
natan yavlinsky

natan aronovic yavlinsky (; 13 farwari 191-228 julaai 1962) poorv soviyat sangh mein ack russie bhautik vigyaani they jinhone pahale kaam karane vaale tokmak kaa aavishkaar aur vikas kiya thaa.
praarambhik jeevan aur currier.
yavlinsky kaa janm 13 farwari 1912 koo russie samrajya key kharkiv mein doctors key ack parivaar mein huaa thaa. grigori yavlinsky, ack arthashastri aur rajneta, unase sambandhit hain. unhone 1931 mein peshevar takniki vidyalaya (pee. tii. yuu.) seey gujarna padaa aur 1936 mein kharkiv polytechnic sansthaan (taba kharkiv banaam) mein engineering kii degree poori kii.aaee. lenin polytechnic sansthaan). ack chhaatr key roop mein, unhone kharkiv electromechanical plant mein kaam kiya. way 1932 mein soviyat sangh (tatkalin aul-union communist party) kii communist party key sadasya bunn gaye, lekin 1937 mein unhein party seey hataa diyaa gayaa. party seey unake bahishkaar kii vajah seey unhein mosco power engineering sansthaan (patrachar shakti engineering sansthaan key roop mein sthaapit) mein bhee kaam karna padaa. party seey unake hataae jaane key baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari haye, unaki sadasyata aur unaki sthiti 1939 mein bahaal kii gaee thee. way 1948 taka sansthaan mein kaam karna jaari rakhenge, jaba way vigyaan key apane ummidwar, darshanshastra kii degree key doctor key samkaksh, praapt karenge. 1948 taka, yavlinsky ussr vigyaan akadami key varishth sahayogi bunn gaye.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh.
jabaki yavlinsky koo apani vaigyaanik prishthabhoomi key liye sainya seva pradaan karane seey aur mosco power engineering sansthaan mein karkhane key design beuro key pramukh key roop mein chhoot dee gaee thee, unhone taba bhee swechha seey kaam kiya jaba 1941 mein soviyat sangh mein soviyat topkhaane kii marammat karyashala key pramukh key roop mein doosara vishva yuddh shuru huaa. stellingrad kii ladaai key dauran unaki seva ney unhein 1942 mein "stellingrad kii raksha key liye" padak arjit kiya. unaki sainya seva key liye bhee, baad mein unhein "mahaan deshbhakti yuddh mein germany parr jeet key liye" padak aur "mahaan deshbhakti yuddh mein bahadur shram key liye padak" milaa. dou saal baad, 1944 mein, unhein sansthaan mein topkhaane key liye vidyut motor pranali vikasit karane key liye saamane seey vaapas bulaaya gayaa. iss kaam key liye unhein 1949 mein stallin puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.
paramanu bhautiki mein yogdan.
ack vyaavhaarik sanlayan machine banaane kaa pahala prayaas united kingdam mein huaa, jahan george pegget thomson ney 1945 mein ack ashajanak takneek key roop mein pinch prabhaav kaa chayan kiya thaa. dhana praapt karane key kaee asafal prayason key baad, unhone haar maan lii aur dou snaatak chhatron, steinly (stein) doubleu. chachere bhaai aur alaan alfred wayer (1924-2010), atirikt radar upkaran seey ack upkaran banaane key liye. yeh 1948 mein safaltapurvak sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin sanlayan kaa koee spasht pramaan naheen dikhaaya gayaa aur paramanu oorjaa anusandhaan pratishthaan kii ruchi hassil karane mein whiffle rhaa. 1948 mein, yavlinsky kurchatov sansthaan (jise aaee key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) mein chaley gaye. vee. kurchatov paramanu oorjaa sansthaan, jiska naam isake pramukh igor kurchatov key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye). iss samay taka, kurchatov key tahat anya soviyat vaigyaanik jaise nobel puraskar vijeta aur rei sakharov aur igor taim soviyat paramanu bumm pariyojana parr kaam curr rahey they. yavlinsky key liye, jinhen sansthaan mein apani prayogshala dee gaee thee, unhein bijli aapoorti pranali vikasit karane kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa. paramanu anusandhaan mein shamil honey mein bhee unhein jyada samay naheen lagaa. 
bumm vikasit karane key baad, sakharov aur tama ney 1951 mein tokmak pranali parr kaam karna shuru kiya. ack tokmak () ack aisaa upkaran haye joe ack germ plasma koo torrus key aakar mein seemit karane key liye ack shaktishali chumbakiya kshetra kaa upayog kartaa haye. tokmak niyantrit thermonuclear fusion shakti kaa utpaadan karane key liye vikasit kiye jaa rahey kaee prakaar key chumbakiya karawas upkaranon mein seey ack haye. tokmak shabd russie shabd kaa ack lipyantaran haye, joe donon kaa ack sankshipt roop haih
iss shabd kaa shreya igor golovin koo diyaa gayaa thaa. sakharov aur taim ney apane mool prastaav parr adhik vistrit vichaar kiya, jisamen ack pramukh trijya (poore torus kii) aur ack chhoti trijya (cylinder kaa aantarik) key saath ack upkaran kaa ahwan kiya gayaa. prastaav ney sujhaav diyaa kii pranali ack dinn mein tritium kaa utpaadan curr sakati haye, yaa ack dinn mein yuu233 kii nasl kaa utpaadan curr sakati haye. haalaanki, yavlinsky aur ack anya vaigyaanik, golovin ney adhik sthir toroidal vyavastha parr dhyaan kendrit karate hue ack aur model vikasit karane parr vichaar kiya. yeh avadharana kaa vikas thaa jise abb suraksha kaarak (ganitiya sanketan mein "q" label kiya gayaa haye) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jisane tokmak vikas koo nirdeshit kiya; reactor kii vyavastha karke isaliye yeh mahatvapurna kaarak "q" hamesha 1 seey adhik thaa, tokmakon ney una asthirtaon koo dridhata seey dabaa diyaa joe pahale key designs koo prabhaavit karate they. yavlinsky key model ney 1958 mein tii-1 kaa nirmaan kiya, joe pahala vaastavik tokmak thaa. tii-1 ney jeeta jaisi sthir pinch machines kii tulanaa mein majboot baahari chumbak aur cumm dhaara donon kaa upayog kiya. yavlinsky pahale seey hii ack aur bhee badey model kaa design taiyar curr rhaa thaa, jise baad mein tii-3 key roop mein banaaya gayaa, joe pahala badaa tokmak thaa. spasht roop seey safal jeeta ghoshana key saath, yavlinsky kii engineering avadharana koo adhik sweekarya maanaa jaane lagaa. ack gais mein shaktishali aaveg nirvahan, thermonuclear prakriyaon key liye aavashyak asamanya roop seey uchch tapman praapt karane key liye" parr unake kaam key liye, unhein 1958 mein lenin puraskar aur stallin puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. iss safalata key bavjood, kurchatov ney yavlinsky seey tii-3 koo samaapt karane key bajaay ack tarankan vikasit karane key liye kahaa. isake alawa, 1961 taka, tii-2 key roop mein jaani jaane vaali baad kii sthaapana ney toroidal circuit mein mudde dikhaana shuru curr diyaa. phir bhee, yavlinsky kaa design prabal hoe gayaa kyonki anya soviyat vaigyaanikon ney tokamak kaa paksh lena shuru curr diyaa aur kurchatov koo tarankan anusandhaan koo amerikiyon parr chhodane key liye raaji kiya.
mrityu.
yavlinsky koo tii-3 puuraa hotey hue naheen dekhana thaa. 28 julaai 1962 koo, aerofloat udaan 415 key madhyam seey lweave seey sochi kii yatra karate hue, unaki aur unake parivaar kii gagra mein ack havaai durghatana mein mrityu hoe gaee. jabaki yeh atkalen lagaai jaa rahee hain kii unaki mrityu rajneeti seey judee thee, mukhya roop seey paramanu anusandhaan mein unake ichchit vikas parr, sarkaar ney koee spasht sanket naheen diyaa kii aisaa thaa. unaki mrityu key bavjood, tii-3 samaapt hoe gayaa thaa, aur 1965 taka tarankan sahit anya pranaliyon kii aparyaptataon kii bharpai mein safal parinam dikhaana shuru curr diyaa thaa. tii-3 taba boham seema koo duss baar paar curr gayaa thaa. teen saal baad, jaba soviyat sangh ney paramanu sanlayan praapt karane mein dou mukhya mandand hassil kiye they, arthaat tapman star aur plasma karawas kaa samay, tathaakathit tokmak bhagdad sanyukt raajya america mein pahunch gaee thee.