crankshaft

crankshaft ack yaantrik ghatak haye jiska upayog piston injan mein parasparik gati koo ghoornan gati mein badalane key liye kiya jaataa haye. crankshaft ack ghoornan shaft haye jisamen ack yaa adhik crankpin hotey hain, joe jodane vaali chhad key madhyam seey piston dwara sanchaalit hotey hain.
crankpin koo "rodd bearing journals" bhee kahaa jaataa haye, aur way jodane vaali chhad key "badey chhor" key bheetar ghoomate hain.
adhikansh aadhunik crankshaft injan block mein sthit hain. way steel yaa cast iron seey baney hotey hain, yaa tou forging, casting yaa machining prakriya kaa upayog karke.
design.
injan block key bheetar sthit crankshaft, mukhya bearing key madhyam seey jagah parr aayojit kiya jaataa haye joe crankshaft koo block key bheetar ghoomane kii anumati detaa haye. pratyek piston kii oopar-neeche kii gati koo jodane vaali chhad key madhyam seey crankshaft mein sthanantarit kiya jaataa haye. bijli vitaran koo sucharu banaane aur compan koo cumm karane key liye ack flywheel koo aksar crankshaft key ack chhor seey jodaa jaataa haye.
ack crankshaft bhaari tanaav key adheen haye, kuchh mamalon mein prati cylinder seey adhik. ekal-cylinder injanon key liye crankshaft aamtaur parr kaee cylinder vaale injanon kii tulanaa mein ack saral design hotey hain.
bearings.
crankshaft 'mukhya bearing' key kaaran injan block mein ghoomane mein saksham haye. choonki crankshaft pratyek cylinder seey badey kshaitij aur marodane vaale balon key adheen haye, isaliye yeye mukhya bearing pratyek chhor parr kewal ack key bajaay crankshaft key saath vibhinn binduon parr sthit hain. mukhya bearing kii sankhya samagr bhaar kaarak aur adhikatam injan gati key aadhar parr nirdhaarit kii jaati haye. deejal injanon mein crankshaft aksar pratyek cylinder key beach aur crankshaft key donon siron parr ack mukhya assar kaa upayog karate hain, kyonki dahan kii uchch shaktiyaan maujood hoti hain.
crankshaft kaa flexing 1950 key dashak mein seedhe-aathh injanon kii jagah lene vaale vaale injanon mein ack kaarak thaa; baad vaale key lambe crankshaft koo flex kii asweekarya matra seey peedit honah padaa jaba injan designers ney uchch sampeedan anupaat aur uchch injan gati (aar. pee. aim.) kaa upayog karna shuru kiya.
piston stroke.
crankpin kii dhuri aur crankshaft kii dhuri key beach kii doori injan kii stroke kii lambai nirdhaarit karati haye.
adhikansh aadhunik kaar injanon koo "chaukor seey adhik" yaa laghu-stroke key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye, jisamen stroke cylinder boor key vyaas seey cumm hotaa haye. injan key cumm-aar. pee. aim. toqa koo badhaane kaa ack samanya tarika stroke koo badhaana haye, jise kabhi-kabhi injan koo "stroke" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. aitihaasik roop seey, lambe stroke vaale injan key liye vyaapaar-seema ack cumm riv seema thee aur piston wegg mein vriddhi key kaaran uchch aar. pee. aim. parr compan mein vriddhi hui thee.
cross-plain aur flat-plain vinyas.
injan koo design karate samay, crankshaft vinyas injan key firing order seey nikatata seey sambandhit hotaa haye.
adhikansh utpaadan vaale injan (jaise kii ford modular injan aur samanya motors ls injan) ack cross-plain crank kaa upayog karate hain jisake madhyam seey crank fenkane vaale 90 degree key antar seey hotey hain. haalaanki, kuchh uchch-pradarshan vaale vaale injan (jaise kii ferrari 488) isake bajaay ack sapaat-vimaan crank kaa upayog karate hain, jisake madhyam seey fenkane vaale 180° key antar parr hotey hain, jisake parinamswarup anivarya roop seey dou inline-chaar injan ack samanya crankkes saajha karate hain. sapaat-vimaan injan aamtaur parr uchch aar. pee. aim. parr kaam karane mein saksham hotey hain, haalaanki unamen uchch dwiteeya-crum compan hotey hain, isaliye way racing kaar injanon key liye behtar anukool hotey hain.
injan santulan.
kuchh injanon key liye injan santulan mein sudhaar karane key liye piston, conroads aur crankshaft key parasparik dravyamaan key liye counterwaite pradaan karna aavashyak haye. yeye counterwaite aamtaur parr crankshaft key hisse key roop mein lagaae jaate hain, lekin kabhi-kabhi, boult-onn tukade hotey hain.
udate hue hathiyar.
kuchh injanon mein, crankshaft mein samanya madhyavarti mukhya assar key binaa, aasann crank pinn key beach seedhe link hotey hain. inn samparkon koo "udate hue hathiyar" kahaa jaataa haye. iss vyavastha kaa upayog kabhi-kabhi v6 aur v8 injanon mein kiya jaataa haye, taaki vibhinn v konon kaa upayog karate hue ack samaan firing antaral banaae rakhaa jaa sakey, aur aavashyak mukhya bearing kii sankhya koo cumm kiya jaa sakey. udane vaali baahon kaa nakaratmak paksh yeh haye kii crankshaft kii kathorta cumm hoe jaati haye, joe uchch aar. pee. aim. yaa uchch bijli utpaadan parr samasyaon kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye.
counter-rotating crankshaft.
adhikansh injanon mein, pratyek jodane vaali chhad koo ack ekal crankshaft seey jodaa jaataa haye, jisake parinamswarup jodane vaali chhad kaa konn alag-alag hotaa haye kyonki piston apane stroke seey gujarta haye. konn mein yeh bhinnata cylinder kii deewaar key khilaf piston koo dhakelati haye, joe piston aur cylinder kii deewaar key beach gharshan kaa kaaran banati haye. ise rokane key liye, kuchh shuruati injan-jaise kii 1900-1904 launchester injan company flat-twin injan-pratyek piston koo dou crankshaft seey jodate hain joe vipareet dishaaon mein ghoom rahey hotey hain. yeh vyavastha paarshv balon koo radd curr detee haye aur pratibhaar kii aavashyakta koo cumm curr detee haye. iss design kaa upayog shayed hii kabhi kiya jaataa haye, haalaanki ack samaan siddhant santulan shaft parr lagu hotaa haye, joe kabhi-kabhi upayog kiya jaataa haye.
nirmaan.
jaali crankshaft.
crankshafts koo roll forging kaa upayog karke steel baar seey banaaya jaa sakata haye. aaj, nirmaata apane halke vajan, adhik saghan aayamon aur behtar antarnihit aardrata key kaaran jaali crankshaft key upayog kaa samarthan karate hain. jaali crankshaft key saath, vanadium micro-mishra dhaatu vaale steels kaa upayog mukhya roop seey kiya jaataa haye kyonki inn steels koo binaa atirikt garmi upchaar key uchch shakti taka pahunchane key baad havaa seey thandaa kiya jaa sakata haye, sivaay assar satahon kii satah key sakht honey key. cumm mishra dhaatu samagri bhee samagri koo uchch mishra dhaatu steels kii tulanaa mein sastaa banaati haye. carbon steels koo vaanchhit gunon taka pahunchane key liye atirikt garmi upchaar kii bhee aavashyakta hoti haye.
cast crankshaft.
ack anya nirmaan vidhi ductile seey crankshaft koo dalna haye. cast iron crankshaft aaj jyaadaatar saste utpaadan injanon mein paae jaate hain jahan bhaar cumm hotaa haye.
machini crankshaft.
crankshaft koo billet seey bhee banaaya jaa sakata haye, joe aksar uchch gunavatta vaale vacuum remelt steel kaa ack baar hotaa haye. halanki fiber pravaah (casting key dauran utpann samagri kii rasayanik sanrachana kii sthaaniya asamaroopata) crankshaft key aakar kaa paalan naheen kartaa haye (joe avaanchhaniya haye), yeh aamtaur parr ack samasya naheen haye kyonki uchch gunavatta vaale steels, jinhen aamtaur parr jaali banaana mushkil hotaa haye, kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. prati ikai, yeye crankshaft badee matra mein samagri key kaaran bahut mahange hotey hain jinhen kharad aur milling machines key saath hataaya jaanaa chaahiye, uchch samagri laagat, aur atirikt garmi upchaar kii aavashyakta hoti haye. haalaanki, choonki kissy mahange upkaran kii aavashyakta naheen haye, isaliye yeh utpaadan vidhi uchch agrim laagat key binaa chhote utpaadan koo chalaane kii anumati detee haye.
itihas.
chean.
sabse pahale haath seey sanchaalit crank chean mein haan rajvansh (202 eesaa poorv-220 esvi) key dauran dikhaai diye. inca upayog resham-rilling, bhang-kataai, krishi winnoing phain key liye, paani seey chalane vaale aate-sifter mein, hydrolic-sanchaalit dhaatu-ghanti key liye aur kuein key windlass mein kiya jaataa thaa. rotary winnoing phain ney bhusi aur danthal seey anaaj koo alag karane kii dakshata mein bahut vriddhi kii. haalaanki, vrittakar gati koo parasparik gati mein parivartit karane kii kshamata kaa chean mein kabhi bhee poori tarah seey ehsas naheen huaa haye, aur 20 veen shatabdi key anta taka aisee machines seey crank aamtaur parr anupasthit thaa.
europe.
rotary handmill key ack sanaki-ghudsavaar handle key roop mein ack crank 5 veen shatabdi eesaa poorv celtiberian spen mein dikhaai diyaa aur antatah roman samrajya mein fail gayaa. doosari shatabdi key ack roman lohe key crank kii khudai switzerland key augusta raurika mein kii gaee thee. crank-sanchaalit roman mill doosari shatabdi key anta kii haye.
ack jodane vaali chhad key saath sanyukt crank key liye pramaan teesari shatabdi kii tarikh vaale hyrapolis mill mein dikhaai dete hain; way roman seeriya aur 6 veen shatabdi key affaces mein patthar kii aaree kii milon mein bhee paae jaate hain. hyrapolis mill key pediment mein ack paani key pahiye koo dikhaaya gayaa haye joe ack gear train dou frame aaree key madhyam seey ack mill races dwara sanchaalit kiya jaataa haye joe kissy prakaar kii jodane vaali chhad aur crank key raaste seey block kaatata haye. anya dou puraataatvik roop seey satyaapit aaraa milon key crank aur jodane vaale rodd tantra binaa gear train key kaam karate they. germany mein jall-sanchaalit sangamarmar kii aaree kaa ullekh chauthi shatabdi key uttaraardh key kavi ausonius dwara kiya gayaa thaa; lagbhag usee samay, inn mill prakaron koo anatolia seey nissa key gregory dwara bhee ingit kiya gayaa prateet hotaa haye.
ack crank handle dwara sanchaalit ack rotary grindstone koo carolingian pandulipi "utract salter" mein dikhaaya gayaa haye; lagbhag 830 kaa paine drying ack dair seey pracheen mool mein vaapas jaataa haye. pahiyon koo ghumaane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale crank koo bhee dasavin seey terahavin shatabdi key vibhinn karyon mein darshaaya yaa varnit kiya gayaa haye.
badhai key brace mein yaugik crank kaa pahala chitran uttari europeeya kalaakriti mein 1420 aur 1430 key beach dikhaai detaa haye. yaugik crank koo teji seey apanaane kaa pataa ack agyaat german engineer key karyon mein lagaaya jaa sakata haye joe hussite yuddhon key dauran sainya praudyogiki kii sthiti parr likhate hainh pahala, connecting-rodd, crank parr lagu kiya gayaa, phir seey dikhaai diyaa; doosara, double-yaugik crank bhee connecting-rodd seey lais honey lagey; aur teesara, inn crank key liye flywheel koo 'dade-spott' parr laane key liye niyojit kiya gayaa thaa. iss avadharana mein 1463 mein italvi engineer aur lekhak roberto valturio dwara bahut sudhaar kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone paanch seton key saath ack naav taiyar kii, jahaan samanantar crank sabhi ack connecting-rodd dwara ack hii shakti srot seey judey hue hain, ack vichaar joe unake hamvatan italvi chitrakaar franco dee giorgio dwara bhee liya gayaa thaa.
15veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka europe mein crank aam hoe gayaa thaa, jaisa kii sainya engineer konrad kesar (1366-1405 key baad) key karyon mein dekhaa gayaa thaa. casser key "belifortis" mein chitrit upkaranon mein gherabandi key liye crank kiye gaye windglass, paani uthaane key liye baltiyon kii crank shrinkhala aur ghanti key pahiye mein lagey crank shamil hain. kaisar ney jall-vriddhi key liye archimedies key shikanja koo ack crank handle key saath bhee susajjit kiya, ack aisaa navachar jisane baad mein pipe koo chalaane key pracheen abhyaas koo badal diyaa.
pisanello ney ack paani key pahiye dwara sanchaalit ack piston-pump koo chitrit kiya aur dou sadharan crank aur dou jodane vaale rodd dwara sanchaalit kiya.
15veen shatabdi mein crank-rack-aind-pinion upkaranon kii shuruat bhee dekhi gaee, jinhen cranquin kahaa jaataa haye, jinhen missile hathiyar koo failaate hue aur bhee adhik bull prayog karane key saadhan key roop mein crossbo key stock mein fitt kiya gayaa thaa. kapada udyog mein, dhaage kii ghumaavdaar khaal key liye crank reel pesh kiye gaye they.
ack nae dharmayuddh kii yojana banaate hue italvi chikitsak guido daa vigevano (-1349) ney ack paddle naav aur yuddh dibbon key liye chitra banaae jinhen manual roop seey parivartit yaugik crank aur gear pahiyon dwara aage badhaaya gayaa thaa, jise linn townsand white dwara ack praarambhik crankshaft prototype key roop mein pahachaana gayaa thaa. luttrell salter", joe lagbhag 1340 kaa haye, ack grindstone kaa varnan kartaa haye jise dou crank dwara ghumaaya gayaa thaa, isake axel key pratyek chhor parr ack; taiyar haath-mill, joe ack yaa dou crank key saath sanchaalit hoti thee, 15 veen shatabdi mein baad mein dikhaai dee.
1480 key aspas, praarambhik madhyayugeen rotary grindstone mein ack tradel aur crank tantra key saath sudhaar kiya gayaa thaa. push-cart parr lagey crank pahali baar 1589 key german utkirnan mein dikhaai dete hain. crankshaft kaa varnan leonardo daa vincy (1452-1519) aur ack dutch kisan aur pavanchakki key malik dwara 1592 mein cornellis corneliszoon vaine utigest naam seey kiya gayaa thaa. unaki pawan-sanchaalit aaraa mill ney ack crankshaft kaa upayog karke ack pavanchakki kii golakar gati koo ack peechhe aur aage kii gati mein parivartit kiya joe aaree koo shakti pradaan kartaa haye. corneliszoon koo 1597 mein unake crankshaft key liye ack patent diyaa gayaa thaa.
16veen shatabdi key baad seey, crank aur machine design mein ekikrit jodane vaali chhad key pramaan usa avadhi key takniki granthon mein prachur matra mein hoe jaate hainh 1588 kii agostino rameli kii "vividh aur kalaatmak masheenen" athaarah udaharanon koo darshaati hain, ack sankhya joe 45 alag-alag machines key liye george aur riyas bockler dwara "theatrum machinerum nomam" mein badhati haye. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein kuchh machines parr crank pahale seey aam they; udaaharan key liye 1930 key dashak seey pahale lagbhag sabhi phonograph crank key saath ghadee key motors dwara sanchaalit they. parasparik piston injan raikhik piston gati koo ghoornan gati mein badalane key liye crank kaa upayog karate hain. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein motor vaahanon key aantarik dahan injanon koo aam taur parr haath crank key saath shuru kiya jaataa thaa, isase pahale kii bijli key starter samanya upayog mein aae.
paschimi asia.
gair-hastchaalit crank kaee hydrolic upkaranon mein dikhaai detaa haye jinka varnan baano moosa bhaaiyon ney apani 9veen shatabdi kii "saral upkaranon kii pustak" mein kiya haye. yeye swachaalit roop seey sanchaalit crank kaee upkaranon mein dikhaai dete hain, jinamen seey dou mein ack kriya hoti haye joe ack crankshaft key lagbhag hoti haye, joe kaee shataabdiyon taka ismel all-jajaari key aavishkaar aur paanch shataabdiyon seey adhik samay taka europe mein isaki pahali upasthiti kaa anuman lagaati haye. baanu moosa dwara varnit swachaalit crank ney poorna aavartan kii anumati naheen dee hogi, halanki, ise crankshaft mein badalane key liye kewal ack chhote seey sanshodhan kii aavashyakta thee.
araab engineer ismel all-jajaari (1136-1206) ney artukid saltanat mein apani dou jall-vriddhi machines mein ack ghoornan machine mein ack crank aur jodane vaali chhad pranali kaa varnan kiya. lekhak saili ganchi ney apane judvaan-cylinder pump tantra mein ack crankshaft kii pehchaan kii, jisamen crank aur shaft donon tantra shamil they.

