
ringed salamender

ringed salamender (ambistoma anultum) arconsus, oclahoma aur misauri key ozaark pathaar aur ochita pahaadon key aspas aur usake aspas key kathor lakadi aur mishrit kathor lakadi-pahaadi vann kshetron key mool nivasi tila salamender kii ack prajaati haye. salamender kii iss prajaati mein apshabd shareer, chhota sir aur lambi poonchh hoti haye. way aamtaur parr gahare bhoore seey gahare bhoore rung taka vibhinn prishthiya rung key paae jaate hain. vibhinn karibi rishtedaar paae jaate hain jaise kii ringed salamender ("aeye". anultum), sangamarmar kaa salamender ("aeye. opakam), aur chittidaar salamender ("aeye. mcculatum "). salamander kii iss prajaati mein narbhakshi vyavhaar hotaa haye, vishesh roop seey way joe badey shareer key aakar mein hotey hain.
yeh nama, vann kshetron mein paaya jaataa haye, aamtaur parr pattiyon key neeche, sadate hue logg, yaa uthale talabon key paas anya jeevon key parityakt jameen key chhed mein. atyadhik jeevaashm (khudai key liye anukoolit), vayask aksar bhoomigat sharan mein paae jaate hain. yeh salamander teji seey durlabh aur shayed luptapray haye. yeh sambhavatah isaki seemit seema aur vishisht prajanan aadton kaa parinam haye. vishva kii aabaadi lagbhag 100,000 jaanvaron key baare mein maani jaati haye. isaki sanrakshan sthiti kaa aaklan aaee. yuu. see. aine. dwara cumm seey cumm chinta key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. yeh salamander bhroon sambandhi shiksha aur samajik-sulabh shiksha curr sakata haye.
varnan.
ring vaale salamender kaa shareer chhota hotaa haye aur isaki ack chhoti see poonchh hoti haye. iss prajaati mein 15 tateey (pasaliyon key saath) khaanche aur ack udas goal naak hotaa haye. vomerin daanton kii dou saraniyaan hoti hain-ack patali huddy key saath daant joe naak key septum key nichale aur pichhale hisse koo banaate hain aur nasika koo vibhajit karate hain. pratyek shrinkhala mein 7-11 daant hotey hain. unake pratyek pichhale pair mein paanch pair kii ungaliyaan hoti hain. vayaskon kaa prishthiya rung gahare bhoore seey laker kaale bhoore rung taka hoe sakata haye jise safed seey laker peele rung key patton aur halke rung key binduon seey sajaaya gayaa haye. nilay key kinare aam taur parr bhoore-peele rung key hotey hain. nava rupaantarit kishoron mein kaali peeth aur safed pett hotey hain. prakaash dhabbon kii ack pankti unake agrangon seey poonchh taka faili hui haye. apghatan key turant baad peele rung kii pattiyan dikhaai dene lageen, aur apghatan key dou maheene key bheetar poorna vayask rung bunn jaate hain.
nivaas aur vitaran.
nivaas sthaan.
ringed salamender sakhti seey sthaliya haye aur yeh kathor lakadi aur mishrit kathor lakadi-pahaadi jangalon mein paaya gayaa haye. gair-prajanan mausamon key dauran, vayask pattiyon key neeche chhip jaate hain, sadey hue lakadi key tukade, yaa nama vann kshetron mein jameen parr chhode gaye chhed. chhote, machhali rahit ardh-sthaayi talabon mein larva aur kishore maujood hain. adhikansh ring vaale salmonders germ jharanon, arconsus aur ozaark pathaar key misauri hisse key aspas paae jaate hain. paschimi ilinois aur purvi oclahoma mein bhee chhoti aabaadi paaee gaee haye.
bhaugolik vitaran.
ringed salamender ozaark pathaar aur dakshini misauri, arconsus aur purvi oclahoma key ochita pahaadon key liye sthaanik haye. yeh usee vansh kii anya prajaatiyon kii tulanaa mein vitaran kii ack adhik pratibandhit seema haye, jaise kii "aeye". mcculatum "aur" aeye. opakam ".
sanrakshan.
nivaas sthaan kaa nuksan.
garmiyon key anta mein talabon koo sukhaane seey vasant prajanan prajaatiyon jaise kii chittidaar salmonders parr mahatvapurna prabhaav padata haye, yeh ring vaale salmonders koo jyada prabhaavit naheen kartaa haye. haalaanki, sitambar aur octuber key dauran barish mein kamee aur talabon koo bharane kii sankhya mein kamee seey ring vaale salamender key prajanan prayason aur andey key jamaa honey mein bahut kamee aaa sakati haye. halanki ausat chandwa aavaran aur patte key kachare kii gaharaai kaa sambandh ringed salamender key adhibhog seey naheen haye, nirantar vann isake prajanan ardrabhoomi seey atyadhik judey hue hain. saaf-suthri lakadi kii fasal kaa bhee ringed salamander vitaran parr nakaratmak prabhaav padata haye. spasht fasal key baad vann sthalon mein adhik khuli chhatein hoti hain, jisake parinamswarup bhoomi kaa tapman adhik hotaa haye. jeevit rahane key liye, ring vaale salmonders yaa tou bhoomigat roop seey gaddhon mein peechhe hutt jaate hain yaa anya sthaanon parr chaley jaate hain. iss prakaar, kishore aur chhote shareer key aakar vaale vayask adhik asurakshit hotey hain kyonki unamen cumm failaav kshamata hoti haye.
sanrakshan key prayaas.
ringed salamander key prasaar koo adhikatam karane key liye dou pramukh kshetron parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa haye, joe kramshah kishoron aur vayaskon donon key sthaaniya vilupt honey koo cumm karane aur metapolution gatishilata koo banaae rakhane parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain. sthaayi machhali rahit talabon kii raksha karna rupaantarit kishoron key astitva key liye mahatvapurna haye. prajanan talabon key aspas sthaliya nivaas koo banaae rakhna vayaskon key prajanan key liye mahatvapurna haye. ack adhyayan seey pataa chalaa haye kii prajanan vayaskon key jeevit rahane key liye paryaapt jagah pradaan karane key liye, vishesh roop seey unake pahale prajanan key dauran, talab key kinare seey 200-500 m key trijya key saath ack mool sthaliya nivaas sthaapit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. talabon key beach sampark kaee aabaadi key beach paryaapt jeane pravaah rakhane key liye mahatvapurna haye. ack upayukt awas mein prajanan talab ack dusare seey 300 meater seey adhik naheen honey chaahiye, aur bachaav-punarvibhajan prabandhan kii sifarish kii jaati haye.
jansankhya sanrachana.
karibi rishtedaar.
ringed salamender ("aeye. anultum), sangamarmar kaa salamender ("aeye. opakam), aur chittidaar salamender ("aeye. mccultum) sahanubhutipurna karibi rishtedaar hain, aur way sabhi sthaliya hain. way sabhi selamanders key ack prasiddh vansh seey sambandhit hain jinhen moll selamanders ("ambistoma") kahaa jaataa haye. chittidaar salamander aur sangamarmar key salamander mein bahut badaa vitaran hotaa haye aur ring vaale salamander kii tulanaa mein adhik achchi tarah seey adhyayan kiya jaataa haye. ringed salamander key samaan, sangamarmar key salamander bhee sharad ritu mein prajanan karate hain, jabaki anya prajaatiyon mein vasant mein salamander naslen paaee jaati hain.
aanuvanshik jansankhya sanrachana.
paramanu sookshm upgrahon aur mitochondrial dna vishleshan seey aanvik sakshya seey pataa chalata haye kii kendriya aantarik uchch bhoomi paaristhitiki kshetra mein valayakar salamander kii aabaadi koo dou bhaagon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. ack aabaadi uttar mein ozaark pathaar parr rahati haye, jabaki doosari aabaadi dakshin mein ochita pahaad mein rahati haye. yeh algaav pahali baar cretaceous seey madhya-myosine key dauran huaa aur pleastocene key dauran arconsus nadee pranali key vikas seey aage vibhajit huaa. aanuvanshik vibhedan bhee kaafee hudd taka europeeya basti key baad seey maanav-prerit awas vikhandan seey prabhaavit haye.
aahar.
ringed salamander larva key liye aam shikaar mein microcrustation, dipteran larva, larva chironimid aur kaee larva aur vayask keede jaise bhring, ghonghe, kenchue aur anya salamander aur mendhakon key andey shamil hain. ring vaale salmonders aamtaur parr apane prajanan talabon mein sheersh shikari key roop mein kaam karate hain. yeh sambhavatah ringed salamander key prajanan key samay key kaaran haye, joe unhein anya vasant prajanan prajaatiyon key vyaktiyon kaa shikaar karane kii anumati detaa haye joe abhee bhee apane praarambhik jeevan charanon mein hain jaise kii chittidaar salamander, sangamarmar key salamander, laal-dhabbe vaale nae, aur kaee anya anuran prajaatiyan, iss prakaar unaki prachurta koo cumm karati hain.
narbhakshan.
haalaanki sabhi aakaron key larva anya shikaar prajaatiyon koo khaate hain, lekin badey shareer key aakar vaale narbhakshi hoe sakate hain. narbhakshan fayademand hoe sakata haye kyonki vishisht shikaar badey hotey hain, vikas koo badhaava dene vaale harmon hoe sakate hain, aur visham vishisht shikaar mein vishaakt padarthon kii kamee hoe sakati haye. haalaanki, rogjanak aur endoperasite sancharan kaa bhee khatra haye. narbhakshi apane vishisht shikaar seey dou baar lambe ausat shareer kii lambai aur thode vyaapak sir honey seey alag hotey hain. lambe prajanan mausam seey larva key aakar mein bhinnata badhati haye, joe narbhakshan kii sambhavana mein yogdan detaa haye. baad mein mausam mein paida honey vaale larva key aakar chhote hotey hain, isaliye shuruati spon breeder uchch fitness key saath badee santan paida karke ack chayanaatmak laabh praapt curr sakate hain, lekin iss laabh koo adhik apratyaashit talab sthitiyon dwara offset kiya jaa sakata haye. ringed salamander kaa narbhakshan ack avasarvaadi vyavhaar haye joe uchch larva ghanatva, vibhinn aakaron key larva key saha-astitva, yaa aparyaapt vaikalpik bhojan vikalp kii sthitiyon mein honey kii adhik sambhavana haye. narbhakshan karane vaale larva key munh unake gair-narbhakshi samkakshon kii tulanaa mein vyaapak aur badey aakar key hotey hain. yeh iss baat key saboot koo jodata haye kii narbhakshan ack avasarvaadi udyam haye jiska koee laabhprad aakar naheen haye. ringed salamender larva mein usee genus kii anya prajaatiyon kii tulanaa mein madhyavarti star kaa narbhakshan hotaa haye. chittidaar salmonders kewal charam paristhitiyon mein narbhakshan dikhaate hain, jabaki bagh salmonders ("aeye". tigrinum) mein vaastav mein narbhakshan kii uchch pravrittiyaan hoti hain.
prajanan aur jeevan chakr.
prajanan pravaas aur andashay sthiti.
ringed salamender sharad ritu mein prajanan karane vaali prajaati haye. narr aur maadaa donon 1 saal kii umr mein apani prajanan paripakvata taka pahunch jaate hain, lekin adhikansh vyakti 2-3 saal kii umr mein prajanan key liye lautate hain. prajanan talabon mein pravaas aamtaur parr sitambar key madhya mein barish key baad yaa usake dauran raat mein shuru hotaa haye, aur vyakti harr saal vishisht talabon key saath baney rahate hain. havaa aur mitty key tapman kaa vaarshik chakr yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii vayask samay parr prajanan sthitiyon mein pravesh karein, lekin sharad ritu kii varsha pramukh kaarak haye joe prajanan pravaas koo trigger karati haye, aur varsha kii seema cumm seey cumm 1.27 semi honey chaahiye. talabon aur varshon mein prajanan jansankhya key aakar mein ack badee bhinnata maujood haye, joe pravaas key mausam key dauran varsha kii matra key saath sakaratmak roop seey sahsambaddh haye. agast key shuru mein hii narr prajanan talabon mein palayan karna shuru curr dete hain, joe sitambar mein sabse pahale record vaali mahilaaon kii tulanaa mein pahale haye. pravaas kii antim tithi navambar kii shuruat mein hoti haye, joe donon lingon key liye samaan hoti haye.
sambhog key baad, prem prasang kii raat yaa agale dinn andaa denaa shuru hoe jaataa haye aur dou dinon key bheetar puuraa hoe jaataa haye. maadaa apane pichhale pairon koo paarshv roop seey failaati haye aur clock koo ack substrate parr laane key liye apani peeth koo mehrab detee haye. vaha ack upayukt vastu parr chadhane key baad taba taka gatiheen rahati haye jaba taka kii maanspeshiyon kaa sankuchan shuru naheen hoe jaataa. sankuchan saamane seey peechhe key pairon taka 2.5 bindu seey peechhe kii or failata haye, ack pankti mein ack baar mein clock seey andey jamaa kartaa haye. andey key dravyamaan key aakar taar, guchhe yaa badey samooh hoe sakate hain, joe kaafee hudd taka iss baat parr nirbhar karate hain kii andashay key liye upalabdh sahayak samagri, jaise kii chhaden, kyaa hain. vayask prajanan key turant baad talab chhod dete hain lekin apane vishram sthalon parr vaapas jaane seey pahale kaee dinon taka jameen key oopar sakriya reh sakate hain.
larva aur kishore vikas.
sitambar aur octuber mein talabon mein larva upasthit honey lagate hain. prayogshala key vatavaran mein andey key kaaran, abhee-abhee andey key larva kii ausat kull lambai 11.5mm haye. vasant prajanan prajaatiyon key vipareet, apane janm talabon mein burf key neeche sardiyon mein ringed salamender larva. larva avadhi 7 seey 9 maheene taka hoti haye, joe sangamarmar key salamander key samaan haye. larva mrityu darr jamane, sookhane, cumm ph, narbhakshan sahit shikaar aur bimari key kaaran hoe sakati haye. prematamorphic mrityu darr 99.9% jitani adhik hoe sakati haye aur andey key nikalane key baad key pahale dou maheenon key dauran aur rupaantarit avadhi key dauran charam parr hoe sakati haye.
kishore aam taur parr agale vasant mein aprail mein ubharate hain. andon seey laker kayapalat taka kishoron kii ausat jeevit rahane kii darr kewal 0.2% haye, joe vaastav mein cumm haye aur talabon yaa varshon key beach bahut adhik bhinn naheen hoti haye. apghatan kishoron kii ausat thoothan-wint lambai 39.2mm haye, joe prajanan vayaskon kaa lagbhag 50 pratishat haye, lekin sabse badaa kishore vayask aakar kaa 76 pratishat hoe sakata haye. vasant ritu kii shuruat mein rupaantarit honey vaale kishore aamtaur parr una kishoron kii tulanaa mein badey hotey hain joe garmiyon mein baad mein rupaantarit hotey hain. shareer kaa ack badaa aakar jeevit rahane kii uchch sambhavana, pahale prajanan parr ack chhoti umr aur ack lambe jivankal key anuroop haye. yeh chittidaar salamander kii tulanaa mein vipareet pravritti haye, jinamen seey kishoron kaa rupantar baad mein badaa hotaa haye, aur unamen uchch fitness hoti haye.
vayaskon key angon kaa punarjanan.
larva salamander key anga punarjanan kaa samay vikas key saath cumm hoe jaataa haye, aur postmatemorphic vayask larva salamander bahut cumm yaa koee anga punarjanan pradarshit naheen karate hain. vibhinn ayu (40 dinn), exolotal (30 + dinn), neut (44 dinn) aur vayask salamander (155 seey 370 dinn) mein larva salamander key liye punarjanan samay koo dekhane vaale prayogon key madhyam seey, yeh paaya gayaa kii pratyek charan key anga punarjanan samay mein bahut badaa antar haye. dou maandandon key aadhar parah pratyek charan neut key pichhale charanon key anukramon key samaan haye, jabaki inn charanon koo jeevit jeevon key baahari roopvigyaan kii jaanch karke aasaani seey pahachaana jaanaa chaahiye, parinamon seey 11 achchi tarah seey paribhaashit punarjanan charanon kaa pataa chalaa. ack kahawat haye kii paryavaraniya sthitiyon key kaaran salmonders apani aantarik kshamata koo vyakt karane kii kshamata khou dete hain. vayask salamander key liye nimnalikhit sthitiyon mein punarjanan dekhaa gayaa thaah "aeye. 324 seey 370 dee. pee. aeye.; aeye.". mcculatum, "255 seey 300 dee. pee. aeye.; aeye. texnum, "215 seey 250 dee. pee. aeye.; aur" aeye. tigranum ", 155 seey 180 dee. pee. aeye..
saathi kaa vyavhaar.
ringed salamander yaun roop seey dwiroop hotey hain. prajanan karane vaali maadaaen naron kii tulanaa mein badee hoti hain, jinaki ausat thoothan-chhidra lambai kramshah 96.3mm aur 84.2mm hoti haye. pratyek prajanan talab mein, vayask ling anupaat lagaatar 2.05:1 anupaat key saath purush-pakshapaatpurna haye.(2) saamoohik prem prasang taba hotaa haye jaba badee sankhya mein purush aur kuchh mahilaaen talab mein pahunchati hain. shuru mein, ack purush ack mahila key paas jaataa haye aur apane naak seey usake labada aur shareer key kinaaron koo dhakka detaa haye. usake baad, vaha jaldi seey paas mein kaheen ack shukranu jamaa curr detaa haye. ack purush aamtaur parr ack samay mein ack shukranu jamaa kartaa haye lekin ack key baad ack chaar taka bhee rakh sakata haye. iss vyavhaar koo dohraya jaataa haye aur yeh ack charam parr pahunch jaataa haye joe 10-15 minut taka rahata haye. jaise-jaise adhik seey adhik purush judate hain, ack mahila key chaaron or purush kii bheed banati haye, jahan pratyek purush mahila aur anya purushon koo andhadhundh roop seey naak karna shuru curr detaa haye, aur bahut saare shukranu ack hii sthaan parr rakhe jaate hain. kaee purush apane shukranuon koo ack dusare key buggle mein yaa usake oopar rakhate hain. 1. 6 semi2 kshetra key bheetar 10 yaa adhik shukranu hoe sakate hain. shodhkartaon ney prem prasang mein kissy bhee mahila kii bhagidari kaa avalokan naheen kiya. maadaaen saamoohik prem prasang key baad nishechit andey detee hain, isaliye way prem prasang key baad ack yaa adhik shukranuon koo chuna sakati hain jaisa kii mahila "aeye" karati haye. mccultum, "ringed salamender kaa sahaanubhooti sambandhi. ack aur sambhavana yeh haye kii mahilaaen ack chune hue purush kaa anusaran curr sakati hain aur vishesh roop seey usake shukranuon koo uthaa sakati hain.
samajik vyavhaar.
ring vaale salamander bhroon key roop mein rasayanik uttejanaon seey shikari aur khaadya padaarth kyaa hain, yeh seekh sakate hain. yeh larva koo shikaar seey bachane aur andey seey nikalane key baad uchch chaara dakshata rakhane kii anumati detaa haye. prayogshala key prayogon ney saabit kiya haye kii jheenga aur musel jaisi shikaar prajaatiyon kii gandh key sampark mein aaney vaale bhroon andey chhodane key baad una uttejanaon key prati aakarshan dikhaate hain. narbhakshi larva yaa parbhakshiyon, jaise kii purvi neut ("notofthalmus viridescence") aur dragonfly apsaraon seey rasayanik uttejanaon key bhroon key sampark mein aaney key parinamswarup, awas sharan (vanaspati aavaran) kaa upayog badh gayaa aur andey seey nikalane key baad kii gatividhiyon mein kamee aaee. yeye virodhi shikari pratikriyaon key sanket hain. drishya shikariyon kaa pataa lagaane seey bachane aur saamana karane kii sambhaavanaon koo cumm karane key liye gatividhi koo cumm karna vishesh roop seey prabhaavi haye. antarnihit shaaririk tantra yeh hoe sakata haye kii uttejanaaen ghraan pranali koo ack alag tareeke seey aakar dey sakati hain taaki yaa tou ghraan chhaap yaa samvedansheelta paida hoe sakey. ringed salamender key aahar kii plasticity key kaaran, shodhkartaon kaa maanana haye kii samvedikaran ack adhik prashansaniya vyakhya haye kyonki iska matlab ack uttejana key liye ack asthaayi pratikriya haye, jabaki ghraan chhaap kaa matlab ack deerghakaalik pratikriya dikhaana haye.
yuva larva anya larva koo dekhane key baad bhee shikari aur shikaar key beach antar karane mein saksham hotey hain jinhen vishisht model key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. samajik shiksha aamtaur parr kewal samooh-jeevit jeevon mein maujood haye, lekin yeh ringed salamander jaisi gair-mishrit prajaatiyon mein bhee hoe sakati haye. ringed salamender larva andey seey nikalane key baad ack chhoti avadhi key dauran asthaayi uchch ghanatva vaale samoohon kaa nirmaan curr sakate hain, joe samajik seekhane key liye vatavaran pradaan kartaa haye. ringed salamanders parr ack adhyayan ney pradarshit kiya haye kii ack larva chaar vishisht pradarshankariyon kii virodhi shikari pratikriyaon koo dekhane key baad dragonfly apsara koo ack khatare key roop mein safaltapurvak pehchaan sakata haye. yeh samajik roop seey sugam seekhane aur poorv bhroon seekhane donon iss tarah seey fayademand hain kii yeh vibhinn khaadya padarthon key pratyaksh namoone aur shikariyon key saath yaadrichhik muthbhedon key kaaran laagat koo cumm kartaa haye.
dushman.
talabon mein jeevan key sabhi charanon mein machhali ring vaale salmonders kaa shikari haye. jaleey keede, salmonders, saamp aur wading pakshi, jaise kii, sabhi ringed salmonder larva key sambhaavit shikari hoe sakate hain. adhyayanon mein "odonata, hemiptera" aur "thanmophis proximus" sahit kaee keat shikariyon koo darj kiya gayaa haye. pakshi shikariyon mein mahaan neele bagula aur americi kadwa, saamp shikariyon mein "nerodia cipedon" aur kachhua shikariyon mein "chelidra sarpentina" shamil hain.
larva kii anty-predator pratikriyaaen shareer key aakar mein vriddhi key saath dheere-dheere cumm hoe jaati hain. badey larva nae jaise antaral-seemit shikariyon key prati cumm samvedansheel hotey hain. way yaa tou shikaar key roop mein bahut badey hotey hain yaa majboot maanspeshiyon key saath teji seey bhaagne vaali pratikriyaaen hoti hain. ringed salamander joe kayapalat seey ack maheene pahale hotey hain, way neut predation key liye poori tarah seey pratirakshit hotey hain.
ring vaale salmonders bhee bahut saare endoperasite seey peedit hain. sabse aam parjivi prajaati escarid nematode ("cosmosercoids variabilis") haye. yeh parjivi naa kewal aamtaur parr ringed salamander mein paaya jaataa haye, balki "ambistomatidae" parivaar mein bhee vyaapak roop seey failata haye. rubdited nematodes ("rabadiyas raana") doosara sabse aam parjivi haye joe "aeye" koo sankramit kartaa haye. annulatum key "fefde aur shareer kii guhaayen. anya apekshaakrit durlabh parjeeviyon mein pittashay mixosporian ("mixidium serotinum") aur ootak-nivaas spirid shamil hain joe aamtaur parr ring vaale salamander key pett kii divaaron mein sthit hotey hain.  

