
jaadoo-toney

ack chudail-shikaar, yaa ack chudail shuddhikaran, una logon kii khoj haye jinhen chudailon kaa label diyaa gayaa haye yaa jaadoo-toone key saboot kii khoj haye. praarambhik aadhunik europe aur aupaniveshik america mein jaadoo-tona-shikaar kii shaastriya avadhi praarambhik aadhunik kaal mein yaa lagbhag 1450 seey 1750 taka hui, joe sudhaar aur tees saal key yuddh key uthal-puthal mein faili hui thee, jisake parinamswarup anumaanit 35,000 seey 50,000 fansi dee gaee thee. europe mein chudailon key roop mein doshi thaharaae gaye logon koo antim baar fansi 18veen shatabdi mein dee gaee thee. africa aur asia jaise anya kshetron mein, upa-sahaara africa aur papua nyu ginny seey samkaaleen chudail-shikaar kii soochana millie haye, aur jaadoo-toone key khilaf aadhikarik kaanoon aaj bhee saudi arab aur cameroon mein paaya jaataa haye.
vartamaan bhasha mein, "dyne-hunt" kaa roopak roop seey arth haye ack aisee jaanch joe aamtaur parr bahut prachaar key saath kii jaati haye, maanaa jaataa haye kii vidhvansak gatividhi, bevafai, aur isi tarah, lekin virodhiyon koo nuksan pahunchaane key vaastavik uddeshya key saath. isamen naitik ghabarahat yaa badey paimaane parr unmaad key tatva bhee shamil hoe sakate hain.
manavshastriya kaaran.
1960 key dashak seey bhaugolik aur saanskritik roop seey alag samajon (europe, africa, naee ginny) mein jaadoo-tona key abhyaas key vyaapak vitaran ney iss vyavhaar kii manavshastriya prishthabhoomi mein ruchi paida kii haye. jaadoo aur bhavishyavaniyon mein vishvaas, aur vyaktigat kalyan koo prabhaavit karane key liye jaadoo kaa upayog karane kaa prayaas (jeevan koo badhaane, pyaar jeetane aadi key liye).) maanav sanskritiyon mein saarvbhaumik hain.
jaadoo-tona mein vishvaas koo duniya bhar key samajon mein samaantaon key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. yeh bimari yaa mrityu jaise yaadrichhik durbhagya kii ghatana kii vyakhya karane key liye ack dhancha prastut kartaa haye, aur jaadoo-tona karane vaalaa burai kii chhavi pradaan kartaa haye. anveshan key praarambhik aadhunik yug key dauran ekatra kii gaee america, asia aur africa mein swadeshi prathaon parr reports koo yeh sujhaav dene key liye liya gayaa haye kii naa kewal jaadoo-toone mein vishvaas balki jaadoo-toone key aavadhik prakop bhee ack maanav saanskritik saarvbhaumik hain.
ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa haye kii jaadoo-tona kii maanyataaen asamajik drishtikon seey judee hui hainh vishvaas key nimn star, dharmarth daan aur samooh kii bhagidari. ack anya adhyayan mein paaya gayaa haye kii aaya key jhatake (atyadhik varsha key kaaran) tanzania mein "chudailon" kii hatyaa mein badee vriddhi kaa kaaran banate hain.
itihas.
poorv key nikat pracheen.
dusht jaadoo key liye sajaa koo prachintam kaanoon sanhitaon mein sambodhit kiya gayaa haye, joe pracheen misra aur babylonia donon mein sanrakshit they, jahaan isane ack vishisht bhoomika nibhai thee. hammurabi kaa code (18veen shatabdi eesaa poorv sankshipt kalakram) nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii
shaastriya prachinta.
shaastriya athens seey jaadoo seey sambandhit koee kaanoon naheen bachata haye. haalaanki, "farmac" key hanikarak prabhaavon seey sambandhit mamle-ack aspasht shabd jiska arth "jahar", "dawa" yaa "jadui dawa" hoe sakata haye-jeevit rahate hain, vishesh roop seey una mamalon mein jahaan dawa chot yaa mrityu kaa kaaran bunny. antifon kaa bhaashan "sauteli maan key khilaf jahar dene key liye" ack mahila key mamle key baare mein bataata haye jiss parr "pharmacon" key saath apane pati kii hatyaa kii sajish rachane kaa aarop haye; ack gulam koo pahale aparaadh key liye fansi dee gaee thee, lekin peedit key bete ney daavaa kiya kii maut kii vyavastha usaki sauteli maan ney kii thee. shaastriya yunan mein jaadoo-tona key liye ack mukadame kaa sabse vistrit vivaran lemonos key siddhant kii kahani haye, jise 338 eesaa poorv seey kuchh samay pahale apane bachchon key saath, maanaa jaataa haye kii mantra lagaane aur hanikarak davaaon kaa upayog karane key liye maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
451 eesaa poorv mein, roman kaanoon kii baarah taalikaon mein anaaj kii fasalon koo nuksan pahunchaane key iraade seey dusht mantron aur mantron key khilaf praavdhaan they. 331 eesaa poorv mein, 170 mahilaaon koo ack mahamari bimari key sandarbh mein chudailon key roop mein maar diyaa gayaa thaa. livy iss baat parr jore detaa haye kii yeh rome mein binaa kissy misal key utpeedan kaa ack paimana thaa.
186 eesaa poorv mein, roman senate ney ack farman jaari kiya jisamen bachanalia koo gambhir roop seey pratibandhit kiya gayaa, joe dionius key sammaan mein manaae jaane vaale parmanand sanskar hain. jeevant record haye kii yeh utpeedan isaliye thaa kyonki "kuchh bhee dusht naheen thaa, kuchh bhee apmaanjanak naheen thaa, joe unake beach abhyaas naheen kiya gayaa thaa. pratibandh key parinamswarup, 184 eesaa poorv mein, bacus panth key lagbhag 2,000 sadasyon koo nishpaadit kiya gayaa thaa, aur 182-180 eesaa poorv mein 3,000 anya nishpaadan kiye gaye they. roman samrajya mein chudailon kaa utpeedan chauthi shatabdi key anta taka jaari rhaa aur 390 key dashak mein roman raajya dharm key roop mein isai dharm kii shuruat key baad hii samaapt huaa.
81 eesaa poorv mein lucius cornelius sulla dwara ghoshit "lakes cornelia dee sisaris aitt venefices" jaadoo-toone parr madhyayugeen aur praarambhik aadhunik europeeya kaanoon kaa ack mahatvapurna srot bunn gayaa. iss kaanoon ney hanikarak drugs aur jahar key vyaapaar aur kabje, jadui kitaabon aur anya gupt saman key kabje parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. strabo, gayas mekenas aur cassius dio sabhi jaadoo-tona aur bhavishyavaniyon key khilaf paaramparik roman virodh koo dohrate hain, aur tacitus ney inn gairkaanooni paalan koo vargeekrit karane key liye "dhaarmik-superstitio" shabd kaa upayog kiya. samrat augustus ney inn prathaon parr ankush lagaane key uddeshya seey kaanoon koo majboot kiya, udaaharan key liye 31 eesaa poorv mein, rome mein 2,000 seey adhik jadui pustakon koo jalaakar, pavitra sibiline pustakon key kuchh hisson koo chhodkar. jabaki tiberius claudius samrat thaa, 45 purushon aur 85 mahilaaon koo, joe sabhi jaadoo-tona key sandigdh they, maar diyaa gayaa.
hibru bible jaadoo-tona kii ninda karati haye. Deuteronumy 18:10-12 kahata haih "aap mein seey koee bhee aisaa naheen milega joe ack bete yaa betty koo aag seey gujarane detaa hoe, joe bhavishyavakta haye, yaa ack bhavishyavakta haye, yaa ack augar haye, yaa ack jadugar haye, yaa joe mantra daaltaa haye, yaa joe bhoot yaa aatmaon seey paramarsh kartaa haye, yaa joe mritakon seey orecal kii talash kartaa haye. kyonki joe koee bhee yeye kaam kartaa haye vaha prabhu key liye ghrinit haye "; aur nirgaman 22:18 kahata haih" tum jeene key liye ack chudail koo peedit naheen karoge.  1 saimuel 28 jaisi kahaaniyan, yeh bataate hue kii kaise saul ney "una logon koo kaat diyaa haye jinake paas parichit aatmaaen hain, aur jadugar, bhoomi seey baahar", sujhaav dete hain kii vyavhaar mein jadugari cumm seey cumm nirvaasan kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye.
yahudi dwiteeya mandir kaal mein, pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv mein rabbi shimone bayne shetach koo assie mahilaaon koo maut kii sajaa sunai gaee thee, jinn parr escalone mein ack hii dinn mein jaadoo-tona karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. baad mein mahilaaon key rishtedaron ney shimone key bete key khilaf jhoothe gawah laakar badala liya aur usey fansi dee.
pracheen kaal key anta mein.
german lekhak wilhelm gottlieb solden ney "jaadoo-tona parikshanon key itihas" mein tark diyaa kii daarshanik aur ganitshastri hypetia, jisaki 415 esvi mein alekjendar key siril key prabhaav koo dhamki dene key liye ack bheed dwara hatyaa curr dee gaee thee, hoe sakata haye kii isai adhikaariyon dwara dandit kiya jaane vaalaa pahala prasiddh "diane" hoe. haalaanki, usaki hatyaa mein siril kii kathit bhoomika, samkaaleen sroton key beach pahale seey hii vivadaspad thee, aur socrets scholasticus dwara jeevit praathamik khaate mein dhaarmik preranaon kaa koee ullekh naheen haye.
jorden kii 6 veen shatabdi key "getica" mein shikaaron kii utpatti key ack pauranik khaate mein goth key beach chudailon key utpeedan aur nishkasana kaa ullekh haye. kahaa jaataa haye kii pracheen kalpit raajaa philimer
madhya yug.
praarambhik madhya yug mein isaikaran.
alvira (306 esvi), ensira (314 esvi) aur trullo (692 esvi) kii parishadon ney shaitan kii pooja key liye kuchh sampradayik tapasyaaen lagu keen. iss halke drishtikon ney kaee shataabdiyon taka church key drishtikon kaa pratinidhitva kiya. catholic church key paadari varg kii jaadoo-tona aur necromency key baare mein kattarta kii jaanch karane kii samanya ichcha paadari kii parishad key farmaanon mein dikhaai gaee haye, joe 785 esvi mein, spasht roop seey logon koo chudailon key roop mein ninda karane aur kissy bhee vyakti koo maut kii sajaa dene key liye pratibandhit kartaa haye joe ack chudail koo jalaata haye. 643 vigyaapan kaa lombard code kahata haih
yeh lagbhag 900 esvi (314 esvi seey kathit roop seey) key cannon episcopy kii shikshaon key anuroop haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii jaadoo-toone kaa astitva naheen thaa aur yeh sikhana kii yeh ack vaastaviktaa thee, apane aap mein, jhoothi aur visham shiksha thee. anya udaharanon mein 800 esvi mein ack ayrish paadari sabhaa aur lione key agobard (810 esvi) dwara ack upadesh shamil hain.
hangri key raajaa kalman (coloman) ney apani pahali vidhaayi pustak (1100 mein prakaashit) key 57vein farman mein, jaadoo-tona-shikaar parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa kyonki unhone kahaa, "chudailon kaa astitva naheen haye. berchard kaa "decretum", keedon kaa bishap (lagbhag 1020), aur vishesh roop seey isaki 19veen pustak, jise aksar alag seey "sudhaarak" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, bahut mahatvapurna haye. udaaharan key liye, berchard jadui aushadhi mein andhavishwas key khilaf likh rhaa thaa, joe napunsakta yaa garbhpaat paida curr sakata haye. kaee church pitaaon ney bhee inki ninda kii thee. lekin unhone kaee kathit shaktiyon kii sambhavana koo poori tarah seey khariz curr diyaa, jinake liye chudailon koo lokpriya roop seey shreya diyaa jaataa thaa. udaaharan key liye, havaa mein ratonrat sawari karna, kissy vyakti key swabhaav koo pyaar seey nafrat mein badalana, gadgadaahat, barish aur dhoop parr niyantran, ack aadami kaa janwar mein parivartan, manushyon key saath incubi aur sukubi kaa sambhog, aur aise anya andhavishwas they. naa kewal aisee cheejon kaa abhyaas karane kaa prayaas, balki unaki sambhavana mein vishvaas koo hii, berchard dwara jhoothaa aur andhavishwas maanaa jaataa haye.
pope gregory VII, 1080 mein, denmark key raajaa herauld III koo likhaa kii chudailon koo unake toofaan yaa fasalon kii viphalata yaa mahamari key kaaran honey key anuman parr maut key ghaat utaar diyaa jaae. nirdosh logon key saath anyaaypurna vyavhaar koo rokane key liye aise kaee prayaas kiye gaye. kaee avsaron parr, church key upadeshak jinhone adhikaar key saath baat kii, unhone jaadoo-tona mein apane andhavishwas key logon koo badnam karane key liye apana sarvshreshth prayaas kiya. roose mein ack tulaniya sthiti kaa sujhaav vladmir key upadesh (1274 ~ 1275 mein likhaa gayaa) dwara diyaa gayaa haye, jahaan fasal viphalata kaa kaaran banane vaale chudailon key lokpriya andhavishwas kii ninda kii jaati haye.
jaadoo-tona key khilaf praarambhik dharmnirpeksh kaanoonon mein raajaa athelstan (924-939) dwara ghoshit kaanoon shamil hainh
jaadoo-tona key liye kuchh abhiyojanon mein, yaatana (roman nagrik kaanoon dwara anumati praapt) spasht roop seey hui. haalaanki, pope nicolaus pratham (866 esvi) ney yaatana key upayog koo poori tarah seey pratibandhit curr diyaa, aur isi tarah kaa adesh chhadm-icidorian decretals mein paaya jaa sakata haye.
phir bhee jaadoo-tona kii ninda hippo aur praarambhik dharmshastriyon key lekhon mein paaee jaati haye, jinhone jaadoo-tona aur moortipoojak dharmon kii prathaon key beach bahut cumm antar kiya thaa. kaee logon kaa maanana thaa kii jaadoo-tona ack daarshanik arth mein maujood naheen thaah jaadoo-tona bhram aur burai kii shaktiyon parr adharit thaa, jise andhera kahaa jaataa haye, ack gair-astitva joe prakaash kii anupasthiti kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. augustin aur sant thomas aquinas jaise unake anuyaayiyon ney phir bhee vistrit rakshason koo ghoshit kiya, jisamen yeh vishvaas bhee shamil thaa kii manushya rakshason key saath samjhaute curr sakate hain, joe bhavishya mein chudail shikaar kaa aadhar bunn gayaa. vidambana yeh haye kii madhya yug key kaee maulaviyon ney khule taur parr yaa gupt roop seey goetia kaa abhyaas kiya, yeh maanate hue kii masih ney apane chelon koo rakshason koo adesh dene, rakshason koo bulaane aur niyantrit karane kii shakti dee thee, isaliye yeh paap naheen thaa.
vyaktigat maulaviyon kii sthiti joe bhee hoe, aisaa lagata haye kii jaadoo-tona-shikaar ack saanskritik ghatana key roop mein banaa huaa haye. praarambhik madhyayugeen kaal key dauran, ullekhaniya shasakon ney jaadoo-tona aur moortipoojak dharm donon koo pratibandhit curr diyaa, aksar mrityu key dard parr. udaaharan key liye, charlemen key tahat, joe isai jaadoo-tona kaa abhyaas karate they, unhein church dwara gulam banaaya gayaa thaa, jabaki joe shaitan (german devtaon) kii pooja karate they, unhein poori tarah seey maar diyaa gayaa thaa. kaal saahitya mein bhee jaadoo-tona kaa shikaar dikhaai detaa haye. snorry sterlusson key anusaar, raajaa olaf trigwasson ney moortipoojak jaadugaron koo jhoothe bahaane key tahat apane holl mein lubhakar, darvaajon koo rokkar aur unhein jinda jalaakar norwey key isai roopaantaran koo aage badhaaya. kuchh joe butch nikale unhein baad mein pakad liya gayaa aur doob gaye.
baad mein madhya yug.
roman catholic poochtaachh kii niyamavali jaadoo-toone key aaropon key baare mein atyadhik sandehpurna rahee, halanki kabhi-kabhi pakhand aur jaadoo-toone key aaropon key beach ack ativyaapi thaa, vishesh roop seey jaba, 13 veen shatabdi mein, navgathit jaanch koo dakshini france key kaitharon seey nipatane key liye commission kiya gayaa thaa, jinaki shikshaon parr jaadoo-toone aur jaadoo-toone sahit aarop lagaae gaye they. haalaanki yeh prastaavit kiya gayaa haye kii 14veen shatabdi kii shuruat seey europe mein diane-hunt vikasit huaa thaa, cather aur night templer koo dabaaye jaane key baad, iss parikalpana koo lagbhag sabhi shaikshanik itihaskaron dwara swatantra roop seey khariz curr diyaa gayaa haye (kohn 1975; keycafer 1976).
1258 mein, pope alekjendar IV ney ghoshana kii kii jaba taka way pakhand seey sambandhit naheen hain, taba taka jaanch jaadoo-tona key mamalon seey naheen nipatati haye. haalaanki pope johnn xc ney baad mein 1320 mein jaadugaron parr mukadama chalaane key liye jaanch koo adhikrit kiya thaa, lekin vidharmita kii jaanch karate samay aakasmik roop seey bachkar, jaanch adalaton ney shayed hii kabhi jaadoo-tona seey nipata.
madona oriente key mamle mein, milan kii poochtaachh mein yeh sunishchit naheen thaa kii dou mahilaaon key saath kyaa karna haye, jinhone 1384 mein, sinora oriente yaa dyna key aspas key samaaj mein bhaag lene kii baat sweekaar kii thee. apane sweekaarokti key madhyam seey, donon ney safed jaadoo kii paaramparik lock maanyataon koo vyakt kiya. 1390 mein mahilaaon parr phir seey aarop lagaaya gayaa aur janchkarta ney unaki ninda kii. antatah unhein dharmnirpeksh shakha dwara maar diyaa gayaa.
1425 mein ack kukhyaat mamle mein, herman II, count off selje ney apani bahuu veronica parr jaadoo-tona key upman kaa aarop lagaaya-aur, halanki usey adalat dwara burry curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin usane usey doobane seey roque diyaa. iss mamle mein, jaadoo-tona key aaropon koo ack "anupayukt match" seey chhutkara paane key liye ack bahaana maanaa jaataa haye, veronica kaa janm nichale kuleen varg mein huaa aur iss prakaar vaha apane bete key "ayogya" hain.
ack catholic vyakti joe jaadoo-tona key khilaf prachaar kartaa thaa, vaha siena (1380-1444) kaa lokpriya franciscan upadeshak bernardino thaa. bernardino key upadesh andhavishwas prathaon kii ghatana aur aam logon dwara unake khilaf atee-pratikriya donon koo prakat karate hain. haalaanki, yeh spasht haye kii bernardino key dimag mein naa kewal mantra aur jaadoo kaa upayog thaa aur moorkhata jaise aparaadh they, balki bahut adhik gambhir aparaadh, mukhya roop seey hatyaa aur shishu hatyaa bhee thee. yeh unake 1427 key bahut uddhrit upadesh seey spasht haye, jisamen way kahate hainh
unamen seey ack ney binaa kissy dabaav key bataaya aur sweekaar kiya kii usane tees bachchon koo khoon bahaakar maar daala thaa... [aur] usane yeh kahate hue aur adhik sweekaar kiya kii usane apane hii bete kii hatyaa curr dee thee... mujhe uttarah kyaa aapako vaastav mein aisaa lagata haye kii jisane bees yaa tees chhote bachchon koo iss tarah seey maar daala haye, usane itna achchha kiya haye kii jaba anta mein una parr sanket key saamane aarop lagaaya jaae tou aapako unaki sahaayata key liye jaanaa chaahiye aur unake liye dayaa mangani chaahiye?
shayed itihas mein sabse kukhyaat chudail kaa mukadama johnn off aark kaa mukadama thaa. haalaanki mukadama raajneetik roop seey prerit thaa, aur baad mein faisala palat gayaa, ack mahila aur ack aaropi chudail key roop mein johnn kii sthiti usake nishpaadan mein mahatvapurna kaarak bunn gaee. johnn kii jeevit jalaaye jaane kii sajaa (peediton koo aamtaur parr jalaane seey pahale galaa ghontkar maaraa jaataa thaa) poori tarah seey chudailon aur dharm-virodhi logon key liye aarakshit thee, iska nihitarth yeh thaa kii ack jaley hue shareer koo faisale key dinn punarjeevit naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa.
praarambhik aadhunik chudail-shikaar mein sankraman.
madhyayugeen kaal key anta mein, cumm seey cumm aanshik samarthan yaa church kii or seey cumm seey cumm sahishnuta key saath honey vaale jaadoo-tona-shikaar kaa punrutthan, isai siddhant mein kaee vikas key saath thaa, udaaharan key liye, jaadoo-tona key astitva koo maanyata key roop mein shaitan key prabhaav aur ack pakhand key roop mein iska vargeekaran. jaise-jaise punarjagaran guptavaad ney shikshit vargon key beach aakarshan praapt kiya, jaadoo-tona mein vishvaas, joe madhyayugeen kaal mein ashikshit graameen aabaadi key lock dharm kaa sabse achchha hissa thaa, koo sabhi "durbhavana" key antim srot key roop mein shaitan key teji seey vyaapak dharamshastra mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. yeye saiddhaantik badalaav 15veen shatabdi key madhya mein poore kiye gaye they, vishesh roop seey besal kii parishad key maddenajar aur paschimi alps mein sevoy key duchy parr kendrit they, jisase 15veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein dharmnirpeksh aur church kii adalaton dwara jaadoo-tona parikshanon kii ack praarambhik shrinkhala shuru hui.
1484 mein, pope masoom VIII ney "sammis desiderants affetibus" jaari kiya, ack pope bail joe anya apraadhon key beach "maare gaye shishuon" vaale shaitan-upasakon koo "sudhaarne, kaid karane, dandit karane aur dandit karane" koo adhikrit kartaa haye. unhone janchkarta heinrich crammer key anurodh parr aisaa kiya, jinhen germany mein sthaaniya bishapon dwara jaanch karane kii anumati dene seey incar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, ludwig wonn paadari jaise itihaskaron kaa kahana haye kii bail ney naa tou kuchh nayaa karane kii anumati dee, aur naa hii yeh aavashyak roop seey catholic vivek parr badhyakari thaa. teen saal baad 1487 mein, crammer ney kukhyaat "mallius melafikaram" (shaabdik roop seey., 'dushton key khilaf hathauda'), joe nae aavishkaar kiye gaye mudran press key kaaran, ack vyaapak pathakon kaa anand letaa thaa. ise 1520 taka 14 sanskaranon mein punarmudrit kiya gayaa thaa aur dharmnirpeksh adalaton mein anaavashyak roop seey prabhaavshaali hoe gayaa thaa. 
europe mein, spen, polland aur purvi europe mein jaadoo-tona kaa craze naa key barabar thaa; isake vipareet, yeh germany, switzerland aur france mein teevra thaa.
praarambhik aadhunik europe aur aupaniveshik america.
praarambhik aadhunik europe mein chudail pareekshan laharon mein aae aur phir cumm hoe gaye. 15veen aur 16veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein pareekshan hue, lekin phir 17veen shatabdi mein ack pramukh mudda banane aur charam parr pahunchane seey pahale, vishesh roop seey tees saal key yuddh key dauran, jaadoo-tona kaa darr cumm hoe gayaa. joe pahale ack vishvaas thaa kii kuchh logon mein alaukik kshamataaen theen (jinka upayog kabhi-kabhi logon kii raksha key liye kiya jaataa thaa), abb alaukik kshamataon vaale logon aur shaitan key beach ack samjhaute kaa sanket bunn gayaa. hatyaon koo sahee thaharaane key liye, protestant, isai aur isake chhadm dharmnirpeksh sansthanon ney jaadoo-tona koo jangli shaitan anushthaan dalon seey judaa huaa maanaa, jisamen nagna nritya aur narbhakshi shishu hatyaa thee. ise duss aagyaon mein seey pahali key khilaf jaane key liye ("merey saamane aapke paas koee anya devta naheen honge") yaa mahima kaa ullanghan karane key roop mein bhee dekhaa gayaa thaa, iss mamle mein divya mahima kaa ullekh kiya gayaa thaa, naa kii saansaarik. aage key shaastra kaa bhee aksar ullekh kiya gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey nirgaman adesh kii "aap jeene key liye ack chudail koo peedit naheen karenge" (nirgaman 22:18), jiska kaee logon ney samarthan kiya.
aadhunik europe key shuruati hisson mein chuha-shikaar dekhaa gayaa thaa, lekin aadhunik europe mein chuha-shikaar kaa sabse mahatvapurna kshetra aksar madhya aur dakshini germany maanaa jaataa haye. europe key anya kshetron kii tulanaa mein germany parikshanon kii sankhya key mamle mein ack dair seey shuru huaa thaa. 14veen aur 15veen shatabdi key dauran dakshini france aur switzerland mein pahali baar badee sankhya mein jaadoo-tona dikhaai diyaa. dakshin-paschim germany mein chudail shikaar key charam varsh 1561 seey 1670 taka they. europe mein pahala badaa utpeedan, jaba dakshin-paschimi germany mein chudailon koo pakada gayaa, mukadama chalaaya gayaa, doshi thaharaaya gayaa aur wizenstig key shaahi prabhutva mein jalaa diyaa gayaa, 1563 mein "63 chudailon key sachche aur bhayaanak kaary" naamak ack parche mein darj kiya gayaa haye. jaadoo-tona utpeedan europe key sabhi kshetron mein fail gayaa. jaadoo-tona aur rakshasi vichaaron key baare mein europeeya vichaaron koo seekhane seey uttar mein chudailon kii khoj parr gahara prabhaav padaa. yeye chudail-shikaar cumm seey cumm aanshik roop seey aarthik karakon dwara sanchaalit they kyonki bavaria aur scotland jaise kshetron key liye aarthik dabaav aur choodi shikaar gatividhi key beach ack mahatvapurna sambandh paaya jaa sakata haye.
denmark mein, 1536 key sudhaar key baad chudailon koo jalaane mein vriddhi hui. vishesh roop seey, denmark key isai chaturth ney iss pratha koo protsaahit kiya, aur saikadon logon koo jaadoo-tona karane aur jalaane kaa doshi thaharaaya gayaa. finmark, uttari norwey key jile mein, 1600-1692 kii avadhi key dauran gambhir jaadoo-tona pareekshan hue. antarrashtriya praarup kaa ack smaarak, "steelnet memorial", finmark jaadoo-tona parikshanon key peediton key smaran mein banaaya gayaa haye. ingland mein, 1542 key jaadoo-tona adhiniyam ney jaadoo-tona key liye dund koo viniyamit kiya. scotland mein uttari berwick chudail parikshanon mein, 70 seey adhik logon parr kharaab mausam key kaaran jaadoo-tona kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, jaba scotland key james vee, jinhone danish raajaa kii chudail parikshanon mein ruchi saajha kii thee, 1590 mein denmark key apane nishchitshuda annie seey milane key liye ravaana hue. vyaapak roop seey prasaarit ack parche key anusaar, "scotland seey nae", james vee ney vyaktigat roop seey doctor fian kii yaatana aur fansi kii adhyakshata kii. vaastav mein, james ney ack diane-hunting manual, demonology prakaashit kiya, jisamen prasiddh kahawat haih "dainik anubhav yeh saabit kartaa haye kii way binaa yaatana key sweekaar karane key liye kitane napsand karate hain."baad mein, 1612 key pendil diane trial angreji itihas mein sabse prasiddh diane trial key rankon mein shamil hoe gaye.
ingland mein, puritan mattheau hopkins key prayason key kaaran 1644 seey 1647 mein jaadoo-tona-shikaar apane sheersh parr pahunch gayaa. halanki ack aadhikarik sansad aayog key binaa kaam curr rahey hopkins (khud koo dynfinder general kahate hue) aur unake sahyogiyon ney angreji grihyuddh key dauran shaharon mein bhaari shulk liya. hopkins kii chudail-shikaar kii daud sankshipt lekin mahatvapurna theeh 300 doshasiddhi aur mauton kaa shreya unake kaam koo diyaa jaataa haye. hopkins ney apane tarikon parr ack pustak likhi, jisamen ack chudail-shikari key roop mein apani aakasmik shuruat, sweekaarokti nikaalane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale tarikon aur abhiyukt kaa pareekshan karane key liye unhone jinn parikshanon kaa upayog kiya, unakaa varnan kiya gayaa haih chudailon key nishan koo khojane key liye unhein nagna karna, "tairaki" pareekshan, aur twacha koo chubhana. tairaki pareekshan, jisamen ack chuha, jise ack kursi parr baandh diyaa gayaa thaa, koo paani kii ack balty mein fenkana shamil thaa, yeh dekhane key liye kii kyaa vaha tairati haye, 1645 mein ack kanuni chunauti key kaaran bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1647 kii pustak, "chudailon kii khoj", jald hii ack prabhaavshaali kanuni paath bunn gaee. iss pustak kaa upayog americi upaniveshon mein maee 1647 kii shuruat mein kiya gayaa thaa, jaba margaret johns koo massachusets mein jaadoo-tona key liye maar diyaa gayaa thaa, 1647 seey 1663 taka upaniveshon mein jaadoo-tona key liye maar diye gaye 17 logon mein seey pahala.
uttari america mein chudailon kaa shikaar shuru hoe gayaa, jabaki hopkins ingland mein chudailon kaa shikaar curr rahey they. 1645 mein, kukhyaat selam diane trial seey 46 saal pahale, springfield, massachusets ney america key pahale jaadoo-tona key aaropon kaa anubhav kiya jaba pati aur patni hyug aur mairi parson ney ack-dusare parr jaadoo-tona kaa aarop lagaaya. america key pahale chudail mukadame mein, hyug koo nirdosh paaya gayaa, jabaki mairi koo jaadoo-tona seey burry curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin phir bhee usey apane bachche kii maut key liye sajaa key roop mein fansi kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. vaha jail mein marr gaee. ingland kii massachusets khaadi coloney mein lagbhag assie logon parr jaadoo-tona karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa; terah mahilaaon aur dou purushon koo ack jaadoo-tona mein maar diyaa gayaa thaa joe poore nyu ingland mein huaa aur 1645 seey 1663 taka chalaa. selam jaadoo-toney key parikshanon kaa anusaran 1692-1693 mein kiya gayaa.
ack baar jaba ack mamla mukadame mein laaya gayaa, tou abhiyojakon ney sahyogiyon kii talash kii. jaadoo kaa upayog galat maanaa jaataa thaa, isaliye naheen kii yeh whiffle rhaa, balki isaliye kii yeh galat karanon seey prabhaavi dhang seey kaam kartaa thaa. jaadoo-tona rosemarra kii jindagi kaa ack samanya hissa thaa. beemar kii madad karane yaa bachche koo janm dene key liye aksar dhaarmik mantriyon key saath chudailon koo bulaaya jaataa thaa. way apane samudaayon mein aadhyatmik shakti key padon parr rahey. jaba kuchh galat huaa, tou kissy ney bhee mantriyon yaa jaadoo-tona kii shakti parr sawal naheen uthaaya. isake bajaay, unhone sawal kiya kii kyaa chudail kaa irada nuksan pahunchaana thaa yaa naheen.
jaadoo-tona key liye maare gaye logon kii sankhya key vartamaan vidvaanon key anuman lagbhag 35,000 seey 50,000 taka bhinn hotey hain. europe mein jaadoo-tona parikshanon kii kull sankhya joe nishpaadan mein samaapt honey key liye jaani jaati haye, lagbhag 12,000 haye. jaadoo-toone key shikaar key pramukh samkaaleen alochakon mein geonfransco ponginibio (aff. ell.) shamil they. 1520), johannes wear (1515-1588), reginald scott (1538-1599), cornelius loose (1546-1595), anton pretorius (1560-1613), alonso saalaazaar vaaee frias (1564-1636), friedrich spee (1591-1635), aur balthasar becker (1634-1698). inn parikshanon mein sabse badey aur sabse ullekhaniya parikshanon mein trier diane trial (1581-1593), fulda diane trial (1603-1606), wurzberg diane trial (1626-1631) aur bamberg diane trial (1626-1631) they.
gyaat chudail parikshanon key alawa, chudail shikaar aksar satark logon dwara kiye jaate they, jinhone apane peediton koo maar daala hoe yaa naheen bhee hoe sakata thaa. udaaharan key liye, scotland mein, pashu murranon koo chudailon, aamtaur parr kisan mahilaaon parr dosh diyaa jaataa thaa, jinhen vidhivat dandit kiya jaataa thaa. saans key oopar scoring" naamak ack lokpriya vidhi kaa arth thaa ack mahila key maathe koo kaatna taaki usake jaadoo kii shakti koo hataa diyaa jaa sakey. ise ack prakaar kii aapaatkaaleen prakriya key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa jise nyaayik adhikaariyon kii anupasthiti mein kiya jaa sakata thaa.
nishpaadan aankade.
aadhunik vidvaanon key anumaanon key anusaar europeeya chudail shikaar kii 300 saal kii avadhi mein jaadoo-toone key liye kull fansi kii sankhya paanch ankon mein haye, jyaadaatar 35,000 aur 50,000 key beach (vivaran key liye neeche dee gaee talika dekhein), una abhiyukton mein seey adhikansh europeeya samaaj mein nimn aarthik vargon seey they, halanki durlabh mamalon mein uchch shreni key vyaktiyon parr bhee aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. iss sakshya key aadhar parr, nishan aur callo ney daavaa kiya kii "vishisht chudail ack krishi mazdoor yaa chhote kirayedar kisan kii patni yaa vidhwa thee, aur vaha ack jhagadaalu aur aakramak prakriti key liye jaani jaati thee."
juuliyan gudare key anusaar, europe mein, chudailon key roop mein prataadit honey vaali mahilaaon kaa samagr anupaat 80 pratishat thaa, halanki astonia, normandy aur iceland jaise desh aur kshetra they, joe purushon koo adhik lakshit karate they. iceland mein 92 pratishat aaropi purush they, astonia mein 60 pratishat, aur masco mein dou-tihai aaropi purush they. finland mein, kull 100 seey adhik maut kii sajaa paae kaidi purushon aur mahilaaon donon mein lagbhag barabar they, lekin sabhi samlaingikon koo jaadoo-tona karane kii sajaa kewal mahilaaon koo dee gaee thee.
1629 key wurzberg parikshanon key dauran ack bindu parr, bachchon ney una abhiyukton mein seey 60 pratishat kii bhoomika nibhai, halanki varsh key anta taka yeh ghatkar 17 pratishat hoe gayaa thaa. rappley (1998) kaa daavaa haye kii kull 40,000 seey 50,000 peediton mein seey "75 seey 80 pratishat" mahilaaen theen. yeh daavaa kii europe mein laakhon chudailon (aksarh "nau million chudailon") koo maar diyaa gayaa thaa, nakali haye, bhale hii yeh kabhi-kabhi lokpriya saahitya mein paaya jaataa haye, aur yeh antatah gottfried christian white dwara 1791 key ack parche key kaaran haye.
18veen shatabdi mein europeeya chudail-shikaar kaa anta.
1542 aur 1735 key beach ingland aur scotland mein, jaadoo-tona aur jaadoo kaa abhyaas karane yaa abhyaas karane kaa daavaa karane vaale vyaktiyon key liye kaanoon mein sajaa (aksar maut key saath, kabhi-kabhi karawas key saath) kii ack shrinkhala sthaapit kii gaee. ingland mein jaadoo-tona key liye antim fansi 1682 mein dee gaee thee, jaba temperance lloyd, mairi kaamp aur susana edwards koo exter parr fansi dee gaee thee. 1711 mein, joseph edison ney atyadhik sammaanit "dha spectator" patrika mein ack lekh prakaashit kiya (naheen. 117) bujurgon aur kamjor mahilaaon (jinhen "moll white" kahaa jaataa haye) key saath chudailon key roop mein vyavhaar karane mein ataarkiktaa aur samajik anyaay kii aalochana karna. jaine weinham 1712 mein ingland mein ack vishisht chudail mukadame key antim vishayon mein seey ack they, lekin unhein doshi thaharaae jaane key baad kshama curr diyaa gayaa aur unhein mukt curr diyaa gayaa. 1727 mein scotland mein jaadoo-tona key liye genet horn koo maar diyaa gayaa thaa. 1735 key antim adhiniyam ney jaadoo-tona key bajaay dhokhadhadi key liye mukadama chalaaya kyonki yeh abb maanaa naheen jaataa thaa kii vyaktiyon key paas vaastavik alaukik shaktiyan yaa shaitan key saath yatayat thaa. 1735 adhiniyam kaa upayog 1940 key dashak taka aadhyatmiktavadiyon aur jipsey jaise vyaktiyon parr mukadama chalaane key liye jaari rhaa. antatah 1951 mein iss adhiniyam koo nirast curr diyaa gayaa.
dutch ganarajya mein ack chudail kaa antim nishpaadan shayed 1613 mein huaa thaa. denmark mein, yeh 1693 mein enaa pails key nishpaadan key saath huaa thaa aur norwey mein antim chudail nishpaadan 1695 mein johann nillsdatter kaa thaa, aur sweeden mein 1704 mein enaa erixdotter. europe key anya hisson mein, yeh pratha baad mein marr gaee. france mein jaadoo-tona key liye fansi diye jaane vaale antim vyakti 1745 mein luis debraz they. germany mein antim maut kii sajaa 1775 mein kempton mein enaa schwegellin kii thee (halanki ise lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa). antim gyaat aadhikarik chudail-mukadama 1783 mein polland mein dorochov chudail kaa mukadama thaa. mukadame key parinam parr pro. jaanasaz tajbir apani pustak mein. mukadame key baad kissy bhee nishpaadan kii pushti karane vaale koee vishvasaniya srot naheen paae gaye they. 1793 mein, polland key poznan mein sandigdh vaidhata kii kaaryavaahi mein dou anaam mahilaaon koo fansi dee gaee.
croatia mein jaadoo-tona key liye antim vyakti jise maut kii sajaa key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa, vaha 1758 mein magda logmar thaa. usey 1758 mein maria theresa dwara burry curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase croatia mein jaadoo-tona key mukdamon koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
enaa goldi koo 1782 mein glarus, switzerland mein aur 1811 mein prussia mein barbara jedunk mein fansi dee gaee thee. donon mahilaaon kii pehchaan europe mein jaadoo-tona key liye fansi dee gaee antim mahilaaon key roop mein kii gaee haye, lekin donon mamalon mein, aadhikarik faisale mein jaadoo-toone kaa ullekh naheen kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki ise ack aaparaadhik aparaadh key roop mein maanyata naheen dee gaee thee.
bhaarat.
1792 seey pahale bhaarat mein jaadoo-tona key shikaar kaa koee pralekhit pramaan naheen haye.
bhaarat mein chudail-shikaar kaa sabse pahala saboot 1792 mein santhal choodi-shikaar key mukdamon mein paaya jaa sakata haye. company shaasit bhaarat mein chhotanagpur division key singhbhum jile mein, naa kewal chudailon kii hatyaa key aaropi they, balki abhiyukton seey sambandhit bhee they taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii way mauton kaa badala naheen lenge (roy chaudhari 1958:88). chhotanagpur kshetra mein santhal naamak ack adiwasi aabaadi thee. chudailon kaa astitva santhalon key liye ack kendriya vishvaas thaa. chudailon seey darr thaa aur unhein asamajik gatividhiyon mein shamil honah thaa. unake paas logon koo unake aanton koo khilaa curr maarne aur anya buraaiyon key saath-saath maveshiyon mein bukhaar paida karane kii shakti bhee honey chaahiye thee. isaliye, adiwasi aabaadi key anusaar unaki bimari aur bimari kaa ilaaj inn chudailon kaa unmoolan thaa jinhen kaaran key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa.
santhalon key beach jaadoo-tona karane kii pratha europe kii tulanaa mein adhik kroor thee. europe key vipareet, jahan chudailon koo jalaane seey pahale unakaa galaa ghontkar hatyaa curr dee jaati thee, santhalon ney unhein majboor kiya..maanav mull koo khaane aur unhein aag kii lapaton mein fenkane seey pahale khoon peene key liye."
east india company (ee. aaee. see.) ney 1840-1850 key dashak mein gujaraat, rajsthan aur chhotanagpur mein chudailon key utpeedan parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. pratibandh key bavjood, bahut cumm mamle darj kiye gaye kyonki jaadoo-tona key shikaar koo aparaadh key roop mein naheen dekhaa gayaa thaa. santhalon kaa maanana thaa kii pratibandh ney vaastav mein chudailon kii gatividhiyon koo phalane-phoolane diyaa. iss prakaar, pratibandh kaa prabhaav ee. aaee. see. key iraade key vipareet thaa. 1857-58 key dauran, ack badey vidroh kii avadhi key dauran jaadoo-tona-shikaar mein vriddhi hui, jisake kaaran kuchh vidvaanon ney gatividhi key punrutthan koo company shasson key pratirodh key roop mein dekhaa haye.
aadhunik mamle.
aaj bhee una samajon mein jaadoo-tona kii shikaar hoti haye jahan jaadoo mein vishvaas prachalit haye. adhikansh mamalon mein, yeye linching aur jalaane key udaaharan hain, joe upa-sahaara africa key adhikansh hisson seey, saudi arab seey aur papua nyu ginny seey kuchh niyamitata key saath report kiye gaye hain. isake alawa, kuchh aise desh hain jinamen jaadoo-tona key abhyaas key khilaf kaanoon hain. ekmatra desh jahan jaadoo-tona kanuni roop seey maut kii sajaa key yogya haye, vaha saudi arab haye.
aadhunik samay mein maanav adhikaaron key badey paimaane parr ullanghan key roop mein yuno key uncror dwara lagaatar jaadoo-tona kii soochana dee jaati haye. adhikansh aaropi mahilaaen aur bachche hain, lekin way bujurg loga yaa samudaay key haashiye parr padey samooh jaise kii albino aur aich. aaee. vee. sankramit bhee hoe sakate hain. inn peediton koo aksar samudaay key liye bojh maanaa jaataa haye, aur isake parinamswarup aksar unhein baahar nikaal diyaa jaataa haye, bhookh seey maar diyaa jaataa haye, yaa kabhi-kabhi samajik safai key karyon mein apane hii parivaaron dwara hinsak roop seey maar diyaa jaataa haye. jaadoo-tona key shikaar key karanon mein garibi, mahamari, samajik sankat aur shiksha kii kamee shamil hain. jaadoo-tona kii shikaar karane vaalaa netaa, aksar samudaay mein ack pramukh vyakti yaa ack "diane doctor", bhoot bhagaane key liye shulk laker yaa hatyaa kiye gaye key shareer key angon koo bechkar bhee aarthik laabh praapt curr sakata haye.
madhya poorv.
levant.
29 aur 30 juuna 2015 koo, kattarpanthi islami aatankvaadi samooh islami raajya iraq aur levent (isil yaa isis) key aatankvaadiyon ney swa-ghoshit islami raajya key deir aiz-zor praant mein jaadoo-tona aur "dawa key liye jaadoo" kaa upayog karane key aaropon parr dou jodon kaa sir kalam curr diyaa. isase pahale, isil key aatankvaadiyon ney seeriya, iraq aur libia mein kaee "jaadugaron" aur sadak key jaadugaron kaa sir kalam curr diyaa thaa.
saudi arab.
jaadoo-toone yaa jaadoo-toney kaa kaam saudi arab mein ack aaparaadhik aparaadh banaa huaa haye, halanki aparaadh kii sateek prakriti avyakhyayit haye.
poore desh mein isake liye mukadama chalaane kii aavritti agyaat haye. haalaanki, navambar 2009 mein, yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii usa varsh makka praant mein 118 logon koo jaadoo kaa abhyaas karane aur "allah kii kitab kaa apmaanjanak tareeke seey upayog karane" key liye giraftar kiya gayaa thaa, jinamen seey 74 pratishat mahilaaen theen. 2009 mein manvadhikar nigrani key anusaar, jaadoo-tona aur jaadoo-toney key liye mukadama badh rhaa haye aur "saudi adaalaten dhaarmik pulis dwara ack shaabdik jaadoo-toney key shikaar koo manjuri dey rahee hain."
2006 mein, ack anpadh saudi mahila, fazza falih koo jaadoo-tona karane kaa doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen napunsakta kaa jaadoo bhee shamil thaa, aur kathit roop seey peeta jaane aur fingerprint key liye majboor kiye jaane key baad sir kalam karke maut kii sajaa sunai gaee thee, ack jhoothaa sweekaarokti joe usey naheen padhaa gayaa thaa. ack appeal adalat dwara mrityudand kii vaidhata parr sandeh jataane key baad kyonki sweekaarokti koo vaapas leey liya gayaa thaa, nichali adalat ney ack alag aadhar parr usee sajaa kii pushti kii.
2007 mein, ack misra key nagrik mustafa ibrahim koo ack vivaahit jode koo alag karane key prayaas mein jadugari kaa upayog karane key saath-saath vyabhichaar aur kurran koo apavitra karane key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa.
2007 mein bhee, ack sudani nagrik, abdul hamid binn hussain binn mustafa all-fakki koo ack jaadoo banaane key liye doshi thaharaae jaane key baad maut kii sajaa sunai gaee thee, joe ack talakshuda jode key sulah kaa kaaran banegi.
2009 mein, allie sibat, ack lebnani television prastutkarta, jise saudi arab mein ack tirthayatra key dauran giraftar kiya gayaa thaa, koo ack arab upgrah channel parr apane bhaagya-kathan seey utpann jaadoo-toney key liye maut kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. unaki appeal koo ack adalat ney sweekaar curr liya thaa, lekin madina mein ack dusare ney march 2010 mein phir seey unaki maut kii sajaa koo barkarar rakhate hue kahaa kii vaha isake hakdar they kyonki unhone kaee varshon taka laakhon darshakon key saamane saarvajanik roop seey jaadoo-tona kiya thaa. navambar 2010 mein, sarvocch nyayalaya ney maut kii sajaa kaa anumodan karane seey incar curr diyaa, yeh kahate hue kii aparyaapt saboot they kii unake karyon ney dusaron koo nuksan pahunchaaya thaa.
12 disambar 2011 koo, ameena bint abdulhalim nasser kaa all jabad praant mein jaadoo-tona aur jaadoo-tona karane key doshi thaharaae jaane key baad sir kalam curr diyaa gayaa thaa. ack aur bahut hii samaan sthiti murie binn allie binn isaa all-asiri key saath hui aur 19 juuna 2012 koo nazran praant mein unakaa sir kalam curr diyaa gayaa.
mahasagar.
papua nyu ginny.
haalaanki papua nyu ginny mein "safed" jaadoo (jaise vishvaas upchaar) kaa abhyaas kanuni haye, 1976 key jadugari adhiniyam ney "kaalaa" jaadoo key abhyaas key liye 2 saal taka kii jail kii sajaa lagaai, jaba taka kii 2013 mein adhiniyam koo nirast naheen curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 2009 mein, sarkaar ney bataaya kii kathit chudailon kii atirikt yaatana aur hatyaa-aamtaur parr akeli mahilaaen-uchch bhoomi kshetron seey shaharon mein fail rahee hain kyonki graameen shahari kshetron mein pravaas curr rahey hain. udaaharan key liye, juuna 2013 mein, chaar mahilaaon parr jaadoo-tona karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa kyonki parivaar key paas "lakadi seey banaa ack 'sthaayi ghar' thaa, aur parivaar key paas tritiyak shiksha aur uchch samajik sthiti thee. sabhi mahilaaon koo prataadit kiya gayaa aur helen rumbali kaa sir kalam curr diyaa gayaa. north boganville manvadhikar samiti kii adhyaksh helen hackena ney kahaa kii aarop khanan mein teji seey paida hui aarthik irshya key kaaran shuru hue.
yuu dwara report.aine. agencies, amnesty international, oxfam aur maanavvigyaani bataate hain kii "abhiyukt jaadugaron aur chudailon parr hamale-kabhi-kabhi purush, lekin aamtaur parr mahilaaen-aksar, ugra aur aksar ghaatak hotey hain."yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii harr saal kewal papua nyu ginny key simbu praant mein hinsa aur hatyaon key lagbhag 150 mamle hoe rahey hain. reports seey pataa chalata haye kii kuchh sthaanon parr jaadoo-tona shikaar kii yeh pratha "kuchh adhik ghaatak, kroor aur drishyavaadi" mein vikasit hui haye."ack mahila jiss parr paas key gaanv key yuvaaon ney hamla kiya thaa", usake jananangon koo laal-germ lohe key baar-baar ghuspaith seey jalaa diyaa gayaa aur karyatmak marammat seey parey milaa diyaa gayaa."2012 key kaanoon sudhaar aayog key anusaar, kabhi bhee kuchh ghatanaaen darj kii gaee hain, jisane nishkarsh nikala kii way 1980 key dashak seey badhee hain.
bhaaratiya upmahadweep.
bhaarat.
bhaarat mein kuchh logon kaa, jyaadaatar gaanvon mein, yeh vishvaas haye kii jaadoo-toone aur kaalaa jaadoo prabhaavi hain. ack or, loga swaasthya, vittiya yaa vaivaahik samasyaon key liye diane doctors seey salah leey sakate hain. doosari or, logon, vishesh roop seey mahilaaon parr jaadoo-tona karane kaa aarop lagaaya jaataa haye aur kabhi-kabhi una parr hamla kiya jaataa haye, unaki hatyaa curr dee jaati haye. yeh bataaya gayaa haye kii jyaadaatar vidhvaaon yaa talakshuda logon koo unaki sampatti lootane key liye nishana banaaya jaataa haye. kathit taur parr, sammaanit gaanv key chudail-doctors koo vishisht vyaktiyon koo chudail key roop mein bhugtan kiya jaataa haye, taaki unhein binaa kissy parinam key maaraa jaa sakey. maujooda kaanoonon koo hatyaon parr ankush lagaane mein aprabhaavi maanaa gayaa haye. juuna 2013 mein, rashtriya mahila aayog (aine. see. doubleu.) ney bataaya kii rashtriya aparaadh record beuro key aankadon key anusaar, 2008 seey kathit roop seey jaadoo-tona karane key liye 768 mahilaaon kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee aur nae kaanoonon kii yojana kii ghoshana kii gaee thee.
haal key mamle.
2001 aur 2006 key beach asam raajya mein anumaanit 300 loga maare gaye they. 2005 aur 2010 key beach, odisha key sundargarh jile mein kathit taur parr lagbhag 35 jaadoo-tona seey sambandhit hatyaaen huin. octuber 2003 mein, teen mahilaaon koo chudail key roop mein branded kiya gayaa aur apamaanit kiya gayaa, baad mein una sabhi ney bihaar key muzaffarpur jile key kamalpura gaanv mein aatmahatya curr lii. agast 2013 mein asam key kokrajhar jile mein logon key ack samooh ney ack jode kii hatyaa curr dee thee. sitambar 2013 mein chhattisgarh key jashpur jile mein ack mahila kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee aur usaki betty key saath iss aarop parr balatkar kiya gayaa thaa kii way kaalaa jaadoo curr rahey they.
2010 key ack anuman key anusaar bhaarat mein chudailon key roop mein maare jaane vaali mahilaaon kii sankhya prati varsh 150 seey 200 key beach haye, yaa 1995 seey 2009 kii avadhi mein kull 2,500 haye. jharkhand, bihaar aur madhya raajya chhattisgarh key garib uttari raajyon mein linching kii ghatanaaen vishesh roop seey aam hain.
paschim bangal key jalpaigudi mein chaay bagan key shramikon key beach bhee jaadoo-tona kaa shikaar hoe rhaa haye. jalpaigudi mein chudail shikaar cumm gyaat hain, lekin adiwasi shramikon key jeevan parr chaay udyog mein tanaav seey prerit hain.
bhaarat mein, ack mahila koo ack chudail key roop mein label karna bhoomi hadapane, paise jutaane yaa yaun pragati koo aswikar karane key liye usey dandit karane kii ack aam chaal haye. adhikansh mamalon mein, aaropi mahila key liye madad key liye pahunchana mushkil hotaa haye aur vaha yaa tou apana ghar aur parivaar chhodane yaa aatmahatya karane key liye majboor hoti haye. adhikansh mamle pralekhit naheen hain kyonki garib aur anpadh mahilaaon key liye alag-alag kshetron seey yatra karke pulis report darj karna mushkil haye. jharkhand raajya mein peediton key saath kaam karane vaale ack samooh, muft kanuni sahaayata samiti key ack adhyayan key anusaar, jaadoo-toone key shikaar key abhiyukton mein seey 2 pratishat seey bhee cumm vaastav mein doshi thaharaae jaate hain.
nepal.
nepal mein chudail shikaar aam hain, aur vishesh roop seey nimn jaati kii mahilaaon key khilaf lakshit hain. jaadoo-tona seey sambandhit hinsa key mukhya karanon mein andhavishwas mein vyaapak vishvaas, shiksha kii kamee, saarvajanik jagrukta kii kamee, niraksharta, jaati vyavastha, purush prabhutva aur purushon parr mahilaaon kii aarthik nirbharta shamil hain. iss prakaar kii hinsa key peediton koo aksar peeta jaataa haye, prataadit kiya jaataa haye, saarvajanik roop seey apamaanit kiya jaataa haye aur unaki hatyaa curr dee jaati haye. kabhi-kabhi, abhiyukt key parivaar key sadasyon parr bhee hamla kiya jaataa haye.
2010 mein, mahila aur samajik kalyan mantri, sarv deva prasaad ojhaa ney kahaa, "andhavishwas hamaare samaaj mein gaharaai seey nihit hain, aur jaadoo-tona mein vishvaas isake sabse kharaab roopon mein seey ack haye."
upa-sahaara africa.
upa-sahaara africa key kaee samajon mein, chudailon kaa darr samay-samay parr chudailon kaa shikaar kartaa haye, jisake dauran visheshagya chudail-khojkarta sandigdhon kii pehchaan karate hain, jisake parinamswarup aksar peat-peetkar maut hoe jaati haye. iss ghatana seey vishesh roop seey prabhaavit deshon mein dakshin africa, cameroon, kango kaa loktaantrik ganarajya, gambia, ghaana, kenya, siera leone, tanzania aur zambia shamil hain.
1999 mein bee. bee. see. dwara congo aur tanzania mein bachchon key khilaf chudail-shikaar kii soochana dee gaee thee, jahan sarkaar ney laal aankho key liye chudail honey key aarop mein mahilaaon parr hamalon kaa jawab diyaa thaa. 2001 mein ghaana mein ack mukadama shuru kiya gayaa thaa, jahan ack mahila dwara ack chudail honey kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, jahan chudail-shikaar bhee aam haye. africa mein chudail shikaar aksar abhiyukt peedit kii sampatti kii maang karane vaale rishtedaron dwara kiya jaataa haye.
audrey aaee. africa" patrika mein, richard 1935 mein ack udaaharan bataate hain jaba zambia key bemba logon key gaanvon mein "bamukapi" naamak jaadoo-tona karane vaalon kii ack naee lahar dikhaai dee thee. way europeeya kapade pahanate they, aur gaanv key liye ack anushthaan bhojan taiyar karane key liye mukhiya koo bulaate they. jaba graameen pahunchate tou way una sabhi koo darpan mein dekhate aur daavaa karate kii way iss vidhi seey chudailon kii pehchaan curr sakate hain. inn chudailon koo taba "apane seengon koo chhodana hoga"; i.ee. shaapit karane key liye seeng key paatron koo aur chudail khojane vaalon koo dusht aushadhi dein. bamukapi ney taba sabhi koo "kukapa" naamak ack aushadhi pilaai, joe ack chudail koo maraane aur soojan kaa kaaran banegi yadi vaha kabhi aisee cheejon koo phir seey karane kii koshish kartaa haye.
gaanv vaalon ney bataaya kii chudail khojane vaale hamesha sahee they kyonki unhein joe chudailen mileen way hamesha way loga theen jinase gaanv koo hamesha darr thaa. bamukapi ney apani shaktiyon key liye isai aur deshi dhaarmik paramparaon key mishran kaa upayog kiya aur kahaa kii bhagwan (kiss bhagwan koo nirdisht naheen karate hue) ney unhein apani dawa taiyar karane mein madad kii. isake alawa, jinn sabhi chudailon ney bhojan mein bhaag naheen liya thaa, unaki pehchaan baad mein unake swami dwara kii jaayegi, joe marey huon mein seey jee uthhe they, aur joe chudailon koo drum key madhyam seey kabristan jaane key liye majboor karenge, jahan way marenge. ameeron ney nott kiya kii bamukapi ney gaanv key sabhi seengon koo goal karke gaanvon mein khatare kii bhavna paida kii, chaahe way jaadoo-tona virodhi aakarshan, aushadhi, snuff key liye upayog kiye jaate they yaa vaastav mein kaale jaadoo key paatr they.
bemba loga maanate they kii mausa, shikaar aur akaal jaise durbhagya koo uchch-devta lessa dwara sweekrit kaary maanaa jaataa haye. ekmatra agency jisane anyaaypurna nuksan pahunchaaya vaha ack chudail thee, jisake paas bhaari shaktiyaan theen aur jiska pataa lagaana mushkil thaa. africa key shwet shasson key baad, jaadoo-tona aur jaadoo-tona mein vishvaas badhe, sambhavatah nae vichaaron, reeti-rivaajon aur kaanoonon key kaaran samajik tanaav key kaaran, aur yeh bhee kii adalaton ney abb chudailon parr mukadama chalaane kii anumati naheen dee.
dakshini africa kii bantu janjaatiyon mein, chudailon kaa pataa lagaane key liye chudail smeller jimmedaar they. dakshini africa key kuchh hisson mein, 1990 seey kaee sou loga jaadoo-tona mein maare gaye hain.
cameroon ney 1967 mein apani swatantrata key baad adalaton mein jaadoo-tona key aaropon koo phir seey sthaapit kiya haye.
21 maee 2008 koo yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii kenya mein ack bheed ney jaadoo-tona key aarop mein cumm seey cumm 11 logon koo jalaa diyaa thaa.
march 2009 mein, amnesty international ney bataaya kii gambia mein 1,000 logon koo sarkaar dwara praayojit "diane doctors" dwara jaadoo-tona key aarop mein apaharan curr liya gayaa thaa, aur hirasat kendron mein leey jaaya gayaa thaa jahaan unhein jaharile mishran peene key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. 21 maee 2009 koo, "dha newyork times" ney bataaya kii kathit jaadoo-tona-shikaar abhiyaan koo gambian rashtrapati, yahya jammeh dwara shuru kiya gayaa thaa.
siera leone mein, diane-hunt samajik naitikta parr "kmai" (deshi mende diane-finder) dwara ack upadesh key liye ack avsar haih "dynecraft... jaba loga poori tarah seey khule dill seey cumm hotey hain tou logon key jeevan mein pakad banaata haye. sabhi dushtata antatah isaliye hoti haye kyonki loga ack-dusare seey nafrat karate hain yaa irshya karate hain yaa sandeh karate hain yaa darte hain. inn bhaavanaon aur preranaon key kaaran loga asamajik vyavhaar karate hain. kmai" key prati janata kii pratikriya yeh haye kii "way unake kaam koo mahatva dete they aur samajik jimmedaari aur sahyog key baare mein unhein sikhaane key liye aae sabak seekhenge."
shabd kaa alankarik upayog.
dyne-hunt' shabd kaa upayog kissy vyakti yaa samooh key bahishkaar key liye ack roopak key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye, joe aksar unake raajneetik anunaya parr adharit hotaa haye. vishisht shabdon mein 'stellinist witch-hunt' aur 'mccarthite witch-hunt' shamil hain. "telegraph" ney sanskriti koo radd karane kii tulanaa "" aadhunik samay key chudail parikshanon "" seey kii haye.  america key poorv rashtrapati donald trump ney aksar tweeter parr iss shabd kaa istemal kiya, jisamen vibhinn jaanchon aur unake khilaf mahaabhiyog kii kaaryavaahi koo jaadoo-tona key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa. apane karyakal key dauran unhone iss vakyansh kaa 330 seey adhik baar upayog kiya. america key rashtriya rifle sangh ney kathit dhokhadhadi key liye sangathan key khilaf newyork attorney general key mukadame koo khariz karane key liye ack asafal bolly mein iss shabd kaa upayog kiya.

