
1929 kaa punarvitaran adhiniyam

1929 kaa punarvitaran adhiniyam (chaa. 28,,), jise 1929 key sthaayi vibhajan adhiniyam key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, 18 juuna, 1929 koo adhiniyamit ack sanyukt janganana aur vibhajan vidheyak haye, joe yuu mein ack sthir 435 seeton key vibhajan key liye ack sthaayi vidhi sthaapit kartaa haye.aiss. pratyek janganana key anusaar pratinidhiyon kaa sadan. yeh punarvitaran 1911 key vibhajan adhiniyam seey pahale kiya gayaa thaa aur 1932 key chunaav key baad prabhaavi huaa jiska arth haye kii 1920 kii sanyukt raajya janganana key parinamswarup sadan koo kabhi bhee punarvitarit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. nichale kaksh mein pratinidhitva bees varshon taka jamey rahey. 1929 kaa adhiniyam lagbhag ack dashak kii bahas aur gridluck kii parinati thee joe 1920 kii janganana key baad hui thee. 
pahale key vibhajan adhiniyamon key vipareet, 1929 key adhiniyam ney naa tou pichhale vibhajan adhiniyamon kii aavashyaktaon koo nirast kiya aur naa hii phir seey dohraya kii congress key jile sannihit, saghan aur samaan roop seey aabaadi vaale houn. yeh spasht naheen thaa kii kyaa yeye aavashyaktaaen taba taka prabhaavi theen jaba taka kii 1932 mein sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya ney "wood banaam" mein faisala naheen sunaaya. jhaadoo "(1932) kii pratyek vibhajan adhiniyam key praavdhaanon ney kewal usa vibhajan koo prabhaavit kiya jisake liye way likhe gaye they. iss prakaar 1911 key vibhajan adhiniyam mein antim baar bataai gaee aakar aur jansankhya kii aavashyaktaaen 1929 key adhiniyam key adhiniyaman key saath samaapt hoe gaeen. 1929 key adhiniyam ney congress key punarvitaran key sambandh mein bahut cumm disha dee. isane kewal ack aisee pranali sthaapit kii jisamen sadan kii seeten una raajyon koo phir seey aavantit kii jaayengi jinaki aabaadi mein badalaav huaa haye. jilon seey sambandhit sifaarishon kii kamee key kaee mahatvapurna prabhaav padey. 1929 key punarvitaran adhiniyam ney raajyon koo alag-alag aakar aur aakar key jilon koo aakarshit karane kii anumati dee. isane raajyon koo jilon koo poori tarah seey chhodane aur cumm seey cumm kuchh pratinidhiyon koo badey paimaane parr chunane kii anumati dee, jise kaee raajyon ney karane key liye chunaa, jisamen newyork, ilinois, washington, havaai aur nyu maxico shamil hain. udaaharan key liye, 88veen congress mein (1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein) 435 pratinidhiyon mein seey 22 koo badey paimaane parr chunaa gayaa thaa. yeh taba taka jaari rahega jaba taka kii congress ney ack samaan congressional jilaa adhiniyam paarit naheen kiya, jisane ekal-sadasya jile kii aavashyakta koo majboot kiya.
aitihaasik sandarbh.
sanyukt raajya key samvidhaan key anuchhed ack, dhaara 2, khand 3 mein yeh aavashyak haye kii sanyukt raajya key pratinidhiyon key sadan mein seeton koo sabse halia dashvarshiya janganana dwara prakat kii gaee aabaadi key anusaar vibhinn raajyon key beach vibhajit kiya jaae, lekin kewal "swatantra vyaktiyon" aur "gulamon sahit anya sabhi vyaktiyon key teen-paanchven hisse" kii ginati kii jaae. sadan key aakar aur pratinidhiyon koo aavantit karane kii vidhi koo niyantrit karane vaalaa pahala sanghiya kaanoon, 1792 key vibhajan adhiniyam, parr george washington dwara aprail 1792 mein kaanoon mein hastakshar kiye gaye they. isane sadan key sadasyon kii sankhya 105 (prabhaavi march 4,1793, teesari congress key saath) nirdhaarit kii. americi grihyuddh key baad chaudahaven sanshodhan ney teen-paanchven khand koo yeh kahate hue samaapt curr diyaa kii "pratinidhiyon koo unaki sambandhit sankhya key anusaar kaee raajyon key beach vibhajit kiya jaayega, pratyek raajya mein vyaktiyon kii poori sankhya koo ginate hue, bhaartiyon koo chhodkar jinn parr curr naheen lagaaya gayaa haye." 
lekin ack apavaad key saath, 1842 key vibhajan adhiniyam, congress ney 1913 taka pratyek baad kii janganana key baad vibhinn degree seey pratinidhiyon key sadan kaa vistaar kiya, jiss samay taka sadasyata badhkar 435 hoe gaee thee. 1790 key dashak seey 19 veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, jefferson kii vidhi kaa upayog karke raajyon key beach seeten vibhajit kii gaeen. 1842 mein, aaney vaali whig party dwara sadan koo 242 seey ghataakar 223 curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisane jacksonian loktantravadiyon koo bedkhal curr diyaa thaa. 1842 key adhiniyam mein ack sanshodhan bhee shamil thaa jisamen ack raajya key bheetar badey paimaane parr chunaavon key bajaay ekal-sadasya jilaa chunaavon kii aavashyakta thee, jisase congress kii shakti mein vriddhi key khilaf pratikriya hui.
1842 mein ghar mein vibhajan parr bahas jefferson kii vidhi kaa upayog karke ack vibhaajak key chayan key liye ack jockey key saath prathaagat tareeke seey shuru hui. akele ack dinn, ack vibhaajak koo thheek karane key liye 59 alag-alag prastaav ack ghar mein banaae gaye they jisamen 242 sadasya they. moolya 30,000 seey 140,000 taka they, jinamen seey aadhe seey adhik 50,159 aur 62,172 key beach they, lekin senate iss drishtikon seey thuck gayaa thaa aur isake bajaay webster kii vidhi kaa upayog karke 223 sadasyon key vibhajan kaa prastaav rakhaa thaa. sadan mein johnn quincy addams ney iss vidhi koo sweekaar karane kaa aagrah kiya, lekin sadasyon kii sankhya badhaane key liye jordar tark diyaa, kyonki nyu ingland kaa hissa lagaatar cumm hoe rhaa thaa.
1842 seey 1860 key dashak taka, pratyek janganana mein ghar mein nyuntam vriddhi hui aur nae raajyon koo sangh mein shamil kiya gayaa. lekin chaudahaven sanshodhan ney dakshini raajyon kii jansankhya mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi kii kyonki ashwet aabaadi koo apani sankhya key teen-paanchven hisse taka cumm karane key bajaay poori tarah seey ginaa gayaa. natijatan, uttari raajyon mein lagbhag samaan seeton koo banaae rakhane key liye seeton mein ack badee vriddhi kii aavashyakta thee aur 1870 kii janganana key sambandh mein sadan koo 50 seeton (21 pratishat) seey badhaaya gayaa thaa. 1872 key punarvitaran ney 292 key aakar kaa ghar banaaya. 1850 seey 1890 kii avadhi key dauran koee vishesh vibhajan vidhi kaa upayog naheen kiya gayaa thaa, lekin 1890 seey 1910 taka, sadan kii badhati sadasyata kii ganana iss tarah seey kii gaee thee kii yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii vibhajan aabaadi mein badalaav key kaaran kissy bhee raajya ney ack seat naheen khou dee. 1881 mein, samaan roop seey aabaadi vaale sannihit aur sankshipt ekal sadasya jilon key liye ack praavdhaan koo punarvitaran kaanoon mein jodaa gayaa thaa, aur yeh 1911 taka sabhi dashakiya punarvitaran adhiniyamon mein pratidhwanit huaa thaa.
phir, 1920 mein, ganarajyiyon ney loktantravadiyon koo satta seey hataa diyaa, rashtrapati pada aur congress key donon sadanon koo leey liya. 1910 seey 1920 taka badhate aapravaasan aur jansankhya mein badey graameen-seey-shahari badalaav key kaaran, naee ganarajya congress ney pratinidhiyon key sadan koo phir seey vibhajit karane seey incar curr diyaa kyonki iss tarah key punarvitaran ney raajneetik shakti koo ganrajyon seey door curr diyaa hoga. 1921 mein paaramparik tareeke seey ack punarvitaran ney ghar key aakar koo 483 seeton taka badhaa diyaa hoga, lekin jansankhya kii paali key kaaran kaee sadasyon ney apani seeten khou dee hongi, aur sadan kaksh mein 483 sadasyon key liye paryaapt seeten naheen theen. 1929 taka, 1911 key baad seey koee punarvitaran naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur ausat jile key aakar dwara maapi jaane vaali vishal pratinidhitva asamaanta thee; 1929 taka kuchh raajyon mein jansankhya vriddhi aur jansankhyikiya badalaav key kaaran anya jilon kii tulanaa mein dogune badey jile they.
udaaharan key liye, 1910 aur 1920 kii janganana key beach detroit shahar kii aabaadi doguni hoe gaee. choonki ghar koo phir seey vibhajit naheen kiya gayaa thaa, isaliye shahar mein 497,000 logon kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale kewal dou congressi they. 1920 mein ausat congress key jile mein kewal 212,000 they. dashak key anta taka cheejen badatar hoe gaee theen. ack democrate congressman ney 13 laakh logon kaa pratinidhitva kiya jabaki misauri key kuchh graameen jilon mein 180,000 seey cumm loga they.
prabhaav.
1929 key punarvitaran adhiniyam ney pratinidhiyon kii sankhya koo 435 (1911 key vibhajan adhiniyam dwara pahale sthaapit aakar) taka seemit curr diyaa, jahaan 1959 mein alaska aur havaai key sangh mein pravesh parr 437 sadasyon kii asthaayi vriddhi koo chhodkar yeh banaa rhaa.
parinamswarup, ack congress key jile kaa ausat aakar teen gunaa seey adhik hoe gayaa haye-1910 kii janganana key aadhar parr 210,328 nivaasiyon seey, 2020 kii janganana key anusaar 761,169 taka. isake alawa, ghar key aparivartaniya aakar key kaaran, iss aavashyakta key saath kii jile raajya rekhaaon koo paar naheen karate hain, aur 2020 kii janganana mein raajyon key beach jansankhya vitaran mein congress key jilon key beach ack vyaapak aakar kii asamaanta haih delaware, 45vein sabse adhik aabaadi vaale raajya mein, 989,948 logon key saath sabse badaa ausat jilaa aakar haye; aur montana, 44vein sabse adhik aabaadi vaale raajya mein, 542,113 logon key saath sabse chhota haye.
1941 seey, sadan mein seeton koo samaan anupaat kii vidhi key anusaar raajyon key beach vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. iss vidhi key karyanvayan ney jile key aakar key liye uchit vibhaajak key baare mein bahas koo samaapt curr diyaa haye; kissy bhee vibhaajak key paas vahee vibhajan haye joe 435 sadasyon koo detaa haye. haalaanki, isane anya samasyaaen paida keen, kyonki nishchit aakar key ghar koo dekhate hue, pratyek raajya kaa congress kaa pratinidhimandal jansankhya parivartan key parinamswarup badalata haye, jisamen vibhinn raajya yaa tou janganana key parinamon key aadhar parr seeten praapt karate hain yaa khou dete hain. pratyek raajya taba apane jilon key aakar koo design karane key liye jimmedaar hotaa haye.
punarvitaran.
adhiniyam ney jilon key kissy bhee ullekh koo bhee samaapt curr diyaa. isane raajya vidhanmandal key niyantran mein raajneetik dalon koo apani ichcha seey jilaa seemaaen kheenchane aur kuchh yaa sabhi pratinidhiyon koo badey paimaane parr chunane kii anumati dee.(1932) yeh taba taka mamla hoga jaba taka kii congress ney samaan congress jilaa adhiniyam lagu naheen kiya.

