pehchaan

kuchh samanya kaanoon deshon mein, maanyata ack vyakti dwara adalat key samaksh kii gaee dhana kii ack sashart pratigya haye, joe yadi vyakti chook kartaa haye, tou vyakti yaa unake pratibhooti usa raashi koo khou denge. yeh abhilekh kaa ack daayitva haye, jise kissy adalat yaa magistrate key samaksh vidhivat adhikrit kiya jaataa haye, jisake tahat pakshakaar yeh sweekaar kartaa haye (maanyata detaa haye) kii unakaa raajya parr vyaktigat rinn haye. maanyata "dalbadal" key adheen haye; yaani, yadi baadhya vyakti koee vishesh kaary kartaa haye, jaise kii kissy vishesh dinn adalat mein pesh honah, yaa shaanti banaae rakhna, tou daayitva seey bachaa jaayega. aaparaadhik mamalon mein iss avadharana kaa upayog jamaanat key roop mein kiya jaataa haye jaba kissy vyakti parr aarop lagaaya jaataa haye lekin mukadama naheen chalaaya jaataa haye aur yeh bhee kii jaba kissy vyakti koo aage durachar naa karane key liye ack protsaahan key roop mein mukadame mein doshi paaya jaataa haye. maanyata kii avadharana australia, kanada, hangkang, ireland ganarajya aur sanyukt raajya america mein maujood haye. maanyataon kaa upayog aksar timahi satron kii adalaton dwara kiya jaataa thaa, udaaharan key liye way bedfordshire timahi satra record key liye jeevit record kaa 70 pratishat seey adhik banaate hain.
jamaanat.
maanyata jamaanat kaa ack roop haye, jisamen ack aaropi koo bhavishya mein kissy nishchit dinn aaropon kaa saamana karane key liye adalat key samaksh pesh honey key liye protsaahan key saath poorv-mukadame kii hirasat seey riha kiya jaataa haye. ack vyakti koo pratibhooti pradaan karane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye, ack anya vyakti honey key naate joe abhiyukt kii upasthiti kii guaranti dega aur yadi way naheen karate hain tou raashi koo jabt karane key liye sahmat hoga. yadi kissy vyakti koo muchalka dene kii aavashyakta naheen haye, tou unhein "apani pehchaan parr" riha curr diyaa jaataa haye. maanyata parr chhoot koo kabhi-kabhi "ror", yaa "(" swayam kii maanyata ", vishesh roop seey sanyukt raajya america mein), yaa" pr "(" vyaktigat maanyata ") key roop mein sankshipt kiya jaataa haye.
ack maanyata jamaanat baand seey alag haye kyonki yeh dhana kii girvi haye aur nakad jamaa key kissy agrim bhugtan kii aavashyakta naheen haye.
aitihaasik roop seey maanyataon kaa upayog timahi satron kii adalaton dwara bhee kiya jaataa thaa taaki ack vyakti koo adalat mein upasthit honey aur saboot dene kii aavashyakta hoe.
aage durachar naa karane key liye ack protsaahan key roop mein.
jahaan kissy vyakti koo mukadame mein doshi paaya gayaa haye, ack adalat prativaadi koo aage key aparaadh naa karane key liye ack protsaahan key roop mein, apani pehchaan parr riha curr sakati haye. 1733 mein johnn harper koo apani pehchaan parr bridewell seey riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa. unakaa upayog chauthai satron kii adalaton dwara shaanti banaae rakhane aur logon key achche vyavhaar key liye kiya jaataa thaa, vyakti koo harr saal ack baar timahi satron mein bhaag lene kii aavashyakta hoti thee jaba taka kii tanaav cumm naheen hoe jaataa thaa.
australia mein iss uddeshya key liye unakaa upayog jaari haye, sanghiya "aparaadh adhiniyam" key saath yeh praavdhaan haye kii adalat vyakti koo maanyata yaa anyatha, pratibhooti key saath yaa usake binaa, aaropmukt curr sakati haye. nirvahan mein achche vyavhaar yaa muaavaje kaa bhugtan karane jaisi shartein shamil hoe sakati hain. maanyata jaari karane key adesh mein vyakti koo samudaay mein yaa ack nirdisht avadhi kii seva key baad tatkaal riha karna shamil hoe sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, nyu south wells kii aaparaadhik appeal kii adalat ney johnn khoo parr aantarik vyaapaar key apraadhon key liye lagaai gaee sajaa koo barkarar rakhaa kii usey 1 saal aur 11 maheene kii jail hoe, lekin achche vyavhaar kii maanyata darj karane parr 14 maheene key baad riha curr diyaa jaae.

