
chean-australia pravaasi pakshi samjhauta

chean-australia pravaasi pakshi samjhauta (camba) australia aur chean key beach ack dwipakshiya sandhi haye jiska uddeshya donon deshon key beach pravaasi pakshiyon aur unake paryaavaran kii raksha karna haye. sabhi chhah anuchhedon key dauran, sandhi ack pravaasi pakshi koo paribhaashit karati haye, donon anubandh karane vaale pakshon key liye pramukh nishedhon koo rekhaankit karati haye aur pravaasi pakshiyon aur unake aavason kii raksha key liye donon deshon kii jimmedariyon koo nirdhaarit karati haye. camba koo pahali baar 20 octuber 1986 koo vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1 sitambar 1988 koo lagu huaa thaa. samjhaute mein 81 pakshi prajaatiyon koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye, jaisa kii neeche soochibaddh camba anulagnak mein dikhaaya gayaa haye.
camba koo pravaasi pakshiyon key liye adhik kanuni suraksha pradaan karane key liye vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey way joe gambhir roop seey luptapray hain yaa vilupt honey key khatare mein hain. chean aur australia donon ney pakshi prajaatiyon key sanrakshan key liye karyakramon key nirmaan koo protsaahit karane, inn pakshiyon parr anusandhaan jaisi kissy bhee jaankaari koo saajha karane aur khatarnak paudhon aur jaanvaron key ayaat koo rokkar sanrakshan sunishchit karane parr sahamati vyakt kii haye.
australia anya pravaasi pakshi samjhauton jaise japan-australia pravaasi pakshi samjhauta (jamba) aur koria-australia pravaasi pakshi samjhauta (rokamba) key saath shamil rhaa haye, aur prabandhan yojanaon key saath bhee jiska uddeshya jalavaayu parivartan aur jall nishkarshan jaise pramukh khatron kaa mukabala karna haye joe pakshi prajaatiyon koo nuksan pahunchaate hain. pravaasi pakshi sanrakshan seey judey mudde bhee hain joe inn prajaatiyon kii raksha kii prabhavsheelta koo seemit karate hain, jisamen samjhauton mein vishishtata kii kamee aur gharelu star parr sanrakshanaatmak upaayon koo lagu karane mein kathinaaiyaan shamil hain.
samjhaute key lekh.
lekh I.
lekh I "pravaasi pakshi" shabd koo ack aise pakshi key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye joe chean aur australia key beach pravaas karane key liye paryaapt roop seey siddh haye aur joe "prakaashit report, tasveeren aur anya jaankaari" dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye. iss lekh mein taba kahaa gayaa haye kii anubandh karane vaale donon pakshon koo, australia aur chean honey key naate, anulagnak kii sameeksha karni chaahiye aur unhein aapsi samjhaute parr samjhaute mein sambhaavit roop seey sanshodhan karane kii kshamata dee jaani chaahiye. yeh lekh donon anubandh karane vaale pakshon koo kamb mein sanshodhan karane kaa avsar pradaan kartaa haye joe 26 maee 2006 koo australia aur chean key beach 7veen paramarsh baithak mein huaa thaa. sanshodhanon mein anulagnak mein 17 prajaatiyon key vaigyaanik namkaran mein badalaav key saath-saath gulab key terron koo jodana aur chitrit snip koo hataana shamil thaa.
lekh II.
anuchhed II chean aur australia donon koo pravaasi pakshiyon yaa unake andon koo lene seey pratibandhit kartaa haye jaba taka kii sambandhit desh key gharelu kaanoonon mein kuchh paristhitiyon koo dekhate hue anumati naheen dee jaati haye. inmein seey kuchh paristhitiyon mein shamil hain yadi aise kaary "vaigyaanik, shaikshik, pracharatmak" yaa anya uddeshyon key liye hain joe samjhaute key uddeshyon key saath sanrekhit hotey hain, tou kaaran logon yaa sampatti kii raksha karna haye yaa yeh shikaar key mausam key dauran haye jaisa kii anuchhed II mein sthaapit kiya gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, praathamik udyogon, udyaanon, jall aur paryaavaran vibhaag ney tasmanian adiwasi vyaktiyon koo katarani jall kii kataai karane kii anumati dee haye, joe unaki muttenbirding parampara kaa ack aitihaasik hissa haye. iss lekh mein aage kahaa gayaa haye kii donon paksh pravaasi pakshiyon yaa andon koo naheen bechenge, kharidenge yaa unakaa adaan-pradaan naheen karenge, lekin jeevit rahane key liye aavashyak prajanan daron koo dekhate hue inn pakshiyon key shikaar key liye ack mandand nirdhaarit curr sakate hain. 2010 seey 2011 aur 2013 seey 2014 key prajanan mausam key dauran, tasmanian adivasiyon key liye saanskritik kataai koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii pakshiyon kii aabaadi unake mool star parr laut aae.
lekh III.
anuchhed III teen badhyakari bayanon koo soochibaddh kartaa haye joe donon anubandh karane vaale pakshon koo karane kii sifarish kii jaati haye. pahala raajya yeh haye kii donon deshon koo pravaasi pakshiyon parr shodh seey sambandhit jaankaari saajha karane key liye protsaahit kiya jaataa haye. doosara donon pakshon koo pravaasi pakshiyon parr kendrit "sanyukt anusandhaan karyakram" banaane key liye protsaahit kartaa haye. anta mein, donon pakshon koo pravaasi pakshiyon, vishesh roop seey vilupt honey key sampark mein aaney vaale pakshiyon kii suraksha koo badhaava denaa chaahiye. rashtriya avian influenzae jangli pakshi (aine. aaee. doubleu. bee.) nigrani karyakram ack australiyai pahal haye jisamen influenzae virus kii nigrani key liye enceriform kaa namuna lena shamil haye. yeh karyakram jangli pakshiyon mein avian influenzae kii australia kii samajh mein behtar sudhaar karane key liye jaankaari pradaan kartaa haye taaki beemariyon key paryavaraniya aur samajik prabhaavon seey bachaaya jaa sakey.
lekh IV.
anuchhed IV mein kahaa gayaa haye kii donon anubandh karane vaale pakshon koo apani kshamata key anusaarah aisee suvidhaaen banaana chaahiye joe pravaasi pakshiyon kii raksha karein, inn pakshiyon key paryaavaran koo sanrakshit karane aur sudhaarne key liye aavashyak kadam uthaaen, pakshiyon aur unake paryaavaran donon koo koee nuksan naa pahunchaaen aur kissy bhee janwar yaa paudhe kii nigrani aur niyantran karein joe aayatit hain joe jokhim paida curr sakate hain. soochibaddh pakshiyon key nuksan koo rokane aur unake vatavaran mein sudhaar karane key liye, australia aur chean ney annex seey chitrit snippe koo hataane parr vichaar kiya kyonki way asia mein paae gaye prajaatiyon kii tulanaa mein ack alag prajaati paae gaye they. haalaanki, yeh pahale seey hii paryaavaran sanrakshan aur jaiv vividhata sanrakshan adhiniyam (1999) key tahat soochibaddh ack sankatgrast prajaati haye aur paaya gayaa kii yeh usa prajaati aur usake paryaavaran key sanrakshan koo cumm naheen karegi.
lekh vee.
iss lekh mein buss itna kahaa gayaa haye kii yadi chean yaa australia aisaa anurodh karate hain, tou donon pakshon koo samjhaute key sanchaalan key sambandh mein paramarsh karna chaahiye.
lekh vi.
anuchhed vi mein rekhaankit kiya gayaa haye kii donon deshon dwara ack dusare koo adhisoochit karane aur samjhaute parr hastakshar karane key baad samjhauta lagu kiya jaayega. yeh 15 varshon key liye lagu hoga aur koee bhee paksh iss avadhi key baad samjhaute koo samaapt karane key liye dusare paksh koo 1 varsh kaa notice dey sakata haye.
australia kaa pravaasi pakshi sanrakshan itihas.
australia 1970 key dashak key madhya seey purvi asiai-australiyai flyway mein sanrakshak upaay karke pravaasi pakshiyon kii raksha karane mein ack mahatvapurna rashtra rhaa haye. australia ney kaee asiai deshon key saath pravaasi pakshi samjhaute kiye hain. isaki shuruat 1974 mein japan (jamba), 1986 mein chean (kamba) aur 15 saal pahale 2006 mein koria ganarajya (rokamba) seey hui thee.
inn donon deshon key beach hue samjhauton key saath-saath australia ney antarrashtriya mahatva key ardrabhoomi parr sammelan parr hastakshar kiye hain, jise aamtaur parr ramsar sammelan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh antar-sarkari sandhi mukhya roop seey paryavaraniya rakharkhaav aur paaristhitik sthirata sunishchit karke ardrabhoomi key sanrakshan parr kendrit haye. ramsar ranneetik yojana (2009-2015) ramsar sammelan key liye praapt kiye jaane vaale parinamon kii ruprekha taiyar karati haye. sabse pahale, sthaaniya samudaayon key bheetar judaav mein vriddhi honey chaahiye aur paaristhitiki tantra parr ardrabhoomi key mahatva key baare mein jagrukta honey chaahiye. doosara, ack antarrashtriya ardrabhoomi network praapt karane key liye ramsar sammelan key saath antarrashtriya samanvaya banaae rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye. teesara, samjhaute key prabhaav koo adhikatam karane key liye antarrashtriya dalon key saath sahyog karane parr dhyaan kendrit kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
isake alawa, 2006 seey ack sadasya key roop mein, purvi asiai-australiyai flyway site network mein australia kii sadasyata, jise 1996 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, ney pravaasi pakshiyon key liye adhik prabhaavi sanrakshan upaayon key protsaahan aur karyanvayan mein sahaayata kii haye. australia bhee jangli jaanvaron kii pravaasi prajaatiyon key sanrakshan parr sammelan kaa hissa haye joe sanyukt rashtra key hisse key roop mein ack paryaavaran sandhi haye jiska uddeshya pravaasi pakshi sanrakshan key antarrashtriya samanvaya mein sudhaar karna haye.
paryaavaran aur oorjaa key australiyai sarkari vibhaag key anusaar, australia ney japan, chean aur koria key saath samjhauton key liye apani pratibaddhata key saath paraspar judee pahalon kaa pradarshan kiya haye. pravaasi tatvarti pakshiyon key liye vanyajeev sanrakshan yojana kii shuruat australia key bheetar pravaasi tatvarti pakshiyon key anusandhaan aur vikas parr kendrit ack rashtriya dhancha haye. ee. pee. bee. see. adhiniyam 1999 ney pakshi prajaatiyon key astitva koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye sanrakshan yojana key vikas mein sahaayata kii haye. rashtriya bhoomi dekhbhal karyakram key saath-saath rashtramandal paryaavaran jall karyalaya, australia key udyaanon aur mahaan baadha reif samudri udyaan pradhikaran key saath samanvaya upaayon key madhyam seey aavason kii suraksha koo badhaaya gayaa haye.
pravaasi pakshi sanrakshan key kaaran.
purvi australia mein tata pakshi aabaadi key rujhaanon key mulyankan mein 24 varshon mein 79 pratishat kii girawat aaee haye. australia mein prativarsh laakhon pravaasi pakshiyon key liye awas upalabdh honey key kaaran vilupt honey seey rokane aur paaristhitiki tantra koo banaae rakhane key liye suraksha kii nirantar aavashyakta haye.
australia key bheetar antardeshiya ardrabhoomi mein girawat pravaasi pakshiyon key liye ack aur khatra haye aur iss tarah key samjhauton kaa ack pramukh kaaran haye. antardeshiya ardrabhoomi aspas key jall nikaayon koo poshak tatva pradaan karati haye aur parinamswarup poshak tatvon seey bharpur aavason key kaaran pakshi jeevan mein sudhaar hotaa haye. jalavaayu parivartan aur jall-srot upayog key kaaran, antardeshiya ardrabhoomi mein girawat aaee haye aur una pakshi prajaatiyon key liye ack jokhim paida huaa haye joe una aavason parr bahut adhik nirbhar hain. pravaasi pakshi samjhauton koo yeh sunishchit karane key liye banaaya jaataa haye kii pakshi vatavaran kii suraksha sunishchit karane key liye uchit kadam uthaaye jaaen, jaise kii paudhon aur jaanvaron koo laane key liye anubandh karane vaale dalon koo samaapt karane mein camba kii bhoomika joe "pravaasi pakshiyon aur unake paryaavaran key sanrakshan key liye khatarnak hoe sakati haye.
jalavaayu parivartan pakshi prajaatiyon key prati ack badaa khatra haye kyonki way mausam mein mamuli parivartan key prati samvedansheel hain. jalavaayu mein parivartan aur vaishvik tapman mein parivartan naa kewal pravaas key samay koo prabhaavit karate hain, balki utrofication jaisi prakriyaon key kaaran pakshiyon key liye pramukh aadatan kshetron mein paudhon kii vividhata koo bhee prabhaavit karate hain, jisake parinamswarup paani mein nitrogen kaa star adhik hotaa haye. krishi prayason mein vriddhi ney paryaavaran key anukool aur rasayanon key upayog key saath-saath utrofication jaisi anupayogi prakriyaon key kaaran paaristhitiki tantra koo kharaab curr diyaa haye. samudra kaa badhata star tateey rekhaaon key aspas rahane vaali prajaatiyon key liye ack khatra haye aur jalavaayu parivartan key prabhaavon key kaaran jangalon mein aag lagane seey pakshiyon kii aabaadi cumm hoe rahee haye. haalaanki iss vishisht mudde parr pratikriyaon key madhyam star hain, jagrukta mein vriddhi aur jalavaayu parivartan key khatare kaa matlab haye kii adhik prabhaavi pratikriyaon kii adhik aavashyakta hogi.
pravaasi pakshi samjhaute pravaasi pakshiyon aur unake aavason kii raksha aur sanrakshan mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaate hain, donon pakshiyon koo rekhaankit karate hain joe sanrakshit hain aur khand joe yeh nirdhaarit karate hain kii anubandh karane vaale pakshon koo kyaa kaarravaai karni chaahiye. adhikansh pravaasi pakshi samjhaute una pakshiyon koo ujagar karate hain joe sanrakshit hain jaise kii vishishtata sunishchit karane key liye aur nigrani karane key liye kii samay key saath kinn pakshiyon koo sanrakshit kiya jaa rhaa haye, jaise kii camba jaisi sandhiyon mein sanshodhan kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, maee 2015 mein, purvi curl aur curl sandpiper donon koo gambhir roop seey luptapray key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa, joe donon anulagnak mein soochibaddh hain. haalaanki, australia key dou-tihai pravaasi pakshi rashtriya sanrakshan key tahat asurakshit rahate hain, joe camba key saath iss mudde parr aur suraksha kii aavashyakta koo darshaata haye.
mudde.
kaee mudde pravaasi pakshi sanrakshan kii aavashyakta koo prabhaavit karate hain jaise kii camba. sheersh khatron mein krishi, jaleey krishi, javic sansaadhan upayog aur praakritik pranali mein sanshodhan shamil hain. golibari, jahar aur current lagane jaise kaee anya khatare hain jinaki pehchaan kaee varshon seey kii gaee haye lekin samay key saath inca prabhaav aur bhee kharaab hoe gayaa haye. ack anya baar-baar honey vaalaa mudda jansankhya mein vriddhi aur aarthik vikas key parinamswarup bhoomi-upayog kii baadhaon seey utpann hotaa haye. bhoomi khatare key prakaron mein adhik charaai, vanikaran aur jalaana yaa aag shamil hain. kuchh mudde paaramparik duvidhaon seey parey hain aur kanuni roop seey sambandhit hain, jaise kii antarrashtriya samjhauton mein nuksan. inmein antarrashtriya pravasiyon, rashtriya pravasiyon aur anya kanuni tantron kii soochi mein antaral shamil hain jinka uddeshya pravaasi pakshiyon kaa sanrakshan karna haye.
nadiyon aur anya jall nikaayon parr viniyaman mein vriddhi vartamaan pravaasi pakshi samjhauton key saath ack mudda haye. camba pakshiyon aur andon koo lene seey rokane key liye kaanoonon aur viniyaman koo ack apavaad key roop mein maanyata detaa haye, jabaki donon pakshon koo inn pakshiyon key vatavaran kii raksha key liye upaay karane key liye protsaahit kartaa haye. haalaanki, kaee antarrashtriya samjhaute nadee viniyaman koo maanyata dene mein whiffle rahate hain. udaaharan key liye murre-darling besin kaafee hudd taka viniyamit haye aur tata pakshi kii aabaadi mein sabse badee girawat kaa anubhav kiya haye. murre-darling besin jall pranali key aakar koo dekhate hue, pakshi aabaadi parr iska prabhaav nishkarshan, viniyaman aur anya hanikarak karyon mein vriddhi key kaaran paaristhitiki tantra koo nakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit kartaa haye.
bahupakshiya sandhiyon kii jatilata ack aur mudda haye joe suraksha upaayon kii prabhavsheelta koo kharaab kartaa haye. bahurashtriya samjhauton kii prakriti koo dekhate hue nirnay lene aur karyanvayan key aspas parishkaar haye kyonki vyaktigat rashtron kaa sandhiyon key prati alag-alag drishtikon haye. vishisht kshetron kii raksha karane vaalaa kaanoon raajneetik adhikaar kshetra key kaaran seemit haye, lekin pravaasi prajaatiyon kii prakriti atyadhik cross-juridictional honey key vipareet haye. kanuni aur raajneetik baadhaon koo dekhate hue iss rashtriya jatilata ney pravaasi pakshi sanrakshan koo lagu karna aur prabhavsheelta koo maapana kathin banaa diyaa haye. ee. pee. bee. see. adhiniyam 1999 kaa laabh uthaakar raajya aur sanghiya pratikriyaon key beach samanjasya kii adhik aavashyakta saabit hui haye, taaki samanvaya mein sudhaar key liye ise kaanoon key bheetar ekikrit kiya jaa sakey. sandhiyon kii jatilata pramukh shabdon koo paribhaashit karate samay upayog kii jaane vaali antarnihit bhasha key madhyam seey spasht hoti haye aur aksar surakshaatmak upaayon koo banaae rakhane mein raajya sarkaaron kaa samarthan karane key liye adhik thhos vivaran pradaan karane key liye anya kaanoonon kii aavashyakta hoti haye. ramsar sammelan jaise pratikriya tantra koo pravaasi pakshi sanrakshan key liye pratikriya dene key unake uddeshya mein seemit key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, jaise kii camba jaise pravaasi pakshi samjhauton kii tulanaa mein, samjhauton key bheetar vivaran aur spashtata kii kamee koo dekhate hue. udaaharan key liye, ramsar sammelan ardrabhoomi sthalon key panjikaran parr kendrit haye jabaki pravaasi pakshi sandhiyon mein samanya roop seey pravaasi pakshiyon parr adhik dhyaan diyaa jaataa haye.
australia key bheetar pravaasi pakshi pravaas kii ack seema, jaisa kii camba aur anya dwipakshiya sandhiyon dwara pradarshit kiya gayaa haye, yeh haye kii rashtriya sarkaar antarrashtriya samjhauton koo lagu curr sakati haye, jisamen raajya apane swayam key niyamon aur kaanoonon koo lagu karane kii or rukh curr rahey hain. rashtriya star parr kaanoon key ack pramukh hisse key roop mein, ee. pee. bee. see. adhiniyam 1999 australia key pravaasi samjhauton key tahat sabhi prajaatiyon koo soochibaddh kartaa haye, jinhone aage kii prabandhan yojanaon koo lagu karane kii anumati dee haye. udaharanon mein samudri lambi rekha machhali pakadane key sanchaalan key dauran samudri pakshiyon key aakasmik pakadane key liye khatare koo cumm karane kii yojana aur pravaasi tata pakshiyon key liye vanyajeev sanrakshan yojana shamil hain. indoneshiya yaa papua nyu ginny jaise deshon key saath vartamaan antarrashtriya samjhauton kii kamee kaa matlab haye kii way pakshi prajaatiyan kaafee hudd taka asurakshit rahati hain. antarrashtriya samjhauton key bavjood, kuchh desh joe pakshi pravaas mein shamil hain jaise kii tata pakshi joe asiai-australiyai udaan maarg kaa paalan karate hain, inn prajaatiyon kii raksha karane key uddeshya seey ack antarrashtriya upkaran key pakshakaar naheen hain. haalaanki, yeh sabhi antarrashtriya samjhauton key liye naheen hotaa haye, sandhi key hisse key roop mein chean mein site prabandhakon koo prashikshan dene key saath camba prabhaavi dikhaaya gayaa haye. pravaasi pakshiyon kii suraksha mein sudhaar mein janata kii bhagidari aksar seemit hoti haye kyonki sarkaar kii donon deshon key beach samjhauton parr bhaari nirbharta haye. choonki sarkaaren sahayak upaayon koo ekikrit karane key liye anya hitdhaarakon key saath kaam karati hain, isaliye sarkaar swayam baatchit key aspas kissy bhee kaarravaai koo ukasaane kii pravritti naheen rakhti haye.

