pashuon mein asamaanta

jaanvaron mein asamaanta seey ghrina adhik samaantaa key liye bhautik bhugtan kaa tyag karane kii ichcha haye, joe kuchh aisaa haye joe manushya cumm umr seey hii karate hain. yeh nakaratmak pratikriyaon key madhyam seey prakat hotaa haye jaba puraskar jaanvaron key beach samaan roop seey vitarit naheen kiye jaate hain. niyantrit prayogon mein yeh capuchin bandaron, chimpanzi, makak, marmoset, kutton, bhediyon, choohon, kauvon aur kauvon mein alag-alag degree mein dekhaa gayaa haye. orangutan, ullu bandar, gilhari bandar, tamarin, key. aeye. aur swachchh machhali key saath parikshanon mein prabhaav kaa koee saboot naheen milaa. prayogaatmak adhyayanon mein mishrit parinamon key kaaran yeh hoe sakata haye kii kuchh bonobo, baboon, gibban aur gorilla asamaanta key khilaf hain.
pratikool asamaanta seey ghrina sabse aam haye, yaani jaba janwar koo dusare janwar kii tulanaa mein cumm inam milata haye tou uska virodh hotaa haye. lekin laabhprad asamaanta ghrina bhee dekhi gaee haye, chimpanzi, baboon aur capuchin menh janwar virodh karate hain jaba ise behtar inam milata haye. vaigyaanikon kaa maanana haye kii asamaanta key prati samvedansheelta sahyog karane kii kshamata key saath saha-vikasit hui, kyonki yeh sahyog seey laabh koo banaae rakhane mein madad kartaa haye.
jaanvaron mein asamaanta kii ghrina kii khoj karane vaale pahale shodhkarta saaraa brosnan aur fraans dee wall they, joe "prakriti" mein 2003 key ack lekh mein varnit paanch capuchin key saath ack prayog mein they. bandaron ney ack baar jaba ack aur bandar koo samaan prayaas key liye adhik vaanchhaniya bhojan praapt karate hue dekhaa tou way bhojan key liye-bolane key adaan-pradaan kaary mein bhaag lene seey incar curr dete they. kuchh avsaron parr unhone bhojan koo maanav prayogkarta parr vaapas fenk diyaa.
taba seey darjanon adhyayan kiye gaye hain. asamaanta seey ghrina kaa pareekshan karane key liye kuchh prayogaatmak pratimanon kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye. vinimay sabse aam haye. yahaan jaanvaron koo bhojan key badale mein maanav prayogkarta koo ack tokan saunpane kii aavashyakta haye. parinam aur nishkarsh mishrit hain. asamaanta kii sthiti mein asweekriti darr key mamle mein, samaantaa kii tulanaa mein adhik honey key kaaran, prajaatiyon mein, adhyayanon mein, aur ack hii adhyayan key bheetar vyaktiyon mein bhee paryaapt bhinnata haye. kuchh shodhkartaon ney tark diyaa haye kii prayogaatmak vyavastha mein chhote antar prabhaav koo gayab curr sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, yadi janwar ack-dusare key saath naheen hain aur unake saathi aur unake karyon kii achchi drishyata naheen haye, yaa yadi koee kaary naheen haye aur jaanvaron koo buss bhojan diyaa jaataa haye. kuchh prajaatiyon mein maadaaen cumm puraskar dene seey incar naheen karati hain, lekin narr karate hain; kuchh anya prajaatiyon mein yeh doosari tarah seey thaa. cumm namuna aakar key kaaran, sabhi adhyayan ling aur shreni key liye niyantrit naheen hotey hain. 
prishthabhoomi.
manushyon kii sahyog karane kii kshamata achchi tarah seey pralekhit haye, lekin isaki utpatti ack khula sawal haye. sahyog kaa ack pramukh pahalu nishpakshata kii bhavna haih kissy vyakti koo sahyog karane seey joe puraskar milata haye vaha dusaron kii tulanaa mein uchit honah chaahiye anyatha bhavishya mein sahyog toot sakata haye. nishpakshata kii ack poorna avadharana aamtaur parr chhah varsh kii ayu key bachchon mein maujood hoti haye, halanki teen saal key bachche pahale seey hii ack aise vyakti koo pasand karate hain joe sahyog seey puraskar vitarit kartaa haye, usa vyakti parr joe aisaa anuchit tareeke seey kartaa haye. jaba ack anuchit puraskar sweekaar karane kaa vikalp diyaa jaataa haye, tou adhikansh bachche ise aswikar curr dete hain yadi yeh unake sathiyon key puraskar seey cumm moolyavaan thaa (ise pratikool asamaanta ghrina, yaa kabhi-kabhi, pratham crum asamaanta ghrina kahaa jaataa haye), shodhkartaon aur sahyogiyon koo saat deshon mein ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa. bhale hii yeh unake sathiyon key inam seey adhik moolyavaan thaa, teen deshon mein badey bachchon ney abhee bhee ausatan ise aswikar curr diyaa (laabhprad asamaanta ghrina yaa dusare crum kii asamaanta ghrina). pratikool asamaanta ghrina koo maanav vyavhaar kii ack saarvbhaumik visheshta maanaa jaataa haye, jabaki laabhprad asamaanta ghrina saanskritik maandandon seey dridhata seey prabhaavit hoe sakati haye.
manushya hii ekmatra sahakaari pashu naheen hain. jaanvaron kii kaee prajaatiyan jangli mein sahyog karati hain. havaa mein sahyogaatmak shikaar dekhaa gayaa haye (ee.jee., rajanyik baazon key beach), bhoomi parr (ee.jee., chimpanzi key beach), paani mein (ee.jee., hatyare whale key beach), aur jameen key neeche (ee.jee., chaalak cheentiyon key beach). sahyog key anya udaharanon mein maataa-pitaa aur anya loga shamil hain joe yuvaaon koo badhaane key liye milkar kaam curr rahey hain (jaise.jee.african haathiyon key beach), aur apane kshetra kii raksha karane vaale samooh, jinka adhyayan narwanar aur anya samajik prajaatiyon jaise bottlenose dolphin, chittidaar lakadbaggha aur aam kauve mein kiya gayaa haye. anya prajaatiyon mein sahyog key pahaluon parr shodh karke, vikaasvaadi manovaigyanikon kaa uddeshya yeh nirdhaarit karna haye kii kaba aur kinn paristhitiyon mein sahyog ubharata haye. 
sahyog key saath advitiya roop seey maanviya naheen honey key kaaran, asamaanta seey ghrina bhee advitiya roop seey maanviya naheen hoe sakati haye. jangli mein sahakaari jaanvaron mein nishpakshata bhee dekhi gaee haye, vishesh roop seey narvaanaron mein. chimpanzi shikaar mein pratyek vyakti key yogdan key aadhar parr saamoohik shikaar key dauran praapt shav koo aanshik roop seey vibhajit karane key liye jaane jaate hain. jaanvaron key saath niyantrit prayogon key madhyam seey, shodhkarta iss vyavhaar kii talash karate hain aur iss sawal kaa jawab dene mein saksham honey kii ummeed karate hain kii asamaanta seey ghrina aur samagr roop seey sahakaari vyavhaar kaise aur kyon vikasit huaa.
pahala shodh.
jaanvaron mein asamaanta ghrina kaa pareekshan karane vaale pahale shodhkarta saaraa brosnan they. georgia key atlanta mein emory vishvavidyalaya mein ack phd chhaatr key roop mein, capuchin bandaron key saath ack bhojan satra key dauran ack prayog kaa vichaar unake paas aaya. jaba vaha nichale darje key bandaron koo moongfali saunp rahee thee, tou ozzy naam key ack alfa purush ney usey moongfali lene key liye ack narangi, ack uchch moolya kaa bhojan bhee diyaa. apane professor, fraans dee wall key margadarshan mein, brosnan ney yeh pataa lagaane key liye ack prayog sthaapit kiya kii kyaa capuchin kaa vyavhaar dusaron koo diye gaye puraskaron seey prabhaavit haye. dou sthitiyon key saath ack praarambhik pareekshan mein, capuchin kaa ack saath pareekshan kiya gayaa aur yaa tou donon koo ack kheere koo inam key roop mein diyaa gayaa, yaa ack koo kheera aur dusare koo ack angur (jise uchch moolya vaale bhojan key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye) diyaa gayaa. parinam ingit karate hain kii mahila capuchin puraskaron key asman vitaran key prati samvedansheel hoe sakati hain. purush capuchin ney donon sthitiyon key beach koee alag vyavhaar naheen dikhaaya.
brosnan ney baad mein vibhinn sthitiyon mein paanch mahila capuchin kaa pareekshan kiya. pahale kii tarah, puraskar yaa tou dusare bandar koo mille puraskar key barabar yaa usase cumm they. brosnan ney yeh bhee pareekshan kiya kii kyaa yeh mayane rakhta haye kii kyaa dusare bandar koo prayaas key liye yaa kuchh bhee naheen karane key liye inam key roop mein bhojan milaa. capuchin koo joe kaam karna thaa, vaha ack samanya adaan-pradaan kaary thaah prayogkarta ney bandar koo ack kankad diyaa jise buss vaapas saunpana thaa. yadi aisaa kiya jaataa haye, tou prayogkarta bhojan kaa inam dega. ack-dusare key karyon koo dekhane key liye capuchin ack-dusare key puraskaron koo dekh sakate they. ack aur niyantran sthiti yeh pataa lagaane key liye thee kii kyaa vyavhaar kewal uchch-moolya puraskar kii upasthiti key kaaran huaa thaa, kyonki primate lambe samay seey ack vipareet prabhaav dikhaane key liye jaane jaate hain.
iss sthiti mein kewal ack capuchin thaa aur prayogkarta ney pahale ack angur koo khaali jagah key saamane rakhaa jahaan doosara bandar hoga, pareekshan vishay aur kheere key ack tukade key saath vinimay kaary shuru karane seey pahale.
parinamon ney dusaron key puraskaron kaa spasht prabhaav dikhaaya joe capuchin kii puraskaron kii sweekriti koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. jabaki equity kii sthiti mein kheere koo kankad vaapas dene key liye khushi-khushi puraskar key roop mein sweekaar kiya jaataa thaa, asamaanta kii sthiti mein kheere koo teen baar mein ack baar aswikar curr diyaa jaataa thaa. asweekriti ney kabhi-kabhi kheere key tukade koo prayog karane vaale parr vaapas fenkane kaa roop leey liya, aur kabhi-kabhi vibhajan screen koo hinsak roop seey kheenchane key roop mein. chhah mein seey ack baar capuchin ney asamaanta kii sthiti mein kankad bhee vaapas naheen kiya. prayaas niyantran mein vinimay karane mein viphalata kii darr aur bhee adhik thee, jahaan dusare capuchin koo kuchh bhee naheen karane key liye ack angur milaah chaar mein seey teen baar koee safal vinimay naheen huaa. khaadya niyantran mein, jahaan angur dikhaai dey rahey they, lekin binaa kissy anya bandar key, bandaron key bhee barabari kii sthiti kii tulanaa mein incar karane kii adhik sambhavana thee.
parikshanon key pratyek charan mein ack hii sthiti mein 25 pareekshan shamil they. shodhkartaon ney pahale 15 key parinamon kii tulanaa pichhale 10 key saath kii. unhone paaya kii asamaanta kii sthiti aur prayaas niyantran mein, pichhale 10 mein viphalata darr pahale 15 kii tulanaa mein adhik thee, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii bandaron ney dekhaa kii dusare koo kyaa puraskar milaa thaa, isase pahale kii unhone kuchh pareekshan kiye honge. halanki, khaadya niyantran mein, pichhale 10 mein viphalata darr pahale 15 kii tulanaa mein cumm thee, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii apekshaaen kewal iss tarah key puraskaron kii upasthiti key bajaay ack saathi koo uchch moolya key puraskar praapt karane parr adharit hain. shodhkartaon ney nishkarsh nikala kii maadaa capuchin bandar asamaanta key khilaf hain.
brosnan aur dee wall ney 2003 mein vigyaan patrika "nature" mein apane adhyayan key parinam prakaashit kiye. taba seey iss adhyayan kaa ack hazaar seey adhik baar ullekh kiya gayaa haye.
baad key adhyayan.
mool brosnan aur dee wall adhyayan koo kaee baar dohraya gayaa haye, jisamen prayogaatmak design kii vibhinn vividhataaen hain aur isamen vibhinn prajaatiyon koo vishayon key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa haye.
vishay.
shodhkartaon ney vibhinn prajaatiyon koo unake asamaanta ghrina prayogon key vishayon key roop mein chunaa haye. manushyon seey nikatata seey sambandhit prajaatiyon key samooh key bheetar, shodhkartaon ney donon samajik narwanar (chimpanzi, bonobo, ullu bandar, marmoset, baboon, gorilla aur tamarin), aur akele rahane vaale yaa apani santanon (orangutan, gibban aur gilhari bandar) key saath rahane vaale donon koo chunaa haye. shodhkartaon ney gair-primate kaa bhee pareekshan kiya haye joe sahyog kii kissy bhee kshamata koo pradarshit karate hainh pakshi (kauve, kauve, key. aeye.), kutte (kutte, bhediye), swachchh machhali aur choohe. brosnan aur dee wall ney nishpakshata key vikas kii samajh koo aage badhaane key liye haathiyon, dolphin aur gharelu billiyon key saath prayogon kaa ahwan kiya haye.
apane prayogon key bheetar shodhkartaon ney vishayon kii vibhinn visheshtaon key liye niyantrit kiya haye, jaise kii brosnan aur dee wall ney kewal mahila capuchin kaa upayog karke kiya thaa. ack samanya kaarak sambandh haih prayog mein dou jaanvaron kaa aanuvanshik sambandh haye yaa naheen. samajik jaanvaron mein prabhutva kii shreni koo sahyog prayogon mein bhoomika nibhaane key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa haye aur iss prakaar aksar isake liye niyantrit kiya jaataa haye. aksar vishayon kii sankhya seemit hoti haye, jisase majboot saankhyikiya nishkarsh chunautipurna hotey hain.
shartein.
asamaanta seey ghrina koo prabhaavit karane vaale yaa prabhaavit naheen karane vaale karakon koo niyantrit karane key liye, shodhkartaon ney apane prayogon mein vibhinn sthitiyon kaa upayog kiya haye. khaadya-vipareet niyantran aam haye. kyaa prayog key samajik pahalu key kaaran yaa janwar dwara uchch moolya key puraskar kii ummeed key kaaran puraskar seey incar kiya jaataa haye? vipareet adhyayan 1920 key dashak seey hain aur isamen uchch-moolya vaale puraskaron kii ack shrinkhala shamil haye, jisake baad cumm-moolya vaalaa puraskar shamil haye. vishayon kaa akele yaa saath-saath pareekshan kiya jaa sakata haye. kuchh shodhkartaon ney asamaanta seey ghrina key nishkarsh parr pahunchane key liye apane khaadya niyantran mein pichhale 10 parikshanon key brosnan aur dee wall key upayog parr sawal uthaaya haye. inn shodhkartaon ney bhojan kii apeksha koo niyantrit karane key liye vibhinn tareeke taiyar kiye hain, udaaharan key liye ise dikhaane key baad chhipaana, yaa ise dusare pinjare mein dalna.
ack anya samanya niyantran prayaas niyantran haye. kyaa isase koee fark padata haye kii bhojan koo prayaas key liye puraskar key roop mein diyaa jaataa haye yaa kewal upahaar key roop mein? prayaas key liye sabse adhik upayog kiya jaane vaalaa kaary brosnan aur dee wall kaa tokan-exchange kaary haye. kabhi-kabhi vishayon koo ack nirdisht avadhi key liye ack tokan koo pakadana chaahiye (ack kaary jise "lakshya" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye). binaa kissy prayaas key dou mamle hainh naa tou janwar koo kuchh karna padata haye, naa hii saathi koo muft upahaar milata haye, lekin vishay koo ack kaary puuraa karna hotaa haye.
ultimatum khel.
kuchh adhyayan tokan-exchange pratimaan seey vichalit hue hain aur manushyon key saath asamaanta prayogon mein upayog kiye jaane vaale pratimaan, ultimatum game kaa paalan kiya haye. iss khel mein, ack vyakti, prastaavak koo, dou tokan key beach chayan karna hotaa haye, ack puraskaron key uchit vibhajan kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, doosara ack anuchit vibhajan. dusare vyakti, uttardaataa koo yaa tou chune gaye tokan koo sweekaar karane kaa nirnay lene kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jiss mamle mein tokan moolya key anusaar puraskar diye jaate hain, yaa tokan koo aswikar curr diyaa jaataa haye, jiss mamle mein prastaavak aur uttardaataa donon koo koee puraskar naheen milata haye.
vikalp.
kuchh adhyayan vishay koo alag-alag puraskaron key saath dou vikalpon key beach ack vikalp dete hain, aamtaur parr ack jisamen donon jaanvaron koo puraskrit kiya jaataa haye aur ack jisamen kewal chayankarta koo puraskrit kiya jaataa haye. yeh sliding platform parr khaadya plates key beach ack pratyaksh vikalp hoe sakata haye, yaa apratyaksh roop seey, aamtaur parr dou alag-alag tokan key beach ack vikalp hoe sakata haye, lekin udaaharan key liye dou maargon key beach bhee joe alag-alag puraskaron kii or leey jaate hain.
sahakaari kheenchana.
sahakaari kheenchane key pratimaan key bheetar, ack prayogaatmak design jisamen dou yaa dou seey adhik janwar ack upkaran key madhyam seey apane prati puraskar kheenchate hain jise way safaltapurvak akele sanchaalit naheen curr sakate hain, shodhkartaon ney pratibhagiyon key liye vibhinn puraskar diye hain. way jaanvaron key phir seey sahyog karane kii sambhavana kii tulanaa karate hain jaba donon koo sanyukt roop seey ack seey adhik praapt karane key liye samaan puraskar praapt huaa, yaa ack koo bhee sabhi praapt hue aur dusare koo koee naheen. yeh vibhajan prayogkarta (pratyek ack katora) yaa jaanvaron (ack katora) dwara kiya jaa sakata haye.
nishkarsh.
avalokan.
parinam aur nishkarsh mishrit hain. asamaanta kii sthiti mein asweekriti darr key mamle mein samaantaa kii tulanaa mein adhik honey key kaaran, prajaatiyon mein, prajaatiyon key bheetar, aur yahaan taka kii ack hii adhyayan key bheetar vyaktiyon mein bhee paryaapt bhinnata haye. una adhyayanon mein joe niyantran sthitiyon kii tulanaa mein asamaanta kii sthiti mein apekshaakrit adhik incar darr paate hain, hamesha kuchh aise vyakti hotey they jinhone bilkul bhee incar naheen kiya. shodhkartaon ney nuksandeh asamaanta key pramaan paae hain 
capuchin bandar, chimpanzi, lambi poonchh vaale makak, reesus makak, marmoset, baboon, gibban, gorilla, kutte, bhediye, choohe, kauve aur kauve. bonobos asamaanta key khilaf hoe sakata haye, kyonki shodhkartaon ney nishkarshon kii alag tarah seey vyakhya kii haye.
orangutan, gilhari bandar, ullu bandar, imali, tote aur swachchh machhali kissy bhee adhyayan mein asamaanta key prati samvedansheel naheen paae gaye. paltu kutte paik kutton aur bhediyon seey alag vyavhaar karate hain. paltu kutte kewal dusare koo inam milane parr apatti karate hain jabaki unhein swayam kuchh bhee naheen milata haye, lekin jaba antar gunavatta mein hotaa haye, tou unhein koee apatti naheen lagati haye.
pahale anuvarti adhyayan joe mool brosnan aur dee wall nishkarshon koo doharaane mein whiffle rahey, unhein praayogik setup mein ack mahatvapurna antar dikhaaya gayaa. way jaanvaron koo binaa kissy prayaas key bhojan praapt karane mein shamil they. baad key adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii iss sandarbh mein prabhaav gayab hoe jaataa haye. talboat, parrish, watzek, asler, leavert, pockner aur brosnan kaa tark haye kii yeh sambhavana haye kii parinam chhote prakriyaatmak antaron key kaaran mishrit hain. way sweekaar karate hain kii isake liye niyantran karna kathin haye, vishesh roop seey prajaatiyon mein kyonki prakriyaon koo aksar prashn mein prajaatiyon key anuroop banaaya jaataa haye, udaaharan key liye unake aakar aur praakritik vyavhaar key sandarbh mein. anya kaarak joe parinam koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain lekin hamesha isake liye niyantrit naheen kiye gaye hain, way hain ling aur shreni. kuchh shodhkartaon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii asamaanta ack aabaadi mein hoe sakati haye lekin doosari mein naheen. kaee adhyayanon mein ullekh kiya gayaa haye kii unake chhote namoone key aakar seey unake nishkarshon parr seema lugg jaati haye.
vipareet prabhaavon key liye niyantrit adhyayanon ney iss baat seey incar kiya kii uchch incar darr kewal behtar puraskaron kii drishyata key kaaran thee. yeh iss nishkarsh key anuroop haye kii janwar cumm puraskaron key liye vishvasaniya roop seey kaary karate hain, taba bhee jaba behtar janwar unake saamane hotey hain. kewal engelman, clift, herman aur tomacello ney puraskar seey incar koo asamaanta seey ghrina key roop mein naheen samajhaaya. lekin unhone incar koo vipareet prabhaav key liye bhee naheen bataaya. isake bajaay, chimpanzi key saath apane prayogon seey unhone nishkarsh nikala kii incar maanav prayogkarta key vyavhaar mein nirasha key kaaran haye. sheskin, ashayeri, skerry aur santos koo iss baat kaa koee saboot naheen milaa kii capuchin una prayogkartaon key beach antar karate they joe yaa tou samaan puraskar vitarit karate hain yaa asman. kuchh prajaatiyan (ee.jee.gilhari bandar) asamaanta kii tulanaa mein vipareet prabhaavon key liye adhik dridhata seey pratikriya karate hain; kuchh donon (reesus makak) key liye pratikriya karate hain, kuchh donon sthitiyon (orangutan) key liye udaseen lagate hain, aur kuchh asamaanta key liye adhik dridhata seey pratikriya karate hain.
sahakaari kheenchane key karyon mein, capuchin bandar joe inam-ekadhikar vaale vyaktiyon key shikaar they, baad mein sahyog karane seey incar karke iss vyavhaar koo dandit karane kii pravritti rakhate they. joe jode adhik moolya vaale bhojan koo praapt karane key liye vaikalpik they, way jode kii tulanaa mein puraskar praapt karane mein dogune seey adhik safal they jisamen ack bandar uchch moolya vaale bhojan parr haavi thaa. chimpanzi key saath ack prayog mein, lagbhag aadhe parikshanon parr jodee ney samaan vibhajan key liye kaam karane key liye samanvaya kiya.
shaaririk nikatata kathin karyon mein asamaanta seey ghrina key liye ack aavashyak ghatak haye. yadi janwar kriya kii poorna drishyata key saath ack-dusare key saath naheen hain tou prajaatiyon key paar prabhaav lagbhag gayab hoe jaataa haye. prabhutva shreni, ling, sambandh kii gunavatta, aur puraskar visheshataaen sabhi pratikriya kii upasthiti yaa shakti koo bhee prabhaavit karati hain. udaaharan key liye, chimpanji key ack sthaapit samooh key bheetar asamaanta seey ghrina ack navgathit samooh kii tulanaa mein cumm spasht thee. aur capuchin key liye uchch aur nimn puraskar key beach moolya mein antar mayane rakhta haye, jaisa kii puraskar kii gunavatta karati haye lekin matra naheen. capuchin key beach ack baadha honey yaa naa honey seey koee antar naheen padaa.
kewal teen adhyayanon mein laabhprad asamaanta ghrina key liye pramaan mille hain, dou chimpanzi key saath aur ack capuchin key saath. haalaanki chimpanzi key saath pichhale adhyayanon mein yeh kabhi naheen dekhaa gayaa thaa, 2010 key ack adhyayan mein 16 bandee vayask chimpanzi, purushon aur mahilaaon key saath, yeh paaya gayaa kii chimpanzi koo adhik moolya kaa angur praapt huaa jaba anya chimpanzi koo ack nimnatar gaajar praapt huaa jaba anya chimpanzi koo bhee ack angur praapt huaa. doosari or, kuchh reportein aaee hain kii laabh praapt primate apane vanchit saathi key liye koee sahaanubhooti naheen dikhaate hain, balki isake bajaay cumm moolya kaa bhojan bhee khaate hain.
ultimatum game key ack sanshodhit sanskaran mein, shodhkartaon ney chimpanji aur bahut yuva manushyon koo unake liye paanch kele kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale ack tokan aur unake saathi key liye ack tokan aur teen kele key samaan vibhajan kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale ack tokan key beach ack vikalp diyaa. unhein iss tokan koo apane saathi koo denaa padaa joe yaa tou ise sweekaar curr sakata thaa aur ise uchit puraskar vitaran mein badal sakata thaa, yaa ise aswikar curr sakata thaa, jisake parinamswarup donon key liye kuchh bhee naheen thaa. chaar mein seey dou chimpanzi ney sanyog kii tulanaa mein kaafee adhik baar equity tokan chunaa. jaba apane vikalpon kii tulanaa una logon seey karate hain joe niyantran kii sthiti mein hain, jisamen unake saathi key paas tokan koo aswikar karane kaa koee vikalp naheen thaa, tou sabhi chaar chimpanzi ney equity tokan koo kaafee adhik baar chunaa. uttardaataon ney kabhi bhee kissy prastaav koo aswikar naheen kiya, lekin way kabhi-kabhi virodh karate they, udaaharan key liye swarthi prastaavak parr paani thookkar.
kuchh shodhkartaon ney asamaanta seey ghrina key prayogon key parinamon kii paaristhitik vaidhata parr sawal uthaaye hain, jisamen unake apane bhee shamil hain. kaee prajaatiyon key liye sahyog aamtaur parr khaadya kshetra key baahar hotaa haye. lekin asamaanta seey ghrina key liye pareekshan karane vaale sabhi prayog bhojan key saath hain.
jaanvaron key naitik vyavhaar mein shodh mein mishrit parinam asamanya naheen hain. prosocial prayogon key parinam, jinka uddeshya jaanvaron mein nishpakshata kaa pataa lagaana bhee haye, bhee mishrit hain.
primates.
baboon.
baboon 150 vyaktiyon key jatil samajon mein rahate hain. way sahishnu aur sahayogi hain.
feller ney 12 olive baboon ("papio anubis") kaa pareekshan kiya joe pahale ack-dusare key sampark mein naheen aae they. donon vanaron koo puraskrit honey key liye 1 sekand key liye lakshya koo uthaana aur pakadana padaa. puraskar yaa tou samaan, nimnatar yaa gunavatta yaa matra mein behtar they. ausat roop seey asamaanta kii sthitiyon (gunavatta aur matra donon) mein baboon key incar kii darr equity niyantran sthitiyon seey kaafee alag thee, lekin yeh vipareet niyantran sthitiyon seey kaafee alag naheen thee, jisase unake vyavhaar key liye ack gair-samajik kaaran koo khariz karna sambhav naheen thaa. haalaanki, alag-alag antar they. paanch baboonon mein gunavatta kii asamaanta kii sthiti mein gunavatta key vipareet sthitiyon kii tulanaa mein naatakiya roop seey adhik incar darr thee. matra asamaanta key liye yeh sankhya chaar thee. jansankhyikiya charr jaise ling, pada aur paalan-poshan kaa itihas yeh naheen bataa sakaa kii kuchh vyakti asamaanta key khilaf kyon they aur anya kyon naheen they. laabhprad asamaanta key prati ghrina key liye, teen baboonon ney gunavatta key liye aur ack matra key liye prabhaav dikhaaya.
achchha hoe.
bonobos (paine paniscus) samajik janwar hain joe padaanukramit sanrachanaon mein rahate hain, halanki chimpanzi key roop mein padaanukramit naheen hain. shodhkartaon ney broyer, coll, aur tomacello ney bonobos kaa pareekshan kiya, anya mahaan vanaron key saath milkar, dou baar aur dou baar asamaanta ghrina kaa saboot khojane mein whiffle rahey. pahale adhyayan mein vanaron koo buss bhojan diyaa gayaa thaa. teen saal baad unhone kuchh prakriyaatmak parivartan kiye, abb aalochanatmak roop seey tokan-exchange pratimaan kaa upayog karate hue. unhone tark diyaa kii kyonki unaki vidhi mein equity sthiti mein bandaron koo cumm moolya kaa inam praapt karane seey pahale uchch moolya kaa inam dikhaaya gayaa thaa, kewal unaki vidhi koo asamaanta aur equity sthitiyon key beach uchit tulanaa key liye anumati dee gaee thee. halanki sabhi paanch bonobos ney ack saathi koo behtar inam milate hue dekhane key baad cumm moolya vaale bhojan koo aswikar curr diyaa, shodhkartaon ney nishkarsh nikala kii bonobos koo asamaanta key khilaf kahane key liye paryaapt saboot naheen they. brosnan aur dee wall ney broyer, coll aur tomacello adhyayan seey alag nishkarsh nikaale aur likhaa kii bonobos asamaanta key khilaf hoe sakate hain.
casser, genson, coll aur tomacello ney ultimatum game kaa ack sanskaran taiyar kiya jisamen prastaavak dwara uttardaataa key hisse kaa ack hissa churaane seey utpann asamaanta shamil thee. unhein koee bhee bhojan seey incar karane vaalaa koee achchha naheen milaa, aur prastaavak lagaatar uttardaataon seey bhojan churaate rahey, joe chori key prabhaav seey dusaron parr padane vaale prabhaav seey anjaan prateet hotey hain. unhone nishkarsh nikala kii bonobos anyaay key prati asamvedansheel hain.
capuchin.
mool brosnan aur dee wall pepper key baad capuchin key saath lagbhag ack darjan adhyayan prakaashit kiye gaye hain.
inn adhyayanon key parinam mishrit hain, kuchh mool nishkarsh kii pushti karate hain kii capuchin asamaanta key khilaf hain aur kuchh nishkarsh nikaalate hain kii way naheen hain. udaaharan key liye, mccauliffe, chang, leemgroober, spalling, blake aur santos koo aksar manushyon key saath upayog kiye jaane vaale ack vikalp prayog mein nuksandeh yaa laabhprad asamaanta ghrina kaa koee saboot naheen milaa.
talboat, parrish, watzek, asler, leavert, pockner aur brosnan ney tark diyaa kii parinam mishrit they kyonki prayogaatmak setup alag they aur yahaan taka kii chhote vivaran bhee capuchin key vyavhaar koo prabhaavit curr sakate they. iska pareekshan karane key liye unhone capuchin adhyayanon mein alag-alag dou karakon kii jaanch kii. unhone 13 capuchin koo saanketik-vinimay kaary diyaa aur bhojan kii gunavatta mein vividhata laaee. unhone ack madhyam-pasandida bhojan puraskar pesh kiya aur paaya kii prabhaav taba kaheen adhik majboot hotaa haye jaba bhojan kii pasand mein antar badaa hotaa haye (i.ee. madhyam (ee.) kii tulanaa mein uchch aur nimn.jee., uchch aur madhyam), aur yeh kii yeh gayab hoe jaataa haye yadi cumm moolya kaa bhojan bilkul bhee pasand naheen kiya jaataa haye. yeh parinam pichhale prayogon key kuchh mishrit parinamon kii vyakhya curr sakata haye. unhone dou bandaron key beach ack bhautik baadha honey key prabhaav kaa bhee pareekshan kiya yaa naheen, ack aur kaarak joe abb taka key prayogon mein bhinn thaa. unhone paaya kii isase koee fark naheen padata kii koee thaa yaa naheen.
unhone sujhaav diyaa kii bhavishya key adhyayanon koo prayogaatmak vyavastha key pratyek vivaran key liye niyantrit karna chaahiye, kyonki yeh mishrit parinamon koo nakaratmak key roop mein dekhane key bajaay prabhaav koo behtar dhang seey samajhane mein madad kartaa haye. rocha, dee carvalho, toweress aur tono kii jaanch kii gaee kii kyaa capuchin cumm pasandida bhojan koo aswikar curr rahey hain, ise vipareet prabhaav seey samajhaaya jaa sakata haye. unhone pahale kheere, phir angur aur phir kheere key saath ack tokan-exchange prayog mein nau bandaron kaa pareekshan kiya, donon akele aur jode mein. pahale daur kii tulanaa mein dusare daur mein angur key saath uchch asweekriti darr aur samajik aur gair-samajik settings key beach cumm antar seey, shodhkartaon ney nishkarsh nikala kii capuchin asamaanta key khilaf naheen hain, balki unakaa vyavhaar ack vipareet prabhaav kaa parinam haye.
chimpanzi.
chimpanzi (paine troglodite) buddhiman, samajik janwar hain. jangli mein way shikaar karane, pratidvandi samoohon parr haavi honey aur apane kshetra kii raksha karane mein sahyog karate hain. way bhojan saajha karate hain, lekin sambhavatah chunautiyon seey bachane key liye aisaa karate hain. asamaanta seey ghrina key adhyayanon key parinam mishrit parinam dete hain. udaaharan key liye, broyer, coll aur tomacello ney chhah chimpanzi koo ack tokan-exchange kaary pradaan kiya, joe samajik aur khaadya tulanaa karakon koo niyantrit kartaa haye. unhone nishkarsh nikala kii samaantaa kii sthiti kii tulanaa mein asamaanta kii sthiti mein vyavhaar mein koee bhee antar bandaron dwara diye gaye bhojan kii tulanaa key kaaran thaa, naa kii anyaay key kaaran. doosari or, brosnan, talboat, ahlgren, lambeth aur shapiro ney 16 chimpanzi key liye isi tarah kaa pareekshan kiya aur paaya kii purush asamaanta key khilaf they lekin mahilaaen naheen theen. asamaanta kii sthiti mein uchch incar darr samajik tulanaa key kaaran thee.
shodhkartaon ney jaanvaron mein laabhprad asamaanta ghrina kaa pahala pramaan bhee paaya. kaee baar chimpanzi ney apane saathi koo kewal ack gaajar praapt karate hue dekhane key baad ack angur lene seey incar curr diyaa. tokan exchange key bajaay ultimatum game kaa upayog karke kiye gaye adhyayanon ney bhee mishrit parinam diye. paanch adhyayanon mein ack prayogaatmak vyavastha shamil thee jisamen chimpanzi ack saath naheen they. unamen seey kissy koo bhee asamaanta seey ghrina kaa koee saboot naheen milaa. brosnan, talboat, ahlgren, lambeth aur shapiro ney parinamon mein samagr parivartansheelta key liye prakriyaon aur chhote namoone key aakar mein antar koo jimmedaar thaharaaya, jisase rank aur ling jaise karakon key liye vishvasaniya roop seey niyantran karna mushkil hoe gayaa.
gibbons.
gibban chhote samoohon mein rahate hain, dou maataa-pitaa apani santanon key saath, aur gair-rishtedaar key saath sahyog naheen karate hain. feller ney ack lakshya-dhaaran prayogaatmak pratimaan mein dou safed-gaal vaale gibban ("nomascus leukogenes") kaa pareekshan kiya. unhone bhavishyavani kii kii way apane saathi kii tulanaa mein cumm puraskar praapt karane key liye nakaratmak pratikriya naheen denge. vaastav mein, niyantran sthitiyon key saath koee mahatvapurna antar naheen thaa, halanki dou gibbon mein seey ack ney equity sthitiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik incar curr diyaa, donon mamle mein jahaan puraskar gunavatta mein bhinn they aur usa mamle mein jahaan way matra mein bhinn they. feller koo gibban key liye koee vipareet prabhaav naheen milaa.
gorilla.
teen anya mahaan bandar prajaatiyon sahit ack prayog mein, broyer, coll aur tomacello ney chhah gorillaon koo asamaanta pareekshan key liye rakhaa. jangli gorilla ausatan nau vyaktiyon key parivaar key samoohon mein rahate hain. bandaron koo binaa kissy kaary key bhojan diyaa jaataa thaa.
shodhkartaon ney vishesh roop seey gorilla key liye parinamon kii report naheen kii, lekin kull milakar sabhi chaar prajaatiyon key liye bandaron ney adhik baar bhojan seey incar naheen kiya jaba ack saathi koo behtar bhojan milaa.
apane niyantrit prayogon seey unhone nishkarsh nikala kii koee bhee bhojan aswikar asamaanta ghrina key kaaran naheen haye, balki sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii unaki apekshaon koo puuraa naheen curr rhaa haye. iss khaadya apeksha parikalpana mein kahaa gayaa haye kii vishayon koo kuchh sthitiyon mein pasandida bhojan praapt karane kii apeksha haye lekin anya mein naheen. prayogkarta koo ack saathi koo pasandida bhojan dete hue dekhkar, naa kewal ack khaali pinjare mein rakhe jaane seey, yeh ummeed paida hoe sakati haye kii unhein kuchh pasandida bhojan bhee milega.
yeh anuman lagaane mein kii unake nishkarsh brosnan aur dee wall seey alag kyon hain, broyer, coll aur tomacello prakriyaatmak antar kii or ishara karate hain, vishesh roop seey bhojan banaam tokan vinimay dete hain.
dou purush gorillaon key saath ack saanketik-vinimay pareekshan mein, bhaai-bahan, feller koo asamaanta seey ghrina key kuchh saboot mille. bandaron mein seey ack ney aksar bhojan karane seey incar curr diyaa jaba usake saathi koo niyantran sthiti kii tulanaa mein tokan key adaan-pradaan key liye behtar moolya kaa inam milaa thaa. lekin choonki donon bhaaiyon ney bhee vipareet prabhaav parr pratikriya vyakt kii, isaliye naa tou feller ney iss baat koo khariz kiya aur naa hii pushti kii kii gorilla asamaanta key khilaf hain.
makak.
makak chhote bandar hain joe padaanukramit samoohon mein rahate hain. way aadatan aujaaron kaa upayog naheen karate hain, sahyog seey shikaar naheen karate hain yaa bhojan saajha naheen karate hain. makak key saath dou adhyayanon mein seey dou mein asamaanta key prati ghrina key pramaan paae gaye. massen, vaine daine burg, spruit aur sturk ney ajnabiyon aur "doston" key saath ack tray-pulling prayog mein 12 lambi poonchh vaale makak ("makaka fasicularis") kaa pareekshan kiya.
shodhkartaon ney parikalpana kii kii mitra ajnabiyon kii tulanaa mein samaantaa parr cumm dhyaan dete hain aur iss prakaar unhone mitron kii sthiti mein koee yaa kewal ack chhote seey prabhaav kii bhavishyavani kii. apani bhavishyavaniyon key vipareet, makakon ney asamaanta key prati usee tarah pratikriya vyakt kii jaise ack dost key saath ack ajnabi key saath.
bandaron ney asamaanta kii sthiti mein kewal taba bhojan karane seey incar curr diyaa jaba unakaa prayaas madhyam thaa. koee prayaas yaa bahut adhik prayaas (vishayon koo apani or kheenchane key liye tray koo atirikt pratibhaarit kiya gayaa thaa) key parinamswarup uchch incar darr naheen hui. shodhkartaon ney iss baat seey incar curr diyaa kii incar kii darr vipareet prabhaav key kaaran adhik thee kyonki pratyek bandar koo kewal ack prakaar kaa puraskar milata thaa. laabhprad asamaanta key prati ghrina kaa koee saboot naheen milaa.
hopper, lambeth, shapiro, bernackie aur brosnan jaanvaron mein asamaanta ghrina key vikas kaa adhyayan karane vaale pahale shodhkarta they. unhone pahali baar 20 yuva reesus makak (ausatan 17 maheene kii umr mein) kaa pareekshan kiya aur asamaanta aur equity sthitiyon key beach incar darr mein koee antar naheen paaya. ack saal baad unhone unamen seey aathh kaa phir seey pareekshan kiya aur abb paaya kii way asamaanta kii sthiti mein adhik baar puraskar dene seey incar curr rahey they. unhone iss baat seey incar kiya kii jaanvaron koo dekhkar nirash honey key kaaran unhein adhik moolya kaa bhojan naheen mill rhaa thaa.
marmoset.
marmoset chhote bandar hotey hain joe deerghakaalik maataa-pitaa key jode key bandhan banaate hain.
marmoset key saath teen prayogon mein seey dou mein asamaanta key prati ghrina key pramaan paae gaye. freeman, sullivan, hopper, talboat, homes, schultz-darken, williams aur brosnan ney paaya kii unhone jinn duss marmoset kaa pareekshan kiya, unamen seey koee bhee teen kaary sthitiyon key beach apane incar kii darr mein mahatvapurna roop seey bhinn naheen thaa. isake vipareet, yasue, nakagami, nakagaki, ichinohe aur kavaai ney puraskar praapt karane key liye dou sekand key liye ack chammach pakadane key liye aavashyak chhah marmoset key apane pareekshan mein antar paaya. bandar lagbhag hamesha safaltapurvak kaary karate they jaba unhone dekhaa thaa kii ack saathi koo samaan puraskar mill rhaa haye, lekin kewal 70 pratishat parikshanon mein jaba unhone dekhaa kii saathi koo adhik aakarshak puraskar mill rhaa haye. yeh uchch incar darr ack anya sthiti mein maujood naheen thee jahaan paanch anya marmoset valproke acid key sampark mein aae they, ack mirgi dawa joe manushyon mein autism key jokhim koo badhaati haye aur autism key krintak model banaane key liye upayog kii jaati haye. yeh shodhkartaon koo yeh nishkarsh nikaalane key liye prerit kartaa haye kii asamaanta ghrina kamjor samajik prerana seey utpann hoti haye.
mustoo, harnish, hotchfelder, cavenog aur french ney ack tray-pulling prayog mein aathh marmoset kaa pareekshan kiya, jahaan vishayon ney apane aur bhagidaron kii or bhojan key saath ack tray kheenchi. unhein chaar purush marmoset mein asamaanta key prati ghrina key pramaan mille. ajnabiyon key saath jodee banaate samay purush asamaanta koo naheen taalate they. neurohypophysial harmon oxytosin, joe narvaanaron mein samajik vyavhaar koo sanshodhit karane key liye paaya gayaa haye, asamaanta ghrina koo prabhaavit naheen kartaa haye.
orangutan.
orangutanon seey judey paanch asamaanta ghrina adhyayan, ack ardh-ekal jeevan shally key saath ack mahaan bandar aur mahaan sahakaari key roop mein naheen jaanaa jaataa haye, prakaashit kiye gaye hain. kissy bhee adhyayan mein asamaanta key prati ghrina kaa pramaan naheen milaa.
brosnan, flaming, talboat, meyo aur stoinsky ney usee prayogaatmak sett-upp aur vidhi kaa upayog kiya jaisa kii samooh ney pahale chimpanzi key saath kiya thaa.
paanch orangutan koo aathh alag-alag sthitiyon mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, jinamen seey saat mein ack saanketik vinimay shamil thaa. uchchatam asweekriti darr, 10 pratishat, asamaanta kii sthiti mein thee, lekin yeh equity sthitiyon mein asweekriti darr seey kaafee alag naheen thee, naa tou vaha jisamen donon bandaron koo cumm moolya kaa puraskar milaa thaa aur naa hii uchch moolya vaale puraskar key saath.
orangutan bhee aksar vyaktigat vipareet sthitiyon mein incar naheen karate they. kaee anya prajaatiyon kii tarah, binaa kissy prayaas kii sthiti mein incar darr bahut cumm thee. feller ney dou orangutan kaa pareekshan kiya jisamen vibhinn sthitiyon key saath matra kii asamaanta kii sthiti bhee shamil thee. naa hii bandar ney kissy bhee sthiti mein bhojan karane seey incar curr diyaa.
ullu bandar.
ullu bandar paanch vyaktiyon key chhote samoohon mein rahate hain, aamtaur parr ack narr aur maadaa aur unaki santan.
maataa-pitaa donon bachchon kii dekhbhal karate hain. freeman, sullivan, hopper, talboat, homes, schultz-darken, williams aur brosnan ney brosnan aur dee wall key mool prayog kii bhinnata mein ullu bandaron sahit teen alag-alag bandar prajaatiyon kaa pareekshan kiya.
prayog karane vaalon key saath tokan kaa adaan-pradaan karane key bajaay bandaron koo apane pinjare seey baahar nikalana padata thaa, ack tokan chunana padata thaa aur usey pakadana padata thaa. uchch moolya vaale bhojan key saath gair-samajik sthiti key alawa, lekin naheen diyaa gayaa, ack noo-effert controll sthiti bhee thee. shodhkartaon ney paaya kii ullu bandar chaar sthitiyon mein seey kissy mein bhee apane incar kii darr mein bhinn naheen they. unhone parikalpana kii kii una prajaatiyon key liye joe dwi-maataa-pitaa kii dekhbhal pradaan karati hain, unake prajanan saathi key saath sangharsh karane kii laagat bahut adhik hoe sakati haye joe asamaanta kii ack chhoti matra parr incar pratikriya kaa samarthan karati haye.
gilhari bandar.
jangli mein, gilhari bandar ("saimiri cyurious") niyamit roop seey sahyog naheen karate hain. talboat, freeman, williams aur brosnan ney niyantran key roop mein ack muft bhojan aur vipareet sthitiyon key saath ack tokan-forr-food exchange prayog mein gilhari bandaron kaa pareekshan kiya. bandaron ney samaantaa kii sthiti kii tulanaa mein asamaanta kii sthiti mein adhik baar bhojan seey incar naheen kiya. way tokan-exchange sthitiyon kii tulanaa mein muft bhojan kii sthiti mein bahut cumm baar bhojan karane seey incar curr dete they. narr gilhari bandaron ney sabse adhik bhojan karane seey incar curr diyaa, jaba shuru mein behtar bhojan dikhaae jaane key baad unhein nimn star kaa bhojan diyaa gayaa. mahilaaon ney sabhi sthitiyon mein cumm baar bhojan karane seey incar curr diyaa, cumm seey cumm muft bhojan kii sthiti mein. shodhkartaon ney nishkarsh nikala kii gilhari bandar asamaanta key khilaf naheen hain. freeman, sullivan, hopper, talboat, homes, schultz-darken, williams aur brosnan koo gilhari bandaron key saath apane pareekshan mein asamaanta key prati ghrina kaa koee saboot naheen milaa. unhone bhee ack majboot vipareet prabhaav dekhaah jaba koee saathi naheen thaa, lekin bandaron koo diye gaye bhojan seey sabse behtar inam thaa. butcher, burjua, anderson, kuroshima aur fujita ney ack prayogaatmak vyavastha kaa upayog kiya jisamen gilhari bandaron koo apane aur ack saathi key liye vibhinn maatraon aur bhojan key gunon key saath tray key saath ack munch kheenchana padata thaa. unhein purushon mein asamaanta seey ghrina kaa koee saboot naheen milaa, lekin unhone nishkarsh nikala kii mahilaaen asamaanta seey virakt hoe sakati hain, halanki way iss baat seey incar naheen curr sakate kii unakaa vyavhaar samooh seey baahar kii mahilaaon key kaaran hui uttejana key kaaran huaa thaa.
tamarin.
kapas-sheersh tamarin ("saguinus odipus") nae vishva bandar hain joe sahyogaatmak roop seey prajanan karate hain, karyon parr sahyog karate hain aur bhojan saajha karna sahan karate hain.
neevarth, johnson, whillock aur greenberg ney chhah sthitiyon mein 11 tamarin kaa pareekshan kiya.
ack sthiti mein, prayaas + khaadya asamaanta kii sthiti mein, vishayon koo saanketik adaan-pradaan key liye cumm pasandida bhojan diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki bhagidaron koo binaa kissy prayaas key adhik pasandida bhojan diyaa gayaa thaa.
asweekriti kii uchchatam darr khaadya-niyantran kii sthiti mein thee, jisamen cumm moolya kaa bhojan diyaa gayaa thaa jabaki pasandida bhojan maujood thaa. shodhkartaon ney asamaanta seey ghrina key kuchh saboot paae, lekin kewal parikshanon key pahale sett key parinamon kii tulanaa tokan-exchange kaary kii khaadya asamaanta kii sthiti mein antim seey karke, brosnan aur dee wall key mool vishleshan key samaan. gair-samajik paristhitiyon mein asweekriti mein yeh mahatvapurna vriddhi naheen paaee gaee. shodhkartaon ney kathit asamaanta key prati badhati ghrina koo vriddhi kaa kaaran bataaya. dilchasp baat yeh haye kii prayaas + khaadya asamaanta kii sthiti mein asweekriti darr mein mahatvapurna vriddhi naheen hui. shodhkartaon ney siddhant diyaa kii jaanvaron ney sthiti koo alag tarah seey aanka kyonki bhagidar koo kaary naheen karna thaa, naa kii equity tulanaa yojana koo trigger karna thaa.
mccauliffe, shelton aur patthar ney ack vyaktigat handle-kheenchane key kaary mein asamaanta key liye 12 sooti-sheersh tamarin kii pratikriya kaa pareekshan kiya. shodhkartaon koo sandeh thaa kii isamen shamil prayaas kii matra asamaanta seey ghrina kaa ack pramukh kaarak haye aur isaliye pratyek vishay bhojan key liye kitna vajan kheenchane key liye taiyar thaa, iska aaklan karane key baad, vajan key saath ack tray-kheenchane kaa kaary taiyar kiya gayaa. asamaanta kii sthiti mein vishayon koo cumm bhojan key liye bahut prayaas karna padata thaa jabaki unake bhagidaron koo binaa kissy prayaas key adhik bhojan milata thaa. shodhkartaon ney prayaas key prabhaav key liye kamjor samarthan paaya
asamaanta seey ghrina, joe kaafee hudd taka ack mahila dwara sanchaalit haye.
anya standhari.
kutte.
kutton ("canis familiers") koo shikaar, prajanan aur raksha kshetron mein sahyog karane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. 2018 mein macatric aur renz ney kutton mein asamaanta key prati ghrina key baare mein saat adhyayanon kii sameeksha kii, jisamen teen alag-alag prayogaatmak design aur 140 seey adhik vishay shamil they. adhyayanon mein unhein koee aam sahamati naheen mileeh chaar ney asamaanta key prati ghrina key liye saboot paae. renz, horn, virani aur huber ney puraskaron key sabhi yaa kuchh bhee naheen vitaran key liye ack nakaratmak pratikriya paaee, ack prayogaatmak setup mein brosnan aur dee wall key mool kaam key samaan, ack panja dene key kaary key saath. haalaanki, jaba vitaran gunavatta mein asman thaa tou koee prabhaav naheen padaa. shodhkartaon ney nishkarsh nikala kii kutton key paas pratikool asamaanta ghrina kaa ack adim roop haye. brucks, asler, marshel-pessini aur renz ney 32 paltu kutton key saath iss adhyayan koo dohraya aur usee nishkarsh parr pahunche, jaisa kii renz, letner aur virani ney kiya, jinhone yeh bhee paaya kii apane maalikon key saath karibi sambandhon vaale kutton koo asamaanta kii sthiti mein adhik panj aadeshon kii aavashyakta hoti haye, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii way asamaanta koo adhik napsand karate hain. duss paik-leaving kutton, asler, marsh-pessini aur renz key saath ack bajar task prayog kaa upayog karate hue panjon koo dene vaale adhyayanon mein paae gaye samaan parinam paae gaye, jisake parinamswarup shodhkartaon ney nishkarsh nikala kii kutton mein asamaanta seey ghrina kaa ack adim roop haye. macatric aur renz kii sameeksha key prakaashan key baad, romero, conno, nagasawa aur haisegawa ney apane adhyayan koo prakaashit kiya jisamen unhone naa kewal 16 labrador punarpraptakartaon key saath apane prayogon key aadhar parr nishkarsh nikala kii kutte asamaanta seey door hain, balki unhone yeh bhee paaya kii oxytosin ney asamaanta key liye kutton kii pratikriyaon koo sanshodhit kiya. 2018 kii sameeksha key baad, macatric, auservagar, leadinger, attar aur renz ney iss parikalpana kaa pareekshan kiya kii kutton mein asamaanta seey ghrina koo ujagar karane key liye ack saajha khaadya srot aavashyak haye, lekin paaya kii aisaa naheen haye. jaba puraskar vibhinn sroton seey aatey they taba bhee unhone kuchh asamaanta ghrina dekhi.
adhyayanon key macatric aur renz kii sameeksha kii gaee joe kutton key asamaanta key khilaf honey key saboot khojane mein whiffle rahey, unhone unamen seey ack kii vaidhata koo chunauti dee, horowitz dwara ack adhyayan jisamen kutton ney ack nishpaksh aur ack anuchit maanav key beach chayan kiya, iss aadhar parr kii yeh kutton kaa ack hii prashn naheen poochh rhaa thaah udaaharan key liye, kaary prosocial naheen thaa. brucks, marshel-pacicini, asler, macatric, huber aur renz ney 44 kutton kii ichcha kaa pareekshan kiya kii way apane saathi seey cumm bhojan kaa puraskar paane key liye apane panje key saath ack bajar dabaayen. unake prayogaatmak setup mein binaa kissy manushya key maujood sthitiyon kaa ack sett shamil thaa. jabaki kutton ney tanaav key sanket dikhaae, unhone apekshaakrit adhik kaary karane seey incar naheen kiya. ack baar jaba unhone dekhaa kii unake saathi koo puraskrit kiya jaa rhaa haye tou unhone bajar dabana bund curr diyaa aur unhone aisaa naheen kiya, lekin yeh vyavhaar binaa saathi key sthiti seey kaafee alag naheen thaa. macatric aur renz ney nishkarsh nikala kii vartamaan sakshya key saath yeh sambhavana haye kii kutton key paas pratikool asamaanta ghrina kaa ack adim roop haye.
choohe.
choohe ack samajik prajaati hain joe sangathit samajik samoohon key padanukram mein vikasit hoti hain. ack pardarshi deewaar dwara alag kiye gaye choohon key saath prayogon mein, yuno, suemitsu, murakami, kitamura, vaani, takahashi aur ishihara ney vibhinn khaadya aavantan key tahat unake vyavhaaron kii jaanch keeh ack hii bhojan, cumm bhojan, yaa alag gunavatta vaalaa bhojan. choohon koo koee kaam naheen karna padata thaa. shodhkartaon ney paaya kii choohe koo uchchatam gunavatta vaalaa bhojan dene key liye unake saathi koo bhojan naheen milane parr khaane key liye adhik samay kii aavashyakta hoti haye. jaba dusare choohe koo cumm gunavatta vaalaa bhojan milaa tou unhein vyavhaar mein koee antar naheen milaa. unhone nishkarsh nikala kii unake nishkarsh bataate hain kii choohe dusaron kii sthiti koo pahachaante hain aur unaki tulanaa karate hain aur tadnusar apane vyavhaar koo badalate hain. unhone sujhaav diyaa kii yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye aur adhik shodh kii aavashyakta haye kii kyaa choohe equity key khilaf hain. vibhinn sthitiyon mein shareer key tapman koo maapane vaale ack prayogaatmak sett-upp mein, vatnabe kaa uddeshya yeh nirdhaarit karna haye kii kyaa choohe asamaanta key khilaf hain. bhojan seey vanchit aur choohe koo khilaane seey ghire choohe key shareer kaa tapman adhik thaa. bhojan seey vanchit pinjare key saathi seey ghire bhojan vaale choohon ney bhee shareer key tapman mein vriddhi pradarshit kii, lekin yeh mahatvapurna naheen thaa. vatnabe ney nishkarsh nikala kii pareekshan key parinamon mein laabhprad asamaanta key prati ghrina kaa koee saboot naheen dikhaaya gayaa, lekin way choohon mein pratikool asamaanta key prati ghrina kii upasthiti kaa sanket dete hain.
choohe.
choohe ("ratus norwegicus") aksar samajik samoohon mein vikasit hotey hain, swabhavik roop seey sahyog karate hain, parasparik roop seey paae jaate hain, aur aam taur parr aisaa vyavhaar pradarshit karate hain joe dusaron koo labhanvit kartaa haye.
hernandez-lalment, vaine wingerden, marks, srejik aur collencer ney bhulbhulaiya prayogon kii ack shrinkhala mein 68 narr choohon kaa pareekshan kiya, jahaan janwar ack aise maarg key beach chayan curr sakate hain joe kewal unake liye yaa ack saathi key liye bhee puraskar kaa kaaran banata haye.
adhikansh choohon ney usa vikalp koo chunaa joe donon koo kaafee adhik puraskrit kartaa haye, halanki ack chhote seey antar (55 pratishat banaam 45 pratishat) key saath. ack niyantran sthiti mein shodhkartaon ney saathi choohe koo ack khilauna samaan key saath badal diyaa.
iss sthiti mein, choohon ney khud koo adhik puraskrit karane kaa vikalp chunaa.
shodhkartaon ney nishkarsh nikala kii choohe dusare choohe kii bhojan taka pahunch seey moolya praapt karate hain.
unhone prabhaav key apekshaakrit chhote aakar koo vyaktigat antaron key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya. lagbhag 60 pratishat choohon ney iss samajik vyavhaar koo dikhaaya.
23 choohon key saath isi tarah key ack prayog mein, oberlison, hernandez-lalment, scable, vaine wingerden, seinstra aur collentior ney asamaanta seey ghrina key samarthan mein saboot paae.
bhediye.
bhediye ("canis lupus") atyadhik samajik janwar hain joe shikaar, prajanan aur apane kshetron kii raksha mein sahyog karate hain. asler, marshel-pacicini aur renz ney nau bhediyon aur duss paik-leaving kutton key saath ack prayog sthaapit kiya taaki yeh pataa lagaaya jaa sakey kii kyaa paltu kutte asamaanta seey ghrina kaa ack adim roop dikhaane kaa kaaran they.
jaanvaron koo ack puraskar praapt karane key liye ack bajar dabana padata thaa, joe yaa tou ack saathi key puraskar key barabar yaa ghatiya thaa joe ack buggle key ghere mein ack hii kaarravaai kartaa thaa.
bhediyon ney bajar dabana bund curr diyaa jaba unhone dekhaa kii unake saathi koo usee kaarravaai key liye behtar inam milaa.
binaa koee inam praapt kiye sthitiyon mein, bhediyon ney cumm kaary poore kiye jaba ack saathi thaa jise koee saathi naheen honey kii tulanaa mein puraskrit kiya gayaa thaa. samajik padanukram koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, pramukh bhediyon ney ack adheenasth koo puraskrit kiye jaane parr kadee pratikriya vyakt kii jaba unhein naheen diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh dekhate hue kii paik-leaving kutton key parinam bahut samaan they, shodhkartaon ney nishkarsh nikala kii bhediyon aur kutton key samanya poorvaj pahale seey hii asamaanta key khilaf they, aur kutton mein iss vyavhaar key liye paltu janwar ack kaarak naheen haye.
pakshiyon.
kauve.
carrion kauve ("corvus coron coron") corvid parivaar key smart, samajik pakshi hain. washer aur bagnar ney mool brosnan aur dee wall adhyayan key samaan ack vyavastha mein chhah kauvon kaa pareekshan kiya (unhone ack hii samay mein kauvon kaa bhee pareekshan kiya). way yeh sunishchit karate they kii pakshiyon koo hamesha kaary seey pahale inam dikhaai dey, taaki ack hatasha prabhaav koo niyantrit kiya jaa sakey.
asamaanta kii sthiti kii tulanaa mein equity kii sthiti mein vinimay darr kaafee adhik thee, jaisa kii shodhkartaon ney ummeed kii thee.
kaary puuraa karane kii darr mein sabse badee girawat taba aaee jaba saathi koo binaa kissy prayaas key inam milaa lekin kauve koo isake liye kaam karna padaa. washer aur bagnyar ney nishkarsh nikala kii kauve anuchit prastaavon koo aswikar karate hain. apane chhote namoone key aakar key kaaran way ise pratikool asamaanta ghrina key liye jimmedaar thaharaane key liye satark they, lekin aisaa dridhata seey sandeh thaa. brosnan aur dee wall ney washer aur bugnyar key shodh seey nishkarsh nikala kii kauve asamaanta key khilaf hain.
tote.
tote aam taur parr jatil samajik sanrachanaon mein rahate hain aur sangyanatmak karyon parr achchha pradarshan karate hain. key. ee. aeye. ("nester notabilis") tote hain joe samoohon mein rahate hain. halanki prayogshala mein unhone sahakaari vyavhaar pradarshit kiya haye, lekin jangli mein way sahyog karate hue naheen dikhaai dete hain. shodhkartaon henny, gray aur teller ney pakshiyon key saath-saath tokan-exchange sthitiyon kii ack shrinkhala key saath chaar purush keye prastut kiye, taaki way apane saathi key vyavhaar koo dekh sakein. unhone paaya kii safalata kii darr puraskaron seey judee chaar sthitiyon (asamaanta kii sthiti, samaantaa kii sthiti, muft upahaar kii sthiti, aur khaadya niyantran kii sthiti, jisamen donon keye koo uchch moolya kaa bhojan dikhaaya gayaa thaa, lekin tokan vinimay parr kewal cumm moolya kaa puraskar praapt huaa) key beach mahatvapurna roop seey bhinn naheen thee. safalata darr mein ack mahatvapurna girawat usa sthiti mein dekhi gaee jahaan vishay koo kuchh bhee naheen milaa jabaki saathi ney kiya. shodhkartaon ney nishkarsh nikala kii yeh kissy bhee samajik kaarak key kaaran naheen haye, kyonki darr mein girawat noo partner + noo reward sthiti mein dekhi gaee darr key samaan thee. inn parinamon key aadhar parr shodhkartaon ney nishkarsh nikala kii key. ee. aeye. asamaanta key prati samvedansheel naheen hain.
kraseninikova, brucks, buffanoire, blanco, sollet aur wonn beyaran ney 28 tote, chaar alag-alag prajaatiyon key, mahaan harey makaao, neele galey vaale makaao, neele sir vaale makaao aur bhoore tote, koo prayogon key adaan-pradaan key liye prayog kiya. yeye sabhi prajaatiyan ack saathi key saath lambe samay taka ack-vivaah sambandh banaati hain, jabaki badey parivaar samoohon mein rahati hain. jaisa kii shodhkartaon ney ummeed kii thee, unhein asamaanta seey ghrina kaa koee saboot naheen milaa. mahaan harey makaon ney tokan kaa adaan-pradaan bund curr diyaa, lekin yeh kewal kaaran maanaa jaataa thaa 
ise praapt karane vaale saathi key bajaay uchch gunavatta vaale puraskaron kii upasthiti. tote kii sabhi chaar prajaatiyan puraskar kii gunavatta mein antar key prati samvedansheel prateet hoti hain, joe dridhata seey sujhaav detee hain kii way apane bhagidaron koo kyaa mill rhaa thaa, iss parr dhyaan dey rahey they. shodhkartaon loumer, massen, wakonig, lork-timepner, carminito aur oversperg ney asman kaary-prayaas key prati asamaanta key prati ghrina key liye asthaayi saboot paae, lekin caucatos mein asman puraskar vitaran key liye naheen.
kauve.
couvence ("corvus corax") badey mastishk vaale corwid hain joe jangli roop mein gathbandhan aur sahyog karate hain. shodhkartaon ney ack tokan-exchange kaary mein asamaanta key prati unaki vyavhaar pratikriya parr chaar kauvon kaa pareekshan kiya (unhone ack hii samay mein kauvon kaa bhee pareekshan kiya). dou kauve kabhi bhee kissy bhee sthiti mein bhojan karane seey incar naheen karate. kull milakar, kauve ney equity kii sthiti kii tulanaa mein asamaanta kii sthiti mein cumm gunavatta vaale puraskar koo sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa. sabse adhik aashcharyajanak parinam yeh thaa kii saathi koo buss bhojan diyaa gayaa thaa lekin vishay koo isake liye kaam karna padaa. yahaan kauvon ney safaltapurvak cumm seey cumm kaary puuraa kiya.
shodhkartaon ney yeh chetavani dee kii unakaa namuna aakar cumm thaa aur iss prakaar way thhos nishkarsh parr aaney key liye anichhuk they, lekin aisaa lagata thaa kii kauve apane liye ack keemat parr bhee anuchit prastaavon koo aswikar karate hain. brosnan aur dee wall ney washer aur bugnyar key shodh seey nishkarsh nikala kii kauve asamaanta key khilaf hain.
machhali.
saaf machhali.
bluestrack cleaner ghaas ("labroids dimediates") swachchh machhali hain, joe prawal bhittiyon mein paaee jaati hain, joe anya jaleey jaanvaron, tathaakathit grahakon key saath parasparikta mein sanlagn hoti hain, unaki satah parr ectoparasite, shleshma aur mrit twacha koo khilaa curr.
graahak apane ectoparasite koo hataana pasand karate hain; unhein saaf karane vaale satah key shleshma yaa mrit twacha koo katkar dhokha denaa pasand naheen karate hain. kabhi-kabhi ack purush aur mahila cleaner sanyukt roop seey ack graahak koo saaf karate hain. purush mahilaaon koo dhokhadhadi key liye dandit karate hain kyonki iska parinam aksar bhojan satra key anta mein hotaa haye. isase pataa chalata haye kii swachchh machhali koo ack paraspar bhagidar dwara arjit bhugtan key baare mein pataa hoe sakata haye.
shodhkartaon raihani, macauliffe, brosnan aur bashari ney asman parinamon key prati unaki samvedansheelta parr swachchh machhali (12 aur 10 vyaktiyon) key dou seton kaa pareekshan kiya. machhali koo apane aur ack saathi key liye bhojan puraskar pradaan karane kaa kaam karna padata thaa. jaba unake saathi koo uchch-moolya puraskar yaa samaan-moolya puraskar milate they tou unake kaam karane kii samaan sambhavana thee. koee mahatvapurna antar naheen thaa kii unakaa saathi aparichit thaa aur vipareet ling kaa thaa yaa parichit aur samaan ling kaa thaa. shodhkartaon ney inn parinamon key liye dou sambhaavit spashteekaran pradaan kiye. aisaa hoe sakata haye kii machhali ney apana kaam karane seey pahale bhojan vitaran koo naheen dekhaa yaa usa parr dhyaan naheen diyaa. vaikalpik roop seey, swachchh ghaas asamaanta seey achhoote naheen hoe sakate hain.
vikas.
lagbhag sabhi shodhkarta jaanvaron dwara cumm pasandida bhojan seey incar karane key nishkarshon kii vyakhya karate hain, jabaki anya logon koo asamaanta seey ghrina aur nishpakshata kii bhavna key sandarbh mein adhik pasandida bhojan praapt hotaa haye. jaba saathi koo uchch moolya kaa inam milata haye tou cumm moolya vaale bhojan kii laagat cumm hoti haye. aswikar karna, virodh karna aur sambhavatah kuchh behtar praapt karna uchit haye. jaba saathi koo aur bhee adhik moolya kaa inam milata haye tou uchch moolya key bhojan kii laagat adhik hoti haye, jiska virodh karane key laayak naheen hotaa haye aur khaali haath chhod diye jaane kaa jokhim hotaa haye. dusaron key laabhon seey apane laabhon kii tulanaa karna vikaasvaadi samajh mein aataa haye. yadi vyakti kissy bhee poorna laabh seey santusht they, tou unhein abhee bhee nakaratmak swaasthya parinamon kaa saamana karna parh sakata haye yadi way pratispardha karane vaale anya logon kii tulanaa mein cumm achchha curr rahey they. lekin yeh kewal sambandh sambandhon key baahar vyaapak sahyog key sandarbh mein lagu hotaa haye.
abb taka key nishkarshon kii ack vyakhya yeh haye kii asambaddh vyaktiyon key beach deerghakaalik sahyog koo badhaava dene key liye asamaanta seey ghrina vikasit hoti haye. vishesh roop seey, brosnan kaa sujhaav haye kii asamaanta key prati pratikriya karane seey saathi kii pasand kii suvidha hoti haye. yeh ack vyakti kii yogyata koo badhaata haye aur unhein saajhedaari koo aswikar karane mein saksham banaata haye jisase baar-baar asman parinam saamane aatey hain. isake samarthan mein, asamaanta ghrina atyadhik sahakaari capuchin mein paaee jaati haye, lekin nikatata seey sambandhit, cumm sahakaari gilhari bandar mein naheen; aur sahakaari chimpanzi mein, lekin aamtaur parr cumm sahakaari orangutan mein naheen. halanki macauliffe aur santos ney chetavani dee haye kii ack namuna purvagrah hoe sakata haye, kyonki cumm-sahakaari prajaatiyon kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik sahakaari prajaatiyon kaa pareekshan kiya gayaa haye.
ack aur sudhaar yeh haye kii asamaanta seey ghrina kewal una prajaatiyon mein anukoolaniya haye joe kaee bhagidaron key saath sahyog karati hain aur binaa badee laagat key sahakaari bhagidaron koo badal sakati hain, iss prakaar deerghakaalik ack-vivaah tote koo khariz curr dete hain. lekin yeh samajhaane mein whiffle rahata haye kii sahakaari cleaner machhali mein koee asamaanta ghrina kyon naheen paaee gaee. yeh parikalpana bhavishyavani karati haye kii gharelu billiyaan kutton kii tulanaa mein asamaanta key prati bahut cumm samvedansheel hoti hain. macatric, brucks, marshel-pacicini aur renz kii jaanch kii gaee kii kyaa adhik-sahayogi kutte kii naslon aur cumm-sahayogi kutton key beach vyavhaar mein koee antar haye. 24 kutton seey judey ack prayog mein unhein nasl sahyog aur asamaanta ghrina key beach sambandh key liye koee saboot naheen milaa.
brosnan ney iss sambhavana koo khariz curr diyaa kii sangyanatmak antar asamaanta seey ghrina curr rahey hain, kyonki orangutan anya mahaan vanaron kii tarah sangyanatmak aur vinimay karyon mein samaan roop seey kushal hain lekin kabhi bhee prabhaav pradarshit naheen karate hain. brosnan aur dee wall ney nishkarshon koo sankshep mein asamaanta ghrina key roop mein jaanvaron mein sabse adhik spasht kiya joe sambhog aur natedari key bandhanon key baahar sahyog karate hain. chimpanzi, bonobo, capuchin, makak, kutte aur corwid sabhi prakriti mein atyadhik sahakaari hain aur asamaanta seey ghrina dikhaate hain; orangutan, ullu aur gilhari bandar baahari rishtedaron key saath sahyog naheen karate hain aur asamaanta seey ghrina naheen dikhaate hain.
pratikool asamaanta seey ghrina kaa mukhya spashteekaran agrim sangharsh samadhan haye. janwar apane saathi seey pratikool asamaanta key prati nakaratmak pratikriya kaa anuman lagaata haye aur iss prakaar behtar inam koo aswikar curr detaa haye, yaa ultimatum khel key mamle mein, anukool parr equity tokan kaa paksh letaa haye. shodhkartaon ney anuman lagaaya haye kii yeh chimpanzi aur capuchin taka seemit honey kaa kaaran yeh haye kii isake liye yojana banaane kii sangyanatmak kshamata kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe unake saathi kii pratikool asamaanta seey ghrina kaa anuman lagaati haye. kuchh prajaatiyon mein yeh kshamata haye. chimpanzi ney anya sandarbhon mein aage kii yojana banaane kii apani kshamata dikhaai haye, udaaharan key liye upkaran upayog mein. laabhprad asamaanta seey ghrina kissy vyakti kii pratishtha koo badhaakar seedhe laabh bhee pahuncha sakati haye, jisase usa vyakti kii deerghakaalik laabhprad sambandhon taka pahunch badh sakati haye.
primates key saath adhyayan kii sameeksha seey brair aur hannus nishkarsh nikaalate hain kii nishpakshata kii bhavna kuchh advitiya maanav haye aur gair-maanav primates mein kewal alpavikasit roop seey maujood haye. way kahate hain kii sahyog key liye nishpakshata kii bhavna aavashyak naheen haye. manavon ney sahyogaatmak gatividhiyon mein vyaktiyon key yogdan kaa dhyaan rakhane aur dhokhebaajon koo niyantrit karane key liye advitiya sangyanatmak tantra vikasit kiya.
kutton, asler, marshels-pacicini aur renz key sakshya sahit yeh nishkarsh nikaalana sambhav haye kii asamaanta key prati samvedansheelta pahale seey hii primates key saath ack samanya poorvaj mein maujood thee. vaikalpik roop seey, abhisari vikas khel mein hoe sakata haih samaan paristhitiyon mein ack hii vyavhaar vikas mein kaee baar ubhara haye. aanshik roop seey iss tathya parr apane tark koo aadhar banaate hue kii mahila chimpanzi aksar akele rahate hain aur purushon kii tulanaa mein cumm asamaanta koo taalate hain, brosnan, flaming, talboat, meyo aur stoinsky kahate hain kii sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii praakritik chayan una logon kaa paksh letaa haye joe parwah karate hain kii unake parinam dusaron key saath kaise tulanaa karate hain. sahyog kaa star aur teevrata purushon kii tulanaa mein mahila chimpanji key liye cumm praasangik hoe sakati haye, jisase mahilaaon key beach samajik apekshaon key nirmaan kii aavashyakta cumm hoe sakati haye. kima, chou, jiong aur kima kahate hain kii yeh ack khula sawal haye kii kyaa orangutan ney khou diyaa haye yaa chimpanzi ney hominid vansh mein nishpakshata kii bhavna praapt kii haye.
mccauliffe aur santos ney nishkarsh nikala kii asamaanta seey ghrina kaise hui aur gair-samajik parikalpana key liye apratyaksh sakshya key liye samajik parikalpana key liye kamjor saboot hain. unhein sandeh haye kii asamaanta seey ghrina kii jadein gair-samajik hain, lekin samajik baatchit key liye ise chunaa gayaa haye. tote aur corwid kii sangyanatmak kshamataon key adhyayan kii unaki sameeksha mein, lambert, jacobs, oswath aur wonn beyaran ney nishkarsh nikala kii asamaanta ghrina aur sahyog key beach sambandh key baare mein koee bhee nishkarsh nikaalana bahut jaldi haye.
jabaki niyantrit prayogon ney asamaanta seey ghrina kii samajh koo unnat kiya haye, unake sandarbh mein una sabhi sambhaavit parinamon koo shamil naheen kiya jaa sakata haye joe praakritik samajik baatchit mein maujood hain. maanak asamaanta kaary mein, incar kewal abhineta koo chot pahunchaata haye, jabaki ack swabhavik samajik sandarbh mein, asamaanta key khilaf virodh yaa tou abhineta koo ack badaa hissa praapt curr sakata haye yaa usake saath kaam karane key liye ack behtar saathi kii talash curr sakata haye.
debov, boumard aur andrey ney samaan aur asman puraskar vitaran key saath sahyog karane vaale vibhinn rank key vyaktiyon key computer simulation chalaae aur nishkarsh nikala kii jaba bhagidar kii pasand setup kii ack visheshta haye, tou nishpakshata ubharati haye.

