
itali 13

itali 13 (yaa itali xiii) peris mein ack badee shaharikaran pariyojana kaa naam haye joe 1960 key dashak mein shuru hui thee aur 1970 key dashak mein baadhit hui thee. iska uddeshya 13vein arrondicement key kuchh kshetron kii sanrachana koo gaharaai seey sanshodhit karna thaa, mukhya roop seey avenue dee 'itali key aspas, jisane isake naam koo prerit kiya. aanshik roop seey poori hui pariyojana key kaaran arrondicement key dakshin mein kaee meenaron kaa nirmaan huaa, vishesh roop seey less olympiad.
pariyojana kii utpatti.
itali 13 pariyojana shahari logon dwara shahar key kuchh kshetron kii avagunata key liye prastaavit uttaron mein seey ack thee, mukhya roop seey 13 veen arrondicement jise aam taur parr "buri tarah seey nirmit" maanaa jaataa thaa."peris city holl mein salaahkaar vastukar raymond lopage aur unake sahayak michel hollie ney iss navinikaran koo athens charter aur leey carbusier kii bhavna mein una kshetron koo poori tarah seey punargathit karane kaa avsar maanaa. iska matlab thaa kii nayaa nirmaan lamba honah chaahiye taaki jamini star parr adhik jagah khaali hoe sakey aur apartment mein behtar chamak aae, aur bhaari yatra vaali sadakon koo chhoti sthaaniya sadakon aur paidal chalane vaale kshetron seey alag kiya jaa sakey. halanki, leey carbusier key anya siddhanton, jaise kii udyaanon key saath aspas key meenaron koo alag curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
1959 mein likhi gaee aur 1961 mein lagu kii gaee shaharikaran kii maargdarshak yojana (plan dee 'urbanisme director), sankshep mein shahar kii usa naee avadharana koo sankshep mein bataati haih "shahari leout koo abb sadakon dwara paribhaashit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, balki vaastav mein nirmit sanrachanaon dwara paribhaashit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, joe swayam karyatmak vichaaron dwara nirdeshit honah chaahiye. olympiad jilaa iss karyakram kaa ack aadarsh udaaharan haye.
1958 mein paanchven ganarajya key nirmaan key baad majboot raajneetik samarthan key kaaran, itali 13 pariyojana jaldi seey shuru hui. nagar parishad ney 1966 mein ise manjuri dee aur niji kshetra seey ise puuraa karane kaa aarop lagaaya. yeh pariyojana place dee 'itali aur peris key baahari bulleward key beach 87 hectare key kshetra mein sanchaalit hui. isaki mahatvakanksha 16,400 aavason aur 150,000 varg meater vaanijyik aur vyaavsaayik sthaan kaa nirmaan karna thaa. isamen nae schools aur udyaanon kaa nirmaan bhee shamil thaa.
meenaron kii oonchaai lagbhag samaan honey chaahiye thee, lagbhag 30 manjilen. hollie ney mahsoos kiya kii meenaron koo peris kii paramparaon key anusaar oonchaai ekataa key siddhant kaa sammaan karna chaahiye.
parinam.
itali 13 key parinamswarup mukhya imaaraten teen mukhya kshetron mein paaee jaati hain, jinamen bikhare hue alag-alag imaaraten hain.
olympic khel.
1969 seey 1974 taka michel hollie dwara seedhe prabandhit olympiad pariyojana, shaharikaran kii maargdarshak yojana key uddeshyon kaa poori tarah seey sammaan karane key liye ekmatra pariyojana (front dee seane jile (15vein arrondicement mein sthit) key saath) haih
jile key meenaron kaa naam una shaharon key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye jinhone olympic khelon kii mejbani kii theeh athens ("athens"), sapporo, helsinki, tokyo aur anya.
aajkal, yeh jilaa, rakharkhaav key liye mahanga haye, ack "bhavya pariyojana dee renovailment shahari" (shahari navikaran kii badee pariyojana) key sandarbh mein ack naee navikaran pariyojana kaa hissa haye.
nikat kaa sthaan.
avenue dee 'itali koo champions-alysse key aayamon taka badhaaya jaanaa thaa aur ack expressway banana thaa. paidal chalane vaalon aur sthaaniya yatayat koo pulon aur surangon key saath maarg koo paar karna thaa. pariyojana key iss hisse koo chhod diyaa gayaa haye.
itali key paas, michel hollie ney meenar "antone aitt cleopatre" koo kheencha haye, joe una kuchh mein seey ack haye joe sakhti seey samanantar-aakar kaa naheen haye.
avenue key doosari taraf, chaar meenaaren aur ack groundscrapper, joe keemati yaa ardh-keemati pattharon (gomed, beryl, jaid, rubi) key naam parr haye, koo itali 2 shopping maull (jise pahale galaxy key naam seey jaanaa jaataa thaa) kii chhat parr baney ack niji bageeche key chaaron or banaaya gayaa haye. ack vimaan koo avenue dee 'itali koo cover karna thaa, kuchh aisaa jise aakhirkaar chhod diyaa gayaa haye. yeh una durlabh sthaanon mein seey ack haye jahan itali 13 pariyojana kii yojana key anusaar avenue dee 'itali koo 70 meater taka badhaaya gayaa haye.
pariyojana kaa sabse mahatvakankshi hissa "tour apogi" thaah oonchaai mein tour montparnasse key samaan, yeh jile key pravesh dwaar kaa sanket dene vaalaa meal kaa patthar maanaa jaataa thaa. 1970 key dashak key dauran michel hollie dwara alag-alag design key saath prastaavit, isake nirmaan key radd honey seey pahale isaki oonchaai mein kramik roop seey kamee aaee. 1980 mein, francisi sarkaar koo iss radd karane key muaavaje key roop mein pravartak koo 47 karod frank kaa bhugtan karna padaa.
masena jilaa.
yeh jilaa porte dee 'ivri aur roo gandon key beach panhard karkhanon key poorv sthaan parr banaaya gayaa haye. yeh poorv seey paschim taka faila huaa haih
usa jile mein meenaaren seedhe sadak star parr pradarshit kii jaati hain aur iss tarah peris key shahari leout mein behtar roop seey ekikrit hoti hain. unakaa naam italvi shaharon yaa sangeetkaron key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haih pukkini, palerm, rimini, anya.
anya nirmaan.
kuchh alag-thalag imaaraten aur pariyojanaaen bhee hainh
itali 13 kaa anta aur shahar kii adhik paaramparik avadharana kii or vaapsee.
jaise-jaise meenaron koo kramik roop seey banaaya jaa rhaa thaa, saarvajanik aalochana teji seey kathor hoti gaee, ack aisaa drishtikon jise baad mein peshevaron aur raajnetaon dwara saajha kiya gayaa. 1974 mein, nae francisi rashtrapati valeri giscard dee 'estying ney itali 13 pariyojana koo rokane kaa faisala kiya.
meenaron kii krurtapurna rachana, jise pahale krantikari pragati key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa, kuchh logon key liye 13veen arrondicement kii sakaratmak chhavi koo badhaava dene mein whiffle rahee. yeh vishesh roop seey sach haye kyonki, ack pahaadi parr banaae jaane key kaaran, way saamane key dee seane towers jaisi anya pariyojanaon kii tulanaa mein adhik dikhaai dete hain. una imaraton key naram pahalu ney aam taur parr peris key logon key beach meenaron kii chhavi koo badey paimaane parr nuksan pahunchaaya haye. meenaron key nivasi swayam adhik dwidhamansh mein hain. unakaa nirnay vyaapak roop seey usa imarat parr nirbhar kartaa haye jisamen way rahate hain. vaastav mein, jabaki una meenaron kaa baahari pahalu bahut samaan haye, unake leout, suvidhaaen aur samanya sthiti ack dusare seey bahut bhinn hoti haye.
isake alawa, inn imaraton kii sanchaalan laagat adhik paaramparik husemanian imaraton kii tulanaa mein bahut mahangi haye. way samriddh kharidaaron koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue banaae gaye they, lekin iss samay, samriddh kharidaaron ney socha kii yeye peris key paschim seey bahut door they jahan way kaam karate they. unamen seey adhikansh bikane mein whiffle rahey aur jald hii asiai sharanarthiyon seey bhar gaye jinhen upalabdh awas milaa. kabhi-kabhi, 4 parivaaron taka key logon ney kuchh apartment mein bheed lagaai, aur unamen seey kaee key liye sanchaalan laagat aur kiraaye kaa bhugtan karna ack samasya thee. iss beach, peris key logon ney upnagaron mein alag-alag ghar khareedane key liye shahar key kendra aur usake apartment chhodana shuru curr diyaa, jisase kuchh meenaaren vikat sthiti mein reh gaeen.
phir bhee, olympiad asplanade ney ack mahatvapurna vyaavsaayik aur vaanijyik bhoomika koo banaae rakhaa haye, joe peris aur isake upnagaron mein anya pariyojanaon mein sach naheen haye. 1970 key dashak key anta mein asiai samudaay key aagaman ney iss kshetra mein ack mahatvapurna aur badhati jeevantata laaee haye.
haal key varshon mein, kshetra mein teji seey narmi aaa rahee haye (peris shahar key adhikansh kendra kii tarah). adhikansh towers kaa navinikaran kaary kiya gayaa haye, aur abb navintam suraksha maandandon key anusaar, nagar palika kii madad seey sadak star parr towers key neeche shahari navinikaran kiya jaa rhaa haye. (olympiad aur place dee venetti parr kaam chala rhaa haye, vilaa dee 'este jald hii honah chaahiye). natijatan, iss vishesh pados mein achal sampatti kii keematen lagaatar badh rahee hain, bhale hii yeh peris key anya sthaanon kii tulanaa mein abhee bhee ack sastaa pados hoe. samriddh logon key liye banaai gaee imaraton kii uchch gunavatta kaa matlab haye kii flat aramdayak hain, ack achchha nirbaadh drishya aur bahut adhik prakaash haye (joe peris mein ack durlabh vilasita haye). natijatan, kuchh aur samriddh loga iss nivaas sthaan parr phir seey vichaar karna shuru curr rahey hain.
iss pariyojana key aalochanatmak swaagat key kaaran, france mein shaharikaran, vishesh roop seey peris shahar mein, ack bahut adhik mamuli disha kaa paalan kiya haye. olympic seey kuchh sou meater kii doori parr sthit yeh pariyojana peris shahar key ander itali 13 key baad seey banaai jaane vaali ekmatra badey paimaane parr shaharikaran pariyojana haye. haalaanki, atyadhik nirmit shahar mein ghanee prakriti aur jagah kii kamee bhee ack bhoomika nibha sakati haye. peris riv gauche pariyojana maujooda sadak leout key saath sanyojan mein madhya-vriddhi imaraton key sanrekhan parr adharit adhik paaramparik shaharikaran kaa ack udaaharan haye. jabaki 1960 aur 1970 key dashak kaa shaharikaran ateet mein lautane key vichaar parr adharit thaa, aaj kaa shaharikaran peris kii viraasat koo badhaava dene key vichaar parr adharit haye. peris key aantarik upnagaron mein yeh darshan cumm aam haye, jahaan badey paimaane parr pariyojanaaen, jyaadaatar vyaavsaayik vikas, 1990 key dashak seey kaee gunaa badh gaye hain.

