
ibro kii ladaai

ebro (,) kii ladaai spanish grihyuddh kii sabse lambi aur sabse badee ladaai thee aur shramshakti, rasad aur samagri key mamle mein sabse badee thee joe kabhi bhee spanish mitty parr ladee gaee thee. yeh julaai aur navambar 1938 key beach huaa, jisamen ladaai mukhya roop seey abro nadee key nichale maarg parr dou kshetron mein kendrit thee, catalonia kaa terra alta komarka, aur nichale matranya, purvi nichale aragon mein fayon (faaee) key karib auts kshetra. inn cumm aabaadi vaale kshetron mein yuddh mein senaaon kii sabse badee shrinkhala dekhi gaee. yeh ladaai dusare spanish ganarajya key liye vinashkari thee, jisamen hajaaron loga maare gaye yaa ghayal hoe gaye aur rashtravadiyon kii pragati parr bahut cumm prabhaav padaa.
prishthabhoomi.
1938 taka, doosara spanish ganarajya gambhir sankat mein thaa. gantantra kaa uttari kshetra gir gayaa thaa, aur 1937/38 kii sardiyon mein gantantra kii lokpriya senaa ney teruel kii ladaai mein apani senaaon koo kharch kiya thaa, teruel shahar key aspas shoonya seey neeche key tapman mein khooni ladaaiyon kii ack shrinkhala, jise farwari mein francovadi senaa dwara phir seey leey liya gayaa thaa.
phir, rashtravadiyon ney apane dushmanon koo thheek honey kaa mauka diye binaa march mein aragon mein ack aakraman shuru kiya. kadve sardiyon key tapman key beach mein ladate hue, thakaa huaa gantantra senaa kewal kamjor pratirodh kii peshkash curr sakati thee. 15 aprail taka franco key sanic bhoomadhya sagar mein vinaro mein pahunch gaye, jisase gantantra kshetra dou hisson mein vibhajit hoe gayaa. natijatan, rashtravadi senaa ney leeda aur panbijali baandhon parr vijay praapt kii, joe catalan audyogik kshetron key adhikansh hisse koo bijli pradaan karate they.
phir bhee, 17 march 1938 koo, enschellus key baad, francisi sarkaar ney seema koo phir seey kholane kaa faisala kiya. catalonia mein gantantra senaa koo march aur juuna key madhya key beach 18,000 tunn yuddh samagri praapt hui aur rashtravadi yuddh-kaidiyon seey baarah nae prabhaag banaae gaye aur ack vistaarit coll-upp, jisamen solah saal kii umr key anivarya roop seey shamil they, tathaakathit "quinta dell baibaran" (bebi-bottle coll-upp), madhyam ayu varg key pitaa taka. ack naee senaa, abro kii senaa, taba banaai gaee thee.
iss beach, fraansvaadi senaaon ney barcelona kii or badhane key bajaay, gantantra kii rajdhani parr kabja karane key iraade seey valencia key uttar mein xyz rekha parr hamla kiya, iss darr seey kii fraans beemar ganarajya key samarthan mein yuddh mein pravesh karega. sthiti key jawab mein, spanish pradhaan mantri juan negrin ney valentia kii or badhane vaale mukhya francovadi balon key khilaf hamale shuru karane key liye general vicent rojo lluch dwara ack yojana koo manjuri dee. hamalon kaa uddeshya valencia aur catalonia parr dabaav koo cumm karna thaa, saath hii saath europeeya sarkaaron koo yeh dikhaana thaa kii ganarajya sarkaar abhee bhee vyavharya thee.
virodhi senaayen.
wafadar senaa.
valentia kii or badh rahee rashtravadi senaaon kaa dhyaan bhatkaane key liye, lokpriya ganarajya senaa ney nichale abro besin mein ack aakraman karane kaa faisala kiya. senaa badee thee, lekin isamen paryaapt vayu aur topkhaane kaa samarthan naheen thaa. 15 maee koo leftinent curnell juan momdo key tahat 15veen aur 5veen senaa core kaa vilay karke ebro senaa kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. yuddh shuru hotey hii ise 12veen aur 18veen senaa core seey atirikt bull praapt hoga.
15veen senaa core.
15veen senaa core "xv curpo dell azercito" kaa netritva escalady seey manual taguena ney kiya thaa aur nimnalikhit prabhagon dwara iska gathan kiya gayaa thaah
5 veen senaa core.
leftinent curnell enrique lister key netritva mein 5veen senaa core "vee curpo dell isercito lokpriya", sailau mein aadhar key saathah
12veen senaa core.
leftinent curnell attelvino vega key netritva mein 12veen senaa core, bisabal dee falset mein sthit theeh
18veen senaa core.
leftinent curnell jose dell barrio key netritva mein 18veen senaa core ney pahale dou sainikon key saamarik aarakshit key roop mein kaam kiyaah
spanish rashtravadi senaa.
morakko senaa dall koo ebro key daahine kinare parr tainaat kiya gayaa thaa. baad mein, mejarzago senaa core koo general raafel garsia valino key netritva mein sudridhikaran key roop mein bheja gayaa thaa.
uttar kii senaa.
general fidel devilla
morakko senaa core.
morakko senaa core "curpo dell agercito dee maryuekos" general juan yaage key netritva menh
apekshaakrit anubhavaheen sainikon seey baney 50vein vibhajan koo chhodkar, anya sabhi prabhaag yuddh-kathor sainya-daste, regular, ifni aur paschimi sahaara key african bhaade key sainikon key saath-saath carlist aur baaz senaa they.
mastrezo senaa core.
mestrazgo senaa core "curpo dell azercito dell mestrazgo" kaa netritva general rafale garsia valino ney kiya thaa.
yuddh.
ganatantravaadi hamla.
gantantra senaa ney ack saptah taka ebro koo paar karane kii taiyari mein bitaaya. itihaaskaar antony beaver key anusaar, XIV core key commando rashtravadi sthitiyon key baare mein jaankaari praapt karane key liye nadee key paar fisal gaye aur gantantra sainikon ney darron aur tata parr nadiyon koo paar karane kaa abhyaas kiya. ramon rufat sahit kuchh pramukh khilaadiyon ney khufiya jaankaari ekatra karane aur taiyari prakriya key baare mein vistaar seey bataaya. rashtravadi khufiya parisampattiyon ney rashtravadi uchch kamaan koo sainya gatividhiyon aur antarrashtriya brigedon kii ekagrata key saath-saath nadee key doosari or raft aur pontoon pulon kii upasthiti kaa vivaran dete hue report vaapas bhej dee, lekin franco ney socha kii gantantra senaa ebro key paar ack aakraman karane key liye taiyar naheen hogi.
paar karane key liye, ganarajyiyon ney fayon aur benefellate key beach abro nadee key modd koo chunaa, joe rashtravadi senaa key 50vein vibhaag dwara aayojit ack kshetra thaa. gantantra senaa ney binaa chaand key samay key dauran 24-25 julaai kii raat koo paar karna shuru kiya. ganatantravaadi commando ney nadee paar kii, rashtravadi guards koo maar daala aur hamla karane vaali naukaaon key liye rekhaaen lagaa deen, phir pahale ganatantravaadi sainikon ney nabbe naukaaon (jinamen seey pratyek mein duss purush they) mein paar kiya. vee aur xv core key shesh sainikon ney agale dinn teen pontoon pulon aur anya 12 kaa upayog karke paar kiya. ashcharya kii baat yeh thee kii kull aur gantantra bull shuru mein safal rahey. phir bhee, XIV antarrashtriya brigade dwara kiye gaye amposta key paas ack dwiteeyak hamla, 18 ghante key yuddh key baad whiffle hoe gayaa, aur XIV antarrashtriya brigade bhaari nuksan jhelane key baad peechhe hutt gaee.
pahale dinn key dauran, gantantra sainikon ney curnell campos key 50vein division key sainikon koo gher liya, 4,000 kaidiyon koo leey liya, aur kaee anya rashtravadi sainikon koo chhod diyaa. shaam taka, tegna uttar mein teen meal aur kendra mein 21 meal aage badh gayaa thaa. 26 julaai taka, gantantra key sainikon ney 800 varg kilometres parr kabja curr liya thaa aur gandesa key baahari ilaake mein pahunch gaye they; phir bhee rashtravadiyon ney shahar mein bairan key 13vein division koo tainaat kiya aur gantantra key sanic iss parr kabja karane mein whiffle rahey.
phir, franco ney ebro key morche (aathh division, 140 seey adhik bamvarshak aur 100 ladaakon) mein bhaari sudridhikaran bhejane kaa faisala kiya aur tremp aur camerasa mein baandhon koo kholane kaa adesh paarit kiya. baadh key paani ney pontoon pulon koo nasht curr diyaa, halanki gantantra engineer dou dinon key bheetar unaki marammat karane mein kamyab rahey. isake alawa, "kandor leason" aur "aviazion legenaria" ney harr dinn pontoon pulon parr bambari karna aur unhein nasht karna shuru curr diyaa, halanki gantantra engineer harr raat unaki marammat karane mein kamyab rahey. isake kaaran, kewal 22 tank aur mutthi bhar topkhaane abro nadee koo paar karane mein kamyab rahey, aur gantantra key sainikon ney aapoorti, golaa-barud aur peene key paani kii kamee shuru curr dee.
gandesa kii gherabandi.
gantantravadiyon key liye pramukh lakshya gandesa shahar thaa, joe ibro seey lagbhag 25 kimmy paschim mein thaa, joe catalonia key liye ack chauraha thaa aur ibro key samanantar uttar-dakshin sadaken theen. shahar key aspas kaa ilaka behad pahaadi thaa, jisamen "caval", "pandol" aur "faterella" parvat shrinkhalaon kaa prabhutva thaa, jinaki kathor aur bolled choona patthar kii chattaanen aur cumm vann aavaran ney francoist aag key khilaf bahut cumm aashray pradaan kiya.
27 julaai koo, mamuli ney tii-26 tankon key saath gandesa parr hamla karane kaa adesh diyaa aur 30 julaai koo apane tankon aur topkhaane koo gandesa key aspas kendrit karane kaa faisala kiya aur shahar key khilaf paidal senaa kaa hamla shuru kiya. 1 agast koo, xv antarrashtriya brigade ney gandesa key saamane pahaadi 481 key khilaf ack bhayankar hamla kiya, jisamen bhaari hataahat hue; phir bhee, rashtravadi vayu aur topkhaane kii shreshthata key kaaran gantantra kaa hamla whiffle hoe gayaa thaa aur samanya ney abro kii senaa koo rakshaatmak roop seey jaane kaa adesh diyaa thaa.
sangharsh kii ladaai.
gantantra key aakraman key anta key baad, abro kii gantantra senaa ack jeb mein funce gaee thee aur usaki peeth ack nadee parr thee aur rashtravadi adhikaari asurakshit segger nadee key paar hamla karna chaahte they aur barcelona kii or badhana chaahte they, lekin franco abro kii gantantra senaa koo nasht karna chaahata thaa aur khoye hue kshetra koo punarpraapt karna chaahata thaa. rashtravadiyon ney apane adhikansh topkhaane aur vayu senaa koo abro key morche parr kendrit curr diyaa. doosari or, gantantra uchch kamaan ney apane sainikon koo virodh karane aur peechhe hatane kaa adesh naheen diyaa. peechhe hatane key liye adhikaariyon aur purushon koo maar diyaa gayaa.
yeh ladaai donon pakshon dwara pratham vishva yuddh key roop mein paschimi morche kii shally mein ladee gaee thee, jisamen pratyek paksh ney dushman kii sthiti parr khooni agrim hamale kiye they joe sangharsh kaa yuddh bunn gayaa thaa. rashtravadi ranneeti pratirodh koo naram karane key liye chhote kshetron mein topkhaane aur havaai bambari kaa upayog karna aur phir kshetra parr kabja karane key liye ack yaa dou paidal senaa bataliyanon key saath ack agrim hamla shuru karna thaa. pratyek dinn 500 topon ney gantantra key sainikon parr 13,000 seey adhik round daage aur 200 seey adhik rashtravadi vimaanon ney 10,000 pound key bumm giraaye. phir bhee, gantantra key sainikon ney jiddi bahaduri key saath ladaai ladee aur machine-gunn aur mortar kii goliyon key saath rashtravadi hamalon koo peechhe hataa diyaa. kaee kshetron mein, kshetra mein khaai yaa lomdi khodna bahut kathin thaa, aur jaise-jaise agast kii garmi asahaniya hoe gaee (4 agast koo yeh chhaaya mein 37 degree thee), paani aur bhojan kii kamee ganarajya key sainikon key liye badatar hoe gaee. gantantra key sainikon dwara subah seey shaam taka kii athak bambari seey sthiti aur adhik hatash hoe gaee, jisase shavon koo dafnaya jaanaa asambhav hoe gayaa, aur iska matlab thaa kii ghayalon koo kewal raat mein chhoti naukaaon dwara nikala jaa sakata thaa.
ladaai kii kunji rashtravadi vayu shreshthata thee, joe italvi "aviazion legenaria" aur german "kandor leason" squadron dwara pradaan kii gaee thee joe "aviazion national" nishaanon key tahat udatee theen. kuchh 500 pratham shreni key vimaan rashtravadi paksh mein upalabdh they (sevoya 79, sevoya aiss. aim.-81, breda 20, henkel 111, dornier 17, junkers 52 aur 6 julaai 87 bamvarshak, aur bee. aff. 109 aur see. aar.-32 ladaakoo vimaan) kewal kuchh 35 aadhunik ladaakon aur kuchh 40 spanish ganarajya vayu senaa key dwiteeya shreni key vimaanon key khilaf. julaai mein, sainya dall ney 76 gantantra vimaanon koo nasht curr diyaa thaa aur agast taka ganarajya vayu senaa ney kshetra mein vayu shreshthata khou dee thee. gantantra vimaanon kii sankhya cumm seey cumm dou seey ack seey adhik thee, aur adhikansh anubhavi soviyat pilots koo vaapas leey liya gayaa thaa. gantantra kii vimaan-rodhi raksha aparyaapt saabit hui aur kaee vimaan jameen parr nasht hoe gaye. rashtravadiyon ney apane bamvarshakon kaa upayog ebro parr pontoon pulon koo kaatane key liye kiya, aur ack udane vaale topkhaane key roop mein sieras mein ganarajya kii sthiti koo todane key liye, aur unaki aapoorti lines koo nasht karane key liyeh "gantantra sanchaar parr bambari kii gaee thee aur, jaisa kii kaee antarrashtriya brigader sansmaranon seey pataa chalata haye, unake sainikon koo aagajani samagri key sarasar bull dwara nange aur chattani pahaadiyon seey udaa diyaa gayaa thaa."
rashtravadi jawabi hamla.
rashtravadi balon ney gantantravadiyon dwara jabt kiye gaye kshetra koo phir seey lene key liye chhah jawabi hamale shuru kiye. pahala jawabi hamla 6 agast koo maquinanza aur fayon key beach uttari ganarajya key khilaf shuru kiya gayaa thaa. sainya dall ney 50 tunn bumm giraaye aur 10 agast taka gantantra key sainikon koo nadee key paar vaapas jaane key liye majboor kiya gayaa. ganarajyiyon ney 900 purushon aur 200 machine-bandookon koo khou diyaa thaa. 11 agast koo camillo alonso vega key netritva mein rashtravadiyon ney lister key 11vein division dwara aayojit "pandol renz" key khilaf hamla kiya. 14 agast taka rashtravadiyon ney saanta magdalena key uchch bindu parr kabja curr liya thaa, lekin ganarajyiyon ney siera koo apane kabje mein leey liya thaa. 18 agast koo rashtravadiyon ney segger nadee parr phir seey baandh khol diye, abro mein pontoon pulon koo nasht curr diyaa aur 19 agast koo general juan yaage koo chhah divisions key saath aur "leason kandor" dwara samarthit "vilalba dell arcs" seey aage badhkar aur paanch dinon kii bheeshan ladaai key baad getaa kii unchaaiyon parr kabja curr liya. rashtravadiyon kii dheemi pragati ney musolini koo krodhit curr diyaah "aaj 29 agast, main franco kii haar kaa anuman lagaata huun. vaha aadami yuddh karna naheen jaanata yaa naheen chaahata.
taba franco ney garcia valino key mestrazgo core koo saamane bhejane kaa faisala kiya aur 31 agast koo rashtravadiyon ney corbera kii or badhane key liye "caval renz" key khilaf hamla kiya. parvat shrinkhala 35vein, 11vein aur 43vein gantantra prabhagon dwara aayojit kii gaee thee, aur rashtravadiyon ney aathh prabhagon, 300 bandookon, 500 vimaanon aur 100 tankon key saath hamla kiya. 3 sitambar koo rashtravadiyon ney german 88 mimi bandookon dwara samarthit gandesa seey ack nayaa hamla shuru kiya aur 4 sitambar taka rashtravadiyon ney korbara parr kabja curr liya thaa. taba yaage kii senaa ney gantantra rekhaaon koo toda diyaa, lekin mamuli roop seey 35vein division key saath ullanghan koo seal curr diyaa aur apane sainikon koo pakadane kaa adesh diyaah "ack bhee sthiti naheen khoni chaahiye. yadi dushman ack letaa haye, tou ack teji seey jawabi hamla honah chaahiye aur jitna aavashyak hoe utanaa ladaai honey chaahiye, lekin hamesha yeh sunishchit karna chaahiye kii yeh gantantra key haathon mein rahey. dushman key liye ack meater bhee jameen naheen!"chhah saptah key yuddh key baad rashtravadiyon ney 120 varg meal kii doori hassil curr lii thee. doosari or, 21 sitambar koo ganarajya key pradhaan mantri, juan negrin ney antarrashtriya brigedon kii binaa shart vaapsee kii ghoshana kii.
2 octuber koo rashtravadiyon ney lawal kii unchaaiyon parr kabja curr liya aur dou saptah baad bindu 666, pandol renz kii kunji. 30 octuber koo mohammad ell mizian key netritva mein garcia valino key senaa dall key sainikon ney 175 bandookon aur 100 vimaanon dwara samarthit, guha renz kii unchaaiyon parr hamla kiya. 100 ladaakon key samarthan key bavjood, gantantra ney ack dinn key yuddh key baad badee choton (1,000 kaidi aur 500 mrit) kaa saamana karate hue apani unchaaiyon koo khou diyaa. 2 navambar koo rashtravadiyon ney pandol renz parr kabja curr liya aur 3 navambar koo rashtravadi taakton kaa dahina hissa nadee ibro taka pahunch gayaa. 7 navambar koo morr laa nova gir gayaa aur 10 navambar taka rashtravadiyon ney picosa parvat parr kabja curr liya thaa. 16 navambar koo 35vein key antim purushon ney flix mein ebro koo phir seey paar kiya aur ladaai samaapt hoe gaee.
isake baad.
rashtravadiyon kii maanav shakti aur upkaranon mein shreshthata kaa matlab thaa kii way nuksan kaa saamana karane aur ganarajyiyon koo samaapt karane mein behtar they. abro kii ladaai key parinamswarup ganarajya kii senaa koo ack prabhaavi bull key roop mein nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur ganarajya kii vayu senaa abb aage pratirodh karane mein saksham naheen thee.
donon pakshon koo bhaari nuksan huaa thaa, jisamen 50,000 seey 60,000 seey 110,000 hataahat honey key anuman they, saath hii badee sankhya mein vimaanon (130 aur 150 key beach ganarajya) kaa nuksan huaa thaa. rashtravadiyon ney apane adhikansh sarvshreshth adhikaariyon koo khou diyaa thaa aur unake adhikansh tankon aur lauriyon koo marammat yaa spare parts kii aavashyakta thee, aur gantantra senaa ney apane adhikansh hathiyar aur anubhavi ikaaiyon koo khou diyaa thaa. phir bhee, franco dwara ack nae khanan kaanoon parr hastakshar karane key baad, jisane german sarkaar koo bhaari riyaayaten deen, germany ney rashtravadi taakton koo nae hathiyar bheje aur disambar mein, franco ney catalonia key khilaf ack aakraman shuru kiya.
anty beaver ney tark diyaa haye kii majboot bachaav koo apanaane aur ack vyaapak europeeya sangharsh kii ummeed karane yaa rashtravadi taakton koo pareshan karane key bajaay, hamla karane kii neegrin kii "sakriya yuddh neeti", mukhya roop seey prachaar jeet key liye spen kii communist party kii ichcha seey prerit thee aur ebro kii ladaai mein, neeti ney gantantra senaa koo binaa kissy badey uddeshya key nasht curr diyaa thaa. ganarajyiyon ney apane ranneetik uddeshyon mein seey kissy koo bhee puuraa naheen kiya aur beaver key anusaar, apane hamalon mein gahare sanchaalan key siddhant koo lagu karane key liye taiyar naheen they. iss prakaar, unaki senaaon ney rashtravadi dwiteeyak rakshaatmak sthitiyon koo saaf karane mein ack lamba samay bitaaya, jisase atyadhik-yaantrik rashtravadi balon koo jaldi seey majboot rakshaatmak sthitiyon mein tainaat karane kii anumati millie.
phir bhee, paul preston aur helen graham ney kahaa kii gantantravadiyon ney, abro kii ladaai shuru karke, valencia parr rashtravadi hamale koo roque diyaa, rashtravadi senaa koo bhaari nuksan pahunchaaya aur yuddh koo kaee maheenon taka badhaaya. haalaanki, munich samjhaute ney paschimi loktantron seey sahaayata kii kissy bhee ummeed koo hataa diyaa aur raajneetik jeet koo ack shandar sainya haar mein badal diyaa.
ack prasiddh gantantra geet, "aii carmella!", yuddh kaa smaran kartaa haye.
lokpriya sanskriti mein.
laghu kathaaen.
"pull parr boodhaa aadami."ernest hemingway, 1936. paanchven collum aur pahali untalis kahaaniyon, 1938, scribner mein sankalit.