
japan mein kalyan

samajik kalyan, beemar yaa anyatha viklangon aur boodhe logon key liye sahaayata, lambe samay seey japan mein sarkari aur niji donon companiyon dwara pradaan kii jaati rahee haye. 1920 key dashak kii shuruat mein, japani sarkaar ney chikitsa dekhbhal aur vittiya sahaayata pradaan karane key liye mukhya roop seey europeeya model parr adharit kalyankari karyakramon kii ack shrinkhala lagu kii. yuddh key baad kii avadhi key dauran, dheere-dheere samajik suraksha kii ack vyaapak pranali sthaapit kii gaee.
japan mein swaasthya aur kalyan pranaliyon key bhavishya koo jansankhya kii teji seey badhati umr seey aakar diyaa jaa rhaa haye. saarvajanik aur niji dhana key mishran ney jatil pension aur beema pranali kaa nirmaan kiya haye, joe parivaar key bheetar aur sthaaniya samudaay dwara kalyan praaptakartaon key liye samarthan key liye japani paaramparik ahvaanon key saath mell khaata haye.
japani kalyan raajya.
japan key kalyankari raajya mein ack gair-samanya roodhivaadi shasson haye. anya roodhivaadi deshon key samaan, japan mein ack vyaavsaayik khandit samajik beema pranali haye. yuddh-poorv japan ney ack baar german shally kii samajik neeti apnai thee. japan ney german pranali seey pension aur swaasthya key vichaar bhee udhaar liye. isake alawa, japan kaa kalyankari raajya parivaarvaad kaa prateek haye, jisake tahat sarkaar key bajaay parivaar samajik suraksha kaa jaal pradaan karenge. haalaanki, parivaarvaad key saath ack kalyankari raajya kii ack kamee isaki baal dekhbhal samajik neeti kii kamee haye.
japan mein, 65 pratishat bujurg apane bachchon key saath rahate hain, aur aam parivaar teen peedhiyon seey banaa haye. japan key kalyankari raajya aur paaramparik roodhivaadi pranali key beach kaa antar avashisht kalyankari raajya aur japan kii kaafee cumm samajik hastaantaran darr haye. 1960 aur 1970 key dashak kii samajik neetiyon koo whiffle audyogik aur aarthik neetiyon key liye muaavaje key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa. samajik neeti kewal 1980 aur 1990 key dashak mein chunavi ranneetiyon kaa ack munch bunn gaee, joe 1993 mein japan kii liberal democratic party (ell. dee. pee.) key sansad mein apana varchasva khone key baad hui. saath hii, samajik kalyan karyakram una kshetron taka vistaarit kiye gaye joe utpaadak naheen they aur bujurgon yaa viklangon jaise logon key liye joe utpaadak naheen they. anta mein, japani sarkaar ney samanya samaantaa koo badhaava dene vaali neeti key saath-saath bujurgon aur bachchon koo samajik dekhbhal karyakram pradaan kiye. yeh confucius key spashteekaran key manavtawadi pahaluon kaa khandan kartaa haye, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii japani kalyan pranali koo "utpaadak kalyan shasson" key roop mein varnit karna uchit naheen thaa.
kalyan kharch.
japan mein tulanaatmak roop seey cumm samajik kharch bhee haih 1995 mein upakhyan deshon mein, japan ney apane jee. dee. pee. kaa kewal 14.0% samajik kharchon parr kharch kiya, joe kaee anya upakhyan deshon kii tulanaa mein cumm haih yeh aankada america mein 15.4%, yuke mein 20.4%, itali mein 19.8%, germany mein 26.6%, france mein 28.3% aur sweeden mein 32.5% seey tulanaa kartaa haye. choonki japan ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad nirantar aarthik vikas banaae rakhaa aur samaantaa mein vriddhi hui, isaliye japan kii aarthik aur samajik sanrachana koo europeeya aur uttari americi model seey kissy tarah alag maanaa jaataa thaa. iss antar koo 2000 mein "utpaadak kalyan shasson" naamak ack model dwara samajhaaya gayaa thaa. model ney tark diyaa kii 1955 seey 1993 taka roodhivaadi liberal democratic party dwara sanchaalit kendriya aarthik neetiyon ney yuddh key baad key yug mein japan key aarthik vikas kaa kaaran banaa. choonki utpaadak kalyan vyavastha ney uddeshyapurna roop seey kewal samaaj mein utpaadak kshetron seey judey logon koo samajik kalyan pradaan kiya, taaki aarthik utpaadan koo protsaahit kiya jaa sakey, isaliye isane aarthik laabh pradaan kiya. apani samajik dekhbhal pranali key japani parivaarvaad ney, apani confucianism parampara key aadhar parr, sarkaar koo samajik kalyan key tanaav kaa saamana karane seey raahat dee, aur japan mein aavashyak ling kalyan koo cumm curr diyaa.
samajik kalyan key sabhi roopon key liye sarkari kharch 1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein rashtriya aaya key 6 pratishat seey badhkar 1989 mein 18 pratishat hoe gayaa. 1975 mein samajik kalyan aur samajik suraksha laagat mein chikitsa beema, bujurgon key liye swaasthya dekhbhal aur saarvajanik swaasthya kharch lagbhag 60 pratishat they, jabaki sarkari pension kaa yogdan 20 pratishat thaa. 1980 key dashak kii shuruat taka, samajik kalyan aur samajik suraksha kharchon mein pension kaa yogdan lagbhag 50 pratishat thaa kyonki loga sevaanivritti key baad adhik samay taka jee rahey they. 21veen sadee mein shramikon key vyaktigat yogdan mein chaar gunaa vriddhi kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa.
praarambhik itihas.
kalyan kaa sabse pahala japani vichaar pahali baar 1874 mein meeji avadhi key dauran saamane aaya jaba dayaa aur raahat viniyaman ney vishesh roop seey 13 varsh seey cumm umr key anathon, joe bimari, vikalangata yaa vriddhavastha key kaaran kaam karane mein asamarth they aur joe 15 yaa 70 varsh seey cumm umr key they aur atyadhik garibi mein rahate they, unhein nakad bhatta diyaa. 1897 mein, japan samajik neeti sangh kii sthaapana kii gaee thee aur ise samkaksh german sangh parr adharit kiya gayaa thaa. japani sarkaar mein samajik kaary kii chinta badh gaee. 1920 key dashak mein, badey vyavsaayon, jaise kanegafuchi kataai company aur tokyo kataai company ney vyaavsaayik kalyan pradaan karane key liye ack company kalyan pranali koo apanaaya, jabaki vyaapaar sangh-adharit kalyan pranaliyon key koee sanket naheen hain. 1929 mein, shram aur poonji key beach tanaav koo door karane key liye kharaab raahat adhiniyam paarit kiya gayaa thaa. garib raahat adhiniyam ney rashtriya aaya key saath garibon kaa samarthan karane key raajya key daayitva koo maanyata dee. 1938 mein, dusare cheeni-japani yuddh key baad, sarkaar ney aadhikarik taur parr swaasthya aur kalyan mantralaya kii sthaapana kii. japan ney rashtriya ekataa koo badhaane key liye kalyankari pranali key hisse key roop mein parivaarvaad koo apanaaya. 1947 mein nayaa samvidhaan lagu huaa. anuchhed 25 ney sabhi logon key saanskritik jeevan key nyuntam manakon koo banaae rakhane key adhikaar koo maanyata dee aur samajik kalyan, samajik suraksha aur saarvajanik swaasthya pradaan karane key liye raajya key daayitva parr jore diyaa. japani sarkaar ney iss daayitva koo vyavhaar mein laaya. 1947 seey 1970 taka, sarkaar ney baal kalyan adhiniyam (1947), shaaririk roop seey viklang vyakti kalyan adhiniyam (1949), samajik kalyan adhiniyam (1951), mansik roop seey viklang vyaktiyon key kalyan key liye adhiniyam (1960), vriddh kalyan key liye adhiniyam (1963) aur aashriton aur vidhvaaon vaali maataon key kalyan parr adhiniyam (1964) banaaya. 1970 aur 1980 key dashak key dauran, japan ney ack japani shally kaa kalyankari samaaj apanaaya. 1973 mein bhee, pradhaanmantri tanaka kakuwei ney "kalyankari varsh ack" kii shuruat kii."tail key jhatake aur samajik neeti mein badey sarkari kharch key kaaran, japan koo ghaate aur mandee kaa saamana karna padaa. sarkaar ney rashtriya swaasthya beema aur saarvajanik pension pranali mein sudhaar karke samajik vyay koo niyantrit karane kaa prayaas kiya. 1990 key dashak mein, umr badhane kii gambhir samasya key kaaran, bachchon key paalan-poshan aur bujurgon aur kamkaji mahilaaon kii dekhbhal key liye samajik seva vikasit karane key liye samajik samarthan parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa. 2012 mein, sarkaar ney ack utpaadan-pratham neeti koo badhaava diyaa, jise abinomics kahaa jaataa haye aur kalyan aur samajik suraksha seey aarthik sudhaar kii or dhyaan diyaa.
pension pranali.
japan mein sarkaar aur corporate sangathanon dwara teen prakaar kii japani rashtriya pension kii vyavastha kii jaati haye.
karmchaariyon kii pension yojana yaa parasparik sahaayata pension mein namankan swachaalit roop seey mool pension pranali mein bhee ack kaa namankan kartaa haye.
1986 mein saarvajanik pension pranali mein ack pramukh sanshodhan ney kaee poorv yojanaon koo ekal karmchari pension beema yojana mein ekikrit kiya. poorv yojanaon key vilay key alawa, 1986 key sudhaar ney shramikon key yogdan kii darr mein vriddhi koo rokane key liye laabhon koo cumm karane kaa prayaas kiya. isane una mahilaaon key adhikaar koo bhee sthaapit kiya joe ghar key baahar kaam naheen karati theen, naa kii kewal ack karmchari parr nirbhar honey key roop mein, apane swayam key pension laabhon key liye. bees seey saath varsh kii ayu kaa pratyek vyakti iss karmchari pension beema yojana kaa anivarya sadasya thaa.
inn shikayaton key bavjood kii yeye pension "paisa kharch karane" seey thodi adhik thee, apani sevaanivritti key liye yojana banaane vaale logon kii badhati sankhya unhein aaya key ack mahatvapurna srot key roop mein ginati haye. laabhon mein vriddhi hui taaki 1987 mein buniyaadi masik pension lagbhag 420 dollar thee, bhavishya key bhugtaanon koo upabhokta moolya soochkaank mein samaayojit kiya gayaa. 1985 mein chaalees pratishat bujurg parivaar apani aaya key ekmatra srot key roop mein vibhinn prakaar kii vaarshiki aur pension parr nirbhar they.
kuchh loga corporate sevaanivritti bhatton key liye bhee paatr hain. tees yaa usase adhik karmchaariyon vaali lagbhag 90 pratishat farmon ney 1980 key dashak key anta mein sevaanivritti bhatte diye, aksar ekmusht bhugtan key roop mein lekin vaarshiki key roop mein teji seey.
japan mein saarvajanik pension pranali harr paanch saal mein apani vittiya sthirata kii sameeksha karane key liye baadhya haye aur iss prakaar kuchh ullekhaniya sudhaar varshon key saath harr paanch saal mein isamen ack hudd taka sudhaar kiya jaataa haye. 1942 mein, niji kshetra key karmchaariyon key liye karmchari pension beema kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. 1954 mein, ise punarnirmit kiya gayaa, pahale seey sthaapit aaya-adharit pension model koo dou-stariya model key saath pratisthaapit kiya gayaa, jisamen ack buniyaadi sapaat-darr suvidha bhee shamil thee. niji aur saarvajanik kshetra kii pension yojanaon key beach asamaanta thee kyonki saarvajanik kshetra key pension laabh star aam taur parr behtar they aur adhik vyaapak roop seey cover kiye gaye they. niji kshetra key kuchh karmchaariyon key liye coverage kii kamee koo door karane key liye, rashtriya pension kaanoon 1961 mein paarit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen ack anivarya bachat pranali sthaapit kii gaee thee, jisamen swa-niyoktaon seey laker berojgaaron taka sabhi koo ack flat-rait laabh package key liye vyaktigat aadhar parr flat-yogdan darr kaa bhugtan karane kii aavashyakta hoti thee. 1986 mein, mahilaaon ney apane patiyon key madhyam seey apane pati key vetan seey kaate gaye yogdan key madhyam seey pension pranali mein ack raasta praapt kiya, joe patni koo ack sapaat-darr buniyaadi pension yojana kaa hakdar thaa. 1999 mein, aarthik mandee key kaaran, sarkaar ney pension yogdan mein vriddhi koo roque diyaa aur vriddhavastha laabh praapt karane key liye ayu kii aavashyakta koo 60 seey badalkar 65 curr diyaa.
cumm janm darr aur uchch jeevan pratyasha darr key sanyojan key kaaran japan mein duniya kii sabse teji seey badhati umr vaali aabaadi haye. yeh karyabal mein bhaag lene vaali mahilaaon mein vriddhi, vivaah kii badhati umr aur avivaahit mahilaaon key badhate anupaat key kaaran haye. bigadati pension pranali koo cumm karane key prayaas mein, 2004 key sudhaar prayason koo mukhya roop seey dou lakshyon parr nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen pahala pension pranali kaa samarthan karane vaalon kii sankhya koo behtar dhang seey pratibimbit karane key liye laabh staron mein katauti karna thaa. doosara lakshya pension pranali kii kaary karane kii kshamata koo badhaane key liye bhugtan kiye gaye laabhon kii kull raashi koo dheema karna thaa. phir bhee, umr badhane vaali aabaadi kaa mudda banaa huaa haye aur isaliye yuvaaon key liye bujurgon kaa anupaat badhata rahega, jisase sandeh paida hoga kii kyaa yuvaaon koo kabhi puuraa laabh milega.
saarvajanik sahaayata.
japan mein buniyaadi jeevan yapan kharch, awas laagat, anivarya shiksha aur kaushal prashikshan laagat, swaasthya beema aur antim sanskar koo cover karane key liye saarvajanik sahaayata karyakram bhee hain. aavedan karane key liye, logon koo apani nagarpalika key kalyan karyalaya jaanaa chaahiye, joe unake daave kii jaanch kartaa haye aur aamtaur parr dou saptah key bheetar jawab detaa haye. yadi kissy parivaar kii kull aaya swaasthya aur kalyan mantri dwara nirdhaarit nyuntam jeevan vyay seey cumm haye, tou parivaar kalyan laabhon key liye paatr haye. apane daavon parr vichaar karane seey pahale, avedakon koo pahale kissy bhee aisee sampatti koo bechana chaahiye jise kesworkers dwara anaavashyak "vilasita vastuen" maanaa jaataa haye, halanki "vilasita" vastuon kii paribhasha nagarpalikaon key beach bhinn hoti haye, aur vyaktigat kalyan adhikaariyon key paas yeh nirdhaarit karane kaa vivekadhikar hotaa haye kii kyaa becha jaanaa chaahiye. aam taur parr, kaar aur motorbike (jaba taka kii kaam kii talash mein fayademand naheen paae jaate), saath hii saath uchch-stariya television, mahange sangeet vaadyayantra aur designer saman jaisi vastuon koo becha jaanaa chaahiye. haalaanki praaptakartaon key paas achal sampatti hoe sakati haye yadi way sampatti parr rahate hain, kuchh mamalon mein jahaan achal sampatti koo aavashyak seey adhik moolyavaan maanaa jaataa haye, avedakon koo sahaayata key liye paatr honey seey pahale apani sampatti bechane key liye kahaa jaataa haye. ack baar saarvajanik sahaayata key liye anumodit honey key baad, praaptakartaon koo apana paisa kharch karane key liye unhein saunpe gaye keswork key margadarshan kaa paalan karna chaahiye. saarvajanik sahaayata karyakramon seey lagbhag 1.7% aabaadi labhanvit hoti haye. inmein seey lagbhag 50.8% parivaar bujurg loga hain, 26.6% parivaar beemar yaa viklang sadasyon key saath they, aur 6.2% ekal-mahila-abhibhaavak parivaar hain.
samajik beema.
 japan mein companiyan apane karmchaariyon koo swaasthya beema, karmchari pension, berojgari beema aur shramikon key durghatana muaavaje key beema sahit vibhinn pranaliyon mein namankit karane key liye jimmedaar hain. niyokta shramikon key durghatana muaavaje key beema key liye sabhi lagaton koo cover kartaa haye, lekin anya pranaliyon key liye bhugtan niyokta aur karmchari donon dwara saajha kiya jaataa haye.
swaasthya seva.
japan mein ack saarvbhaumik swaasthya seva pranali haye joe japani sarkaar dwara prashaasit haye. nagrikon koo saarvajanik swaasthya beema pranali yojana mein namankit honah aavashyak haye joe rojgar kii sthiti aur/yaa nivaas key aadhar parr bhinn hoti haye. saarvajanik swaasthya beema pranali seey baahar nikalane yaa paatr honey parr namankan karane mein whiffle rahane parr vyaktiyon koo pranali kaa hissa banane key liye dou saal key premium kaa bhugtan karke dandit kiya jaataa haye. niji swaasthya beema maujood haye lekin yeh kull milakar bahut cumm haye.
japan kii swaasthya dekhbhal pranali mein teen alag-alag prakaar key beema mein karmchaariyon, niyoktaon, gair-niyojit aur sarkaar dwara bhugtan kii jaane vaali chikitsa sevaaen hain. samaaj dwara prabandhit swaasthya beema (aiss. aim. aaee.) haye joe badee farmon mein karmchaariyon key liye haye. yeh mukhya roop seey karmchaariyon aur niyoktaon dwara unake vetan key 3-10% key beach daron key saath kiye gaye premium bhugtan dwara vitt poshit haye. japan swaasthya beema sangh-prabandhit swaasthya beema (jhiyaahi) chhoti farmon key karmchaariyon key liye haye. sarkaar swaasthya bhugtan kaa 13 pratishat subsidy key madhyam seey pradaan karati haye jabaki karmchari aur niyokta apane vetan kaa 8.2 pratishat bhugtan karate hain. rashtriya swaasthya beema (aine. aaee. aaee.) swa-niyojit aur sevaanivritt vyaktiyon key liye shesh shreni haye. aine. aaee. aaee. kaa premium alag-alag hotaa haye kyonki yeh aaya aur ghar key bheetar beemit logon kii sankhya parr adharit hotaa haye, lekin aamtaur parr yeh ausat majdoori kaa 2 pratishat hotaa haye. aine. aaee. parr sevaanivritt logon kii sankhya key kaaran, japan ney 1983 mein bujurgon key liye saha-bhugtan koo phir seey lagu kiya. saha-bhugtan ack samanya nidhi dwara cover kiye jaate hain joe anya karmchari bimakartaon seey apana paisa praapt kartaa haye.
isake alawa, 2000 mein japan ney ack nayaa swaasthya seva beema karyakram banaaya jise deerghakaalik dekhbhal beema kahaa jaataa haye. yeh japan kii badhati bujurg aabaadi koo sambodhit karane kaa ack prayaas thaa. ack vyakti key paatr honey key liye unhein umr seey sambandhit bimari yaa vikalangata key saath painsath aur usase adhik umr yaa chaalees seey chaunsath honah chaahiye. iska uddeshya praathamik dekhbhal karane vaale kii jimmedaari koo parivaar seey raajya mein sthanantarit karna thaa. isamen bimakartaon key roop mein bhoomika koo puuraa karane vaali nagarpaalikaaen hain jahan way deerghakaalik dekhbhal beema key liye bajat nirdhaarit karate hain. vitt sarkari curr rajaswa, premium aur saha-bhugtan key sanyojan seey aataa haye.
nyuntam majdoori.
nyuntam majdoori kaanoon, joe 1947 mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, lekin 1959 taka lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa, cumm aaya vaale shramikon kii suraksha key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. sarkaar, shram aur rojgar pratinidhiyon seey bunny vishesh parishadon dwara kshetra aur udyog donon key anusaar nyuntam majdoori kaa star nirdhaarit kiya gayaa haye.
ling neeti.
1980 key dashak seey, sarkaar ney mahilaaon kii samajik sthiti aur langic samaantaa koo dheere-dheere badhaava dene key liye kaee kaanoon sthaapit kiye hain. 1986 mein, samaan rojgar avsar kaanoon koo manjuri dee gaee, aur isane vyavasaay mein mahilaaon key liye baadhaon koo cumm kiya. 1992 mein, baal dekhbhal kaanoon ney bachche key maataa-pitaa mein seey ack koo bachche kii dekhbhal key liye ack saal taka aanshik roop seey bhugtan chhutti praapt karane kii anumati dee. 1994 mein, sarkaar ney rashtra key liye langic samaantaa koo paribhaashit kiyaah purush aur mahilaaen samaaj key kissy bhee kshetra mein bhaag lene key liye samaan sadasya hain, aur donon ling saajha jimmedaari key saath raajneetik, aarthik, samajik aur saanskritik laabhon mein samaan hain. 1997 mein, nurse dekhbhal beema kaanoon ney poore samaaj mein bujurgon kii dekhbhal kii laagat koo vitarit karke mahilaaon parr tanaav koo cumm kiya. usee varsh, pradhaan mantri hashimoto ryotaro ney langic samaantaa key liye parishad mein apane bhaashan mein ling-samaan samajik neeti koo ack anivarya vishay key roop mein maanyata dee. 1998 mein, nirdisht gair-laabhkaari gatividhiyon koo badhaava dene key liye kaanoon ney gair-laabhkaari mahila samoohon key liye kanuni sthiti praapt karane key liye pratibandhon koo cumm curr diyaa. 1999 mein, ack langic samaan samaaj key liye buniyaadi kaanoon paarit kiya gayaa aur sarkaar ney ack langic-samaan samaaj key liye buniyaadi yojana kaa masauda taiyar karna shuru kiya, jise harr paanch saal mein adyatan kiya jaataa haye. yadyapi langic-samaantaa neeti abhee bhee vikasit hoe rahee haye, shiksha key pahalu mein yeh kaafee safal rahee haih japan mein mahilaaon key liye college namankan darr 1980 mein 12 pratishat seey badhkar 2000 mein 32 pratishat aur 2012 mein 46 pratishat hoe gaee. haalaanki, japan mein langic asamaanta kaa pramaan adhikaar key padon parr mahilaaon kii anupasthiti seey milata haye. kyonki japani kalyan pranali kaa vyavsaayon key saath ghanishth sambandh haye, donon sansthaon koo langic samaantaa praapt karane key liye japani samaaj key liye ling-samaan prathaon koo apnana chaahiye. langic samaantaa kii khoj japan mein ack nirantar prayaas haye.
videshiyon key liye kalyan.
japani kaanoon takniki roop seey kahata haye kii kewal japani nagrik hii saarvajanik sahaayata praapt karane key paatr hain. haalaanki, vaastavik vyavhaar mein, videshi sthaayi nivaasiyon koo japan mein kaam karane seey rokane vaale koee kanuni pratibandh naheen hain, unhein kalyankari bhugtan praapt karane kii anumati haye. 2011 mein, iss "vaastavik" sthiti koo sthaayi nivasi darje vaali 79 varsheeya cheeni mahila key paksh mein ack fukuoka uchch nyayalaya key faisale dwara barkarar rakhaa gayaa thaa, jise oita shahar sarkaar dwara samajik kalyan bhugtan seey vanchit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
 japani sarvocch nyayalaya ney faisala sunaaya haye kii videshi kalyan bhugtan praapt karane key hakdar naheen hain.

