carver meed

carver andress maid (janm 1 maee, 1934) ack americi vaigyaanik aur engineer hain. way vartamaan mein california praudyogiki sansthaan (caltech) mein engineering aur anuprayukt vigyaan key emeritus professor key roop mein kaary curr rahey hain, jinhone 40 seey adhik varshon taka vahaan padhaaya haye. unhone caltech kii pahali mahila engineering snaatak debora chung koo padhaaya. unhone caltech, luis kirkbride mein pahali mahila electrical engineering chhaatra koo salah dee. ack shikshak key roop mein unake yogdan mein classic paathyapustak "introduction too vlsi systems" (1980) shamil haye, jise unhone linn conway key saath saha-lekhan kiya thaa.
aadhunik microelectronics key agrani, unhone ardhchalakon, digital chips aur silicon compiler key vikas aur design mein yogdan diyaa haye, joe aadhunik bahut badey paimaane parr ekikaran chip design kii neenv banaate hain. 1980 key dashak mein, unhone maanav tantrika vigyaan aur jeev vigyaan key electronic modeling parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, jisase "neuromorphic electronic system" kaa nirmaan huaa."maid 20 seey adhik companiyon kii sthaapana mein shamil rhaa haye. haal hii mein, unhone aadhunik bhautiki key punargathan kaa ahwan kiya haye, jisamen unhone baad key prayogon aur upkaran mein vikas key aalok mein niels bohr, albert einstein aur anya kii saiddhaantik bahason parr phir seey vichaar kiya haye.
praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha.
carver andress mid kaa janm bakerfield, california mein huaa thaa aur way kernville, california mein paley-badhe they. unake pitaa dakshini california edison company key swaamitva vaali badee khaadi panbijali pariyojana mein ack bijli sanyantra mein kaam karate they. carver ney kuchh varshon taka ack chhote seey sthaaniya school mein padhaai kii, phir apani daadi key saath rahane key liye fresno, california chaley gaye taaki vaha ack badey hyee school mein padh sakey. bijli sanyantra mein kaam koo dekhate hue, vidyut upkaran key saath prayog karate hue, ack shaukiya radio licenses key liye arhata praapt karate hue aur sthaaniya radio stations parr kaam karate hue uchch vidyalaya mein, way bahut cumm umr mein bijli aur electronics mein ruchi lene lagey.
maid ney caltech mein electrical engineering kaa adhyayan kiya, 1956 mein bee. aiss., 1957 mein aim. aiss. aur 1960 mein phd kii degree praapt kii.
microelectronics.
meed kaa yogdan buniyaadi bhautiki key anuprayog seey laker electronic upkaranon key vikas taka, aksar nae tarikon seey utpann huaa haye. 1960 key dashak key dauran, unhone avaahak aur ardhchalakon mein electrons key oorjaa vyavhaar kii vyavasthit jaanch kii, jisase electron surang, baadha vyavhaar aur germ electron parivahan kii gahari samajh vikasit hui. 1960 mein, vaha pahale vyakti they jinhone electron tunneling aur germ-electron parivahan key sanchaalan siddhanton key aadhar parr teen-terminal thhos-avastha upkaran kaa varnan aur pradarshan kiya. 1962 mein unhone pradarshit kiya kii surang utsarjan kaa upayog karate hue, germ electrons ney soney mein nanometer kii doori taya karate samay oorjaa koo banaae rakhaa. unake dwara kiye gaye III-V yaugikon key adhyayan (doubleu key saath. jee. spitzer) ney interfaces raajyon key mahatva koo sthaapit kiya, baind-gap engineering aur heterojunction upkaranon key vikas key liye aadhar taiyar kiya.
gaas mesfet.
1966 mein, meed ney channel seey gett koo alag karane key liye ack scotty barrier diode kaa upayog karke pahale gallium arsenide gett feeled-effect transister koo design kiya. ack samagri key roop mein, gais silicon kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik electron gatishilata aur uchch santripti wegg pradaan kartaa haye. gais mesfet pramukh microwave ardhchaalak upkaran bunn gayaa, jiska upayog radio doorbinon, upgrah vyanjanon aur cellular phone mein microwave sanchaar pranaliyon sahit vibhinn prakaar key uchch aavritti vaale wireless electronics mein kiya jaataa haye. mesfet parr carver kaa kaam bhee 1980 mein fujitsu dwara hames key baad key vikas kaa aadhar bunn gayaa. mesfet kii tarah hames, microwave receiver aur dursanchar pranaliyon mein upayog kiye jaane vaale sanchay-mode upkaran hain.
moor kaa kaanoon.
meed koo gorden moor dwara moors low shabd koo banaane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye, joe ghatak kii ganana kii vriddhi darr key baare mein 1965 mein kii gaee bhavishyavani moors koo darshaata haye, "ack ghatak ack transister, pratirodhak, diode yaa sandharitra haye", joe ack ekal ekikrit paripath parr fitt hotaa haye. moore aur meed ney 1959 key aspas sahyog karna shuru kiya jaba moore ney apane chhatron koo apani kakshaon mein upayog karane key liye fairchild semiconductor seey meed "cosmetic reject" transister diye. 1960 key dashak key dauran meed ney fairchild kaa saptahik daura kiya, anusandhaan aur vikas prayogshalaon kaa daura kiya aur moor key saath unake kaam parr charcha kii. apani ack charcha key dauran, moor ney mujhase poochha kii kyaa electron tunneling ack kaary karane yogya transister key aakar koo seemit curr sakati haye. jaba unhein bataaya gayaa kii yeh hoga, tou unhone poochha kii seema kyaa hogi.
moor key prashn seey prerit hocker, meed aur unake chhatron ney sambhaavit samagriyon kaa bhautiki-adharit vishleshan shuru kiya, jisamen moor key niyam key liye ack nimn seema nirdhaarit karane kii koshish kii gaee. 1968 mein, meed ney aam dhaaranaon key vipareet, pradarshit kiya kii jaise-jaise transister aakar mein cumm hotey jaayenge, way adhik najuk yaa germ yaa adhik mahange yaa dheeme naheen honge. balki, unhone tark diyaa kii transister teji seey, behtar, thhande aur saste hoe jaayenge kyonki way laghu hoe gaye they. unake parinam shuru mein kaafee sandeh key saath mille they, lekin jaisa kii designers ney prayog kiya, parinamon ney unake daave kaa samarthan kiya. 1972 mein, meed aur graduate student broose honnescence ney bhavishyavani kii kii transister koo 0.15 microne jitna chhota banaaya jaa sakata haye. transister key aakar kii yeh nichali seema aam taur parr apekshit seema seey kaafee cumm thee. praarambhik sandehon key bavjood, meed kii bhavishyavani ney computer udyog key submicron praudyogiki key vikas koo prabhaavit kiya. jaba 2000 mein vaastavik transister vikas mein meed kaa anumaanit lakshya hassil kiya gayaa thaa, tou transister mool roop seey varnit meed key samaan thaa.
meed-conway vee. ell. aiss. aaee. design.
meed ney ack chip parr laakhon transister banaane kii sambhavana kaa anuman lagaane vaalaa pahala vyakti thaa. unaki bhavishyavani kaa tatparya thaa kii iss tarah kii mapaniyata koo praapt karane key liye praudyogiki mein paryaapt parivartan honey honge. meed una pahale shodhkartaon mein seey ack they jinhone bahut badey paimaane parr ekikaran, uchch-jatilata vaale microchips koo design karane aur banaane key liye takneekon kii jaanch kii.
unhone 1970 mein caltech mein duniya kaa pahala ell. aiss. aaee. design pathyakram padhaaya. 1970 key dashak mein, kakshaon key ack crum seey bhagidari aur pratikriya key saath, meed ney ekikrit paripath aur pranali design key apane vichaaron koo vikasit kiya. unhone ivan aur fredrick bee key saath kaam kiya. thompson ney caltech mein ack vibhaag key roop mein computer vigyaan koo sthaapit karane key liye, joe aupchaarik roop seey 1976 mein huaa thaa. 1976 mein bhee, mid ney ivan aiss. doubleu. aur thomas eugene everhart key saath ack darpa report kaa saha-lekhan kiya, vartamaan microelectronics nirmaan kii seemaon kaa aaklan kiya aur "bahut badey paimaane parr ekikrit paripathon" key system design nihitarth mein shodh kii sifarish kii.
1975 mein shuru karate hue, carver meed ney zerox park seey linn conway key saath sahyog kiya. unhone 1979 mein prakaashit aitihaasik paath "vlussy pranaliyon kaa parichay" vikasit kiya, joe meed aur kanve kranti kaa ack mahatvapurna pramukh hissa thaa. ack agrani paathyapustak, iska upayog dashakon seey duniya bhar mein vee. ell. aiss. aaee. ekikrit paripath shiksha mein kiya jaataa rhaa haye. kakshaon mein aur anya shodhkartaon key beach praarambhik poorv-mudran adhyaayon key prasaar ney vyaapak ruchi aakarshit kii aur drishtikon mein ruchi rakhane vaale logon kaa ack samudaay banaaya. unhone apani kakshaon mein chhatron key liye chips banaate hue bahu-pariyojana saajha-wafer paddhati kii vyavaharyata kaa bhee pradarshan kiya.
unake kaam ney ack pratimaan parivartan, ekikrit paripathon key vikas kaa ack "maulik punarmulyankan" aur "computer kii duniya mein kranti" laaee. 1981 mein, meed aur conway koo unake yogdan kii maanyata mein "electronics patrika" seey upalabdhi key liye puraskar milaa. 30 seey adhik varshon key baad, unake kaam key prabhaav kaa abhee bhee aaklan kiya jaa rhaa haye.
vee. ell. aiss. aaee. design key vichaaron parr nirmaan karate hue, meed aur unake phd chhaatr david ell. johansen ney pahala silicon sankalak banaaya, joe upayogkarta key vinirdeshon koo lene aur swachaalit roop seey ack ekikrit paripath utpann karane mein saksham thaa. maid, johansen, admond key. cheng aur anya ney silicon compiler ink kaa gathan kiya. (vigyaan) 1981 mein vigyaan ney digital upkaran nigam key microvax mini computer key liye pramukh chips mein seey ack koo design kiya.
meed aur conway ney mossis (dhaatu oxide ardhchaalak karyanvayan seva) key vikas aur pahale semios chip key nirmaan key liye adharshila rakhee. meed ney fabless vinirmaan key vichaar kii vakaalat kii jisamen graahak fabless semiconductor companiyon koo apani design kii jarooraton koo nirdisht karate hain. isake baad companiyan vishesh uddeshya vaale chips design karati hain aur chip nirmaan koo cumm mahange videshi ardhchaalak dhalai key liye outsource karati hain.
tantrika models kii ganana.
agale mid ney ganana kii javic pranaliyon key modeling kii kshamata kaa pataa lagaana shuru kiyaah pashu aur maanav mastishk. javic model mein unaki ruchi cumm seey cumm 1967 taka thee, jaba way jaivbhautik vigyaani max delbrook seey mille they. delbrook ney transducer shareer vigyaan mein meed kii ruchi koo uttejit kiya thaa, joe ack avdhaaranaatmak prakriya aur antim avdhaaranaatmak ghatnaaon kii shuruat karane vaale bhautik input key beach honey vaale parivartan they.
retina mein shrenibaddh synaptic sancharan koo dekhate hue, meed digital switch key bajaay transister koo analogue upkaranon key roop mein ilaaj karane kii kshamata mein ruchi lene lagaa. unhone kamjor vyutkram mein sanchaalit mose transister mein chalane vaale aaveshon aur neurons kii jhilli mein bahane vaale aaveshon key beach samaantaon kaa ullekh kiya. unhone johnn hopfield aur nobelist richard fenman key saath kaam kiya, jisase teen nae kshetron koo banaane mein madad mileeh tantrika network, tantrika-aakriti engineering aur ganana kaa bhautiki. meed, jinhen neuromorphic engineering kaa sansthaapak maanaa jaataa haye, koo "neuromorphic processor" shabd key nirmaan kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye.
meed taba kaee companiyon kii shuruat kaa samarthan karane key liye udyam poonji vitt poshan khojane mein safal rhaa, aanshik roop seey caltech nyasi mandal key adhyaksh arnold beckman key saath ack praarambhik sambandh key kaaran. meed ney kahaa haye kii vikas key liye unakaa pasandida drishtikon "praudyogiki koo badhaava denaa" haye, kuchh dilchasp khoj karna aur phir isake liye upayogi anuprayogon koo vikasit karna.
sparsh karein.
1986 mein, meed aur federico faggin ney synaptics ink kii sthaapana kii. tantrika networking siddhanton parr adharit analogue circuit vikasit karna, joe drishti aur bhaashan pehchaan mein upayog key liye upayukt haye. bajar mein laaya gayaa pahala utpaad synaptics ack dabaav-samvedansheel computer touchpad thaa, joe samvedi praudyogiki kaa ack roop thaa jisane teji seey laptop computers mein trackball aur mouse koo badal diyaa. synaptics touchpad behad safal rhaa, ack samay parr touchpad bajar key 70 pratishat parr kabja curr liya.
sunana.
1988 mein, richard aff. lyon aur carver meed ney ack analogue kokliya key nirmaan kaa varnan kiya, joe aantarik kaana key shravan bhaag key drav-gatishil yatra-tarang pranali kaa pratiroopan kartaa haye. lyon ney pahale kokliya key kaam key liye ack computational model kaa varnan kiya thaa. iss tarah kii takneek key shravan yantra, coclear pratyaropan aur vibhinn prakaar key bhaashan-pehchaan upkaranon mein sambhaavit anuprayog they. unake kaam ney ack silicon analogue banaane key prayaas mein chala rahey shodh koo prerit kiya haye joe ack javic kokliya kii sanket prasanskaran kshamata kaa anukaran curr sakata haye.
1991 mein, meed ney sonix technologys, ink. banaane mein madad kii. (baad mein sonic navachar ink.). meed ney unake shravan sadhanon key liye computer chip koo design kiya. chhote honey key alawa, chip koo shravan sahaayata mein sabse shaktishali upayog kiya jaataa thaa. company key pahale utpaad, praakritik shravan sahaayata kaa vimochan sitambar 1998 mein huaa thaa.
drishti.
1980 key dashak key anta mein, meed ney ganana aur tantrika pranaliyon mein ack phd chhaatr, meesha mahold koo silicon retina vikasit karane kii salah dee, jisamen rodd koshikaon, shanku koshikaon aur anya uttejak koshikaon key javic karyon kii nakal karane key liye analogue vidyut paripathon kaa upayog kiya gayaa. mahold kii 1992 kii shodh-prabandh koo isaki maulikta aur "maanav vichaar aur prayaas key nae raaste kholane kii kshamata" key liye caltech kaa milton aur francis closure doctorate puraskar milaa. unake kaam koo ack stereoscopic drishti pranali vikasit karane key liye "aaj taka kaa sabse achchha prayaas" maanaa jaataa thaa. meed ney retina kii baahari plexiform parat mein drishya prasanskaran kii pahali parat koo model karane key liye ack dou-ayami pratirodhi network kaa upayog karate hue ack anukuli silicon retina kaa varnan kiya.
1999 key aspas, meed aur anya ney fovan, ink kii sthaapana kii. saanta clara, california mein tantrika-prerit see. aim. oh. aiss. chhavi samvedak/prasanskaran chips parr adharit naee digital camera takneek vikasit karane key liye. fovon x3 digital cameray mein chhavi samvedak pratyek pixel key liye kaee rangon koo pakadate hain, silicon samvedak mein vibhinn staron parr laal, harey aur neele rung kaa pataa lagaate hain. yeh maanak camers kii tulanaa mein adhik poorna jaankaari aur behtar gunavatta vaali tasveeren pradaan kartaa haye, joe prati pixel ack rung kaa pataa lagaate hain. ise krantikari maanaa gayaa haye. 2005 mein, carver meed, richard bee. fowan key maryl aur richard leone koo fowan x3 samvedak key vikas key liye shaahi photographic society key pragati padak seey sammaanit kiya gayaa.
synapse.
meed kaa kaam computer processor key vikas koo rekhaankit kartaa haye jinake electronic ghatak javic synapse key samaan tarikon seey judey hue hain.
1995 aur 1996 mein, hasler, diarrhoe aur minch ney ekal-transister silicon synapse prastut kiye joe analogue seekhane key anuprayogon aur deerghakaalik smriti bhandaran mein saksham they. meed ney neuromorphic aur anya analogue circuit key liye gair-vashpasheel bhandaran key saadhan key roop mein floating-gett transister key upayog kaa beedaa uthaaya.
meed aur diarrhoe ney floating-gett transister (fgmos) key saath apane kaam key aadhar parr radio-aavritti pehchaan (rfid) pradaata impinge paaya. aff. jee. moss. parr shulkon koo sangraheet karane key cumm-shakti vaale tarikon kaa upayog karate hue, impinge ney flashes memori bhandaran aur radio aavritti pehchaan tagg key liye anuprayog vikasit kiye.
bhautiki koo phir seey paribhaashit karna.
carver meed ney ack drishtikon vikasit kiya haye jise vaha "saamoohik vidyutgativigyaan" kahate hain, jisamen vidyut chumbakiya prabhaav, jisamen matratmak oorjaa hastaantaran bhee shamil haye, saamoohik roop seey vyavhaar karane vaale electrons key tarang karyon kii paraspar kriya seey praapt hotey hain. iss sutrikaran mein, photon ack gair-ikai haye, aur plank kaa oorjaa-aavritti sambandh electron eigenstate kii antahkriyaon seey aataa haye. yeh drishtikon quantum yantriki kii johnn crammer kii laine-daine vyakhya, vidyut gatiki key wheeler-fenman avashoshak siddhant aur gilbert aine seey sambandhit haye. antariksh kaal mein shoonya antaral parr vidyut chumbakiya oorjaa key adaan-pradaan kaa luis kaa praarambhik vivaran.
haalaanki yeh punah avdharanatmakkaran gurutvaakarshan seey sambandhit naheen haye, lekin iska ack gurutvaakarshan vistaar aisee bhavishyavaniyaan kartaa haye joe samanya saapekshata seey bhinn hoti hain. udaaharan key liye, gurutvaakarshan tarangon kaa kaa key tahat ack alag dhruvikaran honah chaahiye, joe gurutvaakarshan key iss nae siddhant koo diyaa gayaa naam haye. isake alawa, dhruvikaran mein iss antar kaa pataa unnat neel dwara lagaaya jaa sakata haye.
companiyaan.
meed cumm seey cumm 20 companiyon kii sthaapana mein shamil rhaa haye. nimnalikhit soochi kuchh sabse mahatvapurna aur unake mukhya yogdan koo ingit karati haye.

