vibhedak pravardhak

ack vibhedak pravardhak ack prakaar kaa electronic pravardhak haye joe dou input voltage key beach key antar koo badhaata haye lekin donon input key liye kissy bhee samanya voltage koo dabaa detaa haye. yeh dou input sootra _ 1 aur sootra _ 2 aur ack output sootra _ 3 key saath ack analogue circuit haye, jisamen output aadarsh roop seey dou voltage key beach key antar key samanupati haih
jahan sootra _ 5 pravardhak kaa laabh haye.
ekal pravardhak aamtaur parr yaa tou ack maanak opp-emp mein upayukt pratikriya pratirodhakon koo jodkar, yaa aantarik pratikriya pratirodhakon vaale ack samarpit ekikrit paripath key saath lagu kiye jaate hain. yeh analogue sanketon koo sambhaalane vaale badey ekikrit paripathon kaa ack samanya upa-ghatak bhee haye.
siddhant.
ack aadarsh vibhedak pravardhak kaa utpaadan iss prakaar diyaa jaataa haye -
jahan sootra _ 2 aur sootra _ 1 input voltage hain, aur sootra _ 9 antar laabh haye.
haalaanki, vyavhaar mein, laabh donon niveshon key liye kaafee barabar naheen haye. iska matlab haye, udaaharan key liye, kii yadi sootra _ 2 aur sootra _ 1 barabar hain, tou output shoonya naheen hoga, jaisa kii yeh aadarsh mamle mein hoga. ack vibhedak pravardhak key utpaadan key liye ack adhik yathaarthvaadi abhivyakti mein iss prakaar ack doosara pada shamil haih
jahan sootra _ 13 koo pravardhak kaa samanya-mode laabh kahaa jaataa haye.
jaisa kii vibhedak pravardhak kaa upayog aksar donon input parr dikhaai dene vaale shore yaa purvagrah voltage koo samaapt karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, ack cumm samanya-mode laabh aamtaur parr vaanchhit hotaa haye.
samanya-mode asweekriti anupaat (see. aim. aar. aar.), jise aamtaur parr antar-mode laabh aur samanya-mode laabh key beach key anupaat key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye, donon input key liye samanya voltage koo sateek roop seey radd karane kii emplifier kii kshamata koo ingit kartaa haye. samanya-mode asweekriti anupaat koo iss prakaar paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye -
ack poori tarah seey samamit antar pravardhak mein, sootra _ 13 shoonya haye, aur cmrr anant haye. dhyaan dein kii ack antar pravardhak ack ekal input key saath ack kii tulanaa mein pravardhak kaa adhik samanya roop haye; ack antar pravardhak key ack input koo ground karke, ack ekal-anta pravardhak parinam.
lambi poonchh vaali jodee.
aitihaasik prishthabhoomi.
aadhunik vibhedak pravardhak aamtaur parr ack buniyaadi dou-transister paripath key saath lagu kiye jaate hain jise "lambi-poonchh vaali" jodee yaa "vibhedak jodee" kahaa jaataa haye. iss paripath koo mool roop seey vacuum tubes kii ack jodee kaa upayog karke lagu kiya gayaa thaa. circuit vartamaan laabh key saath sabhi teen-terminal upkaranon key liye ack hii tarah seey kaam kartaa haye. lambi-poonchh" pratirodhak paripath key purvagrah bindu kaafee hudd taka ome key niyam dwara nirdhaarit kiye jaate hain aur sakriya-ghatak visheshtaon dwara cumm.
lambi poonchh vaali jodee koo push-pull circuit takneekon aur maap pulon key pahale key gyaan seey vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. ack praarambhik paripath joe ack lambi poonchh vaali jodee seey milata-julata haye, 1934 mein british neurophysiologist bryan maithyu dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, aur aisaa lagata haye kii yeh ack sachchi lambi poonchh vaali jodee honey kaa irada thaa, lekin ack drying truti key saath prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. sabse pahala nishchit lambi poonchh vaalaa jodaa paripath 1936 mein ellen bloomlen dwara prastut ack patent mein dikhaai detaa haye. 1930 key dashak key anta taka topology achchi tarah seey sthaapit thee aur vibhinn lekhakon dwara varnit kii gaee thee, jisamen frank offener (1937), otto schmitt (1937) aur zaan friedrich tonies (1938) shamil they, aur iska upayog vishesh roop seey shaaririk aavegon kaa pataa lagaane aur maapane key liye kiya gayaa thaa.
lambi poonchh vaali jodee kaa upayog praarambhik british computing mein bahut safaltapurvak kiya gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey pilot aiss model aur vanshaj, morris wilks adsack, aur shayed anya logon dwara design kiye gaye joe bluemlin yaa unake sathiyon key saath kaam karate they. lambi poonchh vaali jodee mein kaee anukool visheshtaen hoti hain yadi ack switch key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haih badey paimaane parr tube (transister) bhinnataon key liye pratiraksha (jaba machines mein 1,000 tube yaa usase adhik hotey hain tou bahut mahatvapurna), uchch laabh, laabh sthirata, uchch input pratibadha, madhyam/cumm utpaadan pratibadha, achchha clipper (bahut lambi poonchh key saath), gair-inverting ("adsack mein koee invertor naheen hotaa haye!") aur badey output voltage swing. ack nuksan yeh haye kii output voltage swing (aamtaur parr ± 10-20 v) koo uchch dc voltage (200 v yaa usase adhik) parr lagaaya gayaa thaa, jisake liye signal coupling mein dekhbhal kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aamtaur parr wide-baind dc coupling key kuchh roop. iss samay key kaee computers ney kewal ack-yugmit puls tark kaa upayog karke iss samasya seey bachane kii koshish kii, jisane unhein bahut badaa aur atyadhik jatil banaa diyaa (20-ankon key calculator key liye 18,000 tube) yaa avishvasaniya. vacuum-tube computers kii pahali peedhi key baad dee. see.-yugmit paripath samanya hoe gayaa.
vinyas.
ack antar (lambi poonchh, utsarjak-yugmit) yugm pravardhak mein samanya (utsarjak, srot yaa cathode) apakshay key saath dou pravardhan charan hotey hain.
vibhedak utpaadan.
dou nivesh aur dou output key saath, yeh ack antar pravardhak charan (chitra 2) banaata haye. dou aadhar (yaa grid yaa gett) aise input hain joe transister jodee dwara alag-alag roop seey pravardhit (ghataaya aur gunaa kiya jaataa haye) hotey hain; unhein ack antar (santulit) input signal key saath khilaaya jaa sakata haye, yaa ack input koo ack charan splitter circuit banaane key liye ground kiya jaa sakata haye. vibhedak utpaadan vaalaa ack pravardhak ack tairate hue bhaar yaa vibhedak input key saath ack anya charan koo chalaa sakata haye.
ekal anta output.
yadi antar utpaadan vaanchhit naheen haye, tou kewal ack utpaadan kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye (kewal ack sangraahak (yaa anode yaa naali) seey liya jaataa haye, dusare utpaadan kii upeksha karate hue; iss vinyas koo "ekal-anta utpaadan" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. laabh antar utpaadan key saath charan kaa aadhaa haye. laabh kaa tyag karane seey bachane key liye, ack antar seey ekal-anta convertor kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. ise aksar vartamaan darpan key roop mein lagu kiya jaataa haye (chitra 3, neeche).
ekal anta input.
antar jodee kaa upayog ekal-anta input key saath ack pravardhak key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye yadi ack input ground kiya jaataa haye yaa ack sandarbh voltage key liye nishchit kiya jaataa haye (aamtaur parr, dusare collector kaa upayog ekal-anta output key roop mein kiya jaataa haye) iss vyavastha koo cascade samanya-sangraahak aur samanya-aadhar charanon yaa ack buffer samanya-aadhar charan key roop mein socha jaa sakata haye.
utsarjak-yugmit pravardhak koo tapman key bahaav key liye kshatipurti kii jaati haye, vee. bee. ee. koo radd curr diyaa jaataa haye, aur miller prabhaav aur transister santripti seey bachaa jaataa haye. yahee kaaran haye kii iska upayog utsarjak-yugmit pravardhak (miller prabhaav seey bachane), charan splitter circuit (dou vyutkram voltage praapt karna), aclic gett aur switch (transister santripti seey bachane) aadi banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
operation.
paripath sanchaalan kii vyakhya karane key liye, chaar vishesh mode neeche alag kiye gaye hain, halanki vyavhaar mein, unamen seey kuchh ack saath kaary karate hain aur unake prabhaav adhiropit hotey hain.
pakshapaat.
classic pravardhan charanon key vipareet joe aadhar key paksh seey pakshapaati hain (aur isaliye way atyadhik β-nirbhar hain), antar jodee kull shaant dhaara koo dubakar/inject karke utsarjakon key paksh seey seedhe pakshapaati haye. shrinkhala nakaratmak pratikriya (utsarjak apakshay) transister koo voltage sthirikaarak key roop mein kaary karati haye; yeh unhein apane collector-utsarjak junctions key madhyam seey shaant dhaara koo paarit karane key liye apane vb voltage (aadhar dhaara) koo samaayojit karane key liye majboor kartaa haye. isaliye, nakaratmak pratikriya key kaaran, shaant dhaara kewal transister key β parr thodi see nirbhar karati haye.
shaant sangraahak dhaaraon koo jagaane key liye aavashyak buysing aadhar dhaaraaen aamtaur parr jameen seey aatee hain, input sroton seey gujarati hain aur aadharon mein pravesh karati hain. isaliye, sroton koo galvanic (dee. see.) honah chaahiye taaki buysing current key liye maarg sunishchit kiya jaa sakey aur cumm pratirodhi paryaapt hoe taaki unake paar mahatvapurna voltage drop naa hoe. anyatha, atirikt dee. see. tatvon koo aadhar aur jameen (yaa sakaratmak bijli aapoorti) key beach jodaa jaanaa chaahiye.
samanya mode.
samanya mode mein (dou input voltage ack hii disha mein badalate hain), dou voltage (utsarjak) anuyaayi ack dusare key saath samanya uchch-pratirodhi utsarjak bhaar ("lambi poonchh") parr ack saath kaam karate hue sahyog karate hain. way sabhi ack saath samanya utsarjak bindu key voltage koo badhaate yaa cumm karate hain (alankarik roop seey, way ack saath ise "oopar kheenchate hain" yaa "neeche kheenchate hain" taaki yeh aage badhe). isake alawa, gatishil bhaar apane tatkaal ohmic pratirodh koo usee disha mein badalkar unaki madad kartaa haye jaise kii input voltage (yeh taba badhata haye jaba voltage badhata haye aur isake vipareet.) iss prakaar dou aapoorti railon key beach nirantar kull pratirodh banaae rakhta haye. ack poorna (100%) nakaratmak pratikriya haye; dou input aadhar voltage aur utsarjak voltage ack saath badalate hain jabaki sangraahak dhaara aur kull dhaara naheen badalate hain. natijatan, output collector voltage bhee naheen badalate hain.
vibhedak mode.
samanya. vibhedak mode mein (dou input voltage vipareet dishaaon mein badalate hain), dou voltage (utsarjak) anuyaayi ack dusare kaa virodh karate hain-jabaki unamen seey ack samanya utsarjak bindu key voltage koo badhaane kii koshish kartaa haye, doosara ise cumm karane kii koshish kartaa haye (alankarik roop seey, unamen seey ack samanya bindu koo "oopar kheenchata haye" jabaki doosara ise "neeche kheenchata haye" taaki yeh achal rahey) aur isake vipareet. isaliye, samanya bindu apane voltage koo naheen badalata haye; yeh samanya-mode input voltage dwara nirdhaarit parimaan key saath ack aabhaasi ground kii tarah vyavhaar kartaa haye. uchch-pratirodh utsarjak tatva koee bhoomika naheen nibhaata haye-yeh anya cumm-pratirodh utsarjak anuyaayi dwara prerit haye. koee nakaratmak pratikriya naheen haye, kyonki jaba input aadhar voltage badalata haye tou utsarjak voltage bilkul naheen badalata haye. samanya shaant dhaara dou transister aur output collector voltage key beach jordar roop seey badalati haye. donon transister apane utsarjakon koo paraspar aadhar banaate hain; isaliye, halanki way samanya-sangraahak charan hain, way vaastav mein adhikatam laabh key saath samanya-utsarjak charanon key roop mein kaary karate hain. upkaran maapdandon mein bhinnataon seey purvagrah sthirata aur swatantrata koo apekshaakrit chhote pratirodhon key saath cathode/utsarjak pratirodhakon key madhyam seey pesh kii gaee nakaratmak pratikriya seey behtar banaaya jaa sakata haye.
atee chaalit. yadi input antar voltage mein kaafee badalaav hotaa haye (lagbhag sou millivolt seey adhik), tou cumm input voltage dwara sanchaalit transister bund hoe jaataa haye aur iska sangraahak voltage sakaratmak aapoorti rail taka pahunch jaataa haye. uchch overdrive parr bases-emiter junction ulat jaataa haye. anya transister (uchch input voltage dwara sanchaalit) sabhi dhaara koo chalaata haye. yadi sangraahak parr pratirodhak apekshaakrit badaa haye, tou transister santript hoe jaayega. apekshaakrit chhote sangraahak pratirodhak aur madhyam overdrive key saath, utsarjak abhee bhee santripti key binaa input sanket kaa paalan curr sakata haye. iss mode kaa upayog vibhedak switch aur accle gett mein kiya jaataa haye.
tootana. yadi input voltage badhata rahata haye aur bases-emiter breakdown voltage seey adhik hoe jaataa haye, tou cumm input voltage dwara sanchaalit transister kaa bases-emiter junction toot jaataa haye. yadi input srot cumm pratirodhi hain, tou ack aseemit dhaara dou input sroton key beach seedhe "diode brij" key madhyam seey pravaahit hogi aur unhein nuksan pahunchaayegi.
"samanya mode mein, utsarjak voltage input voltage bhinnataon kaa anusaran kartaa haye; ack poorna nakaratmak pratikriya hoti haye aur laabh nyuntam hotaa haye. vibhedak mode mein, utsarjak voltage nishchit hotaa haye (tatkaal samanya input voltage key barabar); koee nakaratmak pratikriya naheen hoti haye aur laabh adhikatam hotaa haye."
vibhedak pravardhak sudhaar.
sangraahak vartamaan darpan.
sangraahak pratirodhakon koo ack vartamaan darpan (anjir mein sheersh neela khand) dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye. 3), jiska utpaadan bhaag sakriya bhaar key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. iss prakaar antar sangraahak vartamaan sanket koo aantarik 50 pratishat nuksan key binaa ekal-anta voltage sanket mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye, isaliye laabh doguna hoe jaataa haye. yeh input collector current koo baain or seey daaeen or coppy karke praapt kiya jaataa haye, jahaan dou input sanketon key parimaan judate hain. iss uddeshya key liye, vartamaan darpan kaa input baaen output seey judaa hotaa haye, aur vartamaan darpan kaa output vibhedak pravardhak key daahine output seey judaa hotaa haye.
vartamaan darpan baaen sangraahak dhaara kii pratilipi banaata haye aur ise daahine transister seey gujarta haye joe daahine sangraahak dhaara kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. vibhedak pravardhak key iss sahee utpaadan parr, dou sanket dhaaraaen (sthiti. aur nakaratmak. vartamaan parivartan) ghataaye jaate hain. iss mamle mein (antar input sanket), way barabar aur vipareet hain. iss prakaar, antar vyaktigat sanket dhaaraon (δ "i" − (−δ "i") = 2δ "i") kaa doguna haye, aur ekal-anta roopaantaran key liye antar laabh nuksan key binaa puuraa kiya jaataa haye. anjir. 4 iss paripath kii sancharan visheshta koo darshaata haye.
utsarjak nirantar vartamaan srot.
samanya mode mein nirantar sangraahak voltage sunishchit karane key liye sthir dhaara koo sthir honah padata haye. yeh aavashyakta ack antar utpaadan key mamle mein itani mahatvapurna naheen haye, kyonki halanki unake dou sangraahak voltage ack saath bhinn honge, unakaa antar (output voltage) bhinn naheen hoga. lekin ack anta vaale utpaadan key mamle mein, ack sthir dhaara rakhna behad mahatvapurna haye kyonki utpaadan sangraahak voltage alag-alag hoga. iss prakaar anjir key mool paripath mein vartamaan srot sootra _ 16 kaa pratirodh adhik hotaa haye. 2, nimn (behtar) samanya-mode laabh sootra _ 17 haye.
saajha utsarjak node aur aapoorti rail (aine. pee. aine. key liye nakaratmak aur pee. aine. pee. transister key liye sakaratmak) key beach bahut uchch pratirodh key saath ack tatva (pratirodhak) koo jodkar aavashyak nirantar dhaara kaa utpaadan kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin isake liye uchch aapoorti voltage kii aavashyakta hoti haye. isaliye adhik parishkrit designs mein, uchch antar (gatishil) pratirodh key saath ack tatva joe ack sthir vartamaan srot/sink (anjir key neeche) kaa anuman lagaata haye. 3) "lambi poonchh" key liye pratisthaapit kiya jaataa haye. ise aamtaur parr ack vartamaan darpan dwara isake uchch anupaalan voltage (output transister mein chhote voltage drop) key kaaran lagu kiya jaataa haye.
antar-sanyojan sambandhi vichaar.
floating input srot.
donon aadharon key beach ack tairate srot koo jodana sambhav haye, lekin buysing aadhar dhaaraon key liye maarg sunishchit karna aavashyak haye. galvanic srot key mamle mein, kewal ack pratirodhak koo aadhar aur jameen key beach jodaa jaanaa haye. buysing current seedhe iss aadhar mein pravesh karega aur apratyaksh roop seey (input srot key madhyam seey) dusare mein pravesh karega. yadi srot sandharaniya haye, tou aadhar dhaaraon key liye alag-alag maarg sunishchit karane key liye dou pratirodhakon koo dou aadharon aur jameen key beach jodaa jaanaa chaahiye.
input/output pratibadha.
antar jodee kaa input pratibadha atyadhik roop seey input mode parr nirbhar kartaa haye. samanya mode mein, donon bhaag uchch utsarjak bhaar key saath samanya-sangraahak charanon key roop mein vyavhaar karate hain; isaliye, input pratibadha behad adhik hoti haye. vibhedak mode mein, way grounded utsarjakon key saath samanya-utsarjak charanon key roop mein vyavhaar karate hain; isaliye, input pratibadha cumm hoti haye.
vibhedak jodee kaa utpaadan pratibadha adhik haye (vishesh roop seey vartamaan darpan key saath behtar vibhedak jodee key liye jaisa kii chitra 3 mein dikhaaya gayaa haye).
input/output renz.
samanya-mode input voltage dou aapoorti rail key beach bhinn hoe sakata haye lekin una taka nikatata seey naheen pahunch sakata haye kyonki kuchh voltage drop (nyuntam 1 volt) koo dou vartamaan darpanon key output transister key paar rehna padata haye.
vibhedak pravardhak key roop mein parichaalan pravardhak.
ack parichaalan pravardhak, yaa opp-emp, ack antar pravardhak haye jisamen bahut uchch antar-mode laabh, bahut uchch input pratibadha aur cumm utpaadan pratibadha hoti haye. ack opp-ampy antar pravardhak koo "nakaratmak" pratikriya (chitra 5) lagu karke anumaanit aur sthir laabh key saath banaaya jaa sakata haye. kuchh prakaar key vibhedak pravardhak mein aamtaur parr kaee saral vibhedak pravardhak shamil hotey hain. udaaharan key liye, ack poori tarah seey vibhedak pravardhak, ack upkaran pravardhak, yaa ack algaav pravardhak aksar kaee opp-emp key sanyojan seey banaaya jaataa haye.
anuprayog.
vibhedak pravardhak kaee paripathon mein paae jaate hain joe shrinkhala nakaratmak pratikriya (opp-emp follour, gair-inverting emplifier, aadi) kaa upayog karate hain.), jahan ack input kaa upayog input signal key liye kiya jaataa haye, doosara feedback signal key liye (aamtaur parr parichaalan emplifiers dwara lagu kiya jaataa haye). tulanaa key liye, 1940 key dashak kii shuruat seey puraane jamaane key inverting single-ended opp-emps atirikt pratirodhak network koo jodkar kewal samanantar nakaratmak pratikriya kaa ehsas curr sakate hain (ack opp-emp inverting emplifier sabse lokpriya udaaharan haye). ack samanya anuprayog motor yaa sarvo key niyantran key saath-saath sanket pravardhan anuprayogon key liye haye. asatat electronics mein, ack vibhedak pravardhak koo lagu karane key liye ack samanya vyavastha lambi-poonchh vaali jodee haye, joe aamtaur parr adhikansh opp-emp ekikrit paripathon mein vibhedak tatva key roop mein bhee paaee jaati haye. ack lambi poonchh vaali jodee kaa upayog ack input key roop mein vibhedak voltage aur dusare key roop mein buysing current key saath ack analogue gunak key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. 
ack vibhedak pravardhak kaa upayog input charan utsarjak yugmit tark dwaar key roop mein aur switch key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. jaba ack switch key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye, tou "baaen" aadhar/grid kaa upayog sanket input key roop mein kiya jaataa haye aur "daaen" aadhar/grid koo ground kiya jaataa haye; output daaen sangraahak/plate seey liya jaataa haye. jaba input shoonya yaa nakaratmak hotaa haye, tou output shoonya key karib hotaa haye (lekin santript naheen kiya jaa sakata haye); jaba input sakaratmak hotaa haye, tou output sabse sakaratmak hotaa haye, gatishil sanchaalan vahee hotaa haye joe oopar varnit emplifier upayog key samaan hotaa haye.
samamit pratikriya network samanya-mode laabh aur samanya-mode purvagrah koo samaapt kartaa haye.
yadi prachaalan pravardhak (gair-aadarsh) input purvagrah vartamaan yaa vibhedak input pratibadha ack mahatvapurna prabhaav haye, tou koee bhee ack pratikriya network kaa chayan curr sakata haye joe samanya-mode input sanket aur purvagrah key prabhaav mein sudhaar kartaa haye. chitra 6 mein, vartamaan generator pratyek terminal parr input bayas current kaa model banaate hain; "i" + b aur "i"-b kramshah terminals "v" + aur "v"-parr input bayas current kaa pratinidhitva karate hain.
v" + terminal koo chalaane vaale network key liye thevenin samkaksh mein ack voltage "v" + 'aur pratibadha "r" +' haih
jabaki network key liye "v"-terminal chalaa rhaa haih
opp-emp kaa output sirf open-loop genn haye "a" "ol gunaa antar input current" i "gunaa antar input pratibadha 2" r "d, isaliye
jahan "aar".. aar" kaa ausat haye"+.. aur "aar" -...
inn samikaranon kaa ack badaa saralikaran hotaa haye yadi 
jisake parinamswarup sambandh
jiska tatparya haye kii antar sanket key liye bund-loop laabh "v" + − "v" −in haye, lekin samanya-mode laabh samaan roop seey shoonya haye. 
iska yeh bhee tatparya haye kii samanya-mode input purvagrah dhaara radd hoe gaee haye, kewal input offset dhaara "i" δb = "i" + b − "i" − b abhee bhee maujood haye, aur "r" i key gunank key saath. yeh aisaa haye jaise kii input offset current ack input pratirodh "r" i mein kaary karane vaale input offset voltage key barabar haye, joe input terminals mein feedback network kaa srot pratirodh haye.
anta mein, jaba taka open-loop voltage genn "a" ol unity seey bahut badaa haye, bund-loop voltage genn "r" f/"r" i haye, taba taka vaha value jise "virtual ground" key roop mein jaane jaane vaale niyam-off-thamb analysis key madhyam seey praapt kiya jaayega.

