franciscus patricious

franciscus patricious (croatian "franzo patricia" yaa "fran petrick", itaalaveeh "franco patrogy"; 25 aprail 1529-6 farwari 1597) venis ganarajya key ack daarshanik aur vaigyaanik they, joe crace seey utpann hue they. unhein platonism key rakshak aur abhijaat varg key virodhi key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa.
unaki rashtriya utpatti sroton mein bhinn haye, aur unhein croatian aur italvi donon key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. croatia mein unhein jyaadaatar franzo patricia yaa fran petrick (kabhi-kabhi "patrice", "petrisevic" aur "petrisevic") key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. unake parivaar kaa naam crace mein patrice key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa.
patricious ney shuru mein padua vishvavidyalaya mein abhijaat varg key darshan koo apani padhaai samarpit kii, lekin ack chhaatr key roop mein rahate hue hii unhone platonism kii or rukh kiya. vaha abhijaat varg key ack tej, uchch-profile virodhi bunn gaye, jinake saath unhone vyaapak lekhan mein badey paimaane parr sangharsh kiya. bhautik aajeevika koo surakshit karane key kaee varshon key asafal prayason key baad, unhein antatah 1577 mein ferrara key duchy mein house off este key ducal darbar mein nimantran milaa. ferrara vishvavidyalaya mein, vishesh roop seey unake liye platonic darshan key liye ack peeth sthaapit kii gaee thee. isake baad key varshon mein, unhone ack professor key roop mein pratishtha praapt kii, lekin vaigyaanik aur saahityik vivaad mein bhee shamil they; way vivaad mein parh gaye aur virodhiyon dwara una parr hinsak hamla kiya gayaa. 1592 mein unhone rome key liye ack nimantran sweekaar kiya, jahan pope key paksh mein unake liye ack naee kursi banaai gaee thee. unake jeevan key antim varshon mein, roman poochtaachh key saath ack gambhir sangharsh mein ulajhe hue they, jisane unake mukhya kaam, "nova dee universis philosophia" parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa.
antim punarjagaran manavtavadiyon mein seey ack key roop mein, patricious kii visheshta vyaapak shiksha, vividh vaigyaanik gatividhi, navachar karane kii majboot ichchaashakti aur asadharan saahityik prajanan kshamata thee. unhone sthaapit, saarvbhaumik roop seey maanyata praapt shikshaon kii aalochanatmak roop seey jaanch kii aur vikalpon kaa sujhaav diyaa. vishesh roop seey, vaha prachalit abhijaat varg key praakritik darshan koo apane swayam key model seey badalana chaahte they. unhone aitihaasik adhyayan key arth key paaramparik drishtikon kaa virodh kiya, joe aamtaur parr ack vyaapak, tatasth, vaigyaanik aitihaasik shodh kii apani avadharana key saath naitik nirdesh taka seemit thaa. kavita mein unhone prerana key mahatva parr jore diyaa aur paaramparik niyamon key khilaf ladaai ladee, jinhen way rachanaatmak swatantrata parr manmaane, avaastavik pratibandh maanate they.
praarambhik aadhunik kaal mein, church kii ninda key bavjood prakriti key patricious key dridhata seey vivadaspad darshan kii kaafee pratidhvani hui, lekin yeh ack baahari sthiti bunny rahee. aadhunik shodh antariksh kii aadhunik avadharana key samvidhaan aur aitihaasik siddhant mein unake yogdan koo maanyata detaa haye.
mool aur naam.
francisco patricious istriya (italvi "cherso") key saamane samaan naam vaale dweep parr shahar key crace seey aaya thaa. usa samay yeh dweep venis ganarajya kaa thaa. francisco paadari stephano dee nicolo dee antonio patricious (stazepan nikola antoon patricia yaa petrick) kaa ack avaidh betaa thaa, joe nichale kuleen varg seey sambandhit thaa. unaki maan maria radoka ("borofchich" bhee) theen, ack sthaaniya mahila jinhone baad mein ack anya purush seey shaadi kii, aur sambhavatah "ack hii [deshbhakt] parivaar key dou pujaariyon key saath bistar saajha kiya."puraane saahitya mein, francisco key pitaa kii pehchaan galati seey usee naam key nyayadhish, stephano dee nicolo dee mattio patricious key saath kii gaee thee, aur unaki maan maria kii pehchaan nyayadhish kii kathit patni maria lupetino key saath kii gaee thee. prasiddh dharamshastri mathias flasius key saath daarshanik key sambandh kii galat vanshavali seey sambandhit daavaa bhee galat haye.
francesco key anusaar, unakaa parivaar mool roop seey bosnia mein sthit thaa aur unake coat off arms key anusaar, shaahi vansh kaa thaa. apani matribhoomi parr turkey kii vijay key parinamswarup, vaha pravaas curr gaee, aur isaliye stephanello naamak ack poorvaj crace mein aaya. yeh 15veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein huaa, yadi sanchaar sahee haye. apani pustak, "parelli military" mein unhone kahaa kii vaha siena key deshbhakt parivaar seey aae they.
ack manavtawadi pratha kaa paalan karate hue, daarshanik ney apana naam lattin mein rakhaa aur khud koo "patricious" yaa "patricious" kahaa. choonki way itali mein rahate they aur vahaan apani kritiyon koo prakaashit kiya, isaliye "francisco patricious" naam ney antarrashtriya star parr khud koo sthaapit kiya haye, lekin croatia mein croatian roop key roopon koo pasand kiya jaataa haye. daa cherso" (crace seey) ise 15veen shatabdi mein rahane vaale siena manavtawadi francico patricious (franciscus patricious senances) seey alag karane kaa kaam kartaa haye.
jeevan.
yuva aur shiksha.
francesco patrickius kaa janm 25 aprail 1529 koo crace mein huaa thaa. unhone shuru mein apana bachpan apane grihnagar mein bitaaya. unake chaacha jiyovanni giorgio patricious (ivan juraj patrice), jinhone ack venis yuddhapot kii kamaan sambhali, farwari 1538 mein turkon key khilaf yuddh abhiyaan parr kewal nau saal key ladke koo leey gaye. isaliye yeh pataa chalaa kii franceco ney preveza kii ladaai mein bhaag liya, jisamen isai bede koo maaraa gayaa thaa. vaha lagbhag turkey kaid mein gir gayaa. unhone kaee saal samudra mein bitaaye. sitambar 1543 mein vaha ack peshevar yogyata praapt karane key liye venis gaye. shuru mein vaha jiyovanni georgio kii ichcha key anusaar ack vaanijyik vidyalaya mein gaye, lekin unakaa jhukaav manavtavad key liye thaa. choonki usake pitaa ney isake liye samajh dikhaai, isaliye yuvak koo lattin sabak milaa. baad mein pitaa ney unhein ingolsted mein adhyayan karane key liye bheja, jahan bavarian vishvavidyalaya kii seat thee. vahaan unhone yunani kaa gyaan praapt kiya. haalaanki, 1546 mein, unhein shamalkaldik yuddh kii uthal-puthal key kaaran bavaria chhodana padaa.
maee 1547 mein patricious padua gaye, jiska vishvavidyalaya europe key sabse sammaanit vishvavidyalayon mein seey ack thaa. shuru mein, apane vyaavhaarik-soch vaale pitaa stephano key anurodh parr, unhone giambatista montano, basiano lando aur alberto gabrille key saath chikitsa kaa adhyayan kiya, lekin kewal bahut anichha seey. jaba 1551 mein stephano kii mrityu hoe gaee, tou vaha chikitsa prashikshan chhodane mein saksham hoe gaye. unhone chikitsa kii kitaaben betch deen. vaha manavtawadi shiksha mein ruchi rakhate rahey. apani padhaai key dauran, unhone professor bernardino tomitano, markentonio dee 'passeri (markentonio genova), lazaro buonamisi aur francesco robortello key daarshanik vyakhyanon mein bhaag liya. unake doston aur saathi chhatron mein nicolo safondrati they, joe baad mein gregory XIV key roop mein pope baney. darshan varg patricious key liye nirashajanak they, kyonki padua abhijaat varg kaa gadh thaa, jisake pratinidhiyon ney madhyayugeen vidvaanon kii parampara koo jaari rakhaa. yeh ack aisee disha thee jise patricious ney dridhata seey aswikar curr diyaa aur baad mein hinsak roop seey ladaa. ack franciscan vidwan key prabhaav mein, vaha platonism kii or muda gayaa. franciscan ney manavtawadi marcillo ficino (1433-1499) key neoplatonic shikshan kii sifarish kii. ficino key lekhan kaa adhyayan, vishesh roop seey unake pramukh daarshanik-dhaarmik kaary, "theologia platonica", patrickius key liye agrani thaa. baad mein unhone 1587 mein ack aatmakathaatmak patra mein swayam-sikhaae gaye key roop mein likhate hue padua key shaikshik-aristotelian shikshan abhyaas seey apani doori vyakt kii. apane chhaatr kaal mein unhone pahale seey hii daarshanik aur bhashashastriya lekhan likhe aur prakaashit kiye they; unake paas 1553 mein venis mein mudrit apane yuva karyon kaa ack sangrah thaa.
aajeevika surakshit karane key pahale prayaas (1554-1560).
1554 mein, patricious koo apane chaacha jiyovanni giorgio kii viraasat parr ack lambe vivaad key kaaran crace lautana padaa. crace mein jaadoo, joe bimari, algaav aur parivarik sangharsh kii visheshta thee. usa samay way spasht roop seey aadhyatmik varg seey sambandhit they-cumm seey cumm 1560 taka. unhone ack church mein ghar paane key liye lambe samay mein apani aajeevika koo surakshit karane kii asafal koshish kii. iss viphalata key baad, vaha 1556 mein rome gaye, lekin vahaan laabh key liye unake prayaas bhee whiffle rahey. phir vaha venis chalaa gayaa. yuva vidwan ney ferrara mein ghar key aakarshak aangan mein naukari kii asafal maang kii. aakhirkaar, unhone venis key manavtawadi halakon mein pair jamaaeh way ack vidwan samudaay, academia della faamaa mein shamil hoe gaye, jisamen unhein samaan vichardhara vaale loga mille.
cyprus mein gatividhiyaan (1560-1568).
1560 mein, patricious ney vanician patrician giorgio kontarini kii seva mein pravesh kiya. shuru mein apane niyokta koo abhijaat varg kii naitikta mein padhaate hue. patricious ney jald hii contarini kaa vishvaas jeetaa aur usey ack mahatvapurna kaary diyaa gayaah usey parivaar kii sampatti kaa nireekshan karane aur phir report karane key liye cyprus bheja gayaa, jise contarini key ack bhaai dwara prashaasit kiya gayaa thaa. jaba unhone 1562 kii garmiyon mein apani vaapsee parr sthiti kaa varnan kiya, tou contarini ney unhein phir seey cyprus bheja aur unhein sudhaar key upaayon koo puuraa karane kaa adhikaar diyaa. nae prashaasak key roop mein, patricious ney bhoomi key moolya mein sudhaar karke ack mahatvapurna vriddhi sunishchit kii, jiska upayog abb kapas ugaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, aavashyak upaay mahange they aur kharaab fasal seey bhee aaya mein kamee aaee, taaki graahak santusht naa hoe sakey. contarini key cypriot rishtedaar, jinhone patricious koo apani report seey badnam kiya, ney badala lene aur parivaar key mukhiya parr prashaasak koo dosh dene kaa avsar liya. jaba patricious kaa auchitya sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa, tou unhone 1567 mein riha honey key liye kahaa.
patricious shuru mein cyprus mein rhaa. abb vaha nicosia key catholic archbishop, vanician philippo mosenigo kii seva mein pravesh kiya, jinhone unhein archdiosis seey sambandhit gaanvon key prashaasan kaa kaam saunpa. lekin 1568 mein, dweep turkey khatare mein honey key kaaran, unhone archbishop key saath dweep chhod diyaa aur venis chaley gaye. peechhe mudkar dekhane parr, unhone cyprus mein varshon koo samay barbad honey key roop mein dekhaa. aakhirkaar, unhone yunani bhashi duniya mein rahane kaa upayog ack mahatvapurna manavtawadi chinta key liye kiyaah unhone kaafee safalata key saath yunani pandulipiyon kii khoj kii, jinhen unhone taba kharida yaa likhaa thaa, yaa shayed khud bhee nakal kii thee.
bhautik aajeevika key liye vibhinn prayaas (1568-1577).
apani vaapsee parr, patricious vigyaan mein laut aae. abb vaha phir seey padua gaye, jahan unhone vishvavidyalaya mein kaam naheen kiya, balki kewal niji paath diye. unake shishyon mein archbishop key bhatije zakeria mosenigo they. unake liye prasiddh daarshanik bernardino telecio key saath vichaaron kaa adaan-pradaan karna bahut mahatvapurna thaa, jinake saath way baad mein patrachar mein rahey.
iss dauran, archbishop key saath patricious key sambandh bigad gaye. unhone catalonia key vaaysaraay, joe ack utsaahi pustak sangrahakarta they, key saath sampark kiya. iss sambandh kii shuruat ashajanak theeh vaaysaraay ney unhein barcelona mein aamantrit kiya aur unhein paanch sou ducat key vaarshik vetan key saath ack darbari daarshanik key roop mein rojgar kii sambhavana kii peshkash kii. natijatan, patricious ney spen kii apani pahali yatra kii. halanki, barcelona mein, vaha bahut nirash they kyonki vittiya vaadaa puuraa naheen kiya gayaa thaa. inn paristhitiyon key liye, daarshanik koo 1569 mein lautane key liye majboor honah padaa.
haalaanki, iss yatra key laabhon mein seey ack lambi doori key pustak vyaapaar mein jeevan yapan karane kii sambhavana thee. itali seey barcelona koo pustakon kaa niryaat aakarshak lugg rhaa thaa; patricious vahaan seey jaane seey pahale vyaavsaayik bhagidaron key saath ack samjhaute parr pahunchane mein saksham thaa. shipping shuru hui aur vaastav mein pahale saarthak saabit hui, lekin antatah company daarshanik kii anubhavaheenta aur vyaavsaayik pratibha kii kamee key kaaran whiffle rahee. 1570 mein ack gambhir jhataka patricious koo lagaa jaba cyprus mein turkon ney unake maal key ack shipment parr kabja curr liya aur venis koo niryaat karane kaa irada rakhaa, jisake liye unhone 3,500 ducate kharch kiye they. natijatan, vaha itani pareshani mein parh gayaa kii vaha apane poorv niyokta, kontarini kii or muda gayaa, joe abhee bhee usake 200 ducate kaa rinee thaa. jaba baad vaale ney bhugtan karane seey incar curr diyaa, tou ack lambi prakriya dikhaai dee joe patrickius ney spasht roop seey khou dee.
apani vittiya sthiti koo phir seey vyavasthit karane key liye, patricious ney pustak nirmaan kii or rukh kiya. agast 1571 mein unhone divangat vidwan girolamo ruseli dwara prateek key baare mein ack lipi kii pandulipi key uttaradhikari key saath ack anubandh kiya, "leey impress illustry". unhone sampadan kaa jimma sambhala aur agale varsh ack venis printer dwara kaam prakaashit kiya gayaa. haalaanki, patricious apani anishchit vittiya sthiti key kaaran apane anubandh sambandhi daayitvon koo puuraa karane mein asamarth thaa. isake parinamswarup ack sangharsh huaa, jise hull karna mushkil thaa. iss apriya anubhav key baad, patricious ney apana khud kaa prakaashan ghar, "aul 'alephanta" kii sthaapana kii. vahaan unhone 1573 mein teen pustaken prakaashit keen, lekin phir prakaashak ney pravesh kiya. isake baad daarshanik 1574 mein apane poorv vyaavsaayik bhagidaron parr mukadama karane aur yunani pandulipiyon koo bechane key liye spen kii ack naee yatra parr gaye. farwari 1575 mein unakaa swaagat sachiv raajaa phillip dwiteeya, antonio gracian ney kiya, jinhone unhein ell ascorial 75 kodis mein shaahi pustakalaya key liye diyaa. manavtawadi drishtikon seey, halanki, yeh vyaavsaayik safalata sandigdh thee, kyonki vidvaanon dwara ascorial koo "pustak kabr" maanaa jaataa thaa. jaba asafal pustak vyaapaar key liye kanuni kaaryavaahi binaa kissy purvanumeya parinam key chully gaee, tou patricious terah maheene key baad ghar laut aaya.
apani vaapsee parr, patricious 1577 mein modena mein buss gaye, jahan unhone sammaanit sangeetkaar aur kavi tarquinia molazaa kii seva mein pravesh kiya, jinhen unhone yunani sabak diye.
ferrara mein professorship (1578-1592).
modena mein, patricious koo ferrara key ducal darbar mein nimantran praapt huaa jisaki dou dashak pahale maang kii gaee thee. varsh key anta mein 1577/1578 vaha ferrara mein aaya. ack mahatvapurna saanskritik sanrakshak, duke, alphonso dwiteeya, dee 'este ney unakaa garmajoshi seey swaagat kiya. vahaan unake vakeel ducal council they-1579 seey sachiv-antonio montekatini, joe unhein bahut mahatva dete they, haalaanki way kulinwad key pratinidhi they, jisake khilaf patrickius ney ack platonic drishtikon seey ladaai ladee thee. montekatini key sujhaav parr, ferrara vishvavidyalaya mein patrickius key liye platonic darshan key liye ack peeth sthaapit kii gaee thee. 390 leere kaa shuruati vetan baad mein badhaakar 500 curr diyaa gayaa. bhautik chintaon kaa samay samaapt hoe gayaa thaa.
ferrara jaane key saath, nae professor ney jeevan kaa ack anandadayak aur laabhdaayak charan shuru kiya. unhein alphonso key aakarshak darbar aur shaikshanik vatavaran donon mein atyadhik sammaanit kiya jaataa thaa. vaha duke key saath dost thaa. patrickius key prasiddh kavi torquato taso key saath bhee achche vyaktigat sambandh they, joe ferrara mein rahate they, bhale hii ack vivadaspad ghatana mein unake saath unakaa vivaad thaa. ferrara mein apane kaam key chaudah varshon mein, unhone kaee lekhan prakaashit kiye.
haalaanki, daarshanik aur saahityik muddon parr patricious kii samarpit raay bhee vivaad kaa kaaran bunny aur vivaadon kaa kaaran bunny. abhijaat varg kii aalochana key kaaran, abhijaat varg key teodoro angelucci key saath ack likhit vivaad cumm hoe gayaa. saahityik kshetra mein, patricious kavya gunavatta key mandand parr ack vivaad mein shamil they, jisamen camillo pellegrino aur torquato taso ney vipareet drishtikon apanaaya.
rome mein professorship, censorship aur mrityu key saath sangharsh (1592-1597).
patricious kaa shaikshanik jeevan antatah cardinal epolito aldobrandini kii paropkar key kaaran charam parr pahunch gayaa, jinhone unhein octuber 1591 mein rome mein aamantrit kiya. janwari 1592 mein aldobrandini pope chune gaye aur unhone clement VIII naam liya. unhone 18 aprail 1592 koo rome mein aaney vaale vidwan kaa utsaahpoorvak swaagat kiya. rome key sapienza vishvavidyalaya mein patrickius key liye platonic darshan key liye ack kursi banaai gaee thee. professor kaa nivaas sinzio passeri aldobrandini key ghar mein thaa, joe pope key bhatije aur ack prasiddh sanrakshak they aur 1593 mein cardinal key roop mein badey hue they. 15 maee koo, unhone ack badey darshakon koo plato key "timayos" parr apana udghaatan vyakhyan diyaa. unhein diyaa gayaa bhatta-500 ducates kaa mool vetan, bhatte key saath ack achchha 840 ducates-sapienza parr sabse adhik thaa. yeh vishesh pope anugrah kaa sanket thaa joe platonist koo milaa thaa. unake shrotaon aur vartakaron mein torquato taso they, joe abb rome mein rahate they, jinhen ferrara mein sangharsh kaa pachtawa naheen thaa.
pope key saath apane utkrisht sambandhon key bavjood, patricious jald hii church censorship kaa lakshya bunn gayaa. yeh avsar unaki pramukh daarshanik kriti "nova dee universis philosophia" thee, jise unhone 1591 mein ferrara mein prakaashit kiya thaa. vahaan sensor pedro juan saragoza ney kaee bayanon kii khoj kii jinhen unhone vidharmi yaa cumm seey cumm sandigdh maanaa aur jisaki unhone ack visheshagya report mein ninda kii. anya baaton key alawa, unhone iss kathan koo galat ghoshit kiya kii prithvi ghoom rahee thee kyonki yeh shaastron key saath asangat thaa. dharmshastriyon kii aam sahamati key anusaar, yeh bible seey ekatra kiya jaa sakata haye kii sthir taaraa akash achal prithvi key chaaron or ghoomata haye.
octuber 1592 mein soochkaank mandali, joe nishiddh pustakon key soochkaank key liye jimmedaar pradhikaran haye. navambar 1592 mein, usane sandigdh dastaavez key lekhak koo talab kiya aur usey saragoza kii report padhane kii anumati dee, joe usa samay aaropi key liye asamanya thee. patricious ney sensor key hamale kaa jawab ack raksha patra, "maafi vigyaapan sensaram" key saath diyaa, jisamen unhone mool roop seey apani prastuti kii ghoshana kii, lekin aakramak roop seey apani sthiti kaa bachaav kiya aur saragoza kii akshamta koo sweekaar kiya. usey koee samajh naheen millie. baad mein unhone apane shikshan aur riyaayaton key likhit spashteekaran key saath panel koo santusht karane kii asafal koshish kii. disambar 1592 mein mandali dwara soochkaank key nae sanskaran mein "nova dee universis philosophia" koo soochibaddh karane kaa nirnay lene key baad bhee, lekhak ney apane bachaav prayason koo jaari rakhaa, jabaki 1593 key nae soochkaank key prakaashan mein deree hui. mukhya nuksan yeh thaa kii sensor joe aakhiri baar jimmedaar thaa, jesuit francisco dee toldo, deshbhakt vidwan abhijaat varg kaa ack prasiddh pratinidhi thaa. julaai 1594 mein mandali ney kaam key vitaran aur padhane parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa aur sabhi khoj yogya pratiyon koo nasht karane kaa adesh diyaa. shaastra koo soochkaank key adyatan sanskaran mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa, joe 1596 mein aur baad key sanskaranon mein dikhaai diyaa. haalaanki, lekhak koo spasht roop seey anumodan key liye ack sanshodhit sanskaran prastut karane key liye protsaahit kiya gayaa thaa. vriddh aur sangharshagrast daarshanik ney sanshodhan seey nipata, lekin ise puuraa karane mein asamarth rahey kyonki 7 farwari 1597 koo bukhaar seey unaki mrityu hoe gaee. unhein roman church sent 'onophrio all gianicolo mein torquato taso key buggle mein dafnaya gayaa thaa.
kaam kartaa haye.
patricious key adhikansh lekhan italvi mein hain, baaki lattin mein hain. oyuvar key lattin bhaag mein mukhya roop seey dou smaarkeeya kaary shamil hainh "discussion peripetete", abhijaat varg key khilaf ack vyaapak parcha, aur "nova dee universis philosophia", unake shikshan kii adhuri samagr prastuti.
anty-aristotellion lekhan.
"charcha peripetete".
abhijaat varg key khilaf sangharsh patrickius kii ack kendriya chinta thee, joe unake granthon mein harr jagah spasht haye. way naa kewal pracheen vichaarak kii vyaktigat shikshaon kaa khandan karna chaahte they, balki poori pranali koo dhwast karna chaahte they. iss uddeshya key liye, unhone ack vivadaspad lipi likhi jise unhone "discus peripatatic" (peripatatic pariksha) kahaa, joe kii periptos, abhijaat varg key darshan key school kaa ullekh kartaa haye. pahala aaveg unake chhaatr zakeria mosenigo key anurodh seey aaya, jinhone unhein abhijaat varg key baare mein ack kahani likhane key liye kahaa. patrickius ney iss anurodh koo "charchaon" key mool sanskaran key saath puuraa kiya, joe yunani daarshanik key jeevan aur karyon kii ack mahatvapurna pariksha thee, jise unhone 1571 mein venis mein prakaashit kiya thaa. baad mein, ack lambe vyavadhaan key baad, unhone abhijaat varg key vyavasthit vishleshan koo phir seey shuru kiya aur apane mool paath koo duniya kii paridhiya vyakhya kii vyaapak aalochana key liye vistaarit kiya. pariyojana key iss vistaar mein, 1571 mein mudrit "charcha" chaar-khandon key kaam mein shamil honey vaalaa pahala khand thaa, jise patricious ney 1581 mein pietro parna mein besel mein folio mein mudrit kiya thaa. aisaa karate hue, unhone ack polymical script prastut kii, jise abhijaat varg key liye ack manual key roop mein bhee design kiya gayaa thaa.
pahale khand mein terah pustaken hain. pahali pustak mein abhijaat varg kii vistrit jeevani haye, doosari pustak mein kritiyon kii soochi haye. nimnalikhit saat pustakon mein bhasha vigyaan adhyayan shamil hain. yeh una prashnon koo spasht karane key baare mein haye kii paaramparik roop seey abhijaat varg key liye kaun seey lekhan vaastav mein unase aatey hain, kaun seey kaary sheershak pramanik hain aur lekhan koo vyavasthit roop seey kaise vyavasthit kiya jaanaa haye. patricious vaastavik aur nakali lekhan key beach antar key liye kaee shaileegat, mool aur aitihaasik maandandon koo paribhaashit kartaa haye. yunani vichaarak dwara khoye hue karyon key tukadon parr vishesh dhyaan diyaa jaataa haye, joe baad key pracheen saahitya mein sanrakshit hain. way badee sankhya mein sankalit kiye jaate hain. dasavin pustak swaagat key itihas seey sambandhit haye. antim teen pustaken vibhinn tarikon key liye samarpit hain jinka upayog shikshan kii vyakhya karane aur abhijaat varg key daarshanik key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
dusare khand mein, patrickius ney purani shikshaon, vishesh roop seey platenism key saath peripetic darshan kii tulanaa kii haye. uska irada abhijaat varg koo saahityik chori yaa sankalak key roop mein badnam karna haye. haalaanki, vaha khud koo saavdhaanipoorvak vyakt kartaa haye, kyonki yeh khand usake dost aur sahakarmi antonio montecatino koo samarpit haye, joe ferrara mein abhijaat varg key darshan key liye kursi key dhaarak hain. isake vipareet antim dou khandon mein khula, hinsak vivaad haye, jisamen lekhak apani anichha chhod detaa haye. teesara khand peripatatic shikshaon koo poorv-socretic aur plato key saath asangat key roop mein prastut kartaa haye. patricious adhikaariyon key beach asahamati parr charcha karate hain, joe hamesha abhijaat varg key drishtikon koo galat ghoshit karate hue virodhabhasi bayanon key aadhar parr hoti haye. unake drishtikon seey, abhijaatvaad bauddhik itihas mein girawat haye, joe pahale key vicharakon key gyaan kaa ack jhooth aur vinash haye. chauthi pustak abhijaat varg key praakritik darshan mein trutiyon koo saabit karane kaa kaam karati haye.
peripatatic soch key saath kaam karate samay, patricious abhijaat varg key siddhant koo seedhe apane shabdon seey lene key liye bahut mahatva detaa haye, naa kii-jaisa kii madhya yug seey prachalit haye-kaee tippanikaron kii vyakhyaon seey prabhaavit honey key liye. isake alawa, vaha maang kartaa haye kii abhijaat varg key drishtikon koo ack bayaan dwara samarthit naheen kiya jaae, jaisa kii pahale huaa thaa, balki daarshanik dwara sabhi praasangik bayanon kaa upayog kiya jaae. charchaon key peripetete" mein patrickius lagaatar ack platonic vaikalpik pranali seey abhijaat vargavaad kii or naheen jaataa haye, balki gair-platonic, balki nammatra aur anubhavjanya vichaaron parr adharit tarkon kaa laabh uthaata haye. vaha darshan mein ack durbhagyapurna vikas dekhta haih abhijaat varg key pahale chhaatr abhee bhee swatantra roop seey sochate they aur apane shikshak kaa virodh bhee karate they; haalaanki, baad mein, kamoddipak key alekjendar ney school key sansthaapak key saamane binaa shart aatmasamarpan curr diyaa aur iss prakaar, swatantra soch kaa tyag curr diyaa. pahale madhyayugeen arabi bhasha key dubhashiya, avicenna, vempes aur alfarabi, abhee bhee apekshaakrit nishpaksh they, lekin taba evro key paas abhijaat varg kaa poorna adhikaar ghoshit thaa aur iss prakaar way nirjeev, vidwan abhijaat varg kaa maarg prashast karate they.
teodoro angelucci key saath vivaad.
charchaon key peripetete" mein abhijaat varg key darshan parr vinashkari faisale ney abhijaat varg key teodoro angelucci key saath vivaad paida curr diyaa. baad vaale ney ack prati-lekhan key saath "charchaon" kaa jawab diyaa jisamen unhone tatvamimansa aur praakritik vigyaan parr patrickius key bayanon kii teekhi aalochana kii. hamla kiye gaye vyakti ney iska jawab "maafi key liye contracholomias theodori angeluty" (teodoro angelucci key manhani key khilaf bachaav) key saath diyaa, jise usane 1584 mein mudrit kiya thaa. agale varsh, angelucci ney ack anya yuddh lipi, "abhyaas" (abhyaas) key saath tark jaari rakhaa.
tatvamimansa, praakritik darshan, ganit aur sankhya prateekvaad.
nae darshan" kii pranali parr praarambhik kaary.
1580 key dashak mein, patricious ney apani daarshanik pranali kii samagr prastuti key liye praarambhik kaary parr kaam kiya, jise unhone abhijaatya varg key vikalp key roop mein kalpana kii. sabse pahale, unhone praasangik samagri pradaan kii. unhone aristotal key "tatvamimansa" key saath-saath "tatva bhautik" aur pracheen kaal key uttaraardh mein neoplatonist proclus key "tatvadevigyaan" parr chhadm-johnn philoponous kii tippani kaa lattin mein anuvaad kiya. donon anuvaad 1583 mein mudrit kiye gaye they. phir patrickius ney apane antariksh key siddhant parr kaam kiya. della neuva geometria" granth mein, jise unhone charles emmanuel aaee, duke off sevoy koo samarpit kiya, unhone jyaamiti key liye ack naee neenv rakhee jise unhone euclidean paribhashaon koo prathamikta dee. 1587 mein antariksh kii unaki samajh kaa ack lattin pratinidhitva "philosophia dee reram naichura" (cheejon kii prakriti parr darshan) key pahale bhaag key roop mein dikhaai diyaa. iss prakaashan mein dou pustaken "dee spacio physico" (bhautik sthaan key baare mein) "aur" dee spacio mathemato "(ganitiya sthaan key baare mein) shamil hain. vahaan unhone abhijaat varg key brahmand vigyaan aur bhautiki key liye apana vikalp prastut kiya.
patrickius kaa kaam "zoroster aitt eeyas see. see. see. aiks. aiks. orakula chaldaika" (zarthustra aur isake 320 kaldian oracles), "kaldian oracles key tukadon kaa pahala swatantra aadhunik sangrah, bhee iss praarambhik kaam key hisse key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa. unakaa maanana thaa kii yeh pramanik shikshaaen zaarthustra theen aur daivagya daarshanik vichaar key itihas kaa sabse purana pramaan they. isaliye unake liye paath soochi koo surakshit karna mahatvapurna thaa. yeye pada divangat pracheen lekhakon proclose, damaskios, silicia key symplicious, olympiodorus aur cinesius dwara kiye gaye karyon seey liye gaye they. unakaa sangrah, jisamen 318 orecal chhand shamil hain, georgia key gemistos plaython key pahale key aadhikarik sankalan kaa ack majboot vistaar thaa, jisamen kewal saath hexameter hain.
"nova dee universis philosophia.
unaki yojana key anusaar, patricious kaa mukhya kaary, "nova dee universis philosophia" (cheejon kaa nayaa darshan) "mein aathh bhaag honey chaahiye aur isaki poori duniya kii vyakhya kii jaani chaahiye. haalaanki, vaha kewal pahale chaar bhaagon koo puuraa karane aur unhein 1591 mein ferrara mein prakaashit karane mein saksham they. unhone 1591/1592 mein "maanav darshan" naamak ack anya bhaag parr kaam kiya, lekin pandulipi adhuri rahee aur censorship pradhikaran key saath sangharsh ney ise puuraa karane aur prakaashan karane seey roque diyaa. lekhak ney 1591 kaa pahala sanskaran pope gregory XIV koo samarpit kiya, jinake saath unaki bachpan seey hii padua mein dosti thee.
prastaavana mein pope koo sifarish kii gaee kii pope ney catholic school pranali koo gaharaai seey badal diyaah church key shaikshanik sansthanon key shikshan mein-dhaarmik school aur pope key niyantran mein vishvavidyalaya-unhone abhijaat varg koo badalane kaa prastaav rakhaa, joe madhya yug mein haavi thaa, ack vaikalpik vishva drishtikon key saath joe prachalit school darshan seey behtar thaa. paanch models parr vichaar kiya jaayega. pahala "nova dee universis philosophia" key anusaar unaki apani pranali haye, doosara parsi dharm, teesara jadee-bootiyaan, hermes trismagistos kaa shikshan, chautha kathit roop seey ack pracheen misra kaa darshan haye-jiska arth haye "dologia aristotilis" kaa shikshan galat tareeke seey abhijaat varg koo diyaa jaataa haye-, paanchvaan platonwad haye. unhone chaar puraane darshanon kaa punarnirmaan kiya, adesh diyaa aur unhein samajhaaya. sabhi paanch model dharm key liye anukool hain aur kulinwad key vipareet catholic drishtikon seey sweekarya hain, joe ishwarheen aur vishvaas key saath asangat haye. pracheen church key pitaa pahale seey hii isai dharm key saath platonism key anuroopata koo maanyata dey chuke they. phir bhee, abhijaat varg kaa darshan prabal thaa. unakaa nirantar prabhutva madhyayugeen vidvaanon taka vaapas jaataa haye. plato key kaam unake liye agyaat they, isaliye way abhijaat varg key anuchit lekhan kii or rukh curr gaye.
prastaavana mein, patricious ney prati-sudhaar church key drishtikon kii uttejak roop seey aalochana kii, jisane censorship, poochtaachh aur raajya hinsa key madhyam seey apane shikshan mein apane vishvaas koo surakshit karane kii koshish kii. unhone dridhata seey sifarish kii kii aap majburi parr bharosa karane key bajaay tark aur daarshanik tarkon kii anunaya parr bharosa karein.
lipi kaa pahala bhaag, jiska sheershak haye "panaugia" ("sabhi-chamak" yaa "sabhi-chamak"), prakaash key siddhant seey sambandhit haye, jise brahmand mein aakar dene aur sakriya karane vaale bull key roop mein darshaaya jaataa haye, aur bhautik prakaash aur isake gunon key saath. anya baaton key alawa, prakaash key pratibimb aur apavartan aur rangon kii prakriti parr charcha kii jaati haye. dusare bhaag koo "panarchia" ("sarvashaktimaan" yaa "sarv-kaaran") kahaa jaataa haye, ack shabd joe yunani sangya "aark" ("mool", "kaaran", "niyam") seey nikla haye, joe padaanukramit vishva vyavastha aur isake divya srot koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. panarchia" mein utpattivaad-apane divya srot seey sansthaon key kramik bahirvaah-aur brahmand mein una parr adharit padanukram kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye. teesare bhaag kaa sheershak haye "pampsykia" ("sabhi aatma"). vahaan daarshanik vishva aatma key madhyam seey poore bhautik brahmand kii aatma kii apani avadharana prastut kartaa haye aur vishesh roop seey jaanvaron kii aatmaon parr charcha kartaa haye. chauthe bhaag mein, "pancosmia" ("aul-order"), bhautik brahmand vigyaan key vishayon parr charcha kii jaati haye, vishesh roop seey brahmand key sthaanik vistaar key prashn parr, jise patricious anant maanata haye.
srot granthon key alawa, lekhak dwara vishesh vishayon parr dou vishayaantar sanlagn hainh plato key samvaadon key crum koo nirdhaarit karane kaa prayaas aur abhijaat varg aur platonic darshan key beach virodhabhason kaa sankalan. srot granth patricious key kaldiya daivagyon key tukadon kaa sangrah, hermatic saahitya aur "theologia aristotellis" hain, jinhen "misriyon key rahasyamay darshan" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, ack chhadm-aristotelian lipi, jisaki samagri kewal maukhik roop seey prastut "alikhit shikshan" key saath patricious haye joe plato key barabar haye. unhone kahaa kii yeh pracheen misra mool key abhijaat varg kii gyaan shikshaon kaa ack record thaa, joe kaksha mein unake chhatron koo bataaya gayaa thaa.
pracheen gyaan shikshaon key rachnakaron key liye apane mahaan sammaan key bavjood, patricious vyaktigat mamalon mein ack alag drishtikon lene mein sankoch naheen karate they. unhone vaidh sakshya kii aavashyakta parr jore diyaa aur laapata tarkon koo badalane key liye aadaraniya adhikaariyon seey uddharan sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa. unhone ise pracheen kaal key buddhiman logon key paaramparik granthon mein paryaapt roop seey sthaapit naheen kiye gaye tarkon koo pradaan karane key liye apane kaary key roop mein dekhaa.
"" "sankhya rahasya" ".
pythagorean sankhya siddhant key anusaar, dharmgranth "dee numerorum mystery" (sankhyaon key rahasyon key baare mein), jise patrickius ney cardinal federico boromio kii or seey 1594 mein shuru kiya thaa. ise likhaavat mein saunp diyaa gayaa haye, lekin isamen koee badalaav naheen huaa haye.
raajya siddhant, itihas siddhant aur sainya vigyaan.
"bahut achchha lagaa.
"laa sitta felis" "(khushahal shahar) daarshanik kaa ack yuva kaary haye, jise unhone ack chhaatr key roop mein likhaa thaa, jise unhone 1551 mein puuraa kiya thaa aur 1553 mein venis mein mudrit kiya thaa. iss granth kaa uddeshya ack aadarsh raajya samudaay mein safal jeevan kii sthitiyon koo dikhaana haye. praarambhik bindu abhijaat varg kii "rajneeti" mein praasangik vichaar hain, jinake vichaar yuva manavtawadi yahaan kaafee hudd taka anusaran karate hain. lekin kuchh galat haye joe platonism kaa prabhaav dekhaa jaa sakata haye. raajya model mein stoic saahitya kii samagri kaa bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye, aur nicolo matchiavelli aiss kaa prabhaav bhee dhyaan dene yogya haye.
"della historia dies daayalogi".
patricious itihas siddhant key agraduton mein seey ack they, joe usa samay anusandhaan kii ack yuva shakha thee. venis key vidwan key duss samvaad, jinhen unhone 1560 mein "della historia dies daayalogi" sheershak key tahat prakaashit kiya thaa, darshan key itihas kii mool baatein aur aitihaasik shodh key tarikon seey sambandhit hain. kaalpanik samvaad lekhak key doston aur parichiton key beach hotey hain, vaha hamesha vahaan hotaa haye. bhaashan mein pratibhaagi vibhinn vichaaron kaa pratinidhitva karate hain aur unakaa virodh karate hain. unaki tippaniyon koo iss tarah seey prastut kiya jaataa haye joe baatchit key ack swabhavik pathyakram key anuroop haye, jisamen aksar vyavadhaan aur bhatkaav, vidambana, sandeh, upahaas aur majakia tippaniyon kaa khajaana hotaa haye.
"laa milicia romana dee polybio, dee tito livio, ee dee dianigi elecarnacio.
laa milicia romana dee polybio, dee tito livio, ee dee deonigi elecarnacio" (polybios, titus livius aur dionysius off helicarnasus key baad roman yuddh), joe patrickius ney 1573 mein likhaa thaa, duss saal baad taka mudrit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. yeh maciavelli key vichaaron seey dridhata seey prerit haye. praarambhik bindu yeh haye kii yuddh kii kalaa shaanti kaa aadhar haye aur maanav sukh key liye ack poorv shart haye. nirnaayak kaarak pracheen romanon kaa yuddh haye, joe anya sabhi logon, vishesh roop seey turkey logon seey behtar haye. aapako iss model parr tike rehna hoga, kyonki yadi aap puraane roman prabhaav koo phir seey hassil curr sakate hain, tou aapako abb turkon seey darne kii aavashyakta naheen haye. duke alphonso aaee dee 'este ekmatra aisaa vyakti haye joe abb taka lagbhag safal rhaa haye, joe ack samanya key roop mein, saath hii gherabandi praudyogiki aur kille key nirmaan mein, anya sabhi shasakon kaa bejod roll model haye. iss chaplusi key saath, patricious alphonso aaee key potey duke alphonso II dee 'este koo prabhaavit karna chaahata thaa, joe taba ferrara mein shasson curr rhaa thaa. unhone apana lekhan unhein samarpit kiya.
"samanantar sainya".
1594 aur 1595 mein dou bhaagon mein mudrit "samanantar sainya" (sainya tulanaa), patricious kaa antim prakaashan haye. way 16veen shatabdi key anta mein itali mein raajneetik aur sainya sankat key saamane unake vichaaron kaa jaija lete hain. unhone daavaa kiya kii way apane yuddh key siddhant kaa upayog senaa koo unake apane kshetra mein nirdesh dene mein saksham they. iss uddeshya key liye unhone apana lekhan prasiddh sainya commander ferrante gonjaga, francico maria II della rover aur alphonso II dee 'este koo bheja.
saahityik adhyayan.
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discorso della diversita dee 'furori kavi" (kavya bhaavanaon kii vividhata parr granth), "patricious dwara 1553 mein mudrit yuva kaary, kavya prerana key mool aur vibhinn utpaadon seey sambandhit haye. lekhak bhaavnaatmak sthiti mein prerit kaary aur paaramparik maandandon aur pattern parr adharit engineering takneekon key beach vivadaspad sambandh seey sambandhit haye. discorso" kii avadharana key anusaar, prerit kavi ack nirmaata haye joe niyamon seey bandhe binaa apani prerana kaa paalan kartaa haye; usaki kalaa koo seekha naheen jaa sakata haye, lekin ack divya upahaar haye. roman kavi horres key kavya kaa anusaran karate hue, manavtawadi siddhantkar maanate hain kii "ingno" aur "furor" kavya utpaadan mein ack saath kaam karate hain. ingno" seey unakaa arth haye vyaktigat jhukaav, pratibha aur yahaan vishesh roop seey mansik chapalata, divya sangeet seey prerana "rosh" seey. inn karakon key paraspar prabhaav key kaaran, kavi devta key saath ack visheshaadhikaar praapt sambandh praapt kartaa haye, jisase vaha binaa kissy samajh key logon key drishtikon seey beemar aur pagal dikhaai detaa haye. haalaanki, patricious sweekaar karate hain kii videshi karyon, seekhane aur abhyaas kaa swaagat bhee safalata mein yogdan dey sakata haye.
"letura sopra ill soneto dell petrarca" "laa golaa, ee ell soone, ee ell 'associase piyame" ".
yeh font bhee 1553 kii shuruat mein mudrit patrickius key yuva karyon mein seey ack haye. yahaan vaha prasiddh kavi francico petrarca key sonnet "laa golaa, ee 'ell sono, ee ell' associase piyame" kaa daarshanik drishtikon seey vishleshan kartaa haye, jisase usey platonic aatma siddhant key sandarbh mein ack prateekaatmak arth milata haye.
"della retarica daayalogi diacy".
bayanbaji parr patricious key duss samvaad 1562 mein venis mein mudrit kiye gaye they. way cardinal nicolo safondrati koo samarpit hain, joe baad mein pope gregory XIV baney. pratyek samvaad kaa naam pratibhagiyon mein seey ack key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. lekhak swayam sabhi charchaon mein shamil haye. shaastra iss raay key khilaf haye joe manavtawadi halakon mein vyaapak roop seey faili hui haye, joe abhijaat varg aur ciceros key drishtikon parr adharit haye, kii bayanbaji dridh vishvaas kii ack kalaa haye joe kissy bhee gyaan hastaantaran key liye aavashyak haye. patricious ise iss anushasana key atiaakalan key roop mein dekhate hain, jise vaha dhokhe key saadhan key roop mein dekhate hain aur sandeh key saath dekhaa jaataa haye. way ise satya aur vaastaviktaa key saath kissy bhee aantarik sambandh key binaa abhivyakti key bhashai sadhanon seey nipatane kii ack takneek key roop mein varnit karate hain. choonki bayanbaji kaa siddhant agyaat haye aur kyonki yeh sambhaavit key saath sambandhit haye aur satya key saath naheen, ise gyaan kii vartamaan sthiti mein vigyaan naheen kahaa jaa sakata haye, halanki bhavishya mein vaigyaanik bayanbaji kii sambhavana khuli rahati haye.
bayanbaji lekhan key anya vishay bhasha kii utpatti aur shabdon kii shakti hain. lekhak kaa maanana haye kii boley gaye shabd mein ack pauranik ateet mein ack jadui shakti thee. baad mein munn parr niyantran kii kalaa key saath munn kaa niyantran kewal iss mool shakti kii ack chhal thee, kyonki satya key saath poorv sambandh manavata key liye khou gayaa thaa. patrickius maanav itihas kii ack saanskritik nirashawadi chhavi koo aakarshit kartaa haye, joe ack nirnaayak kaarak key roop mein bhaya parr jore detaa haye joe usake samay mein sabhyata kii dayaniya sthiti kaa kaaran banaa aur samajik jeevan parr haavi rhaa. iss girawat key sandarbh mein vaha bayanbaji kii utpatti aur itihas koo vargeekrit kartaa haye.
"" "vibhinn prakaar key anubhav" ".
1581 mein torquato tasso key mahakavya "jerusalam vitarit" key antim sanskaran kii upasthiti ney ferrara mein jeevant vivaad koo janm diyaa. prashansakon koo saahityik alochakon key ack samooh kaa saamana karna padaa, jinake liye ariosts "orlando furioso" aadhikarik pattern thaa. kavi camillo pellegrino dwara ariost key kapade key upchaar key baare mein ack apmaanjanak bayaan dene key baad, patrickius ney 1585 mein ack parche key saath hastakshep kiya. parere inn diphisa dell 'ariosto" sheershak seey apane bayaan mein unhone ariost kii swatantrata kii prashansa kii, jinhone naa tou mahakavya hommer kii nakal kii aur naa hii abhijaat varg key kavya key niyamon kaa paalan kiya. vartamaan vivaad key aadhar parr, patricious sthaapit abhijaat varg kii kavita kii bekaartaa koo dikhaana chaahte they. unhone daavaa kiya kii anya baaton key alawa, hommer ney, ack aryast kii tarah, iss kavya key niyamon kaa paalan naheen kiya thaa. taso ney turant ack jawab key saath jawab diyaa jisamen unhone paaramparik siddhanton kaa bachaav kiya.
"kavita.
kavayitri" patrickius key kavita siddhant kaa ack badey paimaane parr pratinidhitva haye, joe abhijaat varg key "kavya" kaa ack vikalp haye. isamen saat khand hain, jinhen dashak kahaa jaataa haye, kyonki unamen seey pratyek mein duss pustaken hain. pahale dou dashakon mein, "deca estorial" aur "deca disputata", 1586 mein mudrit kiye gaye they. "deca estorial" pracheen kaal key kavyatmak utpaadon aur unake saarvajanik swaagat key roopon kaa vistrit vivaran pradaan kartaa haye. soochi key baad vargeekaran, metrick kii pariksha aur saanskritik jeevan mein kavita kii prastuti kii jaati haye. yahaan rakhe gaye shodh prabandhon mein seey ack yeh haye kii abhinetaon ney hamesha pracheen yunan mein trasdi pradarshanon mein gaaya thaa. doosara dashak siddhant seey sambandhit haye. yeh kavita kii gunavatta kii torquato taso kii samajh kii charcha key saath samaapt hotaa haye. patricious ney apane kaam key iss hisse koo "trimron" (teen dinn kaa kaam) kahaa kyonki ise taiyar karane mein teen dinn lagey they. shesh paanch dashak, joe praarambhik aadhunik kaal mein khou gaye they, kewal 1949 mein khoje gaye they aur 1969/1971 mein prakaashit hue they.
jacopo mazoni key saath vivaad.
patrickius ney vidwan jacopo mazoni key saath gahan charcha kii, jinhone ack bhashashastriya prashn parr unakaa khandan kiya. yeh hellenistic kavi socithius dwara khoye hue kaam "daphanis oder litters" key baare mein thaa, joe shayed ack vyangya thaa. patrickius kaa galat vishvaas thaa kii "daphanis" aur "littiers" dou trasdi key sheershak they, jabaki maizoni-yeh bhee galat-maan liya kii yeh "daphanis aur littiers" sheershak key saath ack grahan thaa. patricious ney 1587 mein apani parikalpana kii maizoni kii aalochana kaa jawab dete hue kahaa, "resposta dee francesco patricious aeye due opposizioni fattagly daal siner giacopo maizoni" (shree jacopo maizoni dwara dou apattiyon kii pratikriya), jisake liye maizoni ney ack jawab prakaashit kiya, jiska jawab patricious ney ack naee pratikriti key saath diyaa, "diphisa dee franco patricious dategly siner icopo maizoni" (shree jacopo maizoni dwara unake khilaf lagaae gaye sou aaropon key khilaf franco patricious kaa bachaav).
kamuk.
"discoursey aitt argomenti" luka contiles sonnet parr.
patricious kavi luka contile key mitra they. jaba unhone 1560 mein apane mitra kii sangrahit kavya kritiyon kaa ack sanskaran prakaashit kiya, tou unhone apane "discoursey aitt argomenti", parichayaatmak aur vyakhyatmak granthon koo jodaa, jisamen unhone prem kavita key liye ack daarshanik aadhar rakhaa. unhone plato key samvaad "symposium" mein erost key vishay kaa upchaar jaari rakhaa aur apane poojya mitra tarquinia molja koo plato key prasiddh saahityik vyakti diotima kii bhoomika hastaantarit kii, jinake paas aavashyak gyaan thaa joe prem key madhyam seey madhyasthata kartaa thaa. unhone pracheen prem kavita kii tulanaa punarjagaran seey kii. siddhant seey nipatane key baad, unhone daarshanik vichaaron key kavyatmak karyanvayan mein pravesh kiya aur pachas sonnet contiles parr tippani kii.
"" "main apane aap koo ack dusare key liye samarpit curr rhaa huun.
jaba patricious ney samvaad "ill delphino ovro dell besio" (delphino yaa chumban key baare mein) likhaa thaa, tou yeh vivadaspad haye. unhone ise prakaashit naheen kiya; yeh kaam 1975 taka print mein upalabdh naheen karaaya gayaa thaa, jaba mahatvapurna pahala sanskaran prakaashit huaa thaa. vartakar lekhak aur ack angelo delphino hain, jinake naam parr kaam kaa naam rakhaa gayaa haye, jise nishchitata key saath pahachaana naheen jaa sakata haye. delphino shayed dolphin key mahatvapurna venis kuleen parivaar kaa sadasya haye. praarambhik bindu ack sawal haye kii yuva delphino ekant mein rahane vaale patrician seey poochata haih vaha jaanana chaahata haye kii chumban kii "mithaas" kaa kaaran kyaa haye. usey prem saahitya mein isake baare mein kuchh bhee naheen milaa; vaha chumban koo nazarandaj karati haye jaise kii yeh prem key liye aprasangik hoe. donon purush vibhinn prakaar key chumban aur unake prabhaavon parr charcha karate hain, aur patricious ack vistrit spashteekaran detaa haye joe prashnakarta koo santusht kartaa haye. vaha shareer key alag-alag hisson kii vibhinn kamuk samvedanaon mein jaataa haye aur usa sparsh kii bhavna kaa punarvaas kartaa haye jise marcillo ficino dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa haye. anta mein, aabhaari delphino prem key "atyadhik shaktishali" devta koo ack prarthana bhejata haye.
"ell 'amorosa philosophia.
"ll 'amorosa philosophia" mahila aakarshan aur prem key baare mein ack lekhan haye, jise patricious ney 1577 mein modena mein likhaa thaa, lekin prakaashit naheen kiya thaa.
jall prabandhan.
1578/1579 mein patricious ney ack jall prabandhan aur usee samay raajneetik prashn seey nipata. yeh avsar poe key nichale bhaagon mein ack gambhir samasya thee, jisake tata parr ferrara haye. reno nadee kii vinashkari baadh key baad ise 1442 mein pravaahit kiya gayaa aur poe mein leey jaaya gayaa. sudhaar kaa upaay baadh bologna seey kshatigrast shahar key hita mein thaa, joe reno seey gujarta haye. ferres kii raay mein, halanki, yeh landing kaa kaaran thaa, jisane poe parr apane kshetra mein shipping koo gambhir roop seey baadhit curr diyaa. isaliye, 15veen aur 16veen shatabdi mein ferrara key shasakon ney anichha seey poe mein reno paani kii shuruat key liye sahamati vyakt kii yaa ise dene seey incar curr diyaa. iss kaaran seey, 1570 key dashak mein donon shaharon key beach ack nayaa sangharsh utpann huaa, jisamen pope gregory xiii ney madhyasthata kaa jimma sambhala.
pope ney ack jaanch aayog kii sthaapana kii jisamen engineering kaushal key binaa ack raajneetik salaahkaar sipion dee castro ney swar nirdhaarit kiya. dee castro ney 1578 mein ack visheshagya raay likhi, jisamen vaha iss nishkarsh parr pahunche kii landing reno key kaaran naheen hui thee. isase ferres naraj hoe gayaa, jisake liye patricious ney vyaapak adhyayan key baad jameen leey lii. unhone pahale 1579 mein duke alphonso dwiteeya dee 'este key liye taiyar kii gaee ack report mein apani raay koo taiyar kiya aur uchit thaharaaya, "discorso sopra low stato dell poe dee ferrara" (ferrara key poe kii sthiti parr granth), aur phir castro key dastaavez parr ack sharmanak raay mein, "resposta alaa scritura dee dee. skipiyo dee castro sopra ll 'arenamento dell poe dee ferrara ". curia kii or seey unakaa sampark bishap tomaso sanfelis thaa, jisake saath vaha achchi tarah seey samvaad curr sakata thaa. 1580 mein, patricious ney sanfelis key saath apani baatchit parr ack report likhi. haalaanki, duke ney naee naharon key nirmaan key liye apane saahasik prastaavon koo naheen liya.
"main tou buss.
patrickius ney 1553 mein praarambhik karyon "dialogo dell 'honor" (sammaan parr samvaad) key sangrah mein ack naitik vishay kaa ilaaj kiya, jiska unhone "ill barignano" naam diyaa. naam fabio barignano haye, joe pesaro key ack samkaaleen kavi they, joe usa samay bhee bahut chhote they, aur joe kaalpanik charcha mein dou pratibhagiyon mein seey ack key roop mein dikhaai dete hain. unakaa vartakar bhee ack aitihaasik vyakti haye, count jiyovan giacomo leonardi, duke off arbino kii seva mein ack rajanyik haye. samarpan patra mein, patricious ney nott kiya haye kii sammaan sabhi key liye bahut mahatvapurna haye. yahaan taka kii sabse kharaab vyakti bhee harr jagah sammaanit honah chaahata thaa aur sammaanit honah chaahata thaa aur upman aur badnami kaa badala lena chaahata thaa. phir bhee, kissy ney bhee kabhi bhee ack patkatha koo sammaan dene key liye samarpit naheen kiya haye aur daarshanik roop seey isaki jaanch naheen kii haye kii isamen vaastav mein kyaa shamil haye. saahitya mein abb taka kewal ack vishesh pahalu, dwandwayuddh kii charcha kii gaee haye. barrignano" koo iss kamee kaa ilaaj karna chaahiye. baatchit key dauran, leonardi apane yuva samvaad saathi koo sachche sammaan kii apani samajh seey avagat karaata haye. unake anusaar, yeh pratishtha mein naheen haye, balki ack atoot ack-aabhaasi buniyaadi drishtikon mein haye. isaliye, koee bhee kabhi bhee sachcha sammaan naheen khou sakata haye, joe dusaron key nirnayon parr nirbhar naheen kartaa haye, isake vipareet, dikhaava key siddhant, baahari moolyon aur sandigdh vichaaron parr adharit ack alpakaalik pratishtha.
kavitaaen.
patrickius ney 1550 key dashak key anta seey prashansa kii dou kavitaaen likhin. unhone chitrakaar iren dee spillimbergo kii praarambhik mrityu key baad dou sonnet mein unakaa mahimamandan kiya.
prashansa kii dou kavitaon mein seey pahali, "ll 'aridano" (dair poe), taba banaai gaee thee jaba daarshanik ney ferrara key duke, ercol II dee' este key darbar mein naukari kii asafal maang kii thee. iska uddeshya shaasak koo lekhak kii manavtawadi yogyata dikhaana aur saath hii samanya chaplusi seey prabhaavit karna thaa. patrickius ney usa kavita koo samarpit kiya, jisamen unhone shaasak parivaar kii prashansa kii, ack duke key bhaai, cardinal epolito dee 'este koo. unhone ise 1557 mein mudrit kiya thaa aur isamen padya roop, "sostantament dell novo verso hiroco" kaa ack spashteekaran shamil thaa. anya kshetron kii tarah, vaha yahaan ack navpravartak key roop mein bhee dikhaai diyeh unhone daavaa kiya kii way italvi kavita mein ack nae veertapurna upaay kii shuruat curr rahey they joe ack mahakavya kii veertapurna samagri seey mell khaata thaa. yeye chhathe akshar key baad ack seezura key saath terah silbler hain, joe classic hexameter seey phir seey banaaya gayaa ack roop haye. vaastav mein, yeh upaay, joe shayed alexanderine mein vaapas jaataa haye, nayaa naheen thaa, iska upayog pahale seey hii 14 veen shatabdi mein kiya jaa chuka thaa.
prashansa kii doosari kavita, "badaaro", 1558 mein likhi gaee thee aur "nae" veertapurna upaay mein bhee likhi gaee haye. patrickius ney venis key manavtawadi, rajneta aur rajanyik federico bador kii prashansa kii. lambe samay seey khoya huaa paath kewal 1981 mein prakaashit huaa thaa.
patra.
patrickius key lagbhag sou patra butch gaye hain, jinamen 26 juuna 1572 kaa ack patra bernardino telecio koo likhaa gayaa haye, joe ack srot key roop mein vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna haye, jisamen vaha apane daarshanik siddhanton kii aalochanatmak roop seey jaanch kartaa haye, aur apane dost baiko valori koo 12 janwari 1587 kaa ack aatmakathaatmak patra haye. way unake patrachar kaa kewal ack mamuli hissa hain aur badey paimaane parr ferrara aur rome key varshon key hain; kishoravastha key sabhi patra khou gaye hain. shally tathyaatmak aur shushk haye, saahityik gahane key binaa. iss srot samagri seey vidwan koo unake yug key saanskritik jeevan mein ack mahatvapurna vyakti key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye.
"shasson key liye" ".
johnn-theophanes papdemetriu kii ack parikalpana key anusaar, jise prashansaniya maanaa jaataa haye, patrickius ney 1583 mein "dell governo dee 'regni" sheershak key tahat ack praachya purry kathaa sangrah key anuvaad mein ferrara mein italvi mudrit kiya haye. template iss kaam kaa ack yunani sanskaran thaa, jise mool roop seey bhaarat mein banaaya gayaa thaa aur ise "bidpai kii dantakathaaen" yaa "kalila vaa dimna" kahaa jaataa haye.
shikshan.
vibhinn vishay kshetron mein apani shikshaon key saath, patricious khud koo paaramparik tarikon kii soch aur nae tarikon key khojkarta key roop mein alag karna chaahte they. unhone pichhale sabhi ghatnakramon seey khud koo alag karna pasand kiya aur ack asamanya drishtikon chunaa, jise unhone-kabhi-kabhi atishayokti karate hue-ack maulik navachar key roop mein prastut kiya. unhone kshitij koo vyaapak banaane aur samanya seemaon seey parey jaane kii koshish kii. aisaa karate hue, unhone ack mukhya baadha koo paar kiya jise unhone door karane kii koshish keeh abhijaat varg key apekshaakrit kathor awas, joe schooly darshan mein haavi thaa, joe sadiyon seey vyaapak abhijaat tippani key madhyam seey vikasit huaa thaa aur kewal ack poorv nirdhaarit, sankeern dhaanche key bheetar navachar kii anumati dee thee. iss sthiti koo dekhate hue, manavtawadi kaa vivaad naa kewal abhijaat varg key khilaf thaa, balki abhijaat varg kii soch dwara aakar dee gaee shaikshik parampara key khilaf bhee thaa aur vishesh roop seey isake ausat vartamaan key khilaf thaa. unhone abhijaat varg aur vidvaanon parr shabdon key saath vyavhaar karane kaa aarop lagaaya-amurtataon koo manmaane dhang seey aur binaa kissy kaaran key pesh kiya gayaa-bajaay cheejon key aur prakriti kii vaastaviktaa key saath sabhi sampark khou diyaa.
samanya taur parr, patricious key darshan koo katauti drishtikon kii prathamikta dwara chihnit kiya jaataa haye. unhone apane shodh-prabandhon koo aadhar n seey praapt kiya, jisaki shuddhata koo unhone spasht maanaa. aisaa karate hue, unhone ganitiya pravachan key model parr adharit vaigyaanik honey kii ichcha vyakt kii. lakshya sanrachanaon kii samajh key madhyam seey "(reram universitas)" key madhyam seey poore maujooda kaa gyaan thaa. patricious ney kuleen tark kii apani asweekriti koo yeh kahakar uchit thaharaaya kii yeh aakasmikta key sambandh mein whiffle rhaa. unake drishtikon seey iss kamee kaa samadhan honah chaahiye; vaha dall koo vyavasthit karna chaahte they aur iss tarah ise vigyaan mein saksham banaana chaahte they.
tatvamimansa, praakritik darshan aur ganit.
praakritik darshan mein, patricious ney apane shikshan kii naveenata parr jore diyaa; unhone kahaa kii vaha "mahaan cheejon" aur "apmaanjanak cheejon" kii ghoshana curr rahey they."vaastav mein, unhone madhyayugeen aur praarambhik aadhunik shaikshik parampara key saath ack maulik viram liya.
antariksh avadharana.
abhijaat varg key manakon parr adharit shaikshik bhautiki mein, joe abhee bhee 16veen shatabdi mein prachalit thaa, sthaanik avadharana sthaan kii avadharana seey bandhi thee. iss sthaan kii kalpana ack prakaar key paatr key roop mein kii gaee thee joe shareer koo avashoshit curr sakata haye aur sthaan kaa gathan curr sakata haye. ack tri-ayami sthaan kaa vichaar joe sthaanon seey swatantra roop seey astitva mein thaa, apani vaastaviktaa key roop mein gayab thaa.
patricious ney apani naee sthaanik avadharana key saath iss tarah kii soch kaa virodh kiya. unaki samajh key anusaar, sthaan naa tou ack padaarth haye aur naa hii ack durghatana haye, aur ise kuleen shreni yojana mein ekikrit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh "kuchh bhee naheen" yaa gair-astitva key samaan naheen haye, balki ack vaastavik astitva haye, arthaat samajhdaar kii duniya mein pahala honah. antariksh kaa honah anya sabhi bhautik honey seey pahale laukik aur ontological haih yeh isake astitva key liye poorv shart haye. aggar duniya nasht hoe jaati, tou bhee antariksh maujood hoga, naa kewal sambhaavit roop seey, balki vaastav mein. kuchh key roop mein, sthaan gunaatmak roop seey nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye; isaki visheshataaen grahansheelata, tri-ayami aur ekroopata hain. isamen joe kuchh haye, vaha usase alag haye. apane aap mein maanaa jaataa haye, yeh nirvaat key barabar haye. ack or, bhautik sthaan bhautik haye kyonki isake teen ayam hain jaise kii ack shareer; doosari or, yeh gair-bhautik haye kyonki yeh koee pratirodh pradaan naheen kartaa haye.
ganit kaa darshan.
patricious dwara prastaavit "naee jyaamiti" key saath, unakaa matlab iss vigyaan kii ack naee daarshanik neenv thee. unhone euclidean pranali kii aparyaptata key saath unaki aavashyakta koo uchit thaharaayaah euclid ney bindu, rekha aur kshetra jaise praathamik shabdon koo paribhaashit kiya thaa, lekin ack daarshanik pranali vikasit karane mein whiffle rhaa thaa joe anya jyaamitiya shabdon koo sahee dhang seey nirdhaarit karane kii anumati dega. sabse badhkar, euclid mein sthaan kii paribhasha naheen haye, halanki sthaan jyaamiti kaa praathamik vastu honah chaahiye. patricious ney iss kamee koo door karane key liye apani pranali kaa aadhar sthaan banaakar aur usase bindu, rekhaaen, konn, satah aur shareer praapt karke prayaas kiya.
patricious kii samajh mein, nirantarta ack vaastavik tathya haye, jabaki asatat vichaar kaa ack utpaad haye. isase unhein ankganit parr ganit kii jyaamiti kii pradhaantaa millie. yeh drishtikon usa samay gyaan kii sthiti key anuroop thaa; vishleshanatmak jyaamiti, joe sankhya kii avadharana kaa vistaar karati haye aur ise nirantar banaati haye, abhee taka naheen khoji gaee haye.
brahmand vigyaan aur vishva mool.
abhijaat varg key brahmand vigyaan key anusaar, swarg key golakar tahakhaane seey ghiri bhautik cheejon kii duniya poore brahmand kaa nirmaan karati haye. iss seemit brahmand key baahar kuchh bhee naheen hoe sakata haye, samay aur khaali sthaan bhee naheen. doosari or, patricious ney tri-ayami sthaan key usa hisse koo maanaa, jisaki unhone kalpana kii thee kii isamen sabhi padaarth khaali sthaan seey ghiraa huaa ack pariseemit kshetra haye. iss kshetra key roop kaa sawal khula rhaa. abhijaat varg kii dhaarana kii bhautik duniya golakar haye, koo patrickius dwara sandeh key saath dekhaa gayaa thaa, kyonki akash key golakar aakar kaa koee pramaan pradaan naheen kiya gayaa thaa. jahir haye kii unhone iss parikalpana koo prathamikta dee kii brahmand kaa bhautik hissa ack niyamit tetrahedron topi kaa roop letaa haye. bhautik duniya key beach mein, unake model key anusaar, prithvi haye, joe harr dinn apane aksh key baare mein ghoomati haye. unhone prithvi key chaaron or khagoliya tahakhaane key dainik ghoornan koo prati-parikalpana naheen maanaa, kyonki aavashyak gati shayed hii sambhav thee. unhone swargiya pindon kii gatividhiyon key paaramparik spashteekaran koo aswikar curr diyaa, jisake anusaar taare pardarshi bhautik kshetron (gole aine) seey judey hue hain, jinaki kraantiyon kaa way paalan karate hain. isake bajaay, unhone maan liya kii way kamare mein swatantra roop seey ghoom rahey they. unake liye, paaramparik vichaar kii kakshaaen golakar theen, bhee gir gaee. isaliye, unhone kshetra sadbhaav kii avadharana koo bhee chhod diyaa, joe pracheen kaal seey vyaapak haye, joe bhautik kshetron koo poorv nirdhaarit kartaa haye. haalaanki, unhone platonic praakritik darshan key arth mein brahmand kii ack saamanjasyapurna sanrachana key vichaar koo barkarar rakhaa. 1572 seey ack nae taare, supernova kii upasthiti key baad, unhone abhijaat varg key iss daave koo ghoshit karane kaa avsar liya kii akash aparivartaniya haye aur iska khandan kiya jaa sakata haye.
patricious key model mein, bhautik duniya ack aseem vistaarit, sajaatiya, khaali sthaan seey ghiri hui haye. yeh prakaash seey bharaa huaa haye; ack khaali kamra ujjwal honah chaahiye kyonki prakaash harr jagah haye jahan koee aisee samagri naheen haye joe apani abhedyata key saath andhera paida curr sakey. vaha sthaan joe bhautik duniya koo gherta haye, padaarth key nirmaan seey pahale seey hii maujood thaa, joe taba usey ander daal detaa haye. iss parikalpana key saath, manavtawadi vichaarak ney abhijaat varg key shikshan kaa khandan kiya, jisake anusaar siddhant roop mein ack shoonya asambhav haye. unhone bhautik duniya key bheetar riktiyon koo bhee sweekaar kiya; yeye padaarth key kanon key beach chhote khaali sthaan hain. unhone sanghanan prakriyaon mein aise rikt sthaan key astitva key kaee pramanon mein seey ack dekhaa, jisamen, unaki raay mein, khaali sthaan bharey hue hain.
brahmand mein, duniya kii utpatti key siddhant mein, patricious ney neoplatonic muktivaad key buniyaadi siddhanton koo apanaaya, joe ack divya srot seey kramik udbhav key roop mein banaai gaee harr cheej key nirmaan kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. unhone kaldiya daivagyon aur jadee-bootiyon key vichaaron kaa upayog kiya.
abhijaat varg key vipareet, patrickius ney duniya kii ack laukik shuruat maani. unake shikshan key anusaar, brahmand kaa nirmaan ishwar kaa manmana kaary naheen haye, balki ack aavashyakta haye. yeh anivarya roop seey ishwar kii prakriti seey utpann hotaa haye, joe srishti kii maang kartaa haye. ishwar koo srijan karna chaahiye. nirmaata key roop mein, vaha srot haye, pahala siddhant jisamen harr cheej kii utpatti hoti haye. neoplatonism mein iss srot koo "ack" kahaa jaataa haye. patricious ney isake liye apane swayam key shabd srijan kaa upayog kiyaah "anidra" ("ack-sub kuchh").
nae darshan" key model key anusaar, nirmaan prakriya kaa pahala utpaad sthaanik siddhant haye, joe sthaaniya kaa udaseen, tatasth siddhant haye. iska astitva prakriti key vikas key liye, baaki sabhi key liye poorv shart haye. prakriti kaa praarambhik bindu doosara siddhant haye, "prakaash". iska matlab yeh naheen haye kii prakaash ack praakritik ghatana aur samvedi dhaarana kii vastu key roop mein haye, balki ack atee-uddeshyapurna praakritik sthiti, roop kaa utpann karane vaalaa siddhant haye, joe jaanane aur pehchaane jaane kaa siddhant bhee haye. iss prakaash seey ack nirantar prakriya mein ubharata haye, jise roopak roop seey cheejon key "beej" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. inhen "garmi" (lattin "calori") key madhyam seey "pravaah" yaa "namee" (lattin "flore") mein pesh kiya jaataa haye, ack lachila substrate, jisase poorvaroop vishva kii cheejon, unake pattern seey baney hotey hain. yeh sub abhee taka bhautik naheen haye; pahali utpatti prakriyaaen vishuddh roop seey bauddhik kshetra mein hoti hain. iss sandarbh mein, "flore" aur "calori" jaise shabdon kaa upayog kewal gair-chitran koo spasht karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. flore" seey hamara matlab nirantarta siddhant haye, joe vibhinn praathamik kshetron, balon aur designs key beach sambandh banaata haye. usee samay, "florin" roop lene kaa nishkriya siddhant haye aur vaha kaarak haye joe shareer koo apane parasparik pariseeman koo banaae rakhane key liye aavashyak lachilaapan detaa haye. garmajoshi" ack sakriya siddhant kaa pratinidhitva karati haye, yeh "flore" mein prakaash siddhant kaa gatishil vikas haye.
iss prakaar chaar buniyaadi siddhant "antariksh", "prakaash", "bahane" aur "garmajoshi" brahmand kaa aadhar hain. bhautik duniya unase ubharati haye. way ack jatil aadarsh ekataa banaate hain joe sabhi bhautik astitva mein nihit haye aur astitva kii sthiti key roop mein isase pahale haye. bhautik star parr, "florin" kaa siddhant bhautik vastuon key saapeksh "taral" key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. iska matlab haye kii unake ghanatva kii vibhinn degree. yeye bhautik shareer key vibhinn pratirodh, unaki kathorta yaa komalata kaa kaaran hain.
iss brahmand vigyaan kaa ack gyanmimansa sambandhi pahalu bhee haye. yadi bhautik brahmand prakaash key utpann karane key siddhant parr nirbhar kartaa haye, tou yeh prakaash jaisa haye. tadnusar, patricious key drishtikon seey, prakriti abhedya, videshi aur shyam padaarth prateet naheen hoti haye, lekin apane aap mein spasht haye, yeh khud koo prakat karati haye. isaki spashtata koo maanav paryavekshak dwara nirdhaarit aur utpaadit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye. tadnusar, praakritik gyaan kii koee maulik, ansuljhi samasya naheen hoe sakati haye.
samay kii avadharana.
samay kii jaanch karate samay, patricious ney aristotal kii paribhasha key saath vyavhaar kiya, jisaki unhone maulik aalochana kii. aristotal ney ack hii samay mein kaee galatiyan keen, usa samay koo paribhaashit karke kii "pahale yaa baad mein andolan kii sankhya yaa maap" haye. unhone maap aur sankhya koo banaaya thaa, joe maanav vichaar key utpaad hain, joe prakriti key antarnihit tathya key liye aavashyak hain, jaise kii manushya key vichaar ney ack praakritik cheej koo astitva diyaa haye. vaastav mein, samay binaa kissy maap yaa ginati key maujood haye. isake alawa, abhijaat varg ney kewal andolan koo dhyaan mein rakhaa aur thaharaav yaa aaraam koo nazarandaj curr diyaa. yeh vaha samay naheen haye joe andolan koo maapata haye, balki usa samay andolan koo maapata haye. samay kii maanav dhaarana key liye andolan aur maap bhee aavashyak naheen hain. samay key saath aaney vaali cheejon key "pahale" aur "baad mein" bhee samay key saar kaa hissa naheen hain. balki, samay shareer kii avadhi seey adhik kuchh naheen haye.
iss samajh key anusaar, samay kaa sthaan key barabar honah sambhav naheen haye. choonki yeh shareer kii avadhi key roop mein nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye, lekin shareer kaa astitva antariksh key roop mein nirdhaarit kartaa haye, samay koo sthaan key adheen honah chaahiye, praathamik roop seey diyaa gayaa haye, aur shareer key liye bhee.
maanav vigyaan.
pampsicia" mein, "nova dee universis philosophia" key teesare bhaag mein, patricious ney janwar seey seemankan key madhyam seey vishesh roop seey maanav key nirdhaaran seey nipata. vahaan unhone brahmand mein aur vishesh roop seey jeevit cheejon mein "animus", sphurtidaayak aur saksham shareer key saath kaam kiya. vaha iss nishkarsh parr pahunche kii koee swabhavik roop seey ataarkik "ainimas" naheen thaa. aisaa karate hue, unhone iss lokpriya raay key khilaf rukh kiya kii jaanvaron mein ack tarkaheen aatma thee. usaki samajh mein, tarksangatata manushya kii vishishtata naheen haye, balki pashu jagat mein cumm yaa jyada spasht haye. anubhavjanya khoj tarkaheen seey tarkapurna key maulik pariseeman kii anumati naheen detee haye, balki tarkasheelata key sambandh mein prajaatiyon key beach antar kewal kramik hain.
bhaashan adhiniyam kaa upayog karane kaa bhee koee matlab naheen haye-jise "shabdon mein uchchaaran" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye-manushyon kii ack seemankan visheshta key roop mein, kyonki iss sambandh mein koee maulik visangati naheen haye. jaanvaron key shabd sanchaar key saadhan hain joe unaki bhaashaon kaa hissa hain, aur unake kaary maanav bhaashaon key anuroop hain. jaanvaron koo ack nishchit star kaa sangyaan bhee diyaa gayaa thaa, jisane unhein lakshit tareeke seey kaary karane mein saksham banaaya, aur unake paas kaaran (anupaat) thaa, kyonki way dhaaranaon koo jodane key liye nae logon key saath vyaktigat yaadon kaa saarthak roop seey adaan-pradaan karane mein saksham they, aur yeh munn kii gatividhi haye. manushya kii vishesh sthiti kewal buddhi key saath kaaran sambandhon aur usaki aatma kii amarta mein gahari antardrishti praapt karane kii usaki kshamata parr nirbhar karati haye. laa golaa, ee 'ell soone, ee ell' associase piyame" lekhan mein, patrickius ney gyaan taka pahunch key alawa vishesh roop seey maanav kii visheshta kaa hawala diyaa joe indriyon dwara samajhe jaane vaale aaveg niyantran seey parey haye.
sabhi neoplatonists kii tarah, patricious ney aadhyatmik (bodhgamya) aur indriya roop seey bodhgamya duniya key beach key sambandh key saath gahanata seey kaam kiya. unaki pranali key padaanukramit crum mein, bhautik kshetra harr mamle mein aadhyatmik key adheen haye, kyonki yeh isaki chhavi aur utpaad haye. aadhyatmik, uchch star key roop mein, divya mool key saral aur karib haye, indriya roop seey bodhgamya vyaktigat samvedi vastuon kii vividhata aur bhautik duniya kii jatilata mein dikhaai detaa haye. donon kshetron mein seey pratyek apane aap mein snaatak haye, jisake tahat saral hamesha rank aur shakti mein shreshth hotaa haye. apekshaakrit saral hamesha ack hii samay mein sabhi koo shamil kartaa haye, kyonki yeh apekshaakrit jatil aur vividh utpaadan kartaa haye. sabhi vaastaviktaon key iss crum key bheetar, manushya ack madhya sthiti letaa haye. vaha aadhyatmik duniya mein abhivyakti kaa sabse nichala star banaata haye, kyonki usaki buddhi aadhyatmik roop haye joe isaki ekataa koo vividhata key sabse badey star seey jodati haye. usee samay, vaha ack bhautik substrate seey bandhe praniyon key kshetra mein astitva kaa uchchatam star haye, kyonki vaha buddhi vaalaa ekmatra vyakti haye.
iss pranali mein aatma key vargeekaran key sambandh mein, patricious kaa drishtikon neoplatonism key sansthaapak, shikshan kathaanak seey sahmat haye. yeh nava-platonwadiyon key beach vivadaspad prashn key baare mein haye, kyaa aatma, bhautik duniya mein apane vansh key madhyam seey, poori tarah seey bhautik paristhitiyon key samaksh aatmasamarpan karati haye, jaisa kii pracheen kaal key poorv-platonwadiyon kaa matlab thaa, yaa kyaa plotinus kissy bhee samay aadhyatmik duniya mein apani upasthiti banaae rakh sakata haye. patrickius koo vishvaas haye kii maanav aatma key paas apane aap mein koee gair-tarksangat yaa peedit jeevan naheen haye, lekin kewal gyaan kaa jeevan haye; aaveg, ataarkiktaa bhautikta kaa parinam haye, jiska vaha baahar seey saamana kartaa haye.
itihas aur raajya siddhant.
raajya eutopia kaa masauda.
apane yuva kaary "laa sitta felis" key saath patricious ney abhijaat varg key raajneetik siddhant eutopian parr adharit ack raajya model prastut kiya. usa samay, abhijaat varg key dishanirdesh abhee bhee unake liye nirnaayak they.
praarambhik bindu jeevan mein maanav lakshya kaa nirdhaaran haye. ack isai key roop mein lekhak key liye, yeh kewal uchchatam bhalai kii praapti hoe sakati haye, joe kii bhavishya mein bhavishya kaa anand haye. isaki aashaa manushya koo apane parthiv astitva kii aavashyakta mein banaae rakhti haye. haalaanki, iss taraf ack asthaayi lakshya bhee honah chaahieh laabhprad jeevan sthitiyon kaa nirmaan joe uchch aakaankshaon koo protsaahit kartaa haye. anya manavtavadiyon kii tarah, patricious key liye, ishtatam joe parthiv astitva mein praapt kiya jaa sakata haye vaha haye "sammaan", vaha khushi joe vaha, pracheen peripetaticians aur stoix kii tarah, sadgun key abhyaas key saath kartaa haye "(operazione della guna). raajya key roop mein pracheen "pulis" aur italvi shahar ganarajya key arth mein, kaary isake liye sthir dhaanche kii sthitiyon kaa nirmaan aur guaranti denaa haye. shahar kii khushi usake nagrikon kii khushi kaa yog haye. isase khush rahane kaa avsar milata haye.
samajik star parr, samudaay mein jeevan key liye praakritik prem seey utpann honey vaali jarooraton koo puuraa kiya jaanaa chaahiye. vyaktigat star parr, yeh usa bandhan koo saavdhaanipoorvak banaae rakhane key baare mein haye joe aatma aur shareer koo jodata haye, shaaririk jarooraton koo puuraa karke jeevan kii bhavna koo banaae rakhta haye. sabse pahale, bhautik kii guaranti honey chaahiye; sthitiyon mein anukool jalavaayu sthitiyaan aur paani aur bhojan kii paryaapt aapoorti shamil haye. yadi inn buniyaadi aavashyaktaon koo puuraa kiya jaataa haye, tou samudayik aur saarvajanik jeevan koo anukoolit kiya jaa sakata haye. isake liye nagrikon koo ack dusare koo jaanane aur baatchit karane kii aavashyakta haye, udaaharan key liye ack saath bhojan key madhyam seey, aur vishesh roop seey way shaikshik aakaankshaon aur bauddhik adaan-pradaan key madhyam seey ack dusare key saath judein. ise sambhav banaane key liye, nagrikta ack nishchit aakar seey adhik naheen honey chaahiye. isake alawa, nagrikon key beach samajik aur varg sanrachanaatmak asamaanta koo seemaon key bheetar rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye; raajya koo saarvajanik sabhaa sthal pradaan karane chaahiye aur kaanoon koo niji shatruta kaa mukabala karna chaahiye. patricious kii kendriya maangen satta key prayog kii asthaayi seema aur pratyek nagrik kii uchchatam raajya karyalayon taka muft pahunch hain. yeh atyachari rasayan yaa satta key alpajantantrik durupyog koo rokane key liye haye. baahari suraksha kii guaranti nagrikon dwara swayam dee jaati haye, bhaade key sainikon dwara naheen.
patricious kaa maanana haye kii ack buniyaadi maanav aavashyakta koo puuraa karane key liye dhaarmik panth, sanskar aur ack pujari honah aavashyak haye, "mandir aur church" banaae jaane hain aur "devtaon" kii pooja kii jaati haye. khushahal shahar" key dharm kaa adhik vistaar seey varnan naheen kiya gayaa haye, kissy bhee mamle mein iska vishesh roop seey isai charitra naheen haye.
bachchon koo sadgun kii shiksha denaa raajya kaa ack vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna lakshya haye. vidhaayak yeh sunishchit karein kii way burey prabhaavon key sampark mein naa aaen. yuvaaon kii sangeet shiksha parr bahut jore diyaa jaataa haye. sangeet aur chitrakala mein shikshan kaa baad kii daarshanik gatividhi key sambandh mein ack propediutic kaary haye.
abhijaat varg key raajya siddhant key anusaar, shahar-raajya kii aabaadi koo vargon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. kewal uchch varg, shaasak varg, raajneetik adhikaaron vaale nagrikon kaa gathan karate hain. nichale varg key sadasya-kisan, karigar aur vyaapaari-apani aajeevika koo surakshit karane key liye apani kadee mehnat mein vyast hain aur unhein "khushahal shahar" mein khushi praapt karane kaa koee avsar naheen haye. lekhak key anusaar, way swabhavik roop seey aisaa karane mein saksham naheen hain. unakaa kathin astitva uchch varg key kalyan key liye ack poorv shart haye. - utpeedan kii anivaaryata key sambandh mein, yuva sanrakshak ney abhijaat varg key dishaanirdeshon kaa paalan kiya, jinhone ack abhijaat varg key liye ack safal jeevan kii sambhavana koo surakshit rakhaa aur aisee samajik sthitiyon mein ack praakritik sthiti dekhi. yeh drishtikon italvi shaikshik varg mein vyaapak thaa jisamen patricious shamil thaa.
sarkaar key roopon kaa mulyankan.
sarkaar key vibhinn roopon kii tulanaa karate samay, patricious iss nishkarsh parr pahunche kii ack santulit ganarajya mishrit samvidhaan sabhi vikalpon seey behtar thaa. kissy koo naa tou kissy vyakti koo bahut adhik shakti saunpani chaahiye, naa hii kattarpanthi loktantrikaran key madhyam seey raajya koo pangu banaana chaahiye. ack chhote samooh key shasson ney mahatvakanksha koo bahut adhik badhaava diyaa, jisase grih yuddh hoe sakate they. venis ganarajya kaa mishrit samvidhaan ishtatam haye, jisamen sarkaar key vibhinn roopon key pahaluon koo jodaa jaataa haye. vahaan vyaktigat shasson key tatva kaa pratinidhitva dogg key karyalaya dwara kiya jaataa haye, ack chhote seey abhijaat varg key shasson key siddhant koo senate dwara lagu kiya jaataa haye aur sabhi kii bhagidari key vichaar koo bhavya parishad kii sthaapana dwara dhyaan mein rakhaa jaataa haye.
itihas mein ruchi sthaapit karna.
jaisa kii apane raajya key aadarsh mein, patrickius bhee jeevan mein maanav uddeshya key apane dridh sankalp kaa upayog khushi key roop mein karate hain "(sammaan)" jaba itihas key saath kaam karate hain. unake shikshan key anusaar, isake teen pahalu hainh kewal safal aatm-sanrakshan key roop mein honah, devta key saath ack sangh key roop mein shashwat honah aur "achche tareeke seey" (beney esere), "samajik sandarbh mein safal jeevan. itihas koo dekhana iss arth mein "achchha" honey key liye maanav prayaas kaa adhyayan karane key baare mein haye. daarshanik jeevan key aitihaasik ayam kii apani charcha kii or mudataa haye.
iss achche astitva key arth mein khushi kii aavashyakta patricious kii kamukta kii khoj key anusaar utpann hoti haye aur iss prakaar affect ee key kshetra mein. manushya ack kamuk, bhavuk vyakti haye. prabhaav praathamik tathya hain aur apane aap mein naa tou saraahaniya hain aur naa hii nindaniya hain, lekin way aise vyavhaar kii sambhavana paida karate hain jisake liye prashansa yaa dosh kaa ullekh kiya jaa sakata haye. aap "beney esere" praapt curr sakate hain yaa naheen, yeh iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii aap apane junoon seey thheek seey nipatna seekhate hain yaa naheen. ack vyakti kaa apane aap parr kaam apane swayam key lagaav key prati vyavhaar seey shuru hotaa haye, aur kewal "achchha honah" hii lakshya hoe sakata haye. patricious key anusaar, bhaavanaaen vyakti key ander binaa kissy kaaran key naheen aatee hain, lekin hamesha anya logon key saath muthbhed mein prajwalit hoti hain aur hamesha dusaron parr ack nishchit prabhaav daalane kaa lakshya rakhti hain. unake saath sahee sambandh kewal samudaay mein abhyaas key madhyam seey praapt aur samekit kiya jaa sakata haye. prabhutva praapt karane key junoon key madhyam seey achchha honah samajik jeevan mein, parivaar mein aur raajya mein naitik vyavhaar key saath samaan saabit hotaa haye.
yahee vaha jagah haye jahan samay kaa ayam patrickius key liye aataa haye. samudaay naa kewal vartamaan seey, balki isake itihas seey bhee nirdhaarit hotaa haye. isaliye, samajik chunauti seey nipatane mein poore ateet koo shamil karna chaahiye, joe khud koo itihas key roop mein darshaata haye. kewal vartamaan mein rahane vaalaa manushya ack janwar kii tarah apane prabhaavon key sampark mein aaa jaayega. joe baat usey aisaa karane seey rokti haye vaha haye ateet key saath takraav. kewal itihas hii usa kshetra koo kholata haye jisamen vyakti koo apane samajik kaary kaa saamana karna padata haye aur vaha apane naitik vyavhaar key madhyam seey khud koo saabit curr sakata haye. ateet key vishleshan aur jagrukta key madhyam seey vartamaan kaa ack rachanaatmak sandarbh sthaapit kiya jaataa haye.
itihaskaron key paaramparik drishtikon kii aalochana.
yeh vichaar kii itihas seey nipatane kaa uddeshya naitik shikshaon kii vaidhata kaa udaaharan denaa aur prerak yaa vighatankari pattern kii kalpana karna thaa, pracheen kaal seey vyaapak rhaa haye. punarjagaran mein bhee, kaee lekhakon ney iss drishtikon kaa samarthan kiya thaa, jisamen prasiddh manavtawadi jiyovanni pontano aur patricious key shikshak francesco robortello shamil they. iss tarah, itihas key vichaar koo naitik shiksha kii seva mein rakhaa gayaa aur isake uddeshyon key adheen kiya gayaa. isase vaha kavi aur bayanbaji kaa anumaanit roop seey abhibhoot hoe gaee, jiska uddeshya shaikshik laabh bhee honah chaahiye. isake alawa, itihaaskaar key saath-saath kavi yaa vaktaa seey bhee ack manoranjak, manoranjak, saahityik kathaa kii ummeed kii jaati thee. parinamswarup, aitihaasik reporting aur kaalpanik saahitya key beach antar dhundhala hoe gayaa, udaaharan key liye itihaskaron dwara aavishkaar kiye gaye raajnetaon aur generalon key bhashanon mein.
patricious ney aitihaasik samagriyon seey nipatane key iss tareeke kaa kadaa virodh kiya, joe hajaaron varshon seey aam thaa, halanki unhone antatah ack naitik lakshya kaa bhee peechha kiya aur ateet kii mahaan hastiyon key aadarsh kaary kii utsaahpoorvak pushti kii. apane poorvavartiyon kii tarah, unhone nagrik jeevan mein aur sabse badhkar rajneeti mein aitihaasik gyaan key vyaavhaarik upayog parr jore diyaa. haalaanki, unaki naveenata yeh thee kii unhone satya aur naitik nirdesh yaa upayog koo khojane key beach ack nirantar algaav parr jore diyaa, aur harr sajawat kii ninda kii. aisaa karate hue, unhone prasiddh itihaskaron theusidides aur livius parr hamla kiya, jinn parr unhone kathit bhashanon kaa aavishkaar karane kaa aarop lagaaya joe iss tarah seey kabhi naheen diye gaye honge. unaki avadharana key anusaar, itihas seey seekhane key liye sabak gyaan haye, joe alankaarik bhasha kalaa key madhyam seey madhyasthata naheen haye, balki itihaaskaar dwara nirdhaarit tathyon key aadhar parr pratibimb aur chintan key madhyam seey praapt kiya jaanaa haye.
patricious key tark key anusaar, itihaslekhan kii avadharana, joe pracheen kaal seey aam haye, vichaar key vishay key saath ack virodhabhasi sambandh parr adharit haye. unake vichaaron key praarambhik bindu koo iss prakaar sankshep mein prastut kiya jaa sakata haih itihaaskaar saiddhaantik roop seey iss aadarsh koo sweekaar karate hain kii itihaaskaar nishpaksh honey aur sachchai kaa sakhti seey paalan karane key liye baadhya hain. haalaanki, yeh spasht haye kii vyavhaar mein aisaa shayed hii kabhi hotaa haye, kyonki itihaskaron key vivaran anginat binduon parr ack-dusare key vipareet hain. isake alawa, satya key daave koo puuraa karane mein mahatvapurna baadhaaen hainh dhaaranaon aur drishtikon kii spasht vyaktiparakta aur srot-adharit parampara kii aparyaptata key kaaran, itihaskaron key paas aitihaasik vaastaviktaa taka kewal bahut seemit pahunch haye. sabse achchha, way aitihaasik ghatnaaon key parinamon koo kuchh hudd taka sahee dhang seey nirdhaarit curr sakate hain, jabaki paristhitiyaan, prishthabhoomi aur kaaran andhere mein rahate hain. vaastavik sambandh kewal sambandhit abhinetaon koo hii gyaat hotey hain, lekin unamen ack sachchi prastuti key liye aavashyak nishpakshata kii kamee hoti haye. kewal nishpaksh chashmadid vaastav mein vishvasaniya hotey hain, lekin aise prativedak aamtaur parr upalabdh naheen hotey hain. tatasth itihaaskaar key paas usa jaankaari taka koee pahunch naheen haye jisaki usey vaastav mein apane kaam key liye aavashyakta hogi.
patricious key liye, vichaar kii gati koo abb iss tarah jaari rakhaa jaa sakata haih itihas key paaramparik naitik, alankaarik roop seey sushobhit prastuti kaa ack pratinidhi sweekaar curr sakata haye, kyonki ullikhit kamjor binduon key kaaran, kii shuddh satya chhipa rehna chaahiye. haalaanki, vaha daavaa karenge kii ack motaa anuman abhee bhee sambhav haye. prishthabhoomi koo rotion karane mein saksham naheen honey key saath sahan karna padata haye. yeh riyayat unhein bahut gambhir naheen lagegi, kyonki unake drishtikon seey aitihaasik sachchai vaise bhee aprasangik haye. vaha sochata haye kii aitihaasik gyaan apane aap mein prayaas karane key laayak naheen haye, balki kewal nirdesh key uddeshya key liye ack saadhan key roop mein haye joe antatah anand praapt karane key vaastavik lakshya koo puuraa kartaa haye.
yahee vaha jagah haye jahan nirnaayak jawabi tark aataa haye, jisake saath patricious usa drishtikon kaa khandan karna chaahata haye jiss parr vaha hamla curr rhaa haye. isamen likhaa haih ack naitik kavyatmak aavishkaar-jaise kii hommer aur virgil key mahakavya-vaanchhit naitik upaj key saath-saath ack aitihaasik kaary, joe kii ersomics key saath satya haye, kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye. iss prakaar, yadi koee satya koo khojane mein tyagpatra detaa haye aur kewal shaikshik prabhaav koo hii dhaaran kartaa haye, tou kavita aur itihas lekhan key beach kaa antar samaapt hoe jaataa haye. aitihaasiktaa apana aantarik moolya khou detee haye aur iss prakaar aitihaasik shodh apana arth khou detaa haye. taba aap-patricious key anusaar-aitihaasik adhyayan key binaa curr sakate hain aur isake bajaay kissy bhee dantkatha key saath anand sikha sakate hain.
vaigyaanik itihas anusandhaan kii avadharana.
patricious ney itihas kii aalochana kaa virodh apane vipareet vishvaas key saath kiya, jisake anusaar aitihaasik shodhkarta kaa ekmatra uddeshya aitihaasik satya koo jaanana aur tathyon koo "beney esere" mein yogdan key roop mein dhoondhana mahatvapurna moolya kaa haye. iss avadharana key anusaar, vastunishthata aur nishchitata koo usa hudd taka praapt kiya jaanaa chaahiye joe maanav munn key liye sambhav haye. aise kaam mein naitikta key manakon kaa sawal hii naheen haye, achche yaa burey kaa koee sawal hii naheen haye. joe huaa uska mulyankan mahatvapurna haye, lekin yeh ack alag prishth parr haye aur ack alag pariprekshya seey ack alag sandarbh mein kiya jaanaa haye. patrickius ney darshan aur itihaslekhan key beach sambandh koo aswikar curr diyaa, jaisa kii udaaharan key liye polybios ney kiya; unaki raay mein, itihaaskaar koo itihas key pathyakram key chhipe hue karanon key baare mein darshan naheen karna chaahiye, balki kewal tathyon key saath-jisamen abhinetaon key pahchaanane yogya uddeshya shamil hain-sauda.
iss arth mein aitihaasik vaigyaanik anusandhaan key vishay key roop mein, patricious ney poori tarah seey samajhdaar duniya mein pralekhit aur yaad rakhee jaane vaali prakriyaon koo nirdhaarit kiya. unhone unhein "prabhaav" ("prabhaav") kahaa, jisake dwara unakaa matlab samay key saath vyaktigat thhos vaastavikataaen theen. yeh ekvachan aur aakasmik tathya hain joe indriyon key madhyam seey pravesh karate hain aur phir munn dwara sansaadhit kiye jaate hain aur unake karanon koo saunpa jaataa haye. way samanya karanon aur vishuddh roop seey aadhyatmik sthitiyon key vipareet prabhaav hain jinake saath darshan sambandhit haye. itihaaskaar kaa kaam "prabhaav" key sangrah aur pralekhan taka seemit naheen haye; balki, vaha unake mool key karanon koo nirdhaarit karane key liye, unake peechhe key iradon aur uddeshyon koo pahchaanane key liye saavdhaanipoorvak shodh kaa bhee upayog curr sakata haye. anubhavjanya aitihaasik tathyon koo kaaranvash samajhaane kii sambhavana aitihaasik shodh key vigyaan honey key daave koo uchit thaharaati haye.
shodh uddeshya kii iss paribhasha key anusaar, itihaaskaar kaa kaary kshetra anubhavjanya roop seey paaya jaane vaalaa saarvbhaumik itihas haye. iss prakaar patricious ney logon key karyon kii samanya seema kaa virodh kiya aur raajaon, raajnetaon aur generalon key karyon key liye drishti key kshetra koo aur sankuchit curr diyaa. unake drishtikon seey, saarvbhaumik itihas maanav duniya seey parey prakriti kii prakriyaon, yaani praakritik itihas taka bhee faila huaa haye. unhone saanskritik itihas, yaani bauddhik uplabdhiyon, takniki uplabdhiyon, agyaat deshon aur logon kii khojon aur kaarigaron, kisaanon aur jahaaj maalikon jaisi vyaktigat sampattiyon key itihas koo poorna roop seey shamil karane kaa bhee ahwan kiya. samvaidhaanik itihas vishesh dhyaan dene yogya haye; hamesha samvaidhaanik parivartanon key kaaran key baare mein poochhen. patricious ney bauddhik itihas koo, joe vichaaron, vichaaron, vichaaron aur drishtikon seey sambandhit haye, "(consetti dell 'animo)" koo karmon key itihas seey adhik mahatvapurna maanaa. reeti-rivaajon aur reeti-rivaajon key alawa, unhone kapade, sanrachanaon aur jahaajon jaise utpaadon key saath-saath kaam aur rosemarra key jeevan key liye nirmit sabhi upkaranon koo bhee shamil kiya, joe saanskritik itihas key sandarbh mein praasangik they.
patrickius ney aarthik itihas koo shamil karane kaa bhee ahwan kiya, jise itihaskaron ney poori tarah seey nazarandaj curr diyaa thaa. kissy raajya kii aarthik aur vittiya sthiti parr vichaar kiye binaa, usake itihas kaa pratinidhitva khaali aur havaa bharaa haye, kyonki arthavyavastha pratyek samudaay key jeevan kaa aadhar haye. raajya key bajat kii sateek jaankaari mahatvapurna haye.
ack anya kshetra jisake baare mein patricious ney abb taka shikayat kii haye, vaha haye shaanti anusandhaan. unhone tippani kii kii unhone kabhi bhee shaanti key itihas key baare mein naheen sunaa thaa, bhale hii yeh kshetra vishesh roop seey ack saarthak vishay hoga.
vidhi.
vidhi key sambandh mein, patricious ney srot aalochana key spasht maandandon parr jore diyaa. kissy koo kissy bhee sthaapit pradhikaran parr bharosa naheen karna chaahiye, balki sub kuchh khud parr hii dekhana chaahiye. kaee lekhakon kii jaankaari kaa samjhauta bhee shuddhata kaa pramaan naheen haye, yeh kewal ack afwah bhee hoe sakati haye. sabse achche srot itihaskaron key vivaran hain joe swayam ghatnaaon mein shamil they. haalaanki, unaki tulanaa pratidvandi key drishtikon seey pratinidhitva key saath kii jaani chaahiye. doosara, anya samkaaleen report apekshaakrit vishvasaniya hain. teesara una lekhakon kii jaankaari haye jinhone ateet key baare mein likhaa thaa, lekin phir bhee jinhen ack nishchit matra mein visheshagyata dee jaani chaahiye kyonki way swayam prashn mein logon key they. patricious ney vishesh roop seey una itihaskaron koo agah kiya joe videshi logon parr report karate hain aur una ghatnaaon seey nipatate hain joe bahut pahale kii theen. unaki raay mein, vishva itihas jaise samanya aitihaasik karyon kaa moolya kewal iss tathya mein nihit haye kii puraane sroton seey sankalit samagri key prasanskaran kii jaanch kii jaa sakati haye. kissy koo hamesha apane aap seey poochhana chaahiye kii sambandhit prativedak key paas kyaa visheshagyata hoe sakati thee, usase kiss hudd taka nishpaksh honey kii ummeed kii jaa sakati thee aur usake guaranters key baare mein kyaa kahaa jaanaa chaahiye. patrickius vaarshik sroton koo vishesh roop seey vishvasaniya maanaa jaataa haye, basharte kii way mool, binaa milawat vaale sanskaran mein houn. isake alawa, aadhunik aitihaasik vigyaan kii shabdawali key anusaar, parampara key iraade key binaa banaae gaye granthon parr uchit dhyaan diyaa jaanaa chaahiye.
patricious ney itihaaskaar key kaarravaai kii paristhitiyon seey vyaktigat pyaaj kii khaal koo alag karke kaarravaai key kaaran kii tulanaa kii, joe dheere-dheere pyaaj key mool kii or leey jaataa haye. unhone shareer rachana key roopak kaa bhee upayog kiya, joe itihaaskaar key samaan haye. shareer key saath shareer rachana vigyaani kii tarah, itihaaskaar koo usa kaarravaai seey nipatna padata haye jisaki vaha jaanch curr rhaa haye. pratyek action mein ack mukhya abhineta hotaa haye "(pramukh ator), jiska kaaran katkar khulasa kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
bhavishya kii kahani.
samagr laukik prakriyaon key roop mein jaanch key uddeshya key nirdhaaran ney patricious koo yeh maanane key liye prerit kiya kii aitihaasik shodh koo bhavishya taka bhee badhaaya jaa sakata haye. unhone maanaa kii bhavishya kii kahani likhana, yaani maanyata praapt kaanoonon key aadhar parr gambhir vaigyaanik purvanuman banaana, maulik roop seey sambhav haye. prishthabhoomi rajneta kii kalaa kii unaki samajh thee, jisake anusaar yeh abhee taka joe naheen haye uska anuman lagaane aur usey praapt karane kii kshamata parr nirbhar kartaa haye. tadnusar, aisaa karane key liye sashakt ack shaasak sahee purvanirdhaarit kaa record rakhane mein saksham hoga. taba bhavishya kii ack kahani kalpana key kshetra mein nihit haye.
sainya pranali.
patricious ney senaa parr vishesh dhyaan diyaa. unhone kewal yuddhon, vijayon, gherabandi, jeet yaa haar kii report key madhyam seey raajya kii sainya senaaon koo dikhaana asantoshjanak paaya. balki, sainya sangathan kii samajh aavashyak haye. aapako sashastr balon, hathiyaron, golaa-barud aur gherabandi kii sanrachana aur prabandhan key baare mein sateek gyaan kii aavashyakta haye.
matchiavelli key baad, patricious ney videshi bhaade key sainikon key upayog kii vyaapak roop seey aalochana kii, jisake nuksan parr unhone jore diyaa. aap kewal nagrikon aur swayamsevakon key bull parr bharosa curr sakate hain. apane shastragar kii upeksha karna aur iss bhram koo chhodana ghaatak haye kii apane prabhaav koo surakshit karane key bajaay gathbandhan, baatchit aur bhugtan key madhyam seey shaanti banaae rakhee jaa sakati haye. yeh vishvaas kii dushman key aakraman koo kilon seey rokaa jaa sakata haye, bhee poori tarah seey galat haye.
patricious ney paidal senaa kii mahatvapurna bhoomika parr jore diyaa, joe aamtaur parr mahatvapurna hoti haye. kewal teen ladaaiyon mein-jisamen 1512 kii ravena kii ladaai bhee shamil thee-topkhaane key upayog ney nirnay kaa netritva kiya. samanya taur parr, patricious key sainya vigyaan key bayanon koo topkhaane aur arquabus aine key cumm aaklan dwara chihnit kiya jaataa haye. isaliye, jaise hii way prakat hue, unaki "samanantar sainya" takniki drishtikon seey purani hoe gaee thee. aakhirkaar, unhone nausena kii ladaai aur gherabandi mein bandookon key moolya koo pahachaana.
kavita siddhant.
vastu kaa nirdhaaran.
apane kavita siddhant key saath, patrickius ney paaramparik dishaanirdeshon seey khud koo door curr liya, donon pracheen paribhashaon seey aur punarjagaran mein vikasit drishtikonon seey. sabse badhkar, unhone abhijaat varg kii kavitaon kaa virodh kiya. unakaa virodh kavita kii prakriti aur arth key sabhi paaramparik nirdharanon key khilaf nirdeshit thaa, joe kavyatmak kaary parr aupchaarik yaa vishay-vastu seey sambandhit seemaaen lagu karate hain aur iss tarah kavya rachana kii sambhaavanaon koo seemit karate hain. sabse pahale aur sabse mahatvapurna baat, unhone prabhaavshaali samkaaleen abhijaat tippanikar lodovico castelvetro dwara uthaaye gaye pracheen shodh prabandh kaa virodh kiya, kii kavi kaa kaary praakritik yaa aitihaasik tathyon kaa anukaran karna thaa. castelvetro ney daavaa kiya kii kavita itihas seey apana saaraa prakaash letee haye. unakaa maanana thaa kii kavita koo vishvasaniyata kii aavashyakta haye aur isaliye, cumm seey cumm mukhya kahani mein, kewal una sambandhon aur ghatnaaon kaa pratinidhitva karna chaahiye joe praakritik prakriyaon key saath samanjasya mein they aur jinhen aitihaasik tathyon key roop mein kalpana kii jaa sakati thee. patrickius ney isaki tulanaa saarvbhaumik kavita kii apani avadharana seey kii, jiska vishay vastu divya key saath-saath maanav aur praakritik koo bhee shamil kartaa haye. yadi kissy bhee samagri koo kavya roop seey maanaa jaae tou vaha kavya rachana kaa vishay hoe sakata haye. ack aupchaarik paribhasha key roop mein, unhone kewal padya roop koo sweekaar kiya. kavita key saar seey sambandhit kavita ise gadya seey alag karati haye. kavita kii abhijaat varg kii paribhasha key roop mein isake kathit charitra kii nakal anupayogi haye, kyonki abhijaat varg swayam vibhinn arthon mein "anukaran" shabd kaa upayog kartaa haye.
kavita kii vishishtata aur kaary.
patrickius key kavya kii ack kendriya avadharana 'chamatkar', 'adbhut' haye, joe paathak mein ashcharya yaa prashansa paida karati haye kyonki yeh samanya, samaan aur aatm-spasht ghatnaaon key dravyamaan seey alag haye. manavtawadi daarshanik kii samajh key anusaar, "mirabile" kavita kii paribhaashit visheshta haye, jisake madhyam seey ise vishay vastu key sandarbh mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. iss adbhut cheez key kaary kaa nirdhaaran karate samay, brahmand mein manushya kii vishishtata aur sthiti aur sanskriti mein kavita kii vishisht prakriti aur kaary key beach ack saadrishya haye. punarjagaran mein ack aam manavshastriya aadhar key anusaar, manushya aadhyatmik aur bhautik duniya key beach ack madhyasth aur jodane vaali ikai key roop mein khadaa haye. yeh usey shaaririk paridhan mein aadhyatmik laane aur aadhyatmik mein shaaririk roop seey chitrit karane mein saksham banaata haye. yeh ack kshetra seey dusare kshetra mein sthanantarit hotaa haye, parivartit aur rupaantarit hotaa haye. patricious key liye, srishti mein manushya kii yeh bhoomika "kalaa" (art) key kshetra mein kavita key kaary seey mell khaati haye, "maanav utpaadah kavita vishuddh roop seey aadhyatmik aur samagri key beach ack samaan tareeke seey madhyasthata karati haye. iss prakaar sthaapit saadrishya usa kaarak taka bhee failata haye joe madhyasth ikai koo vaha banaata haye joe vaha haye. manushya kii vishishtata, joe usaki prakriti koo nirdhaarit karati haye aur jisase usaki vishesh sthiti kaa parinam nikalata haye, vaha haye aatma (mente) yaa kaaran. patrickius key spasht kathan key anusaar, manushya key sambandh mein aatma kyaa haye, kavita mein "chamatkaarik" haye. jiss tarah kaaran manushya kaa saarvbhaumik roop haye, joe usey manushya key roop mein banaata haye, usee tarah adbhut vaha vishisht guna haye joe pratyek kavita koo aisaa banaata haye. isake parinamswarup kaam karane vaalon key pada key crum mein ack saadrishya bhee milata haih jaise tark kaa abhyaas manushya koo anya sabhi sajeev praniyon seey oopar rakhta haye, vaise hii "mirabile" kii bhashai rachana kavi koo anya sabhi logon seey oopar uthaati haye joe kissy bhee prakaar key granth likhate hain.
yeh joe design kartaa haye, uska "chamatkari" siddhant nirdhaaran kaarak haye. iss prakaar uska kaary manushya mein aatma key kaary key samaan haye. jiss tarah aatma shareer key sabhi hisson mein pravesh karati haye aur aakar detee haye, usee tarah "mirabile" poori muhar parr apani aakar dene kii shakti kaa prayog kartaa haye. humm kewal kavita kii baat curr sakate hain jahan adbhut kii prabhaavi upasthiti spasht haye aur poore utpaad koo uchit gunavatta detee haye. iss prakaar teen pahalu kavya koo nirdhaarit karate hainh pahala, isake vishisht siddhant kaa prabhaav, doosara, garima joe iss rachanaatmak siddhant key uchch pada key anuroop haye, aur teesara, roop key siddhant kii saarvbhaumik upasthiti joe isane aakar diyaa haye. isake parinamswarup padya roop kii aavashyakta hoti haye, kyonki patricious key nirnay key anusaar yeh ekmatra bhashai roop haye joe "mirabile" dwara sambhav banaai gaee samagri kii gunavatta key liye upayukt haye.
punarjagaran mein chamatkar kaa ack samanya arth yeh haye kii yeh naa kewal ashcharya aur prashansa koo jagaata haye, balki nae aur adbhut kii duniya mein netritva karke gyaan koo bhee saksham banaata haye. kavita key kshetra mein patricious key shikshan key anusaar, yeh ack vishesh astitva, ack swatantra vaastaviktaa koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jise kavi ney apane aakar "(formazione)" key madhyam seey banaaya thaa. manavtawadi vichaarak key liye kavita mein "chamatkar" kii visheshta yeh haye kii yeh parichit aur aparichit key ack safal mishran "(mescolanza)" mein khud koo darshaata haye. ack kavi saiddhaantik logon dwara anumat seemaon koo paar curr sakata haye aur karna chaahiye, usey swabhavik kii nakal karane aur samanya jeevan anubhav key anuroop honey jaise maandandon kii avahelana karni chaahiye aur asamanya aur asambhav koo shamil karna chaahiye. choonki unhein janata key saamane parichit aur vishvasaniya prabhaavon key saath-saath naee aur avishvasaniya cheejon koo prastut karna haye, isaliye unhein vipareet mishran karna haye, aur iss kaary mein unaki mahaarat unaki kalaa koo darshaati haye. kavya kriya astitva kii seema parr hoti haye aur naa hii sambhav aur vaastavik, vishvasaniya aur avishvasaniya kii seema parr hoti haye, lekin iss seema koo astitva mein naheen aaney detee haye, lekin avishvasaniya roop seey vishvaas karane vaale kaa "chehra" detee haye aur isake vipareet. iss mishran kii safalata utpaad mein "mirabile" kaa nirmaan karati haye, joe ise kavita mein badal detee haye.
patricious key kavya kii saarvbhaumik avadharana ektarafa manakon dwara kavya utpaadaktaa koo sankuchit karati haye. isaliye kuchh bhoomika model jaise kii hommer yaa petrasism jaise rujhaanon key liye vareeyata ack vikalp naheen haye.
patricious kii kavita mein, iss aavashyakta parr vishesh jore diyaa gayaa haye kii kavita kaa uddeshya prabhaav paida karna naheen honah chaahiye, naa kii mohit karna aur dhokha denaa, balki shrota yaa paathak kii aatma koo usey dee gaee antardrishti key madhyam seey punarnirdeshit karna chaahiye. parichit aur aparichit, samajhe gaye aur galat samajhe gaye logon key mishran seey paathak mein ack tanaav paida honah chaahiye joe usey aisaa karane key liye prerit kartaa haye joe samajhane key liye naheen haye. ise seekhane kii prakriya shuru karni chaahiye. isaliye kavita kii kriya key kendriya siddhant key roop mein "mirabile" kii bhoomika patrickius key vyaktiparak saundarya kii abhivyakti yaa ataarkik kii or abhivinyas naheen haye; balki, yeh kavita kii upadeshaatmak chinta seey agyaantaa seey gyaan mein sankraman laane key liye parinam haye. yeh pratibimb key liye ack prerana key madhyam seey hotaa haye.
patricious key kavya kaa ack mahatvapurna lakshya prerana key siddhant kii raksha haye, jisake anusaar mahatvapurna kavi ack divya vaastaviktaa mein bhaag lete hain aur unaki utpaadaktaa divya prerana kaa phal haye. prerana koo "ugra kavyatmak" mein dikhaaya gayaa haye, kavyatmak utpaadan key liye parmanand utsaah jise kewal ack devta key prabhaav key parinamswarup samajhaaya jaa sakata haye. patrickius kii tippani abhijaat varg key lodovico castelvetro kii utsaah kii maulik aalochana kii pratikriya haye. castelvetro kii raay mein, "ugra kavyatmak" kewal ack nadan lokpriya vishvaas mein maujood haye, joe kavi kii aatm-satyapan aur aatm-bhram kii lutt seey prerit haye. tadnusar, yeh una kaviyon kii soochi haye joe pratishtha aur shravan praapt karane key liye prerit honey kaa daavaa karate hain. isake vipareet, patricious kii daleel bhavna kii pramanikta key liye khadee haye. yeh abhijaat varg key logon key shaaririk tark koo amaanya karane kii koshish kartaa haye, jisake anusaar "rosh" dwara joe kuchh pakada jaataa haye, usake "junoon" koo swabhaav key lakshan key roop mein vyakhya kii jaa sakati haye. haalaanki, patricious key anusaar, "rosh" kewal pichhale yugon key lekhakon key saath kaam curr rhaa thaa, naa kii unake apane samay kii petrarchist kavita mein. safal samkaaleen kavitaaen divya roop seey prerit naheen hain, balki pratibha aur kalaatmaktaa key utpaad hain.
prem siddhant.
patrickius prem siddhant key kshetra mein ack navpravartak key roop mein bhee dikhaai diye, unhone "prem key nae darshan" kii ghoshana kii. haalaanki, unaki avadharana key mool ghatak pahale seey hii gyaat they, pracheen vichaaron parr adharit they yaa pahale seey hii anya manavtavadiyon dwara prastut kiye gaye they. plato key samvaadon "symposium" aur "fedros" mein prastut shikshan ney praarambhik bindu key roop mein kaary kiya. plato kii tarah, patricious ney prem koo divya saundarya key prati jhukaav key roop mein dekhaa, joe aatma koo "pankh" detaa haye jisake saath vaha apane divya ghar taka badh sakata haye. yeh ack aisaa pradarshan thaa joe shikshit darshakon key liye parichit thaa. manavtawadi key dou anya siddhant cumm paaramparik theh unhone daavaa kiya kii prem manushya kii prakriti seey sambandhit naheen haye, balki durghatanaon key roop mein baahar seey aataa haye, aur sabhi prakaar key prem prem seey hii hotey hain, "philautia". haalaanki, yeye vichaar bhee nae naheen they. unhein 16veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein mario equicola dwara aage laaya gayaa thaa, aur abhijaat varg ney pahale seey hii dusaron key liye prem koo aatm-prem key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya thaa.
haalaanki, usa samay, yeh ack vidhvansak avadharana thee, kyonki apane liye pyaar kii sarahana asamanya thee aur badey samoohon key liye aakramak thee. yeh vishesh roop seey uttejak thaa kii padosi key prati isai prem aur vishvasi key bhagwan key prem koo bhee aatm-prem key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee thee. platonic aur stoic key saath-saath isai parampara mein, aatm-prem koo sandigdh maanaa jaataa thaa. swarth key auchitya yaa ack mahakavya soch kaa sandeh spasht thaa. haalaanki, patricious kii shodh prabandh kaa matlab iss tarah seey naheen thaa kyonki unhone swarthi vareeyata key arth mein aatm-prem naheen liya thaa. balki, unhone ack aise pahalu kaa bhee ullekh kiya joe aatm-sandarbh key liye kshatipurti kartaa haih achchaae kii irshya joe pahale seey hii plato dwara vishayagat thee. platonic samajh key anusaar, yeh anivarya roop seey achche paropkari koo sampreshit karane kaa kaaran banata haye. ack vaastavik navachar kamukta kii purani avadharana mein kamukta kaa sammilan thaa joe eros dwara sanchaalit premi kii chadhaai kii purani avadharana thee. paaramparik platonic drishtikon key anusaar, patricious ney kahaa kii maanav prem shaaririk saundarya key darshan key saath shuru hotaa haye aur phir priyajan key aadhyatmik saundarya mein badhata haye, aur isaliye vyakti dheere-dheere divya prem kii or badhata haye. haalaanki, parampara key vipareet, manavtawadi siddhantkar ney maanaa kii kamuk phir seey kaee staron parr kamuk prem key liye taba taka neeche utar gayaa jaba taka kii vaha nichale aur antim star taka naheen pahunch gayaa, aur yeh shaaririk sangh thaa. iss prakaar patrickius ney kamuk andolan key antim bindu koo pargaman seey kamukta mein sthanantarit curr diyaa.
platonic parampara kaa paalan karate hue, patrickius ney prem koo ack aadhyatmik aur brahmand sambandhi ayam bhee saunpa. unhone isamen naa kewal maanav duniya kii ack ghatana dekhi, balki brahmand mein ack vaastavik siddhant dekhaa, jise way prerit maanate they. brahmandiya star parr, unake prem key darshan key anusaar, duniya key vyaktigat ghatakon koo ack jodane vaali shakti key roop mein ack saath rakhane aur astitva kii nirantarta sunishchit karane kaa kaary maujood haye. tadnusar, yeh sabhi cheejon key astitva kii neenv haye. unaki saarvbhaumik upasthiti brahmand mein sabhi jeevan mein vyaapt haye. yahaan bhee, yeh mool roop seey aatm-prem haye, kyonki bhagwan ney apane liye prem seey srishti kii haye, aur vaha cheejon seey pyaar kartaa haye kyonki way swayam key pahalu hain. isaliye vaha unamen khud seey pyaar kartaa haye. tadnusar, bhagwan kii chhavi key roop mein, manushya bhee pahale khud seey pyaar kartaa haye. dusaron key liye aur vishesh roop seey bhagwan key liye unake pyaar key liye yeh poorv shart haye. iss samajh key anusaar, dusaron key liye pratyek maanav yaa divya prem ack aatm-sanchaar haye, joe yeh anuman lagaata haye kii premi apane astitva aur apani aatm-pehchaan kii pushti kartaa haye. iss tarah seey samajha gayaa aatm-prem ack aatm-sandarbh key roop mein ekataa kaa ack prakateekaran haye. phir jaba vyakti kaa pyaar baahari duniya kii or mudataa haye, tou usake aatm-sanrakshan key prayaas vahaan vistaarit hotey hain. isake alawa, aatm-prem dhaarmik bhaavanaon sahit sabhi maanviya bhaavanaon, vichaaron aur karyon kaa srot aur neenv haye. iss avadharana kii prishthabhoomi patricious kaa vishvaas haye kii sabhi kaa astitva aatm-sambandh kii buniyaadi sanrachana dwara visheshta haye. iss sandarbh mein, unhone lattin abhivyakti "percenticentia" ("aatm-jagrukta") gadhaa, jisake saath unhone ack dusare key saath rahane key anubhav, sthaayi aatm-pehchaan kii jagrukta kaa varnan kiya.
swaagat.
praarambhik aadhunik samay.
lambe samay taka whiffle rahane key baad, patricious antatah vigyaan mein sammaan praapt karane mein saksham hoe gaye, kyonki mahatvapurna vishvavidyalayon mein dou peethon kii sthaapana unake liye darshaati haye. church key shaikshanik sansthanon mein abhijaat varg key karyakram koo ack platonic karyakram key saath badalane key unake prastaav koo pope clement VIII dwara naheen sunaa gayaa thaa. unake jaane key baad unake anuroop platonic darshan key liye dou kursiyon kaa nidhan darshaata haye kii unake darshan koo purana maanaa jaataa thaa. roman kursi 1600 mein bund curr dee gaee thee.
16veen aur 17veen shatabdi key anta mein patricious key prakriti key siddhant aur abhijaat varg kii aalochana koo dridhata seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa, halanki unakaa mukhya kaam nishiddh pustakon key soochkaank parr thaa, jisase ise kewal 1900 mein hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. yahaan taka kii itali mein bhee, "nova dee universis philosophia" parr pratibandh shuru mein poore board mein lagu naheen kiya jaa sakaah 1593 kii galat tarikh key saath ack nayaa sanskaran venis mein dikhaai diyaa, yeh naatak karate hue kii yeh 1594 mein pratibandh seey pahale hii mudrit hoe chuka thaa. yeh mudda uttar aur madhya europe mein vitarit kiya gayaa thaa, jahaan usa samay ack catholic ninda ney ack vigyaapan key roop mein kaam kiya thaa.
sakaratmak swaagat.
patrickius key prakriti key darshan koo aristotelian virodhi vicharakon dwara achchi tarah seey sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa joe unake tarkon kaa upayog karna pasand karate they. praarambhik praaptakarta angreji praakritik daarshanik nicolaus hill they, jinhone 1601 mein mudrit apane "philosophia epicuria" mein italvi manavtawadi key vichaaron koo binaa unakaa naam liye apanaaya. piyare gassendy (1592-1655), jinhone abhijatyavaad key khilaf ack pustak likhi thee, unhone apani pariyojana koo taba chhod diyaa jaba unhone "nova dee universis philosophia" kii khoj kii. gassendy kii antariksh kii avadharana spasht roop seey iss kaam key prabhaav koo darshaati haye. tomaso campanella (1568-1639) ney sakaratmak roop seey patricious key siddhanton key siddhant koo praapt kiya, johann amos comenius (1592-1670) unake prakaash tatvamimansa seey judey they. piyare bell (1647-1706) ney venis key daarshanik key tatvamimansa aur praakritik vigyaan kii sarahana kii. unhone unhein ack mahatvapurna vichaarak maanaa aur kahaa kii "nova dee universis philosophia" apane lekhak key munn kii bahut prashansaniya gaharaai koo prakat kartaa haye. patrickius key mukhya kaam kii sarahana 17veen shatabdi mein cambridge platonist aine dwara kii gaee thee, vishesh roop seey heinry morr dwara, jinhone aage vahaan prastut antariksh avadharana koo vikasit kiya.
itihas aur usake shodh key baare mein samvaadon koo kaafee pratikriya millie. ack lattin anuvaad, "dee legende scribendec historiye reshni daayalogi dessum", 1570 mein besal mein dikhaai diyaa, joe angreji amoort, thomas blundeville, "sikudaane aur padhane kii vidhi kaa sahee crum aur vidhi", 1574 mein landan mein dikhaai diyaa. patricious kii avadharana koo ingland mein rahane vaale italvi pravaasi, blundeville key ack dost, jacopo aconcio seey utsaahjanak anumodan milaa. ise 17veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein paolo benny aur tomamo campanella dwara liya gayaa thaa."
aalochanatmak aavaazen.
teodoro angelucci aur jacopo mazoni jaise abhijaat varg key rakshak venis key platonist key samkaaleen virodhiyon mein seey they, lekin giordano bruno bhee, jinhone patrickius kii tarah abhijaat varg seey ladaai ladee, lekin "charchaon paripetete" mein vishvaas naheen kiya. unhone iss kaam koo paadap khaad key roop mein varnit kiya aur khed vyakt kiya kii lekhak ney apane pravaah seey itna kagaj daag diyaa thaa. halanki, baad mein bruno ney ack halka faisala diyaa haye. kahaa jaataa haye kii unhone kahaa thaa kii patricious ack avishvasaniya daarshanik they aur abhee bhee rome mein pope key pasandida key roop mein safal hue. bahut hii apmaanjanak roop seey fraansis bekan koo nyaay karate hue, ack yuva samkaaleen. unhone paaya kii patricious ney haal hii mein avamaanana kii sthiti mein nirathak aur shandar daave kiye they.
khagoliya paksh seey teekhi aalochana aaee. tyco braahe ney disambar 1599 mein johann capler koo likhe ack patra mein shikayat kii kii "nova dee universis philosophia" mein unaki sthiti koo galat tareeke seey prastut kiya gayaa thaa. yeh sach haye; patricious ney ack galat purani prastuti key aadhar parr breh key drishtikon kii aalochana kii thee, kyonki 1577 key dhumketu parr unakaa granth unake liye sulabh naheen thaa. capler ney taba tyco key liye ack raksha dastaavez, apane 1600/1601 "maafi pro tycone contra ursam" mein patricious parr hinsak hamla kiya. unhone una parr vaastavik aur spasht andolanon key beach antar naheen karane kaa aarop lagaaya. halanki, capler kii aalochana iss tathya parr adharit thee kii unhone patrickius key model koo galat samajha thaa.
gottfried wilhelm leibniz kii bhee ack pratikool raay thee. unhone patricious koo kaafee pratibha key vyakti key roop mein varnit kiya, lekin jinhone "chhadm-pratirupanvadiyon" key lekhan koo padhkar apane dimag koo kharaab curr diyaa thaa. iss libniz kaa arth sabhi pracheen neoplatonists seey oopar thaa. vanician ney jyaamiti mein doshon koo pahachaana, lekin unhein thheek karane mein asamarth thaa.
ack samvaad vyakti key roop mein daarshanik.
lekhak annibel romi ney apane "discoursey" mein patrickius koo ack samvaad vyakti key roop mein prakat kiya thaa, joe 1586 mein puuraa huaa thaa. vahaan venis key daarshanik ney apane brahmand vigyaan aur saundarya siddhant koo prastut kiya aur sammaan, dwandwayuddh, kuleenata aur dhana parr vivaad mein bhaag liya. samvaad key saatven aur antim dinn, unhone anubhavi darbari key saath charcha kii kii kyaa darshan yaa sainya seva koo prathamikta dee jaani chaahiye.
aadhunik.
bahut samriddh aadhunik shodh saahitya mein, patricious koo aksar ack swatantra, abhinav vichaarak key roop mein pahachaana jaataa haye aur unake pradarshan koo mahatvapurna maanaa jaataa haye. yeh daarshanik aur saahityik saiddhaantik karyon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, manavtawadi key aitihaasik siddhant aur bhashashastriya kshamata koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, lekin unake ganitiya vichaaron koo naheen. hannah-barbara geral ney unhein vaastavik punarjagaran darshan key ack kushal vichaarak key roop mein varnit kiya haye, jinake paas harr vaastavik cheej key liye vidhi aur samaan vyakhyatmak aadhar kaa pratinidhitva karane kii binaa shart ichchaashakti haye. thomas lincaff key nirnay key baad way marcelio ficino key baad praarambhik aadhunik kaal key sabse mahatvapurna platonicker they. haalaanki, yeh bhee bataaya gayaa haye kii unaki taakat paaramparik kii aalochana karane mein nihit haye, naa kii vyavharya vikalpon koo vikasit karane mein. iss arth mein, benedetto cross ney pahale hii 1903 mein khud koo vyakt curr diyaa thaa.
praakritik darshan model, antariksh key sabhi siddhant seey oopar, dhyaan aur maanyata praapt kartaa haye. iss prakaar, 1911 mein ernst casser ney faisala sunaaya kii telesio key mukhya kaam "dee reram nechura" key saath "nova dee universis philosophia", usa samay key darshan mein prakriti kii ack samaan aur swatantra vyakhya kaa sabse mahatvapurna prayaas thaa. paul auskar chrystailer ney ack vyaapak raay vyakt kii jaba unhone 1964 mein kahaa kii praakritik daarshnikon mein patrickius koo ginane key achche kaaran they jinhone "17veen shatabdi aur aadhunikta key nae vigyaan aur darshan kaa maarg prashast kiya. ack sankraman kaal key vichaarak key roop mein, unhone bhautik brahmand kii ack vyavasthit vyakhya koo ack nae aur mool tareeke seey vikasit karane kii koshish kii. yeh vigyaan aur atkalon kaa mishran haye. unakaa kaam pranali key gathan mein ack mahaan prayaas kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, lekin saath hii kaee antaral aur visangatiyon koo prakat kartaa haye.
manavtawadi key kavita siddhant koo ack asadharan upalabdhi maanaa jaataa haye, jisaki iss vishay parr syncusanto key vyaapak saahitya mein vishesh sthiti parr jore diyaa jaataa haye. abhijaat kavi key khilaf patrickius key sangharsh koo ack abhinav, halanki prabhaav key baad kaa thodaa saa, aaveg key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye joe 17veen aur 18veen shatabdi mein iss kshetra mein abhijaat varg key prabhutva koo shayed hii prabhaavit curr sakata thaa. george centsbury ney 1902 mein paaya kii ack saahityik aalochak key roop mein patrickius apane samay seey dou shataabdiyan aage they. rainer stillers ney 1988 mein atyadhik vikasit paddhatigat jagrukta parr prakaash daala, joe patricious key parampara key saavdhaanipoorvak vichaar aur tathyon seey siddhant taka unaki paddhatigat pragati mein parilakshit hotaa haye. doosari or, bernard weinberg, jinhone 1961 mein nirantarta kii kamee kaa aarop lagaaya, aur antiaristotelli ney tark koo vaidh naheen honey key roop mein khariz curr diyaa.
itihas siddhant bhee atyadhik moolyavaan haye. udaaharan key liye, franz lampract ney 1950 mein likhaa kii patricious ack khaali aupchaariktaa key beach mein thaa, jamey hue mansikta "manavtawadi vishva drishtikon key shuddh buniyaadi vichaar koo sanrakshit karati haye. way vartamaan key mukhya pratinidhi they, joe "itihas kii adhik vyaapak aur vaigyaanik roop seey adharit avadharana kaa ack raasta khoj rhaa thaa. unaki avadharana mein, itihas pahali baar aadhunik arth mein vigyaan bunn gayaa haye. vaigyaanik itihas anusandhaan kii sthaapana mein patricious kii agrani bhoomika parr isi tarah kii tippaniyan kii gaeen. aeye. giorgio spinny (1948), rudiger landfester (1972) aur thomas saren hoffman (2007). thomas lincaff (2017) ney kahaa kii 16veen shatabdi mein itihas kii sabse dilchasp aur saahasik avadharana patricious key paas thee.
manavtawadi vidwan kii parishram, darshan key itihas key baare mein unake gahan gyaan aur unake sateek paath kaary parr jore diyaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, sabhi kshetron mein abhijaat varg koo khariz karane aur badnam karane key unake vivadaspad prayason mein pakshapaat kii aalochana kii jaati haye, jise kabhi-kabhi kattar maanaa jaataa haye.
iss baat parr aam sahamati haye kii patricious kaa jyaamiti koo phir seey sthaapit karane kaa prayaas asafal rhaa. ganitiya-aitihaasik drishtikon seey, yeh paaya gayaa haye kii unhone vaastav mein euclid "tatvon" mein ack kamjori paaee, lekin vaha ise apane drishtikon seey thheek karane mein asamarth they. euclidean jyaamiti key vikalp key roop mein unaki rachana pahale seey hii pracheen kaal mein ack kadam peechhe dekhi jaa chuki haye. bhale hii kuchh praasangik dhaaranaaen sahee theen, lekin duniya key baare mein unakaa khagoliya drishtikon bhee anupayukt saabit huaa haye. iss viphalata kaa kaaran shodh mein vaigyaanik samasyaon key prati unake vishuddh daarshanik drishtikon key roop mein diyaa gayaa haye.
bauddhik itihas key vargeekaran key prashn key liye patrickius key vividh aavegon kaa uttar alag-alag haye. kuchh shodhkarta jaise sizere vasoli aur leana bolzoni apane vichaaron koo vichaaron kii syncusanto duniya key beach mein paate hain. anya, vishesh roop seey giorgio spinny, stephen otto aur denillo aguzi barbagli, unake shodh prabandhon kii krantikari kshamata parr jore dete hain, joe bhavishya mein punarjagaran seey parey haye. aap unhein ack yugantkari uthal-puthal key ack pratipaadak key roop mein dekhate hain, joe tarkvaadi pravachan key agradoot they joe baad mein vaigyaanik sateekta koo majboot aur lakshit karate they. carolin hennig usey punarjagaran aur barok key beach uthal-puthal key kshetra mein sthit kartaa haye aur "proto-barok pravrittiyon" koo darj kartaa haye. unake daarshanik abhivinyas key kaaran, punarjagaran manavtavad key saath unaki sambaddhata bhee sarvasammati seey sweekaar naheen kii jaati haye.
sanskaran aur anuvaad.
"" "aadhunik sanskaran aur anuvaad" "'
"" "praarambhik aadhunik muddon kaa punarmudran" ""
"" "16veen shatabdi key sanskaran" ""
saahitya.
avalokan pradarshan
kaee vishay kshetron parr samanya prastutiyaan aur adhyayan
nibandh sangrah
tatvamimansa aur praakritik darshan
itihas aur raajya siddhant
saahityik adhyayan

