muhtasib

oxford islami adhyayanon key anusaar, ack mutasib (, mool "hisbah", yaa "jawabdehi" seey) "shaastriya islami prashaasan mein all-hisbah key pada kaa dhaarak" thaa. amil all-suka" yaa "sahib all-suka" bhee kahaa jaane vaalaa "muhatsib" bazaron aur vyaapaar kaa paryavekshak thaa, joe madhyayugeen islami deshon mein saarvajanik sthaanon aur kasbon mein vyavhaar kaa nireekshak thaa, jise sultan, imam yaa anya raajneetik pradhikaran dwara niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. unakaa kartavya yeh sunishchit karna thaa kii saarvajanik vyavasaay shariya key kaanoon key anusaar sanchaalit kiya jaae. 
"hisbah," "muhtasib" "kaa karyalaya aur mool, ack islami siddhant haye joe shariya kaanoon key" "achche adesh aur galat koo pratibandhit karane" "kaa ullekh kartaa haye, aur" "vistaar dwara, saarvajanik kaanoon aur vyavastha key rakharkhaav aur bajar lenden kii nigrani karane key liye. lekin kyaa muhtasibon ney muslim duniya key harr kshetra mein baar-baar yaa jordar tareeke seey "hizbah" key liye khud koo samarpit kiya, yaa isake bajaay bajar key vyavasthit kaary parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, vajan, dhana, kimaton (halanki kabhi-kabhi rishwat ekatra karna) koo niyantrit kiya, yeh vivaadit haye.
shabdawali.
saami hamarneh key anusaar, "dhaarmik shabdawali" mein, hisbah "key liye pradaan karna darshaata haye... apane liye, yaa jeevan mein ack achche kaary key liye inam kii talash mein."iska ack aur arth 9veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein" "ack dhaarmik sthiti yaa beuro key roop mein praapt huaa jiska uddeshya" "achche kaa adesh denaa aur burai koo manaa karna" thaa.  
swayamsevakon.
cumm seey cumm ack vidwan (willem flore) "mutasib" koo alag kartaa haye, joe adhikaari islami kaanoon mein "farad" ayanya "[raajneetik kartavya] aur" mutatawi "(" sachche vishvaasiyon "yaa swayamsevakon joe islami kaanoon key" farad kifaya "[vyaktigat kartavya] kaa paalan karate hain," kaanoon aur usake anusaar kii aavashyaktaon koo banaae rakhane key liye pahal "karane key liye.
vyaktigat kartavya.
hisbah" kii ack anya sambandhit paribhasha bazaron, vajan aur maap aadi key saath kissy vishesh sambandh key saath ack aadhikarik kaary key roop mein naheen haye.lekin kurran kii ayaton jaise kii 3:110 aur 9:71 mein musalman logon key "vyaktigat" kartavya key roop mein, saathi vishvaasiyon dwara kiye gaye galatiyon koo sahee karane key liye, jaba bhee koee unakaa saamana kartaa haye."yeh mukhya roop seey all-ghazaali kaa aavishkaar thaa" (d.1111). itihaaskaar michael cook key anusaar, all-ghazaali ney "muhatsib" shabd kaa bhee upayog kiya, lekin "vaha vyakti joe apana kaam kartaa haye" koo sandarbhit karane key liye-samanya roop seey galat kaa nishedh karane vaalaa aur vishesh roop seey bazaron kii dekhrekh karane vaalaa ack padadhikari naheen-kuchh bhram paida kartaa haye. 
iss vishay parr ack badee "shaikshik viraasat" kii kaun nishedh karna thaa, kyaa nishiddh kiya jaanaa thaa, aur jise bataaya jaanaa thaa kii vahaan kaary nishiddh they, all-ghazaali aur anya madhyayugeen vidvaanon dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa.
saahitya.
jabaki vidvaanon dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale muhatsib key kaary kaa varnan karane vaale adhikansh saahitya dou sroton seey aatey hainh "muhatsib kii bhoomika, kaary aur karyon parr saiddhaantik lekhan", aur "ack vishesh sthaan aur samay mein muhatsib koo unake kaam mein margadarshan karane key liye vyaavhaarik niyamavali". 
ack prasiddh vidwan (ibn taimiya) dwara" "islam mein saarvajanik kartavyon koo hisba kii sanstha" key roop mein anuvaadit) key roop mein ack pustak kaa ack udaaharan haye kii ack sameeksha mein kahaa gayaa haye kii naa kewal "" muhtasib key kartavyon koo chitrit kartaa haye "" balki yeh upadesh detaa haye kii "" kewal musalmaanon key vyaavsaayik vyavhaar koo niyantrit karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye, balki bhagwan key prati unakaa vyavhaar bhee haye ", aur vyaavsaayik lenden mein dhokhadhadi galat naheen haye kyonki ise" "anaitik" "maanaa gayaa thaa, lekin kyonki iss tarah kaa vyavhaar devta kii vikrit dhaarana seey utpann huaa thaa aur isaliye, islam key mool siddhanton kaa ullanghan kiya.
vishesh roop seey ack mutasib key kartavyon mein nirdesh aur margadarshan key liye likhi gaee niyamavali aur jiss parr mutasib aksar bharosa kartaa thaa, usey "hisba" kahaa jaataa thaa; unamen bajar key prabandhan parr vyaavhaarik salah key saath-saath anya cheejen bhee theen jinhen jaanane kii aavashyakta hoti thee-udaaharan key liye, vinirmaan aur nirmaan maanak.
ack anya srot, halanki matra mein bahut adhik seemit haye, yeh samajhane mein vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna haye kii mutasib ney kyaa kiya. srot, aamtaur parr aitihaasik aur bhaugolik, "joe kabhi-kabhi ack muhtasib key astitva, usaki gatividhiyon kaa ullekh karate hain", moolyavaan hain kyonki way "hamein bataate hain kii muhtasib vaastav mein kaisa thaa, naa kii usey kaisa honah chaahiye.
itihas.
islami itihas mein muhatsib key vyaapak honey key kuchh udaaharan yeh hain kii "faras mein, mutsib kaa kaary 16veen shatabdi taka vyaavhaarik roop seey aparivartit rhaa, aur misra mein yeh khediv rajvansh key sansthaapak muhammad allie key shasankal taka maujood thaa. isake alawa, 1855 mein ottoman samrajya mein aur 1925 mein seeriya ganarajya mein iska navinikaran kiya gayaa thaa.
poorv-islami duniya key saath sambandh.
islam key vishvakosh" mein likhane vaale lekhakon, kehen aur talbi key anusaar, abb yeh aam taur parr sweekaar kiya jaataa haye kii islami deshon mein muhtasib kaa kaary byzantine "agoranomo", "i kaa pratyaksh uttaradhikari haye.ee. paryavekshak yaa bajar nireekshak. 
willem flore likhate hain kii "humm... pataa haye kii bajar paryavekshak "[poorv-islami] parthian (247 eesaa poorv-224 esvi) aur sassanian iran (224-651 CE) mein maujood thaa. "humm jaanate hain kii yeh adhikaari, jise" "agoranomos" "key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa, babylonia, celeucia aur dura mein maujood thaa.
flore nott kartaa haye kii praarambhik musalmaanon dwara jeete gaye samajon mein muhtasib key samaan bajar nireekshak they; kii muhtasib takniki niyamavali joe bajar nireekshan seey sambandhit thee "una logon kii tulanaa mein pahale astitva mein aaee" joe "usake karyalaya koo apane dhaarmik-nyaayik sandarbh mein rakhate hain"; aur yeh kii samanya aitihaasik aur bhaugolik islami srot joe muhtasib key karyon kaa ullekh karate hain, way mukhya roop seey bajar paryavekshan they, jaisa kii vaastavik jeevan mein madhyayugeen muhtasib kaa yaa tou naitik aur dhaarmik karyon seey bahut adhik lena-denaa naheen thaa yaa "buss unake saath pareshan naheen thaa", jaisa kii muslim duniya mein jeevan kaa varnan karane vaale sroton key anusaar, gair-islami gatividhiyon jaise "bheekh maangana, bhatakana, juaa khelna, castrating, khaane key liye masjidon kaa upayog karna, soney, faisale denaa, aur dainik pradarshan koo pareshan karna", joe kii madhyayugeen avadhi mein durlabh they, joe kii mugal duniya mein jeevan koo cumm karane vaale they.
flore kaa tark haye kii yeh sub islami kanuni vidvaanon ("fukaahaa") dwara bajar nireekshak kii "maujooda sanstha" koo laker aur "dhaarmik-nyaayik" lagu karke samajhaaya jaa sakata haye... islami kaanoon key pravartan koo unake kartavyon kii soochi mein jodane key liye iss parr vaichaarik dhancha.
praarambhik islam.
islami parampara key anusaar, makka aur madina mein baajaron parr adhikaar kshetra vaale pahale vyaktiyon koo islami paigambar muhammad dwara niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. muhammad ney saeed bee seey sagaai kii. saeed bee. makka (629 esvi) kii vijay key kuchh samay baad madina key sook (bazar key liye arab) parr all-ass. baad mein, rashidun ('sahee disha mein nirdeshit khalifa') umar key paas "madina key sook parr unake liye kaam karane vaale dou loga" bhee they. jinamen seey ack ney "aamil 'aalaa sook" sheershak kaa istemal kiya.
umayyad kaal key dauran chaar bajar nireekshakon kii reportein theen, jinamen ibn all-zubair key liye makka key sook, iraq key governor key tahat vaseet key sook aur yazzled II key liye poorv shamil they. spen mein umayyad rajvansh mein bajar nireekshak koo "sahib all-sook" kahaa jaataa thaa.
aar key anusaar.pee. bakale, "yeh abbasi khalifa key shuruati varshon key dauran haye kii pahale muhtasib kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye."bakale kaa kahana haye kii" "kuchh baad key tippanikar" "kahaaniyan bataate hain kii mutasib key hisba kartavyon koo praarambhik khalifaaon (jaise umar aur allie) dwara kiya gayaa thaa, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii way," "aamil-aalaa-sook" "bajar nireekshakon dwara naheen, dhaarmik kartavyon koo sambhaalate they, aur baad mein aadhikarik muhtasib kaa naam badalane kaa irada ingit karna thaa... post kaa islamikaran.
madhyayugeen musalman duniya.
oxford islami adhyayanon key anusaar, shaastriya islami prashaasan mein mutasib kaa karyalaya, nyayadhish ("kaadi") aur adalat magistrate key beach "motey taur parr" gir gayaa. kaadi" key vipareet, unake paas "mamalon koo sunane kaa koee adhikaar kshetra naheen thaa-kewal una vivaadon aur kaanoon key ullanghanon koo nipataane key liye jahaan tathyon koo sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa yaa aparaadh kaa sweekaar thaa.
udaaharan key liye, sultan barcook key shasankal mein, carro key mutasib key kartavyon mein "vajan, dhana, keematen, saarvajanik naitikta aur saarvajanik sthaanon kii swachchata key saath-saath schools, nirdesh, shikshakon aur chhatron kii dekhrekh aur saarvajanik snan, samanya saarvajanik suraksha aur yatayat key prasaar parr dhyaan denaa shamil thaa."muhatsib yaa muhtesip koo vyavsaayon kaa lekha-pareekshan karane key liye adhikrit kiya gayaa thaa yadi way sarkaar dwara nirdhaarit moolya seema parr apane utpaadon koo betch rahey they. isake alawa, karigar aur nirmaata aamtaur parr apane shilp key manakon key liye muhtasib key prati jimmedaar hotey they. muhatsib ney yeh bhee nireekshan kiya kii kyaa becha gayaa bhojan surakshit thaa aur maapane kaa upkaran sateek thaa.
"muhtasib ney saarvajanik bhojanalayon kaa bhee nireekshan kiya. vaha bartanon aur painon koo phir seey dibbaband karane yaa badalane kaa adesh dey sakata thaa; sabhi paatron aur unaki samagri koo makkhiyon aur keedon seey dhakkar rakhna padata thaa... muhtasib seey sabhi doctors, shalyachikitsakon, rakt-patrakon aur chikitsa upkaranon kii kadee jaanch karane kii bhee ummeed kii jaati thee."
1500 see key baad.ee, muhatsib lagbhag vishesh roop seey yeh sunishchit karane key liye jimmedaar thaa kii bajar mein upayog kiye jaane vaale vajan aur upaay uchit aur susangat they.
ahmed ejjat key anusaar, "yahya ibn 'umar seey laker mamluk misra taka sabhi hisba granthon dwara saajha kii jaane vaali teen samanya visheshtaen hainh
aadarsh seey prasthaan.
haalaanki, 950 see key baad.ee. (abbasid key khareed mein) muhatsib kaa karyalaya (qadee (nyayadhish) aur "saahab all-shoorata" (pulis pramukh) jaise karyalayon key saath), bikri key liye thaa. 961 esvi mein karyalaya koo 20,000 dirham prati maah mein becha gayaa thaa. iss tathya key aadhar parr kii karyalaya dhaarak bahut sambhavana haye kii way bhugtan curr rahey badey paise kii raashi koo vaapas karna chaahenge, aur iss samay key aitihaasik saahitya ney sanket diyaa kii yeh "spasht" thaa kii "muhtasib kii samanya roop seey kharaab pratishtha thee", sadan ney anuman lagaaya kii unake masik bhugtan koo "vaapas paane" key liye rishwat maangi gaee thee. nizam all-mulk likhate hain kii muhtasib koo vishesh dhyaan rakhna chaahiye... kii naitik aur dhaarmik siddhanton kaa paalan kiya jaataa haye, aur choonki islami kaanoon key vidvaanon key paas iss sambandh mein vishesh visheshagyata hogi, isaliye yeh samajh mein aayega kii muhtasib aksar islami "naitik aur dhaarmik siddhanton" mein seekha gayaa vyakti hoga. haalaanki, willem flore key anusaar, yeh "samanya abhyaas" naheen thaa. ack udaaharan shiya kavi ibn all-hajaaj, joe baghdad key muhatsib they, usee samay yaun spasht kavita key sabse kukhyaat lekhakon mein seey ack they. nizam all-mulk, grand-viziir aur 1064 seey 1092 taka seljuk samrajya key vaastavik shaasak, ney spasht roop seey kahaah "[muhatsib kaa] pada hamesha kuleen varg mein seey ack koo yaa kissy napunsak yaa puraane turk koo diyaa jaataa thaa."safavid kaal mein muhatsib" "utanaa hii alokpriya vyakti thaa jitna kii pahale kii avadhi mein usake poorvavartiyon ney kiya thaa", upahaar aur rishwat sweekaar karate hue, aur kahaa jaataa thaa kii koee "" muhatsib seey naa tou achche kii ummeed curr sakata thaa aur naa hii laabh kii. "
misra.
mamluk misra mein, muhtasibon koo sultan dwara baajaron kaa nireekshan karane aur vyapariyon kii imandari kii nigrani key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. christon stilt key anusaar, "carro baajaron mein muhtasibon key paas ack stand (" dikka ") thaa, jisase unhone una logon koo dekhaa aur unhein chabuk maaraa jinhone apane saman kaa vajan karate samay dhokha diyaa. "muhtasibon koo janata key saamane dhokhebaajon koo pared karane kaa nirdesh diyaa gayaa thaa", joe anya vyapariyon dwara dhokhadhadi key khilaf dund aur pratirodh donon they. muhatsib kii niyamavali mein "vyapariyon kii chaalon kii jaankaari" shamil thee." 
1837 mein, mahmoud allie (urf misra key muhammad allie) ney ack siyaa code (ack vidhaayi adesh) jaari kiya, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii "carro aur alexandaria mein muhtasib karyalayon koo poori tarah seey samaapt curr diyaa gayaa aur una dou shaharon mein pulis aur swaasthya prashaasan koo apane kartavyon koo sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa.
dakshin asia.
1658 seey 1707 taka bhaarat key samrat aurangzeb key antim mahaan mugal samraton key tahat, muhtasib paschim kii rajneeti key vipareet they, "naitikta key sensor", ugravaadi roodhivaadi sunee muslim samrat dwara "teji seey shuddhatavadi adhyadeshon" koo lagu karane vaale. unhone bahusankhyak hindu desh mein "hindu moortiyon, mandiron aur mandiron" koo nasht karane kaa kaam kiya, dekhaa kii vishvaas key musalman sweekaar koo sabhi sikkon seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, taaki ise avishvasiyon dwara ashuddh kiya jaa sakey, aur joe hindu fashion mein abhivaadan karane seey manaa kartaa thaa.
roose.
russie samrajya key tataron mein "moxtassip" ack musalman padadhikari thaa jisase shariya key nishpaadan parr satark najar rakhane kii ummeed kii jaati thee. 1920 key dashak mein, octuber kranti aur dharm parr pratibandh key baad, unaki seva samaapt curr dee gaee thee. 
soviyat sangh key baad roose.
aaj, roose aur kaee poorv soviyat ganrajyon mein, ack muhatsib ack aadhyatmik board (muftiet) kaa ack kshetriya pratinidhi haye. muhtasib key karyalaya koo muhtasibat kahaa jaataa haye. 2002 taka tatarstan mein lagbhag 44 "muhatsibat" they.
aadhunik samay.
aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii yeh sthiti unnisvin shatabdi mein gayab hoe gaee thee, kyonki muslim duniya mein kaanoon pravartan kaa aadhunikikaran huaa thaa. pakistan mein, mohatsib ack lokpal haye, joe sanghiya yaa praantiya sarkari adhikaariyon key khilaf abhiyojan aur shikayaton key nivaaran key liye jimmedaar haye. 
iran mein kajaar rajvansh.
iran mein, muhatsib koo 1852 key aspas, isfahan mein, 1877 mein samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. tehran mein yeh "idara-yee ihtisa" key roop mein apani "pulis aur nyaayik karyon koo khone key baad ack shahar safai vibhaag" key roop mein vikasit huaa jise harr saal sabse adhik bolly lagaane vaale koo "becha" jaataa thaa. jabaki shahar mein dhool hataane kaa kaam jaari thaa, "ihtisab" kaa "nishchit anta" 1926 mein kajaar rajvansh key patan key baad isake unmoolan key saath aaya.
parivaar kaa naam.
muhatsib, muhatsib aur mohatsib key roop mein bhinn vartani key saath, muhatsib parivaar hebron shahar mein palestine mein ack muslim parivaar haye.

