
besarabia praant

besarabia praant russie samrajya kaa ack praant ("gubernia") thaa, jiska prashaasnik kendra kishinev (aadhunik chishinau) mein thaa. isamen 1,935,412 nivaasiyon kaa ack kshetra aur jansankhya shamil thee. besarabia praant kii seemaaen uttar mein podolia praant, poorv mein kherson praant, dakshin mein kaalaa sagar, paschim mein romenia aur uttar-paschim mein austriya seey lagati hain. yeh motey taur parr abb adhikansh moldova aur ukraine key chernivtsi aur odessa oblast key kuchh hisson seey mell khaata haye.
isamen moldavia kii riyasat kaa purvi bhaag aur roose-turkey yuddh (1806-1812) key baad bucharest kii sandhi dwara roose dwara kabja kiye gaye padosi ottoman-shaasit kshetra shamil they. 1917 mein safatul terry kii sthaapana key saath, ack rashtriya sabhaa key saath, raajya-mandal koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa, jisane disambar 1917 mein moldevian loktaantrik ganarajya kii ghoshana kii. baad vaalaa aprail 1918 mein romenia key saath ekjut hoe gayaa.
poorv praant kaa lagbhag 65 pratishat kshetra abb moldova ganarajya (transnistria key alag kshetra sahit) seey sambandhit haye; lagbhag 35 pratishat ukraine seey sambandhit haye.
itihas.
sanyojan.
jaise hii russie samrajya ney ottoman samrajya key kamjor honey koo dekhaa, isane moldavia kii swaayatt riyasat key purvi aadhe hisse parr, proot aur neister nadiyon key beach kabja curr liya. isake baad chhah saal kaa yuddh huaa, joe bucharst kii sandhi (1812) dwara samaapt huaa, jisake dwara ottoman samrajya ney praant key russie vilay koo sweekaar kiya.
1829 mein, adrianople kii sandhi key anusaar, turkey ney roose aur denube delta koo saunp diyaa, joe besarabia oblast kaa bhee hissa bunn gayaa.
russie vilay seey pahale, kshetra kaa koee vishesh naam naheen thaa, moldavia koo paaramparik roop seey "taaraa dee sus" (oopari bhoomi, karpathiyanon kaa pahaadi kshetra) aur "taaraa dee jose" (nichali bhoomi, maidan jisamen yeh kshetra shamil thaa) mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. besarabia iss kshetra kaa dakshini bhaag thaa (jise abb bujjak key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye); aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii iss kshetra kaa naam basarab key valakian gharaane key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa, jisane 14veen shatabdi mein iss parr shasson kiya hoga. rusiyon ney dakshini kshetra key bajaay poore kshetra key liye "besarabia" naam kaa upayog kiya.
besarabia kaa kshetrafal 45,630 varg kii. mee. thaa, joe baaki moldavia kii tulanaa mein adhik thaa aur isaki aabaadi 240,000 seey 360,000 key beach thee, jinamen seey adhikansh roman bhashi moldavian they. besarabia key boaron ney vilay kaa virodh karate hue tark diyaa kii ottoman samrajya koo ack aise kshetra koo chhodane kaa koee adhikaar naheen thaa joe pahali jagah mein unakaa naheen thaa (moldavia kewal ack jagirdar thaa, naa kii ack ottoman praant), lekin yeh sultan koo maee 1812 mein sandhi parr hastakshar karane seey naheen rokta thaa.
oblast aur governorate.
vilay key baad, sthaaniya boyaaron ney, chininau aur hottin key mahanagariya gavril binulescu-bodoni key netritva mein, swa-shasson aur moldevian paaramparik kaanoonon key aadhar parr ack nagrik sarkaar kii sthaapana key liye yachika daayar kii. 1818 mein, ack vishesh swaayatt kshetra banaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen sthaaniya prashaasan mein upayog kii jaane vaali bhaashaon key roop mein roman aur russie donon bhaashaaen theen. besarabian church russie roodhivaadi church kaa ack parchy honey key saath, benulescu-bodoni ney ack madarsa aur ack printing press kholane kii anumati bhee praapt kii.
1821 mein binulescu-bodoni kii mrityu key baad, besarabia mein ack majboot netaa kii kamee thee aur rusiyon koo raashtravaad kaa darr thaa, jisane padosi valakia mein 1821 kii ottoman virodhi valakian kranti koo janm diyaa, sthaaniya adhikaariyon ney kaee swatantrataon koo dheere-dheere vaapas lena shuru curr diyaa.
1825 mein taaj pahanaaya gayaa roose key nicolaus pratham ney sudhaaron kaa ack abhiyaan shuru kiya jiska lakshya paschimi praanton parr adhik niyantran praapt karna thaa. 1829 mein nae roose aur besarabia key governor, mikhail semiyonovic vorontsov dwara likhe gaye nae samvidhaan key saath iss kshetra kii swaayatta koo vaapas leey liya gayaa thaa. 1834 mein, 80 pratishat aabaadi key roman honey key bavjood, schools aur sarkari suvidhaon mein romaniyai parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa, aur jald hii, kitaaben, press aur churchon mein. jinn logon ney parivartanon seey ladaai ladee, unhein cyberia mein nirvaasit kiya jaa sakata thaa. samvidhaan ney abb saarvajanik ghoshanaon key liye romanian kaa upayog anivarya naheen curr diyaa aur 1854 mein, russie koo aadhikarik bhasha banaa diyaa gayaa. 1850 key aspas bhee, romanian kaa upayog abb schools mein naheen kiya jaataa thaa aur moldavia aur valakia seey pustakon key ayaat parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa.
1869 mein zemastava kii shuruat key saath russie samrajya key bheetar ekikaran jaari rhaa. haalaanki yeh pranali nagrik mamalon mein sthaaniya logon kii bhagidari badhaane key liye thee, lekin ise poore samrajya seey laae gaye rusiyon aur anya gair-moldevian kaaryakartaon dwara chalaaya jaataa thaa.
moldevian boyaaron ney sudhaaron kaa virodh kiya, jisase unaki apani shaktiyaan cumm hoe gaeen, lekin unakaa virodh achchi tarah seey sangathit naheen thaa aur unhein jyaadaatar nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa. kuchh moldevian boyar parivaar halanki russie kuleenata mein ekikrit they, lekin besarabia key adhikansh kuleen videshi theh 1911 mein, besarabia mein 468 kuleen parivaar they, jinamen seey kewal 138 moldevian they. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, yahudi aabaadi chisinaau kaa 40 pratishat taka thee.
1878 mein romenia swatantra hoe gayaa, lekin laakhon jaatiya romani loga isaki seemaon key baahar rahate they aur iss tarah isaki transylvania key saath-saath besarabia key prati aakaankshaen theen.
dakshini besarabia moldavia laut aaya.
1856 mein, peris kii sandhi kii sharton key tahat, roose koo dakshini besarabia (kahul aur ismel county key roop mein sangathit, baad mein dusare seey vibhajit bolgrade key saath) mein ack mahatvapurna kshetra koo moldevia koo vaapas karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa, joe 1859 mein vailachiya mein shamil hoe gayaa aur romania kaa gathan kiya.
1877 mein, russie samrajya aur romenia ney ack sandhi parr hastakshar kiye, jisaki sharton key anusaar, romenia aur roose ottoman samrajya key khilaf sahayogi they, jabaki roose ney romenia kii swatantrata koo maanyata dee aur yuddh key baad isaki kshetriya akhandata kii guaranti dee. haalaanki, roose-turkey yuddh (1877-1878) key anta mein, roose ney dakshini besarabia parr kabja curr liya, alekjendar gorachkov ney ise roose key liye "rashtriya sammaan kii baat" key roop mein uchit thaharaaya aur tark diyaa kii yeh kshetra 1856 mein moldavia koo saunp diyaa gayaa thaa, naa kii romenia koo aur kshetriya akhandata kii russie guaranti turkey key daavon key khilaf nirdeshit thee.
romanian rajneta aur janata iss kaarravaai seey naraj theh romanian rajneta mihel koglenisanu ney roose parr dhokhe kaa aarop lagaaya aur ack sahayogi parr ack vijayi praant kii tarah vyavhaar kiya. unhone paschimi sarkaaron koo prabhaavit karane kii koshish karane key liye roose key khilaf ack gyaapan bhee shuru kiya, jisamen naa kewal dakshini besarabia key vilay kii ninda kii gaee, balki 1812 mein besarabia key vilay kii bhee ninda kii gaee. isake bavjood, koee bhee europeeya shakti roose key saath sangharsh kaa jokhim naheen uthaana chaahati thee.
berlin kii sandhi (1878) key anusaar, romenia ney dakshini besarabia key nuksan key muaavaje key roop mein dobruza praapt kiya. ack badaa kshetra honey key bavjood, roman logon ney ise ack anuchit adaan-pradaan maanaa aur ise anichha seey sweekaar curr liya, kyonki koee anya vikalp naheen thaa.
sanskriti.
rusikaran neeti key parinamswarup, besarabia russie samrajya key paschimi praanton mein sabse pichhade praant they. 1897 mein, poore besarabia key liye saksharta kewal 15.4% thee, jisamen kewal 6 pratishat jaatiya roop seey moldevian sakshar they, isake peechhe mukhya kaaran yeh thaa kii russie shiksha kii ekmatra bhasha thee. 1920 taka, anumaanit duss pratishat purush aur ack pratishat mahilaaen padhane aur likhane mein saksham theen.
alekjendar dwiteeya key shasankal ney pratyek parrish mein school sthaapit karane kii neeti laaeeh 1860 key dashak mein besarabia mein 400 graameen schools kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, lekin roodhivaadi church ney jore dekar kahaa kii sub kuchh russie mein padhaaya jaanaa chaahiye, jabaki naa tou pujari (joe adhikansh gaanvon mein shikshak they) aur naa hii chhaatr ise boll rahey they. iss prakaar, 1880 key dashak taka kewal 23 school hii reh gaye.
parinamswarup, saahitya aur saanskritik jeevan thaharaav mein aaa gayaa, besarabia seey utpann honey vaali kuchh hii ullekhaniya saahityik hastiyaan, jinamen alekjendar hasdeu (1811-1872), constantin staamati (1786-1869) aur teodor varnaav (1801-1860) shamil hain. 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein, roman saahitya key saath sabhi sambandhon koo kaat diyaa gayaa thaa aur besarabia mein koee saahityik dhaara yaa aalochana key school vikasit naheen hue they. vaastav mein, 1899 mein, ack agantuk koo chininau saarvajanik pustakalaya mein koee roman pustak naheen millie.
kishinev narsamhar.
kishinev narsamhar ack yahudi virodhi danga thaa joe kishinev mein huaa thaa, joe taba russie samrajya mein besarabia praant kii rajdhani thee, 19 aur 20 aprail, 1903 koo. octuber 1905 mein aur dange bhadak gaye. hinsa kii pahali lahar mein, joe easter seey judee thee, 49 yahudi maare gaye, badee sankhya mein yahudi mahilaaon key saath balatkar kiya gayaa aur 1,500 ghar kshatigrast hoe gaye. americi yahoodiyon ney badey paimaane parr sangathit vittiya sahaayata shuru kii, aur pravaas mein sahaayata kii. iss ghatana ney roose mein yahoodiyon key utpeedan parr duniya bhar mein nakaratmak dhyaan kendrit kiya.
rajneeti.
1905 taka besarabia mein koee moldevian raajneetik dall yaa andolan naheen thaa, jaba dou pramukh samoohon kii sthaapana hui thee. societitia pentru kalchura nationale" ("rashtriya sanskriti key liye samaaj") key aspas sangathit bhoomi malik pavel dsescu key netritva mein narampanthiyon ney schools mein shiksha kii bhasha key roop mein romaniyai key upayog key liye tark diyaa, lekin samajik sudhaaron key khilaf. 1909 mein, way schools mein romanian key upayog seey sambandhit gubernia key zemstavo mein ack prastaav paarit karane mein safal rahey.
kattarpanthi ("rashtriya loktantravaadi"), jyaadaatar russie vishvavidyalayon mein shikshit chhaatr aur samajwadi krantikariyon seey prabhaavit, ack vaastavik rashtriya jaagriti key saath-saath samajik nyaay chaahte they. unhone constantin stereo key netritva mein "basarabia" (24 maee 1906 koo pahala ank) naamak ack samachar patra kii sthaapana kii, jisamen besarabia kii swaayatta aur unaki bhasha aur sanskriti kii raksha key liye adhik adhikaaron kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki yeh spasht kiya gayaa thaa kii way russie samrajya seey algaav naheen chaahte hain.
unake andolan koo bahut cumm safalata millie kyonki 1907 mein, charam dakshinpanthi dusare duma key chunaavon mein jeet gaye. march 1907 mein, samachar patra ney "destepte-tey, roman!" prakaashit kiya."(" jaago, roman!"), ack roman deshbhakti geet, jisane besarabia key governor kharujin koo apane pahale ank key kewal nau maheene baad samachar patra koo bund karane kaa adesh diyaa. samachar patra key adhikansh yogadankarta baad mein iac bhaag gaye.
jaba 1917 mein petrograd mein farwari kranti hui, tou besarabia praant key rajyapal, mihel mihel voronovici ney 13 march koo pada chhod diyaa aur apani kanuni shaktiyon koo governarial jamestavo key adhyaksh constantin mimi koo paarit curr diyaa, jise "besarabia mein asthaayi sarkaar kaa kamisar" naamit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen vladmir christe apane dipty they. samrajya key sabhi kshetron mein isi tarah kii prakriyaaen huinh zaarvaadi prashaasan key pramukhon ney apani kanuni shaktiyaan county aur governorate zemstvos key pramukhon koo saunp deen, jinhen taba "county/governorate commissioner" kahaa jaataa thaa.
jansankhyiki.
besarabian itihaaskaar ettefan siobanu key anusaar, 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein jaatiya roman (moldevian) anupaat lagbhag 95 pratishat (1810) thaa, jisamen pahale pratyaksh turkey prashaasan (budzak aur khotin) key tahat kshetra shamil naheen they, jisamen kathit roop seey roman bahusankhyak bhee thaa. russie shasson key parinamswarup besarabia kii jaatiya sanrachana mein mahatvapurna parivartan hue, vishesh roop seey padosi praanton seey aapravaasan aur rusikaran kii russie neeti key kaaran. aapravaasan samaan naheen thaah besarabia key uttari aur dakshini hisson (udaaharan key liye hottin aur akkerman) key kuchh jilon mein, aapravaasan key parinamswarup ukraini logon kii sankhya romanon seey adhik hoe gaee, jabaki kendra key graameen kshetra jyaadaatar roman they.
shuru mein, upanivesheekaran neeti kaa uddeshya jaatiya banaavat seey asambandhit thaa, joe kii apane sansadhanon kaa behtar dohan karane key liye, apekshaakrit cumm aabaadi vaale kshetra kii aabaadi koo badhaana thaa. yeh novorosia key upanivesheekaran key badey abhiyaan kaa hissa thaa, jisake tahat roose ney una sabhi seey appeal kii joe kaam karna chaahte they aur isake adhikaar key tahat rehna chaahte they, chaahe way russie samrajya seey aae houn yaa kaheen aur seey aae houn.
besarabia key adhikansh moldavian swatantra kisan they, jinamen seey adhikansh bhumihin they, joe jamindaaron aur mathon seey apani bhoomi patte parr dete they, jabaki 12 pratishat (1861 mein) rezi ("yomen") they. 1861 key mukti sudhaar kaa besarabia mein bahut cumm prabhaav padaa, jahan kuchh daas theh jinamen seey kewal 12,000 koo gair-krishi gatividhiyon key liye roose seey laaya gayaa thaa.
shahari aabaadi kaafee cumm thee, 1912 mein kewal 14.7% kii matra thee, adhikansh shahar kewal sthaaniya prashaasnik kendra they aur bahut cumm udyog they. isake alawa, 1912 mein kuchh shahari nivasi moldevian they, joe yahudi they, russie they, ukraini they, aur sirf ids1 moldevian they.
prashaasnik prabhaag.
1812 seey 1818 taka, 12 county they, jinhen taba 6 mein vilay curr diyaa gayaa thaa, baad mein 9 county (τινuturi) mein vibhajit kiya gayaah hottin, soroka, τιασι, orhei, bender, hoternisseni, grayseni, kodru, renee (ismel). county" key liye mool shabd (mein) they.
baad vaale mein seey dou, kahul county aur ismel county koo 1856 mein moldavia koo vaapas curr diyaa gayaa thaa. vahaan unhein teen county key saath dakshini besarabia key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa kyonki ack bolgrade county ismel county seey alag hoe gaee thee. 1878 mein jaba russie samrajya ney phir seey inn parr kabja curr liya, tou inhen ack ismel county key roop mein ack saath jodaa gayaa, iss prakaar 1878 seey 1917 taka, 8 county they.
church.
moldavia key mahanagar seey vibhajit, besarabia mein roodhivaadi church russie roodhivaadi church kaa ack parchy bunn gayaa, aur binulescu-bodoni kii mrityu key baad, yeh rusikaran kii raajya neeti mein ack agent bunn gayaa.
1821 key baad sabhi aarkbishapon ney russie roodhivaadi church key niyamon key anuroop parchy laane kii koshish kii aur iss vajah seey, sabhi uchch shreni key maulaviyon koo roose seey laaya gayaa thaa, kyonki way russie church key niyamon seey adhik parichit they.
archbishop irinar popov (1844-1858) ney russie raashtravaad aur zaar key prati wafadari koo badhaava dene kii koshish kii aur roose seey maulaviyon koo laaya. archbishop pavel lebedev ney moldevian churchon aur mathon koo dhaarmik seva key dauran russie kaa upayog karane key liye majboor kiya, jisase pujari banane key liye russie kaa gyaan anivarya hoe gayaa, lekin unake prayason key bavjood, unake shasson (1882) key anta taka, abhee bhee 417 church they joe pooja mein kewal roman kaa upayog karate they.
1905 kii russie kranti key baad, church ney gaanv key pujaariyon dwara romanian key upayog kii anumati dene aur dhaarmik saahitya aur ack samachar patra prakaashit karane vaale parchy printing press kii punah sthaapana karane kaa faisala kiya.