ethylene

ethylene (ipac naamah ethin) ack hydrocarbon haye jiska sootra yaa sootra haye. yeh ack rangheen, jwalansheel gais haye jisamen shuddh honey parr ack mund "meethi aur kasturi" gandh hoti haye. yeh sabse saral alkien (carbon-carbon dohare bandhan key saath ack hydrocarbon) haye.
rasayanik udyog mein ethylene kaa vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaataa haye, aur iska vishvavyaapi utpaadan (2016 mein 150 million tunn seey adhik) kissy bhee anya carbonic yaugik seey adhik haye. iss utpaadan kaa adhikansh bhaag polyethylene kii or jaataa haye, joe vibhinn shrinkhala lambai mein ethylene ikaaiyon kii bahulak shrinkhalaon vaalaa ack vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa plastic haye. ethylene ack mahatvapurna praakritik paadap harmon bhee haye aur iska upayog krishi mein falon koo pakane key liye kiya jaataa haye. ethylene kaa hydrate ethanol haye.
sanrachana aur guna.
iss hydrocarbon mein chaar hydrogen paramanu hotey hain joe carbon parmaanuon kii ack jodee seey bandhe hotey hain joe ack dohare bandhan seey judey hotey hain. ethylene seey baney sabhi chhah paramanu saha-grah hain. aich-see-aich konn 117.4 ° haye, joe aadarsh aadarsh sankarit carbon key liye 120° key karib haye. anu bhee apekshaakrit kamjor haih see-see bandhan key baare mein ghoornan ack bahut hii cumm oorjaa prakriya haye jisake liye 50 degree celsius parr garmi kii aapoorti karke π-bandhan koo todane kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
ethylene anu mein π-bandhan isaki upayogi pratikriyashilta key liye jimmedaar haye. dohare bandhan uchch electron ghanatva kaa ack kshetra haye, iss prakaar yeh electrophiles dwara hamale key liye atisamvedansheel haye. ethylene kii kaee pratikriyaaen sankraman dhatuon dwara utprerit hoti hain, joe π aur π * donon kakshiyon kaa upayog karke ethylene seey kshanik roop seey judati hain.
ack saral anu honey key kaaran, ethylene spectroscopic roop seey saral haye. isake yuvi-vis spectrum kaa upayog abhee bhee saiddhaantik tarikon key pareekshan key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.
upayog karein.
ethylene kii pramukh audyogik pratikriyaon mein paimaane key crum mein shamil hainh 1) bahulak, 2) okseekaran, 3) helogenation aur hydrohalogenation, 4) alkylation, 5) hydration, 6) oligomization, aur 7) hydroformilation. sanyukt raajya america aur europe mein, lagbhag 90 pratishat ethylene kaa upayog ethylene oxide, ethylene dichloride, ethylebangine aur polyethylene key utpaadan key liye kiya jaataa haye. ethylene key saath adhikansh pratikriyaaen electrophilic jodd hain.
bahulakkaran.
polyethylene duniya kii aadhi seey adhik ethylene aapoorti kaa upbhog kartaa haye. polyethene, jise "polyethene" aur "polyethene" bhee kahaa jaataa haye, duniya kaa sabse vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa plastic haye. iska upayog mukhya roop seey packaging, vaahak thaile aur kachra liner mein filmein banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. oligomerization (chhote polymer kaa gathan) dwara utpaadit raikhik alfa-olephine kaa upayog poorvavarti, detergent, plasticiser, synthetic snehak, yojakon aur polyethylene key utpaadan mein saha-monomers key roop mein bhee kiya jaataa haye.
okseekaran.
ethylene koo ethylene oxide kaa utpaadan karane key liye aukseekrit kiya jaataa haye, joe ethoxylation dwara surfactants aur detergent key utpaadan mein ack pramukh kachcha maal haye. ethylene oxide koo ethylene glycol kaa utpaadan karane key liye hydrolysed bhee kiya jaataa haye, jiska vyaapak roop seey ack motor vaahan antifries key saath-saath uchch aanvik vajan vaale glycol, glycol eather aur polyethylene terephthalate key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye.
ethylene koo acetaldehyde dene key liye paladium dwara okseekaran seey gujarna padata haye. yeh roopaantaran ack pramukh audyogik prakriya (10 meater kigra/vaaee) bunny hui haye. prakriya ethylene key praarambhik jatilata key madhyam seey ack pee. dee. (ii) kendra mein aage badhati haye.
halogenation aur hydrohalogenation.
ethylene key halogenation aur hydrohalogenation seey pramukh madhyavarti mein ethylene dichloride, ethylene chloride aur ethylene diabromide shamil hain. chlorine key judane mein "oxychlorinikaran" shamil hotaa haye.ee. chlorine kaa upayog swayam naheen kiya jaataa haye. iss samooh seey praapt kuchh utpaad polyvinyl chloride, trichloroathylene, perchloroathylene, methyl chloroform, polyvinylidene chloride aur coppolymer aur ethyl bromide hain.
alkylation.
ethylene key saath alkilation seey pramukh rasayanik madhyavarti ethylbenzene haye, joe styrene kaa agradoot haye. styrene kaa upayog mukhya roop seey packaging aur insulation key liye polystyrene mein kiya jaataa haye, saath hii tyre aur footwear key liye styrene-beautadine rubber mein bhee kiya jaataa haye. chhote paimaane parr, athyltoluen, ethylanilline, 1,4-hexadine aur aluminium alkill. inn madhyavarti utpaadon mein polystyrene, asantript polyester aur ethylene-propleen terpolymer shamil hain.
auxo pratikriya.
ethylene key hydroformilation (auxo pratikriya) key parinamswarup propionldehyde hotaa haye, joe propiyonk acid aur aine-propyl alcohol kaa agradoot haye.
jall-sandhaaran.
ethylene lambe samay seey ethanol key pramukh gair-kinwan poorvavarti kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. mool vidhi mein iska diethyl sulfate mein roopaantaran kiya gayaa, jisake baad jall apghatan huaa. 1990 key dashak key madhya seey abhyaas kii jaane vaali mukhya vidhi thhos acid utprerak dwara utprerit ethylene kaa pratyaksh jalsanchayan haih
beauten mein demerisation.
lumus yaa aaee. aff. pee. dwara licenses praapt prakriyaon kaa upayog karke "aine"-butten dene key liye hydrovenile dwara ethylene koo demarise kiya jaataa haye. lumus prakriya mishrit "aine"-buttens (mukhya roop seey 2-buttens) kaa utpaadan karati haye jabaki aaee. aff. pee. prakriya 1-beautine kaa utpaadan karati haye. 1-beautine kaa upayog kuchh prakaar key polyethylene key utpaadan mein ack saha-pravartak key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.
phal aur phool.
ethylene ack harmon haye joe kaee paudhon key pakane aur phoolane koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. iska vyaapak roop seey bagwani aur falon mein tajgi koo niyantrit karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye. praakritik roop seey honey vaale ethylene key scrubbing seey pakane mein deree hoti haye.
aalaa upayog.
ack vishisht upayog kaa ack udaaharan ack anaesthetic agent key roop mein haye (85 pratishat ethylene/15 pratishat oxygen anupaat mein). ack anya upayog welding gais key roop mein haye. iska upayog aar-1150 naam key tahat cumm tapman key anuprayog key liye ack prasheetak gais key roop mein bhee kiya jaataa haye.
utpaadan.
vaishvik ethylene utpaadan 2005 mein 107 million tunn, 2006 mein 109 million tunn, 2010 mein 138 million tunn aur 2011 mein 141 million tunn thaa. 2013 taka, 32 deshon mein cumm seey cumm 117 companiyon dwara ethylene kaa utpaadan kiya gayaa thaa. ethylene kii lagaatar badhati maang koo puuraa karane key liye, utpaadan suvidhaon mein tej vriddhi vaishvik star parr, vishesh roop seey madhya poorv aur chean mein kii jaati haye. utpaadan seey mahatvapurna greenhouse gais utsarjan hotaa haye.
audyogik prakriya.
petrochemical udyog mein kaee tarikon seey ethylene kaa utpaadan kiya jaataa haye. ack praathamik vidhi bhaap daraar (sc) haye jahan hydrocarbon aur bhaap koo 750-950 degree celsius taka germ kiya jaataa haye. yeh prakriya badey hydrocarbon koo chhote mein parivartit karati haye aur asantriptata kaa parichay detee haye. jaba ethane feedstock hotaa haye, tou ethylene utpaad hotaa haye. ethylene koo parinami mishran seey baar-baar sampeedan aur aasavan dwara alag kiya jaataa haye. europe aur asia mein, ethylene mukhya roop seey cracking naiftha, gais oyal aur condensets seey propleen, propleen olephine aur sugandh (pyrolysis gasoline) key saha-utpaadan key saath praapt kiya jaataa haye. ethylene key utpaadan key liye niyojit anya praudyogikiyon mein meethen kaa oxidative yugman, fisher-tropsch sanshleshan, methanol-seey-olephine (aim. tii. oh.) aur utprerak nirjalikaran shamil hain.
prayogshala sanshleshan.
yadyapi audyogik roop seey bahut moolyavaan haye, ethylene koo shayed hii kabhi prayogshala mein sanshleshit kiya jaataa haye aur aamtaur parr kharida jaataa haye. iska utpaadan sulfuric acid key saath ethanol key nirjalikaran key madhyam seey yaa aluminium oxide yaa sakriya alumina key saath gais charan mein kiya jaa sakata haye.
jaiv sanshleshan.
ethylene prakriti mein methionine seey utpaadit hotaa haye. tatkaal agradoot 1-aminocyclopropen-1-carboxylic acid haye.
ligand.
ethylene sankraman dhaatu alkien parisaron mein ack maulik ligand haye. pahale organometallic yaugikon mein seey ack, zaaiz kaa namak ethylene kaa ack jatil haye. ethylene yukt upayogi abhikarmakon mein peaty (pee. aff. 3) 2 rh2cl2 aur aur rh2cl2 4 shamil hain. propionldehyde pradaan karane key liye ethylene kaa rh-utprerit hydroformilation audyogik paimaane parr kiya jaataa haye.
itihas.
kuchh bhuvaigyaanikon aur vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii delphi (pythia) mein prasiddh yunani orecal jameen key dosh seey ethylene key badhane key prabhaav key roop mein usaki trance jaisi sthiti mein chalaa gayaa.
aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii ethylene kii khoj johann joachim behar dwara kii gaee thee, jinhone ise sulfuric acid key saath ethanol koo germ karke praapt kiya thaa; unhone apane "physica subterrania" (1669) mein gais kaa ullekh kiya thaa. joseph prestly ney apane "praakritik darshan kii vibhinn shaakhaon seey sambandhit prayogon aur tippaniyonh havaa parr tippaniyon kii nirantarta" (1779) mein gais kaa bhee ullekh kiya haye, jahaan unhone bataaya haye kii zaan engenhose ney ethylene koo ack mr dwara usee tarah seey sanshleshit kiya thaa. 1777 mein amsterdam mein annie aur baad mein usa engenhause ney khud gais kaa utpaadan kiya. ethylene key gunon kaa adhyayan 1795 mein chaar dutch rasaayanagyon, johann rudolf deman, adrian pates vaine trostwick, anthony loverenberg aur nicolaus bonned dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone paaya kii yeh hydrogen gais seey alag haye aur isamen carbon aur hydrogen donon shamil hain. iss samooh ney yeh bhee paaya kii ethylene koo chlorine key saath jodaa jaa sakata haye taaki "dutch rasaayanagyon key tail", 1,2-dichloroethane kaa utpaadan kiya jaa sakey; iss khoj ney ethylene koo usa samay isake liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa naam diyaa, "olephient gais" (tail banaane vaali gais).) shabd olephient gais badale mein aadhunik shabd "olephine" kii vyutpatti sambandhi utpatti haye, hydrocarbon kaa varg jisamen ethylene pahala sadasya haye.
19veen shatabdi key madhya mein, pratyay "-aine" (ack pracheen yunani jarh jise mahila naamon key anta mein jodaa gayaa thaa jiska arth haye "betty") kaa vyaapak roop seey ack anu yaa usake hisse koo sandarbhit karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa thaa jisamen anu kii tulanaa mein ack cumm hydrogen paramanu hotey they. iss prakaar, "ethylene" () "ethyl kii betty" () thee. ethylene naam kaa upayog 1852 mein iss arth mein kiya gayaa thaa.
1866 mein, german rasaayanagya august wilheim wonn hofman ney hydrocarbon namkaran kii ack pranali kaa prastaav rakhaa jisamen pratyay-aine,-aine,-aine,-vann aur-aine kaa upayog hydrocarbon koo 0,2,4,6 aur 8 cumm hydrogen key saath unake mool alken kii tulanaa mein niroopit karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. iss pranali mein, ethylene "ethin" bunn gayaa. hoffman kii pranali antatah 1892 mein rasaayanagyon kii antarrashtriya congress dwara anumodit vanshavali namkaran kaa aadhar bunn gaee, joe kii ipac namkaran key mool mein bunny hui haye. haalaanki, usa samay taka, ethylene naam gaharaai seey sthaapit thaa, aur yeh aaj bhee vyaapak roop seey upayog mein haye, vishesh roop seey rasayanik udyog mein.
shikago vishvavidyalaya mein bhaagya, croker aur carter dwara prayog key baad, ethylene kaa upayog ack sangyaaharan key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. 1940 key dashak mein chloroform key charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt honey key bavjood iska upayog jaari rhaa. isaki teekhi gandh aur isaki visfotak prakriti aaj isake upayog koo seemit karati haye.
namkaran.
1979 key iupac namkaran niyamon ney gair-vyavasthit naam "ethylene" koo banaae rakhane key liye ack apavaad banaaya; haalaanki, iss nirnay koo 1993 key niyamon mein ulat diyaa gayaa thaa, aur yeh navintam 2013 kii sifaarishon mein aparivartit haye, isaliye iupac naam abb "ethin" haye. ipac pranali mein, "ethylene" naam dvivaarshik samooh-ch2ch2-key liye aarakshit haye. isaliye, "ethylene oxide" aur "ethylene diabromide" jaise naamon kii anumati haye, lekin dou-carbon alkien key liye "ethylene" naam kaa upayog naheen haye. phir bhee, (aur = = (aur (aur = = key liye propleen) key liye "ethylene" naam kaa upayog abhee bhee uttari america mein rasaayanvidon key beach prachalit haye.
suraksha.
sabhi hydrocarbon kii tarah, ethylene ack jwalansheel shwaasrodhak haye. ise aaee. aeye. aar. see. varg 3 carcinogen key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye, kyonki iss baat kaa koee vartamaan pramaan naheen haye kii yeh manushyon mein cancer kaa kaaran banata haye.

