
hadis

hadith (yaa;,,,,, shaabdik roop seey "baat" yaa "pravachan") yaa atahar (, shaabdik roop seey "avashesh"/"prabhaav") koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jise adhikansh musalman aur islami vichaaron key mukhyadhara key school shabdon, karyon aur islami paigambar muhammad kii mook anumodan kaa record maanate hain joe kathavachakon kii shrinkhalaon key madhyam seey preshit hotaa haye. dusare shabdon mein, hadis muhammad dwara kahee gaee aur kii gaee baaton key kaaran preshit report hain. 
hadis koo kuchh logon dwara islami sabhyata kii "reedh" key roop mein kahaa gayaa haye, aur kaee logon key liye hadis kaa adhikaar dhaarmik aur naitik margadarshan kaa ack srot haye jise sunnat key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe kurran (jise musalman muhammad koo prakat kiya gayaa ishwar kaa shabd maanate hain) key baad dusare sthaan parr haye. adhikansh musalman maanate hain kii hadis key liye dharmgranth adhikaar kurran seey aataa haye, joe musalmaanon koo muhammad kaa anukaran karane aur unake nirnayon kaa paalan karane kaa adesh detaa haye (jaise chhandon mein).
jabaki kurran mein kaanoon seey sambandhit chhandon kii sankhya apekshaakrit cumm haye, hadis koo kaee logon dwara dhaarmik daayitvon key vivaran (jaise kii prarthana key liye snan) seey laker abhivaadan key sahee roopon aur daason key liye paropkar key mahatva taka harr cheej parr nirdesh dene key liye maanaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar kaee logon key liye, shariya (islami kaanoon) key niyamon kaa "badaa hissa" kurran key bajaay hadis seey liya gayaa haye. 
 yeh arabi shabd haye joe bhaashan, vivaran, vivaran, kathaa jaisi cheejon key liye haye. kurran key vipareet, sabhi musalman yeh naheen maanate kii hadis key vivaran (yaa cumm seey cumm sabhi hadis key vivaran) divya rahasyodghatan hain. hadis key vibhinn sangrah islami vishvaas kii vibhinn shaakhaon koo alag karane key liye aatey they. kuchh musalmaanon kaa maanana haye kii islami margadarshan kewal kurran parr adharit honah chaahiye, iss prakaar hadis key adhikaar koo aswikar curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye; kuchh aur daavaa karate hain kii adhikansh hadis 8veen aur 9veen shatabdi esvi mein banaae gaye mangadhant (chhadm-lipi) hain, aur jinhen muhammad key liye galat maanaa jaataa haye. aitihaasik roop seey, muu 'taziletes ney hadis koo islami kaanoon key aadhar key roop mein bhee khariz curr diyaa, jabaki usee samay sunnat aur izza koo sweekaar kiya. 
kyonki kuchh hadis mein sandigdh aur yahaan taka kii virodhabhasi bayaan bhee hotey hain, hadis kaa pramanikaran islam mein adhyayan kaa ack pramukh kshetra bunn gayaa. apane classic roop mein ack hadis mein dou bhaag hotey hain-una kathakon kii shrinkhala jinhone report (dha) koo preshit kiya haye, aur report kaa mukhya paath (dha). vyaktigat hadis koo muslim maulaviyon aur nyaayvidon dwara ("pramanik"), ("achchha"), yaa ("kamjor") jaisi shreniyon mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, vibhinn samooh aur vibhinn vidwan ack hadis koo alag tarah seey vargeekrit curr sakate hain.
sunni islam key vidvaanon key beach hadis shabd mein naa kewal shabd, salah, prathaaen aadi shamil hoe sakate hain. muhammad key, lekin unake sathiyon key bhee. shiya islam mein, hadis sunnat key avtaar hain, muhammad aur unake parivaar key shabd aur kaary, (baarah imamon aur muhammad kii betty, fatima).
vyutpatti.
arabi mein, sangya () kaa arth haye "report", "khaata" yaa "kathaa". iska arabi bahuvachan () haye. "hadis" ack vyakti key bhaashan koo bhee sandarbhit kartaa haye.
paribhasha.
islami shabdawali mein, juan campo key anusaar, "hadis" shabd muhammad key bayanon yaa karyon kii reports koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, yaa unaki upasthiti mein kahee gaee yaa kii gaee kissy cheez kii unaki maun anumodan yaa aalochana koo sandarbhit kartaa haye.
shaastriya hadis visheshagya ibn huzzer all-asakalani kaa kahana haye kii dhaarmik parampara mein "hadis" kaa ichchit arth muhammad koo diyaa jaataa haye, lekin yeh kurran mein naheen paaya jaataa haye.
vidwan patricia crone ney hadis kii apani paribhasha mein muhammad key alawa anya logon dwara dee gaee reports koo shamil kiya haih "sankshipt report (kabhi-kabhi sirf ack yaa dou pankti) joe ack praarambhik aakriti, jaise kii paigambar yaa muhammad key saathi ney swayam kahaa yaa kiya, usey record kartaa haye. haalaanki, vaha aage kahati haye kii "aajkal, hadis kaa arth lagbhag hamesha muhammad seey hii hotaa haye."
isake vipareet, shiya islam ahlul bait digital library pariyojana key anusaar, "... jaba koee spasht kurran kathan naheen haye, aur naa hii koee hadis haye jiss parr muslim school sahmat hue hain. ... shiya... paigambar key sunnat koo praapt karane key liye ahlul-bait [muhammad key parivaar] kaa ullekh karein-jiska arth haye kii hadis muhammad kii "paramparaon" taka seemit haye, jabaki shiya sunnata kathanon aadi parr aakarshit hoti haye. aaee seey.ee. shiya islam key imam.
seey antar.
iss shabd kaa upayog muhammad yaa praarambhik muslim samudaay kii ack maanak pratha key sandarbh mein bhee kiya jaataa haye.
joseph shchat hadis koo "pralekhan" pradaan karane key roop mein varnit karate hain.
ack aur srot (joseph aeye. islam) donon kahaavaton key beach antar kartaa haih 
jabaki 'hadis' ack maukhik sanchaar haye joe kathit roop seey paigambar yaa unaki shikshaon seey liya gayaa haye, 'sunn' (kaafee shaabdik roop seh jeevan kaa tarika, vyavhaar yaa udaaharan) ack vishesh samudaay yaa logon key prachalit reeti-rivaajon koo darshaata haye. ... sunna' ack aisee pratha haye jise ack samudaay dwara peedhi darr peedhi saamoohik roop seey paarit kiya gayaa haye, jabaki hadis baad key sanklakon dwara ekatra kii gaee report hain jinhen aksar sadiyon seey srot seey hataa diyaa jaataa haye. ... ack abhyaas joe hadis key bheetar nihit haye, usey sunana key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye, lekin yeh aavashyak naheen haye kii ack sunn key paas ise manjuri dene vaalaa sahayak hadis hoe.
kuchh srot (khaled aboo all fadal) hadis koo maukhik reports taka seemit karate hain, jisamen muhammad key karyon aur unake sathiyon key hadis kaa hissa honey key baare mein report hoti haye, lekin hadis naheen.
anya saahitya seey antar.
hadis (lekin naheen) key samaan islami saahityik vargeekaran hain aur hain. way hadis seey iss mayane mein alag hain kii way vishay key bajaay "apekshaakrit kalanukramik roop seey" sangathit hain. 
hadis seey sambandhit islam kii anya "paramparaon" mein shamil hainh 
hadis sankalan.
aaj upayog mein aaney vaalaa hadis saahitya muhammad kii mrityu key baad prachalit bolly jaane vaali reports parr adharit haye. kurran key vipareet, hadis muhammad key jivankal key dauran yaa unaki mrityu key turant baad naheen likhi gaee thee. hadis kaa maukhik roop seey mulyankan kiya gayaa aur 8veen aur 9veen shatabdi key dauran, muhammad kii mrityu key baad kii peedhiyon key dauran, rashidun khalifa key yug key anta key baad, jahan seey muhammad rahate they, 1,000 kimmy (600 meal) seey adhik badey sangrhon mein ekatra kiya gayaa.
"kaee hazaar baar" kurran kii ayaton kii tulanaa mein adhik, hadis koo islami maanyataon (kurran) key "mool" key aspas kii paraton key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. prasiddh, vyaapak roop seey sweekrit hadis sankeern aantarik parat koo banaati haye, jisamen ack hadis cumm vishvasaniya hoe jaati haye aur pratyek parat koo baahar kii or failaate hue sweekaar kii jaati haye.
hadis sanklakon dwara ekatra kiye gaye muhammad (aur kabhi-kabhi unake sathiyon) key vyavhaar kii report mein anushthaan dhaarmik abhyaas jaise kii paanch (anivarya islami prarthana) kaa vivaran shamil haye joe kurran mein naheen paae jaate hain, saath hii saath rosemarra key vyavhaar jaise table shishtachar, poshak aur mudra. hadis koo musalman bhee kurran mein ullikhit cheejon koo samajhane key liye mahatvapurna upkaran key roop mein maanate hain, lekin samajhaaya naheen gayaa haye, (kurran parr likhi gaee tippaniyon) key liye ack srot haye.
kuchh mahatvapurna tatva, jinhen aaj islami abhyaas aur vishvaas kaa ack lambe samay seey chalaa aaa rhaa hissa maanaa jaataa haye, kurran mein ullikhit naheen hain, lekin hadis mein bataae gaye hain. isaliye, musalman aamtaur parr yeh maanate hain kii islam key sachche aur uchit abhyaas key liye hadis ack aavashyak aavashyakta haye, kyonki yeh musalmaanon koo islami abhyaas aur una kshetron mein vishvaas kaa sookshm vivaran detaa haye jahaan kurran maun haye. ack udaaharan anivarya prarthana haye, joe kurran mein aadeshit haye, lekin hadis mein samajhaaya gayaa haye.
nirdhaarit andolanon aur prarthana key shabdon (jinhen kahaa jaataa haye) aur unhein kitni baar kiya jaanaa haye, kaa vivaran hadis mein paaya jaataa haye. haalaanki, hadis inn vivaranon parr bhinn hain aur parinamswarup vibhinn hadiswadi islami sampradayon dwara alag-alag tareeke seey kiya jaataa haye. doosari or, kuranvadiyon kaa maanana haye kii yadi kurran kissy mamle parr chup haye, tou iska kaaran yeh haye kii ishwar ney isake vivaran koo parinam key roop mein naheen rakhaa haye; aur kuchh hadis kurran kaa khandan karate hain, yeh saabit karate hue kii kuchh hadis bhrashtachar kaa srot hain aur kurran key poorak naheen hain.
gair-bhavishyasoochak hadis.
joseph shachat ney muhammad kii ack hadis kaa hawala diyaa haye jiska upayog islami kaanoon mein dhaarmik adhikaariyon key roop mein muhammad key sathiyon key liye "sandarbh koo uchit thaharaane" key liye kiya jaataa haye-"merey saathi laudestars kii tarah hain." 
shacht key anusaar, (aur anya vidvaanon) muhammad kii mrityu key baad kii pahali peedhiyon mein, (muhammad key "saathi") aur (sathiyon key "uttaradhikari") seey hadis kaa upayog "niyam thaa, jabaki musalmaanon dwara khud muhammad kii hadis kaa upayog" apavaad "thaa. islami kaanoon key liye muhammad kii hadis kaa upayog karane key siddhant koo sthaapit karane aur kissy aur kii hadis kii heenata parr jore dete hue, hadis kahate hue, shachat all-shafee 'ee koo shreya detaa haye-shafee school key sansthaapak (yaa):
"...anya vyaktiyon seey paigambar kii parampara key bavjood koee khaata naheen haye, chaahe way isaki pushti karein yaa iska khandan karein; yadi anya vyakti paigambar seey parampara key baare mein jaanate hotey, tou way iska paalan karate.
isake kaaran sathiyon aur anya logon kii paramparaon kii "lagbhag poori upeksha" hoe gaee.
hadis key sangrah kabhi-kabhi muhammad key sangrah koo dusaron kii reports key saath milaate hain. moovatta imam malik koo aamtaur parr "hadis kaa sabse pahala likhit sangrah" key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye, lekin muhammad key kathan "sathiyon key vachanon key saath mishrit" hain, (ack sanskaran kii ginati key anusaar, muhammad kii 822 hadis aur anya kii 898).
abd all-haadi all-fadali dwara "hadis kii shuruat" mein, "paigambar key adhikaar parr likhi jaane vaali (muhammad key parivaar) kii pahali hadis pustak" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye. haalaanki, paigambar muhammad key krityon, bayanon yaa anumodanon koo kahaa jaataa haye, jabaki saathi key krityon koo kahaa jaataa haye, aur taabi 'una key kaary koo kahaa jaataa haye.
prabhaav, prakaar aur ghatak.
prabhaav.
hadis kaa "tafsir" (kurran kii tippaniyan) parr gahara aur vivadaspad prabhaav thaa. quraan kii sabse purani tippani jise tafseer ibn abbas key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, kabhi-kabhi saathi ibn abbas koo shreya diyaa jaataa haye.
hadis kaa upayog "shariya" (islami parampara kaa hissa banane vaali dhaarmik kaanoon pranali) aur "fikah" (islami nyayshastra) key aadhar parr kiya gayaa thaa. hadis iss baat kii jarh haye kii kyon koee ekal "fikah" pranali naheen haye, balki islam key bheetar samanantar pranaliyon kaa ack sangrah haye.
aaj upalabdh praarambhik islami itihas kaa adhikansh hissa bhee hadis parr adharit haye, halanki ise praathamik srot samagri mein aadhar kii kamee aur upalabdh maadhyamik samagri key aantarik virodhabhason key liye chunauti dee gaee haye.
prakaar.
 hadis "hadis qudsi" (pavitra hadis) hoe sakati haye-jise kuchh musalman ishwar key shabd maanate hain-yaa "hadis shareef" (mahaan hadis), joe muhammad key apane shabd hain.
ass-sayed aish-sharif all-jurjani key anusaar, hadis qudsi kurran seey alag haye kyonki pahale vaale "muhammad key shabdon mein vyakt kiye gaye hain", jabaki baad vaale "bhagwan key seedhe shabd" hain. ack hadis qudsi koo "saheeh" (dhwani hadis) honey kii aavashyakta naheen haye, lekin "daa 'iff" yaa "mavdu" bhee hoe sakata haye.
hadis qudsi" kaa ack udaaharan aboo huraira kii hadis haye jisane kahaa kii muhammad ney kahaah
jaba bhagwan ney srishti kaa adesh diyaa tou unhone apani pustak mein likh curr khud koo pratigya kii joe unake saath rakhee gaee haih merrie dayaa merey krodh parr haavi haye.
shiya vichardhara mein hadis key dou maulik drishtikon hainh usuli drishtikon aur akhbari drishtikon. usuli vidwan iztihad key madhyam seey hadison kii vaigyaanik jaanch key mahatva parr jore dete hain, jabaki akhbari vidwan chaar shiya pustakon seey sabhi hadison koo pramanik maanate hain.
ghatak.
hadis key dou pramukh pahalu report kaa paath ("mait") hain, jisamen vaastavik kathaa shamil haye, aur kathavachakon kii shrinkhala ("isnad"), joe usa maarg kaa dastavejikaran karati haye jisake dwara report preshit kii gaee haye. isnad yeh dastavej banaane kaa ack prayaas thaa kii ack hadis vaastav mein muhammad seey aaee thee, aur aathvin shatabdi seey laker vartamaan taka key muslim vidvaanon ney iss mantra koo dohrana kabhi bund naheen kiya haye "isnad dharm kaa hissa haye-yadi isdad key liye naheen, tou joe koee bhee chaahe vaha joe chaahe kaha sakata thaa."isnad" kaa shaabdik arth haye "samarthan", aur iska naam isaliye rakhaa gayaa haye kyonki hadis visheshagya hadis kii pramanikta yaa kamjori nirdhaarit karane key liye iss parr bharosa karate hain. isnad" mein kathavachakon kii ack kalanukramik soochi hoti haye, jisamen pratyek mein usa vyakti kaa ullekh hotaa haye jisase unhone hadis sunee thee, jaba taka kii "mait" key saath "mait" key pravartak kaa ullekh naheen kiya jaataa.
hadis sunane vaale pahale loga way saathi they jinhone ise sanrakshit kiya aur phir ise unake baad key logon taka pahunchaaya. phir unake baad kii peedhi ney ise praapt kiya, iss prakaar ise unake baad key logon taka pahunchaaya aur isi tarah aage bhee. tou ack saathi kahega, "maine paigambar koo aisaa aur aisaa kahate sunaa haye."taba anuyaayi kahata," maine ack saathi koo yeh kahate hue sunaa, 'maine paigambar koo sunaa.'usake baad vaalaa kahata", maine kissy koo yeh kahate sunaa, 'maine ack saathi koo yeh kahate hue sunaa,' maine paigambar koo sunaa..."aur isi tarah.
islam kii shakha yaa moolyavarg dwara hadis saahitya.
islam kii vibhinn shaakhaaen hadis key vibhinn sangrhon koo sandarbhit karati hain, haalaanki ack hii ghatana alag-alag sangrhon seey hadis mein paaee jaa sakati haye. samanya taur parr, shiya aur sunni sangrhon key beach kaa antar yeh haye kii shiya muhammad key parivaar aur karibi sathiyon ("ahl all-baayat") koo jimmedaar thaharaate hue hadis koo prathamikta detee haye, jabaki sunni muhammad key baarah hazaar sathiyon mein seey kissy dwara varnit hadis aur sunnat kaa mulyankan karane mein parivarik vansh parr vichaar naheen karate hain.
itihas, parampara aur upayog.
itihas.
muhammad key jeevan kii paramparaaen aur islam key praarambhik itihas koo 632 mein muhammad kii mrityu key baad sou seey adhik varshon key liye jyaadaatar maukhik roop seey paarit kiya gayaa thaa. muslim itihaskaron kaa kahana haye kii khalifa uthman ibn affan (rashidun khalifa key teesare khalifa (khalifa), yaa muhammad key teesare uttaradhikari, joe pahale muhammad key sachiv they), koo aam taur parr musalmaanon seey hadis darj karane kaa aagrah karane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye, jaisa kii muhammad ney sujhaav diyaa thaa kii unake kuchh anuyaayiyon koo unake shabd aur karyon koo likhane key liye kahaa jaataa thaa.
656 mein peedit sainikon key haathon unaki hatyaa seey uthman kii mehnat cumm hoe gaee thee. iss avadhi seey koee pratyaksh srot seedhe jeevit naheen haye isaliye humm iss avadhi key baare mein baad key lekhakon dwara bataae gaye tathyon parr nirbhar hain.
arab duniya key british itihaaskaar alfred guillem key anusaar, yeh "nishchit" haye kii hadis key kaee chhote sangrah "umayyad key samay mein ekatra kiye gaye they."
islami kaanoon mein, hadis kaa upayog jaisa kii aaj samajha jaataa haye (dastaavez, isnad aadi key saath muhammad kii hadis).) dheere-dheere aaya. joseph shchaat, ignaz goldzir aur daniel doubleu jaise vidvaanon key anusaar. islami nyayshastra key praarambhik vidyaalayon mein paigambar key sathiyon key faisalon, khalifaaon key faisalon aur prathaon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, jinhen "usa school key nyaayvidon key beach samanya sweekriti praapt hui thee. apani mrityushayya parr, khalifa umar ney musalmaanon koo kurran seey margadarshan lene kaa nirdesh diyaa, praarambhik musalman (muhajiroon) joe muhammad key saath madina chaley gaye, madina key nivasi jinhone "muhajiroon" ("ansar") aur registan key logon kaa swaagat aur samarthan kiya.
vidvaanon key anusaar harrold motzki aur daniel doubleu. sabse pahale islami kanuni tark joe hamaare paas aae hain, way "vastutah hadis-mukt" they, lekin dheere-dheere, doosari shatabdi aeye key dauran.aich. "islami nyayshastra mein bhavishyasoochak hadison kii ghuspaith aur samavesh" huaa.
yeh aboo-abdullah muhammad ibn idri all-shafee (150-204 ah) thaa, jise all-shafee key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jisane muhammad kii hadis key antim adhikaar parr jore diyaa, taaki kurran kii bhee "paramparaon key prakaash mein vyakhya kii jaae (i.ee. hadis), aur isake vipareet naheen."jabaki paaramparik roop seey kurran koo paaramparik roop seey sunn seey behtar maanaa jaataa haye, all-shafee ney" "balpurvak tark diyaa" "kii sunn" "kurran key barabar thaa", "(vidwan daniel braun key anusaar) key liye (jaisa kii all-shafee ney ise rakhaa haye)" "paigambar kii aagya bhagwan kii aagya haye."
851 mein tarkvaadi mutzila vichardhara abbasid khaleefaa mein paksh seey baahar hoe gaee. mutsila, jisake liye "satya kaa nyayadhish... yeh maanviya kaaran thaa, "joe paramparaon key saath sangharsh karate they, joe kurran key shaabdik arth aur sachchai key liye hadis koo dekhate they. jabaki kurran koo aadhikarik roop seey sankalit aur anumodit kiya gayaa thaa, hadis naheen they.
ack parinam yeh huaa kii hadis kii sankhya "unaki upayogita key saath sandigdh roop seey pratyaksh sahsambandh mein gunaa karna shuru curr dee" hadis key uddharan key liye (paramparavadiyon ney hadis key havaale seey shariya key bajaay maanav raay sunane key khilaf chetavani dee; hanafiyon ney ack hadis kaa hawala dete hue kahaa kii "merey samudaay mein aboo hanifa [hanafite sansthaapak] naamak ack vyakti kaa uday hoga joe iska maargdarshak prakaash hoga. vaastav mein ack hadis parr sahamati hui thee, jisamen chetavani dee gaee thee kii "aise nakali, jhoothe honge joe aapke liye aisee hadis laayenge joe naa tou aapane sunee hain aur naa hii aapke poorvajon ney sunee hain, unase savdhan rahein."isake alawa hadis kii sankhya mein bhee bhaari vriddhi hui. jabaki malik ibn anas ney kewal 1720 bayanon yaa karyon kaa shreya muhammad koo diyaa thaa, abb aise logon koo dhoondhana asamanya naheen thaa jinhone hadis kii sankhya seey sou gunaa adhik ekatra kiya thaa.
vividh prakaar key vivadaspad mamalon parr vibhinn vichaaron kaa samarthan karane vaali vividh paramparaon key ack vishal sangrah kaa saamana karna padaa-unamen seey kuchh ack dusare key spasht roop seey virodhabhasi they-abbasid kaal key islami vidvaanon ney hadis koo pramaanit karane kii maang kii. vidvaanon koo yeh taya karna thaa kii kiss hadis parr pramanik key roop mein bharosa kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur jise raajneetik yaa dhaarmik uddeshyon key liye gadhaa gayaa thaa. aisaa karane key liye, unhone kaee takneekon kaa upayog kiya jinhen musalman abb hadis kaa vigyaan kahate hain.
sabse purani bachee hui hadis pandulipiyon kii pratilipi papyrus parr kii gaee thee. ack lamba scroll vidwan aur kaadi 'abd allah ibn lahia (dee. 790). wahab ibn munabbih koo jimmedaar thaharaate hue ack "hadith davud" ("daaood kaa itihas"), 844 kii ack pandulipi mein jeevit haye. ack nishchit khalid ibn yazeed koo jimmedaar thaharaate hue, bhagwan koo prarthana karane key liye samarpit hadis kaa ack sangrah, dinaankit 880-881 haye. misra key maliki nyaayvid 'abd allah ibn wahab (d. 813) antatah 889 kaa haye.
shiya aur sunni paathya paramparaaen.
sunee aur shiya hadis sangrah alag-alag hain kyonki donon paramparaon key vidwan kathavachak aur sancharakon kii vishvasaniyata key roop mein alag hain. muhammad kii mrityu key baad netritva parr vivaadon mein allie key bajaay aboo bucker aur umar kaa paksh lene vaale kathavachakon koo shiya dwara avishvasaniya maanaa jaataa haye; allie aur muhammad key parivaar aur unake samarthakon key liye jimmedaar kathanon koo prathamikta dee jaati haye. sunni vidwan aisha jaise kathavachakon parr bharosa karate hain, jinhen shiya aswikar karati haye. hadis sangrhon mein antar ney pooja prathaon aur shariyat kaanoon mein antar mein yogdan diyaa haye aur donon paramparaon key beach vibhajan rekha koo kathor curr diyaa haye.
soonni parampara mein prakriti aur vistaar.
sunni parampara mein, aise granthon kii sankhya saat seey terah hazaar key beach haye, lekin "hadis" kii sankhya kaheen adhik haye kyonki ack hii paath koo saajha karane vaale kaee "isnad" koo pratyek vyaktigat hadis key roop mein ginaa jaataa haye. yadi, kahein, duss saathi muhammad key jeevan mein ack hii ghatana kii soochana dene vaale paath koo darj karate hain, tou hadis vidwan ise duss hadis key roop mein ginn sakate hain. iss prakaar, udaaharan key liye, musnad ahmed mein 30,000 seey adhik hadis hain-lekin iss ginati mein aise granth shamil hain jinhen paath key bheetar yaa kathan kii shrinkhalaon key bheetar mamuli bhinnataon koo darj karane key liye dohraya jaataa haye. vibhinn granthon key kathavachakon kii pehchaan karate hue, ack hii granth key unake kathan kii tulanaa karate hue, ack paath kii sabse achchi reporting aur doosari shatabdi key dauran hadis key apane reporting mein sabse adhik saksham honey vaale samvaaddaataon donon kii pehchaan karein. islam kii teesari shatabdi mein (225/840 seey lagbhag 275/889), hadis visheshagyon ney lagbhag dou seey paanch hazaar aise granthon key chayan koo record karate hue sankshipt karyon kii rachana kii, jinhen unhone sabse adhik pralekhit yaa vyaapak roop seey muslim vidwan samudaay mein sandarbhit kiya haye. chauthi aur paanchvin shatabdi mein inn chhah karyon parr kaafee vyaapak roop seey tippani kii gaee. iss sahayak saahitya ney unake adhyayan koo hadis key kissy bhee gambhir adhyayan key liye prasthaan kaa sthaan banaane mein yogdan diyaa haye. isake alawa, bukhari aur vishesh roop seey musalman ney daavaa kiya kii way kewal dhwani hadison kaa sabse dhwani sangrah curr rahey they. inn baad key vidvaanon ney apane daavon kaa pareekshan kiya aur unase sahmat hue, taaki aaj unhein hadis kaa sabse vishvasaniya sangrah maanaa jaae. 5veen shatabdi key anta mein, ibn all-kaisrani ney aupchaarik roop seey soonni cannon koo chhah pramukh karyon mein maankeekrit kiya, ack chitran joe aaj bhee banaa huaa haye.
sadiyon seey, sangrah kii kaee alag-alag shreniyaan ubhari hain. kuchh adhik samanya hain, jaise "musannaf", "mujam", aur "jamee", aur kuchh adhik vishisht, yaa tou shamil vishayon dwara visheshta haye, jaise kii "sunan" (kanuni-dhaarmik paramparaon taka seemit), yaa "unaki" rachana, jaise "arbaniyat" (chaalees hadison kaa sangrah).
shiya parampara mein seema aur prakriti.
shiya musalman shayed hii kabhi chhah pramukh hadis sangrhon kaa upayog karate hain jinake baad sunni aatey hain kyonki way kaee soonni kathavachakon aur sancharakon parr bharosa naheen karate hain. unakaa apana vyaapak hadis saahitya haye. sabse prasiddh hadis sangrah chaar pustaken hain, jinhen teen lekhakon dwara sankalit kiya gayaa thaa jinhen 'teen muhammad' key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. chaar pustaken hainh muhammad ibn yakub all-kulaini all-razee (329 aaha) dwara "kitab all-kaafee", muhammad ibn babua dwara "maan laa yahduruh all-fakih" aur sheikh muhammad tusi dwara "all-tahdib" aur "all-istibsar" donon. shiya maulavi baad key lekhakon dwara vyaapak sangrah aur tippaniyon kaa bhee upayog karate hain.
sunni key vipareet, adhikansh shiya apane kissy bhee hadis sangrah koo apani sampoornata mein sahee (pramanik) naheen maanate hain. isaliye, ack vishisht sangrah mein pratyek vyaktigat hadis kii pramanikta nirdhaarit karane key liye alag seey jaanch kii jaani chaahiye. haalaanki, akhbari school chaar pustakon seey sabhi hadis koo pramanik maanata haye.
shiya vichardhara mein hadis kaa mahatva achchi tarah seey pralekhit haye. muhammad key chachere bhaai allie ibn abii talib dwara yeh kabja kiya jaa sakata haye, jaba unhone bataaya kii "hamaare shiya (anuyaayiyon) mein seey joe koee bhee hamaare shariya koo jaanata haye aur hamaare anuyaayiyon key kamjor logon koo agyaan key andhere seey gyaan (hadis) key prakaash mein leey jaataa haye joe hamane (ahl all-bait) unhein upahaar mein diyaa haye, vaha faisale key dinn apane sir parr ack mukut key saath aayega. yeh punrutthan key maidan parr ekatra logon key beach chamakata rahega."muhammad key vanshaj hassan all-askari ney iss kathan kaa samarthan karate hue kahaa," jisane bhee usane saansaarik jeevan mein agyaantaa key andhere seey baahar nikala thaa, vaha apane prakaash koo punarjeevan key maidan key andhere seey bageeche (swarg) mein leey jaane key liye pakad sakata haye. taba way sabhi jinhen unhone saansaarik jeevan mein achchaae kaa kuchh bhee sikhaaya thaa, yaa unake dill seey agyaantaa kaa taalaa khol diyaa thaa yaa unake sandehon koo door curr diyaa thaa, way baahar aaa jaayenge."
hadis kii recording mein sateekta banaae rakhane key mahatva key baare mein, yeh pralekhit kiya gayaa haye kii muhammad key potey muhammad all-bakir ney kahaa haye kii "ack sandigdh mudde mein peechhe hatna vinash mein pravesh karane seey behtar haye. ack hadis naa sunana, ack hadis naa sunaane seey behtar haye, jisamen aapane poori tarah seey adhyayan naheen kiya haye. harr sachchai mein ack vaastaviktaa hoti haye. harr sahee cheez key oopar ack prakaash haye. allah kii kitab seey joe bhee sahmat hoe, aapako usey lena chaahiye aur joe bhee asahmat hoe, usey chhodana chaahiye."all-bakir ney muhammad key ack puraane saathi jabir ibn abdullah key saath apani baatchit key madhyam seey muhammad kii paramparaon koo sanrakshit karane key liye ahl all-baayat kii niswarth bhakti parr bhee jore diyaa. unhone (all-bakir) kahaa, "oh jabir, aggar humm apani raay aur ichchhaon seey aapse baat karate, tou humm una logon mein giney jaate joe nasht hoe jaate. humm aapse usa hadis key baare mein baat karate hain jise humm allah key doot seey khajaane mein rakhate hain, haye allah muhammad aur unake parivaar koo aapke liye unaki sevaaon key yogya muaavaja pradaan karein, jaise way apane soney aur chaandi koo khajaane mein rakhate hain."aage, yeh bataaya gayaa haye kii all-bakir key bete jaa 'farr all-saadik ney hadis key baare mein nimnalikhit kahaa haih" aapako ise likhana chaahiye; jaba taka aap ise naheen likhate, taba taka aap yaad naheen rakhenge."
aadhunik upayog.
pavitra kurran kii vyakhya key roop mein hadis
mukhyadhara key sampradaay hadis koo kurran, islam kii pavitra pustak key saath-saath islami nyayshastra seey sambandhit muddon koo spasht karane key liye aavashyak poorak maanate hain. ibn all-salah, ack hadis visheshagya, ney hadis aur dharm key anya pahaluon key beach sambandh kaa varnan karate hue kahaah "yeh anya vigyaanon key sambandh mein unaki vibhinn shaakhaon mein sabse vyaapak vigyaan haye, vishesh roop seey nyayshastra unamen seey sabse mahatvapurna haye."yahaan 'anya vigyaanon' kaa abhipret arth way hain joe dharm seey sambandhit hain", ibn huzzer all-asakalani bataate hain, "kurran kii vyakhya, hadis aur nyayshastra. inn teenon vigyaanon mein seey pratyek dwara pradarshit aavashyakta key kaaran hadis kaa vigyaan sabse vyaapak hoe gayaa. hadis kii vigyaan kii aavashyakta spasht haye. jahan taka kurran kii vyakhya kaa sambandh haye, tou ishwar key bhaashan koo samajhaane kaa pasandida tarika muhammad key bayaan key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa haye. jise yeh dekhana haye, usey sweekarya aur asweekarya mein antar karane kii aavashyakta haye. nyayshastra key sambandh mein, taba nyaayvid koo baad key apavaad key liye sweekarya sakshya key roop mein uddhrit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe kewal hadis key vigyaan kaa upayog karna sambhav haye."
adhyayan aur pramanikaran.
ack hadis kii pramanikta mukhya roop seey isaki sancharan shrinkhala (isnad) dwara satyaapit kii jaati haye. kyonki sancharan kii ack shrinkhala ack jalsaji hoe sakati haye, musalman vidvaanon dwara dee gaee pramanikta kii sthiti, prachyavidon yaa itihaskaron dwara sweekaar naheen kii jaati haye. ignaz goldzir ney pradarshit kiya kii kaee hadis kalanukramik aur vishay-vastu key anusaar muhammad key samay key anuroop naheen hain. natijatan, kaee praachyavaadi hadis koo aam taur parr asthaayi roop seey baad kii avadhi kaa nirmaan maanate they. yeh atyadhik aalochanatmak ravaiya aaj kaa maanak naheen haye. vibhinn hadison kii tulanaa aur vishleshan seey pataa chalata haye kii kaee hadis 7veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein likhi gaee hongi. kaun see hadis pramanik hain aur joe nirdhaarit naheen kii jaa sakati hain. bernard luis key anusaar, "praarambhik islami shataabdiyon mein ack kaaran, ack raay, yaa ack gutt koo badhaava dene kaa koee behtar tarika naheen hoe sakata thaa, joe paigambar key uchit kaary yaa kathan kaa hawala dey sakey."inn jaali-kapaton seey ladane key liye, hadis adhyayanon key vistrit vigyaan koo hadis koo pramaanit karane key liye taiyar kiya gayaa thaa jise" "ilm all jarr" "yaa" "ilm all diraaya" "key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye." 
hadis adhyayan muhammad koo dee gaee reports kii sachchai kaa nirdhaaran karane mein praarambhik muslim vidvaanon dwara vikasit mulyankan key kaee tarikon kaa upayog karate hain. yeh iss prakaar seey praapt kiya jaataa haih 
inn maandandon key aadhar parr hadis key vibhinn vargeekaran vikasit kiye gaye hain. hadis adhyayanon mein sabse pahala vyaapak kaam aboo muhammad all-ramahurmuzhi kaa "all-muhaddith all-fasil" thaa, jabaki ack anya mahatvapurna kaam all-hakim all-nayasburi kaa "maa 'rifat' ulam all-hadis" thaa. ibn all-salah key "all-hadis" koo hadis adhyayan parr maanak shaastriya sandarbh maanaa jaataa haye. hadis paddhati key kuchh school solah alag-alag parikshanon koo lagu karate hain.
jeevani mulyankan.
jeevani vishleshan ('ilm all-rijal', shaabdik roop seey. "logon kaa vigyaan", "asma all-rijal kaa vigyaan" yaa "ilm all-jarh vaa all-taadeel" ("" vivechana aur maanyata kaa vigyaan "), jisamen transmitter key baare mein vivaran kii jaanch kii jaati haye. isamen unaki janm tithi aur janm sthaan kaa vishleshan karna shamil haye; parivarik sambandh; shikshak aur chhaatr; dharmikta; naitik vyavhaar; saahityik parinam; unaki yaatraaen; saath hii unaki mrityu kii tarikh. inn maandandon key aadhar parr, transmitter kii vishvasaniyata ("thikaat") kaa aaklan kiya jaataa haye. yeh bhee nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye kii kyaa vyakti vaastav mein report koo prasaarit karane mein saksham thaa, joe shrinkhala mein anya sancharakon key saath unaki samkaaleentaa aur bhaugolik nikatata seey anuman lagaaya jaataa haye. jeevani shabdakoshon key udaharanon mein shamil hainh abd all-ghaani all-makdisi kaa "all-kamal phee asma 'all-rijal", ibn huzzer all-asakalani kaa "tahdib all-tehdib" aur all-dhaabi kaa "tadhakirat all-hufaaz".
sancharan kaa paimana.
kaee swatantra shrinkhalaon key madhyam seey aaney key liye aavashyak mahatvapurna mamalon parr hadis, ise sancharan key paimaane key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. una reports koo joe kaee "isad" mein kaee vishvasaniya transmitters seey gujarati hain, jaba taka kii unake sangrah aur pratilekhan koo "mutawatir" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. inn reports koo sabse adhik aadhikarik maanaa jaataa haye kyonki way itane saare alag-alag maargon seey gujarate hain kii sabhi sancharakon key beach milibhugat ack asambhav hoe jaati haye. iss maanak koo puuraa naheen karane vaali reports koo "aahad" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur yeye kaee alag-alag prakaar kii hoti hain.
paath kaa vishleshan karna.
muhammad shafee key anusaar, hadis jisaki isad kii jaanch kii gaee haye, usake baad unake paath yaa "mait" kii jaanch kii jaaeh
haalaanki, joseph shyacht kaa kahana haye kii "paramparaon kii poori takniki aalochana... yeh mukhya roop seey isnad kii aalochana parr adharit haye, jise vaha (aur anya) dhokhadhadi vaale hadis koo samaapt karane mein aprabhaavi maanate hain.
shabdaavalih sweekarya aur asweekarya hadis.
mulyankan kiye jaane key baad, hadis koo vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. dou shreniyaan hainh 
anya vargeekaranon mein shamil hainh 
sahee" aur "hassan" donon reports koo islami kanuni vimarsh mein upayog key liye sweekarya maanaa jaataa haye.
aalochana.
alochakon ney shikayat kii haye kii, uparokt vivaran key vipareet jahaan "mait" kii jaanch kii jaati haye, hadis koo pramaanit karane kii prakriya una sancharakon kii shrinkhala kii saavdhaanipoorvak jaanch taka seemit thee jinhone report koo sunaaya thaa aur khud report naheen kii thee. 'basharte shrinkhala nirbaadh thee aur isake vyaktigat link koo bharosemand vyakti maanaa jaataa thaa, hadis koo badhyakari kaanoon key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa. vidwan aine key anusaar, dhaarmik vishvaas kii sharton key anusaar, report kii samagri parr koee sawal naheen uthaaya jaa sakata haye; kyonki yeh divya rahasyodghatan kaa saar thaa aur isaliye kissy bhee prakaar kii kanuni yaa aitihaasik aalochana key prati atisamvedansheel naheen thaa.jey. kulson.
aalochana.
hadis saahitya kii antar-muslim aalochana key pramukh bindu isaki pramanikta key sambandh mein prashnon parr adharit hain. haalaanki, hadis kii musalman aalochana bhee tark aur aalochana key dhaarmik aur daarshanik islami aadharon parr adharit haye.
spashtata key sambandh mein, imam allie all-ridha ney bataaya haye kii "hamari hadis mein all-kurran kii tarah utpaat (aspasht) key saath-saath all-kurran kii tarah muhakam (spasht) bhee hain. aapako aspasht koo spasht logon key liye sandarbhit karna chaahiye."
poore islami itihas mein hadis saahitya parr sawal uthaane kaa musalman vidvaanon kaa ack lamba itihas rhaa haye. paschimi shikshaavid bhee baad mein 1890 mein shuru hocker iss kshetra mein sakriya hoe gaye, lekin 1950 key baad seey bahut adhik.
hadis key kuchh musalman aalochak unhein islam key mool granthon key roop mein poori tarah seey aswikar karane key liye bhee jaate hain aur isake bajaay kuranwad naamak andolan kaa paalan karate hain. kuranvadiyon kaa tark haye kii kurran mein khud kurran key saath-saath hadis koo dusare dhaarmik srot key roop mein sweekaar karane kaa nimantran naheen haye. ishwar aur doot kaa paalan karna" abhivyakti, joe 3:132 yaa 4:69 mein dusaron key beach hoti haye, kaa arth yeh samajha jaataa haye kii vaha usa doot kaa anusaran kartaa haye jiska kaary kewal kurran kaa paalan karke kurran koo vyakt karna thaa. kuranvadiyon key anusaar, muhammad kewal kurran key madhyam seey logon key liye ishwar seey madhyasth haye, naa kii hadis key madhyam seey.
aitihaasik roop seey, muu 'taziletes ney hadis koo islami kaanoon key aadhar key roop mein khariz curr diyaa, jabaki usee samay sunnat aur izza koo sweekaar kiya. muu 'taziletes key liye, hadis koo aswikar karane kaa mool tark yeh thaa kii "choonki iska saar vyaktiyon dwara sancharan haye, [yeh] kurran key vipareet bhavishyasoochak shiksha key baare mein hamaare gyaan kaa ack nishchit maarg naheen hoe sakata haye, jisake sancharan key baare mein musalmaanon key beach ack saarvbhaumik sarvasammati haye.
aaj hadis key sabse pramukh muslim alochakon mein misra key rashad khalifa hain, jinhen kurran code (code 19) key "khojkarta" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, malayeshiyai kasim ahmed aur americi-turkey edip yuksel (kuranwad).
aage padhein.
online.
hadis vishayon aur pabuh kii salah key anusaar 

