billy galey lagaata haye

villium morris huges (25 sitambar 1862-28 octuber 1952) ack australiyai rajneta they jinhone 1915 seey 1923 taka australia key saatven pradhaan mantri key roop mein kaary kiya. way pratham vishva yuddh key dauran desh kaa netritva karane key liye jaane jaate hain, lekin rashtriya rajneeti parr unakaa prabhaav kaee dashakon taka faila huaa haye. huggess 1901 mein sangh seey 1952 mein apani mrityu taka sanghiya sansad key sadasya they, 50 seey adhik varshon taka seva karane vaale ekmatra vyakti they. unhone apane karyakal key dauran chhah raajneetik dalon kaa pratinidhitva kiya, paanch kaa netritva kiya, chaar mein seey antim, aur teen seey nishkaasit kiya gayaa.
galey kaa janm landan mein velsh key maataa-pitaa key ghar huaa thaa. vaha 22 saal kii umr mein australia chaley gaye aur nae australiyai shram andolan mein shamil hoe gaye. way 1894 mein nyu south wells vidhaan sabhaa key liye chune gaye, nyu south wells laber party key sadasya key roop mein, aur phir 1901 mein naee sanghiya sansad mein sthanantarit hoe gaye. unhone apane shuruati raajneetik currier koo anshakaalik kanuni adhyayan key saath jodaa, aur 1903 mein baar mein bulaaya gayaa. unhone pahali baar 1904 mein alpakaalik watson sarkaar mein mantrimandal mein pravesh kiya, aur baad mein andreau machuaaron kii sarkaaron mein seey pratyek mein australia key attorney-general they. way 1914 mein australiyai laber party key upa netaa chune gaye they.
octuber 1915 mein jaba machuaare kharaab swaasthya key kaaran sevaanivritt hue tou galey mille pradhaanmantri baney. yuddh usa samay kaa pramukh mudda thaa, aur videshon mein anivarya sainikon koo bhejane key liye unake samarthan ney shram shreniyon key bheetar vibhajan paida curr diyaa. navambar 1916 mein galey milane aur unake samarthakon koo party seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin vaha naee rashtriya shram party key pramukh key roop mein satta mein baney rahane mein saksham they, joe kuchh maheenon key baad liberal key saath vilay hoe gaee aur australia kii rashtravadi party kaa gathan kiya. unaki sarkaar 1917 aur 1919 key chunaavon mein badee bahumat key saath phir seey chuni gaee. galey milane seey yuddh key dauran australiyai sanghiya pulis aur siro key agradoot sthaapit hue, aur yuddh key baad kii arthavyavastha kii sahaayata key liye kaee nae raajya key swaamitva vaale udyam bhee banaae. unhone 1919 key peris shaanti sammelan mein anya vishva netaaon parr ack mahatvapurna prabhaav daala, jahan unhone poorv german nae ginny parr australiyai niyantran hassil kiya.
1922 key australiyai sanghiya chunaav mein, rashtravadiyon ney sansad mein apana bahumat khou diyaa aur unhein desh kii party key saath gathbandhan karane key liye majboor honah padaa. galey lagaane kaa istifa desh key party samarthan kii keemat thee, aur unake baad steinly broose ney pradhaanmantri key roop mein padbhar sambhala. way samay key saath broose key pramukh alochakon mein seey ack bunn gaye, aur 1928 mein, audyogik sambandhon parr ack vivaad key baad, unhone aur unake samarthakon ney vishvaas prastaav parr sadan koo paar kiya aur sarkaar koo neeche laa diyaa. ack swatantra key roop mein ack avadhi key baad, galey milkar apana sangathan, australiyai party kaa gathan kiya, joe 1931 mein naee sanyukt australia party (yuu. aeye. pee.) mein vilay hoe gaee. way 1934 mein mantrimandal mein laut aae aur japani samrajyavad key khilaf apani poorv chetavani key liye jaane gaye. 1939 key anta mein, way kewal mutthi bhar maton seey pradhaanmantri key roop mein dusare karyakal seey chook gaye, 1939 key united australia party netritva chunaav mein robbert menzis seey haar gaye.
galey milane koo aam taur parr 20veen shatabdi key sabse prabhaavshaali australiyai raajnetaon mein seey ack key roop mein sweekaar kiya jaataa haye. way apane poore jivankal mein ack vivadaspad vyakti they, aur unaki viraasat parr itihaskaron dwara bahas jaari haye. unake majboot vichaaron aur apgharshak tareeke kaa matlab thaa kii way aksar apane dalon key bheetar seey raajneetik dushman banaate they. galey lagaane key virodhiyon ney una parr adhinayakvad aur loklubhavanvad mein shamil honey key saath-saath sampradayikta koo bhadkane kaa aarop lagaaya; unakaa "yuddh savdhani adhiniyam 1914" kaa upayog vishesh roop seey vivadaspad thaa. laber party mein unake poorv sahyogiyon ney unhein deshdrohi maanaa, jabaki roodhivaadiyon koo unaki samajwadi aarthik neetiyon parr sandeh thaa. vaha aam janata, vishesh roop seey poorv sainikon key beach behad lokpriya they, jinhone unhein pyaar seey "chhota khudai karane vaalaa" upnaam diyaa thaa.
praarambhik varsh.
janm aur parivarik prishthabhoomi.
hugs kaa janm 25 sitambar 1862 koo 7 morton place, pimlico, landan mein huaa thaa, joe villium hugs aur poorv jaine morris kaa betaa thaa. unake maataa-pitaa donon velsh they. unake pitaa, joe westminster key mahal mein ack badhai aur jewiner key roop mein kaam karate they, north wells seey they aur ack dharapravah velsh vaktaa they. unaki maan, ack gharelu naukar, lancentfried-aim-mechen (angreji seema key paas) key chhote seey gaanv seey theen, aur kewal angreji bolati theen. galey lagana ekmatra santan thee; juuna 1861 mein unaki shaadi key samay, unake maataa-pitaa donon 37 varsh key they.
wells.
galey milane kii maan kii mrityu maee 1869 mein hui, jaba vaha chhah saal key they. usake pitaa ney baad mein usey wells mein rishtedaron dwara paalaa jaane key liye bheja. school key karyakal key dauran, vaha apane pitaa kii bahan mairi hugs key saath rahate they, joe landudno mein "bryan rossa" naam kaa ack boarding house rakhti thee. unhone apani chaachi key kiraayedaron key liye kaam karke aur sthaaniya church mein gaayak mandal mein gaakar paise kamaaye. galey milane key baad unhone apani aupchaarik shiksha landudno mein shuru kii, aur dou chhote ekal-shikshak vidyaalayon mein bhaag liya. unhone apani chhuttiyaan apani maan key parivaar key saath lancentfred mein bitaain. vahaan, unhone apana samay apani vidhwa chaachi (margaret messon) key khet "vinlan" aur apane daadaa-daadi (peater aur jaine morris) key padosi khet "plaas bedav" key beach vibhajit kiya.
galey milane vaale wells mein apane shuruati varshon koo apane jeevan kaa sabse khushahal samay maanate they. unhein apani velsh pehchaan parr bahut garv thaa, aur baad mein way velsh australiyai samudaay mein sakriya hoe gaye, joe aksar sant david divas samarohon mein bolate they. galey milane vaalon koo velsh "swarg kii bhasha" kahaa jaataa haye, lekin isaki unaki apani samajh aspasht thee. apane kaee samkaaleenon kii tarah, unaki velsh mein koee aupchaarik schooly shiksha naheen thee, aur unhein vartani mein vishesh kathinaaiyaan theen. phir bhee, unhone apane poore raajneetik currier mein velsh-vaktaaon seey patrachar praapt kiya aur jawab diyaa, aur pradhaan mantri key roop mein david lloyd george key saath velsh mein upman kaa vyaapaar kiya.
landan.
gyaarah saal kii umr mein, galey milane vaale logon koo sent stephen school, westminster mein namankit kiya gayaa thaa, joe paropkari angella birdet-couts, 1st baroness birdet-couts dwara sthaapit kaee church schools mein seey ack thaa. unhone jyaamiti aur french mein puraskar jeete, baad mein lord hairobi seey praapt kiya. apani praathamik shiksha poori karane key baad, vaha paanch varshon key liye ack "chhaatr-shikshak" key roop mein prashikshu they, joe headmaster seey vyaktigat paath aur ack chhote seey wazife key badale mein yuva chhatron koo dinn mein paanch ghante key liye nirdesh dete they. sent stephens mein, galey milane vaale kavi mattheau arnold key sampark mein aae, joe sthaaniya school jile key liye ack pareekshak aur nireekshak they. arnold-joe sanyog seey landudno mein chhutti manaate they-ney galey milna pasand kiya, aur unhein shekspeare key poore karyon kii ack prati upahaar mein dee; arnold koo saahitya key prati apane aajivan prem koo jagaane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye.
apani praarambhik prashikshuta poori karane key baad, galey milane key baad way ack shikshan sahayak key roop mein sent stephens mein rahey. halanki unhein shikshan mein koee ruchi naheen thee, aur unhone couts mein clerkship hassil karane key liye mattheau arnold key prastaav koo bhee aswikar curr diyaa. unaki saapeksh vittiya suraksha ney unhein pahali baar apane hiton koo puuraa karane kii anumati dee, jisamen ghanti bajaana, them parr nauka vihaar karna aur yatra (jaise peris kii dou divasiya yatra) shamil thee. vaha shaahi fucilliers kii ack swayamsevak batalian mein bhee shamil hoe gaye, jisamen mukhya roop seey karigar aur safed-collar shramik shamil they. baad key jeevan mein, galey milane ney landan koo "romans, rahasya aur sujhaav key sthaan" key roop mein yaad kiya.
australia mein pahale varsh.
raani bhoomi.
22 saal kii umr mein, landan mein apani sambhaavanaon koo dekhate hue, galey lagaane vaalon ney australia mein pravaas karane kaa faisala kiya. raani kii coloney dwara prastaavit ack sahaayata praapt maarg yojana kaa laabh uthaate hue, vaha dou maheene kii yatra key baad 8 disambar 1884 koo brisbane pahunche. aagaman parr, unhone apana janm varsh 1864 mein diyaa, ack aisaa dhokha joe unaki mrityu key baad taka ujagar naheen huaa thaa. galey milane vaalon ney shiksha vibhaag key saath kaam khojane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin yaa tou unhein pada kii peshkash naheen kii gaee yaa rojgar kii shartein anupayukt paaee gaeen. agale dou saal unhone ack pravaasi mazdoor key roop mein bitaaye, vibhinn visham naukariyon mein kaam kiya. apane sansmaranon mein, galey lagaane vaalon ney ack phal beenane vaale, tally clerk, nevi, lohar key striker, station haind, drawer aur saddler key sahayak key roop mein vibhinn prakaar seey kaam karane kaa daavaa kiya haye, aur uttar mein rockhampton, paschim mein adawale aur dakshin mein orange, nyu south wells taka (jyaadaatar paidal) yatra kii haye. unhone raani bhoomi raksha bull aur raani bhoomi samudri raksha bull donon mein kuchh samay key liye seva karane kaa bhee daavaa kiya. galey milane key vrittaant apane swabhaav seey asatyaapit hain, aur unake jeevanikaron ney unaki sachchai parr sandeh vyakt kiya haye-fitzharding mein kahaa gayaa haye kii unhein sabse achche seey aur sabse kharaab "shuddh kalpana kii duniya" seey alankrit kiya gayaa thaa.
nyu south wells.
huges lagbhag 1866 key madhya mein sidney chaley gaye, vahaan ack deckhand key roop mein kaam curr rahey they aur ss "maranoa" parr gally cook key roop mein kaam curr rahey they. unhein kabhi-kabhi ack pankti rasoiye key roop mein kaam milata thaa, lekin ack samay parr maanaa jaataa thaa kii unhein kuchh dinon key liye kshetra parr ack gufa mein rehna padata thaa. galey lagaane vaalon koo antatah ack jaali mein ack sthir naukari millie, joe aupaniveshik ovan key liye tikaa banaati haye. lagbhag usee samay, unhone apani makaan malik kii betty elizabeth cuts key saath ack aam-kaanoon vivaah kiya; unake chhah bachche ack saath they. 1890 mein, galey milane vaale ballman chaley gaye. agale varsh, apani patni kii vittiya sahaayata seey, vaha samanya maal bechane vaali ack chhoti see dukaan kholane mein saksham hoe gayaa. dukaan seey honey vaali aaya jeene key liye paryaapt naheen thee, isaliye unhone ack taalaa banaane vaale aur chhatari vikreta key roop mein anshakaalik kaam kiya, aur unaki patni ack dhobi key roop mein bhee kaam karati thee. ballman mein galey milane vaalon mein seey ack villium wilks they, joe ack aur bhavishya kaa saansad thaa, jabaki unaki dukaan parr grahakon mein seey ack fredrick jorden thaa, joe nyu south wells key bhavishya key mukhya nyayadhish they.
praarambhik raajneetik jeevan.
ballman mein, galey ack georgist, ack sadak-koney vaalaa vaktaa, ballman ekal curr leag key adhyaksh bunn gaye, aur australiyai samajwadi leag mein shamil hoe gaye. vaha australiyai shramik sangh key ack aayojak they aur pahale seey hii navgathit shram party mein shamil hoe chuke honge. 1894 mein, galey lagaane vaalon ney australia key samaamelit katranon key sangh key liye ayojan karate hue kendriya nyu south wells mein aathh maheene bitaaye aur phir nyu south wells vidhaan sabhaa key sidney-laing key chunavi jile koo 105 maton seey jeetaa.
sansad mein rahate hue way ghaat mazdoor sangh key sachiv baney. 1900 mein unhone waterside shramik sangh kii sthaapana kii aur way pahale rashtriya adhyaksh baney. iss avadhi key dauran unhone kaanoon kaa adhyayan kiya, aur 1903 mein ack barrister key roop mein bharti hue. adhikansh shram purushon key vipareet, way sangh aur georgia key ack majboot samarthak they.
1901 mein paschim sidney key vibhajan key liye shram saansad key roop mein pahali sanghiya sansad key liye chune gaye. unhone ack chhoti peshevar senaa key liye barton sarkaar key prastaavon kaa virodh kiya aur isake bajaay anivarya saarvbhaumik prashikshan kii vakaalat kii. 1903 mein, unhein kaee varshon key anshakaalik adhyayan key baad baar mein bharti karaaya gayaa thaa. vaha 1909 mein raajaa kaa salaahkaar (key. see.) bunn gayaa. 
1911 mein unhone mairi campbelle seey shaadi kii. way criss watson kii pahali shram sarkaar mein videsh mantri they. vaha andreau machuaaron kii teen shram sarkaaron mein 1908-09,1910-13 aur 1914-15 mein attorney-general they.
1913 mein, australia kii rajdhani key roop mein canbara key sthaapana samaroh mein, galey milkar ack bhaashan diyaa jisamen ghoshana kii gaee kii desh swadeshi aabaadi key unmoolan key madhyam seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa. "humm shuru seey hii apana raasta taya karane key liye niyat they..[aur]..ise praapt karane key liye harr kissy koo maar daala, "galey milkar kahaa," rashtramandal key itihas mein pahali aitihaasik ghatana jisamen humm aaj lagey hue hain [haye] usa daud kaa thodaa bhee nishan naheen haye jise hamane prithvi key chehare seey nishkaasit curr diyaa haye."lekin unhone chetavani dee kii" hamein bahut garv naheen honah chaahiye taaki humm bhee samay key saath gayab hoe jaaen."
unake apgharshak tareeke (unake puraane dyspepsia koo unake asthir swabhaav mein yogdan karane key liye socha gayaa thaa) ney unake sahyogiyon koo unhein netaa key roop mein rakhane key liye anichhuk banaa diyaa. raajaa oh 'maali, ack saathi shram mantri key saath unakaa chala rhaa jhagada, unaki yuddh shally kaa ack pramukh udaaharan thaa.
1908 mein australia mein ragbi leag key pahale varsh mein galeb ragbi leag team key liye club sanrakshak bhee they. galey kaee pramukh shram raajnetaon mein seey ack they joe 1908 mein sidney mein ragbi leag andolan key saath judey they. ragbi leag koo mahanagariya ragbi union key khilaf ack khilaadi andolan seey paida kiya gayaa thaa, jisane ragbi union khelane mein luggy choton key kaaran khilaadiyon koo unaki naukariyon seey cumm samay key liye kshatipurti karane seey incar curr diyaa thaa. shram raajnetaon ney khud koo nae code key saath jodaa kyonki ise raajneetik roop seey ack majboot samajik drishtikon key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, aur yeh ack utsaahi peshevar khel thaa, jisane raajnetaon koo vaise bhee apani raay mein samaan roop seey dikhaai diyaa.
pradhaanmantri.
1914 key australiyai sanghiya chunaav key baad, australia key shram pradhaan mantri, andreau fisher ney pratham vishva yuddh key dauran netritva key tanaav koo curr lagaane vaalaa paaya aur mahatvakankshi galey lagaane vaalon key badhate dabaav kaa saamana karna padaa joe chaahte they kii australia koo vishva munch parr dridhata seey maanyata dee jaae. 1915 taka machuaaron kaa swaasthya peedit thaa aur octuber mein unhone istifa dey diyaa aur galey mill gaye. samajik neeti mein, galey milkar paropkari aashray grihon mein pensionbhogiyon key liye ack sansthaagat pension kii shuruat kii, joe sansthaan koo 'anugrah key adhiniyam' bhugtan aur aaee. pee. kii darr key beach key antar key barabar haye.
march seey juuna 1916 taka, galey lagana britten mein thaa, jahan unhone germany key khilaf shaahi sahyog aur aarthik yuddh kaa ahwan karate hue bhashanon kii ack shrinkhala dee. yeye "dha day-aind after" sheershak key tahat prakaashit kiye gaye they, joe ack bestseller thaa. unake jeevanikaar, laurie fitzharding ney kahaa kii yeye bhaashan "vidyuteekaran" they aur yeh galey milane seey "unake sunane vaale apane pairon seey beh gaye. dou samkaaleen lekhakon key anusaar, galey milane key bhashanon ney "vishesh roop seey teevra anumodan koo janm diyaa haye, aur rashtriya bhavna kii itani tej shakti key saath anusaran kiya haye kii shayed chaitham key baad seey koee anya vaktaa kabhi naheen thaa.
julaai 1916 mein peris aarthik sammelan mein british pratinidhimandal key sadasya they, joe yeh taya karane key liye mille kii germany key khilaf kyaa aarthik upaay kiye jaaen. yeh pahali baar thaa jaba kissy australiyai pratinidhi ney ack antarrashtriya sammelan mein bhaag liya thaa.
pratham vishva yuddh mein australia kii bhagidari key liye galey lagaana ack majboot samarthak thaa aur julaai aur agast 1916 mein hatahaton (maare gaye, ghayal aur laapata) key roop mein 28,000 purushon key nuksan key baad, pahale australiyai shaahi bull (aeye. aaee. aff.) key general birdwood aur white ney galey lagaane key liye raaji kiya kii yadi australia yuddh key prayaas mein apane yogdan koo banaae rakhane key liye thaa tou anivarya bharti aavashyak thee.
haalaanki, unaki party key dou-tihai bahumat, jisamen roman catholic aur trade union key pratinidhiyon key saath-saath udyogpati (samajwadi) jaise kii frank ensty shamil they, ney iska kadaa virodh kiya, vishesh roop seey kaee ayrish australiyai (jinamen seey adhikansh roman catholic they) dwara 1916 key easter uday key liye britten kii atyadhik pratikriya key roop mein maanaa jaane key baad.
octuber mein, galey milane key liye anivarya bharti key liye ack rashtriya janmat sangrah aayojit kiya gayaa, lekin yeh sankeern roop seey parajit hoe gayaa. saksham karane vaalaa kaanoon "sainya seva janmat sangrah adhiniyam 1916" thaa aur parinam kewal salaahkaar thaa. sankeern haar (1,087,557 haan aur 1,160,033 naheen), halanki, galey lagane seey naheen rookie, joe anivarya bharti key paksh mein jordar bahas karna jaari rakhaa. isase australiyai samudaay key bheetar gahare aur kadve vibhajan kaa pataa chalaa joe sangh seey pahale seey maujood thaa, saath hii saath unaki apani party key sadasyon key bheetar bhee. 
1910 key raksha adhiniyam key baad seey anivarya bharti kii gaee thee, lekin kewal rashtra kii raksha mein. galey milane key liye ack janmat sangrah key madhyam seey adhiniyam mein shabd koo "videshi" koo shamil karane key liye badalane kii maang kii jaa rahee thee. janmat sangrah kii aavashyakta naheen thee, lekin galey milane parr mahsoos kiya kii sthiti kii gambhirta key aalok mein, logon kii or seey "haan" kaa vote unhein senate koo darkinar karane kaa janadesh dega. britten kii lloyd george sarkaar ney galey milane kaa paksh liya, lekin pahali janmat sangrah key kaee maheenon baad 1916 mein hii satta mein aaee. poorvavarti esquith sarkaar ney unhein australia key pratinidhi key bajaay ack atithi maanate hue galey lagaana bahut napsand kiya. david lloyd george key anusaarah "vaha aur esquith bahut achchi tarah seey naheen mille. way naheen karenge. way virodhi prakaar key they. choonki galey lagaana kabhi bhee apani bhaavanaon koo chhipaane yaa unake baare mein apani abhivyakti koo rokane key liye atyadhik chintit naheen thaa, aur isake alawa ack kaatane vaali jeebh seey lais thaa, unake beach paramarsh donon key liye sahmat naheen they.
15 sitambar 1916 koo raajneetik laber leag (usa samay raajya shram dall sangathan) key aine. aiss. doubleu. karyakari ney jabaran bharti key liye galey lagaane key abhiyaan kii pratikriya mein unhein aur anya pramukh nyu south wells samarthak adhivaktaon koo shram andolan seey nishkaasit curr diyaa. 14 navambar kii cocus baithak mein unake khilaf avishvaas prastaav paarit honey taka galey milane vaale sanghiya sansadiya shram dall key netaa baney rahey. lagbhag sabhi sansadiya pratibhaon sahit galey milate hain aur 24 anya loga, galey milane key rote hue ack naee party banaane key liye baahar chaley gaye "joe merey jaise sochate hain, unhein meraa anusaran karane dein."yeh udyogpatiyon aur sanghwadi guton key 43 sadasyon koo peechhe chhod gayaa. usee shaam galey milkar governor-general koo apana istifa saunp diyaa, ack naee sarkaar banaane key liye ack aayog praapt kiya, aur unaki sifaarishon koo sweekaar curr liya. varshon baad, galey milkar kahaa, "maine laber party naheen chhodi, party ney mujhe chhod diyaa."laber party seey galey milane key nishkasana kaa samay kaa matlab thaa kii vaha pahale laber netaa baney jinhone kabhi bhee party koo chunaav mein naheen pahunchaaya. 15 navambar koo, frank tudor koo sanghiya sansadiya australiyai laber party key nae netaa key roop mein nirvirodh chunaa gayaa.
rashtravadi party.
galey milate hain aur unake anuyaayi, jinamen kaee shramik key shuruati netaa shamil they, khud koo rashtriya shram party kahate hain aur ack party banaane key liye aadhar taiyar karna shuru curr dete hain joe unhein lagata haye kii spasht roop seey rashtravadi honey key saath-saath samajik roop seey kattarpanthi bhee hoga. galey milane parr vipakshi rashtramandal liberal party key saath karyalaya mein baney rahane key liye vishvaas aur aapoorti samjhauta karane key liye majboor honah padaa.
kuchh maheenon baad, governor-general, ronald munro fergusson, 1st wiscount nover, ney galey lagaane aur liberal party key netaa joseph cook (swayam ack poorv mazdoor vyakti) koo apane yuddhakaaleen gathbandhan koo ack aupchaarik party mein badalane key liye raaji kiya. yeh australia kii rashtravadi party thee, jise aupchaarik roop seey farwari mein shuru kiya gayaa thaa. halanki liberal vilay mein badey bhagidar they, lekin nae party key netaa key roop mein galey mille, jisamen rasoiye unake upa key roop mein they. kaee shramik varg key logon kii upasthiti-jisamen galey lagaana bhee shamil thaa-joe mool roop seey ack uchch aur madhyam varg kii party thee, ney rashtravadiyon koo rashtriya ekataa kii chhavi vyakt karane kii anumati dee. usee samay, vaha shram itihas mein ack gaddaar bunn gayaa aur banaa huaa haye.
1917 key australiyai sanghiya chunaav mein rashtravadiyon ney ack badee chunavi jeet hassil kii, joe badee sankhya mein laber aim. pee. aiss. dwara badee thee joe unake baad party seey baahar hoe gaye they. iss chunaav mein galey milane seey unhone apani shramik varg kii sidney seat chhod dee aur bendigo key vibhajan key liye chune gaye, jaba unhone baithe hue shram saansad alfred hampson koo harakar seat jeeti, aur donon hii ekmatra samay hain jaba ack maujooda pradhaan mantri ney chunauti dee thee aur ack anya baithe saansad koo apani seat key liye baahar curr diyaa thaa, saath hii vaha australiyai sansad key kewal mutthi bhar sadasyon mein seey pahale bunn gaye they jinhone ack seey adhik raajya yaa kshetra kaa pratinidhitva kiya haye.
galey milane vaalon ney vaadaa kiya thaa kii aggar unaki sarkaar ney bharti karane kii shakti naheen jeeti tou way istifa dey denge. queensland premiere tii. jey. raayan anivarya bharti key liye ack pramukh virodhi they, aur jaba galey milane key adesh seey brisbane mein sarkari mudran karyalaya parr chhaapa maaraa gayaa, tou hinsa lagbhag shuru hoe gaee, jiska uddeshya raani kii sansad mein bahason koo shamil karane vaale hunsered kii pratiyon koo jabt karna thaa, jahaan bharti virodhi bhaavanaon koo prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa. disambar 1917 mein anivarya bharti parr doosara janmat sangrah aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin iss baar phir seey vyaapak antar seey parajit kiya gayaa thaa. galey milane key baad, unaki party dwara unake netritva mein vishvaas mutt praapt karane key baad, unhone pradhaanmantri key roop mein istifa dey diyaa. halanki, koee vishvasaniya vaikalpik ummidwar naheen they. iss kaaran seey, munro-fergusson ney turant phir seey galey lagaane key liye apani aarakshit shakti kaa upayog kiya, iss prakaar unhein istife key apane vaade koo puuraa karate hue pradhaan mantri key roop mein baney rahane kii anumati dee.
gharelu neeti.
chunavi sudhaar.
sarkaar ney rashtramandal nirvaachan adhiniyam 1903 key tahat sanghiya sansad key donon sadanon mein lagu honey vaali pahali-ateet-dha-post chunavi pranali koo 1918 mein pratinidhiyon key sadan key liye ack tarjihi pranali key saath badal diyaa. yeh tarjihi pranali anivarya roop seey taba seey lagu hui haye. 1919 key australiyai sanghiya chunaav mein senate key liye ack bahu-bahumat-vareeyata pranali pesh kii gaee thee, aur yeh taba taka lagu rahee jaba taka kii ise 1948 mein aanupaatik pratinidhitva kii kotaa-vareeyata pranali mein badal naheen diyaa gayaa thaa. una parivartanon koo desh key party key udbhav kii pratikriya maanaa gayaa thaa, taaki gair-shram vote vibhajit naa hoe, kyonki yeh pichhali pahali-poorv-post pranali key tahat hotaa.
vigyaan aur udyog.
shodh nikaay.
1916 kii shuruat mein, galey milkar vigyaan aur udyog parr salaahkaar parishad kii sthaapana kii, joe vaigyaanik anusandhaan key liye pahala rashtriya nikaay thaa aur abb joe sisairo haye, uska pahala punaravritti thaa. parishad kaa kaanoon mein koee aadhar naheen thaa, aur iska uddeshya kewal ack asthaayi nikaay key roop mein thaa jise jald seey jald "vigyaan aur udyog beuro" key saath pratisthaapit kiya jaanaa thaa. haalaanki, yuddh key samay key tanaavon aur anya vichaaron key kaaran parishad 1920 taka ticky rahee, jiss samay sansad kaa ack adhiniyam ise ack naee sarkari agency, vigyaan aur udyog sansthaan mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa. fitzharding key anusaarah "puuraa mamla galey lagaane key tarikon kaa atyadhik vishisht thaa. baahar seey aaney vaalaa ack vichaar usa pull kii vyastata key saath aaya. unhone ise jabt curr liya, usa parr apani muhar lagaa dee aur ise ehsas key bindu taka dhakel diyaa. phir, machinary sthaapit karane key baad, unhone ummeed kii kii yeh khud hii chala jaayega, jabaki unhone apani poori oorjaa koo kaheen aur badal diyaa, aur aggar unhein vaapas bulaaya jaataa haye tou way talmatol yaa testy hoe jaate hain. phir bhee unaki ruchi vaastavik thee, aur unake utsaah aur abhiyaan key binaa rashtramandal hastakshep yaa tou bilkul naheen aaya hotaa yaa bahut dheema hotaa.
vimanan.
yeh galey lagaane kii ack yojana thee jisane australia mein lambi doori key nagrik uddayan key liye drishya nirdhaarit kiya. shaanti kaal key vimanan kii sambhaavanaon mein unaki ruchi peris shaanti sammelan key liye landan aur peris key beach yatra karane vaali unaki udaanon seey paida hui thee. ack saal pahale, 1918 mein, ack chrismus yatra parr, kent mein thheek hoe rahey ghayal sainikon key liye, galey milane key liye australiyai pilots seey mulakat kii thee joe saat saptah kii samudri yatra kaa saamana curr rahey they aur ack havaai maarg kaa netritva karane aur australia key liye udaan bharane key liye utsuk they. itani badee doori kaa havaai maarg seey kabhi prayaas naheen kiya gayaa thaa; vimaan dwara pahali samudri paar karane kii koshish kewal maheenon baad juuna 1919 mein hui thee. iss tarah key udyam key jokhimon key bavjood, australia koo takniki vikas mein sabse aage aur vishva mamalon mein ack kendriya sthiti mein dekhane key liye utsukta key kaaran, unhone britten-australia maarg sthaapit karane kii yojana key liye apane mantrimandal kaa samarthan manga thaa. farwari 1919 mein ack cable ney kahaah "kaee australiyai vimaan chaalak landan seey australia key liye udaan bharane kaa prayaas karane key ichchuk hain, way sabhi pratham shreni key purush hain aur aapke vichaaron key liye bahut utsuk hain", aur cabinet koo yeh bhee salah dee kii iss tarah kii abhootpoorv udaan australia kii peshkash karegeeh "australia key liye ack mahaan vigyaapan hoga aur duniya kii nazaren humm parr kendrit hongi."
ack maheene baad, australia key karyavahak pradhaan mantri, villium vaat ney ghoshana keeh "havaai gatividhi koo protsaahit karane key liye, rashtramandal sarkaar ney grate britten seey australia key liye pahali safal udaan key liye £10,000 kii peshkash karane kaa faisala kiya haye."yeh puraskar tees dinon seey cumm samay mein yatra poori karane vaale pahale dall koo diyaa jaayega. bhaaiyon, ross aur keath smith, pilot aur navigator, aur mechanic waller shears aur zim bennet ney puraskar jeetaa jaba unake wickers vimi jee-aeu twin injan vimaan ney 10 disambar 1919 koo darwin mein utarkar udaan bharee, aur udaan ney vimaan dwara yatra kii gaee doori kaa record banaaya, joe ack carro seey dilli kii udaan mein ack saal pahale key pichhale record koo paar curr gayaa thaa. huges ney australia key liye vishva press kaa dhyaan aakarshit karane kaa apana uddeshya hassil kiya, jabaki australia kii pahali aur duniya kii sabse shuruati airlines mein seey ack, quantas kii sthaapana 1920 mein hui thee, jisane 1935 mein antarrashtriya yatri udaanon kii shuruat kii thee. airline key saha-sansthaapak, hudson fish, jinhen sarkaar dwara pratispardha key liye uttari australia mein landing kshetron kaa sarvekshan karane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, jaba yeh utaraa tou vimi key chaalak dall kaa swaagat karane key liye upasthit they.
peris shaanti sammelan.
1919 mein poorv pradhaanmantri joseph cook key saath galey milkar peris mein varsaay shaanti sammelan mein bhaag lene key liye yatra kii. vaha 16 maheenon taka door rahey aur australia kii or seey varsaay kii sandhi parr hastakshar kiye-pahali baar australia ney ack antarrashtriya sandhi parr hastakshar kiye they.
30 disambar 1918 koo shaahi yuddh mantrimandal kii ack baithak mein, galey milkar chetavani dee kii aggar way "bahut savdhan naheen they, tou hamein khud koo rashtrapati willson key rath key pahiyon key peechhe anaavashyak roop seey ghasita jaanaa chaahiye. unhone kahaa kii willson key liye yeh asahaniya thaa kii "hamein yeh nirdesh diyaa jaae kii duniya koo kaise shaasit kiya jaanaa thaa. aggar sabhyata kii bachat sanyukt raajya parr nirbhar hoti, tou yeh aaj bhee aansuu aur janjeeron mein hoti. unhone yeh bhee kahaa kii willson key paas rashtron kii ack leag key liye koee vyaavhaarik yojana naheen thee aur unhone kahaah "rashtron kii leag unake liye ack bachche key liye ack khilauna thaa-jaba taka vaha ise praapt naheen curr letaa, vaha khush naheen hoga. peris shaanti sammelan mein, willson key saath galey milane kii jhadap hui. jaba willson ney unhein yaad dilaaya kii unhone kewal kuchh million logon key liye baat kii, tou galey milkar jawab diyaah "main 60,000 mritakon key liye bolata huun. aap kitane logon key liye bolate hain?"
newzealand, dakshin africa aur australia key british prabhutva ney german samoa, german dakshin paschim africa aur german nyu ginny kii apani kabje vaali german sampatti koo kramshah rakhane key liye apane mamle kaa tark diyaa; inn kshetron koo sambandhit prabhutvon koo "varg see janadesh" key roop mein diyaa gayaa thaa. usee saude mein japan ney bhoomadhya rekha key uttar mein apani kabje vaali german sampatti parr niyantran praapt kiya. 30 janwari kii baithak mein, janadesh key sawal parr willson key saath galey milane kii jhadap hui, kyonki dweepon parr aupchaarik samprabhuta koo galey lagaane kii prathamikta dee gaee. british pradhaan mantri, david lloyd george key anusaar, willson galey lagaane key apane drishtikon mein tanashah aur ghamandi they, unhone kahaa kii "galey lagaana antim vyakti thaa jise maine iss tarah seey sambhaalane key liye chunaa hoga. lloyd george ney varnan kiya kii kaise, galey milane key baad australia dwara jeete gaye dweepon koo ack janadesh key adheen karane key khilaf apana mamla bataayah
rashtrapati willson ney unhein teekhi khinchai dee aur unhein vyaktigat roop seey sambodhit karane key liye aage badhe, jise main ack appeal key bajaay ack garmagarm abhivachan key roop mein varnit karunga. unhone iss vishay parr vishva kii raay koo nakaarne kii gambhirta parr dhyaan diyaa. shree. galey lagaane vaale, joe dhyaan seey sunate they, apane haath seey apane kaana key chaaron or jhukate they taaki ack shabd bhee naa chhoot jaae, anta mein sanket diyaa kii vaha abhee bhee usee raay key they. jisake baad rashtrapati ney unase dheere-dheere aur gambhirta seey poochhaah "shree. galey lagaate hain, kyaa mujhe yeh samajhana haye kii aggar poori sabhya duniya australia seey inn dweepon key sambandh mein ack janadesh key liye sahmat honey key liye kahati haye, tou australia abhee bhee poori sabhya duniya kii appeal koo nakaarne key liye taiyar haye?shree. galey lagaane vaalon ney jawab diyaah "yeh isake aakar key baare mein haye, rashtrapati willson. shree. massie ney iss achaanak avagya key liye apani sahamati dee.
haalaanki, dakshin africa key lui donon ney willson key paksh mein hastakshep kiya, aur janadesh yojana seey gujar gayaa. willson key saath galey milane kii lagaatar jhadapon key kaaran willson ney usey "ghaatak warmint" kaa label lagaaya.
willson yaa dakshin african pradhaan mantri zaan smuts key vipareet, galey milkar german samrajya seey bhaari kshatipurti kii maang kii, jisamen £1,000 kii raashi kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa, jisamen seey australia apane yuddh rinn koo bund karane key liye kaee laakhon kaa daavaa karega. hugs, walter conliffe, 1st bairan conliffe aur 1st wiscount sumner, key saath, kshatipurti samiti mein british pratinidhimandal key sadasya they. jaba shaahi mantrimandal ney galey milane kii report parr charcha karane key liye mulakat kii, tou winston churchill ney galey milane seey poochha kii kyaa unhone una prabhaavon parr vichaar kiya thaa joe shramikon key varg key german parivaaron parr honge. hugs ney jawab diyaa kii "samiti grate britten mein yaa australia mein shramik varg key parivaaron parr padane vaale prabhaavon parr vichaar karane mein adhik chintit thee, aggar germans ney kshatipurti kaa bhugtan naheen kiya thaa.
sandhi vaartaon mein, galey lagaana japan key nasleeya samaantaa prastaav koo shamil karane kaa sabse pramukh virodhi thaa, joe unake aur anya logon dwara pairavi key parinamswarup antim sandhi mein shamil naheen kiya gayaa thaa. iss mudde parr unaki sthiti shwet australia neeti key pramukh naslavaadi drishtikon koo darshaati haye. unhone david lloyd george seey kahaa kii yadi khand koo apanaaya jaataa haye tou vaha sammelan chhod denge. jaba taka yeh aapravaasan neeti koo prabhaavit naheen kartaa haye, taba taka iss khand koo sweekaar karane kii peshkash kii gaee, lekin japaniyon ney prastaav koo thukra diyaa. lloyd george ney kahaa kii khand kaa uddeshya "una pratibandhon aur akshamtaon koo dhyaan mein rakhna thaa joe kuchh raajyon dwara japani pravaas aur japani basane vaalon key khilaf pahale seey hii unaki seemaon key bheetar lagaae gaye they.
galey milkar ack trade unionwadi key roop mein rajneeti mein pravesh kiya thaa, aur adhikansh australiyai shramik varg kii tarah australia mein asiai aapravaasan kaa bahut virodh kiya gayaa thaa (asiai aapravaasan koo chhodkar kanada, yuu. aiss. mein sanghon key saath ack lokpriya kaaran thaa.aiss, australia, aur 20 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein newzealand). hugs kaa maanana thaa kii nasleeya samaantaa khand koo sweekaar karane kaa matlab 1901 mein apnai gaee shwet australia aapravaasan neeti kaa anta hoga, unake adheensthon mein seey ack ney likhaah "koee bhee sarkaar australia mein ack dinn key liye naheen reh sakati aggar yeh ack shwet australia key saath chhedchhaad kartaa haye...sthiti yeh haye-yaa tou japani prastaav kaa kuchh arth haye yaa iska kuchh arth naheen haih yadi poorv, isake saath; yadi baad vaalaa, tou yeh kyon haye?"[unhone baad mein kahaa kii" "raajya kaa adhikaar yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye kii kiss shart key tahat vyakti apane kshetron mein pravesh karenge, ise ack jagirdar raajya mein cumm kiye binaa baadhit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye", "unhone kahaah" "jaba maine ise sweekaar karane kii peshkash kii tou yeh spasht karate hue kii shabdon koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa kii iska upayog aapravaasan key uddeshya seey yaa kissy bhee tarah seey hamaare swa-sarkaar key adhikaaron koo baadhit karane key liye naheen kiya jaanaa thaa, [japani pratinidhi] baron makino sahmat honey mein asamarth they.
jaba prastaav whiffle hoe gayaa, tou australiyai sansad mein bataaya gayaah safed australia aapka haye. aap isake saath joe chaahen curr sakate hain, lekin kissy bhee tarah seey, sainikon ney jeet hassil curr lii haye aur merey sahyogiyon aur maine usa mahaan siddhant koo sammelan seey aapke paas vaapas laaya haye, jitna kii surakshit haye, usa dinn jaba ise pahali baar apanaaya gayaa thaa.
iss mudde parr japan kii sthiti seey japan vishesh roop seey naraj thaa. dakshin africa key zaan smuts kii tarah, galey lagaana japan key uday seey chintit thaa. 1914 mein europeeya yuddh kii ghoshana key maheenon key bheetar, japan, australia aur newzealand ney prashant mein sabhi german kshetriya sampattiyon koo jabt curr liya thaa. haalaanki japan ney angrejon key aashirvaad seey german sampatti parr kabja curr liya thaa, lekin iss ghatana key modd parr galey milane seey chinta hui.
shaanti sammelan mein galey milane key karyon key sandarbh mein, itihaaskaar ernest scott ney kahaa kii halanki galey milane seey vijayi german dweepon parr samprabhuta hassil karane yaa australia key yuddh rinon key liye raahat paane mein whiffle rahey, "unhone aur unake deshvaasiyon donon koo unaki uplabdhiyon seey santushti millie. vishisht tarikon seey unhone cumm seey cumm akele hii apane rashtra key astitva key liye mahatvapurna ank praapt kiye they. johnn beamont ney kahaa kii galey lagana "peris shaanti sammelan mein apani dridhata key liye baad mein australiyai itihas mein ack lock naayak bunn gayaa.
sett tillman ney unhein "ack shorgul karane vaalaa janvirodhi", "anglo-americi sambandhon kaa bete noyer" key roop mein varnit kiya. smuts key vipareet, galey milkar rashtron kii leag kii avadharana kaa virodh kiya, kyonki isamen unhone "saamoohik suraksha" key trutipurna aadarshvaad koo dekhaa. unhone juuna 1919 mein ghoshana kii kii australia leag parr bharosa karega "lekin humm apane pouder koo sookha rakhenge.
sammelan seey ghar lautane parr, unakaa swaagat karate hue "australia key itihas mein bejod" kahaa gayaa, jise itihaaskaar aine moyal kahate hain kii yeh unake currier kaa uchch bindu thaa.
1920-1923.
galey milane vaalon ney maang kii kii australia kaa navgathit rashtra sangh key bheetar swatantra pratinidhitva hoe. unaki anivarya bharti neeti kii asweekriti key bavjood, australiyai matdaataon key beach lokpriyata barkarar rakhee aur 1919 key australiyai sanghiya chunaav mein, unaki sarkaar aaraam seey phir seey chuni gaee.
1920 key baad, galey milane kii raajneetik sthiti mein girawat aaee. unaki apani party key kaee adhik roodhivaadi tatvon ney una parr kabhi bharosa naheen kiya kyonki unhone socha kii way abhee bhee ack samajwadi they, rashtramandal shipping line aur australiyai wireless company key sarkari swaamitva koo banaae rakhane mein unaki ruchi kaa hawala dete hue. haalaanki, yuddh key baad kuchh samay key liye way unakaa samarthan karna jaari rakhate they, aggar kewal shram koo satta seey baahar rakhane key liye.
ack naee party, country party (jise 1975 seey australia kii rashtriya party key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa, joe una kisaanon kaa pratinidhitva karati thee joe rashtravadiyon kii graameen neetiyon seey asantusht they, vishesh roop seey australiyai udyogon key liye bahut adhik star key shulk sanrakshan kii sweekriti, joe yuddh key dauran vistaarit huaa thaa, aur graameen upaj parr moolya niyantran key liye unakaa samarthan. 1922 key nae saal key sammaan mein, galey kii patni mairi koo british samrajya (jee. bee. ee.) key adesh kaa ack bhavya cross niyukt kiya gayaa thaa.
1921 key shaahi sammelan mein, galey milane vaalon ney anglo-japani gathbandhan koo navinikrit karane key paksh mein asafal tark diyaa.
1922 key australiyai sanghiya chunaav mein, galey milane vaalon ney bendigo kii seat chhod dee aur uttari sidney key uchch-madhyam varg key vibhajan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa, iss prakaar unaki shramik-varg kii jadon key antim prateekaatmak sambandhon mein seey ack koo chhod diyaa. rashtravadiyon ney chunaav mein apana poorna bahumat khou diyaa. desh kii party, apani krishi neeti key virodh key bavjood, rashtravadiyon kaa ekmatra yathaarthvaadi gathbandhan bhagidar thaa. halanki, party netaa earl pays ney yeh bataaya kii vaha aur unaki party galey naheen lagenge. apani party key dakshinpanthi dall key dabaav mein, galey milane key baad farwari 1923 mein unhone istifa dey diyaa aur unake uttaradhikari unake khajanchi, steinly broose baney. unakaa aathh saal kaa karyakal pradhaanmantri key liye sabse lamba thaa jaba taka kii 1957 mein robbert menzis ney unhein paarit naheen kiya.
jabaki nivartamaan pradhaanmantri ney 1917 aur 1922 key donon chunaavon mein seeten badal leen, ekmatra pradhaanmantri jinhone ack baar naheen balki dou baar aisaa kiya haye. anya sabhi chunaavon mein pradhaanmantri ney usa seat parr phir seey chunaav ladaa haye joe chunaav seey pahale unake paas thee.
raajneetik grahan aur punah uday.
1923 key shesh samay key liye sansad mein galey lagaane kii bahut cumm bhoomika rahee. unhone apane nae matdaataon mein kiribilli, nyu south wells mein ack ghar kiraaye parr liya aur unhein "dainik telegraph" dwara apani pasand key vishayon parr lekhon kii ack shrinkhala likhane key liye bharti kiya gayaa. lekhon mein unhone pradhaanmantri key roop mein apani viraasat kaa bachaav kiya aur kahaa kii jaba taka naee sarkaar unake siddhanton kaa paalan karegi, taba taka vaha uska samarthan karenge. 1924 mein, galey milkar sanyukt raajya america key ack vyakhyan daure parr gaye. jaba way newyork mein they, taba daure key beach mein hii unaki tabiyat bigad gaee. natijatan unhone apani baaki vyastataon koo radd curr diyaa aur ack naee flint automobile mein desh bhar mein vaapas chaley gaye, jise unhone australia vaapas laaya. baad mein varsh mein unhone lindfield mein ack ghar kharida, joe unake shesh jeevan key liye unakaa praathamik nivaas thaa. 1925 mein galey milane vaalon kii sansadiya mamalon mein phir seey bahut cumm bhagidari thee, lekin apane doston james humey cook aur ambrose praat kii sahaayata seey, "videshi pratispardha aur sarkari udasinta key khilaf sthaapit honey key liye sangharsh curr rahey australiyai udyogon key champion" key roop mein khud koo chitrit karna shuru curr diyaa.
galey milane vaale loga apani hii party dwara bedkhal kiye jaane parr gusse mein they aur 1929 taka peeth key peechhe apani shikayaton koo uthaate rahey, jaba unhone peeth key peechhe key vidrohiyon key ack samooh kaa netritva kiya, jinhone sansad key puttle koo paar curr curr curr sarkaar koo giraa diyaa. galey milane parr unhein rashtravadi party seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa aur unhone apani party, australiyai party kaa gathan kiya. agami chunaav mein rashtravadiyon kii bhaari haar key baad, galey milane vaalon ney shuru mein james scullin kii shram sarkaar kaa samarthan kiya. haalaanki, vittiya mamalon mein unakaa matbhed thaa. 1931 mein unhone apane poorv gair-shram sahyogiyon key saath gutbaji koo dafan curr diyaa aur joseph lions key netritva mein sanyukt australia party (uap) banaane mein rashtravadiyon aur kaee dakshinpanthi shram asantushton key saath shamil hoe gaye. unhone scullin sarkaar koo neeche laane key liye baaki uap key saath matdan kiya.
1930 key dashak mein.
yuu. aeye. pee. ney 1931 key chunaav mein bhaari jeet hassil kii. 1932 mein leone ney geneva mein leag off nations assembly mein australia kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye galey lagaae aur 1934 mein leone sarkaar mein swaasthya aur pratyaavartan mantri baney. baad mein lions ney unhein videsh mamalon key mantri niyukt kiya, lekin 1935 mein unaki pustak "australia aind dha vaar tude" key baad galey milane parr unhein istifa dene key liye majboor honah padaa, jisase australia mein aaney vaale yuddh key liye taiyari kii kamee ujagar hoe gaee. isake turant baad, lyon sarkaar ney raksha bajat koo teen gunaa curr diyaa. australia aur aaj kaa yuddh" mein bhee huges ney likhaa kii rashtron kii leag toot gaee thee aur yeh kewal tabhi kaam curr sakati thee jaba ise bull dwara samarthit kiya gayaa hotaa. unakaa maanana thaa kii pratyek rashtra koo apani raksha kii or dhyaan denaa chaahiye aur britten key europeeya mamalon mein vyast honey key kaaran australia koo apani raksha karni hogi.
1931 mein manchuria parr japani aakraman key baad, galey milane vaalon kaa maanana thaa kii angrejon koo tatasth rehna chaahiye, aur 1935 mein itali key abyssinia parr aakraman key prati bhee yahee ravaiya apanaaya. galey lagane vaalon kaa maanana thaa kii bhoomadhya sagar mein apani kamjori key kaaran british samrajya khatare mein thaa.
1937 mein videsh mantri key roop mein leones dwara galey milane vaale logon koo australia vaapas laaya gayaa thaa. 1938 mein germany ney apane prashant upaniveshon kii vaapsee kaa anurodh kiya lekin galey lagane vaale logon ney ghoshana kii kii australia koo nae ginny koo pakadana chaahiye, aur aprail 1939 mein unhone kahaa kii aggar germany upanivesh chaahata haye tou usey unake liye ladanaa hoga.
1939 mein lyons kii mrityu key samay taka, galey lagana attorney-general aur udyog mantri key roop mein bhee kaam curr rhaa thaa. vaha leones key uttaradhikari, robert menzis key tahat vibhinn samay parr nausena key mantri, udyog mantri aur attorney-general bhee they.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh.
europe mein faasivaad aur asia mein ugravaadi japan key uday key saath saarvajanik mamalon mein raksha mudde teji seey pramukh hoe gaye. 1938 seey, pradhaan mantri joseph lions ney raksha balon key liye ack bharti abhiyaan kaa netritva kiya. 7 aprail 1939 koo karyalaya mein lyon kii mrityu hoe gaee. united australia party ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii poorv sandhya parr ack alpasankhyak sarkaar kaa netritva karane key liye robbert menzis koo apane uttaradhikari key roop mein chunaa. australia ney 3 sitambar 1939 koo dusare vishva yuddh mein pravesh kiya aur yuddh ghoshit honey key baad ack vishesh yuddh mantrimandal banaaya gayaa-shuru mein pradhaan mantri menziyon aur galey milane sahit paanch varishth mantriyon seey banaa thaa. shram vipaksh key netaa johnn curtin ney shamil honey seey incar curr diyaa aur 1940 key chunaav mein menziyon ney apana bahumat khou diyaa. prashant mein haar kii ack shrinkhala aur yuddh key badhate khatare seey peedit sahyogiyon key saath, menzis sarkaar (1939-1941) apane sansadiya bahumat key liye dou swatantra, arther coles aur alex willson parr nirbhar thee.
curtin koo yuddh mantrimandal mein shamil honey key liye manaane mein asamarth aur apani hii party key bheetar badhate dabaav kaa saamana karate hue, menziyon ney 29 agast 1941 koo pradhaan mantri key roop mein istifa dey diyaa. haalaanki uap ack dashak seey sarkaar mein thaa, lekin netritva seey itna vanchit thaa kii ack sanyukt uap-country baithak ney desh key netaa arther fadden koo gathbandhan kaa netritva karane key liye chunaa. galey milane vaale loga fadden sarkaar mein baney rahey, joe attorney-general aur nausena key mantri key roop mein kaary curr rahey they. ack maheene baad, cole aur willson ney bajat koo haraane aur sarkaar koo neeche laane key liye shram vipaksh key saath juda gaye. governor-general alekjendar horey-ruthwen, gauri key pahale earl key protsaahan mein, swatantra dalon ney vipakshi netaa johnn curtin koo apana samarthan diyaa, jinhone 7 octuber 1941 koo pradhaan mantri key roop mein shapath lii thee. vipaksh mein jaate hue uap ney fadden key netritva mein ack sanyukt gathbandhan vipaksh kaa vikalp chunaa, jisake kaaran purushon ney netritva seey istifa dey diyaa. 79 varsheeya galey milane vaale 9 octuber koo sankeern roop seey chune gaye netaa they, lekin unaki umr koo dekhate hue vyaapak roop seey ack viram-antaral key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa.
7 disambar koo japan ney motee bandargah parr hamla kiya. isake turant baad, galey milkar sudur poorv mein apani kamjori key liye british sarkaar kii aalochana kii aur ghoshana kii kii way "anya yuddhon mein british vijay kii teji seey lupt hoti chamak" parr jee rahey they. haalaanki, farwari 1942 mein unhone kahaa kii "britten ney asthaayi roop seey samudron parr niyantran khou diyaa haye lekin australia kii raksha key prayaas mein usane ise khou diyaa haye. yeh achchha hoga aggar britten kii aalochana karane vaale australia parr khoj kii roshni koo chaalu curr dein. agast mein unhone prashant mein sahyogiyon kii rakshaatmak ranneeti kii aalochana kii, lekin soloman kii ladaai key baad unhone sanyukt raajya america key sashastr balon kii prashansa kii. galey lagaane vaalon ney westminster god lene key sarkaar key kaanoon 1942 kaa virodh kiya, jisamen westminster 1931 key kaanoon kii dhaara 2-6 koo kaanoon mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. unakaa maanana thaa kii britten aur dominian koo isake bajaay ack aam videsh neeti key liye milkar kaam karna chaahiye.
galey milane seey kaafee hudd taka kissy bhee party kii baithak aayojit karane seey incar karke aur fadden koo poore vipaksh kaa netritva karane dene key liye sahmat hocker 1943 key australiyai sanghiya chunaav mein uap kaa netritva kiya. gathbandhan koo buri tarah seey haraaya gayaa thaa, kewal 19 seeten jeetin. uttari sidney mein 14 pratishat seey adhik kii jhool parr khud koo lagbhag haraa chuke galey, unake bahumat koo aaraam seey 67 pratishat seey ghataakar 53 pratishat parr aaa gayaa. chunaav key baad, galey milane seey uap kaa netritva vaapas purushon koo mill gayaa.
antim varsh.
farwari 1944 mein, sansadiya yuu. aeye. pee. ney salaahkaar yuddh parishad seey apane sadasyon koo vaapas lene key liye matdan kiya. galey milane aur kharch karane vaalon ney istifa dey diyaa, lekin persey kharch karane vaale ney parishad mein baney rahane kaa faisala kiya aur unhein uap seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa. kuchh maheenon baad, johnn curtin key vyaktigat nimantran parr galey milate hue yuddh parishad mein phir seey shamil hoe gaye. unhein 14 aprail 1944 koo uap seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur erich harrison dwara upa netaa key roop mein pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. 13 sitambar 1945 taka galey milate aur kharch karate hue ack nirdaliyon key roop mein baithe, jaba way australia kii naee liberal party mein shamil hoe gaye, jisaki sthaapana varsh kii shuruat mein hui thee. usa samay taka yuddh parishad koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
1949 key chunaav seey pahale pratinidhiyon key sadan kaa ack badaa punarvitaran aur vistaar huaa, jisamen uttari sidney key adhikansh uttari hisse koo bradfield key nae vibhaag mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. galey milane key baad pahali baar unhein chunaav poorv chunauti kaa saamana karna padaa, lekin liberal party key samarthan key liye hairi turner koo haraaya aur ack aramdayak jeet hassil kii. way 1951 key australiyai sanghiya chunaav mein 79 pratishat vote key saath 20veen aur antim baar pratinidhi sabhaa key liye phir seey chune gaye they. sansad mein galey lagaane kaa antim bhaashan rashtramandal tail refineries mein apane hisse koo bechane key menzis sarkaar key faisale parr hamla thaa, joe unaki sarkaar dwara 30 saal pahale sthaapit raajya key swaamitva vaale udyamon mein seey ack thaa. aich key anusaar.vee. lekin, unakaa bhaashan "ack baar mein upasthit sabhi sammaanit sadasyon kaa dhyaan aakarshit karane key liye lugg rhaa thaa... koee bhee ghar seey baahar naheen nikla, aur kissy ney jaane kii himmat naheen kii.
galey milane seey sansad mein unake antim varshon mein kaee meal key patthar manaae gaye. 1944 mein, nyu south wells kii sansad mein unake chunaav kii 50veen varshgaanth aur ack saansad key roop mein lagaatar 50 varshon kii seva key uplakshya mein ack utsav ratribhoj aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. pradhaanmantri johnn curtin ney unhein ack aise vyakti key roop mein abhibhoot kiya jisane "jise vaha sahee maanate they, usake liye narak kii tarah ladaai ladee thee, aur isake liye australia unhein sammaanit karega. juuna 1951 mein, sanghiya sansad kii swarn jayanti key avsar parr ack bhoj mein galey milane vaale sammaanit atithi they. agale varsh, "pratinidhi sabhaa aur senate key lagbhag harr sadasya" ney unake janmadin key ratribhoj mein bhaag liya. pradhaan mantri robert menzis ney dekhaa kii galey milna kissy naa kissy samay harr raajneetik dall kaa sadasya thaa, jiss samay arther fadden ney hastakshep kiya kii vaha kabhi bhee desh kii party mein shamil naheen hue they. galey milane parr unhone kahaa, "kaheen rekha kheenchani thee, haye naa?".
mrityu aur antim sanskar.
28 octuber 1952 koo 90 varsh kii ayu mein lindfield mein apane ghar parr galey milane seey unakaa nidhan hoe gayaa. unakaa raajkeeya antim sanskar sent andru key cathedral, sidney mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa aur yeh australia key sabse badey girjagharon mein seey ack thaah lagbhag 450,000 darshak sadakon parr kataar mein khade they. baad mein unhein apani betty helen key saath mcverry park kabristan aur shmashan mein dafnaya gayaa; unaki vidhwa dame mairi 1958 mein unaki mrityu parr unake saath shamil hoe gaeen.
90 varsh, ack maah aur teen dinn kii ayu mein, galey milna australiyai sansad kaa sadasya banane vaalaa sabse umradaraaz vyakti haye. unaki mrityu ney 1952 key bradfield upchunaav koo janm diyaa. vaha 51 saal aur saat maheene taka pratinidhi sabhaa key sadasya rahey, raani victoria key shasankal mein apani seva shuru kii aur raani elizabeth dwiteeya key shasankal mein ise samaapt kiya. isase pahale nyu south wells aupaniveshik sansad mein apani seva key saath, galey milane ney ack saansad key roop mein kull 58 saal bitaaye they, aur kabhi chunaav naheen haare they. unaki seva kii avadhi australia mein ack record bunny hui haye. way 1901 mein nirvaachit mool australiyai sansad key antim sadasya they, joe taba bhee sansad mein kaaryarat they jaba unaki mrityu hoe gaee thee. galey lagaana pahali sansad kaa antim sadasya thaa joe marr gayaa; raajaa oh 'maili chaudah maheene taka jeevit rahey. hugs watson cabinet key antim jeevit sadasya bhee they, saath hii andreau machuaaron key pahale aur teesare cabinet bhee they.
vyaktigat jeevan.
pahali shaadi.
sidney pahunchane key turant baad, galey milane key baad, elizabeth cuts key saath ack aam-kaanoon vivaah mein pravesh kiya, joe unaki ack makaan malik kii betty thee. unakaa rishta kabhi bhee aupchaarik roop seey panjikrit yaa gambhir naheen thaa, lekin way pati aur patni key roop mein rahate they aur unake chhah bachche they-villium (bee. 1891; shaishavavastha mein mrityu hoe gaee), athel (bee. 1892), lilly (bee. 1893), dolly (bee. 1895), ernest (bee. 1897), aur charles (bee. 1898). unhone arther (bee. 1885), elizabeth kaa ack pichhale rishte seey betaa, jisane apane upnaam key roop mein galey lagaa liya. unaki shaadi majboot thee, halanki kabhi-kabhi unake kaam key prati galey milane kii bhakti aur ghar seey aksar anupasthiti seey tanaavgrast thee. elizabeth koo rajneeti mein bahut cumm ruchi thee, aur kabhi-kabhi apane pati key currier key aage badhane key saath samajik sthitiyon mein aasaani seey beemar theen. lambe samay taka beemar rahane key baad, 1 sitambar 1906 koo 42 varsh kii ayu mein hriday gati rukane seey unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
doosari shaadi.
unaki pahali patni kii mrityu key baad, galey milane vaali unaki sabse badee betty athel ney unake liye ghar rakhaa aur chhote bachchon kii dekhbhal mein madad kii. ack sankshipt prem prasang key baad, unhone 26 juuna 1911 koo ack kushal pashupaalak kii betty mairi athel campbelle seey punarvivah kiya. unaki shaadi key samay, vaha 48 varsh key they aur vaha 37 varsh kii theen. mairi raajneetik aur samajik roop seey chatur theen, aur unake pati aksar raajneetik mamalon parr salah key liye unaki or rukh karate they. usa samay key liye asamanya roop seey, unhone jore dekar kahaa kii unaki sabhi videshi yaatraon mein, yahaan taka kii yuddh key dauran kii gaee yaatraon mein bhee unake saath rahein. apani doosari shaadi key madhyam seey, galey lagana "bulletin" key sansthapakon mein seey ack, johnn heins kaa behnoi bhee bunn gayaa. unaki bhatiji, edith heins, kaee varshon taka unake aur unaki patni key saath ack saathi key roop mein rahati thee.
galey milane kii doosari shaadi seey ekmatra santan helen myphanvy galey lagana thaa, jiska janm 1915 mein huaa thaa (unake pradhaanmantri banane seey kuchh maheene pahale). unhone usey "merey jeevan kaa anand aur prakaash" kahaa aur 1937 mein 21 varsh kii ayu mein prasav mein usaki mrityu seey tabah hoe gaye. uska betaa butch gayaa aur parivaar key ack dost ney usey god leey liya, jisamen usake daadaa ney usake rakharkhaav mein yogdan diyaa. kyonki vaha usa samay avivaahit thee, helen kii mrityu kii paristhitiyon koo chhipa curr rakhaa gayaa thaa aur 2004 taka aam taur parr gyaat naheen huaa thaa, jaba aeye. bee. see. ney abhineta martin wahn dwara prastut ack karyakram kii screening kii. waghan ney 1975 kii film 'billy aind persey' mein billy hugg kii bhoomika nibhai thee, aur unamen unaki nirantar ruchi ney helen key bhaagya kaa pataa lagaaya.
swaasthya.
galey lagane seey sunane mein gambhir kamee aaa gaee joe taba shuru hui jaba vaha apekshaakrit yuva they aur umr key saath bigadate gaye. vaha ack adim electronic shravan sahaayata parr nirbhar thaa, joe itani bhaari thee kii ise kewal cumm samay key liye pahana jaa sakata thaa aur ise ack dibbe mein leey jaanaa padata thaa. haalaanki, usaki baharepan kabhi-kabhi usake liye fayademand hoe sakati haye, kyonki vaha galat samajh kaa naatak curr sakata haye yaa jaba vaha kissy kii baat naheen sunana chaahata tou buss apana upkaran bund curr sakata haye. shaaririk roop seey, galey lagaane kaa qada chhota thaa aur thodaa saa nirmit thaa, khade they aur adhik seey adhik vajan rakhate they. unake paas "swabhavik roop seey kamjor samvidhaan" thaa, joe aksar sardi aur anya sankramanon seey peedit thaa, aur kshatipurti karane key liye "shaaririk fitness kaa kattar bhakt" bunn gayaa. vaha purani badahajam seey bhee peedit they, jisake kaaran way laal maans aur sharaab seey door rahey aur shayed hii kabhi badey bhojan karate they. galey lagaane seey aksar thakan hoti thee aur phir seey thheek honey key liye lambe samay taka kaam karna padata thaa-kabhi-kabhi saptah yaa maheene bhee. vaha utsaah kii avadhi key saath avasaad key dauron key liye pravan thaa, aur 1924 mein lagbhag tantrika tootane key baad "cycasthenia" kaa nidan kiya gayaa thaa.
dharm.
galey lagaana ack aajivan anglican thaa. unhein yeh sambaddhata apane maatri paksh seey viraasat mein millie-unake pitaa landan mein velsh baptist church mein ack adim baptist aur ack decan they, halanki unhone anglican sanskaron key saath vivaah kiya thaa. galey milane vaale ack ladke key roop mein church key schools mein jaate they, aur raajaa james bibil koo "saamane seey peechhe" jaanate they. ack vayask key roop mein, vaha aksar apane lekhan aur saarvajanik bhaashan mein bibil key vakyanshon kaa upayog karate they. australia jaane key baad sangathit dharm mein galey milane kii kshamata mein girawat aaee aur kuchh lekhakon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii vaha ack agyeyavaadi yaa naastik bunn gaye. isake liye saboot kaafee hudd taka paristhitijanya haye-vaha ack niyamit church jaane vaalaa naheen thaa, usaki pahali shaadi kabhi bhee ack church mein naheen hui thee, aur vaha aksar ishninda kii bhasha kaa upayog kartaa thaa.
galey milane key sabhi jeevanikaron ney unhein ack imandar isai key roop mein maanaa haye, halanki ack vishisht dharamshastra key saath. fitzharding likhate hain kii galey milane mein "isai dharm key aadhyatmik moolyon mein ack samanya vishvaas" thaa, saath hii "jeevan key baad aur bhagwan kii sarvavyaapeeta mein ack gahara vishvaas" thaa. galey milane vaale loga shayed hii kabhi apane swayam key karyon mein tatvamimansa koo sambodhit karate they, lekin apane sansmaranon mein nott kiya kii unhone cumm umr mein purvanirdharan key siddhant koo aswikar curr diyaa thaah "main maanata thaa kii ack aadami key roop mein boya gayaa thaa isaliye usey kaatna chaahiye... "vishvaas aur karyon seey" vaha moksh paa sakata haye."manning clark una maanyataon kii gambhirta key baare mein kuchh hudd taka sandeh thaa joe saarvajanik roop seey sweekaar kii jaati hain. galey milane key vyaktigat darshan key sambandh mein, clark ney likhaa kii unakaa "jeevan key baare mein nirashajanak shauk vaalaa drishtikon" thaa, ise "astitva key liye ack kroor maulik sangharsh key roop mein dekhate hue jisamen majboot purushon ney kamjor logon koo kuchal diyaa".
galey milane seey aksar raajneetik uddeshyon key liye dharm kaa shoshan hotaa haye. shram andolan mein apane shuruati dinon mein, unhone dharmgranthon parr apani mahaarat hassil kii taaki isaaiyon koo aashvast kiya jaa sakey kii samaajvaad dhaarmik yaa naastik virodhi naheen thaa. pratham vishva yuddh key dauran galey milna kattar roop seey catholic virodhi hoe gayaa, halanki yeh dharamshastriya aadharon key bajaay church key padanukram key raajneetik hastakshep key kaaran thaa. unhone catholic netaaon parr ugra vyaktigat hamalon key saath "sampradayikta koo ack dukhad degree taka bhadka diyaa"; australia key pahale catholic pradhaan mantri james scullin ney baad mein sujhaav diyaa kii galey milane kii vibhajansheelta "australia koo lagbhag barbad curr dee. unhone australiyai churchon mein german key upayog parr bhee pratibandh lagaa diyaa, halanki isase catholics kii tulanaa mein luthers parr adhik prabhaav padaa.
viraasat.
galey lagaana, ack chhota, ajib aadami, ack bhaddi aavaaz aur teji seey buddhiman chehra, ack asambhav rashtriya netaa thaa, lekin pratham vishva yuddh key dauran usane ack yuddh netaa key roop mein pratishtha praapt kii-sainikon ney usey "chhota khudai karane vaalaa" kahaa-jisane usey jeevan bhar banaae rakhaa. unhein unake utkrisht raajneetik aur rajanyik kaushal, unake kaee majakia bayanon aur unake adamya ashawad aur deshbhakti key liye yaad kiya jaataa haye. usee samay, australiyai shram andolan ney unhein roodhivaadiyon key paksh mein jaane key liye kabhi maaf naheen kiya, aur phir bhee unhein ack "chuha" maanata haye.
sammaan.
shahar kii swatantrata.
galey milane parr unhein pandrah "shahar kii swatantrata" puraskaron seey sammaanit kiya gayaa-australia key kissy bhee anya pradhaan mantri seey adhik. inmein seey united kingdam key nimnalikhit shahar hainh
maanad niyuktiyaan.
galey milane vaalon koo nimnalikhit vishvavidyalayon seey maanad upaadhiyan praapt huinh 
galey lagaane key vibhajan aur galey lagaane key upnagar, canbara mein australiyai rajdhani kshetra kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. laine cove, nyu south wells mein ack park kaa naam billy aur dame mairi hugs key naam parr 'hugs park' rakhaa gayaa haye.
1972 mein, unhein australia post dwara jaari ack daak tikat parr sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen unakaa chitra thaa.
1911 mein apani patni mairi seey shaadi karane key baad, dampati ack lambi drive parr gaye, kyonki unake paas hanimoon key liye samay naheen thaa. unaki kaar durghatanagrast hoe gaee jahan sidney-melburn sadak albury, nyu south wells key uttar mein sidney-melburn railway koo paar karati haye, jisase vahaan key leval crossing kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa; baad mein ise billy huges brij dwara badal diyaa gayaa.

