
udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha

antarrashtriya sambandhon mein, udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha (leo), jise niyam-adharit antarrashtriya vyavastha (rbo) yaa niyam-adharit vyavastha (rbo) key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, 1940 key dashak key anta seey raajneetik udaarvaad, aarthik udaarvaad aur udaar antarrashtriyavad parr adharit vaishvik, niyam-adharit, sanrachit sambandhon key ack samooh kaa varnan kartaa haye. vishesh roop seey, yeh bahupakshiya sansthanon (jaise sanyukt rashtra, vishva vyaapaar sangathan aur antarrashtriya maudrik kosh) key madhyam seey antarrashtriya sahyog koo shamil kartaa haye aur maanav samaantaa (swatantrata, kaanoon kaa shasson aur manvadhikar), khule baajaron, suraksha sahyog, udaar loktantra koo badhaava dene aur maudrik sahyog dwara gathit haye. yeh adesh dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jiska netritva sanyukt raajya america ney kiya thaa.
leo kii prakriti key saath-saath isake astitva parr vidvaanon dwara bahas kii gaee haye. leo koo mukt vyaapaar kaa vistaar karane, poonji gatishilata badhaane, loktantra failaane, manvadhikaron koo badhaava dene aur saamoohik roop seey paschim koo soviyat sangh seey bachaane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. leo ney uttar america, paschimi europe aur japan key raajyon key beach abhootpoorv sahyog kii suvidha pradaan kii. samay key saath, leo ney baaki duniya mein aarthik udaarvaad key prasaar koo sugam banaaya, saath hii saath poorv fasiwadi yaa saamyavaadi deshon mein loktantra koo majboot karane mein madad kii.
leo kii utpatti kii pehchaan aamtaur parr 1940 key dashak key roop mein kii gaee haye, aamtaur parr 1945 mein shuru hoti haye, kuchh vidvaanon ney 1941 mein atlantic charter jaise WWII-yug key sahyogiyon key beach pahale key samjhauton kii or ishara kiya haye. johnn mearsheimer ney iss drishtikon seey asahamati jataai haye, yeh tark dete hue kii leo kewal sheet yuddh key anta key baad utpann huaa thaa. leo key mukhya sansthaapak sadasyon mein uttari america, paschimi europe aur japan key raajya shamil hain; yeye raajya ack suraksha samudaay banaate hain. leo kii visheshataaen samay key saath bhinn hoti hain. kuchh vidwan sheet yuddh kii bhinnata kaa ullekh karate hain joe kaafee hudd taka paschim taka seemit haye, aur sheet yuddh key baad kii bhinnata kaa adhik vyaapak daira haye aur antarrashtriya sansthanon koo adhik shaktiyan detee haye.
loklubhavanvad, sanrakshanvaad aur netivavaad dwara udaar raajyon key bheetar leo key pahaluon koo aantarik roop seey chunauti dee jaati haye. vidvaanon ney tark diyaa haye kii antarnihit udaarvaad (yaa dohare andolan mein nihit tark) leo key takhton key liye saarvajanik samarthan banaae rakhane kii kunji haye; kuchh vidvaanon ney sawal uthaaye hain kii kyaa antarnihit udaarvaad key pahaluon koo cumm kiya gayaa haye, iss prakaar leo key khilaf pratikriya kii or leey jaataa haye.
baahari roop seey, leo koo sattawadi raajyon, udaar raajyon aur una raajyon dwara chunauti dee jaati haye joe vishva rajneeti mein apani bhoomikaon seey asantusht hain. chean, roose, iran aur uttar koria koo leo key liye pramukh chunauti dene vaalon key roop mein chihnit kiya gayaa haye. kuchh vidvaanon ney tark diyaa haye kii leo mein aatm-avamoolyan pahalu hain joe pratikriya yaa patan koo trigger curr sakate hain.
paribhasha.
david jheel, lissa martin aur thomas ris "order" koo "ikaaiyon key beach pattern yaa sanrachit sambandhon" key roop mein paribhaashit karate hain. leo mein baatchit niyamon, maandandon aur nirnay lene kii prakriyaon dwara sanrachit hoti haye. way dhyaan dete hain kii leo "niyam-adharit antarrashtriya vyavastha" kaa paryaay naheen haye, kyonki gair-udaarvaadi niyam-adharit adesh maujood hoe sakate hain (jaise kii paschimi crum).
way "udaar" koo vyaktiyon kii saarvbhaumik samaantaa key saath-saath vyaktigat aur saamoohik swatantrata mein vishvaas key roop mein paribhaashit karate hain. raajneetik udaarvaad mein kaanoon kaa shasson, aur raajyon kii samprabhu samaantaa key saath-saath manvadhikaron, raajneetik adhikaaron aur nagrik swatantrataon key liye suraksha shamil haye. aarthik udaarvaad mein mukt bajar-unmukh neetiyaan shamil hain. udaar antarrashtriyata mein saiddhaantik bahupakshvaad aur vaishvik shasson shamil haye.
michael barnet ack antarrashtriya vyavastha koo niyamon, sansthanon, kaanoon aur maandandon seey praapt aur banaae rakhe gaye "sambandhit aur kaary key pattern" key roop mein paribhaashit karate hain. antarrashtriya aadeshon mein ack bhautik aur samajik ghatak donon hotey hain. vaidhata (samanya dhaarana kii kaary vaanchhaniya, uchit yaa upayukt hain) raajneetik aadeshon key liye aavashyak haye. george losson ney ack antarrashtriya vyavastha koo "asatat raajneetik ikaaiyon key beach adaan-pradaan kii niyamit prathaon key roop mein paribhaashit kiya haye joe ack dusare koo swatantra honey key liye maanyata dete hain."johnn mearsheimer ack antarrashtriya vyavastha koo" antarrashtriya sansthanon key ack sangathit samooh key roop mein paribhaashit karate hain joe sadasya raajyon key beach baatchit koo niyantrit karane mein madad kartaa haye."
jeet key baad" (2001) mein, johnn ikenberry ney ack raajneetik vyavastha koo "raajyon key ack samooh key beach shaasi vyavastha key roop mein paribhaashit kiya haye, jisamen isake maulik niyam, siddhant aur sansthaan shamil hain."raajneetik adesh taba sthaapit hotey hain jaba buniyaadi ayojan vyavasthaaen sthaapit kii jaati hain, aur jaba buniyaadi ayojan vyavasthaaen palat jaati hain, vivaadit yaa avyavasthit hoe jaati hain tou way toot jaati hain. vaha ack samvaidhaanik antarrashtriya vyavastha koo ack raajneetik vyavastha key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye joe sahmat kanuni aur raajneetik sansthanon key aspas aayojit hoti haye joe adhikaaron koo aavantit karane aur shakti key prayog koo seemit karane key liye kaam karati haye."samvaidhaanik aadeshon key chaar mukhya tatva hainh
2018 mein, ikenberry ney udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha koo iss prakaar paribhaashit kiyaah bahustariya, bahuayami, aur kewal pramukh raajya dwara thopa gayaa ack raajneetik gathan naheen. antarrashtriya vyavastha "ack cheej" naheen haye joe yaa tou shamil hoti haye yaa virodh karati haye. yeh vibhinn prakaar key adesh niyamon aur sansthanon kaa ack samooh haye. samprabhuta key gahare niyam aur mandand hain... antarrashtriya sansthanon, shasanon, sandhiyon, samjhauton, protocol aadi kii ack vistrit shrinkhala haye. yeye shaasi vyavasthaaen suraksha aur hathiyar niyantran, vishva arthavyavastha, paryaavaran aur vaishvik samanya, manvadhikar aur raajneetik sambandhon sahit vibhinn kshetron mein katauti karati hain. shasson key inmein seey kuchh kshetron mein aise niyam aur sansthaan hoe sakate hain joe prabhutva vaale raajya key hiton koo sankeern roop seey pratibimbit karate hain, lekin adhikansh hiton key ack vyaapak samooh key aadhar parr baatchit key parinamon koo pratibimbit karate hain. charles glazer ney leo kii avadharana key vishleshanatmak moolya parr vivaad kiya haye, yeh tark dete hue kii avadharana itani vyaapak aur aspasht haye kii "lagbhag koee bhee antarrashtriya sthiti ack antarrashtriya vyavastha key roop mein yogya haye, jaba taka kii isake sadasya samprabhuta maanak koo sweekaar karate hain."leo key kuchh alochakon, jaise kii johnn mearsheimer ney tark diyaa haye kii udaar loktantra koo badhaava denaa aur atee-vaishvikaran leo key tatva hain.
jeff kolgan ney udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha koo ack vishay key roop mein varnit kiya haye joe antarrashtriya pranali mein kaee upa-pranaliyon koo ekjut kartaa haye. yeye upa-pranaaliyan udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha koo maulik roop seey badale binaa bhaari parivartan kaa anubhav curr sakati hain.
bahas.
udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha key baare mein bahas vishesh roop seey antarrashtriya sambandhon mein pramukh hoe gaee haye. daniel dudney aur johnn ikenberry iss antarrashtriya vyavastha key paanch ghatakon koo soochibaddh karate hainh suraksha saha-bandhan, jisamen mahaan shaktiyaan sanyam kaa pradarshan karati hain; hamaare aadhipatya kii khuli prakriti aur parasparik antar-rashtriya sambandhon kaa prabhutva; germany aur japan jaisi aatm-seemit shaktiyon kii upasthiti; "aarthik khulepan kii raajneetik neenv" key kaaran aapsi laabh kii upalabdhata; aur paschimi "nagrik pehchaan" kii bhoomika."charles glazer key anusaar, leo mein paanch pramukh tantra hainh loktantra, vaidh adhikaar parr nirmit padanukram, sansthaagat bandhan, aarthik paraspar nirbharta aur raajneetik abhisaran."
ekenberry jaise vidvaanon key adhik sahayak vichaaron kii una vidvaanon seey aalochana hui haye jinhone udaar antarrashtriya sansthanon kii shaahi aur aupaniveshik virasaton kii jaanch kii haye. udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha key gathan mein gair-paschimi abhinetaon key yogdan ney bhee haal hii mein vaishvik antarrashtriya sambandhon key siddhant koo aage badhaane vaale vidvaanon kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya haye. udaaharan key liye, lattin america key mamle mein, "1860 key dashak seey, lattin americi nyaayvidon ney antarrashtriya nyayshastra mein pramukh yogdan diyaa haye, joe antarrashtriya vyavastha koo baandhata haye. [.]..] haalaanki, anya tarikon seey, aitihaasik roop seey leo lattin america mein apani pahunch mein satahi rhaa haye-aur banaa huaa haye."abrahamson, anderson aur preshak key anusaar, samkaaleen udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha mein africa aur asia mein" "dakshini abhinetaon" "kii viraasat shamil haye joe upaniveshvaad kii prakriya kii vakaalat karati haye.
antarrashtriya sangathan udaar vyavastha mein kendriya bhoomika nibhaate hain. udaaharan key liye, vishva vyaapaar sangathan mukt vyaapaar samjhauton kaa nirmaan aur karyanvayan kartaa haye, jabaki vishva baink vikaasheel deshon koo sahaayata pradaan kartaa haye. yeh adesh iss dhaarana parr bhee adharit haye kii udaar vyaapaar aur mukt bajar vaishvik samriddhi aur shaanti mein yogdan denge. alochakon kaa tark haye kii mukt vyaapaar ney kabhi-kabhi asamaanta aur paryavaraniya ksharan jaisi samajik samasyaon kaa kaaran banaa haye.
sheet yuddh key baad, kuchh loga jalavaayu parivartan, paramanu aprasaar, aur samudri kaanoon (uncloss) mein pahal koo banaae rakhane jaise muddon parr antarrashtriya samjhauton parr vichaar karate hain. europeeya sangh koo aksar ghatak deshon key beach antarrashtriya samjhauton key sandarbh mein prabhaavi udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha kaa ack pramukh udaaharan maanaa jaataa haye, jabaki atirashtriya sangh koo apane swayam key adhikaar mein ack shakti maanaa gayaa haye joe udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha koo banaae rakh sakata haye. isase iss baare mein bahas hui haye kii bhavishya mein europeeya sangh kii pehchaan kaise bunny rahegi, kyonki bahupakshvaad ack mukhya hissa haye.
alochakon kaa yeh bhee tark haye kii udaar vyavastha sanyukt raajya america aur usake paschimi sahyogiyon key paksh mein taraju koo jhukaati haye, jaisa kii antarrashtriya mudra kosh aur vishva baink mein matdan sheyaron mein dekhaa gayaa haye.
anya logon kaa tark haye kii kamjor raajyon ney udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha koo aakar dene mein kendriya bhoomika nibhai. marcos tourinho kaa tark haye kii kamjor raajyon ney yuu parr vaapas dhakelane key liye "pratirodh", "samudaay" aur "maandandon" kii teen ranneetiyon kaa upayog kiya.aiss. udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha key nirmaan key dauran prabhutva, iss prakaar yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii adesh kewal yuu koo pratibimbit naheen kartaa haye.aiss. ruchiyaan. martha finmore kaa tark haye kii ekdhruviyata mein kewal ekdhruviya dwara bhautik shreshthata naheen hoti haye, balki ack samajik sanrachana bhee hoti haye jisake dwara ekdhruviya vaidhata aur sansthagatkaran key madhyam seey apani sthiti banaae rakhta haye. antarrashtriya pranali mein anya abhinetaon seey vaidhata praapt karane kii koshish mein, unipole aavashyak roop seey una abhinetaon koo ack degree shakti detaa haye. unipole bhee vaidhata praapt kartaa haye aur sansthanon key nirmaan key madhyam seey apani shakti key liye chunautiyon koo door kartaa haye, lekin inn sansthanon mein unipole seey door shakti kaa prasaar bhee hotaa haye. david jheel ney isi tarah kaa tark diyaa haye kii vaidhata aur adhikaar antarrashtriya vyavastha key pramukh ghatak hain. abrahamsen ney sujhaav diyaa kii madhyam shaktiyon koo bhee udaar antarrashtriyata seey laabh hotaa haye. bahupakshiya sansthanon key rakharkhaav mein nivesh karke, madhyam shaktiyaan saamoohik roop seey apane swarth kii vakaalat curr sakati hain, mahaan shakti kii rajneeti koo santulit curr sakati hain. iss prakaar udaar antarrashtriyata kaa samarthan karna madhyam shaktiyon key liye vaastavik rajneeti kaa ack roop haye.
leo key yathaarthvaadi alochakon mein johnn mearsheimer, patrick porter aur charles glazer shamil hain. mearsheimer ney tark diyaa haye kii leo udaar raajyon key bheetar aantarik roop seey aur gair-udaar raajyon dwara baahari roop seey saamana kiye jaane vaale dhakka key kaaran whiffle honey key liye baadhya haye. porter ney tark diyaa haye kii leo vaastav mein ack dandaatmak adesh thaa aur yeh udaar naheen thaa. glazer ney tark diyaa haye kii shakti siddhant, saudebaji siddhant aur nava-sansthaagat siddhanton kaa santulan leo seey judey tantra kii tulanaa mein naato koo behtar dhang seey samajhaata haye.
aaron mackeel koo udaar vyavastha kii yathaarthvaadi aalochana aparyaapt lagati haye. unakaa tark haye kii yatharthvadiyon dwara "sanyam" aur "apatatiya santulan" key roop mein pesh kii jaane vaali vaikalpik videsh neetiyaan chhadm yuddhon key liye adhik utpaadak hongi aur mahaan shakti pratispardha aur antarrashtriya chunautiyon key prabandhan key liye aavashyak sansthanon key star kii peshkash karane mein whiffle hongi.
alag-alag deshon key saath sambandh.
raajneetik vaigyaanik charles aeye key anusaar. ziegler, chean aur roose donon "udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha key raajneetik ayam koo aswikar karate hain joe manvadhikaron, maanviya hastakshep aur loktantra koo badhaava dene kaa paksh letaa haye."antarrashtriya shaanti key liye kaarnegi endoment key paul stronsky aur nikol ng key anusaar," "sino-russie saajhedaari key paschim key liye sabse badaa khatra antarrashtriya pranali koo unake laabh key liye samaayojit karane key unake prayason seey utpann hotaa haye. isake alawa, "masco, vishesh roop seey 2014 key baad seey, vartamaan crum key liye ack sanshodhanvaadi aur aakramak chunauti pesh kii haye, joe antarrashtriya pranali key bheetar paschimi shakti koo kamjor karane key liye paryaapt jokhim lene kii ichcha dikhaati haye. roose key vipareet, chean maanata haye kii usey udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha seey laabh huaa haye. aarthik udaarvaad aur vaishvikaran kii prakriyaon ney pichhale tees varshon mein isake teji seey aarthik uday koo sugam banaaya haye."
chean.
kuchh loga chean koo udaar vyavastha key liye ack sambhaavit chunauti key roop mein dekhate hain. darren lima aur johnn econberry key anusaar, chean ack antarrashtriya vyavastha chaahata haye joe apane udaar gharelu raajneetik aur aarthik model kii raksha karey. vidwan asiai buniyaadi dhancha nivesh baink aur vann belt vann road pahal jaisi pahalon koo aise sansthanon key roop mein uddhrit karate hain joe maujooda udaar antarrashtriya sansthanon key saath pratispardha karate prateet hotey hain. vaine nivenhuizen spasht roop seey kahate hain kii cheeni communist party key tatkalin mahasachiv xi jinping, leo koo pratisthaapit karna chaahte hain. raajneetik vaigyaanik thomas ambrosio key anusaar, shanghai sahyog sangathan kaa ack uddeshya yeh sunishchit karna thaa kii inn deshon mein udaar loktantra koo badhaava naa mille, aur madhya asia mein sattawadi maandandon koo badhaava diyaa jaae.
roohlig ney apane march 2018 key pepper mein poochha kii chean kyon ack aisee pranali koo badalane kii koshish karega jisake dwara vaha bhaari laabh kamaata haye, vishva aarthik munch key saathi anaushiravan ehteshami kahate hain, "chean iran koo apane paschimi pravesh dwaar key roop mein dekhta haye, jahaan yeh naa kewal apane aap mein ack badaa bajar haye, balki yeh madhya poorv key baaki hisson kaa pravesh dwaar bhee hoga aur antatah chean key liye europe kaa pravesh dwaar bhee hoga."nisha mairi maithyu tippani karati hain kii eurasian bhoomi key prabhutva kii khoj jisamen chean khud koo paataa haye, iran koo pasandida banaata haye. akele 2017 mein, cheeni ney 15 arab dollar seey adhik kii irani buniyaadi dhancha pariyojanaon key liye saudon parr hastakshar kiye. sanyukt pariyojanaon mein "uchch gati vaali rail laainen, desh key vidyut grid mein unnayan aur praakritik gais pipeline" shamil hain. 2019 seey 2025 taka donon desh 600 arab dollar key hamaare beach key vyaapaar koo badhaane kii koshish curr rahey hain.
roose.
kaee vidwan iss baat seey sahmat hain kii vladmir puteen key netritva mein russie sangh udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha koo kamjor karna chaahata haye. iss vishay parr vibhinn drishtikon vikasit kiye gaye hain. pahala yeh haye kii roose ack "vidrohvaadi shakti" haye joe poori tarah seey antarrashtriya kootneeti koo palatane kii maang curr rhaa haye, doosara yeh haye kii roose ack "rakshaatmak shakti" haye joe maujooda crum mein vriddhisheel parivartan koo badhaava denaa chaahata haye, aur teesara yeh haye kii roose ack "aakramak algavvadi" haye, jisamen putin gharelu roop seey vaidhata koo badhaava dene key liye antarrashtriya mamalon mein "kharaab karane vaali bhoomika" nibha rhaa haye.
raajneetik samajshastri lairi diamond kaa tark haye kii udaar loktantra parr putin key hamale kaa udaaharan 2008 mein abkhazia aur dakshin ocesia key antahkshetron key liye swatantra georgia key khilaf sainya hastakshep, ukraine mein victor yanukovic key liye russie samarthan aur 2014 mein binaa chihn key sainikon dwara ukraine mein russie sainya hastakshep haye. putin parr poore europe mein door-daraaz yaa rashtriya loklubhavan dalon koo vittiya samarthan dene kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, rashtriya morcha (abb rashtriya raili) ney 2014 mein ack russie baink seey 9 million euro kaa rinn praapt kiya. lairi diamond kaa tark haye kii isane rashtriya morche kii neeti koo prabhaavit kiya jaise kii samudri leey paine kaa aparaadh key vilay key liye samarthan.
2022 mein ukraine parr russie aakraman aur aakraman key khilaf vyaapak pratikriya ney udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha kii naee charcha kaa netritva kiya haye. raajneetik vaigyaanik lucan way likhate hain kii putin key aakraman ney anajaane mein vipaksh mein udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha koo majboot kiya haye, jisamen poorna paimaane parr russie aakraman chhote paimaane parr jamey hue sanghrshon aur raajneetik hastakshepon kii tulanaa mein samprabhuta key liye ack adhik spasht roop seey samrajyavadi chunauti haye. tarika kahata haye kii europeeya sangh jaise guton key paas adhik ekikrit kaarravaai hogi jabaki vartamaan mein udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha mein stambh hain. dilli sthit paryavekshak anusandhaan foundation key pramukh sameer sarran kaa kahana haye kii udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha mein nae sire seey jore dene seey antarrashtriya samudaay key liye nae avsar milate hain, lekin ummeed haye kii europe mein suraksha sankat key baad leo koo vaishvik muddon mein ruchi banaae rakhni chaahiye. edward luce kaa kahana haye kii aakraman antarrashtriya vyavastha key liye ack gambhir khatra haye kyonki ", aggar safal honah chaahiye, tou yeh jangal key kaanoon koo vaidh banaa dega, jahaan badey desh chhote deshon koo dund seey mukt curr sakate hain."usee samay, luce kaa sujhaav haye kii" "udaar antarrashtriya vyavastha" "key alawa vibhinn shabdawali kaa upayog kiya jaanaa chaahiye kyonki vaha joe kahate hain vaha kootneeti kii chayanaatmak prakriti haye. corrie shake kaa tark haye kii russie aakraman ney ack paschimi pratikriya koo uksaayaa haye joe leo key ack mukhya ghatak, atlantic paar gathbandhan koo majboot kartaa haye, phir bhee isamen ack vaishvik pratikriya bhee shamil haye, jisamen sabse badaa bhagidar japan haye. shack kaa sujhaav haye kii ukraine kii apani raksha udaarvaad aur adhinayakvad key beach ack spasht virodhabhas dikhaakar, leo key liye ack nayaa majboot tatva haye.

