
fritz selbman

friedrich wilheim "fritz" selbman (29 sitambar 1899-26 janwari 1975) ack german communist rajneta aur lekhak they jinhone 1932/33 key dauran rashtriya sansad (reachstag) key sadasya key roop mein kaary kiya.
unhone baarah naazi varsh pahale jail mein bitaaye aur phir, 1940 key baad, lagaatar yaatana shiviron mein bitaaye, lekin butch gaye. 1945 key baad way german loktaantrik ganarajya mein party key ack varishth adhikaari aur lekhak bunn gaye.
jeevani.
utpatti aur praarambhik varsh.
selbman kaa janm frankfurt key uttar-poorv mein pahaadiyon key ack chhote seey shahar lotterback mein huaa thaa. unake pitaa tambu key kaam karate they. unhone sthaaniya roop seey school mein padhaai kii aur phir 1915 mein bocham key paas ack khanik key roop mein kaam karane key liye sthanantarit hoe gaye. unhone iss avadhi key dauran karkhane kaa kaam bhee kiya aur 1916 mein way karkhane key sadasya bunn gaye. 1917 mein way pratham vishva yuddh mein ack sanic bunn gaye, france aur belgium mein seva karate hue. agale varsh sainya haar jaldi seey german bandargaahon aur shaharon mein krantikari vidrohon kii ack shrinkhala mein badal gaee, joe senaa kii ikaaiyon mein bhee fail gaee. 1918 mein selbman apani battery key liye sainikon key soviyat sangh key sadasya they. isake baad vaha numberg mein shramikon aur sainikon key soviyat sangh mein shamil hoe gaye aur 1920 kii shuruat taka "granshoots west" key sadasya they, joe german samrajya key poorv sainikon seey bunny kaee ardhsainik "black reachsweher" ikaaiyon mein seey ack thee.
rajneeti.
1920 mein way germany kii swatantra samajik loktaantrik party mein shamil hoe gaeh phir way 1922 mein germany kii communist party mein shamil hoe gaye. 1920 aur 1924 key beach unhone vibhinn sthaanon parr lagaatar naukariyan shuru keen, ack star parr oberlesian mein hindenberg mein ack khanik key roop mein kaam karate hue (1915 mein zabrez kaa naam badal diyaa gayaa thaa). 1922/23 mein vaha ruhar kshetra key francisi kabje key virodh mein sakriya roop seey shamil thaa. 1923 mein francisi adhikaariyon ney unhein "surakshaatmak hirasat" mein leey liya.
1924 mein selbman bottrop mein sthaaniya communist party shakha key liye sangathan key netaa bunn gaye. 1925 aur 1928 key beach way ruhar kshetra mein "laal front-fighter" ("rotter frontcomparband"/aar. aff. bee.) key gathbandhan mein ack sthaaniya party netaa ("gaufurar") they aur ruhar key liye aar. aff. bee. aur kshetriya party netritva dall ("basiruxlatung") key saath german rashtriya netritva key sadasya they. vaha 1928/29 key dauran masco mein vaapas aaa gaye they jaba unhone communist international kii "lenin akadami" mein adhyayan key ack pathyakram mein bhaag liya (jahaan unaki pehchaan ack party chhadm naam "scoronec" key roop mein kii gaee thee). vaha aarthik roop seey mahatvapurna ruhar kshetra key liye team netritva ("basircluslatung") key bheetar party key trade union sachiv key roop mein laute. 1929/30 key dauran unhone "ruhrecho" key mukhya sampaadak key roop mein bhee kaam kiya, joe essen mein sthit ack samachar patra thaa.
germany key bheetar abb taka kaa sabse badaa raajya prussia thaa, joe anya german raajyon key vipareet abhee bhee badee sankhya mein thaa. praantiya sansadiya chunaav 17 navambar 1929 koo aayojit kiye gaye they aur bhaari audyogik russie raain praant mein communists ney ack 12.7% vote share jeetaa, jisase unhein 163 seeton vaali sansad mein 21 seeton kaa adhikaar milaa. communist party kii ack seat fritz selbman key paas gaee. 1930 aur 1932 key beach unhone ack prussian sansad (landtag) key roop mein kaary kiya, octuber 1930 mein ack party comrade kii mrityu key kaaran khaali hui seat parr kabja curr liya.
sankat key saal.
unhone maee 1930 seey oopari silasia mein kshetriya party netritva dall ("basiruxlatung") key saath seva karate hue anya party karyon key saath prussian sansad kii apani sadasyata koo jodaa. vaha bhoomika 1931 kii shuruat mein samaapt hoe gaee jaba unhone saxony key liye "basiruxlatung" key saath usee kaary koo sambhala joe party kii doosari sabse badee kshetriya shakha thee, joe kewal kshetra dwara mahatva mein adhik thee. iss beach, rashtriya rajneeti aur adhik dhruvikrit hoti jaa rahee thee aur rashtriya sansad (reachstag) mein aur adhik gatirodh hotaa jaa rhaa thaa, 1932 dou aam chunaavon kaa varsh thaa. inmein seey pahala julaai 1932 mein huaa, aur communist party kaa vote kaa hissa badhkar 14 pratishat seey adhik hoe gayaa, joe 608-sadasyiya sansad mein 89 seeton key barabar thaa. una seeton mein seey ack fritz selbman key paas gaee. unhein kewal ack "soochi ummidwar" key roop mein naheen chunaa gayaa thaa, balki chunavi jile 29 (leapsig) key pratinidhi key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa. iss avadhi key dauran selbman kii raajneetik oorjaa kaa dhyaan "shramik varg dwara ekjut kaarravaai aur faasivaad key khatron key khilaf zana sangharsh koo badhaava dene" ("phur dye actionheit dair arbiterclass aind dye antfaultung days massencampace gazen dye fascistische geffer") parr thaa. navambar 1932 key chunaav mein communist party key vote share mein aur vriddhi hui aur selbman ney apani leapsig seat barkarar rakhee. isake vipareet, usa chunaav mein rashtriya vote kaa rashtriya samajwadi hissa vaapas gir gayaa, bhale hii way abb taka ack atyant khandit reachstag mein sabse badee ekal party baney rahey. sansadiya prakriya key abhee bhee poori tarah seey gatirodh key saath aur teji seey badnam honey key kaaran rashtriya samajvadiyon ney janwari 1933 mein satta sambhali aur germany koo ack-party tanashahi mein badalane mein koee samay naheen ganvaaya. jisane raajneetik gatividhi koo (naazi neeti key samarthan koo chhodkar) avaidh banaa diyaa, aur adhikaari jaldi hii una logon kii dekhbhal karane mein vishesh roop seey utsaahi hoe gaye jinake paas raajneetik ateet yaa vartamaan thaa jisamen communist party shamil thee. 7 farwari 1933 koo selbman pratibhagiyon mein seey ack they, jinhen baad mein (vishesh roop seey "purvi german" varshon key dauran) german communist party key netritva dwara aayojit antim baithak key roop mein manaaya gayaa, isase pahale kii pratibhagiyon koo giraftar kiya gayaa aur maar diyaa gayaa, yaa kuchh mamalon mein videsh seey bhaagne mein kamyab rahey.
selbman (paribhasha key anusaar avaidh) key raajneetik kaam kaa dhyaan leapsig parr kendrit hoe gayaa, jahan 11 aprail 1933 koo unhein giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. isi samay unaki patni kii mrityu hoe gaee. joe baad mein ack safal lekhak baney, way apane parivarik doston key saath badey honge. iss beach, selbman koo lagbhag dhaaee saal taka leapsig aur berlin mein jaanch hirasat mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur phir navambar 1935 kii shuruat mein vishesh logon kii adalat mein mukadama chalaaya gayaa, aisee paristhitiyon mein samanya aarop kaa saamana karate hue "uchch rajdroh karane kii taiyari" (... wegen "vorberitung zam hochverat"). unhein saat saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. unhein maee 1940 taka usa sthaan parr rakhaa gayaa thaa jahan unaki kuchh yaa poori sajaa ekant karawas mein dee gaee thee.
sajaa mein mukadame seey pahale hirasat mein bitaaye gaye samay koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, unhein 1940 mein riha kiya jaanaa thaa, lekin isake bajaay unhein "surakshaatmak hirasat" mein leey liya gayaa, aur agale dou saal saxenhossen yaatana shivir mein ack kaidi key roop mein bitaaye. saxenhossen mein kaidiyon key beach pahale seey hii saamyavaadi kaaryakartaon kaa ack mool thaa joe ack aur raajneetik aatma saathi kaa swaagat karane mein saksham they. poore germany mein, jaise-jaise yuddh mein mauton ney apani janbal kaa bojh uthaaya, yaatana shiviron mein dainik jeevan kaa prashaasan shivir key rakshakon dwara bharosemand kaidiyon koo saunp diyaa gayaa; "doston" key nirnayon kaa matlab thaa kii selbman koo shivir eent banaane key operation kii vaahan marammat kii dukaan mein kaam karane key liye taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, jahaan, jaisa kii unhone baad mein yaad kiya, kaam "kathin yaa vishesh roop seey khatarnak naheen thaa". haalaanki, navambar 1942 mein, unhein flosenberg ekagrata shivir mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, joe sthaaniya khadanon koo shram kii aapoorti kartaa thaa, joe usa samay seema seey satey pahaadon mein sthit thaa jise sudettenland key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. selbman kii apani yaad key anusaar flosenberg mein sthanantaran mein athaarah kaidi shamil they jinhen unaki raajneetik gatividhiyon kii pratikriya key roop mein pichhale maheene ekant karawas mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. yeh kadam khud reachfuhrer heinrich himler key adesh parr lagu kiya gayaa thaah yeh "shivir mein [saamyavaadi] kakshon key nirmaan [saxenhossen mein], krantikari kaary key ayojan aur raajneetik kaidiyon koo visheshaadhikaar dene key liye" ack sajaa kaa pratinidhitva kartaa thaa. yuddh key antim hafton key dauran flosenberg shivir koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur selbman koo phir seey sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, iss baar munich key uttar upnagaron mein daachaau mein. aprail 1945 key anta mein, jaba adhikaari aakramankari senaaon key aagaman seey pahale apane kaidiyon key yaatana shiviron koo khaali karane key liye daud rahey they, tou unhein kukhyaat mrityu juluson mein seey ack parr bheja gayaa thaa. vaha bhaagne mein kamyab rhaa aur leapsig vaapas chalaa gayaa.
soviyat kabje vaalaa kshetra.
aprail 1945 mein sanyukt raajya kii senaaon dwara leapsig koo naazi niyantran seey mukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin usa samay taka vijayi netaaon key beach germany key yuddh key baad key ack alag vibhajan parr sahamati hoe gaee thee. julaai 1945 mein amerikiyon ney soviyat balon dwara pratisthaapit honey key liye vaapas kheench liya. germany key madhya teesare hisse koo abb soviyat kabje vaale kshetra key roop mein prashaasit kiya gayaa thaa, jise octuber 1949 mein soviyat praayojit german loktaantrik ganarajya (purvi germany) key roop mein phir seey shuru kiya jaanaa thaa. leapsig mein, fritz selbman ney turant "antifacist block kii asthaayi kendriya samiti" ("provisorischen zentralouschuses days antifeschistition block") kaa netritva sambhala. yeh poori tarah seey spasht naheen haye kii isamen kyaa shamil thaa, lekin yeh kissy bhee mamle mein raajneetik sanrachana key bheetar kaee netritva bhoomikaon mein seey kewal ack thee joe unake raaste mein aaee, kyonki way usa samay kii utsaahit bhasha mein, yuddh key vinash koo door karane, ack rashtriya arthavyavastha kaa vikas karane aur ack samajwadi bhavishya (") kaa nirmaan karane key liye samaan vichardhara vaale sathiyon key saath shamil hue... baim aufabaau days sogialismus bedeutende verdienste erwarben "). ack anya karyalaya jisamen sainya adhikaariyon ney unhein 1945 mein niyukt kiya thaa, vaha leapsig key liye communist party key jilaa netritva ("chreislitung") key pahale sachiv key roop mein thaa. agast 1945 mein unhein kshetriya shram karyalaya (shram karyalaya) kaa adhyaksh niyukt kiya gayaa... days landeserbeatsmots) aur sitambar 1945 mein unhein saxony mein raajya prashaasan key liye kshetriya upaadhyaksh banaaya gayaa thaa. octuber 1946 mein, jaise-jaise adhik deerghakaalik raajneetik sansthaan ubhare, unhone kewal 30 juuna 1950 koo istifa dey diyaa (kyonki unaki rashtriya raajneetik jimmedariyan badh gaeen). isake alawa, disambar 1946 mein unhein saxony raajya mein arthshastra aur yojana mantri niyukt kiya gayaa, ack pada jise unhone 1948 taka banaae rakhaa. (yeh sarkaar key ack star kaa hissa thaa joe 1952 key anta taka-aupchaarik roop seey-raajneetik shakti key roop mein astitva mein naheen thaa.)
aprail 1946 mein naee samajwadi ekataa party ("sozialistische einhetspartei dutialands"/sedd) koo ack vivadaspad raajneetik vilay key madhyam seey safaltapurvak shuru kiya gayaa thaa (yadi kewal germany key soviyat kshetra mein) jiska uddeshya thaa, yeh samajhaaya gayaa thaa, yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii vampanthi raajneetik vibhajan phir kabhi bhee ack loklubhavan dakshinpanthi raajneetik dall key chunaav key liye raasta naheen chhodenge. yeh ack vidambana thee joe paschimi tippanikaron parr naheen giri kii agale kuchh varshon mein sedd khud ack nae prakaar key ack-party german raajya mein sattaaroodh dall bunn gayaa. 1946 key dauran fritz selbman una hajaaron communist party sadasyon mein seey ack they jinhone naee party mein apani party kii sadasyata parr hastakshar karane mein koee samay naheen ganvaaya. way raajneetik netritva varg key sadasya theh rashtriya rajneeti mein vaapsee kaa sanket. 1948 mein, saxony mein apane kshetriya mantri pada seey hatane key baad, selbman (poorv) berlin chaley gaye. unhein german aarthik aayog kaa upaadhyaksh niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, jise soviyat kabje vaale kshetra mein "sheersh prashaasnik nikaay" key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye. unhone "rashtriya audyogik vibhaag" ("haptwerwaltung udyog") key liye 1948/49 key dauran bhee jimmedaari lii. octuber 1949 mein german loktaantrik ganarajya (purvi germany) kii sthaapana ney soviyat kabje vaale kshetra mein prashaasnik sanrachanaon koo badal diyaa. 1949 taka germany mein soviyat sainya prashaasan key pramukh, mantriyon ney prashasakon aur vasili chuikov koo badal diyaa, isake bajaay way logon key niyantran aayog key pramukh bunn gaye. kuchh mayanon mein purvi germany key prakshepan key saath sanrachanaatmak parivartan vaastavik seey adhik spasht they. selbman kaee varishth prashasakon mein seey ack they joe ack sarkari mantri baney.
german loktaantrik ganarajya (purvi germany).
naee sarkaar mein selbman koo 1949 mein udyog mantri niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, aur phir, kyonki vibhaag bahut jald upvibhajit hoe gayaa thaa, 1950 mein bhaari udyog mantri. 1951 aur 1953 key beach unhone ayask khanan aur dhaatu vigyaan mantri key roop mein kaary kiya.
1949 mein unhein lock parishad ("volksrait") kii sadasyata key liye bhee chunaa gayaa thaa, joe ack nikaay thaa jise sedd dwara sahaayata pradaan kiye gaye masauda dastaavez key aadhar parr ack samvidhaan taiyar karane key liye anivarya kiya gayaa thaa. usa varsh baad mein lock parishad lock sansad ("wolkscamer") bunn gaee. fritz selbman ney 1949 aur 1963 key beach iss vidhaayi nikaay key ack sedd sadasya key roop mein kaary kiya.
1953 mein fritz selbeman ney aayog mein german paksh kaa netritva kiya jisane purvi german sarkaar koo antim kisht key hastaantaran kaa nireekshan kiya. isamen lagbhag 200 vyavasaay shamil they joe lagbhag 300,000 koo rojgar dete they, jinhen soviyat sangh ney yuddh key baad yuddh kshatipurti lagu karane key liye ack karyakram key hisse key roop mein seedhe maang kii thee, aur 1953 kii baatchit, joe stallin kii mrityu key turant baad samaapt hui, koo ack mahatvapurna kadam key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata thaa.
1953.
1953 purvi german vidroh kaa varsh bhee thaa, aur 16 juuna 1953 kii dopahar koo fritz selbman, jinhen unake kuchh pathrile netritva key sathiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik "sulabh" maanaa jaataa haye, pradarshankariyon key saath charcha karane key liye leepziger strab mein vishal mantralayon kii imarat key saamane khade they. unhone kaafee saahas kaa pradarshan kiya, 10,000 seey adhik krodhit hadtaalkaariyon kii bheed mein chaley gaye, aur phir ack karyalaya kii mez parr chadh gaye, jahan seey unhone bheed koo sambodhit karane kaa prayaas kiya. haalaanki, pradarshankariyon ney iss drishtikon koo safal banaane key liye pahale seey hii bahut mehnat kii theeh yahaan taka kii unaki ghoshana kii sarkaar ney pichhale maheene "maanak utpaadan matra" mein 10 pratishat kii vriddhi koo vaapas leey liya thaa (jiska arth thaa kii samaan majdoori key liye duss pratishat adhik kaam)-ack mudda jisane virodh koo janm diyaa thaa-mood koo shaant karane mein whiffle rhaa. selbman ney apane shrotaon koo apane khurdare haathon koo dekhane key liye aamantrit kiya, jisase pataa chalaa kii vaha swayam ack karyakarta they ("seht itch meene hende aine", "rooft air dair menge joo", "itch binn selber arbiter"."), lekin unhone kewal apane nikatatam logon seey ct kheenchi. sarkaar koo bully key bakare kii aavashyakta thee aur unhein dou maheene baad apane mantri pada seey istifa denaa padaa (jahira taur parr sharaab seey judey gambhir samajik avivek key baad). agale dinn purvi berlin kii sadakon parr aur anya audyogik kendron mein teji seey hinsak virodh pradarshanon ney niyantran seey baahar honey kaa khatra paida curr diyaa. ack maheene baad, soviyat tankon aur sainikon key bhraatri hastakshep key kaaran, niyantran bahaal curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
kendriya samiti.
yeh jald hii spasht hoe gayaa kii purvi germany key raajneetik pratishthaan key kendra mein fritz selbman kaa currier abhee khatm naheen huaa thaa. desh kii samvaidhaanik sanrachana 1945 key baad soviyat sangh seey ayaat kii gaee thee, aur kendrikrit leninist pranali key tahat shakti sarkari mantralayon key paas naheen thee aur nishchit roop seey kissy bhee sansad key paas naheen thee. satta sattaaroodh dall kii kendriya samiti parr kendrit thee. vaastaviktaa kuchh hudd taka iss hudd taka chhipi hui thee kii kendriya samiti key sadasyon koo aksar apani kendriya samiti kii sadasyata key saath sarkari mantriyon aur/yaa sansad key sadasyon key roop mein seva karane kaa samay milata thaa. 1954 mein fritz selbman kendriya samiti mein shamil hoe gaye. unhone 1955 aur 1958 key beach, mantriparishad key upaadhyaksh key roop mein aur mantri parishad key adhyaksh key bheetar, udyog aur parivahan aayog key adhyaksh key roop mein bhee kaary kiya. aaee. dee. 1. key dauran unhone kendriya samiti key takniki anubhaag key bheetar "takniki pragati aayog" key adhyaksh key roop mein bhee kaary kiya.
currier key shikhar seey parey.
selbman ney 1958 mein apani kendriya samiti kii sadasyata aur anya karyalaya khou diye. (haalaanki, way kendriya samiti kii sadasyata key liye ack ummidwar key roop mein soochibaddh baney rahey.) farwari 1958 mein party sammelan mein walter ulbrich aur erich honekar ney una parr "prabandhakta" ("prabandhan") aur "vichalit ravaiya" ("abvichander haltung") kaa aarop lagaaya thaa. yeh hamla party mein vyaapak daraar key sandarbh mein huaa joe usa samay khul gayaa thaa. selbman parr tathaakathit sheerdewan-volveber-gutt kaa samarthan karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, party sammelan mein jiss parr yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii purvi german netaa walter ulbrich ney purvi german pranali mein ack mukt bajar arthavyavastha key kuchh tatvon key mushkil seey bodhgamya parichay koo lagu karane key baare mein apana munn badal liya thaa. unhein kendriya samiti seey "kadee fatkaar" bhee millie. iss baar anugrah seey patan sthaayi thaa aur 9 march 1959 koo fritz selbman ney "aatm-aalochana" prakaashit karna aavashyak mahsoos kiya.
1958 aur 1961 key beach selbman ack badee aur anakar sarkari agency mein upaadhyaksh key roop mein kaaryarat they. unake kartavyon kii prakriti spasht naheen haye, lekin unake currier key iss hisse kaa ullekh karane vaale sroton seey sanket milata haye kii yeh naukari ack asangat thee. unhein recording aur utpaadan key sadhanon key aavantan key liye vibhaag kaa pramukh bhee banaaya gayaa thaa. unhone 1961 aur 1964 key beach peepuls economic council ("wolkswortschaftsrats"/vee. doubleu. aar.) key pahale adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya, jise 1961 mein banaaya gayaa thaa (aur 1965 mein hue punargathan key hisse key roop mein bhang/pratisthaapit).
rajneeti key baad.
"dye laing natcht" ("dha long night"), jise aam taur parr selbaman kaa pahala upanyaas maanaa jaataa haye, 1961 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. 1964 key baad unhein purvi berlin mein sthit ack swatantra lekhak/upanyaskar key roop mein darj kiya gayaa haye. unhone 1969 aur 1975 key beach (poorv) german lekhak sangh key upaadhyaksh key roop mein bhee kaary kiya. kaee upanyason key saath, jinhen apane dinon mein gharelu bajar mein mamuli safalata millie, ack aatmakatha thee, "vaastav mein jahan aur vahaan. builder aus daine granderzaren dair dee. dee. aar. ("aathh saal aur ack dinn. german loktaantrik ganarajya kii sthaapana key varshon kii chhaviyaan "). isamen juuna 1953 kii ghatnaaon key baare mein kuchh sankshipt, abb taka bahut cumm prachaarit, antardrishti shamil thee. yahee kaaran hoe sakata haye kii yeh pustak selbman key jivankal mein aprakaashit rahee, kewal 1999 mein dikhaai dee, lagbhag duss saal baad samajik, aarthik aur phir raajneetik parivartanon ney stand-alone german loktaantrik ganarajya koo samaapt curr diyaa.
utsav.
selbman ney 1975 mein apani mrityu taka purvi berlin mein ack swatantra lekhak key roop mein kaam kiya. vaha apane antim varshon key dauran, magalheim key berlin quarter mein rahate they aur kaam karate they, aur unaki mrityu key baad, 1977 mein unake sammaan mein junier school kaa naam badal diyaa gayaa. (punarmilan key baad iska naam badal diyaa gayaa.) vishal sahit anya shaikshanik sansthanon aur saarvajanik sanrachanaon kaa naam unake sammaan mein rakhaa gayaa thaa.
unake jivankal key dauran praapt raajya sammanon mein rajat (1955), swarn (1964) aur deshbhakti key guna (swarn clasp) (1965) mein deshbhakti kaa crum shamil thaa. way 1960 mein shram key banner aur 1969 mein carle marks key order key praaptakarta bhee they aur saahitya mein unake yogdan kii maanyata mein, german loktaantrik ganarajya key rashtriya puraskar, varg II key praaptakarta bhee they.

