
shabdon seey lado

ladaai key shabd bolane vaale vyakti koo nirdeshit kiye gaye shabd hotey hain joe usa vyakti dwara hinsa key krityon kaa kaaran banane kii pravritti rakhate hain, jise vyaktigat roop seey, tippani sambodhit kii jaati haye. conchito vee. tulsa shahar, 521 pee. 2 dee 1384,1388. shabd "ladate hue shabd" una shabdon kaa varnan kartaa haye joe jaba boley jaate hain tou chot pahunchaate hain yaa shaanti key tatkaal ullanghan koo ukasaate hain. chaplinsky vee. nyu hampshire, 315 yuu.aiss. 568.
sanyukt raajya america.
sanyukt raajya key samvaidhaanik kaanoon mein, ladaai key shabdon kaa siddhant, sanyukt raajya key samvidhaan key pahale sanshodhan dwara sanrakshit bhaashan kii swatantrata kii ack seema haye.
1942 mein, yuu.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya ney "chaplinsky banaam" mein 9-0 nirnay dwara siddhant sthaapit kiya. nyu hampshire. isane maanaa kii "apmaanjanak yaa 'ladate hue shabd', joe apane bahut hii uchchaaran seey chot pahunchaate hain yaa shaanti key tatkaal ullanghan koo ukasaate hain", "achchi tarah seey paribhaashit aur seemit bhaashan key vargon mein seey hain, jisaki roktham aur sajaa [joe]... kabhi bhee kissy bhee samvaidhaanik samasya koo uthaane key baare mein naheen socha gayaa haye."
"chaplinsky" nirnay.
chaplinsky, joe ack jehovah kaa gawah thaa, ney kathit taur parr ack nyu hampshire shahar key marshel koo bataaya thaa joe usey prachaar karane seey rokane kaa prayaas curr rhaa thaa kii vaha "ack dhikkaar yogya racketer" aur "ack dhikkaar yogya fasiwadi" thaa aur usey giraftar curr liya gayaa thaa. adalat ney giraftari koo barkarar rakhaa aur apane faisale mein likhaa kii
post-"chaplinsky".
adalat ney siddhant koo banaae rakhna jaari rakhaa haye, lekin una aadharon koo bhee lagaatar sankuchit curr diyaa haye jinn parr ladaai key shabd lagu honey key liye aayojit kiye jaate hain. street vee mein. newyork (1969), adalat ney ack kaanoon koo palat diyaa jisamen jhanda jalaane aur jhande kaa maukhik roop seey durupyog karane parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa, yeh maanate hue kii kewal "aakraamakta" "ladane key shabdon" key roop mein yogya naheen haye. isi tarah, "kohain vee. california "(1971), kohain ney ack jackett pahani hui thee jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii" draft koo bhaad mein jaao "shabd bolane kaa gathan naheen kartaa thaa kyonki koee" vyaktigat roop seey apmaanjanak visheshan "naheen they.
brandenberg vee. mein. ohiyo (1969), yahaan taka kii "niggers koo dafanaane" aur "yahoodiyon koo israel vaapas bhejane" jaise bhaashan koo bhee ack nirnay mein pahale sanshodhan key tahat sanrakshit bhaashan maanaa gayaa thaa. isake alawa, network television parr prasaarit kiye jaane vaale bhaashan key bavjood, yeh aasann kaanoon-virodhi kaarravaai koo ukasaane yaa utpann karane key liye nirdeshit naheen thaa aur naa hii iss tarah kii kaarravaai karane kii sambhavana thee.
1972 mein, adalat ney kahaa kii aapattijanak aur apmaanjanak bhasha, bhale hii vishisht vyaktiyon parr nirdeshit hoe, shabdon seey ladanaa naheen haih
collin vee. mein. smith "(1978) swaastikaon koo pradarshit karane vaale aur sainya shally kii vardi pahane hue ack badee yahudi aabaadi key saath ack samudaay key madhyam seey march curr rahey naazi, jinamen german yaatana shiviron seey bache loga bhee shamil they, yuddh key shabdon kaa upayog naheen curr rahey they.
"texas vee. johnson "(1989) ney prateekaatmak bhaashan key roop mein jhande koo jalaane key liye jukestapose mein" pratyaksh vyaktigat upman yaa fistuffs key adaan-pradaan key liye ack nimantran "key liye shabdon seey ladane key dayare koo phir seey paribhaashit kiya.
aar mein.aeye.vee. vee. sent kaa shahar. paul "(1992) aur" virginia banaam. black "(2003), adalat ney kahaa kii cross burning daraane key iraade key binaa 'shabdon seey ladanaa' naheen haye.
snider vee. mein. felps (2011), uttardaataon key vakeel ney tark diyaa kii adalat kii shabdon seey ladane kii paribhasha key liye tatkalata, nikatata, iraade aur nikatata kii aavashyakta haye. nyaayamurti ginsberg ney kahaa kii adalat ney iss avadharana koo shabdon seey parey failaane koo khariz curr diyaa thaa joe turant ack sahaj pratikriya koo trigger karati haye. adalat ney kahaa kii "apmaanjanak" aur "aahat karane vaalaa bhaashan" bhee saarvajanik bahas maanaa jaanaa chaahiye, vishesh roop seey jaba saarvajanik bhoomi parr aayojit kiya jaataa haye, aur "vishesh" pratham sanshodhan sanrakshan kaa anand lena chaahiye, jaise kih "bhagwan america seey nafrat kartaa haye/9/11 key liye bhagwan koo dhanyavaad detaa haye", "america barbad hoe gayaa haye", "america key liye prarthana naa karein", "mrit sainikon key liye bhagwan koo dhanyavaad", "narak mein pope", "pujari ladakon koo balatkar karate hain", "bhagwan koo fugs seey nafrat haye", "aap narak jaa rahey hain", aur "bhagwan aapse nafrat kartaa haye". ekmatra asahmat nyaay syamuel alito ney westboro baptist church key sadasyon key virodh kii tulanaa shabdon seey ladane aur vyaktigat charitra seey kii, aur iss prakaar bhaashan koo sanrakshit naheen kiya. adhikansh loga asahmat they aur kahaa kii pradarshankariyon kaa bhaashan vyaktigat naheen thaa, balki saarvajanik thaa, aur yeh kii sthaaniya kaanoon joe antim sanskar mein bhaag lene vaalon koo pradarshankariyon seey bachaa sakate hain, bhaavnaatmak sankat key samay mein una logon kii raksha key liye paryaapt hain.
australia.
australiyai samvidhaan spasht roop seey abhivyakti kii swatantrata kii raksha naheen kartaa haye, lekin uchch nyayalaya ney maanaa haye kii raajneetik sanchaar kii ack nihit swatantrata samvidhaan dwara banaai gaee pratinidhi aur jimmedaar sarkaar kii pranali key ack anivarya hisse key roop mein maujood haye. yeh vyaktiyon koo seedhe pradaan kiye gaye adhikaar key bajaay sarkari sanyam seey swatantrata key roop mein kaam kartaa haye.
rashtravyapi samachar pti ltd vee will" aur "australiyai rajdhani television pti ltd vee rashtramandal" mein, uchch nyayalaya key adhikansh ney maanaa kii raajneetik sanchaar kii ack nihit swatantrata samvidhaan dwara sthaapit pratinidhi sarkaar kii pranali kii ack ghatana key roop mein maujood haye. union aine. aiss. doubleu. banaam nyu south wells" [2013] aich. see. aeye. 58 mein isaki pushti kii gaee thee.
2004 mein, uchch nyayalaya ney saarvajanik sthaan parr apmaanjanak shabdon kaa upayog karane key vaidhaanik aparaadh kaa arth maanaa. nyaayamurti gammo aur heyne ney abhinirdhaarit kiya kii dhaara key sandarbh mein, 'apmaanjanak' aur 'apmaanjanak' koo una shabdon key roop mein samajha jaanaa chaahiye, joe una paristhitiyon mein, jinamen unakaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, itane aahat karane vaale hotey hain kii yaa tou unakaa irada hotaa haye, yaa way anuchit shaaririk pratishodh koo ukasaane kii yathochit sambhavana rakhate hain. nyayadhish michael kirbi ney isi tarah key tark kaa upayog kiya. mukhya nyayadhish gleason ney khand key nirmaan key liye thodaa alag drishtikon apanaaya, yeh paate hue kih
sansad key liye yeh vichaar taiyar karane key liye khula haye kii dhamki, apmaanjanak yaa apmaanjanak bhaashan aur vyavhaar kuchh paristhitiyon mein saarvajanik vyavastha mein gambhir hastakshep hoe sakata haye, yahaan taka kii jahaan koee irada naheen haye, aur koee yathaarthvaadi sambhavana naheen haye, kii vyakti dhamki dey sakata haye, durvyavahar yaa upman curr sakata haye, yaa koee teesara vyakti, iss tarah seey pratikriya dey sakata haye kii shaanti kaa ullanghan hoga.
yeh mool "ladaai key shabdon" key siddhant koo vishvaspurvak darshaata haye aur naa kii ise abb sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya dwara kaise samajha aur lagu kiya jaataa haye. greenwalt kaa tark haye kii pahale sanshodhan key sandarbh mein, mool chaplinsky sootra key ack bhaag kaa anuprayog ('shabd joe ack ausat praaptakarta koo ladane key liye prerit curr sakate hain') mahatvapurna mamalon mein samasyagrast haih
pahali aspashtata sambhaavit logon key beach giney jaane vaale vyaktiyon seey sambandhit haih harr koee, kewal way loga jinake liye ack vakyansh vaastav mein 'lagu hotaa haye', yaa una sabhi key liye joe una parr label lagaane seey naraj honey kii sambhavana rakhate hain? francisi mool kaa koee vyakti polish mool key kissy vyakti kii tulanaa mein 'pollack' kahey jaane parr alag tarah seey pratikriya kartaa haye. ... ack aur aspashtata yeh haye kii ack 'ausat praaptakarta' kii kalpana kaise kii jaani haye... [aur], [gaga] ack hii tippani dandaniya hogi yadi ack vyakti koo jawab dene mein saksham nirdesh diyaa jaae aur samvaidhaanik roop seey sanrakshit kiya jaae yadi logon koo nirdesh diyaa jaae kii way vaktaa seey shaaririk roop seey mell naheen khaa sakate hain?
aapattijanak bhasha jise australia mein aaparaadhik maanaa jaataa haye.
australia mein kaee aaparaadhik kaanoon saarvajanik sthaan parr aapattijanak, ashleel, apmaanjanak, apmaanjanak yaa abhadra bhasha key upayog koo pratibandhit karate hain. aisaa hii ack udaaharan "saransh aparaadh adhiniyam" 1988 (aine. aiss. doubleu.) kii dhaara 4aeye haye, joe saarvajanik sthaan yaa school seey sunane key liye, usake paas yaa usake bheetar aapattijanak bhasha key upayog koo pratibandhit karati haye. australia mein aapattijanak, abhadra yaa ashleel bhasha kaa upayog karane key liye jurmana ack chhote seey jurmaane (udaaharan key liye, aine. aiss. doubleu. mein $660) seey laker 6 maheene taka key karawas taka haye.
kaee australiyai raajyon aur kshetron mein pulis key paas aapattijanak bhasha key liye mauke parr jurmana (ullanghan notice) jaari karane kii shakti bhee haye. pulis aamtaur parr inn apraadhon kaa upayog chaar-akshar vaale shabdon (jaise "cont", yaa "phak", aur unake vyutpann) koo lakshit karane key liye karati haye joe unake prati yaa unaki upasthiti mein boley jaate hain.
banaam uksana.
uksana ack sambandhit siddhant haye, joe sarkaar koo gairkaanooni karyon kii vakaalat koo pratibandhit karane kii anumati detaa haye yadi vakaalat kaa irada shaanti key tatkaal ullanghan kaa kaaran banane kii sambhavana haye. sanyukt raajya america mein, aadhunik maanak koo "brandenberg banaam" mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa. ohiyo (1969), jahan sarvocch nyayalaya ney nasleeya alpsankhyakon aur rashtriya sarkaar key khilaf hinsa kii vakaalat karane key aaropi ack koo clux clan netaa kii doshasiddhi koo ulat diyaa. ohiyo kaanoon jisake tahat doshasiddhi hui thee, usey asamvaidhaanik key roop mein palat diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki "kewal naitik auchitya kaa amoort shikshan yaa bull aur hinsa key liye ack sahaara lene key liye naitik aavashyakta bhee hinsak kaarravaai key liye ack samooh koo taiyar karane aur ise iss tarah kii kaarravaai key liye taiyar karane key samaan naheen haye."
ukasaane aur ladane key shabdon key beach kaa antar sookshm haye, vaktaa key iraade parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye. bhaashan koo ukasaane kii visheshta vaktaa key kissy aur koo usaki gairkaanooni ichcha kaa saadhan banaane key iraade seey hoti haye. isake vipareet, shabdon seey ladane kaa uddeshya shrota koo vaktaa parr pratikriya denaa haye.