
magnicium transporter

magnicium transporter protein hain joe koshika jhilli mein magnicium kaa parivahan karate hain. jeevan key sabhi roopon mein magnicium kii aavashyakta hoti haye, phir bhee paryaavaran seey milligram + grahan key aanvik tantra aur jeev key bheetar iss mahatvapurna tatva key vitaran koo dheere-dheere spasht kiya jaa rhaa haye.
aim. jee. tii. aeye. kaa atpage function atyadhik cardiolipin parr nirbhar haye aur ise aim. yuu. aim. seema mein mukt magnicium kaa pataa lagaane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye. 
bacteria mein, mg2 + kii aapoorti shayed mukhya roop seey koraa protein dwara kii jaati haye aur, jahaan koraa protein anupasthit hotaa haye, mgte protein dwara. khameer mein praarambhik grahan lr1pee aur lr2pee protein key madhyam seey hotaa haye, lekin iss star parr pehchaane jaane vaale ekmatra aantarik milligram2 + vitaran protein mrs2pee haye. protozoa key bheetar kewal ack milligram2 + transporter (xntap) kii pehchaan kii gaee haye. metazoa mein, aim. aar. aiss. 2. pee. aur aim. jee. tii. homolog kii pehchaan kii gaee haye, saath hii dou nae aim. jee. 2 + parivahan pranaaliyan tii. aar. pee. aim. 6/tii. aar. pee. aim. 7 aur pee. see. ell. aine.-1. anta mein, paudhon mein, aim. aar. aiss. 2. pee. homolog key ack parivaar kii pehchaan ack anya nae protein, aeye. tii. aim. aich. aiks. key saath kii gaee haye.
vikas.
aim. jee. 2 + parivahan kaa vikas kaafee jatil prateet hotaa haye. spasht roop seey aim. jee. tii. parr adharit protein bacteria aur metazoa mein maujood hotey hain, lekin kavak aur paudhon mein gayab hotey hain, jabaki inn sabhi samoohon mein spasht roop seey koraa seey sambandhit protein maujood hotey hain. bacteria mein maujood dou sakriya parivahan transporter, aim. jee. tii. aeye. aur aim. jee. tii. bee., uchch jeevon mein koee samroopata naheen dikhaai dete hain. aim. jee. 2 + parivahan pranaaliyan bhee hain joe kewal uchch jeevon mein paaee jaati hain.
prakaar.
badee sankhya mein protein kii pehchaan kii jaani baaki haye joe mg2 + kaa parivahan karate hain. yahaan taka kii sabse achche adhyayan kiye gaye eukariot mein, khameer, borelli ney ack sambandhit protein key binaa ack mg2 +/h + vinimaayak kii soochana dee haye, joe shayed golgi key liye sthaaniyakrit haye. khameer mein cumm seey cumm ack anya pramukh mg2 + transporter abhee bhee uncounted haye, joe khameer vacule key ander aur baahar mg2 + parivahan koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. uchch, bahukoshikiya jeevon mein, aisaa lagata haye kii kaee milligram + parivahan protein khoj kaa intezar curr rahey hain.
koraa-domen yukt mg2 + transporter (koraa, alr-jaise aur mrs2-jaise) mein dvivaarshik catayan key liye samaan lekin samaan naheen hain. vaastav mein, iss avalokan koo abb taka pehchaane gaye sabhi mg2 + transporters taka badhaaya jaa sakata haye. iss samaantaa seey pataa chalata haye kii mg2 + key buniyaadi guna pehchaan aur parivahan key sambhaavit tantra koo dridhata seey prabhaavit karate hain. haalaanki, yeh avalokan yeh bhee bataata haye kii anya dhaatu ayanon kaa upayog mg2 + grahan key liye tracer key roop mein karane seey aavashyak roop seey transporter kii mg2 + parivahan karane kii kshamata key tulaniya parinam naheen milenge. aadarsh roop seey, mg2 + koo seedhe maapa jaanaa chaahiye.
choonki 28mg2 + vyaavhaarik roop seey apraapya haye, isaliye yadi alag-alag transporters kii tulanaa seedhe kii jaani haye, tou puraane detta key adhikansh hisse koo mg2 + parivahan koo maapane key liye nae upkaranon key saath phir seey samajhane kii aavashyakta hogi. maig-fura 2 kaa upayog karke kolisek aur froshoyer key agrani kaam seey pataa chalaa haye kii kuchh pranaliyon mein mukt mg2 + koo vishvasaniya roop seey "inn vivo" mein maapa jaa sakata haye. iss nae upkaran key saath koraa key vishleshan parr lautane seey, hamane naee milligram2 + parivahan pranaliyon key vishleshan key liye ack mahatvapurna aadhar rekha praapt kii haye kyonki way khoje gaye hain. haalaanki, yeh mahatvapurna haye kii jhilli mein maujood transporter kii matra sateek roop seey nirdhaarit kii jaae yadi parivahan kshamata kii tulanaa kii jaani haye. yeh jeevaanu pranali eukariotic mg2 + parivahan protein key vishleshan key liye kuchh upayogita pradaan karane mein saksham hoe sakati haye, lekin procariotes aur eukariotes kii javic pranaliyon mein antar koo kissy bhee prayog mein maanaa jaanaa chaahiye.
kaary.
vishishtata vaale mg2 + parivahan protein key karyon kii tulanaa karna vartamaan mein lagbhag asambhav haye, bhale hii vibhinn javic pranaliyon mein vibhinn vidhiyon aur praudyogikiyon kaa upayog karke protein kii jaanch kii gaee hoe. ack aisee pranali kaa pataa lagaana jahaan sabhi proteins kii seedhe tulanaa kii jaa sakey, ack badee pragati hogi. yadi protein koo bacteria (oun) mein karyatmak dikhaaya jaa sakata haye. typhimurium), phir maig-fura 2 kii takneekon kaa ack sanyojan, lifafe kii jhilli mein protein kii matra, aur protein kii sanrachana (aiks-ray chrystal yaa cryo-tame), milligram 2 + aayan kii pehchaan aur parivahan mein shamil buniyaadi tantra key nirdhaaran kii anumati dey sakati haye. haalaanki, shayed sabse achchi pragati kritrim jhilli kaa upayog karke patch-clamp pranali mein protein key kaary koo maapane kii anumati dene vaale tarikon kaa vikas hoga.
bacteria.
praarambhik shodh.
1968 mein, lusk ney migra2 +-garib media parr jeevaanu ("escarichia kolai") key vikas kii seema kaa varnan kiya, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii bacteria koo migra2 + kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur paryaavaran seey iss aayan koo sakriya roop seey lene kii sambhavana thee. agale varsh, ack hii samooh aur ack anya samooh, chaandi, ney chayapachaya roop seey sakriya "ee" mein swatantra roop seey aim. jee. 2 + key grahan aur pravaah kaa varnan kiya. kolai "koshikaaen 28mg2 + kaa upayog karati hain. 1971 key anta taka, dou shodh patra prakaashit kiye gaye they jinamen "ee" mein milligram + key parivahan parr see. oh. 2 +, aine. aaee. 2 + aur aim. aine. 2 + key hastakshep kaa varnan kiya gayaa thaa. kolai "aur aerobactor aerogens aur basilus magterium mein. transporters koo encoding karane vaale jeane kii cloning seey pahale antim pramukh vikas mein, yeh pataa chalaa kii ack doosari milligram2 + uptech pranali thee joe pahali pranali key samaan aatmiyata aur parivahan gativigyaan dikhaati thee, lekin isamen hastakshep karane key liye samvedansheelta kii ack alag shrinkhala thee. yeh pranali mii. graa. 2 kii uchch baahya koshikiya sandrata dwara bhee dabaaye jaane yogya thee.+
koraa.
koraa jeane aur isake anuroop protein kissy bhee jeev mein sabse adhik adhyayan kii gaee milligram2 + parivahan pranali haye. koraa jeane parr adhikansh prakaashit saahitya aim kii prayogshala seey aataa haye. ee. maguirre. haal hii mein aar kaa samooh. jey. shweyan ney koraa dwara milligram2 + parivahan kii samajh parr mahatvapurna prabhaav daala. jeane kaa naam mool roop seey cobalt-pratirodhi phenotype key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. kolai "joe jeane key nishkriya honey key kaaran huaa thaa.
jeane kii pehchaan aanuvanshik roop seey "ee" mein kii gaee thee. kolai "park dwara" aur anya.", lekin hameel aur anya taka clone naheen kiya gayaa thaa."salmonella anterica" serover typhimurium (aiss. typhimurium ") homolog. baad mein smith aur magwire dwara yeh dikhaaya gayaa kii 17 graam-nakaratmak bacteria mein koraa jeane maujood thaa. procariotes key liye abb upalabdh poorna genome anukramon kii badee sankhya key saath, koraa koo ubacteria key beach lagbhag sarvavyaapi dikhaaya gayaa haye, saath hii saath archia key beach vyaapak roop seey vitarit kiya jaa rhaa haye. ee" mein koraa locus. kolai mein 948 nucleotides kaa ack khula padhane vaalaa frame hotaa haye, joe 316 amino acid kaa protein paida kartaa haye. yeh protein ubacteria aur archia key beach achchi tarah seey sanrakshit haye. ee" key beach. kolai "aur" aiss. typhimurium, "protein 98 pratishat samaan hain, lekin adhik door seey sambandhit prajaatiyon mein, samaantaa 15 aur 20 pratishat key beach aatee haye. adhik door seey sambandhit jeane mein, samaantaa aksar protein key see-terminal bhaag taka seemit hoti haye, aur iss kshetra key bheetar ack chhota amino acid motif jee. aim. aine. bahut adhik sanrakshit hotaa haye. koraa domen, jise pee. aff. aeye. aim. sanrakshit protein domen databases (HTTP:// webarkiv) mein pee. aff. 01544 key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.sthaaniya.gov/aul/20110506030957/http% 3aeye// pfam.gaayak.assie.yuu. key./), atirikt roop seey uchch jeevon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala mein maujood haye, aur inn parivahanakon kii sameeksha neeche kii jaayegi.
koraa jeane koo sanrachanaatmak roop seey aiss mein vyakt kiya jaataa haye. typhimurium "baahari milligram2 + sandrata kii ack vistrit shrinkhala key tahat. haalaanki, haal key sakshya bataate hain kii protein kii gatividhi koo fopak too-component regulatory system dwara niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh samvedak sankraman kii prakriya key dauran cumm baahari mg2 + sandrata kaa jawab detaa haye. typhimurium "manushyon mein. cumm baahari mg2 + sthitiyon mein, fopak pranali koo koraa key kaary koo dabaane key liye bataaya gayaa thaa aur yeh pahale dikhaaya gayaa haye kii vaikalpik mg2 + transporter mgta aur mgtb kaa pratilekhan inn sthitiyon mein sakriya haye. chamnongpole aur groissman kaa sujhaav haye kii yeh bacteria koo anya ayanon key parivahan key kaaran dhaatu aayan vishaaktata seey bachane kii anumati detaa haye, vishesh roop seey fe (ii), milligram + kii anupasthiti mein koraa dwara. paip aur magwire vishaaktata key srot parr ack paraspar virodhi report pradaan karate hain.
yeh aakriti (paimaane parr naheen) mool roop seey prakaashit transmembrane (tii. aim.) domen topology koo darshaati haye. typhimurium "koraa protein, jise protein key see-terminal bhaag (neele rung mein dikhaaya gayaa haye) mein teen jhilli-faile hue kshetron key roop mein kahaa jaataa thaa, jaisa kii smith" aitt all "dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye.". core key liye ack homotramer key roop mein kaary karane key sakshya koo vaaran aur anya dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa."2004 mein. disambar 2005 mein koraa channel kii chrystal sanrachana koo aar. aiss. see. bee. protein sanrachana databases mein post kiya gayaa thaa. parinamon seey pataa chalaa kii protein key dou tii. aim. domen hain aur yeh pahale kii reports key saath seedhe sangharsh mein ack homopentamer key roop mein maujood haye. sanrachana koo 3dee mein dekhane key liye iss link kaa paalan karein. protein key ghulansheel antahkoshikiya bhaag atyadhik aaveshit hotey hain, jinamen 31 sakaratmak aaveshit aur 53 nakaratmak aaveshit avashesh hotey hain. isake vipareet, tii. aim. domen mein kewal ack aaveshit emino acid hotaa haye, joe transporter kii gatividhi mein mahatvaheen dikhaaya gayaa haye. utparivartan prayogon seey, yeh prateet hotaa haye kii mg2 + parivahan kaa rasayan rasayan parivahan chhidra key ander astar hydroxyl samoohon parr nirbhar kartaa haye; gmn rupankan (laal mein dikhaaya gayaa) key liye bhee ack poorna aavashyakta haye.
isase pahale kii koraa kii gatividhi kaa "inn vivo" mein adhyayan kiya jaa sakey, bacteria host mein kissy bhee anya mg2 + parivahan pranali kii pehchaan kii jaani chaahiye aur nishkriya yaa hataa dee jaani chaahiye (neeche dekhein). aiss" kaa ack tanaav. typhimurium "jisamen ack karyatmak koraa jeane hotaa haye lekin jisamen aim. jee. tii. aeye. aur aim. jee. tii. bee. kii kamee hoti haye, kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa (neeche bhee dekhein), aur transporter key grahan gativigyaan kaa vishleshan kiya gayaa thaa. iss tanaav ney maanak media (50 microne milligram +) parr lagbhag samanya vriddhi darr dikhaai, lekin teenon jeane koo hataane seey ack jeevaanu tanaav paida huaa, jisake liye samanya vikas key liye 100 mimi baahari milligram + kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
mg2 + koo kewal koraa parivahan pranali vaali koshikaon mein leey jaaya jaataa haye jisamen pahale key patron mein varnit mg2 + grahan key samaan gativigyaan aur cation samvedansheelta hoti haye, aur atirikt roop seey isaki matra nirdhaarit kii gaee haye (talika dekhein). pahale key adhyayanon kii tarah mg2 + kaa grahan pathaar parr dekhaa gayaa thaa, aur halanki parivahan mein kamee key liye koee vaastavik tantra nirdhaarit naheen kiya gayaa haye, isaliye yeh maanaa gayaa haye kii protein nishkriya haye. see. oh. 2 + aur aine. aaee. 2 + aiss. key liye vishaakt hain. ack karyatmak koraa protein vaali typhimurium "koshikaaen aur yeh vishaaktata milligram2 + grahan (pratispardhi avrodh) key avaruddh honey aur koshika key ander inn ayanon key sanchay seey utpann hoti haye. radiodharmi anurekhan vishleshan kaa upayog karke cow2 + aur aine. aaee. 2 + koo koraa dwara parivahan key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye, halanki aim. jee. 2 + (talika dekhein) kii tulanaa mein cumm sambandh (kii. mee.) aur wegg (vee. max.) key saath. see. oh. 2 + aur aine. aaee. 2 + key liye kii. mee. maan una koshikaon seey kaafee adhik hain jinka saamana unake samanya vatavaran mein koshikaon dwara kiya jaane kii ummeed haye, isaliye yeh sambhavana naheen haye kii koraa parivahan pranali praakritik paristhitiyon mein inn ayanon key grahan mein madhyasthata karati haye. aaj taka, koraa dwara mn2 + parivahan key liye sakshya "ee" taka seemit haye. kolai ".
talika mein koraa milligram2 + parivahan pranali key parivahan gativigyaan koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye. iss talika koo snavely aitt all key prakashanon seey sankalit kiya gayaa है।"(1989bee), gibson" aur anya."(1991) aur smith aur अन्य।"(1998aeye) aur aim. jee. tii. aeye. aur aim. jee. tii. bee. kii kamee vaale bacteria mein jangli prakaar key pravartak seey vyakt kiye gaye koraa parivahan protein key liye gatij detta koo sankshep mein prastut kartaa haye. kimmy aur womax koo 20 degree celsius parr nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa kyonki 37 degree celsius parr milligram + kaa grahan sateek roop seey maapane key liye bahut tej thaa.
haal hii mein maig-fura 2 key mg2 +-nirbhar pratideepti kaa upayog mukt mg2 + samagri koo maapane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. baahari milligram + key jawab mein typhimurium "koshikaaen, joe darshaati hain kii bacteria mein milligram + key liye koraa pramukh grahan pranali haye. lekhakon ney pahali baar yeh bhee dikhaaya kii koshika key plasma jhilli mein vidyut kshamata (δsi) mein parivartan ney mg2 + grahan kii darr aur koshika kii mukt mg2 + samagri donon koo prabhaavit kiya; vidhruveekaran ney parivahan koo dabaa diyaa, jabaki atidhruveekaran ney parivahan koo badhaa diyaa. parivahan kii gativigyaan koo kewal koshikaon key ander mukt mg2 + key parivartan kii darr (250 microne s−1) dwara paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa. kyonki jhilli mein koraa protein kii matra kaa koee matratmakkaran naheen kiya gayaa thaa, iss moolya kii tulanaa milligram2 + transporter parr anya prayogon key saath naheen kii jaa sakati haye.
jeevaanu koshikaon seey milligram2 + kaa pravaah pahali baar lusk aur kenedi (1969) dwara dekhaa gayaa thaa aur milligram2 + kii uchch baahya koshikiya sandrata kii upasthiti mein koraa milligram2 + parivahan pranali dwara madhyasthata kii jaati haye. pravaah koo koo2 +, mn2 + aur ni2 + dwara bhee trigger kiya jaa sakata haye, halanki mg2 + key samaan degree taka naheen. koraa parivahan pranali key madhyam seey koee see. oh. 2 + pravaah naheen dekhaa gayaa. aim. jee. 2 + afflux kii prakriya key liye atirikt roop seey corb, cork yaa cord jeane mein seey ack kii aavashyakta hoti haye. inmein seey kissy bhee ack jeane key utparivartan seey ack corra utparivarti dwara pradaan kiye gaye CO2 + pratirodh key aadhe seey thodaa cumm hoe jaataa haye. yeh prabhaav mg2 + haani key avrodh key kaaran hoe sakata haye joe anyatha uchch star key CO2 + kii upasthiti mein hoga. vartamaan mein yeh agyaat haye kii kyaa mg2 + adhik vishaakt haye jaba carbseedy jeane koo hataa diyaa jaataa haye.
yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii mg2 + aayan shuru mein apane jall-sancharan kavach key madhyam seey kissy bhee parivahan protein key saath baatchit karega. cobalt (iii) hexamine, koo (iii) hakes, kaee dvivaarshik kaitayanon key liye hydration key pahale khol key liye ack sahsanyojak roop seey baadhya (gair-label) analogue haye, jisamen milligram 2 + shamil haye. saha (iii) hakes anu kii trijya 244 pee. aim. haye, joe kii mii. graa. 2 + key pahale jalsanchayan kosh kii 250 pee. aim. trijya key samaan haye. yeh analogue koraa parivahan pranali kaa ack shaktishali avarodhak haye, joe kii mg2 +, co2 + yaa ni2 + seey adhik haye. koo (iii) hakes avrodh kii atirikt taakat protein kii 'nirjalikaran' karane mein asamarthata key kaaran parivahan chhidra key avaruddh honey seey aaa sakati haye. yeh bhee dikhaaya gayaa thaa kii koo (iii) hakes koo koshikaon mein naheen leey jaaya gayaa thaa, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii samanya substrate (milligram2 +) key parivahan key liye cumm seey cumm aanshik nirjalikaran kii aavashyakta hogi. nickle (ii) hexamine, 255 pee. aim. kii trijya key saath, koraa parivahan pranali koo baadhit naheen kartaa haye, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii koraa substrate aayan key bandhan key liye adhikatam aakar seema maujood haye. inn parinamon seey pataa chalata haye kii core dwara milligram2 + kii pehchaan mein shamil mahatvapurna guna aayan kaa aakar haye jisamen usake pahale jall-sandhaaran kaa khol hotaa haye. isaliye, jall-sandhaaran key dusare gole sahit 500 gunaa seey adhik key jalyukt mg2 + aayan key liye uddhrit aayatan parivartan, javic roop seey praasangik naheen hoe sakata haye, aur 56 gunaa key pahale gole key aayatan parivartan kaa ack kaaran hoe sakata haye.
aim. jee. tii. aeye. aur aim. jee. tii. bee..
inn dou jeenon kii upasthiti kaa pahali baar sandeh taba huaa jaba nelson aur kenedi (1972) ney dikhaaya kii "ee" mein milligram +-repressible aur gair-repressible milligram + uptech system they. kolai ". mg2 + kaa gair-damansheel grahan koraa protein dwara kiya jaataa haye. aiss mein. typhimurium "daman yogya mg2 + grahan antatah mgta aur mgtb protein key madhyam seey dikhaaya gayaa thaa.
aim. jee. tii. aeye. aur aim. jee. tii. bee. donon hii fopak pranali dwara viniyamit hotey hain aur maanav rogiyon key sankraman kii prakriya key dauran sakriya roop seey pratilekhit hotey hain. typhimurium. halanki rogjanakta key liye naa tou jeane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, lekin aim. jee. tii. bee. protein koshika mein rogjanak key deerghakaalik astitva koo badhaata haye. jaba mii. graa. 2 + kii sandrata 50 microne (snavely) seey cumm hoe jaati haye tou jeane bhee "inn vitro" mein viniyamit hotey hain.", 1991aeye). halanki protein mein koraa key samaan kimmy maan hotey hain aur parivahan darr lagbhag 10 gunaa cumm hoti haye, jeane ack milligram 2 + scavenging pranali kaa hissa hoe sakate hain. chamnongpole aur groissman (2002) iss baat key pramaan prastut karate hain kii inn proteins kii bhoomika fopak regulane dwara koraa protein key nishkriya honey kii bharpai karane key liye hoe sakati haye. lekhakon kaa sujhaav haye kii cumm milligram + vatavaran mein protein key madhyam seey dhaatu vishaaktata seey bachane key liye koraa protein koo nishkriya curr diyaa jaataa haye. sankraman key baad koshikaon dwara typhimurium "key adheen kiya jaataa haye.
protein donon pee-prakaar key atpace hain.
 aur naa hii jeane koraa key saath koee samaantaa dikhaata haye. aim. jee. tii. aeye. aur aim. jee. tii. bee. protein 75 pratishat samaan (50 pratishat samaan) hain, halanki aisaa lagata haye kii aim. jee. tii. bee. koo salmonella rogjanakta dweep 3 key hisse key roop mein kshaitij jeane hastaantaran dwara praapt kiya gayaa hoga. aim. jee. tii. bee. protein kii tii. aim. topology koo prayogaatmak roop seey nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye, jisase pataa chalata haye kii protein mein koshika dravya mein protein kii samaapti key saath duss tii. aim.-spanning helix hain (chitra dekhein).
). aim. jee. tii. aeye. vyaapak roop seey alag bacteria mein maujood haye, lekin lagbhag koraa jitna aam naheen haye, jabaki aim. jee. tii. bee. kaa vitaran kaafee seemit prateet hotaa haye. asamanya vitaran key liye koee parikalpana naheen sujhaai gaee haye.
aakriti, smith "aitt all seey अनुकूलित।"(1993bee), prayog key liye nirdhaarit jhilli topology koo darshaata haye joe aim. jee. tii. bee. protein mein hotaa haye. typhimurium. tii. aim. domen koo halke neele rung mein dikhaaya gayaa haye aur jhilli mein abhivinyas aur aine-aur see-terminal kii sthiti koo ingit kiya gayaa haye. aakriti paimaane parr naheen kheenchi gaee haye.
jabaki aim. jee. tii. aeye. aur aim. jee. tii. bee. protein bahut samaan hain, way gatividhi mein kuchh mamuli antar dikhaate hain. 20 degree celsius key tapman parr sabhi gatividhiyon (milligram2 + parivahan key sambandh mein) koo khone key kaaran, milligram tapman key prati bahut samvedansheel haye. isake atirikt, aim. jee. tii. bee. aur aim. jee. tii. aeye. koo vibhinn shreniyon key catayan (talika a10.1) dwara baadhit kiya jaataa haye.
talika mein aim. jee. tii. aeye. aur aim. jee. tii. bee. protein kii cashion parivahan visheshtaon koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye. typhimurium "key saath-saath 37 degree celsius parr aim. jee. tii. aeye. aur aim. jee. tii. bee. parivahan protein key liye gatij detta. koshthak mein soochibaddh womax sankhyaaen 20 degree celsius parr grahan key liye hain. mn2 + dwara mg2 + parivahan key avrodh ney mgta key madhyam seey asamanya gativigyaan dikhaaya (snavely kaa chitra 1 dekhein.", 1989bee)
aim. jee. tii. aeye. aur aim. jee. tii. bee. protein prati parivahan chakr mein aeye. tii. pee. key ack anu kaa upayog karate hue aeye. tii. pee. hain, jabaki core key madhyam seey aim. jee. 2 + grahan kewal vidyut rasayanik roop seey anukool haye. chamnongpole aur groissman (2002) ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii aim. jee. tii. aeye. aur aim. jee. tii. bee. protein dhaatu vishaaktata seey bachane kii pranali kaa hissa hain. vaikalpik roop seey, adhikansh pee-prakaar key atpaces pravaah madhyasth transporter key roop mein kaary karate hain, yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii aim. jee. tii. aeye. aur aim. jee. tii. bee. protein vartamaan mein agyaat catayan key liye pravaah protein key roop mein kaary karate hain, aur aim. jee. 2 + parivahan yaa tou gair-vishisht haye yaa parivahan prakriya kii vidyut-tatasthata koo banaae rakhane key liye adaan-pradaan kiya jaataa haye. inn proteins key shaaririk kaary koo paribhaashit karane key liye aage key prayogon kii aavashyakta hogi.
mgte.
dou shodh patron mein milligram kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye, ack chautha milligram + bacteria mein protein kaa sevan joe milligram/bee yaa koraa seey asambandhit haye. iss jeane koo anukramit kiya gayaa haye aur protein, aakar mein 312 emino acid, mein yaa tou chaar yaa paanch tii. aim. faile hue domen honey kii bhavishyavani kii gaee haye joe protein key see-terminal bhaag mein bariki seey vyavasthit hain (chitra dekhein). protein key iss kshetra koo pee. aff. aeye. aim. databases mein ack sanrakshit protein domen (pee. aff. 01769) key roop mein pahachaana gayaa haye aur jinn proteins vaali prajaatiyon mein yeh protein domen haye, way lagbhag poore ubacteria aur archia mein samaan roop seey vitarit hain, halanki yeh koraa key vitaran kii tulanaa mein kaafee durlabh haye. haalaanki, domen vaale protein kii vividhata koraa domen kii tulanaa mein kaafee badee haye. pee. aff. aeye. aim. databases mein protein yukt aim. jee. tii. domen key saat alag-alag samoohon koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye, jinamen seey chhah mein ack pracheen yaa ubacterial sadasya hotaa haye. aim. jee. tii. kii abhivyakti koo aksar ack sanrakshit aar. aine. aeye. sanrachana, yock leader yaa aim-boxes dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa haye.
aakriti (daaen), smith aur anya seey anukoolit."(1995) aur pee. aff. aeye. aim. databases pravishti, 4 key" "basilus firmus" "mein aim. jee. tii. protein kii computer-anumaanit jhilli topology koo darshaati haye. tii. aim. domen halke neele rung mein dikhaae gaye hain. see. bee. aiss. domen, jinn protein key liye naamit kiye gaye they, systathionine-beeta synthes, narangi mein dikhaae gaye they, pee. aff. aeye. aim. databases mein niyaamak domen key roop mein pehchaane gaye hain, lekin kaarravaai key tantra kaa abhee taka varnan naheen kiya gayaa haye. way kaee voltage-gated chloride chainalon mein paae jaate hain. jhilli mein abhivinyas aur aine-aur see-terminal kii sthiti ingit kii jaati haye. yeh aankada paimaane parr naheen kheencha gayaa haye. iss transporter kii sanrachana koo haal hii mein aiks-ray chrystallography dwara hull kiya gayaa haye.
aim. jee. tii. jeane kii pehchaan sabse pahale smith aur anya logon dwara kii gaee thee."(1995) bacteria mein koraa jaise protein key liye ack screen key dauran aur mg2 +-uptech-kii kamee vaale proteins koo puuraa kartaa haye. typhimurium "strain mm281 (koraa migra migratby), maanak media parr jangli prakaar key vikas koo bahaal kartaa haye. protein key liye mg2 + parivahan kii gativigyaan nirdhaarit naheen kii gaee thee, kyonki 28mg2 + upalabdh naheen thaa. ack vikalp key roop mein, 57coo2 + key grahan koo maapa gayaa thaa aur isamen 82 microne kaa ack kimmy aur 354 pee. aim. oh. ell.-1 108 koshikaon kaa ack vee. max dikhaaya gayaa thaa. migra aur koraa key liye upalabdh gatij detta kii tulanaa talika mein dikhaai gaee haye. spasht roop seey, mgte CO2 + koo koraa key samaan degree taka parivahan naheen kartaa haye, aur mg2 + dwara parivahan kaa avrodh bhee cumm kushal haye, joe bataata haye kii mg2 + key liye mgte kaa sambandh koraa kii tulanaa mein cumm haye. 20 microne key kii key saath, carbon dioxide + grahan kaa sabse majboot avarodhak zn2 + thaa. iss protein dwara zn2 + kaa parivahan utanaa hii mahatvapurna hoe sakata haye jitna kii mg2 + kaa.
talika mein mgte aur cora key parivahan gativigyaan kii tulanaa kii gaee haye, aur unake liye pramukh gatij mapdand moolya soochibaddh hain. jaisa kii dikhaaya gayaa haye, detta alag-alag ushmaayan tapman parr utpann kiya gayaa haye. kii. mee. aur kii. mein alag-alag ushmaayan tapman seey mahatvapurna parivartan naheen hotaa haye. isake vipareet, womax tapman key saath ack majboot sakaratmak sahsambandh dikhaata haye, isaliye milligram key liye see. oh. 2 + womax kaa moolya seedhe taur parr koraa key moolyon key saath tulaniya naheen haye.
khameer.
praarambhik shodh.
sabse pahala shodh yeh darshaata haye kii khameer mg2 + letaa haye, joe schmitt aur anya dwara kiya gayaa prateet hotaa haye."(1949). haalaanki, inn lekhakon ney kewal kagaj key bheetar ack talika mein khameer mg2 + samagri mein badalaav dikhaaya, aur report key nishkarsh poori tarah seey phosphat key chayapachaya seey sambandhit they. rothstein dwara prayogon kii ack shrinkhala ney dhaatu key katayan key grahan kii or adhik dhyaan kendrit kiya, jisase pataa chalata haye kii khameer nimnalikhit aatmiyata shrinkhala key saath katayan letaa haye; mg2 +, co2 +, zn2 +> mn2 +> ni2 +> ca2 +> sr2 +. isake alawa, yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa kii vibhinn kaitayanon key parivahan kii madhyasthata ack hii parivahan pranali dwara kii jaati haye-ack aisee sthiti joe bacteria mein bahut adhik haye.
1998 mein, mcdiarmid aur maali ney antatah "sacromyces serevisia" mein dekhe gaye cashion parivahan phenotype key liye jimmedaar protein kii pehchaan kii. iss pranali mein shamil jeane aur ack doosari mitochondrial mg2 + parivahan pranali, jeane key pratiroopan key baad karyatmak roop seey pahachaani gaee, neeche diye gaye anubhagon mein varnit hain.
alr1 aur alr2।.
khameer mein all3 + sahishnuta (pratirodh) key liye dou jeane, alr1 aur alr2, koo ack screen mein alag kiya gayaa thaa. khameer genomic dna vaale atee-abhivyakti nirmaanon koo jangli prakaar key khameer mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa aur parivartanakon koo all3 + key vishaakt staron parr vriddhi key liye jaanch kiya gayaa thaa. lr1 aur lr2 yukt plasmid ney inn sthitiyon mein khameer key vikas kii anumati dee.
lr1pee aur lr2pee protein mein kramshah 859 aur 858 emino acid hotey hain aur yeye 70 pratishat samaan hotey hain. see-terminal key ack kshetra mein, inmein seey aadhe protein poorna koraa protein key samaan kamjor hotey hain. computer-anumaanit tii. aim. topology kaa aeye. ell. aar. 1pee. chitra mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. ack teesare tii. aim. kshetra kii upasthiti kaa sujhaav mcdiarmid aur gardner (1998) dwara, anukram homology parr bull parr, aur haal hii mein lii aur gardner (2006) dwara, utparivartan adhyayanon key bull parr, inn proteins key tii. aim. topology koo koraa (aakriti dekhein) kii tarah banaa diyaa gayaa thaa. isake alawa, alr1pee mein tm 2 (tm 2 ') key baahari chhor parr sanrakshit gmn rupankan hotaa haye aur iss rupankan mein methionine (aim) kaa ack lucine (ell) mein utparivartan parivahan kshamata key nuksan kaa kaaran banata haye.
yeh aankada alr1pee key dou sambhaavit tm topology koo darshaata haye. aakriti kaa ack bhaag khameer mein lr1pee protein key computer-anumaanit jhilli topology koo darshaata haye aur bhaag bee lii aur gardner (2006) key prayogaatmak parinamon key aadhar parr lr1pee kii topology koo darshaata haye. jee. aim. aine. rupankan sthaan laal rung mein aur tii. aim. domen halke neele rung mein ingit kiya gayaa haye. jhilli mein abhivinyas aur aine-aur see-terminal kii sthiti kaa sanket diyaa jaataa haye, ghulansheel domen key vibhinn aakar amino acid (aa) mein diye jaate hain, aur tm domen koo koraa key saath unaki samaantaa seey kramaankit kiya jaataa haye. jahan koee bhee tii. aim. domen gayab haye, shesh domen koo prime key saath kramaankit kiya jaataa haye. aakriti paimaane parr naheen kheenchi gaee haye.
ack teesara lr-jaisa jeane aiss mein maujood haye. serevisia aur "schizosecheromyces pombe" aur "neurospora crassa" donon mein dou samroop jeane hain. inn proteins mein dusare "aine" key apavaad key saath, koraa kii tarah ack jee. aim. aine. rupankan hotaa haye. crassa "jeane. kavak key baahar kii prajaatiyon mein koee anya-jaise jeane kii pehchaan naheen kii gaee haye.
jhilli ansh aur harey pratideepti protein (jee. aff. pee.) sanlayan adhyayanon ney sthaapit kiya kii ell. aar. 1. pee. plasma jhilli mein sthaaniyakrit haye. baahya koshikiya katayanon key jawab mein riktika mein ell. aar. 1. pee. kaa sthaaniyakaran aantarik aur avakramit paaya gayaa. migra2 +, bahut cumm baahya koshikiya sandrata (100 microne; maanak media migra2 + samagri kaa <10%), aur apekshaakrit uchch sandrata (> 20 × maanak media) parr koo2 + aur mn2 +, ney lr1pee protein sthaaniyakaran mein parivartan koo prerit kiya, aur prabhaav karyatmak sarvavyaapi, endocytosis aur vacular ksharan parr nirbhar thaa. iss tantra koo khameer dwara mg2 + grahan key viniyaman kii anumati dene key liye prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa. 
haalaanki, haal kii ack report seey sanket milata haye kii stadler aur anya logon dwara kii gaee kaee tippaniyan. punarutpaadak naheen they. udaaharan key liye, milligram 2 + aapoorti dwara lr 1 mrna sanchay kaa viniyaman naheen dekhaa gayaa thaa, aur lr 1 protein kii sthirata atirikt milligram 2 + key sampark mein aaney seey cumm naheen hui thee. sthir-avastha nimn-aim. jee. sthitiyon key tahat ell. aar. 1 protein key aim. jee.-nirbhar sanchay key mool avalokan koo dohraya gayaa thaa, lekin yeh prabhaav protein mein ack chhote seey peptide (epitope) key judane key kaaran ack kalaakriti key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa taaki iska pataa lagaaya jaa sakey. inn samasyaon key bavjood, ell. aar. 1 gatividhi koo milligram aapoorti kaa jawab dene key liye pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii protein kii gatividhi seedhe viniyamit hoti haye, jaisa kii kuchh jeevaanu koraa protein key liye dekhaa gayaa thaa.
aiss key liye ack karyatmak lr1pee (jangli prakaar) yaa lr2pee (atee-abhivyakt) kii aavashyakta hoti haye. serevisia "maanak sthitiyon mein vriddhi (4 mimi milligram +), aur lr1pee 30 microne key roop mein cumm milligram + sandrata parr samanya vikas kaa samarthan curr sakata haye. 57coo2 + koo 77-105 microne (; see) key ack kimmy key saath lr1pee protein key madhyam seey khameer mein liya jaataa haye. mcdarmid aur aar. see. maali, aprakaashit detta), lekin iss parivahan key mg2 + avrodh key liye kii vartamaan mein agyaat haye. khameer key vikas key avrodh dwara ell. aar. 1. pee. protein dwara anya kaitayanon key parivahan kaa pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa. alr1pee kii atee-abhivyakti ney caa2 +, coo2 +, cu2 +, laa3 +, mn2 +, ni2 + aur jdn2 + key prati samvedansheelta mein vriddhi kii, joe kii ack koraa jaisi parivahan pranali dwara khameer mein leey jaae jaane key liye dikhaae gaye key samaan kaitayanon kii ack shrinkhala haye. parivahanak kii upasthiti mein keetanuon kii vishaaktata mein vriddhi koshika key ander keetanuon key badhate sanchay key kaaran maani jaati haye.
iss baat kaa pramaan haye kii lr1pee mukhya roop seey ack aim. jee. 2 + transporter haye kii lr1pee key nuksan seey kull koshika samagri mein aim. jee. 2 + kii kamee aatee haye, lekin anya catayan kii naheen. isake alawa, dou electrophysiological adhyayan jahaan khameer yaa "zenopus" andkosh mein lr1pee kaa utpaadan kiya gayaa thaa, protein kii upasthiti mein ack milligram2 +-nirbhar dhaara dikhaai dee; salih "aitt all.", taiyari mein.
sampoorn khameer koshikaon parr electrophysiology takneekon dwara ell. aar. 1. pee. dwara milligram2 + grahan kii gativigyaan kii jaanch kii gaee haye. parinamon ney sujhaav diyaa kii lr1pee key aayan-chayanaatmak channel key roop mein kaary karane kii bahut sambhavana haye. usee pepper mein, lekhakon ney bataaya kii lr1pee dwara milligram2 + parivahan 200 pee. aeye. seey 1500 pee. aeye. taka bhinn thaa, jisamen 264 pee. aeye. kii ausat dhaara thee. vartamaan kaa utpaadan karane vaale protein kii matra kaa koee matratmakkaran prastut naheen kiya gayaa thaa, isaliye parinamon mein jeevaanu milligram + parivahan protein key saath tulanaa kii kamee haye.
28mg2 + radiotracer vishleshan aur maig-fura 2 kii vaikalpik takneekon kaa upayog mg2 + uptech koo maapane key liye abhee taka alr1p key saath naheen kiya gayaa haye. 28mg2 + vartamaan mein upalabdh naheen haye aur maig-fura 2 pranali seey khameer mein saral grahan detta pradaan karane kii sambhavana naheen haye. khameer koshika milligram + key visham vitaran koo banaae rakhti haye joe sujhaav detee haye kii khameer key ander kaee pranaaliyan milligram + koo bhandaran dibbon mein leey jaa rahee hain. yeh aantarik parivahan bahut sambhavana haye kii grahan prakriya koo chhupa dega. s mein alr1 kii abhivyakti. binaa aim. jee. 2 + grahan jeane key typhimurium ack vikalp hoe sakata haye, lekin, jaisa kii pahale kahaa gayaa haye, ack visham abhivyakti pranali key prabhaavon koo dhyaan mein rakhane kii aavashyakta hogi.
aim. aine. aar. 2.
aim. aine. aar. 2 jeane ell. aar. protein seey nikatata seey sambandhit ack protein koo kootbaddh kartaa haye, lekin isamen sanrakshit visheshtaen shamil hain joe kavak genome mein koraa protein key ack alag upsamooh koo paribhaashit karati hain, joe aim. jee. 2 + homeostasis mein ack alag bhoomika kaa sujhaav detee hain. ack ell. aar. 1 utparivarti kii tarah, ack aim. aine. aar. 2 utparivarti kaa vikas aim. jee. 2 +-kii kamee vaali sthitiyon key prati samvedansheel thaa, lekin aim. aine. aar. 2 utparivarti koo inn sthitiyon mein ack jangli prakaar key tanaav kii tulanaa mein adhik aim. jee. 2 + jamaa honey key liye dekhaa gayaa thaa. inn phenotype ney sujhaav diyaa kii mnr2 ack antahkoshikiya dibbe key bheetar milligram2 + bhandaran koo niyantrit curr sakata haye. iss vyakhya key anuroop, aim. aine. aar. 2 protein koo riktika kii jhilli mein sthaaniyakrit kiya gayaa thaa, joe khameer dwara atirikt khanij poshak tatvon key bhandaran mein shamil ack aantarik dibbe thaa. aim. aine. aar. 2 abhivyakti mein vriddhi, joe kuchh aim. aine. aar. 2 protein koo koshika kii satah parr punarnirdeshit karati haye, ney ack ell. aar. 1 ell. aar. 2 double utparivarti tanaav kii aim. jee. 2 +-aavashyakta koo bhee dabaa diyaa, ney aim. aine. aar. 2 + parivahan mein aim. aine. aar. 2 kii pratyaksh bhoomika kaa sujhaav diyaa. aim. aine. aar. 2 utparivartan ney anya dvivaarshik keshan key sanchay koo bhee badal diyaa, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii yeh utparivartan ell. aar. jeane abhivyakti yaa protein gatividhi koo badhaa sakata haye. haal key kaam ney iss model kaa samarthan kiya, yeh darshaate hue kii ack mnr2 utparivarti tanaav mein lr1 gatividhi mein vriddhi hui thee, aur yeh kii utparivartan ack mnr2 jangli-prakaar key tanaav key liye dekhe gaye uchch baahari milligram sandrata parr lr1 gatividhi key preran seey judaa thaa. inn prabhaavon koo lr1 protein sanchay mein kissy bhee parivartan key binaa dekhaa gayaa thaa, joe phir seey ingit kartaa haye kii lr1 gatividhi koo koshika key bheetar milligram ekagrata dwara seedhe niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye.
aim. aar. aiss. 2 aur ell. pee. ee. 10.
lr jeane kii tarah, mrs2 jeane koo pratiroopit kiya gayaa thaa aur ack aim. jee. 2 + transporter key roop mein pehchaane jaane seey pahale anukramit kiya gayaa thaa. aim. aar. aiss. 2 jeane kii pehchaan khameer key paramanu genome mein ack mitochondrial jeane aar. aine. aeye. splissing utparivartan key damankartaon key liye ack screen mein kii gaee thee, aur ise weisenberger "aitt all" dwara pratiroopit aur anukramit kiya gayaa thaa."(1992). aim. aar. aiss. 2. pee. koo bui "aitt all" taka ack anumaanit aim. jee. 2 + transporter key roop mein pahachaana naheen gayaa thaa."(1999). gregon "aur अन्य।"(2001aeye)। ney homology dwara ell. pee. ee. 10 kii pehchaan aim. aar. aiss. 2 seey kii aur dikhaaya kii ell. pee. ee. 10 aur aim. aar. aiss. 2 donon utparivarti ney khameer mitochondria kii milligram 2 + samagri koo badal diyaa aur anga mein aar. aine. aeye. splissing gatividhi koo prabhaavit kiya. mg2 + parivahan koo seedhe mrs2p dwara madhyasthata karate hue dikhaaya gayaa haye, lekin lpe10p key liye naheen.
aim. aar. aiss. 2pee aur ell. pee. ee. 10pee. protein kramshah 470 aur 413 emino acid avashesh hain, aur protein key beach mein ack 250-300 emino acid kshetra poorna koraa protein key saath ack kamjor samaantaa dikhaata haye. aim. aar. aiss. 2pee aur ell. pee. ee. 10pee. proteins key tii. aim. topology kaa mulyankan protease suraksha parakh kaa upayog karke kiya gayaa haye aur chitra mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. tii. aim. 1 aur 2, koraa protein mein tii. aim. 2 aur 3 key anuroop hotey hain. sanrakshit jee. aim. aine. rupankan pahale tii. aim. kshetra key baahari chhor parr hotaa haye, aur jaba iss rupankan mein glycine (jee) koo aim. aar. aiss. 2pee mein cysteine (see) mein parivartit kiya gayaa thaa, tou aim. jee. 2 + parivahan koo dridhata seey cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
yeh aankada aim. aar. aiss. 2pee aur ell. pee. ee. 10pee kii praayogik roop seey nirdhaarit topology koo bataata haye jaisa kii bui "aitt all seey anukoolit haye."(1999) aur gregon" aur अन्य।"(2001aeye)।. jee. aim. aine. rupankan sthaan laal rung mein aur tii. aim. domen halke neele rung mein ingit kiya gayaa haye. jhilli mein abhivinyas aur aine-aur see-terminal kii sthiti ingit kii jaati haye. ghulansheel domen key vibhinn aakar amino acid (aa) mein diye gaye hain, tm domen koo kramaankit kiya gayaa haye, aur aakriti paimaane parr naheen kheenchi gaee haye.
aim. aar. aiss. 2. pee. koo upkoshikiya ansh aur pratirakshaatmak pehchaan dwara mitochondrial aantarik jhilli mein sthaaniyakrit kiya gayaa haye aur mitochondria mein ell. pee. ee. 10. pee. kiya gayaa haye. aim. aar. aiss. 2. pee. kii kamee vaale mitochondria mein teji seey aim. jee. 2 + grahan naheen hotaa haye, kewal ack dheema 'risaav' hotaa haye, aur aim. aar. aiss. 2. pee. key adhik sanchay seey praarambhik grahan darr mein vriddhi hoti haye. isake alawa, koraa, jaba aim. aar. aiss. 2pee key mitochondrial leader anukram mein fuse kiya jaataa haye, tou yeh aim. aar. aiss. 2pee yaa ell. pee. ee. 10pee. key nuksan seey honey vaale mitochondrial dosh koo aanshik roop seey puuraa curr sakata haye. isaliye, aim. aar. aiss. 2pee aur/yaa ell. pee. ee. 10pee mitochondria key liye pramukh aim. jee. 2 + grahan pranali hoe sakati haye. ack sambhavana yeh haye kii protein heterodymer banaate hain, kyonki naa tou protein (jaba adhik dabaav daala jaataa haye) dusare key nuksan koo poori tarah seey puuraa curr sakata haye.
aim. aar. aiss. 2pee dwara prithak mitochondria mein aim. jee. 2 + grahan kii visheshtaon koo maig-fura 2 kaa upayog karke maapa gayaa thaa. aim. aar. aiss. 2pee dwara aim. jee. 2 + key grahan ney koraa key saath kaee visheshtaon koo saajha kiya. pahale, mg2 + grahan seedhe seema jhilli key paar vidyut kshamata (δsi) parr nirbhar thaa. doosara, grahan usa seey bahut neeche santript hotaa haye jise δsi saiddhaantik roop seey anumati detaa haye, isaliye mrs2p dwara mg2 + key parivahan koo koraa key samaan tareeke seey viniyamit kiye jaane kii sambhavana haye, sambhavatah protein key nishkriya honey seey. teesara, valinomycin dwara mitochondrial jhilli key kritrim vidhruveekaran parr aim. aar. aiss. 2. pee. key madhyam seey aim. jee. 2 + afflux dekhaa gayaa thaa. anta mein, aim. aar. aiss. 2pee. key madhyam seey milligram 2 + fluxes cobalt (iii) hexamine dwara baadhit kiya jaataa haye.
aim. aar. aiss. 2pee dwara aim. jee. 2 + uptech kii gativigyaan kaa nirdhaaran froshoyer "aitt all mein kiya gayaa thaa."(2004) bacteria mein koraa parr kagaj. mukt mg2 + sandrata mein praarambhik parivartan jangli prakaar key liye 150 microne aiss-1 aur khameer seey mitochondria key liye 750 microne aiss-1 thaa.
protozoa ("paramacium").
paramatium mein mg2 + key parivahan kii visheshta kaafee hudd taka r haye. aar. preston aur unake sahakarmi. poore paramatium parr electrophysiological takneekon kaa upayog paraagan aur anya dwara jeane kaa pratiroopan karane seey pahale kagjat kii ack shrinkhala mein milligram2 + dhaaraon kii pehchaan karane aur unaki visheshtaon koo darshaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa."(2002).
aiks. aine. tii. aeye. jeane key liye khula pathan frame aakar mein 1707 bee. pee. haye, jisamen dou intron hotey hain aur 550 emino acid kaa anumaanit protein paida kartaa haye. protein mein 11 tii. aim. domen honey kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa haye aur isamen aiss. ell. see. 8 (naa +/see. aeye. 2 + exchanger) aur aiss. ell. see. 24 (key + aashrit naa +/see. aeye. 2 + exchanger) maanav solute parivahan protein key α1 aur α2 rupankanon (chitra dekhein) bhee shamil hain. xntap amino acid anukram dwara slc8 aur slc24 protein parivaaron key samaan haye, lekin anumaanit tm topology slc24 kii tarah haye, lekin samaantaa sabse kamjor haye aur sambandh bahut door haye. paudhon seey praapt aeye. tii. aim. aich. aiks. protein bhee aiss. ell. see. 8 protein key saath ack door kaa sambandh saajha kartaa haye.
yeh aankada xntap kii anumaanit tm topology koo darshaata haye. heins aur anya seey anukoolit."(2002), yeh aankada computer dwara paramatium mein xntap kii anumaanit jhilli topology koo darshaata haye. jhilli mein abhivinyas koo aich. aim. aim. topp kaa upayog karke nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. tii. aim. domen koo halke neele rung mein dikhaaya gayaa haye, α1 aur α2 domen koo harey rung mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. jhilli mein abhivinyas aur aine-aur see-terminal kii sthiti kaa sanket diyaa jaataa haye aur aakriti paimaane parr naheen kheenchi jaati haye.
xntap dwara leey jaae jaane vaali mg2 +-nirbhar dhaaraaen gatij roop seey ack channel protein kii tarah hoti hain aur inmein mg2 +> Co2 +, mn2 +> ca2 + kaa aayan chayanaatmaktaa crum hotaa haye-ack shrinkhala phir seey koraa key samaan hoti haye. abb taka report kiye gaye anya parivahan proteins key vipareet, xntap antahkoshikiya ca2 + parr nirbhar haye. parivahan bhee δsi parr nirbhar haye, lekin phir seey mg2 + koo santulan mein naheen leey jaaya jaataa haye, joe koshika dravya mein lagbhag 0.40 mimi mukt mg2 + taka seemit haye. ack antahkoshikiya dibbe kaa astitva jisamen mg2 + (8 mimi) kii bahut adhik mukt sandrata thee, parinamon dwara samarthit thaa.
pashu.
manushyon sahit jaanvaron mein milligram2 + kii jaanch bacteria aur khameer mein usase peechhe haye. yeh kaafee hudd taka shamil pranaliyon kii jatilata key kaaran haye, lekin kshetra key bheetar iss dhaarana key kaaran bhee kii sabhi koshikaon mein uchch star parr mg2 + banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa aur baahari prabhaavon dwara aparivartit thaa. kewal pichhale 25 varshon mein iss drishtikon koo chunauti dene key liye reports kii ack shrinkhala shuru hui haye, naee vidhiyon key saath yeh pataa chalata haye kii mukt mg2 + samagri koo una staron parr banaae rakhaa jaataa haye jahaan parivartan cellular chayapachaya koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain.
aim. aiss. 2.
anukram databases kii ack jaiv soochanaatmak khoj ney metazone kii ack shrinkhala mein khameer key aim. aar. aiss. 2 jeane key ack samroop kii pehchaan kii. protein kaa ack bahut hii samaan anukram haye aur khameer protein key liye tii. aim. topology kii bhavishyavani kii gaee haye, aur jee. aim. aine. rupankan pahale tii. aim. domen key anta mein barkarar haye. maanav protein, hsamrs2pee, koo gfp sanlayan protein kaa upayog karke mouse koshikaon mein mitochondrial jhilli mein sthaaniyakrit kiya gayaa haye.
standhaariyon mein protein kii milligram2 + parivahan visheshtaon key baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari haye, lekin zasurka "aur anya."(2001) ney dikhaaya haye kii maanav aim. aar. aiss. 2. pee. khameer mitochondrial aim. jee. 2 + grahan pranali mein aim. aar. aiss. 2 utparivarti kaa poorak haye.
aiss. ell. see. 41 (aim. jee. tii. ee.).
metazoa mein iss jeane parivaar kii pehchaan sraavit aur jhilli protein koo alag karane key liye ack sanket anukram trap vidhi key saath shuru hui. adhikansh pehchaan jaiv soochanaatmak vishleshanon seey aaee haye. antatah manushyon mein teen jeane kii pehchaan kii gaee, anya teen choohe mein aur teen "synorhabditis elegans" mein, "anophils gambia" mein ack hii jeane key saath. pee. aff. aeye. aim. databases aim. jee. tii. domen koo pee. aff. aeye. aim. 01769 key roop mein soochibaddh kartaa haye aur isake alawa "drosophila melanogaster" mein ack aim. jee. tii. domen yukt protein kii pehchaan kartaa haye. aim. jee. tii. domen vaale protein koo saat vargon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye, jaisa kii pee. aff. aeye. aim. dwara pratyek protein mein pehchaan yogya domen key prakaar aur sangathan kaa upayog karke paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. metazone protein saat samoohon mein seey teen mein maujood hotey hain. sabhi metazoa proteins mein dou aim. jee. tii. domen hotey hain, lekin inmein seey kuchh kii bhavishyavani kewal sandarbh pehchaan (sikka, batman aur durbin, aprakaashit) dwara kii gaee haye. adhik jaankaari key liye pee. aff. aeye. aim. website dekhein).
maanav slc41aeye1 protein mein pf01769 sarvasammati anukram key saath 52 pratishat aur 46 pratishat sambandhit samaantaa key saath dou milligram domen hotey hain aur isamen duss tm domen honey kii bhavishyavani kii gaee haye, pratyek milligram domen mein paanch (chitra dekhein), joe bataata haye kii bacteria kaa milligram protein ack diamer key roop mein kaam curr sakata haye. 
wabaken "aitt all" seey anukoolit."(2003) aur pee. aff. aeye. aim. databases, yeh aankada computer dwara" aich "mein aim. jee. tii. key anumaanit jhilli topology koo darshaata haye. sapiens. tii. aim. domen koo halke neele rung mein dikhaaya gayaa haye, jhilli mein abhivinyas aur aine-aur see-terminal kii sthiti koo ingit kiya gayaa haye, aur aakriti koo paimaane parr naheen kheencha gayaa haye.
wabakan "aur anya."(2003) ney paaya kii aiss. ell. see. 41aeye1 jeane kii pratilekh sabhi maanav ootakon mein vyakt kii gaee thee, lekin vibhinn staron parr, hriday aur vrishan mein jeane kii uchchatam abhivyakti thee. mg2 + seey sambandhit shareer vigyaan key sambandh mein abhivyakti pattern kaa koee spashteekaran naheen diyaa gayaa haye.
yeh naheen dikhaaya gayaa haye kii kyaa slc41 protein kissy bhee prayogaatmak pranali mein aim. jee. 2 + parivahan karate hain yaa aim. jee. 2 + parivahan utparivartan key poorak hain. haalaanki, yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii choonki aim. jee. tii. protein kaa koee anya gyaat kaary naheen haye, isaliye way metazoa mein aim. jee. 2 + transporter honey kii sambhavana haye kyonki way bacteria mein hain. ise mg2 + parivahan kii jaanch key liye abb maanak prayog pranaliyon mein seey ack kaa upayog karke satyaapit karane kii aavashyakta hogi.
tii. aar. pee. aim. 6/tii. aar. pee. aim. 7.
maanav koshikaon mein tii. aar. pee. aim. jeane aur protein kii jaanch haal key gahan adhyayan aur kabhi-kabhi bahas kaa ack kshetra haye. montel "aur anya."(2002) ney tii. aar. pee. jeane mein shodh kii sameeksha kii haye, aur montel (2003) dwara doosari sameeksha mein tii. aar. pee. aim. jeane mein shodh kii sameeksha kii gaee haye.
aayan chainalon key tii. aar. pee. aim. parivaar mein poore metazoa mein sadasya hotey hain. tii. aar. pee. aim. 6 aur tii. aar. pee. aim. 7 protein atyadhik asamanya hain, jinamen ack aayan channel domen aur ack kinnez domen (chitra 1.7) donon hotey hain, jisaki bhoomika sabse germ bahas laati haye.
inn donon proteins kii gatividhi koo nirdhaarit karna bahut mushkil rhaa haye. tii. aar. pee. aim. 7 apane aap mein ack see. aeye. 2 + channel prateet hotaa haye lekin tii. aar. pee. aim. 6 kii upasthiti mein parivahanit kaitayanon kii affinity shrinkhala see. aeye. 2 + seey oopar milligram 2 + koo sthaan detee haye. report kiye gaye chaalan mein antar inn jeenon key abhivyakti pattern key kaaran huaa thaa. tii. aar. pee. aim. 7 koo abb taka pareekshan kiye gaye sabhi prakaar key koshikaon mein vyakt kiya gayaa haye, jabaki tii. aar. pee. aim. 6 abhivyakti kaa ack adhik pratibandhit pattern dikhaata haye. wats "aitt all" dwara prayogaatmak pranali kaa ack durbhagyapurna chayan.", (2004) ney iss nishkarsh parr pahuncha kii tii. aar. pee. aim. 6 ack karyatmak aim. jee. 2 + transporter haye. haalaanki, baad mein chubanov aur anya dwara kaam kiya gayaa."(2004) ney spasht roop seey dikhaaya kii tii. aar. pee. aim. 6 gatividhi key liye tii. aar. pee. aim. 7 aavashyak haye aur yeh kii wats key parinam" aadi."wats aur anya dwara upayog kii jaane vaali prayogaatmak koshika rekha mein tii. aar. pee. aim. 7 kii abhivyakti dwara samajhaaya jaataa haye."apane prayogon mein. kyaa tii. aar. pee. aim. 6 apane aap mein karyatmak haye, yeh abhee taka nirdhaarit naheen kiya gayaa haye.
tii. pee. aar. aim. 6 aur tii. aar. pee. aim. 7 protein kii anumaanit tii. aim. topology koo nadler aur anya seey anukoolit kiya gayaa haye."(2001), runnels" aur anya."(2001) aur montel aur anya."(2002), yeh aankada" "homo sapiens" "mein tii. aar. pee. aim. 6 aur tii. aar. pee. aim. 7 protein kii computer dwara bhavishyavani kii gaee jhilli topology koo darshaata haye. iss samay, dikhaae gaye topology koo ack asthaayi parikalpana maanaa jaanaa chaahiye. tii. aim. domen koo halke neele rung mein, chhidra loop koo baingani rung mein, tii. aar. pee. rupankan koo laal rung mein aur kinnez domen koo harey rung mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. jhilli mein abhivinyas aur aine-aur see-terminal kii sthiti kaa sanket diyaa jaataa haye aur aakriti paimaane parr naheen kheenchi jaati haye.
aur anya" key nishkarsh."(2004) pepper shayed mg2 + aashrit dhaaraon koo akele trpm7 key liye jimmedaar thaharaane mein galat haye, aur unake gatij detta mein sanyukt trpm7/trpm6 channel koo pratibimbit karane kii sambhavana haye. report mein koshika-dravya mukt migra2 + mein parivartanon koo nirdhaarit karane key liye vidyut-bhautik takneekon aur maig-fura 2 donon key aadhar parr migra2 + seey gujarane vaali channel jaisi gatividhi key anuroop detta kaa ack majboot sangrah prastut kiya gayaa haye.
paracellular parivahan.
claudin paracellular maarg key madhyam seey mg2 + parivahan kii anumati dete hain; yaani, yeh koshikaon key beach tanga junctions key madhyam seey aayan key parivahan kaa madhyasthata kartaa haye joe ack upkala koshika parat banaate hain. vishesh roop seey, claudin-16 maanav gurde mein milligram2 + key chayanaatmak punah grahan kii anumati detaa haye. see. ell. dee. aine. 19 jeane mein utparivartan vaale kuchh rogiyon ney magnicium parivahan koo bhee badal diyaa haye.
claudin-16 jeane koo saiman aur anya logon dwara pratiroopit kiya gayaa thaa."(1999), lekin reports kii ack shrinkhala key baad hii binaa kissy jeane yaa protein key mg2 + fluxes kaa varnan kiya gayaa. jeane kii abhivyakti kaa swaroop aar. tii.-pee. see. aar. dwara nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh dikhaaya gayaa thaa kii yeh gurde kii nalika key ack nirantar kshetra taka bahut kaskar seemit thaa joe medulary key motey avrohi anga seey door key ghumaavdaar nalika taka chalata haye. yeh sthaaniyakaran gurde dwara milligram2 + punah grahan key sthaan key liye pahale kii reports key anuroop thaa. cloning key baad, jeane mein utparivartan kii pehchaan hypercalciuria aur nephrocalcinosis key saath parivarik hypomagnesia vaale rogiyon mein kii gaee, joe jeane aur mg2 + key grahan key beach key sambandhon koo majboot kartaa haye.
paudhe.
paudhon mein mg2 + parivahan key liye aanvik tantra kaa vartamaan gyaan bahut seemit haye, kewal teen prakashanon mein paudhon mein mg2 + parivahan key liye aanvik aadhar kii soochana dee gaee haye. haalaanki, paudhon key liye mg2 + key mahatva kaa achchi tarah seey varnan kiya gayaa haye, aur mg2 + key prabhaavon key baare mein shaaririk aur paaristhitik adhyayan kaee hain. yeh khand una paudhon mein pehchaane gaye jeane parivaar key gyaan koo sankshep mein bataayega joe door seey koraa seey sambandhit hain. ack anya jeane, ack mg2 +/h + vinimaayak (atmhx), joe iss jeane parivaar aur koraa seey asambandhit haye, kii pehchaan bhee kii gaee haye, joe vacular jhilli mein sthaaniyakrit haye, aur antim roop seey varnit kiya jaayega.
aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss. 2 jeane parivaar.
scock "aur anya."(2000) khameer key aim. aar. aiss. 2 jeane key saath jeane kii samaantaa key aadhar parr parivaar kii pehchaan kii gaee aur iska naam aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss. 2 rakhaa gayaa. lekhakon ney yeh bhee dikhaaya kii aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss. 2-1 jeane ack δmrs2 khameer utparivarti phenotype kaa poorak hoe sakata haye. swatantra roop seey, lii "aur anya."(2001) ney parivaar kii pehchaan karate hue ack report prakaashit kii aur dikhaaya kii dou atirikt sadasya aim. jee. 2 + parivahan kii kamee vaale utparivarti key poorak hoe sakate hain, ack mein. typhimurium aur doosara aiss mein. serevisia. 
jinn teen jeenon koo mg2 + kaa parivahan karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye, way hain atmrs2-1, atmrs 2-10 aur atmrs 2-11, aur yeye jeane kramshah 442,443 aur 459 amino acid kaa utpaadan karate hain. pratyek protein khameer key aim. aar. aiss. 2. pee. key saath mahatvapurna samaantaa dikhaata haye aur bacteria key koraa key saath ack kamjor samaantaa darshaata haye, jisamen pahale tii. aim. domen key baahari chhor parr sanrakshit jee. aim. aine. aim. acid rupankan hotaa haye, aur dou tii. aim. domen honey kii bhavishyavani kii jaati haye.
aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss. 2-1 jeane, jaba aim. aar. aiss. 2 pravartak seey khameer mein vyakt kiya jaataa haye aur aim. aar. aiss. 2 pee. protein key pahale 95 emino acid mein see-antim roop seey fuse kiya jaataa haye, tou mitochondria koo nirdeshit kiya jaataa haye, jahaan yeh ack δmrs2 utparivarti koo poorak kartaa haye, donon prakaar seey (mitochondrial aar. aine. aeye. splissing koo bahaal kiya gayaa thaa) aur organel kii milligram 2 + samagri key sambandh mein. parivahan key gativigyaan parr koee detta prastut naheen kiya gayaa thaa. aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss. 2-11 jeane kaa vishleshan khameer mein kiya gayaa thaa (ell. aar. 1 ell. aar. 2 strain mein), jahaan yeh dikhaaya gayaa thaa kii jeane kii abhivyakti ney niyantran parr bhukhmari koshikaon mein aim. jee. 2 + grahan kii darr mein kaafee vriddhi kii, jaisa kii kull cellular aim. jee. 2 + samagri kii jwala paramanu avashoshan spectroscopy kaa upayog karke maapa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, lr1pee koo cumm baahya koshikiya sandrata parr mg2 + key parivahan mein kaafee adhik prabhaavi dikhaaya gayaa thaa, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii mg2 + key liye aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss. 2-11 kii aatmiyata lr1pee kii tulanaa mein cumm haye. zenopus andkosh mein aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss. 2-11 protein key ack electrophysiological (voltage clamp) vishleshan mein bhee-100-150 aim. vee. key jhilli kshamata (δsi) parr ack mg2 +-nirbhar dhaara dikhaai dee. yeye maan shaaririk roop seey mahatvapurna hain, kyonki paudhon mein kaee jhilli iss seema mein δsi banaae rakhti hain. haalaanki, lekhak koo aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss. 2-11 protein vaale andkoshon kii ack spasht "mrityu" key kaaran inn parinamon koo punah utpann karane mein kathinaaee hui thee, aur isaliye inn parinamon koo savdhani key saath dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye.
aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss. 2-10 transporter kaa radiodharmi tracer uptech vishleshan kaa upayog karke vishleshan kiya gayaa haye. 63ni2 + kaa upayog vikalp aayan key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa aur mg2 + koo 20 microne key ack kii key saath 63ni2 + key grahan koo rokane key liye dikhaaya gayaa thaa. saha (iii) hakes aur anya dvivaarshik catayan dwara bhee grahan koo rokaa gayaa thaa. kewal see. oh. 2 + aur see. yuu. 2 + 1 mimi seey cumm kii maanon key saath parivahan koo rokte hain.
aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss. 2-10 protein koo jee. aff. pee. mein fuse kiya gayaa thaa, aur plasma jhilli mein sthaaniyakrit dikhaaya gayaa thaa. isi tarah kaa ack prayog scock "aitt all" mein kiya gayaa thaa."(2000) kagaj, lekin avalokan sthaaniyakaran gair-upayogit jee. aff. pee. seey kaafee alag naheen thaa. scock mein aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss. 2-1 key nishchit sthaaniyakaran kii kamee kaa sabse sambhaavit kaaran "aadi."kagaj yeh haye kii lekhakon ney protein seey tii. aim. domen koo hataa diyaa, jisase ack jhilli mein isake sammilan koo roque diyaa gayaa.
paudhon mein aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss.-2 aur aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss. 2-10 protein kaa sateek shaaririk mahatva abhee taka spasht naheen kiya gayaa haye. aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss. 2-11 jeane koo ack mein (kaimvi 35aiss pravartak seey) adhik abhivyakt kiya gayaa haye. thaliana. transgenic rekha koo aeye. tii. aim. aar. aiss. 2-11 pratilekh key uchch star koo jamaa karate hue dikhaaya gayaa haye. ack homozygote rekha key liye screening prakriya key dauran (tii1 aur tii2 donon peedhiyon mein) ack majboot milligram2 + kii kamee vaale phenotype (pattiyon parr necrotic dhabbe, neeche adhyaay 1.5 dekhein) darj kiya gayaa thaa, lekin yeh phenotype tii3 peedhi mein khou gayaa thaa aur jaba pichhali peedhiyon koo doosari baar jaanch kii gaee thee tou ise punah utpann naheen kiya jaa sakaa thaa. lekhak ney sujhaav diyaa kii asangat phenotype kaa sabse sambhaavit kaaran paryavaraniya prabhaav they.
aeye. tii. aim. aich. aiks.
kissy bhee bahukoshikiya jeev mein alag kiya gayaa pahala magnicium transporter, aeye. tii. aim. aich. aiks. kissy bhee pahale seey alag kiye gaye aim. jee. 2 + parivahan protein key saath koee samaantaa naheen dikhaata haye. jeane kii pehchaan shuru mein aeye mein kii gaee thee. thaliana genomic dna anukram databases, manushyon mein naa +/caa2 + vinimaayak jeane key slc8 parivaar key saath isaki samaantaa seey.
1990 bee. pee. key see. dee. aine. aeye. anukram seey 539-emino acid protein kaa utpaadan honey kaa anuman haye. aeye. tii. aim. aich. aiks. amino acid star parr aiss. ell. see. 8 parivaar seey kaafee nikatata seey sambandhit haye aur gyaarah anumaanit tii. aim. domen (chitra a10.5) key saath ack topology saajha kartaa haye. anukram mein ack badaa antar haye, jisamen lamba gair-jhilli loop (chitra a10.5 dekhein) aeye. tii. aim. aich. aiks. protein mein 148 emino acid haye lekin aiss. ell. see. 8 protein mein 500 emino acid haye. haalaanki, yeh loop achchi tarah seey sanrakshit naheen haye aur slc8 parivaar mein parivahan kaary key liye aavashyak naheen haye.
aeye. tii. aim. aich. aiks. jeane poore paudhe mein vyakt kiya jaataa haye lekin samvahani ootak mein sabse adhik dridhata seey. lekhakon kaa sujhaav haye kii protein kii shaaririk bhoomika inn ootakon mein mg2 + koo baad mein aavashyakta padane parr chhodane key liye sangraheet karna haye. vacular jhilli mein protein sthaaniyakaran iss sujhaav kaa samarthan kartaa haye (adhyaay 1.5 bhee dekhein).
protein mg2 + koo vacular space mein aur h + koo baahar leey jaataa haye, jaisa kii electrophysiological takneekon dwara pradarshit kiya gayaa haye. parivahan ack aich +-atpage dwara vacular space (ph 4.5-5.9) aur cytoplasm (ph 7.3-7.6) key beach banaae rakhe gaye δph dwara sanchaalit hotaa haye. protein dwara milligram2 + key parivahan koo kaise viniyamit kiya jaataa haye, yeh nirdhaarit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. donon dishaaon mein protein key madhyam seey pravaahit honey key liye dhaaraon koo dekhaa gayaa thaa, lekin mg2 + seey baahar nikalane vaale pravaah key liye 5.5 key 'cytoplasmic' ph kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe samanya paristhitiyon mein paadap koshikaon mein naheen paaee jaane vaali sthiti haye. mg2 +, shaaul aur anya key parivahan key alawa."(1999) ney yeh bhee dikhaaya kii protein zn2 + aur fe2 + kaa parivahan curr sakata haye, lekin anya dvivaarshik catayan (e.jee. cobalt (iii) hexamine dwara koao2 + aur Ni2 +) yaa avrodh key prati isaki samvedansheelta.
aeye. tii. aim. aich. aiks. key liye aim. jee. 2 + parivahan key vistrit gativigyaan kaa nirdhaaran naheen kiya gayaa haye. haalaanki, shaaririk prabhaav pradarshit kiye gaye hain. jaba aeye. thailia key paudhon koo kaimvi 35aiss pravartak dwara sanchaalit aeye. tii. aim. aich. aiks. jeane key atee-abhivyakti nirmaan key saath parivartit kiya gayaa thaa, paudhon ney protein koo adhik matra mein jamaa kiya aur pattiyon mein necrotic ghaavon kaa ack phenotype dikhaaya, joe lekhakon kaa sujhaav haye kii riktika key samanya kaary mein vyavadhaan key kaaran hotaa haye, unake avalokan koo dekhate hue kii paudhon kii kull milligram 2 + (yaa jdn 2 +) samagri transgenic paudhon mein naheen badali gaee thee.
 chhavi koo shaaul aur anya seey anukoolit kiya gayaa haye."(1999) aur quednau aur anya. (2004), aur aich. aim. aim. topp kaa upayog karke ack vishleshan key saath sanyukt, yeh aankada computer dwara "arabidopsis thaliana" mein aeye. tii. aim. aich. aiks. protein kii anumaanit jhilli topology koo darshaata haye. iss samay dikhaae gaye topology koo ack asthaayi parikalpana maanaa jaanaa chaahiye. tii. aim. domen koo halke neele rung mein dikhaaya gayaa haye, jhilli mein abhivinyas aur aine-aur see-terminal kii sthiti koo ingit kiya gayaa haye, aur aakriti koo paimaane parr naheen kheencha gayaa haye. harey rung mein dikhaae gaye α1 aur α2 domen donon kaafee hydrophobic hain aur donon koo jhilli mein daala jaa sakata haye.

