
shahari niyojan

shahari yojana, jise nagar yojana, shahar yojana, kshetriya yojana, yaa graameen yojana key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack takniki aur raajneetik prakriya haye joe bhoomi upayog aur nirmit paryaavaran key vikas aur design parr kendrit haye, jisamen havaa, paani aur shahari kshetron mein aaney aur jaane vaali buniyaadi sanrachana, jaise parivahan, sanchaar aur vitaran network aur unaki pahunch shamil haye. shahari niyojan key kaee peshevar vyavasaayi, vishesh roop seey "shahari yojnakar" sheershak vaale vyavasaayi shahari yojana shiksha kaa adhyayan karate hain, jabaki kuchh paraprofessional vyavasaayi shahari adhyayan mein shikshit hotey hain; anya adhyayan karate hain aur shahari neeti mein kaam karate hain-saarvajanik neeti kaa pahalu joe saarvajanik prashaasan mein rajneeti vigyaan key upakshetra mein upayog kiya jaataa haye joe shahari yojana key saath sabse adhik sanrekhit haye. paaramparik roop seey, shahari yojana ney maanav bastiyon key bhautik leout kii master planning mein ack topp-down drishtikon kaa paalan kiya. praathamik chinta lock kalyan thee, jisamen dakshata, swachchata, sanrakshan aur paryaavaran key upayog key saath-saath samajik aur aarthik gatividhiyon parr master plan key prabhaav shamil they. samay key saath, shahari yojana ney samajik aur paryavaraniya aadhar rekhaaon parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye joe sthirata manakon koo banaae rakhate hue logon key swaasthya aur kalyan mein sudhaar key liye ack upkaran key roop mein yojana banaane parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye. 20veen shatabdi key anta mein sabhi yojana prayason key mukhya lakshyon mein seey ack key roop mein satat vikas koo jodaa gayaa thaa jaba yojana key pichhale model key hanikarak aarthik aur paryavaraniya prabhaav spasht hoe gaye they. isi tarah, 21veen sadee kii shuruat mein, nivaasiyon, vyavsaayon aur samudaayon key hiton parr jore dene key liye kanuni aur raajneetik drishtikon parr jaine jacobs key lekhan ney shahari yojnakaron koo yojana banaate samay nivasi anubhavon aur jarooraton koo vyaapak roop seey dhyaan mein rakhane key liye prabhaavi roop seey prabhaavit kiya.
shahari niyojan iss baare mein prashnon kaa uttar detaa haye kii loga kissy diye gaye kshetra mein kaise rahenge, kaam karenge aur khelenge aur iss prakaar, shahari, upnagariya aur graameen kshetron mein vyavasthit vikas kaa margadarshan karate hain. yadyapi mukhya roop seey bastiyon aur samudaayon kii yojana key saath sambandhit hain, shahari yojnakar vastuon, sansadhanon, logon aur kachare key kushal parivahan kii yojana banaane key liye bhee jimmedaar hain; paani aur bijli jaisi buniyaadi aavashyaktaon kaa vitaran; sabhi prakaar key logon key liye samavesh aur avsar kii bhavna, sanskriti aur aavashyaktaaen; aarthik vikas yaa vyavasaay vikas; swaasthya mein sudhaar aur praakritik paryavaraniya mahatva key kshetron kaa sanrakshan joe utsarjan mein kamee key saath-saath viraasat sanrachanaon aur nirmit vatavaran kii raksha mein sakriya roop seey yogdan karate hain. choonki adhikansh shahari yojana teams mein uchch shikshit vyakti hotey hain joe shahar kii sarkaaron key liye kaam karate hain, haal kii bahason mein iss baat parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa haye kii shahar kii yojana prakriyaon mein adhik samudaay key sadasyon koo kaise shamil kiya jaae.
shahari niyojan ack antahvishay kshetra haye jisamen sivil engineering, vastukala, bhugol, rajneeti vigyaan, paryaavaran adhyayan, design vigyaan aur anya vigyaan key pahalu shamil hain. shahari niyojan key vyavasaayi anusandhaan aur vishleshan, ranneetik soch, engineering vastukala, shahari design, saarvajanik paramarsh, neeti sifaarishon, karyanvayan aur prabandhan seey sambandhit hain. yeh shahari design key kshetra seey nikatata seey sambandhit haye aur kuchh shahari yojnakar sadakon, udyaanon, imaraton aur anya shahari kshetron key liye design pradaan karate hain. shahari yojnakar saamarik, neeti aur sthirata lakshyon koo praapt karane key liye sivil engineering, paridrishya vastukala, vastukala aur saarvajanik prashaasan key sangyanatmak kshetron-vishesh roop seey saarvajanik prashaasan key shahari neeti kshetra-key saath kaam karate hain. praarambhik shahari yojnakar aksar inn sangyanatmak kshetron key sadasya they, halanki aaj shahari yojana ack alag, swatantra peshevar anushasana haye. shahari niyojan kaa anushasana vyaapak shreni haye jisamen bhoomi-upayog yojana, kshetra nirdhaaran, aarthik vikas, paryaavaran yojana aur parivahan yojana jaise vibhinn upa-kshetra shamil hain. yojanaon koo banaane key liye dund sanhitaon aur yojana key kshetriya sanhitaon kii poori samajh kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
shahari niyojan kaa ack anya mahatvapurna pahalu yeh haye kii shahari yojana pariyojanaon kii shrinkhala mein khaali sthalon yaa harit kshetra pariyojanaon kii badey paimaane parr master planning key saath-saath chhote paimaane parr hastakshep aur maujooda sanrachanaon, imaraton aur saarvajanik sthaanon kaa navinikaran shamil haye. washington mein piyare charles ell 'enfant, dee.see.shikago mein daniel burnham, brasilia mein lucio costa aur peris mein georges-eugene hasman ney nae shaharon kii yojana banaai, aur robert mosses aur leey carbusier ney shahari yojana key apane vichaaron koo puuraa karane key liye shaharon aur pados koo navinikrit aur parivartit kiya.
itihas.
teesari sahasrabdi eesaa poorv mein mesopotamia, indus ghaati, minoan aur misra kii sabhyataon seey sambandhit shahari yojana aur design kiye gaye samudaayon key pramaan hain. inn kshetron mein shaharon key khandharon kaa adhyayan karane vaale puraatatvidon koo pakki sadaken milati hain joe grid pattern mein sahee konn parr rakhee gaee theen. ack niyojit shahari kshetra kaa vichaar vibhinn sabhyataon dwara apanaae jaane key saath vikasit huaa. eesaa poorv 8veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, yunani shahar raajyon ney mukhya roop seey orthogonal (yaa grid jaisi) yojanaon kaa upayog kiya. pracheen yunani vastukar aur shahari yojnakar, myeletus key hippodamus (498-408 BC) koo "europeeya shahari yojana kaa janak" aur shahar key leout key "hippodamian yojana" (grid yojana) kaa naam maanaa jaataa haye.
pracheen roman, yoonaniyon seey prerit hocker, apane shaharon key liye orthogonal yojanaon kaa bhee upayog karate they. roman duniya mein shahar kii yojana sainya raksha aur saarvajanik suvidha key liye vikasit kii gaee thee. roman samrajya key prasaar ney baad mein shahari yojana key vichaaron koo failaaya. jaise-jaise roman samrajya kaa patan huaa, yeye vichaar dheere-dheere gayab hoe gaye. haalaanki, europe key kaee shahar abhee bhee niyojit roman shahar key kendra mein they. 9veen seey 14veen shatabdi taka europe key shaharon mein aksar javic roop seey aur kabhi-kabhi arajak roop seey vikas huaa. lekin agali shataabdiyon mein punarjagaran key aaney key saath kaee nae shaharon kaa vistaar nae niyojit vistaaron key saath kiya gayaa. 15veen shatabdi seey, shahari design aur isamen shamil logon key baare mein bahut kuchh darj kiya gayaa haye. iss avadhi mein, vastukala aur shahari yojana parr saiddhaantik granth dikhaai dene lagate hain jinamen mukhya rekhaaon kii yojana banaane key aspas key saiddhaantik prashn, dee gaee aabaadi kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane vaali yojanaaen sunishchit karna aur isi tarah key shaharon aur kasbon key designs koo sambodhit kiya jaataa haye aur unakaa varnan aur chitran kiya jaataa haye. gyaan praapti kii avadhi key dauran, kaee europeeya shasakon ney rajdhani shaharon koo phir seey design karane kaa mahatvakankshi prayaas kiya. dusare francisi samrajya key dauran, napolean III key nirdeshan mein, bairan georges-eugene hasman ney peris shahar koo ack adhik aadhunik rajdhani mein phir seey design kiya, jisamen lambe, seedhe, chaude bullward they.
20veen shatabdi key anta mein yojana aur vastukala ack pratimaan badalaav seey gujare. 19veen shatabdi key audyogik shaharon mein jabardast darr seey vriddhi hui. kamkaji garibon key liye shahari jeevan kii buraaiyaan saarvajanik chinta key vishay key roop mein teji seey spasht hoe rahee theen. adhikansh victorian yug key liye arthavyavastha key sarkari prabandhan kii lassays-fair shally, ack nae udaarvaad koo raasta denaa shuru curr rahee thee, jisane garibon aur vanchiton kii or seey hastakshep kaa samarthan kiya. 1900 key aspas, siddhantkaron ney nagrikon, vishesh roop seey karkhane key shramikon koo swasth vatavaran pradaan karke, audyogik yug key parinamon koo cumm karane key liye shahari yojana model vikasit karna shuru kiya. isaliye agali shatabdi mein vaishvik star parr shahari yojana key liye ack kendriya yojana drishtikon kaa prabhutva hoga, joe aavashyak roop seey shahari kshetra kii samagr gunavatta mein vriddhi kaa pratinidhitva naheen kartaa haye.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, shahari niyojan koo ack alag peshe key roop mein maanyata dee jaane luggy. nagar aur desh yojana sangh kii sthaapana 1899 mein kii gaee thee aur 1909 mein liverpool vishvavidyalaya dwara shahari yojana parr grate britten mein pahala shaikshanik pathyakram pesh kiya gayaa thaa. 1920 key dashak mein, shahari yojana mein adhuniktawad aur ekroopata key vichaar saamane aaney lagey, aur 1970 key dashak taka chaley. 1933 mein, leey carbusier ney prakashmay shahar koo prastut kiya, ack aisaa shahar joe meenaron key roop mein badhata haye, pradooshan aur adhik bheed kii samasya key samadhan key roop mein. lekin kaee yojnakaron kaa maanana thaa kii shahari niyojan mein adhuniktawad key vichaaron ney uchch aparaadh darr aur samajik samasyaon koo janm diyaa.
20veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein, shahari yojnakaron ney dheere-dheere shahari kendron mein vyaktivaad aur vividhata parr apana dhyaan kendrit kiya.
21veen sadee kii prathaaen.
shahari kshetron mein badhati bheed key prabhaavon kaa adhyayan karane vaale shahari yojnakaron ney baahari sthitiyon koo sambodhit karna shuru curr diyaa, joe sanyukt raajya america jaise paschimi deshon mein badey rajmarg pranaliyon seey prerit maang key kaaran honey vaale nakaratmak prabhaav hain. sanyukt rashtra key aarthik aur samajik mamalon key vibhaag ney 2018 mein bhavishyavani kii thee kii vaishvik pravaas key jansankhya tatvon key anusaar 2050 taka lagbhag 2.5 karod adhik loga shahari kshetron mein kabja curr lenge. nae yojana siddhanton ney gair-paaramparik avadhaaranaon koo apanaaya haye jaise kii blue zone aur navachar jile shahar key bheetar bhaugolik kshetron koo shamil karane key liye joe nae vyavasaay vikas aur buniyaadi dhaanche kii prathamikta kii anumati dete hain joe nagrikon key jeevan kii gunavatta mein sudhaar karane mein sahaayata karenge.
maanav kendrit vaishvik jalavaayu parivartan koo sambodhit karane mein madad karane key liye yojana prathaon mein neetigat parivartan shamil kiye gaye hain. landan ney shahar mein pahale seey hii bheedbhaad vaale sthaanon taka pahunchane kii koshish karane vaali kaaron key liye bheed shulk lena shuru curr diyaa. aajkal shahar aisee neetiyon koo apnakar saarvajanik pargaman aur saikil chalaane key mahatva parr jore dete hain.
siddhant.
yojana siddhant vaigyaanik avadhaaranaon, paribhashaon, vyavhaar sambandhon aur dhaaranaon kaa nikaay haye joe shahari yojana key gyaan key nikaay koo paribhaashit kartaa haye. yojana key aathh prakriyaatmak siddhant hain joe aaj bhee yojana prakriya key pramukh siddhant baney hue hainh tarksangat-vyaapak drishtikon, vriddhisheel drishtikon, paargamanik drishtikon, sancharatmak drishtikon, vakaalat drishtikon, samaantaa drishtikon, kattarpanthi drishtikon, aur manavtawadi yaa ghatnaatmak drishtikon. kuchh anya vaichaarik yojana siddhanton mein ebenezer howard kaa teen chumbak siddhant shamil haye jisaki unhone british basti key bhavishya key liye kalpana kii thee, unake udyaan shahar bhee, samajshastri ernest berges dwara berges model naamak sankendrit model kshetra, redburn superblock joe paidal chalane vaalon koo protsaahit kartaa haye, sector model aur kaee naabhik model shamil hain.
takniki pahalu.
shahari niyojan key takniki pahaluon mein vaigyaanik, takniki prakriyaon, vichaaron aur visheshtaon kaa anuprayog shamil haye joe bhoomi upayog, shahari design, praakritik sansadhanon, parivahan aur buniyaadi dhaanche key liye yojana banaane mein shamil hain. shahari niyojan mein nimnalikhit takneeken shamil hainh jansankhya vriddhi kii bhavishyavani karna, kshetra nirdhaaran, bhaugolik maanchitran aur vishleshan, udyaan sthaan kaa vishleshan karna, jall aapoorti kaa sarvekshan karna, parivahan pattern kii pehchaan karna, khaadya aapoorti kii maangon koo pahachaanana, swaasthya seva aur samajik sevaaon kaa aavantan karna, aur bhoomi upayog key prabhaav kaa vishleshan karna.
yeh anuman lagaane key liye kii shahar kaise vikasit honge aur unake hastakshepon key prabhaavon kaa anuman lagaane key liye, yojnakar vibhinn models kaa upayog karate hain. inn models kaa upayog jansankhyikiya, bhaugolik aur aarthik aankadon mein sambandhon aur pattern koo ingit karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. way alpakaalik muddon seey nipat sakate hain jaise kii loga shaharon seey kaise gujarate hain, yaa bhoomi upayog aur vikas jaise deerghakaalik muddon seey nipat sakate hain. aisaa hii ack model bhaugolik soochana pranali (jee. aaee. aiss.) haye jiska upayog maujooda yojana kaa ack model banaane aur phir samaaj, arthavyavastha aur paryaavaran parr bhavishya key prabhaavon koo pesh karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
bhawan sanhita aur anya niyam shahari yojana key saath mell khaate hain kii shaharon kaa nirmaan aur upayog vyaktigat star seey kaise kiya jaataa haye. pravartan vidhiyon mein sarkari kshetra nirdhaaran, yojana anumati aur bhawan sanhita key saath-saath niji sahajata aur pratibandhaatmak vaachaaen shamil hain.
shahari yojnakar.
ack shahari yojnakar ack peshevar hotaa haye joe ack samudaay key bhoomi upayog aur buniyaadi dhaanche kii prabhavsheelta koo anukoolit karane key uddeshya seey shahari yojana key kshetra mein kaam kartaa haye. way shahari aur upnagariya kshetron key vikas aur prabandhan key liye yojanaaen taiyar karate hain, aamtaur parr bhoomi upayog anukulata key saath-saath aarthik, paryavaraniya aur samajik rujhaanon kaa vishleshan karate hain. kissy samudaay key liye kissy bhee yojana (chaahe vaha vaanijyik hoe, aavaasiya hoe, krishi hoe, praakritik hoe yaa manoranjak) koo vikasit karane mein, shahari yojnakaron koo sthirata, maujooda aur sambhaavit pradooshan, sambhaavit bheedbhaad, aparaadh, bhoomi moolyon, aarthik vikas, samajik samaantaa, kshetra sanhita aur anya kaanoonon sahit parivahan sahit kaee muddon parr vichaar karna chaahiye.
21veen sadee mein shahari yojnakar kaa mahatva badh rhaa haye, kyonki aadhunik samaaj koo badhati jansankhya vriddhi, jalavaayu parivartan aur asthir vikas key muddon kaa saamana karna padata haye. ack shahari yojnakar koo ack harit collar peshevar maanaa jaa sakata haye.
kuchh shodhkartaon kaa sujhaav haye kii duniya bhar key shahari yojnakar apane sthaaniya shaharon aur sanskritiyon key anukool vibhinn "yojana sanskritiyon" mein kaam karate hain. haalaanki, peshevaron ney kaushal, kshamataon aur buniyaadi gyaan seton kii pehchaan kii haye joe rashtriya aur kshetriya seemaon key paar shahari yojnakaron key liye samanya hain.
sahabhaagi shahari yojana.
sanyukt raajya america mein 1960 aur 1970 key dashak key dauran sahabhaagi yojana kaa uday huaa. usee samay, sahabhaagi yojana vikas key kshetra mein pravesh karna shuru curr dee, samaan visheshtaon aur agende key saath. kaee ullekhaniya shahari yojnakar aur karyakarta hain jinake kaam ney sahabhaagi yojana andolanon koo suvidhajanak banaaya aur aakar diyaa. jaine jacobs aur unakaa kaam sahabhaagi yojana mein sabse mahatvapurna yogdaanon mein seey ack haye kyonki iska prabhaav poore sanyukt raajya mein thaa. shahari niyojan shiksha mein yuvaaon koo shamil karane mein bhee haal hii mein ack uday huaa haye.
shiksha.
shahari niyojan key kaee peshevar vyavasaayi, vishesh roop seey "shahari yojnakar" sheershak vaale vyavasaayi shahari yojana shiksha kaa adhyayan karate hain, jabaki kuchh paraprofessional vyavasaayi shahari adhyayan mein shikshit hotey hain; anya adhyayan karate hain aur shahari neeti mein kaam karate hain-saarvajanik neeti kaa pahalu joe saarvajanik prashaasan mein rajneeti vigyaan key upakshetra mein upayog kiya jaataa haye joe shahari yojana key saath sabse adhik sanrekhit haye.
aalochanaaen aur bahasen.
neoclassical arthshastra key school kaa tark haye kii yojana banaana anaavashyak haye, yaa hanikarak bhee haye, kyonki bajar kii dakshata prabhaavi bhoomi upayog kii anumati detee haye. raajneetik soch kaa ack bahulvaadi tanaav isi tarah kaa tark detaa haye kii sarkaar koo vibhinn hita samoohon key beach raajneetik pratispardha mein ghuspaith naheen karni chaahiye joe yeh taya kartaa haye kii bhoomi kaa upayog kaise kiya jaataa haye. shahari niyojan key liye paaramparik auchitya yeh rhaa haye kii yojnakar shahar key liye vahee kartaa haye joe engineer yaa vastukar ghar key liye kartaa haye, yaani ise apane nivaasiyon kii jarooraton aur prathmiktaon key liye adhik anukool banaata haye.
vyaapak roop seey apanaae gaye sarvasammati-nirmaan model kii, joe samudaay key bheetar vibhinn prathmiktaon koo samaayojit karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye, samudaay kii shakti sanrachanaon koo chunautipurna banaane key bajaay, adharit honey key liye aalochana kii gaee haye. isake bajaay, shahari yojana nirnay lene key liye ack dhaanche key roop mein agonism kaa prastaav kiya gayaa haye.
shahari niyojan kshetra key bheetar ack aur bahas iss baare mein haye kii shahari yojana nirnay lene kii prakriya mein kise shamil aur baahar rakhaa gayaa haye. adhikansh shahari yojana prakriyaaen ack oopar-neeche drishtikon kaa upayog karati hain joe una sthaanon key nivaasiyon koo shamil karane mein whiffle rahati hain jahan shahari yojnakar aur shahar key adhikaari kaam curr rahey hain. sherry ernstein kii "nagrik bhagidari kii seedhi" kaa upayog aksar kaee shahari yojnakaron aur shahar kii sarkaaron dwara unaki shahari yojana kii samaveshita yaa vishishtata kii degree nirdhaarit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. shahar key adhikaariyon aur nivaasiyon key beach judaav kaa ack mukhya srot shahar parishad kii baithaken hain joe nivaasiyon key liye khuli hain aur joe saarvajanik tippaniyon kaa swaagat karati hain. isake alawa, sarkari vitt poshit buniyaadi dhancha pariyojanaon mein nagrikon kii bhagidari key liye kuchh sanghiya aavashyaktaaen hain.
kaee shahari yojnakar aur yojana agencies apani neetiyon aur kshetra-nirdhaaran yojanaon key liye samudayik nivesh parr bharosa karati hain. samudaay kii bhagidari kitni prabhaavi haye, yeh iss baat seey nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakata haye kii sadasya kii aavaaz kaise sunee jaati haye aur usey kaise lagu kiya jaataa haye.