
johnn cotton (mantri)

johnn cotton (4 disambar 1585-23 disambar 1652) ingland aur americi upaniveshon mein ack paadari they, aur unhein massachusets bey coloney kaa pramukh mantri aur dharamshastri maanaa jaataa thaa. unhone trinity college, cambridge mein paanch saal aur emmanuel college, cambridge mein nau saal adhyayan kiya. jaba unhone sent sent mein mantri kaa pada sweekaar kiya tou unhone pahale seey hii ack vidwan aur utkrisht upadeshak key roop mein pratishtha banaai thee. 1612 mein linkenshire mein bottolph church, boston. 
ack shuddhatavadi key roop mein, vaha ingland key sthaapit church seey judey samaroh aur vastron koo samaapt karna chaahata thaa aur saral tareeke seey prachaar karna chaahata thaa. unhone mahsoos kiya kii angreji church koo mahatvapurna sudhaaron kii aavashyakta haye, lekin vaha isase alag naheen honey key baare mein adig they; unaki prathamikta ise bheetar seey badalana thaa. kaee mantriyon koo unaki shuddhatavadi prathaon key liye ingland mein unake palpit seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin sent mein kapas panpa. lagbhag 20 varshon taka sahayak alderman aur udaar bishapon key saath-saath unake sulah aur saumya vyavhaar key kaaran bottolph. haalaanki, 1632 taka, church key adhikaariyon ney gair-anuroop paadari varg parr bahut dabaav badhaa diyaa thaa, aur kapas koo chhipane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. agale varsh, vaha aur unaki patni nyu ingland key liye ack jahaaj parr savaar hue.
massachusets mein ack mantri key roop mein kapas kii atyadhik maang kii gaee thee aur jaldi hii boston church key dusare paadari key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe johnn willson key saath mantralaya saajha curr rahey they. unhone apane pahale chhah maheenon mein poore pichhale varsh kii tulanaa mein adhik dhaarmik dharmaantaran kiye. apane boston karyakal kii shuruat mein, vaha roser williams key nirvaasan mein shamil hoe gaye, jinhone apani adhikansh pareshani key liye kapas koo jimmedaar thaharaaya. isake turant baad, kapas coloney key antinomian vivaad mein ulajha huaa thaa jaba unake "free grace" dharamshastra key kaee anuyaayiyon (vishesh roop seey annie hutchinson) ney coloney mein anya mantriyon kii aalochana karna shuru curr diyaa. unhone usa vivaad key madhyam seey apane anuyaayiyon kaa samarthan karane kii pravritti dikhaai; isake nishkarsh key karib, haalaanki, unhone mahsoos kiya kii unamen seey kaee dharamshastriya padon parr they joe shuddhatavadi roodhivaadita kii mukhyadhara key baahar they, jinhen unhone sweekaar naheen kiya.
vivaad key baad, kapas apane saathi mantriyon key saath baad lagaane mein saksham thaa, aur vaha apani mrityu taka boston church mein prachaar karna jaari rakhaa. unake baad key currier key dauran unake prayaas kaa ack badaa hissa nyu ingland churchon key shasson key liye samarpit thaa, aur way hii they jinhone church kii rajneeti key iss roop koo mandaliwad naam diyaa. 1640 key dashak kii shuruat mein ingland key church key liye rajneeti kaa ack nayaa roop taya kiya jaa rhaa thaa, kyonki angreji grihyuddh kii poorv sandhya parr ingland mein puritance ney satta hassil kii, aur kapas ney "nyu ingland way" key samarthan mein kaee patra aur kitaaben likhin. antatah, presbyterianwad koo 1643 mein westminster vidhansabha key dauran ingland key church key liye shasson key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa, halanki kapas ney iss mudde parr kaee pramukh presbyterians key saath ack vivadaspad pratiyogita mein sanlagn rehna jaari rakhaa.
kapas umr key saath adhik roodhivaadi hoe gayaa. unhone roser williams key algavvadi ravaiye seey ladaai ladee aur una logon key liye gambhir sajaa kii vakaalat kii jinhen unhone vidharmi maanaa, jaise kii saimuel gorten. kapas ack vidwan, ack shaukeen patra lekhak aur kaee pustakon key lekhak they, aur unhein nae ingland key mantriyon key beach "pramukh prerak" maanaa jaataa thaa. 
praarambhik jeevan.
johnn cotton kaa janm 4 disambar 1585 koo derby, ingland mein huaa thaa aur 11 dinon baad sent mein unakaa bapatisma huaa thaa. vahaan alkmund kaa church haye. vaha roland cotton key chaar bachchon mein seey dusare they, ack derby vakeel, aur mairi hurlbert, joe kapas key potey cotton mather key anusaar "ack dayalu aur pavitra maan" theen. unhone derby school mein una imaraton mein shiksha praapt kii thee jinhen abb old grammer school, derby kahaa jaataa haye, joe ingland key church key ack pujari richard johnson key sanrakshan mein thaa.
1598 mein cambridge key trinity college mein ack sizar key roop mein matrick kii padhaai kii, joe sabse cumm vetan paane vaale chhaatr kaa varg haye aur kuchh vittiya sahaayata kii aavashyakta hoti haye. unhone bayanbaji, tark aur darshan key pathyakram kaa paalan kiya, aur phir mulyankan key liye chaar lattin vivaad diye. unhone apana bee praapt kiya.aeye. 1603 mein aur phir emmanuel college, cambridge mein bhaag liya, joe "raajya kaa sabse shuddh college" thaa, aur ack aim. kamaaya.aeye. 1606 mein adhyayan key ack pathyakram key baad jisamen yunani, khagol vigyaan aur pariprekshya shamil they. phir unhone emmanuel mein ack fellowship sweekaar kii aur agale paanch varshon taka apani padhaai jaari rakhee, iss baar unhone hibru, dharamshastra aur vivaad parr dhyaan kendrit kiya; unhein iss samay key dauran prachaar karane kii bhee anumati dee gaee thee. sabhi vidvaanon key liye lattin kii samajh aavashyak thee, aur yunani aur hibru key unake adhyayan ney unhein shaastra mein adhik antardrishti dee.
ack snaatak chhaatr key roop mein apane samay key dauran kapas koo unaki chhatravritti aur prachaar key liye maanyata millie. unhone apane kanishthon kii dekhrekh karate hue deane key roop mein bhee kaam kiya. jeevanikaar larzer ziff ney unake gyaan koo "gahan" aur bhaashaon key gyaan koo "abhootpoorv" bataaya haye. kapas cambridge mein prasiddh hoe gayaa jaba usane pieterhouse, cambridge key divangat master robbert key antim sanskar upadesh kaa prachaar kiya, aur usane apane "tareeke aur padaarth" donon key liye ack badaa anusaran vikasit kiya. unhone paanch saal baad vishvavidyalaya chhod diyaa, lekin 1613 taka apani snaatak kii degree praapt naheen kii, unake aim key baad anivarya saat saal key intezar key baad.aeye. unhein 13 julaai 1610 koo ingland key church key decan aur paadari donon key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. 1612 mein, unhone sent key wicker banane key liye emmanuel college chhod diyaa. boston, linkenshire mein bottolph church koo "raajya mein sabse shandar sankeern imarat" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye."way kewal 27 varsh key they, lekin unake vidwan, jordar aur prerak prachaar ney unhein ingland key pramukh shuddhatavadi logon mein seey ack banaa diyaa.
kapas kaa dharamshastra.
emmanuel mein rahate hue kapas kii soch parr prabhaavon mein seey ack villium perkins kii shiksha thee, jinase unhone lachila, samajhdaar aur vyaavhaarik honah seekha, aur ingland key ack asweekrit church key bheetar ack gair-anuroop shuddhatavadi honey kii raajneetik vaastaviktaon seey kaise nipatna haye. unhone anuroopata key roop koo banaae rakhate hue asahmat honey kii kalaa bhee seekhi.
jaise-jaise kapas apane prachaar key liye adhik prasiddh huaa, unhone apani aadhyatmik sthiti parr aantarik roop seey sangharsh kiya. unaki anishchitata kii sthiti hatasha kii sthiti bunn gaee kyonki unhone teen saal kissy bhee sanket kii khoj mein bitaaye kii "swami ney unhein mahima mein rahane key liye poorv nirdhaarit vyakti key roop mein chunaa thaa."unaki prarthanaon kaa jawab 1611 key aspas diyaa gayaa thaa jaba unhein yakeen hoe gayaa kii" unhein moksh key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa."
kapas ney apane aadhyatmik salaahkaar, ameer bhaai-bahanon key siddhant aur prachaar koo unake dharmaantaran parr sabse badaa prabhaav maanaa. sibs kaa "hriday dharm" kapas key liye aakarshak thaa; unhone likhaa, "itane saumya uddhaarak key rajdooton koo atyadhik nipun naheen honah chaahiye."ack baar parivartit honey key baad, unaki bhaashan kii shally abhivyakti mein adhik saral hoe gaee, halanki una logon key liye nirashajanak thee jinhen unake bolane kaa poorv polish tarika pasand thaa. apane nae vinamra tareeke seey bhee, unakaa sandesh sunane vaalon parr gahara prabhaav padaa; kapas kaa prachaar johnn preston key roopaantaran key liye jimmedaar thaa, joe emmanuel college key bhavishya key master aur unake samay key sabse prabhaavshaali shuddhatavadi mantri they.
jaise-jaise kapas kaa dharamshastra badala, unhone bhagwan key moksh koo praapt karane key liye taiyari ("karyon") parr cumm jore denaa shuru curr diyaa, aur "dhaarmik roopaantaran key kshan key parivartankari charitra parr adhik jore diyaa jisamen nashwar vyakti [haye] ack divya kripa seey bharaa huaa haye."unake dharamshastra koo kaee vyaktiyon dwara dhaala gayaa thaa, isake alawa perkins aur sib jaise prabhaavon key alawa; unake buniyaadi siddhant sudhaarak johnn calvin seey utpann hue they. unhone likhaah "maine pitaaon koo padhaa haye, aur schooly chhatron aur calvin koo bhee, lekin mujhe pataa chalata haye kii jinake paas calvin haye, unake paas way sabhi hain."unake dharamshastra key liye anya preranaon mein prerit paul aur bishap cyprion, aur sudhaar netaaon zacharias ursinus, theodor bezaa, franciscus junius (bujurg), jerom zanchius, peater shaheed vermigly, johannes piscator aur martin busar shamil hain. atirikt angreji bhoomika model mein paul bains, thomas cartrite, laurence chadderton, arther hildersham, villium aims, villium whiteker, johnn jewel aur johnn whitegift shamil hain.
kapas dwara vikasit dhaarmik siddhant mein, vishvasi apane vyaktigat dhaarmik anubhav mein poori tarah seey nishkriya haye, jabaki pavitra aatma aadhyatmik punarjanan pradaan karati haye. yeh model adhikansh anya shuddhatavadi mantriyon key dharamshastra key vipareet thaa, vishesh roop seey way joe nyu ingland mein kapas key sahayogi bunn gaye they; thomas hooker, peater balkali aur thomas shapered jaise "taiyari karane vaale" pracharakon ney sikhaaya kii achche karm aur naitikta ishwar key moksh kii or leey jaane vaali aadhyatmik gatividhi koo utpann karane key liye aavashyak they.
shuddhatavad.
kapas kii bhaavanaaen dridhata seey catholic virodhi theen, joe unake lekhan mein spasht roop seey spasht thee, aur isase unhein sthaapit angreji church kaa virodh karane key liye prerit kiya gayaa joe kewal shuddhatavadi drishtikon key anusaar catholic church seey alag hoe gayaa thaa. angreji church mein "pooja kaa aadhikarik roop seey sweekrit roop aur ack sthaapit church kii sanrachana" thee, aur unhone mahsoos kiya kii anglican church kii rajneeti aur samaroh shaastra dwara adhikrit naheen they. kapas aur anya loga aisee prathaon koo "shuddh" karna chaahte they aur unhein apmaanjanak roop seey "puritance" kaa label diyaa gayaa thaa, ack aisaa shabd joe atak gayaa thaa. vaha sthaapit church key saar key khilaf thaa, phir bhee vaha isase alag honey key khilaf thaa kyonki vaha shuddhatavadi andolan koo church koo bheetar seey badalane key tareeke key roop mein dekhta thaa. yeh drishtikon algavvadi shuddhatavadi drishtikon seey alag thaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii angreji church key bheetar kii sthiti kaa ekmatra samadhan ise chhodana aur kuchh nayaa shuru karna thaa, joe ingland key aadhikarik church seey asambandhit thaa. yeh vaha drishtikon thaa jiska samarthan mayflower teerthyatriyon ney kiya thaa.
gair-algavvadi shuddhatavad koo lekhak everate immerson dwara "ingland key church key sudhaar koo jaari rakhane aur puuraa karane key prayaas" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye joe ingland key heinry VIII key tahat shuru huaa thaa. sudhaar key baad, raani elizabeth ney angreji church key liye dou charam seemaon-calvinism aur kaitholikwad key beach ack beach kaa raasta chunaa. 
haalaanki, gair-algavvadi shuddhatavadi ingland key church mein sudhaar karna chaahte they taaki yeh mahadweep parr "sabse achche sudhaar kiye gaye churchon" key samaan hoe. aisaa karane key liye, unakaa irada sant key dinon key avalokan koo samaapt karna, biradari praapt karate samay cross aur ghutane tekane kaa sanket denaa aur mantriyon key liye adhishesh pahanane kii aavashyakta koo samaapt karna thaa. way church shasson koo badalana chaahte they, episcopacy parr presbyterianwad kaa samarthan karate hue.
puritan mahadvipiya sudhaarak theodor bezaa seey bahut prabhaavit they, aur unake chaar praathamik agende theh naitik parivartan kii maang karna; dharmanishtha key abhyaas kaa aagrah karna; prarthana pustakon, samarohon aur vastron key vipareet bible key isai dharm mein lautane kaa aagrah karna; aur sabt kii sakht maanyata. kapas ney inn chaaron prathaon koo apanaaya. trimurti key roop mein unhein thodi matra mein shuddhatavadi prabhaav praapt huaa; lekin emmanuel mein, master laurence chadderton key tahat shuddhatavadi prathaaen adhik dikhaai detee theen, jinamen gair-prarthana pustak sevaayen, koee adhishesh naheen pahane hue mantri aur ack mez key chaaron or communion diyaa jaa rhaa thaa.
shuddhatavadi andolan kaafee hudd taka iss dhaarana parr tikaa huaa thaa kii "prithvi parr ack pavitra rashtramandal sthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye."kapas ney joe sikhaaya aur jiss tarah seey unhone ise sikhaaya, usa parr iska mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa. unakaa maanana thaa kii bible kewal padhe jaane seey aatmaon koo naheen bachaa sakati. unake liye, dharm parivartan mein pahala kadam ishwar key vachan koo sunkar vyakti key "kathor hriday koo chubhana" thaa. iss sambandh mein, pavitravaad ney "prachaar key mahatva parr jore diyaa", jisamen munch parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa, jabaki kaitholikwad ney sanskaron parr jore diyaa jahaan dhyaan vedi parr thaa.
sent mein mantralaya. bottolph.
puritan johnn preston key dhaarmik roopaantaran kaa shreya kapas koo diyaa jaataa thaa. preston queens college mein ack raajneetik shakti bunn gaye they aur baad mein emmanuel key master bunn gaye they, aur unhone raajaa james kaa paksh liya thaa. apani college kii bhoomikaon mein, unhone kapas key saath rahane aur usase seekhane key liye chhatron kii ack sthir dhaara bheji, jisase kapas koo "dow. preston kaa masala pott."
jaba kapas sent parr aaya. 1612 mein, lagbhag 30 varshon seey gair-anuroopata kaa abhyaas kiya jaa rhaa thaa. phir bhee, unhone vahaan apane shuruati karyakal key dauran ingland key church kii prathaon key anuroop honey kaa prayaas kiya, jaba taka kii unaki antaratma ney unhein aisaa karane kii anumati naheen dee. isake baad unhone apani naee sthiti kaa bachaav karate hue likhaa jise unhone apane sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon key beach vitarit kiya.
samay key saath, kapas kaa prachaar itna prasiddh hoe gayaa aur unake vyakhyanon mein itani achchi tarah seey bhaag liya gayaa kii unake saptah mein teen vyakhyan jode gaye, samanya ravivaar subah key upadesh aur guruwar dopahar key vyakhyan key alawa. poore raajya mein puritance ney unake saath patrachar karane yaa unakaa sakshatkar karane kii maang kii, jisamen roser williams bhee shamil they, jinake saath baad mein unake sambandh tanaavpurna hoe gaye they. 1615 mein, kapas ney apane church key bheetar vishesh sevaaon kaa ayojan karna shuru kiya, jahan shuddhatavad koo isake sahee arthon mein abhyaas kiya jaa sakata thaa aur sthaapit church kii aakramak prathaon seey poori tarah seey bachaa jaa sakata thaa. kuchh sadasyon koo inn vaikalpik sevaaon seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa; way naraj hoe gaye aur unhone linken mein bishap kii adalat mein apani shikaayaten darj karaai. kapas koo nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin alderman thomas leavert ack appeal parr baatchit karane mein saksham they, jisake baad kapas koo bahaal curr diyaa gayaa thaa. leavert aur anya alderman dwara banaae gaye iss hastakshep ney anglican church key adhikaariyon seey kapas kii raksha karane mein safalata hassil kii, jisase vaha linken key chaar alag-alag bishaponh villium barlo, richard neel, george montegain aur johnn williams key tahat apane shuddhatavad key pathyakram koo banaae rakhane mein saksham hue.
sent mein kapas key karyakal key antim 12 varsh. bottolph kaa kharch williams key karyakal mein kiya gayaa thaa, joe ack sahishnu bishap they, jinake saath kapas apane gair-anuroopavaadi vichaaron key baare mein kaafee spasht hoe sakata thaa. kapas ney bishap key saath iss hudd taka sahmat hocker iss rishte koo poshit kiya kii jaba asahmat honey key liye majboor kiya jaataa haye tou unaki antaratma ney vinamra aur sahayogi honey kii anumati dee.
salaahkaar aur shikshak key roop mein bhoomika.
johnn cotton key jeevit patrachar seey 1620 key dashak aur 1630 key dashak key dauran apane church sahyogiyon key liye ack paadari salaahkaar key roop mein unake mahatva key vikas kaa pataa chalata haye. 
unake paramarsh kii maang karane vaalon mein yuva mantri they jinhone apane currier kii shuruat kii yaa kuchh sankat kaa saamana karna padaa. unake sahayak kii ichcha rakhane vaale anya loga puraane sahakarmi they, jinamen way loga bhee shamil they jinhone mahadweep parr prachaar karane key liye ingland chhod diyaa thaa. kapas ack anubhavi anubhavi bunn gayaa thaa jisane apane saathi mantriyon kii sahaayata kii, vishesh roop seey usa anuroopata key saath unake sangharsh mein joe sthaapit church dwara una parr majboor kiya gayaa thaa. unhone ingland aur videshon key mantriyon kii sahaayata kii, aur cambridge key kaee chhatron koo prashikshit bhee kiya.
mantri vibhinn prakaar key prashnon aur chintaon key saath kapas key paas aae. massachusets bey coloney mein apane aapravaasan seey pahale key varshon mein, unhone apane poorv cambridge chhaatr reverand ralf levet koo salah dee, joe 1625 mein surr villium aur lady fraans key niji paadari key roop mein sb cumm fenby, linkenshire mein seva curr rahey they. parivaar mantri key roop mein, levet ney iss majedar-premi parivaar key saath apane shuddh vishvaason koo sanrekhit karane key liye sangharsh kiya, joe nritya aur valentine bhaavanaon kaa adaan-pradaan karane kaa anand lete they. kapas kii salah thee kii valentines ack lottery kii tarah they aur "wein mein bhagwan key naam kaa ack grahan", halanki nritya sweekarya thaa, aggar ashisht tareeke seey naheen kiya gayaa thaa. levet margadarshan seey santusht they.
1625 mein charles pratham key raajaa banane key baad, puritan key liye sthiti badatar hoe gaee aur unamen seey adhik neetherland mein chaley gaye. charles apane pratidvandiyon key saath samjhauta naheen karenge, aur sansad mein puritance kaa varchasva hoe gayaa, jisake baad 1640 key dashak mein grih yuddh huaa. 
charles key adheen, ingland kaa church adhik aupchaarik pooja kii or laut gayaa, kaitholikwad key karib pahunch gayaa, aur kapas key baad calvinism key prati shatruta badh gaee. kapas key sahyogiyon koo unaki shuddhatavadi prathaon key liye uchch nyayalaya mein bulaaya jaa rhaa thaa, lekin vaha apane sahayak sahyogiyon aur sahanubhutipurna varishthon key saath-saath apane sulahakaari vyavhaar key kaaran panapata rhaa. 
ipeswitch key mantri saimuel ward ney tippani kii, "duniya key sabhi purushon key baare mein mujhe shree seey irshya haye. kapas, boston kaa, sabse adhik; kyonki vaha anuroopata key roop mein kuchh bhee naheen kartaa haye, aur phir bhee usey apani swatantrata haye, aur main sub kuchh usa tarah seey kartaa huun, aur main apana anand naheen leey sakata."
uttari americi upanivesh.
church key adhikaariyon seey bachane mein kapas kii safalata kii kamee vaale shuddh mantriyon key liye vikalp yaa tou bhoomigat jaanaa thaa yaa mahadweep parr ack algavvadi church banaana thaa. haalaanki, 1620 key dashak key anta mein, ack aur vikalp ubhara kyonki america ney upanivesh key liye kholna shuru curr diyaa. iss naee sambhavana key saath, boston key paas tattershall mein ack staging kshetra sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe linken key chauthe earl theophilus clinton kii seat thee. 
1629 mein johnn andicot kii company key liye mantri banane key liye skelton key ingland chhodane seey pahale, kapas aur earl key paadari, saimuel skelton ney vyaapak roop seey sammaanit kiya. kapas ney algavvad kaa dridhata seey virodh kiya, jisake tahat nyu ingland yaa mahadvipiya europe mein navgathit churchon ney ingland key church yaa mahadvipiya sudhaar churchon key saath sahabhagita seey incar curr diyaa. iss kaaran seey, vaha yeh jaankar pareshan thaa kii naumkeg (baad mein salem, massachusets) mein skelton key church ney iss tarah key algavvad kaa vikalp chunaa thaa aur nae aaney vaale upaniveshvadiyon koo samudaay kii peshkash karane seey incar curr diyaa thaa. 
vishesh roop seey, unhein yeh jaankar dukh huaa kii unake dost aur boston (linkenshire) key paadari villium codington koo apane bachche koo bapatisma dene kii anumati naheen thee "kyonki vaha kissy vishesh sudhaar church kaa sadasya naheen thaa, halanki catholic" (saarvbhaumik) kaa thaa.
julaai 1629 mein, cotton ney linkenshire key sempringham mein deshantar key liye ack yojana sammelan mein bhaag liya. bhavishya key nae ingland key upaniveshvaadi jinhone yojana mein bhaag liya, way they thomas hooker, roser williams, johnn winthrop aur emmanuel downing. kapas ney kaee aur varshon taka desh naheen chhoda, halanki unhone winthrop kii party key liye vidaai upadesh kaa prachaar karane key liye southampton kii yatra kii. 
kapas key hajaaron updeshon mein seey, yeh sabse pahale prakaashit honey vaalaa upadesh thaa. unhone una logon koo bhee samarthan dene kii peshkash kii joe pahale hii ravaana hoe chuke they, aur unhone 1630 key ack patra mein bhojan key ack dundey kii vyavastha kii jise codington koo bheja jaanaa thaa joe naumkeg mein thaa.
raaste mein nae ingland key upaniveshvadiyon koo dekhane key turant baad, kapas aur unaki patni donon maleria seey gambhir roop seey beemar hoe gaye. way lagbhag ack saal taka linken key earl key jagir ghar mein rahey; vaha antatah thheek hoe gayaa, lekin usaki patni kii mrityu hoe gaee. unhone apani swaasthya praapti koo puuraa karane key liye yatra karane kaa faisala kiya aur aisaa karate hue, way poore ingland mein puritance key saamane aaney vaale khatron key baare mein adhik jagrook hoe gaye. 
nathaniel ward ney disambar 1631 mein kapas koo likhe ack patra mein adalat mein apane saman key baare mein likhaa, jisamen ullekh kiya gayaa thaa kii thomas hooker pahale hii assex seey bhaag gayaa thaa aur holland chalaa gayaa thaa. yeh patra inn mantriyon key saamane aaney vaali "bhaavnaatmak peedaa" kaa pratinidhi haye, aur ward ney ise "alvida" key roop mein likhaa, yeh jaanate hue kii unhein apane mantralaya seey hataa diyaa jaayega. kapas aur ward nyu ingland mein phir seey mille.
ingland seey udaan.
6 aprail 1632 koo, sooti ney vidhwa sarah (baaz) seey shaadi kii, jisaki ack betty thee. isake turant baad unhein yeh soochana millie kii unhein unaki gair-anuroop prathaon key liye uchch nyayalaya mein talab kiya jaanaa thaa. ward seey patra milane key baad yeh ack saal seey bhee cumm samay thaa. kapas ney dorset key earl koo usaki or seey madhyasthata karane key liye kahaa, lekin earl ney vaapas likhaa kii gair-anuroopata aur shuddhatavad akshamya aparaadh they, aur kapas seey kahaa kii "aapako apani suraksha key liye udanaa chaahiye."
landan key bishap villium laude key saamane kapas dikhaai denaa thaa, joe shuddhatavadi prathaon koo dabaane key abhiyaan parr they. abb usey lagaa kii uska sabse achchha vikalp bhoomigat shuddhikaran mein gayab honah thaa, aur phir vahaan seey apani kaarravaai kaa nirnay lena thaa. 
octuber 1632 mein, unhone apani patni koo chhipkar ack patra likhaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii unaki achchi tarah seey dekhbhal kii jaa rahee haye, lekin aggar vaha unake saath shamil honey kaa prayaas karati haye tou unakaa anusaran kiya jaayega. dou pramukh puritan chhipkar unase milane aaeh thomas goodwin aur johnn devenport. donon loga usey yeh samajhaane key liye aae kii sambhaavit karawas seey nipatane key bajaay sthaapit church key anuroop honah usake liye sweekarya hoga. 
isake bajaay, kapas ney inn donon logon koo aage gair-anuroopata mein majboor curr diyaa; goodwin 1643 mein westminster vidhansabha mein swatantra (mandaliwadi) kii aavaaj bunn gaye, jabaki devenport kapas key dharamshasit sarkaar key model kaa upayog karate hue america mein puritan nyu haven coloney key sansthaapak bunn gaye. yeh kapas kaa prabhaav thaa jisane unhein "mandali key netaaon mein sabse mahatvapurna" banaa diyaa, aur baad mein presbyterians dwara hamalon key liye ack pramukh lakshya banaa diyaa.
chhipate samay, kapas ack bhoomigat shuddh network mein ghoomata thaa, kabhi-kabhi northamptonshire, surre aur landan key aspas key vibhinn sthaanon mein rahata thaa. unhone kaee gair-anurupatavadiyon kii tarah holland jaane parr vichaar kiya, jisase raajneetik sthiti anukool honey parr ingland mein jaldi vaapsee kii anumati millie aur iss bhavna koo shaant kiya kii jald hii ack "mahaan sudhaar" honey vaalaa haye. haalaanki, saathi mantri thomas hooker seey nakaratmak pratikriya key kaaran, joe pahale vahaan gaye they, unhone jald hii holland koo baahar curr diyaa.
massachusets bey coloney key sadasyon ney kapas kii udaan key baare mein sunaa aur unhein patra bhejkar nyu ingland aaney kaa aagrah kiya. mahaan shuddh paadari mein seey koee bhee vahaan naheen gayaa thaa, aur usey lagaa kii ingland kii sthiti key anusaar yeh usey bahut door leey jaayegi. 
isake bavjood, unhone 1633 key vasant taka desh chhodane kaa nirnay liya aur 7 maee koo bishap williams koo ack patra likhaa, jisamen unhone sent mein apane laabh seey istifa dey diyaa. bottolph aur bishap koo unake lachilepan aur komalata key liye dhanyavaad. garmiyon taka, vaha apani patni key saath phir seey mill gayaa thaa, aur dampati ney kent key tata parr apana raasta banaa liya. juuna yaa julaai 1633 mein, 48 varsheeya kapas apani patni aur sauteli betty key saath, saathi mantriyon thomas hooker aur saimuel stone key saath jahaaj "griffin" mein savaar huaa. board parr edward hutchinson bhee they, joe annie hutchinson key sabse badey bete they, joe apane chaacha edward key saath yatra curr rahey they. kapas kii patni ney yatra key dauran apane bete koo janm diyaa, aur unhone uska naam samudri janm rakhaa. ingland seey prasthaan karane key athaarah maheene baad, kapas ney likhaa kii desh chhodane kaa unakaa nirnay karna mushkil naheen thaa; unhone paaya kii ack nae desh mein prachaar karna "ack ghrinit jail mein baithane" seey kaheen adhik behtar thaa."
nyu ingland.
kapas key jeevanikaar larzer ziff key anusaar, kapas aur thomas hooker nyu ingland aaney vaale pahale prakhyaat mantri they. sitambar 1633 mein unake aagaman parr massachusets bey coloney mein boston mein church key dou mantriyon mein seey ack key roop mein kapas kaa khule taur parr swaagat kiya gayaa thaa, jise governor winthrop dwara vyaktigat roop seey coloney mein aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa. ziff likhate hain, "yeh kewal upayukt thaa, adhikansh ney mahsoos kiya, kii coloney mein sabse pratishthit upadeshak pramukh shahar mein sthit honah chaahiye."isake alawa, kaee loga joe boston, linkenshire seey aae they, boston, massachusets mein buss gaye they.
1630 key dashak kaa boston sabhaghar chhota aur khidki rahit thaa, jisamen mitty kii deevaaren aur ack chhappardaar chhat thee-sent key vishal aur aramdayak church mein kapas key poorv parivesh seey bahut alag. bottolph. ack baar unake nae church mein sthaapit honey key baad, haalaanki, unake susamachar prachaar key utsaah ney ack dhaarmik punrutthan mein yogdan diyaa, aur pichhale varsh kii tulanaa mein paadari mein unake pahale chhah maheenon key dauran adhik dharmaantaran hue. unhein coloney mein agrani buddhijivi key roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee aur way pahale mantri hain jinhone nyu ingland mein sahasrabdi key vishay kaa prachaar kiya thaa. vaha nae church rajneeti key liye pravakta bhee baney jinhen mandaliwad key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
mandalivaadiyon ney bahut dridhata seey mahsoos kiya kii vyaktigat mandaliyaan vaastavik church theen, jabaki ingland kaa church bible kii shikshaon seey bahut door bhatak gayaa thaa. puritan netaa johnn winthrop 1630 mein winthrop bede key saath salem pahunche, lekin mantri saimuel skelton ney unhein soochit kiya kii lords dinner key utsav mein unakaa swaagat naheen kiya jaayega aur unake bachchon koo skelton church mein bapatisma naheen diyaa jaayega kyonki winthrop key ingland key church key saath sambandh haye. 
kapas shuru mein iss kaarravaai seey naraj thaa aur chintit thaa kii salem mein puritan algavvadi bunn gaye they, jaisa kii teerthyatriyon ney kiya thaa. haalaanki, kapas antatah skelton key saath sahmat hoe gayaa aur nishkarsh nikala kii kewal vaastavik church swaayatt, vyaktigat mandaliyaan theen, aur koee vaidh uchch church shakti naheen thee.
roser williams key saath sambandh.
apane nae ingland karyakal kii shuruat mein, roser williams koo salem church mein unaki gatividhi key liye dekhaa jaane lagaa. iss church kii sthaapana 1629 mein hui thee aur 1630 taka pahale seey hii ack algavvadi church bunn gayaa thaa, jaba isane massachusets mein aaney parr johnn winthrop aur unaki patni key saath sahabhagita seey incar curr diyaa thaa; isane samudra mein paida hue bachche koo bhee bapatisma dene seey incar curr diyaa thaa. villiamus maee 1631 mein boston pahunche aur unhein boston church mein shikshak key pada kii peshkash kii gaee, lekin unhone iss prastaav koo aswikar curr diyaa kyonki church ingland key church seey paryaapt roop seey alag naheen thaa. unhone boston church key sadasya banane seey bhee incar curr diyaa, lekin francis higginson kii mrityu key baad maee 1631 taka unhein salem mein shikshak key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa.
williams kii gair-anuroopata aur dharmanishtha donon key liye pratishtha thee, halanki itihaaskaar everate immerson ney unhein ack "gadfly" kahaa, jisake prashansaniya vyaktigat guna ack asahaj pratima key saath mishrit they. boston key mantri johnn willson 1632 mein apani patni koo lene key liye ingland laut aae, aur williams ney unaki anupasthiti key dauran phir seey bharane key nimantran koo aswikar curr diyaa. williams key vishisht dhaarmik vichaar they, aur algavvad aur dhaarmik sahishnuta key muddon parr unake saath kapas key matbhed they. williams kuchh samay key liye plymouth gaye they, lekin salem laut aae, aur unaki mrityu parr salem key mantri saimuel skelton kii jagah lene key liye unhein bulaaya gayaa.
salem mein apane karyakal key dauran, williams ney ingland key church key saath sambandh banaae rakhane vaalon koo "apurniya" maanaa aur unase alag honey key liye prerit kiya. unhein sthaaniya magistrate johnn andicot dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone murtipuja key prateek key roop mein angreji dhwaj seey cross koo hataane key liye itna aage badh gaye. natijatan, andicot koo maee 1635 mein ack saal key liye magistrate seey roque diyaa gayaa thaa, aur dou maheene baad massachusets adalat ney atirikt bhoomi key liye salem kii yachika koo aswikar curr diyaa kyonki williams vahaan mantri they. 
williams koo jald hii massachusets coloney seey nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa; iss mudde parr kapas seey paramarsh naheen kiya gayaa thaa, lekin phir bhee unhone williams koo likhaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii nirvaasan kaa kaaran "church aur raajya kii shaanti koo baadhit karane key liye williams key siddhanton kii pravritti thee."williams koo massachusets magistrate dwara ingland vaapas bheja jaanaa thaa, lekin isake bajaay vaha jangal mein fisal gayaa, sardiyon koo seaconk key paas bitaaya aur agale vasant mein naragonset khaadi key paas providence bagan sthaapit kiye. ack itihaaskaar key anusaar, unhone antatah kapas koo massachusets khaadi coloney key liye "mukhya pravakta" aur "apani samasyaon kaa srot" maanaa. 
1636 mein kapas selam mein gayaa jahan usane mandali koo ack upadesh diyaa. unakaa lakshya paadari varg key saath shaanti sthaapit karna thaa, lekin unhein williams aur kaee anya logon dwara samarthit algavvadi siddhant key khatron key roop mein samajhane key liye bhee raaji karna thaa.
antinomian vivaad.
kapas key dharamshastra ney samarthan kiya kii ack vyakti apane swayam key moksh koo prabhaavit karane mein asahaay haye, aur isake bajaay poori tarah seey bhagwan kii mukt kripa parr nirbhar haye. isake vipareet, ingland key anya nae mantri "taiyari karane vaale" they, joe iss vichaar kaa samarthan karate they kii ishwar key moksh key liye ack vyakti koo taiyar karane key liye naitikta aur achche karyon kii aavashyakta thee. cotton key boston church key adhikansh sadasya annie hutchinson sahit unake dharamshastra kii or bahut aakarshit hue. vaha ack karishmai mahila theen jinhone kapas key updeshon parr charcha karane key liye harr saptah apane ghar mein 60 yaa usase adhik logon kii mejbani kii, lekin coloney key anya mantriyon kii aalochana karane key liye bhee. kapas key dharamshastra kaa ack aur atyadhik mahatvapurna samarthak coloney key yuva governor heinry wein they, jinhone kapas key ghar parr ack atirikt nirmaan kiya thaa, jahan way boston mein apane samay key dauran rahate they. hutchinson aur wein ney kapas kii shikshaon kaa paalan kiya, lekin donon key kuchh vichaar bhee they jinhen aparamparaagat aur yahaan taka kii kattarpanthi bhee maanaa jaataa thaa.
johnn wheelright, hutchinson key ack behnoi, 1636 mein nyu ingland pahunche; way coloney mein ekmatra anya divya they jinhone kapas key mukt anugrah dharamshastra koo saajha kiya. thomas shapered neutown (joe cambridge, massachusets bunn gayaa) key mantri they. unhone 1636 key vasant key shuru mein hii kapas koo patra likhana shuru curr diyaa, jisamen unhone kapas key prachaar aur apane boston paadari varg key beach paae jaane vaale kuchh aparamparaagat vichaaron key baare mein chinta vyakt kii. shapered ney apane updeshon key dauran apane nae shahar kii mandali key liye iss aparamparagatata kii aalochana karna shuru curr diyaa.
hutchinson aur anya swatantra anugrah adhivaktaon ney lagaatar coloney mein roodhivaadi mantriyon seey poochtaachh kii, unaki aalochana kii aur unhein chunauti dee. mantriyon aur magistrates ney dhaarmik ashanti koo mahsoos karna shuru curr diyaa, aur johnn winthrop ney 21 octuber 1636 key aspas apani patrika mein ack pravishti key saath agami sankat kii pahali saarvajanik chetavani dee, jisamen vikaasheel sthiti koo hutchinson parr dosh diyaa gayaa.
25 octuber 1636 koo, saat mantri kapas key ghar parr vikaasheel kalah kaa saamana karane key liye ekatra hue, ack niji sammelan aayojit kiya jisamen hutchinson aur boston church key anya aam netaa shamil they. dharamshastriya matbhedon key sambandh mein kuchh samjhauta kiya gayaa thaa, aur kapas ney anya mantriyon koo "santushti dee", "isaliye jaise vaha pavitrikaran key bindu parr una sabhi key saath sahmat hue, aur shree ney bhee kiya. wheel raait; jaise kii way sabhi maanate they, usa pavitrikaran ney saboot key auchitya mein madad kii."samjhauta alpakaalik thaa, aur kapas, hutchinson aur unake samarthakon parr kaee pakhandon kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen virodhi aur parivaarvaad shamil they. antinomianism kaa arth haye "kaanoon key khilaf yaa virodh" aur dharamshastriya roop seey iska arth haye kii ack vyakti khud koo kissy bhee naitik yaa aadhyatmik kaanoon kaa paalan karane key liye baadhya naheen maanata haye. parivaarvaad kaa naam 16veen shatabdi key ack sampradaay key liye rakhaa gayaa haye jise prem kaa parivaar kahaa jaataa haye; yeh sikhaata haye kii ack vyakti pavitra aatma key tahat bhagwan key saath ack poorna sangh praapt curr sakata haye, paap aur isake liye jimmedaari donon seey swatantrata key saath. hutchinson, wheelright aur wein roodhivaadi party key virodhi they, lekin coloney key anya mantriyon seey kapas key dhaarmik matbhed vivaad key kendra mein they.
sardiyon taka, dharamshastriya matbhed itna mahaan hoe gayaa thaa kii samanya adalat ney 19 janwari 1637 koo upvaas key ack dinn key liye coll kiya taaki coloney kii kathinaaiyon key samadhan key liye prarthana kii jaa sakey. usa subah kapas ney boston church mein ack sulah upadesh kaa prachaar kiya, lekin wheelright ney dopahar mein ack upadesh kaa prachaar kiya joe shuddh paadari varg key vichaar mein "nindaniya aur shararat koo ukasaane vaalaa" thaa. halanki, kapas ney iss upadesh koo "galat tareeke seey salah dee gaee" maanaa... samagri mein paryaapt vaidh."
1637 kii ghatanaaen.
march taka, raajneetik jwaar mukt anugrah adhivaktaon key khilaf honey lagaa. wheel raait parr unake upvaas key upadesh key liye avamaanana aur rajdroh kaa mukadama chalaaya gayaa aur doshi thaharaaya gayaa, lekin unhein abhee taka sajaa naheen sunai gaee thee. johnn winthrop ney maee 1637 mein heinry wein koo governor key roop mein pratisthaapit kiya, aur anya sabhi boston magistrate jinhone hutchinson aur wheelright kaa samarthan kiya, unhein pada seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa. wheelright koo adalat mein nirvaasan kii sajaa sunai gaee thee, joe 2 navambar 1637 koo bulaai gaee thee aur 14 dinon key bheetar coloney chhodane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa.
annie hutchinson koo 15 march 1638 koo boston baithak ghar mein paadari aur mandali key saamane laaya gayaa thaa. kaee dharamshastriya trutiyon kii ack soochi prastut kii gaee thee, jinamen seey chaar koo nau ghante key satra key dauran sambodhit kiya gayaa thaa. phir kapas koo usake prashansak koo chetavani dene kii asahaj sthiti mein rakhaa gayaa. unhone kahaa, "main bhagwan kii mahima key liye yeh kahoonga kii aapke paas hamaare beach kuchh achchha karane kaa ack saadhan haye... usane aapako ack tej ashanka, ack taiyar bayaan aur bhagwan key kaaran mein khud koo vyakt karane kii kshamata dee haye."
yeh kahane key saath, yeh mantriyon kaa bhaari nishkarsh thaa kii hutchinson kii aswasthyakar maanyataaen kissy bhee achche seey adhik theen joe unhone kiya hoga aur unhone samudaay key aadhyatmik kalyan koo khatare mein daal diyaa. kapas jaari rahah
aap tark seey butch naheen sakate... joe stree-purush samudaay kii gandi baat haye aur binaa kissy bhedbhaav yaa vivaah key sambandh key purushon aur stree-purush key saath aaney vaale sabhi aswachh aur gandi cheezen, anivarya roop seey iska paalan karengi... haalaanki merey paas jhund naheen haye, lekin mujhe lagata haye kii aapke pati key saath usaki vivaah vaacha mein aapke liye kuchh bhee naheen haye, phir bhee vaha uska paalan karega.
yahaan kapas hutchinson key dhaarmik vichaaron aur virodhi aur parivarvadiyon key vichaaron kaa sandarbh dey rhaa thaa, joe sikhaata thaa kii ack isai naitik sakhti kaa paalan karane key liye koee baadhyata key tahat naheen haye. phir unhone nishkarsh nikaalah
isaliye, main aapako nasihat detaa huun, aur aapako chaa [rist] jey [sus] key naam parr bhee aarop lagaata huun, jisaki jagah main khadaa huun... kii aap dukh seey bhagwan key nyaaypurna haath parr vichaar karenge, aapane churchon koo joe bahut chot pahunchaai haye, aap jiss mahaan upman koo laae hain, aur joe aap kaee logon key liye kiya haye.
kapas ney abhee taka apane paadari koo naheen chhoda thaa, aur hutchinson koo apane ghar parr saptah bitaane kii anumati dee gaee thee, jahan haal hii mein aae reverand johnn devenport bhee reh rahey they. poore saptah donon mantriyon ney unake saath kaam kiya, aur unaki dekhrekh mein unhone apane aparamparaagat vichaaron kaa aupchaarik punarkathan likhaa thaa. guruwar, 22 march koo agali baithak mein, vaha khadee hui aur mandali key saamane apana bhaashan padhaa, yeh sweekaar karate hue kii vaha apane kaee vishvaason key baare mein galat thee. haalaanki, mantriyon ney apani jaanch jaari rakhee, jisake dauran vaha apani dhaarmik sthiti key baare mein jhooth bolane luggy-aur uska puuraa bachaav ujagar hoe gayaa. iss bindu parr, kapas ney sanket diyaa kii usane usey chhod diyaa haye, aur usake saathi mantri johnn willson ney bahishkaar kaa adesh padhaa.
isake baad.
kapas iss vivaad mein gaharaai seey shamil thaa kyonki unake dharamshastriya vichaar nyu ingland key anya mantriyon seey alag they, aur unhein apane saathi mantriyon key prati sulah karate hue hutchinson kaa samarthan karane key prayaas mein nuksan uthaana padaa. phir bhee, unake kuchh anuyaayi unake ekvachan siddhant koo leey rahey they aur ise shuddh roodhivaad seey parey leey jaa rahey they. kapas ney ingland mein apane bhaaiyon key saath samvaad karate samay aupaniveshik kalah key roop koo cumm karane kaa prayaas kiya. upaniveshvadiyon key ack samooh ney farwari 1637 mein ingland kii vaapsee kii yatra kii, aur kapas ney unhein yeh bataane key liye kahaa kii vivaad bhagwan kii kripa koo badhaane key baare mein thaa, ack paksh manushya key bheetar kii kripa parr kendrit thaa, doosara paksh manushya key prati anugrah parr kendrit thaa, aur yeh kii nayaa ingland abhee bhee nae upaniveshvadiyon key liye ack achchi jagah thee.
kapas ney baad mein apane patrachar mein kuchh ghatnaaon kaa saransh diyaa. ack patra mein unhone kahaa kii "kattarpanthi awazon ney jaanboojhkar apani pratishtha key peechhe khud koo sharan dee". march 1638 mein hartford mein saimuel stone koo likhe ack patra mein, unhone hutchinson aur anya logon koo una logon key roop mein sandarbhit kiya joe "vishvaas aur dharm koo bhrasht aur nasht curr dete, aggar way samay parr naheen khoj paate." 
iss vishay parr unakaa sabse poorna bayaan aprail 1640 mein wheel raait koo likhe ack lambe patra mein dikhaai diyaa, jisamen unhone una viphaltaon kii sameeksha kii joe donon ney vivaad key vikasit honey key saath kii theen. unhone yeh naa samajhane mein apani viphalata parr charcha kii kii unaki mandali key sadasya jaanboojhkar unake dhaarmik vichaaron seey parey kiss hudd taka gaye, vishesh roop seey villium espinwall aur johnn cogshall kii visham roodhivaadi raay kaa ullekh karate hue. unhone sujhaav diyaa kii wheelright koo hutchinson aur coggatial kii baaton kaa saar samajh lena chaahiye thaa.
vivaad kii garmi key dauran, kapas ney nae swarg mein jaane parr vichaar kiya, lekin unhone pahali baar agast 1637 mein sweekaar kiya kii unake kuchh paadari aparamparaagat raay rakh rahey they, aur anya mantri unake anuyaayiyon key baare mein apane vichaaron mein sahee hoe sakate hain. kuchh magistrate aur church key bujurgon ney usey niji taur parr bataaya kii boston seey uska prasthaan sabse avaanchhit hoga, aur jaba usane apane saathi mantriyon key saath sulah karane kaa ack tarika dekhaa tou usane boston mein rahane kaa faisala kiya.
vivaad key baad, kapas ney kuchh logon key saath baatchit jaari rakhee joe aquidneck dweep (usa samay rode dweep kahaa jaataa thaa) gaye they. inn samvaaddaataon mein seey ack linkenshire key unake dost villium codington they. codington ney likhaa kii unhone aur unaki patni ney sunaa thaa kii vivaad samaapt honey key baad seey kapas kaa prachaar naatakiya roop seey badal gayaa thaah "aggar hamein pataa naheen thaa kii unhone kyaa rakhaa thaa, tou humm naheen jaanate they kii unhein kaise samajhana haye."codington ney taba kapas key sujhaavon koo vikshepit kiya kii vaha apane kuchh vichaaron aur" "nirnay mein trutiyon" "mein sudhaar karate hain. 1640 mein, boston church ney kuchh dooton koo jalmarg parr bheja, lekin unhein kharaab tareeke seey praapt kiya gayaa. annie key ack bete, yuva francis hutchinson ney boston church seey apani sadasyata vaapas lene kaa prayaas kiya, lekin unake anurodh koo kapas dwara aswikar curr diyaa gayaa.
kapas ney apane nirvaasan key adesh koo hataane mein wheel raait kii madad karane mein ruchi jaari rakhee. 1640 key vasant mein, unhone wheel raait koo iss baare mein vivaran key saath likhaa kii unhein samanya adalat koo ack patra kaise likhana chaahiye. halanki, wheel raait ney joe galati sooti ney kii thee, usey sweekaar karane key liye abhee taka taiyar naheen thaa, aur isase pahale kii vaha adalat key liye apane nirvaasan koo uthaane key liye paryaapt galat kaam sweekaar curr sakey, chaar saal aur beet gaye.
vivaad key dauran kapas key kuchh kathor aalochak iss ghatana key baad unake saath sulah karane mein saksham they. hutchinson key bahishkaran key ack saal baad, thomas dudley ney roxbury church mein ack aam aadami, villium denison koo paramarsh dene key liye kapas kii sahaayata kaa anurodh kiya. 1646 mein, thomas shapered sabt key baare mein apani pustak "thesses subbatic" parr kaam curr rahey they aur unhone kapas kii raay maangi.
currier mein dair.
kapas ney apane paadari aur apane saathi mantriyon donon key liye dharamshastra parr shikshak aur adhikaar key roop mein kaary kiya. udaaharan key liye, unhone 1635 seey 1650 taka concard mantri peater balkale key saath ack lamba patrachar banaae rakhaa. kapas koo likhe apane patron mein, balkale ney apani mandali seey utpann honey vaali chunautipurna sthitiyon key saath-saath saiddhaantik kathinaaiyon key liye madad kaa anurodh kiya. plymouth mantri johnn rains aur unake sattaaroodh badey villium brooster ney bhee kapas kii peshevar salah maangi. 
isake alawa, kapas ney atlantic mein mantriyon aur aam logon key saath ack vyaapak patrachar jaari rakhaa, iss kaam koo isai ekataa kaa samarthan karane key roop mein dekhaa joe prerit paul ney bibil key samay mein kiya thaa.
nyu ingland mein kapas kii utkrishtata ney usey pratibimbit kiya jiska unhone linkenshire mein anand liya, halanki donon duniyaon key beach kuchh ullekhaniya antar they. linkenshire mein, unhone ack badey patthar key church mein darshakon koo prachaar kiya, jabaki nyu ingland mein unhone ack chhote seey lakadi key frame vaale church mein chhote samoohon koo prachaar kiya. vaha ingland mein badey paimaane parr yatra karane mein saksham they, aur saal mein cumm seey cumm ack baar apane mool shahar derby kaa daura bhee karate they. isake vipareet, unhone nyu ingland mein bahut cumm yatra kii. vaha kabhi-kabhi concard yaa linn mein mandaliyon kaa daura karate they, lekin aksar unake paas anya mantri aur aam loga aatey they joe unake guruwar key vyakhyanon mein aatey they. unhone yuva vidvaanon koo margadarshan denaa jaari rakhaa, jaisa kii unhone ingland mein kiya thaa, lekin shuruati nyu ingland mein bahut cumm they.
church kii rajneeti.
antinomian vivaad seey pahale aur baad mein kapas kaa sevan karane vaale pramukh muddon mein seey ack nyu ingland churchon kii sarkaar yaa rajneeti thee. 1636 taka, unhone sampradayik sangathan key roop mein buss gaye they joe "nae ingland churchon kaa maarg" bunn gayaa thaa; chhah saal baad, unhone ise mandaliwad naam diyaa. kapas kii yojana mein adhik padaanukramit rajneeti key saath presbyterianwad key vipareet, bheetar seey shaasit swatantra church shamil they, jisake ingland mein kaee samarthak they. donon pranaaliyan ingland key sthaapit church kii episcopal rajneeti mein sudhaar kaa ack prayaas thee.
mandaliwad koo "nyu ingland way" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, joe kii bachaaye gaye vishvaasiyon taka seemit sadasyata aur sarkaar key mamalon mein anya sabhi churchon seey alag honey parr adharit thaa. mandaliwadi chaahte they kii pratyek church kaa apana shasson hoe, lekin way aam taur parr ingland key church seey alag honey kaa virodh karate they. puritance ney ingland key church koo sachcha church key roop mein dekhana jaari rakhaa, lekin bheetar seey sudhaar kii aavashyakta thee. 
nyu ingland mein dharmanishtha, shiksha aur sanyam key gunon key saath, massachusets puritance key liye cotton "mukhya sahayak" bunn gayaa. unaki kaee pustaken aur unake adhikansh patrachar church kii rajneeti seey sambandhit they, aur iss vishay parr unake pramukh updeshon mein seey ack 1636 mein unakaa "selam mein upadesh" thaa, joe church mein diyaa gayaa thaa jise roser williams koo nishkaasit karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. cotton williams key algavvadi vichaaron seey asahmat they, aur unhone ummeed jataai thee kii way nirvaasan seey pahale unhein apani galatiyon key baare mein samajhaayenge. salem mein unakaa upadesh salem church koo angreji church seey alag honey kii or aage badhane seey rokane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. unhone mahsoos kiya kii church aur raajya koo ack hudd taka alag honah chaahiye lekin way ghanishth roop seey sambandhit honey chaahiye. unhone raajya key liye sabse achchha sangathan maanaa joe puraane vasiyatname seey ack bibil model thaa. unhone loktantra koo massachusets sarkaar key liye ack vikalp key roop mein naheen dekhaa, lekin isake bajaay mahsoos kiya kii ack ishwartantra sabse achchha model hoga. inn mamalon mein roser williams kapas seey dridhata seey asahmat they.
puritance ney 1640 key dashak kii shuruat mein angreji sansad parr niyantran hassil curr liya, aur angreji church key liye rajneeti kaa mudda poore ingland aur usake upaniveshon mein mandaliyon key liye pramukh mahatva kaa thaa. iss mudde koo sambodhit karane key liye, westminster vidhansabha 1643 mein bulaai gaee thee. wiscount kahate hain aur chayan ney sansad key anya sadasyon key saath nyu ingland mein pravaas karane kii apani yojanaon koo samaapt curr diyaa thaa. unhone nyu ingland mein cotton, hooker aur devenport koo likhaa, "unase ingland lautane kaa aagrah kiya, jahan westminster vidhansabha key sadasyon key roop mein unaki aavashyakta thee. teenon mein seey koee bhee baithak mein shamil naheen huaa, jahaan sadasyon kaa bhaari bahumat presbyterian thaa aur kewal mutthi bhar swatantra (mandali) hiton kaa pratinidhitva karate they. ektarafa sankhya key bavjood, kapas koo bhaag lene mein dilchaspi thee, halanki johnn winthrop ney hooker key havaale seey kahaa kii vaha teen purushon key saath sahmat honey key liye 3,000 meal kii yatra karane kaa bindu naheen dekh sakata thaa."kapas ney bhaag lene key baare mein apana munn badal liya kyonki pahale angreji grihyuddh kii or leey jaane vaali ghatanaaen saamane aaney lageen, aur unhone faisala kiya kii way apane lekhan key madhyam seey sabhaa parr adhik prabhaav daal sakate hain.
1644 mein prakaashit kapas kii pustak "dha keys off dha kingdam off haven" ney naee ingland kii pratikriya koo sweekaar kiya. yeh kapas kaa prayaas thaa kii vaha sabhaa koo ingland mein church kii rajneeti key saamoohik tareeke koo apanaane key liye raaji karey, jise angreji mantriyon thomas goodwin aur phillip naai dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa. isamen, kapas raajya shasson parr unake kuchh vichaaron koo prakat kartaa haye. "loktantra kii main kalpana naheen kartaa kii kabhi bhee bhagwan ney church yaa rashtramandal key liye ack upayukt sarkaar key roop mein niyukt kiya thaa."loktantra key khilaf inn vichaaron key bavjood, baad mein uttari america mein angreji upaniveshon key loktantrikaran mein mandaliwad mahatvapurna hoe gayaa. church kii rajneeti parr iss kaam kaa adhikansh presbyterian key drishtikon parr koee prabhaav naheen padaa, lekin isane presbyterian johnn owen key rukh koo badal diyaa, joe baad mein 1660 mein angreji rajshahi kii bahaali mein swatantra party key netaa baney. owen koo pahale olivar cromwell dwara oxford key kulpati key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa.
mandaliwad nyu ingland kii sthaapit church rajneeti thee, lekin isake virodhi dharm-sanrakshkon key beach they, jinamen baptist, saadhak, parivaar aur anya sampradaay shamil they. antinomian vivaad key baare mein johnn winthrop kii "laghu kahani" 1644 mein prakaashit hui thee, aur isane presbyterian pravakta robbert bellie koo 1645 mein "usa samay kii galatiyon key khilaf ack apshabd" prakaashit karane key liye prerit kiya. ack presbyterian mantri key roop mein, bellie ney mandaliwad kii aalochana kii aur apane lekhan mein kapas koo lakshit kiya. unhone mandaliwad koo "ashaastriya aur avyavahaarik" maanaa, aur kapas key vichaaron aur aacharan koo "asthir" maanaa."
bellie key prati kapas kii pratikriya 1648 mein prakaashit "mandali churchon key maarg koo saaf karane" kii thee. yeh kaam kapas key baare mein adhik vyaktigat vichaaron koo saamane laataa haye, vishesh roop seey antinomian vivaad key sambandh mein. vaha sweekaar karate hain kii naa tou mandaliwad aur naa hii presbyterianwad dusare key kshetra mein pramukh bunn jaayega, lekin vaha church kii rajneeti key donon roopon koo dharm-virodhi logon kaa mukabala karane mein mahatvapurna key roop mein dekhate hain. iss kaam kaa sankshipt doosara bhaag presbyterian mantriyon saimuel rutherford aur daniel coudrey dwara kii gaee aalochana kaa jawab thaa. billy ney rutherford key saath milkar iss kaam key liye ack aur pratikriya dee, aur iss kapas ney 1650 mein apane kaam "church-sadasyon key pavitrata" mein apana antim khandan kiya.
synod aur cambridge assembly.
ingland mein westminster vidhansabha key baad, nae ingland key mantriyon ney cambridge mein harvard college mein naee ingland kii upaniveshon mein presbyterianwad key mudde koo sambodhit karate hue apani khud kii ack baithak aayojit kii. kapas aur hooker ney madhyasth key roop mein kaam kiya. teen saal baad sitambar 1646 mein cambridge mein ack sabhaa kaa ayojan kiya gayaa taaki "church sarkaar kaa ack model" taiyar kiya jaa sakey. vyaapaar key sanchaalan key liye niyukt teen mantri kapas, richard mather aur ralf teetar they. isake parinamswarup cambridge platform naamak ack bayaan aaya joe kapas aur mather key lekhan seey bahut adhik aakarshit huaa. iss munch koo nyu ingland mein adhikansh churchon dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa aur 1648 mein massachusets general court dwara iska samarthan kiya gayaa thaa; isane church rajneeti kii mandaliwadi vidhi kaa ack aadhikarik bayaan bhee pradaan kiya jise "nyu ingland way" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
roser williams key saath bahas.
cotton ney 1635 mein unake nirvaasan key turant baad roser williams koo ack patra likhaa thaa joe 1643 mein landan mein print mein dikhaai diyaa thaa. williams ney isake prakaashan key saath kissy bhee sambandh seey incar kiya, halanki vaha usa samay ingland mein they jaba unhein road dweep kii coloney key liye patent mill rhaa thaa. yeh patra 1644 mein "shree" key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. sooti patra haal hii mein mudrit, jaanch kiye gaye aur jawab diye gaye. usee varsh, williams ney "dha bloudy tenant off sataahat" bhee prakaashit kiya. inn karyon mein, unhone nyu ingland churchon kii shuddhata, unake nirvaasan key nyaay aur "dhaarmik asahishnuta kii massachusets neeti key auchitya" parr charcha kii."williams ney mahsoos kiya kii sangharsh kaa mool kaaran coloney kaa church aur raajya kaa sambandh thaa.
isake saath, kapas dou alag-alag charam seemaon seey ghir gayaa. ack chhor parr presbyterian they joe church kii sadasyata key liye adhik khulepan chaahte they, jabaki williams ney socha kii church koo kissy bhee church padanukram seey poori tarah seey alag honah chaahiye aur kewal una logon koo sadasyata kii anumati deni chaahiye joe anglican church seey alag hoe gaye they. kapas ney dou charam seemaon key beach ack beach kii jameen kaa chayan kiya. unhone mahsoos kiya kii church key sadasyon koo "una cheezon seey nafrat karni chaahiye joe unhein masih seey alag karati hain, [aur] una masihiyon kii ninda naheen karni chaahiye jinhone abhee taka sabhi ashuddh prathaon koo aswikar naheen kiya haye."kapas ney aage mahsoos kiya kii williams kii neetiyaan" "isai parr bahut adhik maang curr rahee theen. iss sambandh mein, itihaaskaar everate immerson kaa sujhaav haye kii "kapas kaa devta williams kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik udaar aur kshamashil haye.
kapas aur williams donon ney apani dharamshastriya samajh key aadhar key roop mein bible koo sweekaar kiya, halanki williams ney puraane vasiyatnama aur nae vasiyatnama key beach ack ullekhaniya antar dekhaa, kapas kii dhaarana key vipareet kii donon pustakon ney ack nirantarta kaa nirmaan kiya. kapas ney puraane vasiyatnama koo isai shasson key liye ack model pradaan karane key roop mein dekhaa, aur ack aise samaaj kii kalpana kii jahaan church aur raajya ney milkar kaam kiya. isake vipareet, williams kaa maanana thaa kii bhagwan ney masih key aagaman key saath puraane aur nae vasiyatname key beach sangh koo bhang curr diyaa thaa; vaastav mein, yeh vighatan "masih koo duniya mein bhejane mein unake uddeshyon mein seey ack thaa."donon purushon key beach bahas 1647 mein jaari rahee jaba kapas ney williams kii pustak kaa jawab" "dhabbedar kirayedar, dhoya aur bhed key bachche key dhuein mein safed banaa diyaa" "key saath diyaa, jisake baad williams ney ack aur parche key saath jawab diyaa.
sampradayon key saath vyavhaar karna.
americi upanivesh key pahale kuchh dashakon key dauran vibhinn prakaar key dhaarmik sampradaay ubhare, jinamen seey kuchh koo kaee roodhivaadi puritance dwara kattarpanthi maanaa jaataa thaa. inmein seey kuchh samoohon mein kattarpanthi pretvaadi (virodhi aur parivaarvaadi), anabaptist (samanya aur vishesh roop seey baptism lene vaale) aur quakers shamil they. inmein seey kaee koo massachusets seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur portsmouth, newport yaa providence vrikshaaropan mein ack panaahgaah millie thee.
inn sampradayon mein seey sabse kukhyaat mein seey ack utsaahi saimuel gorten thaa jise plymouth coloney aur portmouth kii basti donon seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur phir providence vrikshaaropan mein freemanship seey incar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1642 mein, vaha usa sthaan parr buss gayaa joe vaarvik bunn gayaa, lekin agale varsh unhein kuchh anuyaayiyon key saath giraftar curr liya gayaa aur sandigdh kanuni karanon seey unhein boston laaya gayaa. yahaan unhein octuber 1643 mein ack sooti upadesh mein bhaag lene key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa jise unhone bhramit curr diyaa thaa. unake dhaarmik vichaaron koo sudhaarne key aur prayaas vyarth rahey. kapas "ingland mein nyu ingland key achche naam koo sanrakshit karane" key liye gorten koo maar daalane key liye taiyar thaa, jahaan usane mahsoos kiya kii iss tarah key dhaarmik vichaar mandaliwad key liye bahut hanikarak they. massachusets samanya adalat mein, magistrates ney maut kii sajaa kii maang kii, lekin pratinidhi swatantra abhivyakti key prati adhik sahaanubhooti rakhate they; unhone sahmat honey seey incar curr diyaa, aur purushon koo antatah riha curr diyaa gayaa.
kapas umr key saath adhik roodhivaadi hoe gayaa, aur jaba dhaarmik raay kii baat aatee haye tou vaha "kaanoonvidon" key saath adhik paksh lene kii pravritti rakhate they. jaba ingland mein sansad kii safalata ney dhaarmik raay key dwaar khol diye tou way nirash hoe gaye. unake vichaar mein, ingland seey nae aagaman key saath-saath road dweep seey agantuk apane saath "bhayaanak roop seey galat raay" laa rahey they.
julaai 1651 mein, massachusets khaadi coloney kaa daura teen road dweepwasiyon dwara kiya gayaa thaa joe baptist bunn gaye theh johnn clark, obadia homes aur johnn crandle. massachusets ney yatra key khilaf kathor pratikriya vyakt kii, teen logon koo kaid curr diyaa, jabaki kapas ney inn purushon key anabaptist vichaaron kii "jaghanyata key khilaf" prachaar kiya. sajaa key khilaf janata kii raay key bavjood, teenon logon koo atyadhik jurmana diyaa gayaa thaa. doston ney clark aur crandle key liye jurmana diyaa, lekin homes ney kissy koo bhee apana jurmana dene kii anumati dene seey incar curr diyaa. natijatan, unhein saarvajanik roop seey itane kroor tareeke seey kode maare gaye kii vaha baad mein hafton taka kewal apani kohni aur ghutanon parr sou sakate they. utpeedan kii khabar ingland taka pahunch gaee aur nakaratmak pratikriya kaa saamana karna padaa. linkenshire key kapas key ack dost, surr richard saltonstall ney 1652 mein kapas aur willson koo coloney kii prathaon key liye fatkaar lagaate hue likhaa. unhone likhaa, "yeh sunkar merrie bhavna koo thodaa bhee dukh naheen hotaa kii nyu-ingland mein aapke atyachar aur utpeedan kii kyaa dukhad baatein pratidin bataai jaati hain kyonki aap purushon koo unaki antaratma key liye chabuk maarte hain aur kaid karate hain."unhone aage kahaa," inn kathor tarikon ney aapako kathanon key dilon mein bahut neecha curr diyaa haye."roser williams ney inn utpeedanon parr ack granth bhee likhaa joe kapas kii mrityu key baad prakaashit huaa thaa.
baad mein jeevan, mrityu aur viraasat.
apane jeevan key antim dashak key dauran, kapas ney aspasht aakritiyon seey laker una logon key saath apana vyaapak patrachar jaari rakhaa joe oliver cromwell jaise atyadhik pramukh they. unake vakeel seey lagaatar anurodh kiya gayaa thaa, aur winthrope ney 1648 mein nyu ingland key kaanoonon kii prastaavana koo phir seey likhane key liye unaki madad maangi. villium pinchon ney ack pustak prakaashit kii jise massachusets general court dwara anuchit maanaa gayaa thaa, aur pratiyon koo ekatra kiya gayaa aur boston common parr jalaa diyaa gayaa. kapas aur chaar anya bujurgon key ack patra ney adalat kii kathor pratikriya koo niyantrit karane kaa prayaas kiya.
pahali bastiyon key samay seey massachusets khaadi coloney mein dhaarmik utsaah cumm hoe rhaa thaa, aur church kii sadasyata samaapt hoe rahee thee. iska mukabala karane key liye, mantri richard mather ney dhaarmik pramaan kii aavashyakta key binaa church mein sadasyata kii anumati dene kaa ack saadhan sujhaaya. paaramparik roop seey, paadari varg key logon koo apane bachchon koo bapatisma dene aur pavitra biradari (antim ratribhoj) key sanskar mein bhaag lene key liye vishvaas kaa sweekaar karna padata thaa. girati church kii sadasyata key saamane, mather ney aadhe raaste kii vaacha kaa prastaav rakhaa, jise apanaaya gayaa thaa. iss neeti ney logon koo apane bachchon koo bapatisma dene kii anumati dee, bhale hii unhone khud sweekaarokti naheen dee hoe.
kapas apane jeevan key anta taka church kii rajneeti seey sambandhit thaa aur apani pustakon aur patrachar mein iss vishay key baare mein likhana jaari rakhaa. mandaliwad key baare mein unakaa antim prakaashit kaary "kuchh prashn joe presbyterian aur mandali churchon key millen-sambandh mein they" thaa joe 1652 mein puuraa huaa. iss kaam seey yeh spasht haye kii vaha presbyterian church rajneeti key prati adhik udaar hoe gaye they. phir bhee, vaha ingland mein lii gaee disha seey nakhush they. lekhak everate immerson likhate hain kii "angreji itihas kaa pathyakram unake liye nirashajanak thaa, kyonki angreji ney naa kewal america mein vikasit unaki saamoohik prathaon koo aswikar kiya, balki ingland mein mandaliwad key samarthakon ney sahishnuta kii neeti apnai, jisase kapas nafrat kartaa thaa."
1652 kii sharad ritu mein kuchh samay key liye, harvard mein chhatron koo upadesh dene key liye kapas charles nadee koo paar curr gayaa. vaha iss jokhim seey beemar hoe gayaa, aur navambar mein usey aur anya logon koo ehsas huaa kii vaha marr rhaa thaa. usa samay vaha apani boston mandali key liye first timothi parr ack upadesh shrinkhala chalaa rahey they, jise vaha disambar mein bistar parr letane key bavjood puuraa karane mein saksham they. 2 disambar 1652 koo, amos richardson ney johnn winthrop, junier koo likhaa.: "shriman. kapas bahut beemar haye aur iss baat kaa bahut darr haye kii yeh bimari jeevit rahane key liye naheen bachegi. usake pairon aur shareer mein bahut soojan haye. boston mahatvapurna record" unaki mrityu kii tarikh 15 disambar detaa haye; kaee anya srot, sambhavatah sahee, tarikh 23 disambar 1652 key roop mein dete hain. unhein boston mein raajaa key chappel dafanaane key maidan mein dafnaya gayaa thaa aur ack patthar parr naamit kiya gayaa haye joe pahale church mantriyon johnn devenport (dee. 1670), johnn oxenbridge (dee. 1674), aur thomas pull (dee. 1713). usa jameen mein kaee pahali peedhi key basane vaalon key liye sateek dafan sthal aur marker khou gaye they jaba boston kaa pahala anglican church, raajaa kaa chappel I (1686), unake oopar rakhaa gayaa thaa. vartamaan patthar kaa nishan church dwara rakhaa gayaa thaa, lekin sambhavatah ack kabr haye.
viraasat.
kaee vidwan, praarambhik aur samkaaleen, kapas koo "massachusets khaadi coloney kaa pramukh mantri aur dharamshastri maanate hain."saathi boston church mantri johnn willson ney likhaah" shree. kapas aise adhikaar, pradarshan aur jeevan key saath prachaar kartaa haye kii, jaba vaha kissy paigambar yaa prerit seey prachaar kartaa haye tou main usey naheen sunata; main usee paigambar aur prerit koo sunata huun. haan, main prabhu yeeshu masih koo apane dill mein bolate hue sunata huun."willson ney kapas koo jaanboojhkar, saavdhaanipoorvak aur bhagwan key gyaan key sampark mein bhee kahaa. kapas key samkaaleen johnn devenport ney naee aashray coloney kii sthaapana kii aur unhone kapas kii raay koo kaanoon maanaa.
ingland mein bhee kapas koo bahut sammaan diyaa jaataa thaa. jeevanikaar larzer ziff likhate hainh
johnn cotton, adhikansh angreji shuddhatavadi jaanate they, chhatravritti aur pulpit kshamata key liye vyaapak pratishtha vaale americi they; sabhi americi mantriyon mein seey, massachusets mein ruchi rakhane vaale pramukh angreji logon dwara unase aksar paramarsh kiya gayaa thaa; sabhi americi mantriyon mein seey, way naa kewal apane abhyaas key vivaran key saath, balki isake liye saiddhaantik aadhar key saath ingland kii aapoorti karane vaale they. johnn cotton, adhikansh angreji puritance ney nishkarsh nikala, nyu ingland kii church kii rajneeti mein pramukh prerak they.
ingland mein kapas key pratidvandi thomas edwards ney bhee unhein "sabse mahaan divya" aur "nyu ingland mein una sabhi kaa pramukh vyakti" kahaa.
aadhunik vidwan iss baat seey sahmat hain kii kapas nyu ingland key shuruati mantriyon mein sabse pratishthit thaa. mahaan pravaas" shrinkhala mein robbert charles anderson kii tippanih "johnn cotton kii pratishtha aur prabhaav nae ingland key mantriyon key beach asman they, thomas hooker key sambhaavit apavaad key saath."larzer ziff likhate hain kii kapas" nirvivaad roop seey nae ingland key itihas key pahale dashakon mein sabse mahaan upadeshak thaa, aur vaha apane samkaaleenon key liye, ack tarkvaadi seey adhik mahaan dharamshastri thaa."ziff unhein nyu ingland mein sabse mahaan bibil vidwan aur church key siddhantkar bhee maanate hain. itihaaskaar sargent busch ney nott kiya kii kapas ney apane upadesh, pustakon aur ack gair-anuroopavaadi upadeshak key roop mein apane jeevan key madhyam seey ingland aur america donon mein netritva pradaan kiya, aur vaha mandali swaayatta mein ack netaa bunn gaye, joe mandaliwad koo iska naam dene key liye jimmedaar they. saahityik vidwan everate immerson ney kapas koo "komalata aur gahari dharmanishtha" kaa vyakti kahaa haye, jisaki shreshthata aanshik roop seey unake mahaan gyaan seey praapt hui thee.
ack mahaan nae ingland mantri key roop mein unaki sthiti key bavjood, americi itihas mein kapas kaa sthaan unake dharamshastriya virodhi roser williams dwara grahan kiya gayaa haye. immerson kaa daavaa haye kii "kapas shayed americi bauddhik itihas mein dhaarmik sahishnuta parr roser williams key saath unaki bahas key liye sabse achchha jaanaa jaataa haye", jahaan kapas koo "madhyayugeen" aur williams koo "prabuddh" key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye. aupaniveshik america key sandarbh mein kapas aur aadhunik samaaj parr isake prabhaav koo rakhate hue, ziff likhate hain, "ack ateet kii khoj mein ack america roser williams key paas ack sachche maataa-pitaa key roop mein gayaa haye aur johnn cotton koo mukhya roop seey gyaan key ack akhand dushman key roop mein yaad kiya haye."
parivaar aur vanshaj.
kapas kii shaadi 3 julaai 1613 koo elzabeth horox seey cambridgeshire key balsham mein hui thee, lekin iss shaadi seey koee santan naheen hui. elizabeth kii mrityu lagbhag 1630 mein hui. cotton ney 25 aprail 1632 koo boston, linkenshire mein anthany hockred kii betty aur roland story kii vidhwa saaraa seey shaadi kii aur unake chhah bachche they. unake sabse badey bachche kaa janm 12 agast 1633 koo atlantic paar karane key dauran huaa thaa, aur unhone saiman aur annie bradstreet kii betty dorothy seey shaadi kii. betty sariya kaa janm 12 sitambar 1635 koo boston (massachusets) mein huaa thaa aur janwari 1650 mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee thee. elizabeth kaa janm 9 disambar 1637 koo huaa thaa, aur unhone geremia eggington seey shaadi kii thee. johnn kaa janm 15 march 1640 koo huaa thaa; unhone harvard mein bhaag liya aur joanna rossitor seey shaadi kii. maria kaa janm 16 farwari 1642 koo huaa thaa aur unhone richard mather key bete, riser mather seey shaadi kii thee. sabse chhota bachcha roland thaa, jise 24 disambar 1643 koo boston mein bapatisma diyaa gayaa thaa aur usaki badee bahan sariya kii tarah janwari 1650 mein chechak mahamari key dauran usaki mrityu hoe gaee thee.
kapas kii mrityu key baad, unaki vidhwa ney aadaraniya dhanee mather seey shaadi kii. kapas kaa potaa, sooti mather, jiska naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa, ack prasiddh mantri aur itihaaskaar bunn gayaa. kapas key vanshajon mein yuu hain.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya key nyayadhish oliver wendell homes junier., attorney general elliot richardson, abhineta johnn lithgo aur paadari phillips brook.
kaam kartaa haye.
kapas kii likhit viraasat mein patrachar kaa ack badaa hissa, kaee upadesh, ack catachism aur bachchon key liye ack chhota catachism shamil haye jiska sheershak haye "boston bebi key liye aadhyatmik doodh". antim koo ack americi dwara pahali bachchon kii pustak maanaa jaataa haye; ise 1701 key aspas "nyu ingland primer" mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa aur 150 seey adhik varshon taka usa kaam kaa ack ghatak banaa rhaa. yeh catachism 1646 mein prakaashit huaa thaa aur 17veen shatabdi mein nau mudranon seey gujra thaa. yeh uttaron key saath prashnon kii ack soochi seey banaa haye. kapas key potey sooti mather ney likhaa, "nyu ingland key bachche aaj bhee aamtaur parr unake utkrisht catachism seey bharpur hain. kapas key sabse prasiddh updeshon mein seey ack haye "bhagwan kaa apane bagan key liye vaadaa" (1630), joe johnn winthrop key bede key saath ingland seey prasthaan karane kii taiyari curr rahey upaniveshvadiyon koo upadesh diyaa gayaa thaa.
maee 1636 mein, kapas koo ack samiti key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa taaki kaanoonon kaa ack masauda banaaya jaa sakey joe bhagwan key vachan seey sahmat they aur ack samvidhaan key roop mein kaam karenge. "moosa, unake nyaaydheesh" vishay dwara likhe gaye they, lekin ise apanaaya naheen gayaa thaa. parinami kanuni sanhita kaa sheershak thaa "nyu ingland key kaanoonon kaa ack saar kyonki way abb sthaapit hain. yeh kewal massachusets mein mamuli roop seey upayog kiya jaataa thaa, lekin code naee haven coloney mein johnn devenport kii kanuni pranali kaa aadhar bunn gayaa aur southampton, lambe dweep mein naee basti key liye ack model bhee pradaan kiya.
church sarkaar parr kapas key sabse prabhaavshaali lekhan "swarg key raajya kii kunji" aur "mandali churchon kaa raasta saaf" they, jahan way presbyterian shasson key bajaay mandali kii rajneeti key liye tark dete hain. unhone algavvad aur vivek kii swatantrata key baare mein roser williams key saath ack parche kaa yuddh bhee kiya. williams key "utpeedan key dhundhale kirayedar" (1644) ney kapas key jawab koo saamane laaya "dhundhale kirayedar koo bhed key bachche key dhuein mein dhoya aur safed curr diyaa", jisake jawab mein williams ney "dhundhale kirayedar abhee taka shree dwara adhik dhundhale" key saath jawab diyaa. kapas kaa prayaas haye kii vaha bhed key bachche key khoon mein safed rung seey dhoye.
cotton kaa "anugrah kii vaacha kaa granth" maranoparant unake updeshon seey thomas elen dwara taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, joe pahale charlestown key shikshak they, aur 1659 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. ise jonathan michel dwara 1662 key boston synade kii report mein 'isai paathak key liye prastaavana' mein vistaar seey uddhrit kiya gayaa thaa. kapas key karyon kii ack samanya soochi bibliotheca britannica mein dee gaee haye.
sandarbh.
srot.
print srot
online srot