
javic kheti aur jaiv vividhata

javic kheti kaa prabhaav shodhkartaon key liye ruchi kaa vishay rhaa haye. siddhant bataata haye kii javic kheti kii prathaaen, joe adhikansh kritrim keetnashakon aur urvarakon key upayog koo baahar karati hain, jaiv vividhata key liye fayademand hoe sakati hain. yeh aam taur parr kheti kii gaee bhoomi key kshetra mein faili mitty key liye sach dikhaaya gayaa haye, jahaan prajaatiyon kii prachurta, ausatan, paaramparik kheton kii tulanaa mein 30 pratishat adhik haye. haalaanki, fasal kii upaj-paimaane vaali bhoomi key liye jaiv vividhata parr javic kheti key prabhaav parr paaramparik kheton kii tulanaa mein kaafee cumm paidawar key kaaran atyadhik bahas hoe rahee haye.
pracheen krishi prathaon mein, kisaanon key paas jaiv vividhata key vinash parr mahatvapurna prabhaav daalane key liye praudyogiki yaa maanav shakti naheen thee, bhale hii badey paimaane parr utpaadan krishi badh rahee thee. aajkal, aam kheti key tareeke aam taur parr uchch paidawar banaae rakhane key liye keetnashakon parr nirbhar karate hain. iss tarah key adhikansh krishi paridrishya bahut cumm vanaspati yaa jeev saha-astitva vaali mono-culture fasalon kaa samarthan karate hain (vaine elsen 2000). keetnashakon koo hataane aur pashu khaad, fasal aavartan aur bahu-saanskritik fasalon koo shamil karane jaisi aadhunik javic krishi paddhatiyan jaiv vividhata koo panapane kaa mauka pradaan karati hain.
jaiv vividhata key liye javic kheti key laabh.
tulanaatmak krishi bhoomi abhyaas adhyayanon mein dekhi gaee lagbhag sabhi gair-fasal, praakritik roop seey paaee jaane vaali prajaatiyan jansankhya aur samriddhi donon key aadhar parr javic kheti mein vareeyata dikhaati hain. sabhi sambandhit prajaatiyon mein, javic kheton banaam paaramparik kheti key tarikon parr ausatan 30 pratishat adhik haye, haalaanki yeh upaj mein kamee key kaaran jaiv vividhata key sambhaavit nuksan key liye jimmedaar naheen haye. pakshi, titaliyaan, mitty key sookshmajeev, bhring, kenchue, makadiyan, vanaspati aur standhari vishesh roop seey prabhaavit hotey hain. kuchh javic kheton mein cumm keetnashakon kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye aur iss prakaar jaiv vividhata kii yogyata aur jansankhya ghanatva seey laabh hoe sakata haye. halanki badey khet paaramparik kheton kii tulanaa mein adhik udaartaa seey aur kuchh mamalon mein adhik hudd taka keetnashakon kaa upayog karate hain. kaee kharpatwar prajaatiyan laabhkaari keeton koo aakarshit karati hain joe mitty key gunon mein sudhaar karate hain aur kharpatwar keeton parr chaara lagaate hain. mitty seey judey jeev aksar praakritik urvarak key prasaar key kaaran bacteria kii badhati aabaadi key kaaran labhanvit hotey hain, jabaki aamtaur parr paaramparik kheti key tarikon seey judey jadee-bootiyon aur keetnashakon kaa sevan cumm hotaa haye. jaiv vividhata mein vriddhi, vishesh roop seey micorize jaise mitty key sookshmajeevon seey, kuchh javic bhukhandon dwara anubhav kii gaee uchch paidawar key liye ack spashteekaran key roop mein prastaavit kiya gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey javic aur niyantran kshetron kii 21 saal kii tulanaa mein dekhe gaye antar key prakaash mein.
jaiv vividhata mein vriddhi kaa prabhaav.
javic kheti seey joe jaiv vividhata praapt kii jaa sakati haye, vaha manushyon koo praakritik poonji pradaan karati haye. adhikansh javic kheton mein paaee jaane vaali prajaatiyan maanav nivesh kii matra koo cumm karke krishi sthirata kaa ack saadhan pradaan karati hain (jaise.jee. urvarak, keetnashak). javic tarikon seey utpaadan karane vaale kisan jaiv vividhata koo badhaava dekar kharaab paidawar key jokhim koo cumm karate hain. aam khel pakshi jaise kii valay-gardan vaale teetar aur uttari bobb white aksar krishi paridrishyon mein rahate hain, aur manoranjak shikaar kii uchch maangon seey praapt ack praakritik rajdhani hain. kyonki pakshi prajaatiyon kii samriddhi aur jansankhya aam taur parr javic krishi pranaliyon parr adhik hoti haye, jaiv vividhata koo badhaava dene koo taarkik aur kifayati key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
atyadhik prabhaavit pashu prajaatiyan.
kenchue.
kenchuon kii aabaadi aur vividhata key baare mein sabhi adhyayanon mein sabse mahatvapurna jaankaari haye. kenchuon kii jaiv vividhata kii javic aur paaramparik kheti key tarikon seey tulanaa karane vaale chhah adhyayanon mein seey sabhi chhah ney javic prathaon koo prathamikta dene kaa sujhaav diyaa, jisamen 40 varshon key baad kenchuon kii aabaadi aur mitty key gunon kii tulanaa karane vaale agrani houghly farm mein ack adhyayan shamil haye. chhed aur anya. (2005) ney braun (1999) dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan koo sankshep mein prastut kiya aur kheti key tarikon kii tulanaa karate samay aabaadi aur vividhata koo lagbhag doguna paaya.
pakshiyon.
javic kheton koo pakshiyon key liye fayademand kahaa jaataa haye jabaki kifayati rahata haye. pakshi prajaatiyan sabse pramukh pashu samoohon mein seey ack hain joe javic kheti key tarikon seey labhanvit hoti hain. kaee prajaatiyan chaara, bhojan aur pravaas charanon key liye krishi bhoomi parr nirbhar karati hain. iss tarah, pakshiyon kii aabaadi aksar krishi bhoomi kii praakritik gunavatta seey seedhe sambandhit hoti haye. javic kheton kii adhik praakritik vividhata pakshi prajaatiyon koo behtar awas pradaan karati haye, aur vishesh roop seey taba fayademand hoti haye jaba krishi bhoomi pravaas kshetra key bheetar sthit hoti haye. 5 halia adhyayanon mein sthaaniya roop seey ghatati prajaatiyon sahit lagbhag sabhi pakshi prajaatiyon mein, javic krishi bhoomi parr jansankhya aur bhinnata donon mein vriddhi hui haye. paaramparik kheti key tarikon seey javic prathaon kii or rukh karane seey bhee kshetra mein pakshi prajaatiyon mein seedhe sudhaar hotaa prateet hotaa haye. jabaki javic kheti seey pakshiyon kii aabaadi aur vividhata mein sudhaar hotaa haye, prajaatiyon kii aabaadi koo sabse badaa badhaava taba milata haye jaba javic samooh ack paridrishya key bheetar vividh hotey hain. pakshi aabaadi koo jaiv vividhata key liye ishtatam awas key saath aur badhaaya jaataa haye, naa kii kewal javic key saath, sanrakshan shreni jaisi pranaliyon key saath.
titaliyaan.
2006 mein britten mein kiye gaye ack vishisht adhyayan mein dou keat prajaatiyon koo chhodkar javic kheton banaam maanak kheti key tarikon parr kaafee adhik titaliyaan paaee gaeen. adhyayan mein krishi abhyaas kii parwah kiye binaa fasal key kinaaron kii tulanaa mein binaa fasal vaale kshetra key margine mein uchch aabaadi dekhi gaee. isake vipareet, vibul aur anya. (2000) prajaatiyon kii vividhata yaa jansankhya mein koee mahatvapurna antar naheen paaya gayaa.
makadiyan.
makadi kii prajaatiyon aur krishi pranaliyon parr prachurta seey judey duss adhyayan kiye gaye hain. teenon adhyayanon ney sanket diyaa kii prajaatiyon kii aabaadi key alawa javic kheton mein makadi prajaatiyon kii uchch vividhata thee. dou adhyayanon ney uchch prajaati vividhata kaa sanket diyaa, lekin javic aur maanak kheti key tarikon key beach saankhyikiya roop seey mahatvaheen aabaadi.
mitty key sookshmajeev.
javic aur maanak kheti key beach bacteria aur kavak samudaayon kii tulanaa karane vaale 13 adhyayanon mein seey 8 adhyayanon mein javic krishi pranaliyon parr vriddhi key uchch star koo dikhaaya gayaa haye. ack adhyayan ney nishkarsh nikala kii "harit" urvarakon aur khaad kaa upayog javic kheton mein uchch jeevaanu star kaa praathamik kaaran thaa. doosari or, nematode kii aabaadi/vividhata iss baat parr nirbhar karati haye kii unakaa praathamik bhojan kyaa thaa. bacteria-feeding nematodes ney javic pranaliyon kii or vareeyata dikhaai, jabaki kavak-feeding nematodes ney maanak krishi pranaliyon koo prathamikta dee. javic mitty mein bacteria key uchch star key kaaran bacteria-feeding nematodes kaa uchch star samajh mein aataa haye, lekin maanak kheton mein kavak-feeding aabaadi adhik honey key kaaran detta kaa khandan hotaa haye kyonki aam taur parr javic kheton mein adhik kavak paae jaate hain.
bhring.
chhed aur anya key anusaar. (2005), bhring prajaatiyan krishi pranaliyon parr sabse adhik adhyayan kii jaane vaali pashu prajaatiyon mein seey hain. baarah adhyayanon mein carbonic pranaliyon parr adhik aabaadi aur prajaati mein carbonic padarthon kii samriddhi paaee gaee haye. kaafee adhik carbonic aabaadi prajaatiyon aur vividhata kaa samagr nishkarsh yeh haye kii javic kheton mein kharpatwar prajaatiyon kaa star adhik hotaa haye jahan way panap sakate hain. stafilinid aabaadi aur vividhata mein koee vishisht vareeyata naheen dikhaai dee haye, kuchh adhyayanon mein uchch aabaadi aur vividhata dikhaai gaee haye, kuchh mein cumm aabaadi aur vividhata haye, aur ack adhyayan mein javic aur paaramparik krishi pranaliyon key beach koee saankhyikiya mahatva naheen dikhaaya gayaa haye.
standhari.
standhari aabaadi aur krishi prathaon key beach vividhata koo shamil karate hue dou tulanaatmak adhyayan kiye gaye hain. braun (1999) dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii chhote standhaariyon kii jansankhya ghanatva aur vividhata krishi prathaon parr nirbhar naheen karati thee, halanki samagr gatividhi javic kheton parr adhik thee. yeh nishkarsh nikala gayaa kii jadee-bootiyon aur keetnashakon kii kamee yaa kamee key kaaran javic kheton mein chhote standhaariyon key liye adhik khaadya sansaadhan upalabdh they. wickramsinghe aur anya dwara kiya gayaa ack aur adhyayan. (2003) chamgaadad kii prajaatiyon aur gatividhi kii tulanaa mein. prajaatiyon kii gatividhi aur chaara donon paaramparik kheton kii tulanaa mein javic kheton parr dogune seey adhik they. javic kheton mein bhee prajaatiyon kii samriddhi adhik thee, aur dekhi gaee solah prajaatiyon mein seey 2 kewal javic kheton mein paaee gaeen.
vanaspati.
javic aur paaramparik kheti prathaon key beach gair-fasal vanaspati kii tulanaa karane key liye lagbhag duss adhyayan kiye gaye hain. inn adhyayanon key bheetar hejro, aantarik-fasal aur ghaas key maidan key avalokan kiye gaye they aur ack koo chhodkar sabhi ney javic kheton mein yaa unake aspas ack uchch kharpatwar vareeyata aur vividhata dikhaai. inmein seey adhikansh adhyayanon ney vishesh roop seey vyaapak-patte vaali prajaatiyon key liye javic kheti kii prathmiktaon key liye mahatvapurna samagr vareeyata dikhaai, lekin kaee ghaas prajaatiyon ney paaramparik kheton parr bahut cumm dikhaaya kyonki keetnashakon kii paraspar kriya cumm yaa gair-maujood thee. maanaa jaataa thaa kii javic krishi mein kharpatwaron kii aabaadi aur samriddhi madhya fasal bhoomi mein cumm thee kyonki cumm buvaai jaise kharpatwar hataane key tareeke they.
paaramparik seey javic kheti mein badalaav key parinamswarup aksar jadee-bootiyon aur keetnashakon kii kamee seey mitty kii sanrachana mein teevra rasayanik parivartan key kaaran kharpatwar vikhandan mein "uchhaal" aataa haye. praakritik paudhon kii prajaatiyan bhee javic kheton parr saal-darr-saal bhinn hoe sakati hain kyonki fasal aavartan pratyek fasal kii rasayanik jarooraton key aadhar parr naee pratispardha paida kartaa haye.
jaiv vividhata mein vriddhi seey kisaanon koo laabh hotaa haye.
mitty aur mitty key jeevon parr javic anusandhaan javic kheti kii pranali key liye fayademand saabit huaa haye. bacteria aur kavak kii kismein rasayanon, paudhon key padaarth aur pashu apashisht koo utpaadak mitty key poshak tatvon mein todati hain. badale mein, utpaadak koo bhavishya kii fasalon key liye swasth paidawar aur adhik krishi yogya mitty seey laabh hotaa haye. isake alawa, ack 21 saal kaa adhyayan javic mitty key padaarth key prabhaavon aur mitty kii gunavatta aur upaj key saath isake sambandh kaa pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa. niyantran mein sakriya roop seey prabandhit mitty shamil thee jisamen khaad key vibhinn star shamil they, jabaki khaad key binaa ack bhukhand thaa. adhyayan shuru honey key baad, khaad vaale kheton kii tulanaa mein niyantran bhukhand parr kaafee cumm paidawar hui. nishkarshit kaaran khaad key kheton mein mitty key sookshmajeev samudaay mein vriddhi thee, joe ack swasth, adhik krishi yogya mitty pranali pradaan karati thee.
javic kheti key madhyam seey jaiv vividhata koo nuksan pahunchaata haye.
javic kheti kii prathaon key liye abhee bhee jaiv vividhata koo prabhaavi dhang seey badhaava dene key liye kisan kii sakriya bhagidari kii aavashyakta hoti haye. javic kheti key tarikon parr switch karna swachaalit roop seey yaa behtar jaiv vividhata kii guaranti naheen detaa haye. jaiv vividhata utpann karane vaali krishi yogya krishi bhoomi banaane key liye sanrakshan samarthak naitikta kii aavashyakta hoti haye. sanrakshanvaadi aadarshon koo aamtaur parr nazarandaj curr diyaa jaataa haye kyonki unhein utpaadak seey atirikt bhautik aur kifayati prayason kii aavashyakta hoti haye. 
aam kharpatwar hataane kii prakriyaaen jaise undercutting aur niyantrit jalana prajaatiyon key jeevit rahane key liye bahut cumm avsar pradaan kartaa haye, aur aksar adhik pradarshan karane parr tulanaatmak aabaadi aur paaramparik roop seey prabandhit paridrishyon kii samriddhi kii or leey jaataa haye. ack anya samanya prakriya haye prajaatiyon kii samriddhi mein aur sudhaar karane key liye baad aur talabon key roop mein jaiv-kanikaon kaa sanyojan. kisan aamtaur parr adhik teevra fasal utpaadan key liye inn sansadhanon kaa adhik upayog karane kii galati karate hain kyonki javic paidawar aamtaur parr cumm hoti haye. ack aur truti biotope key atee-stareekaran seey aatee haye. chhote samoohon kii ack shrinkhala uchch jaiv vividhata kshamata key liye paryaapt bhoomi kshetra pradaan naheen karati haye.