
escarichia virus tii4

escarichia virus tii4 bacteriophase kii ack prajaati haye joe "escarichia kolai" bacteria koo sankramit karati haye. yeh myoviridae parivaar key "tevenvirine" upa-parivaar mein ack double-stranded dna virus haye. tii4 kewal ack lytic jeevan chakr seey gujarane mein saksham haye naa kii lysogenic jeevan chakr seey. iss prajaati koo pahale tii-ivan bacteriophase naam diyaa gayaa thaa, ack naam jisamen anya upbhedon (yaa isolates), enterobacteria phase tii2, enterobacteria phase tii4 aur enterobacteria phase tii6 bhee shamil hain.
shodh mein upayog karein.
1940 key dashak seey aur aaj bhee jaari, tii-ivan phase koo sabse achchha adhyayan kiye gaye model jeev maanaa jaataa haye. model jeevon koo aamtaur parr cumm seey cumm paanch jeane key saath saral honah aavashyak haye. phir bhee, tii-ivan phase vaastav mein sabse badey aur uchchatam jatilata vaale virus mein seey hain, jisamen inn phase kii aanuvanshik jaankaari lagbhag 300 jeane seey bunny haye. unaki jatilata key saath, tii-ivan virus mein nuclic acid bases cytosine key sthaan parr asamanya aadhar hydroxymethylsitiocytone (aich. aim. see.) paaya gayaa.
genome aur sanrachana.
tii4 virus kaa double-stranded dna genome lagbhag 169 key. bee. pee lamba haye aur 289 protein koo kootbaddh kartaa haye. tii4 genome antim roop seey anaavashyak haye. dee. aine. aeye. pratikriti parr, lambe bahu-genome lambai key concatemer banate hain, shayed pratikriti key ack rolling circle tantra dwara. jaba paik kiya jaataa haye, tou concatemer koo usee lambai key anirdisht sthaanon parr kaataa jaataa haye, jisase kaee genome hotey hain joe mool key golakar kramparivartan kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. tii4 genome mein eukariot jaise intron anukram hotey hain.
anuvaad.
shine-dalgarno anukram gagg virus tii4 praarambhik jeane mein haavi hotaa haye, jabaki anukram jigaig tii4 endonucles regb key liye ack lakshya haye joe praarambhik aim. aar. aine. aeye. ksharan kii shuruat kartaa haye.
virus kann sanrachana.
tii4 ack apekshaakrit badaa virus haye, joe lagbhag 90 nm chauda aur 200 nm lamba haye (adhikansh virus 25 seey 200 nm lambai taka hotey hain). dee. aine. aeye. genome ack icosahedral sir mein rakhaa jaataa haye, jise capsid key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. tii4 kii poonchh khokhali haye taaki yeh apane nuclic acid koo usa koshika mein paarit curr sakey joe yeh lagaav key baad sankramit hoe rahee haye. tii4 jaise myoviridae phase mein jatil sankara poonchh sanrachanaaen hoti hain jinamen badee sankhya mein protein poonchh kii assembly aur kaary mein shamil hotey hain. mezban koshika satah receptors koo pahchaanane mein bhee poonchh key tantu mahatvapurna hain, isaliye way nirdhaarit karate hain kii kyaa koee bacteria virus kii mezban seema key bheetar haye.
6 megadelton tii4 baseplate kii sanrachana jisamen 13 alag-alag proteins (jeane utpaad 5,5,4,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,25,27,48 aur 53) kii 127 polypeptide shrinkhalaaen shamil hain, kaa haal hii mein paramanu vistaar seey varnan kiya gayaa haye. jee. pee. 54 dwara gathit tail tube key sameepavarti kshetra kaa ack paramanu model aur mukhya tube protein jee. pee. 19 bhee banaaya gayaa haye. tape maap protein jee. pee. 29 baseplate-tail tube parisaron mein maujood haye, lekin ise model naheen kiya jaa sakaa.
bacteriophase (phase) tii4 virian key sanyojan key dauran, phase jeane dwara kootbaddh roopaatmak protein ack visheshta anukram mein ack dusare key saath baatchit karate hain. viral sankraman key dauran utpaadit inn proteins mein seey pratyek kii matra mein ack uchit santulan banaae rakhna samanya phase tii4 morphogenesis key liye mahatvapurna prateet hotaa haye. phase tii4 encoded protein joe virian sanrachana koo nirdhaarit karate hain, unamen pramukh sanrachanaatmak ghatak, chhote sanrachanaatmak ghatak aur gair-sanrachanaatmak protein shamil hain joe roopjanan anukram mein vishisht charanon koo utprerit karate hain. phase tii4 morphogenesis koo teen swatantra maargon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih sir, poonchh aur lambi poonchh key tantu jaisa kii yaap aur rossman dwara vistrit kiya gayaa haye.
sankraman prakriya.
tii4 virus "ee" kii satah parr ompak porin protein aur lipopolysaccharide (lps) koo bandhkar "escarichia kolai" sankraman shuru kartaa haye. kolai koshikaaen apani lambi poonchh vaale tantuon (ell. tii. aff.) key saath. ack pehchaan sanket ell. tii. aff. aiss. key madhyam seey baseplate koo bheja jaataa haye. yeh chhoti poonchh vaale tantuon (aiss. tii. aff.) koo ujagar kartaa haye joe "ee" seey aparivartaniya roop seey judate hain. kolai "koshika satah. baseplate sanrachana mein parivartan kartaa haye aur poonchh kii aavaran sankuchan karati haye, jisase poonchh nully key anta mein jee. pee. 5 koshika kii baahari jhilli koo puncher curr detaa haye. jee. pee. 5 kaa lysozyme kshetra sakriya hoe jaataa haye aur periplasmic peptidoglycan parat koo cumm curr detaa haye. jhilli kaa shesh bhaag kharaab hoe jaataa haye aur phir virus key sir seey dna tail tube key madhyam seey yatra curr sakata haye aur "ee" mein pravesh curr sakata haye. kolai "koshika.
1952 mein, hersche aur chez ney pramukh pramaan pradaan kiye kii phase dna, protein seey alag, sankraman parr mezban jeevaanu koshika mein pravesh kartaa haye aur iss prakaar phase kii aanuvanshik samagri haye. iss khoj ney sujhaav diyaa kii dee. aine. aeye., samanya roop seey, vibhinn jeevon kii aanuvanshik samagri haye.
prajanan.
lytic jeevan chakr (ack jeevaanu mein pravesh karane seey laker usake vinash taka) mein lagbhag 30 minut (37 degree celsius parr) lagate hain. pravesh key turant baad vishaakt jeevaanu apane jeevaanu mezban mein gunaa karate hain. santanon kii sankhya ack nishchit matra taka pahunchane key baad, way mezban koo lies yaa tootane kaa kaaran banate hain, isaliye way jaari kiye jaate hain aur naee mezban koshikaon koo sankramit karate hain. mezban lices aur release kii prakriya koo lytic chakr kahaa jaataa haye. lytic chakr viral prajanan kaa ack chakr haye jisamen sankramit koshika aur isaki jhilli kaa vinash shamil haye. iss chakr mein ack virus shamil hotaa haye joe mezban koshika aur usaki machinary koo punah utpann karane key liye aage nickle jaataa haye. isaliye, mezban koshika koo punah utpann karane aur sankramit karane key liye virus koo 5 charanon seey gujarna padata haih
jeevan chakr puuraa honey key baad, mezban koshika futt jaati haye aur navanirmit virus koo paryaavaran mein baahar nikaalati haye, jisase mezban koshika nasht hoe jaati haye. tii4 mein prati sankramit mezban lagbhag 100-150 viral kanon kaa visfot aakar hotaa haye.
benzer (1955-1959) ney "riya" aur "rib" jeane mein doshpurna bacteriophase tii4 utparivarti kaa upayog karke jeane kii maheen sanrachana kaa adhyayan karane key liye ack pranali vikasit kii. vishesh roop seey vilopan utparivartan key beach punarsanyojan kaa pataa lagaane key liye poorak pareekshan aur cross takneekon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. inn aanuvanshik prayogon ney jeane key bheetar utparivartan sthalon key ack advitiya raikhik crum kaa pataa lagaaya. iss parinam ney iss pramukh vichaar key liye majboot saboot pradaan kiya kii jeane mein kaee saiton key saath dna kii lambai key barabar ack raikhik sanrachana haye joe swatantra roop seey utparivartit hoe sakati haye.
adhishoshan aur pravesh.
anya sabhi viruses kii tarah, tii-ivan phase yaadrichhik roop seey apane mezban kii satah seey naheen judate hain; isake bajaay way "khoj" karate hain aur mezban kii satah parr paae jaane vaale receptors, vishisht protein sanrachanaon seey judate hain. yeye receptors phase key saath bhinn hotey hain; techoic acid, cell wall protein aur lipopolysaccharides, flazella aur paili sabhi phase koo baandhane key liye receptors key roop mein kaam curr sakate hain. tii-ivan phase key apane mezban koo sankramit karane aur apane jeevan chakr koo shuru karane key liye ise sankraman kii pahali prakriya mein pravesh karna hoga, phase kaa jeevaanu koshika mein avashoshan. adhishoshan phase-host jodee kii ack moolya visheshta haye aur mezban koshika satah parr phase key adhishoshan koo 2-charan prakriya key roop mein darshaaya gayaa haih prativarti aur aparivartaniya. isamen phase kii poonchh sanrachana shamil hoti haye joe taba shuru hoti haye jaba phase kii poonchh key tantu phase koo apane mezban key upayukt receptor seey baandhane mein madad karate hain. yeh prakriya prativarti haye. aadhar plate key ack yaa adhik ghatak ack jeevaanu key saath phase key bandhan kii aparivartaniya prakriya koo madhyasthata karate hain.
pravesh bhee phase-host sankraman kii ack moolya visheshta haye jisamen bacteria key ander phase aanuvanshik samagri kaa injection shamil haye. nuclic acid kaa pravesh aparivartaniya adhishoshan charan key baad hotaa haye. phase nuclic acid key pravesh seey judey tantra pratyek phase key liye vishisht hain. iss pravesh tantra mein vidyut rasayanik jhilli kshamata, aeye. tii. pee. anu, peptidoglycan parat kaa enzymatic vibhajan shamil hoe sakata haye, yaa yeye teenon kaarak jeevaanu koshika key ander nuclic acid key pravesh key liye mahatvapurna hoe sakate hain. pravesh key tii2 bacteriophase (tii4-jaise phase) tantra parr adhyayan kiye gaye hain aur yeh dikhaaya gayaa haye kii phase kii poonchh bacteria koshika deewaar key ander pravesh naheen karati haye aur iss phase key pravesh mein aantarik jhilli parr vidyut rasayanik jhilli kshamata shamil hoti haye.
pratikriti aur packaging.
virus tii4 genome koo rolling circle pratikriti kaa upayog karke mezban koshika key bheetar sanshleshit kiya jaataa haye. ack jeevit koshika mein dna pratikriti key liye lagane vaale samay koo virus-sankramit ee mein virus tii4 dna key vistaar kii darr key roop mein maapa gayaa thaa. kolai. 37°see parr ghaatiya dna vriddhi kii avadhi key dauran, darr 749 nucleotide prati sekand thee. virus tii4 dna sanshleshan key dauran prati pratikriti prati aadhar jodee utparivartan darr 1.7 prati 10−8 haye, ack atyadhik sateek dna pratilipi tantra, 300 pratiyon mein kewal 1 truti key saath. virus advitiya dna marammat tantra key liye bhee code kartaa haye. tii4 phase haid koo ack machaan protein key chaaron or khaali ikattha kiya jaataa haye, jise baad mein kharaab curr diyaa jaataa haye. natijatan, dee. aine. aeye. koo ack chhote seey chhidra key madhyam seey prohead mein pravesh karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jise jee. pee. 17 key ack hexamer dwara praapt kiya jaataa haye joe pahale dee. aine. aeye. key saath baatchit kartaa haye, joe ack motor aur nucleus key roop mein bhee kaary kartaa haye. tii4 dna packaging motor koo 2000 aadhar jode prati sekand kii darr seey dna koo virus capsid mein load karane key liye paaya gayaa haye. yadi isamen shamil shakti koo aakar mein badhaaya jaataa haye, tou yeh ack ausat automobile injan key barabar hogi.
riha karein.
viral prajanan aur gunan mein antim charan mezban koshika seey virian key release seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye. jeevaanu plasma jhilli key tootane key baad virian kii rihaai hoti haye. gair-aachchhaadit virus mezban koshika koo lies karate hain joe viral protein dwara peptidoglycan yaa jhilli parr hamla karane kii visheshta haye. bacteria kaa lysis taba hotaa haye jaba koshika key ander capsid enzyme lysozyme chhodate hain joe koshika kii deewaar koo toda detaa haye. jaari jeevaanu anya koshikaon koo sankramit karate hain, aur una koshikaon key bheetar viral gunan chakr dohraya jaataa haye.
gunan punah sakriya honah.
multiplicity reactivation (aim. aar.) vaha prakriya haye jisake dwara dou yaa dou seey adhik virus genome, jinamen seey pratyek nishkriya genome kshati seey yukt haye, ack sankramit koshika key bheetar ack vyavharya virus genome banaane key liye baatchit curr sakate hain. salvador luria ney 1946 mein yuvi vikiranit virus tii4 kaa adhyayan karate hue mr kii khoj kii aur prastaav diyaa kii kshatigrast virus kaa avalokan kiya gayaa punah sakriyan ack punarsanyojan tantra dwara hotaa haye.(referral dekhein.) isase pahale 1952 mein hersche-chez prayog dwara sambandhit virus tii2 mein aanuvanshik samagri key roop mein dna kii pushti hui thee.
jaisa kii luria dwara yaad kiya gayaa (1984, prishth. 97) vikiran virus (jise "gunak punah sakriyan" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye) key punah sakriyan kii khoj ney turant praarambhik phase samooh (1981 mein bernstein dwara sameeksha kii gaee) key bheetar vikiran kshati kii marammat key adhyayan mein gatividhi kii ack halchal shuru curr dee. baad mein yeh pataa chalaa kii parasparik sahaayata seey kshatigrast virus kii marammat joe luria ney khoj kii thee, vaha dee. aine. aeye. marammat kaa kewal ack vishesh mamla thaa. sabhi prakaar kii koshikaaen, naa kewal bacteria aur unake virus, balki manushyon sahit adhyayan kiye gaye sabhi jeevon mein abb dee. aine. aeye. kshati kii marammat key liye jatil jaiv rasayanik prakriyaaen hain (dee. aine. aeye. marammat dekhein). dee. aine. aeye. marammat prakriyaon koo abb umr badhane, cancer aur baanjhapan seey bachaane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaane key roop mein bhee pahachaana jaataa haye.
aim. aar. koo aamtaur parr "uttarjeevita vakr" dwara darshaaya jaataa haye jahaan sankramit koshikaon (multicomplex) kii gunaa karane kii kshamata banaane vaali pattika key uttarjeevita koo genome hanikarak agent kii khuraak key khilaf plot kiya jaataa haye. tulanaa key liye, ekal sankramit koshikaon (monocomplex) kii virus pattika banaane kii kshamata key astitva koo bhee genome hanikarak agent kii khuraak key khilaf sajish rachee jaati haye. sheersh aakriti yuvi prakaash kii badhati khuraak key saath virus tii4 multicomplex aur monocomplexes key liye uttarjeevita vakr koo darshaati haye. choonki uttarjeevita koo logg paimaane parr plot kiya gayaa haye, yeh spasht haye kii multicomplex kaa uttarjeevita bahut badey karakon (khuraak key aadhar parr) dwara monocomplexes seey adhik haye. multicomplex key liye yuvi nishkriyata vakr mein ack praarambhik kandha hotaa haye. anya virus tii4 dna unake bahu-jatil uttarjeevita vakron mein kandhon key saath hanikarak agent aiks-ray aur ethyl meethen sulphonate (ems) hain. ack kandhe kii upasthiti kaa arth yeh haye kii dou punarsanyojit prakriyaon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. pahala uchch dakshata ("kandhe" mein) key saath dna kii marammat kartaa haye, lekin kshati badhane key saath isaki kshamata mein santript hotaa haye; doosara maarg kshati key sabhi staron parr kaary kartaa haye. multicomplex seey jaari jeevit tii4 virus utparivartan mein koee vriddhi naheen dikhaata haye, joe darshaata haye kii yuvi vikiranit virus kaa mr ack sateek prakriya haye.
neeche kaa aankada dee. aine. aeye. hanikarak agent mitomycin see (aim. aim. see.) dwara virus tii4 key nishkriya honey key liye uttarjeevita vakr koo darshaata haye. iss mamle mein multicomplex key liye uttarjeevita vakr mein koee praarambhik kandha naheen haye, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii kewal oopar varnit doosari punarsanyojit marammat prakriya sakriya haye. iss prakriya dwara marammat kii dakshata iss avalokan seey ingit kii jaati haye kii aim. aim. see. kii ack khuraak joe 1,000 monocomplex mein kewal 1 key astitva kii anumati detee haye, lagbhag 70 pratishat multicomplex key astitva kii anumati detee haye. dee. aine. aeye. key hanikarak agents pee. 32 kshay, soralen plus niyar-yuv vikiran (puva), aine-methyl-aine '-nitro-aine-nitrosoguenidine (aim. aine. aine. jee.), methyl meethen sulphonate (aim. aim. aiss.) aur nitrus acid key liye bhee isi tarah key bahu-jatil uttarjeevita vakr (binaa kandhon key) praapt kiye gaye they.
virus tii4 mein aim. aar. key liye aavashyak paae jaane vaale kaee jeane procariotes, eukariotes aur archia mein punarsanyojan key liye aavashyak jeane key liye orthologue saabit hue. udaaharan key liye, isamen tii4 jeane "uvsx" shamil haye joe ack aise protein koo nirdisht kartaa haye jisamen "escarichia kolai" seey punaraavartan karane key liye tri-ayami sanrachanaatmak samroopata haye aur eukariotes mein samroop protein redd 51 aur archia mein raada haye. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii aim. aar. key dauran dee. aine. aeye. kshati kii kushal aur sateek punarsanyojit marammat eukariotes mein ardhasutri vibhaajak key dauran honey vaali punarsanyojit marammat prakriya key anuroop hoe sakati haye.
itihas.
jivaanuon kii khoj pahali baar 1915 mein angreji vaigyaanik fredrick twart aur 1917 mein felix dee 'herrell dwara kii gaee thee. ell. rakiten ney yaa tou kachche mull-nikas kaa mishran yaa "ee" seey ack licet kaa prastaav rakhaa. kolai "dou shodhkartaon millislav demerek aur yugo fanoe koo kachche mull-nikas seey sankramit kartaa haye. inn dou shodhkartaon ney tii3, tii4, tii5 aur tii6 koo "ee" seey alag kiya.kolai ". 1932 mein bhee, shodhkarta jey. bronfenbrainer ney tii2 phase kaa adhyayan kiya thaa aur usa parr kaam kiya thaa, jiss parr tii2 phase koo virus seey alag kiya gayaa thaa. yeh algaav mull nikasi key bajaay mull samagri seey banaaya gayaa thaa. kissy bhee darr parr, max delbrook tii ivan phase kii khoj mein shamil thaa. unakaa hissa bacteriophase koo type 1 (tii1), type 2 (tii2), type 3 (tii3) aadi mein naamit curr rhaa thaa.
tii4 virus algaav kaa vishisht samay aur sthaan spasht naheen haye, halanki way sambhavatah maljal yaa mull samagri mein paae gaye they. tii4 aur isi tarah key viruses kaa varnan thomas aff dwara ack pepper mein kiya gayaa thaa. navambar 1944 mein anderson, max delbrook aur millislav demerek.
1943 mein, salvador luria aur delbrook ney dikhaaya kii phase pratirodh key liye jeevaanu utparivartan chayan key liye pratikriya honey key bajaay chayan key abhaav mein utpann hotey hain. 1943 seey pahale jeevaanuvigyaani key beach paaramparik gyaan yeh thaa kii bacteria mein koee gunasutra aur koee jeane naheen thaa. luria-delbrook prayog seey pataa chalaa kii anya sthaapit model aanuvanshik jeevon kii tarah bacteria mein bhee jeane hotey hain, aur yeye utparivarti utpann karane key liye anayas utparivartit hoe sakate hain joe phir clonel rekhaaon koo banaane key liye prajanan curr sakate hain. usa varsh, unhone ack anya phase prayogkarta alfred hersche key saath bhee kaam karna shuru kiya. (teenon shareer vigyaan yaa chikitsa mein 1969 kaa nobel puraskar saajha karenge, "virus kii pratikriti tantra aur aanuvanshiki parr kaam karane key liye.)
phase samooh max delbrook parr kendrit jeevvigyaani kaa ack anaupchaarik network thaa jisane mukhya roop seey bacteriophase tii4 parr buniyaadi shodh kiya aur 20veen shatabdi key madhya mein sookshmajeev aanuvanshiki aur aanvik jeev vigyaan kii utpatti mein kaee maulik yogdan diye. 1961 mein, phase samooh key ack praarambhik sadasya, sidney brainer ney cambridge mein cavendish prayogshala mein francis crick, leslie barnet aur richard wats-tobin key saath aanuvanshik prayog karane key liye sahyog kiya, joe protein key liye aanuvanshik code kii buniyaadi prakriti kaa pradarshan karate they. phase tii4 key rib jeane key utparivarti key saath kiye gaye inn prayogon seey pataa chalaa kii ack protein koo kootbaddh karane vaale jeane key liye, jeane key dna key teen anukramik aadhar protein key pratyek kramik amino acid koo nirdisht karate hain. iss prakaar aanuvanshik code ack triple code haye, jahan pratyek triple (jise codon kahaa jaataa haye) ack vishesh amino acid koo nirdisht kartaa haye. unhone iss baat key bhee pramaan praapt kiye kii coden ack protein koo encoding karane vaale dna anukram mein ack dusare key saath overlap naheen karate hain, aur iss tarah key anukram koo ack nishchit praarambhik bindu seey padhaa jaataa haye.
1962-1964 phase tii4 key dauran shodhkartaon ney prayogshala sthitiyon key tahat phase key vikas key liye aavashyak lagbhag sabhi jeane key kaary kaa adhyayan karane kaa avsar pradaan kiya. inn adhyayanon koo dou vargon key sashart ghaatak utparivarti kii khoj seey suvidha millie. aise utparivartakon key ack varg koo ember utparivartakon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. sashart ghaatak utparivartakon key ack anya varg koo tapman-samvedansheel utparivartakon key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, joe utparivartakon key inn dou vargon key adhyayan seey kaee maulik javic samasyaon mein kaafee antardrishti praapt hui. iss prakaar dna pratikriti, marammat aur punarsanyojan kii machinary mein niyojit protein key karyon aur antahkriyaon parr samajh praapt kii gaee, aur iss baat parr kii protein aur nuclic acid ghatakon (aanvik roopjanan) seey virus kaise ikattha hotey hain. isake alawa, coden koo samaapt karane vaali shrinkhala kii bhoomika koo spasht kiya gayaa thaa. ack ullekhaniya adhyayan mein phase tii4 key pramukh pramukh protein koo encoding karane vaale jeane mein doshpurna ember utparivarti kaa upayog kiya gayaa. iss prayog ney vyaapak roop seey aayojit, lekin 1964 seey pahale abhee bhee apramaanit, "anukram parikalpana" key liye majboot saboot pradaan kiye kii protein kaa emino acid anukram protein kaa nirdhaaran karane vaale jeane key nucleotide anukram dwara nirdisht kiya jaataa haye. iss prakaar, iss adhyayan ney apane encoded protein key saath jeane kii saha-raikhikta kaa pradarshan kiya.
max delbrook, salvador luria, alfred hersche, james dee sahit kaee nobel puraskar vijetaon ney virus tii4 yaa tii4 jaise virus key saath kaam kiya. watson aur francis crick. virus tii4 key saath kaam karane vaale anya mahatvapurna vaigyaanikon mein michael roseman, simore benzer, broose albert, gisela mossig, richard lensky aur james bull shamil hain.