
dha nikarbokar

dha nikarbokar, yaa newyork masik patrika, newyork shahar kii ack saahityik patrika thee, jisaki sthaapana 1833 mein charles feno hoffman ney kii thee, aur 1865 taka prakaashit hui thee. iska deerghakaalik sampaadak aur prakaashak louisloard gey clark thaa, jiska "sampaadak kii mez" stambh patrika kaa mukhya stambh thaa.
patrika mein yogdan dene vaale aur isake saanskritik parivesh koo prabhaavit karane vaale lekhakon key vritt koo aksar "nikarbokar lekhak" yaa "nikarbokar samooh" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. samooh mein villium cullon bryant, heinry wadsworth longfello, oliver wendell homes, james russell lowell aur kaee anya lekhak shamil they.
"dha nikarbokar" vishesh roop seey lalit kalaa key liye samarpit thaa, jisamen kabhi-kabhaar samachar, sampadakiya aur kuchh poorna-lambai key jeevani rekhaachitra they. yeh patrika sanyukt raajya america key "lupt hotey jangal" key baare mein sanchaar key liye sabse shuruati saahityik vaahanon mein seey ack thee."iss tarah," "dha nikarbokar" "koo sanyukt raajya america mein sabse purani paryaavaran-sambandhi patrikaon mein seey ack maanaa jaa sakata haye.
itihas.
charles feno hoffman 1833 mein "dha nikarbokar" key sansthaapak sampaadak they, halanki unhone kewal teen muddon kaa nirdeshan kiya. hoffman ney patrika koo timothi flint koo saunp diyaa, jinhone mool naam "dha nickerbacker" koo "dha nikkarbokar" mein badal diyaa."flint ney taba patrika koo luis gaylard clark koo betch diyaa, jinhone ise aprail 1834 mein kharida aur 1861 taka sampaadak key roop mein kaary kiya. 1840 taka," "dha nikarbokar" "apane samay kaa sabse prabhaavshaali saahityik prakaashan thaa. ack saal pahale, washington irving anichha seey 2,000 dollar prati varsh key vetan parr karmchaariyon mein shamil hoe gayaa thaa aur 1841 taka karmchaariyon parr rahega. vishesh roop seey isaki masik samay seema aur sthaan kii baadhaon key kaaran, patrika kaa kaam pasand naheen thaa. haalaanki, apane "geophrey crayon" vyaktitva mein, unhone apane pahale ank mein apani pasand koo uchit thaharaayaah "main thuck gayaa huun... lekhan khand... bahut adhik taiyari, vyavastha aur pared hoti haye... isaliye maine socha haye kii main kissy aavadhik kaary mein apane liye ack aramdayak koney koo surakshit curr loonga, jahan main apani kohni kii kursi parr aaraam seey lait sakata huun."
patrika mein yogdan dene vaale aur isake saanskritik parivesh koo prabhaavit karane vaale lekhakon key vritt koo aksar "nikarbokar lekhak" yaa "nikarbokar samooh" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. samooh mein washington irving, villium cullon bryant, james kirke paulding, gulian chromelin werplank, fitz-green haleck, joseph rodman drake, robbert charles sands, lydia aim jaise lekhak shamil they. child, nathaniel parker vilis aur epis sargent. samooh seey judey anya lekhakon mein heinry wadsworth longfello, oliver wendell homes, james russell lowell, bayered teller, george villium curtis, richard heinry stoddard, elizabeth clementin steadman, johnn greenleaf whittier, horres greeley, james fenimore cooper, fitz hugg ludlo aur fredrick swartout coasance shamil hain. "dha nikarbokar" apane yogdan dene vaale lekhakon koo bhugtan karane key liye apane prakaar key shuruati prakashanon mein seey ack thaa.
1862 mein shuru honey vaali ack chhoti avadhi key liye morris phillips (1834-1904) ney patrika kaa swaamitva aur sampadan kiya. baad mein way kavi, nathaniel parker vilis (1806-1867) key saath, sitambar 1854 seey vilis kii mrityu taka, "newyork home journal" key sahayogi sampaadak key roop mein judey rahey, phir mukhya sampaadak aur ekmatra malik baney. america mein, phillips koo "samaaj samachar key pitaa" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa."
naam.
patrika vibhinn shirshakon key tahat prakaashit hui thee, jinamen shamil hainh
usa samay, "nikarbokar" mainhattan key abhijaat varg key liye ack shabd thaa.
nikarbokar ack kaalpanik vyakti bhee they jinhen washington irving ney usa samay apani naee pustak, "duniya kii shuruat seey dutch rajvansh key anta taka newyork kaa itihas" koo badhaava dene key liye banaaya thaa."yeh kaary itihas kii pustakon aur usa samay kii rajneeti donon kaa vyangya thaa. irving ney 1809 mein "deadrich nikarbokar" chhadm naam key tahat kaam prakaashit kiya."halanki apani pustak key vimochan seey pahale, irving ney newyork key samachar patron mein mrit vyakti nikarbokar key baare mein laapata vyakti vigyapanon kii ack shrinkhala rakhee, jisase janata koo vishvaas huaa kii vaha ack vaidh itihaaskaar they. haalaanki, halanki logon koo jald hii ehsas huaa kii yeh ack dhokha thaa, lekin nyu york shahar key logon key liye yeh ack bahut hii priya charitra aur kinvadanti bunn gayaa. vaha newyork basketball team key naam bhee hain.
"nickerbacker patrika" kii shuruat janwari 1833 mein hui thee, jisamen isake pahale ank mein deadrich nikarbokar key saath kathit baatchit thee. sakshatkar mein unhone "apane naam key saath lii gaee swatantrata koo aasaani seey maaf curr diyaa, kyonki hamane ise apani pracheen vartani mein bahaal curr diyaa thaa.yeh" "nikarbokar" "seey" "nikarbakar" "mein parivartan koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. haalaanki, doosara ank sheershak key saath "nikarbokar" mein badalkar prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen deadrich nikarbokar key saath ack aur baatchit bhee shamil thee, jisamen vaha kahata haye "main chaahata huun kii aap merey naam koo isaki mool vartani mein bahaal karein kyonki yeh merey prasiddh itihas mein haye; isaliye bhaagya ney amar gaurav diyaa haye jise kuchh loga ack avishvasaniya galati maanenge, main ise taba bhee leey jaaoonga jaba yeh aaya aur samay key anta mein 'oh' koo jodd doonga."
samagri.
"dha nikarbokar" vishesh roop seey saamyik samacharon aur sampadakiyon key saath lalit kalaa key liye samarpit thaa. gilbert stuart, hiram power, horatio greenf aur fredrick shailiyon key agate jaise kalakaron parr bhee poorna-lambai key jeevani rekhaachitra mudrit kiye gaye they.
paryaavaran itihaaskaar, rhoderic naish key anusaar, "dha nikarbokar" sanyukt raajya america key "lupt hotey jangal" key baare mein sanchaar key liye sabse shuruati saahityik vaahanon mein seey ack thaa, jisamen thomas coley aur francis parkman, junier key kramik lekh shamil they.iss tarah," "dha nikarbokar" "koo sanyukt raajya america mein sabse purani paryaavaran-sambandhi patrikaon mein seey ack maanaa jaa sakata haye.
"dha nikarbokar" ney majaak key sabse pahale gyaat sandarbh koo mudrit kiya "chikan ney sadak kyon paar kii?"
1800 key dashak kii shuruat mein, shraddhavan edward hitchcock koo ack sett milaa joe unhein vishal pakshi track key roop mein dikhaai diyaa. yeye baad mein sarisrip maarg bunn gaye, haalaanki unhone unhein ack kavita likhane key liye prerit kiya jiska sheershak thaa "balua patthar pakshi" jisamen ack mahila rahasyavaadi dwara ack mahaan balua patthar pakshi kaa punaryojikaran shamil thaa. baad mein kavayitri key chhadm naam key tahat hitchcock dwara "dha nikarbokar" mein prakaashit, yeh vyaapak roop seey pahali echanological kavita maani jaati haye.
paryaavaran parr prabhaav.
rajneeti key professor erich coffman ney "americi praakritik raashtravaad" parr apane pepper mein tippani kii kii "praakritik saundarya ney pahali baar nyu ingland aur newyork key lekhakon key beach jadein jamaain. yeye buddhijivi, newyork saahityik patrikaon jaise "nikarbokar patrika" seey judey hue hain... naee praakritik samvedansheelta key liye kaee tarikon seey pratikriya dee "jiska prabhaav unake kaee prakaashit karyon mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
dha nikarbokar" mein pahali baar prakaashit kuchh prasiddh kritiyon ney paryavaraniya vichaar koo prabhaavit kiya haye jinamen shamil hainh

