
europe mein saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch

saarvajanik soochana taka pahunch aur soochana kii swatantrata (aff. oh. aaee.) saarvajanik nikaayon dwara aayojit jaankaari taka pahunch key adhikaar koo sandarbhit karati haye jise "jaanane kaa adhikaar" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. loktaantrik pranaliyon key prabhaavi kamkaj key liye saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch koo maulik mahatva maanaa jaataa haye, kyonki yeh sarkaaron aur saarvajanik adhikaariyon kii jawabdehi koo badhaata haye, logon kii bhagidari koo badhaata haye aur saarvajanik jeevan mein unaki soochit bhagidari kii anumati detaa haye. saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch key adhikaar kaa maulik aadhar yeh haye kii sarkari sansthanon dwara rakhee gaee jaankaari siddhant roop mein saarvajanik haye aur kewal vaidh karanon key aadhar parr chhipi jaa sakati haye joe kaanoon mein vistrit honey chaahiye. saarvajanik soochana taka pahunch iss siddhant parr adharit haye kii ack loktaantrik pranali mein logon koo saarvajanik jeevan mein prabhaavi dhang seey bhaag lene key saath-saath unhein prabhaavit karane vaale mamalon mein jaankaari kii ack vistrit shrinkhala taka pahunch kii sthiti mein honah chaahiye.
saarvajanik soochana taka pahunch kaa adhikaar manvadhikaron kii saarvbhaumik ghoshana (1948) key anuchhed 19 dwara nirdhaarit abhivyakti kii swatantrata key maulik adhikaar kaa ack ghatak haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii abhivyakti kii swatantrata kaa maulik adhikaar "kissy bhee media key madhyam seey aur seemaon kii parwah kiye binaa jaankaari aur vichaaron koo praapt karane aur pradaan karane kii swatantrata koo shamil kartaa haye. saarvajanik soochana taka pahunch aur soochana kii swatantrata koo manvadhikaron kii teen mukhya kshetriya pranaliyon, arthaat america, europe aur africa key saath-saath pramukh antarrashtriya upkaranon mein manvadhikaron key roop mein maanyata praapt haye.
soochana taka pahunch kaa adhikaar saarvajanik nikaayon parr dou daayitva rakhta haye. pahala, adhikaariyon aur sarkaaron kii gatividhiyon parr saarvajanik pramukh jaankaari banaane kaa sakriya kartavya; doosara, soochana key liye logon key anurodhon kaa jawab dene key liye pratikriyaasheel daayitva, yaa tou saarvajanik mool dastavejon yaa rakhe gaye dastavejon kii pratiyon koo jaari karke.
pichhale 10 varshon mein, soochana key adhikaar aur saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch koo badhati sankhya mein deshon mein maanyata dee gaee haye aur vikaasheel deshon sahit duniya bhar mein kaee aff. oh. aaee. kaanoonon koo apanaaya gayaa haye. aggar 1990 mein kewal 13 deshon mein soochana kaanoon kii rashtriya swatantrata thee, tou aaj duniya bhar mein aise 100 kaanoon hain.
2015 mein, unesco key samanya sammelan ney sitambar koo naamit karane key liye matdan kiya. 28 "soochana taka saarvbhaumik pahunch key liye antarrashtriya divas" yaa, jaisa kii ise adhik samanya roop seey jaanaa jaataa haye, soochana divas taka pahunch key roop mein. iss tarikh koo pahale 2002 seey "jaanane kaa adhikaar" key roop mein manaaya jaataa thaa. unesco prastaav sanyukt rashtra mahasabha dwara anumodan kii sifarish kartaa haye.
avalokan.
soochana taka pahunch kaa adhikaar iss siddhant parr adharit haye kii janata koo yeh jaanane kaa adhikaar haye kii shakti kaa prayog kaise kiya jaataa haye aur saarvajanik dhana kaise kharch kiya jaataa haye, yeh dekhate hue kii saarvajanik nikaay logon dwara chune jaate hain aur kardaataon dwara banaae rakhe jaate hain. saarvajanik soochana taka pahunch sarkaaron aur saarvajanik adhikaariyon kii jawabdehi key liye ack poorv shart haye aur yeh nagrikon dwara soochit nirnayon koo apanaane mein saksham banaata haye, isaliye loktaantrik pranaliyon key uchit kamkaj key liye ack maulik tatva kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. antarrashtriya manakon aur vikasit nyayshastra ney pushti kii haye kii saarvajanik nikaayon dwara rakhee gaee jaankaari janata kii haye. aadhikarik dastavejon taka pahunch parr europe sammelan kii parishad (2009) mein kahaa gayaa haye kii "sabhi aadhikarik dastavej siddhant roop seey saarvajanik hain aur kewal anya adhikaaron aur vaidh hiton key sanrakshan key adheen roke jaa sakate hain.
duniya bhar key 100 seey adhik deshon ney abb jaanane key adhikaar koo prabhaavi banaane key liye soochana kaanoonon taka rashtriya pahunch koo apanaaya haye. saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch parr pahala kaanoon 1766 mein sweeden mein apanaaya gayaa thaa, lekin usake baad 1951 mein finland mein aur phir 1966 mein sanyukt raajya america mein doosara kaanoon sweekrit honey mein lagbhag dou shataabdiyan lugg gaeen. 1970 aur 1980 key dashak key dauran loktantra mein saamyavaadi key baad key sankraman key dauran madhya aur purvi europe mein nagrik samaaj samoohon kii sakriyata key kaaran 1989 key baad vaastavik vistaar key saath, aff. oh. aaee. key kaanoonon mein ack chhota lekin nirantar vikas huaa haye. vaastav mein, soochana taka pahunch key kshetra mein badaa dhakka, joe paribhasha key vistaar aur soochana taka pahunch key adhikaar key dayare kii or leey jaataa haye, ack samanvit nagrik samaaj pratikriya key saath soviyat gutt mein communist shasson dwara prayog kii jaane vaali jaankaari parr niyantran key vipareet aaya. yeh vaha andolan thaa jisane maanav adhikaar key arth mein 'soochana taka pahunch' key vikas koo badhaava diyaa. hangri kii samvaidhaanik adalat key 1992 key ack faisale ney sthaapit kiya kii soochana taka pahunch ack "maulik adhikaar" haye joe nagrikon koo sarkaar kii vaidhata aur dakshata parr nigrani rakhane mein saksham banaata haye. isake alawa, paryavaranvadi samoohon aur upabhokta sanghon ney bhee jaanane key adhikaar kii pushti mein yogdan diyaa.
2004 mein europeeya sangh mein shamil honey vaale sabhi aathh poorv communist deshon mein soochana kaanoon kii swatantrata thee; 2007 mein europeeya sangh mein shamil honey parr romania aur bulgaria key paas bhee apana kaanoon thaa aur croatia key paas pahale seey hii duss varshon key liye soochana kaanoon taka pahunch thee jaba vaha 2013 mein europeeya sangh mein shamil huaa thaa.
aajkal, ose kshetra mein 56 sadasya raajyon mein seey 48 key paas soochana kaanoonon taka vishisht pahunch haye.
soochana taka pahunch kaa adhikaar sarkaaron aur saarvajanik nikaayon parr dou daayitva rakhta haye. pahala, saarvajanik nikaayon dwara karyanvit gatividhiyon parr saarvajanik pramukh jaankaari dene kaa kartavya; doosara, mool dastavej upalabdh karakar yaa dastavejon aur jaankaari kii pratiyon koo saajha karke dastavejon taka pahunch key logon key anurodhon kaa jawab dene kaa daayitva.
soochana taka pahunch ack adhikaar haye jisamen dou bhaag hotey hain. pahala ack sakriya ghatak haye, arthaat saarvajanik nikaayon kaa sakaratmak daayitva haye kii way apani gatividhiyon, bajat aur neetiyon key baare mein jaankaari pradaan karein, saarvajanik karein aur prasaarit karein taaki nagrik samajh sakein kii saarvajanik nikaay kyaa curr rahey hain, saarvajanik jeevan mein bhaag leey sakein aur saarvajanik adhikaariyon key vyavhaar kii nigrani curr sakein. doosara ghatak ack pratikriyaasheel haye, jisamen sabhi vyaktiyon koo saarvajanik nikaayon seey jaankaari aur dastavejon kaa anurodh karane kaa adhikaar haye, saath hii saath uttar praapt karane kaa adhikaar bhee haye. siddhant roop mein, saarvajanik nikaayon dwara rakhee gaee sabhi mukhya jaankaari upalabdh honey chaahiye, jabaki prakateekaran key apavaad anya moolyon, jaise gopaniyata, rashtriya suraksha yaa vaanijyik hiton kii suraksha parr adharit honey chaahiye.
28 sitambar 2016 koo manaae gaye pahale aadhikarik roop seey maanyata praapt soochana divas key avsar parr, saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch key adhikaar koo badhaane key liye kaam curr rahey europeeya nagrik samaaj samoohon ney kuchh chintaon koo uthaaya kyonki mahatvapurna pragati key bavjood, vishesh roop seey nirnay lene kii paardarshita key sambandh mein abhee bhee doorgaami kamiyaan hain. aise sangathanon key anusaar, sarkari khulepan key liye mukhya baadhaon mein saarvajanik nikaayon kii jaankaari kaa aparyaapt record rakhna haih saarvajanik adhikaariyon kii baithakon key minut darj naheen kiye jaate hain, pairveekartaon key saath adaan-pradaan upalabdh naheen hotaa haye, saarvajanik nirnayon koo uchit auchitya yaa pralekhit sakshya key binaa apanaaya jaataa haye. ack atirikt samasya gopaniyata karanon key upayog key sambandh mein vishesh roop seey apvaadon key atyadhik anuprayog seey sambandhit haye, joe saarvajanik karyon koo karate samay saarvajanik adhikaariyon kii gatividhiyon kaa khulasa naheen karane key liye lagu hoti haye. isake alawa, europeeya nagrik samaaj sangathan vishesh roop seey rashtriya aur europeeya sangh donon staron parr nirnay lene kii prakriya key aspas paardarshita kii kamee key liye chintit hain, jaisa kii europeeya sangh dwara europeeya sangh-turkey sharanarthi saude parr dastavejon kaa khulasa karane seey incar karane key mamle mein haye.
soochana taka pahunch ack maanav adhikaar key roop mein.
nagrik samaaj andolanon kii sakriyata key kaaran ack maulik adhikaar key roop mein soochana taka pahunch key adhikaar kii pragati koo ack badaa dhakka diyaa gayaa thaa joe soviyat gutt mein communist deshon mein soochana parr shasson key niyantran key vipareet thaa. iss arth mein ack maulik dastavej 1992 kaa hangri kii samvaidhaanik adalat kaa nirnay haye jisane sthaapit kiya kii soochana taka pahunch sarkaar kii vaidhata aur dakshata parr nagrik nireekshan key liye ack "maulik adhikaar" aavashyak haye.
uttarottar, kaee rashtriya aur antarrashtriya adalaton key nirnay soochana taka pahunch koo ack buniyaadi maanav adhikaar key roop mein maanate rahey hain, iss prakaar nagrikon koo saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch pradaan karane key liye adhikaariyon dwara kissy bhee incar kaa bachaav karane key liye adalaton kaa sahaara lene key liye ack majboot kanuni mamla pradaan karate hain. iss tarah key nirnay antarrashtriya ghoshanaon, manvadhikar sandhiyon aur antarrashtriya, kshetriya aur europeeya sangh key staron parr sammelanon kii ack shrinkhala parr adharit hain. pahali baat, saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch key adhikaar koo ack maulik adhikaar key roop mein aur manvadhikaron kii saarvbhaumik ghoshana key anuchhed 19 mein abhivyakti kii swatantrata key adhikaar key ack ghatak key roop mein maanyata dee gaee haye; nagrik aur raajneetik adhikaaron kii antarrashtriya vaacha key anuchhed 19 mein; aur manvadhikaron parr americi sammelan key anuchhed 13 mein. kshetriya star parr, manvadhikaron kii teenon mukhya kshetriya pranaliyon, arthaat america, europe aur africa key bheetar, soochana kii swatantrata koo ack saarvbhaumik maanav adhikaar key roop mein maanyata dee haye. julaai 2011 mein, sanyukt rashtra manvadhikar samiti ney pushti kii kii nagrik aur raajneetik adhikaaron parr antarrashtriya vaacha key anuchhed 19 mein nihit abhivyakti kii swatantrata key adhikaar mein saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch kaa adhikaar shamil haye.
europeeya sangh key star parr, europeeya charter off fundamental rites kaa anuchhed 42 europeeya sangh key sansthanon key dastavejon taka pahunch key adhikaar koo sthaapit kartaa haye, jaisa kii europeeya sangh (lisban kii sandhi) key kamkaj parr sandhi key anuchhed 15 dwara bhee maanyata praapt haye. 2009 mein, manvadhikaron parr europeeya sammelan key anuchhed 10 key aadhar parr manvadhikaron kii europeeya adalat, joe abhivyakti kii swatantrata parr lekh haye, ney saarvajanik nikaayon dwara aayojit soochana taka pahunch key maulik adhikaar koo sweekaar kiya. vishesh roop seey, adalat ney sthaapit kiya kii soochana kaa adhikaar vishesh roop seey "soochana ekadhikar" key mamle mein sanrakshit haye, arthaat jaba saarvajanik nikaay kewal anurodhit jaankaari key malik hotey hain, aur jaba media yaa nagrik samaaj sangathanon koo saarvajanik jawabdehi uddeshyon key liye jaankaari kii aavashyakta hoti haye. europeeya adalat key nirnay ney antar-americi manvadhikar adalat dwara 2006 key ack faisale koo apanaaya, jisane americi manvadhikar sammelan key anuchhed 13 kaa samarthan karate hue kahaa kii vyaktiyon koo saarvajanik adhikaariyon seey jaankaari kaa anurodh karane kaa adhikaar haye aur saarvajanik adhikaariyon koo aisee jaankaari pradaan karane kaa sakaratmak daayitva haye.
anta mein, duniya bhar key kaee desh apane samvidhaan mein soochana key adhikaar yaa dastavejon taka pahunch koo maanyata dete hain, yaa tou abhivyakti kii swatantrata key adhikaar key dhaanche key bheetar yaa alag seey aur vishesh roop seey soochana yaa dastavejon taka pahunch key adhikaar key roop mein. duniya bhar key cumm seey cumm 50 deshon mein, jinamen 29 anya desh bhee shamil hain, aise praavdhaanon sahit samvidhaan hain.
saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch key samajik laabhah jawabdehi, bhagidari, dakshata.
saarvajanik soochana taka pahunch key adhikaar key madhyam seey badhee hui paardarshita mein loktaantrik samajon key liye, vishesh roop seey jawabdehi, bhagidari aur dakshata key liye, kaee mukhya laabh shamil hain. sabse pahale, saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch saarvajanik jawabdehi koo badhaati haye kyonki yeh sarkaaron aur saarvajanik adhikaariyon koo unake karyon aur nirnayon key liye adhik jawabdeh banaane mein yogdan detee haye. doosara, jaanane kaa adhikaar logon kii bhagidari koo badhaava detaa haye kyonki yeh aisee jaankaari upalabdh karaata haye joe nagrikon koo una mamalon parr adhik prabhaavi nirnay lene mein madad curr sakati haye joe seedhe unake jeevan koo prabhaavit karate hain aur saarvajanik bahason aur nirnay lene kii prakriya mein soochit raay key saath bhaag leey sakate hain. teesara, saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch nirnay lene kii dakshata mein yogdan detee haye kyonki prakateekaran saarvajanik sansthanon koo jaankaari key behtar prabandhan aur vyavasthit karane key liye protsaahit kartaa haye aur saarvajanik nikaayon key beach sanchaar mein sudhaar karane mein madad curr sakata haye. jaankaari taka pahunch kuchh anya samajik lakshyon kii seva bhee karati haye. udaaharan key liye, chikitsa abhilekhon taka pahunch vyaktiyon koo vyaktigat nirnay lene mein sudhaar karane aur chikitsa upchaar, vittiya yojana aur iss tarah key baare mein behtar nirnay lene mein madad curr sakati haye. anta mein, soochana taka pahunch prabhaavi vyaavsaayik prathaon koo suvidhajanak banaa sakati haye kyonki aarthik muddon seey sambandhit saarvajanik nikaayon dwara rakhee gaee kuchh jaankaari udyamon key liye bahut upayogi hoe sakati haye aur isaliye vyaapaar kshetra kii prabhavsheelta koo badhaane mein yogdan curr sakati haye.
antarrashtriya maanak aur kaanoon.
rashtriya star parr saarvajanik soochana taka pahunch soochana kaanoonon kii swatantrata dwara viniyamit kii jaati haye. rashtriya kaanoon key alawa, saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch key liye siddhanton aur manakon koo kaee antarrashtriya ghoshanaon aur sandhiyon mein nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye, jinhone prabhaavi kaanoonon kii aavashyakta key saath-saath soochana kii swatantrata key adhikaar kii maulik aur kanuni prakriti koo aadhikarik roop seey maanyata dee haye, joe vyavhaar mein usa adhikaar key sammaan kii guaranti denaa chaahiye. aise antarrashtriya kaanoonon aur manakon mein shamil hainh
saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunchah maargdarshak siddhant.
gair-sarkari sangathan key anuchhed 19 ney "janata key jaanane kaa adhikaarah soochana kaanoon kii swatantrata parr siddhant" naamak siddhanton kaa ack samooh prakaashit kiya haye joe antarrashtriya aur kshetriya kaanoonon key saath-saath rashtriya prathaon aur kaanoonon key vikas parr adharit soochana kaanoon kii swatantrata parr sarvottam prathaon aur manakon kaa varnan kartaa haye. aise siddhant, joe mukhya roop seey rashtriya kaanoonon key liye banaae gaye hain, sanyukt rashtra aur europeeya sangh jaise antar-sarkari nikaayon parr bhee lagu hotey hain.
siddhant 1: adhikatam prakateekaran.
adhikatam prakateekaran kaa siddhant ack dhaarana nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii saarvajanik nikaayon dwara aayojit sabhi jaankaari soochana kaanoonon taka pahunch key dayare mein honey chaahiye. yeh dhaarana apvaadon key liye kewal seemit paristhitiyon koo sweekaar karati haye. iss siddhant mein soochana kii swatantrata kii avadharana koo rekhaankit karane vaale bahut hii buniyaadi tark shamil hain. isamen yeh shamil haye kii saarvajanik soochana taka pahunch seey incar karane kii maang karane vaale saarvajanik adhikaariyon kaa daayitva haye kii way apane incar koo uchit thaharaaen. adhikatam prakateekaran kaa siddhant "saarvajanik nikaayon" kii ack vyaapak paribhasha pradaan kartaa haye joe jaankaari jaari karane key kartavya key adheen hain. iss tarah kii vyaapak vyakhya mein sarkaar kii sabhi shaakhaaen shamil hain, jaise.jee. sthaaniya sarkaaren, nirvaachit nikaay, rashtriyakrit udyog aur saarvajanik nigam, nyaayik nikaay aur saarvajanik karyon koo karane vaale niji nikaay bhee. siddhant 1 key anusaar saarvajanik nikaayon dwara dastavejon key rakharkhaav aur sanrakshan key sambandh mein nyuntam maanak sthaapit karane key liye kaanoon kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
siddhant 2: prakaashit karane kaa daayitva.
iss siddhant kaa tatparya saarvajanik nikaayon key liye soochana anurodhon taka pahunch kaa jawab dene aur saarvajanik hita key dastavejon koo prakaashit karane aur prasaarit karane kaa daayitva haye. udaaharan key liye, sansadhanon aur kshamata parr adharit kuchh uchit seemaon koo sweekaar kiya jaa sakata haye. nyuntam roop seey, saarvajanik adhikaariyon koo nimnalikhit prakaar kii jaankaari saarvajanik karni chaahieh
siddhant 3: khuli sarkaar koo badhaava denaa.
yeh siddhant sarkaaron koo jaanane key adhikaar key sammaan koo badhaane key liye khulepan kii sanskriti koo sakriya roop seey badhaava dene kaa ahwan kartaa haye. yeh mahatvapurna haye kyonki vibhinn deshon key anubhavon seey pataa chalaa haye kii avagyaakaari saarvajanik adhikaari sabse pragatisheel kaanoonon key anuprayog koo bhee kamjor curr sakate hain. isaliye rashtriya kaanoonon koo ack khuli sarkari sanskriti aur aff. oh. aaee. kaanoonon key lakshyon koo badhaava dene key liye paryaapt sansaadhan aavantit karane chaahiye, jisamen pahunch aur khulepan, shaikshik karyakramon, media coverage aur sanchaar abhiyaanon parr aantarik sanhitaon key madhyam seey shamil hain. aisee gatividhiyon kaa uddeshya sarkaar key bheetar aadhikarik gopaniyata kii sanskriti koo alag karna bhee honah chaahiye, udaaharan key liye saarvajanik adhikaariyon key liye prashikshan key madhyam seey. iss disha mein ack mahatvapurna kadam 2011 mein apanaaya gayaa haye, jisamen loktaantrik deshon key ack nae vaishvik gathbandhan kii sthaapana kii gaee haye, joe paardarsheeta, jawabdehi aur bhagidari koo badhaava dene key liye pratibaddh haye.
siddhant 4: apvaadon kaa seemit daira.
prakateekaran key apavaad spasht roop seey aur sankeern roop seey paribhaashit apvaadon parr adharit honey chaahiye. saarvajanik adhikaariyon koo yeh dikhaana chaahiye kii aavashyak jaankaari pradaan karane seey incar karane seey ack pareekshan paarit hoe gayaa haye jisake madhyam seey yeh aaklan kiya jaa sakata haye kii kyaa dee gaee jaankaari key prakateekaran seey kissy vaidh uddeshya koo paryaapt nuksan honey kaa khatra haye aur kyaa nuksan jaankaari rakhane mein saarvajanik hita seey adhik haye. gair-prakateekaran nirnay mamle-darr-mamle key aadhar parr liye jaane chaahiye. rashtriya kaanoonon koo vaidh karanon kii ack vistrit soochi pradaan karni chaahiye joe gair-prakateekaran koo uchit thahara sakate hain. aisee soochi koo sankeern roop seey paribhaashit kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur isamen kewal atyadhik praasangik hiton koo shamil kiya jaanaa chaahiye, jaise kii kaanoon pravartan, gopaniyata, rashtriya suraksha, vaanijyik aur anya gopaniyata, saarvajanik yaa vyaktigat suraksha aur nirnay lene kii prakriya kii akhandata. haalaanki, bhale hii yeh pradarshit kiya jaa sakey kii prakateekaran ack vaidh hita koo paryaapt nuksan pahunchaayega, jaankaari taba jaari kii jaani chaahiye jaba prakateekaran key laabh nuksan parr haavi houn. dusare shabdon mein, vaidh hita key liye nuksan koo saarvajanik roop seey upalabdh jaankaari rakhane mein saarvajanik hita key khilaf taula jaanaa chaahiye.
siddhant 5: pahunch koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye prakriyaaen.
iss siddhant key anusaar saarvajanik jaankaari key liye anurodhon koo jaldi aur nishpaksh roop seey sansaadhit kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur kissy bhee incar kii ack swatantra sameeksha aavedak koo upalabdh karaai jaani chaahiye. saarvajanik nikaayon koo soochana kaanoonon kii swatantrata koo lagu karane key liye khuli, sulabh pranaliyon koo sthaapit karane key liye bhee kahaa jaataa haye aur iss prakaar janata koo aavashyak jaankaari praapt karane kaa adhikaar sunishchit kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, kaanoon koo ack saarvajanik nikaay dwara jaankaari jaari karane seey incar karane key liye ack swatantra nikaay seey appeal karane kaa ack vyaktigat adhikaar sthaapit karna chaahiye. janata key sabhi sadasyon koo anuchit laagat aur jatil prakriyaon mein kharch kiye binaa appeal prakriyaon taka pahunch kii sthiti mein honah chaahiye.
siddhant 6: laagat.
iss siddhant mein kahaa gayaa haye kii saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunchane kii laagat itani adhik naheen honey chaahiye kii aavedak anurodh karane seey roque sakein. duniya bhar mein alag-alag laagat vyavasthaaen hain, udaaharan key liye, pratyek anurodh key liye sapaat shulk pranali aur jaankaari aur/yaa anurodh kiye gaye dastavejon koo punah praapt karane aur punah prastut karane kii vaastavik laagat key aadhar parr snaatak shulk.
siddhant 7: khuli baithaken.
soochana kii swatantrata mein janata kaa yeh jaanane kaa adhikaar shamil haye kii sarkaar logon kii or seey kaise vyavhaar karati haye aur nirnay lene mein bhaag letee haye. iss prakaar soochana kaanoon kii swatantrata mein yeh dhaarana shamil honey chaahiye kii shaasi nikaayon kii sabhi praasangik baithaken, i.ee. nirnay lene mein shamil logon koo janata key liye khula honah chaahiye. baithaken bund hoe sakati hain, lekin kewal tabhi jaba bund honey key thhos kaaran maujood houn. aise karanon koo spasht roop seey samajhaaya jaanaa chaahiye aur bund karane key liye sthaapit prakriyaon kaa paalan karna hoga.
siddhant 8: prakateekaran koo prathamikta dee jaati haye.
saarvajanik roop seey rakhee gaee jaankaari seey sambandhit anya kaanoon adhikatam prakateekaran key siddhant aur soochana kii swatantrata koo rekhaankit karane vaale anya siddhanton key anuroop honey chaahiye. vishesh roop seey, soochana kaanoon kii swatantrata mein apvaadon kii vyavastha koo spasht roop seey paribhaashit kiya jaanaa chaahiye; apvaadon kii vyavastha key vistaar kii anumati anya kaanoonon dwara naheen dee jaani chaahiye.
siddhant 9: whisselbloers key liye suraksha.
whisselbloer, aaee.ee. aise vyakti joe sarkaar key galat kaamon key baare mein saarvajanik roop seey jaankaari upalabdh karaate hain-udaaharan key liye bhrashtachar, beimani, kushasana, swaasthya, suraksha yaa paryaavaran key liye gambhir khatra aadi. - kissy bhee kanuni, prashaasnik yaa anya prakaar key pratibandhon seey sanrakshit honah chaahiye. iss sandarbh mein saarvajanik hita una sthitiyon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jahaan nuksan parr prakateekaran kaa laabh prabal hotaa haye, chaahe prakateekaran kaise bhee kiya gayaa hoe. yeh vishesh roop seey taba lagu hotaa haye jaba kissy nishchit jaankaari koo jaari karane key liye asadharan roop seey gambhir kaaran hotey hain, jaise kii saarvajanik swaasthya yaa suraksha key liye gambhir khatra, yaa jaba iss baat kaa majboot saboot hotaa haye kii galat kaam koo chhipaaya yaa nasht kiya jaayega.
saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunchah mukhya visheshtaen.
saarvbhaumik pahunch.
ack maulik aur saarvbhaumik adhikaar honey key naate, soochana taka pahunch siddhant roop mein sabhi kaa adhikaar haih soochana kii lagbhag sabhi rashtriya swatantrata kaanoon ise yeh sthaapit karke maanyata dete hain kii "koee bhee" saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch kaa anurodh curr sakata haye. duniya key loktantron mein ack ullekhaniya apavaad kanada haye jahan kewal nagrik aur nivasi hii soochana anurodhon taka pahunch jamaa karane key hakdar hain. isake bavjood, jaankaari taka pahunch key adhikaar key saarvbhaumik abhyaas mein ack badee vyaavhaarik baadha desh kii aadhikarik bhasha mein anurodh prastut karane key daayitva key kaaran haye joe una logon key liye jaanane key adhikaar key abhyaas mein baadha daal sakata haye jinake paas desh kii aadhikarik bhasha kii kamaan naheen haye.
europeeya sangh mein, sandhiyon key anusaar dastavejon taka pahunch kaa adhikaar aur europeeya lokpal koo appeal karane kaa adhikaar kewal europeeya sangh key nagrikon, nivaasiyon aur europeeya sangh key ander panjikrit companiyon parr lagu hotaa haye. jabaki samanya taur parr koee bhee vyakti jisake adhikaar kaa ullanghan kiya gayaa haye, vaha europeeya nyayalaya mein appeal curr sakata haye, soochana taka pahunch key adhikaar key mamle mein adalat europeeya sangh key nagrikon, nivaasiyon aur vyavsaayon dwara kiye gaye mamalon koo sweekaar karane key liye baadhya haye.
soochana kaanoonon taka pahunch key tahat upalabdh karaai jaane vaali jaankaari aur dastavej.
siddhant roop mein, saarvajanik nikaayon dwara aayojit sabhi jaankaari koo kissy bhee vyakti key anurodh parr praapt kiya jaa sakata haye, jaba taka kii kuchh apavaad lagu naheen kiye jaa sakate hain (jaise.jee. raajya key hiton kii raksha karane key aadhar parr; niji hiton yaa manvadhikaron, yaa prabhaavi sarkaaron koo sunishchit karane key liye). kuchh rashtriya kaanoon "soochana taka pahunch" koo sandarbhit karate hain jabaki anya "dastavejon taka pahunch" koo sandarbhit karate hainh bhale hii yeye paribhaashaaen vaastav mein overlap houn, aavedak key liye yeh upayogi hoe sakata haye kii vaha jaankaari anurodh taka sahee dhang seey pahunch taiyar karane key liye kaanoon dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale sateek vakyansh key baare mein jagrook hoe, aur iss prakaar, safalata kii adhik sambhavana hoe. aamtaur parr "dastaavez" aur "jaankaari" joe bhee madhyam hoe, upalabdh karaai jaani chaahiye.jee. kagaj parr yaa electronic praarup mein, yaa dhwani, drishya yaa audiovisual key roop mein likhaa gayaa. ee. yuu. viniyaman 1049/2001 nirdisht kartaa haye kii soochana taka pahunch key adheen dastavej way hain joe "neetiyon, gatividhiyon aur sansthanon key jimmedaari key kshetra mein aaney vaale nirnayon" seey sambandhit hain aur yeh europeeya sangh key sabhi kshetron mein ee. yuu. sansthanon dwara aayojit sabhi dastavejon parr lagu hotaa haye.
soochana taka pahunch seey sambandhit saarvajanik nikaay.
samanya taur parr europe mein soochana taka pahunch kaa adhikaar kendra sarkaar seey laker sthaaniya adhikaariyon taka sabhi prashaasnik nikaayon parr, sarkaar key kissy bhee star parr lagu hotaa haye. isake kuchh durlabh apavaad paae jaa sakate hain, jaisa kii ireland key mamle mein jahaan pulis balon koo chhoot dee gaee haye. prashaasnik nikaayon key alawa, rashtriya kaanoonon mein, jinhen soochana kaa khulasa karane key daayitva koo uttarottar manjuri dee gaee haye, vidhaayi aur nyaayik nikaayon koo bhee vistaarit kiya gayaa haye. isake alawa, kaee deshon mein bhee saarvajanik karyon koo karane vaale yaa saarvajanik dhana praapt karane vaale kuchh niji nikaay soochana anurodhon taka pahunch kaa jawab dene key liye baadhya hain. udaaharan key liye, macedonia mein, jisane 2006 mein soochana kaanoon taka pahunch koo apanaaya, pahunch kaa adhikaar sthaaniya aur rashtriya sarkaaron, vidhaayi nikaayon aur nyaayik adhikaariyon parr lagu hotaa haye, aur isamen saarvajanik karyon key saath niji nikaay bhee shamil hain.
antar-sarkari sangathan.
kaee antar-sarkari nikaay logon key jeevan koo prabhaavit karane vaali neetiyon aur nirnayon key baare mein jaankaari rakhate hain. jabaki europeeya sangh ney europeeya sangh key sansthanon dwara aayojit jaankaari taka pahunch koo viniyamit karane vaale niyamon key ack samooh koo paribhaashit kiya haye, iss baare mein bahas abhee bhee khuli haye kii kyaa jaankaari taka pahunch kaa adhikaar antar-sarkari sangathanon parr lagu hotaa haye joe rashtriya kaanoonon key dayare seey baahar hain aur jinhone antarrashtriya manvadhikar sammelanon parr hastakshar naheen kiye hain. abhiyaan sangathanon ney aantarik niyamon koo apanaane key liye kaam kiya haye-jinhen "prakateekaran neetiyaan" yaa "soochana neetiyon taka pahunch" kahaa jaataa haye-taaki antar-sarkari sangathan soochana kaanoonon taka rashtriya pahunch key samaan niyamon koo lagu curr sakein. vishva baink ney julaai 2010 mein soochana neeti taka apani pahunch koo apanaaya.
soochana key adhikaar key liye maanak apavaad.
yadyapi siddhanton mein soochana taka pahunch kaa adhikaar saarvajanik nikaayon dwara aayojit sabhi soochanaon parr lagu hotaa haye, yeh ack poorna adhikaar naheen haye kyonki kuchh apavaad hoe sakate hain joe kuchh prakaar kii jaankaari key prakateekaran kii anumati naheen dete hain. yadi yeh jaankaari jaari kii jaati haye tou yeh kuchh "vaidh hiton" kaa ullanghan curr sakati haye, saarvajanik jeevan koo baadhit curr sakati haye yaa anya samajik moolyon koo kamjor curr sakati haye. saarvajanik jaankaari koo roke rakhane koo sahee thaharaane key liye, adhikaariyon key paas saboot kaa bojh haye, iss prakaar yeh pradarshit karna hoga kii prakateekaran kaanoon dwara nirdisht vaidh hita koo nuksan pahunchaayega.
saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch key kshetra mein antarrashtriya kaanoon aur maanak maanak apvaadon kii teen shreniyon key liye pradaan karate hain. vishesh roop seey,
raajya key hiton yaa antarrashtriya sambandhon kii raksha key liye apavaad, jaise kih
prabhaavi sarkaar sunishchit karane key uddeshya seey apavaadah
niji hiton aur manvadhikaron kii raksha key liye apavaad, jaise kih
haalaanki, bhale hii anurodhit jaankaari yaa dastavej samvedansheel houn aur apavaad lagu houn, iska kuchh hissa dou karakon key aadhar parr saarvajanik nikaayon dwara jaari kiya jaa sakata haye. pahala aanshik pahunch kaa adhikaar haye jisake anusaar adhikaariyon kaa kartavya haye kii way samvedansheel jaankaari koo hataa dein aur baaki dastaavez koo jaari karein. doosara "apvaadon key liye apavaad" taba lagu hotaa haye jaba paardarshita gopaniyata koo override karati haye, iss prakaar bhale hii jaankaari samvedansheel hoe, yeh jaanane mein saarvajanik hita majboot haye. iss vishesh mamle mein saarvajanik adhikaariyon koo tathaakathit "janahit pareekshan" lagu karna hotaa haye, jiska arth haye kii unhein jaankaari jaari naheen karane key apvaadon aur aavashyak jaankaari jaanane mein saarvajanik hita key karanon donon kii jaanch aur vichaar karna hotaa haye. soochana kaanoonon taka kaee rashtriya pahunch iss tarah key pareekshan kaa purvanuman lagaati haye.
appeal karane kaa adhikaar.
aavedak koo "prashaasnik maun" key mamle mein appeal karane kaa adhikaar haye (i.ee. anurodh kaa uttar naheen diyaa jaataa haye), jaba saarvajanik adhikaari prakateekaran anurodh koo aswikar curr dete hain yaa jaba unakaa uttar santoshjanak naheen hotaa haye aur prashn kaa saarthak uttar naheen detaa haye. appeal karane key adhikaar koo viniyamit karane vaale niyam rashtriya kaanoonon parr nirbhar karate hain aur desh-darr-desh bhinn hotey hain. aam taur parr, chaar mukhya appeal tantra hotey hainh
vyavhaar mein saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch.
anurodh kii samagri.
rashtriya kaanoonon key dayare mein aaney vaale saarvajanik adhikaariyon koo saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch key anurodh aavashyak jaankaari yaa dastavejon key baare mein yathasambhav spasht aur vishisht honey chaahiye. ack achchi tarah seey taiyar anurodh saarvajanik adhikaariyon key kaam koo suvidhajanak banaayega aur isake parinamswarup sakaratmak jawab milane kii sambhavana haye yaa cumm seey cumm anurodh koo aswikar karane key karanon koo cumm kiya jaayega. aamtaur parr anurodh daayar karane vaale vyakti kaa naam aur pataa pradaan karna hotaa haye. ee-mell pataa dene key saath-saath ack phone number dene seey saarvajanik adhikaariyon key saath adaan-pradaan kii suvidha hoe sakati haye. kuchh deshon mein chhadm naamon kaa sahaara laker yaa gumnam roop seey kiye gaye anurodhon kii anumati haye.
prakriya.
samanya taur parr, rashtriya kaanoonon key tahat saarvajanik jaankaari kaa anurodh karane kii prakriya saral haye aur kaee aupchaariktaon kaa purvanuman naheen haye. aamtaur parr anurodh likhit roop mein yaa tou daak dwara yaa sambandhit saarvajanik pradhikaran koo haath seey diye jaa sakate hain. adhikansh deshon mein, prastut karane kii anumati ee-mell dwara bhee haye. isake alawa, soochana kaanoonon taka kuchh pahunch maukhik anurodhon kii anumati detee haye, udaaharan key liye, phone yaa vyaktigat roop seey. haalaanki, kuchh mamalon mein, jaise kii slovenia mein, maukhik anurodh koo appeal karane key liye ack aupchaarik aadhar naheen maanaa jaataa haye. kuchh deshon mein, jaise kii armenia yaa romenia mein, likhit anurodhon aur maukhik anurodhon key liye niyam aur samay seema alag-alag hain.
shulk.
saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch key liye anurodh dakhil karna hamesha nihshulk honah chaahiye, jaisa kii aadhikarik dastavejon taka pahunch parr europe sammelan kii parishad dwara pushti kii gaee haye joe kewal dastavejon kii pratilipi banaane aur unhein vitarit karane kii laagat kii anumati detaa haye, jaise kii photocopy, daak laagat, yaa anya praarupon mein prajanan kii laagat yaa dvd yaa cd key mamle mein samagri. ack niyam key roop mein, electronic delivery nihshulk haye. europe kshetra kii parishad key adhikansh desh iss niyam kaa paalan karate hain, bhale hii ireland aur germany jaise ullekhaniya apavaad houn, jahaan saarvajanik hita key aadhar parr aavashyak shulk koo kaafee cumm kiya jaa sakata haye.
jaankaari praapt karane key tareeke.
saarvajanik jaankaari taka pahunch key aupchaarik anurodh key jawab mein, aavashyak jaankaari kii jaanch kii anumati vibhinn tarikon seey dee jaa sakati haye, jisamen mool dastavejon kaa nireekshan shamil haye; daak yaa ee-mell dwara bheji gaee photocopy; dvd yaa cd mein pratiyaan.
jawab paane key liye samay seema.
saarvajanik adhikaariyon key anurodhon kaa jawab dene key saath-saath uchit karanon seey yaa incar jaari karane key liye samay seema key vistaar koo adhisoochit karane key liye samay seema parr poore europe mein ack badee bhinnata haye. halanki, ausat samay lagbhag 15 kaary divas haye. europe mein, pratikriya key liye sabse cumm samay seema vaale desh norwey aur sweeden (1-3 dinn) hain. isake vipareet, soochana kaanoonon taka albanian aur austriyai pahunch adhikaariyon koo logon key anurodhon kaa jawab dene key liye kramshah 40 aur 60 dinon kii avadhi detee haye. adhikansh rashtriya kaanoon anurodhon key mamle mein samay seema key vistaar kii anumati dete hain joe vishesh roop seey jatil hain. sabhi mamalon mein iss tarah key vistaar koo aavedak koo una karanon key spashteekaran key saath adhisoochit kiya jaanaa chaahiye jinake kaaran yeh huaa. europeeya sangh key star parr, viniyaman 1049/2001 pratikriya jaari karane key liye 15 kaary divas sthaapit kartaa haye; asadharan mamalon mein 15 atirikt kaary divason kaa vistaar lagu kiya jaa sakata haye, udaaharan key liye jaba anurodh lambe dastavejon yaa badee sankhya mein dastavejon seey sambandhit hoe.

