ling kaa samajik nirmaan

ling kaa samajik nirmaan samajshastra mein saanskritik utpatti, tantra aur antar-vyaktigat aur samooh samajik baatchit key sandarbh mein ling dhaarana aur abhivyakti key parinam key baare mein ack siddhant haye. vishesh roop seey, ling siddhant kaa samajik nirmaan yeh nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii ling bhoomikaaen ack samajik vatavaran mein ack praapt "sthiti" hain, joe logon koo nihit roop seey aur spasht roop seey vargeekrit karati hain aur isaliye samajik vyavhaaron koo prerit karati hain.
buniyaadi avadhaaranaaen.
vishva swaasthya sangathan.
vishva swaasthya sangathan (jisane) ney 2023 mein kahaa kii 
sthiti aur padanukram.
2023 mein kaun kahata haye kii
nariwadi siddhant key sandarbh mein, pada kii sthiti shabd apane bolchal kii bhasha mein upayog seey alag hoe jaataa haye jiska arth haye pada yaa pratishtha, lekin isake bajaay yeh staron yaa shreniyon kii ack shrinkhala koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jisake dwara samaaj vibhajit hotey hain, kuchh tarikon seey "label" yaa "bhoomikaon" kaa paryaay haye. label" aur "bhoomikaon" key shabdarth bhed koo "sthiti" shabd mein samroop kiya jaataa haye aur phir kramshah "nirdisht sthiti" aur "praapt sthiti" mein vibhajan dwara phir seey alag kiya jaataa haye.
manovishleshanatmak aur kattarpanthi narivad key kshetra mein, sthiti manmaane dhang seey shakti key ack tantra key roop mein atirikt mahatva rakhti haye; jahaan manmana shamil pakshon key aapsi samjhaute key vipareet sthiti seey shakti kii vyutpatti koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. isaliye, sthiti aur sthiti prateekon koo kamjor karna aur alag karna manmaane dhang seey satta seey mukti kii poorv shart haye.
samajik nirmanvad.
samajik nirmanvad gyaan kaa ack siddhant haye joe vaastaviktaa kii vastunishthata aur maanav indriyon aur sangyaan kii kshamata key beach sambandh kaa varnan kartaa haye. vishesh roop seey yeh daavaa kartaa haye kii vaastaviktaa samajik dhaaranaon aur abhivyakti key yog key roop mein maujood haye; aur yeh kii vaastaviktaa joe dekhi jaati haye vaha ekmatra vaastaviktaa haye joe vichaar karane yogya haye. isake saath yeh bhee kahaa gayaa haye kii koee bhee kathit vaastaviktaa maanya haye, vaastaviktaa samajik dhaaranaon aur abhivyaktiyon parr niyantran key madhyam seey herfer key adheen haye.
samajik nirmaanvaadi andolan russie-americi lekhak aina raind dwara vikasit vastunishthata kii aalochana aur asweekriti donon key sambandh mein ubhara. vishesh roop seey, gyaan key liye ack sakaratmak aadhar kii dhaarana mein; joe kahana haye kii samajik nirmanvad iss dhaarana koo khariz kartaa haye kii anubhavjanya tathyon koo vaastaviktaa key baare mein jaanaa jaa sakata haye, jahaan vastunishthata koo isake dwara paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. halanki spasht roop seey iss parr nirbhar naheen haye, samajik nirmanvad key vishay parr bahut saahitya padanukram aur shakti key kaee pahaluon mein isake sambandhon parr kendrit haye. yeh antarangata markswadi siddhant key karibi preranadayak srot koo pradarshit karati haye, jaisa kii faucault key karyon aur pravachan parr unake lekhan mein upayog kiya gayaa haye.
harvard manovaigyaanik steven pinker kaa kaam "dha blanck slate", "dhana, karyakal, nagrikta, bahaduri key liye sajawat aur sanyukt raajya america key rashtrapati pada jaisi samajik roop seey nirmit shreniyon key astitva key liye tark detaa haye."joe" kewal isaliye maujood haye kyonki loga maun roop seey aisaa kaary karane key liye sahmat hain jaise kii way maujood hain."haalaanki way vaastaviktaa koo samajhane key ekmatra saadhan key roop mein samajik nirmanvad key samarthan mein naheen hain, balki vishisht ghatnaaon key liye ack vishisht sandarbh key roop mein, aur maanav astitva kii prakriti kii hamari samajh mein anubhavjanya vaigyaanik detta key vichaar kaa samarthan karate hain. iss tarah seey, gulabi rung spasht roop seey samajik nirmaanvaadi vidvaanon, marasec, crofford aur popp inn "ling, ling aur yaunataon key nirmaan parr" kaa khandan kartaa haye, joe iss vichaar key khilaf tark dete hain kii samajik roop seey sangathit pattern alag-alag mool aur paksh seey ubhar sakate hain, isake bajaay tabla russ key siddhant mein kahaa gayaa haye kii gyaan aur arth vishesh roop seey ack saamoohik prayaas key roop mein utpann hotey hain aur yeh kii vyakti swatantra roop seey aisaa karane mein asamarth haye. saar mein, arth kaa nirmaan ack saajha prayaas haye, taba bhee jaba ack vyakti dwara ekant sthitiyon mein praapt kiya jaataa haye, kyonki vyaktitva ack bhram haye joe asankhya baahari prabhaavon key pratichhedan parr paaya jaataa haye joe ahankar, ahankar aur atee-ahankar key madhyam seey filter kiye jaa rahey hain.
alsop, fitzsimmons aur lennon ney yeh bhee nott kiya kii ling nirmaan key nirmaanvaadi khaaton koo dou mukhya dhaaraon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih
way yeh bhee tark dete hain kii ling key samajik nirmaan key bhautikvaadi aur viveki siddhant donon yaa tou aavashyakvaadi yaa gair-aavashyakvaadi hoe sakate hain. iska matlab haye kii inmein seey kuchh siddhant purushon aur mahilaaon key beach ack spasht javic vibhajan maanate hain jaba purushatva aur streetva key samajik nirmaan parr vichaar kiya jaataa haye, jabaki anya samajik nirmaan seey swatantra lingon key beach javic vibhajan kii dhaarana koo chunauti dete hain.
ling.
ling kaa upayog javic ling aur streetva aur mardanagi key samajik pahaluon key beach antar kaa varnan karane key saadhan key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. paschim aur zimmerman key anusaar, yeh ack vyaktigat visheshta naheen haye; yeh "samajik sthitiyon kii ack ubharati hui visheshta haih vibhinn samajik vyavasthaon key parinam aur tark key roop mein, aur samaaj key sabse maulik vibhajanon mein seey ack koo vaidh banaane key saadhan key roop mein."
ack samajik nirmaan key roop mein, ling koo nariwadi siddhant dwara ack praapt sthiti maanaa jaataa haye, aamtaur parr (halanki vishesh roop seey naheen) joe bachpan mein bahut jaldi praapt kiya jaataa haye. jaisa kii praapt kiya gayaa drishtikon samkaaleen nirmaanvaadi pariprekshya dwara samarthit haye, jaisa kii fenstermaker aur paschim dwara prastaavit kiya gayaa haye, ling key baare mein sthitijanya charon key aadhar parr maanak prescription aur ling shreniyon key baare mein vishvaason kaa upayog karane kii ack gatividhi ("karna") key roop mein daavaa kartaa haye. yeye "langic gatividhiyaan" vyavhaar key samooh kaa gathan karati hain, jaise kii mardana aur stree, joe apane yaun samkaksh key saath judey hotey hain aur iss prakaar kramshah "purush" aur "mahila" jaisi avadhaaranaon koo paribhaashit karate hain. haalaanki, yeh dhyaan diyaa jaataa haye kii mardana yaa stree key roop mein dhaarana abhivyakti kii vishisht yaa ichchit prakriti seey mell khaane key liye seemit yaa guaranteekrit naheen haye. isaliye, ling koo vyakti key liye baahari key roop mein samajha jaa sakata haye, jisamen dusaron key saath-saath anya logon dwara chala rahey nirnayon aur moolyankanon kii ack shrinkhala shamil haye.
ling bhoomikaaen.
ling bhoomikaaen ling sthiti kii nirantarta hain, jisamen anya praapt sthitiyaan shamil hain joe ack vishesh ling sthiti seey judee hain. cumm saiddhaantik shabdon mein, ling bhoomikaaen ack samajik gatishil mein karyatmak sthiti hain, jisaki poorti "ling karna" kaa ack hissa haye."
anubhavjanya jaanchon seey pataa chalata haye kii ling bhoomikaaen "samajik sanrachanaaen hain joe samay, sandarbh aur sanskriti mein mahatvapurna roop seey bhinn hoti hain. ronald aff. levent aur cathleen likhate hainh 
americi daarshanik judith butler langic pradarshansheelta aur ling bhoomikaon key beach ack antar karate hain, joe usa vyavhaar koo vyakt karane key liye vyakti key samajik vyavhaaron key beach varnan kartaa haye joe unake ling key baare mein apani dhaarana koo vyakt kartaa haye; aur vyavhaar joe samagr roop seey samajik ling abhivyaktiyon key anupaalan kii dhaarana paida kartaa haye. iska matlab yeh naheen haye kii langic pradarshansheelta mein bhagidari ling bhoomika koo puuraa karane key liye dabaav key anuroop naheen hoe sakati haye, naa hii ling bhoomika kii poorti ling pradarshansheelta kii ichcha koo santusht naheen curr sakati haye. yeh bhed mukhya roop seey sandarbh aur prerana koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, naa kii vishesh vyavhaar aur parinamon koo-joe aksar nikatata seey judey hotey hain. liva aur archross dwara kiye gaye shodh mein langic vyavhaaron kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye. argentine mein, missionaryon ney come logon koo shikshit karane kaa irada rakhate hue swadeshi samudaay parr ling maandandon aur europeeya aadhunikta mein roopaantaran koo majboot kiya.
narivad key kuchh upkshetron mein, jaise kii pratichhedan narivad, ling ack pramukh haye, halanki ekal aksh naheen haye, jisake saath utpeedan key karakon koo maanaa jaataa haye, jaisa kii berkovitz dwara vyakt kiya gayaa haye, jinhone likhaa haye kii "ling vyavastha padaanukramit haye, kull milakar, purush shakti aur visheshaadhikaar key mamle mein mahilaaon parr haavi hain; phir bhee shakti aur utpeedan key kaee aur paraspar virodhi srot aapas mein judey hue hain, aur sabhi purush sabhi mahilaaon parr haavi naheen hain. pratichhedan siddhant yeh haye kii ling jaati, jaatiyata, samajik varg, kamukta aur rashtra key saath vividh aur sthitijanya roop seey aakasmik tarikon seey kaise pratichhed kartaa haye.
berkovitz yeh bhee daavaa kartaa haye kii badey paimaane parr ling, vishesh roop seey ling bhoomikaaen, ack vipul aur shaktishali maarg key roop mein bahut yogdan detee hain jisake dwara samajik dhaaranaon aur abhivyakti key herfer vaastaviktaa koo prakat karate hain. vishesh roop seey, ack vaastaviktaa jisamen mahilaaon koo aam taur parr ack samajik sanrachana key bheetar purushon dwara utpeedit kiya jaataa haye joe mahilaaon key liye bhoomikaon koo sthaapit kartaa haye, joe spasht roop seey manmaane dhang seey shakti arjit karane aur prayog karane kii cumm kshamata kii hoti haye. joe pranali iss shakti koo prakat karati haye aur prayog karati haye, usey aamtaur parr "pitrisatta" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. spasht karane key liye, yahaan manmana shabd kaa upayog shakti key srot koo darshaane key liye kiya jaataa haye kyonki yeh sthiti seey vyutpann haye jaisa kii nariwadi siddhant iska varnan kartaa haye. pitrisatta kaa nirdhaarit vishesh model, yogyata yaa pratishtha seey utpann stareekaran yaa shakti kaa koee bhed naheen kartaa haye.
maanavvigyaani catherine ell. bestman leviston, maine mein somali bantu sharanarthiyon dwara paalan-poshan key sandarbh mein ling bhoomikaon mein antar kaa avalokan kartaa haye; alag-alag bhoomikaaen vyaktiyon kii agency koo unake ling-agency key aadhar parr samvaad karati hain jisamen purush samajik shakti key mamle mein anukool hotey hain. aisaa lagata thaa kii ladakiyan "sammaanpurvak vyavhaar karane key liye badhati jaanch key tahat theen kyonki maataa-pitaa ney unhein america kii saarvajanik yaun sanskriti seey bachaane kaa prayaas kiya thaa, kewal ack hii tareeke seey way jaanate hainh jaldi shaadi kii vyavastha aur gharelu karyon key liye bahut saaree jimmedariyan. halanki, ladakon koo cumm jimmedariyan aur adhik swatantrata dee gaee thee. ladakon aur ladkiyon kii jimmedariyon key beach kaa antar sharanarthiyon key bachchon kii samajh koo paribhaashit kartaa haye kii america mein ack vishesh ling seey sambandhit honey kaa kyaa arth haye aur "maataa-pitaa key adhikaar" seey judaav haye. bestman ney dekhaa kii yeh america mein paaramparik purush kaamon kii kamee kaa parinam haye, jaise kii khet key kaam kii tulanaa mein, jabaki paaramparik mahila kaam banaae rakhane mein saksham they.
ling pehchaan.
ling pehchaan ack sambandhit avadharana haye, joe vyaktiyon key beach vikasit baahari samajik samajh kaa ullekh karane key bajaay, ling pehchaan ack vyaktigat paimaane parr apane swayam key ling kii aantarik bhavna koo sandarbhit karati haye.
kamukta/yaun abhivinyas.
haal key varshon mein, yuu. mein praathamik vidyalaya.aiss. adhyaay pustaken leey jaanaa shuru curr diyaa haye jisamen yaa tou gair-paaramparik parivaar shamil hain jinamen samlaingik maataa-pitaa, samlaingik bhoomika model, yaa (cumm mamalon mein) ack kishore joe apani kamukta/yaun abhivinyas kii khoj curr rhaa haye aur sweekaar curr rhaa haye. harman-wilmerth aur raayan pratinidhitva mein iss vriddhi koo sweekaar karate hain, jabaki iss tarah seey aalochana karate hain kii pustakon kaa seemit chayan inn paatron koo samalaingikta key lokpriya charitra chitran kii or dhyaan dete hue prastut kartaa haye. lekhak iss shally key pratinidhitva koo "samroop" key roop mein varnit karate hain, aur ack pustak key ekmatra udaaharan mein jahaan naayak unaki ling pehchaan parr sawal uthaata haye, yeh aspasht reh jaataa haye kii kyaa way ack trance aadami hain yaa naheen yaa way kewal naatak curr rahey they.
heera aur butterworth kaa tark haye kii ling pehchaan aur yaun pehchaan taral hain aur hamesha dou aavashyak shreniyon (purush yaa mahila aur samlaingik yaa seedhe) mein naheen aatee hain; way iss nishkarsh parr una mahilaaon kaa sakshatkar karane key madhyam seey aaeen joe duss varshon key dauran ack yaun alpasankhyak samooh mein aatee hain. ack mahila kaa bachpan apekshaakrit samanya thaa, lekin kishoravastha key aspas usaki kamukta parr sawal uthaaya gayaa aur vaha apane ling aur yaun pehchaan mein taba taka sthir rahee jaba taka kii usane purushon key saath kaam karna shuru naheen kiya aur ack mardana "rukh" grahan naheen kiya aur apani ling pehchaan parr sawal uthaana shuru curr diyaa. jaba 'vaha' ack 'vaha' bunn gayaa tou vaha purushon koo aakarshak khojane lagaa aur dheere-dheere ack samlaingik purush key roop mein pahachaana jaane lagaa.
dusaron dwara kamukta kii dhaarana dusaron kii ling key baare mein dhaaranaon kaa vistaar haye. vishamalaingikta una vyaktiyon key liye maani jaati haye joe uchit roop seey mardana yaa uchit roop seey streeling vyavhaar karate hain. aggar koee samlaingik key roop mein dekhaa jaanaa chaahata haye, tou usey pahale ack mahila key roop mein dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye; aggar koee samlaingik purush key roop mein dekhaa jaanaa chaahata haye, tou usey ack purush key roop mein dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye.
mool ling pehchaan.
alsop, fitzsimmons aind lennon key anusaar, "ling ack jatil aur vishisht samajik samagr seey buni gaee pehchaan kaa hissa haye, aur isake liye bahut vishisht aur sthaaniya pathan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. iss prakaar, ling pehchaan koo samajik roop seey sthit ling kii samajh key hisse key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye. lafrance, paalak aur bracecol nott karate hain kii ack shabd key roop mein, "ling pehchaan" vyaktiyon koo mahilaaon yaa purushon key roop mein apani vartamaan sthiti key sambandh mein apane drishtikon aur rukh koo vyakt karane kii anumati detaa haye. ack nishchit ling abhivyakti key saath samajik sahamati seey vastunishthata kii or ling key dayare koo badalane seey vyaktiyon key beach bhinnata kaa varnan karane key liye bahut adhik jagah chhodati haye.
anya pahchaanon key saath ling pehchaan key pratichhedan.
jabaki purushon aur mahilaaon koo ling kii maanak avadhaaranaon key liye jawabdeh thaharaaya jaataa haye, yeh jawabdehi jaatiyata, nasl, ayu, varg aadi key aadhar parr samagri mein bhinn hoe sakati haye. hertado kaa tark haye kii shwet mahilaaon aur rung kii mahilaaon koo alag-alag naslon key purushon key saath apane sambandhon key kaaran ling kaa alag-alag anubhav hotaa haye aur mahilaaon key donon samoohon kaa paaramparik roop seey alag-alag tarikon seey purush shakti koo saabit karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye. kuchh rung kii mahilaaon koo asweekriti, yaa "visheshaadhikaar key liye pitrisattaatmak nimantran" seey incar key madhyam seey adheenasth kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, kuchh gorey purush rung kii mahilaaon koo shramikon aur yaun aakraamakta kii vastuon key roop mein dekh sakate hain; yeh purushon koo safed mahilaaon key prati bhaavnaatmak lagaav key binaa shakti aur yaun aakraamakta pradarshit karane kii anumati dega. safed mahilaaen paaramparik roop seey safed purushon key adheen honey key roop mein apane ling pradarshan key liye jawabdeh hain, jabaki rung kii mahilaaon koo yaun vastuon key roop mein apane ling pradarshan key liye aur safed purushon key saath sambandhon mein aprasangik aur badtamiji karane vaali mahilaaon key roop mein jawabdeh thaharaaya jaa sakata haye. paschim aur fenstermaker kaa nishkarsh haye kii ling nirdhaaran mein mahilaaon kii shwet purushon key prati "sambandhaatmak sthiti" key aadhar parr jawabdehi key vibhinn sanskaran shamil hain.
upalabdhi key roop mein ling.
paschim aur zimmerman key anusaar, ling kewal ack naheen haye, balki ack kyaa kartaa haye-yeh sakriya roop seey samajik baatchit key bheetar utpann hotaa haye. ling ack upalabdhi haih "kissy key ling shreni key liye upayukt drishtikon aur gatividhiyon kii maanak avadhaaranaon key aalok mein sthit aacharan key prabandhan kii gatividhi. ling key pradarshan key liye logon koo mishrit ling samoohon yaa samoohon mein bilkul bhee naheen honah padata haye; ling kaa utpaadan dusaron key saath hotaa haye aur dusaron kii kaalpanik upasthiti mein akele bhee kiya jaataa haye. "ling" karna kewal roodhivaadi ling bhoomikaon key anuroop naheen haye-yeh kissy bhee vyavhaar mein sakriya judaav haye joe ling haye, yaa vyavhaar haye jiska mulyankan ling key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye.
ling kaa pradarshan sandarbh koo dekhate hue bhinn hotaa haih samay, sthaan, samajik baatchit, aadi. ling bhoomikaon kaa adhiniyaman sandarbh parr nirbhar haye-bhoomikaaen "master identity" key bajaay "sthit pehchaan" hain. gyaan key samajshastra koo sabse pahale iss baat seey sambandhit honah chaahiye kii loga apane rosemarra key, gair-yaa poorv-saiddhaantik jeevan mein "vaastaviktaa" key roop mein kyaa jaanate hain. dusare shabdon mein, "gyaan" yaa vaastaviktaa kii vyaktigat dhaaranaaen...kendra mein honah chaahiye."
yeye pradarshan ling shreniyon key anivaaryata koo samanya banaate hain. dusare shabdon mein, ling karke, humm ling kii aavashyak shreniyon koo majboot karate hain-kii kewal dou shreniyan hain joe parasparik roop seey ananya hain. yeh vichaar kii purush aur mahila anivarya roop seey alag hain, vahee haye joe purushon aur mahilaaon koo anivarya roop seey alag dikhane vaale tarikon seey vyavhaar karane key liye prerit kartaa haye. halanki ling vargeekaran javic ling parr adharit haye, lekin ise samajik roop seey nirmit ling pradarshan key madhyam seey ack shreni key roop mein banaae rakhaa jaataa haye (udaaharan key liye, aap ack transgender vyakti koo mahila key roop mein pehchaan sakate hain jaba vaastav mein usey janm key samay purush saunpa jaataa haye).
sansthaan ling kii maanak avadhaaranaaen bhee banaate hain. dusare shabdon mein, ling koo ack saath banaaya aur banaae rakhaa jaataa haye-"ack prakriya aur ack utpaad, madhyam aur iss tarah key shakti sambandhon kaa parinam". neele aur safed-collar shramikon kii apani pariksha mein, mumbi ney tark diyaa kii aadhipatya yaa pramukh mardanagi purushon key liye sweekarya vyavhaar kaa ack maanak pradaan karati haye, aur saath hii, purushon key vyavhaar kaa utpaad haye. yeh kuchh sandarbhon mein kissy bhee pehchaan key nirmaan key liye kahaa jaa sakata haye (ee.jee. naritva, nasl, kaali naritva aadi.).
jawabdehi.
loga ling kii apani prastutiyon key liye khud koo aur ack-dusare koo jawabdeh thaharaate hain (way kaise 'maapate hain'). way jaanate hain kii anya loga unake vyavhaar kaa mulyankan aur visheshta bataa sakate hain. yeh ack paraspar kriya prakriya haye (kewal ack vyakti naheen). samajik nirmanvad kaa kahana haye kii ling ack aisee shreni haye jiska mulyankan loga samajik jeevan key liye sarv praasangik key roop mein karate hain. ling koo sarv-praasangik honey kaa arth haye kii logon koo hamesha ack purush yaa ack mahila key roop mein way kyaa karate hain, isake aadhar parr aanka jaa sakata haye. yeh iss tark kaa aadhar haye kii loga hamesha ling pradarshan curr rahey hain aur yeh kii ling hamesha samajik sthitiyon mein praasangik haye.
samajik nirmanvad mein jimmedaar thaharaae jaane kii "sambhavana" mahatvapurna haye, joe saanskritik avadhaaranaon key anuroop vyavhaaron key saath-saath una vyavhaaron parr bhee lagu hoe sakati haye joe vichalit hotey hain. udaaharan key liye, stobe ney usa tark kii jaanch kii joe logon ney diyaa kii vaahan udyog mein mahilaaon kii sankhya cumm kyon thee. purushon ney iss vichaar kaa hawala diyaa kii iss tarah kaa gandaa kaam mahilaaon key liye anupayukt thaa aur mahilaaen parivarik kartavyon key kaaran prashikshan lene mein asamarth theen. stobe kaa tark haye kii purush shramikon ney khud koo una mahilaaon seey alag karane key liye ack purushatva paida kiya joe auto kii dukaan mein kaam karane key liye yogya hoe sakati hain. joe mahilaaen purush pradhaan vyavsaayon mein kaam karati hain, unhein saavdhaanipoorvak apani streetva aur peshevar vishvasaniyata koo banaae rakhna aur saath hii santulan banaana hotaa haye.
bhale hii kuchh sthitiyon mein ling adhik pramukh lagata haye-udaaharan key liye, jaba ack mahila purush-pradhaan peshe mein pravesh karati haye-ling shreniyan bhee una sandarbhon mein mukhya hoe jaati hain jinamen ling cumm spasht haye. udaaharan key liye, purushatva kii avadhaaranaon key madhyam seey mahila key purush-pradhaan samooh mein pravesh karane seey pahale ling banaae rakhaa jaataa haye.
jaati, varg aur anya atyachar bhee sarv-praasangik shreniyaan hoe sakati hain, haalaanki way samajik sambandhon key harr samooh mein "sabhi" samaan roop seey mukhya naheen hain jisamen asamaanta kii jaati haye. logon kii poorvakalpit dhaaranaaen hain kii vishesh nasleeya samooh kaise dikhate hain (haalaanki iss vargeekaran kaa koee javic ghatak naheen haye). jawabdehi paraspar kriya haye kyonki yeh kewal vyakti key bheetar naheen hoti haye. yeh sansthaagat bhee haye kyonki vyaktiyon koo kissy bhee samajik samooh (ling, nasl, varg, aadi) key sadasya key roop mein sansthanon dwara yaa samajik sthitiyon mein dusaron dwara unake vyavhaar key liye jawabdeh thaharaaya jaa sakata haye.). jawabdehi kii yeh dhaarana ling koo gatishil banaati haye kyonki jise purushon aur mahilaaon key liye upayukt vyavhaar maanaa jaataa haye vaha badalata haye aur samay key saath punah prastut kiya jaataa haye aur sandarbh key aadhar parr alag-alag roop seey punah prastut kiya jaataa haye. ashikshit aur shikshit african amerikiyon key beach ling vibhinn tarikon seey banaaya jaataa haye.
kaaryasthal mein ling.
uchch kaushal vaali naukariyon vaali belgium mein morocan mahilaaen kaam-jeevan santulan khojane key liye sangharsh curr rahee hain; way peshevar pehchaan parr charcha kiye gaye prabhaavon seey jaatiyata koo baahar chhod detee hain, lekin ling parr charcha karati hain. ling kaa chitran belgium key kaaryasthal mein morocan mahilaaon key liye fayademand yaa nuksandeh hoe sakata haye. nuksaanon mein apane bees key dashak mein mahilaaon kaa drishtikon ghar banaane aur bachche key paalan-poshan mein vyast honey key roop mein shamil haye, aur shirastraan pahanane kii islami parampara bhedbhaav kii or leey jaati haye. laabhon mein doosari peedhi kii apravasi mahilaaon koo purushon kii tulanaa mein cumm bhedbhaav praapt karna shamil haye, aur uchch shikshit honey seey bhedbhaav kii sambhavana cumm hoe jaati haye.
yuu mein.aiss.ling vichardhara mein parivartan kissy vyakti key jeevan mein parivartan seey sambandhit hain, jaise kii maataa-pitaa banana, naukari praapt karna aur anya meal key patthar. nasleeya matbhed aur ling kaaryasthal mein upchaar key nirdhaarak hain; african americi maataon koo vetan dund kaa saamana karna padata haye yadi way badey parivaaron key saath vivaahit hain, jabaki shwet mahilaaon koo maan banane parr dandit kiya jaataa haye. african americi patiyon koo gambhir aarthik pradaataon key roop mein naheen dekhaa jaataa haye, aur unhein maataa-pitaa key liye vetan premium naheen milata haye, jabaki gorey pitaa karate hain. vartamaan, purnakaalik kamkaji mahilaaon kii gair-kamkaji yaa anshakaalik mahilaaon kii tulanaa mein adhik samtaavaadi langic vichardhara haye. purush bhoomikaaen pradaan karane key liye kaam seey sambandhit hain aur kewal adhik samtaavaadi ling vichardhara kii or badalate hain jaba avsar avaruddh hoe jaate hain aur way safalata koo phir seey paribhaashit karna seekhate hain; avaruddh avsar kaale purushon key liye adhik prachalit hain.
ling aur ling shreni.
paschim aur zimmerman apane pepper mein ling key liye yeh paribhasha dete hainh "ling ack aisaa nirdhaaran haye joe vyaktiyon koo mahila aur purush key roop mein vargeekrit karane key liye samajik roop seey sahmat javic maandandon key anuprayog key madhyam seey kiya jaataa haye. vargeekaran key liye mandand janm key samay jannang yaa janm seey pahale gunasutra typing hoe sakata haye, aur way aavashyak roop seey ack dusare seey sahmat naheen hain. ling aur ling key beach antar 1970 key dashak key anta taka utpann naheen huaa, jaba shodhkartaon ney "ling" aur "ling" koo dou alag-alag shabdon key roop mein upayog karna shuru kiya, jisamen "ling" kissy kii aatm-pehchaan aur "ling" kissy key gunasutra makeup aur yaun angon kaa ullekh kartaa haye. purush aur mahila kaa dwiaadhaari una sabhi koo chhod detaa haye joe jannang banaavat, gunasutra yaa harmon key star key kaaran inn shreniyon mein fitt naheen hotey hain. annie fosto-sterling apane lekh "dha five ling" mein antarlingi logon key saamane aaney vaale muddon koo sambodhit karati hain. vaha daavaa karati haye kii cumm seey cumm paanch ling hain lekin shayed adhik; yeh shareer key prakriti mein dikhaai dene key tarikon kii vishal shrinkhala parr adharit haye. vaha bataati hain kii, "shareer vigyaan aur shalya chikitsa praudyogiki mein haal kii pragati abb chikitsakon koo janm key samay adhikansh antarlingi logon koo pakadane mein saksham banaati haye... shishuon koo harmonal aur shalya chikitsa prabandhan key karyakram mein pravesh diyaa jaataa haye..."yeh shareer koo binaa hastakshep key duniya mein upasthit honey kii anumati dene key bajaay dwiaadhaari key gahan paalan koo ujagar kartaa haye.
west aur zimmerman bhee ling shreni key liye ack paribhasha dete hainh "ling mandand key anuprayog key madhyam seey praapt kiya gayaa, lekin rosemarra key jeevan mein, vargeekaran samajik roop seey aavashyak pehchaan pradarshanon dwara sthaapit aur banaae rakhaa jaataa haye joe ack yaa doosari shreni mein kissy kii sadasyata kii ghoshana karate hain. ling shreni koo aam taur parr maanyata praapt sanketon key madhyam seey rosemarra key jeevan mein ack vyakti parr lagu kiya jaataa haye joe aavashyak roop seey ling key javic maandandon koo puuraa naheen curr rahey hain. ack alag adhyayan mein wenzlaff aitt all.uttari america mein 40 pratibhagiyon seey poochha gayaa kii kyaa nagna vayaskon key yojnabaddh chitra purush they yaa mahila. adhikansh pratikriya ack ling sahit chhaviyon key liye purush thee, aur ack yoni sahit chhaviyon key liye adhik samaan roop seey vibhajit pratikriya thee; chitron mein sarvangsam aur asangat jannang aur maadhyamik yaun visheshataaen donon shamil theen, isaliye ack ling kii upasthiti kathit ling kaa pramukh nirdhaarak haye.
langic pradarshan key anuprayog.
" "ling pradarshansheelta" "shabd pahali baar americi daarshanik aur ling siddhantkar judith butler dwara unaki 1990 kii pustak mein gadhaa gayaa thaa. pustak mein, butler ling kii purani dhaarana kii aalochana karane key liye nikalata haye. butler key anusaar, yeh purani dhaarana iss mayane mein seemit haye kii yeh pramukh samajik baadhaon kaa paalan karati haye joe ling koo dwiaadhaari key roop mein label karati hain. ling kii jaanch mein, butler ack sookshm dhaarana kaa parichay detaa haye jisamen way pradarshansheelta aur ling kii avadhaaranaon koo ekjut karate hain. adhyaay ack mein, butler ney ling aur pradarshansheelta shabdon key ekikaran kaa parichay dete hue kahaa kii "ling pradarshan saabit hotaa haye-yaani, usa pehchaan kaa gathan joe ise maanaa jaataa haye. iss arth mein, ling hamesha ack kaary haye, halanki ack vishay dwara kiya jaanaa naheen haye jise kaary seey pahale seey astitva mein kahaa jaa sakata haye.
iss avadharana koo aspasht karate hue, butler yeh spasht karane key liye nikalata haye kii vaastav mein ling pradarshan aur ling pradarshansheelta key shabdon mein antar haye. 2011 key ack sakshatkar mein, butler ney ise iss tarah seey kahaah
iss prakaar, butler ling koo una krityon key ack samooh key madhyam seey nirmit honey key roop mein dekhta haye jinhen pramukh samajik maandandon key anupaalan mein kahaa jaataa haye. butler, halanki, yeh naheen kaha rhaa haye kii ling ack prakaar kaa pradarshan haye jisamen ack vyakti kaary koo samaapt curr sakata haye; isake bajaay, butler joe kaha rhaa haye vaha yeh haye kii yeh pradarshan chala rhaa haye aur ack vyakti key niyantran seey baahar haye. vaastav mein, pradarshan kaa utpaadan karane vaale vyakti key bajaay, isake vipareet sach haye. pradarshan vaha haye joe vyakti koo utpann kartaa haye. vishesh roop seey, butler ney neetshe key daave koo manjuri dete hue kahaa kii "aisaa karane key peechhe koee 'honah' naheen haye... 'kartaa' kewal ack kalpana haye joe kaary mein jodee jaati haye-kaary hii sub kuchh haye."iss prakaar, kaary kaa utpaadan karane vaale vyakti parr naheen balki kaary parr hii jore diyaa jaataa haye.
butler kii parikalpana parr, ling pradarshansheelta kaa samajik roop seey nirmit pahalu shayed dragg pradarshan mein sabse spasht haye, joe ling pradarshan parr jore dene mein ling dwiaadhaari kii ack praathamik samajh pradaan kartaa haye. butler samajhata haye kii dragg koo vyaktiparak yaa ekal pehchaan key udaaharan key roop mein naheen maanaa jaa sakata haye, jahaan "ack 'ack' haye joe ling seey pahale haye, joe ling kii almari mein jaataa haye vaha vichaar-vimarsh key saath taya kartaa haye kii aaj vaha kaun saa ling hoga. natijatan, dragg koo isake kalakar key iraade kii imandar abhivyakti naheen maanaa jaanaa chaahiye. balki, butler kaa sujhaav haye kii joe kiya jaataa haye usey "kewal usa sandarbh key madhyam seey samajha jaa sakata haye joe shaaririk supathyata key kshetra key bheetar soochak seey varjit haye.
amelia johns kaa prastaav haye kii ling koo dekhane kaa yeh tarika nazar aur yaun fetishwad key siddhanton seey parey jaane kaa ack tarika pradaan kartaa haye, jisane akaadamik narivad mein bahut pramukhta praapt kii thee, lekin jise 1980 key dashak taka johns ney mahilaaon kii samajik sthiti koo samajhane key puraane tarikon key roop mein dekhaa. johns kaa maanana haye kii ling koo baahar nikaalane kii pradarshan shakti ack dhaanche key roop mein behad upayogi haye, joe purushon key dekhane key anand key liye nirjeev vastuon key bajaay moort vishayon key saath chhaviyon koo adhiniyaman key roop mein maanane key nae tareeke pradaan karati haye.
bachpan aur yuva bachpan.
ling pradarshansheelta key aspas kaa vichaar, jaba bachpan aur yuva bachpan parr lagu kiya jaataa haye, tou iss vichaar seey sambandhit hotaa haye kii jiss kshan seey kissy kii kalpana kii jaati haye, yakinan usase pahale bhee, way kaun hain aur way kaun banenge, yeh poorv nirdhaarit haye. bachche bahut cumm umr mein seekhate hain kii hamaare samaaj mein ladka yaa ladki honey kaa kyaa matlab haye. vyaktiyon koo yaa tou unake ling key aadhar parr mardana yaa stree naam diye jaate hain, unhein aise rung diye jaate hain joe kewal ack vishesh ling dwara upayog kiye jaane parr upayukt maane jaate hain aur yahaan taka kii khilaune bhee diye jaate hain joe unhein samaaj mein unake uchit sthaanon koo pahchaanane mein sahaayata karenge. barbara cair aur curran multin key anusaar, kaee maataa-pitaa yeh jaankar ulajhan mein parh jaayenge kii "chhote bachchon kii yeh sochane kii pravritti kii yeh unake kapade yaa khilaune hain joe unhein ladka yaa ladki banaate hain. maataa-pitaa apani betty key gulabi rung key saath samanvaya karane key liye jaa rahey hain kyonki yeh streeling haye, yaa unake bete key liye neela kyonki yeh mardana haye. inn binduon parr charcha karate hue, penelope ackert, "bhasha aur ling" sheershak vaale apane paath mein kahati haih "pahali baat joe loga ack bachche key baare mein jaanana chaahte hain vaha haye uska ling, aur samajik parampara poochhane kii aavashyakta koo cumm karane key liye asankhya propes pradaan karati haye. iss prakaar, yeh usa mahatva aur jore koo majboot kartaa haye joe samaaj naa kewal sex parr balki una tarikon parr bhee rakhta haye jinase binaa nihit roop seey aisaa kiye apane sex kii or ishara kiya jaa sakata haye. ackert ney yeh kahate hue aage kahaa kii kissy key janm key samay ling kaa nirdhaaran karna bhee mahatvapurna haye kii koee vyakti adhik umr mein samaaj mein khud koo kaise prastut kartaa haye kyonki "ling nirdhaaran ling nirdhaaran kii aajivan prakriya key liye charan nirdhaarit kartaa haye. ackert kaa bayaan judith butler key ling key pradarshan key drishtikon kii or ishara kartaa haye. butler key samaan, ackert iss tathya kii or ishara curr rhaa haye kii ling ack aantarik vaastaviktaa naheen haye jise badala naheen jaa sakata haye. isake bajaay joe kahana haye vaha yeh haye kii yeh ack aam galat dhaarana haye kii adhikansh aabaadi anajaane mein ise majboot karati haye, joe bachpan key dauran iska udbhav dekhti haye.
butler "gambhir roop seey vichitra" aur "udas ling" donon mein sujhaav dete hain kii bachche/vishay kii ack vyavharya prem vastu key roop mein samaan-ling maataa-pitaa key nuksan koo shoke karane kii kshamata pratibandhit haye. sigmund fried kii avasaad kii dhaarana key baad, iss tarah key tiraskar key parinamswarup dusare key saath ack uchch pehchaan hoti haye jise pyaar naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, jisake parinamswarup ling pradarshan hotey hain joe roopak banaate hain, aur khoye hue pyaar koo aantarik roop dete hain jise vishay baad mein sweekaar karane yaa shoke karane mein asamarth hotaa haye. butler bataate hain kii "ack mardana ling kaa nirmaan pyaar kii sambhavana key roop mein mardana koo shoke karane seey incar karane seey hotaa haye; ack stree ling kaa nirmaan (liya jaataa haye, maanaa jaataa haye) kalpana key madhyam seey hotaa haye jise stree koo pyaar key sambhaavit uddeshya key roop mein baahar rakhaa jaataa haye, ack bahishkaar kabhi bhee shokgrast naheen hotaa haye, lekin stree pehchaan kii oonchaai key madhyam seey 'sanrakshit' hotaa haye.
kishoravastha.
kishoravastha vaha samay hotaa haye jaba samajikaran hotaa haye aur saath hii vaha samay bhee jisamen vyakti samaaj mein khud koo kaise prastut kartaa haye, vaha bahut chinta kaa vishay hotaa haye. aksar, yeh vaha samay hotaa haye jaba kissy kii apane ling pradarshan mein mahaarat hassil karane kii kshamata unhein safal, aur iss prakaar samanya, yaa asafal, aur iss prakaar ajib aur ayogya key roop mein label karati haye. patrikaaen, vishesh roop seey yuva ladkiyon koo lakshit karane vaali patrikaaen, una sroton mein seey ack hain joe pradarshit karate hain kii kaise safal pradarshan kiya jaataa haye. ackert key anusaar, "jaba humm kishore hotey hain, tou kishore patrikaon ney ladkiyon koo bataaya kii ladakon key saath kaise baatchit kii jaati haye...". yeh naa kewal iss tathya parr jore detaa haye kii ling ack aisee cheej haye joe hamein sikhai jaati haye aur samaaj kii apekshaon dwara lagaatar aakar dee jaa rahee haye, balki yeh una tarikon mein seey ack kii or bhee ishara kartaa haye jisamen vyaktiyon koo avachetan roop seey ling dwiaadhaari mein aadarsh pratibhaagi banane key liye prashikshit kiya jaa rhaa haye. iss prakaar butler kii dhaarana parr vaapas coll karna kii ling hamaare baare mein ack tathya naheen haye, balki kuchh aisaa haye joe hamein sikhaaya jaataa haye aur lagaatar majboot kiya jaa rhaa haye. yeh vichaar kii ling lagaatar apekshaon dwara aakar liya jaataa haye, online samudaay mein praasangik haye. kishore aasaani seey online sambandh aur dosti banaane mein saksham hotey hain, iss prakaar ack kishore kii najuk pehchaan mein herfer aur vikrit honey kii sambhavana badh jaati haye. kishoron koo aksar vaastavik jeevan aur online sthitiyon kaa saamana karna padata haye joe unhein langic pradarshan sahit samaaj kaa saamana karate samay khud parr sawal uthaane kaa kaaran banati hain.
vichitra pehchaan.
butlerian model ling pradarshan parr ack vichitra pariprekshya prastut kartaa haye aur samajik roop seey nirmit ling bhoomikaon aur anivarya vishamalaingikta key beach sambhaavit pratichhedan kii khoj kartaa haye. yeh model ling key aadhipatyavaadi vishleshanatmak dhaanche seey alag haye, joe kaee logon kaa daavaa haye kii visham-samanya haye, una tarikon seey pratispardha karate hue jinamen samlaingik abhineta ling key paaramparik nirmaan koo samasyagrast karate hain. butler ney samalingi upa-paath kii avadharana key liye avasaad key manovishleshanatmak shabd koo apanaaya kyonki yeh paschimi saahitya mein maujood haye aur vishesh roop seey mahila lekhakon, unake ling aur unaki kamukta key beach sambandh haye. avasaad shoke seey sambandhit haye, lekin samlaingik jodon key liye yeh kewal rishte kii mrityu kaa shoke naheen haye, balki yeh rishte kii samajik asweekriti aur shoke karane kii kshamata haye, iss prakaar inn bhaavanaon key daman kii or leey jaataa haye. yeh vichaar raajneetik samoohon dwara aayojit sakriyata mein parilakshit hotaa haye jaise kii sahaayata sankat key dauran kaarravaai karna. iss sakriyata mein bhaag lene vaale kaee jeevit bache loga samlaingik they jinhone iss bimari key kaaran apane bhagidaron koo khou diyaa thaa. jeevit bache logon ney apane kapade ack saath katkar, apani sampatti koo phir seey banaane aur samay seey pahale shoke manaane key liye apane shareer koo pradarshit karke mritakon koo yaad kiya. inn sabhi virodh pradarshanon ney ack sandesh diyaa kii unakaa kuchh hissa unaki avadhi samaapt honey key baad duniya mein chhod diyaa jaayega.
kweer viphalata kweer siddhant mein ack avadharana haye joe ling koo bhee prashn mein daalati haye, kyonki yeh kweer kalaa aur lgbtq + logon key shareer kii jaanch kartaa haye kii ack maataa-pitaa kii aakriti unake charitra key hisse parr "viphalata" key roop mein kyaa pehchaan sakati haye. inn udaharanon koo naitik yaa manovaigyaanik viphaltaon key roop mein maanyata dene key bajaay, yeh avadharana unhein kissy vyakti kii kamukta aur unake ling key beach sangharsh key parinamswarup banaati haye.
raajneetik kshamata aur seemaaen.
butler kaa sujhaav haye kii "[tii] vaha dragg key mahatvapurna vaade kaa sambandh lingon key prasaar seey naheen haye... lekin vishamalaingik shasanon kii viphalata key sampark mein aaney key saath kabhi bhee apane swayam key aadarshon koo poori tarah seey kaanoon banaane yaa shamil karane mein whiffle rahate hain, "halanki iss tarah kii tippani yeh ingit karane mein whiffle rahati haye kii vishamalaingik shasanon kii aparyaptataon koo spasht roop seey kaise ujagar kiya jaa sakata haye. 
butler key anusaar, ling pradarshan kewal vidhvansak haye kyonki yeh "usa tarah kaa prabhaav haye joe ganana kaa virodh kartaa haye", joe yeh kahana haye kii sanket gunak haye, kii vishay ise niyantrit karane mein asamarth haye, aur isaliye vidhvans hamesha hotaa haye aur hamesha apratyaashit hotaa haye. moya lloyd kaa sujhaav haye kii langic pradarshan kii raajneetik kshamata kaa mulyankan samaan sandarbhon mein samaan pichhale krityon key saapeksh kiya jaa sakata haye taaki unaki atikramankari kshamata kaa aaklan kiya jaa sakeh "bhale hii humm sweekaar karate hain kii sabhi (yaa adhikansh) bayanon yaa gatividhiyon key liye akathaniya prabhaav hain, iska matlab yeh naheen haye kii hamein yeh sweekaar karane kii aavashyakta haye kii koee ganana yogya prabhaav naheen hain."isake vipareet, rosleen diprose langic pradarshan kii raajneetik pahunch kii apani samajh key liye ack kathor-rekha faucaldian vyakhya pradaan karati haye, kyonki kissy kii pehchaan dusaron key haav-bhaavon dwara swayam key aakraman parr banaai gaee haye, joe anya logon kaa ullekh karke, pahale seey hii samajik prani hain. dwigun kaa tatparya haye kii vyakti kii ichcha aur vyaktigat pradarshan hamesha kissy anya (yaa anya) key pramukh pravachan key adheen hotaa haye, taaki pradarshan kii atikramankari kshamata koo kewal ack anya pramukh pravachan key shilalekh taka seemit kiya jaa sakey.
martha nusbam ney vaastavik duniya kii chintaon key saath judane seey ack gumrah peechhe hatane key roop mein butler kii langic pradarshansheelta kii avadhaaranaon kii aalochana keeh
butler apane pathakon koo sujhaav detee haye kii "yathaasthiti" kaa yeh chaalaak preshan hii pratirodh key liye ekmatra script haye joe jeevan pradaan kartaa haye...] butlerian narivad kaee mayanon mein puraane narivad kii tulanaa mein aasaan haye. yeh kaee pratibhashali yuva mahilaaon koo bataata haye kii unhein kaanoon koo badalane, yaa bhookhe logon koo khilaane, yaa bhautik rajneeti key liye upayog kiye gaye siddhant key madhyam seey shakti kaa upayog karane parr kaam karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye. way apane parisaron kii suraksha mein rajneeti curr sakate hain, prateekaatmak star parr reh sakate hain, bhaashan aur haav-bhaav key madhyam seey satta parr vidhvansak ishare curr sakate hain. siddhant kahata haye kii yeh sub kuchh haye joe hamaare liye vaise bhee raajneetik kaarravaai key madhyam seey upalabdh haye, aur kyaa yeh romanchak aur kamuk naheen haye?
vikas key dauran.
adhikansh samajon mein ling kii visheshataaen dridhata seey hain aur adhikansh logon key liye aatm-paribhasha kaa ack mahatvapurna pahalu haye. ling key vikas koo prabhaavit karane vaale samajik prabhaavon kaa vishleshan karane kaa ack tarika samajik sangyanatmak siddhant key pariprekshya key madhyam seey haye. key bassi key anusaar, samajik sangyanatmak siddhant varnan kartaa haye kii "kaise ling avadhaaranaon koo jeevan kaal mein vikasit aur parivartit kiya jaataa haye. samajik sangyanatmak siddhant langic bhoomikaon koo samajik roop seey nirmit vichaaron key roop mein dekhta haye joe kissy key poore jivankal mein praapt kiye jaate hain. inn ling bhoomikaon koo "samajikaran key madhyam seey baar-baar prabalit kiya jaataa haye. hackman yeh pushti kartaa haye kii yeye ling bhoomikaaen "jiss kshan humm paida hue hain" seey hamaare ander paida hui hain. vyakti key liye, ling nirmaan janm key samay javic jannang key aadhar parr ack ling shreni key liye assignment key saath shuru hotaa haye. iss yaun kaary key baad, maataa-pitaa bachchon koo iss javic shreni koo spasht roop seey pradarshit karane key tarikon seey kapade pahankar ling pehchaan koo prabhaavit karna shuru curr dete hain. isaliye, javic ling namkaran, poshak aur anya ling markers key upayog key madhyam seey ack ling key saath judaa huaa haye. anya logon, shiksha sansthanon, paalan-poshan, media aadi key drishtikon seey langic vikas prabhaavit hotaa rahata haye. samajik antahkriyaon kii yeye vividhataaen vyaktiyon koo "yeh seekhane key liye majboor karati hain kii kyaa apekshit haye, dekhein kii kyaa apekshit haye, kaary karein aur apekshit tarikon seey pratikriya karein, aur iss prakaar ack saath ling vyavastha kaa nirmaan aur rakharkhaav karein.
ling adharit utpeedan.
kissy vyakti key jeevan key poore shaikshanik varshon mein ling-adharit utpeedan honah bahut aam haye. yeh ling seema policing key ack roop key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. joe loga mahilaaon key roop mein pehchaan karate hain, unase apeksha kii jaati haye kii way roodhivaadi lingiya roop key anuroop houn, jaisa kii way loga hain joe purush key roop mein pehchaan karate hain. chhaatr niyamit roop seey badmashi key madhyam seey langic seemaon kii policing mein bhaag lete hain. purush chhaatr aksar purush aur mahila chhatron koo pareshan karate hain, jabaki mahila chhaatr aam taur parr kewal anya mahila chhatron koo pareshan karati hain. purush chhatron dwara anya purush chhatron koo dhamkaane kaa abhyaas spasht roop seey purushatva seey judaa huaa haye, joe yeh dhaarana haye kii ladakon seey apeksha kii jaati haye kii way nirmaan key liye sadasyata lein aur 'samanya' ladakon key roop mein sambandhit houn. kaee ladakiyan bataati hain kii ladke unaki upasthiti key aadhar parr unhein chidhaate aur unakaa upahaas karate hain, joe ladkiyon koo badnam karane kii langic prathaon key madhyam seey ladakon dwara mardana shakti kaa daavaa karane seey judaa huaa haye. yeh iss vichaar koo kayam rakhane kaa bhee kaam kartaa haye kii upasthiti ack mahila kii sabse mahatvapurna sampatti haye. unake adhyayan mein, "saha-sambandh aur sahakarmi utpeedan key parinaamah badmashi key pratyaksh aur apratyaksh roopon mein ling antar", lopage, asbenson aur eent kahate hain kii "ladakon koo badmashi key pratyaksh yaa shaaririk roopon kaa anubhav honey kii adhik sambhavana thee aur ladkiyon koo chidhaaya jaa rhaa thaa yaa majaak kiya jaa rhaa thaa."isaki vyakhya iss prakaar kii jaa sakati haye kii mahilaaen aam taur parr anya mahilaaon koo adhik mansik, bhaavnaatmak aur manovaigyaanik peedaa mein pareshan karati hain jabaki purush adhik shaaririk aur aakramak drishtikon apanaate hain. ladkiyon key beach advitiya roop aur alag khade honey key prayason koo bahut nakaratmak maanaa jaataa haye. mahila badmashi parr iss prakaar kii mahila upasthiti aur mahilaaon key liye usa upasthiti kii samajik apekshaon key anuroop honey key mahatva parr maandandon key liye maanak nirdhaarit karati haye. kull milakar, ling-adharit utpeedan chhatron dwara chhatron kii ling seemaon koo paribhaashit karane aur lagu karane kaa kaary kartaa haye.
vayaskata kaa kishore drishtikon.
ling ack saanskritik nirmaan haye joe ack aisaa vatavaran banaata haye jahan ack kishore kaa uchch vidyalaya mein pradarshan unake jeevan key lakshyon aur apekshaon seey sambandhit hotaa haye. kyonki kuchh yuva mahilaaon kaa maanana haye kii way maataa aur patni banana chaahati hain, vyavsaayon aur bhavishya key lakshyon kaa chayan ling baadhaon seey swabhavik roop seey trutipurna hoe sakata haye. kyonki ack ladki baad mein maan banana chaahati haye, uchch vidyalaya mein usaki shikshaavidon mein spasht ling antar paida hoe sakate hain kyonki "uchch vyaavsaayik apekshaaen, shaikshik apekshaaen aur shaikshanik grade ladakon kii tulanaa mein ladkiyon key liye maataa-pitaa kii apekshit umr key saath adhik dridhata seey judey hue they. yuva mahilaaon dwara kaam aur parivaar kii maangon key beach sambhaavit sanghrshon koo pahchaanane" key saath, way uchch vidyalaya mein purushon koo ladkiyon key baad uchch shaikshanik upalabdhi praapt karane kii anumati dene key liye utani mehnat naheen karengi. apane lekh mein crock aur beel "jeevan kaa pathyakramah ling aur kishoron kaa vikas", "bhavishya key bhoomika parivartan key pratyaashit samay mein ling antar, inn apekshit samay parr apekshaon aur moolyon kaa prabhaav, aur jiss hudd taka apekshaaen vaastavik vyavhaar koo poorvavat karati hain. hyee school mein ack yuva key karyon kaa vyakti key jeevan bhar key vikalpon parr bahut prabhaav padata haye. vishesh roop seey mahilaaen cumm umr mein bhee apani vayaskata koo dekhane key tareeke mein seemit hain kyonki way matritva kii vajah seey hain.
purushatva kii samajik apekshaon key kaaran purush bhee ling nirmaan key adheen hoe sakate hain. jack helberstem (judith naam key tahat) key anusaar, loga mardanagi koo "mardanagi aur prabhutva kii shakti" key saath jodate hain, joe kuchh aisaa haye joe unakaa maanana haye kii pitrisatta kaa parinam haye. american journal off public health" mein prakaashit 2015 key ack adhyayan mein, shodhkartaon ney kahaa kii purush kii nasl yaa jaatiyata key aadhar parr ling nirmaan bhinn hoe sakata haye aur kahaa kii gorey purushon key liye "shiksha, rojgar aur samajik aarthik sthiti" parr jore diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki kaale purushon kii apekshaaen "yaun kaushal, shaaririk prabhutva aur khel bhavna" parr kendrit theen. inn apekshaon seey purushon key liye aalochana praapt kiye binaa aur ack aadami key roop mein cumm dekhe jaane key binaa bhaavanaon koo pradarshit karna kathin hoe sakata haye.
vayaskata parr kishoron kaa drishtikon bhee uchch vidyalaya mein unake rojgar seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye. kaee ladke hyee school key dauran kaam karate hain aur "yuva mahilaaon key vipareet, yuva purush jinhone hyee school key dauran kaam naheen kiya thaa, way apane sathiyon seey kaafee mell naheen khaate they. kyonki kaee anya ladke kaam curr rahey hain, joe kaam naheen karate hain way snaatak honey key baad utane safal naheen hoe sakate hain. america mein kaam karna aur badhana" pustak mein, jaylen tii. mortimer bataate hain, "joe yuva hyee school key dauran kaam karate hain, aur joe kaam karane key liye adhik ghante samarpit karate hain, way hyee school chhodane key baad adhik vyaavsaayik roop seey safal hotey hain. yeh ack alag ling antar paida kartaa haye jisamen mahilaaon kii tulanaa mein purushon koo uchch vidyalaya key baad naukari milane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye yadi unhone uchch vidyalaya key dauran kaam kiya haye. iska matlab haye kii yadi mahilaaen uchch vidyalaya mein kaam naheen karati hain aur vidyalaya key kaam parr dhyaan kendrit naheen karati hain tou way ack shaikshanik laabh mein hoe sakati hain.
avasaad.
uchch vidyalaya ack adhik uchch dabaav vaalaa vatavaran bunn rhaa haye, jisamen shaikshanik aur samajik triggers kishoron kii apekshaon koo badhaate hain. hyee school kishoron key liye ack badee sankraman avadhi haye jisake kaaran way "inn vibhinn sankramanon kaa vibhinn tarikon seey saamana karate hain; kuchh aasaani seey maargon parr baatchit karate hain jabaki anya gambhir vyavhaar aur manovaigyaanik samasyaon kaa vikas karate hain. inmein seey ack manovaigyaanik samasya avasaad haye. jabaki uchch vidyalaya kaa vatavaran tanaavpurna hoe sakata haye, javic kaary bhee manovaigyaanik kalyan mein ack badee bhoomika nibhaate hain. nakaratmak aur suspan apane lekh "yuvavastha kaa samay, avasaad aur baahari samasyaon" mein bataate hain kii "vahee harmon joe yuvavastha key dauran badhate hain, way avasaad aur aakramak pravrittiyon seey bhee sambandhit hain. testosterone kaa uchch star ladakon aur ladkiyon mein badhati aakraamakta seey judaa huaa haye, jabaki ladkiyon key liye uchch astrogen avasaadgrastata key lakshnon mein vriddhi seey judaa huaa haye. ling antar kewal saanskritik apekshaon key kaaran naheen hoe sakate hain, balki ling key ack javic kaary key saath vyakti paida hotey hain. atmasamman koo hyee school key chhatron mein avasaad seey bhee jodaa gayaa haye. 1980 mein james battle dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein 26 chhaatr ayu 15-18 mein avasaad aur atmasamman key beach ack sahsambandh dikhaaya gayaa. 80 key dashak mein, shodh ney pichhale vayaskon koo naheen dekhaa thaa aur yuddh kaa shodh apani tarah kaa pahala thaa jisane aatm-sammaan aur avasaad key beach ack seedha sambandh dikhaaya thaa. atmasamman hamaare jeev vigyaan kaa utpaad naheen haye, balki saanskritik roop seey nirmit haye. hyee school mein ladkiyon mein bhee shareer kii chhavi key kaaran atmasamman cumm hotaa haye. avasaad aur atmasamman key itane nikatata seey judey honey key kaaran bimari honey kii sambhavana ack shaikshik anubhav mein badal sakati haye jisase samjhauta kiya jaa sakata haye. avasaad alag-thalag parh sakata haye, aur uchit shikshaavidon aur samajik samarthan key binaa, uchch vidyalaya chunautipurna hoe sakata haye. kishoron mein atmasamman key muddon kii uchch darr key saath, yeh uchch vidyalaya mein ladkiyon key shaikshanik aur samajik jeevan koo pratikool roop seey prabhaavit curr sakata haye.
shareer kii chhavi.
shareer kii chhavi koo prabhaavit karane vaale kaee alag-alag kaarak hain, jinamen "ling, media, maataa-pitaa key sambandh, aur yuvavastha key saath-saath vajan aur lokpriyata shamil hain. inn karakon kii pratichhedansheelta kishoron key liye unake jeevan key bheetar iss avadhi key dauran vyaktigat anubhavon kaa kaaran banati haye. jaise-jaise unakaa shareer badalata haye, vaise-vaise way jiss vatavaran mein rahate hain, vaha bhee badalata haye. kishoravastha key dauran shareer kii chhavi manovaigyaanik kalyan seey nikatata seey judee hui haye aur jaba ack bachche koo shareer mein asantosh hotaa haye tou yeh hanikarak prabhaav paida curr sakata haye. kishoron mein shareer kii chhavi aur manovaigyaanik kalyaanah ling aur school key prakaar key beach sambandh" lekh mein, helen winfield bataate hain kii ack kishore kaa uchch vidyalaya kaa anubhav unaki kathit shareer kii chhavi seey nikatata seey judaa huaa haye. unhone 336 seey adhik kishoron kaa vishleshan kiya aur paaya kii "shaaririk aakarshan aur shareer kii chhavi kii rating praarambhik kishoravastha mein apekshaakrit sthir rahati haye, lekin yuvavastha mein parivartan key kaaran umr 15-18 key aspas teji seey nakaratmak hoe jaati haye. hyee school key varshon key dauran yeh badalaav kishoron key liye gambhir manovaigyaanik samasyaon kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. yeye manovaigyaanik samasyaaen khaane key vikaaron mein prakat hoe sakati hain joe gambhir jeevan bhar kii samasyaon kaa kaaran bunn sakati hain. inn nishkarshon key kaaran, yeh dikhaaya gayaa haye kii yeye shareer kii chhavi key mudde vishesh roop seey ladkiyon mein prachalit hain, lekin jaise-jaise ladke yuvavastha mein pravesh karate hain, oonchaai aur maanspeshiyon key dravyamaan mein bhee badalaav kii apekshaaen hoti hain. geophrey aich. kohain, harrison jee. pope junier. apane lekh mein, "ladakon mein shareer kii chhavih saahitya kii sameeksha", daavaa kartaa haye kii "ladakiyan aamtaur parr patali honey chaahati theen, ladke aksar badey honah chaahte they. yeh aankada darshaata haye kii shareer kii chhavi mein ling antar vibhinn saundarya aadarshon kaa kaaran banata haye. ling kaa kishore key shareer kii chhavi aur sambhaavit roop seey unake uchch vidyalaya key anubhav koo prabhaavit karane kaa prabhaav hoe sakata haye.
shiksha.
bachche school mein jitna samay bitaate hain, "shikshak langic samajikkaran sahit bachchon key shaikshik anubhavon key kaee pahaluon key liye prabhaavshaali aadarsh hain. joe shikshak purushon aur mahilaaon key beach pratibha key vitaran key sambandh mein saanskritik roop seey pramukh ling-bhoomika roodhivaadita kaa samarthan karate hain, way apane chhatron kii ganitiya kshamataon aur ganit mein prayaas sansadhanon key baare mein apani dhaarana koo iss tarah seey vikrit karate hain, joe unake ling-bhoomika roodhivaadita key anuroop haye aur una shikshakon kii tulanaa mein adhik hudd taka joe roodhivaadita kaa samarthan naheen karate hain.
1994 kii report "american psychological association" key anusaar, [aim] buddhimatta key maanak parikshanon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa haye taaki mahilaaon aur purushon key beach koee samagr ank antar naa hoe."halanki, ganit aur maukhik upaayon jaise vishisht kshetron mein antar paae gaye hain. ganit key bheetar bhee, yeh dhyaan diyaa jaataa haye kii ling key parinamswarup pradarshan mein mahatvapurna antar uchch vidyalaya mein dair taka naheen hotey hain, javic antar, shikshakon dwara roodhivaadita kii pradarshani aur vyaktigat chhatron key beach chune gaye pathyakram mein antar kaa parinam haye. jabaki, ausatan, ladke aur ladakiyan ganit mein samaan roop seey pradarshan karate hain, ladakon koo bahut hii sarvshreshth pradarshan karane vaalon key saath-saath bahut hii kharaab pradarshan karane vaalon mein seey adhik pratinidhitva kiya jaataa haye. shikshakon ney paaya haye kii jaba kuchh prakaar key shikshan (jaise kii dainik jeevan koo pratibimbit karane vaale prayog) ladkiyon key liye kaam karate hain, tou way aam taur parr ladakon key liye bhee kaam karate hain.
halanki yuva chhatron key beach ganit key pradarshan mein bahut cumm antar paaya gayaa thaa, lekin fenema aur anya dwara 1-3 key chhatron kaa adhyayan. unhone kahaa kii samasya-samadhan ranneetiyon mein mahatvapurna antar paae gaye, jisamen ladkiyon ney ladakon kii tulanaa mein adhik maanak algorithm kaa upayog karane kii pravritti dikhaai. unakaa sujhaav haye kii yeh ganit aur ling key baare mein shikshakon kii roodhivaadi maanyataon key saath-saath adhyayan key design key kaaran hoe sakata haye joe "bachchon kii roodhivaadi maanyataon koo ranneeti key upayog koo prabhaavit karane aur iss prakaar inn kakshaon mein samajh key vikas" kii anumati detaa haye. ilinois raajya vishvavidyalaya mein kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein teen teesari kaksha key shikshakon kii shikshan prathaon parr langic roodhivaadita key prabhaavon kii jaanch kii gaee, yeh dekhate hue kii "[shikshakon] ney ling tatasthata kaa daavaa kiya, phir bhee unhone adhyayan key dauran ling antar key baare mein kaee vishvaas vyakt kiye", jaise kii ladakon (lekin ladkiyon koo naheen) koo apana haath uthaaye binaa prashnon kaa jawab dene kii anumati denaa yaa padhane kaa chayan pradaan karna joe gair-paaramparik bhoomikaon mein mahilaaon koo badhaava detaa haye, lekin purushon key liye aisaa naheen karna.
kull milakar, chhaatr pradarshan mein antar joe ling seey utpann hotey hain, anya jansankhyikiya antaron kii tulanaa mein chhote hotey hain, jaise kii nasl yaa samajik-aarthik varg. 1992 mein 12veen kaksha key vigyaan parikshanon key parinam, 500-bindu paimaane parr, bataate hain kii shwet aur african americi chhatron key beach ankon kaa antar lagbhag 48 ank thaa, jabaki purush aur mahila chhatron key beach antar lagbhag 11 ank thaa.
media.
samajik ling nirmaan (vishesh roop seey yuva darshakon key liye) bhee media seey prabhaavit haye. 21veen sadee mein, vikasit deshon mein aadhunik praudyogiki prachur matra mein haye. 2018 mein, lagbhag 42 pratishat kishore aur kishore apane phone key paas naa honey parr chinta kii bhaavanaon kaa anubhav karate hain. kishoron kii sankhya badh rahee haye joe pratidin media parr ausatan 6.5 ghante bitaate hain. yeh detta darshaata haye kii ack kishore kaa vyaktitva media parr kitna nirbhar haye. ling nirmaan koo prabhaavit karane vaale media koo vigyaapan, soshal networking, patrikaon, television, sangeet aur sangeet video mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
yeye munch prabhaavit curr sakate hain kii kaise ack vikaasheel maanav swayam aur unake aspas key logon key baare mein sochata haye. sakaratmak aur nakaratmak donon madhyam hain aur pratyek prakaar koo alag-alag tareeke seey dekhaa jaa sakata haye. media aksar purushon aur mahilaaon koo roodhivaadi tareeke seey chitrit karega, joe samaaj key liye unaki "aadarsh chhavi" koo darshaata haye. yeye chhaviyaan aksar kaee vikaasheel kishoron key liye ack charam apeksha key roop mein kaary karati hain.
purushon koo aam taur parr mukhar, shaktishali aur majboot key roop mein chitrit kiya jaataa haye. vishesh roop seey television mein, purushon koo aamtaur parr gair-bhaavnaatmak aur alag honey key roop mein dikhaaya jaataa haye. mahilaaon koo aksar isake vipareet chitrit kiya jaataa haye. ling bhoomikaaen aam taur parr media mein mahilaaon key liye purushon kii tulanaa mein adhik lagu kii jaati hain. mahilaaon koo aam taur parr ghar kii reedh, dekhbhal karane vaale aur ghar kii maataon key roop mein darshaaya jaataa haye. media mein mahilaaon koo aksar kamjor, aashrit aur nishkriya vyaktitva diye jaate hain. media kii upasthiti aksar yeh bataati haye kii purushon koo dekhbhal karane kii anumati naheen haye aur mahilaaon koo majboot aur maang karane kii anumati naheen haye. media key yeye ling prabhaav ack badhate hue bachche yaa kishore koo gumrah curr sakate hain kyonki jaba way abhee bhee ack samajik vatavaran mein apani pehchaan aur ling kaa nirmaan karane kii koshish curr rahey hain, tou way pakshapaati prabhaavon seey ghire hue hain.
internet offline samaaj key moolyon koo darshaata haye, aur online kiye gaye chutkule una chutkulon mein pratibimbit moolyon aur vichaaron koo prakat karate hain, bhale hii way haasya mein shamil houn. meem kaa upayog kamuk vichaaron koo 'chutkulon' mein badalane, laingikvaadi ling roodhivaad koo majboot karane, mahilaaon key khilaf dhamki dene aur transgender logon kaa majaak udaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. inmein seey kaee vichaar, jaba unake baare mein sawal kiye jaate hain yaa chintaaen jataai jaati hain, tou yeh kahate hue chhipe hotey hain kii yeh sirf ack majaak yaa ack meem thaa. haalaanki, nariwadi aur transgender sthaanon mein meem aur internet samudaay bhee bahut aam hain, jahan ling key baare mein chutkule dayalu hotey hain aur samudaay key bheetar seey aatey hain naa kii isake baahar seey.
shodh vidhiyaan.
samajik nirmaanvaadi abhyaas mein samaveshita aur sweekriti mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati haye-udaharanon mein ack sahakaari tareeke seey dusaron key saath kaam saajha karna shamil haye, jisamen ack vividh namuna, detta kii anya vyakhyaon key liye khula honah, aur vaigyaanik anusandhaan, sahabhaagi anusandhaan aur samajik sakriyata key beach kii rekhaaon koo dhundhala karna shamil haye. vaigyaanik anusandhaan key dhundhale honey kaa arth yeh bhee haye kii anya vishayon koo manovaigyaanik kaary mein shamil kiya jaae (jaise.jee. pradarshanatmak manovigyaan mein kalaatmak abhivyakti yaa haasya) aur paaramparik vaigyaanik bhasha seey parey kii soch shamil haye. inn vidhiyon koo vartamaan mein manovigyaan mein mahatva naheen diyaa jaataa haye kyonki inhen vaigyaanik key roop mein naheen dekhaa jaataa haye.
ack samajik nirmaanvaadi manovaigyaanik yeh spasht curr sakata haye kii uska drishtikon aitihaasik avadhiyon key sabhi sandarbhon mein saarvbhaumik roop seey sach naheen haye. samajik nirmaanvaadi maanate hain kii pratyek shodhkarta kii ack raay hoti haye aur vaha kissy naa kissy tarah seey pakshapaati hotaa haye. way sweekaar karate hain kii unake apane vichaar aur adhyayan key nishkarsh/parinam vighatankari aalochana key liye khule hain-koee bhavya sachchai naheen paaee jaa sakati haye kyonki sub kuchh sandarbh-vishisht haye aur samay avadhi aur vibhinn sthitiyon mein badalane kii kshamata haye. isase sambandhit vichaar yeh haye kii samajik nirmanvadiyon koo lagaatar apane kaam parr sawal uthaana chaahiye kyonki unake kaam kii lagaatar punah vyakhya kii jaa sakati haye aur alag-alag samay parr unake alag-alag arth hoe sakate hain.
samajik nirmanvadiyon kaa tark haye kii ling dwibhajan itna antarnihit haye kii shodh nishkarshon key liye isase aprabhaavit rehna asambhav haye. loga aksar aashvast hotey hain kii purushon aur mahilaaon key beach antarnihit antar hain, joe adhyayan aur unake nishkarsh donon koo darkinar karate hain. yaani, shodh prashnon koo aise tarikon seey taiyar kiya jaataa haye joe lingon key beach antar kii talash karate hain, aur iss prakaar unake tareeke bhee iss dhaanche dwara baadhit honge. isake alawa, adhyayan kaa vaastavik parinam, bhale hii daave sandigdh houn yaa sabse achche mein mamuli houn, aksar tathyon key roop mein sweekaar kiye jaate hain yadi way ling pravachan kathaa kaa samarthan karate hain aur aksar uddhrit aur charcha kii jaati haye. iss ghatana koo "darpan kaa holl" prabhaav kahaa jaataa haye.
ling nirmaan key sambandh mein samajikkaran prakriyaon koo poori tarah seey aur sateek roop seey record karane key liye, nasleeya aur anudairdhya adhyayan aadarsh hain. haalaanki, inn tarikon kii apani seemaaen hain. aise adhyayanon koo karna mahanga aur samay lene vaalaa haye joe mahatvapurna parinam denge, aur aise kaee kaarak hain joe kissy vyakti key ling nirmaan koo prabhaavit karate hain. iss prakaar, ling key samajik nirmaan key sambandh mein adhik shodh kii aavashyakta haye.
shodh yaa tou gunaatmak yaa matratmak hoe sakata haye. gunaatmak detta fayademand haye kyonki yeh adhyayan key vishayon koo aavaaj dey sakata haye. haalaanki, kharaab-nirmit gunaatmak anusandhaan nasl aur varg purvagrahon key prajanan kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye yadi nishkarsh anuchit roop seey saamaanyikrit hain. udaaharan key liye, gunaatmak anusandhaan vidhiyon mein aksar chhote, sajaatiya namoone shamil hotey hain. isaliye, logon key ack vishisht samooh parr kiye gaye adhyayan key nishkarshon koo samanya banaana aur phir unhein usa ling key sabhi logon parr lagu karna anuchit hoga.
matratmak detta taba upayogi hotaa haye jaba kathin detta kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jaise kii neetigat muddon koo sambodhit karna, jaba kathin detta kii aavashyakta hoti haye taaki logon koo vishayon seey aparichit samajhaaya jaa sakey. haalaanki, matratmak anusandhaan vastu nirmaan key madhyam seey ling aur saanskritik dhaaranaon koo majboot curr sakata haye. arthaat, detta kaa matratmak roop seey vishleshan karane key liye, unhein vishisht shreniyon mein fitt honah chaahiye. haalaanki, aisee shreniyaan ling roodhivaadita parr adharit yaa cumm seey cumm usase prabhaavit hoe sakati hain.
samajik parivartan aur aalochanaon koo badhaava denaa.
samajik parivartan.
ling kaa aksar matlab hotaa haye ling maanak vyavhaar aur bhoomikaon kaa paalan karna. ling kaa pradarshan ling shreniyon key anivaaryata koo majboot kartaa haye. anivaaryvaad kaa tark haye kii lingon key beach aavashyak antar hain joe ling pradarshan mein antar mein prakat hotey hain. ling pradarshan mein ack shailibaddh abhyaas shamil hotaa haye jisamen haav-bhaav, bhasha aur bhaashan shamil hotey hain aur yeh ack pehchaan banaane aur banaane kaa kaam kartaa haye. jaba koee vyakti samajik maandandon dwara nirdhaarit manakon key anusaar apana ling pradarshan kartaa haye, tou yeh ling anivaaryata key tark koo majboot kartaa haye. aitihaasik roop seey, purushon ney ack pramukh ling bhoomika nibhai haye, aur mahilaaon koo purushon key liye ack agyakari bhoomika nirdhaarit kii gaee haye. adheenata koo nirvivaad roop seey jaane key liye, sanrachana koo ack saanskritik utpaad key roop mein dikhaai naheen denaa chaahiye-yeh swabhavik prateet honah chaahiye. samajik andolan una shreniyon koo chunauti dey sakate hain joe "praakritik" prateet hoti hain. kuchh kaanoon purushon aur mahilaaon key liye samaantaa koo badhaava dey sakate hain, joe sawal curr sakata haye kii kyaa ling kii dou shreniyon kii aavashyakta haye (yadi donon key saath samaan vyavhaar kiya jaataa haye). samajik parivartan iss baat kii samajh parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii asamaanta kii jadein langic upalabdhi mein kaise nihit hain.
poore itihas mein mahilaaon ney vibhinn muddon key sambandh mein apane adhikaaron key liye ladaai ladee haye.. pahali lahar, joe 1854 mein shuru hui, mahilaaon key shiksha key adhikaaron aur matadhikariyon dwara vote dene key liye ack ladaai thee. iss andolan key baad doosari lahar narivad aur teesari lahar narivad aaya jisane nariwadi uddeshya koo aage badhaaya. nariwadi andolan kewal mahilaaon key adhikaaron key liye ladane key baare mein naheen thaa, balki iss tathya koo sweekaar karate hue kii way purushon seey kamtar naheen hain aur iss prakaar samaan roop seey vyavhaar kiye jaane aur uchit avsar diye jaane key yogya hain, aam janata seey maanyata aur sammaan arjit karane key baare mein thaa. narivad ubhara aur iss vichaar koo chunauti denaa shuru curr diyaa kii ack mahila kaa upayukt sthaan gharelu aur niji kshetra taka hii seemit thaa. samay key saath, ling bhoomikaon key sambandh mein purushon aur mahilaaon key drishtikon adhik udaar hotey jaa rahey hain. purush aur mahilaaen parivaar key bheetar adhik samtaavaadi jimmedaari vitaran parr sahmat hain. way iss baat parr bhee sahmat hain kii mahilaaon koo saarvajanik kshetra mein, vishesh roop seey netritva key padon mein bhoomika nibhani chaahiye aur hoe sakati haye aur purushon kii niji aur gharelu kshetra mein bhoomika hoe sakati haye. langic bhoomikaon key prati teji seey udaar hotey drishtikon key yeye marker samajik parivartan key prakshepavakra koo ingit karate hain joe maanak maanaa jaataa haye.
ling kii aalochana aur "poorvavat" karane key avsar.
kyonki siddhant kahata haye kii koee bhee ling "curr sakata haye" chaahe way ling maandandon key anuroop houn yaa naheen (aur hamesha ling maandandon key anusaar vyavhaar karane key liye jawabdeh maanaa jaataa haye), parivartan asambhav lagata haye. yadi lingon key beach aavashyak antar samasyagrast hain, tou ack aisaa samaaj jahaan ling sarvavyaapi haye, hamesha langic asamaanta koo banaae rakhane key liye tark diyaa jaa sakata haye. karna" ling kii bhasha kaa arth haye ise ujagar karane key bajaay antar karna. samajik nirmanvad parr bharosa karane vaale adhikansh adhyayan una tarikon kaa pataa lagaate hain jinamen ling kaa nirmaan kiya jaataa haye, lekin phir bhee yeh pradarshit karate hain kii way ling nirmaan ling koo ack nirmaan aur ling asamaanta key roop mein kaise banaae rakhate hain.
haalaanki, kyonki ling "kiya gayaa" yaa nirmit haye, ise "poorvavat" yaa vighatit bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. paraspar kriya key star kaa adhyayan kewal asamaanta kii dridhata kaa dastavejikaran karane seey parey vistaar curr sakata haih (1) samajik baatchit kaba aur kaise cumm langic hoe jaati haye, naa kii kewal alag-alag ling, (2) aisee paristhitiyaan jinake tahat samajik baatchit mein ling aprasangik haye, (3) kyaa sabhi ling kriyaaen asamaanta koo majboot karati hain, (4) sanrachanaatmak (sansthaagat) aur paraspar kriya key star parivartan paida karane key liye kaise ack saath kaam curr sakate hain, aur (5) parivartan key sthal key roop mein baatchit.
prakriti banaam poshan.
aise siddhant joe yeh darshaate hain kii langic vyavhaar poori tarah seey yaa jyaadaatar samajik paramparaon key kaaran haye aur sanskriti prakriti banaam poshan bahas mein ack charam poshan sthiti kaa pratinidhitva karati haye.
anya siddhanton ney ack madhyasthata drishtikon pesh kiya haye jisamen daavaa kiya gayaa haye kii prakriti aur poshan donon hii ling vyavhaar koo prabhaavit karate hain.

