ventromedial prefrontal cortex

ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vee. aim. pee. aff. see.) prefrontal cortex kaa ack hissa haye. 
standhari mastishk mein. ventral medial prefrontal mastishk golardh key nichale hisse mein frontal lobe mein sthit haye aur jokhim aur bhaya key prasanskaran mein shamil haye, kyonki yeh manushyon mein emigdala gatividhi key viniyaman mein mahatvapurna haye. yeh bhaavnaatmak pratikriyaon key avrodh mein aur nirnay lene aur aatm-niyantran kii prakriya mein bhee ack bhoomika nibhaata haye. yeh naitikta key sangyanatmak mulyankan mein bhee shamil haye.
shareer rachana vigyaan.
jabaki ventromedial prefrontal cortex mein seemankan parr saarvbhaumik roop seey sahamati naheen haye, adhikansh sroton mein, yeh öngür aur moolya key ventromedial reward network key barabar haye. iss network mein broadman kshetra 10, broadman kshetra 14, broadman kshetra 25, aur broadman kshetra 32 key saath-saath broadman kshetra 11, broadman kshetra 12 aur broadman kshetra 13 key hisse shamil hain. haalaanki, sabhi srot kshetra kii seemaon parr sahmat naheen hain. vibhinn shodhkarta "ventromedial prefrontal cortex" shabd kaa upayog alag-alag tareeke seey karate hain. kabhi-kabhi, iss shabd koo madhya kakshiya-prachhad prantstha key oopar key kshetra key liye saheja jaataa haye, jabaki anya samay mein, 'ventromedial prefrontal cortex' kaa upayog poorv-prachhad prantstha key nichale (nilay) kendriya (madhya) kshetra mein ack vyaapak kshetra kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jisamen madhya kakshiya-prachhad prantstha sabse nichale bhaag kaa gathan karati haye. yeh baad vaalaa, vyaapak kshetra, nirnay lene mein haani vaale rogiyon mein kshatigrast kshetra seey mell khaata haye jisaki jaanch antonio damacio aur sahyogiyon dwara kii jaati haye (aarekh dekhein, aur neeche).
ventromedial prefrontal cortex ventral tagmental kshetra, emigdala, temporal lobe, ghraan pranali aur dorsomedial thalamus seey judaa hotaa haye aur input praapt kartaa haye. yeh, badale mein, kaee alag-alag mastishk kshetron koo sanket bhejata haye jinamen shamil hain; temporal lobe, emigdala, paarshv hypothalamus, hippocample gathan, singulate cortex, aur prefrontal cortex key kuchh anya kshetra. connections kaa yeh vishal network vee. aim. pee. aff. see. koo badee matra mein samvedi detta praapt karane aur usaki nigrani karane aur mastishk key anya kshetron, vishesh roop seey amigdala koo prabhaavit karane aur prabhaavit karane kii kshamata pradaan kartaa haye.
kaary.
poorv-frontal cortex key orbitofrontal aur ventromedial kshetron key beach karyatmak antar abhee taka spasht roop seey sthaapit naheen kiye gaye hain, halanki orbitofrontal cortex seey behtar ventromedial cortex key kshetra samajik karyon seey bahut cumm judey hue hain aur shuddh bhavna viniyaman key saath adhik judey hue hain. vikasatmak tantrika vigyaan mein shodh ney yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa kii ventromedial prefrontal cortex mein tantrika network kishoravastha key dauran teji seey vikasit hoe rahey hain aur yuva vayaskata emigdala key madhyam seey bhavna viniyaman kaa samarthan curr rahee haye, joe courtisol key star mein kamee seey judaa huaa haye.
bachpan key dauran jaldi shuru honey vaale vee. aim. pee. aff. see. nuksan vaale logon kii kewal kuchh hii reportein hain, lekin inn vyaktiyon mein gambhir asamajik vyavhaar aur kharaab naitik nirnay hotaa haye. jeevan mein baad mein kshati vaale vyaktiyon kii tulanaa mein, unakaa vyavhaar pattern samaan haye lekin adhik gambhir haye. ise chinta aur manodasha vikaaron key shareer vigyaan key liye bhee kendriya maanaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, sateek tantra jisake dwara vee. aim. pee. aff. see. bhavatmak prasanskaran mein yogdan detaa haye, poori tarah seey samajha naheen gayaa haye.
nirnay lena.
vee. aim. pee. aff. see. key dwaipaakshik ghaavon vaale rogiyon mein vyaktigat aur samajik nirnay lene mein gambhir haani hoti haye, bhale hii unaki adhikansh bauddhik kshamata sanrakshit haye. udaaharan key liye, unhein anishchit parinamon key saath vikalpon key beach chayan karane mein kathinaaiyaan hoti hain, chaahe anishchitata jokhim key roop mein hoe yaa aspashtata key roop mein. apane ghaav key baad, inn rogiyon mein apani galatiyon seey seekhane kii kshamata cumm hoti haye, baar-baar vahee nirnay lete hain, bhale hii way nakaratmak parinam kaa kaaran banate hain. yeye rogi aise vikalp chunate hain joe tatkaal puraskar dete hain, lekin apane karyon key bhavishya key parinamon key prati andhe prateet hotey hain. haalaanki, iss vyavhaar key antarnihit tantra koo abhee taka poori tarah seey samajha naheen gayaa haye.
ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vishesh roop seey daahine golardh mein) koo kshati vidambana, vyangya aur dhokhe kaa pataa lagaane mein kamee key saath judee hui haye. iss kshetra mein nuksan vaale vishay bhraamak vigyaapan seey adhik aasaani seey prabhaavit paae gaye hain. iska shreya ack "galat tagg tantra" key vyavadhaan koo diyaa gayaa haye joe nae vishvaason key baare mein sandeh aur sandeh pradaan kartaa haye.
ventromedial prefrontal cortex koo nuksan pahunchaane vaale loga abhee bhee binaa kissy truti key naitik nirnay lene kii kshamata banaae rakhate hain, lekin kewal unhein prastut kii gaee kaalpanik sthitiyon mein. way vyaktigat aur samajik nirnay lene mein gambhir roop seey baadhit hain. apane jeevan mein samaan sthitiyon mein samaan naitik siddhanton koo lagu karate samay tark mein ack antar hotaa haye. parinam yeh haye kii loga aise nirnay lete hain joe unake swayam key naitik moolyon key saath asangat hotey hain. ventromedial prefrontal cortex koo jaldi nuksan pahunchaane vaale loga naitik niyamon koo todane yaa dusaron koo nuksan pahunchaane vaale aatm-seva karyon kaa samarthan karane kii adhik sambhavana rakhate hain. yeh vishesh roop seey una rogiyon key liye sach haye jinake jeevan mein sabse pahale nuksan huaa thaa.
bhaavanaon aur samajik maandandon kii samajh kaa upayog hamaare vyavhaar, vishvaason aur hamaare aspas key logon parr naitik prakriti kaa tark pradaan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. vee. aim. pee. aff. see. bhavna koo naitik nirnay koo prabhaavit karane kii anumati dene mein tantrika aadhar key roop mein kaam kartaa haye. karyatmak imaging adhyayanon mein, vee. aim. pee. aff. see. mein badhee hui gatividhi inn vyaktigat naitik sthitiyon key baare mein sochane seey judee hoti haye, jabaki haanirahit nirnay lene seey aisaa naheen hotaa haye. vee. aim. pee. aff. see. ghaavon vaale rogiyon ney avaiyaktik aur vyaktigat duvidhaon mein ack hii nirnay liya. vee. aim. pee. aff. see. kii shithilata sahee naitik bhavna kaa upayog karane mein viphalata kaa kaaran banati haye, joe bataati haye kii inn rogiyon ney inn duvidhaon kaa saamana karate samay cumm bhaavnaatmak pratikriyaaen kyon dikhaai.
bhaavanaon kaa niyaman.
vee. aim. pee. aff. see. bhaavanaon key prati hamari pratikriya koo niyantrit karane aur rokane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye. aisaa lagata haye kii vee. aim. pee. aff. see. kuchh samajik sthitiyon mein hamaare vyavhaar koo model karane aur bhaavnaatmak pratikriyaon koo niyantrit karane key liye hamari bhaavnaatmak pratikriyaon kaa upayog kartaa haye. vee. aim. pee. aff. see. key input ise paryaavaran seey jaankaari aur frontal lobe kii yojanaon key saath pradaan karate hain, aur isake output vee. aim. pee. aff. see. koo vibhinn shaaririk pratikriyaon aur vyavhaaron koo niyantrit karane kii anumati dete hain. vee. aim. pee. aff. see. kii bhoomika vishesh roop seey iss kshetra koo nuksan pahunchaane vaale logon mein ujagar kii jaati haye. ack kshatigrast vee. aim. pee. aff. see. vyavhaar niyantran aur nirnay lene mein haani kaa kaaran banata haye, jisake parinam bhaavnaatmak avyavastha mein nihit hotey hain.
iss kshetra mein dosh vaale kissy vyakti kaa pahala aur sabse prasiddh mamla feenas gaze thaa, ack rail nirmaan foreman jisane 1848 mein ack durghatana mein apane vee. aim. pee. aff. see. koo dwaipaakshik roop seey nasht curr diyaa thaa. apani durghatana seey pahale, gaze koo "gambhir, mehnati aur urjaavaan" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. baad mein vaha bachkaanaa, gairzimmedarana aur dusaron key baare mein vichaarheen hoe gayaa.vee. aim. pee. aff. see. kshati key saath ack anya rogi ney murkhtapurna nivesh parr apani jeevan bachat barbad curr dee aur apane vyaktigat jeevan mein uchit nirnay lene mein whiffle rhaa. vee. aim. pee. aff. see. kshati vaale rogiyon mein, sakshya seey pataa chalata haye kii vaastavik duniya kii kshamataon mein bhaavnaatmak upeksha aur shithilata key beach ack sambandh haye.
amigdala krodh aur hinsa seey judee bhaavnaatmak pratikriyaon koo bhadkane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye. vee. aim. pee. aff. see. key output key saath emigdala, vee. aim. pee. aff. see. iss tarah key vyavhaar koo rokane mein ack bhoomika nibhaata haye. saakshyon seey pataa chalaa haye kii aavegpurna hatyaron ney prefrontal cortex mein gatividhi mein kamee kii haye aur emigdala jaise upa-cortical kshetron mein gatividhi mein vriddhi kii haye. yeh asantulan nakaratmak bhaavanaon dwara banaae gaye karyon koo badhaa sakata haye aur inn bhaavanaon koo niyantrit karane key liye prefrontal cortex kii kshamata koo seemit curr sakata haye. prefrontal cortex mein cumm sakriyan bhee asamajik vyavhaar key saath sahsambaddh haye. ventromedial cortex kii shithilata, kuchh hudd taka, serotonin release key nichale star key kaaran hoti haye.
vee. aim. pee. aff. see. bhee saahas mein shamil haye. pratibhagiyon key saath saampon koo unake paas yaa door aaney kii anumati dene vaale prayogon mein, saahas key kaary vee. aim. pee. aff. see. mein sakriyan key saath sahsambaddh hain, vishesh roop seey upa-aanuvanshik purvakaal singulate cortex.
vee. aim. pee. aff. see. kii sakriyata nakaratmak bhaavnaatmak sanket key liye bhaavnaatmak pratikriyaon key safal daman seey judee haye.
vee. aim. pee. aff. see. ghaavon vaale rogi bhaavnaatmak pratikriya aur bhavna viniyaman donon mein dosh dikhaate hain. unaki bhaavnaatmak pratikriyashilta aam taur parr cumm hoe jaati haye aur way karuna, sherm aur aparaadhbodh jaisi samajik bhaavanaon koo ullekhaniya roop seey cumm karate hain. yeye aisee bhaavanaaen hain joe naitik moolyon seey nikatata seey judee hui hain. rogi kuchh paristhitiyon mein kharaab niyantrit krodh aur hatasha sahishnuta bhee pradarshit karate hain.
vee. aim. pee. aff. see. mein fokal ghaav vaale rogi vyaktitva mein parivartan jaise sahaanubhooti kii kamee, gairzimmedari aur kharaab nirnay lene jaise parivartan dikhaate hain. yeye lakshan manorogi vyaktitva lakshnon key samaan hain. isake alawa, shaaririk hinsa key itihas vaale vyaktiyon key beach ack sahsambandh aur vee. aim. pee. aff. see. mein dhusar padaarth key ghanatva mein kamee kaa pramaan milaa haye. vee. aim. pee. aff. see. key ghaav avasaad key pratirodh seey judey hotey hain, jabaki dorsolateral pee. aff. see. key ghaav avasaad kii bhedyata seey judey hotey hain.
ventromedial prefrontal cortex kaa dahina aadhaa sangyaan kii paraspar kriya koo viniyamit karane aur sahaanubhooti pratikriyaon key utpaadan mein prabhaav daalane seey judaa thaa. hedonic (anand) pratikriyaaen bhee morton cringelback dwara orbitofrontal cortex gatividhi star key liye sangh theen. yeh khoj ventromedial prefrontal cortex koo vareeyata nirnay key saath judey honey kaa sujhaav dene vaale nishkarshon mein yogdan detee haye, sambhavatah ventromedial prefrontal cortex koo swayam key nirmaan mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika pradaan karati haye. aff. aim. aar. aaee. scan mein paaya gayaa haye kii jaba loga apane baare mein sochate hain tou vee. aim. pee. aff. see. sakriya hotaa haye. aatm-dhaarana mein saanskritik matbhedon key aadhar parr iss kshetra key upayog mein saanskritik antar hain. cheeni vishay joe samudaay key sambandh mein swayam key baare mein sochate hain, way apani maataon key baare mein sochate samay vee. aim. pee. aff. see. kaa upayog karate paae gaye hain, jabaki americi vishay naheen karate hain.
post-traumatic strace disorder (pee. tii. aiss. dee.) key saath adhyayanon ney iss vichaar kaa bhee samarthan kiya kii ventromedial prefrontal cortex pichhale bhaavnaatmak sanghon aur ghatnaaon koo phir seey sakriya karane key liye ack mahatvapurna ghatak haye, isaliye anivarya roop seey pee. tii. aiss. dee. key rogjanan kaa madhyasthata kartaa haye. vee. aim. pee. aff. see. kii shithilata kii pehchaan apane bachchon kii mansik sthitiyon key prati pee. tii. aiss. dee.-prabhaavit maataa-pitaa kii pratikriya mein bhoomika nibhaane key roop mein bhee kii gaee haye. isaliye pee. tii. aiss. dee. seey prabhaavit vyaktiyon aur maataa-pitaa-bachche key sambandhon key liye ventromedial prefrontal cortex key sakriyan key liye upchaar sujhaae gaye they. ventrolateral prefrontal cortex kaa dahina aadhaa, bhavna viniyaman key dauran sakriya honey key kaaran, sakriya hoe gayaa thaa jaba pratibhagiyon koo ack paridrishya mein anuchit prastaav diyaa gayaa thaa. riversal learning aur nirnay lene mein vishisht kamee ney iss parikalpana koo janm diyaa haye kii ventromedial prefrontal cortex frontotemporal dementia key vyavhaar sambandhi sanskaran key halke charanon mein shithilata kaa ack pramukh sthaan haye. sahee vee. aim. pee. aff. see. mein ghaav vaale rogiyon key ack adhyayan mein sahaanubhooti aur munn key siddhant kii haani dikhaai dee, joe darshaati haye kii mastishk kshetra seedhe sahaanubhooti aur mansik roop seey shamil hain.
bauddhikaran, kshatipurti, pratikriya gathan aur algaav jaise paripakva raksha tantron kii kshamata koo daahine ventromedial prefrontal cortex key uchit kaary seey jodaa gayaa haye, jabaki prakshepan, vibhajan, maukhik incar aur kalpana jaise adhik adim raksha tantra anya kshetron parr nirbhar paae gaye hain, mukhya roop seey baaen golardh mein.
somatic marker parikalpana.
vee. aim. pee. aff. see. falan kaa ack vishesh roop seey ullekhaniya siddhant somatic marker parikalpana haye, joe antonio damacio key liye maanyata praapt haye. iss parikalpana key anusaar, vee. aim. pee. aff. see. kii shaaririk markers-bhaavnaatmak sanghon, yaa mansik vastuon aur aanton (shaaririk) pratikriya key beach sanghon-koo praakritik nirnay lene mein upayog key liye anukoolit karane mein kendriya bhoomika haye. yeh vivaran vee. aim. pee. aff. see. koo bhaavanaon aur bhaavnaatmak pratikriyaon koo niyantrit karane mein bhee ack bhoomika detaa haye kyonki kyaa vee. aim. pee. aff. see. yeh taya kartaa haye kii marker sakaratmak hain yaa nakaratmak, kissy vishesh sthiti mein uchit pratikriya koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. haalaanki, iss parikalpana kii ack mahatvapurna sameeksha ney nishkarsh nikala kii shaaririk marker siddhant kaa samarthan karane key liye atirikt anubhavjanya detta kii aavashyakta haye.
vilupt hoe rhaa haye.
ack anya bhoomika joe vee. aim. pee. aff. see. nibhaati haye, vaha vilupt honey kii prakriya mein haye, ack sashart pratikriya kaa kramik kamjor honah aur antatah samaapti, kyonki adhyayanon ney vilupt honey key prashikshan key baad vee. aim. pee. aff. see. key sakriyan mein vriddhi dikhaai haye. vilupt honey key sambandh mein vee. aim. pee. aff. see. dwara nibhai gaee vishisht bhoomika koo achchi tarah seey samajha naheen gayaa haye, lekin yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh lambe samay key baad vilupt honey key seekhane koo yaad karane mein aavashyak bhoomika nibhaata haye. adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii yeh vilupt honey key seekhane key samekan mein sahaayata kartaa haye. ack alag adhyayan ney vee. aim. pee. aff. see. kii cortical motai aur vilupt honey kii smriti kii degree key beach sambandh koo shamil kiya haye. badey vee. aim. pee. aff. see. vaale rogiyon mein vilupt avastha vaale uttejana key prati cumm pratikriya hoti haye, isaliye ack behtar vilupt honey kii smriti kaa sujhaav detaa haye. samanya taur parr, ventromedial prefrontal cortex smriti samekan key baad key charanon mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhaata haye.
ling vishisht samajik sanket.
ventromedial prefrontal cortex ghaav bhee ling vishisht samajik sanketon koo sansaadhit karane mein kamee seey judey they. ack prayog ney dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ghaavon aur niyantran vishayon vaale rogiyon kii tulanaa mein ling-vishisht naamon, visheshtaon aur drishtikon koo vargeekrit karane key liye vee. aim. pee. aff. see. ghaavon vaale rogiyon kii kshamata kaa pareekshan kiya. jabaki dorsolateral prefrontal cortex ghaavon vaale rogiyon ney ling roodhivaadita kaa sanket dene vaale parikshanon parr niyantran vishayon key samaan pradarshan kiya, ventromedial prefrontal cortex ghaavon vaale rogiyon ney bigade roodhivaadi samajik gyaan kaa pradarshan kiya.
kokeen kaa durupyog.
aksar kokeen upayog karane vaalon koo ventromedial prefrontal cortex mein samanya gatividhi seey cumm dikhaaya gayaa haye. jaba kuchh aise karyon koo karane key liye kahaa jaataa haye joe mastishk key iss kshetra key sakriyan parr bahut adhik nirbhar karate hain, tou kokeen upayogkarta niyantran vishayon kii tulanaa mein kharaab pradarshan karate hain aur unamen prefrontal cortex sakriyan cumm hotaa haye. upayog kii jaane vaali kokeen kii matra sakriyan key star key vipareet aanupaatik paaee gaee.
kokeen key upayog seey prefrontal cortex bhee shaaririk roop seey prabhaavit hotaa haye. deerghakaalik upayog seey ventromedial prefrontal cortex mein gray matter kii matra mein kamee dikhaai gaee haye. dhusar padaarth mein kamee aur vyavhaar parr prabhaav ack vyakti key liye unake madhya poorvavarti prantstha mein ghaav honey key samaan haye. vishesh roop seey, ventromedial prefrontal cortex kii pyramidal koshikaon koo dawa kii talash key vyavhaaron seey jodaa jaataa haye. inn pyramidal koshikaon mein gatividhi key badhe hue aur ghatate star donon ney kokeen kii talash karane vaale vyavhaaron koo vilupt karane key liye prerit kiya haye, joe sakriyan key samay parr nirbhar kartaa haye. lambe samay taka kokeen kii talash karane vaale vyavhaar koo rokane key liye inn koshikaon koo nishkriya karane kii aavashyakta thee, jabaki kokeen kaa upayog karane key turant baad vyavhaar koo cumm karane key liye sakriyan kii aavashyakta thee.

