
rubisco

ribulose-1,5-bisfosphate carboxylase/oxygenase, jise aamtaur parr sankshipt roop rubisco, rubisco, rubcase, yaa rabako key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, prakaash sanshleshan key prakaash-swatantra (yaa "dark") bhaag mein shamil ack enzyme () haye, jisamen carbon sthirikaran bhee shamil haye, jisake dwara vayumandaliya carbon dioxide koo paudhon aur anya prakaash sanshleshit jeevon dwara oorjaa-samriddh anuon jaise glucose mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye. yeh prithvi parr oxygen kii upasthiti seey pahale lagbhag chaar arab saal pahale adim chayapachaya mein ubhara thaa. yeh shayed prithvi parr sabse prachur matra mein paaya jaane vaalaa enzyme haye. rasayanik shabdon mein, yeh rebulose-1,5-bisfosphate (jise rubb key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) key carboxylation koo utprerit kartaa haye.
vaikalpik carbon sthirikaran maarg.
rubisco javic roop seey mahatvapurna haye kyonki yeh praathamik rasayanik pratikriya koo utprerit kartaa haye jisake dwara acarbonic carbon jeevmandal mein pravesh kartaa haye. jabaki kaee autotrophic bacteria aur archia reductive acetyl koo maarg, 3-hydroxypropionate chakr, yaa riverse crabes chakr key madhyam seey carbon koo thheek karate hain, yeye maarg rubisco dwara utprerit vaishvik carbon sthirikaran mein apekshaakrit chhote yogadankarta hain. rubisco key vipareet, phosphoanolpyruvate carboxylase kewal asthaayi roop seey carbon koo thheek kartaa haye. apane mahatva koo darshaate hue, rubisco pattiyon mein sabse prachur matra mein protein haye, joe paudhon mein ghulansheel patti protein kaa 50 pratishat (kull patti nitrogen kaa 20-30%) aur paudhon mein ghulansheel patti protein kaa 30 pratishat (kull patti nitrogen kaa 5-9%) haye. jeevmandal mein isaki mahatvapurna bhoomika koo dekhate hue, fasalon mein rubisco kii aanuvanshik engineering nirantar ruchi kii haye (neeche dekhein).
sanrachana.
paudhon, shaiwal, sinobacteria, aur phototrophic aur chemoatotrophic seudomonadota (poorv mein proteobacteria) mein, enzyme mein aamtaur parr dou prakaar key protein subunit hotey hain, jinhen badee shrinkhala (ell, lagbhag 55,000 dee. aeye.) aur chhoti shrinkhala (aiss, lagbhag 13,000 dee. aeye.) kahaa jaataa haye. badee-shrinkhala" jeane ("aar. bee. see. ell") koo paudhon mein chloroplast dee. aine. aeye. dwara kootbaddh kiya jaataa haye. aam taur parr paadap koshikaon key naabhik mein kaee sambandhit "chhoti-shrinkhala" jeane hotey hain, aur chhoti shrinkhalaon koo baahari chloroplast jhilli koo paar karke cytosol seey chloroplast key stromal dibbe mein ayaat kiya jaataa haye. enzyme key roop mein sakriya substrate (rebulose 1,5-bisfosphate) binding saaiten badee shrinkhalaon mein sthit hoti hain joe diamer banaati hain jisamen pratyek badee shrinkhala seey emino acid binding saiton mein yogdan karate hain. kull aathh badee janjeeren (= chaar diamer) aur aathh chhoti janjeeren lagbhag 540,000 daa key ack badey parisar mein ikattha hoti hain. kuchh chhadm-paadap aur denophlagelets mein, kewal badee upa-ikaaiyon seey baney enzyme paae gaye hain.
enzymatic gatividhi key liye magnicium ayanon () kii aavashyakta hoti haye. enzyme key sakriya sthal mein sahee sthiti mein sakriya sthal mein ack lycine (ack carbamate banaana) mein ack "sakriya" carbon dioxide anu () koo jodana shamil haye. yeh lies210 avashesh key avamilan koo chalaakar sanchaalit hotaa haye, jisase lies avashesh 120 degree seey "trance" conformer mein ghoomata haye, jisase lies key nitrogen aur lies key carbon key beach kii doori cumm hoe jaati haye. nikatata ack sahsanyojak bandhan key gathan kii anumati detee haye, jisake parinamswarup carbamate hotaa haye. pahale sakriya sthal koo ack vaikalpik sanrachana key liye apane 335 key ghoornan dwara baandhane key liye saksham haye. phir sakriya sthal key usake avasheshon (usake 300, usake 302, usake 335) dwara samanvit kiya jaataa haye, aur teen paani key anuon key samanvaya aur unake-oh mein roopaantaran dwara aanshik roop seey tatasth kiya jaataa haye. iss samanvaya key parinamswarup ack asthir parisar banata haye, lekin isake bandhan key liye ack anukool vatavaran paida hotaa haye. carbamate kaa gathan ack kshaariya ph dwara anukool haye. drav dibbe mein pee. aich. aur magnicium ayanon kii sandrata (paudhon mein, chloroplast kaa stroma) prakaash mein badh jaati haye. rubisco enzyme gatividhi key viniyaman mein ph aur magnicium aayan key star koo badalane kii bhoomika parr neeche charcha kii gaee haye. ack baar carbamate banane key baad, uska 335 thermal utaar-chadhaav key madhyam seey apani praarambhik sthiti mein lautkar sakriyan koo antim roop detaa haye.
enzymatic gatividhi.
rubisco calvin chakr mein kaee enzymon mein seey ack haye. jaba rubisco see2 carbon key rubb key hamale koo suvidhajanak banaata haye aur see3 aur see2 carbon key beach baad key bandhan daraar, glycerate-3-phosphat key 2 anu banate hain. roopaantaran mein yeye charan shamil hainh anolysation, carboxylation, hydration, see-see bonned cleavage aur protonation.
substrate.
rubisco key liye substrate ribulose-1,5-bisfosphate aur carbon dioxide ("sakriya" carbon dioxide seey alag) hain. rubisco carbon dioxide () key bajaay ribulose-1,5-bisfosphate aur aanvik oxygen (oh2) kii pratikriya koo bhee utprerit kartaa haye.
substrate aur oh2 key beach bhedbhaav karane kaa shreya substrate key quadrupol kshanon aur ack uchch sthir vidyut kshetra pravanata kii alag-alag antahkriyaon koo diyaa jaataa haye. yeh pravanata nyuntam sakriya rubisco key dimmer roop dwara sthaapit kii jaati haye, joe apane dou ghatakon key saath oh2 aur oh2 key saath enzyme kii baatchit key liye aavashyak vipareet aaveshit domen kaa sanyojan pradaan kartaa haye. yeye sthitiyaan rubisco mein paae jaane vaale cumm karobar darr koo samajhaane mein madad karati hainh substrate key quadrapole kshanon key saath paryaapt baatchit key liye aavashyak vidyut kshetra kii taakat badhaane key liye, enzyme key see-aur aine-terminal khandon koo bund kiya jaanaa chaahiye, jisase sakriya site koo vilaayak seey alag kiya jaa sakey aur paraavartak sthiraank koo cumm kiya jaa sakey. iss algaav kii ack mahatvapurna entropic laagat haye, aur isake parinamswarup kharaab karobar darr hoti haye.
baandhane vaalaa rubb.
lys210 key ε-amino samooh kaa carbamilation key saath samanvaya dwara sthir kiya jaataa haye. iss pratikriya mein aeye. aiss. pee. 203 key carboxylate terminai aur aayan key liye glue204 kaa bandhan shamil haye. substrate rubb teen aquo ligand mein seey dou koo visthaapit kartaa haye.
anolysation.
rubb kaa anolysation rubb key keeto toutomer koo ack endeol (khaaya) mein parivartit karna haye. anolysation see3 parr deprotonation dwara shuru kiya jaataa haye. iss charan mein enzyme aadhar parr bahas kii gaee haye, lekin chrystal sanrachanaon mein dekhi gaee steric baadhaon ney lies210 koo sabse sambhaavit ummidwar banaa diyaa haye. vishesh roop seey, lys210 parr carbamate oxygen joe milligram aayan key saath samanvit naheen haye, rubb key c3 carbon koo 2,3-aniolet banaane key liye deprotonate kartaa haye.
carboxylation.
2, 3-aniolet key carboxylation key parinamswarup madhyavarti 3-keeto-2-carboxyarabinitol-1,5-bisfosphate aur liss334 koo substrate key judane kii suvidha key liye sthit kiya jaataa haye kyonki yeh teesare-samanvit jall anu koo badal detaa haye aur seedhe endeol mein jodata haye. iss prakriya mein koee michael parisar naheen banata haye. iss keaton key jalsanchayan key parinamswarup see3 parr ack atirikt hydroxy samooh banata haye, jisase ack ratna-diol madhyavarti banata haye. carboxylation aur hydration koo yaa tou ack thhos charan key roop mein yaa dou kramik charanon key roop mein prastaavit kiya gayaa haye. thhos tantra kaee chrystal sanrachanaon mein paani key anu kii see3 rubb kii nikatata dwara samarthit haye. paalak sanrachana key bheetar, anya avasheshon koo jall-sandhaaran charan mein sahaayata key liye achchi tarah seey rakhaa jaataa haye kyonki way paani key anu key hydrogen bandhan doori key bheetar hotey hain.
see-see bandhan vichhedan.
ratna-diol madhyavarti see2-see3 bandhan mein vighatit hocker glycert-3-phosphat kaa ack anu aur ack nakaratmak aaveshit carboxylate banaata haye. iss carbenian key see2 key stereo vishisht protonation key parinamswarup glycert-3-phosphat kaa ack aur anu banata haye. iss kadam koo lys175 yaa sambhaavit roop seey carbamilated lys210 dwara sugam banaaya gayaa haye.
utpaad.
jaba carbon dioxide substrate hotaa haye, tou carboxylase pratikriya kaa utpaad ack asthir chhah-carbon phosphorylated madhyavarti hotaa haye jise 3-keeto-2-carboxiarabinitol-1,5-bisfosphate key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe glycert-3-phosphat key dou anuon mein teji seey kshay kartaa haye. iss utpaad, jise 3-phosphoglycer key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, kaa upayog glucose jaise badey anuon kaa utpaadan karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
jaba aanvik oxygen substrate hotaa haye, tou oxygen pratikriya key utpaad phosphoglycolate aur 3-phosphoglycet hotey hain. phosphoglycolate koo photorespiration naamak pratikriyaon key ack anukram key madhyam seey punarnaveenikaran kiya jaataa haye, jisamen mitochondria aur peroxisome mein sthit enzyme aur cytochrome shamil hotey hain (yeh chayapachaya kii marammat kaa mamla haye). iss prakriya mein, phosphoglycolate key dou anuon koo carbon dioxide key ack anu aur 3-phosphoglycet key ack anu mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye, joe calvin chakr mein phir seey pravesh curr sakata haye. iss maarg mein pravesh karane vaale kuchh phosphoglycolate koo paudhon dwara glycine jaise anya anuon kaa utpaadan karane key liye banaae rakhaa jaa sakata haye. carbon dioxide aur oxygen key pariveshi staron parr, pratikriyaon kaa anupaat lagbhag 4 seey 1 haye, jisake parinamswarup kewal 3.5 kaa shuddh carbon dioxide nirdhaaran hotaa haye. iss prakaar, oxygen key saath pratikriya koo rokane mein enzyme kii asamarthata kaee paudhon kii prakaash sanshleshit kshamata koo bahut cumm curr detee haye. kuchh paudhon, kaee shaiwal aur prakaash sanshleshit bacteria ney enzyme key aspas carbon dioxide kii sandrata badhaane key sadhanon koo taiyar karke iss seema koo door kiya haye, jisamen carbon sthirikaran, crosulacian acid chayapachaya aur pyrenoid kaa upayog shamil haye.
rubisco side gatividhiyaan bekaar yaa avarodhak upa-utpaadon kaa kaaran bunn sakati hain. mahatvapurna avarodhak upa-utpaadon mein zylulose 1,5-bisfosphate aur glycero-2,3-pentodulose 1,5-bisfosphate shamil hain, donon hii anolysation-carboxylation pratikriya key beach mein "misfire" key kaaran hotey hain. uchch paudhon mein, yeh prakriya rubisco swa-nishedh kaa kaaran banati haye, jise santript aur rubb sandrata dwara trigger kiya jaa sakata haye aur rubisco sakriyan dwara hull kiya jaa sakata haye (neeche dekhein).
enzymatic gatividhi kii darr.
kuchh enzyme pratyek sekand mein hajaaron rasayanik pratikriyaen curr sakate hain. haalaanki, rubisco dheema haye, kewal 3-10 carbon dioxide anuon koo enzyme key prati anu prati sekand thheek kartaa haye. rubisco dwara utprerit pratikriya, iss prakaar, dinn key dauran calvin chakr kaa praathamik darr-seemit kaarak haye. phir bhee, adhikansh sthitiyon mein, aur jaba prakaash anyatha prakaash sanshleshan koo seemit naheen curr rhaa hotaa haye, tou rubisco kii gati carbon dioxide kii ekagrata badhaane key liye sakaratmak pratikriya detee haye.
rubisco aamtaur parr kewal dinn key dauran sakriya hotaa haye, kyonki ribulose 1,5-bisfosphate andhere mein punarjanan naheen hotaa haye. yeh calvin chakr mein kaee anya enzymon key viniyaman key kaaran haye. isake alawa, rubisco kii gatividhi kaee anya tarikon seey calvin chakr key anya enzymon key saath samanvit haih
ayanon dwara.
chloroplast kii roshni parr, thylacoid jhilli mein banaae gaye proton (hydrogen aayan,) dhaal key kaaran stroma kaa ph 7 seey 8 taka badh jaataa haye. thylacoids mein protons kii gati prakaash dwara sanchaalit hoti haye aur chloroplast mein aeye. tii. pee. sanshleshan key liye maulik haye "(aage padhanah prakaash sanshleshit pratikriya kendra; prakaash-nirbhar pratikriyaen). jhilli mein aayan kshamata koo santulit karane key liye, magnicium aayan () pratikriya mein thylacoids seey baahar nikalate hain, jisase chloroplast key stroma mein magnicium kii sandrata badh jaati haye. rubisco mein ack uchch ishtatam ph (magnicium aayan sandrata key aadhar parr> 9 hoe sakata haye) hotaa haye aur iss prakaar, oopar varnit sakriya sthalon mein carbon dioxide aur magnicium kii shuruat seey "sakriya" hoe jaataa haye.
rubisco sakriyan dwara.
paudhon aur kuchh shaiwal mein, ack anya enzyme, rubisco activation (rca,), rubisco key sakriya sthal mein mahatvapurna carbamate key teji seey gathan kii anumati dene key liye aavashyak haye. yeh aavashyak haye kyonki rebulose 1,5-bisfosphate (rubb) rubisco key sakriya sthalon seey adhik dridhata seey judataa haye jaba atirikt carbamate maujood hotaa haye, joe prakriyaon koo aage badhane seey rokta haye. prakaash mein, rubiskon sakriyan rubiskon key utprerak sthalon seey avarodhak (yaa-kuchh drishyon mein-bhandaran) rubb kii rihaai koo badhaava detaa haye. kuchh paudhon mein sakriyan kii bhee aavashyakta hoti haye (jaise.jee.tambaku aur kaee beans) kyonki, andhere mein, rubisco koo inn paudhon dwara sanshleshit ack pratispardhi avarodhak dwara baadhit (yaa hydrolysis seey sanrakshit) kiya jaataa haye, ack substrate analogue 2-carboxy-dee-arabitinol 1-phosphat (see. aeye. 1 pee). see. aeye. 1. pee. carbamilated rubisco key sakriya sthal seey kaskar judataa haye aur utprerak gatividhi koo aur bhee adhik hudd taka rokta haye. see. aeye. 1. pee. koo rubisco koo ack aisee sanrachana mein rakhane key liye bhee dikhaaya gayaa haye joe proteolysis seey sanrakshit haye. prakaash mein, rubisco sakriyan utprerak sthalon seey see. aeye. 1 pee. key release koo bhee badhaava detaa haye. rubisco seey see. aeye. 1. pee. key jaari honey key baad, ise teji seey ack prakaash-sakriya see. aeye. 1. pee.-phosphat dwara gair-avarodhak roop mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye. inn majboot avrodhakon key binaa bhee, harr sou pratikriyaon mein ack baar, carbon dioxide yaa oxygen key saath samanya pratikriyaen poori naheen hoti hain; anya avarodhak substrate analogue abhee bhee sakriya site mein banate hain. ack baar phir, rubisco activation utprerak sthalon seey inn analogue kii rihaai koo badhaava dey sakata haye aur enzyme koo utprerak roop seey sakriya roop mein banaae rakh sakata haye. haalaanki, uchch tapman parr, rubiskon koo sakriya kartaa haye aur rubiskon koo sakriya naheen curr sakata haye. yeh garmi key tanaav key dauran dekhi gaee carboxylating kshamata mein kamee mein yogdan detaa haye.
sakriya karke.
sakriya karke avarodhak rubb, see. aeye. 1. pee. aur anya avarodhak substrate analogue koo hataane key liye aeye. tii. pee. kii khapat kii aavashyakta hoti haye. yeh pratikriya aeye. dee. pee. kii upasthiti seey baadhit hoti haye, aur iss prakaar, sakriya gatividhi chloroplast stroma mein inn yaugikon key anupaat parr nirbhar karati haye. isake alawa, adhikansh paudhon mein, aeye. tii. pee./aeye. dee. pee. key anupaat mein sakriya honey kii samvedansheelta koo ack anya chhote niyaamak protein, theoradoxin key madhyam seey stromal reduction/okseekaran (redox) sthiti dwara sanshodhit kiya jaataa haye. iss tarah seey, sakriyan kii gatividhi aur rubisco kii sakriyan sthiti koo prakaash kii teevrata key jawab mein sanshodhit kiya jaa sakata haye aur iss prakaar, rebulose 1,5-bisfosphate substrate key gathan kii darr.
phosphat dwara.
sinobacteria mein, acarbonic phosphat (paaee) prakaash sanshleshan key samanvit viniyaman mein bhee bhaag letaa haih paaee rubisco sakriya site seey aur badee shrinkhala parr ack anya site seey judataa haye jahaan yeh sakriya aur cumm sakriya anuroopata key beach sankraman koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye. iss tarah, jeevaanu rubisco kaa sakriyan paaee staron key prati vishesh roop seey samvedansheel hoe sakata haye, joe ise uchch paudhon mein rubisco key kaary karane key tareeke key samaan kaary karane kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye.
carbon dioxide dwara.
choonki carbon dioxide aur oxygen rubisco key sakriya sthal parr pratispardha karate hain, isaliye rubisco dwara carbon sthirikaran koo rubisco (chloroplast stroma) vaale dibbe mein carbon dioxide key star koo badhaakar badhaaya jaa sakata haye. paudhon key vikas key dauran kaee baar, stroma mein carbon dioxide key star koo badhaane key liye tantra vikasit hue hain (carbon sthirikaran dekhein). ack substrate key roop mein oxygen kaa upayog ack ulajhan bharee prakriya prateet hoti haye, kyonki yeh pakadi gaee oorjaa koo fenk detaa haye. haalaanki, yeh uchch prakaash pravaah kii avadhi key dauran carbohydrate key adhibhar koo rokane key liye ack tantra hoe sakata haye. enzyme mein yeh kamjori photorespiration kaa kaaran haye, jaise kii ujjwal prakaash mein swasth pattiyon mein shoonya shuddh carbon sthirikaran hoe sakata haye jaba rubisco key liye upalabdh oh2 kaa anupaat oxygen kii or bahut door chalaa jaataa haye. yeh ghatana mukhya roop seey tapman parr nirbhar haih uchch tapman patte key ootakon kii namee mein ghulansheel kii sandrata koo cumm curr sakata haye. yeh ghatana paani key tanaav seey bhee sambandhit haih choonki paudhe key patte vaashpit roop seey thhande hotey hain, isaliye seemit paani uchch patte key tapman kaa kaaran banata haye. paudhe shuru mein enzyme pape carboxylase kaa upayog karate hain, jisake liye adhik lagaav hotaa haye. prakriya pahale ack 4-carbon madhyavarti yaugik banaati haye, isaliye naam paudhe, jise prakaash sanshleshan key ack sthal mein phir decarboxylated kiya jaataa haye, prakaash sanshleshan kii ekagrata koo badhaava dene key liye jaari kiya jaataa haye.
crosulacian acid metabolism (cam) paudhe dinn key dauran apane stomata koo bund rakhate hain, joe paani koo sanrakshit kartaa haye lekin prakaash-swatantra pratikriyaon (aeye.key.aeye. calvin chakr) honey seey, kyonki inn pratikriyaon koo inn dwaaron key madhyam seey gais vinimay dwara paarit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. ack patti key oopari hisse key madhyam seey vashpikaran koo mome kii ack parat dwara rokaa jaataa haye.
aanuvanshik engineering.
choonki rubisco aksar paudhon mein prakaash sanshleshan key liye darr-seemit haye, isaliye utprerak gatividhi koo badhaane aur/yaa oxygen darr koo cumm karane key liye paudhon mein rubisco jeane koo sanshodhit karke prakaash sanshleshit dakshata mein sudhaar karna sambhav hoe sakata haye. yeh fasal key prithakkaran mein sudhaar curr sakata haye aur fasal kii paidawar badhaane kii ranneeti bunn sakata haye. jaanch key tahat drishtikon mein ack jeev seey dusare jeev mein rubisco jeane koo sthanantarit karna, thermophilic sinobacteria seey tapman samvedansheel paudhon mein rubisco sakriya karna, rubisco upa-ikaaiyon kii abhivyakti key star koo badhaana, chloroplast dna seey rubisco chhoti shrinkhalaon koo vyakt karna, aur carbon dioxide key liye vishishtata badhaane yaa anyatha carbon sthirikaran kii darr koo badhaane key liye rubisco jeane mein badalaav karna shamil haye.
paudhon mein utparivartan.
samanya taur parr, rubisco kaa site-nirdeshit utparivartan jyaadaatar asafal rhaa haye, halanki upa-ikai see4 prajaatiyon key saath tambaku paudhon mein protein key utparivartit roop praapt kiye gaye hain, aur adhik see4 jaisi gatij visheshtaon key saath ack rubisco paramanu parivartan key madhyam seey chawal mein praapt kiya gayaa haye. see3 chakr mein rubisco aur anya enzymon kii upaj key liye majboot aur vishvasaniya engineering koo sambhav dikhaaya gayaa thaa, aur yeh pahali baar 2019 mein ack synthetic jeev vigyaan drishtikon key madhyam seey hassil kiya gayaa thaa.
ack raasta rubisco sanskaranon koo praakritik roop seey uchch vishishtata moolyon key saath pesh karna haye jaise kii laal shaiwal "galderia partita" seey paudhon mein. isase fasal paudhon kii prakaash sanshleshit dakshata mein sudhaar hoe sakata haye, halanki sambhaavit nakaratmak prabhaavon kaa abhee adhyayan kiya jaanaa baaki haye. iss kshetra mein pragati mein baingani prakaash sanshleshit bacteria "rhodospirillum rubrum" key saath tambaku enzyme kaa pratisthaapan shamil haye. 2014 mein, sinobacterium "cinecococcus longates" pCC7942 (SE7942) seey karyatmak rubisco key saath dou transplastomic tambaku laainen rubisco koo badey aur chhote upa-ikai jeane key saath pratisthaapit karke banaai gaeen, joe sambandhit seey7942 assembly chapron, rbcx, yaa ack aantarik carboxisomal protein, ccmm35 key sanyojan mein they. donon utparivartakon ney prati rubisco carbon anuon key roop mein maapa jaane parr sthirikaran darr mein vriddhi kii thee. haalaanki, utparivarti paudhe jangli prakaar kii tulanaa mein adhik dheere-dheere badhate they.
ack halia siddhant saapeksh vishishtata (i.ee., oh2 nigman parr sthirikaran kaa paksh lene kii kshamata, joe photorespiration kii oorjaa-barbad prakriya kii or leey jaati haye) aur usa darr parr jiss parr utpaad banata haye. lekhakon kaa nishkarsh haye kii rubisco vaastav mein kaee paudhon mein (vyaapak roop seey alag-alag substrate upalabdhata aur paryavaraniya sthitiyon key saath) 'nikat-poornata' key ack bindu taka pahunchane key liye vikasit hoe sakata haye, joe vishishtata aur pratikriya darr key beach ack samjhaute taka pahunchata haye. yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii rubisco kii oxygen pratikriya isake sakriya sthalon key paas kamee koo rokti haye aur chloroplast redox sthiti kaa rakharkhaav pradaan karati haye.
choonki prakaash sanshleshan prithvi key vayumandal mein carbon dioxide kaa sabse prabhaavi praakritik niyaamak haye, isaliye rubisco pratikriya key ack jaiv rasayanik model kaa upayog jalavaayu parivartan model key mukhya module key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. iss prakaar, iss pratikriya kaa ack sahee model paryaavaran model key sambandhon aur baatchit kii buniyaadi samajh key liye aavashyak haye.
jeevaanu mejbaanon mein abhivyakti.
aanuvanshik herfer adhyayanon key liye bacterial mejbaanon mein karyatmak paadap rubisco koo vyakt karane key liye vartamaan mein bahut cumm prabhaavi tareeke hain. yeh kaafee hudd taka rubisco kii jatil cellular machinary kii aavashyakta key kaaran haye, jisamen isake javic utpatti aur chayapachaya rakharkhaav key liye paramanu-encoded aar. bee. see. upa-ikaaiyaan shamil hain, jinhen aamtaur parr chloroplast mein unfolded protein key roop mein ayaat kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, rubisco sakriyan key saath paryaapt abhivyakti aur baatchit bhee pramukh chunauti hain. ee mein rubisco kii abhivyakti key liye ack safal vidhi. kolai mein kaee chloroplast chapron kii saha-abhivyakti shamil haye, halanki yeh kewal "arabidopsis thaliana" rubisco key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye.
proteomic adhyayanon mein kamee.
paudhon mein isaki uchch prachurta (aam taur parr kull protein samagri kaa 40 pratishat) key kaaran, rubisco aksar paudhon key bheetar cumm prachurta (prati koshika anu) mein paae jaane vaale mahatvapurna sanket protein jaise pratilekhan kaarak, sambandh aur niyaamak protein key vishleshan mein baadha daaltaa haye. udaaharan key liye, paadap protein mishranon parr dravyamaan spectrometry kaa upayog karane seey kaee teevra rubisco upa-ikai shikharon mein parinam hoga joe anya proteins koo hastakshep karate hain aur chhipaate hain.
haal hii mein, rubisco koo avakshepit karane key liye ack kushal vidhi mein protamine sulfate ghol kaa upayog shamil haye. rubisco koo cumm karane aur cumm prachurta vaale protein kaa adhyayan karane key liye anya maujooda tarikon mein calcium aur fightet key saath ansh takneek, polyethylene glycol key saath jail electrophoresis, affinity chromatography aur dee. tii. tii. kaa upayog karke ektrikaran shamil hain, halanki yeye vidhiyaan protamine sulfate varsha kii tulanaa mein adhik samay lene vaali aur cumm kushal hain.
rubisco kaa vikas.
jatijanya adhyayan.
chloroplast jeane "aar. bee. see. ell", joe rubisco key badey upa-ikai key liye code kartaa haye, kaa vyaapak roop seey paadap vargeekaran mein phylogenetics key vishleshan key liye ack upayukt sthaan key roop mein upayog kiya gayaa haye.
mool.
rubisco key samaan gair-carbon-fixing protein, jinhen rubisco jaise protein (rlps) kahaa jaataa haye, bhee jeevon mein "basilus subtillis" key roop mein aam roop seey paae jaate hain. iss jeevaanu mein 2,3-dicato-5-methylopiontyl-1-phosphat anolage kaary key saath ack aar. bee. see. ell. jaisa protein hotaa haye, joe methionine bachaav maarg kaa hissa haye. baad mein pehchaan mein karyatmak roop seey alag-alag udaaharan paae gaye joe poore bacteria aur archia mein faile hue hain, saath hii saath rlp-prakaar anolage aur rubisco donon karyon koo karane vaale sankramankalin enzyme bhee paae gaye. abb yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii vartamaan rubisco ack dimeric rlp poorvaj seey vikasit huaa, aage oligomerising seey pahale apane carboxylase kaary koo praapt kartaa haye aur phir parichit aadhunik enzyme banaane key liye chhote upa-ikai kii bharti kartaa haye. yeh chhota upa-ikai shayed pahali baar avaayaviya aur thermophilic jeevon mein vikasit huaa, jahan isane rubisco koo uchch tapman parr apani pratikriya koo utprerit karane mein saksham banaaya. utpreran koo sthir karane parr isake prabhaav key alawa, isane rubisco key bheetar pratisthaapan key enzymatic kaary parr padane vaale prabhaav koo sanshodhit karke oh2 seey adhik key liye uchch vishishtataon key vikas koo saksham kiya. chhote upghatak key binaa prabhaav naa padane vaale pratisthaapan jaba baadhya hotey hain tou achaanak fayademand hoe jaate hain. isake alawa, chhoti upa-ikai ney pratisthapanon key sanchay koo saksham kiya joe kewal isaki upasthiti mein sahan kiye jaate hain. iss tarah key pratisthapanon key sanchay seey chhoti upa-ikai parr sakht nirbharta hoti haye, joe ack chhoti upa-ikai koo baandhane vaale maujooda rubiscos mein dekhi jaati haye.
see4.
paadap vanshavali kii vividhata mein see4-nirdhaaran maarg key badey paimaane parr abhisari vikas key saath, pushtaini see3-prakaar rubisco kaa vikas huaa aur iska karobar cumm vishishtata key badale mein teji seey huaa, joe mesophil koshikaon seey bundle sheeth koshikaon mein adhik sthaaniyakaran key parinamswarup huaa. yeh calvin chakr mein "khule bund" sankraman key anuroop lachilepan koo badhaane key madhyam seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa. prayogshala-adharit jatijanya adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii yeh vikas see4 rubisco key liye aavashyak utparivartan kii shrinkhala dwara laaee gaee sthirata aur gatividhi key beach vyaapaar-bund seey baadhit thaa. isake alawa, asthir karane vaale utparivartan koo banaae rakhane key liye, see4 rubisco key vikas seey pahale ack avadhi thee jisamen utparivartan ney enzyme koo sthirata mein vriddhi kii, see4 rubisco key liye aavashyak utparivartan koo banaae rakhane aur banaae rakhane key liye ack buffer sthaapit kiya. iss buffering prakriya mein sahaayata key liye, nae vikasit enzyme ney sthir karane vaale utparivartan kii ack shrinkhala koo aur vikasit kiya haye. jabaki rubisco hamesha nae utparivartanon koo jamaa curr rhaa haye, inmein seey adhikansh utparivartan joe butch gaye hain, unakaa protein sthirata parr mahatvapurna prabhaav naheen padaa haye. rubisco parr asthir karane vaale see4 utparivartan cumm sandrata jaise paryavaraniya dabaavon dwara banaae rakhe gaye hain, jisamen nae anukuli karyon key liye sthirata key balidan kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
shabd kaa itihas.
rubisco" shabd koo 1979 mein david eisenberg dwara ack seminar mein rubisco key pramukh shodhkarta, saim wildman kii sevaanivritti key sammaan mein hasyapurna tareeke seey gadhaa gayaa thaa, aur tambaku key patton seey ack khaadya protein poorak banaane key jangli aadami key prayason key sandarbh mein snack khaadya vyaapaar naam "nabisco" kaa bhee sanket diyaa gayaa thaa.
naam key badey akshar parr lambe samay seey bahas hoe rahee haye. ise poorna naam key pratyek akshar (ribulose-1,5 bisfosphate carboxylase/oxygen) key liye badaa akshar kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin yeh bhee tark diyaa gayaa haye kii sabhi koo loer cases (rubisco) mein honah chaahiye, joe kii scuba yaa lazer jaise anya shabdon key samaan haye.