
maddin-darby canine kidney koshikaaen

maddin-darby canine kidney (aim. dee. key.) koshikaaen ack model standhari koshika rekha hain jinka upayog jaiv chikitsa anusandhaan mein kiya jaataa haye. aim. dee. see. koshikaon kaa upayog koshika dhruviyata, koshika-koshika asanjan (jise anuyaayi junction kahaa jaataa haye), saamoohik koshika gatishilata, vishaaktata adhyayan, saath hii vikas karakon key liye pratikriyaon sahit vibhinn prakaar key koshika jeev vigyaan adhyayanon key liye kiya jaataa haye. yeh kuchh koshika samvardhan model mein seey ack haye joe 3dee koshika samvardhan aur bahukoshikiya punarvyavastha key liye upayukt haye jise shakha roopjanan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
itihas.
1958 mein stevert aich dwara ack vayask cocker spaniel kutte key gurde kii nully seey upkala koshikaon key praarambhik algaav key baad. madan aur norman bee. darby, junier.unake naam vaali koshika rekha koo mukhya roop seey standhari koshikaon key viral sankraman key liye ack model key roop mein niyojit kiya gayaa thaa. vaastav mein, unhone thheek isi lakshya koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue gurde kii nalikaon koo alag karane kaa vikalp chunaa, kyonki way pahale anya standhaariyon seey gurde kii nalikaon seey praapt koshikaon key viral sankraman key saath safal hue they. iss prakaar iss ootak seey koshikaon koo alag karane aur samvardhit karane kaa praarambhik lakshya upkala koshika jeev vigyaan key liye ack naee model pranali utpann karna naheen thaa. 1970 taka zbineck brada kii prayogshala ney aim. dee. key. koshikaon koo gurde kii nalika upkala koshikaon key lakshan vaali pratinidhi koshika rekha key roop mein varnit karane vaale kaam koo prakaashit naheen kiya thaa. way iss nishkarsh koo aim. dee. key. koshikaon seey baney ekalastaron kii drav parivahan gatividhiyon, unaki oopari (oopari) satah parr sookshmabhakshi kii upasthiti, aur 3dee mein vikasit honey parr khokhla kshetron mein aatm-vyavasthit karane kii unaki kshamata parr adharit karate hain. apani report mein, lekhakon ney anuman lagaaya kii "hystotypic abhivyakti" jisake dwara aim. dee. see. koshikaon ney apane mool ootak kii yaad dilaane vaali sanrachanaon kaa nirmaan kiya, anya ootakon key adhyayan mein faldaayi roop seey lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. agale dashakon ney unhein kaafee hudd taka sahee saabit kiya haye, halanki ootakon key bheetar koshikaon key sangathan aur vyavhaar kaa adhyayan karane key liye pradarshan kaa vishal vistaar huaa haye.
1970 key dashak key madhyam seey, aim. dee. key. koshika rekha ney standhari upkala ootak key liye ack model key roop mein nayaa upayog paaya. 1982 mein meena bisel aur unake sahyogiyon ney dikhaaya kii aim. dee. key. monoler ney collegen overley (jise "sandwich culture" kahaa jaataa haye) key atirikt failaane aur khokhale nalikaon koo banaane kaa jawab diyaa. yeh pahali baar sanket detaa haye kii koshika rekha gurde kii nalikaon kii yaad dilaane vaali upayukt 3 dee sanrachana mein swa-vyavasthit karke 3 dee vatavaran kaa jawab degi. agale varshon mein, poori tarah seey collegen mein embedded aim. dee. key. koshikaon kii sanskriti koo khokhla gole, yaa esini dene key liye dikhaaya gayaa thaa. yeye ack paribhaashit aantarik aur baahari key saath saral upkala ekal-star they. haalaanki, yeh tathya kii aim. dee. see. koshikaaen inn sthitiyon mein nalikaon kaa nirmaan naheen karati theen, baad taka aspasht rahee.
1980 key dashak mein isi avadhi mein, koshika gatishilata kaa adhyayan karane vaale jeevvigyaani sanskriti mein koshikaon key ack dilchasp aur punarutpaadak vyavhaar parr prahaar curr chuke theh prakirnan pratikriya. culture mein upkala koshikaaen samanya roop seey tanga samoohon key roop mein badhati hain. haalaanki, way koshika-koshika samparkon koo todane key liye prerit hoe sakate hain aur ack "scatter factor" key sampark mein aaney key baad lambe aur gatishil hoe sakate hain joe swiss 3t3 fibroblast jaisi messenkimal koshikaon dwara sraavit kiya gayaa thaa. iska sabse achchha varnan 1987 mein julia gray key samooh dwara kiya gayaa thaa. 1980 key dashak key madhya mein isi avadhi key dauran, walter berchmeyer key samooh dwara koshika-koshika samparkon koo baadhit karane aur sanskriti mein koshikaon kii saamane-peechhe dhruviyata koo badalane key liye ack monoclonal antibody kii soochana dee gaee thee. iss antibody key lakshya koo baad mein koshika-koshika junction, ee-caderine key ack ghatak key roop mein pahachaana gayaa. yeye alag-alag avalokan antatah koshika gatishilata aur koshika dhruviyata key liye ack lachila pratimaan mein ekjut hoe gaye. upkala koshikaaen aam taur parr gair-gatishil hoti hain, lekin koshika-koshika junctions koo rokkar yaa vikas karakon koo jodkar gatishil hoe sakati hain joe prakirnan koo prerit karate hain. yeye donon prativarti hain, aur donon mein koshika-koshika junctions kaa tootana shamil haye.
1991 mein, scatter factor key liye 3dee culture mein aim. dee. key. aiss. aaee. see. kii pratikriya pahali baar lilio orcy aur sahyogiyon dwara report kii gaee thee. unhone swiss 3tii3 fibroblast key saath yaa usake binaa collegen jail mein aim. dee. key. koshikaon key esini koo samvardhit kiya, jisamen media kaa adaan-pradaan hoe sakata thaa lekin koshika prakaar seedhe sampark mein naheen they. iss koshika samvardhan ranneeti koo coculture kahaa jaataa haye, jisane aim. dee. key. esini koo shakha roopjanan seey gujarane key liye prerit kiya, jisamen koshikaaen aapas mein judee nalikaon key ack network mein punarvyavasthit hoti hain joe kaee ootakon key vikas seey milati-julati hoti hain. usee varsh, "scatter factor" koo pahale varnit protein dikhaaya gayaa thaa joe fibroblast, hepatocyte vriddhi kaarak (aich. jee. aff.) dwara sraavit hotaa haye. iss kaam ney aim. dee. key. culture key ack utkrisht rahasya koo hull kiya, kyonki jiss ootak seey yeye koshikaaen praapt kii gaee theen, vaha tubeler haye, phir bhee way pahale kewal 3 dee culture mein golakar esini mein vikasit hue they. usa tatkaal virodhabhas seey parey, "scatter factor" dwara 2dee culture mein koshika gatishilata key teevra preran aur 3dee mein ootakon dwara apanaae gaye sthaanik sangathan parr isake prabhaav key beach ack mahatvapurna sambandh banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh sambandh 2dee mein koshika gatishilata key sateek roop seey paribhaashit tantra aur 3dee mein jatil punarvyavastha key beach ack kadee key roop mein mahatvapurna banaa huaa haye, jiska viniyaman abhee taka poori tarah seey samajha naheen gayaa haye.
shakha roopjanan.
pichhale 20 varshon mein, 3dee culture mein aim. dee. key. cell biology kii samajh koo vishesh roop seey keath mostov kii prayogshala dwara unnat kiya gayaa haye. iss samooh ney koshika dhruviyata key viniyaman aur shakha roopjanan parr isake downstream prabhaavon parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye. vaastav mein, sabse adhik samooh dwara utpann kaary key shareer ney ootakon mein cellular dhruviyata kii peedhi aur homeostasis key liye ack ullekhaniya model mein cellular karyon key sthaanik algaav aur unake aanvik markers key baare mein dashakon key gyaan koo safaltapurvak sanshleshit kiya haye. 2003 mein sabse adhik vyaapak samooh ney shaakhaon key roopjanan koo epical-besal dhruviyata key lakshan key saath jodane vaale pahale vyaapak khaate kii soochana dee. iss kaam ney sthaapit kiya kii aim. dee. key. koshikaaen shakha roopjanan kii shuruat key dauran padosiyon key saath sampark naheen khoti hain, lekin koshika dhruviyata key canonical marker kshanik roop seey khou jaate hain. dhruviyata mein iss badalaav kaa ack parinam koshikaon kii ack naee badhati shakha key saath koshika vibhajan kaa punarnirdharan haye, taaki shakha vistaar koo jaari rakhane key liye betty koshikaon koo sahee dhang seey sthiti dee jaa sakey. koshika gatishilata jisake dwara aim. dee. key. koshikaaen utpaadan karati hain aur shaakhaaen lambi hoti hain, inn dhruviyata parivartanon seey judee hui thee.
inn nishkarshon koo shakha roopjanan key liye ack model mein ekikrit kiya gayaa thaa joe koshika dhruviyata sanket key kshanik punarvyavastha parr kendrit thaa. iss model koo anaupchaarik roop seey sabse adhik upayog kiye jaane vaale maarg key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye. yeh aam taur parr gair-gatishil koshikaon koo protrution utpann karane aur saamoohik roop seey sthanantarit karane kii anumati detaa haye, jisake baad punarvitaran aur khokhale nalikaon kaa gathan hotaa haye. iss model key samarthan mein, mostov aur sahyogiyon ney aim. dee. see. acn parr aich. jee. aff. key prabhaavon kii pehchaan upkala seey messenkimal koshika phenotype mein aanshik sankraman key roop mein kii haye. yeh tark marshels ack sthaapit sanket karyakram haye jise epithelial seey messenkimal sankraman (ee. aim. tii.) kahaa jaataa haye, jisake dwara cecil epithelial koshikaaen gatishil hoe jaati hain aur koshika-koshika samparkon koo toda detee hain. ee. aim. tii. koo pratilekhiya sanket cascade key roop mein prastaavit kiya gayaa haye joe koshika prakirnan koo chalaata haye, halanki pahale shodhkartaon ney donon koo sanyojit naheen kiya thaa. iss antar koo dekhate hue kii 3dee mein esini key liye, koshika-koshika junction tootate naheen hain, yeh spasht naheen haye kii shakha roopjanan key saath ee. aim. tii. avadharana koo sateek roop seey kaise sambandhit kiya jaae.
mostov samooh ney una sadhanon kii bhee jaanch kii haye jinake dwara aich. jee. aff. aim. dee. key. shakha roopjanan key dauran koshika gatishilata koo sakriya kartaa haye. unake adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii shakha roopjanan key liye erk pratilekhan kaarak kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe mitogen sakriya protein kinnez cascade key neeche kii or hotaa haye, joe koshika gatishilata aur prasaar mein nihit ack achchi tarah seey paribhaashit sanket pargaman maarg haye. aim. dee. key. shakha roopjanan key liye jimmedaar sateek koshika gatishilata machinary koo sabse adhik samooh dwara nirdisht naheen kiya gayaa haye, joe chhote jee. tii. pee. aeye. aiss. aar. oh. koo niyantrit karane mein shamil ack sanket protein kii aavashyakta seey parey haye. isake alawa, gardel laib ney dikhaaya haye kii esini mein aim. dee. key. koshikaon kii aakramak gatishilata key liye dye1 kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe vyaktigat collegen tantuon key liye koshika asanjan koo niyantrit kartaa haye.
iss beach, anya samoohon ney aim. dee. key. shakha roopjanan mein koshika-ee. see. aim. asanjan protein yaa unake niyamakon kii aavashyakta kaa pradarshan kiya haye. aim. dee. key. cell culture aur branching morphogenesis key liye ack sanshodhit protocol kaa upayog karate hue, geark aur whitman ney branching mein shuruati charanon koo viniyamit karane mein microtubul dynamics kii aavashyakta sthaapit kii. jaba sookshm nalikaon koo viniyamit kiya gayaa thaa tou unhone collegen matricks mein koshika chipakane vaale yugman kii kamee dekhi. iss phenotype ney koshika key saamane upayukt koshika asanjan aur protrusion protein kii taskari key mahatva koo ingit kiya kyonki shakha roopjanan shuru kiya gayaa thaa. sabse adhik samooh key avalokan key saath, iss kaam ney pushti kii kii koshika dhruviyata shakha roopjanan key dauran aim. dee. key. aiss. aaee. aar. homeostasis key saath-saath pravaasi vyavhaaron key liye apariharya haye.

