zadid

19veen shatabdi key anta aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein russie samrajya key bheetar jaadi musalman adhuniktawadi sudhaarak they. way aam taur parr turkey shabdon "tarakiparvarlar" ('pragatisheel'), "zialilar" ('buddhijivi') yaa buss "yaslar/yoshler" ('yuva') dwara khud koo sandarbhit karate they. zadid andolan ney aadhunikta key saath judate hue pracheen islami shikshaon key punruddhar key madhyam seey ack islami samajik aur saanskritik sudhaar kii vakaalat kii. zadid ney kahaa kii russie samrajya mein turk kshay kii avadhi mein pravesh curr gaye they jise kewal ack nae prakaar key gyaan aur adhuniktawadi, europeeya-model saanskritik sudhaar key adhigrahan seey thheek kiya jaa sakata thaa.
sanchaar aur parivahan kii aadhunik praudyogikiyan jaise telegraph, printing press, daak pranali, railway key saath-saath patrikaon, patrikaon, samachar patron aadi key madhyam seey dhaarmik saahitya kaa prasaar. zadid aadarshon key prasaar mein unhone pramukh bhoomika nibhai. haalaanki andolan key bheetar paryaapt vaichaarik matbhed they, lekin zadid apane sandeshon koo badhaava dene mein print media key vyaapak upayog aur samrajya key "maktaab" mein "usul ull-zadeed" yaa shikshan kii "naee vidhi" kii vakaalat seey chihnit they, jisase "jadidwad" shabd praapt huaa haye. apani "usul-aeye-zadid" shiksha pranali key anusaar, jadeedon ney schools key ack udyami sansthaan kii sthaapana kii joe madhya asia mein sabhi musalmaanon koo ack maankeekrit, anushaasit pathyakram padhaate they. nae pathyakram mein dhaarmik shiksha aur bhautik vigyaan donon shamil they joe aadhunik samay kii chunautiyon seey nipatane mein samudaay key liye sansadhanpurna honge.
shiksha mein sudhaar key prayason mein ack pramukh vyakti ismel gasprinsky they. mahmoud khaaja behbudi (prasiddh naatak 'dha patricide' key lekhak aur turkey key pahale jaadi schools mein seey ack key sansthaapak) jaise buddhijiviyon ney gaspirali key vichaaron koo madhya asia mein vaapas leey jaaya. upaniveshvaad virodhi vimarsh zadid andolan kaa ack pramukh pahalu thaa. gasprinsky jaise netaaon ney roose virodhi sakriyata koo badhaava diyaa. pratham vishva yuddh mein ottoman samrajya kii haar key baad, zadid ney british aur anya paschimi europeeya samrajyon jaisi sahayogi aupaniveshik shaktiyon key khilaf apani upanivesh virodhi aalochanaon kaa vistaar kiya. yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. key patan key baad uzbekistan mein zadid sadasyon koo maanyata dee gaee aur sammaanit kiya gayaa.
ulma key saath sambandh.
zadid vichaar aksar spasht roop seey paadari-virodhi bhavna rakhta thaa. ulema key kaee sadasyon ney zadid key karyakramon aur vichardharaon kaa virodh kiya, unhein gair-islami, vidharmi navacharon key roop mein ninda kii. kaee jaadi inn "kadimvadiyon" (puraane tarikon key samarthakon) koo naa kewal aadhunik sudhaar key avarodhak key roop mein balki bhrasht, swarthi abhijaat varg key roop mein bhee dekhate they, jinka adhikaar kurran aur sunnat dwara nirdhaarit islami vichardhara mein naheen haye, balki sthaaniya parampara mein haye joe "pramanik" islam key liye shatrutapurna aur samaaj key liye hanikarak donon they. apane carro prakaashan all-nahdah mein, gasprinsky ney cartoon prakaashit kiye jinamen mullaaon aur sheikhon koo balatkari aur kamuk vyaktiyon key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye, jinhone mahilaaon koo samajik roop seey samaan honey key roop mein apana sahee sthaan lene seey roque diyaa aur aam turkon kii sadbhavana aur vishvaas kaa dohan kiya.
spasht roop seey, zadid ney jore dekar kahaa kii ack varg key roop mein ulma turkey samudaay key gyaan aur sanrakshan key liye aavashyak they, lekin saath hii unhone una ulma koo islam key pramanik gyaan seey anjaan ghoshit kiya joe sudhaar key apane drishtikon koo saajha naheen karate they. anivarya roop seey, joe loga apani adhuniktawadi pariyojana kaa virodh karate they, unhein apane saathi turkon koo oopar uthaane kii ichcha key bajaay swarth seey prerit bataaya gayaa thaa. soofi rahasyavadiyon koo aur bhee adhik teekha abhiyog praapt huaa. zadid ulma aur soofiyon koo islami pradhanon key stambhon key roop mein naheen, balki islam key ack lokpriya roop key samarthak key roop mein dekhate they joe aadhunikikaran aur pramanik parampara donon key liye shatrutapurna thaa. madhya asiai zadid ney apane netaaon parr samaaj key naitik patan kii anumati dene kaa aarop lagaaya (jaisa kii sharaab, pitritva, bahuvivaah aur langic bhedbhaav key prasaar mein dekhaa gayaa haye) aur saath hii saath abhijaat varg key roop mein apane adhikaar koo majboot karane key liye russie adhikaariyon key saath sahyog kiya.
iss paadari-virodhi key bavjood, zadid aksar kadimvadiyon key saath bahut kuchh samaan they. unamen seey kaee paaramparik maktaabon aur madrason mein shikshit they, aur visheshaadhikaar praapt parivaaron seey they. jaisa kii itihaaskaar adeeb khalid kaa kahana haye, jaadi aur kadimwadi ulema anivarya roop seey iss baat parr ladaai mein lagey hue they kii madhya asiai sanskriti parr kyaa moolya pesh kiye jaane chaahiye. jaadi aur kadimwadi donon ney apane saanskritik moolyon parr jore dene kii koshish kii, jisamen ack samooh samajik sangathan aur media key aadhunik roopon key saath apane sambandhon seey apani ranneetik taakat praapt kartaa haye aur doosara jeevan key maujooda tareeke key champion key roop mein apani sthiti seey jisamen usane pahale seey hii adhikaar key kendron parr kabja curr liya thaa.
shiksha mein sudhaar.
zadid key pramukh uddeshyon mein seey ack shaikshik sudhaar thaa. way nae school banaana chaahte they joe russie samrajya key turkey kshetron mein maujood maktaab yaa praathamik schools seey kaafee alag tareeke seey padhaayenge. zadid paaramparik shiksha pranali koo "madhya asia key patan key bajaay thaharaav key sabse spasht sanket key roop mein dekhate they."unhone mahsoos kiya kii shiksha pranali mein sudhaar baahari logon dwara shaasit turkey samaaj koo punarjeevit karane kaa sabse achchha tarika thaa. unhone una granthon key spashteekaran yaa likhit bhasha key bajaay dhaarmik granthon koo yaad rakhane parr maktabon key jore kii aalochana kii. khalid tajik zadid sadridin ainee key sansmaranon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jinhone 1890 key dashak mein ack maktaab mein bhaag liya thaa; ainee ney samajhaaya kii unhone arabi varnamala koo yaad rakhane mein sahaayata key roop mein seekha thaa, lekin jaba taka way pahale seey hii vicharadhin paath koo yaad naheen curr lete, taba taka way padh naheen sakate they.
paaramparik shiksha pranali kendriya asiai chhatron key liye ekmatra vikalp naheen thee, balki yeh vikalp kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik lokpriya thee. 1884 mein turkey mein zaarvaadi sarkaar ney "russie mool" schools kii sthaapana kii. unhone russie bhasha aur itihas key paathon koo deshi shikshakon dwara maktab jaise nirdesh key saath jodaa. kaee mool shikshak jaadi they, lekin russie school aabaadi key ack vyaapak varg taka naheen pahunche taaki zadid ichchit saanskritik punrutthan kaa nirmaan curr sakein. russie governor-general key iss ashvasana key bavjood kii chhaatr usee tarah key sabak seekhenge jisaki way ack maktaab seey ummeed curr sakate hain, bahut cumm bachche russie schools mein jaate they. udaaharan key liye, 1916 mein, 300 seey cumm turkon ney madhya asia mein russie uchch praathamik vidyaalayon mein bhaag liya.
1884 mein, ismel gaspirali ney kreemiya mein pahale, pahale "nae tareeke" school kii sthaapana kii. haalaanki tataron key beach aise schools kii pramukhta teji seey badhee, jise ghabadennasir kursawi, moosa bigiyev aur khud gaspirali jaise vicharakon dwara lokpriya banaaya gayaa, sudharakon key ack karibi samudaay key samarpit prayason key bavjood madhya asia mein nae paddhati schools kaa prasaar dheema aur adhik chhitput thaa.
zadid ney kahaa kii shiksha kii paaramparik pranali aise snatakon kaa utpaadan naheen karati haye jinake paas aadhunik duniya koo safaltapurvak navigate karane key liye aavashyak kaushal hoe, aur naa hii yeh russie samrajya mein turkey samudaayon key saanskritik star koo oopar uthaane mein saksham thaa. zadid key anusaar, turkon key vikas koo badhaava dene kaa sabse nishchit tarika shiksha pranali mein ack krantikari badalaav thaa. naee vidhi school iss tarah key badalaav laane kaa ack prayaas thaa. paaramparik maktaab vishayon koo padhaane key alawa, nae vidhi vidyaalayon ney bhugol, itihas, ganit aur vigyaan jaise vishayon parr vishesh jore diyaa. paaramparik pathyakram mein shayed sabse mahatvapurna aur vyaapak parivartan zadid kaa aagrah thaa kii bachche dhvanyaatmak tarikon key madhyam seey padhana seekhen jinhen karyatmak saksharta koo protsaahit karane mein adhik safalata millie. iss uddeshya key liye, zadid ney russie turkistan key baahar carro, tehran, bombe aur istambul jaise sthaanon parr mudrit pathyapustakon koo ayaat karane key alawa apani khud kii paathyapustaken aur primer likhe. haalaanki kaee praarambhik paathyapustaken (aur shikshak) europeeya roose seey aaee theen, madhya asiai zadid ney bhee granth prakaashit kiye, vishesh roop seey 1905 kii kranti key baad. naee vidhi vidyaalayon kii bhautik sanrachana bhee alag thee, kuchh mamalon mein kakshaon mein bench, desk, blackboard aur maanchitron kii shuruat bhee shamil thee.
zadid schools ney russie yaa arabi key bajaay deshi (aksar turkey) bhaashaon mein saksharta parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. halanki jaadi schools, vishesh roop seey madhya asia mein, ack paaramparik dhyaan banaae rakhaa, unhone kewal yaad rakhane key bajaay "islami itihas aur vichaar key tarikon" koo sikhaaya. apane paaramparik poorvavartiyon key vipareet, jaadi schools ney shaaririk dund kii anumati naheen dee. unhone ladkiyon koo bhee bhaag lene key liye protsaahit kiya, halanki kuchh maataa-pitaa apani betiyon koo bhejane key liye taiyar they.
press aur print media.
kaee zadid mudran aur prakaashan mein bhaari roop seey shamil they, joe roose mein turkon key liye ack apekshaakrit nayaa udyam thaa. turkistan mein aam logon dwara banaai aur vitarit praarambhik mudran samagri aam taur parr paaramparik shailiyon kii vihit pandulipiyon kii lithographic pratiyaan theen. 1905 seey 1917 taka, 166 nae taataar bhasha key samachar patra aur patrikaaen prakaashit huin.
turkey key zadid, halanki, ack spasht roop seey naveen muhaware mein nae natakon aur saahitya key alawa nae tareeke kii pathyapustakon, samachar patron aur patrikaon kaa nirmaan karane key liye print media kaa upayog karate they. niji (i.ee.sthaaniya bhaashaon mein samachar patra pahale tataron key liye upalabdh they aur gasprinsky kaa samachar patra "terkuman" ("dubhashiya") zadid raay kaa ack pramukh anga thaa jise samrajya key sabhi turkey kshetron mein vyaapak roop seey padhaa jaataa thaa.
turkey mein nirmit turkey bhasha key samachar patra kii pahali upasthiti, halanki, 1905 kii kranti key baad kii haye. adeeb khalid ney samarkand mein ack kitab kii dukaan kaa varnan kiya haye, jisamen 1914 mein shabdakoshon, atlus, chart, maanchitron aur globe key alawa itihas, bhugol, samanya vigyaan, chikitsa aur dharm jaise vishayon parr taataar, ottoman, arabi aur farsi mein kitaaben bechi gaeen."way bataate hain kii arab duniya kii pustakon aur europeeya karyon key anuvaadon ney madhya asiai zadid koo prabhaavit kiya. samachar patron ney vidyalaya pranali jaise sansthanon key aadhunikikaran aur sudhaar kii vakaalat kii. madhya asia mein rahane vaale taataar (jaise samajwadi ismel abidi) inmein seey kuchh samachar patra prakaashit karate they. haalaanki, madhya asiai logon ney 1905 seey taba taka apane kaee shodh patra prakaashit kiye jaba taka kii russie adhikaariyon ney 1908 mein unake prakaashan parr phir seey pratibandh naheen lagaa diyaa.
inn patron kii samagri alag-alag thee-kuchh paaramparik padanukram kii behad aalochana karate they, jabaki anya ney adhik roodhivaadi paadari varg koo jeetane kii koshish kii. kuchh ney duma key madhyam seey russie rajneeti mein madhya asiai bhagidari key mahatva koo samajhaaya, jabaki anya ney madhya asiai buddhijiviyon koo carro aur istambul jaise shaharon seey jodane kii koshish kii. zadid ney madhya asiai key saath-saath saahitya key paschimi roopon (kramshah kavita aur naatak) koo chitrit karate hue samaan vichaaron koo sampreshit karane key liye kathaa kaa bhee upayog kiya. udaaharan key liye, bukhran lekhak abdurrauf fitrat ney paadari varg kii usa aadhunikikaran koo hatotsaahit karane key liye aalochana kii, jisake baare mein unakaa maanana thaa kii madhya asia koo russie ghuspaith seey bachaane key liye yeh aavashyak thaa.
madhya asiai jaadidon ney iss tarah key zana-madhyam kaa upayog apani pariyojanaon key liye samarthan jutaane, sthaaniya saanskritik prathaon kii aalochana prastut karane aur aam taur parr turkey koo pareshan karane vaali samajik buraaiyon key ilaaj key roop mein adhuniktawadi sudhaar key apane munch kii vakaalat karane aur aage badhaane key avsar key roop mein kiya. apane nirmaataon key samarpan key bavjood, madhya asia mein yahudiwadi patron kaa prasaar aur mudran aam taur parr bahut cumm hotaa thaa, jisase prakashanon key liye mahatvapurna sanrakshan key binaa apane astitva koo banaae rakhna mushkil hoe jaataa thaa. turkistan mein prakaashit honey vaale zadid bhee kabhi-kabhi apane russie sensors kaa upman karate they, joe unhein sambhaavit vidhvansak tatvon key roop mein dekhate they.
sthaan key anusaar zadid.
bashkortostan.
19veen shatabdi mein ack pramukh bashkir netaa zainullah rasoolev, jadidwad key sabse mahatvapurna pratinidhiyon mein seey ack they aur pahale jadidi madrason mein seey ack key aayojak they.
tatarstan.
unamen seey kuchh sudhaaron key samarthak they (ğ. barudi, moosa bigiyev, ğabdrásidi ̃ brahimov, q. vishesh, see. abizgildin, jaid. kadiri, jaid. kamali, booby aur anya.), jabaki anya kewal shaikshik sudhaar chaahte they (aar. aff. aff. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks. aiks karimi, shh. anya loga aur anya.).
uttari coccus.
uttari cocus mein zadid dwara prasaarit lekhan mein uttari caucasian aur turkey bhaashaon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. madhya asia mein 1900 key dashak kii shuruat mein farsi yahudivaadiyon kii bhasha thee aur yahudivaadiyon key beach paine-turkvaad kii koee vyaapak yojana yaa vichardhara naheen thee.
madhya asia.
adhikansh bhaag key liye, turkistan kii russie aabaadi dhaarmik pratha koo sabhyata aur sanskriti key vipareet maanati thee. isaliye, rusiyon koo paaramparik adhikaari vyaktiyon key liye ack vishesh ghrina thee, jaise kii ulema aur islami paadari, jinhen way khatarnak charampanthiyon key roop mein dekhate they. doosari or, rusiyon ney apane sudhaaron kii pragatisheel aur dharmnirpeksh prakriti key kaaran zadid koo bahut adhik sammaan diyaa. haalaanki, rusiyon ney yeh vichaar banaae rakhaa kii turkistan kii madhya asiai aabaadi key paas alag rahane kii jagah aur seemit matdan adhikaar honey chaahiye.
russie aur madhya asiai aabaadi koo alag rakhane key sandarbh mein, turkistan kii rajdhani tashkand mein nivaas russie abhijaat varg taka seemit thaa. isake alawa, turkistan key adhikansh shaharon mein rusiyon aur "mool nivaasiyon" (madhya asiai logon key liye ack apmaanjanak shabd) key liye alag-alag awas they. 1905 key octuber key ghoshanapatra key anuroop ack adhik sulabh raajneetik pranali banaane kii upasthiti dete hue, zadid kii raajneetik shakti koo seemit karane key liye, rusiyon ney turkey kii aabaadi koo "deshi" aur "gair-deshi" chunavi matadhikaron mein vibhajit kiya, jinamen seey pratyek mein ack pratinidhi koo duma bhejane kii kshamata thee. iss pranali ney turkey kii aabaadi key duss pratishat seey bhee cumm honey key bavjood duma mein "gair-mool" matadhikar koo dou-tihai bahumat diyaa. russie adhikaar aur raajneetik paintarebaazi key kaaran, jaadi turkistan key shaahi shasson key tahat samaantaa key liye apane lakshyon koo praapt karane mein whiffle rahey.
tashkand vaha jagah thee jahan munavvar kaaree ney zadid model parr madhya asia key praarambhik school kii sthaapana kii thee. russie, yahudiwadi aur paramparaavaadi school sabhi russie shasson key tahat ack dusare key saath chalate they. rusiyon dwara schools aur islami vichardhara mein jaanboojhkar aadhunik virodhi, paaramparik, pracheen roodhivaadi islami shiksha koo lagu karane kii neeti koo lagu kiya gayaa thaa taaki unhein videshi vichardharaon koo pravesh karane seey rokkar aur unake shasson key virodh koo jaanboojhkar baadhit aur nasht kiya jaa sakey.
1916 mein jadidwadi dwara sanchaalit roose key shikshan sansthanon kii sankhya 5,000 seey adhik thee. jadidwadi ney bavudun musabayov aur hussain musabayov dwara sthaapit ack atash adharit school koo prerit kiya. 1934 key baad kashgar key uiger pragati sangh dwara zadid jaise schools kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. jadiwadi netaa gasprinsky ney burhan shahidi koo prerit kiya. kashgar key aantarik mantri mein pahala purvi turkey ganarajya unus begg thaa, joe pahale maksood muhiti key saath kaam kartaa thaa, joe ack vyaapaari thaa joe turfan mein jadiwad failata thaa. cheeni tataron key liye shinziang mein zadid schools kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. jadidwadi tataron ney uiger ibrahim mutee koo padhaaya. jadidwadiyon ney "turkistani" kii pehchaan koo lokpriya banaaya. kuchh zadeed aur muhammad ameen bugra (mahmoud emin) aur masood sabri ney shinziang key turkey logon parr "uigur" naam lagaane koo khariz curr diyaa. way isake bajaay chaahte they kii "turkey jaatiyata" naam unake logon parr lagu hoe. masood sabri ney hui logon koo haan cheeni key roop mein bhee dekhaa aur apane hii logon seey alag they. muhammad ameen bughra, shemsiddin damollah, abdukerimhan mehsum, sabit damullah abdulbaki aur abdulqadir damollah sabhi jaadvaadi they jinhone pahale purvi turkey ganarajya mein bhaag liya thaa. 1913 mein turfan mein jadidwadi tarikon mein shikshakon koo prashikshit karane key liye ack sansthaan kii sthaapana haider sairani, ack taataar aur turfan key ack sthaaniya vyaapaari, mukhsoot muhiti dwara kii gaee thee.
kuchh turkmen jadidwadiyon dwara prastaavit sabhi madhya asiai logon key liye ack turkey bhasha key vichaar key prati shatrutapurna they. kuchh turkmen zadid dwara prachaarit turkey pehchaan aur zadid dwara prachaarit chagtai-adharit turkey bhasha key khilaf they. alishbeg aleev, muhammetagulu atabev aur muhammetgilich bichaare nizami jadiwadi turkmen mein seey they jabaki bukhara aur tashkand jadiwadi gatividhi key kendra they. turkon kii sanskriti aur arthavyavastha kii upeksha koo jaanboojhkar protsaahit karane kii neeti koo russie sarkaar dwara lagu kiya gayaa thaa aur zadid dwara isake khilaf sangharsh kiya gayaa thaa. turar riskulov, ack kazakh, ack jadidwadi thaa. muhammad galdiev, ack jadidwadi, saahityik turkmen key nirmaan parr ack prabhaav thaa, jisaki utpatti 1921 mein ack aayog koo saunpi gaee thee. jadidwadiyon dwara sateek aitihaasik kathaa kaa nirmaan vaanchhit thaa.
zadid-bolshevik sambandh.
1917 key baad.
1917 kii octuber kranti key saath, bolshevikon kaa uddeshya alag jaatiya samoohon key liye raajya banaana thaa joe ack kendriya pradhikaran koo jawab dete they. madhya asiai mukti key prachaar kii or bahut aakarshit hue jaadidon ney 1917 key baad nae utsaah key saath bhasha sudhaar, "nae tareeke" key shikshan aur vistrit saanskritik pariyojanaon kii shuruat kii. 1920 key dashak kii shuruat taka, zadid antatah bolshevikon key chainalon koo jodane mein sahaj mahsoos karate they, jisase way rusiyon key saath adhik samaan sthiti parr sarkaar mein bhaag leey sakate they. isake alawa, soviyaton kaa laabh aage badhaane key liye, badee sankhya mein zadid communist party mein shamil hoe gaye.
apani or seey, bolshevik apane rashtriya lakshyon koo praapt karane mein zadid kii sahaayata karane key liye taiyar they, lekin kewal bolshevik sharton aur hiton parr. jabaki bolshevikon ney zadid key sapanon (raajya dwara vitt poshit school, bajar kii taakton seey mukt ack print kshetra, raajneetik pradhikaran key nae anga) koo poori tarah seey sakar karane key liye aavashyak sanrachanaon kaa nirmaan kiya, bolshevikon ney zadid jutaane key prayaas kii oorjaa kaa upayog karane key liye apana agenda banaae rakhaa. yeh agenda postering, samachar patra lekhon, film aur rangmanch key madhyam seey raajneetik shiksha parr kendrit thaa. anivarya roop seey, bolshevik raajneetik prachaar kaa prasaar karane aur madhya asiai janata koo samajwadi kranti key baare mein shikshit karane key liye yaadon kii or seey sthaapit suvidhaon kaa avasarvaadi upayog karna chaahte they.
saath hii, bolshevik aur zadid hamesha iss baat parr dhyaan naheen dete they kii samajwadi kranti koo kaise honah chaahiye. zadid sabhi turkey logon key liye ack ekikrit rashtra sthaapit karane kii ummeed karate they, jabaki bolshevikon ney jaatiya aankadon key aadhar parr ack adhik vibhajit madhya asia kii kalpana kii thee. rashtra nirmaan key bolshevik model key liye ack aupchaarik chunauti key roop mein, jaadidon ney yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. seey swaayatt rahane key iraade seey kokand shahar mein ack ekikrit asthaayi sarkaar kii sthaapana kii. kewal ack saal taka chalane key baad, kokhand koo tashkand soviyat senaa dwara berahami seey kuchal diyaa gayaa thaa; kaee pramukh zadid sahit lagbhag 14,000 loga, agami narsamhar mein maare gaye they.
jaise-jaise zadid soviyat sangh key aantarik karyon key saath adhik sahaj hoe gaye, bolshevikon ney nirdhaarit kiya kii way abb unhein poori tarah seey herfer naheen curr sakate. natijatan, bolshevikon ney sthaaniya madhya asiai caders kii sthaapana kii joe vaichaarik roop seey samajwadi krantivad seey bandhe they aur turkey saanskritik pratha seey alag hoe gaye they. antatah, yeh varg jaadidon parr chhaaya daalane key liye vikasit huaa aur unhein saarvajanik jeevan seey visthaapit curr diyaa.
1926 key baad.
1924 mein vladmir lenin kii mrityu key saath, joseph stallin ney satta key liye apana prayaas shuru kiya, jisase antatah unake raajneetik virodhiyon kaa unmoolan huaa aur satta kaa unakaa samekan huaa. iss samekan key parinamswarup, 1926 taka communist party ney zadid kii sahaayata key binaa paaramparik adhikaariyon key khilaf aarop kaa netritva karane key liye apani kendriya asiai kshetriya shakti mein surakshit mahsoos kiya. isase bhee badatar, jaadi apane praathamik pratidvandiyon, ulema aur islami padariyon parr lagaae gaye usee shuddhikaran kaa shikaar hoe gaye. jaadidon koo sthaaniya poonjipati varg kaa mukhpatra maanaa jaataa thaa aur unhein prati-krantikari agent maanaa jaataa thaa, jinhen unaki naukari seey hataa diyaa jaanaa chaahiye, giraftar kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur yadi aavashyak hoe tou unhein maar diyaa jaanaa chaahiye.
1920 aur 30 key dashak key shesh samay mein, madhya asia key lagbhag poore buddhijiviyon koo, jinamen pramukh jaadi lekhak aur kavi jaise kii cholpan aur abdurrauf fitrat shamil they, shuddh curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, abb uzbekistan mein zadid koo 'uzbek rashtriya nayakon' key roop mein punarsthaapit kiya gayaa haye.
"hindustanad biir farangi ill bukharalik biir mudarishingh birnecha masalar humm usul-aeye zadida khususida kilghan munajari" koo abdulraf fitrat ney likhaa thaa. behbudi ney "paradkush" likhaa.
ubedullah khojev turkey aur russie media donon mein shamil they.
19veen shatabdi key antim dashak mein jadiwadi tarikon key anusaar chalane vaale school dikhaai diye, jisane pahale seey maujood puraane madarse aur maktaab pranali koo aur badhaa diyaa.

