
gulam banaane vaali cheenti

gulam banaane vaali cheentiyaan yaa slaver cheentiyaan vansh parjivi hain joe apani coloney key shramik bull koo badhaane key liye anya cheentiyon kii prajaatiyon key vansh koo pakadati hain. gulam banaane vaale ghonsale mein ubharane key baad, gulam shramik apani coloney mein kaam karate hain, jabaki parjivi shramik kewal padosi mezban ghonsale seey shram bull koo phir seey bharane parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain, ack prakriya jise gulamon parr hamla kahaa jaataa haye.
gulam banaane vaali cheentiyaan ack prajaati yaa sambandhit prajaatiyon key samooh koo parjivi banaane key liye vishesh hain, aur way aksar apane mejbaanon key karibi rishtedaar hotey hain, joe samajik parjeeviyon key liye vishisht haye. gulam banaane vaale yaa tou sthaayi samajik parjivi hoe sakate hain (iss prakaar apane poore jeevan mein gulam kii keedon parr nirbhar karate hain) yaa sahayak gulam-nirmaata hoe sakate hain. cheentiyon key beach vyavhaar asamanya haye lekin kaee baar swatantra roop seey vikasit huaa haye.
shabdawali.
chor key samarthan mein chori kiye gaye vyakti key prayason koo niyojit karane key uddeshya seey santan kii chori koo dulosis (yunani seey, "gulam") kahaa jaataa haye, lekin "gulam banaana" shabd kaa upayog puraane saahitya mein kiya jaataa haye aur abhee bhee aam haye. iss prajaati key praakritik itihas kaa varnan karane key liye "gulam" aur "gulam-nirmaata" shabd kaa upayog karane seey kuchh vivaad judey hue hain. isake alawa, aisee prajaatiyan hain jinn parr aamtaur parr chhaapa maaraa jaataa haye jinhen vishesh roop seey "nigro cheenti" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye kyonki way cheenti key hamalon key aam shikaar hain, halanki iska namkaran samajon dwara samarthan naheen kiya jaataa haye. iss shabdawali kaa upayog karane seey asuvidha aur nakaratmakta hoe sakati haye jaise kii yeh rung key logon koo inn cheenti vyavhaaron kaa adhyayan karane seey hatotsaahit curr sakata haye. kuchh logon ney tark diyaa haye kii vigyaan mein aise gair-samaveshi rupakon kaa upayog karna vaigyaanikon key liye hanikarak haye aur nishpaksh vaigyaanik prakriya mein hastakshep kartaa haye. inn shabdon koo vikalpon key saath badalane key sujhaavon mein "gulam banaane vaali cheenti" koo "samudri daku cheenti" yaa "apaharan karane vaali cheenti" key saath badalana aur "gulam" koo "bandee" key saath badalana shamil haye.
ack sambandhit prakaar key samajik parjeeveevaad koo jigyasa kahaa jaataa haye, jisamen ack prajanan ack mezban coloney mein pravesh kartaa haye, andey detaa haye, aur apani santanon koo paalane key liye mezban coloney parr nirbhar kartaa haye. vansh parjivi key vipareet, inquillin ghonsale key bheetar rahata haye aur aamtaur parr isaki santan mezban key vansh seey adhik naheen hoti haye.
badhyakari aur sahayak daas-nirmaata.
gulam banaane vaali cheentiyaan sthaayi samajik parjivi hoe sakati hain, iss prakaar way apane poore jeevan mein gulam banaae gaye mezban cheentiyon parr nirbhar karati hain aur unake binaa kaam karane mein asamarth hoti hain, iss mamle mein unhein baadhya gulam banaane vaale kahaa jaataa haye. vaikalpik roop seey, "formica sanguina" parisar kii tarah, ack madhyavarti parjivi samooh kaa pratinidhitva karati hain, joe swatantra roop seey jeevit prajaatiyon aur anivarya roop seey gulam banaane vaali prajaatiyon key beach haye. prayogshala parikshanon mein, jaba pakade gaye shramikon koo "formica sanguina" aur "polyergus rufacence" kii coloniyon seey hataa diyaa gayaa, tou "aff" kaa vyavhaar. sanguina "unake hataane key 30 dinon key bheetar naatakiya roop seey badal gayaa, shramikon key bhojan aur santan kii dekhbhal mein aatmanirbhar hoe gaye. isake vipareet, "polyergus" key shramik apane santan kii dekhbhal karane mein asamarth they, aur uchch mrityu darr kaa anubhav kiya.
chhaape.
parjivi ghonsale koo samay-samay parr mezban shramikon koo phir seey bharane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. yeh gulamon parr hamla naamak prakriya mein anya ghonsale parr hamla karke praapt kiya jaataa haye. parjivi karyakarta dou-charaniya prakriya mein chhaape maarne key liye vishesh hain. sabse pahale, scouts vyaktigat roop seey sambhaavit mezban ghonsale kii khoj karate hain. jaba safal hotaa haye, tou scout apane ghonsale mein lautata haye aur chhaapa maarne key liye ghonsale key sathiyon kii bharti kartaa haye, jisake dauran gulam banaane vaali cheentiyaan ack santan koo pakadati hain aur usey ghar vaapas laati hain. ack coloney ack hii mausam mein 14,000 pyupa koo pakad sakati haye. adhikansh gulam-hamlawar kewal yuvaaon koo pakadate hain, lekin "strongylognethus" aiss. pee.. vayask shramikon koo bhee gulam banaate hain.
adhikansh parjivi prajaatiyon mein, shramik ferromon key saath apane ghonsale kaa raasta chihnit karate hain aur baad mein saathi gulam-nirmaata kuchh sekand key bheetar aakarshit hoe jaate hain. phir way jaldi seey lakshit mezban ghonsale mein jaate hain, usa parr hamla karate hain, aur adhik seey adhik larva aur pyupa leey jaate hain, firomon dwara chihnit usee nishan key baad apane ghonsale mein lautate hain. "rosomiremax" ekmatra report kiya gayaa daas-nirmaata haye joe vishesh roop seey redd key dauran ferromon key bajaay vayask parivahan aur ekal bharti shrinkhala kaa upayog kartaa haye, ack vyavhaar shayed shushk nivaas sthaan dwara baadhit hotaa haye; redd garmiyon kii shuruat mein hotey hain jaba mitty kii satah kaa tapman taka pahunch sakata haye, ack tapman jisamen ferromon jaldi seey vaashpit hoe jaate hain.
hamla kiye gaye ghonsale key mazdoor lada sakate hain yaa bhaag sakate hain. mezban prajaati "proformica" mein, sabse aam vyavhaar palayan haye, shayed isaliye kii mezban lagbhag hamesha ladaai haar jaate hain. aff" mein prajaatiyon key redding vyavhaar parr adhikansh adhyayan. sanguina "complexes iss baat kii pushti kartaa haye kii gulam hamlawar aamtaur parr apane virodhiyon koo parajit karate hain, joe aam taur parr ghabaraae hue khatare kii sthiti mein bhaag jaate hain, aur jaba way hotey hain tou aakramak muthbhedon kaa parinam sankshipt hotaa haye aur kissy bhee prajaati key vayask vyaktiyon kii mrityu mein naheen hotaa haye. haalaanki, jaba daas prajaatiyon kii badee coloniyaan lambe samay taka ladaai key dauran pratirodh kii peshkash karati hain tou donon prajaatiyon key kaee shramikon koo maaraa jaa sakata haye.
baad mein, parjivi ghonsale mein ubharane vaale mezban shramikon koo mishrit coloney mein ankit kiya jaayega aur ekikrit kiya jaayega jahaan way parjivi santan koo paalenge, parjivi shramikon koo khilaayenge aur taiyar karenge, videshi (anya keede aadi) key khilaf ghonsale kii raksha karenge.jee. makadiyan), aur yahaan taka kii chhaapon mein bhaag letee hain, jinamen unaki mool coloney key khilaf bhee shamil hain. iss prakaar daason key paropkari kritya asambandhit vyaktiyon kii or nirdeshit hotey hain. ack parikalpana bataati haye kii daas dhokhebaji sambhav haye kyonki daason koo pyupa key roop mein pakada jaataa haye aur way astitva mein aaney key baad gulam-nirmaata coloney kii gandh seekhate hain.
haalaanki, kuchh mamalon mein, gulam kii cheentiyaan apane gulam banaane vaali cheentiyon key khilaf vidroh karati hain, jisase badee sankhya mein gulam banaane vaali cheentiyon kii santaanen maare jaati hain. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki "daas aas-paas kii mezban coloniyon parr parjivi dabaav koo cumm karke apratyaksh roop seey swaasthya laabh praapt curr sakate hain, kyonki yeye aksar daason seey nikatata seey sambandhit hotey hain. iss prakaar, gulam cheentiyaan apane mool upaniveshon koo gulam banaane vaali cheentiyon dwara aage kii chhaapon seey bachaati hain.
prajanan.
daas banaane vaali cheentiyon key prajanan vyavhaar mein aamtaur parr yaun sambandhon key samkaalik udbhav key baad ack vaivaahik udaan aur ack mezban ghonsale kaa aakraman hotaa haye, lekin kuchh mamalon mein maadaaen naron koo aakarshit karane key liye janm dene vaale ghonsale key chaaron or ack sambhog coll pradarshit karati hain aur sambhog key turant baad ack mezban ghonsale kii khoj karati hain.
kewal ack gulam prajaati aamtaur parr ack ekal "polyergus" ghonsale mein paaee jaati haye. yeh "aff" seey sambandhit genus "formica" key sambandhit sankaay daas-nirmaataon key vipareet haye. sanguina "prajaati samooh, ack hii nivaas sthaan mein paaya jaataa haye, jisake ghonsale mein aamtaur parr dou yaa dou seey adhik prajaatiyan hoti hain joe daas key roop mein kaam karati hain. mezban prajaatiyon kaa chayan raani key coloney-founding vyavhaar aur gulamon key chhaape key liye lakshit ghonsale key chayan donon key madhyam seey hoe sakata haye. parjivi "polyergus" raniyon koo god lene seey yaa tou upanivesh mille, jahan ack raani ack gulam prajaati key ghonsale parr aakraman karati haye, nivasi raani koo maarati haye aur shramikon aur santanon koo prastut karati haye, yaa "ubharate hue" dwara, jisamen ack raani aakraman karati haye yaa sweekaar kii jaati haye.
vikas.
daas banaane kii utpatti key baare mein pahali parikalpana darwin (1859) kaa "prajaatiyon kii utpatti parr" sujhaav thaa kii daasata sambandhit prajaatiyon key beach prajanan key upa-utpaad key roop mein vikasit hui. anya parikalpanaaen gulam banaane key mukhya maarg key roop mein bahu-vanshiya upaniveshon (kaee ghonsale seey milkar baney) key beach avasarvaadi santan shikaar yaa santan parivahan key saath kshetriya baatchit parr dhyaan kendrit karati hain. cheentiyon key beach gulam banaane kaa vyavhaar asamanya haye, lekin upa-parivaar myrmissine aur formissine sahit kull duss gunaa seey adhik swatantra roop seey vikasit huaa haye. daas-nirmaata aur unake mezban aksar karibi jatijanya rishtedaar hotey hain, joe samajik parjivi aur unake sambandhit mejbaanon key liye vishisht haye (emri key niyam key roop mein aupchaarik). isake pramukh vikaasvaadi nihitarth hain kyonki yeh sahanubhutipurna vishishtata key liye tark dey sakata haye.
chhaape mezban coloney key astitva koo khatare mein daal sakate hain, isaliye mejbaanon parr ack majboot chayan dabaav daalate hain. parasparik roop seey, kuchh saboot hain kii mezban bhee badale mein apane parjeeviyon parr chayan dabaav daalate hain, kyonki mezban upaniveshon dwara pratirodh gulami koo roque sakata haye. gulam banaane vaali cheenti prajaatiyon aur unake mejbaanon key beach saha-vikasatmak prakriyaaen taba ack vikaasvaadi hathiyar daud mein badh sakati hain.