
abram havit

abram stevens havit (31 julaai, 1822-18 janwari, 1903) ack americi rajneta, shikshak, lauh nirmaata udyogpati aur vakeel they, joe 1887 seey 1888 taka dou saal taka newyork shahar key mahapour rahey. unhone dou baar yuu. aiss. key roop mein bhee kaary kiya.aiss. 1876 seey 1877 taka loktaantrik rashtriya samiti key congress sadasya aur adhyaksh rahey.
udyogpati aur paropkari peater cooper key damad, havit koo cooper union key saath apane kaam key liye jaanaa jaataa haye, jise unhone 1859 mein sthaapana mein sahyog karane mein sahaayata kii, aur pahali line key vittaposhan aur nirmaan kii yojana banaane key liye joe antatah newyork shahar key sabave mein vikasit hogi, jisake liye unhein "newyork shahar sabave pranali kaa pitaa" maanaa jaataa haye.
praarambhik jeevan.
havit kaa janm haverstraw, newyork mein huaa thaa. unaki maan, aine gurney, francisi hugunot mool kii theen, jabaki unake pitaa, johnn havit, ingland mein staffordshire seey they aur yuu mein pravaas curr gaye they.aiss. 1796 mein philadelphia mein ack jall sanyantra koo bijli dene key liye ack bhaap injan parr kaam karane key liye.
havit ney kolambiya college mein bhaag lene key liye chhatravritti arjit kii. 1842 mein college seey snaatak honey key baad, unhone vahaan ganit padhaaya, aur kaee varshon baad ack vakeel bunn gaye.
1843 seey 1844 taka, havit ney apane chhaatr, edward cooper, udyogpati udyami peater cooper key bete aur ack anya bhavishya key newyork shahar key meyer key saath europe kii yatra kii. apani vaapsee yatra key dauran, donon ack saath jahaaj toot gaye they. isake baad, havit "vastutah cooper parivaar kaa sadasya" bunn gayaa, aur 1855 mein edward kii bahan, saaraa amelia seey shaadi curr lii.
carrier.
1845 mein, peater cooper, havit aur edward cooper dwara vittaposhit, trenton, nyu jersey mein ack lauh mill shuru kii, trenton lauh company, jahan, 1854 mein, unhone pahale sanrachanaatmak lohe key beam kaa utpaadan kiya, saath hii saath anya naveen utpaadon kaa vikas kiya. havit key chhote bhaai, charles, lohe kii mill mein prabandhak they. havit ney anya companiyon mein bhee nivesh kiya, kaee mamalon mein unake boardon mein seva karate hue. havit koo yuu key liye samarpit kaam key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa.aiss. sarkaar aur unake karmchaariyon key saath asadharan roop seey achche sambandh.
sarah cooper key saath apani shaadi key baad, havit ney cooper union, peater cooper key muft shaikshanik sansthaan key nirmaan kii dekhrekh kii aur 1903 taka isake nyasi mandal kii adhyakshata kii.
raajneetik jeevan.
1871 mein, sudhaarak saimuel jey seey prerit. tilden, cooper ney pramukhta seey villium aim key netritva mein bhrasht "tweed ring" koo hataane key liye abhiyaan chalaaya. "boss" ney tummony holl key niyantran seey, aur newyork mein loktaantrik party koo punargathit karane key liye, joe apani raajneetik machine key madhyam seey varshon taka niyantrit rhaa. havit ney pahali baar 1874 mein chunavi rajneeti mein kadam rakhaa, jaba unhone yuu mein ack seat jeeti.aiss. pratinidhi sabhaa, jahan unhone shuru mein 4 march, 1875 seey 3 march, 1879 taka dou karyakalon kaa pratinidhitva kiya. congress mein apane pahale karyakal key dauran, unhein 1876 mein loktaantrik rashtriya samiti kaa pramukh banaaya gayaa thaa, jaba tilden rashtrapati key liye asafal rahey. 1880 key chunaavon key dauran 10vein jile mein loktaantrik namankan key liye congress mein apane uttaradhikari james oh 'bryan koo haraane key baad, joe tummony holl key kattar virodhi they, unhone apani purani seat phir seey hassil kii aur ack baar phir yuu mein seva kii.aiss. 4 march, 1881 seey 30 disambar, 1886 taka kaa ghar.
havit kaa sabse prasiddh bhaashan 1883 mein mainhattan aur brooklin key beach brooklin pull key udghaatan parr kiya gayaa thaa.
1886 key chunaav mein havit newyork key mahapour chune gaye they jaba shahar key loktaantrik dall parr apana niyantran phir seey shuru karane vaale tamney holl key richard croker ney party key virodhi tamney "svelotel" key netaa honey key bavjood tamney holl key samarthan key saath loktaantrik namankan jeetane key liye havit kii vyavastha kii thee. croker koo sanyukt laber party key ummidwar, raajneetik arthashastri heinry george kaa virodh karane key liye ack majboot ummidwar kii aavashyakta thee, kyonki tummony koo darr thaa kii george kii jeet seey shahar mein raajneetik vyavastha koo jaatiya aadhar parr naheen balki varg aadhar parr punargathit kiya jaa sakata haye, jiska tummony ney satta mein baney rahane key liye fayda uthaaya.
havit ney nativist vishvaason koo dhaaran kiya hogaah udaaharan key liye, unhone sant patrick divas pared kii sameeksha karane seey incar curr diyaa, ack aisaa nirnay jisane shahar mein loktaantrik party key ayrish-americi aadhar koo alag curr diyaa. havit ney bhee tammani koo sanrakshan key niyantran kii anumati dene seey incar curr diyaa joe way chaahte they, aur croker ney yeh dekhaa kii havit koo dusare karyakal key liye naamit naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
havit koo achchi mudra prathaon kaa rakshak maanaa jaataa thaa (unake havaale seey kahaa gayaa haye kii "anaavashyak karadhan anyaaypurna karadhan haye") aur nagrik seva sudhaar. unhone newyork shahar metro pranali key liye dhana jutaane aur nirmaan karane kii yojana vikasit kii.
melvin jee dwara aayojit itihaskaron, raajneetik vaigyaanikon aur shahari visheshagyon kaa 1993 kaa ack sarvekshan. shikago mein ilinois vishvavidyalaya key hollie ney havit koo 1820 aur 1993 key beach seva karane vaale chhavisaven sarvshreshth americi badey shahar key mahapour key roop mein sthaan diyaa.
udyamsheelta carrier.
havit ney praakritik sansadhanon mein kaee nivesh kiye they, jisamen west virginia mein kaafee hissedari bhee shamil thee, jahaan villium nelson pays (1854-1932) unake prabandhakon mein seey ack they. vaha heinry huttleston rosers (1840-1909) key sahayogi bhee they, joe ack vittaposhi aur udyogpati they joe maanak tail nyaas mein ack pramukh vyakti they, aur praakritik sansadhanon key ack pramukh vikaskarta they. havit key niveshon mein seey ack, jise rosers aur pays dwara sambhala gayaa thaa, west virginia key fait county mein loop creak estate thaa. deepwater railway shuru mein laup creak niveshakon dwara banaai gaee ack sahayak company thee, joe apani bhoomi parr koyla khadanon seey bituminus koyale koo kuchh doori parr chesepec aur ohiyo railway (see aind oh) kii mukhya line taka kanwa nadee key saath bhejati thee. darr vivaadon key baad, chhoti chhoti line rail maarg kaa vistaar antatah virginia mein aur usa raajya mein hampton sadakon parr seavell key bindu parr ack nae koyla ghaat taka kiya gayaa. badey railmargon kii naak key neeche gupt roop seey yojana banaai gaee, iska naam badalkar virginian railway curr diyaa gayaa, aur 20veen shatabdi key adhikansh samay taka ise "duniya kaa sabse ameer chhota railmarg" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa.
1890 mein, abram ney edward cooper aur hamilton aim key saath bhagidari kii. americi sulfur company banaane mein dou baar, jisane taba union sulfur company banaane key liye herman frashes aur unake bhagidaron key saath ack 50/50 samjhauta kiya.
paropkar.
ack paropkari key roop mein, havit koo vishesh roop seey shiksha mein ruchi thee. kolambiya vishvavidyalaya ney unhein ell. ell. kii degree dee.dee. 1887 mein, aur way 1883 mein isake poorv chhaatr sangh key adhyaksh they, aur 1901 seey apani mrityu taka ack trusty they. 1876 mein, way american institute off mining engineers key adhyaksh chune gaye, aur kaarnegi institute off science key sansthaapak aur trusty they. way barnard college aur american museum off natural histry key trusty bhee they.
mrityu aur parivaar.
abram havit kii mrityu 18 janwari, 1903 koo unake newyork shahar key ghar parr hui aur unhein green-wood kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa. unake antim shabd, jaba unhone apane munh seey apani oxygen tube lii, "aur abb, main aadhikarik taur parr marr chuka huun."
havit kii betiyaan, ammy, eleanor aur saaraa havit ney ack sajawati kalaa sangrah kaa nirmaan kiya joe varshon seey cooper union mein pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa aur baad mein cooper-havit rashtriya design sangrahalaya kaa mukhya sangrah bunn gayaa. unakaa betaa, peater cooper havit (1861-1921), ack safal aavishkaarak thaa, jabaki ack anya betaa, edward ringwood havit (1866-1957), ack aavishkaarak, ack rasaayanagya aur fly-fishing parr ack praarambhik visheshagya bhee thaa. unhone anya pustakon key saath "talling onn dha trout" prakaashit kiya.
havit kaa sabse chhota betaa, erskin havit (1871-1938), newyork shahar mein ack vakeel aur paropkari bhee thaa. unhone 1936 mein naee jersey raajya koo ringwood jagir daan kii. 18 farwari, 1909 koo, erskin havit koo newyork shahar key navgathit rashtriya aarakshit baink kaa nideshak naamit kiya gayaa. 2 march, 1909 koo havit koo adhyaksh chunaa gayaa.
sandarbh.
notes
granth soochi

