
sampradayik bhedbhaav

sampradayikta koo ack aisee pratha key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye joe ack samay avadhi mein nirantar samajik, saanskritik aur raajneetik aadton key madhyam seey banaai jaati haye joe samooh ekjutata key gathan kii or leey jaati haye joe samavesh aur bahishkaar kii prathaon parr nirbhar haye. sampradayik bhedbhaav sampradayikta key bahishkaran pahalu parr kendrit haye aur ise 'ack samooh key bheetar upkhandon key beach kathit matbhedon koo mahatva dene seey utpann ghrina' key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye, udaaharan key liye ack dharm key vibhinn sampradaay yaa ack raajneetik vishvaas key gutt.
sampradayik hinsa kii avadhi mein sampradayik bhedbhaav aamtaur parr ack antarnihit kaarak haye. sampradayik hinsa koo vishisht jaatiyata yaa dharm vaale samoohon key beach yaa unake beach sangharsh key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye, jahaan hinsa kaa kaaran unake matbhed hain. sampradayik hinsa kaa ack udaaharan uttari ireland mein catholics aur protestants key beach sangharsh haye.
europe.
17veen shatabdi key baad seey, ireland mein alag-alag teevrata kaa sampradayik sangharsh rhaa haye. yeh dhaarmik sampradaayvaad raashtravaad seey judaa huaa haye. yeh 17veen shatabdi seey uttari ireland mein vishesh roop seey teevra rhaa haye. ayrish pravaas key kaaran yeye tanaav duniya key anya kshetron mein paae jaa sakate hain, jisamen scotland (football clubon key kuchh prashansakon jaise ranger aur celtic aur harts aur hibbs key saath sampradayik mantron mein lipt) (dekhein "glassgo mein sampradayikta"), newfoundland, kanada key samudri praant, newyork raajya, ontario, liverpool, birmingham aur anya jagahen shamil hain. sanyukt raajya america mein catholic virodhi bhavna key liye kuchh bhee naheen jaanate hain.
catholic deshon mein, protestant koo aitihaasik roop seey vidharmiyon key roop mein sataaya gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, france (huguenots) kii paryaapt protestant aabaadi koo 1680 key dashak mein nantus key adesh key nirast honey key baad raajya seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. kaee hugnot behtar jeevan kii ummeed mein channel key madhyam seey ingland bhaag gaye. spen mein, poochtaachh ney naa kewal protestantwad koo jarh seey khatm karane kii koshish kii, balki gupt-yahudi aur gupt-musalman ("moriscos") koo bhee jarh seey khatm karane kii koshish kii; kaheen aur pope kii poochtaachh mein isi tarah key lakshya rakhe gaye they.
adhikansh sthaanon parr jahaan protestantwad bahusankhyak yaa 'aadhikarik' dharm haye, vahaan catholics koo prataadit kiye jaane key udaaharan mille hain. jinn deshon mein sudhaar safal rhaa, vahaan aksar yeh dhaarana bunny rahati haye kii catholics ney ack 'videshi' shakti (pope) key prati nishtha banaae rakhee, jisase unhein sandeh key saath maanaa jaataa haye. kabhi-kabhi yeh avishvaas catholics mein pratibandhon aur bhedbhaav key adheen honey mein prakat hotaa haye, jisase aage sangharsh hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye, 1829 mein catholic mukti seey pahale, catholics koo matdan karane, chunaav key liye khade honey aur ireland mein bhoomi khareedane seey manaa kiya gayaa thaa.
aaj, rojgar mein kattarta aur bhedbhaav koo aamtaur parr kuchh sthaanon parr hataa diyaa jaataa haye jahaan dharm key charam roop maanak hain, yaa sampradayik hinsa aur tanaav key lambe itihas vaale kshetron mein, jaise kii uttari ireland (vishesh roop seey rojgar key mamle mein); haalaanki, yeh iss adhikaar kshetra mein samaapt hoe rhaa haye, sakhti seey lagu kaanoon key kaaran. abb rojgar kotaa key sandarbh mein vipareet bhedbhaav hotaa haye joe abb lagu hotey hain). una sthaanon parr jahaan protestantwad key adhik 'madhyam' roop (jaise anglicanism/episcopalianism) prabal hain, donon paramparaaen ack-dusare key khilaf dhruvikrit naheen hoti hain, aur aamtaur parr shantipurna roop seey saha-astitva mein hoti hain. vishesh roop seey ingland mein, sampradayikta aajkal lagbhag ansuni haye. haalaanki, paschimi scotland mein (jahan calvinism aur presbyterianwad maanak hain) sampradayik vibhajan abhee bhee kabhi-kabhi catholic aur protestant key beach utpann hoe sakate hain. vaastav mein, scotish sudhaar key baad key shuruati varshon mein vaastav mein church off scotland presbyterian aur 'hyee church' anglican key beach aantarik sampradayik tanaav thaa, jinhen way catholic yug seey bahut adhik drishtikon aur prathaon koo banaae rakhane key roop mein maanate they. uttari ireland ney 2007 seey, ack pashchaatvarti [sampradayik] sangharsh samaaj mein sankraman koo chihnit karane key liye, chintan kaa ack niji dinn shuru kiya haye, joe sangathan aur anusandhaan pariyojana koo yaad karane key madhyam seey cross-community upchaar kii ack pahal haye.
yugoslavia key tootane key baad balcon mein hue grih yuddhon koo sampradayikta key saath bhaari roop seey jodaa gayaa haye. crot aur sloven paaramparik roop seey catholic, serb aur macedonian purvi roodhivaadi aur bosniac aur adhikansh albanian musalman rahey hain. dashakon key saamyvaad key baad inn vibhinn jaatiya samoohon key beach dhaarmik abhyaas aur vishvaas kii apekshaakrit cumm darr key bavjood, iss sangharsh mein dhaarmik sambaddhata ney samooh pehchaan key ack marker key roop mein kaam kiya.
australia.
australia mein sampradayikta 18veen, 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi kii ack aitihaasik viraasat haye.
madhya poorv aur asia.
iraq.
iraq mein mukhya sampradayik sangharsh shiya aur sunni musalmaanon key beach haye, aur isase badee matra mein bhedbhaav, raktapaat aur asthirta hui haye. jabaki iraq mein adhikansh musalman shiya hain aur alpasankhyak sunni hain, hassan all-alawi sahit kaee vidvaanon ney lagaatar tark diyaa haye kii iraq mein sampradayikta sunni arabon koo visheshaadhikaar detee haye aur shiyaon key khilaf bhedbhaav karati haye. islam key inn dou sampradayon key beach sampradayik tanaav kaa pataa british janadesh key tahat iraq raajya key nirmaan seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye, jaba angrejon ney ack sunni unmukh raajaa, faisal i koo niyukt kiya thaa. sampradayik bhedbhaav kaa pahala likhit pramaan 1935 seey haye jaba shiya vakeelon ney najaf charter likhaa thaa jisamen iraq mein shiya samudaay key khilaf sampradayik bhedbhaav key prati unaki hatasha aur asantosh kaa dastavejikaran kiya gayaa thaa.
iraq mein baath shasson ney sampradayikta koo kaise prabhaavit kiya, iss parr mishrit vichaar hain. ack drishtikon kaa maanana haye kii baath shasson ney aisee neetiyon koo lagu kiya joe sampradayik pahchaanon key beach kii rekhaaon koo kathor banaati theen, jisase sampradayik tanaav bigadata thaa. dusare pariprekshya mein maanaa jaataa haye kii baath shasson ney nasht karane key liye jail kii sajaa, dhaarmik samagri, pooja sthalon yaa anushthaanon jaisi neetiyon koo lagu karke sampradayikta koo dabaane kii koshish kii.
haal hii mein, sunni alpasankhyak pradhaanmantri noori maliki key netritva vaali shiya key netritva vaali sarkaar dwara badhate haashiye kii bhaavanaon koo vyakt curr rahey hain. sunni aabaadi key bheetar sampradayik bhedbhaav kii bhaavanaon ney sampradayik peeditata kii kathaa kaa nirmaan kiya haye.
seeriya.
seeriya mein kaam curr rahey sanyukt rashtra manvadhikar jaanchkartaon ney siriyai grihyuddh koo ack spasht roop seey sampradayik sangharsh nirdhaarit kiya. jaatiya aur dhaarmik alpsankhyakon key khilaf sampradayik bhedbhaav seey utpann khatare kii ack gahari bhavna ney aise samoohon koo sangharsh mein shamil dalon key saath iss ummeed mein sanrekhit karane key liye prerit kiya haye kii way suraksha pradaan karenge, halanki yeh desh key bheetar gahare sampradayik vibhajan mein yogdan dey rhaa haye.
grihyuddh ney seeriya key sampradayik vitaran koo badal diyaa haye, kyonki vishisht kshetron mein badee matra mein visthaapan aur jaatiya safai hui haye. desh koo abb chaar kshetron mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye; shasson, vidrohiyon yaa kurdon kaa tatvavdhan.shasson kii senaa key niyantran mein kshetron koo sabse vividh kshetra maanaa jaa sakata haye, jisamen mukhya roop seey sunni, badee sankhya mein alavite aur alpsankhyakon kii ack chhoti sankhya shamil haye joe suraksha kii talash mein kshetra mein bhaag gaye hain. vidrohi niyantrit kshetron mein, sunni arabon kaa prabhutva haye, aur inn kshetron mein rahane vaale alpsankhyakon koo yaa tou sunni dharm mein parivartit honey key liye majboor kiya gayaa haye yaa way bhaag gaye hain. anta mein kurdish prabhutva vaale kshetra, joe mukhya roop seey uttari seema parr maujood hain, kurdish key netritva vaali siriyai loktaantrik taakton (aiss. dee. aff.) dwara niyantrit hain.
lebnan.
lebnan key dhaarmik vibhajan behad jatil hain, aur desh kaee dhaarmik samoohon dwara banaaya gayaa haye. philistine key sharanarthiyon aur plo key desh mein pravesh karane key baad sampradayik ukasaave key kaaran lebnan mein sampradayikta paida hui thee. lebnan mein yahoodiyon koo arab-israel yuddh key baad aur grih yuddh key dauran bhedbhaav kaa saamana karna padaa, halanki cursten schulz key anusaar lebnan ack yahudi mitra desh thaa aur "ack yahudi-virodhi [sic] desh seey bahut door" thaa. 1940 key dashak mein, sansadiya chunaavon kii nigrani key liye antarim rashtrapati key roop mein unaki niyukti key baad, rashtrapati ayyub tabet ney ack nayaa chunaav kaanoon banaane kii koshish kii joe lebnan key pravasiyon (isai bahumat key saath) koo chunavi prakriya mein bhaag lene kii anumati dega; iss kaanoon ney ack sampradayik hangama (musalmaanon seey) kiya aur sansad kii seeton key vitaran parr ack vivaad huaa. dow. ayyub tabet koo barkhast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur isai pravasiyon koo videsh mamalon key mantri aur pravasiyon, gebran basil dwara maange gaye kaanoon dwara 2018 taka chunaavon mein matdan karane seey roque diyaa gayaa thaa. grihyuddh koo samaapt karane vaale taif samjhaute key baad, [maronite] isaaiyon key padon seey shakti lii gaee aur vibhajit curr dee gaee aur/yaa muslim padon koo dee gaee; general michel aun ney samjhaute kaa virodh kiya aur ise antim desh key khilaf ack sajish kahaa joe madhya poorv key isaaiyon aur isamen unaki aitihaasik bhoomika kaa sanrakshan aur sammaan kartaa haye.
pakistan.
pakistan mein, 1970 key dashak seey sampradayik hinsa aur ashanti kaa itihas rhaa haye, halanki adhikansh hinsa kaa shreya adiwasi bhoomi, pratidvandvita aur varg-vivaad parr gair-dhaarmik jhadapon koo diyaa jaa sakata haye. shiya aur sunni key beach lagbhag sabhi sambandh shantipurna hain, aur donon samudaayon key beach antar-vivaah kii ack badee degree maujood haye. isake alawa, kaee pramukh shiya desh mein ack mahatvapurna raajneetik bhoomika nibhaate hain-udaaharan key liye, divangat benjir bhutto koo shiya maanaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, donon samudaayon key beach chhitput hinsa aksar donon pakshon key charampanthiyon dwara shuru kii jaati haye, vishesh roop seey dakshin panjab mein.
yahudi dharm key bheetar sampradayikta.
roodhivaadi aur sudhaar yahoodiyon key beach bhee sampradayikta maujood haye, roodhivaadi yahudi aksar sudhaar yahoodiyon koo gair-dhaarmik honey key roop mein chitrit karate hain, torah kii avagya karate hain, shayed hii kabhi shul mein bhaag lete hain aur ardh-isai shailiyon kii pooja koo apanaate hain. doosari or, sudhaar yahudi aksar roodhivaadiyon koo unake aur anya dharmon key prati asahishnu honey key roop mein dekhate hain, naitik daayitvon seey oopar sabt key paalan jaise kanuni niyamon koo rakhate hue, panth-jaise aur parivartan key prati shatrutapurna hotey hain.
dhaarmik sampradaayvaad.
jahan bhee dhaarmik sampradaay pratispardha karate hain, dhaarmik sampradaayvaad vibhinn roopon aur degree mein paaya jaataa haye. kuchh kshetron mein, dhaarmik sampradaayvaad (udaaharan key liye sanyukt raajya mein protestant aur catholic isai) abb adhikansh bhaag key liye shantipurna roop seey ack saath maujood haye. anya kshetron mein, kuchh nammatra key catholic aur protestant bhayankar sangharsh mein rahey hain-iska ack halia udaaharan uttari ireland mein thaa, halanki kuchh catholic aur protestant netaaon dwara sangharsh kii ninda kii gaee thee. islam key bheetar, sunni aur shiya key beach vibhinn avadhiyon mein sangharsh huaa haye; shiya soonni koo musalman maanate hain lekin "gair-vishvasi". kaee sunni dhaarmik netaaon, jinamen wahabiwad aur anya vichardharaon seey prerit loga bhee shamil hain, ney shiya (aur kabhi-kabhi mukhyadhara key sunni) koo vidharmi aur/yaa dharmatyagi ghoshit kiya haye.
raajneetik sampradaayvaad.
raajneetik kshetra mein, ack samooh koo 'sampradayik' (yaa 'sampradayikta' kaa abhyaas karane vaale) key roop mein varnit karane key liye, una parr raajneetik roop seey karibi samoohon key saath matbhedon aur pratidvandvita koo prathamikta dene kaa aarop lagaana haye. ack udaaharan ack saamyavaadi samooh hoe sakata haye jiss parr apane samanya dushmanon key bajaay anya saamyavaadi samoohon kii ninda karane key liye atyadhik samay aur shakti kharch karane kaa aarop haye. haalaanki, algavvadi kattarpanthi raajneetik dalon ney newzealand mein ack dusare kaa prasaar kiya haye, aur niyamit roop seey ack dusare kii ninda kii haye, jaisa kii sanyukt bhavishya key newzealand aur bhavishya key newzealand parr pravishtiyon seey dekhaa jaa sakata haye. aisaa lagata haye kii swatantratavad apani khud kii vispar pravritti key prati samaan roop seey atisamvedansheel haye.
monti python film "dha life off bryan" mein ack prasiddh majaak haye jisamen vibhinn yahudi samooh, joe ack baahari vyakti key liye aprabhedya hain, roman shasson kaa virodh karane key apane nammatra key uddeshya kii tulanaa mein ladaai seey adhik chintit hain. ise aadhunik raajneetik samoohon kii parody maanaa jaataa haye.

