
1957 polish vidhaayi chunaav

polland mein 20 janwari 1957 koo sansadiya chunaav hue they. way sejam key liye doosara chunaav they-peepuls republic off polland kii eksadaniya sansad, aur communist polland key itihas mein teesara. yeh udaarikaran kii avadhi key dauran huaa, joe vladislav gomulka key satta mein aaney key baad huaa. halanki pichhale chunaavon kii tulanaa mein adhik udaar vatavaran mein aayojit kiye gaye they, way swatantra seey bahut door they. matdaataon key paas kuchh aadhikarik ummidvaaron key khilaf matdan karane kaa vikalp thaa; sarkaar aur sattaaroodh communist polish united worker party key khilaf avishvaas mutt vyakt karane kaa ack chhota saa mauka honey key kaaran. haalaanki, sabhi saamyavaadi deshon kii tarah, sejam key liye kissy bhee sachche vipakshi sadasya koo chunane kaa koee avsar naheen thaa. chunaavon key parinamswarup rashtriya ekataa key morche key liye ack anumaanit jeet hui, jisamen pee. jey. pee. aar. kaa varchasva thaa.
jabaki chunaav gomulka key liye ack spasht jeet thee, way polish samaaj mein sthaayi parivartan kii guaranti naheen dete they. gomulka kaa shasson unake poorvavarti, kattarpanthi stalinwadi bolslav bierut kii tulanaa mein kuchh adhik maanviya thaa, aur chunaav key baad pahale kuchh varshon key dauran 1957-1963 kii "chhote sthirikaran" kii avadhi mein madhyam samarthan kaa anand liya. haalaanki, 1960 key dashak key madhya taka ise khud Pzpr mein pratispardhi guton key virodh kaa saamana karna padaa. saamyavaadi shasson key badhate lokpriya virodh key saath, 1968 key raajneetik sankat aur 1970 key polish virodh key baad gomulka koo satta seey hataa diyaa jaayega.
polland mein pichhale chunaav 1952 mein hue they. inke baad 1961 key chunaav hue they.
prishthabhoomi.
chunaav mool roop seey disambar 1956 key liye yojnabaddh they, lekin sarkaar mein mahatvapurna raajneetik parivartanon key kaaran, gomulka key satta mein aaney key parinamswarup, unhein 1957 kii shuruat taka vilambit kiya gayaa thaa. pratham sachiv gomulka dwara kiye gaye vibhinn vaadon mein seey, polish octuber shantipurna kranti key dauran, bechain polish aabaadi key liye swatantra chunaav they. vaha jaanate they kii yeh ack aisaa vaadaa thaa jise vaha apani party koo parajit dekhe binaa naheen rakh sakate they. janwari 1957 key chunaavon mein nayaa 'loktaantrik' pahalu gupt matpatra kaa punah parichay thaa, aur isase bhee mahatvapurna baat yeh thee kii sansad mein upalabdh seeton kii tulanaa mein adhik ummidwar they; 1952 key chunaavon mein ummidvaaron kii sankhya sejam mein seeton kii sankhya key barabar thee. ack aur udaarikaran kaarak yeh thaa kii pichhale chunaavon key vipareet, gupt pulis (sluzba bezpizensta) aur vipaksh key khilaf sarkaar dwara dhamki seemit thee.
ummidvaaron koo dou samoohon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa-ack aadhikarik roop seey party dwara samarthit aur 'nirdaliyon' (motey taur parr communist party line kaa paalan karate hue lekin party key sadasya ghoshit naheen kiye gaye). baad vaale parr tabhi vichaar kiya jaayega jaba jile mein aadhe seey adhik panjikrit matdaataon ney aadhikarik ummidvaaron key khilaf matdan kiya; anyatha jile kii sabhi seeten (ausatan 3 aur 6 key beach) aadhikarik ummidvaaron koo pradaan kii jaayengi.
aiss. ee. jey. aim. kii 459 seeton key liye 60,000 seey adhik ummidwar panjikrit they. sarkaar satta parr apani pakad jaari karane key liye taiyar naheen thee, isaliye ummidvaaron kii jaanch kii gaee aur 60,000 mein seey kewal 720 yaa 723 koo antatah rashtriya ekataa () key morche dwara bhaag lene aur aadhikarik soochi mein prakaashit honey kii anumati dee gaee, ekmatra sangathan jise polish chunaavon mein ummidvaaron koo saamane rakhane kii anumati thee. ummidwar key samarthan mein hastakshar kii sankhya jaise karakon koo aprasangik maanaa gayaa thaa.
ack aadhikarik sarkari press agency key preshan key anusaar, lagbhag aadhe ummidwar (lagbhag. 360) pee. jey. pee. aar. key sadasya they. shesh kaa adhikansh bhaag pee. jey. pee. aar. sahyogiyon (loktaantrik party (aiss. dee.), united peepuls party (jaid. aiss. ell.)) seey sambandhit thaa. polland mein koee vipakshi dall naheen thaa kyonki sabhi raajneetik samoohon koo pee. jey. pee. aar. key karyakram kaa samarthan karna thaa. natijatan, kissy bhee vaastavik vipakshi ummidwar koo chunaav ladane kii anumati naheen dee gaee thee, lekin siddhant roop mein polish matadaata matdan seey door rahkar communists koo unaki daavaa vaidhata seey chheen sakate they. pee. jey. pee. aar. koo raajneetik jeet praapt karane seey rokane kaa ack aur saadhan hotaa aggar sabhi pee. jey. pee. aar. ummidvaaron koo baahar curr diyaa jaataa, kewal 100 koo chunaa jaataa.
vaastavik virodh kii kamee key bavjood, udaar chunaav praarup ney vibhinn shakti sanghrshon koo mukhya roop seey communist party key ummidvaaron key beach khelane kii anumati dee. ack vishesh roop seey ullekhaniya mamla mukhya communist party (pee. jey. pee. aar.) aur cumm communist dalon (jaid. aiss. ell.) mein seey ack key kuchh ummidvaaron key beach pratidvandvita thee.
chunaav seey ack dinn pahale, gomulka ney polish nagrikon seey appeal kii kii way party key ummidvaaron key khilaf matdan naa karein, yeh kahate hue kii 'unhein paar karane seey europe key maanchitra seey polland koo paar karane key barabar hoga' aur polland parr hangri kaa bhaagya aaa jaayega. gomula key nuksan key mamle mein sambhaavit soviyat hastakshep kaa darr, radio mukt europe dwara bhee dohraya gayaa thaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii gomula kaa tark "kroor" honey key bavjood, sambhavatah "poori tarah seey sahee haye."gomulka ney catholic church koo bhee matdaataon seey chunaav mein jaane aur sarkaar mein vishvaas mutt ghoshit karane kaa aagrah karane key liye raaji kiya. unakaa samarthan karate hue, cardinal stephen wissinsky ney aadhikarik taur parr 'noo crossing' neeti key liye apana samarthan ghoshit kiya.
parinam.
polish united workers party (pee. jey. pee. aar.) ney 459 seeton mein seey 237 (upchunaav key baad 239) seeten jeetin, jabaki shesh apane sahayogi dalon (democratic party aur united peepuls party) aur kuchh nirdaliyon key paas gaeen. pee. jey. pee. aar. 237 seeton ney ise kull kaa 51.7%, jaid. aiss. ell. mein 120 (upchunaav key baad 118) key saath 26.1%, 63 key saath nirdaliyon mein 14 pratishat (gair-party gutt, 51, aur zanak association key catholic, 12) aur aiss. dee. mein 39 key saath 8.5 pratishat diyaa. aff. jey. aine. gathbandhan ney 80.8% seeton key saath jeet hassil kii.
kull milakar, aff. jey. aine. gathbandhan ney apane 1952 key parinamon kii tulanaa mein 8 seeten jeetin, lekin nirdaliyon ney apani upasthiti koo lagbhag doguna curr diyaa, 37 seey 63 (yeh samajhaaya gayaa haye kii 1957 key aiss. ee. jey. aim. mein 459 seeten theen, 1952 kii tulanaa mein 34 kii vriddhi, jisamen kewal 425 seeten theen). pee. jey. pee. aar. sabse badaa haare hue dall they, 1952 kii tulanaa mein 34 seeten cumm, jaid. aiss. ell. ney 28 aur aiss. dee. ney 14 seeten hassil keen. haalaanki, anya dall aur "nirdaliyon" key roop mein vaastav mein pee. jey. pee. aar. key adheen they, vaastav mein, sejam parr iska niyantran kull thaa. 1961 mein nirdaliyon seey pee. jey. pee. aar. taka thode seey swing key baad, sejam mein pratinidhitva pattern agale 30 varshon key liye lagbhag sthir hoga.
aadhikarik aankadon key anusaar, matdan 94.14% thaa, jise usa samay polland mein bhaari barfbari aur pratikool mausam kii sthiti koo dekhate hue kuchh hudd taka sandigdh maanaa jaataa haye, aur 98.4% vote aadhikarik ummidvaaron key liye daale gaye they. lagbhag 10.6% matdaataon ney "noo crossing" key ahwan kii avagya kii, lekin anta mein kewal ack seat (abb key liye) poorna bahumat praapt karane vaale kissy bhee ummidwar key kaaran khaali rahee.
nayaa sejam 20 farwari koo apana pahala satra thaa. isake varishth marshel (vaktaa) bolslav drobner they; isake sejam marshel seezlaav waichek they. nae pratinidhiyon mein seey kewal 12 pratishat pichhale, 1952, key sadasya they.
mukhya chunaav key baad dou upchunaav hue. pahala 17 march 1957 koo naui sacz mein huaa thaa. doosara 5 maee 1957 koo vluen mein huaa, joe 5 farwari koo mrityu hoe gaee, una paddhari kii jagah leey liya gayaa. una upchunaavon mein kramshah pee. jaid. pee. aar. aur jaid. aiss. ell. ney jeet hassil kii. 19 octuber, 1958 koo myellenis aur oleshnika mein dou aur upchunaav hue. una upchunaavon mein, jaid. aiss. ell. ney pee. jaid. pee. aar. seey seeten khou deen.
isake baad.
gomulka kii aashaon key bavjood, chunaav, unake liye vijayi honey kaa matlab communist shasson key virodh kaa anta naheen thaa. kuchh samay key liye, gomulka key netritva vaali communist party key liye samarthan bahut adhik thaa. ise darshaate hue, 1957-1963 avadhi koo "chhote sthirikaran" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. jabaki unakaa shasson usa shasson kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik udaar thaa jisamen way safal hue they, isane pee. jey. pee. aar. party key bheetar ack vipaksh koo janm diyaa, kyonki kuchh communist rajneta, jaise kii general meekzislav moxer, gomalka koo "bahut naram" key roop mein dekhate they."iss beach, saamyavaadi shasson key saath matbhed badhega, aur 1968 key polish raajneetik sankat key turant baad, polish 1970 key virodh pradarshanon key kaaran antatah unhein pee. jey. pee. aar. party key saath samarthan khou denaa hoga; ghabarahat seey peedit, gomulka koo istifa dene key liye majboor honah hoga aur edward gearek dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaayega.
notes.
aeye. starr (1958), daves (2005) aur adhikansh anya sroton kii report key anusaar 459 seeten theen. diskin (2001:113) nott kartaa haye kii janwari 1957 mein 458 pratinidhi they. yeh iss tathya koo darshaata haye kii ack seat joe 17 march 1957 koo naau sacz mein hue upchunaav taka naheen bharee gaee thee. kuchh sroton ney galat report dee haye kii chunaav mein 458 seeten upalabdh theen.
bee. starr (1958) 27 janwari, 1957 koo "tribuna ludu" samachar patra dwara uddhrit parinamon kii report kartaa haye, aur usa varsh farwari aur march upchunaavon key parinamon kaa hawala detaa haye, jaisa kii march aur usa varsh radio varsau dwara bataaya gayaa thaa. jaisa kii unakaa lekh maee 1958 mein prakaashit huaa thaa, unake parinamon mein octuber 1958 seey upchunaav key parinam shamil naheen hoe sakate hain. michelsky, bardach aur ajnenkil (1989) ney ullekh kiya haye kii usa samay dou aur upchunaav hue they, aur daves (2005) upchunaav parinamon key liye sambhavatah sahee parinam detaa haye, joe darshaata haye kii jdsl seey dou seeten pee. jey. pee. aar. mein gaeen.