
grostarak

grosstarock () tarrock parivaar kaa ack purana teen haathon vaalaa taash khel haye jise poore 78-taash tairo paik key saath khela jaataa haye. yeh sambhavatah 1720 key aspas dakshini german raajyon mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, lekin teji seey austriya aur uttar kii or neetherland aur scandinavia taka fail gayaa. yeh aaj kewal denmark mein jeevit haye jahan ise tarok kahaa jaataa haye.
shaastriya grosstarock aadhunik 54-card khel seey sambandhit naheen haye jise viennes grosstarock key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye joe zwanzigerufen seey vikasit huaa thaa.
itihas.
tairo khel kaa yeh roop 1720 key aspas france seey germany mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, isaki praarambhik shabdawali aur khel kaa tarika aamtaur parr francisi hotaa haye. mool khel-jise shaastriya tarock ("terrospiel" yaa "tarock-speel") key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaa sakata haye-ack saral, teen-haath vaalaa thaa jisamen koee bolly naheen thee, lekin kaee card sanyojan they, jaisa kii 1750 key dashak mein vivaran seey dekhaa jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, yeh apane francisi poorvavarti seey kaafee cumm ghoshanaon mein alag thaa; isake alawa, moorkh koo antim teen chaalon seey pahale khelna padata thaa, naa kii antim chaal seey pahale, aur paigat ultimo bonus parr ack nayaa jore diyaa gayaa thaa.
khel key agale vikas kaa varnan pahali baar "daas nyu conigliche ll 'hombrey" key 1783 sanskaran mein kiya gayaa haye, joe pahali baar ack aisee visheshta koo darj kartaa haye jisamen koee chaal naheen chalaane vaalaa khilaadi sabhi ank praapt karane mein saksham hotaa haye. dummet ise usa khel key vishisht chihn key roop mein dekhate hain jise way grosstarock kahate hain aur unakaa maanana haye kii yeh naam 19veen shatabdi key madhya taka pesh naheen kiya gayaa thaa. haal key shodh seey pataa chalaa haye kii vaastav mein, grosstarock naam kaa upayog usase bahut pahale kiya jaa rhaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, yeh 1785 mein darj kiya gayaa haye kii "grostarak" gottingen mein khele jaane vaale kaee taash khelon mein seey ack thaa, aur 1803 mein, ack professor wildt ney likhaa kii "tathaakathit sakal-tarrock, jisamen 6 seey 7 ultimo sambhav hain, aur kaee ack hii samay mein aazamaae jaate hain, vaastav mein samanya shatranj khel kii tulanaa mein adhik mansik prayaas kii aavashyakta hoti haye."iss beach german lekhak iss shabd kaa adhik vyaapak roop seey upayog karate hain; udaaharan key liye, meyer aur sedlexek 1754 key niyamon koo grosstarock key" "sabse puraane jeevit roop" "key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain, jabaki alsher ney dennish sanskaran koo" "dennish grosstarock" "key roop mein varnit kiya haye.
dummet key anusaar, 'grosstarock' ('mahaan tarrock') naam usa samay gadhaa gayaa thaa jaba 78-card vaale khel koo ack chhote, 54-card paik key saath khele jaane vaale nae khelon seey pratispardha seey khatra thaa. haalaanki, uttari germany aur denmark mein 54-card khelon key khele jaane kaa koee pramaan naheen haye, jahaan 18 veen shatabdi key anta aur 19 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein grosstarock lokpriya thaa, isaliye yeh naam dakshini germany yaa austriya mein utpann huaa aur khel key saath uttar mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa yaa yeh naam tarok ell 'hombrey key saath bhram seey bachane key liye gadhaa gayaa thaa, joe 1838 key mahila vishvakosh, "dayman conversations lexican" jaise samkaaleen sroton mein kahaa gayaa thaa. jaise-jaise 19veen shatabdi key dauran madhyam varg key beach tarok ell 'hombrey adhik lokpriya huaa, aam logon dwara grosstarock bajaana jaari rhaa, jisake parinamswarup iska ack aur naam hoe sakata haih scusterterock yaa scuster tarrock (shaabdik roop seh "mochi kaa tarrock").
germany aur austriya mein, 19veen shatabdi key dauran grostarak khela jaataa rhaa. dummet kaa maanana thaa kii yeh pratham vishva yuddh seey butch naheen paaya, lekin 1930 mein hullsman kaa kahana haye kii grosstarock abhee bhee dakshini germany aur austriya mein lokpriya thaa, jabaki 1892 mein, "koberger zitung" pushti kartaa haye kii tarok kewal austriya aur bavaria kaa mool nivasi haye. abb koee bhee desh 78-card tarrock paik kaa utpaadan naheen kartaa haye.
iss khel koo denmark mein 1770 kii shuruat mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, jahan yeh shaahi darbar mein khela jaataa thaa. pahale niyam 1786 mein prakaashit kiye gaye they, aur 1840 taka unamen pahale seey hii aisee visheshtaen shamil theen joe dennish sanskaran key liye vishisht hain, jaise kii raajaa key liye alag bartan aur pagat ultimo. danes ney khel key ghadee key vipareet mode koo bhee banaae rakhaa aur ghoshanaon kii ack bahut vistrit shrinkhala koo apanaaya, halanki kuchh lekhakon ney bahut adhik honey key khilaf salah dee.
yeh khel aaj bhee denmark mein khela jaataa haye jahan ise aamtaur parr tarok kahaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, iss khel koo-spashteekaran key liye-angreji mein dennish tarock yaa dennish tarrock key roop mein bhee sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. aadhunik dennish khel koo ack aise roop mein khela jaataa haye joe martin kaa tark haye kii mool german grosstarock key karib haye. daine ney 18veen shatabdi key madhya seey apane swayam key tarock card kaa utpaadan kiya, joe shuru mein bavarian pashu tairo pattern parr adharit thaa aur baad mein jacob holmblad key apane design parr adharit thaa, lekin sabhi dennish tarock card kaa nirmaan 1939 taka bund hoe gayaa thaa, isaliye aajkal way aayatit francisi tarot noview paik kaa upayog karate hain. 2010 mein, dennish tarrock association ("dansk taroqueforbund") kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa aur aaj, aarhas, alborg, aleroad, blovestroad, brabrand, fredericia, hozoring, holbeck, kalundborg (shaahi tarrock club aur kalundborg tarrock club), norrebro, randers aur wester mein sthaaniya club hain.
upkaran.
grosstarock 78 cardon key francisi anukool paik key saath khela jaataa haye. mool roop seey yeye german pashu tairo prakaar key they. sabse pahala pattern besankan pattern tairo hoe sakata haye joe alsas seey pesh kiye gaye they, lekin 1720 key dashak kii shuruat mein germany mein banaae gaye they. unake baad leonice faces card kaa upayog karane vaale sabse puraane pashu tairo they, joe 1740 key aspas strasberg mein aur germany mein bhee 19 veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka banaae gaye they.
bavarian pashu tairo koo 1765 key aspas munich, bavaria key andreus benedict gobal dwara design kiya gayaa thaa. unhone leonice faces card koo peris pattern key bavarian sanskaran seey badal diyaa. halanki vyaapak roop seey nakal kii gaee aur sabse vyaapak pashu tairo bunn gayaa, yeh 19 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein samaapt hoe gayaa, isaliye khilaadiyon ney belgium key pashu tairo pattern yaa woost key burjua tairo jaise anya pattern parr switch kiya hoga. apane naamon key bavjood, donon kii utpatti germany mein hui thee. belgium kaa swaroop 19veen shatabdi key anta taka banaa rhaa, jabaki burjua tairo abhee bhee banaaya jaataa haye, lekin kewal 54-card sanskaran mein. haalaanki, 78-card bavarian pashu tairo pattern ("russisches teartock") key russie vyutpann kaa ack pratiroop pietnic seey upalabdh haye.
1800 key aspas, bavarian peris pattern key dohare sanskaran dikhaai diye. inmein seey adler see. ee. jee. oh. pattern ekmatra pashu tairo pattern haye joe abhee bhee aam upayog mein haye, lekin yeh abb 78 cardon key saath naheen banaaya gayaa haye. natijatan, aaj dennish tarock khilaadi francisi tairo noview card kaa upayog karate hain. sabhi mamalon mein paik mein nimnalikhit card hotey hainh
dhyaan dein kii, kuchh niyamon mein, sabhi soot koo aiss key nimn key saath unake praakritik crum mein sthaan diyaa gayaa thaa.
isake alawa, vartamaan samay key dennish khilaadi bhee score karane key liye dou bartanon aur rangeen "jettons" kaa upayog karate hain.
lakshya.
harr mamle mein lakshya chaalon mein ginati cardon koo pakadkar ank praapt karna aur khel key dauran ghoshanaon aur kuchh uplabdhiyon key madhyam seey bonus arjit karna haye.
tarock.
tarrock khel key liye german mein sabse pahale niyam 1754 mein "regeln bey dame tarock-speel" mein prakaashit kiye gaye they. unhein khel sangrah key 1755 sanskaran, "palmedies radivivus" mein punarmudrit kiya gayaa thaa, aur "dye kunst, dye velt" (1756) mein vistrit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki german grosstarock paik abb utpaadit naheen kiye jaate hain, khel koo maanak 78-card, french tairo paik kaa upayog karke khela jaa sakata haye joe aasaani seey upalabdh haye, yaa pashu tairo key 78-card nakali paik yaa anya praarambhik tairo pattern kaa upayog karke khela jaa sakata haye joe kabhi-kabhi mudrit hotey hain. praarambhik niyamon kaa saransh nimnalikhit haih
praarambhik.
yeh khel teen khilaadiyon key beach khela jaataa haye. chaar khilaadi badale mein ack khilaadi key saath khel sakate hain, jise 'raajaa' key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe saude key liye baahar baithe hain. khel ghadee kii vipareet disha mein hotaa haye. vikreta antim 8 card swayam rakhate hue 5 cardon key 5 round vitarit kartaa haye. phir vaha 3 card fenk detaa haye joe anta mein usake liye giney jaate hain. unhein kissy bhee raajaa yaa tairo koo shamil naheen karna chaahiye jaba taka kii unake paas pagat sahit thheek 3 tairo naa houn, iss sthiti mein unhein tyag diyaa jaa sakata haye. isake alawa, pagat, skiss yaa bahaana (moorkh) aur ack anya tairo kaa sanyojan ack kanuni tyag haye. galat kaam karane key liye dund hain.
ghoshanaaen.
vikreta key saath shuruat karate hue, khilaadi abb nimnalikhit ghoshanaon mein seey koee bhee karate hain joe pratyek pratidvandi seey 'game point' mein bhugtan arjit karate hain jaisa kii dikhaaya gayaa haih
khel shuru honey seey pahale ghoshanaaen kii jaani chaahiye, anyatha way mayane naheen rakhate hain.
khelate hain.
khilaadiyon koo bhee iska paalan karna chaahiye, yaa yadi way aisaa naheen curr sakate hain tou unhein bhee aisaa karna chaahiye; anyatha way kissy bhee card koo fenk sakate hain. yadi koee khilaadi khel key dauran pagat khou detaa haye, tou vaha pratyek pratidvandi koo 5 ankon kaa jurmana detaa haye. aggar yeh antim chaal mein khou jaataa haye, tou vaha 10 ank detaa haye. haalaanki, yadi vaha pagat key saath antim chaal jeetata haye, tou usey pratyek pratidvandi seey 10 ankon kaa bonus diyaa jaataa haye.
bahaane koo haraaya naheen jaa sakata aur naa hii yeh ack chaal jeet sakata haye. lekin iska malik ise kissy anya card key bajaay kissy bhee samay khel sakata haye. vaha chaal seey bahaana nikaalata haye, ise apane chaal key dher mein daal detaa haye aur badale mein chaal vijeta koo apani chaal seey apani pasand kaa ack cumm card detaa haye. bahaana teesari antim chaal dwara khela jaanaa chaahiye. yadi yeh usa bindu taka aayojit kiya jaataa haye aur iska malik badhat parr haye, tou usey apani daaeen or key khilaadi koo badhat saunpani chaahiye aur apani baari mein bahaana khelna chaahiye. isake alawa, jaba isake malik key paas tairo khatm hoe jaae tou bahaana naheen maanaa jaa sakata haye, lekin agali chaal key liye khela jaanaa chaahiye jisamen vaha leed soot mein shoonya haye. yadi koee khilaadi koee chaal naheen chalaata haye, lekin anta mein usake paas bahaana haye, tou usey pratyek pratidvandi seey 4 ank diye jaate hain.
scoring.
khel koo 'game points' mein score kiya jaataa haye. inhen 'card ank' key saath bhramit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye joe vyaktigat card key moolya kaa pratinidhitva karate hain aur yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye upayog kiye jaate hain kii sauda kisane jeetaa aur kitna. ankankan nimnanusar kaam kartaa haih
grostarak.
dummet kaee sroton key aadhar parr "duss tairo khelon" mein grosstarock niyamon kaa varnan kartaa haye. ack baar phir yeh teen haathon kaa khel haye, lekin iss baar sauda aur khel ghadee kii disha mein hain. vikreta sabhi cardon koo paanch key packets mein vitarit kartaa haye, aur antim aathh card apane paas chhod detaa haye. phir vaha teen cardon koo fenk detaa haye jinamen ack raajaa yaa tarok 21 shamil naheen honah chaahiye. usey kissy anya tarok koo taba taka naheen chhodana chaahiye jaba taka kii usake paas pagat (tarok 1) naa hoe aur 2 seey adhik anya naa houn.
ghoshanaaen.
vikreta seey shuru karate hue, khilaadi nimnalikhit mein seey koee bhee ghoshana curr sakate hain joe dikhaae gaye ankon koo praapt karati haih
khelate hain.
vikreta key baain or kaa khilaadi pahali chaal kii or jaataa haye; usake baad chaal kaa vijeta agali chaal kii or jaataa haye. khilaadiyon koo bhee iska paalan karna chaahiye, yaa yadi way aisaa naheen curr paate hain tou unhein bhee aisaa karna chaahiye, lekin ack chaal jeetane kii koee majburi naheen haye. chaalen uchchatam tarok dwara jeeti jaati hain yaa, yadi koee tarok naheen khela jaataa haye, tou soot kaa sarvocch card netritva kartaa haye. schoos" ack chaal naheen leey sakata haye, lekin kissy bhee samay kissy bhee chaal key liye khela jaa sakata haye. aam taur parr ise isake malik dwara praapt kiya jaataa haye aur trick key dher key badale mein trick vijeta koo ack cumm card diyaa jaataa haye; haalaanki, yadi antim teen tricks taka khela jaataa haye tou ise trick vijeta dwara pakad liya jaataa haye.
scoring.
khilaadiyon key liye pahale seey hii ack bhoomika kii ghoshana karane key vikalp bhee hain; yadi safal hotaa haye, tou yeh score 52 haye yadi pahali chaal seey pahale ghoshit kiya jaataa haye, 38 yadi 13 veen seey pahale aur 31 yadi 20 veen chaal seey pahale. viphalata key liye vahee dund vipareet roop seey diyaa jaataa haye. ack nolo kii ghoshana bhee kii jaa sakati haye; yadi safal hotaa haye, tou pahali chaal seey pahale ghoshit honey parr 36 aur 13 seey pahale ghoshit honey parr 31 ank praapt karein. yadi yeh whiffle hoe jaataa haye, tou bonus, dund aur card ankon key liye samanya bhugtan kiya jaataa haye; isake alawa, yadi pahali chaal seey pahale isaki ghoshana kii gaee thee tou 10-ank kaa jurmana lagaaya jaataa haye aur 13veen chaal seey pahale 5 ank kaa jurmana lagaaya jaataa haye. sabhi bonus kaa bhugtan donon virodhiyon dwara usa khilaadi koo kiya jaataa haye joe unhein kamaata haye aur sabhi dund kaa bhugtan donon virodhiyon koo usa khilaadi dwara kiya jaataa haye joe unhein peedit kartaa haye.
dennish tarok.
nimnalikhit niyam dennish terok association dwara 2011 mein prakaashit niyamon parr adharit hain joe bataate hain kii niyam parivartanon kii anumati haye aur pratyek sthaaniya club key niyamon kaa apana sanskaran hoe sakata haye.
praarambhik.
card paik key alawa, dennish tarok dou bartanon-ack king pott aur ack paigat pott-aur scoring key liye jetton kaa bhee upayog kartaa haye, aadarsh roop seey 5,10,20 aur 100 ankon key moolyavarg key saath. khel kii shuruat mein, pratyek khilaadi pratyek pott mein 20 ank jodata haye aur pahale dealer koo taya karane key liye bahut saare ank nikaale jaate hain.
yadi koee bhee bartan khaali haye, tou harr koee isake liye 20 ank detaa haye, anyatha vikreta 5 ank kii hissedari key saath sheersh parr rahata haye. isake baad vikreta sabhi cardon koo paanch key packets mein daaeen or bechata haye. phir vaha shesh 3 card apane haath mein letaa haye aur usey 3 card skate parr rakhna hotaa haye. skate mein koee bhee matador (pagat, skeeze, tarok 21) yaa raajaa naheen honey chaahiye, aur ghoshanaon mein upayog kiye jaane vaale kissy bhee card koo shamil naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye jaba taka kii isase bachaa naheen jaa sakata haye, iss sthiti mein vikreta koo unhein dikhaana chaahiye. tarok koo tabhi fenka jaa sakata haye jaba vaha usa soot mein dealer koo khaali chhod dey, kabhi bhee fenka naa jaae. yadi koee tarok fenk diyaa jaataa haye, tou vikreta koo tathya kaa khulasa karna chaahiye.
ghoshanaaen.
asweekrit honey key baad, sabhi khilaadiyon koo apane haathon mein kissy bhee scoring sanyojan kii ghoshana karni chaahiye, dealer pahale jaataa haye. khilaadiyon koo "pratyek pratidvandi dwara" dikhaae gaye ank kaa bhugtan kiya jaataa haye. jaba aap curr sakate hain tou ghoshana karane mein whiffle rahane parr jurmana lagata haye. nimnalikhit ghoshanaaen sambhav hainh
khelate hain.
khel daaeen or haye aur forehand (dealer kaa daaeen or) pahali chaal kii or leey jaataa haye. yadi khilaadi asamarth hain tou unhein soot yaa trump kaa paalan karna chaahiye (yahaan skeeze koo ack terok key roop mein ginaa jaa sakata haye lekin chaal naheen jeetata haye). ack khilaadi koo chaal kaa netritva karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye, lekin vaha cumm bull prayog curr sakata haye. chaal vijeta agali chaal kii or leey jaataa haye. 
skeeze kaa upayog ghoshanaon mein yaa khel key dauran wild card key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. iska upayog ack seey adhik ghoshanaon mein kiya jaa sakata haye. skate parr fenkate samay ise ack tarok key roop mein naheen ginaa jaataa haye yaa yadi kissy khilaadi key paas koee anya tarok naheen haye aur iss prakaar vaha ack punarkhareed kaa hakdar haye. khel key dauran skeeze koo kissy bhee samay khela jaa sakata haye, isake malik ney soot kaa pratinidhitva karate hue kahaa. yadi koee bhee pratidvandi soot kaa anusaran naheen curr sakata haye, tou agala khilaadi usa chaal key liye soot koo phir seey naamit curr sakata haye. jaba skeeze khela jaataa haye tou yeh kabhi bhee trick naheen jeetata haye, lekin usey baramad curr liya jaataa haye aur trick vijeta koo badale mein skies khilaadi key trick dher seey ack low card diyaa jaataa haye. ack khilaadi maang curr sakata haye kii skeeze koo antipanemital trick key liye khela jaae, lekin ise galat karane key liye ack jurmana haye. ise antim chaal key liye naheen khela jaa sakata haye aur yadi antim chaal key liye khela jaataa haye, tou ise chaal vijeta dwara pakad liya jaataa haye.
nolo" kissy bhee tarah kii chaal koo apanaane mein whiffle rahane aur ack vishesh bonus arjit karane kii upalabdhi haye. yeh kissy anya khilaadi dwara kissy bhee ultimo koo amaanya curr detaa haye; lekin ultimo khone parr phir bhee jurmana lagata haye. antim chaal jeetane key liye koee bhugtan naheen kiya jaataa haye aur "nollist" koo ack raajaa yaa pagat koo khone key liye dandit kiya jaataa haye.
scoring.
sabhi bonus ankon kaa bhugtan donon virodhiyon dwara usa khilaadi koo kiya jaataa haye joe unhein kamaata haye, aur sabhi dund ankon kaa bhugtan donon virodhiyon koo usa khilaadi dwara kiya jaataa haye joe unhein peedit kartaa haye.

