
ummidwar (degree)

ummidwar (lattin "candidates" yaa "candidata") vibhinn shaikshanik degree kaa naam haye, joe aaj mukhya roop seey scandinavia mein pradaan kii jaati hain. europe key adhikansh hisson mein, degree sheershak koo 1999 kii bologna prakriya key madhyam seey charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisane europe mein shaikshanik degree koo phir seey praarupit kiya haye.
degree abb, yaa ack baar, nordic deshon, soviyat sangh, neetherland aur belgium mein pradaan kii jaati thee. scandinavia aur nordic deshon mein, yeh ack uchch peshevar-star kii degree haye joe aamtaur parr 5-7 saal key adhyayan key anuroop hoti haye. soviyat raajyon mein, yeh ack shodh degree thee joe lagbhag darshan kii degree key doctor key barabar thee. neetherland aur belgium mein, yeh snaatak kii degree key saath lagbhag tulaniya ack snaatak pratham-chakr kii degree thee.
vyutpatti aur utpatti.
yeh shabd lattin "candida" seey liya gayaa haye, jiska arth haye safed. pracheen rome mein, raajneetik karyalaya key liye daudane vaale purush aam taur parr bhashanon, bahason, sammelanon aur anya saarvajanik samarohon mein chamkile safed honey key liye chaak aur bleach kiye gaye togas pahanate they. iss prakaar "ummidwar" shabd kaa arth koee aisaa vyakti haye joe kissy prakaar kaa pada chaahata haye.
aaj, degree koo unake lattin sheershak dwara sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, ummidwar degree key purush praaptakartaon koo "candidates" aur mahila praaptakartaon koo "candidate" kahaa jaataa haye. degree khitaab aamtaur parr sankshipt hotey hain; udaaharan key liye, ack "candidates nyayshastra" koo aamtaur parr "canded" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.nyaay."
kshetra dwara upayog karein.
scandinavia.
scandinavia mein, yeh shabd 18veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa aur shuru mein dharamshastra, kaanoon aur chikitsa mein uchch degree key liye sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa. sambandhit kshetra mein ummidwar kii degree (ee.jee.vidhi key ummidwar) raajya prashaasan mein uchch karyalayon mein niyukti key liye ack aavashyakta thee ("embed"), jisamen pujari, nyayadhish, anya raajya adhikaari aur doctor shamil they. denmark, norwey aur sweeden mein "ummidwar" shabd kaa upayog antatah uchch peshevar shaikshanik degree key liye kiya jaataa thaa, aamtaur parr lagbhag 5-7 saal kii padhaai key baad pradaan kiya jaataa thaa. norwey mein, kewal kuchh ummidvaaron kii degree (jaise kii dharamshastra key ummidwar, chikitsa key ummidwar, aur manovigyaan key ummidwar) abhee bhee pradaan kii jaati hain, jabaki denmark aur sweeden mein, sabhi ummidvaaron kii degree barkarar rakhee jaati haye.
denmark mein, 1993 mein snaatak aur snatkottar degree koo ummidwar kii degree key dou charaniya vikalp key roop mein upalabdh karaane key liye shaikshik sudhaar shuru hue. inn sudhaaron key bavjood, ummidwar kii degree koo 21veen sadee mein bhee maanak shaikshanik yogyata key roop mein maanaa jaataa rhaa. 2010 mein, snaatak kii degree key liye aavashyak adhyayan kii aavashyak raashi koo puuraa karane vaale adhikansh chhatron ney apani padhaai jaari rakhee, isake bajaay unhein ummidwar kii degree, yaa samkaksh seey sammaanit kiya gayaa. kyonki adhikansh chhaatr adhyayan key iss star koo praapt karna jaari rakhate hain, denmark mein shram bajar snaatak kii degree koo pratham chakr degree key roop mein sammaan naheen detaa haye. denmark mein kaee sansthaan joe abb bologna prakriya key parinamswarup ummidwar kii degree kii peshkash naheen karate hain, way sanyukt snaatak-master karyakramon kii peshkash karna jaari rakhate hain joe pichhale 5 varshon mein, ummidwar kii degree kii tarah hii they.
norwey mein, 2003 key gunavatta sudhaar ney bologna prakriya key saath rashtra key anupaalan koo lagu kiya, aur adhikansh ummidvaaron kii degree abb shaikshanik yogyata key liye pradaan naheen kii jaati haye. halanki, chuninda peshevar karyakramon koo bologna prakriya seey ack apavaad diyaa gayaa haye, jisase ummidwar kii degree koo vishisht 6-varsheeya peshevar karyakramon key liye pradaan kiya jaanaa jaari rakhaa jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, 2023 taka oslo vishvavidyalaya chikitsa mein aisee peshevar degree pradaan kartaa haye.maid.), manovigyaan (canded.manovaigyaanik.), aur dharamshastra (canded.tholl.).
nimn deshon mein.
neatherlands aur belgium mein "ummidwar kaa diploma" ack snaatak pratham-chakr diploma thaa jise vishvavidyalaya ney una chhatron koo jaari kiya thaa jinhone apane ummidwar kii pariksha utteern kii thee. diploma praapt karane key baad ack vyakti koo akaadamik sheershak "candidates" (purvanam sankshipt naam "canded") kaa upayog karane kaa adhikaar thaa."). yeh inn deshon mein praapt kii jaa sakane vaali sabse cumm shaikshanik degree thee, aur lagbhag vishvavidyalayon (bee. aeye. yaa bee.) seey snaatak kii degree key saath tulaniya haye.aiss. see.).
ummidwar kii pariksha chhaatr dwara apani vishvavidyalaya shiksha kaa ack mahatvapurna aur poorv nirdhaarit hissa puuraa karane key baad hui; paanch saal yaa usase adhik key pathyakram key mamle mein aamtaur parr teesare varsh key puuraa honey key baad. chaar saal key pathyakram mein chhatron koo sansthaan dwara nirdhaarit maandandon key aadhar parr apane dusare varsh key anta mein yaa apane teesare varsh key dauran degree praapt hui. ummidvaaron kii degree koo 1982 mein neetherland mein charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin bologna prakriya kii shuruat key saath snaatak kii degree dwara adhik yaa cumm pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye.
soviyat sangh.
soviyat sangh mein, ummidwar kii degree lagbhag darshan key doctor key barabar thee.
degree.
kalaa key ummidwar.
kalaa kaa ack ummidwar (laitinah "candidates magistery" yaa "candidate magistery"; sankshipt roop seey "canded".maig ") vartamaan mein denmark mein pradaan kii jaane vaali ack shaikshanik degree haye. degree kaa aadhikarik taur parr master off arts key roop mein angreji mein anuvaad kiya jaataa haye aur vartamaan mein 5 saal kii padhaai kii aavashyakta hoti haye. ise magistrate kii degree ("magistrate artium" yaa "magistrate scienterum") key saath bhramit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, ack degree jisake liye vaigyaanik thesis parr majboot jore dene key saath 7-8 saal key adhyayan kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur joe ack phd degree key lagbhag samkaksh haye.
yeh degree mool roop seey 1883 mein denmark mein shuru kii gaee thee. isake adhikansh itihas key liye, degree aamtaur parr 4 aur 5 saal key adhyayan key beach aavashyak hoti haye. isake baad key varshon mein, ganit aur praakritik vigyaan key sankayon key liye aupchaarik nyuntam aavashyakta 3.5 varsh thee, aur manaviki aur samajik vigyaan key sankayon key liye 4-4.5. aaj, degree kewal manaviki mein pradaan kii jaati haye aur isake liye paanch saal kii padhaai kii aavashyakta hoti haye. yeh degree 1920 mein shuru mein norwey mein bhee dee gaee thee, joe danish degree key aadhar parr thee; 2003 seey yeh abb pradaan naheen kii jaati haye.
kalaa aur patron key ummidwar.
kalaa aur aksharon kaa ummidwar (laitinah "candidates philology" yaa "candidate philology"; sankshipt roop seey "canded".philol.") kalaa mein ack shaikshanik degree haye aur denmark mein diye jaane vaale patra hain. ise shikshaavidon mein currier (sahayak professor yaa vyakhyata key roop mein padon key liye arhata praapt) key liye ack pravesh-star kii vaigyaanik degree maanaa jaataa haye, kyonki paaramparik roop seey varishth shikshaavidon koo currier key baad key charan mein doctorate pradaan kii jaati haye.
degree ack baar norwey mein bhee pradaan kii gaee thee, lekin 2007 taka charanbaddh roop seey dee gaee thee. usa samay, ise aam taur parr norwey key vishvavidyalayon mein chhah saal key adhyayan kii aavashyakta hoti thee.
arthshastra key ummidwar.
arthshastra kaa ummidwar (laitinah "candidates oconomics" yaa "candidates oconomics"; sankshipt roop seey "canded".okon.") arthshastra mein ack shaikshanik degree haye joe vartamaan mein denmark mein pradaan kii jaati haye, aur pahale iceland aur norwey mein. yeh motey taur parr arthshastra key master key barabar haye.
degree koo 1905 mein arthshastra mein poorak shaikshanik degree key roop mein norwey mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, joe oslo vishvavidyalaya key kaanoon sankaay dwara pradaan kii gaee thee aur jyaadaatar una logon key liye thee joe pahale seey hii ack canded rakhate they.nyaay. degree. degree canded.okon. apane aap mein uchch sivil sevak padon key liye yogya naheen thaa, canded key vipareet.nyaay. degree. yeh karyakram aamtaur parr dou saal taka chalata thaa. 1934 mein, yeh arthshastra mein ack swatantra 5-varsheeya karyakram bunn gayaa. degree koo 2003 mein snaatak/master degree pranali dwara norwey mein pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
yeh degree pahali baar 1964 mein iceland vishvavidyalaya mein arthshastra aur vyavasaay prashaasan key sankaay mein vyavasaay prashaasan mein 4-varsheeya karyakram key roop mein upalabdh karaai gaee thee. 1996 mein ise vartamaan snaatak aur master off science karyakramon dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
kaanoon kaa ummidwar.
kaanoon kaa ummidwar (laitinah "candidates nyayshastra" yaa "candidate nyayshastra"; sankshipt roop seey "canded".nyaay.") donon nordic kshetra mein kaanoon key chhatron koo dee jaane vaali snaatak kaanoon kii degree haye aur saath hii german bhashi deshon mein unnat kaanoon school key chhatron key liye ack" "shaikshanik sthiti" "padnam haye.
nordic deshon mein.
kaanoon kii degree key ummidwar koo ack baar denmark, astonia, finland, iceland, norwey aur sweeden mein sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. sabhi nordic deshon ney-denmark key apavaad key saath-bologna prakriya key kaaran ummidwar seey master mein apani kaanoon kii degree badal dee haye. degree key liye adhyayan karane key liye aavedan prakriya poore nordic kshetra mein atyadhik pratispardhi thee, kyonki kaanoon kaa abhyaas karane key liye yogyata pariksha kewal ack vishvavidyalaya mein lii jaa sakati thee, jahaan diploma visheshaadhikaar aadhikarik taur parr sarkaar dwara pradaan kiya gayaa thaa.
denmark mein, "juridisk candidatexman (canded. nyaay.) paanch saal key kaanoon adhyayan (180 + 120 ee. tii.) key baad praapt kiya jaataa haye. snaatak kii degree "snaatak aaee juuraa" ("bee. aeye. see.") haye. nyaay.") jise puuraa honey mein aamtaur parr teen saal lagate hain (180 ee. tii.).
soviyat vyavasaay seey pahale, ack snatkottar kaanoon kii degree "canded" thee.nyaay."astonia mein. udaaharan key liye, rashtrapati constantin pats key paas "canded" thaa. nyaay."tartu vishvavidyalaya seey degree. degree itihas seey praapt hoti haye, astonia sadiyon seey nordic deshon key prabhaav mein rhaa haye, ee.jee. dennish raajya kaa hissa honey key kaaran. astonia mein, vartamaan snatkottar kaanoon kii degree "augustedues magister" haye.
2005 seey pahale finland mein "oechestiatine kandidati", sankshipt roop seey otak (, juu.) thaa. kaand.) degree. ise "oechestiatine maisteri" dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jise sankshipt roop seey "oh. tii. aim" (, jey. aim.) kahaa jaataa haye, joe paanch saal key kaanoon adhyayan (180 + 120 ee. tii.) key baad praapt kiya jaataa haye. pahale snaatak "oh. tii. key." diploma dhaarak apane pichhale sheershak kaa upayog jaari rakhane key paatr they.
pahale, iceland mein embatisprof í lögfréi ("canded") thaa. nyaay.) degree lekin ise ml í lögfréi (" "maig" ") dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye. nyaay.) sheershak.
degree koo pahale seey hii norwey mein pradaan kiya gayaa thaa, lekin 2003 mein aupchaarik roop seey master aaee ritswittenscap master degree dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe 300 ee. tii. key barabar paanch saal key kaanoon adhyayan key baad praapt kii jaati haye. antim "canded. nyaay."2007 key vasant mein norwey mein degree pradaan kii gaee thee.
2010 seey pahale sweeden mein "nyaayvid candidatexamen" ("juurii") thaa. kaand.") degree. poorv degree koo "nyaayvid pariksha" dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa joe samanya gati (270 ee. tii.) parr adhyayan key saadhe chaar saal baad puuraa kiya jaataa haye. pahale snaatak "juurii. kaand."diploma dhaarak apane sheershak kaa upayog jaari rakhane key paatr they. bologna prakriya seey pahale aur baad mein, shaikshanik degree koo dou alag-alag diploma mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye. pahale, nichali degree "varnotari" thee, jise sankshipt roop seey vn () kahaa jaataa thaa, aur vartamaan nichali degree "oikeusnotari", jise sankshipt roop seey (, rn) parr teen saal key adhyayan (180 ect) koo puuraa karane key baad pradaan kiya jaataa haye.
germany, austriya aur switzerland mein.
germany, austriya aur switzerland mein, shabd "canded" haye. aaee. aar."yeh ack padnam haye jiska upayog unnat kaanoon key chhatron dwara shaikshanik vatavaran mein kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, yeh ack shaikshanik degree naheen haye. balki, padnam kaa upayog ack aantarik vishvavidyalaya sandarbh mein yaa prakashanon key sandarbh mein kiya jaataa haye, udaaharan key liye patrikaon yaa sanklanon mein yogdan. padnam aamtaur parr madhyavarti pariksha (4 seey 6 semester key baad) key safal samaapan key baad praapt kiya jaataa haye aur motey taur parr snaatak kaanoon key yogyata star seey mell khaata haye. intermediate pariksha utteern karane seey pahale, kaanoon key chhaatr "stud" padnam kaa upayog karenge. aaee. aar."(studios iris).
germany mein, low school 4-6 saal key adhyayan key baad pahali low pariksha utteern karane key saath puuraa hotaa haye. baad mein, snatakon koo "ref" key roop mein sambodhit kiya jaa sakata haye. aaee. aar."(rectsreferender) yaa" nyaayvid vishvavidyalaya."kuchh kaanoon sankaay" "diploma-jurist" ", diploma-jurist (yuu. aine. aaee. vee.) kii shaikshanik degree bhee pradaan karate hain.) yaa "maig. aaee. aar."
austriya mein, degree karyakram ack diploma pariksha aur akaadamik degree "maig" key saath samaapt hotaa haye. aaee. aar."sammaanit kiya jaataa haye.
switzerland mein, padnam "canded". aaee. aar. abb yeh aam naheen haye, kyonki bologna sudhaar ney degree karyakram koo snaatak aur master pranali mein badal diyaa haye, taaki shaikshanik degree "blow" (batchler off low) koo teen saal key baad aur "aim. ell. aeye" (master off low) koo aage key dou saal key adhyayan key baad pradaan kiya jaa sakey. akaadamik degree "licenses. aaee. aar."bologna sudhaar key dauran ise samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. snaatak blow karyakram mein, chhaatr aam taur parr padnam "stud" kaa upayog karate hain. aaee. aar."
ganit aur praakritik vigyaan key ummidwar.
ganit aur praakritik vigyaan kaa ummidwar (laitinah "candidates reallium" yaa "candidate reallium"; sankshipt roop seey "canded". vaastavik.") ack poorv shaikshanik degree haye jiska upayog norwey mein kiya jaataa haye, aur ganit aur praakritik vigyaan mein pradaan kiya jaataa haye. 1985 mein ise samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. mool roop seey iss degree key puuraa honey key liye koee nirdhaarit avadhi naheen thee, halanki 7-8 saal samanya they, aur ack shodh prabandh bhee shamil thaa jise puuraa honey mein aamtaur parr 2 seey 4 saal lagate they. 1985 taka, aupchaarik aavashyakta 6 saal key adhyayan aur shodh prabandh kaary kii thee, halanki vyaapak shodh prabandhon key liye ack majboot parampara thee, jisase kaee chhatron koo adhik samay lena padaa. degree kaa kabhi-kabhi pee. aich. dee. key roop mein anuvaad kiya jaataa haye.
chikitsa key ummidwar.
chikitsa kaa ack ummidwar (yaa "candidata medicine"; sankshipt roop seey "canded". maid.") denmark, iceland aur norwey mein chhah saal kii chikitsa vidyalaya shiksha key baad dee jaane vaali ack shaikshanik degree haye. germany, austriya aur switzerland mein chikitsa chhatron koo dow. kii degree seey sammaanit karane seey pahale apane chikitsa adhyayan key dauran iss khitaab koo dhaaran karate hain. maid. (germany) yaa dow. maid. yuu. aine. aaee. vee.. (austriya) ack juurii key saamane doctorate yaa diploma thesis kaa bachaav karane key baad. pashu chikitsa, manovigyaan aur dharamshastra mein ummidwar degree key saath, yeh abhee bhee norwey mein pradaan kiye jaane vaale kuchh lattin degree khitabon mein seey ack haye.
rajneeti key ummidwar.
rajneeti kaa ack ummidwar (laitinah "candidates reram polytarum" yaa "candidata reram polytarum"; sankshipt roop seey "canded".rajneeti ".) rajneeti mein ack shaikshanik degree haye, vartamaan mein kewal denmark mein pradaan kii jaati haye. denmark mein, canded.rajneeti. yeh vishesh roop seey coppenhagen vishvavidyalaya dwara pradaan kii gaee rajneeti mein ummidwar kii degree koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. anya dennish vishvavidyalayon seey arthshastra kii degree koo "canded" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. okon "aur" canded. merck ".
norwey mein, mombatti.rajneeti. pahale arthshastra, manovigyaan, samajshastra aur rajneeti vigyaan sahit sabhi samajik vigyaanon mein ack shaikshanik degree key roop mein sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. aam taur parr isake liye cumm seey cumm chhah saal kaa adhyayan aavashyak hotaa haye, halanki kaee chhatron ney iss avadhi koo badhaaya. isake unmoolan key samay, mombatti.rajneeti. abhyaas mein degree dou saal yaa dhaaee saal key vistaar seey chaar saal kii canded thee.maig. degree yaa samkaksh yogyata. 2003 key gunavatta sudhaar key baad, ise darshanshastra kii degree key master dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye, jisase nammatra adhyayan kaa samay chhah seey ghataakar paanch saal hoe gayaa haye.
manovigyaan key ummidwar.
manovigyaan kaa ack ummidwar (; sankshipt roop seey "canded" key roop mein.yaa" "munn kii baat.cycol) manovigyaan mein ack shaikshanik degree haye joe vartamaan mein denmark aur norwey mein pradaan kii jaati haye. dayare aur lambai mein yeh ack master aur ack munn key beach kaheen ack degree key barabar haye.dee.-naidaanik manovigyaan mein degree.
ise 1944 mein coppenhagen vishvavidyalaya mein aur 1948 mein oslo vishvavidyalaya mein dennish degree key aadhar parr pesh kiya gayaa thaa. denmark mein degree key liye paanch saal kii padhaai kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jabaki norwey mein adhyayan key hisse key roop mein paanch saal kii shaikshanik padhaai aur ack saal kii internship kii aavashyakta hoti haye. bologna prakriya key hisse key roop mein denmark mein degree mein manovigyaan mein teen saal kii snaatak kii degree hoti haye jisake baad naidaanik manovigyaan mein dou saal kii master degree hoti haye joe sheershak "canded" kaa upayog karane kaa adhikaar detee haye.manochikitsak."
denmark mein yeh degree coppenhagen vishvavidyalaya, aarhas vishvavidyalaya, dakshini denmark vishvavidyalaya aur alborg vishvavidyalaya dwara pradaan kii jaati haye. norwey mein degree oslo vishvavidyalaya, vigyaan aur praudyogiki key norwey vishvavidyalaya, bergen vishvavidyalaya aur tromso vishvavidyalaya dwara pradaan kii jaati haye.
yadyapi degree kaa puuraa honah dhaarak koo naidaanik manovaigyaanik key roop mein licenses key liye aavedan karane key liye yogya banaata haye, lekin yeh apane aap mein dhaarak koo naidaanik manovigyaan kaa abhyaas karane key liye adhikrit naheen kartaa haye. norwey mein, antim pariksha key baad joe ack mombatti key saath hain.manovaigyaanik. naidaanik manovigyaan key abhyaas key liye aavedan curr sakate hain aur aam taur parr unhein pradhikaran diyaa jaayega. denmark mein ack koo poorna pradhikaran dene seey pahale dou saal key paryavekshit abhyaas kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
vigyaan key ummidwar.
vigyaan kaa ummidwar (laitinah "candidates scienterum" yaa "candidates scienterum"; sankshipt roop seey "canded".vaigyaanik.") vartamaan mein denmark mein pradaan kii jaane vaali ack shaikshanik degree haye aur pahale norwey mein pradaan kii jaati thee.
denmark mein, canded.vaigyaanik. ganit aur praakritik vigyaan mein snaatak chhatron koo dennish vishvavidyalayon dwara "ummidwar" (ummidwar) degree key roop mein dee jaane vaali ack uchch-stariya degree haye. adhyayan key liye 120 ee. tii. kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur aam taur parr snaatak kii degree key alawa dou saal key adhyayan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. sheershak kaa aadhikarik taur parr angreji mein "master off science" key roop mein anuvaad kiya gayaa haye.
norwey mein, canded.vaigyaanik. ganit aur praakritik vigyaan key kshetra mein ack uchch-stariya degree pradaan kii gaee thee. ise 1985 mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, joe adhik kathor mombatti kii jagah leey rhaa thaa.vaastavik. degree. poorna canded key alawa 1.5-2 varshon key adhyayan kii aavashyakta hoti haye.maig. 3. 5 varsh kii degree. 2003 mein, mombatti.vaigyaanik. bologna prakriya koo apanaane key hisse key roop mein degree koo norwey mein "master off science" degree dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
dharamshastra key ummidwar.
dharamshastra kaa ack ummidwar (laitinah "candidates theology" yaa "candidate theology"; sankshipt roop seey "canded". tholl.") ack shaikshanik degree haye joe iceland, denmark aur norwey mein dharamshastra mein chhah saal key uchch shiksha karyakram key puuraa honey key baad pradaan kii jaati haye. sheershak denmark aur norwey mein kaanoon dwara sanrakshit haye. denmark mein sheershak koo dharamshastra key master key barabar key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, jabaki norwey mein yeh uchch sthaan parr haye. norwey mein, yeh 2003 key gunavatta sudhaar key baad baney rahane vaale kuchh ummidwar degree khitabon mein seey ack haye, aur kewal chaar sansthanon dwara jaari kiya jaa sakata haih aine. ell. aeye. vishvavidyalaya mahavidyalaya, oslo vishvavidyalaya, aim. aff. norwegian school off theology, aur vee. aaee. dee. vishesh vishvavidyalaya.
pashu chikitsa key ummidwar.
pashu chikitsa kaa ack ummidwar (laitinah; sankshipt roop seey "canded" key roop mein.maid.pashu chikitsa ") 5.5 seey 6 saal kii pashu chikitsa vidyalaya shiksha key baad scandinavian deshon mein pradaan kii jaane vaali ack shaikshanik degree haye. yeh anya deshon mein dee jaane vaali samkaksh degree haye joe ack chhaatr koo pashu chikitsak key roop mein abhyaas karane key liye arhata pradaan karati haye, jaise kii pashu chikitsa vigyaan mein master.
yeh degree norwey mein jeevan vigyaan key norwey vishvavidyalaya, denmark mein coppenhagen vishvavidyalaya aur sweeden mein krishi vigyaan key swedish vishvavidyalaya dwara pradaan kii jaati haye-joe pashu chikitsa kii degree pradaan karane vaale scandinavian deshon mein ekmatra shaikshanik sansthaan hain. norwey mein, yeh khitaab kuchh ummidwar degree mein seey ack haye joe 2003 key gunavatta sudhaar key baad bhee pradaan kii jaa rahee haye.

