elnin

elnin (prateek alaa yaa aeye), yaa α-elnin, ack α-emino acid haye jiska upayog protein key jaiv sanshleshan mein kiya jaataa haye. isamen ack amine samooh aur ack carboxylic acid samooh hotaa haye, donon kendriya carbon paramanu seey judey hotey hain joe ack methyl samooh side chain bhee leey jaataa haye. natijatan, iska ipac vyavasthit naam 2-aminopropanoic acid haye, aur ise ack gair-dhruviya, elephatic α-emino acid key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. javic sthitiyon mein, yeh apane amine samooh protonated (−nh3 + key roop mein) aur isake carboxyl samooh deprotonated (−co2− key roop mein) key saath apane jviteriyanik roop mein maujood haye. yeh manushyon key liye gair-aavashyak haye kyonki ise chayapachaya key roop mein sanshleshit kiya jaa sakata haye aur ise aahar mein maujood honey kii aavashyakta naheen haye. yeh jee. see. (jee. see. yuu., jee. see. see., jee. see. aeye. aur jee. see. jee.) seey shuru honey vaale sabhi codons dwara kootbaddh kiya jaataa haye.
alanine (baaen haath kaa) kaa isomer vaha haye joe protein mein shamil hotaa haye. -ghatana kii darr mein lucine key baad elenin dusare sthaan parr haye, joe 1,150 protein key namoone mein praathamik sanrachana kaa 7.8% haye. daaen haath kaa roop,-elainin, kuchh jeevaanu koshika divaaron mein polypeptides mein aur kuchh peptide antibiotic davaaon mein hotaa haye, aur kaee crustations aur molsk key ootakon mein ack ausmolite key roop mein hotaa haye. 
itihas aur vyutpatti.
elenin koo pahali baar 1850 mein sanshleshit kiya gayaa thaa jaba adolph stracker ney hydrogen sinide key saath acetaldehyde aur amonia koo jodaa thaa. emino acid koo german mein "elnin" naam diyaa gayaa thaa, aldehyde key sandarbh mein, uchchaaran mein aasaani key liye "-an-" interfaces key saath, german anta "-in" rasayanik yaugikon mein angreji key anuroop honey key kaaran "-in" key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye.
sanrachana.
elnin ack elephatic amino acid haye, kyonki α-carbon paramanu seey judee side-chain ack methyl samooh (-ch3) haye. glycine key baad elnin sabse saral α-emino acid haye. elenin kii methyl side-chain gair-pratikriyaasheel haye aur isaliye shayed hii kabhi seedhe protein kaary mein shamil hoti haye. elnin ack gair-aavashyak amino acid haye, jiska arth haye kii ise maanav shareer dwara nirmit kiya jaa sakata haye, aur ise aahar key madhyam seey praapt karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye. elnin vibhinn prakaar key khaadya padarthon mein paaya jaataa haye, lekin vishesh roop seey maans mein kendrit hotaa haye.
srot.
jaiv sanshleshan.
elnin koo pyruvet aur shaakhaon vaali shrinkhala vaale amino acid jaise kii valine, lucine aur isolacin seey sanshleshit kiya jaa sakata haye.
elnin kaa utpaadan pyruvet key reductive emination dwara kiya jaataa haye, joe ack dou-charaniya prakriya haye. pahale charan mein, α-catogluterate, amonia aur naadh koo glutamate dehydrogenase dwara glutamate, naad + aur paani mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye. dusare charan mein, nava-nirmit glutamate key amino samooh koo ack aminotransferase enzyme dwara pyruvet mein sthanantarit kiya jaataa haye, joe α-catogluterate koo punarjeevit kartaa haye, aur pyruvet koo elenin mein parivartit kartaa haye. shuddh parinam yeh haye kii pyruvet aur amonia koo alanine mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye, joe ack cumm karane vaale samatulya kaa sevan kartaa haye. kyonki pargaman pratikriyaaen aasaani seey prativarti hoti hain aur pyruvet sabhi koshikaon mein maujood hotaa haye, isaliye elenin aasaani seey banaaya jaa sakata haye aur iss prakaar iska chayapachaya maargon jaise glycolysis, gluconogenesis aur citric acid chakr seey nikat sambandh hotaa haye.
rasayanik sanshleshan.
ell-alnine kaa utpaadan audyogik roop seey ell-aspartate key decarboxylation dwara aspartate 4-decarboxylase kii kriya dwara kiya jaataa haye. ell-elainin key liye kinwan maarg alnine resmess dwara jatil hain.
resmick elenin koo stracker pratikriya dwara sodium sinide kii upasthiti mein amonium chloride key saath acetaldehyde key sanghanan dwara yaa 2-bromopropanic acid key ammonolysis dwara taiyar kiya jaa sakata haye.
ksharan.
ailenin oxidative demination dwara toot jaataa haye, joe oopar varnit reductive emination pratikriya kii vyutkram pratikriya haye, joe usee enzyme dwara utprerit hoti haye. prakriya kii disha kaafee hudd taka substrate kii saapeksh sandrata aur shamil pratikriyaon key utpaadon dwara niyantrit kii jaati haye.
alnine vishva parikalpana.
elnin bees canonical α-emino acid mein seey ack haye jiska upayog protein key ribosome-madhyasth jaiv sanshleshan key liye nirmaan khandon (monomers) key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. maanaa jaataa haye kii elnin aanuvanshik code maanak pradarshan mein shamil kiye jaane vaale sabse shuruati amino acid mein seey ack haye. 
iss tathya key aadhar parr "alanine vishva" parikalpana prastaavit kii gaee thee. yeh parikalpana rasayanik drishtikon seey aanuvanshik code key pradarshan mein amino acid key vikaasvaadi chayan kii vyakhya karati haye. iss model mein monomers kaa chayan (i.ee. ribosomal protein sanshleshan key liye emino acid) una elenin vyutpannon taka seemit haye joe α-helix yaa β-sheet maadhyamik sanrachanaatmak tatvon key nirmaan key liye upayukt hain. jeevan mein pramukh maadhyamik sanrachanaaen jaisa kii humm jaanate hain kii yeh α-hellis aur β-sheets hain aur adhikansh canonical amino acid koo elenin key rasayanik vyutpann key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye. isaliye, protein mein adhikansh canonical amino acid koo bindu utparivartan dwara alaa key saath badala jaa sakata haye jabaki maadhyamik sanrachana barkarar rahati haye. yeh tathya kii adhikansh encoded amino acid kii maadhyamik sanrachana vareeyataon kii nakal kartaa haye, vyaavhaarik roop seey elenin scanning utparivartan mein upayog kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, shaastriya aiks-ray chrystallography aksar aanvik pratisthaapan-ack model-adharit charan vidhi kaa upayog karke protein kii tri-ayami sanrachanaon koo nirdhaarit karane key liye polylanin-backbone model koo niyojit karati haye.
shaaririk kaary.
glucose-elainin chakr.
standhaariyon mein, ootakon aur yakrit key beach glucose-ailenin chakr mein ailenin ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye. maanspeshiyon aur anya ootakon mein joe eendhan key liye amino acid koo cumm karate hain, amino samoohon koo transamination dwara glutamate key roop mein ekatra kiya jaataa haye. glutamate taba apane amino samooh koo elnin aminotransferase kii kriya key madhyam seey, elnin aur α-catogluterate banaate hue, manspeshi glycolysis key utpaad pyruvet mein sthanantarit curr sakata haye. elenin raktapravaah mein pravesh kartaa haye, aur yakrit mein leey jaaya jaataa haye. elenin aminotransferase pratikriya yakrit mein vipareet roop seey hoti haye, jahan punarjanan pyruvet kaa upayog gluconiogenesis mein kiya jaataa haye, jisase glucose banata haye joe parisancharan pranali key madhyam seey maanspeshiyon mein lautata haye. yakrit mein glutamate mitochondria mein pravesh kartaa haye aur glutamate dehydrogenase dwara α-catogluterate aur amonium mein toot jaataa haye, joe badale mein euria chakr mein bhaag letaa haye aur euria banaata haye joe gurde key madhyam seey utsarjit hotaa haye.
glucose-elainin chakr pyruvet aur glutamate koo maanspeshiyon seey hataane aur surakshit roop seey yakrit mein leey jaane mein saksham banaata haye. vahaan pahunchane key baad, pyruvet kaa upayog glucose koo punarjeevit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jisake baad glucose oorjaa key liye chayapachaya key liye maanspeshiyon mein lautata haih yeh maanspeshiyon key bajaay yakrit mein gluconogenesis key urjaavaan bojh koo sthanantarit kartaa haye, aur maanspeshiyon mein upalabdh sabhi aeye. tii. pee. koo maanspeshiyon key sankuchan key liye samarpit kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh ack catabolic maarg haye, aur maanspeshiyon key ootak mein protein key tootane parr nirbhar kartaa haye. yeh spasht naheen haye kii yeh gair-standhaariyon mein hotaa haye yaa naheen aur kiss hudd taka hotaa haye.
madhumeh seey sambandh.
elnin chakr mein parivartan joe seeram elnin aminotransferes (ault) key star koo badhaate hain, type II madhumeh key vikas seey judey hotey hain.
rasayanik guna.
phosphorylation key sambandh mein kaary prayogon key nuksan mein elnin upayogi haye. kuchh takneekon mein jeane kaa ack pustakalaya banaana shamil haye, jinamen seey pratyek mein ruchi key kshetra mein ack alag sthiti mein ack bindu utparivartan hotaa haye, kabhi-kabhi poore jeane mein harr sthiti bheeh ise "scanning utparivartan" kahaa jaataa haye. sabse saral vidhi, aur sabse pahale upayog kii gaee, tathaakathit alnine scanning haye, jahan harr sthiti koo alnine mein utparivartit kiya jaataa haye.
elnin key hydrogenkaran seey amino alcohol alaninol milata haye, joe ack upayogi kieral building block haye.
mukt mool tatva.
ack alnine anu kaa demination mukt moolank ch3c·hco2− kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. demination koo thhos yaa jaleey elenin mein vikiran dwara prerit kiya jaa sakata haye joe carbon-nitrogen bandhan key homolitic daraar kaa kaaran banata haye.
elnin key iss guna kaa upayog radiotherapy mein dosimetric maap mein kiya jaataa haye. jaba samanya elenin vikiranit hotaa haye, tou vikiran kuchh elenin anuon koo mukt kanon mein badalane kaa kaaran banata haye, aur, kyonki yeye mool tatva sthir hotey hain, mukt mool tatva kii samagri koo baad mein electron paramagnetic anunaad dwara maapa jaa sakata haye taaki yeh pataa lagaaya jaa sakey kii elenin kitna vikiran key sampark mein thaa. ise vikiran kshati kii matra kaa ack javic roop seey praasangik upaay maanaa jaataa haye joe jeevit ootakon koo usee vikiran key sampark mein aaney seey hoga. radiotherapy upchaar yojanaon koo pareekshan mode mein elenin chharron taka pahunchaaya jaa sakata haye, jise taba yeh jaanchne key liye maapa jaa sakata haye kii upchaar pranali dwara vikiran khuraak kaa ichchit pattern sahee dhang seey diyaa gayaa haye.

