
caledonia parr roman aakraman (208-211)

roman samrat septimius saverus dwara 208 mein caledonia parr roman aakraman shuru kiya gayaa thaa. aakraman 210 key anta taka chalaa, jaba samrat beemar hoe gayaa aur 4 farwari 211 koo aboracum (york) mein usaki mrityu hoe gaee. yuddh romanon key liye achchi tarah seey shuru huaa aur saverus jaldi seey antonin deewaar taka pahunchane mein kamyab rhaa, lekin jaba saverus ney uttar mein pahaadi ilaakon mein dhakel diyaa tou vaha ack gurilla yuddh mein funce gayaa aur vaha kabhi bhee poori tarah seey caledonia koo vash mein karane mein saksham naheen thaa. unhone 100 saal pahale mons grapius kii ladaai key baad agricola dwara nirmit kaee kilon parr kabja curr liya, aur roman britten parr hamla karane kii caledonian kii kshamata koo pangu banaa diyaa.
aakraman koo saverus key bete karakalla dwara chhod diyaa gayaa thaa aur roman senaa ack baar phir hadrian kii deewaar parr vaapas aaa gaee thee.
prishthabhoomi.
caledonia (aadhunik scotland) parr saverus key aakraman kaa kaaran roman britten parr chhaapon aur hamalon mein bhaari vriddhi thee. yeh isaliye sambhav thaa kyonki 195 mein britten key roman governor claudius albinus ney saverus key khilaf apane vidroh key dauran adhikansh british senaaon kaa netritva kiya thaa. saverus ney albinus koo haraane key baad unhein vaapas apane padon parr bhej diyaa thaa, lekin unhein lugdunam kii ladaai mein badee hatahaton kaa saamana karna padaa thaa. iss ney hadrian kii deewaar koo maanav key neeche chhod diyaa aur caledonian key liye roman britten mein chhaapa maarnaa aasaan banaa diyaa. caledonian bhee inn chhaapon key liye pahale kii tulanaa mein adhik purushon koo ikattha karane mein saksham they kyonki vibhinn uttari janjaatiyon key beach sahyog mein vriddhi key pramaan hain.
caledonia kaa aakraman.
208 mein, saverus lagbhag 40,000 purushon key saath britten pahuncha aur uttar mein hadrian kii deewaar kii or cooch kiya. ack baar hadrian kii deewaar saverus ney ack badey paimaane parr punarnirmaan pariyojana shuru kii, jisane antatah poori deewaar koo patthar mein badal diyaa (isase pahale kii paschimi bhaag jyaadaatar turf aur lakadi kaa thaa), aur adhik hamalon key khilaf ack baadha key roop mein kaam kiya. pariyojana shuru karane key baad saverus ney uttar kii or cooch kiya aur hadrian kii deewaar aur antene deewaar key beach kii poori bhoomi parr kabja curr liya. vyavasaay koo puuraa karane key baad saverus ney ack aur punarnirmaan pariyojana shuru kii lekin iss baar antonin deewaar parr.
209 mein, saverus ney apani senaa kaa uttar mein uchch bhoomi mein netritva kiya aur lagbhag usee tarah seey march kiya jiss tarah seey agricola ney 100 saal pahale aakraman kiya thaa. caledonians dwara upayog kii jaane vaali gurilla ranneeti key kaaran saverus koo bhaari hatahaton kaa saamana karna padaa. iss kaaran seey iss kshetra koo apane kabje mein lene kii yojana shuru kii, joe vaha krishi key kaee puraane kilon koo phir seey apane kabje mein leey sakata thaa aur usa poore kshetra koo nasht curr sakata thaa jise vaha naheen curr sakata thaa. isake kaaran kaee janjaatiyaan roman narsamhar key madhyam seey vilupt honey key darr seey saverus key saath shaanti samjhaute parr pahunchane kaa prayaas curr rahee theen. shaanti vaarta whiffle hoe gaee aur aisaa lugg rhaa thaa kii yuddh taba taka jaari rahega jaba taka kii sabhi janjaatiyaan rome key adheen naheen hoe gaeen yaa unakaa safaya naheen hoe gayaa.
210 kii shuruat mein saverus key bete karakalla ney antene deewaar key uttar mein ack dandaatmak abhiyaan kaa netritva kiya, jisamen vaha harr usa vyakti koo maarne aur lootane aur harr moolyavaan cheez koo jalaane key iraade seey aaya thaa. yojana thee kii saverus apane bete kii senaa kaa anusaran karey aur poore caledonia parr sthaayi roop seey kabja curr leey. 210 mein, saverus beemar hoe gayaa aur aaraam karane aur thheek honey key liye york chalaa gayaa. 4 farwari 211 taka vaha badatar hotaa gayaa jaba usaki mrityu hoe gaee. isake baad karakalla ney caledonian key khilaf yuddh koo bund curr diyaa aur apani shakti koo majboot karane key liye rome vaapas chalaa gayaa. haalaanki sevaran abhiyaan kii roman senaa dwara banaae gaye kilon koo agricola dwara sthaapit kilon key paas rakhaa gayaa thaa aur uchch bhoomi mein glanes key muhaane parr cluster kiye gaye they, caledonian phir seey 210-211 mein vidroh mein they aur yeye khatm hoe gaye they.
romanon ney phir kabhi caledonia mein gaharaai seey abhiyaan naheen chalaaya kyonki unake paas hamalon seey nipatane key liye atirikt balon kii kamee thee kyonki adhikansh maanav shakti koo anya adhikrit bhoomi koo surakshit karane key liye punarnirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa. way jald hii dakshin mein sthaayi roop seey hadrian kii deewaar parr chaley gaye.
inn sainya abhiyaanon key liye kuchh shilalekh sakshya maujood hain joe uttari janjaatiyon key khilaf jeet kii pratyasha koo darshaate hain. shilalekh devi victoria brigantia koo prastut kiya gayaa haye.
aakraman key baare mein cassius dio kaa vivaran.
saverus ney, tadnusar, poore koo vash mein karane kii ichcha rakhate hue, caledonia parr aakraman kiya. lekin jaise-jaise vaha desh key madhyam seey aage badhe, unhone jangalon koo kaatane, unchaaiyon koo samtal karane, daldal koo bharane aur nadiyon koo jodane mein anginat kathinaaiyon kaa anubhav kiya; lekin unhone koee ladaai naheen ladee aur yuddh kii shrinkhala mein koee dushman naheen dekhaa. dushman ney jaanboojhkar bhed aur maveshiyon koo sainikon key saamane rakhaa taaki way unhein jabt curr sakein, taaki way taba taka lubhaaye jaa sakein jaba taka kii way kharaab naheen hoe jaate; kyonki vaastav mein paani ney romanon koo bahut peedaa dee, aur jaba way bikhare hue hoe gaye, tou una parr hamla kiya jaayega. taba, chalane mein asamarth, way apane hii aadmiyon dwara maare jaate, taaki pakad seey bachaa jaa sakey, taaki ack poore pachas hazaar kii mrityu hoe jaae. lekin saverus taba taka peechhe naheen hatey jaba taka kii vaha dweep key charam parr naheen pahunch gayaa. yahaan unhone soorya kii gati aur garmiyon aur sardiyon mein kramshah dinon aur raaton kii lambai mein bhinnata koo sabse sateek roop seey dekhaa. iss prakaar vyaavhaarik roop seey poore shatru desh key madhyam seey soochit kiya gayaa thaa (kyonki vaastav mein usey apani durbalata key kaaran ack dhake hue kachare mein pahunchaaya gayaa thaa), vaha mitravat hisse mein laut aaya, jaba usane britishon koo sharton parr aaney key liye majboor kiya thaa, iss shart parr kii unhein apane kshetra key ack badey hisse koo chhodana chaahiye.
viraasat.
halanki karakalla yuddh key dauran liye gaye sabhi kshetron seey vaapas leey liya, lekin baad vaale koo romanon key liye kuchh vyaavhaarik laabh they. inmein hadrian kii deewaar kaa punarnirmaan shamil haye joe ack baar phir roman britten kii seema bunn gaee. yuddh ney british seema koo bhee majboot kiya, jise sudridhikaran kii sakht aavashyakta thee, aur vibhinn caledonian janjaatiyon koo kamjor curr diyaa. unhein apani taakat koo phir seey hassil karane aur taakat mein hamla karane mein kaee saal lagenge.

