929) parr bhee hastakshar kiye, jisase shaanti key khilaf apraadhon key aaropon key liye apani kaarravaai koo uttardaayi banaaya gayaa, ack aarop joe tokyo parikshanon mein "varg ack" yuddh apraadhiyon parr mukadama chalaane key liye pesh kiya gayaa thaa. "bee varg key" yuddh aparaadhi way they joe yuddh apraadhon key doshi paae gaye "" aur see varg key "" yuddh aparaadhi way they joe manavata key khilaf apraadhon key doshi they.  japani sarkaar ney yuddh kii samaapti key baad potsdam ghoshana (1945) dwara nirdhaarit sharton koo bhee sweekaar curr liya. ghoshana ney, anuchhed 10 mein, dou prakaar key yuddh aparaadh kaa sanket diyaah ack antarrashtriya kaanoonon kaa ullanghan thaa, jaise kii yuddh key kaidiyon kaa durupyog; doosara "japani logon key beach loktaantrik pravrittiyon" aur japan key bheetar nagrik swatantrataon mein baadha daal rhaa thaa.
japan mein, "japani yuddh aparaadh" shabd aam taur parr kewal sudur poorv key liye antarrashtriya sainya nyayadhikaran dwara chalaae gaye mamalon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jise prashant yuddh key anta key baad "tokyo pareekshan" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, nyayadhikaran ney madhya-shreni key adhikaariyon yaa adhik kanishth karmiyon seey judey yuddh apraadhon key aaropon parr mukadama naheen chalaaya. japan key aatmasamarpan key baad chean aur soviyat sangh mein aayojit parikshanon mein unase alag seey nipata gayaa thaa.
sanshodhanvaadi itihaskaron ney iss baat kaa virodh kiya haye kii aise aparaadh hue hain. japan mein door-daraaz rashtravadi samoohon ney yuddh apraadhon koo "japan virodhi prachaar" key roop mein raajneetik uddeshyon key liye aadhunik japan koo nakaratmak prakaash mein rakhane seey incar kiya haye.
yuddh aparaadh.
maanav prayog.
vishesh japani sainya ikaaiyon ney manchukuo mein nagrikon aur dhanush parr prayog kiye. sabse kukhyaat ikaaiyon mein seey ack ikai 731 thee. peediton koo binaa sangyaaharan key vivisection key adheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur anya prayogon key beach javic hathiyaron kaa pareekshan karane key liye upayog kiya gayaa thaa.
unit 731 dwara kiye gaye maanav prayog key dauran 3,000 seey 12,000 purushon, mahilaaon aur bachchon kii mrityu hoe gaee.
rasayanik aur javic hathiyar.
itihaaskaar yoshiki yoshimi aur seiya matsuno key anusaar, samrat hirohito ney chean mein rasayanik hathiyaron key upayog koo adhikrit kiya. isake alawa, javic yuddh key upayog key parinamswarup, "dasiyon hazaar, aur shayed 200,000, cheeni bubonic plaig, haija, anthrax aur anya beemariyon seey marr gaye. halanki abhilekhon key vyavasthit japani vinash key kaaran, manchukuo mein hii rasayanik yaa javic hathiyaron kaa koee record naheen haye, saamoohik vinash key inn hathiyaron kaa aanshik roop seey shodh kiya gayaa thaa, utpaadan kiya gayaa thaa, aur quantung senaa dwara manchukuo mein bhandarit kiya gayaa thaa.
jabaran shram.
japani senaa dwara jabaran shram key upayog seey bhee kaee mautein huin. itihaskaron jhiphen juu, mitsuyochi himeta, toro kubo aur maark peetti key ack sanyukt adhyayan key anusaar, koo-inn kii dekhrekh mein manchukuo mein jabaran shram key liye 1 karod seey adhik cheeni nagrikon koo jutaaya gayaa thaa.
majboor majdooron koo aksar paryaapt suraksha saavdhaaniyon key binaa khatarnak paristhitiyon mein kaam saunpa jaataa thaa. duniya kii sabse ghaatak khadaan aapada, benxihu colliery mein, manchukuo mein hui.
maadak padarthon kii taskari.
2007 mein, japan times mein reejee yoshida key ack lekh mein tark diyaa gayaa thaa kii manchukuo mein japani nivesh koo aanshik roop seey drugs bechkar vittaposhit kiya gayaa thaa. lekh key anusaar, ack dastaavez mein daavaa kiya gayaa haye kii yoshida ney chean mein manchukuo, nanjing aur mangolia kii kathputali sarkaaron key laabh key liye drugg dealers koo dhana pradaan karane mein koo-inn koo seedhe fansaaya haye. yeh dastaavez tokyo nyayadhikaran dwara pahale vishleshan kiye gaye sakshya kii pushti kartaa haye jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii
yuddh apraadhon key mukadame.
khabarovsk yuddh aparaadh mukadama.
1949 key anta mein, poorv quantung senaa key kaee sadasya jinhen manchuria key soviyat aakraman mein pakada gayaa thaa, unhein ikai 731 kii gatividhiyon key sambandh mein doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa, aur sambandhit ikaaiyon koo manavata key khilaf apraadhon aur rasayanik aur javic hathiyaron key upayog key saath unake sambandhon key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa.
tokyo pareekshan.
sudur poorv key liye antarrashtriya sainya nyayadhikaran ney manchuria key aakraman, manchuko kii sthaapana aur chean key khilaf aakramak yuddh chhedane kii sajish key sambandh mein kaee uchch japani adhikaariyon koo doshi thaharaaya. manchukuo key saath majboot sambandhon key saath maut kii sajaa sunaaye gaye logon mein quantung senaa key varishth adhikaari shamil they, jinka naam hadkey tojo, akira muto, seshiro itagaki aur kenji dohra thaa.

