
iss antim taka

johnn ruskin dwara arthshastra kii aalochana karane vaalaa ack nibandh haye, jinhone agast aur disambar 1860 key beach masik patrika "cornhill patrika" mein pahala adhyaay chaar lekhon mein prakaashit kiya thaa.
sheershak.
sheershak daakh kii baari mein shramikon key drishtaant seey ack uddharan haih
antim" gyaarahaven ghante key mazdoor hain, jinhen aisaa vetan diyaa jaataa haye jaise kii unhone poore dinn kaam kiya hoe. drishtaant kii samkaaleen dhaarmik vyakhya parr charcha karane key bajaay, jisamen gyaarahaven ghante key mazdoor mrityu-shayya parivartit honge, yaa duniya key loga joe dharm mein dair seey aatey hain, samajik aur aarthik nihitarth koo dekhate hain, jaise kii muddon parr charcha karate hain kii kise jeevit majdoori milani chaahiye. yeh nibandh 18veen aur 19veen shatabdi key arthshastriyon key liye bahut mahatvapurna haye. iss arth mein, ruskin samajik arthavyavastha kaa agradoot haye. kyonki nibandh praakritik duniya parr audyogikaran key vinashkari prabhaavon parr bhee hamla kartaa haye, kuchh itihaskaron ney ise harit andolan kaa anuman lagaane key roop mein dekhaa haye.
nibandh nimnalikhit chhandon key saath shuru hotaa haye, joe kramshah maithyu 20:13 aur zakaria 11:12 seey liya gayaa haye (king james sanskaran mein):
<kavita>
dost, main tumse koee galat naheen kartaa.
kyaa aap ack paise key liye mujhase sahmat naheen they?
joe aapka haye usey leey low aur apane raaste parr chalo.
main iss antim koo bhee dey doonga, jaisa kii aapako.
aggar aapako achchha lagata haye, tou mujhe merrie keemat dein;
aur yadi naheen, tou bardasht karein.
isaliye unhone merey liye chaandi key tees tukadon kaa vajan kiya.
</kavita>
swaagat aur prabhaav.
ruskin khud kahate hain kii lekhon kii "bahut hinsak aalochana kii gaee", jisase prakaashak koo chaar maheene baad iska prakaashan bund karane key liye majboor honah padaa. grahakon ney virodh patra bheje, lekin ruskin ney hamale kaa virodh kiya aur maee 1862 mein ack pustak mein chaar lekh prakaashit kiye. jinn kuchh logon ney pustak koo sakaratmak roop seey praapt kiya, unamen seey ack thomas carlile they, jinake baare mein ruskin ney kahaa kii unhone "nirashajanak vigyaan" key roop mein "lassays-fair" raajneetik arthavyavastha kii apani aalochana key saath "iss antim taka" kaa maarg prashast kiya thaa. carlile ney ruskin koo likhaah maine aapka pepper utsaah, ullas, aksar hansee key saath, bahaduri key saath padhaa haye! aisee cheej achaanak usee dinn aadhe million sust british sir mein gir gaee, bahut achchha kaam karegi. . . . abb seey kissy bhee darr parr dou kii alpamat mein khud koo dhoondhana merrie khushi haye. nirashajanak vigyaan vaale loga iss baat parr apatti karenge kii unakaa vigyaan naitikta aadi seey khud koo vyakt kartaa haye.aadi.lekin aap joe kahate hain aur dikhaate hain vaha nirvivaad roop seey sach haye-kii kissy bhee 'vigyaan' koo, joe purushon key yogya haye (aur kutton yaa shaitanon key laayak naheen haye), khud koo 'raajneetik arthavyavastha' kahane kaa adhikaar naheen haye, yaa yeh astitva mein naheen hoe sakata haye, sivaay mukhya roop seey ack kamuk upadrav aur ack saarvajanik jahar key, una shabdon key joe aap pahali baar ise chhaaya karate hain.iss pustak koo apane praarambhik charanon mein british laber party parr ack prerana key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye, 1906 key yuu. key. aam chunaav mein party dwara apani chunavi safalata hassil karane key baad sansad key shram sadasyon kaa ack sarvekshan, jisamen pustak koo unake pramukh prabhaavon mein seey ack key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa.
mahatma gaandhi kaa vakyansh.
"iss antim taka" kaa gaandhi key darshan parr bahut mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa. unhone march 1904 mein heinry polak key madhyam seey pustak kii khoj kii, jinase way dakshin africa key ack shakahari bhojanalaya mein mille they. polak johannesburg pepper "dha critic" key upa-sampaadak they. gaandhi ney turant naa kewal ruskin key shikshan key anusaar apana jeevan badalane kaa faisala kiya, balki ack aise khet seey apana akhbar, "bhaaratiya raay" prakaashit karane kaa bhee faisala kiya, jahan sabhi koo kaary, jaati yaa rashtriyata key bhed key binaa samaan vetan milega. yeh usa samay key liye kaafee krantikari thaa. iss prakaar gaandhi ney phoenix basti kaa nirmaan kiya.
gaandhi ney 1908 mein "sarvodaya" ("sabhi kaa kalyan") key sheershak key tahat gujaraati mein "iss antim taka" kaa anuvaad kiya. valji govindji desai ney 1951 mein "iss antim vakyansh key liyeh ack vyakhya" key sheershak key tahat iska angreji mein anuvaad kiya. iss antim nibandh koo arthshastra parr unake karyakram key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye, kyonki "iss antim taka" mein gaandhi koo unake samajik aur aarthik vichaaron kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa milaa.

