denube-black see kainal

denube-black see kainal () romenia mein ack naugamya nahar haye, joe denube nadee parr sernavoda seey dou shaakhaon key madhyam seey, kaale samudra parr constanta aur navodari taka jaati haye. aggia seey prashaasit, yeh raain-maine-danube nahar key madhyam seey uttari samudra aur kaalaa samudra key beach jalmarg sampark kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa haye. nahar kii mukhya shakha, jisaki lambai sernavoda key bandargah koo constanta key bandargah seey jodati haye, kaa nirmaan 1976-1984 mein kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki uttari shakha, jise poart alba-midiya navodari nahar key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, kii lambai key saath, poart alba aur midiya key bandargah koo jodati haye, 1983 aur 1987 key beach banaai gaee thee.
halanki denube aur kaalaa sagar key beach ack naugamya nahar banaane kaa vichaar purana haye, pahala thhos prayaas 1949 aur 1953 key beach kiya gayaa thaa, jaba usa samay key communist adhikaariyon ney raajneetik virodhiyon koo khatm karane key liye iss avsar kaa upayog kiya thaa, isaliye nahar shram shiviron key sthal key roop mein kukhyaat hoe gaee, jaba kissy bhee samay, 5,000 seey 20,000 bandiyon, jyaadaatar raajneetik kaidiyon key beach, isaki khudai parr kaam kiya. iss avadhi key dauran shram bull key roop mein upayog kiye jaane vaale kaidiyon kii kull sankhya agyaat haye, jisamen mauton kii kull sankhya kaee dasiyon hazaar honey kaa anuman haye. denube-black see kainal key nirmaan kaary 20 saal baad alag-alag paristhitiyon mein phir seey shuru kiye jaane they.
bhugol.
nahar kaa maarg jyaadaatar poorv nadee karasu key maarg kaa anusaran kartaa haye, joe mool roop seey denube kii ack sahayak nadee haye. isaliye, jall-chitraatmak roop seey isamen jall nikasi besin seey kaale samudra taka pravaah koo pahunchaane kaa kaary bhee haye.
mukhya shakha denube parr sernavoda seey porta alba taka faili hui haye. iss pahunch parr yeh sernavoda, saligni, mircy voda, medgidia, castellu aur poart alba kii bastiyon key paas yaa unake madhyam seey jaataa haye. iss pahunch parr nahar uttari tata parr sahayak nadiyon (paschim seey poorv taka) seey judati haih vaaleya seismelli, vaaleya planti, aggy kabul, castellu aur nisipari. dakshin tata parr yeh sahayak nadiyon (paschim seey poorv) popa nikaa aur medgidia seey judati haye.
nahar dou shaakhaon mein vibhajit hoe jaati haye. mukhya nahar dakshin kii or, constanta sud agijiya key bandargah kii or jaati haye. yeh murfatler, kampana aur egiga kii bastiyon key paas seey gujarta haye. isaki pahunch parr yeh uttar-purvi tata parr sahayak nadiyon vaale seeka aur laju aur dakshin-paschim tata parr siminok, surplay, potrinia aur aggia seey juda jaataa haye.
uttari shakha, poarta alba-midiya navodari nahar, midiya key bandargah kii or jaati haye. yeh naazarasi, lumina, ovidiu aur navodari key paas seey gujarta haye. isaki pahunch parr yeh sahayak nadiyon koko, naazarasi aur valea adanasi seey judati haye.
prerana.
nahar key nirmaan key mukhya kaaran denube delta koo darkinar karna thaa, joe navigate karna mushkil haye, kaalaa samudra kii doori koo cumm karna aur jahaajon key loading aur unloading seey sambandhit kaee mudde they.
apane delta mein, denube koo teen mukhya shaakhaon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, jinamen seey koee bhee ishtatam nauvahan key liye upayukt naheen haih chiliya shakha sabse gahari haye, lekin isake munh sthir naheen they, jisane nauvahan koo khatarnak banaa diyaa; sulina shakha samudri jahaajon key liye paryaapt gahari naheen haye aur yeh rail pranali seey alag honey key liye bhee upayog kii jaati haye; safantu ghiyorag shakha uthali aur paappurn haye.
jaba nahar banaane kaa nirnay liya gayaa thaa, taba aadhikarik taur parr ghoshana kii gaee thee kii yeye kaary kshetra mein daldal kii jall nikasi key saath bhoomi sudhaar key ack gauna uddeshya koo bhee puuraa karenge. nirmaan avadhi key dauran, denube-black see kainal koo soviyat volga-donn kainal aur madhya europe key beach ack tej aur seedhe sambandh key roop mein vigyaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
ayam.
mukhya shakha naav dwara constant seey sernavoda taka kii doori koo see. aeye. dwara cumm curr detee haye. . isaki chaudaai aur gaharaai haye; uttari bhuja kii lambai, chaudaai aur gaharaai haye. isaki sabse tej modd kii trijya mukhya shakha key liye haye, aur uttari shakha key liye haye.
jalmarg medgidia aur merfatler shaharon seey hocker gujarta haye, donon koo antardeshiya bandargaahon mein badal diyaa gayaa haye. ise chhah todd naukaaon vaale kafile key pargaman koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen pratyek kii lambai aur chaudaai mein 3,000 tunn (kramshah, kull 18,000 tunn) taka (5,000 tunn taka key jahaaj, lambe samay taka aur beam mein aur draft mein bhee nahar seey gujar sakate hain). sanrachana chaar taale (sernowada aur egiga mein, aur ovidiu aur navodari mein, kramshah) seey bandhi hui haye.
apane antim charan mein, nahar key nirmaan mein nau saal seey adhik kaa samay lagaa; mitty kii khudai kii gaee (panama aur suez naharon key nirmaan mein shamil raashi seey adhik), aur concreet kaa upayog taale aur samarthan divaaron key liye kiya gayaa thaa.
itihas.
poorvavarti.
iss nahar key nirmaan kii sabse purani yojana 1830 key dashak key anta mein taiyar kii gaee thee. 1829 kii adrian logon kii sandhi ney walchia aur moldavia key danubian riyasaton mein ottoman samrajya key vyaapaar ekadhikar koo radd curr diyaa, jisase inn deshon koo 1834 taka apane bede banaane kii anumati millie. donon roman aur gair-roman jahaajon ney jyaadaatar brella aur galati key danube bandargah shaharon kaa upayog kiya, jisamen aarthik uchhaal dekhaa gayaa. lekin iss vyaapaar mein kaee baadhaaen theenh ottoman ney denube parr nauvahan shasson koo niyantrit kiya, jabaki russie samrajya ney denube delta mein kaale samudra taka pahunch koo niyantrit kiya, aur denubian riyaasaten iss sthiti koo thheek karane key liye bahut cumm curr sakati theen. donon deshon ney austriyai samrajya key 1834 key nirnay kaa swaagat kiya, jiska samarthan count istwan secheni ney kiya, taaki samudri denube taka steamboat nauvahan kaa vistaar kiya jaa sakey. austriyai pahal koo rusiyon dwara apriya roop seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone maanaa kii odessa aur bandargaahon key madhyam seey unakaa vyaapaar brella aur galati key vikas seey khatare mein haye. pratyaksh upaayon koo hull kiye binaa, russie samrajya, jisane salaina shakha koo niyantrit kiya, ney kathorta dikhaana shuru curr diyaa, 7 farwari, 1836 koo letia dweep parr ack anivarya sangrodh sthaapit kiya, russie vittiya ghaate koo puuraa karane key liye curr ekatra kiya, aur rait key nirantar jamaa koo hataane key liye salaina shakha parr nauvahan key liye rakharkhaav naheen kiya.
isase austriyai logon koo delta seey pahale sabse cumm bindu parr, rasova yaa sernavoda ("bogaz koee") aur constanta ("custandji") key beach, aur ack samanantar railway key beach, kaale samudra key saath denube koo jodane key liye ack nahar khodane kaa vichaar milaa. haalaanki, austriyai pariyojana koo ottoman port dwara aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. paschimi rajnayikon aur samachar patron ney russie sarkaar parr aarop lagaaya kii rishwat aur dhamki key madhyam seey, ottoman adhikaariyon ney secheni kii company key prastaav koo aswikar karane key liye nirdhaarit kiya. 1839 mein, zecheni koo sookhi bhoomi parr parivahan dwara sulina taka pahunche binaa maal aur logon key parivahan koo sunishchit karane key liye apani aur ottoman sarkaaron kii manjuri millie. gaadiyon aur dibbon ney sernavoda seey constant taka 7-8 ghante kii yatra kii, jahan loga aur saman istambul key liye anya jahaajon mein savaar they. yaatriyon kii cumm sankhya, parivahan kii uchch laagat aur bandargah key ayogya sadak mein thaharane kii kharaab sthitiyon key kaaran gair-laabhkaari honey key kaaran 4 saal baad udyam koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
isake sthaan parr, ack nayaa brella-istanbul maarg sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, 1844 taka, sulina shakha kii gaharaai 1836 mein 13-14 phut seey ghatkar 7-9 feat hoe gaee thee, kyonki russie adhikaariyon dwara drezing kii kamee key kaaran joe maarg koo niyantrit kartaa thaa. austriyai sarkaar ney ack nahar koo kaatane kaa ack nayaa prayaas kiya, sainya engineer curnell bairan carle wonn bigaro koo bhoomi kii sambhavana key liye bheja. lekin takniki samasya key kaaran iss vichaar koo phir seey chhodana padaa, sabse pahale badey antarrashtriya vyaapaar key liye constanta key bandargah kii ayogyata key kaaran.
1850 mein, moldavian vidwan ionscu dee laa brad ney ack aur pariyojana kaa prastaav rakhaa, jise aayan ghika aur ottoman samrajya mein united kingdam key dutawas key sachiv, scotish rajanyik david urkhart dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa. ghika ney ahmed vephic koo brad kii pariyojana kii pairavi kii, jinhone roose koo ukasaane key darr seey nakaratmak pratikriya dee.
1854-1856 key aaparaadhik yuddh ney iss yojana key liye ack sainya aur ranneetik ayam jodaa. british aur francisi sahayogi 1854 kii garmiyon mein verna mein utare, jisake baad walchia aur moldavia seey russie sainikon kii vaapsee hui aur ottoman aur austriyai sainikon kii pragati hui. 1855 mein, francisi sarkaar ney ack pahal kii, aur ottoman ney ise sabse saste samadhan key liye manjuri deeh sernavoda aur constanta key beach ack ranneetik sadak kaa nirmaan. engineer charles lalen koo inn karyon kaa prabhaari niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, joe 1855 kii garmiyon mein shuru hue aur varsh key anta taka samaapt hoe gaye. ayashi key samachar patra "zimbrul" key anusaar, yeh kaam moldavia aur walchia mein chune gaye madhyam charitra key 300 shaaririk roop seey majboot purushon dwara kiya gayaa thaa.
sadak key nirmaan ney nahar kii aavashyakta koo samaapt naheen kiya, aur austriyai sarkaar ney apane anunaya prayason koo phir seey shuru kiya. julaai 1855 mein "gazetta dee transylvania" key anusaar, austriyai vitt mantri bairan carle ludwig wonn brook ney vaanchhit nahar banaane key liye ack stock company kii sthaapana kii. 23 julaai, 1855 koo "zimbrul" mein ack lekh key anusaar, yeh pariyojana britten, francisi samrajya aur austriyai samrajya key liye ruchi kii thee, joe ottoman sarkaar seey nahar kii riyayat aur teen deshon key nirdeshan mein ack sangh koo constanta key bandargah kii fitting aavantit karane key liye kaha rahey they. ottomans koo 99 varshon key liye nahar key pratyek taraf ack leag bhoomi patte parr deni thee, jahan upaniveshvaadi buss sakate they. maal koo swatantra roop seey yatra karni thee, jahaajon koo kewal "prati swar" curr kaa bhugtan karna thaa, joe kii sulina shakha kii tulanaa mein kaafee cumm thaa. 24 janwari, 1856 seey samachar patra "stia duneri" key anusaar, sultan ney anglo-french-austriyai sangh willson-morney-breeda koo ack "farman" jaari kiya, jiska pratinidhitva forbes campbelle ney kiya, aur ise nahar banaane key liye adhikrit kiya, jise abdul medjid kahaa jaanaa thaa. riyayat adhiniyam key 12 lekh "bookurester duesh zitung" mein prakaashit kiye gaye they.
nahar key nirmaan kii yojanaon ney 30 march, 1856 koo peris kii sandhi parr hastakshar karane key saath ack alag modd leey liya, jisase yuddh samaapt hoe gayaa. roose ney denube key muhaane koo ottoman aur dakshini besarabia (haal hii mein kahul, bolgrade aur ismel county key roop mein sangathit) koo unake jagirdar, moldavia koo saunp diyaa. denube parr antarrashtriya nauvahan kii swatantrata bahaal curr dee gaee; maarg karon koo radd curr diyaa gayaa, pulis aur sangrodh niyamon koo saral banaa diyaa gayaa; aur denube key europeeya aayog kii sthaapana saat shaktiyon key pratinidhiyon key saath kii gaeeh britten, france, austriya, roose, ottoman samrajya, prussia kaa raajya aur sardinia kaa raajya. aayog nadee key bhandar seey denube muhaane koo saaf karane key liye jimmedaar thaa, aur jaba aavashyak hoe tou praakritik baadhaon koo door karane key saath, nauvahan key liye achchi sthitiyon koo sunishchit karane key lakshya key saath. iska prabhaav yeh thaa kii austriya, britten aur france ney ack denube-black see kainal key liye pariyojana key prati apana ravaiya badal diyaa. samachar patra "zimbarul" ney 25 maee, 1856 koo ghoshana kii kii nahar key nirmaan kii yojana koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaa; isake bajaay sernowada aur constant key beach ack rail line banaai jaani thee. nirmaan key dhaaee saal baad, line kaa udghaatan 4 octuber, 1860 koo kiya gayaa thaa. line key khulane key baad, maal koo rail dwara aasaani seey aur saste mein parivahan kiya gayaa thaa, isaliye ack nahar kii yojanaon koo phir seey chhod diyaa gayaa thaa.
choonki moldavia aur walchia (1859) kii sanyukt riyaasaten aupchaarik roop seey ottoman jagirdar bunny raheen, aur isake alawa dobruza koo seedhe ottoman dwara prashaasit kiya gayaa thaa, isaliye nahar banaane kaa vichaar taba romanon key liye ruchi kaa vishay naheen thaa. lekin lekin key russie-turkey yuddh key baad, romenia ney aupchaarik swatantrata praapt kii, phir seey dakshini besarabia koo roose key haathon khou diyaa, lekin dobruza praapt kiya. ack nahar banaane kaa vichaar ack rashtriya mudda bunn gayaa, joe romenia key antarrashtriya vyaapaar koo badhaava dey sakata thaa. haalaanki, baad key varshon mein vyaapaar kaa vikas mukhya roop seey sulina nahar parr kendrit thaa. parinamswarup ack anya pariyojana koo king caroll I dwara grigor antipa key saath paramarsh key baad aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. pratham vishva yuddh key dauran, dakshini romenia key kabje mein bhaag lene vaale austriya-hangerian adhikaariyon ney merfatler seey gujarane vaali ack nahar kaa prastaav rakhaa, jisamen seey 10 meal merfatler aur merfatler key beach ack surang mein hoga aur baaki 27 meal khule mein honge.
1927 mein, roman engineer jeane stonescu-dunare ney yojanaon key ack nae sett kaa masauda taiyar kiya. isake baad, mahaan avasaad, dwiteeya vishva yuddh aur romania mein raajneetik uthal-puthal ("dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran romania dekhein") key kaaran, roman saamyavaadi shasson kii sthaapana key baad 1949 taka nirmaan shuru naheen huaa.
pahala prayaas (1949-1953).
aisaa lagata haye kii 1948 mein masco craimlin kii yatra key dauran soviyat netaa joseph stallin ney roman netaa gheroghe gheroghiyu-dez koo danube-black samudri nahar kaa nirmaan shuru karane kaa sujhaav diyaa thaa. gheroghiyu-dez key cheef off staff ney kahaa kii stallin ney nahar koo ameer kisaanon aur tathaakathit "logon key dushmanon" seey chhutkara paane key saadhan key roop mein ingit kiya aur shasson key prati shatrutapurna logon kii pehchaan karane aur nahar key liye nirmaan upkaran pradaan karane mein adhikaariyon koo samarthan dene kaa vaadaa kiya. unhone yeh bhee kahaa kii ghorghiyu-dez stallin kii sifaarishon seey aashvast naheen they, yeh sandeh karate hue kii nahar vaastav mein soviyat sangh kii vistaar ranneeti kaa hissa thee. taba seey yeh pataa chalaa haye kii stallin kii pahal ack gupt adhyayan parr adharit thee, jise 1947-1948 mein commission kiya gayaa thaa, jisane midiya key bandargah parr ack soviyat pandubbi aadhar banaane kii sifarish kii thee, joe phosphorus key nikatata aur chattani neenv key kaaran upayukt thaa.
25 maee, 1949 koo, romanian shramik dall kii kendriya samiti key polit beuro koo gheroghiyu-dez dwara denube aur kaalaa sagar koo jodane vaali ack nahar key anumaanit nirmaan aur padosi kshetra key aarthik aur saanskritik vikas parr ack report prastut kii gaee thee. yeh anuman lagaate hue kii yeh mahatvapurna nirmaan romenia mein samaajvaad key nirmaan kaa ack mahatvapurna ghatak thaa, polit beuro ney sifarish kii kii pariyojana koo nahar key nirmaan key liye praarambhik kaary kii tatkaal shuruat kii manjuri key liye mantriyon kii parishad koo prastut kiya jaae. usee dinn gheroghiyu-dez, usa samay mantriparishad key pahale upaadhyaksh, ney petru groza kii adhyakshata mein parishad key samaksh apana prastaav prastut kiya, jisane ise turant manjuri dey dee. 29 juuna koo kaam shuru huaa. 22 agast, 1949 koo aayojit ack bhaashan mein annaa pokar ney nahar key nirmaan kii sarahana karate hue daavaa kiya kii "humm poonjipati varg key binaa aur poonjipati varg key khilaf nahar kaa nirmaan curr rahey hain. nahar key sabhi nirmaan sthalon parr iss naare vaale banner lagaae gaye they.
octuber 1949 mein, adhikaariyon ney rashtriya netritva koo seedhe jawab dete hue karyon aur dandaatmak suvidhaon donon kii dekhrekh key liye ack samanya nideshalaya kii sthaapana kii. iska pahala pramukh gheroghe hosu thaa joe ack poorv mechanic aur tractor chaalak thaa jise tulsia county mein roman karyakarta party key pratham sachiv aur raajya matsya paalan key prashaasak key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. 1951 mein unaki jagah meyer grunberg ney lii, badale mein vesil postuke key naam seey mihel povstancy ney unaki jagah lii, joe 1952 seey 1953 taka iss pada parr rahey. itihaaskaar adrian seoroinu key anusaar, teenon koo usa kaary key liye aparyaapt roop seey prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa jise puuraa karane kii aavashyakta thee. 1952 taka, nideshalaya aantarik mamalon key mantralaya kii pratyaksh dekhrekh mein aaa gayaa, aur nirmaan sthal parr pratibhooti koo seedhe hastakshep kii anumati dee gaee.
18 julaai, 1953 koo, pariyojana ack vivekpurna thaharaav parr aaa gaee (kuchh sroton key anusaar, 1952 kii shuruat mein, khud stallin dwara bund karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa). 1959 seey, 1949 aur 1953 key beach nirmit karyon key hisse kaa upayog "mirsi voda sinchai parisar" key liye kiya gayaa thaa, jise baad mein "karasu sinchai pranali" mein vikasit kiya gayaa, jabaki khudai key ack anya hisse koo 30 saal baad nahar kii uttari shakha key nirmaan key dauran poonjikrit kiya gayaa thaa.
jabaran shram aur daman.
1949 kii garmiyon mein anumaanit nahar maarg key saath-saath jail shiviron mein teji seey desh bhar kii jailon seey laae gaye kaidiyon kii bharmar hoe gaee. inn pahale aagmankartaon key saath jald hii nae giraftar kiye gaye loga shamil hoe gaye jinhen lagaatar badhati sankhya mein nahar mein bheja gayaa thaa. 1950 taka niyojit nahar kii lambai key saath sthaapit jabaran shram shiviron koo kshamata key anusaar bhar diyaa gayaa thaa; kewal usa varsh, una shiviron mein 15,000 kaidiyon koo rakhaa gayaa thaa. 1952 mein, nahar mein 80 pratishat seey adhik karyabal mein bandiyon koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa. 1953 taka, kaidiyon kii sankhya badhkar 20,193, yaa 40,000, yaa 60,000 taka hoe gaee thee; anya anumaanon key anusaar poori avadhi key liye sankhya 40,000 yaa 100,000 thee. british itihaaskaar aur newyork vishvavidyalaya key professor tonny judt ney apani pustak, "yuddh key baadah 1945 key baad seey europe kaa itihas" mein mulyankan kiya kii kull milakar, duss laakh roman vibhinn jailon aur shram shiviron mein kaid they, jinamen nahar key raaste parr rahane vaale bhee shamil they.
nirmaan prayaas ney 1950 key dashak mein roman arthavyavastha key liye upalabdh sansadhanon koo paar curr liya. nahar koo nimnatar machinary saunpi gaee thee, jiska ack hissa pahale seey hii soviyat volga-donn nahar parr upayog kiya jaa chuka thaa, aur nirmaan koo adim takneekon parr nirbhar karna padaa (adhikansh kaam faavade aur picax kaa upayog karke kiya gayaa prateet hotaa haye, joe vishesh roop seey uttari dobruza key chattani ilaake mein kathin thaa). bandiyon koo brigedon key liye aavantit kiya gayaa thaa, joe aamtaur parr aam apraadhiyon dwara chalaae jaate they, jinhen apane adheensthon key khilaf hinsa kaa upayog karane key liye protsaahit kiya jaataa thaa. samanantar roop seey, kshetra kaa audyogikaran, joe nirmaan prayaas mein sahaayata key liye niyat thaa, kabhi puuraa naheen huaa.
kaidiyon key swaasthya, swachchata aur poshan key liye aavantit raashi mein varshon seey naatakiya roop seey girawat aaee haye. bhojan raashan koo nyuntam rakhaa jaataa thaa, aur kaidi aksar choohe aur anya chhote jaanvaron kaa shikaar karate they, yaa apane aahar key poorak key prayaas mein ghaas bhee khaate they. 
1949 kii garmiyon mein, nahar suraksha sainikon key commander leftinent curnell augustin albon they. tismennu aayog kii 2006 kii report key anusaar, albon ney bandiyon key khilaf yaatana key tarikon kaa upayog kiya, aur unamen seey kaee koo vyaktigat roop seey maar daala. anya suraksha adhikaari joe kaidiyon key saath aksar kroor aur ghaatak tarikon kaa upayog karate they, way madhya shivir mein varishth leftinent liviu borsia they; galles aur praaydweep shiviron mein kaptan petre bergian; praaydweep mein leftinent chirian; kaptan, pratibhooti key kshetriya nideshalaya key nideshak; aur sargent grigor aayan ilisku.
kaidiyon koo bedkhal kisan they jinhone saamoohikta kaa virodh karane kaa prayaas kiya thaa, rashtriya kisan party, rashtriya liberal party, roman soshal democratic party aur fasiwadi lauh rakshak, zionwadi yahudi, saath hii saath roodhivaadi aur catholic pujari. iss nahar koo saamyavaadi adhikaariyon dwara "roman burjua varg kaa kabristan" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa, aur avaanchhaniya samajik vargon kaa bhautik unmoolan isake sabse mahatvapurna lakshyon mein seey ack thaa.
marius opriya key anusaar, nahar mein raajneetik kaidiyon key beach mrityu darr behad adhik thee; udaaharan key liye, 1951-52 kii sardiyon mein, galesu gaanv key paas poarta alba shivir mein harr dinn ack seey teen bandiyon kii mrityu hoe rahee thee. romania mein saamyavaadi tanashahi key adhyayan key liye rashtrapati aayog ney pariyojana mein upayog kiye jaane vaale raajneetik kaidiyon mein kaee hazaar mauton kaa anuman prastut kiya, joe 1968 kii ack aadhikarik report dwara aadhikarik roop seey darj 656 seey kaafee adhik thaa. patrakaar annie applebaum ney pahale daavaa kiya thaa kii 200,000 seey adhik loga isake nirmaan mein, jokhim, asurakshit upkaran, kuposhan, durghatanaon, tapedik aur anya beemariyon, adhik kaam aadi key parinamswarup maare gaye they.jabaki raajneetik vishleshak vladmir sokar ney mauton kii sankhya "10,000 seey kaafee adhik" honey kaa anuman lagaaya thaa. itihaaskaar aur roman rashtrapati clouse iohanis key salaahkaar andrei muraru key anusaar, iss pariyojana koo "mrityu nahar" ("nahrul morry") key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. ise "apaar maanav peedaa aur mrityu darr kaa ack upkul" bhee kahaa gayaa haye. romenia (aeye. aff. dee. pee. aar.) key poorv raajneetik kaidiyon key sangathan dwara kii gaee jaanch, nahar maarg key saath paae gaye gaanvon key mrityu record key aadhar parr, 6,355 "nahar shramikon" (bandiyon key liye ack saumyokti) kii mrityu 1949-1953 avadhi key dauran hui.
samanantar mein, adhikaariyon ney kushal shramikon key liye rojgar key kshetron koo alag curr diyaa, anya sabhi seey sakht algaav mein rakhaa gayaa, way asadharan vetan (5,000 lii prati maah seey adhik) key saath site kii or aakarshit hue, saath hii saath roman senaa mein shamil honey vaale yuvaaon key liye aur jinaki faailon ney "aswasth mool" (ack madhyam vargiya parivarik prishthabhoomi) kaa sanket diyaa. unaki sankhya mein bahut utaar-chadhaav aaya (niyamit karmchari 1950 mein 13,200 seey badhkar 1951 mein 15,000 hoe gaye, 1952 kii shuruat mein 7,000 taka aur usa varsh baad mein phir seey 12,500 hoe gaye). usee samay, shramikon key anumaanit pravaah (rinn parr upalabdh gharon sahit) koo samaayojit karane key liye suvidhaaen vaastav mein kabhi poori naheen hui theen. ise prachaar machine dwara andekha curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisane isake bajaay stakhanovite kahaaniyon koo prastut kiya thaa, jisake anusaar kaary kotaa koo 170% seey adhik paar curr liya gayaa thaa. adhikaariyon ney yeh bhee daavaa kiya kii nirmaan sthal pahale seey akushal shramikon koo prashikshan pradaan curr rhaa thaa (ack aadhikarik vigyapti mein 10,000).
1953 mein kaary bund honey key baad, nahar shivir ack aur varsh key liye astitva mein rahey, aur unake kaidiyon koo uttarottar uttari dobruza mein anya kaary sthalon parr isi tarah kii sthitiyon mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. nahar sthal parr dandaatmak suvidhaon koo 1954 key madhya mein bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
mukadama.
kamjor karane vaale aur asafal karyon key liye antatah kathit shadyantrakariyon key ack samooh parr dosh lagaaya gayaa, jinhen 1952 key anta mein jasusi, dhokhadhadi aur todfod key aaropon mein aaropit kiya gayaa thaa. jaanch kaa ayojan eosif chinevsky dwara kiya gayaa thaa.
teen logon koo maar diyaa gayaa (injan chaalak nichita dumitrescu, aur engineer aurel rossie-rosenberg aur nikole vasilescu-calorado); anya koo vibhinn sharton key liye jail mein daal diyaa gayaa thaa. engineer gheroghe crassion key aspas ack dusare samooh mein prativaadiyon koo vibhinn kathor dandon (teen aajivan karawas sahit) kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. alekjendru nicholschi key netritva mein ack pratibhooti daste dwara yaatana kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, joe jabaran sweekaarokti praapt karane key liye ack saadhan thaa.
nirmaan (1973-1987).
juuna 1973 mein, poori tarah seey nae design key saath, pariyojana koo nikole seusescu dwara phir seey shuru kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone pahale 1952 key mukadame mein sajaa paae logon key punarvaas kaa adesh diyaa thaa, aur jinka uddeshya soviyat niyantran (joe 1948 key denube sammelan dwara sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa) seey nichale denube koo vaapas lena thaa. aadhikarik prachaar mein, jahaan 1950 key dashak kii misal kaa abb ullekh naheen kiya gayaa thaa, nahar koo neele rajmarg ("magistrala albastre") key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa.
naugamya nahar aur constanta sudd key bandargah key karyon key samanya designer bucharest seey "sadak, jall aur vayu parivahan kaa design sansthaan" (iptana) thaa, jabaki "jalvidyut adhyayan aur design sansthaan" (isf) ney denube aur sernavoda kshetron key liye kaam kiya. romenia key ander utpaadit naee aur badee machinary koo site parr pesh kiya gayaa thaa. dakshini shakha maee 1984 mein poori hui thee, jisamen uttari shakha kaa udghaatan octuber 1987 mein kiya gayaa thaa.
nahar key nirmaan kii laagat lagbhag 2 arab dollar honey kaa anuman haye, aur 50 varshon mein ise vasool kiya jaanaa thaa. haalaanki, 2005 taka, isaki vaarshik aaya kewal 3 million euro seey thodi adhik haye.
2018 mein, 32.9 laakh tunn seey adhik maal koo denube-black see kainal (pichhale varsh kii tulanaa mein 4.7% kii vriddhi) key madhyam seey leey jaaya gayaa thaa.
kalaa mein.
1950 key dashak key adhikansh samay key liye, denube-black see kainal koo egitprop saahitya mein manaaya gayaa thaa (vishesh roop seey, jio bogazaa key 1950 key report mein "инсетул еποπει", "mahakavya kii shuruat", aur petru dumitriu key "drum faare palbere", "dhool rahit sadak"), sangeet (leone clapper kii symphonic kavita "duneria seey varsane maare", "samudra mein danube bahata haye"), aur film (aayan boston kii 1951 kii "kainal dunre-maaraa negra, okruti aeye pissy"-"dha dianube-black see kainal, shaanti kaa nirmaan"). 1980 key dashak key dauran, danne spataru aur mirabela dawar dwara prastut aur nahar koo apani setting key roop mein upayog karate hue, geet "magistrala albastre" ("dha blue freeway") koo aksar aadhikarik aur ardh-aadhikarik sandarbhon mein prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa.
julaai thesis" seey pahale udaarikaran kii avadhi key dauran, saahitya koo nahar key jail key itihas key kaee sandarbh dene kii anumati dee gaee thee. udaharanon mein merrin preda kaa "cell maaee ibit dintre paymanteni" aur, sabse adhik sambhavana, yugen barbu kaa "principle" (ack roopak key madhyam seey, 18 veen shatabdi key fanariot niyamon key dauran sett) shamil hain. aaee. dee. 1 mein, ack poorv kaidi, aayan karja ney karawas key dauran apani peedaon kaa vivaran dete hue "canalul morry" ("dha death kainal") naamak ack pustak likhi; yeh pahali baar 1993 mein romenia mein 1989 kii kranti key baad prakaashit hui thee. 1980 key dashak mein sthaapit gyogi dragoman key 2005 key upanyaas "dha white king" mein, mukhya naayak 11 varsheeya ladke key pitaa koo denube-black see kainal parr kaam karane key liye ack shram shivir mein nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa haye.

