
nicolas germanus

nicolas germanus () ack german maanchitrakaar they jinhone nae anumaanon koo lagu karke, atirikt maanchitron koo jodkar aur punarjagaran maanchitran key vikas mein prabhaavshaali anya navacharon mein yogdan dekar tolemy key "bhugol" kaa aadhunikikaran kiya.
naam.
pandrahavin shatabdi mein vidvaanon aur kaarigaron key liye apane janm naam kaa ack lattin sanskaran apnana aam baat thee. nicolas germanus "nicolas dha german" naam kaa lattin roop haye. unakaa puuraa janm naam agyaat haye. unake naam seey pahale kabhi-kabhi "donus" yaa "donus" hotaa haye, joe lattin sheershak "dominus" ("swami" yaa "master") kaa ack sankshipt roop haye. 
jeevan.
nicolas germanus key praarambhik jeevan key baare mein kuchh bhee gyaat naheen haye. vaha pahali baar rechenback priyori (abb badden-wrttemberg mein) key record mein dikhaai detaa haye, jahan vaha 1442 mein benedictine mathh seey pahale thaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii vaha 1460 key aspas brahmand vigyaan mein prashikshit thaa aur 1464 taka itali mein aaya thaa.
way pahale florence mein rahate they jahan unhone jyotishiya taalikaon koo sankalit kiya aur 1466 mein tolemy key "bhugol" kaa apana pahala sanshodhan taiyar kiya. baad mein way rome chaley gaye jahan 1477 mein vatican pustakalaya key liye globe aur vishva maanchitra kii ack jodee banaai gaee. unhone kaee varshon taka tolemy key atlus key adyatan aur sanshodhan taiyar karna jaari rakhaa. unaki gatividhi kaa antim samkaaleen record ack saathi german vidwan, conrad celtes seey aataa haye, joe unase florence mein mille aur likhaa kii nicolas ney dusaron koo unake kaam key liye gaurav aur laabh praapt karane key baare mein kadvi shikayat kii.
kaam kartaa haye.
tolemy kaa "bhugol".
nicolaus germanus tolemy key "bhugol" key aadhunikikaran aur lokpriya banaane mein ack prabhaavshaali vyakti they. bhaugolik" kii cumm seey cumm pandrah pandulipi pratiyaan german dwara likhi gaee theen yaa turant unake kaam seey pratilipi banaai gaee theen. 1482 key florence sanskaran koo chhodkar, pandrahavin shatabdi mein mudrit sabhi sanskaran unaki pandulipiyon parr adharit they.
vidvaanon ney unaki pandulipiyon koo teen punaraavrittiyon (sanskaranon) mein vargeekrit kiya, joe motey taur parr shamil maanchitron kii sankhya aur upayog kiye gaye maanchitra prakshepan key prakaar key aadhar parr thaa. unakaa pahala punaraavartan (see. aeye.). 1460 seey 1466) mein kewal mool sattais tolemic maanchitra ("tabula antike") hain joe ack trapezoid prakshepan kaa upayog karke banaae gaye hain, jisake lekhak honey kaa daavaa german ney kiya haye. tathaakathit "donis prakshepan" mein, akshansh samanantar rekhaaon dwara paraavartit hotaa haye jabaki deshantar rekhaaen dhruv kii or abhisaran karati hain. iss punaravritti ney 1478 mein mudrit aur 1490 mein punarmudrit "geographia" key rome sanskaran key liye aadhar key roop mein kaary kiya. henricus martellus germanus ney bhee 1480 mein "geographia" key apane pandulipi sanskaran key liye trapezoid prakshepan koo apanaaya.
dusare sanshodhan (1466 seey 1468) mein sattais "tabula antike" aur uttari europe, spen aur france koo cover karane vaale teen nae nakshe ("tabula modern") shamil hain. iceland aur greenland sahit scandinavian kshetra key unake pratinidhitva ney dennish maanchitrakaar claudius clavas dwara pradaan kiye gaye adhik sateek chitran koo pratibimbit kiya. iss punaravritti mein vishva maanchitra homeotheric prakshepan kaa upayog karke taiyar kiya gayaa thaa jise tolemy ney behtar kahaa lekin nirmaan karna adhik kathin thaa. yeh sanshodhan 1482 mein mudrit alm sanskaran aur 1486 mein alm mein mudrit alm sanskaran kaa aadhar thaa. yeh alps key uttar mein mudrit honey vaalaa "bhaugolik" kaa pahala sanskaran thaa aur bikri seey pahale ghar mein rangeen honey vaalaa pahala atlus thaa. ise johannes dee armsheim dwara taiyar kiye gaye lakadi key tukadon kaa upayog karke mudrit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone pahali baar apane maanchitron parr hastakshar karane vaale utkirnakon key abhyaas kii shuruat kii thee.
unake antim punaravritti (1468 seey 1482) mein itali aur philistine koo darshaane vaale dou aur nakshe jode gaye aur uttari europe koo shamil karane key liye vishva maanchitra kaa vistaar kiya gayaa, halanki unake pichhale chitran kii tulanaa mein burf kii bhoomi aur greenland kaa sthaan vishesh roop seey cumm sateek thaa. 1482 mein mudrit, berlingheary kaa "bhaugolik" iss punaravritti aur pahale key maanchitron key mishran kaa upayog kartaa haye.
ulm aur burlingherry key 1482 sanskaranon mein print mein dikhaai dene vaale pahale aadhunik maanchitra (germanus seey praapt) hain. german ney anya maanchitran navacharon kii shuruat kii, jisamen kshetron kii sateek sthiti koo chihnit karane key liye binduon yaa vritton kaa upayog aur seemaon koo ingit karane key liye bindidar rekhaaen shamil hain.
globe.
1477 mein, nicolas germanus ney nae vatican pustakalaya mein shamil karane key liye ack sthaliya aur ack khagoliya globe banaaya. germanus koo globe key liye 200 ducats aur papal coat off arms koo jodane aur dou cover pradaan karane key liye ack atirikt saat ducats kaa bhugtan kiya gayaa thaa. globe koo 1481 kii soochi mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa aur 1527 mein rome key borey key dauran khou jaane taka "saile pontifica" mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. prithvi sabse pahala pralekhit aadhunik globe haye aur maujooda behime globe seey pandrah saal pahale.
jyotish.
nicolas germanus bhee ack saksham jyotishi they. 1466 mein florence mein rahate hue, unhone duke borso dee 'este key liye ack jyotishiya talika taiyar kii, joe bhavishya mein kaee varshon taka grahon kii sthiti kii ganana karane kii unaki kshamata kaa pradarshan karati haye. rome mein unhone pope paul dwiteeya key liye isi tarah kii ack jyotishiya mez taiyar kii.

