mishigan kaa itihas

mishigan, aeye yuu mein maanav gatividhi kaa itihas.aiss. mahaan jheelon mein raajya, paschimi mahaan jheelon key kshetra mein pelio-bhaartiyon dwara shayed 11,000 eesaa poorv kii shuruat mein basane key saath shuru huaa.see.ee. unhone ack praarambhik takneek vikasit kii thee joe deshi tambe kaa upayog thaa, jise way hathaude key pattharon key saath upkaranon aur anya upkaranon mein banaate they. mishigan mein aaney vaale pahale europeeya francisi they. khojkarta attien brull ney 1618 mein chean key liye ack maarg kii khoj mein mishigan seey yatra kii. jald hii francisi bhoomi parr daavaa karate they aur farr key liye sthaaniya mool nivaasiyon key saath vyaapaar karna shuru curr diyaa. samudra yatra karane vaale" naamak loga farr key liye vibhinn vastuon key vyaapaar key madhyam seey nadiyon kii yatra karate they joe europe mein uchch moolya vaapas laayenge.
mishigan key pahale francisi khojkarta, attien brull, kii shuruat lagbhag 1620 mein hui. yeh kshetra 1668 seey 1763 taka francisi kanada kaa hissa thaa. 1701 mein, francisi adhikaari antoine dee laa mothe cadillac ney pachas-ack atirikt francisi-kanadai logon key saath milkar, fort pontchartrain doo detroit naamak ack basti kii sthaapana kii, joe abb detroit shahar haye. jaba nayaa france francisi aur bhaaratiya yuddh mein parajit huaa, tou isane 1763 mein iss kshetra koo britten koo saunp diyaa. americi krantikari yuddh mein angrejon key parajit honey key baad, peris kii sandhi (1783) ney sanyukt raajya kii seemaon kaa vistaar kiya taaki mississippi nadee key poorv aur kanada key dakshin mein lagbhag sabhi bhoomi koo shamil kiya jaa sakey. mishigan taba "puraane uttar-paschim" kaa hissa thaa. 1787 seey 1800 taka, yeh uttar-paschim kshetra kaa hissa thaa. 1800 mein, indiana kshetra banaaya gayaa thaa, aur vartamaan raajya mishigan kaa adhikansh hissa isake bheetar thaa, raajya key kewal purvi hisse uttar-paschim kshetra mein shesh they. 1802 mein, jaba ohiyo koo sangh mein bharti kiya gayaa thaa, tou puuraa mishigan indiana key kshetra seey judaa huaa thaa, aur isaliye 1805 taka banaa rhaa, jaba mishigan kaa kshetra sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. mishigan kaa janmadin 26 janwari koo haye.
1825 mein eeri nahar key khulane seey badee jheelon koo hudson nadee aur newyork shahar seey jodaa gayaa, aur badee sankhya mein logon koo mishigan laaya gayaa aur fasalon koo bajar mein bhejane kaa ack sastaa tarika pradaan kiya. 1835 mein logon ney 1835 key samvidhaan koo manjuri dee, jisase ack raajya sarkaar kaa gathan huaa, halanki ohiyo key saath seema vivaad key samadhan key liye congress kii maanyata mein deree hui jise toldo yuddh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. congress ney ohiyo koo "toldo strip" seey sammaanit kiya. mishigan ney oopari praaydweep key paschimi bhaag koo ack riyayat key roop mein praapt kiya aur 26 janwari, 1837 koo aupchaarik roop seey ack raajya key roop mein sangh mein pravesh kiya.
jaba oopari praaydweep mein lohe aur tambe kii khoj kii gaee, tou suu taale key nirmaan key liye prerana paida kii gaee, joe 1855 mein puuraa huaa. khanan, krishi aur lakadi kataai key saath-saath mahatvapurna udyog bunn gaye. firauti ee. olds ney 1897 mein langing mein oldsmobile kii sthaapana kii, aur 1899 mein heinry ford ney detroit mein apana pahala automobile karkhana banaaya. general motors kii sthaapana 1908 mein flint mein hui thee. automobile assembly aur sambandhit vinirmaan ney jald hii detroit aur mishigan kii arthavyavastha parr prabhutva jamaaya.
1930 key dashak key mahamandi ney apane audyogik aadhar key kaaran kaee anya sthaanon kii tulanaa mein mishigan koo adhik gambhir roop seey prabhaavit kiya. haalaanki, raajya dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad key varshon mein thheek hoe gayaa. oopari aur nichale praaydweep koo jodane vaalaa macinac pull 1957 mein puuraa hoe gayaa aur khola gayaa. 1960 key dashak taka, nasleeya tanaav ney desh mein ashanti paida curr dee, aur 1967 mein 12 veen sadak key dangon key saath ack naatakiya udaaharan kaa anubhav kiya. 1980 key dashak taka, raajya mein vaahan bikri mein girawat aur berojgari mein vriddhi dekhi gaee. mishigan apani arthavyavastha koo automobile udyog parr apani nirbharta seey door karane key liye vividhata pradaan curr rhaa haye.
praarambhik itihas.
iss kshetra mein lagbhag 1000 bee seey loga rahate they.see.ee seey 1000 see.ee. mool americi hopewell sanskriti dwara. baad mein, maukhik itihas key anusaar, purvi tata key algonkvi logon koo paschim kii or dhakel diyaa gayaa jaba erocuen loga madhya kanada seey iss kshetra mein chaley gaye aur apani mool matribhoomi leey lii-yeye ojibwe, odawa, potovatomi, muscoutain aur miyami key poorvaj they. puraatatva seey pataa chalata haye kii yeh sambhavatah 12veen-13veen shatabdi key dauran huaa thaa. mool roop seey, uttari praaydweep parr badey paimaane parr ojibwe rashtra dwara daavaa kiya gayaa thaa, halanki wisconsin key seemavarti kshetra parr menomini dwara daavaa kiya gayaa thaa. yeh dekhate hue kii janjaati key liye sabse puraane darj naamon mein seey ack "macinac" bhee thaa, way sambhavatah iss kshetra key anya algonquience seey pahale key they. beaver yuddhon taka puuraa dakshini praaydweep ack janjaati kaa ghar thaa jise mascouton kahaa jaataa thaa, joe shayed pahale algonquine aur siuan logon key mishran kaa ghar thaa. unaki dakshini seema bahut spasht roop seey ohiyo kii maumi nadee prateet hoti haye aur unakaa kshetra mishigan jheel key aspas indiana taka faila huaa haye. beaver yuddhon key dauran, newyork key eroquois ney jheel huron key khilaf francisi key saath leag mein anya janjaatiyon koo dhakka diyaa, isaliye kaee janjaatiyon ney mishigan mein pravaas kiya aur muscouton aur miyami parr yuddh kii ghoshana kii. inn janjaatiyon key liye sabse adhik sambhaavit pehchaan arrie, chononton aur anishinabeg theen. irokian janjaatiyaan jaldi seey uttari aur purvi ohiyo mein jaari raheen aur anishinabeg samoohon ney iss kshetra key sabse puraane jeevit maanchitron, 1641 key samay taka sauk aur lomdi janjaatiyon kaa gathan kiya thaa. yaa tou yeh, yaa sauk aur lomdi koo aage poorv mein haarne key baad iss kshetra mein peechha kiya gayaa thaa. beaver yuddhon key kaaran, mascouton wabash nadee key aspas basane key liye neeche chaley gaye.
iss tathya koo dekhate hue kii way saanskritik roop seey sambandhit hain aur nae naam key prakat honey key samay key aspas kshetra key maanchitron seey mascouton gayab hoe jaate hain, way baad mein va, yaa wabash janjaati key roop mein jaane jaane lugg sakate hain.
isake baad, eroquois ney uttari ohiyo kii anya eroquoyan janjaatiyon-chononton, arrie aur petun-koo haraaya aur 1660 key dashak taka dakshini mishigan mein jaari rakhaa. irokiyon ney apane liye dakshini praaydweep parr vijay praapt curr lii thee, anya algonquians ney paas kii jheel koo mishigan key roop mein sandarbhit karna shuru curr diyaa, jiska unaki bhasha mein anuvaad "badee billi" haye. yeh sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii 'blue panther' key roop mein jaane jaane vaale eroquoyan jall devta kaa sandarbh haye, yaa, adhik sateek roop seey, "billi joe neeche khadee haye."unhone sauk aur lomdi koo haraaya, joe paschim mein chaley gaye aur ojibwe aur menomini key beach sharan lii. isake kaaran agale dashakon mein algonquine aur siuan logon key beach anya yuddh hue.
baad mein, superior jheel key uttar mein anishinabeg janjaatiyaan (joe pahale seey hii huron key saath sambaddh theen) dakshini mishigan mein kuchh bhoomi kaa daavaa karate hue jheel arrie kshetra mein chaley gaye. yuu mein.aiss., unhein odawa key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, aur kanada mein unhein mississaugas key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa-donon adiwasi aur anishinabeg key upa-adiwasi naamon seey vyutpann they. francisi paschim mein chaley gaye, 1680 key aspas ilinois kii coloney mein buss gaye, joe mahaan jheelon, ohiyo nadee, mississippi nadee aur appalachian pahaadon key beach kii poori bhoomi parr daavaa kartaa thaa. apane mool sahyogiyon key saath milkar, unhone 1701 taka eroquees koo kshetra seey baahar nikaal diyaa, jisase unhein niyagra nadee aur ohiyo-pensylvania seemaon koo apani bhoomi key chhor key roop mein maanyata dene vaali ack sandhi parr hastakshar karane key liye majboor honah padaa.
iss beach, ohiyo mein basane vaali anya janjaatiyon koo nae basane vaalon dwara lagaatar paschim kii or dhakel diyaa gayaa. kuchh loga dakshini mishigan mein buss gaye, haalaanki yeye jyaadaatar eroquoyan vyando they. afwah yeh bhee haye kii piscutway (maryland seey ack algonquine janjaati) kaa ack samooh jise conoy kahaa jaataa haye, paschim virginia mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa aur 1819 taka aadhunik samay key detroit key aspas rahane key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. yadi sach haye, tou way sabse adhik sambhavana key saath odwa key saath vilay hoe gaye. 1812 key yuddh key dauran, sanyukt raajya kaa paksh lene vaali janjaatiyon koo bhoomi kii jabti dwara dandit kiya gayaa thaa. 1830 key dashak key bhaaratiya hataane key adhiniyam (dakshin mein aansuu key nishan key liye jaanaa jaataa haye) key saath, kaee mool nivaasiyon koo ohiyo aur mishigan seey door dhakel diyaa gayaa, kaee logon ney kanada lautane kaa vikalp chunaa. isake bavjood, kaee mool janjaatiyaan rahane mein saksham theen, aggar way apani adiwasi nishtha koo chhod dete aur americi nagrik bunn jaate. yeh 50 varshon key baad key kaanoon they, jisamen paschim kii anya janjaatiyon koo niyantrit karane key liye deshi americi sanskriti koo gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisane iss viraasat koo sthaayi roop seey nasht curr diyaa thaa.
ojibwe ney apani bhoomi koo mishi-anishinabaki (), yaa adhik anishinabe bhoomi kahaa. choonki anishinabe ojibwe, odawa aur potovatomi/nishnabe key liye ack saamoohik shabd thaa, jinhone ack shaasit sangh kaa gathan kiya jise teen parishad aag key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, isaliye jheel key aspas key adhikansh algonquian logon ney apani bhoomi koo 'kuchh anishinabaki' key roop mein sandarbhit kiya.'yeh sabse adhik sambhavana francisi koo bhramit curr detaa haye, jinhone' mishi 'bhaag koo "behtar" key roop mein anuvaad karane kaa vikalp chunaa."halanki anishinabeg (bahuvachan) key paas ack sachchi, sangathit sarkaar naheen thee (way aamtaur parr usa samay ogidamu naamak asthaayi netaaon kaa chunaav karate they), unaki parishad kii aag kaa pavitra sthal, jahaan way mahatvapurna raajneetik vyavasaay karenge, koo michilimaikinak key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. aaj, ise macinac dweep key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. maanaa jaataa haye kii muscouton kaa naam dakshini mishigan kii apani mool matribhoomi koo "mascoutanich" yaa "vrikshaheen bhoomi" kahane key liye rakhaa gayaa haye, joe kii arrie maidani kshetra key liye haye.
1620 mein francisi attien brull ney mishigan kaa daura karane vaale pahale europeeya khojkarta they, jinhone saimuel dee champlain key adesh parr quebeck shahar seey apana abhiyaan shuru kiya aur oopari praaydweep taka kii yatra kii. antatah, yeh kshetra kanada kaa hissa bunn gayaa, joe nae france key badey aupaniveshik praanton mein seey ack thaa. mishigan mein pahali sthaayi europeeya basti kii sthaapana 1668 mein salt stay mein kii gaee thee. ack francisi missionary, jacks market dwara mairi.
francisi 17veen shatabdi key anta mein mishigan mein kaee vyaparik chaukiyon, kilon aur gaanvon kaa nirmaan kiya. unamen seey sabse mahatvapurna 1701 mein fort ponchertrain doo detroit thaa; yeh detroit kaa shahar bunn gayaa. iss samay taka, iss kshetra mein francisi gatividhiyaan shikaar, trapping, sthaaniya bhaartiyon key saath vyaapaar aur roopaantaran aur kuchh seemit nirvaah kheti taka seemit theen. 1760 taka, mishigan key graameen ilaakon mein kewal kuchh sou gorey nivasi they.
1763 seey 1776 taka.
francisi aur british upaniveshvadiyon key beach kshetriya vivaadon ney francisi aur bhaaratiya yuddh koo badey saat saal key yuddh key hisse key roop mein shuru karane mein madad kii, joe 1754 seey 1763 taka huaa aur jisake parinamswarup france kii haar hui. peris kii sandhi key hisse key roop mein, francisi ney mississippi nadee key poorv mein apane sabhi uttari americi upaniveshon koo britten koo saunp diyaa. iss prakaar bhavishya kaa mishigan angrejon koo saunp diyaa gayaa. haalaanki, 1761 key baad seey, iss kshetra key mool nivasi angrejon key unake saath vyavhaar seey khush naheen they. 1763 mein, mool americi iss baat seey naraj they kii grate britten ney kshetra parr niyantran hassil curr liya thaa aur pontiac key netritva mein fort detroit mein yuddh shuru hoe gayaa thaa, aur jaldi hii poore kshetra mein fail gayaa thaa. yuddh koo pontiac key yuddh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa aur yeh teen saal taka chalaa. aathh british kille leey liye gaye they; fort detroit aur fort pitt sahit anya, british senaa dwara aayojit kiye gaye they. 1774 mein, iss kshetra koo british praant quebeck kaa hissa banaaya gayaa thaa. iss avadhi key dauran detroit dheere-dheere badhata gayaa; baaki mishigan mein aabaadi cumm rahee kyonki francisi kshetra kii basti kii tulanaa mein mool nivaasiyon key saath farr vyaapaar aur shaanti mein adhik ruchi rakhate they.
1776 seey 1837 taka.
americi kranti key dauran, sthaaniya europeeya aabaadi, joe mukhya roop seey americi upaniveshvaadi they jinhone swatantrata kaa samarthan kiya, ney britten key khilaf vidroh kiya. sthaaniya janjaatiyon kii madad seey britishon ney 1776 mein shuru honey vaale kshetra mein americi bastiyon parr lagaatar hamla kiya aur detroit parr vijay praapt kii. 1781 mein, ack francisi kaptan eugene paur key netritva mein spanish hamlaavaron ney sent luis seey nadee aur bhoomi key paar yatra kii, british-niyantrit kille sent joseph koo mukt kiya, aur agale dinn amerikiyon koo basti kaa adhikaar saunp diyaa. yuddh 1783 mein peris kii sandhi parr hastakshar key saath samaapt huaa, aur mishigan navgathit sanyukt raajya america key niyantran mein chalaa gayaa. nyu york, virginia, massachusets key raajyon ney phir connecticut koo bhoomi parr apane kshetriya adhikaaron koo saunp diyaa. 1787 mein, yeh kshetra uttar-paschim kshetra kaa hissa bunn gayaa. adhikansh bhaartiyon ney naee sarkaar koo maanyata naheen dee aur isake bajaay paschimi sangh kaa gathan kiya. general anthany vene ney apane kentucky nishaanbaajon key saath girate hue lakadi kii ladaai jeeti, jisake kaaran sanghiya sarkaar kii samprabhuta koo maanyata dene vaali shatruta aur sandhiyon kaa anta huaa. haalaanki, britishon ney gupt aur anya kilebandi parr kabja karna jaari rakhaa. 1794 kii jey sandhi mein baatchit kii gaee sharton key tahat, britten 1796 mein detroit aur michilimaikinaik seey vaapas leey liya. kaee varshon taka seema parr sawal baney rahey, aur sanyukt raajya america kaa kramshah 1818 aur 1847 taka oopari praaydweep aur drummond dweep parr nirvirodh niyantran naheen thaa.
joe bhoomi abb mishigan haye, usey 1800 mein indiana kshetra kaa hissa banaaya gayaa thaa. adhikansh koo 1805 mein mishigan kshetra key roop mein ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen sabhi nichale praaydweep shamil they. 1812 key yuddh key dauran, kanada kii british senaaon ney jaldi hii detroit aur fort macinac parr kabja curr liya, jisase unhein ack ranneetik laabh milaa aur sanyukt raajya key khilaf deshi vidroh koo protsaahit kiya. americi sainikon ney 1813 mein detroit parr phir seey kabja curr liya aur 1815 mein yuddh key anta mein fort macinac koo amerikiyon koo vaapas curr diyaa gayaa.
1810 key dashak mein, swadeshi ojibwa, ottawa aur potavatomi janjaatiyon ney teji seey shwet basti kaa virodh karane kaa faisala kiya aur yuu key khilaf angrejon kaa paksh liya.aiss. sarkaar.
1812 key yuddh mein apani haar key baad, janjaatiyon koo apani sabhi bhoomi key daavon koo yuu. aiss. koo bechane key liye majboor honah padaa.aiss. saginav kii sandhi aur shikago kii sandhi dwara sanghiya sarkaar. yuddh key baad, sarkaar ney uttar-paschim key kuchh kshetron mein kille banaae, jaise kii sault stay. mairi. 1820 key dashak mein, yuu.aiss. sarkaar ney bhaaratiya agents koo janjaatiyon key saath kaam karane key liye niyukt kiya, jisamen bhoomi hastaantaran aur sthanantaran kii vyavastha karna shamil haye. unhone adhikansh mool amerikiyon koo mishigan seey aage paschim mein bhaaratiya aarakshan mein sthanantarit karane key liye majboor kiya.
1820 aur 1830 key dashak mein nyu ingland seey apravasi badee sankhya mein abb mishigan mein jaane lagey (halanki iss tarikh seey pahale nae ingland key basane vaalon kii ack chhoti see sankhya aaee thee). yeye "yanki" basane vaale they, yaani way angreji puritance key vanshaj they joe aupaniveshik yug key dauran nae ingland mein buss gaye they. jabaki unamen seey adhikansh seedhe nyu ingland seey mishigan aae they, vahaan kaee loga they joe upstate newyork seey aae they. yeye way loga they jinake maataa-pitaa americi kranti key turant baad nyu ingland seey upstate newyork chaley gaye they. nyu inglanders aur upstate newyork seey nyu ingland pratyaropan key prasaar key kaaran, mishigan apane praarambhik itihas key adhikansh samay key liye praarambhik nyu ingland sanskriti key saath saanskritik roop seey bahut sannihit thaa. mishigan mein yanki kaa pravaas kaee karakon kaa parinam thaa, jinamen seey ack nyu ingland kii adhik aabaadi thee. purani stock yanki aabaadi mein badey parivaar they, joe aksar ack ghar mein duss bachchon koo janm dete they. adhikansh logon seey ummeed kii jaati thee kii unake paas kheti key liye apani khud kii bhoomi hogi, aur bhaari aur nirantar jansankhya mein uchhaal key kaaran, nyu ingland mein bhoomi durlabh hoe gaee kyonki harr bete ney apane khet kaa daavaa kiya. natijatan, pratyek parivaar key liye ack aatmanirbhar khet key liye paryaapt bhoomi naheen thee, aur yanki basane vaalon ney madhya paschimi sanyukt raajya key liye nayaa ingland chhodana shuru curr diyaa. isake parinamswarup 1820 key dashak mein mishigan kii aabaadi teji seey badhee. ack agradoot key anusaar, eeri nahar ney nyu ingland seey aapravaasan mein itani vriddhi kii kii 1837 taka aisaa lugg rhaa thaa kii sabhi nae ingland aaa rahey hain. nyu ingland key parivaaron ney ise "vaadaa kii gaee bhoomi" kaa maarg maanaa. iss viraasat key parinamswarup, mishigan kii aabaadi kaa nayaa ingland tatva lambe samay taka saanskritik aur raajneetik roop seey pramukh banaa rahega.
mishigan kaa sabse purana vishvavidyalaya, mishigan vishvavidyalaya kii sthaapana 1817 mein detroit mein kii gaee thee aur baad mein ise aine arbor mein apane vartamaan sthaan parr sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. raajya kii sabse purani saanskritik sanstha, mishigan kaa aitihaasik samaaj, 1828 mein kshetriya governor luis cases aur khojkarta heinry schoolcraft dwara sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
badhati basti ney mishigan kshetra koo vartamaan raajya kii oonchaai taka pahunchaane key liye prerit kiya. 1835 mein, sanghiya sarkaar ney ack kaanoon banaaya jisane mishigan raajya kaa nirmaan kiya hoga. toldo patti parr ohiyo key saath ack kshetriya vivaad, toldo shahar sahit bhoomi key ack hisse ney raajya key antim pravesh mein deree kii. yuu dwara paarit ack sanshodhit vidheyak key adesh seey vivaadit kshetra ohiyo kaa hissa bunn gayaa.aiss. congress aur rashtrapati andreau jackson dwara kaanoon mein hastakshar kiye gaye, jisane oopari praaydweep key niyantran key roop mein mishigan koo bhee muaavaja diyaa. 26 janwari, 1837 koo mishigan sangh kaa 26vaan raajya bunn gayaa.
1837 seey 1860 taka.
1860 seey pahale krishi mukhya aarthik gatividhi bunny rahee. 1840 key dashak kii shuruat mein, oopari praaydweep parr tambe aur lohe key ayaskon key badey bhandar kii khoj kii gaee thee. mishigan agrani yuu bunn gayaa.aiss. iss sadee key anta taka inn ayaskon kaa srot, sanchaalan kii nigrani key liye anubhavi makai khanikon (ingland seey) key pravaah key liye dhanyavaad. mishigan grihyuddh key samay taka ack seemavarti samaaj banaa rhaa. mishigan key agraduton mein nyu ingland mool key loga they, jinamen upstate newyork seey nyu ingland pratyaropan bhee shamil they. jiss raashi key saath naee ingland kii yanki aabaadi pramukh thee, usane antibellum avadhi mein seemavarti raajyon key beach mishigan koo advitiya banaa diyaa. iss viraasat key kaaran 1840 aur 1850 key dashak key dauran mishigan gulami virodhi dharmayuddh aur sudhaaron mein sabse aage thaa. iss saanskritik prabhaav kaa ack aur parinam mishigan mein republican party kii taakat thee. lambe samay seey ack "yanki" party maani jaane vaali mishigan 1960 key dashak taka grih yuddh seey bhaari ganarajya bunny rahegi. saarvajanik shiksha mein raajya key netritva kaa shreya bhee seedhe taur parr nae ingland key prabhaav koo diyaa jaataa haye. vermontville, bangor, hartford, rochester, utica aur palmyra mishigan jaise shaharon kaa naam nyu ingland key una shaharon key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa, jahaan seey una shaharon key sansthaapak aae they. mishigan key adhikansh itihas seey, raajya kii naee ingland utpatti key kaaran, mishigan mein mandali church bhee bahut majboot thaa. nyu inglanders aur upstate newyork key nyu ingland pratyaropan ney bhee mishigan kii praarambhik vidhaansabhaaon mein netritva kii bhaari bhoomikaon koo bharaa.
rajneeti.
doosari party pranali (1830-1854) key dauran, mishigan ney atyadhik vikasit raajneetik dalon koo vayask purushon key badey samooh koo jutaate hue dekhaa. grihyuddh seey pahale loktaantrik party ney rajneeti parr prabhutva jamaaya thaa. isamen kaee pratispardhi gutt shamil they, jinamen sanghiya karyalaydharak shamil they, jinhone party key mamalon koo niyantrit karane kii koshish kii, sthaaniya raajneetik sangathan apane raajya key vidhayakon aur postmasters key saath joe sthaaniya roop seey mamalon kaa prabandhan karate they; yuva gulami virodhi karyakarta, joe aamtaur parr baptist aur methodist churchon mein shantatawadi mantriyon dwara sakriya they-unhone 1848-52 mein mukt mitty party koo badhaava diyaa; jacksonian democrate joe karon aur sarkari kharch kaa virodh karate they; catholic, episcopelian aur litergical german naitik shantatawadi parr naraj they; aur nae paschimi jilon key nivasi joe bhrasht logon key abhijaatya aur shakti seey naraj they. utkrisht loktaantrik netaa luis cases (1782-1866) they, jinhone kaee uchch padon parr kaary kiya aur 1848 mein rashtrapati pada key liye loktaantrik party key haarne vaale ummidwar they. cases koo lokpriya samprabhuta key madhyam seey loktantra key liye apane sanyam aur samarthan key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. netivavaad kuchh samay key liye bhadak uthaa jaba loktantravadiyon ney haal key pravasiyon koo nagrik banane seey pahale matdan karane kii anumati dene kaa prastaav rakhaa, aur wiggs ney virodh kiya. mishigan key pahale athaarah rajyapalon mein seey pandrah yanki mool key they, yaa tou nyu ingland seey they yaa upstate newyork mein unake maataa-pitaa key liye paida hue they joe nyu ingland seey they.
alpasankhyak whig party roodhivaadi vyapariyon, bankers aur samriddh kisaanon parr nirbhar thee, aur vishesh roop seey susamachar churchon key shantatawadi, naitik virodhiyon parr. rashtriya star parr, 1850 key dashak mein whig party dhwast hoe gaee kyonki gulami virodhi uttari logon aur gulami samarthak dakshini logon key beach samjhauta asambhav saabit huaa. 1850 key dashak key madhya mein kuchh varshon taka, videshi pravasiyon, vishesh roop seey catholic ayrish aur germans key nativist darr ney kuchh bhee naheen jaanane vaale andolan koo prerit kiya. marshal, pontiac, battle creak, aim. tii. mein shahar sarkaar key sankshipt niyantran seey parey ise bahut cumm safalata millie. clemens, kalaamaazu aur bhavya rapids.
purani raajneetik pranali key patan key kaaran matdaataon aur dalon key teesare paksh kii pranali key gathan mein punargathan huaa, joe 1850 key dashak key madhya mein bunny aur 1890 key dashak key madhya taka chully. mishigan parr 80 varshon taka naee gantantra party kaa prabhutva rhaa, jise baad mein gope upnaam diyaa gayaa. pahali baar 1854 mein jackson aur anya shaharon mein sthaapit, yeh whig, noo-nuthing aur loktaantrik dalon seey gulami virodhi tatvon koo ikattha kartaa thaa, aur dashak key anta taka mishigan mein bahumat thaa. loktantravadiyon ney hamesha samriddh abhijaat varg parr hamla karane key liye samaantaa kaa upayog kiya thaa. abb gantantravadiyon ney yeh aarop lagaate hue mez badal dee kii mishigan key loktantravaadi dakshin key "gulam shakti abhijaat varg" key saath bistar parr they."gantantravadiyon ney gulami aur sharaab key vyaapaar key khilaf ise badalkar shantatavadiyon kii naitik bhavna koo protsaahit kiya.
1860 seey 1900 taka.
grih yuddh.
mishigan ney hajaaron swayamsevakon koo bhejane vaale americi grihyuddh mein sakriya roop seey bhaag liya. pahali mishigan paidal senaa resiment kaa gathan adrian, aine arber, barr oak, coldwater, detroit, jackson, manchester, marshel aur yapsilanti sahit shaharon seey milicia seey kiya gayaa thaa. vishal rapid aur niles key shaharon kaa ack adhyayan 1861 mein raashtravaad key bhaari uchhaal koo darshaata haye, joe samaaj key sabhi vargon aur sabhi raajneetik, dhaarmik, jaatiya aur vyaavsaayik samoohon mein yuddh key liye utsaah koo badhaata haye. haalaanki, 1862 taka hatahaton kii sankhya badh rahee thee aur yuddh sangh koo sanrakshit karane key alawa daason koo mukt karane parr teji seey kendrit thaa. copperhead democrates ney yuddh koo ack viphalata kahaa, aur yeh adhik seey adhik ack pakshapaatpurna gantantra prayaas bunn gayaa. 1864 key rashtrapati chunaav mein mishigan key matadaata dalon key beach samaan roop seey vibhajit rahey.
soney kii umr.
yuddh key baad, sthaaniya arthavyavastha adhik vividh hoe gaee aur samriddh honey luggy. 1870 key dashak key dauran, raajya mein lakadi, railmarg, dayeri kheti aur vividh udyog teji seey badhe. isase hartwick parivaar jaise kaee dhanee samajik parivaaron kaa uday huaa. 1870 aur 1890 key beach jansankhya doguni hoe gaee.
shatabdi key anta mein, raajya sarkaar ney german model parr ack raajya vidyalaya pranali sthaapit kii, jisamen saarvajanik vidyalaya, uchch vidyalaya, samanya vidyalaya yaa mahavidyalaya nimn shreni key shikshakon koo prashikshit karane key liye, aur mahavidyalaya shaastriya shaikshanik adhyayan aur professors key liye they. isane rashtra key kissy bhee anya raajya kii tulanaa mein saarvajanik shiksha key liye adhik dhana samarpit kiya. kuchh varshon key bheetar, isane shikshakon key liye apane samanya colleges mein chaar saal kaa pathyakram sthaapit kiya, aur unake liye ack poorna college karyakram sthaapit karane vaalaa pahala raajya thaa.
mishigan raajya mein jansankhya aur khurdara aur taiyar maal key vyaapaar key itihas mein rail maarg mahatvapurna rahey hain. jabaki kuchh tateey bastiyaan pahale mahaan jheelon parr naukaayan jahaajon aur bhapakon dwara aapoorti kii jaati theen, raajya kii aabaadi, vaanijyik aur audyogik vikas rail maarg kii sthaapana key saath aur adhik khil gayaa.
pingri.
1896 mein, ack yanki ganarajya, detroit meyer hazen pingri, governor chune gaye. way ack samaaj sudhaarak they jinhone nigamon seey ladaai ladee aur pragatisheel andolan key praarambhik netaa they. apane chaar saal key karyakal key dauran, unhone rail darr, samaan karadhan aur saarvajanik upayogitaon key nagarpalika swaamitva key viniyaman koo badhaava diyaa. unhone yuu key pratyaksh chunaav kaa bhee samarthan kiya.aiss. senator; aathh ghante kaa kaary divas; ack aaykar; praathamik chunaav; janmat sangrah, baal shram kaa unmoolan, aur shram vivaadon kaa anivarya madhyasthata. loktantravadiyon aur vyaapaar-unmukh ganrajyon key virodh ney unake adhikansh prastaavon koo avaruddh curr diyaa. pingri ney corporate shakti key pragatisheel bhaya koo vyakt karate hue kahaa, "main nigamon aur ameer logon kii ninda naheen kartaa", unhone kahaa, "lekin main unhein unake uchit kshetron mein rakhunga. desh kii sarkaar koo deewaar sadak key prabhaav key liye saunpana surakshit naheen haye."
1900 seey 1941 taka.
shahari mishigan 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein teji seey vikasit huaa, jise automobile udyog ney detroit aur aspas key kshetron mein kheencha. udyog yuddh khaadi mein adharit thaa jahan dou kelog aur ack chauki sthaaniya saatven dinn kii sahsi viraasat parr banaai gaee thee aur shahar koo maanchitra parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. raajya bhar key madhyam aur chhote shaharon mein hajaaron machine kii dukaanen cumm utsaah key saath khuleen.
automobile.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, vinirmaan udyog mishigan key liye rajaswa kaa mukhya srot bunn gaye-badey hisse mein, automobile key kaaran. 1897 mein, purani motor vaahan company ney langing mein ack karkhana khola. 1903 mein, ford motor company kii sthaapana bhee detroit mein hui thee. 1904 mein villium durant off dha flint, mishigan durant coach, ghode kii gaadiyon key nirmaata, ney apani nazar motor kaaron parr rakhee, jinhen unhone jald hii hassil curr liya. ford model tii key badey paimaane parr utpaadan key saath, detroit auto udyog kii vishva rajdhani bunn gaee. kuchh varshon baad general motors kaa gathan villium durant key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa, saath hii alfred slone ney oldsmobile, cadillac, oakland aur anya kaar companiyon koo kharida thaa. unhone jald hii apane mukhyalaya koo flint, mishigan seey detroit, mishigan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa. general motors detroit mein sthit haye, chrysler auburn pahaadiyon mein sthit haye, aur ford kaa mukhyalaya paas key priya mein haye. donon nigamon ney detroit mahanagariya kshetra mein badey audyogik parisaron kaa nirmaan kiya, jiska udaaharan nadee key rooj sanyantra seey milata haye, jisane 1910 key dashak seey mishigan koo vinirmaan mein ack rashtriya netaa banaa diyaa haye. iss audyogik aadhar ney pratham vishva yuddh key dauran bahut utpaadan kiya, jisase sainya vaahanon kii bhaari maang poori hui.
jackson pahale kaar udyog key vikas mein seey ack thaa. detroit dwara assembly lines parr kaaron kaa nirmaan shuru karane seey pahale, jackson 1901 mein kaaron key purje banaane aur unhein ack saath rakhane mein vyast thaa. 1910 taka, auto udyog jackson kaa mukhya udyog bunn gayaa. ack baar jackson mein bees seey adhik alag-alag kaaren banaai gaee theen. jisamen shamil hainh reaves, jackson, jackson, cartercar, orlo, whitting, kasai aur gaze, book, jannie, globe, steel swello, see.vee.aaee., imperial, ames-deane, cutting, standard electric, duck, brisco, argo, hollier, hackett, marrian-handley, jaim, earl, volverine aur casser-darrin. aaj bhee vaahan udyog jackson county mein kushal machine operators key sabse badey niyoktaon mein seey ack haye.
apravasi.
udyog key vistaar key saath, dakshin seey saikadon hajaaron pravaasi aur purvi aur dakshini europe seey apravasi detroit kii or aakarshit hue. thode hii samay mein, yeh desh kaa chautha sabse badaa shahar bunn gayaa-awas kii kamee varshon taka bunny rahee, bhale hii poore shahar mein nae awas vikasit kiye gaye they. jaatiya apravasi antahkshetra teji seey vikasit hue jahan church, kiraane kaa saman, club aur vyavsaayon ney advitiya samudaayon kaa samarthan kiya. 1939 mein shahar key liye doubleu. pee. aeye. guide ney nott kiya kii saarvajanik schools mein 35 seey adhik bhaashaaen bolane vaale chhaatr they. jaatiya tyohar shahar kii sanskriti kaa ack niyamit hissa they. usee samay, catholics kaa darr prabal thaa, aur dusare koo clux clan key netivavaad koo badhaava diyaa, jisane raajya mein vyaapak roop seey bharti kiya. 1925 mein clan charam parr thaa, lekin isake aantarik ghotalon key ujagar honey key baad sadasyata jaldi hii gir gaee. yell devatva vidyalaya mein prashikshit ack german-americi protestant mantri nibuhar koo phir seey pakaden, joe ack alag mantri key roop mein rashtriya star parr prasiddh hoe gaye, jinhone key. key. key. parr hamla kiya, joe shahar mein safed protestant key beach majboot thaa.
pragativaad.
pragatisheel yug key dauran mishigan key shahar nagarpalika sudhaar key kendra they. kalmazu koo apane aadhar key roop mein upayog karate hue, carolin bartlet crain (1858-1935) nagarpalika swachchata parr rashtriya star parr prasiddh visheshagya bunn gaee. vaha gair-raajneetik thee, lekin apane tarikon mein vaigyaanik thee, aur apane drishtikon mein urjaavaan thee. unhone 14 raajyon mein 60 sarvekshan aur adhyayan kiye joe gharon, schools, jailon, paani aur seaver pranaliyon mein awas kii sthitiyon seey sambandhit they. unhone vayu pradooshan kii pehchaan kii aur samadhan khoje. crain kii akshamta, apavyay aur kuprabandhan parr gahari nazar thee, aur vaha sudhaaron koo ingit karane aur yeh samajhaane key liye hamesha taiyar thee kii rashtra mein sarvottam prathaaen kyaa theen.
ack pratinidhi rajneta george ee they. ellis, grand rapids key meyer (1906-16). unhein shahar key itihas mein sabse gatishil aur abhinav mahapour key roop mein yaad kiya jaataa haye, saath hii ack shaktishali raajneetik boss key roop mein bhee yaad kiya jaataa haye, jinhone madhyam varg key sudhaar tatvon key saath milkar shramik varg key jaatiya matdaataon kaa gathbandhan banaaya. unhone raajneetik bhagidari key aadhar koo vyaapak banaaya, aur raajneetik spectrum key baaen yaa udaar paksh mein they. kuchh adhik roodhivaadi, aur bahut adhik gyaat, detroit (1889-1896) key meyer hazen pingri they, jinhone 1896 mein apane chunaav key saath governor key bhawan mein pragativaad laaya. pingri koo 1889 mein shahar key anubandh, seaver anubandh aur school board mein bhrashtachar koo ujagar karane aur samaapt karane kaa vaadaa karke meyer chunaa gayaa thaa. unhone niji swaamitva vaali upayogita ekadhikaron seey ladaai ladee, aur shahar key swaamitva vaali pratispardhi companiyon kii sthaapana kii. unhone sadak railway key hita mein ladaai ladee, kiraaye koo teen sent taka cumm karane kii maang kii. jaba 1893 key avasaad ney badey paimaane parr berojgari kaa kaaran banaa, tou pingri ney kalyankari karyakramon kaa vistaar kiya, berojgaaron key liye saarvajanik kaary karyakram shuru kiye, nae school, park aur saarvajanik snangrih banaae, aur shramikon key liye apane swayam key sabji udyaan lagaane key liye shahar kii khaali bhoomi key bhukhand alag curr diye. ganarajya key rajyapal key roop mein, unhone apane sudhaaron key liye bhugtan karane key liye uchch rail karon koo badhaava diyaa. 1897 mein pingri key alag honey key baad, sthaaniya loktaantrik ward netaaon ney ack jaatiya aadhar kaa upayog karke apani machine kaa punarnirmaan kiya. yeh 1910 key baad badal gayaa kyonki puraane stock yanki protestant vyaparik netaaon, vishesh roop seey automobile udyog seey, ney dakshata key liye ack pragatisheel yug key sangharsh kaa netritva kiya. unhone apane swayam key adhikaariyon koo karyalaya key liye chunaa, jise automaker james jey dwara type kiya gayaa thaa. koozen, joe detroit 1919-22 key meyer they, aur ack shaktishali americi senator, 1922-36. mahatvapurna parivartan 1918 mein huaa jaba matdaataon ney 21 wardon seey pakshapaatpurna aadhar parr nirvaachit 42-sadasyiya nikaay seey aam parishad koo badalkar nau-sadasyiya ikai curr diyaa, joe badey paimaane parr shahar seey gair-pakshapaatpurna aadhar parr nirvaachit hui. jaatiya (vishesh roop seey german) aur loktantravadiyon ney apana raajneetik aadhar khou diyaa.
avasaad.
mahamandi ney mishigan mein gambhir aarthik kathinaaee paida kii. raajya kii arthavyavastha key kaee kshetron key anya shramikon key saath-saath hajaaron vaahan udyog key shramikon koo barkhast curr diyaa gayaa. raajya mein shesh tambe key bhandar key gahare bhoomigat honey seey vittiya peedaa badh gaee thee. cumm gahari chattanon mein sthit anya raajyon mein tambe kii khoj key saath, sthaaniya khanan mein teji seey girawat aaee aur adhikansh khanikon ney iss kshetra koo chhod diyaa yaa khud koo cumm ghanton aur lambi berojgari key liye tyag diyaa. dashakon key gope prabhutva key baad, loktantravaadi satta mein vaapas aae, kyonki vyaapaar-unmukh ganarajya aarthik neetiyaan whiffle hoe gaee theen, loktantravaadi sakriya hoe gaye they, nishedh koo badnam kiya gayaa thaa, aur frankleen dee. roozvelt ney ack nae saude kii peshkash kii. washington ney raahat, punarpraapti aur sudhaar parr bahut adhik kharch kiya, shaharon koo raahat key bojh seey mukt kiya, aur ack raajneetik punargathan koo badhaava diyaa jisane mishigan mein republican party key saath loktaantrik gathbandhan koo samaantaa dee. 1936 taka punargathan surakshit thaa, kyonki shaktishali nae audyogik shramik sanghon, vishesh roop seey sanyukt auto shramikon ney karkhanon koo gantantra key gadhon seey loktaantrik gadhon mein badal diyaa, aur jaatiya aur ashwet aabaadi loktantra kii or badh gaee.
raahat parivaaron key yuvaaon ney graameen kshetron mein raajya key 50 nagrik sanrakshan shiviron mein seey ack mein chhah maheene key daure key liye hastakshar kiye. unhein maheene mein paanch dollar, saath hii kamra, board, kapade aur chikitsa dekhbhal kaa bhugtan kiya jaataa thaa, jabaki unake parivaaron koo maheene mein 25 dollar milate they. kaary pragati prashaasan sabse badee sanghiya agency thee. isane akele mishigan mein 500,000 seey adhik berojgar logon (80 pratishat purush) koo sadakon, saarvajanik bhavanon aur seaver pranaliyon jaise pramukh saarvajanik karyon key nirmaan key liye kaam parr rakhaa-yeh ack badee shram shakti thee joe raajya key poore vaahan udyog key liye badee thee.
sangh.
nae sanghiya kaanoonon key kaaran, 1935 key baad shramik sanghon kaa teji seey vikas huaa aur pahali baar badey karkhanon mein ack pramukh upasthiti bunn gaee. 1936-1937 kii flint sitt-down hadtaal united auto shramik sangh (yuu. aeye. oh.) key gathan mein nirnaayak ghatana thee. hadtaal karane vaalon ney chaalees dinon seey adhik samay taka kaee samanya motor sanyantron parr kabja curr liya, aur unhein hataane key liye raajya adalaton, sthaaniya pulis aur rashtriya rakshak key prayason koo (ahinsak tareeke seey) peechhe hataa diyaa. jee. aim. ney ack anubandh parr hastakshar kiye jisane yuu. aeye. oh. koo vaidh banaa diyaa, aur agale varsh isaki sadasyata 30,000 seey badhkar 500,000 hoe gaee.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran walter rayther ney yuu. aeye. oh. parr niyantran curr liya, aur jald hii 1946 mein badey hamalon kaa netritva kiya. unhone communists koo satta key padon seey, vishesh roop seey sthaaniya 600 mein, bedkhal curr diyaa. vaha see. oh. key sabse spasht aur urjaavaan netaaon mein seey ack they, aur vilay kiye gaye aeye. aff. ell.-see. oh. key. shandar baatchit kii ranneeti kaa upayog karate hue unhone teen badey vaahan nirmaataon key liye uchch laabh kaa laabh uthaate hue uchch vetan aur yuu. aeye. oh. sadasyon key liye behtar laabh praapt kiye.
1941 key baad.
1941 mein dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein sanyukt raajya america key pravesh ney usee varsh mishigan mein aarthik sankuchan koo samaapt curr diyaa. yuddhakaal mein hathiyaron aur sainya vaahanon key badey paimaane parr utpaadan kii aavashyakta thee, jisase badee sankhya mein naee naukariyan bharee jaa rahee theen. yuddh key anta key baad, motor vaahan aur tambe key khanan donon udyog thheek hoe gaye.
pratham vishva yuddh key dauran shuru hue mahaan pravaas ney dakshin seey saikadon hajaaron african-amerikiyon key andolan koo badhaava diyaa, joe mishigan mein vishesh roop seey detroit mein audyogik naukariyon kii or badhe. applachia seey shahar mein gorey dakshini logon key pravaas ney parivartan kii asthirta koo badhaa diyaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran aur usake baad audyogik vistaar key saath jansankhya mein vriddhi jaari rahee. african amerikiyon ney nae sangeet, bhojan aur sanskriti key vistaar key saath ack naee jeevant shahari sanskriti mein yogdan diyaa.
yuddh key baad key varsh shuru mein audyogik shramikon key liye ack samriddh samay they, jinhone madhyam varg kii aajeevika hassil kii, bebi boom koo badhaava diyaa, aur surakshit pados mein behtar, adhik vishal awas kii maang kii. yeye moton record key nirmaan aur lokpriyata key varsh they. halanki, shatabdi key madhya taka, audyogikaran aur punargathan seey kaee naukariyon kii laagat aaee. arthavyavastha koo nuksan huaa aur shahar koo sthagit karane key liye aavashyak parivartan kiye gaye. samajik samasyaon kii upeksha aur shahari girawat ney nasleeya sanghrshon koo badhaava diyaa. 1967 mein detroit mein ack badaa danga huaa thaa jisane aantarik shahar koo jalaa diyaa thaa, jisase laakhon dollar kaa nuksan huaa thaa, aur isake parinamswarup yuu. aiss. key saath 43 mautein huin.aiss. ise rokane key liye senaa koo bulaaya jaa rhaa haye. isake baad hinsa kaee anya mishigan shaharon mein fail gaee aur upnagaron mein badey paimaane parr pravaas kaa kaaran bunny.
1973 key tail sankat ney sanyukt raajya mein aarthik mandee kaa kaaran banaa aur mishigan arthavyavastha koo bahut prabhaavit kiya. isake baad, sanyukt raajya america mein automobile companiyon koo adhik bahurashtriya pratispardha kaa saamana karna padaa, vishesh roop seey japan seey. isake parinamswarup, gharelu vaahan nirmaataon ney desh aur videsh mein pratispardhi baney rahane key liye laagat mein katauti key upaay kiye. raajya mein berojgari kii darr mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi hui haye.
1970 key dashak key dauran, mishigan mein kissy bhee yuu kii sabse adhik berojgari darr thee.aiss. raajya. raajya key badhate bajat ghaate koo cumm karane key prayaas mein shiksha aur saarvajanik swaasthya parr badey paimaane parr kharch mein katauti baar-baar kii gaee. vaahan udyog koo majboot karna aur curr rajaswa mein vriddhi ney 1980 key dashak mein sarkaar aur gharelu vitt koo sthir kiya. japani aur dakshin koriyai auto companiyon dwara badhati pratispardha raajya kii arthavyavastha koo chunauti detee haye, joe automobile udyog parr bahut adhik nirbhar karati haye. 1980 key dashak key anta seey, mishigan sarkaar ney sakriya roop seey nae udyogon koo aakarshit karane kii koshish kii haye, iss prakaar ekal kshetra parr aarthik nirbharta koo cumm kiya haye.
mahilaaon.
1844 mein mishigan ney "vivaahit mahilaaon key adhikaaron koo paribhaashit karane aur unaki raksha karane key liye ack adhiniyam" paarit kiya, jisane mahilaaon koo apane patiyon koo swachaalit roop seey sthanantarit karane key bajaay sampatti koo banaae rakhane kii anumati dee aur unhein shaadi key dauran upahaar yaa viraasat key roop mein praapt kissy bhee cheez koo banaae rakhane kii anumati dee.
adhikansh yuva mahilaaon ney shaadi seey pahale naukari curr lii, phir naukari chhod dee. 1900 key baad uchch vidyaalayon key vikas seey pahale, adhikansh mahilaaon ney lagbhag 15 saal kii umr mein 8veen kaksha key baad school chhod diyaa. sieni (2005) seey pataa chalata haye kii unhone jiss prakaar kaa kaam kiya, vaha unaki jaatiyata aur vaivaahik sthiti koo darshaata haye. african americi maataon ney aksar dinn key shram koo chunaa, aamtaur parr gharelu naukaron key roop mein, kyonki yeh lachilepan koo wahan kartaa thaa. pension praapt karane vaali adhikansh maataaen shwet theen aur kewal aavashyak honey parr hii kaam maangati theen.
1900 key dashak kii shuruat mein aur raajya bhar mein madhyam varg kii grihiniyon ney kaee nae aur vistaarit dharmarth aur peshevar sanghon koo aakar diyaa, aur maataon kii pension koo badhaava diyaa, aur samajik kalyan key roopon kaa vistaar kiya. kaee pradarshankari grihini bhee sanyam aur matadhikar andolanon mein sakriya theen. mahila clubon key detroit federation (dee. aff. doubleu. see.) ney nagrik dimag vaali madhyam vargiya mahilaaon key liye gatividhiyon kii ack bahut hii vistrit shrinkhala koo badhaava diyaa joe paaramparik ling bhoomikaon key anuroop theen. mahasangh ney tark diyaa kii suraksha aur swaasthya key mudde maataon key liye sabse badee chinta key vishay they aur kewal ghar key baahar nagarpalika kii sthitiyon mein sudhaar karke hii hull kiya jaa sakata haye. mahasangh ney schools, jall aapoorti aur swachchata suvidhaon koo unnat karane aur surakshit khaadya prabandhan aur yatayat suraksha kii aavashyakta key liye adhikaariyon parr dabaav daala. haalaanki, sadasyata inn muddon seey parey jaane yaa jaatiya yaa samoohon yaa shramik sanghon key saath sahyog karane parr vibhajit thee; isane paaramparik ling seemaon koo badhaane seey incar curr diyaa, jisase ise ack roodhivaadi pratishtha millie. iss avadhi key dauran mahilaaon ney aarthik, raajneetik aur samajik samaantaa mein pragati karna shuru kiya.
mishigan ney 10 juuna, 1919 koo 19vein sanshodhan kii pushti kii, joe aisaa karane vaale pahale raajyon mein seey ack bunn gayaa. isake kuchh hii samay baad unhone sarkaar key bheetar seva karna shuru curr diyaa. eeva mccale hamilton 1920 mein senate key liye chune gaye they, aur chippeva janjaati key sadasya koraa reinolds anderson 1925 mein pratinidhi sabhaa key liye pahale nirvaachit hue they.

