
british hangkang

prashant yuddh key dauran 1941 seey 1945 taka japani kabje kii avadhi key alawa, hangkang british samrajya kii ack coloney thee aur baad mein 1841 seey 1997 taka sanyukt raajya kaa ack aashrit kshetra thaa. aupaniveshik kaal kii shuruat 1841 mein british aur king rajvansh key beach pahale afeem yuddh key dauran hangkang dweep parr british kabje key saath hui. king rajvansh key bheetar afeem key ayaat parr pratibandh lagaana chaahata thaa joe jyaadaatar british bhaarat seey niryaat kiya jaa rhaa thaa aur janata key beach vyaapak lutt kaa kaaran bunn rhaa thaa.
1842 key yuddh key baad davuang samrat dwara pushti kii gaee nanking kii sandhi dwara dweep koo britten koo saunp diyaa gayaa thaa. ise 1843 mein ack crown coloney key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. 1860 mein, angrejon ney dusare afeem yuddh key baad kauloon praaydweep key judaav key saath coloney kaa vistaar karane kaa avsar liya, jabaki king taiping vidroh koo sambhaalane mein ulajha huaa thaa. pahale sino-japani yuddh key baad king key aur kamjor honey key saath, 1898 mein haang kaang key kshetra koo aur badhaa diyaa gayaa jaba angrejon ney nae kshetron kaa 99 saal kaa patta praapt kiya.
haalaanki king rajvansh koo sandhi key anusaar haang kaang dweep aur kauloon koo sthaayi roop seey chhodana padaa, patte parr diye gaye nae kshetron mein coloney kaa 86.2% aur poori coloney kii aadhi seey adhik aabaadi shamil thee. 20veen shatabdi key anta mein patta samaapt honey key saath, britten ney ise vibhajit karke coloney koo prashaasit karane kaa koee vyavharya tarika naheen dekhaa, jabaki peepuls republic off chaina (pee. aar. see.) patte koo badhaane parr vichaar naheen karega yaa usake baad british prashaasan koo jaari rakhane kii anumati naheen dega.
1984 mein sino-british sanyukt ghoshana parr hastakshar karane key saath, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii hangkang mein aarthik aur samajik pranali 50 varshon taka apekshaakrit aparivartit rahegi, british sarkaar 1997 mein nae kshetron key patte kii samaapti parr poore kshetra koo chean koo sthanantarit karane parr sahmat hui-jisamen hangkang cumm seey cumm 2047 taka ack vishesh prashaasnik kshetra (saar) bunn gayaa.
itihas.
aupaniveshik sthaapana.
1836 mein, king rajvansh kii shaahi sarkaar ney afeem vyaapaar kii ack pramukh neetigat sameeksha kii, jise pahali baar kaee shataabdiyon mein farsi aur phir islami vyapariyon dwara cheeni logon key liye pesh kiya gayaa thaa. vaaysaraay linn zexu ney afeem key vyaapaar koo dabaane kaa kaam sambhala. march 1839 mein, vaha canton mein vishesh shaahi aayukt bunn gaye, jahan unhone videshi vyapariyon koo apane afeem key bhandar koo aatmasamarpan karane kaa adesh diyaa. unhone angrejon koo chhaavani karkhanon taka seemit curr diyaa aur unaki aapoorti bund curr dee. vyaapaar key mukhya adheekshak charles elliot ney donon sarkaaron key beach hull kiye jaane vaale kharchon key saath, angrejon key liye ack surakshit nikas koo surakshit karane key liye linn kii maangon kaa paalan kiya. jaba elliot ney vaadaa kiya kii british sarkaar unake afeem key bhandar key liye bhugtan karegi, tou vyapariyon ney apane 20,283 afeem key chhatte koo aatmasamarpan curr diyaa, jinhen saarvajanik roop seey nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
sitambar 1839 mein, british mantrimandal ney nirnay liya kii cheeniyon koo british sampatti key vinash key liye yaa tou dhamki yaa bull key upayog seey bhugtan karna chaahiye. 1840 mein elliot aur unake chachere bhaai, rear-admiral george elliot key tahat ack abhiyaan bull koo sanyukt poornashakti key roop mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. videsh sachiv lord palmerston ney cheeni sarkaar parr jore diyaa kii british sarkaar ney afeem koo pratibandhit karane key chean key adhikaar parr sawal naheen uthaaya, lekin isane iss tareeke seey nipatane parr apatti jataai. unhone achaanak sakht pravartan koo videshi vyapariyon key liye ack jaal bichhaane key roop mein dekhaa, aur aapoorti mein katauti key saath angrejon koo kaid karna unhein bhookhon samarpan yaa mrityu mein daalane key samaan thaa. unhone elliot chachere bhaaiyon koo nirdesh diyaa kii way shanghai key paar haingjhou khaadi delta mein chusan dweepon mein seey ack parr kabja curr lein, phir chean key samrat key liye ack cheeni adhikaari koo apani or seey ack patra prastut karein, phir ack sandhi key liye bohai kii khaadi kii or badhein, aur yadi cheeni virodh karate hain, tou yangtzi aur pealy nadiyon key pramukh bandargaahon koo avaruddh karein. palmerston ney vyaapaar key liye chusan dweepon mein ack kshetriya aadhar kii maang kii taaki british vyaapaari "samrajya key samudri bandargaahon parr sarkaar yaa usake sthaaniya adhikaariyon kii manmaane dhang seey ichcha key adheen naa houn.
1841 mein, elliot ney pahale afeem yuddh key dauran chuenpi key sammelan mein linn key uttaradhikari, kishan key saath baatchit kii. 20 janwari koo, elliot ney "praarambhik vyavasthaon key samaapan" kii ghoshana kii, jisamen banjar hangkang dweep aur isake bandargah koo british taaj koo saunpana shamil thaa. elliot ney chusan key bajaay hangkang dweep koo chunaa kyonki unakaa maanana thaa kii shanghai key paas ack basti "shatruta kaa anishchitkaal taka vistaar" kaa kaaran banegi, jabaki hangkang dweep kaa bandargah chhaavani mein british vyaparik samudaay key liye ack moolyavaan aadhar thaa. 26 janwari koo dweep parr kabja karane key saath british shasson shuru huaa. chean mein british balon key commander-inn-cheef commodore garden bremer ney dweep parr aupchaarik kabja curr liya, jahaan nausenaon seey "anand kii aag" aur yuddhpoton seey shaahi salami key tahat union jack uthaaya gayaa thaa. 29 agast 1842 koo nanking kii sandhi mein haang kaang dweep koo saunp diyaa gayaa thaa aur 26 juuna 1843 koo davuang samrat aur raani victoria key beach anusamarthan key baad ack mukut coloney key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
vriddhi aur vistaar.
nanking kii sandhi vyaapaar aur laabh key ack badey vistaar kii british apekshaon koo puuraa karane mein whiffle rahee, jisake kaaran sharton key sanshodhan key liye dabaav badhaa. octuber 1856 mein, cheeni adhikaariyon ney british dhwaj kii suraksha kaa anand lene key liye hangkang mein panjikrit ack cheeni swaamitva vaale jahaaj "teer" koo hirasat mein leey liya. canton, hairi park mein vanijya doot ney daavaa kiya kii jhanda girana aur chaalak dall kii giraftari "bahut gambhir charitra kaa upman" thaa. parkes aur hangkang key chauthe governor surr johnn bowering ney aage kii neeti koo aage badhaane key liye ghatana koo jabt curr liya. march 1857 mein, palmerston ney ack naee aur santoshjanak sandhi hassil karane key uddeshya seey lord algin koo poornashakti sampann key roop mein niyukt kiya. 1856 mein ack francisi missionary key nishpaadan kaa badala lene key liye ack francisi abhiyaan bull angrejon key saath shamil hoe gayaa. 1860 mein, taku kilon parr kabja karane aur beijing parr kabja karane seey tientin kii sandhi aur paking kaa sammelan huaa. tiensin kii sandhi mein, cheeniyon ney adhik bandargaahon koo kholane, yangtzi nadee koo navigate karane, afeem key vyaapaar koo vaidh banaane aur beijing mein rajanyik pratinidhitva kii british maangon koo sweekaar kiya. sangharsh key dauran, angrejon ney kauloon praaydweep parr kabja curr liya, jahan samtal bhoomi moolyavaan prashikshan aur vishram sthal thee. seema sadak aur patthar kaatane vaale dweep key dakshin mein joe kshetra abb haye, usey paking key sammelan mein saunp diyaa gayaa thaa.
1898 mein, angrejon ney raksha key liye hangkang kaa vistaar karane kii maang kii. aprail 1898 mein baatchit shuru honey key baad, beijing mein british mantri, surr clod mcdonald, britten kaa pratinidhitva karate hue, aur rajanyik lii hongjhang ney cheeni kaa netritva karate hue, 9 juuna koo paking key dusare sammelan parr hastakshar kiye gaye. choonki videshi shaktiyaan 19veen shatabdi key anta taka sahmat hoe gaee theen kii cheeni kshetra key kissy bhee hisse parr poorna samprabhuta praapt karane kii anumati naheen thee, aur usee varsh roose, germany aur france koo chean dwara diye gaye anya kshetriya rajpatron koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, hangkang key vistaar ney 99-varsheeya patte kaa roop leey liya. patte mein shaam chuna nadee key dakshin mein baaki kauloon aur 230 dweep shamil they, joe nae kshetron key roop mein jaane jaane lagey. angrejon ney aupchaarik roop seey 16 aprail 1899 koo kabja curr liya.
japani vyavasaay.
1941 mein, dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, british senaa ney cheeni sarkaar key saath ack samjhauta kiya, jisamen generalysimo chiang kaaee-shake ney kahaa kii yadi japan ney hangkang parr hamla kiya, tou cheeni rashtriya senaa peechhe seey japaniyon parr hamla karegi taaki british senaa parr dabaav cumm kiya jaa sakey. 8 disambar koo, hangkang kii ladaai shuru hui jaba japani vayu bamvarshakon ney ack hamale mein british vayu shakti koo prabhaavi dhang seey nasht curr diyaa. dou dinn baad, japaniyon ney nae kshetron mein jinn peene vaalon kii line kaa ullanghan kiya. british commander, mejar-general christopher maltby ney nishkarsh nikala kii dweep kii raksha lambe samay taka naheen kii jaa sakati jaba taka kii vaha mukhya bhoomi seey apani brigade koo vaapas naheen leey lete. 18 disambar koo japaniyon ney victoria bandargah koo paar kiya. 25 disambar taka, sangathit raksha pratirodh key kshetron mein cumm hoe gaee thee. maltby ney governor surr maark young koo aatmasamarpan karane kii sifarish kii, jinhone aage key nuksan koo cumm karane key liye unaki salah sweekaar curr lii. aakraman key ack dinn baad, chiang ney general yuu hanmou key netritva mein teen core koo hangkang kii or badhane kaa adesh diyaa. canton kshetra mein japaniyon parr nae saal key dinn hamla karane kii yojana thee, lekin cheeni paidal senaa key hamla karane seey pahale, japaniyon ney hangkang key bachaav koo toda diyaa thaa. british hatahaton mein 2,232 maare gaye yaa laapata hoe gaye aur 2,300 ghayal hoe gaye. japaniyon ney 1,996 logon key maare jaane aur 6,000 ghayal honey kii soochana dee.
japani sainikon ney kaee sthaaniya logon parr balatkar sahit atyachar kiye. sharanarthiyon key palayan key kaaran 1941 mein 16 laakh seey yuddh key anta mein 750,000 taka aabaadi aadhi hoe gaee; way 1945 mein laut aae.
japaniyon ney sattaaroodh british aupaniveshik abhijaat varg koo kaid curr liya aur salaahkaar parishadon aur pados key nigrani samoohon mein niyuktiyon dwara sthaaniya vyaapaari kuleen varg koo jeetane kii koshish kii. iss neeti ney japan key liye achchha kaam kiya aur anya cheeni shaharon kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm aatank key saath abhijaat varg aur madhyam varg donon seey vyaapak sahyog paida kiya. haang kaang koo ack japani upanivesh mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen japani vyavsaayon ney britishon kii jagah leey lii thee. haalaanki, japani samrajya mein rasad sambandhi gambhir kathinaaiyaan theen aur 1943 taka hangkang key liye khaadya aapoorti samasyagrast thee. adhipati adhik kroor aur bhrasht hoe gaye, aur cheeni kuleen varg nirash hoe gayaa. japan key aatmasamarpan key saath, british shasson mein vaapas sankraman sucharu thaa, kyonki mukhya bhoomi parr rashtravadi aur saamyavaadi taakaten grih yuddh kii taiyari curr rahee theen aur hangkang koo nazarandaj curr rahee theen. lambe samay mein iss vyavasaay ney hiton key kuchh sanghrshon koo samaapt karke aur angrejon kii pratishtha aur shakti koo cumm karke cheeni vyaparik samudaay key beach yuddh poorv samajik aur aarthik vyavastha koo majboot kiya.
british shasson kii bahaali.
14 agast 1945 koo, jaba japan ney apane binaa shart aatmasamarpan kii ghoshana kii, tou british ney hangkang kii or jaane key liye ack nausena kaary samooh kaa gathan kiya. 1 sitambar koo, rear-admiral cecil harcourt ney apane pramukh key roop mein ack sainya prashaasan kii ghoshana kii. unhone aupchaarik roop seey 16 sitambar koo sarkari sadan mein japani aatmasamarpan koo sweekaar curr liya. yuva, maee 1946 mein governor key roop mein apani vaapsee parr, "yuva yojana" key roop mein jaane jaane vaale raajneetik sudhaar kaa anusaran kiya, yeh maanate hue kii, hangkang koo punarpraapt karane key cheeni sarkaar key dridh sankalp kaa mukabala karane key liye, sthaaniya nivaasiyon koo raajneetik matadhikar koo vyaapak banaakar kshetra mein adhik hissedari denaa aavashyak thaa.
samprabhuta kaa hastaantaran.
19 disambar 1984 koo beijing mein united kingdam key pradhaan mantri aur chean key janvaadi ganarajya key pradhaan mantri donon ney sino-british sanyukt ghoshana parr hastakshar kiye they. ghoshana 27 maee 1985 koo anusamarthan key upkaranon key adaan-pradaan key saath lagu hui aur 12 juuna 1985 koo sanyukt rashtra mein chean key janvaadi ganarajya aur united kingdam sarkaaron dwara panjikrit kii gaee thee. sanyukt ghoshana mein, chean key janvaadi ganarajya sarkaar ney kahaa kii usane 1 julaai 1997 seey hangkang (hangkang dweep, kauloon aur nae kshetron sahit) parr samprabhuta kaa abhyaas phir seey shuru karane kaa faisala kiya thaa aur united kingdam sarkaar ney ghoshana kii kii vaha 1 julaai 1997 seey prabhaavi hocker hangkang koo pee. aar. see. koo chhod degi. dastaavez mein, chean key janvaadi ganarajya sarkaar ney bhee hangkang key sambandh mein apani buniyaadi neetiyon kii ghoshana kii.
ack desh key anusaar, sanyukt raajya aur chean key janvaadi ganarajya key beach dou pranaliyon key siddhant parr sahamati bunny, chean key janvaadi ganarajya kii samajwadi pranali kaa abhyaas hangkang vishesh prashaasnik kshetra (haksar) mein naheen kiya jaayega, aur hangkang kii pichhali poonjiwadi pranali aur iska jeevan shally 50 varshon kii avadhi key liye aparivartit rahegi. sanyukt ghoshana mein praavdhaan haye kii yeye buniyaadi neetiyaan hangkang key buniyaadi kaanoon mein nirdhaarit kii jaayengi. sino-british sanyukt ghoshana parr hastakshar karane kaa samaroh 19 disambar 1984 koo logon key mahaan sabhaa key paschimi mukhya kaksh mein huaa. hongcong aur makaau mamalon key karyalaya ney sabse pahale samaroh mein bhaag lene key liye 60-80 hongkong logon kii ack soochi kaa prastaav rakhaa. anta mein sankhya 101 taka badhaa dee gaee. soochi mein hangkang key sarkari adhikaari, vidhaayi aur karyakari parishadon key sadasya, hangkang aur shanghai banking nigam key adhyaksh aur maanak chartered baink, hangkang kii hastiyaan jaise lii kaa-shing, paao yuu-kaang aur phok ying-tung, aur martin lii chuu-ming aur zeto vaah bhee shamil they.
hastaantaran samaroh 30 juuna 1997 kii raat koo vaan chaay mein hangkang sammelan aur pradarshani kendra key nae wing mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. pramukh british atithi charles, prince off wells (charles III, united kingdam key raajaa) they, jinhone raani kii or seey vidaai bhaashan padhaa. united kingdam key nava niyukt pradhaan mantri, tonny blair; british videsh mantri, robbin cook; hangkang key prasthaan governor, criss patton; united kingdam key raksha karmchaariyon key pramukh, feeled marshel surr charles guthri ney bhee bhaag liya.
chean kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale see. see. pee. key mahasachiv aur chean key adhyaksh jiang jamine; chean key pradhaan mantri, lii peng; aur haang kaang key pahale mukhya karyakari, tung chee-hwa they. yeh karyakram duniya bhar key television aur radio stations parr prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa.
sarkaar.
haang kaang sanyukt raajya kii ack mukut coloney thee aur lagbhag westminster pranali key anuroop ack prashaasan banaae rakhaa. patron key patent ney aupaniveshik sarkaar kaa samvaidhaanik aadhar banaaya aur shaahi nirdeshon mein vistaar seey bataaya gayaa kii kshetra koo kaise shaasit aur sangathit kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
rajyapal sarkaar kaa pramukh thaa aur british samrat dwara coloney mein taaj key pratinidhi key roop mein seva karane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. karyakari shakti rajyapal key saath atyadhik kendrit thee, jinhone swayam vidhaan parishad aur karyakari parishad key lagbhag sabhi sadasyon koo niyukt kiya aur donon sadanon key adhyaksh key roop mein bhee kaary kiya. british sarkaar ney aupaniveshik sarkaar key liye nireekshan pradaan kiya; videsh sachiv ney aupchaarik roop seey vidhaayi aur karyakari parishadon mein kissy bhee parivardhan koo manjuri dee aur samprabhu koo patra patent aur shaahi nirdeshon mein sanshodhan karane kaa ekmatra adhikaar thaa.
karyakari parishad ney prashaasnik neeti parivartanon koo nirdhaarit kiya aur ise anumodan key liye vidhaan parishad koo paarit karane seey pahale praathamik kaanoon parr vichaar kiya. iss salaahkaar nikaay ney swayam aupaniveshik adhyadeshon key ack seemit samooh key tahat maadhyamik kaanoon bhee jaari kiya. vidhaan parishad ney prastaavit kaanoon parr bahas kii aur saarvajanik dhana key viniyog key liye jimmedaar thee. iss kaksh mein aupaniveshik shasson key antim varshon mein adhik loktaantrik pratinidhitva pesh karane key liye sudhaar kiya gayaa thaa. apratyaksh roop seey nirvaachit karyatmak nirvaachan kshetra kii seeten 1985 mein pesh kii gaeen aur 1991 mein lokpriya roop seey nirvaachit bhaugolik nirvaachan kshetra kii seeten. 1994 mein aage key chunavi sudhaar ney prabhaavi roop seey vidhaayika koo vyaapak roop seey pratinidhi banaa diyaa. prashaasnik nagrik seva kaa netritva aupaniveshik sachiv (baad mein mukhya sachiv) ney kiya, joe rajyapal key upa sachiv they.
nyaayik pranali angreji kaanoon parr adharit thee, jisamen cheeni nivaasiyon seey judey nagrik mamalon mein cheeni prathaagat kaanoon ack maadhyamik bhoomika nibhaata thaa. hangkang kaa sarvocch nyayalaya sarvocch nyayalaya thaa aur coloney mein sabhi diwani aur aaparaadhik mamalon parr faisala sunaaya. praarambhik aupaniveshik kaal key dauran, chean key anya kshetron seey british vishayon seey judey baahari apeeliya mamalon kii bhee iss adalat mein sunavaai kii gaee thee. supreme court kii aage kii apeelon kii sunavaai privy council kii nyaayik samiti dwara kii gaee, jisane poore british samrajya parr antim nirnay liya.
march 1975 mein hangkang sarkaar ney sarkari prayason kii janmat koo maapane key liye ack karyakram shuru kiya, jise raay disha (manodasha) key andolan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
cadet.
1861 mein, governor surr herculis robbinson ney hangkang cadetship kii shuruat kii, jisane britten seey yuva snatakon koo dou saal key liye cantonese seekhane aur cheeni likhane key liye bharti kiya, isase pahale kii unhein sivil seva mein teji seey tainaat kiya jaae. cadet adhikaari dheere-dheere nagrik prashaasan kii reedh baney. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, jaatiya cheeni logon koo seva mein aaney kii anumati dee gaee, jisake baad mahilaaon koo seva mein aaney kii anumati dee gaee. 1950 key dashak mein cadets kaa naam badalkar prashaasnik adhikaari curr diyaa gayaa aur way british shasson key dauran sivil seva key abhijaat varg baney rahey.
sainya.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale aur usake dauran, sainya-dall british senaa kii bataliyanon aur sthaaniya roop seey soochibaddh karmiyon (lapes) seey banaa thaa, joe shaahi nausena yaa hangkang sainya seva core aur unaki sahayogi bhoomi ikaaiyon key hangkang squadron mein niyamit sadasyon key roop mein kaary karate they. haang kaang brigade ney mukhya sainya-chauki key gathan key roop mein kaary kiya. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key prakop key baad, british bhaaratiya senaa aur kanadai senaa ikaaiyon key saath sainya-dall koo majboot kiya gayaa. vistaarit bull kii kamaan sambhaalane mein sahaayata key liye ack doosari brigade, kauloon paidal senaa brigade kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. japan key samrajya dwara hangkang kii ladaai key dauran senaa koo haraaya gayaa thaa.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh aur hangkang parr japani kabje key anta key baad, british senaa ney apani upasthiti phir seey sthaapit kii. cheeni grihyuddh key parinamswarup, british senaa ney 40vein paidal senaa prabhaag koo khadaa kiya aur ise hangkang key sainya adde parr bhej diyaa. yeh baad mein koriyai yuddh mein ladaai key liye chhod diyaa gayaa, aur kshetra kii raksha koo atirikt british balon dwara liya gayaa, jinhen europe seey ghumaaya gayaa thaa. sainya-dall koo aage lapes aur gurkha dwara poorak banaaya gayaa. baad vaalaa nepal seey aaya thaa, lekin british senaa kaa hissa banaa. sheet yuddh key dauran sainya-chauki kaa aakar utaar-chadhaav mein rhaa aur ack brigade key aspas sthit hoe gayaa.
shaahi hangkang resiment, ack sainya ikai joe hangkang sarkaar kaa hissa thee, koo ack british kshetriya senaa ikai kii tarj parr prashikshit aur sangathit kiya gayaa thaa. iss prakaar, ise pramukh padon parr baithe british senaa key niyamit karmiyon dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa. shaahi hangkang resiment kii seva kii avadhi key liye inn british senaa key karmiyon koo hangkang sarkaar key liye dwiteeya sthaan diyaa gayaa thaa. doubleu. aaee. aaee. key baad key yug mein, resiment key adhikansh sadasya cheeni mool key sthaaniya nagrik they.
arthavyavastha.
british kaanoon aur sarkaar kii sthirata, suraksha aur bhavishyavani ney hangkang koo antarrashtriya vyaapaar key kendra key roop mein phalane-phoolane mein saksham banaaya. coloney key pahale dashak mein, afeem key vyaapaar seey honey vaalaa rajaswa sarkari dhana kaa ack pramukh srot thaa. samay key saath afeem kaa mahatva cumm hoe gayaa, lekin aupaniveshik sarkaar 1941 mein japani kabje taka apane rajaswa parr nirbhar thee. haalaanki praarambhik coloney mein sabse badey vyavasaay british, americi aur anya pravasiyon dwara sanchaalit kiye gaye they, cheeni shramikon ney ack nae bandargah shahar key nirmaan key liye shramshakti kaa badaa hissa pradaan kiya.
1980 key dashak key anta taka, kaee jaatiya cheeni loga hangkang mein pramukh vyaparik vyakti bunn gaye they. inn arabpatiyon mein surr lii kaa-shing bhee they, joe iss samay taka coloney key sabse ameer logon mein seey ack bunn gaye they.
sanskriti.
haang kaang koo poorv aur paschim key sankar key roop mein chihnit kiya jaataa haye. parivaar aur shiksha parr jore dene vaale paaramparik cheeni moolyon kaa paschimi aadarshon key saath mishran hotaa haye, jisamen aarthik swatantrata aur kaanoon kaa shasson shamil haye. haalaanki aabaadi kaa vishal bahumat jaatiya roop seey cheeni haye, lekin hangkang ney ack alag pehchaan vikasit kii haye. yeh kshetra apane aupaniveshik prashaasan kii lambi avadhi aur aarthik, samajik aur saanskritik vikas kii ack alag gati key madhyam seey mukhya bhoomi seey alag hoe gayaa. mukhyadhara kii sanskriti chean key vibhinn hisson seey utpann pravasiyon seey praapt hoti haye. yeh 20veen shatabdi key anta mein british shally kii shiksha, ack alag raajneetik pranali aur kshetra key teji seey vikas seey prabhaavit thaa. usa yug key adhikansh pravaasi garibi aur yuddh seey bhaag gaye, joe dhana key prati prachalit drishtikon mein parilakshit hotaa haye; hangkongar loga aatm-chhavi aur nirnay lene koo bhautik laabhon seey jodate hain. hastaantaran key baad nivaasiyon kii sthaaniya pehchaan kii bhavna mein ullekhaniya vriddhi hui haih adhikansh aabaadi (52 pratishat) "hangkongar" key roop mein pehchaan karati haye, jabaki 11 pratishat khud koo "cheeni" key roop mein varnit karate hain. shesh aabaadi mishrit pehchaan kaa irada rakhti haye, 23 pratishat "chean mein hongkonger" key roop mein aur 12 pratishat "hangkang mein cheeni" key roop mein.
parivarik sammaan, pitridharm aur beton key liye vareeyata sahit paaramparik cheeni parivarik moolya prachalit hain. ekal parivaar sabse aam parivaar hain, halanki bahu-peedhi aur vistaarit parivaar asamanya naheen hain. british shaasit haang kaang mein, bahuvivaah 1971 taka kanuni thaa, joe sthaaniya reeti-rivaajon mein hastakshep naheen karane key aupaniveshik abhyaas key anusaar thaa, jise british adhikaari saarvajanik vyavastha key liye apekshaakrit haanirahit maanate they.
feng shui" jaisi aadhyatmik avadhaaranaaen dekhi jaati hain; badey paimaane parr nirmaan pariyojanaaen aksar uchit bhawan sthiti aur leout sunishchit karane key liye salaahkaaron koo niyukt karati hain. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii "feng shui" key paalan kii degree vyavasaay kii safalata koo nirdhaarit karati haye. "bagua" darpanon kaa upayog niyamit roop seey dusht aatmaon koo bhatkaane key liye kiya jaataa haye, aur imaraton mein aksar 4 key saath farsh sankhya kii kamee hoti haye; sankhya mein cantoni mein "dye" key liye shabd key samaan dhwani hoti haye.
isake alawa, saanskritik ekikaran hangkang mein rosemarra kii jindagi mein bhee paaya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, british angreji ack aam doosari bhasha haye aur coloney kii sthaapana key baad seey british hangkang mein aadhikarik bhaashaon mein seey ack haye. isake alawa, praathamik aur maadhyamik vidyaalayon mein bhee british angreji padhaai jaati haye. metro pranali key liye, metro lines kaa naam number key bajaay sthaanon key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye, chean kii mukhya bhoomi key vipareet, jahaan metro lines koo number diyaa gayaa haye. sadakon kaa naam british rajgharanon, rajyapalon, prasiddh logon, britten aur rashtramandal key shaharon aur kasbon key saath-saath cheeni shaharon aur sthaanon key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. cheeni nava varsh key alawa, chrismus koo dusare sabse mahatvapurna tyohar key roop mein manaaya jaataa haye. saahitya mein, cantonese mein kuchh muhaware seedhe angreji mein anuvaadit kiye jaate hain. ack mandarin cheeni vaktaa shabdon koo pehchaan sakata haye lekin arth koo naheen samajh sakata haye.
vyanjan.
videshi prabhaavon aur isake nivaasiyon key vibhinn mool key sampark mein aaney key bavjood, hangkang mein bhojan mukhya roop seey cantoni vyanjanon parr adharit haye. chawal mukhya bhojan haye, aur aamtaur parr anya vyanjanon key saath parosa jaataa haye. samagri kii tajgi parr jore diyaa jaataa haye. murgi aur samudri bhojan aamtaur parr geele baajaron mein beche jaate hain, aur samagri kaa upayog jitani jaldi hoe sakey kiya jaataa haye. paanch dainik bhojan hainh nashta, dopahar kaa bhojan, dopahar kii chaay, raat kaa khaana aur "siu yeye". dimm summ, "yama chaa" (brunch) key hisse key roop mein, parivaar aur doston key saath bhojan karane kii parampara haye. vyanjanon mein kangi, "chaa siu baao", "siu yuk", andey key chokar aur aam kaa kheer shamil hain. paschimi bhojan key sthaaniya sanskaran "chaa chaan teng" (haang kaang-shally key kaife) mein parose jaate hain. aam "chaa chaan teng" menu itum mein soop mein macroney, deep-fried french toast aur haang kaang-style doodh chaay shamil hain.
cinema.
hongcong mein film nirmaan 1909 kii shuruat mein shuru huaa thaa, lekin hongcong 1940 key dashak key anta taka film nirmaan kaa kendra naheen thaa, jaba shanghai film nirmaataon kii ack lahar iss kshetra mein chully gaee; inn film diggajon ney agale dashak mein coloney key manoranjan udyog key nirmaan mein madad kii. 1960 key dashak taka, yeh shahar "suzi wong kii duniya" jaisi filmon key madhyam seey videshi darshakon key liye achchi tarah seey jaanaa jaataa thaa. jaba 1972 mein broose lii kii "dha way off dha dragon" release hui, tou sthaaniya prastutiyaan hangkang key baahar lokpriya hoe gaeen. 1980 key dashak key dauran, "ack behtar cull", jaise kii aansuu bahate hain, aur "jaadoo pahaad key juu yoddhaon" jaisi filmon ney yuddh kalaa filmon seey parey vaishvik ruchi kaa vistaar kiya; sthaaniya roop seey banaai gaee gangster filmein, romantic naatak aur alaukik kalpanaaen lokpriya hoe gaeen. vidaai merrie rakhail", "jeene key liye" aur "chungking express" jaise sameekshakon dwara prashansit natakon key saath agale dashak mein hangkang cinema antarrashtriya star parr safal rhaa. shahar kii yuddh kalaa filmon kii jadein sabse vipul hangkang abhinetaon kii bhoomikaon mein spasht hain. jackie chaan, donny yenn, jett lii, chaau yoon-fait aur michel yoh aksar videshi filmon mein action-unmukh bhoomikaaen nibhaate hain. 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein sthaaniya film udyog kii oonchaai parr, harr saal 400 seey adhik filmon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa; taba seey, udyog kii gati mukhya bhoomi chean mein sthanantarit hoe gaee. 2017 mein salana nirmit filmon kii sankhya ghatkar lagbhag 60 reh gaee haye.
sangeet.
cantopop cantonese lokpriya sangeet kii ack shally haye joe 1970 key dashak key dauran hangkang mein ubhari. shanghai-shally key "shidaik" seey vikasit, yeh cantonese opera aur paschimi popp seey bhee prabhaavit haye. sthaaniya media mein 1980 key dashak key dauran saim hui, aneeta muee, leslie chyung aur alaan taam jaise kalakaron key geeton koo dikhaaya gayaa; filmon aur show koo vaishvik darshakon key saamane pesh kiya gayaa. 1990 key dashak mein iss shally kii lokpriyata charam parr pahunch gaee, jaba chaar swargiya raajaon ney asiai record chart parr prabhutva jamaaya. dashak key anta seey ack samanya girawat key bavjood, hangkang mein cantopop pramukh banaa huaa haye; samkaaleen kalakar jaise kii eason chaan, joy yung aur judvaan kshetra mein aur usase baahar lokpriya hain.
paschimi shaastriya sangeet kii aitihaasik roop seey hangkang mein ack majboot upasthiti rahee haye aur yeh sthaaniya sangeet shiksha kaa ack badaa hissa banaa huaa haye. saarvajanik roop seey vitt poshit hangkang philharmonic orchestra, kshetra kaa sabse purana peshevar symphany orchestra, aksar videshon key sangeetkaron aur conductors kii mejbani kartaa haye. shaastriya cheeni vaadyayantron seey banaa hangkang cheeni vaadyayantra, pramukh cheeni samooh haye aur samudaay mein paaramparik sangeet koo badhaava dene mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye.
khel aur manoranjan.
apane chhote kshetra key bavjood, yeh kshetra niyamit roop seey haang kaang savence, haang kaang mairathan, haang kaang tennis classic aur chandra nava varsh cup kii mejbani kartaa haye, aur udghaatan afc asiai cup aur 1995 rajvansh cup kii mejbani kartaa haye.
hangkang mukhya bhoomi chean seey alag hocker antarrashtriya pratiyogitaon mein apani khel teams key saath apana pratinidhitva kartaa haye. iss kshetra ney 1952 seey lagbhag harr grishmakaaleen olympic mein bhaag liya haye aur chaar padak arjit kiye hain. lii laaee-shaan ney 1996 key atlanta olympic mein kshetra kaa pahala olympic swarn padak jeetaa, aur chyung kaa long ney tokyo 2020 mein doosara padak jeetaa. hangkang key athletes ney paralympic khelon mein 126 padak aur rashtramandal khelon mein 17 padak jeete hain. rashtramandal rashtron kaa hissa naheen reh gayaa, baad vaale mein shahar kii antim upasthiti 1994 mein hui thee.
dragon boat races kii utpatti vaarshik tuen ng utsav key dauran aayojit ack dhaarmik samaroh key roop mein hui thee. videshon mein haang kaang kii chhavi koo badhaava dene key liye paryatan board key prayason key hisse key roop mein daud koo ack aadhunik khel key roop mein punarjeevit kiya gayaa thaa. pahali aadhunik pratiyogita 1976 mein aayojit kii gaee thee, aur videshi teams ney 1993 mein pahali antarrashtriya daud mein pratispardha karna shuru kiya thaa.
kshetra key sabse badey kardaataa, hangkang jockey club kaa juaa parr ekadhikar haye aur yeh sarkari rajaswa kaa 7 pratishat seey adhik pradaan kartaa haye. hangkang mein juay key teen roop kanuni hainh lottery, ghuddaud aur football.
asahamati.
chean kii ashant 20veen shatabdi key dauran, hangkang ney asantushton, raajneetik sharanarthiyon aur satta khone vaale adhikaariyon key liye ack surakshit panaahgaah key roop mein kaam kiya. british neeti ney asantushton koo taba taka hangkang mein rahane kii anumati dee jaba taka kii way sthaaniya kaanoonon koo naheen todate yaa british hiton koo nuksan naheen pahunchaate. iss neeti kaa karyanvayan usa anusaar bhinn thaa joe varishth adhikaariyon ney socha thaa kii british hiton aur chean key saath sambandhon kii sthiti kaa gathan kartaa haye. canton-haang kaang hadtaal (1925-1926) samrajyavad virodhi prakriti kii thee. 1966 key dange aur maovadiyon key netritva vaale 1967 key dange, joe anivarya roop seey saanskritik kranti seey fail gaye they, shram vivaadon aur sarkaar key prati asantosh key aspas key tanaavon seey badey paimaane parr pradarshan they. halanki 1967 key dange ack shram vivaad key roop mein shuru hue they, lekin yeh ghatana taba teji seey badh gaee jaba vampanthi shivir aur hangkang mein tainaat mukhya bhoomi key adhikaariyon ney aupaniveshik sarkaar key khilaf virodh karane key liye apane anuyaayiyon koo jutaane kaa avsar praapt kiya. cheeni communist party key samarthakon ney dangon key dauran british virodhi sangharsh samiti kaa ayojan kiya.
landan vishvavidyalaya mein school off oriental aind african studies key chaina institute key nideshak steve tsang ney likhaa kii yeh "vidambanapurna" thaa kii hangkang britten dwara chean key upman kaa prateek honey key bavjood, cheeni upanivesh key cheeni nivaasiyon dwara chean mein isake peechhe hatane key liye ack bhee pramukh andolan shuru naheen kiya gayaa thaa, bhale hii cheeni raashtravaad key kaee utthaan hue they. unhone samajhaayah
1920 key dashak mein, hangkang key mazdoor varg key cheeni logon key paas hangkang sarkaar key aspas raili karane kaa koee achchha kaaran naheen thaa, aur way cheeni raashtravaad parr adharit apeelon key prati adhik samvedansheel they. natijatan, communists key ahwan koo mool roop seey kamkaji purushon dwara maanaa gayaa thaa, aur unake karyon ney ack saal key liye coloney koo vyaavhaarik roop seey pangu banaa diyaa thaa. haalaanki, 1960 key dashak key anta taka, hangkang sarkaar dwara sthirata aur achchi vyavastha banaae rakhane key prayaas, jisase sabhi key jeevan kii sthitiyon mein sudhaar karane mein madad millie, aur... ack haang kaang pehchaan key udbhav kii shuruat ney sthaaniya cheeni logon key ravaiye koo badal diyaa. unhone aupaniveshik british shasson key aspas bhaari raili kii.