
safed pahaadi kalaa

safed parvat kalaa 19veen shatabdi key dauran chaar sou seey adhik kalakaron dwara banaai gaee kriti haye, jinhone kshetra koo badhaava dene aur isake parinamswarup, apani kalaa key karyon koo bechane key liye nyu hampshire key safed pahaadon key paridrishya drishyon koo chitrit kiya.
19veen shatabdi key shuruati bhaag mein, kalakaron ney nyu hampshire key safed pahaadon parr chitra banaane aur chitrakaari karane kaa saahas kiya. 1826 mein villie parivaar kii trasdi key kaaran pahale kalakaron mein seey kaee iss kshetra kii or aakarshit hue, jisamen nau logon ney bhuskhalan mein apani zaan ganwa dee thee. inn praarambhik karyon ney ack naatakiya aur aniyantrit pahaadi jangal koo chitrit kiya. dow. robbert mcgrath ney thomas cole (1801-1848) kii ack painting kaa varnan kiya haye jiska sheershak haye "usa slide kaa door kaa drishya jisane villie parivaar koo nasht curr diyaa" iss prakaar haih .. tooty hui stump aur galat chattanon kii ack shrinkhala, ack ikattha toofaan key saath, andhere aur ujaad key ack upayukt parivesh koo jagaate hue site key jangalipan kaa sujhaav detee haye. inn chhaviyon ney amerikiyon kii kalpana koo uttejit kiya, mukhya roop seey poorvottar key badey shaharon seey, jinhone drishyon koo dekhane key liye safed pahaadon kii yatra kii. anya jald hii anusaran karate hainh saraay key rakhwale, lekhak, vaigyaanik aur adhik kalakar. safed pahaad nae ingland raajyon aur usase baahar key paryatakon key liye ack pramukh aakarshan bunn gaye. kshetra koo darshaane vaale chitron aur printon key prasaar ney una logon koo isaki sundarta kii sarahana karane mein saksham banaaya joe sadhanon, doori yaa anya paristhitiyon kii kamee key kaaran naheen jaa sakate they.
iss kshetra mein parivahan mein sudhaar huaa; saraay aur baad mein bhavya resort hotal, joe kalakaron key nivaas key saath poorna they, banaae gaye. benjamin champany (1817-1907), joe shuruati kalakaron mein seey ack they, ney conway ghaati koo lokpriya banaaya. anya kalakaron ney franconia kshetra koo prathamikta dee, aur phir bhee anya ney gorham, shelburn aur uttar key samudaayon kaa rukh kiya. haalaanki inn sabhi kalakaron ney safed pahaadon key bheetar samaan drishyon koo chitrit kiya, pratyek kalakar kii ack alag shally thee joe unake kaam kii visheshta thee. haalaanki, hudson nadee parampara mein yeye paridrishya chitra antatah janata key paksh mein naheen aae aur sadee key anta taka, safed pahaadi kalaa kaa yug samaapt hoe gayaa thaa.
villie trasdi.
28 agast, 1826 koo safed pahaadon mein musladhar barish key kaaran mount villie parr bhuskhalan huaa. villie dampati, apane paanch bachchon key saath, crofford notch mein ack chhote seey ghar mein rahate they, joe mount villie aur webster key beach safed pahaadon seey hocker gujarta thaa. unhone bhuskhalan seey bachane key liye dou kiraaye key logon kii madad seey apana ghar khaali curr liya, lekin sabhi saat villie aur dou kiraaye key logon kii himskhalan mein maut hoe gaee. villie kaa ghar khadaa reh gayaa thaa. bachavkartaon koo baad mein ghar mein ack mez parr ack khuli bible millie, joe darshaati haye kii parivaar jaldbaji mein peechhe hutt gayaa.
villie trasdi kii khabar jaldi hii poore desh mein fail gaee. aaney vaale varshon key dauran, yeh saahitya, chitra, sthaaniya itihas, vaigyaanik patrikaon aur chitron kaa vishay bunn jaayega. aisaa hii ack udaaharan thomas hill (1829-1908) kii painting haye jiska sheershak "crofford notch" haye, joe slide seey pahale villie trasdi kaa sthal haye. villie aapada ney americi paridrishya aur safed pahaadon key kachche jangal key baare mein ack naee jagrukta shuru kii.
yeh aakarshan-trasdi aur adamya prakriti-nyu hampshire key safed pahaadon mein chitrakaari karane vaale shuruati kalakaron key liye ack shaktishali aakarshan thaa. thomas cole (1801-1848) ney 6 octuber, 1828 kii apani diarry pravishti mein likhaa, "villie house kaa sthaan, udas ujaad mein harey rung key apane chhote seey tukade key saath, bahut swabhavik roop seey usa raat kii bhayavahata koo yaad kartaa haye jaba puuraa parivaar chattanon aur prithvi key himskhalan key neeche maare gaye they."
iss ghatana ney nathaniel hothorn kii 1835 kii kahani kaa aadhar pradaan kiya jiska sheershak thaa "mahatvakankshi atithi".
praarambhik kalakar.
1827 mein, safed pahaadon mein chitrakaari karane vaale pahale kalakaron mein seey ack thomas cole they, joe chitrakala kii shally key sansthaapak they, jise baad mein hudson nadee school kahaa jaayega. cole kaa 1839 kaa kaam, shayed 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein safed parvat kalaa kaa sabse achchha aur behtareen udaaharan haye. catherine campbelle ney apane sandarbh "nyu hampshire drishya" mein kahaa, "safed pahaadon kaa nishan" ack magistrate kaary haye, joe safed parvat chitrakala kii nirvivaad utkrisht kritiyon mein seey ack haye."dou anya praarambhik safed parvat chitrakaar massachusets kalakar alwan fisher (1792-1863) aur thomas dotty (1793-1856) they. inn praarambhik kalakaron key karyon mein prakriti kii tulanaa mein naatakiya paridrishya aur manushya kii saapeksh mahatvaheenata koo darshaaya gayaa haye. "machuaaron kaa ashant drishya (" "nishan" "kaa) pahaadon kii shakti aur maanav udyam kii najukta parr bhee jore detaa haye."inn chitron ney usa samay iss kshetra koo badhaava dene mein madad kii jaba safed pahaad ack agyaat jangal they.
1830 key dashak kii shuruat mein, hudson river school key paridrishya chitrakaron ney america koo paribhaashit karane kii koshish kii aur kahaa kii yeh ack americi kyaa thaa. usa samay key kalakaron ney khud koo aise dastaavez banaane vaale vaigyaanikon key roop mein dekhaa joe isai sachchai aur loktaantrik aadarshon koo vyakt karate they."
1851 mein, johnn fredrick kenset (1816-1872) ney mount washington key ack badey canvas kaa nirmaan kiya, joe baad mein safed parvat kalaa key sabse achche aur behtareen udaharanon mein seey ack bunn gayaa haye. barbara jey. makadam, jonathan ell. dartmouth college key hood sangrahalaya mein americi kalaa key kohain curator ney likhaa haih "johnn fredrick kenset ney pahali baar apane smaarkeeya paridrishya," mount washington from dha valley off conway "key madhyam seey drishya koo prasiddh kiya... safed pahaadon aur vishesh roop seey uttari kanave key praakritik aakarshan key liye unnisvin shatabdi key madhya mein kenset kii chhavi sabse prabhaavi vigyaapan bunn gaee. "americi kalaa sangh dwara khareede gaye "mount washington from dha valley off conway" koo utkeernak james smilly (1833-1909) dwara ack print mein banaaya gayaa thaa aur poore desh mein 13,000 seey adhik kalaa sangh key grahakon koo vitarit kiya gayaa thaa. kaee kalakaron ney print seey isi drishya kii pratiyaan chitrit keen, aur kurier aur ives ney 1860 mein iss drishya kaa ack lithograph prakaashit kiya. kenset kii painting kalaa key ack aise kaam kaa ack aur udaaharan haye jisane iss kshetra koo lokpriya banaane mein madad kii. catherine campbelle ney painting koo "safed pahaadi chitron key beach vihit" aur "usa yug kaa sabse prasiddh paridrishya drishya" key roop mein varnit kiya."
safed pahaadon seey boston kii nikatata key kaaran, usa shahar key kalakar safed pahaad key drishyon koo pakadane key liye pramukh agantuk aur kalakar bunn gaye. 1838 mein benjamin champany seey shuru hocker, aur 19veen shatabdi taka jaari rakhate hue, unake doston aur saathi kalakaron ney pahaadon kii yatra kii. 1854 mein yeye kalakar, jinamen francis sethh frost (1825-1902), alfred tii shamil they. ordway (1821-1897), saimuel lankester gerry (1813-1891), aur saimuel doubleu. griggs (1827-1898), boston art club key sansthaapak sadasya they, joe kaee varshon taka safed pahaadi chitron koo dekhane kaa sthaan bunn gayaa.
kshetra kii yatra karein.
safed pahaadon kii shuruati coach yatra mein samay lagata thaa. rail yatra key aagaman seey pahale, portland, maine seey conway, nyu hampshire taka ack stagecoach kii sawari mein, ack dinn kaa samay lagaa. jaba sent. laurence aur atlantic rail maarg ney 1851 mein portland seey gorham taka kaa apana maarg puuraa kiya, paryatak aur kalakar safed pahaadon taka apekshaakrit aaraam seey yatra curr sakate they, aur mount washington aur glain house key bheetar they.
halanki uttari conway key liye rail laainen 1870 key dashak kii shuruat taka poori naheen hui theen, iss kshetra mein ack saraay key rakhwale, saimuel thompson ney conway seey uttari conway taka aur baad mein, pinkham notch taka coach seva sthaapit kii. thompson koo iss kshetra koo badhaava dene key liye kalakaron koo uttari conway mein lubhaane kaa shreya bhee diyaa jaataa haye. 1850 key dashak kii shuruat mein, thompson ney ack yuva kalakar, benjamin champany koo uttari conway kaa daura karane key liye raaji kiya.
benjamin champany aur uttari conway kaa aakarshan.
benjamin champany, ack nae hampshire key mool nivasi, ney 1838 mein garmiyon kii yatra parr safed pahaadon kii apani pahali yatra kii. 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein ack ubharate hue kalakar key roop mein, champany kii shally hudson nadee school seey prabhaavit thee, phir bhee unhone apani ack anoothi shally vikasit kii. dow. donald dee. keys ney kahaa haye, "champany ney badey kalaatmak parivartan dekhe; phir bhee unaki kalaa apani yuvavastha key romantic kalakaron key shivir mein majbooti seey bunny rahee."
1853 mein, champany ney north conway mein ack ghar kharida aur apana shesh jeevan grater conway kshetra mein chitrakala mein bitaaya. unhone anya kalakaron koo iss kshetra kii or aakarshit kiya aur unake saath-saath paryatakon key liye bhee apana studio khol diyaa. champany ney 1900 kii apani aatmakatha mein likhaah "meraa studio hamaare desh key sabhi hisson aur yahaan taka kii videshon seey bhee kaee uchch kheti-baadi vaale logon kaa aashray rhaa haye, aur maine parishkrit aur buddhiman dimagon key saath vichaaron key adaan-pradaan seey bahut kuchh seekha haye."unhone uttari kanave kii lokpriyata kaa bhee varnan kiyaah" iss prakaar harr saal uttari kanave mein nae agantukon koo laaya jaataa thaa kyonki isake akarshanon kii khabar failati thee, 1853 aur 1854 mein ghaas key maidanon aur saiko key kinaaron parr badee sankhya mein safed chhatari thee."
mukhya roop seey champany key kshetra key prachaar key kaaran, inn kalakaron ney garmiyon mein chitrakaari key liye uttari conway kii yatra kii. yeh kshetra "aine plean air" chitrakaari karane vaale kalakaron seey bharaa huaa thaa. 1855 taka, uttari kanave "" bunn gayaa thaa... hamaare paridrishya chitrakaron kii paltu ghaati. sketching key mausam key dauran yahaan hamesha ack darjan yaa usase adhik hotey hain, aur aap shayed hii ghaas key maidanon parr, kissy bhee disha mein, dhoop mein chamakati unaki safed chhatari mein seey ack koo dekhe binaa dekh sakate hain, "iss prakaar champany key apane shabdon koo pratidhwanit karate hain. 1850 key dashak taka, uttari conway yakinan sanyukt raajya america mein pahali kalakar coloney bunn gaee thee. vinslo hommer (1836-1910) ney inn kalakaron koo apani 1868 kii painting mein 'sheershak seey chitrit kiya.
baad mein kalakar.
kull milakar, chaar sou seey adhik kalakaron koo 19veen shatabdi key dauran safed parvat drishyon koo chitrit karane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. way boston kshetra, maine, pensylvania aur newyork seey aae they. adhikansh hudson nadee school key chitrakaron ney newyork shahar mein studio banaae rakhate hue safed pahaadon mein kaam kiya, jisamen sanford robbinson jee. aaee. aff.ford (1823-1880) aur jasper francis cropsy (1823-1900) jaise prasiddh kalakar shamil they.
adhikansh kalakar garmiyon mein safed pahaadon parr aatey they, lekin sardiyon mein apane shahari studio mein, yaa kabhi-kabhi florida jaisi germ jalavaayu mein laut aatey they. isaliye, sardiyon key drishyon key chitra aam naheen hain. kuchh kalakar, jaise champany, edward hill (1843-1923), aur edward key bhaai, thomas hill, kabhi-kabhi inn durlabh sardiyon key drishyon koo chitrit karate they. iss lekh mein darshaae gaye sheetkaleen chitron key dou udaaharan hain thomas hill kaa "sardiyon mein mount lafayet" aur benjamin champany kaa "uttari conway seey khaai vaalaa pahaad."frank heinry shaplegh (1842-1906) kaa jackson mein ack ghar thaa aur way garmiyon aur sardiyon donon mein nyu hampshire drishyon key ack vipul chitrakaar they.
shatabdi key madhya taka, baad key chitrakaron ney apani shally koo pahale key chitrakaron key aadarsh drishyon seey badalkar pahaadon key adhik shaabdik drishyon mein badal diyaa. dow. donald dee. keys ney likhaa haye, "... usa samay (1840 aur 1850 key dashak) key saundaryashastra mein bhee badalaav aaa rhaa thaa, jisamen udaattata parr cumm aur tathya-'yathaarthvaad' parr adhik jore diyaa gayaa thaa."inn adhik shaabdik drishyon kii maang paryatakon dwara photography seey pahale key yug mein unaki yaatraon key smriti chinh key roop mein kii gaee thee. inn chitranon key shaabdik honey key ack udaaharan key roop mein, usa samagr chhavi koo dekhein jahan 1883 mein chitrit franconia notch kii george albert frost (1843-1907) kii ack painting kii tulanaa 2004 mein drishya kii ack tasveer seey kii gaee haye.
bhavya resort hotal.
yeh 1860 key dashak key dauran thaa jaba iss kshetra key kaee resort hotal banaae gaye they aur boston, newyork aur philadelphia key samriddh shaharvaasiyon key liye pramukh grishmakaaleen gantavyon key roop mein lokpriya hoe gaye they. 1865 taka, shwet parvatiya paryatan "itna vishal thaa kii yeh sabhi hotalon aur boarding houses kii adhikatam kshamata key saath kaam kartaa haye. 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh key dauran, kaee kalakaron ney inn bhavya hotalon mein seey ack mein nivaas kiya aur unhein artiste-inn-residence key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. iss vyavastha seey kalakar aur hotal donon koo laabh huaa. ack baar sthaapit honey key baad, kalakaron ney mehmaanon koo apane studio mein apani kritiyon koo dekhane key liye aamantrit kiya. mehmaanon ney safed pahaadon kii yaad mein ghar laane key liye mool kritiyaan khareedin. mehmaanon koo lambe samay taka rahane key liye rakhane key liye ack aur aakarshan honey seey hotal koo laabh huaa.
dou prasiddh kalakar-nivaas edward hill aur frank heinry shapley they. hill ney 1877 seey 1892 taka pandrah varshon taka franconia notch mein profile house mein kaam kiya, aur wombeck hotal aur glain house mein cumm samay taka thahare. frank shapley 1877 seey 1893 taka solah varshon taka crofford notch mein crofford house mein kalakar-nivaas they.
uttari conway, franconia aur uttar key binduon mein kaam karna.
uttari conway, dakshini mount washington ghaati mein apane advitiya sthaan key kaaran, kaee kalakaron key liye ack sabhaa sthal thaa. kalakar asher bee. durand (1796-1886) ney 1855 mein "crayon" koo likhe ack patra mein uttari maarg kii appeal kaa varnan kiyaah
mount washington, drishya kii pramukh visheshta haye... apani poori mahima mein uday kartaa haye, aur apane samkaaleen deshbhakton, addams, jefferson, munro key saath, uttar mein drishya koo seemit kartaa haye. donon taraf, adheenasth pahaad aur kinare dhalaan, yaa achaanak upajaau maidan mein utarate hain joe saiko kii seema seey lagaa huaa haye, joe kaee meal dakshin kii or faila huaa haye, harey kheton aur ghaas key maidanon key vibhinn rangon seey samriddh haye, aur sunder roop aur gahari hariyali key pedon aur bikhare hue pedon seey sunder roop seey faila huaa haye... jahan harey rung kii harr sambhaavit chhaaya saamanjasyapurna roop seey mishrit hoti haye.
mount washington koo dekhane aur chitrit karane key liye uttari maarg mein ack pasandida sthaan suryast pahaadi thee. iss drishya key liye vishisht, 1858 mein chitrit champany joe unake apane ghar aur pichwade parr aur uttari conway key intervail key paar dikhati haye. uttari kanave mein anya aksar chitrit drishyon key liye suvidhajanak sthaan hain-khaai pahaad, uttar mein kearsarge aur chokorua parvat. uttari conway safed pahaadon key teen nishaanon mein seey dou seey bhee thodi doori parr thaah pinkham notch aur crofford notch.
kaee kalakaron ney chitrakaari key liye teesare paydan, franconia paydan taka bhee yatra kii. franconia kalakaron aur uttari conway kalakaron key beach ack pratidvandvita vikasit hui. pratyek gutt kaa maanana thaa kii unake sthaan seey pahaadon kaa sabse sunder drishya dikhaai detaa haye. joe loga franconia koo pasand karate they, unhone mahsoos kiya kii 1857 kii shuruat mein, uttari maarg paryatakon dwara paar curr liya gayaa thaa. barbara jey. makadam ney apane nibandh "pahaadiyon seey ack uchit doori" mein kahaah "[paryatakon key liye] iss badhati maang koo puuraa karane key liye, rail lines kaa vistaar kiya gayaa aur badey paimaane parr nae hotalon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa. iss prakriya mein, way guna jinhone kalakaron koo pahale sthaan parr uttari maarg kii or aakarshit kiya thaa, way luptapray hoe gaye."daniel huntington (1816-1906) ney 1855 mein paschimi campton seey likhate hue paridrishya chitrakaar key liye franconia kshetra kii appeal kaa varnan kiya.
mujhe yeh vaastav mein paridrishya adhyayan key liye ack bahut hii anukool aur vaanchhaniya sthaan lagata haye... pemigevset nadee joe ghaati seey hocker bahati haye, kuchh hudd taka conway key aspas key saiko kii tarah haye. isake tata jyaadaatar rait key hotey hain, kabhi-kabhi chattanon key toote hue dravyamaan seey bhinn hotey hain... ghaati saiko kii tulanaa mein sankeern haye, aur apane aadhe jangal vaale pahaadi kinaaron key charitra mein kaafee alag haye.
franconia kshetra mein, kalakaron ney mount lafayet, franconia notch, eagle cliff aur nyu hampshire key prasiddh icon, pahaad key boodhe aadami koo chitrit kiya. edward hill, george maconnell aur saimuel lankester gerry sabhi ney boodhe aadami key vishay koo chitrit kiya. rashtrapati shreni key uttar kshetra mein cumm kalakaron ney kaam kiya. jinhone shelburn, gorham aur jefferson key cumm prasiddh drishyon koo chitrit kiya. yeye sthaan ranneetik roop seey gorham aur franconia seey train yaa coach maargon parr sthit they. "oopar chitrit "uttari rashtrapati", uttar seey rashtrapati shreni kii ack painting kaa ack aisaa hii udaaharan haye.
kalakaron kii visheshataaen.
pratyek shwet parvatiya kalakar kii kuchh visheshataaen theen joe unake kaam koo anya kalakaron seey alag karati theen. yeye visheshataaen ack kalakar key liye usake hastakshar kii tulanaa mein adhik soochak hoe sakati hain, kyonki hastakshar kabhi-kabhi jaali hotey hain.
benjamin champany paani kii painting mein mahaarat rakhate they aur germ sharad ritu key rangon key liye jaane jaate hain. villium aff. pascale (1866-1951) ney apani baad kii shally mein, ack prabhaavvaadi bhavna paida karane key liye vyaapak brushstroke aur chamkile rangon kaa upayog kiya. george maconnell (1852-1929) apane chitron key makhmali pastel roop key liye jaane jaate they. edward hill ney aksar ack painting key phocus koo frame karane aur spasht karane key liye pedon kaa ack chandwa jaisa chitran banaaya, ack aisee takneek jisane unake kaee karyon koo antarangata aur ekant kii bhavna dee. saimuel lankester gerry (1813-1891) key kaee karyon mein kutte, ghode parr savaar loga aur laal kapadon mein mahilaaen aur purush shamil they. francis sethh frost (1825-1902) koo chhote aakritiyon, chatur baadlon aur andakar praarup kaa upayog karane key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. alfred thompson britcher (1837-1908) apane shaant, shaant paani key liye jaane jaate they. sylvester felps hodgedon (1830-1906) dinn key charam parr chitrit kiya gayaa-suryodaya aur suryast key drishya-aur aksar franconia notch mein. johnn white elen scott (1815-1907) aksar apane aasmaan mein toofaan key baadlon koo chitrit karate they. frank heinry shaplegh kii apani adim shally thee aur unhone apane chitron mein baar-baar usee "props" kaa upayog kiya. vaha paridrishyon koo chitrit karane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye jaisa kii ack ghar yaa godam key ander seey ack khule darwaaje yaa khidki seey baahar dekhaa jaataa haye. kamare key ander seedhi kii pichhali kursi, ack billi, ack tokri, ack pual topi, ack jhaadoo aur/yaa ack lambi ghadee jaisi vastuein hongi.
inn pratinidhi kalakaron kii visheshtaon koo neeche dee gaee chhavi deergha mein darshaaya gayaa haye.
ack yug kaa anta.
inn kalakaron dwara chitrit drishya americi prateek bunn gaye, nishchit roop seey nyu ingland key logon key liye. jaise hii paryatak inn safed pahaadi chitron koo ghar leey gaye, unhein poore desh mein vyaapak roop seey vitarit kiya gayaa. aaj, yeye chitra california taka door paae jaate hain.
19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh taka, mount washington jaisi paridrishya chhaviyaan janata key beach apani appeal khou chuki theen. chattani pahaadon kii naee chhaviyaan safed pahaadon mein ruchi seey adhik theen. isake alawa, hudson nadee shally key paridrishyon koo nae kalaatmak vichaaron aur kshetra aur poore desh mein teji seey hoe rahey samajik aur takniki parivartanon donon dwara hadap liya gayaa था।"19veen shatabdi key anta taka, inn karakon aur photography key aagaman ney safed pahaadi paridrishya chitrakala mein dheere-dheere girawat kaa kaaran banaa. haalaanki, inmein seey kaee chitra niji sangrah aur saarvajanik sansthanon donon mein sanrakshit hain. inmein seey kuchh chitra nyu hampshire mein nyu hampshire aitihaasik samaaj mein concard, manchester mein currier sangrahalaya kalaa aur hanovar mein hood sangrahalaya kalaa mein dekhe jaa sakate hain.