tripoli, lebnan kaa itihas

tripoli mein basti key pramaan 1400 eesaa poorv key hain. 9veen shatabdi mein, feenicians ney tripoli mein ack vyaparik kendra sthaapit kiya aur baad mein, farsi shasson key tahat, yeh shahar fenician shahar-raajyon key sangh kaa kendra bunn gayaa. hellenistic shasson key tahat, tripoli kaa upayog nausena key jahaaj key yard key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa aur shahar koo swaayatta kii avadhi kaa anand liya jaataa thaa. yeh lagbhag 64 eesaa poorv roman shasson key tahat aaya thaa. 551 berut bhookamp aur sunami ney anya bhoomadhyasagariya tateey shaharon key saath-saath tripoli key byzantine shahar koo nasht curr diyaa.
umayyad shasson key dauran, tripoli ack vaanijyik aur jahaaj nirmaan kendra bunn gayaa. yeh jaba seekhane key kendra key roop mein vikasit huaa, tou isane alpayu niyam key tahat ardh-swatantrata praapt kii. 12veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein dharmayoddhaon ney shahar kii gherabandi curr lii aur antatah 1109 mein isamen pravesh karane mein saksham hue. isase vyaapak vinash huaa, jisamen tipoli key prasiddh pustakalaya, daar all-ilm (gyaan kaa ghar), key hajaaron khandon koo jalaana shamil thaa. dharmayoddhaon key shasson key dauran shahar tripoli county kii rajdhani bunn gayaa. 1289 mein, yeh mamlukon key haathon gir gayaa aur shahar kaa purana bandargah hissa nasht hoe gayaa. isake baad puraane mahal key paas ack nayaa antardeshiya shahar banaaya gayaa. 1516 seey 1918 taka ottoman shasson key dauran, isane apani samriddhi aur vaanijyik mahatva koo banaae rakhaa. tripoli aur sabhi lebnan 1920 seey 1943 taka francisi janadesh key tahat they jaba lebnan ney swatantrata praapt kii.
pracheen kaal.
kaee itihaaskaar eesaa poorv 8veen (yaa kabhi-kabhi chauthi) shatabdi seey pahale tripoli mein kissy bhee finician sabhyata kii upasthiti koo aswikar karate hain. anya logon kaa tark haye kii lebnan key tata parr fenician bandargah pratishthanon kaa uttar-dakshin dhaal fenician tipai key liye ack praarambhik ayu kaa sanket detaa haye.
tripoli kii badey paimaane parr khudai naheen kii gaee haye kyonki pracheen sthal aadhunik shahar ell meena key neeche dabaa huaa haye. haalaanki, kuchh aakasmik khoj abb sangrahalayon mein hain. ell meena mein khudai seey pracheen bhediyon, eel aur gajel key kankal avashesh, pracheen dakshini bandargah kwe kaa hissa, grinding mill, vibhinn prakaar key stambh, pahiye, dhanush aur hellenistic kaal key anta seey ack kabristan kaa pataa chalaa. crusader mahal mein banaai gaee ack dhwani ney roman, byzantine aur fatimid avasheshon key alawa kansya yug, lauh yug key anta kaa khulasa kiya. abou halka kshetra (tripoli key dakshini pravesh dwaar parr) mein praarambhik (30,000 varsh puraane) aur madhya pashan yug key sharan sthal ujagar kiye gaye they.
tripoli samudri vyaapaar (poorv bhoomadhyasagariya aur paschim) aur kaarvaan vyaapaar (uttar seeriya aur bheetari ilaakon) key saath uttari phoenicia kaa ack vittiya kendra aur mukhya bandargah bunn gayaa.
chayan samrajya.
chaynon key tahat, tripoli ney apane swayam key sikkon (112 eesaa poorv) koo taksal karane kaa adhikaar praapt kiya, joe chaandi aur kansya mein banaae gaye they; ise 104 aur 105 key beach swaayatta dee gaee thee, jise isane 64 eesaa poorv taka banaae rakhaa. usa samay, tripoli jahaaj nirmaan aur devdaar kii lakadi key vyaapaar (anya finician shaharon kii tarah) kaa kendra thaa.
roman kaal.
roman aur byzantine avadhi key dauran, tripoli ney nagarpalika stadium yaa vyayamshala sahit mahatvapurna saarvajanik bhavanon key nirmaan koo dekhaa, kyonki shaahi tateey rajmarg key beach mein shahar kii ranneetik sthiti key kaaran joe antioc seey tolemis taka jaati haye. isake alawa, tripoli ney teen alag aur prashaasnik roop seey swatantra quarters (aradian, cydonian aur tyrean) key samaan vinyas koo banaae rakhaa. shahar key baahar kaa kshetra teen chaturthansh key beach vibhajit thaa.
teesari shatabdi key anta mein, tripolis lagbhag 270 seey 286 taka ack roman taksal kaa sthal thaa.
488 mein, antioc key saverus koo tripolis (aadhunik dinn kii tripoli) mein sent leontius key church mein evagrius key praayojak key roop mein bapatisma diyaa jaataa haye.
rashidun yug.
varsh 18 mein commander yukna dwara ack alag vijay mein pahali baar tripoli parr vijay praapt kii gaee thee, phir byzantine samrajya ney umar ibn all-khatab key khaleefaa key anta mein yaa uthman ibn affan key khaleefaa kii shuruat mein apane kuchh taton parr phir seey kabja curr liya. jaba uthman ney levent parr muwaiyah koo niyukt kiya, tou muwaiyah ney ise bahaal karane key liye sufyan binn mujib all-azdi koo tripoli bheja, aur yeh teen shaharon koo milakar thaa, isaliye unhone all-maraj ("ghaas kaa maidan") mein banaaya, isase meal door, ack kilaa jise "sufyan kaa kilaa" kahaa jaataa thaa, aur vaha harr raat apane kille mein rahata thaa aur vahaan musalmaanon koo majboot kartaa thaa, phir subah dushman key paas jaataa thaa. unhone tripoli koo gher liya aur samudra aur bhoomi seey usake logon kii aapoorti koo kaat diyaa. ibn askar ney apane "damishk key itihas" mein vivaran jodaa haye joe kahani kii pushti kartaa haye, jise unhone aboo mutee 'muu' yavia binn yahya all-tarabulsi (170 aaha, 786/787 aid key baad mrityu hoe gaee) key adhikaar parr apane prasaran kii shrinkhala key saath prasaarit kiya thaa, joe tripoli seey ack sheikh key adhikaar parr thaa, joe sufyan binn mujib ney apani mahaan senaa key saath maaraj all-silah (bedadavi) mein derra daala thaa, joe tripoli seey paanch meal door haye. terbol parvat key udgam sthaan parr, vaha tripoli kii or ghoomkar gherabandi kartaa thaa aur phir all-bedaavi mein apane shivir mein lautata thaa, aur maheenon taka aisaa hii kartaa rhaa jaba taka kii muaviya ney usey aur usake sathiyon key liye ack aisaa kilaa banaane kaa adesh naheen diyaa joe raat mein usey sharan dega aur dinn mein unhein gher legaa. natijatan, sufyan ney tripoli seey dou meal kii doori parr ack kilaa banaaya, jise "sufyan kaa kilaa" kahaa jaataa haye."
aboo all-mutee 'all-tarabulsi key iss aitihaasik paath key aadhar parr, itihaaskaar omer tadmori ney kahaa kii sufyan kilaa abb gyaat tripoli gadh mein sthit haye. mahal purani tripoli (ell meena) seey dou meal door haye, yaa 3200 meater door haye. jaba gherabandi tej hoe gaee, tou way shahar key ack kille mein ikattha hoe gaye aur roman raajaa constance II koo unhein aapoorti karane yaa bhaagne key liye unhein naav bhejane key liye kahaa. baad mein, samrat ney unake paas kaee naaven bhejin, isaliye way raat mein una parr savaar hoe gaye aur bhaag gaye. jaba sufyan koo pataa chalaa, tou usane usa kille koo paaya jisamen way khaali they, isaliye usane usamen pravesh kiya, aur muaviya koo vijay kii khabar likhi. phir abd all-malik ney baad mein ise phir seey banaaya aur ise (aadhunik all-meena mein) majboot kiya.
umayyad, abbasid aur fateem avadhi.
tripoli ney poore bhoomadhyasagariya key liye ack vyaparik kendra key roop mein mahatva praapt kiya jaba isamen arabon kaa nivaas thaa. tripoli damishk kaa bandargah shahar thaa; alexandaria key baad arab nausena kaa doosara sainya bandargah; ack samriddh vaanijyik aur jahaaj nirmaan kendra; kutama ismaili shiya baano ammar ameeron key tahat ack samriddh riyasat. kanuni roop seey, tripoli damishk key sainya praant (jund dimashk) key adhikaar kshetra kaa hissa thaa.
abbasi yug.
byzantines ney islami kshetron parr hamla karke aur 141 mein tripoli parr kabja karke islami kranti key parinamswarup raajneetik parivartanon kaa laabh uthaaya, isake governor, rabaa binn all-nue 'maan seey, jisamen baaka parr varsh 137 mein vidrohi alias dwara hamla kiya gayaa thaa (754/755 AD) aur vidroh 141 mein huaa. aur jaba ghatanaaen badheen, tou abasid khalifa key liye khalifa kii raksha key liye ladaai key saath vaapas ladanaa anivarya hoe gayaa. unhone unaki raksha key liye ladaakon key saath seemaon koo sangathit kiya. unhone tanukhid janjaatiyon koo levant key taton aur islami sampatti koo byzantine khatare aur sthaaniya shatrutapurna andolanon seey bachaane key liye berut key pahaadon kii or jaane key liye niyukt kiya.
tripoli kaa vidroh.
tripoli mein, varsh 968 esvi key anuroop 357 aeye. aich., rajyapal, aboo all-hassan ahmed binn ghurair all-arghali key atyachar aur logon key saath unake anyaay aur krurta key parinamswarup turkey abbasid-niyukt ikhshid shasakon key khilaf ack kranti hui. yeh gyaat haye kii tripoli usa samay damascus key vilaayat seey sambaddh thaa, aur yeh kii damaskin vallie vaha haye joe tripoli key rajyapal kii niyukti kartaa haye. logon ney shaasak koo shahar seey nishkaasit curr diyaa, isaliye vaha shahar mein buss gayaa aur usey majboot kiya, aur tripoli key nivasi binaa kissy shaasak yaa ameer key bunn gaye. aur iss beach, byzantine samrat nickforos focas dwiteeya musalmaanon seey ise lene key prayaas mein levent parr apane abhiyaan mein tripoli pahunche, jahan unhone arka sahit desh key uttar koo jabt curr liya thaa. jahan unhone aboo all-hassan binn ghurair all-arghali koo giraftar kiya aur apana saaraa paisa leey liya, phir vaha tripoli gaye aur eed all-adhaa key dinn vahaan gaye aur usa raat usamen rahey aur isake kshetra koo jalaa diyaa aur tateey deshon mein laut aae.
ksheen yug.
varsh 969 esvi key baad, misra mein fatimid raajya ney ikhshidi raajya kaa uttaradhikari banaa aur lebnan parr apana shasson badhaaya. 975 mein, byzantine samrat zimiskes kii senaa ney turkey virodhi fatimid sainya general aftakin kii senaa seey tripoli leey lii. byzantine general bardas foka ney 983 esvi mein tripoli taka pahunchane aur aakraman karane key liye bekaa kii disha mein homes chhod diyaa. 996 aur 997 esvi mein byzantine general dalasenos key sainya balon ney tripoli key parivesh parr chhaapa maaraa, aur disambar 999 mein, byzantine samrat tulsi dwiteeya ney bhee usee maheene tripoli key khilaf ack asafal gherabandi kaa netritva kiya.
lebnan mein faile fatimid key sabse pramukh udyogon mein broked kapadon kaa nirmaan aur "tunefusa" (tanfusa) kaa nirmaan thaa. tripoli shahar lekhan key liye kagaj banaane key liye prasiddh thaa. lebnan key tata key bandargah sabhi krishi aur audyogik utpaadon key liye ack lokpriya bajar they, saath hii bhoomadhyasagariya besin key shaharon mein unake niryaat key liye ack kendra bhee they.
11veen shatabdi kii tripoli.
1047 mein yatri nasir-aeye-khusro kii yatra key dauran, unhone tripoli mein aabaadi key aakar kaa anuman lagbhag 20,000 lagaaya aur poori aabaadi shiya musalman thee. aur nasir khusro key anusaar, fatimid sultan ney tripoli seey ack shaktishali senaa koo khadaa kiya taaki ise byzantine, spasht, aur alucian aur morocan akramanon aur chhaapon seey bachaaya jaa sakey.
tripoli parr qadiyon dwara shasson kiya jaataa thaa jinhen carro seey fatimiyon dwara 1170 key aspas qaadi mukhtar all-dawa ibn baazal kii mrityu taka niyukt kiya jaataa thaa. phir baano ammar parivaar seey ameen all-dawa aboo talib all-hassan ibn ammar qaadi bunn gaye aur shahar koo swatantra ghoshit curr diyaa. baanu ammar ney 1109 taka shahar parr shasson kiya. ameen all-davala key tahat shahar ack vaanijyik kendra banaa rhaa aur 100,000 khandon kaa pustakalaya honey key saath shiyawad kaa ack bauddhik kendra bunn gayaa.
1072 mein ameen all-davala kii mrityu key baad unake bhatije jalal all-mulk allie ibn muhammad 1099 mein unaki mrityu taka unake uttaradhikari rahey jaba unake bhaai fakhar all-mulk ney unakaa uttaradhikari banaaya. raymond dee sent-gills key tahat pahale dharmayuddh key fakhar all-mulk frankish sainikon ney tripoli kii gherabandi shuru kii.
all-mulk ney damishk aur baghdad key liye tripoli chhod dee taaki vahaan key soonni shasakon seey dharmayuddh key khilaf madad maangi jaa sakey.
yoddha kaal.
1102 seey 12 julaai, 1109 taka chully tripoli kii gherabandi key baad, yeh shahar tripoli county (levent kaa lattin yoddha raajya) kaa mukhya shahar bunn gayaa, joe biablos seey laker latakia taka faila huaa thaa aur jisamen prasiddh crock days chaveliers key saath akkar kaa maidan bhee shamil thaa. tripoli ack bishparik kii seat bhee thee. tripoli ack vyast bandargah kaa ghar thaa aur resham bunai kaa ack pramukh kendra thaa, jisamen 4,000 karagh they. usa samay key mahatvapurna utpaadon mein nimbu, santare aur ganna shamil they. 180 varshon taka, spasht shasson key dauran, tripoli aur padosi gaanvon mein bolly jaane vaali bhaashaon mein ossitan bhee shamil thee. usa samay, tripoli mein paschimi europeeya, yunani, armenian, maronite, nestorian, yahudi aur musalman sahit ack visham aabaadi thee. dharmayuddh kii avadhi key dauran, tripoli ney "teerthyatriyon key parvat" (gadh) key aspas kii antardeshiya basti kaa vikas shahar key mukhya dhaarmik smarakon sahit ack nirmit upnagar mein dekhaa, jaise kih "teerthyatriyon key parvat kii pavitra kabr kaa church" (shite mandir koo shamil karate hue), tower key sant mairi kaa church, aur carmelite church. yeh raajya shurveeron key aspatal key sainya adesh key liye sanchaalan kaa ack pramukh aadhar thaa, jinhone prasiddh mahal crock days chaveliers (aaj ack unesco vishva dharohar sthal) parr kabja curr liya thaa.
1271 mein tripoli kii gherabandi mein mamluk sultan key khaadidaaron ney shahar parr kabja karane kii asafal koshish kii.
1289 mein raajya kaa astitva samaapt hoe gayaa, jaba tripoli key patan mein misra key mamluk sultan kalavun ney ise kabja curr liya thaa.
mamluk avadhi.
tripoli parr sultan all-mansur kalavun ney 1289 mein dharmayoddhaon seey kabja curr liya thaa. mamlukon ney puraane shahar koo nasht curr diyaa aur usase 4 kimmy antardeshiya kshetra mein ack nayaa shahar banaaya. mamluk shahar key lagbhag 35 smaarak aaj taka jeevit hain, jinamen masjiden, madarse, khankah, hammam (snanghar) aur carvancera shamil hain, jinamen seey kaee sthaaniya mamluk ameeron (rajkumaron) dwara banaae gaye hain. mamlukon ney divaaron key saath shahar koo majboot naheen kiya, lekin site parr raymond dee sent-gills key dharm-samarthak gadh koo bahaal aur punah upayog kiya.
mamluk kaal key dauran, tripoli ack kendriya shahar aur mamluk seeriya mein chhah raajyon kii praantiya rajdhani bunn gaee. tripoli aleppo aur safaad key baad teesare sthaan parr haye. raajya koo chhah "vilayah" yaa praanton mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa aur dakshin mein biblose aur akra pahaadon seey laker uttar mein latakia aur all alavian pahaadon taka vistaarit kiya gayaa thaa. isamen hermail, akkar kaa maidan aur "hosson all-akrad" (crock days chaveliers) bhee shamil they.
tripoli siriya kaa ack pramukh vyaparik bandargah bunn gayaa joe europe koo candy, rotty aur pouder cheeni (vishesh roop seey 14 veen shatabdi key uttaraardh key dauran) kii aapoorti kartaa haye. krishi aur chhote udyog key mukhya utpaadon mein khatte phal, jaitoon kaa tail, sabun aur vastra (kapas aur resham, vishesh roop seey makhmali) shamil they.
mamlukon ney mukhya raajneetik, sainya aur prashaasnik karyon koo sambhaalane vaale shaasak varg kaa gathan kiya. arabon ney jansankhya aadhar (dhaarmik, audyogik aur vaanijyik kaary) kaa gathan kiya aur samanya aabaadi mein shahar key mool nivasi, seeriya key vibhinn hisson key apravasi, uttari african joe tripoli kii mukti key dauran kalavun kii senaa key saath they, purvi roodhivaadi isai, kuchh paschimi parivaar aur yahoodiyon key alpasankhyak shamil they. mamluk tripoli kii jansankhya kaa aakar anumaanit roop seey 20,000-40,000 haye; damascus aur aleppo mein pratyek mein 100,000 key mukabale.
mamluk tripoli mein shahari vikas kii uchch darr aur teji seey shahar kaa vikas dekhaa gayaa (yatri key khaaton key anusaar). isamen kille, mahaan masjid aur nadee key taton sahit vikas key khambhe bhee they. antardeshiya shahar kii raksha key liye bandargah sthal parr shahar key saat gaard tower they, jisamen aaj bhee shher tower key roop mein khadaa haye. iss avadhi key dauran sant gill key mahal kaa vistaar mamluk tripoli key gadh key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. rajkumar key jalmarg" kaa upayog jharanon seey paani laane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. kaee pulon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa aur aspas key baagon kaa vistaar daldali jall nikasi key madhyam seey kiya gayaa. gharon koo unaki chhaton seey taaja paani kii aapoorti kii jaati thee.
mamluk tripoli kaa shahari roop mukhya roop seey jalavaayu, sthal vinyas, raksha aur shahari saundaryashastra dwara nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. pramukh maargon kaa leout prachalit havaaon aur sthalaakriti key anusaar nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. shahar mein koee kille naheen they, lekin bhaari imarat nirmaan kii visheshta saghan shahari roop, sankeern aur ghumaavdaar sadakon key kaaran shahar mein pravesh karna mushkil thaa. aavaasiya kshetron koo nigrani aur raksha key liye ranneetik binduon parr sadakon parr baandh diyaa gayaa thaa. shahar mein sadak junctions parr kaee khaamiyan aur sankeern daraaren bhee shamil theen.
mamluk tripoli kii dhaarmik aur dharmnirpeksh imaraton mein usa samay kii vastukala kaa ack achchha udaaharan shamil haye. unamen seey sabse purana 12veen aur 13veen shatabdi key churchon seey liye gaye pattharon seey banaaya gayaa thaa; usa avadhi kii vastukala kii visheshataaen masjidon aur madrason, islami schools mein sabse achchi tarah seey dekhi jaati hain. yeh madarse hain joe sabse adhik dhyaan aakarshit karate hain, kyonki unamen atyadhik mool sanrachanaon key saath-saath sajawat bhee shamil haih yahaan ack shahad kii chhat, vahaan ack dilchasp aakar kaa cornishe, darwaja yaa dhalai gaee khidki kaa dhancha haye. sabse achche mein madarsa all-burtasia haye, jiska ack suruchipurna agrabhag kaale aur safed pattharon mein uthaaya gayaa haye aur mukhya darwaaje parr ack atyadhik sajaaya gayaa lintel haye.
mamluk tripoli mein saarvajanik imaraton parr baithane, agrabhag upchaar aur sadak sanrekhan key madhyam seey jore diyaa gayaa thaa. achchi tarah seey katey hue aur achchi tarah seey kapade pahane hue pattharon (sthaaniya balua patthar) kaa upayog nirmaan key madhyam key roop mein aur oonchaai aur aspas key udghaatan (baari-baari seey prakaash aur gahare patthar key pathyakramon kii ablak takneek) parr sajawati prabhaav key liye kiya jaataa thaa. assar vaali divaaron kaa upayog urdhvaadhar aadhar key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. prarthana kakshon seey laker bund aaytaakaar kamaron taka, aangan key aspas kii deerghaon taka, cross walt mein adhikansh sthaan shamil they. gumbadon kaa nirmaan makbare key kaksh, mihrab aur dhake hue aangan jaise vishisht aur mahatvapurna sthaanon parr kiya gayaa thaa. mamluk tripoli mein vishisht nirmaan vivaran mein ashtakoniya udghaatan yaa avtal guldaste key saath-saath saral kapol yaa ribbed gumbadon mein avtal khaanche key saath cross walt shamil they. dohare drum aur koney key squinch kaa upayog aamtaur parr vargakar kamaron seey goal gumbadon mein sankraman karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa.
mamluk imaraton mein sajawat imaraton key sabse vishisht kshetron parr kendrit haih meenaaren, portals, khidakiyan, baahar kii or, aur mihrab, kibla deewaar, aur ander kii or farsh. usa samay kii sajawat koo sanrachanaatmak sajawat mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye (imaraton key baahar paaya jaataa haye aur nirmaan key madhyam jaise kii ablak deevaaren, saade yaa zigzag moulding, machhali key paimaane key rupankanon, juggled lintel yaa vausoir, shilalekh aur mukarna) aur lagu sajawat (imaraton key ander paaee jaati haye aur isamen sangamarmar key marketry, stucco aur kaanch key mozek kaa upayog shamil haye).
mansuri kii mahaan masjid key aspas madrason kii badee sankhya key saath masjiden samaan roop seey fail gaeen. sabhi khaan sadakon seey seeriya taka aasaan pahunch key liye shahar key uttari bhaag mein sthit they. hammam (saarvajanik snan) badee aabaadi kii sandrata kii seva key liye saavdhaanipoorvak sthit theh ack bhavya masjid key buggle mein, doosara vaanijyik jile key kendra mein, aur teesara daahine-tata kii basti mein.mamluk shahar key lagbhag 35 smaarak aaj taka jeevit hain, jinamen masjidon, madrason, khankahon, hammamon aur carvancera shamil hain, jinamen seey kaee sthaaniya mamluk ameeron dwara banaae gaye hain. mamluk tripoli mein pramukh imaraton mein chhah saamoohik masjiden (mansuri mahaan masjid, all-attaar, tainal, all-uvaisiyaat, all-burtasi aur all-tavabat masjid) shamil theen. sultan all-ashraf khalil (aar. 1290-93) ney 1293 key anta yaa 1294 (693 aah) mein apane pitaa (kalavun) kii yaad mein shahar kii pahali saamoohik masjid kii sthaapana kii. baad mein masjid key chaaron or chhah madarse banaae gaye. mamlukon ney divaaron key saath shahar koo majboot naheen kiya, lekin site parr ack yoddha gadh koo bahaal aur punah upayog kiya. isake alawa, dou chauthai masjiden (abd all-vaahid aur arghaun shaah) theen, aur dou masjiden joe khaali jameen (all-burtasi aur all-uvaisiyat) parr banaai gaee theen. anya masjidon mein pahale kii sanrachanaaen (church, khaan aur dukaanen) shamil theen. mamluk tripoli mein 16 madarse bhee shamil they jinamen seey chaar abb maujood naheen hain (all-zuraikiyat, all-attaar, all-rifaiyah aur all-umariyat). chhah madarse bhavya masjid key aspas kendrit they. tripoli mein ack khankah, kaee dharmnirpeksh imaaraten, paanch khaan, teen hammam (turkey snan) bhee shamil they joe apane kapolon key liye prasiddh hain. hammam koo shandar dhang seey sajaaya gayaa thaa aur unake gumbadon seey neeche kii or bahane vaali roshni jagah key aantarik vatavaran koo badhaati haye.
ottoman kaal.
tripoli ottoman samprabhuta key tahat aaya jaba turkon ney 1516 esvi mein marge daabik kii ladaai mein mamlukon koo haraaya. aur unhone kuchh varshon key liye guaranter aur pratinidhiyon kii niyukti mein pranali kaa paalan kiya, jaba taka kii yeh una jaagiron koo patte parr naheen diyaa gayaa, jinaki or seey unhein varsh 1522 esvi taka isake shasson koo sambhaalane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. tripoli tripoli kii praantiya rajdhani aur mukhya shahar bunn gayaa, jisamen tateey kshetra koo biblose seey laker tarsus aur homes aur haama key antardeshiya siriyai shaharon taka shamil kiya gayaa; dou anya netrapattikaen aleppo netrapat aur сam netrapat theen.
ottomans ney kaee nae aavaasiya kshetron kaa nirmaan kiya joe mamluk shahar koo gherate they, jisase aabaadi mein uchhaal aaya aur isaki masjidon, madrasiyon, hammamat aur khaanon kii sankhya mein kaafee vriddhi hui. sthaapit ottoman sthalon mein shamil hain; tekke darvesh mevlevi, hammam all-ajeem (nayaa), mahmoud bey all-sanjak masjid, mahmoud lutfi all-zaim masjid, hamidi masjid, sabeel all-baasha, mantri muhammad paasha, sabeel all-zaahid, tekia all-qaadiriya, aur saat all-taal. tripoli mein turkon key shasankal koo isaki samprabhuta key tahat sabse lamba islami yug maanaa jaataa haye, kyonki unakaa shasson lagbhag saadhe chaar shataabdiyon taka faila huaa thaa, aathh varshon key apavaad key saath, jaba yeh misra key shasson key adheen thaa jaba muhammad allie all-kabir key bete ibrahim paasha ney 1832 mein isamen pravesh kiya thaa.
1612 taka, tripoli koo aleppo kaa bandargah maanaa jaataa thaa. yeh siriyai aantarik vyaapaar aur pahaadi bheetari ilaakon seey curr sangrah parr bhee nirbhar thaa. tripoli ney 17veen aur 18veen shatabdi key dauran francisi vyapariyon kii ack majboot upasthiti dekhi aur vyaapaar key liye teevra antar-europeeya pratispardha key tahat bunn gayaa. 19veen shatabdi mein tripoli koo birut key vilaayat mein ack sanjak kendra mein seemit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur 1918 taka apana darja banaae rakhaa jaba taka kii british balon ney ise kabja naheen curr liya.
ottoman tripoli mein saarvajanik karyon mein suleiman pratham dwara tripoli key gadh kii bahaali shamil thee, joe shandar thaa. baad mein rajyapalon ney mool yoddha sanrachana mein aur sanshodhan kiye jinka upayog sainya chauki kendra aur jail key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. khaan all-saboun (mool roop seey ack sainya bairak) kaa nirmaan kissy bhee vidroh koo niyantrit karane key liye shahar key kendra mein kiya gayaa thaa. ottoman tripoli ney shahar key dakshini pravesh dwaar aur kaee imaraton key vikas koo bhee dekhaa, jaise kii all-mualk yaa "latakati" masjid (1559), all-tehhan masjid (17veen shatabdi kii shuruat), aur all-tavbah masjid (mamluk nirmaan, 1612 kii baadh seey nasht hoe gayaa aur ottoman kaal key dauran punarsthaapit). isamen khaan all-saboun (17veen shatabdi kii shuruat) aur hammam all-zadeed (1740) jaisi kaee dharmnirpeksh imaaraten bhee shamil theen.
swatantra lebnan.
1918 mein ottoman shasson key anta key baad seey, tripoli vistaarit aarthik aur raajneetik girawat kii avadhi mein fansa huaa haye. lebnan key pramukh bandargah key roop mein berut key uday ney tripoli koo ack vyaapaar kendra key roop mein apani poorv pramukhta seey vanchit curr diyaa, aur vaishvikaran ney shahar kii vinirmaan mein pratispardha karane kii kshamata koo nasht curr diyaa.
lebnan kaa grihyuddh.
siriyai hastakshep.
31 maee 1976 koo siriyai senaa ney lebnan parr aakraman shuru kiya. teen-ayami aakraman key dauran dou hazaar sainikon aur 60 tankon ney teen tukadiyon mein march kiya. pahala stambh dakshin mein shuff key paar cydone kii or badhaa, jahan ise plo balon dwara roque diyaa gayaa thaa. doosara stambh berut-damishk aksh key saath paschim kii or badhaa, isase pahale kii berot mein rokaa jaae. ack aur stambh bekaa ghaati key madhyam seey uttar kii or badhaa, phir paschim kii or tripoli kii or gayaa, jahan ise isai balon dwara roque diyaa gayaa thaa. 10 juuna taka aakraman roque diyaa gayaa thaa. octuber 1976 key madhya mein doosara siriyai aakraman sabhi kendriya lebnan key saath-saath desh key kuchh sabse mahatvapurna shahari kendron parr kabja karane mein safal rhaa.
plo aur tripoli kii ladaai.
navambar kii shuruat mein, kathit taur parr libian balon dwara samarthit plo-philistine virodhi guton aur siriyai sainikon ney tripoli key baahari ilaakon mein plo padon parr hamla karna shuru curr diyaa, sabse mahatvapurna roop seey bedawi aur naahar all-bared. arafat virodhi aatankvaadiyon ney plo parr ladaai shuru karane kaa aarop lagaaya. arafat virodhi taakton mein all-murgha key anuyaayi, pee. aff. ell. pee., pee. aff. ell. pee.-jee. see., ass-saaka aur pyalestine liberation armi (pee. ell. aeye.) shamil they. kull milakar, gherabandi karane vaalon mein 10,000 siriyai sanic aur 6,000 philistine key aatankvaadi shamil honge.
praarambhik jhadapon mein topkhaane sahit bhaari hathiyar shamil they. jaba jamini yuddh chala rhaa thaa, prachaar yuddh bhee athak thaa. arafat ney anya islami deshon seey "ack nae narsamhar" seey bachane key liye plo kii sahaayata karane kaa ahwan kiya, yeh maanate hue kii antarrashtriya dabaav damascus koo unhein vaidh netaa key roop mein sweekaar karane aur ladaai koo rokane key liye majboor karega. haalaanki, plo key liye arab samarthan jyaadaatar siriyai karyon key prati iraq dwara ninda key bayanon taka seemit thaa aur misra ney arafat kii senaaon koo hathiyaron kaa jahaaj bheja thaa. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii israel kii nausena key saath-saath siriyai nausena donon jaanboojhkar hathiyaron key shipment koo arafat taka pahunchane kii anumati dey rahey they, kyonki poorv ney plo key guton key beach ladaai koo manjuri dee thee, jabaki seeriya "khule taur parr kaary" naheen karna chaahata thaa. soviyat sangh ney plo key khilaf seeriya key hamalon key virodh mein aavaaj uthaai, lekin hastakshep seey parhej kiya. plo ney jamini star parr samarthan jutaane kii bhee koshish kii, udaaharan key liye siriyai vishesh ikaaiyon dwara yarmouk shivir mein arafat key samarthan mein ack pradarshan parr golibari karane key baad asad key khilaf bolane key liye alaaviyon koo bulana.
vidrohiyon ney 6 navambar koo naahar all-bared parr kabja curr liya. 9 navambar koo, ack yuddhaviram parr sahamati bunny, jabaki kuwait, saudi arab, algeria, lebnan key teesare pakshon jaise rajneta rashid karami aur arab leag dwara madhyasthata key tahat plo, arafat virodhi samoohon aur seeriya key beach baatchit mein hastakshep kiya gayaa. antatah ladaai phir seey shuru hui. 16 navambar taka, plo koo jyaadaatar dou shiviron seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, halanki kuchh arafat wafadar jeb shuru mein bedadavi mein rakhe gaye they. siriyai sashastr balon ney taba tripoli koo gher liya aur ack topkhaane aur havaai bambari shuru kii, jisase kaee nagrik visthaapit hoe gaye aur bandargah mein teen jahaajon koo nasht curr diyaa. plo ney apani tarah seey jawab diyaa, apane swayam key katyusha rockett lancharon aur mortaron key saath mukabala karate hue, jaanboojhkar unhein aavaasiya kshetron key beach chhipa diyaa. topkhaane key yuddh ney antatah tripoli key bandargah, isaki tail shodhan aur kendriya bajar key kuchh hisson koo nasht curr diyaa. arafat key anuyaayiyon ney 18 navambar koo beddawi mein jawabi hamla shuru kiya; operation teen dinon taka chalaa, lekin bhaari topkhaane kii aag key kaaran vyaapak vinash key alawa kuchh thhos parinam saamane aae.
22 navambar koo, siriyai samarthit asantushton ney plo wafadaron dwara bhaari pratirodh key bavjood tripoli key kinaaron parr badee pragati kii, shahar key uttari pravesh dwaar parr mallauleh chauraahe koo surakshit kiya aur baal mohsen quarter key madhyam seey sabhi sadakon koo kaat diyaa, jisase bedadavi taka pahuncha. baad key shivir mein antim arafat wafadaron koo iss prakaar sahaayata seey kaat diyaa gayaa thaa. iss bindu parr, siriyai samarthak alavite aatankvaadi bhee tripoli key bheetar uthhe, arafat kii senaa parr hamla kiya. bhale hii plo wafadaron koo teji seey gher liya gayaa thaa, shaban ney kahaa kii shaban ney arafat seey rahane aur ladaai jaari rakhane kaa aagrah kiya. badale mein, arafat ney ghoshana kii kii unaki senaa kii koee bhee vaapsee siriyai samarthit aatankvaadiyon key tripoli seey baahar rahane aur apane sahyogiyon koo akele chhodane parr nirbhar thee. 26 navambar koo, philistine key vidrohiyon ney saudi-siriyai yuddhaviram yojana koo samay dene key liye ack dhamki bharey hamale koo sthagit karane kaa faisala kiya.
siriyai aur sahayogi philistiniyon dwara baar-baar hamalon kaa saamana karate hue, anya deshon kii nishkriyata key saath, arafat antatah haar maan gaye aur navambar key anta mein yuddhaviram key saath-saath nikasi samjhaute parr sahmat hoe gaye. sanyukt raajya america aur arab deshon seey vaade praapt karane key baad kii unaki senaaon parr unake peechhe hatane parr hamla naheen kiya jaayega, plo tripoli chhodane key liye sahmat hoe gaye. haalaanki, unake balon kii nikasi mein deree honey padee, kyonki israeli nausena ney tripoli koo golaa karna shuru curr diyaa. arafat kii senaayen apane bhaari hathiyaron koo peechhe chhodane key liye sahmat huin, jinamen katyusha kaee rockett lancher, takniki, recoilles raifalon aur vimaan bhedi bandooken shamil hain. inhen lebnan kii senaa koo saunp diyaa gayaa. 20 disambar koo vimaan vaahak "clemenso" sahit francisi nausena key jahaajon key sanrakshan mein darjanon ghayal sahit lagbhag 4,700 pee. ell. oh. wafadaron koo paanch yunani jahaajon dwara nikala gayaa thaa. jaba arafat apane jahaaj parr chadh gayaa aur bandargah mein bheed koo haath hilaaya, tou usake anuyaayiyon aur eam aatankvaadiyon ney havaa mein apane hathiyaron seey golibari karke usey salaam kiya. plo aatankvaadiyon ney kathit taur parr hatasha aur raahat kaa mishran mahsoos kiya, kyonki way yuddh haar gaye they aur unhein videsh jaanaa padaa thaa, lekin cumm seey cumm "vinashkari topkhaane kii gherabandi" seey butch gaye.
plo wafadaron koo algeria, uttari yaman, tunisia aur sudan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. lagbhag 500 cyprus mein utar gaye aur phir unhein iraq leey jaaya gayaa. seeriya aur plo virodhi gutt iss prakaar arafat key wafadaron koo sabhi lebnan seey nishkaasit karane mein safal rahey they. haalaanki, aayam tripoli mein basaa rhaa, aur pahale seey hii plo-niyantrit bandargah parr niyantran curr liya.
sampradayik jhadapen.
grihyuddh key dauran, jabal-mohsen-adharit arab loktaantrik party (aeye. dee. pee.) mein lebnani alaaviyon ney seeriya key saath gathbandhan kiya, tripoli mein soonni islami tauhid andolan key khilaf siriyai senaa key saath ladaai ladee, joe mukhya roop seey baab-tababenah mein sthit thaa. yeh ullekh karane yogya haye kii yuddh seey pahale, donon padosiyon kii aabaadi saath-saath rahati thee.
agast 1984 mein, tauheed aur aeye. dee. pee. key beach hinsak jhadapen huin, jisamen poorv koo masjid samiti aur islami samiti dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa. sadak parr hui ladaai mein 400 seey adhik logon key maare jaane key baad 22 agast koo bandargah parr niyantran hassil karane parr tauheed kii sthiti majboot hoe gaee. yeh ladaai taba taka chully jaba taka kii 18 sitambar koo iyam aur aeye. dee. pee. key beach ack siriyai-madhyasth shaanti samjhauta lagu naheen hoe gayaa. 1985 taka, tauhid kaa tripoli parr niyantran thaa, aur adp jabal mohsen mein fansa huaa thaa.
18 disambar 1986 koo siriyai sainikon ney tripoli mein tauheed commander sameer all-hassan koo giraftar kiya. usake aadmiyon ney ack chauki parr 15 siriyai sainikon koo maar curr jawab diyaa, jisase tauheed parr siriyai jawabi kaarravaai hui. adp, lebnani communist party, ssnp aur baath party milicia kii sahaayata seey, siriyai nirnaayak roop seey tauheed koo haraate hain, isake kaee ladaakon koo maarte hain, dusaron koo giraftar karate hain, aur shesh koo titar-bitar karate hain.
devdaar kranti.
lebnan mein rashtriya virodh pradarshan lebnan key raajnetaon parr hatyaon key taaron key baad hue, jisake liye usa samay lebnan parr kabja karane vaale siriyai shasson koo doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. tripoli mein koee badee ghatana naheen hui, haalaanki, hezbullah key mahasachiv hassan nasrallah ney siriyai samarthak pradarshanon mein devdaar kranti key virodh mein virodh pradarshan kaa ahwan kiya.
2007 naahar all bard sangharsh.
20 maee, 2007 koo naahar all-bared mein ack islami aatankvaadi sangathan fatah all-islam aur lebnani sashastr balon (laaf) key beach ladaai shuru hoe gaee. naahar all-bard philistine sharanarthi shivir 400,000 sharanarthiyon kaa ghar haye aur tateey sadak key paas tripoli seey 16 kimmy uttar mein sthit haye aur farwari seey jaanch key dayare mein thaa, jaba bikfaya key paas ack mukhya roop seey isai gaanv aina alaak mein dou bason parr bambari kii gaee thee. shivir mein sthit fatah all-islam aatankvaadiyon koo doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. shivir mein lagbhag 30,000 visthaapit philistiniyon key loga rahate hain.
tripoli mein ack ghar parr pulis kii chhapemari key baad 20 maee kii subah ladaai shuru hui, jiska upayog jahira taur parr fatah all-islam key aatankvaadiyon dwara kiya jaa rhaa thaa. aatankvaadi samooh ney baad mein lebnan key suraksha balon parr golibari shuru curr dee, jinhone jawabi golibari kii, jisase tripoli key paas naahar all-bard philistine sharanarthi shivir key aspas jhadapen shuru hoe gaeen. kathit taur parr purushon ney giraftari kaa virodh kiya aur hinsa padosi sadakon parr fail gaee. isake baad aatankvaadiyon ney shivir key dwaar parr ack lebnan sainya chauki parr hamla kiya, jisamen unaki neend key dauran 27 sanic maare gaye, kaee vaahanon koo jabt curr liya aur lebnan kii senaa key bachaav mein aae nagrikon kii ack anirdhaarit sankhya koo bhee maar daala. yuddhaviram kii baatchit key bavjood, fatah all-islam key aatankvaadiyon ney sharanarthi shivir key baahari ilaake mein lebnan kii senaa seey ladanaa jaari rakhaa, jabaki lebnan key tankon aur topkhaane ney shivir mein apani sthiti parr golabari jaari rakhee. lebnani senaa ney shivir parr kaee jamini aakraman shuru kiye.
24 juuna koo, 20 maee key baad pahali baar, ack islami aatankvaadi prakoshth parr sainya chhaape key baad ack apartment imarat mein tripoli mein ladaai shuru hui, jisamen 12 loga maare gaye. maare gaye logon mein 7 gair-fatah aatankvaadi, 1 sanic, 1 puliskarmi aur 3 nagrik they. anya 14 sanic ghayal hoe gaye. 28 juuna koo, senaa ney tripoli key dakshin mein pahaadon mein ack gufa mein fatah all-islam aatankvaadiyon key ack samooh koo paaya aur ladaai mein shamil kiya, jisamen 5 islamwadi maare gaye.
baab all tebana-punjabal mohsen sangharsh.
2008 kaa sangharsh.
2008 mein vipakshi milicia (mukhya roop seey shiya hezbullah) aur sarkaar samarthak sunni key beach ack sankshipt antarrajyiya sainya sangharsh huaa, 18 maheene key lambe raajneetik sankat key baad, jaba sarkaar key nirnay seey hezbullah kii dursanchar pranali koo samaapt karane kaa nirnay liya gayaa, jisake kaaran hezbullah ney paschim berut parr niyantran curr liya. tripoli mein dou pados jabal mohsen aur baab all-tababaneh key pados mein alawi hezbullah sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon aur sarkaar key sunee samarthakon key beach bhee bhaari ladaai chhid gaee thee, joe apani sampradayik hinsa key liye kukhyaat they, jisase hajaaron loga apane gharon seey bhaag gaye they.
10 maee kii raat seey 11 maee kii subah taka, tripoli mein alavite hezbullah sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon aur islami samoohon key sunee samarthakon key beach ladaai chhid gaee. ack mahila kii hatyaa curr dee gaee. 11 maee koo, islami samoohon key sunee samarthak kathit taur parr alavite prabhutva vaale jabal mohsen kshetra mein vipakshi anuyaayiyon seey machine-bandookon aur rockett-chaalit grenade seey lada rahey they. 12 maee koo tripoli mein jhadapon mein ack vyakti kii maut hoe gaee aur cumm seey cumm chhah anya ghayal hoe gaye. senaa ney kahaa kii aggar agale dinn subah taka jhadapen samaapt naheen huin, tou way ladaai koo samaapt karane key liye aavashyak honey parr bull kaa upayog karenge.
22 aur 23 key beach, baab all-tabaneh jile mein sthit sarkaar samarthak sunni aur jabal mohsen key siriyai samarthak alaaviyon key beach jhadapon mein cumm seey cumm nau logon, aathh nagrikon aur ack puliskarmi kii maut hoe gaee; 55 anya ghayal hoe gaye. subah lagbhag chaar baje shuru hui jhadapon mein machinegan aur rockett seey chalane vaale grenade kaa istemal kiya gayaa.
25 aur 29 julaai key beach, sunni aur alawi aatankvaadiyon key beach jhadapon mein 23 loga maare gaye they. 8 sitambar koo, alavite aur sunee netaaon ney ack sulah samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye jisase ladaai samaapt hoe gaee. baad mein sunni bhavishya andolan key netaa saad hariri ney tripoli kaa daura karate hue kahaa, "humm donon lebnan key hain aur humm kissy koo bhee hamaare saath chhedchhaad karane kii anumati naheen denge. main harr sambhav prayaas karoongi taaki kissy koo bhee tripoli mein alavite kii suraksha koo nuksan naa pahunchaane diyaa jaa sakey aur alavite kii suraksha yaa tripoli kii suraksha key saath chhedchhaad karane key liye kissy bhee baahari sajish koo whiffle kiya jaa sakey.
aeye. dee. pee. key sashastr wing key netaa rifat eed ney ack sakshatkar mein kahaah "humm sabse suvidhajanak lakshya hain, hezbullah key liye khade hain; hamari samasya tabhi hull hoe sakati haye jaba shiya aur sunni unakaa samadhan karein."
sangharsh key dauran 9,000 alawi apane gharon seey bhaag gaye.
siriyai grihyuddh fail gayaa aur islami vidroh.
17 juuna 2011 koo, jabal mohsen aur baab all-tababaneh mein bandukdhariyon key beach jhadap baab-all-tababenh mein siriyai pradarshankariyon key samarthan mein ack raili key baad hui. saat loga maare gaye aur 59 ghayal hoe gaye. marane vaalon mein ack lebnani senaa kaa sanic aur alavite adp kaa ack adhikaari thaa.
10 aur 11 farwari 2012 key beach, jabal mohsen aur baab all-tebbaneh mein ladaai key kaaran dou seey teen logon kii maut hoe gaee. hastakshep karane key prayaas mein chhah lebnani senaa key sanic ghayal hoe gaye. jhadapon seey darr lagata haye kii siriyai grihyuddh lebnan mein fail jaayega. 12 aur 13 maee key beach, gawah aur suraksha adhikaariyon ney kahaa kii alavite alpasankhyak key sadasyon aur sunni bahusankhyak key sadasyon key beach ladaai shuru honey parr dou seey chaar loga maare gaye they. ladaakon ney ladaai key dauran rockett-chaalit grenade aur swachaalit rifles kaa upayog kiya thaa. jhadapon seey kuchh ghante pahale, lebnan key sainikon ney ack aatankvaadi sandigdh kii rihaai key virodh mein yuva islamvadiyon key ack samooh key saath golibari kii thee. islamvadiyon aur senaa key beach golibari kaa adaan-pradaan taba huaa jaba pradarshankariyon ney, joe seeriya mein chala rahey vidroh key prati sahaanubhooti rakhate they, lebnan mein assad samarthak siriyai samajik rashtravadi party key karyalayon seey sampark karane kii koshish kii. kull milakar, marane vaalon mein seey teen kathit taur parr sunni nagrik they, jabaki ack senaa kaa adhikaari thaa. 14 maee koo ladaai jaari rahee, jisamen chhah aur loga maare gaye, paanch alawi aur ack sunee. 15 maee koo senaa koo kshetra mein tainaat kiya gayaa thaa aur nivaasiyon key saath golibari kaa adaan-pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. ack sanic sahit aathh loga ghayal hoe gaye. 16 maee taka, jhadapon mein 11 loga maare gaye they.
"paschimi rajanyik sroton" ney kahaa kii yeye ghatanaaen ack salafwadi kranti kii shuruat theen, jiska uddeshya seeriya mein vidroh koo hathiyar denaa thaa. saudi samarthit march 14 gathbandhan ney seeriya parr lebnan koo apane sankat mein laane kii koshish karane kaa aarop lagaaya. 14 march key aankade parr, mustafa allaush ney gathbandhan kii niyamit saptahik baithak key baad kahaa, "yeh vaastav mein tripoli koo aatankvaad kaa kshetra banaane kaa prayaas haye. iska uddeshya lebnan key uttari kshetra parr hamla karna bhee haye jisane siriyai visthapiton kaa swaagat kiya haye aur unaki madad kii haye."march 2011 mein seeriya mein ashanti shuru honey key baad seey tripoli aur uttari lebnan mein siriyai sharanarthiyon kii aamad dekhi gaee thee.
18 maee taka, kull 12 loga maare gaye they aur 100 seey adhik ghayal hoe gaye they. 21 maee koo, jabal mohsen aur baab all-tebbaneh dou padosiyon key beach kaee rockett-chaalit grenade daage gaye, jisamen kissy key ghayal honey kii koee soochana naheen thee. 30 maee koo jabal mohsen aur baab all-tebbaneh key beach jhadapon mein dou ghayal hoe gaye.
ack sunni-musalman ney adp key saath ladaai ladee aur maee jhadapon mein maaraa gayaa, aur usake saathi sunni dwara gaddaar key roop mein ninda kii gaee. 2-3 juuna key beach, jabal mohsen aur baab all-tebbaneh key beach jhadapon mein 15 loga maare gaye aur 60 seey adhik ghayal hoe gaye. ladaai key parinamswarup, senaa donon pakshon key beach ack buffer zone sthaapit karane key liye seeriya sadak mein phir seey pravesh kiya. sangharsh viram kii ghoshana key baad, 3 juuna kii raat key dauran sangharsh viram key kaee ullanghan hue, jisamen ack puliskarmi aur ack sanic ghayal hoe gaye. 8 juuna koo jabal mohsen mein ack vyakti kii sniper kii aag seey maut hoe gaee thee.
ladaai key dauran, jabal mohsen parr kaee morchon parr hamla kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen baab all-tababenh, sharani, bakaar, reeva, mankaubin aur malauleh jile shamil they. isake baad, tripoli mein kaee alavite vyavsaayon koo jalaa diyaa gayaa. 18 julaai koo, kaee siriyai mantriyon koo nishana banaakar aatmghaati bambari key baad, tababaneh mein asad virodhi samaroh key dauran chalaai gaee chhitput goliyon seey ack kii maut hoe gaee aur kaee ghayal hoe gaye. 21 julaai koo, tababaneh key nivaasiyon key beach dou sunni parivaaron key beach gair-raajneetik mamalon koo laker jhadap hui, jisamen dou logon kii maut hoe gaee aur kaee ghayal hoe gaye. 29 julaai koo vivaad mein dou aur maare gaye they. 27 julaai koo jabal mohsen key ghar jaate samay dou logon koo agyaat hamlaavaron ney chaku maar diyaa, jisake kaaran bandukdhariyon key beach jhadap hui. agale dinn bhee jhadapen jaari raheen, jisamen 12 aur teen sanic ghayal hoe gaye.
9 agast koo, hezbullah key sunee samarthakon kii tripoli mein salaafiston key saath jhadap hui. suraksha aur chikitsa sroton key anusaar, 20 aur 21 agast koo, padosi seeriya mein yuddh seey ack risaav mein sunny musalmaanon aur alaaviyon key beach jhadapon mein saat loga maare gaye aur 100 seey adhik ghayal hoe gaye. marane vaalon mein seey dou jabal mohsen key they, jabaki baaki baab all-tababaneh key they. senaa kii ack chauki parr grenade fenke jaane key baad agale dinn paanch lebnani sanic golibari mein ghayal hoe gaye aur paanch anya ghayal hoe gaye. 23 agast key dauran ladaai jaari rahee, jisamen cumm seey cumm 2 aur mautein huin. kobbah aur jabal muhsin pados mein sunee aur alavite ladaakon key beach chhote hathiyaron kii golibari aur rockett-chaalit grenade key adaan-pradaan key baad aage kii ladaai hui. iss jhadap ney donon jilon mein ashanti paida curr dee aur agyaat hamlaavaron ney sunny pados mein cumm seey cumm 7 alavite key swaamitva vaali dukaanon koo jalaa diyaa. subah kii jhadapon key dauran ack sniper dwara goli maare gaye sunni maulavi sheikh khalid all baradei kii maut key baad ladaai badh gaee. sheikh baradei kathit taur parr sunni islami ladaakon key ack commander they, aur unaki mrityu ney shahar key bheetar sampradayik ashanti koo aur badhaa diyaa. dinn kii ladaai key dauran ack agyaat samachar agency key dou patrakaar bhee ghayal hoe gaye. cumm seey cumm 3 logon key maare jaane aur 21 ghayal honey kii soochana haye. 24 agast taka ladaai jaari rahee.
visam all-hassan kii hatyaa key baad 19 octuber koo jhadapen huin, jisamen ack kii maut hoe gaee. 21 octuber koo poore desh mein jhadapen huin joe hatyaa seey shuru huin. bub tababaneh aur jabal mohsen key beach jhadap key dauran dou yuva ladkiyon aur ack vyakti kii maut hoe gaee. ladkiyon mein seey ack key maataa-pitaa, nau saal kii ladki, jise jaanaa kahaa jaataa haye, sampradayik rekhaaon koo paar karate hain, kyonki usake pitaa sunni hain aur usaki maan alawi hain. 22 octuber koo dou sunni aur ack alawi maare gaye they. 24 octuber taka ladaai mein 11 loga maare gaye they. 4 aur 6 disambar key beach tripoli mein cumm seey cumm 12 loga maare gaye aur 73 ghayal hoe gaye, kyonki alavite aur sunni bhaari jhadapon mein shamil they, joe lambe kalakh kii ghatana seey bhadak gaye they, jahaan 20 lebnani salafist joe seeriya mein vidroh mein shamil honey jaa rahey they, una parr ghaat lagaakar hamla kiya gayaa thaa.
28 farwari koo donon pados mein grenade fenkane key aarop mein paanch logon koo giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. unhone daavaa kiya kii unhein "jaid" dwara kaam saunpa gayaa thaa.aiss."kalah paida karane key liye. march 2013 key dauran, pados key beach kaee chhitput ghatanaaen huin. jabal mohsen mein sniper kii aag seey dou loga ghayal hoe gaye. teen dinn baad, jabal mohsen key ack vyakti koo goli maar dee gaee aur maar diyaa gayaa.
22 march taka, ack senaa key sanic sahit chhah loga maare gaye they. 23 march koo teen aur loga maare gaye.
19 aur 20 maee koo padosiyon key beach nae sire seey ladaai key dauran dou nagrik aur dou senaa key sanic maare gaye they. 22 maee taka, nae sire seey ladaai shuru honey key baad seey 12 loga maare gaye they. lebnani senaa ney nishana banaae jaane key baad 23 maee koo shahar seey baahar nickle gaee. pahali baar mortar key upayog key baad agali raat chhah aur maare gaye. 26 maee taka 31 maare gaye they. dou dinon kii shaanti key baad, 24 ghanton key bheetar 4 juuna taka chhah aur maare gaye. jabal mohsen parr baad mein senaa ney chhaapa maaraa. adp netaa rifat eed ney sawal kiya kii unhein kyon nishana banaaya gayaa kyonki baab all-tababaneh mein isi tarah key chhaape naheen maare gaye they.
29 aur 30 navambar koo jhadapon mein 13 loga maare gaye they.
23 agast 2013 koo, lebnan kii raajya dwara sanchaalit rashtriya samachar agency key anusaar, tripoli mein dohare bumm visfoton ney vyaapak nuksan pahunchaaya, jisamen kuchh 47 loga maare gaye aur 500 seey adhik ghayal hoe gaye. baad key sanghrshon mein kaee bumm visfot aur aatmghaati hamale hue. 23 agast 2013 koo, lebnan kii raajya dwara sanchaalit rashtriya samachar agency key anusaar, tripoli mein dohare bumm visfoton ney vyaapak nuksan pahunchaaya, jisamen kuchh 47 loga maare gaye aur 500 seey adhik ghayal hoe gaye. janwari 2014 mein, ack aid. pee. adhikaari, abdul rahman diyaab koo tripoli mein unaki kaar mein goli maar dee gaee thee. march 2014 mein nau dinon mein 25 loga maare gaye aur 175 ghayal hoe gaye. 10 janwari 2015 koo, dou aatmghaati hamlaavaron ney ack jabal mohsen kaife mein 9 logon kii hatyaa curr dee aur 30 seey adhik ghayal hoe gaye. suraksha vyavastha key baad lagbhag ack saal mein kissy nagrik pados parr yeh pahala aatmghaati hamla thaa.
nakadi sankat aur dange.
bhrashtachar, berojgari aur sarkari viphalata key virodh mein 2019 mein rashtriya pradarshan hue. tripoli mein sabse ullekhaniya ghatanaaen theen, jahaan bhookh, mudrasfeeti aur berojgari badhane key beach, pahale seey hii bigadati arthavyavastha key beach, hassan diyaab kii sarkaar dwara 2021 mein rashtravyapi lockdown kii ghoshana key baad dange, savinay avagya, nagrik avyavastha aur pradarshan hue. all jazira angreji key anusaar, pradarshankariyon ney tripoli mein lagaatar teesari raat raili kii kyonki yeh dangon mein badal gayaa. pulis ney pradarshankariyon koo titar-bitar karane key liye golaa-barud daage. jhadapon mein kaee loga ghayal hoe gaye. 25-26 janwari mein raaton key dauran virodh pradarshan hue, jaba senaa ney goliyaan, rubber kii goliyaan aur aansuu gais daage. jhadapon mein cumm seey cumm 60 loga aur 10 suraksha bull ghayal hoe gaye. jhadapon mein ack pradarshankari kii maut hoe gaee.
sharanarthi sankat.
lebnan kaa sankat itna gambhir hoe gayaa kii kaee naukaaon ney pravasiyon koo desh seey hatash bhaagate hue kharch chhod diyaa. kaee asafal aur ghaatak saabit hue. aprail 2022 mein, tripoli, lebnan mein ack adhik bharee hui naav doobane key baad 6 logon kii maut hoe gaee aur lagbhag 50 logon koo bachaaya gayaa. aur 22 sitambar koo, cumm seey cumm 94 loga maare gaye jaba lebnan seey pravasiyon koo leey jaa rahee ack naav seeriya key tata parr palat gaee. 9 loga butch gaye. kaee koo laapata ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa aur kuchh yaa tou mrit yaa ghayal paae gaye. shavon koo paas key aspatalon mein bhej diyaa gayaa. 24 sitambar taka 40 loga abhee bhee laapata hain.

