bugesera aakraman

bugesera aakraman (fraansisih "aakraman dee bugesera"), jise khooni chrismus key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack sainya hamla thaa joe inenzi vidrohiyon dwara ravanda key khilaf kiya gayaa thaa, jinka uddeshya disambar 1963 mein sarkaar koo ukhaad fenkana thaa. inenzi jaatiya roop seey tutsi nirvaasiton kaa ack sangrah thaa joe ravanda key apadasth tutsi rajshahi kaa samarthan curr rahey they. iniyenzi ney belgium seey swatantrata key baad ravanda key parivartan kaa virodh kiya, joe rashtrapati gregore kayibanda key netritva mein ack tutsi virodhi raajneetik dall, party doo movement dee ll 'amancipation hutu (paramehutu) key madhyam seey jaatiya hutu bahumat dwara sanchaalit raajya mein huaa. 1963 key anta mein, inenzi netaaon ney kayibanda koo ukhaad fenkane key liye padosi deshon mein apane thikaanon seey ravanda parr aakraman shuru karane kaa faisala kiya. jabaki navambar mein burundi kii sarkaar dwara hamale key prayaas koo roque diyaa gayaa thaa, 21 disambar 1963 kii subah kaee sou inenzi ney burundi seema paar kii aur gako, bugesera mein shivir mein ravandan senaa parr kabja curr liya. jabt kiye gaye hathiyaron aur sthaaniya logon kii bharti key saath, 1,000 aur 7,000 key beach kii sankhya vaale ayenji ney ravanda kii rajdhani, kigali parr cooch kiya. unhein shahar key dakshin mein nyabarongo nadee key kinare kaanjez pull parr garde national ravandice (gnr) kii kaee ikaaiyon dwara rokaa gayaa thaa. jee. aine. aar. ney vidrohiyon koo unaki behtar agni shakti key saath parajit kiya, aur baad key dinon mein kango aur uganda ganarajya seey shuru kiye gaye inenzi hamalon koo aur peechhe hataa diyaa.
aakraman key turant baad, ravandan shasson ney madhyam hutu aur pramukh tutsi raajnetaon koo shuddh karane key liye kadam badhaaya. unaar aur rassemblement democratic doo ravanda key lagbhag 20 vipakshi netaaon parr vidrohiyon key saath sahyog karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, unhein giraftar kiya gayaa thaa aur ruhengeri mein unhein maar diyaa gayaa thaa. kayibanda ney apani sarkaar mein mantriyon koo desh key duss praanton mein seey pratyek koo saunpa-jise "aapaatkaaleen kshetra" kahaa jaataa haye-aur unhein unaki raksha karane key liye aapaatkaaleen shaktiyan pradaan keen, jisamen hutu "aatmaraksha" milicia key ayojan kii jimmedaari bhee shamil thee. milicia ney tutsi key khilaf vyavasthit pratishodh liya, jisamen sabse teevra hinsa gicongoro key praant mein hui. hatyaaen janwari 1964 taka chully, jisamen marane vaalon kii sankhya 20,000 taka pahunchane kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa. hajaaron loga desh chhodkar bhaag gaye. narsamhar ney antarrashtriya akrosh aur narsamhar key aaropon koo uksaayaa, jinhen ravanda sarkaar dwara aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. aakraman aur baad mein pratishodh ney unaar key samarthan key gharelu aadharon koo nasht curr diyaa aur isake parinamswarup ravanda ack "vaastavik" ack-pakshiya paramehutu raajya bunn gayaa, jabaki gnr kii sthiti mein bhee sudhaar huaa. inenzi hamale kaee varshon taka baney rahey lekin aasaani seey unakaa pratikaar kiya gayaa. tutsiyon kii pratishodh hatyaon ney narsamhar kaa gathan kiya yaa naheen, iss parr asahamati bunny hui haye.
prishthabhoomi.
ravandan kranti.
1918 mein pratham vishva yuddh key anta key baad, vijayi raajyon ney parajit german samrajya key upaniveshon koo vibhajit curr diyaa. belgium koo poorv africa mein dou sanyukt kshetron-ruanda-urundi key janadesh seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa-rashtron key sangh key tatvavdhan mein. ruanda mein, belgium key aupaniveshik prashaasan ney paaramparik rajshahi koo kamjor curr diyaa, isai dharm koo badhaava diyaa aur unake pratyaksh shasson key tahat kendrikrit shasson koo badhaava diyaa. isake hisse key roop mein, belgiumiyon ney ack nasleeya padanukram koo sansthaagat banaaya, joe hutu bahumat kii keemat parr tutsi jaatiya alpasankhyak kaa samarthan kartaa thaa. belgium key logon ney nasleeya siddhanton kaa samarthan kiya, joe tutsi mool key logon koo behtar, gair-african mool key maanate they aur unhein shiksha aur prashaasnik padon taka visheshaadhikaar praapt pahunch key saath saunpa gayaa thaa, jabaki adhikansh jhopadiyon koo belgium key vyavsaayon kii madad key liye aarthik adheenata key liye nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
ruanda kii aabaadi bhaari isai bunn gaee, aur isake adhikansh isai catholic they. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad ack chhota saa hutu counter-elite banane lagaa, jisamen aise vyakti shamil they jinhen catholic church key madhyam seey shiksha aur prakashanon taka pahunch pradaan kii gaee thee. catholic adhikaariyon ney hutu abhijaat varg key saath ghanishth sambandh banaae rakhe. baad vaale ney ack aisee vichardhara koo badhaava denaa shuru kiya jise hutu shakti key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jisane videshiyon dwara bahusankhyak key shoshan key roop mein ruanda key tutsi-alpasankhyak prabhutva koo chunauti dee. hatoo abhijaat varg key nae netaaon mein seey ack gregoire kayibanda they, joe ack poorv seminarian they jinhone catholic prakashanon kaa sampadan kiya thaa. octuber 1959 mein kayibanda ney party doo movement dee ll 'amancipation hutu (parmehutu, hutu mukti andolan kii party) kii sthaapana kii, ack raajneetik dall jisane samajik jeevan mein tutsi prabhutva key anta kaa ahwan kiya aur europeeya virodhi shatruta koo khariz curr diyaa aur kramik loktantrikaran kaa samarthan kiya. lagbhag usee samay, roodhivaadi tutsi ney union national ravaandaaiz (unaar, ravaandeez national union) kaa nirmaan kiya, ack party jisane tutsi rajshahi key tahat tatkaal swatantrata kii maang kii. anya dall jaise kii rassemblement democratic doo ravanda (redder, ravanda kii loktaantrik raili), ack madhyam samooh banaaya gayaa thaa, lekin lokpriya aakarshan praapt karane mein whiffle rahey. belgium key loga kattar catholic aur saamyvaad virodhi hutu abhijaat varg key prati pakshapaat karna shuru curr diyaa, kyonki tutsi abhijaat varg aur unaar upaniveshvaad virodhi aur samaajvaad key saath adhik sanrekhit hoe gaye. 1959 key anta mein jaatiya ashanti kii avadhi aur belgium key sainya hastakshep key baad, aupaniveshik prashaasan ney paryaapt matra mein tutsi pramukhon koo jhopadiyon seey badal diyaa. juuna 1960 mein belgium key logon ney nagarpalika chunaavon kii mejbani kii, jinamen parmehutu ney bhaari jeet hassil kii.
janwari 1961 mein hajaaron ruandan nagarpalika adhikaari gitarama mein ekatra hue aur ack samvidhaan sabhaa key roop mein kaary karate hue, rajshahi koo bhang karane aur ise rashtrapati pranali key saath badalane key liye matdan kiya. prastaavit rashtrapati, dominic mboniyamutava ney phir anurodh kiya kii kayibanda ack naee sarkaar banaae. iss vyavastha koo baad mein kayibanda koo rashtrapati pada dene key liye badal diyaa gayaa thaa. sitambar 1961 key ravandan sansadiya chunaav mein, paramehutu ney vidhansabha mein bhaari bahumat seey seeten jeetin. chunaavon key samvarti rajshahi koo samaapt karane key nirnay parr ack janmat sangrah thaa; aabaadi ney unmoolan key paksh mein matdan kiya. farwari 1962 mein sanyukt rashtra ney ack samjhauta kiya, newyork samjhauta, yeh sunishchit karane key prayaas mein kii ravandan kii rajneeti samaveshi bunny rahey. samjhaute mein kayibanda aur paramehutu koo unaar key saath gathbandhan sarkaar banaane key liye kahaa gayaa, jisase sarkaar mein baad key dou mantri vibhagon kii guaranti milati haye. samjhauta unaar koo ack samaayojanvaadi gutt mein vibhajit curr diyaa joe gathbandhan key madhyam seey kaam karane key liye pratibaddh thaa, aur ack bahaliwadi gutt naee sarkaar parr hamla karane key liye sashastr bull kaa upayog karane kaa irada rakhta thaa. punarsthapanavadi gutt ney nirvaasan mein khud koo "anaar exterior" key roop mein sangathit kiya. 17 maee 1962 koo unaar key aavaasvaadi gutt key ack netaa michel ragasana ney vidhansabha key samaksh ghoshana kii kii unaar ravandan sarkaar key saath kaam karane key liye pratibaddh haye. iss bayaan seey bahaliwadi bahut naraj they aur isake parinamswarup ravanda mein rahane vaalon aur nirvaasan mein rahane vaalon key beach party mein poori tarah seey daraar aaa gaee.
1 julaai 1962 koo ravanda aur burundi key dou raajyon key roop mein ravanda-urundi swatantra hoe gayaa. kayibanda ravanda key rashtrapati baney. bahusankhyak shasson key darr seey aur hinsa kaa saamana karate hue, hajaaron tutsi padosi deshon mein bhaag gaye. burundi, jisane ack tutsi rajshahi koo barkarar rakhaa, sharanarthiyon key liye sabse swaagat yogya thaa. unaar bahaliwadiyon ney pradhaan mantri key roop mein francois rukeba key saath nirvaasit sarkaar kaa gathan kiya. way raajaa kigeli banaam nandahindurwa koo bull key madhyam seey simhaasan parr vaapas rakhane kii ummeed karate they. haalaanki, nirvaasit anaar tatva gaharaai seey vibhajit, khandit aur avyavasthit they. choonki way kaee deshon mein faile hue they, isaliye sanchaar kathin aur dheema thaa, jisase samanvit karyon koo karna mushkil hoe gayaa. party sangathan bhee kamjor thaa, aur vibhinn guton key beach pratidvandvita ney ravanda sarkaar key khilaf pratirodh koo baadhit kiyaah jabaki unaar nirvaasiton kaa netritva kigeli aur pratikriyaavaadi rajtantravadiyon ney kiya thaa, ack paryaapt vampanthi jhukaav samooh iss aadhar parr maujood thaa. nirvaasan mein, unaar kaa markswadi wing dheere-dheere adhik prabhaavshaali hoe gayaa. aantarik asahamati key kaaran maee 1963 mein nirvaasit sarkaar mein sudhaar huaa, jisamen michel kaihura pradhaanmantri baney rahey aur rukeba koo raksha mantri key roop mein barkarar rakhaa gayaa. farwari 1963 mein kayibanda ney apani sarkaar seey unaar mantriyon koo hataa diyaa.
inenji aur gnr.
praarambhik unaar tutsi vidrohi gatividhi vishisht vyaktiyon aur parivaaron key khilaf aatankvaad key krityon taka seemit thee. jaise-jaise adhik tutsi sharanarthi ravanda seey bhaag gaye, unaar key nirvaasan kii sankhya badhee aur lakshit kshetron parr chhaape maarne key liye ladaakon key samoohon koo badhaane key liye adhik vyavasthit prayaas kiye gaye. 1960 kii shuruat mein tutsi "saamoohik roop seey" bhaag gaye aur ravanda mein hinsa mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi hui; hinsa key pahale kritya hutu adhikaariyon key khilaf tutsi dwara jawabi hamale they, jinhone unake saath durvyavahar kiya thaa, lekin 1962 kii shuruat taka niyojit chhaape pramukh hoe gaye they. inca uddeshya hutu-bahul prashaasan koo adhikatam nuksan pahunchaana thaa aur aam taur parr sthaaniya tutsi parr sarkari pratishodh parr vichaar kiye binaa aayojit kiya jaataa thaa. 1963 taka, lagbhag 60,000 tutsi sharanarthi kango ganarajya mein, 48,000 uganda mein, 25,000 burundi mein aur 16,000 tanganyika mein reh rahey they. jaisa kii vidrohiyon koo raat mein hamla karane key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa, unhein inenzi kahaa jaataa thaa, jiska arth haye "tilchatte". yeh agyaat haye kii kyaa vidrohiyon ney swayam yaa kayabanda shasson key adhikaariyon ney yeh shabd gadhaa thaa. baad mein aamtaur parr tutsi key khilaf apmaanjanak arth mein upayog kiya gayaa, adhikansh samkaaleen srot nirvaasit vidrohiyon koo gair-apmaanjanak tareeke seey sandarbhit karate hain. vaikalpik roop seey, vidrohi khud koo inkotani ("yoddha/yoddha") kahate they. gair-nirvaasit netritva aur unake bhaugolik vibhajan key beach pratidvandvita key parinamswarup, vidrohi kabhi bhee ack saamanjasyapurna ranneeti yaa ekikrit kamaan sanrachana koo apanaane mein saksham naheen they. chean key janvaadi ganarajya ney bhee gurillaon koo prashikshan key avsar aur vittiya sahaayata pradaan kii. tutsi vidrohiyon ney kathit taur parr armi national congolize (rashtriya kangoli senaa) key kuchh dalbadalon koo bhee soochibaddh kiya, aur unhein ravandan sarkaar key khilaf bhavishya mein sahaayata praapt karane kii ummeed mein kango mein lumambist guton key saath sahyog karane key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. haalaanki, kangoli, ugandan aur tanganyikan sarkaaren sharanarthiyon key kattarpanth kaa virodh karati theen, aur unaki dharti parr inenzi gatividhi parr ankush lagaane kii koshish karati theen. farwari aur march 1962 mein inenji ney biyumba key praant mein dou chhaape maare, jisamen kaee hutu puliskarmi aur sivil sevak maare gaye. 26 seey 27 march taka praant kii hutu aabaadi ney jawabi kaarravaai mein 1,000-2,000 tutsi nagrikon koo maar daala, unake gharon koo jalaa diyaa aur unaki sampatti koo loot liya.
pramehutu netaaon koo inenzi kaa atishayoktipurna darr thaa, yeh maanate hue kii way 10,000 nirvaasit bhartiyon key samarthan parr bharosa curr sakate hain aur gharelu tutsi key saath sambandh banaa sakate hain. vaastav mein, nirvaasiton koo gutbaddh kiya gayaa thaa aur sambhav haye kii unaki sankhya kewal kaee sou vidrohiyon kii hoe. khatare kaa mukabala karane key liye, ravanda sarkaar ney 1,000-majboot garde national ravande (gnr, ravaandez national gaard) koo maidan mein utaara, ack bull joe apekshaakrit kharaab tareeke seey susajjit thaa aur kigali aur seema chaukiyon kii raksha karane mein vyast thaa. lagbhag 50 belgium key adhikaariyon aur upa-ulternon ney ise "saha-pratinidhi takneekon vaale sainya adhikaariyon" (sainya takniki sahayak) key roop mein sahaayata kii. senaa kii kamjoriyon key bavjood, shodhkarta simone polmichal ney tark diyaa kii 1963 taka adhik kharaab sashastr aur cumm sangathit iniyenzi key paas gnr koo haraane kaa koee yathaarthvaadi mauka naheen thaa. shodhkartaon tomm cooper aur adrian fontanelaz key anusaar, gnr bugesera aakraman kii avadhi mein iniyenzi hamalon koo door karane mein kaafee prabhaavi saabit huaa.
purvavlokan karein.
1963 key anta mein ravanda key khilaf ack badaa hamla karane kaa nirnay usa navambar mein burundi mein unaar netaaon dwara liya gayaa thaa. agast mein poore ravanda mein sampradayik chunaav hue they. paramehutu ney adhikansh karyalayon mein jeet hassil kii, lekin abhiyaan ney party mein mahatvapurna aantarik asahamati kaa khulasa kiya, jisane unaar koo apane gharelu samarthan koo majboot karane kii anumati dee. octuber 1963 mein kigeli ney cheeni sarkaar seey praapt dhana kaa ack hissa-23,000 dollar-apane niji sachiv papias gatwa koo diyaa, jisamen unhein yeh nirdesh diyaa gayaa kii way ise rukeba koo dey dein, joe usa samay kango mein they. iss paise ney unaar key nirvaasit netaaon koo hathiyar aur golaa-barud khareedane mein saksham banaaya. aisee afavaahen theen kii gatwa aur rukeba ney vaastav mein kigeli dwara unhein diye gaye paise kaa gaban kiya thaa, aur rukeba ney dhana key upayog koo "uchit" thaharaane key liye ravanda mein baad key hamalon kaa adesh diyaa thaa. patrakaar linda melvern key anusaar, burundi mein inenzi ney bhee sharanarthiyon koo raahat sangathanon dwara pradaan kiye gaye bhojan koo bechkar arjit dhana seey hathiyar praapt kiye. inenzi varsh kii shuruat mein nagara, tanganyika mein ack pulis shastragar seey jabt kiye gaye chhote hathiyaron kii ack badee matra parr bharosa curr sakata thaa. navambar taka, bujumbura mein rukeba kaa mukhyalaya burundi aur tanzania mein tutsi sharanarthi kendron key beach prabhaavi sanchaar sthaapit karane mein saksham hoe gayaa thaa. akaadamik rene lemarchand ney nishkarsh nikala, "aggar kissy koo burundi seey shuru kiye gaye chhaapon kii jimmedaari lii jaa sakati haye, tou vaha rukeba thaa."cooper aur fontainelaaz ney tark diyaa kii ack badey aakraman kaa nirnay, joe ack mein sangharsh jeetane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, 1963 key anta mein kaee vidrohi netaaon key pakadane aur unhein fansi dene seey prerit thaa.
navambar key anta mein burundi mein iniyenzi taba kamjor hoe gayaa jaba sthaaniya adhikaariyon ney rukeba koo giraftar curr liya, jisane usake ghar mein hathiyaron kaa ack jakhira paaya-joe kathit roop seey kango key vidrohiyon seey chori kiya gayaa thaa-aur sarkaar dwara bujumbura key paas hathiyaron key teen truck jabt karane key baad. burundi mein inyenzi dwara ravanda parr aakraman karane kaa pahala prayaas 25 navambar 1963 koo huaa. burundi key paar seey lagbhag 1,500 sharanarthiyon ney jyaadaatar bhaale aur dhanush aur teeron seey lais hocker, ravanda seema kii or teen divasiya yatra shuru kii. yeh jaanane parr, sanyukt rashtra manvadhikar aayog (uncher) key pratinidhi ney bujumbura jacks cunode mein aur protestant missionaryon key ack samooh ney burundian sarkaar koo satark kiya aur unhein hamale koo rokane key liye manaane kii koshish kii. cunode ney bataaya kii gnr shayed inenzi key liye seema parr intezar curr rhaa thaa aur nishchit roop seey unhein haraa dega. kuchh hichkichaahat key baad, burundi sarkaar ney sharanarthiyon koo nirastra karane aur unhein apane shiviron mein vaapas karane key liye gendermary bheja. ack sharanarthi ney baad mein uncher karyakarta francois presiosi koo bataaya kii rukba ney bujumbuda mein ack baithak key baad hamale kaa adesh diyaa thaa, jisake dauran anya deshon key inenzi netaaon ney apana virodh vyakt kiya thaa. sharanarthi ney yeh bhee kahaa kii kigeli ney kathit taur parr ack patra mein rukeba koo koee hamla naheen karane key liye kahaa thaa. haalaanki, shodhkartaon gunthar phillip aur helmut strizec ney kahaa kii 1963 mein ravanda parr aakraman karane vaale vidrohi bull kii kamaan antatah kigeli ney sambhali thee.
disambar kii shuruat mein ravanda parr inenzi hamalon koo rokane key prati burundi adhikaariyon kaa ravaiya badal gayaa, kyonki ravanda-burundi maudrik aur seema shulk sangh key vighatan key sambandh mein bakaaya muddon koo hull karane key liye gisenei mein ravanda aur burundi key pratinidhiyon key beach ack baithak asahamati key kaaran alag hoe gaee. burundian upa pradhaan mantri pee masumbuko ney ack ravandan adhikaari seey kahaa, "haal hii mein hamane una logon koo giraftar kiya haye joe aap parr hamla karane vaale they aur abb aap hamaare saath aarthik sambandh todane kaa faisala karate hain. isaliye aap sahyog naheen chaahte hain."
aakraman.
21 disambar 1963 koo inenzi ney ack behtar samanvit aakraman kaa prayaas shuru kiya. vidrohiyon ney kathit taur parr apane bull koo "armi royal ravaandez" (shaahi ravaandez senaa) kahaa. vishvasaniya sroton" key anusaar, inenzi netaaon ney chaar alag-alag kshetron seey ravanda parr ack saath hamalon kii yojana banaane kii ummeed keeh kabaare, uganda; nagara, tanganyika; goma, congo; aur nagoji aur kayanza, burundi. usa dinn 04:30 parr, jyaadaatar haath seey bunny raifalon, bhaale aur teeron seey lais, inenzi ney nemba mein burundi seema paar kii. jaise-jaise way desh key madhyam seey aage badhe, inenzi mein sthaaniya tutsi shamil hoe gaye, joe lagbhag 600 key aakar taka badh rahey they. lagbhag ack ghante baad unhone gako, kabuga, bugesera mein shivir mein ravandan senaa koo paar curr liya. kabja kiye gaye hathiyaron aur golaa-barud seey khud koo ladaanane aur dou jeep lene key baad, way nyamata mein visthaapit vyaktiyon key shivir mein gaye, jahan sthaaniya logon ney unakaa aanandpurvak swaagat kiya. kuchh paryavekshakon key anusaar, inenzi jashn manakar aur sharaab peaker apana samay barbad karate hain. unake rank abb badhkar 1,000-7,000 hoe jaane key saath, inenzi bull kigali kii or badhaa.
aaron segal ney likhaa kii rajtantra koo bahaal karane key liye burundi dwara samarthit bahu-ayami hamale key darr seey, jaba aakraman kaa saamana karna padaa tou ravandan netaa shuru mein ghabra gaye. isake vipareet, itihaaskaar dantes singhiza ney likhaa kii pramukh camill tulpin-ack belgium key sainya salaahkaar aur suret national ravaandaaiz key "vaastavik" pramukh-aur gnr key netaaon koo pahale seey hii inenzi kii yojanaon key baare mein soochit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur unakaa uddeshya unhein ghaat mein kheenchana thaa. franswa-javier munyarogero aur sainya itihaaskaar frank rusagara key anusaar, leftinent juvenal habyarimana-gnr key commander-ney sarkaar key jawabi hamale kaa ayojan kiya. isake vipareet, segal ney likhaa kii commander ney belgium key ack sainya salaahkaar koo niyantran saunp diyaa, jisane ghuspaith koo rokane key liye garde koo ekjut kiya. belgium key adhikaariyon key netritva mein jee. aine. aar. kii kaee ikaaiyon dwara nyabarongo nadee key kinare kaanjez pull parr shahar key dakshin mein inenzi koo rokaa gayaa aur way mortar aur ardh-swachaalit hathiyaron seey lais they. sabse adhik shamil belgian adhikaariyon mein commandant fraans, kaptan dubois aur mukhya sahayak florquin shamil they. isamen shamil pramukh ravandanon mein sekand leftinent rushasha aur sekand leftinent mbonampeka key saath-saath butaare mein ravandan officers school key cadet bhee shamil they. aaney vaali ladaai mein inyenzi koo gnr kii behtar agni shakti seey haraaya gayaa, jisamen kaee sou tutsi aur kaee kangoli maare gaye. yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii kangoli logon key ack nikaay parr jee. aine. aar. ney inenzi kii aakraman yojanaon aur una mantriyon kii soochi paaee jinhen way sarkaar koo ukhaad fenkane parr sthaapit karna chaahte they. tulpin ney gharelu raajnetaon parr dastaavez key baare mein jaanane kaa aarop lagaaya. inenzi seey bache loga burundian seema kii or bhaag gaye. segal key anusaar, gako mein ladaai mein chaar ravandan sanic maare gaye they. "dha nyu york times" ney bataaya kii inenzi ney peechhe hatate hue chaar ravandan sainikon koo maar daala. cooper aur fontainelaaz key anusaar, inenzi peechhe hatane mein sniper shamil they jinhone dou gnr sainikon koo maar daala, aur vidrohiyon ney burundi mein ack baar saat kaidiyon koo maar daala.
21 seey 22 disambar taka inenzi dwara keevu, kongo seey ruzizi maidan key paar sayangugu kii or kaee chhote chhaape maare gaye. jee. aine. aar. ney unhein manaa curr diyaa aur lagbhag 90 kaidiyon koo fansi dey dee. uganda seey, kibibiro key netritva mein inenzi key ack samooh ney ravanda seema taka pahunchane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin 25 disambar koo sthaaniya adhikaariyon ney usey roque diyaa. dou dinn baad lagbhag 600 iniyenzi kizinga mein ravanda mein ghus gaye. jyaadaatar bhaale, dhanush aur chaku seey lais, unhone nyagtare parr hamla kiya. gnr aage kii ghuspaith key liye satark thaa aur iss prakaar inenzi koo lagbhag turant ardh-swachaalit raifalon seey lais 110 gnr sainikon dwara khaded diyaa gayaa thaa. vidrohiyon koo 300 logon kii maut kaa saamana karna padaa. jeevit bache loga vaapas uganda mein bhaag gaye, jahan unhein uganda raifalon kii ack company dwara pakad liya gayaa yaa maar diyaa gayaa. tanganyika key hamale kabhi naheen hue.
daman aur atyachar.
raajnetaon kaa safaya.
aakraman key turant baad, ravandan shasson ney madhyam hutu aur pramukh tutsi raajnetaon koo shuddh karane key liye kadam badhaaya. unaar yuva shakha key upaadhyaksh piyare claver karyabvait koo ack sthaaniya adhikaari ney bataaya kii unaar key netritva koo fansi dee jaani thee. vaha nyamirambo gaye, jahan unaar kaa mukhyalaya thaa aur jahan ragasana aur party key adhyaksh joseph rutsindintaraane unhein khatare key baare mein chetavani dene key liye rahate they. karyabvi key anusaar, donon ney bhaagne seey incar curr diyaa. unaar aur redder seey judey lagbhag 20 raajnetaon koo kaid curr liya gayaa thaa-unamen seey kuchh kathit taur parr inenzis key vaanchhit mantriyon kii soochi mein dikhaai diye they-aur isake turant baad unhein ruhengeri leey jaaya gayaa aur nyamagumba pahaadi parr maar diyaa gayaa. maare gaye logon mein rutsindintwade, ragasana key saath-saath redder adhyaksh aur upaadhyaksh samriddh bawanakweli aur lazare nandajaro they. jaba lemarchand ney poochha kii kaidiyon koo kigali mein naheen balki ruhengeri mein kyon maaraa gayaa, tou ack hutu adhikaari ney kahaa kii ruhengeri fansi key liye "sabse surakshit sthaan" thaa. adhikansh aam anaar sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon koo giraftar kiya gayaa thaa lekin unhein maar naheen diyaa gayaa thaa. unhein kigali mein rakhaa gayaa aur chhah maheene baad riha curr diyaa gayaa. chaar tutsi catholic padariyon koo kathit roop seey inenzi key saath sahyog karane key liye hirasat mein liya gayaa thaa. nirvaasiton kii madad karane key aarop mein kaee bugesera tutsiyon key nishpaadan koo rokane key liye apostolic nyunsiyo ney vyaktigat roop seey hastakshep kiya.
tutsi kii hatyaaen.
aakraman key baad, kayibanda ney jaldbaji mein apani sarkaar mein duss praanton mein seey pratyek koo mantriyon koo niyukt kiya-jise "aapaatkaaleen kshetra" kahaa jaataa haye-aur unhein unaki raksha karane key liye aapaatkaaleen shaktiyan pradaan keen, jisamen hutu "aatmaraksha" milicia-"autodefence sivil" key ayojan kii jimmedaari bhee shamil thee. bergamasters aur prefects senaa key nirmaan mein bahut adhik shamil they. radio kigali ney baar-baar prasaran karate hue logon koo tutsi aatankvaadiyon key liye "lagaatar satark rahane" kii chetavani dee. desh bhar mein sadaken baadhit hoe gaeen. kaee jhopadiyon koo darr thaa kii aakraman seey ravanda parr tutsi shasson bahaal hoe jaayega.
23 disambar koo tutsi kii hatyaaen shuru huin. hutu milicia ney sayangugu mein 98 aur kibango mein 100 tutsi maare. gicongoro key praant mein narsamhar prefect aur nkeramugaba kii pahal parr huaa. berger aur paramehutu kaaryakartaon kii ack baithak koo sambodhit karate hue unhone kathit taur parr kahaa, "hamse apana bachaav karane kii ummeed haye. isake baare mein jaane kaa ekmatra tarika haye tutsi koo lakvagrast karna. kaise? unhein maar diyaa jaanaa chaahiye."gicongoro hatyaaen 25 disambar koo shuru huin, kyonki club, bhaale aur chaku seey lais jhopadiyon ney vyavasthit roop seey poore praant mein hajaaron tutsi maare. hajaaron aur logon ney kaduha aur sayanika mein catholic missions mein sharan lii. krishi mantri damien enkezabera koo gicongoro koo saunpa gayaa thaa aur unhone pratishodh koo nirdeshit karane mein bhee madad kii thee. ack samay parr unhone anurodh kiya kii kaduha aur sayanika mein missionary una tutsi logon koo vaapas curr dein joe apane missions mein chhipe hue they, lekin pujaariyon ney unaki ichchhaon koo sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa. unhone anurodh kiya kii narsamhar koo samaapt kiya jaae, lekin adhikaariyon ney unhein 29 disambar taka naheen rokaa. kuchh catholic aur rifles seey lais protestant missionaryon ney hutu bheed koo roque diyaa taaki tutsi apane missions mein sharan leey sakein. gicongoro mein narsamhar mein kisaanon kii bhagidari kii poori seema agyaat haye.
hinsa jaldi hii anya kshetron, vishesh roop seey bugesera aur rusomo mein fail gaee. aur isamen atyadhik krurta key kritya shamil they; ack missionary ney bataaya kii jhopadiyon key ack samooh ney "ack tutsi mahila key stanon koo hack curr diyaa, aur jaba vaha marr rahee thee tou jabaran usake bachchon key katey hue hisson koo usaki aankho key saamane galey seey neeche curr diyaa."tutsi koo maut key ghaat utaar diyaa gayaa, sir kaat diyaa gayaa, jinda jalaa diyaa gayaa yaa nadiyon mein magarmachhon koo fenk diyaa gayaa. hutu bheed narsamhar key dauran kund hathiyaron koo pasand karati prateet hoti thee, jisamen ack bheed key sadasya ney kahaa, "aggar khoon naheen haye tou humm doshi naheen hain. shigiri mein yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii 100 tutsi mahilaaon aur bachchon ney hatoo bheed dwara hatyaa kiye jaane key bajaay nyabarongo nadee mein khud koo doobane kaa vikalp chunaa. bugesera mein 5,000 tutsi maare gaye aur hajaaron loga bhaag gaye. kuchh poorvajon aur paramehutu netaaon ney raajneetik laabh key liye sthiti kaa fayda uthaaya; yeh mahsoos karate hue kii tutsi koo markar way jhopadiyon key liye bhoomi "upalabdh" karaa sakate hain, unhone narsamhar koo apani raajneetik sambhaavanaon kaa nirmaan karane key liye protsaahit kiya. janwari 1964 key pahale dou hafton mein chhitput hatyaaen huin. hinsa seey bachane key liye aur adhik tutsi ravanda seey bhaag gaye; 6,000 loga narsamhar key pratyaksh parinam key roop mein uganda chaley gaye, jabaki hajaaron anya loga burundi key muror kshetra mein bhaag gaye.
isake baad.
marane vaalon kii sankhya.
hatyaon parr apani pahali report mein, raajya prasarak radio ravanda ney kahaa kii 750 loga maare gaye they-unake hamale key dauran 350 inenji aur 400 nagrik. ravanda sarkaar ney baad mein march 1964 mein ack shwet patra jaari kiya jisamen 870 mauton koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa. lemarchand ney inn aankadon koo "spasht roop seey galat" key roop mein varnit kiya aur anuman lagaaya kii pratishodh mein cumm seey cumm 10,000 tutsi maare gaye. anumaanit 1,000-3,000 mautein, jabaki churchon kii vishva parishad ney sujhaav diyaa kii 10,000 seey 14,000 tutsi maare gaye they. daman mein nagrikon kii maut kaa anuman 20,000 taka pahunch gayaa. lemarchand ney tark diyaa kii hatahaton kii sateek sankhya kaa nirdhaaran "asambhav" thaa.
saarvajanik aalochana aur pratikriya.
ravanda key bheetar, catholic church key adhikaariyon ney hinsa parr turant pratikriya vyakt kii. kabagayi cathedral mein apane chrismus upadesh mein, archbishop aur perey paraudin ney akramanon aur pratishodh kii ninda karate hue shaanti kii appeal kii aur raajneetik vipaksh key khilaf sarkaar key karyon kii sookshmata seey aalochana karate hue kahaa, "nyaay aur vaidh raksha key upaay joe una logon dwara kiye jaane chaahiye joe satta banaae rakhate hain, kewal bhagwan dwara anumodit kiye jaa sakate hain yadi humm unake pavitra kaanoonon key prati poorna nishtha kaa udaar prayaas karate hain."ack dusare key saath paramarsh key baad, ravanda key chaar catholic bishapon ney hinsa parr ack sanyukt bayaan jaari kiya, joe" "aatankvaadiyon key sashastr aakraman" "parr adhik kendrit thaa, joe" "aparaadhi" "they, una sabhi seey oopar joe apani sajishon key parinamswarup honey vaali akathaniya buraaiyon koo achchi tarah seey jaanate they."dastaavez ney antarrashtriya samudaay seey tutsi sharanarthi sankat koo hull karane key liye aur adhik karane kaa bhee anurodh kiya, lekin iss sambandh mein ravanda sarkaar seey koee anurodh naheen kiya. isake bajaay bishapon ney kahaa kii aakraman key apraadhiyon kii pehchaan karane aur unhein dandit karane mein ravandan adhikaari "[bhagwan] key pavitra kaanoon kaa imandari seey sammaan karein". gicongoro mein narsamhaaron seey baat karate hue, unhone saamoohik hinsa koo "isaaiyon key liye apmaanjanak" kahaa, lekin yeh kewal apmaanjanak aur apmaanjanak bhee thaa."daman key dauran apane karyon kaa virodh karane key liye, catholic paadari stanny dee jamblin ney nkeramugaba communion kii seva karane seey incar curr diyaa.
ravanda sarkaar ney atyacharon kii baat koo failane seey rokane key liye media koo bhaari sensor kiya. fabian society key aaron segal narsamhar key turant baad sakshatkar karane aur ack report kaa masauda taiyar karane key liye ravanda gaye aur pulis dwara unase poochtaachh kii gaee. farwari 1964 mein, unaki sthaapana key lagbhag dedh maheene baad, antarrashtriya samudaay taka, rivandan pratishodh kii khabar pahunch gaee, jisase ashcharya aur ghrina kii pratikriyaaen huin. 4 farwari koo "leey monde" ney gicongoro mein ack "vaastavik narsamhar" key baare mein likhaa aur kahaa kii jabaki kuchh catholic pujaariyon ney daman key peediton kaa bachaav kiya thaa, sthaaniya catholic netritva "sabse badhkar church sansthanon seey judee sarkaar kii pratishtha seey incar naheen karna chaahata thaa. british press ney bataaya kii kenya seey ravanda aaney vaale british nagrikon ney ravanda sarkaar parr desh key poorv niyamon key khilaf jaanboojhkar narsamhar kii neeti mein shamil honey kaa aarop lagaaya."itihaaskaar margery parham ney sanyukt rashtra seey ravanda key nishkasana kii vakaalat karate hue kahaa kii isane" manvadhikaron aur narsamhar parr sammelan kaa ack bhayaanak ullanghan kiya thaa."6 farwari koo british daarshanik bertrand russell dwara" "leey monde" "mein prakaashit ack lekh mein sthiti koo" "narsamhar" "key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa...yahoodiyon key unmoolan key baad seey naheen dekhaa gayaa. 10 farwari koo, vatican radio ney hatyaon koo "hitler dwara yahoodiyon key narsamhar key baad seey sabse vyavasthit narsamhar" karaar diyaa."parrauddin ney iss konn parr ravandan sarkaar kaa bachaav karate hue kahaa kii" "narsamhar" "shabd kaa upayog" "raajya key ack catholic pramukh key liye gahara upman thaa."catholic ravandan samachar patra" "kinyamateka" "ney bhee narsamhar key aaropon koo" "jhoothi afavaahen" "bataaya."ravanda key catholic netaaon key prati sulah karane key prayaas mein, pope paul vee ney 14 farwari koo bishapon koo ack sandesh bheja kii vaha hinsa seey" "bahut dukhi" "they aur" "aatmaon key tushtikaran, vyaktiyon key sammaan aur bhraatri daan mein shantipurna sahvaas key liye ack teevra appeal curr rahey they."
kayibanda kii sarkaar ney apane alochakon parr manhani aur nava aupaniveshik agenda koo aage badhaane kaa aarop lagaaya. march mein kayibanda ney ack bhaashan diyaa jisamen unhone hamalon key baare mein kahaa, "asambhav koo maanate hue, kii aap antatah kigali parr kabja curr lete hain, aap usa arajakta koo kaise maap sakate hain jiska aap pahale shikaar honge? ise samajhieh yeh tutsi daud kaa kull aur twarit anta hoga."unhone narsamhar key liye inenzi koo doshi thaharaate hue kahaa," narsamhar kaa doshi kaun haye? narsamhar kaa ayojan kisane kiya? narsamhar kii talash mein kaun aaya thaa? kaun narsamhar chaahata haye?"aprail mein vidhansabha key adhyaksh anastase makuza ney narsamhar koo sahee thaharaane key prayaas mein peris mein ack bhaashan diyaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa kii ravandan huts ney" "haarne vaalon key bhaagya kaa shikaar naheen honey kii ichcha seey kaam kiya thaa.
burundi ekmatra raajya thaa jisane hatyaon kii khule taur parr ninda kii. burundi sarkaar ney aage gnr parr 22 janwari koo apane kshetra mein pravesh karane aur seemavarti kshetra mein burundi nagrikon kii hatyaa karane kaa aarop lagaaya. burundian senaa koo sangathit kiya gayaa aur ravanda key saath seema parr ack "buffer zone" banaaya gayaa, jisamen kissy koo bhee binaa pradhikaran key isamen pravesh karane seey manaa kiya gayaa. badale mein, ravanda sarkaar ney burundi parr chhaapa maarne kii anumati dene aur sambhaavit roop seey hamale kaa samarthan karane kaa aarop lagaaya. burundi key pradhaan mantri piyare engendendumway ney aakraman mein apani sarkaar kii sanliptata seey incar kiya. unhone spasht seema ghatana parr ack baithak bulaane key liye african ekataa key sangathan koo manaane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin russell key aaropon koo ack "galat saamaanyikaran" kahaa aur daavaa kiya kii "jabaki maare jaa rahey adhikansh loga vatutsi they, kaee vahutu bhee maare gaye they kyonki narsamhar mukhya roop seey vipakshi party koo nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa. aakraman ney farwari mein inenzi key khilaf sambhaavit pratibandhon parr burundian rashtriya sabhaa mein bhee bahas chhed dee. hutu sansadiya gutt ney gyaat inenji koo ravanda koo pratyarpit karane kii vakaalat kii, jabaki tutsi gutt ney isake khilaf salah dee. antatah koee kaarravaai naheen kii gaee. seema ullanghan vivaad koo aadhikarik samadhan key binaa aprail mein hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, halanki taba taka tanaav cumm hoe gayaa thaa. phir bhee, aakraman ney sarkaaron koo 1965 taka apane raajya radio stations parr kadvi tippaniyon kaa adaan-pradaan karane aur ack-dusare kaa upman karane key liye prerit kiya.
hatyaon key jawab mein, sanyukt rashtra mahasachiv yuu thent ney dou tathya-khoj missions parr vishesh pratinidhi max dorinsville koo ravanda bheja. ravanda sarkaar ney sweekaar kiya kii "jyaadatiyan" hui theen, lekin kayabanda ney dorinsville koo ashvasana diyaa kii sabhi sthaaniya adhikaariyon koo pratishodh seey bachane kaa nirdesh diyaa gayaa thaa. unhone nishkarsh nikala kii "yeye kroor kritya kissy bhee mayane mein sarkaar dwara kigali mein nirdeshit naheen they, balki una kshetron mein hue jinn parr sainikon kii kamee key kaaran sarkaar kaa bahut cumm niyantran thaa. aise kshetron mein ack lokpriya milicia ney disambar key chhaapon key parinamswarup kuchh batutasi aabaadi parr pratishodh liya aur bhaya aur dahashat joe unhone bahutu aabaadi mein prerit kii."isake baad unhone kayibanda koo ack patra bheja, jisamen ummeed jataai gaee kii unaki sarkaar disambar kii ghatnaaon key parinamswarup jaatiya pratidvandvita koo shaant karane aur shaant karane key liye apana sarvshreshth prayaas karegi.
rashtriya prabhaav.
janwari mein ravanda mein dou yuu. aine. adhikaariyon ney apane padon seey istifa dey diyaa, yeh kahate hue kii way ack aise desh mein kaam naheen curr sakate hain joe narsamhar kaa abhyaas curr rhaa haye. farwari mein ravanda mein swiss sarkaar kii takniki sahaayata team key pramukh, auguste lind ney kayibanda koo bataaya kii switzerland apani dwipakshiya sahaayata koo taba taka samaapt curr dega jaba taka kii sarkaar hatyaon kii jaanch naheen karati. baad mein procure day laa republic (lock abhiyojak) tharsis gatwa key netritva mein ack jaanch aayog kii sthaapana kii gaee. aayog key nishkarshon mein hatyaon mein cumm seey cumm 89 logon koo shamil kiya gayaa haye, jinamen dou mantri aur kuchh prefect aur bergamaster shamil hain. kayibanda ney parinamon koo khariz curr diyaa aur hatyaon kii jaanch key liye ack nae aayog kaa adesh diyaa. isane march 1964 mein ack shwet patra mein apane nishkarsh jaari kiye, jisake parinamswarup bahut cumm aarop lagaae gaye. isamen shamil adhikansh logon koo halki jail kii sajaa millie aur baad mein mamla prabhaavi roop seey ravanda sarkaar dwara hataa diyaa gayaa. narsamhar parr antarrashtriya akrosh key parinamswarup, belgium sarkaar ney daman mein unaki kathit bhoomika key liye tulpin, aayukt heinry pilate aur upa-aayukt irene durioux key pratyaavartan kaa anurodh kiya. ravanda sarkaar ney iss parr taba taka dhyaan dene seey incar curr diyaa jaba taka kii belgium ney apani dwipakshiya sahaayata koo nilambit karane kii dhamki naheen dee; baad mein teenon logon koo unaki aadhikarik jimmedariyon seey riha curr diyaa gayaa.
raajneetik roop seey, aakraman aur baad mein pratishodh ney ravandan sarkaar key lokpriya samarthan koo badhaava diyaa aur gnr kii sthiti koo badhaa diyaa. kayibanda khud koo rashtra key pitaa aur garib hutu kisaanon key champion key roop mein chitrit karane mein saksham thaa, joe purani rajshahi key damankari saamantvaad koo bahaal karna chaahte they, una tutsi logon key khilaf kranti key apane kathin-jeet key laabhon kii raksha karane kaa daavaa kartaa thaa. unaar key gharelu aadhar nasht curr diye gaye they. ravanda ack "vaastavik" ack-pakshiya raajya bunn gayaa aur senaa ney apane sangathan mein sudhaar kiya. jabaki kuchh sharanarthi aprail mein sthiti shaant honey key saath laut aae, taba narsamhar key parinamswarup ravandan tutsi nirvaasan kii aabaadi naatakiya roop seey badh gaee, joe 1962 mein 120,000 seey badhkar 1964 mein 336,000 hoe gaee. 1964 key anta taka unaar kii nirvaasit sarkaar, aantarik asahamati aur avyavastha seey kamjor hoe gaee, jyaadaatar astitva mein naheen thee. isake baad kaee alag-alag samoohon ney safalata praapt kii, joe baad key varshon mein aur cumm hoe gaye. 1965 key chunaavon key dauran paramehutu ney vidhansabha kii sabhi seeten jeetin. nkeramugaba ney usa varsh ack seat key liye ummidwari shuru kii aur gicongoro mein bhaari bahumat seey vote jeete. videshi-adharit inenji hamale 1966 taka jaari rahey lekin aasaani seey peechhe hutt gaye. kayibanda key shasson ney aanupaatik pratinidhitva key aadhar parr jaatiya kotaa lagu kiya, iss prakaar tutsi koo nau pratishat nagrik seva padon parr kabja karane kii anumati dee, lekin unhein raajneetik kshetra seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa. isake bavjood, desh kii uchch shiksha pranali mein tutsi logon kaa asman roop seey pratinidhitva banaa rhaa, ack aisaa tathya joe jhopadiyon key beach akrosh paida kartaa rhaa. desh 1973 taka badey paimaane parr jaatiya hinsa seey mukt rhaa jaba tutsi aur antar-hutu hinsa key khilaf nae shuddhikaran key parinamswarup kayibanda key shasson kaa takhta palat gayaa.
kshetriya prabhaav.
aakraman kii viphalata key saath-saath inenzi gatividhi key daman key parinamswarup kango mein kuchh nirvaasit vidrohiyon kaa kattarpanth huaa. parinamswarup way 1964 mein kango sarkaar key khilaf simba vidroh mein shamil hoe gaye, iss ummeed mein kii vidroh kii safalata key parinamswarup ravandan nirvaasiton kaa samarthan karane vaalaa shasson hoga. rukeba jaise uchch padasth iniyenzi ney vidrohi andolan mein apekshaakrit mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, isase pahale kii yeh antatah kango sarkaar aur usake sahyogiyon dwara parajit hoe gayaa.
akaadamik vishleshan.
lemarchand ney likhaa kii yeh "aakasmik naheen" thaa kii adhikansh hatyaaen gicongoro mein huin, kyonki yeh sarkaar key liye tutsi raajneetik virodh kaa aadhar thaa. unhone kahaa kii octuber 1961 mein ravanda mein belgium key nivasi ney bhavishyavani kii thee kii desh parr ack badaa unaar hamla sarkaar koo tutsi logon key khilaf badey paimaane parr pratishodh lene key liye uksaataa haye, aur nivasi ney kahaa kii tutsi aabaadi aam taur parr isake baare mein jagrook thee. lemarchand ney nishkarsh nikala kii aakraman key peechhe key netaa satta mein unaar aur rajshahi koo bahaal karane key apane uddeshya mein kattar they aur iss prakaar apane karyon key sambhaavit parinamon key prati andhe they. akaadamik emmanuel virate key anusaar, gicongoro narsamhar "kewal kisaanon kii gatishilata key kaaran kiye gaye paimaane koo maan sakate they. catholic itihaaskaar jey. jey. carney ney mrit kangoli logon parr paaee gaee inenzi key vaanchhit mantriyon kii kathit soochi kii vaidhata parr sawal uthaaya, vishesh roop seey gharelu unaar aur redder netaaon koo shamil karate hue, likhaa, "yeh adhik sambhavana haye kii paramehutu ney dastaavez koo gadhaa aur ise kissy bhee shesh raajneetik pratidvandi koo khatm karane key liye ack bahaane key roop mein istemal kiya...nirvaasiton aur aantarik nirvaasit netaaon key beach koee prem naheen khoya thaa...bawanakweli aur nandajaro jaise redder netaaon ney kabhi bhee unaar mein apane pratidvandiyon key saath ghanishth sambandh vikasit naheen kiye."carney ney hinsa key prati ravanda key catholic netaaon kii pratikriya kii bhee aalochana kii, likhate hue" bishapon ney hinsa kii ninda kii lekin isake liye kissy koo bhee jimmedaar naheen thaharaaya."unhone sweekaar kiya," nishpakshata mein, bishapon ney raajneetik vipaksh kii sarkaar kii hirasat kii aalochana kii...[lekin] sandeh kaa laabh sarkaar koo dete hue prateet hotaa haye."polmichal ney tark diyaa kii aakraman key baad hue narsamhaaron ney paramehutu key antim uddeshyon koo hassil kiya, arthaat apani shakti koo majboot karna aur desh kii jhopadiyon koo ekjut karna. melvern ney 1963 key pratishodh kii tulanaa 1994 key tutis key khilaf ravandan narsamhar seey kii, jisamen likhaa thaa, "tees saal key antaral parr yojana aur upayog kiye gaye tareeke samaan hain."
iss baat parr asahamati haye kii kyaa tutsiyon kii pratishodh hatyaon ney narsamhar kaa gathan kiya thaa. lemarchand ney likhaa "yeh hoga...narsamhar kii baat karane key liye bhraamak."raajneetik vaigyaanik deborah mayerson key anusaar", narsamhar key liye kaee jokhim karakon key bavjood...sankat apekshaakrit jaldi cumm hoe gayaa."melvern ney likhaa kii" kayibanda shasson key khilaf narsamhar kaa aarop apramaanit thaa."unhone tark diyaa kii yeh" "vyaapak roop seey sweekaar kiya gayaa" "thaa kii hatyaaen sthaaniya adhikaariyon dwara aatmaraksha samoohon koo sangathit karane key apane janadesh kii" "charam vyakhya" "key kaaran huin aur nott kiya kii 6,000 tutsi joe uganda bhaag gaye they, unhone sarkaar dwara binaa kissy baadha key aisaa kiya. raajneetik vaigyaanik scott stross ney pratishodh koo "jaatiya narsamhar" kahaa. carney ney pratishodh koo ack "narsamhar ghatana" key roop mein varnit kiya. itihaaskaar timothi jey. stapleton ney likhaa, "purvavlokan mein, 1963-1964 mein tutsi key narsamhar narsamhar kii antarrashtriya kanuni paribhasha key anuroop prateet hotey hain; way jaanboojhkar they aur nasleeya rekhaaon key saath paribhaashit samooh key cumm seey cumm hisse key unmoolan kaa uddeshya thaa."

