
saanta harmandad

saanta harmandad (, "pavitra bhaichara") sashastr vyaktiyon kaa ack prakaar kaa sainya shaanti sangathan thaa, joe madhyayugeen spen mein, vishesh roop seey castile mein nagarpalika jeevan kii visheshta bunn gayaa. spen mein aadhunik vanshavali, jinamen seey kuchh madhyayugeen mool seey vikasit hue hain, abb adhikansh bhaag key liye dhaarmik sangh hain joe kewal ack sainya sanrachana aur lokachar koo banaae rakhate hain.
prishthabhoomi.
leone, castile aur aragon key madhyayugeen iberian raajaa aksar saarvajanik shaanti banaae rakhane mein asamarth they, isaliye baarahavin shatabdi mein dakuon aur anya graameen apraadhiyon key khilaf, saath hii saath kanunvihin kuleen varg key khilaf yaa taaj key davedar kaa samarthan karane key liye jutai gaee surakshaatmak nagarpalika leag ubharane luggy. yeye sangathan vyaktigat roop seey asthaayi they, lekin spen kaa ack lambe samay seey sthaayi sangathan bunn gaye. harmandad" key gathan kaa pahala darj kiya gayaa mamla taba huaa jaba uttar key shaharon aur kisaanon ney galicia mein santiago dee compostella key liye teerth maarg kii pulis key liye ekjut kiya, aur 12 veen shatabdi mein teerthyatriyon kii raksha key liye, joe kii kshetriya aaya kaa ack pramukh srot thaa, daku shurveeron key khilaf.
graameen ilaakon mein lagbhag harr jagah prabhaavi roop seey raeeson key haathon mein honey key kaaran, uchch madhya yug mein aise bhaichare kaa gathan aksar shaharon key sanghon dwara unhein jodane vaali sadakon kii raksha key liye kiya jaataa thaa. hermandeds" koo kabhi-kabhi rajvansh key uddeshyon key liye saha-chunaa jaataa thaa. unhone kuchh hudd taka germany key vaahan adalaton kii tarah kaam kiya. sabse shaktishali mein seey ack thaa uttari castillion aur bask bandargaahon kaa sangh, "hermond dee laas marismas": santander, laredo, castro ardials, bermio, guateria, saine sebestian, fuenterabia aur vittoria.
praarambhik gathan.
hermandeds" shuru mein 1265 mein andalusia mein banane lagey, una shaharon mein joe islami vidrohiyon seey "apane hiton kii raksha" karna chaahte they, joe bhoomi leey rahey they aur apane netaa raajaa kii ghoshana curr rahey they. samooh pahale seey maujood islami pulis bull "shoorata" seey prerit hoe sakate hain. hermandeds" ney una shaharon kii raksha key liye sthaaniya milicia key roop mein kaam kiya jinase way aae they. hermonded ney daku aur anya apraadhiyon kii kaarrvaaiyon parr bhee ankush lagaa diyaa, joe ack prakaar kaa pulis bull bunn gayaa. jaise-jaise harmandad ney adhik vaidhata praapt kii, unhone adhik shaktiyaan aur jimmedaariyaan bhee praapt keen. ack pulis bull aur milicia key roop mein kaam karane key saath, unhone curr bhee ekatra kiye, nyayadhishon key roop mein kaam kiya, aur inn aur isi tarah kii prashaasnik samasyaon parr court aur saha-prabandhakon key saath kaam kiya. harmandad key nyayadhish vaidhata key liye saha-shasakon key samarthan parr nirbhar they. harmandad koo apraadhon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala parr adhikaar kshetra diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen shamil hainh "sadakon parr yaa nirjan kshetron mein aparaadh; imandar mahilaaon kaa balatkar; ishninda; aur jhoothaa paisa denaa."
1475 seey 1479 mein castillion uttaradhikar key yuddh key baad apane pahale karyon mein seey ack key roop mein, ferdinand aur isabella ney "hinsa koo samaapt karane key bajaay sangathit karane kii shandar ranneeti seey shaanti laaee"; unhone ack kendriya roop seey sangathit aur kushal pavitra hermonded ("saanta hermonded") kii sthaapana kii, jisake pramukh swayam they. unhone "harmandad" key maujooda roop koo apane dwara niyukt adhikaariyon key nirdesh parr ack samanya pulis bull banaane key uddeshya seey anukoolit kiya, aur poonji mamalon mein bhee sankshipt adhikaar kshetra kii badee shaktiyon seey sampann they. santon key vansh" kaa kathor aur taiyar nyaay krurta key liye prasiddh hoe gayaa. mool "hermandeds" 1835 mein apane antim daman taka mamuli sthaaniya pulis ikaaiyon key roop mein kaam karate rahey.
shasakon key saath sambandh.
spen kii shaasak shaktiyon key saath hermandeds key asangat sambandh rahey hain. inca upayog kabhi-kabhi raajaa yaa unake adhikaariyon key adhikaar koo kamjor karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, aur kabhi-kabhi ise lagu karane key liye bhee kiya jaataa thaa. apane gathan kii shuruat mein, way asthaayi they aur ashanti key samay shaahi adhikaar key paksh mein kaam karate they. raajaa ney leag key gathan aur viniyaman mein bhee bahut chhoti bhoomika nibhai.
1298 mein raajaa alphonso key shasankal mein, raajaa key khilaf hermonded kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa kyonki kuchh shaharon koo lagaa kii vaha apani shakti kaa durupyog curr rhaa thaa. jabaki castile key isabella pratham key shasankal key dauran unake adhikaar koo majboot karane aur unake shasankal parr apatti karane vaalon koo chup karaane key liye hermonded kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. 1476 taka, "jald hii honey vaali rajyavyapi leag key prashaasan koo isabella kii sarkaar mein saanta harmandad (pavitra bhaichare) key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. usa samay, harmandad key paas ack charter thaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii isake kartavya they...raajaa kii samprabhuta aur seva aur usake sabhi adhikaaron kii raksha karein aur hamaare shareer aur hamaare paas joe kuchh bhee haye usaki raksha karein... aur humm shaanti aur shaanti seey rahenge taaki jaba hamaare raajaa kii umr badhe tou vaha apani seva key liye bhoomi koo suvyavasthit aur samriddh aur behtar tareeke seey basey hue paaen."ack samay parr, nagarvaasiyon dwara saha-shasakon koo dandit kiya gayaa kyonki way mandad key akrosh aur durvyavahar koo rokane mein asamarth they. saha-sansthaapak pavitra bhaichare key bheetar padon parr rahey, lekin unake adhyaay koo niyantrit karane kii unaki shakti seemit thee.
kasbon aur sthaaniya samudaayon key saath sambandh.
jiss tarah shasakon aur unake saathi sarkari karmchaariyon key saath harmandad key sambandh lagaatar badal rahey they, usee tarah una shaharon key baare mein unaki raay bhee badal rahee thee jinaki unhein raksha karni thee. jaisa kii pahale ullekh kiya gayaa haye, harmandad koo shuru mein aavashyakta key samay sthaaniya senaa key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa. jaba way ack adhik shaktishali aur adhik sthaayi sansthaan bunn gaye, tou satta key durupyog key nishchit udaaharan they. isabella key shasankal kaa virodh karane vaalon koo pavitra bhaichare ney chup karaane key pahale ullikhit udaaharan they. nyayadhishon aur tirandaajon dwara durvyavahar key udaaharan bhee saamane aae, jinake baare mein saha-sanrakshak kuchh naheen curr sakate they. lunenfeld kii pustak mein guzman dee alfarache (1599) kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye. way uddhrit karate hainh "bhagwan hamein teen pavitrataon-adhigrahan, bhaichare aur dharmayuddh bail key ullanghan seey mukt karate hain.pavitra bhaichare kii shaktiyon parr lagaam lagaane kaa anurodh karate hue shikaayaten aaney lageen, aur 1485 mein pulis kii chhoot cumm curr dee gaee aur tirandaajon aur nyayadhishon key khilaf mamle uthaaye gaye.
sthaaniya samudaayon key beach, saanta hermonded-jise bolchal kii bhasha mein "loss mangas verdes" ("hurry baju") key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, kyonki unake shareer key kavach ney apani hurry vardi kii baajuon koo chhodkar sabhi koo dhaka diyaa thaa-ney avishvasaniya, bhrasht aur shahar key logon key hiton key prati laparwahi kii pratishtha praapt kii. aadhunik spanish bhasha mein "aeye buenas horas, mangas verdes!" vakyansh koo banaae rakhaa gayaa haye."(motey taur parr" sahee samay parr, hurry baju! "key roop mein anuvaadit!", jiska arth haye" kabhi naa honey seey dair seey jaanaa behtar haye!"), saanta harmandad kii apane jilon mein apraadhon parr turant pratikriya karane mein asamarthata kaa sandarbh dete hue.
vitt.
pavitra bhaichare koo karon key sangrah aur yuddhakaaleen dhana ekatra karane kii ack vishesh kshamata dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, jise "servicios" kahaa jaataa thaa, jise ack pope bail dwara dharmayuddh bhog key roop mein diyaa gayaa thaa. kyonki harmandad koo aamtaur parr taaj aur raeeson kaa samarthan praapt thaa, way balpurvak pratirodhi shaharon seey dhana ekatra karane mein saksham they.
anya upayog.
neetherland mein, dutch abhivyakti "harmandad" pulis key liye ack apmaanjanak upnaam banaa huaa haye.

