
project grab bagg

paryaavaran kii nigrani key liye, project grab bagg ack air sampling prograam thaa joe paryaavaran mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. 
soviyat sangh mein jameen key oopar paramanu hathiyaron key pareekshan key samtaap mandal mein sanyukt raajya.
grab bagg karyakram kaa uddeshya ack maanav rahit uchch-oonchaai vaale gubbare seey chalane vaali pranali vikasit karna thaa joe aam taur parr oonchaai parr havaa key namoone ekatra karega aur unhein vishleshan key liye prithvi parr vaapas curr dega. vikhandan pratikriyaon key spasht marker, cryptone aur zenon key vishisht samsthaanikon kii upasthiti key liye havaa key namoonon kaa vishleshan kiya gayaa thaa. yeye alpakaalik samasthaanik vikhandan prakriya mein banaae jaate hain aur agnigolak dwara vayumandal mein uchch star parr leey jaaya jaataa haye, jahan way kuchh dinon taka rahenge. vayu namuna pranali koo samanya milon, ink mein gubbaron aur mausam vigyaan pranali samooh dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. minnepolis, minnesota mein, patale polyethylene film key badey gubbaron kaa upayog karate hue. namuna pranali key praarambhik pareekshan ney 14 agast, 1953 koo sanyukt raajya mein ack mahatvapurna vayu namuna ekatra kiya. iss namoone mein ussr mein ack paramanu hathiyar pareekshan kaa malba thaa, jise naamit kiya gayaa thaa joe-4, joe dou dinn pahale, 12 agast, 1953 koo kazakhstan key semipalatinsak mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh ussr dwara ack thermonuclear hathiyar kaa pahala pareekshan thaa aur 40-kilotan euranium-235 bumm dwara shuru kiya gayaa thaa aur kull 400 kilotan kii upaj kaa utpaadan kiya gayaa thaa.
prishthabhoomi.
pahala paramanu visfot 16 julaai, 1945 koo nyu maxico mein aayojit ack jameen key oopar kaa pareekshan thaa, "trinity". yeh mainhattan pariyojana kii ack mahatvapurna upalabdhi kaa pratinidhitva kartaa thaa joe 1943 mein loss alamos rashtriya prayogshala mein shuru kii gaee thee. iss pareekshan key baad dou maheene seey bhee cumm samay mein, loss alamos mein ikattha kiye gaye paramanu hathiyaron kaa upayog japan key khilaf prashant yuddh mein kiya gayaa thaa. hiroshima 6 agast, 1945 koo lagbhag 15 kilotan key vikhandan utpaad key saath ack euranium-235 bandook upkaran key saath tabah hoe gayaa thaa. teen dinn baad, 9 agast, 1945 koo, lagbhag 22 kilotan kii upaj vaale ack plutonium-239 visfot upkaran koo nagasaki parr visfot kiya gayaa thaa. inn ghatnaaon ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh key samaapan koo kaafee prabhaavit kiya kyonki inn nae hathiyaron kii avishvasaniya roop seey vinashkari shakti spasht hoe gaee. mainhattan pariyojana ney iss paramanu hathiyar vikas karyakram mein sahyog karane key liye america aur britten key vaigyaanikon koo ack saath laaya. loss alamos iss gatividhi kaa kendra thaa, aur uchch-stariya suraksha key bavjood, 1948 mein yeh mahsoos kiya gayaa kii karyakram kii suraksha kaa ullanghan kiya gayaa thaa. karyakram key kuchh sabse samvedansheel pahaluon mein ghanishth roop seey shamil ack british saiddhaantik bhautik vigyaani, clouse futch ney 1945 mein shuru hue baahari samparkon key madhyam seey ussr koo pramukh jaankaari kii aapoorti kii thee. iss jaankaari ney paramanu hathiyaron key vikas mein soviyat prayaas koo kaafee aage badhaaya thaa. jaise-jaise humm pramukh vichaaron aur design avadhaaranaon key nuksan key baare mein jagrook hue, vikhandan upkaranon mein soviyat karyakram kii sthiti kaa punarmulyankan karna aur sanlayan upkaranon key liye unake karyakram key vistaar kii nigrani karna mahatvapurna thaa. ack chinta reactor sanchaalan key madhyam seey vikhandaniya samagri key utpaadan mein soviyaton dwara kii gaee pragati kii seema thee. japan key khilaf upayog kiye jaane vaale vikhandan upkaranon kii tulanaa mein adhik vinashkari shakti key aadeshon mein saksham vikhandan-sanlayan upkaranon key vikas kii sthiti aur bhee adhik mahatvapurna thee.
reactor sanchaalan aur jameen key oopar paramanu hathiyar parikshanon kaa pataa lagaane koo vibhinn tarikon seey kiya jaa sakata haye. 1950 key dashak kii shuruat seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack drishtikon vishesh radiodharmi nucleid kii upasthiti key liye jameen aur nimn-star kii oonchaai parr ekatra kiye gaye havaa key namoonon kaa vishleshan haye. yeh takneek abhee bhee upayog mein haye, aur duniya key vibhinn hisson mein nirantar sanchaalan mein vaayujanit malabe key liye kaee jameen-adharit, radionuclide detector hain. samtaap mandal mein havaa key namoone ekatra karane kaa ack laabh yeh haye kii jameen key oopar key shaktishali paramanu visfot bumm key malabe koo oonchi oonchaai taka leey jaate hain, jahaan yeh motey taur parr havaaon dwara vitarit kiya jaataa haye. iss malabe kaa sangrah aur vishleshan isaliye ack vishesh pareekshan key baare mein pratyaksh aur samay parr jaankaari pradaan curr sakata haye. iss lekh mein 1953 seey 1956 key anta taka upayog kiye gaye uchch-oonchaai vaale gubbare key pranaliyon kaa upayog karke havaa key namoone ekatra karane key ack karyakram koo vikasit karane aur lagu karane key safal prayaas kaa sankshipt varnan kiya gayaa haye. inn namoonon koo ekatra karane vaale uchch-oonchaai vaale gubbare key karyakram koo project grab bagg key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa.
gubbara aur mausam vigyaan pranali samooh samanya milon, ink. (jee. aim. aaee.) ney anya sangathanon key saath nirantar star kii gubbara pranaaliyan vikasit kii theen joe nirantar avadhi key liye samtaap mandal mein upkaranon aur anya upkaranon koo vishvasaniya roop seey leey jaane mein saksham theen. yeye pranaaliyan aadarsh munch theen jinn parr oopar kii havaaon key avalokan, brahmandiya kiran adhyayan aur vibhinn prakaar kii anya jaanchon seey sambandhit prayog kiye jaate they. 1953 kii shuruat mein grab bagg karyakram key antim prayojakon koo harold ee key nirdeshan mein jee. aim. aaee. team koo soochit kiya gayaa. gubbaron aur mausam vigyaan pranali samooh key pramukh engineer, frohlick, kii jameen key oopar yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. paramanu hathiyar parikshanon seey malabe vaale uchch-oonchaai vaale havaa key namoone unake paramanu hathiyar karyakram mein pragati kii nigrani mein mahatvapurna honge. prayojakon ney vishisht prakaar key malabe yaa samsthaanikon parr charcha naheen kii joe ruchi key they. udaaharan key liye, uchch oonchaai parr praapt badey havaa key namoonon koo vaanchhaniya maanaa gayaa, yaani maanak tapman aur dabaav kii sthiti key crum key namoone. iska matlab thaa kii lagbhag namoonon koo oonchaai parr ekatra karane kii aavashyakta hogi. prayojakon ney aise namoone ekatra karane kii kshamata vikasit karane mein tatkalikta kii bhavna bhee vyakt kii. 1953 kii garmiyon key uttaraardh mein lagbhag chhah maheenon mein ussr pareekshan renz mein ack mahatvapurna hathiyar pareekshan honey kii ummeed thee. unhone yeh bhee khulasa kiya kii dou anya americi vayu namuna prayason koo vikasit kiya jaa rhaa thaa aur vishesh uchch-oonchaai vaale vimaan aur dhwani rockets kaa upayog karke una drishtikonon koo rekhaankit kiya gayaa thaa. inn drishtikonon mein havaa key namoone key prabhaavi aakar key sandarbh mein seemaaen theen, aur gubbare key karyakram ney tulanaatmak roop seey badey havaa key namoone ikattha karane mein saksham honey kii kshamata pradaan kii. grab bagg team ney ack badey helium seey bharey gubbare key neeche ack binaa phool vaale lifafe koo nilambit karane aur lifafe koo uchch oonchaai taka leey jaane aur ise parivesh kii havaa seey bharane kii avadharana vikasit karna shuru kiya. ack autopilot taba poore system key utarane kii shuruat karega. jaba pranali lagbhag havaa key namoone parr utar gaee thee tou lifafe seey ack bakhtarband pott mein sthanantarit kiya jaayega joe vibhinn prakaar kii landing sthitiyon kaa saamana curr sakata haye aur havaa key namoone koo thheek honey key bindu parr nuksan seey bachaa sakata haye. gubbare kii pranali mein ghatnaaon key iss anukram koo puuraa karane key liye ack electronic niyantrak aur autopilot shamil hoga, aur ack niyantrit avrohan mein poori pranali koo vaapas jameen parr vaapas laane key liye. grab bagg pranali key saralikrit rekhaachitron koo udaan key teen praathamik charanon mein chitra 1-3 mein chitrit kiya gayaa haih pranali kii namuna oonchaai (chitra 1), uchch oonchaai parr havaa key namoone kaa sangrah (chitra 2), aur pranali key namoone aur avrohan (chitra 3) kii vasuli.
jaisa kii chitra 1 mein yojnabaddh roop seey dikhaaya gayaa haye, ack uchch gati vaale bloer, sambandhit bijli aapoorti aur electronic niyantran package koo namuna gubbare key aadhar seey, load train (#57) mein sabse nichale bindu parr nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. namuna gubbare key aadhar koo ack belnakar fitting (#40) lene key liye sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa joe blover key saath fitt kiya gayaa thaa. namuna gubbare koo lagbhag havaa seey bharane key liye blover dou ghante key crum key liye chhat kii oonchaai parr kaam karega. namuna chakr key samaapan parr chitra 2 mein phoolaaya gayaa namuna gubbara chitrit kiya gayaa haye. iss bindu parr, ack autopilot uthaane vaale gubbare seey helium kii ack poorv nirdhaarit matra chhod dega aur lagbhag 400 feat prati minut kii darr seey poore system key utarane kii shuruat karega. jaise hii pranali lagbhag neeche aaee, namuna lifafe key sheersh parr sthit ack akshiya pankha (#29) havaa key namoone koo ack lacheele bakhtarband pott (#27) mein sthanantarit karane key liye sakriya kiya jaayega joe namoone key gubbare key thheek oopar aur uthaane vaale gubbare aur nilambit parachute (#23) key neeche sthit haye. namoone key hastaantaran key liye thode samay kii aavashyakta hoti thee aur phir bakhtarband pott (#29) key aadhar parr ack valve koo seal curr diyaa gayaa thaa. pranali neeche utarati rahee aur jaba niyantran ikai ney jameen seey sampark kiya, tou visfotak upkaranon ney uthaane vaale gubbare aur parachute key beach kaa sambandh toda diyaa aur isase uthaane vaale gubbare kaa patan hoe gayaa aur udaan samaapt hoe gaee. grab bagg avadharana key parinamswarup ack jatil load train bunny jisamen vidyut cable pranali kii poori lambai key saath chalati haye, lagbhag lambai mein. iss pranali koo surakshit roop seey jameen seey baahar nikaalane key liye aur uthaane vaale gubbare, namuna lifafe, bloer key liye vidyut cable, autopilot aur sambandhit helium valve, antina lines aur pranali key anya tatvon koo nuksan pahunchaae binaa aisaa karane key liye ack chunauti thee.
electronic niyantran ikai (#57) udaan anukram mein oonchaai aur pramukh charanon koo preshit karati haye, jisamen shamil hainh
ack gair-kathor bakhtarband pott (#27) koo design kiya gayaa thaa joe adhikansh landing kii kathorta kaa saamana karega aur lagbhag havaa key namoone koo sanrakshit karega. isamen lachili samagri key teen nested cylinder shamil they, joe baahar seey ander taka theh plastickrit nylon kii ack sakht baahari parat; bahut adhik aansuu kii taakat key saath buney hue nylon kii ack madhyavarti parat, aur; polyethylene film kaa ack aantarik cylinder joe havaa key namoone key liye ack gais baadha key roop mein kaam karega. udaan bharane parr bakhtarband pott koo steel cable (#27) key chaaron or aur ack khule parachute (#23) key neeche ack deflated roop mein latka diyaa jaataa haye joe pranali key utarane kii breaking pradaan karega yadi darr lagbhag 2000 feat prati minut seey adhik hoe jaati haye. iss jatil gubbare pranali key shubharambh key liye vishesh handling takneekon kii aavashyakta thee, aur poori prakriya koo ack munch prakshepan key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa, joe kii harold ee dwara vikasit ack naee avadharana thee. frohlick, gubbare aur mausam vigyaan samooh key pramukh engineer. load train koo shuru karane key iss roop mein, lagbhag lambai mein, oopar kii disha mein load train key sabse nichale hisse key saath jameen parr kapade seey dhake runway parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. pranali kaa sabse oopari bhaag, uthaane vaale gubbare kaa sheersh, neeche kii disha mein hoga. ack bhaari munch koo uthaane vaale gubbare key sheersh kii or ack bindu parr rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur gubbare kii samagri munch key oopar seey gujarati thee aur lagbhag chaar feat lambai key ack badey kshaitij gadde vaale roller dwara surakshit roop seey rakhee jaati thee. helium mudrasfeeti nully uthaane vaale gubbare key oopari hisse mein sthit thee taaki helium srot munch seey parey gubbare key hisse koo badhaa sakey. choonki pranali oonchaai parr chadh rahee hogi, isaliye adhikatam gubbare kii matra kaa kewal 3 pratishat helium seey bharaa huaa thaa. mudrasfeeti helium lifting gais kii matra mein metering dwara hui joe pranali key sakal vajan key barabar hogi aur aamtaur parr 'free lift' key lagbhag 5 pratishat key barabar hogi taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii pranali launch key samay uchit darr seey badhegi.
prakshepan munch parr padded roller koo jaari karke prakshepan shuru kiya gayaa thaa. aarohi gubbara phir kramik roop seey uthaane vaale gubbare key nichale hisse, tainaat parachute aur bakhtarband pott, binaa phool vaale lifafe aur anta mein niyantrak, blover, upkaran, telematoring upkaran aur bijli kii aapoorti vaale bhaari insulated bagg koo uthaayega. iss prakriya mein vividhataaen theen joe prakshepan koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye vikasit hui theen. udaaharan key liye, bhaari upkaran bagg aur blover assembly koo antatah ack vaahan key saamane lagaaya gayaa thaa joe gubbare pranali key neeche chalaa jaataa thaa kyonki yeh prakshepan key dauran chadhata thaa, aur bagg koo chhote visfotak upkaranon kaa upayog karke vaahan seey chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. 
grab bagg udaanen aamtaur parr subah jaldi shuru kii jaati theen aur usee dinn key dinn key ujaale key dauran baramad kii jaati theen. chadhaai kaa samay aamtaur parr lagbhag teen ghante kaa hotaa thaa. jaise hii gubbara pranali chhat kii oonchaai key karib pahunchi, atirikt lift (jise "free lift" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye) joe lifting gubbare kii ack duct pranali koo baahar nikaalate samay system koo oopar kii or leey gaee, aur helium swachaalit roop seey lifting gubbare seey baahar nickle gayaa aur chadhaai koo dheema curr diyaa. jaise-jaise yeh prakriya jaari rahee, gubbara pranali dheere-dheere chhat kii oonchaai parr chadh gaee aur santulan mein thee, helium gubbare kii lift kewal pranali key kull vajan koo santulit curr rahee thee. yadi yeh prakriya design key anusaar hui thee, tou yeh sunishchit karane key liye lagbhag tees minut kii aavashyakta thee kii pranali chhat kii oonchaai parr sthir thee. yadi pranali key upkaranon ney sanket diyaa kii oonchaai naheen badal rahee thee, tou pranali key aadhar parr namuna lifafa gubbare seey judaa blover niyantrak dwara shuru kiya gayaa thaa. namuna gubbare key dikhane mein blover koo chaalu karane kaa prabhaav lagbhag turant spasht thaa. ack tracking telescope key madhyam seey pranali koo dekhane seey spasht roop seey namuna lifafa bharane lagaa. namuna ekatra karane kii prakriya koo aamtaur parr ack ghante yaa usase adhik key crum mein puuraa karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, pranali kii upasthiti phir dou gubbaron kii hoti haye, ack turant dusare key oopar. isake baad niyantrak dwara bloer koo bund curr diyaa gayaa aur ack valve bund curr diyaa gayaa jisane namoone key lifafe koo baahar seey seal curr diyaa. autopilot koo taba niyantrak dwara sakriya kiya gayaa thaa, lifting gubbare (#116) seey helium koo chhodate hue aur poore system key utarane kii shuruat kii gaee thee. vyavhaar mein, autopilot sakriya honey key ack ghante baad bhee pranali kaa utarana spasht naheen huaa. aisaa isaliye thaa kyonki namuna gubbara, jisamen abb havaa kii ack badee matra haye, samtaap samtaap mandal mein namuna havaa key adiabetic heating key kaaran kissy bhee avrohan key saath lift utpann karega. pranali kii nammatra kii avrohan darr sthaapit karane key liye ack yaa dou ghante kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. key crum kii oonchaai parr utarane mein dou seey teen ghante kaa samay lugg sakata haye. iss bindu parr akshiya pankha (#29) swachaalit roop seey namuna gubbare mein havaa koo bakhtarband pott mein sthanantarit karane key liye shuru kiya gayaa thaa. yeh sthanantaran aamtaur parr 4 yaa 5 hazaar phut kii oonchaai taka pahunchane seey pahale puuraa kiya jaataa thaa aur akshiya pankhe (#25) key thheek oopar bakhtarband pott key valve mein ack valve koo niyantrak dwara seal curr diyaa jaataa thaa. jaise hii pranali neeche utarati rahee aur neeche chhooti rahee, visfotak kataron ney pranali key nichale hisse seey uthaane vaale gubbare koo chhodane key liye golibari kii aur bakhtarband pott cumm shesh doori, shayed pachas feat, jameen parr gir gayaa. aamtaur parr swaasthya laabh karane vaale dall landing site parr hotey they aur turant vishleshan key liye kissy anya prayogshala mein sthanantarit karane key liye bakhtarband pott seey havaa key namoone koo uchch dabaav vaali botalon mein sthanantarit karane kii prakriya shuru curr dee.
grab bagg vikas karyakram mein chhah pareekshan udaanon kii ack shrinkhala kii gaee jisamen vibhinn pranali tatvon kii jaanch kii gaee. saatvin udaan agast 1953 key madhya mein minnepolis kshetra mein pahale vayu namoone koo pakadane kaa pahala prayaas hoga. chhah pareekshan udaanon ney vibhinn pranali ghatakon key pareekshan kiye, aur isamen shamil theh pareekshan aur iss jatil pranali key liye prakshepan prakriya kaa aage vikas; pranali niyantrak kaa mulyankan; bijli kii aapoorti aur autopilot kaary kii paryaptata; prayogshala key parinamon kii tulanaa mein namuna gubbare mein vitarit havaa kii matra aur usake kaary kaa mulyankan karane key liye oonchaai parr blover kaary kaa adhyayan; usa prakriya kaa mulyankan jisamen akshiya pankhe ney namuna gubbare seey havaa key namoone koo bakhtarband pott mein sthanantarit kiya aur pott koo seal curr diyaa gayaa thaa; aur pratyek mamle mein, pranali aur punarpraapti key liye logistics kaa aur vikas.
saubhagya seey, poorna pranali kii pahali udaan ack aise samay mein hui joe yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. mein jameen key oopar key pareekshan key saath achchi tarah seey mell khaati thee. yeh pahali udaan safal rahee aur baad mein hamein soochit kiya gayaa kii havaa key namoone ney aisee jaankaari pradaan kii joe duniya bhar mein vikhandan/sanlayan pratikriyaon aur pareekshan gatividhiyon kaa aaklan karane vaalon key liye mahatvapurna ruchi kii thee. hamane yeh bhee seekha kii havaa key namoonon koo pakadane key liye vikasit teen drishtikonon mein seey, uchch-oonchaai vaale gubbare kii pranali iss uddeshya koo safaltapurvak puuraa karane vaali ekmatra pranali thee, aur namuna vaanchhit samay key bheetar ekatra kiya gayaa thaa. pahale kii tarah, koee vishisht yaa nishchit jaankaari naheen thee. grab bagg pranali key vikas aur platform launch prakriya kaa varnan karane vaali tasveeren, filmein aur notebook antarrashtriya gubbara sangrahalaya, albuquerq, nyu maxico key abhilekhagar mein nihit hain.
kuchh varshon baad una maulik tippaniyon seey sambandhit adhik jaankaari upalabdh hui joe havaa key namoonon key liye kii jaa rahee theen joe grab bagg karyakram mein ekatra kiye gaye they. yeh jaankaari nishkriya gasses, vishesh roop seey zenon aur crypton key isotope kii upasthiti aur vitaran seey sambandhit thee. ack naabhik kaa vikhandan dou alag-alag naabhik paida kartaa haye, jiska dravyamaan lagbhag mool naabhik key dravyamaan key barabar hotaa haye. isaliye euranium yaa plutonium kaa vikhandan vibhinn jode key naabhik kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, aam taur parr ack dwi-ayami dravyamaan vitaran mein. vikhandan utpaadon mein kaee tatvon key samasthaanik shamil honge aur isamen zenon aur crypton jaisi nishkriya gaisen shamil hain. inn nishkriya tatvon key kuchh radiodharmi samsthaanikon mein ardh-jeevan yaa dinon kaa crum hotaa haye, aur isaliye yeye samasthaanik kshay hoe gaye hain aur hamaare saur mandal mein naheen paae jaate hain. haalaanki, ack reactor yaa paramanu visfot mein haal kii vikhandan pratikriya inn radiodharmi samsthaanikon kii chhoti matra kaa utpaadan karegi. yadi way vayumandal mein paae jaate hain, tou unaki upasthiti iss baat kaa pramaan haye kii ack reactor kaam curr rhaa haye, yaa haal hii mein ack paramanu visfot huaa haye. yeh aisee gatividhiyon kaa pataa lagaane aur lakshan varnan key liye ack saadhan key roop mein vayu namuna prayaas kaa aadhar haye.
jaisa kii nimnalikhit talika mein chien see dwara ullekh kiya gayaa haye. linn, vishesh ruchi key isotope mein cumm aadhaa jeevan hotaa haye, isaliye pataa lagaana iss tarah key sanchaalan key turant baad vatavaran key namoone lene parr nirbhar kartaa haye. dhyaan dein kii zenon samsthaanikon key vitaran aur anupaat kaa upayog yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye kii kyaa koee vishesh visfot euranium yaa plutonium upkaran kaa thaa.
iss pahali grab bagg udaan dwara namoone key roop mein liya gayaa visfot joe 4 key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur 12 agast, 1953 koo kazakhstan key semipalatinsak mein huaa thaa. yeh ack 40-kilotan euranium-235 bumm thaa jisane antatah 400 kilotan kii kull upaj kaa utpaadan kiya. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii oorjaa kaa 15-20% sanlayan (60-80 kilotan) dwara jaari kiya gayaa thaa aur baaki tej vikhandan seey thaa.
agast 1953 mein safal udaan key baad grab bagg air sampling karyakram kaa teji seey vistaar kiya gayaa thaa, aur baad mein baad key dou varshon key dauran dou sou seey adhik grab bagg udaanen shuru kii gaeen. yeh samanya milon mein gubbare aur mausam vigyaan sangathan mein honey vaale sabse badey karyakramon mein seey ack thaa. 19 farwari, 1963 koo yuu. aiss. iss uchch-oonchaai vayu namuna pranali key liye patent 3,077,779 koo aich koo saunpa gayaa thaa. ee. frollich, roser aeye. kizek, donald aff. melton aur richard ell. squobel.