
pakad (vyavasaay)

sanyukt raajya america, kanada aur united kingdam mein, film nirmaan aur video utpaadan udyogon mein camera samarthan upkaran technician hain. way ack film sett parr apana vibhaag banaate hain aur ack pramukh pakad dwara nirdeshit hotey hain. grip key dou mukhya kaary hotey hainh pahala camera sahaayata pradaan karane key liye camera vibhaag key saath milkar kaam karna haye, vishesh roop seey yadi camera ack dolly, crain, yaa ack asamanya sthiti mein haye, jaise kii seedhi key sheersh parr. kuchh pakad sanchaalan camera gudiya yaa camera crain mein visheshagyata praapt curr sakate hain. doosara kaary photography key nideshak key nirdeshan mein ack shott key liye aavashyak prakaash vyavastha banaane key liye vidyut vibhaag key saath milkar kaam karna haye.
britten, australia aur europe key adhikansh hisson mein, grip prakaash vyavastha mein shamil naheen hain. poore europe aur rashtramandal (kanada koo chhodkar) mein apnai gaee "british pranali" mein, ack pakad kewal camera koo sthaapit karane aur samarthan key liye jimmedaar haye.
pakad" shabd yuu mein ack puraane shabd seey liya gayaa haye.aiss. rangmanch jahan yeh munch haston koo naamit kartaa haye joe drishyon koo sthanantarit karate hain.
yuu.aiss. grip aamtaur parr naatya munch karmchaariyon (aaee. aeye. tii. aiss. ee.) key antarrashtriya gathbandhan seey sambandhit hain. kanadai pakad bhee iatc yaa kanada key anya peshevar trade yuniyanon seey sambandhit hoe sakati haye jisamen torrento key nabet 700, yaa vancouver key acfc shamil hain. british pakad aamtaur parr bectu (prasaran manoranjan cinematograph aur theatre union) seey sambandhit hoti haye.
prakaash.
sabhi union naukariyon parr, grip swayam roshni koo naheen chhoote hain. prakaash upkaranon aur vidyut shakti vitaran kii niyukti koo bijli mistri dwara sambhala jaataa haye joe ack gaffer key tahat kaam karate hain. grip sabhi gair-vidyut upkaranon koo sambhaalati haye joe prakaash koo sanshodhit karati haye. yeh kaam aise stands koo sthaapit karke kiya jaataa haye joe jhande, jaal, failaane vaali samagri yaa anya gobo koo pakadate hain joe prakaash kii gunavatta, teevrata yaa aakar koo niyantrit karate hain.
grips "nishkriya bharaav" bhee sett kartaa haye joe kii paraavartit prakaash key liye ack shabd haye joe bharaav yaa gair-pramukh prakaash paksh parr ack vishay parr "uchhala" haye. adhikansh film nirmaataon key liye pahali pasand ack utpaad haye jise america mein beedboard key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur jise europe mein polystyrene key liye chhota "polly" kahaa jaataa haye. yeh nirmaan vyaapaar key liye banaaya gayaa kathor insulation haye, lekin isake "sachche-safed" rung aur "naram" uchhaal key kaaran film vyaapaar dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa.
grip koo "nakaratmak bharaav" nirdhaarit karane key liye bhee bulaaya jaa sakata haye, joe vishay parr vipareetata badhaane key liye pariveshi yaa gair-dishaatmak prakaash, jaise pariveshi soorya key prakaash mein kamee haye. yeh kaale kapade seey baney "thhos", yaa tou jhande (4 '× 4' taka) yaa gair-pramukh prakaash paksh parr yaa jahaan bhee nakaratmak bharaav vaanchhit hoe, parr rogg (6 '× 6' yaa badey) sthaapit karke praapt kiya jaataa haye.
jaba shooting key dinn baahari, grip samaan kaary karate hain, lekin soorya key saath praathamik prakaash srot key roop mein. grip soorya key prakaash koo aakar dene yaa chhaanane key liye 20 '× 20' yaa usase badey overhead frame kaa upayog karate hain. inn baahari shots key liye prakaash vyavastha kaafee vyaapak hoe sakati haye, aur boom lift (jise "kandor" kahaa jaataa haye) kaa upayog aam haye. kandor vishesh roop seey raat mein upayogi hotey hain jaba unhein roshni badhaane key liye yaa chandrama-prabhaav prakaash banaane key liye samagri (havaa mein 120 feat taka) failaane key liye rigg kiya jaataa haye.
rigging.
grip sett parr rigging kii jarooraton koo bhee puuraa karati haye. saral rigg key udaharanon mein "khatare vaali bhuja" shamil haye, joe ack stand kaa upayog karke sett parr prakaash koo uchhaalane kii anumati detaa haye, yaa "goalpost" joe dou stand kaa upayog karke sett key sheersh parr faila huaa haye. adhik unnat rigg mein puli, steel cable yaa trus key saath kaam karna shamil hoe sakata haye. prakriya trailers parr kaaron kii rigg picture bhee pakadata haye, driving shots key liye vaahan key chaaron or camera aur roshni rakhta haye. isamen aksar binaa kissy nuksan key vaahanon koo film upkaran sanlagn karane key liye hood mount, side mount, suction cup mount aur malikana clamp kaa upayog shamil hotaa haye.
grip "blackout" aur "tambu-out" khidakiyan aur darwaaje bhee karate hain. jaba sthaan parr dinn-raat andaruni shooting kii jaati haye, tou grip koo sett mein pravesh karane vaale sabhi dinn key ujaale koo samaapt karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. yadi khidakiyan yaa anya dwaar ack shott mein dikhaai naheen dete hain, tou prakaash koo ack kapade key saath kaalaa kiya jaa sakata haye jise duvetin yaa raag key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur durlabh mamalon mein, plastic kii chaadar. jaba khidakiyan yaa darwaaje cameray seey dekhe jaate hain, tou khidakiyon key baahar kaale tent banaae jaane chaahiye taaki roshni koo baahar rakhaa jaa sakey, yaa hurry screen koo khidki key madhyam seey dekhaa jaa sakey, kewal bijli mistri dwara rakhee gaee roshni seey.
suraksha.
grip sett parr suraksha key liye bhee jimmedaar hain kyonki yeh gurutvaakarshan bull seey sambandhit haye. jahan taka stand, seedhi, machaan aur oopar kii or rigg thheek seey sthaapit hain, unhein surakshit banaane key liye grip kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye kyonki anya chaalak dall key sadasyon koo chadhana, ghoomana yaa anyatha vibhinn pakad sett-upp parr baatchit karni hoti haye. sett parr honey vaali choton key liye bhee pramukh pakad koo jimmedaar thaharaaya jaa sakata haye, khaskar aggar chot ack girane vaale prakaash upkaran key kaaran hoti haye.
upkaran.
ack pakad kuchh upkaranon kaa upayog karati haye joe aamtaur parr yantriki aur nirmaan shramikon dwara upayog kiye jaate hain. una vyavsaayon kii tarah, pakad key liye taiyar haathon key upkaranon kii aavashyakta hoti haye.(choohe kii pattiyan, vages aur ack samanya upkaran boxes jaise upkaran)

