
prayogshala key kaanch key bartan

prayogshala kaanch key bartan vaigyaanik kaary mein upayog kiye jaane vaale vibhinn prakaar key upkaranon koo sandarbhit karate hain, aur paaramparik roop seey kaanch seey baney hotey hain. kaanch koo udaaya jaa sakata haye, mudaa jaa sakata haye, kaataa jaa sakata haye, dhaala jaa sakata haye aur kaee aakaron aur aakaron mein banaaya jaa sakata haye, aur isaliye rasayan vigyaan, jeev vigyaan aur vishleshanatmak prayogshalaon mein aam haye. kaee prayogshalaon mein yeh pradarshit karane key liye prashikshan karyakram hain kii kaanch key bartanon kaa upayog kaise kiya jaataa haye aur pahali baar upayog karane vaalon koo kaanch key bartanon kaa upayog karane seey judey suraksha khatron key baare mein sachet karane key liye.
itihas.
pracheen kaal.
kaanch key bartanon kaa itihas feenicians kaa haye jinhone pahale kaanch key bartan banaane key liye campfire mein obsidian koo ack saath jodaa thaa. siriyai, misravasi aur romanon sahit anya pracheen sabhyataon key roop mein kaanch key bartan vikasit hue aur unhone kaanch banaane kii kalaa koo parishkrit kiya. pahali shatabdi esvi key dauran alexandaria mein ack rasayanshastri, mairi dha yahudi koo rasayan key liye pahale kaanch key bartanon mein seey kuchh key nirmaan kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye jaise kii "kerotakis" jiska upayog germ samagri seey dhuein key sangrah key liye kiya jaataa thaa. inn rachanaon key bavjood, rasayanik upayog key liye kaanch key bartan abhee bhee iss samay key dauran seemit they kyonki prayog key liye aavashyak cumm taapiya sthirata thee aur isaliye mukhya roop seey tambe yaa cheeni mitty kii samagri kaa upayog karke banaaya gayaa thaa.
praarambhik aadhunik yug.
14veen-16veen shatabdi key dauran sheesh key bartanon mein ack baar phir sudhaar huaa, jisamen sheesh banaane vaalon key kaushal aur gyaan mein sudhaar huaa. iss samay key dauran, venisiyon ney seeriya aur byzantine samrajya seey aaney vaali jaankaari key saath poorv seey kaanch banaane key baare mein gyaan ekatra kiya. sheesha banaane key baare mein gyaan key saath, venis mein sheesha nirmaataon koo poorv seey uchch gunavatta vaalaa kachcha maal bhee praapt huaa jaise kii aayatit paadap raakh jisamen anya kshetron seey paadap raakh kii tulanaa mein adhik soda samagri thee. behtar kachche maal aur poorv seey jaankaari key iss sanyojan ney spasht aur uchch taapiya aur rasayanik sthaayitva key utpaadan koo prayogshalaon mein kaanch key bartanon key upayog kii or leey jaane kii or leey gayaa.
aadhunik yug.
1830 key dashak mein thoke mein utpaadit kiye gaye kaee chashme jaldi seey aspasht aur gandey hoe jaate they kyonki cumm gunavatta vaale kaanch kaa upayog kiya jaa rhaa thaa. 
19veen shatabdi key dauran, adhik rasaayanagyon ney kaanch key bartan key mahatva koo isaki paardarshita aur prayogon kii sthitiyon koo niyantrit karane kii kshamata key kaaran pahachaanana shuru curr diyaa. pareekshan nully kaa aavishkaar karane vaale johns jacob bergelius aur michael fairade donon ney rasayanik kaanch udaane key uday mein yogdan diyaa. fairade ney 1827 mein "rasayanik herfer" prakaashit kiya jisamen kaee prakaar key chhote tube glassware banaane kii prakriya aur tube rasayan vigyaan key liye kuchh prayogaatmak takneekon kaa vivaran diyaa gayaa. bergelius ney "rasayanik sanchaalan aur upkaran" sheershak seey ack samaan paathyapustak likhi, jisamen vibhinn prakaar kii rasayanik kaanch udaane kii takneeken pradaan kii gaeen. iss rasayanik kaanch key udane key uday ney rasayanik prayog kii upalabdhata koo vyaapak banaa diyaa aur prayogshalaon mein kaanch key bartanon key pramukh upayog kii or ack badalaav laaya. prayogshalaon mein kaanch key bartanon key udbhav key saath, sangathan aur manakon kii aavashyakta paida hui. udyog kii pragati key liye prussian samaaj" upayog kiye gaye kaanch kii gunavatta mein sahyogaatmak sudhaar kaa samarthan karane vaale shuruati sangathanon mein seey ack thaa.
adhikansh prayogshala kaanch key bartan pratham vishva yuddh kii shuruat taka germany mein nirmit kiye gaye they. pratham vishva yuddh seey pahale, sanyukt raajya america mein kaanch utpadakon koo german prayogshala kaanch key bartan nirmaataon key saath pratispardha karane mein kathinaaee hui kyonki prayogshala kaanch key bartanon koo shaikshik samagri key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa aur yeh ayaat curr key adheen naheen thaa. pratham vishva yuddh key dauran, sanyukt raajya america koo prayogshala kaanch key bartanon kii aapoorti bund curr dee gaee thee.
1915 mein corning glassworks ney borosilicate glass vikasit kiya, jise pyrex key naam seey pesh kiya gayaa, aur yeh sanyukt raajya mein yuddh key prayaas key liye ack vardan thaa. halanki yuddh key baad, kaee prayogshaalaaen ayaat kii or muda gaeen, behtar kaanch key bartanon mein shodh phal-phool gayaa. rasayanik jadata banaae rakhate hue kaanch key bartan thermal shock key liye adhik pratiraksha bunn gaye. prayogshala key kaanch key bartanon key vikas koo prabhaavit karane vaali aage kii mahatvapurna takneekon mein polytetrafluoroethylene kaa vikas shamil thaa, joe ack jung pratirodhi samagri haye, aur kuchh mamalon mein, prayogshala key kaanch key bartanon kii keemat mein girawat, phir seey upayog karane kii tulanaa mein fenkane key liye adhik kifayati haye.
prayogshala kaanch key bartanon kaa chayan.
prayogshala key kaanch key bartanon kaa chayan aamtaur parr kissy vishesh prayogshala vishleshan key prabhaari vyakti dwara kissy diye gaye kaary kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. iss kaary key liye ack vishisht prakaar key kaanch seey baney kaanch key bartan kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. iss kaary koo cumm laagat, badey paimaane parr utpaadit kaanch key bartanon kaa upayog karke aasaani seey kiya jaa sakata haye, yaa isake liye kaanch key bloer dwara banaae gaye ack vishesh tukade kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. kaary key liye drav key pravaah koo niyantrit karane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. kaary mein vishisht gunavatta ashvasana aavashyaktaaen hoe sakati hain.
kaanch kaa prakaar.
prayogshala key kaanch key bartan kaee prakaar key kaanch seey banaae jaa sakate hain, jinamen seey pratyek alag-alag kshamataon key saath aur alag-alag uddeshyon key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye. borosilicate glass ack prakaar kaa pardarshi glass haye joe boron oxide aur silika seey banaa haye, isaki mukhya visheshta thermal vistaar kaa cumm gunank haye joe ise adhikansh anya chashme kii tulanaa mein thermal shock key liye adhik pratirodhi banaata haye. quartz glass bahut uchch tapman kaa saamana curr sakata haye aur vidyut chumbakiya spectrum key kuchh hisson mein pardarshi haye. goodaa bhura yaa ember (actinic) glass parabaingani aur avarakt vikiran koo avaruddh curr sakata haye. bhaari deewaar vaalaa kaanch dabaav vaale anuprayogon kaa saamana curr sakata haye. bhangur kaanch maheen chhidrapurna kaanch hotaa haye jisake madhyam seey gais yaa taral gujar sakata haye. lepit kaanch key bartanon koo vishesh roop seey tootane yaa viphalata kii ghatana koo cumm karane key liye upchaarit kiya jaataa haye. sylnized (silicanized) kaanch key bartanon kaa vishesh roop seey javic namoonon koo kaanch seey chipakane seey rokane key liye upchaar kiya jaataa haye.
vaigyaanik kaanch udaanaa.
vaigyaanik kaanch udaanaa, joe kuchh badee prayogshalaon mein abhyaas kiya jaataa haye, kaanch udaane kaa ack vishesh kshetra haye. vaigyaanik kaanch udaane mein kaanch key aakar aur ayam koo sateek roop seey niyantrit karna, mahange yaa mushkil seey badale jaane vaale kaanch key bartanon kii marammat karna aur vibhinn kaanch key hisson koo ack saath jodana shamil haye. prayogshala key kaanch key bartanon kaa atyadhik vishesh tukada banaane key liye kaee bhaag kaanch kii naliyon kii lambai key liye upalabdh hain.
drav pravaah koo niyantrit karna.
kaanch key bartanon kaa upayog karate samay aksar taral padaarth key pravaah koo niyantrit karna aavashyak hotaa haye. ise aamtaur parr ack stopper key saath rokaa jaataa haye. kaanch key bartanon key judey hue tukadon key beach taral padaarth kaa parivahan kiya jaa sakata haye. aapas mein judane vaale ghatakon key prakaron mein kaanch kii nalika, tii-connector, vaaee-connector aur kaanch key adaptor shamil hain. risaav-tanga connection key liye ack ground glass joint kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye (sambhavatah ack clamping vidhi jaise kii cake clip kaa upayog karke prabalit kiya jaataa haye). kaanch key bartanon koo jodane kaa ack aur tarika nully barb aur lachili nalikaon key saath haye. taral pravaah koo ack valve kaa upayog karke chuninda roop seey badala jaa sakata haye, jisamen seey ack stop cock ack samanya prakaar haye jise kaanch key bartanon mein jodaa jaataa haye. poori tarah seey kaanch seey baney valve kaa upayog taral pravaah koo pratibandhit karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. taral padaarth, yaa koee bhee samagri joe bahati haye, koo ack funnel kaa upayog karke ack sankeern dwaar mein nirdeshit kiya jaa sakata haye.
gunavatta ashvasana.
metrology.
prayogshala key kaanch key bartanon kaa upayog uchch parishuddhata vaale aayatan maap key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. uchch parishuddhata maap key saath, jaise kii ack pareekshan prayogshala mein banaae gaye, kaanch key bartan kaa metrological grade mahatvapurna hoe jaataa haye. taba maap key nishan key nammatra moolya key aspas key vishvaas antaral aur ack shoonya maanak key liye anshankan kii anurekhan kshamata donon dwara maap shreni kaa nirdhaaran kiya jaa sakata haye. samay-samay parr prayogshala key kaanch key bartanon key anshankan kii jaanch karna aavashyak hoe sakata haye.
silika bhang.
prayogshala key kaanch key bartan silika seey baney hotey hain. hydrophloric acid jaise kuchh apvaadon key saath adhikansh padarthon mein silika koo aghulansheel maanaa jaataa haye. halanki ack minut mein aghulansheel silika kii matra ghul jaayegi joe paani mein uchch parishuddhata, cumm seema maap koo prabhaavit curr sakati haye.
safai.
prayogshala key kaanch key bartanon kii safai kabhi-kabhi aavashyak hoti haye aur kaee tarikon kaa upayog karke kii jaa sakati haye. kaanch key bartanon koo ack detergent ghol mein bhigoya jaa sakata haye taaki tail koo hataaya jaa sakey aur adhikansh sandushanon koo dheela kiya jaa sakey. inn sandushanon koo phir ack brush yaa scoring paid seey saaf kiya jaataa haye taaki una kanon koo hataaya jaa sakey jinhen dhoya naheen jaa sakata haye. majboot kaanch key bartan scrubbing key vikalp key roop mein sonication kaa saamana karane mein saksham hoe sakate hain. kuchh samvedansheel prayogon key liye kaanch key bartanon koo vilayakon mein bhigoya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii ekwa regia yaa halke acid, taaki ack prayog mein hastakshep karane key liye jaane jaane vaale vishisht sandushanon kii ack trace matra koo bhang kiya jaa sakey. jaba safai poori hoe jaati haye tou kaanch key bartanon koo sookhane vaale rack parr ulta karane seey pahale teen baar kulla karna aam baat haye.
udaaharan.
prayogshala mein kaee prakaar key kaanch key bartan hainh
kaanch key bartanon key paatron key udaharanon mein shamil hainh
maap key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale kaanch key bartanon key udaharanon mein shamil hainh
kaanch key bartanon key anya udaharanon mein shamil hainh