
carbon key allotrope

 <ns> 0 </ns>
 <sanshodhan>
 <parented> 1158068945 </parented>
 <timestamp> 2023-07-13 tii 19:48:24 jaid </timestamp>
 <yogadankarta>
 <upayogkarta naam> alekjendar devronov </upayogkarta naam>
 </yogadankarta>
 <tippani> * paramanu aur dwiparmanvik carbon */see. ee. </tippani>
 <model> wikitext </model>
 <praarup> paath/x-viki </praarup>
carbon apani sanyojakta key kaaran kaee allotrope (sanrachanaatmak roop seey ack hii tatva key vibhinn roop) banaane mein saksham haye. carbon key prasiddh roopon mein heera aur graphite shamil hain. haal key dashakon mein, kaee aur allotrope kii khoj aur shodh kiya gayaa haye, jisamen buckminsterfullarin jaise gend key aakar aur graphene jaise sheets shamil hain. carbon kii badey paimaane kii sanrachanaon mein nanotube, nanobuds aur nanoribans shamil hain. carbon key anya asamanya roop bahut uchch tapman yaa atyadhik dabaav parr maujood hain. samara carbon allotrope databases (sakada) key anusaar, vartamaan samay mein carbon key lagbhag 500 kaalpanik 3-aavadhik allotrope gyaat hain.
paramanu aur dwiparmanvik carbon.
kuchh sthitiyon mein, carbon apane paramanu roop mein paaya jaa sakata haye. ise graphite key vashpikaran seey banaaya jaa sakata haye, badee vidyut dhaaraon koo paarit karke bahut cumm dabaav mein carbon chaap banaaya jaa sakata haih vacuum chaap mein. yeh behad pratikriyaasheel haye, lekin yeh ack madhyavarti utpaad haye jiska upayog carben key nirmaan mein kiya jaataa haye.
dietomic carbon kuchh sthitiyon mein bhee paaya jaa sakata haye. yeh aksar dhoomketuon aur kuchh sitaaron sahit alaukik nikaayon mein spectroscopy key madhyam seey paaya jaataa haye.
heera.
heera carbon kaa ack prasiddh allotrope haye. kathorta, atyadhik uchch apavartak soochkaank aur prakaash kaa uchch failaav heere koo audyogik anuprayogon aur aabhushanon key liye upayogi banaata haye. heera sabse kathin gyaat praakritik khanij haye. yeh ise ack utkrisht apgharshak banaata haye aur ise bahut achchi tarah seey chamak aur chamak rakhta haye. praakritik roop seey paaya jaane vaalaa koee bhee padaarth heere koo kaat yaa kharonch naheen curr sakata haye, sivaay ack anya heere key. heere key roop mein, carbon sabse mahange tatvon mein seey ack haye.
heere kii chrystal sanrachana ack chehra-kendrit ghana jaali haye jisamen prati ikai koshika mein aathh paramanu hotey hain joe ack heere kii ghana sanrachana banaate hain. pratyek carbon paramanu chatushfalakiya jyaamiti mein chaar anya carbons key saath sahsanyojak roop seey bandha hotaa haye. yeye tetrahedron ack saath kursi key vinyas mein chhah-sadasyiya carbon rings kaa ack 3-ayami network banaate hain, jisase shoonya bandhan konn tanaav hotaa haye. yeh bandhan sp3 sankareekrit kakshiyon key madhyam seey hotaa haye joe 154 pee. aim. kii see-see. bandhan lambai detaa haye. aprabhaavit sahsanyojak bandhanon kaa yeh network heere koo behad majboot banaata haye. heera neeche key dabaav parr graphite kii tulanaa mein ushmaagatikiya roop seey cumm sthir haye.
heere kaa pramukh audyogik upayog kaatane, drilling (drill bits), grinding (heere key kinare vaale cutter) aur pollishing haye. inn praudyogikiyon mein heere key adhikansh upayogon key liye badey heere kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye, aur adhikansh heere joe ratna-gunavatta vaale naheen hain, way audyogik upayog paa sakate hain. heere drill tips aur aaraa blade mein embed kiye jaate hain, yaa peesane aur pollishing anuprayogon mein upayog key liye ack pouder mein ground kiye jaate hain (isaki asadharan kathorta key kaaran). vishesh anuprayogon mein uchch dabaav prayogon (heere key ack chhed koo dekhein), uchch pradarshan vaale bearing aur takniki upkaranon kii vishesh khidakiyon key liye niyantran key roop mein prayogshalaon mein upayog shamil hain.
audyogik shreni key heere kaa bajar apane ratna shreni key samkaksh seey bahut alag tareeke seey kaam kartaa haye. audyogik heere jyaadaatar unaki kathorta aur garmi chaalakta key liye moolyavaan hain, jisase heere kii kaee ratna sambandhi visheshtaen, jinamen spashtata aur rung shamil hain, jyaadaatar aprasangik hoe jaati hain. yeh samajhaane mein madad kartaa haye kii kyon 80 pratishat khanan kiye gaye heere (lagbhag 10 karod carrett yaa salana 20 tunn key barabar) ratnon key roop mein upayog key liye anupayukt hain aur jinhen "bort" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, audyogik upayog key liye niyat hain. khanan kiye gaye heere key alawa, synthetic heere 1950 key dashak mein unake aavishkaar key turant baad audyogik anuprayog paae gaye; audyogik upayog key liye salana 40 karod carrett (80 tunn) synthetic heere kaa utpaadan kiya jaataa haye, joe usee avadhi mein khanan kiye gaye praakritik heere key dravyamaan kaa lagbhag chaar gunaa haye.
synthetic heere key utpaadan mein nirantar pragati key saath, bhavishya key anuprayog sambhav honey lagey hain. bahut utsaah praapt karna heere kaa ack ardhchaalak key roop mein sambhaavit upayog haye joe microchips banaane key liye upayukt haye, yaa electronics mein heat sink key roop mein heere kaa upayog haye. japan, europe aur sanyukt raajya america mein mahatvapurna shodh prayaas heere key advitiya samagri gunon dwara pradaan kii jaane vaali kshamata kaa laabh uthaane key liye chala rahey hain, saath hii synthetic heera nirmaataon seey aapoorti kii badhati gunavatta aur matra upalabdh honey luggy haye.
graphite.
1789 mein abraham gottlob werner dwara naamit graphite, greek γράφειν (, "kheenchane/likhane key liye", pencil mein isake upayog key liye) carbon key sabse aam allotrope mein seey ack haye. heere key vipareet, graphite ack vidyut chaalak haye. iss prakaar, iska upayog, udaaharan key liye, vidyut chaap deepak electrode mein kiya jaa sakata haye. isi tarah, maanak paristhitiyon mein, graphite carbon kaa sabse sthir roop haye. isaliye, iska upayog thermochemistry mein carbon yaugikon key gathan kii ooshmaa koo paribhaashit karane key liye maanak sthiti key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.
carbon parmaanuon key talon key oopar aur neeche paaee bonned electrons key delocalisation key kaaran graphite bijli kaa sanchaalan kartaa haye. yeye electron chalane key liye swatantra hain, isaliye bijli kaa sanchaalan karane mein saksham hain. haalaanki, bijli kewal paraton key tala key saath sanchaalit kii jaati haye. heere mein, pratyek carbon paramanu key sabhi chaar baahari electron sahsanyojak bandhan mein parmaanuon key beach 'sthaaniyakrit' hotey hain. electrons kii gati pratibandhit haye aur heera vidyut pravaah kaa sanchaalan naheen kartaa haye. graphite mein, pratyek carbon paramanu apane 4 baahari oorjaa star key electrons mein seey kewal 3 kaa upayog ack samtal mein teen anya carbon parmaanuon key saath sahsanyojak bandhan mein kartaa haye. pratyek carbon paramanu electrons kii ack delocalised pranali mein ack electron kaa yogdan detaa haye joe rasayanik bandhan kaa bhee ack hissa haye. delocalised electron poore tala mein chalane key liye swatantra hain. iss kaaran seey, graphite carbon parmaanuon key vimaanon key saath bijli kaa sanchaalan kartaa haye, lekin samtal key samkon parr ack disha mein bijli kaa sanchaalan naheen kartaa haye.
graphite pouder kaa upayog sookhe snehak key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki yeh socha jaa sakata haye kii yeh audyogik roop seey mahatvapurna sampatti poori tarah seey sanrachana mein sheets key beach dheele interlameller yugman key kaaran haye, vaastav mein ack vacuum vatavaran mein (jaise antariksh mein upayog key liye praudyogikiyon mein), graphite koo ack bahut hii kharaab snehak paaya gayaa thaa. iss tathya ney yeh khoj kii kii graphite kii snehanta paraton key beach adhishoshit havaa aur paani key kaaran hoti haye, anya paraton vaale sookhe snehak jaise molybdenum diasulphide key vipareet. haal key adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii atee snehan naamak prabhaav bhee iss prabhaav key liye jimmedaar hoe sakata haye.
jaba badee sankhya mein kristaliya dosh (bhautik) inn vimaanon koo ack saath baandhate hain, tou graphite apane snehan gunon koo khou detaa haye aur pyrolytic carbon bunn jaataa haye, joe rakt-sampark pratyaropan mein ack upayogi samagri haye jaise kii kritrim hriday valve.
graphite carbon kaa sabse sthir allotrope haye. lokpriya dhaarana key vipareet, uchch shuddhata vaalaa graphite aasaani seey naheen jalata haye, yahaan taka kii uchch tapman parr bhee. iss kaaran seey, iska upayog paramanu reactors mein aur pighalane vaali dhatuon key liye uchch tapman vaale crucible key liye kiya jaataa haye. bahut uchch tapman aur dabaav (lagbhag 2000 degree celsius aur 5 jee. pee. aeye.) parr, ise heere mein badala jaa sakata haye.
praakritik aur kristaliya graphite kaa upayog aksar unake katarani-tala, bhangurta aur asangat yaantrik gunon key kaaran sanrachanaatmak samagri key roop mein shuddh roop mein naheen kiya jaataa haye.
apane shuddh kaanch (isotropic) synthetic roopon mein, pyrolytic graphite aur carbon fiber graphite behad majboot, garmi pratirodhi (3000 degree celsius taka) samagri hain, jinka upayog missile naak, thhos rockett injan, uchch tapman reactor, break joote aur electric motor brush key liye punah pravesh dhaal mein kiya jaataa haye.
aag key muharon mein antargarbhashayi yaa vistaar yogya graphite kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, joe aag key darwaaje kii paridhi key aspas lagey hotey hain. aag key dauran aag key pravesh kaa virodh karane aur dhuein key prasaar koo rokane key liye graphite pravesh (vistaar aur charr) kartaa haye. ack vishisht "praarambh vistaar tapman" (sett) 150 aur 300 degree celsius key beach hotaa haye.
ghanatvah graphite kaa vishisht gurutvaakarshan 2.3 haye, joe ise heere seey halka banaata haye.
rasayanik gatividhih yeh heere kii tulanaa mein thodaa adhik pratikriyaasheel haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki abhikaarak graphite mein carbon parmaanuon kii shatkon paraton key beach pravesh karane mein saksham hotey hain. yeh sadharan vilaayak, kamjor aml yaa mishrit kshaar seey aprabhaavit haye. haalaanki, chromic acid ise carbon dioxide mein aukseekrit kartaa haye.
graphene.
graphite kii ack parat koo graphene kahaa jaataa haye aur isamen asadharan vidyut, taapiya aur bhautik guna hotey hain. ise ack avaahak yaa samvaahak substrate parr epitexy dwara yaa graphite seey yaantrik exfoliation (baar-baar chhilka) dwara utpaadit kiya jaa sakata haye. isake anuprayogon mein uchch pradarshan vaale electronic upkaranon mein silicon koo badalana shamil hoe sakata haye. dou paraton key saath, dwistariya graphene vibhinn gunon key saath parinam detaa haye.
launsdalite (shatkon heera).
launsdalite ack allotrope haye jise kabhi-kabhi "shatkon heera" kahaa jaataa haye, joe prithvi parr unake prabhaav parr ulkapind mein maujood graphite seey banata haye. prabhaav kii mahaan garmi aur dabaav graphite koo heere key samaan ack ghaney roop mein badal detaa haye, lekin graphite key shatkon chrystal jaali koo banaae rakhta haye. "shatkon heera" koo prayogshala mein bhee sanshleshit kiya gayaa haye, yaa tou ack sthir press mein yaa visfotakon kaa upayog karke graphite koo sampeedit aur germ karke. yeh ack bahulak, polly (hydridocarbine) key thermal apghatan dwara, vayumandaliya dabaav parr, nishkriya gais vatavaran (ee.jee. argan, nitrogen), tapman seey shuru hotaa haye.
graphenylene.
graphenylene ack ekal parat carbon samagri haye jisamen dwi-feniline jaisi upa-ikaaiyaan apani shatkon jaali sanrachana mein aadhar key roop mein hain. ise biphenaline-carbon key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.
carbophene.
carbophene ack 2 ayami sahsanyojak carbonic dhancha haye. 4-6 carbophene koo 1-3-5 trihydroxybenzine seey sanshleshit kiya gayaa haye. isamen 1:1 key anupaat mein 4-carbon aur 6-carbon ring hotey hain. kakshiyon key teen σ-bandhanon key beach key konn lagbhag 120°, 90° aur 150° hain.
aaa '-graphite.
aa '-graphite graphite key samaan carbon kaa ack allotrope haye, lekin jahaan paraten graphite key crum kii tulanaa mein ack dusare key liye alag-alag sthiti mein hain.
diamen.
heera heere kaa ack 2dee roop haye. ise uchch dabaav key madhyam seey banaaya jaa sakata haye, lekin usa dabaav key binaa, samagri graphene mein vaapas aaa jaati haye. ack anya takneek hydrogen parmaanuon koo jodana haye lekin way bandhan kamjor hain. isake bajaay florin (zenon-diafluoride) kaa upayog karane seey paraten ack saath aatee hain, jisase bandhan majboot hotey hain. ise aff-diamen kahaa jaataa haye.
anakar carbon.
anakar carbon vaha naam haye jiska upayog carbon key liye kiya jaataa haye jisamen koee kristaliya sanrachana naheen hoti haye. sabhi kaanch kii samagriyon key saath, kuchh chhoti-doori key crum koo dekhaa jaa sakata haye, lekin paramanu sthitiyon kaa koee lambi-doori kaa pattern naheen haye. jabaki poori tarah seey anakar carbon kaa utpaadan kiya jaa sakata haye, adhikansh anakar carbon mein vaastav mein graphite jaise, yaa yahaan taka kii heere jaise carbon key sookshm chrystal hotey hain.
koyla aur kalikh yaa carbon black koo anaupchaarik roop seey anakar carbon kahaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, way pyrolysis (garmi kii kriya dwara ack padaarth koo vighatit karane kii prakriya) key utpaad hain, joe samanya sthitiyon mein vaastavik anakar carbon kaa utpaadan naheen karate hain.
nanocarbon.
buckminster fulrance.
buckminster fulrance", yaa aamtaur parr kewal "fulreen" yaa "buckyball", kii khoj 1985 mein chawal vishvavidyalaya aur vishvavidyalaya key vaigyaanikon kii ack team dwara kii gaee thee, jinamen seey teen koo 1996 mein rasayan vigyaan mein nobel puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. inca naam richard buckminster "bucky" fuller dwara taiyar kii gaee bhooganitiya sanrachanaon seey samaantaa key liye rakhaa gayaa haye. fulreen sakaratmak roop seey ghumaavdaar anu hotey hain joe poori tarah seey carbon seey baney hotey hain, joe ack khokhla golaa, dirghvrittakar yaa nully kaa roop lete hain.
beesavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein, shuddh aur anuprayukt donon shodh prayogshalaon mein fulreen key rasayanik aur bhautik gunon kaa abhee bhee bhaari adhyayan kiya jaa rhaa haye. aprail 2003 mein, fulreen sambhaavit aushadhiya upayog key liye adhyayan key tahat they-pratirodhi bacteria koo lakshit karane key liye sanrachana key liye vishisht antibiotic davaaon koo baandhana aur yahaan taka kii melanoma jaisi kuchh cancer koshikaon koo bhee lakshit karna.
carbon nanotube.
carbon nanotube, jinhen buckytube bhee kahaa jaataa haye, belnakar carbon anu hain jinake nae guna hain joe unhein vibhinn prakaar key anuprayogon (jaise.jee.naino-electronics, prakashiki, samagri anuprayog, aadi.). way asadharan shakti, advitiya vidyut gunon kaa pradarshan karate hain, aur ooshmaa key kushal vaahak hain. gair-carbon nanotube kaa bhee sanshleshan kiya gayaa haye.
carbon nanotube fulreen sanrachanaatmak parivaar key sadasya hain, jisamen buckyball bhee shamil hain. jabaki buckyball golakar aakar key hotey hain, ack nanotube belnakar hotaa haye, jiska cumm seey cumm ack chhor aamtaur parr buckyball sanrachana key golardh seey dhakaa hotaa haye. unakaa naam unake aakar seey liya gayaa haye, kyonki ack nanotube kaa vyaas kuchh nanometer (maanav baalon kii chaudaai seey lagbhag 50,000 gunaa chhota) key crum mein hotaa haye, jabaki way lambai mein kaee centimeter taka hoe sakate hain. dou mukhya prakaar key nanotube hainh ekal-deewaar vaale nanotube (swant) aur bahu-deewaar vaale nanotube (aim. aine. tii.).
carbon nanobuds.
carbon nanobuds carbon kaa ack nayaa khoja gayaa allotrope haye jisamen "kaliyaan" jaise fulreen carbon nanotube key baahari sidewall seey sahsanyojak roop seey judey hotey hain. iss sankar samagri mein fulreen aur carbon nanotube donon key upayogi guna hain. udaaharan key liye, way asadharan roop seey achche kshetra utsarjak paae gaye hain.
schwarzite.
schwarzite nakaratmak roop seey ghumaavdaar carbon satahen hain joe mool roop seey carbon parmaanuon key saath teen baar aavadhik nyuntam satahon koo sajaakar prastaavit kii jaati hain. sanrachana kii jyaamitiya topology, heptagon aur octagon jaise ring doshon kii upasthiti seey nirdhaarit hoti haye, joe graphene key shatkon jaali taka hoti haye.
haal key kaam ney prastaavit kiya haye kii ziolite-templated carbon (jdtc) schwarzite hoe sakate hain. naam, jdtc, geolites, kristaliya silicon dioxide khanijon key chhidron key ander unaki utpatti seey nikla haye. carbon yukt anuon kaa ack vaashp zeolite mein inject kiya jaataa haye, jahan carbon chhidron kii divaaron parr ikattha hotaa haye, jisase nakaratmak vakr banata haye. ziolite koo bhang karane seey carbon nickle jaataa haye. ack team ney monte carlo vidhi key madhyam seey carbon key saath ack ziolite key chhidron koo sajaakar sanrachanaon koo utpann kiya. kuchh parinami model schwarzite jaisi sanrachanaon seey milate-julate hain.
sheesha carbon.
kaanch kaa carbon yaa vitrius carbon gair-graphitising carbon kaa ack varg haye jiska vyaapak roop seey vidyut rasayan mein ack electrode samagri key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye, saath hii saath uchch tapman crucible key liye aur kuchh kritrim upkaranon key ack ghatak key roop mein bhee.
iska utpaadan pahali baar 1950 key dashak key madhya mein bernard redfern dwara karborandam company, manchester, yuke kii prayogshalaon mein kiya gayaa thaa. unhone ack heere kii sanrachana koo pratibimbit karane key liye ack bahulak matricks vikasit karane key liye nirdhaarit kiya thaa aur ack resol (phenolic) raal kii khoj kii thee joe vishesh taiyari key saath, ack utprerak key binaa sett hoga. iss raal kaa upayog karke pahala kaanch kaa carbon utpann kiya gayaa thaa.
kaanch key carbon kii taiyari mein carbonic agraduton koo 3000 degree celsius taka key tapman parr garmi upchaar kii ack shrinkhala key adheen karna shamil haye. kaee gair-graphising carbon key vipareet, way gasses key liye abhedya hain aur rasayanik roop seey behad nishkriya hain, vishesh roop seey way joe bahut uchch tapman parr taiyar kiye jaate hain. yeh pradarshit kiya gayaa haye kii oxygen, carbon dioxide yaa jall vaashp mein kuchh kaanch key carbon key okseekaran kii darr kissy bhee anya carbon kii tulanaa mein cumm haye. way acid dwara hamale key liye bhee atyadhik pratirodhi hain. iss prakaar, jabaki samanya graphite kamare key tapman parr kendrit sulfuric aur nitric acid key mishran seey ack pouder mein cumm hoe jaataa haye, kaanch kaa carbon iss tarah key upchaar seey prabhaavit naheen hotaa haye, kaee maheenon key baad bhee.
carbon nanophome.
carbon nanophome carbon kaa paanchvaan gyaat allotrope haye, jisaki khoj 1997 mein andrei vee dwara kii gaee thee. canbara mein australiyai rashtriya vishvavidyalaya mein sawari aur saha-karyakarta. isamen ack dheele tri-ayami jaal mein ack saath bandhe carbon parmaanuon kaa ack cumm ghanatva vaalaa samooh hotaa haye.
pratyek samooh lagbhag 6 nanometer chauda hotaa haye aur isamen lagbhag 4000 carbon paramanu hotey hain joe graphite jaisi chadaron mein judey hotey hain jinhen niyamit shatkon pattern mein heptagon koo shamil karke nakaratmak vakrata dee jaati haye. yeh buckminster fulreen key mamle mein joe hotaa haye usake vipareet haye, jisamen carbon sheet koo pentagon key samavesh dwara sakaratmak vakrata dee jaati haye.
carbon nanophome kii badey paimaane parr sanrachana ack aerogel key samaan haye, lekin pahale utpaadit carbon aerogel key ghanatva key 1 pratishat key saath-samudra tala parr havaa key ghanatva kaa kewal kuchh gunaa. carbon aerogel key vipareet, carbon nanophome ack kharaab vidyut chaalak haye.
carbide seey praapt carbon.
carbide-vyutpann carbon (see. dee. see.) vibhinn satah jyaamiti aur carbon crum key saath carbon samagri kaa ack parivaar haye joe dhaatu carbide agraduton, jaise tick, aiss. aaee. see., aadi seey dhatuon key chayanaatmak nishkasana key madhyam seey utpaadit hotaa haye. yeh sanshleshan chlorine upchaar, jall-taapiya sanshleshan, yaa nirvaat key tahat uchch tapman chayanaatmak dhaatu apashoshan kaa upayog karke kiya jaataa haye. sanshleshan vidhi, carbide agradoot aur pratikriya maapdandon key aadhar parr, kaee carbon allotrope praapt kiye jaa sakate hain, jinamen mukhya roop seey anakar carbon, carbon nanotube, epitexial graphene, nanocrystalline heera, pyaaj jaise carbon aur graphitic ribbon, bairal aur horn seey baney endohedral kann shamil hain. yeye sanrachanaaen uchch sarandhrata aur vishisht satah kshetron koo pradarshit karati hain, jisamen atyadhik tunable chhidra vyaas hotaa haye, joe unhein supercapacitor-adharit oorjaa bhandaran, jall nispandan aur capacitive desalinization, utprerak samarthan aur cytokine hataane key liye ashajanak samagri banaati hain.
anya metastable carbon charan, kuchh heere jaise, see. aff. 4 key saath aiss. aaee. see. yaa see. aich. 3. see. ell. 3 kii pratikriyaon seey utpann hue hain.
raikhik acetalynic carbon.
sanrachana key saath ack ayami carbon bahulak-(c shna c) n-.
cyclocarbon.
cyclo [18] carbon (see18) koo 2019 mein sanshleshit kiya gayaa thaa.
anya sambhaavit allotrope.
kaee anya allotrope kii parikalpana kii gaee haye lekin abhee taka unakaa sanshleshan naheen kiya gayaa haye.
carbon kii parivartansheelta.
carbon allotropes kii pranali charam seemaon kii ack aashcharyajanak seema taka faili hui haye, yeh dekhate hue kii way sabhi kewal ack hii tatva kii sanrachanaatmak sanrachanaaen hain.
heera aur graphite key beechah
heere kii kathorta key bavjood, heere mein carbon parmaanuon koo ack saath rakhane vaale rasayanik bandhan vaastav mein graphite koo ack saath rakhane vaale kii tulanaa mein kamjor hotey hain. antar yeh haye kii heere mein, bandhan ack lachili tri-ayami jaali banaate hain. graphite mein, paramanu kadaai seey sheets mein bandhe hotey hain, lekin sheets aasaani seey ack dusare key oopar seey khisak sakate hain, jisase graphite naram hoe jaataa haye.

