
sansadiya loktantra kaa sankat

sansadiya loktantra kaa sankat (jarmanah "dye gisteschechtiliche laze days hutigen parliamenterismus", motey taur parah "aaj key sansadiyavaad kii bauddhik-aitihaasik sthiti") german nyaayvid carle schmitt dwara likhit raajneetik siddhant kaa ack kaam haye, jise mool roop seey 1923 mein german mein dunker aind humblot dwara 1926 mein dusare sanskaran key saath prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. pustak kaa angreji mein anuvaad 1985 mein elen kenedi dwara kiya gayaa thaa aur 1926 key sanskaran key aadhar parr 1988 mein mitt press dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. iss pustak mein, schmitt sansadiya loktantra kii ack aalochana pradaan kartaa haye-vishesh roop seey weamer ganarajya key roop mein sannihit-aur isake kendriya raajneetik sansthanon mein seey ack, reachstag parr sawal uthaata haye.
sandarbh.
elen kenedi key parichay mein, vaha daavaa karati haye kii "sansadiya loktantra kaa sankat" aamtaur parr "weamer ganarajya mein sansadiya virodhi purvagrahon key vyaapak spectrum mein swaagat yogya" maanaa jaataa haye, sansadiya loktantron kii unaki aalochana ney weamer ganarajya mein reachstag kii vaidhata koo cumm curr diyaa haye. weamer ganarajya key pahale varshon mein schmitt koo raajneetik kaitholikwad key saath bariki seey pahachaana gayaa thaa aur catholic raajneetik aur bauddhik halakon key saath unake sampark ney unhein german nyaayvidon key beach catholic drishtikon kaa pramukh pratipaadak banaa diyaa thaa. unaki pustak kaa doosara sanskaran vishesh roop seey richard thoma kii sameeksha kii aalochana koo sambodhit karane key liye likhaa gayaa thaa aur 1926 mein carle muth key madhyam seey-aur unake parliamenterismus key dusare sanskaran sahit kaee prakashanon mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa. yeh kaary apane samkaaleen samaaj aur raajneetik vichaaron key itihas, vishesh roop seey loktantra, udaarvaad aur tanashahi kii aalochana vikasit karane key samay schmitt key dhyaan kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye.
sanrachana.
paath key 1988 sanskaran mein nimnalikhit sanrachana haih
dusare sanskaran kii prastaavana.
dusare sanskaran (1926) kii prastaavana mein, carle schmitt ney seedhe taur parr richard thoma kii 1925 kii pahale sanskaran kii aalochana kaa jawab diyaa (thoma kaa nibandh parishisht mein shamil haye.) schmitt apane mool tark koo aage vikasit karate hain, loktantra aur udaarvaad key beach antar karane key mahatva koo dohrate hain, aur bataate hain kii sansadiya loktantra kii upayogita yaa vishvasaniyata key liye appeal isaki bauddhik neenv koo sahee thaharaane key liye kaam naheen curr sakati haye, bhale hii sansadiya loktantra key baare mein vyaavhaarik daave anubhavjanya roop seey sahee houn. schmitt kaa daavaa haye kii sarkaar kaa harr roop-rajshahi, abhijaat varg, loktantra aadi. - kuchh bauddhik siddhant parr nirbhar karein, aur udaaharan key roop mein samajhaate hain kii rajtantra sammaan key siddhant parr nirbhar karate hain. isi tarah, schmitt kaa daavaa haye kii "sabhi vishesh roop seey sansadiya vyavasthaaen aur mandand pahale charcha aur khulepan key madhyam seey apana arth praapt karate hain."samvaidhaanik roop seey maanyata praapt upaayon kii ack poori shrinkhala haye joe poori tarah seey samajh mein naheen aatee haye yadi khulepan aur charcha key iss maulik siddhant parr abb vishvaas naheen kiya jaataa haye, apane ghatakon aur raajneetik dall key pratinidhiyon kii swatantrata aur sansad mein bolate samay pratinidhiyon kii pratiraksha seey, abhivyakti kii swatantrata key buniyaadi siddhanton aur sansadiya prakriyaon key khulepan key liye. schmitt key vichaar mein, yeye sabhi charcha aur khulepan key siddhanton parr adharit hain; yadi yeye moolbhoot siddhant dhwast hoe jaate hain, tou sansadvaad kaa bauddhik aadhar bhee aisaa hii haye; isaliye schmitt yeh pradarshit karna chaahte hain kii charcha aur khulepan key siddhant unake samay key kathit bhrashtachar aur udaar loktantra key kshay key liye ack spashteekaran key roop mein dhwast hoe gaye hain aur nasht hoe gaye hain.
schmitt kaa tark haye kii "vibhinn europeeya aur gair-europeeya raajyon mein kaee sansadon ney saikadon kramik mantriyon key raajneetik abhijaat varg key raaste mein joe kuchh bhee utpann kiya haye, vaha kissy bhee mahaan ashawad koo uchit naheen thaharaata haye. lekin isase bhee badatar aur lagbhag harr ummeed koo nasht karane vaali, kuchh raajyon mein, sansadvaad ney pahale hii ack aisee sthiti paida curr dee haye jisamen sabhi saarvajanik vyavasaay dalon aur unake anuyaayiyon key liye loot aur samjhaute kaa vishay bunn gaye hain, aur rajneeti, ack abhijaat varg kii chinta honey seey parey, ack sandigdh varg key logon kaa tiraskar vyavasaay bunn gayaa haye."tou ack or, yeh ack 'vyaavhaarik-takniki parikalpana' haye, jise iss baat key saboot key aadhar parr sach yaa galat dikhaaya jaa sakata haye kii kyaa yeh vaastav mein raajneetik netaaon key sarvshreshth chayan kii guaranti detaa haye. lekin sansadvaad mein vishvaas yaa vishvaas bhee charcha aur khulepan mein adhik saiddhaantik vishvaas parr adharit haye. lekin yeh usee tarah seey maanya haye kyonki saarvajanik charcha koo gambhirta seey liya jaataa haye aur lagu kiya jaataa haye. charcha kewal baatchit naheen haye-yeh vichaaron key takraav key baare mein haye, dusaron koo apani raay key satya yaa nyaay key baare mein manaane key liye diye gaye karanon key saath, naa kii hiton key sangharsh key roop menh "charcha key liye saajha vishvaas, manvaane kii ichcha, party sambandhon kii swatantrata, swarthi hiton seey swatantrata. aaj adhikansh loga iss tarah kii udasinta koo shayed hii sambhav samajhenge. lekin yeh sandeh bhee sansadvaad key sankat seey sambandhit haye."isake alawa," isake alawa ", raajneetik vichaaron key itihas mein, mahaan oorjaa key yug hain aur samay koo gatiheen sthiti kaa samay maanaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar rajshahi kaa yug taba samaapt hoe jaataa haye jaba raajatva, sammaan key siddhant kii bhavna khou jaati haye, yadi poonjipati raajaa dikhaai dete hain joe apani bhakti aur sammaan key bajaay apani upayogita aur upayogita saabit karna chaahte hain. rajtantriya sansthanon kaa baahari tantra usake baad bahut lambe samay taka khadaa reh sakata haye. lekin isake bavjood rajshahi kaa samay thum gayaa haye. isamen nihit vishvaas aur koee anya sanstha taba pracheen naheen dikhaai detee haye; isake liye vyaavhaarik auchitya kii kamee naheen hogi, lekin yeh kewal ack anubhavjanya prashn haye kii kyaa purush yaa sangathan aage aatey hain joe inn raajaon kii tulanaa mein khud koo utanaa hii upayogi yaa isase bhee adhik saabit curr sakate hain aur iss saral tathya key madhyam seey rajshahi koo darkinar curr dete hain."
schmitt kaa yeh bhee tark haye kii "pratyek vaastavik loktantra iss siddhant parr adharit haye kii naa kewal samaan hain, balki asmaanon key saath samaan vyavhaar naheen kiya jaayega. isaliye loktantra key liye pahale ekroopata kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur doosara-yadi aavashyakta hoe tou-vishamta kaa unmoolan yaa unmoolan."samaantaa hamesha kissy naa kissy mool roop mein maujood honey chaahiye, aur hamesha isake dwandwaatmak virodhaabhaasah asamaanta koo shamil karati haye. isaliye iss praarambhik prastaavana mein iss siddhant kii neenv paaee jaa sakati haye kii schmitt ney baad mein 1932 mein "raajneetik kii avadharana" mein apane paripakva vichaar mein adhik poori tarah seey vikas kiya.