
opistobranchia

opistobranch () abb vishesh jatil gastropods key ack badey aur vividh samooh key liye ack anaupchaarik naam haye joe upa-varg opistobranchia mein ekjut huaa karate they. usa vargeekaran koo abb ack monophylatic samooh kaa pratinidhitva naheen maanaa jaataa haye.
euopistobranchia ack vargeekaran haye jisamen opistobranchon kaa ack sanshodhit sangrah haye, aur usa vargeekaran koo monophylatic maanaa jaataa haye. euopistobranchia mein kuchh "paaramparik" opistobranch jaise kii sacoglosa aur accoclediacia shamil naheen hain. upavarg heterobrancia mein abb way sabhi prajaatiyan shamil hain joe opistobrancia koo saunpi jaati theen, saath hii palmonata mein sabhi prajaatiyan.
upavarg opistobranchia mein cephalaspidia (bulbule key gole aur headshield slug), sacoglosance, anaspedian samudri khargosh, pelogic samudri swargadoot, samudri titaliyaan aur nudibrancia key kaee parivaaron kii prajaatiyan shamil theen.
"opistobranch" kaa arth haye "dill key peechhe (aur daaeen or) gill. isake vipareet, "prosobranch" kaa arth haye "(hriday key) saamane kii gills. opistobranch kii visheshta dou jodee tambu aur dill key peechhe aur daaeen or ack ekal gill haye. bhaari khanijakrit khol kii kamee key kaaran, samooh kaa bahut cumm jeevaashm record rhaa haye. haalaanki, aanvik ghadee adhyayanon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii opistobranchia carboniferous key roop mein jaldi ubhara thaa.
vargeekaran.
1931 mein johannes thile dwara taiyar kii gaee vargeekaran pranali key tahat, varg gastropoda koo teen upvargon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa; prosobrancia, palmonata aur opistobrancia. baad key donon koo baad mein ack hii crum mein jodaa gayaa.
gastropods kaa vartamaan vargeekaran nimnalikhit upvargon key saath adhik sookshm haih
ack gair-monophylatic vargeekaran key roop mein.
yeh 1985 taka anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii roopaatmak sakshya key aadhar parr opistobranchia paraphylatic thaa, aur isane palmonata koo janm diyaa thaa, joe upa-varg shreni kaa ack samooh bhee thaa.
kyonki palmonata ack opistobranch taxon key liye ack bhaai-bahan samooh haye, kuchh lekhakon ney tark diyaa kii opistobranchia isaliye ack monophylatic samooh naheen haye aur abb ise ack vaidh taxon key roop mein sweekaar naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. opistobranch abb upavarg heterobranchia key bheetar shamil hain, halanki kaee niyamavali aur website abhee bhee puraane vargeekaran kaa upayog karate hain.
navambar 2004 mein prakaashit ack jatijanan adhyayan ney opistobranchia key saat mukhya vanshon kii naee paribhasha dee.
haalaanki, 2005 mein, aar. aar. aine. aeye. jeane anukramon kaa ack adhyayan opistobrancia key monophili banaam paraphili koo hull naheen curr sakaa. 
2005 mein baad key vargeekaran vargeekaran ney opistobranchia koo ack vaidh vansh key roop mein ulat diyaa, ise heterobrancia key bheetar ack anaupchaarik samooh key roop mein punah vargeekrit kiya. tadnusar, lekh abb opistobranchia shabd kaa upayog naheen karate hain, ack alag avadharana parr jore dene key liye ise heterobranchia seey badal dete hain. 
2011 taka, "opistobranchia" koo kritrim aur aprachalit ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur naee jatijanya parikalpanaon dwara pratisthaapit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. avadharana koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. abb isamen "loer heterobranchia", actionymorpha, ringipleura, umbraculida, cephalaspidia, runsinida, applicida, teropoda aur sacoglosa shamil hain. 
linian vargeekaran.
opistobranchia-samudri slug order karein
varnan.
khol kii kamee yaa haani, sir, pair yaa aavaran kaa vistaar, aur rasayanik raksha kaa adhigrahan adhikansh opistobranch taxes dwara saajha kiye gaye vikaasvaadi rujhaan hain.
samooh mein khol kaa nuksan samanantar vikas kaa ack udaaharan haye aur kaee swatantra avsaron parr huaa haye.
opistobranch kaa vikshepan huaa haye, joe unake poorvajon key ardh kranti key marod kaa ack vikaasvaadi ulat haye. iss vikshepan key parinamswarup, aanton kaa ganglia abb overlap naheen hotaa haye aur ise euthaneurus key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye (streptoneurus key vipareet, gastropods key beach adhik samanya sthiti, jisamen yeye ganglia janwar key shareer key bheetar ack alag modd banaate hain).
sir aur aavaran key beach koee ullekhaniya antar naheen haye. munh key paas sthit tambu kaa upayog abhivinyas key liye kiya jaataa haye. unake peechhe gande, ghraan anga hotey hain jinake aksar jatil roop hotey hain. pair kaa madhya bhaag ekmatra haye, jiska upayog gati key liye kiya jaataa haye. pair key kinare parapodia, mansal pankhon jaise vikas mein vikasit hue hain. kaee upa-shreniyon mein, jaise kii thicosomata aur gymnosomata, inn parapodia kaa upayog tairaki gati mein aage badhane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
unaki aankhen ack lens aur cornia key saath sadharan pitt-cup aankhen hain joe prakaash aur chhaaya key maarg kaa pataa lagaane mein saksham hain lekin ack susangat chhavi paida karane mein saksham naheen hain.
paaristhitiki.
opistobranchia gastropods key ack aakriti vigyaan vividh samooh kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye joe paaristhitik sthaanon kii ack badee vividhata parr kabja curr letaa haye. opistobranch kaa vaishvik vitaran haye, lekin kewal kuchh taaje paani key accocledian key apavaad key saath lagbhag vishesh roop seey samudri aavason taka seemit hain.
raksha.
mukhya roop seey naram shareer vaale samudri jeev jinake khol cumm yaa anupasthit hotey hain aur koee operculum naheen hotaa haye, opistobranch suraksha key liye anya tarikon kaa upayog karate hain. samooh key paas atyadhik vishisht sahayak raksha kii vividh vividhata haye. utkrisht chhalaavaran aur aakramak vishaaktata key sanyojan key kaaran unake paas kuchh shikari hotey hain. halanki, kuchh loga chetavani rung kaa upayog karate hain. opistobranch seey pahale key jaanvaron mein anya opistobranch aur samudri makadiyon jaise vish pratirodhi shikari shamil hain.
opistobranch majboot acid jaise uttejak padaarth sraavit karate hain yaa apane bhojan seey vishaakt padaarth jamaa karate hain. aolidiodia apane narbhakshi shikaar seey dunk maarne vaali koshikaon koo samudri daku banaata haye aur unhein apani raksha key liye upayog kartaa haye.
aahar.
opistobranch shakahari, hanikarak yaa mansahari hoe sakate hain. mansahari dheere honey key kaaran gatiheen shikaar kaa shikaar karate hain. way rakshaatmak uddeshyon key liye spunge vish koo avashoshit karate hue bryozoan, nidaria yaa spunge khaa sakate hain. opistobranch apane moonga shikaar key zooksainthela koo banaae rakh sakate hain aur apane chayapachaya utpaadon kaa upayog apane liye curr sakate hain. upa-crum key sacoglosa key kuchh shakahari slug shaiwal key chloroplast key saath bhee aisaa hii karate hain joe way khaate hain.
sanchaar.
adhikansh jeevan roopon kii tarah, way apane jeevan chakr key adhikansh samay key liye rasayanik sanketon kaa upayog karate hain. planctonic larva taba taka tairate hain jaba taka kii ack ferromon unhein ack upayukt basane kii jagah parr sachet naheen kartaa haye, kabhi-kabhi taba taka kayapalat mein deree kartaa haye jaba taka kii anukool rasayanon, jaise kii shikaar ferromon kaa pataa naheen chala jaataa haye. kuchh sambhog opistobranch vishishtataon koo aakarshit karane key liye rasayan chhodate hain.
prajanan.
opistobranch hermaphrodite hotey hain aur inki jatil prajanan ranneetiyaan hoti hain, jinamen aam taur parr parasparik shukranu hastaantaran aur bhandaran shamil hotaa haye jaba taka kii andey nishechan key liye taiyar naheen hoe jaate. andey aamtaur parr alag-alag sanrachana key ribbon mein diye jaate hain. andey key ribbon aamtaur parr pratyek prajaati key liye advitiya hotey hain aur kuchh mamalon mein unhein alag karane kaa ekmatra saadhan hotey hain.
sandarbh.
iss lekh mein sandarbh seey cc-by-2.0 paath shamil haye

