
koasati bhasha

koasati (kusatta bhee) ack mool americi bhasha haye joe muscosian mool kii haye. yeh bhasha kusatta logon dwara bolly jaati haye, jinamen seey adhikansh elton, louisiana shahar key uttar mein elen parrish mein rahate hain, halanki ack chhoti sankhya mein albama logon key saath livingston, texas key paas ack aarakshan saajha karate hain. 1991 mein, bhashavid geophrey kimball ney lagbhag 400 logon kii bhasha bolane vaalon kii sankhya kaa anuman lagaaya, jinamen seey lagbhag 350 louisiana mein rahate hain. vartamaan vaktaaon kii sateek sankhya spasht naheen haye, lekin koohatta janjaati key adhikaariyon kaa daavaa haye kii 20 seey adhik janjaati key adhikansh sadasya koasati bolate hain. 2007 mein, louisiana kii kushatta janjaati ney mcnease raajya vishvavidyalaya aur villium aur mairi college key sahyog seey, luptapray bhaashaon key dastavejikaran karyakram key tahat rashtriya vigyaan foundation anudan key saath vyaapak bhasha punrutthan prayason key ack hisse key roop mein koasati (kushatta) bhasha pariyojana shuru kii.
koasati albama bhasha seey sabse adhik nikatata seey sambandhit haye, lekin halanki kusatta aur albama aitihaasik roop seey ack-dusare key paas rahey hain, unaki bhaashaaen abb vyaapak exposure key binaa parasparik roop seey samajh mein naheen aatee hain. yeh bhasha mikasuki bhasha seey bhee sambandhit haye; kushatta key kuchh mool vaktaaon kii report key anusaar way bhasha key pichhale sampark key binaa mikasuki koo samajh sakate hain.
dhvanivigyaan.
swar.
koasati mein teen swar hotey hain, joe sabhi chhote aur lambe hotey hain aur naak seey hoe sakate hain. nimnalikhit chart kimball key kaam parr adharit haye. kimball kaa varnan haye kii aam taur parr nikat-madhya peechhe key swar/oh/koo "uchch peechhe" swar key roop mein kyaa hotaa haye, isaliye ise neeche diye gaye chart mein rakhaa gayaa haye. vaha nott kartaa haye kii/oh/mein kabhi-kabhi alphone [yuu] hotaa haye aur bund shabd-antim aksharon mein [≤] taka uthaaya jaataa haye.
2007 mein, louisiana kii kushatta janjaati ney apani khud kii vartani pranali vikasit kii aur usey manjuri dee. iss pranali mein, lambe swar swar koo doguna karke likhe jaate hain (ee.jee., [aː] "aaa" key roop mein), aur anunaasik swar rekhaankit kiye gaye hain (ee.jee., [̃] yaa [̃] key roop mein "o").
koasati mein swar kii lambai vipareet hoe sakati haye. udaaharan key liye, swar kii lambai "palana" "bean" aur "" palana "" plate "key saath-saath" choba "" badaa "aur" "choba" "ghode" key liye arth koo alag karati haye.  swar anunasikaran aksar shabd-anta mein ack vakyansh-antim marker key roop mein hotaa haye. koasati mein, ack vakyansh kaa anta mool roop seey yaa tou antim asangat swar key vilopan yaa antim swar key anunasikkaran dwara chihnit kiya jaataa haye jaba ise hataane seey vakyansh key arth key liye praasangik dhvanyaatmak jaankaari samaapt hoe jaayegi. udaaharan key liye, "hopunilaho" mein antim swar jise vaha/vaha pakaayega, usey hataae jaane key bajaay naak seey nikala jaataa haye, aur isaliye ise adhik jordar "hopunilaha" seey alag kiya jaataa haye, jahaan avaastavik bhavishya kaa pratyay-"laaha"-ingit kartaa haye kii kaarravaai nishchit roop seey hogi, jabaki avaastavik bhavishya kaa pratyay-"laaho"-aisee nishchitata pradaan naheen kartaa haye.
vyanjan.
koasati mein neeche dee gaee talika mein vyanjan diye gaye hain, joe geophrey kimball key kaam parr adharit hain. aaee. pee. aeye. pratilekhan koshthak mein taba hotaa haye jaba kimball dwara pradaan kii gaee vartani seey alag hotaa haye.
iss chart mein shamil naheen ack glottle glide (chihnit "" ") haye jiska upayog kimball apane swayam key vyanjan chart mein kartaa haye, sambhavatah koasati kii lambi swar dhwaniyon kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye. janjaati kii aadhikarik vartani mein, akanksha key liye koee bhed naheen haye, aur dwara pratinidhitva kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, kimball nott kartaa haye kii praarambhik aur madhya sthitiyon mein akankshi hain. haalaanki, koasati bhasha pariyojana key liye website spasht roop seey bataati haye kii yeye vyanjan kabhi bhee akankshi naheen hotey hain. yeh sabse adhik baar pahale hotaa haye, jaisa kii "nadee" mein, aadhikarik vartani mein likhaa jaataa haye, jisase "poonchh" seey alag hotaa haye.
shabdansh sanrachana.
koasati mein prakaash (see. vee., vee. see., vee.) aur bhaari (see. vee. see.) donon akshar hotey hain. vyanjan samooh aksharon mein hotey hain lekin bheetar naheen. sabhi monomorphemic koasati shabd halke aksharon mein samaapt hotey hain, jabaki upaant shabdansh halka hoe sakata haye lekin aamtaur parr bhaari hotaa haye, aur yeh aamtaur parr ack yaa adhik halke aksharon seey pahale hotaa haye, jaisa kii nirmaan see. vee. key saath hotaa haye.see. vee. see.see. vee. jaisa kii "holihta" baad shabd mein haye. anya aakar, jinamen ack yaa adhik bhaari shabdansh ack bhaari upaantiya shabdansh seey pahale hotey hain (ee.jee. see. vee.see. vee. see.see. vee. see.see. vee. jaisa kii "haikokpala" "titali" mein), yaa vaikalpik bhaari aur halke akshar (ee.jee. see. vee. see.see. vee.see. vee. see.see. vee. jaisa kii "paa piyaa kaa" "pull" mein), aamtaur parr dou shabdon key sanyojan yaa ack baar utpaadak niyam key samanvaya kaa parinam hotaa haye jisamen antim shabdansh koo chhodkar pratyek dusare shabdansh kaa swar hataa diyaa jaataa haye. swar samooh koasati mein hotey hain, anya muskogian bhaashaon key vipareet jahaan aise samoohon koo metathesis aur swar vilopan dwara asambhav banaa diyaa jaataa haye. yeye samooh swar aur varg 1 aeye mein samaapt honey vaale sthaaniya upsargon key upayog key kaaran koasati mein hotey hain kyonki yeye metathesis aur swar hataane kii prakriyaon seey naheen gujarate hain. / a/aur/i/seey shuru honey vaale samooh sabse adhik baar hotey hain, aur sabhi samooh aam taur parr swaron key beach ack glottle stop key saath boley jaate hain.
swar.
koasati mein nimn ['], uchch [Â], aur uchch badhate hue [Â] pitch lahaje hain, saath hii saath chautha achihnit madhya-star kaa swar bhee haye. sabhi sangya mool mein ack uchch-pitch uchchaaran shabdansh honah chaahiye. uchchaaran kaa sthaan upaant shabdansh key gunon parr nirbhar kartaa haye. kuchh apvaadon key saath, uchchaaran antim shabdansh parr padata haye jaba taka kii antim shabdansh mein ack lamba swar naa hoe. yeye swar-vinyas vipareet hoe sakate hain, kyonki "sakihap" key saath yeh ack mink haye.'aur' sakihapu 'yeh havaa mein sukhaaya naheen jaataa haye.'. kriyaon parr pitch placement roopvigyaan seey prerit haye. adhikansh soochak kriyaaen uchch uchchaaran letee hain, halanki kuchh nimn uchchaaran letee hain. gahan kriyaaen uchch badhate-girane vaale uchchaaran koo letee hain.
roopvigyaan.
koasati ack bahusanshleshit bhasha haye jisamen kaafee vyaapak maukhik upsarg aur pratyay haye.
sangyaaen.
upsargon key dou sett koasati mein sangya key kabje koo chihnit karate hain. aim"-sett aam taur parr videshi kabje aur sambandh sharton aur shareer key angon key ack apekshaakrit chhote samooh kii pehchaan kartaa haye, jabaki "see. aeye"-sett avibhajya kabje aur adhikansh sambandh sharton aur shareer key angon kii pehchaan kartaa haye. yeye upsarg sangya rakhane parr vyakti aur sankhya koo nimnanusar chihnit karate hainh
kriyaaen.
sthiti kakshaaen.
kimball upsargon aur pratyayon key liye nimnalikhit sthiti vargon kii pehchaan kartaa haye jinhen koasati kriya mool mein jodaa jaa sakata haih
upsarg.
anya muscosian bhaashaon mein isake aksar upayog kiye jaane vaale sangyaatmak key vipareet, samanya sthaansoochak upsarg "aeye"-(sthiti 2) upayog seey baahar hoe rhaa haye. pada 4 aur 5 "am"-aur "ca"-seey sambandhit hain-joe sangyaon key saath oopar charcha kiye gaye hain. unamen kramshah pratyaksh aur apratyaksh vastu upsarg hotey hain aur inca upayog kriyaon key pratyaksh aur apratyaksh vastuon koo paar karane key saath-saath nammatra kriyaon parr kabja karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, sthiti 5 upsarg "assie"-kaa upayog nimnalikhit tareeke seey nammatra kriya key mool parr kabja karane key liye kiya jaataa haye jiska arth haye "photo kheenchana":
maukhik upsargon kaa ack namuna, iss mamle mein, sthiti 3 key vishisht sthaansoochak upsarg, nimnalikhit hainh
pratyay.
pandrah pratyay padon koo bharane key liye kimball ney sattar pratyayon koo darj kiya. inmein seey gyaarah pratyayon koo chhodkar sabhi takniki roop seey anya sabhi pratyayon key saath saha-ghatit hoe sakate hain joe ack hii sthiti varg parr kabja naheen karate hain. kimball ack sambhavana key roop mein nimnalikhit udaaharan pradaan kartaa haih
pahale shabd mein, mool kaa anusaran karane vaali sabhi ikaaiyaan-"ilaa"-"pahunch" vibhinn sthiti vargon koo bharane vaale pratyay hain.
pratyayon kaa ack namuna, iss mamle mein, sthiti 5 kshamata pratyay, nimnalikhit haih
kimball nott kartaa haye kii inmein seey kewal-"halpi saa"-"saksham honey key liye" kaa upayog aksar kiya jaataa haye.
maukhik sankhya.
koasati jaisi muskogian bhaashaon mein ekvachan, dohare aur bahuvachan roopon key saath unaki kriyaon mein teen-tarfa sankhya kaa antar haye. inmein seey kuchh roop poorak hain. udaaharan key liye,
'rahane key liye', pahale vyakti mein, poorna poorak key saath (ekvachan "aut", dohri "aswa," bahuvachan "haye): 
'soonghana' gair-sahayak 'hoffn' haih
'key baare mein jaane key liye', aanshik roop seey poorak ("aya", "yomahal"):
'daudane key liye', aanshik roop seey poorak ("valeek", "toke"): 
kriya grade.
anya muskogian bhaashaon kii tarah, koasati mein kriya shreni yaa ack ablot pranali hoti haye jisamen roopaatmak aur dhvanyaatmak parivartan (iss mamle mein infixation aur nasika parivartan) kaa upayog kriya key arth koo badalane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
aich-grade.
koasati mein, aich-grade kaa upayog ack vinamra anivaaryata banaane key saath-saath karyon key ack anukram koo ingit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. anivarya roop seey, "aich" koo kriya mool key antim shabdansh seey pahale daala jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, kriya "óntin" aaney key liye "(ekvachan, dohra vishay) anivarya" ónhtynh "mein badal jaataa haye!"aich-grade key saath (swar anunasikaran aur antim" "aich" "dwara chihnit vilambit anivarya pratyay key alawa). anukram koo ingit karane key liye aich-grade kaa upayog (switch-sandarbh marker "-oke" key alawa) neeche dekhaa jaa sakata haih
anukram aich-grade key saath, anukram mein antim kriya laukik aur pahalu sambandhi sanlagnak parr letee haye, jabaki poorvavarti kriya aich-grade aur upayukt switch-sandarbh marker parr letee haye.
aine-grade.
koasati mein, aine-grade apekshaakrit asamanya haye, lekin iska upayog jore dene key liye kiya jaataa haye, jiska motey taur parr arth haye "poori tarah seey" yaa "jaari rakhna" iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii kyaa upayog kii gaee kriya sthiti kii kriya haye yaa vivaran yaa kriya kii kriya haye. aine-grade banaane key liye, kriya key mool key upaant shabdansh kaa swar anunaasik aur uchchaaran haye. udaaharan key liyeh
cumm karna.
koasati mein kriyaon key liye samayanishth aur punaraavritti donon prakaar key prativartan hotey hain, jisamen mool key hisse koo dohraya jaataa haye taaki yeh sanket diyaa jaa sakey kii ack kriya koo dohraya jaataa haye. samaybaddh punaraavartan key saath, kriya key praarambhik vyanjan aur swar (yaa vyanjan aur "oh" yadi koee swar maujood naheen haye) koo mool key antim shabdansh key pahale pratilipi aur daala jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, palak jhapakaane key liye "mislin" palakon koo hilaane key liye "mismalin" bunn jaataa haye. punaraavritt punaravritti key saath, mool key antim akshar key vyanjan aur swar kii pratilipi banaai jaati haye aur mool key antim akshar key pahale daal diyaa jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, "molapkan" seey chamakane key liye "" molapkan "seey chamakane key liye bunn jaataa haye. punaravritti koo sthiti 6 punaravritti upsarg "oh"-aur "hoho"-kaa upayog karke bhee banaaya jaa sakata haye.
glottle stop.
glottle stop [ː] kaa upayog ack kriya key upaant shabdansh seey pahale [ː] koo jodkar poochtaachh banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. aisaa karane seey poorvavarti swar kii lambai (yadi maujood hoe) badal jaati haye aur glottle stop seey pahale aur baad mein honey vaale aksharon mein ack uchch swar jodata haye. udaaharan key liye,/ishí <unk> c/"aap ise dekhate hain" prashn mein parivartan/ishí <unk>cá/"kyaa aap ise dekhate hain?".
vaakya rachana.
shabd crum.
koasati vaakya aam taur parr ack vishay, vastu, kriya (sove) pattern kaa paalan karate hain. yadi koee apratyaksh vastu maujood haye, tou crum aamtaur parr vishay, apratyaksh vastu, kriya (siovi) haye. pratyaksh aur apratyaksh donon vastuon vaale vaakyon key liye, crum aamtaur parr vishay, vastu, kriya, apratyaksh vastu (sovio) hotaa haye, halanki siov bhee hotaa haye. koee bhee sthaan kriya kaa paalan karate hain. kyonki koasati namsoochak mamle kaa upayog kartaa haye, yeye adesh kathor naheen hain-tatvon koo jore dene key liye vaakya key bheetar sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye. kuchh buniyaadi aadeshon key udaaharan nimnalikhit hainh
cases marking.
koasati ack sakriya-mool bhasha haye. isamen saat mamle hain jinka upayog paanch vargon kii sangyaon mein kiya jaa sakata haih
paanch sangya vargon mein nimnalikhit prakaar kii sangyaaen hoti hain, jinake baad udaaharan hainh
switch-sandarbh.
koasati mein switch-sandarbh ankan hotaa haye, jisamen pratyay ingit karate hain kii kyaa dou kriyaon key vishay saha-sandarbhit hain. pratyay "-k" ingit kartaa haye kii joe kriya nimnalikhit haye uska vishay pichhali kriya key samaan haye, jabaki "-n" ingit kartaa haye kii vishay pichhali kriya seey alag haye. pratyay "-oak" aur "-onn" kaa upayog atirikt jore dene yaa "phocus" key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. switch-reference marker "-p" ack nae vishay kii shuruat koo ingit kartaa haye. pratyek pratyay kaa ack udaaharan iss prakaar haih

