
hornwart

hornwarts gair-samvahani bhroon (bhoomi paudhe) kaa ack samooh haye joe vibhajan anthocerotophyta () kaa gathan kartaa haye. samanya naam lambe seeng jaisi sanrachana koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, joe kii sporophyte haye. jaise kaaee aur yakrit kii tarah, hornwarts mein ack gamatophyte-pramukh jeevan chakr hotaa haye, jisamen paudhe kii koshikaaen aanuvanshik jaankaari kaa kewal ack samooh leey jaati hain; ack hornwart kaa chapata, haraa paudha shareer paudhe kaa gamatophyte charan haye.
hornwarts duniya bhar mein paae jaa sakate hain, halanki way kewal una sthaanon parr badhate hain joe nama yaa aardr hotey hain. kuchh prajaatiyan bageechon aur kheti key kheton kii mitty mein badee sankhya mein chhote kharpatwar key roop mein ugati hain. dendroceros" kii badee ushnakatibandhiya aur upa-ushnakatibandhiya prajaatiyan pedon kii chhaal parr ugati hui paaee jaa sakati hain.
prajaatiyon kii kull sankhya abhee bhee anishchit haye. jabaki 300 seey adhik prakaashit prajaatiyon key naam hain, vaastavik sankhya 100-150 prajaatiyon key roop mein cumm hoe sakati haye.
varnan.
sabhi bryophytes kii tarah, ack hornwart kaa pramukh jeevan charan haploid gamatophyte haye. yeh avastha aamtaur parr ack aur paanch centimeter vyaas key beach ack patali guldasta yaa ribbon jaisi thallus key roop mein badhati haye. hornwarts ney dou plasted vibhajan-sambandhit jeane, aark 3 aur ftsjd 2 khou diye hain, aur prati koshika kewal ack chloroplast (monoplasty) haye, sivaay "megasseros" vansh key aur "notehoseros" aur "anthoceros" vansh kii kuchh prajaatiyon key, jinamen prati koshika ack seey adhik chloroplast (polyplasty) hain. polyplastidic prajaatiyon mein, aur kuchh monoplastidic prajaatiyon mein, ack cellular sanrachana jise pyrenoid kahaa jaataa haye, anupasthit haye. pyrenoid, joe ack khaadya bhandaran anga haye aur adhik kushal prakaash sanshleshan koo saksham banaata haye, swatantra roop seey paanch seey chhah baar hornwarts mein vikasit huaa haye aur lagbhag 200 prajaatiyon mein seey aadhe mein maujood haye. yeh anya angon key saath chloroplast key sanlayan seey banata haye aur isamen mukhya roop seey carbon sthirikaran mein pramukh enzyme rubisco shamil hotaa haye. acarbonic carbon transporter aur carbonic enhydrus kaa upayog karke, saha star mein 50 gunaa vriddhi praapt kii jaa sakati haye. yeh vishesh visheshta bhoomi key paudhon mein bahut asamanya haye, joe hornwarts key liye advitiya haye, lekin shaiwal key beach aam haye.
kaee hornwarts mein aantarik shleshma seey bharee guhaayen yaa naharen vikasit hoti hain jaba koshikaon key samooh toot jaate hain. way harmonium-prerak karakon (aich. aaee. aff.) kaa sraav karenge joe inn guhaaon parr aakraman karane aur upanivesh karane key liye paas key, mukt-jeevit prakaash sanshleshit sinobacteria, vishesh roop seey "nasika" kii prajaatiyon koo uttejit karate hain. thallus key ander badhane vaale bacteria kii aisee coloniyaan hornwart koo ack vishisht neela-haraa rung detee hain. megassero" yaa "parnasamuh" mein sahajeevi sinobacteria kii soochana naheen dee gaee haye. thallus key neeche chhote "slime pore" bhee hoe sakate hain. yeye chhidra satahi roop seey anya paudhon key stomata seey milate-julate hain.
seeng key aakar kaa sporophyte gamatophyte mein gaharaai seey antarnihit ack archagonium seey badhata haye. hornwart sporophyte kaa vikas ack nirantar besal maristem seey hotaa haye, isake vipareet kaaee (epical vriddhi) aur yakrit key sporophyte (intercolory vriddhi) key vipareet hotaa haye. leverwarts key vipareet, hornwarts key sporophyte parr vaastavik stomata hotaa haye jaisa kii adhikansh kaaee karate hain. apavaad hain "parnapaati akarvas" prajaati, "notothalus" vansh aur teen nikat sambandhit vansh "megasseros", "notoseros" aur "dendroceros", jinamen stomata naheen haye. "notothylus" bhee anya hornwarts seey alag haye, jisamen kewal kuchh millimeter lamba cumm sporophyte hotaa haye. hornwarts mein sporophyte ack sthaayi prakaash sanshleshit kshamata key saath lambe samay taka rahane mein bryophyte key beach advitiya haye. sporophyte mein ack epical maristem kaa abhaav hotaa haye, joe kii anta mein silurian/praarambhik devonian mein kuchh samay key liye anya bhoomi paudhon key saath vichalan kaa ack auxin-samvedansheel bindu haye.
jaba sporophyte paripakva hotaa haye, tou isamen ack bahukoshikiya baahari parat hoti haye, ack kendriya chhad jaisi columela kendra mein chalati haye, aur beach mein ootak kii ack parat hoti haye joe bijaanuon aur chhadm-alters kaa utpaadan karati haye. chhadm-upgraahak bahu-koshikiya hotey hain, joe yakrit key upgraahak key vipareet hotey hain. unake paas helical gadhapan hotaa haye joe sookhane kii pratikriya mein aakar badalata haye; way modate hain aur iss tarah bijaanuon koo failaane mein madad karate hain. hornwart beejaanu bryophytes key liye apekshaakrit badey hotey hain, jinka vyaas 30 aur 80 microne yaa usase adhik key beach hotaa haye. beejaanu dhruviya hotey hain, aamtaur parr sameepavarti satah parr ack vishisht vaaee-aakar key tri-vikiran katak key saath, aur ack doorasth satah key saath joe dhakkon yaa reedh kii huddy seey alankrit hoti haye.
jeevan chakr.
ack hornwart kaa jeevan ack haploid beejaanu seey shuru hotaa haye. beejak peele, bhoore yaa harey rung key hoe sakate hain. peele aur bhoore rung key bijaanuon kii ack motee deewaar hoti haye aur isamen tail hotey hain joe donon hii sukhaapan seey bachaate hain aur poshak tatvon key bhandaran key roop mein kaary karate hain, jisase way varshon taka jeevit reh sakate hain. prajaati "parnapaati fuciformis" aur "megasseros", "notehoseros" aur "dendroceros" mein patali aur rangheen divaaron key saath alpakaalik beejaanu hotey hain joe chloroplast kii upasthiti key kaaran harey rung mein dikhaai dete hain. adhikansh prajaatiyon mein, beejaanu key ander ack ekal koshika hoti haye, aur iss koshika kaa ack patala vistaar jise "germ tube" kahaa jaataa haye, beejaanu key sameepavarti paksh seey ankurit hotaa haye. roganu nully kaa siraa koshikaon key ack ashtak (thhos jyaamiti) key roop mein vibhajit hotaa haye, aur pahala prakand mool roganu koshika key vistaar key roop mein badhata haye. tip naee koshikaon koo vibhajit karna jaari rakhti haye, joe ack thalloid protonema kaa utpaadan karati haye. isake vipareet, dendrocerotacy parivaar kii prajaatiyan beejak key bheetar vibhajit honah shuru curr sakati hain, beejak key ankurit honey seey pahale bahukoshikiya aur yahaan taka kii prakaash sanshleshit bhee hoe sakati hain. donon hii mamalon mein, protonema ack hornwart key jeevan mein ack asthaayi charan haye.
protonema seey vayask gamatophyte badhata haye, joe jeevan chakr mein nirantar aur swatantra charan haye. yeh avastha aamtaur parr ack aur paanch centimeter vyaas key beach ack patali guldasta yaa ribbon jaisi thallus key roop mein badhati haye, aur koshikaon kii kaee paraten motai mein hoti hain. yeh apani koshikaon mein chlorophil seey haraa yaa peela-haraa hotaa haye, yaa jaba paudhe key ander sinobacteria kii coloniyaan badhati hain tou neela-haraa hotaa haye.
jaba gamatophyte apane vayask aakar taka badh jaataa haye, tou yeh hornwart key yaun angon kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. adhikansh paudhe ack hii paudhe parr donon yaun angon key saath acrus hotey hain, lekin kuchh paudhe (ack hii prajaati key bheetar bhee) ekalingi hotey hain, alag-alag narr aur maadaa gamatophytes key saath. mahila angon koo archagonia (ekvachan archaegonium) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur purush angon koo antheridia (ekvachan antheridium) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. donon prakaar key anga paudhe kii satah key thheek neeche vikasit hotey hain aur baad mein kewal oopar kii koshikaon key vighatan seey ujagar hotey hain.
dwi-prakshaalit shukranu koo antheridia seey tairna chaahiye, yaa phir archgonia mein chhidka jaanaa chaahiye. jaba aisaa hotaa haye, tou shukranu aur andaa koshika ack yugmaj key roop mein fuse hoe jaate hain, vaha koshika jisase jeevan chakr kaa sporophyte charan vikasit hoga. anya sabhi bryophytes key vipareet, yugmaj kaa pahala koshika vibhajan anudairdhya hotaa haye. aage key vibhajan sporophyte key teen buniyaadi kshetron kaa utpaadan karate hain.
sporophyte key neeche (gamatophyte key aantarik bhaag key sabse karib), ack pair hotaa haye. yeh koshikaon kaa ack golakar samooh haye joe mool gamatophyte seey poshak tatva praapt kartaa haye, jiss parr sporophyte apana puuraa astitva vyateet karega. sporophyte key beach mein (pair key thheek oopar), ack maristem haye joe vibhajit hotaa rahega aur teesare kshetra key liye naee koshikaon kaa utpaadan kartaa rahega. yeh teesara kshetra capsule haye. capsule kii kendriya aur satah donon koshikaaen sterile hoti hain, lekin unake beach koshikaon kii ack parat hoti haye joe chhadm-elter aur bijaanuon kaa utpaadan karane key liye vibhajit hogi. yeye capsule seey taba nikalate hain jaba yeh tip seey lambai kii disha mein vibhajit hotaa haye.
vikaasvaadi itihas.
jabaki mukut samooh key hornwarts kaa jeevaashm record kewal oopari cretaceous mein shuru hotaa haye, nichala devonian "hornophyton" clade key liye ack stame samooh kaa pratinidhitva curr sakata haye, kyonki isamen ack sporenzium hotaa haye jisamen kendriya kolumela chhat parr sanlagn naheen hotaa haye. haalaanki, kolumela kaa ack hii roop besal kaaee samoohon kii bhee visheshta haye, jaise kii spagnopsida aur andreopsida, aur isaki vyakhya stomata vaale sabhi praarambhik bhoomi paudhon key liye ack samanya charitra key roop mein kii gaee haye. hornwarts aur setafita (kaaee aur leverwarts) key beach vichalan kaa anuman 479-450 million saal pahale huaa haye, aur vartamaan hornwarts kaa antim samanya poorvaj lagbhag 275 million saal pahale madhya permian mein rahata thaa. teen hornwart prajaatiyon key gunasutra-paimaane key genome anukraman seey pushti hoti haye kii bhoomi paadap vikas key dauran stomata kewal ack baar vikasit huaa thaa. yeh yeh bhee darshaata haye kii bryophytes key teen samooh ack samanya poorvaj saajha karate hain joe vikas kii shuruat mein anya bhoo-paudhon seey alag hoe gaye they, aur yeh kii leverwarts aur moss hornwarts kii tulanaa mein ack dusare seey adhik nikatata seey sambandhit hain. anya bhoomi paudhon key vipareet, hornwart genome mein cumm-prerak bee jeane (ell. see. aaee. bee.) hotaa haye, joe shaiwal kii kuchh prajaatiyon mein bhee paaya jaataa haye. kyonki carbon dioxide kii prasaar darr paani kii tulanaa mein havaa mein 10,000 gunaa adhik haye, jaleey shaiwal koo chloroplast mein CO2 koo kendrit karane key liye ack tantra kii aavashyakta hoti haye taaki prakaash sanshleshit rubisco protein koo kushalata seey kaary karane kii anumati mill sakey. ell. see. aaee. bee. iss see. oh. 2-kendrit tantra kaa ack ghatak haye.
vargeekaran.
hornwarts koo paaramparik roop seey vibhajan bryophyta (bryophytes) key bheetar ack varg maanaa jaataa thaa. baad mein, bryophytes koo paraphylatic maanaa jaataa thaa, aur isaliye hornwarts koo unakaa apana vibhajan diyaa gayaa, anthocerotophyta (kabhi-kabhi galat vartani vaale anthocerophyta). haalaanki, sabse halia phylogenetic sakshya bryophyte monophili kii or dridhata seey jhukate hain, aur yeh prastaavit kiya gayaa haye kii hornwart mool varg anthocerotopsida key liye dee-rank kiye gaye hain.
paaramparik roop seey, hornwarts kaa ack varg thaa, jise anthocerotopsida yaa purana anthocerote kahaa jaataa thaa. haal hii mein, ack dusare varg key leosporocertotopsid koo ack asamanya prajaati "leosporoceros duci" key liye alag kiya gayaa haye. anya sabhi hornwarts anthocerotopsida varg mein rahate hain. inn donon vargon koo aage paanch vargon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, jinamen seey pratyek mein ack hii parivaar haye.
bhoomi paudhon mein, hornwarts praarambhik bhoomi paudhe key poorvajon kii sabse purani-alag vanshavali mein seey ack hain; cladistic vishleshan kaa tatparya haye kii samooh kii utpatti devonian seey pahale hui thee, lagbhag usee samay jaba kaaee aur leverwarts they. lagbhag 200 prajaatiyan gyaat hain, lekin naee prajaatiyon kii khoj abhee bhee kii jaa rahee haye. vanshon kii sankhya aur naam vartamaan mein jaanch kaa vishay hain, aur 1988 seey kaee pratispardhi vargeekaran yojanaaen prakaashit kii gaee hain.
hornwarts key vargeekaran mein upayog kii jaane vaali sanrachanaatmak visheshtaon mein shamil hainh chloroplast kii shareer rachana aur koshikaon key bheetar unaki sankhya, ack pyrinoid kii upasthiti, androsia key bheetar antheridia kii sankhya, aur antheridia kii jackett koshikaon kii vyavastha.
phylogeny.
aanvik, avasanrachanaatmak aur aakriti vigyaan sambandhi aankadon key halia adhyayanon seey hornwart kaa ack nayaa vargeekaran praapt huaa haye.