bathypelogic kshetra

bathypelogic kshetra yaa bathyal kshetra (greek βαθύς (bathis) seey, gahara) khule mahasagar kaa vaha hissa haye joe samudra kii satah key neeche kii gaharaai seey faila huaa haye. yeh oopar key mesopelogic aur neeche key abisopelogic key beach sthit haye. bathypelogic koo madhyaraatri kshetra key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye kyonki soorya key prakaash kii kamee key kaaran yeh visheshta prakaash sanshleshan-sanchaalit praathamik utpaadan kii anumati naheen detee haye, joe phytoplankton yaa jaleey paudhon key vikas koo rokti haye. yadyapi photic kshetra kii tulanaa mein aayatan seey badaa haye, bathypelogic kshetra kaa maanav gyaan gahare mahasagar kaa pataa lagaane kii kshamata seey seemit rahata haye.
shaaririk visheshataaen.
bathypelogic kshetra kii visheshta lagbhag sthir tapman aur 33-35 g/kilogram kii lavanata seema haye. iss kshetra mein bahut cumm yaa koee prakaash naheen haye kyonki soorya kaa prakaash samudra mein itani gaharaai taka naheen pahunchata haye aur bioluminascence seemit haye. iss kshetra mein hydrostatic dabaav pratyek 10 meater gaharaai key liye 1 atm kii vriddhi key kaaran 100-400 vayumandal (atm) seey hotaa haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii yeye sthitiyaan pichhale 8000 varshon seey susangat rahee hain.
yeh mahasagar kii gaharaai mahadvipiya shelf key kinare seey neeche taka athah kshetra key sheersh taka aur mahadvipiya dhalaan kii gaharaai taka faili hui haye. bathypelogic kshetra key snan-maapan mein seemit kshetra shamil hain jahan mahadvipiya kinaaron key sabse gahare hisson key saath-saath seamount aur madhya-mahasagar kii katakon key saath samudra tala iss gaharaai kii seema mein haye. mahadvipiya dhalaan jyaadaatar sanchit talchhat seey baney hotey hain, jabaki seamount aur madhya-mahasagar kii katakiyon mein kathor substrate key badey kshetra hotey hain joe bathypelogic machhliyon aur benthic aksheruki jeevon key liye awas pradaan karate hain. haalaanki inn gaharaai parr dhaaraaen bahut dheemi hoti hain, seamount kii sthalaakriti dhaaraon koo baadhit karati haye aur seamount kshetra mein plankton koo banaae rakhane vaale kinare banaati haye, iss prakaar aas-paas key jeevon mein bhee vriddhi hoti haye.
bathypelogic kshetra key kuchh kshetron mein hydrothermal vent bhee ack aam visheshta haye aur mukhya roop seey madhya-mahasagar kii katakon parr prithvi kii vivartanik plates key prasaar seey banate hain. choonki bathypelogic kshetra mein prakaash kii kamee haye, yeye chhidra vaishvik mahasagar rasayanik prakriyaon mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaate hain, iss prakaar advitiya paaristhitiki tantra kaa samarthan karate hain joe soorya key prakaash key bajaay, rasayanon koo oorjaa key roop mein upayog karane key liye anukoolit karate hain. isake alawa, jall-taapiya chhidra samudra tala parr khanijon kii varsha kii suvidha pradaan karate hain, jisase way gahare samudra mein khanan key liye ruchi key kshetra bunn jaate hain.
jaiv-bhurasayanik.
bathypelogic kshetra mein kaee jaiv-bhurasayanik prakriyaaen oopari dweepsamuh aur mesopelogic kshetron seey carbonic padaarth key input parr nirbhar hain. yeh carbonic padaarth, jise kabhi-kabhi samudri burf kahaa jaataa haye, paani key stambh mein doob jaataa haye yaa thermohline parisancharan jaise neeche kii or samvahani jall dravyamaan key bheetar leey jaaya jaataa haye. jall-taapiya chhidra bhee sulphide aur meethen jaise taap aur rasayanon koo vitarit karate hain. inn rasayanon kaa upayog iss kshetra mein jeevon dwara chayapachaya koo banaae rakhane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. inn jaiv-bhurasayanik prakriyaon kii hamari samajh aitihaasik roop seey inn mahasagar kii gaharaai seey namoone ekatra karane kii kathinaaee aur laagat key kaaran seemit rahee haye. anya takniki chunautiyon, jaise kii bathypelogic kshetra mein anubhav kiye gaye dabaav kii sthitiyon key tahat sookshmajeev gatividhi koo maapane ney bhee iss kshetra key baare mein hamaare gyaan koo seemit curr diyaa haye. haalaanki pichhale kaee dashakon mein vaigyaanik pragati ney hamari samajh koo badhaaya haye, lekin kaee pahalu ack rahasya baney hue hain. vartamaan shodh key pramukh kshetron mein seey ack kshetra mein carbon punarsanchayan daron koo samajhane parr kendrit haye. poorv adhyayanon ney una daron koo nirdhaarit karane key liye sangharsh kiya haye jinn parr iss kshetra mein procariotes carbon koo punah khanijayukt karate hain kyonki pahale vikasit takneeken iss kshetra key liye paryaapt naheen hoe sakati hain, aur yeh sanket detee hain kii punaryojikaran darr ummeed seey bahut adhik haye. iss prashn kaa pataa lagaane key liye aage kaam karane kii aavashyakta haye, aur vaishvik carbon chakr kii hamari samajh key liye sanshodhan kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
kann carbonic padaarth.
dweepsamuh kshetra mein praathamik utpaadan seey carbonic samagri, aur bahut cumm hudd taka, sthaliya sroton seey carbonic nivesh, mahasagar mein kann carbonic padaarth (pome) kaa ack badaa hissa banaate hain. pome koo doobate hue kopod mull chharron aur mrit jeevon key madhyam seey baithipelaagik kshetra mein pahunchaaya jaataa haye; carbonic padaarth key yeye parcel paani key stambh key madhyam seey girate hain aur carbonic carbon, nitrogen aur phosphorus koo photic kshetra key neeche rahane vaale jeevon taka pahunchaate hain. inn parcels koo kabhi-kabhi samudri burf yaa samudri dandruff key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. yeh bathypelogic kshetra mein jeevon koo bhojan dene kaa pramukh tantra bhee haye kyonki prakaash sanshleshan key liye koee soorya kii roshni naheen haye, jahan taka humm jaanate hain kii chemoatotrophy ack adhik chhoti bhoomika nibhaata haye.
jaise hii pome paani key stambh key madhyam seey doobata haye, yeh una jeevon dwara sevan kiya jaataa haye joe ise poshak tatvon seey samaapt karate hain. inn kanon kaa aakar aur ghanatva bathypelogic kshetra mein jeevon taka pahunchane kii unaki sambhavana koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. pome key chhote parcel aksar ack saath ekatrit hoe jaate hain kyonki way girate hain, joe unake utarane koo tej kartaa haye aur anya jeevon dwara unake sevan koo pratibandhit kartaa haye, jisase unaki cumm gaharaai taka pahunchane kii sambhavana badh jaati haye. inn kanon kaa ghanatva kuchh kshetron mein badhaaya jaa sakata haye jahaan phytoplankton key kuchh roopon seey judey khanij, jaise kii biogenic silika aur calcium carbonate "ballast" key parinamswarup adhik gaharaai taka teji seey parivahan hotaa haye.
carbon.
adhikansh carbonic carbon kaa utpaadan dweepsamuh kshetra mein hotaa haye, jisamen ack chhota saa hissa samudra key andaruni hisse mein gaharaai seey leey jaaya jaataa haye. yeh prakriya, jise javic pump key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, vayumandal seey mahasagar mein carbon key prithakkaran mein ack badee bhoomika nibhaati haye. carbonic carbon koo mukhya roop seey kann carbonic carbon (poc) aur ghulansheel carbonic carbon (doc) key roop mein bathypelogic kshetra mein niryaat kiya jaataa haye.
pock carbonic carbon kaa sabse badaa ghatak haye joe bathypelogic kshetra mein vitarit kiya jaataa haye; yeh mukhya roop seey mull chharron aur mrit jeevon kaa roop letaa haye joe satah key paani seey baahar nikalate hain aur samudra key tala kii or girate hain. uchch praathamik utpaadaktaa vaale kshetra jahan kann jaldi seey doobane mein saksham hotey hain, jaise kii bhoomadhyarekhiya oopar kii or rahane vaale kshetra aur arab sagar, bathypelogic kshetra mein sabse adhik matra mein pahunchate hain.
dock-samriddh satah key paani kaa urdhvaadhar mishran bhee ack aisee prakriya haye joe bathypelogic kshetra mein carbon pahunchaati haye, haalaanki, yeh samagr parivahan kaa ack badaa hissa haye joe pock vitaran kii tulanaa mein kaafee chhota haye. vaatan yaa mahasagar key karobar kii uchch darr vaale kshetron mein dock parivahan sabse aasaani seey hotaa haye, jaise kii gairs kaa aantarik bhaag yaa thermohline parisancharan key saath gahare paani key nirmaan sthal.
calcium carbonate kaa vighatan.
jall stambh mein vaha kshetra jiss parr calcite kaa vighatan teji seey honey lagata haye, jise lysocline key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aamtaur parr lagbhag 3,500 meater kii gaharaai parr aadhar bathypelogic kshetra key paas sthit haye, lekin mahasagar besinon key beach bhinn hotaa haye. lysocline santripti gaharaai (calcium carbonate key sambandh mein asantript sthitiyon mein sankraman) key neeche aur carbonate kshatipurti gaharaai (jisake neeche koee calcium carbonate sanrakshan naheen haye) key oopar sthit haye. ack atee-santript vatavaran mein, calcite banaane vaale jeevon key pareekshan sanrakshit kiye jaate hain kyonki way samudra tala kii or doobate hain, jisake parinamswarup apekshaakrit adhik matra mein caco 3 key saath talchhat hotaa haye. haalaanki, jaise-jaise gaharaai aur dabaav mein vriddhi hoti haye aur tapman cumm hotaa haye, calcium carbonate kii ghulansheelata bhee badh jaati haye, jisake parinamswarup adhik vighatan hotaa haye aur gahare, antarnihit samudra tala taka cumm shuddh parivahan hotaa haye. vighatan darr mein iss teji seey parivartan key parinamswarup, bathypelogic kshetra mein talchhat caco 3 samagri aur dafan mein vyaapak roop seey bhinn hotaa haye.
paaristhitiki.
bathypelogic paaristhitiki tantra kii paaristhitiki soorya key prakaash kii kamee aur praathamik utpadakon dwara baadhit haye, jisamen autotrophy key madhyam seey sookshmajeev jaiv-dravyamaan kaa seemit utpaadan hotaa haye. iss kshetra mein poshan tantra kann carbonic padaarth (pome) parr nirbhar karate hain joe dweepsamuh aur mesopelogic paani seey doobate hain, aur thermohelin parisancharan seey oxygen input. inn seemaon key bavjood, yeh khula mahasagar paaristhitiki tantra sookshmajeevon, machhliyon aur necton kaa ghar haye.
sookshmajeev paaristhitiki.
seemit avalokan detta key kaaran bathypelogic kshetra mein sookshmajeev paaristhitiki koo chalaane vaale input kii vyaapak samajh kii kamee haye, lekin gahare samudra mein praudyogiki mein pragati key saath sudhaar hoe rhaa haye. mahasagar sookshmajeev gatividhi key baare mein hamara adhikansh gyaan samudra key uthale kshetron key adhyayan seey aataa haye kyonki yeh pahunchane mein aasaan haye, aur yeh pahale maanaa jaataa thaa kii gahare paani mein vividh sookshmajeev samudaayon key liye upayukt bhautik sthitiyaan naheen hain. bathypelogic kshetra satah mahasagar seey 1-3.6 pg c/varsh key crum mein carbonic samagri aur pome kaa nivesh praapt kartaa haye.
bathypelogic mein procariot biomass nirbhar haye aur iss prakaar doobate hue pome aur carbonic carbon kii upalabdhata kii matra key saath sahsambaddh haye. sookshmajeevon key liye yeye aavashyak carbonic carbon nivesh aamtaur parr gaharaai key saath cumm hoe jaate hain kyonki unakaa upayog bathypelogic mein doobate samay kiya jaataa haye. kissy diye gaye kshetra mein sansaadhan kii upalabdhata key aadhar parr sookshmajeev utpaadan chhah matra mein bhinn hotaa haye. procariot kii prachurta 0.03-2.3x105 koshikaon ml−1 seey hoe sakati haye, aur jansankhya kaa karobar samay 0.1-30 varshon taka hoe sakata haye. archia kull procariot koshika kii prachurta kaa ack badaa hissa haye, aur vibhinn samoohon kii vikas kii alag-alag aavashyaktaaen hain, udaaharan key liye kuchh archia samoohon mein amino acid samoohon kaa upayog dusaron kii tulanaa mein adhik aasaani seey kiya jaataa haye. kuchh archia jaise kii cranarchota mein cranarchota 16s rrna aur archaeal amoa jeane kii prachurta ghulansheel acarbonic carbon (dic) sthirikaran seey sambandhit hoti haye. dee. aaee. see. kaa upayog amonium key okseekaran dwara eendhan key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye aur yeh chemoatotrophy kaa ack roop haye. procariot kii prachurta mein kshetriya bhinnata aur antar, heterotrophic procariot utpaadan, aur bathypelogic kshetra mein kann carbonic (poc) nivesh parr adharit.
heterotrophic eukariotes jaise jeevaanu-khapat karane vaale charvaahon kii matra nirdhaarit karane key liye anusandhaan, namoone lene mein kathinaaiyon seey seemit rhaa haye. aksar jeev cumm samay mein bhaari dabaav parivartanon kaa anubhav karane key kaaran satah parr laae jaane seey jeevit naheen rahate hain. koshika kii prachurta aur biomass kii matra nirdhaarit karane key liye kaam chala rhaa haye, lekin kharaab astitva key kaaran, sateek ganana praapt karna mushkil haye. haal key varshon mein supergroup parr adharit sookshmajeev samudaayon kii aanuvanshik sanrachanaon kaa aaklan karane key tarikon kaa upayog karke bathypelogic kshetra mein eukariotic sanyojanon kii vividhata koo vargeekrit karane kaa prayaas kiya gayaa haye, joe kii una jeevon koo vargeekrit karane kaa ack tarika haye jinake samanya vansh hain. jeevaanu charaane vaalon key kuchh mahatvapurna samoohon mein prakand, vayukosh, kavak, stramenopiles, amibozoa aur utkhanan (sabse adhik seey cumm prachur matra mein soochibaddh) shamil hain, shesh sanrachana koo anishchit yaa anya key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye.
virus samudri khaadya jaal mein apani bhoomika key madhyam seey jaiv-bhurasayanik chakran koo prabhaavit karate hain. unaki samagr prachurta mesopelogic kshetra kii tulanaa mein dou kramon taka cumm hoe sakati haye, haalaanki, gahare samudra mein hydrothermal vent key aspas aksar uchch viral prachurta paaee jaati haye. javic pranaliyon parr unake prabhaavon kaa parimaan viral-seey-procariot prachurta anupaat kii alag-alag seema dwara pradarshit kiya jaataa haye joe 1-223 seey laker, yeh ingit kartaa haye kii procariotes kii tulanaa mein samaan matra yaa adhik virus hain.
jeev-jantu.
machhali paaristhitiki.
prakaash kii kamee key bavjood, drishti nectonic aur planctonic donon jeevon key beach ack visheshta key saath bioluminascence key saath bathypelogic key bheetar jeevan mein ack bhoomika nibhaati haye. jall stambh mein jeevon key vipareet, iss kshetra mein benthic jeevon mein koee bioluminascence naheen hotaa haye. bathypelogic kshetra mein shark, squid, octopus aur gahare paani mein machhali pakadane vaali machhali, gulpar eel, empepod aur dragonfish sahit kaee prajaatiyon kii machhaliyan hain. machhliyon kii visheshataaen kamjor maanspeshiyaan, komal twacha aur dubale shareer hain. vahaan rahane vaali kuchh machhliyon key anukoolan mein chhoti aankhen aur pardarshi twacha shamil hain. haalaanki, iss kshetra mein machhali key liye rehna mushkil haye kyonki bhojan kii kamee haye; jisake parinamswarup oorjaa sanrakshan key liye prajaatiyon mein chayapachaya darr dheemi hoe jaati haye. kabhi-kabhi, kshayakaari jeevon seey carbonic padarthon key badey srot, jaise kii whale girna, vibhinn bathypelogic samudaayon key jeevon koo aakarshit karke gatividhi kaa ack sankshipt visfot paida kartaa haye.
urdhvaadhar pravaas.
kuchh bathypelogic prajaatiyan urdhvaadhar pravaas seey gujarati hain, joe mesopelogic prajaatiyon key urdhvaadhar pravaas seey alag hoti hain kyonki yeh soorya key prakaash seey sanchaalit naheen hoti hain. isake bajaay, bathypelogic jeevon kaa pravaas anya karakon dwara sanchaalit hotaa haye, jinamen seey adhikansh agyaat rahate hain. kuchh shodhon seey pataa chalata haye kii oopari pelogic kshetra key bheetar prajaatiyon kii aavaajaahi vyaktigat bathypelogic prajaatiyon koo palayan karane key liye prerit curr sakati haye, jaise kii "stenoteuthis" sp., squid kii ack prajaati. iss vishesh udaaharan mein, "stenothesis" sp. yeh satah kii or 4-5 ghante key dauran vyaktigat roop seey sthanantarit hotaa haye aur phir samoohon mein banata haye. jabaki adhikansh kshetron mein pravaas key pattern koo shikaar dwara sanchaalit kiya jaa sakata haye, iss vishesh kshetra mein, pravaas key pattern koo kewal shikari-shikaar sambandhon kaa parinam naheen maanaa jaataa haye. isake bajaay, yeye sambandh samanya hain, joe prajaatiyon key saath bathypelogic mein rahati hain joe doosari prajaati key oopar kii or badhane key kaaran honey vaale pome mishran seey labhanvit hoti hain. isake alawa, urdhvaadhar pravaasi prajaati kaa samay bathypelogic chandra chakr seey judaa huaa dikhaai detaa haye. haalaanki, iss samay kaa kaaran banane vaale sateek sanketak abhee bhee agyaat hain.
anusandhaan aur anveshan.
iss kshetra kaa adhyayan detta/tippaniyon kii kamee aur pahunch kii kathinaaee (i.ee. laagat, doorasth sthaan, atyadhik dabaav). aitihaasik roop seey samudra vigyaan mein, mahadvipiya kinaaron kaa sabse adhik namuna liya gayaa thaa aur unaki apekshaakrit aasaan pahunch key kaaran shodh kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, haal hii mein samudra key kinare aur adhik gaharaai parr sthit sthaanon, jaise kii mahasagar kii katak aur seamount, kaa praudyogiki aur prayogshala vidhiyon mein pragati key saath-saath udyog key saath sahyog key kaaran teji seey adhyayan kiya jaa rhaa haye. jall-taapiya chhidron mein rasayanik oorjaa seey upaji samudaayon kii pahali khoj 1977 mein oregan raajya vishvavidyalaya key ack samudra vigyaani jack corlis key netritva mein ack abhiyaan mein hui thee. haal kii pragati mein doorasth roop seey sanchaalit vaahan (aar. oh. vee. aiss.), swaayatt paani key neeche key vaahan (aeye. yuu. vee. aiss.), aur swatantra glider aur floats shamil hain.
jalavaayu parivartan.
mahasagar vayumandaliya carbon dioxide koo grahan karane aur vayumandal seey garmi koo avashoshit karane kii unaki kshamata key kaaran maanavjanit jalavaayu parivartan key liye ack buffer key roop mein kaary karate hain. haalaanki, aisaa karane kii mahasagar kii kshamata nakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit hogi kyonki vayumandaliya carbon dioxide kii sandrata badhati rahegi aur vaishvik tapman germ hotaa rahega. isase anya bhautik aur rasayanik parivartanon key saath-saath deoxygen, mahasagar amlikaran, tapman mein vriddhi aur carbon prithakkaran mein kamee jaise parivartan honge. inn gadbadi kaa bathypelogic kshetra mein rahane vaale jeevon aur gahare samudra mein carbonic carbon dene vaale gunon parr mahatvapurna prabhaav parh sakata haye.
carbon bhandaran.
bathypelogic kshetra vartamaan mein carbon key liye ack mahatvapurna jalaashay key roop mein kaary kartaa haye kyonki isaki matra aur shatabdi seey sahasrabdi samay-star taka yeye paani vayumandal seey alag hain, yeh mahasagar kshetra maanavjanit jalavaayu parivartan key prabhaavon koo niyantrit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye. javic carbon pump key madhyam seey antarnihit talchhat mein kann carbonic carbon (poc) koo dafnana, aur thermohaline conveyor key madhyam seey mahasagar key aantarik bhaag mein ghulansheel carbonic (dic) kaa ghulansheelata pump atirikt vayumandaliya carbon koo hataane key liye pramukh prakriyaaen hain. haalaanki, jaise-jaise vayumandaliya carbon dioxide kii sandrata aur vaishvik tapman mein vriddhi jaari haye, bathypelogic jiss dakshata parr carbon key pravaah koo sangraheet karega aur dafan karega, vaha sabse adhik sambhavana cumm hoe jaayegi. jabaki kuchh kshetron mein pock input mein vriddhi hoe sakati haye, jaise kii archtic kshetra jahaan nyuntam samudri burf key aavaran kii badhee hui avadhi satah mahasagaron seey carbon key neeche kii or pravaah koo badhaayegi, kull milakar, bathypelogic kshetra mein cumm carbon sequestered honey kii sambhavana haye.

