
spitsburgen

spitsburgen (; poorv mein west spitsburgen key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa; norweh "west spitsburgen" yaa "westspitsburgen", kabhi-kabhi spitsburgen bhee likhaa jaataa haye) uttari norwey mein swallbard dweepsamuh kaa sabse badaa aur ekmatra sthaayi roop seey aabaadi vaalaa dweep haye.
dweepsamuh key sabse paschimi hisse kaa gathan karate hue, yeh archtic mahasagar, norwey key samudra aur greenland samudra kii seema seey lagaa huaa haye. spitsburgen ack kshetra koo cover kartaa haye, jisase yeh norwey kaa sabse badaa dweep aur duniya kaa 36vaan sabse badaa dweep bunn jaataa haye. prashaasnik kendra lambe samay seey haye. anya bastiyaan, shodh chaukiyon key alawa, berentsburg kaa russie khanan samudaay, nya-olesund kaa anusandhaan samudaay aur svegruva kii khanan chauki hain. 1999 mein spitsburgen burf seey dhakaa huaa thaa, joe dweep key kull kshetra kaa lagbhag 58.5% thaa.
dweep kaa upayog pahali baar 17veen aur 18veen shatabdi mein whale shikaar key aadhar key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa, jisake baad ise chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. 19veen shatabdi key anta mein koyla khanan shuru huaa aur kaee sthaayi samudaayon kii sthaapana kii gaee. 1920 kii swallbard sandhi ney norwey kii samprabhuta koo maanyata dee aur swallbard koo ack mukt aarthik kshetra aur ack asainyikrit kshetra key roop mein sthaapit kiya.
norwey key store norske aur russie arcticugol spitsburgen mein ekmatra khanan companiyan hain. shodh aur paryatan mahatvapurna poorak udyog bunn gaye hain, jinamen anya key beach swallbard mein vishvavidyalaya kendra aur swallbard vaishvik beej bhandar shamil hain. koee sadak bastiyon koo naheen jodati haye; isake bajaay snomobile, vimaan aur naukaaen sthaaniya parivahan key roop mein kaam karati hain. swallbard havaai adda, longierbine pravesh aur nikas kaa mukhya bindu pradaan kartaa haye.
dweep mein ack archtic jalavaayu haye, halanki usee akshansh parr anya sthaanon kii tulanaa mein kaafee adhik tapman haye. madhyaraatri key soorya kii lambi avadhi seey vanaspatiyon koo laabh hotaa haye, joe dhruviya raat kii bharpai kartaa haye. swallbard kaee samudri pakshiyon key liye ack prajanan sthal haye, aur dhruviya bhalu, archtic lomdi, raindear aur samudri standhaariyon kaa bhee samarthan kartaa haye. chhah rashtriya udyaan badey paimaane parr achhoot, phir bhee najuk paryaavaran kii raksha karate hain. dweep mein kaee glacier, pahaad aur fjords hain.
vyutpatti.
dutch navik willem berentz ney 1596 mein jaba iska pataa lagaaya tou iska naam spitsburgen rakhaa. naam "spitsburgen", jiska arth haye "nukile pahaad" (dutch "spits"-nukile, "bergen"-pahaadon seey), pahale mukhya dweep aur poore seey judey dweepsamuh donon parr lagu huaa. 17veen aur 18veen shatabdi mein, angreji whalers ney dweepon koo "greenland" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya, ack pratha abhee bhee 1780 mein apnai gaee aur usa samay sigismund baxtrome dwara isaki aalochana kii gaee. 19veen shatabdi key dauran angreji mein "spitzbergen" vartani kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, udaaharan key liye beeche, laing aur shaahi samaaj dwara.
1906 mein archtic khojkarta surr martin conway ney "spitzbergen" vartani koo galat maanaa; unhone "spitsburgen" koo prathamikta dee, kyonki unhone nott kiya kii naam dutch thaa, german naheen. iska british pratha parr bahut cumm prabhaav padaa. 1920 mein dweepon kii sthiti nirdhaarit karane vaali antarrashtriya sandhi koo "spitburgen sandhi" kaa hakdar banaaya gayaa thaa. dweepon koo aam taur parr sanyukt raajya america mein usa samay seey "spitsburgen" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa thaa, halanki vartani "spitzbergen" bhee aamtaur parr 20 veen shatabdi key dauran hoti thee.
norwey key prashaasnik adhikaariyon ney 1925 mein dweepsamuh kaa naam "swallbard" rakhaa, jisase mukhya dweep "spitsburgen" bunn gayaa. 20veen shatabdi key anta taka, yeh upayog aam hoe gayaa thaa.
itihas.
dweep kaa pahala abhilikhit drishya willem berentz dwara kiya gayaa thaa, joe ack dutch khojkarta thaa, joe juuna 1596 mein uttari samudri maarg kii khoj karate hue isake paar aaya thaa. pahala achchha maanchitra, jisamen purvi tata lagbhag ingit kiya gayaa thaa, 1623 mein dikhaai diyaa, jise willem johnszoon bleu dwara mudrit kiya gayaa thaa. 1660 aur 1728 key aspas, behtar maanchitra banaae gaye.
dweepsamuh koo 14veen yaa 15veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein russie pommer shikariyon key liye jaanaa jaataa hoe sakata haye, halanki 17veen shatabdi seey pahale key thhos sabooton kii kamee haye. angreji whalers aur anya logon key baad, unhone dweepsamuh koo greenland key roop mein sandarbhit karate hue, iska naam grument (grument) rakhaa. swallbard naam kaa ullekh pahali baar 10veen aur 11veen shatabdi kii icelandic gaathaon mein kiya gayaa haye, lekin yeh zaan mayen hoe sakata haye.
praarambhik daave.
samanya roop seey swallbard aur vishesh roop seey spitsburgen key liye praarambhik whaling abhiyaanon mein, dhaaraon aur jeevon key kaaran, spitsburgen key paschimi tata aur tata seey door dweepon parr samooh kii pravritti thee. whale shikaar shuru honey key turant baad (1611), 1616 mein dennish-norwegian taaj ney zaan meyan aur spitsburgen dweepon key swaamitva kaa daavaa kiya, jaisa kii sabhi swallbard koo taba jaanaa jaataa thaa, lekin 1613 mein, angreji maskavi company ney bhee aisaa hii kiya thaa.
iss sanyukt-stock company key praathamik aur sabse laabhdaayak whaling aadhar 17veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein spitsburgen parr kendrit they, aur company key 1613 key shaahi charter ney angreji taaj seey spitsburgen mein whaling parr ekadhikar pradaan kiya, (galat) daave key aadhar parr kii hyug viloby ney 1553 mein bhoomi kii khoj kii thee. naa kewal unhone galat tareeke seey 1553 kii angreji yatra koo kshetra mein pahunchaaya thaa, balki 27 juuna 1607 koo company kii or seey "poorvottar maarg" kii khoj mein apani pahali yatra key dauran, heinry hudson ney "newland" (i.ee. spitsburgen), mahaan khaadi key muhaane key paas hudson ney baad mein mahaan bhaar (isfazordan) kaa naam diyaa. iss tarah, angrejon ney usa samay apane pramukh pratidvandi dutch dwara iss kshetra mein vistaar kii ummeed kii.
shuru mein, angrejon ney pratiyogiyon koo bhagaane kii koshish kii, lekin dutch (1613-24) key saath vivaadon key baad, unhone, adhikansh bhaag key liye, kewal congsfjorden key dakshin mein khaadi kaa daavaa kiya.
vistaar koo samaapt karein.
1617 key baad seey, ack dennish-chartered company ney whaling bede koo thookane key liye bhejana shuru curr diyaa. denmark dwara uttari atlantic mein iss safal vistaar koo haal hii mein itihaskaron dwara videshi upaniveshvaad mein dennish-norwegian raajya key pahale kadam key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye. isane antatah purvi bhaaratiya vyaapaar chaukiyon, uttari atlantic sampatti (jaise greenland aur iceland), aur ginny tata (aadhunik ghaana mein) parr sampatti key beach ack chhote seey atlantic vyaapaar maarg kaa nirmaan kiya aur abb sanyukt raajya america key virgine dweep hain.
poore swallbard dweepsamuh, naam maatr key liye pahale denmark-norwey dwara shaasit, aur baad mein norwey (1814 seey 1905 taka sweeden aur norwey key beach sangh key roop mein, 1905 seey swatantra norwey), kaee deshon key matsya paalan aur whale jahaajon key liye dhana kaa srot banaa rhaa. dweep kaee archtic khojkartaon key liye bhee prakshepan bindu bunn gaye, jinamen villium edward pairi, adolph erich nordenskilled, otto martin trail, alfred gabriel nathorst, ronald amundsen aur ernest shackleton shamil hain.
spitsburgen sandhi.
1913 aur 1920 key beach, spitsburgen ack tatasth condominium thaa. 9 farwari 1920 kii spitsburgen sandhi, swallbard key sabhi archtic dweepsamuh parr norwey kii poorna aur poorna samprabhuta koo maanyata detee haye. haalaanki, samprabhuta kaa prayog kuchh sharton key adheen haye, aur sabhi norwey key kaanoon lagu naheen hotey hain. mool roop seey nau hastaksharkarta deshon taka seemit, 40 seey adhik abb sandhi key hastaksharkarta hain. hastakshar karane vaale deshon mein seey kissy key bhee nagrik dweepsamuh mein buss sakate hain. ack baar apane sabse badey dweep key naam parr spitsburgen naam diyaa gayaa thaa, swallbard dweepsamuh koo 1925 key swallbard adhiniyam dwara norwey kaa ack hissa banaaya gayaa thaa-naa kii ack nirbharta-iss tarikh seey, yeh norwey kaa ack kshetra rhaa haye, jisamen longierbian key prashaasnik kendra mein norwey dwara niyukt governor nivasi haye. kuchh norwey key kaanoonon koo lagu karane parr seemaon koo spitsburgen sandhi mein rekhaankit kiya gayaa haye.
spitsburg parr sabse badee basti longierbian kaa norwey kaa shahar haye, jabaki doosari sabse badee basti berentsburg kii russie koyla-khanan basti haye. (yeh 1932 mein neatherlands dwara soviyat company arkatikugol koo betch diyaa gayaa thaa.) dweep parr anya bastiyon mein grumentbian aur pyramid (kramshah 1961 aur 1998 mein parityakt) key poorv russie khanan samudaay, hornand mein ack polish anusandhaan kendra aur nya-olesund kii doorasth uttari basti shamil hain.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh.
1941 mein naazi germany koo dweepon parr kabja karane seey rokane key liye sahayogi sainikon koo dweep parr tainaat kiya gayaa thaa. 1940 mein norwey german kabje mein aaa gayaa. germany ney iss samay key dauran koyla kshetron aur mausam station kaa niyantran leey liya, halanki dweep parr adhikansh nivasi russie aur germany they aur soviyat sangh key paas 22 juuna 1941 taka ack gair-aakraamakta samjhauta thaa. ack baar gair-aakraamakta samjhauta samaapt honey key baad, united kingdam aur kanada ney german pratishthanon, donon soviyat koyla khadanon aur german mausam station koo nasht karane key liye dweep parr sainya balon koo bheja.
1943 mein, german yuddhapot "tirpitz" aur ack escort flotilla ney operation zitronella mein sambaddh mausam station koo golabari seey nasht curr diyaa. 6 sitambar koo, ack squadron jisamen "tirpitz", yuddhapot "scarnhorst" aur nau vidhvansak shamil they, ney altenfazord aur coffzord mein lunger daala aur sahayogi adde parr hamla karane key liye spitsburgen kii or badhe. 8 sitambar 1943 koo subah, "tirpitz" aur "scarnhorst" ney dou 3-inch kii bandookon key khilaf golibari shuru curr dee, jisamen berentsburg kii raksha shamil thee, aur vidhvansak landing dalon key saath ander bhaag gaye, ack aapoorti dump koo nasht curr diyaa aur ack landing station koo barbad curr diyaa. dopahar taka, kuchh kaidiyon key saath, landing partiyon key jahaajon parr lautane key saath, shatruta samaapt hoe gaee thee. german jahaaj 9 sitambar 1943 koo surakshit roop seey altenfazord aur coffzord laut aae. yeh "tirpitz" key liye antim operation thaa.
yuddh key baad.
29 agast 1996 koo, vinukovo airlines kii udaan 2801 dweep parr durghatanagrast hoe gaee, jisamen savaar sabhi 141 loga maare gaye.
sarkaar.
1920 kii swallbard sandhi ney swallbard parr poorna norwey kii samprabhuta sthaapit kii. sandhi key sabhi 40 hastaksharkarta deshon koo binaa kissy bhedbhaav key dweepsamuh parr vaanijyik gatividhiyon kaa sanchaalan karane kaa adhikaar haye, halanki sabhi gatividhi norwey key kaanoon key adheen haye. sandhi swallbard parr vittaposhan sevaaon key liye curr ekatra karane key norwey key adhikaar koo seemit karati haye. spitsburgen ack asainyikrit kshetra haye, kyonki sandhi sainya pratishthanon kii sthaapana koo pratibandhit karati haye. sandhi key liye praakritik paryaavaran kii raksha karane key liye norwey kii aavashyakta haye. dweep kaa prashaasan swallbard key governor dwara kiya jaataa haye, joe county governor aur pulis pramukh donon key roop mein jimmedaari rakhate hain, saath hii saath karyakari shakha seey diyaa gayaa adhikaar bhee rakhate hain. haalaanki norwey europeeya aarthik kshetra (ee. ee. aeye.) aur shengen samjhaute kaa hissa haye, swallbard shengen kshetra kaa hissa naheen haye aur naa hii ee. ee. aeye. kaa.
spitsburgen key nivaasiyon koo shengen key liye veeja kii aavashyakta naheen haye, lekin unake binaa mukhya bhoomi seey naurave seey swallbard taka pahunchane seey pratibandhit hain. aaya key saadhan key binaa logon koo rajyapal dwara nivasi key roop mein aswikar kiya jaa sakata haye. kissy bhee sandhi parr hastakshar karane vaale desh key nagrik binaa veeja key dweep kii yatra curr sakate hain. roose ney berentsburg mein ack vanijya dutawas barkarar rakhaa haye.
jansankhya.
2009 mein, spitsburgen kii aabaadi 2,753 thee, jinamen seey 423 russie yaa ukraini they, 10 polish they aur 322 norwey kii bastiyon mein rahane vaale gair-norwegian they. 2005 mein longierbian mein sabse badey gair-norwegian samooh thyland, sweeden, denmark, roose aur germany seey they. spitsburgen prithvi parr sabse surakshit sthaanon mein seey ack haye, jisamen lagbhag koee aparaadh naheen haye.
longierbayen dweep parr sabse badee basti haye, joe governor kii seat haye aur ekmatra nigamit shahar haye. isamen ack aspatal, praathamik aur maadhyamik vidyalaya, vishvavidyalaya, ack swimming pool key saath khel kendra, pustakalaya, saanskritik kendra, cinema, buss parivahan, hotal, ack baink aur kaee sangrahalaya hain. samachar patra "swallbardpostein" saptahik roop seey prakaashit hotaa haye. khanan gatividhi kaa kewal ack chhota saa hissa lambe samay taka rahata haye; isake bajaay, shramik svegruva (yaa swea) mein aatey hain jahan store norske ack khadaan sanchaalit kartaa haye. swagruwa ack shayankaksh shahar haye, jahan shramik saptahik aadhar parr lambe samay seey aatey hain.
2002 seey, lambe samay seey samudayik parishad key paas upayogitaon, shiksha, saanskritik suvidhaon, agnishaman vibhaag, sadakon aur bandargaahon sahit ack nagarpalika kii kaee samaan jimmedariyan rahee hain. koee dekhbhal yaa nursing sevaayen upalabdh naheen hain, naa hii kalyan bhugtan upalabdh haye. norwey key nivasi apani mukhya bhoomi nagarpalikaon key madhyam seey pension aur chikitsa adhikaar banaae rakhate hain. aspatal uttar norwey key vishvavidyalaya aspatal kaa hissa haye, jabaki havaai adde kaa sanchaalan raajya key swaamitva vaale eviner dwara kiya jaataa haye. nai-olesund aur berentsburg company key shahar hain, jinamen sabhi buniyaadi dhaanche kramshah kings bey aur arcticugol key swaamitva mein hain. swallbard parr upasthiti vaale anya saarvajanik karyalayon mein norwey key khanan nideshalaya, norwey key dhruviya sansthaan, norwey key curr prashaasan aur norwey key church shamil hain. swallbard adheenasth nord-troms jilaa adalat aur hallgand appeal adalat haye, donon tromso mein sthit hain.
envaai-olesund poori tarah seey shodh parr adharit ack sthaayi basti haye. pahale ack khanan shahar, yeh abhee bhee norwey key raajya key swaamitva vaali raajaon kii khaadi dwara sanchaalit ack company shahar haye. jabaki gaanv mein kuchh paryatan haye, norwey key adhikaari vaigyaanik kaary parr prabhaav koo cumm karane key liye chauki taka pahunch koo seemit karate hain. nyu-olesund mein 35 kii sheetkaleen aabaadi aur 180 kii grishmakaaleen aabaadi haye. polland duss sthaayi nivaasiyon key saath hornand mein polish dhruviya station kaa sanchaalan kartaa haye.
1998 mein pyramid koo chhodane key baad berentsburg ekmatra shesh russie basti haye. ack company shahar, sabhi suvidhaon kaa swaamitva arkatikugol key paas haye, joe ack koyla khadaan kaa sanchaalan kartaa haye. khanan suvidhaon key alawa, arkatikugol ney ack hotal aur smarika kii dukaan kholi haye, joe lambi yaatraon yaa lambi yaatraon key liye jaane vaale paryatakon key liye haye. gaanv mein ack school, pustakalaya, khel kendra, samudayik kendra, tarantal, khet aur greenhouse jaisi suvidhaaen hain. pyramid mein samaan suvidhaaen hain; donon vishisht soviyat shally mein nirmit hain aur duniya kii dou sabse uttari lenin moortiyon aur anya samajwadi yathaarthvaad kalaakriti kaa sthal hain.
arthavyavastha.
spitburgen parr teen mukhya udyog koyla khanan, paryatan aur anusandhaan hain. 2007 mein khanan kshetra mein 484 loga kaam curr rahey they, paryatan kshetra mein 211 loga kaam curr rahey they aur shiksha kshetra mein 111 loga kaam curr rahey they. usee varsh, khanan ney 2,008 million, paryatan ney 31.7 million aur anusandhaan ney 14.2 karod kaa rajaswa utpann kiya. 2006 mein, aarthik roop seey sakriya logon kii ausat aaya 494 thee, joe mukhya bhoomi kii tulanaa mein adhik thee. lagbhag sabhi awas vibhinn niyoktaon aur sansthanon key swaamitva mein hain aur unake karmchaariyon koo kiraaye parr diye jaate hain; kewal kuchh niji swaamitva vaale ghar hain, jinamen seey adhikansh manoranjak kebin hain. iss vajah seey, ack sthaapit sansthaan key liye kaam kiye binaa thook parr rehna lagbhag asambhav haye.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein spitburgen key punarvaas key baad seey, koyla khanan pramukh vaanijyik gatividhi rahee haye. norwey key vyaapaar aur udyog mantralaya kii sahayak company, store norske spitsburgen kulkampani, svegruva mein swea nord aur longierbian mein mine 7 kaa sanchaalan karati haye. poorv ney 2008 mein 3.4 laakh tunn kaa utpaadan kiya, jabaki uttaraardh apane utpaadan kaa 35 pratishat longierbine bijli station koo bhejata haye. 2007 key baad seey, berentsburg mein russie raajya key swaamitva vaale arcticugol dwara koee mahatvapurna khanan naheen kiya gayaa haye. bhoomi parr petroleum key liye pahale kuchh pareekshan drilling hui haye, lekin yeh sthaayi sanchaalan koo uchit thaharaane key liye paryaapt parinam naheen detaa haye. norwey key adhikaari paryavaraniya karanon seey apatatiya petroleum drilling gatividhiyon kii anumati naheen dete hain, aur jiss bhoomi parr pahale pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa, usey prakriti bhandar yaa rashtriya udyaanon key roop mein sanrakshit kiya gayaa haye.
spitsburgen dweep key sikke 1946 mein jaari kiye gaye they, jisamen russie cyrillic akshar they, joe 10 aur 20 copex key ussr moolyavarg mein they. phir 1993 mein, sikkon koo phir seey 10,20,50 aur 100 rubals key russie moolyon mein banaaya gayaa. donon shrinkhalaon kaa aadarsh vaakya "archtic koyla" haye.
spitsburgen aitihaasik roop seey whale shikaar aur machhali pakadane donon key liye ack aadhar thaa. nervey ney 1977 mein swallbard key aspas ack vishesh aarthik kshetra (ee. ee. aiss.) kaa daavaa kiya, nervey ney kshetra mein ack pratibandhaatmak matsya paalan neeti barkarar rakhee, aur roose dwara daave vivaadit hain. paryatan paryaavaran parr kendrit haye aur lambe samay taka chalane parr kendrit haye. gatividhiyon mein lambi paidal yatra, kayaking, glacier gufaaon key madhyam seey chalana aur snow-scooter aur dogg-slade safari shamil hain. cruze jahaaj yatayat kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa utpann karate hain, jisamen apatatiya jahaajon aur abhiyaan cruze donon dwara stop shamil hain joe swallbard mein shuru hotey hain aur samaapt hotey hain. march aur agast key beach yatayat dridhata seey kendrit haye; 1991 seey 2008 taka raat bhar rahane kii sankhya mein chaar gunaa vriddhi hui haye, jaba 93,000 atithi-raaten theen.
swallbard parr shodh longierbian aur envaai-olesund parr kendrit haye, joe uchch archtic mein sabse sulabh kshetra hain. norwey kissy bhee rashtra koo swallbard parr shodh karane kii anumati detaa haye, jisake parinamswarup polish dhruviya station, bhaaratiya himadri station aur cheeni archtic peela nadee station, saath hii berentsburg mein russie suvidhaaen hain. longierbian mein swallbard mein vishvavidyalaya kendra vibhinn archtic vigyaanon, vishesh roop seey jeev vigyaan, bhoovigyaan aur bhubhautiki mein 350 chhatron koo snaatak, snaatak aur snatkottar pathyakram pradaan kartaa haye. mukhya bhoomi vishvavidyalayon mein poorak adhyayan key liye pathyakram pradaan kiye jaate hain; koee shikshan shulk naheen haye aur pathyakram angreji mein aayojit kiye jaate hain, jisamen norwegian aur antarrashtriya chhatron kaa samaan roop seey pratinidhitva hotaa haye.
swallbard vaishvik beej bhandar duniya kii kaee fasal kismon aur unake vanaspati sambandhi jangli rishtedaron key beejon koo sangraheet karane key liye ack "kayamaton kaa dinn" beej bhandar haye. norwey kii sarkaar aur vaishvik fasal vividhata trust key beach ack sahyog, tahakhaane koo longierbayen key paas chattan mein kaataa jaataa haye, ise praakritik roop seey rakhaa jaataa haye aur beejon koo prasheetit kiya jaataa haye.
swallbard undersey cable system swallbard seey harstead taka ack fiber optic line haye, joe swallbard upgrah station aur envaai-olesund mein sthaapanaon key madhyam seey dhruviya parikrama upgrah key saath sanchaar karane key liye aavashyak haye.
archtic vishva sangrah, norwey kii niji company peekal aur raajya key swaamitva vaali koyla-khanan company store norske spitsburgen kulkampani dwara sanchaalit ack vishal digital sangrah, march 2017 mein khola gayaa. 2020 key madhya mein, isane microsoft kii sahayak company, githab key roop mein apane sabse badey graahak kaa adhigrahan kiya.
parivahan.
lambe samay taka chalane vaale, berentsburg aur envaai-olesund key bheetar, sadak pranaaliyan hain, lekin way ack dusare seey naheen judati hain. sadak seey baahar motor chaalit parivahan nangi jameen parr pratibandhit haye, lekin sardiyon key dauran snomobile kaa vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaataa haye-vaanijyik aur manoranjak gatividhiyon donon key liye. longuierbian seey berentsburg () aur pyramid () taka parivahan sardiyon key dauran snomobile dwara yaa poore varsh jahaaj dwara sambhav haye. sabhi bastiyon mein bandargah hain, aur longierbine mein ack buss pranali haye.
swallbard havaai adda, lambe samay taka, longierbian seey sthit, dweep key liye havaai parivahan kii peshkash karane vaalaa ekmatra havaai adda haye. scandinavian airlines kii tromso aur oslo key liye dainik nirdhaarit sevaaen hain; roose key liye aniyamit charter sevaaen bhee hain. luftransport longierbian seey laker nyu-elsund havaai adde, hamneraben aur swea havaai adde taka kings bey aur store norske key liye niyamit corporate charter sevaaen pradaan kartaa haye; yeye udaanen aam taur parr janata key liye upalabdh naheen hain. berentsburg aur pyramid mein heliport hain, aur helicopters kaa upayog aksar governor dwara kiya jaataa haye aur kuchh hudd taka khanan company arkatikugol dwara kiya jaataa haye.
jalavaayu.
swallbard kii jalavaayu mein isake uchch akshansh kaa prabhutva haye, jisamen ausat grishmakaaleen tapman janwari mein ausat haye. uttari atlantic vartamaan spitsburgens key tapman koo madhyam kartaa haye, vishesh roop seey sardiyon key dauran, joe ise roose aur kanada mein samaan akshaanshon kii tulanaa mein adhik sardiyon key tapman taka detaa haye. yeh aspas key paani koo khula rakhta haye aur varsh key adhikansh samay naugamya rahata haye. pahaadon dwara aashray praapt aantarik fjord kshetron aur ghaatiyon mein tata kii tulanaa mein adhik tapman antar haye, joe lagbhag cumm garmi kaa tapman aur uchch sardiyon kaa tapman detaa haye. spitsburgen key dakshin mein, tapman aage uttar aur paschim kii tulanaa mein thodaa adhik haye. sardiyon key dauran, dakshin aur uttar key beach tapman kaa antar aamtaur parr hotaa haye, jabaki garmiyon mein lagbhag hotaa haye.
uttar seey thhandi dhruviya havaa aur dakshin seey halki, geeli samudri havaa key liye spitsburgen millen sthal haye, joe cumm dabaav aur badalate mausam aur tej havaaon kaa nirmaan kartaa haye, vishesh roop seey sardiyon mein; janwari mein, ack tej havaa 17 pratishat samay key liye isfazord radio parr darj kii jaati haye, lekin julaai mein kewal 1 pratishat samay hotaa haye. garmiyon mein, vishesh roop seey bhoomi seey door, kohre kii sthiti aam haye, julaai mein 20 pratishat seey cumm samay mein drishyata darj kii jaati haye. varsha aksar hoti haye lekin cumm matra mein hoti haye, aamtaur parr paschimi spitsburgen mein salana seey cumm hoti haye. nirjan poorv kii or adhik barish hoti haye, jahan salana seey adhik barish hoe sakati haye.
prakriti.
dweep mein teen sthaliya standhari prajaatiyan rahati hainh archtic lomdi, swallbard raindear, aur galati seey dakshini tila kii shuruat hui, joe kewal grument mein paae jaate hain. archtic khargosh aur kasturi donon koo pesh karane key prayaas whiffle rahey hain. whale, dolphin, seal, valrus aur dhruviya bhalu sahit pandrah seey bees prakaar key samudri standhari hain. archtic chaar dweep parr linvatan aur anya taaje paani kii jheelon mein rahata haye.
dhruviya bhalu spitburgen key pratishthit prateek hain aur mukhya paryatak akarshanon mein seey ack hain. jaba way sanrakshit hotey hain, tou bastiyon key baahar jaane vaale vyaktiyon koo aatmaraksha mein dhruviya bhalu koo maarne key liye ack rifle leey jaane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, kyonki unhein hamla karna chaahiye. spitsburgen baaki swallbard aur franz joseph bhoomi key saath ack aam dhruviya bhalu aabaadi saajha kartaa haye. swallbard raindear (aar. tarandus platyrenicus ") ack vishisht upa-prajaati haye. jabaki yeh pahale lagbhag vilupt hoe chuka thaa, isake aur archtic lomdi donon key liye shikaar kii anumati haye.
lagbhag tees prakaar key pakshi spitsburgen parr paae jaate hain, jinamen seey adhikansh pravaasi hain. garmiyon key anta mein lagbhag 20 million kii ginati key saath, duniya key sabse adhik samudri pakshiyon vaale kshetron mein barrents samudra shamil haye. sabse aam hain little aaka, uttari fulmar, motee-bill vaali murre aur kaali-pair vaali kittiwek. solah prajaatiyan iucn laal soochi mein hain. vishesh roop seey storfjorden aur nordwest-spitsburgen samudri pakshiyon key liye mahatvapurna prajanan sthal hain. archtic turn mein sabse door kaa pravaas haye, joe antarctica taka haye. kewal dou geet pakshi prajanan key liye spitburgen mein pravaas karate hainh snow bunting aur uttari wheater. rock ptarmigan sardiyon mein rahane vaalaa ekmatra pakshi haye.
jurassic kaal seey "pleosaurus funky" key dou aanshik kankal 2008 mein khoje gaye they. yeh abb taka kaa sabse badaa mesozoic samudri sarisrip haye-ack pleosaur lagbhag lamba honey kaa anuman haye. swallbard mein permafrost aur tundra haye, jisamen nimn, madhya aur uchch archtic vanaspati donon hain. dweepsamuh mein paudhon kii ack sou painsath prajaatiyan paaee gaee hain. kewal una kshetron mein vanaspati hoti haye joe garmiyon mein girate hain. isafazordan key aspas aur jahaan gwano seey prabhaavit hoti haye, nordenskilled bhoomi mein vanaspati sabse adhik paaee jaati haye. dweep mein cumm varsha honey key bavjood, paudhon koo abhee bhee paani kii achchi pahunch haye kyonki thhandi jalavaayu vashpikaran koo cumm karati haye. badhane kaa mausam bahut chhota hotaa haye, aur kewal kuchh hafton taka hii reh sakata haye.
spitsburgen parr chhah rashtriya udyaan hainh indrey wizdefzorden, nordenskilled laind, nordre isafazordan laind, nordest-spitsburgen, sassen-bunso laind aur sore-spitsburgen. dweep mein utsav bhoo-prishth sanrakshit kshetra bhee haye; poorvottar tata kaa kuchh hissa nordast-swallbard prakriti aarakshit kaa hissa haye. 1946 seey pahale key sabhi maanav nishan swachaalit roop seey sanrakshit hain. swallbard unesco vishva dharohar sthal key roop mein namankan key liye norwey kii sambhaavit soochi mein haye.

