
hoe chee minh

 (né:; 19 maee 1890-2 sitambar 1969), jinhen aamtaur parr chaacha hoe (baako hoe), rashtrapati hoe (hoe tch) aur anya upnaamon aur sobricates dwara jaanaa jaataa haye, ack viyatnami krantikari aur rajneta they. unhone 1945 seey 1955 taka viyatnam key loktaantrik ganarajya key pradhaan mantri key roop mein aur 1945 seey 1969 mein apani mrityu taka rashtrapati key roop mein kaary kiya. vaichaarik roop seey ack markswadi-leninist, way viyatnam kii shramik party key adhyaksh aur pahale sachiv they.
 unakaa janm annam key francisi sanrakshit praant mein huaa thaa. 1911 seey, unhone apani krantikari gatividhiyon koo jaari rakhane key liye francisi indochina chhod diyaa. way francisi communist party key sansthaapak sadasyon mein seey ack they. 1930 mein, unhone viyatnam kii communist party kii sthaapana kii aur 1941 mein, way viyatnam laut aae aur swatantrata andolan, ack chhatra samooh kii sthaapana kii. phir, agast 1945 mein japaniyon key khilaf agast kranti kaa netritva kiya, jisake parinamswarup viyatnam loktaantrik ganarajya kii swatantrata hui. agale maheene francisi satta mein lautane key baad, hoe kii sarkaar viyet praant mein peechhe hutt gaee aur gurilla yuddh shuru curr diyaa. viet minh ney 1954 mein francisi sangh koo haraaya, jisase pahale indochina yuddh kaa anta huaa, aur isake parinamswarup uttar viyatnam key niyantran mein viet minh aur dakshin viyatnam key niyantran mein communist virodhi key saath viyatnam kaa vibhajan huaa. way 1955 seey 1975 taka chaley viyatnam yuddh key dauran viyatnam kii zana senaa aur viyatnam yuddh key dauran ack pramukh vyakti they. swaasthya samasyaon key kaaran 1965 mein aadhikarik taur parr satta seey hutt gaye aur 1969 mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee. uttar viyatnam antatah dakshin viyatnam aur usake sahyogiyon key khilaf vijayi huaa. viyatnam koo aadhikarik taur parr 1976 mein ekikrit kiya gayaa thaa. dakshin viyatnam kii poorv rajdhani saigan kaa naam unake sammaan mein hoe chee minh shahar rakhaa gayaa thaa.
viyatnam mein satta mein aaney seey pahale unake jeevan kaa vivaran anishchit haye. unhein 50 seey 200 chhadm naamon key beach upayog karane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. unake janm aur praarambhik jeevan kii jaankaari aspasht haye aur akaadamik bahas kaa vishay haye. cumm seey cumm chaar maujooda aadhikarik jeevani naam, tarikh, sthaan aur anya kathin tathyon parr bhinn hoti hain, jabaki anaupchaarik jeevani aur bhee vyaapak roop seey bhinn hoti hain.
ack rajneta honey key alawa, hoe ack lekhak, kavi aur patrakaar they. unhone cheeni, viyatnami aur french mein kaee kitaaben, lekh aur kavitaaen likhin.
praarambhik jeevan.
hoe chii minh kaa janm 1890 mein madhya viyatnam mein kima linn commune, naam daan jile, aine. aich. aeye. aine. praant mein laang chuaa yaa hong true gaanv mein guyen sinn kung key roop mein huaa thaa, joe taba ack francisi sanrakshit raajya thaa. halanki 1890 koo aam taur parr unake janm varsh key roop mein sweekaar kiya jaataa haye, vibhinn samay parr unhone chaar anya janm varshon kaa upayog kiyaah 1891,1892,1894 aur 1895. way 1895 taka apane pitaa guyen sinn key gaanv laang saine mein rahate they jaba taka kii unake pitaa ney unhein adhyayan key liye hyu bheja. unake teen bhaai-bahan theh unaki bahan baach linn (guyen thaan), francisi senaa mein ack clerk; unakaa bhaai guyen sinn khim (guyen taat taat), ack bhoo-vaigyaanik aur paaramparik jadee-bootiyon kaa visheshagya; aur ack anya bhaai (guyen sinn nuan), joe bachpan mein hii marr gayaa. ack chhote bachche key roop mein, kung (hoe) ney wuong thuk doo naamak ack vidwan key saath adhik aupchaarik kakshaon seey pahale apane pitaa key saath adhyayan kiya. unhone jaldi seey chwain mein mahaarat hassil curr lii, joe unake bolchal kii bhasha mein viyatnami lekhan kaa sammaan karate hue confucianism key kissy bhee gambhir adhyayan key liye ack poorv shart thee. apani padhaai key alawa, unhein romanch kaa shauk thaa aur unhein patang udaane aur machhali pakadane kaa shauk thaa. confucian parampara kaa paalan karate hue, unake pitaa ney unhein 10 saal kii umr mein ack nayaa naam diyaah "guyen taint thanh."
unake pitaa ack confucian vidwan aur shikshak they aur baad mein binn khey (qn) key chhote seey doorasth jile mein ack shaahi magistrate they. ack prabhaavshaali sthaaniya vyakti kii ack ullanghan key liye sajaa key roop mein bent key 102 prahaar praapt karane key kaee dinon baad mrityu key baad unhein satta key durupyog key liye padchyut kiya gayaa thaa. unake pitaa shaahi naukarshahi mein seva karane key yogya they, lekin unhone incar curr diyaa kyonki iska matlab francisi kii seva karna thaa. yeh ack chhoti umr mein vidroh key liye thanh (hoe) koo ujagar kartaa haye aur praant key liye aadarsh prateet hotaa haye. phir bhee, unhone ack francisi shiksha praapt kii, kendriya viyatnam mein "college quack hoe" ("licey" yaa maadhyamik shiksha) mein bhaag liya. unake shishya, tum aur tum bhee school gaye, jaisa kii dakshin viyatnam key bhavishya key rashtrapati aur raajneetik pratidvandi, tum bhee school gaye they.
unakaa praarambhik jeevan anishchit haye lekin francisi kabje vaale viyatnam key dauran praarambhik krantikari bhavna key baare mein gatividhiyon kaa sanket dene vaale kuchh dastavej hain, lekin paraspar virodhi srot baney hue hain. pahale, yeh maanaa jaataa thaa kii thanh (hoe) maee 1908 mein garib kisaanon key gulami virodhi ("korvi virodhi") pradarshan mein shamil thaa, jisane "college kwak hoe" mein unake chhaatr kii sthiti koo khatare mein daal diyaa thaa. haalaanki, france mein center days archives dee 'outer-meir key ack dastaavez seey pataa chalata haye kii unhein 8 agast 1908 koo "college quack hock" mein bharti karaaya gayaa thaa, joe kii anty-"karvi" pradarshan (9-13 aprail 1908) key kaee maheene baad thaa.
jeevan mein baad mein, unhone daavaa kiya kii 1908 kaa vidroh vaha kshan thaa jaba unakaa krantikari drishtikon ubhara thaa, lekin 1911 mein francisi aupaniveshik prashaasnik school mein unakaa aavedan ghatnaaon key iss sanskaran koo kamjor kartaa haye, jisamen unhone kahaa kii unhone videsh jaane key liye school chhod diyaa thaa. kyonki unake pitaa koo barkhast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, unhein abb sarkari chhatravritti kii koee ummeed naheen thee aur way dakshin kii or chaley gaye, lagbhag chhah maheene taka phaan thaait mein school mein ack pada lete hue, phir saigan kii yatra kii.
videshon mein rehna.
france mein.
saigan mein, unhone ack francisi vyaapaari steamer, "amiral dee latoche-travill" parr ack rasoi sahayak key roop mein kaam karane key liye aavedan kiya, jiska upayog upnaam vaan baa kaa upayog karate hue kiya gayaa thaa. jahaaj 5 juuna 1911 koo ravaana huaa aur 5 julaai 1911 koo france key marcille mein pahuncha. jahaaj phir leey haver aur dunkirk key liye ravaana huaa, sitambar key madhya mein marcille laut rhaa thaa. vahaan, unhone "francisi aupaniveshik prashaasnik school" key liye aavedan kiya, lekin unakaa aavedan khariz curr diyaa gayaa. isake bajaay unhone jahaajon parr kaam karke aur 1911 seey 1917 taka kaee deshon kii yatra karke duniya kii yatra shuru karane kaa faisala kiya.
sanyukt raajya america mein.
1912 mein ack jahaaj parr rasoiye key sahayak key roop mein kaam karate hue, thaan (hoe) ney sanyukt raajya america kii yatra kii. 1912 seey 1913 taka, vaha newyork shahar (harlem) aur boston mein rahey honge, jahan unhone parker house hotal mein becker key roop mein kaam karane kaa daavaa kiya thaa. ekmatra saboot haye kii vaha sanyukt raajya america mein thaa, 15 disambar 1912 koo francisi aupaniveshik prashasakon koo ack patra aur postmark kiye gaye newyork shahar (unhone leey hawrey mein post restant key roop mein apana pataa diyaa aur ack navik key roop mein apana vyavasaay diyaa) aur peris mein phain chuu trinh koo ack postcard jahaan unhone omni parker house hotal mein kaam karane kaa ullekh kiya thaa. parker house prabandhan seey poochtaachh mein unake kabhi vahaan kaam karane kaa koee record naheen milaa. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii america mein rahate hue unhone koriyai rashtravadiyon key saath sampark kiya, ack aisaa anubhav jisane unake raajneetik drishtikon koo vikasit kiya. sophi quin-jaj kaa kahana haye kii yeh "anuman key dayare mein haye. vaha apane pravaas key dauran akhil-african aur ashwet rashtravadi marcus garve seey bhee prabhaavit they, aur unhone kahaa kii unhone saarvbhaumik nigro sudhaar sangh kii baithakon mein bhaag liya.
britten mein.
1913 seey 1919 taka vibhinn binduon parr, thaan (hoe) ney paschim ealing mein rahane kaa daavaa kiya aur baad mein crouch aind, hornsey mein rahane kaa daavaa kiya. unhone kathit taur parr west ealing mein drayton court hotal mein ack rasoiya yaa dishwasher key roop mein kaam kiya (report alag-alag). daavaa haye kii way hemarket, westminster mein carlton hotal mein auguste escoffier key tahat ack pastery shafe key roop mein prashikshit they, dastaveji sakshya dwara samarthit naheen hain. haalaanki, newzealand key ghar kii deewaar, newzealand uchch aayog kaa ghar, joe abb carlton hotal key sthal parr khadaa haye, ack neeli pattika pradarshit kartaa haye. 1913 key dauran, thanh koo newhaven-diape ferry maarg parr ack pastery shafe key roop mein bhee niyukt kiya gayaa thaa.
france mein raajneetik shiksha.
1919 seey 1923 taka, thanh (hoe) ney apane mitra aur france key samajwadi dall comrade marcel catchin seey prabhaavit hocker france mein rahate hue rajneeti mein ruchi dikhaani shuru curr dee. thanh ney 1917 mein landan seey peris pahunchane kaa daavaa kiya, lekin francisi pulis key paas kewal juuna 1919 mein unake aagaman kii recording karane vaale dastavej they. jaba way pahunche, tou way phaan chuu trinh naamak ack vidwan key saath-saath apane dost phaan vaine trong seey bhee mille. peris mein vaha "group days patriots enmites" (viyatnami deshbhakton key samooh) mein shamil hoe gaye jisamen phaan chuu trinah, phaan wein trung, guyen they truen aur guyen aine ninah shamil they. way peris mein thain key aagaman seey pahale chhadm naam guyen aii kwak ("guyen dha patriot") key tahat viyatnami swatantrata kii vakaalat karane vaale samachar patra lekh prakaashit curr rahey they. samooh ney francisi indochina mein viyatnami logon key nagrik adhikaaron koo maanyata dene key liye paschimi shaktiyon koo varsaay shaanti vaarta mein yachika daayar kii, lekin unhein nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa. shaanti samjhauton seey pahale ullikhit atmanirnaya key siddhant kaa hawala dete hue, unhone sahayogi shaktiyon seey viyatnam key francisi aupaniveshik shasson koo samaapt karane aur ack swatantra sarkaar kaa gathan sunishchit karane kaa anurodh kiya.
sammelan seey pahale, samooh ney francisi pradhaan mantri georges clemenso aur sanyukt raajya america key rashtrapati vudro willson sahit sahayogi netaaon koo apana patra bheja. way varsaay mein vichaar praapt karane mein asamarth they, lekin baad mein prakaran bhavishya key hoe chii minh koo viyatnam mein ghar parr upanivesh virodhi andolan key prateekaatmak netaa key roop mein sthaapit karane mein madad karega. choonki thanh dastaavez key prakaashan key peechhe saarvajanik chehra thaa (halanki yeh phain wein trung dwara likhaa gayaa thaa), vaha jald hii guyen quack key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, aur pahali baar sitambar mein ack cheeni samachar patra samvaadaata key saath ack sakshatkar key dauran naam kaa upayog kiya. kaee lekhakon ney kahaa haye kii 1919 ack khoya huaa "vilsonian kshan" thaa, jahaan bhavishya key hoe chii minh ney ack americi samarthak aur cumm kattarpanthi sthiti koo apanaaya hotaa aggar kewal rashtrapati willson ney unhein praapt kiya hotaa. haalaanki, varsaay sammelan key samay, hoe chii minh ack samajwadi karyakram key liye pratibaddh thaa. jaba sammelan chala rhaa thaa, guyen quake pahale seey hii asia mein bolshevism kii sambhaavanaon parr bhaashan dey rhaa thaa aur francisi samajvadiyon koo lenin key communist antarrashtriya mein shamil honey key liye manaane kaa prayaas curr rhaa thaa.
disambar 1920 mein, kwak (hoe) france kii samajwadi party key dauron kii congress key liye ack pratinidhi bunn gayaa, teesare antarrashtriya key liye matdan kiya aur francisi communist party kaa sansthaapak sadasya thaa. party kii aupaniveshik samiti mein ack pada lete hue, unhone indochina sahit francisi upaniveshon mein logon kii or apane sathiyon kaa dhyaan aakarshit karane kii koshish kii, lekin unake prayaas aksar asafal rahey. peris mein rahate hue, unakaa kathit taur parr mairi brier naamak ack dressmaker key saath sambandh thaa. jaisa kii 2018 mein francisi pulis dastaavez kii khoj hui thee, cuke key koria ganarajya kii asthaayi sarkaar key sadasyon key saath bhee sambandh they jaise kii kima kyu-sick, joe sou-eng peris mein they.
iss avadhi key dauran, unhone patrika lekh aur laghu kathaaen likhana shuru kiya aur saath hii apane viyatnami rashtravadi samooh koo chalaana shuru kiya. maee 1922 mein, unhone ack francisi patrika key liye ack lekh likhaa jisamen francisi khel lekhakon dwara angreji shabdon key upayog kii aalochana kii gaee thee. lekh ney pradhaan mantri raymond poinkere seey "leey manager", "leey round" aur "leey nock-out" jaise franglise koo gairkaanooni ghoshit karane kaa anurodh kiya. unake lekhon aur bhashanon ney dimitra mainulski kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya, joe jald hii soviyat sangh kii unaki yatra koo praayojit karenge aur jinake sanrakshan mein vaha soviyat commintern key ack uchch padasth sadasya bunn jaayenge.
soviyat sangh aur chean mein.
1923 mein, cuke (hoe) ney ack cheeni vyaapaari, chain wang naam key saath ack passport leey jaane key liye masco key liye peris chhod diyaa, jahan vaha ack cheeni vyaapaari thaa, jahaan vaha poorv key shramikon key communist vishvavidyalaya mein adhyayan kartaa thaa aur juuna 1924 mein bhaag letaa thaa, isase pahale kii vaha navambar 1924 mein chean key canton (vartamaan mein gwangjhou), chean mein aaya, jisamen laai thayu naam kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa.
aaee. dee. 1 mein, unhone "yuva shiksha kakshaon" kaa ayojan kiya aur kabhi-kabhi vampoa sainya akadami mein chhaavani mein rahane vaale viyatnami krantikari yuvaaon koo samajwadi vyakhyan diye. yeye yuva loga kaee varshon baad viyatnam mein ack nae krantikari, saamyavaadi samarthak andolan key beej bunn jaayenge. villium duikar key anusaar, vaha ack cheeni mahila, zheng zuiming (tanga tuyet minh) key saath rahata thaa, jisase usane 18 octuber 1926 koo shaadi kii thee. jaba usake sathiyon ney match parr apatti jataai, tou usane unase kahaah "aapaki asweekriti key bavjood main shaadi curr loonga kyonki mujhe bhasha sikhaane aur ghar rakhane key liye ack mahila kii aavashyakta haye. vaha 21 varsh kii thee aur vaha 36 varsh kaa thaa. unhone usee sthaan parr shaadi kii jahan zau enlai ney pahale shaadi kii thee aur phir ack comintern agent, mikhail borodine key nivaas mein rahate they. 
hong vaan chee ney tark diyaa kii juuna 1925 mein unhone ack pratidvandi krantikari gutt key prasiddh netaa aur apane pitaa key puraane dost, phaan boee chaau koo 100,000 piasters key liye shanghai mein francisi gupt seva agents key saath dhokha diyaa. ack srot kaa kahana haye kii baad mein unhone daavaa kiya kii unhone aisaa isaliye kiya kyonki unhein ummeed thee kii chuu key mukadame seey francisi virodhi bhavna bhadak jaayegi aur kyonki unhein ack communist sangathan sthaapit karane key liye dhana kii aavashyakta thee. hoe chee minhah aeye life" mein, villium duikar ney iss parikalpana parr vichaar kiya, lekin antatah ise aswikar curr diyaa. anya sroton kaa daavaa haye kii guyen theuing huyen chaau key kabje key liye jimmedaar thaa. aajivan nazarbandi kii sajaa paae chau ney kabhi bhee kissy kii ninda naheen kii.
chiang kaaee-shake key 1927 key saamyvaad virodhi takhtapalat key baad, kwak (hoe) ney aprail 1927 mein phir seey chhaavani chhod dee aur navambar mein peris lautane seey pahale 1927 kii garmiyon kaa kuchh hissa crimea mein tapedik seey ubarane mein bitaate hue masco laut aae. isake baad vaha brussels, berlin, switzerland aur itali key raaste asia laut aae, jahan way julaai 1928 mein thyland key bancock pahunche. "haalaanki humm lagbhag ack saal seey alag hain, lekin ack-dusare key liye hamari bhaavanaon koo mahsoos karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye", unhone ack intercept kiye gaye patra mein minn koo aashvast kiya. iss avadhi mein, unhone dakshin poorv asia mein commintern gatividhiyon koo shuru karane vaale ack varishth agent key roop mein kaary kiya.
kwak (hoe) thyland mein rahey, 1929 key anta mein nachokuntil key thaai gaanv mein rahey, jaba way bhaarat chaley gaye aur phir shanghai chaley gaye. 1930 kii shuruat mein, unhone dou viyatnami communist dalon key pratinidhiyon key saath ack baithak kii adhyakshata kii taaki unhein ack ekikrit sangathan, viyatnam kii communist party mein vilay kiya jaa sakey. unhone indochini communist party kii bhee sthaapana kii. juuna 1931 mein, hoe koo indochina mein francisi aupaniveshik adhikaariyon aur hangkang pulis bull key beach sahyog key hisse key roop mein hangkang mein giraftar kiya gayaa thaa; francisi indochina mein vaapas nirvaasit honey key liye nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa, british solicitor frank losby dwara safaltapurvak bachaav kiya gayaa thaa. antatah, landan mein privy council koo appeal karane key baad, 1932 mein francisi pratyarpan samjhaute seey bachane key liye hoe koo mrit bataaya gayaa thaa; yeh faisala sunaaya gayaa thaa kii, halanki usey hangkang seey ack avaanchhaniya key roop mein nirvaasit kiya jaayega, lekin yeh france dwara niyantrit gantavya parr naheen hoga. hoe koo antatah riha curr diyaa gayaa aur ack cheeni vidwan key roop mein bhesh badalkar, shanghai key liye ack jahaaj parr savaar hoe gayaa. baad mein way soviyat sangh mein laut aae aur masco mein lenin sansthaan mein adhyayan kiya aur padhaaya. iss avadhi mein unhone kathit taur parr iss chinta key kaaran kii unhone sangathan koo dhokha diyaa thaa, comminteran mein apana pada khou diyaa. haalaanki, usa tonn key anusaar joe thian key shodh mein paaya gayaa thaa, vaha commintern key aantarik vritt kaa sadasya thaa, demetry manuilsky kaa ack samarthak thaa aur poore mahaan shuddhikaran mein commintern kii achchi sthiti mein ack sadasya thaa. hoe koo usa party key niyantran seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa jisaki unhone sthaapana kii thee. jinhone unaki jagah lii, unhone una parr rashtravadi pravrittiyon kaa aarop lagaaya.
1938 mein, kwak (hoe) chean laut aae aur cheeni communist sashastr balon key salaahkaar key roop mein kaary kiya. vaha asiai mamalon key prabhaari varishth commintern agent bhee they. unhone chongking mein badey paimaane parr kaam kiya aur guyang, kunming aur gillin kii yatra kii. iss avadhi key dauran vaha hoe kwang naam kaa upayog curr rahey they. jaba 1940 mein france koo germany ney haraaya thaa, tou hoe aur unake leftinent, joe kii guyen giap aur thaam wong they, ney ise apane swayam key uddeshya koo aage badhaane key avsar key roop mein dekhaa.
swatantrata andolan.
1941 mein, hoe chii minh viyatnam mein swatantrata andolan kaa netritva karane key liye laut aae. usa varsh indochin parr japani kabje ney, dakshin poorv asia key baaki hisson parr aakraman kii disha mein pahala kadam uthaate hue, deshbhakt viyatnami logon key liye ack avsar paida kiya. tathaakathit "kaale rung key purush" ack 10,000 sadasya gurilla bull they joe viet minh key saath sanchaalit they. unhone dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran witchy france aur viyatnam key japani kabje key khilaf kaee safal sainya kaarrvaaiyon kaa nireekshan kiya, sanyukt raajya america key ranneetik sevaaon key karyalaya dwara aur baad mein desh parr phir seey kabja karane key liye francisi bolly key khilaf gupt roop seey samarthan kiya (1946-1954). cheeni communists dwara bachaaye jaane seey pahale unhein chiang kaaee-shake key sthaaniya adhikaariyon dwara chean mein jail mein daal diyaa gayaa thaa. 1943 mein apani rihaai key baad, vaha viyatnam laut aae. yeh iss samay key dauran thaa kii unhone niyamit roop seey hoe chii minh naam kaa upayog karna shuru kiya, ack samanya viyatnami upnaam (hoe, chaa) key saath ack diye gaye naam kaa sanyojan jiska arth haye "ujjwal aatma" yaa "spasht ichcha" (sino-viyatnami patrika seh chii matlab "ichcha" yaa "aatma" aur minh jiska arth haye "ujjwal"). unakaa nayaa naam rashtriya krantikari senaa key chauthe sainya kshetra key pramukh aayukt general hau jhiming (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk>
aprail 1945 mein, unhone os agent archimedies patti seey mulakat kii aur khufiya jaankaari pradaan karane kii peshkash kii, jisamen unhone apane viet minh aur sahyogiyon key beach kewal "sanchaar kii ack rekha" maangi. os ney iss parr sahamati vyakt kii aur baad mein os sadasyon kii ack sainya team koo apane aadmiyon koo prashikshit karane key liye bheja aur hoe chii minh kaa swayam ack os doctor dwara maleria aur pechish kaa ilaaj kiya gayaa.
viet minh dwara aayojit agast kranti key baad, hoe chii minh asthaayi sarkaar (viyatnam key loktaantrik ganarajya key pradhaan mantri) key adhyaksh baney aur viyatnam key loktaantrik ganarajya kii swatantrata kii ghoshana jaari kii. haalaanki unhone samrat koo gaddi chhodane key liye raaji kiya, lekin unaki sarkaar koo kissy bhee desh dwara maanyata naheen dee gaee thee. unhone baar-baar rashtrapati hairi aiss. seey yachika daayar kii. atlantic charter kaa hawala dete hue, viyatnami swatantrata key samarthan key liye truman, lekin truman ney kabhi jawab naheen diyaa.
1946 mein, bhavishya key israel key pradhaan mantri david bayne-gurian aur hoe chii minh peris mein ack hii hotal mein rahane parr parichit hue. unhone bayne-gurian koo viyatnam mein nirvaasit yahudi key ghar kii peshkash kii. bayne-gurian ney girawat laaee.
1946 mein, jaba unhone desh key baahar yatra kii, tou unake adheensthon ney 2,500 gair-saamyavaadi rashtravadiyon koo kaid curr liya aur 6,000 anya logon koo bhaagne key liye majboor curr diyaa. julaai 1946 mein saikadon raajneetik virodhiyon koo jail mein daal diyaa gayaa yaa nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa, vishesh roop seey, vietnam kii rashtravadi party aur daee viyet rashtriya party key sadasya, viyet minh sarkaar key khilaf takhtapalat karane key asafal prayaas key baad. isake baad sabhi pratidvandi raajneetik dalon parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa aur baad mein virodh koo cumm karane key liye sthaaniya sarkaaron koo hataa diyaa gayaa. haalaanki, yeh nott kiya gayaa thaa kii viyatnam key loktaantrik ganarajya kii pahali congress key dou-tihai seey adhik sadasya gair-viyatnam raajneetik guton seey aatey they, jinamen seey kuchh binaa chunaav key they. viyatnami netaa guyen haye thain kii rashtravadi party koo upaadhyaksh naamit kiya gayaa thaa. way duss mein seey chaar mantri pada bhee sambhaalate they.
viyatnam key loktaantrik ganarajya kaa janm.
agast mein samrat key tyag key baad, hoe chii minn ney 2 sitambar 1945 koo viyatnam key loktaantrik ganarajya key naam seey viyatnam kii swatantrata kii ghoshana koo padhaa. saigan mein, pratidvandi viyatnami guton aur francisi balon key beach hinsa badhane key saath, british commander, general surr dugglus grace ney marshel low ghoshit curr diyaa. 24 sitambar koo, viyatnam key netaaon ney ack samanya hadtaal key ahwan key saath pratikriya dee.
usee maheene, 200,000 rashtriya krantikari senaa key sainikon kaa ack bull uttari indochin mein japani kabjedaaron key aatmasamarpan koo sweekaar karane key liye hanoi pahuncha. hoe chii minh ney apane general, luu haan key saath, communist party koo bhang karane aur ack aisaa chunaav karaane key liye samjhauta kiya joe ack gathbandhan sarkaar kaa parinam dega. jaba chiang ney francisi koo uttari indochina seey vaapas lene key badale mein shanghai mein francisi riyaayaten chean koo vaapas dene key liye majboor kiya, tou unake paas 6 march 1946 koo france key saath ack samjhaute parr hastakshar karane key alawa koee vikalp naheen thaa, jisamen viyatnam koo indochinese sangh aur francisi sangh mein ack swaayatt raajya key roop mein maanyata dee jaayegi. samjhauta jald hii toot gayaa. francisi aur viyatminh donon key liye samjhaute kaa uddeshya chiang kii senaa key liye uttar viyatnam chhodana thaa. cheeni senaa key jaane key turant baad uttar mein ladaai shuru hoe gaee.
manoa mein havaai vishvavidyalaya key itihaaskaar professor liam kellie ney apane "leey minkhai key asiai itihas blogg" parr kathit uddharan kii pramanikta koo chunauti dee, jisamen hoe minn ney kahaa kii vaha "ack hazaar key liye cheeni shitt khaane key bajaay paanch saal key liye french shitt kii gandh lenge", yeh dekhate hue kii steinley carno ney apane 1983 key "viyatnaamah ack itihas" mein unake liye jimmedaar vistaarit uddharan key liye koee srot pradaan naheen kiya thaa aur yeh kii mool uddharan sambhavatah francisi paul muss dwara apani 1952 kii pustak "viyatnaamah samajshastra dee 'una gyure" mein jaali thaa. muss viyatnam mein francisi upaniveshvaad key samarthak they aur hoe chii minn kaa maanana thaa kii viyatnam mein cheeni sainikon key rahane kaa koee khatra naheen thaa. usa samay viyatnami francisi virodhi prachaar failaane mein vyast they kyonki viyatnam mein francisi atyacharon key saboot saamane aae they, jabaki 1949 key baad hoe chii minn ney cheeni sahaayata sweekaar karane mein koee sankoch naheen dikhaaya.
viyet minh ney taba francisi aupaniveshik balon key saath milkar 1945-1946 mein viyatnami rashtravadi andolanon key samarthakon aur trotskeevadiyon key narsamhar mein sahyog kiya. viyatnam mein trotskiwad pramukh shaharon key baahar party kaa pratidvandi naheen thaa, lekin vishesh roop seey dakshin mein, saigan-kochinchina mein, way ack chunauti they. shuru seey hii, unhone francisi bahaali aur shramikon koo udyog aur kisaanon koo bhoomi key tatkaal hastaantaran key liye sashastr pratirodh kaa ahwan kiya thaa. francisi samajwadi netaa daniel guerin yaad karate hain kii jaba 1946 mein peris mein unhone hoe chii minh seey trotskywadi netaa taa thu thu key bhaagya key baare mein poochha thaa, tou hoe chii minh ney jawab diyaa thaa, "bhavnahin bhavna key saath", kii "thoo ack mahaan deshbhakt thaa aur humm uska shoke manaate hain, lekin phir ack pull baad ack sthir aavaaj mein jodaa gayaa 'joe loga usa rekha kaa paalan naheen karate hain jise maine neeche rakhaa haye, way sabhi toot jaayenge.'"
communists ney antatah sabhi gair-communist dalon koo dabaa diyaa, lekin way france key saath shaanti samjhauta karane mein whiffle rahey. 1946 key antim dinon mein, rajanyik viphalata key ack saal aur samjhauton mein kaee riyaayaton key baad, jaise kii dalaat aur fontenblue sammelanon mein, viyatnam sarkaar key loktaantrik ganarajya ney paaya kii yuddh apariharya thaa. hanoi mein francisi balon dwara haffong kii bambari ney kewal iss vishvaas koo majboot kiya kii france kaa viyatnam mein ack swaayatt, swatantra raajya kii anumati dene kaa koee irada naheen thaa. haffong kii bambari mein kathit taur parr 6000 seey adhik viyatnami nagrik maare gaye. francisi senaa ney hanoi mein march kiya, joe abb viyatnam key loktaantrik ganarajya kii rajdhani haye. 19 disambar 1946 koo, haifong ghatana key baad, hoe chii minh ney francisi sangh key khilaf yuddh kii ghoshana kii, jisase indochin yuddh kii shuruat hui. viyatnam kii rashtriya senaa, joe jyaadaatar chaku aur bandookon seey lais thee, ney turant hamla curr diyaa. unhone francisi sthaanon parr hamla kiya, unhein mirch key saath bundle kiye gaye pual key saath dhumrapan kiya, "lanj mine" (ack khambhe key anta mein ack khokhla-charge warhead, ack tank key kinare parr charge koo dhakelkar visfot kiya gayaa; aamtaur parr ack aatmghaati hathiyar) aur molotov cocktail key saath bakhtarband vaahanon koo nasht curr diyaa, sadak avrodhon, barudi surangon aur bajari kaa upayog karke hamlaavaron koo roque diyaa. dou maheene kii ladaai key baad, thake hue viyet minh balon ney kissy bhee moolyavaan buniyaadi dhaanche koo vyavasthit roop seey nasht karane key baad peechhe hutt gaye. operation lii mein jeane etiyene vallyu key netritva mein francisi sainikon key ack samooh dwara hoe koo pakadane kii soochana dee gaee thee. vicharadhin vyakti ack viet minn salaahkaar nikla joe bhaagne kii koshish mein maaraa gayaa thaa.
patrakaar bernard faul key anusaar, hoe ney kaee varshon taka francisi seey ladane key baad ack yuddhaviram parr baatchit karane kaa faisala kiya. jaba francisi vartakar baithak sthal parr pahunche, tou unhein ack chhappar vaali mitty kii jhopadi millie. ander unhein kursiyon key saath ack lambi mez millie. kamare key ack koney mein, ack chaandi kii burf kii balty mein burf aur achche shampen kii ack bottle thee, joe darshaati haye kii unhein baatchit key safal honey kii ummeed thee. francisi dwara ack maang kaee japani sainya adhikaariyon (joe japani mool key hathiyaron key upayog mein prashikshan dekar viyatnami sashastr balon kii madad curr rahey they) kii francisi hirasat mein vaapsee thee taaki way dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran kiye gaye yuddh apraadhon key liye mukadama lada sakein. hoe chii minh ney jawab diyaa kii japani adhikaari sahayogi aur dost they jinhen vaha dhokha naheen dey sakate they, isaliye vaha saat aur varshon key yuddh key liye baahar chaley gaye. 
farwari 1950 mein, francisi seema nakabandi koo safaltapurvak hataane key baad, (maarg upanivesh 4 kii ladaai) soviyat sangh dwara unaki sarkaar koo maanyata dene key baad way masco mein joseph stallin aur maao jedong seey mille. way sabhi iss baat parr sahmat they kii chean viyatnam kaa samarthan karane key liye jimmedaar hoga. masco mein maao jedong key doot ney agast mein kahaa kii chean ney jald hii 60,000-70,000 viet minn koo prashikshit karane kii yojana banaai. baahari duniya kii or jaane kaa raasta viyatnam key senaaon key liye atirikt aapoorti praapt karane key liye khula thaa, jisase way poore indochin mein francisi shasson key khilaf ladaai koo badhaa sakate they. sangharsh kii shuruat mein, hoe ney kathit taur parr ack francisi agantuk seey kahaah "aap merey duss aadmiyon koo harr ack key liye maar sakate hain jise main aapke seey maartaa huun. lekin una baadhaon parr bhee aap haarenge aur main jeetoonga. 1954 mein, pahala indochin yuddh dyne bien phoo kii nirnaayak ladaai key baad samaapt hoe gayaa, jahan 10,000 seey adhik francisi sainikon ney viet minh key saamane aatmasamarpan curr diyaa. baad kii geneva shaanti prakriya ney 17vein samanantar mein uttar viyatnam koo vibhajit kiya.
arther domen kaa anuman haye kii yuddh key dauran viet minh ney 100,000 aur 150,000 nagrikon kii hatyaa curr dee thee. dommen kii ganana kii tulanaa mein, benjamin valentino kaa anuman haye kii francisi 60,000-250,000 nagrik mauton key liye jimmedaar they.
rashtrapati banana.
1954 key geneva samjhaute ney france aur viet minh key beach nishkarsh nikala, jisase uttar mein viet minh kii senaaon koo phir seey sangathit honey kii anumati millie, jabaki dakshin mein saamyvaad virodhi samooh buss gaye. unakaa loktaantrik ganarajya viyatnam hanoi mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa aur uttar viyatnam kii sarkaar bunn gaee, joe ack communist key netritva vaalaa ack-party raajya thaa. geneva samjhaute key baad, 300 dinon kii avadhi honey thee jisamen loga viyatnam key dou kshetron key beach swatantra roop seey ghoom sakate they, jinhen baad mein dakshin viyatnam aur uttar viyatnam key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. 300 dinon key dauran, diam aur see. aaee. aeye. key salaahkaar curnell edward lansdale ney logon koo dakshin viyatnam jaane key liye manaane key liye ack abhiyaan chalaaya. abhiyaan vishesh roop seey viyatnam key catholics parr kendrit thaa, joe apane baad key varshon mein "bhagwan dakshin mein chaley gaye hain" key naare key upayog key saath diyam kii shakti kaa aadhar pradaan karane vaale they. 800, 000 aur 1,000,000 key beach loga dakshin mein chaley gaye, jyaadaatar catholic. 1955 kii shuruat mein, francisi indochina koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase dakshin kaa asthaayi niyantran dimm parr reh gayaa thaa.
geneva mein sabhi dalon ney punarmilan chunaavon kaa ahwan kiya, lekin way vivaran parr sahmat naheen hoe sakey. haal hii mein niyukt viyet minh karyavahak videsh mantri faam vaine dong ney "sthaaniya aayogon" kii dekhrekh mein chunaav prastaavit kiye. sanyukt raajya america ney britten aur viyatnami, laos aur kambodiya key sambaddh raajyon key samarthan seey sanyukt rashtra key paryavekshan kaa sujhaav diyaa. iss yojana koo soviyat pratinidhi vyacheslav molotov dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jinhone samaan sankhya mein communist aur gair-communist sadasyon seey baney ack aayog key liye tark diyaa thaa, joe kewal sarvasammat samjhaute seey "mahatvapurna" muddon koo nirdhaarit curr sakata thaa. vartakar punarmilan key liye chunaavon kii tarikh parr sahmat honey mein asamarth they. uttar viyatnam ney tark diyaa kii chunaav sangharsh viram key chhah maheene key bheetar aayojit kiye jaane chaahiye, jabaki paschimi sahyogiyon ney koee samay seema naheen dene kii maang kii. molotov ney juuna 1955 kaa prastaav rakhaa, phir baad mein 1955 mein kissy bhee samay aur anta mein julaai 1956 mein ise naram curr diyaa. dee. aaee. aim. sarkaar ney punarmilan chunaavon kaa samarthan kiya, lekin kewal prabhaavi antarrashtriya paryavekshan key saath, yeh tark dete hue kii vaastav mein swatantra chunaav anyatha adhinaayakvaadi uttar mein asambhav they. 20 julaai 1954 kii dopahar taka, shesh bakaaya muddon koo hull curr liya gayaa kyonki dall iss baat parr sahmat hue kii vibhajan rekha 17vein samanantar honey chaahiye aur yuddhaviram key dou saal baad, julaai 1956 mein ack punah ekjut sarkaar key liye chunaav aayojit kiye jaane chaahiye. viyatnam mein shatruta kii samaapti parr samjhaute parr kewal francisi aur viyatnam minn sainya kamanon dwara hastakshar kiye gaye they, jisamen viyatnam raajya kii koee bhagidari yaa paramarsh naheen thaa. cheeni pratinidhimandal key pramukh jhau enlai key prastaav key aadhar parr, bhaarat kii adhyakshata mein ack antarrashtriya niyantran aayog (aaee. see. see.), jisamen kanada aur polland sadasya they, koo sangharsh viram kii nigrani kaa prabhaar diyaa gayaa thaa. kyonki muddon parr sarvasammati seey nirnay liya jaanaa thaa, aaee. see. see. mein polland kii upasthiti ney samyavadiyon koo sandhi key paryavekshan parr prabhaavi veeto shakti pradaan kii. jineva sammelan kii hastaaksharit antim ghoshana mein punarmilan chunaavon kaa ahwan kiya gayaa, jisaki adhikansh pratinidhiyon kii nigrani aaee. see. see. dwara kii jaane kii ummeed thee. viyatnam ney iss tarah key chunaavon parr aaee. see. see. key adhikaar koo kabhi sweekaar naheen kiya, iss baat parr jore dete hue kii aaee. see. see. kii kshamata donon pakshon dwara shatruta kii samaapti parr samjhaute key karyanvayan key paryavekshan aur niyantran taka seemit honey chaahiye. nau rashtron mein seey kewal sanyukt raajya aur viyatnam raajya ney ghoshana koo sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa. raajya key avar sachiv walter bedel smith ney sanyukt raajya kii sthiti kii "ektarafa ghoshana" karate hue doharaayah "humm sanyukt rashtra dwara paryavekshit swatantra chunaavon key madhyam seey ekataa praapt karane kii koshish karenge taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii way nishpaksh roop seey aayojit kiye gaye hain.
1953 aur 1956 key beach, uttar viyatnami sarkaar ney vibhinn krishi sudhaaron kii sthaapana kii, jisamen "kiraya mein kamee" aur "bhoomi sudhaar" shamil they, joe raajneetik daman key saath they. bhoomi sudhaar key dauran, uttar viyatnami gavaahon dwara dee gaee gawahi ney prati 160 gaanv key nivaasiyon mein ack nishpaadan key anupaat kaa sujhaav diyaa, joe kii yadi bahishkrit kiya jaataa haye tou rashtravyapi kull lagbhag 100,000 nishpaadan kaa sanket dega. kyonki abhiyaan mukhya roop seey laal nadee delta kshetra mein kendrit thaa, usa samay vidvaanon dwara 50,000 nishpaadan key cumm anuman koo vyaapak roop seey sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, viyatnami aur hangerian abhilekhagar seey avargeekrit dastaavezon seey sanket milata haye kii fansi kii sankhya usa samay kii report kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm thee, halanki yeh sambhavatah 13,500 seey adhik thee.
viyatnam yuddh.
juuna 1956 mein dakshin viyatnami sarkaar koo ukhaad fenkane kaa vichaar ack polit beuro baithak mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa. 1959 mein, hoe chii minh ney polit beuro seey dakshin viyatnam mein viyet kaang koo sahaayata bhejane kaa aagrah karna shuru kiya; janwari 1959 mein ack satra mein dakshin mein ack "zana yuddh" koo manjuri dee gaee thee, aur march mein polit beuro dwara iss nirnay kii pushti kii gaee thee. uttari viyatnam ney julaai 1959 mein pathet laao kii sahaayata seey laos parr aakraman kiya aur laos aur cambodia key madhyam seey chalane vaale aapoorti aur sudridhikaran maargon key network kaa nirmaan karane key liye 30,000 purushon kaa upayog kiya, jise hoe chee minn trail key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. isane uttar koo dakshin viyatnami balon key bahut cumm sampark key saath viyatnam mein maanav shakti aur samagri bhejane kii anumati dee, jisase kaafee laabh huaa. iss aarop kaa mukabala karane key liye kii uttar viyatnam geneva samjhaute kaa ullanghan curr rhaa thaa, communist prachaar mein viet kaang kii swatantrata parr jore diyaa gayaa thaa. uttar viyatnam ney disambar 1960 mein dakshin viyatnam key rashtriya mukti morche koo ack "sanyukt morcha" yaa gair-communists kii bhagidari koo protsaahit karane key uddeshya seey viet kaang kii raajneetik shakha key roop mein banaaya. 
1959 key anta mein, iss baat seey sachet kii rashtriya chunaav kabhi naheen hoga aur dakshin viyatnami samaaj seey virodhi taakton (jyaadaatar poorv viet minh) koo shuddh karane kaa irada thaa, hoe chii minh ney anaupchaarik roop seey agale party netaa banane key liye leey duugan koo chunaa. paschimi vishleshakon dwara isaki vyakhya hoe key liye prabhaav key nuksan key roop mein kii gaee thee, jinake baare mein kahaa jaataa thaa kii unhone sthiti key liye adhik madhyam varg koo prathamikta dee thee. 1959 key baad seey, bujurg loga unaki mrityu kii sambhavana key baare mein teji seey chintit hoe gaye, aur usa varsh unhone apani vaseeyat likh lii. 1960 mein lii duugan koo aadhikarik taur parr party netaa naamit kiya gayaa thaa, jisase hoe raajya key pramukh aur polit beuro key sadasya key roop mein ack maadhyamik bhoomika mein kaary curr sakate they. phir bhee unhone sarkaar mein kaafee prabhaav banaae rakhaa. donon, donon, teen aur teen, aksar hoe key saath raat kaa khaana saajha karate they, aur way sabhi yuddh key dauran aur baad mein pramukh vyakti baney rahey. 1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein, uttar viyatnami polit beuro koo "uttar pratham" gutt mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, joe uttar viyatnami key aarthik vikas parr dhyaan kendrit karane kaa pakshadhar thaa, aur "dakshin pratham" gutt, joe jald hii viyatnam koo phir seey ekjut karane key liye dakshin viyatnami mein ack gurilla yuddh kaa pakshadhar thaa. 1961 aur 1963 key beach, 40,000 saamyavaadi sanic uttar seey dakshin viyatnam mein ghuspaith curr gaye.
1963 mein, hoe ney kathit taur parr dakshin viyatnami rashtrapati diam key saath baatchit kii shaanti praapt karane kii ummeed mein patrachar kiya. 1963 key tathaakathit "maneli mamle" key dauran, dou viyatnam key ack sangh koo praapt karane key liye ack francisi rajanyik pahal shuru kii gaee thee, joe sheet yuddh mein tatasth hoga. maneli mamle" mein shamil chaar pramukh rajanyik they aaee. see. see. key bhaaratiya mukhya aayukt ramchundur goburdun; aaee. see. see. key polish aayukt meekzislav maneli; dakshin viyatnam mein francisi rajdoot roser laloate; aur dakshin viyatnam mein italvi rajdoot jiyovanni dee 'orlandi. maneli ney bataaya kii hoe rashtrapati diam aur rashtrapati kenedi key beach vibhajan key sanketon mein bahut ruchi rakhate they aur unakaa ravaiya thaah "hamaare asli dushman americi hain. unase chhutkara paaen, aur humm baad mein diam aur nuu kaa saamana curr sakate hain. hoe ney maneli koo hoe minn chee trail key baare mein bhee bataaya, joe aadhikarik taur parr tatasth cambodia aur laos seey hocker gujarta haye, yeh kahate hue kii "indochina sirf ack ikai haye.
francisi mein aayojit hanoi mein ack baithak mein, hoe ney gobardhan koo bataaya kii diam "apane tareeke seey ack deshbhakt thaa", yeh dekhate hue kii diam ney viyatnam parr francisi shasson kaa virodh kiya thaa, aur baithak koo yeh kahate hue samaapt kiya kii agali baar gobardhan ney diam seey mulakat kii "merey liye usase haath milaaen. uttar viyatnami pradhaan mantri thaam vaan dong ney hoe kii or seey bolate hue maneli koo bataaya kii vaha shaanti yojana mein ruchi rakhate hain, yeh kahate hue kii jaba taka americi salaahkaar dakshin viyatnami chhodate hain "humm kissy bhee viyatnami key saath sahmat hoe sakate hain. 2 sitambar 1963 koo, maneli ney francisi shaanti yojana parr charcha karane key liye chhote bhaai aur daahine haath key aadami aine. jee. aine. aich. aine. yuu. seey mulakat kii. yeh spasht naheen haye kii kyaa ngo bhaai francisi shaanti yojana key baare mein gambhir they yaa kewal sanyukt raajya america koo blackmail karane key liye ise sweekaar karane kii sambhavana kaa upayog curr rahey they, aise samay mein jaba bauddh sankat ney saigan aur washington key beach sambandhon koo gambhir roop seey tanaavpurna curr diyaa thaa. baad key siddhant kaa samarthan karna yeh tathya haye kii nuu ney turant maneli key saath apani baithak koo americi stambhakaar joseph alsop koo leak curr diyaa, jinhone ise "bahut badsurat saman" sheershak vaale ack collum mein prachaarit kiya. iss sambhavana key kaaran kii aine. jee. oh. bhaai shaanti yojana koo sweekaar curr sakate hain, unake khilaf takhtapalat kaa samarthan karane key liye kenedi prashaasan kii yojana mein yogdan diyaa. 1 navambar 1963 koo, ack takhtapalat ney diam koo ukhaad fenka, jise agale dinn apane bhaai key saath maar diyaa gayaa thaa. 
diam ney kaee ativyaapi agencies aur vibhagon kaa nirmaan karke "raajya kaa punarnirmaan" karane kii neeti kaa paalan kiya thaa, jinhen dakshin viyatnami raajya koo iss hudd taka avyavasthit karane key liye ack dusare key saath jhagada karane key liye protsaahit kiya gayaa thaa kii unhein ummeed thee kii yeh unake khilaf ack takhtapalat koo asambhav banaa dega. jaba dakshin viyatnami raajya kii pratidvandi shaakhaon key beach kissy bhee prakaar key madhyasth key binaa diam koo ukhaad fenka gayaa aur maar diyaa gayaa, tou dakshin viyatnami turant vighatit hoe gayaa. americi raksha sachiv robert mcnamara ney disambar 1963 mein dakshin viyatnam kaa daura karane key baad bataaya kii saigan mein "naam key yogya koee sangathit sarkaar naheen haye". disambar 1963 mein polit beuro key poorna adhiveshan kii ack baithak mein, duugan key "dakshin pratham" gutt ney polit beuro key saath ack prastaav paarit karke jeet hassil kii, jisamen uttar viyatnam koo jald seey jald saigan mein shasson koo ukhaad fenkane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa, jabaki "uttar pratham" gutt key sadasyon koo barkhast curr diyaa gayaa. jaise hii dakshin viyatnam arajakta mein utar gayaa, francisi shaanti yojana mein joe bhee ruchi hoe sakati thee, vaha samaapt hoe gaee, kyonki yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii viet kaang saigan mein sarkaar koo ukhaad fenk sakati thee. 1964 kii ack see. aaee. aeye. report mein kahaa gayaa thaa kii dakshin viyatnam mein gutbaji "lagbhag arajakta key bindu" parr pahunch gaee thee kyonki vibhinn dakshin viyatnami netaaon ney ack-dusare seey ladaai ladee thee, jisase viyet kaang key khilaf kissy bhee tarah kaa prayaas asambhav hoe gayaa thaa, joe teji seey dakshin viyatnami graameen ilaakon key adhikansh hisse parr kabja curr rhaa thaa.
jaise-jaise dakshin viyatnam gutbaji aur ladaai mein gir gayaa, jabaki viet kaang ney yuddh jeetana jaari rakhaa, rashtrapati lindon johnson key liye yeh teji seey spasht hoe gayaa kii kewal americi sainya hastakshep hii dakshin viyatnam koo bachaa sakata haye. halanki johnson 1964 kaa chunaav jeetane taka americi senaa koo pratibaddh naheen karna chaahte they, lekin unhone hanoi key liye apane iraade spasht karane kaa faisala kiya. juuna 1964 mein, "seaborn mission" jey key roop mein shuru huaa. aaee. see. see. key kanadai aayukt blair seaborn, johnson key arabon americi aarthik sahaayata aur rajanyik maanyata kii peshkash key sandesh key saath hanoi pahunche, jisake badale mein uttar viyatnam dakshin viyatnam kii sarkaar koo ukhaad fenkane kii koshish karna bund curr dega. seaborn ney yeh bhee chetavani dee kii uttari viyatnam koo americi bambari seey "sabse badee tabahi" kaa saamana karna padegaa, yeh kahate hue kii johnson uttar viyatnam key khilaf ack ranneetik bambari abhiyaan parr gambhirta seey vichaar curr rahey they. seaborn mission" key backchannel seey bahut cumm aaya kyonki uttar viyatnami samudra mein paida honey vaale bachchon koo kabhi bhee milane kii anumati naheen thee. 
1964 key anta mein, viyatnam key yuddh sainikon kii logon kii senaa koo dakshin-paschim mein aadhikarik roop seey tatasth laos aur kambodiya mein bheja gayaa thaa. march 1965 taka, americi ladaakoo sanic dakshin viyatnam mein pahunchane lagey, pahale chuu laaee aur daa nang key aspas key havaai addon kii raksha key liye, baad mein adhikansh ladaai koo "[aim] ayask key roop mein lene key liye aur adhik americi sainikon koo saigan sainikon kii jagah lene key liye rakhaa gayaa joe ladaai mein shamil naheen hoe sakate they, yaa naheen honge. jaise-jaise ladaai badhati gaee, sanyukt raajya vayu senaa aur nausena dwara poore uttar viyatnam mein vyaapak havaai aur topkhaane kii bambari shuru hui. 8-9 aprail 1965 koo, hoe ney maao jedong seey milane key liye beijing kii gupt yatra kii. yeh sahamati bunny kii koee bhee cheeni ladaakoo sanic uttar viyatnam mein pravesh naheen karega jaba taka kii sanyukt raajya america uttar viyatnam parr aakraman naheen kartaa, lekin yeh kii chean americi bambari seey kshatigrast buniyaadi dhaanche koo banaae rakhane mein madad key liye uttar viyatnam mein samarthan sainikon koo bhejega. uttar viyatnami polit beuro key bheetar chean key prati gahara avishvaas aur darr thaa, aur yeh sujhaav kii cheeni sainikon koo, yahaan taka kii sainikon kaa samarthan karane vaale, uttar viyatnami mein jaane kii anumati dee jaae, polit beuro mein akrosh paida curr diyaa. unhein polit beuro kii manjuri praapt karane key liye apane sabhi naitik adhikaar kaa upayog karna padaa.
chain jian key anusaar, 1960 key dashak key madhya seey anta taka, leey duugan ney 320,000 cheeni swayamsevakon koo desh key liye buniyaadi dhaanche key nirmaan mein madad karane key liye uttar viyatnam mein jaane kii anumati dee, jisase dakshin mein jaane key liye samaan sankhya mein paavan karmiyon koo mukt kiya gayaa. viyatnam, sanyukt raajya america yaa soviyat sangh seey koee srot naheen hain joe uttar viyatnam mein tainaat cheeni sainikon kii sankhya kii pushti karate hain. haalaanki, cheeni sarkaar ney baad mein 1960 key dashak key dauran 320,000 cheeni sainikon koo viyatnam bhejane kii baat sweekaar kii aur hanoi kii niyamit uttar viyatnami senaa aur viyatnami senaa kii chhapamar ikaaiyon kaa samarthan karane key liye 20 arab dollar seey adhik kharch kiye.
americi bambari kaa mukabala karane key liye, uttari viyatnam kii poori aabaadi koo yuddh key prayaas key liye jutaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen mahilaaon kii vishal teams kaa upayog bamvarshakon dwara kiye gaye nuksan kii marammat key liye kiya gayaa thaa, aksar aisee gati seey joe amerikiyon koo aashcharyachakit curr detee thee. uttar viyatnam kii bambari shaanti vaarta shuru karane mein pramukh baadha saabit hui kyonki unhone baar-baar kahaa kii jaba taka sanyukt raajya america uttar viyatnam parr binaa shart bambari bund naheen kartaa, taba taka koee shaanti vaarta sambhav naheen hogi. asia aur africa key nae swatantra raajyon key kaee anya netaaon kii tarah, hoe apane rashtra kii swatantrata aur samprabhuta key liye khatron key baare mein behad samvedansheel they, chaahe way kathit houn yaa vaastavik. unhone americi bambari koo uttar viyatnam kii samprabhuta kaa ullanghan maanaa, aur unhone mahsoos kiya kii uttar viyatnam parr bambari karane key adhikaar koo sanrakshit karane vaale amerikiyon key saath baatchit karane key liye unhein vaisa vyavhaar naheen karna chaahiye jaisa way chaahte they kii way karein, uttar viyatnam kii swatantrata koo cumm curr dega. 
march 1966 mein, ack kanadai rajanyik, chester roning, shaanti vaarta shuru karane key liye apane "achche karyalayon" kaa upayog karane key prastaav key saath hanoi pahunche. haalaanki, roning mission ney bambari key mudde parr sthaapana kii, kyonki uttar viyatnami ney bambari koo binaa shart rokane kii maang kii, ack aisaa upakram jise johnson ney dene seey incar curr diyaa. juuna 1966 mein, aaee. see. see. key polish aayukt jaanas lewandowski, dakshin viyatnam mein americi rajdoot heinry cabot lodge junier koo dekhane key liye dee 'orlandi key madhyam seey saksham they, jisamen hoe kii or seey ack prastaav thaa. lewandowski dwara preshit "raajneetik samjhaute" key liye hoe key prastaav mein dakshin viyatnam koo yuu key saath apana gathbandhan banaae rakhane kii anumati denaa shamil thaa.aiss.tatasth honey key bajaay; ack gathbandhan sarkaar key liye baatchit mein bhaag lene key liye, ack gathbandhan sarkaar mein swachaalit roop seey pravesh karane kii anumati dene key bajaay; aur tatkaal vaapsee key bajaay americi sainikon kii vaapsee key liye ack "uchit calender" kii anumati denaa. operation marigold key roop mein lewandowski channel koo code-naam diyaa gayaa, jisake kaaran disambar 1966 mein varsau mein americi-uttar viyatnami vaarta hui, lekin bambari key mudde parr yeh dhwast hoe gayaa.
janwari 1967 mein, dakshin viyatnam mein balon key commander general guyen chee thaan, ack yojana prastut karane key liye hanoi laut aae, joe ack saal baad tett aakraman kii utpatti bunn gaee. thaan ney hoe chee minh trail koo kaatane key liye amerikiyon key aakraman key baare mein bahut chinta vyakt kii, aur iss sambhavana koo poorvavat karane key liye, achaanak prahaar key saath yuddh jeetane key liye ack poorna aakramak kaa aagrah kiya. leey 'doo producson ney thaan kii yojanaon kaa samarthan kiya, jinka raksha mantri, general wonn guyen giap dwara kadaa virodh kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone gurilla yuddh jaari rakhna pasand kiya, yeh tark dete hue kii uchch americi agni shakti thaan key prastaavit aakraman kii viphalata sunishchit karegi. polit beuro key vibhajit honey key saath, iss mudde kaa adhyayan karane aur usa parr aur adhik bahas karane parr sahamati bunny.
julaai 1967 mein, hoe chii minh aur communist party key adhikansh polit beuro ack hyee-profile sammelan mein mille, jahan unhone nishkarsh nikala kii yuddh gatirodh mein gir gayaa thaa. americi sainya upasthiti ney dakshin mein apane sathiyon key rankon koo majboot karane key bajaay hoe chii minh trail koo banaae rakhane key liye apane adhikansh sansadhanon koo kharch karane key liye majboor kiya. aisaa lagata haye kii hoe ney thain key aakramak honey parr sahamati vyakt kii haye kyonki vaha apane jivankal key bheetar viyatnam koo phir seey ekjut hotey dekhana chaahata thaa, aur teji seey beemar hoe koo dard seey pataa thaa kii usake paas jyada samay naheen bachaa haye. hoe kii anumati key saath, viet kaang ney ack badey paimaane parr tett aakraman kii yojana banaai joe 31 janwari 1968 koo shuru hoga, taaki dakshin key adhikansh hisse koo bull dwara leey jaaya jaa sakey aur americi senaa koo bhaari jhataka diyaa jaa sakey. aakraman koo badee keemat parr anjam diyaa gayaa aur viyet kaang kii raajneetik shaakhaon aur sashastr balon parr bhaari hatahaton key saath. iss kaarravaai key dayare ney duniya koo chaunka diyaa, jise taba taka yeh ashvasana diyaa gayaa thaa kii communist "rassiyon parr" they. americi sainya kamaan ney varshon taka joe ashawadi spin jaari rakhaa thaa, vaha abb vishvasaniya naheen thaa. uttari viyatnam kii bambari aur hoe chee minh trail koo roque diyaa gayaa thaa, aur americi aur viyatnami vartakaron ney yuddh koo kaise samaapt kiya jaa sakata haye, iss parr charcha kii thee. taba seey, joe minn aur unaki sarkaar kii ranneeti, paaramparik yuddh kaa upayog naheen karane aur sanyukt raajya kii senaa kii taakat kaa saamana karane key vichaar parr adharit haye, joe antatah unhein cumm curr degi, jabaki kewal sangharsh koo lamba karati haye, antatah hanoi kii sharton kii sweekriti kii or leey jaayegi, joe bhautik hoe jaayegi.
1969 kii shuruat mein, unhein dill kaa daura padaa aur shesh varsh key liye unakaa swaasthya teji seey kharaab hoe rhaa thaa. julaai 1969 mein, viyatnam mein ack poorv francisi adhikaari jeane senteni, joe jaanate they kii rashtrapati richard nixon ney unhein gupt roop seey ack patra likhaa thaa. nixon key patra ney iss "dukhad yuddh" koo samaapt karane key liye ack saath kaam karane kaa prastaav rakhaa, lekin yeh bhee chetavani dee kii yadi uttar viyatnam 1 navambar taka peris mein shaanti vaarta mein koee riyayat naheen detaa haye, tou nixon "mahaan parinam aur bull key upaayon" kaa sahaara legaa. hoe kaa jawab patra, joe nixon koo 30 agast 1969 koo praapt huaa, ney yuu key saath shaanti vaarta kaa swaagat kiya.aiss. yuddh koo samaapt karane kaa koee tarika khojane key liye lekin koee riyayat naheen dee, kyonki nixon kii dhamkiyon ney usa parr koee prabhaav naheen daala.
vyaktigat jeevan.
ack rajneta honey key alawa, hoe chii minh ack lekhak, patrakaar, kavi aur bahubhashi bhee they. unake pitaa ack vidwan aur shikshak they jinhone guyen rajvansh kii shaahi pariksha mein uchch degree praapt kii thee. hoe koo cumm umr mein shaastriya cheeni mein mahaarat hassil karna sikhaaya gayaa thaa. agast kranti seey pahale, unhone aksar cheeni lekhan pranali key liye viyatnami naam (chwan) mein kavita likhi thee. unamen seey ack "jail diarry kii kavitaaen" hain, joe taba likhi gaee theen jaba unhein chean ganarajya kii pulis ney kaid curr liya thaa. yeh kavita itihas viyatnam kaa rashtriya khajaana haye. 10 aur kaee bhaashaon mein anuvaad kiya gayaa thaa. iska upayog viyatnami uchch vidyaalayon mein kiya jaataa haye. viyatnam key france seey swatantrata praapt karane key baad, naee sarkaar ney niraksharta koo samaapt karane key liye vishesh roop seey chyu kwak ngw (lattin paatron mein viyatnami lekhan pranali) koo badhaava diyaa. hoe ney pathakon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala key prasaar key liye aadhunik viyatnami bhasha mein adhik kavitaaen banaana shuru kiya. jaba seey way rashtrapati baney taba seey laker gambhir swaasthya samasyaon key prakat honey taka, unaki ack chhoti kavita niyamit roop seey samachar patra 'aine. aine. dee. aeye. tii. tii.' (chandra nava varsh) sanskaran mein prakaashit kii jaati thee taaki unake logon koo nae varsh mein kaam karane, adhyayan karane yaa amerikiyon seey ladane key liye protsaahit kiya jaa sakey.
kyonki vaha lagbhag 30 varshon taka nirvaasan mein they, isaliye vaha dharapravah boll sakate they aur saath hii french, angreji, russie, cantonese aur mandarin key saath-saath apani matribhasha viyatnami mein peshevar roop seey padh aur likh sakate they. isake alawa, unhein baatchit karane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa. 1920 key dashak mein, vaha kaee samachar patron key beuro pramukh/sampaadak they, jinhen unhone indochin kii francisi aupaniveshik sarkaar kii aalochana karane aur saamyavaadi prachaar uddeshyon kii seva karane key liye sthaapit kiya thaa. udaaharan hain "leey pariya" (dha pariya) pahali baar peris 1922 mein prakaashit huaa yaa "thaan nien" (yuva) pahali baar 21 juuna 1925 koo prakaashit huaa (21 juuna koo samajwadi ganarajya viyatnam sarkaar dwara "viyatnam krantikari patrakaarita divas" key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa). soviyat sangh aur chean kii kaee raajya aadhikarik yaatraon mein, vaha aksar binaa dubhashiyon key seedhe unake communist netaaon seey baat karate they, vishesh roop seey sheersh-gupt jaankaari key baare mein. paschimi patrakaron dwara sakshatkar key dauran, unhone french kaa istemal kiya. unake viyatnami kaa uchchaaran unake janmasthan seey madhya praant mein thaa, lekin poore desh mein vyaapak roop seey samajha jaa sakata thaa. 
rashtrapati key roop mein, unhone rashtrapati bhawan mein videshi rashtradhyakshon aur rajdooton key liye aupchaarik swaagat kiya, lekin way vahaan naheen rahate they. unhone mahal key peechhe ack stilt house key nirmaan kaa adesh diyaa, jise aaj rashtrapati mahal key aitihaasik sthal key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. unake shauk (unake sachiv vu kii key anusaar) mein padhana, bagwani karna, machhali khaana (jinamen seey kaee abhee bhee jeevit hain), aur schools aur bachchon key gharon mein jaanaa shamil thaa.
hoe chii minh apane antim varshon key dauran hanoi mein rahey, dakshin viyatnam mein sabhi gair-viyatnami sainikon kii binaa shart vaapsee kii maang karate hue. 1969 taka, baatchit abhee bhee jaari rahane key saath, unakaa swaasthya madhumeh sahit kaee swaasthya samasyaon seey bigadana shuru hoe gayaa, jisane unhein aage sakriya rajneeti mein bhaag lene seey roque diyaa. haalaanki, unhone jore dekar kahaa kii dakshin mein unaki senaayen taba taka ladatee raheen jaba taka kii sabhi viyatnam phir seey ekjut naheen hoe gaye, yeh maanate hue kii samay unake paksh mein thaa.
hoe chii minh kii shaadi lambe samay seey gopaniyata aur rahasya mein dooby hui haye. viyatnami itihas key kaee vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii unhone octuber 1926 mein zheng zueming seey shaadi kii thee, halanki way kewal ack saal seey bhee cumm samay taka unake saath reh paae they. itihaaskaar peater neville ney daavaa kiya kii hoe (usa samay jise lii thyu key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa) saamyavaadi andolanon mein zheng koo shamil karna chaahati thee, lekin unhone isamen kshamata aur ruchi kii kamee kaa pradarshan kiya. 1927 mein, cheeni communists key khilaf chiang kaaee-shake key badhate daman ney hoe koo hangkang key liye jaane key liye majboor curr diyaa, aur zheng key saath unakaa sambandh usa samay samaapt hoe gayaa. zheng zuiming key saath vivaah key alawa, kaee prakaashit adhyayan hain joe ingit karate hain kii guyen thena minah khaan key saath unakaa romantic sambandh thaa. ack yuva aur uchch utsaahi mahila krantikari key roop mein, minh khaai koo aprail 1930 mein hoe chee minh key sahayak key roop mein seva karane key liye hangkang mein saunpa gayaa thaa aur unhone apani shaaririk aakarshan key kaaran jaldi seey hoe kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya. hoe ney sudur purvi beuro seey bhee sampark kiya aur minkhai seey shaadi karane kii anumati kaa anurodh kiya, bhale hii zheng key saath pichhali shaadi kanuni roop seey maanya rahee. haalaanki, aprail 1931 mein british adhikaariyon dwara minh khaai koo hirasat mein liye jaane key baad seey shaadi naheen hoe sakee thee.
mrityu.
viyatnam yuddh key parinam key saath abhee bhee prashn mein, hoe chii minh 2 sitambar 1969 kii subah 9:47 baje hanoi mein apane ghar parr dill kii viphalata seey marr gaye; vaha 79 varsh key they. unaki vaseeyat key bavjood kii unakaa antim sanskar kiya jaanaa chaahata thaa, unakaa shav vartamaan mein hanoi mein baa dinn chauk mein ack makbare mein pradarshit kiya gayaa haye.
uttar viyatnami sarkaar ney mool roop seey 3 sitambar koo hoe kii mrityu kii ghoshana kii. unaki mrityu key liye 4 seey 11 sitambar 1969 taka uttar viyatnam mein rashtravyapi shoke kaa ack saptah ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. unake antim sanskar mein lagbhag 250,000 loga aur 5,000 aadhikarik mehmann shamil hue they, jisamen kaee antarrashtriya shoke manaane vaale shamil they.
40 deshon aur kshetron key pratinidhiyon koo bhee prastut kiya gayaa. shoke kii avadhi key dauran, uttar viyatnam koo duniya bhar key 20 sangathanon aur 110 deshon jaise france, ethiopia, yugoslavia, cuba, zambia, chean, ussr aur kaee anya, jyaadaatar samajwadi deshon seey 22,000 seey adhik shoke patra praapt hue.
shuru mein unhein rashtrapati key roop mein naheen badala gayaa thaa; isake bajaay, kaee mantriyon aur sainya netaaon seey baney ack "saamoohik netritva" ney padbhar sambhala, jise polit beuro key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. 1975 mein uttar viyatnam key antim abhiyaan key dauran, sangeetkaar dwara likhaa gayaa ack prasiddh geet aksar paavan sainikon dwara gaaya jaataa thaah "(" aap abhee bhee hamaare saath march curr rahey hain, chaacha hoe "). 
30 aprail 1975 koo saigan key patan key dauran, kaee pawan tankon ney ack poster pradarshit kiya jiss parr vahee shabd they. yuddh samaapt honey key agale dinn, 1 maee koo, anubhavi australiyai patrakaar dennis warner ney bataaya kii "jaba uttar viyatnami cull saigan mein gaye, tou unakaa netritva ack vyakti ney kiya joe vahaan naheen thaa.
viraasat.
viyatnam kaa samajwadi ganarajya abhee bhee prakaash laane vaale ("chee minh") chaacha hoe ("baak hoe") kii viraasat kii prashansa kartaa haye. haalaanki hoe chii minn ney unake shareer kaa daah sanskar karane aur unaki raakh koo uttar, madhya aur dakshin viyatnam mein failaane kii ichcha vyakt kii, isake bajaay shareer koo ack makbare mein dekhaa jaataa haye. unaki chhavi kaee saarvajanik bhavanon aur school key kamaron mein aur anya shraddha key pradarshanon mein dikhaai detee haye. cumm seey cumm ack mandir unhein samarpit haye, joe 1970 mein unaki mrityu key turant baad nirmit kiya gayaa thaa.
viyatnam mein satta key liye saamyavaadi maarg" (1982) mein, duikar kaa sujhaav haye kii hoe chii minh kaa vyaktitva kaa panth ack badee viraasat kaa sanket haye, joe "viyatnami samaaj mein niyantran aur adhikaar key abhyaas key liye paaramparik tatvon" parr aakarshit kartaa haye."duikar chean key saath ack" "apratirodhya aur prerak" "tulanaa key liye aakarshit haye. chean kii tarah, party key pramukh karyakarta "graameen vidwan-dayalu parivaaron key buddhijivi honey kii sabse adhik sambhavana thee" (annam aur tonkin key sanrakshak). isake vipareet, samvaidhaanik raashtravaad key agradoot adhik pashchimeekrit tateey dakshin (saigan aur aspas key francisi pratyaksh-shasson kochinchina) seey they aur "paaramparik confucian prishthabhoomi key binaa vaanijyik parivaaron" seey they.
viyatnam mein, chean kii tarah, saamyvaad ney khud koo confucius kii ack jarh aur shakha asweekriti key roop mein prastut kiya, jisaki apane anushthaanvaad, antarnihit roodhivaad aur parivartan key pratirodh key liye ninda kii gaee. ack baar satta mein aaney key baad, viyatnami communists ney confucianism seey "apane cheeni samkakshon kii tarah kadve tareeke seey" naheen ladaa hoga, lekin isaki samajik pratishtha "anivarya roop seey nasht hoe gaee thee."raajneetik kshetra mein, swarg key kathputali putra (jiska kamjor pratinidhitva baao taaee dwara kiya gayaa thaa) koo logon key ganarajya dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. roodhivaadi bhautikvaad ney swarg, devtaon yaa anya alaukik shaktiyon koo koee sthaan naheen diyaa. samajwadi saamoohikta ney confucian parivaar key netaa ("jiyaa trong") kii parampara koo kamjor curr diyaa. samajik samaantaa kii samajwadi avadharana ney varg key confucian vichaaron koo nasht curr diyaa.
duikar kaa tark haye kii kaee logon koo naee vichardhara "anukool" thheek isaliye lagani chaahiye kyonki purani guru kii shikshaon key saath isaki samaantaaen hainh "ack satya mein vishvaas, joe ardh-pavitra granthon mein sannihit haye"; "ack abhishikt abhijaat varg mein, joe ack sarv-aatmasaat siddhant mein prashikshit haye aur vyaapak janata kaa netritva karane aur unhein uchit vichaar aur vyavhaar mein prerit karane key liye jimmedaar haye"; "samudaay key prati vyakti key adheenata" mein; aur maanav prakriti kii sudharatmak kaarravaai key madhyam seey, poornata mein. yeh sub, yugal sujhaav detaa haye, kissy naa kissy tarah seey nae guru, chee minh, "prakaash laane vaale", "chaacha hoe" kii aabha mein maujood thaa, jinake liye "confucian naitikta key sabhi vaanchhaniya guna" bataae jaate hain. hoe chii minn key tahat, viyatnami markswad kaa vikas huaa, vaastav mein, ack prakaar key "sudhaar confucianism" key roop mein, "aadhunik yug kii chunautiyon" kaa saamana karane key liye sanshodhit kiya gayaa aur, cumm seey cumm inmein seey, "rashtriya swatantrata aur raajya shakti key liye sangharsh mein kull gatishilata"."
confucian parampara key saath iss "anukulata" parr 1960 aur 70 key dashak key ack pramukh hanoi buddhijivi guyen khaik vn dwara tippani kii gaee thee. confucianism aind markswad inn viyatnam" mein, guyen khaak vn ney confucian aur party anushasana key beach, paaramparik vidwan kuleen varg aur hoe chii minh key party cadder key beach nishchit samaantaaen dekhi.
hoe chii minh (aur sarkaar dwara bechaini key saath bardasht kiya gayaa) key panth kaa ack poori tarah seey alag roop viyatnami lock dharm mein jaid samrat key saath unaki pehchaan haye, joe maanaa jaataa haye kii prithvi parr phir seey hoe chii minh key roop mein avtaar liya. aaj, jaid samrat key roop mein hoe chii minh koo aadhyatmik madhyamon key madhyam seey aatmik duniya seey bolna chaahiye. iss tarah kaa pahala madhyam 1990 key dashak mein ack maidam laing thaa, lekin panth ney ack anya madhyam, maidam zone key madhyam seey anuyaayiyon kii ack mahatvapurna sankhya praapt kii. unhone 1 janwari 2001 koo hoe-jong-saao-doo zile mein hoe-jong-saao-doo minn (jaid buddh key roop mein hoe-minn kaa tarika) kii sthaapana kii, jise doo-baa-hoe (chaacha kaa tarika) key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. isake baad unhone swargiya madhyamon key shaanti samaaj kii sthaapana kii. kathit taur parr, 2014 taka andolan key lagbhag 24,000 anuyaayi they.
hoe chii minh koo amar karane key viyatnami sarkaar key prayason koo bhee mahatvapurna vivaadon aur virodh kaa saamana karna padaa. shasson kissy bhee aisee cheej key prati samvedansheel haye joe aadhikarik hagiography parr sawal uthaa sakati haye. isamen hoe chii minh key vyaktigat jeevan key sandarbh shamil hain joe samarpit "kranti key pitaa" kii chhavi seey alag hoe sakate hain, "brahmachaari kewal kranti key kaaran seey vivaahit". villium duikar kii "hoe chee minhah aeye life" (2000) hoe chee minh key sambandhon key mamle mein spasht thee. sarkaar ney viyatnami anuvaad mein katauti kii maang kii aur "sudur purvi aarthik sameeksha" key ack mudde key vitaran parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa, jisamen vivaad key baare mein ack chhoti see baat thee.
viyatnam parr likhane vaale kaee lekhakon ney iss sawal parr tark diyaa kii kyaa hoe chii minh maulik roop seey rashtravadi they yaa communist.
hoe chii minn key chitran.
1911 seey 1941 taka nirvaasan mein unaki vyaapak vishva yatra key gantavyon mein france, united kingdam, roose, chean aur thyland sahit pratimaon, aur smaarak pattikaon aur pradarshaniyon koo pradarshit kiya jaataa haye.
kaee kaaryakartaon aur sangeetkaron ney sanyukt raajya america key khilaf pradarshan karane key liye viyatnam yuddh key dauran vibhinn bhaashaon mein hoe chii minh aur unaki kranti key baare mein geet likhe. spanish geeton kii rachana felix pitaa rodrigues, carlos puebla aur allie primera ney kii thee. isake alawa, chilly key lock gaayak victor jaaraa ney apane yuddh-virodhi geet "ell dereco dee vivier aine paaz" ("shaanti seey rahane kaa adhikaar") mein hoe chii minn kaa ullekh kiya. pete seiger ney likhaa "shikshak chaacha hoe". ewan macole ney 1954 mein "hoe chee minh kaa gaathaagit" kaa nirmaan kiya, jisamen "ack vyakti joe indo-cheeni logon kaa pitaa haye, aur uska naam [yeh] hoe chee minh haye."unake baare mein russie geet vladmir ferey dwara likhe gaye they, aur unake baare mein german geet curt demler dwara likhe gaye they.
duniya bhar mein, vishesh roop seey samajwadi raajyon aur poorv saamyavaadi raajyon mein, vibhinn sthaanon, bulleward aur chaurahon kaa naam unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. roose mein, masco mein ack hoe chee minh varg aur smaarak haye, sent pietersberg mein ack hoe chee minh bulleward haye, aur ulyanovsk mein ack hoe chee minh varg haye (vladmir lenin kaa janmasthan, winn key ack bahan shahar, hoe chee minh kaa janmasthan). viyatnam yuddh key dauran, tatkalin paschim bangal sarkaar ney see. pee. aaee. (aim) key haathon mein, harrington street kaa naam badalkar hoe chee minn sarani curr diyaa, joe kolkata mein sanyukt raajya america key mahavyavasthapak kaa sthaan bhee haye. viyatnami videsh mantralaya key anusaar, asia, europe, america aur africa key 20 deshon ney hoe chii minh kii yaad mein smaarak yaa moortiyaan khadee kii hain.
antarrashtriya prabhaav.
hoe chii minh koo duniya key sabse prabhaavshaali netaaon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. "time" patrika ney unhein 1998 mein ("time" 100) kii soochi mein soochibaddh kiya. unake vichaar aur kranti ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad hue upaniveshvaad andolan key dauran asia, africa aur lattin america mein vaishvik star parr kaee netaaon aur logon koo prerit kiya. ack saamyavaadi key roop mein, vaha una kuchh antarrashtriya hastiyon mein seey ack they jinhen paschim mein apekshaakrit achchi tarah seey maanaa jaataa thaa, aur unhein anya saamyavaadi guton kii tarah antarrashtriya aalochana kaa saamana naheen karna padaa, aur unake karyon key liye prashansa bhee praapt karane vaale they.
1987 mein, unesco ney aadhikarik taur parr sifarish kii kii usake sadasya raajya "rashtrapati hoe chii minh key janm kii shatabdi key uplakshya mein unaki smriti mein shraddhanjali key roop mein vibhinn karyakramon kaa ayojan karke shamil houn", "sanskriti, shiksha aur kalaa key kshetron mein rashtrapati hoe chii minh key mahatvapurna aur bahu-pakshiya yogdan parr vichaar karate hue" jinhone "shaanti, rashtriya swatantrata, loktantra aur samajik pragati key liye logon key samanya sangharsh mein yogdan dete hue, viyatnami logon kii rashtriya mukti key liye apana puuraa jeevan samarpit curr diyaa.
hoe chii minh kii kritiyon mein seey ack, "dha black races", jiska adhikansh bhaag mool roop seey francisi mein likhaa gayaa haye, 20 likhit lekhon mein upaniveshvaad aur samrajyavad key logon key utpeedan parr unake vichaaron koo ujagar kartaa haye. kranti" jaisi anya pustaken, jinhone angreji mein hoe chii minn key chuninda karyon aur lekhon koo prakaashit kiya, ney bhee hoe chii minn kii vyakhya aur samaajvaad aur saamyvaad mein vishvaason parr prakaash daala, aur joe unhein poonjeevaad, upaniveshvaad aur samrajyavad seey utpann honey vaali buraaiyon key khilaf ladane mein lagaa.

