
constantine kaa mehrab

dha aark off constantine () rome mein ack vijayi kamaan haye joe samrat constantin dha grate koo samarpit haye. 312 mein milvian pull kii ladaai mein maxantius parr constantin kii jeet key uplakshya mein roman senate dwara kamaan koo commission kiya gayaa thaa. colossium aur palatin pahaadi key beach sthit, kamaan "vijayi key madhyam seey" faili hui haye, jaba vijayi sainya netaaon dwara shahar mein ack vijayi julus mein pravesh kiya gayaa thaa. yeh uchch, chaude aur gahare key samagr aayamon key saath, yeh sabse badaa roman vijayi mehrab haye. isamen teen khand hain, madhya mein ack oonchaa aur chauda haye aur pratyek key liye paarshv hain. mehrab kaa nirmaan eenton seey baney concreet seey kiya gayaa haye joe sangamarmar seey dhakaa huaa haye.
alag stambhon key saath teen khaadi design kaa upayog pahali baar roman munch mein septimius saverus key mehrab key liye kiya gayaa thaa (joe vijay maarg key anta mein khadaa haye) aur abb khoye hue kaee anya mehraabon mein dohraya gayaa thaa.
halanki murtikala sajawat kaa adhikansh hissa sthir karane key liye samarpit haye, jisamen trajan (98-117), hadrian (117-138) aur marcus aurelius (161-180) koo samarpit pahale key vijayi smarakon seey hataae gaye chitra aur moortiyaan shamil hain, jinake chitra key sir koo unake apane seey badal diyaa gayaa haye.
itihas.
kamaan, jiska nirmaan 312 aur 325 key beach kiya gayaa thaa, senate dwara constantine key shasankal (306-337) key duss saal ("ack dashak") aur 28 octuber 312 koo milvian pull kii ladaai mein tatkalin shaasak samrat maxantius (306-312) parr unaki jeet key uplakshya mein samarpit kiya gayaa thaa, jaisa kii isake attari shilalekh parr varnit haye, aur aadhikarik taur parr 25 julaai 315 koo khola gayaa thaa. naa kewal roman senate ney constantine kii jeet key liye kamaan dee thee, way bhee dashabdi kaa jashn manaa rahey theh roman samrajya key dauran harr dashak mein honey vaale khelon kii ack shrinkhala. inn avsaron parr unhone kaee praarthanaaen bhee keen aur aadhyatmik aur saansaarik donon pratigyaon koo navinikrit kiya. haalaanki, constantine vaastav mein 29 octuber 312 koo badey anand key beach rome mein pravesh curr gayaa thaa, aur senate ney taba smaarak koo chaalu kiya thaa. taba dou maheene key bheetar constantine rome chhod diyaa aur 326 taka vaapas naheen aaya.
yeh sthaan, palatin pahaadi aur callion pahaadi key beach, apane mool mein roman vijay ("vijayotsav key madhyam seey") key pracheen maarg parr faila huaa thaa, jahan yeh "pavitra key madhyam seey" seey alag hoe gayaa thaa. yeh maarg samraton dwara liya gayaa thaa jaba way vijay key saath shahar mein pravesh karate they. yeh maarg campus martius seey shuru huaa, circus maximus key madhyam seey, aur palatine pahaadi key aspas; constantine key mehrab key turant baad, julus metaa sudan parr baain or mudataa aur "saikra key madhyam seey" forum romanam aur capitaline pahaadi kii or jaataa, titus aur septimius saverus donon key mehraabon seey gujarta.
madhya yug key dauran, pracheen rome key parivarik gadhon mein seey ack mein sangrodh key mehrab koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa, jaisa kii yahaan herman vaine swenwelt dwara chitra mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. bahaali key kaam pahali baar 18veen shatabdi mein kiye gaye they, antim khudai 1990 key dashak key anta mein hui thee, 2000 kii mahaan jayanti seey thheek pahale. kamaan ney 1960 key grishmakaaleen olympic key liye mairathan athletic karyakram key liye antim rekha key roop mein kaary kiya.
vivaad.
mehrab kii utpatti parr bahut vivaad rhaa haye, kuchh vidvaanon kaa daavaa haye kii ise abb constantine key mehrab key roop mein sandarbhit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, lekin vaastav mein yeh hadrian key samay seey ack pahale kaa kaam haye, joe constantine key shasankal key dauran phir seey kaam kiya gayaa thaa, yaa cumm seey cumm nichale hisse mein. ack anya siddhant kaa maanana haye kii yeh maxantius dwara banaaya gayaa thaa, yaa cumm seey cumm shuru kiya gayaa thaa, aur ack vidwan kaa maanana thaa kii yeh adhivasi (81-96) key samay seey hii thaa.
prateekvaad.
maxantius key joe bhee dosh they, rome mein unaki pratishtha saarvajanik bhawan mein unake yogdan seey prabhaavit thee. unake pravesh key samay taka, adhikansh samraton ney kaheen aur rahane kaa vikalp chunaa aur najuk seemaon kii raksha parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, jahaan unhone aksar nae shaharon kii sthaapana kii, aur way samrajya key shasson key liye teji seey aprasangik hoe rahey they.
inn karakon ney maxantius kii shakti koo jabt karane kii kshamata mein yogdan diyaa. apane poorvavartiyon key vipareet, maxantius ney rajdhani koo bahaal karane parr dhyaan kendrit kiya; unakaa upnaam "sanrakshak arbis sue" (unake shahar kaa sanrakshak) thaa. iss prakaar, sangrodh koo shahar key sabse badey labharthiyon mein seey ack key jamakarta key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa, aur vaidhata praapt karane kii aavashyakta thee. iss avadhi key saarvajanik karyon key sanrakshan koo laker bahut vivaad rhaa haye. ack apmaanjanak gyaapan jaari karate hue, maxantius kii smriti koo vyavasthit roop seey mitaane key liye nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye. natijatan, chauthi shatabdi kii shuruat mein saarvajanik bhavanon key sanrakshan key baare mein kaafee anishchitata bunny hui haye, jisamen constantine kaa mehrab bhee shamil haye, joe mool roop seey maxantius kaa mehrab hoe sakata haye.
murtikala shally.
constantine kaa mehrab ack mahatvapurna udaaharan haye, jise kalaa itihas key sarvekshanon mein, chauthi shatabdi key shaileegat parivartanon key baare mein, aur "roman kaal key anta mein shaastriya yunani cannon key roopon key patan" key baare mein aksar uddhrit kiya jaataa haye, ack sanket haye kii shahar mein girawat aaa rahee thee, aur jald hii 324 mein constantine dwara constantine mein ack naee rajdhani kii sthaapana seey grahan kiya jaayega. treason, hadrian aur marcus aurelius kii punah upayog kii gaee shaahi nakkashi kii shailiyon key beach kaa antar aur arche key liye nae banaae gaye, "hinsak", kii jahan ack pahale key samrat key sir koo constantine key dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, kalakar abhee bhee ack "constantine key chehare kii komal pratipaadan" koo praapt karane mein saksham thaa, joe kii "karyashala kii ack pramukh shally seey bahut door thaa. yeh pracheen kaal key anta mein rome seey sabse prabhaavshaali jeevit nagrik smaarak banaa huaa haye, lekin isaki utpatti aur arth key sambandh mein sabse vivadaspad mein seey ack haye.
kitzinger ney hadrian shher-shikaar key ack goal kii tulanaa kii, joe "abhee bhee dair seey hellenistic kalaa kii parampara mein dridhata seey nihit haye", aur "khule, hawadar sthaan kaa ack bhram haye jisamen aakritiyaan swatantra roop seey aur aaraam seey aatm-ashvasana key saath chalati hain" baad key chitra key saath jahaan aakritiyaan "dabaayi jaati hain, funce jaati hain, jaisa kii yeh thee, dou kaalpanik vimaanon key beach aur frame key bheetar itani kaskar paik kii jaati hain kii kissy bhee disha mein andolan kii sabhi swatantrata kii kamee hoti haye", "aise haav-bhaav joe" jhatkedaar, atee-uttejak aur shareer key baaki hisson key saath samanvit naheen hotey hain ". chauthi shatabdi kii nakkashi mein, aakritiyon koo jyaamitiya roop seey ack aise pattern mein nipataaya jaataa haye joe "kewal darshak key sambandh mein hii samajh mein aataa haye", "vishaalata" drishya (neeche) mein samrat parr kendrit hotaa haye joe seedhe darshak koo dekhta haye. kitzinger aage kahata haih "gayaa bhee anupaat kaa shaastriya siddhant haye. sir asman roop seey badey, chaddi vargakar, pair jiddi hotey hain... "aakritiyon key bhautik aakar mein antar pada aur mahatva key antar koo kaafee hudd taka rekhaankit kartaa haye jise doosari shatabdi key kalakar ney ack aakasmik samooh key bheetar sookshm rachana key madhyam seey ingit kiya thaa. anta mein, satah kii banaavat key vistaar aur bhinnata kaa vistaar kiya gayaa haye. chehare model key bajaay kaate jaate hain, baal kuchh satahi stippling key saath ack topi kaa roop lete hain, drapery folds koo gaharaai seey drill kii gaee rekhaaon dwara sankshep mein ingit kiya jaataa haye."
yadi jaldbaji kii jaae tou aayog spasht roop seey atyadhik mahatvapurna thaa, aur kaam koo usa samay rome mein upalabdh sarvshreshth shilp kaushal koo darshaane key roop mein maanaa jaanaa chaahiye; vahee karyashala shayed kaee jeevit sarkofegi key liye jimmedaar thee. shally aur nishpaadan donon mein girawat key liye kaise jimmedaar thaharaaya jaae, iss sawal ney ack vishal charcha paida kii haye. charcha mein shamil kiye gaye karakon mein shamil hainh teesari shatabdi key sankat key raajneetik aur aarthik vyavadhaan key kaaran kalaatmak kaushal mein sancharan kaa tootana, samrajya key aspas kii purvi aur anya poorv-shaastriya kshetriya shailiyon kaa prabhaav (joseph strazigovsky dwara prachaarit ack drishtikon (1862-1941), aur abb jyaadaatar chhoot), ack saral "lokpriya" yaa "itailik" shally kii uchch-sthiti vaali saarvajanik kalaa mein udbhav jiska upayog greek model key poore shasankal mein cumm ameer logon dwara kiya gayaa thaa, joe shaastriya shailiyon kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye aaee thee, aur duniya koo saral aur abhivyaktipurna sambhaavanaon kaa dohan karane key liye ack sakriya vaichaarik modd joe ack saral shally ney diyaa thaa. constantine key samay key moortikaar prateekvaad mein adhik ruchi rakhate theh dharm key liye prateekvaad key saath-saath itihas key liye prateekvaad donon. ack kaarak joe jimmedaar naheen hoe sakata haye, jaisa kii chaar chatushkonon key venis chitra kii tarikh aur utpatti seey pataa chalata haye, aadhikarik samarthan key liye isai dharm kaa uday haye, jaisa kii parivartanon ney usase pahale kiya thaa.
titus aur septimius saverus key pahale key mehraabon key shaileegat sandarbhon key saath-saath anya pahale key samraton key samay seey "spolia" key samavesh koo roman itihas key liye ack jaanboojhkar shraddhanjali maanaa jaa sakata haye.
pratima-rachana.
mehrab koo puraane smarakon key hisson seey bahut adhik sajaaya gayaa haye, joe sthir imarat key sandarbh mein ack nayaa arth dhaaran karate hain. jaise hii yeh sangrodh kii jeet kaa jashn manaata haye, nae "aitihaasik" chitron mein itali mein unake abhiyaan kaa kendriya arth vyakt kiya gayaa haih yuddh mein aur unake nagrik kartavyon mein samrat kii prashansa. anya chhaviyaan iss uddeshya kaa samarthan karati hainh doosari shatabdi key samraton key tahat samrajya key "swarn kaal" seey lii gaee sajawat, jinake avasheshon kaa punah upayog inn "achche samraton" key buggle mein kiya gayaa thaa, aur tukadon kii samagri vijayi aur pavitra shaasak kii chhaviyon koo ujagar karati haye.
punah upayog key liye dee gaee ack aur vyakhya nirmaan kii shuruat (jald seey jald 312 key anta mein) aur samarpan (garmi mein 315) key beach kaa cumm samay haye, isaliye vastukaron ney naee kalaa banaane key liye samay kii kamee koo puuraa karane key liye maujooda kalaakriti kaa upayog kiya. aisaa hoe sakata haye kii itane saare puraane bhaagon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa kyonki builders koo khud yeh mahsoos naheen thaa kii unake samay key kalakar alag-alag logon dwara pahale seey kiye gaye kaam seey behtar curr sakate hain. ack aur sambhaavit kaaran key roop mein, yeh aksar sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii chauthi shatabdi key romanon mein vaastav mein sweekarya kalaakriti kaa utpaadan karane key liye kalaatmak kaushal kii kamee thee, aur way isake baare mein jaanate they, aur isaliye apane samkaaleen smarakon koo sajaane key liye pracheen imaraton koo loot liya. yeh vyakhya haal key dinon mein cumm pramukh hoe gaee haye, kyonki pracheen kaal kii kalaa kii apane aap mein sarahana kii gaee haye. yeh sambhav haye kii una vyakhyaon kaa sanyojan sahee hoe.
attari.
pratyek stambh key sheersh parr, datians kaa pratinidhitva karane vaali badee moortiyaan dekhi jaa sakati hain, joe trajan seey hain. kendriya mehrab key oopar shilalekh haye, joe attari kaa sabse pramukh hissa banaata haye aur mehrab key donon taraf samaan haye. donon taraf shilalekh key buggle mein chhote mehraabon key oopar chaar jodee raahat panel hain, kull aathh. yeye marcus aurelius key sammaan mein banaae gaye ack agyaat smaarak seey liye gaye they. uttar kii or, baaen seey daaen, panels mein abhiyaan ("adventus") key baad samrat kii rome vaapsee, samrat key shahar chhodane aur flaminia key madhyam seey vyakti key roop mein salaam karane, samrat logon key beach paisa vitarit karane ("largitio"), aur samrat dwara ack german kaidi seey poochtaachh karane kaa chitran kiya gayaa haye. dakshin kii or, baaen seey daaen, samrat key netritva mein ack pakade gaye dushman sardar koo chitrit kiya gayaa haye, anya kaidiyon key saath ack samaan drishya (neeche chitrit), samrat sainikon seey baat curr rhaa haye ("adlocutio"), aur samrat ack suar, bhed aur bail ("suoveturilia") kaa balidan curr rhaa haye. abb rajdhani sangrahalaya mein teen panels key saath, raahat shayed marcus aurelius key marcomanni key khilaf yuddh aur 169-175 seey surmattians key smaarak seey lii gaee thee, joe 176 mein marcus aurelius kii vijayi vaapsee key saath samaapt hui thee.
usee samay avadhi seey dou badey (3 meater oonche) panel mehrab key poorv aur paschim kii or attari koo sajaate hue trajan key dashian yuddhon key drishyon koo pradarshit karate hain. kendriya mehrab key ander dou nakkashi key saath, yeye dashian jeet kaa jashn manaane vaale ack badey chitra seey aae they. iss chitrashala kaa mool sthaan yaa tou trajan kaa munch thaa, yaa callius parr samrat key ghudsavaar kii bairak thee.
mukhya khand.
mukhya agrabhag kaa samanya leout mehrab key donon taraf samaan haye, jisamen aadhar parr chaar stambh hotey hain, joe sanrachana koo ack kendriya mehrab aur dou paarshv mehraabon mein vibhajit karate hain, baad vaale koo ack kshaitij chitra parr dou goal rahaton dwara adhigrahit kiya jaataa haye. chaar stambh corinthian crum key hain joe mudradhari peele sangamarmar ("gialo antico") seey baney hain, jinamen seey ack koo letrano mein basilica dee saine giovanni mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa haye aur ack safed sangamarmar key stambh dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. stambh aadhar (plinth yaa sokl) parr khade hotey hain, jinhen teen taraf seey sajaaya jaataa haye. saamane kii taraf kii nakkashi "victoria" koo dikhaati haye, yaa tou ack dhaal likhati haye yaa taad kii shaakhaaen pakadati haye, jabaki buggle mein rahane vaale akele yaa roman sainikon key saath pakade gaye berber logon koo dikhaate hain. halanki sthir, way septimius saverus (aur nasht "arcus novas") key mehrab key model parr hain, aur inhen ack "maanak" vastu key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye.
pratyek paarshv mehrab key oopar goal nakkashi key jode samrat hadrian key samay key hain. way shikaar aur balidan key drishya pradarshit karate hainh (uttar kii or, baaen seey daaen) suar kaa shikaar, apolo key liye balidan, shher kaa shikaar, hercule key liye balidan. dakshin kii or, baain jodee shikaar key liye prasthaan (neeche dekhein) aur sylvanus koo balidan dikhaati haye, jabaki daaeen or (daaeen or sachitra) way bhalu key shikaar aur dyna koo balidan dikhaate hain. samrat (mool roop seey hadrian) key sir koo sabhi padak mein phir seey kaam kiya gayaa haih uttar kii or, shikaar key drishyon mein sangrodh mein aur balidan key drishyon mein lychenius yaa constantius mein; dakshin kii or, isake vipareet. raahat, "see."2 meater vyaas, porphiri mein frame kiye gaye they; yeh frame kewal uttari agrabhag key daahine taraf maujood haye. isi tarah key padak, sthir mool key, mehrab key chhote kinaaron parr sthit hain; purvi taraf suraj ugataa huaa, paschimi taraf, chandrama dikhaai detaa haye. donon rath parr hain.
mukhya mehrab key spandrail koo trophy (neeche sachitra) key saath vijay aakritiyon koo darshaane vaali nakkashi seey sajaaya gayaa haye, chhote mehrab key devtaon koo nadee key devtaon koo dikhaate hain. stambh aadhar aur spandral raahaten sangrodh key samay seey hain.
sthiraank chitrakaari.
goal nakkashi key neeche kshaitij chitrakaari, smaarak key chaaron or chalane vaale, sangrodh key samay key mukhya bhaag hain, pratyek paarshv mehrab key oopar ack patti aur mehrab key paschim aur poorv pakshon sahit. yeye "aitihaasik" nakkashidar chitra maxantius key khilaf algaav key italvi abhiyaan key drishyon koo darshaate hain joe smaarak key nirmaan kaa kaaran thaa. friz milan (profectio) seey prasthaan key saath paschimi taraf seey shuru hotaa haye. yeh dakshini, chehare parr, baain or (dakshin paschim) verona (obsidio) kii gherabandi key saath jaari haye, ack aisee ghatana joe uttari itali mein yuddh key liye bahut mahatvapurna thee. daaeen or (dakshin poorv) milvian pull (proleum) kii ladaai koo darshaaya gayaa haye jisamen constantine kii senaa vijayi hoti haye aur dushman nadee mein doob jaataa haye. purvi taraf, constantine aur usaki senaa rome (ingressus) mein pravesh karati haye; aisaa lagata haye kii kalakar ney vijay kii chhaviyon kaa upayog karane seey parhej kiya haye, kyonki constantine shayed shashwat shahar parr vijayi naheen dikhaana chaahata thaa. uttari chehare parr, shahar kii or dekhate hue, rome parr kabja karane key baad samrat key karyon key saath dou pattiyan hain. baain or (uttar poorv) forum romanam (oracio) parr nagrikon seey baat curr rhaa haye, jabaki daaeen or (uttar paschim) logon (liberalitas) koo dhana vitarit karane key liye antim panel haye.
mehraabon key bheetari bhaag.
kendriya mehrab maarg mein, pratyek deewaar parr trajan key dashian yuddh kaa ack badaa panel haye. paarshv mehrab key ander aathh chitra bust (pratyek deewaar parr dou) hain, joe iss hudd taka nasht hoe gaye hain kii unaki pehchaan karna abb sambhav naheen haye.
shilalekh.
attari parr mukhya shilalekh mool roop seey kansya aksharon kaa hoga. ise abhee bhee aasaani seey padhaa jaa sakata haye; kewal way antaral jinamen akshar baithe hain, aur unake sanlagnak chhed, baney hue hain. yeh iss prakaar donon taraf samaan roop seey padhata haye (koshthakon mein poorna sankshipt shabdon key saath): 
sahaj bhaav" ("divya seey prerit") shabdon parr bahut tippani kii gaee haye. unhein aamtaur parr constantine key dhaarmik sambaddhata key sthanantaran key sanket key roop mein padhaa jaataa haih isai parampara, vishesh roop seey lactantius aur sizeria key eusebius, abhiyaan key dauran constantine key liye bhagwan key ack drishtikon kii kahani koo bataate hain, aur yeh kii vaha milvian pull parr cross key sanket mein vijayi thaa. aadhikarik dastavej (vishesh roop seey. sikke) abhee bhee 324 taka soorya devta koo pramukhta seey pradarshit karate hain, jabaki 312 seey constantine ney isai church kaa samarthan karna shuru curr diyaa. iss sthiti mein, shilalekh key aspasht shabdon koo sabhi sambhaavit pathakon koo khush karane key prayaas key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, joe jaanboojhkar aspasht haye, aur murtipoojakon aur isaaiyon donon key liye sweekarya haye.
jaisa kii prathaagat thaa, parajit dushman kaa naam seey ullekh naheen kiya jaataa haye, lekin kewal "atyachari" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, joe ack atyachari shaasak kii sahee hatyaa kii dhaarana parr adharit haye; "nyaaypurna yuddh" kii chhavi key saath, yeh maxantius key khilaf constantine key grih yuddh key auchitya key roop mein kaary kartaa haye.
kendriya mehrab maarg key ander dou chhote shilalekh ack samaan sandesh dete hainh constantine vijeta key roop mein naheen aaya, balki rome koo kabje seey mukt kiyaah
pratyek chhote mehrab maarg parr shilalekh iss prakaar hainh
way mehrab kii tarikh parr ack sanket dete hainh "10 veen varshgaanth key liye gambhir pratigya-20 veen varshgaanth key liye" aur "10 veen key liye, isaliye 20 veen varshgaanth key liye. donon hii constantine key "dashvaarshik" koo sandarbhit karate hain.ee. unake shasankal kii 10veen varshgaanth (joe kii 306 seey ginaa jaataa haye), jise unhone rome mein 315 kii garmiyon mein manaaya thaa. yeh maanaa jaa sakata haye kii unaki jeet kaa sammaan karane vaale mehrab kaa udghaatan shahar mein unake pravaas key dauran kiya gayaa thaa.

