
misra key chitralipi

misra kii chitralipi (,) pracheen misra mein misra kii bhasha likhane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali aupchaarik lekhan pranali thee. chitralipi mein kuchh 1,000 alag-alag varnon key saath logographic, syllabic aur varnamala tatvon kaa sanyojan kiya gayaa haye. papyrus aur lakadi parr dhaarmik saahitya key liye vakr chitralipi kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. baad kii padaanukramit aur janvaadi misra kii lipiyaan chitralipi lekhan seey praapt kii gaeen, jaisa kii proto-sinitic lipi thee joe baad mein fenician varnamala mein vikasit hui. fenician varnamala kii pramukh baal pranaliyon (yunani aur arami lipiyon) key madhyam seey, misra kii chitralipi aadhunik upayog mein adhikansh lipiyon key liye paitrik haye, sabse pramukh roop seey lattin aur cyrillic lipiyon (yunani key madhyam seey) aur arabi lipi, aur sambhavatah lipiyon key brahmin parivaar (arami, fenician aur yunani key madhyam seey).
chitralipi lekhan kaa upayog praarambhik kansya yug mein 32 veen shatabdi eesaa poorv (nakada III) key aspas, pratham-sakshar prateek pranaliyon seey utpann huaa, jisamen misra kii bhasha mein likhaa gayaa pahala ardh-pariveshak vaakya dusare rajvansh (28 veen shatabdi eesaa poorv) seey sambandhit thaa. misra key chitralipi ack paripakva lekhan pranali key roop mein vikasit hue jinka upayog madhya raajya kaal kii shaastriya bhasha mein smaarak shilalekh key liye kiya jaataa thaa; iss avadhi key dauran, pranali mein lagbhag 900 alag-alag sanketon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. iss lekhan pranali kaa upayog nae raajya aur antim avadhi key madhyam seey aur farsi aur tolemic kaal mein jaari rhaa. chitralipi key upayog key baad key uttarjeeviyon koo roman kaal mein achchi tarah seey paaya jaataa haye, joe chauthi shatabdi esvi taka faila huaa haye.
5veen shatabdi mein moortipoojak mandiron key antim samaapan key saath, chitralipi lekhan kaa gyaan khou gayaa thaa. halanki prayaas kiye gaye they, lekin madhya yug aur praarambhik aadhunik kaal mein patkatha aspasht rahee. chitralipi lekhan kaa arth-nirdhaaran antatah 1820 key dashak mein jeane-francois shampolian dwara roseta patthar kii madad seey puuraa kiya gayaa thaa.
sabhi pracheen misra mein nihit shabdon kii sankhya (i.ee. aaj gyaat chitralipi aur padaanukramit) granth lagbhag 5 million hain, aur yadi duplicate (jaise kii mritakon kii pustak aur taaboot granth) alag seey ginati kii jaae tou ack karod kii or rukh karate hain. pracheen misra key sabse poorna sangrah, worterbuch dair egyptiscane spratch mein 1.5-1.7 million shabd hain.
vyutpatti.
chitralipi" shabd yunani visheshan ("chitralipi") seey aataa haye, joe ('pavitra') aur γλύφω ('glypho' (ι) nakkashi, utkirnan '; dekhein "gliff") kaa ack yaugik haye jiska arth haye pavitra nakkashi.
tolemic kaal seey hii gliff koo ("taa hyroglyphica [gramata]") "pavitra utkeern akshar" kahaa jaataa thaa, joe "aim. dee. doubleu. kii misra kii abhivyakti kaa yunani samkaksh thaa.ishwar key shabd". yunani kaa arth thaa "chitralipi kaa ack carver".
angreji mein, ack sangya key roop mein "chitralipi" 1590 seey darj kiya gayaa haye, mool roop seey nammatra "chitralipi" (1580 key dashak mein, bahuvachan "chitralipi" key saath) key liye sankshipt, visheshan upayog ("chitralipi charitra") seey.
sahidik coptic mein likhe gaye naag hammadi granth chitralipi koo "jaadugaron, bhavishyavaktaon key lekhan" kahate hain.
itihas aur vikas.
mool.
chitralipi misra kii poorv-sakshar kalaatmak paramparaon seey ubhare honge. udaaharan key liye, georgian mitty key bartanon parr prateekon koo chitralipi lekhan key samaan honey kaa tark diyaa gayaa haye.
proto-hyroglyphic prateek pranaaliyan chauthi sahasrabdi eesaa poorv key uttaraardh mein vikasit huin, jaise kii 1998 mein abidos (aadhunik umm all-kaa 'aab) yaa narmer pallet () mein baramad "bichchu aaee" (nakada II' aaa avadhi) naamak ack poorv-rajvansh shaasak key mitty key label.
abb taka paripakva chitralipi mein likhaa gayaa pahala poorna vaakya umm all-kaa 'aab mein sett-peribsen key makbare mein ack muhar kii chhaap parr paaya gayaa thaa, joe dusare rajvansh (28 veen yaa 27 veen shatabdi eesaa poorv) seey haye. lagbhag 800 chitralipi puraane raajya, madhya raajya aur nae raajya yug key liye gyaat hain. greco-roman kaal taka, 5,000 seey adhik they.
geophrey sampson ney kahaa kii misra key chitralipi "sumerian lipi key baad astitva mein aae, aur, shayed, [they] baad vaale key prabhaav mein aavishkaar kiya gayaa thaa", aur yeh kii "yeh sambhav haye kii likhit roop mein ack bhasha key shabdon koo vyakt karane kaa samanya vichaar sumerian mesopotamia seey misra mein laaya gayaa thaa. praarambhik misra-mesopotamia sambandhon key kaee udaaharan hain, lekin lekhan key hastaantaran key liye pratyaksh sakshya kii kamee koo dekhate hue, "pracheen misra mein chitralipi kii utpatti key baare mein koee nishchit nirdhaaran naheen kiya gayaa haye. anya logon kaa maanana haye kii "iss tarah key pratyaksh prabhaav key liye saboot kamjor hain" aur "misra mein lekhan key swatantra vikas key liye ack bahut hii vishvasaniya tark bhee diyaa jaa sakata haye..." 
1990 key dashak seey, 3400 aur 3200 eesaa poorv key beach kii tarikh vaale abydos mein gliff kii uparokt khojon ney iss shaastriya dhaarana parr sandeh vyakt kiya haye kii mesopotamia prateek pranali misra seey pahale kii haye. haalaanki, misra kaa lekhan usa samay achaanak dikhaai diyaa, jabaki mesopotamia mein sanketon key upayog kaa ack lamba vikaasvaadi itihas thaa-krishi aur lekhankan uddeshyon key liye-tokan mein joe pahale seey hii thaa. 
misra key vidwan gamaal moktar ney tark diyaa kii chitralipi prateekon kii soochi "jeevon aur vanaspatiyon seey praapt haye joe sanketon mein upayog kiye jaate hain [joe] anivarya roop seey african hain" aur "lekhan key sambandh mein, hamane dekhaa haye kii ack vishuddh roop seey neelotik, isaliye african mool naa kewal baahar haye, balki shayed vaastaviktaa koo darshaata haye" halanki unhone misra kii bhaugolik sthiti koo sweekaar kiya, jisane ise kaee prabhaavon key liye ack paatr banaa diyaa. rosali david ney yeh bhee kahaa kii "yadi misra ney kaheen aur seey likhane key vichaar koo apanaaya thaa, tou yeh sambhavatah kewal avadharana thee jise liya gayaa thaa, kyonki chitralipi key roop mool roop seey poori tarah seey misra key hain aur misra key apane paridrishya kii vishisht vanaspatiyon, jeevon aur chhaviyon koo darshaate hain."
paripakva lekhan pranali.
chitralipiyon mein teen prakaar key gliff hotey hainh dhvanyaatmak gliff, jisamen ack-swar vaale varna shamil hain joe varnamala kii tarah kaary karate hain; logograph, morphim kaa pratinidhitva karate hain; aur nirdhaarak, joe logographic yaa dhvanyaatmak shabdon key arth koo sankuchit karate hain.
dair seey.
jaise-jaise lekhan vikasit huaa aur misra key logon key beach adhik vyaapak hoe gayaa, saralikrit gliff roop vikasit hue, jisake parinamswarup padaanukramit (purohit) aur janvaadi (lokpriya) lipiyaan vikasit huin. yeye roop papyrus parr upayog key liye chitralipi kii tulanaa mein adhik upayukt they. chitralipi lekhan, halanki, grahan naheen kiya gayaa thaa, lekin anya roopon key saath-saath maujood thaa, vishesh roop seey smaarkeeya aur anya aupchaarik lekhan mein. roseta patthar mein teen samanantar lipiyaan hain-chitralipi, janvaadi aur yunani.
dair seey jeevit rehna.
farsi shasson (eesaa poorv 6 veen aur 5 veen shatabdi mein rook-rook curr) key tahat aur alekjendar dha grate kii misra kii vijay key baad, agami tolemic aur roman kaal key dauran chitralipiyon kaa upayog jaari rhaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii yunani aur roman lekhakon kii chitralipi key baare mein tippaniyon kii bhraamak gunavatta, cumm seey cumm aanshik roop seey, badali hui raajneetik sthiti kii pratikriya key roop mein aaee. kuchh logon kaa maanana thaa kii chitralipi kuchh videshi vijetaon seey 'sachche misriyon' koo alag karane key tareeke key roop mein kaary curr sakate hain. ack anya kaaran videshi sanskriti seey apani sharton parr nipatane seey incar karna hoe sakata haye, joe aam taur parr misra kii sanskriti key liye greco-roman drishtikon kii visheshta haye. yeh jaanane key baad kii chitralipi pavitra lekhan they, greco-roman lekhakon ney jatil lekin tarksangat pranali kii kalpana ack roopak, yahaan taka kii jadui, pranali sanchaarit karane vaale gupt, rahasyamay gyaan key roop mein kii.
chauthi shatabdi esvi taka, kuchh misravasi chitralipi padhane mein saksham they, aur "roopak chitralipi kaa mithak" aarohi thaa. 391 mein roman samrat theodosius pratham dwara sabhi gair-isai mandiron key bund honey key baad chitralipiyon kaa smaarkeeya upayog bund hoe gayaa; antim gyaat shilalekh 394 seey phile seey haye, jise esmet-akhom key bhitti chitra key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
horapolo kaa "chitralipi" (see. 5veen shatabdi) lekhan pranali key baare mein kuchh vaastavik gyaan banaae rakhta prateet hotaa haye. yeh lagbhag 200 sanketon kaa spashteekaran pradaan kartaa haye.
kuchh kii sahee pehchaan kii jaati haye, jaise kii "huns" chitralipi ("za") "putra" key liye shabd kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye.
aadhaa darjan demotic gliff abhee bhee upayog mein hain, joe coptic likhate samay yunani varnamala mein jode jaate hain.
arth-nirdhaaran.
chitralipi kaa gyaan madhyayugeen kaal mein poori tarah seey khou gayaa thaa. 
arth-nirdhaaran key praarambhik prayaas dhul-nun all-misari aur ibn vahashiya (kramshah 9veen aur 10veen shatabdi) key kaaran hain.
sabhi madhyayugeen aur praarambhik aadhunik prayason mein iss maulik dhaarana seey baadha aaee kii chitralipi 
bhasha kii awazon koo naheen, balki vichaaron koo darj kiya. 
choonki koee dwibhashi granth upalabdh naheen they, isaliye satyapan kii sambhavana key binaa iss tarah key kissy bhee prateekaatmak 'anuvaad' kaa prastaav rakhaa jaa sakata thaa. 17veen shatabdi key madhya mein atanasius kircher taka vidvaanon ney yeh sochana shuru naheen kiya thaa kii chitralipi bhee dhwaniyon kaa pratinidhitva curr sakate hain. kircher coptic seey parichit thaa, aur usane socha kii yeh chitralipi koo samajhane kii kunji hoe sakati haye, lekin prateekon kii rahasyamay prakriti mein vishvaas key kaaran yeh bund hoe gayaa.
vyakhya mein safalata kewal 1799 mein napolean key sainikon dwara roseta patthar kii khoj key saath aaee (napolean key misra key aakraman key dauran). 
jaise hii patthar ney ack yunani anuvaad key samanantar ack hii paath kaa ack chitralipi aur ack janvaadi sanskaran prastut kiya, anuvaad mein galat adhyayan key liye bahut saaree samagri achaanak upalabdh hoe gaee. 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, sylvestrey dee sessie, johann david akbarblad aur thomas young jaise vidvaanon ney patthar parr shilalekhon kaa adhyayan kiya, aur kuchh pragati karane mein saksham they. anta mein, jeane-francois shampolian ney 1820 key dashak taka poori tarah seey samajh banaaya. apane "letre aeye aim" mein. decier "(1822), unhone likhaah
yeh ack jatil pranali haye, joe ack hii paath mein, ack hii shabdansh mein, ack hii baar mein alankarik, prateekaatmak aur dhvanyaatmak lekhan karati haye, main lagbhag ack hii shabd mein kahoonga.
lekhan pranali.
drishya roop seey, chitralipi sabhi cumm yaa jyada alankarik hotey hainh way vaastavik yaa amoort tatvon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, kabhi-kabhi shailibaddh aur saralikrit, lekin sabhi aam taur parr roop mein poori tarah seey pahchaanane yogya hotey hain. haalaanki, ack hii sanket koo sandarbh key anusaar, vibhinn tarikon seey vyakhya kii jaa sakati haih ack phonogram (dhvanyaatmak pathan) key roop mein, ack logogram key roop mein, yaa ack vichaar-sangrah (shabdarth; "nirdhaarak") (shabdarthiya pathan) key roop mein. nirdhaarak koo ack dhvanyaatmak ghatak key roop mein naheen padhaa gayaa thaa, lekin shabd koo isake homophone seey alag karke samajhane mein sahaayata kii gaee thee.
dhvanyaatmak pathan.
adhikansh gair-nirdhaarak chitralipi sanket "phonogram" hain, jinka arth drishya visheshtaon seey swatantra, uchchaaran dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye. yeh khandan siddhant kaa anusaran kartaa haye, jahan, udaaharan key liye, ack aankh kii tasveer naa kewal angreji shabd "aankh" key liye khadee hoe sakati haye, balki isake dhvanyaatmak samkaksh, pratham vyakti sarvanam "i" key liye bhee khadee hoe sakati haye.
ack vyanjan key saath baney dhwani-varna koo "ack-ekaatmak" sanket kahaa jaataa haye; dou vyanjanon key saath, "dwibaidhi" sanket; teen, "tribaidhi" sanketon key saath.
chaubis ekaatmak sanket tathaakathit chitralipi varnamala banaate hain. misra key chitralipi lekhan mein samanya roop seey swaron kaa sanket naheen milata haye, cuniform key vipareet, aur iss kaaran seey kuchh logon dwara "abzad" key roop mein label kiya gayaa haye.ee., swaron key binaa ack varnamala.
iss prakaar, ack pintel batakh kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale chitralipi lekhan koo misra mein "s" key roop mein padhaa jaataa haye, joe iss batakh key liye misra key shabd key mukhya vyanjanon seey liya gayaa haih 's', '′' aur 't'. (dhyaan dein kii baain or khulane vaali dou aadhi-angoothiyaan, kabhi-kabhi ank '3' seey badal dee jaati hain, misra kii "alef" haye.")
inn vyanjanon key saath aaney vaale kissy bhee swar seey swatantra roop seey, dou dhwaniyon "s" aur "′" kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye, isake arth key link key binaa pintel batakh key chitralipi kaa upayog karna bhee sambhav haye, aur iss tarah seey shabd likhenh "s", "putra"; yaa jaba neeche diye gaye anya sanketon dwara poorak kiya jaataa haye, "s", "rakhein, dekhein"; aur "s".doubleu, "haard ground". udaaharan key liyeh
g38 varna "s";
g38-z1st-ack hii charitra kaa upayog kewal sandarbh key anusaar, "pintel duck" yaa, upayukt nirdhaarak key saath, "betaa", dou shabdon mein samaan yaa samaan vyanjanon koo ingit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye; chhote urdhvaadhar stroke kaa arth logogram key tahat aage samajhaaya jaaegaah
z: g38-a-a47-d54-akshar "s" jaisa kii "s" shabd mein upayog kiya jaataa haye, "rakhein, dekhein"
arabi lipi kii tarah, sabhi swar misra key chitralipi mein naheen likhe gaye they; yeh bahas yogya haye kii kyaa swar bilkul bhee likhe gaye they. sambhavatah, arabi key saath, ardh-swar aur (angreji mein doubleu aur vaaee key roop mein) swar aur key roop mein doguna hoe sakata haye. aadhunik pratilekhon mein, vyanjanon key uchchaaran mein sahaayata key liye unake beach ack "ee" jodaa jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, "aine. aff. aar" "achchha" aamtaur parr "neifer" likhaa jaataa haye. yeh misra key swaron koo pratibimbit naheen kartaa haye, joe aspasht hain, lekin kewal ack aadhunik parampara haye. isi tarah, "" "" aur "" "" koo aamtaur parr "" "aeye" "key roop mein lipyantaran kiya jaataa haye, jaisa kii raa (" "" ") mein hotaa haye." "
chitralipi kshaitij rekhaaon yaa urdhvaadhar stambhon mein vyavasthit chitron kii panktiyon mein utkeern hotey hain. donon chitralipi rekhaaon key saath-saath panktiyon mein nihit sanketon koo neeche dee gaee samagri parr vareeyata vaali oopari samagri key saath padhaa jaataa haye. panktiyaan yaa stambh, aur unake bheetar key vyaktigat shilalekh, kewal durlabh udaharanon mein baaen seey daaen padhe jaate hain aur usa parr vishesh karanon seey; haalaanki, aam taur parr, way daaen seey baaen padhe jaate hain-misra key logon kii lekhan kii pasandida disha (haalaanki, suvidha key liye, aadhunik granthon koo aksar baaen seey daaen crum mein samanya kiya jaataa haye). jiss disha kii or asmamit chitralipi kaa chehra unake uchit pathan crum koo ingit kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, jaba maanav aur pashu chitralipi chehare parr yaa baain or dekhate hain, tou unhein lagbhag hamesha baaen seey daaen padhaa jaanaa chaahiye, aur isake vipareet.
kaee pracheen lekhan pranaliyon kii tarah, shabdon koo rikt sthaan yaa viram chihnon seey alag naheen kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, kuchh chitralipi vishesh roop seey kewal shabdon key anta mein aam dikhaai dete hain, jisase shabdon koo aasaani seey alag karna sambhav hoe jaataa haye.
eksamaan sanket.
misra kii chitralipi mein 24 ekaatmak (prateek joe ekal vyanjanon key liye khade they, angreji mein aksharon kii tarah) they. inn sanketon key tareeke seey sabhi misra key shabdon koo likhana sambhav hotaa, lekin misra key logon ney kabhi aisaa naheen kiya aur naa hii kabhi apane jatil lekhan koo sahee varnamala mein saral banaaya.
pratyek ack-ekaatmak gliff kaa ack baar ack anootha adhyayan thaa, lekin inmein seey kaee puraane misra key madhya misra mein vikasit honey key saath ack saath gir gaye. udaaharan key liye, aisaa lagata haye kii mudaa huaa-kapade kaa gliff mool roop seey ack/aiss/aur darwaja-boult gliff (′) aeye/θ/dhwani thaa, lekin yeye donon uchchaaran key liye aae, kyonki dhwani khou gaee thee. kuchh ekaatmak granth pahale madhya misra key granthon mein dikhaai dete hain.
ack-akshiya gliff key alawa, dwi-akshiya aur tri-akshiya sanket bhee hain, joe dou yaa teen vyanjanon, vyanjanon aur swaron key ack vishisht anukram kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, aur kuchh swar sanyojan key roop mein, bhasha mein.
dhvanyaatmak poorak.
misra kaa lekhan aksar anaavashyak hotaa haih vaastav mein, yeh bahut baar hotaa haye kii paathak kaa margadarshan karane key liye ack shabd key baad kaee akshar ack hii dhwani likhate hain. udaaharan key liye, "aine. aff. aar.", "sunder, achchha, paripurna" shabd koo ack advitiya trikoniya key saath likhaa gayaa thaa jise "aine. aff. aar." key roop mein padhaa gayaa thaah
haalaanki, usa trikakar mein "f" aur "r" key liye ekakar koo jodana kaafee adhik aam haye. iss prakaar shabd koo "aine. aff. aar. + aff. + aar" key roop mein likhaa jaa sakata haye, lekin phir bhee ise kewal "aine. aff. aar" key roop mein padhaa jaataa haye. dou varnamala varna poorvavarti trick varnakram kii vartani mein spashtata jodd rahey hain.
dwiaadhaari yaa triadhari sanketon key saath anaavashyak varnon koo "dhvanyaatmak poorak" (yaa poorak) kahaa jaataa haye. unhein sanket key saamane (shayed hii kabhi), sanket key baad (ack samanya niyam key roop mein), yaa ise taiyar karane (pahale aur baad donon mein dikhaai dene) key liye rakhaa jaa sakata haye. pracheen misra key lekhak lagaatar apane lekhan mein khaali sthaan key badey kshetron koo chhodane seey bachate they aur atirikt dhvanyaatmak poorak jodd sakate they yaa kabhi-kabhi sanketon key crum koo bhee ulat sakate they yadi isake parinamswarup adhik saundaryapurna roop seey prasann roop mein dikhaai dega (achche lekhak kalaatmak, aur yahaan taka kii dhaarmik, chitralipi key pahaluon mein bhaag lete they, aur unhein kewal ack sanchaar upkaran key roop mein naheen dekhate they). dhvanyaatmak poorak key upayog key vibhinn udaaharan neeche dekhe jaa sakate hainh
vishesh roop seey, dhvanyaatmak purakon kaa upayog pathakon koo una sanketon key beach antar karane kii anumati dene key liye bhee kiya gayaa thaa joe homophone hain, yaa jinamen hamesha ack advitiya pathan naheen hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye, "seat" (yaa kursi) kaa prateekah
anta mein, kabhi-kabhi aisaa hotaa haye kii pracheen misra key saath unake sambandh key kaaran shabdon kaa uchchaaran badal sakata haih iss mamle mein, lekhan key liye sanketan mein samjhauta karna durlabh naheen haye, donon reeding koo sanyukt roop seey ingit kiya jaa rhaa haye. udaaharan key liye, visheshan "bnj", "meethaa", "bnr" bunn gayaa. madhya misra mein, koee bhee likh sakata haih
jise poori tarah seey "bnr" key roop mein padhaa jaataa haye, "jey" kaa uchchaaran naheen kiya jaa rhaa haye, lekin pracheen shabd key saath ack likhit sambandh rakhane key liye banaae rakhaa jaa rhaa haye (usee tarah jaise angreji bhasha key shabd "thru", "chaku", yaa "victual", joe abb usa tarah seey uchchaaran naheen kiye jaate hain jaise way likhe jaate hain.)
shabdarthik pathan.
dhvanyaatmak vyakhya key alawa, varnon koo unake arth key liye bhee padhaa jaa sakata haih iss udaaharan mein, logogram (yaa ideogram) aur "semegram" (baad vaale koo nirdhaarak bhee kahaa jaataa haye) boley jaa rahey hain.
logogram.
logogram key roop mein upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack chitralipi usa vastu koo paribhaashit kartaa haye jisaki yeh ack chhavi haye. isaliye logogram sabse adhik upayog kii jaane vaali samanya sangyaaen hain; way hamesha ack mook urdhvaadhar stroke key saath hotey hain joe ack logogram key roop mein unaki sthiti kaa sanket detaa haye (ack urdhvaadhar stroke kaa upayog neeche aage samajhaaya gayaa haye); siddhant mein, sabhi chitralipiyon mein logogram key roop mein upayog karane kii kshamata hogi. logogram dhvanyaatmak poorak key saath hoe sakate hain. yahaan kuchh udaaharan diye gaye hainh
kuchh mamalon mein, shabdarth sambandh apratyaksh (upnaam yaa roopak) haih
nirdhaarak.
nirdhaarak yaa ardh-chitra (arth nirdisht karane vaale shabdarth prateek) ack shabd key anta mein rakhe jaate hain. yeye mook paatr spasht karane kaa kaam karate hain kii shabd kiss baare mein haye, kyonki homophonic gliff aam hain. yadi angreji mein bhee aisee hii prakriya maujood hoti, tou ack hii vartani vaale shabdon key baad ack aisaa sanketak hotaa jise padhaa naheen jaataa, lekin joe arth koo thheek kartaah "retort [rasayan vigyaan]" aur "retort [bayanbaji]" iss prakaar alag kiya jaayega.
kaee nirdhaarak maujood hainh devta, manushya, maanav shareer key anga, janwar, paudhe aadi. kuchh nirdharakon kaa shaabdik aur alankarik arth hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye, papyrus, y1 kaa ack roll "pustakon" koo paribhaashit karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye, lekin amoort vichaaron koo bhee. bahuvachan kaa nirdhaarak shabd key teen udbhavon koo sanket dene key liye ack shortcut haye, arthaat iska bahuvachan (kyonki misra kii bhasha mein dohra thaa, kabhi-kabhi dou stroke dwara ingit kiya jaataa haye). iss vishesh charitra koo neeche samajhaaya gayaa haye.
yahaan, jeane capart dwara pustak "jey liss less hyroglyphes" ("main chitralipi padh rhaa huun") seey udhaar liye gaye nirdharakon key upayog key kaee udaaharan hain, joe unake mahatva koo darshaate hainh
aine. aff. aar.-doubleu.-aeye. 17-jaid. 3-"aine. aff. aar. doubleu" ("doubleu" aur teen stroke bahuvachan key nishan hain): [shaabdik roop seey] "sunder yuva loga", arthaat, yuva sainya bhartiyaan. shabd kaa ack yuva-vyakti nirdhaarak prateek haih-joe shishuon aur bachchon kaa sanket dene vaalaa nirdhaarak haye;
aine. aff. aar.-: efah aarah tii-bee1-aine. aff. aar.tii "(.tii yahaan pratyay haye joe streeling banaata haye): jiska arth haye "nubile yuva mahila", bee 1 key saath ack mahila koo ingit karane vaale nirdhaarak key roop mein;
aine. aff. aar.-aine. aff. aar.-pee. aar.-"aine. aff. aar. doubleu". (bahuvachan, flectional ending "doubleu" koo vyakt karane key liye paatr kaa teen gunaa): jiska arth haye "neenv (ack ghar kii)", ghar key saath ack nirdhaarak key roop mein, pee. aar.;
aine. aff. aar.-aff.: aar.-aiss. 28-"aine. aff. aar.": jiska arth haye kapade kii lambai key liye nirdhaarak key roop mein "kapade";
aine. aff. aar.-doubleu. 22: jaid2ss-"aine. aff. aar.": jiska arth haye "sharaab" yaa "bear"; nirdhaarak key roop mein ack jug doubleu. 22 key saath.
inn sabhi shabdon kaa ack madhur arth haih "achchha, sunder, paripurna". raymond aeye dwara "madhya misra kaa sankshipt shabdakosh". fockner, kuchh bees shabd detaa haye joe "aine. aff. aar" padhe jaate hain yaa joe iss shabd seey baney hotey hain.
atirikt sanket.
cartuche.
shayed hii kabhi, devtaon key naam ack cartuche key bheetar rakhe jaate hain; baithe raajaa key dou antim naam hamesha ack cartuche key bheetar rakhe jaate hainh
< n5: z1-i-y5: n-a40 >
jey. aim. aine.-aar. doubleu., "amon-raa";
< q: e23-i-v4-p: d: r-a-t: h8 >
qljwwpdr.tii, "cleopetra";
stroke bharein.
ack bharane vaalaa aghaat ack aisaa charitra haye joe ack chaturthansh key anta koo darshaata haye joe anyatha adhura hoga.
sanket shamil hoe gaye.
kuchh sanket kaee anya key sankuchan hain. haalaanki, inn sanketon kaa apana ack kaary aur astitva haih udaaharan key liye, ack agra-bhuja jahan haath ack rajdand rakhta haye, shabd key liye ack nirdhaarak key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye jiska arth haye "nirdeshit karna, chalaana" aur unake vyutpann.
doguna karna.
ack chinh kaa doguna honah isake dohare koo ingit kartaa haye; iska bahuvachan ingit kartaa haye.
vartani.
maanak vartani-"sahee" vartani-misra mein aadhunik bhaashaon kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik dheeli haye. vaastav mein, lagbhag harr shabd key liye ack yaa kaee roop maujood hain. ack koo pataa chalata haih
haalaanki, inmein seey kaee spasht vartani trutiyaan kalakram kaa ack mudda hain. samay key saath vartani aur maanak bhinn hotey gaye, isaliye puraane raajya key dauran ack shabd kaa lekhan nae raajya key dauran kaafee alag hoe sakata haye. isake alawa, misra key loga naee prathaon key saath purani vartani ("aitihaasik vartani") koo shamil karane key liye poori tarah seey santusht they, jaise kii aadhunik granthon mein pracheen vartani kaa upayog karna angreji mein sweekarya thaa. aksar, pracheen "vartani trutiyaan" kewal sandarbh kii galat vyaakhyaaen hoti hain. aaj, chitralipi vigyaani lipyantaran mein nirdharakon, vichaar-sangrah aur anya aspasht sanketon kii upasthiti koo spasht karane key liye kaee soochikaran pranaliyon (vishesh roop seey "manual dee codez" aur "gardiner kii sanket soochi") kaa upayog karate hain.
saral udaaharan.
iss cartuche mein gliff koo iss prakaar lipyantaran kiya gayaa haih
halanki "II" koo ack akshar maanaa jaataa haye aur lipyantaran "y" kiya jaataa haye.
ack anya tarika jisamen chitralipi kaa kaam dou misra key shabdon dwara spasht kiya gayaa haye jinhen "pee. aar". (aamtaur parr "prati" key roop mein mukhar) kahaa jaataa haye. ack shabd 'ghar' haye, aur iska chitralipi pratinidhitva seedha haih
pee aarah jaid1
yahaan, 'ghar' chitralipi ack logogram key roop mein kaam kartaa haih yeh ack hii sanket key saath shabd kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. chitralipi key neeche urdhvaadhar aghaat yeh ingit karane kaa ack samanya tarika haye kii ack gliff ack logogram key roop mein kaam curr rhaa haye.
ack anya shabd "pee. aar" kriya haye 'baahar jaanaa, chhodana'. jaba yeh shabd likhaa jaataa haye, tou 'ghar' chitralipi kaa upayog dhvanyaatmak prateek key roop mein kiya jaataa haih
pee. aar.: aar-dee54
yahaan, 'house' gliff vyanjanon "pee. aar" key liye khadaa haye. isake neeche 'munh' kaa gliff ack "dhvanyaatmak poorak haih" ise "aar" key roop mein padhaa jaataa haye, joe "pr" key dhvanyaatmak pathan koo majboot kartaa haye. teesara chitralipi ack "nirdhaarak" haih yeh gati kii kriyaon key liye ack vichaar-sangrah haye joe paathak koo shabd key arth kaa ack vichaar detaa haye.
encoding aur font samarthan.
misra key chitralipi koo octuber 2009 mein sanskaran 5.2 key jaari honey key saath unicode maanak mein jodaa gayaa thaa, jisane misra key chitralipi khand (yuu + 13000-yuu + 1342aff) koo pesh kiya thaa.
chaar font, "egyptus", "newgardiner", "noto sains egyptian hyroglyphes" aur "jssfont" iss shreni kaa samarthan karate hain. ack anya font, "segoi ui historic", windows 10 key saath aataa haye aur isamen misra key chitralipi khand key liye gliff bhee hotey hain. sego ui aitihaasik mein teen gliff shamil naheen hain joe falas (maali kaa dee52, dee52aeye dee53, unicode code ank yuu + 130bee8-yuu + 130beee) koo darshaate hain.