
committets

pracheen kaal mein committetus ack sashastr anurakshak yaa retinue key liye lattin shabd thaa. iss shabd kaa upayog vishesh roop seey german yoddha sanskriti key sandarbh mein ack netaa key saath nishtha kii shapath dwara bandhe yuddhaband key liye kiya jaataa haye aur ack swami aur usake anucharon, yaa thaan (oee thegan) key beach sambandhon kaa varnan kartaa haye. iss avadharana koo aam taur parr vidvaanon dwara aitihaasik sateekta key bajaay ack saahityik trop maanaa jaataa haye.
vidwan broose michel aur fred see. robbinson "committetus" kaa adhik poori tarah seey varnan karate hainh iss [committetus] parampara mein laaya gayaa ack veer yoddha apane jeevan key liye ack laparwah upeksha dikhaayega. chaahe vaha barbad hoe gayaa yaa naheen, saahas sabse achchha thaa, kyonki bahadur aadami "loaf" [purushon key beach gaurav] jeet sakata thaa, jabaki kaayar apane samay seey pahale marr sakata thaa. yeh vaha aatma haye jisane "committetus" key code koo prerit kiya. jaba taka uska swami jeevit thaa, yoddha ney usey mrityu taka wafadar rakhaa. yadi usake swami koo maar diyaa jaataa, tou yoddha koo uska badala lena padata yaa prayaas mein marna padata. prabhu kaa kartavya thaa kii vaha apane yoddhaon key prati udaar hoe. unhein purushon koo aakarshit karane key liye mahaan yoddha, ack mahaan charitra kaa vyakti aur unhein rakhane key liye daavaton aur khajaane kaa udaar daataa honah thaa.committets aadarsh puraane angreji veertapurna saahitya mein dekhaa jaataa haye, jaise kii "malden kii ladaai, bewulf, brunanburh kii ladaai, finsburh kii ladaai" aur "sinewolf aur synehard kii kahani."" "committets" "kii jaanch ack isai sandarbh key madhyam seey bhee kii jaati haye jaise kii" "chhat kaa sapana", "jahan masih koo ack yoddha-raajaa key roop mein darshaaya gayaa haye joe shaitan key saath yuddh curr rhaa haye aur aadhyatmik jeet key liye shaaririk haar sweekaar kartaa haye. kavita mein chhat, yaa cross, ack anuchar key roop mein kaary kartaa haye "joe apani bahut wafadari seey apane priya swami key nishpaadan kaa saadhan banane key liye majboor hotaa haye."
aadhunik samay mein, yeh ack county (see. aff aataa haye) key liye (nava-) lattin shabd haye.(dekhein.)
posses committetus ("county kii shakti/bull"; "committets" chautha hraas haye isaliye aanuvanshik samaapti "üs" haye), aamtaur parr posses key liye sankshipt haye, logon kaa ack samooh haye joe kaanoon koo lagu karane key liye ack sheriff yaa anya adhikaari kii madad kartaa haye.
utpatti.
committetus" shabd kaa shreya roman itihaaskaar tacitus koo diyaa jaataa haye. unake granth "germania" (98.ad) mein, "committetus" ack german yoddha aur usake swami key beach maujood bandhan haye, yeh sunishchit karate hue kii poorv kabhi bhee yuddh key maidan koo baad vaale seey pahale naa chhoden. anuvaad iss prakaar haih
tacitus ney anuyaayi key tyag aur apane sanrakshak parr unaki nirbharta parr jore diyaa, jinaki pratishtha safaltapurvak yuddh karane kii unaki kshamata parr ticky hui thee, aur iss prakaar unake anuyaayiyon key liye ack sainya prashikshan pradaan kartaa thaa. wafadari kaa puuraa honah bhautik puraskar seey huaa.
tacitus kaa kahana haye kii yuddh key maidan mein apane anuyaayiyon key saahas seey german pramukhon yaa prabhuon koo peechhe naheen hatna thaa. pramukh key liye, saahas mein ack taana dwara paar kiya jaanaa ack upman maanaa jaataa thaa. pramukhon koo jeet key liye ladanaa thaa, aur thaanon koo apane pramukh key liye ladanaa thaa. halanki ack pramukh kaa upman kiya jaataa thaa yadi vaha ack thaane dwara saahas mein aage nickle jaataa thaa, lekin unake anuyaayiyon koo apamaanit kiya jaataa thaa yadi unakaa saahas unake pramukh key saahas seey mell naheen khaata thaa. anucharon seey apeksha kii jaati thee kii way apane swami kaa paalan karein, unaki raksha karein aur unaki raksha karein aur apane swami koo apane veerata key karyon key liye shreya praapt karane dein. pramukh kii mahima key parinamswarup unake anucharon kii mahima hui. yadi ack pramukh yuddh mein marr jaataa haye, tou usake anucharon seey usase badala lene aur yuddh chhodane kii ummeed naheen kii jaati thee. swami key marane key baad ack ladaai koo jeevit chhodane kaa matlab thaa kii rakhwale key liye aajivan sherm kii baat thee.
ack yuddhabandi koo ack saath rakhane key liye, usey lagaatar yuddh aur hinsa kaa anubhav karna chaahiye. tacitus kaa kahana haye kii german yoddhaon ney deerghakaalik shaanti koo bardasht naheen kiya. ack jeet key baad, ack swami yaa pramukh seey apane anucharon koo upahaar dene kii ummeed kii jaati thee, jaise kii ack pratishthit yuddh-ghodaa yaa ack parajit dushman key khoon seey sanaa bhaala. unake [rakhwale] bhojan, jisake liye yadi gharelu kiraya pradaan kiya jaataa haye, tou vetan key badale mein ginaa jaataa haye. iss khulepan kaa saadhan yuddh aur loot seey aataa haye."
pahali shatabdi key uttaraardh mein german yoddhaon key kavach aur hathiyaron key baare mein, tacitus bataate hain kii kuchh loga lambe bhaale yaa talvaaren leey jaate they. adhik samanya roop seey, german yoddhaon key paas "frame" yaa chhote, sankeern blade key saath tej bhaale hotey they jinka upayog nikat quarter yaa lambi doori kii ladaai mein kiya jaa sakata thaa. ghode parr ladane vaale yoddha dhaal aur bhaala leey jaate they, aur paidal sanic aksar bhaala kaa upayog karate they. tacitus key anusaar, yoddha aksar nagna yaa "chhote kapadon mein halke kapade pahane ladate they."kuchh yoddha stun patt yaa helmate pahanate they; haalaanki, pahane jaane vaale helmate jaanvaron kii khaal yaa dhaatu seey baney hotey they. ack dhaal yoddha kii pasand key rung dhaaran curr sakati haye. yuddh key maidan mein apani dhaal fenkana, yaa yuddh seey bhagna, ack upman maanaa jaataa thaa joe ack yoddha koo sabhaon aur dhaarmik anushthaanon aur balidaanon mein bhaag lene seey pratibandhit curr sakata thaa.
tacitus german yoddhaon kii yuddh ranneeti kaa varnan kartaa haye, yeh daavaa karate hue kii german yoddhaon kii taakat unaki ghudsavaar senaa key bajaay unaki paidal senaa mein thee, germans key ghode atyadhik sunder yaa tej naheen they aur paidal sainikon kii gati ghudsavaar senaa key saath bunny hui thee. sabse achche yoddhaon koo ghudsavaar senaa key saath mukhya yuddh-rekha mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. tacitus aage german yoddhaon kii yuddh prathaon kii vyakhya kartaa haye, "yuddh-rekha ways-aakar kii sanrachanaon seey bunny hoti haye. jameen dene key liye, basharte kii aap hamale parr lautein, kayarta key bajaay achchi ranneeti maani jaati haye. way [german yoddha] maare gaye logon key shavon koo taba bhee vaapas laate hain jaba ack yuddh santulan mein latakata haye."
committetus" koo ack indo-europeeya avadharana key roop mein bhee dekhaa gayaa haye joe roman samay seey pahale kii haye, jiska abhyaas paschimi europe seey chean taka, vishesh roop seey eurasian step janjaatiyon key beach kiya jaataa haye.
paalan-poshan aur rishtedaar.
praarambhik madhyayugeen ingland mein, ack swami mitra raajyon key bachchon aur rishtedaron koo paal sakata haye, jisamen ack key beton koo dusare rishtedaar yaa swami key darbar mein bhejana shamil hotaa haye. betaa (putra) taba apani umr key samaan anya ladakon key saath badaa hotaa aur usey yuddh kii kalaa sikhai jaati. way saat yaa aathh saal kii umr seey chaudah yaa pandrah saal kii umr taka adalat mein rahate they. chaudah yaa pandrah varsh kii ayu mein, unhein aise hathiyar diye jaayenge joe unaki sthiti key liye upayukt they aur "committetus" mein sainya roop seey seva karenge. pradhanon key beach wafadari paida karane mein badhaava dene seey madad millie, aksar isaliye kii ack swami anya darbaaron mein apane beton koo badhaava dey rhaa thaa yaa isaliye kii joe ladke usane paalaa thaa way badey hoe gaye they aur khud prabhu bunn gaye they. ack swami key parivaar mein aksar ack swami key yuddh key badey hisse bhee shamil hotey they.
apane swami key saath ack pratipaalak key sambandh koo bhee apane rishtedaron key saath usake sambandhon seey oopar rakhaa jaanaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, "siniwulf aur sinehard" kii kahani mein, yoddha varg key sadasyon key liye sambandh seey sambandh kii tulanaa mein "committetus" koo adhik mahatvapurna dikhaaya gayaa thaa, yoddhaon ney apane prabhuon key prati wafadar rahane kaa vikalp chunaa, bhale hii iss nirnay kaa matlab apane kuchh rishtedaron koo maarnaa hoe joe dushman key paksh mein they.
samanti vikas.
"committetus", ack german swami aur usake adheensthon (usake "gayfolz" yaa anuyaayiyon key mezban) key beach samjhauta honey key naate, graahak kaa ack vishesh mamla haye, aur saamantvaad key abhyaas seey sambandhit haye. aanshik roop seey sanrakshan ("patrocenium") key roman abhyaas seey prabhaavit, jaisa kii gayas marius dwara shuru kiye gaye marian sudhaaron mein udaaharan key roop mein, ack samanya vitaran key liye bhoomi apane adhikaariyon koo unaki sevaanivritti key baad, saath hii saath baad mein busellerius yaa niji anuyaayi dwara-german "committetus" antatah ack samajik varishth aur nimn star key beach ack thoke adaan-pradaan mein vikasit huaa. samanti samajik heane yaa jagirdar varishth (swami) koo sainya seva aur suraksha kii pratigya karega. badale mein, varishth nimn star key logon koo bhoomi, kshatipurti yaa visheshadhikaron seey puraskrit karega.
namkaran.
committetus" key liye german shabd koo "* druhtiz" key roop mein punarnirmit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen puraane angreji roop "dryht" aur "druht" aur scandinavian "drott" hain. swami/purush bandhan kii vibhinn visheshtaon koo ujagar karane vaale samkakshon mein praarambhik spasht "antistrustio", shaahi angarakshak kaa vishvaas-tatva shamil haye; dennish "wederlag" yaa samaaj, aur norse "heard" yaa gharelu anuyaayi.
mahilaaon.
bahirgaman pustak mein patni kaa vilaap apane premi parr patni key daave aur swami aur usake anuyaayiyon key bhaichare key daavon key beach sangharsh key baare mein jagrukta koo tej karane key liye committetus kii bhasha kaa upayog kartaa haih patni key vilaap key shabdon mein, "usa aadami key rishtedaar gupt roop seey sochane lagey kii way hamein alag curr denge."yeh" "fruenlide" "kii madhyayugeen shally kii kitni vishisht haye-ack mahila key romantic vishay key saath joe usake pati dwara chhoda gayaa haye kyonki usey apane jhooth bolane vaale swami key saath rahane kii aavashyakta haye-haalaanki bahas yogya haye. anglo-saxon ingland mein bhee, yadi bahirgaman pustak mein mahilaaon kii visheshta vaale kuchh tukade hain yaa mahila key drishtikon seey likhe gaye hain, tou isake vipareet mahilaaon key liye samaantaa aur ekataa koo majboot karane mein beowolf kii bhoomikaaen hainh iss prakaar 'shaanti-bunkar' (ack mahila koo ack jhagade koo hull karane key liye shaadi mein diyaa gayaa) raani veelthiyo maanak daavaa karati haye kii "yahaan pratyek comrade dusare key prati sachcha haye/prabhu key prati wafadar haye, aatma mein pyaar kartaa haye./thaanon kaa ack uddeshya hotaa haye, loga taiyar hainh/nashe mein aur pratigya karane key baad, rank merey bolly key anusaar karate hain..
tacitus ney paaya kii mahilaaon ney pahali shatabdi key uttaraardh mein german yoddhaon koo unaki ladaai ladane mein madad kii. tacitus key anusaar, yuddhaband aksar ack parivaar yaa kabile key purushon seey baney hotey they aur yuddh key dauran unaki mahilaaon aur bachchon koo unake paas rakhaa jaataa thaa. yoddhaon kii maataon aur patniyon ney ghaavon kaa ilaaj kiya aur apane purushon kii yuddh kii choton kii tulanaa anya yoddhaon seey kii. mahilaaon ney yuddh mein yoddhaon koo protsaahan aur bhojan bhee diyaa. yadi german ladaake ack ladaai haar rahey they, tou tacitus kaa daavaa haye kii mahilaaon ney "apane nange seene koo aage badhaakar, aur unhein [german yoddhaon] gulami kii aasann sambhavana kaa ehsas karaate hue iss kaaran mein sahaayata kii-ack aisaa bhaagya jiska germans koo apani mahilaaon key liye adhik darr thaa."germans dwara mahilaaon koo bhee maanaa jaataa thaa kii way" pavitrata kaa ack tatva aur bhavishyavani kaa ack upahaar "apane bheetar rakhti hain; aur isaliye way [german yoddha] apani [mahilaaon kii] salah maangane key liye tiraskar naheen karate hain, yaa unake jawabon koo halke mein nazarandaj naheen karate hain."
committetus" kii aitihaasik sateekta key liye chunauti.
paanchvin shatabdi key dauran britten aaney aur isai dharm mein parivartit honey seey pahale, german janjaatiyon, anglo-saxon key poorvajon key reeti-rivaajon key baare mein vidvaanon kaa kyaa maanana haye, tacitus bahut kuchh pradaan kartaa haye. haalaanki, tacitus key "germania" koo aalochanatmak roop seey dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye kyonki germans key baare mein unake vivaran kaa upayog aanshik roop seey aalochana karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa jise unhone 100 aeye key aspas roman samrajya key bhrashtachar aur naramta key roop mein dekhaa thaa.dee.
isake alawa, tacitus kii adhikansh jaankaari pratyaksh gyaan naheen haye, balki vaha jaankaari haye joe usane dusaron seey ekatra kii thee. committetus" kaa samarthan karane vaale adhikansh sakshya tacitus key lekhan key sadiyon baad paae jaate hain aur maukhik veertapurna kavita key madhyam seey prastut kiye jaate hain. natijatan, "committetus" koo aam taur parr vidvaanon dwara ack aitihaasik vaastaviktaa key bajaay ack saahityik aadarsh key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. committets" kaa samarthan karane vaale sroton key sambandh mein, stephen morillo kaa daavaa haye, "praarambhik madhyayugeen itihas mein kuchh vishay" committets "yaa warband key roop mein aspasht hain, shayed post-roman shaasak vargon key beach sangathan kii buniyaadi samajik aur sainya ikai. kyonki yuddhabandi key sadasya lagbhag sabhi anpadh they, unaki duniya koo yaa tou veer maukhik kavita key madhyam seey (aksar usa avadhi key lambe samay baad taka darj naheen kiya jaataa haye jisamen maukhik parampara panpi thee) yaa yuddhabandi moolyon key liye cumm sahaanubhooti vaale shatrutapurna lipic itihaskaron key madhyam seey hamaare paas aanaa chaahiye."stephen aiss. ewan, joe paanchvin aur aathvin shatabdi key beach kii avadhi key dauran ingland mein "committetus" kii jaanch karate hain, sweekaar karate hain, "iss avadhi key liye sroton kii kamee key saath-saath vibhinn raajyon key vikas kii alag-alag daron koo dekhate hue, yeh nirdhaarit karna asambhav haye kii" committetus "kii chhavi kissy bhee samay yaa sthaan parr aitihaasik record mein kiss hudd taka prakat hui."halanki tacitus kaa kaam pahali shatabdi key anta mein germania kaa varnan kartaa haye, iss baat kii bhee koee guaranti naheen haye kii jaba way paanchvin shatabdi mein ingland pahunche tou german samaaj samaan they.

