ajnabi

ack ajnabi ack aisaa vyakti haye joe kissy anya vyakti yaa samooh seey anjaan haye. iss agyaat sthiti key kaaran, ack ajnabi koo taba taka khatare key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye jaba taka kii unaki pehchaan aur charitra kaa pataa naheen lagaaya jaa sakata haye. samajik vigyaan key uddeshyon key liye ajnabiyon key vibhinn vargon kii pehchaan kii gaee haye, aur ajnabiyon aur videshiyon kii ativyaapi honey kii pravritti kii jaanch kii gaee haye.
ack ajnabi kii upasthiti ack sthaapit samajik vyavastha parr sawal uthaa sakati haye, "kyonki ajnabi naa tou dost haye aur naa hii dushman; aur kyonki vaha donon hoe sakata haye. ajnabiyon key prati avishvaas ney ajnabi khatare kii avadharana koo janm diyaa haye (aur abhivyakti "ajnabiyon seey baat naa karein"), jisamen bachchon koo ajnabiyon seey darna sikhaane parr atyadhik jore diyaa jaataa haye, isake bavjood kii apaharan yaa durvyavahar key sabse aam srot bachche koo gyaat hain.
paribhaashaaen.
ack ajnabi koo aamtaur parr kissy aise vyakti key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye joe dusare key liye agyaat haye. choonki vyaktiyon key paas parivaar, mitron, parichiton aur anya logon kaa ack apekshaakrit chhota vritt hotaa haye-duniya key arabon logon mein seey kuchh sou yaa kuchh hazaar loga-adhikansh loga ack dusare key liye ajnabi hain. yeh adhik alankarik roop seey ack aise vyakti koo bhee sandarbhit curr sakata haye jisake liye ack avadharana agyaat haye, jaise kii ack vivadaspad vishay koo "vivaad key liye koee ajnabi naheen" key roop mein varnit karna, yaa ack aswachh vyakti koo "swachchata key liye ajnabi" key roop mein varnit karna. ack ajnabi koo aam taur parr ack baahari vyakti key roop mein darshaaya jaataa haye, aur dwandwa key srot key roop mein, kyonki way ack dost, ack dushman yaa donon hoe sakate hain. ajnabi" shabd madhya francisi shabd "astrangier" seey nikla haye, jiska arth haye videshi yaa videshi.
kinn logon yaa samoohon koo ajnabi maanaa jaataa haye, unaki seemaaen paristhitiyon aur sanskriti key anusaar aur samajshastra aur darshan key kshetron mein vibhinn vyaapak sandarbhon mein bhinn hoti hain. samajshastri aur daarshanik zigment bauman key anusaar, harr samaaj apane swayam key ajnabiyon kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, aur "vichitrata" kii prakriti "utkrisht roop seey naram [aur] maanav nirmit" haye. vaikalpik roop seey, lissa atwood wilkinson ney likhaa haye kii "[bee] vaaee paribhasha, joe koee bhee merey liye ajnabi haye vaha koee aisaa vyakti haye joe daarshanik naheen haih ack ajnabi vaha vyakti haye joe merey saath rakt yaa vivaah seey sambandhit naheen haye, naa kii merey janjaati yaa nasl kaa sadasya, aur naa hii ack saathi nagrik."ack anya daavaa kartaa haye kii" "[i] tii kaee daarshnikon dwara tark diyaa gayaa haye kii humm prithvi parr sabhi ajnabi hain, dusaron seey alag hain aur apane desh mein bhee.
ajnabiyon key prakaar.
ack ajnabi honey kii sthiti kii jaanch degree key roop mein kii jaa sakati haye. udaaharan key liye, koee vyakti una mamalon mein aanshik roop seey ajnabi hoe sakata haye jahaan way samvaad karane mein asamarth hain, yaa koee anya vyakti kissy vyakti key pahaluon, unake drishtikon yaa anubhavon koo samajhane mein asamarth haye. vaikalpik roop seey, ack vyakti dusare key liye ack naitik ajnabi hoe sakata haye joe "maulik roop seey alag naitik pratibaddhataon seey" kaary kartaa haye, bhale hii vaha vyakti ack karibi mitra yaa parivaar kaa sadasya hoe.
ack ajnabi jisake saath kissy vyakti kaa pahale kissy bhee prakaar kaa koee sampark naheen rhaa haye, usey "poorna ajnabi" yaa "poorna ajnabi" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaa sakata haye. kuchh loga jinhen apane aur dusaron key beach aupchaarik roop seey sthaapit sambandh kii kamee key kaaran "ajnabi" maanaa jaataa haye, phir bhee way ack poorna ajnabi seey adhik parichit hain. ack parichit ajnabi ack aisaa vyakti haye jise dusare dwara niyamit roop seey sadak yaa buss stop jaisi samanya bhautik jagah saajha karane seey pahachaana jaataa haye, lekin jisake saath koee baatchit naheen kartaa haye. 1972 key pepper "dha parichit ajanabeeh shahari gumnami kaa ack pahalu" mein pahali baar steinly milgram dwara pahachaana gayaa, yeh samajik network aur takniki roop seey madhyasth sanchaar key baare mein shodh mein ack teji seey lokpriya vishay bunn gayaa haye. parinami ajnabi parivaar aur karibi doston key alawa anya vyaktigat sambandh hain. paridhiya" yaa "kamjor" sambandhon key roop mein bhee jaane jaane vaale, way ajnabiyon aur antarang logon key beach vyaapak samajik kshetra mein sthit hain. yeh shabd curran ell dwara gadhaa gayaa thaa. fingerman aur aage melinda blau dwara vikasit kiya gayaa, jinhone avadharana kaa pataa lagaane aur lokpriya banaane key liye manovaigyaanik key saath sahyog kiya.
ajnabi aur videshi.
ack ajnabi jaruri naheen kii ack videshi hoe, halanki ack videshi key ajnabi honey kii atyadhik sambhavana haih
samajshastri aur daarshanik jorg simel key kaam kaa ullekh karate hue criss rumford key anusaar, "joe loga shaaririk roop seey karib hain way door hoe sakate hain aur joe door hain way vaastav mein kaee mayanon mein karib hoe sakate hain. badey shaharon mein aabaadi key samooh key saath, logon mein abb "ajnabiyon key beach rahane" kii aitihaasik roop seey uchch pravritti haye.
ack saankhyikiya drishtikon koo apanaate hue, ajnabiyon koo rashtra-raajya dwara lagaae gaye aur maange gaye adesh key liye ack arajak chunauti key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, jisake baad ajnabiyon koo aatmasaat karane, unhein nishkaasit karane yaa unhein nasht karane kii chunauti kaa saamana karna padata haye. haalaanki yeh drishtikon iss mahatvapurna muddon koo nazarandaj curr sakata haye kii kaun saa adhikaar ajnabi koo paribhaashit kartaa haye, aur vaha nirdhaaran kaise kiya jaataa haye.
ajnabiyon key saath baatchit.
ajnabiyon key saath baatchit paristhitiyon aur shamil logon key vyaktitva key aadhar parr vyaapak roop seey bhinn hoe sakati haye. kuchh logon koo ajnabiyon key saath baatchit karane mein koee kathinaaee naheen hoti haye, jabaki anya logon koo ajnabiyon key saath baatchit karane kii sambhavana mein bhaari asuvidha kaa anubhav hotaa haye. spectrum key vipareet chhor parr, kuchh loga ajnabiyon key saath yaun sambandh banaane key liye utsaahit hotey hain. manovaigyaanik danne pee. mcdums likhate hainh
ajnabi chinta.
shishu aam taur parr ajnabiyon key prati taba taka grahansheel rahenge jaba taka kii way vastu kii sthirata praapt naheen curr lete aur sanlagnak banaana shuru naheen curr dete. isake baad aam taur parr ajnabi chinta ubharati haye, aur chhote bachche aam taur parr anajaane vyaktiyon key saath prastut honey parr sankat key sanket pradarshit karate hain, aur ajnabiyon key bajaay una logon koo pasand karate hain jinake saath way parichit hain. iss pratikriya koo aam taur parr ajnabi chinta yaa ajnabi yuddh key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.
ack sameeksha key anusaar, ajnabiyon key prati pratikriya ling key anusaar kuchh hudd taka bhinn hoe sakati haye. jabaki teen maheene kii umr mein koee ling antar naheen dekhaa gayaa thaa, ladkiyon ney ladakon kii tulanaa mein pahale ausat umr mein, lagbhag aathh seey nau maheene kii umr mein, ajib darr kaa pradarshan kiya, halanki ladakon ney jaldi pakad liya, aur nau seey 17 maheene kii umr kii pareekshaon mein koee antar darj naheen kiya gayaa. adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii shishu ajnabiyon key liye vareeyata dikhaate hain yadi way apani umr key karib hain. haalaanki, yeh vareeyata una sthitiyon mein ulat sakati haye jinamen bhaya paida karane vaali uttejanaaen shamil hain.
ajnabi chinta kii gambhirta vyaktigat swabhaav, aatm-niyantran kii kshamata aur dekhbhal karane vaale kii chinta seey prabhaavit hoe sakati haye. ajnabi aur sathiyon key beach sakaratmak baatchit aur parichit parivesh kii vyavastha sahit kaee takneekon key madhyam seey ajnabi chinta koo cumm kiya jaa sakata haye.
ajnabi khatra.
badey bachchon key liye, aksar schools aur gharon mein tathaakathit "ajnabi khatare" parr nirdesh pradaan kiya jaataa haye. yeh aksar ajnabi apraadhiyon key baare mein saarvajanik bhaya seey utpann hotaa haye, joe loga saarvajanik sthaanon parr bachchon key apaharan yaa durvyavahar key iraade seey sampark curr sakate hain, sambhavatah bachchon koo kamjor lakshya key roop mein unaki dhaarana key kaaran. saankhyikiya roop seey, jinn bachchon kaa apaharan kiya jaataa haye, unake kissy aise vyakti dwara liye jaane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye joe parichit yaa parivaar kaa sadasya hoe. ack anuman key anusaar, "classic ajnabi apaharan" sanyukt raajya mein salana kull laapata bachchon kaa kewal 0.014% thaa, yaa prati 100,000 mein lagbhag 14. isake alawa, gair-parivaar key sadasyon dwara kiye gaye sabhi apaharanon mein seey adhikansh (59%) bachchon key bajaay kishoron key they. laapata aur shoshit bachchon key rashtriya kendra (aine. see. aim. ee. see.) dwara report kiye gaye isi tarah key aankadon mein, kewal 1 pratishat apaharan gair-parivaar key sadasyon seey they, jabaki apahrit logon mein seey 91 pratishat koo luptapray bhaagne vaalon key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa.  
isake kaaran ajnabi khatare parr jore dene key liye coll aae hain, jaisa kii aine. see. aim. ee. see. key nancy mcbride ney "aine. bee. see. news" koo bataaya, "chalo ajnabi-khatare koo lete hain aur ise ack sangrahalaya mein daal dete hain. hamein apane bachchon koo yeh sikhaane kii aavashyakta haye kii aggar way musibat mein hain tou vaastav mein unaki madad karane vaali cheejen hain."yeh samajshastri aur bachchon key khilaf aparaadh anusandhaan kendra key nideshak david finkelore dwara pratidhwanit kiya gayaa thaa," "washington post" "mein likhate hueh
humm unhein una logon (ajnabiyon yaa naheen) key sanket sikhaane key liye bahut behtar karenge joe buraa vyavhaar curr rahey hainh unhein anuchit roop seey chhoona, atyadhik vyaktigat honah, unhein akela karane kii koshish karna, nashe mein dhut honah, dusaron koo uksana yaa laparwahi seey hathiyar chalaana. hamein bachchon koo incar karane key kaushal, vighatan kaushal aur madad kaise bulani haye, iska abhyaas karane mein madad karane kii aavashyakta haye.
vayaskon mein.
samajshastriya saahitya kii apani sameeksha mein, semin aur fiddler ney nishkarsh nikala kii ajnabiyon kii dhaarana mukhya roop seey samooh kii sadasyata parr adharit hoti haye, aur ack baahari samooh key sadasya key roop mein unaki pehchaan, kyonki ack ajnabi, paribhasha key anusaar, vyaktigat roop seey gyaat naheen haye. yeh ajnabi key kathit uddeshyon yaa iradon koo badhaa sakata haye, lekin paristhitiyon aur paryaavaran key anusaar bhee bahut bhinn hoe sakata haye. paryavaraniya karakon mein, shaaririk roop seey asahaj roop seey, jaise kii ack kamare mein upasthiti joe germ aur bheedbhaad vaali haye, ajnabiyon key prati nakaratmak drishtikon badhaane key liye dikhaai gaee haye.
prayogshala saakshyon ney sanket diyaa haye kii jaba koee dost yaa parichit maujood naheen hotey hain, tou ajnabiyon key saath aamane-saamane milane parr vyaktiyon key cumm vinamra vyavhaar karane kii sambhavana hoti haye. jaisa kii joinson aur sahyogiyon ney samajhaaya haye, "way doston kii tulanaa mein ajnabiyon key liye apani aadarsh aatm-yogyataon koo adhik prastut karate hain."haalaanki, yeh taba ulatata huaa dikhaai diyaa jaba dou ajnabi doston kii anupasthiti mein ack dusare seey online mille, joe doston kii upasthiti mein ajnabiyon key saath online baatchit kii tulanaa mein sabse mamuli aatm-prastuti koo ujagar kartaa haye.
jaankaari kaa khulasa karane kii ichcha mein, shodhkartaon ney pehchaan kii haye kii kyaa ajnabi-onn-dha-train ghatana kahaa gayaa haye, jisamen vyakti gumnam vyaktiyon key saath bahut saaree vyaktigat jaankaari saajha karane key liye ichchuk hain. yeh unake rishte kii asthaayi prakriti aur iss gyaan seey prabhaavit hoe sakata haye kii ajnabi kii swayam kissy vyakti key vyaapak samajik dayare taka koee pahunch naheen haye. jaisa kii ack lekhak ney kahaa, iss ghatana koo yatra lekhak paul therox key shabdon dwara vidambanapurna roop seey sabse achchha varnit kiya gayaa haye, kahate hueh
kaee anya logon kii tarah, trains mein logon key saath hui baatchit ney saajha yatra seey ack aasaan spashtata, bhojan kii dekhbhal key aaraam aur nishchit gyaan praapt kiya kii humm donon mein seey koee bhee ack-dusare koo phir seey naheen dekhega.
yeh chikitsa yaa paramarsh key sandarbh mein aatm-prakateekaran koo ujagar karane mein sahayak hoe sakata haye, aur khulepan aur imandari koo protsaahit curr sakata haye. haalaanki, shodh seey yeh bhee pataa chalata haye kii yeh ghatana ajnabi key saath bhavishya kii baatchit kii apeksha seey madhyasthata karati haye.
dharm mein.
ajnabi" kaa nayaa vasiyatnama yunani anuvaad "zenos" haye, joe angreji zenophobia kaa mool shabd haye, jiska arth haye ajnabiyon aur videshiyon kaa samaan roop seey darr. ajnabiyon, aur vishesh roop seey ajnabiyon aur jaruratmand ajnabiyon key liye aatithya dikhaana poore puraane vasiyatname mein ack vishay haye, aur nae vasiyatname mein "vistaarit-aur yahaan taka kii kattarpanthi bhee haye.
puraane niyam key raajaa james sanskaran mein, "nirgaman 23:9 mein kahaa gayaa haih" aap kissy ajnabi parr atyachar naheen karengeh kyonki aap ack ajnabi key dill koo jaanate hain, kyonki aap misra desh mein ajnabi they.  kuchh anya anuvaad "ajnabi" key bajaay "videshi" kaa upayog karate hain.
ajnabi dwara avalokan.
samajshastriya saahitya mein "peshevar ajnabi" kii ack avadharana haye, vaha vyakti joe jaanboojhkar samudaay seey bauddhik doori banaae rakhta haye taaki usey dekhaa aur samajha jaa sakey.

