
computer associates international, ink. vee. altai, ink.

computer associates international, ink. vee. altai, ink.982 aff. 2dee 693 (2dee sir. 1992) dusare paripath key liye sanyukt raajya kii appeal adalat kaa ack nirnay haye joe software key gair-shaabdik tatvon koo copyrite kaanoon dwara kiss hudd taka sanrakshit kiya gayaa haye, ise sambodhit kartaa haye. adalat ney teen-charaniya prakriya kaa upayog kiya aur usaki sifarish kii jise amoort-nispandan-tulanaa pareekshan kahaa jaataa haye. yeh mamla newyork key purvi jile key liye sanyukt raajya kii jilaa adalat kii ack appeal thee jisamen jilaa adalat ney paaya kii prativaadi altai key auskar 3.4 computer prograam ney vaadi key computer sahyogiyon key copyrite computer prograam kaa ullanghan kiya thaa jiska sheershak see. aeye.-schedular thaa. jilaa adalat ney yeh bhee paaya kii altai kaa auskar 3.5 karyakram kaafee hudd taka see. aeye.-schedular 7 key ack hisse key samaan naheen thaa jise system adaptor kahaa jaataa haye, aur iss prakaar auskar 3.5 key roop mein raahat seey incar curr diyaa gayaa. anta mein, jilaa adalat ney nishkarsh nikala kii altai key khilaf computer sahyogiyon key raajya kaanoon vyaapaar gupt durupyog key daave koo sanghiya copyrite adhiniyam dwara poorv-mukt kiya gayaa thaa. appeal kii sunavaai nyayadhishon frank ultimari, johnn daniel mahoni aur johnn aim dwara kii gaee thee. walker, junier. adhikansh raay nyayadhish walker dwara likhi gaee thee. nyayadhish altimari ney aanshik roop seey sahamati vyakt kii aur aanshik roop seey asahamati jataai. dusare circuit ney copyrite ullanghan key roop mein jilaa adalat key faisale kii pushti kii, lekin ise khaali curr diyaa aur vyaapaar gupt poorv-praapti parr apani pakad koo bhej diyaa.
mamle kii prishthabhoomi.
computer associates (see. aeye.) ney see. aeye.-schedular naamak ack naukari scheduling prograam banaaya joe computer koo diye gaye vibhinn karyon (naukariyon) koo krambaddh kartaa haye, chalaata haye aur niyantrit kartaa haye. iss schedular koo aaee. bee. aim. system 370 computers key saath sangat honey key liye design kiya gayaa thaa joe teen alag-alag aaee. bee. aim. mainframe operating system mein seey kissy koo bhee chalaate theh doss/vee. aiss. ee., os/aim. vee. aiss., aur vee. aim./see. aim. aiss.. paaramparik roop seey, ack prograam koo vishesh roop seey ack nirdisht operating system parr chalaane key liye sankalit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. ack hii code koo vibhinn operating system parr chalaane kii anumati dene key liye, see. aeye.-schedular mein adaptor naamak ack ghatak shamil thaa jise prograam kii bhasha koo usa vishesh operating system koo samajhane yogya aadeshon mein anuvaad karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. iss tarah see. aeye.-schedular ack hii code kaa upayog curr sakata haye lekin alag-alag operating system parr chala sakata haye.
1982 mein, altai ney vee. aiss. ee. operating system key liye likhe gaye zeke naamak apane swayam key naukari schedular kii sthaapana kii. aim. vee. aiss. operating system parr chalane key liye zeke kaa ack sanskaran banaane key prayason mein, altai karmchari james williams ney aim. vee. aiss. sanskaran banaane key liye apane lambe samay key dost clod arnie, joe computer sahyogiyon key ack karmchari they, koo bharti kiya. williams kaa daavaa haye kii usa samay unhein adaptor ghatak key baare mein pataa naheen thaa yaa kii arnie koo see. aeye.-schedular aur adaptor code seey parichit thaa. arnie ney altai key zeke prograam parr kaam karane key liye caa chhod diyaa, apane saath adaptor key liye srot code key vee. aiss. ee. aur aim. vee. aiss. sanskaranon koo leey gaye. adaptor key apane gyaan kaa upayog karate hue, arnie ney taba vibhinn operating system key saath interfaces key liye ack prograam anuvaadak koo shamil karane key liye prograam koo punargathit karane key liye altai koo aashvast kiya. arnie ney altai key liye anuvaadak auskar 3.4 banaaya jisamen auskar key srot code kaa lagbhag 30 pratishat seedhe caa key adaptor code seey liya gayaa thaa.
1988 mein, caa ney altai key caa adaptor code key upayog kii khoj kii aur altai key khilaf copyrite ullanghan aur vyaapaar gupt durupyog key liye ack kaarravaai kii. jawab mein, altai ney code key pratilipi kiye gaye hisson koo aathh programmers dwara phir seey likhane kaa adesh diyaa, jinhen pichhale auskar code key saath koee gyaan yaa bhagidari naheen thee. iss nae karyakram koo auskar 3.5 key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa.
newyork key purvi jile key liye sanyukt raajya kii jilaa adalat key faisale mein, maananiya george see. sanyukt raajya circuit nyayadhish ney paaya kii auskar 3.4 see. aeye. key see. aeye.-schedular kaa copyrite ullanghan thaa aur nuksan aur vibhajit laabh mein see. aeye. $364,444 seey sammaanit kiya gayaa. jilaa adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii doosari or auskar 3.5 punarlekhan, copyrite ullanghan kaa gathan naheen kartaa haye. isane yeh bhee faisala sunaaya kii raajya key kaanoon vyaapaar gupt daavon koo sanghiya copyrite adhiniyam dwara poorv-mukt kiya gayaa thaa, aur iss prakaar altai vyaapaar gupt durupyog key liye uttardaayi naheen thaa.
shuru mein donon pakshon ney faisale key khilaf appeal kii. altai ney auskar 3.4 parr faisale key khilaf appeal kii, lekin baad mein daave koo hataa diyaa. caa ney auskar 3.5 aur vyaapaar gupt durupyog parr poorv-praapti parr faisale kii appeal kii.
praasangik kaanoon.
iss mamle seey pahale, yeh achchi tarah seey sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa kii software koo copyrite kaanoon dwara sanrakshit kiya jaa sakata haye. vishesh roop seey, pichhale mamalon mein dikhaaya gayaa haye kii prograam code key shaabdik tatva copyrite dwara sanrakshit hain (apple computer, ink mein. vee. franklin computer corp."anya logon key beach). iss mamle mein mudda yeh haye kii kyaa aur kiss hudd taka copyrite karyakram code key gair-shaabdik tatvon, sanrachana, anukram aur karyakram key sangathan kii raksha kartaa haye. halanki kuchh adalaton ney iss mudde kii jaanch kii thee, lekin iss circuit mein yeh apani tarah kaa pahala mamla thaa.
mudde.
appeal mein, caa ney jilaa adalat key iss nishkarsh parr vivaad kiya kii auskar 3.5 mein caa key adaptor key saath paryaapt samaantaa naheen haye. unhone daavaa kiya kii jilaa adalat ney ack uchit pareekshan lagu naheen kiya jisamen computer software key gair-shaabdik tatvon kii nakal koo dhyaan mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. unhone daavaa kiya kii swachchh kamare key punarlekhan key bavjood, pravaah chart, antar-modular sambandh, parameter soochi, macro aur operating system seey praapt sevaaon sahit adaptor kii sanrachanaon mein paryaapt samaantaa thee.
iss mudde parr vichaar karane key liye, adalat ney iss daave kaa poori tarah seey samarthan kiya kii software key gair-shaabdik tatva copyrite key tahat sanrakshit hain. software koo copyrite kaanoon key uddeshyon key liye ack saahityik kaary maanaa jaataa haye, aur saahityik karyon key gair-shaabdik tatva copyrite key tahat sanrakshit hain. iss prakaar, software key gair-shaabdik tatva bhee sanrakshit hain.
sawal yeh thaa kii gair-shaabdik tatva kiss hudd taka sanrakshit hain. copyrite ack vichaar kii abhivyakti kii raksha kartaa haye lekin vichaar kii naheen. iss prakaar, yeh nirdhaarit karna mahatvapurna haye kii abhivyakti aur vichaar key beach kii rekha kahaan kheenchi jaae.
adalat ney "becker banaam" mein raay seey sahamati vyakt kii. selden "jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii joe cheejen" aavashyak roop seey ghatana key roop mein upayog kii jaani chaahiye "way vichaar copyrite sanrakshan key adheen naheen hain. haalaanki, iss raay ney iss baat parr koee salah naheen dee kii vichaar koo abhivyakti seey kaise alag kiya jaae.
ack samaan samasya kaa saamana karna parh rhaa haye, "wheelen vee. jaislo ney yeh kahakar vichaar aur abhivyakti key beach key antar koo chitrit karane kaa prayaas kiya kii kaary kaa kaary vichaar haye aur kaary key liye aavashyak naheen haye, vaha sub vichaar kii abhivyakti haye. adalat ney "wheelen" tark kaa paalan karane seey jilaa adalat key incar seey sahamati vyakt kii kyonki pareekshan "avadharana key aadhar parr vyaapak haye."ack karyakram mein kaee kaary hoe sakate hain aur iss prakaar kaee vichaar hoe sakate hain.
ack vaikalpik metrick key roop mein, adalat ney paryaapt samaantaa, amurtata-nispandan-samaantaa nirdhaarit karane key liye teen-charaniya pareekshan prastut kiya. yeh prakriya vilay key anya poorv sthaapit copyrite siddhanton, drishyon aur saarvajanik kshetra parr adharit haye. iss pareekshan mein, adalat koo pahale kathit roop seey ullanghan kiye gaye karyakram key ghatak sanrachanaatmak bhaagon koo nirdhaarit karna chaahiye. phir, bhaagon koo kissy bhee gair-sanrakshit tatva koo nikaalane key liye filter kiya jaataa haye. gair-sanrakshit tatvon mein shamil hainh dakshata key liye banaae gaye tatva (i.ee. seemit sankhya mein tarikon key saath tatvon koo vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye aur iss prakaar vichaar key liye aanushangik), baahari karakon dwara nirdhaarit tatva (i.ee. maanak takneek), aur saarvajanik kshetra seey liye gaye design tatva. inmein seey kissy bhee gair-sanrakshit tatva koo baahar fenk diyaa jaataa haye aur shesh tatvon kii tulanaa kathit roop seey ullanghan karane vaale karyakram key tatvon key saath kii jaati haye taaki paryaapt samaantaa nirdhaarit kii jaa sakey. praudyogiki kii teji seey vikasit honey vaali prakriti koo dekhate hue, adalat ney jahaan upayukt hoe, vahaan teen-charaniya pareekshan key sanshodhan kii sifarish kii. unhone yeh bhee sifarish kii kii kathit roop seey ullanghan kiye gaye karyakram koo teen-charaniya pareekshan key madhyam seey rakhaa jaae aur phir kathit roop seey ullanghan karane vaale karyakram kii tulanaa kii jaae, bajaay isake kii jilaa adalat ney mool roop seey chunaa thaa.
nirnay.
adalat ney jilaa adalat kii prakriya kii phir seey jaanch kii aur isamen koee mahatvapurna dosh naheen paaya. saarvajanik kshetra seey sabhi karyatmak tatvon aur tatvon koo baahar nikaalane key baad, auskar 3.5 mein kewal kuchh soochiyaan aur macro adaptor key samaan they, aur karyakram parr unakaa prabhaav copyrite ullanghan ghoshit karane key liye paryaapt naheen thaa. adalat ney paaya kii sanchaalan pranali dwara aavashyak sevaaon mein samaantaa sanchaalan pranali kii prakriti key kaaran thee, iss prakaar yeh copyrite dwara sanrakshit naheen thee. isi tarah, pravaah chart koo kaam kii prakriti seey bahane vaale baahari karakon dwara nirdhaarit ack tatva paaya gayaa, joe copyrite kaanoon dwara asurakshit bhee thaa. iss vishleshan key aalok mein, adalat ney jilaa adalaton key iss nishkarsh koo barkarar rakhaa kii sambandhit vyaapaar gupt durupyog key liye auskar 3.5.ca key dusare tark dwara koee copyrite ullanghan naheen thaa. jilaa adalat ney nirdhaarit kiya kii gaban kaa aarop ullanghan samagri key altai key upayog parr adharit thaa, isaliye copyrite ullanghan key daave ney 17 yuu key anusaar gaban key daave koo poorvavat curr diyaa.aiss.see. §301. vyaapaar gupt gaban key mamle parr phir seey vichaar karane parr, adalat ney paaya kii arnie key gopaniyata key sambhaavit ullanghan aur anuchit vyaapaar gupt adhigrahan key liye altai key sambhaavit daayitva key saath, yeye atirikt tatva vyaapaar gupt gaban key daave koo copyrite ullanghan key daave seey alag karate hain. adalat ney jilaa adalat key poorv-nirnay koo khaali curr diyaa aur mamle koo jilaa adalat mein vaapas bhej diyaa.
pratikriyaaen.
amurtata-nispandan-samaantaa pareekshan koo adalaton dwara jaldi seey apanaaya gayaa haye. vaastav mein, 1992 [-2006] key baad seey pratyek adalat ney wheelen pareekshan parr 3-charan nispandan pareekshan kaa upayog karane key liye chunaa haye.
haalaanki, kuchh logon ney iss drishtikon kii aalochana kii haye aur daavaa kiya haye kii yeh copyrite sanrakshan key dayare koo atyadhik sankuchit curr detaa haye. caa aur anya badee computer companiyon kaa tark haye kii vyaapak suraksha key binaa, pareekshan vikas koo roque dega aur programmers koo sakriya roop seey prograam design karane aur sudhaar karane seey hatotsaahit karega.