
ghanti hook

gloria jeane watkins (25 sitambar, 1952-15 disambar, 2021), jinhen unake kalam naam bell hooks seey behtar jaanaa jaataa haye, ack americi lekhika, siddhantkar, shikshak aur samajik aalochak theen, joe shoke mahavidyalaya mein nivaas mein ack pratishthit professor theen. vaha nasl, narivad aur varg parr apane lekhan key liye jaani jaati hain. hook key lekhan kaa dhyaan jaati, poonjeevaad aur ling key pratichhedan kaa pataa lagaana thaa, aur jise unhone utpeedan aur varg prabhutva kii pranaliyon koo utpann karane aur banaae rakhane kii unaki kshamata key roop mein varnit kiya thaa. unhone lagbhag 40 pustaken prakaashit keen, jinamen nibandh, kavita aur bachchon kii pustaken shamil hain. unhone kaee vidvaanon key lekh prakaashit kiye, vrittachitra filmon mein dikhaai deen aur saarvajanik vyakhyanon mein bhaag liya. unake kaam ney prem, nasl, varg, ling, kalaa, itihas, kamukta, zana madhyam aur narivad koo sambodhit kiya.
unhone 1976 mein dakshini california vishvavidyalaya mein angreji aur jaatiya adhyayan padhaate hue apane shaikshanik currier kii shuruat kii. baad mein unhone 2004 mein kentucky key shoke college mein shamil honey seey pahale steinford vishvavidyalaya, yell vishvavidyalaya aur newyork key city college sahit kaee sansthanon mein padhaaya. 2014 mein, hookes ney shoke college mein bell hooks sansthaan kii bhee sthaapana kii. unakaa kalam naam unaki naani, bell blair hook seey liya gayaa thaa.
15 disambar, 2021 koo, bell hook kii 69 varsh kii ayu mein, kentucky key shoke mein apane ghar mein gurde kii viphalata seey mrityu hoe gaee.
praarambhik jeevan.
gloria jeane watkins kaa janm 25 sitambar, 1952 koo ack mazdoor-varg african-americi parivaar mein, hopkinsville mein huaa thaa, joe kentucky mein ack chhota, alag shahar thaa. watkins rossa bell watkins ("nee" oldham) aur veodis watkins key chhah bachchon mein seey ack they. unake pitaa ack darban key roop mein kaam karate they aur unaki maan shwet parivaaron key gharon mein naukarani key roop mein kaam karati theen. apane sansmaran "(1996) mein, watkins ney" dakshini kaali sanskriti kii ack samriddh jadui duniya mein badey hotey hue "apane aap koo aur pehchaan banaane key liye apane sangharsh" key baare mein likhaa joe kabhi-kabhi swarg aur kabhi-kabhi bhayaanak thaa."
ack shaukeen paathak (kavi villium wordsworth, langston huges, elizabeth barrett browning aur unake pasandida logon mein gwendolin brook key saath), watkins koo nasleeya roop seey alag saarvajanik schools mein shikshit kiya gayaa thaa, baad mein 1960 key dashak key anta mein ack ekikrit school mein sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa. iss anubhav ney ack shikshak key roop mein unake drishtikon koo bahut prabhaavit kiya, aur isane shiksha prathaon parr chhatravritti koo prerit kiya jaisa kii unaki pustak, "shikshan seey atikramanah shiksha key roop mein swatantrata kaa abhyaas" mein dekhaa gayaa haye. unhone 1973 mein steinford vishvavidyalaya seey angreji mein bee. aeye. praapt karane seey pahale hopkinsville hyee school seey snaatak kiya, aur 1976 mein wisconsin-maddison vishvavidyalaya seey angreji mein apani ma. iss samay key dauran, watkins apani pustak "eyent aaee aeye vumanah black women aind feminism" likh rahee theen, jise unhone 19 saal kii umr mein shuru kiya aur phir 1981 mein (bell hook key roop mein) prakaashit kiya.
1983 mein, kaee varshon key shikshan aur lekhan key baad, hooks ney california vishvavidyalaya, saanta cruze mein angreji mein doctorate kii upaadhi poori kii, jisamen lekhak tonny maurison parr ack shodh prabandh thaa jiska sheershak thaa "jeevan parr pakad rakhnaah tonny maurison kii kathaa padhana."
prabhaav.
hook key prabhaavon mein americi unmoolanvaadi aur nariwadi sojarar satya shamil haye. sach yeh haye kii "kyaa main ack mahila naheen huun?"prerit hook kii pahali pramukh pustak. brazil key shikshak paulo freer kaa bhee ullekh hook kii pustak mein kiya gayaa haye."shiksha parr unakaa drishtikon pahale adhyaay mein maujood haye", shikshanshastra."anya prabhaavon mein peruvian dharamshastri gustavo guteerez, manovaigyaanik erich from, natakkar lauren hansberry, bauddh bhikshu thitch nutt haine, aur african americi lekhak james baldwyn shamil hain.
shikshan aur lekhan.
unhone 1976 mein dakshini california vishvavidyalaya mein ack angreji professor aur jaatiya adhyayan mein varishth vyakhyata key roop mein apane shaikshanik currier kii shuruat kii. vahaan apane teen varshon key dauran, loss angils key prakaashak, golemics ney apana pahala prakaashit kaam, "aur vahaan humm roye" (1978) naamak kavitaon kii ack chapbook jaari kii, jise "bell hook" key naam seey likhaa gayaa thaa."unhone apani maatri-pardadi kaa naam apane kalam naam key roop mein apanaaya thaa kyonki, jaisa kii unhone baad mein kahaa, unaki pardadi" apani tej aur bolled jeebh key liye jaani jaati thee, jisaki [vaha] bahut prashansa karati thee."unhone yeh bhee kahaa kii unhone apani pardadi kaa sammaan karane aur yeh bataane key liye kii sabse mahatvapurna baat joe haye vaha unake karyon parr haye, naa kii unake vyaktigat gunon parah" pustakon kaa saar, naa kii [vaha] kaun haye."apane kalam naam key aparamparaagat loarcasing parr, hook ney kahaa kii", jaba 60 key dashak key anta aur 70 key dashak kii shuruat mein nariwadi andolan apane charam parr thaa, tou vyakti key vichaar seey bahut door jaanaa thaa. yeh thaah aaie kaam key peechhe key vichaaron key baare mein baat karate hain, aur loga cumm mayane rakhate hain... yeh ack tarah kii nautanki thee, lekin bahut see nariwadi mahilaaen ise curr rahee theen."
1980 aur 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein, hook ney kaee maadhyamik-pashchaat sansthanon mein padhaaya, jisamen california vishvavidyalaya, saanta cruze, saine francisco raajya vishvavidyalaya, yell (1985 seey 1988, african aur african-americi adhyayan aur angreji key sahayak professor key roop mein), oberlin college (1988 seey 1994, americi saahitya aur mahila adhyayan key sahayogi professor key roop mein), aur 1994 kii shuruat mein, newyork shahar key college mein angreji key pratishthit professor key roop mein.
south aind press ney unakaa pahala pramukh kaam prakaashit kiya, "kyaa main ack mahila naheen huun? ashwet mahilaaen aur narivad", 1981 mein, halanki unhone ise snaatak honey key dauran kaee saal pahale likhaa thaa. isake prakaashan key baad key dashakon mein, "kyaa main ack mahila naheen huun?"nariwadi vichaar mein isake yogdan key liye maanyata praapt haye, 1992 mein" "prakaashak saptahik" "ney ise pichhale 20 varshon mein bees sabse prabhaavshaali mahilaaon kii pustakon mein seey ack kaa naam diyaa haye."2019 mein" "dha newyork times" "mein likhate hue, minn jinn lii ney kahaa kii" "main ack mahila naheen huun" "raajneetik siddhant kaa ack kattarpanthi aur praasangik kaam banaa huaa haye. vaha usa vishisht lingwad kaa aitihaasik pramaan dekar apane nariwadi siddhant kii neenv rakhti haye jise ashwet mahila daason ney sahan kiya aur vaha viraasat aaj ashwet mahila koo kaise prabhaavit karati haye."" kyaa main stree naheen huun?"ashwet mahilaaon parr lingwad aur naslavaad key aitihaasik prabhaav, ashwet mahila kaa avamoolyan, media bhoomikaon aur chitran, shiksha pranali, ack shwet-sarvochchatavadi-poonjiwadi-pitrisatta key vichaar aur ashwet mahilaaon key haashiye parr jaane sahit vishayon kii jaanch kartaa haye.
usee samay, hook ack vampanthi aur uttar-aadhunik raajneetik vichaarak aur saanskritik aalochak key roop mein mahatvapurna hoe gaye. unhone ashwet purushon, pitrisatta aur mardanagi seey laker aatm-sahaayata taka key vishayon mein 30 seey adhik pustaken prakaashit keen; vyaktigat sansmaranon mein shikshanshastra shamil kiya; aur kamukta (narivad aur saundaryashastra aur drishya sanskriti kii rajneeti key sambandh mein). "reel too riyalah races, sex, aind class aitt dha movies" (1996) film nibandh, sameeksha aur film nirdeshakon key saath sakshatkar ekatra kartaa haye. dha nyu yorker" mein, huaa suu ney kahaa kii inn sakshatkaron mein hook key kaam key pahalu koo pradarshit kiya gayaa joe "jigyasu, sahanubhutipurna, comrade kii khoj thaa."
" "(1984) mein, hook ney doosari lahar narivad mein shwet nariwadi naslavaad kii aalochana vikasit kii, jisamen unhone tark diyaa kii nasleeya rekhaaon key paar nariwadi ekjutata kii sambhavana koo cumm kiya gayaa.
jaisa kii hook ney tark diyaa, nariwadi andolan key liye sanchaar aur saksharta (padhane, likhane aur aalochanatmak roop seey sochane kii kshamata) aavashyak haye kyonki unake binaa loga samaaj mein langic asamaantaon koo pahchaanane key liye vikasit naheen hoe sakate hain.
shikshan seey atikraman" (1994) mein, hook 'alpasankhyak chhatron key liye shiksha key liye ack nae drishtikon kaa prayaas kartaa haye. vishesh roop seey, hook siddhant parr chhatravritti koo vibhinn varg seemaon key paar padhane aur samajhane key liye sulabh banaane kaa prayaas karate hain."
2002 mein, hooks ney dakshin-paschimi vishvavidyalaya mein ack praarambhik bhaashan diyaa. paaramparik praarambhik bhashanon key badhaai dene key tareeke koo chhodate hue, unhone sarkaar dwara anumodit hinsa aur utpeedan key roop mein dekhe gaye shabdon key khilaf baat kii, aur una chhatron koo chetavani dee, joe iss tarah kii prathaon key saath jaate they. "austin chronicle" ney bataaya kii darshakon mein seey kaee logon ney bhaashan kii buu kii, halanki "kaee snaatak provost seey haath milaane yaa usey galey lagaane key liye gujar gaye."
2004 mein, vaha nivaas mein pratishthit professor key roop mein shoke mahavidyalaya mein shamil huin. unaki 2008 kii pustak, "sambandhitah ack sanskriti kii jagah" mein lekhak wendell berry key saath ack sakshatkar key saath-saath unake vaapas kentucky jaane kii charcha bhee shamil haye. vaha teen maukon parr nae school mein ack chhaatra theen, pichhali baar 2014 mein. 2014 mein bhee, bell hooks sansthaan kii sthaapana shoke mahavidyalaya mein kii gaee thee, jahan unhone 2017 mein apane kagjat daan kiye they.
shoke mahavidyalaya mein apane samay key dauran, hooks ney professor dow. key saath bell hooks center kii sthaapana bhee kii. aim. chhaaya malklau. iss kendra kii sthaapana cumm pratinidhitva vaale chhatron, vishesh roop seey kaale aur bhoore, mahila, samlaingik aur appalachian vyaktiyon koo shoke mahavidyalaya mein ack surakshit sthaan pradaan karane key liye kii gaee thee, jahan way apani karyakarta abhivyakti, shiksha aur kaam koo vikasit curr sakate hain. bell hooks kaa kaam aur narivad aur prem key mahatva parr unakaa jore kendra aur yeh pradaan karane vaali shiksha key prerana aur maargdarshak siddhanton key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. kendra aaj bhee kaam curr rhaa haye aur kattarpanthi nariwadi aur naslavaad virodhi vichaar parr jore dene key saath ghatnaaon aur karyakramon kii peshkash kartaa haye.
unhein 2018 mein kentucky raitar holl off fame mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.
2020 mein, george floyd key virodh pradarshanon key dauran, naslavaad, narivad aur poonjeevaad parr hook key kaam kaa punrutthan huaa. unakaa agrani kaary sanyukt raajya america key raajneetik aur samajik vatavaran mein praasangik banaa huaa haye.
vyaktigat jeevan.
usaki yaun pehchaan key sambandh mein, hook ney khud koo "kweer-paas-gey" key roop mein varnit kiya."unhone french bhasha seey" "paas" "shabd kaa upayog kiya, jiska angreji bhasha mein anuvaad" "naheen" "kiya gayaa. hook apane shabdon mein vichitra honey kaa varnan karati haye "aap kisake saath yaun sambandh banaa rahey hain, yeh naheen balki isake aspas kii harr cheej key saath matbhed honey key baare mein haye."vaha kahati haye," kweer key saar key roop mein, main time deane key kaam key baare mein sochati huun kii aap kisake saath yaun sambandh banaa rahey hain-yeh iska ack ayam hoe sakata haye-lekin kweer key roop mein swayam key baare mein honey key roop mein joe isake aspas kii harr cheej key saath virodhabhas haye aur ise aavishkaar karna haye aur banaana haye aur bolane aur panapane aur rahane key liye ack jagah khojana haye."2017 mein abigail seriola key saath ack sakshatkar key dauran, hook ney seriola koo bataaya kii vaha akeli thee jabaki unhone usake prem jeevan parr charcha kii. sakshatkar key dauran, hook ney shokala seey kahaa, "meraa koee saathi naheen haye. main 17 saal seey brahmachaari huun. main ack saathi rakhna pasand karoongi, lekin mujhe naheen lagata kii meraa jeevan cumm saarthak haye."
bauddh dharm.
beat kavita mein unaki ruchi key madhyam seey aur kavi aur bauddh gairi snider key saath ack muthbhed key baad, hook koo pahali baar unake shuruati college key varshon mein bauddh dharm seey parichit karaaya gayaa thaa. unhone khud koo apani yuvavastha mein ack vyaktigat yatra key hisse key roop mein bauddh dharm khojane key roop mein varnit kiya, joe unake jeevan mein haal key prem aur aadhyatmikta kii talash parr kendrit thaa aur inn avadhaaranaon koo sakriyata aur nyaay parr apane dhyaan mein sthaapit kartaa thaa. bauddh dharm key prati unake praarambhik sampark key baad, hook ney ise unake isai paalan-poshan mein shamil kiya aur iss sanyukt isai-bauddh vichaar ney unaki pehchaan, sakriyata aur unake shesh jeevan key liye lekhan koo prabhaavit kiya.
vaha bauddh dharm kii or aakarshit hui kyonki yeh vyaktigat aur shaikshanik dhaanche key kaaran usey peedaa aur bhedbhaav key saath-saath prem aur sambandh koo samajhane aur pratikriya dene kii peshkash kartaa thaa. vaha rosemarra key abhyaas parr isai-bauddh dhyaan kendrit karane kaa varnan apane rosemarra key jeevan kii kendrit aur moolbhoot jarooraton koo puuraa karane key roop mein karati haye.
bauddh vichaar, vishesh roop seey thitch nutt haan kaa kaam, kaee hook nibandhon, pustakon aur kavitaon mein dikhaai detaa haye. bauddh aadhyatmikta ney bhee prem naitikta key nirmaan mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai joe unake likhit kaary aur unaki sakriyata donon mein ack pramukh dhyaan kendrit hoe gayaa.
baahari link.