dugglus hegg kii pratishtha

feeled marshel dugglus hegg, 1st earl hegg (19 juuna 1861-29 janwari 1928) ney pratham vishva yuddh key dauran british abhiyaan bull kaa netritva kiya. unaki pratishtha abhee bhee vivadaspad haye. haalaanki yuddh key turant baad key varshon key dauran ack lokpriya commander, unake antim sanskar key saath rashtriya shoke kaa dinn bunn gayaa, lekin paschimi morche parr unake netritva key liye hegg bhee aalochana kaa vishay bunn gayaa. winston churchill aur david lloyd george jaise raajnetaon aur tulsi lidel haart jaise prabhaavshaali itihaskaron ney unaki aalochana kii thee. kuchh loga unhein varg-adharit aksham commanders kii avadharana kaa pratinidhitva karate hue maanate hain, yeh kahate hue kii vaha aadhunik ranneeti aur praudyogikiyon koo samajhane mein asamarth they, aur hegg kii aalochana koo kabhi-kabhi yuddh kii aalochana seey alag karna mushkil hotaa haye. haalaanki, kaee diggajon ney hegg key netritva kii prashansa kii aur 1980 key dashak seey kuchh itihaskaron ney tark diyaa haye kii saarvajanik ghrina jisamen hegg kaa naam rakhaa gayaa thaa, unaki kamaan key tahat balon dwara naee ranneeti aur praudyogikiyon koo apanaane yaa 1918 kii sahayogi jeet mein british balon dwara nibhai gaee mahatvapurna bhoomika koo pahchaanane mein whiffle rahee, aur yeh kii uchch hatahaton kaa saamana karna padaa, usa samay kii saamarik aur ranneetik vaastaviktaon kaa ack kaary thaa.
pratishtha.
yuddh key baad kii raay.
yuddh key baad americi general johnn pursing ney hegg kii prashansa kii, jinhone tippani kii kii hegg "vaha vyakti thaa jisane yuddh jeetaa". unhein ack vijayi senaa key netaa key roop mein bhee saarvajanik roop seey saraha gayaa thaa. 1928 mein unakaa antim sanskar ack badaa raajkeeya avsar thaa.
haalaanki, unaki mrityu key baad aur british generalon kii peedhi, jinka unhein pratinidhitva karane vaalaa maanaa jaataa thaa, kii teji seey aalochana kii gaee. inmein seey kuchh aalochanaaen paschimi morche ("purvi" vichardhara key bajaay "paschimi") parr atyadhik jore dene key liye theen aur kuchh kathit roop seey kharaab nirnay lene aur navachar key pratirodh key liye theen, jisase unaki kamaan key tahat british sainikon kii atyadhik hataahat hui. hegg key alochakon mein kaee yuva adhikaari shamil hain jinhone pratham vishva yuddh mein seva kii thee.
arther connon doil (chhah khand 1916-20) aur johnn buchan (chaar khand 1921-2) ney yuddh key itihas koo prakaashit kiya, joe abb kaafee hudd taka bhulaa diyaa gayaa haye. way loga uchch varg key samarthak aur "paschimi" they.
hegg kaa apana mamla.
hegg "under phore flagg" (1918) aur "remembrance" (1927) filmon mein khud key roop mein dikhaai diye.
gairi schafield key vichaar seey 21 march 1919 kaa hegg kaa "antim preshan" bahas key shabdon koo aakar dene aur spasht aalochanaon koo door karane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. unhone tark diyaa kii paschimi morche parr yuddh "ack ekal nirantar abhiyaan" thaa, joe ack badey british bull koo prashikshit karane key liye aavashyak samay taka lamba aur mahanga hoe gayaa thaa aur kissy bhee paarshv kii anupasthiti thee jise badala jaa sakata thaa. hegg ney tark diyaa kii aakramak kaarravaai aavashyak thee kyonki "vishuddh roop seey rakshaatmak ravaiya kabhi bhee ack safal nirnay naheen laa sakata haye" jabaki hataahat bhaari they lekin "ummeed seey badaa naheen thaa" aur "1918 kii garmiyon aur sharad ritu kii jeet () seedhe dou varshon kii jiddi ladaai parr nirbhar thee joe unase pahale thee. schafield likhate hain kii "antim preshan" mein tark "maulik roop seey sahee" thaa aur "(hegg key mamle) mein adhikansh ney lagbhag nau dashakon kii aalochana kaa saamana kiya haye", lekin tark kaa ack tatva bhee haye, kyonki sakshya key roop mein, hegg kii diarry sahit, yeh sujhaav detaa haye kii usa samay unhone some aur teesare yeapress key dauran vibhinn samay parr nirnaayak jeet hassil karane kii ummeed kii thee.
kahaa jaataa haye kii hegg koo unake sansmaranon key liye £100,000 kii peshkash kii gaee thee, lekin unhone koee bhee likhane seey incar curr diyaa. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii vaha "1914", feeled marshel french key pravrittipurna sansmaranon, joe unake poorvavarti key commander-inn-cheef key roop mein they, key kaaran hue hangame seey prabhaavit hoe sakate hain. haalaanki, unhone niji taur parr yeh sunishchit kiya kii lloyd george aur anya logon kii aalochanaon key jawab mein unakaa drishtikon janata taka pahunche. agast 1919 mein hegg ney lloyd george key ack bhaashan key jawab mein "dha spectator" key sampaadak johnn sent low stratchy koo likhaa. hegg ney tark diyaa kii 1917 yuddh kaa sabse mahatvapurna kaal thaa... yeh kewal british senaa key nirantar hamale they "jinhone sahyogiyon koo bachaaya. hegg ney boraston aur devar key 1920 key dashak key shuruati kaam koo protsaahit kiya-jisamen daavaa kiya gayaa kii unake alochakon koo sainya abhiyaanon key baare mein utanaa hii pataa thaa jitna kii way "bask bhasha" key baare mein jaanate they. una alochakon mein lavat fraser shamil they, jinhone "ravivaar chitra" (3 disambar 1922) mein lekh likhaa thaa "jahan hegg galat hoe gayaa-mahaan yuddh mein jeevan kaa vishal aur bekaar apavyay".
churchill.
raajnetaon dwara sabse adhik bikane vaale kaee sansmaran hegg kii atyadhik aalochana karate they. winston churchill kaa "vishva sankat" hagg key jivankal key dauran likhaa gayaa thaa (6 khand, 1923-9). bryan bonned mein likhaa gayaa jise "rajsi gadya shally" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye aur 1960 key dashak taka janata key liye upalabdh dastavejon kaa upayog karate hue, chartwell mein churchill key ghar parr kaam puuraa karane key liye kaam kaafee bick gayaa. churchill ack "purvi" thaa aur usane dardanels parr apane hamale kaa bachaav karane mein pustak kaa adhikansh hissa kharch kiya. unhone likhaa kii hegg anubhav aur kshamata mein "british senaa key pahale adhikaari" they, aur "unake paas koee pratidvandi naheen thaa", jisase unaki vishal jimmedariyon koo sambhaalane mein unake charitra kii taakat mein madad millie, lekin yeh kii koee bhee yuddh kii vishal chunautiyon key barabar naheen thaa.
rakt pareekshan" churchill adhyaay mein, una tarkon parr adharit joe unhone 1916 kii garmiyon mein cabinet koo ack pepper mein prastut kiye they, tark diyaa kii paschimi morche parr sahayogi nuksan german seey adhik thaa (usa samay jee. aich. kyu. kaa drishtikon naheen thaa, lekin abb aam taur parr sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa), aur 1916 key abhiyaan "vadh kaa ack velter" they, jisane germans parr sahayogi netritva koo kamjor curr diyaa. unhone tark diyaa kii kissy bhee yuddh mein vardan parr dabaav seey raahat dene key alawa "kissy bhee prakaar kaa koee ranneetik laabh naheen praapt huaa thaa", halanki unhone german manobal aur yuddh prabhavsheelta parr nuksan key prabhaav koo sweekaar kiya. 1937 key apane nibandhon "mahaan samkaaleenon" mein unhone baad mein hegg kii tulanaa ack sarjan seey kii, jise rogi key deerghakaalik kalyan key liye nishpakshata seey kaary karna padata thaa, chaahe vaha alpakaalik saadhan kitane bhee avyavasthit kyon naa houn. vishva sankat" key ack anya ansh mein unhone likhaa kii cambry mein badey paimaane parr tank hamalon kaa upayog "bahadur purushon key stanon" key saath dushman kii machine-gunn kii aag koo rokane key vikalp key roop mein kiya jaa sakata thaa. iss drishtikon koo abb avaastavik maanaa jaataa haye.
churchill ney teesare yapres ("ack sandigdh prayog joe vinashkari roop seey whiffle rhaa thaa") key hatahaton koo 400,000 seey adhik parr rakhaa, ferdinand foach kii "boche aind bow" (german aur mitty) koo ack saath lene kii moorkhata kii chetavani kaa hawala dete hue likhaa kii sainikon ney "britten seey joe kuchh bhee aavashyak thaa vaha leey liya. way purushatva aur british senaa kii bandookon koo lagbhag vinash key liye samaan roop seey cumm curr rahey they. unhone sabse spasht chetavaniyon aur una tarkon key saamane aisaa kiya jinka way jawab naheen dey sakey. churchill aggar robertsone key liye kuchh bhee adhik aalochanatmak thaa, tou 27 sitambar 1917 key hegg koo baad vaale key patra kaa hawala dete hue kii abb roose yuddh seey baahar hoe rhaa thaa, vaha kissy bhee tark key liye kii vaha jeet sakata thaa, aur likhane key bajaay yeapress parr aage key hamalon kii sifarish curr rhaa thaa kii robertsone ack utkrisht sainya vyaktitva thaa. ack rannitikar key roop mein unaki drishti gahari naheen thee... unake paas apane baare mein koee vichaar naheen they, lekin pakshapaat mein ack vivekpurna nirnay nakaratmak thaa. 
hegg ney apani diarry seey churchill key ark bheje aur masaudon parr tippani kii, jisamen churchill sanshodhan karane key liye taiyar thaa. unhone hegg (20 navambar 1926) koo bataaya kii vaha "hamari aakramak neeti key liye ack aashvast aur mukhar pratidvandi they. halanki hegg ney socha kii churchill key vichaar some aur teesare yeapress parr "sabse shararati" they, lekin vaha apane adesh record key liye aalochana sweekaar karane key liye taiyar they, lekin daavaa kiya kii agast aur sitambar 1918 mein unhone joe nirnay liye way navambar mein samaapt honey vaale yuddh key liye jimmedaar they.
haalaanki, churchill ney yeh bhee likhaa kii halanki agast 1918 taka key sahayogi hamale "utane hii nirashajanak they jitna kii way vinashkari they" aur maanav shakti kii kamee key kaaran pachas key purushon koo pahale hii bulaaya jaa chuka thaa, "anta mein hagg aur foach koo sahee thaharaaya gayaa thaa" aur yeh kii sou dinn "bhavishya kii peedhiyon key ashcharya koo uttejit karenge. churchill (23 navambar 1926) ney beaverbrook koo sweekaar kiya, jisane socha kii vaha hagg kii prashansa karane key liye bahut taiyar thaa kii "yuddh key baad key adhyayan ney mujhe usa samay kii tulanaa mein hagg key baare mein behtar sochane key liye prerit kiya haye. yeh bilkul nishchit haye kii koee bhee aisaa naheen thaa joe unaki jagah leey sakata thaa." 
lloyd george.
lloyd george ney apane "yuddh sansmaranon" mein cumm ghoonse maare, joe 1933-6 mein prakaashit hue jaba hegg marr chuka thaa aur lloyd george abb ack pramukh raajneetik khilaadi naheen thaa, aur joe bryan bonned likhate hain vaha "kaam thaa jisane generalon koo sabse adhik nuksan pahunchaaya". unhone unaki "sankeern, swarthi aur akalpaniya ranneeti" kii aalochana kii... bhayaanak kasai... vyarth aur pagal hamale ", joe, unhone tark diyaa, sahyogiyon koo lagbhag aapada key kinare parr leey aaya... hamaare dushmanon kii avishvasaniya moorkhata ney kaafee hudd taka bachaaya. unhone tankon key samay seey pahale upayog key liye hegg kii bhee aalochana kii, halanki unhone sweekaar kiya kii "uchch kamaan key liye behtar yogya koee vishisht adhikaari naheen thaa. adhyaay 89 mein unhone hagg kii diarry seey haal hii mein prakaashit uddharanon (spasht roop seey hagg key aadhikarik jeevanikaar duff cooper dwara "saavdhaanipoorvak sampaadit") parr tiraskar daala, aur hagg koo "bauddhik aur swabhaav seey unake kaary key liye asman" aur "dusare darr" (foach kii tulanaa mein, pee. 2014) halanki "unake peshe key liye ausat seey oopar-shayed udyog mein buddhimatta seey adhik. unhone iss tarah kii apaar sthiti koo bharane kii apani kshamata key prati apane swayam key avishvaas key liye paschimi morche kii spasht samajh kii kamee (unaki tulanaa "cracy mein bohemia key andhe raajaa" seey kii) koo jimmedaar thaharaaya, anya morchon kii jarooraton koo tou chhodiye, aur unaki asamarthata, vinamra "sajjanon" seey ghire rahane kii unaki prathamikta koo dekhate hue, achche salaahkaaron kaa chayan karane key liye. unhone ack mahaan commander key vyaktigat chumbakatva kii kamee key liye hegg kii aalochana kii, apane poorvavarti surr johnn french key khilaf unaki sajishon key liye, march 1918 kii haar key liye hubert guff koo bully dene kii unaki ichcha key liye (halanki unhone vaastav mein unakaa bachaav kiya thaa, aur vikalp shayed hegg kii apani barkhastagi hogi), aur baad mein sahayogi general key roop mein foach kii niyukti koo sweekaar karane key unake daavon key liye, ack kadam jisake liye lloyd george ney vaastav mein hegg kaa virodh kiya thaa. ack anya avsar parr kahaa jaataa haye kii unhone hegg koo "shandar-apane boots key sheersh taka" key roop mein varnit kiya haye. lloyd george key jeevanikaar johnn grigg (2002) ney apane charitra koo ack doshi vivek key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya kii unhone passchandel key aakramak honey koo rokane key liye hastakshep naheen kiya thaa. johnn terren ney "shrill venam" mein kuchh "chetna koo uttejit karane vaalaa" bhee paaya, jisake saath lloyd george ney "khud koo mukt karane" kii maang kii, jaba unhone raajnetaon aur sainikon key beach vishvaas koo nivel mamle dwara nasht curr diyaa thaa (jisase roberson key liye pradhaan mantri key saath teesare yeapress key aakramak honey key baare mein apani chintaon koo uthaana asambhav hoe gayaa thaa), aur sansmaranon koo "callis mein unake vyavhaar key roop mein ack dastaavez key roop mein ack kharaab" kahaa.
hegg key ack mahatvapurna aadhunik jeevanikaar likhate hain kii lloyd george key "atyadhik safal lekin nirashajanak roop seey galat" yuddh sansmaranon ney "gadhon key netritva vaale sheron" school koo "oorjaa, sammaan aur adhikaar" diyaa. unakaa "saral aur aashvast karane vaalaa" sandesh (kii hegg ack sadharan samanya thaa, lekin phir bhee chatur raajnetaon koo gumrah karane key liye kissy tarah chatur thaa) yuddh key liye "samajik jimmedaari" key gahare prashnon kaa aaklan karane seey bachata haye aur "aramdayak kalpana mein sharan letaa haye kii aggar kewal ack pratibhashali upalabdh hotaa tou cheejen itani alag hoteen.
lidel haart.
bee.aich. pratham vishva yuddh key dauran ghayal hue ack sainya itihaaskaar lidel haart prashansak seey laker sandehwadi seey laker nirantar aalochak taka chaley gaye. unhone apani diarry mein likhaah "(hegg) sarvocch ahankar aur kathorta kii kamee kaa ack vyakti thaa-jisane apani mahatvakanksha key beach saikadon hajaaron purushon kaa balidan diyaa. ack aisaa vyakti jisane apane sabse samarpit sahayakon key saath-saath usa sarkaar koo bhee dhokha diyaa jisaki usane seva kii thee. ack aisaa vyakti jisane ack tarah kii chaal seey apana lakshya praapt kiya joe kewal anaitik naheen balki aaparaadhik thaa."
lidel haart ack "purvi" they aur unhone "apratyaksh drishtikon" aur anya morchon ("yuddh kaa british tarika") parr adhik jore dene key liye tark diyaa, isaliye vidwan-yoddha tii key baare mein unakaa adhyayan.ee. kaanoon, aur nakabandi parr adhik jore dene key liye. dashakon key lekhan mein unhone "ack vishalkay kii tarah (british sainya itihas)", vishal abhilekhagar rakhe aur aksar nae lekhakon kaa samarthan karane key liye taiyar they. unhone lloyd george koo apane "yuddh sansmaranon" parr salah dee, lekin vivaad kaa swaagat kiya aur apane jeevan key anta taka hegg yaa sou dinon key nishpaksh mulyankan likhane mein saksham they. vaha some aur tankon mein ruchi rakhate they, lekin topkhaane, rasad aur karmchaariyon key kaam mein cumm ruchi rakhate they, joe usa samay british ranneeti parr haavi they aur jinaki adhik aadhunik itihaskaron dwara phir seey jaanch kii gaee haye.
haart ney 1916 mein some mein apani safalata kii yojanaon key yathaarthvaad kii kamee key liye hegg kii aalochana kii-uttar mein arras key roop mein saamane kii or badhane kii ummeed karate hue, aur sitambar 1916 mein tankon key samay seey pahale upayog key liye cambry key roop mein door poorv kii or badhane kii ummeed karate hue, maanaa jaataa haye kii lloyd george (yuddh mantri) aur advin montegu (yuddh-yuddh key mantri) key virodh parr, 1917 mein yapres ("sainya viphalata kaa paryaay") parr hamla karane key liye, "durjeya tathyon" key saamane kii assie varshon key mausam key aankadon seey pataa chalaa kii sharad ritu geeli hogi (yeh drishya aajkal sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa haye) aur yeh kii golabari vaise bhee jall nikasi pranali koo nasht curr degi, aur cambry mein shoshan karane key liye bhandar kii kamee key liye. unhone hegg parr ranneetik bambari shuru karane key prayaas koo avaruddh karke yuddh koo lamba karane kaa bhee aarop lagaaya. 
lidel haart key tark aaj-cull aam taur parr itihaskaron dwara samarthit naheen hain. bryan bonned key drishtikon mein churchill aur lidel haart kii tankon key baare mein daleelen "cumm seey cumm, sandigdh" hain. jey. aff. see. fuller, highg kaa koee prashansak naheen, ney lidel haart key masaude parr tippani kii kii "15 sitambar 1916 koo tankon kaa upayog koee galati naheen thee... koee bhee shaanti pareekshan yuddh pareekshan key barabar naheen hoe sakata haye. halanki passchandel key aalochak (unhone leone wolf kii prastaavana likhi thee. fuller ney hegg key baare mein bhee likhaa "yeh unake shreya parr khadaa honah chaahiye... koee bhee vyakti iss baat seey incar naheen curr sakata kii yuddh key antim sou dinon key dauran unhone ack dastaane key roop mein ack haath seey fitt kiye gaye karyakramon koo fitt kiya "(landan nicolson aind watson 1931 1931.
haart ney daavaa kiya kii hegg dusare boer yuddh mein ack collum commander key roop mein atyadhik satark rhaa thaa, aur ack commander kii tulanaa mein staff adhikaari key roop mein behtar anukool hotaa, halanki paschimi morche kii sthir sthitiyon ney ack commander kii bhoomika koo "super staff officer" mein badal diyaa.
yuddhon key beach kii raay.
kuchh aalochanaon key bavjood, hegg kii mrityu key samay, 1916-17 kii ladaai koo vyaapak roop seey "nishfal aapadaon" key bajaay "mahangi jeet" maanaa jaataa thaa, ack aisaa drishtikon joe aajkal sainya itihaskaron ney kuchh hudd taka vaapas curr diyaa haye. 1920 key dashak key anta mein shuru hue "mohbhang" yuddh saahitya kii baadh aur lagbhag shantivad kii or janmat key jhoolane koo dekhane key liye hegg jeevit naheen thaa. inmein seey kuchh thode kaalpanik they, ee.jee. paschimi morche parr sub shaant" (1929)-1917 key madhya mein, remark kii apani sainya seva sankshipt thee, jabaki kabron ney sweekaar kiya kii unhone una sabhi koo alvida kahane key liye ghatnaaon koo milaa diyaa thaa aur masaledar banaa diyaa thaa.
yeh kalpana karna shayed galat haye kii sainikon kaa "sachcha" drishtikon thaa aur janata kaa prachaar parr adharit ack jhoothaa drishtikon thaa, aur naa hii censorship vishesh roop seey majboot thee-samachar patron koo janata kii raay key liye appeal karni thee. sansadiya bharti samiti key paas vaarshik vaanijyik poster vigyaapan bajat kaa kewal 1 pratishat thaa. 1997 key shaahi yuddh sangrahalaya kii sameeksha mein nick hilly kaa tark haye kii "aapke desh koo aapaki aavashyakta haye" yaa "daddy, aapane mahaan yuddh mein kyaa kiya?" jaise prasiddh bharti posters mein aadhikarik bhagidari kaa koee saboot naheen haye.".
usa samay key lekhakon koo yuddh-virodhi key roop mein dekhana bhee ack atee saralikaran haye. sasoon (jaise wilfred owen, ack susajjit ladaakoo diggaj) ney munafakhoron, shirkaron, maulaviyon, yuddh samarthak mahilaaon parr apana pitt kendrit kiya, aur pahachaana kii vaha blighty mein apani aswasth jeevan shally seey prabhaavit thaa, halanki bertrand russell aur aich dwara raaji kiya gayaa thaa.jee. kuein joe yuddh vijay aur aakraamakta kaa ack bunn gayaa thaa. kabrein (jinhone sitambar 1939 mein phir seey soochibaddh karane kii koshish kii) aur aar.see.sheriff (lekin unake shantivadi nirmaata mauris braun naheen) koo "yuddh-virodhi" key roop mein vargeekrit kiye jaane parr apatti thee 
yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii 1930 key dashak key lekhakon kaa prabhaav 1960 key dashak mein unake apane samay kii tulanaa mein adhik thaa. wilfred owen 1930 mein bahut cumm gyaat they, jabaki rupert brook taba abb kii tulanaa mein adhik lokpriya thaa. "yuddh-virodhi" lekhan yuddh lekhan kaa ack alpamat thaa, aur kaee bauddhik lekhak yuddh mein apani bhoomika key baare mein dwidhamansh mein they, jaise.jee. way iss baat seey pareshan they kii unhone iska kitna anand liya thaa. yuddh key beach kii filmon mein yuddh koo deshbhakti key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. sahsambandh barnet ney tark diyaa kii 1930 key dashak key yuddh-virodhi saahitya ney tushtikaran koo badhaava dene mein madad kii, halanki bryan bonned ise poori tarah seey sweekaar naheen kartaa haye.
duff cooper aur hegg key anya rakshak.
duff cooper, joe apane liye ack saahityik naam banaane key liye utsuk they, march 1933 mein hegg key nishpaadakon dwara unaki aadhikarik jeevani likhane key liye sampark kiya gayaa thaa, jaba kaee sainya aur saahityik hastiyon mein girawat aaee thee. unhone hegg key kaagjaaton taka poori pahunch parr jore diyaa aur hegg (abhee taka aprakaashit) diarry parr bahut adhik bharosa kiya.
hegg kii vidhwa, abhee bhee aspasht karanon seey, pareshan thee aur usane apani khud kii jeevani likhi thee. cooper key prakaashak faber aur faber ney kanuni kaarravaai key saath apane prakaashan mein deree kii jaba taka kii duff cooper ney 1935 aur 1936 mein apane dou khand prakaashit naheen kiye they. lady hegg kii aprakaashit pandulipi hegg pepper mein haye. baad mein unhone ack vyaktigat sansmaran "dha maine aaee noo" likhaa aur johnn chartris kii 1928 kii jeevani kii bhee aalochana kii.
stephen heathorn ney cooper kii jeevani koo "[hegg kii] prashansa karane vaali jeevani key apoji" key roop mein varnit kiya haye, joe devar aind boraston (1922), george arther (1928) aur johnn chartris (1929) dwara pichhale karyon kii parampara kaa anusaran kartaa haye. unhone hegg key majboot aur seedhe charitra parr jore diyaa, jaise kii vaha ack victorian naayak key baare mein likh rahey they. unhone likhaa kii "usa uchch aur sammaanit vyakti mein tuchchh dwesh yaa tuchchh pratishodh key vichaaron key liye koee jagah naheen thee" (khand 2 pee 98) aur yeh kii "naitik qada mein hagg ack vishal thaa" (pp 440-1). david lloyd george key sansmaran cooper key lekhan key roop mein dikhaai dey rahey they aur unaki kuchh pustak unake tarkon koo sambodhit karane key liye samarpit thee. cooper ney tark diyaa kii soam parr hagg key aakraman ney vardan mein francisi koo bachaa liya, kii hagg ney anglo-french sambandhon mein sudhaar kiya aur unhone soam aur thurd yapres mein germans koo pareshan karke unhein haraaya. pustak koo kaee udaar sameekshaaen mileen aur 1963 mein johnn terren key "shikshit sanic" taka hagg kii pramukh jeevani bunny rahee. harrold temperly ney likhaa kii "mook vyakti ney anta mein baat kii haye" yeh sweekaar karate hue kii pustak mukhya roop seey hagg key shabd they. see. aar. aim. aff. crutwell ney socha kii yeh saabit hoe gayaa kii hagg koee sazishkarta naheen thaa. pandrah saal baad cooper ney hegg key "niji samachar patron" (1952) key sampaadak robbert blake koo sweekaar kiya kii vaha 1930 key dashak kii rajneeti seey prabhaavit they aur germany key roop mein anglo-french raprochement koo suvidhajanak banaane kii ichcha thee.
hagg key baare mein itihaskaron kaa drishtikon unake niji patron 1952 key prakaashan seey naatakiya roop seey badal jaayega (jisamen unaki raajneetik sajishon aur vibhinn british adhikaariyon aur raajnetaon aur samanya roop seey francisi key baare mein unake niji anuchit drishtikon kaa khulasa huaa). cooper kii jeevani key aadhunik vichaar cumm anukool hainh 1988 mein "aadhunik itihas kii patrika" mein likhate hue george agerton ney lekhak key beach ack sangharsh kaa pataa lagaaya, jisane usa hudd taka chhipaaya kii harr kissy kii tarah hegg ghatnaaon seey bauna thaa aur itihaaskaar joe bahut imandar thaa kii usane una parr haavi honey kaa naatak kiya.
hegg key senapati kaa bhee ee dwara bachaav kiya gayaa thaa.key.jee. sixsmith aur james marshel-cornwall. hegg key sabse majboot rakshakon mein seey ack johnn terren they, jinhone 1963 mein hegg ("shikshit sanic") kii jeevani prakaashit kii, jisamen hegg koo marlboro key duke yaa wellington key duke key kshamata key "mahaan kaptan" key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. terren ney, hagg key "antim preshan" seey apana sanket lete hue, yeh bhee tark diyaa kii senaaon kii sthiti koo dekhate hue hagg ney ekmatra sambhaavit ranneeti kaa anusaran kiyaah joe kii german senaa koo kamjor curr rahee thee aur 1918 key "takhtapalat dee grais" koo vitarit curr rahee thee. gairi schafield ney kahaa kii halanki hagg key baare mein terren key tarkon parr chaalees varshon seey adhik hamla kiya gayaa haye, lekin terren key thesis "koo abhee taka dhwast naheen kiya gayaa haye.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad aalochana.
bryan bonned kaa tark haye kii pratham vishva yuddh kii lokpriya dhaaranaon koo kaafee hudd taka 1960 key dashak mein paramanu yuddh key darr, rashtriya seva key anta, ack mahaan shakti key roop mein britten key patan aur viyatnam mein hamari haar key beach aakar diyaa gayaa thaa. diggajon kii umr badh gaee (unamen seey kaee ney tv shrinkhala "dha grate warr" (1964) mein sakshatkar liya, joe halanki terren dwara likhit thee, yuddh-virodhi bhavna koo badhaava detee thee joe unakaa irada naheen thaa). yuddhaviram kaa dinn badnam hoe gayaa. casser kii germany, halanki sainyavaadi thee, spasht roop seey hitler kii tulanaa mein cumm buri thee, lekin kewal mahaan british keemat parr jaanchi gaee thee, jabaki hitler koo cumm british keemat parr kuchla gayaa thaa.
aeye.jey.pee. teller kaa "pratham vishva yuddh" "sambhavatah angreji mein yuddh parr sabse vyaapak roop seey padhaa jaane vaalaa aitihaasik kaary thaa. unhein lidel haart ney madad kii, lekin ack "paschimi" bunn curr unhein pareshan kiya. unhone tark diyaa kii yuddh ack murkhtapurna durghatana thee aur teesare dinn key anta taka hegg koo chhodkar sabhi key liye viphalata spasht thee... teesara yeapress ack andhe yuddh kaa sabse andhaa vadh thaa. kuchh flanders mitty kii chhad bhee lloyd george george key liye haye "halanki unhone jore dekar kahaa kii yuddh ney parinam hassil kiye (belgium koo mukt karna), aur tark diyaa kii kharaab netritva" angrejon yaa sainikon taka seemit naheen thaa... yuddh sainikon aur raajnetaon kii kshamata seey parey thaa thaa.
halanki hegg key jivankal key dauran aur usake baad kaee varshon taka, thurd yapres koo unaki pratishtha parr mukhya dhabba maanaa jaataa thaa, martin middlebrook ney apane 1971 key adhyayan key saath some mein saarvajanik ruchi koo phir seey jagaaya.
aadhunik itihaaskaar.
mahaan yuddh aur aadhunik smriti" mein ack saahityik itihaaskaar paul fussel likhate hain kii "halanki koee bhee loga highg parr bahut kathor naheen honah chaahata haye... joe pahale seey hii achchi tarah seey poorv chhaatr hoe chuke hain... yeh kahaa jaanaa chaahiye kii abb aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii yuddh ack cheej kaa pareekshan curr rhaa thaa joe ack aisee sthiti mein gambhir scotish charitra kii upayogita thee joe buddhi aur aavishkaar key sainya samkaksh kii maang curr rahee thee. hegg key paas koee naheen thaa. vaha jiddi, aatm-dharmi, lacheele, asahishnu they-vishesh roop seey francisi-aur kaafee hasyaheen they... vaastav mein, hegg key pradarshan kii ack shaktishali viraasat sabhi nagrik aur sainya netaaon kii aparivartaniya doshashilata kii kalpanashil aur buddhiman aaj key logon key beach vishvaas haye. kahaa jaa sakata haye kii hegg ney pratimaan sthaapit kiya haye."
yeh sweekaar karate hue kii sabhi sabhi generals "bahut kathin" they aur yeh kii hegg surr johnn french kii tulanaa mein adhik saksham thaa, aur vaha "natakkaron, film nirdeshakon aur television vrittachitra nirmaataon key liye ack chaachi bunn gayaa thaa joe iss drishtikon key liye pratibaddh thaa kii pratham vishva yuddh ney british varg kii sanrachana key utpeedan koo ujagar kiya", johnn keegan ney likhaa kii unaki "saarvajanik tareeke seey aur niji diarry mein maanav peedaa key liye koee chinta naheen thee yaa spasht naheen haye... (unake paas) kuchh bhee samanya sparsh naheen thaa, halanki iska adhikansh kaaran haye kii hagg kii peedhi key generalon key "roop, drishtikon, bolly jaane vaali ghoshanaaen, likhit viraasat" aadhunik drishtikon koo aakarshit naheen karate hain. keegan ney lloyd george key iss anuchit majaak koo khariz curr diyaa kii varishth generalon kii lines key peechhe achchi tarah seey rahane kii pravritti "aadhunik yuddh kii vivadaspad naveentaon" mein seey ack theeh vaastav mein 56 british generalon koo WW1 mein maar diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki WW2 mein 22 key vipareet (sweekaar kiya jaataa haye kii yeye jyaadaatar varishth generalon key bajaay brigade aur division commander they, aur WW2 mein brigadier abb generalon key roop mein naheen giney jaate they). sanchaar kii sthiti (radio kii kamee, phone lines koo saamane kii lines mein banaae rakhna bahut mushkil) ney varishth generalon key liye peechhe kii or rehna adhik vyaavhaarik banaa diyaa jahaan way aisee telephone jaankaari kii vyakhya curr sakate they joe unake paas thee.
australiyai itihaaskaar less carlian kaa tark haye kii jabaki hagg paidal senaa key hamalon kaa samarthan karane key liye paryaapt matra mein topkhaane key sahee upayog key anukool honey mein dheema thaa aur aam taur parr sandeh thaa kii iss tarah key siddhant key vigyaan kaa sainya siddhant mein bahut sthaan thaa, vaha poori tarah seey utkrisht core aur feeled commanders jaise kii herbert plummer, arther curry aur johnn monash kaa samarthan kartaa thaa, joe vishesh roop seey yuddh mein baad mein inn avadhaaranaon koo sabse achchi tarah seey samajhate aur unakaa abhyaas karate prateet hotey hain. carlian yeh bhee bataate hain kii iaan hamilton, elmer hunter-weston aur hubert guff jaise adhik sandigdh commanders key samarthan key liye jawab dene key liye ack mamla haye.
poorv aur willson anuman lagaate hain kii kyaa hegg ack german general thaa "usane ack mahaan yuddh koo bhadkane aur bhavya uddeshyon aur laparwah tarikon seey ise chalaane mein bhoomika nibhai hogi", lekin tark dete hain kii britten mein mukhya nirnay joe yuddh kii prakriti kaa faisala karate they-yuddh mein jaanaa, ack saamoohik senaa kaa nirmaan karna, anivarya bharti shuru karna, anya morchon parr abhiyaan aur morchon key beach prayaas, raajnetaon dwara liye gaye they. soam (2005), thurd yeapress (1996) (aur gallipoli (2010), ack abhiyaan jisamen hagg shamil naheen thaa) parr unaki pustakon key dauran way raajnetaon kii aalochana karate hain kii way aakramak honey key liye sahmat hain aur unaki nigrani karane mein whiffle rahate hain, halanki way safalata parr atyadhik aur avaastavik jore dene key liye bhee hagg kii aalochana karate hain. poorv aur willson kaa tark haye kii iss baat kaa koee saboot naheen haye kii hegg ney kabhi bhee lloyd george key khilaf sajish rachee, bhale hii nivel mamle key dauran ukasaave key bavjood, aur vaastav mein kii unhone morris mamle key dauran aisaa karane seey incar curr diyaa thaa.
robbin neelands ney daavaa kiya kii jiss nafrat mein unaki mrityu key baad paida hue logon dwara hagg koo dhaaran kiya gayaa thaa-unake apane jivankal mein unaki lokpriyata kii tulanaa mein-ack nichale scott key roop mein unaki visheshtaon koo darshaata haye-kathor aur dridh, lekin kathor aur apramaanik. mithak key vipareet, vaha kathor naheen thaa, navachar kii maang kartaa thaa aur "(gha) ack nishpaksh nirnay key yogya" thaa joe usey bhaavi peedhi ney diyaa thaa.
highg aur naee takneeken.
hagg key alochakon, jaise kii alaan clark aur gerard dee grot ney tark diyaa kii hagg topkhaane yaa sahayak hathiyaron key mahatvapurna vigyaan kii sarahana karane mein whiffle rhaa, aur vaha "akalpaniya" thaa, halanki dee grot ney kahaa kii usey baad key yug key manakon dwara nyaay karane key liye durbhagya milaa haye, jisamen britten aur usake samrajya key kaaran koo abb iss tarah key raktapaat key yogya naheen maanaa jaataa haye.
highg koo lidel haart dwara machine gunn parr ack pratikriyaavaadi key roop mein brand kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone becker-kaar key daave koo dohraya kii hagg ney machine gunn koo "bahut adhik atee-mulyankan kiya gayaa hathiyar" kahaa thaa-vaastav mein hagg 1898 key sudan abhiyaan key roop mein machine gunn key liye ack utsaahi thaa, juuna 1915 mein adhik machine gunn key liye yuddhapot mantralaya kii pairavi kii thee aur march 1916 mein ack senaa commander sammelan mein levis gunn (halki machine gunn) key mahatva parr jore diyaa thaa (terren, dhuaan aur aag 140-1). 1918 kii garmiyon taka paidal senaa kii bataliyanon key paas 30 luis bandooken theen, joe 1916 mein 4 theen.
1925 mein ack prasiddh hagg bhaashan, jisamen hagg ney kahaa thaa kii senaayen abhee bhee "achchi nasl key ghode" key liye ack upayog dhundhengi, 1959 mein lidel haart dwara sandarbh seey baahar uddhrit kiya gayaa thaa, aur kaee anya lekhakon dwara taba seey, hagg koo ack bevakoof banaane key liye, lekin vaastav mein shaahi pashu chikitsa mahavidyalaya key liye ack bhaashan thaa, jisamen sudhaar kii prashansa kii gaee thee, jisase ghode kii mrityu darr mein bahut sudhaar huaa thaa. 1920 key dashak mein hegg dwara likhe gaye patron seey pataa chalata haye kii, usa samay key adhikansh tippanikaron kii tarah, unhone socha kii bhavishya kaa yuddh mahaan yuddh kii tarah naheen hoga, lekin britten koo anya theatres mein ladanaa parh sakata haye (unhone sujhaav diyaa kii afghanistan) jahaan ghudsavaar senaa kii aavashyakta hogi kyonki way purvi morche parr they, aur way spasht they kii bhavishya mein "ghudsavaar senaa" koo machine gunn, bakhtarband kaaron aur tank-rodhi bandookon seey lais honah chaahiye.
jey.aff.see. fuller ney likhaa kii 2 farwari 1918 koo ack tank pradarshan dekh rahey hagg aur varishth generalon ney "nae isai yug key pravesh koo dekhane key liye ekatra hue anyajaati key devtaon" kii tarah they aur way nihit swaarthon kaa pratinidhitva karate they jinhone navachar koo avaruddh karane kii koshish kii. yeh asatya haye-vaastav mein usa dinn key liye hegg kii diarry seey pataa chalata haye kii vaha pradarshan aur tank praudyogiki mein sudhaar seey prabhaavit huaa thaa-lekin schafield kaa tark haye kii fuller kaa daavaa kii vaha 1919 mein nae madhyam dee tank key badey paimaane parr upayog key saath yuddh jeet sakata thaa, poori tarah seey avaastavik thaa.
aajkal yeh tark diyaa jaataa haye kii hagg, yadi kuchh bhee hoe, tou naee takneek parr atyadhik utsuk thaa-gais mein gais, flers-sourcelet mein tank, yahaan taka kii ack mrityu kiran jiska ack charlaton ney aavishkaar karane kaa daavaa kiya thaa-aur navachar koo "shaktishali sansthaagat samarthan" pradaan kiya. pahala vimaan 1903 mein uda gayaa, lekin 1909 kii shuruat mein heag apani kshamata parr tippani curr rhaa thaa, aur trenchard, raaf netaa, hamesha hagg kii prashansa karate they.
sainya itihaaskaar bryan bonned kaa tark haye kii, halanki hegg vyaktigat roop seey praudyogiki key visheshagya naheen they, unhone isake upayog koo protsaahit kiya. bonned inn daavon kaa bhee khandan kartaa haye kii hegg ack paramparaavaadi thaa aur kewal ghudsavaar ranneeti parr kendrit thaa. bonned bataata haye kii sitambar 1916 taka ghudsavaar senaa ney british senaa key teen pratishat seey bhee cumm kaa pratinidhitva kiya, jabaki 1918 taka british senaa duniya kii sabse machinikrit senaa thee, jise duniya kii sabse badee vayu senaa dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa. british tank core duniya kaa pahala aisaa bull thaa aur yuddh key dauran lagbhag 22,000 purushon ney isamen seva kii. shaahi topkhaane mein 520 pratishat kii vriddhi hui aur sanyukt hathiyaron kii ranneeti koo lagu karane vaale engineeron mein 2,212 pratishat kii vriddhi hui. bandhan kaa tark haye kii yeh shayed hii kalpana kii kamee koo darshaata haye. phir bhee kuchh itihaaskaar, vishesh roop seey johnn keegan, british senaa koo kissy bhee prakaar kii 'seekhane kii avastha' koo sweekaar karane seey incar karate hain; iss udaaharan key bavjood, borne bataate hain kii "sainya parivartan kii prakriti key baare mein vidvaanon key beach bahut cumm asahamati haye. lokpriya "media raay" yeh samajhane mein whiffle rahee haye kii hegg key tahat, british senaa ney 1918 mein yuddh kii ack bahut hii aadhunik shally apnai, joe 1914,1916 yaa 1917 seey bhee bahut alag thee.
sansthaagat shiksha.
seekhane kii gati parr koee aam sahamati naheen haye. kanadai itihaaskaar tima traverse iss sambandh mein ack prabhaavshaali aalochak baney hue hain. unake vichaar mein, koee bhee 'khalnayak' naheen haye, balki yuddh seey pahale kii niyamit senaa haye. paar karane vaale praarambhik abhiyaanon key prabandhan koo yuddh-poorv adhikaari dall key lokachar parr dosh dete hain. traverse kaa tark haye kii yeh visheshaadhikaar parr adharit thaa, ack padanukram key saath joe aatm-sanrakshan aur vyaktigat pratishtha banaae rakhane parr adharit thaa. isake parinamswarup senaa jaldi seey anukool honey key liye kharaab sthiti mein thee. una daavon koo paar karate hue kii pahal koo hatotsaahit kiya gayaa thaa, jisase seekhane kii avastha mein pragati dheemi hoe gaee. shuru mein maanav samarthak aur praudyogiki virodhi honey key roop mein senaa key lokachar koo ingit kartaa haye. paidal senaa kii aakramak bhavna, sanic kii gunavatta, rapid rifle fayer aur sanic key yuddh key maidan kaa sabse mahatvapurna pahalu honey kaa vichaar prabal thaa. roose-japani yuddh key sabak aur topkhaane kii shakti koo nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa, jisase yuddh key pahale aadhe mein saamarik galatiyan mahangi saabit huin. hagg dwara apnai gaee ranneeti (dushman key kshetra mein gahari ladaai) gatishilata aur topkhaane kii seema seey parey thee, jisane parichaalan viphaltaon aur bhaari nuksan mein yogdan diyaa. traverse ney yuddh koo poori tarah seey sangathit aur kuchh aisaa joe poori tarah seey yojnabaddh kiya jaa sakata haye, aur yuddh key kohre aur yuddh mein bhram kii avadharana kii andekhi karane key liye (traverse kii raay mein) hegg aur dushman commanders kii bhee aalochana kii. traverse kaa tark haye kii yuddh kii arajakta mein oopar-neeche kii kamaan asambhav hoe gaee aur kamaan key nichale star parr bharosa kiya gayaa. yuddh key shuruati varshon mein iss star parr dhyaan kii kamee key kaaran, ack kamaand vacuum banaaya gayaa thaa jisamen jee. aich. kyu. ack darshak bunn gayaa thaa.
kuchh itihaaskaar, jaise borne aur bonned, ise bahut kathor maanate hain. hegg yuddh-poorv senaa key nichale adhikaari dall seey sambandhit they, phir bhee unhone adverdian yug key batalian, brigade, division aur core commanders key saath senaa samooh aur pratham vishva yuddh key commander-inn-cheef taka pragati kii. parichaalan vidhiyon, praudyogiki aur saamarik siddhant mein pragati koo inn adhikaariyon dwara lagu kiya gayaa thaa. borne aur bonned kaa tark haye kii 1918 key commanders koo kaal-paar dwara chitrit hathdharmita, gair-peshevar, aprabhaavit sanstha key saath sulah karna mushkil haye. unakaa tark haye kii way varsh 1918 koo dhyaan mein naheen rakhate hain, jaba adhikaari dall paidal senaa, topkhaane, kavach aur vimaan koo yuddh-vijeta parichaalan vidhi mein ekikrit karane mein safal rhaa, ack aisee prakriya joe 1916 mein shuru hui thee aur joe asambhav hoti aggar yeye adverdian adhikaari parichaalan paddhati aur takniki shabdon mein parivartan key liye shatrutapurna hotey.
hegg ney ack sammelan (7 navambar 1915) mein kahaa kii "vibhajan hamari vaastavik yuddh ikai haye" aur vaha iss star kii kamaan parr prashikshan niyantrit karna chaahte they. willson ney ack saal baad, core schools seey laker divisions taka prashikshan kii ichcha key liye "murkhtapurna" socha. janwari 1917 taka jee. aich. kyu. mein koee samarpit prashikshan khand naheen honah thaa, aur julaai 1918 taka koee kendriya bee. aff. prashikshan nideshalaya naheen thaa. 1918 kii garmiyon taka hegg vishesh roop seey khule yuddh key liye purushon koo prashikshit karane key liye utsuk thaa, ise "ack pulton commander kaa yuddh" kahaa. unhone core koo prashikshan kii jimmedaari saunpi, jabaki senaa key commander yeh sunishchit karane key liye jimmedaar they kii core prashikshan koo puuraa karey.
hegg ney sansthaagat seekhane kii prakriya mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, 1915 mein ghudsavaar senaa key saath jaane key liye bason mein paidal senaa kaa upayog karane kaa sujhaav diyaa, yaa bahut door taka ack toofaan bairaj kaa prayaas kiya, halanki topkhaane kaa vajan abhee taka upalabdh naheen thaa. unhone francisi kii door-daraaj kii sthiti seey bachane key liye niyamit senaa commanders key sammelanon kii sthaapana kii. hegg ney 1916 key anta mein topkhaane key punargathan mein mejar-general "curley" berch kaa samarthan kiya, aur 1916-17 kii sardiyon mein railway key ayojan mein erich gades key saath-saath machine gunn, tank aur vimaan key unake praayojak kaa bhee samarthan kiya. 1918 key madhya taka british senaa key paas buss itna vyaapak hamla karane key liye topkhaane naheen they jitna kii hagg pasand kartaa thaa, yaa kshetron key beach hamalon koo badalane key liye rasad buniyaadi dhancha-1916 mein flanders mein hamla karane kii unaki yojana poori tarah seey avaastavik thee (halanki lidel haart ney bhee hagg kii aalochana kii kii vaha some parr hamla naheen curr rhaa thaa aur uttar mein 60 meal kii doori parr mesiyon parr hamla curr rhaa thaa, isake bajaay, isane ack aakramak key liye laakhon gole jamaa karane kii aavashyakta koo nazarandaj curr diyaa-55 meal naee railway track koo some key liye rakhaa gayaa thaa, kewal 10 meal aprayukt track chhod diyaa thaa).
senapati kii aalochana.
schafield kaa tark haye kii aajkal itihaaskaar iss baat seey sahmat hain kii hegg ack saksham prashaasak they jinhone bf key vikas kii adhyakshata kii thee, lekin unake kamaan record key baare mein raay vibhajit haye.
schafield kaa tark haye kii hegg aksar bahut ashawadi thaa. chartris bhee ashawadi thaa-apane boss koo vaha bataane key liye dosh denaa bahut saral haye joe vaha sunana chaahata thaa-aur hagg key pradarshan mein sudhaar huaa jaba cox aur laurence ney chartris aur kigel koo badal diyaa. kabhi-kabhi ashawad key achche kaaran bhee they, ee.jee. 1915 mein jaba safalata kii sambhavana lugg rahee thee jaise hii maanyata praapt samasyaaen thheek hoe gaeen-sivaay isake kii germans ney bhee seekha-yaa broadside mein plummer kii jeet key baad teesare yapres koo jaari rakhane kaa nirnay. schafield likhate hain kii hegg key pahale dinn key liye "vyaktigat roop seey jimmedaari kaa ack badaa hissa wahan kartaa haye" (lekin taar-kaatane kaa sateek aaklan karane mein whiffle rahane key liye "samagr roop seey pranali" aur "vidhvansak (hegg ') key parichaalan design" key liye rollinson koo kuchh dosh bhee detaa haye) aur teesare yeapress mein thheek seey cuff kii nigrani karane mein whiffle rahane key liye. schafield kaa yeh bhee tark haye kii ack safal commander koo americi grihyuddh key general ulysses aiss key saath tulanaa karate hue, kroor dridh sankalp aur hatahaton koo lene kii ichcha kii aavashyakta thee. anudan dein, aur donon purushon kii tulanaa anudan key poorvavarti george bee key paksh mein karein. mcclellan, jinake inn gunon kii kamee ney yakinan americi grihyuddh koo jald seey jald samaapt karane kaa ack poorv mauka fenk diyaa thaa. hegg ney yuddh key maidan mein (udaharanon kii chhoti sankhya seey vistaar) aur german gharelu morche parr german manobal key girane kii sambhavana koo lagaatar adhik aanka. schafield kaa tark haye kii hegg ney "ack ganana kii gaee jokhim" liya kii british manobal barkarar rahega aur german manobal gir jaayega, aur "antatah sahee saabit huaa". hegg ney vishesh roop seey safalata key liye yojana naheen banaai thee, aur "galat subah dwara liye jaane key liye uchit roop seey aalochana kii jaa sakati haye" lekin phir bhee aakasmiktaon key liye yojana banaana unakaa kartavya thaa. schafield kaa tark haye kii 1918 mein aasann jeet mein apane vishvaas key sakaratmak prabhaav key liye hegg koo aparyaapt shreya milaa haye, lekin pichhale varshon mein "roye hue bhediya" honey key liye yeh aanshik roop seey unaki apani galati thee.
schafield key drishtikon mein, "pakad kii kamee" thee aur senaa key commanders parr apani ichcha thopane yaa ikaaiyon key beach samanvaya lagu karane mein kamjor thaa. yeh aanshik roop seey senaa mein ack sansthaagat kamjori thee, aur yeh siddhant kii "mauke parr maujood vyakti" koo nirnay lena chaahiye. 1918 mein bee. aff. ney adhik kushalata seey kaam kiya kyonki generalon aur karmchaariyon ney apani naukari seekh lii thee. haalaanki, hegg siddh adheensthon koo protsaahit karane key liye taiyar thaa, jaise kii hathidant max, jinhen 26 sitambar 1916 koo theepaval parr kabja karane mein bahut hii swatantra haath diyaa gayaa thaa, joe francisi general paalat key shabdon mein "british senaa key prashikshuta key anta koo chihnit kartaa haye. saamarik sabak seekhane parr parche likhe gaye they, aur hegg ney 1914 mein ack brigadier key roop mein apane kharaab pradarshan kii aalochana koo maaf curr diyaa.
1920 key dashak mein hegg kaa prabhaav seemit thaa kyonki ack aur vishva yuddh kii sambhavana cumm thee. dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein "koee aur passchandales naheen" kii samanya bhavna thee. schafield kii raay mein, 1941-2 mein british registani ranneetiyon key yathaarthvaad kii kamee avaastavik vichaaron key liye bahut adhik haye joe paintarebaazi hatahaton seey butch sakati haye. montgomeri ney "vishal daraaron" kii neeti parr vaapas laut aae, lekin hagg koo iska koee shreya naheen milaa, kyonki montgomeri ney khud koo "anty-hagg" key roop mein prastut kiya (baad mein unhone likhaa kii "hagg akalpaniya thaa. shayed vaha apani roshni key anusaar saksham thaa, lekin yeye mund they... kuchh bhee some aur passchandel key hatahaton koo maaf naheen curr sakata haye ("yuddh kaa itihas 1968 1968. dusare vishva yuddh key generalon jaise montgomeri aur slim ney khud koo "logon key generalon" key roop mein prastut kiya, anaupchaarik roop seey kapade pahane, ack saathi saarvajanik vyaktitva koo apanaaya, aur sainikon koo sambodhit kiya jaise kii way raajnetaon key chunaav prachaar curr rahey houn. radio praudyogiki mein sudhaar kaa matlab thaa kii dwiteeya vishva yuddh key varishth senapati, chaukhate key bajaay agrim pankti key karib, adharit honey mein saksham they aur dekhe jaa sakate they. hegg apane samay key ack aise vyakti they, jinka kathor vyaktitva aur uchch hatahaton kii sweekriti aadhunik samvedanaon koo aakarshit naheen karati haye. schafield kaa tark haye kii hagg koo unake apane samay key anusaar aanka jaanaa chaahiye, aur vaha halden key tahat senaa mein sudhaar karane mein unake kaam key liye, yuddh vijeta bull mein bf key vikas kii adhyakshata karane key liye, aur yuddh key baad yuddh key diggajon key saath unake kaam key liye shreya kaa hakdar haye.
hataahat.
jabaki hagg kii aksar unake akramanon mein uchch hatahaton key liye aalochana kii jaati haye, kuchh itihaskaron dwara yeh tark diyaa jaataa haye kii yeh kaafee hudd taka yuddhon key aakar kaa ack kaary thaa kyonki unaki senaayen paschimi morche parr german senaa key mukhya nikaay koo shamil curr rahee theen, aur koee yathaarthvaadi vikalp maujood naheen thaa ("halanki hagg ney galatiyan keen jisase hatahaton mein vriddhi hui... hatahaton key bill koo cumm rakhane kii gunjaish seemit thee "). haalaanki dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein kull mautein pahale kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik theen, british mautein cumm theen kyonki britten dusare vishva yuddh key adhikansh samay key liye mukhya roop seey bhoomadhyasagariya kshetra mein paridhiya abhiyaanon seey lada rhaa thaa, jisamen apekshaakrit cumm british sanic shamil they, jabaki adhikansh bhoomi ladaai germany aur usr key beach hui (soviyat sangh koo lagbhag utane hii maare gaye, jinamen nagrik shamil naheen they, jaisa kii pratham vishva yuddh mein harr desh sanyukt roop seey huaa thaa). jaba 1944 mein british senaa normandy mein ack badee ladaai mein luggy thee, tou 1916 mein kull nuksan some kii tulanaa mein cumm thaa kyonki normandy kii lambai lagbhag aadhi thee aur aakar aadhe seey bhee cumm thaa, lekin prati ikai prati saptah hatahaton kii sankhya motey taur parr samaan thee. david french ney dekhaa kii normandy mein british dainik nuksan darr-ack ladaai jisamen divisions ney apani ladaakoo paidal senaa key teen chauthai taka khou diye-1917 mein teesare yeapress key samaan they, jabaki 1944-5 (prati saptah 100 purush) mein ausat batalian hataahat darr pratham vishva yuddh key samaan thee.
johnn terren ney likhaah "yeh mahatvapurna haye, jaba humm 1914-18 key nuksan parr apani bhaavanaon koo sahee dhang seey mahsoos karate hain, yeh yaad rakhna kii 1939-45 mein duniya mein nuksan shayed chaar gunaa adhik thaa... british kaary poori tarah seey alag thaa, yahee kaaran haye kii (british) jeevan kii haani itani alag theeh 1939-45 mein lagbhag 350,000 aur 1914-18 mein lagbhag 750,000 (british mautein, samrajya sahit 10 laakh)... - ... mahaan yuddh key hatahaton key aankade... hamein bataayen... gunavatta key baare mein lagbhag kuchh bhee naheen... british senapatiyon. aankade yeh bataate hain... mahaan ladaaiyon mein british nuksan aam taur parr kissy aur key nuksan key samaan thaa."usee lekh mein unhone tark diyaa kii british dhaaranaon koo 1 julaai 1916 (ack dinn mein 57,000) key bhayaanak nuksan seey rung diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin yeh bhee yaad rakhna chaahiye kii angrejon koo kabhi bhee juuna 1916 key nuksan jaisa kuchh naheen jhelaa, jaba austriya-hangerian senaa koo ack saptah mein 280,000 hataahat hue they, yaa agast 1914 mein jaba francisi senaa koo 16 dinon mein 211,000 kaa nuksan huaa thaa, yaa march aur aprail 1918 mein jaba germans ney chhah hafton (8,600 prati dinn) mein lagbhag 350,000 kaa nuksan kiya thaa, yaa 1915 mein jaba roose koo ack varsh mein 20 laakh hatahaton kaa saamana karna padaa thaa.
kull british WW1 mautein vishesh roop seey gambhir lugg rahee theen kyonki way kuchh samoohon jaise kii doston kii bataliyanon (swayamsevakon koo joe ack saath soochibaddh hue aur jinhen ack saath seva karane kii anumati dee gaee thee-aur aksar ack saath maare gaye they), yaa saarvajanik school aur vishvavidyalaya key shikshit kanishth adhikaariyon kii kathit "khoye hue peedhi" key beach gir gaye they. vaastav mein british mautein, halanki anya british yuddhon kii tulanaa mein bhaari theen, aabaadi key anupaat key roop mein france yaa germany kii kewal aadhi theen.
abhilekhon kaa kathit roop seey galat honah.
dennis winter, apani pustak "haggs kamaand" mein, hagg parr khud koo lubhaane, chatukaron aur tuchchh dimag vaale, chaalaak aur bevafa logon key saath khud koo gherne kaa aarop lagaaya. sardiyon key kaam ney shuru mein anukool sameekshaon koo aakarshit kiya aur achchi tarah seey becha lekin taba seey ise "gaharaai seey trutipurna" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye.
winter ney hegg parr apane vichaaron aur iradon key baare mein itihaskaron koo gumrah karane key liye apani diarry koo galat saabit karke apani pratishtha kii raksha karane kaa bhee aarop lagaaya. schafield aind borne bataate hain kii hagg kii diarry key sabhi teen sanskaran (hastalikhit mool, carbon coppy jisamen unhone kabhi-kabhi sanshodhan kiye they, aur lady hagg dwara type kiya gayaa sanskaran) march 1961 seey scotland key rashtriya pustakalaya mein upalabdh hain. agast 1914 kii shuruat kii yuddh parishad aur march 1918 key dollance sammelan jaisi vivadaspad baithakon parr kuchh vivaadon koo chhodkar, "hagg kii diarry kii samagr pramanikta, halanki, sandeh mein naheen haye" cumm seey cumm iss vajah seey kii isaki samagri kaa upayog unaki aalochana karane key liye kiya gayaa haye, aur kyonki tathyon koo yuddh kii purvavyaapi vyakhya key liye vikrit naheen kiya gayaa haye jaise kii 21 march 1919 key "preshan" mein nihit haye, jisamen hagg ney kaee varshon key antim jeet key baad "attrition" (21 march 1919 key antim preshan) key antim pradarshan kaa daavaa kiya thaa.
hagg key ack australiyai akaadamik aalochak robbin priyar ney pustak koo "amar" kahaa... hegg key khilaf galat pralekhit, sajish seey ghiraa huaa upman... (joe darshaata haye kii) mahaan yuddh adhyayanon ney abhee taka apani lambi kishoravastha koo naheen chhoda haye, jabaki hagg kii aalochana kaa hawala dete hue mcdonogue (yuddh karyalaya mein sainya khufiya nideshak) seey jaankaari praapt karane key liye "daagi (i.ee. roman catholic) srot "(15/10/17)-iss baat key majboot saboot key roop mein kii yeh" door seey mamla naheen thaa "kii diarry key prakaashit sanskaran koo sanitise kiya gayaa thaa. dow. johnn borne likhate hain kii (jiss nimn sammaan mein hagg koo aam janata dwara aayojit kiya gayaa thaa) "sardiyon kii kathit sajish itihas mein sabse cumm safal mein seey ack prateet hogi. unaki diarry kaa jhooth bolna bhee utanaa hii aksham lagata haye, kyonki isaki samagri lekhak kii kshamata, akhandata aur manavata key khilaf haye, cumm seey cumm sardiyon mein tou naheen."dow. johnn borne aur bonned donon bataate hain kii hegg key aalochak iss tathya koo nazarandaj karate hain kii 1918 mein yuddh jeetaa gayaa thaa-sardiyon mein iss baat seey incar kiya jaataa haye kii 1918 mein koee sainya jeet hui thee.
sardiyon ney yeh bhee daavaa kiya kii hegg aur british sarkaar ney aadhikarik itihas mein behtar prakaash mein hegg dikhaane key liye itihaaskaar, brigadier admonds key saath sajish rachee thee. inn daavon koo kaee british aur australiyai itihaskaron dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen poorv aur sahsambandh barnet shamil they. barnet kii tippaniyon kaa samarthan johnn hassi aur dow. nyu south wells vishvavidyalaya key jeffrey gray ney likhaa kii "hays key kaagjaaton mein uddhrit dastavejon kii ack jaanch, see key liye ekatra kii gaee.ee.doubleu.1920 key dashak mein landan mein bean, aur bean aur british aadhikarik itihaaskaar, surr james admonds key beach patrachar mein, naa kewal sardiyon key daavon koo saabit karane mein whiffle rahata haye, balki ack shodhkarta key roop mein (sardiyon kii) kshamata kii barnet kii aalochana koo aur majboot kartaa haye... (aaee. jee.) shamil hain... dastavejon kii galat pehchaan, dastavejon kaa galat uddharan, vibhinn dastavejon seey praapt anshon koo ack saath chalaana... aur samagri kaa galat upayog..satrah saal taka ack patra (sahit) galat (ing)... admonds key khilaf apane shadyantra key mamle kaa samarthan karane key liye."donald cameron vaat ney sardiyon koo" "binaa kissy arth key gupt aadharon seey anjaan paaya, jisake aadhar parr cabinet karyalaya, yaa isake sachiv, lord hankey ney pratham vishva yuddh key aadhikarik itihas kii ack shrinkhala shuru kii aur way shartein joe lekhakon parr badhyakari theen." 
sardiyon kaa daavaa kii admonds ney diggajon kii raay kaa prachaar naheen kiya, asatya haye-kuchh khand 1,000 yaa adhik adhikaariyon koo unaki tippaniyon key liye bheje gaye they, saath hii saath batalian star taka ikai diarry key khilaf jaanch kii jaa rahee thee; kuchh mamalon mein poore adhyaayon koo phir seey likhaa gayaa thaa (yaa teesare yeapress key mamle mein, poore khand koo 1940 key dashak mein kaee baar phir seey likhaa gayaa thaa kyonki hubert guff, joe abhee bhee jeevit they, kii dosh kii degree key baare mein tark diyaa gayaa thaa). sheetkaleen sandarbh key baahar admonds ney apane shodhkartaon koo pahale ack masauda kathaa likhane kii salah dee, phir sakshatkarkartaon koo dopahar key bhojan parr tippani karane key liye aamantrit kiyaah aur aadhikarik itihas key apane adhyayan mein, yeh bataate hue kii yeh jaanboojhkar kiya gayaa thaa taaki yaadon koo masauda kathaa dwara prerit kiya jaa sakey, aur yeh kii varishth adhikaari aggar anaupchaarik roop seey sampark kiya jaae tou spasht honey kii adhik sambhavana thee.. admonds kii hegg kii aalochana hoti thee, lekin hamesha, antarnihit yaa futnote mein dafan naheen hoti thee
sardiyon ney sandeh vyakt kiya kii hegg apane varsh key sandhurst topp seey baahar nickle gayaa thaa yaa usey ack talwar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. sardiyon key daave kaa aiss dwara khandan kiya gayaa thaa.aeye.anglim, jinhone sandhurst record seey paramarsh kiya.
patrakaarita aur lokpriya itihas.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad seey, hagg koo aamtaur parr ack aksham commander key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye, joe apane sainikon key jeevan key liye kathor upeksha kaa pradarshan kartaa haye, baar-baar dasiyon hazaaron koo passchandel jaisi ladaai key dauran kathit roop seey bekaar mauton kaa adesh detaa haye. 6 navambar 1998 koo, pratham vishva yuddh kii samaapti kii varshgaanth seey thheek pahale, "delly express" key pahale prishth ney daavaa kiya kii "unhone duss laakh logon koo unaki maut key liye prerit kiya" aur jore dekar kahaa kii way anaavashyak roop seey aur unake aadeshon key ekmatra parinam key roop mein maare gaye they, whitehall parr hagg kii moorti koo dhwast karane kaa ahwan karate hue, una logon key parivaaron key liye taksal padak key roop mein pighlaya jaanaa thaa jinhen palayan karane vaalon key roop mein nishpaadit kiya gayaa thaa.
kabhi-kabhi aalochana vyaktigat roop seey itani adhik naheen hoti haye, jitna kii british generalon kii peedhi kii, jise vaha pratinidhitva kartaa haye, johnn lafin ("pratham vishva yuddh key british kasai aur bungler") aur johnn mossier ("mahaan yuddh kaa mithak") jaise lekhakon dwara prasaarit ack drishtikon.
ellen clark kii pustak "dha dons" (1961) ney vivadaspad vakyansh 'sheron key netritva mein gadhe' koo lokpriya banaaya, jiska upayog british senapati kaa varnan karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. clark ney iss tippani kaa shreya german generalon max hoffman aur erich ludendorff koo diyaa, lekin baad mein sweekaar kiya kii unhone iss vakyansh key baare mein jhooth bolaa thaa.. "gadhon" ney iss baat parr jore diyaa kii kaise hegg ney apani diarry mein raajaa george vee koo apane ghode dwara fenke jaane key liye adhik jagah samarpit kii, bajaay isake kii unhein nuksan huaa hoe. (michael howard ney alaan clark ("gadhe") aur leone wolf ("flanders key kheton mein"-joe yuddh koo kachche vadh seey thodaa adhik key roop mein chitrit kartaa haye) key kaam mein pustak koo "manoranjak lekin itihas shrota key roop mein bekaar" key roop mein khariz curr diyaa "aitihaasik tark key niyamon koo laparwahi seey raund diyaa jaataa haye
ellen sillito koo hagg "britten kaa number ack yuddh aparaadhi" kahaa jaataa haye ("kachcha maal", landan 1972, 1972
norman dixon ("sainya akshamta kaa manovigyaan") ney tark diyaa kii yuddh vinashkari roop seey prabandhit kiya gayaa thaa, isaliye hagg aksham honah chaahiye, kii aksham commander aksar adhikrit hotey hain, aur sujhaav diyaa kii hagg kii gandi maan aur apane bachpan key asthama ("praakritik nirbharta parr buniyaadi ansuljhe sangharsh" key kaaran) koo niyantrit karane key prayaas ney unhein ack "gudaa udas" banaa diyaa thaa. dixon ney ack schooly chhaatr key roop mein bhee highg kii swachchata parr tippani kii, yeh tathya kii vaha "poori tarah seey garbhanirodhak" thaa, kii usey samay key prati usee tarah kaa junoon thaa jaise kii heinrich himler thaa, aur sujhaav diyaa kii teesara yeapress, jisamen shaktishali topkhaane kii bambari thee, jisake saath "adhik aur abhee taka adhik" mull "nikaayon key nishkasana (mahaan reaking daldal) mein... antim sanic koo sespool mein nishkaasit kiye jaane taka jiddi tanaav "prabhaavshaali anupaat kii gudaa kalpana seey abhinay curr rhaa thaa. ise "cross" aur "pichhade aur mudey hue tark" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye joe "hamein bataata haye...manovigyaan key baare mein aur adhik... highg kii tulanaa mein manohistorian kii akshamta
kuchh loga unhein unaki kamaan key tahat 20 laakh british hatahaton key liye "kasai hagg" kahate hain, halanki ack mahatvapurna jeevanikaar koo "hagg key liye vyaapak avamaanana kaa koee (samkaaleen) saboot naheen milata haye; yeh daavaa kii aam sanic saarvbhaumik roop seey unhein kasai maanate they, unaki ladaai kii nirantar ichcha key anuroop naheen haye. 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein tees seey adhik bujurg diggajon kaa sakshatkar lene vaale ack lekhak ney darj kiya kii unamen seey kaee ney unhein shaap diyaa... kasai" key roop mein. anya logon ney kahaa kii unhone apana sarvshreshth kiya. unhone yeh bhee darj kiya kii yuddh key baare mein unake vichaar ack vyaapak spectrum koo cover karate they-koee bhee shantivadi naheen thaa, lekin unamen seey kuchh gung hoe deshbhakt they. ack itihaaskaar likhate hain kii "samanya pauranik kathaa" ney mukhya asatya mein vivadaspad sansmaranon mein kahaa haye-vaastav mein way ikaaiyon mein jaate they-halanki shayed hii kabhi jaba way agrim pankti mein hotey they-prashikshan shivir aur yahaan taka kii aspatal bhee. charles armitage-ack sampark adhikaari joe unaki or seey agrim pankti kaa daura karate they-ney baad mein iss daave koo khariz curr diyaa kii hegg ack kathor vyakti thaa jise agrim pankti mein unaki seva karane vaale logon key liye koee sachchi bhavna naheen thee "key roop mein" ack dusht apshabd; bilkul vipareet sachchai haye.  (aim-see (aim-see
norman stone ney hegg koo scotish generalon mein sabse mahaan key roop mein varnit kiya haye, kyonki usane itihas mein kissy bhee morche parr sabse adhik sankhya mein angreji sainikon koo maar daala, shayed thodaa mamuli bindu kyonki scotland koo vaastav mein kissy bhee sahayogi rashtra (niyal fergusson, "yuddh kii dayaa") key uchchatam aanupaatik nuksan kaa saamana karna padaa.
naatak aur saahitya.
hagg kii bhoomika surr johnn mills ney richard attenbero kii 1969 kii film "oh!" mein nibhai thee. kitna pyaara yuddh haye, jisamen adhikansh samvaad alaan clark key "gadhon" seey liya gayaa haye. usey apani kamaan key tahat sainikon key bhaagya key prati udaseen honey key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye, uska lakshya bhaari nuksan kii keemat parr bhee germans koo neeche utaarnaa aur prabal honah haye kyonki sahyogiyon key paas antim 10,000 purush bache honge. (halanki yeh aksar kahaa jaataa haye kii hagg kaa uddeshya yuddh jeetane kaa thaa (ee.jee. arther bryantah angreji gaatha 1840-1940:1942 p293), yeh unake sainya vichaar kaa poori tarah seey sateek saransh naheen haye. ack itihaaskaar likhate hain kii yeh "kewal hegg koo hii galat tareeke seey prastut naheen kartaa haye... shuru mein praapt karane kaa irada (i.ee. dushman key pahale "kharaab" honey key baad nirnaayak yuddh key maidan mein jeet) lekin ghatana key baad (usane) kyaa hassil karane kaa daavaa kiya (i.ee. german hataahat joe mitra deshon seey adhik they-vaastav mein sahayogi hatahaton kii sankhya german seey adhik thee, joe usa samay aur aadhikarik itihas mein daavon key vipareet thee). hoe sakata haye... vaastav mein (usane) kyaa hassil kiya, lekin yeh ack alag baat haye.)
1989 bee. bee. see. comedy shrinkhala mein, "hegg, joe geophrey palmer dwara khela gayaa haye, antim episode mein ack hii upasthiti banaata haye. 1915-1917 offencives key dauran kiye gaye seemit laabhon kaa ullekh karate hue, blackaider kahate hainh "hagg apane peya cabinet koo berlin key chhah inch [r] key karib leey jaane key liye ack aur badaa prayaas karane vaalaa haye. hegg koo ack badey nakshe seey model sainikon koo dhool key paine aur brush key saath jhaadate hue aur unhein apane kandhe parr fenkate hue bhee chitrit kiya gayaa haye.
1985 kii australiyai laghu-television shrinkhala enzax mein, hagg koo abhineta noel trevarthen dwara khela gayaa thaa aur iss shrinkhala mein hagg aur pramukh australiyai patrakaar keath merdock key beach baithakon key drishya shamil they. hegg koo ack thhande aur alag aadami key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye joe 1916 mein paschimi morche parr aaney vaale australiyai aur newzealand key sainikon kii ladaai kshamataon key baare mein sandeh kartaa haye. shrinkhala mein british pradhaan mantri lloyd george koo hegg kii prabal napsand bhee dikhaai detee haye aur way 1917 mein unhein kamaan seey hataae jaane kii ichcha rakhate hain.
hegg see mein herbert karjan key charitra key liye mukhya preranaon mein seey ack thaa. aiss. vanpal kaa upanyaas "dha general", mahaan yuddh mein puraane school key british adhikaariyon kii mansikta kaa ack tej vyangya.

