james lind

james lind (4 octuber 1716-13 julaai 1794) ack scotish chikitsak they. way shaahi nausena mein nausena swachchata key agrani they. pahale naidaanik parikshanon mein seey ack kaa sanchaalan karke, unhone yeh siddhant vikasit kiya kii khatte phal scurvy koo thheek karate hain.
lind ney nausena key jahaajon parr behtar ventilation, naavikon key shareer kii behtar safai, kapade aur bistar, aur sulfur aur arsenic key saath neeche-deck fumigation key swaasthya laabhon key liye tark diyaa. unhone yeh bhee prastaav rakhaa kii samudri jall koo aasavan karke taaja paani praapt kiya jaa sakata haye. unake kaam ney nivaarak chikitsa key abhyaas aur behtar poshan koo aage badhaaya.
praarambhik jeevan.
lind kaa janm edinberg, scotland mein 1716 mein vyapariyon key ack parivaar mein huaa thaa, jisake baad unake pitaa james lind they. unaki ack badee bahan thee. unhone edinberg key hyee school mein shiksha praapt kii thee.
1731 mein unhone edinberg key royal college off sarjan seey pahale sarjanon key samavesh key ack saathi george langlands key ack prashikshu key roop mein apani chikitsa kii padhaai shuru kii. 1739 mein, unhone ack shalya chikitsak key saathi key roop mein nausena mein pravesh kiya, joe bhoomadhyasagariya, paschim africa key tata aur paschim bhaarat mein seva curr rahey they. 1747 taka vaha channel bede mein sarjan bunn gayaa thaa, aur usa jahaaj key biske kii khaadi mein gasht karate samay scurvy parr apana prayog kiya. usa gashti key thheek baad unhone nausena chhod dee, yaun rogon parr apana aim. dee. thesis likhaa aur edinberg medical school vishvavidyalaya seey apani degree arjit kii, aur edinberg mein abhyaas karane key liye unhein licenses diyaa gayaa.
viraasat.
scurvy kii roktham aur ilaaj.
scurvy vitamin see kii kamee key kaaran honey vaali ack bimari haye, lekin lind key dinon mein, vitamin kii avadharana agyaat thee. swasth sanyoji ootak key liye vitamin see aavashyak haye. 1740 mein tatkalin-senapati george enson key jalayatra key vinashkari parinam ney europe mein bahut dhyaan aakarshit kiya; 1900 purushon mein seey 1400 kii mrityu hoe gaee, jinamen seey adhikansh kathit roop seey scurvy seey they. lind key anusaar, scurvy ney francisi aur spanish hathiyaron kii tulanaa mein british bede mein adhik mautein keen.
duniya key kuchh hisson mein pracheen kaal seey, aur ingland mein 17veen shatabdi seey, yeh gyaat thaa kii khatte phal mein ack antiscorbutic prabhaav thaa. british east india company key ack angreji sainya sarjan johnn woodle (1570-1643) ney unaki sifarish kii lekin unakaa upayog vyaapak naheen huaa. johnn fryer (1650-1733) ney bhee 1698 mein scurvy key naavikon koo thheek karane mein khatte falon key moolya kaa ullekh kiya. halanki lind ney scurvy key ilaaj key roop mein citrus kaa sujhaav dene vaale pahale vyakti naheen they, lekin 1747 mein ack vyavasthit prayog dwara isake prabhaav kaa adhyayan karane vaale pahale vyakti they. yeh itihas mein pahale report kiye gaye, niyantrit, naidaanik prayogon mein seey ack thaa, vishesh roop seey niyantran samoohon key upayog key kaaran.
lind ney socha kii scurvy shareer key sadane key kaaran thaa jise acid dwara madad kii jaa sakati thee, isaliye unhone prayog mein ack amleeya aahar poorak shamil kiya. yeh samudra mein dou maheene key baad shuru huaa jaba jahaaj scurvy seey peedit thaa. unhone baarah scorbutic naavikon koo dou key chhah samoohon mein vibhajit kiya. una sabhi koo ack hii aahar milaa, lekin isake alawa samooh ack koo pratidin ack chauthai sider, samooh mein vitriol (sulfuric acid) kii dou panchish boonden, samooh mein teen chhah chammach sirka, samooh mein chaar aadhe pint samudri paani, samooh mein paanch dou santare aur ack nimbu, aur antim samooh mein ack masaledar pest aur jou kaa paani diyaa gayaa. samooh paanch kaa upchaar chhah dinon key baad bund hoe gayaa jaba unake paas phal khatm hoe gaye, lekin usa samay taka ack navik duty key liye fitt thaa jabaki doosara lagbhag thheek hoe gayaa thaa. isake alawa, kewal ack samooh ney isake upchaar seey koee prabhaav dikhaaya.
iss prayog key turant baad, lind nausena seey sevaanivritt hoe gaye aur ack chikitsak key roop mein niji taur parr abhyaas kiya. 1753 mein, unhone "scurvy kaa ack granth" prakaashit kiya, jise jyaadaatar nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1758 mein, unhein gosport mein shaahi nausena aspatal hasler kaa mukhya chikitsak niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. jaba james cook apani pahali yatra parr gaye tou unhone antiscorbitics key roop mein verts (0.1 milligram vitamin see prati 100 graam), sirecrot (10-15 milligram prati 100 graam) aur santare aur nimbu kaa sirap, yaa "robb" (russ mein 40-60 milligram vitamin see prati 100 graam hotaa haye) leey gaye, lekin kewal verts parr parikshanon key parinam prakaashit kiye gaye. 1762 mein linned kaa "naavikon key swaasthya koo sanrakshit karane key sabse prabhaavi sadhanon parr nibandh" prakat huaa. isamen unhone salad ugaane kii salah dee.ee. watercress (43 milligram vitamin see prati 100 graam)-geele kambal parr. ise vyavhaar mein laaya gayaa aur 1775 kii sardiyon mein uttari america mein british senaa koo sarason aur sarason key beejon kii aapoorti kii gaee. haalaanki, adhikansh chikitsa peshe kii tarah, ling kaa maanana thaa kii scurvy shareer key bheetar kharaab pachane aur kharaab bhojan, kharaab paani, atyadhik kaam aur nama vatavaran mein rahane seey aataa haye joe swasth paseene koo rokta haye. iss prakaar, jabaki unhone khatte phal key laabhon koo pahachaana (halanki unhone ack ubla huaa kendrit yaa "robb", jiska utpaadan vitamin see koo nasht curr detaa haye, parr switch karke prabhaav koo kamjor curr diyaa), unhone kabhi bhee ack samadhan key roop mein khatte russ kii vakaalat naheen kii. unakaa maanana thaa kii scurvy key kaee kaaran they jinake liye kaee upchaaron kii aavashyakta thee.
tata parr chikitsa pratishthaan kaa maanana jaari rhaa kii scurvy ack apchayan roga thaa, jiska ilaaj vitriol key amrit, verts key mishran aur anya upchaaron dwara kiya jaa sakata thaa, joe pranali koo 'ginger upp' karane key liye design kiye gaye they. yeh khatte falon key prabhaav key liye jimmedaar naheen hoe sakata thaa aur isaliye unake sakshya koo apramaanit aur upakhyan key roop mein khariz curr diyaa. haalaanki, nausena mein, anubhav ney kaee adhikaariyon aur shalyachikitsakon koo aashvast kiya thaa kii citrus juice scurvy kaa jawab pradaan karate hain, bhale hii kaaran agyaat hoe. 1794 mein rear admiral alaan gardner key netritva mein varishth adhikaariyon key aagrah parr, bhaarat kii 23 saptah kii, binaa ruke yatra parr "suffock" parr leman juice jaari kiya gayaa thaa. ack auns key dou-tihai key dainik raashan mein 10 milligram vitamin see kaa nyuntam dainik sevan hotaa haye. scurvy kaa koee gambhir prakop naheen thaa. isake parinamswarup nimbu key russ kii vyaapak maang hui, jise beemar aur ghayal board dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, jinaki sankhya haal hii mein dou vyaavhaarik nausena sarjanon dwara badhaai gaee thee, joe citrus key saath lind key prayogon key baare mein jaanate they. agale varsh, nausena ney board kii sifarish koo sweekaar curr liya kii poore bede koo niyamit roop seey nimbu kaa russ jaari kiya jaae. ack anya scott, archibald menzies, ney prashant mein nausena koo punah aapoorti mein madad karane key liye, vancouver abhiyaan parr havaai mein kelakekua khaadi mein khatte paudhon koo laaya.
yeh nausena mein scurvy kaa anta naheen thaa, kyonki pahale tou nimbu kaa russ itani cumm aapoorti mein thaa kii iska upayog kewal gharelu paani mein shalyachikitsakon key nirdesh parr kiya jaa sakata thaa, naa kii nivaarak key roop mein. 1800 key baad hii aapoorti mein vriddhi hui taaki admiral lord sent vincent key aagrah parr, ise aam taur parr jaari kiya jaane lagaa.
typhus kii roktham.
linned ney dekhaa kii typhus unake aspatal kii oopari manjil seey gayab hoe gayaa, jahan rogiyon koo nahaaya jaataa thaa aur unhein saaf kapade aur bistar diye jaate they. haalaanki, nichali manjilon parr ghatanaaen bahut adhik theen jahan iss tarah key upaay naheen they. linned ney naavikon koo kapade utaarane, mundan karane, scrub karane aur niyamit roop seey saaf kapade aur bistar jaari karane kii sifarish kii. isake baad, british navik typhus seey peedit naheen hue, jisase british nausena koo francisi parr ack mahatvapurna laabh milaa.
samudra seey taaja paani.
18veen shatabdi mein jahaaj paani, sauhaardpurna aur doodh koo dhakkan mein leey jaate they. nausena dwara 1733 mein prakaashit "samudra mein unaki mahima kii seva seey sambandhit niyamon aur nirdeshon" key anusaar, naavikon koo dainik roop seey ack gallen kamjor bear (5/6 british gallen, aadhunik americi gallen key barabar yaa saadhe teen leater seey thodaa adhik) kaa adhikaar thaa. choonki bear koo banaane kii prakriya mein ubla gayaa thaa, isaliye yeh bacteria seey uchit roop seey mukt thaa aur paani key vipareet maheenon taka chalaa. bhoomadhyasagariya mein, sharaab bhee jaari kii jaati thee, jise aksar brandy key saath majboot kiya jaataa thaa.
240 purushon key saath ack yuddhapot, jisamen chaar maheene taka bhandar they, ack sou tunn seey adhik peene yogya taral leey gayaa. paani kii gunavatta isake srot, dandon kii sthiti aur ise kitane samay taka rakhaa gayaa thaa, iss parr nirbhar karati haye. samanya samay mein, naavikon koo koee bhee paani leey jaane kii anumati naheen thee. jaba paani kii kamee thee, tou ise raashan kiya jaataa thaa aur barish key saath paal faila diyaa jaataa thaa. jaba sambhav hoe tou "yatra mein" taaja paani bhee praapt kiya jaataa thaa, lekin paani dene vaale sthaan aksar daldali hotey they, aur ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein maleria seey peedit hotey they.
1759 mein, lind ney paaya kii germ namak key paani seey bhaap taaja thee. unhone paani key aasavan key liye saur oorjaa kaa upayog karane kaa prastaav rakhaa. lekin kewal jaba 1810 mein ack nae prakaar key khaana pakaane key choolhe kii shuruat kii gaee thee, taba upayogi paimaane parr aasavan dwara taaje paani kaa utpaadan sambhav thaa.
ushnakatibandhiya roga.
lind kaa antim kaam 1768 mein prakaashit huaa thaa; germ jalavaayu mein europeeya logon key liye aakasmik rogon parr nibandh, unake ghaatak parinamon koo rokane kii vidhi key saath."yeh ushnakatibandhiya roga key lakshnon aur upchaar parr ack kaam thaa, lekin nausena chikitsa key liye vishisht naheen thaa aur doctors aur british pravasiyon key liye ack samanya paath key roop mein adhik kaary kartaa thaa. nibandh" kaa upayog britten mein prakaashan key baad pachas varshon taka ack chikitsa paath key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. saat sanskaran mudrit kiye gaye, jinamen seey dou lind kii mrityu key baad key they.
parivaar.
lind ney isabella dicky seey shaadi kii aur unake dou bete they, johnn aur james. 1773 mein vaha edinberg mahal key saamane ack nae ghar mein rajkumaron kii sadak parr reh rahey they.
badey bete, johnn (1751-1794) ney sent andru vishvavidyalaya mein chikitsa kaa adhyayan kiya aur 1777 mein snaatak kiya, phir 1783 mein hasler aspatal mein mukhya chikitsak key roop mein apane pitaa key uttaradhikari baney. james (1765-1823) ney bhee british nausena key saath apana currier shuru kiya. unake chachere bhaai james lind (1736-1812) they.
james kaptan key pada taka pahunche, aur 1804 mein vijhagapatam kii ladaai mein apani bhoomika key liye ullekhaniya they, jisake liye unhein night kii upaadhi dee gaee thee.
mrityu.
lind kii mrityu 1794 mein hampshire mein gosport mein snan key crum key ack night commander key roop mein hui. unhein portchester mein sent mairi key parrish churchyard mein dafnaya gayaa thaa.
maanyata.
linds landan caple street mein landan school off hygiene aind tropical medicine building key chitra parr sthit 23 naamon mein seey ack haye. naamon kaa chayan agyaat samvidhaan kii ack samiti dwara kiya gayaa thaa, joe unhein saarvajanik swaasthya aur ushnakatibandhiya chikitsa mein agrani maanati thee. edinberg vishvavidyalaya mein 1953 mein california aur arizona key khatte kisaanon dwara vitt poshit chikitsa vidyalaya kaa anaavaran kiya gayaa. james lind gathbandhan kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye.

