pravardhak

 
ack pravardhak, electronic pravardhak yaa (anaupchaarik roop seey) ampere ack electronic upkaran haye joe ack sanket (ack samay-parivartan voltage yaa vartamaan) key parimaan koo badhaa sakata haye. yeh ack dou-port electronic circuit haye joe apane input terminals parr lagu signal key ayam (voltage yaa current kaa parimaan) koo badhaane key liye bijli kii aapoorti seey bijli kaa upayog kartaa haye, joe isake output parr aanupaatik roop seey adhik ayam sanket kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. ack pravardhak dwara pradaan kiye gaye pravardhan kii matra koo isake laabh dwara maapa jaataa haih output voltage, vartamaan, yaa input key liye shakti kaa anupaat. ack pravardhak koo ack paripath key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye jisamen ack seey adhik shakti laabh hotaa haye.
ack pravardhak yaa tou upkaran kaa ack alag tukada hoe sakata haye yaa kissy anya upkaran key bheetar nihit ack vidyut paripath hoe sakata haye. pravardhan aadhunik electronics key liye maulik haye, aur pravardhak lagbhag sabhi electronic upkaranon mein vyaapak roop seey upayog kiye jaate hain. pravardhak koo vibhinn tarikon seey vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. ack electronic sanket kii aavritti dwara pravardhit kiya jaa rhaa haye. udaaharan key liye, audio emplifier 20 khjd seey cumm kii audio (dhwani) seema mein sanketon koo pravardhit karate hain, rf emplifier 20 khjd aur 300 geegahertz key beach radio aavritti seema mein aavrittiyon koo pravardhit karate hain, aur sarvo emplifier aur instrumentation emplifier bahut cumm aavrittiyon key saath kaam curr sakate hain. pravardhakon koo sanket shrinkhala mein unake bhautik sthaan dwara bhee vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye; ack poorv pravardhak anya sanket prasanskaran charanon seey pahale hoe sakata haye, udaaharan key liye, jabaki ack shakti pravardhak kaa upayog aamtaur parr anya pravardhak charanon key baad sanket key antim upayog key liye paryaapt utpaadan shakti pradaan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. pahala vyaavhaarik vidyut upkaran joe pravardhan curr sakata thaa, vaha triode vacuum tube thaa, jiska aavishkaar 1906 mein lii dee forrest dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jisake kaaran 1912 key aspas pahale pravardhak baney. aaj adhikansh pravardhak transister kaa upayog karate hain.
itihas.
vacuum tube.
pahala vyaavhaarik pramukh upkaran joe pravardhan curr sakata thaa, vaha triode vacuum tube thaa, jiska aavishkaar 1906 mein lii dee forrest dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jisake kaaran 1912 key aspas pahale pravardhak baney. vacuum tubes kaa upayog 1960-1970 key dashak taka lagbhag sabhi pravardhakon mein kiya gayaa thaa jaba transister ney unhein badal diyaa thaa. aaj, adhikansh emplifier transister kaa upayog karate hain, lekin kuchh anuprayogon mein vacuum tubes kaa upayog jaari haye.
telephone key roop mein audio sanchaar praudyogiki key vikas, jise pahali baar 1876 mein patent kiya gayaa thaa, ney sanketon key sancharan koo teji seey lambi doori taka badhaane key liye vidyut sanketon key ayam koo badhaane kii aavashyakta paida kii. telegraph mein, iss samasya koo stations parr madhyavarti upkaranon key saath hull kiya gayaa thaa joe ack signal recorder aur transmitter koo ack-seey-ack karke sanchaalit karke apghatit oorjaa koo phir seey bhar dete they, taaki ack rille bunn sakey, taaki pratyek madhyavarti station parr ack sthaaniya oorjaa srot sancharan key agale charan koo sanchaalit curr sakey.
duplexes sancharan key liye, i.ee. donon dishaaon mein bhejana aur praapt karna, see key kaam seey shuru honey vaale dwi-dishaatmak rille repeater vikasit kiye gaye they. aff. taar sancharan key liye verley. telephony key liye duplexes prasaran aavashyak thaa aur 1904 taka samasya santoshjanak roop seey hull naheen hui thee, jaba aich. ee. americi telephone aur telegraph company key shreev ney ack telephone repeater key nirmaan key maujooda prayason mein sudhaar kiya jisamen back-too-back carbon-granule transmitter aur electrodynamic receiver jode shamil they. shreev repeater kaa pahali baar boston aur emesbury, ma key beach ack line parr pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa, aur kuchh samay key liye adhik parishkrit upkaran seva mein rahey. shatabdi key anta key baad yeh paaya gayaa kii nakaratmak pratirodh paare key deepak pravardhit hoe sakate hain, aur bahut cumm safalata key saath repeater mein bhee azmaya gayaa thaa.
1902 key aspas shuru hue thermionic valve kaa vikas, sanketon koo badhaane kii ack poori tarah seey electronic vidhi pradaan kartaa haye. iss tarah key upkaranon kaa pahala vyaavhaarik sanskaran audian triode thaa, jiska aavishkaar 1906 mein lii dee forrest dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jisake kaaran 1912 key aspas pahala emplifier huaa thaa. kyonki ack signal koo majboot karane key liye vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ekmatra pichla upkaran telegraph system mein upayog kiya jaane vaalaa rille thaa, emplifying vacuum tube koo pahale "electron rille" kahaa gayaa thaa. lattin "emplifier" ("badaa yaa vistaar karane key liye") seey vyutpann "emplifier" aur "amplification" shabdon kaa upayog pahali baar 1915 key aspas iss naee kshamata key liye kiya gayaa thaa jaba trides vyaapak hoe gaye they.
pravardhit vacuum tube ney vidyut praudyogiki mein kranti laa dee, jisase electronics key nae kshetra, sakriya vidyut upkaranon kii praudyogiki kaa nirmaan huaa. isane lambi doori kii telephone laainen, saarvajanik sambodhan pranali, radio prasaran, baat karane vaali chalchitra, vyaavhaarik audio recording, radar, television aur pahale computer koo sambhav banaaya. 50 varshon taka lagbhag sabhi upabhokta electronic upkaranon mein vacuum tubes kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. praarambhik tube emplifiers mein aksar sakaratmak pratikriya (punarjanan) hoti thee, joe laabh koo badhaa sakati haye lekin emplifier koo asthir aur dolan key liye pravan bhee banaa sakati haye. 1920 seey 1940 key dashak key dauran ghanti telephone prayogshalaon mein pravardhakon key ganitiya siddhant kaa adhikansh vikas kiya gayaa thaa. praarambhik pravardhak mein viroopan kaa star adhik thaa, aamtaur parr lagbhag 5 pratishat, 1934 taka, jaba harold black ney nakaratmak pratikriya vikasit kii; isase cumm laabh kii laagat parr viroopan key star koo bahut cumm kiya jaa sakaa. pravardhan key siddhant mein anya pragati hairi niquist aur hendrick vaade bode dwara kii gaee thee.
vacuum tube 40 varshon key liye chumbakiya pravardhak aur pravardhan jaise vishesh shakti upkaranon key alawa vastutah ekmatra pravardhan upkaran thaa. bijli niyantran paripath mein beesavin shatabdi key uttaraardh taka chumbakiya pravardhak kaa upayog kiya gayaa jaba bijli ardhchaalak upkaran adhik parichaalan gati key saath adhik kifayati hoe gaye. puraane shreev electroacostic carbon repeater kaa upayog shravan baadhit logon key liye telephone graahak sett mein samayojya emplifiers mein kiya jaataa thaa, jaba taka kii 1950 key dashak mein transister ney chhote aur uchch gunavatta vaale emplifier pradaan naheen kiye.
transister.
pahala kaaryasheel transister ack bindu-sampark transister thaa jiska aavishkaar johnn bardin aur walter bratten ney 1947 mein bell labs mein kiya thaa, jahaan villium shockley ney baad mein 1948 mein dwidhruvi junction transister (bjt) kaa aavishkaar kiya thaa. unake baad dhaatu-oxide-ardhchaalak kshetra-prabhaav transister (mosfet) kaa aavishkaar kiya gayaa thaa. 1959 mein bell labs mein atala aur davon kahang. mosfet scaling key kaaran, teji seey chhote aakaron taka scale karane kii kshamata, mosfet taba seey sabse vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa emplifier bunn gayaa haye.
1960 aur 1970 key dashak key dauran transister key saath bhaari electron tubes key pratisthaapan ney electronics mein ack kranti paida kii, jisase 1954 mein vikasit transister radio jaise portable electronic upkaranon kaa ack badaa varg sambhav hoe gayaa. aaj, vacuum tubes kaa upayog kuchh uchch shakti anuprayogon key liye seemit haye, jaise kii radio transmitter.
1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein, adhik seey adhik transister ack chip parr judey hue they jisase ekikrit paripathon mein ekikaran key uchch paimaane (jaise chhote paimaane, madhyam paimaane aur badey paimaane parr ekikaran) kaa nirmaan huaa. aaj vyaavsaayik roop seey upalabdh kaee pravardhak ekikrit paripath parr adharit hain.
vishesh uddeshyon key liye, anya sakriya tatvon kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, upgrah sanchaar key shuruati dinon mein, parametric emplifiers kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. core circuit ack diode thaa jisaki kshamata koo sthaaniya roop seey banaae gaye aar. aff. signal dwara badal diyaa gayaa thaa. kuchh sthitiyon mein, iss aar. aff. sanket ney oorjaa pradaan kii joe prithvi station parr praapt atyant kamjor upgrah sanket dwara sanshodhit kii gaee thee.
20veen shatabdi key anta seey digital electronics mein pragati ney nishchit ayam sanketon key puls-aakar koo badalane key liye digital switching kaa upayog karke paaramparik raikhik-laabh emplifiers key liye nae vikalp pradaan kiye, jisake parinamswarup class-dee emplifier jaise upkaran baney.
aadarsh.
siddhant roop mein, ack pravardhak ack vidyut dou-port network haye joe output port parr ack sanket utpann kartaa haye joe input port parr lagu sanket kii pratikriti haye, lekin parimaan mein vriddhi hui haye.
input port koo yaa tou ack voltage input key roop mein aadarsh banaaya jaa sakata haye, joe port key paar voltage key aanupaatik output key saath koee current naheen letaa haye; yaa ack current input, jisamen koee voltage naheen haye, jisamen output port key madhyam seey current key aanupaatik haye. output port koo yaa tou ack aashrit voltage srot key roop mein aadarsh banaaya jaa sakata haye, jisamen shoonya srot pratirodh aur input parr nirbhar iska output voltage; yaa ack aashrit vartamaan srot, jisamen anant srot pratirodh aur input parr nirbhar output current hoe. inn vikalpon key sanyojan seey chaar prakaar key aadarsh pravardhak banate hain. aadarsh roop mein way raikhik vishleshan mein upayog kiye jaane vaale chaar prakaar key aashrit sroton mein seey pratyek dwara darshaae jaate hain, jaisa kii chitra mein dikhaaya gayaa haye, arthaath
pratyek prakaar key pravardhak key aadarsh roop mein ack aadarsh input aur output pratirodh hotaa haye joe sambandhit aashrit srot key samaan hotaa haih
vaastavik pravardhak mein aadarsh pratibadha praapt karna sambhav naheen haye, lekin inn aadarsh tatvon kaa upayog input aur output mein pratibadha (pratirodh, dhaarita aur preran) jodkar vaastavik pravardhak key samkaksh paripath kaa nirmaan karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. kissy bhee vishesh paripath key liye, ack chhote-sanket vishleshan kaa upayog aksar vaastavik pratibadha kaa pataa lagaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. ack chhota-sanket assie pareekshan dhaara "ix" input yaa output node parr lagu kiya jaataa haye, sabhi baahari sroton koo assie shoonya parr sett kiya jaataa haye, aur pareekshan dhaara srot key paar sambandhit vaikalpik voltage "vx" usa node parr dekhi gaee pratibadha koo "r = vx/ix" key roop mein nirdhaarit kartaa haye.
input aur output parr ack sancharan line seey jodane key liye design kiye gaye pravardhak, vishesh roop seey aar. aff. pravardhak, iss vargeekaran drishtikon mein fitt naheen hotey hain. voltage yaa vartamaan key saath vyaktigat roop seey kaam karane key bajaay, way aadarsh roop seey ack input yaa output pratibadha key saath jodate hain joe sancharan rekha pratibadha seey mell khaata haye, yaani, voltage key "anupaat" seey vartamaan kaa milan kartaa haye. kaee vaastavik aar. aff. pravardhak iss aadarsh key karib aatey hain. halanki, diye gaye upayukt srot aur bhaar pratibadha key liye, aar. aff. emplifiers koo pravardhan voltage yaa vartamaan key roop mein chihnit kiya jaa sakata haye, way mool roop seey pravardhan shakti hain.
guna.
pravardhak gunon koo maapdandon dwara diyaa jaataa haye jinamen shamil hainh 
pravardhak koo unake nivesh, unake utpaadan aur way kaise sambandhit hain, key gunon key anusaar varnit kiya jaataa haye. sabhi pravardhakon mein laabh hotaa haye, ack gunan kaarak joe output sanket key kuchh guna key parimaan koo input sanket key guna seey sambandhit kartaa haye. laabh koo output voltage aur input voltage (voltage laabh), output power aur input power (power laabh), yaa current, voltage aur power key kuchh sanyojan key anupaat key roop mein nirdisht kiya jaa sakata haye. kaee mamalon mein utpaadan kii sampatti joe bhinn hoti haye, vaha input key samaan guna parr nirbhar karati haye, jisase laabh ikaiheen hoe jaataa haye (halanki aksar decible (dee. bee.) mein vyakt kiya jaataa haye).
adhikansh pravardhak raikhik honey key liye design kiye gaye hain. arthaat, way kissy bhee samanya input star aur output sanket key liye nirantar laabh pradaan karate hain. yadi ack pravardhak kaa laabh raikhik naheen haye, tou output sanket vikrit hoe sakata haye. haalaanki, aise mamle hain jahan parivartaniya laabh upayogi haye. kuchh sanket prasanskaran anuprayog ghaatiya laabh pravardhak kaa upayog karate hain.
emplifiers koo aamtaur parr ack vishisht anuprayog mein achchi tarah seey kaam karane key liye design kiya jaataa haye, udaaharan key liyeh radio aur television transmitter aur receiver, uchch-nishtha ("hyee-faaee") stereo upkaran, microcomputer aur anya digital upkaran, aur gitar aur anya upkaran emplifier. pratyek pravardhak mein cumm seey cumm ack sakriya upkaran shamil hotaa haye, jaise kii vacuum tube yaa transister.
nakaratmak pratikriya.
nakaratmak pratikriya ack takneek haye jiska upayog adhikansh aadhunik pravardhakon mein bandwidth aur vikriti aur niyantran laabh mein sudhaar key liye kiya jaataa haye. ack nakaratmak pratikriya pravardhak mein output key hisse koo vaapas diyaa jaataa haye aur input seey ghataate hue vipareet charan mein input mein jodaa jaataa haye. mukhya prabhaav pranali key samagr laabh koo cumm karna haye. haalaanki, emplifier dwara pesh kiye gaye kissy bhee avaanchhit sanket, jaise kii vikriti koo bhee vaapas diyaa jaataa haye. choonki way mool input kaa hissa naheen hain, isaliye unhein input seey ghataate hue vipareet charan mein input mein jodaa jaataa haye. iss tarah, nakaratmak pratikriya gair-raikhikta, vikriti aur pravardhak dwara pesh kii gaee anya trutiyon koo bhee cumm karati haye. badee matra mein nakaratmak pratikriya trutiyon koo iss bindu taka cumm curr sakati haye kii emplifier kii pratikriya lagbhag aprasangik hoe jaati haye jaba taka kii iska ack badaa laabh hotaa haye, aur system kaa output pradarshan ("bund loop pradarshan") poori tarah seey feedback loop mein ghatakon dwara paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. iss takneek kaa upayog vishesh roop seey parichaalan pravardhak (opp-emps) key saath kiya jaataa haye.
gair-feedback emplifier audio-aavritti sanketon key liye kewal 1 pratishat vikriti praapt curr sakate hain. nakaratmak pratikriya key saath, viroopan koo aamtaur parr 0.001% taka cumm kiya jaa sakata haye. shore, yahaan taka kii crossover vikriti koo bhee vyaavhaarik roop seey samaapt kiya jaa sakata haye. nakaratmak pratikriya badalate tapman aur laabh charan mein avakramit yaa araikhik ghatakon key liye bhee kshatipurti karati haye, lekin pratikriya loop mein ghatakon mein koee bhee parivartan yaa araikhikta utpaadan koo prabhaavit karegi. vaastav mein, output koo paribhaashit karane key liye feedback loop kii kshamata kaa upayog sakriya filter circuit banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
nakaratmak pratikriya kaa ack aur laabh yeh haye kii yeh pravardhak kii bandwidth koo badhaata haye. pratikriya kii avadharana kaa upayog parichaalan pravardhak mein laabh, bandwidth aur anya maapdandon koo poori tarah seey pratikriya loop mein ghatakon key aadhar parr paribhaashit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
vidyut-aapoorti voltage yaa upkaran visheshtaon mein mamuli parivartanon key khilaf sakriya upkaranon key sanchaalan bindu koo sthir karane key liye ack pravardhak key pratyek charan mein nakaratmak pratikriya lagu kii jaa sakati haye.
kuchh pratikriya, sakaratmak yaa nakaratmak, apariharya aur aksar avaanchhaniya hoti haye-udaaharan key liye, parjivi tatvon dwara pesh kii jaati haye, jaise kii transister jaise upkaranon key input aur output key beach antarnihit kshamata, aur baahari taaron key sandharaniya yugman. atyadhik aavritti-nirbhar sakaratmak pratikriya parjivi dolan kaa utpaadan curr sakati haye aur ack pravardhak koo ack dolan mein badal sakati haye.
shreniyaan.
sakriya upkaran.
sabhi pravardhakon mein sakriya upkaran kaa kuchh roop shamil haih yeh vaha upkaran haye joe vaastavik pravardhan kartaa haye. sakriya upkaran ack nirvaat nully, asatat thhos avastha ghatak hoe sakata haye, jaise kii ack ekal transister, yaa ack ekikrit paripath kaa hissa, jaisa kii ack opp-emp mein).
transister emplifier (yaa solid state emplifier) aaj upayog mein sabse aam prakaar key emplifier hain. ack transister kaa upayog sakriya tatva key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. pravardhak kaa laabh transister key gunon key saath-saath usake bheetar nihit paripath seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye.
transister emplifiers mein aam sakriya upkaranon mein dwidhruvi junction transister (bjts) aur dhaatu oxide ardhchaalak kshetra-prabhaav transister (mosfet) shamil hain.
anuprayog kaee hain, kuchh samanya udaaharan hain ghar key stereo yaa saarvajanik pataa pranali mein audio emplifier, ardhchaalak upkaran key liye uchch bijli utpaadan, radio transmitter jaise rf aur microwave anuprayog.
transister-adharit pravardhan koo vibhinn vinyason kaa upayog karke mahsoos kiya jaa sakata haih udaaharan key liye ack dwidhruvi junction transister samanya aadhar, samanya sangraahak yaa samanya utsarjak pravardhan kaa ehsas curr sakata haye; ack mosfet samanya dwaar, samanya srot yaa samanya jall nikasi pravardhan kaa ehsas curr sakata haye. pratyek vinyas kii alag-alag visheshtaen hain.
vacuum-tube emplifier (jise tube emplifier yaa walve emplifier key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) sakriya upkaran key roop mein vacuum tube kaa upayog karate hain. jabaki ardhchaalak pravardhakon mein cumm-shakti anuprayogon key liye badey paimaane parr visthaapit valve pravardhak hotey hain, radar, prati-upaay upkaran aur sanchaar upkaran jaise uchch shakti anuprayogon mein valve pravardhak bahut adhik laagat prabhaavi hoe sakate hain. kaee microwave emplifier vishesh roop seey design kiye gaye valve emplifier hain, jaise kii cliestron, gyrotron, travel wave tube aur cross-feeled emplifier, aur yeye microwave valve solid-state upkaranon kii tulanaa mein microwave aavrittiyon parr bahut adhik ekal-upkaran shakti utpaadan pradaan karate hain. tube dhwani" key liye vareeyata key kaaran vacuum tube kuchh uchch anta audio upkaran key saath-saath sangeet vaadyayantra pravardhak mein upayog mein rahate hain.
chumbakiya pravardhak kuchh hudd taka ack transformer key samaan upkaran hain jahan ack winding kaa upayog chumbakiya core kii santripti koo niyantrit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye aur isaliye dusare winding kii pratibadha koo badal detaa haye.
ardhchaalak pravardhak mein vikas key kaaran way kaafee hudd taka upayog seey baahar hoe gaye hain, lekin radiodharmita seey prabhaavit naheen honey key kaaran abhee bhee hvdc niyantran aur paramanu oorjaa niyantran paripath mein upayogi hain.
nakaratmak pratirodhon kaa upayog pravardhak key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii surang diode pravardhak.
power emplifier.
ack power emplifier ack emplifier haye jise mukhya roop seey ack load key liye upalabdh shakti koo badhaane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. vyavhaar mein, pravardhak shakti laabh srot aur bhaar pratibadha key saath-saath antarnihit voltage aur vartamaan laabh parr nirbhar kartaa haye. ack radio aavritti (aar. aff.) pravardhak design aamtaur parr bijli hastaantaran key liye pratibadhaon koo anukoolit kartaa haye, jabaki audio aur instrumentation pravardhak design aam taur parr cumm seey cumm loading aur uchchatam sanket akhandata key liye input aur output pratibadha koo anukoolit karate hain. ack emplifier jisamen 20 dee. bee. kaa genn honey key liye kahaa jaataa haye, mein 20 dee. bee. kaa voltage genn hoe sakata haye aur 20 dee. bee. (100 kaa power anupaat) seey bahut adhik kaa upalabdh power genn hoe sakata haye-phir bhee vaastav mein bahut cumm power genn detaa haye, udaaharan key liye, input 600 ω microphone seey haye aur output ack power emplifier key liye 47 kω input saaket seey judataa haye. samanya taur parr, bijli pravardhak antim 'pravardhak' yaa ack sanket shrinkhala (utpaadan charan) mein vaastavik paripath haye aur yeh pravardhak charan haye jisake liye bijli dakshata parr dhyaan dene kii aavashyakta hoti haye. dakshata parr vichaar karane seey output transister yaa tubes key buysing key aadhar parr power emplifiers key vibhinn varg hotey hainh neeche power emplifier varg dekhein.
audio power emplifiers kaa upayog aamtaur parr loudspeaker chalaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. unake paas aksar dou output channel honge aur way pratyek koo samaan shakti pradaan karenge. ack aar. aff. power emplifier radio transmitter key antim charanon mein paaya jaataa haye. ack sarvo motor niyantrak ack motor kii gati, yaa ack motor pranali kii sthiti koo samaayojit karane key liye ack niyantran voltage koo badhaata haye.
parichaalan pravardhak (opp-emp).
ack parichaalan pravardhak ack pravardhak paripath haye jisamen aam taur parr bahut adhik khula loop laabh aur antar input hotaa haye. opp emps kaa upayog paripath mein unaki bahumukhi pratibha key kaaran maankeekrit "genn block" key roop mein bahut vyaapak roop seey kiya jaataa haye; unake laabh, bandwidth aur anya visheshtaon koo ack baahari paripath key madhyam seey pratikriya dwara niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki aaj yeh shabd aamtaur parr ekikrit paripathon parr lagu hotaa haye, mool parichaalan pravardhak design mein upayog kiye jaane vaale valve aur baad mein designs mein asatat transister circuit kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye.
ack poorna roop seey vibhedak pravardhak parichaalan pravardhak key samaan hotaa haye, lekin isamen vibhedak utpaadan bhee hotaa haye. inca nirmaan aamtaur parr bee. jey. tii. yaa fates kaa upayog karke kiya jaataa haye.
vitarit pravardhak.
yeye vyaktigat ekal charan pravardhakon koo alag karane key liye santulit sancharan lines kaa upayog karate hain, jinake utpaadan kaa yog ack hii sancharan line dwara kiya jaataa haye. sancharan rekha ack santulit prakaar kii hoti haye jisake ack chhor parr aur ack taraf kewal santulit sancharan rekha hoti haye aur vipareet chhor parr utpaadan bhee santulit sancharan rekha key vipareet disha mein hotaa haye. pratyek charan kaa laabh ack cascade vinyas key roop mein ack parr dusare koo gunaa karane key bajaay output mein raikhik roop seey jodata haye. yeh ack uchch bandwidth koo praapt karane kii anumati detaa haye joe anyatha samaan laabh charan tatvon key saath bhee mahsoos kiya jaa sakata haye.
switch mode emplifier.
inn gair-raikhik pravardhakon mein raikhik emps kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik dakshata hoti haye, aur inca upayog kiya jaataa haye jahaan bijli kii bachat atirikt jatilata koo uchit thaharaati haye. varg-dee pravardhak iss prakaar key pravardhan kaa mukhya udaaharan hain.
nakaratmak pratirodh pravardhak.
nakaratmak pratirodh pravardhak ack prakaar kaa punaryoji pravardhak haye joe transister key srot aur gett key beach pratikriya kaa upayog transister key srot parr ack sandharitra pratibadha koo isake gett parr nakaratmak pratirodh mein badalane key liye curr sakata haye. anya prakaar key pravardhakon kii tulanaa mein, iss "nakaratmak pratirodh pravardhak" koo bahut adhik laabh praapt karane key liye kewal ack chhoti matra mein shakti kii aavashyakta hogi, ack hii samay mein ack achchha shore aankada banaae rakhna.
anuprayog.
video emplifier.
video emplifiers koo video sanketon koo sansaadhit karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye aur video sanket aiss. dee. tii. vee., aeye. dee. tii. vee., aich. dee. tii. vee. 720pee. yaa yaa. aadi key liye haye yaa naheen, iss parr nirbhar karate hue alag-alag bandwidth hoti hain.. bandwidth kaa vinirdesh swayam iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii kiss prakaar key filter kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye-aur kiss bindu (yaa udaaharan key liye) parr bandwidth koo maapa jaataa haye. ack sweekarya tv chhavi key liye charan pratikriya aur overshoot key liye kuchh aavashyaktaaen aavashyak hain.
microwave emplifier.
cumm microwave aavrittiyon parr uchch shakti pravardhan key liye yatra tarang pravardhak (twtas) kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. way aam taur parr aavrittiyon key ack vyaapak spectrum mein pravardhit curr sakate hain; haalaanki, way aamtaur parr cliestron key roop mein tunable naheen hotey hain.
cliestron vishesh raikhik-beam vacuum-upkaran hain, jinhen uchch shakti, millimeter aur upa-millimeter tarangon kaa vyaapak roop seey tunable pravardhan pradaan karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. cliestron koo badey paimaane parr sanchaalan key liye design kiya gayaa haye aur twaita kii tulanaa mein ack sankeern bandwidth honey key bavjood, unake paas ack sandarbh sanket koo susangat roop seey pravardhit karane kaa laabh haye taaki isake utpaadan koo ayam, aavritti aur charan mein sateek roop seey niyantrit kiya jaa sakey.
thhos-avastha upkaran jaise silicon laghu channel mosfet jaise double-diffused metal-oxide-semiconductor (dee. aim. oh. aiss.) fait, gais fait, sig aur gais heterojunction bipolar transister/aich. bee. tii., hames, impat diode aur anya, vishesh roop seey portable aar. aff. terminals/cell phone aur pahunch binduon jaise anuprayogon mein wats key crum parr cumm microwave aavrittiyon aur shakti staron parr upayog kiye jaate hain jahaan aakar aur dakshata chaalak hotey hain. silicon yaa silicon carbide/aiss. aaee. see. parr gallium nitride (gallen) yaa gallen jaisi naee samagri hemut transister aur anuprayogon mein ubhar rahee haye jahaan behtar dakshata, vistrit bandwidth, kuchh vaat seey kuchh sou vaat kii utpaadan shakti key saath lagbhag kuchh seey kuchh dasiyon jee. aich. jee. aiss. sanchaalan kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
pravardhak vinirdeshon aur aakar aavashyaktaon key aadhar parr microwave pravardhak koo monolithic roop seey ekikrit, module key roop mein ekikrit yaa asatat bhaagon yaa unake kissy bhee sanyojan key aadhar parr mahsoos kiya jaa sakata haye.
messer ack gair-electronic microwave emplifier haye.
sangeet vaadyayantra pravardhak.
vaadyayantra pravardhak audio power pravardhak kii ack shrinkhala haye jiska upayog sangeet vaadyayantron key dhwani star koo badhaane key liye kiya jaataa haye, udaaharan key liye gitar, pradarshan key dauran. emplifiers kaa swar mukhya roop seey usa crum aur raashi seey aataa haye jisamen yeh eq aur viroopan lagu kartaa haye. 
pravardhak charanon aur pranaliyon kaa vargeekaran.
samanya terminal.
emplifiers key liye vargeekaran kaa ack sett iss baat parr adharit haye kii kaun saa upkaran terminal input aur output circuit donon key liye samanya haye. dwidhruvi junction transister key mamle mein, teen varg samanya utsarjak, samanya aadhar aur samanya sangraahak hain. feeled-effect transister key liye, sambandhit vinyas samanya srot, samanya dwaar aur samanya naali hain; vacuum tubes, samanya cathode, samanya grid aur samanya plate key liye.
samanya utsarjak (yaa samanya srot, samanya cathode, aadi).) koo aksar aadhar aur utsarjak key beach lagu voltage kaa pravardhan pradaan karane key liye configure kiya jaataa haye, aur sangraahak aur utsarjak key beach liya gayaa output signal input key saapeksh ulta hotaa haye. samanya sangraahak vyavastha aadhar aur sangraahak key beach input voltage koo lagu karati haye, aur utsarjak aur sangraahak key beach output voltage koo lene key liye. yeh nakaratmak pratikriya kaa kaaran banata haye, aur output voltage input voltage kaa anusaran kartaa haye. iss vyavastha kaa upayog iss prakaar bhee kiya jaataa haye kii input ack uchch pratibadha prastut kartaa haye aur sanket srot koo load naheen kartaa haye, halanki voltage pravardhan ack seey cumm haye. isaliye, samanya-sangraahak paripath koo utsarjak anuyaayi, srot anuyaayi yaa cathode anuyaayi key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
ektarafa yaa dweepaksheeya.
ack pravardhak jiska output apane input paksh key liye koee pratikriya pradarshit naheen kartaa haye, usey 'ektarafa' key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye. ekpakshiya pravardhak kaa input pratibadha bhaar seey swatantra haye, aur output pratibadha sanket srot pratibadha seey swatantra haye.
ack pravardhak joe output key hisse koo input seey vaapas jodane key liye pratikriya kaa upayog kartaa haye, ack "dwaipaakshik" pravardhak haye. dwaipaakshik pravardhak input pratibadha bhaar parr nirbhar karati haye, aur sanket srot pratibadha parr output pratibadha.
sabhi pravardhak kuchh hudd taka dweepaksheeya hotey hain; haalaanki unhein aksar sanchaalan sthitiyon key tahat ektarafa roop mein model kiya jaa sakata haye jahaan pratikriya adhikansh uddeshyon key liye upeksha karane key liye paryaapt chhoti hoti haye, vishleshan koo saral banaati haye (udaaharan key liye samanya aadhar lekh dekhein).
ulta yaa gair-ulta.
emplifiers koo vargeekrit karane kaa ack aur tarika input signal key output signal key saath charan sambandh haye. ack 'inverting' emplifier input signal key saath 180 degree out off phase output utpann kartaa haye (yaani, ack dhruviyata vyutkram yaa input kii darpan chhavi jaisa kii ausiloscope parr dekhaa jaataa haye). ack 'gair-inverting' emplifier input signal tarangon key charan koo banaae rakhta haye. ack utsarjak anuyaayi ack prakaar kaa gair-inverting emplifier haye, joe darshaata haye kii ack transister key utsarjak parr sanket input sanket kaa anusaran curr rhaa haye (yaani, ekataa laabh key saath mell khaata haye lekin shayed ack offset). voltage follour bhee gair-inverting prakaar kaa emplifier haye jisamen ekataa laabh hotaa haye.
yeh vivaran ack pravardhak key ekal charan parr yaa ack poorna pravardhak pranali parr lagu hoe sakata haye.
kaary.
anya pravardhakon koo unake kaary yaa utpaadan visheshtaon dwara vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. yeye karyatmak vivaran aamtaur parr poorna pravardhak pranaliyon yaa upa-pranaliyon parr lagu hotey hain aur shayed hii kabhi vyaktigat charanon parr lagu hotey hain.
interstage coupling vidhi.
emplifiers koo kabhi-kabhi input, output yaa charanon key beach sanket kii yugman vidhi dwara vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye. inmein seey vibhinn prakaar hainh
aavritti seema.
aavritti seema key aadhar parr aur anya guna pravardhak vibhinn siddhanton key anusaar banaae gaye hain.
aavritti seema seey dee. see. taka kaa upayog kewal tabhi kiya jaataa haye jaba iss guna kii aavashyakta hoti haye. pratyaksh vartamaan sanketon key liye pravardhak samay key saath ghatakon key gunon mein mamuli bhinnataon key prati samvedansheel hotey hain. chopper stabilised emplifier jaise vishesh tarikon kaa upayog dc key liye emplifier key gunon mein aapattijanak bahaav koo rokane key liye kiya jaataa haye. "audio emplifiers seey dc aur upa-dhwani aavrittiyon koo hataane key liye "dc-blocking" sandharitra jode jaa sakate hain.
aavritti seema key aadhar parr nirdisht vibhinn design siddhanton kaa upayog kiya jaanaa chaahiye. aim. aich. jaid. seema taka kewal "asatat" gunon parr vichaar karane kii aavashyakta haye; ee.jee.ack terminal mein ack input pratibadha hoti haye.
jaise hii paripath key bheetar koee bhee connection uchchatam nirdisht aavritti (ee.) kii tarang dairdhya key shayed 1 pratishat seey adhik lamba hoe jaataa haye.jee.100 megahertz parr tarang dairdhya 3 meater haye, isaliye mahatvapurna sambandh kii lambai lagbhag haye. 3 semi) design guna maulik roop seey badalate hain. udaaharan key liye, ack pee. see. bee. trace kii ack nirdisht lambai aur chaudaai kaa upayog ack chayanaatmak yaa pratibadha-milan ikai key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye.
kuchh sou aim. aich. jaid. seey oopar, asatat tatvon, vishesh roop seey prerak kaa upayog karna mushkil hoe jaataa haye. adhikansh mamalon mein, bahut nikatata seey paribhaashit aakaron key pee. see. bee. nishan kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye (stripline takneek).
ack emplifier dwara niyantrit aavritti seema koo bandwidth key sandarbh mein nirdisht kiya jaa sakata haye (samanya roop seey ack pratikriya kaa sanket joe 3 dee. bee. neeche haye jaba aavritti nirdisht bandwidth taka pahunchati haye), yaa ack aavritti pratikriya koo nirdisht karke joe ack nishchit sankhya key bheetar haye decible ack nimn aur ack oopari aavritti (ee.jee. "20 heartz seey 20 khartz plus yaa minus 1 db").
power emplifier varg.
power emplifier circuit (output charan) koo analogue designs key liye aeye, bee, abby aur see key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye-aur switch designs key liye class dee aur ee. shakti pravardhak varg pratyek input chakr (chaalan konn) key anupaat parr adharit hotey hain jisake dauran ack pravardhan upkaran dhaara koo paarit kartaa haye. chaalan konn kii chhavi ack signsoidal sanket koo badhaane seey praapt hoti haye. yadi upkaran hamesha chaalu rahata haye, tou chaalan konn 360° haye. yadi yeh pratyek chakr key kewal aadhe hisse key liye haye, tou konn 180° haye. pravaah kaa konn pravardhak shakti dakshata seey nikatata seey sambandhit haye.
udaaharan emplifier circuit.
oopar dikhaaya gayaa vyaavhaarik pravardhak paripath ack madhyam-shakti vaale audio pravardhak kaa aadhar hoe sakata haye. isamen ack vishisht (halanki kaafee hudd taka saralikrit) design haye joe aadhunik emplifiers mein paaya jaataa haye, jisamen ack varg-aeye. bee. push-pull output charan hotaa haye, aur kuchh samagr nakaratmak pratikriya kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. dwidhruvi transister dikhaae gaye hain, lekin yeh design bhee fait yaa valve key saath vaastavik hoga.
input sanket sandharitra c1 key madhyam seey transister q1 key aadhar parr jodaa jaataa haye. sandharitra AC sanket koo paarit karane kii anumati detaa haye, lekin pratirodhakon r1 aur r2 dwara sthaapit dc purvagrah voltage koo avaruddh kartaa haye taaki koee bhee poorvavarti paripath isase prabhaavit naa hoe. हो। aur aur ack antar pravardhak (ack pravardhak joe dou niveshon key beach key antar koo kuchh sthiraank seey gunaa kartaa haye) banaata haye, ack lambi poonchh vaali jodee key roop mein jaani jaane vaali vyavastha mein. iss vyavastha kaa upayog nakaratmak pratikriya key upayog kii suvidha key liye kiya jaataa haye, jise output seey r7 aur r8 key madhyam seey q2 taka diyaa jaataa haye.
antar pravardhak mein nakaratmak pratikriya pravardhak koo vaastavik utpaadan key saath input kii tulanaa karane kii anumati detee haye. q1 seey pravardhit sanket koo seedhe dusare charan, q3 mein diyaa jaataa haye, joe ack samanya utsarjak charan haye joe sanket kaa aur pravardhan pradaan kartaa haye aur output charanon, q4 aur q5 key liye dc purvagrah pradaan kartaa haye. r6 q3 key liye bhaar pradaan kartaa haye (ack behtar design shayed yahaan sakriya bhaar key kuchh roop kaa upayog karega, jaise kii ack sthir-vartamaan sink). abb taka, sabhi emplifier aeye varg mein kaam curr rahey hain. output jodee koo class-aib push-pull mein vyavasthit kiya jaataa haye, jise poorak jodee bhee kahaa jaataa haye. way vartamaan pravardhan kaa adhikansh hissa pradaan karate hain (cumm shaant dhaara kii khapat karate hue) aur seedhe bhaar koo chalaate hain, joe dee. see.-blocking capacitor capacitor key madhyam seey judaa hotaa haye. diode diode aur aur output jodee key liye sthir voltage purvagrah kii ack chhoti matra pradaan karate hain, buss unhein samvaahak sthiti mein bayas karate hain taaki crossover vikriti koo cumm kiya jaa sakey. yaani, diode output charan koo class-aib mode mein majbooti seey dhakelate hain (yeh maanate hue kii output transister kii bases-emiter drop garmi apavyay seey cumm hoe jaati haye).
yeh design saral haye, lekin ack vyaavhaarik design key liye ack achchha aadhar haye kyonki yeh swachaalit roop seey apane sanchaalan bindu koo sthir kartaa haye, kyonki pratikriya aantarik roop seey audio renz key madhyam seey dc seey sanchaalit hoti haye. aage key paripath tatva shayed ack vaastavik design mein paae jaayenge joe avaanchhit dolan kii sambhavana koo rokane key liye aavashyak seema seey oopar aavritti pratikriya koo roll-off karega. saath hii, yahaan dikhaae gaye nishchit diode purvagrah kaa upayog samasya paida curr sakata haye yadi diode vidyut aur taap donon roop seey output transister seey mell naheen khaate hain yadi output transister bahut adhik chaalu hoe jaate hain, tou way aasaani seey adhik germ hoe sakate hain aur khud koo nasht curr sakate hain, kyonki iss star parr bijli kii aapoorti seey poorna dhaara seemit naheen haye.
output upkaranon koo sthir karane mein madad karane key liye ack samanya samadhan kuchh utsarjak pratirodhakon koo shamil karna haye, aamtaur parr ack ome yaa tou. paripath key pratirodhakon aur sandharitron key moolyon kii ganana niyojit ghatakon aur emp key ichchit upayog key aadhar parr kii jaati haye.
karyanvayan parr tippaniyan.
koee bhee vaastavik pravardhak ack aadarsh pravardhak kaa apoorna bodh haye. ack vaastavik pravardhak kii ack mahatvapurna seema yeh haye kii yeh utpaadan antatah bijli kii aapoorti seey upalabdh bijli dwara seemit haye. ack pravardhak santript hotaa haye aur output koo clip kartaa haye yadi input signal pravardhak key liye punah utpann karane key liye bahut badaa hoe jaataa haye yaa upkaran key liye parichaalan seema seey adhik hoe jaataa haye. bijli kii aapoorti utpaadan koo prabhaavit curr sakati haye, isaliye design mein vichaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye. ack pravardhak seey bijli utpaadan isaki input shakti seey adhik naheen hoe sakata haye.
emplifier circuit mein ack "open loop" pradarshan hotaa haye. ise vibhinn maapdandon (laabh, nirgam darr, utpaadan pratibadha, vikriti, bandwidth, sanket-seey-shore anupaat, aadi) dwara varnit kiya jaataa haye.). kaee aadhunik pravardhak laabh koo vaanchhit moolya parr rakhane aur vikriti koo cumm karane key liye nakaratmak pratikriya takneekon kaa upayog karate hain. nakaratmak loop pratikriya kaa uddeshya output pratibadha koo cumm karna aur iss tarah speaker kii anunaad aavritti parr aur usake paas loudspeaker gati key vidyut aardrata koo badhaana haye.
rated emplifier power output kaa aaklan karate samay, lagu load, signal prakaar (ee.jee.bhaashan yaa sangeet), aavashyak bijli utpaadan avadhi (i.ee.alpakaalik yaa nirantar), aur aavashyak gatishil seema (ee.jee., record kiya gayaa yaa live audio). uchch-shakti vaale audio anuprayogon mein jinhen load karane key liye lambe kebalon kii aavashyakta hoti haye (ee.jee.cinema aur kharidari kendra) srot aur bhaar parr milan karane vaale transformer key saath line output voltage parr bhaar seey judanaa adhik kushal hoe sakata haye. yeh bhaari speaker kebalon key lambe samay taka chalane seey bachaata haye.
asthirta yaa adhik garmi koo rokane key liye yeh sunishchit karane key liye dekhbhal kii aavashyakta hoti haye kii thhos avastha pravardhak paryaapt roop seey bharey hue hain. adhikansh mein nyuntam bhaar pratibadha kaa mulyankan kiya gayaa haye.
sabhi pravardhak vidyut haani key madhyam seey garmi utpann karate hain. pravardhak koo samvahan yaa jabaran havaa koo thandaa karane key madhyam seey iss garmi koo nasht karna chaahiye. garmi electronic ghatak seva jeevan koo nuksan pahuncha sakati haye yaa cumm curr sakati haye. designers aur installers koo aasann upkaranon parr heating prabhaav parr bhee vichaar karna chaahiye.
vibhinn bijli aapoorti prakaron key parinamswarup purvagrah key kaee alag-alag tareeke hotey hain. pakshapaat ack aisee takneek haye jisake dwara sakriya upkaranon koo ack vishesh kshetra mein sanchaalit karane key liye sett kiya jaataa haye, yaa jisake dwara output signal key dc ghatak koo bijli kii aapoorti seey upalabdh adhikatam voltage key beach key madhya bindu parr sett kiya jaataa haye. adhikansh pravardhak pratyek charan mein kaee upkaranon kaa upayog karate hain; way aamtaur parr dhruviyata koo chhodkar vinirdeshon mein mell khaate hain. mell khaane vaale vipareet dhruviyata upkaranon koo poorak jode kahaa jaataa haye. varg-aeye pravardhak aam taur parr kewal ack upkaran kaa upayog karate hain, jaba taka kii bijli kii aapoorti sakaratmak aur nakaratmak donon voltage pradaan karane key liye sett naheen kii jaati haye, iss mamle mein ack dohri upkaran samamit design kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. paribhasha key anusaar, varg-see pravardhak ekal dhruviyata aapoorti kaa upayog karate hain.
emplifiers mein aksar laabh badhaane key liye cascade mein kaee charan hotey hain. inn designs kaa pratyek charan usa charan kii jarooraton key anuroop ack alag prakaar kaa emp hoe sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, pahala charan ack varg-aeye charan hoe sakata haye, joe ack varg-aeye. bee. push-pull dusare charan koo pradaan kartaa haye, joe phir pratyek prakaar kii taakat kaa laabh uthaate hue, unaki kamjoriyon koo cumm karate hue, ack varg-jee antim utpaadan charan koo chalaata haye.

