
jainavaad kaa itihas

jaine dharm pracheen bhaarat mein sthaapit ack dharm haye. jainon ney apane itihas kaa pataa chaubis tirthankaron aur shree rishabhnath bhagwan key madhyam seey lagaaya haye.
pahale "tirthankar" key roop mein (vartamaan samay-chakr mein). antim dou "tirthankar", 23vein "tirthankar" parshvanath (see. eesaa poorv 9veen-8veen shatabdi) aur 24veen "tirthankar" mahavir () koo aitihaasik vyakti maanaa jaataa haye. jaine granthon key anusaar, 22vein tirthankar neminath lagbhag 5,000 saal pahale rahate they aur shree krishna bhagwan key chachere bhaai they.
jainavaad key dou mukhya sampradaay, "digambar" aur "shwetambar" sampradaay, sambhavatah eesaa poorv teesari shatabdi key aspas banane lagey aur yeh matbhed lagbhag 5veen shatabdi esvi taka puuraa hoe gayaa. inn sampradayon koo baad mein kaee upa-sampradayon jaise stanakwasi aur terapanthis mein vibhajit kiya gayaa. isake kaee aitihaasik mandir joe aaj bhee maujood hain, pahali sahasrabdi esvi mein banaae gaye they. 12veen shatabdi key baad, jaine dharm key mandiron, teerthyatraon aur nagna (akash mein dhaki) tapasvi parampara koo muslim shasson key dauran utpeedan kaa saamana karna padaa, sivaay akbar key, jisaki dhaarmik sahishnuta aur jaine dharm key samarthan key kaaran daas lakshan key jaine dhaarmik tyohar key dauran pashu hatyaa parr asthaayi pratibandh lagaa. jainavaad nirmaata aur sansthaapak kii avadharana koo aswikar kartaa haye. brahmand key vartamaan ardh chakr mein, adinath pahale tirthankar they. 
utpatti.
jainavaad kii utpatti aspasht haye. jaine apane dharm koo shashwat honey kaa daavaa karate hain, aur rishabhnath koo vartamaan samay-chakr kaa sansthaapak maanate hain, joe 8,400,000 poorv varshon taka jeevit rhaa. rishabhnath 24 tirthankaron mein seey pahale tirthankar hain jinhen aadhunik itihaskaron dwara pauranik vyakti maanaa jaataa haye.
vibhinn vidvaanon key mool parr alag-alag vichaar hain. sindhu ghaati sabhyata mein paaee jaane vaali kuchh kalakritiyon koo pracheen jaine sanskriti key liye ack kadee key roop mein sujhaaya gayaa haye, lekin yeh atyadhik atkalbaji aur ack vyaktiparak vyakhya haye. kuchh vidvaanon dwara yeh anuman lagaaya jaataa haye kii jaine paramparaaen sindhu ghaati sabhyata seey bhee aage jaa rahee hongi, aur yeh kii vardhamaan ack "sansthaapak" honey key bajaay, kewal ack netaa aur bahut purani parampara kaa punarjeevan karane vaalaa thaa.
1925 key chirayu key prastaav key anusaar, jaine dharm kii utpatti kaa pataa 23vein tirthankar parshvanath (see. eesaa poorv 8veen-7veen shatabdi), aur vaha pahale bice tirthankaron koo pauranik hastiyon key roop mein maanate hain. bhaarat key pahale uparaashtrapati sarvapalli radhakrishnan dwara kii gaee ack anya jaanch key anusaar, jainavaad vedon kii rachana seey bahut pahale astitva mein thaa. antim dou tirthankar, parshvanath aur mahavir () koo aitihaasik vyakti maanaa jaataa haye. mahavir buddh key samkaaleen they. buddh ney jaine granthon key anusaar jainavaad kaa paalan karane mein asamarthata key liye apani khud kii ack pauranik aur dheeli parampara shuru kii, 22 vein "tirthankar" neminath lagbhag 85,000 saal pahale rahate they aur krishna key chachere bhaai they.
tirthankar aur vansh.
jaine granth aur parampara 24 tirthankaron mein vishvaas karati haye. unhein ausat manushyon kii tulanaa mein paanch seey sou gunaa lambe aur jaine parampara mein hajaaron varshon taka jeevit rahane key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye. itihaaskaar kewal antim dou koo aam taur parr eesaa poorv pahali sahasrabdi key aitihaasik aankadon parr adharit maanate hain. bauddh sroton mein mahavir kaa ullekh naee parampara key sansthaapak key roop mein naheen kiya gayaa haye, balki ack tapasvi "nirgranth" (binaa gaanth key) parampara key hisse key roop mein kiya gayaa haye. isake kaaran vidvaanon ney yeh nishkarsh nikala haye kii mahavir sansthaapak naheen they, balki apane poorvavarti parshvanath kii tarah ack parampara key sudhaarak they.
mahavir.
eesaa poorv chhathi shatabdi key dauran, mahavir jainavaad key sabse prabhaavshaali shikshakon mein seey ack bunn gaye. jaine unhein vartamaan brahmandiya yug key chaubisven aur antim tirthankar key roop mein poojate hain. halanki, mahavir koo kabhi-kabhi galati seey sansthaapak maanaa jaataa haye, lekin parampara mein vaha aise vyakti key roop mein dikhaai dete hain, jinhone shuru seey hii bahut pahale sthaapit dharm kaa paalan kiya thaa.
mahavir ney 30 saal kii umr mein apana ghar chhod diyaa aur 12 saal taka dhyaan kiya aur jaba taka kii vaha 'jeena' urf vijeta naheen bunn gaye.
parshvanath.
iss baat key uchit aitihaasik pramaan hain kii 23vein "tirthankar", parshvanath, mahavir key poorvavarti, eesaa poorv 9veen-7veen shatabdi mein kaheen rahate they.
rishabhnath.
vedon mein rishabh naam kaa ullekh haye. haalaanki, "rigved", "atharvaved" aur "upanishad" key sandarbh seey pataa chalata haye kii iska arth haye bail kaa sanket vaalaa, yaa kabhi-kabhi "kissy bhee prakaar kaa sabse utkrisht". kaheen aur, kuchh vikrit hindu maanyataon mein, yeh hindu bhagwan shiv (rudra) key liye ack upnaam haye. mool hindu granthon jaise "bhagwat puraan" mein mool jaine maanyataon aur itihas koo radd karane key liye rishabh jeena koo vishnu key avtaar key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa haye.
vanshavali.
parshvanath key nirvaan key baad, unake shishya subhadatt bhikshuon key pramukh bunn gaye. subhadatt key baad haridutt, aryasamudra, prabha aur anta mein kessy ney raajya sambhala. uttaradyayan, ack shwetambar granth mein mahavir key shishya aur kessy key beach ack samvaad kaa record haye; kessy ney apane samudaay key saath mahavir koo "tirthankar" key roop mein sweekaar kiya aur isake parinamswarup unakaa unake saath vilay hoe gayaa.
jaine parampara mein "tirthankaron" koo sarvagyaan praapt karane key liye maanaa jaataa haye, jise "kewal gyaan" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. kahaa jaataa haye kii mahavir key baad unake ack shishya, shuddharm swami ney netritva sambhala thaa. way 600 eesaa poorv taka jaine samudaay key pramukh they. unaki mrityu key baad, jambuswamy, joe kii shuddharm swami key shishya they, bhikshuon key pramukh bunn gaye. vaha 463 eesaa poorv taka pramukh they. kahaa jaataa haye kii shuddharm swami aur jambu swami ney bhee paaramparik roop seey "kell gyaan" praapt kiya haye. aisaa kahaa jaataa haye kii jambu swami key baad abb taka kissy ney ise praapt naheen kiya haye.
matbhed.
jainavaad key dou mukhya sampradaay, "digambar" aur "shwetambar" sampradaay, sambhavatah eesaa poorv teesari shatabdi key aspas banane lagey aur yeh matbhed lagbhag 5veen shatabdi esvi taka puuraa hoe gayaa. inn sampradayon koo baad mein kaee upa-sampradayon jaise stanakwasi aur terapanthis mein vibhajit kiya gayaa. chandragupta maurya key shasankal key dauran, "aacharya" bhadrabahu baarah saal key lambe akaal seey bachane key liye karnatak chaley gaye. aacharya bhadrabahu key shishya sthulbhadra magadh mein rahey. jaba aacharya bhadrabahu key anuyaayi laute, tou unake beach jaine agamon kii pramanikta key baare mein vivaad thaa. aur joe loga magadh mein rahey, way safed kapade pahanane lagey, joe kii nagna rahane vaale anya logon key liye asweekarya thaa. iss tarah "digambar" aur "shwetambar" sampradayon kaa uday huaa, "digambar" nagna honey key kaaran jabaki "shwetambar" safed kapade pahane hue they. "digambar" ney ise jaine siddhanton key vipareet paaya, jinake anusaar, bhikshuon key liye poorna nagnata kii aavashyakta thee. kuchh loga yunani abhilekhon mein vyayam-shastriyon (nagna daarshnikon) kii upasthiti kii vyakhya "digambar" jaine "shraman" abhyaas key roop mein karate hain.
454 esvi mein vallabhi parishad kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. iss parishad mein, shwetambar ney unake granthon koo jaine dharm key granthon key roop mein sweekaar kiya. digambar" sampradaay inn shaastron koo poori tarah seey aswikar kartaa haye kyonki yeye pramanik naheen hain. 5veen shatabdi kii iss ghatana ney jainavaad key bheetar inn pramukh paramparaon key beach matbhed koo majboot kiya.
mathura seey praarambhik jaine chhaviyaan paanchvin shatabdi key anta taka digambar pratimashastra koo darshaati hain.dee. jahan shwetambar pratimachitra dikhaai dene lagata haye.
ajivika.
jainavaad kaa sambandh ack vilupt bhaaratiya dhaarmik parampara seey haye jiska naam astiva haye. baad vaale kaa ullekh bauddh dharm aur jaine dharm key pracheen granthon mein kiya gayaa haye, aur iska shreya buddh aur mahavir key samkaaleen makhali gosal koo diyaa jaataa haye.
jaine "bhagwati sootra" mein jeevika key sansthaapak koo gosal mankhaliputta ("mankhali kaa putra") key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye. paath mein gosal koo chhah saal kii avadhi key liye mahavir key shishya key roop mein darshaaya gayaa haye, jisake baad donon alag hoe gaye aur alag hoe gaye. bhagwati sootra" mein mahavir aur gosal key netritva vaale guton key beach bahas, asahamati aur phir "jhadapon" kaa ullekh haye. jainavaad bhee nand samrajya (424-321 bce) key tahat falaa-phoola. aajeevika aur jainavaad donon ney tapasweeta kaa samarthan kiya. yeh mahavir aur unake ack sambhaavit shishya key beach sabse pahala pralekhit matbhed haye.
sabse pahala puraataatvik sakshya 1937 mein patna (bihaar) key paas khoje gaye ack nagna sir rahit dhad key roop mein haye, jise "lohanipur dhad" kahaa jaataa haye. aadhunik vidvata key anusaar yeh lagbhag doosari shatabdi eesaa poorv kaa haye. yeh sateek maanav roop kii ack atyadhik polish kii gaee patthar kii kalaakriti haye, lekin yeh spasht naheen haye kii yeh jainavaad, aajeevika yaa kissy anya bhaaratiya dhaarmik tapasvi parampara seey sambandhit haye yaa naheen. jabaki yeh bauddh naheen haye, aur jinna kii tarah nagna haye, yeh jaine pratima bhee naheen hoe sakati haye kyonki isamen jaine pratima kaa abhaav haye, aur kyonki isi tarah kii uchch gunavatta vaali jaine kalaakritiyaan kaee shataabdiyon seey gayab hain. isake alawa, uttar bhaarat mein isi avadhi seey paaee gaee jaine kalaakritiyaan kaafee alag roop aur prateek dikhaati hain. yeh aajeevika yaa kissy anya pracheen bhaaratiya nagna tapasvi parampara seey sambandhit hoe sakata haye, lekin yeh nirnay lena kii yeh vaastav mein eesaa poorv doosari shatabdi mein jaine kalaa koo pratibimbit curr sakata haye, bhee sambhav naheen haye. 1970 key dashak mein ayodhya key paas khoji gaee pracheen nagna terracotta moortiyaan lohanipur dhad key samaan hain, lekin jaina parampara mein terracotta kalaa bhee gayab haye aur ayodhya terracotta moortiyon mein bhee jaine pratimaon kii kamee haye.
raajneetik itihas.
jainavaad key raajneetik itihas key baare mein jaankaari nishchit haye. jaine raajaon koo bimbisar maanate hain, jinhen shrenik key naam seey bhee jaanaa jaataa haye (see. 558-491 bse), ajatshatru (c. 492-460 bse), ashok aur udayan (c. jainavaad key sanrakshak key roop mein haryanka rajvansh key 460-440 bce).
maurya samrajya.
ashok (273-232 bce), chandragupta key potey ney unakaa anusaran kiya aur jaine vichardharaon seey prerit they. ashok key shilalekh mein jainon kaa ack sandarbh haye jahan "dhammamahatma" (kaanoon-pradhikaran) key kartavyon seey nipata jaataa haye. shilalekh mein likhaa haih
ashok kaa potaa samprati (see. 224-215 bse), kahaa jaataa haye kii parampara key anusaar suhasti naamak ack jaine bhikshu key saath jainavaad koo bhee badhaava diyaa thaa. vaha uzain naamak sthaan parr rahata thaa. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii unhone kaee jaine mandiron kaa nirmaan kiya thaa aur jinn mandiron kii utpatti koo aksar baad key samay mein bhulaa diyaa gayaa thaa, way unake liye they.
mahamahwahna rajvansh.
mahamghavahan rajvansh key samrat kharvel jaine dharm key sanrakshak honey key saath-saath dhaarmik roop seey sahishnu they. udaygiri mein paae gaye shilalekhon mein ullekh haye kii unhone rishabhnath kii ack moorti, pahale "tirthankar" kii sthaapana kii aur bhikshuon key liye gufa-nivaas banaae. pahali shatabdi esvi mein, "aacharya" bhutabali jaine dharm failaane key liye jaine bhikshuon key ack samooh koo madurai key aspas kii gufaaon mein leey jaate hain.
ashokavadan" key anusaar, pundravardhan mein ack gair-bauddh ney ack chitra banaaya jisamen buddh koo nirgranth netaa gyaanputra key charanon mein jhukate hue dikhaaya gayaa haye. nirgranth ("bandhanon seey mukt") shabd kaa upayog mool roop seey poorv-jaine tapasvi crum key liye kiya jaataa thaa, lekin baad mein iska upayog jaine bhikshuon key liye kiya jaane lagaa. "gyaanputra" kii pehchaan jaine dharm key 24vein tirthankar mahavir key saath kii gaee haye. kinvadanti mein kahaa gayaa haye kii ack bauddh bhakt kii shikayat parr, ashok ney apani chaalaak patni tishyaraksh seey prabhaavit hocker, gair-bauddh kalakar koo giraftar karane kaa adesh jaari kiya, aur baad mein, pundravardhan mein sabhi aajeevikaon koo maarne kaa ack aur adesh jaari kiya. iss adesh key parinamswarup aajeevika sampradaay key lagbhag 18,000 anuyaayiyon koo maar diyaa gayaa. kuchh samay baad, patliputra mein ack aur nirgranth anuyaayi ney isi tarah kii tasveer kheenchi. ashok ney phir seey dhoort tishyaraksh seey prabhaavit hocker usey aur usake poore parivaar koo unake ghar mein jinda jalaa diyaa. unhone ack nirgranth dharm-virodhi kaa sir laane vaale kissy bhee vyakti koo ack dinara (chaandi kaa sikka) dene kii bhee ghoshana kii. ashokavadan" key anusaar, iss adesh key parinamswarup, unake apane bhaai koo ack vidharmi key roop mein galati seey maar diyaa gayaa thaa aur ack charvaahe dwara maar diyaa gayaa thaa. ashok koo apani galati kaa ehsas huaa aur usane adesh vaapas leey liya. aur jainavaad kaa anusaran karane key liye vaapas chaley gaye.
indo-sythians.
wonn glacenap key ack itihas key anusaar, gardabhila (see. 19veen shatabdi eesaa poorv), uzain key raajaa ney ack nana kaa apaharan curr liya joe kalaka naamak ack jaine bhikshu kii bahan thee. bhaai ney indo-sythian shaasak shaka saahi kii madad maangi. shaka ney gardbhilla key saath yuddh kiya, usey haraaya aur uzain key raajaa koo nishkaasit curr diyaa. shaka nae deshon mein buss gaye aur bhikshu kalka key pair key chaaron or "madhumakhiyon kii tarah nritya" kiya. yeh kahani parajit raajaa gardbhilla key bete taka jaari haye joe vikramaditya thaa. daavaa kiya jaataa haye kii unhone shakon koo haraaya, unhein nishkaasit kiya, swayam jainavaad kaa paalan kiya aur pracheen bhaarat koo 57 yaa 58 eesaa poorv kii shoonya tithi key saath vikrami calender diyaa. yeh kahani sambhavatah sach haye, kyonki vikramaditya dwara shakon key nishkasana kaa puuraa aitihaasik aadhar haye. jainon ney vikram shoonya varsh kaa paalan naheen kiya haye aur isake bajaay mahavir kii moksh tithi koo apane shoonya varsh veer nirvaan samvat key roop mein upayog kiya haye, joe kalanukramik ganana kii sabse purani pranali haye joe abhee bhee bhaarat mein upayog kii jaati haye. vikram panchang kaa upayog hindu dharm mein aashcharyajanak roop seey vyaapak rhaa haye. heinrich wonn steatencrone key anusaar, vikramaditya aur shaka kii paraspar kriya kaee shataabdiyon baad hui.
ack anya jaine kinvadanti key anusaar, pahali shatabdi key anta mein raajaa salivahan jainavaad key sanrakshak they, jaisa kii pahali sahasrabdi esvi kii shuruati shataabdiyon mein kaee anya they. lekin, wonn glassenap kaa kahana haye kii inn kahaaniyon kii aitihaasiktaa koo sthaapit karna mushkil haye.
anya dharmon key saath baatchit.
jaine dharm pracheen aur madhyayugeen bhaarat mein bauddh dharm aur hindu dharm key saath saha-astitva mein thaa. isake kaee aitihaasik mandir pahali sahasrabdi esvi mein bauddh aur hindu mandiron key paas banaae gaye they.
bauddh dharm.
mahavir aur buddh koo aam taur parr samkaaleen (lagbhag 5veen shatabdi eesaa poorv) key roop mein sweekaar kiya jaataa haye. bauddh granthon mein mahavir koo "nigantha natputta" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye.
bauddh dharmgranthon mein darj haye kii rajkumar siddharth key tapasvi jeevan key dauran (gyaan praapt karane aur buddh banane seey pahale) unhone jaine parampara mein ullikhit kaee upvaas, tapasya aur tapasya kii thee. majjima nikaaya" mein, buddh ney apana anubhav saajha kiyaah
buddh ney jaine dharm mein paae jaane vaale tapasvi tarikon kii koshish kii, usa maarg koo chhod diyaa aur isake bajaay beach kaa raasta sikhaaya. bauddh dharm key kaee "sutt" nigantha natputta key baare mein bataae gaye. udaaharan key liye, "samnafala sutta" (dee. aaee. 47) kahata haih
buddh mahavir kii aatma yaa swayam ("jeev") kii avadharana seey asahmat they. isi tarah, unhone karm aur punarjanm key jaine siddhant koo apane swayam key vichaaron key saath asangat aur lacheele paaya.
mahavir aur buddh key samay seey parey, dou tapasvi shraman dharm anuyaayiyon key liye pratispardha karate they, saath hii vyaapaari vyaapaar network joe unhein banaae rakhate they. hindu paramparaon key saath unaki aapsi baatchit mahatvapurna rahee haye, aur kuchh mamalon mein bauddh aur jaine granthon key sheershak samaan yaa samaan hain lekin vibhinn siddhanton koo prastut karate hain. jaine dharm mein bhikshuon key liye rahane kii mathh shally parr cumm jore dene key saath bhraman karane vaale bhikshuon kii parampara thee. isake vipareet bauddh dharm ney "sangh" yaa mathon parr jore diyaa. akira hirakawa key anusaar, mathh vinash aur unmoolan key liye aasaan lakshya they, aur muslim akramanon key baad bauddh dharm bhaaratiya upmahadweep seey lagbhag gayab hoe gayaa. isake vipareet, dhaarmik hinsa aur uthal-puthal kii iss avadhi key dauran ghoomate hue bhikshu aur jaine parampara jeevit raheen.
hindu dharm.
jaine granthon key anusaar, kuchh hindu devta pauranik "tirthankar" key rakt sambandhi hain. udaaharan key liye, 22vein "tirthankar" neminath jaine puraanon aur anya granthon mein krishna key chachere bhaai hain. haalaanki, haribhadra jaise jaine vidvaanon ney bhee hindu devtaon key baare mein vyangya likhe, unakaa majaak udaate hue upanyaas apmaanjanak kahaaniyon key saath, jahan devta durvyavahar karate hain aur anaitik vyavhaar karate hain. kuchh jaine lekhakon ney hindu devtaon koo sarvagyaan praapt karane seey pahale ack mahaan jinna koo prataadit karane, lubhaane, daraane yaa usaki seva karane key roop mein darj kiya haye. anya kahaaniyon mein vishnu yaa raam aur seetaa jaise hindu devtaon koo satranjay parvat aur shikhar parvat jaise pramukh jaine teerth sthal parr jeena koo sammaan dene key liye aatey hain. sust hindu vidvaanon ney mool poorv aitihaasik kahaaniyon koo apane hindu sanskaranon mein phir seey likhaa. paul dundon key anusaar, yeye vyangya hindu samanya grihasth samudaay key liye they, dharmanishtha koo vikasit karane aur apane jaine padosiyon dwara dee jaane vaali vaastavik dhaarmik shikshaon koo nasht karane key liye they. bauddh aur hindu vidwan apani utpatti key anusaar jainon aur ack-dusare koo lakshit karate hue isi tarah key vyangya, pauranik kathaaon aur parody seey bharee kathaaon koo banaane mein lagey hue hain. hindu dharm key bheetar pramukh daarshanik vichaaron key udbhav ney jaine dharm koo prabhaavit kiya. wonn glassenap dwara 1925 mein prakaashit ack prakaashan key anusaar, 8veen shatabdi esvi key aspas, aadi shankar ney advait key siddhant koo aage badhaaya, aur yaa tou jaine mandiron koo hindu mein badal diyaa yaa unhein poori tarah seey nasht curr diyaa. vaishnavaad aur shaivaad bhee badhane lagey. wonn glassenap kaa kahana haye kii yeh "jaina church" key patan mein yogdan detaa haye, vishesh roop seey dakshin bhaarat mein.
shaivaad.
sambandar, appar jaise shaiv kavi (see. 7veen shatabdi esvi), sundaramurthy aur manikkavkar ney jainon koo shaivaad seey parichit karaaya. inn prabhaavon key tahat, "jaina" raajaa shaiv bunn gaye. sambandar ney samkaaleen paandya raajaa koo shaiv dharm mein parivartit curr diyaa. chola rajvansh key shasakon ney bhee shaiv dharm kaa samarthan kiya.
ack shaiv kinvadanti key anusaar, 7veen shatabdi mein 8,000 jaine bhikshuon kaa kathit narsamhar huaa thaa. 11veen shatabdi key tamil bhasha key granth 'nambiyander nambi' mein pahali baar iska daavaa kiya gayaa thaa. iss paath key anusaar, 7veen shatabdi key ack shaiv sant ney darshan parr bahason aur pratiyogitaon kii ack shrinkhala mein jaine bhikshuon koo haraaya, aur iss tarah ack jaine paandya raajaa koo, jise kinvadanti mein "kaun paandya" yaa "sunder paandya" kahaa jaataa haye, shaiv dharm mein parivartit curr diyaa. baad mein, raajaa ney kathit taur parr 8,000 jainon koo suulii parr chadhaane kaa adesh diyaa. iss ghatana kaa ullekh chaar shataabdiyon taka kaimpantar key granthon mein naheen haye, naa hii kissy anya hindu yaa jaine granth mein haye. nampi antara key kaam key baad, kahani kaee sanskaranon mein dikhaai detee haye. vidwan sawal karate hain kii kyaa yeh kahani 11veen shatabdi mein banaai gaee ack kathaa haye, yaa ack vaastavik narsamhar koo darshaati haye. key. aeye. nilkant shastri ney galat kahaa kii kahani "ack apriya kinvadanti seey thodi adhik haye aur ise itihas key roop mein naheen maanaa jaa sakata haye.
lingayatwad.
british yug key vidwan wonn glassenap key anusaar, 11veen shatabdi key dauran, "jaina" raajaa bijjala dwiteeya key mantri baswa ney kaee jainon koo lingayat dharm mein parivartit curr diyaa joe jainon key prati shatrutapurna thaa. kinvadanti key anusaar, unhone jainon key vibhinn mandiron koo nasht curr diyaa aur unhein apane upayog key liye anukoolit kiya. ekdanta ramaya naamak ack sant ney shithil roop seey maujood lingayatwad kaa prachaar kiya. unhone bijjala dwiteeya koo shiv key mandir key liye abdulur key paas ack bhoomi dene key liye raaji kiya. lingayatwad dheere-dheere failata gayaa. yeh maisur key vodeyar aur ummatur (1399-1610), keladi key naayak (1550-1763) jaise telugu aur kannad bhashi kshetron kaa raajya dharm thaa. way jainon key prati shatrutapurna they. 1683 mein, unhone jainon key mukhya "basati" mein ling prateek parr muhar lagaa dee. jainon koo shiv sanskar karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa.
vaishnavaad.
1920 key dashak mein wonn glassenape lekhan key anusaar, yeh kahaa jaataa haye kii hoysala raajaa bittideva (see. 1108-1152 CE) jainavaad seey parivartit hoe gayaa aur ramanuja kaa anuyaayi bunn gayaa. tii jaise adhik samkaaleen vidvaanon key anusaar. key. tukol, bitty deva key shasson ney jainon koo prataadit yaa jabaran parivartit naheen kiya. unhone dharm parivartan kiya, lekin unaki raani shantladevi ack jaina bunny rahee. vaha kalaa kii sanrakshak theen aur jaine mandiron kaa nirmaan karati theen. tukol kaa kahana haye kii bitatidev key senapati aur pradhaanmantri gangraja ack aisee jaine theen jinhone apane guru subhchandra key margadarshan mein jainavaad key kaaran koo aage badhaane key liye kaee dharmanishtha aur dharm key kaary kiye. bitatidev ney ack mahila senapati koo niyukt kiya joe jakkiyabe naamak ack jaine mahila thee. unake yug mein sabhi 24 tirthankaron key liye mandir sthaapit kiye gaye they.
wonn glassenap kaa kahana haye kii vijaynagar samrajya key raajaa bukka raay pratham ney yeh sunishchit kiya kii vaishnav aur jaine paramparaon donon koo samaan saanskritik aur dhaarmik swatantrata praapt hoe, aur jaine mandiron kii marammat mein madad kii. ack hindu vichaarak anandatirtha ney ack dwaitvaadi dharamshastra kaa prachaar kiya, jisane kaee jainon koo hindu dharm mein parivartit honey key liye aakarshit kiya.
hindu mandiron mein tirthankar.
jaine aur hindu samudaay aksar bahut karib rahey hain aur paraspar sweekaar karate hain. kuchh hindu mandiron mein ack jaine tirthankar koo isake parisar mein sammaan key sthaan parr shamil kiya gayaa haye. isi tarah kaee mandir parisaron mein hindu aur jaine donon smaarak hain, jinamen badami gufa mandir aur khajuraho kuchh sabse prasiddh hain.
islam.
mahmoud gajani (1001 esvi) aur mohammad ghori (1175 esvi) jaise uttari bhaarat key kuchh hisson parr vijay praapt karane vaale musalman aakramankariyon ney jaa "inaa" samudaay parr atyachar kiya.
bhaaratiya upmahadweep parr muslim vijay key dauran aur usake baad jainavaad koo utpeedan kaa saamana karna padaa. iss avadhi mein jaine mandiron, unake teerth sthalon aur utpeedan key anya roopon kaa vinash huaa. jainavaad key mahatvapurna samarthak they, jaise kii samrat akbar (15421605), jinhone jainon key prati dayaa prakat karate hue, sahishnuta key liye anaavashyak roop seey pinjare mein bund pakshiyon koo chhodane kaa adesh diyaa aur jaine utsav parr jaanvaron kii hatyaa parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. akbar key baad, jainon koo 17veen shatabdi mein muslim utpeedan key teevra daur kaa saamana karna padaa.
mugal yug key jaine vidvaanon ney muslim vidvaanon key saath dhaarmik vichaaron parr bahas kii. udaaharan key liye, hiravijaya, "hirasaubhagya" key terah aur chaudah adhyaayon mein, donon dharmon key beach baatchit aur vichaaron koo prastut kartaa haye. paath mein unakaa ullekh ack musalman sheikh koo yeh kahate hue kiya gayaa haye kii "ack nirmaata bhagwan (jise" khuda "kahaa jaataa haye) asambhav haye, joe dusaron kii adhyakshata kartaa haye, puraskar aur sajaa detaa haye", isake bajaay yeh karm haye joe manushya key antim bhaagya koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye. vaha daavaa karate hain kii donon dharm alag hain, islam mein hinsa shamil haye, jabaki jainavaad karuna parr adharit haye. jaine vidwan akbar key samarthak they aur jaine granth unaki dhaarmik sahishnuta kii prashansa karate they.
paul dundas key anusaar, 12veen shatabdi mein aur usake baad, muslim vinash ney jaine vidvaanon koo ahinsa (ahinsa) key apane siddhant parr phir seey vichaar karane key liye prerit kiya. udaaharan key liye, 12veen shatabdi mein jinnaadatt suurii ney jaine mandiron key vyaapak vinash aur muslim senaaon dwara jaine tirthayatra koo avaruddh karane key samay likhaa thaa kii "koee bhee vyakti joe kissy dhaarmik gatividhi mein lagaa huaa haye jise aatmaraksha mein kissy seey ladane aur maarne key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa" vaha yogyata naheen khoyega. 12veen shatabdi key baad, jaine dharm key mandiron, teerthyatraon aur nagna tapasvi digambar parampara koo muslim shasson key dauran utpeedan kaa saamana karna padaa, sivaay akbar key, jinaki dhaarmik sahishnuta aur jaine dharm key samarthan key kaaran jaine dhaarmik tyohar paryusan key dauran pashu hatyaa parr asthaayi pratibandh lagaa.
isai dharm.
aupaniveshik yug key isai missions ney jainavaad key baare mein likhaa, lekin aam taur parr ise "shuddh tapasvi dharm key roop mein roodhibaddh kiya, jisamen koee 'hriday' naheen thaa, kewal sookshmajeevon koo nuksan naheen pahunchaane mein vyast thaa. charcha mein moolyon key bajaay tapasvi charam seemaon parr jore diyaa gayaa. unhone ahinsa parr jaine siddhanton kii aalochana karate hue kahaa kii yeh moolya anivarya roop seey "kuchh naheen karane" key barabar haye, kyonki isamen anya praniyon koo "chot pahunchaana" shamil naheen haye, lekin "kissy peedit vyakti kii madad karane key sakaratmak naitikta" kii maang naheen haye. jeffrey long key anusaar, yeye missionary lekhan jaine dharamshastra kaa ack viroopan they kyonki jainavaad sikhaata haye, moolya rakhta haye aur daan kaa ack aitihaasik record rakhta haye, aur karuna aadhyatmik vikas key liye jainavaad mein ack aavashyak moolya haye.
kuchh isai lekhakon ney asadharan samay paimaane aur chakreeya samay avadhiyon key saath jainavaad kii isake brahmand vigyaan key liye aalochana kii. haalaanki, lambe samay taka, isai dharm aur anya dharmon mein utpatti siddhant samaan muddon seey peedit hain aur way duniya koo kuchh hazaar saal pahale, cumm samay mein banaae gaye hain. isi tarah, aitihaasik isai lekhakon ney jainavaad mein "bachat anugrah" kii kamee kii aalochana kii. udaaharan key liye, synclair stevenson ney 1915 mein likhaa thaa kii "jainavaad kaa dill khaali thaa kyonki isamen yeeshu kii bachat kii kripa kii kamee thee.
british shasson.
1925 mein wonn glacenap key anusaar, british aupaniveshik shasson yug ney jainon koo binaa utpeedan key apane dharm kaa paalan karane kii anumati dee, jiska unhein pahale saamana karna padaa thaa. isake alawa, british sarkaar ney vyaapaar koo badhaava diyaa, jisase jaine samudaay key sadasya apani paaramparik aarthik gatividhi koo aage badhaa sakey. wonn glacenap key anusaar, jaine vyavasaayi aur jainavaad iss avadhi key dauran falate-phoolate rahey, aur unhone british raaj key dauran apani vittiya safalata kaa upayog jaine mandiron key punarnirmaan key liye kiya. udaaharan key liye, 1848 mein ahmadabad (gujaraat) mein dharmanath mandir kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. british janganana mein 1891 aur 1921 key beach jaine aabaadi mein kamee aaee, joe 1.417 million seey 1.179 million hoe gaee. yeh jaine dharm seey hindu dharm mein parivartan seey hoe sakata haye aur akaal aur mahamari jaise karanon seey hoe sakata haye.
aim. 2001 mein whiteney calting raajyon mein, isake vipareet, gujaraat aur maharashtra mein, british vyapariyon ney vaastav mein una vyaparon koo apane haath mein leey liya joe paaramparik roop seey jainon mein lagey hue they. yeh british aupaniveshik yug key dauran pramukh jaine samudaay key pravaas key liye aanshik roop seey jimmedaar thaa.
bhaarat mein british aupaniveshik sarkaar key saath-saath bhaaratiya riyasaton ney aise kaanoon paarit kiye joe bhikshuon koo sadakon parr nagna ghoomana ack aparaadh banaate they, jisake kaaran giraftari hui. iss kaanoon ney vishesh roop seey digambar parampara key bhikshuon koo prabhaavit kiya. akhil bhaaratiya jaine samaaj ney iss kaanoon kaa virodh kiya aur tark diyaa kii yeh jainon key dhaarmik adhikaaron mein hastakshep kartaa haye. aacharya shantisagar ney 1927 mein bombe (abb mumbai) mein pravesh kiya, lekin unhein apane shareer koo dhakane key liye majboor honah padaa. isake baad unhone apane anuyaayiyon key saath nagna bhikshu key roop mein bhaarat bhar mein vibhinn digambar pavitra sthalon kaa daura kiya aur maharashtra praanton key raajaon ney unakaa swaagat kiya. british raaj dwara "digambar" bhikshuon parr lagaae gaye pratibandhon kaa virodh karane key liye shantisagar ney upvaas kiya aur unhein bund karane key liye prerit kiya. bhaarat kii swatantrata key baad aupaniveshik yug key una kaanoonon koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa joe nagna bhikshuon parr pratibandh lagaate they.
saahitya.
yeh spasht naheen haye kii jaine shaastra kaba likhe gaye they, jisamen 11veen shatabdi esvi kii sabse purani jeevit jaine paandulipiyaan theen. jaine saahitya, bauddh dharm aur hindu dharm kii tarah, ack maukhik parampara dwara preshit kiya gayaa haye. granth samay key saath kaafee hudd taka khou gaye they. shwetambar parampara mein aagam aur granthon kaa sangrah haye, joe yeh maanata haye kii pracheen hain. haalaanki, jainavaad kaa "digambar" sampradaay shwetambar parampara mein jaine "aagam" key adhikaar koo aswikar kartaa haye. unakaa maanana haye kii indrabhooti gautam key baad teisaven shikshak, dharsen key samay taka, kewal ack anga kaa gyaan bachaa thaa. yeh mahavir key nirvaan key lagbhag 683 saal baad kii baat haye. dharsen key shishyon key baad, pushpadant aur bhutabali, vaha bhee khou gayaa thaa.
samay key saath, shwetambar key niyam bhee uttarottar khou gaye. mahavir kii mrityu key lagbhag 980 seey 993 saal baad gujaraat key vallabhi mein ack parishad aayojit kii gaee thee. iska netritva devardhi samashraman ney kiya thaa. yeh paaya gayaa kii 12vaan anga, dittivaya bhee khou gayaa thaa. anya anga likhe gaye they. yeh matbhed kaa ack paaramparik vivaran haye. shwetambar key anusaar, aathh matbhed ("nihwana") they.
digambar" parampara key anusaar, "ganadhaara" chaudah "poorv" aur gyaarah "anga" jaanata thaa. mahavir key lagbhag 436 saal baad "purva" kaa gyaan khou gayaa thaa aur mahavir key lagbhag 683 saal baad "anga" khou gayaa thaa. joe granth "anga" seey sambandhit naheen hain, unhein "angbahya" kahaa jaataa haye. chaudah "angbahya" they. pahale chaar "angabaahay", "samayika", "chaturavimaswika", "vandan" aur "pratikraman" shwetambar key dusare "moolsootra" key khandon seey mell khaate hain. shwetambar" granthon mein paae jaane vaale "angbahya" key ekmatra granth "dashvikalika", "uttaradyayan" aur "kalpavahar" hain.
umashati key "tavvart sootra" koo sabhi jaine paramparaon dwara aadhikarik granthon key roop mein sweekaar kiya jaataa haye. digambar parampara mein kundakunda key rahasyavaadi granthon kaa sammaan kiya jaataa haye. jainavaad key "digambar" aur "shwetambar" sampradayon key beach antar parr ack paath hemraj pandey dwara 1652 mein "chaurasi boll" naamak likhaa gayaa thaa.