
shale paisa

shale munny sikka mudra aur vastu mudra key anya roopon key samaan vinimay kaa ack madhyam haye, aur kabhi duniya key kaee hisson mein aamtaur parr upayog kiya jaataa thaa. shale munny mein aamtaur parr poore yaa aanshik samudri gole shamil hotey they, joe aksar motiyon yaa anyatha aakar mein kaam karate they. vyaapaar mein gole kaa upayog pratyaksh vastu vinimay key roop mein shuru huaa, jisamen shareer key alankaran key roop mein upayog-moolya vaale gole they. maal key roop mein motiyon aur dhana key roop mein motiyon key beach kaa antar aarthik maanavvigyaani key beach bahas kaa vishay rhaa haye.
america, asia, africa aur australia mein shale munny dikhaai diyaa haye. sabse parichit roop uttari america key purvi tata key swadeshi logon dwara banaaya gayaa vaimpam hoe sakata haye, samudri dwigunit gole key baingani hisse seey katey hue jameen key motee. mudra key roop mein duniya bhar mein sabse vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa khol "cypria moneta" kaa khol thaa, joe kii munny kauri thaa. yeh prajaati bhaaratiya mahasagar mein sabse adhik paaee jaati haye, aur maldiv dweepon, srilanka mein, malabar tata key saath, bornio mein aur anya purvi bhaaratiya dweepon parr aur african tata key vibhinn hisson mein raas hafun seey laker mosambic taka ekatra kii gaee thee. kauri shale munny africa, dakshin asia aur purvi asia key vyaapaar network kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa thaa.
uttari america.
uttari america key purvi tata parr, eroquois sangh key swadeshi loga aur algonquian janjaatiyaan, jaise kii shincock janjaati, ground beed jinhen vaimpam kahaa jaataa haye, jinhen samudri dwi-pakshiya "mercanaria mercanaria" key khol key baingani hisse seey kaataa jaataa thaa, jise aamtaur parr haard clam yaa kwahog key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. safed motiyon koo kwahog yaa wheeluck key gole key safed hisse seey kaataa jaataa thaa. eroquois logon ney inn gole koo lambai mein taar parr bandha, yaa unhein belt mein bunaa.
alaska seey uttar-paschim california taka prashant tata kii mool americi janjaatiyon dwara sabse moolyavaan khol 'dentallium' thaa, joe tusk shale yaa scaphopod kii kaee prajaatiyon mein seey ack thee. daant kaa khol swabhavik roop seey donon siron parr khula hotaa haye, aur aasaani seey ack dhaage parr bandha jaa sakata haye. iss shale munny kaa moolya gole kii sateek sankhya key bajaay isaki lambai seey thaa; "ligua", unaki mudra mein sabse adhik moolyavarg, lagbhag 6 inch kii lambai thee.
door dakshin mein, madhya california aur dakshini california mein, cumm seey cumm 9,000 varshon taka motee banaane key liye olive ghonghe "olivela biplicata" key khol kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. puraane puraataatvik sthal key ghatakon mein baramad chhoti sankhya seey pataa chalata haye kii unakaa upayog shuru mein dhana key bajaay alankaran key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. 1, 000 saal pahale seey, california key saanta barbara channel key dweepon parr chumash visheshagyon ney olive key gole seey itani matra mein motee chipkana shuru curr diyaa kii way apane kaaran nirmaan avasheshon key meater-gahare dher chhod gaye; parinamswarup golakar motiyon kaa upayog poore kshetra mein dhana key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa joe abb dakshini california haye. lagbhag 1500 esvi seey shuru hocker, aur unnisvin shatabdi key anta taka jaari, tata mivok, ohlon, patwin, pomo, aur madhya california key vappo logon ney samudri dwi-pakshiya "saxidomous" spu kaa upayog kiya. shale paisa banaane key liye.
africa.
africa mein shale munny kaa vyaapak roop seey 19veen shatabdi key madhya taka kanuni nivida key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa thaa. olivela naana" key gole, chamakate baune jaitoon key samudri ghonghe koo kongo key raajya mein mudra key roop mein upayog key liye luanda dweep parr kaataa gayaa thaa. yahaan taka kii unakaa vyaapaar uttar mein benin raajya taka kiya jaataa thaa. kongo mein unhein "nizimbuu" yaa "zimbo" kahaa jaataa thaa. badey bhoomi ghonghe key khol, "achatina monetaria", koo ack khule kendra key saath vritton mein kaataa gayaa thaa, jiska upayog benguela mein sikke key roop mein bhee kiya jaataa thaa.
paschim africa mein kauri shale kaa vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaataa thaa, jisamen tata seey door key kshetra bhee shamil they. 16veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka europeeya vyaapaari kapade, bhojan, mome, khaal aur anya vastuon key saath-saath daason key vyaapaar key liye hajaaron pound kii kauri kaa ayaat curr rahey they. inn mudra pravaahon ney tata key saath-saath benin, ouidah aur anya shaktishali raajyon key vikas mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai.- 1500 aur 1875 key beach benin key beach cumm seey cumm 30 arab kauri kaa ayaat kiya gayaa thaa, joe vyaapaar key kull moolya kaa 44 pratishat thaa. 1850 key aspas german khojkarta heinrich barth ney ise kaano, kooka, gando aur yahaan taka kii timbuctu mein bhee kaafee vyaapak paaya. barth bataata haye kii munioma mein, bornu key pracheen prabhagon mein seey ack, raajaa key rajaswa kaa anuman 30,000,000 gole thaa, jisamen pratyek vayask purush koo apane liye salana 1,000 gole, pratyek paik-aux key liye 1,000 aur pratyek gulam key liye 2,000 kaa bhugtan karna padata thaa.
gole chaalees yaa ack sou key taaron mein ack saath jode gaye they, taaki pachas yaa bees taar ack dollar kaa pratinidhitva karein. 
choonki kauri aur "nizimbuu" kaa moolya africa mein una kshetron kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik thaa jahan seey europeeya vyapariyon ney apani aapoorti praapt kii thee, isaliye vyaapaar behad aakarshak thaa. kuchh mamalon mein laabh 500% kahaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, jaise-jaise yeye mudra ayaat badhe, mudrasfeeti ney pakad banaa lii aur sthaaniya arthvyavasthaon koo nuksan pahunchaaya.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka africa key sudur hisson mein gole kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, lekin phir aadhunik mudraon koo raasta diyaa.
asia.
chean mein, kauri itani mahatvapurna thee kii dhana yaa vyaapaar seey sambandhit kaee paatron mein kauri key liye charitra hotaa haih teen hazaar saal pahale seey, cheeni mudra key roop mein kauri key gole yaa gole kii pratiyon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. dhana/mudra" key liye shaastriya cheeni charitra moolvaadi, ack kauri shale key chitra key roop mein utpann huaa.
pracheen kaal seey 1830 key aspas taka bhaarat mein kauri yaa "kaudi" kaa upayog vinimay key saadhan key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. bangal mein, jahaan unakaa 2560 rupaye kii darr seey adaan-pradaan kiya jaataa thaa, 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein maldiv seey bangal kaa vaarshik ayaat lagbhag 30,000 rupaye thaa. ack gulam 25,000 kauri bechata. bhaarat key udeesaa mein, 1805 mein british east india company dwara chaandi key paksh mein "kaudi" kaa upayog samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh 1817 mein pike vidroh key karanon mein seey ack thaa.
dakshin poorv asia mein, jaba siamese tickle (baahat) kaa moolya lagbhag aadhaa troy auns chaandi (lagbhag 16 graam) thaa, tou kauri ("biyaa") kaa moolya baahat parr taya kiya gayaa thaa.
oceania aur australia.
uttari australia mein, vibhinn janjaatiyon dwara vibhinn gole kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, ack janjaati kaa kavach aksar doosari janjaati kii nazar mein kaafee bekaar hotaa thaa.
nae ginny key uttar mein dweepon mein gole tukadon mein toot gaye they. inn guchhe key madhyam seey chhed oob gaye they, jinhen taba ack dhaage parr ack dhaage key sett kii lambai seey moolyavaan maanaa jaataa thaa, jaisa kii ungli key jodon kaa upayog karke maapa jaataa thaa. inn prashant dweepwasiyon dwara dou gole kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, ack nae ginny tata parr paaya jaane vaalaa ack kauri, aur doosara aam motee kaa khol, guchhe mein toot jaataa haye.
dakshin prashant dweepon mein prajaati "oliva carneola" kaa upayog aamtaur parr shale munny banaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. 1882 key anta mein, soloman dweepon mein sthaaniya vyaapaar shale motiyon key ack sikke key madhyam seey kiya jaataa thaa, chhote gole mahilaaon dwara aavashyak aakar taka shrampurvak jameen parr rakhe jaate they. vaastav mein aavashyak seey adhik naheen banaae gaye they, aur choonki prakriya kathin thee, isaliye sikkon kaa moolya santoshjanak roop seey banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa.
haalaanki teji seey aadhunik sikkon dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaa rhaa haye, lekin solomon dweepon mein abhee bhee kuchh hudd taka kauri shale mudra kaa upayog kiya jaa rhaa haye. kholon koo sajaae gaye kapade key patton mein kaam kiya jaataa haye jiska moolya unhein banaane mein bitaaye gaye samay koo darshaata haye.
purvi nyu britten key papua nyu ginny dweep parr, shale mudra kaa abhee bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye aur papua nyu ginina key liye iska adaan-pradaan kiya jaa sakata haye.
madhya poorv.
paschim asia key kuchh hisson mein, "cypria annulus", ring kauri, jise tathaakathit roop seey kavach key peechhe yaa oopari hisse mein chamkile narangi rung kii angoothi key kaaran, aamtaur parr upayog kiya jaataa thaa. surr austen heinry layered ney nimrud mein 1845-1851 mein apani khudai mein kaee namoone paae they.