saamyvaad kaa itihas

saamyvaad kaa itihas vibhinn prakaar kii vichardharaon aur raajneetik andolanon koo shamil kartaa haye joe dhana, aarthik udyam aur sampatti key samanya swaamitva key mool saiddhaantik moolyon koo saajha karate hain. saamyvaad key adhikansh aadhunik roop cumm seey cumm nammatra markswad mein adharit hain, ack siddhant aur vidhi jisaki kalpana 19veen shatabdi key dauran carle marks ney kii thee. markswad ney baad mein europe key adhikansh hisson mein vyaapak anusaran praapt kiya aur 1800 key dashak key anta mein isake ugravaadi samarthakon ney usa mahadweep parr kaee asafal kraantiyon mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. usee yug key dauran, saamyavaadi dalon kaa bhee prasaar huaa, jinhone sashastr kranti koo aswikar curr diyaa, lekin saamoohik sampatti aur vargaheen samaaj key markswadi aadarsh koo apanaaya.
halanki markswadi siddhant ney sujhaav diyaa kii shantipurna sankraman yaa hathiyaron key bull seey samajik kranti key liye sabse upayukt sthaan audyogik samaaj they, saamyvaad jyaadaatar russie samrajya aur chean ganarajya jaise avikasit deshon mein safal rhaa. 1917 mein, bolshevik party ney russie kranti key dauran satta parr kabja curr liya aur 1922 mein soviyat sangh kaa nirmaan kiya, joe duniya kaa pahala swa-ghoshit samajwadi raajya thaa. bolshevikon ney apane sangharsh koo vishuddh roop seey kshetriya kaaran key bajaay ack antarrashtriya key roop mein dekhate hue sarvahara antarrashtriyata aur vishva kranti kii avadharana koo poori tarah seey apanaaya. 20veen shatabdi key dauran saamyvaad key prasaar parr iska abhootpoorv prabhaav padaa kyonki soviyat sangh ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad madhya aur purvi europe mein naee markswadi-leninist sarkaaron koo sthaapit kiya aur apratyaksh roop seey america, asia aur africa mein anya logon key aarohan kaa samarthan kiya. iss neeti key liye mahatvapurna thaa communist international, jise commintern key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, joe duniya bhar mein communist dalon kii sahaayata aur sahaayata karane aur kranti koo badhaava dene key drishtikon seey banaa thaa. yeh sheet yuddh key dauran tanaav kaa ack pramukh kaaran thaa kyonki sanyukt raajya america aur usake sainya sahyogiyon ney chhadm dwara soviyat vistaarvaad key saath saamyvaad key vaishvik prasaar kii barabari kii thee.
1985 taka, duniya kii ack tihai aabaadi kissy naa kissy roop mein sarkaar kii markswadi-leninist pranali key tahat rahati thee. haalaanki, saamyavaadi aur markswadi vicharakon key beach iss baat parr mahatvapurna bahas hui kii kyaa inmein seey adhikansh deshon koo saarthak roop seey markswadi maanaa jaa sakata haye kyonki markswadi pranali key kaee buniyaadi ghatakon koo aise deshon dwara badal diyaa gayaa thaa aur sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa. inn sarkaaron kii saamyavaadi samaaj key aadarsh key anuroop jeene mein viphalata, badhati sattawad kii disha mein unaki samanya pravritti, unaki naukarshahi aur unaki arthvyavasthaon mein antarnihit akshamtaon koo 20veen shatabdi key anta mein saamyvaad key patan seey jodaa gayaa haye. 1991 mein soviyat sangh key vighatan key saath, kaee markswadi-leninist raajyon ney vichardhara koo poori tarah seey aswikar yaa samaapt curr diyaa. 21veen shatabdi mein, kewal ack chhoti sankhya mein markswadi-leninist raajya baney hue hain, arthaat chean, cuba, laos, uttari koria aur viyatnam. uttar koria koo chhodkar, inn sabhi raajyon ney ack-pakshiya shasson banaae rakhate hue adhik aarthik pratispardha kii anumati denaa shuru curr diyaa haye.
saamyvaad kii utpatti.
pracheen kaal mein saamyvaad.
kaee aitihaasik samoohon koo saamyvaad key nimnalikhit roopon key roop mein maanaa gayaa haye. carle marks aur anya praarambhik saamyavaadi siddhantkaron kaa maanana thaa kii pracheen pashan kaal seey laker bagwani samajon taka key shikari-sangrahakarta samaaj anivarya roop seey samtaavaadi they aur isaliye unhone unaki vichardhara koo adim saamyvaad kahaa. ateet key adim saamyvaad mein vishvaas kaa samarthan karane vaale pahale lekhakon mein seey ack roman stoic daarshanik seneka they, jinhone kahaa thaa, "adim yug kitna khush thaa jaba prakriti kii udaartaaen aam theen...way sabhi prakriti koo samaan rakhate they joe unhein saarvajanik dhana kaa surakshit adhikaar detaa thaa."iss vajah seey unakaa maanana thaa kii aise adim samaaj sabse ameer they kyonki koee garibi naheen thee. anya greco-roman lekhak joe pragaitihasik manavata mein vishvaas karate they joe saamyvaad kaa abhyaas karate they, unamen diodorus siculus, virgil aur ovid shamil hain. isi tarah praarambhik church pitaaon ney, apane moortipoojak poorvavartiyon kii tarah, yeh banaae rakhaa kii maanav samaaj ney abb khoye hue samtaavaadi samajik vyavastha seey apani vartamaan sthiti mein girawat laaee thee.
pracheen yunan mein 5veen shatabdi eesaa poorv key anta mein, saamyvaad key samaan vichaar iss hudd taka vyaapak hoe rahey they kii natakkar abhijaat varg dwara unaki comedy mein unaki parody kii gaee thee-sabhaa-jisamen ethan kii mahilaaen "acclesia" yaa shahar kii sarkaar parr niyantran curr letee hain aur mahilaaon key bantware aur bachchon key saamoohik paalan-poshan koo anivarya banaate hue sabhi niji sampatti koo samaapt curr detee hain. ack dashak key baad plato key ganarajya mein sukaraat ney ghoshana kii kii ack aadarsh raajya samaaj key abhijaat varg key beach sabhi prakaar kii niji sampatti koo iss hudd taka samaapt curr dega kii bachche aur patniyan bhee saajha kii jaati hain. unhone kahaa kii iss tarah kii prathaon seey samaaj key bheetar aantarik sangharsh koo rokaa jaa sakega aur ekataa aur aam pehchaan kii bhavna koo badhaava milega. iran mein 500 esvi key aspas, parsi pujari aur sudhaarvaadi majdak ney kathit taur parr dhaarmik saamyvaad kaa prachaar karane vaale ack andolan kii sthaapana kii, jabaki sassanian raajaa kawad pratham key sanrakshan mein, jinhone shuru mein pujari aur unake sudhaaron kaa samarthan kiya, lekin baad mein majdakiyon koo dabaaya aur mazadak koo maar diyaa.
isai saamyvaad mein vikas.
praarambhik isai dharm ney nae vasiyatname mein shikshaon key aadhar parr samanya swaamitva key ack roop kaa samarthan kiya, jisamen saajha karane parr jore diyaa gayaa. udaaharan key liye, adhiniyamon kii pustak mein sabhi vishvaasiyon ney apani sampatti koo sampradayik roop seey rakhaa aur aavashyakta key aadhar parr saman vitarit kiya. isake alawa, sambandhit yahudi sampradaay jise essense key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, samajik aur bhautik samtaavaad key liye pratibaddh thaa."roman samrajya key isaikaran seey pahale bhee inn prathaon key patan key bavjood, sampatti saajha karane aur saman rakhane key siddhant mathvaad kii isai paramparaon key bheetar jaari rahey.
europe mein uchch madhya yug seey laker praarambhik aadhunik kaal taka, isai communist aur sampradayik vichaaron kaa samarthan karane vaale vibhinn samoohon koo kabhi-kabhi sudhaarvaadi isai sampradayon dwara apanaaya jaataa thaa. 12veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein ack proto-protestant samooh joe leone mein utpann huaa, bargandi-arles key raajya koo waldensian key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, ney apani sampatti koo adhiniyamon kii pustak key anusaar aam roop seey rakhaa, lekin catholic church dwara prataadit kiya gayaa aur peedmont mein peechhe hutt gaye. kuchh waldensiyon ney ack matbhed kaa netritva kiya jaba unhein lagaa kii samooh kaa netaa sattawadi bunn rhaa haye. 13veen shatabdi key samoohon mein bhikshu aadeshon key uday key saath jaise kii franciscan ney niji sampatti kii avadharana koo iss hudd taka chunauti denaa shuru curr diyaa kii pope johnn xxii dwara apane 1328 key pope bail "kviya vir reprobus" mein iska bachaav kiya jaanaa thaa, jisamen unhone shasson kiya kii kyonki bhagwan ney aadam koo prithvi koo apane kshetra key roop mein upahaar diyaa thaa, sampatti kaa swaamitva ishwariya roop seey sweekrit thaa. 13veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, nimn deshon mein utpann honey vaali ack samanya vyavastha, jise begard key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, samaaj key vanchit samoohon key beach failane luggy, joe niji sampatti kaa tyag karate they aur khud koo sampradayik jeevan aur dhaarmik, mitavyayi jeevan shally key liye samarpit karate they. haalaanki yeye prathaaen france aur germany jaise mahadweep key anya kshetron mein failane key liye paryaapt safal raheen, lekin baad mein catholic church dwara begards kii baar-baar ninda kii gaee. 1300 key aspas uttari itali mein apostolic bhaaiyon koo fra dolcino dwara leey liya gayaa thaa, jinhone ack sampradaay kaa gathan kiya jise dulsinian key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, joe saamantvaad koo samaapt karane, church mein padanukram koo bhang karane aur sabhi sampatti koo saajha karane kii vakaalat kartaa thaa. 14veen shatabdi key angreji vidwan aur laulardy key sansthaapak, johnn wycliffe ney saamoohik swaamitva key saath ack aadarsh isai raajya kaa prachaar kiya aur una logon koo aswikar curr diyaa joe "isai purushon kii samanya daan aur samanya sampatti" koo aswikar karate hain."lagbhag usee samay krantikari paadari johnn ball, jinhen baad mein barbad kiye gaye watt teller vidroh mein unaki pramukh bhoomika key liye maar diyaa gayaa thaa, ney kathit roop seey ghoshana kii," ingland mein cheejen taba taka thheek naheen hoe sakati hain, aur naa hii kabhi hongi, jaba taka kii sabhi saman samaan roop seey naheen rakhe jaate." 
15veen shatabdi key hussite yuddhon key dauran, kattarpanthi taboriyon ney ack aisee pranali sthaapit karane kaa prayaas kiya jise way "vastuon kaa samudaay" kahate they, jahaan "koee khadaan yaa aapka samudaay naheen haye lekin sub kuchh aam haye", lekin ack baar shuru honey key baad yojana koo jaldi seey chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. tanashah zana zelivsky key netritva mein unhein adhinaayakvaadi shasson kaa agradoot maanaa gayaa haye. lipani mein taborite shakti tootane key baad unake uttaradhikari moravia bhaag gaye aur shantivadi aadhyatmik netaa petra chelki key tahat moravian church kaa gathan kiya, jinhone isai communist aur isai arajaktawadi donon maanyataon koo aashray diyaa. jiss hudd taka chelki key anuyaayi, jinhen "bohemian brothers" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, unake aadarshon kaa paalan karate they, arthaat sampatti, vyaapaar aur sarkaar seey door rehna, vivaadit haye, aur 16 veen shatabdi taka bhaaiyon ney nishchit roop seey unhein naheen apanaaya. 16veen shatabdi key protestant sudhaar key dauran kattarpanthi anabaptist, joe switzerland mein utpann hue, ney vastuon key sampradayikkaran kaa samarthan kiya jaisa kii adhiniyamon kii pustak mein kiya gayaa thaa. sabse ullekhaniya anabaptist samooh hutterite they, jinaki sthaapana jacob hutter ney kii thee, joe 1520 key dashak mein moravia mein buss gaye they aur munster anabaptist jinhen 1535 mein munster shahar koo jabaran ack dhaarmik nae jerusalam mein badalane key apane prayaas key dauran yuddh mein mitaa diyaa gayaa thaa. 17veen shatabdi key madhya mein angreji grihyuddh key dauran goal-sir key paksh mein vibhinn samoohon ney samtaavaadi aadhar parr dhana key punarvitaran kaa prachaar kiya, arthaat star aur khudai karane vaale, halanki kewal gerard winstonley key tahat baad vaale samooh ney sampatti rahit, saamyavaadi samaaj koo badhaava diyaa.
europeeya lekhakon ney 16veen shatabdi key baad seey aadarshvaadi saamyavaadi samajon koo aadarshvaadi kathaaon mein chitrit karna shuru kiya. naee duniya mein mool samudaayon key badey paimaane parr kaalpanik khaaton seey prerit, angreji manavtawadi aur bhavishya key swami thomas morr ney aadarshvaadi upanyaas "eutopia" (1516) likhaa jisamen mukhya paatr binaa paise yaa niji sampatti key ack ramaniya dweep kii yatra karane key baad niji sampatti kaa khandan kartaa haye aur jahaan, "sub kuchh raajya key niyantran mein haye."unhone apane aadarsh samudaay key liye ack naam key roop mein" "eutopia" "shabd gadhaa, jiska arth lattin mein" "kaheen bhee naheen" "haye, iss tathya koo ujagar karate hue kii adhik loga iss tarah key samaaj koo vaastaviktaa mein praapya naheen maanate they. tomamo campanella key 1601 key kaam 'dha city off dha sunn' ney ack aise samaaj kii avadharana kaa prachaar kiya jahaan samaaj key utpaadon koo samaan roop seey saajha kiya jaanaa chaahiye. campanella key aadarsh mein sabhi loga achchi tarah seey shikshit hain, kewal chaar ghante kaa kaary divas haye, koee niji sampatti naheen haye, mansik aur shaaririk swaasthya mein sudhaar key liye jansankhya kaa abhyaas sujanan haye, adhikansh samay yaa tou avkash yaa aatm sudhaar key liye samarpit haye, aur samaaj kaa prabandhan ack sattaaroodh vaigyaanik dwara kiya jaataa haye joe apane prashaasan koo vaigyaanik siddhanton parr adharit kartaa haye, joe poore samaaj koo labhanvit karane key hita mein haye. francisi lekhak franswa fenelon aur dennis vairase ney bhee aadarshvaadi saamyavaadi samajon kaa varnan kiya thaa, jabaki angreji lekhak francis bekan ney ack aadarshvaadi key baare mein likhaa thaa jisamen kewal "gyaan mein saamyvaad" thaa."
gyaan praapti key dauran saamyvaad.
18veen shatabdi key france mein gyaan key yug key dauran, kuchh udaar lekhakon ney niji sampatti kii sanstha kii teji seey aalochana karna shuru curr diyaa, yahaan taka kii iss hudd taka kii unhone ise samaapt karane kii maang kii. ack saamyavaadi samaaj key liye pahale dharmnirpeksh darshanon mein seey ack francisi catholic abbe jeane mesleyar key maranoparant prakaashit "vasiyatnama" (1729) key bheetar nihit haye. isi tarah ack francisi daarshanik, abii dee mabley ney bhee likhaa kii bhoomi kaa vyaktigat swaamitva sabhi shararaton kaa srot thaa aur yeh kii samriddh asamaanta samajik vinash koo laker aaee jise kewal saamoohik swaamitva parr adharit samaaj koo apnakar hii ulat diyaa jaa sakata thaa."halanki unhone yeh anuman lagaate hue apane vichaaron koo shaant kiya kii sachchi samaantaa aur sampradayik swaamitva koo lagu karane kaa koee bhee prayaas bahut mahanga aur vinashkari saabit hoga jise lagu karane key laayak naheen hoga. ack anya francisi vichaarak, attien-gabriel ney yeh bhee tark diyaa kii niji sampatti samaaj mein sabhi buraaiyon kaa srot thee aur ack saamyavaadi samaaj key liye buniyaadi siddhanton koo vikasit kiya, arthaat sampatti kaa unmoolan, sabhi key liye rahane aur kaam karane kaa adhikaar, aur sabhi nagrikon kaa kartavya kii way aam bhalai key liye kaam karein. francisi daarshanik jeane jacks russo ney apane behad prabhaavshaali "samajik anubandh" (1762) mein raajaon key shasson key bajaay lokpriya samprabhuta parr adharit ack raajneetik vyavastha key aadhar koo rekhaankit kiya, aur apane "asamaanta parr pravachan" (1755) mein niji sampatti key bhrasht prabhaavon key khilaf daavaa kiya kii niji sampatti key aavishkaar ney "apraadhon, yuddhon, hatyaon aur peedaa" koo janm diyaa thaa, jisane sabhyata koo trast kiya thaa. 
1785 mein lokpriya francisi upanyaskar restiff day laa breton ney victor dee 'hupe kii 1779 kii pustak "ack daarshanik samudaay key liye pariyojana" parr ack pustak sameeksha likhi, jisamen marce mein ack sampradayik prayog key liye ack yojana kaa varnan kiya gayaa thaa, jahaan sabhi niji sampatti parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa aur jise maanaa jaa sakata thaa, "duniya mein ack dharmnirpeksh saamyavaadi samaaj key liye pahala poorna khaaka."sameeksha mein restiff ney nott kiya kii dee 'hupe ney 1782 key ack patra mein, usa shabd kaa pahala darj udaaharan," "communist" "shabd key francisi roop key roop mein khud koo sandarbhit kiya thaa. swayam retiff ney niji sampatti koo samaapt karane key vichaar key ird-gird kendrit kaee upanyaas likhe, pahale 1783 mein "vastuon kaa samudaay" shabd kaa upayog kiya aur phir 1793 mein "saamyvaad" shabd kaa upayog kiya, jise francisi mein "saamyvaad" key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa.
francisi darshan mein vichaaron kii yeye dhaaraaen 1789 kii francisi kranti key dauran prabhaavshaali saabit huin, jisamen vibhinn rajtantra-virodhi, vishesh roop seey jacobin, logon key beach dhana koo samaan roop seey punarvitarit karane key vichaar kaa samarthan karate they, jisamen jeane-paul maarat aur gracus bebufe shamil they. baad vaalaa 1796 key samkakshon kii sajish mein shamil thaa, jiska irada sampradayik swaamitva, samtaavaad aur sampatti key punarvitaran parr adharit ack krantikari shasson sthaapit karna thaa. bebufe morali key sampatti virodhi aadarshvaadi upanyaas "prakriti kaa code" seey seedhe prabhaavit they aur unhone ise vyaapak roop seey uddhrit kiya, halanki vaha iss galat dhaarana key tahat they kii yeh dederot dwara likhaa gayaa thaa.kranti key dauran perisian krantikari samajik club key sansthaapak prakaashak nicolaus bonneville ney bhee restiff aur silven marachel key saamyavaadi granthon koo failaane key liye apane mudran press kaa upayog kiya. marel, joe baad mein bebufe kii sajish mein shamil hoe gaye, apane "samanon key ghoshanapatra" (1796) mein kahenge, "hamara uddeshya kuchh adhik udaatt aur adhik nyaaypurna, aam bhalai yaa vastuon key samudaay parr haye" aur "francisi kranti sirf ack aur kranti kaa agradoot haye, joe kaheen adhik, kaheen adhik gambhir haye, joe antim hogi."baakeef ney kranti key dauran saamyvaad key vishay parr kitaaben likhana aur prakaashit karna bhee jaari rakhaa. tadnusar, unake samtaavaadi karyakramon aur andolan key madhyam seey, restiff, marikal aur bebief aadhunik saamyvaad key poorvaj bunn gaye. haalaanki, bebufe key shadyantra kaa pataa chalaa aur usey aur isamen shamil kaee anya logon koo giraftar curr liya gayaa aur unhein fansi dey dee gaee. apane vichaaron aur tarikon key kaaran, bebufe koo kabhi-kabhi pahale krantikari communist key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, halanki usa samay bebufe ney swayam "saamyavaadi" shabd kaa upayog kiya thaa. iss jhatake key bavjood, francisi krantikari shasson aur bebufe key vinashkari vidroh kaa udaaharan heinry dee sent-saiman, luis blanck, charles forier aur piyare-joseph garvan jaise francisi samajwadi vicharakon key liye ack prerana thee. aadhunik arajaktawad aur udaarvaadi samaajvaad key sansthaapak garvit ney baad mein prasiddh roop seey ghoshana kii kii "sampatti chori haye!"ack vakyansh kaa aavishkaar pahali baar francisi krantikari brisot dee warwill ney kiya thaa.
francisi kranti key baad saamyvaad.
mahatvapurna roop seey kyonki bebief key saha-shadyantrakariyon mein seey ack, phillip bunaroti, barabari key shadyantra parr kaarravaai seey butch gaye, baad mein apane jeevan mein, 1828 mein pahali baar prakaashit prabhaavshaali pustak "bebief kii samaantaa key liye sajish" likhane mein saksham they, jisane bebief key vishvaason koo darj kiya aur lokpriya banaaya. isamen bunaroti ney kahaa kii samaaj mein, "bojh, utpaadan aur laabhon koo samaan roop seey vibhajit kiya jaanaa chaahiye", aur unakaa maanana thaa kii yeh vibhajan "sabhi kii sabse badee sambhav khushi" kii or leey jaayega."bornatti key lekhan ney france mein babef key vichaaron koo punarjeevit kiya aur nava-babuwad key roop mein sandarbhit raajneetik siddhanton kaa prasaar kiya. bornatti key nava-babouvism key anusaar "buddhiman aur sahsi" nagrikon key ack krantikari abhijaat varg kii aavashyakta hogi, joe kewal "samaantaa kii jeet sunishchit karane" kii parwah karate they, taaki janata kaa utthaan hoe sakey aur samtaavaadi siddhanton parr adharit ack nayaa samaaj sthaapit kiya jaa sakey.
1830 aur 1840 key dashak taka, saamyvaad kii samtaavaadi avadhaaranaaen aur samaajvaad key sambandhit vichaar francisi krantikari halakon mein vyaapak roop seey lokpriya hoe gaye they, samajik alochakon aur daarshnikon jaise piyare lerox aur theodor dezami key lekhan key kaaran, jinaki burjua udaarvaad aur vyaktivaad kii aalochanaon ney aarthik, daarshanik aur naitik aadhar parr "lassays-fair" poonjeevaad kii vyaapak bauddhik asweekriti kaa kaaran banaa. 1832 mein lerox lekhan key anusaar, "vyaktivaad key alawa kissy anya uddeshya koo pahachaanana nichale vargon koo kroor shoshan key liye vitarit karna haye. sarvahara varg pracheen gulami key punrutthan seey adhik kuchh naheen haye."unhone yeh bhee kahaa kii utpaadan key sadhanon key niji swaamitva kii anumati nimn vargon key shoshan key liye dee gaee thee aur niji sampatti ack avadharana thee joe maanav garima seey alag thee. dezami ney apani 1842 kii pustak mein daavaa kiya kii "sampradayik sampatti kaa poorna aur apratibandhit samaaj" kii aavashyakta thee jisamen sabhi gatividhiyon koo kendrikrit kiya gayaa thaa. dezami key kaam mein saamyvaad kii prakriti key vyavasthit, aitihaasik aur bhautikvaadi vishleshan ney marks koo unake saath pahale vaigyaanik samajvadiyon mein seey ack maanaa. yeh kewal varsh 1840 mein thaa kii samajvadiyon theodor dezami, attien cabett aur jeane-jacks takiya sahit france mein samanya swaamitva key prastavakon ney apani vishvaas pranali key liye ack shabd key roop mein "saamyvaad" shabd koo vyaapak roop seey apnana shuru kiya.
france mein saamyavaadi andolan kii lokpriyata sthaapit karane vaali ack aitihaasik ghatana 1840 mein hui jaba dezami ney takiye aur albert laponere key saath belville, france mein ack saamyavaadi samarthak bhoj kaa ayojan kiya, joe france mein "communist party kii pahali saarvajanik abhivyakti" thee joe itani safal saabit hui kii aage kii niyojit saamyavaadi bhoj koo francisi sarkaar dwara gairkaanooni ghoshit kiya gayaa. 1840 mein bhee peris mein ack saamyavaadi karyakram kaa paalan karate hue "samtaavaadi shramikon" kaa ack samaaj sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur ack samanya hadtaal koo kahaa gayaa thaa jisake netaa kathit taur parr saamyavaadi aadarshon seey prerit they. 1840 key dashak key dauran attien cabett mein 100,000 aur 200,000 francisi shramikon key beach anuyaayi they aur unhein friedrich engels dwara francisi sarvahara varg kaa pratinidhi maanaa jaataa thaa. 1840 key dashak key sabse pramukh aur prabhaavshaali francisi communists mein seey ack august blanky they, joe apane iss vishvaas key liye ullekhaniya they kii burjusi prabhutva vaale raajya koo ukhaad fenkane key liye hinsak krantikari kaarravaai kaa upayog kiya jaanaa chaahiye. blanky key anuman key anusaar ack kranti sabse safal hogi yadi ise ack chhote, gupt samooh dwara nishpaadit kiya jaataa joe taba "sarvahara varg kii tanashahi" sthaapit curr sakata thaa."dezami tanashahi kaa samarthan karane vaale kissy bhee karyakram seey asahmat they, yeh maanate hue kii mukhya dhyaan prachaar aur shiksha key madhyam seey sarvahara ekataa koo vikasit karane parr honah chaahiye.
inn francisi lekhakon key kaam aur shikshaaen, joe abb kaee swayam koo communists key roop mein pahachaante hain, nae communist samoohon koo prerit karati hain jaise kii leag off dha just, ack sangathan jisaki sthaapana 1836 mein peris mein isai communist german immigray wilheim waitling aur carle shapper dwara kii gaee thee. ack doosara samooh, communist patrachar samiti, 1846 mein german emigress carle marks aur friedrich engels kii ack anya jodee dwara brussels mein gathit kiya gayaa thaa. donon samoohon kaa vilay 1847 mein communist leag banaane key liye kiya gayaa thaa, jiska netritva shaper curr rahey they, jinhone phir saha-sansthaapak sadasyon marks aur engels koo nae raajneetik dall key siddhanton koo nirdhaarit karate hue ack ghoshanapatra likhane key saath aage badhaaya.
markswad.
carle marks.
1840 key dashak mein, german daarshanik aur samajshastri carle marks, joe prussia mein adhikaariyon seey bhaagne key baad ingland mein reh rahey they, jahan unhein ack raajneetik khatra maanaa jaataa thaa, ney pustaken prakaashit karna shuru curr diyaa jisamen unhone vibhinn prakaar key saamyvaad key liye apane siddhanton koo rekhaankit kiya jise abb markswad key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. marks koo ack anya german emigre, friedrich engels (1820-1895) dwara aarthik sahaayata aur samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa, joe marks kii tarah 1849 mein german adhikaariyon seey bhaag gaye they. marks aur engels ney pahale key samajwadi jaise kii eutopian samajwadi sant-saimonwadi school seey kaee prabhaavon koo apanaaya. raajneetik roop seey, way maximilian robespeare aur francisi kranti key kaee anya kattarpanthi vyaktiyon seey prabhaavit they, jabaki aarthik roop seey way david ricardo seey prabhaavit they. daarshanik roop seey, way george wilhelm friedrich hegel seey prabhaavit they. engels 1845 seey ingland key manchester mein chetham key pustakalaya mein niyamit roop seey marks seey milate they aur jahan way milate they vaha aaj bhee samaan haye. yaheen parr engels ney audyogik manchester key apane anubhavon koo prastut kiya, joe "ingland mein shramik varg kii sthiti" mein varnit haye, joe shramik varg key sanghrshon koo ujagar kartaa haye.
marks ney kahaa kii "abb taka key sabhi maujooda samaaj kaa itihas varg sanghrshon kaa itihas haye", kuchh aisaa joe unakaa maanana thaa kii burjua (kuchh chuninda uchch varg aur uchch madhyam varg) key beach hoe rhaa thaa, joe taba samaaj koo niyantrit karate they aur sarvahara (shramik varg) joe sub kuchh paida karane key liye parishram karate they, lekin jinka koee raajneetik niyantran naheen thaa. unhone iss vichaar koo aage badhaaya kii maanav samaaj adim saamyvaad seey gulami, saamantvaad aur phir poonjeevaad key madhyam seey pragatisheel charanon kii ack shrinkhala seey gujra; aur yeh kii badale mein, saamyvaad dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaayega. marks key liye, saamyvaad koo apariharya lekin anishchit aur vaanchhaniya key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa.
marks ney 1846 mein saamyavaadi patrachar samiti kii sthaapana kii, jisake madhyam seey europe bhar mein vibhinn saamyavaadi, samajwadi aur anya vampanthi raajneetik daman key bavjood ack dusare key sampark mein reh sakate they. isake baad unhone 1848 mein "communist ghoshanapatra" prakaashit kiya, joe abb taka key sabse prabhaavshaali communist granthon mein seey ack saabit hoga. baad mein unhone ack bahu-khand mahakavya parr kaam shuru kiya joe poonjiwadi arthavyavastha aur rajneeti, samaaj aur darshan parr isake prabhaav kii jaanch aur aalochana karega-iss kaary kaa pahala khand jise 1869 mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, marks aur engels koo naa kewal saamyvaad key baare mein likhane mein dilchaspi thee, kyonki way krantikari gatividhi kaa samarthan karane mein bhee sakriya they joe poore europe mein saamyavaadi sarkaaron key nirmaan kaa netritva karenge. unhone antarrashtriya shramik sangh kii sthaapana mein madad kii, joe baad mein vibhinn communists aur samajvadiyon koo ekjut karane vaale pahale antarrashtriya key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, jisamen marks koo sangh kii samanya parishad key liye chunaa gayaa.
marks ney apani pranali koo iss naare key saath sankshep mein prastut kiya, "pratyek seey usaki kshamata key anusaar, pratyek koo usaki aavashyaktaon key anusaar."saamyvaad key siddhanton koo taiyar karane key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa yeh vakyansh pahale key samajwadi raajneetik kaaryakartaon jaise august becker aur luis blanck seey liya gayaa haye.
markswad kaa praarambhik vikas.
19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh key dauran, europe bhar mein vibhinn vampanthi sangathanon ney kaee nirankush dakshinpanthi shasanon key khilaf abhiyaan jaari rakhaa joe taba satta mein they. france mein, samajvadiyon ney 1871 mein napolean III key patan key baad peris samudaay key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ack sarkaar kii sthaapana kii, lekin unhein jald hii ukhaad fenka gayaa aur unake kaee sadasyon koo prati-krantikariyon dwara maar diyaa gayaa. iss beach, carle marks aur friedrich engels german samajik-loktaantrik party mein shamil hoe gaye, jise 1875 mein banaaya gayaa thaa, lekin jise 1879 mein german sarkaar dwara gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, phir chansler otto wonn bismark key netritva mein, jinhone ise apani krantikari prakriti aur samarthakon kii badhati sankhya key kaaran ack raajneetik khatra maanaa. 1890 mein, party koo phir seey vaidh banaa diyaa gayaa aur iss samay taka isane markswadi siddhanton koo poori tarah seey apana liya thaa. baad mein isane german chunaavon mein paanchvaan vote hassil kiya aur isake kuchh netaa, jaise kii agast bell aur wilhelm libechneck, prasiddh saarvajanik vyakti bunn gaye.
usa samay, markswad ney naa kewal germany mein shuruat kii, balki isane hangri, habsberg rajshahi aur neetherland mein bhee lokpriyata hassil kii, halanki isane united kingdam jaise anya europeeya deshon mein aisee safalata hassil naheen kii, jahaan marks aur engels sthit they. phir bhee, naee raajneetik vichardhara koo paryaapt samarthan milaa thaa kii ack sangathan kii sthaapana duniya bhar key vibhinn markswadi samoohon koo ekjut karane key liye dusare antarrashtriya key roop mein kii gaee thee.
jaise-jaise markswad ney shuruat kii, yeh anya europeeya buddhijiviyon kii aalochana key dayare mein aaney lagaa, jisamen saathi samajwadi aur vampanthi shamil they. udaaharan key liye, russie saamoohik arajaktawadi mikhail bakunin ney aalochana kii kii unakaa maanana thaa kii markswadi siddhant mein khaamiyan theen kii raajya antatah ack markswadi sarkaar key tahat bhang hoe jaayega, isake bajaay unakaa maanana thaa kii raajya satta mein laabh uthaayega aur sattawadi bunn jaayega. aalochana anya samajshastriyon jaise kii german max webber seey bhee aaee, joe marks kii prashansa karate hue samaaj kii prakriti parr unaki kaee dhaaranaon seey asahmat they. kuchh marksvadiyon ney inn aalochanaon key anukool honey kii koshish kii aur poonjeevaad kii badalati prakriti aur edward bernstein ney marksvadiyon key vichaar parr jore diyaa kii way kewal hinsak kranti parr jore dene key bajaay vartamaan prashaasan key khilaf kanuni chunautiyon koo kamkaji vargon key saath vyavhaar parr laae, jaisa kii adhik roodhivaadi marksvadiyon ney kiya thaa. anya marksvadiyon ney bernstein aur anya sanshodhanvaadiyon kaa virodh kiya, jinamen carle kautsky, otto baur, rudolf hilfording, rossa luxemberg, vladmir lenin aur georgy plekhanov sahit kaee loga burjua-niyantrit sarkaar key roop mein dekhe gaye koo hinsak roop seey ukhaad fenkane aur isake bajaay sarvahara varg kii tanashahi sthaapit karane kii avadharana parr adig rahey.
1893 key antarrashtriya saamyvaad kaa kaal.
saamyavaadi antarrashtriya (commintern) aur vyaapak saamyavaadi andolan kaa aitihaasik astitva, usake baad kii samanya neeti mein parivartanon key sambandh mein, avadhiyon key beach vibhajit haye.
praarambhik samajwadi raajya (1917-1944).
russie kranti, leninism aur soviyat sangh kaa gathan.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, russie samrajya zaar nicolaus dwiteeya dwara niyantrit ack nirankushta thaa, jisamen desh kii laakhon badee krishi aabaadi ghor garibi mein reh rahee thee. saamyvaad virodhi itihaaskaar robert service ney kahaa kii "garibi aur utpeedan markswad key badhane key liye sabse achchi mitty haye. desh mein vichardhara koo pesh karane key liye sabse jimmedaar vyakti jorgi plekhanov thaa, halanki andolan kaa ayojan kaafee hudd taka vladmir lenin dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jinhen kuchh samay key liye zaarvaadi sarkaar dwara cyberia mein ack jail shivir mein nirvaasit kiya gayaa thaa. desh mein russie samajik loktaantrik shram party key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa ack markswadi samooh banaaya gayaa thaa, halanki yeh jald hii dou mukhya guton mein vibhajit hoe gayaa, arthaat lenin key netritva mein bolshevik aur julius martov key netritva mein menshevik. 1905 mein, zaar key shasson key khilaf ack kranti hui jisamen desh key kaee hisson mein mazdoor parishadon kaa gathan kiya gayaa, jinhen soviyat key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa aur zaar koo loktaantrik sudhaar lagu karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa, ack nirvaachit sarkaar, duma kii shuruat kii gaee.
1917 mein, duma key khilaf aur samajik ashanti aur pratham vishva yuddh mein roose koo shamil karane mein isaki bhoomika key saath, bolshevikon ney octuber kranti mein satta sambhali. unhone vibhinn udyogon kaa rashtriyakaran karke aur ameer abhijaat varg seey bhoomi jabt karke aur kisaanon key beach ise punarvitarit karke desh kaa punarnirmaan karna shuru kiya. baad mein unhone breast-litovsk kii sandhi parr hastakshar karke germany key khilaf yuddh seey baahar nickle gaye, joe roose mein kaee logon key beach alokpriya thee, kyonki isane germany koo bhoomi kaa badaa kshetra dey diyaa thaa. shuruat seey hii, naee sarkaar koo vibhinn drishtikonon key saath asankhya taakton key pratirodh kaa saamana karna padaa, jisamen arajaktawadi, samajik loktantravaadi, jinhone georgia key loktaantrik ganarajya mein satta leey lii, samajwadi-krantikari, jinhone samara, roose mein komach kaa gathan kiya, bikhare hue zaarvaadi pratirodh bull jinhen shwet rakshak key saath-saath paschimi shaktiyon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. isake kaaran russie grihyuddh kii ghatanaaen huin, jisamen bolshevikon ney jeet hassil kii aur baad mein poore desh parr apani shakti koo samekit kiya, masco kii rajdhani mein craimlin seey shakti koo kendrikrit kiya. 1920 key dashak kii shuruat mein, lenin ney ashwet shramikon kii bharti shuru kii, americi raajneetik dalon parr ashwet nagrik adhikaaron key liye abhiyaan key liye adhik naheen karane kaa aarop lagaaya. mutthi bhar african americi karyakarta saamyvaad seey mohit they, aur siril briggs ney african rakt bhaichare naamak ack sangathan kaa netritva kiya. 1922 mein, russie samajwadi sanghiya soviyat ganarajya koo aadhikarik taur parr soviyat samajwadi ganrajyon key sangh kaa netritva karane key liye phir seey design kiya gayaa thaa, jise kewal soviyat sangh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
1924 mein, kharaab swaasthya key kaaran lenin ney soviyat sangh key netaa key roop mein istifa dey diyaa aur jald hii mrityu hoe gaee, jisake baad joseph stallin ney baad mein niyantran leey liya.
europe mein commintern, mangolian aakraman aur saamyavaadi vidroh.
1919 mein, roose mein bolshevik sarkaar ney ack antarrashtriya saamyavaadi sangathan key nirmaan koo uksaayaa joe 1916 mein dusare antarrashtriya key patan key baad teesare antarrashtriya key roop mein kaary karega. ise saamyavaadi antarrashtriya key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, halanki ise aamtaur parr comintern key roop mein sankshipt kiya jaataa thaa. apane poore astitva key dauran, antarrashtriya rukh key bavjood commintern parr craimlin kaa prabhutva hoga. iss beach, 1921 mein, soviyat sangh ney apane padosi mangolia parr hamla kiya taaki chean key khilaf ack lokpriya vidroh mein sahaayata kii jaa sakey, jisane taba desh koo niyantrit kiya, ack samarthak soviyat sarkaar kii sthaapana kii jisane 1924 mein rashtra koo mangolian logon kaa ganarajya ghoshit kiya.
commintern aur aise anya soviyat samarthit communist samooh jald hii duniya key adhikansh hisson mein fail gaye, halanki vishesh roop seey europe mein, jahaan haal hii mein hui russie kranti kaa prabhaav abhee bhee majboot thaa. germany mein, 1919 mein spartacist vidroh huaa jaba sashastr spartacus leag communists ney bolshevik-shally kii parishad ganarajya sthaapit karane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin sarkaar ney dakshinpanthi ardhsainik samoohon, freecorps key upayog key saath vidroh koo hinsak roop seey neeche laa diyaa. prasiddh german communist rossa luxemberg aur carle libkneck koo teen dinn baad nyaay seey baahar maar diyaa gayaa. kuchh maheenon key bheetar, communists key ack samooh ney bavaria key german kshetra mein saarvajanik ashanti key beach satta parr kabja curr liya, bavarian soviyat ganarajya kaa gathan kiya, halanki ack baar phir ise freecorps dwara hinsak roop seey neeche rakhaa gayaa thaa, jinka maanana haye kii itihaskaron ney lagbhag 1,200 communists aur unake sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon koo maar daala thaa.
usee varsh, pratham vishva yuddh mein unaki haar key baad hangri mein raajneetik uthal-puthal key kaaran samajik loktaantrik party aur communist party kii gathbandhan sarkaar ney niyantran leey liya. bella kuna key netritva mein hangerian communist party jald hii pramukh hoe gaee aur desh mein vibhinn communist sudhaaron kii sthaapana kii, lekin baad mein desh parr usake padosi romania ney kuchh hii maheenon key bheetar aakraman curr diyaa, jinhone sarkaar koo ukhaad fenka, aur isake netaa yaa tou videsh seey bhaag gaye yaa unhein fansi dee gaee. 1921 mein, itali key raajya key khilaf ack saamyavaadi vidroh huaa, jaba sahayak karkhane key shramik uttari itali mein turin aur milan mein hadtaal parr they, lekin sarkaar ney teji seey kaarravaai kii aur vidroh koo kuchal diyaa. usee varsh, wimer ganarajya mein ack aur saamyavaadi vidroh huaa jise kewal kuchal diyaa gayaa, lekin 1923 mein ack aur vidroh huaa jise ack baar phir sarkaar ney parajit curr diyaa. bulgarian communist party ney bhee 1923 mein vidroh kaa prayaas kiya thaa, lekin europe mein apane adhikansh samkakshon kii tarah way parajit hoe gaye they.
sangathan key saamane.
communist dall aise sangathan they joe sadasyon parr kadaa niyantran rakhate they. party mein shamil honey key ichchuk sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon taka pahunchane key liye, party-anumodit padon kii vakaalat karane vaale front sangathanon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. craimlin mein grigori zinovieve key netritva mein, comintern ney 1920 key dashak mein aur usake baad kaee deshon mein morche sthaapit kiye. apani gatividhiyon kaa samanvaya karane key liye, cummintern ney vibhinn antarrashtriya chhatra sangathanon (rashtriya seemaon key paar samoohon koo jodane vaale) jaise yuva communist antarrashtriya (yuva), profintern (trade union), crestintern (kisan), antarrashtriya laal sahaayata (maanviya sahaayata), aur laal khel antarrashtriya (sangathit khel) kii sthaapana kii. europe mein, morche key sangathan vishesh roop seey itali aur france mein prabhaavshaali they joe 1933 mein communist morche key aayojak villie munjenberg key liye aadhar bunn gaye. inn sangathanon koo 1930 key dashak key anta yaa 1940 key dashak kii shuruat mein bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
paine-paisifik trade union sachivalaya (pee. pee. tii. aiss.) kii sthaapana 1927 mein profintern (comintern kii trade union shakha) dwara chean, japan, koria, phillippeans, australia, newzealand aur paschimi prashant mein anya deshon mein communist trade yuniyanon koo badhaava dene key mission key saath kii gaee thee. trapeznic (2009) kaa kahana haye kii pee. pee. tii. aiss. ack "communist-front sangathan" thaa aur "kaee gupt gatividhiyon key alawa khule aur gupt raajneetik andolan mein lagaa huaa thaa.
asia mein kaee communist front sangathan they, jinamen seey kaee chhatron aur yuvaaon key liye unmukh they. ack itihaaskaar key anusaar, japan mein 1920 key dashak key shramik sangh andolan mein, "hyogikai ney khud koo kabhi bhee ack saamyavaadi morcha naheen kahaa, lekin vaastav mein, yeh vahee thaa joe yeh thaa. vaha bataate hain kii ise sarkaar ney "anya communist morche key samoohon key saath" dabaaya thaa. 1950 key dashak mein, scalapino kaa tark haih "praathamik saamyavaadi-morcha sangathan japan shaanti samiti thee. isaki sthaapana 1949 mein hui thee.
stellinism.
1924 mein, joseph stallin, joe lenin key ack pramukh bolshevik anuyaayi they, ney soviyat sangh mein satta sambhali. stallin koo unake netritva mein nikolai bukharin dwara samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin sarkaar mein unake vibhinn mahatvapurna virodhi they, vishesh roop seey lev kamenev, leone trotsky aur grigori zinovieve. stallin ney ack saamyavaadi samaaj key nirmaan kii apani prakriya shuru kii, jisase markswad-leninism key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa saamyvaad kaa ack roop banaa. isake ack hisse key roop mein, unhone kuchh poonjiwadi, bajar neetiyon koo chhod diyaa jinhen naee aarthik neeti jaise lenin key tahat jaari rakhane kii anumati dee gaee thee. stellinwadi neetiyon ney soviyat sangh key krishi utpaadan key adhikansh hisse koo maulik roop seey badal diyaa, tractor aur anya machinary kii shuruat karke iska aadhunikikaran kiya, kheton kaa jabaran sangrah kiya aur poorv nirdhaarit lakshyon key anusaar kisaanon seey anaaj kaa jabaran sangrah kiya. audyogik shramikon key liye bhojan upalabdh thaa, lekin joe kisan jaane seey incar curr rahey they, way bhookhe marr gaye, vishesh roop seey kazakhstan aur ukraine mein. aul-union communist party (bolshevik) ney kulakon koo nishana banaaya, jinake paas ack chhoti see bhoomi thee.
stallin ney commintern parr niyantran curr liya aur antarrashtriya sangathan mein una sabhi vampanthiyon kaa virodh karane kii neeti pesh kii joe markswadi-leninist naheen they, unhein samajik fasiwadi karaar dete hue, haalaanki jools humbert-droze jaise kaee communist iss neeti parr unase asahmat they, yeh maanate hue kii vampanthiyon koo poore europe mein faasivaad jaise dakshinpanthi andolanon key uday key khilaf ekjut honah chaahiye. 1930 key dashak kii shuruat mein, stallin ney maarg koo ulat diyaa aur lokpriya morche key andolanon koo badhaava diyaa, jisake tahat communist dall samajvadiyon aur anya raajneetik taakton key saath sahyog karenge. ack uchch prathamikta spanish grihyuddh mein gantantra key liye vyaapak samarthan jutana thaa.
mahaan shuddhikaran.
mahaan shuddhikaran mukhya roop seey disambar 1936 seey navambar 1938 taka sanchaalit huaa, halanki giraftari aur saransh pareekshan key baad nishpaadan kii visheshtaen soviyat pranali mein achchi tarah seey nihit theen kyonki lenin key dinon mein 1918 seey pahale key netaaon kii purani peedhi koo vyavasthit roop seey nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. stallin ney aamtaur parr iss auchitya key tahat aisaa kiya kii aaropi dushman jasus they yaa "logon key dushman" maane jaate they; laal senaa mein, adhikansh generalon koo maar diyaa gayaa thaa aur saikadon hajaaron anya "logon key dushmanon" koo gulag bheja gayaa thaa, jahaan cyberia mein amanviya paristhitiyon ney ack twarit mrityu kaa netritva kiya.
soviyat abhilekhagar key udghaatan ney "sanshodhanvaadi school" vidvaanon dwara rakhe gaye nichale anumaanon koo sahee thaharaaya haye, isake bavjood kii lokpriya press uchch anumaanon kaa upayog karna jaari rakhe hue haye aur gambhir trutiyon koo shamil curr rhaa haye. 2009 taka, itihaaskaar archie braun ney bataaya kii anuman abb cumm they; lagbhag 17 laakh koo 1937-1938 mein giraftar kiya gayaa thaa aur aadhe koo goli maar dee gaee thee.
yuddh poorv asantusht communist.
antarrashtriya dakshinpanthi vipaksh aur trotskeywad una asantushton key udaaharan hain joe aaj bhee saamyvaad kaa daavaa karate hain, lekin way akele naheen hain. germany mein, aiss. pee. dee. mein vibhajan ney shuru mein vibhinn prakaar key saamyavaadi sanghon aur dalon key gathan kaa kaaran banaa, jisamen aeye. oh.-dee., aeye. oh.-ee. aur key. pee. dee. kii parishadvaadi pravrittiyaan shamil theen. germany key baahar parishad kaa seemit prabhaav thaa, lekin kaee antarrashtriya sangathanon kaa gathan huaa. spen mein, baaen aur daaen asantushton key ack mishran ney paum key gathan kaa netritva kiya. isake alawa, spanish see. aine. tii. ack gair-markswadi party, joe krantikari saamyvaad key liye khadee thee, key vikas seey judaa thaa.
saamyvaad failana (1945-1957).
jaise hii sheet yuddh 1947 key aspas prabhaavi huaa, craimlin ney loktaantrik yuvaaon key vishva sangh, chhatron key antarrashtriya sangh, trade yuniyanon key vishva sangh, mahila antarrashtriya loktaantrik sangh aur vishva shaanti parishad sahit nae antarrashtriya samanvaya nikaayon kii sthaapana kii. malcum kenedi kaa kahana haye kii "communist 'front' pranali mein doubleu. aff. tii. yuu., doubleu. aff. dee. aaee., aaee. yuu. aiss., vee. dee. aff. aur doubleu. pee. see. jaise antarrashtriya sangathan shamil they, isake alawa patrakaron, vakeelon, vaigyaanikon, doctors aur anya logon koo vyaapak jaal mein laane vaale chhote nikaayon kii ack mejbani thee.
vishva trade union sangh (doubleu. aff. tii. yuu.) kii sthaapana 1945 mein duniya bhar key trade union sanghon koo ekjut karane key liye kii gaee thee aur yeh vyaavhaarik roop seey adharit thaa. jabaki isamen gair-saamyavaadi sangh they, isamen kaafee hudd taka soviyaton kaa varchasva thaa. 1949 mein british, americi aur anya gair-saamyavaadi sanghon ney mukt vyaapaar sanghon key pratidvandi antarrashtriya sangh kaa gathan karane key liye toot gaye. europe mein shramik andolan communist sanghon aur samajik loktaantrik aur isai shramik sanghon key beach itna dhruvikrit hoe gayaa, jabaki front operation abb prayojan koo chhipa naheen sakate they aur way cumm mahatvapurna hoe gaye.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad soviyat sangh.
yuddh kii tabahi key parinamswarup audyogik sanyantron key punarnirmaan, awas aur parivahan key saath-saath laakhon sainikon aur nagrikon key vighatan aur pravaas seey judey ack badey paimaane parr punarpraapti karyakram hue. 1946-1947 kii sardiyon key dauran iss uthal-puthal key beach, soviyat sangh ney 20veen shatabdi mein sabse kharaab praakritik akaal kaa anubhav kiya. stallin kaa koee gambhir virodh naheen thaa kyonki aine. key. vee. dee. gupt pulis ney sambhaavit sandigdhon koo gulag bhejana jaari rakhaa.
sanyukt raajya america aur britten key saath sambandh maitripurna seey shatrutapurna hoe gaye, kyonki unhone purvi europe parr stallin key raajneetik niyantran aur berlin kii unaki nakabandi kii ninda kii. 1947 taka sheet yuddh shuru hoe gayaa thaa. stallin kaa swayam maanana thaa kii poonjeevaad ack khokhla kavach thaa aur itali jaise deshon mein proxy key madhyam seey badhe gair-sainya dabaav mein toot jaayega. haalaanki, unhone paschim kii aarthik taakat koo bahut cumm aanka aur jeet key bajaay paschim ney gathbandhanon kaa nirmaan kiya joe sthaayi roop seey soviyat vistaar koo rokane yaa rokane key liye banaae gaye they. 1950 kii shuruat mein, stallin ney ack chhote seey yuddh kii ummeed karate hue, dakshin koria parr uttar koria key aakraman key liye aage badhane kii anumati dee. jaba amerikiyon ney pravesh kiya aur uttari koriyai logon koo lagbhag soviyat seema parr daal diyaa tou way danga reh gaye. stallin ney koriyai yuddh mein chean key pravesh kaa samarthan kiya, jisane amerikiyon koo yuddh seey pahale kii seemaon parr vaapas dhakel diyaa, lekin jisase tanaav badh gayaa. sanyukt raajya america ney soviyat sangh key saath ack lambi pratispardha key liye apani arthavyavastha koo jutaane kaa faisala kiya, hydrogen bumm kaa nirmaan kiya aur paschimi europe koo cover karane vaale naato gathbandhan koo majboot kiya.
gorlizki aur khlevnik (2004) key anusaar, 1945 key baad stallin kaa nirantar aur pramukh lakshya rashtra kii mahashakti kii sthiti koo majboot karna aur kull shakti parr apani pakad banaae rakhane key liye apani badhati bhautik patan key saamane thaa. stallin ney ack netritva pranali kaa nirmaan kiya joe paitrikta aur daman kii aitihaasik zarist shailiyon koo pratibimbit kartaa thaa, phir bhee yeh kaafee aadhunik bhee thaa. sheersh parr, harr cheej key liye vyaktigat wafadari kii ginati kii jaati haye. halanki, stallin ney shaktishali samitiyon kaa bhee nirmaan kiya, yuva visheshagyon koo unnat kiya aur pramukh sansthaagat navacharon kii shuruat kii. utpeedan key kaaran, stallin key pratinidhiyon ney anaupchaarik maandandon aur aapsi samajh koo vikasit kiya joe unaki mrityu key baad saamoohik shasson kii neenv pradaan karate they.
purvi europe.
madhya aur purvi europe mein laal senaa kii sainya safalata ney saamyavaadi haathon mein shakti key samekan kaa netritva kiya. kuchh mamalon mein, jaise kii chekoslovakia, isane saamyavaadi party aur ack samajik loktaantrik party dwara prerit samaajvaad key liye utsaahi samarthan koo badhaava diyaa joe vilay karane key liye taiyar thaa. anya mamalon mein, jaise kii polland yaa hangri mein, samajik loktaantrik party key saath communist party kaa vilay jabaran kiya gayaa thaa aur aloktaantrik tarikon seey puuraa kiya gayaa thaa. kaee mamalon mein, madhya europe key communist dalon koo shuru mein bajar taakton mein shasson karane, udyog key seemit rashtriyakaran koo sthaapit karane aur gahan samajik kalyan raajyon key vikas kaa samarthan karane key liye kaafee ichchuk aabaadi kaa saamana karna padaa, jabaki motey taur parr aabaadi ney badey paimaane parr samaajvaad kaa samarthan kiya. haalaanki, gair-saamyavaadi dalon key shuddhikaran, jinhone samaajvaad kaa samarthan kiya, krishi key jabaran saamoohikkaran aur 1953 mein soviyat-block vyaapak mandee key saath milkar gahari ashanti kaa kaaran banaa. yeh ashanti pahali baar 1953 mein berlin mein saamane aaee, jahan vidambana yeh thee kii "party koo ack nae logon kaa chunaav karna chaahiye". haalaanki, 1956 key nikita khrushchev key "gupt bhaashan" ney aantarik bahas koo khol diyaa, bhale hii sadasya anjaan they, donon polish aur hangerian communist dalon mein. isake kaaran 1956 kaa polish sankat paida huaa, jise polish netritva mein badalaav aur polish arthavyavastha kii disha parr soviyat aur polish dalon key beach baatchit key madhyam seey hull kiya gayaa.
1956 kii hangerian kranti.
1956 kii hangri kranti purvi europe parr masco key niyantran key liye ack badee chunauti thee. iss kranti mein aam hadataalen, swatantra shramik parishadon kaa gathan, gair-soviyat vividhata key krantikari saamyvaad key liye ack party key roop mein samajik loktaantrik party kii bahaali aur dou bhoomigat swatantra communist dalon kaa gathan dekhaa gayaa. mukhyadhara kii communist party koo lagbhag ack saptah kii avadhi key liye gair-soviyat gathbandhan netaaon dwara niyantrit kiya gayaa thaa. samaajvaad key rakharkhaav kaa samarthan karane vaale dou gair-saamyavaadi dalon ney bhee apani swatantrata hassil curr lii. asantusht saamyvaad key iss phool koo bhaari topkhaane aur havaai hamalon dwara samarthit sainya aakraman key sanyojan dwara kuchal diyaa gayaa thaa; saamoohik giraftari, cumm seey cumm ack hazaar nyaayik nishpaadan aur saransh nishpaadan kii ack anginat sankhya; kendriya shramik parishad koo kuchalana grater badapest; saamoohik sharanarthi udaan; aur ack vishvavyaapi prachaar abhiyaan. anya communist dalon parr hangri kranti kaa prabhaav kaafee bhinn thaa, jisake parinamswarup anglophone communist dalon mein badee sadasyata kaa nuksan huaa.
1968 kaa vasant.
chekoslovak communist party ney alekjendar dubeck key tahat ack mahatvakankshi sudhaar agenda shuru kiya. kendriya niyantran koo seemit karane aur arthavyavastha koo party seey adhik swatantra banaane kii yojana ney buniyaadi maanyataon koo khatare mein daal diyaa. 20 agast 1968 koo, soviyat netaa leonid brejhanev ney yuddh sandhi balon dwara ack badey paimaane parr sainya aakraman kaa adesh diyaa jisane aantarik udaarikaran key khatare koo nasht curr diyaa. usee samay, soviyaton ney misra parr british-francisi-israeli aakraman key khilaf pratishodh kii dhamki dee. iska parinam shaanti kii or kissy bhee pravritti kaa patan aur paschim mein communist dalon key adhik buddhijiviyon key isteefon kaa parinam thaa.
paschim germany.
paschimi germany aur paschimi berlin sheet yuddh key dauran poorv-paschim sangharsh key kendra they aur kaee saamyavaadi morche sthaapit kiye gaye they. udaaharan key liye, german-soviyat mitrata key liye purvi germany sangathan samaaj (jee. aff. dee. aiss. aff.) key paschim germany mein 13,000 sadasya they, lekin 1953 mein kuchh lender dwara ack communist morche key roop mein ise pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. germany kii loktaantrik saanskritik leag vaastav mein bahulvaadi nikaayon kii ack shrinkhala key roop mein shuru hui, lekin 1950-1951 mein communists key niyantran mein aaa gaee. 1952 taka, sanyukt raajya dutawas ney 54 "ghuspaith karane vaale sangathanon" kii ginati kii joe swatantra roop seey shuru hue aur saath hii 155 "front sangathanon" kii ginati kii joe apani shuruat seey hii communist seey prerit they.
naazi shasson key peediton kaa sangathan paschim germans koo faasivaad virodhi banner key tahat raili karane key liye sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin jaba masco koo pataa chalaa kii yeh "zionist agents" dwara ghuspaith kii gaee thee tou ise bhang karna padaa.
chean.
aage kii badee chhalang.
maao jedong aur cheeni communist party 1949 mein chean mein satta mein aaee kyonki kuomintang key netritva mein rashtravadi taiwan dweep parr bhaag gaye. 1950-1953 mein, chean koriyai yuddh mein sanyukt raajya america, dakshin koria aur sanyukt rashtra balon key saath badey paimaane parr, aghoshit yuddh mein lagaa huaa thaa. jabaki ack sainya gatirodh mein samaapt huaa, isane maao koo chean mein una tatvon kii pehchaan karane aur unhein shuddh karane kaa avsar diyaa joe poonjeevaad key samarthak prateet hotey they. sabse pahale, stallin key saath ghanishth sahyog thaa, jinhone 1930 key soviyat model kii rekha key saath audyogikaran prakriya mein sahaayata key liye takniki visheshagyon koo bheja. 1953 mein stallin kii mrityu key baad, masco key saath sambandhon mein khatas aaa gaee-maao ney socha kii stallin key uttaradhikariyon ney saamyavaadi aadarsh koo dhokha diyaa thaa. maao ney aarop lagaaya kii soviyat netaa nikita khrushchev ack "sanshodhanvaadi gutt" key netaa they joe markswad key khilaf hoe gaye they aur leninism abb poonjeevaad kii bahaali key liye munch taiyar curr rhaa thaa. 1960 taka donon rashtra talwar key nishan parr they. donon ney duniya bhar mein communist samarthakon key saath gathbandhan karna shuru curr diyaa, jisase duniya bhar key andolan koo dou shatrutapurna shiviron mein vibhajit curr diyaa gayaa.
teji seey shaharikaran key soviyat model koo aswikar karate hue, maao jedong aur unake sheersh sahayogi deng giaoping ney badey shaharon key bajaay kisan gaanvon koo aadhar key roop mein upayog karate hue ratonrat chean key audyogikaran key lakshya key saath aaee. dee. 1 mein badee chhalang lagaai. bhoomi kaa niji swaamitva samaapt hoe gayaa aur kisaanon ney badey saamoohik kheton mein kaam kiya, jinhen abb ispat milon jaise bhaari udyog sanchaalan shuru karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. takniki visheshagyon, prabandhakon, parivahan yaa aavashyak suvidhaon kii kamee key bavjood, sanyantron kaa nirmaan dooradraj key sthaanon mein kiya gayaa thaa. audyogikaran whiffle rhaa, lekin mukhya parinam krishi utpaadan mein ack tej apratyaashit girawat thee, jisake kaaran badey paimaane parr akaal padaa aur laakhon mautein huin. vaastav mein aage badhane key varshon mein aarthik pratigaman dekhaa gayaa, 1958 seey 1961 key beach key varshon mein 1953 aur 1983 key beach chean kii arthavyavastha mein nakaratmak vriddhi dekhi gaee. raajneetik arthashastri dwite perkins kaa tark haye, "bhaari matra mein nivesh seey utpaadan mein kewal mamuli vriddhi hui yaa koee bhee naheen. [.]..] sankshep mein, yeh mahaan chhalang ack bahut hii mahangi aapada thee. arthavyavastha koo bachaane key prabhaari key roop mein, deng ney vyaavhaarik neetiyon koo apanaaya joe aadarshvaadi maao koo napsand theen. kuchh samay key liye, maao chhaaya mein thaa, lekin vaha kendra munch parr laut aaya aur saanskritik kranti (1966-1969) mein deng aur usake sahyogiyon koo shuddh curr diyaa.
yuddh key baad key asantusht communist.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, vishleshan aur ranneeti parr aantarik vibhajan koo badhaakar trotskiwad koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh ack audyogik napunsakta key saath jodaa gayaa thaa jise vyaapak roop seey maanyata dee gaee thee. isake alawa, europe aur asia mein soviyat-gathbandhan dalon kii safalata ney trotsky buddhijiviyon jaise kii vietnami trotskeevadiyon key kukhyaat shuddhikaran key utpeedan kaa kaaran banaa. yuddh ney paschim mein samajik loktaantrik dalon koo bhee tanaav mein daal diyaa thaa. kuchh mamalon mein, jaise kii itali mein, samajik loktaantrik party kii sadasyata key mahatvapurna nikaay unnat samaajvaad praapt karane kii sambhavana seey prerit they. itali mein, iss samooh ney, asantusht communists key saath milkar, aadhunik karkhanon mein kaam key anubhav parr kendrit siddhant parr charcha karna shuru kiya, jisase swaayatt markswadi bunn gaye. sanyukt raajya america mein, yeh saiddhaantik vikas johnson-vann pravritti key samanantar thaa, jabaki france mein isi tarah kaa aaveg huaa thaa.
sheet yuddh aur sanshodhanvaad (1958-1979).
chean mein maovad aur saanskritik kranti.
saanskritik kranti ack uthal-puthal thee jisane 1966 seey 1976 taka buddhijiviyon aur party netaaon koo lakshit kiya. maao kaa lakshya cheeni communist party key bheetar maovadi roodhivaad koo lagu karke poonjipatiyon aur paramparavadiyon koo hataakar saamyvaad koo shuddh karna thaa. iss andolan ney chean koo raajneetik roop seey pangu banaa diyaa aur varshon taka desh koo aarthik, saanskritik aur bauddhik roop seey kamjor curr diyaa. laakhon logon parr aarop lagaaya gayaa, apamaanit kiya gayaa, satta chheen lii gaee aur yaa tou unhein kaid curr diyaa gayaa, maar diyaa gayaa yaa aksar unhein khet majdooron key roop mein kaam karane key liye bheja gayaa. maao ney jore dekar kahaa kii inn logon koo unhone hinsak varg sangharsh key madhyam seey hataa diyaa. dou sabse pramukh aatankvaadi senaa key marshel linn biao aur maao kii patni jiang king they. chean key yuvaaon ney desh bhar mein redd gaard samoohon kaa gathan karke maao kii appeal kaa jawab diyaa. yeh andolan senaa, shahari kaaryakartaon aur communist party key netritva mein fail gayaa. isake parinamswarup jeevan key sabhi kshetron mein vyaapak gutt sangharsh hue. sheersh netritva mein, isane varishth adhikaariyon koo badey paimaane parr shuddh kiya, jinn parr "poonjiwadi raasta" lene kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey liu shaoki aur deng giaoping. isi avadhi key dauran, maao key vyaktitva panth mein apaar vriddhi hui. 1976 mein maao kii mrityu key baad, bache hue logon kaa punarvaas kiya gayaa aur kaee satta mein laut aae.
cuba kranti.
cuba kii kranti cuba key tanashah fulgencio batista key shasson key khilaf fidel castro key 26 julaai key andolan key netritva mein ack safal sashastr vidroh thaa. isane 1 janwari 1959 koo batista koo bedkhal curr diyaa, aur unake shasson kii jagah castro kii krantikari sarkaar koo niyukt curr diyaa. castro kii sarkaar ney baad mein saamyavaadi tarj parr sudhaar kiya, octuber 1965 mein cuba kii vartamaan saamyavaadi party bunn gaee. sanyukt raajya america kii pratikriya atyadhik nakaratmak thee, jisake kaaran 1961 mein aakraman kaa ack asafal prayaas huaa. soviyat sangh ney 1962 mein cuba mein paramanu hathiyar sthaapit karke apane sahayogi kii raksha karane kaa faisala kiya. cuba missile sankat mein, sanyukt raajya ney soviyat sangh key kadam kaa jordar virodh kiya. kuchh dinon taka paramanu yuddh kaa gambhir darr thaa, lekin ack samjhauta kiya gayaa jisake dwara masco ney saarvajanik roop seey apane hathiyaron koo hataa diyaa aur sanyukt raajya america ney gupt roop seey turkey mein apane thikaanon seey hataa diyaa aur kabhi bhee aakraman naheen karane kaa vaadaa kiya.
african saamyvaad.
africa key upaniveshvaad key dauran, soviyat sangh ney usa mahadweep key swatantrata andolanon mein gahari ruchi lii aur shuru mein ummeed kii kii vahaan communist graahak raajyon kii kheti paschim mein unake aarthik aur ranneetik sansadhanon seey incar curr degi. africa key sambandh mein soviyat videsh neeti ney maanaa kii naee swatantra african sarkaaren saamyavaadi vichardhara key prati grahansheel hongi aur soviyat sangh key paas unhein vikas bhagidaron key roop mein aakarshak banaane key liye sansaadhan honge. 1970 key dashak key dauran, kaee upa-sahaara african raajyon key sattaaroodh dalon ney aupchaarik roop seey saamyvaad koo apanaaya, jisamen peepuls republic off benin, peepuls republic off mosambic, peepuls republic off dha congo, peepuls democratic republic off ethiopia aur peepuls republic off angola shamil hain. inmein seey adhikansh shasanon ney markswad yaa leninism key prati vyaapak vaichaarik pratibaddhata key khilaf sthaapit communist siddhant key chayanaatmak apanaane aur lacheele anuprayog koo sunishchit kiya. saamyvaad koo apanaane koo aksar anta key saadhan key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa aur satta key charam kendrikaran koo sahee thaharaane key liye upayog kiya jaataa thaa.
angola shayed ekmatra african raajya thaa jisane saamyvaad key prati lambe samay seey pratibaddhata jataai thee, lekin yeh apani yuddh-bojh vaali arthavyavastha, badey paimaane parr bhrashtachar aur vyaavhaarik vaastaviktaon seey gambhir roop seey baadhit thaa, jisane gharelu angolan niji kshetra key unmoolan aur kendriya aarthik yojana key paryaapt star key bavjood kuchh videshi companiyon koo kaafee prabhaav daalane kii anumati dee. angola aur ethiopia donon ney nae samajik aur raajneetik saamyavaadi sansthanon kaa nirmaan kiya joe soviyat sangh aur cuba key baad nikatata seey banaae gaye they. haalaanki, nagrik sangharsh key kaaran soviyat sangh key patan key baad yaa tou unake shasson bhang hoe gaye yaa samajik loktantra key paksh mein swechha seey saamyvaad koo aswikar curr diyaa.
euro saamyvaad.
1960 key dashak key anta seey 1980 key dashak taka paschimi europe key kaee deshon mein ack mahatvapurna pravritti euro saamyvaad thaa. yeh spen key pee. see. ee., finland key dall mein aur vishesh roop seey itali key pee. see. aaee. mein sabse majboot thaa, jahan yeh antonio gramsi key vichaaron koo aakarshit kartaa thaa. ise communist party key sadasyon dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa joe soviyat sangh aur chean donon seey mohbhang hoe gaye they aur ack swatantra karyakram kii maang curr rahey they. unhone udaar sansadiya loktantra aur abhivyakti kii swatantrata koo sweekaar karane key saath-saath kuchh sharton key saath ack poonjiwadi bajar arthavyavastha koo sweekaar kiya. unhone poonjeevaad key vinash kii baat naheen kii, balki janata kaa samarthan aur naukarshahi key kramik parivartan dwara jeetane kii koshish kii. 1978 mein, spen kii communist party ney aitihaasik "markswadi-leninist" shabdansh koo "markswadi, loktaantrik aur krantikari" key nae naare seey badal diyaa. 1980 key dashak mein andolan feeka parh gayaa aur 1989 mein purvi europe mein saamyvaad key patan key saath yeh dhwast hoe gayaa.
anya roop.
arajaktawadi-saamyvaad ack raajneetik darshan aur arajaktawadi vichardhara haye joe raajya, poonjeevaad, majdoori shram, samajik padanukram aur niji sampatti (vyaktigat sampatti key liye sammaan banaae rakhate hue, saamoohik roop seey swaamitva vaali vastuon, vastuon aur sevaaon key saath) key unmoolan kii vakaalat kartaa haye."
vaam saamyvaad saamyvaad key vampanthi paksh dwara aayojit ack sthiti haye, joe markswadi-leninists aur samajik loktantravadiyon dwara samarthit raajneetik vichaaron aur prathaon kii aalochana kartaa haye. vampanthi communist aise padon parr jore dete hain jinhen way joseph stallin dwara apane bolshevikaran key baad aur isaki doosari congress key dauran communist antarrashtriya dwara samarthit markswad-leninism key vichaaron kii tulanaa mein adhik pramanik roop seey markswadi maanate hain.
udaarvaadi markswad aarthik aur raajneetik darshan kaa ack vyaapak daira haye joe markswad key adhinaayakvaadi aur udaarvaadi pahaluon parr jore detaa haye.
purvi gutt kaa anta (1980-1992).
sudhaar aur patan (1980-1992).
purvi europe mein saamyavaadi shasanon kii neetiyon key prati samajik pratirodh ekjutata key uday key saath taakat mein tej hoe gayaa, joe 1980 mein peepuls republic off polland mein baney yuddh sandhi mein pahala gair-saamyavaadi niyantrit vyaapaar sangh thaa.
1985 mein, mikhail gorbachev soviyat sangh mein satta mein aae aur raajneetik udaarikaran seey judee kattarpanthi raajneetik sudhaar kii neetiyon kii shuruat kii, jise perestroica aur glassnost kahaa jaataa haye. gorbachev kii neetiyon koo raajya key sattawadi tatvon koo samaapt karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, jinhen stallin dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, jiska uddeshya ack aadarsh leninist raajya mein vaapsee karna thaa, jisane ack-party sanrachana koo banaae rakhaa, jabaki raajneetik karyalaya key liye party key bheetar pratispardhi ummidvaaron key loktaantrik chunaav kii anumati dee. gorbachev kaa uddeshya paschim key saath shaanti sthaapit karna aur sheet yuddh koo samaapt karna thaa joe abb soviyat sangh dwara aarthik roop seey tikaau naheen thaa. soviyat sangh aur rashtrapati george aich key tahat sanyukt raajya america. doubleu. busch rangbhed koo samaapt karane key liye aage badhane mein shamil hoe gaye aur namibia parr dakshin african aupaniveshik shasson key vighatan kaa nireekshan kiya.
iss beach, purvi europeeya saamyavaadi raajya polish ekjutata andolan kii safalata aur gorbachev-shally key raajneetik udaarikaran kii sambhavana key jawab mein raajneetik roop seey bigad gaye. 1989 mein purvi europe aur chean mein saamyavaadi shasson key khilaf vidroh shuru hue. chean mein, sarkaar ney chhaatr pradarshankariyon key saath baatchit karane seey incar curr diyaa, jisake parinamswarup tianmen chaukor hamale hue, jisane vidroh koo balpurvak roque diyaa.
19 agast, 1989 koo paine-europeeya picnic mein austriya aur hangri key beach ack seema dwaar kaa udghaatan, phir ack shantipurna shrinkhala pratikriya shuru hui, jisake anta mein ack jee. dee. aar. naheen thaa aur purvi gutt vighatit hoe gayaa thaa. 1961 mein berlin kii deewaar key nirmaan key baad seey yeh purvi germany seey sabse badaa palayan andolan thaa. lekin paine-europeeya picnic mein badey paimaane parr palayan key saath, purvi germany kii samajwadi ekataa party key baad key hichkichaahat vaale vyavhaar aur soviyat sangh key gair-hastakshep ney baandhon koo toda diyaa. vidrohon kii parinati purvi germany mein erich honekar key saamyavaadi shasson key khilaf vidroh key saath hui. purvi germany mein yeh ghatana ack lokpriya zana vidroh mein vikasit hui, jisamen berlin kii deewaar key kuchh hisson koo faad diyaa gayaa aur poorv aur paschim berliners ekjut hoe gaye. vidroh koo dabaane key liye purvi germany mein sthit soviyat balon kaa upayog karane seey gorbachev key incar koo ack sanket key roop mein dekhaa gayaa kii sheet yuddh samaapt hoe gayaa thaa. honor parr pada seey istifa dene kaa dabaav daala gayaa aur naee sarkaar ney paschim germany key saath punarmilan key liye khud koo pratibaddh kiya. 1989 kii roman kranti mein nikole seusescu key communist party shasson koo jabaran ukhaad fenka gayaa aur seusescu koo maar diyaa gayaa. anya yuddh sandhi shasson bhee 1989 kii kraantiyon key dauran gir gaye, apavaad key roop mein samajwadi janvaadi ganarajya albania joe 1992 taka jaari rhaa.
yugoslavia mein ashanti aur antatah saamyvaad kaa patan bhee huaa, halanki yuddh sandhi kii tulanaa mein alag-alag karanon seey. 1980 mein josip broze tito kii mrityu aur usake baad majboot netritva key shoonya ney bahurashtriya desh mein pratidvandi jaatiya raashtravaad key uday kii anumati dee. raajneetik uddeshyon key liye iss tarah key raashtravaad kaa shoshan karane vaale pahale netaa sloboden milosevic they, jinhone serbia key rashtrapati key roop mein satta parr kabja karane key liye serbian raashtravaad kaa upayog kiya aur yugoslav sangh mein anya ganrajyon dwara serbia aur serb key samajwadi ganarajya koo riyaayaton kii maang kii. isake parinamswarup pratikriya mein sloven aur crot raashtravaad mein vriddhi hui aur 1990 mein yugoslavia key communists kii leag kaa patan huaa, adhikansh yugoslavia key ghatak ganrajyon mein bahudaliya chunaavon mein rashtravadiyon kii jeet hui aur antatah 1991 mein shuru hue vibhinn rashtriyataon key beach grih yuddh huaa. 1992 mein yugoslavia koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
algavvadi raashtravaad key uday aur russie sangh key nae netaa gorbachev aur boris yeltsin key beach raajneetik shakti vivaad key saath 1990 aur 1991 key beach soviyat sangh khud dhwast hoe gayaa. soviyat sangh key patan koo poonjiwadi shaktiyon key raajneetik dabaav, vishva bainkon seey rinn aur udaar loktantra key liye dabaav aur soviyat gutt key bheetar upbhoktaavaad mein vriddhi seey bhee sahaayata millie. yuu.aiss. maudrik aur rajkoshiya neeti ney byaaj daron koo badhaaya, jisase soviyat sangh key liye paisa udhaar lena bahut mushkil hoe gayaa. soviyat sangh key dhahane key saath, gorbachev ney desh koo swatantra raajyon kaa ack dheela sangh banane key liye taiyar kiya jise swatantra raajyon kaa rashtramandal kahaa jaataa haye. senaa mein kattarpanthi communist netaaon ney 1991 key agast takhtapalat key saath gorbachev kii neetiyon parr pratikriya vyakt kii, jisamen kattarpanthi communist sainya netaaon ney gorbachev koo ukhaad fenka aur sarkaar parr niyantran curr liya. yeh shasson kewal kuchh samay key liye chalaa kyonki sadak virodh pradarshanon mein vyaapak lokpriya virodh huaa aur aatmasamarpan karane seey incar curr diyaa. gorbachev koo satta mein bahaal curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin vibhinn soviyat ganarajya abb swatantrata key liye taiyar they. 25 disambar 1991 koo, gorbachev ney aadhikarik taur parr soviyat sangh key vighatan kii ghoshana kii, jisase duniya key pahale saamyavaadi raajya kaa astitva samaapt hoe gayaa.
samkaaleen saamyvaad (1993-vartamaan).
soviyat sangh aur purvi gutt mein saamyavaadi sarkaaron key patan key saath, duniya mein raajya-adharit markswadi-leninist vichardharaon kaa prabhaav kamjor hoe gayaa thaa, lekin duniya bhar mein abhee bhee vibhinn prakaar aur aakar key kaee saamyavaadi andolan hain. teen anya saamyavaadi rashtra, vishesh roop seey purvi asia mein chean, viyatnam aur laao jaise janvaadi ganarajya, sabhi bajar arthvyavasthaon kii or badhe, lekin 1980 aur 1990 key dashak key dauran raajya kshetra key badey nijikaran key binaa (adhik vivaran key liye cheeni visheshtaon key saath samaajvaad aur doee moee dekhein). spen, france, purtagaal aur grees mein saarvajanik roop seey bahut majboot saamyavaadi andolan hain joe unake adhikansh shram marchon aur hadtaalon key saath-saath tapasya virodhi virodh pradarshanon mein ack khuli aur sakriya agrani bhoomika nibhaate hain, joe sabhi badey, spasht ghatanaaen hain. antarrashtriya shramik divas parr duniya bhar mein march kabhi-kabhi vartamaan saamyavaadi andolanon key aakar aur prabhaav kii spasht tasveer dete hain, vishesh roop seey europe key bheetar.
cuba haal hii mein apane nae sahyogiyon venezuela aur chean (jinamen seey poorv ney haal hii mein 21 veen shatabdi key samaajvaad koo apanaaya haye, hyugo chaavez key anusaar) key saath vyaapaar kii matra mein vriddhi koo dekhate hue soviyat sangh key patan seey utpann sankat seey ubhara haye. lattin america aur carribean key vibhinn anya deshon ney bhee adhik spasht roop seey samajwadi neetiyon aur bayanbaji mein samaan badalaav kiye hain, ack ghatana mein shikshaavid gulabi jwaar koo bulaa rahey hain.
uttar koria kaa daavaa haye kii samaajvaad key patan seey bachane mein isaki safalata usaki gharelu vichardhara "juche" kaa parinam haye jise usane 1970 key dashak mein apanaaya thaa, jisane markswad-leninism kii jagah lii thee. cuba kaa uttar koria mein ack rajdoot haye aur chean abhee bhee uttar koriyai kshetriya akhandata kii raksha kartaa haye, bhale hii vaha ack saath raajya koo bhautik vastuon yaa anya mahatvapurna sahaayata kii aapoorti karane seey incar curr detaa haye.
nepal mein, nepal kii communist party (ekikrit markswadi-leninist) key netaa maan mohan adhikaari 1994 seey 1995 taka kuchh samay key liye nepal key pradhaanmantri aur rashtriya netaa baney aur maovadi gurilla netaa prachanda koo 2008 mein nepal kii samvidhaan sabhaa dwara pradhaanmantri chunaa gayaa. prachanda koo taba seey pradhaanmantri key roop mein pada seey hataa diyaa gayaa haye, jisase maovadiyon koo apane kanuni drishtikon koo chhodane aur apane vishisht sadak karyon aur ugravaad kii or lautane aur nepali shram andolan parr apane kaafee mahatvapurna prabhaav kaa upayog karke chhitput samanya hadtaalon kaa netritva karane key liye prerit kiya gayaa haye. yeye kriyaaen halke aur teevra key beach dolan karati hain, jinamen seey kewal baad vaalaa hii vishva samachar banaata haye. way prachand koo hataane koo anyaaypurna maanate hain. 2008 key baad seey nepal mein saamyavaadi dalon key gathbandhan kaa shasson rhaa haih nepal kii saamyavaadi party (ekikrit markswadi-leninist) aur nepal kii saamyavaadi party (maovadi kendra) jiska unhone 2018 mein nepal communist party mein vilay curr diyaa thaa.
bhaarat kii pichhali rashtriya sarkaar bhaaratiya communist party (markswadi) aur bhaaratiya communist party key sansadiya samarthan parr nirbhar thee. vartamaan mein see. pee. aaee. (aim) key saath see. pee. aaee. keral mein raajya sarkaar kaa netritva kartaa haye. bhaaratiya communist party (maovadi) kii sashastr shakha, peepuls liberation gurilla armi, bhaarat sarkaar key khilaf naksaliya-maovadi vidroh seey lada rahee haye aur desh key kuchh hisson mein sakriya haye. bhaaratiya sarkari bull kaafee hudd taka vidroh koo samaapt karane mein safal rahey hain.
cyprus mein, akel key anubhavi communist dimitris christophias ney 2008 kaa rashtrapati chunaav jeetaa.
ukraine aur roose mein, saamyavaadi kramshah 2002 key ukraini sansadiya chunaav aur 2003 key russie vidhaayi chunaav mein dusare sthaan parr aae. russie sangh kii communist party roose mein majboot bunny hui haye, lekin ukraine parr russie aakraman aur aparaadh key vilay key baad 2014 key ukraini sansadiya chunaav key parinamswarup isake 32 sadasyon kaa nuksan huaa aur ukraine kii communist party dwara koee varkhovna raada pratinidhitva naheen huaa. party 2015 seey pratibandhit haye.
check ganarajya mein, bohemia aur moravia kii communist party 2002 key chunaavon mein teesari baar aaee, jaisa kii 2005 mein purtagaali communist party ney kiya thaa.
dakshin africa mein, dakshin african communist party (saikap) african rashtriya congress aur dakshin african trade yuniyanon kii congress key saath tripakshiya gathbandhan kaa sadasya haye. srilanka kii rashtriya sarkaaron mein saamyavaadi mantri hain.
zimbabwe mein, zimbabwe african rashtriya sangh key poorv rashtrapati robbert mugabe-desh key lambe samay seey netaa, deshbhakt morcha, ack tathaakathit communist they.
columbia ack grih yuddh key beach rhaa haye joe 1966 seey columbia sarkaar aur dou communist gurilla samoohon, arthaat columbia-peepuls armi (fark-ep) aur rashtriya mukti senaa (ln) key krantikari sashastr balon key khilaf dakshinpanthi ardhsainik balon key beach chalaaya jaa rhaa haye.
krantikari communist party, sanyukt raajya america, isake adhyaksh bobb awakian key netritva mein vartamaan mein sanyukt raajya america mein ack kranti key liye ayojan kartaa haye taaki poonjiwadi pranali koo ukhaad fenka jaa sakey aur ise ack samajwadi raajya key saath pratisthaapit kiya jaa sakey.
2020 key dashak kii shuruat mein, phillippeans abhee bhee naee logon kii senaa, phillippeans kii pratibandhit communist party kii sashastr shakha dwara cumm paimaane parr gurilla vidroh kaa anubhav curr rhaa haye. march 2021 key anta mein phillippeans key sashastr balon key saath golibari key baad aine. pee. aeye. seey sambaddh ack sashastr samooh kii kaarravaai mein aathh loga maare gaye.

