
peele patthar mein bhediyon kaa itihas

peele patthar mein bhediyon key itihas mein peele patthar key rashtriya udyaan aur badey peele patthar paaristhitiki tantra mein gray bhediye ("canis lupus") kii jangli aabaadi kaa vilupt honah, anupasthiti aur punah parichay shamil haye. jaba 1872 mein udyaan banaaya gayaa thaa, tou montana, vyoming aur idaho mein bhediyon kii aabaadi pahale seey hii cumm hoe rahee thee. rashtriya udyaan key nirmaan ney bhediyon yaa anya shikariyon key liye suraksha pradaan naheen kii, aur 1900 key dashak key pahale dashakon mein sarkari shikari niyantran karyakramon ney anivarya roop seey peele patthar seey gray bhediye koo khatm karane mein madad kii. antim bhediyon koo 1926 mein peele patthar mein maar diyaa gayaa thaa. usake baad, bhediyon kii chhitput report abhee bhee aaee thee, lekin vaigyaanikon ney pushti kii kii 1900 key dashak key madhya key dauran sthaayi bhediyon kii aabaadi koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur peele patthar seey anupasthit they.
1940 key dashak kii shuruat mein, udyaan prabandhakon, jeevvigyaani, sanrakshanvadiyon aur paryavaranvidon ney shuru kiya joe antatah gray wolf koo yelostone rashtriya udyaan mein phir seey pesh karane key abhiyaan mein badal jaayega. jaba 1973 kaa luptapray prajaati adhiniyam paarit kiya gayaa thaa, tou kanuni punah parichay kaa maarg spasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1995 mein, lalchi ghaati mein bhoore bhediyon koo peele patthar mein phir seey pesh kiya gayaa. peele patthar mein bhediyon kaa punah parichay lambe samay seey vivadaspad rhaa haye, kyonki duniya bhar mein bhediyon kaa punah parichay huaa haye.
nishkasana (1872-1926)..
1872 mein, jaba yelostone rashtriya udyaan banaaya gayaa thaa, taba taka udyaan mein vanyajeevon key liye koee kanuni sanrakshan naheen thaa. udyaan key shuruati varshon mein, prashaasak, shikari aur paryatak anivarya roop seey kissy bhee khel yaa shikari koo maarne key liye swatantra they. gray wolf vishesh roop seey iss bemani hatyaa key liye asurakshit thaa kyonki ise aam taur parr ack avaanchhaniya shikari maanaa jaataa thaa aur pahale seey hii jaanboojhkar apane poore uttari americi renz mein samaapt kiya jaa rhaa thaa, aamtaur parr pashudhan kii raksha key hita mein. janwari 1883 mein, sanyukt raajya america key aantarik sachiv heinry aim. teller ney adhikansh udyaan key jaanvaron key shikaar parr pratibandh lagaane vaale niyam jaari kiye, lekin niyam bhediyon, koyot, bhalu, pahaadi shher aur anya chhote shikariyon parr lagu naheen hue.
yuu key kuchh hii samay baad.aiss. senaa ney 1 agast, 1890 koo udyaan key prashaasan koo apane haath mein leey liya, pahale sainya adheekshak, capton moos harris ney kissy bhee vanyajeev key saarvajanik shikaar kii anumati dee aur sabhi shikari niyantran udyaan key prashaasan parr chhod diyaa. haalaanki, aadhikarik record bataate hain kii yuu.aiss. senaa ney 1914 taka bhediyon koo maarne kii neeti lagu karna shuru naheen kiya thaa.
1885 mein, congress ney vanyajeevon key sanrakshan key liye vaigyaanik anusandhaan karane key spasht uddeshya seey aarthik pakshi vigyaan aur stanpaayi vigyaan kaa vibhajan kiya. agency jald hii yuu bunn gaee.aiss. javic sarvekshan, joe badale mein yuu kaa agradoot thaa.aiss. machhali aur vanyajeev seva. 1907 mein, paschimi pashu aur pashudhan udyogon key raajneetik dabaav mein, iss agency ney ack thhos shikari niyantran karyakram shuru kiya jise antatah "pashu kshati niyantran" kahaa gayaa. iss karyakram key parinamswarup 39 yuu mein anumaanit 1,800 bhediyon aur 23,000 koyot kii maut hoe gaee.aiss. akele 1907 mein rashtriya vann. 1916 mein, jaba rashtriya udyaan seva banaai gaee thee, tou isake saksham karane vaale kaanoon mein aise shabd shamil they joe aantarik sachiv koo "aise jaanvaron key vinash key liye apane vivek mein pradaan karane key liye adhikrit karate they aur aise paadap jeevan key liye joe ukt udyaanon, smarakon aur aarakshanon key upayog key liye hanikarak hoe sakate hain.
aam taur parr yeh sweekaar kiya jaataa haye kii 1926 taka peele patthar key rashtriya udyaan seey tikaau gray wolf paik koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, halanki rashtriya udyaan seva ney 1933 taka udyaan mein shikari niyantran kii apani neetiyon koo banaae rakhaa thaa. haalaanki, ack 1975-1977 rashtriya udyaan seva-praayojit adhyayan seey pataa chalaa kii 1927 seey 1977 kii avadhi key dauran, udyaan mein bhediyon key kaee sou "sambhaavit" drishya they. 1977 aur 1995 mein bhediyon key punah parichay key beach, udyaan mein bhediyon key atirikt vishvasaniya drishya they, jinamen seey adhikansh koo park mein sthaayi roop seey rahane key bajaay ekal yaa jode key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye joe iss kshetra mein paar karate hain.
bhediyon key maare jaane key aadhikarik record.
1916 mein rashtriya udyaan seva key udyaan kaa niyantran grahan karane seey pahale, yuu.aiss. senaa ney apane karyakal key dauran 14 bhediyon koo maar daala (1886-1916), jinamen seey adhikansh varshon mein 1914-15.1940 mein, ack prasiddh vanyajeev jeevvigyaani adolph muri ney apani "jeev shrinkhala sankhya. 4-sanyukt raajya america key rashtriya udyaanon key jeev-jantu-yelostone rashtriya udyaan mein koyot kii paaristhitiki."iss report mein, muri ney 1915 aur 1935 key beach udyaan prashasakon dwara salana report kiye gaye bhediyon kii sankhya kaa milan kiyaah
1980 key dashak mein adyatan shodh ney satyaapit kiya kii udyaan mein bhediyon kii antim aadhikarik hatyaa 1926 mein hui thee jaba soda batte khaadi key paas paae gaye dou pillon koo park rangers dwara maar diyaa gayaa thaa. antim report kiya gayaa bhediya grater yelostone paaristhitiki tantra mein maaraa gayaa (aaj key kanuni shikaar yaa niyantran upaayon seey pahale) maee 1943 mein huaa jaba pawan nadee aarakshan parr ack mool americi bhediya, leo cotnoir ney park kii dakshini seema key paas ack bhediye koo goli maar dee.
anupasthiti (1926-1995).
paaristhitik prabhaav.
ack baar jaba bhediye chaley gaye, tou elk kii aabaadi badhane luggy. agale kuchh varshon mein, yelostone rashtriya udyaan kii sthiti mein bhaari girawat aaee. 1929 aur 1933 mein yelostone kaa daura karane vaale vaigyaanikon kii ack team ney bataaya, "jaba hamane ise pahali baar dekhaa tou yeh seema dayaniya sthiti mein thee, aur taba seey iska bigadana lagaatar badh rhaa haye."iss samay taka kaee jeevvigyaani bhoomi key ksharan aur paudhon key marane key baare mein chintit they. park key ander elk kaee gunaa badh rahey they aur parnapaati, lakadi kii prajaatiyan jaise espen aur kapas kii lakadi koo adhik charaai seey peedit honah padaa. park seva ney elk koo fansana aur sthanantarit karna shuru curr diyaa aur jaba vaha prabhaavi naheen thaa, tou unhein maar diyaa. elk jansankhya niyantran vidhiyaan 30 seey adhik varshon taka jaari raheen. elk niyantran ney seema key aur ksharan koo rokaa, lekin isaki samagr sthiti mein sudhaar naheen kiya. kabhi-kabhi, loga elk aabaadi koo niyantrit karane mein madad karane key liye bhediyon koo vaapas peele patthar mein laane kaa ullekh karate they. yelostone key prabandhak bhediyon koo vaapas laane key liye utsuk naheen they, vishesh roop seey unhein udyaan seey safaltapurvak nikaalane key baad. 1960 key dashak taka elk niyantran jaari rhaa. 1960 key dashak key anta mein, sthaaniya shikariyon ney apane congressies seey shikayat karna shuru curr diyaa kii bahut cumm elk they, aur congressies ney peele patthar key vittaposhan koo rokane kii dhamki dee. elk koo maarne koo ack niyantran vidhi key roop mein chhod diyaa gayaa thaa jisane elk kii aabaadi koo phir seey badhane diyaa. jaise-jaise elk kii aabaadi badhee, renz kii gunavatta mein kamee aaee, joe kaee anya jaanvaron koo prabhaavit karati haye. bhediyon key binaa, koyot kii aabaadi mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi hui jisane pronghorn mrig kii aabaadi parr pratikool prabhaav daala. haalaanki, yeh bahut badee elk aabaadi thee joe bhediyon kii anupasthiti key saath peele patthar key paaristhitiki tantra mein sabse gahare parivartan kaa kaaran bunny.
punah aarambh karane kii pahal.
peele patthar mein gray wolf koo bahaal karane key abhiyaan kii jadein udyaan key shikari-shikaar paaristhitiki seey sambandhit kaee maulik adhyayanon mein theen. 1940 mein adolph muri ney "yelostone rashtriya udyaan mein koyot kii paaristhitiki" prakaashit kii. usa adhyayan aur unake 1940-41 kaary "mount mckinley key bhediye" ney bhediye sanrakshan key liye ack vaigyaanik neenv key nirmaan mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. 1944 mein, prasiddh vanyajeev jeevvigyaani aldo leopold, joe kabhi ack shaukeen shikari niyantran adhivakta they, ney "uttar america key bhediyon", yuva aur swarnakavi, 1944 kii apani sameeksha mein nimnalikhit tippaniyan keenh
1960 key dashak taka, paaristhitiki tantra kii saanskritik aur vaigyaanik samajh bhediye aur anya badey shikariyon key prati drishtikon badal rahee thee. kuchh hudd taka, isamen keystone prajaatiyon kii robbert paine kii avadharana kaa udbhav shamil thaa. 1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein, ack prasiddh kanadai vanyajeev jeevvigyaani dugglus pimlot uttari chattanon mein bhediyon key punarsthaapan key liye ahwan curr rahey they. 1970 mein americi bhediya visheshagya, david metch ney "dha wolfah dha ecology aind behaviour off aine luptapray speesheej" (1970,1981) prakaashit kiya, joe bhediya aur usake paryaavaran parr isake prabhaav kaa ack gyaanvardhak adhyayan haye. 1978 mein, jaba vanyajeev jeevvigyaani johnn weaver ney apana maulik adhyayan "yelostone key bhediyon" koo prakaashit kiya, tou unhone nimnalikhit sifarish key saath report kaa samaapan kiyaah
gray wolf 1966 key luptapray prajaati sanrakshan adhiniyam key tahat luptapray (1967) key roop mein soochibaddh honey vaali pahali prajaatiyon mein seey ack thee. haalaanki, 1973 key luptapray prajaati adhiniyam key paarit honey taka, gray wolf koo yelostone rashtriya udyaan aur grater yelostone paaristhitiki tantra mein phir seey pesh karane key liye koee kanuni aadhar yaa prakriya naheen thee. luptapray prajaati adhiniyam ney yuu koo baadhya kiya.aiss. luptapray" key roop mein naamit pratyek prajaati key liye bahaali yojanaon koo vikasit karane key liye machhali aur vanyajeev seva. pahali punarpraapti yojana 1980 mein poori hui thee lekin bahut cumm aakarshan praapt kiya. 1987 mein, yuu.aiss. machhali aur vanyajeev seva ney ack sanshodhit "uttari chattani parvat bhediya punarpraapti yojana" prakaashit kii, jisase bhediya koo phir seey pesh karane kaa maarg prashast huaa. yeh yojana rashtriya udyaan seva, machhali aur vanyajeev seva, shikshaavidon, raajya vanyajeev agencies aur paryaavaran samoohon key beach ack sahakaari prayaas thaa. isake karyakari saransh mein nimnalikhit shamil hainh
1991 mein congress ney yuu kaa nirdeshan kiya.aiss. yelostone rashtriya udyaan aur kendriya idaho key kshetron mein bhediyon koo phir seey pesh karane key spasht uddeshya key liye ack paryavaraniya prabhaav kathan (ee. aaee. aiss.) vikasit karane key liye machhali aur vanyajeev seva. antim bayaan 14 aprail, 1994 koo prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, aur peele patthar aur kendriya idaho mein bhediyon koo phir seey sthaapit karane key liye paanch sambhaavit vikalpon kii gambhirta seey jaanch kii gaee thee.
vaikalpik 1 kii sifarish kii gaee thee aur antatah ise apanaaya gayaa thaah
antim ee. aaee. aiss. ney punah parichay kaa maarg khol diyaa, lekin virodh key binaa naheen. siera club aur rashtriya audubon samaaj ney iss aadhar parr punah parichay yojana kaa virodh kiya kii bhediyon key udyaan key baahar honey key baad "prayogaatmak aabaadi" koo paryaapt roop seey sanrakshit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. idaho, vyoming aur montana key farm beuro ney iss yojana kaa virodh iss aadhar parr kiya kii bhediye kii galat upa-prajaati-"canis lupus erimotus" (uttari chattani pahaad bhediya) key bajaay "canis lupus ausidentalis" (uttar-paschimi bhediya (kanada)) koo phir seey pesh karane key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. inn apattiyon koo door curr diyaa gayaa aur janwari 1995 mein bhediyon koo peele patthar mein phir seey pesh karane kii prakriya shuru hui.
punah parichay (1995-vartamaan).
praarambhik release 1995-96.
janwari 1995 mein, yuu.aiss. aur kanadai vanyajeev adhikaariyon ney kanada key alberta key hinton key paas jasper rashtriya udyaan key poorv mein kaee guchhe seey 14 bhediyon koo pakad liya. yeye bhediye dou shipment mein peele patthar mein pahunche-12 janwari, 1995 (8 bhediye) aur 20 janwari, 1995 (6 bhediye). unhein teen anukoolan kalamon mein chhod diyaa gayaa-poorvottar poorv peele patthar rashtriya udyaan mein lamar ghaati mein chrystal creak, gulab creak aur soda batte creak. march 1995 mein, kalam khol dee gaee aur 21 march aur 31 march, 1995 key beach, sabhi 14 bhediye peele patthar mein dheele they.
kanada mein pakade gaye satrah atirikt bhediye janwari 1996 mein peele patthar mein pahunche aur aprail 1996 mein mukhya joseph, ekal taaraa, drude shikhar aur nez purse paine seey park mein chhod diye gaye. punah parichay mein 3 seey 5 saal lagane kii yojana banaai gaee thee, lekin yeye udyaan mein chhode gaye antim bhediye they kyonki adhikaariyon kaa maanana thaa kii praakritik prajanan aur astitva paryaapt thaa.
punah parichay key baad seey vaarshik bhediya kii sthiti.
bhediyon kii aabaadi mein girawat aatee haye, jaba way hotey hain, tou "antar-vishisht kalah", khaadya tanaav, menz, canine distemper, park key baahar key kshetron mein bhediyon kaa kanuni shikaar (khel yaa pashudhan sanrakshan key liye) aur 2009 mein ack mamle mein, park key adhikaariyon dwara maanav-nivaas vaale bhediye koo ghaatak roop seey hataa diyaa gayaa.
punah parichay key baad paaristhitik prabhaav.
1995 mein phir seey pesh kiye jaane key baad seey vaigyaanik peele patthar key paaristhitiki tantra parr prabhaavon parr shodh aur adhyayan curr rahey hain.
jaise-jaise udyaan mein bhediyon kii aabaadi badhee haye, elk kii aabaadi, joe unakaa pasandida shikaar haye, mein girawat aaee haye. punah parichay seey pahale, ee. aaee. aiss. ney bhavishyavani kii thee kii bhediye prati bhediya salana ausatan 12 elk koo maar denge. yeh anuman bahut cumm saabit huaa kyonki bhediye abb prati bhediya ausatan 22 elk koo maar rahey hain. elk mein iss girawat key parinamswarup vanaspatiyon mein parivartan huaa haye, vishesh roop seey vilo, kapas kii lakadi aur bhaari lakadi vaale kshetron key kinare key saath espen. haalaanki bhediya maarne kaa kaaran seedhe taur parr elk sankhya mein girawat haye, kuchh shodhon seey pataa chalaa haye kii elk vyavhaar mein bhediye key shikaar seey kaafee badalaav aaya haye. bhediyon kii nirantar upasthiti ney elk koo cumm anukool aavason mein dhakel diyaa haye, unake tanaav key star koo badhaaya haye, unake poshan aur unaki samagr janm darr koo cumm kiya haye.
bhediye apane punah parichay key baad coyotes key mahatvapurna shikari bunn gaye. taba seey, 1995 aur 1996 mein, sthaaniya koyot aabaadi ack naatakiya punargathan seey gujri. jaba taka bhediye vaapas naheen aae, taba taka yelostone rashtriya udyaan mein maanav prabhaavon kii kamee key kaaran america mein sabse ghanee aur sabse sthir koyot aabaadi thee. bhediye key punah parichay key dou saal baad, pratispardhi bahishkaar aur antah-sangh shikaar donon key madhyam seey koyot kii poorv-bhediye kii aabaadi 50 pratishat taka cumm hoe gaee thee. peele patthar key kshetron mein koyat kii sankhya 39 pratishat cumm thee jahan bhediyon koo phir seey pesh kiya gayaa thaa. ack adhyayan mein, lagbhag 16 pratishat radio-collard koyot bhediyon dwara shikaar kiye gaye they. peele patthar key coyotes koo apane kshetron koo sthanantarit karna padaa haye, jisake parinamswarup khule ghaas key maidanon seey khadee bhoomi kii or badhana padaa haye. khule mein shav abb koyot koo aakarshit naheen karate hain; jaba ack koyot koo sapaat ilaake mein peechha kiya jaataa haye, tou ise aksar maar diyaa jaataa haye. way khadee bhoomi parr adhik surakshit mahsoos karate hain jahan way aksar ack peechha karane vaale bhediye koo neeche leey jaate hain. jaise hii bhediya usake baad aayega, koyat ghoom jaayega aur oopar kii or daudega. bhediye, bhaari honey key kaaran, rook naheen sakate aur koyot ack badee badhat hassil kartaa haye. halanki donon prajaatiyon key beach shaaririk takraav mein aamtaur parr badey bhediyon kaa varchasva hotaa haye, lekin koyot bhediyon parr hamla karane key liye jaane jaate hain yadi way unase adhik sankhya mein hotey hain. avsar milane parr donon prajaatiyan ack dusare key pillon koo maar dengi.
koyot, apane badale mein, swabhavik roop seey lomadiyon koo dabaa dete hain, isaliye cumm hui koyot aabaadi ney lomadiyon mein vriddhi kii haye, aur "joe badale mein khargosh aur yuva hiran jaise koyot shikaar key liye jeevit rahane kii sambhaavanaon koo badal detaa haye, saath hii saath chhote krintakon aur jameen parr ghonsale rakhane vaale pakshiyon key liye lomadiyon kaa peechha kartaa haye. yeye parivartan iss baat koo prabhaavit karate hain kii kitni baar kuchh jadein, kaliyaan, beej aur keede khaae jaate hain, joe sthaaniya paadap samudaayon key santulan koo badal detaa haye, aur iss tarah khaadya shrinkhala mein kavak aur sookshmajeevon taka pahunch jaataa haye."
bhediyon kii upasthiti bhee udyaan kii beaver aabaadi mein ack naatakiya vriddhi key saath hui haye; jahan 2001 mein peele patthar mein sirf ack beaver coloney thee, 2011 taka udyaan mein nau beaver coloniyaan theen. bhediyon kii upasthiti ney elk koo adhik vyaapak roop seey brouse karane key liye protsaahit kiya haye, jisase vilo key stand parr unakaa dabaav cumm hoe gayaa haye, ack paudha jise sardiyon mein jeevit rahane key liye beaver kii aavashyakta hoti haye. paaristhitiki tantra mein beaver kii naee upasthiti kaa sthaaniya jalvibhaajak parr paryaapt prabhaav padata haye kyonki beaver baandhon kaa astitva "yahaan taka kii bahane kii mausami daalon koo bhee baahar nikaalata haye; jall star koo recharge karane key liye [s] paani sangraheet kartaa haye; aur machhali key liye thandaa, chhayankit paani pradaan kartaa haye."beaver baandh bhee kataav kaa mukabala karate hain aur" moos, oodabilaav, mink, wading pakshiyon, jalpakshi, machhali, ubhayachar aur adhik key liye nae talab aur daldal awas banaate hain."
isi tarah, bhediyon key punah parichay key baad, elk key unake badhate shikaar seey peele patthar key grazli bhalu kii aabaadi koo laabh huaa, kyonki isase rashtriya udyaan mein jamun key vikas mein mahatvapurna vriddhi hui, joe grazli bhalu key liye ack mahatvapurna khaadya srot haye.
bhediye koo maarne vaale jaanvaron koo khurchaaya jaataa haye aur iss prakaar way jaanvaron kii ack vistrit shrinkhala koo khilaa dete hain, jinamen kauve, volverine, ganje cheel, sunhare cheel, grazee bhalu, kaale bhalu, jey, magpy, martense aur koyot shamil hain, lekin inhin taka seemit naheen hain.
iss beach, bhediya aksar cooger dwara banaae gaye shikaar kaa daavaa kartaa haye, jisane usa prajaati koo ghaati key shikaar key maidan seey unake adhik paaramparik pahaadi kshetra mein vaapas dhakel diyaa haye.
paaristhitiki tantra mein anya vanaspatiyon aur jeevon parr bhediye jaise sheersh shikari key punah parichay kaa sheersh-down prabhaav ack poshan cascade kaa ack udaaharan haye.
2009 luptapray prajaatiyon kii soochi seey hataa diyaa gayaa.
kyonki montana, vyoming aur idaho mein gray wolf aabaadi ney 4 maee, 2008 koo wolf recovery plan key lakshyon koo puuraa karane key liye paryaapt roop seey thheek hoe gayaa thaa.aiss. machhali aur vanyajeev seva ney gray wolf aabaadi kii sthiti koo badal diyaa jise uttari chattani parvat vishisht jansankhya khand key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe "luptapray" seey "prayogaatmak aabaadi-gair-aavashyak" mein badal gayaa.
peele patthar mein bhediye aur adhik peele patthar kaa paaristhitiki tantra iss aabaadi key bheetar aataa haye. sthiti mein badalaav key jawab mein, idaho aur montana mein raajya vanyajeev adhikaariyon ney apani anumodit raajya bhediya prabandhan yojanaon key hisse key roop mein bhediyon parr kotaa-adharit shikaar key mausam lagu kiye. paryaavaran samoohon ney soochi seey hatane aur shikaar key mausamon parr apatti jataai, lekin unhein rokane key kanuni prayason key bavjood ("vanyajeevon key rakshak aur anya. caine saalaazaar aur anya."), sitambar 2009 mein montana mein shuru hue bhediye key shikaar koo aage badhane kii anumati dee gaee.
halanki udyaan kii seemaon key bheetar bhediye abhee bhee poori tarah seey sanrakshit they, idaho yaa montana mein udyaan kii seemaon key baahar jaane vaale bhediyon kaa abb kanuni roop seey shikaar kiya jaa sakata thaa. inn shikaaron key dauran, montana key shikariyon ney kanuni roop seey absaroka-bertooth jangal mein kaee bhediyon koo maar daala, joe aksar udyaan key poorvottar koney mein paae jaate hain.
pratikriyaaen.
shikaar key avsar.
aaee. dee. 1 seey, montana machhali, vanyajeev aur udyaanon ney entlerless permit koo 2,882 seey ghataakar 1,400 curr diyaa. unhone 2006 key liye kewal 100 permit kaa prastaav rakhaa joe 1995 mein jaari 2,660 permit seey 96 pratishat cumm thaa. shuru mein, vasuli key pahale paanch varshon key dauran elk parr bhediye key shikaar key prabhaav kaa pataa naheen chalaa thaa, kyonki elk sankhya aaee. dee. 2 key samaan thee. 1995 kii sardiyon seey 2004 kii sardiyon taka, elk kii sankhya mein bahut kamee aaee, uttari seema parr bhediyon kii sankhya 21 seey ghatkar 8,335 hoe gaee, halanki bhalu seey shikaar, maanav kataai mein vriddhi, adhik gambhir sardi aur sookha bhee kaarak they. 2000 key baad seey, radio collar gaay-elk kii gyaat mauton mein seey 45 pratishat aur shikaar key kaaran honey vaali mauton mein seey 75 pratishat bhediyon key kaaran honey kii pushti hui haye. isi avadhi mein maanav mrityu gyaat mauton key liye 8-30% key liye jimmedaar thee. yelostone elk bhediyon key sheetkaleen aahar kaa 92 pratishat taka hotaa haye, sardiyon mein elk parr yelostone bhediyon kii kull maarne kii darr prati bhediya salana 22 ungulate honey kaa anuman haye. yeh ee. aiss. aeye. mein anumaanit prati bhediya darr key 12 guchhe seey adhik haye.
upa-prajaatiyan.
aitihaasik roop seey, bhediyon kii aabaadi mool roop seey peele patthar kii mool nivasi thee, jinhen upa-prajaati "see" key tahat vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. ell. irremotus. jaba parichay key liye kiss upa-prajaati kaa upayog karane kaa mudda uthaaya gayaa thaa, yuu.aiss. machhali aur vanyajeev seva key pratinidhiyon ney kahaa kii gray bhediyon key vargeekaran koo kaee baar sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa, aur vaha "see. ell. irremotus "ack alag upa-prajaati naheen thee, balki ack bhaugolik roop thaa. kanadai bhediyon kii sansthaapak aabaadi kaa upayog karane kii upayuktata parr teen prakaashan kiye gaye theh sharaab banaane vaale aur fritz ney iss andolan kaa samarthan kiya, jabaki nauk ney nirdhaarit kiya kii mool peele patthar key bhediye "see" key samaan they. ell. nubilus, "ack upa-prajaati joe pahale seey hii minnesota mein maujood haye, aur kii brooster aur fritz dwara prastaavit kanadai janwar upa-prajaati key they" see. ell. oxidantalis, "ack kaafee badaa janwar. sharaab banaane vaale aur fritz key paksh key peechhe kaa tark yeh thaa kii bhediye bahut cumm aanuvanshik vividhata dikhaate hain, aur mool aabaadi vaise bhee vilupt hoe gaee thee. iska khandan nauk ney kiya, jinhone yeh tark diyaa kii minnesotan bhediye aakar aur aakar mein prastaavit kanadai bhediyon kii tulanaa mein mool aabaadi key samaan they, halanki unhone sweekaar kiya kii "see. ell. oxidantalis "shayed maanav hastakshep seey pahale hii dakshin kii or palayan curr rhaa thaa. daug smith kaa kahana haye kii shuru kiye gaye bhediyon aur mool bhediyon key beach aakar kaa antar vaastav mein kewal 6-7 pratishat kaa antar thaa aur minnesoton bhediyon koo elk aur baisan kaa koee anubhav naheen thaa aur way pahaadi ilaakon key anukool naheen they. smith aur yelostone rashtriya udyaan iss daave seey incar karate hain kii "galat bhediya" pesh kiya gayaa thaa.

