
digital mudra

digital mudra (digital mudra, electronic mudra yaa electronic mudra) koee bhee mudra, dhana yaa dhana jaisi sampatti haye joe mukhya roop seey digital computer pranaliyon parr, vishesh roop seey internet parr prabandhit, sangraheet yaa adaan-pradaan kii jaati haye. digital mudraon key prakaron mein cryptocurrency, aabhaasi mudra aur kendriya baink digital mudra shamil hain. digital mudra koo internet parr vitarit databases, ack company yaa baink key swaamitva vaale ack kendrikrit electronic computer databases, digital faailon key bheetar yaa yahaan taka kii ack sangraheet-moolya card parr bhee darj kiya jaa sakata haye.
digital mudraaen paaramparik mudraon key samaan guna pradarshit karati hain, lekin aam taur parr aitihaasik roop seey fiet mudra kaa ack shaastriya bhautik roop naheen hotaa haye jise haath mein rakhaa jaa sakata haye, jaise mudrit banknote yaa tankshala sikkon vaali mudraaen. haalaanki, unakaa ack bhautik roop haye joe computer seey computer aur computer seey maanav baatchit aur server kii jaankaari aur prasanskaran shakti key liye ack gair-shaastriya arth mein aataa haye joe paise koo sangraheet kartaa haye aur track kartaa haye. yeh avaastavik bhautik roop internet parr lagbhag tatkaal lenden kii anumati detaa haye aur noton aur sikkon key vitaran seey judee laagat koo kaafee cumm kartaa haih udaaharan key liye, britten kii arthavyavastha mein mudra key prakaron mein seey 3 pratishat nott aur sikke hain, aur 79 pratishat electronic mudra (baink jamaa key roop mein) key roop mein hain. aamtaur parr kissy sarkari nikaay dwara jaari naheen kii jaane vaali aabhaasi mudraon koo kanuni nivida naheen maanaa jaataa haye aur way sarkari seemaon key paar swaamitva hastaantaran koo saksham karati hain.
iss prakaar kii mudra kaa upayog bhautik vastuon aur sevaaon koo khareedane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin kuchh samudaayon taka bhee seemit hoe sakata haye jaise kii online khel key ander upayog key liye.
digital dhana yaa tou kendrikrit kiya jaa sakata haye, jahaan dhana aapoorti parr niyantran kaa ack kendriya bindu haye (udaaharan key liye, ack baink), yaa vikendrikrit, jahaan dhana aapoorti parr niyantran poorv nirdhaarit haye yaa loktaantrik roop seey sahmat haye.
itihas.
digital mudraon key liye poorvavarti vichaaron koo electronic bhugtan vidhiyon jaise kii sebar (yatra aarakshan pranali) mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa. 1983 mein, david chaum dwara "untressable bhugtan key liye andhe hastakshar" sheershak seey ack shodh patra ney digital nakadi kaa vichaar pesh kiya. 1989 mein, unhone apane shodh mein vichaaron kaa vyaavsaayikaran karane key liye amsterdam mein ack electronic kaish company, digicash kii sthaapana kii. isane 1998 mein diwaliyapan key liye aavedan kiya.
ee-gold pahala vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa internet paisa thaa, jise 1996 mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, aur 2008 mein americi sarkaar dwara ise bund karane seey pahale kaee million upayogkartaon taka badh gayaa thaa. ee-gold koo americi adhikaariyon aur shikshaavidon donon dwara "digital mudra" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye. 1997 mein, coca-colla ney mobile bhugtan kaa upayog karke vending machines seey khareedane kii peshkash kii. pepal ney 1998 mein apani yuu. aiss. dee.-moolyavardhit seva shuru kii. 2009 mein, bitquine launch kiya gayaa, jisane vikendrikrit blockchain-adharit digital mudraon kii shuruat koo chihnit kiya, jisamen koee kendriya server naheen thaa, aur koee thhos sampatti aarakshit naheen thee. cryptocurrency key roop mein bhee jaani jaane vaali, blockchain-adharit digital mudraaen sarkaar dwara unhein viniyamit karane key prayaas key liye pratirodhi saabit huin, kyonki unhein bund karane kii shakti vaalaa koee kendriya sangathan yaa vyakti naheen thaa.
digital mudraon kii utpatti 1990 key dashak key dott-comm bubble seey hui haye. ack anya gyaat digital mudra seva swatantrata aarakshit thee, jisaki sthaapana 2006 mein hui thee; yeh upayogkartaon koo dollar yaa euro koo swatantrata aarakshit dollar yaa euro mein badalane detaa haye, aur unhein 1 pratishat shulk parr ack dusare key saath swatantra roop seey adaan-pradaan karane detaa haye. kaee digital mudra sanchaalan ponji yojanaon aur dhana shodhan key liye upayog kiye jaane key liye pratishthit they, aur yuu dwara mukadama chalaaya gayaa thaa.aiss. msb licenses key binaa kaam karane key liye sarkaar. kyu sikke yaa queque sikke, tencent queque key sandesh munch parr ack prakaar kii vastu-adharit digital mudra key roop mein upayog kiye jaate they aur 2005 kii shuruat mein ubhare they. kyu sikke chean mein itane prabhaavi they kii kahaa jaataa thaa kii atkalon key kaaran cheeni yuan mudra parr unakaa asthir prabhaav padaa thaa. cryptocurrency mein haal kii ruchi ney digital mudraon mein nae sire seey ruchi paida kii haye, 2008 mein bitquine key saath, joe sabse vyaapak roop seey upayog kii jaane vaali aur sweekrit digital mudra bunn gaee haye.
digital mudra aur tulanaa key upa-prakaar.
ack vishisht prakaar key roop mein aur ack metaa-samooh naam key roop mein digital mudra.
digital mudra ack aisaa shabd haye joe vishisht gunon key saath ack vishisht prakaar kii electronic mudra koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. digital mudra ack aisaa shabd haye jiska upayog digital mudra key upa-prakaron key metaa-samooh koo shamil karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, vishisht arth kewal vishisht kanuni yaa praasangik mamle key bheetar nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakata haye. kanuni aur takniki roop seey, digital mudra kii asankhya kanuni paribhaashaaen aur kaee digital mudra upa-prakaar pahale seey hii hain. vibhinn sambhaavit gunon key sanyojan seey, digital mudra key kaee aur kaee upa-prakaron kaa nirmaan karane vaale karyanvayanon kii ack vyaapak sankhya maujood haye. kaee sarkari kshetradhikaron ney digital mudra, aabhaasi mudra, cryptocurancy, ee-munny, network munny, ee-kaish aur anya prakaar kii digital mudra key liye apani anoothi paribhasha lagu kii haye. kissy bhee vishisht sarkari adhikaar kshetra key bheetar, vibhinn agencies aur niyaamak ack vishisht mudra prakaar yaa upa-prakaar key vishisht gunon key aadhar parr vibhinn prakaar kii digital mudra key liye alag-alag aur aksar paraspar virodhi arthon koo paribhaashit karate hain.
digital banaam aabhaasi mudra.
europeeya kendriya baink dwara 2012 mein ack aabhaasi mudra koo "ack prakaar kaa aniyamit, digital dhana, joe aamtaur parr isake developers dwara jaari aur niyantrit kiya jaataa haye, aur ack vishisht aabhaasi samudaay key sadasyon key beach upayog aur sweekaar kiya jaataa haye" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. 2013 mein americi kosh vibhaag ney ise adhik sankshipt roop seey "vinimay kaa ack madhyam joe kuchh vatavaranon mein mudra kii tarah kaam kartaa haye, lekin vaastavik mudra key sabhi gunon key saath naheen haye" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya. americi kosh vibhaag ney yeh bhee kahaa kii, "aabhaasi mudra kaa kissy bhee adhikaar kshetra mein kanuni-nivida kaa darja naheen haye."
europeeya kendriya baink kii 2015 kii "aabhaasi mudra yojanaaen-ack aur vishleshan" report key anusaar, aabhaasi mudra moolya kaa ack digital pratinidhitva haye, joe kissy kendriya baink, credit sansthaan yaa ee-munny sansthaan dwara jaari naheen kiya jaataa haye, jise kuchh paristhitiyon mein, paise key vikalp key roop mein upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. octuber 2012 kii pichhali report mein, aabhaasi mudra koo ack prakaar key aniyamit, digital dhana key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa, joe aamtaur parr isake developers dwara jaari aur niyantrit kiya jaataa haye, aur ack vishisht aabhaasi samudaay key sadasyon key beach upayog aur sweekaar kiya jaataa haye.
antarrashtriya niptan key liye baink kii navambar 2015 kii "digital mudraon" report key anusaar, yeh ack aisee sampatti haye jiska pratinidhitva digital roop mein kiya jaataa haye aur isaki kuchh maudrik visheshtaen hain. digital mudra koo ack samprabhu mudra key roop mein niroopit kiya jaa sakata haye aur jarikarta dwara jaari kiya jaa sakata haye joe nakadi key liye digital dhana koo bhunaane key liye jimmedaar haye. usa mamle mein, digital mudra electronic dhana (ee-dhana) kaa pratinidhitva karati haye. moolya kii apani ikaaiyon mein yaa vikendrikrit yaa swachaalit jaari honey vaali digital mudra koo aabhaasi mudra maanaa jaayega. jaise, bitquine ack digital mudra haye lekin ack prakaar kii aabhaasi mudra bhee haye. bitquine aur isake vikalp cryptographic algorithm parr adharit hain, isaliye iss prakaar kii aabhaasi mudraon koo cryptocurrency bhee kahaa jaataa haye.
digital banaam cryptocurrency.
cryptocurancy ack upa-prakaar kii digital mudra aur ack digital sampatti haye joe parisampatti hastaantaran, pier-too-pier networking aur vikendrikaran key digital hastaksharon koo ack saath jodane key liye cryptography parr nirbhar karati haye. kuchh mamalon mein mudra banaane aur prabandhit karane key liye ack proof-off-work yaa proof-off-stake yojana kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. cryptocurrency electronic mudra pranaliyon koo vikendrikrit karane kii anumati dey sakati haye. jaba ack blockchain key saath lagu kiya jaataa haye, tou digital khaata pranali yaa record rakhane kii pranali databases pravishtiyon key alag-alag bhaagon koo sampaadit karane key liye cryptography kaa upayog karati haye joe kaee alag-alag sarvaron mein vitarit kiye jaate hain. pahali aur sabse lokpriya pranali bitquine haye, joe cryptography parr adharit ack pier-too-pier electronic maudrik pranali haye.
digital banaam paaramparik mudra.
adhikansh paaramparik dhana aapoorti computer parr rakhe gaye baink key paise hain. inhen kuchh mamalon mein digital mudra maanaa jaataa haye. koee yeh tark dey sakata haye kii hamaare teji seey nakadi rahit samaaj kaa matlab haye kii sabhi mudraaen digital mudraaen bunn rahee hain, lekin way hamaare saamane iss tarah seey prastut naheen kii jaati hain.
pranaliyon key prakaar.
kendrikrit pranaaliyan.
bikri key samay electronic fund transfer kaa upayog karke debit card aur credit card kaa upayog karke mudra kaa electronic roop seey adaan-pradaan kiya jaa sakata haye.
mobile digital wallet.
kaee electronic mudra pranaaliyan sampark rahit bhugtan hastaantaran kaa upayog karati hain taaki aasaan bhugtan kii suvidha hoe sakey aur bhugtankarta koo lenden key dauran apane electronic batue koo naa chhodane mein adhik vishvaas hoe.
kendriya baink kii digital mudra.
kendriya baink digital mudra (see. bee. dee. see.) ack rashtra mein saarvbhaumik roop seey sulabh digital mudra kaa ack roop haye aur desh kii kagji mudra key samaan moolya rakhta haye. ack cryptocurrency kii tarah, ack see. bee. see. dee. tokan key roop mein aayojit kiya jaataa haye. see. bee. dee. see. niyamit digital nakad prapatron seey alag hain jaise online baink khaaton mein kyonki see. bee. dee. see. ack desh key bheetar kendriya baink key madhyam seey sthaapit kiye jaate hain, jisamen kissy kii sarkaar dwara dee jaane vaali dendaariyaan hoti hain, naa kii ack vaanijyik baink seey. lagbhag nau deshon ney pahale hii ack see. bee. dee. see. sthaapit curr liya haye, jisamen duniya bhar mein iss pranali mein atyadhik ruchi badh rahee haye. inn deshon mein, see. bee. dee. see. kaa upayog vinimay key roop mein kiya gayaa haye aur sarkaaron key liye apani vittiya pranaliyon key bheetar honey vaale jokhimon koo rokane kaa prayaas karane kaa ack tarika haye.
vikendrikrit pranaaliyan.
digital mudra koo kuchh mamalon mein mudra jaari karane, swaamitva record, swaamitva hastaantaran pradhikaran aur satyapan aur mudra bhandaran key kissy bhee sanyojan kii vikendrikrit pranali key roop mein lagu kiya gayaa haye.
antarrashtriya niptan (bee. aaee. aiss.) key liye baink key anusaar, "yeye yojanaaen sthaan key aadhar parr upayogkartaon key beach antar naheen karati hain, aur
isaliye seemaon key paar upayogkartaon key beach moolya sthanantarit karane kii anumati dein. isake alawa, ack kii gati
laine-daine bhugtankarta aur bhugtankarta key sthaan parr sashart naheen haye."
kaanoon.
2001 seey, europeeya sangh ney electronic dhana sansthanon key vyavasaay koo shuru karane, anusaran karane aur vivekpurna paryavekshan parr ee-dhana nirdesh koo lagu kiya haye, jise 2009 mein antim baar sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa.
sanyukt raajya america mein, electronic dhana thoke lenden key liye samaan vaanijyik sanhita key anuchhed 4aeye aur upabhokta lenden key liye electronic nidhi hastaantaran adhiniyam dwara shaasit hotaa haye. pradaata kii jimmedaari aur upabhokta kii deyata viniyaman key tahat viniyamit kii jaati haye.
viniyaman.
aabhaasi mudraaen kendriya bainkon, vittiya niyamakon, vibhagon yaa vitt mantralayon key saath-saath vittiya adhikaariyon aur saankhyikiya adhikaariyon key liye bhee chunauti pesh karati hain.
sarkaaron dwara apanaaya gayaa.
2016 taka, 24 seey adhik desh $1.4bn nivesh key saath vitarit khaata-soochi praudyogikiyon (dee. ell. tii.) mein nivesh curr rahey hain. isake alawa, 90 seey adhik kendriya baink dee. ell. tii. charchaon mein lagey hue hain, jisamen kendriya baink dwara jaari digital mudra key nihitarth bhee shamil hain.
march 2018 mein, marshel dweep apani khud kii cryptocurancy jaari karane aur ise kanuni nivida key roop mein pramaanit karane vaalaa pahala desh bunn gayaa; mudra koo "samprabhu" kahaa jaataa haye.
sanyukt raajya america.
vastu vayada vyaapaar aayog kaa margadarshan.
americi jins vayada vyaapaar aayog (see. aff. tii. see.) ney nirdhaarit kiya haye kii aabhaasi mudraon koo 2015 mein vastuon key roop mein thheek seey paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. see. aff. tii. see. ney niveshakon koo aabhaasi mudraon kaa upayog karane vaali pump aur dump yojanaon key khilaf chetavani dee haye.
hamein aantarik rajaswa seva margadarshan.
americi aantarik rajaswa seva (aaee. aar. aiss.) kaa adesh soochana kissy bhee aabhaasi mudra, cryptocurancy aur digital mudra koo sampatti key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye; laabh aur nuksan maanak sampatti neetiyon key bheetar curr yogya hain.
hamein khajaana margadarshan.
20 march 2013 koo, vittiya aparaadh pravartan network ney yeh spasht karane key liye ack margadarshan jaari kiya kii yuu.aiss. aabhaasi mudraon koo banaane, unakaa adaan-pradaan karane aur unakaa sanchaaran karane vaale vyaktiyon parr baink gopaniyata adhiniyam lagu hotaa haye.
pratibhootiyaan aur vinimay aayog margadarshan.
maee 2014 mein americi pratibhootiyon aur vinimay aayog (seik) ney "bitquine aur anya aabhaasi mudraon key khatron key baare mein chetavani dee.
newyork raajya viniyaman.
julaai 2014 mein, newyork raajya key vittiya seva vibhaag ney aaj taka aabhaasi mudraon key sabse vyaapak viniyaman kaa prastaav rakhaa, jise aamtaur parr bitalysis kahaa jaataa haye. isane niyamon koo anukoolit karane key liye saarvajanik sunavaai aur 21 octuber 2014 taka kii tippani avadhi key madhyam seey bitquine samarthakon aur vittiya udyog seey input ekatra kiya haye. prati aine. vaaee. dee. aff. aiss. press vigyapti key prastaav mein "ack uchit santulan banaane kii maang kii gaee joe upbhoktaon kii raksha karane aur avaidh gatividhi koo jarh seey khatm karane mein madad kartaa haye. sthaapit sansthanon kaa paksh lene key liye chhoti companiyon dwara isaki aalochana kii gaee haye, aur cheeni bitquine exchanges ney shikayat kii haye kii niyam "sanyukt raajya key baahar isake anuprayog mein atyadhik vyaapak hain.
kanada.
kanada key baink ney block chain parr apani mudra kaa ack sanskaran banaane kii sambhavana kaa pataa lagaaya haye.
baink off kanada ney desh key paanch sabse badey bainkon key saath-aur blockchain paramarsh firm aar3 key saath milkar kaam kiya, jise project jasper key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. 2016 mein ack anukaran daud mein, kendriya baink ney ack samaan etherium key samaan blockchain parr cadd-sikke jaari kiye. bainkon ney apane mukhya khaaton koo nipataane key liye harr dinn key anta mein paise kaa adaan-pradaan karane key liye cadd-sikkon kaa upayog kiya.
chean.
2016 mein, chean key kendriya baink, peepuls baink off chaina (pee. bee. oh. see.) key dipty governor phain yifei ney likhaa kii "digital mudraon key liye sthitiyaan paripakva hain, joe parichaalan laagat koo cumm curr sakati hain, dakshata badhaa sakati hain aur nae anuprayogon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala koo saksham curr sakati hain. prashansak yifei key anusaar, sthiti kaa laabh uthaane kaa sabse achchha tarika kendriya bainkon key liye niji digital mudraon kii nigrani karane aur apani khud kii digital kanuni nivida vikasit karane donon mein netritva karna haye.
octuber 2019 mein, pee. bee. oh. see. ney ghoshana kii kii varshon kii taiyari key baad ack digital rainminby jaari kiya jaayega. mudra kaa sanskaran, jise dee. see. ee. pee. (digital mudra electronic bhugtan) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, cryptocurancy parr adharit haye jise banking pranali seey "alag" kiya jaa sakata haye. ghoshana koo vibhinn pratikriyaaen mileenh kuchh kaa maanana haye kii yeh gharelu niyantran aur nigrani key baare mein adhik haye.
disambar 2020 mein, pee. bee. oh. see. ney sarkaar samarthit digital mudra koo aur badhaava dene key liye ack lottery karyakram key madhyam seey soozou key nivaasiyon koo laakhon moolya key digital rainminby vitarit kiye. mudra key praaptakarta offline aur online donon tarah kii kharidari curr sakate hain, joe pahale key pareekshan parr vistaar curr rahey they, jisamen karyakram mein online stores koo shamil karane key madhyam seey internet connection kii aavashyakta naheen thee. ee-commers company jey. dee. dwara lagbhag 20,000 lenden kii soochana dee gaee thee.mukadame key pahale 24 ghanton mein. anya online bhugtan platforms jaise kii elipe yaa weachat paye key vipareet, digital mudra mein lenden shulk naheen hotaa haye.
denmark.
denmark sarkaar ney desh koo "cashless" arthavyavastha key karib leey jaate hue, chayanit khudra vikretaon key liye nakad mein bhugtan sweekaar karane key daayitva seey chhutkara paane kaa prastaav rakhaa. denmark kaa vanijya mandal iss kadam kaa samarthan curr rhaa haye. denmark kii lagbhag ack tihai aabaadi paise sthanantarit karane key liye ack smartphone application mobile paye kaa upayog karati haye.
ecudor.
ecudor kii rashtriya sabhaa dwara paarit ack kaanoon sarkaar koo electronic mudra mein bhugtan karane kii anumati detaa haye aur ack rashtriya digital mudra key nirmaan kaa prastaav rakhta haye. "electronic dhana arthavyavastha koo protsaahit karega; adhik paaristhitik nagrikon koo aakarshit karna sambhav hoga, vishesh roop seey una logon key liye jinake paas kewal check yaa bachat khaate aur credit card naheen hain. electronic mudra koo kendriya baink off ecudor kii parisampattiyon dwara samarthit kiya jaayega, "rashtriya sabhaa ney ack bayaan mein kahaa. disambar 2015 mein, systema dee dinro alectronico ("electronic munny system") shuru kiya gayaa thaa, jisase ecudor raajya dwara sanchaalit electronic bhugtan pranali vaalaa pahala desh bunn gayaa thaa.
ell salvador.
9 juuna, 2021 koo, ell salvador kii vidhaan sabhaa aadhikarik taur parr bitquine koo kanuni mudra key roop mein vargeekrit karane vaalaa duniya kaa pahala desh bunn gayaa haye. anumodan key 90 dinon key baad seey, pratyek vyavasaay koo vastuon yaa sevaaon key liye kanuni nivida key roop mein bitquine koo sweekaar karna chaahiye, jaba taka kii vaha lenden karane key liye aavashyak praudyogiki pradaan karane mein asamarth naa hoe.
neatherlands.
dutch kendriya baink "dnbkoin" naamak ack blockchain-adharit aabhaasi mudra key saath prayog curr rhaa haye.
bhaarat.
ekikrit bhugtan interfaces (yuu. pee. aaee.) bhaarat mein bhaag lene vaale bainkon mein aayojit kissy bhee dou baink khaaton key beach tatkaal dhana hastaantaran key liye ack vaastavik samay bhugtan pranali haye. interfaces koo bhaaratiya rashtriya bhugtan nigam dwara vikasit kiya gayaa haye aur ise bhaaratiya reserve baink dwara viniyamit kiya jaataa haye. yeh digital bhugtan pranali 24 * 7 * 365 upalabdh haye. yuu. pee. aaee. upayogkarta key prakaar key liye agyeyavaadi haye aur iska upayog vyakti seey vyakti, vyakti seey vyavasaay, vyavasaay seey vyakti aur vyavasaay seey vyavasaay lenden key liye kiya jaataa haye.
laine-daine bhugtankarta yaa bhugtankarta dwara shuru kiya jaa sakata haye. baink khaate kii pehchaan karane key liye yeh 'accountid@bankid' prakaar key ack advitiya aabhaasi bhugtan patey (vPA) kaa upayog kartaa haye. vee. pee. aeye. koo baink dwara saunpa jaa sakata haye, lekin ise email patey kii tarah swayam nirdisht bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. vee. pee. aeye. kaa sabse saral aur sabse aam roop 'mobilenumber@upi' haye. khaata sankhya aur baink shakha vivaran kaa upayog karke ack vee. pee. aeye. seey dusare mein yaa ack vee. pee. aeye. seey kissy bhee baink khaate mein paise sthanantarit kiye jaa sakate hain. hastaantaran antar-baink yaa antar-baink hoe sakata haye.
upee mein paise key liye koee madhyavarti talab naheen haye. yeh bhejane vaale key baink khaate seey seedhe dhana nikaalata haye aur jaba bhee lenden kaa anurodh kiya jaataa haye tou unhein seedhe praaptakarta key baink khaate mein jamaa curr detaa haye. ack preshak dou charaniya surakshit prakriya kaa upayog karke hastaantaran shuru aur adhikrit curr sakata haih ack paas code kaa upayog karke logg inn karein-ack passcode kaa upayog karke satyaapit karein. ack praaptakarta bhugtan karane vaale koo ack adhisuchana bhejane yaa ack kyu. aar. code prastut karke pranali parr bhugtan anurodh shuru curr sakata haye. anurodh praapt karane parr, bhugtankarta usee dou charaniya prakriya kaa upayog karke bhugtan koo aswikar yaa pushti curr sakata haih logg inn karein-pushti karein. yeh pranali iss hudd taka asadharan roop seey upayogkarta key anukool haye kii takniki aur mushkil seey sakshar upayogkarta bhee ise badee sankhya mein apana rahey hain.
roose.
roose key sarkaar-niyantrit Sberbank key paas yumani haye-isi naam kii electronic bhugtan seva aur digital mudra.
sweeden.
sweeden apane sabhi bhautik banknotes aur 2017 key madhya taka apane adhikansh sikkon koo badalane kii prakriya mein haye. haalaanki, swedish crona key nae banknote aur sikke shayed 2007 key 12,494 croner prati vyakti key lagbhag aadhe shikhar parr prasaarit honge. ricksbank kendriya baink dwara jaari ack electronic mudra parr charcha shuru karane kii yojana banaa rhaa haye, jisake liye "nakadi koo pratisthaapit karane key liye naheen, balki isake poorak key roop mein kaary karna haye. dipty governor cecilia skingsley kaa kahana haye kii sweeden mein nakadi kaa upayog bund hoe jaayega, aur jabaki vartamaan mein sweeden mein nakadi praapt karna kaafee aasaan haye, ise baink khaaton mein jamaa karna aksar bahut mushkil hotaa haye, vishesh roop seey graameen kshetron mein. ee-crona" banaane key nirnay key baare mein vartamaan mein koee nirnay naheen liya gayaa haye.
apane bhaashan mein, skingsley kahati hainh "pahala sawal yeh haye kii kyaa ee-crona koo khaaton mein book kiya jaanaa chaahiye yaa kyaa acrona koo digital roop seey hastantaraniya ikai kaa koee roop honah chaahiye, jise motey taur parr nakadi kii tarah ack antarnihit khaata sanrachana kii aavashyakta naheen haye."skingsley yeh bhee kahate hainh" ack aur mahatvapurna sawal yeh haye kii kyaa ricksbank koo seedhe aam janata koo ee-crona jaari karna chaahiye yaa bainkon key madhyam seey jaanaa chaahiye, jaisa kii humm abb banknotes aur sikkon key saath karate hain."anya prashnon koo sambodhit kiya jaayega jaise kii byaaj darein, kyaa way sakaratmak, nakaratmak yaa shoonya honey chaahiye?
switzerland.
2016 mein, ack shahar sarkaar ney pahali baar shahar shulk key bhugtan mein digital mudra koo sweekaar kiya. zag, switzerland ney ack pareekshan mein aur bhavishya kii praudyogikiyon koo aage badhaane vaale kshetra key roop mein zag koo aage badhaane key prayaas mein, chhoti raashi kaa bhugtan karane key saadhan key roop mein bitquine jodaa. jokhim koo cumm karane key liye, zag turant praapt kissy bhee bitquine koo swiss mudra mein parivartit curr detaa haye. swiss sanghiya railway, switzerland kii sarkari swaamitva vaali railway company, apani tikat machines parr bitquine bechati haye.
yuu. key.
2016 mein, britten key mukhya vaigyaanik salaahkaar, surr maark walport ney sarkaar koo ack block-chain-adharit digital mudra kaa upayog karane parr vichaar karane kii salah dee.
united kingdam key kendriya baink, baink off ingland key mukhya arthashastri ney kagji mudra key unmoolan kaa prastaav rakhaa. baink ney bhee block chain mein ruchi lii haye. 2016 mein isane kendriya baink dwara jaari digital mudra key prabhaavon kaa pataa lagaane key liye ack bahu-varsheeya shodh karyakram shuru kiya haye. baink off ingland ney iss vishay parr kaee shodh patra taiyar kiye hain. ack sujhaav haye kii vitarit khaata-bahee parr digital mudra jaari karane key aarthik laabh kissy desh key aarthik utpaadan mein 3 pratishat taka jodd sakate hain. baink ney kahaa kii vaha chaahata haye kii baink key buniyaadi software buniyaadi dhaanche kaa agala sanskaran vitarit khaate key saath sangat hoe.
vittiya abhinetaon dwara god lena.
sarkari ravaiya sthaapit bhaari vittiya abhinetaon key beach iss pravritti koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii donon jokhim-virodhi aur roodhivaadi hain. inmein seey koee bhee cryptocurrency key aspas sevaaon kii peshkash naheen kartaa thaa aur unaki bahut aalochana hui thee. "inmein seey pahala prerak nishtha nivesh rhaa haye, boston adharit nishtha digital parisampattiyaan llc udyam-shreni abhiraksha samadhan, ack cryptocurancy vyaapaar nishpaadan munch aur sansthaagat salah sevaaen 24 ghante ack dinn, saptah mein saat dinn pradaan karegi, joe blockchain key hamesha-vyaapaar chakr key saath sanrekhit karane key liye design kii gaee haye. yeh 2019 key liye nirdhaarit samanya upalabdhata key saath bitquine aur atherium key saath kaam karega.
kathin banaam naram digital mudraaen.
kathor electronic mudra mein upayog kiye jaane parr vivaadit yaa ulatane kii kshamata naheen hoti haye. kissy lenden koo ulatana lagbhag asambhav haye, uchit yaa naheen. yeh nakadi key samaan haye.
naram electronic mudraaen kathor electronic mudraon key vipareet hain. bhugtan ulat diyaa jaa sakata haye. aamtaur parr, jaba bhugtan ulat diyaa jaataa haye tou ack "samashodhan samay" hotaa haye."ack kathor mudra koo teesare paksh kii seva key saath" "naram" "kiya jaa sakata haye.
aalochana.
kaee maujooda digital mudraon kaa abhee taka vyaapak upayog naheen huaa haye, aur aasaani seey upayog yaa adaan-pradaan naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. baink aam taur parr unake liye sevaaon koo sweekaar yaa pradaan naheen karate hain. aisee chintaaen hain kii cryptocurrency apani bahut uchch asthirta aur pump aur dump yojanaon kii kshamata key kaaran behad jokhim bharee hain. kaee deshon mein niyamakon ney unake upayog key khilaf chetavani dee haye aur kuchh ney upayogkartaon koo rokane key liye thhos niyaamak upaay kiye hain. gair-cryptocurrency sabhi kendrikrit hain. iss prakaar, unhein kissy bhee samay sarkaar dwara bund yaa jabt kiya jaa sakata haye. mudra jitani adhik anaam hogi, apraadhiyon key liye utani hii adhik aakarshak hogi, chaahe usake rachnakaron key iraade kuchh bhee houn. bitquine kii aalochana isake oorjaa aksham shaa-256-adharit kaam key pramaan key liye bhee kii gaee haye.
maudrik aur vittiya arthshastra parr apane kaam key liye jaane jaane vaale arthashastri bairi ichangreen key anusaar, "bitquine jaisi cryptocurrency paise kii aavashyak visheshtaon koo rakhane key liye bahut asthir hain. sthir mudraon mein kamjor mudra peng hotey hain joe lenden mein unaki upayogita koo cumm curr dete hain. aur kendriya baink kii digital mudraaen samasya kii khoj mein ack samadhan hain."
lokpriyata.
digital mudraaen apani suvidhajanak prakriti key kaaran lokpriya hoe gaee hain. kaee upayogkartaon kaa maanana haye kii digital mudra unhein teji seey aur saral tareeke seey dhana hastaantaran karane kii anumati detee haye. kaee deshon ney apani banking pranaliyon kii taakat mein sandeh aur apani arthavyavastha kii sthiti mein avishvaas key kaaran digital mudra key roopon koo apanaaya haye. anya upayogkarta digital mudra koo pasand karate hain kyonki yeh unhein apani kharch karane kii aadton mein swatantrata detaa haye. iss tathya key kaaran kii digital mudraon parr viniyaman kamjor haye, kaee upayogkarta vishisht niyamon aur viniyamon key aspas jaa sakate hain joe fiet mudraon key saath banaae rakhe jaate hain. kissy desh key bheetar vittiya sankat key samay, digital mudraaen upayogkarta kii sampatti kii raksha karane mein bhee madad curr sakati hain.