
prasaran

prasaran kissy bhee electronic zana sanchaar madhyam key madhyam seey chhitare hue darshakon koo audio yaa video samagri kaa vitaran haye, lekin aamtaur parr ack seey kaee model mein vidyut chumbakiya spectrum (radio tarangon) kaa upayog karna. prasaran kii shuruat aeye. aim. radio seey hui, joe 1920 key aspas vacuum tube radio transmitter aur receiver key prasaar key saath lokpriya upayog mein aaya. isase pahale, electronic sanchaar (praarambhik radio, telephone aur telegraph) key adhikansh karyanvayan ack-seey-ack they, jisamen sandesh ack hii praaptakarta key liye thaa. prasaran" shabd ack khet mein motey taur parr beej boney kii krishi vidhi key roop mein upayog seey vikasit huaa. ise baad mein mudrit samagri yaa telegraph dwara jaankaari key vyaapak vitaran kaa varnan karane key liye apanaaya gayaa thaa. ise ack-seey-kaee shrotaon key liye ack vyaktigat station key radio prasaran parr lagu karane vaale udaaharan 1898 kii shuruat mein dikhaai diye.
havaai prasaran aamtaur parr radio aur television seey judaa hotaa haye, halanki haal hii mein, radio aur television prasaran donon koo cable (cable television) dwara vitarit kiya jaanaa shuru hoe gayaa haye. praaptakarta pakshon mein aam janata yaa apekshaakrit chhota upsamooh shamil hoe sakata haye; mudda yeh haye kii uchit praapt karane vaali takneek aur upkaran (jaise.jee.ack radio yaa television sett) sanket praapt curr sakata haye. prasaran key kshetra mein saarvajanik radio, samudayik radio aur saarvajanik television, aur niji vaanijyik radio aur vaanijyik television jaisi sarkari-prabandhit sevaaen donon shamil hain. yuu.aiss. sanghiya niyamon kii sanhita, sheershak 47, bhaag 97 "prasaran" koo "aam janata dwara swaagat key liye abhipret prasaran, yaa tou pratyaksh yaa rille" key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye. niji yaa dou-tarfa dursanchar prasaran iss paribhasha key tahat yogya naheen hain. udaaharan key liye, shaukiya ("haim") aur nagrik baind (see. bee.) radio operators koo prasaran karane kii anumati naheen haye. jaisa kii paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, "prasaran" aur "prasaran" samaan naheen hain.
radio yaa television station seey ghar key receivers taka radio tarangon dwara radio aur television karyakramon key prasaran koo "havaa parr" (otaa) yaa sthaliya prasaran key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye aur adhikansh deshon mein prasaran licenses kii aavashyakta hoti haye. taar yaa cable kaa upayog karke prasaran, jaise cable television (joe apani sahamati seey otaa stations koo bhee punah prasaarit kartaa haye), koo bhee prasaran maanaa jaataa haye, lekin aavashyak roop seey licenses kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye (halanki kuchh deshon mein, licenses kii aavashyakta hoti haye). 2000 key dashak mein, streaming digital praudyogiki key madhyam seey television aur radio karyakramon key prasaran koo teji seey prasaran key roop mein bhee sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye.
itihas.
sabse pahale prasaran mein morse code kaa upayog karke havaa kii laharon parr telegraph sanket bhejana shamil thaa, joe 1830 key dashak mein saimuel morse, bhautik vigyaani joseph heinry aur alfred vail dwara vikasit ack pranali thee. unhone ack vidyut telegraph pranali vikasit kii joe taaron key saath vidyut dhaara kii daalen bhejati thee joe telegraph pranali key praapt karane vaale chhor parr sthit ack vidyut chumbak koo niyantrit karati thee. kewal inn daalon kaa upayog karke praakritik bhasha koo prasaarit karane key liye ack code kii aavashyakta thee, aur unake beach kii khamoshi. isaliye morse ney aadhunik antarrashtriya morse code key agradoot kaa vikas kiya. yeh vishesh roop seey jahaaj seey jahaaj aur jahaaj seey tata sanchaar key liye mahatvapurna thaa, lekin yeh vyaapaar aur samanya samachar reporting key liye aur radio shaukinon dwara vyaktigat sanchaar key liye ack kshetra key roop mein teji seey mahatvapurna hoe gayaa.
1894 mein, italvi aavishkaarak guglielmo marconi ney radio tarangon kii tatkalin naee khoj kii gaee ghatana kaa upayog karke ack wireless sanchaar vikasit karna shuru kiya, joe 1901 taka darshaata haye kii way atlantic mahasagar mein sanchaarit hoe sakate hain. yeh radio dwara wireless telegraph kii shuruat thee. 20veen shatabdi key pahale dashak mein audio radio prasaran praayogik roop seey shuru huaa. 17 disambar 1902 koo, glace bey, nova skotia, kanada mein marconi station seey ack prasaran, uttari america seey atlantic koo paar karane vaalaa duniya kaa pahala radio sandesh bunn gayaa. 1904 mein, ack vaanijyik seva kii sthaapana kii gaee thee taaki raat key samachar saransh koo sadasyata lene vaale jahaajon taka pahunchaaya jaa sakey, jisamen unhein unake jahaaj parr maujood samachar patron mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.
pratham vishva yuddh ney sainya sanchaar key liye radio key vikas koo gati dee. yuddh key baad, 1920 key dashak mein vaanijyik radio prasaran shuru huaa aur manoranjan aur samachar key liye ack mahatvapurna zana madhyam bunn gayaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh ney phir seey vimaan aur bhoomi sanchaar, radio navigation aur radar key yuddhakaaleen uddeshyon key liye radio key vikas koo gati dee. radio key stereo fm prasaran kaa vikas sanyukt raajya america mein 1930 key dashak mein aur sanyukt raajya mein 1970 key dashak mein shuru huaa, joe pramukh vaanijyik maanak key roop mein aaee. aim. koo visthaapit kartaa haye.
25 march 1925 koo, johnn loggy bayered ney landan department store selfries mein chalati tasveeron key prasaran kaa pradarshan kiya. bayered kaa upkaran nipco disk parr nirbhar thaa aur iss prakaar yaantrik television key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. yeh 30 sitambar 1929 seey british prasaran nigam dwara kiye gaye prayogaatmak prasaran kaa aadhar banaa. haalaanki, 20 veen shatabdi key adhikansh samay key liye, television carle braun dwara aavishkaar kiye gaye cathode ray tube parr nirbhar thaa. iss tarah key ack television kaa pahala sanskaran joe vaadaa dikhaane key liye thaa, philo farnsworth dwara nirmit kiya gayaa thaa aur 7 sitambar 1927 koo apane parivaar koo pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, baadhit prayog phir seey shuru hue aur television vhf aur uhf spectrum kaa upayog karke ack mahatvapurna gharelu manoranjan prasaran madhyam bunn gayaa. upgrah prasaran 1960 key dashak mein shuru kiya gayaa thaa aur 1970 key dashak mein samanya udyog upayog mein chalaa gayaa, 1980 key dashak mein dee. bee. aiss. (pratyaksh prasaran upgrah) ubhar rahey they.
mool roop seey sabhi prasaran analogue sancharan takneekon kaa upayog karke analogue sanketon seey baney they, lekin 2000 key dashak mein, prasarakon ney digital sancharan kaa upayog karke digital sanketon parr switch kiya. ack analogue sanket koee bhee nirantar sanket haye joe kissy anya matra kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, i.ee., "samaan" doosari matra key liye. udaaharan key liye, ack analogue audio signal mein, tatkaal signal voltage dhwani tarangon key dabaav key saath lagaatar badalata rahata haye. isake vipareet, ack digital sanket mool samay-parivartan matra koo matratmak moolyon key ack namoone key roop mein darshaata haye joe pratinidhitva parr kuchh bandwidth aur gatishil seema baadhaon koo lagu kartaa haye. samanya upayog mein, prasaran aksar vibhinn sroton seey aam janata koo soochana aur manoranjan karyakramon key prasaran koo sandarbhit kartaa haye.
1986 seey 2007 taka key dou dashakon key dauran ack tarfa prasaran network key madhyam seey jaankaari praapt karane kii duniya kii takniki kshamata chaar gunaa seey adhik hoe gaee, 432 exabyte (ishtatam roop seey sampeedit) jaankaari seey 1.9 zettabite taka. yeh 1986 mein prati vyakti 55 samachar patron aur 2007 taka prati vyakti 175 samachar patron key barabar haye.
vidhiyaan.
ack prasaran pranali mein, kendriya uchch-shakti prasaran tower kaee receivers koo ack uchch-aavritti vidyut chumbakiya tarang prasaarit kartaa haye. meenar dwara bheji gaee uchch aavritti vaali lahar koo drishya yaa audio jaankaari vaale sanket key saath sanshodhit kiya jaataa haye. isake baad receiver koo tune kiya jaataa haye taaki uchch aavritti vaali lahar koo uthaaya jaa sakey aur drishya yaa audio jaankaari vaale sanket koo punah praapt karane key liye ack demodulator kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. prasaran sanket yaa tou analogue (soochana key sambandh mein sanket lagaatar bhinn hotaa haye) yaa digital (jaankaari koo asatat moolyon key ack samooh key roop mein kootbaddh kiya jaataa haye) hoe sakata haye.
aitihaasik roop seey, aam janata key liye electronic media audio aur video prasaarit karane key liye kaee tarikon kaa upayog kiya gayaa haih
aarthik model.
nirantar prasaran key liye vittiya sahaayata pradaan karane key kaee saadhan hainh
prasarak inn vyaavsaayik model key sanyojan parr bharosa curr sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, sanyukt raajya america mein, rashtriya saarvajanik radio (aine. pee. aar.) aur saarvajanik prasaran seva (pee. bee. aiss., television) saarvajanik sadasyata sadasyata aur saarvajanik prasaran (see. pee. bee.) key liye nigam seey dhana key saath anudan kaa poorak haye, jise congress dwara dvivaarshik roop seey aavantit kiya jaataa haye. aam taur parr saarvajanik prasaran corporate aur dharmarth anudan underriting sthalon key vichaar mein diye jaate hain joe vaanijyik vigyapanon seey alag hotey hain kyonki way vishisht aff. see. see. pratibandhon dwara shaasit hotey hain, joe kissy utpaad kii vakaalat yaa "coll too action" koo pratibandhit karate hain.
record kiye gaye aur live roop.
pahala niyamit television prasaran 1937 mein shuru huaa. prasaran koo "record" yaa "live" key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. poorv trutiyon koo sudhaarne, aur anaavashyak yaa avaanchhit samagri koo hataane, ise punarvyavasthit karane, dheemi gati aur punaraavrittiyon koo lagu karane aur karyakram koo badhaane key liye anya takneekon kii anumati detaa haye. haalaanki, kuchh live karyakramon jaise khel television mein kuchh pahalu shamil hoe sakate hain jinamen mahatvapurna lakshyon/hitt aadi kii dheemi gati clip shamil hain., live television prasaran key beach mein. americi radio-network prasarakon ney aadatan 1930 aur 1940 key dashak mein poorv-record kiye gaye prasaranon koo pratibandhit curr diyaa, jisamen purvi aur kendriya samay kshetron key liye chalaae jaane vaale radio karyakramon koo prashant samay kshetra key liye teen ghante baad dohraya jaanaa aavashyak thaa (dekhein-uttar americi prasaran parr samay key prabhaav). iss pratibandh koo vishesh avsaron key liye hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki 1937 mein lakehurst, nyu jersey mein german dirigible airship "hindenberg" aapada key mamle mein. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, yuu parr yuddh samvaaddaataon seey poorv-record kiye gaye prasaran kii anumati thee.aiss. radio. isake alawa, duniya bhar key sashastr balon key radio stations dwara playback key liye americi radio karyakram record kiye gaye they.
pahale recording kaa ack nuksan yeh haye kii recording key prasaran seey pahale janata kissy ghatana kaa parinam zaan sakati haye, joe ack "spoiler" hoe sakata haye. poorv-recording kaa upayog udghoshakon koo ack live radio prasaran key dauran aadhikarik roop seey anumodit script seey vichalit honey seey rokane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, jaisa kii 1940 key dashak mein germany seey prachaar prasaran aur 1980 key dashak mein radio mosco key saath huaa thaa. kaee karyakramon koo live honey key roop mein vigyaapit kiya jaataa haye, halanki unhein aksar "live record kiya jaataa haye" (kabhi-kabhi "live-too-tape" kahaa jaataa haye). yeh vishesh roop seey radio parr sangeet kalakaron key pradarshan key baare mein sach haye jaba way ack inn-studio sangeet karyakram key liye jaate hain. isi tarah kii sthitiyaan television utpaadan ("cosby show" koo ack live television studio darshakon key saamane record kiya jaataa haye) aur samachar prasaran mein hui hain.
ack prasaran kaee bhautik madhyamon seey vitarit kiya jaa sakata haye. yadi yeh seedhe radio studio seey ack hii station yaa television station parr aataa haye, tou ise studio/transmitter link key madhyam seey transmitter taka bheja jaataa haye aur isaliye radio maast aur towers parr sthit television antina seey duniya mein bheja jaataa haye. prograaming ack sanchaar upgrah key madhyam seey bhee aaa sakati haye, jise yaa tou live khela jaataa haye yaa baad mein prasaran key liye record kiya jaataa haye. stations key network ack hii samay mein ack hii prograaming kaa prasaran curr sakate hain, mool roop seey microwave link key madhyam seey, abb aamtaur parr upgrah dwara. stations yaa networkon mein vitaran bhautik media key madhyam seey bhee hoe sakata haye, jaise kii chumbakiya tape, compact disk (cd), dvd, aur kabhi-kabhi anya praarup. aamtaur parr inhen ack anya prasaran mein shamil kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii jaba electronic samachar sabhaa (angreji) ack samachar karyakram mein shamil karane key liye station koo ack kahani lautaati haye.
prasaran vitaran kaa antim charan yeh haye kii shrota yaa darshak koo sanket kaise milata haye. yeh radio station yaa television station key saath ack antina aur radio receiver key liye havaa mein aaa sakata haye, yaa cable television yaa cable radio (yaa "wireless cable") key madhyam seey station key madhyam seey yaa seedhe network seey aaa sakata haye. internet praaptakarta key liye internet radio yaa streaming media television bhee laa sakata haye, vishesh roop seey multy casting key saath signal aur bandwidth koo saajha karane kii anumati detaa haye. prasaran network" shabd kaa upayog aksar una networkon koo alag karane key liye kiya jaataa haye joe ack over-dha-air television sanketon koo prasaarit karate hain jinhen tathaakathit network seey ack television sett key ander ack tunor (television) kaa upayog karke praapt kiya jaa sakata haye joe kewal cable television (cable cast) yaa upgrah television key madhyam seey prasaarit hotey hain joe ack dish antina kaa upayog karate hain. prasaran television" shabd aise network key television karyakramon koo sandarbhit curr sakata haye.
samajik prabhaav.
prasaran mein samagri key anukram koo anusuchi kahaa jaataa haye. sabhi takniki prayason key saath, kaee takniki shabd aur apshabd vikasit hue hain. inn shabdon kii ack soochi prasaran shabdon kii soochi mein paaee jaa sakati haye. television aur radio karyakram radio prasaran yaa cable key madhyam seey vitarit kiye jaate hain, aksar donon ack saath. sanketon koo code karke aur gharon mein decoding upkaran key saath ack cable convertor boxes honey seey, baad vaalaa sadasyata-adharit channel, bhugtan-tv aur bhugtan-prati-drishya sevaaon koo bhee saksham banaata haye. apane nibandh mein, johnn durham peaters ney likhaa kii sanchaar ack upkaran haye jiska upayog prasaar key liye kiya jaataa haye. peater ney kahaa, "prasaar ack lens haye-kabhi-kabhi ack upayogi roop seey vikrit karane vaalaa-joe hamein baatchit, upasthiti, aur sthaan aur samay jaise buniyaadi muddon seey nipatane mein madad kartaa haye... samanya roop seey kissy bhee bhavishya key sanchaar siddhant key agende parr. prasaar iss baat parr kendrit haye kii ack mukhya srot seey ack badey darshak varg koo samvaad key adaan-pradaan key binaa sandesh diyaa jaa rhaa haye. mukhya srot dwara jaari kiye jaane key baad sarkari adhikaariyon dwara sandesh koo badalana yaa bhrasht karna sambhav haye. yeh nirdhaarit karane kaa koee tarika naheen haye kii badee aabaadi yaa darshak sandesh koo kaise avashoshit karenge. way ise sunane, vishleshan karane yaa nazarandaj karane kaa vikalp chuna sakate hain. sanchaar mein prasaar kaa vyaapak roop seey prasaran kii duniya mein upayog kiya jaataa haye.
prasaran ack sandesh praapt karane parr kendrit haye aur yeh aam janata parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii vaha isake saath kyaa karna chaahati haye. peater kaa yeh bhee kahana haye kii prasaran kaa upayog ack khule gantavya koo sambodhit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. prasaran key kaee roop hain, lekin una sabhi kaa uddeshya ack sanket vitarit karna haye joe lakshit darshakon taka pahunchega. prasarak aam taur parr darshakon koo poori sabhaon mein vyavasthit karate hain. media prasaran key sandarbh mein, ack radio karyakram badee sankhya mein anuyaayiyon koo ikattha curr sakata haye joe vishesh roop seey usa vishisht disk jockey koo sunane key liye harr dinn dhuna lagaate hain. disk jockey apane radio show key liye script kaa anusaran kartaa haye aur buss microphone mein baat kartaa haye. vaha kissy bhee shrota seey tatkaal pratikriya kii ummeed naheen kartaa haye. sandesh poore samudaay mein prasaarit kiya jaataa haye, lekin vahaan shrota hamesha turant pratikriya naheen dey sakate hain, vishesh roop seey kyonki kaee radio show vaastavik prasaran samay seey pahale record kiye jaate hain.
prasaran engineering.
prasaran abhiyaantriki vidyut abhiyaantriki kaa kshetra haye, aur abb kuchh hudd taka computer engineering aur soochana praudyogiki, joe radio aur television prasaran seey sambandhit haye. audio engineering aur aar. aff. engineering bhee prasaran engineering key aavashyak bhaag hain, joe vidyut engineering key apane upasamuchchay hain.
prasaran engineering mein studio aur transmitter pahalu (poori air chain) key saath-saath doorasth prasaran donon shamil hain. pratyek station mein ack prasaran engineer hotaa haye, halanki abb ack shahar mein ack poore station samooh kii seva kii jaa sakati haye. chhote media baajaron mein engineer aavashyakta key anusaar ack yaa adhik stations key liye anubandh key aadhar parr kaam curr sakata haye.

