
yarbaro vee. alvarado

yarbaro vee. alvarado, 541 yuu.aiss. 652 (2004), sanyukt raajya america kaa ack sarvocch nyayalaya kaa mamla haye jisamen adalat ney raajya adalat key iss nishkarsh koo palatane seey incar curr diyaa kii ack nabalig apane pulis sakshatkar key dauran "miranda" uddeshyon key liye hirasat mein naheen thaa. michael alvarado ney apane dost paul soto koo saanta phe springs, california mein ack truck churaane mein madad kii. dakaiti key dauran truck key malik kii soto dwara hatyaa curr dee gaee thee aur alvarado koo aparaadh mein apani bhoomika key liye dwiteeya-degree hatyaa kaa doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. alvarado key doshasiddhi key liye sakshya mukhya roop seey dou ghante kii pulis poochtaachh key dauran alvarado dwara diye gaye bayanon parr adharit thaa joe usa samay huaa jaba alvarado key maataa-pitaa usey pulis station laae they. alvarado 17 saal key they aur poochtaachh seey pahale unake "miranda" adhikaaron koo naheen padhaa gayaa thaa. raajya kii ack adalat mein alvarado kii hatyaa key mukadame key dauran, alvarado dwara diye gaye bayanon koo dabaane key prastaavon koo iss aadhar parr aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa kii alvarado poochtaachh key samay pulis hirasat mein naheen thaa aur iss prakaar usey apane "miranda" adhikaaron koo padhana naheen padaa. alvarado ney apani doshasiddhi kii appeal karate hue daavaa kiya kii yeh nirdhaaran kii vaha hirasat mein naheen thaa, galat thaa kyonki adalaton ney unaki umr koo dhyaan mein naheen rakhaa thaa.
ack vibhajit nirnay mein, sarvocch nyayalaya ney abhiraksha key baare mein raajya adalat key nishkarsh koo palatane seey incar curr diyaa kyonki yeh vastunishth roop seey galat naheen thaa. adalat ney kahaa kii aisaa koee udaaharan naheen thaa jisamen yeh nirdhaarit karane mein umr kaa upayog karane kii aavashyakta thee kii koee pulis hirasat mein haye yaa naheen (yeh 2011 mein "jey" key saath badal jaayega.dee.bee. vee. uttari carolina, "joe yeh maanata thaa kii umr yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye praasangik haye kii kyaa koee hirasat mein haye). baad key sarvocch nyayalaya key faisalon mein mamle koo samanya yaa vyaapak niyamon key baare mein nirnay lene mein raajya adalaton koo akshansh pradaan karane key liye udaaharan key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye.
prishthabhoomi.
aparaadh aur jaanch.
uttardaataa michael alvarado apane dost paul soto koo california key saanta phe springs mein ack shopping maull kii parking mein ack truck churaane mein madad karane key liye sahmat hoe gayaa. soto ney ack bandook nikali aur truck key chaalak key paas gayaa, chabiyon kii maang karate hue, jabaki alvarado chaalak key buggle key darwaaje seey chhip gayaa. chaalak ney manaa curr diyaa aur soto dwara goli markar usaki hatyaa curr dee gaee. baad mein, alvarado ney bandook koo chhipaane mein madad kii. loss angils county sheriff key jasus cheryl comstock ney aparaadh kii jaanch kaa netritva kiya. jaanch key dauran comstock ney alvarado key maataa-pitaa seey sampark kiya, yeh kahate hue kii vaha alvarado key saath baat karna chaahati haye. alvarado key maataa-pitaa usey poochtaachh key liye pulis station leey aae. comstock alvarado koo ack sakshatkar kaksh mein leey aaya aur usase dou ghante taka poochtaachh kii. alvarado key maataa-pitaa ney sakshatkar key dauran upasthit rahane key liye kahaa lekin pulis ney unhein ander jaane kii anumati naheen dee. alvarado ney prashnon key dauran sweekaar kiya kii usane apane dost koo truck chori karane mein madad kii thee aur usane bandook chhipaane mein madad kii thee.
hirasat mein poochtaachh seey pahale, pulis koo sandigdhon koo ack "miranda" chetavani dene kii aavashyakta hoti haye joe poochtaachh key dauran sandigdhon koo unake kanuni adhikaaron key baare mein soochit karati haye. haalaanki, poochtaachh key dauran alvarado koo kissy bhee samay "miranda" chetavani naheen dee gaee thee. yeh alvarado key kanuni bachaav key liye aadhar kaa hissa hoga.
mukadama aur doshasiddhi.
california raajya ney alvarado aur usake dost parr pratham shreni kii hatyaa aur dakaiti key prayaas kaa aarop lagaaya. alvarado ney comstock sakshatkar key dauran diye gaye apane bayanon koo iss aadhar parr dabaane kaa prayaas kiya kii unhein apane "miranda" adhikaaron koo naheen padhaa gayaa thaa. nichali adalat ney iss aadhar parr prastaav koo aswikar curr diyaa kii alvarado usa samay pulis hirasat mein naheen thaa jaba usane apana bayaan diyaa thaa. alvarado koo baad mein mukhya roop seey pulis poochtaachh key dauran diye gaye bayanon key aadhar parr doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. aparaadh mein unaki tulanaatmak roop seey chhoti bhoomika key liye mukadame key nyayadhish dwara alvarado kii doshasiddhi koo dwiteeya-degree hatyaa mein cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa. california kii appeal adalaton ney doshasiddhi kii pushti kii aur sahamati vyakt kii kii alvarado hirasat mein naheen thaa. california key sarvocch nyayalaya ney vivekadhin sameeksha koo aswikar curr diyaa.
alvarado key mukadame kaa adhikansh hissa iss baat parr kendrit thaa kii alvarado apane pulis sakshatkar key dauran hirasat mein thaa yaa naheen. thompson vee. key anusaar. kehone, "yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye kii kyaa koee hirasat mein haye yaa naheen, adaalaten ack uchit vyakti pareekshan lagu karati hainh kyaa ack uchit vyakti chhodane key liye swatantra mahsoos kartaa yaa naheen.
bandee pratyaksheekaran key liye yachika.
apani doshasiddhi key baad, alvarado ney bandee pratyaksheekaran key ack ritt key liye daayar kiya jisamen daavaa kiya gayaa kii hirasat vishleshan galat thaa kyonki adalat ney apane uchit vyakti pareekshan mein alvarado kii umr parr vichaar naheen kiya thaa. 1996 key aatankvaad virodhi aur prabhaavi mrityu dund adhiniyam (aeye. ee. dee. pee. aeye.) key tahat, ack sanghiya adalat raajya adalat key faisale key kaaran aayojit vyakti koo bandee pratyaksheekaran pradaan curr sakati haye yadi raajya adalat key faisale key parinamswarup "ack aisaa nirnay huaa joe spasht roop seey sthaapit sanghiya kaanoon key vipareet thaa, yaa isamen shamil thaa, jaisa kii sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya dwara nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. alvarado kii bandee pratyaksheekaran yachika iss prakaar yeh pradarshit karane parr nirbhar karati haye kii raajya adalat kaa abhiraksha nirdhaaran bahas yogya seey adhik thaa, lekin vastunishth roop seey galat thaa.
california key kendriya jile key liye sanyukt raajya kii jilaa adalat ney sahamati vyakt kii kii raajya adalat key faisale sahee they, halanki nauvein circuit key liye appeal kii adalat ney ulat diyaa. appeal kii adalat ney maanaa kii raajya kii adalat ney hirasat kaa mulyankan karate samay alvarado key yuvaaon aur anubhavaheenta kaa lekha naa dene mein galati kii.
maukhik tark.
mukhya nyayadhish villium rehunkvist ney maukhik tark mein shuruat mein nott kiya kii mamle mein dou prashn prastut kiye gaye they. pahala, kyaa nauvein circuit kaa faisala sarvocch nyayalaya kii misal key anuroop thaa. doosara, kyaa raajya adalaton kaa faisala aeye. ee. dee. pee. aeye. key anusaar vastunishth roop seey anuchit thaa. california key upa attorney general debora chuang ney tark diyaa kii nauvein circuit kaa faisala poorvavarti key anuroop naheen thaa kyonki sarvocch nyayalaya ney kabhi bhee hirasat vishleshan mein umr kaa upayog ack kaarak key roop mein naheen kiya thaa. associate justice stephen brair ney tippani kii kii unhone socha kii sarvocch nyayalaya kii misal aavashyak naheen thee kyonki unhone socha thaa kii yeh spasht haye kii umr prabhaavit karati haye kii kyaa ack uchit vyakti jaane key liye swatantra mahsoos karega. johnn pee. solicitor general key sahayak elwood ney tark diyaa kii "miranda" uddeshyon key liye umr seey kanuni antar naheen padata haye kyonki yeh ack niyam haye joe sabhi logon parr samaan roop seey lagu hotaa haye aur pulis adhikaariyon koo pratyek sandigdh key sir key ander jaane kii aavashyakta naheen honey chaahiye.
taaraa key. alvarado key liye bahas karate hue, ellen ney daavaa kiya kii raajya adalat kaa nirnay vastunishth roop seey anuchit thaa kyonki unhone "thompson banaam" dwara aavashyak jaanch key aspas kii paristhitiyon kii samagrata parr vichaar naheen kiya. kehone ". vishesh roop seey, hirasat kii maani jaane vaali paristhitiyaan poori tarah seey naheen theen kyonki alvarado kii umr parr vichaar naheen kiya gayaa thaa. associate justice antonin scalia ney yeh kahate hue jawab diyaa kii, "thompson banaam. kehone, "abhiraksha ack vastunishth pareekshan haye aur vyakti kii visheshtaon jaise vyaktiparak kaarak mayane naheen rakhate hain.
adalat kii raay.
sahayogi nyayadhish anthany kenedi ney adalat key liye bahumat kii raay likhi, jisane raajya adalat key faisale koo palatane seey incar curr diyaa kyonki nishpaksh vichaar vaale nyaayvid iss baat parr asahmat hoe sakate they kii kyaa alvarado hirasat mein thaa. kenedi ney nott kiya kii iss daave key paksh aur virodh mein tathya they kii alvarado hirasat mein thaa. hirasat kii or ishara karane vaale tathyon mein shamil thaa kii sakshatkar ack pulis station mein huaa, sakshatkar dou ghante taka chalaa, alvarado koo yeh naheen bataaya gayaa kii vaha jaane key liye swatantra thaa, aur alvarado key maataa-pitaa koo sakshatkar key dauran upasthit honey kii anumati naheen thee. hirasat key khilaf vajan vaale tathyon mein shamil thaa kii alvarado koo pulis dwara pulis station mein naheen leey jaaya gayaa thaa, alvarado koo dhamki naheen dee gaee thee yaa usey giraftar naheen kiya jaayega, aur sakshatkar alvarado key apraadhon parr naheen, balki alvarado key dost key apraadhon parr kendrit thaa. adalat koo hirasat key mudde kii alag seey jaanch karane kaa kaam naheen diyaa gayaa thaa, balki adalat koo kewal tabhi raahat dene kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa jaba nichali adalat kaa nirnay vastunishth roop seey anuchit hoe. kenedi ney likhaa kii, iss maanak koo dekhate hue, raajya adalat kaa nirnay uchit thaa kyonki yeh spasht roop seey anuchit naheen thaa.
nauvein paripath key ulatane key liye kendriya tathya yeh thaa kii raajya adalat ney hirasat vishleshan mein alvarado kii umr aur kaanoon pravartan key anubhav koo dhyaan mein naheen rakhaa. adalat ney iss mudde parr kaee nishkarsh nikaale. adalat ney maanaa kii hirasat vishleshan mein umr kaa upayog pichhale faisalon dwara spasht roop seey aavashyak naheen thaa. kaanoon pravartan key saath anubhavaheenta koo bhee khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa; adalat ney nott kiya kii pichhali raay ney aise karakon parr nirbharta koo khariz curr diyaa thaa.
oh 'connor kii sahamati.
associate justice sandra day oh 'connor ney ack sahamati likhi joe iss nishkarsh seey sahmat thee kii raajya adalat kaa nirnay uchit thaa. haalaanki, oh 'connor ney maanaa kii aise mamle hoe sakate hain jinamen umr hirasat vishleshan key liye praasangik hogi. isaki pushti adalat dwara 2011 mein "jey" mein kii jaayegi.dee.bee. vee. uttari carolina.
asahamati.
associate justice stephen brair ney ack asahamati vaali raay likhi, jisake saath justice stevens, justice suiter aur justice ginsberg shamil hoe gaye. brair bahumat key iss dhaarana seey asahmat they kii nishpaksh vichaar vaale nyaayvid iss baat parr asahmat hoe sakate hain kii kyaa alvarado hirasat mein thaa, yeh maanate hue kii tathyon ney ekal nishkarsh koo majboor kiya kii alvarado hirasat mein thaa. brair ney maanaa kii pulis ney joe kaarravaai naheen kii, jaise kii giraftari yaa usey dhamki denaa, utanaa mahatvapurna naheen thaa jitna kii pulis ney kiya thaa. vishesh roop seey, pulis ney alvarado key maataa-pitaa koo pulis station laaya, alvarado koo poochtaachh kaksh mein laaya, usake maataa-pitaa koo baahar rakhaa aur usase dou ghante taka poochtaachh kii.
alvarado kii umr key mamle mein, brair ney paaya kii yeh hirasat vishleshan key liye praasangik thaa. isake alawa, brair ney kahaa kii kaanoon mein kuchh bhee nyayadhish koo hirasat vishleshan mein umr koo shamil karane seey naheen rokta haye. brair ney kaanoon pravartan key saath anubhav kii charcha koo bhraamak kahaa; jabaki kaanoon pravartan key saath anubhav koo nirdhaarit karna mushkil hoe sakata haye, brair ney nott kiya kii alvarado kii umr ack gyaat uddeshyapurna tathya thaa.
swaagat.
iss mamle koo vidvatapurna prakashanon mein sakaratmak aur nakaratmak donon tarah seey sweekaar kiya gayaa.
samarthan.
aaparaadhik kaanoon aur aparaadh vigyaan kii patrika mein prakaashit ack nott ney prakriyaatmak aadhar parr nirnay kaa samarthan kiya, yeh dekhate hue kii hirasat vishleshan mein umr kaa upayog karna sarvocch nyayalaya dwara sthaapit ack udaaharan naheen thaa. nott mein tark diyaa gayaa kii iss tarah kii vyaapak kanuni misal sthaapit karna nauvein circuit key adhikaar kii seema seey baahar thaa aur sarvocch nyayalaya koo ulatane kaa adhikaar thaa. isake bajaay, nott ney raajya adalat kaa samarthan kiya jisane kaanoon koo lagu kiya thaa jaisa kii ateet mein sarvocch nyayalaya ney kiya thaa.
aalochana.
minnesota low school vishvavidyalaya key professor berry felled ney likhaah "adalat kaa nirnay... poochtaachh key dauran kishoron koo vayaskon key karyatmak barabar maanaa jaataa haye. pichhali chauthai shatabdi mein, vikasatmak manovaigyaanik anusandhaan ney lagaatar kishoron kii "chamatkar" adhikaaron koo samajhane yaa unakaa prayog karane mein asamarthata parr jore diyaa haye. ciatal university school off low key professor paul holland ney likhaa kii "nyaay key liye" alvarado mein kii gaee dhaaranaaen school house sandarbh mein lagu naheen hoti hain... school mein poochtaachh kiye gaye chhaatr-sandigdh kii umr koo dekhate hue, adalat ney kaanoon pravartan pradaan karane key liye joe spashtata maangi haye, usase samjhauta karane kaa koee mahatvapurna jokhim naheen hoga. school mein chhatron seey poochtaachh karane vaale adhikaari chhatron kii nabalig honey kii sthiti seey achchi tarah wakif hain.
baad key nirnayon mein bhoomika.
raajya kii adalaton koo chhoot dee gaee.
"yarbaro vee. baad key sarvocch nyayalaya key faisalon mein alvarado koo samanya niyamon key liye mamle key nirdhaaran dwara mamle taka pahunchane mein raajya adalaton koo chhoot pradaan karane key liye udaaharan key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye.
jey.dee.bee. vee. uttari carolina.
halanki adalat ney iss tark koo khariz curr diyaa kii usaki pichhali holdings ney hirasat vishleshan mein umr kaa upayog karane kaa samarthan kiya thaa, lekin adalat ney umr key upayog key khilaf faisala naheen diyaa. 2011 mein adalat ney "jey" mein spasht kiya.dee.bee. vee. uttari carolina, "yeh nirnay dete hue kii ack bachche kii umr abhiraksha vishleshan key liye praasangik haye. jey.dee.bee. vaha ack 13 varsheeya chhaatr thaa, jisase ack janchkarta, ack vardidhari pulis adhikaari aur school key adhikaariyon dwara dakaiti kii ack shrinkhala key sambandh mein poochtaachh kii gaee thee. jey.dee.bee. lootpaat karane kii baat kabool kii. poochtaachh key dauran unhein "miranda" chetavani naheen dee gaee thee. jey koo dabaane key liye gati.dee.bee.'mukadame mein unake bayanon koo iss aadhar parr aswikar curr diyaa gayaa kii jey.dee.bee. hirasat mein naheen thaa. hirasat nirdhaaran mein umr kaa upayog ack kaarak key roop mein naheen kiya gayaa thaa. sarvocch nyayalaya ney paaya kii jey.dee.bee.'hirasat vishleshan mein usaki umr parr vichaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye thaa aur nichali adalat koo umr koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue hirasat parr ack nayaa nishkarsh nikaalane kaa nirdesh diyaa jaanaa chaahiye thaa.

