
nirmaan-sanchaalan-hastaantaran

billed-operate-transfer (bott) yaa billed-one-operate-transfer (boot) pariyojana vitaran vidhi kaa ack roop haye, aamtaur parr badey paimaane parr buniyaadi dhancha pariyojanaon key liye, jisamen ack niji ikai saarvajanik kshetra (yaa durlabh avsaron parr niji kshetra) seey riyayat praapt karati haye. niji ikai koo ack nirdhaarit avadhi key liye ise sanchaalit karane kaa adhikaar hoga. yeh pariyojana prastaavak koo pariyojana mein apane nivesh aur sanchaalan aur rakharkhaav kharchon kii vasuli karane mein saksham banaata haye.
bott aamtaur parr saarvajanik-niji saajhedaari mein upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack model haye. vyavastha kii deerghakaalik prakriti key kaaran, shulk aamtaur parr riyayat avadhi key dauran uthaaya jaataa haye. vriddhi kii darr aksar aantarik aur baahari charr key sanyojan seey judee hoti haye, jisase prastaavak apane nivesh key liye santoshjanak aantarik darr parr pahunch sakata haye.
jinn deshon mein bott prachalit haye, unamen thyland, turkey, taiwan, bahreen, pakistan, saudi arab, israel, bhaarat, iran, croatia, japan, chean, viyatnam, malaysia, phillippeans, misra, myanmar aur kuchh americi raajya (california, florida, indiana, texas aur virginia) shamil hain. haalaanki, kuchh deshon jaise kanada, australia, newzealand aur nepal mein, upayog kiya jaane vaalaa shabd billed-one-operate-transfer (boot) haye.
pahala bott chean key hotal key liye thaa, jise 1979 mein hangkang soochibaddh samooh hopewell holdings limitted (surr gorden woo dwara niyantrit) dwara banaaya gayaa thaa.
bott framework.
bott buniyaadi dhancha pariyojanaon aur saarvajanik-niji saajhedaari mein vyaapak anuprayog paataa haye. bott dhaanche mein ack teesara paksh, udaaharan key liye saarvajanik prashaasan, ack niji kshetra kii ikai koo buniyaadi dhaanche key design aur nirmaan key liye aur ack nishchit avadhi key liye inn suvidhaon koo sanchaalit karane aur banaae rakhane key liye pratinidhi detaa haye. iss avadhi key dauran, niji paksh kii pariyojana key liye vitt jutaane kii jimmedaari haye aur vaha pariyojana dwara utpann sabhi rajaswa koo banaae rakhane kaa hakdar haye aur vaha maanyata praapt suvidhaon kaa malik haye. isake baad riyayat samjhaute key anta mein niji ikai key kissy bhee paarishramik key binaa suvidha koo saarvajanik prashaasan koo hastaantarit curr diyaa jaayega. 
nimnalikhit mein seey kuchh yaa sabhi vibhinn paksh kissy bhee bott pariyojana mein shamil hoe sakate hainh
ack bott pariyojana kaa upayog aamtaur parr ack poore network key bajaay ack asatat sampatti vikasit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye aur aam taur parr poori tarah seey nayaa yaa harit kshetra hotaa haye (halanki navinikaran shamil hoe sakata haye). ack bott pariyojana mein pariyojana company yaa prachaalak aam taur parr upbhoktaon seey shulk lene key bajaay upayogita/sarkaar seey shulk laker apana rajaswa praapt kartaa haye. kaee pariyojanaon koo riyaayaten kahaa jaataa haye, jaise kii toll sadak pariyojanaaen, joe naee nirmaan hain aur bott key saath kaee samaantaaen hain.
samanya taur parr, ack pariyojana niji ikai key liye vittiya roop seey vyavharya haye yadi pariyojana dwara utpann rajaswa isaki laagat koo cover kartaa haye aur nivesh parr paryaapt laabh pradaan kartaa haye. doosari or, mezban sarkaar key liye pariyojana kii vyavaharyata saarvajanik dhana key saath pariyojana key vittaposhan key arthshastra kii tulanaa mein isaki dakshata parr nirbhar karati haye. bhale hii mezban sarkaar ack niji company kii tulanaa mein behtar sharton parr paisa udhaar leey sakati haye, anya kaarak iss vishesh laabh kii bharpai curr sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, niji ikai seey joe visheshagyata aur dakshata aaney kii ummeed haye, saath hii jokhim hastaantaran bhee. isaliye, niji ikai jokhim kaa ack badaa hissa wahan karati haye. yeye kuchh prakaar key sabse aam jokhim shamil hainh 
boot framework.
boot khareed ranneeti sthaaniya bijli stations, jall upchaar suvidhaon aur seavage suvidhaon, yaa pargaman buniyaadi dhaanche aadi jaise badey paimaane parr harit kshetra buniyaadi dhancha pariyojanaon key liye pariyojana vitt kaa upayog karati haye.
boot delivery model bott (billed-operate-transfer) delivery model seey alag haye, jisamen niji paksh ack sampatti key roop mein pariyojana kaa malik naheen haye, unhein kewal ack samay key liye ise sanchaalit karane key liye riyayat milati haye.
boot delivery model ppp (saarvajanik-niji saajhedaari) seey alag haye, joe pariyojana samjhauton koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jahaan ack niji ikai sarkari swaamitva vaale buniyaadi dhaanche key bhawan aur sanchaalan bhaag koo sambhaalati haye.
billed-one-operate-transfer aksar sabse achchha vitaran model hotaa haye, jisamen ack niji kshetra kii party yaa sangh, ack niji yaa saarvajanik kshetra key graahak seey vitt, design, nirmaan, swaamitva aur ack deerghakaalik pariyojana koo sanchaalit karane key liye ack janadesh praapt kartaa haye.
yadi aapako boot anubandh seey sammaanit kiya gayaa haye tou iska matlab haye kii usa avadhi key dauran, aap niji paksh yaa aapka sangh iss suvidha kaa swaamitva rakhate hain aur iska sanchaalan karate hain; aapka lakshya aapke nivesh aur sanchaalan aur rakharkhaav kii laagat kii vasuli karna haye, aur aapaki pariyojana seey laabh bhee kamaana haye.
jaba aap apane anubandh kaa prabandhan karate hain tou aap apani pariyojana key upayogkartaon seey shulk laker laabh utpann karate hain, aur pariyojana koo ack sampatti key roop mein rakhate hain.
jabaki jokhim aapka haye, iss jokhim kii bharpai vibhinn sarkari protsahanon, dhana, curr chhoot, chuninda logon koo kaam parr rakhane key liye dhana (jaise berojgari naukari kii pahal) aur kissy bhee anya laabh seey hoti haye joe niyaamak nikaay aapako dene key liye upayukt samajhata haye.
anubandh avadhi key anta mein (aamtaur parr dashakon key crum mein), nirmaan kaa swaamitva raajya (yaa sanghiya abhineta) koo vaapas diyaa jaataa haye. aapako iss hastaantaran key liye shulk mill sakata haye.
bott key vikalp.
niji kshetra dwara nivesh key paimaane aur vyavastha key prakaar kaa matlab haye kii aamtaur parr kissy pariyojana koo jaldi puuraa karane yaa uchit moolya parr utpaad dene key liye koee majboot protsaahan naheen hotaa haye. iss prakaar kii niji kshetra kii bhagidari koo design-billed key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. neeche diye gaye vipareet, bott model aur isake roop aapke liye antim upayogkarta, yaa sarkari nikaay key liye kaam curr sakate hain.
vibhinn prakaar kii saarvajanik-niji saajhedaari (ppp) pariyojanaon key liye 'turnkey' khareed aur bott 'billed-operate-transfer' model key sanshodhit sanskaran maujood hain, jisamen mukhya thekedaar koo karyon key design aur nirmaan key liye niyukt kiya jaataa haye. yeh paaramparik khareed maarg (nirmaan-design model) key vipareet haye, jahaan graahak pahale vikas koo design karane key liye salaahkaaron kii niyukti kartaa haye aur phir karyon key nirmaan key liye ack thekedaar kii niyukti kartaa haye.
niji thekedaar ack nishchit shulk, darr yaa kull laagat key liye ack suvidha kaa design aur nirmaan kartaa haye, joe vijeta bolly kaa chayan karane mein pramukh maandandon mein seey ack haye. thekedaar design aur nirmaan charanon mein shamil jokhimon koo maanata haye.
ack design-nirmaan anubandh key tahat mahatvapurna khareed kaa matlab haye kii design-nirmaan dall upayogkarta samoohon kii vishisht jarooraton koo nirdhaarit karane key liye malik key pratinidhi key roop mein kaam karega; sarvottam vikalpon aur moolya nirdhaaran kaa chayan karane key liye vikretaon seey milein; sabse taarkik vikalpon parr malik koo salah dein; pariyojana key kaary koo samaayojit karane key liye yojana banaaen aur sthaan banaaen; khareed aur samay-seema kaa samanvaya karein; buniyaadi dhaanche koo sthaapit karein; upkaran kaa upayog karane key liye karmchaariyon key prashikshan kii suvidha pradaan karein; aur niyokta kii aavashyaktaon key anusaar karyon key design aur nirmaan key liye jimmedaar honey key alawa, dekhbhal aur rakharkhaav kii ruprekha taiyar karein, thekedaar poori suvidha key sanchaalan aur rakharkhaav key liye bhee jimmedaar haye. sanchaalan aur rakharkhaav kii avadhi dashakon taka rahegi, jisake dauran thekedaar key paas 'riyayat' haye aur vaha suvidha key sanchaalan key liye jimmedaar haye, aur parichaalan aaya seey laabh praapt kartaa haye. haalaanki suvidha swayam niyokta kii sampatti bunny hui haye.
dee. bee. oh. design-billed-operate contract ack pariyojana vitaran model haye jisamen ack ekal thekedaar koo ack pariyojana key design aur nirmaan key liye niyukt kiya jaataa haye aur phir ise ack samay avadhi key liye sanchaalit kiya jaataa haye.
iss tarah key anubandh kaa samanya roop ack ppp saarvajanik-niji saajhedaari haye, jisamen ack saarvajanik graahak (ee.jee. sarkaar yaa saarvajanik agency) pariyojana koo design karane, banaane aur phir sanchaalit karane key liye ack niji thekedaar key saath anubandh karati haye, jabaki graahak pariyojana kaa vittaposhan kartaa haye aur swaamitva barkarar rakhta haye.
dee. bee. aff. oh. design-billed-finance-operate joe niji sangathan koo design, nirmaan, vitt aur sanchaalan kii jimmedaari bhee saunpata haye. jaba abhee kissy seva kii uchch maang hoe tou aapaki pratispardhi pariyojana kaa vittaposhan karna aasaan hoe sakata haye, aur niveshak kissy bhee pariyojana parr paisa fenk denge joe loot kaa daavaa karati haye, jaise kii ack vyast mahanagar mein ack nayaa havaai adda kholna.
blt billed-lease-transfer, jisamen saarvajanik kshetra kaa bhagidar thekedaar seey pariyojana koo patte parr detaa haye aur isake sanchaalan kii jimmedaari bhee letaa haye.
rotate-operate-transfer buniyaadi dhaanche key liye ack khareed vidhi haye joe pahale seey maujood haye lekin ghatiya pradarshan curr rahee haye.
jaisa kii aap jaanate hain, jaba aavashyak sevaaen kushalata seey yaa prabhaavi dhang seey kaam naheen curr rahee hoti hain, tou marammat mahangi hoe sakati haye. jaba koee aprachalit suvidha yaa suvidha (koee bhee saarvajanik seva jaise telephone laainen aadi) hoe.) purana hoe jaataa haye aur mahangi marammat kii aavashyakta hoti haye, ise saarvajanik-niji saajhedaari key madhyam seey vittaposhit kiya jaa sakata haye; saarvajanik sansthaon aur niji thekedaaron key beach joe navinikaran sevaaen pradaan karane aur marammat poori honey key baad pariyojana prabandhan koo sanchaalit karane mein saksham hain.
aarthik siddhant.
anubandh siddhant mein, kaee lekhakon ney buniyaadi dhancha pariyojanaon key nirmaan aur sanchaalan charanon koo jodane key faayade aur nuksan kaa adhyayan kiya haye. vishesh roop seey, oliver haart (2003) ney apoorna anubandh drishtikon kaa upayog kiya haye taaki yeh jaanch kii jaa sakey kii gair-samvidaatmak nivesh karane key liye protsaahan chhote hain yaa badey jaba pariyojana key vibhinn charanon koo ack niji thekedaar key tahat jodaa jaataa haye. haart (2003) kaa tark haye kii laagat-cumm karane vaale nivesh karane key liye bundling protsaahan key tahat bundling key tahat adhik hain. halanki, kabhi-kabhi laagat-cumm karane vaale nivesh karane key liye protsaahan atyadhik hoe sakate hain kyonki way gunavatta mein atyadhik badee kamee kaa kaaran banate hain, isaliye yeh pariyojana key vivaran parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii kyaa bundling yaa unbundling ishtatam haye. harts (2003) kaa kaam kaee dishaaon mein badhaaya gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, bennet aur iosa (2006) aur martimort aur pouet (2008) bundling aur swaamitva adhikaaron kii paraspar kriya kii jaanch karate hain, jabaki hopp aur schmitz (2013,2021) navachar banaane key liye bundling key nihitarth kaa pataa lagaate hain.