
aakar cumm karein (automobile)

automobile udyog key sandarbh mein, aakar ghataana ack abhyaas haye jiska upayog vaahanon koo ack aakar khand seey dusare aakar mein badalane key liye kiya jaataa haye. aswasthata key yug key dauran shuru kiya gayaa, upabhokta aur sarkari maangon key kaaran vaahan key design koo prabhaavit karane key liye aakar ghataaya jaataa haye. jaise hii vaahan utpaad lines ney apane model chakron koo puuraa kiya, automobile nirmaataon ney ack chhoti baahari padchinh key saath ack vaahan kii agali peedhi vikasit kii, taaki vajan mein kamee aur eendhan arthavyavastha mein vriddhi hoe sakey, ack chhote wheelbase aur shareer kii lambai kaa upayog karke. 
americi automobile udyog mein, 1973 key tail sankat key liye ack pratyaksh pratikriya, jiska parinam 1975 mein kaife eendhan arthavyavastha manakon kii sakriyata mein huaa. 1980 taka, sanyukt raajya america mein bikri key liye kaaron aur halke trucks kaa utpaadan karane vaale pratyek auto nirmaata koo apani poori utpaad line mein ausatan 20 aim. pee. jee. kaa utpaadan karane kii aavashyakta thee. jawab mein, jaise hii poorna aakar kii kaar lines ney apane model chakron koo puuraa kiya, samanya motors, ford motor company aur chrysler corporation ney aantarik aayamon koo yathasambhav nikatata seey sanrakshit karate hue eendhan dakshata mein vriddhi key saath poorna aakar kii utpaad lines koo pesh karane kii maang kii. 1977 mein, general motors apani poorna aakar kii utpaad shrinkhala key chhote sanskaranon koo pesh karane vaali pahali americi nirmaata bunn gaee.
1980 key dashak kii shuruat taka, downsizing abhyaas lagbhag sabhi aakar khandon mein fail gayaa thaa kyonki utpaad lines ney pratyek company key bheetar model chakr puuraa kiya thaa. poorna aakar khand key baahar, americi nirmaataon ney aakar khandon mein europeeya aur japani nirmaataon key saath adhik nikatata seey sanrekhit karna shuru curr diyaa, jisase uttar americi-vishisht "madhyavarti" aakar khand koo chhod diyaa gayaa. poorna model punarvinyas key liye ack twarit aur cumm laagat vaale vikalp key roop mein, ack doosari ranneeti ney model adyatan key hisse key roop mein badey vaahanon key nampattiyon koo chhote vaahanon mein parivartit kiya.
injan downsizing shabd kaa upayog taba kiya jaataa haye jaba ack nirmaata uchch eendhan arthavyavastha key hita mein ack utpaad line key liye ack chhote-visthaapan injan (halanki aavashyak roop seey cumm-utpaadan naheen) kaa parichay detaa haye.
anusandhaan aur pragati.
baath vishvavidyalaya ney apane powertrain aur vaahan anusandhaan kendra dwara kiye gaye shodh koo prakaashit kiya, jisamen dikhaaya gayaa kii injan kii kshamata koo 60 pratishat taka cumm karna sambhav haye aur abhee bhee ack aadhunik, badee kshamata vaale praakritik roop seey-akankshi injan key toqa vakr koo praapt karna sambhav haye, jabaki premium vaahanon mein aisee avadharana koo niyojit karane key liye aavashyak visheshtaon koo shamil kiya gayaa haye.
udaaharan.
samanya motor.
1977 seey 1982 taka, crum mein, samanya motors apane poorna-aakar, madhyavarti, compact aur upa-compact vaahan utpaad lines koo bhautik roop seey cumm curr denge kyonki pratyek platform ney apane model chakr koo puuraa kiya. ranneeti mein pratyek samanya motor prabhaag (book, cadillac, cheverlet, jee. aim. see., oldsmobile aur pontiac) key vaahan shamil they.
poorna aakar (bee/see-munch, 1977).
1973 key tail sankat key liye ack pratyaksh pratikriya key roop mein, eendhan dakshata mein vriddhi key hita mein ghataane vaali pahali automobile poorna aakar key jee. aim. bee-boddy aur see-boddy platform (jee. aim. see. koo chhodkar sabhi prabhagon dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale) they. usa samay uttar america mein sabse adhik bikane vaale kaar platforms mein book lesbrey/electra, chevrolet impala/capris, cadillac, oldsmobile 88/98 aur pontiac catalina/bonneville, bee aur see-boddy shamil they. ausatan, 1976 seey 1977 taka, engineeron ney shareer kii lambai ausatan 12 inch aur niyantran vajan mein 750-800 pound cumm kiya (kuchh vaahanon key saath niyantran vajan key 1,000 pound seey adhik cumm hoe gayaa).
kewal 1977 key liye, poorna-aakar key jee. aim. utpaad line ney ack-munch madhyavarti kii tulanaa mein ack chhote baahari padchinh koo apanaaya; saavdhaanipoorvak engineering ney poorvavarti poorna-aakar key vaahanon kii tulanaa mein aantarik sthaan mein nagany kamee kii. eendhan arthavyavastha aur vajan mein kamee donon key hita mein, bee/see-platform ney cadillac division key baahar "bigg-block" vee8 injanon kaa upayog samaapt curr diyaa; 1980 key baad, ack 350 cubic-inch vee8 bee-boddy chessis mein fitt kiya gayaa sabse badaa injan thaa.
1985 mein, bee-platform chessis kaa upayog karke general motors ney apane kaee nameplates kaa aur cumm kiya. station vaiganon key apavaad key saath, book, oldsmobiles aur pontiac (adhikansh cadillac model line key saath) kii poorna aakar kii kaaron kaa aakar cumm hoe gayaa thaa, joe front-wheel drive, madhyam aakar key sedan bunn gaye they. 1986 seey 1990 taka, ekmatra rear-wheel-drive sedan kaa utpaadan chevrolet capris aur cadillac (fleetwood) broham they; book roadmaster sedan koo 1992 key liye pesh kiya gayaa thaa.
1996 model varsh key anta key baad, general motors ney bee-platform kaa utpaadan samaapt curr diyaa. jabaki ack pratyaksh pratisthaapan key roop mein irada naheen haye, gm ney 2008 seey 2017 taka gm jeeta platform seey adharit sedan kaa srot liya, jise holden (gm australia) dwara utpaadit kiya gayaa. <gallery mode = "paik" caption = "samanya motor downsizing (bee/see poorna-aakar key platform, 1977)">
faailah 1976 book electra 225 (15301670211).jey. pee. jee..1976 book electra 225
faailah '77 book electra park avenue.jey. pee. jee..1977 book electra park avenue 
faailah book-electra-park-avenue.jey. pee. jee..1987-1990 electra park avenue khareeden 
faailah 1974 chevrolet impala (11146054173).jey. pee. jee..1974 chevrolet impala hardtop
faailah chevi impala koop (5051270876).jey. pee. jee..1977-1979 dou-darvaajon vaalaa cheverlet impala
</gallery>
madhyavarti (aeye-platform, 1978).
1977 key liye, samanya motors key poorna-aakar key vaahanon key ghataav key baad, gm aeye-platform (madhyavarti/madhyam-aakar) vaahanon ney ack samanya wheelbase aur poorna-aakar bee/see-platform samkakshon kii tulanaa mein badey baahari ayam saajha kiye. design overlap koo samaapt karane aur poore jee. aim. model line kii eendhan dakshata kaa vistaar karane key liye, 1978 key liye, jee. aim. madhyavarti utpaad lines (aeye-platform) kaa apana downsizing huaa. anivarya roop seey madhyam aakar key vaahan banane key paksh mein madhyavarti padnam koo chhodate hue, aeye-boddy vaahanon ney aiks-boddy compact kii tulanaa mein thodaa chhota padchinh apanaaya. poorna aakar kii model lines key samaan kamee mein, aeye-boddy downsizing shareer kii lambai key lagbhag 12-15 inch aur curb vajan key 500-1,000 pound (model vinyas key aadhar parr) cumm hoe jaataa haye.
1982 mein, jee. aim. ney apane kaee madhyam aakar key sedan koo cumm curr diyaa, kyonki aeye-platform koo front-wheel drive mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa; shesh aeye-platform sanskaranon (dou-door koop aur koop upayogitaon) koo jee. aim. jee-platform key tahat phir seey design kiya gayaa thaa. 1988 key liye, sabhi jee. aim. jee-boddy vaahanon kaa aakar thodaa cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur front-wheel drive jee. aim. 10 platform (baad mein jee. aim. doubleu. platform) dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jise charanbaddh tareeke seey ack-platform vaahanon key cheverlet aur pontiac sanskaranon key pratisthaapan key roop mein bhee shamil kiya gayaa thaa. 
compact (aiks-platform, 1980).
1980 key liye samanya motor aiks-platform compact vaahanon kaa aakar bhee jee. aim. key front-wheel drive mein sankraman key saath mell khaata haye. haalaanki company ney 1966 seey front-wheel drive vaahanon kaa utpaadan kiya thaa, 1980 aiks-kaaren lakjari kaar khand key baahar pahale front-wheel drive gm vaahan they. cheverlet nova kii jagah, cheverlet citation (book skylark, oldsmobile omega aur pontiac phoenix key saath) 20 inch lambai, chhah inch wheelbase aur 800 pound curb vajan cumm kartaa haye. jabaki baahari aakar mein cheverlet vega seey lagbhag mell khaata haye, aantarik ayam pichhali peedhi key aiks-platform sedan seey karib seey mell khaate hain.
jabaki iska ack-munch samkaksh 1996 taka jaari rhaa, aiks-munch koo 1985 mein bund curr diyaa gayaa, jise kaee alag-alag designs dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. jee. aim. jey. platform key saath ativyaapi honey seey bachane key liye, jee. aim. ell. aur aine. platform mein kissy bhee mahatvapurna aakar kii kamee naheen hui, joe kaafee hudd taka jee. aim. compact khand key madhyam seey ghatati gaee.
upa-compact (aich-platform seey jey-platform, 1982).
upa-compact khand key liye, samanya motors ney 1982 model varsh key liye 1981 mein apane model renz koo front-wheel drive mein parivartit curr diyaa. 1980 mein aich-platform key bund honey key baad, jee. aim. ney pratyek division (jee. aim. see. koo chhodkar) key liye model key saath jey-platform pesh kiya. jabaki apane poorvavarti cheverlet monja kii tulanaa mein wheelbase mein lamba thaa, cheverlet ghudsavaar kii lambai cumm thee, jisamen uchch dakshata vaali powertrain thee. 
chrysler.
1973 key gais sankat key saath lagbhag samvarti, chrysler ney plymouth, dozz aur chrysler key liye badey aur bhaari 1974 poorna aakar key model pesh kiye. ford aur general motors key vipareet, chrysler kii poorna aakar kii vaahan bikri gais sankat seey kabhi naheen uber paayegi, anya karakon key saath, company 1970 key dashak key anta taka lagbhag diwalia honey key liye majboor hoe gaee thee.
eendhan-kushal compact kaaron key vikas parr apane shesh sansadhanon koo kendrit karane key liye majboor, chrysler ney nae model khandon key liye maujooda vaahan vastukala koo anukoolit karate hue ford aur samanya motors seey ack alag ranneeti banaai.
poorna aakar (aar-munch, 1979).
1979 model varsh key liye, jee. aim. dwara paaee gaee safalata aur ford dwara chhoti poorna aakar kii kaaron kii agami shuruat key liye chrysler seey pratikriya kii aavashyakta thee. apane poorna aakar key see-platform chessis (1974 mein punah design kiya gayaa) koo cumm karane key liye sansadhanon koo pratibaddh karane mein asamarth, chrysler koo aar-boddy vaahanon koo pesh karane key liye nirvaasit kiya gayaa, baahari padchinh mein ford aur gm seey mell khaata haye. sabhi nae baahari sheetmetals pahane hue, chrysler aar-platform vaahan 1962-1978 chrysler bee platform (madhyavarti khand key liye utpaadit) kaa ack sanshodhan they. kharaab bikri (bede key baajaron key baahar) key saath, chrysler ney aar-platform vaahanon kaa utpaadan samaapt curr diyaa, joe 1992 lh-platform vaahanon taka antim poorna aakar key chrysler vaahan bunn gaye.
aar-platform koo badalane key liye, 1982 key liye, chrysler nyu yorker aur plymouth grain fury nameplates koo chrysler aim platform parr sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. compact 1976-1980 dozz espen/plymouth volere kaa ack vikas, aim-platform vaahan wheelbase aur lambai mein 1973-1977 jee. aim. aeye-platform vaahanon seey mell khaate hain. mukhya roop seey bede kii bikri dwara samarthit, dozz rajanyik (jisane dozz sent koo badal diyaa. regis) aur plymouth grain fury kaa utpaadan 1989 model varsh key madhyam seey kiya gayaa thaa; naa tou model line ney ack seedha pratisthaapan dekhaa. dozz wiper aur plymouth proller key apavaad key saath, 1989 aim-platform vaahan 2005 mein lx platform kii shuruat taka utpaadit antim rear-wheel drive chrysler kaaren theen.
madhya-aakar (key-munch, 1981).
1981 model varsh key liye, chrysler downsizing kaa ack adhik kattarpanthi roop apanaayega, dozz espen aur plymouth volere koo dozz mesh/plymouth nirbhar key saath badal dega. chrysler key-kaaron key roop mein jaani jaane vaali, way poori tarah seey company key bheetar vikasit pahali front-wheel drive kaaren theen. apane poorvavartiyon kii tulanaa mein, key-kaar shareer kii lambai key 28 inch seey adhik, wheelbase key 13 inch (99.6 inch parr, upa-compact dozz omni/plymouth kshitij seey kewal 1.2 "lamba), aur 1,200 pound taka key curb vajan (model key aadhar parr). halanki baahari padchinh mein unake poorvavartiyon kii tulanaa mein bahut chhota, aantarik ayam bahut cumm badal gaye, 6-yatri baithane key saath barkarar rahey; ee. pee. aeye. dwara aashrit aur mesh koo madhyam aakar key vaahanon key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa.
dozz mesh aur plymouth key saath-saath, kaee aakar khandon mein 1981 seey 1995 taka key platform seey 40 seey adhik vaahan (minivan sahit naheen) praapt kiye gaye they. apani badee sankhya mein vyutpannon key kaaran, chrysler compact, madhyam aakar aur poorna aakar key khandon (kramshah pee. ell., jey. aeye. aur ell. aich. platforms key saath) mein key platform koo badal dega. 
minivan (aiss-platform, 1984).
1980 key dashak mein, chrysler ney badey parivaar key vaahanon key liye vikalpon kii khoj kii. 1970 key dashak mein ford mein ack chala rahey prototype mein isake vikas key baad, lii icoca ney poorna-aakar aur madhyam-aakar key station vaiganon key vikalp key roop mein chrysler mein minivan koo punarjeevit kiya, joe key-kaaron key saath vikasit kiya gayaa. vikas nidhi kii kamee key saath-saath bikri mein girawat key kaaran chrysler ney 1978 model varsh key baad poorna aakar key station vaiganon kaa utpaadan vaapas leey liya; 1982 key baad, key-kaar kaa vaigan sanskaran chrysler dwara becha jaane vaalaa ekmatra station vaigan thaa.
1984 mein pesh kiya gayaa, plymouth viager aur dozz kaarvaan ack americi nirmaata dwara utpaadan taka pahunchane vaale pahale minivan they. jabaki key-kaaron seey teen inch chhota, yatri aur kaarvaan koo 7 yaatriyon koo pakadane key liye configure kiya jaa sakata haye; seeton koo hataane key saath, aantarik matra ack poorna aakar key station vaigan kii malvahak kshamata seey karib seey mell khaati haye. jabaki dozz kaarvaan ack bilkul naee nameplate thee, minivan kii shuruat ney plymouth viager koo prabhaavi roop seey cumm curr diyaa, joe pahale dozz raim vaigan kaa samkaksh thaa.
1988 key baad, chrysler ney 2005 mein lx-platform dozz magnum kii shuruat taka poori tarah seey station vaigan utpaadan seey baahar nickle gayaa.
ford.
ford motor company upabhokta kii maang key jawab mein badey paimaane parr chhote aakar kii model lines koo pesh karane vaali pahali americi vaahan nirmaata bunn jaayegi. 1961 model varsh key liye linken model line koo laabhpradata mein vaapas karane kaa saamana karate hue, linken mahadvipiya pichhale 1960 model (5 meal prati ghante key bumper key binaa banaai gaee abb taka kii sabse badee ford kaar) seey lagbhag 15 inch lambai aur 8 inch wheelbase mein gir gayaa. usee varsh, paaraa apane poorna aakar key model renz key liye ack ford-adharit chessis mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa, jisamen 6 inch kaa wheelbase giraa.
praarambhik upayog.
aakar mein kamee (dakshata mein sudhaar key prayaas mein) pahali baar charanbaddh roop seey 1974 mein ford mustang II kii shuruat kii gaee thee. 1973 key eendhan sankat seey pahale design kiya gayaa, mustang II koo una upbhoktaon key liye ack pratikriya key roop mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone mahsoos kiya thaa kii mustang apane vibhinn 1960 key dashak key adyatanon key madhyam seey bahut badaa hoe gayaa thaa. ford baaz aadhar seey ford pinto kii or badhate hue, 1974 key mustang II ney apane 1973 key samkaksh seey lagbhag 14 inch lambai aur 13 inch wheelbase koo cumm kiya. mustang kaa sabse chhota model, 1974 mustang II 1964 key pahale sanskaran seey 6 inch chhota thaa.
1977 key liye, ford ney apane utpaad lineup mein ford thunderbird key sthaan koo sanshodhit kiya. model koo mahadvipiya chihn v seey vibhajit karane key prayaas mein, thunderbird koo dheemi gati seey bikane vaale ford abhijaat varg (ford ltd II aur paaraa kaugar kaa samkaksh banana) kaa pratisthaapan banaaya gayaa thaa. duplication koo samaapt karane key saath, vipanan sanshodhan ney ack chhote aur cumm mahange thunderbird kaa utpaadan kiya joe pahali baar jee. aim. aeye-boddy vyaktigat lakjari koop aur chrysler cordoba kii chaukadi key khilaf pratispardha kartaa thaa.
1977 mein apane poorna aakar key vaahanon key graam downsizing kii pratikriya key roop mein, ford ney apane poorna aakar key model line key aakar (abb cadillac fleetwood broham seey adhik lamba) koo chhote baahari pairon key nishan key baare mein sandeh karane vaale upbhoktaon key liye pradarshit kiya. cumm aakar key jee. aim. prastaavon key saath adhik seedhe pratispardha karane key liye, ford torino aur paaraa montago koo adyatan kiya gayaa aur ford ell. tii. dee. aaee. aur paaraa kaugar kaa naam badal diyaa gayaa; baahari pairon key nishan mein jee. aim. bee-boddy sedan seey mell khaate hue, ell. tii. dee. aaee./kaugar aantarik aayamon key sandarbh mein madhyavarti-khand sedan banaa rhaa.
poorna aakar (panther, 1979-1980).
1979 model varsh key liye, ford cumm aakar key poorna-aakar key utpaad shreniyon koo pesh karane vaalaa antim americi nirmaata bunn gayaa. 1977 key general motors bee-platform redesign kii pratikriya key roop mein, ford ney ford aur paaraa key liye panther platform launch kiya (linken koo 1980 taka deree hui thee). 1978 key vipareet, 1979 ford ell. tii. dee. aur paaraa markis ney 15 inch kii lambai aur 800 pound seey adhik khou diyaa, jisase unhein "madhyavarti" ford ell. tii. dee. II kii tulanaa mein ack chhota baahari padchinh milaa. halanki, poorna aakar key sedan nae design key madhyam seey lagbhag samaan aantarik aayamon koo banaae rakhane mein saksham they. 1980 key liye, linken mahadvipiya (1981 key liye shahar kii kaar kaa naam badal diyaa gayaa) americi poorna aakar key sedan kaa antim naam bunn gayaa; 1977 seey 1979 taka, yeh uttari america mein bechi jaane vaali sabse lambi badey paimaane parr utpaadit kaar thee. 
madhyam aakar (lomdi, 1980-1981).
ford aur linken-mercurry poorna-aakar key utpaad lines key downsizing key baad, ford apane madhya-aakar key utpaad shreniyon koo downsize karane kii or sthanantarit hoe gayaa, unhein ford fox platform (1978 mein pesh kiya gayaa, compact aakar seema key badey chhor parr) key anukool banaa diyaa gayaa; madhyavarti ford ltd II koo pratisthaapit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. 1980 key liye, ford thunderbird aur paaraa kaugar xr7 koo ack vistaarit-wheelbase fox platform koo apanaate hue phir seey design kiya gayaa thaa. 1981 key liye, madhyam aakar key ford grenada aur paaraa kaugar (pahale madhyavarti ford ltd II kaa ack samkaksh) kaa aakar cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa, joe ford fairmont/paaraa zefir key uchch-trim sanskaran bunn gaye they. jabaki poorna aakar key ghataav kii tulanaa mein cumm vyaapak parivartan, 1981 ford grenada ney apane poorvavarti 1980 kii tulanaa mein lambai mein teen inch, chaudaai aur wheelbase mein chaar inch aur lagbhag 300 pound kaa curb vajan cumm kiya. <gallery mode = "paik" caption = "forred downsizing (madhyavarti/madhyam aakar key utpaad renz)">
faailah 1977 ford limitted II.jey. pee. jee..1977 ford limitted II dou-darwaaje (ford torino platform)
faailah ford grenada (yuu.aiss.aeye.) 1982 sedan.jey. pee. jee..1982 ford grenada sedan (fox platform)
faailah 83-86 forred ell. tii. dee. vaigan.jey. pee. jee..1985-1986 ford ell. tii. dee. squire station vaigan (fox platform)
faailah 1st ford tauris---10-03-2009.jpg.1989-1991 forred torrus show (d186 platform)
</gallery>
rebaging model renz (1981-1983).
1983 key liye, ford aur linken-mercurry madhyam aakar aur poorna aakar key utpaad shreniyon koo baij engineering key upayog key madhyam seey aur cumm karane key prayason seey gujarna padaa. apane utpaadan koo jaari rakhane key nirnay mein, ford ney apani poorna aakar kii utpaad shrinkhalaon koo apane sheersh-trim nameplates (ford limitted crown victoria aur paaraa grand markis) key tahat bajar mein sthanantarit curr diyaa. apane madhya-aakar key sedan kii bikri koo badhaava dene key prayaas mein, ack madhya-chakr sanshodhan key baad, fox-platform madhya-aakar key sedan ney ford ltd aur paaraa markis nameplates koo apanaaya. bazar mein unake kharaab swaagat koo ulatane key liye, ford thunderbird aur paaraa kaugar xr7 koo ack poorna punarvinyas seey gujarna padaa, jisamen kaugar vishesh roop seey ack koope bodystyle mein laut rhaa thaa.
linken brand key bheetar model duplication koo samaapt karane key liye, linken continental koo 1981 key liye linken town kaar kaa rebrand kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen linken continental koo madhyam aakar key fox platform parr sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa; panther-adharit continental maark vii koo fox-adharit 1984 continental maark vii dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe linken continental sedan key saath apane wheelbase koo saajha kartaa thaa. 
front-wheel drive transition (see. ee. 14/dee. 186,1984-1986).
front-wheel drive kii shift mein, ford escort ney ford pinto aur ford fiesta koo badal diyaa. halanki pinto seey badaa, escort koo kaee anya vaahanon mein anukoolit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen 1984 ford tempo/paaraa topaaz, fairmont key liye pratisthaapan shamil thaa. 1986 key liye, ford vrishabh aur paaraa sable koo ford ell. tii. dee. aur paaraa markis key liye front-wheel drive pratisthaapan key roop mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa. halanki lagbhag ack samaan wheelbase saajha karate hue, vrishabh ell. tii. dee. seey 6 inch chhota thaa. vrishabh kii shuruat key baad, ford model line key madhyam seey downsizing kaa upayog kaafee hudd taka bund hoe gayaa. 2011 mein panther-platform model chakr key anta mein, kissy bhee vaahan koo seedhe pratisthaapan key saath naheen chhoda gayaa thaa (paaraa brand key saath poori tarah seey bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa).

