
johnn crofford

johnn crofford (13 agast 1783-11 maee 1868) ack scotish chikitsak, aupaniveshik prashaasak, rajanyik aur lekhak they jinhone singapur key dusare aur antim nivasi key roop mein kaary kiya.
praarambhik jeevan.
unakaa janm aisley, argil, scotland mein huaa thaa, joe saimuel crofford, ack chikitsak aur margaret campbelle key bete they; aur bomor key school mein shikshit they. unhone chikitsa key adhyayan mein apane pitaa key nakshekadam parr chalate hue 1803 mein 20 saal kii umr mein edinberg vishvavidyalaya mein apana chikitsa pathyakram puuraa kiya.
crofford east india company mein ack company sarjan key roop mein shamil hoe gaye, aur unhein bhaarat key uttar-paschimi praanton (abb uttar pradesh) mein tainaat kiya gayaa, joe 1803 seey 1808 taka dilli aur aagara key aspas key kshetra mein kaam curr rahey they. unhone bairan jheel key abhiyaanon mein seva dekhi.
purvi indies mein.
crofford koo 1808 mein penang bheja gayaa thaa, jahan unhone malay bhasha aur sanskriti key adhyayan key liye khud koo lagu kiya. penang mein, vaha pahali baar stamford raffles seey mille.
1811 mein, crofford ney lord minto key jaava aakraman parr raffles key saath, dutch parr vijay praapt kii. 45 dinon key operation key dauran raffles koo minto dwara jaava kaa leftinent-governor niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, aur navambar 1811 mein yogyakarta key darbar mein crafford koo resident governor kaa pada niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. vahaan unhone sultan hamkubwana dwiteeya key khilaf ack dridh rukh apanaaya. sultan koo surkarta key pakubuvono chaturth dwara yeh maanane key liye protsaahit kiya gayaa thaa kii usey angrejon kaa virodh karane mein samarthan haye; joe apane virodhiyon kaa paksh leey rhaa haih uska betaa, mukut rajkumar aur pangeran natsukuma. sultan kaa mahal, kraton ngayogyakarta huthiningrate, juuna 1812 mein british netritva vaali senaaon dwara gher liya gayaa thaa aur leey liya gayaa thaa. 
nivasi key roop mein, crofford ney jawani bhasha kaa adhyayan bhee kiya, aur jawani abhijaat varg aur sakshar logon key saath vyaktigat sambandh vikasit kiye. vaha jawani sangeet seey prabhaavit they.
crofford koo baali aur celebs (abb sulavesi) key liye rajanyik missions parr bheja gayaa thaa. sthaaniya sanskriti key baare mein unake gyaan ney jaava mein raffles kii sarkaar kaa samarthan kiya. halanki, raffles, cheribon nivaas mein bhoomi sudhaar shuru karna chaahte they. bhaarat key apane anubhav aur "jamindari" key saath, crafford, rajaswa sangrah kii "graam pranali" key samarthak they. unhone jaava mein vyaktigat ("raiyatwari") basti koo shamil karane key raffles key prayason kaa virodh kiya.
rajanyik.
jaava koo 1816 mein dutch mein vaapas curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur crafford usa varsh ingland vaapas chalaa gayaa, jald hii shaahi samaaj kaa ack saathi bunn gayaa, aur lekhan kii or rukh kiya. kuchh varshon key bheetar unhein dakshin-poorv asia mein ack rajanyik key roop mein vaapas bulaaya gayaa; unake missions koo seemit safalata millie.
siyam, kochin chean key liye mission.
1821 mein, bhaarat key tatkalin governor-general, lord hastings ney siyam (abb thyland) aur kochinchina (abb viyatnam) key darbaaron mein crafford bheja. lord hastings vishesh roop seey uttari malay raajyon key sambandh mein siyami neeti key baare mein adhik jaanane mein ruchi rakhate they, aur asia mein upasthiti sthaapit karane key francisi prayason key sambandh mein kochinchina kii neeti.
crofford ney bauddh dharm parr horres heymann willson key noton key saath yatra kii, jaisa kii usa samay samajha jaataa thaa.
bhaaratiya senaa key kaptan khatare key kshetra mein, ack kushal khagolshastri, sarvekshankarta aur bhoovigyaani, sahayak key roop mein kaary karate they; leftinent rutherford ney tees sipaahiyon kii kamaan sambhali; prasiddh prakritivaadi george finleson ney chikitsa adhikaari key roop mein kaary kiya. shrimati. crofford mission key saath thaa.
21 navambar 1821 koo, mission ney 140 meal (225 kimmy) kii yatra mein saat dinn lagate hue, hugley nadee key jatil aur kathin nauvahan key liye "johnn addam" kii shuruat kii.) kalkutta seey khule paani taka. crofford likhate hain kii, ack bhaap-nauka kii sahaayata seey, jahaajon koo binaa kissy kathinaaee key dou dinon mein neeche kheencha jaa sakata haye; phir ack futnote mein jodaa gayaa haih "bhaarat mein upayog kiya jaane vaalaa pahala bhaap-pott, iss maarg key likhe jaane key lagbhag teen saal baad banaaya gayaa thaa..."
johnn addam" ney aage badhkar 1767 mein ayutthaya key patan key baad siyam key punrutthan key baad siyam kii pahali aadhikarik yatra kii. crofford ney jald hii raajaa raam dwiteeya key darbar koo paaya kii vaha abhee bhee 1809-1812 key bermi-siyami yuddh key baad ulajha huaa haye. 8 disambar 1821 koo, papra jaldamroomadhya (thalang jile key uttar mein aadhunik paak praah jaldamroomadhya) key paas, crofford machuaaron koo shatrutapurna barmanon aur siyami key beach kshetriya vivaadon key kaaran "nirantar avishvaas aur asuraksha kii sthiti mein" paataa haye. 11 disambar, malakka kii jaldamroomadhya mein pravesh karane aur penang dweep parr pahunchane key baad, vaha khatare kii sthiti mein penang aur queda (aadhunik kedah saltanat, jisaki sthaapana 1136 mein hui thee, lekin phir siyam kii ack sahayak raajya) kii bastiyon koo paataa haye. sultan ahmed tajuddin haleem shaah dwiteeya, kweda key raajaa, wells dweep (aadhunik penang) key rajkumar parr sharan kaa adhikaar kaa daavaa karane key liye ligor (aadhunik nakhon see thammarat) key raajaa seey bhaag gaye they.) dweep parr british daavaa europeeya samanti kaanoon key saath ack chhodane-kiraaye key samjhaute key bhugtan parr adharit thaa, jise darr thaa kii siyami chunauti denge.
1 aprail 1822 key liye crofford kii patrika pravishti mein kahaa gayaa haye kii siyami loga, apane hisse key liye, vishesh roop seey hathiyaron key adhigrahan mein ruchi rakhate they. praah-klang (prayuravongse) key saath ack tatkaal niji baithak mein iss sambandh mein spasht roop seey sawal kiya gayaa, jawab thaa, "aggar siyami british rashtra key doston aur padosiyon key saath shaanti mein they, tou unhein nishchit roop seey hamaare bandargaahon parr agneyastra aur golaa-barud khareedane kii anumati dee jaayegi, lekin anyatha naheen."19 maee koo, laao key ack pramukh (chaao anu, joe abb laos mein ack raajaa haye aur jald hii vidrohi honey vaalaa haye) ney crofford seey mulakat kii, joe britten key liye pahala rajanyik sampark thaa. yeh yatra usa algaav key bavjood thee jisamen mission gir gayaa thaa. ack viyatnami dutawas bahut pahale hii aaa gayaa thaa aur tanaav bahut adhik thaa. choonki crofford key sankshipt ney ligor aur nanglao key raajaa sahit darbari vyaktiyon key hiton kaa virodh kiya, isaliye safalata kii bahut cumm sambhavana thee. octuber taka sambandh nimn star parr they. crofford saigan kii or badh gayaa, lekin minn maing ney usey dekhane seey incar curr diyaa.
singapur key nivasi.
crofford koo march 1823 mein singapur kaa british nivasi niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. unhein vahaan key maujooda karkhane parr kharch koo cumm karane key adesh diye gaye they, lekin isake bajaay unhone sthaaniya vaanijyik abhyavedan kaa jawab diyaa aur nadee parr sudhaar kaary parr paisa kharch kiya. unhone 2 agast 1824 koo singapur kii sthiti parr east india company aur johor key sultan hussain shaah key beach antim samjhauta bhee kiya. yeh 1819 mein raffles dwara shuru kii gaee baatchit kii parinati thee, aur iss samjhaute koo abb kabhi-kabhi crofford sandhi kahaa jaataa haye. unhone 1824 kii anglo-dutch sandhi mein bhee yogdan diyaa thaa joe purvi bhaarat mein prabhaav key kshetron seey sambandhit thee.
crofford munshi abdullah seey parichit thaa. unhone francis james bernard key "singapur itihas" kaa sampadan aur yogdan kiya, pahala sthaaniya samachar patra joe shuru mein 1 janwari 1824 koo prakaashit huaa thaa. singapur mein crofford street aur crofford brij kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye.
barma mission.
pahale anglo-bermi yuddh key baad, 1826 mein hastings key uttaradhikari lord amherst dwara crofford koo barma key liye ack anya doot mission parr bheja gayaa thaa. yeh company key liye unaki antim raajneetik seva honey thee. party mein dubhashiya key roop mein adoniram judson aur vanaspati vigyaani key roop mein nathaniel vaalik shamil they. crofford kii irawadi nadee key oopar kii yatra paddle steamer, "dyna" dwara kii gaee theeh ise east india company dwara yuddh key liye kiraaye parr liya gayaa thaa, jahaan usane kaarravaai dekhi thee aur irawadi taka 400 meal kii yatra kii thee. paanch sthaaniya naukaaen theen, aur sanic 50 seey adhik logon kii ack party banaa rahey they.
arakan aur tenserim mein british balon key saath ack kamjor sthiti key bavjood adalat mein crayford ney bagido koo asthaayi paaya. raajaa ney kshatipurti bhugtan mein deree key badale mein kewal ack vyaapaar samjhauta sweekaar kiya aur apana mission kalkatta bheja.
marammat key liye vaapsee yatra mein aakasmik roop seey deree hui. crofford ney nadee key baaen tata parr magway key uttar mein saat chhaati mein mahatvapurna jeevaashm ekatra kiye. landan mein, villium clift ney unase mastodon (adhik sateek roop seey stagolophoden) kii ack naee prajaati kii pehchaan kii; hyug falkner ney bhee sangrah parr kaam kiya. jeevaashm haddiyon aur lakadi kii khojon parr villium buckland dwara ack pepper mein aage charcha kii gaee, jisamen vivaran diyaa gayaa; aur way bhoovaigyaanik samaaj key videsh sachiv rhoderic merchison kii dosti koo badhaava dete they. 18, 000 vanaspati namoone bhee ekatra kiye gaye they, jinamen seey kaee kalkatta vanaspati udyaan mein gaye they.
baad mein jeevan.
united kingdam mein, crofford ney lagbhag 40 saal vibhinn gatividhiyon mein bitaaye. unhone ack praachyavaadi, bhoogolvetta aur naslavigyaani key roop mein likhaa. unhone sansadiya rajneeti kii koshish kii, lekin safalata naheen millie; unhone mukt vyaapaar key liye andolan kiya; aur way apane vichaaron key anuroop upaniveshvaad yojanaon key paksh aur virodh mein ack prachaarak they. unhone singapur aur kalkatta mein sthit british vyapariyon key hiton kaa bhee pratinidhitva kiya.
kattarpanthi sansadiya ummidwar.
crofford ney 1830 key dashak mein british sansad mein pravesh karane key kaee asafal prayaas kiye. unake abhiyaan saahitya mein saarvbhaumik matadhikar aur gupt matdan, mukt vyaapaar aur ekadhikar kaa virodh, saarvajanik shiksha aur sainya kharch mein kamee, aur pratigaami karadhan aur ack raajya church key liye asantushton key karadhan kaa virodh, ingland kii sampattiyon key church key rashtriyakaran key saath shamil thaa. way sansad key "yogya aur uchit" sadasyon koo badhaava dene key liye thomas erskine perry (unake behnoi) dwara sthaapit sansadiya ummidwar samaaj mein shamil hoe gaye. vaha kattarpanthi club mein bhee shamil hoe gaye, joe 1833 mein villium valis dwara sthaapit rashtriya raajneetik sangh seey alag hoe gayaa thaa.
crayford ney 1832 mein ack unnat kattarpanthi key roop mein asafal pratispardha kii, 1834 mein pesley, 1835 mein hilaate hue burg aur 1837 mein preston. glassgo mein unhone chauthe (baro key liye dou mps they), surr daniel sandford key saath teesare sthaan parr matdan kiya. march 1834 mein yeh sandford thaa joe paisle mein chunaa gayaa thaa. "alekjendar kii east india aind colonial magazine" ney halchal machaane vaale burgs mein unaki haar key baad khed vyakt kiya.
31 janwari 1834 koo crofford ney makai kaanoonon key khilaf andolan karate hue thomas peronet thompson kaa samarthan kiya. thomas carlile ney 21 navambar 1834 koo charles buller dwara sthaapit landan saraay mein ack kattarpanthi baithak mein bolate hue, jaine velsh carlile key patron mein seey ack parr tippaniyon mein sanket diyaa; jisamen unhone johnn arther robak kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik maulikta dikhaai, lekin apana dhaga khou diyaa.
1837 key aam chunaav mein preston mein crayford koo dou seeton key liye teen-koney vaali ladaai mein udaar namankan milaa thaa, kyonki peater hesketh-fleetwood koo roodhivaadiyon dwara ack asthir maanaa jaataa thaa jinhone unake khilaf robbert town parker chalaaya thaa; lekin unhone teesara matdan kiya. unhone surr francis birdet key khilaf westminster mein johnn mandir key netaa kii ummidwari kaa bhee samarthan kiya, joe unaki chunaav samiti key upaadhyaksh they (thomas prout, adhyaksh surr ronald crafford fergusson key saath). crayford ney belgrave hotal mein netaa key liye ack baithak mein george grot key saath baat kii.
mukt vyaapaari.
mukt vyaapaar neetiyon key aajivan samarthak, "vartamaan raajya aur bhaarat key mukt vyaapaar aur upanivesheekaran kii bhavishya kii sambhaavanaon key drishtikon seey" (1829), crofford ney east india company key drishtikon key khilaf ack vistaarit mamla banaaya, vishesh roop seey british udyamiyon koo baahar karane mein, aur bhaaratiya kapas koo vikasit karane mein whiffle rahane mein. unhein sooti vastron key niryaat kii sambhaavanaon key jaava mein anubhav thaa. isake baad unhone march 1830 mein ack sansadiya samiti koo chean key saath east india company key vyaapaar key ekadhikar parr saboot diyaa. robert montgomeri martin ney chaay parr ekadhikar key vittiya bojh koo badhaa-chadhaakar pesh karane key liye crofford aur company key ack poorv karmchari robert recurds key sakshya kii aalochana kii. crafford ney ack parcha jaari kiya, "cheeni ekadhikar kii jaanch kii gaee". rose donnelli mangles ney 1830 mein east india company kaa bachaav kiya, records aur crofford koo sambodhit ack jawab mein. jaba 1833 mein company kaa charter navinikaran key liye aaya, tou chean kaa vyaapaar ekadhikar toot gayaa. kalkatta mein hiton key liye sansadiya agent key roop mein crofford key hisse kaa bhugtan kiya gayaa thaa (prati varsh £1500 parr); unake prachaar kaary mein ack anya lekhak dwara likhe gaye "edinberg sameeksha" lekh key liye tathya shamil they.
australia kaa upanivesheekaran.
edward gibban wakefield key "dakshin australia key nae british praant" kii sameeksha mein aur baad mein "westminster sameeksha" mein lekhan mein, crofford ney vyavasthit upanivesh key khilaf ack raay dee. unhone maanaa kii prachur matra mein bhoomi aur vyaktigat udyam aavashyak tatva they. dakshin australiyai bhoomi company koo chalaane vaale robbert torrence ney "dakshin australia key upanivesheekaran" (1835) mein "westminster sameeksha" line kaa jawab diyaa. pustak kaa pahala bhaag crofford key liye ack "patra" haye.
1843 mein crofford ney australia key uttari tata parr port assington parr aupaniveshik karyalaya koo iss baat kaa saboot diyaa kii isaki jalavaayu ney ise basti key liye anupayukt banaa diyaa. 1858 mein victoria nadee parr bastiyon parr ack bahas mein way iss vishay parr laut aae, jaisa kii surr george everest ney sujhaav diyaa thaa. unhone aam taur parr surr rhoderic merchison key australia key europeeya upanivesh key prachaar kaa virodh kiya, jahan taka yeh uttari tata parr lagu hotaa haye.
dakshin aur dakshin-poorv asia key liye pairavikarta.
jaba stamp adhiniyam 1827 paarit kiya gayaa thaa, jiska arth haye kii bhaarat mein sabhi saarvajanik dastavejon koo stamp curr (samachar patron key saath-saath kanuni dastavejon sahit) kaa bhugtan karna hoga, tou crafford koo kalkatta mein british vyapariyon key ack samooh key liye landan agent key roop mein kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. crofford mein joseph humey shamil they, aur unhone apane uddeshya key liye samachar patra coverage praapt kii, jisamen "pareekshak" mein bhee shamil thaa, jahan america key poorvavarti uddhrit kiye gaye they. unhone swayam parche bhee likhe, jisamen unhone east india company key ekadhikar aur europeeya upaniveshvaad koo samaapt karane kii vakaalat kii. yeye chaalen 1828-9 mein huin; 1830 mein crofford ney seedhe villium huskison seey sampark kiya. oopar ullikhit mukt vyaapaar muddon key saath unaki pairavi jaari rahee. "bhaarat mein karadhan kii pranali kii jaanch, bhaarat key aantarik bhaag parr patra, samachar patra stamp-taxes parr hamla aur gyaan parr karon key sheershak seey kagaj parr shulk" (1836) ack sambandhit kaam haye.
1855 mein crofford ack swatantra mudra key roop mein strait dollar kii or seey pratinidhitva key saath east india company key niyantran mandal mein ack pratinidhimandal key saath gayaa. sansad key donon sadanon mein crofford ney lobbing kii, jisamen george kepel, albemarle key 6 vein earl ney lords key paas ack yachika laane key liye kaam kiya, aur villium ney mamle koo samanya mein daal diyaa. tarkon mein yeh bhee kahaa gayaa thaa kii dollar ack dashamlav mudra thee, jabaki vyapariyon dwara upayog kiya jaane vaalaa rupaya, aur 1835 mein purvi bhaarat company kshetron mein ise gadhaa jaane key baad seey kanuni roop seey chalan mein naheen thaa. 1856 mein bhaarat seey banaae gaye aur jaari kiye gaye sikkon parr yathaasthiti koo badalane key liye ack vidheyak koo parajit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
1868 mein james guthri aur villium patterson key saath crofford ney coloney key hiton kii raksha key liye strats settlement association kaa gathan kiya. crofford isake pahale adhyaksh they.
pichhale varshon mein.
way 1861 mein nasleeya samaaj key adhyaksh chune gaye they. 11 maee 1868 koo 85 varsh kii ayu mein alvaston place, south kensington, landan mein apane ghar parr unakaa nidhan hoe gayaa.
kaam kartaa haye.
crofford ney bahut likhaa. unake vichaaron koo asangat key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haih haal hii mein ack lekhak ney likhaa haye kii "[...] aisaa lagata thaa kii crofford mein saha-astitva vaale lekin antatah virodhabhasi moolya pranaliyon key tatvon kaa ack jatil mishran shamil thaa. papuan logon key vishay parr george bennet dwara "kuchh udaharanon seey jaldbaji mein samanya raay" key baare mein ack tippani koo crayford key uddeshya seey liya gayaa haye.
unake 1822 key kaam 'maale off champa' mein chaam bhasha kii shabdawali haye.
rajanyik aur yatri.
bermi mission key baad sevaanivritti mein, crofford ney purvi vishayon parr kitaaben aur kagjat likhe. unake doot key missions key anubhav 1828 aur 1829 mein "patrikaon" mein likhe gaye they. iss dastavej koo lagbhag 140 saal baad oxford vishvavidyalaya press dwara punarmudrit kiya gayaa thaa.
itihaaskaar.
jaine rendall kii "scotish orientalism" kii avadharana key anusaar, crofford doosari peedhi kaa itihaaskaar haye. teen khandon mein unakaa "bhaaratiya dweepsamuh kaa itihas" (1820), unakaa pramukh kaary thaa. crofford asia key kshetra mein europeeya deshon dwara kiye gaye adhikansh karyon key aalochak they.
"chean kaa ack aitihaasik aur varnanatmak vivaran" (1836) "edinberg cabinet library" key teen khandon mein ack sanyukt kaary thaa, jisamen hyug murre, peater gorden, thomas linn, villium wallace aur gilbert thomas bernet shamil they.
praachyavaadi.
crayford aur collin mckenzie ney yogyakarta key kabje seey pandulipiyon koo ekatra kiya, aur inmein seey kuchh abb british pustakalaya mein hain.
crofford ney austroneshiyai bhaashaon key liye chaam kaa daavaa kiya. unake sujhaav koo usa samay koee samarthan naheen milaa, lekin 1950 key aspas key vidwan sahmat hue.
arthashastri.
apane samay kii bhaarat kii arthavyavastha key pichhadepan key roop mein kyaa dekhaa jaataa haye, iss parr crofford key majboot vichaar they. unhone iska shreya europe kii tulanaa mein bhaaratiya vittiya sansthanon kii kamjori koo diyaa. unaki raay ack anaam parche mein thee "british bhaarat key vaanijyik sansadhanon aur maudrik aur vyaparik pranali kaa ack rekhaachitra" (1837) abb unhein shreya diyaa jaataa haye. robbert montgomeri martin kii tarah, unhone bhaarat koo mukhya roop seey kachche maal key srot key roop mein dekhaa, aur usa disha key aadhar parr nivesh kii vakaalat kii. maujooda kalkatta agencies key ack kathor aalochak, unhone bhaarat mein bill broking kii anupasthiti kaa ullekh kiya aur sujhaav diyaa kii ack exchange baink sthaapit kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
unake vichaar kii krishi dwara prabhutva vaali arthavyavastha anivarya roop seey ack poorna sarkaar thee, kaa ullekh saimuel teller colories ney apane "church aur raajya key samvidhaan parr" mein kiya thaa.
naslavigyaani.
jabaki crofford ney aadhi shatabdi kii avadhi mein nasleeya prakriti key kaam kaa utpaadan kiya, "nasl vigyaan" shabd taba bhee naheen gadhaa gayaa thaa jaba unhone likhana shuru kiya thaa. 1860 key dashak seey unake navintam kaam kii or dhyaan aakarshit kiya gayaa haye, jisaki usa samay bahut aalochana kii gaee thee, aur jisaki 21veen sadee mein bhee jaanch kii gaee haye, jaisa kii neeche vistaar seey bataaya gayaa haye.
bahujananwadi.
maanav samoohon kii kaee utpatti key aadhar parr crofford key bahujananwadi vichaar they; aur surr johnn borring key anusaar, inn vichaaron ney unhein "chaalees addam key aavishkaarak" kaa upnaam arjit kiya. charles darwin dwara "dha decent off maine" mein, crofford koo 60 daud mein vishvaas karane key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye. unhone inn vichaaron koo landan (ee. aiss. ell.) key jaatiya samaaj key prati vyakt kiya, joe ekatmata (maanav jaati key ack ekikrit mool mein vishvaas) kaa ack paaramparik gadh haye, jahan way 1861 mein rashtrapati key roop mein pada dhaaran karane key liye aae they.
crofford vibhinn naslon mein vishisht kshetriya kshetron mein bhagwan dwara alag-alag rachanaon key roop mein vishvaas kartaa thaa, bhaashaon key liye alag-alag utpatti key saath, aur sambhavatah vibhinn prajaatiyon key roop mein. esl key robbert gorden latham key saath, unhone ack mool aryan daud parr max muller key vichaaron kaa bhee kadaa virodh kiya.
1860 key dashak key kagjat.
crofford ney 1861 mein aiss. ell. key "lenden" mein ack pepper likhaa thaa, jisamen unhone kahaa thaa kii "una sthitiyon parr joe manushya kii praarambhik sabhyata key paksh mein, mund aur baadhit karati hain", jisamen unhone asia key vigyaan aur praudyogiki mein kamiyon key liye tark diyaa thaa. sabhyata kii pragati key pramaan key roop mein ankon parr" (1863) mein unhone tark diyaa kii logon kii samajik sthiti unaki bhasha key sankhyaatmak shabdon key saath sambandhit haye. crofford ney aksar ack roopak key roop mein gharelukaran kaa upayog kiya. 1865 mein birmingham mein british association kii baithak key dauran ashwet logon parr unake naslavaadi vichaaron parr hansee udaai gaee thee.
13 farwari 1866 koo diye gaye "europeeya aur asiai naslon key manushyon kii shaaririk aur mansik visheshtaon parr", crofford dwara ack pepper ney europeeya logon kii shreshthata key liye tark diyaa. isane vishesh roop seey saboot key roop mein europeeya sainya prabhutva parr jore diyaa. isake shodh prabandh kaa kuchh saptah baad dadabhai nauroji dwara samaaj kii ack baithak mein seedha khandan kiya gayaa thaa.
crofford key nasleeya vichaaron kaa vishleshan.
haal key vishleshanon ney daud parr apane lekhan mein aur iss samay, jaba vaha ack yuva aur abhee bhee taral kshetra aur anushasana mein pramukh hoe gaye they, taba crofford key agende koo spasht karane kii maang kii haye. ellingson nasleeya vichardhara kii seva mein mahaan berber key vichaar koo badhaava dene mein crofford kii bhoomika koo pradarshit kartaa haye. trosper ney ellinson key vishleshan koo ack kadam aage badhaaya haye, jisamen ack sachet "spin" koo adim sanskriti key vichaar parr rakhaa gayaa haye, joe ack "strau maine" bhranti kaa ack alankaarik roop seey parishkrit upayog haye, jise aparivartaniya roop seey, lekin asangatata key liye, jeane-jacks russo kii aakriti koo laakar hassil kiya gayaa haye.
crofford ney maanav vikas key darwin key siddhanton kii aalochana key liye kaafee prayaas kiya; bahujananwad key ack prastaavak key roop mein, joe maanate they kii maanav jaati samanya poorvajon koo saajha naheen karati thee, crofford darwin key vichaaron key ack praarambhik aur pramukh aalochak they. 1868 mein apane jeevan key anta mein, crayford surr johnn lubock key khilaf ack "laapata kadee" tark kaa upayog curr rhaa thaa, jise ellinson ney iss vichaar key aadhar parr ack darwinwadi drishtikon key galat pratinidhitva key roop mein varnit kiya haye kii manushyon kaa ack agradoot abhee bhee maujood honah chaahiye.
ellinson ney villium falkner key 1781 key kaam kii or ishara kiya, "jalavaayu key prabhaav parr", russo parr hamale key saath, crayford kii soch key sambhaavit srot key roop mein; jabaki kuchh antaron kii or bhee ishara kiya. ellinson ney apane samay key una logon key beach ack british samooh mein bhee crofford koo sthaan diyaa, jinake manavshastriya vichaar naa kewal jaati parr badale, balki jinhone una vichaaron seey shreshthata key nishkarsh bhee nikaale, anya loga luke barke, james hunt, robbert nox aur keneth aar they. aich. mckenzie.
haalaanki, crofford kaa drishtikon maanav twacha key rung parr adharit naheen thaa; aur vaha gulami key virodhi they, jinhone 1833 mein thomas peronet thompson key saath "westminster sameeksha" mein "gulami key binaa cheeni" lekh likhaa thaa. apane kaam parr crofford key noton aur sujhaavon koo "kaafee mahatvaheen" bataate hue, charles darwin ney crofford key nasleeya vichaaron koo "pallasian" key roop mein pahachaana.ee. peater saiman pallas key siddhanton kaa maanav jaati key liye analogue.
ee. aiss. ell. mein pramukh drishtikon james couls prechard key paas vaapas chalaa gayaa. thomas trotman key vichaar mein, aryan siddhant parr crofford key hamale mein "bhaashaon aur rashtron" key drishtikon kii antim asweekriti haye, joe prechard kaa thaa, aur isake parinamswarup (bahujananwadi) nasleeya siddhant seey mukt thaa.
parivaar.
crayford ney james perry kii betty horatia aine seey shaadi kii. 1821 seey 1822 taka, shrimati. crafford "johnn addam" parr savaar hocker siyam aur kochin chean key mission key saath gayaa thaa. jaise hii jahaaj bancock seey hyu taka gayaa, shrimati. crofford siyam kii khaadi mein ack dweep parr kinare parr chully gaee, jahan usane mool nivaasiyon parr kaafee prabhaav daala. lekhak oswald johnn fredrick crofford, jinka janm 1834 mein huaa thaa, unakaa betaa thaa. dampati johnn sterling aur carliles koo jaanate they. thomas carlile kii mulakat heinry crab robbinson seey raat key khaane mein crofford mein hui (25 navambar 1837,27 wilton chrysant parr), jisase unakaa prabhaav kharaab huaa.

