rajshahi

rajshahi sarkaar kaa ack roop haye jisamen ack vyakti, samrat, jeevan bhar yaa tyag taka raajya kaa pramukh hotaa haye. samrat kii raajneetik vaidhata aur adhikaar pratibandhit aur badey paimaane parr prateekaatmak (samvaidhaanik rajshahi) seey laker poori tarah seey nirankush (poorna rajshahi) taka bhinn hoe sakate hain, aur karyakari, vidhaayi aur nyaayik kshetron mein fail sakate hain.
kaee mamalon mein raajaon kaa uttaradhikar vanshaanugat rhaa haye, aksar vanshvaadi kaal kaa nirmaan hotaa haye. haalaanki, poore itihas mein vaikalpik aur swa-ghoshit rajtantra bhee sthaapit kiye gaye hain. abhijaat varg, halanki raajtantron key liye antarnihit naheen haye, aksar samrat koo aakarshit karane aur gathan karane vaale sansthanon (jaise.jee. aahar aur adalat), kaee raajtantron koo alpajantra tatva dete hue.
samrat, maharani, raajaa aur raani jaisi vibhinn upaadhiyan samrat leey jaa sakate hain. rajtantra samrat key saath vyaktigat sambandh key madhyam seey jagirdaron key saath sangh, vyaktigat sangh aur raajya banaa sakate hain, joe kii kaee khitaab rakhane vaale samraton key liye ack samanya kaaran haye.
20veen shatabdi taka rajtantra sarkaar kaa sabse aam roop thaa, jiss samay taka ganrajyon ney kaee raajtantron koo badal diyaa thaa. aaj duniya mein taintis samprabhu deshon mein ack samrat haye, jisamen pandrah rashtramandal kshetra shamil hain joe raajaa charles III koo apane raajya key pramukh key roop mein saajha karate hain. isake alawa, upa-rashtriya rajtantriya sansthaon kii ack shrinkhala haye. adhikansh aadhunik rajtantra samvaidhaanik rajtantra hotey hain, joe ack samvidhaan key tahat samrat key liye advitiya kanuni aur aupchaarik bhoomikaon koo banaae rakhate hain, joe ack sansadiya ganarajya mein raajya key pramukhon key samaan seemit yaa koee raajneetik shakti kaa prayog naheen karate hain.
vyutpatti.
samrat" () shabd pracheen yunani shabd () seey aaya haye, joe (, "ack, ekal") aur (, "shasson karane key liye") seey liya gayaa haih tulanaa (, "shaasak, pramukh"). yeh cumm seey cumm nammatra poorna shaasak koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. vartamaan upayog mein "rajshahi" shabd aamtaur parr vanshaanugat shasson kii paaramparik pranali koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, kyonki vaikalpik rajshahi kaafee durlabh hain.
itihas.
samajik padanukram kaa samaan roop jise pramukhta yaa adiwasi raajatva key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, pragaitihasik haye. pramukh raajyon ney raajya gathan kii avadharana pradaan kii, joe mesopotamia, pracheen misra aur sindhu ghaati sabhyata jaisi sabhyataon key saath shuru hui. duniya key kuchh hisson mein, pramukh raajya rajshahi bunn gaye. kuchh sabse puraane darj aur pramaanit raajtantron mein pracheen misra key faaro, narmer aur kish key sumerian raajaa, enmebargacy they.
praarambhik abhilekhon seey, samrat seedhe vanshaanugat hoe sakate they, jabaki anya paatr sadasyon mein seey chune gaye they. misra, bhaaratiya, mesopotamia, sudanic, punarnirmit proto-indo-europeeya dharm aur anya key saath, samrat seedhe balidan seey judey pavitra karyon koo aayojit kartaa thaa aur kabhi-kabhi divya vansh key saath pahachaana jaataa thaa, sambhavatah raajaon key divya adhikaar kii dhaarana sthaapit kartaa thaa.
polybius ney rajshahi koo sarkaar key teen "saumya" buniyaadi roopon (rajshahi, abhijaat varg aur loktantra) mein seey ack key roop mein pahachaana, joe sarkaar key teen "ghaatak" buniyaadi roopon (atyachar, alpajantra aur occlocracy) key virodh mein thaa. pracheen kaal mein samrat koo aksar "raajaa" yaa "shaasak" (jiska anuvaad "arcan", "basilius", "rakes", "tyranos" aadi) key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.) yaa "raani" ("basilinna") key roop mein. polybius mool roop seey rajshahi koo ganrajyon key ack ghatak key roop mein samajhate they, lekin pracheen kaal seey rajshahi ganarajya key roopon key vipareet haye, jahaan karyakari shakti kaa upayog swatantra nagrikon aur unaki sabhaon dwara kiya jaataa haye. eesaa poorv chauthi shatabdi key hindu granth "arthshastra" ney rajtantra kii naitikta koo nirdhaarit kiya. pracheen kaal mein, rome (roman ganarajya, 509 eesaa poorv) aur athens (ethanian loktantra, 500 eesaa poorv) mein aisee sabhaon key paksh mein kuchh raajtantron koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
17veen shatabdi taka, rajshahi koo sansadvaad key vikas dwara chunauti dee gaee thee.jee. kshetriya sabhaon key madhyam seey (jaise kii icelandic rashtramandal, swiss "landgeminde" aur baad mein "tagsatzung", aur madhyayugeen shahar visheshadhikaron key uday seey judey uchch madhyayugeen sampradayik andolan) aur aadhunik samrajyavad virodhi ee.jee. 1649 mein ingland kii sansad dwara angreji rajshahi kaa asthaayi patan, 1776 kii americi kranti aur 1789 kii francisi kranti. usa pravritti key kaee virodhiyon mein seey ack elizabeth dobbern theen, jinaki anaam "clara neville aur luisa mills key beach samvaad, wafadari parr" (1794) mein "murkhtapurna luisa, joe swatantrata kii prashansa kartaa haye, tomm paine aur america, [jise] clara dwara rajashahi kii manjuri parr vyakhyan diyaa jaataa haye" aur mahilaaon key prabhaav parr purushon parr prayog kiya jaa sakata haye.
taba seey rajshahi yaa ganrajyon key unmoolan kii vakaalat koo ganatantravaad kahaa jaataa haye, jabaki rajshahi kii vakaalat koo rajshahiwad kahaa jaataa haye. jaise kii kuchh ney aajivan yaa yahaan taka kii vanshaanugat raajya pramukhon key madhyam seey ullanghan dekhe honey key bavjood, jaise kii gantantra rajshahi key liye sarkaar kaa virodhi aur vaikalpik roop bunn gaye hain, jaise kii uttar koria mein.
ganatantravaad key uday key saath, 19veen shatabdi kii rajneeti (jaise kii samrajyavad virodhi kattarpanth) aur roodhivaadi yaa yahaan taka kii pratikriyaavaadi rajtantravad mein ganatantravaad key beach ack vividh vibhajan vikasit huaa. agali 20veen shatabdi mein kaee deshon ney rajshahi koo samaapt curr diyaa aur ganarajya bunn gaye, vishesh roop seey pratham vishva yuddh aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh key maddenajar.
aaj duniya mein taintis samprabhu deshon mein ack samrat haye, jisamen pandrah rashtramandal kshetra shamil hain jinamen charles III raajya key pramukh key roop mein hain. adhikansh aadhunik samrat samvaidhaanik samrat hotey hain, joe ack advitiya kanuni aur aupchaarik bhoomika banaae rakhate hain lekin samvidhaan key tahat seemit yaa koee raajneetik shakti kaa prayog naheen karate hain. kaee tathaakathit mukutband ganarajya hain, joe vishesh roop seey chhote raajyon mein jeevit hain.
halanki, kuchh deshon jaise morakko, katar, lactainstein aur thyland mein vanshaanugat samrat kaa raajya mein adhikaar key kissy bhee anya ekal srot kii tulanaa mein adhik raajneetik prabhaav haye, bhale hii yeh ack samvaidhaanik janadesh dwara hoe.
2020 key ack adhyayan key anusaar, rajshahi shasson kii ack pranali key roop mein ubhari kyonki badee aabaadi aur vistrit kshetron koo niyantrit karane mein dakshata key kaaran aisee aabaadi kaa samanvaya karna mushkil thaa. lekhakon kaa tark haye kii sanchaar aur parivahan praudyogiki mein navacharon key saath ack kushal shasson prakaar key roop mein rajshahi mein girawat aaee, kyonki anya shasson prakaron key saapeksh rajshahi kii dakshata mein girawat aaee.
2023 key ack adhyayan key anusaar, rajshahi ack shasson prakaar key roop mein bunny hui haye kyonki yeh nirankush shasson key anya roopon kii tulanaa mein loktantrikkaran kii maangon koo behtar tareeke seey samaayojit curr sakati haih "rajshahi ack loktaantrik samvaidhaanik rajshahi mein sankraman key madhyam seey netritva koo asthir kiye binaa loktaantrik hoe sakati haye. shaasak koo banaae rakhane kii sambhavana vipakshi samoohon seey appeal karati haye joe loktantra aur sthirata donon koo mahatva dete hain, lekin iska vyaapak virodh koo sangathit karane aur banaae rakhane kii unaki kshamata key liye bhee nihitarth haye."
visheshataaen aur bhoomikaaen.
rajtantra vanshaanugat shasankal seey judey hotey hain, jisamen raajaa jeevan bhar shasson karate hain aur pada kii jimmedaariyaan aur shakti unake bachche yaa unake parivaar key kissy anya sadasya koo taba milati haye jaba way marr jaate hain. adhikansh samrat, aitihaasik roop seey aur aadhunik samay mein, ack shaahi parivaar, shaahi parivaar aur darbar key kendra mein paida hue aur paley-badhe hain. ack shaahi parivaar mein badey hocker (jise ack rajvansh kahaa jaataa haye jaba yeh kaee peedhiyon taka jaari rahata haye), bhavishya key raajaon koo aksar raajaa key roop mein apani apekshit bhavishya kii jimmedariyon key liye prashikshit kiya jaataa haye.
vanshaanugat uttaradhikar kii vibhinn pranaliyon kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye, jaise kii rakt kii nikatata, jyeshthata aur agnetic varishthata (lavan kaanoon). jabaki itihas mein adhikansh samrat purush rahey hain, kaee mahila samraton ney bhee shasson kiya haye. raani rajpratinidhi" shabd ack shaasak samrat koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jabaki "raani patni" ack shaasak raajaa kii patni koo sandarbhit karati haye. shasson koo rajshahi maane binaa vyavhaar mein vanshaanugat hoe sakata haih kaee loktantron mein kuchh parivarik tanashahi (aur raajneetik parivaar bhee) rahee hain.
vanshaanugat rajshahi kaa pramukh laabh netritva kii tatkaal nirantarta haye (jaisa kii classic vakyansh "raajaa marr chuka haye" mein pramaanit haye. raajaa lambe samay taka jeevit rahein!").
kuchh rajtantra vanshaanugat naheen hotey hain. ack nirvaachit rajshahi mein, samraton koo jeevan yaa ack paribhaashit avadhi key liye kissy nikaay (ack chunavi college) dwara chunaa yaa niyukt kiya jaataa haye. aaj chaar vaikalpik rajshahi maujood hainh kambodiya, malaysia aur sanyukt arab amirat 20veen shatabdi kii rachanaaen hain, jabaki ack (pope) pracheen haye.
ack swa-ghoshit rajshahi taba sthaapit hoti haye jaba koee vyakti pichhale rajvansh key saath kissy bhee aitihaasik sambandh key binaa rajshahi kaa daavaa kartaa haye. gantantra key netaaon key udaaharan hain jinhone khud koo samrat ghoshit kiya haih france key napolean pratham ney khud koo francisi kaa samrat ghoshit kiya aur 18 brumayar key takhtapalat mein apani satta parr kabja karane seey paanch saal taka francisi ganarajya key pahale vanijya doot kaa khitaab rakhane key baad pahale francisi samrajya parr shasson kiya. madhya african ganarajya key rashtrapati jeane-bedel bokasa ney 1976 mein khud koo kendriya african samrajya kaa samrat ghoshit kiya. chean ganarajya key pahale aupchaarik rashtrapati yuan shikai ney chean ganarajya kii sthaapana key kuchh saal baad khud koo alpakaalik "chean key samrajya" kaa samrat ghoshit kiya.
samrat kaa vyakti.
adhikansh raajtantron mein kissy bhee samay kewal ack hii vyakti hotaa haye joe raajaa key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, halanki dou raajaon ney kuchh deshon mein ack saath shasson kiya haye, ack aisee sthiti jise dwairashahi key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. aitihaasik roop seey yeh pracheen yunani shahar-raajya sparta mein huaa kartaa thaa. pati yaa patni, maataa-pitaa aur bachche yaa anya rishtedaron kii sanyukt samprabhuta key udaaharan hain (jaise kii ingland aur scotland key raajyon mein villium III aur mairi II, roose key tars peater I aur ivan V, aur charles I aur castile key joanna).
andora vartamaan mein duniya kaa ekmatra samvaidhaanik dwairajya haye, joe ack saha-raajya haye. spen aur france key beach pyreni mein sthit, isake dou saha-rajkumar hainh spen mein impercel kaa bishap (ack rajkumar-bishap) aur france kaa rashtrapati (francisi raajaon seey "aiks-officio" vyutpann, jinhen swayam fox kii ginati seey upaadhi viraasat mein millie). yeh ekmatra aisaa mamla haye jisamen ack swatantra desh (saha-) samrat koo dusare desh key nagrikon dwara loktaantrik roop seey chunaa jaataa haye.
ack vyaktigat sangh mein, alag-alag swatantra raajya samrat key roop mein ack hii vyakti koo saajha karate hain, lekin pratyek kshetra alag-alag kaanoonon aur sarkaar koo banaae rakhta haye. pandrah alag-alag rashtramandal kshetron koo kabhi-kabhi raajaa charles III key saath ack vyaktigat sangh key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye; haalaanki, unhein ack saajha rajshahi mein honey key roop mein bhee varnit kiya jaa sakata haye.
ack rajpratinidhi taba shasson curr sakata haye jaba samrat nabalig, anupasthit yaa kamjor hoe.
ack dhong karane vaalaa ack samaapt simhaasan yaa ack simhaasan kaa davedar haye jiss parr pahale seey hii kissy aur kaa kabja haye.
tyag aupchaarik roop seey kissy kii rajtantra shakti aur sthiti koo chhodane kaa kaary haye.
samrat apane shasankal kii aupchaarik shuruat koo rajyabhishek yaa sinhasanarohan key saath chihnit curr sakate hain.
raajaa kii bhoomika.
rajshahi, vishesh roop seey poorna rajshahi, kabhi-kabhi dhaarmik pahaluon seey judee hoti haye; kaee samraton ney ack baar ack devta (raajaon kaa divya adhikaar, swarg kaa janadesh), yaa ack devta (pavitra raajaa) key saath ack vishesh sambandh, yaa yahaan taka kii divya raajaon, yaa swayam devtaon key avtaaron (shaahi panth) key roop mein shasson karane key adhikaar kaa daavaa kiya thaa. kaee europeeya samraton koo "fidei defencer" (vishvaas kaa rakshak) key roop mein shailibaddh kiya gayaa haye; kuchh raajya dharm yaa sthaapit church seey sambandhit aadhikarik padon parr hain.
paschimi raajneetik parampara mein, ack naitik roop seey adharit, santulit rajshahi parr sarkaar key aadarsh roop key roop mein jore diyaa gayaa thaa, aur samtaavaadi loktantra key aadhunik aadarshon parr bahut cumm dhyaan diyaa gayaa thaah ee.jee. sant thomas aquinas ney apratyaksharoop seey ghoshana keeh "atyachar cumm naheen balki adhik baar polyarchy [kaee logon dwara shasson, i.ee. kuleen varg yaa loktantra] rajshahi key aadhar parr naheen."(" "raajatva parr" "). haalaanki, thomas aquinas ney yeh bhee kahaa kii aadarsh rajshahi pranali mein shakti kaa santulan banaane key liye sarkaar key nichale star parr abhijaat varg aur loktantra key tatva donon honge. raajaa praakritik aur divya donon kaanoon key adheen hoga, aur dharm key mamalon mein church key adheen hoga.
daante alighiyeri key "dha monarchia" mein, ack aadhyatmik, shaahi catholic rajshahi koo ack ghibeline vishva-drishtikon key anusaar dridhata seey badhaava diyaa jaataa haye jisamen pratidvandi pope kii vichardhara key pujari daavon key khilaf "melchisedec key shaahi dharm" parr jore diyaa jaataa haye.
saudi arab mein, raajaa raajya kaa ack pramukh hotaa haye joe desh kaa poorna samrat aur islam kii dou pavitra masjidon (khadam-الحرمین-الشریفین) kaa sanrakshak donon hotaa haye.
samraton kii bhoomikaaen vyaktigat sangh yaa rajvansh sangh key madhyam seey anya rajshahi key saath overlap hoe sakati hain, shayed sansthaagat vaastavik sangh aur sambhavatah ack badaa sanghiya, samagr yaa ekaatmak rajshahi, kshetra aur raajya bunn sakata haye.
raajaon key khitaab.
raajaon key paas vibhinn upaadhiyan hoe sakati hain. samraton key samanya europeeya khitaab (kuleenata key usa padaanukramit crum mein) samrat yaa maharani (lattin seh "imperator" yaa "impatrics"), raajaa yaa raani, grand duke yaa grand duchess, rajkumar yaa rajkumari, duke yaa duchess hain. kuchh praarambhik aadhunik europeeya khitabon (vishesh roop seey german raajyon mein) mein nirvaachak (jarmanah, rajkumar-nirvaachak, shaabdik roop seey "nirvaachit rajkumar"), margrave (jarmanah, francisi sheershak "markis" key barabar, shaabdik roop seey "seema bhoomi kii ginati"), aur bergrave (jarmanah, shaabdik roop seey "mahal kii ginati") shamil they. cumm khitabon mein ginati aur riyasaton kii ginati shamil haye. slavic khitabon mein niaz aur zaar (θρh) yaa zaritsa (θριτα) shamil hain, joe roman shaahi sheershak "seasure" seey liya gayaa ack shabd haye.
musalman duniya mein, raajaon key khitabon mein khalifa (islami paigambar muhammad key uttaradhikari aur poore muslim samudaay key netaa), padshah (samrat), sultan yaa sultana, shahansh (samrat), shaah, malik (raajaa) yaa malikah (raani), ameer (commander, rajkumar) yaa amira (rajkumari), sheikh yaa sheikh, imam (oman mein upayog kiya jaataa haye) shamil hain. samraton key purvi asiai khitabon mein "huangdi" (samrat) yaa "enhuang" (maharani regnant), "tianzi" (swarg kaa putra), "tenno" (samrat) yaa "josei tenno" (maharani regnant), "wang" (raajaa) yaa "yowang" (raani regnant), "hwangje" (samrat) yaa "yeje" (maharani regnant) shamil hain. dakshin asiai aur dakshin poorv asiai khitabon mein "maharaja" (uchch raajaa) yaa "maharani" (uchch raani), "raajaa" (raajaa) aur "raanaa" (raajaa) yaa "raani" (raani) aur "ratoo" (dakshin poorv asiai raani) shamil they. aitihaasik roop seey, mangol aur turkey raajaon ney "khaan" aur "khagan" (samrat) yaa "khatun" aur "khanam" sheershak kaa upayog kiya haye; pracheen misra key raajaon ney purushon aur mahilaaon key liye "firo" sheershak kaa upayog kiya haye. ethiopian samrajya mein, samraton ney "aine. aeye. jee. aine. aeye. jee. aeye. aiss. tii" (raajaon kaa raajaa) yaa "aine. aeye. jee. aeye. jee. tii. aeye. jee. tii" (raajaon kii raani) kii upaadhi kaa upayog kiya.
kaee raajaon koo vishesh shailiyon yaa sambodhan key tareeke seey sambodhit kiya jaataa haye, jaise "mahima", "shaahi uchchata", "ishwar kii kripa seey", "ameer all-mumin" ("wafadar kaa netaa"), "hunker-aeye khandan-aeye-osman", "usman key udaatt ghar kaa samprabhu", "duli yang maaha mulia seree paduka baginda" ("mahima"), "jenha" ("mahima"), "tenno heka" (shaabdik roop seey "unaki mahima swargiya samprabhu"), "bixi" ("seedhiyon key neeche").
kabhi-kabhi khitabon kaa upayog una kshetron key daavon koo vyakt karane key liye kiya jaataa haye joe vaastav mein naheen hain (udaaharan key liye, francisi simhaasan key liye angreji daave), yaa maanyata praapt khitaab (antipopes). ack rajshahi key apadasth honey key baad, aksar poorv raajaon aur unake vanshajon koo vaikalpik upaadhiyan dee jaati hain (purtagaal key raajaa koo vanshaanugat upaadhi duke off braganja dee gaee thee).
gair-samprabhu rajtantra.
gair-samprabhu rajshahi vaha haye jahan samrat apane seey adhik laukik adhikaar key adheen hotaa haye. kuchh anya shaktiyon parr nirbhar hain (dekhein jagirdar, adhirajya, kathputali raajya, aadhipatya). british aupaniveshik yug mein, ack sarvopari shakti key tahat apratyaksh shasson maujood thaa, jaise kii british raaj key tahat riyaasaten.
botswana, dakshin africa, ghaana aur uganda mein, pracheen raajya aur pramukh raajya joe upaniveshvadiyon dwara pahali baar mahadweep parr aaney parr mille they, abb samvaidhaanik roop seey kshetriya yaa anubhaagiya sansthaon key roop mein sanrakshit hain.
isake alawa, nigeria mein, halanki saikadon upa-kshetriya rajneeti joe maujood hain, vartamaan samvidhaan mein pradaan naheen kii gaee hain, phir bhee way rashtra mein sanchaalit shasson kii sanrachana key kanuni roop seey maanyata praapt pahalu hain. udaaharan key liye, dakshin-paschimi nigeria mein ekur kaa yoroba shahar-raajya ack vaikalpik rajshahi kii tarah haih isake shasson karane vaale "oba deji" koo shaahi rajkumaron key ack seemit sangrah mein seey raeeson key ack nirvaachak mandal dwara chunaa jaanaa haye.
inn paanch deshon key alawa, africa key baaki mahadweep mein vibhinn aakaron aur jatilataon kii gair-samprabhu rajshahi maujood haye.
raajya kaa darja.
rajshahi poorv-tithi vaali rajneeti jaise rashtra raajya aur yahaan taka kii kshetriya raajya bhee. ack rashtra yaa samvidhaan ack rajshahi mein aavashyak naheen haye kyonki ack vyakti, samrat, alag kshetron aur raajneetik vaidhata (jaise.jee. vyaktigat sangh mein) ack saath.
halanki, raajtantron ney raajya kii pehchaan banaane key liye prateek chihn yaa taaj kii avadharana jaise amoort jaise raajya prateekon koo lagu kiya haye, jise samrat dwara leey jaaya aur kabja kiya jaanaa haye, lekin raajaa kii anupasthiti aur uttaradhikar mein bhee rajtantra kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye.
phir bhee, rajtantra kshetron seey bhee bandhe hoe sakate hain (jaise.jee., norwey key raajaa) aur loga (ee.jee., belgium key raajaa).
uttaradhikar.
vanshaanugat rajtantra.
vanshaanugat rajshahi mein, raajaa kii sthiti uttaradhikar key ack vaidhaanik yaa prathaagat crum key anusaar viraasat mein milati haye, aamtaur parr ack shaahi parivaar key bheetar ack aitihaasik rajvansh yaa rakt rekha key madhyam seey isaki utpatti kaa pataa chalata haye. iska aam taur parr matlab haye kii simhaasan kaa uttaradhikari ack sucharu uttaradhikar sunishchit karane key liye raajaa banane seey pahale seey hii achchi tarah seey jaanaa jaataa haye.
jyeshthadhikar, jisamen samrat kaa sabse badaa bachcha samrat banane kii pankti mein pahale sthaan parr hotaa haye, vanshaanugat rajshahi mein sabse aam pranali haye. uttaradhikar kaa crum aamtaur parr ling parr niyamon seey prabhaavit hotaa haye. aitihaasik roop seey "agnetic premogeniture" yaa "pitrivanshiya premogeniture" kaa paksh liya jaataa thaa, joe kii ack raajaa yaa parivaar key mukhiya key beton key beach janm kii varishthata key anusaar viraasat haye, jisamen bete aur unake purush mudde bhaaiyon aur unake mudde seey pahale viraasat mein milate hain, aur purush-pankti key purush vansh kii mahilaaon seey pahale viraasat mein milate hain. yeh ardh-celic aadikaashth key samaan haye. vanshvaadi uttaradhikar seey mahilaaon key poorna bahishkaar koo aamtaur parr lavan kaanoon key anuprayog key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye ("terrasalica" dekhein).
europeeya kaanoon aur parampara mein jyeshthadhikar sthaapit honey seey pahale, raajaa aksar apane jivankal key dauran apane uttaradhikari (aamtaur parr apane sabse badey bete) koo taaj pahanaaya jaataa thaa, isaliye kuchh samay key liye mukhya apatkal mein dou raajaa hotey they-ack varishth raajaa aur ack kanishth raajaa. udaaharan ingland key yuva raajaa heinry aur france mein praarambhik pratyaksh capitian they. halanki, kabhi-kabhi, jyeshthadhikar mahila rekha key madhyam seey kaam curr sakata haye.
1980 mein, sweeden samaan (poorna sangyanatmak) jyeshthadhikar ghoshit karane vaalaa pahala europeeya rajshahi bunn gayaa, jiska arth haye kii samrat kii sabse badee santan, chaahe vaha mahila hoe yaa purush, simhaasan parr baithati haye. anya raajyon (jaise 1983 mein neetherland, 1990 mein norwey, 1991 mein belgium, 2009 mein denmark aur 2011 mein luxemberg) ney bhee iska anusaran kiya haye. 22veen rashtramandal pramukhon kii sarkari baithak mein solah rashtramandal kshetron key pradhaanmantriyon dwara samjhaute key baad, united kingdam ney 25 aprail, 2013 koo poorna (samaan) jyeshthadhikar (maujooda uttaradhikariyon key daavon key adheen) koo apanaaya.
bachchon kii anupasthiti mein, sampaarshvik pankti kaa agala sabse varishth sadasya (udaaharan key liye, pichhale samrat kaa ack chhota bhaai) samrat bunn jaataa haye. jatil mamalon mein, iska matlab yeh hoe sakata haye kii jyeshthadhikar key anusaar agali pankti kii tulanaa mein mrit samrat key rakt sambandhi adhik nikat hain. yeh aksar, vishesh roop seey madhya yug mein europe mein, jyeshthadhikar key siddhant aur rakt kii nikatata key siddhant key beach sangharsh kaa kaaran banaa haye.
uttaradhikar kii anya vanshaanugat pranaliyon mein tanistry shamil thee, joe ardh-nirvaachak haye aur yogyata aur agyeya varishthata koo mahatva detaa haye. kuchh raajtantron mein, jaise kii saudi arab mein, simhaasan kaa uttaradhikar pahale samrat key agale sabse badey bhaai koo jaataa haye, aur usake baad hii samrat key bachchon (agyeya varishthata) koo jaataa haye. haalaanki, 21 juuna, 2017 koo, saudi arab key raajaa salman ney rajshahi kii iss shally key khilaf vidroh kiya aur apane bete koo simhaasan kaa uttaradhikari chunaa.
nirvaachit rajtantra.
ack nirvaachit rajshahi mein, samraton koo jeevan yaa ack paribhaashit avadhi key liye kissy dwara (ack chunavi college) chunaa yaa niyukt kiya jaataa haye, lekin phir kissy anya samrat kii tarah shasson karate hain. nirvaachit rajshahi mein koee lokpriya vote shamil naheen haye, kyonki nirvaachit nikaay mein aamtaur parr paatr logon kii ack chhoti sankhya hoti haye. nirvaachit rajshahi key aitihaasik udaaharan pavitra roman samrat (rajkumar-nirvaachakon dwara chune gaye lekin aksar usee rajvansh seey aatey hain) aur polish-lithuanian rashtramandal key raajaon kaa swatantra chunaav hain. udaaharan key liye, pepin dha short (charlemen key pitaa) koo franks key raajaa key roop mein franks key pramukh purushon kii ack sabhaa dwara chunaa gayaa thaa; polland key kuleen vyakti stanislav august ponitovsky ack nirvaachit raajaa they, jaisa kii denmark key fredrick I they. gallic aur german logon key paas bhee vaikalpik rajtantra they.
aaj nirvaachit rajtantra key chhah roop maujood hain. roman catholic church key pope (joe vatican shahar raajya key samprabhu key roop mein shasson karate hain) koo cardinalon key college dwara jeevan bhar key liye chunaa jaataa haye. malta key samprabhu sainya crum mein, rajkumar aur grand master koo apane sadasyon key bheetar seey raajya kii poorna parishad dwara jivankal key liye chunaa jaataa haye. malaysia mein, sanghiya raajaa, jise yang dee-pertuan agong yaa sarvopari shaasak kahaa jaataa haye, koo sangh key nau samvaidhaanik raajyon key vanshaanugat shasakon (jyaadaatar sultaanon) dwara paanch saal key karyakal key liye chunaa jaataa haye, joe sabhi malay praaydweep parr hain. sanyukt arab amirat bhee sanghiya raajyon key ameeron mein seey apane sanghiya netaaon koo chunate hain. isake alawa, andora mein ack anoothi samvaidhaanik vyavastha haye kyonki isake raajya pramukhon mein seey ack saha-rajkumar key roop mein francisi ganarajya kaa rashtrapati haye. yeh duniya mein ekmatra udaaharan haye jahan kissy raajya key samrat koo kissy alag desh key nagrikon dwara chunaa jaataa haye. newzealand mein, rajtanga andolan key pramukh, maori raajaa koo unake poorvavarti key antim sanskar mein maori bujurgon kii ack parishad dwara chunaa jaataa haye, jahaan unakaa rajyabhishek bhee hotaa haye. maori raajaa andolan key sabhi pramukh pahale maori raajaa, potatau terohiro key vanshaj rahey hain, joe juuna 1858 mein chune gaye aur raajaa baney. vartamaan samrat raajaa tuhetia potau terohiro VII hain, joe 21 agast 2006 koo nirvaachit hue aur raajaa baney, usee dinn unaki maan, tey arikinui dame taye etayarangikahu, pahali maori raani key antim sanskar key roop mein. raajaa honey key saath-saath rajtanga andolan key pramukh honey key naate, raajaa tuhetia viacato-taitai janjaati key sarvopari pramukh bhee hain.
vartamaan samrat dwara niyukti ack aur pranali haye, jiska upayog jorden mein kiya jaataa haye. iska upayog shaahi roose mein bhee kiya jaataa thaa; haalaanki, ise jald hii ardh-salic mein badal diyaa gayaa kyonki niyukti pranali kii asthirta key parinamswarup mahal kii kraantiyon kaa yug huaa. iss pranali mein, samrat uttaradhikari kaa chayan kartaa haye, joe hamesha uska rishtedaar hotaa haye.
uttaradhikar key anya tareeke.
rajshahi mein safal honey key anya tareeke vaikalpik maton kaa daavaa karane key madhyam seey hoe sakate hain (jaise.jee. paschimi vibhajan key mamle mein), shasson karane key liye janadesh key daave (ee.jee. ack lokpriya yaa divya janadesh), sainya kabja, ack takhtapalat, pichhale samrat kii ack ichcha yaa rajshahi key ander aur baahar key guton key beach sandhiyaan (ee.jee. jaisa kii spanish uttaradhikar key yuddh key mamle mein).
pravesh dwara.
raajaon kii vaidhata aur adhikaariyon koo aksar rajyabhishek key dauran jaise chihn, seeten, kaary aur khitabon key saath kabja karane aur nivesh karane key madhyam seey ghoshit aur maanyata dee jaati haye.
yeh vishesh roop seey vivaadit uttaradhikar, uttaradhikar key tarikon mein parivartan, ack samrat kii sthiti (jaise.jee. jaisa kii "visheshaadhikaar mayas" vilekh key mamle mein) yaa poori tarah seey naee rajshahi (ee.jee. jaisa kii napolean i key rajyabhishek key mamle mein).
rajvansh.
uttaradhikar aksar ack rajvansh kaal yaa ack rajvansh sangh mein sangh kii apekshit nirantarta parr adharit hotaa haye, jise kabhi-kabhi vansh aur vaidhata koo alag karane seey chunauti dee jaati haye.
uttaradhikar sankat.
uttaradhikar kii chunautiyon key mamalon mein, yeh naatak karane vaalon key liye uparokt key madhyam seey vaidhata koo surakshit karane yaa sthaapit karane key liye sahayak hoe sakata haye, udaaharan key liye, chihn jaise pravesh kaa pramaan, sandhiyon key madhyam seey yaa shasson karane key liye ack divya janadesh key daave (ee.jee. haang zikuan aur unake taiping swargiya raajya dwara).
vartamaan rajtantra.
vartamaan mein, duniya mein 43 rashtra hain aur lagbhag aadhaa arab logon kii aabaadi haye, jisamen ack raajaa raajya key pramukh key roop mein haye. way motey taur parr nimnalikhit shreniyon mein aatey hainh
rashtramandal kshetra.
raajaa charles III, alag seey, pandrah rashtramandal kshetron (antigua aur barbuda, australia kaa rashtramandal, bahamas kaa rashtramandal, bellies, kanada, grenade, jamaika, newzealand, papua nyu ginny kaa swatantra raajya, sent christopher aur davis kaa sangh, sent lucia, sent vincent aur grenadines, soloman dweep samooh, tuvalu aur grate britten aur uttari ireland kaa sanyukt raajya) kaa samrat haye. way british samrajya seey baahar rashtramandal key bheetar poori tarah seey swatantra raajyon mein vikasit hue joe raajaa koo raajya key pramukh key roop mein banaae rakhate hain. sabhi pandrah raajya samvaidhaanik rajshahi aur poorna loktantra hain jahan raajaa key paas seemit shaktiyaan yaa kaafee hudd taka aupchaarik bhoomika hoti haye. raajaa ingland key church (ingland key sthaapit church) kaa pramukh haye, jabaki anya 14 kshetron mein raajya dharm naheen haye.
anya europeeya samvaidhaanik rajtantra.
andora kii riyasat, belgium kaa raajya, denmark kaa raajya, luxemberg kaa bhavya duchy, neetherland kaa raajya, norwey kaa raajya, spen kaa raajya aur sweeden kaa raajya poori tarah seey loktaantrik raajya hain jinamen samrat kii seemit yaa badey paimaane parr aupchaarik bhoomika haye. kuchh mamalon mein, inmein seey pratyek desh mein aadhikarik church key roop mein ack isai dharm sthaapit haye. yeh norwey, sweeden aur denmark mein protestantwad kaa luther roop haye, jabaki andora ack roman catholic desh haye. spen, belgium aur neetherland kaa koee aadhikarik raajya dharm naheen haye. luxemberg, joe mukhya roop seey roman catholic haye, mein paanch tathaakathit "rashtriya mahatva key aadhikarik roop seey maanyata praapt panth" (roman kaitholikwad, protestantwad, greek roodhivaad, judawad aur islam) hain, ack aisaa darja joe una dharmon koo unake pujaariyon koo raajya vetan key bhugtan jaise kuchh visheshaadhikaar detaa haye.
andora sabhi maujooda raajtantron mein advitiya haye, kyonki yeh ack dwairashahi haye, jisamen saha-rajkumaron koo france key rashtrapati aur impercel key bishap dwara saajha kiya jaataa haye. aitihaasik prathamikta key aadhar parr iss sthiti ney raajtantron key beach ack vishisht sthiti paida kii haye, jaise kih
europeeya ardh samvaidhaanik rajtantra.
ardh-samvaidhaanik rajshahi ack aisaa rajshahi haye jahan samrat loktaantrik samvidhaan key anusaar shasson kartaa haye lekin phir bhee paryaapt shaktiyaan rakhta haye. leachtenstein kii riyasat aur monaco kii riyasat europeeya ardh samvaidhaanik rajshahi hain. udaaharan key liye, 2003 key samvidhaan janmat sangrah ney prince off lichtenstein koo kissy bhee kaanoon koo veeto karane kii shakti dee joe "landtag" (sansad) prastaavit kartaa haye, jabaki landtag kissy bhee kaanoon koo veeto curr sakata haye jise rajkumar paarit karane kii koshish kartaa haye. rajkumar kissy bhee nirvaachit sadasya yaa sarkari karmchari koo niyukt yaa barkhast curr sakata haye. haalaanki, vaha ack poorna samrat naheen haye, kyonki loga samrat key shasankal koo samaapt karane key liye janmat sangrah kaa ahwan curr sakate hain. jaba vanshaanugat rajkumar alois ney 2011 mein garbhpaat koo vaidh banaane key liye ack janmat sangrah koo veeto karane kii dhamki dee, tou yeh ack ashcharya key roop mein aaya kyonki rajkumar ney 30 varshon seey adhik samay taka kissy bhee kaanoon koo veeto naheen kiya thaa. monaco key rajkumar key paas saral shaktiyaan hoti hain; vaha kissy bhee nirvaachit sadasya yaa sarkari karmchari koo apane pada parr yaa usase niyukt yaa barkhast naheen curr sakata haye, lekin vaha raajya mantri, sarkari parishad aur nyayadhishon kaa chunaav curr sakata haye. monco key rajkumar albert dwiteeya aur lactainstein key rajkumar huns-aadam dwiteeya donon saiddhaantik roop seey apane chhote raajyon key bheetar bahut shaktishali hain, lekin islami raajaon kii tulanaa mein unake paas bahut seemit shakti haye (neeche dekhein). way bhoomi key vishal kshetra key bhee malik hain aur kaee companiyon mein sharedharak hain.
musalman duniya mein rajtantra.
bahreen raajya kii rajshahi, brunei darussalam, jorden kaa hashmite raajya, kuwait raajya, malaysia, morakko raajya, oman kii saltanat, katar raajya, saudi arab raajya aur sanyukt arab amirat aam taur parr apane europeeya yaa rashtramandal samkakshon kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik shaktiyan banaae rakhate hain. brunei darussalam, oman aur saudi arab poorna rajshahi baney hue hain; bahreen, kuwait, katar aur sanyukt arab amirat koo mishrit key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye, jiska arth haye kii kissy prakaar key pratinidhi nikaay hain, lekin samrat apani adhikansh shaktiyon koo barkarar rakhta haye. jorden, malaysia aur morakko samvaidhaanik rajtantra hain, lekin unake samrat abhee bhee europeeya samkakshon kii tulanaa mein adhik paryaapt shaktiyan banaae rakhate hain.
poorv aur dakshin poorv asiai samvaidhaanik rajtantra.
bhootaan, kambodiya, thyland aur japan key raajya samvaidhaanik rajtantra hain jahan samrat kii seemit yaa kewal aupchaarik bhoomika hoti haye. bhootaan ney 2008 mein badalaav kiya. francisi aupaniveshik samrajya seey swatantrata key baad kambodiya kaa apana rajshahi thaa, lekin khamer rooj key satta mein aaney key baad ise apadasth curr diyaa gayaa thaa. baad mein 1993 key shaanti samjhaute mein rajshahi koo bahaal kiya gayaa thaa. 20veen shatabdi key dauran thyland koo ack samvaidhaanik rajshahi mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa. kinvadanti key anusaar, samrat jimmu (shasson 660-585 bce) key baad seey japan mein ack rajshahi, ack samrat rhaa haye, jisase yeh duniya kaa sabse purana maujooda rajshahi bunn gayaa haye. dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein unaki haar key baad, japan ney samrat kii shakti koo seemit karane mein badee pragati kii, iska adhikansh hissa loktaantrik roop seey nirvaachit rashtriya aahar koo diyaa.
anya rajtantra.
chaar rajtantra bhugol yaa rajtantra key varg key aadhar parr uparokt samoohon mein seey kissy mein bhee fitt naheen hotey hainh polynesia mein tonga kaa raajya; africa mein eswatini kaa raajya aur lesotho kaa raajya aur europe mein vatican shahar raajya. inmein seey lesotho aur tonga samvaidhaanik rajtantra hain, jabaki eswatini aur vatican shahar poorna rajtantra hain.
iswatini inn raajtantron mein advitiya haye, jise aksar ack dwait maanaa jaataa haih raajaa, yaa nagavenyama, apani maan, andalovukati key saath raajya key dohare pramukhon key roop mein shasson kartaa haye. iska mool uddeshya raajneetik shakti parr ack roque lagaana thaa. haalaanki, nagavenyama koo raajya kaa prashaasnik pramukh maanaa jaataa haye, jabaki endalovukati koo raajya kaa aadhyatmik aur rashtriya pramukh maanaa jaataa haye, ack aisee sthiti joe haal key varshon mein kamobesh prateekaatmak hoe gaee haye.
pope roman catholic church key pramukh aur rome key bishap key roop mein apani sthiti key aadhar parr vatican shahar raajya (pavitra see seey ack alag ikai) kaa poorna samrat haye; vaha ack vanshaanugat shaasak key bajaay ack nirvaachit haye, aur cardinalon dwara apane chunaav seey pahale kshetra kaa nagrik naheen honah chaahiye.
malta kaa crum apane advitiya itihas aur asamanya vartamaan paristhitiyon key aadhar parr khud koo ack "samprabhu vishay" key roop mein varnit kartaa haye, lekin antarrashtriya kaanoon mein isaki sateek sthiti bahas kaa vishay haye.
samoa mein, raajya key pramukh kii sthiti kaa varnan 1960 key samoai samvidhaan key bhaag III mein kiya gayaa haye. jiss samay samvidhaan koo apanaaya gayaa thaa, yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii bhavishya key raajya pramukhon koo chaar tama aeye 'aigaa' shaahi 'sarvocch pramukhon mein seey chunaa jaayega. haalaanki, samvidhaan dwara isaki aavashyakta naheen haye, aur iss kaaran seey, samoa koo samvaidhaanik rajshahi key bajaay ack ganarajya maanaa jaa sakata haye.
uttar koria mein sattaaroodh kima parivaar (kima ill sung, kima jong ill aur kima jong una) koo "vaastavik" poorna rajshahi yaa "vanshaanugat tanashahi" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. 2013 mein, koriyai kaaryakartaon kii party key nae sampaadit duss maulik siddhanton key anuchhed 10 key khand 2 mein kahaa gayaa haye kii party aur kranti koo "baikdu (kima) rakt rekha" dwara "shashwat" roop seey chalaaya jaanaa chaahiye. halanki iska matlab yeh naheen haye kii yeh ack "dee jeur" poorna rajshahi haye, kyonki desh kaa aadhikarik naam loktaantrik peepuls republic off koria haye. 1971 seey siriyai shasson curr rahey all-asad parivaar koo isi tarah vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye.

