moro vidroh

moro vidroh (1899-1913) phillippeans-americi yuddh key dauran moro logon aur sanyukt raajya america kii senaa key beach ack sashastr sangharsh thaa.
moro" shabd-"moor" key liye spanish shabd-dakshini phillippeans mein rahane vaale musalman logon key liye ack shabd haye, ack aisaa kshetra jisamen mindanao, jolo aur padosi sulu dweepsamuh shamil hain.
prishthabhoomi.
moron kaa videshi shasson kaa virodh karane kaa 400 saal kaa itihas haye. spanish key khilaf, amerikiyon key khilaf, japaniyon key khilaf aur philipino key khilaf hinsak sashastr sangharsh koo vartamaan moro netaaon dwara bangsamoro (moro rashtra) key chaar shataabdiyon lambe "rashtriya mukti andolan" kaa hissa maanaa jaataa haye. yeh sangharsh banaa rhaa aur phillippeans raajya key khilaf swatantrata key liye unake vartamaan yuddh mein vikasit huaa. spanish aakramankariyon key khilaf sadiyon seey chaley aaa rahey yuddh key kaaran moron key beach "jihad kii sanskriti" ubhari.
dakshini phillippeans kii jaatiya moro aabaadi ney spanish aur sanyukt raajya america donon key upanivesh kaa virodh kiya. paschimi mindanao key moro kshetra samaar dweep aur bikol kshetra key saath phillippeans mein sabse vidrohi kshetra rahey hain. spaniard mutthi bhar tateey senaaon yaa kilon taka hii seemit they aur unhone vishal aantarik kshetron mein kabhi-kabhaar dandaatmak abhiyaan chalaae. phillippeans mein sadiyon key spanish shasson key dauran asafal prayason kii ack shrinkhala key baad, spanish balon ney 1876 mein sulu key sultan kii seat, jolo, sulu key parityakt shahar parr kabja curr liya. spanish sultan aur sulu key sultan ney 22 julaai, 1878 koo shaanti kii spanish sandhi parr hastakshar kiye. spanish garrison key baahar sulu dweepsamuh kaa niyantran sultan koo saunp diyaa gayaa. sandhi mein anuvaad trutiyaan theenh spanish bhasha key sanskaran key anusaar, spen kii sulu dweepsamuh parr poorna samprabhuta thee, jabaki tausag sanskaran ney ack poorna nirbharta key bajaay ack sanrakshit raajya kaa varnan kiya. moro kshetron parr bahut hii nammatra key daave key bavjood, spen ney unhein peris kii sandhi mein sanyukt raajya koo saunp diyaa, joe spanish-americi yuddh key anta kaa sanket detaa haye.
1899 key dauran uttari phillippeans parr americi kabje key baad, dakshini phillippeans mein spanish balon koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa, aur way zamboanga aur jolo mein sainya balon key paas peechhe hutt gaye. americi balon ney 18 maee, 1899 koo jolo mein spanish sarkaar parr niyantran curr liya aur disambar 1899 mein zamboanga mein.
moros ney nae americi upaniveshvadiyon kaa virodh kiya kyonki unhone spanish kaa virodh kiya thaa. spanish, americi aur phillippeans kii sarkaaron key khilaf sulu aur mindanao key musalmaanon ney ladaai ladee haye.
ottoman samrajya kii bhoomika.
americi raajya sachiv johnn haye ney 1899 mein ottoman samrajya, auskar strace mein rajdoot seey ottoman sultan abdul hamid dwiteeya seey sampark karane key liye kahaa taaki sultan seey anurodh kiya jaa sakey kii vaha phillippeans mein sulu saltanat key moro sulu musalmaanon koo ack patra likhe jisamen unhein americi adhirajya aur americi sainya shasson key samaksh aatmasamarpan karane key liye kahaa jaae. sultan kii "paine-islamic" vichardhara key bavjood, unhone americi balon kii aasaani seey sahaayata kii kyonki unhein paschim aur musalmaanon key beach shatruta paida karane kii koee aavashyakta mahsoos naheen hui.
abdul hameed ney patra likhaa, jise makka bheja gayaa thaa, jahan dou sulu pramukh ise sulu key ghar leey aae they. yeh safal rhaa aur sulu mohammadon ney bhee... vidrohiyon mein shamil honey seey incar curr diyaa aur khud koo [americi] senaa key niyantran mein rakh diyaa, jisase americi samprabhuta koo maanyata millie."johnn pee. finley ney likhaa kii inn tathyon parr vichaar karane key baad, khalifa key roop mein sultan ney phillippeans dweepon key mohammadon koo ack sandesh bheja, jisamen unhein amerikiyon key khilaf kissy bhee shatruta mein pravesh karane seey manaa kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki americi shasson key tahat unake dharm mein kissy bhee hastakshep kii anumati naheen hogi. choonki moron ney isase adhik kabhi naheen poochha haye, yeh ashcharya kii baat naheen haye kii unhone philipino vidroh key samay, aguinaldo key agents dwara kiye gaye sabhi prastaavon koo aswikar curr diyaa thaa. rashtrapati mckinley ney shree koo dhanyavaad kaa ack vyaktigat patra bheja. unhone joe utkrisht kaam kiya thaa, usake liye strace, aur kahaa, isaki upalabdhi ney sanyukt raajya koo cumm seey cumm bees hazaar sainikon koo bachaa liya thaa. yadi paathak iss baat parr vichaar karane key liye rukta haye kii purushon mein iska kyaa arth haye aur laakhon paise mein bhee, tou vaha ack pavitra yuddh koo taalane mein kootneeti key iss adbhut tukade kii sarahana karega.rashtrapati mckinley ney disambar 1899 mein chhappanvin congress key pahale satra mein apane sambodhan mein sulu moros key shaanti mein ottoman samrajya kii bhoomika kaa ullekh naheen kiya kyonki sulu key sultan key saath samjhauta 18 disambar taka senate koo prastut naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
yuddh kaa kaaran.
jaba americi sarkaar ney moros koo soochit kiya kii way spen key saath puraane sanrakshit sambandh koo jaari rakhenge, tou moro sulu sultan ney ise khariz curr diyaa aur ack naee sandhi parr baatchit karane kii maang kii. sanyukt raajya america ney moro sulu saltanat key saath kiram-bett sandhi parr hastakshar kiye, jisane saltanat key aantarik mamalon aur shasson mein swaayatta kii guaranti dee, jisamen anuchhed x bhee shamil thaa joe gulami key sanrakshan kii guaranti detaa thaa, jabaki america apane videshi sambandhon seey nipatata thaa, taaki moros koo phillippeans-americi yuddh seey baahar rakhaa jaa sakey. ack baar jaba amerikiyon ney uttari philipino koo vash mein curr liya, tou moros key saath bett sandhi koo amerikiyon dwara anuchhed x koo hataane key madhyam seey samaayojit kiya gayaa aur unhone moreland parr aakraman kiya.
1915 mein yuddh key baad, amerikiyon ney sulu parr badhai sandhi lagu kii.
phillippeans-americi yuddh kii ghatanaaen.
dakshini phillippeans mein pahali ganarajya senaa kii kamaan general nicolaus capistrano ney sambhali thee, aur americi senaa ney 1900-1901 kii sardiyon mein unake khilaf ack abhiyaan chalaaya thaa. 27 march, 1901 koo capistrano ney aatmasamarpan curr diyaa. kuchh dinon baad, general emilio agunaldo koo luzon mein pakad liya gayaa. uttar mein yuddh mein iss badee jeet ney amerikiyon koo dakshin mein adhik sansaadhan samarpit karane kii anumati dee, aur unhone aage badhana shuru curr diyaa.
31 agast, 1901 koo, brigade. jeane. george whitefield davis ney kobe koo mindanao-jolo vibhaag key commander key roop mein pratisthaapit kiya. davis ney moros key prati ack sulah neeti apnai. unaki kamaan key tahat americi balon koo jaba bhee sambhav hoe taba moro utpaad khareedane aur sabhi scouting abhiyaanon seey pahale "sauhard kii ghoshana" karane key liye sthaayi adesh they. shantipurna moron koo nirastra naheen kiya jaayega. america kii gulami virodhi neeti key vinamra anusmarakon kii anumati dee gaee thee.
davis key adheensthon mein seey ack, kaptan johnn jey. pershing, joe illigan mein americi senaa koo saunpa gayaa thaa, ney lanao jheel key uttari tata parr maranao janjaatiyon key moros key saath behtar sambandh sthaapit kiye. unhone safaltapurvak madaaya key sevaanivritt sultan, amai-manabilang key saath maitripurna sambandh sthaapit kiye. halanki sevaanivritt, manbilang jheel key uttari tata key khandit nivaasiyon mein sabse prabhaavshaali vyakti thaa. unake gathbandhan ney kshetra mein americi sthiti koo surakshit karane key liye bahut kuchh kiya.
sabhi davis key adheenasth itane rajanyik naheen they jitane kii way they. bhaaratiya yuddhon key kaee diggajon ney "ekmatra achchha bhaaratiya ack mrit bhaaratiya haye" kii mansikta koo phillippeans mein leey jaaya, aur "unhein ack kraag key saath sabhya banaaen" ack samaan shabdansh bunn gayaa.
sangharsh.
1902 key march mein, americi sainikon aur moros key beach sambandh achche lugg rahey they. haalaanki, 9 march koo, ack americi sanic koo agyaat hamlaavaron ney maar daala. parang key bandargah key baahar. teen dinn baad, usee kshetra mein ack 18 aadami ghudsavaar tukadi parr moron ney ghaat lagaakar hamla kiya aur unaki sankhya mein seey ack koo maar diyaa gayaa. 30 march koo, ack aur americi koo paas key malabang bandargah key baahar moros dwara hatyaa curr dee gaee thee.
moros dwara americi sainikon key inn ghaaton mein seey ack mein juramentado shamil they, joe manabilang key prabhaav kshetra key baahar, lanao jheel key dakshin mein huaa thaa. inn ghatnaaon ney mejar koo prerit kiya. jeane. edna aar. chaifi, taba phillippeans key sainya governor, 13 aprail, 1902 koo ack ghoshana jaari karane key liye. ghoshana shuru hui, "spen aur sanyukt raajya america key beach peris kii sandhi key tahat... mindanao dweep sahit phillippeans dweepon koo spen dwara sanyukt raajya koo saunp diyaa gayaa thaa.", aur maang kii kii americi sainikon key hatyaron aur chori kii gaee sarkari sampatti koo sanyukt raajya koo saunp diyaa jaae. chaafi kii ghoshana ack shantipurna samadhan kaa prayaas thaa. haalaanki moros ney kabhi peris key baare mein naheen sunaa thaa aur maanaa thaa kii spen, jisane kabhi bhee safaltapurvak mindanao parr vijay praapt naheen kii thee, apani bhoomi kissy koo bhee naheen dey sakata thaa. way chaafi kii ghoshana koo ghamandapurna maanate they aur usaki maangon koo khariz curr dete they.
americi, aantarik moro jhagadon key ack lambe itihas seey anjaan they, joe ack moro samooh koo dusare samooh key saath americi sainikon key dostana hamale key liye sthanantarit curr sakate they, ack sthaaniya samooh key saath baatchit shuru karane key liye ack madhyasth bheja. amerikiyon key liye bhee agyaat, usa samooh key netaa koo madhyasth key prati vyaktigat napsand thaa. madhyasth koo bataaya gayaa kii americi moron koo islam seey door karane aur unaki bhoomi lene kaa irada rakhate they. amerikiyon ney ise avagya key roop mein dekhaa.
moros kaa anupaalan naheen kiya jaa rhaa haye, cole key tahat ack dandaatmak abhiyaan. frank baldwyn dakshin-tata key moros key saath mamalon koo nipataane key liye nickle padey. halanki ack utkrisht adhikaari, baldwyn "utsuk" thaa, aur ack chintit davis ack paryavekshak key roop mein abhiyaan mein shamil hoe gayaa. 2 maee, 1902 koo, baldwyn key abhiyaan ney pandapatan kii ladaai mein ack moro kotta (kille) parr hamla kiya, jise bayan kii ladaai key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. pandapatan kii raksha apratyaashit roop seey majboot thee, jisase ladaai key dauran 18 americi hataahat hue. dusare dinn, amerikiyon ney moro kilebandi koo todane key liye seedhi aur khaai-sankari upkaranon kaa upayog kiya, aur moro rakshakon kaa ack samanya vadh kiya gayaa.
pandapatan key ack meal dakshin mein camp wickers mein nirmit abhiyaan bull, aur davis koo ack khufiya adhikaari aur moro mamalon key nideshak key roop mein baldwyn kii kamaan key liye niyukt kiya gayaa. nirdeshak key roop mein, 'black jack' pursing key paas baldwyn kii gatividhiyon parr veeto thaa, joe ack asthir vyavastha thee. iss vyavastha kaa pareekshan taba kiya gayaa jaba pandapatan key bache logon ney bakolod mein ack cotta kaa nirmaan shuru kiya. baldwyn turant shatrutapurna moros parr aage badhana chaahte they, lekin pursing ney chetavani dee kii aisaa karane seey aspas key datus kaa ack americi virodhi gathbandhan bunn sakata haye, jabaki kuchh dhairyavaan kootneeti adhikansh moros key saath maitripurna sambandh sthaapit curr sakati haye, jisase shatrutapurna alpasankhyak alag hoe sakate hain. baldwyn ney munn lagaakar sahamati vyakt kii. 30 juuna koo, pursing ney shivir wickers kii kamaan sambhali, aur baldwyn malabang laut aae. shivir key wicker key aakar kii kamaan aam taur parr mejar key pada key saath ack adhikaari key paas jaati aur yeh sunishchit karane key liye karmiyon kii saavdhaanipoorvak ferbadal kii aavashyakta hoti kii shivir mein sudridhikaran mein aise adhikaari shamil naa houn joe varishth seey varishth they.
4 julaai, 1902 koo rashtrapati theodor roozvelt ney ack ghoshana jaari kii jisamen phillippeans mein vidroh aur shatruta kii samaapti kii ghoshana kii gaee, sivaay usa desh key jahan moro janjaatiyaan rahati hain, jiss parr yeh ghoshana lagu naheen hoti haye."usa maheene key anta mein, davis koo padonnat kiya gayaa aur phillippeans mein americi balon key sarvocch commander key roop mein chaifi kii jagah lii gaee. mindanao-jolo vibhaag kii kamaan brigade key paas gaee. jeane. saimuel aiss. sumner. iss beach, pursing aspas key moros key saath kootneeti karane key liye buss gayaa, aur 4 julaai key utsav mein padosi rancheria key 700 mehmann they. sitambar 1902 mein, unhone massiu abhiyaan kaa netritva kiya, jisake parinamswarup ack jeet hui jisane kshetra mein americi prabhutva sthaapit karane key liye bahut kuchh kiya. 10 farwari, 1903 koo, pursing koo bayan moros (joe pandapatan kii ladaai mein parajit hue they) key poorv shatrutapurna pandit sajidusiaman dwara ack daatu ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa-itna sammaanit honey vaale ekmatra americi. camp wickers mein pursing key currier kii parinati aprail aur maee 1903 key dauran lanao jheel key chaaron or march mein hui. dansalan jise marawi abhiyaan key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, isamen bakolod kii ladaai aur taraka kii pahali ladaai shamil thee, lekin anyatha shantipurna thee. yeh abhiyaan jaldi hii lanao jheel kshetra key americi niyantran kaa prateek bunn gayaa aur usa kshetra key moro maranao nivaasiyon dwara ise nirash maanaa gayaa.
jaba pursing lanao jheel key dakshin mein kaam curr rhaa thaa, mejar robert lii bullard uttar mein kaam curr rhaa thaa, illigan seey marawi taka ack sadak banaa rhaa thaa. halanki aadhikarik taur parr kabhi bhee ack ghoshit naheen kiya gayaa, jaise kii personing, unhein moros dwara ack datu key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa. lanao moros jheel key netritva kii bahut hii vyaktigat shally key kaaran, unhein ack hii senaa mein dou adhikaariyon key roop mein dekhane mein pareshani hui. isake bajaay, unhone unhein dou shaktishali sardaaron key roop mein dekhaa joe pratidvandi bunn sakate they. lanao jheel key chaaron or personing key march key dauran, ack moro bail key paas bhaaga, yeh kahate hue kii personing juramentado chalaa gayaa thaa, jiska arth haye burserk aur bail ney safed jhande koo behtar tareeke seey chalaaya thaa (sanket haye kii unakaa pursing key sainikon key saath koee jhagada naheen thaa). bullard moro koo yeh samajhaane mein asamarth thaa kii vaha personing key drishtikon key baare mein kyon chintit naheen thaa. ack anya avsar parr, ack shaktishali datu ney poore jheel lanao kshetra parr prabhutva sthaapit karane aur usey haraane key uddeshya seey bail key saath gathbandhan kaa prastaav rakhaa. 1 juuna, 1903 koo, moro praant banaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen palaavan dweep aur mindanao key uttar-paschim praaydweep key purvi hisse koo chhodkar, akshansh key aathh samanantar key dakshin mein sthit phillippeans key sabhi kshetra shamil they."praant mein ack nagrik sarkaar thee, lekin jilaa rajyapalon aur unake pratinidhiyon sahit kaee nagrik seva padon parr americi senaa key sadasya they. praant key rajyapal ney mindanao-jolo vibhaag key commander key roop mein kaary kiya. sanyukt nagrik aur sainya prashaasan kii iss pranali key peechhe kaee preranaaen theen. ack nirantar moro shatruta thee. ack aur bhaaratiya yuddhon key dauran senaa kaa anubhav thaa jaba yeh bhaaratiya mamalon key nagrik beuro key saath sangharsh mein aaya thaa. teesara yeh thaa kii moron koo, unaki samanti, sarkaar kii vyaktigat shally key saath, ack sainya netaa key liye koee sammaan naheen hoga joe ack gair-ladaakoo key adhikaar key adheen hoe.
karyakari shakha key alawa, rajyapal key adheen, praant kii ack vidhaayi shakha bhee theeh moro parishad. iss parishad mein rajyapal, ack raajya vakeel, ack sachiv, ack khajanchi, schools kaa ack adheekshak aur ack engineer shamil they."halanki rajyapal ney parishad key anya sabhi sadasyon koo niyukt kiya, yeh nikaay sthaayi thaa aur rajyapal key niyamon kii tulanaa mein kaanoonon key liye ack adhik thhos neenv pradaan kartaa thaa, jise unake uttaradhikari dwara palat diyaa jaa sakata thaa.
praant koo paanch jilon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen americi adhikaari jilaa rajyapalon aur upa rajyapalon key roop mein kaaryarat they. inn jilon mein kotabato, daavo, lanao, sulu aur zamboanga shamil they. jilon koo adiwasi wardon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen pramukh datt-datt ward pramukhon key roop mein kaary curr rahey they aur chhote datt-datt-datt-datt-pratinidhi, nyayadhishon aur sheriff key roop mein kaary curr rahey they. iss pranali ney moro raajneetik samaaj kii maujooda sanrachana kaa laabh uthaaya, joe vyaktigat sambandhon parr adharit thee, jabaki ack adhik vyaktigat samaaj kaa maarg prashast karati thee, jahaan pada koo sammaan diyaa jaayega, naa kii ise dhaaran karane vaale vyakti koo.
6 agast, 1903 koo mejar general leonard wood ney moro praant key governor aur mindanao-jolo vibhaag key commander key roop mein apana pada grahan kiya. moros key saath vyavhaar mein lakadi kuchh hudd taka bhaari thee, "rakt jhagadon, bahuvivaah aur maanav taskari key liye moro pravritti seey vyaktigat roop seey naraj thee" aur kabhi-kabhi apane "nasleeya kendravaad" key saath [jisase] vaha moreland mein americi avadhaaranaon koo bahut jaldi lagu curr detaa thaa."moros key baare mein apane vichaaron key alawa, wood koo mejar general key pada parr apani niyukti koo laker senate kii ack kathin ladaai kaa bhee saamana karna padaa, jisaki aakhirkaar 19 march, 1904 koo pushti hui. isase unhein sainya puraskar praapt karane key liye prerit kiya gayaa taaki unake kshetra key anubhav kii kamee koo cumm kiya jaa sakey, kabhi-kabhi praantiya senaa koo chhoti ghatnaaon parr dandaatmak abhiyaanon parr netritva kiya jaa sakey jinhen jilaa rajyapalon dwara rajanyik roop seey behtar tareeke seey sambhala jaa sakata thaa. wood key governorship kii avadhi mein moreland parr america key kabje kii sabse kathin aur sabse khooni ladaai hui thee.
americi sainikon key khilaf ladane vaale kuchh moros mahilaaen theen jinhone purushon key samaan kapade pahane they. isake kaaran americi sainikon dwara gaaya gayaa geet "iff aeye ladys vierine 'pantaloon" thaa.
leonard lakadi key tahat praant (1903-1906).
moro praant key rajyapal key roop mein apane karyakal key dauran wood ney kaee badalaav kieh
abhiyaan.
lakadi key governor key dauran pramukh sainya abhiyaanon mein shamil hainh
maark twen dwara likhit "phillippeans mein ghatana" ney budd djo mein americi narsamhar kii ninda kii.
karyapalak kaa rajyapal aich. anand (1906-1909).
1 farwari, 1906 koo brigadier general taskar aich. bliss ney samanya lakadi koo mindanao-jolo vibhaag key commander key roop mein pratisthaapit kiya, aur budd djo kii pahali ladaai key kuchh samay baad unhein moro praant key governor key roop mein pratisthaapit kiya. anand key karyakal koo "shaanti yug" key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, aur anand ney apane karyakal key dauran koee dandaatmak abhiyaan shuru naheen kiya. haalaanki, yeh satahi shaanti ack nishchit matra mein arajakta koo sahan karane kii keemat parr aaee. bhagodon key apane ghar key cotton mein sharan lene key baad bhagodon kaa peechha karane vaale sipahi aksar khud koo apana peechha chhodane key liye majboor paate they. sipahi balon kii sankhya adhik thee, aur bhagodon koo unake chhipane key sthaan seey hataane key liye ack bahut badey (aur vighatankari) abhiyaan kii aavashyakta hoti. haalaanki, iss avadhi ney naee aakramak americi ranneeti kii safalata kaa bhee pradarshan kiya. rear admiral dee key anusaar.pee. 1907 seey 1908 taka ack yuva leftinent key roop mein moros seey ladane vaale manix ney suar kii twacha mein mrit moros koo lapetkar aur "[unake] munh koo suar key maans seey bharkar" musalman varjanaon kaa shoshan kiya, jisase moros koo apane aatmghaati hamalon koo jaari rakhane seey rokaa.
johnn jey. kii governorship. purse (1909-1913).
11 navambar, 1909 koo brigadier general johnn jey. pursing ney moro praant key teesare aur antim sainya governor key roop mein apane kartavyon koo grahan kiya.
sudhaar.
rajyapal key roop mein apane karyakal key dauran pursing ney nimnalikhit sudhaaron koo lagu kiyaah
ranneeti.
pershing ney apani aatmakatha mein "juramentado" key baare mein nimnalikhit likhaa haih
[senaa dwara pahale seey hii apanaae gaye abhyaas dwara] nyaayik hamalon kii sankhya mein bhautik roop seey kamee aaee thee, jise muhammadon ney ghrina mein rakhaa thaa. shavon koo saarvajanik roop seey ack mrit suar key saath usee kabr mein dafnaya gayaa thaa. iss tarah key upaay karna sukhad naheen thaa, lekin swarg key bajaay narak jaane kii sambhavana kabhi-kabhi hatyaron koo rokti thee.
haalaanki yeh vyavhaar kabja kiye gaye "nyayshastra" parr lagaaya gayaa thaa, itihaskaron kaa maanana haye kii iss tarah kii ghatnaaon mein pratyaksh roop seey shamil thaa, yaa unhone vyaktigat roop seey apane adheensthon koo iss tarah key adesh diye they. iss tarah kii ghatnaaon kaa varnan karane vaale sainikon key patron aur sansmaranon mein vyaktigat roop seey shamil honey key vishvasaniya pramaan naheen hain. haalaanki, kuchh reports mein kahaa gayaa haye kii pursing musalman philipino kii dhaarmik samvedanaon koo aahat karane key liye jaanboojhkar kiye gaye prayason mein lagaa huaa thaa, jisamen ack ghatana bhee shamil thee jisamen pursing ney ack musalman netaa key saath yuddhaviram vaarta key liye ack suar kaa sir laaya thaa, halanki donald trump dwara kiye gaye daave key liye koee saboot naheen haye kii pursing ney suar key khoon mein dooby goliyon seey muslim vidrohiyon koo maar daala thaa.
hathiyaron kaa samarpan.
moro praant mein kaanoon pravartan mushkil thaa. badmash apane ghar key cotton mein jaate they, unhein giraftar karane key liye pulis yaa sainikon key poore dall kii aavashyakta hoti thee. iss tarah kii giraftari key dauran hamesha ack poorna ladaai kaa khatra rahata thaa, aur isake kaaran kaee gyaat badmash dandit naheen kiye jaate they. 1911 mein, pursing ney moros koo nirastra karane kaa sankalp liya. senaa pramukh leonard wood (poorv moro praant key governor) ney iss yojana seey asahamati jataate hue kahaa kii yeh kadam galat samay parr thaa aur moros apane sabse achche hathiyaron koo chhipaayenge, kewal apane sabse burey mein badal jaayenge. andaruni sadakon key puuraa honey taka pursing ney intezar kiya, taaki sarkari sanic nihatthe moron koo holdout seey bachaa sakein. unhone datus seey sammaanit kiya, joe jyaadaatar iss baat parr sahmat they kii nirastreekaran ack achchha vichaar hoga-basharte kii "harr koee" nirastra hoe.
apani nirastreekaran yojana koo lagu karane seey chhah saptah pahale, pursing ney governor-general villium cameron forbes koo soochit kiya, joe yojana seey sahmat they. parsin ney apane commanding officer, mejar seey paramarsh yaa soochit naheen kiya. jeane. jey. franklin bell. 8 sitambar, 1911 koo karyakari adesh sam. 24, jisane nirastreekaran kaa adesh diyaa, jaari kiya gayaa. nirastreekaran kii samay seema 1 disambar, 1911 thee.
nirastreekaran kaa pratirodh vishesh roop seey jolo jile mein bheeshan thaa aur isase budd djo kii doosari ladaai hui (jisamen pahali ladaai key roop mein lagbhag samkaksh bull shamil they, lekin isamen cumm khooni thaa, jisase kewal 12 moro hataahat hue), aur budd baagak kii ladaai hui.
nagrik pradhikaran mein sankraman.
1913 taka, pursing ney sahamati vyakt kii kii moro praant koo nagrik sarkaar mein sankraman kii aavashyakta haye. yeh sarkaar key prati moro key vyaktigat drishtikon seey prerit thaa, joe ack amoort karyalaya key sammaan key bajaay vyaktigat sambandhon parr adharit thaa. naitikta key liye, prashaasan mein badalaav kaa matlab kewal netritva mein badalaav naheen thaa, balki shasson mein badalaav thaa, aur yeh ack dardanaak anubhav thaa. senaa key bheetar aavartan kaa matlab thaa kii pratyek sainya governor kewal ack seemit samay key liye seva curr sakata thaa, aur karyalaya mein ack lambe karyakal key liye nagrik governors kii aavashyakta thee. 1911 taka, pratyek jilaa rajyapal aur sachiv ack sainya adhikaari they. 1913 taka, pershing nagrik karyalaya rakhane vaale ekmatra sainya adhikaari they.
octuber 1913 mein, francis berton harrison koo phillippeans kaa governor-general niyukt kiya gayaa, aur moro praant key governor key roop mein apane pada seey mukt curr diyaa gayaa. personing kii jagah ack nagrik governor, frank badhai ney leey lii. march 1915 mein, badhai sultan jamalul kiram key saath ack samjhaute parr aaya, jisamen kiram phillippeans key bheetar kshetron parr raajneetik shakti key sabhi daavon koo chhodane key liye sahmat hoe gayaa, jisake parinamswarup sulu saltanat kaa vighatan hoe gayaa aur sanyukt raajya america kaa abb phillippeans dweepon parr poorna, nirvirodh niyantran hoe gayaa.
hataahat.
moro vidroh key dauran, amerikiyon koo 130 logon kii maut aur 323 logon key ghayal honey kaa nuksan huaa. 500 yaa usase adhik loga bimari seey marr gaye. abhiyaan key dauran americi balon koo badhaane vaale phillippeans key scouts koo 116 logon kii maut hoe gaee aur 189 ghayal hoe gaye. phillippeans kii senaa koo bhaari nuksan uthaana padaa aur 1,500 seey adhik nuksan huaa, jisamen seey aadhe kii maut hoe gaee.
moro paksh mein, hatahaton kii sankhya adhik thee kyonki jaba moros yuddh mein lagey hue they tou aatmasamarpan asamanya thaa.
tausug ladaakon ney hamaare sainikon key khilaf bhaale, barung aur criss khanjar kaa istemal kiya, jisamen boult action rifles, pistaul, machinegan aur pahaadi topkhaane they aur sabhi key marane taka aatmasamarpan karane seey incar curr diyaa.
nyaay aur shakti koo rokna.
moro vidroh mein, aatmghaati hamalon mein tausug moro muslim juramentados ney goli lagane key baad bhee americi sainikon key khilaf aarop lagaana jaari rakhaa. hassan vidroh mein pangalima hassan koo unake jihad koo rokane seey pahale darjanon baar goli maar dee gaee thee. natijatan, amerikiyon ney. 45 caliber sidear key paksh mein. 38 caliber coult aim. 1892 revolver koo charanbaddh tareeke seey baahar karane key liye chunaa taaki moros key khilaf apani ladaai jaari rakhee jaa sakey. isake kaaran purani. 45 coult coult shaanti nirmaata revolvers koo phir seey jaari kiya gayaa aur baad mein mein revolver jaari kiya gayaa, anivarya roop seey ack ack koo. 45 coult mein rechamber kiya gayaa (jise baad mein phir seey kamjor. 45 acp mein mein key roop mein rechamber kiya gayaa). isane 29 march, 1911 koo vidroh key dauran hathiyar pareekshan key baad, americi senaa mein pistaul aur cartridge dwara 70 varshon seey adhik kii seva shuru karane key baad. 45 acp acp ardh-swachaalit pistaul key vikas aur apanaane mein yogdan diyaa. amerikiyon key saath yuddh key dauran moros dwara aksar aatmghaati hamalon mein teer, beyonet, bandooken aur criss kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. paaramparik ladaaiyon mein amerikiyon kii bhaari agni shakti key kaaran aatmghaati hamale moros key beach adhik lokpriya hoe gaye. 1906 mein americi general lenard lakadi key khilaf budd djo kii ladaai mein moro mahilaaon ney pratirodh mein bhaag liya. kantedar taar koee baadha naheen saabit huaa kyonki moro juramentado yoddha seedhe isake madhyam seey badhane mein kamyab rahey, bhale hii yeh unake maans parr futt gayaa aur yahaan taka kii unhein baar-baar goliyon seey goli maar dee gaee. moros ney americi sainikon koo chot pahunchaane key liye barong kaa istemal kiya. jikiri key tahat moros machine gunn kii aag aur coult goliyon key tahat ack gufa mein jeevit rahane mein kamyab rahey. amerikiyon key khilaf bhayankar karibi quarter ladaai mein moros dwara criss aur kampila kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. bandookon kaa upayog bhee moro dwara kiya jaataa thaa. americi patrika "dha feeled artillery journal, volume 32" key anusaar jaba shooting sambhav naheen thee, taba moro ney nikat seema mein beyonet kaa upayog kiya. amerikiyon parr bhaale kaa upayog karke moros dwara bhee aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. moros ney rifles aur topkhaane seey lais amerikiyon key khilaf maut taka ladaai ladee, jabaki way khud crater yuddh mein kewal criss kaa upayog karate they.
americi sainikon taka pahunchane aur unhein maarne key prayason mein jaanboojhkar apane beyonet parr khud koo thopane kaa varnan karate hue upanyaas likhe gaye hain.
sandarbh.
aage padhein

