nanboku-chou avadhi

1336 seey 1392 taka kii avadhi, japani itihas key muromachi (ashikaga) shogunet key praarambhik varshon key dauran hui thee.praarambhik kaal key dauran, kyoto mein ashikaga takauji dwara sthaapit ack uttari shaahi darbar aur yoshino mein samrat goo-dego dwara sthaapit ack dakshini shaahi darbar maujood thaa. vaichaarik roop seey, donon adalaton ney 50 varshon taka ladaai ladee, dakshin ney 1392 mein uttar koo chhod diyaa. haalaanki, vaastav mein uttari adalat ashikaga shogunet kii shakti key tahat thee aur bahut cumm vaastavik swatantrata thee.
1333 key kamakura shogunet key vinash aur 1336 mein kenmu bahaali kii viphalata ney nae shogunet key liye ack vaidhata sankat koo khol diyaa. sampatti pranali ("shone") mein sansthaagat parivartan joe raeeson aur yoddhaon kii aaya kaa aadhar banaa, vibhinn samajik samoohon kii sthiti koo badal diyaa. ashikaga shogunet kii sthaapana ney yoddhaon key aarthik aadhar koo vyaapak banaaya, jabaki kuleen maalikon koo cumm curr diyaa. haalaanki, yeh pravritti pahale seey hii kamakura "bakufu" key saath shuru hoe chuki thee.
prishthabhoomi.
adalaton key beach grihyuddh key prakop mein yogdan dene vaale mukhya sangharsh 1274 aur 1281 key japan key mangol akramanon key maddenajar hojo kabile aur anya yoddha samoohon key beach badhata sangharsh aur kenmu bahaali kii viphalata they, jisane samrajyavadiyon key samarthakon aur ashikaga kabile key samarthakon key beach sangharsh koo shuru kiya.
13veen shatabdi key anta mein yoddhaon key beach hojo key netritva vaale kamakura shasson key prati asantosh dikhaai diyaa. yeh akrosh shasson key bheetar anya yoddha parivaaron parr hojo key badhate prabhaav key kaaran huaa thaa. mongol aakraman satta key iss kendrikaran key peechhe mukhya kaaran they joe hojo tokimune (1268-1284) key rajtantra key dauran huaa thaa. sankat key dauran, teen cheejen huinh raajya kii parishad mein hojo parivaar kii niyuktiyon mein vriddhi hui; hojo niji parivaar parishad sabse mahatvapurna nirnay lene vaalaa nikaay bunn gayaa; aur hojo key pratyaksh jagirdaron koo teji seey "shugo" (governor) padon parr padonnat kiya gayaa. isase hojo parivaar key sadasyon aur unake pratyaksh jagirdaron koo shamil karane key liye samarthan kaa aadhar cumm hoe gayaa. jaba 1331 mein hojo key khilaf ack gathbandhan ubhara, tou shasson koo giraane mein kewal dou saal lagey.
choonki krishi samajon mein dhana bhoomi seey bandha huaa haye, isaliye bhoomi yoddha varg key beach bahut asantosh kaa mukhya kaaran bunn gaee. kamakura kaal key baad seey, yuddh mein jeet koo bhoomi anudan dwara puraskrit kiya jaataa thaa. videshi aakraman kii prakriti key kaaran, mangol akramanon key khilaf jeet kaa matlab thaa kii vijetaon koo saunpane key liye koee bhoomi naheen thee.
jaba 1333 mein kamakura bakufu koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, tou yoddha varg kaa saamana karane key liye kyoto darbar samaaj ubhara thaa. heyen seey kamakura kaal mein sankraman mein, yoddha darbar key vanshvaad key prabhutva seey mukt they. kamakura key nidhan key saath, shaahi darbar ney kenmu bahaali mein apani shakti koo bahaal karane kaa prayaas kiya. 19veen shatabdi key meeji bahaali taka yeh phir seey naheen huaa.
kenmu punarsthaapnaah 1333-1336.
1333 key vasant mein, samrat goo-dego aur unake samarthakon ney shaahi darbar kii mahima koo bahaal karane kii yojana banaai. samrat dego (AD 901-923), joe ack aise samay mein rahate they jaba darbar mein koee majboot pratidvandi naheen thaa aur simhaasan seey seedhe prabhaavi shasson kaa prayog kiya jaataa thaa, goo-dego kaa apanaaya gayaa naam aur model bunn gayaa. kenmu bahaali yoddha varg key saath shaahi shakti koo bahaal karane key liye ack sachet andolan thaa. andolan key dou sabse badey pravakta rajkumar morinaga aur kitabtech sikafusa they. rajkumar morinaga goo-dego key putra they, aur ashikaga takauji key kattar pratidvandi they kyonki unhone prabhaavi shasson kii disha mein ack aavashyak kadam key roop mein raeeson key sainyikaran kii vakaalat kii thee. morinaga ney sikafusa koo prateek key roop mein prastut kiya kyonki baad vaalaa ack kyoto kuleen thaa joe sainya general bhee thaa. hitachi (1338-1343) mein lambi gherabandi key dauran, chikfusa ney "jinna shotoki" likhaa, joe japani shaahi pranali kii vaidhata parr ack prabhaavshaali kaam thaa. joe baad mein 19veen shatabdi mein meeji bahaali kaa ack vaichaarik aadhar bunn gayaa.
haalaanki, kenmu kii bahaali naa kewal shaahi shakti, balki isaki sanskriti koo bhee bahaal karane kii goo-dego kii ichcha key kaaran whiffle rahee. unhone adalat key una samarohon koo punarjeevit karane key liye ack granth ("kenmu nenchu gyoji") likhaa joe upayog seey baahar hoe gaye they. 1336 mein takauji ney shaahi darbar key khilaf vidroh kiya aur ack nae shogunet kii shuruat kii ghoshana kii. unaki ghoshana key baad, unhein kyushu mein peechhe hatane key liye majboor honah padaa, jaba kitabatke akii kii samrajyavadi senaaon ney kyoto key paas una parr hamla kiya aur unhein haraaya. takauji dwara kenmu bahaali key iss vishvaasghaat ney japani itihas key baad key samay mein unakaa naam kaalaa curr diyaa, aur aadhikarik taur parr nanboku-chou yuddh shuru kiya. pahale kii itihaslekhan ney sikhaaya kii samurai koo puraskrit karane vaali bhoomi mein prabhaavheentaa key kaaran bahaali whiffle rahee. haalaanki, abb yeh spasht haye kii iss sambandh mein bahaali prabhaavi thee. isaliye, takaauji kaa vidroh aur ack nayaa yoddha shasson banaane kii ichcha bahaali kii viphalata mein ack pramukh nirdhaarak thaa. unake vidroh ney yoddha varg koo protsaahit kiya joe kamakura bakufu key baad ack aur sainya shasson key nirmaan koo dekhana chaahte they.
nanboku-chou yuddh una wafadaron key beach ack vaichaarik sangharsh thaa joe samrat koo satta mein vaapas laana chaahte they, aur joe kamakura key baad ack aur sainya shasson banaane mein vishvaas karate they. sikafusa yoddhaon key bahaali mein bhaag lene kii aavashyakta parr vyaavhaarik thaa, lekin sikafusa aur taakaauji key beach ack gambhir vichalan ney kaee varshon taka netaaon kaa dhruvikaran kiya. bahaali kii viphalata ney ashikaga shogunet kaa uday kiya.
aantarik sangharshah 1350.
takauji nammatra key roop mein shogun they, lekin desh parr shasson karane key kaary key liye taiyar naheen saabit honey key kaaran, duss saal seey adhik samay taka ashikaga tadayoshi ney unake sthaan parr shasson kiya. kanno ashanti key dauran bhaaiyon key beach sambandhon mein khatas aaa gaee. yeh taba shuru huaa jaba taakaauji ney koo noo moronao koo apana "shitsuji" (upa) banaa liya, jisake kaaran tadayoshi kii asafal hatyaa curr dee gaee. unake kathaanak kii khoj kii gaee thee, isaliye 1349 mein tadayoshi koo moronao dwara sarkaar chhodane, apana sir mundan karane aur keshin naam seey ack bauddh bhikshu banane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. 1350 mein unhone vidroh kiya aur apane bhaai key dushmanon, dakshini darbar key samarthakon key saath shamil hoe gaye, jinake samrat goo-murakami ney unhein apani poori senaa kaa senapati niyukt kiya. 1351 mein unhone takauji koo haraaya, kyoto parr kabja curr liya aur kamakura mein pravesh kiya. usee varsh key dauran unhone mikaj (setsu praant) mein koo bhaaiyon koo pakad liya aur maar daala. agale varsh unaki kismat badal gaee aur sattayam mein unhein takauji ney haraa diyaa. bhaaiyon key beach sulah sankshipt saabit hui. tadyoshi kamakura bhaag gayaa, lekin taakaauji ney vahaan ack senaa key saath uska peechha kiya. march 1352 mein, ack pratyaksh dusare sulah key turant baad, "taihiki" key anusaar, tadayoshi kii jahar dekar achaanak mrityu hoe gaee.
sangharsh key kaaran.
1350 key dashak mein, kanno ashanti aur usake baad key parinam vibhajit hoe gaye aur praarambhik shasson koo lagbhag nasht curr diyaa. iss ghatana ney muromachi shasson koo vibhajit kiya aur ekikaran parr asthaayi roque lagaa dee. satah parr yeh ghatana koo bhaaiyon key khilaf tadayoshi key beach ack vyaktigat sangharsh key roop mein dikhaai dee, jise taakaauji dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, sampatti pranali aur taakaauji aur tadayoshi dwara niyantrit naukarshahon key algaav key baare mein raay mein matbhedon ney sangharsh mein ack badee bhoomika nibhai.
choonki naukarshahi takauji aur tadyoshi key beach alag-alag adhikaar kshetra mein thee, isaliye isane ack alag prashaasan kaa nirmaan kiya. takauji house jagirdaron key netaa they, aur iss prakaar retainers key board koo niyantrit karate they jahaan house jagirdaron key prati anushasanatmak kaarravaai kii jaati theeh brigade aur anya aparaadh. unhone puraskaron key karyalaya kaa bhee netritva kiya, jisane yogya jagirdaron key daavon koo sunaa aur unhein jabt curr liya. iska upayog nae yoddhaon koo namankit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa joe shasson key sambhaavit virodhi they.
iss beach tadyoshi ney jaanch mandal kaa netritva kiya jiska shasson key nyaayik karyon parr niyantran thaa. pramukh nyaayik anga, saha-nyayadhishon kaa board, sabhi bhoomi vivaad mamalon aur viraasat seey judey jhagadon parr nirnay letaa haye. nae shasson key liye naukarshahon ("bugyonin") koo una logon key rankon seey bharti kiya gayaa thaa jinhone hojo shasson key patan seey pahale seva kii thee. way moolyavaan they kyonki way padhana aur likhana jaanate they, joe adhikansh yoddhaon kii pahunch seey parey ack kaary thaa.
takauji ney navachar koo protsaahit kiya jabaki tadayoshi ack roodhivaadi they joe ateet kii neetiyon koo sanrakshit karna chaahte they. ack sainya netaa key roop mein, taakaauji ney yuddh key maidan mein veerata key liye ack puraskar key roop mein "shugo" padon key liye jagirdaron koo niyukt kiya, aur unhone "shone" estate koo vibhajit kiya, jisamen seey aadhaa hissa apane jagirdaron koo jagir mein yaa karbhari key roop mein diyaa gayaa, donon kaa chunaav tadayoshi dwara kiya gayaa thaa. unhone kissy bhee prakaar kii sampatti bhoomi key poorna vibhajan kaa bhee virodh kiya.
inn sub key kaaran sangharsh huaa aur isake parinamswarup shasson ney apana samarthan khou diyaa. ashikaga parivaar key sadasyon key beach gahare vibhajan ney vipaksh koo majboot kiya. tadayoshi aur taakaauji donon ney apane agende koo aage badhaane key liye dakshini adalat mein saanketik prastutiyaan lagu keenh tadayoshi koo bhaaiyon koo nasht karna chaahata thaa, aur taakaauji tadayoshi koo harana chaahata thaa.
dakshini darbar kaa uday.
iss ghatana ney dakshini adalat key yuddh key prayaas koo phir seey majboot kiya. kaafee hudd taka yeh nayaa aakraman muromachi shasson key dalbadalon dwara sambhav banaaya gayaa thaa. 1352 mein kamakura mein takauji key khilaf nirdeshit samrajyavadi aakraman tadayoshi key poorv anuyaayiyon kii badee sankhya dwara sambhav kiya gayaa thaa joe samrajyavadi netaa nitta yoshimun key samarthak bunn gaye they. 1353 mein kyoto key khilaf samrajyavadi aakraman "shugo" swami yamana tokiyuji key dalbadal key madhyam seey sambhav huaa thaa. jabaki tadyoshi kaa god liya huaa betaa, ashikaga tadfuyu 1353 aur 1354 mein kyoto key khilaf samrajyavadi hamalon key dauran dakshini darbar kii paschimi senaaon kaa netaa bunn gayaa.
shugo" prabhuon kaa uday.
shogun ashikaga takauji ney paschimi aur madhya japan key vibhinn praanton mein shakha parivaar key sadasyon koo "shugo" prabhu key roop mein niyukt kiya. shugo" padon parr niyukt ashikaga shakha parivaaron mein hoskawa, yamana, imawa, hatkeyama, niki, kiraa, sheeba, ishido aur ishiki parivaar shamil they. jabaki kuchh yoddhaon koo "shugo" padon parr niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. safal senapatiyon, joe usee samay shakha parivaar key pramukh they, jinhone takauji key vidroh key saath apane hisse mein daal diyaa thaa, unhein aksar pada seey puraskrit kiya jaataa thaa. unhein shasson seey naa baandhane kii keemat unakaa samarthan khona aur shasson seey unaki swatantrata koo protsaahit karna thaa.
shugo" ney rajyapalon key roop mein kaary kiya, aur shasson kendra aur paridhiya key beach madhyasthata kaa kaary kiya. apane swayam key adhikaar mein prabhu key roop mein, way praanton mein shasson key adhikaar kaa pratinidhitva karate they. iss avadhi key "shugo" key paas kamakura kii tulanaa mein adhik shakti thee, jisamen bhoomi vivaad honey parr doot bhejana, kaanoon pravartan, "hanzi" (aadhaa curr) jaari karna aur curr lagaane shamil they. way praant-vyaapi niyukti key kaaran samurai grihini kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik adhikaar rakhane key liye aae they. 1372 key baad, "shugo" prabhon koo bhoomi maalikon, raeeson aur samurai parr curr ("tansen") ekatra karane kii jimmedaari dee gaee. bichauliyon key roop mein, "shugo" karon koo badhaa-chadhaakar laabh uthaate they. 1370 key dashak key baad seey "shugo" koo ack naee vyavastha kendrit curr kii dekhrekh karane kii atirikt jimmedaari dee gaee thee. kamakura kaal seey yoddha parivaaron koo mukhiya key adhikaar ("soryo") key upayog kii visheshta thee, jahaan shakha parivaaron parr netritva mukhya parivaar key netaa koo diyaa jaataa thaa. haalaanki, mukhiya key adhikaar behad asthir they kyonki shakha parivaaron ney aksar apani swatantrata kaa daavaa kiya, vishesh roop seey jaba naee peedhiyaan natedari key sambandhon koo kamjor karane key liye ubhari.
kuchh praanton mein, ashikaga mool "shugo" parivaaron koo visthaapit karane mein whiffle raheh sasaki, togashi (prasiddh togashi maschika), kendriya praanton mein takeda aur ogaswara, aur kyushu mein shimazu, otomo aur shoney. way praantiya parivaar jinhone poore kamakura kaal mein shakti jamaa kii thee, jaise kii nagato key ochi aur satsuma key shimazu, apane aap mein swami they aur iss prakaar shasson aur apane "shugo" khitabon parr cumm nirbhar they. morry jaise sthaaniya samurai parivaaron kaa dalbadal huaa aur "shugo" prabhon ney 14veen shatabdi key uttaraardh taka khatarnak roop seey swatantra tareeke seey kaary karna jaari rakhaa. madhya aur paschimi praanton mein lagbhag aadhe nae niyukt kiye gaye they. kanno ghatana key dauran, nae niyukt logon key saath ashikaga pramukh ("soryo") sambandhon ney inn "shugo" koo shasson key prati seedhe vidroh seey bilkul naheen rokaa. vaastav mein, iss samay avadhi mein "shugo" prabhuon kii tulanaa mein shasson key dandaatmak sansthanon kii ghor kamee thee. haalaanki, kuchh kamjor "shugo" prabhu jinhone abhee taka praanton mein apani shakti kaa nirmaan naheen kiya thaa, shasson key saath apane sambandhon koo banaae rakhane mein nihit ruchi rakhate they.
"nagrik karyon kaa adhigrahan aur" "shugo ukey" ".
sivil governor key karyalaya koo dheere-dheere "shugo" dwara hadap liya gayaa thaa, vaha samurai key saath jagirdar key sambandhon key madhyam seey apani praantiya shakti koo prabhaavi banaane mein saksham thaa, jisane nanboku-chou yuddh key dauran sampatti kii bhoomi parr kabja curr liya thaa, aur saarvajanik bhoomi ("kokugaryo") parr rahane vaale samurai key saath. shugo" prabhon key paas muromachi shasson dwara unhein diye gaye kuchh vaidh kartavya hain, aur samanti swami jagirdaron koo jabt karane kaa prayaas curr rahey hain. nanboku-chou yuddh key dauran, samurai karbhari aksar raeeson kii bhoomi lete they aur unhein avaidh roop seey niji swaamitva ("chigyo") mein parivartit curr dete they. isase sampatti pranali kaa kull parisamapan huaa. shugo" prabhon ney bhee iss thoke bhoomi hadapane mein bhaag liya aur apane niyantran mein poorv sampadaon koo jamaa karke una parr samurai koo jabt curr liya. bhoomi parr iss atikraman ney chhote samurai seey laker "kokujin" taka sabhi bhoomi hiton key liye suraksha samasyaon kaa kaaran banaa, aur sthaaniya samurai koo jagirdar key roop mein "shugo" prabhuon key saath madhyasth sambandh banaane key liye prerit kiya kyonki "shugo" sthaaniya suraksha kaa kuchh roop pradaan curr sakata thaa.
shugo" swami aur "kokujin" key beach samanti sambandhon koo "shugo-yuke" ("shugo" anubandh) kahaa jaataa thaa."yeh vaha jagah thee jahan ack kuleen malik rajdhani mein rahane vaale malik koo ack guaranteekrit varsh key anta (" "engu" ") aaya key badale mein apani sampatti key prabandhan kii jimmedaari" "shugo" "koo dega. shugo" swami ney taba una sampattiyon parr prabandhakon key roop mein jagirdar samurai ("hicken") koo jabt curr liya. shugo" anubandh "shugo" swami, samurai "kokujin" aur kuleen logon key hiton koo ack saath baandhate they, lekin hiton kii samaantaa parr adharit naheen they. yeh anubandh "shugo" swami key liye sabse anukool thaa, jinhone sthaaniya samurai ("kokujin") key saath jagirdar key sambandhon kaa vistaar karane aur raeeson kii keemat parr apane bhoomi aadhar kaa vistaar karane key liye iss upkaran kaa upayog kiya.
"shugo" anubandh 1340 key dashak mein ubhare aur dheere-dheere vyaapak hoe gaye. hyugo" key swami ney sainya seva key badale mein samurai koo sampatti kaa prabandhan diyaa, lekin kuleen koo sampatti parr sabhi shaktiyon seey vanchit curr diyaa gayaa, aur varsh key anta ("" engu "") aaya key apane hisse kii prateeksha karane key liye cumm curr diyaa gayaa.  kuleen ney aaya key apane hisse kii guaranti dene key liye ack atyadhik raashi parr curr paryavekshakon ("nengu diacan") koo kaam parr rakhaa. ack baar jaba curr paryavekshak ney apana aadhaa hissa leey liya tou kuleen aaya (pahale seey hii "kokujin" aur "shugo" swami dwara cumm kii gaee) aur cumm hoe gaee. kuleen aaya mein yeh kamee "shugo" aur samurai dwara kramik roop seey bhugtan naa karane kaa parinam thee. isaliye, raeeson ney yoddhaon parr dabaav banaane key liye saahukaaron ("doso") aur naukarshahon ("bugyonin") koo kaam parr rakhaa. lekin yeh bhee aprabhaavi thaa kyonki bhaade key haathon koo yoddhaon key saath baatchit karni thee.
"shugo" aur saarvajanik bhoomi ("kokugaryo").
haal taka ack badey paimaane parr gayab tasveer, muromachi avadhi key dauran saarvajanik bhoomi ("kokugaryo") kaa bhaagya thaa, aur una parr unake atikraman mein "shugo" prabhuon kii bhoomika thee. heyen kaal key dauran saarvajanik bhoomi (kokugaryo) koo sampadaon kii niji bhoomi ("shone") seey alag kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki baad vaali raajya karadhan seey mukt theen. niji sampadaon key uday seey pahale, purani nagrik prashaasan key tahat kewal saarvajanik bhoomi hii rakhee jaati thee. heyen kaal key dauran "shone" naamak niji sampadaon key uday key saath, saarvajanik bhoomi kissy bhee tarah seey gayab naheen huih vivaran mein, saarvajanik bhoomi niji sampadaon seey bahut cumm bhinn thee. donon hii gair-hajir maalikon key swaamitva mein they. way kewal prashaasan key sandarbh mein bhinn theh niji sampadaon kaa prabandhan seedhe kuleen adhikaariyon dwara kiya jaataa thaa, jabaki saarvajanik bhoomi kaa prabandhan poorv kii or seey nagrik rajyapalon (kokuga yaa kokushi) dwara kiya jaataa thaa.
kamakura kaal taka, saarvajanik bhoomi niji swaamitva ("chigyo") key roop mein vibhinn bhoomi maalikon key swaamitva mein thee. inn bhoomi maalikon mein kuleen ghar, dhaarmik pratishthaan aur yoddha shamil they. kaanto aur poorvottar key poore kshetron koo yoddhaon dwara sampatti prabandhakon key roop mein naheen, balki niji swaamitva key roop mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. kaanto praanton koo kamakura shasson koo niji bhoomi ("chigyokoko") key roop mein diyaa gayaa thaa. ashikaga shasson koo inn bhoomi viraasat mein millie aur durbhagya seey, una parr "shugo" prabhu rakhane kaa faisala kiya.
sivil governor key karyalaya (kokushi) key mukhya karyon mein seey ack praanton mein aaparaadhik nyaay kii nigrani aur saarvajanik bhoomi (kokugaryo) key bheetar niji swaamitva kaa rakharkhaav thaa, lekin kamakura shasson key aagaman key saath unakaa kaary badalane lagaa. kamakura dwara "shugo" sipahi kii niyukti key saath, praanton key bheetar sabhi aaparaadhik adhikaar kshetra unake haathon mein chalaa gayaa. lekin nagrik rajyapal ("kokushi") nagrik prashaasan ("ritsuryo") mein pramukh adhikaari key roop mein baney rahey, jinhone yeh sunishchit kiya kii niji holdings seey kiraya kyoto aur yamashiro praant mein anupasthit raeeson aur dhaarmik pratishthanon ("jisha honjo") taka pahunche. unake nireekshan mein yoddhaon kii niji bhoomi shamil naheen thee, joe aamtaur parr kaanto aur aage uttar mein kendrit thee.
nanboku-chou yuddh key prakop key saath, nagrik prashaasan ("ritsurio") teji seey tootana shuru hoe gayaa, aur "shugo" lords, jinaki kamakura avadhi key dauran praantiya shasson mein ack chhoti bhoomika thee, nagrik rajyapal key karyon koo hadapane key liye ubhare. yeh harr praant mein turant naheen huaa, lekin binaa kissy rukawat key taba taka huaa jaba taka kii "shugo" swami saarvajanik bhoomi parr sachche rajyapal naheen bunn gaye they. jaise hii unhone saarvajanik bhoomi key bheetar niji swaamitva kii dekhrekh kii, unhone kaee prakaar key bhoomi maalikon key saath sambandh sthaapit kieh kuleen, vibhinn prakaar key samurai (kokujin, jijamurai), aur dhaarmik pratishthanon key saath. unhone inn bhoomi parr apane swayam key anuyaayiyon koo jabt curr liya, aur sainya seva key badale mein maujooda samurai kii bhoomi kii pushti kii, aur anumaanit parinamon key saath raeeson key saath "shugo" anubandh sthaapit kiye. jagirdaron key saath sthaaniya samurai (kokujin) key saath sampatti parr sambandh, saarvajanik bhoomi parr jagirdar sambandh ack pramukh sansaadhan bunn gaye jisane "shugo" prabhuon kii shakti koo badhaaya.
isake alawa, 1346 mein, muromachi shasson key udbhav key duss saal baad, shogun ney "shugo" koo sampadaon parr fasal chori key mamalon kaa nyaay karane kaa adhikaar dekar aur samrajyavadi balon seey liye gaye yogya jagirdaron koo bhoomi kaa asthaayi kaary saunpkar vikendrikrit adhikaar diyaa. yeh mahatvapurna thaa, jahan taka kamakura kshetradhikar key paaramparik kshetron koo muromachi shasson dwara "chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. pahale, fasal chori yaa bhoomi key karyon key sabhi mamle kadaai seey kamakura prashaasan key tahat they. isake alawa, iss samay key aspas, samrajyavadi senaayen apani sabse buri haar kaa saamana curr rahee theen, jisase dushman kii bhoomi koo jabt karane aur punarnirdharan key liye khol diyaa gayaa thaa. shugo" prabhon koo yeye nae adhikaar kshetra dekar, isane unake saunpe gaye praanton parr rajyapalon key roop mein unaki sthiti koo aur badhaa diyaa.
vaidhata aur satta kii seemaaen.
iss dohri kshamata mein, "shugo" prabhon koo praanton mein anya jamindar samurai key saath pratispardha karni padee, kyonki way rajyapalon key roop mein prashaasit bhoomi key liye, lekin vyaktigat roop seey unake paas swaamitva naheen thaa. kuleen maalikon kii tarah, ack ekal "shugo" swami key paas kaee praanton mein vyaapak roop seey faile kshetron mein bhoomi thee. unaki shakti solahavin shatabdi key kshetriya prabhuon (damyo) kii tarah bhoomi key vyaktigat swaamitva parr naheen, balki jagirdar sambandhon key madhyam seey sthaaniya samurai kii wafadari parr banaai gaee thee. solahavin shatabdi key kshetriya prabhuon dwara bahut adhik jabardast kshamata kaa prayog kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki unake jagirdar sambandh unake aspas kii bhoomi key swaamitva parr adharit theh kyonki maalikon key roop mein way bhoomi koo usee tarah seey vitarit curr sakate they jaise way uchit samajhate they, aur binaa kissy adhik hadbadi key avahelana karane vaale jagirdaron seey chhutkara paa sakate they. chaudahavin shatabdi mein, "shugo" swami kshetra key vyaapak swaamitva kaa daavaa naheen curr sakate theh pahala, vyaktigat praantiya swaamitva kii avadharana abhee taka avikasit thee; doosara, unhone kabhi bhee badee matra mein vyaktigat sampatti ekatra naheen kii, balki apane jagirdaron koo jabt karane key liye sampatti bhoomi aur saarvajanik bhoomi key paaramparik dhaanche kaa upayog karane parr bharosa kiya. yeh chaudahavin shatabdi kaa kendriya rahasya haih sampatti pranali kaa vikhandan aur vighatan, aur nagrik prashaasan kaa gayab honah niji bhoomi key prasaar key saath mell khaata haye, lekin sampatti pranali ("shone") aur saarvajanik bhoomi pranali (kokugaryo) kaa baahari dhancha, halanki samagri seey rahit, abhee bhee banaa huaa haye. vikhandan koo dekhate hue, yeh "shugo" jagirdar key madhyasth sambandh they, aur praantiya governor key roop mein "shugo" kii bhoomika thee, jisane kuchh hudd taka bhinn balon koo ekikrit karane mein madad kii.
yeh ack ashcharya kii baat haye kii yoddhaon key haathon hue nuksan koo dekhate hue sampatti pranali kaise bachee. oopar varnit ksheen roop mein isake jeevit rahane key dou kaaran theh ack, muromachi shasson kaa astitva thaa jisane yoddhaon key akramanon key bavjood sampatti pranali koo lagaatar barkarar rakhaa. jaisa kii pahale varnit kiya gayaa haye, ashikaga takauji ney yeh sunishchit karane kii koshish kii kii yoddhaon parr aadhe curr key upaay dwara nirdhaarit seemaaen paar naa houn, lekin vaha "shugo" anubandh jaisi vyavasthaon koo darkinar karane mein whiffle rahey joe vaastav mein unaki sampatti aur isaki aaya key kuleen varg koo badnam karati thee. ardh-curr upaay ney swayam kuleen koo samurai key haathon sampatti key poorna adhigrahan seey naheen bachaaya, bhale hii baad vaale koo ardh-curr kaanoon koo puuraa karane key liye ack hissa saunpane kii aavashyakta hoe. anta mein, yeh muromachi prashaasan thaa jisane yeh sunishchit kiya kii samurai ameeron koo apani aaya kaa hissa dey.
sampatti pranali key astitva key peechhe kaa doosara kaaran kuleen varg kii vaidhata seey judaa huaa thaa. jaagiron mein rahane vaale kisaanon key beach yoddhaon kaa uday lokpriya naheen thaa. raeeson kaa jitna adhik komal haath thaa, utanaa hii logon kaa sammaan karane kaa haath thaa. janata key beach poori tarah seey avagya aur vidroh koo rokane key liye ack kaaran thaa kii "shugo" swami aur kokujin donon sampatti sanrachana key baahari roop kaa sammaan karane aae. kisaanon kii najar mein apane shasson koo vaidh banaane key liye, yoddhaon ney sampatti sanrachana key dhaanche key bheetar kaam kiya, bhale hii iss sanrachana koo poori tarah seey badal diyaa gayaa thaa. ack mamla yeh banaaya jaa sakata haye kii yamashiro praant key baahar, sampatti pranali iss hudd taka nasht hoe gaee thee kii praanton mein raeeson kaa bahut cumm prabhaav bachaa thaa.
shakti kaa samekanah 1360-1370.
1358 mein takauji kii mrityu key baad, shogunet unake bete yoshiyakira key paas chalaa gayaa. unake netritva mein, aur "kanrei" hoskawa yoriyuki key netritva mein, shasson 1360 aur 1370 key dashak mein "shugo" prabhuon koo ekikrit karane mein safal rhaa. "ashikaga key "shugo" shakha parivaar abb sarkari naukarshahi key bheetar kaaryarat they. yeh "kanrei" parishad pranali key udbhav key kaaran huaa, jisane "shugo" prabhuon koo shasson seey majbooti seey baandh diyaa. shogunal kaa varchasva abb aur majboot hoe gayaa thaa aur isase unhein "shugo" key galat prabhuon koo anushaasit karane kaa mauka milaa. isake alawa, 1368 key ardh-curr decree key prabhaav; adalat kii ranking pranali joe shogunet koo shaahi adalat key karib rakhti haye; aur kyushu aur kaanto kshetron mein muromachi pradhikaran kii seemaon ney muromachi shakti key samekan koo badhaava dene kaa kaam kiya.
kanno ghatana key baad sambandhon koo sudhaarne key liye, yoshiyakira ney 1362 mein "kanrei" parishad pranali kii sthaapana karke shasson koo punargathit kiya. yeh pranali dou ghatakon, "kanrei" karyalaya aur varishth jagirdar parishad ("jushin kaigi") seey bunny thee, jisaki adhyakshata "kanrei" ney kii thee. iss pranali mein sabse shaktishali "shugo" parivaar shamil they joe seedhe madhya aur paschimi japan koo niyantrit karane mein pratibhagiyon key roop mein shamil they. shogun key saath, "kanrei" parishad muromachi shasson key kendra kaa gathan karane key liye iss hudd taka ubhari kii itihaaskaar iss shasson koo "bakufu"-"shugo" pranali key roop mein varnit karane aae hain.
kanrei" parishad.
kanno ghatana key saath joe sangharsh ubhara vaha takauji dwara niyantrit sainya jagirdar sansthanon aur tadyoshi dwara niyantrit naukarshahi-nyaayik sansthanon key beach algaav aur takraav key kaaran huaa thaa. kanrei" parishad pranali key udbhav key saath, senaa kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale "shugo" prabhu naukarshahi seey dridhata seey bandhe they.
kanrei" kaa kaam varishth jagirdar parishad ("jushin kaigi") aur shogun key beach ack pravakta key roop mein kaary karna thaa. kanrei" key paas dainik aadhar parr shasson key naukarshahi tatvon koo dekhane, paramarsh karane aur shogunal aadeshon koo parishad aur naukarshahi koo preshit karane kii jimmedaari bhee thee. iss pranali mein, shasson neeti parishad aur shogun key beach paramarsh mein taiyar kii gaee thee, halanki antim nirnay baad vaale dwara kiye gaye they.
kanrei" koo lagaatar chaar peedhiyon (papinot 1972:27) key bheetar takauji seey sambandhit teen "shugo" parivaaron key vanshaanugat samooh seey chunaa gayaa thaah hoskawa, hatkeyama aur shiba. teenon parivaaron ney baari-baari seey pada bharaa. way shasson mein sarvocch shreni key "shugo" parivaar they. shuruat mein, parishad inn teen "shugo" parivaaron key pramukhon key saath-saath shaktishali "shugo" parivaaron key chaar anya pramukhon seey bunny theeh yamana, ishiki, akamatsu aur kyogoku. baad key dou parivaaron kaa ashikaga parivaar seey koee sambandh naheen thaa. parishad mein asambandhit "shugo" parivaaron koo shamil karane kii yeh pravritti agale kuchh dashakon mein ochi, sasaki aur toki parivaaron kii bharti key saath jaari rahee. yeh pravritti ingit karati haye kii shaktishali "shugo" parivaar, chaahe way kissy bhee natedar houn, shasson seey bandhe they. shugo" prabhuon aur shogun key beach hiton key sangharsh koo parishad key bheetar charcha mein "shugo" prabhuon koo apani raay rakhane dekar sansthaagat kiya gayaa thaa.
14veen shatabdi mein imawa (joe thode samay baad parishad key sadasya baney), hoskawa, hatkeyama, shiba aur toki mein seey chune gaye ack varishth jagirdar parishad sadasya dwara bhee anucharon key board ("samuraidokoro") kaa netritva kiya gayaa thaa. pratipalakon key board kii jimmedaari pulis karyon aur kyoto mein aaparaadhik nyaay key nishpaadan parr thee. karyalaya dhaarak swachaalit roop seey yamashiro praant parr "shugo" bunn gayaa, joe japan mein sabse dhanee aur sabse ghanee aabaadi vaalaa praant thaa, aur shasson mukhyalaya aur kyoto kii raksha karane kii jimmedaari thee. 15veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, anucharon key board key pramukh koo chaar "shugo" parivaaron mein seey chunaa gayaa thaah yamana, akamatsu, kyogoku aur ishiki.
"varishth jagirdar parishad aur anucharon key board mein "shugo" kii bhagidari mahatvapurna thee kyonki yeh inn madhyasth upkaranon key upayog key madhyam seey thaa jisake madhyam seey ashikaga shogun apane nirdeshan mein raajya koo kendrikrit karane mein saksham they. pramukhta sambandhon ("soryo") key roop mein sambandh, ack bharti tantra key roop mein badaa haye, yahaan bhee, "shugo" swami jyaadaatar ashikaga key shakha parivaar they. haalaanki, inn sambandh sambandhon ney ardh-swatantra "shugo" prabhuon aur shasson key beach madhyasthata key raaste mein bahut cumm kaam kiya. balki yeh "kanrei" parishad pranali key madhyam seey shasson karane mein "shugo" prabhuon kii prabhaavi bhagidari thee joe unake hiton koo pahale kii tulanaa mein adhik dridhata seey shasson seey jodati thee.
ashikaga aur "shugo" gathbandhan.
1362 mein, desh key dou sabse shaktishali "shugo" gharon, ochi aur yamana ney iss shart parr khud koo ashikaga shasson key samaksh prastut kiya kii shogun apane-apane praanton key aantarik mamalon mein hastakshep naheen karega (suckleberg 1981:25). baad mein, yamana, joe ashikaga seey sambandhit they, aur ochi, joe naheen they, sarkari mamalon mein teji seey mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaane lagey. haalaanki, kuchh dashakon key bheetar, donon "shugo" ghar shogun key krodh koo jhelane key liye paryaapt shaktishali hoe gaye.
1366 mein, pahale "kanrei" pada dhaarak key pitaa, shiba taktsune, joe apane terah varsheeya bete parr vaastavik shakti rakhate they, aur jinhone pramukh sarkari karyalayon mein shiba parivaar key sadasyon kii niyukti kii thee, unhein gaddaar ghoshit kiya gayaa, kyonki unaki badhati shakti aur ahankar (unhone "kanrei" pada koo sweekaar karke apamaanit mahsoos kiya, isaliye unhone isake bajaay apane bete koo niyukt kiya). ack mahatvapurna "shugo" parivaar key khilaf bull key pahale pradarshan mein, yoshiyakira ney yamana, sasaki, yoshimi aur toki "shugo" prabhuon koo ichizen praant mein sheeba parr hamla karane kaa adesh diyaa. sheeba parajit hue aur ichizen mein unake kshetra koo phir seey vitarit kiya gayaa. 1367 mein, sheeba parivaar key nishkasana key baad, hoskawa yoriyuki koo "kanrei" key pada key uttaradhikari key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaah shogun yoshiyakira kii mrityu key baad, yoriyuki ney yuva shogun yoshimitsu key alpasankhyak key dauran shasson koo ack majboot neenv parr rakhane mein kamyabi hassil kii.
shugo" prabhuon kii tulanaa mein, 1366 mein apane hii sahyogiyon mein seey ack parr hamla karane key liye "shugo" prabhuon kaa upayog shogun key badhate adhikaar kii or ishara kartaa haye. taba taka, koee vaastavik dandaatmak tantra naheen thaa jiska upayog shogun apane "shugo" prabhuon key khilaf curr sakata thaa. ack "shugo" swami koo dusare key khilaf khadaa karane seey shogun kaa haath majboot huaa.
1362 mein, kyoto key khilaf antim dakshini adalat key aakraman ney ashikaga koo rajdhani seey peechhe hatane key liye majboor curr diyaa, lekin pichhale kaee prayason kii tarah, samrajyavadiyon koo antatah ack badey jawabi hamale key bavjood peechhe hatna padaa, binaa kuchh bhee puuraa kiye. samrajyavadi senaaon key beach 1350 key dashak key dauran maujood utsaah cumm hoe gayaa thaa. iss tarikh key baad pratirodh chhitput aur poori tarah seey rakshaatmak hoe gayaa. anta mein, 1369 mein, samrat goo-murakami kii mrityu key ack saal baad, samrajyavadi mahaan senapati kusunoki masanori ney shasson koo samarpan curr diyaa. unake aatmasamarpan ney kendriya praanton key liye samrajyavadi khatare koo samaapt curr diyaa.
shaahi vaidhata.
1370 mein, imawa sadaayo (ryoshun) koo "kanrei" yoriyuki aur varishth jagirdar parishad dwara kyushu mein dakshini darbar key pratirodh key antim gadh koo neeche laane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. baarah saal key bheeshan abhiyaan key baad, samrajyavadi pratirodh 1381 mein kikuchi kabile kii haar key saath dhwast hoe gayaa; aur 1385 mein shimazu ujihisa kii mrityu key saath, antim kyushu praantiya kshetra ney shasson key prati apani nishtha ghoshit curr dee. kyushu key patan key saath puuraa paschimi japan ashikaga shasson key adheen aaa gayaa. haalaanki, akele abhiyaan raeeson parr ashikaga shasson koo vaidh banaane key liye aparyaapt they.
1367 key baad, shogun yoshimitsu key alpasankhyak key dauran, "kanrei" hoskawa yoriyuki raeeson key drishtikon seey shasson koo vaidh banaane kii koshish mein sakriya hoe gaye. unhone kyoto mein raeeson key beach pratishtha praapt karate hue, behad roodhivaadi upaayon kii ack shrinkhala key madhyam seey aisaa kiya. unhone ack pracheen adalat kii ranking pranali kaa upayog yuva shogun koo isamen bhaag lene key liye kiya. unhone kissy bhee anya pichhale yoddha netaa kii tulanaa mein shasson koo darbar key saath bahut adhik nikatata seey jodaa. aisaa karke, unhone shasson koo shaahi darbar key karib baandh diyaa, jisase nanboku-chou sangharsh koo badhaava dene vaali vichardhara key kalank koo mitaa diyaa gayaah ashikaga taakaauji koo shaahi shakti kii bahaali key khilaf ladane vaale gaddaar key roop mein dekhaa gayaa.
japani samaaj mein vibhinn vargon key beach apani lokpriyata key kaaran adalat samaaj itane lambe samay taka jeevit rhaa. sampatti key star parr, kisaanon ney yoddhaon kii tulanaa mein raeeson key bahut karib mahsoos kiya. raeeson kii ksheen hoti shakti key bavjood, unakaa prabhaav unaki vaastavik shakti seey kaheen adhik chalaa gayaa, kyonki unake paas parampara kii vaidhata aur sanskriti kaa karishma thaa joe yoddhaon key paas naheen thaa. yahee kaaran thaa kii yoriyuki ney yuva shogun koo darbar samarohon mein bhaag lene key liye kahaah isamen ack adalat kii ranking pranali mein sarvocch sainya netaa shamil thaa joe kaee shataabdiyon purani thee, aur iska aadhar yoddhaon sahit sabhi parr shaahi rekha kii pradhaantaa thee, jinhen samrat seey upaadhiyan praapt karni theen. iss adalat kii shrenikaran anushthaan mein bhaag laker, ashikaga shasson poore samaaj koo ack majboot sandesh bhej rhaa thaah kii adalat dwara pradaan kii gaee vaidhata abhee bhee maanya aur abhee bhee mahatvapurna thee. iss bhagidari ney yoddha shasson aur darbar key beach tanaav koo cumm kiya, aur yoddha varg key beach darbar sanskriti key prasaar kaa anpekshit prabhaav padaa. yoddha swayam raeeson kii sanskriti kii or aakarshit they, aur baad vaale key swaad kaa anukaran karate they jaise kii zena rock garden key nirmaan mein shamil honah. 14veen shatabdi key anta mein shogun aur shaahi darbar key beach sambandh kaa prabhaav shogun kii shakti kii vaidhata koo vyaapak banaane kaa prabhaav padaa.
kanrei" yoriyuki ney 1368 mein antim ardh-curr decree ("hanjei") jaari kii. iss decree ney shasson key saath mahaan hiton koo jodaah isane shaahi parivaar (pramukh mandiron key niyantran mein bhoomi) aur shaahi rajpratinidhiyon (fujiwara) key swaamitva vaali bhoomi key aadhe hisse koo gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa. apvaadon mein kuleen bhoomi shamil thee jinhen pichhale shogun dwara poorna sheershak diyaa gayaa thaa, aur samurai karbhari ("jito") dwara prabandhit sampadaaen. yeh adesh desh bhar mein sabhi sampadaon parr lagu thaa, aur isase sampadaon parr aage samurai ghuspaith koo rokaa jaa sakaa, aur samurai ghuspaith key saamane raeeson key hiton kii raksha kii jaa sakee. pahale key ardh-curr farmaanon key vipareet, yeh ack roodhivaadi thaa, aur iska uddeshya ise uchit thaharaane key bajaay kuleen bhoomi koo vibhajan seey bachaana thaa.
samurai ghuspaith kii vaastavikataaen joe pahale hii hoe chuki theen, unhein ulat naheen jaa sakaa. joe vaichaarik roop seey kahaa gayaa thaa, vaha praanton mein vaastav mein joe hoe rhaa thaa, usase khule taur parr alag thaa. 1368 key farman key bavjood samurai aur "shugo" prabhuon kii sampatti parr ghuspaith gambhir thee. aur 15veen shatabdi key saath, bhoomi-hadapane kii yeh pravritti aur adhik spasht hoe gaee. ashikaga shogun estate parr ghuspaith koo rokane mein saksham naheen they. haalaanki aprabhaavi, 1368 key farman ney mahaan hiton koo maanyata dee aur ack yoddha shasson dwara vaichaarik roop seey unakaa bachaav kiya gayaa, aur iss prakriya mein donon key hiton koo ack saath bandha gayaa.
1360 key dashak mein ubhare muromachi shasson kaa pratyaksh shasson bhaugolik roop seey paschimi aur madhya praanton taka seemit thaa, isake vipareet kii pichhale kamakura shasson kaanto kshetra mein kaise adharit thaa. shugo" key baahar key swami ("tozama") jinka ashikaga seey koee sambandh naheen haye jaise takeda, chiba, yuki, satake, oyama, utsunomia, shoney, otomo, asso, aur shimazu parivaar, joe sabhi kaanto aur kyushu kshetron mein yaa unake paas kendrit they, "kanrei" parishad pranali mein bhaag naheen lete they, aur shasson seey ardh-swatantra they. unhein nishabd roop seey maanyata dee gaee aur ashikaga dwara "shugo" khitaab diye gaye, kyonki una kshetron mein unaki pramukh sthiti joe kyoto seey aasaani seey niyantrit naheen they.
kyushu.
1370 mein shuru hue kyushu abhiyaan key baad, kyushu dipty ("tandai") usa dweep parr muromachi shasson kaa pratinidhi bunn gayaa. imajawa sadayo (ryoshun) ney dakshini adalat kii senaaon aur shimazu ujihisa key khilaf abhiyaan parr prabhaavi dhang seey mukadama chalaaya. sadayo jaise pratinidhi muromachi key pratinidhi they, taba bhee jaba way sthaaniya samurai key liye jagirdar kii poori shaktiyon kaa ahankar karate they. udaaharan key liye, 1377 mein, sadayo aur 61 sthaaniya samurai seey baney ack samurai gathbandhan (ikki) key beach ack anubandh parr hastakshar kiye gaye they. anubandh mein nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa kii gathbandhan key sadasyon key beach sabhi vivaadon koo kyushu dipty key paas leey jaaya jaayega, jabaki gathbandhan key sadasyon aur khud dipty key beach key vivaadon koo kyoto (harrington 1985:87) mein muromachi shasson key paas leey jaaya jaayega. upa ney shasson aur sthaaniya kshetra donon key hiton koo ekjut kiya. yeh ack anishchit sthiti thee kyonki yeh swatantrata key pralobhan key kaaran prastut kii gaee thee. haalaanki, muromachi shasson ney apane poore kshetra parr apana pratyaksh niyantran naheen badhaaya, aur isaliye "shugo" prabhuon aur samurai koo prabhaavit karane key liye niyukt logon parr bharosa karane lagaa.
kaanto.
14veen shatabdi key anta mein, kaanto kshetra mein shaktishali yoddha parivaaron kaa varchasva thaa. inmein seey, yusugi sabse shaktishali they. way apane hiton koo aage badhaane key liye kshetra mein parivaaron key beach hui ladaai kaa laabh uthaane mein saksham they. 1368 mein, utsunamiya parivaar ney muromachi shasson key kamakura mukhyalaya key khilaf vidroh kiya, kyonki unhone apane "shugo" padon koo yusugi key haathon khou diyaa thaa. yusugi "shugo" padon koo ikattha karke aur anya parivaaron kii keemat parr jagirdaron koo jabt karke apana prabhaav badhaane mein saksham they.
kamakura mukhyalaya way sthaan they jahan shasson kshetra mein adesh kii maang curr sakata thaa. teji seey, mukhyalaya shasson seey swatantra hoe gayaa, aur phir isane kshetriya vivaadon, kshetriya karadhan kaa dhyaan rakhaa, aur kyoto mein shasson seey nyuntam bhagidari key saath "shugo" prabhuon key saath sambandh vikasit kiye-bhale hii yeh kiyoto kaa "dee jeur" adhikaar thaa kii vaha jaagiron kii pushti karey aur "shugo" niyuktiyon kaa anusamarthan karey.
shakti kaa kendrikaranah 1379-1399.
1360 key dashak key mahatvapurna dashak key dauran ack key baad ack pratirodh kaa kshetra muromachi shasson key haathon gir gayaa. ochi aur yamana jaise shaktishali "shugo" prabhuon ney khud koo ardh-swatantra prabhuon key roop mein prastut kiya; samay beetane key saath dakshini darbar kaa pratirodh adhik vyarth hoe gayaa. sainya roop seey shasson 1366 mein "shugo" prabhuon kii sevaaon koo apane hii sahyogiyon mein seey ack parr hamla karane key liye bulaane mein saksham thaa, joe shogunal niyantran key liye "shugo" key badhate adheenata kii or ishara kartaa thaa. kanrei" parishad pranali key nirmaan aur "bakufu" naukarshahi mein shaktishali "shugo" parivaaron kii badhati bhagidari key saath-saath shaahi adalat key saath ghanishth sambandhon ney shasson key vaidh aadhar koo vyaapak banaa diyaa. shogunal senaa kaa vikas, aur shasson dwara vaanijyik/krishi rajaswa aur karon key upayog ney bhee shogun dwara shakti key majboot kendrikaran mein yogdan diyaa.
haalaanki, bhaugolik roop seey, muromachi shasson dayare mein seemit thaa, jisane kaanto aur kyushu kshetron key apane adhikaar kshetra koo kshetriya pratinidhiyon koo saunp diyaa, aur kewal honshu key madhya aur paschimi praanton parr cumm yaa jyada pratyaksh niyantran rakhaa. 1379 mein yoshimitsu key adhikaar grahan karane key pachas varshon key baad, muromachi shasson ney japan kii bejod sarkaar key roop mein apane sabse shaktishali charan mein pravesh kiya.
ashikaga aur shaahi darbar.
yoshimitsu key tahat (aff. kanrei" key roop mein yoriyuki koo barkhast karane key baad satta kii bagdor sambhaalane vaale, jinhone vaastushilp aur saanskritik roopon kii paripakvata dekhi joe taba seey japani sanskriti kii visheshta haye. shaahi darbar aur isaki sanskriti key saath unake ghanishth sambandh aur naee kalaaon key unake sanrakshan ney iss sanskriti koo sainya abhijaat varg aur "shugo" prabhuon taka failaane mein madad kii. shogun aur shaahi darbar key beach iss sambandh ney donon sansthanon koo pratishtha dee, aur shogun koo nagrik vaidhata aur sanskriti kii ack aabha dee, jisaki pichhale kamakura shasson mein kamee thee aur jise yoddhaon koo aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
anivarya nivaas neeti.
1380 key dashak mein "kanrei" parishad pranali koo yoshimitsu dwara majboot kiya gayaa thaa jaba unhone paschimi aur madhya "shugo" prabhuon koo kyoto mein nivaas karane key liye raaji kiya thaa. way 1389 mein ochi yoshihiro bhee gaye aur unhein apane tathaakathit teerth circuit mein seey ack key dauran kyoto mein rahane key liye raaji kiya (inn circuit kaa upayog una praanton key madhyam seey apani shakti pradarshit karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa jinamen unhone yatra kii thee). iss neeti ney shogun koo "shugo" prabhuon key chaaron or apani pakad majboot karane mein saksham banaaya. rajdhani shahar chhodane kii anumati shayed hii kabhi "shugo" swami koo dee gaee thee, yeh varishth jagirdar parishad mein charcha key baad hii dee gaee thee. praantiya vidroh yaa dakshini adalat kii gurilla gatividhi key mamle mein anumati diye jaane parr bhee, upayukt bandhakon koo kyoto mein chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. yadi "shugo" swami binaa anumati key chalaa gayaa, tou ise rajdroh key samaan maanaa jaataa thaa.
kaanto aur kyushu "shugo" koo kyoto mein anivarya nivaas key iss adesh seey chhoot dee gaee thee. haalaanki, muromachi shasson key kamakura mukhyalaya ney kaanto "shugo" prabhuon key sambandh mein ack samaan neeti sthaapit kii, aur unhein kamakura mein haveli sthaapit karane key liye kahaa, jaise paschimi aur madhya "shugo" prabhuon ney kyoto mein haveli banaai thee. kyoto mein haveli kii imarat fashionable hoe gaee, aur antatah isamen kyushu key shimazu jaise "shugo" prabhu shamil they, jinhone kyoto mein rahane kaa faisala kiya, bhale hii unhein aisaa karane kii aavashyakta naa hoe.
shugo" prabhuon key paas iss mamle mein bahut cumm vikalp they kyonki unhein gaddaar karaar diye jaane kaa khatra thaa. iss nivaas neeti mein "shugo" prabhuon kii shakti koo gambhir roop seey pratibandhit kiya gayaa kyonki unaki aavaajaahi kii swatantrata koo darkinar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 15veen shatabdi kii doosari timahi taka, praanton mein vaastavik shakti "shugo" prabhuon seey door chully gaee aur upa "shugo" ("shugo-daaee") aur anya swatantra samurai ("kokujin") parr aaraam karane key liye aaa gaee joe praanton mein rahate they. isaliye, yeh neeti "shugo" prabhuon key liye ack deerghakaalik aapada thee. yadi "shugo" prabhuon koo praanton mein apani shakti banaae rakhni thee tou anivarya aavaasiya neeti key kaaran upa "shugo" koo kaam parr rakhna aavashyak thaa. alpaavadhi mein, shakha parivaar key sadasyon aur samurai "kokujin" koo upa "shugo" key roop mein kaam parr rakhna aur unhein praanton mein apane swayam key pratinidhiyon key roop mein upayog karna achchha kaam kiya; lekin lambe samay mein, "shugo" prabhuon key haathon seey satta una logon key haathon mein chully gaee jinhen unhone kaam parr rakhaa thaa.
shogunal senaa.
yoshimitsu ney iss bahaane seey kii way bahut shaktishali hoe gaye they, "shugo" prabhuon koo aagyakarita key liye cumm karane key liye sainya bull kaa upayog karane mein sankoch naheen kiya. unhone ack naee shogunal senaa ("gobanshu") koo ikattha kiya joe una parr nirbhar kull 3,000 divisions seey bunny thee. yeh bull ack durjeya sarani thee, vishesh roop seey jaba way anya "shugo" prabhuon key yogdan seey badhe they. shogunal senaa ack alag bull key roop mein shogun koo seedhe apane jagirdaron seey jodati thee aur yeh kokujin samurai seey bhee bunny thee. shogunal senaa ney "shugo" balon parr ack jaanch key roop mein bhee kaam kiya. pahale ashikaga shogun, takauji ney samurai karbhariyon koo sampatti kii bhoomi parr jabt karke unake saath sambandh banaae. praarambhik muromachi avadhi key dauran, shogun kii kamaan key tahat yeh alag jagirdar padanukram bhee "shugo" shakti parr ack mahatvapurna jaanch thee.
shogunal senaa key dou ghatak theh shogunal angarakshak (shinn 'igun) jisamen ashikaga shakha parivaar key sadasya, "shugo" rishtedaar aur "shugo" shakha parivaar key sadasya, shasson adhikaariyon key anya bete aur bhaai aur sabse mahatvapurna, shaktishali kokujin shamil they. (adhikatam) 350 purushon kii sankhya mein, yeh samooh ack ekjut aur wafadar nikaay thaa, joe kissy bhee keemat parr shogun key vyakti kii raksha karane key liye taiyar thaa. iss chhote seey baind key aspas shogun key kaee pratyaksh jagirdar they joe 1336 mein isaki utpatti kaa pataa lagaate they, jaba taakaauji ney kaee samurai koo house jagirdaron key roop mein jabt curr liya thaa, jinhen shayed ack aarakshit senaa key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa thaa. arnesen ney ganana kii kii shogunal angarakshak mein pratyaksh jagirdaron kii sankhya 16veen shatabdi key baad key hojo kabile key tahat namankit pratyaksh jagirdaron kii sankhya 60 pratishat seey 70 pratishat thee. aur aggar baad mein hojo odwara abhiyaan mein 50,000 sainikon koo tainaat karane mein saksham they, tou 350 key shogunal angarakshak aasaani seey apane swayam key jagirdaron koo 3,000 sainikon key saath jutaane key liye jutt sakate they jinhone 1391 key meitoku rising mein bhaag liya thaa. shogunal angarakshak kaa nirmaan, aur anya shogunal jagirdaron parr iss samooh kii kendriya sthiti, joe yoshimitsu kii shogunal senaa koo takauji key shogunal jagirdaron seey alag karati haye. ack sakht sangathan aur "aspirit dee corps" naee shogunal senaa key saath ubhara.
"shugo" gathbandhan ack bull key roop mein.
akele shogunal senaa yuddh key maidan mein "kanrei" varg key "shugo" prabhuon seey milane aur unhein haraane key liye paryaapt naheen thee, lekin yoshimitsu dwara abhyaas kiye gaye yuddh key liye poori tarah seey upayukt theeh ack "shugo" swami koo parivaar key sadasya key khilaf aur anya "shugo" prabhuon key khilaf khadaa karna. pichhale shogun, yoshiyakira key tahat ubhara nayaa shogunal aadhipatya, yoshimitsu kii rajneeti parr haavi hoe gayaa. shogunal kii pratishtha anaupchaarik roop seey yeh nirdhaarit karati haye kii kissy bhee ekal "shugo" swami koo shogun key krodh koo janm diye binaa shakti key ack nishchit star seey adhik naheen honah chaahiye. yeh khud "shugo" prabhuon key hita mein thaa kii unake apane sahyogiyon mein seey koee bhee dusaron parr bahut shaktishali aur prabhaavshaali naa hoe.
1389 mein iss neeti key anusaran mein yoshimitsu ney mino key praanton key "shugo" swami, ise aur owari, toki yasuyuki koo baad key praant koo ack rishtedaar koo dene kaa adesh diyaa. yasuyuki ney incar curr diyaa, aur yoshimitsu ney yasuyuki key chachere bhaai, toki yorimasu koo usa parr hamla karane kaa adesh diyaa. teen saal baad yasuyuki koo haraaya gayaa aur 1391 mein mino praant yorimasu koo diyaa gayaa. yoshimitsu koo isase koee fark naheen padata kii jiss praant koo diyaa gayaa thaa vaha mino thaa yaa owari, jaba taka kii toki yasuyuki kendriya praanton mein apani kuchh shakti seey vanchit thaa.
1391 key meitoku uday seey pahale, yamana kabile key paas paschimi aur madhya japan mein 11 praant they, jisane unhein desh kaa sabse shaktishali "shugo" parivaar banaa diyaa. yoshimitsu ney una parr hamla karane kaa bahaana khoja aur jaba yamana mitsuyuki (joe izumo, tanba, hockey aur oki key praanton parr "shugo" thaa) ney izumo mein shaahi parivaar seey sambandhit kuchh sampattiyon parr kabja curr liya, tou yoshimitsu ney mitsuyuki key khilaf abhiyaan kii yojana banaane key liye poorv "kanrei" hoskawa yoriyuki koo yaad kiya. yamana "shugo" prabhu mitsuyuki aur ujikiyo ney kyoto parr hamla kiya, lekin ochi yoshihiro kii senaa key saath shogunal senaa dwara unhein buri tarah seey haraaya gayaa. anya "shugo" dall joe shogun kii senaa banaate they, pratyek mein 300 seey adhik ghudsavaar naheen they. abhiyaan key baad, yamana koo kewal dou praant saunpe gaye, tajima aur hockey, ujikiyo yuddh mein maare gaye they, jabaki 1395 mein mitsuyuki kii hatyaa key madhyam seey mrityu hoe gaee thee.
ack "shugo" swami kaa dusare key khilaf yeh mukabala 1399 mein ack sir taka pahunch gayaa. vidambana yeh haye kii iss baar lakshya ochi yoshihiro thaa, jisane yamana key khilaf abhiyaan mein shasson kii achchi seva kii thee. yoshihiro koo 1397 mein shoney parr hamla karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa, joe unhone kiya, iss prakriya mein apane bhaai koo khou diyaa. baad mein unhein yoshimitsu kii dwigunit dwigunata key baare mein pataa chalaah shoney koo ochi parr hamla karane kaa bhee adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. iss dohrepan seey krodhit hocker, aur jaba shogun ney usey kyoto bulaaya tou apane jeevan key darr seey, usane avagya karane kaa vikalp chunaa, jisake kaaran usey shasson kaa dushman ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa. sakaai kii ladaai mein, yoshimitsu ney paanch "shugo" prabhuon, hoskawa, akamatsu, kyogoku, shiba aur hatkeyama kii senaaon key saath, yoshihiro key rakshaatmak karyon koo shahar mein aag lagaakar abhibhoot curr diyaa. yoshimitsu key netritva mein sahayogi bull mein 30,000 yoddha they aur ochi key 5,000 yoddha they; yoshihiro yuddh mein abhibhoot hoe gayaa thaa aur usane aatmahatya curr lii thee.
jaisa kii inn pichhale udaharanon mein seey pratyek seey pataa chalata haye, shogunal aadhipatya bahut prabhaavi hoe gayaa. iska upayog "shugo" prabhuon koo hamla karane aur sahyogiyon koo nasht karane key liye vibhajit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. shogunal senaa key saath apani senaaon koo ekjut karane mein "shugo" prabhuon key sahyog key binaa shogunal aadhipatya safal naheen hotaa. haalaanki, shogunal senaa aur shasson key anya kharchon kaa samarthan karane key liye vitt key binaa, yeh dandaatmak neeti akalpaniya hoti.
rajaswa key srot.
14veen aur 15veen shatabdi key anta mein kyoto aarthik gatividhi kaa ack shandar kendra thaa. shogun yoshimitsu key tahat ubhari anivarya aavaasiya neeti key saath, "shugo" prabhu apane jagirdaron aur sevakon key saath shahar kii pratishthit aabaadi mein juda gaye jisamen kuleen, shaahi darbar aur muromachi sarkaar shamil theen. yeh vibhinn prakaar kii vastuon aur sevaaon key liye ack vishal bajar mein parivartit hoe gayaa jisane shahar key aarthik vikas koo badhaava diyaa. yeh vriddhi shogun aur "shugo" donon key liye mahatvapurna thee joe rajdhani mein rahate they kyonki unhone lagaatar saahukaaron ("sakaaya-doso") kii sampatti kaa dohan kiya, shogun ney unhein shahar mein curr sangrahakartaon key roop mein bhee niyukt kiya. jiss cheez ney muromachi shasson koo pichhale kamakura shasson seey itna alag banaa diyaa, vaha isaki aaya kaa aadhar thaa; iska adhikansh rajaswa isake bhoomi aadhar key alawa vaanijyik karon seey aaya thaa.
prashaasan mandal ("mandocoro") kaa upayog muromachi shasson key rajaswa seey sambandhit mamalon key liye ack samashodhan grih key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. yeh mukhya naukarshahi anga thaa joe curr key uddeshyon key liye shahar mein vibhinn vaanijyik samoohon seey shasson koo jodata thaa. 1393 mein, shasson ney seedhe saahukaaron parr curr lagaane key apane adhikaar koo vaidh banaa diyaa. kyoto mein mulyankan kiye gaye vaanijyik curr nae shahari adharit muromachi shasson kii neenv bunn gaye, aur nirnaayak roop seey shasson kii prakriti koo poori tarah seey bhoomi sampada parr adharit shasson seey aanshik roop seey vanijya parr adharit shasson mein badal diyaa.
paaramparik krishi adharit rajaswa teen pramukh sroton seey aayaah shogunal estate seey, shogunal jagirdaron seey aur "shugo" prabhuon key khilaf mulyankan kiye gaye karon seey. apane uttaradhikariyon, tokugawa kii tulanaa mein ashikaga shogun kaa jamini aadhar cumm thaa; haalaanki, kyoto aur kaanto kshetra key beach lagbhag 200 shogunal estate ("goryosho") bikhare hue they, aur inn estates seey praapt rajaswa mahatvapurna thaa. isake alawa, shogunal estate aur shogunal senaa key beach sambandh nirnaayak thaah senaa mein seva karane vaale kuchh loga shogun kii vyaktigat sampatti parr prabandhak bhee they. isake alawa, kaee sthaaniya samurai ney seedhe shasson ("kyosai") koo bhoomi karon kaa bhugtan kiya, joe kii ack visheshaadhikaar thaa joe unhein ghar key jagirdaron ("gokenin") key roop mein praapt thaa, aur iss prakriya mein "shugo" curr sangrahakartaon seey pratirakshit kiya gayaa thaa. isake alawa, "shugo" prabhuon parr seedhe curr lagaaya jaataa thaa ("shugo shusen") iss hisab seey kii way kitane praanton koo prashaasit karate they. jaba bhee imaaraten banaai jaani theen yaa unhein thheek kiya jaanaa thaa, aur jaba shogun koo vibhinn pariyojanaon key liye nakadi kii aavashyakta thee, tou shasson dwara iska aaklan kiya gayaa thaa.
kyoto aur yamashiro praant mein ubharati bajar arthavyavastha key kaaran muromachi shasson key liye rajaswa key srot kamakura shasson key tahat honey kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik bhinn they. yeh nae roop mein saahukaaron seey nikaale gaye vaanijyik rajaswa key roop mein aaya, ack baar jaba muromachi naukarshahi kii shakti sanrachana ney kyoto shahar koo prabhaavi dhang seey leey liya thaa, tou ack curr kaa aaklan kiya gayaa thaa.
prashaasan.
lagbhag 30 varshon taka donon pakshon key beach gambhir ladaai jaari rahee, isase pahale kii ashikaga takauji aur unake samarthakon ney badhat hassil curr lii. unhone satta key sanyojan key kaary koo puuraa karane key liye teen mukhya neetiyon parr bharosa kiyaah
samurai key saath samanti sambandh aur "shugo" prabhuon parr niyantran donon 1350 key dashak mein shasson key majboot honey key baad sthaapit kiye gaye they. yeye dou padanukram shogun kii shakti koo nirdhaarit karane mein sabse mahatvapurna sambandh they.
ardh-curr neeti ney sampatti bhoomi ("shone") parr samurai ghuspaith kii vaidhata koo maanyata dee, lekin saath hii saath sampatti pranali key astitva kii guaranti dee.
kamakura key saath tulanaa karein.
kamakura kaal mein, samurai karbhari ("jito") aur kamakura shasson (1185-1333) key beach jagirdar sambandh madhyasth they, kyonki unhone jito koo ack aisee sthiti mein rakhaa thaa jahan vaha kamakura mein shogun aur kyoto mein darbar key raeeson donon key liye seedhe jawabdeh thaa. jito ack shogunal houseman ("gokenin") aur ack vishvasaniya jagirdar bhee hoe sakata haye, aur ack sampatti kaa prabandhan diyaa jaa sakata haye joe kanuni roop seey kyoto mein ack kuleen vyakti kaa thaa. vaha sainya seva aur bakaaya key roop mein shogun key prati jawabdeh thaa, lekin ack kuleen key swaamitva vaali sampatti key prabandhak key roop mein, usey baad vaale koo kiraya denaa padata thaa.
kamakura pranali kii sthirata pramukh yoddhaon key liye prabandhan adhikaaron ("jito shiki") kii sarkaar kii guaranti aur kuleen malik key liye kiraaye aur bhoomi swaamitva key adhikaaron parr nirbhar thee. jito key saath jagirdar sambandhon key madhyam seey, nae yoddha shasson koo purani sampatti pranali mein kalambaddh kiya gayaa thaa, aur iss prakriya mein yoddhaon aur raeeson key beach maujood paraspar virodhi pravrittiyon koo cumm kiya gayaa thaa. yeh kamakura parampara pratishthit thee aur isane muromachi kaal mein joe huaa usake liye misal kayam kii.
kamakura key dauran bhee, yoritomo aur hojo rajpratinidhiyon koo kewal apane swayam key gokenin koo niyantrit karane key baare mein chinta thee, sachet roop seey khud koo apane swayam key jagirdaron key bhoomi vivaad key mamalon koo sunane taka seemit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur apane anuyaayiyon koo prabandhan key adhikaaron koo puraskrit kiya gayaa thaa, jisase anya samoohon key anya vivaadon kaa nagrik prashaasan dwara dhyaan rakhaa jaa sakey. iss udaaharan key baad ashikaga shogun ney muromachi kaal key dauran "shugo" prabhuon key aakraman key khilaf apane jagirdaron key hiton kii raksha kii.
ardh-curr neeti ney "shugo" koo praanton key swami key roop mein adhik shakti praapt karane key liye prerit kiya aur isane sampatti bhoomi koo vibhajit kiya joe samurai yoddhaon key swaamitva vaali jaagiron kii sankhya koo gunaa curr detaa haye. isase yoddhaon key hiton kaa varchasva badhaa, lekin mahaan hiton koo bhee sanrakshit kiya. sampatti pranali koo sanrakshit karane mein madad karane key liye, aadhaa curr upaay ack aisee neeti thee joe abhee bhee kuleen key adhikaaron koo yoddha key adhikaaron seey jodane mein kamyab rahee.
ardh-curr neeti yuddh key dauran ekatra kiye gaye sainya raashan ("heororyosho") key liye naamit ack aapaatkaaleen curr key roop mein shuru huih mino, omi aur owari praanton mein ack vishesh mandir, mandir aur sampatti bhoomi seey aadhi aaya koo muromachi shasson kii senaaon kaa samarthan karane key liye liya jaayega. teji seey, isaki punah vyakhya kii gaee aur taakaauji dwara ise badal diyaa gayaa kyonki aadhi bhoomi kaa sthaayi adhigrahan abb jagirdaron koo jabt karane key uddeshya seey thaa.
majboot jagirdar sambandh.
jaba nanboku-chou sangharsh chhid gayaa, tou pratidvandiyon key khilaf sainya kaarravaai kii aavashyakta key parinamswarup shogun aur usake jagirdaron key beach jagirdar sambandh majboot hoe gaye. apekshaakrit shantipurna kamakura avadhi key dauran, sainya kaushal utane mahatvapurna naheen they jitane grih yuddh key prakop key dauran they. sambandhon koo majboot karna thaa yaa pratidvandi samrajyavadi generalon dwara ashikaga kabile key prati wafadar ubharate "shugo" prabhuon yaa sabse kharaab key liye ack sambhaavit yoddha koo khone kaa khatra thaa. inn samanti sambandhon kaa upayog yoddhaon kii bharti key madhyam seey ack sambhaavit sangharsh koo paatane key liye kiya gayaa thaa.
kaee ghatanaaen inn jagirdar sambandhon key badalate vatavaran koo darshaati hain. 1336 mein takauji key kyushu mein peechhe hatane key baad kobaykawa parivaar wafadar jagirdar bunn gayaa jaba unhone akii praant mein ashikaga hiton kaa bachaav kiya. 1336 mein morry kabila takauji kaa jagirdar bunn gayaa, aur kanno ghatana key prakop taka koo moroyasu key tahat seva kii. 1350 key dashak mein, moriyon ney takauji (tadayoshi aur unake god liye hue bete tadafuyu) key dushmanon kaa paksh liya aur 1360 key dashak taka way phir seey shogun key jagirdaron key roop mein vaapas naheen aae. kawashima kabile aur kyoto key paas anya yoddha parivaaron key saath jagirdar sambandh 1336 kii garmiyon mein taakaauji dwara rajdhani koo phir seey lene key liye sthaapit kiye gaye they. kavashima ney kavashima sampatti key aadhe seey adhik hisse mein sainya seva kaa adaan-pradaan kiya, aur baaki aadhe hisse koo kiraaye key roop mein kuleen malik key kabje mein chhod diyaa.
viraasat.
19veen shatabdi seey dakshini shaahi darbar key samraton koo japan kaa vaidh samrat maanaa jaataa rhaa haye. unaki vaidhata mein yogdan dene vaale kaarak they japani shaahi rajgharane parr dakshini adalat kaa niyantran, aur kitabtech chikafusa kaa kaam "jinn shotoki", jisane unaki haar key bavjood dakshin key shaahi darbar koo vaidh banaa diyaa.
iss avadhi mein ghatnaaon key parinam "tenno seika" (samrat pranali) key aadhunik japan key paaramparik drishtikon mein prabhaavshaali baney hue hain. raajya shinto key prabhaav mein, 3 march, 1911 key ack shaahi farman ney sthaapit kiya kii iss avadhi key vaidh shaasak dakshini adalat they. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, kumazawa hiromichi seey shuru honey vaale dhong karane vaalon kii ack shrinkhala ney dakshini darbar seey vansh kaa daavaa kiya aur aadhunik shaahi rekha kii vaidhata koo chunauti dee, joe uttari darbar seey utari haye.
aage padhein.
"iss avadhi mein japan key itihas key muromachi kaal kaa praarambhik bhaag shamil haye."
< kenmu bahaali . japan kaa itihas . sengoku avadhi >

