
westinghouse tr-2

tii. aar.-2 paramanu reactor, jise westinghouse pareekshan reactor yaa westinghouse pareekshan reactor (doubleu. tii. aar.) key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack chhota shodh aur pareekshan reactor thaa jise westinghouse electric corporation dwara pitsburg key lagbhag 30 meal dakshin-poorv mein, maddison, pensylvania key paas apane waltz mill site parr design aur nirmit kiya gayaa thaa. tii. aar.-2 pahala niji swaamitva vaalaa anusandhaan aur pareekshan reactor thaa. reactor koo ack durghatana kaa saamana karna padaa jisamen 1960 mein eendhan koo gambhir nuksan huaa.
design.
tii. aar.-2 ack visham, nimn dabaav, cumm tapman, halka paani thandaa aur madhyam, dabaav vaale jall reactor thaa. reactor kaa praathamik kaary reactor samagri aur ghatakon kaa pareekshan karna thaa. 1960 key dashak seey design kiye gaye vaanijyik pwr mein ack vidyut-germ pressuriser pott koo shamil karane key bajaay, tr-2 paani key tank dwara diye gaye sthir paani key dabaav parr nirbhar thaa, jise haid tank key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jise jameen seey oopar uthaaya gayaa thaa aur pipe dwara reactor seey jodaa gayaa thaa. reactor dwara utpann garmi koo ack yaantrik draft cooling tower key madhyam seey paryaavaran mein antim garmi asweekriti key liye heat exchangers koo sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa. reactor koo shuru mein 20 megawatt taka thermal parr kaam karane kii anumati dee gaee thee, halanki ise 60 megawatt key bijli star parr antim sanchaalan kii anumati dene key liye design aur nirmit kiya gayaa thaa. praayogik capsule, pareekshan loop aur eendhan prayogon key liye sthiti reactor design mein shamil kii gaee thee; jaisa kii ack neutron beam port thaa. 8 janwari, 1960 koo paramanu oorjaa aayog (aeye. ee. see.) ney 60 megawatt taapiya oorjaa parr sanchaalan kii anumati dene key liye suvidha licenses mein sanshodhan 1 jaari kiya.
reactor koo ack sanrachana key ander rakhaa gayaa thaa jise vaashp paatr key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jise kuchh saahitya mein ack niyantran sanrachana key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa, jise vikhandan utpaadon koo shamil karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa joe ack durghatana key dauran reactor seey jaari kiye jaa sakate hain. vaashp niyantran ack dhaatu kaa daahine cylinder thaa joe aspas key jameen key star seey lagbhag 74 feat unchaa thaa aur aantarik vyaas mein 70 feat thaa. vaashp paatr kaa sheersh thodaa goal thaa. vaashp paatr mein dou airlock they.
prakriya jall vriddhi tunky aur prakriya jall sheersh tunky koo ack yaantrik ventilation pranali pradaan kii gaee thee jise vaashp paatr key lagbhag 500 feat poorv mein ack dhaatu samarthan frame parr jameen seey lagbhag 250 feat oopar uthaaya gayaa thaa. balpurvak havaa ney serge tank key oopar seey bahakar, reactor operation key dauran samanya roop seey utpaadit gasses koo hataa diyaa, aur phir haid tank mein bhej diyaa gayaa, jahaan gasses koo aspas key jameen key star seey lagbhag 250 feat oopar ack vent key madhyam seey chhoda gayaa thaa.
1 inch motee divaaron key saath, steel reactor pott 32 feat lamba aur 8 feat vyaas kaa thaa. rector pott urdhvaadhar roop seey unmukh thaa aur vikiran suraksha key liye concreet seey ghiraa huaa thaa. eendhan tatvon koo ack vikarn tube key madhyam seey load kiya gayaa aur hataa diyaa gayaa joe reactor pott kii madhya-oonchaai seey paani seey bharee sthanantaran nahar taka faili hui thee joe vaashp key khol koo aspas kii suvidha imaraton seey jodati thee.
ack shodh aur pareekshan reactor key liye vishisht, yeh bijli kaa utpaadan naheen kartaa thaa.
pareekshan reactor badey waltz mill site key vikasit kshetra key uttar-paschim bhaag mein sthit thaa. reactor waltz mill road key poorv kii or sthit thaa, joe waltz mill road aur antarrajyiya 70 key vartamaan chauraahe seey lagbhag 2,300 feat uttar mein thaa.
eendhan.
tii. aar.-2 core mein belnakar eendhan tatva shamil they. eendhan tatva kaee vyaktigat aluminium eendhan tubes sahit yaantrik asembaliyaan theen jinamen euranium eendhan shamil thaa; kuchh eendhan tatvon mein eendhan tubes key alawa anya reactor upkaran yaa prayog ghatak shamil they. pratyek eendhan sanyojan mein ack kendriya aluminium manderail tube key chaaron or teen lambe sankendrit cylinders kii divaaron mein aluminium-euranium mishra dhaatu key roop mein 200 graam atyadhik samriddh euranium eendhan thaa jisamen chhote dibbaband namoonon koo vikiran kiya jaa sakata thaa. euranium-aluminium eendhan mishra dhaatu aluminium seey dhaki hui theeh
aavaran kii motai 36 millie thee; eendhan mishra dhaatu, 52 millie. eendhan nalikaaen 44 inch lambi theen aur eendhan sanyojan kaa baahari vyaas 2.5 inch thaa. donon chhoron parr chhidron ney sanyojan key bheetar chainalon key madhyam seey sheetlak pravaah koo vitarit kiya aur germ sthaanon parr ubalane seey rokane key liye eendhan sanyojanon parr aavashyak kuchh sthir dabaav pradaan kiya.
atyadhik samriddh euranium (heyu) mein nihit 156 kilogram euranium-235 key upayog key liye westinghouse koo aavantit aeye. ee. see. isotope euranium-235 mein lagbhag 93 pratishat taka samriddh haye.
itihas.
westinghouse ney 29 farwari, 1956 koo aeye. ee. see. seey nirmaan anumati key liye aavedan kiya. see. pee. aar.-8
(abb seey naamit see. pee. tii. aar.-ell.) 3 julaai, 1957 koo aeye. ee. see. dwara jaari kiya gayaa thaa. aeye. ee. see. ney 19 juuna, 1959 koo suvidha licenses sankhya tii. aar.-2 jaari kiya thaa.
julaai 1959 mein pahali baar tii. aar.-2 mahatvapurna sthiti mein pahunch gayaa. reactor kaa praathamik upayog uchch neutron paramanu vatavaran mein upayuktata aur pradarshan key liye dhaatu aur gair-dhaatu samagri kaa pareekshan karane key saath-saath kaee vaanijyik, shaikshanik aur sarkari grahakon key liye nae eendhan designs key pradarshan kaa pareekshan karane key liye thaa.
reactor ney 1960 mein ack durghatana kaa anubhav kiya jisake parinamswarup eendhan koo nuksan huaa. 1960 kii durghatana key baad phir seey shuru honey key baad, graahak kii cumm maang key kaaran reactor 1962 mein sevaanivritt hoe gayaa thaa. 25 march, 1963 koo, suvidha licenses mein kewal vishesh paramanu samagri key kabje kii anumati dene key liye sanshodhan kiya gayaa thaa, lekin reactor sanchaalan kii anumati naheen dee gaee thee.
nyuntam radiodharmi reactor pott koo 15 maee, 2000 koo site seey nasht karane aur antim niptan key liye bheja gayaa thaa. westinghouse ney 2012 key vasant mein tii. aar.-2 vaashp khol koo hataa diyaa.
1960 kii durghatana.
ravivaar, 3 aprail, 1960 kii shaam koo reactor mein ack aanshik core pighal gayaa. ack eendhan tatva pighal gayaa, jisase radiodharmi gaisiya vikhandan utpaad cryptone aur zenon nickle gaye. eendhan tatva koo atyadhik garmi aur baad mein nuksan paryaapt sheetlak pravaah kii sthaaniya kamee key kaaran honey kii soochana haye. durghatana koo antarrashtriya paramanu ghatana paimaane parr 4 kaa mulyankan kiya gayaa thaa, joe sthaaniya parinamon key saath ack durghatana thee.
durghatana kii pahali soochana westinghouse seey newyork key sanchaalan karyalaya koo ack telephone coll dwara pradaan kii gaee thee. ack anuvarti patra report mein, westinghouse ney kahaa, "praathamik sheetlak mein uchch gatividhi aur site parr uchch vikiran star key kaaran wtr bund hoe gayaa aur lagbhag 8hah50 baje site koo khaali curr diyaa gayaa.aim. 3 aprail, 1960 koo sanket hain kii uchch star eendhan tatva kii viphalata key kaaran huaa thaa."
durghatana key samay ack niyojit cumm sheetlak pravaah prayog pragati parr thaa; reactor sanshodhanon key liye paanch saptah lambe samay taka bund karane kii yojana 12:01 a seey shuru karane kii thee.aim. agale dinn. shaam 7hah55 baje key aspas.aim. purvi samay mein, reactor sheetlak pravaah dheere-dheere ghataakar 5,250 jee. pee. aim. curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur reactor 30 megawatt parr kaam curr rhaa thaa. raat 8 baje.aim. ghante, reactor bijli koo 37 megawatt taka badhaa diyaa gayaa, aur operators ney bijli mein 40 megawatt taka vriddhi kii. raat 8.35 baje.aim.reactor kii bijli teji seey 17 megawatt taka gir gaee, yahaan taka kii niyantran chhaden swachaalit roop seey core seey vaapas leey rahee theen. 17 megawatt taka pahunchane key baad, reactor kii bijli naatakiya roop seey badhkar 38 megawatt hoe gaee. raat 8.40 baje.aim.poore suvidha mein kaee vikiran monetaron mein seey pahala uchch vikiran reeding parr khatarnak shuru huaa. reactor koo chaar minut baad raat 8.44 baje manual roop seey taiyar kiya gayaa thaa.aim.
reactor key tootane key turant baad, suvidha shramikon koo paas key ack gardhouse mein jaane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa, phir reactor key dakshin-poorv mein lagbhag ack meal key ack tihai hisse mein westinghouse key swaamitva vaale atithi grih mein, kyonki vikiran kaa star badh rhaa thaa. vayu monitor aur geiger counters key saath teen vikiran nigrani dall aspas key paryaavaran kii nigrani key liye suvidha seey chaley gaye. durghatana key samay, uttar-poorv seey baahar 3 meal prati ghante seey 5 meal prati ghante kii raftar seey havaayen chala rahee theen, bundabandi kii barish chala rahee thee, aur suraj lambe samay seey ast hoe chuka thaa. site key seedhe saamane mukhya sadak parr dekhe gaye vikiran kaa star 20 miliram/ghante seey adhik thaa (tulanaa key liye, ack vishisht chikitsa aiks-ray prakriya 10 seey 100 miliram haye). 3 aprail kii raat koo sarvekshanon dwara paryaavaran key kissy bhee sandushan kii pehchaan naheen kii gaee thee. reactor suvidha key ander aur baahar vikiran kaa star agale ghanton mein cumm hoe gayaa; karmiyon ney somwar, 4 aprail, 1960 kii subah jaldi suvidha mein apana pahala punah pravesh kiya.
paramanu oorjaa aayog kii jaanch.
ack baar jaba nuksan kii seema kaa pataa chalaa tou aeye. ee. see. ney durghatana kii jaanch shuru curr dee. aeye. ee. see. karmchaariyon key sadasyon ney 22 aprail, 1960 koo waltz mill site parr westinghouse key saath ack baithak kii. 27 aprail key ack gyaapan mein, aeye. ee. see. nireekshan visheshagya banaam. aeye. walker westinghouse aur reactor prabandhan aur karmchaariyon key liye atyadhik aalochanatmak thaa. walker ney vishesh roop seey jaanch baithak key dauran westinghouse karmiyon dwara spashtata kii kamee kii aalochana kii. unhone yeh bhee paaya kii pareekshan key dauran asamanya sthitiyon kaa saamana karane parr kii jaane vaali kaarravaai key sambandh mein likhit pareekshan nirdesh aur reactor sanchaalan prakriyaaen vistrit naheen theen, jaise kii reactor kii apratyaashit bijli girna. walker ney saransh key saath apane gyaapan kaa samaapan kiya, "samanya taur parr, mujhe lagata haye kii doubleu. tii. aar. achchi tarah seey prabandhit naheen haye aur reactor praudyogiki key vikas mein unhone joe aakraamakta pradarshit kii haye, usey galat disha dee gaee haye. baad kii sthiti koo kuchh hudd taka una parikshanon key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya jaa sakata haye joe kaheen aur kiye gaye hain."
27 maee, 1960 koo, aeye. ee. see. ney durghatana key sambandh mein terah prishthon kii report see. aff.-169 jaari kii. report durghatana kii ghatnaaon kaa vistrit vivaran pradaan karati haye. vishesh roop seey, report kaa nishkarsh haye kii durghatana key turant baad westinghouse karmchaariyon dwara darj kiye gaye sabhi vikiran moolyon mein, raat 9 baje key aspas sanyantra key dwaar parr 200 miliram/ghante kaa avalokan shamil haye.aim., oonche sir tank seey pratyaksh gaama vikiran thaa, jisamen vikhandan utpaad jaari kiye gaye they. haid tank pipe vikiran monitor seey dou meater kii doori parr khuraak kii darr (monitor jameen key star parr thaa, joe kii oonche haid tank seey kaafee neeche thaa) 5000 miliram/ghanta thee. radiodharmi vikhandan utpaad gais zenon-133-135, argan-41, aur crypton-85 koo 250 feat lambe nikas dher key madhyam seey jaari kiya gayaa thaa joe suvidha kii seva kartaa thaa. iss report mein dohraya gayaa kii suvidha sanrachanaon aur upkaranon key baahar koee sandushan naheen paaya gayaa thaa. report ney durghatana kaa ack nishchit kaaran pradaan naheen kiya, jabaki eendhan tatva key paas sheetlak key sthaaniya cumm pravaah gadbadi, eendhan tatva key paas seey pravaah koo avaruddh karane vaale malabe aur kaee eendhan tatva nirmaan doshon (jaise.jee. euranium bandhan key liye aluminium aavaran) koo westinghouse jaanch dall dwara sabse sambhaavit karanon key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa. 7 julaai, 1960 koo jaari antim westinghouse report ney nishkarsh nikala kii durghatana kaa tatkaal kaaran nirnaayak roop seey nirdhaarit naheen kiya jaa sakaa, lekin vishay eendhan tatva mein pahale seey maujood dosh sabse adhik sambhaavit kaaran thaa.
baad kii reports aur patrachar mein bhavishya key reactor niyantran design vichaaron parr durghatana key prabhaav parr charcha kii gaee. ack durghatana key dauran vikhandan utpaadon koo paryaavaran mein bhaagne seey rokane key liye ack vaashp khol yaa niyantran key saath tii. aar.-2 kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, vibhinn prakriya jall tankon kii seva karane vaali ventilation pranali key design aur sanchaalan ney vikhandan gasses koo paryaavaran mein bhaagne kii anumati dee, jisase sanyantra key ghatakon key madhyam seey niyantran baadha koo darkinar kiya gayaa, jise "containment bipass" ghatana key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
1960 durghatana punarpraapti aur safai.
ack eendhan tatva dou tukadon mein pighal gayaa jisamen kaee inch poori tarah seey gayab they, poorv-durghatana oonchaai kii tulanaa mein. 18 aprail, 1960 taka pighale hue eendhan tatva key oopari hisse koo reactor seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, eendhan assembly kaa nichala hissa aur malba banaa rhaa. pighale hue eendhan koo 21 aprail seey 25 aprail taka reactor pott seey baahar nikala gayaa thaa. durghatana key dauran aur baad mein reactor sheetlak loop kaa parisancharan poore system mein mukhya malabe koo vitarit kartaa thaa aur malabe koo hataane key liye bahut adhik shaaririk shram kii aavashyakta hoti thee, isake alawa filter aur aayan vinimayakon key upayog key liye.
tii. aar.-2 suvidha koo saaf karane aur reactor kii marammat aur eendhan bharane key liye aathh maheene taka bund rhaa. safai key liye shram mein kaafee hudd taka westinghouse karmchari aur sthaaniya berojgar koyla khanik shamil they. gharelu safai aur swachchata utpaadon kaa upayog karke samanya audyogik suraksha upkaran pahankar safai kii gaee. durghatana yaa safai key parinamswarup koee chot yaa bimari naheen hui.
durghatana aur safai key dauran 20 laakh gallen dooshit paani utpann huaa. ack pipeline key madhyam seey reactor seey teen panktibaddh pratidhaaran besin/lagoon mein dooshit paani pump kiya gayaa thaa. lagoon mein risaav vikasit huaa, ack aisee sthiti jisake kaaran antatah bhujal aur dooshit mitty mein 90sr kaa pataa lagaaya jaa sakaa.
durghatana aur safai ney usa samay bahut adhik saarvajanik pratikriya yaa media coverage utpann naheen kii. inn-state philadelphia inquirer ney united press international seey kewal dou paragraph bulletin liye.
vartamaan site.
poorv suvidhaon koo hataa diyaa gayaa aur reactor key niyamit sanchaalan seey viraasat sandushan aur 1960 kii durghatana koo julaai 2013 taka pensylvania beuro off radiation protection kii santushti key liye thheek curr diyaa gayaa.
paramanu niyaamak aayog ney 19 sitambar, 2008 koo tii. aar.-2 suvidha key liye suvidha sanchaalan licenses koo samaapt curr diyaa; tii. aar.-2 koo aine. aar. see. dockett 050-00022 aur aine. aar. see. dockett 070-00698 mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.
aage padhein.
paramanu oorjaa aayog kii report see. aff.-169 "westinghouse pareekshan reactor, licenses number tii. aar.-2, waltz mill, pensylvania mein vikiran ghatana kii jaanch", dinank 27 maee, 1960.
westinghouse report doubleu. tii. aar.-49,3 aprail, 1960 key doubleu. tii. aar. eendhan tatva viphalata parr report.