
dutch nyu ginny

dutch nyu ginny yaa neatherlands nyu ginny (,) nyu ginny key dweep kaa paschimi aadhaa hissa thaa joe 1949 taka dutch east indies kaa ack hissa thaa, baad mein 1949 seey 1962 taka neatherlands key raajya kaa ack videshi kshetra thaa. isamen abb indoneshiya key chhah sabse purvi praant, madhya papua, uchch bhoomi papua, papua, dakshin papua, dakshin-paschim papua aur paschim papua shamil hain, joe 2003 seey pahale "irani gayaa" naam seey ack praant key roop mein prashaasit they, aur abb desh key papua kshetra mein shamil hain.
indoneshiya kii kranti key dauran, dutch ney indoneshiya ganarajya seey kshetra parr kabja karane key liye ack pulis kaarravaai ("operation utpaad") shuru kii. haalaanki, dutch key kathor tarikon ney antarrashtriya asweekriti koo aakarshit kiya thaa. antarrashtriya raay key saath indoneshiya ganarajya key samarthan kii or badhane key saath, dutch 1949 mein vyaapak indoneshiyai basti seey dutch nyu ginny key algaav key liye baatchit karane mein kamyab rahey, vivaadit kshetra key bhaagya kaa faisala 1950 key anta taka kiya jaanaa thaa. haalaanki, aaney vaale varshon mein dutch ney safaltapurvak tark diyaa kii dutch nyu ginny kii swadeshi aabaadi indoneshiya key logon seey ack alag jaatiya samooh kaa pratinidhitva karati haye aur iss prakaar ise indoneshiya raajya mein avashoshit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
isake vipareet, indoneshiya ganarajya ney neatherlands purvi indies key uttaradhikari raajya key roop mein, dutch nyu ginny koo apani praakritik kshetriya seemaon key hisse key roop mein daavaa kiya. naee ginny parr vivaad indoneshiya kii swatantrata key baad neetherland aur indoneshiya key beach dwipakshiya sambandhon mein teji seey girawat kaa ack mahatvapurna kaarak thaa. 1961 mein ack naee ginny parishad kii sthaapana key liye dutch kadmon key baad 1962 mein vivaad nimn-stariya sangharsh mein badal gayaa.
vlaake hock ghatana key baad, indoneshiya ney dutch parr dabaav banaane key liye ghuspaith kaa abhiyaan shuru kiya. sanyukt raajya america key rajanyik dabaav kaa saamana karate hue, gharelu samarthan koo cumm karate hue aur kshetra parr aakraman karane key liye lagaatar indoneshiyai khatron kaa saamana karate hue, neetherland ney agast 1962 mein vivaadit kshetra kaa niyantran chhodane kaa faisala kiya, bunker prastaav parr iss shart parr sahmat hue kii kshetra key antim bhaagya koo nirdhaarit karane key liye ack janmat sangrah baad mein aayojit kiya jaae. 1 maee 1963 koo indoneshiya mein sthanantarit honey seey pahale iss kshetra koo asthaayi roop seey sanyukt rashtra dwara prashaasit kiya gayaa thaa. ack janmat sangrah, swatantra pasand kaa adhiniyam, antatah 1969 mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin chunaav kii nishpakshata vivaadit haye.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad taka nyu ginny dweep kaa paschimi bhaag dutch purvi indies key mahaan poorv ("grot oost") praant kaa hissa thaa. neetherland ney maluku dweepon mein halmaheda key paschim mein ack dweep parr ack saltanat, tidor kii saltanat parr apani suraksha key madhyam seey coloney key bheetar nae ginny parr samprabhuta kaa daavaa kiya. 1660 kii sandhi mein dutch east india company (vee. oh. see.) ney nae ginny key nivaasiyon, papuan logon parr tidor kii sarvochata koo maanyata dee. shayed yeh maluku dweepon key paas kuchh papuan dweepon (raajaa ampat) key saath-saath sthaaniya shasakon key saath parivarik sambandhon key madhyam seey fakfak jaise tateey kshetron koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, halanki tidor ney kabhi bhee nae ginny key aantarik aur uchch bhoomi parr vaastavik niyantran kaa prayog naheen kiya. 1872 mein tidor ney dutch samprabhuta koo maanyata dee aur jaba bhee neetherland key adhikaari aisaa karna chaahenge tou neetherland key raajya koo apane kshetron mein prashaasan sthaapit karane kii anumati dee. isane neetherland koo nae ginny kshetra parr daave koo vaidh banaane kii anumati dee.
dutch ney 141vein meridian koo kshetra kii purvi seema key roop mein sthaapit kiya. 1898 mein neetherland kii bhaarat sarkaar ney fakfak aur manokwari mein prashaasnik padon koo sthaapit karane kaa nirnay liya, jisake baad 1902 mein merauke ney iska mukhya kaaran poorv mein british aur german hiton kaa vistaar kiya. dutch yeh sunishchit karna chaahte they kii sanyukt raajya aur germany seema koo paschim kii or naheen leey jaaen. isake parinamswarup nae ginny dweep kaa vibhajan huaa.
vaastav mein nae ginny kaa adhikansh hissa aupaniveshik prabhaav seey baahar rhaa. aantarik key baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari thee; maanchitra parr badey kshetra safed they aur dweep key nivaasiyon kii sankhya agyaat thee, aur 20 veen shatabdi key anta seey aantarik mein kaee khoj kii gaee thee. nae ginny key mool nivasi papuan they, joe janjaatiyon mein rahate they. way shikari-sangrahakarta they.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale aarthik gatividhi seemit thee. kewal tateey aur dweep nivaasiyon ney kuchh hudd taka maluku dweepon key saath vyaapaar kiya. iss sthiti koo badalane key liye 1938 mein ack vikas company kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, lekin yeh bahut sakriya naheen thee. isaliye, dwiteeya vishva yuddh taka, nayaa ginny neetherland indies key bheetar ack upekshit aur mahatvaheen kshetra thaa.
eurasians key liye matribhoomi.
yuddh seey pahale nae ginny mein sabse adhik ruchi rakhane vaale samooh eurasian yaa indo loga they. yuddh seey pahale lagbhag 150,000 seey 200,000 eurasian neatherlands indies mein reh rahey they. way mishrit europeeya aur indoneshiyai mool key they aur neetherland aur dutch jeevan shally key saath pehchaane jaate they. neetherland key aupaniveshik samaaj mein, way swadeshi indoneshiyai ("antardeshiya") kii tulanaa mein uchch samajik sthiti rakhate they. way jyaadaatar karyalaya karmchaariyon key roop mein kaaryarat they. jaise-jaise swadeshi indoneshiyai logon kaa shaikshik star badh rhaa thaa, adhik seey adhik indoneshiyai logon koo pahale eurasians dwara aayojit naukariyan mileen. inke paas aajeevika key koee anya saadhan naheen they, kyonki europeeya honey key naate, unhein jaava parr bhoomi khareedane seey manaa kiya gayaa thaa. iss sthiti ney eurasians key liye mansik aur aarthik samasyaon kaa kaaran banaa. 1923 mein, eurasians key liye ack basti kshetra key roop mein nae ginny koo naamit karane kii pahali yojana taiyar kii gaee thee. 1926 mein, ack alag "wernigging tott colonisaty vaine nyu-ginny" (nae ginny key niptan key liye sangathan) kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. 1930 mein, isake baad "stitchting migrati colonisaty nyu-ginny" (foundation immigration aind settlement nyu ginny) aaya. inn sangathanon ney nae ginny koo ack achhoot, lagbhag khaali bhoomi key roop mein maanaa joe darkinar kiye gaye eurasians key liye ack matribhoomi key roop mein kaam curr sakati thee. ack prakaar kaa ushnakatibandhiya holland, jahan eurasian ack astitva banaa sakate they.
yeye sangh nae ginny mein basane vaalon koo bhejane mein safal rahey aur inn pahalon koo subsidy dene key liye ack sarkari agency kii sthaapana key liye safaltapurvak pairavi kii (1938 mein). haalaanki, adhikansh bastiyaan kathor jalavaayu aur praakritik paristhitiyon key kaaran whiffle hoe gaeen, aur iss tathya key kaaran kii basane vaale, joe pahale karyalaya key karmchari they, krishi mein kushal naheen they. basane vaalon kii sankhya cumm rahee. neetherland mein kuchh sangathan maujood they joe nae ginny mein ack prakaar key "ushnakatibandhiya holland" koo badhaava dete they, lekin way apekshaakrit seemant they. way nsb party aur anya fasiwadi sangathanon seey judey hue they.
nae ginny parr vivaad kii utpatti.
1942 mein, neetherland indies key adhikansh hisson parr japan kaa kabja thaa. nae ginny mein japani rekhaaon key peechhe, dutch gurilla ladaakon ney mauritz christian kokkelink key tahat virodh kiya. kabje key dauran indoneshiyai rashtravadi andolan teji seey vikas key daur seey gujra. japan key aatmasamarpan key baad, sukarno ney indoneshiya kii swatantrata kii ghoshana jaari kii, joe poore neetherland indies koo shamil karane key liye thee. dutch adhikaari leftinent-governor-general huberts vaine mook key netritva mein kaee maheenon key baad laut aae. vaine moke ney sanghiya aadhar parr indoneshiya mein sudhaar karane kaa faisala kiya. yeh poori tarah seey nayaa vichaar naheen thaa, lekin yeh taba taka neetherland key indies mein prashaasnik pratha key vipareet thaa aur rashtravadiyon key vichaaron key vipareet thaa, joe ack kendriya indoneshiya chaahte they.
lingadjaati samjhauta.
indoneshiya kii jaatiya vividhata parr shuru mein malino aur pangkalpinang mein dou sammelanon mein charcha kii gaee thee. pangkalpinang sammelan key dauran, eurasian, cheeni aur arab jaatiya alpsankhyakon key atmanirnaya key adhikaar parr charcha kii gaee. nayaa "grotter neetherland-aiktee" (vistaarit neetherland action) iss sammelan mein pratinidhiyon koo bhejata haye, jinhone raay dee kii nae ginny koo surinam key samaan alag sansthaon key roop mein ghoshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. isake alawa, iss sammelan ney nirdhaarit kiya kii yadi way chaahte hain tou vishisht kshetron key neetherland key raajya key saath vishesh sambandh hoe sakate hain.
vaan mook kii yojana indoneshiya koo kaee sanghiya raajyon, "negras", sambhaavit swaayatt kshetron, "derah" mein vibhajit karane kii thee. poore koo united states off indoneshiya kahaa jaayega aur neetherland-indoneshiya sangh mein neetherland seey judaa rahega. navambar 1946 mein lingagadjati sammelan key dauran indoneshiya kaa paksh iss yojana parr sahmat huaa. vaine mook ney socha kii ack sanghiya sanrachana indoneshiya kii saanskritik aur jaatiya vividhata kii raksha karegi. vaine mook aur unake samarthakon ney iss sambandh mein atmanirnaya key adhikaar kaa ullekh kiyaah indoneshiya key vibhinn jaatiya samudaayon koo khud koo niyantrit karane kaa adhikaar honah chaahiye.
lingadjaati' kaa ektarafa sanshodhan.
kaee dutch logon key liye, indoneshiya key saath alag honey kaa vichaar chaunkaane vaalaa thaa. kaee dutch logon ney socha kii unake desh kaa mission indoneshiya koo vikasit karna haye. kaee dutch logon key liye swatantrata kii indoneshiyai ichcha ack poorna ashcharya key roop mein aaee. kyonki indoneshiyai rashtravadiyon, jinake paas koee chunavi yaa aadhikarik vaidhata naheen thee-jaatiya-raajya raashtravaad koo chhodkar, sukarno key tahat japaniyon key saath sahyog kiya, unhein gaddaar aur sahayogi key roop mein branded kiya gayaa thaa. lagbhag harr dutch raajneetik dall indoneshiya kii swatantrata key khilaf thaa. protestant anty-revolutionary party (arp) indoneshiya mein dutch naitik neeti kaa bahut samarthak thee. nava sthaapit liberal peepuls party forr friedam aind democracy ney rashtravadiyon key khilaf ack kathor neeti key liye abhiyaan chalaaya. yahaan taka kii mazdoor dall, jisane siddhant roop mein indoneshiya kii swatantrata kaa samarthan kiya, bhee sukarno kii neetiyon key kaaran hichkicha rhaa thaa.
upaniveshon key mantri zaan annie jonkman ney 1946 mein sansad mein lingadjaati samjhaute kaa bachaav karate hue kahaa kii sarkaar ney naee ginny key dutch samprabhuta key tahat baney rahane kii ichcha vyakt kii, yeh tark dete hue kii yeh eurasians key liye ack samjhauta hoe sakata haye. catholic peepuls party (key. vee. pee.) aur laber party dwara daayar ack prastaav, jise sansad dwara sweekaar curr liya gayaa thaa, mein kahaa gayaa thaa kii sansad mein jonkman kii ghoshana lingadjaati samjhaute kaa hissa bunn jaani chaahiye. vidhivat sweekaar kiya gayaa, iss prakaar neetherland ney ektarafa roop seey lingadjaati samjhaute mein iss prabhaav seey 'sanshodhan' kiya kii nayaa ginny dutch hii rahega. shram sansadiya samooh key netaa marinus vaine dair ney vaine netter koo bataaya kii baad mein shram dall ney kvp key saath prastaav mein pravesh kiya kyonki usey darr thaa kii anyatha catholic lingadjaati samjhauton koo aswikar curr sakate hain.
indoneshiya key logon ney iss ektarafa sanshodhan koo sweekaar naheen kiya. samprabhuta key nirdhaarit hastaantaran koo khatare mein naa daalane key liye, indoneshiya key uparaashtrapati mohammad hatta ney ack saal key liye nae ginny parr dutch samprabhuta banaae rakhane aur baad mein baatchit koo phir seey kholane kii peshkash kii.
1949-1956.
iss prakaar 1949 mein, jaba shesh dutch purvi bhaarat indoneshiya key roop mein poori tarah seey swatantra hoe gaye, dutch ney paschimi nae ginny parr samprabhuta banaae rakhee, aur ise ack alag desh key roop mein swatantrata key liye taiyar karane key liye kadam uthaaye. vahaan lagbhag paanch hazaar shikshakon koo udaaya gayaa thaa. dutch loga raajneetik, vyavasaay aur nagrik kaushal parr jore dete they. 8 farwari 1950 koo stephen lucien joseph vaine wardenberg koo dutch nyu ginny kaa pahala governor (dee governor) niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. pahale sthaaniya nausena cadets ney 1955 mein snaatak kiya aur pahali senaa brigade 1956 mein parichaalan mein aaee.
1957-1961.
dutch nyu ginny parr dutch-indoneshiya vivaad key sambandh mein tanaav disambar 1957 mein 29 navambar 1957 koo sanyukt rashtra mahasabha mein indoneshiya kii haar key baad badh gayaa, taaki kshetra parr indoneshiya key daave key paksh mein ack prastaav paarit kiya jaa sakey. sukarno ney indoneshiya mein sanchaalit dutch udyamon koo jabt karane kii anumati dekar aur indoneshiya seey dutch nivaasiyon key nishkasana kii ghoshana karke pratikriya dee. vivaad key aspas badhate tanaav ney dutch koo vivaadit kshetra koo atmanirnaya key kaary kii or leey jaane kii apani yojanaon mein teji laane key liye protsaahit kiya. chunaav janwari 1961 mein hue they aur usa dashak key anta taka poorna swatantrata kii taiyari key liye naee ginny parishad ney aadhikarik taur parr 5 aprail 1961 koo padbhar sambhala thaa. dutch ney 1 disambar 1961 koo nae rashtriya dhwaj key roop mein ack nae rashtragaan aur subah key taare key parishad key chayan kaa samarthan kiya.
1 disambar 1961 koo papuan rashtriya dhwaj faharaane key baad, tanaav aur badh gayaa. 19 disambar 1961 koo sukarno ney "tri comando rakat" (logon kii tihari kamaan) jaari kii, jisamen indoneshiya key logon koo paschim papua key ack swatantra raajya key gathan koo haraane, usa desh mein indoneshiya kaa jhanda faharaane aur kissy bhee samay jutaane key liye taiyar rahane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa.
1962 seey.
nimn-stariya sangharsh mein vriddhi.
1962 mein indoneshiya ney vivaadit kshetra key khilaf havaai aur samudri ghuspaith kaa ack mahatvapurna abhiyaan shuru kiya, jisaki shuruat 15 janwari 1962 koo indoneshiya kii senaaon dwara shuru kii gaee samudri ghuspaith seey hui. indoneshiya key hamale koo dutch senaaon dwara vyaapak roop seey haraaya gayaa thaa, jisamen dutch vidhvansak "evertsen" aur "cortena", tathaakathit shamil they. hatahaton mein nausena key indoneshiyai upa pramukh they; commodore yos sudarso. indoneshiyai logon koo pataa naheen thaa, dutch signal intelligence indoneshiyai sanchaar koo rokane mein saksham thaa, jisase dutch balon koo poore 1962 mein indoneshiya key ghuspaith key prayason kaa safaltapurvak anuman lagaane mein madad millie. phir seey sangathit honey key liye majboor, indoneshiyai march 1962 mein ghuspaith key apane abhiyaan koo phir seey shuru kiya. aaney vaale maheenon mein 500 seey adhik indoneshiyai paratroop aur vishesh balon koo dutch nyu ginny mein gupt roop seey daala gayaa, kewal swadeshi aabaadi kii sahaayata seey dutch balon dwara nirnaayak roop seey haraaya gayaa.
wellsworth bunker prastaav.
badhate antarrashtriya rajanyik dabaav aur ack indoneshiyai aakraman bull kii sambhavana kaa saamana karate hue, dutch ney baatchit mein phir seey pravesh karane key liye sweekaar curr liya aur 28 julaai 1962 koo wellsworth bunker prastaav parr sahamati vyakt kii, taaki dutch seey un prashaasan key madhyam seey indoneshiya key niyantran mein ack charanbaddh sankraman key liye, iss shart parr kii bhavishya mein kshetra mein ack janmat sangrah aayojit kiya jaayega. samjhaute parr 15 agast 1962 koo newyork mein sanyukt rashtra mukhyalaya mein hastakshar kiye gaye they aur iss kshetra koo octuber 1962 mein sanyukt rashtra key asthaayi karyakari pradhikaran key tahat rakhaa gayaa thaa. baad mein ise maee 1963 mein indoneshiya mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
yeh kshetra aupchaarik roop seey 1969 mein indoneshiya kaa hissa bunn gayaa, jaba indoneshiya kii sarkaar, joe 1966 seey rashtrapati suharto key tahat nae adesh mein sthanantarit hoe gaee, ney ack bunker prastaav-adharit janmat sangrah kaa sanchaalan kiya, jise swatantra pasand kaa kaary kahaa gayaa. parinam, joe senaa key majboot dabaav mein, sarvasammati seey indoneshiya kaa hissa banana chaahata thaa. sanyukt rashtra mahasabha ney baad mein parinam koo sweekaar curr liya. iss adhiniyam kii antarrashtriya samudaay mein kuchh logon dwara aalochana kii gaee haye, jisamen "paschimi papua key liye antarrashtriya saansad" samooh bhee shamil haye, jisane iss adhiniyam koo "koee vikalp naheen" karaar diyaa haye.

