ireland kaa raajya

ireland kaa raajya (;,) ireland key dweep parr ack rajshahi thee joe ingland aur phir grate britten kaa ack graahak raajya thaa. yeh 1542 seey 1801 taka astitva mein thaa. yeh ingland key raajaon aur phir grate britten key raajaon dwara shaasit thaa, aur angreji raajaa dwara niyukt ack vaaysaraayah ireland key swami dwara doublin mahal seey prashaasit thaa. isamen ack sansad thee, joe anglo-irish aur mool raeeson seey bunny thee. 1661 seey 1801 taka, prashaasan ney ack senaa koo niyantrit kiya. ack protestant raajya church, ireland kaa church, sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. halanki ack raajya kii shally mein, isake adhikansh itihas key liye yeh "vaastavik", ack angreji nirbharta thee. yeh sthiti pioning key kaanoon aur 1719 key ghoshanaatmak adhiniyam mein nihit thee.
raajya key kshetra mein ireland kaa poorv swami shamil thaa jisaki sthaapana 1177 mein ireland key anglo-norman aakraman key hisse key roop mein ingland key raajaa heinry dwiteeya dwara kii gaee thee. 16veen shatabdi taka, angreji shasson kaa prabhaavi kshetra bahut sikud gayaa thaa; ireland kaa adhikansh hissa gallic raeeson dwara riyasaton aur pramukhon key roop mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. ireland key mukut adhiniyam 1542 kii sharton key anusaar, ireland kii sansad ney ingland key heinry VIII koo "ireland key raajaa" key roop mein banaaya. tudor vijay key dauran angreji niyantran kaa vistaar huaa. isake parinamswarup vidroh aur nau saal key yuddh koo janm diyaa. dweep kii vijay 17veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein poori hui thee. iss vijay mein mool ayrish seey bhoomi kii jabti aur grate britten key protestant basane vaalon key saath bhoomi kaa upanivesh shamil thaa.
apane shuruati varshon mein, raajya koo seemit maanyata thee; europe mein kissy bhee catholic desh ney heinry VIII yaa unake uttaradhikari, edward VIII koo ireland key raajaon key roop mein maanyata naheen dee. raajya key baad key samrat, mairi I aur phillip II, dharmanishth catholic they aur isaliye pope paul IV seey ireland key saha-raajaon (1554-58) key roop mein maanyata praapt kii. ingland key james dwiteeya key apavaad key saath, apane astitva key shesh samay key liye, ireland key raajya parr protestant samraton kaa shasson thaa. unaki catholic praja, joe adhikansh aabaadi banaati thee, koo aadhikarik roop seey sweekrit bhedbhaav kaa saamana karna padaa. ireland koo sanrakshit raajya key varshon key dauran vishesh roop seey kathor paristhitiyon kaa saamana karna padaa, joe oliver cromwell key niyantran mein british dweepon mein sainya tanashahi kii avadhi thee. yeh bhedbhaav kaee sanghrshon key peechhe mukhya chalakon mein seey ack thaa joe toot gayaah ayrish sangh yuddh (1641-1653), ireland mein villiamite yuddh (1689-1691), armag vikshobh (1780-1790), aur 1798 kaa ganarajya ayrish vidroh.
ireland kii apani sansad mein hui baithak mein protestant prabhutva ney 1800 key sangh adhiniyamon koo paarit kiya, jisane sansad aur raajya donon koo samaapt curr diyaa. yeh adhiniyam grate britten kii sansad dwara bhee paarit kiya gayaa thaa. 1801 key pahale dinn, ack nayaa raajya-grate britten aur ireland kaa sanyukt raajya-sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa jisane ireland aur grate britten kii sansadon koo ack ekal vidhanmandal-united kingdam kii sansad mein ekjut kiya-joe aaj bhee westminster key mahal mein aayojit hotaa haye.
itihas.
prishthabhoomi.
pope adrian IV kaa pope bail "loudabiliter" 1155 mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa. isane ingland key angine raajaa heinry II koo "dominus hiberney" ("ireland key swami" key liye lattin) kii upaadhi pradaan kii thee. "loudabiliter" ney raajaa koo ireland parr aakraman karane, desh koo europeeya kshetra mein laane key liye adhikrit kiya. badale mein, heinry koo pope koo curr soochi kaa prati chulha ack paisa bhejana padata thaa. 1172 mein adrian key uttaradhikari pope alekjendar III dwara isaki pushti kii gaee thee.
jaba pope clement VIII ney 1533 mein ingland key raajaa heinry VIII koo bahishkrit kiya, tou ireland mein swami kii samvaidhaanik sthiti anishchit hoe gaee. heinry ney pavitra sabhaa seey doori banaa lii thee aur khud koo ingland mein church kaa pramukh ghoshit curr diyaa thaa. unhone rome seey catherine off aragon key saath apani shaadi koo radd karane key liye yachika daayar kii thee. clement VIII ney heinry key anurodh koo aswikar curr diyaa aur heinry ney baad mein ireland parr roman catholic church kii nihit samprabhuta koo maanyata dene seey incar curr diyaa, aur 1538 key anta mein pope paul III dwara phir seey bahishkrit curr diyaa gayaa. iska mukabala karane key liye rajdroh adhiniyam (ireland) 1537 paarit kiya gayaa thaa.
tudor ireland.
aaee. dee. 1 mein resham key thomas key asafal vidroh key baad, 1530 key dashak key anta mein kaee kulon key khilaf kuchh sainya safalataaen millie aur unhone apani daleelen deen. 1540 taka ireland kaa adhikansh hissa shaanti seey aur raajaa key doublin prashaasan key niyantran mein lugg rhaa thaa; ack aisee sthiti joe lambe samay taka naheen chala rahee thee.
1541 mein, ireland kii sansad dwara crown off ireland adhiniyam key madhyam seey ireland raajya kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. iss adhiniyam ney ingland key raajaa heinry VIII koo ireland kaa raajaa ghoshit kiya, iss prakaar ireland key raajya key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ack alag raajneetik ikai kaa nirmaan kiya. iss adhiniyam ney ireland key raajneetik paridrishya mein ack mahatvapurna badalaav koo chihnit kiya, kyonki yeh dweep parr angreji niyantran koo majboot karane aur ise shaahi shasson key tahat laane kii maang kartaa thaa. ireland kaa raajya ireland key swami key saath maujood thaa, joe raajya kii sthaapana seey pahale angreji raajaon key paas thaa. nae raajya koo europe mein catholic rajshahi dwara maanyata naheen dee gaee thee. edward vee kii mrityu key baad, heinry key bete, 1555 key pope bail ney roman catholic mairi aaee koo ireland kii raani key roop mein maanyata dee. ireland key mukut key "vyaktigat sangh" kaa sambandh ingland key mukut seey catholic cannon kaanoon mein sthaapit hoe gayaa. iss tarah, ireland key raajya parr ingland key shaasak raajaa kaa shasson thaa. isane ireland key nae raajya koo ingland key raajya key saath vyaktigat sangh mein sthaapit kiya.
apani vistaarit bhoomika aur aatm-chhavi key anuroop, prashaasan ney 1541 mein barristers key liye raajaa kii sarayon kii sthaapana kii, aur 1552 mein vanshavali koo viniyamit karane key liye shastra raajaa. doublin mein ack vishvavidyalaya sthaapit karane key prastaavon mein 1592 taka deree hui.
1593 mein yuddh chhid gayaa, kyonki hugh oh 'neel, tyrone key earl ney taaj key khilaf ayrish prabhuon aur spen key ack sangh kaa netritva kiya, jise baad mein nau saal key yuddh key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. aashcharyajanak ayrish vijayon kii ack shrinkhala ney 1600 kii shuruat taka ireland mein angreji shakti koo patan key bindu taka laa diyaa, lekin charles blount key tahat ack nae abhiyaan, lord mountjoy ney 1603 mein tyrone koo aatmasamarpan karane key liye majboor kiya, jisase ireland kii tudor vijay poori hui.
stuart ireland.
1603 mein james vee scott key raajaa ingland aur ireland key james aaee baney, ingland, scotland aur ireland key raajyon koo ack vyaktigat sangh mein ekjut kiya. james ney 1606 mein alster key bagan kii sthaapana kii, joe ireland mein sabhi angreji aur scotish baganon mein sabse badaa thaa. isaki viraasat aaj dekhi jaa sakati haye, kyonki adhikansh alster united kingdam kaa ack hissa banaa huaa haye, aur isaki aabaadi mein ack protestant aur samarthak sangh bahumat barkarar haye.
raajya kii raajneetik vyavastha 1639 mein shuru hue teen raajyon key yuddhon seey baadhit hui thee. baad kii antarvirodh avadhi key dauran, ingland, scotland aur ireland parr 1660 taka ack ganarajya key roop mein shasson kiya gayaa thaa. iss avadhi mein raajya key bheetar wafadar ayrish catholic sangh kaa uday huaa aur 1653 seey, ingland, scotland aur ireland key ganarajya rashtramandal kaa nirmaan huaa. charles II kii bahaali key saath raajya kaa adesh 1660 mein bahaal kiya gayaa thaa. binaa kissy saarvajanik asahamati key, charles kaa shasankal 1649 mein unake pitaa key fansi key samay kaa thaa.
gratton key deshbhakt.
1782 mein poinings key kaanoon koo nirast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jise 1782 key samvidhaan key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, jisase ireland koo vidhaayi swatantrata millie. iss avadhi mein sansad koo usa avadhi key pramukh ayrish netaa heinry gratton key naam parr gratton kii sansad key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. haalaanki ireland koo vidhaayi swatantrata thee, karyakari prashaasan grate britten key raajya kii karyakari key niyantran mein rhaa. jaba raajaa george III beemar hoe gaye tou ack regency sankat utpann huaa. gratton wells key rajkumar, baad mein george IV koo ireland key rajpratinidhi key roop mein niyukt karna chaahte they. ise lagu kiye jaane seey pahale hii raajaa thheek hoe gayaa.
united irishman.
1798 key ayrish vidroh aur mahaan britten key lambe samay seey dushman francisi key saath vidrohiyon key gathbandhan ney ireland koo aupchaarik roop seey british sangh mein laane key liye ack dhakka diyaa. 1800 key sangh key adhiniyamon dwara, ayrish aur british sansad donon dwara matdan kiya gayaa, ireland kaa raajya 1 janwari 1801 koo grate britten key raajya key saath vilay hoe gayaa aur grate britten aur ireland kaa sanyukt raajya banaa. ayrish sansad kaa astitva samaapt hoe gayaa, halanki karyakari, jisaki adhyakshata lord leftinent ney kii thee, 1922 taka bunny rahee.
vaaysaraay.
ireland kaa raajya ack "lord dipty" yaa vaaysaraay dwara shaasit thaa. yeh pada thomas radcliffe jaise varishth raeeson key paas thaa. 1688 seey yeh upaadhi aamtaur parr "lord leftinent" thee.
ack lord dipty kii anupasthiti mein, lord nyayadhishon ney faisala sunaaya.
jabaki kuchh ayrish pada parr they, lords key adhikansh dipty angreji kuleen they. jabaki vaaysaraay ney samrat key pratinidhi key roop mein ayrish prashaasan koo niyantrit kiya, athaarahavin shatabdi mein ireland key liye mukhya sachiv kaa raajneetik pada teji seey shaktishali hoe gayaa.
sansad.
raajya kaa vidhanmandal dou sadani thaa jisamen ack house off lords aur ack house off commons thaa. poinings kaanoon (1494) aur anya adhiniyamon kii sharton key anusaar, sansad kii shaktiyon koo bahut seemit kiya gayaa thaa. vidhaayika angreji sansad key "rubber stamp" adhiniyamon yaa "sujhaavon" seey santusht thee.
roman catholic aur asantusht, jyaadaatar presbyterian, baptist aur methodist, koo 1693 seey ayrish sansad kii sadasyata seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa. isake alawa, unake adhikaaron koo dandaatmak kaanoonon naamak kaanoonon kii ack shrinkhala dwara pratibandhit kiya gayaa thaa. unhein 1728 seey 1793 taka matdan key adhikaar seey vanchit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1782 mein gritton sansad ney poinings kaanoon koo nirast karane mein safalata praapt kii. isase pragatisheel kaanoon kii anumati millie aur kramik udaarikaran koo prabhaavit kiya gayaa. catholics aur asantushton koo 1793 mein matdan kaa adhikaar diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin catholics koo abhee bhee ayrish sansad aur raajya mein varishth saarvajanik karyalayon seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa. grate britten aur baaki europe mein, matdan aur sansad kii sadasyata sampatti maalikon taka hii seemit thee. 1720 key dashak mein, sansad koo college green, doublin mein ack naee imarat mein rakhaa gayaa thaa.
ireland kaa church.
jaba heinry VIII koo 1538 mein catholic church dwara bahishkrit kiya gayaa thaa, tou ireland key dweep mein dou bishapon koo chhodkar sabhi ney ingland key church key siddhant kaa paalan kiya, halanki lagbhag kissy paadari yaa samanya ney aisaa naheen kiya thaa. pope koo apane "annets" kaa bhugtan karane key baad, bishap key paas pada chhodane kaa koee kaaran naheen thaa, aur 1530 key dashak mein kissy koo naheen pataa thaa kii sudhaar kitane samay taka chalega. heinry VIII key vipareet, yeh padanukram pope dwara bahishkrit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. unhone 1542 mein nae raajya key raajya church parr niyantran banaae rakhaa. sthaapit church key roop mein, isane adhikansh church sampatti (dhaarmik vastukala aur anya vastuon key ack mahaan bhandar sahit, halanki kuchh koo baad mein nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa) kaa kabja banaae rakhaa. 1553 mein, ayrish catholic raani mairi aaee key rajyabhishek seey utsaahit they. 1555 mein, unhone pope koo pope key bail "ilius" mein raajya koo maanyata dene key liye raaji kiya.
1558 mein, ack protestant-elizabeth pratham-simhaasan parr baithin. ingland key james dwiteeya key apavaad key saath, nimnalikhit sabhi samraton ney anglikanism kaa paalan kiya. aadhikarik yojana key vipareet, raajya church kii sadasyata key raajneetik aur aarthik laabhon key bavjood, aabaadi kaa paryaapt bahumat roman catholic banaa rhaa. haalaanki, apane sankhyaatmak alpasankhyak honey key bavjood, ireland kaa church taba taka aadhikarik raajya church banaa rhaa jaba taka kii 1 janwari 1871 koo villium awart gladstone key tahat udaar sarkaar dwara ise sthaapit naheen kiya gayaa.
jaatiya sangharsh.
ireland raajya kii viraasat aaj bhee ayrish-british sambandhon mein vivaad kii huddy bunny hui haye kyonki mool ayrish nivaasiyon aur mukhya roop seey dweep parr nae anglo-ayrish basane vaalon key beach nirantar jaatiya sangharsh haye. unaki prishthabhoomi ney ireland mein angreji sanskriti (kaanoon, bhasha, poshak, dharm, aarthik sambandh aur bhoomi swaamitva kii paribhasha) kaa samarthan kiya jaisa kii baad mein british samrajya banane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki mool mool aabaadi key adhikansh logon dwara gallic sanskriti aur ayrish bhasha koo kaafee hudd taka banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa. kabhi-kabhi ise "berber", "berber" key roop mein prastut kiya jaataa thaa jise baad mein mool aabaadi dwara bhasha koo banaae rakhane aur seekhane key sambandh mein avaanchhaniyataa key prateek key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa. jabaki ireland kaa swaameetva 12veen shatabdi seey astitva mein thaa aur angreji rajshahi key prati nammatra nishtha kaa kaaran thaa, gallic ireland key kaee raajya astitva mein baney rahey; yeh ireland key raajya key saath samaapt hoe gayaa, jahaan poore dweep koo doublin mein sthit ack anglo-kendrit pranali key kendrikrit niyantran key tahat laaya gayaa thaa. ayrish itihas key iss charan ney landan seey vyavasthit aur ayrish samrajya mein ireland key samavesh (vaastav mein ireland koo kabhi-kabhi "ingland kii pahali coloney" kahaa jaataa haye) key saath, basane vaale upaniveshvaad kii ack aadhikarik roop seey sangathit neeti kii shuruat koo chihnit kiya. ayrish uttar aupaniveshik saahitya mein iss vishay koo pramukhta seey sambodhit kiya gayaa haye.
mool bahusankhyak kaa dharm aur usake paadari-catholic church-raajya dwara sakriya roop seey prataadit kiya gayaa thaa. dandaatmak kaanoonon kaa ack samooh una logon key paksh mein thaa joe sthaapit church-ireland key church kaa paalan karate they. unhone una mool ayrish logon parr atyachar kiya jinhone apane dharm koo chhodane seey incar curr diyaa. isi avadhi key dauran angreji, scotish aur velsh catholics key saath bhee aisaa hii anubhav huaa. kuchh dhaarana haye kii tudor key samay key dauran, sarkaar key bheetar key tatva kabhi-kabhi ayrish gell key khilaf narsamhar neeti mein lagey hue they aur aage badhe they, jabaki ireland key baganon key dauran (vishesh roop seey alster mein safal) sthaaniya aabaadi jaatiya safai kii ack pariyojana mein visthaapit hoe gaee thee, jahaan ireland key kshetra dee-galicised hoe gaye they. isake parinamswarup khooni jawabi kaarravaai hui, joe aadhunik samay mein aage badhati gaee. kuchh mool nivaasiyon koo, unake netritva sahit, sanghrshon mein haarne key baad desh seey nirvaasan mein bhaagne kii anumati dee gaee thee (i.ee. nae angreji basane vaalon key laabh key liye badey paimaane parr bhoomi jabt karane key baad, carribean mein earl kii udaan aur jangli huns kii udaan) yaa chromwellion shasson key mamle mein (halanki chromwellion shasson mein shamil angreji vyaktiyon key saath bhee aisaa hii huaa) anubandh daasata mein majboor kiya gayaa thaa.
doosari or, yeh tathya kii raajya ack ekaatmak raajya thaa, ney irish rashtravadiyon koo 1912-22 mein yeh ummeed karane kaa ack kaaran diyaa kii swa-shasson badhaane kii prakriya mein ireland key dweep koo ack ekal raajneetik ikai key roop mein maanaa jaayega.
hathiyaron kaa coat.
ireland key raajya kii bhujaaen jall gaee theenh "azure, ack veenaa yaa taardaar argant. ireland kii inn sabse shuruati bhujaaon kaa varnan ack pravishti mein kiya gayaa haye jisamen likhaa haih "leey roee dee 'irland, dee' azur aeye laa harpe dee 'or", 13 veen shatabdi key french roll off arms mein, shastragar visionbergen, jise visionbergen roll key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, koo neetherland mein hegg mein sanrakshit kiya gayaa haye, lekin vartamaan mein iska pataa naheen chalaa haye; brussels mein shaahi pustakalaya mein ack prati rakhee gaee haye (sangrah goethal, ms. 2569). yeh ack uchch-raajaa key liye ack akankshi chitran hoe sakata haye, kyonki yeh usa samay ireland key swami seey sambandhit naheen thaa, angreji raajaa dwara, jinhone baad mein heinry VIII key shasankal mein kewal "ireland key raajaa" kii upaadhi grahan kii thee.
mukut hathiyaron kaa hissa naheen thaa, lekin mukut vaali veenaa kaa upayog ack baij yaa ack upkaran key roop mein aam thaa. ack mukutdhari veenaa bhee ack shikhar key roop mein dikhaai dee, halanki chitrit shikhar thaah "ack pushp maalaa yaa aur neel, ack meenar (kabhi-kabhi teen-meenar vaalaa) yaa, bandargah seey, ack haart spring argant.

