
felix callander

felix luis callander (7 disambar 1863-14 juuna 1952) ack swiss rajneta they, 1913 seey 1920 taka swiss sanghiya parishad key sadasya they, aur 1918 mein sangh key adhyaksh they. way mukt loktaantrik party seey sambaddh they. apane karyakal key dauran, unhone 1913 seey 1917 taka grih mamalon key vibhaag kaa sanchaalan kiya, aur 1918 seey 1919 taka raajneetik vibhaag kaa sanchaalan kiya. 2022 taka, felix calonder sanghiya parishad key ekmatra deshi romanash vaktaa rahey hain.
praarambhik jeevan (1863-1891).
calonder kaa janm angdin ghaati mein school mein huaa thaa, joe trin key ack master builder kaa betaa thaa. jaba calonder chhah saal key they, taba unakaa parivaar trin chalaa gayaa, jahan way praathamik vidyalaya gaye. 1878 seey 1881 taka calonder ney chur mein chhaavani school kaa daura kiya. unhone padhaai chhod dee, teen saal taka ack vaanijyik prashikshak key roop mein kaam kiya, aur 1885 taka zurich mein ack maatri key saath snaatak naheen kiya. unhone zurich, munich, peris aur burn mein kaanoon kaa adhyayan kiya, jahan unhone 1889 mein antarrashtriya kaanoon parr apani doctorate kii thesis prastut kii. way chhaatr nigam "zofingia" mein sakriya they, aur swiss sashastr balon mein ack milicia adhikaari aur nyayadhish bunn gaye.
apani padhaai poori karane key baad, callander chur laut aae, jahan unhone adalat key sachiv key roop mein kaam kiya, aur baad mein ack vakeel key karyalaya mein apani saajhedaari sthaapit kii. 1892 mein, unhone ursulina walther seey shaadi kii, jinake saath unake teen bachche they.
vidhaayi karyalaya (1891-1913).
1891 mein, callander koo grissons key chhaavani vidhaayi (cusegland) key liye chunaa gayaa, jahan unhone swatantra loktantriyon kaa pratinidhitva kiya, aur 1913 taka apana janadesh rakhaa. way 1893 mein chhaavani karyakari (regenza) mein ack seat key liye asafal rahey. 1890 key dashak key anta taka, unhone parivahan neeti mein pratishtha hassil curr lii thee; ack purvi alpine railway key liye unake sangharsh aur ratische baan kii sankeern gaze pranali key liye sanghiya subsidy key liye unaki pairavi ney unhein apani party koo swiss council off states mein grissons kii dou seeton mein seey ack jeetane mein madad kii. 1899 mein raajyon kii parishad mein unake karyakal key dauran, unhein jahaaj aur panbijali key liye raind key grand duchy key saath ack samjhaute parr baatchit karane kaa janadesh diyaa gayaa thaa. unhone 1911/1912 karyakal key liye raajyon kii parishad kii adhyakshata kii.
sanghiya parishad (1913-1920).
jaba sanghiya paarshad adolph duture kii 1912 mein mrityu hoe gaee, tou calonder swiss sanghiya parishad mein khaali seat key liye ummidvaaron mein seey ack they. 17 julaai 1912 koo way pahale vote mein admond schulthes seey chunaav haar gaye, aanshik roop seey catholic roodhivaadiyon, kisan sangathanon aur audyogik lobby dwara schulthes key majboot samarthan key kaaran. parinam seey nirash, girison raajnetaon aur media ney 1912 mein swiss rashtriya divas (1 agast) key bahishkaar kaa ahwan kiya.
agale varsh, maee 1913 mein, sanghiya paarshad luis perrier kii mrityu hoe gaee, aur calonder kii ummidwari adhik ashajanak lugg rahee thee. catholic roodhivaadiyon ney abb unakaa samarthan kiya. kuchh sanghiya rajneta alpine railway mein grisson key hiton koo badhaava dene mein callander key purvagrah key baare mein chintit they, aur callander key chunaav seey romanadi apane dou parshadon mein seey ack koo khou dega joe vaha 1881 seey pradaan curr rhaa thaa. phir bhee, callander ney 199 vaidh maton mein seey 151 key saath pahale daur mein chunaav jeetaa, aur binaa kissy ullekhaniya virodh key (arther coochepin ney 11 maton key saath doosara sarvshreshth parinam praapt kiya). calonder ney 21 juuna 1913 koo swiss sanghiya parishad mein padbhar grahan kiya. 
pahale chaar varshon key liye, calonder ney grih mamalon key vibhaag koo sambhala. sanghiya vidhansabha key samaksh pratinidhitva karane vaale pahale bilon mein seey ack, ekmatra swiss rashtriya udyaan banaane key sanghiya nirnay seey sambandhit thaa.
1918 mein, calonder koo swiss sangh kaa adhyaksh chunaa gayaa aur, jaisa kii usa samay usa karyalaya key liye prathaagat thaa, ney "raajneetik vibhaag" (videsh sambandh) koo bhee apane haath mein leey liya. rashtrapati key roop mein apane kaary mein, unhein shramik varg aur garibon dwara samajik shikayaton kii badhati abhivyakti kaa saamana karna padaa, aur agast 1918 mein "oltner actionscomite" (oak) key saath baithak shuru kii. oak swiss shramik sanghon aur samajik loktantravadiyon kii ack samiti thee, jiska gathan samajik-raajneetik sudhaaron kii maang aur unhein lagu karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa, aur iska netritva robbert grim ney kiya thaa. jaba adhikaariyon ney 10 navambar koo zurich mein mool roop seey shantipurna virodh hadtaal key vistaar koo bund karane key liye sainya bull kaa upayog kiya, tou samiti ney yaa tou milicia koo vaapas bulaane yaa rashtravyapi hadtaal key parinamon koo sweekaar karane key liye ultimatum diyaa, aur 11 navambar 1918 koo samiti ney sanghiya parishad key naam parr aswikar curr diyaa, aur samiti ney anishchitkaaleen hadtaal kaa ahwan kiya, jise abb zurich mein shantipurna virodh hadtaal key vistaar key liye sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. lagbhag 400,000 shramik hadtaal parr chaley gaye, milicia resiments koo unakaa mukabala karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa, aur railway pranali koo sainyakrit curr diyaa gayaa. teen pradarshankariyon koo sainikon ney grenade mein maar daala, aur zurich aur beel mein bhee hinsak jhadapen huin. oak ney hadtaal kii nirarthakta koo pahachaana, aur isake anta kaa ahwan kiya, callander ney sanghiya vidhansabha koo inn shabdon key saath soochit kiya "duhswapna door hoe gayaa haye. swatantra aur garvit, swiss loktantra apane sir koo unchaa karke khadaa haye."
landstrake key dauran calonder kii unake karyon key liye aalochana kii gaee thee. baatchit key dauran lagbhag aansuu bahane key liye, apani jameen parr dridhata seey khade honey key bajaay", aur sanghiya vidhansabha aur media ney hadtaal parr unaki pratikriyaon koo aspasht key roop mein dekhaah ack or, calonder ney 12 navambar koo ack bhaashan diyaa, jaba unhone samajik loktantravadiyon koo sanghiya parishad mein ack seat dene kaa vaadaa kiya thaa. doosari or, senaa kii kamaan aur kendra-dakshinpanthi sansadon key dabaav mein aakar, unhone ack dinn baad oak koo sambodhit sanghiya parishad key ultimatum parr hastakshar kiye. unhone kabhi bhee vampanth kaa samarthan hassil naheen kiya, aur 1920 mein unake patan key baad, samajik loktaantrik samachar patra ney unhein "ack seemit pratikriyaavaadi" key roop mein varnit kiya.
sanghiya parishad mein apane antim varsh mein, calonder rashtron kii ack leag key liye vudro willson key vichaar key prastaavak they, aur pratham vishva yuddh key baad antarrashtriya kaanoon key prashnon kaa adhyayan karane key liye itihaskaron aur kanuni visheshagyon koo niyukt kiya. poorna" tatasthata key bajaay, unhone ack "vibhedak" tatasthata kaa sujhaav diyaa, jisamen rashtra sangh dwara prastaavit aarthik pratibandhon koo lagu karna shamil hoe sakata haye. saathi parshadon guseppe motta aur gustave edor key samarthan seey, calonder antatah german bhashi graameen aur roodhivaadi canton key raajnetaon dwara majboot virodh key khilaf rashtron kii leag mein shamil honey key liye vidheyak paarit karane mein safal rahey, lekin adhikansh samajik loktantra key khilaf bhee. unhone "worarlberg prashn" key sambandh mein apane karyon key liye cumm samarthan praapt kiya-11 maee koo worarlberger key 1919 80% ney matdan kiya thaa kii unake raajya koo switzerland mein shamil honah chaahiye, aur calonder ney inn yojanaon kii bhee vakaalat kii. unhone sanghiya parishad key bheetar schulthes aur motta dwara bhayankar virodh kaa saamana kiya, aur antatah iss disha mein apani pragati koo chhodane key liye majboor hoe gaye.
rashtravyapi hadtaal key dauran unake karyon, rashtron kii leag mein sadasyata kii unaki pragati, aur worarlberg prashn mein unaki kamjor sthiti key parinamswarup disambar 1919 mein sanghiya vidhansabha dwara callander kii pushti key liye maton kii ack alp ginati hui. unhone paanch dinn baad beemar chhutti key liye kahaa, aur 21 janwari 1920 koo apane istife kii ghoshana kii. sanghiya vidhansabha ney 12 farwari 1920 koo aadhikarik taur parr unake anurodh koo manjuri dee aur heinrich haberlyn koo apane uttaradhikari key roop mein chunaa.
baad key varshon (1920-1952).
unake vighatan key baad, 1920 mein leag off nations dwara callander koo bhoomi sankat mein madhyasthata karane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. 1921 mein unhone silacian vidrohon key sambandh mein oopari silasia mein sthitiyon koo viniyamit karane key liye geneva sammelan kaa netritva kiya. 1922 seey 1937 taka, way katovis mein rahate they, jahan mishrit german-polish aayog key adhyaksh key roop mein, unhone sammelan key parinam key nishpaadan kii nigrani kii. 1937 mein, way zurich chaley gaye aur ack kanuni salaahkaar key roop mein kaam kiya. 14 juuna 1952 koo zurich mein felix luis callander kii mrityu hoe gaee.

