
bahreen mein dharm

bahreen key samvidhaan mein kahaa gayaa haye kii islam aadhikarik dharm haye aur "shariyat" (islami kaanoon) kaanoon banaane kaa ack pramukh srot haye. "samvidhaan key anuchhed 22" mein vivek kii swatantrata, pooja kii alanghaniyata aur desh mein manaae jaane vaale reeti-rivaajon key anusaar dhaarmik sanskar karane aur dhaarmik pared aur sabhaaen karane kii swatantrata kaa praavdhaan haye; haalaanki, sarkaar ney iss adhikaar key prayog parr kuchh seemaaen lagaa dee hain.
dhaarmik jansankhyiki.
2010 mein bahreen key nagrikon mein, sarkaar key prakaashit janganana aankadon key anusaar 99.8% musalman they, halanki jaba gair-rashtriya aabaadi koo shamil kiya jaataa haye tou muslim anupaat 70.2% taka gir jaataa haye. vartamaan janganana key aankade bahreen mein anya dharmon key beach antar naheen karate hain, lekin lagbhag 1,000 isai nagrik aur 40 seey cumm yahudi nagrik hain. musalman dharm key bahreen nagrik islam kii shiya aur sunee shaakhaon seey sambandhit hain. pichhali aadhikarik janganana (1941) seey pataa chalaa kii muslim aabaadi kaa 52 pratishat (88,298 nagrik) shiya thaa aur 48 pratishat muslim aabaadi sunni thee. anaupchaarik srot, jaise kii library off congress country studies, aur "dha newyork times", 45 pratishat sunni musalmaanon aur 55 pratishat shiya musalmaanon key samaan vargeekaran kaa anuman lagaate hain. 2017 mein, bhaarat sthit ack gair-sarkari sansthaan ney bahreen kii dhaarmik vividhata key baare mein shodh kiya; yeh paaya kii 84 pratishat loga shiya they, 10 pratishat sunni sampradaay they, jabaki shesh 6 pratishat anya dharmon seey sambandhit they.
2010 mein dakshin asia aur anya arab deshon key videshi, aabaadi kaa 54 pratishat they. inmein seey 45 pratishat musalman hain aur 55 pratishat gair-musalman hain, jinamen isai (mukhya roop seey catholic, protestant, siriyai roodhivaadi aur dakshin bhaarat key maar thoma), hindu, baahaai, bauddh aur sikh shamil hain.
dhaarmik swatantrata kii sthiti.
kanuni aur neetigat dhancha.
samvidhaan mein kahaa gayaa haye kii islam desh kaa aadhikarik dharm haye aur dharm kii swatantrata kaa bhee praavdhaan kartaa haye; haalaanki, iss adhikaar kii seemaaen theen. sarkaar dharm-adharit, raajneetik gair-sarkari sangathanon koo raajneetik "samajon" key roop mein panjikrit karane kii anumati detee haye, joe raajneetik gatividhiyon kaa sanchaalan karane key liye kanuni adhikaar vaale dalon kii tarah kaam karate hain. 2006 mein sansadiya aur nagarpalika chunaav hue aur sabhi raajneetik samajon ney bhaag liya, jisamen sabse badaa shiya raajneetik samaaj bhee shamil thaa, jisane 2002 mein pichhale sansadiya chunaavon kaa bahishkaar kiya thaa. paatr matdaataon mein seey 73 pratishat ney chunaavon mein bhaag liya. pratyek dhaarmik samooh koo kaam karane key liye "nyaay aur islami mamalon key mantralaya" ("mojia") seey licenses praapt karna hoga. disambar 2006 mein "nyaay mantralaya" aur "islami mamalon key mantralaya" kaa vilay curr "mojia" kaa gathan kiya gayaa. paristhitiyon key aadhar parr, udaaharan key liye, ack dhaarmik vidyalaya key udghaatan key liye, ack dhaarmik samooh koo "samajik vikas mantralaya", "soochana mantralaya" aur/yaa "shiksha mantralaya" seey bhee anumodan kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. samajik vikas mantralaya" key saath panjikrit isai mandaliyaan swatantra roop seey sanchaalit hoti theen aur unhein anya isai mandaliyon koo apani suvidhaaen pradaan karane kii anumati dee jaati thee, jinake paas unake pooja sthal naheen they. sarkaar islami virodhi lekhan parr pratibandh lagaati haye. chaar sikh mandiron aur kaee hindu mandiron koo swatantra roop seey kaam karane kii anumati haye. bhaaratiya pradhaanmantri kii bahreen yatra key dauran unhone srinathji (krishna) mandir key liye punarvikas pariyojana kii ghoshana kii, jiss parr 42 laakh dollar kii laagat aaegi. desh kaa ekmatra aradhanalaya lagbhag 60 varshon seey chaalu naheen haye.
binaa anumati key dhaarmik sabhaa aayojit karna avaidh haye; haalaanki, dhaarmik samoohon koo ikattha honey kii anumati seey incar kiye jaane kii koee report naheen thee. apanjikrit isai mandaliyaan maujood hain, aur sarkaar dwara apanjikrit mandaliyon koo panjikrit karane key liye majboor karane kaa koee prayaas naheen kiya gayaa thaa. islami mamalon key liye uchch parishad" parr sunee aur shiya donon samudaayon key bheetar sabhi lipic niyuktiyon kii sameeksha aur anumodan kaa aarop lagaaya jaataa haye aur videshon mein dharm kaa adhyayan karane vaale sabhi nagrikon key liye karyakram kii nigrani kii jaati haye. aitihaasik roop seey desh kii sainya aur gharelu suraksha sevaaon key liye bharti mein shiya musalmaanon key khilaf bhedbhaav key pramaan hain. reporting avadhi key dauran, "raksha mantralaya" ney sainya seva key liye shiya kii bharti naheen kii. aantarik mantralaya" ney reporting avadhi key dauran gair-sainya suraksha agencies mein atirikt shiya kii bharti key liye prayaas kiye. 19 aprail, 2007 koo "shiksha mantralaya" key adhikaariyon ney ghoshana kii kii mantralaya, mojia key saath milkar, agale shaikshanik varsh kii shuruat mein sabhi saarvajanik schools mein padhaae jaane key liye ack nayaa dhaarmik shiksha pathyakram vikasit curr rhaa haye. islami mamalon key avar sachiv" key anusaar, nayaa pathyakram islam aur nyayshastra mein prathaon parr dhyaan kendrit karega aur isamen kattarpanth aur ugravaad key khilaf samagri hogi. islami mamalon key avar sachiv" ney kathit taur parr "shiksha mantralaya" parr jore diyaa kii nayaa pathyakram islam kii sabhi shaakhaon key vishvaason koo shamil karna chaahiye. islami adhyayan sarkari schools mein pathyakram kaa ack hissa haye aur sabhi saarvajanik vidyalaya key chhatron key liye anivarya haye. dashakon purana pathyakram sunni dharamshastra key maliki school parr adharit haye. shiya islam kii jaffrey paramparaon koo pathyakram mein shamil karane key prastaavon koo khariz curr diyaa gayaa haye. nagrik aur aaparaadhik kanuni pranaliyon mein vibhinn kanuni sroton key aadhar parr adalaton kaa ack jatil mishran hotaa haye, jisamen sunee aur shiya shariyat, adiwasi kaanoon aur anya nagrik sanhitaaen aur niyam shamil hain. shiya sharee 'aaa nyayadhishon kii sankhya unake sunny samkakshon kii sankhya seey thodi adhik thee.
yadyapi samvidhaan mahilaaon key raajneetik adhikaaron kaa praavdhaan kartaa haye, lekin shariyat vyaktigat sthiti koo niyantrit karati haye. vishisht adhikaar islami kaanoon kii shiya yaa sunee vyakhyaon key anusaar bhinn hotey hain, jaisa kii vyakti key vishvaas dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye, yaa una adalaton dwara jisamen vivaah sahit vibhinn anubandh utpann hotey hain. jabaki shiya aur sunee donon mahilaaon koo talaak shuru karane kaa adhikaar haye, dhaarmik adaalaten anurodh koo aswikar curr sakati hain. islam kii kissy bhee shakha kii mahilaaen sampatti kii malik hoe sakati hain aur viraasat mein mill sakati hain aur sabhi saarvajanik aur kanuni mamalon mein apana pratinidhitva curr sakati hain. pratyaksh purush uttaradhikari kii anupasthiti mein, ack shiya mahila koo sabhi sampatti kaa uttaradhikari mill sakata haye. isake vipareet, ack pratyaksh purush uttaradhikari kii anupasthiti mein, ack sunni mahila koo kewal ack hissa viraasat mein milata haye joe shariyat dwara shaasit hotaa haye; santulan bhaaiyon, chaachaon aur mritak key purush chachere bhaaiyon key beach vibhajit hotaa haye. ack musalman mahila kanuni roop seey ack gair-muslim purush seey tabhi shaadi curr sakati haye jaba vaha pahale islam mein parivartit hoe jaae. aise vivahon mein bachchon koo swachaalit roop seey musalman maanaa jaataa haye. talaak key mamalon mein, adaalaten niyamit roop seey shiya aur sunee mahilaaon koo bachchon kii hirasat taba taka detee hain jaba taka kii hirasat kramshah jaffrey aur maliki islami kaanoon key aadhar parr pitaa koo vaapas naheen curr dee jaati haye. mansik akshamta koo chhodkar sabhi paristhitiyon mein, pitaa, abhiraksha nirnayon kii parwah kiye binaa, apane bachchon key liye kuchh kanuni nirnay lene kaa adhikaar rakhta haye, jaise kii bachche kii kissy bhee sampatti kaa sanrakshan, jaba taka kii bachcha kanuni umr taka naheen pahunch jaataa. ack gair-nagrik mahila apane nagrik pitaa koo talaak dene parr apane bachchon kii abhiraksha khou detee haye. iran, iraq aur seeriya mein shiya mandiron aur pavitra sthalon kii tirthayatra karane kii anumati vaale nagrikon kii sankhya parr koee pratibandh naheen haye. sarkaar iran kii yatra kii nigrani karati haye aur una logon kii saavdhaanipoorvak jaanch karati haye joe vahaan dhaarmik adhyayan karna chaahte hain. sarkaar rashtriya pehchaan dastavejon parr dharm yaa sampradaay koo naamit naheen karati haye. bachche key janm parr, janm pramaan patra key liye aavedan karane vaale maataa-pitaa seey bachche kaa dharm (sampradaay naheen) pradaan karane key liye kahaa jaataa haye, lekin sarkaar dwara jaari janm pramaan patra mein yeh jaankaari shamil naheen hoti haye. kaanoon ack dharm seey dusare dharm mein dharmaantaran koo pratibandhit naheen kartaa haye. nimnalikhit chhuttiyon koo rashtriya avkash maanaa jaataa haih eed ull-adhaa, eed ull-fitar, islami paigambar muhammad kaa janm, ashura kaa dinn aur islami nayaa saal. kaee dhaarmik samoohon kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale netaaon ney desh kaa daura kiya aur sarkaar aur nagrik netaaon seey mulakat kii. inmein bhaarat mein maar thoma church kaa mahanagariya kshetra shamil thaa, joe church kaa sarvocch adhikaari thaa.
dhaarmik swatantrata parr pratibandh.
sarkari neeti aur abhyaas aam taur parr dharm key swatantra abhyaas mein yogdan karate hain. anya dhaarmik samoohon key sadasya joe apane vishvaas kaa paalan niji taur parr karate hain, way sarkaar key hastakshep key binaa aisaa karate hain aur unhein apane swayam key pooja sthalon koo banaae rakhane aur apane dharm key prateekon, jaise kii croose aur devtaon aur santon kii moortiyon koo pradarshit karane kii anumati haye. shiya aur sunni masjidon, shiya "maatam" (dhaarmik samudayik kendra), shiya aur sunni "wakf" (dhaarmik daan), aur dhaarmik adalaton sahit sabhi aadhikarik dhaarmik sansthanon koo sarkaar dhana detee haye, joe islami nyayshastra key jaffrey (shiya) aur maliki (sunee) donon schools kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. sarkaar saarvajanik dhaarmik karyakramon kii anumati detee haye, vishesh roop seey ramjan aur muharram key islami maheenon key dauran shiya musalmaanon dwara badey vaarshik smaarak march. 
anya dhaarmik samoohon seey islam mein parivartit honey vaale loga asamanya naheen they, vishesh roop seey muslim purushon aur gair-muslim mahilaaon key beach vivaah key mamalon mein. inn dharmaantarit logon kaa aam taur parr muslim samudaay mein swaagat kiya jaataa thaa. doosari or, islam seey anya dhaarmik samoohon mein parivartit logon koo samaaj dwara achchi tarah seey bardasht naheen kiya gayaa thaa. yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii parivaar aur samudaay aksar inn vyaktiyon koo chhod dete they aur kabhi-kabhi dharmaantarit logon koo shaaririk shoshan kaa shikaar banaate they. inmein seey kuchh dharmaantarit logon kaa maanana thaa kii desh koo sthaayi roop seey chhodana aavashyak haye. 
arab spring vidroh aur bahreen mein shiya virodh key khilaf kaarravaai key dauran, sarkaar dwara "darjanon" shiya masjidon koo samtal kiya gayaa haye. reporter dwara sakshatkar kiye gaye shiya netaaon key anusaar, kaary dall aksar masjidon koo dhwast karane key liye "raat key samay, pulis aur sainya escorts key saath" pahunchate hain, aur kaee mamalon mein, shahar key logon key jaagane seey pahale imaraton key malabe koo door curr dete hain taaki koee nishan naa reh jaae. bahreen key nyaay aur islami mamalon key mantri sheikh khalid binn allie binn abdullah all khalifa ney vidhvans kaa bachaav karate hue kahaah "yeye masjiden naheen hain. yeye avaidh imaaraten hain."halanki, mccullachy reporter ney paaya kii sarkaar dwara unake vinash seey pahale kaee masjidon kii lii gaee tasveeren" seey pataa chalata haye kii way achchi tarah seey banaae gaye they, dashakon purani sanrachanaaen."
mojia ney baar-baar bahaai dharm kii ack mandali koo sanchaalan licenses dene seey incar kiya haye, aur yeh mandali koo maanyata dene seey incar kartaa haye; baahaai samudaay ney binaa sarkari hastakshep key swatantra roop seey ikattha honah aur pooja karna jaari rakhaa. jabaki mojia baahaai dharm koo islam aur ishninda kii ack apramaanik shakha key roop mein dekhate hain, kuchh anya sarkari mantralayon ney kuchh sarkari dastavejon key liye aavedan karane vaale nagrikon key liye "drop-down" computer menu mein baahaai koo ack dharm vikalp key roop mein shamil kiya.
bible aur anya isai prakashanon koo sthaaniya pustakon kii dukaanon mein khule taur parr pradarshit aur becha jaataa haye joe islami aur anya dhaarmik saahitya bhee bechate hain. church isai samagri bhee bechate hain, jisamen kitaaben, sangeet aur isai netaaon key sandesh shamil hain, khule taur parr aur binaa kissy pratibandh key. islam kii sabhi shaakhaon key dhaarmik lekh, anya deshon key muslim pracharakon dwara diye gaye updeshon key casset aur anya dharmon key prakaashan aasaani seey upalabdh hain. haal key varshon mein, "aantarik mantralaya" ney bharti prathaon mein sudhaar key prayaas kiye hain aur shiya nagrikon kii bharti mein vriddhi kii haye. 2005 mein 1,000 seey adhik sadasyon key saath ack isai church ney doosara parrish banaane key liye "samajik vikas mantralaya" key saath ack aavedan daayar kiya. diosis ney dusare parrish key sadasyon kii seva key liye ack asthaayi pujari koo niyukt kiya; haalaanki, veeja pratibandhon key kaaran, vaha kewal 4 maheene rahey. nae parrish ney ack sthaayi pujari key liye teen saal key nivasi veeja key liye aavedan kiya. reporting avadhi key anta taka, sarkari adhikaariyon ney abhee bhee church key netaaon koo dusare parrish kii anumati dene yaa sthaayi pujari key liye nivasi veeja dene key anurodh parr antim nirnay key baare mein soochit naheen kiya thaa. church key adhikaariyon dwara jaankaari key liye kiye gaye anurodhon kaa jawab naheen diyaa gayaa. desh mein dhaarmik kaidiyon yaa bandiyon kii koee soochana naheen thee.
farwari 2011 mein, sunni sattaaroodh alpasankhyak aur shiya bahumat key beach tanaav sadak virodh pradarshanon mein badal gayaa, jise pulis balon dwara hinsak roop seey dabaa diyaa gayaa, jisake parinamswarup kaee nagrik maare gaye. aim. see. see. latchy samachar patra/see. monitor.comm ney bataaya kii maee 2011 key madhya taka, adhikaariyon ney gupt pareekshan kiye hain jahaan pradarshankariyon koo maut kii sajaa sunai gaee haye, pramukh mukhyadhara key vipakshi raajnetaon koo giraftar kiya gayaa haye, ghayal pradarshankariyon kaa ilaaj karane vaali nurses aur doctors koo jail mein daal diyaa gayaa haye, swaasthya dekhbhal pranali koo jabt curr liya gayaa haye joe mukhya roop seey shiyaon dwara chalaai gaee thee, 1,000 shiya peshevaron koo nikaal diyaa gayaa aur unaki pension radd curr dee gaee, chhatron aur shikshakon koo hirasat mein liya gayaa jinhone virodh pradarshanon mein bhaag liya, patrakaron koo peeta aur giraftar kiya, aur ekmatra vipakshi samachar patra koo bund karane key liye majboor kiya.
anaam yuu.aiss. mcclechy dwara sakshatkar kiye gaye adhikaariyon ney bahreen mein "pratishodhi" sunee netritva parr chinta vyakt kii aur kahaa kii obama prashaasan "bahreen key teji seey neeche kii or badhane key baare mein bahut chintit thaa."
jabaran dharm parivartan.
bahreen kaa jabaran dharm parivartan mein shamil honey kaa koee itihas naheen haye. videshi nagrikon key saath-saath sthaaniya alpasankhyak sarkaar yaa anya dhaarmik samoohon key hastakshep key binaa apane dharm kaa paalan karane mein saksham hain.
yahudi samudaay kii sthiti.
bhale hii chhota yahudi samudaay hamalon aur todfod seey surakshit rhaa haye. jabaki kuchh yahudi-virodhi raajneetik tippani aur sampadakiya cartoon dikhaai diye, joe aamtaur parr israel-philistine sangharsh seey judey hue they, ack raajneetik sandarbh key baahar yahudi alpasankhyak koo poori tarah seey sammaanit kiya jaataa haye aur unhein swatantra roop seey kaam karane kii anumati dee jaati haye. bahreen mein yahudi loga sarkaar key hastakshep key binaa niyamit roop seey apane vishvaas kaa niji taur parr abhyaas karate hain. 2008 mein bahreen kaa naam hooda ezra ibrahim nonu thaa, joe ack yahudi mahila saansad, sanyukt raajya mein rajdoot theen.
dhaarmik swatantrata key sambandh mein sudhaar aur sakaratmak vikas.
navambar aur disambar 2006 mein sansadiya aur nagarpalika chunaav aayojit kiye gaye they. dharm-adharit raajneetik samitiyon seey judey ummidvaaron ney pratinidhiyon kii parishad mein 40 mein seey 32 seeten jeetin. chunaavon key dauran, dhaarmik raajneetik samoohon key ummidvaaron ney sarkaar key kissy bhee hastakshep key binaa apane abhiyaan chalaae. sansad key 40 sadasyiya uchch sadan, shoora parishad mein ack yahudi sadasya aur ack isai sadasya thaa, jisake sadasyon koo nichale sadan key chunaavon key baad disambar 2006 mein raajaa dwara niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. isai sadasya koo unake sahyogiyon dwara shoora parishad key liye dusare upaadhyaksh key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa aur vaha arab sansad mein desh key chaar pratinidhiyon mein seey ack bhee haye. chunaav mein ack isai nagar parishad kaa ummidwar thaa, lekin vaha haar gayaa. aprail 2007 mein "bahreen mahila vyavasaayi samaaj" ney ack panel charcha koo praayojit karke parivaar kaanoon parr ack saarvajanik jagrukta abhiyaan shuru kiya, joe kaee maheenon key liye iss vishay parr pahala saarvajanik karyakram thaa. 2005 key anta mein mahilaaon key liye sarvocch parishad dwara jagrukta abhiyaan aur nagrik samaaj samoohon dwara sangoshthiyon key bavjood, navambar/disambar 2006 key chunaavon key dauran iss mudde koo kissy bhee mahatvapurna tareeke seey naheen uthaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen ack parivarik kaanoon kii aavashyakta parr prakaash daala gayaa thaa. isake baad iss tarah key kaanoon key paksh mein aur virodh mein saarvajanik bahas aur railiyaan huin. reporting avadhi key dauran, awali samudaay church key sadasya lagbhag masik roop seey isai jail key kaidiyon seey milane jaate they, taaki way apane ghar seey kapade aur isai saahitya aur sandesh pradaan curr sakein. anya churchon key sadasya bhee samay-samay parr isai jail key kaidiyon key paas jaate they.

