brontosaurus

brontosaurus (; jiska arth haye "garjan chhipakali" yunani shabdon seey, "garjan" aur, "chhipakali") shakahari surropod dynasore kaa ack vansh haye joe jurassic kaal key anta mein sanyukt raajya mein rahata thaa. iska varnan americi jeevaashm vigyaani othaniel charles marsh dwara 1879 mein kiya gayaa thaa, iss prakaar kii prajaati koo bee kahaa jaa rhaa haye. axellus, ack aanshik kankal parr adharit haye jisamen como bluff, wiming mein paaee jaane vaali khopadi kii kamee haye. baad key varshon mein, "brontosaurus" kii dou aur prajaatiyon kaa naam "bee" rakhaa gayaa. 1902 mein parvas aur bee. yahpin "1994 mein." brontosaurus "lagbhag 156 seey 14.6 karod saal pahale (miyaa) kimmeridgian aur tithonian yug key dauran abb yoota aur vyoming key maurison gathan mein rahata thaa. dashakon seey, janwar koo isake karibi rishtedaar "apatosaurus" kaa vargeekaran paryaay maanaa jaataa thaa, lekin 2015 mein emmanuel tschop aur sahyogiyon dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein ise alag paaya gayaa. isane lokpriya sanskriti mein vyaapak pratinidhitva dekhaa haye, joe samanya media mein mool "lambi gardan vaalaa" dynasore haye. 
brontosaurus" kii shareer rachana achchi tarah seey jaani jaati haye, jeevashmon key saath yeh pradarshit kartaa haye kii yeh badee, lambi gardan vaali aur chauguni poonchh vaali ack lambi poonchh key saath ack chabuk jaisi sanrachana mein samaapt hoti haye. garbhashay grieva kasheruka vishesh roop seey behad majboot aur bhaari roop seey nirmit hoti haye, isake halke seey nirmit rishtedaron "diplodocus" aur "barosaurus" key vipareet. agrang chhote aur motey they jabaki pichhale anga lambe aur motey they, jinhen kramshah ack bhaari kandhe key kamarpat aur shroni dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa. kaee aakar key anuman lagaae gaye hain, jisamen sabse badee prajaati "bee" haye. axellus "sir seey poonchh taka pahunchata haye aur vajan mein hotaa haye, jabaki chhota" bee. parvas "kewal lamba hoe gayaa. brontosaurus" key kishore namoonon koo jaanaa jaataa haye, jisamen yuva vyakti 15 varshon mein teji seey vayask aakar mein badhate hain.
"brontosaurus" koo diplodocidae parivaar key bheetar vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye, joe kii surropods kaa ack samooh thaa jisaki gardan chhoti thee aur poonchh lambi thee, anya parivaaron jaise bratchiosaurs aur mamenchisors kii tulanaa mein. diplodocid pahali baar madhya jurassic mein vikasit hue lekin praarambhik cretaceous mein vilupt honey seey pahale "brontosaurus" jaise roopon key saath jurassic key anta mein vividhata mein charam parr they. "brontosaurus" upa-parivaar apetosaurine mein ack genus haye, jisamen kewal yeh aur "apetosaurus" shamil hain, joe apani dridh banaavat aur motee gardan seey alag hotey hain. halanki apatosaurine kaa naam 1929 mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, lekin samooh kaa upayog 2015 key ack vyaapak pepper taka vaidh roop seey naheen kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen "brontosaurus" koo vaidh paaya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, "brontosaurus" kii sthiti abhee bhee anishchit haye, kuchh jeevaashm vigyaani abhee bhee ise "apetosaurus" kaa paryaay maanate hain. 
morrison gathan seey honey key kaaran, "brontosaurus" anya vargon jaise kii surropods "diplodocus, barosaurus" aur "brachiosaurus" key saath saha-astitva mein thaa; "shakahari ornithischian" stagosaurus, drysorus "aur" nanosaurus "; saath hii saath mansahari theropods" allosaurus, marshosaurus "aur" seratosaurus "."yeh gathan 16 seey adhik maanyata praapt vanshon key saath surropod jaiv vividhata kaa ack hotspot thaa, jisake parinamswarup vibhinn surropod key beach vishisht vibhajan huaa.
khoj kaa itihas.
yell vishvavidyalaya mein jeevaashm vigyaan key professor othaniel charles marsh dwara 1879 mein ack badey aur kaafee poorna surropod kankal kii khoj kii ghoshana kii gaee thee. villium harlo reed dwara como bluff mein maurison gathan chattanon seey namuna ekatra kiya gayaa thaa. unhone ise poori tarah seey ack nae vansh aur prajaati seey sambandhit bataaya, jise unhone "brontosaurus accelsus" naam diyaa.
 jiska arth haye "garjan chhipakali", greek seey/jiska arth haye "garjan" aur/jiska arth haye "chhipakali", aur lattin seey "axellus", "kuleen" yaa "uchch". iss samay taka, maurison gathan huddy yuddhon kaa kendra bunn gayaa thaa, joe daldal aur ack anya praarambhik jeevaashm vigyaani, edward dricker key beach ack jeevaashm-sangrah pratidvandvita thee. iss vajah seey, usa samay daldali aur saamana dwara curr key prakaashan aur vivaranon mein teji laaee gaee thee. "brontosaurus accelsus" prakaar kaa namuna (vaaee. pee. aim. 1980) usa samay gyaat sabse poorna surropod kankalon mein seey ack thaa, joe kaee visheshtaon koo sanrakshit kartaa thaa lekin najuk grieva kasheruka. marsh kaa maanana thaa kii "brontosaurus" atlantosauridae kaa ack sadasya thaa, jiska naam unhone 1877 mein saoropod dynasore kaa ack vansh rakhaa thaa jisamen "atlantosaurus" aur "apetosaurus" bhee shamil they. ack saal baad 1880 mein, ack aur aanshik postcranial "brontosaurus" kankal koo como bluff key paas reed dwara ekatra kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen achchi tarah seey sanrakshit anga tatva bhee shamil they. marsh ney 1881 mein iss dusare kankal kaa naam "brontosaurus empluses" ("badee gadgadaahat chhipakali") rakhaa, lekin ise "bee" kaa paryaay maanaa jaataa thaa. axellus "2015 mein."
agast 1883 mein, marshel pee. felch ney garden park, colorado mein felch khadaan mein ack surropod kii ack vighatit aanshik khopadi (yuu. aiss. aine. aim. vee. 5730) ekatra kii aur namoone koo yell koo bheja. marsh ney khopadi koo "bee" kahaa. axellus, "baad mein ise" bee "key kankal punarnirmaan mein dikhaaya gayaa. 1891 mein axellus "prakaar kaa namuna aur chitran koo 1896 mein marsh key aitihaasik prakaashan," dha dynasore off north america "mein phir seey chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. yell peabody sangrahalaya mein," brontosaurus axellus "key kankal koo 1931 mein felch kwari khopadi key daldal punarnirmaan key aadhar parr ack khopadi key saath sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. jabaki usa samay adhikansh sangrahalaya khopadi key liye "camerasaurus" cast kaa upayog curr rahey they, peabody sangrahalaya ney daldal key punarnirmaan key aadhar parr ack poori tarah seey alag khopadi kii murtikala kii thee. daldali kii khopadi kaee anya karanon seey galat theeh isamen aage kii or ishara karane vaale naak shamil they, joe vaastav mein kissy bhee anya dynasore seey alag they, aur fenestra drying aur anya khopadi seey alag thee. anivarya ack "camerasaurus" parr adharit thaa. 1998 mein, felch khadaan kii khopadi jise unake 1896 key kankal bahaali mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, koo isake bajaay "brachiosaurus" seey sambandhit honey kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa aur ise 2020 mein felch khadaan mein paaee gaee brachiosaurid samagri key punah vivaran key saath samarthit kiya gayaa thaa.
doosara dynasore jaldi aur khopadi kaa mudda.
1901 mein vyoming key liye ack kaarnegi sangrahalaya abhiyaan key dauran, villium harlo reed ney ack aur "brontosaurus" kankal ekatra kiya, joe ack yuva kishore (semi 566) kaa aanshik postcranial kankal thaa, jisamen aanshik anga bhee shamil they. haalaanki, yeh vyakti ack vayask (youdblue 15556) key kaafee poorna kankal key saath milaa huaa paaya gayaa thaa. vayask kankal vishesh roop seey bahut achchi tarah seey sanrakshit thaa, jisamen kaee grieva (gardan) aur kaudal (poonchh) kasheruka they, aur yeh prajaati kaa sabse poorna nishchit namuna haye. kankalon koo ack nayaa vansh aur prajaati kaa naam, "allosaurus parvas" ("chhoti kshetra chhipakali"), olof aeye dwara diyaa gayaa thaa. 1902 mein pieterson aur charles gillmore. donon namoone maurison gathan key brush besin sadasya seey aae they. baad mein iss prajaati koo 2008 mein kaee lekhakon dwara "apatosaurus" mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, ack apatosaurine kaa lagbhag puuraa postcranial kankal brigham young university (bayu 1252-18531) key liye kaam karane vaale chaalak dall dwara yoota mein ekatra kiya gayaa thaa, jahaan kuchh avashesh vartamaan mein pradarshit hain. kankal kaa varnan naheen kiya gayaa haye, lekin kankal kii kaee visheshtaon koo "aeye" key saath saajha kiya gayaa haye. parvas ". iss prajaati koo "brontosaurus" tschop aur anya mein rakhaa gayaa thaa."2015 mein diplodocidae key vyaapak adhyayan key dauran. 
1903 key "feeled columbian sangrahalaya kii bhoogarbhiya shrinkhala" key sanskaran mein, elmer riggs ney tark diyaa kii "brontosaurus" "apatosaurus" seey ack alag genus kaa samarthan karane key liye paryaapt alag naheen thaa, isaliye unhone isake liye nayaa sanyojan "apatosaurus accelsus" banaaya. riggs ney kahaa kii "inn tathyon koo dekhate hue donon vanshon koo paryaay maanaa jaa sakata haye. choonki 'apatosaurus' shabd kii prathamikta haye, isaliye 'brontosaurus' koo paryaay key roop mein maanaa jaayega. phir bhee, praakritik itihas key namoone key americi sangrahalaya key sthaapit honey seey pahale, heinry fairfield osborne ney kankal koo "brontosaurus" label karane kaa vikalp chunaa, halanki vaha daldal aur apane varg key ack majboot virodhi they.
1905 mein, american museum off natural histry (aeye. aim. aine. aich.) ney ack surropod key pahale ghudsavaar kankal kaa anaavaran kiya, ack samagr namuna (mukhya roop seey aeye. aim. aine. aich. 460 seey haddiyon seey banaa) jise unhone "brontosaurus accelsus" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. amanh kaa namuna bahut puuraa thaa, kewal pairon kii kamee thee, namoone seey amanh 592 koo mount mein jodaa gayaa, nichale pair aur kandhe kii haddiyon koo amanh 222 seey jodaa gayaa, aur poonchh kii haddiyon koo amanh 339 seey jodaa gayaa. mount koo samaapt karane key liye, baaki poonchh koo daldal key roop mein dikhaai dene key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, jiska arth thaa kii isamen bahut cumm kasheruka they. isake alawa, sangrahalaya ney joe mahsoos kiya kii iss vishal prani kii khopadi kankal parr rakhee gaee thee, uska ack murtikala model. yeh "diplodocus" kii tarah ack najuk khopadi naheen thee, joe baad mein adhik sateek saabit hui, lekin "teen alag-alag khadanon seey sabse badee, sabse motee, sabse majboot khopadi kii haddiyon, nichale jabadon aur daanton key mukut" parr adharit thee. yeye khopadi sambhavatah "camerasaurus" kii theen, ekmatra anya surropod jisaki achchi khopadi samagri usa samay gyaat thee. mount nirmaan kii dekhrekh addam herman ney kii thee, joe "brontosaurus" khopadi khojane mein whiffle rahey. herman koo haath seey ack khadee khopadi banaane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. heinry fairfield osborne ney ack prakaashan mein ullekh kiya kii khopadi "kaafee hudd taka anumaanit thee aur" morosaurus "(abb" camerasaurus ") parr adharit thee.
1909 mein, earl dugglus key netritva mein dynasore rashtriya smaarak mein kaarnegi khadaan banane vaale pahale abhiyaan key dauran ack "apatosaurus" khopadi millie thee. khopadi koo ack kankal (namuna semi 3018) seey kuchh meater door paaya gayaa thaa, jise naee prajaati "apetosaurus luise" key roop mein pahachaana gayaa thaa. khopadi koo 11162 semi naamit kiya gayaa thaa aur yeh "diplodocus" kii khopadi key samaan thee. ise dugglus aur kaarnegi sangrahalaya key nideshak villium jey dwara "apatosaurus" namoone seey sambandhit key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa. holland, halanki anya vaigyaanikon, vishesh roop seey ausborne ney iss pehchaan koo aswikar curr diyaa. holland ney 1914 mein america key jeevaashm vigyaan samaaj koo sambodhit karate hue apane vichaar kaa bachaav kiya, phir bhee unhone kaarnegi sangrahalaya koo binaa sir key chhod diyaa. jabaki kuchh logon ney socha kii holland ausborne key saath sangharsh seey bachane kaa prayaas curr rhaa thaa, anya logon koo sandeh thaa kii holland taba taka intezar curr rhaa thaa jaba taka kii khopadi aur kankal key sambandh kii pushti karane key liye ack spasht khopadi aur gardan naheen millie. 1934 mein holland kii mrityu key baad, sangrahalaya key karmchaariyon dwara ack "camerasaurus" khopadi kaa ack cast mount parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.
khopadi sudhaar, punrutthan khoj aur punarmulyankan.
1970 key dashak taka saahitya mein kissy bhee apotosaurine khopadi kaa ullekh naheen kiya gayaa thaa jaba johnn stanton macintosh aur david burman ney 1975 mein "diplodocus" aur "apotosaurus" kii khopadi koo phir seey design kiya thaa. unhone paaya kii halanki unhone kabhi apani raay prakaashit naheen kii, lekin holland lagbhag nishchit roop seey sahee thaa kii "apotosaurus" aur "brontosaurus" mein ack "diplodox" jaisi khopadi thee. unake anusaar, lambe samay seey "diplodocus" seey sambandhit maani jaane vaali kaee khopadi "apatosaurus" kii hoe sakati hain. unhone sambandhit aur nikatata seey judey kasheruka key aadhar parr "apatosaurus" koo kaee khopadi koo phir seey saunpa. halanki unhone holland kaa samarthan kiya, "apatosaurus" koo galat tareeke seey siddh kiya gayaa thaa kii sambhavatah ack "camerasaurus" jaisi khopadi thee, joe ack vikshipt "camerasaurus" jaise daant parr adharit thee, joe sateek sthal parr paaya gayaa thaa jahaan ack "apatosaurus" namuna varshon pahale paaya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, yeh daant "apatosaurus" seey naheen aataa haye. 20 octuber, 1979 koo, mintosh aur burman dwara prakashanon key baad, ack "apatosaurus" kii pahali khopadi koo ack sangrahalaya mein ack kankal parr, joe kaarnegi kii thee, lagaaya gayaa thaa. 1995 mein, americi praakritik itihas sangrahalaya ney bhee iska anusaran kiya, aur ack thheek kii gaee poonchh aur "aeye" seey ack naee khopadi key saath unake punarnirmit kankal (abb "apatosaurus axellus" label) kaa anaavaran kiya. luise ". 1998 mein, robbert tii. becker ney ack khopadi aur ack apetosaurine key anivarya como bluff seey "brontosaurus accelsus" (tett 099-01) "koo sandarbhit kiya, halanki khopadi abhee bhee varnit naheen haye. 2011 mein, "apatosaurus" kaa pahala namuna jahan ack khopadi koo isake grieva kasheruka key saath spasht kiya gayaa thaa, uska varnan kiya gayaa thaa. yeh namuna, see. aim. see. vee. pee. 7180, khopadi aur gardan donon kii visheshtaon mein "aeye" seey bhinn paaya gayaa thaa. luise, aur namoone mein "aeye" seey sambandhit adhikansh visheshtaen paaee gaeen. ajaks.abb "brontosaurus" key roop mein sandarbhit ack apatosaurine kaa ack aur namuna 1993 mein raajya bhoovaigyaanik sangrahalaya dwara khoja gayaa thaa, joe kendriya vyoming key maurison gathan seey bhee thaa. namoone mein ack aanshik postcranial kankal shamil thaa, jisamen ack poorna manus aur kaee kasheruka shamil they, aur ack saal baad james fila aur pait redman dwara varnit kiya gayaa thaa. fila aur redman ney namoone kaa naam "apatosaurus yanhapin" ("yanhapin-pahanane vaali bhraamak chhipakali") rakhaa, lekin robbert tii. becker ney ise 1998 mein genus naam "eobrontosaurus" diyaa. becker kaa maanana thaa kii "eobrontosaurus" "brontosaurus" kaa pratyaksh poorvavarti thaa, halanki tschop "aitt all".'bee" key jatijanya vishleshan koo rakhaa gayaa. brontosaurus" kii sabse buniyaadi prajaati key roop mein yanhapin."
lagbhag sabhi 20veen shatabdi key jeevaashm vigyaani riggs seey sahmat they kii sabhi "apatosaurus" aur "brontosaurus" prajaatiyon koo ack hii vansh mein vargeekrit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. aaee. see. jaid. aine. key niyamon key anusaar, joe jaanvaron key vaigyaanik naamon koo niyantrit kartaa haye, "apetosaurus" naam, pahale prakaashit honey key baad, prathamikta thee; "brontosaurus" koo ack kanishth paryaayavaachi maanaa jaataa thaa aur isaliye aupchaarik upayog seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. isake bavjood, cumm seey cumm ack jeevaashm vigyaani-robbert tii. becker-ney 1990 key dashak mein tark diyaa kii "aeye. ajax "aur" a ". axellus "paryaapt roop seey alag hain kii baad vaalaa ack alag vansh key yogya banaa huaa haye. 2015 mein, emmanuel tschop, octavio mattus aur roser benson dwara diplodocid sambandhon key ack vyaapak adhyayan ney nishkarsh nikala kii "brontosaurus" vaastav mein "apatosaurus" seey alag surropod kaa ack vaidh vansh thaa. vaigyaanikon ney jeevaashm peedhi aur prajaatiyon key beach antar kaa adhik vastunishth roop seey aaklan karane key liye ack saankhyikiya vidhi vikasit kii aur nishkarsh nikala kii "brontosaurus" koo ack vaidh naam key roop mein "punarjeevit" kiya jaa sakata haye. unhone dou poorv "apatosaurus" prajaatiyon koo saunpa, aeye. parvas, "aur" aeye. yahpin, "seey" brontosaurus ", saath hii prakaar kii prajaati" bee. axellus ". prakaashan koo anya jeevaashm vigyaaniyon kii kuchh aalochanaon kaa saamana karna padaa, jinamen michael dee 'demic, donald proto shamil they, jinhone iss adhyayan key liye zana media pratikriya kii satahi aur samay seey pahale key roop mein aalochana kii, aur neeche kaee anya.
varnan.
"brontosaurus" ack badaa, lambi gardan vaalaa, chauguna janwar thaa jisaki lambi, chabuk jaisi poonchh aur agrang they joe isake pichhale angon seey thode chhote they. sabse badee prajaati, "bee. axellus, "sir seey poonchh taka lambe maap aur vajan taka; anya prajaatiyan chhoti theen, lambi maap aur vajan. brontosaurus" kii khopadi naheen millie haye lekin shayed nikatata seey sambandhit "apetosaurus" kii khopadi key samaan thee. apatosaurus" kii kaee khopadi paaee gaee hain, joe sabhi shareer key anupaat mein bahut chhoti hain. macronarians key vipareet, unake snott squire off aur low they. apatosaurus" aur anya dwigunit daanton key jabade thook (chheni jaise) vaale daanton key saath panktibaddh they joe shakahari key liye anukoolit they.
kasheruka.
anya surropods kii tarah, gardan key kasheruka gaharaai seey vibhajit they; yaani, way jodeedaar reedh leey jaate they, jisake parinamswarup ack chaudi aur gahari gardan hoti thee. reedh kii huddy aur poonchh mein 15 garbhashay grieva, duss dorsal, paanch pavitra aur lagbhag 82 kaudal shamil they. kaudal kasheruka kii sankhya ack prajaati key bheetar bhee bhinn honey key liye nott kii gaee thee. surropods kii gardan, dorsum aur sacrum mein kasherukaon key paarshv pakshon mein badey vaayaviya foramen hotey they. inca upayog haddiyon koo halka karane key liye kiya jaataa haye joe janwar koo halka rakhane mein madad kartaa haye. kasheruka key bheetar bhee, daverticula key alawa huddy kii chikani deevaaren haddiyon koo halka rakhane key liye havaa kii jeb banaati hain. pakshiyon aur badey standhaariyon mein isi tarah kii sanrachanaaen dekhi jaa sakati hain. garbhashay grieva kasheruka anya dwigunit kii tulanaa mein adhik majboot thee, halanki "apatosaurus" key paripakva namoonon kii tarah adhik majboot naheen thee. garbhashay grieva key paarshv pakshon mein, apatosaurine mein achchi tarah seey vikasit aur motee parapophies (kasheruka key paarshv pakshon parr vistaar) theen joe kendra key neeche nilay roop seey ingit karati theen. yeye parapophies ghaney diaphosis aur grieva pasaliyon key sanyojan mein gardan kii maanspeshiyon key liye majboot lunger they, joe atyadhik bull koo banaae rakh sakate they. garbhashay grieva bhee anya surropods kii tulanaa mein adhik baksedar they kyonki unake katey hue zygapophies aur lambe nirmaan key kaaran. yeye kasheruka poorv drishya mein trikoniya hotey hain, jabaki way aksar "camerasaurus" jaisi peedhi mein goal yaa vargakar hotey hain."apani vaayugun key bavjood," "brontosaurus" "kii gardan koo poorv kii majbooti key kaaran ack dwigunit dravyamaan seey doguna maanaa jaataa haye. "brontosaurus" "apatosaurus" seey alag haye kyonki pashch grieva kasheruka kii tantrika reedh kaa aadhar adhik lamba hotaa haye. brontosaurus" key bheetar prajaatiyon kii garbhashay grieva bhee bhinn hoti haye, jaise kii "bee" kii tantrika reedh parr tubercule kii kamee. axellus."
isake prishthiya kasheruka mein paarshv pakshon parr badey fosse key saath chhota kendra thaa, halanki garbhashay grieva key roop mein vyaapak roop seey naheen thaa. tantrika naharen andakar hoti hain aur dorsal mein badee hoti hain. inn naharon mein reedh kii huddy key saath tantrika sambandh they. diapophis baahar kii or nikalate hain aur hook-aakar mein neeche kii or jhukate hain. tantrika merudand poorv-pashch drishya mein ack dwibhajit sheersh key saath motey hotey hain. dorsal kii tantrika merudand poonchh kii or aur adhik oonchaai mein badh jaayegi, jisase ack dhanushakar peeth bunn jaayegi. prishthiya pasaliyan apane kasheruka seey judee yaa kaskar judee naheen hoti hain, isake bajaay shithil roop seey vyakt kii jaati hain. duss prishthiya pasaliyan shareer key donon taraf hoti hain. "brontosaurus" spp. adhikansh anya dwigunit kii tulanaa mein bahut lambi pasaliyan bhee theen, jisase unhein asamanya roop seey gahari chhaati milati thee. apetosaurine tantrika merudand kasheruka kii oonchaai key aadhe seey adhik kii rachana karate hain. koolhe kii haddiyon mein majboot iliya aur fused pubs aur iskia shamil hain. sacrum key bheetar vistaarit khudai maujood haye joe ise ack khokhale cylinder-aakar mein banaati haye. trick tantrika merudand ack patali plate mein ack saath juda jaate hain. pashch-kasheruka koo tribhuj kasheruka seey halke seey jodaa gayaa thaa, joe plate kaa hissa bunn gayaa thaa. aantarik roop seey, tantrika nahar koo badhaaya gayaa thaa. poonchh kaa aakar diplodocid key liye asamanya thaa, tulanaatmak roop seey patala honey key kaaran, kasheruki reedh kii huddy kii oonchaai teji seey cumm hoe rahee thee kyonki way koolhon seey door hain. anya dwigunit koshikaon kii tarah, "brontosaurus" kii poonchh key antim bhaag mein ack chabuk jaisi sanrachana hoti thee. poonchh apane vajan koo halka karane key liye ack vyaapak vayu-sack pranali bhee dhaaran karati haye, jaisa kii "bee" key namoonon mein dekhaa gayaa haye. parvas ".
anga.
brontosaurus" aur "camerasaurus" key skapula samagr roop seey bahut samaan hain. "brontosaurus" halanki iss baat mein alag haye kii skyapula kaa shaft ack cumm poorvavarti anuprasth prakriya key saath patala hotaa haye. brontosaurus" aur "apetosaurus" koo alag karane vaale lakshnon mein seey ack scapula key agravarti chehare parr avasaad kii upasthiti haye, jisamen baad vaale mein kamee haye. brontosaurus" key skyapula parr achromial riz mein bhee isake kinare kaa ack goal vistaar haye, joe genus key liye ack vishisht visheshta haye. coracoid shareer rachana "camerasaurus" kii tulanaa mein "apatosaurus" key samaan haye, jisamen prishthiya drishya mein ack dwighaat ruprekha haye. sterna koo "brontosaurus" key kuchh namoonon mein sanrakshit kiya gayaa haye, joe ack andakar ruprekha pradarshit karate hain. anga kii haddiyaan bhee bahut majboot theen. baahon kii haddiyaan mazaboot hoti hain, jisamen humourous "camerasaurus" aur "bee" kii haddiyon seey milata-julata hotaa haye. axellus "lagbhag" apatosaurus ajaks "key samaan haye. humourous mein ack patali huddy kaa shaft aur badey anuprasth chhor they. isake agravarti chhor parr ack badaa deltopectoral shikhar hotaa haye, joe huddy key chhor parr thaa. 1936 mein charles gillmore ney nott kiya kii pichhale punarnirmanon ney galati seey prastaav diyaa thaa kii trijya aur alna paar hoe sakate they, jaba way jeevan mein samanantar rahey honge. "brontosaurus" key pratyek agrang parr ack badaa panja thaa, aur pahale teen pair kii ungaliyon mein pratyek pair parr panje they. 1936 taka bhee, yeh maanyata praapt thee kii kissy bhee surropod key ack seey adhik haath key panje sanrakshit naheen they, aur iss ack panje koo abb poore samooh mein adhikatam sankhya key roop mein sweekaar kiya jaataa haye. metacarple falang kii tulanaa mein lambe aur patale hotey hain, joe isake nikatvarti aur doorasth cheharon parr baksedar articular chhor rakhate hain. ekal saamane key panje kii huddy thodi ghumaavdaar hoti haye aur saamane key chhor parr chaukor roop seey chhoti hoti haye. follangel sootra 2-1-1-1-1 haye, jiska arth haye kii agrang parr sabse bheetari ungli (falenx) mein dou haddiyaan hoti hain aur agali mein ack hoti haye. ekal haath seey bunny panje kii huddy (ungual) thodi ghumaavdaar hoti haye aur agravarti chhor parr chaukhata hoti haye. brontosaurus" kii maadaa bahut majboot hoti haye aur kissy bhee sadasya kii sabse majboot maadaa kaa pratinidhitva karati haye. tibia aur faibula haddiyaan "diplodocus" kii patali haddiyon seey alag hoti hain lekin "camerasaurus" kii haddiyon seey lagbhag aprabhedya hoti hain. faibula tibia kii tulanaa mein lamba aur patala hotaa haye. brontosaurus" key pair mein sabse bheetari ankon parr teen panje hotey hain; ank sootra 3-4-5-3-2 haye. pahala metatarsal sabse majboot haye, joe dwigunit key beach saajha kii jaane vaali ack visheshta haye.
vargeekaran.
"brontosaurus" diplodocidae parivaar kaa ack sadasya haye, joe vishal surropod dynasore kaa ack vansh haye. parivaar mein prithvi parr chalane vaale kuchh sabse lambe aur sabse badey jeev shamil hain, jinamen "diplodocus", "supersorus" aur "barosaurus" shamil hain. diplodocid pahali baar madhya jurassic key dauran vikasit hue joe abb georgia haye, joe jurassic key anta mein uttar america mein fail gayaa. "brontosaurus" koo upa-parivaar apetosaurine mein bhee vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen "apetosaurus" aur ack yaa adhik sambhaavit anaam vansh bhee shamil hain. othaniel charles marsh ney "brontosaurus" koo "atlantosaurus" key saath sambaddh honey key roop mein varnit kiya, joe abb nishkriya samooh atlantosauridae key bheetar haye. 1878 mein, marsh ney apane parivaar koo upavarg key pada parr uthaaya, jisamen "apatosaurus", "brontosaurus", "atlantosaurus", "morosaurus" (= "camerasaurus"), aur "diplodocus" shamil hain. unhone iss samooh koo saropoda key bheetar vargeekrit kiya. 1903 mein, elmer aiss. riggs ney ullekh kiya kii saropoda naam pahale key naamon kaa ack kanishth paryaay hoga, aur opistocolia key bheetar "apatosaurus" koo samoohbaddh kiya jaayega. adhikansh lekhak abhee bhee samooh key naam key roop mein saropoda kaa upayog karate hain.mool roop seey 1879 mein isake khojkarta othaniel charles marsh dwara naamit, "brontosaurus" koo lambe samay seey "apetosaurus" kaa ack kanishth paryaay maanaa jaataa thaa; isaki prakaar prajaati, "brontosaurus accelsus", koo "aeye" key roop mein punah vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. 1903 mein accelsus. haalaanki, ack sanyukt british-purtagaali shodh dall dwara 2015 mein prakaashit ack vyaapak adhyayan ney nishkarsh nikala kii "brontosaurus" "apatosaurus" seey alag surropod kaa ack vaidh vansh thaa. phir bhee, sabhi jeevaashm vigyaani iss vibhajan seey sahmat naheen hain. usee adhyayan ney dou atirikt prajaatiyon koo vargeekrit kiya jinhen ack baar "apatosaurus" aur "eobrontosaurus" key roop mein "brontosaurus parvus" aur "brontosaurus yahanpin" key roop mein maanaa gayaa thaa. 
tschop, mattus aur benson (2015) key baad diplodocidae kaa cladogramah
prajaatiyan.
neeche diyaa gayaa cladogram tschop, mattus aur benson (2015) dwara kiye gaye vishleshan kaa parinam haye. lekhakon ney adhikansh dwigunit prakaar key namoonon kaa alag seey vishleshan kiya taaki yeh pataa lagaaya jaa sakey kii kaun saa namuna kiss prajaati aur vansh kaa thaa.
jeevaashm vigyaan.
jaba 1879 mein "brontosaurus" kaa varnan kiya gayaa thaa, tou vaigyaanik samudaay mein vyaapak dhaarana yeh thee kii surropod ardh-jaleey, lathargic sarisrip they joe nishkriya they. othaniel marsh key prakaashan "dha dynasore off north america" mein, unhone dynasore koo "kamobesh ubhayachar" key roop mein varnit kiya, aur iska bhojan shayed jaleey paudhe yaa anya rasili vanaspati thee. yeh jeevaashm sakshya dwara asamarthit haye. isake bajaay, surropod sakriya they aur bhoomi parr rahane key liye anukoolan they. daldali ney yeh bhee nott kiya kii janwar kii buddhi kii kamee felch kwari khopadi aur patali tantrika tantrika key chhote mastishk key aadhar parr haye. haal key shodh mein aadhunik pakshiyon key samaan dynasore mein buddhimatta key sanket mille hain.
surropods key agrang parr ekal panje key liye vibhinn upayog prastaavit kiye gaye hain. ack sujhaav yeh haye kii unakaa upayog raksha key liye kiya gayaa thaa, lekin unake aakar aur aakar seey isaki sambhavana cumm haye. yeh bhee sambhav thaa kii way khaane key liye they, lekin panje key liye sabse sambhaavit upayog paalan karate samay pedh kii chaddi jaisi vastuon koo pakadana thaa. 
brontosaurus" jaise surropods key maarg seey pataa chalata haye kii unake liye ausat seema lagbhag prati dinn thee, aur way sambhaavit roop seey ack sheersh gati taka pahunch sakate they. surropods kii dheemi gati nyuntam maanspeshiyon key kaaran yaa aage badhane key baad peechhe hatane key kaaran hoe sakati haye. kishore "apatosaurus" kaa ack sambhaavit dwi-pakshiya maarg gyaat haye, lekin yeh vivaadit haye kii kyaa yeh surropod key liye sambhav thaa.
aahar aur oorjaa kii aavashyaktaaen.
ack dwigunit surropod honey key kaaran, "brontosaurus" shakahari thaa aur furn, cycadoids, beej furn, horstell aur shaiwal parr khilaaya jaataa thaa, joe ack gair-chayanaatmak brouser key roop mein jameen kii oonchaai parr khaata thaa. apatosaurus" key daanton key pratisthaapan kii vidhi aur shareer vigyaan advitiya haye, jisamen poore daant kii panktiyon koo ack baar mein aur 60 pratishat taka "diplodocus" kii tulanaa mein adhik baar badala jaataa haye."apatosaurus" key daant motey hotey hain, unamen denticals kii kamee hoti haye, aur cross-section mein dridhata seey belnakar hotey hain jabaki way cross-section mein lambe, patale aur andakar hotey hain. inn visheshtaon kaa tatparya haye kii "apatosaurus", aur sambhavatah "brontosaurus", "diplodocus" kii tulanaa mein adhik kathor vanaspati kaa sevan karate hain. samanya roop seey dwigunit kii gardan lambi gardan vaale, urdhvaadhar roop seey jhuke hue macronarian kii tulanaa mein chhoti hoti haye. isake parinamswarup vibhinn prakaar key vargeekaran honge, iss prakaar vibhinn paudhon koo khaane aur vibhinn unchaaiyon parr ack-dusare key saath pratyaksh pratispardha seey bachana hoga. brontosaurus" kii khaadya aavashyaktaon kii parikalpana kii gaee haye, halanki aadhunik anuroopon kii kamee key kaaran isaki bhavishyavani karna mushkil haye. standhaariyon, endotherm aur sarisripon, ectotherm koo jeevit rahane key liye ack vishisht matra mein poshan kii aavashyakta hoti haye joe unake chayapachaya key saath-saath shareer key aakar key saath bhee sambandhit haye. brontosaurus" kii aahar aavashyaktaon kaa anuman 2010 mein lagaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen pratidin 2 seey 10 seey 50 seey 10 seey 4 kilojul kii aavashyakta hoti haye. isase iss aavashyakta koo puuraa karane key liye "brontosaurus" key vitaran parr parikalpanaaen huin, haalaanki way iss baat parr bhinn they kii kyaa yeh ack ectotherm thaa yaa endotherm. yadi "brontosaurus" ack endotherm thaa, tou cumm vayask vyaktiyon koo banaae rakhaa jaa sakata thaa yadi yeh ack ectotherm thaa, jisamen prati varg kilometres dasiyon janwar hoe sakate they. isake kaaran, yeh siddhant diyaa gayaa haye kii "brontosaurus" aur maurison gathan key shushk vatavaran key bheetar rahane vaale anya surropods ney bhojan sthalon key beach pravaas mein bhaag liya. james farlo (1987) kaa anuman haye kii ack "brontosaurus" aakar key dynasore mein kinwan samagri hogi. yeh maanate hue kii "apatosaurus" mein ack avian shwasan pranali aur ack sarisrip vishram-chayapachaya, frank paladino ital thaa. (1997) anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii janwar koo prati dinn kewal lagbhag paani kaa sevan karane kii aavashyakta hogi.
mudra.
aitihaasik roop seey, "brontosaurus" jaise surropods koo sookhi bhoomi parr apane vajan koo puuraa karane key liye bahut badaa maanaa jaataa thaa, isaliye saiddhaantik roop seey, way aanshik roop seey paani mein doobe hue they, shayed daldal mein. haal key nishkarsh iska samarthan naheen karate hain, aur surropods koo poori tarah seey sthaliya janwar maanaa jaataa haye. brontosaurus" jaise dwigunit koo aksar havaa mein apani gardan key saath chitrit kiya jaataa haye, jisase way lambe pedon parr brouse curr sakate hain. halanki kuchh adhyayanon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii diplodocid gardan pahale kii tulanaa mein cumm lachili thee, anya adhyayanon mein paaya gayaa haye kii sabhi tetrapods ack samanya, satark mudra mein apani gardan koo adhikatam sambhav urdhvaadhar vistaar parr pakadate hue dikhaai dete hain, aur tark dete hain kii kissy bhee agyaat, advitiya visheshtaon koo chhodkar surropods key liye yahee sach hoga joe unaki gardan key naram ootak shareer rachana koo anya jaanvaron seey alag kartaa haye.
shareer vigyaan.
james spotila "aitt all."(1991) kaa sujhaav haye kii" "brontosaurus" "aur anya surropods key badey shareer key aakar ney unhein uchch chayapachaya darr banaae rakhane mein asamarth banaa diyaa hoga, kyonki way paryaapt garmi jaari karane mein saksham naheen honge. haalaanki, jurassic mein tapman vartamaan kii tulanaa mein 3 degree celsius adhik thaa. unhone maanaa kii jaanvaron mein ack sarisrip shwasan pranali thee. weddle ney paaya kii ack avian pranali ney unhein adhik garmi daalane kii anumati dee hogi. kuchh vaigyaanikon ney tark diyaa haye kii hriday koo mastishk koo oxygen dene key liye paryaapt raktchaap banaae rakhane mein pareshani hui hogi. 
brontosaurus" jaise surropods key badey shareer dravyamaan aur lambi gardan koo dekhate hue, shareer vigyaaniyon koo yeh nirdhaarit karane mein samasyaon kaa saamana karna padaa haye kii yeye janwar kaise saans lete hain. iss dhaarana key saath shuru karate hue kii, magarmachhon kii tarah, "brontosaurus" mein ack diaphram naheen thaa, mrit-sthaan matra (pratyek saans key baad munh, shwasanali aur vayu nalikaon mein aprayukt havaa kii matra) kaa anuman ack namoone key liye lagaaya gayaa haye. paladino ack avian shwasan pranali key saath, yadi standhari haye, aur yadi sarisrip haye, tou isaki jwaariya matra (ack saans key dauran havaa kii matra) kii ganana kartaa haye.
iss aadhar parr, isaki shwasan pranali sambhavatah parabronchi hogi, jisamen avian fefadon kii tarah kaee fuffusiya vayu thaili aur fefadon key madhyam seey pravaah hoga. ack pakshiya shwasan pranali koo standhari kii aavashyakta kii tulanaa mein lagbhag fefadon kii matra kii aavashyakta hogi, joe upalabdh sthaan seey adhik hogi. samaan aakar key "apatosaurus" kii samagr vaksh aayatan kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa haye, jisase ack, chaar-kaksh vaale hriday aur ack fefde kii kshamata kii anumati milati haye. joe aavashyak ootak key liye anumati dega. brontosaurus" aur anya surropods mein avian pranali key liye pramaan kasheruka kii vayugunata mein bhee maujood haye. halanki yeh janwar key vajan koo cumm karane mein ack bhoomika nibhaata haye, weddle (2003) kaa kahana haye kii way pakshiyon kii tarah havaa kii thaili seey bhee judey honey kii sambhavana haye.
kishore.
apatosaurus" aur "brontosaurus" haddiyon key 1999 key sookshm adhyayan ney nishkarsh nikala kii jaba janwar chhote they tou way teji seey badhe aur lagbhag 10 varshon mein lagbhag vayask aakar taka pahunch gaye. 2008 mein, jeevvigyaani thomas lehmann aur holly woodward dwara surropods kii vriddhi darr parr ack adhyayan prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. unhone kahaa kii vikas rekhaaon aur lambai-seey-dravyamaan anupaat kaa upayog karke, "apatosaurus" 15 varshon mein 25 tunn (25 lambe tunn; 28 chhote tunn) taka badh gayaa hoga, jisamen ack hii varsh mein vriddhi charam parr hogi. anga kii lambai aur shareer dravyamaan kaa upayog karate hue ack vaikalpik vidhi mein paaya gayaa kii "brontosaurus" aur "apetosaurus" prati varsh badhate gaye, aur lagbhag 70 saal kii umr seey pahale apane poorna dravyamaan taka pahunch gaye. inn anumaanon koo avishvasaniya kahaa gayaa haye kyonki ganana key tareeke sahee naheen hain; purani vriddhi rekhaaon koo huddy key punarnirmaan seey mitaa diyaa gayaa hoga. apatosaurus" key pahale pehchaane gaye vikas karakon mein seey ack trick kasheruka kii sankhya thee, joe prani kii paripakvata key samay taka badhkar paanch hoe gaee. yeh pahali baar 1903 mein aur phir 1936 mein nott kiya gayaa thaa.
kishore "brontosaurus" samagri "bee" key prakaar key namoone key aadhar parr jaani jaati haye. parvas ". iss namoone kii samagri, semi 566, mein vibhinn kshetron seey kasheruka, ack shroni huddy aur pichhale anga kii kuchh haddiyaan shamil hain. bee" kaa varnan karate samay. parvas, "pieterson aur gillmore ney nott kiya kii tantrika reedh kii huddy sill gaee thee, trick kasheruka aprayukt thee, aur coracoid gayab thaa. yeye sabhi visheshtaen anya arcosore mein aparipakvata key sanket hain, joe darshaate hain kii surropods mein bhee yeye lakshan they. pieterson aur gillmore ney yeh bhee siddhant diyaa kii surropods ney kabhi bhee badhana bund naheen kiya, jisase maanaa jaataa haye kii unake vishal aakar koo praapt karane mein madad millie, ack avadharana joe jeevashmon dwara asamarthit thee.
poonchh.
discover" patrika key navambar 1997 key ank mein prakaashit ack lekh mein microsoft key ack computer vaigyaanik nathan myerwold dwara diplodocid tails key yantriki mein shodh kii soochana dee gaee. myervold ney poonchh kaa ack computer anukaran kiya, joe "brontosaurus" jaise diplodocid mein ack bulweep key samaan ack bahut lambi, tapering sanrachana thee. iss computer modeling ney sujhaav diyaa kii surropod 200 decible seey adhik kii chabuk jaisi daraar vaali dhwani utpann karane mein saksham they, joe ack tope kii matra key barabar thee. iska samarthan karane vaale kuchh paristhitijanya pramaan bhee hainh kaee dwigunit kasherukaaen fused yaa kshatigrast poonchh kasheruka key saath paaee gaee hain, joe unaki poonchh mein daraar kaa lakshan hoe sakata haih yeye vishesh roop seey 18 veen aur 25 veen kaudal kasheruka key beach aam hain, ack kshetra jise lekhak kathor manspeshi aadhar aur lacheele whiplike khand key beach ack sankraman kshetra maanate hain. haalaanki, rega (2012) nott kartaa haye kii "camerasaurus" mein telweep kii kamee honey key bavjood, kaudal saha-ausification kaa ack samaan star pradarshit kartaa haye aur yeh kii "mamenchisorus" mein vertebral metricks kaa ack hii pattern honey key bavjood, telweep kaa abhaav hotaa haye aur kissy bhee "sankraman kshetra" mein sanlayan pradarshit naheen kartaa haye. isake alawa, crush fracture joe kii apekshit hoga yadi poonchh koo chabuk key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa thaa, kabhi bhee diplodocid mein naheen paaya gayaa haye. haal hii mein, bairan (2020) poonchh key upayog koo ack bulweep key roop mein asambhav maanata haye kyonki sambhaavit vinashkari maanspeshiyon aur kankal kshati key kaaran iss tarah kii gati badee aur bhaari poonchh parr hoe sakati haye. isake bajaay, unhone prastaav diyaa kii pravaas karate samay ack samooh mein peechhe aur kinaaron parr vyaktiyon key sampark mein rahane key liye poonchh kaa upayog ack sparsh anga key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye, joe kii samanjasya koo badhaa sakata haye aur vyaktiyon key beach sanchaar kii anumati dey sakata haye, jabaki adhik urjaavaan roop seey maang karane vaali gatividhiyon koo seemit curr sakata haye jaise kii titar-bitar kiye gaye vyaktiyon kii khoj karna, dusaron koo peechhe dekhane kii or mudanaa, yaa mukhar roop seey samvaad karna.
gardan kaa mukabala.
brontosaurus" aur "apetosaurus" key grieva kasheruka majboot hain, jisase inn sanrachanaon key upayog parr atkalen lagaai jaa rahee hain. inn sanrachanaon mein oorjaa kii mahangi aavashyaktaaen theen, isaliye unake vikas kaa kaaran janwar key liye mahatvapurna rhaa hoga. grieva pasaliyan aur diapophis ghaney hotey hain, pasaliyan joe koniya roop seey nilay hoti hain, aur ack samagr upa-trikoniya cross-section hoti hain. yeye lakshan diplodocins key adhik najuk garbhashay grieva key vipareet hain. grieva pasaliyan longus coley ventralis aur flexer coley lateralis maanspeshiyon key liye lunger key roop mein kaary karati hain, jinka upayog gardan kii neeche kii gati mein kiya jaataa haye. ventral motion key liye majboot maanspeshiyon ney adhik bull neeche kii or lagaane kii anumati dee. grieva pasaliyon ney ack "vee"-aakar kaa nirmaan kiya, jiska upayog gardan key naram antarnihit ootakon koo kshati seey bachaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. garbhashay grieva pasaliyon key nilay pakshon koo goal, baahar nikalane vaali prakriyaon dwara dhakaa gayaa thaa. yeye sujhaav diye gaye hain kii yeye maalikon yaa caratinus spikes key liye sanlagnak bindu they. weddle "aitt all" (2015) ney socha kii inn lakshnon key sanyojan key kaaran, "brontosaurus" prahaar karane vaali gardan key upayog key madhyam seey vyaktiyon key beach ladaai key liye apani gardan kaa upayog karega. jiraf aur badey kachhuon jaise anya jaanvaron mein iss tarah kaa vyavhaar dekhaa gayaa haye.
jeevaashm vigyaan.
maurison gathan uthale samudri aur jalodh talchhat kaa ack anukram haye, joe radiometric detting key anusaar, isake aadhar parr 156.3 million varsh puraane (miyaa) aur sheersh parr 146.8 miyaa key beach hotaa haye, joe ise oxfordian, kimmeridgian key anta mein aur jurassic kaal key anta mein praarambhik tithonian charanon mein rakhta haye. iss gathan koo alag-alag geele aur sookhe mausamon key saath ack ardhashushk vatavaran key roop mein vyakhya kii jaati haye. maurison besin, jahan dynasore rahate they, nyu maxico seey alberta aur saskatchevan taka faila huaa thaa aur taba banaa thaa jaba chattani pahaadon kii agrim shrinkhala key agradoot paschim kii or badhane lagey they. unake poorv kii or vaale jall nikasi besinon seey jamaa dhaaraon aur nadiyon dwara leey jaaya jaataa thaa aur daldali nichale ilaakon, jheelon, nadee chainalon aur baadh key maidanon mein jamaa kiya jaataa thaa. yeh gathan portugal mein laurinha gathan aur tanzania mein tendaguru gathan key samaan haye."brontosaurus" anya maurison formation dynasore kii tulanaa mein adhik akela janwar hoe sakata haye. ack vansh key roop mein, "brontosaurus" ack lambe antaral key liye maujood thaa, aur maurison key adhikansh staron mein paaya gayaa haye. "bee. axellus key jeevashmon kii soochana oopari namak dhone vaale sadasya seey laker oopari brush besin sadasya taka dee gaee haye, joe madhya seey laker dair seey kimmeridgian ayu taka, lagbhag 154-151 maay. atirikt avasheshon koo chhoti chattanon seey bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, lekin unaki pehchaan kissy vishesh prajaati key roop mein naheen kii gaee haye. puraane "brontosaurus" avasheshon kii pehchaan bhee madhya kimmeridgian seey kii gaee haye, aur unhein "bee" key liye saunpa gayaa haye. parvas ". inn jaanvaron key jeevaashm nau meal kii khadaan aur huddy kebin khadaan mein vyoming mein aur colorado, oclahoma aur yoota mein saiton parr paae gaye hain, joe stareekrit kshetron 2-6 mein maujood hain.
maurison gathan ack paryaavaran aur samay koo record kartaa haye jisamen vishal surropod dynasore kaa prabhutva haye. maurison seey gyaat dynasore mein theropods "seratosaurus", "ornitholestes" aur "allosaurus", surropods "apatosaurus", "bracosaurus", "camerasaurus" aur "diplodocus" aur ornithesian "camptosaurus", "drysorus" aur "stagosaurus" shamil hain. iss jeevaashm vatavaran koo saajha karane vaale anya kasheruki jeevon mein ray-finn vaali machhaliyan, mendhak, salamander, kachhue, sphenodont, chhipkaliyaan, sthaliya aur jaleey crocodylomorph aur terosaur kii kaee prajaatiyan shamil theen. dwi-pakshiya aur jaleey ghonghe key gole bhee aam hain. iss avadhi kii vanaspatiyon kaa khulasa harey shaiwal, kavak, kaaee, ghode kii poonchh, cycad, jinkgo aur shankudhari key kaee parivaaron key jeevashmon seey huaa haye. vanaspati mein vriksh furn key nadee-rekha vaale jangalon aur furn (gallery vann) seey laker kabhi-kabhaar pedon jaise "araukeriya" jaise shankudhari "brachifilum" key saath furn sawana taka kii vividhata thee.
lokpriya sanskriti mein.
1903 mein riggs key "brontosaurus" key "apatosaurus" key roop mein punarvargeekaran key liye liye gaye samay kii lambai koo saarvajanik dhyaan mein laaya jaanaa thaa, saath hii saath ausborne kaa aagrah thaa kii riggs key kagaj key bavjood "brontosaurus" naam koo banaae rakhaa jaae, jiska arth thaa kii "brontosaurus" sabse prasiddh dynasore mein seey ack bunn gayaa. "brontosaurus" koo aksar cinema mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye, jisaki shuruat vinsar maike kii 1914 kii classic "" gerty dha dynasore "" seey hui haye, joe pahali animated filmon mein seey ack haye.  maike ney apane agyaat dynasore koo americi praakritik itihas sangrahalaya mein apatosaurin kankal parr adharit kiya. 1925 kii mook film "dha lost worled" mein vilis oh 'bryan dwara vishesh prabhaavon kaa upayog karate hue ack "brontosaurus" aur ack "allosaurus" key beach ack ladaai koo dikhaaya gayaa thaa. 1933 kii film "king kaang" mein ack "brontosaurus" koo carle denham, jack driscoll aur khopadi dweep parr bhayabheet naavikon kaa peechha karate hue dikhaaya gayaa thaa. samooh key ack pramukh pratinidhi key roop mein pashu key inn aur anya praarambhik upayogon ney saarvajanik chetna mein ack sarvotkrisht dynasore key roop mein "brontosaurus" koo majboot karane mein madad kii.
synclair tail nigam lambe samay seey americi sadakon (aur anya deshon mein sankshipt roop seey) kaa ack hissa rhaa haye, jisamen isake harey dynasore key logo aur shubhankar, ack "brontosaurus" haye. jabaki synclair key shuruati vigyaapan mein kaee alag-alag dynasore shamil they, antatah kewal "brontosaurus" kaa upayog aadhikarik logo key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa, isaki lokpriya appeal key kaaran.
1989 key anta mein, yuu.aiss. daak seva ney taba vivaad paida kiya jaba isane chaar "dynasore" daak tikat jaari kieh "tyranosaurus", "stagosaurus", "peteranodon" aur "brontosaurus". apatosaurus" key sthaan parr "brontosaurus" shabd key upayog seey "vaigyaanik niraksharta koo badhaava dene" kii shikaayaten huin."daak seva ney yeh kahakar apana bachaav kiya (daak bulletin 21744 mein)," "halanki abb vaigyaanik samudaay dwara" "apatosaurus" "key roop mein maanyata praapt haye, naam" "brontosaurus" "kaa upayog tikat key liye kiya gayaa thaa kyonki yeh samanya aabaadi key liye adhik parichit haye."vaastav mein, daak seva ney kuchh hudd taka asangat shikayaton koo yeh jodkar bhee paroksh roop seey fatkaar lagaai kii" [oun] samaan roop seey, 'dynasore' shabd kaa upayog sabhi jaanvaron [i] kaa varnan karane key liye samanya roop seey kiya gayaa haye.ee.sabhi chaar jaanvaron ney diye gaye daak tikat sett mein pratinidhitva kiya, bhale hii "peteranodon" ack udane vaalaa sarisrip thaa [ack sachche 'dynasore' key bajaay], "brontosaurus"/"apatosaurus" mudde key sambandh mein kaee patrachar mein ack antar kaa ullekh naheen kiya gayaa haye. jeevaashm vigyaani stephen jey ney iss sthiti kaa samarthan kiya. jiss nibandh seey "brontosaurus key liye badmashi" sangrah kaa sheershak liya gayaa haye, usamen gauld ney likhaah "sparsh karein aur sahee karein; kissy ney bhee" peteranodon "key baare mein naheen kahaa, aur yeh ack vaastavik truti haye."haalaanki, unaki sthiti lokpriya naam key ananya upayog kaa sujhaav dene vaali naheen thee; unhone riggs key mool tark koo pratidhwanit kiya kii" "brontosaurus" "" "apatosaurus" "kaa paryaay haye. phir bhee, unhone nott kiya kii poorv ney lokpriya kalpana mein ack swatantra astitva vikasit kiya haye aur banaae rakhna jaari rakhaa haye.
upayog kii adhik mukhar ninda ney una logon seey teevra rakshaatmak bayaan praapt kiye hain joe naam koo aadhikarik upayog seey prabhaavit naheen dekhana chaahte hain. tschop key adhyayan ney bahas key donon pakshon, sambandhit aur asambandhit sandarbhon aur duniya bhar seey kaee, aksar virodh, sampadakiya, samachar karmchaariyon aur vyaktigat blogg prakriti (donon sambandhit aur naheen) seey bahut adhik pratikriyaen utpann kii hain.
wedell aitt all key 2015 key adhyayan key baad seey, unake adhyayan key aadhar parr antar-vishisht yuddh mein sanlagn "brontosaurus" vyaktiyon key vibhinn punarnirmaan kiye gaye hain. kalaa aamtaur parr unake shodh dwara nirdhaarit gardan-ladkhadaane kii parikalpana koo darshaati haye. inmein seey kaee kritiyaan hashtag "#brontosmash" key tahat online prakaashit kii jaati hain.

