
banburismus

banburismus ack gupt vishleshanatmak prakriya thee jise dusare vishva yuddh key dauran britten key bletchley park mein ellen turing dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. iska upayog bletchley park kii jhopadi 8 dwara anigma machines parr nihit german "criegsmarine" (nausena) sandeshon koo todane mein madad karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. prakriya ney anigma machine kii sambhaavit settings key baare mein jaankaari kaa anuman lagaane key liye anukramik sashart sambhavana kaa upayog kiya. isane ack parikalpana key paksh mein sakshya key vajan key maap key roop mein turing key "pratibandh" key aavishkaar koo janm diyaa. iss avadharana koo baad mein turingri aur lorenz sifer koo todane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale anya sabhi tarikon mein lagu kiya gayaa thaa.
avalokan.
banburismus kaa uddeshya electromechanical bumm machines key liye aavashyak samay koo cumm karna thaa, jisamen sabse adhik sambhavana vaale daahine haath aur beach key pahiyon kii pehchaan kii jaati thee. jhopadi 8 ney dou saal taka lagaatar prakriya kaa pradarshan kiya, kewal 1943 mein rook gayaa jaba paryaapt bumm samay aasaani seey upalabdh hoe gayaa. banburismus polish cryptanalist georgy roziki dwara aavishkaar kii gaee "ghadee vidhi" kaa ack vikas thaa.
hyug alekjendar koo banbourists mein sabse achchha maanaa jaataa thaa. vaha aur main. jey. iss prakriya koo naukari seey adhik bauddhik khel maanaa jaataa haye. yeh "tuchchh honey key liye paryaapt aasaan naheen thaa, lekin ack tantrika tootane kaa kaaran banane key liye paryaapt kathin naheen thaa.
itihas.
sitambar 1939 mein bletchley park mein pahunchane key baad pahale kuchh maheenon mein, ellen turing ney sahee dhang seey anuman lagaaya kii criegsmarine anigma sanketon kii sandesh-setting ack samanya "grundstellung" (rotter kii shuruati sthiti) parr encryped thee, aur phir ack bigram aur ack trigram lookup table key saath super-encryped they. yeye trigram taalikaaen "kengrupenbuch (key book)" naamak ack pustak mein theen. haalaanki, bigram table key binaa, jhopadi 8 yatayat parr hamla karna shuru karane mein asamarth thee. narvik pinch" key baad ack safalata hassil kii gaee, jisamen chhadm sashastr troller "pollar", joe norwey mein narvik key raaste mein thaa, koo 26 aprail 1940 koo uttari samudra mein jabt curr liya gayaa thaa. germans key paas apane sabhi guptalekh dastavejon koo nasht karane kaa samay naheen thaa, aur kabja kii gaee samagri ney sanket pranali key sateek roop koo prakat kiya, 23 aur 24 aprail key liye plugboard connection aur "grundelang" kii aapoorti kii aur operators key logg, jisane 25 aur 26 tarikh key liye yugmit saade paath aur kootbaddh sandesh kaa ack lamba vistaar diyaa.
bigram table swayam kabja kaa hissa naheen they, lekin hutt 8 pichhali sthiti mein padhane key liye settings-list kaa upayog karane mein saksham they, sabhi criegsmarine traffic joe 22 seey 27 aprail taka baadhit kiye gaye they. isane unhein bigram table kaa aanshik punarnirmaan karane aur 30 aprail seey criegsmarine yatayat parr hamla karane key liye banburismus kaa upayog karane kaa pahala prayaas shuru karane kii anumati dee. paatr dinn way they jahan cumm seey cumm 200 sandesh praapt hue they aur jinake liye aanshik bigram-table ney sanketkon koo samajhaaya thaa. pahala dinn 8 maee 1940 koo todaa gayaa thaa, jisake baad yeh upalabdhi hassil karane vaale gupt vishleshak hyug phos key sammaan mein "phos divas" key roop mein manaaya gayaa.
iss kaary mein usa varsh navambar taka kaa samay lagaa, usa samay taka khufiya jaankaari bahut purani hoe chuki thee, lekin yeh dikhaa kii banburismus kaam curr sakata thaa. isane bigram table key punarnirmaan kii bhee anumati dee, jisane badale mein 14 aprail aur 26 juuna koo todane kii anumati dee. haalaanki, criegsmarine ney 1 julaai koo bigram table koo badal diyaa thaa. 1940 key anta taka, banburismus scoring pranali key adhikansh siddhant parr kaam kiya jaa chuka thaa.
3 march 1941 koo troller "crabes" seey "pahali lophotan pinch" ney farwari key liye poori chaabiyan pradaan keen-lekin koee bigram table yaa "key book" naheen. parinami decrypt ney saankhyikiya scoring pranali koo parishkrit karane kii anumati dee taaki 1943 key madhya taka banburismus criegsmarine anigma key khilaf maanak prakriya bunn sakey.
siddhant.
banburismus ney criegsmarine anigma yatayat kii sanketak prakriya (encrypted sandesh settings) mein ack kamjori kaa upayog kiya. german senaa aur vayu senaa kii anigma prakriyaon key vipareet, criegsmarine ney pramukh soochiyon dwara pradaan kiye gaye "grundstellung" kaa upayog kiya, aur isaliye yeh ack vishesh dinn (yaa dinon kii jodee) parr sabhi sandeshon key liye samaan thaa. iska matlab thaa kii teen-akshar sanketak sabhi ack hii rotter settings key saath encryped they taaki way sabhi ack dusare key saath "gaharaai mein" houn. aam taur parr, dou sandeshon key liye sanketak kabhi bhee samaan naheen they, lekin aisaa hoe sakata haye kii, ack sandesh key madhyam seey, rotter kii sthiti ack anya sandesh key liye rotter kii praarambhik sthiti key samaan hoe gaee, dou sandeshon key bhaag joe iss tarah seey overlap kiye gaye they gaharaai mein they.
banburismus key peechhe kaa siddhant apekshaakrit saral haye (aur sanyog key soochkaank key samaan prateet hotaa haye). yadi angreji yaa german mein dou vaakya ack dusare key oopar likhe jaate hain, aur ack ginati kii jaati haye kii ack sandesh mein ack patra kitni baar dusare sandesh mein sambandhit patra key samaan hotaa haye; yadi vaakya aksharon key yaadrichhik taar hotey hain tou isase adhik milan hoga. yaadrichhik anukram key liye, ekal aksharon key liye dohrao darr 26 mein 1 (lagbhag 3.8%) honey kii ummeed haye, aur german nausena sandeshon key liye yeh 17 mein 1 (5.9%) dikhaaya gayaa thaa. yadi donon sandesh gaharaai mein they, tou match thheek vaise hii hotey hain jaise unhone saade shabdon mein kiye they. haalaanki, yadi sandesh gaharaai mein naheen they, tou dou saanketik paathon kii tulanaa iss tarah seey kii jaayegi jaise kii way yaadrichhik they, 26 mein lagbhag 1 kii punaravritti darr dete hue. yeh ack hamlawar koo dou sandesh lene kii anumati detaa haye jinake sanketak kewal teesare varna mein bhinn hotey hain, aur unhein ack dusare key khilaf slide karate hain taaki way dohrao pattern kii talash mein dikhein kii way gaharaai mein kahaan sanrekhit hotey hain.
dou sandeshon kii tulanaa karane key liye sandesh kii lambai key aadhar parr, kaee meater (gaj) chaude key baare mein patale card parr sandeshon koo ghoonsa markar dohrao kii talash karna aasaan banaa diyaa gayaa thaa. card parr ack collum key sheersh parr ack chhed usa sthiti mein ack 'aeye' kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, neeche ack chhed ack 'jaid' kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. dou sandesh-card ack prakaash-petty parr ack dusare key oopar rakhe gaye they aur jahaan prakaash chamakata thaa, vahaan ack punaravritti thee. isase punaraavrittiyon kaa pataa lagaana aur ginati karna bahut aasaan hoe gayaa. card oxfordshire key banbury mein mudrit kiye gaye they. way bletchley park mein 'banburys' key roop mein jaane jaane lagey, aur isaliye unakaa upayog karane kii prakriyaah banburismus.
scritcommus prakriya kaa upayog (neeche dekhein) sambhaavit daahine haath key rotter key baare mein ack sanket detaa haye.
udaaharan key liye.
sanketak key saath sandeshah 
sanketak key saath sandeshah
hutt 8 inhen banbury parr mukka maar dega aur sabhi vaidh offset key liye punaraavrittiyon koo ginata haye-25 aksharon seey + 25 aksharon taka. dou ashajanak pada hainh
aathh aksharon kii iss offset mein 56 aksharon (16 pratishat) key ack overlap mein dou bigram sahit nau punaraavrittiyaan dikhaai detee hain.
doosari ashajanak sthiti iss tarah dikhati haih
saat kii yeh offset 57 aksharon key ack ativyaapi mein sirf ack trigram koo darshaati haye.
turing kii kaee decibans key score koo jamaa karane kii vidhi iss ganana kii anumati detee haye kii inmein seey kaun see sthiti sandeshon koo gaharaai seey prastut karane kii sabse adhik sambhavana haye. jaisa kii apekshit hoe sakata haye, poorv 5:1 kii baadhaon key saath vijeta haye, baad vaalaa kewal 2:1 parr haye.
turing ney itane saare aksharon key ativyaapi mein ekal punaravritti kii sankhya aur bigram aur trigram kii sankhya key liye ankon kii ganana kii. tetragram aksar saade paath mein german shabdon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain aur unake ankon kii ganana sandesh key prakaar (yatayat vishleshan seey), aur yahaan taka kii sandesh key bheetar unaki sthiti key anusaar kii jaati thee. inhen saaranibaddh kiya gayaa thaa aur praasangik moolyon koo sandeshon key jodon kaa aaklan karane mein banbourists dwara jodaa gayaa thaa taaki yeh dekhaa jaa sakey kii kaun seey sandesh gaharaai mein honey kii sambhavana haye.
bletchley park ney iss parampara kaa upayog kiya kii "vee. aff. aiks" kaa sanketak saadaa paath, "vee. aff. jee" seey aathh akshar aage haye, yaa (kewal teesare, bhinn, akshar key sandarbh mein) kii "x = g + 8".
scritcommus.
scritcommus banburismus prakriya kaa hissa thaa joe daahine haath (tej) chakr kii pehchaan curr sakata thaa. banburist key paas vibhinn sandesh-jodon seey sakshya hoe sakate hain (kewal teesare sanketak akshar key saath bhinn) joe darshaata haye kii "x = q−2", "h = x−4" aur "b = g + 3". vaha 1:1 (i) seey behtar kii baadhaon key saath sabhi doori key liye deciban sheet kii khoj karega.ee. ank ≤ + 34) key saath. isake baad inn dohraavon seey antim-chakr aksharon kii 'shrinkhala' banaakar 'antim chakr varnamala' kaa nirmaan karane kaa prayaas kiya gayaa.
phir way nimnanusar ack "shrinkhala" kaa nirmaan curr sakate hainh
yadi isaki tulanaa ack anigma rotter key gyaat akshar-anukram key saath pragatisheel offset mein kii jaati haye, tou "parasparik" sampatti yaa anigma machine kii "noo-self-sifering" sampatti kaa ullanghan karane key kaaran kuchh sambhaavanaon parr chhoot dee jaati haih
tathaakathit "antim-chakr varnamala" pahale seey hii kewal nau sambhaavanaon taka seemit haye, kewal kewal chaar sandesh-jodon seey praapt paanch aksharon kii ack akshar-shrinkhala sthaapit karke. hutt 8 abb inn nau ummidwar antim-chakr varnamalaon mein anya akshar-shrinkhalaon koo fitt karane kii koshish karega-jinamen pahali shrinkhala key saath koee akshar samaan naheen hain.
antatah way kewal ack ummidwar key saath rahane kii ummeed karenge, shayed iss tarah dikh rahey hainh
kewal yeh hii naheen, balki iss tarah kii ack antim-chakr varnamala iss nishkarsh parr pahunchati haye kii antim chakr vaastav mein "rotter i" haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki "rotter II" ney madhya-chakr karobar kaa kaaran banaa hoga kyonki yeh "ee" seey "aff" taka kadam rakhaa haye, phir bhee yeh akshar-shrinkhala "aff------------------------" key beach mein haye. isi tarah, anya sabhi sambhaavit madhya-chakr turnover koo pratibandhit kiya gayaa haye. rotter i "q" aur "r" key beach apana karobar kartaa haye, aur yeh varnamala kaa ekmatra hissa haye joe ack shrinkhala dwara naheen faila haye.
yeh kii vibhinn goodh pahiyon key alag-alag karobar bindu they, sambhavatah, machine key designers dwara isaki suraksha mein sudhaar karane key liye ack upaay thaa. haalaanki, iss bahut hii jatilata ney bletchley park koo antim chakr kii pehchaan kaa anuman lagaane kii anumati dee.
beach kaa pahiya.
ack baar antim chakr kii pehchaan hoe jaane key baad, inn siddhanton koo madhya rotter koo sambhaalane key liye badhaaya jaa sakata haye, halanki iss atirikt jatilata key saath kii khoj sandesh-jodon mein kewal pahale sanketak akshar koo saajha karane key liye haye, aur isaliye overlap 650 aksharon taka hoe sakate hain.
aisaa karane kaa karyabhar shaaririk shram seey parey haye, isaliye bee. pee. ney sandeshon koo 80-collum card parr mukka maaraa aur tetragram repeat yaa behtar key liye scan karane key liye holrith machines kaa upayog kiya. joe unhein bataata haye kii poore dohrao pattern kaa mulyankan karane key liye prakaash bakse (aur kiss overlap key saath) parr kaun seey banbury sthaapit karane hain.
sambhaavit madhya-chakr overlap key ack sett key saath sashastr, jhopadi 8 madhya chakr key liye akshar-shrinkhalaon kii rachana curr sakati haye, usee tarah jaise anta chakr key liye oopar darshaaya gayaa thaa. kii badale mein (scritcommus key baad) cumm seey cumm ack aanshik madhya chakr varnamala dega, aur ummeed haye kii madhya chakr key liye rotter key cumm seey cumm kuchh sambhaavit vikalpon koo karobar gyaan seey samaapt kiya jaa sakata haye (jaisa kii antim chakr kii pehchaan mein kiya gayaa thaa).
ack saath liye jaane parr, sambhaavit daahine haath aur beach key pahiyon seey dinn key liye bumm kaa ack sett chalata haye, joe 336 seey kaafee cumm hoe jaataa haye.

