
megachilidae

megachilidae jyaadaatar ekal madhumakhiyon kaa ack mahanagariya parivaar haye. iss parivaar key vishisht lakshan hain unake parag-wahan sanrachana (jise "scopa" kahaa jaataa haye) kaa pett kii nilay satah parr pratibandh (jyaadaatar yaa vishesh roop seey anya madhumakkhi parivaaron kii tarah pichhale pairon parr), aur unakaa aam taur parr lamba labrum. megachilid vansh koo aamtaur parr rajmistri madhumakhiyon aur patti kaatane vaali madhumakhiyon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe una samagriyon koo darshaati hain jinase way apane ghonsale kii koshikaon (mitty yaa patte, kramshah) kaa nirmaan karate hain; kuchh paudhe yaa pashu baal aur fiber ekatra karate hain, aur unhein carder madhumakkhiyan kahaa jaataa haye, jabaki anya ghonsale key nirmaan mein paudhe key raal kaa upayog karate hain aur tadnusar unhein raal madhumakkhiyan kahaa jaataa haye. sabhi prajaatiyan amrit aur parag parr bhojan karati hain, lekin kuchh cleptoperacite (anaupchaarik roop seey "koyal madhumakkhiyan" kahaa jaataa haye) hain, joe anya megachilid madhumakhiyon dwara ekatra parag parr bhojan karati hain. parjivi prajaatiyon mein scope naheen hotaa haye. foolon kii prajanan sanrachanaon mein megachilidae kii gati urjaavaan aur tairane jaisi hoti haye; yeh andolan badee matra mein parag chhodata haye.
jeevan chakr.
gair-parjivi prajaati.
gair-parjivi megachilidae aamtaur parr apane ghonsale koo koshikaon mein vibhajit kartaa haye. pratyek koshika koo bhojan (parag yaa parag/amrit mishran) aur ack andey kii aapoorti praapt hoti haye; ack upayukt sthaan (aksar jahan vaha ubhari thee) khojane key baad, ack mahila pahali koshika kaa nirmaan karna shuru curr detee haye, ise jamaa karati haye, aur andashay. vaha ack deewaar banaati haye joe poori hui koshika koo agale seey alag karati haye. andaa seey larva nikalata haye aur bhojan kii aapoorti kaa upbhog kartaa haye. kuchh baar mult karane key baad, yeh ack kokoon aur pyupa koo ghumaata haye. yeh vayask honey key naate ghonsale seey nikalata haye. purush sambhog key turant baad marr jaate hain, lekin maadaaen kuchh aur hafton taka jeevit rahati hain, jisake dauran way nae ghonsale banaate hain.
ghonsale aksar praakritik yaa kritrim guhaaon mein banaae jaate hain. kuchh alag-alag koshikaon koo mitty yaa raal key dravyamaan mein ack deewaar, chattan kii satah yaa paudhe key taney seey jodaa jaataa haye. ghonsale kii guhaayen aksar raikhik hoti hain, udaaharan key liye khokhale paudhe key tanon mein, lekin hamesha naheen (ghonghe key gole kuchh "ausmiya" dwara upayog kiye jaate hain, aur kuchh prajaatiyan aasaani seey aniyamit guhaaon kaa upayog karati hain).
parjivi prajaatiyan.
megachilids kii kuchh prajaatiyan vansh parjivi hain, isaliye koee ventral scopa naheen haye (ee.jee. "stellis" aur "coalioxis"). way aksar sambandhit taxes koo parjivi banaate hain. way aam taur parr ghonsale mein pravesh karate hain isase pahale kii ise seal curr diyaa jaae aur ack koshika mein apane andey dete hain. andey seey nikalane key baad, parjivi larva mezban larva koo maar detaa haye, jaba taka kii maadaa parjivi pahale hii aisaa naheen curr letee haye, aur phir praavdhaanon kaa sevan karati haye. parjivi prajaatiyan apane peediton kii tulanaa mein samaan aakar yaa chhoti hoti hain. 1921 mein, journal "american museum novitates" ney paschimi sanyukt raajya kii parjivi megachilid madhumakhiyon parr ack praarambhik report prakaashit kii.
vividhata.
uttari america mein anumaanit 630 alag-alag megachilid prajaatiyan hain, jinamen "megachile", "anthodium", "hoplietis" aur "ausmiya" shamil hain. adhikansh megachilidae mool nivasi hain, aur kuchh koo galati seey aur jaanboojhkar pesh kiya jaataa haye; vaishvik star parr pahachaani gaee prajaatiyon kii sankhya 4,000 seey adhik haye. iss prakaar megachilidae madhumakhiyon kii naamit prajaatiyon kaa 15 pratishat seey 20 pratishat pratinidhitva kartaa haye.
vaigyaanik naam megachilidae genus "megachile" koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jiska anuvaad motey taur parr "badey lipped" (pracheen yunani, "badey") + χειλος (khilos, "honth") key roop mein kiya jaataa haye; unake "badey honth" aur majboot jabade ghonsale banaane kii samagri key sangrah key liye achchi tarah seey upayukt hain.
adhikansh megachilidae jameen key oopar kii guhaaon mein apane ghonsale banaate hain; way sabhi ekal madhumakkhiyan hain. unake ghonsale banaane kii aadton kaa matlab haye kii madhumakhiyon kii vividhata key kuchh adhyayanon mein, iss madhumakkhi parivaar kaa saamana karane kii sabse adhik sambhavana haye, bhale hii kaee jameen parr ghonsale banaane vaali madhumakkhiyan prajaatiyon kii sankhya mein bahut adhik hain (sabhi madhumakhiyon kii prajaatiyon mein seey ~70% jameen parr ghonsale banaane vaali hain). udaaharan key liye, crombin key trap-nesting sarvekshan (1967) mein, unake prasaad mein nihit lagbhag sabhi madhumakkhiyan megachilid prajaatiyan theen-43 mein seey 40 madhumakhiyon kii prajaatiyan. (way vividhata mein lagbhag doguni prajaatiyon kii tataiya (75) seey adhik they joe ghonsale kaa upayog karati theen).
kyonki way (jyaadaatar) jameen key oopar key ghonsale hain aur aamtaur parr kritrim ghonsale kii or aakarshit hotey hain, megachilid madhumakhiyon kii kheti bhee aamtaur parr jameen parr ghonsale banaane vaali ekal madhumakhiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik kii jaati haye. way khokhale tanon, naliyon aur poorv-nirmit chhed ("ghonsale key khand") vaale khandon seey baney ghonsale banaane kii samagri koo sweekaar karate hain, aur kaee megachilid krishi/bagwani paraagan key liye mahatvapurna prajaati bunn gaye hain. uttari america mein inn kheti kii jaane vaali madhumakhiyon mein "megachile rotundata", (alfalfa leaf cutter madhumakkhiyan), joe alfalfa paraagan mein badey paimaane parr upayog kii jaati hain, aur paschimi mool nivasi aur aksar ugaai jaane vaali "ausmiya ligneria" (bageeche kii chinai vaali madhumakkhi yaa neeli bageeche kii madhumakkhi) shamil hain, jinka upayog bageeche key paraagan mein kiya jaataa haye. anya "ausmiya" aur "megachile" prajaatiyan bhee uttari america, europe aur asia mein vaanijyik upayog mein hain.
megachilid kaa ack samooh ghonsale key nirmaan key liye paudhe key regin parr nirbhar kartaa haye. yeye "raal madhumakkhiyan" aam taur parr shahad kii madhumakhiyon kii tulanaa mein chhoti hoti hain, aur prabhaavi paragankarta hoti hain, halanki kathor gond jaise raal anya surang ghonsale vaali madhumakhiyon key prabandhan koo jatil banaa sakate hain. carder madhumakkhiyan, "anthodium", paudhon key tantuon kaa upayog karane key liye advitiya hain; uttari america mein unaki 80 seey 90 prajaatiyan hain. vidambana yeh haye kii ack gair-mool nivasi sabse achchha jaanaa jaataa haye-"aeye. manicatum, "europeeya oona carder madhumakkhi, koo galati seey 60 key dashak key anta mein america mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa aur abb yeh poore mahadweep mein fail gayaa haye. iska varnan kiya gayaa haye "... shayed duniya mein sabse vyaapak roop seey vitarit aniyantrit madhumakkhi prajaati."adhikansh" anthodium "kii tarah, pattiyon yaa pankhudiyon koo kaatane key bajaay", aeye. manicatum "ghonsale banaane kii samagri key liye upayog karane key liye pattiyon seey baalon koo khurchaataa haye. yeh asamanya haye kyonki narr maadaa seey badaa hotaa haye aur lagaatar gasht kartaa rahata haye, shahad aur bhaunra madhumakhiyon sahit sabhi interlopers kaa peechha karke aur yahaan taka kii una parr hamla karke ack "haram" kii raksha kartaa haye, isaki poonchh kaee prong seey lais hoti haye joe lagbhag kissy bhee ghuspaithiye key khandon key beach chaku seey lais hoe sakati haye.<riff naam = "aich. bee. aiss./wool carder"> </riff>
naa tou shuru kiye gaye "anthodium" aur naa hii isake americi chachere bhaaiyon koo parjivi maanaa jaataa haye, kewal kshetriya aur kabhi-kabhi aakramak, halanki kuchh vansh "coalioxis" (jyaadaatar leaf cutter madhumakhiyon key cleptoperacite), aur "stellis" (leaf cutter aur messon madhumakhiyon key cleptoperacite) sahit hain.
jabaki kuchh megachilidae kaa unaki vaanijyik sambhaavanaon (yaa prabhaavon) key liye vyaapak roop seey adhyayan kiya jaataa haye, anya kaa adhyayan prakritividon dwara kiya jaataa haye. rajmistri madhumakkhiyan, joe aamtaur parr kheti naheen kii jaati hain, 19veen shatabdi key antim bhaag mein jeane-heinry fabber dwara vistaarit avalokan aur lekhan key madhyam seey jaani jaati hain, unake lekhan koo unake angreji anuvaadak alekjendar texera dee matos ("rajmistri madhumakkhi") dwara aur prasiddh kiya gayaa haye; fabber ney france mein apane ghar seey anya megachilidae sahit kaee avalokan likhe, aur unake lekhan ney charles darwin seey laker gerald durell taka kaee bhavishya key shodhkartaon aur utsaahi logon koo prerit kiya.
vikas aur vargeekaran.
megachilid madhumakhiyon key liye jeevaashm record kharaab haye, lekin ack madhya eeseen dwiroop patta apane margine key saath nishchit ardhvrittakar cutout dikhaata haye, jiska arth haye kii usa samay patti kaatane vaali madhumakkhiyan maujood theen. germany key eocn aur france key jeevaashm kaal seey durlabh shareer jeevashmon aur kaee-cutt pattiyon seey pataa chalata haye kii megachiline ney apane vikas key shuruati dinon mein pattiyon koo kaatna shuru curr diyaa thaa. jatijanya vishleshan samooh key liye iss eocn mool key anuroop ack ayu pradaan kartaa haye.

