
nihonga

nihonga () ack japani shally kii chitrakala haye joe khanij varnakon aur kabhi-kabhi syaahi kaa upayog karati haye, saath hii resham yaa kagaj parr anya javic varnakon kaa upayog karati haye. yeh shabd meji avadhi (1868-1912) key dauran ise apane samkaksh seey alag karane key liye gadhaa gayaa thaa, jise "yoga" (<unk>) yaa paschimi shally kii painting key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. iss shabd kaa shaabdik anuvaad "japan key chitra" mein hotaa haye." 
"nihonga" kii shuruat taba hui jaba okakura tenshin aur ernest phenolosa ney ack naee paschimi chitrakala shally "" yoga "" key uday key jawab mein paaramparik japani chitrakala koo punarjeevit karane kii maang kii.  hashimoto gaaho, kaano school key ack chitrakaar, iss punruddhar andolan key vyaavhaarik paksh key sansthaapak they. unhone paaramparik takneekon kaa upayog karke kewal japani shally key chitron koo chitrit naheen kiya, balki "yoga" kii yathaarthvaadi abhivyakti koo shamil karke paaramparik japani chitrakala mein kranti laa dee aur baad key "nihonga" andolan key liye disha nirdhaarit kii. tokyo lalit kalaa vidyalaya (abb tokyo kalaa vishvavidyalaya) mein pahale professor key roop mein, unhone kaee chitrakaron koo prashikshit kiya, jinhen baad mein "nihonga" master maanaa jaayega, jisamen yokoyama taikan, shimomura kanzan, hihida shunso aur kavaai gyokudo shamil hain.
yeh shabd pahale seey hii 1880 key dashak mein upayog mein thaa aur edo avadhi key anta mein sandarbh kii charcha kaa pataa foxwell key monograph mein "aadhunik banaanah japani shally kii painting" parr lagaaya gayaa haye. isase pahale, praarambhik aadhunik kaal seey, chitron koo school dwara vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaah udaaharan key liye, kaano school, maruyama-shijo school, aur "yamato-aeye" shally kaa tosa school. 
itihas.
lagbhag usa samay jaba 1887 mein tokyo lalit kalaa vidyalaya kii sthaapana hui thee, kalaa sangathanon ney pradarshaniyon kaa gathan karna aur aayojit karna shuru kiya. unake madhyam seey, kalakaron ney ack-dusare koo prabhaavit kiya, aur pahale key schools kaa vilay hoe gayaa aur unakaa mishran hoe gayaa. paschimi chitrakala key atirikt prabhaav key saath, aaj kaa "nihonga" ubhara aur vikasit huaa.
nihonga meji kaal seey vikas key kaee charanon seey gujra haye. adhik aadhunik japani shally vikasit karke paaramparik chitrakala koo phir seey jeevant karane key liye prerana kaafee hudd taka kaee kalakar/shikshakon seey aaee, jinamen sheokawa bunrin, cono bairi, tomiyoka tessai aur kalaa aalochak okakura tenshin aur ernest phenolosa shamil they, jinhone japani mool japani paaramparik kalaaon key mahatva aur sundarta parr jore dekar paschimi sanskriti key saath meeji japan key moh kaa mukabala karane kaa prayaas kiya. inn donon purushon aur vishesh roop seey tenshin, jinhen aadhunik japani kalaa kaa janak kahaa jaataa thaa, ney paschimi shally kii chitrakala key saath navachar aur sanshleshan key saath paaramparik kalaa key sanrakshan kaa samarthan kiya. "nihonga" iss prakaar kewal iss prakaash mein dekhi jaane vaali purani chitrakala paramparaon kii nirantarta naheen thee. isake alawa, kaee paaramparik schools key shaileegat aur takniki tatvon, jaise "kaano-haa", "rinpa" aur "maruyama ōkyo" koo ack saath mishrit kiya gayaa thaa. 
purvi asiai chitrakala parampara key anusaar chitrit rekha key mahatva seey door jaane key liye kuchh paschimi chitrakala takneekon koo apanaaya gayaa, jaise kii pariprekshya aur chhayankan. sanshleshan kii iss pravritti key kaaran, "nihonga" aur "yoga" key beach kissy bhee takneek yaa samagri mein ack alag algaav karna teji seey mushkil hoe gayaa haye.
kalakar tenmayuya hisashi key paas (bee. 1966) ney 2001 mein "niyo-nihonga" naamak ack naee kalaa avadharana vikasit kii.
japan key baahar vikas.
"nihonga" key duniya bhar mein anuyaayi hain; ullekhaniya "nihonga" kalakar joe japan mein adharit naheen hain, way hiroshi senju, makoto fujimura jaise americi kalakar aur kanadai miki tanobe hain.
samkaaleen nihonga newyork kii dillon gallery kaa mukhya aadhar rhaa haye. 1985 seey 1993 taka tokyo vishvavidyalaya mein sthit "yuddh key baad nihonga key swarn yug" key pramukh kalakaron ney vaishvik kalakaron kaa nirmaan kiya haye, jinake nihonga mein prashikshan ney ack neenv key roop mein kaam kiya haye. takashi murakami, hiroshi senju, norihiko saito, chain wengang, kizaburo okamura aur makoto fujimura vaishvik star parr pradarshit karane vaale pramukh kalakar hain, joe sabhi tokyo vishvavidyalaya key kalaa mein pratishthit doctorate star key pathyakram seey baahar aaa rahey hain. inmein seey adhikansh kalakaron kaa pratinidhitva dillon gallery dwara kiya jaataa haye.
samagri.
"nihonga" koo aamtaur parr brush kaa upayog karke "vaashi" (japani kagaj) yaa "iginu" (resham) parr nishpaadit kiya jaataa haye. chitra yaa tou monochrom yaa polychrome hoe sakate hain. yadi monochrom, aamtaur parr machhali kii huddy yaa pashu kii khaal seey gond key saath millie kalikh seey bunny "sumi" (cheeni syaahi) kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. yadi polychrome, tou varnak praakritik avayavon seey praapt hotey hainh khanij, gole, prawal, aur yahaan taka kii ardh-keemati patthar jaise malakite, azurite aur sinabar. kachche maal koo maheen seey laker retile anaaj key banaavat taka 16 shreni mein choorn kiya jaataa haye. ack chhipaane key gond kaa ghol, jise "nikawa" kahaa jaataa haye, inn choornit varnakon key liye ack bandhankarta key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye. donon hii mamalon mein, paani kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye; isaliye "nihonga" vaastav mein ack jall-adharit madhyam haye. "gofun" (choornit calcium carbonate joe thheek kiye gaye seep, clam yaa scallup gole seey banaaya jaataa haye) "nihonga" mein upayog kii jaane vaali ack mahatvapurna samagri haye. vibhinn prakaar key "gofun" kaa upayog jameen key roop mein, under-painting key liye aur ack maheen safed sheersh rung key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.
shuru mein, "nihonga" koo latkaane vaale scroll ("cacomono"), haath key scroll ("imakimono"), sliding darwaaje ("fuseuma") yaa folding screen ("baibu") key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, abb adhikansh lakadi key panels parr faile kagaj parr utpaadit kiye jaate hain, joe framing key liye upayukt hain. nihonga chitron koo kaanch key neeche rakhane kii aavashyakta naheen haye. way hajaaron varshon seey abhilekhiya hain.
takneek.
monochrom "nihonga" mein, takneek syaahi key tone key modulan parr nirbhar karati haye joe gahare seey halke key madhyam seey lagbhag safed seey, gray tone seey kaale aur kabhi-kabhi pedon, paani, pahaadon yaa patte kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye harey rung key tone mein vibhinn prakaar key chhayankan praapt karane key liye hoti haye. polychrome "nihonga" mein, ruprekha kii upasthiti yaa anupasthiti parr bahut jore diyaa jaataa haye; aamtaur parr pakshiyon yaa paudhon key chitran key liye ruprekha kaa upayog naheen kiya jaataa haye. kabhi-kabhi, rangdravyon koo dhone aur paraton kaa upayog vipareet prabhaav pradaan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, aur kabhi-kabhi, soney yaa chaandi key patte koo bhee painting mein shamil kiya jaa sakata haye.

