
roman africa praant mein isai dharm

praarambhik african church kaa naam raajneetik roop seey roman africa key roop mein jaane jaane vaale kshetra mein rahane vaale isai samudaayon koo diyaa gayaa haye, aur bhaugolik roop seey africa key roman diosis key kshetra key aspas kuchh hudd taka shamil haih poorv mein cyrenaca aur paschim mein nadee "empsaga" (abb "oaid rumel") key beach bhoomadhyasagariya tateey; iska vaha hissa joe atlantic mahasagar kaa saamana kartaa haye, byzacena key alawa mauretania kahaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar kuchh hudd taka samkaaleen morakko, algeria, tunisia aur libia key anuroop. africa key prachaar ney roman sabhyata dwara khoje gaye logon key samaan hii anusaran kiya. paanchvin shatabdi key anta aur chhathi shatabdi kii shuruat seey, iss kshetra mein kaee isai berber raajya shamil they. 
anaupchaarik pradhaantaa kaa prayog carthage key archdiosis dwara kiya gayaa thaa, ack mahanagariya archdiosis jise "carthage kaa church" bhee kahaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar carthage kaa church praarambhik african church key liye thaa joe rome kaa church itali mein catholic church key liye thaa. archdiosis ney african sanskar kaa upayog kiya, joe lattin bhasha mein paschimi dhaarmik sanskaron kaa ack sanskaran thaa, sambhavatah adim roman sanskar kaa ack sthaaniya upayog thaa. 
prasiddh hastiyon mein sant parpua, sant sammaan aur unake saathi (see. 203), tertullion (see. 155-240), cyprion (c. 200-258), casilianus (fluoroot 311), sent aurelius (mrityu 429), aur carthage key eugenous (mrityu 505). tertullion aur cyprion donon koo lattin church key lattin church pitaa maanaa jaataa haye. tertullion, joe aanshik roop seey berber vansh key ack dharamshastri they, ney tritvavaadi dharamshastra key vikas mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, aur apane dharamshastriya lekhan mein lattin bhasha koo vyaapak roop seey lagu karane vaale pahale vyakti they. iss prakaar, tertullion koo "lattin isai dharm kaa pitaa" aur "paschimi dharamshastra kaa sansthaapak" kahaa gayaa haye."carthage isai dharm kaa ack mahatvapurna kendra banaa rhaa, jisamen carthage kii kaee parishadon kii mejbani kii gaee.
itihas.
pahali shatabdi.
african church kii church sambandhi seemaon kaa pariseeman bahut kathinaaee kaa vishay haye. baar-baar roman raajneetik pradhikaran ney praantiya prabhagon koo phir seey vyavasthit kiya, aur vibhinn avsaron parr church key adhikaari apane-apane adhikaar kshetron kii seemaon koo nagrik shakti key anusaar rakhate they. haalaanki, yeye seemaaen naa kewal kramik sudhaar key liye uttardaayi theen, balki kuchh mamalon mein unhein spasht roop seey chihnit bhee naheen kiya gayaa thaa. mauretania key kuchh hisse hamesha swatantra rahey; aures pahaadon (madhya atlus) key paschim mein pahaadi kshetra, aur kahane key oopar kaa pathaar kabhi bhee roman naheen banaa. sahaara kii oonchi bhoomi aur atlus renz key paschim mein poore desh mein gatuli kii khanabdosh janjaatiyaan rahati theen, aur vahaan naa tou church hain aur naa hii nishchit church sangathan paae jaate hain. isai dharm dheere-dheere filter kiya gayaa.
dharm parivartan karane vaalon key beach bishap kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, kyonki unaki aavashyakta paida hui thee; sambhavatah, ack sthaan seey dusare sthaan parr sthanantarit kiye gaye they, aur unake astitva kaa koee nishan chhode binaa gayab hoe gaye they. african church kii aitihaasik avadhi 180 mein shahidon key samoohon key saath shuru hoti haye. kuchh samay baad tertullion key lekhan hamein bataate hain kii african isai dharm kitni teji seey badhaa thaa. yeh roman sainya rekhaaon koo paar curr gayaa thaa, aur aur key dakshin aur dakshin-poorv mein logon key beach fail gayaa thaa. lagbhag 200 varsh mein carthage aur romanon dwara aayojit praanton mein hinsak utpeedan huaa. humm sent kii shahadat seey isake vibhinn charanon key baare mein jaankaari praapt karate hain. parpua aur tertullion key granth. haalaanki, taba bhee isai dharm door kii vijayen karna bund naheen curr sakaa; isai epitaphs khatte ell-ghozlen, dinank 227, aur tipasa, dinank 238 mein paae jaane hain. yeye tithiyaan nishchit hain. yadi humm cumm nishchit granthon parr bharosa karate hain tou humm sweekaar curr sakate hain kii uttari africa kaa prachaar bahut jaldi shuru huaa thaa.
teesari shatabdi key aarambh taka shaharon aur yahaan taka kii desh key jilon mein bhee ack badee isai aabaadi thee, jisamen naa kewal garib, balki uchchatam shreni key vyakti bhee shamil they. varsh 235 key aspas carthage mein aayojit ack parishad kii adhyakshata carthage key sabse puraane gyaat bishap, agrippinus ney kii thee aur isamen numedia praant key athaarah bishapon ney bhaag liya thaa. teesari shatabdi key madhya mein cyprion key samay mein aayojit ack anya parishad mein 87 bishapon ney bhaag liya thaa. iss avadhi mein african church ack bahut hii gambhir sankat seey gujra.
samrat decius ney ack shilalekh prakaashit kiya jisamen kaee shaheed aur kaboolaat karane vaale they, naa kii kuchh dharmatyagi. ack nishchit bishap, usake baad uska puuraa samudaay, devtaon koo balidan karate hue dekhaa jaanaa thaa. dharmatyagi (lapsey dekhein) aur durpoke jinhone paise key liye dharmatyag kaa pramaan patra kharida thaa (libeletiki dekhein) itane adhik hoe gaye kii unhein vishvaas hoe gayaa kii way church koo kaanoon dey sakate hain, aur church key beach apani punarsthapana kii maang curr sakate hain, ack aisee sthiti jisane vivaadon aur nindaniya pareshaniyon koo janm diyaa.
phir bhee africa key church mein aise samay mein bhee shaheed they. teesari shatabdi key anta mein aur chauthi shatabdi kii shuruat mein utpeedan ney naa kewal shaheed banaae, balki unhone ack alpasankhyak koo bhee janm diyaa, jisane daavaa kiya kii isai pavitra pustakon aur church key abhilekhagar koo raajya key adhikaariyon koo vishvaas seey chookane key binaa dey sakate hain. (vyaapaari dekhein.)
sangrodh key baad.
mahaan koo sangrodh mein daalane key baad african church vivaadon aur pakhandon seey vighatit hoe gayaa; catholic aur daan karane vaalon ney naa kewal vivaad mein, balki hinsak aur khooni tareeke seey bhee bahas kii. ack sangrodh kaa kaanoon (318) daandaataon koo unake churchon seey vanchit curr detaa thaa, jinamen seey adhikansh unhone catholics seey leey liye they. haalaanki, way itane shaktishali hoe gaye they kii iss tarah kaa upaay bhee unhein kuchalane mein whiffle rhaa. way itane adhik they kii 327 mein carthage mein aayojit ack daandaata parishad mein 270 bishapon ney bhaag liya thaa. daanvaad mukhya roop seey swadeshi berber aabaadi key beach fail gayaa, aur daanvaadi kaee berber sthaaniya reeti-rivaajon key saath isai dharm koo milaane mein saksham they. isai prathaon mein kaee nae samaroh aur siddhant jode gaye. daanvaadi isai dharm apane sadasya aur swadeshi berber raashtravaad key beach ekataa kaa srot thaa. 
samrat constantius dwiteeya dwara sujhaae gaye sulah key prayason ney kewal ullanghan koo vyaapak banaaya aur sashastr daman, ack lagaatar badhati ashanti aur ack shatruta kii or leey gayaa joe teji seey kadwa hoe gayaa. phir bhee, inn pareshaniyon key beach, carthage key primate, gratus, ney ghoshana kii (varsh 349 mein): "bhagwan ney africa koo dhaarmik ekataa mein bahaal curr diyaa haye."juuliyan key pravesh (361) aur sabhi dhaarmik nirvaasiton koo unake gharon mein lautane kii unaki anumati ney african church kii pareshaniyon koo badhaa diyaa. ack daandaata bishap roodhivaadi bishap key virodh mein carthage key alag drishya mein baithaa thaa.
ack hinsa key baad doosara huaa aur nae sanghrshon kii shuruat hui. iss avadhi key baare mein, malwom () key bishap optatus ney apane lekhan dwara sampradaay kaa mukabala karna shuru curr diyaa. kuchh saal baad, sent. milan mein parivartit augustein apani mool bhoomi parr laut aaya aur harr tarah kii truti key khilaf soochi mein pravesh kiya. usa samay taka murtipuja church key liye ack khatra bunn gaee thee; 399 mein mandiron koo carthage mein bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. phir bhee, paadari varg koo prashikshit karane aur vishvaasiyon koo nirdesh dene key saath-saath dharm-virodhi logon key saath dhaarmik vivaad mein augustin kii oorjaa aur pratibha prachur matra mein vyast thee. chaalees varshon taka, 390 seey 430 taka, carthage kii parishaden, joe african episcopate key ack badey hisse koo phir seey ekjut karati theen, daandaataon, updeshon, dharmopadeshon, shaastron parr tippaniyon key saath saarvajanik charchaon kaa lagbhag binaa kissy antaral key paalan karati theen; ack advitiya gatividhi jisake anuroop parinam they.
pelagianism, jisane africa mein bahut pragati kii thee, kii carthage parishad (412) mein ninda kii gaee thee. daanvaad, aur ardhadveepvaad bhee ack ghante mein mrityu key liye peedit they jaba atyadhik gambhirta kii raajneetik ghatnaaon ney african church key itihas aur bhaagya koo badal diyaa. african church key viniyaman parr carthage aur rome key beach sangharsh taba saamane aaya jaba sikka key appearius ney rome seey apane bahishkaar kii appeal kii aur iss prakaar carthage key adhikaar koo chunauti dee. count boniface ney 426 mein upadraviyon koo africa bulaaya thaa, aur 429 taka aakraman puuraa hoe gayaa thaa. berber loga teji seey aage badhe aur khud koo shaharon aur praanton kaa swami banaa liya. 430 mein. hippo kii gherabandi key dauran augustein kii mrityu hoe gaee; nau saal baad vidhvansakon key raajaa, genseric ney carthage kaa kabja leey liya. phir african church key liye ack prakaar key utpeedan kaa yug shuru huaa joe abb taka agyaat thaa. vidhvansak arian they, aur ariyanvaad sthaapit karane parr tule hue they.
aakraman key kaaran churchon koo yaa tou ariyanon koo sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa yaa catholics seey vaapas leey liya gayaa thaa aur saarvajanik pooja key liye bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. samrat zeno (474-491) key hastakshep aur genseric key saath shaanti kii sandhi key samaapan key baad ack kshanik shaanti thee. church khole gaye, aur catholics koo ack bishap (476) chunane kii anumati dee gaee, lekin 484 mein genseric kii mrityu, aur shikari key adesh ney mamalon koo pahale seey bhee badatar banaa diyaa. ack samkaaleen lekhak, veeta key vijeta ney hamein bataaya haye kii humm todfod key utpeedan key iss lambe itihas key baare mein kyaa jaanate hain. khatare kii aisee sthiti mein, africa key isaaiyon ney utpeedan kaa saamana karane mein jyada saahas naheen dikhaaya.
africa mein vidhvansak shasson key antim varshon key dauran, sent. ruspe key bishap, fulgentius ney vidhvansak rajvansh key rajkumaron parr ack bhagyashali prabhaav daala, joe abb poori tarah seey berber naheen they, lekin jinaki sanskriti, poori tarah seey roman aur byzantine, apane mool praja key barabar thee. phir bhee lagbhag ack shatabdi taka chalane vaalaa vidhvansak rajshahi, apani shuruat kii tulanaa mein cumm dridhata seey sthaapit prateet hotaa thaa. 523 mein thrasamund key uttaradhikari, hilderic, bahut sanskari aur dusaron parr apani ichcha thopane key liye bahut naram rajkumar thaa. jelimer ney usey satta seey vanchit karane kaa prayaas kiya, aur 531 mein vidhvansakon key raajaa ghoshit karate hue, carthage parr cooch kiya aur hilderich koo simhaasan seey hataa diyaa. unakaa kaaran poori tarah seey safal prateet huaa, aur unakaa adhikaar dridhata seey sthaapit hoe gayaa, jaba africa key tata parr ack byzantine bedaa dikhaai diyaa. aid decimum kii ladaai (13 sitambar 533) ney aakramankari byzantine key liye pahal jeeti. carthage lena, jelimer kii udaan, aur disambar key madhya mein trichamarum kii ladaai ney unakaa vinash aur unakaa gayab honah puuraa curr liya.
vijeta, belisarius koo tata key badey hisse koo phir seey jeetane aur shaharon koo samrat justinian key adhikaar key tahat rakhane key liye khud koo dikhaana thaa. 534 mein carthage mein aayojit ack parishad mein sabhi churchon kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale 220 bishapon ney bhaag liya thaa. isane ack farman jaari kiya jisamen arian pooja key saarvajanik abhyaas parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, byzantine shasson kii sthaapana african church mein ekataa bahaal karane seey bahut door thee. carthage kii parishadon ney proconsular africa, baizasena aur numedia key bishapon koo ack saath laaya, lekin trypolitania aur mauretania key bishap anupasthit they. vaastav mein, todfod kii avadhi key dauran mauretania ney apani raajneetik swaayatta hassil curr lii thee. ack mool rajvansh kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, aur kabje kii basentine senaa kabhi bhee carthage mein apane aadhar seey desh key ack hisse koo jeetane mein safal naheen hui.
nyaayvaadi kaa shasankal african church key itihas mein ack dukhad avadhi kaa prateek haye, kyonki paadari varg dwara teen-adhyaay vivaad key roop mein jaane jaane vaale mamle mein liya gayaa hissa haye. jabaki dharmopadeshak kaa ack hissa apana samay aur oorjaa vyarth kii dhaarmik charchaon mein barbad kartaa haye, anya apane kartavya mein whiffle rahey. inn paristhitiyon mein pope ney mahaan logon koo africa bheja, jinake uchch charitra ney roman church kii pratishtha badhaane mein bahut yogdan diyaa. notary hillerus kuchh mayane mein african bishapon parr adhikaar key saath ack pope kaa uttaradhikari bunn gayaa. unhone unhein unake kartavya key baare mein koee sandeh naheen chhoda, unhein nirdesh diyaa yaa fatkaar lagaai, aur pope key naam parr parishadon koo bulaaya. carthage key mahanagar kii madad seey, vaha african church mein ekataa, shaanti aur church key anushasana koo bahaal karane mein safal rhaa, jisane itane bhagyashali parivartan seey taakat praapt kii, itna nishchit roop seey rome key sammaan aur adhikaar mein phir seey hassil kiya.
arab vijay aur patan.
arabon ney 7veen shatabdi mein uttar africa key kshetra parr vijay praapt karna shuru kiya aur 698 mein carthage liya gayaa. roman church dheere-dheere kshetra key ashleel lattin key saath samaapt hoe gayaa. ack prachalit drishtikon yeh rhaa haye kii uttar africa mein isai dharm kaa patan teji seey huaa thaa. haalaanki ack anya vichaar yeh rhaa haye kii yeh samaapt honey seey pahale kaee shataabdiyon taka iss kshetra mein rhaa. morakko key bishap, lope fernandez dee aina, koo pope masoom IV dwara 1246 mein africa key church key bishap key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa, joe vahaan prachaar karane kii anumati dene vaalaa ekmatra church thaa.
puraataatvik aur vidvaanon key shodh seey pataa chalaa haye kii muslim vijay key baad isai dharm astitva mein thaa. catholic church dheere-dheere sthaaniya lattin bolly key saath ghatata gayaa. haalaanki ack anya drishtikon joe maujood haye vaha yeh haye kii uttar africa mein isai dharm prabhaavi roop seey islami umayyad khalifa dwara uttar africa kii vijay key turant baad samaapt hoe gayaa.
kaee karanon koo magreb mein isai dharm key patan key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye. unamen seey ack nirantar yuddh aur vijay key saath-saath utpeedan bhee haye. isake alawa, kaee isai bhee europe chaley gaye. usa samay church mein ack mathh parampara kii reedh kii huddy kii kamee thee aur vaha abhee bhee tathaakathit daanvaadi pakhand sahit pakhandon key parinam seey peedit thaa, aur isane vartamaan magreb mein church key praarambhik unmoolan mein yogdan diyaa. kuchh itihaskaron ney iska virodh coptic misra mein majboot mathh parampara key saath kiya, jise ack kaarak key roop mein shreya diyaa jaataa haye jisane kaee utpeedan key bavjood 14 veen shatabdi key baad taka coptic church koo usa desh mein bahusankhyak vishvaas baney rahane kii anumati dee. isake alawa, roman loga mool nivaasiyon koo poori tarah seey barbaron kii tarah aatmasaat karane mein asamarth they.
kuchh itihaskaron ney tippani kii kii kaise umayyad khalifa ney 7veen aur 8veen shatabdi esvi mein kaee berber isaaiyon koo sataaya, joe dheere-dheere islam mein parivartit hoe gaye. anya aadhunik itihaskaron ney aage maanaa kii 7veen aur 10veen shatabdi key beach arab muslim senaaon dwara aakraman kiye gaye deshon mein rahane vaali isai aabaadi koo arab muslim adhikaariyon aur shasakon key haathon kaee baar dhaarmik utpeedan, dhaarmik hinsa aur shahadat kaa saamana karna padaa; kaee koo islam mein parivartit honey seey incar karane, islami dharm kaa khandan karane aur baad mein isai dharm mein punarparivartan aur muslim vishvaason key prati ishninda jaise pratirodh key naatakiya krityon key madhyam seey apane isai dharm kaa bachaav karane key liye islami maut kii sajaa key tahat fansi dee gaee thee. 
sthaaniya kaitholikwad taba dabaav mein aaya jaba almoravid aur vishesh roop seey almohad key muslim kattarpanthi shasson satta mein aae, aur record seey pataa chalata haye kii utpeedan aur maangen darshaati hain kii magreb key sthaaniya isaaiyon koo islam mein parivartit karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. 1150 key aspas caroan shahar mein isai nivaasiyon aur ack bishap kii report abhee bhee maujood haye-ack mahatvapurna report, kyonki iss shahar kii sthaapana arab musalmaanon dwara 680 key aspas unake vijay key baad unake prashaasnik kendra key roop mein kii gaee thee. 14veen shatabdi key ack patra seey pataa chalata haye kii uttar africa mein abhee bhee chaar bishap they, joe arab vijay key samay astitva mein chaar sou seey adhik bishap seey ack tej girawat thee. almohad abd all-mumeen ney 1159 mein tunis key isaaiyon aur yahoodiyon koo dharm parivartan karane key liye majboor kiya. ibn khaldun ney 14veen shatabdi mein tozur key dakshin-paschim mein nefzaua key gaanvon mein ack mool isai samudaay kaa sanket diyaa. unhone jizyaa kaa bhugtan kiya aur unamen kuchh spasht vansh key loga they. 15veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka tunisia key dakshin mein tunis aur nefzaua mein rahane vaale berber isai, aur "[i] pandrahavin shatabdi kii pahali timahi mein, humm yeh bhee padhate hain kii tunis key mool isai, halanki bahut aatmasaat hue, apane church kaa vistaar karate they, shayed isaliye kii poore magreb seey utpeedit masihiyon mein seey antim vahaan ikattha hue they."
islami spen seey nirvaasit honey key baad uttar africa mein aae isaaiyon key ack anya samooh koo mosarabic kahaa jaataa thaa. unhein pope nirdosh IV dwara morocan church banaane key roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee. africa mein isai dharm kaa ack aur charan 15veen shatabdi mein purtagaliyon key aagaman key saath shuru huaa. punarsantuk key anta key baad, isai purtagaali aur spanish ney uttar africa mein kaee bandargaahon parr kabja curr liya.
juuna 1225 mein, onarius III ney bail "wine dominic custode" jaari kiya, jisane dominic aur martin naamak dominic order key dou bhikshuon koo morakko mein ack mission sthaapit karane aur vahaan isaaiyon key mamalon kii dekhbhal karane kii anumati dee. morakko key bishap, lope fernandez dee aina koo africa key church kaa pramukh banaaya gayaa thaa, ekmatra church koo aadhikarik taur parr mahadweep mein upadesh dene kii anumati dee gaee thee, 19 disambar 1246 koo pope nirdosh IV dwara. nirdosh IV ney tunis, seuta aur bugiya key ameeron seey una kshetron mein isaaiyon kii dekhbhal karane key liye lope aur francisian bhikshuon koo anumati dene key liye kahaa. unhone isaaiyon koo suraksha dene key liye khalifa all-saeed koo dhanyavaad diyaa aur unhein taton parr kille banaane kii anumati dene kaa anurodh kiya, lekin khalifa ney usa anurodh koo aswikar curr diyaa.
marakesh kaa bishparik 16veen shatabdi key anta taka astitva mein rhaa aur seville key matadhikariyon dwara wahan kiya gayaa thaa. juan dee prado ney mission koo phir seey sthaapit karane kaa prayaas kiya thaa lekin 1631 mein maare gaye they. 18veen shatabdi taka shahar mein franciscan mathon kaa astitva banaa rhaa.
saahitya.
isai africa kaa church saahitya lattin isai saahitya mein sabse mahatvapurna haye. pahala naam joe khud koo prastut kartaa haye vaha tertullion haye, ack prashansaniya lekhak, jiska adhikansh kaam abhee bhee hamaare paas haye, khoye hue lekhan key kaaran khamiyon key bavjood. jaise kii "passio aiss" key roop mein kaam kartaa haye. parpue" kaa shreya unhein diyaa gayaa haye, lekin mahaan kshamashil itna poorna haye kii usey dusaron seey udhaar lene kii aavashyakta naheen haye. aisaa naheen haye kii tertullion shally, vichaaron aur dharamshastra key liye hamesha ullekhaniya haye, lekin unhone bahut hii sujhaav dene vaale adhyayanon key liye vishay prastut kiya haye. vaastav mein, unaki shally koo aksar atiranjit kiya jaataa haye, lekin unake dosh lattin saahitya key mahaan yug seey bahut door naheen hain. naa hii unake sabhi vichaar ack jaise upanyaas aur maulik hain, taaki vaastav mein usee khaate mein unake apane laabhon kaa mahatva hoe. kshamaprarthi key vipareet, aur apane samay seey pahale, tertullion ney isai maafi koo kewal rakshaatmak banaane seey incar curr diyaa; unhone samrajya key kaanoon seey appeal kii, samajik astitva key adhikaar kaa daavaa kiya, aur aakramak hoe gaye.
unakaa dharamshastra kabhi-kabhi sahsi hotaa haye, aur yahaan taka kii galat bhee hotaa haye, unaki naitikta bahut adhikta key madhyam seey asweekarya haye. kuchh granth joe hamaare paas aatey hain, way catholic church seey alag honey key baad likhe gaye they. phir bhee, una parr joe bhee faisala sunaaya jaa sakata haye, unake kaary isai pracheen kaal key sabse moolyavaan karyon mein seey ack hain.
vakeel minusius felix ney kuchh prishthon key apane laghu granthon mein itna saahityik kaushal dikhaaya haye kii vaha prasiddhi key yogya hoe gaye hain. sent key patrachar, granth aur upadesh. carthage key bishap cyprion, lagbhag teesari shatabdi key madhya seey sambandhit hain, joe unake samay key dauran africa aur paschim mein isai dharm key itihas key liye sabse moolyavaan sroton mein seey ack haye. rome key church, carthage kii parishadon key saath unake sambandh, african bishapon key saath unake antaheen vivaad, kuchh hudd taka, usa avadhi key khoye hue dastavejon kii jagah lete hain.
sent. cyprion, vaastav mein, halanki bishap banane seey pahale ack vaktaa, shally key mamle mein tertullion key barabar naheen haye. unake granth achchi tarah seey rachit hain, aur kalaa key saath likhe gaye hain; haalaanki, unamen vichaaron aur drishtikon kii athah prachurta naheen haye joe kuchh bahut hii uchch dimagon kaa ekmatra visheshaadhikaar haye.
isai dharm key liye maafi key lekhak arnobius kii ack gauna ruchi haye; lactantius, adhik susanskrit aur adhik saahityik, kewal apani pratibha kii samriddhi key kaaran africa seey sambandhit haye. unaki pratibha kaa vishisht jhukaav vishuddh roop seey siseronian haye, naa hii unhein apani mool bhoomi key schools mein prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa. inmein seey, jinamen seey pratyek kaa apana naam aur sthaan haye, vahaan anya loga chaley gaye, lagbhag agyaat, yaa ack abhedya gumnami key tahat chhipa huaa. lattin saahitya key beach ekatra kiye gaye lekhan koo kabhi-kabhi tertullion, kabhi-kabhi sent koo shreya diyaa gayaa haye. cyprion, yaa yahaan taka kii pope vijeta, samrat commodus key samkaaleen. anya lekhak, jaise kii maximius off madaura aur victorinus, sent key prakat honey seey pahale chauthi shatabdi mein african saahitya key agrim rank mein, milevy key optatus key saath khade hain. augustin.
sent key saahityik shram. augustin ack bishap key roop mein apane kaam seey itane karib seey judey hue hain kii vartamaan samay mein, ack koo dusare seey alag karna mushkil haye. unhone lekhan key liye naheen, balki karane key liye likhaa. varsh 386 key baad seey, unake granth harr saal prakaashit hotey rahey. iss tarah kii vipulata aksar unake saahityik moolya key liye hanikarak hoti haye; lekin joe adhik hanikarak haye, vaha roop kii sundarta key baare mein unaki apani laparwahi thee, jisake baare mein vaha shayed hii kabhi anya cheejon key baare mein apani ichcha mein sochate hain. unakaa uddeshya sabse badhkar doshasiddhi sunishchit karna thaa. parinam yeh haye kii hamaare paas kuchh sunder maarg hain joe unaki kalam seey gir gaye. yeh unake munn kii sanskriti key bajaay unake vichaaron kii uchchata key liye haye, kii humm kuchh prishthon key liye rinee hain joe prashansaniya hain, lekin paripurna naheen hain. augustein kii bhasha vaastav mein lattin thee, lekin ack lattin joe pahale seey hii apane patan mein pravesh curr chuki thee. unaki ichcha thee kii unhein samajha jaae, naa kii unaki prashansa kii jaae, joe shally key sambandh mein unake kaam kii kamiyon koo samajhaata haye.
lekin jaba humm unaki shally seey unake vichaaron koo sweekaar karate hain, tou humm lagbhag binaa kissy shart key unaki prashansa curr sakate hain. yahaan bhee humm kabhi-kabhi kharaab swaad key nishan paate hain, lekin yeh unake samay kaa swaad haih chamak, shlesh, parishkaran-ack shabd mein-samkaaleen lattin kii kamjoriyon kaa.
sabhi sent. augustein kii vishal shram, sabse mahatvapurna, kyonki way pahale isai lekhan mein seey hain, hainh "confession", "bhagwan kaa shahar", aur "sent key susamachar parr tippani. johnn. jahan taka dharamshastra kaa sambandh haye, unake karyon ney isai dharm koo ack aisaa aaveg diyaa joe sadiyon seey mahsoos kiya jaataa thaa. trimurti key siddhant ney unhein church key doctors key karyon key beach paae jaane vaale sabse samaapt vivaran key liye padaarth kii aapoorti kii. anya lekhakon, dharmshastriyon, kaviyon yaa itihaskaron seey sent key baad mulakat kii jaani haye. augustin kaa samay, lekin unake naam, joe kii sammaanit hain, prasiddhi mein una mahaan logon key saath tulanaa naheen curr sakate hain jinhen humm teesari aur chauthi shatabdi seey sambandhit bataate hain. sent kaa prayaas. ruspe key bishap fulgentius koo sent key ack wafadar shishya key roop mein sochana aur likhana haye. augustin. ack medhavi kavi, dracontius mein unnati kaa abhaav haye. kewal ack saamyik pankti kavita key beach ack sthaan kii hakdar haye joe marti naheen haye. ack aavegpurna itihaaskaar, veeta kaa vijeta, kabhi-kabhi hamein apane bahut hii saahityik vivaranon kii upasthiti mein, itihas kii neeras sadgi key liye, unaki kathor sateekta key saath ichcha karaata haye. hermian, vereconds aur tunenum key vijeta key fancondus key dhaarmik yaa aitihaasik lekhan mein saahityik yogyata key junoon key visfot paae jaa sakate hain, lekin aksar sandigdh aitihaasik sateekta key.
african lekhakon key lekhan, ee.jee., tertullion aur sent. augustin, pavitra granthon seey liye gaye uddharanon seey bharey hue hain. yeye khandit granth lattin bible key sabse pracheen gavaahon mein seey hain, aur naa kewal africa key isai lekhakon kii shally aur shabdawali key gathan key sambandh mein, balki bibil key paath kii sthaapana key sambandh mein bhee bahut mahatvapurna hain. africa koo vartamaan samay mein granthon key ack samooh dwara darshaaya jaataa haye joe ack sanskaran koo sanrakshit kartaa haye jise aamtaur parr nae vasiyatname key "african sanskaran" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. abb yeh nishchit roop seey liya jaa sakata haye kii praarambhik isai africa mein kabhi bhee ack aadhikarik lattin paath maujood naheen thaa joe sabhi churchon koo gyaat thaa, yaa anya sabhi key bahishkaar key liye wafadaron dwara upayog kiya jaataa thaa. african bishapon ney swechha seey pavitra granthon kii ack prati mein sudhaar karane kii anumati dee, yaa yahaan taka kii jaba aavashyak hoe, tou yunani paath key liye ack sandarbh bhee. kuchh apvaadon key saath, yeh septuagint paath thaa joe purani vasiyatnama key liye, chauthi shatabdi taka prachalit thaa. nae key mamle mein, mss. way paschimi prakaar key they. (bibil kaa siddhant dekhein.) iss aadhar parr vibhinn prakaar key anuvaad aur vyaakhyaaen utpann huin. africa mein bible key kaee sanskaranon key astitva kaa matlab yeh naheen haye kii koee bhee sanskaran baaki kii tulanaa mein adhik vyaapak roop seey upayog naheen kiya gayaa thaa aur aam taur parr praapt naheen kiya gayaa thaa.ee., sanskaran sent key karyon mein lagbhag puuraa paaya gayaa. cyprion. phir bhee yeh sanskaran pratidvandiyon key binaa naheen thaa. dou alag-alag lekhakon key karyon mein ack hii paath key dou uddharanon mein visangatiyon key alawa, aur kabhi-kabhi ack hii lekhak key alawa, humm jaanate hain kii shaastra kii kaee pustakon key sanskaran ack-dusare seey poori tarah seey swatantra they. teesari shatabdi key dauran africa mein daniel key cumm seey cumm teen alag-alag sanskaranon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. chauthe key beach mein, daanvaadi tyconius sarvanash key dou sanskaranon kaa upayog kartaa haye aur unakaa milan kartaa haye.
dhaarmik anushthaan.
african church kii upasana hamein pitaaon key lekhan seey pataa haye, lekin koee poorna kaary maujood naheen haye, koee dhaarmik pustak naheen haye, joe isase sambandhit haye. sent key tertullion key lekhan. cyprion, sent. augustein moolyavaan sanketon seey bharey hue hain joe africa key dhaarmik anushthaan koo darshaate hain joe roman church key dhaarmik anushthaan key saath sampark key kaee vishisht bindu prastut karate hain. dhaarmik varsh mein hamaare swami key sammaan mein daavaten aur shahidon kii badee sankhya mein daavaten shamil theen, joe praayashchit key kuchh dinon seey poori hoti hain. haalaanki, africa ney iss mamle mein, joe aur pratha thee, usake saath sakhti seey mell naheen khaaya haye. station key dinon key liye. dopahar key baad teesare ghante seey aage upvaas jaari naheen rhaa. african church mein easter kaa charitra anya churchon key samaan thaa; yeh saal key ack hisse koo apani kaksha mein lent aur pascal mausam kii tarikh taya karke aakarshit kartaa rhaa, jabaki pentecoast aur aarohan isi tarah isake chaaron or aakarshit huaa. chrismus aur epiphany koo spasht roop seey alag rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur unaki tithiyaan taya theen. shahidon key panth koo hamesha mritakon seey alag naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur yeh kewal degree dwara haye kii shahidon key beach rekha kheenchi gaee thee jinhen aamantrit kiya jaanaa thaa aur mritakon key liye prarthana kii jaani thee. jalpan key sthaan, refrigerator key liye prarthana (yachika), jeevit aur divangat key beach madad key adaan-pradaan key vishvaas kii gawahi detee haye. isake alawa, mritakon key liye prarthana key liye, humm africa mein jeevit logon key kuchh vargon key liye prarthana paate hain.
boliyaan.
africa key logon dwara ack saath kaee bhaashaon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa; uttari bhaag pahale lattin bhashi desh prateet hotaa haye. vaastav mein, pahali kuchh shataabdiyon mein ack samriddh lattin saahitya, kaee school aur prasiddh alankaarik they. haalaanki, doosari shatabdi mein carthage mein yunani bolly jaati thee, aur tertullion key kuchh granth yunani mein bhee likhe gaye they. roman sabhyata kii nirantar pragati ney yunani sabhyata kii upeksha aur parityag kaa kaaran banaa. teesari shatabdi kii shuruat mein ack african, jise yaadrichhik roop seey chunaa gayaa thaa, ney lattin kii tulanaa mein yunani mein khud koo adhik aasaani seey vyakt kiya hoga. dou sou saal baad, sent. augustein aur kavi dracontius koo yunani kaa thodaa saa gyaan thaa. sthaaniya boliyon key baare mein humm bahut cumm jaanate hain. punic mein likhe gaye isai saahitya kaa koee kaam hamaare paas naheen aaya haye, halanki isamen koee sandeh naheen hoe sakata haye kii paadari aur wafadar loga carthage aur proconsular praant key tata shaharon mein bolly jaane vaali bhasha kaa upayog karate they. nichale aur madhyam varg key loga punic bolate they, aur parigh isake rakshakon mein seey antim honey vaale they. isai lekhak lagbhag poori tarah seey deshi libian, yaa berber, bolly koo nazarandaj karate hain. sent. vaastav mein, augustein hamein bataata haye kii yeh lekhan kewal khanabdosh janjaatiyon key beach upayog mein thaa.
episcopal dekhta haye.
pracheen episcopal catholic church key naam key roop mein "annuario pontifio" mein soochibaddh proconsular africa koo dekhta haih