vigna ambelata

vigna ambelata, joe pahale "phasolus calcarates" thaa, peele foolon aur chhote khaadya beans key saath ack germ mausam kii vaarshik bell kii fully haye. ise aamtaur parr chawal kaa beej yaa chawal kaa beej kahaa jaataa haye. aaj taka, yeh bahut cumm gyaat haye, bahut cumm shodh kiya gayaa haye aur bahut cumm upayog kiya gayaa haye. ise ack laghu khaadya aur chaara fasal key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye aur aksar makka ("ziya mez"), jwaar ("jwaar kaa rung") yaa mutter ("v. unguikulata), saath hii uchch bhoomi mein ack ekmatra fasal, bahut seemit kshetra mein. anya asiai "vigna" prajaatiyon kii tarah, chawal kaa beej kaafee alpakaalik germ mausam vaarshik haye. mukhya roop seey sookhi daal key roop mein ugaaya jaane vaalaa yeh chaara, hurry khaad aur sabji key roop mein bhee mahatvapurna haye. chawal kaa sabse vyaapak roop seey ack antar-fasal key roop mein ugaaya jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey makke kii, poore bhaarat-chean mein aur dakshini chean, bhaarat, nepal aur bangladesh taka faila huaa haye. ateet mein ise lambe mausam key chawal kii fasal key baad avashisht mitty key paani parr nichale bhoomi kii fasal key roop mein vyaapak roop seey ugaaya jaataa thaa, lekin yeh kaafee hudd taka visthaapit hoe gayaa haye jahaan cumm avadhi key chawal kii kismein ugaai jaati hain. chawal kii fasal vibhinn prakaar kii mitty mein achchi tarah seey ugati haye. yeh teji seey sthaapit hotaa haye aur isamen badee matra mein paushtik pashu chaara aur uchch gunavatta vaale anaaj kaa utpaadan karane kii kshamata haye.
vargeekaran.
kheti kii jaane vaali asiai "vigna" prajaatiyan upa-vansh seratotropis seey sambandhit hain, joe kaafee hudd taka asia taka seemit ack alag aur sajaatiya samooh haye, jisamen 2n = 22 kii gunasutra sankhya haye ("v" koo chhodkar. glabrescence, "2n = 44). upa-vanshavali key bheetar saat kheti kii jaane vaali prajaatiyan hain, jinamen moong yaa haraa chanaa ("v. radiata), kaalaa chanaa yaa udad ("v. mungo), edzuki bean ("v. angularis) aur shalabh (v. aconitifolia) key saath-saath kaee jangli prajaatiyan. v" key beach kritrim cross banaae gaye hain. mungo "aur" vee. ambelata "moong kii behtar kismon kaa utpaadan karane key liye (ee.jee. sinh "aur anya.", 2006).
samooh key bheetar teen adhik yaa cumm maadhyamik jeane pool hainh chawal "v" key karib haye. angularis "anya prajaatiyon kii tulanaa mein, angulars samooh (kaga" aitt all.", 1996, tomuka" aur anya.", 2003).
utpatti aur vitaran.
chawal key vitaran kaa swaroop vividh vatavaranon key liye mahaan anukuli bahuroopata koo ingit kartaa haye, jisamen aardr ushnakatibandhiya seey upa-ushnakatibandhiya, upa-samshitoshna jalavaayu taka iska vitaran hotaa haye. gharelukaran kaa anumaanit kendra indo-chean haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh jangli roop "v" seey liya gayaa haye. ambelata "vaar" gracillis, jisake saath yeh cross-fertile haye, aur joe dakshini chean seey viyatnam, laos aur thyland key uttar mein myanmar aur bhaarat (tomuka aur anya) mein vitarit haye.", 1991). vigna" prajaatiyon key jangli rishtedaron key beach aanuvanshik aur paryaavaran-bhaugolik sambandhon kaa adhyayan sarwankumar aur anya dwara kiya gayaa thaa."(2001).
anukoolan aur krishi vigyaan.
ratchy aind roberts (1974) ney chawal key beej koo 1000-1500 mimi varsha vaale aardr kshetron key anukool key roop mein vargeekrit kiya, halanki unhone nott kiya kii anya kaarak bhee anukoolan mein shamil they, udaaharan key liye varsha pattern, namee vitaran, tapman, baadal aavaran aur saapeksh aardrata, mitty kii visheshataaen, keat aur roga. unhone anukoolan kaa aaklan karane mein maanav aavashyaktaon key mahatva koo nott kiya-udaaharan key liye swaad, ack vishesh upayog kii aavashyakta, yaa bajar moolya. ausat paidawar 200 aur 300 kilogram hectare-1 key beach thee, halanki 1200 kilogram hectare-1 kii kshamata key saath, fasal mitty kii ack shrinkhala parr ugati thee, aur keeton aur beemariyon key liye pratirodhi thee. yeh 60 dinon mein paripakva hoe jaayega, aur halanki aardr paristhitiyon mein achchha pradarshan curr rhaa thaa, sookhe (naas 1979) aur uchch tapman key liye bhee sahansheel thaa. yeh kuchh hudd taka jalbharao key liye sahishnu haye, halanki yuva paudhe atisamvedansheel prateet hotey hain (dee carvalho aind veera, 1996). chawal koo aml mitty key prati sahishnu honey key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa haye (dvived, 1996). anya anaaj kii fully kii tulanaa mein tootana ack samasya haye, aur vishesh roop seey baar-baar geele honey aur sookhane kii sthitiyon mein gambhir hoe sakati haye.
chawal ack upekshit fasal haye, jisaki kheti nepal, uttari aur poorvottar bhaarat key pahaadi kshetron aur dakshin poorv asia key kuchh hisson mein nirvaah kisaanon dwara chhote kshetron mein kii jaati haye. ise vividh paristhitiyon mein ugaaya jaa sakata haye aur kisaanon key beach isake vyaapak anukoolan aur utpaadan key liye jaanaa jaataa haye, yahaan taka kii seemant bhoomi, sookha-pravan dhalaan vaale kshetron aur sapaat varsha adharit "taar" (sinchit, pracheen jalodh nadee key prashansak) mein bhee. yeh mukhya roop seey 700 aur 1300 meater aiss. ell. key beach ugaaya jaataa haye, halanki gharelu bageechon mein yeh 200 seey 2000 meater taka paaya jaataa haye. vartamaan mein nepal mein ugaai jaane vaali adhikansh fasal kaa upayog manushyon key liye bhojan key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, jisamen ack chhote anupaat kaa upayog chaara aur hurry khaad key liye kiya jaataa haye.
aam taur parr, chawal koo makke key saath ack antar-fasal key roop mein, chawal key bandon parr yaa chhat parr ugaane vaale, oopari ilaakon mein ekmatra fasal key roop mein yaa "khet" (bhoomi key bandhe hue hisse jahaan chawal ugaaya jaataa haye) mein makke key saath mishrit fasal key roop mein ugaaya jaataa haye. makke key saath mishrit fasal key tahat yeh aamtaur parr makke kii buvaai aur usa fasal kii pahali aur doosari fasal key beach kuchh samay prasaarit kiya jaataa haye, isaliye chawal kii buvaai aprail-maee seey juuna taka hoti haye.
chawal kii fasal cumm hui mitty mein nitrogen koo thheek karane kii apani kshamata aur makke kii sthaaniya kismon key saath mishrit fasal mein, saath hii mitty key kataav koo rokane mein isaki laabhkaari bhoomika key liye moolyavaan haye. fasal koo lagbhag koee nivesh naheen milata haye, aur avashisht urvarta aur namee parr aur seemant aur samaapt mitty mein ugaaya jaataa haye. upakhyan sakshya ingit karate hain kii nepal mein chawal key kshetra aur utpaadan mein uchch upaj dene vaali makk kii kismon kii shuruat aur rasayanik urvarakon key badhate upayog key kaaran girawat aaa rahee haye, jabaki sthaaniya baajaron mein adhik pasandida daalon kii badhati upalabdhata key kaaran khapat cumm hoe rahee haye. koee aadhunik paadap prajanan naheen kiya gayaa haye aur kewal cumm upaj kshamata vaale bhoo-vansh ugaaye jaate hain. inhen anya grishmakaaleen fully jaise soyabean ("glycine max"), kaalaa chanaa, mutter, aam same ("phasolus vulgaris") aur ghodon key chanaa ("mactrotilloma unifluorum") key saath pratispardha karni hoti haye. chawal key utpaadan koo seemit karane vaali anya utpaadan baadhaon mein chhoti aur khandit bhoomi aur ghatati utpaadaktaa shamil hain.
roopvigyaan.
jangli roop aamtaur parr maheen-taney vaale, swatantra roop seey shakha vaale aur chhote-patte vaale hotey hain, jisamen ack judvaan aadat, photoperiode samvedansheelta aur anishchit vikas (lonn, 1995) hotaa haye. phool atulyakaalik hotey hain aur kathor beejon kii pravritti hoti haye. kaee kshetron mein, bhoomi vansh joe inmein seey kaee visheshtaon koo banaae rakhate hain, vishesh roop seey dinn key ujaale kii samvedansheelta, vikas kii aadat aur kathor beejon key sambandh mein baney rahate hain. beej kaa rung parivartansheel hotaa haye, lekin aamtaur parr laal yaa peela hotaa haye. laal prakaar kaa naam aamtaur parr cheeni mein rakhaa jaataa haye, jiska shaabdik arth haye 'laal chhoti bean'. ise paaramparik cheeni chikitsa mein ack jadee booty maanaa jaataa haye.
germplasm sangrah.
taiwan mein sthit vishva sabji kendra (poorv mein asiai sabji anusandhaan aur vikas kendra) mein chawal key 197 upayog hain, jinamen nepal key 8 genotype aur bhaarat key 24 shamil hain. haalaanki, bajura jile mein 2000 meater parr ekatra kiye gaye nepali genotype (mogimas naam diyaa gayaa) key alawa bahut cumm yaa koee passport detta (vishva sabji kendra, 2007) naheen haye. bhaaratiya genotype aaee. see. 7588, aaee. see. 8229, ee. see. 18771 aur aaee. see. 7506 koo photoperiode key prati cumm samvedansheel honey key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, lekin koee anya jaankaari naheen dee gaee haye. bhaarat mein, rashtriya paadap aanuvanshik sansaadhan beuro (aine. bee. pee. jee. aar.) mein vibhinn asiai deshon (aine. bee. pee. jee. aar., 2007) seey 1700 seey adhik pravesh hain. isake saath hii, bhaaratiya dalhan anusandhaan sansthaan mein ack sangrah aayojit kiya jaataa haye, aur uttar pradesh key bhauli mein aine. bee. pee. jee. aar. station bhee 300 seey adhik genotype (negi aur anya) kaa sangrah rakhta haye.", 1996). nepal mein, nark kii paadap aanuvanshik sansaadhan ikai desh key vibhinn hisson seey lagbhag 300 praveshon kaa sangrah rakhti haye.
poshan sambandhi pahalu.
chawal maanav, pashu aur mitty key swaasthya mein sudhaar mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye. sabhi kismein protein, aavashyak amino acid, aavashyak fatty acid aur khanijon (mohan aur janardhan, 1994) key achche srot prateet hoti hain, aur sookhe beej anaaj-adharit aahar mein ack utkrisht jodd banaate hain.
maanav poshan.
chawal key beej koo aksar daal key roop mein parosa jaataa haye, yaa tou raat bhar bhigo curr kuchh masalon key saath ubla jaataa haye, yaa pressure cooker mein pakaaya jaataa haye. daal key soop aur chutney key liye vibhinn vyanjanon key alawa, daalon kaa upayog kaee anya tarikon seey bhee kiya jaataa haye, yaa tou poore, pakaa huaa yaa bhunaa huaa, aate key roop mein, yaa vibhinn gahare taley hue vyanjan yaa snacks banaane key liye pees curr. kuchh vyanjan vishesh daalon key liye vishisht hain, lekin kaee pratisthaapan key liye khule hain. sabji key roop mein hurry fully kaa sevan darj kiya gayaa haye lekin vyaapak naheen haye, halanki kaee kismon kii anishchit vriddhi kii aadat varsh kii lambi avadhi mein hurry fully kii sthir aapoorti pradaan karane mein fayademand haye.
chawal key beej mein kachche protein kii matra adhikansh daalon kii tulanaa mein cumm hoti haye, halanki isamen kaafee bhinnata haye. gopinathan "aur anya."(1987) dhyaan dein kii sambandhit jangli prajaatiyon mein protein kii matra (jaise.jee. "vigna minima") kheti kii gaee lines kii tulanaa mein adhik hotaa haye, isaliye behtar protein samagri key liye prajanan kii kshamata hoe sakati haye. haalaanki, kaee lekhakon dwara emino acid sanrachana koo maanav upbhog key liye achchi tarah seey santulit honey kii soochana dee gaee haye (jaise.jee. jhoomar aur anya., 1978; mohan aur janardhan, 1994; dee carvalho aur viera, 1996).
anya daalon kii tarah, ack mahatvapurna samasya yeh haye kii chawal key beej mein vibhinn poshak tatva hotey hain, vishesh roop seey phytic acid yaa fightet, polyphenol aur fiber joe sookshm poshak tatvon key sevan koo cumm karate hain, vishesh roop seey loha aur jastaa. cumm fightet beejon key liye prajanan sambhav haye, lekin isaki vaanchhaniyataa key baare mein paraspar virodhi raay hain kyonki fightet bhee ack maanav poshak tatva haye, aur paudhe key jeevan chakr mein vibhinn bhoomikaaen nibhaata haye.
jaba maanav upbhog key liye ack naadi koo badhaava diyaa jaataa haye tou pett phoolane vaale padarthon key liye vishesh chinta mahatvapurna hoti haye (smill, 1997). rivileja "aur anya."(1990) ney phillippeans seey aam fully mein gyaat apaanvaayujanak-utpaadak oligosecharides kii samagri kaa pareekshan kiya aur unhein unaki apaanvaayujanak-utpaadak kshamata parr sthaan diyaah saim-samping (" "clitoria ternetia" ")> highsinth bean (" "laib perpurious" ", sinn. "dolichos lablab" ell)> lima bean ("" phasolus lunatus "")> talwar ("" canavalia gladiata "")> chawal> katahal ("" canavalia encephormis "").  chawal kii dou alag-alag kismon mein 2.25 aur 2.55% oligosecharides they. kaur aur kawatra (2000) ney bhigone, khule paine mein khaana pakaane, dabaav mein khaana pakaane, ankurit karane aur inke sanyojan key prabhaav koo maapa. inn sub key kaaran flats-utpaadak sharkara kii matra mein mahatvapurna kamee aaee, halanki sabse prabhaavi ankuran aur dabaav khaana pakaane kaa sanyojan thaa.
jabaki adhikansh fully mein ack yaa kaee enzyme avarodhak aur isi tarah key antinutritive yaa vishaakt kaarak (smill, 1997) hotey hain, aise padarthon kii samagri chawal key beej mein cumm prateet hoti haye.
pashu poshan.
chawal ack uchch shreni key chaare key roop mein moolyavaan haye joe pashudhan mein doodh utpaadan badhaane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye.
jadee-bootiyaan.
laal prakaar key chawal kaa upayog paaramparik cheeni chikitsa mein kiya jaataa haye, kabhi-kabhi "angelica sinances" () key sanyojan mein. nepal yaa bhaarat mein kissy bhee "lock chikitsa" key upayog key baare mein koee jaankaari upalabdh naheen haye.
saanskritik mahatva.
dakshin asia mein, khaadya padarthon koo germ, thandaa aur tatasth mein vibhajit karane kaa vichaar bahut aam haye. iska aahar vikalpon parr ack mahatvapurna prabhaav padata haye, kyonki yeh dhaarana naa kewal dainik poshan mein germ aur thhande bhojan key beach santulan koo badhaava detee haye, balki mausam key anusaar aur bimari key dauran vibhinn vastuon key sevan koo protsaahit yaa hatotsaahit bhee karati haye. nepal mein kaee khaadya padarthon kii dhaarana kaa ack vivaran gittelsohan aur anya dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa haye."(1997). unake aankadon seey pataa chalata haye kii germ aur thhande khaadya padarthon mein vibhajan key liye shayed hii koee "vaigyaanik" aadhar haye. udaaharan key liye, dahee thandaa hotaa haye jabaki bakri kaa doodh germ hotaa haye, bhains kaa maans thandaa hotaa haye jabaki machhali aur chikan germ hotaa haye, aur kaalaa chanaa thandaa hotaa haye jabaki laal chanaa (mutter) germ hotaa haye. yeh dhaarana sthaan-vishisht hoti haye, isaliye inn nishkarshon koo poore nepal (yaa dakshin asia) mein saamaanyikrit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye!). unake adhyayan ney chawal key germ-thhande mulyankan parr koee tippani naheen kii.
nepal mein, chawal koo thhande bhojan (jaise.jee. gulmi, kailali, syangja, daang, gorkha jilon mein) aur kahaa jaataa haye kii yeh garmiyon mein logon koo thandaa kartaa haye. haalaanki, kahaa jaataa haye kii yeh sardiyon key dauran logon koo germ kartaa haye. purvi nepal key ilam jile mein chawal koo germ maanaa jaataa haye aur vahaan yeh salah dee jaati haye kii boodhe aur beemar logon koo germ mausam key dauran ise naheen khaana chaahiye, kyonki yeh aasaani seey putch naheen jaataa haye aur kamjor logon koo ise khaane seey pett kii samasya hoe sakati haye.
ilam key ack anya vivaran mein kahaa gayaa haye kii chawal, halanki kuchh pett ashanti paida kartaa haye, anya daalon kii tulanaa mein halka aur adhik pachane yogya thaa, aur isaliye aksar apachan seey peedit logon koo parosa jaataa thaa. chaahe germ hoe yaa thandaa, chawal key pramukh hisse kaa sevan fasal kataai key turant baad kiya jaataa haye, isaliye fasal kewal poorv aur praarambhik mansoon avadhi mein cumm mausam key dauran khaadya suraksha parr apratyaksh roop seey prabhaav daalegi.
nepal key kuchh maukhik sakshya bataate hain kii chawal kii koee vishesh aupchaarik bhoomika naheen haye. yeh kaale chaney key vipareet haye jiska upayog uchch jaati key hinduon key beach aupchaarik uddeshyon key liye kiya jaataa haye, aur udaaharan key liye arun ghaati mein raay logon key beach bhee. isake alawa, kaale chanaa koo swaadpurna maanaa jaataa haye aur yeh adhik bajar moolya praapt kartaa haye, isaliye yadi kisan koo koee vikalp chunana haye tou yeh chawal kii jagah legaa.
"quanty" (yaa "kwati") ack mishrit bean sprout soop haye joe janai purnima yaa raksha bhandaran utsav mein parosa jaataa haye. iss vyanjan key liye nirdhaarit nau beans mein seey ack chawal kaa beej haye. yeh tyohar mansoon key anta kaa prateek haye jahan loga paaramparik dhaarana (aur shayed vaastaviktaa mein bhee) kamjor, kuposhit aur beemariyon key adheen rahey hain. iss sambandh mein, "quanty" koo "ack koo majboot banaane key liye" aur pett koo shuddh karane key liye kahaa jaataa haye kyonki mishrit bean ankuron koo pachaana mushkil hotaa haye aur isaliye pett koo saaf kartaa haye. isake alawa, "quanty" khaane seey ack nishchit prakaar key machchar koo maarne key liye kahaa jaataa haye (lauvin, 1998).
jabaki nepal mein chawal koo kuchh hudd taka "garib aadami key bhojan" key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, yeh vishesh roop seey kalankit naheen haye, isaliye vaastav mein kissy bhee jaatiya yaa jaati samooh key paas isake khilaf koee niyam naheen haye. daang mein, chawal key beej kaa vishesh roop seey tharu (swadeshi "taraai") logon dwara anand liya jaataa haye, jinake paas "quanty" kaa ack sanskaran hotaa haye jisake liye duss alag-alag beans kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
ack srot ney ullekh kiya kii choonki chawal aapako majboot banaata haye, isaliye loga aksar ise majdooron koo parosate hain, jabaki kabhi-kabhi kadee mehnat kii aavashyakta vaale karyon key sambandh mein bhee iska sevan karate hain.
sambhavana.
chawal key beej kii kshamata kaa dohan karane key liye abb taka bahut cumm kiya gayaa haih kaee aisee visheshtaen hain jinhen vyaapak roop seey apanaaya jaane seey pahale prajanankartaon seey dhyaan dene kii aavashyakta haye. adhikansh kismein atyadhik prakashkal key prati samvedansheel hoti hain, aur isaliye jaba uposhnakatibandhiya kshetron mein ugaai jaati hain tou dair seey phool aatey hain aur majboot vanaspati vikas dikhaate hain. unaki judvaan aadat unhein makke, jwaar aur sambhavatah kuchh chhoti bajra prajaatiyon jaisi prajaatiyon key saath antar-fasalon key roop mein upayog key liye bahut upayukt banaati haye, joe samarthan pradaan curr sakati haye, lekin unhein kataai mein bhee mushkil banaati haye. vartamaan kismon mein seey kaee tootane key liye atisamvedansheel hain, aur kathorta key uchch star koo darshaati hain. bhaarat mein chawal key beej parr kuchh fasal sudhaar kaary kiye gaye hain, lekin nepal mein naheen. haalaanki, nepal mein khet mein prayogon kii ack shrinkhala mein chawal key upayog kaa adhyayan kiya gayaa thaa, aur isase pataa chalaa kii yeh cumm samay mein uchch biomass utpaadan key kaaran iss uddeshya key liye sabse achchi fully mein seey ack haye, mitty mein shamil karna aasaan haye, aur teji seey vighatit hoe jaataa haye.
rasayan vigyaan.
catechin-7-oh-glucoside "vee" key beej mein paaya jaa sakata haye. ambelata.  "inn vitro", iss yaugik mein ack antioxidant gatividhi hoti haye joe ack koshika-surakshaatmak prabhaav kii or leey jaati haye.

