
saiman reven

saiman arther noel reven (28 disambar 1927-12 maee 2001) ack angreji lekhak, natakkar, nibandhkar, television lekhak aur patkatha lekhak they. way apani luchi jeevan shally key liye utane hii jaane jaate hain jitna kii unake saahityik utpaadan key liye.
charterhouse school seey nishkaasit, unhein cambridge key kings college mein adhyayan karane seey pahale, rashtriya seva mein paidal senaa mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. ack lekhak key roop mein aajeevika kamaane mein asamarth, vaha phir seey senaa mein shamil hoe gaye, lekin jald hii apane juaa rinn key kaaran 'anuchit aacharan' key liye adalat-marshel honey key bajaay istifa dey diyaa.
yeh ghoshana karate hue kii unhone kewal una logon key liye likhaa joe apane manakon koo saajha karate they, unhone kabhi bhee badey paimaane parr bajar koo aakarshit naheen kiya, aur prakaashak anthany blond dwara unhein bachaaya jaanaa thaa, jinhone unhein iss shart parr niyamit vetan diyaa kii vaha landan seey baahar rahein aur apane lekhan parr dhyaan kendrit karein, jinamen seey kaee blond prakaashit hue. yeh vyavastha 30 varshon seey adhik samay taka chully.
raavan koo unake duss-upanyaas anukram "gumnami key liye bhiksha" aur isake barok, alaukik seekwal "piccardy key gulab" aur "sitambar mahal" key saath-saath "mrityu key pankh" key liye yaad kiya jaataa haye, joe adhikaariyon aur "anya rankon" key beach samalaingikta seey sambandhit ack khojpurn praarambhik sainya upanyaas haye. unhone television naatak shrinkhala "dha palicers" (1974) aur "edward aind misses" key liye bhee patkathaaen likhin. simpson "(1978).
jeevani.
janm, parivaar aur shiksha.
28 disambar 1927 koo landan mein janme, way teen bachchon mein sabse badey they. unake pitaa arther reven koo parivaar key hojri vyavasaay seey viraasat mein milaa thaa aur way avkash kaa jeevan jeete they. unaki maan esther, nee chrismus, ack becker kii betty, ack door aur cross-country athlete theen, jinhone march 1932 mein france key khilaf ingland kaa pratinidhitva kiya thaa. unhein pahale camberley, surre key paas cordwall praarambhik vidyalaya mein shikshit kiya gayaa thaa, phir charterhouse mein ack chhatravritti chhaatr key roop mein, jaba unhein 1945 mein samlaingik gatividhiyon key liye nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. unake school key samkaaleenon mein james prear, villium rees-mog, oliver popplewell aur peater meey they. rashtriya seva poori karane key baad unhone 1948 mein raajaa key college, cambridge mein shaastriya padhane key liye pravesh kiya.
haalaanki unake paas pratham shreni kii buddhimatta thee, lekin yeh unake aavedan seey mell naheen khaata thaa, aur unakaa vishvavidyalaya currier dhana, durvyavahar aur ack spasht asamarthata-yaa, adhik sambhavana, anichha-koo unake parinamon key saath jodane key liye niyamit sankaton seey viramit thaa. unaki buddhimatta ney unhein kewal ack uchch sekand praapt kiya, ack degree joe aam taur parr unhein doctorate key liye padhane key liye ack chhaatr kii upaadhi praapt naheen karati thee. aisaa karane key liye anivarya roop seey unake vyaktigat aakarshan koo jimmedaar thaharaaya jaa sakata haye, jisane unhein chhatravritti pradaan karane key liye jimmedaar sathiyon key saath shreya praapt kiya. unhein victorian schooly shiksha mein classics key prabhaav kaa adhyayan karane key liye ack chhatravastha (snaatak fellowship) seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin isase jald hii anand kii talash shuru hoe gaee aur unaki shodh-prabandh koo kabhi bhee gambhirta seey sambodhit naheen kiya gayaa. 1951 mein, unhone neunham seey snaatak, susan kilner seey shaadi kii, joe apane bachche kii ummeed curr rhaa thaa; shaadi kartavya seey thee, jaisa kii unhone spasht kiya, aur baad mein, unhone adhyayanpurvak usase parhej kiya. ack betaa, aadam, 1952 mein paida huaa thaa. (dampati kaa 1957 mein talaak hoe gayaa thaa.) raavan, unaki chhatravritti kaa dhana samaapt hoe gayaa, raajaa key khaate seey vaapas leey liya gayaa, aur ack lekhak key roop mein jeevan yapan karane kaa prayaas kiya, "shrota" key liye pustak sameekshak key roop mein ack chhoti aaya praapt kii. unhone ack upanyaas bhee likhaa, joe apani apmaanjanak prakriti key kaaran aprakaashit saabit huaa, aur lagbhag 30 saal baad hii "bhaagya kaa ack inch" key roop mein ubhara. ack majboot aajeevika kii talash mein, raavan ney british senaa mein phir seey shamil honey kaa faisala kiya.
senaa.
apani pahale kii rashtriya seva key dauran, raavan ney kuchh samay key liye parachute resiment mein ack adhikaari cadet key roop mein kaary kiya thaa, aur 1947 mein british shasson key antim maheenon key dauran bhaarat mein ack posting parr they. baad mein unhein oxfordshire aur buckinghamshire halki paidal senaa mein niyukt kiya gayaa, isase pahale kii unhein 77veen bhaari vimaan-rodhi resiment, wiltshire mein rollstone gubbare key shivir mein shaahi topkhaane mein dwiteeya sthaan diyaa gayaa, jahan unhone apani seva dekhi. 1953 mein, vishvavidyalaya key baad, unhone shroosbury mein ack home posting praapt karane seey pahale, raajaa kii shropshire light infantory (key. aiss. ell. aaee.) key saath ack niyamit commission hassil kiya, joe paschim germany aur kenya mein seva curr rhaa thaa. iss avadhi key dauran, jaba vaha abhee bhee susan seey vivaahit thaa, taba usane paise key liye usake telegraph anurodh key jawab mein apana kukhyaat taar bhejaah "kshama karein, koee paisa naheen, bachche koo khaane kaa sujhaav dein. iss tarah kii kathor pratikriya seey pataa chalata haye kii unhone apani patni aur bachche kii koee parwah naheen kii, halanki vaastav mein way aadam kii shiksha aur kalyan key liye kaam karane mein laparwah they. apane shroosbury posting key dauran unhone sthaaniya daud baithakon mein bhaari juaa khela, aur way jald hii "dheemi gati seey ghodon key vinashkari crum" key baad gambhir vittiya sankat mein they. anuchit aacharan" key liye court-marshel kii sambhavana kaa saamana karate hue unhein resiment mein ghotale seey bachane key liye chupchaap istifa dene kii anumati dee gaee. iss prakaran kaa varnan unhone baad mein "ghaas parr chhaaya" mein spasht roop seey kiya.
lekhan kaa pesha.
lagbhag 30 saal kii umr mein unake paas koee currier yaa sambhavanaen naheen theen, lekin apane classics key adhyayan seey unhone ack spasht lekhan shally vikasit kii thee, jaisa kii unhone kahaa, senaa key prashansaniya nirdesh seey "sankshipt, saaf-suthare aur saade" honey key liye. yeh, unaki taiyar aur apmaanjanak buddhi key saath, unhein patrakaarita mein anishchit roop seey jeevit rahane kii anumati dey rhaa thaa, jaba 1958 mein, unhein prakaashak anthany blond dwara niyukt kiya gayaa thaah "maine unhein hyu thomas key madhyam seey uthaaya thaa joe merey liye ack sangoshthi kaa sampadan curr rahey they, jise" pratishthaan "kahaa jaataa thaa. saiman koo senaa parr kaam karane key liye bill diyaa gayaa thaa. blond ney unhein vittaposhit kiya, jabaki unhone apana pahala prakaashit upanyaas, "dha feavers off death" (1959) likhaa. blond itna prabhaavit huaa kii usane usake liye lekhan jaari rakhane key liye ack anubandh kii peshkash kii, iss shart parr kii vaha landan seey door rahata thaa, aur reven key rinon kaa bhugtan curr detaa thaa. "yeh aapako milane vaalaa aakhiri haath haye", unhein bataaya gayaa thaa. "landan chhod dou, yaa merrie naukari chhod dou. vaha saude mein rahane key liye chalaa gayaa, aur usey (kathit taur parr) goraa dwara £15 kaa vetan diyaa gayaa thaa. iss vyavastha key parinamswarup, apane shesh kaary jeevan key dauran, raavan kathaa, nibandh, vyaktigat yaaden, vivaad, rangmanch, patkatha aur patrika patrakaarita sahit kaee shailiyon mein britten key sabse vipul lekhakon mein seey ack bunn gaye. unaki tulanaa vibhinn samay parr avalin vau, graham green, anthany powell aur laurence durell seey kii gaee thee, lekin unaki aavaaj unaki apani theeh "kaua anya upanyaskaron kii tulanaa mein ujagar karane key liye adhik karib aaya, isaki bhavyata aur isake manakon kii sandigdhata mein, vaha samay jisamen way rahate they aur jiss samay seey way gujarate they. unake shilp key baare mein unakaa apana drishtikon cumm utkrisht thaa; unake lekhak-charitra key shabdon mein upanyaas mein "way sthaan jahan way gaate hain" (1970) mein dhusar rung kaa kshetrarakshan karate hueh "main paise kamaane key liye shabdon koo sukhad pattern mein vyavasthit kartaa huun.
unhein alaukik key prati aakarshan thaa, joe pahale unake shuruati upanyaas "doctor scarlett pahanate hain" mein prakat huaa, jisamen balkan pishach (halanki way ack vaastavik alaukik abhivyakti key bajaay yaun vichalan key roop mein pishaachvaad key abhyaskarta hain) koo dikhaaya gayaa haye aur carle edward wagner dwara terah sarvshreshth alaukik upanyason mein seey ack key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa thaa. gothic vishayavastuen baad key karyon mein majboot hoe gaeen jaise kii "piccardy key gulab", "sitambar mahal", "misra key pratham janm" anukram key hisse, aur 1994 key upanyaas "duhkh key dweep".
haalaanki unhone ack utsaahi aur wafadar anuyaayi praapt kiya, lekin badey paimaane parr bajar key mamle mein way kabhi bhee sheersh-vikreta naheen they. brook elen ney uddhrit kiyaah "maine hamesha apane jaise logon key ack chhote seey darshakon key liye likhaa haye, joe achchi tarah seey shikshit, saansaarik, sandehpurna aur sanaki hain (jiska arth haye kii way kharaab parr achchha swaad rakhate hain).
unake duss-upanyaas anukram "gumnami key liye bhiksha" koo aamtaur parr unaki sarvshreshth upalabdhi maanaa jaataa haye. aine. willson ney ise "sabse majedar roman-flueve" socha-halanki yeh sambhavana haye kii unhone apane tv kaam key liye vyaapak saarvajanik maanyata praapt kii, vishesh roop seey "dha pallieser" (1974) aur "edward aind aim. aar. aiss." key roopaantaran key liye. simpson "(1978). jaise-jaise vaha badaa hotaa gayaa, usaki utpaadan darr cumm hoti gaee, aur isaki gunavatta mein girawat aaa rahee thee, lekin vaha abhee bhee 1990 key dashak key anta mein prakaashit hoe rhaa thaa, usaki antim pustak "yaad rakhein aapka vyaakaran aur anya pretvaadhit kahaaniyan" (1997), bhoot aur alaukik laghu kahaaniyon kaa sangrah thaa.
raavan kii kahaaniyon aur yaadon kii pustak, "kyaa vahaan koee haye? yatri ney kahaa kii "(fredrick muller 1990) koo manhani kii kaarravaai kii dhamkiyon kii ack shrinkhala key baad vaapas leey liya gayaa thaa, jisamen anthany blond seey ack ritt bhee shamil thee. isake baad unhone ack naee rachana likhane kii yojana banaai, yaa cumm seey cumm dhamki dee, jisamen "sabhi surakshit roop seey mrit", jisamen, manhani key kaanoonon seey surakshit, vaha british samajik, shaikshanik, raajneetik aur saahityik drishyon seey vibhinn mrit diggajon koo "ujagar" curr sakate they, lekin pustak kabhi naheen likhi gaee thee.
baad mein jeevan.
apane poore jeevan mein, kaua ney ack sukhvaadi jeevan shally apnai jisamen khaana, peena, yatra, cricket, juaa aur samajikkaran shamil they. unhone joe kamaaya vaha kharch kiya, aur 34 saal baad blond key kahane parr kent mein rahane key baad way antatah landan charterhouse mein rahane key liye landan chaley gaye, joe aitihaasik roop seey charterhouse school seey judaa huaa bhiksha ghar thaa. yahaan unhone apane poorv jeevan key ack shaant sanskaran kaa netritva kiya. 1993 mein, unhein saahitya key shaahi samaaj kaa sadasya chunaa gayaa. michael barber dwara likhit "dha capton", ack reven kii jeevani, 1996 mein prakaashit hui thee. 1997 mein, vaha melvin bragg key saath apane currier key liye samarpit ack "south baink show" mein, achche utsaah aur binaa kissy afsos key dikhaai diye. haalaanki, unakaa swaasthya bigadata rhaa aur kaee baar stroke key baad 12 maee 2001 koo 73 varsh kii ayu mein landan mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
viraasat.
dha guardian" mein reven key shraddhanjali mein dekhaa gayaa kii, "unhone flashman, vau key kaptan grimes aur rochester key earl key tatvon koo jodaa", aur unhone apane cambridge tutor noel annon koo yuva vyakti berges kii yaad dilaaee.
unake baare mein kahee gaee kaee baaton mein seey shayed sabse adhik uddhrit baat yeh thee kii unake paas "ack cadd kaa munn aur ack purry kii kalam" thee. ee. doubleu. swanton ney reven key cricket sansmaran "ghaas parr chhaaya" koo abb taka kii sabse gandi cricket pustak kahaa. aamtaur parr, iss parr raavan kii pratikriya swanton seey pustak key jackett parr iss raay koo uddhrit karane kii anumati maangane key liye thee. unhein "sanaki" aur "thhande khoon vaalaa" bhee kahaa gayaa haye, unake paatron koo "dabaav mein buri tarah seey vyavhaar karane kii guaranti haye; unamen seey adhikansh binaa kissy dabaav key neech hain. unakaa nirlajj vishvaas "athaarahavin shatabdi kaa ack majboot moortipoojak thaa... yuddh key baad ingland key samtaavaadi sanhita key liye ack gahari avamaanana key liye sambaddh.
karyon kii soochi.
upanyaas.
"gumnami key liye bhiksha" shrinkhala.
10 upanyaas 1945 seey 1973 kii avadhi koo cover karate hain aur uchch aur uchch madhyam varg key paatron key ack samooh parr kendrit hain, joe ack upanyaas anukram banaate hain, yadi kuchh hudd taka shithil roop seey sanrachit haye. praarambhik upanyaas 1950 key dashak key madhya key angreji oopari samooh key majboot vyangya hain, lekin baad mein adhik alag aur daarshanik swar kii or rukh karate hain, joe gupt aur alaukik key saath sambandhit hoe jaate hain, aur isamen ajib ghatanaaen bhee shamil hain.
"misra kaa pahala janm" shrinkhala.
yeh anukram "gumnami key liye bhiksha" kii nirantarta haye, jisamen kaee samaan paatr hain, lekin kahani "agali peedhi" aur gahare, rahasyamay vishayon kii shuruat parr kendrit haye. yeye pustaken paise key liye sakhti seey likhi gaee theen, aur unhein bahut cumm aalochanatmak prashansa millie, lekin kaue ney pahale key anukram seey bache kaee logon koo maarne kaa anand liya, aamtaur parr betuki aur/yaa apmaanjanak paristhitiyon mein.
nibandh, yaaden aur vivaad.
notah "dha inglish gentleman" koo "dha discan off dha gentleman" key roop mein bhee prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa."
anya lekhan.
unhone "shrota"; "muthbhed"; "landan patrika"; "darshak"; "nae rajneta" aur anya patrikaon aur patrikaon key liye bhee lekh aur lekh likhe.
naatak, patkatha, tv aur film roopaantaran.
chayanit patkatha, tv aur film roopaantaran.
notah "dhakke key dhoop" key liye americi sheershak thaah "rakt choosane vaale"