
bhaarat mein narivad

bhaarat mein narivad andolanon kaa ack samooh haye jiska uddeshya bhaarat mein mahilaaon key liye samaan raajneetik, aarthik aur samajik adhikaaron aur avsaron koo paribhaashit karna, sthaapit karna aur unaki raksha karna haye. yeh bhaarat key samaaj mein mahilaaon key adhikaaron kii khoj haye. duniya bhar mein apane nariwadi samkakshon kii tarah, bhaarat mein nariwadi langic samaantaa chaahte hainh samaan majdoori key liye kaam karane kaa adhikaar, swaasthya aur shiksha taka samaan pahunch kaa adhikaar, aur samaan raajneetik adhikaar. bhaaratiya naarivaadiyon ney bhaarat key pitrisattaatmak samaaj key bheetar sanskriti-vishisht muddon key khilaf bhee ladaai ladee haye, jaise kii viraasat kaanoon.
bhaarat mein narivad key itihas koo teen charanon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih pahala charan, 19veen shatabdi key madhya mein shuru huaa, jaba sudharvadiyon ney mahilaaon koo shamil karate hue shiksha aur reeti-rivaajon mein sudhaar karke mahila adhikaaron key paksh mein bolna shuru kiya; doosara charan, 1915 seey bhaaratiya swatantrata taka, jaba gaandhi ney bhaarat chhodo andolan mein mahila andolanon koo shamil kiya aur swatantra mahila sangathan ubharane lagey; aur anta mein, teesara charan, swatantrata key baad, jisane shaadi key baad ghar parr mahilaaon key saath uchit vyavhaar key saath-saath karyabal aur raajneetik samaantaa key unake adhikaar parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye.
bhaaratiya nariwadi andolanon dwara kii gaee pragati key bavjood, aadhunik bhaarat mein rahane vaali mahilaaon koo abhee bhee bhedbhaav key kaee muddon kaa saamana karna padata haye. bhaarat kii pitrisattaatmak sanskriti ney bhoomi-swaamitva adhikaar praapt karane aur mahilaaon key liye shiksha taka pahunch kii prakriya koo chunautipurna banaa diyaa haye. pichhale dou dashakon mein ling-chayanaatmak garbhpaat kii pravritti bhee saamane aaee haye. bhaaratiya naarivaadiyon key liye, inhen sangharsh karane yogya anyaay key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye aur narivad koo aksar bhaaratiya samaantaa key bajaay mahila prabhutva key roop mein galat samajhate hain.
paschim kii tarah, bhaarat mein bhee nariwadi andolanon kii kuchh aalochana hui haye. vishesh roop seey visheshaadhikaar praapt mahilaaon parr bahut adhik dhyaan kendrit karane aur garib yaa nichali jaati kii mahilaaon kii jarooraton aur pratinidhitva kii upeksha karane key liye unaki aalochana kii gaee haye. isase jaati-vishisht nariwadi sangathanon aur andolanon kaa nirmaan huaa haye.
bhaaratiya sandarbh mein paribhasha.
poorv-aupaniveshik samajik sanrachanaon mein mahilaaon kii bhoomika seey pataa chalata haye kii bhaarat mein narivad kaa siddhant paschim kii tulanaa mein alag thaa. bhaarat mein mahilaaon key muddon koo pahali baar taba sambodhit kiya jaane lagaa jaba raajya ney nariwadi shodhkartaon aur kaaryakartaon key ack samooh koo mahilaaon kii sthiti parr ack report saunpi. report ney iss tathya koo maanyata dee kii bhaarat mein, sanrachanaatmak padanukram aur anyaay kii pranali key tahat mahilaaon parr atyachar kiya jaataa thaa. iss avadhi key dauran, bhaaratiya nariwadi mahilaaon key khilaf hinsa key baare mein aayojit kii jaa rahee paschimi bahason seey prabhaavit they. haalaanki, bhaarat kii aitihaasik aur samajik sanskriti mein antar key kaaran, bhaaratiya mahilaaon key paksh mein bahas rachanaatmak roop seey aayojit kii jaani thee, aur kuchh paschimi vichaaron koo aswikar karna padaa. mahilaaon key muddon koo antarrashtriya mahatva praapt honah shuru hoe gayaa jaba 1975-1985 key dashak koo mahilaaon key liye sanyukt rashtra dashak ghoshit kiya gayaa.
bhaaratiya naarivaadiyon koo bhaaratiya samaaj mein kuchh baadhaon kaa saamana karna padata haye joe paschimi samaaj mein maujood yaa prachalit naheen hain. jabaki bhaaratiya naarivaadiyon kaa antim lakshya unake paschimi samkakshon key samaan haye, narivad kaa unakaa sanskaran bhaarat key aadhunik pitrisattaatmak samaaj mein unake saamane aaney vaale muddon aur paristhitiyon seey nipatane key liye kaee tarikon seey bhinn hoe sakata haye. bhaaratiya nariwadi apane samaaj kii pitrisattaatmak sanrachana koo vibhinn tarikon seey chunauti dene kaa prayaas karate hain. sampat paal devi ack poorv sarkari karmchari aur paanch bachchon kii maan hain, jinhone bhaarat mein badee honey key saath apane hii samudaay mein gharelu durvyavahar aur hinsa dekhi. natijatan, usane 'gulabi giroh' key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa ack satark samooh shuru karane kaa faisala kiya joe durvyavahar karane vaalon kaa pataa lagaata haye aur unhein baans kii dandon seey maartaa haye jaba taka kii yeh maanaa naa jaae kii unhone paschaataap kiya haye aur peediton koo paryaapt badala liya gayaa haye. dharm key kshetra mein, bhaaratiya nariwadi hindu dharm mein mahila devi kii shaktishali chhavi kii or dhyaan aakarshit karate hain. way bhaaratiya samaaj key matrisattatmak poorv-itihas kii or bhee ishara karate hain aur iss baat parr jore dete hain kii bhaaratiya itihas key aise daur rahey hain joe pitrisattaatmak naheen they, aur bhaarat mein aise samudaay maujood they joe badey paimaane parr mahila-unmukh aur matrisattatmak they.
bhaaratiya mahilaaen damankari pitrisattaatmak parivarik sanrachanaon kii ack shrinkhala key madhyam seey astitva key liye baatchit karati hainh umr, samanya sthiti, mool parivaar key madhyam seey purushon key saath sambandh, vivaah aur prajanan, aur pitrisattaatmak guna. pitrisattaatmak visheshtaon key udaharanon mein dahej, putron kaa paalan aadi shamil hain., natedari, jaati, samudaay, gaanv, bazar aur raajya. haalaanki, yeh dhyaan diyaa jaanaa chaahiye kii bhaarat mein kaee samudaay, jaise keral key naayar, manglaur key shetty, kuchh marathi kull aur bangali parivaar, matrisattatmak pravrittiyon kaa pradarshan karate hain. inn samudaayon mein parivaar kaa mukhiya sabse bujurg purush key bajaay sabse bujurg mahila hoti haye. sikh sanskriti koo apekshaakrit ling-tatasth bhee maanaa jaataa haye.
bhaarat mein, rashtriya samvidhaan mein anusoochit janjaatiyon key roop mein maanyata praapt samudaayon mein seey kuchh... [hain] matrisattatmak aur matrivanshiya "aur iss prakaar adhik samtaavaadi key roop mein jaane jaate hain."sakshatkarkarta anuj kumar key anusaar, manipur mein" ack matrisattatmak samaaj haye ", lekin yeh ack vidvatapurna mulyankan naheen hoe sakata haye. manipur parr majboot rajvanshon kaa shasson thaa aur seemaon key vistaar, kissy bhee baahari khatare koo kuchalane aadi kii aavashyakta thee. purushon koo shamil kiya. isaliye, mahilaaon koo ghar key saamane kii jimmedaari sambhaalani padee.
bhaaratiya anubhav kii vividhata seey pataa chalata haye kii kaee pitrisattaatmaktaaen hain, joe kaee narivad key astitva mein yogdan detee hain. isaliye, bhaarat mein narivad ack ekal saiddhaantik abhivinyas naheen haye; yeh aitihaasik aur saanskritik vaastaviktaon, chetna key star, dhaaranaon aur ack samooh key roop mein vyaktigat mahilaaon aur mahilaaon key karyon key sambandh mein samay key saath badal gayaa haye. vyaapak roop seey upayog kii jaane vaali paribhasha "samaaj mein, kaaryasthal parr aur parivaar key bheetar mahilaaon key utpeedan aur shoshan key baare mein jagrukta aur iss sthiti koo badalane key liye mahilaaon aur purushon dwara sachet kaarravaai haye."dainik jeevan mein lingwad koo sweekaar karna aur javic roop seey nirdhaarit shreniyon key roop mein streetva aur mardanagi kii parasparik roop seey ananya dhaaranaon koo punargathit karke ise chunauti dene aur samaapt karane kaa prayaas karane seey purushon aur mahilaaon donon key liye ack nyaaysangat samaaj kii disha mein maarg khulata haye.
bhaaratiya sandarbh mein dhruviya virodh key purush aur mahila dwibhajan kaa khandan kiya jaataa haye kyonki yeh purush they jinhone vibhinn samajik buraaiyon key khilaf samajik sudhaar andolan shuru kiye they. pitrisatta kewal padanukram mein seey ack haye. ack hii parivaar mein mahilaaon key beach sambandh adhik pratikool hotey hain. yahaan mahilaaon koo ack dusare key khilaf khadaa kiya jaataa haye. sabhi mahilaaen harr samay shaktiheen naheen hoteen.
paschimi aur bhaaratiya narivad key beach sambandhon key baare mein bhaaratiya mahila andolanon key bheetar gahan bahas hui haye. kaee bhaaratiya nariwadi ack saath ack vishisht "bhaaratiya" samvedansheelta key saath-saath duniya bhar key samoohon aur vyaktiyon key saath antarrashtriya nariwadi ekjutata kaa daavaa karate hain. 1970 key dashak mein paschim mein udaar narivad kaa uday shiksha aur rojgar mein samaan avsaron kii maangon key saath-saath mahilaaon key khilaf hinsa koo samaapt karane parr gaharaai seey kendrit thaa. kaafee hudd taka, bhaarat mein ubharata nariwadi andolan paschimi aadarshon seey prabhaavit thaa. inmein shiksha aur samaan adhikaaron kii maang kii gaee, lekin mahilaaon key khilaf dahej seey sambandhit hinsa, satee, ling-chayanaatmak garbhpaat aur hirasat mein balatkar jaise sthaaniya muddon aur chintaon key liye bhee apani apeelon koo anukoolit kiya gayaa. kuchh bhaaratiya naarivaadiyon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii yeye mudde vishesh roop seey "bhaaratiya" prakriti key naheen hain, balki mahilaaon key pitrisattaatmak utpeedan kii vyaapak pravritti kaa pratibimb hain.
itihas.
narivad kii shuruat maharashtra mein mahila adhikaaron aur shiksha key agradoot key roop mein swatantra roop seey huih savitribai phule, jinhone bhaarat mein ladkiyon key liye pahala school (1848) shuru kiya; tarabai shinde, jinhone 1882 mein bhaarat kaa pahala nariwadi paath "stree purush tulana" ("mahilaaon aur purushon key beach tulanaa") likhaa; aur pandit ramabai, jinhone hindu dharm mein pitrisatta aur jaati-pranali kii aalochana kii, ney apani jaati seey baahar shaadi kii aur isai dharm mein parivartit hoe gaeen (1880). 
bangali sudharakon key prayason mein satee pratha koo samaapt karna, joe ack vidhwa kii apane pati kii chitaa koo jalaakar mrityu thee, baal vivaah kii pratha koo samaapt karna, vidhvaaon key vikrit honey koo samaapt karna, uchch jaati kii hindu vidhvaaon key vivaah koo shuru karna, mahilaaon kii shiksha koo badhaava denaa, mahilaaon koo sampatti key swaamitva key kanuni adhikaar praapt karna aur god lene jaise mamalon mein unhein buniyaadi adhikaar dekar mahilaaon key darje koo sweekaar karane key liye kaanoon kii aavashyakta shamil thee.
19veen shatabdi vaha avadhi thee jisamen mahilaaon key adhikansh mudde surkhiyon mein aae aur sudhaar kiye jaane lagey. bhaaratiya mahilaaon key liye adhikansh praarambhik sudhaar purushon dwara kiye gaye they. haalaanki, 19veen shatabdi key anta taka way apani patniyon, bahanon, betiyon, aashriton aur anya vyaktiyon dwara apane prayason mein shamil hoe gaye joe mahilaaon kii shiksha key liye kiye gaye abhiyaanon seey seedhe prabhaavit they. 20veen shatabdi key anta taka, mahilaaon ney swatantra mahila swayam key sangathanon key gathan key madhyam seey adhik swaayatta praapt kii. tees aur chaalees key dashak key anta taka "mahilaaon kii sakriyata" key sambandh mein ack naee kathaa kaa nirmaan honah shuru hoe gayaa. narivad aur markswad key saath-saath sampradayikta virodhi aur jaatiyata virodhi aadi key beach 'taarkik' aur javic sambandh banaane kii drishti key saath iska nayaa shodh aur vistaar kiya gayaa thaa. bhaarat key samvidhaan ney "lingon key beach samaantaa" kii guaranti dee, jisane 1970 key dashak taka mahilaaon key andolanon mein ack saapeksh shithilata paida kii.
mahila adhikaar andolanon key praarambhik varshon key dauran, lingon key beach key antar koo kamobesh iss mayane mein halke mein liya gayaa thaa kii unaki bhoomikaaen, kaary, uddeshya aur ichchhaaen alag-alag theen. natijatan, unakaa paalan-poshan naa kewal alag tareeke seey kiya jaanaa thaa, balki unake saath alag tareeke seey bhee vyavhaar kiya jaanaa thaa. samay key saath, yeh antar swayam mahila andolanon kii shuruat kaa ack pramukh kaaran bunn gayaa. 19veen shatabdi key aarambh mein sudharakon ney tark diyaa kii purushon aur mahilaaon key beach kaa antar samaaj mein mahilaaon key adheen honey kaa koee kaaran naheen thaa. haalaanki, baad key sudharakon kii raay thee kii vaastav mein yeh vishesh antar thaa jisane mahilaaon koo samaaj mein unaki bhoomikaon key adheen curr diyaa, udaaharan key liye, maataon key roop mein. isaliye mahilaaon key adhikaaron kii uchit dekhbhal kii aavashyakta thee. mahila sangathanon key gathan aur abhiyaanon mein unaki apani bhagidari key saath, maataon key roop mein unaki bhoomika parr phir seey jore diyaa gayaa, lekin ack alag prakaash menh iss baar tark mahilaaon key bolane, shiksha aur mukti key adhikaaron key liye thaa. haalaanki, ack prateek key roop mein maan key saath mahilaaon kii chhavi samay key saath badalati gaee-parivaar parr jore dene seey laker ack pracheen maan kii aakriti key nirmaan taka, joe gahari, aksar atavistic chhaviyon koo ujagar karati haye.
pahala charanah 1850-1915.
aadhunikta mein aupaniveshik udyam loktantra, samaantaa aur vyaktigat adhikaaron kii avadhaaranaon koo laaya. raashtravaad kii avadharana key uday aur bhedbhavpurna prathaon key aatmanireekshan ney jaati aur langic sambandhon seey sambandhit samajik sudhaar andolanon koo janm diyaa. bhaarat mein narivad kaa yeh pahala charan purushon dwara samajik buraaiyon koo ukhaad fenkane, vidhvaaon key punarvivah kii anumati dene, baal vivaah koo pratibandhit karane aur niraksharta koo cumm karane key liye shuru kiya gayaa thaa. iska uddeshya sahamati kii ayu koo viniyamit karna aur kanuni hastakshep key madhyam seey sampatti key adhikaar sunishchit karna bhee thaa. haalaanki, bhaaratiya samaaj mein mahilaaon kii sthiti mein sudhaar key prayason koo unnisvin shatabdi key anta taka kuchh hudd taka whiffle curr diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki bhaarat mein rashtravadi andolan ubhare they. inn andolanon ney vishesh roop seey parivarik sambandhon key kshetron mein 'langic sambandhon mein aupaniveshik hastakshep' kaa virodh kiya. unnisvin shatabdi key madhya seey anta taka, hindu parivaar key 'aadhunikikaran' key liye kiye gaye kissy bhee aupaniveshik prayason key khilaf pratirodh kaa ack rashtriya roop thaa. isamen sahamati kii umr kaa vivaad bhee shamil thaa joe sarkaar dwara mahilaaon key liye shaadi kii umr badhaane key prayaas key baad shuru huaa thaa.
british aupaniveshik pragati key dauran kaee bhaaratiya raajyon parr mahilaaon kaa shasson thaa, jinamen jhaansi (raani lakshmibai), kittur (raani chennama), bhopal (quidisa begum) aur panjab (jind kaur) shamil they.
doosara charanah 1915-1947.
iss avadhi key dauran aupaniveshik shasson key khilaf sangharsh tej hoe gayaa. raashtravaad pramukh kaaran bunn gayaa. bhaaratiya shreshthata kaa daavaa karna saanskritik punrutthaanvaad kaa upkaran bunn gayaa jisake parinamswarup bhaaratiya streetva kaa ack aavashyak model victorian streetva key samaan haih vishesh lekin saarvajanik sthaan seey alag. gaandhi ney bhaaratiya mahilaaon kii saarvajanik gatividhiyon koo vaidh banaaya aur unhein british raaj key khilaf ahinsak savinay avagya andolan mein shamil kiya. unhone dekhbhal, aatm-tyag, tyag aur sahishnuta kii unaki stree bhoomikaon koo unchaa kiya aur saarvajanik kshetra mein una logon key liye ack sthaan banaaya. kisan mahilaaon ney borsad aur bardoli key graameen satyagrahon mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. akhil bhaaratiya mahila sammelan (aeye. aaee. doubleu. see.) aur bhaaratiya mahila rashtriya mahasangh (aine. aff. aaee. doubleu.) jaise kewal mahilaaon key sangathan ubhare. mahilaaen mahilaaon kii raajneetik bhagidari, mahilaaon key matadhikar, sampradayik puraskaron aur raajneetik dalon mein netritva kii bhoomikaon seey sambandhit muddon seey joojh rahee theen.
1920 kaa dashak bhaaratiya mahilaaon key liye ack nayaa yug thaa aur ise 'narivad' key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye joe sthaaniya mahila sanghon key nirmaan key liye jimmedaar thaa. inn sanghon ney mahilaaon kii shiksha key muddon parr jore diyaa, shramik varg kii mahilaaon key liye aajeevika ranneetiyaan vikasit keen, aur akhil bhaaratiya mahila sammelan jaise rashtriya star key mahila sanghon kaa bhee ayojan kiya. aeye. aaee. doubleu. see. bhaaratiya rashtriya congress seey nikatata seey sambaddh thaa. mahatma gaandhi key netritva mein, isane rashtravadi aur upaniveshvaad virodhi swatantrata andolanon key bheetar kaam kiya. isane mahilaaon kii saamoohik gatishilata koo bhaaratiya raashtravaad kaa abhinn anga banaa diyaa. isaliye mahilaaen 1930 key dashak mein savinay avagya andolanon sahit vibhinn rashtravadi aur upaniveshvaad virodhi prayason kaa ack bahut hii mahatvapurna hissa theen.
swatantrata key baad, akhil bhaaratiya mahila sammelan kaa sanchaalan jaari rhaa aur 1954 mein bhaaratiya communist party ney apani mahila shakha kaa gathan kiya jise bhaaratiya mahilaaon key rashtriya sangh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, bhaarat kii 1947 kii swatantrata key baad nariwadi agenda aur andolan cumm sakriya hoe gaye, kyonki rashtra nirmaan parr rashtravadi agende koo nariwadi muddon parr prathamikta dee gaee.
swatantrata sangram mein mahilaaon kii bhagidari ney swatantra bhaarat mein unaki bhoomika aur adhikaaron key baare mein unaki mahatvapurna chetna vikasit kii. isake parinamswarup bhaaratiya samvidhaan mein mahilaaon key matadhikar aur nagrik adhikaaron kii shuruat hui. sakaratmak kaarravaai, maatri swaasthya aur baal dekhbhal praavdhaan (cratch), samaan kaam key liye samaan vetan aadi key madhyam seey mahilaaon key utthaan kaa praavdhaan thaa. raajya ney mahilaaon key prati sanrakshan kii bhoomika nibhai. udaaharan key liye, bhaarat key samvidhaan mein kahaa gayaa haye kii mahilaaen aabaadi kaa ack "kamjor varg" hain, aur isaliye unhein samaan roop seey kaary karane key liye sahaayata kii aavashyakta haye. iss prakaar bhaarat mein mahilaaon koo buniyaadi adhikaaron key liye sangharsh naheen karna padaa jaisa kii paschim mein mahilaaon koo karna padaa thaa. eutopia jald hii samaapt hoe gayaa jaba samajik aur saanskritik vichaardhaaraaen aur sanrachanaaen maulik adhikaaron aur loktantra kii naee arjit avadhaaranaon kaa sammaan karane mein whiffle raheen.
1947 key baad.
swatantrata key baad naarivaadiyon ney iss baat koo phir seey paribhaashit karna shuru curr diyaa kii mahilaaon koo karyabal mein kiss hudd taka shamil honey kii anumati thee. swatantrata seey pahale, adhikansh naarivaadiyon ney shram bull key bheetar yaun vibhajan koo sweekaar kiya thaa. haalaanki, 1970 key dashak mein naarivaadiyon ney una asamaantaon koo chunauti dee joe sthaapit kii gaee theen aur unhein ulatane key liye ladey they. inn asamaantaon mein mahilaaon key liye asman majdoori, mahilaaon koo kaam key 'akushal' kshetron mein nirvaasit karna aur mahilaaon koo shram key liye ack aarakshit senaa key roop mein pratibandhit karna shamil thaa. dusare shabdon mein, naarivaadiyon kaa uddeshya una mahilaaon kii muft seva koo samaapt karna thaa jinka anivarya roop seey sastee poonji key roop mein upayog kiya jaa rhaa thaa. nariwadi varg-chetna bhee 1970 key dashak mein dhyaan mein aaee, jisamen naarivaadiyon ney naa kewal purushon aur mahilaaon key beach balki jaati, janjaati, bhasha, dharm, kshetra, varg aadi jaisi shakti sanrachanaon key bheetar bhee asamaantaon koo pahachaana. yeh naarivaadiyon key liye unake vyaapak abhiyaanon koo aakar dete hue ack chunauti key roop mein bhee saamane aaya kyonki yeh sunishchit karane key prayason key bheetar dhyaan kendrit karna thaa kii ack samooh kii maangon koo puuraa karane seey dusare key liye aur asamaanta paida naa hoe. abb, 21veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, bhaaratiya nariwadi andolan kaa dhyaan mahilaaon koo samaaj key upayogi sadasyon aur samaantaa key adhikaar key roop mein maanane seey parey chalaa gayaa haye, balki unake vyaktigat jeevan kii disha aur atmanirnaya key adhikaar koo taya karane kii shakti bhee haye.
1966 mein indira gaandhi bhaarat kii pahali mahila pradhaanmantri baneen. unhone lagaatar teen karyakalon (aaee. dee. 1) aur 1980 seey 1984 mein unaki hatyaa honey taka chauthe karyakal key liye bhaarat kii pradhaanmantri key roop mein kaary kiya.
bhaaratiya kaanoon, 1973 kii aaparaadhik prakriya sanhita kii dhaara 53aeye abhiyukt kii chikitsa jaanch key liye kuchh praavdhaan karati haye. dund prakriya sanhita kii dhaara 164aeye peedit kii chikitsa jaanch seey sambandhit haye.
mairi roy ney 1986 mein sarvocch nyayalaya mein apane keralite siriyai isai samudaay key viraasat kaanoon key khilaf ack mukadama jeetaa. iss faisale ney siriyai isai mahilaaon key liye unaki paitrik sampatti key sambandh mein unake purush bhaai-bahanon key saath samaan adhikaar sunishchit kiye. taba taka, unake siriyai isai samudaay ney 1916 key travancore uttaradhikar adhiniyam aur kochin uttaradhikar adhiniyam, 1921 key praavdhaanon kaa paalan kiya, jabaki bhaarat mein anya jagahon parr vahee samudaay 1925 key bhaaratiya uttaradhikar adhiniyam kaa paalan kartaa thaa.
1991 mein, keral uchch nyayalaya ney sabarimala mandir mein 10 varsh seey adhik ayu aur 50 varsh seey cumm ayu kii mahilaaon key pravesh parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa kyonki way masik dharm kii ayu kii theen. haalaanki, 28 sitambar 2018 koo, bhaarat key sarvocch nyayalaya ney mahilaaon key pravesh parr pratibandh hataa diyaa. isane kahaa kii mahilaaon key saath kissy bhee aadhar parr, yahaan taka kii dhaarmik aadhar parr bhee bhedbhaav asamvaidhaanik haye.
keral raajya koo aksar raajyon key beach bhaarat mein mahila adhikaar andolan mein aadarsh pragatisheel netaa key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. keral mahila saksharta aur mahila swaasthya key saath-saath mahila viraasat aur sampatti key adhikaaron key bahut uchch saapeksh star koo banaae rakhta haye. udaaharan key liye, 1998 mein beena agrawal dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii bhaarat mein bhoomi malik pitaaon vaali sabhi mahilaaon mein seey kewal 13 pratishat koo hii usa bhoomi koo betiyon key roop mein viraasat mein milaa, lekin keral raajya mein aisee 24 pratishat mahilaaon ney aisaa kiya. yeh mahatvapurna haye kyonki yeh dikhaaya gayaa haye kii shiksha jaise madhyamon key madhyam seey sampatti aur aarthik swatantrata taka iss tarah kii pahunch mein sudhaar key upaay naa kewal mahilaaon key kalyan aur kshamataon mein seedhe sudhaar karate hain, balki vaivaahik yaa kissy bhee prakaar kii gharelu hinsa key sampark mein aaney key unake jokhim koo bhee cumm karate hain.
gharelu hinsa seey mahilaaon kaa sanrakshan adhiniyam 2005 bhaarat kii sansad kaa ack adhiniyam haye joe mahilaaon koo gharelu hinsa seey bachaane key liye banaaya gayaa haye. ise bhaarat sarkaar dwara 26 octuber 2006 seey lagu kiya gayaa thaa. yeh adhiniyam bhaaratiya kaanoon mein pahali baar "gharelu hinsa" kii paribhasha pradaan kartaa haye, jisamen yeh paribhasha vyaapak haye aur isamen naa kewal shaaririk hinsa shamil haye, balki hinsa key anya roop jaise bhaavnaatmak/maukhik, yaun aur aarthik shoshan bhee shamil hain. yeh ack nagrik kaanoon haye joe mukhya roop seey suraksha aadeshon key liye haye aur aaparaadhik roop seey dandit karane key liye naheen haye.haalaanki, haal key adhyayan key anusaar 51.5% purushon ney apani patniyon/saathi seey hinsa kaa anubhav kiya haye. kaee purushon koo yeh bataate hue buraa lagata haye kii unaki patniyon dwara unhein peeta jaa rhaa haye.
shodh key anusaar vivaahit purushon ney gharelu hinsa kii soochana dee haye.
kaaryasthal parr mahilaaon kaa yaun utpeedan (roktham, nishedh aur nivaaran) adhiniyam, 2013 bhaarat mein ack vidhaayi adhiniyam haye joe mahilaaon koo unake kaaryasthal parr yaun utpeedan seey bachaane kaa prayaas kartaa haye. yeh adhiniyam 9 disambar 2013 seey lagu huaa. aaparaadhik kaanoon (sanshodhan) adhiniyam, 2013 ney bhaaratiya dund sanhita mein badalaav kiye, jisase yaun utpeedan koo dhaara 354 aeye key tahat ack vyakt aparaadh banaa diyaa gayaa, joe teen saal taka key karawas aur yaa jurmaane seey dandaniya haye. sanshodhan ney sahamati key binaa ack mahila koo kapade utaarane, peechha karane aur adhikaar mein vyakti dwara yaun krityon koo aparaadh banaane jaise karyon koo bhee naee dhaaraon mein shamil kiya. isane tejab hamalon koo ack vishisht aparaadh bhee banaa diyaa jisamen cumm seey cumm 10 saal key karawas kii sajaa aur joe aajivan karawas aur jurmaane taka hoe sakati haye. kaanoon key tahat balatkar kii paribhasha kaa vistaar balatkar koo kissy bhee hudd taka ling, yaa kissy vastu yaa shareer key kissy bhee hisse dwara mahila kii yoni, munh, mootramaarg yaa gudaa mein pravesh karane yaa kissy anya vyakti key saath aisaa karane yaa mahila kii sahamati yaa ichcha key binaa yaun angon parr munh lagaane jaise kissy bhee kaary koo balatkar kaa aparaadh maanane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. dhaara ney yeh bhee spasht kiya haye kii pravesh kaa arth haye "kissy bhee hudd taka pravesh", aur shaaririk pratirodh kii kamee aparaadh key gathan key liye aprasangik haye. kuchh gambhir sthitiyon koo chhodkar sajaa cumm seey cumm saat saal kii kaid hogi, lekin joe aajivan karawas taka badh sakati haye, aur jurmaane kii bhee dendaar hogi. gambhir sthitiyon mein, sajaa ack avadhi key liye kathor karawas hogi joe duss saal seey cumm naheen hogi lekin joe aajivan karawas taka badh sakati haye, aur jurmaane key liye bhee uttardaayi hogi. 2013 key bhaaratiya kaanoon key sanshodhit kaanoonon mein, dhaara 376aeye mein, kuchh mamalon mein nyuntam sajaa bhee anivarya haye. udaaharan key liye, yadi yaun hamale seey koee chot lagati haye jisase mrityu hoti haye yaa peedit lagaatar vanaspati avastha mein rahati haye, tou doshi balatkari koo cumm seey cumm bees saal key kathor karawas aur shesh praakritik jeevan taka yaa maut kii sajaa dee jaani chaahiye."saamoohik balatkar" key mamle mein, abb kaanoon dwara vahee anivarya sajaa kii aavashyakta haye. doshi koo peedit koo muaavaje kaa bhugtan karna bhee aavashyak haye joe peedit key chikitsa kharchon aur punarvaas koo puuraa karane key liye uchit hoga, aur aaparaadhik prakriya sanhita kii dhaara 357 bee key anusaar. sabse charam balatkar key mamalon key liye maut kii sajaa nirdisht kii gaee haye. 
nae kaanoon ney bhaarat mein sabhi sarkari aur niji roop seey sanchaalit aspatalon key liye balatkar kii peediton koo muft praathamik chikitsa aur chikitsa upchaar denaa anivarya curr diyaa haye. 2013 key kaanoon ney sahamati kii ayu koo bhee 16 varsh seey badhaakar 18 varsh curr diyaa, aur 18 varsh seey cumm ayu key kissy bhee vyakti key saath koee bhee yaun gatividhi, sahamati kii parwah kiye binaa, abb vaidhaanik balatkar haye.
maee 2013 mein, bhaarat key sarvocch nyayalaya ney kahaa kii ack balatkar peedita parr dou-ungaliyon kaa pareekshan usaki nijata key adhikaar kaa ullanghan kartaa haye, aur dilli sarkaar seey yaun hamale kii pushti karane key liye behtar chikitsa prakriya pradaan karane key liye kahaa.
2014 mein, mumbai mein ack bhaaratiya parivaar kii adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii ack pati ney apani patni koo kurta aur jeans pahanane parr apatti jataai aur usey saadi pahanane key liye majboor kiya, joe krurta key barabar haye, jisake kaaran patni koo talaak dey diyaa gayaa. 2016 mein dilli uchch nyayalaya key ack faisale koo saarvajanik kiya gayaa thaa jisamen yeh faisala diyaa gayaa thaa kii hindu avibhajit parivaar kii sabse badee mahila sadasya isaki "kartaa" hoe sakati haye.
2018 mein bhaarat key sarvocch nyayalaya ney ack kaanoon koo radd curr diyaa jisamen ack purush key liye apane pati kii anumati key binaa ack vivaahit mahila key saath yaun sambandh banaana aparaadh banaa diyaa gayaa thaa. navambar 2018 seey pahale mahilaaon koo agastyarkudam parr chadhane seey manaa kiya gayaa thaa. ack adalat key faisale ney pratibandh koo hataa diyaa.
mudde.
kagajon parr" pragati key bavjood, kaee samasyaaen abhee bhee bunny hui hain joe mahilaaon koo bhaarat mein nae adhikaaron aur avsaron kaa poori tarah seey laabh uthaane seey rokti hain.
aisee kaee paramparaaen aur reeti-rivaaj hain joe saikadon varshon seey bhaaratiya sanskriti kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa rahey hain. dhaarmik kaanoon aur apekshaaen, yaa pratyek vishisht dharm dwara giney gaye "vyaktigat kaanoon", aksar bhaaratiya samvidhaan key saath sangharsh karate hain, jisase mahilaaon key adhikaaron aur shaktiyon koo kanuni roop seey samaapt curr diyaa jaataa haye. vaidhata mein inn crossover key bavjood, bhaarat sarkaar dharm aur unake vyaktigat kaanoonon mein hastakshep naheen karati haye. bhaaratiya samaaj kaafee hudd taka parivaaron aur samudaayon key bheetar padaanukramit pranaliyon seey banaa haye. inn padanukramon koo ayu, ling, samanya sthiti, sambandh sambandh (parivaaron key bheetar), aur jaati, vansh, dhana, vyavasaay aur shaasak shakti (samudaay key bheetar) key sambandh mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye. jaba parivaar key bheetar samajik parampara aur aarthik aavashyakta key aadhar parr padanukram ubharate hain, tou garib parivaaron mein ladkiyon koo asuraksha aur sthirata key dogune prabhaav kaa saamana karna padata haye. janm seey hii, ladakiyan swatah cumm paane kii hakdar hoti hain; khelane key samay seey laker bhojan, shiksha taka, ladakiyan hamesha apane bhaaiyon seey cumm paane kii hakdar honey kii ummeed curr sakati hain. ladkiyon kii apane parivaar kii aaya aur sampatti taka cumm pahunch haye, joe garib, graameen bhaaratiya parivaaron mein aur badh gaee haye. shuru seey hii, yeh samajha jaataa haye kii mahilaaon parr apane shesh jeevan key liye kathin kaam aur thakaau jimmedariyon kaa bojh hoga, hamesha bahut cumm yaa binaa kissy muaavaje yaa maanyata key.
bhaarat ack pitrisattaatmak samaaj bhee haye, joe paribhasha key anusaar, una sanskritiyon kaa varnan kartaa haye jinamen purushon koo pitaa yaa pati key roop mein prabhaari aur parivaaron key aadhikarik pramukh maanaa jaataa haye. ack pitrivanshiya pranali samaaj koo niyantrit karati haye, jahaan vansh aur viraasat kaa pataa purush vansh key madhyam seey lagaaya jaataa haye aur purush aam taur parr parivarik sansadhanon key vitaran key niyantran mein hotey hain.
bhaaratiya jeevan kii yeye paramparaaen aur tareeke itane lambe samay seey prabhaavi rahey hain kii iss prakaar kii jeevan shally kii mahilaaen aadee hoe gaee hain aur unase apeksha karati hain. bhaaratiya mahilaaen aksar apane samvaidhaanik adhikaaron kaa puuraa laabh naheen uthaati hain kyonki unhein unake baare mein thheek seey pataa yaa jaankaari naheen hoti haye. mahilaaon key paas matdan key adhikaaron kaa cumm upayog hotaa haye kyonki unamen raajneetik jagrukta aur raajneetik prabhavsheelta kii bhavna cumm hoti haye. mahilaaon koo aksar muddon key baare mein soochit honey key liye protsaahit naheen kiya jaataa haye. iss vajah seey raajneetik dall mahila ummidvaaron mein jyada samay naheen lagaate hain kyonki yeh dhaarana haye kii way ack "barbad nivesh" hain.
bhaarat mein mahila-purush anupaat 933 seey 1000 haye, joe darshaata haye kii desh mein purushon kii tulanaa mein mahilaaon kii sankhya cumm haye. yeh kaee karakon key kaaran hotaa haye, jinamen shishu hatyaaen, aamtaur parr mahila shishuon mein, aur mahila shishuon aur prasav karane vaali mahilaaon kii kharaab dekhbhal shamil hain. haalaanki avaidh haye, shishu hatyaaen abhee bhee graameen bhaarat mein bahut aam hain, aur aur bhee adhik pramukh hoti jaa rahee hain. yeh iss tathya key kaaran haye, vishesh roop seey graameen kshetron mein, kii parivaar kanyaon koo wahan naheen curr sakate hain kyonki unhein apani betty kii shaadi key samay dahej denaa padata haye. shishu hatyaa kii tarah, dahej kaa bhugtan bhee avaidh haye, lekin graameen bhaarat mein abhee bhee ack baar-baar aur prachalit ghatana haye. yadi way ack purush bachche koo janm dene mein "saksham" naheen hain tou apane pati dwara mahilaaon koo "bekaar" maanaa jaataa haye, aur yadi aisaa haye tou aksar bahut adhik durvyavahar kaa saamana karna parh sakata haye.
janm anupaat.
1991 seey 2001 key beach bhaarat kii jansankhya kaa mahila-purush anupaat prati 100 ladakon parr 94.5 ladkiyon seey ghatkar prati 100 ladakon parr 92.7 ladkiyon parr aaa gayaa. desh key kuchh hisson, jaise keral mein aisee girawat naheen aaee, lekin panjab, hariyana, gujaraat aur maharashtra key samriddh bhaaratiya raajyon mein mahila-purush anupaat mein bahut teji seey girawat aaee (inn raajyon mein mahila-purush anupaat 79.3 aur 87.8 key beach thaa). yeh janm asamaanta kaa pramaan haye, aur ack sanket haye kii ling-chayanaatmak garbhpaat adhik vyaapak hoe gayaa haye. bhaaratiya sansad ney isake kaaran bhroon key liye ling nirdhaaran takneekon key upayog parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa haye, lekin iss kaanoon key pravartan koo kaafee hudd taka nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa haye.
shaadi.
ausat bhaaratiya mahila kaa adhikansh jeevan vivaah mein bitaaya jaataa haye; kaee mahilaaon kii shaadi abhee bhee 18 varsh kii kanuni ayu seey pahale hoe jaati haye, aur bhaarat mein gair-vivaah kii ghatanaaen cumm hain. bhaaratiya mahilaaon key liye praarambhik vayaskata kii praathamiktaaen bachche paida karna aur unakaa paalan-poshan karna hain. iss prakaar, yadi way karyabal mein pravesh karate hain, tou yeh bhaaratiya purushon kii tulanaa mein bahut dair seey hotaa haye. shahari bhaaratiya purush 25 seey 29 varsh kii ayu key beach apani shram shakti bhagidari key charam parr pahunch jaate hain, jabaki shahari bhaaratiya mahilaaen 40 seey 44 varsh kii ayu key beach aisaa karati hain. iss vajah seey, mahilaaon key paas kaushal key adhigrahan key liye cumm samay hotaa haye aur naukari mein sudhaar key liye cumm avsar hotey hain.
bhaaratiya karyabal mein mahilaaon kaa pratinidhitva cumm haye. maadhyamik aur praathamik vidyaalayon key purushon kii tulanaa mein mahilaaon kii padhaai chhodane kii darr duss pratishat adhik haye, saath hii purushon kii tulanaa mein saksharta kaa star cumm haye. choonki bhaarat mein berojgari bhee adhik haye, isaliye niyoktaon key liye kaanoon mein herfer karna aasaan haye, vishesh roop seey jaba mahilaaon kii baat aatee haye, kyonki mahilaaon key liye purushon key saath bahas naheen karna bhaaratiya sanskriti kaa hissa haye. isake alawa, shramik sangh mahilaaon kii jarooraton key prati asamvedansheel hain. mahilaaon koo aisee naukariyon key liye bhee samjhauta karna padata haye joe patniyon, maataon aur grihiniyon key roop mein unake daayitvon kaa paalan karati hain.
bhaarat mein gulabi saadi pahanane vaalaa gulabi giroh shaaririk hamale seey suraksha key liye laathiyaan (baans kii dundey) leey jaataa haye aur apmaanjanak patiyon koo dandit kartaa haye, saarvajanik roop seey sharminda kartaa haye aur kabhi-kabhi unhein peetata haye. way dahej kii pitai, dahej hatyaa, balatkar, baal vivaah, palayan, ladkiyon koo shiksha seey vanchit karane, baal utpeedan aur yaun utpeedan parr bhee najar rakhate hain aur unakaa pardafash karate hain. unhone pulis thaanon parr hamla curr pulis seey inn mamalon kii jaanch karane kii maang kii haye, aur anya cheejen joe samudaay koo prabhaavit karati hain jaise kii bhrashtachar. bhaarat kii pulis kukhyaat roop seey bhrasht haye aur kabhi-kabhi kewal poorna paimaane parr mahila dangon kii dhamki unhein kaarravaai karane key liye prerit karegi. koee naheen jaanata kii unamen seey kitane hain. anuman 270,000 seey 400,000 taka hain.
2018 mein bhaarat key sarvocch nyayalaya ney ack kaanoon koo radd curr diyaa jisamen ack purush key liye apane pati kii anumati key binaa ack vivaahit mahila key saath yaun sambandh banaana aparaadh banaa diyaa gayaa thaa.
kapade.
mahilaaon seey apekshit dress code ack aur mudda haye joe mahilaaon seey sambandhit haye. islam mein purushon aur mahilaaon donon koo vinamrata seey kapade pahanane kii aavashyakta hoti haye; iss avadharana koo "hizab" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur isamen vyavhaar aur vastron kii vyaapak vyakhya shamil haye. baahari roop seey lagaae gaye niyantran kii charam seemaon parr naarivaadiyon key beach mishrit raay haye. anya dharmon kii mahilaaon seey bhee dress code kaa paalan karane kii apeksha kii jaati haye.
2014 mein, mumbai mein ack bhaaratiya parivaar kii adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii ack pati apani patni koo kurta aur jeans pahanane aur usey saadi pahanane key liye majboor karane parr apatti karna pati dwara kii gaee krurta key barabar haye aur talaak kii maang karane kaa aadhar hoe sakata haye. iss prakaar patni koo vishesh vivaah adhiniyam, 1954 kii dhaara 27 (1) (dee) key tahat paribhaashit krurta key aadhar parr talaak diyaa gayaa thaa.
dharamshastra.
hindu samudaay.
hindu dharm mein langic samaantaa sudhaar kaanoonon aur parivaar kaanoon key mamle mein aanshik safalata millie haye. halanki yeh bhaarat mein anya dharmon kii tulanaa mein ack badee pragati haye, lekin yeh abhee bhee narivad aur utpeedan seey raahat key mamle mein ack poorna vijay naheen haye. gaandhi ney streetva kii avadharana key liye "stree shakti" (mahila shakti) shabd kaa aavishkaar kiya. hindu dharm mein, devta kewal purush naheen hain. hindu dharm streetva parr sakaratmak prakaash daaltaa haye; mahilaaon koo apane purush samkakshon kaa poorak aur poorna maanaa jaataa haye. yeh dhyaan rakhna mahatvapurna haye kii gyaan kii devta aur dhana kii devta donon mahila hain. 1991 mein, keral uchch nyayalaya ney sabarimala mandir mein 10 varsh seey adhik ayu aur 50 varsh seey cumm ayu kii mahilaaon key pravesh parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa kyonki way masik dharm kii ayu kii theen. haalaanki, 28 sitambar 2018 koo, bhaarat key sarvocch nyayalaya ney mahilaaon key pravesh parr pratibandh hataa diyaa. isane kahaa kii mahilaaon key saath kissy bhee aadhar parr, yahaan taka kii dhaarmik aadhar parr bhee bhedbhaav asamvaidhaanik haye.
hindu pauranik kathaaon seey pataa chalata haye kii pitrisatta, yeh vichaar kii purush mahilaaon seey shreshth hain, kaa aavishkaar kiya gayaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, mahakavya mahabharat ack aise samay koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jaba vivaah kii koee avadharana naheen thee. purush aur mahilaaen kissy key paas bhee jaane key liye swatantra they. narivad, yeh vichaar kii purush aur mahilaaen samaan hain, haalaanki, hindu dharm mein paaya gayaa haye kyonki shaastra aatma aur shareer key beach key antar kii or ishara karate hain. aatma kaa koee ling naheen hotaa haye. ling maans seey aataa haye. 
pracheen granth aur granth iss baat kaa pramaan dete prateet hotey hain kii inn devtaon key ling koo dwiaadhaari naheen balki ack varnakram key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa. nirmaata, brahm (nirmaata) koo kaee hinduon dwara lingheen maanaa jaataa haye. kaee devtaon, jaise 'ardhanarishwar' koo bhee androgenous key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. sanskrit aur tamil mein kaee shabd hain, jaise 'pedee', 'cliba' aur 'sanda' joe bataate hain kii sabhyata lambe samay seey vichitra vichaar aur vyavhaar seey parichit haye. ardhanarishwar kaa vichaar, joe bhagwan kaa prateek haye, joe aadhaa purush aadhaa mahila haye, bhee maanav shabdon mein brahmin kaa pratinidhitva karane kaa ack aakarshak tarika haye kyonki purushatva aur stree ness kii seemaaen spasht naheen hain. jaba koee vyakti sabhi roopon mein vyaapt ack roopaheen, sabhi koo shamil karane vaale brahmin key vichaar seey joojhata haye, tou usey paramanu, aavashyak mahilaaon aur purushon key baare mein sochane kii aavashyakta naheen haye. shakti, stree shakti/shakti, punarjanan key baare mein haye, joe srijan aur vinash parr adharit haye. stree aur purush key roop mein bhagwan kaa yeh dohra avtaar aur prateekvaad mein shakti kii pradhaantaa ack advitiya prateekvaad haye. cumm seey cumm dhaarmik prateekvaad key kshetra mein, aisaa kuchh bhee naheen haye joe mahilaaon koo purushon seey cumm mahsoos karaata hoe.
hindu mahilaaen aur purush donon apane maathe parr bindi pahanate hain, aur yeh paaramparik roop seey laal, aur chandan key pest, yaa kesar key asankhya rangon mein upalabdh thaah yeh aakar mein goal, ack lakir, ack rekha, yaa adhik sajawati roopon mein hoe sakata haye; abb ise anya rangon mein bhee pahana jaataa haye. maathe parr vaha sthaan jahan bindi pahani jaati haye, vaha gyaan chakr koo chihnit kartaa haye, jisamen pineal granthi aur hypothalamus hotaa haye, aur omkara dwara darshaaya jaataa haye. mukti, yaa uchch aur adhik saarthak jhukaavon kaa adhikaar, aur munn kaa udaattata kii or modd-jaise kii anant, usase parey, aur brahmand aur maanav chetna donon kii nirantar vistaar karane vaali seemaon key saath ack aadhyatmik/rahasyamay sangh kii ichchit upalabdhi-ack bindi pahanane vaali mahilaaon dwara ingit kiya jaataa haye. koee majburi naheen haye, lekin bhaarat mein adhikansh hindu mahilaaen ise poore dinn anand key saath pahanati hain.
pooja key roopon" kii itani vividhata haye kii vyakti apane jeevan-crum key vibhinn binduon parr joe kuchh bhee karna chaahte hain, usamen way apana kaary curr sakate hain aur curr sakate hain. purush yaa mahila guruon parr dhyaan kendrit karane vaale kendrikrit sangathan hain. mandir adharit roop hain jahan pujari anushthaanik bhent key abhyaas koo nirdeshit karate hain aur joe purush pradhaan hotey hain. pratyaksh bhakti roop hain jahan purush aur mahila kaa bahut cumm algaav haye, jisamen binaa kissy baahari hastakshep key "bhagwan" aur upaasak key beach pratyaksh sambandh parr jore diyaa jaataa haye. pooja" gyaan, kaary, vishvaas/bhakti aur anushaasit vishayon key sanyojan sahit asankhya roop leey sakati haye. bhagwan" koo moort roop diyaa jaa sakata haye, yaa laakhon anya tarikon seey kalpana kii jaa sakati haye. anta mein, ack vyakti naastik seey laker vishvaas-adharit anuyaayi taka kuchh bhee hoe sakata haye, jeevan star aur prathmiktaon key aadhar parr pooja key uddeshya koo badal sakata haye, sankshep mein "mansher dharm" jeene key tareeke dhoondh sakata haye.ee. adhik maanav/ee banane kaa prayaas karna. doosara, hindu dharm yeh maanata haye kii vyaktiyon key apane jivankal key dauran badalane kii sambhavana haye. ack vyaktigat devta honey kii poori dhaarana-brahmin key baare mein sochane kaa ack thhos tarika-joe kissy kii bhaavnaatmak aur samajik sthiti koo darshaata haye, bahut saare vikalpon kii anumati detaa haye. haalaanki dharm key vyaapak gair-ling, gair-bhedbhavpurna mool siddhanton kaa una samoohon dwara kitni baar durupyog kiya jaataa haye joe dharm key naam parr anya manushyon kaa shoshan karane aur unhein raundane key liye apani shakti kaa upayog karate hain. manu key 13veen shatabdi key "kaanoon" una logon dwara chuninda roop seey uthaaye jaate hain jinaki amanviyata mahilaaon key saath unake durvyavahar mein parilakshit hoti haye. 
musalman samudaay.
bhaarat mein hindu aur muslim samudaayon key saath sarkaar dwara alag-alag vyavhaar kiya gayaa thaa kyonki pratyek key liye alag-alag prakaar kii riyaayaten unake alag-alag dhaarmik kaanoonon aur viniyamon koo samaayojit karane key liye dee gaee theen. 1985 mein shuru huaa shaah baano kaa mamla rajeev gaandhi dwara muslim samudaay key liye congress key liye surakshit samarthan key liye "riyaayaten" dene key prayaas kaa ack aisaa hii udaaharan thaa. 73 varsheeya muslim mahila shaah baano kaa vivaah key 43 saal baad unake pati ney talaak dey diyaa thaa. shariya yaa muslim kaanoon key anusaar, unake pati koo unhein gujara bhatta dene kii aavashyakta naheen thee. shaah baano ney iss faisale koo sarvocch nyayalaya mein chunauti dee, jisane antatah usake paksh mein faisala sunaaya aur usake pati koo usey masik rakharkhaav bhatta dene kaa adesh diyaa. isase muslim maulaviyon key beach arajakta fail gaee jinhone faisale kii ninda kii aur sujhaav diyaa kii desh mein unake dharm, islam parr hamla hoe rhaa haye. samagr muslim samarthan khone key darr seey, rajeev ney muslim samudaay aur apani hii party key roodhivaadi maulaviyon key dabaavon key aage jhuk gaye aur muslim mahila (talaak parr adhikaaron kaa sanrakshan) vidheyak kaa samarthan kiya joe talaak key baad kewal 90 dinon key liye muslim mahilaaon key liye gujara bhatta koo pratibandhit kartaa haye. isake kaaran muslim naarivaadiyon aur hindu rashtravadiyon ney congress dwara raajneetik uddeshyon key liye muslim purushon key tushtikaran koo galat aur avasarvaadi paaya.
vibhinn alpasankhyak samoohon dwara alpasankhyak aabaadi kii jarooraton koo poori tarah seey puuraa naheen karane key liye narivad koo chunauti dee gaee thee. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa kii 'mukhyadhara' narivad apane abhivinyas mein uchch jaati aur hindu thaa aur alpasankhyak mahilaaon kii chintaon koo sambodhit naheen kartaa thaa. isake kaaran 1987 mein mumbai mein shahar key badey paimaane parr muslim hisse mein aavaaj-aeye-niswan (mahilaaon kii aavaaj) kaa gathan huaa. muslim samudaay key vyaktigat kaanoon hain jinhen aksar muslim mahilaaon key adhikaaron key liye hanikarak maanaa jaataa thaa. muslim personnel low bahuvivaah kii anumati detaa haye lekin bahuvivaah kii naheen.
bhaarat mein mahilaaon key adhikaaron kii gatishilata muslim samudaay aur bhaaratiya rashtra raajya key agrabhumi parr haye. bhaaratiya samvidhaan kaa anuchhed 14 'kaanoon key saamane samaantaa' bataata haye aur bhaarat mein pratyek vyakti koo kaanoon key saamane samaantaa aur samaan sanrakshan pradaan kartaa haye. anuchhed 15 dharm, nasl, jaati, ling yaa janm sthaan key aadhar parr bhedbhaav koo pratibandhit kartaa haye. haalaanki bhaarat mein musalman mahilaaon kaa upayog dakshin asia mein islam key liye ack upkaran aur prateek donon key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. muslim personnel low bhaarat mein ack vivaahit muslim mahila key adhikaaron key kaee pahaluon koo niyantrit kartaa haye. vyaktigat kaanoon dhaarmik swatantrata key loktaantrik adhikaar koo banaae rakhane aur paramparaon koo sanrakshit karane kaa ack uddeshya puuraa kartaa haye joe kaee shataabdiyon seey bhaarat kaa hissa rahee hain. antar nagrikta' rakhane kaa vichaar bhaarat mein samvaidhaanik aur vyaktigat kaanoonon key beach antar key parinamswarup aaya haye.
pakistan aur bangladesh key vibhajan key baad seey bhaarat mein muslim samudaay bahut cumm hoe gayaa haye. bhaarat mein muslim paramparaon koo banaae rakhna dhaarmik samaantaa praapt karane key saath-saath bhaaratiya rashtra raajya key tahat apane-apane samudaay koo sanrakshit karane key saadhan key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. haalaanki islam samajik aur raajneetik donon kshetron mein mahilaaon key adhikaaron kii vakaalat karane vaale pahale dharmon mein seey ack haye, lekin islami paigambar muhammad kii mrityu key saath aur vibhinn samajon mein islam key nivaas key saath varshon seey isaki bhaari galat vyakhya kii gaee haye. bhaarat mein, "hindu mahilaaon kii tarah, muslim mahilaaon ney bhee bahuvivaah, baal vivaah, pardaa aur sampatti key adhikaaron seey incar key liye kanuni nivaaran kii maang kii.
bhaarat mein samvaidhaanik kaanoonon ney muslim vyaktigat kaanoon kii tulanaa mein langic samaantaa mein sudhaar key liye adhik pahal kii haye. bhaarat mein musalmaanon key liye raajneetik kshetra atyadhik purush pradhaan haye aur bhaarat mein muslim samaaj bhaari pitrisattaatmak haye. pitrisattaatmak vyakhya' kaa samarthan karane aur apane swayam key agende koo aage badhaane key liye kurran kaa upayog karane key liye ulema kii bhaari aalochana kii jaati haye. bhaarat mein musalmaanon key liye raajneetik kshetra parr haavi mullon ney muslim vyaktigat kaanoonon mein sudhaar koo prathamikta naheen dee haye. isake alawa bhaarat mein muslim mahilaaon koo niraksharta, samajik roodhivaad mein badey muddon kaa saamana karna padata haye... purushon parr aarthik nirbharta, gharelu aur samajik hinsa, aupchaarik samvaidhaanik samaantaa aur vaastavik asamaanta, bhaaratiya mahilaaon kii heenata aur adheenata key beach ack vyaapak antar.".
sikh samudaay.
sikh parampara key anusaar, purushon aur mahilaaon donon koo paanch ks kaa paalan karna haih kesh (binaa baal), kangha (kanghi), kaaraa (lohe kaa kangan), kachhera (sooti undergarment) aur kripaan (lohe kaa khanjar). gurudware key ander purushon aur mahilaaon donon key saath samaan vyavhaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur ack hii shishtachar kaa paalan karna aavashyak haih purushon aur mahilaaon donon koo apana sir dhankana chaahiye aur sadharan kapade pahanane chaahiye, donon koo sabhaa mein saath-saath baithana chaahiye aur lunger khaana chaahiye. haalaanki sikh dharmgranthon kaa paath aamtaur parr purushon dwara saarvajanik roop seey kiya jaataa haye, lekin iss baat parr koee pratibandh naheen haye kii kaun "granthi" bunn sakata haye, aur mahilaaen bhee aavedan curr sakati hain. purush aur mahila donon hii pagadi pahanane kaa vikalp chuna sakate hain. sikh mahilaaen aamtaur parr purushon aur mahilaaon key beach jativad aur asamaanta donon koo khariz karane key uddeshya seey kaur upnaam letee hain. isi tarah, sikh purush aamtaur parr upnaam sinh lete hain. sikh dharm kanya shishu hatyaa, vidhwa koo jalaane, dahej aur masik dharm vaali mahilaaon key saath ashuddh vyavhaar kii prathaon kii ninda kartaa haye, aur ekant aur chehare key ghoonghat koo bhee hatotsaahit kartaa haye. haalaanki, inmein seey kaee abhee bhee sikhon dwara abhyaas kiye jaate hain.
prabhaav.
1947 mein desh koo swatantrata milane aur ack loktaantrik sarkaar koo apanaane taka narivad kaa koee arth naheen thaa aur naa hii yeh bhaaratiya jeevan mein ack parichaalan siddhant bunn gayaa. bhaaratiya samvidhaan ney taba samaantaa, ling yaa dharm key aadhar parr bhedbhaav seey swatantrata pradaan kii aur dhaarmik swatantrata kii guaranti dee. mahilaaon koo swaasthya, shiksha, rojgar aur kalyan pradaan karane key liye saat panchvarshiya yojanaaen bhee vikasit kii gaeen. chhathi panchvarshiya yojana ney mahilaaon koo "vikas mein bhagidar" bhee ghoshit kiya.
rojgar.
samanya taur parr, bhaaratiya samaaj key ashikshit aur graameen vargon mein, joe kull aabaadi kaa ack badaa pratishat hain, mahilaaon koo aarthik bojh key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. utpaadaktaa mein unakaa yogdan jyaadaatar adrishya haye kyonki unake parivarik aur gharelu yogdan kii andekhi kii jaati haye. varsh 2000 taka bhaaratiya mahilaaon kaa krishi aur sambandhit gatividhiyon mein kull rojgar mein lagbhag 36 pratishat, seva kshetra mein lagbhag 19 pratishat aur udyog kshetra mein lagbhag 12.5 kaa yogdan thaa. mahilaaon mein uchch niraksharta darr unhein purushon kii tulanaa mein cumm vetan vaali, akushal naukariyon taka seemit karati haye. krishi kii naukariyon mein bhee jahaan purushon aur mahilaaon kaa kaam bahut samaan haye, mahilaaon koo abhee bhee purushon key samaan raashi aur prakaar key kaam key liye cumm vetan milane kii sambhavana haye. haalaanki bhaarat sarkaar ney karyabal mein asamaanta koo samaapt karane kii koshish kii haye, phir bhee mahilaaon key saath asman vyavhaar kiya jaataa haye. "purushon koo mahilaaon kii tulanaa mein padonnati milane kii adhik sambhavana haye-isake alawa, purushon key liye unaki naukariyon kii prakriti aksar inn padonnati key saath badal jaati haye, mahilaaon key vipareet, jinhen aamtaur parr kewal adhik jimmedaari aur adhik karyabhar milata haye.". halanki, aiims nurse union ney nursing adhikaariyon kii bharti key liye langic bhedbhaav kaa aarop lagaaya haye, jisamen 80 pratishat pada mahila ummidvaaron koo aur shesh purush ummidvaaron koo diye gaye hain.
1955 mein bollywood samooh siney costume makeup artiste aind hayer dresser association (see. see. aim. aeye. aeye.) ney ack niyam banaaya jisamen mahilaaon koo makeup artiste key roop mein sadasyata praapt karane kii anumati naheen thee. haalaanki, 2014 mein bhaarat key sarvocch nyayalaya ney faisala sunaaya kii yeh niyam anuchhed 14 (samaantaa kaa adhikaar), 19 (1) (jee) (kissy bhee peshe koo karane kii swatantrata) aur anuchhed 21 (swatantrata kaa adhikaar) key tahat dee gaee bhaaratiya samvaidhaanik guaranti kaa ullanghan thaa. bhaarat key sarvocch nyayalaya key nyayadhishon ney kahaa kii mahila makeup kalakar sadasyon parr pratibandh kaa usa uddeshya key saath koee "tarksangat sambandh" naheen haye jise praapt kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur yeh nagrikon koo guaranteekrit samvaidhaanik adhikaaron key saath "asweekarya, asweekarya aur asangat" thaa. adalat ney usa niyam koo bhee avaidh paaya jisamen yeh anivarya kiya gayaa thaa kii kissy bhee kalakar, mahila yaa purush key liye, udyog mein kaam karane key liye, unhein usa raajya mein paanch saal kaa adhivaas kaa darja honah chaahiye jahaan way kaam karane kaa irada rakhate hain. 2015 mein yeh ghoshana kii gaee thee kii chaaru khurrana siney costume makeup artiste aind hayer dresser association dwara panjikrit honey vaali pahali mahila bunn gaee haye.
vaishvikaran.
nariwadi bhaarat mein mahilaaon parr vaishvikaran key prabhaav key baare mein bhee chintit hain. kuchh naarivaadiyon kaa tark haye kii vaishvikaran ney aarthik parivartanon koo janm diyaa haye jisane mahilaaon key liye, vishesh roop seey shramik varg aur nimn jaati kii mahilaaon key liye adhik samajik aur aarthik chunautiyon koo janm diyaa haye. bhaarat mein bahurashtriya companiyon koo mukt vyaapaar kshetron aur paseene kii dukaanon mein 'yuva, cumm vetan vaali aur vanchit mahilaaon' key shram kaa dohan karate hue dekhaa gayaa haye, aur coll centers mein 'yuva nimn madhyam varg, shikshit mahilaaon' kaa upayog karate hue dekhaa gayaa haye. inn mahilaaon key paas cumm prabhaavi shram adhikaar yaa saamoohik kaarravaai key adhikaar hain.
isake alawa, bahurashtriya nigamon koo desh bhar mein aadarsh mahilaaon kii ack samaan chhavi kaa vigyaapan karate hue dekhaa jaataa haye, jisake kaaran mahila nikaayon key vastu-nirmaan mein vriddhi hoti haye. yeh antarrashtriya saundarya pratiyogitaon mein bhaaratiya mahilaaon key vijeta honey key madhyam seey pradarshit rashtravadi gaurav key roop mein bhee prakat hotaa haye. kuchh naarivaadiyon key anusaar, iss tarah key vikas ney mahilaaon koo adhik yaun swaayatta aur unake shareer parr adhik niyantran pradaan kiya haye. haalaanki, kaee anya naarivaadiyon koo lagata haye kii mahila shareer key iss tarah key vastukaran ney kewal purush kalpanaon koo khilaane kaa uddeshya puuraa kiya haye.
shiksha.
kuchh mukhya karanon seey ladkiyon key shiksha key ishtatam star taka pahunchane kii sambhavana cumm hoti haye, iss tathya mein yeh tathya shamil haye kii ladkiyon koo ghar parr apani maataon kii sahaayata karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, yeh vishvaas karane key liye paalaa gayaa haye kii gharelu kaam kaa jeevan unakaa niyat vyavasaay haye, anpadh maataaen hain joe apane bachchon koo shikshit naheen curr sakati hain, purushon parr aarthik nirbharta rakhti hain, aur kabhi-kabhi baal vivaah key adheen hoti hain. kaee garib parivaar apani betiyon kii shaadi iss vishvaas key saath jaldi curr dete hain kii vaha jitani adhik ghar parr rahegi, unhein usamen nivesh karane kii utani hii adhik aavashyakta hogi. isake alawa yeh ack lokpriya dhaarana haye kii unaki shaadi jaldi hoe jaani chaahiye taaki way apane jeevan mein jaldi hii santan paida curr sakein.
1986 mein bhaarat mein shiksha parr rashtriya neeti (aine. pee. ee.) banaai gaee thee aur sarkaar ney mahila samakhya naamak karyakram shuru kiya, jiska dhyaan mahila sashaktikaran parr thaa. karyakram kaa lakshya mahilaaon key liye apani kshamata kaa ehsas karane, jaankaari kii maang karna seekhane aur apane jeevan kaa prabhaar sambhaalane key liye gyaan praapt karane key liye ack seekhane kaa vatavaran banaana haye. bhaarat key kuchh kshetron mein pragati hoe rahee haye aur schools mein ladkiyon key namankan mein vriddhi hoe rahee haye aur jaise-jaise shikshak badhane lagey hain. 2001 taka mahilaaon kii saksharta kull mahila aabaadi key 50 pratishat seey adhik hoe gaee thee, halanki yeye aankade vishva manakon aur yahaan taka kii bhaarat key bheetar purush saksharta kii tulanaa mein abhee bhee bahut cumm they. purushon kii tulanaa mein mahilaaon koo milane vaali shiksha key star mein sudhaar key liye abhee bhee prayaas kiye jaa rahey hain.