
maap avgun

maap abhedyata yaa maap samatulyata maap kaa ack saankhyikiya guna haye joe ingit kartaa haye kii kuchh nirdisht samoohon mein ack hii sanrachana koo maapa jaa rhaa haye. udaaharan key liye, maap abhedyata kaa upayog yeh adhyayan karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye kii kyaa diye gaye upaay kii vyakhya vibhinn lingon yaa saanskritik prishthabhoomi kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale uttardaataon dwara avadharana key roop mein samaan tareeke seey kii jaati haye. maapan avgun key ullanghan seey maapan detta kii saarthak vyakhya koo rokaa jaa sakata haye. shaastriya pareekshan siddhant mein nihit maap gunavatta key mulyankan key poorak key liye manovigyaan jaise kshetron mein maap avgun key parikshanon kaa teji seey upayog kiya jaataa haye.
maap abhedyata kaa aksar bahu-samooh pushtikaran kaarak vishleshan (see. aff. aeye.) key dhaanche mein pareekshan kiya jaataa haye. sanrachanaatmak sameekaran model key sandarbh mein, see. aff. aeye. sahit, maap abhilambata koo aksar "kaarak abhilambata" kahaa jaataa haye.
paribhasha.
samanya kaarak model mein, maap avgun koo nimnalikhit samaantaa key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haih
jahan sootra _ 2 ack vitaran kaary haye, sootra _ 3 ack avalokan score haye, sootra _ 4 ack kaarak score haye, aur samooh sadasyata (ee.jee., caucasian = 0, african americi = 1). isaliye, maap aparivartaniyata mein yeh shamil haye kii kissy vishay key kaarak ank koo dekhate hue, uska yaa uska avalokan kiya gayaa ank usaki yaa usake samooh kii sadasyata parr nirbhar naheen haye.
abhedyata key prakaar.
nirantar parinamon key liye samanya kaarak model mein kaee alag-alag prakaar key maap abhedyata koo alag kiya jaa sakata haih
samaan prakaar koo asatat parinamon key mamle mein saamaanyikrit kiya jaa sakata haih
inmein seey pratyek sthiti vishisht baadhaon key saath ack bahu-samooh pushti kaarak model seey mell khaati haye. pratyek model kii sthaayitva kaa pareekshan sambhavana anupaat pareekshan yaa fitt key anya soochkaankon kaa upayog karke saankhyikiya roop seey kiya jaa sakata haye. samoohon key beach saarthak tulanaa key liye aamtaur parr sabhi chaar sharton koo puuraa karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jise "sakht maap aparivartaniyata" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, lagu sandarbh mein sakht maap avyavharikta shayed hii kabhi hoti haye. aamtaur parr, iska pareekshan kramik roop seey samaan roop kii sthiti seey shuru honey vaali atirikt baadhaon koo pesh karke kiya jaataa haye aur antatah samaan avashisht sthiti mein aage badhate hue yadi model kii fitt iss beach mein bigadati naheen haye.
abhedyata key liye pareekshan.
yadyapi vibhinn parivartan parikshanon key anuprayog aur vibhinn pareekshan sthitiyon mein unake sambandhit maandandon parr aage kaa shodh aavashyak haye, lekin lagu shodhkartaon key beach dou drishtikon aam hain. pratyek model kii tulanaa kii jaa rahee haye (ee.jee.samaan roop, samaan avarodhan) ack "χ2" fitt saankhyiki kaa anuman pratiroop nihit maadhya aur sahprasaran matricks aur avalokan maadhya aur sahprasaran matricks key beach antar key nyoonatamkaran seey lagaaya jaataa haye. jaba taka tulanaa key tahat model nihit hain, taba taka "χ2" moolyon aur invariance key vibhinn staron key kissy bhee dou see. aff. aeye. model kii swatantrata kii unaki sambandhit degree key beach kaa antar "χ2" vitaran (antar "χ2") kaa anusaran kartaa haye aur iss tarah, iss sanket key roop mein mahatva key liye nireekshan kiya jaa sakata haye kii kyaa teji seey pratibandhaatmak model model-detta fitt mein saraahaniya parivartan paida karate hain. haalaanki, kuchh saboot hain kii antar "χ2" karakon key prati samvedansheel haye joe abhedyata lakshit baadhaon mein parivartanon seey asambandhit hain (ee.jee., namuna aakar). natijatan yeh anushansa kii jaati haye kii shodhkarta maap avgun kii jaanch karane key liye nirdisht dou models key tulanaatmak fitt soochkaank (δcfi) key beach key antar kaa bhee upayog karein. jaba maap avgun key vibhinn staron key dou models key see. aff. aaee. key beach kaa antar (ee.jee.samaan roop banaam samaan bhaar) − 0.01 seey neeche haye (yaani, yeh 0.01 seey adhik gir jaataa haye), phir sambhavatah asamarthaniya mein aparivartaniyata. see. aff. aaee. maanon koo ghataaya jaa rhaa haye, joe kii antar "χ2" pareekshan key mamle mein nested model seey aaney kii ummeed haye; haalaanki, aisaa lagata haye kii lagu shodhkarta see. aff. aaee. pareekshan koo lagu karate samay shayed hii kabhi ise dhyaan mein rakhate hain.
samaantaa key star.
samatulyata koo maap samatulyata key teen padaanukramit staron key anusaar bhee vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye.
karyanvayan.
maapan avagunan key pareekshan aar prograaming bhasha mein upalabdh hain.
aalochana.
prasiddh raajneetik vaigyaanik christian veljel aur unake sahayogi antar-saanskritik aankadon mein saanskritik aur manovaigyaanik sanrachanaon kii vaidhata key mandand key roop mein invariance parikshanon parr atyadhik nirbharta kii aalochana karate hain. unhone pradarshit kiya haye kii abhedyata mandand samooh key beach cumm bhinnata key saath nirmaan kartaa haye, jabaki samooh key beach uchch bhinnata key saath nirmaan inn parikshanon mein whiffle hoe jaataa haye. ack nirmaan key liye antar-saanskritik tulanaa mein upayogi honey key liye samooh key beach ack uchch bhinnata vaastav mein aavashyak haye. samooh key beach kaa antar sabse adhik hotaa haye yadi kuchh samooh kaa matlab bund-anta taraju key charam chhor key paas hotaa haye, jahaan antar-samooh kaa antar aavashyak roop seey cumm hotaa haye. cumm antar-samooh bhinnata seey cumm sahsambandh aur cumm kaarak bhaar utpann hotaa haye jise vidwan niyamit roop seey asangati key sanket key roop mein vyakhya karate hain. welzell aur unake sahayogi isake bajaay iss baat parr nirbhar rahane kii salah dete hain kii kyaa nirmaan samooh key beach antar key anya upaayon key saath apekshit tarikon seey sahsambaddh haye yaa naheen. way saanskritik nirmaan key kaee udaaharan pradaan karate hain jinamen uchch vyakhyatmak shakti aur paar-saanskritik tulanaa mein bhavishyasoochak shakti hoti haye, phir bhee way parivartan key parikshanon mein whiffle hoe jaate hain. invariance pareekshan key pratipaadakon kaa prativaad haye kii nomological linkage parr nirbharta iss baat koo nazarandaj karati haye kii iss tarah kaa baahari satyapan tulnatmakta kii dhaarana parr nirbhar kartaa haye.