
sthaanik smriti

sangyanatmak manovigyaan aur tantrika vigyaan mein, sthaanik smriti smriti kaa ack roop haye joe kissy sthaan parr ack pathyakram kii yojana banaane aur kissy vastu key sthaan yaa ghatana kii ghatana koo yaad karane key liye aavashyak jaankaari kii recording aur punarpraapti key liye jimmedaar haye. antariksh mein abhivinyas key liye sthaanik smriti aavashyak haye. sthaanik smriti koo ahankari aur allocantric sthaanik smriti mein bhee vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye. ack parichit shahar key aspas ghoomane key liye ack vyakti kii sthaanik smriti kii aavashyakta hoti haye. bhulbhulaiya key anta mein bhojan kaa sthaan jaanane key liye choohe kii sthaanik smriti kii aavashyakta hoti haye. manushyon aur jaanvaron donon mein, sthaanik yaadon koo ack sangyanatmak maanchitra key roop mein sankshepit kiya jaataa haye. 
sthaanik smriti mein kaaryasheel, alpakaalik smriti aur deerghakaalik smriti key bheetar pratinidhitva hotaa haye. shodh ingit kartaa haye kii mastishk key vishisht kshetra sthaanik smriti seey judey hotey hain. bachchon, vayaskon aur jaanvaron mein sthaanik smriti koo maapane key liye kaee tarikon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye.
alpakaalik sthaanik smriti.
alpakaalik smriti (aiss. tii. aim.) koo ack aisee pranali key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye joe kissy koo asthaayi roop seey jaankaari koo sangraheet karane aur prabandhit karane kii anumati detee haye joe jatil sangyanatmak karyon koo puuraa karane key liye aavashyak haye. alpakaalik smriti koo niyojit karane vaale karyon mein seekhana, tark karna aur samajh shamil haye. sthaanik smriti ack sangyanatmak prakriya haye joe ack vyakti koo vibhinn sthaanon key saath-saath vastuon key beach sthaanik sambandhon koo yaad rakhane mein saksham banaati haye. yeh kissy koo yeh yaad rakhane kii anumati detaa haye kii ack vastu doosari vastu key sambandh mein kahaan haye; udaaharan key liye, kissy koo ack parichit shahar key madhyam seey navigate karane kii anumati detaa haye. kahaa jaataa haye kii sthaanik smritiyaan taba banati hain jaba ack vyakti pahale seey hii apane yaa apane paryaavaran key baare mein samvedi jaankaari ekatra curr letaa haye aur sansaadhit curr letaa haye.
sthaanik kaary smriti.
kaaryasheel smriti (doubleu. aim.) koo ack seemit kshamata pranali key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye joe kissy koo asthaayi roop seey jaankaari koo sangraheet karane aur sansaadhit karane kii anumati detaa haye. yeh asthaayi store jaankaari koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue jatil karyon koo puuraa karane yaa una parr kaam karane mein saksham banaata haye. udaaharan key liye, ack jatil ganitiya samasya parr kaam karane kii kshamata kissy kii kaaryasheel smriti kaa upayog karati haye.
doubleu. aim. kaa ack prabhaavshaali siddhant kaaryasheel smriti kaa badley aur hitch bahu-ghatak model haye. iss model key sabse halia sanskaran seey pataa chalata haye kii doubleu. aim. key chaar upa-ghatak hainh dhvanyaatmak loop, vizuo-sthaanik sketchpad, kendriya karyakari aur episodic buffer. iss model kaa ack ghatak, vizuo-sthaanik sketchpad, sambhaavit roop seey drishya aur sthaanik jaankaari donon key asthaayi bhandaran, rakharkhaav aur herfer key liye jimmedaar haye.
bahu-ghatak model key vipareet, kuchh shodhkartaon kaa maanana haye kii stm koo ekaatmak nirmaan key roop mein dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye. iss sambandh mein, drishya, sthaanik aur maukhik jaankaari koo usa prakaar key bhandar key bajaay pratinidhitva key staron dwara vyavasthit kiya jaataa haye jisase way sambandhit hain. saahitya key bheetar, yeh sujhaav diyaa jaataa haye kii stm aur wm key ansh mein aage key shodh kaa pataa lagaaya jaae. haalaanki, vizuo-sthaanik smriti nirmaan mein adhikansh shodh badley aur hitch dwara unnat pratimaan key anusaar kiya gayaa haye.
kendriya karyakari kii bhoomika.
vizuo-sthaanik sketchpad key sateek kaary mein shodh ney sanket diyaa haye kii sthaanik alpakaalik smriti aur kaaryasheel smriti donon karyakari sansadhanon parr nirbhar hain aur poori tarah seey alag naheen hain. udaaharan key liye, ack kaaryasheel smriti parr pradarshan, lekin ack alpakaalik smriti kaary parr naheen, vyakt karane vaale daman seey prabhaavit thaa, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii sthaanik kaary parr haani ack kaary parr samvarti pradarshan key kaaran hui thee, jisamen karyakari sansadhanon kaa vyaapak upayog thaa. parinamon mein yeh bhee paaya gayaa haye kii karyakari daman key saath stm aur wm karyon parr pradarshan baadhit they. yeh darshaata haye kii kaise, drishya-sthaanik kshetra key bheetar, stm aur wm donon koo kendriya karyakari kii samaan upayogita kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
isake alawa, ack sthaanik drishya kaary key dauran (joe karyakari karyapranali seey sambandhit haye aur stm yaa wm seey sambandhit naheen haye) samvarti karyakari daman baadhit pradarshan seey sanket milata haye kii prabhaav kendriya karyakari parr samanya maangon key kaaran they naa kii alpakaalik bhandaran key kaaran. shodhkartaon ney iss spashteekaran key saath nishkarsh nikala kii kendriya karyakari sangyanatmak ranneetiyon koo niyojit kartaa haye joe pratibhagiyon koo alpakaalik smriti karyon key dauran mansik pratinidhitva koo encode karane aur banaae rakhane donon mein saksham banaata haye.
halanki adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii kendriya karyakari kaee sthaanik karyon mein ghanishth roop seey shamil haye, lekin way kiss tarah seey judey hue hain, yeh dekhaa jaanaa baaki haye.
deerghakaalik sthaanik smriti.
sthaanik smriti yaad ack padaanukramit sanrachana parr nirmit haye. loga ack vishesh sthaan key samanya leout koo yaad rakhate hain aur phir usa sthaanik sett key bheetar "kyu lakshya sthaan" yaad rakhate hain. iss pratimaan mein visheshtaon kaa ack kramik paimana shamil haye jise ack vyakti koo apane sangyanatmak maanchitra koo soochit karane key liye dhyaan mein rakhna chaahiye. sthaanik vivaranon kaa smaran ack sheersh-neeche kii prakriya haye jisamen ack vyakti koo sangyanatmak maanchitra kii atee-vishisht visheshtaon koo yaad karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jisake baad kramik aur adheenasth visheshataaen hoti hain. ack maarg koo navigate karane mein dou sthaanik visheshtaen pramukh hainh samanya leout aur aitihaasik abhivinyas (kahana aitt all., 2006). loga naa kewal apane parivesh key sthaanik leout key baare mein seekhane mein saksham hain, balki way anuman key madhyam seey nae maargon aur nae sthaanik sambandhon koo bhee ack saath jodd sakate hain. 
ack sangyanatmak maanchitra "vastuon key sthaanik vinyas kaa ack mansik model haye joe binduon key manmaane jode key beach ishtatam maarg key saath nauvahan kii anumati detaa haye."yeh mansik maanchitra dou moolbhoot aadharon parr banaaya gayaa haih leout, jise maarg gyaan key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, aur aitihaasik abhivinyas. leout sambhaavit roop seey nauparivahan kaa pahala tarika haye jiska upayog loga karna seekhate hain; isake kaam duniya kii hamari sabse buniyaadi samajh koo darshaate hain.
hermer aur spelke (1994) ney nirdhaarit kiya kii jaba bachche chalana shuru karate hain, tou lagbhag athaarah maheene, way duniya key leout kii apani bhavna seey navigate karate hain. mcnamara, hardy aur heartle ney kissy key bhee sangyanatmak maanchitra (1989) key ack pramukh nirmaan khand key roop mein kshetra kii sadasyata kii pehchaan kii. vishesh roop seey, kshetra kii sadasyata koo kissy bhee prakaar kii seema dwara paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye, chaahe vaha bhautik, avdhaaranaatmak yaa vyaktiparak (mcnamara aitt all.1989). seemaaen hamaare aspas kii duniya mein sabse buniyaadi aur sthaanik gunon mein seey hain. yeye seemaaen akshiya rekhaaon seey adhik kuchh naheen hain joe ack aisee visheshta haye jisake prati loga antariksh seey sambandhit honey parr pakshapaati hotey hain; udaaharan key liye, ack akshiya rekha nirdhaarak gurutvaakarshan haye (mcnamara aur shelton, 2001; kima aur paine, 2004). akshiya rekhaaen hamari dhaaranaon koo kshetron mein vibhajit karane mein sabhi kii sahaayata karati hain. iss parcelled vishva vichaar koo iss khoj dwara aur adhik samarthit kiya gayaa haye kii joe vastuein ack saath vaapas bulaai jaati hain, way kissy key badey sangyanatmak maanchitra key usee kshetra key bheetar samoohbaddh honey kii sambhavana seey adhik hain. clustering seey pataa chalata haye kii loga ack badey sangyanatmak maanchitra key bheetar chhote leout key anusaar jaankaari koo ack saath vibhajit karate hain.
seemaaen hii leout key ekmatra nirdhaarak naheen hain. clustering sthaanik avadhaaranaon key sambandh mein ack anya mahatvapurna guna koo bhee pradarshit kartaa haye, joe kii sthaanik yaad ack padaanukramit prakriya haye. jaba koee kissy vatavaran koo yaad kartaa haye yaa ilaake mein ghoomata haye, tou vaha vyakti pahale samagr leout koo yaad kartaa haye. phir, avadharana kii "samriddh sahsambandh sanrachana" key kaaran, sanghon kii ack shrinkhala sakriya hoe jaati haye. antatah, sakriyanon kaa parinami jharna usa vishesh vivaran koo jaagrit karega joe vaapas bulaaye jaa rahey kshetra key anuroop haye. iss tarah loga vibhinn ontological staron seey kaee sansthaon koo encode karate hain, jaise kii ack stapler kaa sthaan; ack desk mein; joe karyalaya mein haye. 
ack samay mein kewal ack kshetra (ack baadha) seey yaad kiya jaa sakata haye. kissy vyakti kii sangyanatmak nauvahan pranali mein ack adchan ack mudda hoe sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, yadi ack lambi sadak yatra parr achaanak chakkar lagaane kii aavashyakta thee. kissy sthaan mein anubhav kii kamee, yaa kewal aakar kii kamee, kissy key mansik leout koo vichalit curr sakati haye, vishesh roop seey ack badey aur aparichit sthaan mein kaee bhaari uttejanaon key saath. inn vatavaranon mein, loga abhee bhee khud koo unmukh karane mein saksham hain, aur sthalchinhon kaa upayog karke apana raasta khojate hain. chayan (aur) maanyata key liye jatil drishyon mein vastuon aur kshetron koo prathamikta dene" kii iss kshamata koo 1998 mein chuna aur jiang dwara label kiya gayaa thaa. sthalchinh vaishvik sandarbh aur lakshit sthaanon key beach "vidwan sanghon" koo sakriya karke logon koo margadarshan dete hain."mallot aur gilner (2000) ney dikhaaya kii vishayon ney ack vishisht meal key patthar aur ack modd kii disha key beach ack sambandh seekha, jisase sanghon aur sthalon key beach sambandh aage badhe. shelton aur mcnamara (2001) ney sankshep mein sankshep mein bataaya kii marker key roop mein sthalchinh itane sahayak kyon hainh "sthaan...paryavekshak key abhivinyas key sandarbh key binaa varnit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye."
loga navigate karane key liye ack vishesh sthaan key leout aur unmukh sthalon kii upasthiti donon kaa upayog karate hain. manovaigyanikon ney abhee taka yeh naheen bataaya haye kii kyaa leout landmark koo prabhaavit kartaa haye yaa kyaa landmark leout kii seemaon koo nirdhaarit karate hain. iss vajah seey, yeh avadharana ack murgi aur andey key virodhabhas seey peedit haye. mcnamara ney paaya haye kii vishay "sandarbh key aantarik frame key roop mein sthalon key samoohon" kaa upayog karate hain, joe kewal mudde koo aage bhramit karate hain.
loga apane paryaavaran mein vastuon koo usee vatavaran mein anya vastuon key saapeksh samajhate hain. sthalchinh aur leout sthaanik ricaul key liye poorak pranaaliyan hain, lekin yeh agyaat haye kii jaba donon prakaar kii jaankaari upalabdh hoti haye tou yeye donon pranaaliyan kaise paraspar kriya karati hain. natijatan, logon koo donon pranaliyon key beach baatchit key baare mein kuchh dhaaranaaen banani hoti hain. udaaharan key liye, sangyanatmak maanchitra "nirpeksh" naheen hain, balki, jaisa kii koee bhee satyaapit curr sakata haye, "ack default pradaan karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye...(joe) key anusaar sanshodhit kiya gayaa...kaary kii maang."manovaigyanikon koo yeh bhee lagata haye kii sangyanatmak maanchitra udaaharan adharit hain, joe" pichhale anubhav key saath bhedbhavpurna milan "key liye jimmedaar hain."
iss kshetra koo paaramparik roop seey bhramit karane vaale charon, jaise kii laagat aur ack prayogaatmak vatavaran key liye pichhale sampark kii kshamata seey baadhit kiya gayaa haye. aabhaasi vaastaviktaa praudyogiki sahit takniki pragati ney nishkarshon koo adhik sulabh banaa diyaa haye. aabhaasi vaastaviktaa prayogkartaon koo unake pareekshan vatavaran parr atyadhik niyantran kii vilasita pradaan karati haye. kissy bhee charr mein herfer kiya jaa sakata haye, jisamen aisee cheejen bhee shamil hain joe vaastaviktaa mein sambhav naheen hongi.
aabhaasi vaastaviktaa.
2006 key ack adhyayan key dauran shodhkartaon ney teen alag-alag aabhaasi shaharon koo design kiya, jinamen seey pratyek kaa apana "advitiya sadak leout aur paanch dukaanon kaa ack advitiya sett thaa."halanki, vibhinn maanchitron kaa samagr padchinh bilkul ack hii aakar kaa thaa," 80 varg kii. mee.. ikaaiyaan."iss prayog mein, pratibhagiyon koo parikshanon key dou alag-alag seton mein bhaag lena thaa.
maryland vishvavidyalaya mein kiye gaye ack adhyayan ney sthaanik smriti smaran parr visarjan key vibhinn staron key prabhaav kii tulanaa kii. adhyayan mein, 40 pratibhagiyon ney dou vatavaran, ack madhyayugeen shahar aur ack alankrit mahal koo dekhane key liye ack paaramparik desktop aur ack sir parr lagey pradarshan donon kaa upayog kiya, jahan unhone 21 cheharon key dou seton koo 3 dee portrait key roop mein prastut kiya. inn 21 cheharon koo 5 minut taka dekhane key baad, usake baad ack sankshipt vishram avadhi key baad, aabhaasi vatavaran mein cheharon koo sankhyaon seey badal diyaa gayaa aur pratibhagiyon ney yaad kiya kii pratyek sthaan parr kaun saa chehra thaa. adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii ausatan, joe loga sir parr lagey pradarshan kaa upayog karate they, unhone 8.8% adhik sateek roop seey aur adhik aatmavishvaas key saath chehare koo yaad kiya. pratibhagiyon kaa kahana haye kii unake shareer key saapeksh paryaavaran key pramukh-ghudsavaar pradarshan aur maanchitran pahaluon key saath unaki janmajaat vestibular aur propreoceptive indriyon kaa laabh uthaana, joe tatva desktop key saath anupasthit hain, unaki safalata kii kunji thee.
sthaanik visheshagyata.
saahitya key bheetar, iss baat key pramaan hain kii ack vishesh kshetra key visheshagya ack asadharan star parr apane kaushal key anusaar smriti karyon koo karane mein saksham hain. visheshagyon dwara pradarshit kaushal kaa star stm aur wm donon kii samanya kshamata kii seema seey adhik hoe sakata haye. kyonki visheshagyon key paas bahut adhik matra mein poorv-gyaat aur kaary-vishisht gyaan haye, way adhik kushal tareeke seey jaankaari koo kootbaddh karane mein saksham hoe sakate hain.
helsinki, finland mein sadakon key liye taxi chalakon kii smriti kii jaanch karane vaale ack dilchasp adhyayan mein poorv-gyaat sthaanik gyaan kii bhoomika kii jaanch kii gaee. iss adhyayan ney visheshagyon kii tulanaa ack niyantran samooh seey kii taaki yeh nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakey kii unake kaushal kshetra mein yeh poorv-gyaat gyaan unhein stm aur wm kii kshamata seemaon koo door karane mein kaise madad kartaa haye. adhyayan mein sthaanik yaadrichhikta key chaar staron kaa upayog kiya gayaah
iss adhyayan key parinam ingit karate hain kii taxi chalakon (visheshagyon) kii sadakon kii yaad dou yaadrichhik sthitiyon kii tulanaa mein maarg crum kii sthiti aur maanchitra crum kii sthiti donon mein adhik thee. yeh ingit kartaa haye kii visheshagya apane poorv-gyaat sthaanik gyaan kaa upayog iss tarah seey jaankaari koo vyavasthit karane mein saksham they kii way stm aur wm kshamata seemaon koo paar curr gaye. sangathan kii ranneeti jise chaalak niyojit karate hain, usey chunking key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. isake alawa, prakriya key dauran visheshagyon dwara kii gaee tippaniyan kaary koo puuraa karane mein maarg gyaan key unake upayog kii or ishara karati hain. yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii yeh vaastav mein sthaanik jaankaari thee kii way encoding curr rahey they, shodhkartaon ney varnanukram aur shabdarth shreniyon mein soochiyan bhee prastut keen. haalaanki, shodhkartaon ney paaya kii yeh vaastav mein sthaanik jaankaari thee kii visheshagya chunk curr rahey they, jisase way vizuo-sthaanik stm aur wm donon kii seemaon koo paar curr sakate they.
pashu anusandhaan.
pariday aur corvidae kii kuchh prajaatiyan (jaise kii black-capped chikadi aur scrub jey) yeh yaad rakhane key liye sthaanik smriti kaa upayog karane mein saksham hain kii unhone kahaan, kaba aur kiss prakaar kaa bhojan kaish kiya haye. choohon aur gilhariyon parr kiye gaye adhyayanon ney yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa haye kii way pahale chhipe hue bhojan kaa pataa lagaane key liye sthaanik smriti kaa upayog karane mein saksham hain. radial bhulbhulaiya kaa upayog karane vaale prayogon ney shodhkartaon koo kaee charon koo niyantrit karane kii anumati dee haye, jaise kii chhipe hue bhojan kaa prakaar, way sthaan jahan bhojan chhipa huaa haye, pratidhaaran antaral, saath hii saath koee bhee gandh sanket joe smriti anusandhaan key parinamon koo tirchha curr sakate hain. adhyayanon ney sanket diyaa haye kii choohon mein iss baat kii yaad haye kii unake paas kahaan chhipa huaa bhojan haye aur unhone kiss prakaar kaa bhojan chhipa rakhaa haye. yeh punarpraapti vyavhaar mein dikhaaya gayaa haye, jaise kii choohe bhulbhulaiya kii baahon mein jaane mein adhik baar chayanaatmak hotey hain jahaan way pahale cumm pasandida bhojan key saath hathiyaron kii tulanaa mein bhojan koo chhipaate hain yaa jahaan koee bhojan chhipa naheen thaa.
choohon jaise jaanvaron kii kuchh prajaatiyon kii sthaanik smriti key liye sakshya ingit karate hain kii way chhipe hue khaadya bhandar kaa pataa lagaane aur unhein punah praapt karane key liye sthaanik smriti kaa upayog karate hain.
jee. pee. aiss. tracking kaa upayog karate hue ack adhyayan yeh dekhane key liye kii gharelu billiyaan kahaan jaati hain jaba unake maalikon ney unhein baahar jaane diyaa kii billiyon mein paryaapt sthaanik smriti haye. adhyayan mein kuchh billiyon ney asadharan deerghakaalik sthaanik smriti kaa pradarshan kiya. unamen seey ack, joe aamtaur parr apane ghar seey aage naheen jaataa haye, apratyaashit roop seey apane ghar seey kuchh yatra kartaa haye. shodhkartaon ney shuru mein socha kii yeh ack jee. pee. aiss. kharabi haye, lekin jald hii pataa chalaa kii billi key malik usa saptahant shahar seey baahar chaley gaye they, aur jiss ghar mein billi gaee thee vaha malik kaa purana ghar thaa. malik aur billi ack saal seey adhik samay seey usa ghar mein naheen rahey they.
drishya-sthaanik antar.
loggy (1995) ney prastaav diyaa kii vizuo-sthaanik sketchpad koo dou upa ghatakon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, ack drishya aur ack sthaanik. yeye kramshah drishya kaish aur aantarik lekhak hain. drishya sangrah ack asthaayi drishya bhandar haye jisamen rung aur aakar jaise ayam shamil hain. isake vipareet, aantarik lekhak drishya jaankaari key liye ack abhyaas tantra haye aur andolan anukramon seey sambandhit jaankaari key liye jimmedaar haye. yadyapi saahitya mein iss bhed key sambandh mein aam sahamati kii kamee dekhi gaee haye, lekin iss baat key pramaan kii badhati matra haye kii donon ghatak alag hain aur alag-alag kaary karate hain.
drishya smriti drishya aakar aur rangon koo banaae rakhane key liye jimmedaar haye (i.ee., kyaa), jabaki sthaanik smriti sthaanon aur andolan (i.ee., kahaan). yeh antar hamesha seedha naheen hotaa haye kyonki drishya smriti key hisse mein sthaanik jaankaari shamil hoti haye aur isake vipareet. udaaharan key liye, vastu aakaron key liye smriti mein aamtaur parr una visheshtaon kii sthaanik vyavastha key baare mein jaankaari banaae rakhna shamil hotaa haye joe prashn mein vastu koo paribhaashit karati hain.
vyavhaar mein, donon pranaaliyan kuchh kshamata mein ack saath kaam karati hain lekin drishya yaa sthaanik smriti mein shamil advitiya kshamataon koo ujagar karane key liye alag-alag karyon koo vikasit kiya gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, drishya pattern pareekshan (vee. pee. tii.) drishya avadhi koo maapata haye jabaki coursey kaary koo avaruddh kartaa haye joe sthaanik avadhi koo maapata haye. donon upaayon key sahsambandh adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii swasth aur mastishk kshatigrast donon rogiyon mein unake beach sahsambandh kii kamee key kaaran drishya aur sthaanik kshamataon key beach ack algaav haye.
drishya aur sthaanik smriti ghatakon key vibhajan key liye samarthan dohare kaary pratimaan kaa upayog karke prayogon key madhyam seey paaya jaataa haye. kaee adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii drishya aakar yaa rangon kaa pratidhaaran (i.ee.drishya jaankaari) aprasangik chitron yaa gatishil drishya shore kii prastuti seey baadhit hoti haye. isake vipareet, sthaan kaa pratidhaaran (i.ee., sthaanik jaankaari) kewal sthaanik tracking karyon, sthaanik tapping karyon aur aankho kii gatividhiyon seey baadhit hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, pratibhagiyon ney ack chayanaatmak hastakshep prayog mein vee. pee. tii. aur coursey block donon kaary poore kiye. vee. pee. tii. key pratidhaaran antaral key dauran, vishay ney aprasangik chitra dekhe (ee.jee., awant-garde painting). sthaanik hastakshep kaary key liye pratibhagiyon koo uttejanaon koo chhookar, ack screen key peechhe chhipi hui lakadi kii chhoti khoonti kii vyavastha kaa paalan karna aavashyak thaa. drishya aur sthaanik donon antaral koo unake sambandhit hastakshep karyon dwara chhota curr diyaa gayaa thaa, yeh pushti karate hue kii coursey block kaary mukhya roop seey sthaanik kaary smriti seey sambandhit haye.
maap.
manovaigyaanik vayaskon, bachchon aur pashu model parr sthaanik smriti koo maapane key liye vibhinn prakaar key karyon kaa upayog karate hain. yeye kaary peshevaron koo vayaskon aur bachchon mein sangyanatmak aniyamitataon kii pehchaan karane kii anumati dete hain aur shodhkartaon koo pratibhagiyon mein vibhinn prakaar kii davaaon aur/yaa ghaavon koo prashaasit karane aur sthaanik smriti parr parinami prabhaavon koo maapane kii anumati dete hain.
coursey block tapping kaary.
coursey block-tapping test, jise coursey spain rest key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack manovaigyaanik pareekshan haye jiska upayog aamtaur parr drishya-sthaanik smriti avadhi aur ack vyakti kii antarnihit drishya-sthaanik seekhane kii kshamataon koo nirdhaarit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. pratibhaagi maanak yaadrichhik crum mein 25 x 30 semi aadhar parr unake saamane nau lakadi key 3x3-semi blocks key saath baithate hain. prayog blocks parr ack anukram pattern koo tapp kartaa haye jise pratibhagiyon koo phir dohrana chaahiye. kushal pattern pradarshan kii anumati dene key liye blocks koo prayogkartaon key paksh mein kramaankit kiya jaataa haye. anukram kii lambai pratyek pareekshan koo taba taka badhaati haye jaba taka kii pratibhaagi pattern koo sahee dhang seey doharaane mein saksham naheen hoe jaataa haye. pareekshan aur yaad karane key beach key samay kii lambai key aadhar parr, pareekshan kaa upayog alpakaalik aur deerghakaalik sthaanik smriti donon koo maapane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
yeh pareekshan kanadai tantrika-manochikitsak phillip coursey dwara banaaya gayaa thaa, jinhone sankhyaatmak pareekshan vastuon koo sthaanik vastuon key saath badalkar heb key ank avadhi kaary key baad ise model kiya thaa. ausatan, adhikansh pratibhaagi coursey avadhi pareekshan parr paanch vastuon aur ank avadhi kaary parr saat vastuon kii avadhi praapt karate hain.
drishya pattern avadhi.
drishya pattern avadhi coursey block tapping pareekshan key samaan haye lekin drishya alpakaalik ricaul key adhik shuddh pareekshan key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. pratibhagiyon koo matricks pattern kii ack shrinkhala key saath prastut kiya jaataa haye jisamen unaki aadhi koshikaaen rangeen hoti hain aur baaki aadhi khaali hoti hain. matricks pattern koo iss tarah seey vyavasthit kiya jaataa haye kii maukhik roop seey code karna mushkil haye, jisase pratibhaagi koo drishya sthaanik smriti parr bharosa karane key liye majboor honah padata haye. ack chhote seey 2 x 2 matricks seey shuru karate hue, pratibhaagi matricks pattern koo memori seey ack khaali matricks mein coppy karate hain. matricks pattern koo dou koshikaon kii darr seey aakar aur jatilata mein badhaaya jaataa haye jaba taka kii pratibhaagi kii unhein doharaane kii kshamata toot naheen jaati haye. ausatan, pratibhagiyon kaa pradarshan solah koshikaon mein toot jaataa haye.
maarg avadhi kaary.
yeh kaary bachchon mein sthaanik smriti kshamataon koo maapane key liye banaaya gayaa haye. prayogkarta pratibhaagi koo ack chhote seey aadami key saath ack khaali matricks kii kalpana karane key liye kahata haye. aage, peechhe, baaen yaa daaen jaise dishaatmak nirdeshon kii ack shrinkhala key madhyam seey, prayogkarta poore matricks mein pratibhaagi key chhote aadami kaa margadarshan kartaa haye. anta mein, pratibhaagi koo ack vaastavik matricks parr ingit karane key liye kahaa jaataa haye jahan vaha chhota aadami jise usane dekhaa thaa, samaapt hoe gayaa thaa. maarg kii lambai kathinaaee key star (1-10) key aadhar parr bhinn hoti haye aur matricks swayam 2 x 2 koshikaon seey 6 x 6 taka kii lambai mein bhinn hoe sakate hain.
gatishil mez.
gatishil mez bachchon mein sthaanik kshamata koo maapane key liye hain. iss pareekshan key saath, ack prayogkarta pratibhaagi koo kendra mein ack aadami kii tasveer key saath ack bhulbhulaiya kaa chitra prastut kartaa haye. jaba pratibhaagi dekhta haye, tou prayogkarta bhulbhulaiya key khulane seey laker aadami key chitra taka key maarg kaa pataa lagaane key liye apani ungli kaa upayog kartaa haye. isake baad pratibhaagi seey ummeed kii jaati haye kii vaha bhulbhulaiya key madhyam seey aadami key chitra taka pradarshit maarg koo doharaayega. jatilata mein bhinnata hoti haye kyonki kathinaaee badhati haye.
radial bhuja bhulbhulaiya.
pahali baar 1976 mein olton aur samuelson dwara agrani, radial arm mez koo choohon kii sthaanik smriti kshamataon kaa pareekshan karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. mez aamtaur parr ack kendra munch key saath design kiye jaate hain aur alag-alag sankhya mein hathiyaron kii shaakhaaen hoti hain aur anta mein bhojan rakhaa jaataa haye. baahon koo aamtaur parr kissy naa kissy tarah seey ack-dusare seey bachaaya jaataa haye, lekin iss hudd taka naheen kii baahari sanketon kaa upayog sandarbh binduon key roop mein naheen kiya jaa sakata haye.
adhikansh mamalon mein, choohe koo bhulbhulaiya key kendra mein rakhaa jaataa haye aur bhojan koo punah praapt karane key liye pratyek haath koo vyaktigat roop seey khojane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, saath hii yeh yaad rakhna bhee aavashyak haye kii usane pahale seey hii kinn hathiyaron kaa peechha kiya haye. bhulbhulaiya koo sthaapit kiya jaataa haye taaki choohe koo dusare haath kaa peechha karane seey pahale bhulbhulaiya key kendra mein lautane key liye majboor kiya jaataa haye. choohe koo apani ghraan indriyon kaa upayog karane seey rokane key liye aamtaur parr upaay kiye jaate hain jaise kii bhulbhulaiya key neeche atirikt bhojan rakhna.
morris jall nauvahan kaary.
morris jall nauparivahan kaary choohon mein sthaanik shiksha aur smriti kaa adhyayan karane key liye ack utkrisht pareekshan haye aur ise pahali baar 1981 mein richard jee dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. morris jinake liye pareekshan kaa naam rakhaa gayaa haye. vishay koo parbhasi paani key ack goal tank mein rakhaa jaataa haye, jisaki deevaaren bahut oonchi hoti hain aur paani joe isake ander khade honey key liye bahut gahara hotaa haye. tank kii divaaron koo drishya sanketon seey sajaaya gayaa haye taaki sandarbh binduon key roop mein kaam kiya jaa sakey. choohe koo pool key chaaron or taba taka tairna chaahiye jaba taka kii vaha satah key thheek neeche chhipe hue munch kaa pataa naa lagaa leey jiss parr vaha chadh sakata haye.
aam taur parr, choohe chhipe hue munch parr thokar khaane seey pahale ack ghumaavdaar pattern mein kendra mein baahar nikalane seey pahale pool key kinare key chaaron or tairate hain. haalaanki, jaise-jaise pool mein bitaaya gayaa samay anubhav koo badhaata haye, platform kaa pataa lagaane key liye aavashyak samay kii matra cumm hoe jaati haye, anubhavi choohe paani mein rakhe jaane key turant baad seedhe platform parr tairate hain. choohe key tairane seey judey kaary kii prakriti key kaaran, adhikansh shodhkartaon kaa maanana haye kii janwar key tanaav key star koo cumm karane key liye aadat kii aavashyakta hoti haye. pashu kaa tanaav sangyanatmak pareekshan key parinamon koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye. 
shareer vigyaan.
hippocampus.
hippocampus jaanvaron koo unake paryaavaran kaa sthaanik maanchitra pradaan kartaa haye. yeh gair-ahankendrik sthaan (antariksh mein kissy key shareer kii sthiti key sandarbh mein ahankendrik kaa arth) key baare mein jaankaari sangraheet kartaa haye aur isaliye sthaanik smriti mein drishtikon swatantrata kaa samarthan kartaa haye. iska matlab haye kii yeh smriti seey drishtikon herfer kii anumati detaa haye. yeh allocantric space (antariksh mein baahari sanketon key sandarbh mein) kii deerghakaalik sthaanik smriti key liye mahatvapurna haye. iss prakaar yaadon kaa rakharkhaav aur punarpraapti sambandhparak yaa sandarbh parr nirbhar haye. hippocampus sandarbh aur kaaryasheel smriti kaa upayog kartaa haye aur sthaanik sthaanon key baare mein jaankaari koo sansaadhit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye.
iss kshetra mein plasticity koo avaruddh karane key parinamswarup lakshya-nirdeshit nauparivahan mein samasyaaen aatee hain aur sateek sthaanon koo yaad rakhane kii kshamata baadhit hoti haye. hippocampus koo nuksan pahunchaane vaale amnesic rogi sthaanik leout koo naheen seekh sakate hain yaa yaad naheen rakh sakate hain, aur hippocample hataane seey gujarane vaale rogi sthaanik navigation mein gambhir roop seey baadhit hotey hain. 
iss kshetra mein ghaav vaale bandar vastu-sthaan sangh naheen seekh sakate hain aur choohe bhee sthaanik parivartan parr pratikriya naa karke sthaanik kamee pradarshit karate hain. isake alawa, hippocample ghaavon vaale choohon mein asthaayi roop seey avakramit (samay-swatantra) pratigaami smritiheenta dikhaai gaee thee joe ack vidwan munch kaary kii pehchaan key liye kewal tabhi pratirodhi hoti haye jaba puuraa hippocampus ghaav hoe, lekin taba naheen jaba yeh aanshik roop seey ghaav hoe. sthaanik smriti mein kamee sthaanik bhedbhaav karyon mein bhee paaee jaati haye.
sthaanik haani mein badey antar prishthiya aur nilay hippocampus key beach paae jaate hain. ventral hippocampus key ghaavon kaa sthaanik smriti parr koee prabhaav naheen padata haye, jabaki prishthiya hippocampus koo punarpraapti, alpakaalik smriti koo sansaadhit karane aur smriti koo alpaavadhi seey lambi deree avadhi mein sthanantarit karane key liye aavashyak haye. prishthiya hippocampus mein amphetamine kaa mishran bhee pahale seey seekhe gaye sthaanik sthaanon key liye smriti koo badhaane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye. inn nishkarshon seey sanket milata haye kii prishthiya aur nilay hippocampus key beach ack karyatmak prithakkaran haye.
hippocampus key bheetar golardhiya antar bhee dekhe jaate hain. landan taxi chalakon parr ack adhyayan mein, chalakon seey shahar key aspas key jatil maargon key saath-saath prasiddh sthalon koo yaad karane key liye kahaa gayaa, jinake liye chalakon koo unake sthaanik sthaan kaa koee gyaan naheen thaa. isake parinamswarup kewal jatil maargon koo vaapas bulaane key dauran sahee hippocampus koo sakriya kiya gayaa joe ingit kartaa haye kii sahee hippocampus kaa upayog badey paimaane parr sthaanik vatavaran mein nauvahan key liye kiya jaataa haye.
hippocampus mein dou alag-alag smriti paripath hotey hain. ack paripath kaa upayog smriti-adharit sthaan pehchaan smriti key liye kiya jaataa haye aur isamen entorinal-see. aeye. 1 pranali shamil hoti haye, jabaki doosari pranali, jisamen hippocampus tricineptic loop (entohinal-dentate-see. aeye. 3-see. aeye. 1) hotaa haye, kaa upayog sthaan yaad karane key liye kiya jaataa haye aur choohon mein entorinal-dentate synapse mein plasticity kii suvidha sthaan yaad koo badhaane key liye paryaapt hoti haye.
sthaan koshikaaen hippocampus mein bhee paaee jaati hain.
pashch paarshvik prantstha.
paarshvik prantstha sandarbh key ack ahankendrik dhaanche kaa upayog karke sthaanik jaankaari koo kootbaddh karati haye. isaliye yeh paryaavaran key bheetar shareer key sthaanik pratinidhitva koo adyatan karke samvedi soochana nirdeshank koo kriya yaa prabhaav nirdeshank mein badalane mein shamil haye. parinamswarup, paarshvik prantstha mein ghaav ahankari karyon key adhigrahan aur pratidhaaran mein kamee paida karate hain, jabaki laghu haani sarvakendrit karyon mein dekhi jaati haye.
pashch paarshvik prantstha key poorvavarti kshetra mein ghaav vaale choohe visthaapit vastuon kaa punah anveshan karate hain, jabaki pashch paarshvik prantstha key pashchavarti kshetra mein ghaav vaale choohe sthaanik parivartan key liye koee pratikriya pradarshit naheen karate hain.
parietal cortex ghaavon koo asthaayi roop seey apkramit pratigaami smritibhransh kaa utpaadan karane key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.
entorinal cortex.
prishthiya coddle madhya entorinal cortex (dee. aim. ee. see.) mein grid koshikaon seey baney sthaanik vatavaran kaa ack sthalaakritik roop seey sangathit maanchitra hotaa haye. iss prakaar yeh mastishk kshetra paryaavaran seey samvedi input koo badal detaa haye aur ise mastishk mein ack tikaau allocantric pratinidhitva key roop mein sangraheet kartaa haye jiska upayog path ekikaran key liye kiya jaataa haye.
entorinal cortex paryaavaran mein jyaamitiya gunon aur jaankaari key prasanskaran aur ekikaran mein yogdan detaa haye. iss kshetra mein ghaav nauparivahan key dauran doorasth lekin sameepasth sthalchinhon key upayog koo baadhit karate hain aur sthaanik smriti mein deree-nirbhar kamee paida karate hain joe deree kii lambai key samanupati hoti haye. iss kshetra mein ghaavon koo 4 saptah taka key karyon key liye pratidhaaran kamee paida karane key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, lekin ghaavon seey 6 saptah pahale naheen.
entorinal cortex mein smriti samekan koo extracellular signal-regulated kinnez gatividhi key madhyam seey praapt kiya jaataa haye.
prefrontal cortex.
madhya poorv-agravarti prantstha aatmakendrik sthaanik jaankaari koo sansaadhit karati haye. yeh niyojit khoj vyavhaar kaa margadarshan karane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali alpakaalik sthaanik smriti key prasanskaran mein bhaag letaa haye aur maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh apane prerak mahatva key saath sthaanik jaankaari mein shamil hoe jaataa haye. ack sthaanik kaary mein apekshit puraskaron kaa anuman lagaane vaale neurons kii pehchaan iss parikalpana kaa samarthan karati haye. madhya poorv-agravarti prantstha bhee soochana key laukik sangathan mein nihit haye.
golardh mein visheshagyata iss mastishk kshetra mein paaee jaati haye. baaen poorv-agravarti prantstha adhimaantah srot smriti (kissy sthaan yaa ghatana key beach sthaanik sambandhon key sandarbh mein) sahit shrenibaddh sthaanik smriti koo sansaadhit karati haye, jabaki daaen poorv-agravarti prantstha adhimaantah vastu smriti (kissy vastu kii visheshtaon key beach sthaanik sambandhon key sandarbh mein) sahit sthaanik smriti koo samanvit karati haye.
madhya poorvavarti prantstha mein ghaav pahale seey prashikshit radial bhuja bhulbhulaiya parr choohon key pradarshan koo baadhit karate hain, lekin choohon koo dheere-dheere anubhav key ack kaary key roop mein niyantran key star mein sudhaar curr sakate hain. iss kshetra mein ghaav bhee prashikshan parikshanon key dauran sthaanik smriti karyon key adhigrahan mein deree seey gair-milan-seey-sthiti karyon aur haani kaa kaaran banate hain.
pashchavarti prantstha.
purvavyaapi prantstha paryaavaran mein allocantric smriti aur jyaamitiya gunon key prasanskaran mein shamil haye. iss kshetra key nishkriya honey seey andheron mein nauparivahan baadhit hotaa haye aur yeh path ekikaran kii prakriya mein shamil hoe sakata haye.
purvavyaapi prantstha mein ghaav lagaatar allocantric smriti key parikshanon koo baadhit karate hain, jabaki ahankari smriti koo bachaate hain. coddle retrosplanial cortex mein ghaav vaale janwar radial bhuja bhulbhulaiya parr kharaab pradarshan taba hii dikhaate hain jaba bhulbhulaiya koo ghumaaya jaataa haye taaki intramas sanketon parr unaki nirbharta koo door kiya jaa sakey. 
manushyon mein, pashchavarti prantstha koo nuksan key parinamswarup sthalaakritik dishahinta hoti haye. adhikansh mamalon mein daahine purvavyaapi prantstha koo nuksan hotaa haye aur isamen broadman kshetra 30 shamil hotaa haye. rogi aksar nae maargon koo seekhane aur parichit vatavaran key madhyam seey navigate karane mein baadhit hotey hain. haalaanki, adhikansh rogi aamtaur parr 8 saptah key bheetar thheek hoe jaate hain.
pashchavarti prantstha adhimaantah daahine golardh mein sthaanik jaankaari koo sansaadhit karati haye.
perihinal cortex.
perihinal cortex sthaanik sandarbh aur sthaanik kaary smriti donon seey judaa huaa haye. yeh paryavaraniya sanketon aur sthaanon kii sambandhparak jaankaari koo sansaadhit kartaa haye.
sandarbh smriti aur kaaryasheel smriti mein kamee key liye peririnal cortex mein ghaav, aur morris jall bhulbhulaiya key prashikshan parikshanon key dauran jaankaari koo bhoolane kii darr koo badhaate hain. yeh kaary key praarambhik adhigrahan mein haani key liye jimmedaar haye. ghaav ack vastu sthaan kaary parr haani kaa kaaran bhee banate hain aur ack nae vatavaran kii aadat koo cumm karate hain.
neuroplasticity.
sthaanik smritiyaan taba banati hain jaba ack janwar apane aspas key baare mein samvedi jaankaari ekatra kartaa haye aur prakriya kartaa haye (vishesh roop seey drishti aur propreoception). samanya taur parr, standhaariyon koo sthaan key baare mein yaadon koo banaane aur sansaadhit karane key liye ack kaaryasheel hippocampus (vishesh roop seey kshetra see. aeye. 1) kii aavashyakta hoti haye. kuchh pramaan hain kii maanav sthaanik smriti mastishk key daahine golardh seey dridhata seey bandhi hui haye.
sthaanik seekhane key liye aine. aim. dee. aeye. aur aeye. aim. pee. aeye. donon receptors kii aavashyakta hoti haye, samekan key liye aine. aim. dee. aeye. receptors kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur sthaanik yaadon kii punarpraapti key liye aeye. aim. pee. aeye. receptors kii aavashyakta hoti haye. krintakon mein, sthaanik smriti koo hippocample mossy fiber prakshepan key ack hisse key aakar key saath sahchar dikhaaya gayaa haye.
aine. aim. dee. aeye. receptors kaa kaary hippocampus key upa-kshetra key anusaar bhinn hotaa haye. jaba sthaanik jaankaari koo punargathit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye tou hippocampus key see. aeye. 3 mein aine. aim. dee. aeye. receptors kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jabaki see. aeye. 1 mein aine. aim. dee. aeye. receptors kii aavashyakta deree key baad smriti key adhigrahan aur punarpraapti mein hoti haye, saath hii see. aeye. 1 sthaan kshetron key gathan mein bhee hoti haye. aine. aim. dee. aeye. receptors kii nakabandi deerghakaalik kshamata key preran koo rokti haye aur sthaanik seekhane mein baadha daalati haye.
hippocampus kaa see. aeye. 3 sthaanik yaadon key kootlekhan aur punarpraapti mein vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye. see. aeye. 3 dou sahayak maargon dwara antahsthaapit hotaa haye jinhen chhidra path (pee. pee. see. aeye. 3) aur dentate gyrus (dee. jee.)-madhyasth mossy fiber (aim. aff. aiss.) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. pahala maarg punarpraapti soochkaank maarg key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye jabaki doosara encoding seey sambandhit haye.
vikaar/kamee.
sthalaakritik dishahinta.
sthalaakritik dishahinta (tii. dee.) ack sangyanatmak vikaar haye jisake parinamswarup vyakti vaastavik yaa aabhaasi vatavaran mein khud koo unmukh karane mein asamarth hotaa haye. rogi sthaanik-soochana parr nirbhar karyon key saath bhee sangharsh karate hain. yeye samasyaaen sambhavatah kissy key sangyanatmak maanchitra taka pahunchane kii kshamata mein vyavadhaan, aspas key vatavaran kaa mansik pratinidhitva yaa kissy key swayam key sambandh mein vastuon key sthaan kaa nirnay karane mein asamarthata kaa parinam hoe sakati hain.
vikasatmak sthalaakritik dishahinta (dee. tii. dee.) kaa nidan taba kiya jaataa haye jaba rogiyon ney janm key baad seey parichit parivesh mein bhee jaane mein asamarthata dikhaai haye aur iss kamee key liye koee spasht tantrika sambandhi kaaran naheen dikhaaya haye jaise kii ghaav yaa mastishk kshati. dee. tii. dee. ack apekshaakrit nayaa vikaar haye aur isaki gambhirta alag-alag degree mein hoe sakati haye.
yeh dekhane key liye ack adhyayan kiya gayaa thaa kii kyaa sthalaakritik dishahinta kaa una vyaktiyon parr prabhaav padaa thaa jinake sangyanatmak haani (aim. see. aaee.) halki thee. adhyayan mci seey peedit 41 rogiyon aur 24 swasth niyantran vyaktiyon kii bharti karke kiya gayaa thaa. iss prayog key liye joe maanak nirdhaarit kiye gaye they way theh
sabhi pratibhagiyon mein tii. dee. kaa naidaanik roop seey mulyankan kiya gayaa thaa. tantrika sambandhi aur tantrika-manovaigyaanik mulyankan ack chumbakiya imaging scan dwara nirdhaarit kiye gaye they joe pratyek pratibhaagi parr kiya gayaa thaa. voxel-adharit morphometry kaa upayog tii. dee. key saath aur binaa rogiyon key beach gray-matter atrophy key pattern aur samanya niyantranon key ack samooh kii tulanaa karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. prayog kaa parinam yeh thaa kii unhone 41 aim. see. aaee. rogiyon (41.4%) mein seey 17 mein tii. dee. paaya. tii. dee. key binaa aim. see. aaee. rogiyon kii tulanaa mein tii. dee. key saath aim. see. aaee. rogiyon mein karyatmak kshamataaen kaafee kharaab theen aur aim. see. aaee. rogiyon mein tii. dee. kii upasthiti hippocampus sahit madhya laukik kshetron mein dhusar padaarth key nuksan seey judee haye.
hippocample kshati aur schizophrenia.
choohon key saath shodh ingit kartaa haye kii sthaanik smriti hippocampus koo navjat kshati seey iss tarah seey pratikool roop seey prabhaavit hoe sakati haye joe schizophrenia seey milati-julati haye. schizophrenia koo janm key turant baad tantrika vikas sambandhi samasyaon seey utpann honey key baare mein socha jaataa haye.
choohon kaa upayog aamtaur parr schizophrenia rogiyon key model key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. prayogkarta janm key turant baad ventral hippocample kshetra mein ghaav paida karate hain, ack prakriya jise neonatal ventral hippocample ghaav (nvhl) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. aine. vee. aich. ell. vaale vayask choohe schizophrenia key vishisht sanketak jaise manoutsahi key prati atisamvedansheelta, samajik baatchit koo cumm karna aur kharaab poorv-prabhaav, kaaryasheel smriti aur sett-shifting koo darshaate hain. schizophrenia key samaan, bigade choohe sthaanik seekhane key karyon mein paryavaraniya sandarbh kaa upayog karane mein whiffle rahate hain jaise kii radial bhuja bhulbhulaiya aur morris paani bhulbhulaiya koo puuraa karane mein kathinaaee dikhaana.
neel1.
endonuclease viii-like 1 (neel1) ack dee. aine. aeye. repair enzyme haye joe poore mastishk mein vyaapak roop seey vyakt kiya jaataa haye. neel1 ack dee. aine. aeye. glycosylase haye joe pratikriyaasheel oxygen prajaatiyon dwara kshatigrast aadharon koo alag karke aur phir ack sambaddh lies pratikriya key madhyam seey ack dee. aine. aeye. strand break kii shuruat karke aadhar chhedan marammat mein pahala kadam shuru kartaa haye. yeh enzyme pharmamedopyrimidine, thymine glycol, 5-hydroxyuracil aur 5-hydroxycytocin sahit aukseekrit dna kshaaron koo pahachaantaa haye aur hataa detaa haye. neel1 alpakaalik sthaanik smriti pratidhaaran koo badhaava detaa haye. neel1 kii kamee vaale choohon ney paani kii bhulbhulaiya pareekshan mein alpakaalik sthaanik smriti pratidhaaran koo baadhit kiya haye.
jee. pee. aiss. upayog aur sthaanik sangyaan.
vaishvik sthiti pranali (jee. pee. aiss.) praudyogiki ney hamaare paryaavaran kaa anveshan karane aur usey vyavasthit karane key tareeke mein kranti laa dee haye. jee. pee. aiss. hamaare dainik jeevan mein ack aavashyak upkaran bunn gayaa haye, joe hamaare sthaan aur apane gantavya taka pahunchane key liye hamein jinn dishaaon kii aavashyakta haye, unake baare mein vaastavik samay kii jaankaari pradaan kartaa haye. haalaanki, kuchh shodhkartaon ney hamaare sthaanik seekhane aur smriti parr jee. pee. aiss. key upayog key prabhaav key baare mein chinta jataai haye.
sthaanik shiksha paryaavaran mein praapt sthaanik jaankaari koo samajhane, yaad rakhane aur upayog karane kii hamari kshamata koo sandarbhit karati haye. doosari or, smriti mein hamaare aspas kii duniya key baare mein jaankaari koo sangraheet karane aur punarpraapt karane kii hamari kshamata shamil haye. sthaanik shiksha aur smriti donon hii hamaare paryaavaran koo prabhaavi dhang seey navigate karane aur uska pataa lagaane kii hamari kshamata key liye mahatvapurna hain.
jee. pee. aiss. key upayog seey sthaanik shiksha aur smriti parr sakaratmak aur nakaratmak donon prabhaav dikhaai diye hain. yeh samay key saath una kaushal mein girawat kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. shodh seey pataa chalaa haye kii joe loga nauparivahan key liye jee. pee. aiss. parr bharosa karate hain, unake mansik maanchitron koo vikasit karane aur unakaa upayog karane kii sambhavana cumm hoti haye aur unhein paryaavaran key baare mein vivaran yaad rakhane mein adhik kathinaaee hoti haye. isake alawa, jee. pee. aiss. upayogkarta apani sangyanatmak kshamataon kii tulanaa mein praudyogiki parr adhik bharosa karate hain, jisase unake nauvahan kaushal mein vishvaas kii kamee hoe jaati haye.
haalaanki, apane swayam key kaushal mein vishvaas mein iss kamee kaa mukabala iss gyaan seey kiya jaataa haye kii khou jaanaa abb koee samasya naheen haye, hamaare phone parr jee. pee. aiss. kii badaulat, joe badale mein hamari maarg khojane kii kshamata mein hamaare vishvaas koo bahaal kartaa haye. jee. pee. aiss. sahaayata key liye jimmedaar kuchh laabhkaari parinam adhik kushal aur sateek nauparivahan hain, joe nauparivahan key liye aavashyak sangyanatmak bhaar mein mahatvapurna kamee key saath hain. jaba loga jee. pee. aiss. upkaranon kaa upayog karate hain, tou unhein maarg koo yaad rakhane, sthalon parr dhyaan dene yaa lagaatar maanchitron kii jaanch karane key baare mein chinta karane kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye. yeh anya karyon key liye sangyanatmak sansadhanon koo mukt curr sakata haye, jisase sangyanatmak karyon parr behtar pradarshan aur ekagrata aur dhyaan key uchch star kii or leey jaa sakata haye. yeh soochana prasanskaran aur seekhane kii suvidha key liye sangyanatmak sansadhanon koo mukt karane kii anumati detaa haye.
jee. pee. aiss. key upayog seey utpann honey vaale muddon kii bharpai key liye, paryaapt shodh kiya gayaa haye joe jee. pee. aiss. navigation key vaikalpik roopon yaa maujooda roopon mein parivardhan kaa prastaav kartaa haye joe sthaanik shiksha koo badhaane key liye dikhaae gaye hain. 2021 key ack adhyayan ney ack shravan compass key samaan ack 3dee sthaanik audio pranali koo lagu kiya, jahaan upayogkartaon koo binaa spasht nirdeshon key apane gantavya kii or nirdeshit kiya jaataa haye. maukhik dishaaon key madhyam seey nishkriya roop seey netritva karane key bajaay, upayogkartaon koo apane swayam key sthaanik nauparivahan mein sakriya bhoomika nibhaane key liye protsaahit kiya jaataa haye. isase antariksh key adhik sateek sangyanatmak maanchitra baney, ack sudhaar joe taba pradarshit huaa jaba adhyayan key pratibhagiyon ney ack safaikarmi shikaar kaary karane key baad sateek maanchitra banaae. ack anya adhyayan ney sujhaav diyaa kii maarg key saath aur nirnay binduon parr sthaaniya visheshtaon jaise kii sthalchinhon koo ujagar kiya jaae; yaa sanrachanaatmak visheshtaon koo ujagar kiya jaae joe vaishvik abhivinyas pradaan karate hain (adhyayan key pratibhagiyon dwara liye gaye maarg key baare mein vivaran naheen, balki isake aspas key badey kshetra key sthalchinh). adhyayan seey pataa chalaa kii maarg khojane vaale maanchitron (jee. pee. aiss.) mein sthaaniya visheshtaon koo badhaana maarg gyaan key adhigrahan kaa samarthan kartaa haye, jise ack ingit karane aur ack vaishvik suvidha yaad karane key kaary key saath maapa gayaa thaa.
saath hii, netraheen aur drishtibaadhit logon mein jee. pee. aiss. kaa upayog sthaanik seekhane aur smriti mein laabh pahunchaata haye. andhe aur drishtibaadhit logon koo aksar samay seey pahale sthaanon key baare mein jaankaari praapt karane aur kissy rishtedaar, mitra yaa vishesh prashikshak kii madad seey ack vishisht maarg parr abhyaas karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, isase pahale kii way usa gantavya taka swatantra roop seey yatra karein. jee. pee. aiss. upayogi jaankaari pradaan karke aataa haye, isaliye unhein ack vishisht gantavya kii apani yatra key saath adhik swatantra aur aatmavishvaas praapt karane kii anumati detaa haye. 
ack anya shodh patra kaa daavaa haye kii manobhransh seey peedit rogiyon key liye jee. pee. aiss. kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. 
2014 mein kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein, halke seey bahut halke alzheimer roga (vigyaapan) vaale chalakon koo vibhinn jee. pee. aiss. settings (samanya, kewal drishya aur kewal audio) key saath 3 driving pareekshan diye gaye they. pratibhagiyon koo jee. pee. aiss. nirdeshon kaa paalan karate hue driving simulator parr vibhinn prakaar key driving kaary karane kii aavashyakta thee. iss adhyayan mein paaya gayaa haye kii jee. pee. aiss. key drishya utpaadan kii anupasthiti key saath ekal, saral shravan nirdeshon kaa upayog karane seey sambhaavit roop seey halke vigyaapan vaale logon koo unaki driving kshamata mein sudhaar karane aur apane gantavya taka pahunchane mein madad mill sakati haye, isaliye yeh pushti hoti haye kii jee. pee. aiss. sangyanatmak bhaar koo cumm kartaa haye.
choonki jee. pee. aiss. rogiyon koo raasta khojane mein madad karega, isaliye yeh unhein saarvajanik roop seey surakshit rahane, apani aatmanirbharta kii bhavna koo phir seey praapt karane aur samagr roop seey "bhatakane" koo hatotsaahit karane kii anumati dega, nuksan koo taalane aur kalyan koo badhaava dene key liye jee. pee. aiss. praudyogikiyon key upayog key baare mein sabse majboot saboot haye.
sthaanik shiksha aur smriti parr jee. pee. aiss. key upayog kaa prabhaav abhee taka poori tarah seey samajha naheen gayaa haye, aur inn sangyanatmak prakriyaon parr jee. pee. aiss. key upayog key deerghakaalik prabhaavon kaa pataa lagaane key liye aage key shodh kii aavashyakta haye. haalaanki, yeh spasht haye kii jee. pee. aiss. praudyogiki key laabh aur kamiyaan donon hain, aur upayogkartaon koo jee. pee. aiss. parr unaki nirbharta key sambhaavit prabhaav key baare mein pataa honah chaahiye.
anta mein, jee. pee. aiss. praudyogiki ney hamaare paryaavaran koo navigate karane aur uska pataa lagaane key tareeke mein kranti laa dee haye, lekin hamaare sthaanik seekhane aur smriti parr iska prabhaav abhee bhee bahas kaa vishay haye. jabaki jee. pee. aiss. logon koo adhik kushalata seey, aatmavishvaas seey navigate karane mein madad curr sakata haye, aur una aabaadi kii sahaayata curr sakata haye joe anyatha kaafee baadhit hongi; isake upayog seey samay key saath sthaanik sangyanatmak kaushal mein girawat aaa sakati haye. isaliye, upayogkartaon key liye jee. pee. aiss. key upayog key laabhon aur kamiyon koo santulit karna aur unaki sangyanatmak kshamataon parr isake sambhaavit prabhaav key baare mein jagrook honah aavashyak haye.
seekhane mein kathinaaiyaan.
ashaabdik seekhane kii akshamta samanya maukhik kshamataon kii visheshta haye lekin drishti-sthaanik kshamataon mein kamee haye. ashaabdik seekhane kii akshamta vaale bachchon key liye samasya kshetra ankganit, jyaamiti aur vigyaan hain. sthaanik smriti mein haani ashaabdik seekhane key vikaar aur anya seekhane kii kathinaaiyon seey judee hui haye.
ankganitiya shabd samasyaon mein ack yaa adhik prashnon key baad detta kaa ack sett yukt likhit paath shamil hotaa haye aur isake liye chaar buniyaadi ankganitiya sanchaalan (jodd, ghataav, gunan yaa vibhajan) kaa upayog karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. shodhkartaon kaa sujhaav haye kii ankganitiya shabd samasyaon key safal samaapan mein sthaanik kaary smriti (yojnabaddh pratinidhitva key nirmaan mein shamil) shamil hoti haye joe vastuon key beach sthaanik sambandhon key nirmaan kii suvidha pradaan karati haye. vastuon key beach sthaanik sambandh banaana shabd samasyaon koo hull karane kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa haye kyonki mansik sanchaalan aur parivartan aavashyak hain.
shodhkartaon ney ankganitiya shabd samasyaon koo puuraa karane kii kshamata mein sthaanik smriti aur drishya smriti kii bhoomika kii jaanch kii. adhyayan mein bachchon ney coursey block kaary (aage aur peechhe kii shrinkhala) aur ack sthaanik matricks kaary key saath-saath ack drishya smriti kaary koo puuraa kiya jise ghar pehchaan pareekshan kahaa jaataa haye. kharaab samasya-samadhan karane vaale coursey block karyon aur sthaanik matricks kaary mein baadhit they, lekin samanya roop seey bachchon koo praapt karane kii tulanaa mein ghar kii pehchaan pareekshan parr samanya roop seey pradarshan kiya jaataa thaa. prayog ney pradarshit kiya kii kharaab samasya samadhan vishesh roop seey sthaanik jaankaari key cumm prasanskaran seey sambandhit haye.
sou jaao.
hippocample-nirbhar smriti samekan koo badhaakar, vibhinn maargon koo oopar uthaakar, joe synaptic shakti key liye jimmedaar hain, plasticity-sambandhit jeane pratilekhan aur protein anuvaad (dominic piber, 2021) koo niyantrit karke, neend koo sthaanik smriti koo labhanvit karane key liye paaya gayaa haye. maarg-shikshan mein sakriya hippocample kshetra baad kii neend (vishesh roop seey nrem neend) key dauran phir seey sakriya hoe jaate hain. ack vishesh adhyayan mein yeh pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa kii neend key dauran punah sakriya honey kii vaastavik seema maarg punarpraapti mein sudhaar key saath sahsambaddh haye aur isaliye agale dinn smriti pradarshan. adhyayan ney iss vichaar koo sthaapit kiya kii neend samekan kii pranali-star kii prakriya koo badhaati haye joe parinamswarup vyavhaar pradarshan koo badhaati haye/sudhaarati haye. neend kii avadhi kii tulanaa mein, jaagane kii avadhi kaa smriti key nishan koo sthir karane parr koee prabhaav naheen padata haye. prashikshan key baad kii pahali raat key baad soein.ee.doosari raat koo, sthaanik smriti samekan seey aage koee laabh naheen hotaa haye. isaliye, prashikshan key baad kii pahali raat mein soein.jee. ack maarg seekhane key baad, sabse mahatvapurna haye.
isake alawa, yeh sachitra kiya gayaa haye kii praarambhik aur dair seey raat kii neend kaa sthaanik smriti parr alag-alag prabhaav padata haye. nrem neend kaa aine3, jise dheemi tarang neend (aiss. doubleu. aiss.) key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, manushyon mein sthaanik smriti key neend-nirbhar nirmaan key liye ack mukhya bhoomika nibhaata haye. vishesh roop seey plihal aur janm (1999) dwara kiye gaye adhyayan mein, mansik aavartan karyon parr pradarshan una pratibhagiyon mein adhik thaa, jinake paas kaary seekhane key baad jaldi neend kaa antaral (23.00-02.00 AM) thaa, una logon kii tulanaa mein joe dair seey neend key antaral (03.00-06.00 AM) they. inn parinamon seey pataa chalata haye kii jaldi neend, joe kii swas mein samriddh haye, sthaanik smriti key gathan key liye kuchh laabh haye. jaba shodhkartaon ney jaanch kii kii kyaa praarambhik neend kaa word stame priming task (maukhik kaary) parr aisaa prabhaav padegaa, tou parinam isake vipareet they. yeh shodhkartaon key liye ashcharya kii baat naheen thee kyonki praathamik kaary jyaadaatar prakriyaatmak smriti parr nirbhar karate hain, aur iss prakaar, yeh jaldi key bajaay dair seey pratidhaaran neend (rima neend dwara prabhutva) koo adhik labhanvit kartaa haye.
neend kii kamee aur neend bhee ack shodhit sambandh rhaa haye. neend kii kamee sthaanik smriti samekan key sakriya vyavadhaan key kaaran smriti pradarshan mein sudhaar mein baadha daalati haye. parinamswarup, sthaanik smriti neend kii avadhi seey badh jaati haye. ack anya adhyayan dwara choohon kii sthaanik smriti (gwan aitt all) parr kull neend kii kamee (tsd) key prabhaav kii jaanch karate hue isi tarah key parinamon kii pushti kii gaee.2004). pahale prayog mein, choohon koo paryaavaran mein sthaanik sanketon kaa upayog karke ack chhipe hue munch (pardarshi aur paani mein dikhaai naheen dene vaalaa) koo khojane key liye 6 ghante mein 12 parikshanon key liye morris jall bhulbhulaiya mein prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa. pratyek pareekshan mein, way ack alag bindu seey shuru hue aur unhein munch taka pahunchane key liye adhikatam 120 sekand taka tairane kii anumati dee gaee. seekhane key charan key baad, unhone sthaanik smriti (24 ghante key baad) kaa pareekshan karane key liye ack jaanch pareekshan diyaa. iss pareekshan mein, chhipe hue munch koo bhulbhulaiya seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa aur lakshit kshetra mein bitaaya gayaa samay (joe pahale chhipe hue munch dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa) sthaanik smriti dridhata kaa ack upaay thaa. niyantran choohon, jinaki sahaj neend thee, ney una logon kii tulanaa mein lakshya chaturthansh mein kaafee adhik samay bitaaya, jinhen poori neend kii kamee thee. sthaanik shiksha key sandarbh mein, joe chhipe hue munch koo khojane key liye vilambata dwara ingit kiya jaataa haye, koee antar naheen thaa. niyantran aur neend seey vanchit donon choohon key liye, harr nae pareekshan key saath ack munch khojane key liye aavashyak samay cumm hoe rhaa thaa.
dusare prayog mein, choohon koo ack drishya munch parr tairane key liye prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa, jiska sthaan pratyek pareekshan mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa. harr nae pareekshan key liye, choohe munch key vipareet disha seey shuru hue. ekal pareekshan mein prashikshan key baad, 24 ghante key baad unaki smriti kaa pareekshan kiya gayaa. munch abhee bhee bhulbhulaiya mein thaa. drishya munch parr tairane key liye unhein joe doori aur samay chaahiye thaa, usey gair-sthaanik smriti upaay maanaa jaataa thaa. neend seey vanchit choohon aur niyantran choohon key beach koee mahatvapurna antar naheen paaya gayaa haye. isi tarah, sthaanik shiksha key sandarbh mein, joe drishya munch taka pahunchane key liye vilambata dwara ingit kiya jaataa haye, koee mahatvapurna antar naheen they. tsd gair-sthaanik shiksha aur gair-sthaanik smriti koo prabhaavit naheen kartaa haye.
manushyon parr neend kii kamee key prabhaavon key sandarbh mein, dominic piber (2021) koo unake saahitya mein naidaanik tippaniyon kii sameeksha mein dikhaaya gayaa haye joe darshaata haye kii gambhir neend vikaar vaale logon mein aksar sthaanik smriti mein asamanyata hoti haye. jaisa kii donon key adhyayanon mein dikhaai detaa haye, anidra key rogi joe ack neend vikaar seey peedit hain, jisamen dinn key dauran baadhit, gair-punarsthapanatmak neend aur sangyanatmak pradarshan mein kamee hoti haye, swasth pratibhagiyon (lii aitt all) kii tulanaa mein ack sthaanik kaary mein nakaratmak pradarshan key liye pralekhit kiye jaate hain., 2016; chain aur anya., 2016; khassavneh aur anya., 2018; vaha aur anya., 2021).
isi tarah, sthaanik smriti mein sapane dekhane kii ack mahatvapurna bhoomika haye. wamsley aur stickgold (2019) dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan ney saabit kiya kii pratibhaagi, joe haal key seekhane key anubhav koo apane ratonrat key sapane kii samagri mein shamil karate hain, ratonrat pradarshan mein sudhaar dikhaate hain. iss prakaar, iss parikalpana kaa samarthan karate hue kii sapana dekhana neend vaale mastishk mein smriti prasanskaran koo darshaata haye. isake alawa, lekhakon key anusaar, ack spashteekaran yeh haye kii bhulbhulaiya seey sambandhit sapane sanketak hain kii kaary smriti key pradarshan-praasangik ghatak neend vaale mastishk mein phir seey sakriya hoe rahey hain. isake alawa, adhyayan iss vichaar kaa samarthan kartaa haye kii swapn report mein neend key sabhi charanon key dauran ack prayogaatmak seekhane kaa kaary shamil hoe sakata haye, jisamen rame aur nrem shamil hain.
aabhaasi vaastaviktaa (vee. aar.) kaa upayog sapanon aur sthaanik smriti key beach sambandh kaa adhyayan karane key liye bhee kiya gayaa haye. ribeiro, gaunden aur quaglino (2021) ney ack vr sandarbh mein sthaanik tatvon kaa prastaav rakhaa aur paaya kii ack ghar kii setting mein poori raat kii neend key baad, jaba adhyayan kii gaee samagri koo sapane kii samagri mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, tou inn tatvon kaa ricaul pradarshan ack tulaniya wake avadhi key baad praapt pradarshan seey behtar thaa.

