
swa-licenses

aatm-anugyapti (naitik aatm-anugyapti, naitik anugyapti, yaa anugyapti prabhaav bhee) ack aisaa shabd haye jiska upayog samajik manovigyaan aur vipanan mein avachetan ghatana kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jisake dwara kissy kii aatm-chhavi yaa aatm-avadharana mein aatmavishvaas aur suraksha mein vriddhi usa vyakti koo baad key anaitik vyavhaar key parinamon key baare mein cumm chinta karane key liye pravritt karati haye aur isaliye, anaitik vikalp chunane aur anaitik roop seey kaary karane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye. saral shabdon mein, swa-licenses taba hotaa haye jaba loga pahale kuchh sakaratmak karane key baad khud koo vyast honey dete hain; udaaharan key liye, chikna hamberger aur fries key saath aahar soda peene seey bhojan kii uchch calori aur collestroll samagri kii nakaratmak visheshtaon koo avachetan roop seey chhoot mill sakati haye.
iss prabhaav kaa ack badaa upasamuchchay, naitik saakh prabhaav, ack purvagrah haye joe taba hotaa haye jaba ack achche samtaavaadi key roop mein ack vyakti kaa track record unamen ack achetan naitik pramanan, samarthan, yaa licenses sthaapit kartaa haye joe baad mein cumm samtaavaadi nirnayon kii sambhavana koo badhaata haye. yeh prabhaav taba bhee hotaa haye jaba darshak yaa naitik sahakarmi samooh prabhaavit vyakti key pahale seey sthaapit naitik vishvaas seey anjaan hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye, jinn vyaktiyon koo ack setting mein ack mahila yaa ashwet vyakti kii bharti karane kaa avsar milaa thaa, way baad mein ack alag setting mein yeh kahane kii adhik sambhavana rakhate they kii ack naukari ack purush yaa ack safed vyakti key liye behtar hogi. isi tarah key prabhaav taba bhee dikhaai dete hain jaba ack vyakti ack samooh key dusare vyakti koo dekhta haye jise way ack samtaavaadi nirnay lene key saath pahachaante hain.
aatm-licenses key nakaratmak samajik parinam hoe sakate hain kyonki iska nasleeya purvagrah aur bhedbhaav, swarth, kharaab aahar aur swaasthya kii aadton aur atyadhik oorjaa kii khapat jaise vyavhaaron parr anumat prabhaav padata haye.
lekin haal kii chhatravritti licenses prabhaav key maulik adhyayanon koo doharaane mein whiffle rahee haye, aur metaa-vishleshan ney paaya kii yeh prakaashan purvagrah dwara atiranjit haye.
paribhaashaaen.
shodhkarta uzma khaan aur raavi dhaar ney inn ghatnaaon kaa varnan iss prakaar kiya haih
isi tarah, annaa merritt aur sahyogiyon ney samajhaaya haye kii
samooh kii sadasyata.
yeh paaya gayaa haye kii naitik saakh koo paroksh roop seey praapt kiya jaa sakata haye. yaani, ack vyakti aisaa vyavhaar karega jaise kii unake paas, khud, naitik saakh haye, jaba vaha vyakti ack samooh key dusare vyakti koo dekhta haye jise way ack samtaavaadi nirnay lene key saath pahachaante hain. samajik pehchaan siddhant parr adharit shodh mein, yeh bhee paaya gayaa kii samooh kii sadasyata purvagrah kii dhaaranaon koo cumm karane mein naitik saakh kii prabhavsheelta koo niyantrit karati haye. vishesh roop seey, yeh dekhaa gayaa kii naitik saakh key pradarshan kaa una logon key beach adhik prabhaav padata haye joe samooh mein sthiti saajha karate hain.
udaaharan.
shodh seey pataa chalata haye kii aatm-licenses vibhinn sandarbhon mein naitik aatm-niyaman aur vyaktigat vyavhaar koo prabhaavit kartaa haye; udaaharan key liye, yeh upabhokta khareed, raajneetik raay, dharmarth denaa, oorjaa neeti aur gharelu oorjaa upayog, naukari parr rakhane, nasleeya drishtikon, swaasthya seey sambandhit nirnay lene, jokhim bharey yaun vyavhaar, sharaab kaa sevan aur aahar poorak upayog koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye. "washington post" key karmchari lekhak michael rosenwald ney aatm-licenses vyavhaar key nimnalikhit dainik udaharanon kaa varnan kiyaah
ack badey anubhav namuna adhyayan mein, hoffman aur unake sahyogiyon ney prayogshala key baahar logon key rosemarra key vyavhaar mein naitik licenses key liye saboot paae, yeh dekhate hue kii "dinn mein pahale ack naitik kaary karna baad mein ack anaitik kaary kii ausat seey adhik sambhavana seey judaa thaa aur baad mein ack naitik kaary kii sambhavana mein kamee aaee thee."
aahar poorak kaa upayog aur aswasthyakar vyavhaar.
taiwan mein shodhkartaon dwara 2011 mein prakaashit ack adhyayan ney sanket diyaa kii joe loga multivitamine goliyaan lete hain, vishesh roop seey joe maanate hain kii way poorak upayog seey mahatvapurna swaasthya laabh praapt curr rahey hain, way baad mein aswasthyakar gatividhiyon mein sanlagn honey key liye adhik pravan hain. adhyayan mein pratibhagiyon koo dou samoohon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, jinamen seey donon koo placebo goliyaan dee gaeen theen; ack samooh koo sahee dhang seey soochit kiya gayaa thaa kii goliyon mein koee sakriya tatva naheen thaa aur dusare samooh koo bataaya gayaa thaa kii goliyaan multivitamine supplement theen. sarvekshan key parinamon seey pataa chalaa kii jinn pratibhagiyon ney socha kii unhein multivitamine milaa haye, way adhik sigaret peene key liye purvanirdhaarit they aur yeh vishvaas karane kii adhik sambhavana thee kii way una vishayon kii tulanaa mein nuksan, chot aur bimari key liye abhedya they joe jaanate they kii unhein ack placebo diyaa gayaa thaa. jinn pratibhagiyon kaa maanana thaa kii unhein multivitamine diyaa gayaa thaa, unamen vyayam karane aur swasth bhojan chunane kii sambhavana bhee cumm thee, aur way "aisee hedonic gatividhiyon mein shamil honey kii adhik ichcha rakhate they jinamen tatkaal santushti shamil hoti haye lekin joe deerghakaalik swaasthya key liye khatare paida karati hain", jaise kii aakasmik yaun sambandh, dhoop mein snan, jangli partiyon aur atyadhik sharaab peena. multivitamine' samooh mein, ack pratibhaagi jitna adhik poorak kaa upayog kartaa haye, unake vyayam karane kii sambhavana utani hii cumm hoti haye, aur una pratibhagiyon mein dhumrapan sabse adhik thaa jinhone ack sachet vishvaas vyakt kiya kii multivitamine swaasthya mein vriddhi karate hain. 
adhyayan key lekhakon ney tark diyaa kii kyonki aahar poorak swaasthya laabh pradaan karane key roop mein maane jaate hain, iss tarah key poorak kaa upayog abhedyata kii ack bhraamak bhavna paida curr sakata haye joe aswasthyakar vyavhaaron koo pratibandhit kartaa haye. kull milakar, adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii joe loga poorak davaayen lete hain, way mahsoos curr sakate hain kii kewal ack goli lena swaasthya kii parwah kiye binaa anya gatividhiyon kaa anand lene key liye swasth jeevan mein paryaapt yogdan haye, aur yeh poorak upayogkartaon key beach ack sambhaavit pakhand koo ujagar kartaa haye. lekhakon ney salah deeh
adhyayan key nihitarth parr tippani karate hue, bayne goldekar ney yeh kahaah
upabhokta khareed nirnay.
shodhkartaon khaan aur dhaar ney vilasita vastuon kii khareed key sambandh mein upabhokta nirnayon parr swa-licenses key prabhaav kii jaanch kii. unhone tark diyaa kii "ack vilasita vikalp key liye saapeksh praathamiktaaen adhik hongi yadi logon key poorv nirnay unaki praasangik aatm-avadharana koo badhaava dete hain. swa-anugyapti prabhaav key kaaran, "sadguni honey kaa poorv irada uttardaataon kii aatm-avadhaaranaon koo badhaava detaa haye, iss prakaar saapeksh vilasita kii khareed seey judey nakaratmak aatm-abhikathan koo cumm kartaa haye. isake alawa, unhone bhavishyavani kii kii upabhokta iss baat seey anjaan hoe sakate hain kii unakaa poorv nirnay unake baad key vikalpon koo kaise prabhaavit kartaa haye; i.ee. licenses dene kaa prabhaav antarnihit prakriya kaafee hudd taka achetan hoe sakati haye. adhyayan mein, kuchh pratibhagiyon koo pahale ack soochi seey ack dharmarth sangathan kaa chayan karane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa, jisake liye way swechha seey saptah mein teen ghante swechha seey kaam karenge. baad mein, inn logon aur pratibhagiyon seey, jinhen swayamsevi key roop mein kaam karane key liye naheen kahaa gayaa thaa, poochha gayaa kii kyaa way designer jeanes kharidenge yaa ack samaan keemat vaali vacuum cleaner, yeh maanate hue kii unake paas kewal ack hii khareedane key liye paryaapt paisa haye. jinn pratibhagiyon seey kharidari seey pahale dharmarth kaary karane kii kalpana karane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa, way jeanes chunane kii sambhavana doguni seey adhik thee. lekhakon ney nott kiya kii "logon koo iss prabhaav key liye achchha bhee naheen karna padata haye... bhale hii way kuchh achchha karane kii yojana banaate hain, yeh unhein apani aatm-chhavi mein badhaava dega. kissy bhee prakaar kii sthiti mein jahan aap doshi hain, aap ise dekhenge, aur isaliye yeh vilasita vastuon mein hotaa haye."
torrento vyavhaar vipanan professor neena majaar aur chain-bow jhong vishvavidyalaya dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii joe loga harey utpaad khareedate hain, way paaramparik utpaadon koo khareedane vaalon kii tulanaa mein dhokha dene aur chori karane kii adhik sambhavana rakhate hain. shodhkartaon ney ack prayog kiya jisamen unhone college key chhatron seey paryaavaran key anukool yaa paaramparik store seey utpaadon kii online kharidari karane key liye kahaa. pratyek vishay koo taba tanashah khel key roop mein jaane jaane vaale ack pratimaan mein apane aur ack ajnabi key beach ack chhoti raashi vibhajit karane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa, jisamen pratibhaagi adhik paisa banaane key liye dhokha dey sakate hain. green store key kharidar paaramparik store kii tulanaa mein adhik beiman they, jisase unhein khel mein adhik kamai hui. lekhakon ney sujhaav diyaa kii parinamon kaa lekha-jokha licenses prabhaav dwara kiya jaa sakata haye, yeh dekhate hue kii "jaba humm ack achche kaary mein sanlagn hotey hain, tou yeh hamein ack tarah kii santushti detaa haye. usa aatm-santusht bhavna key saath agali baar jaba hamein avsar mille tou adhik swarthi vyavhaar karane kii maun anumati mill sakati haye. lekhakon ney kahaa kii "harit utpaadon kii khareed swa-hita aur anaitik vyavhaar mein lipt honey kaa licenses dey sakati haye", aur nishkarsh nikaalah
haalaanki, baad key shodh naa kewal mazaar aur jhong key nishkarshon koo doharaane mein whiffle rahey, balki paaya kii harit khapat kaa beimani parr koee baad kaa licenses prabhaav naheen padaa.
oorjaa kaa upayog.
shodhkartaon ney yeh samajhaane key liye swa-licenses prabhaav kaa ahwan kiya haye kii joe upabhokta oorjaa-kushal utpaadon kaa vikalp chunate hain, way apane oorjaa upayog koo kyon badhaate hain taaki kissy bhee sambhaavit laabh kii bharpai kii jaa sakey. oorjaa arthashastri lucas davis ney ack adhyayan prakaashit kiya jisamen dikhaaya gayaa haye kii uchch dakshata vaale washer praapt karane key baad, upbhoktaon ney kapade dhone mein lagbhag 6 pratishat kii vriddhi kii. anya adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii loga paaramparik roshni kii tulanaa mein adhik samay taka oorjaa-kushal roshni chhodate hain, aur joe loga apane gharon koo adhik oorjaa kushal banaate hain, way apane taap koo badhaate hain aur antatah oorjaa laagat mein koee kamee naheen dekhate hain.
raajneetik raay aur nasleeya vareeyata.
2001 key ack adhyayan mein monin aur miller dwara aatm-licenses prabhaav kii jaanch kii gaee thee, jisamen yeh pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa kii jaba prinston snaatak "gair-purvagrahi" saakh sthaapit karate hain, tou way darshakon key saamane "purvagrahpurna" raay vyakt karane key liye adhik ichchuk hotey hain-yeh jaanate hue bhee kii darshak apani saakh seey anjaan they. monin aur daniel afron dwara baad mein kiye gaye shodh mein candy yaa nakad mein bhugtan kiye gaye vishayon kaa upayog karate hue aur 2004 yaa 2008 key chunaav mein gantantra key rashtrapati pada key ummidvaaron koo prathamikta dene vaalon koo chhodkar, yeh dikhaaya gayaa kii 2008 key rashtrapati chunaav key dauran baraak obama kaa samarthan karane key avsar ney una logon koo banaaya jinhone aisaa kiya thaa, joe kaalpanik sthitiyon mein ashweton parr goron kaa paksh lene kii prathamikta vyakt karate they, jaise kii nasleeya tanaav kaa anubhav curr rahey vibhaag key liye ack pulis pramukh koo kaam parr rakhna. haalaanki, monin aur afron ney agah kiya kii unake "prayogaatmak karyon ney aspasht chhod diyaa kii inn prathmiktaon ney kiss hudd taka purvagrah kaa pratinidhitva kiya."
metaa-vishleshan aur pratikritiyaan.
swa-anugyapti parr teen metaa-vishleshan prakaashit kiye gaye hain. inmein seey dou metaa-vishleshanon seey pataa chalata haye kii swa-licenses prabhaav sanskriti dwara niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye, aur inmein seey sabse halia metaa-vishleshanon seey pataa chalata haye kii prabhaav key pichhale anuman prakaashan purvagrah (mool khoj koo doharaane mein viphaltaon key halia prakaashan key anuroop) key kaaran atiranjit hoe sakate hain.

