
chean mein saksharta

jaba 1949 mein chean janvaadi ganarajya kii sthaapana hui thee, tou desh key 50 karod seey adhik logon mein seey 40 karod seey adhik anpadh they, aur niraksharta darr lagbhag 80 pratishat thee, jisamen graameen kshetron mein 95 pratishat seey adhik shamil they. 1964 mein, doosari rashtriya janganana key parinamon seey pataa chalaa kii desh kii kull aabaadi 72.3 karod thee, aur saksharta abhiyaan ney chean mein niraksharta darr (15 varsh aur usase adhik ayu key anpadh logon kaa anupaat) koo 52 pratishat taka cumm curr diyaa, aur lagbhag 10 karod loga sakshar hoe gaye. haalaanki, taba seey, "saanskritik kranti" key dauran saksharta andolan lagbhag baadhit hoe gayaa haye, aur buddhijivi ukhaad fenke jaane vaale pahale uddeshyon mein seey ack bunn gaye hain, jinhen poonjipati "pratikriyaavaadi shaikshanik adhikaari" aur "boodhe loga" key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, aur vyaapak roop seey aalochana aur utpeedan kiya gayaa haye. saanskritik kranti key dauran, college pravesh pariksha roque dee gaee thee, aur laakhon shikshit yuva graameen ilaakon mein chaley gaye they.
1977 mein, "samasyaon key sudhaar" kii avadhi key dauran college pravesh pariksha phir seey shuru kii gaee thee. 1978 key anta taka, chean kii aabaadi ack arab key karib thee, aur niraksharta darr 25 pratishat taka pahunch gaee, jisamen lagbhag 240 million anpadh aur yuva aur madhyam ayu varg key loga anpadh they. sudhaar aur udghaatan key baad, anivarya shiksha aur saksharta shiksha koo 1982 mein chean janvaadi ganarajya (82 samvidhaan) key nae sanshodhit samvidhaan mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. 1986 mein, chean janvaadi ganarajya kaa anivarya shiksha kaanoon lagu huaa, aur taba seey, nau saal kii anivarya shiksha koo mukhya bhoomi chean mein lagu kiya gayaa haye. 2001 mein, raajya parishad ney yuva aur madhyam ayu varg key logon key beach niraksharta koo lagbhag samaapt karane kaa daavaa kiya. 2010 mein chhathi rashtriya janganana mein, mukhya bhoomi chean kii kull aabaadi lagbhag 13.4 karod thee, jisamen seey lagbhag 54 million anpadh they, jinaki niraksharta darr 4.88 pratishat thee. unesco key anusaar, 2015 taka chean kii niraksharta darr ghatkar 3.6 pratishat reh gaee thee.
pee. aar. see. kii sthaapana seey pahale.
chean ganarajya kii mukhya bhoomi kii avadhi key dauran, shiksha pranali key prabhaav aur ashant samajik sthiti key kaaran shiksha kaa lokpriyakaran kewal kuchh samay key liye lagu kiya gayaa thaa. 1949 mein jaba chean janvaadi ganarajya kii sthaapana hui, taba taka chean key 50 karod seey adhik loga anpadh they, jinaki niraksharta darr lagbhag 80 pratishat thee. unamen seey adhikansh shramik aur kisan hain, aur unamen seey adhikansh anpadh mahilaaen hain. udaaharan key liye, 1949 mein, chean key sabse badey shahar, shanghai key upnagar huangdu mein 81.4 pratishat yuva vayask anpadh they. garib aur nimn-madhyam kisaanon key beach aisaa koee naheen milaa joe padh sakey. udaaharan key liye, 1949 seey pahale huangdu kshetra key shenziabang gaanv mein 24 parivaar they, jinamen seey 19 teen peedhiyon seey school naheen gaye they. pratyek parivaar key paas ack pencil bhee naheen thee, aur unhein chaar meal door shahar mein kissy koo patra likhane key liye kahana padaa. usa samay, chean mein kewal 289,000 praathamik vidyaalayon mein 23.68 million chhaatr they.
1949 seey pahale, cheeni communist party (see. see. pee.) key niyantran vaale sabhi kshetron mein bhee saksharta kaary kiya jaataa thaa. usa samay, harr sardiyon key kheti key mausam mein sulabh kshetron mein, kisaanon koo padhane aur padhane key liye sangathit kiya jaataa thaa. iss tarah kii shiksha kewal sardiyon mein kii jaati haye, jise "sheetkaleen shiksha" kahaa jaataa haye. anya sthaanon parr sheetkaleen vidyaalayon key vibhinn star hain, vibhinn sangathanaatmak roop, shikshan samagri aur shikshak hain, aur kaee sheetkaleen vidyalaya abhee bhee raajneetik shiksha aur saanskritik shiksha kii upeksha koo mahatva dete hain.
sitambar 1949 mein, cheeni logon key raajneetik paramarsh sammelan kaa samanya karyakram, joe cheeni logon key raajneetik paramarsh sammelan key pahale poorna satra dwara taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, jaise kii asthaayi samvidhaan, shramikon key liye anshakaalik shiksha aur caders key liye naukari parr shiksha koo majboot karane kaa ahwan kartaa haye.
maao jedong kaal.
chean kii sthaapana key shuruati dinn.
navambar 1949 mein, kendriya zana sarkaar key shiksha mantralaya ney "saksharta abhiyaan samiti" kii sthaapana kii, jisane kisaanon, shramikon aur kaaryakartaon kii saksharta shiksha kaa netritva kiya. disambar 1949 mein, kendriya zana sarkaar key shiksha mantralaya ney shiksha kaary parr pahala rashtriya sammelan aayojit kiya, jisamen yeh prastaav diyaa gayaa thaa kii shiksha koo rashtriya nirmaan kii seva karni chaahiye, kii school shramikon aur kisaanon key liye khule honey chaahiye, aur naee shiksha kii sanrachana puraane mukt kshetron key advitiya shaikshik anubhav parr adharit honey chaahiye, varishth shiksha mein kuchh sahayak gyaan koo avashoshit karna chaahiye, aur soviyat shiksha kii unnat visheshagyata kaa upayog karna chaahiye. isane 1951 seey ack rashtravyapi saksharta abhiyaan chalaane kaa bhee prastaav rakhaa. isane "1949 mein sheetkaleen vidyalaya key kaam koo puuraa karane key nirdesh" jaari kiye, yeh ingit karate hue kii sheetkaleen vidyalaya abhiyaan koo aam taur parr poore desh key graameen kshetron mein chalaaya jaanaa chaahiye.
20 seey 29 sitambar 1950 taka, shiksha mantralaya aur aul-chaina federation off trade yuniyanon ney sanyukt roop seey shramikon aur kisaanon key liye shiksha parr pahala rashtriya kaary sammelan bulaaya. shiksha mantri maa julun ney apane udghaatan bhaashan mein kahaa kii shramik aur kisan shiksha koo saksharta shiksha parr dhyaan kendrit karna chaahiye. kendra sarkaar, pramukh prashaasnik kshetron key shiksha vibhagon, mahila sanghon aur model shikshakon aur shramikon aur kisaanon key khaali samay key schools key chhatron key 400 seey adhik karmchaariyon ney baithak mein bhaag liya. baithak mein karyanvayan neeti aur shramik aur kisan shiksha key beach netritva sambandh jaise muddon parr charcha kii gaee. saksharta shiksha koo badhaava denaa aur dheere-dheere niraksharta koo cumm karna" kaa naaraa saamane rakhaa gayaa aur "sarkari netritva, zana sangathanon parr bharosa karna aur sabhi pakshon seey sahyog" key siddhant koo sakar kiya gayaa. mukhya shaikshik uddeshya shramik aur kisan karyakarta aur karyakarta they, aur pramukh shaikshik vishay kramshah sanskriti shiksha aur neeti aur vartamaan mamalon kii shiksha they.  
saksharta abhiyaan poore desh mein badey paimaane parr chalaaya gayaa haye, lekin karyanvayan prakriya mein, kuchh sthaanon ney vaastaviktaa koo nazarandaj curr diyaa haye aur aage badh gaye hain. teevra saksharta vidhi" koo badhaava dene mein, bahut jaldbaji aur asthir seekhane key parinam bhee hain. 1952 key anta key baad, chean mein kewal 550,400 logon koo sakshar banaane kii aavashyakta thee. 15 navambar 1952 koo, kendriya lock sarkaar samiti kii 19veen baithak mein kendra kii lock sarkaar kii niraksharta kaary samiti (adhyaksh aur party sachiv chuu tunan, upaadhyaksh lii chang, linn handaa, kii jianhua) kii sthaapana key liye ack prastaav paarit kiya gayaa taaki niraksharta koo charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt kiya jaa sakey. janwari 1953 mein, kendriya lock sarkaar kii sarkari prashaasan parishad key saanskritik aur shiksha aayog ney beijing mein aayojit kshetriya saanskritik aur shiksha aayogon key nideshakon kii baithak mein prastaav rakhaa kii saanskritik aur shiksha kaary yojana key anusaar kiye jaane chaahiye. saksharta ack deerghakaalik aur jatil kaary thaa jise puuraa karane key liye ack dashak yaa usase adhik kii aavashyakta thee, jisake liye 1952 kii sharad ritu key baad sabhi ilaakon koo saksharta kaary kii aakramak pravritti koo thheek karna jaari rakhna thaa.
ekikrit saksharta manakon kii kamee key kaaran utpann samasyaon key jawab mein, 24 navambar 1953 koo, kendriya lock unmoolan aayog ney saksharta manakon aur snaatak pareekshaon key liye antarim upaayon parr notice jaari kiya, jisamen niraksharta aur ardh-niraksharta kii avadhaaranaon koo pahali baar zana-ganarajya chean kii sthaapana key baad cadder, shramikon aur kisaanon key vibhinn saksharta lakshyon key anusaar paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa. arthaat, "saksharta key sandarbh mein, joe 500 seey adhik shabd padh sakate hain aur saksharta maanak koo puuraa naheen curr sakate hain, way ardh-anpadh hain; anpadh yaa 500 seey cumm sakshar sankhya anpadh haye", lekin ekikrit saksharta manakon aur saksharta pareekshan niyamon aur viniyamon key liye bhee pradaan kartaa haye, yaani, "cadder aur shramikon koo, aam taur parr 2,000 samanya shabdon koo jaanane key liye sett kiya jaa sakata haye, lokpriya kitaaben aur samachar patra padh sakate hain, dou seey teen sou shabd aavedan curr sakate hain; kisaanon koo aam taur parr 1000 samanya shabdon koo padhane mein saksham honey key liye nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye, aam taur parr lokpriya kitaaben aur samachar patra padh sakate hain, samanya nott, raseeden likh sakate hain; shahari kamkaji logon koo aam taur parr 1,500 samanya shabdon koo padhane mein saksham honey key liye nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye, aur padhane aur likhane key maanak shramikon aur kisaanon key manakon koo sandarbhit karate hain."" janata key anurodh parr, county saksharta kaary samiti yaa shiksha vibhaag una logon koo saksharta diploma jaari curr sakata haye jinhone pariksha utteern kii haye."niraksharta koo samaapt karane key liye snaatak pariksha kii adhyakshata pramukh jamini sansthanon dwara niraksharta yaa purnakaalik cadder aur shikshakon koo samaapt karane key liye kii jaayegi... pariksha kii samagri koo teen bhaagon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye-saksharta, padhana aur likhana. taba seey saksharta andolan lagaatar badh rhaa haye.
saksharta varg.
1951 key anta taka, saksharta kakshaaen rashtravyapi roop seey sthaapit kii gaee theen. aankade bataate hain kii 1951 mein, 17 laakh seey adhik karkhane key shramikon ney saksharta kakshaon mein bhaag liya. 1950 key dashak mein, saksharta abhiyaan key saath-saath desh bhar mein saksharta kakshaon mein "pati aur patni saksharta" geet gaaya gayaa thaa, jisake boll theh "sardiyon key aasmaan mein highg, sitaaron seey baahar aaen."kripaya blackboard parr likhein, aur ise prakaash mein rakhein. kaun saa shabd, chamak prakaash? adhyayan karein, adhyayan karein, mujhe shabd pataa haye."1952 mein, 23 laakh seey adhik shramikon ney desh bhar mein shramikon aur kisaanon key liye khaali samay key schools mein bhaag liya.
saksharta pustak.
saksharta andolan kii shuruat mein, school asthaayi they, shikshak shaukiya they, shikshan samagri kaa koee samaan viniyaman naheen thaa aur vibhinn sthaanon parr vibhinn "saksharta pustaken" prakaashit kii gaeen. inmein seey kuchh "saksharta pustaken" shramikon key liye theen, anya kisaanon key liye aur anya shahari grihiniyon key liye theen. pathyapustakon kii vishay-vastu usa samooh key aadhar parr bhinn hoti haye jiska way lakshya rakhate hain. "saksharta paathyapustak" mein mukhya roop seey paath, nae shabd, kaksha abhyaas key baad teen bhaag hotey hain. vaichaarik aur raajneetik shiksha, jaise kii see. see. pee. kaa samarthan karna, matribhoomi seey pyaar karna, saamantvaad virodhi, aur apane kaam aur samarpan seey pyaar karna, bhee paathyapustak mein aavashyak samagri haye. seekhane key dauran vibhinn prakaar kii saksharta pratiyogitaaen aayojit kii gaeen. agast 1952 mein beijing mein senaa kii 25veen varshgaanth manaane key liye aayojit peepuls liberation armi (pee. ell. aeye.) ney ack "saksharta daud" (shuru karane key liye jameen parr aavashyak paatron koo likhana) aur "saanskritik pareekshan" itum bhee sthaapit kiye. graameen saksharta pratiyogitaaen adhik aam hain; kuchh chhaatr apane gharon, darvaajon aur kaary upkaranon kii divaaron parr likhate hain aur saksharta mein "sakriya" honey key liye pratispardha karate hain.
twarit saksharta vidhi.
peepuls liberation armi key dakshin-paschim sainya kshetra key ack vibhaag key saanskritik shiksha prashikshak kii jianhua ney senaa mein saanskritik shiksha dene kii prakriya mein "teji seey saksharta vidhi" kaa aavishkaar kiya aur teen charanon mein shikshan kiyaah
vyavhaar mein, aam taur parr 1,500 seey adhik logon koo padhane mein kewal aadhaa maheena lagata haye. march 1952 mein iss kaanoon koo lagu karke, dakshin-paschim sainya kshetra ney poori senaa mein niraksharta koo samaapt karane mein agrani bhoomika nibhai. 29 navambar 1951 koo, chongking shinhua dainik ney "twarit saksharta shikshan kii prakriya kaa avalokan" sheershak seey ack lekh prakaashit kiya, jisamen dakshin-paschim sainya kshetra key ack saanskritik adhikaari kii jianhua kii shuruat kii gaee, jinhone sainikon koo "twarit saksharta vidhi" key saath jaldi seey sakshar banane mein madad kii.
disambar 1951 mein, kendriya zana sarkaar key shiksha mantralaya ney ack "twarit saksharta kaanoon" sangoshthi aayojit kii. 23 aprail 1952 koo, kendriya lock prashaasan parishad kii saanskritik aur shaikshik samiti ney kii jianhua koo puraskar kaa pramaan patra jaari kiya. teen dinn baad, logon key dainik ney ack sampadakiya prakaashit kiya jisamen desh bhar mein "twarit saksharta kaanoon key saarvbhaumik karyanvayan" kaa ahwan kiya gayaa. maee 1952 mein, kendriya lock sarkaar key shiksha mantralaya ney sabhi ilaakon mein "twarit saksharta kaanoon" key shikshan prayog parr notice jaari kiya aur desh bhar mein shramikon aur kisaanon key beach "twarit saksharta kaanoon" koo badhaava dene kaa faisala kiya taaki niraksharta koo charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt kiya jaa sakey. neeti lagu honey key baad, prachaar aur jutaane key madhyam seey, shramikon aur kisaanon ney badey paimaane parr saksharta kakshaon key liye hastakshar kiye. twarit saksharta parr praayogik kakshaaen desh bhar mein jaldi seey sthaapit kii gaeen. chongking kapada shramikon ney 21 dinon key kaam seey chhutti key baad vyaavhaarik saksharta pathyakram koo gati dee, chhatron ney ausatan 400 shabdon seey 2000 shabdon seey adhik shabd taka. beijing key purvi upnagaron mein gaobedian kisaanon kii prayogaatmak kaksha mein, 26 chhatron ney 164 ghante seekhane key baad 1638 aksharon koo seekha aur shuru mein way patra likh sakate they. 1952 mein, teji seey saksharta shikshan ney ullekhaniya karkhane aur graameen saksharta parinam hassil kiye. poorvottar chean, shanghai, beijing aur anya sthaanon mein adhure aankadon key anusaar, twarit saksharta karyakram mein 258,000 shramikon ney bhaag liya haye. unamen seey adhikansh 150 seey 200 ghante key adhyayan key baad 1,500 seey 2,000 shabd seekhate hain aur lokpriya pustaken padh sakate hain aur saral lekh likh sakate hain.
pachas key madhya mein.
1955 mein, vibhinn sthaanon parr saksharta key liye utsaah cumm hoe gayaa. haalaanki, anpadhon kii sankhya abhee bhee mahatvapurna thee, aur kaee loga joe apani niraksharta khou chuke they, way anpadh hoe gaye kyonki way samay parr samekit naheen hue they. 1955 key sharad ritu key anta mein, maao jedong ney grishmakaaleen mahal mein chean kii naee loktaantrik yuva leag key kendriya sachivalaya key sachiv huu yaobang key saath charcha kii kii saksharta aur krishi sahyog koo kaise jodaa jaae. maao jedong dwara ise padhane key baad, unhone iss samagri kaa sheershak badalkar "gaojiyaliyugau gaanv, junan county mein yuva leag shakha key anubhav" curr diyaa aur ise "chean key graameen kshetron mein samajwadi utthaan" pustak mein shamil kiya aur 800 seey adhik lekh likhe. shabd tippaniyanh
"iss anubhav koo lokpriya banaaya jaanaa chaahiye. lenin ney kahaah niraksharta seey bharey desh mein, ack saamyavaadi samaaj kaa nirmaan karna asambhav haye... pahala kadam logon key naam, sthaanon, upkaranon, khet key kaam key naam aur kuchh aavashyak shabdawali, lagbhag dou seey teen sou varnon koo seekhana haye. doosara kadam aage key paatron aur shabdawali koo seekhana haye. dou prakaar kii pathyapustakon kaa sankalan kiya jaanaa chaahiye. pahali tarah kii paathyapustak una sathiyon seey bunny honey chaahiye joe sahakaari samitiyon key kaam kaa margadarshan karate hain aur sthaaniya buddhijiviyon kii madad karate hain-joe vahaan kii sahakaari samitiyon kii jarooraton key anusaar sankalit kiye jaate hain. doosari prakaar kii paathyapustak...yeh sthaaniya cheejon aur shabdawali key ack chhote seey kshetra key saath-saath praantiya aur rashtriya cheejon aur shabdawali key ack hisse parr adharit haye, aur isake liye kewal kuchh sou shabdon kii aavashyakta hoti haye. teesara charan, aam taur parr upayog kii jaane vaali teesari prakaar kii pathyapustakon koo vibhinn praanton (shaharon, jilon) key shaikshanik sansthanon dwara sankalit kiya jaataa haye. shandong praant key junan county key gaojiyaliyugau gaanv mein yuva leag shakha ney ack rachanaatmak kaam kiya haye... work recording class kaa naam bhee ekdam sahee haye. iss tarah key adhyayan varg kii nakal harr jagah kii jaani chaahiye. yuva leegon koo sabhi staron parr iss kaam kaa netritva karna chaahiye aur sabhi party aur sarkari angon koo iska samarthan karna chaahiye."
11 octuber 1955 koo cheeni communist party kii 7veen kendriya samiti key chhathe poorna satra mein maao jedong ney kahaah "mujhe lagata haye kii saksharta abhiyaan koo aage badhaana behtar haye. kuchh sthaanon ney saksharta abhiyaan koo samaapt curr diyaa haye, joe achchha naheen haye. sahakaari prakriya mein niraksharta koo samaapt karna niraksharta abhiyaanon koo samaapt karna naheen haye, niraksharta koo samaapt karna naheen haye, balki niraksharta koo samaapt karna haye."
maao jedong kii tippani "gaojiyaliyugau gaanv, junan county mein yuva leag shakha key anubhav, kaary-recording vargon kii sthaapana" parr jald hii "cheeni graameen kshetron mein samajwadi uday" pustak key saath poore desh mein fail gaee. sabhi praanton, shaharon, county aur yahaan taka kii gaanvon ney sthaaniya paristhitiyon key anukool naee saksharta shikshan samagri sankalit kii haye. aankadon key anusaar, 1957 mein 60 laakh seey adhik anpadh kisaanon aur nivaasiyon koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, joe chean key janvaadi ganarajya kii sthaapana key baad saksharta shiksha key vikas key shikhar parr pahunch gayaa thaa.
aage kii badee chhalang.
mahaan chhalang kii avadhi key dauran, saksharta kaary bhee atishayokti aur uchch sanketkon kii pravritti mein gir gayaa. farwari 1958 mein, chean janvaadi ganarajya key shiksha mantralaya, communist yuva leag kii kendriya samiti, aul-chaina federation off trade union, aul-chaina mahila sangh aur rashtriya niraksharta unmoolan sangh ney saksharta kii unnat ikaaiyon kii ack pratinidhi baithak aayojit kii, jisamen ack saanskritik "paramanu visfot" kaa prastaav rakhaa gayaa thaa. panel ney paanch varshon key bheetar yuva aur madhyam ayu varg key logon key beach niraksharta koo samaapt karane key liye desh key saamane prastut kiya. 7 march 1958 aur 20 maee 1958 koo logon key dainik prakaashit sampadakiya "badey paimaane parr saksharta mein ack badee chhalang lagaate hue" aur "ack krantikari bhavna key saath niraksharta koo samaapt karate hue."usa samay, 14 seey 40 varsh kii ayu key beach key 15 karod anpadh yuva akele graameen kshetron mein rahate they. yadi pichhale aathh varshon kii ausat saksharta darr koo lagu kiya jaataa, bhale hii salana 30 laakh anpadhon koo samaapt curr diyaa jaataa, tou unhein samaapt karane mein 50 saal lagenge. saksharta jald hii zana andolan kaa charmotkarsh bunn gaee, aur harr jagah jhoothi reporting aur atishayokti gambhir thee. reports key anusaar, kewal janwari seey sitambar 1958 taka, 10 karod yuva aur madhyam ayu varg key logon kaa safaya curr diyaa gayaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, main aadhe saal yaa ack saal mein niraksharta koo mitaane mein vishvaas naheen kartaa, lekin yeh doosari panchvarshiya yojana key dauran achchha hoga."taba seey," saksharta kii chhalang "thhandi hoe gaee haye.
1959 seey 1961 taka, "teen saal kii kathin avadhi", graameen saksharta kaa kaam ack nimn bindu parr aaa gayaa, aur iss samay, saksharta mein raajneetik shiksha kaa anupaat bhaari thaa.
1964 mein doosari rashtriya jansankhya janganana ney bhee logon kii kalaatmak gunavatta parr ack vyaapak sarvekshan kiya. parinamon seey pataa chalaa kii 15 varsh seey adhik ayu key logon kii niraksharta darr 1949 mein 80 pratishat seey girkar 52 pratishat hoe gaee thee, jaba chean janvaadi ganarajya kii sthaapana hui thee, aur 1949 seey 1964 taka, 10 karod seey adhik loga sakshar hoe gaye they. ack anya aadhikarik cheeni aankadon key anusaar, 1965 taka, saksharta abhiyaan ney rashtriya niraksharta darr koo 1949 mein lagbhag 80 pratishat seey ghataakar 38.1 pratishat curr diyaa thaa.
saanskritik kranti.
1966 seey 1976 taka, maao jedong aur anya logon ney mukhya bhoomi chean mein saanskritik kranti shuru kii. iss avadhi key dauran, chean key vaigyaanik anusandhaan aur shiksha parr gambhir prabhaav padaa aur buddhijivi pahale lakshyon mein seey ack bunn gaye jinhen dhwast kiya gayaa. unhein "pratikriyaavaadi akaadamik adhikaari" aur "badbudar nau" key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa aur vyaapak roop seey unaki aalochana kii jaati thee aur unhein prataadit kiya jaataa thaa. usee samay, saanskritik kranti key dauran, college pravesh pariksha koo nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur laakhon yuva pahaadon aur graameen ilaakon mein chaley gaye they. saanskritik kranti key shuruati dinon mein, graameen saksharta sansthanon koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur saksharta kaary lagbhag thhap hoe gayaa thaa. kewal kuchh graameen kshetron ney niraksharta koo samaapt karna jaari rakhaa. udaaharan key liye, sichuan praant mein bajhong county aur hunan praant mein taojiang county ney 1969 aur 1971 mein saksharta phir seey shuru kii. 1972 key baad seey, kuchh praanton ney dheere-dheere saksharta shiksha jaari rakhee haye. usa samay, vibhinn sthaanon parr raajneetik aur saanskritik raatri vidyalaya sthaapit kiye gaye they, aur kuchh raatri vidyaalayon mein saksharta kakshaaen sanlagn theen, jisase saksharta shiksha koo aage badhaane kaa avsar milaa. udaaharan key liye, 1973 aur 1978 key beach jiangsu praant ney 4.56 laakh anpadhon koo samaapt curr diyaa, 1976 mein shandong praant ney 930,000 anpadhon koo samaapt curr diyaa, 1973 aur 1978 key beach shanxy praant ney 830,000 anpadhon koo samaapt curr diyaa, aur 1976 mein hebei praant ney 320,000 anpadhon koo samaapt curr diyaa. chean shiksha varshapustika 1981 key anusaar, 1972 seey 1977 taka desh bhar mein 19.32 million anpadhon kaa unmoolan curr diyaa gayaa.
deng ziaoping avadhi.
deng giaoping, joe 1977 mein teesari baar rajneeti mein laute, ney pahali baar sitambar 1977 mein "cheejon koo sahee karane" kaa prastaav rakhaa aur college pravesh pariksha koo phir seey shuru kiya, jise saanskritik kranti key kaaran duss saal key liye nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 19 sitambar 1977 koo, deng giaoping aur shiksha mantralaya key pramukhon, liu shiao, yong gaao aur ly kii ney duss saal kii saanskritik kranti key dauran shaikshik morche key ulatafer key baare mein baat kii. yadi aapane ateet mein koee galati kii haye, tou ise doharaaen aur ise thheek karein. kissy bhee mamle mein, bhasha spasht aur aspasht honey chaahiye, joe samasya kaa samadhan naheen karegi. jaldi seey kaam karein, jaldbaji naa karein."
octuber 1978 mein, deng giaoping ney prastaav diyaa kii "shiksha ack rashtra kaa sabse maulik kaaran haye", jhaang chunakiao koo nakaarte hue, joe chaar logon key giroh mein seey ack haye, kii "puuraa desh anpadh haye, yeh bhee ack jeet haye.1977 mein saksharta vyavastha kii bahaali key aadhar parr, janvaadi ganarajya chean kii raajya parishad ney 6 navambar 1978 koo saksharta unmoolan parr nirdesh jaari kiya, jisamen nimnalikhit buniyaadi siddhanton koo saamane rakhaa gayaah doosara 12 seey 45 varsh kii ayu key yuvaaon mein niraksharta koo samaapt karna haye. teesara una logon mein niraksharta mein sudhaar karna haye joe pahale seey hii sakshar hoe chuke hain.
disambar 1978 mein, jaba cheeni communist party kii 11veen kendriya samiti kaa teesara poorna satra aayojit kiya gayaa, tou deng giaoping chean key janvaadi ganarajya kii doosari peedhi key sarvocch netaa bunn gaye. isake baad, rashtriya samajik vikas aur shaikshik sudhaar key aadhar parr, krishi vikas mein teji laane parr nirnay kaa masauda aur graameen samudaayon parr niyamon kaa masauda taiyar kiya gayaa. graameen aarthik pranali mein sudhaar key gahan honey key saath, saksharta koo sansthaagat aur aupchaarik banaaya gayaa haye aur aarthik vikas key liye seva kii gaee haye.
1978 key anta mein, mukhya bhoomi chean kii aabaadi 1 arab key karib thee, jinamen seey 81 pratishat kisan they, 240 million anpadh they, aur niraksharta darr 25 pratishat taka pahunch gaee aur yuva aur madhyam ayu varg key 1 pratishat anpadh they. 1978 seey 1980 taka, saksharta kaa teji seey vikas huaa, aur cheejon koo sahee karate samay "anivarya shiksha" kaa naaraa rakhaa gayaa. cheeni aarthik sudhaar key dauran, deng giaoping ney yeh vichaar rakhaa kii "buddhijivi pahale seey hii khud mazdoor varg kaa hissa hain" aur "gyaan kaa sammaan karate hain, pratibha kaa sammaan karate hain aur buddhijiviyon kaa sammaan naheen karane key galat vichaar kaa virodh karate hain.
sudhaar aur khulapan.
1982 mein teesari rashtriya janganana key aankadon key anusaar, kull jansankhya kaa 23.5 pratishat hissa 12 varsh seey adhik ayu key aaee. dee. 2 million anpadh aur ardh-anpadh they, jinamen seey 91 pratishat graameen kshetron mein anpadh they, aur 40 varsh kii ayu seey adhik key aaee. dee. 1 million padhane yogya naheen they. 4 disambar 1982 koo, anivarya shiksha aur saksharta shiksha koo janvaadi ganarajya chean (82 samvidhaan) key nae sanshodhit samvidhaan mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa; samvidhaan key anuchhed 19 mein kahaa gayaa haih
raajya samajwadi shiksha kaa vikas kartaa haye aur poore desh mein logon key vaigyaanik aur saanskritik star koo badhaata haye. raajya vibhinn vidyalaya chalaata haye, praathamik shiksha koo anivarya banaata haye, maadhyamik, vyaavsaayik aur uchch shiksha kaa vikas kartaa haye, aur poorvaskooli shiksha kaa vikas kartaa haye. raajya sabhi prakaar kii shaikshik suvidhaon kaa vikas kartaa haye, niraksharta koo samaapt kartaa haye, shramikon, kisaanon, raajya key kaaryakartaon aur anya kamkaji logon koo raajneetik, saanskritik, vaigyaanik, takniki aur vyaavsaayik shiksha pradaan kartaa haye aur aatm-adhyayan koo protsaahit kartaa haye. raajya saamoohik aarthik sangathanon, raajya udyamon aur sansthanon aur anya samajik taakton koo kaanoon key tahat vibhinn shaikshanik upkramon koo vyavasthit karane mein saksham banaata haye. raajya poore desh mein mandarin key upayog koo badhaava detaa haye.
12 aprail 1986 koo, 6veen rashtriya zana congress key chauthe satra mein chean key janvaadi ganarajya key anivarya shiksha kaanoon koo apanaaya gayaa, joe 1 julaai 1986 koo lagu huaa. iss prakaar, pahali baar, chean key janvaadi ganarajya ney kaanoon mein sthaapit kiya kii "raajya nau saal kii anivarya shiksha koo lagu kartaa haye."kaanoon mein kahaa gayaa haye kii" anivarya shiksha ack aisee shiksha haye jise sabhi schooly ayu key bachchon aur kishoron koo praapt karna chaahiye aur yeh ack lock kalyan upakram haye jisaki raajya koo guaranti deni chaahiye."
5 farwari 1988 koo, raajya parishad ney niraksharta key unmoolan parr niyam jaari kiye, jisamen kahaa gayaa kii vyaktigat saksharta key liye maanak hainh "kisan 1,500 cheeni akshar padh sakate hain, udyamon aur saarvajanik sansthanon key karmchari, aur shahari nivasi 2,000 cheeni akshar padh sakate hain; main saade aur lokpriya samachar patra aur lekh padh sakata huun, saral khaate rakh sakata huun, aur saral, vyaavhaarik lekh likh sakata huun."yeh maanak dashakon seey aparivartit rhaa haye. niyamon mein yeh bhee kahaa gayaa haye kii "15 seey 40 varsh kii ayu key sabhi anpadh aur ardh-anpadh nagrikon koo saksharta shiksha praapt karane kaa adhikaar aur kartavya haye, chaahe way ling, rashtriyata yaa jaati key houn, sivaay una logon key joe saksharta shiksha praapt karane mein asamarth hain."niraksharta key unmoolan key liye sweekriti kii ack pranali lagu kii jaayegi. saksharta prashikshuon kaa mulyankan usee star parr nagar palika kii sarkaar, shahari upa-jilaa karyalayon yaa udyamon aur sansthanon dwara kiya jaayega aur joe saksharta manakon koo puuraa karate hain, unhein "saksharta pramaan patra" jaari kiya jaayega. niraksharta koo samaapt karane vaale shaharon aur county kaa pratyaksh roop seey kendra sarkaar key tahat praanton, swaayatt kshetron aur nagar paalikaon kii logon kii sarkaaron dwara nireekshan kiya jaayega, aur pahali baar prastaav diyaa jaayega kii niraksharta key unmoolan aur anivarya praathamik shiksha key lokpriyakaran kii yojana banaai jaani chaahiye aur saath hii ise lagu kiya jaanaa chaahiye."jahaan saarvbhaumik anivarya praathamik shiksha praapt kii gaee haye, aur niraksharta koo samaapt karna abhee taka puuraa naheen huaa haye, vahaan niraksharta koo samaapt karane kaa lakshya paanch varshon key bheetar praapt kiya jaanaa chaahiye."agale varshon mein, raajya parishad ney praasangik dastavej jaari karna jaari rakhaa joe saksharta aur saarvbhaumik shiksha key liye sateek aavashyaktaon koo aage rakhate hain.
21veen sadee.
1999 mein, raajya parishad ney 21veen sadee key liye shiksha key punrutthan key liye kaary yojana koo manjuri dee, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii "mool roop seey nau saal kii anivarya shiksha koo saarvbhaumik banaane aur varsh 2000 taka yuva aur madhyam ayu varg key logon key beach niraksharta koo samaapt karane kaa lakshya rashtriya shiksha kaary kii 'sheersh prathamikta' haye."dou aadhar" ack mahatvapurna charan mein pravesh curr gaye hain. hamein rashtriya lakshya kii praapti sunishchit karni chaahiye. anivarya shiksha koo lokpriya banaane mein pramukh bindu aur kathinaaiyaan madhya aur paschimi kshetron mein hain. dasavin panchvarshiya yojana avadhi key dauran, humm pahaadi kshetron, graameen kshetron aur seemavarti kshetron parr dhyaan kendrit karate hue garib kshetron mein anivarya shiksha kii rashtriya pariyojana koo lagu karna jaari rakhenge."" "2010 taka, 'dou buniyaadi' lakshyon koo poori tarah seey sakar karane key aadhar parr, humm shaharon aur aarthik roop seey vikasit kshetron mein varishth uchch vidyalaya shiksha koo charan-darr-charan saarvbhaumik banaa denge, aur poori aabaadi kii schooly shiksha key varshon kii sankhya vikaasheel deshon key unnat star taka pahunch jaayegi.
octuber 2000 mein, see. see. pee. kendriya samiti ney "rashtriya aarthik aur samajik vikas key liye dasavin panchvarshiya yojana taiyar karane parr chean kii communist party kii kendriya samiti kaa prastaav" jaari kiya, jisamen prastaav diyaa gayaah "nau saal kii anivarya shiksha koo lokpriya banaana jaari rakhein, yuva aur madhyam ayu varg key logon key beach niraksharta koo samaapt karein, aur varishth uchch vidyalaya shiksha aur uchch shiksha key paimaane kaa vistaar karein. humm sakriya roop seey vibhinn prakaar kii vyaavsaayik shiksha aur prashikshan kaa vikas karenge. humm nirantar shiksha pranali mein sudhaar karenge aur dheere-dheere ack aajivan shiksha pranali sthaapit karenge."
chean janvaadi ganarajya key rashtriya saankhyiki beuro ney 2010 kii chhathi rashtriya jansankhya janganana mukhya detta bulletin (sankhya. 1) "rashtriya nirakshar aabaadi mein umr, ling aur shiksha star key aadhar parr 15 varsh aur usase adhik ayu kii" detta. 31 praanton, swaayatt kshetron aur seedhe kendra sarkaar key tahat nagarpalikaon (hangkang vishesh prashaasnik kshetra, makaao vishesh prashaasnik kshetra aur taiwan praant koo chhodkar) aur sakriya sainya aabaadi mein, 2000 mein paanchvin rashtriya janganana kii tulanaa mein 3,0413,094 kii kamee aaee haye, joe kii 54,656,573 anpadh loga (15 varsh aur usase adhik ayu key anpadh loga) hain. niraksharta darr <4> seey 4.08% taka gir gaee, joe 2.64 pratishat ankon kii kamee haye.
2009 kii shuruat mein, shiksha mantralaya key saksharta shiksha vibhaag, pee. aar. see., jisane rashtriya saksharta prayason kaa netritva kiya, koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa aur isake karyon koo buniyaadi shiksha vibhaag key neeti vibhaag mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. kaee sthaaniya sarkaaron ney apane saksharta kaary samoohon koo bhang curr diyaa haye aur shiksha, nagrik mamalon aur anya vibhagon mein saksharta kaary koo failaaya haye.
2010 aur usase aage.
shiksha key aankadon parr rashtriya saankhyikiya report key anusaar, 2010 seey 2014 taka, desh bhar mein kull 600 loga ashikshit they, aur desh bhar mein ashikshiton kii sankhya mein saal darr saal kamee aaee. 2012 mein, desh bhar mein anpadhon kii sankhya 2011 kii tulanaa mein ack chauthai taka gir gaee. visheshagyon kaa maanana haye kii mandee 2011 key baad chean mein nau saal kii anivarya shiksha key poorna praapti key kaaran haye, jisase yuva aur madhyam ayu varg key logon mein niraksharta samaapt hoe gaee aur saksharta kaary mein shesh kathinaaiyaan hain. unamen seey, boodhe, yuva, seema aur garib kshetron mein abhee bhee niraksharta kii uchch ghatanaaen hain. aankade bataate hain kii vishesh kathinaaiyon vaale 14 nikatvarti kshetron mein, anpadh aur ardh-anpadh shramikon kaa anupaat poore desh kii tulanaa mein 3.6 pratishat adhik haye, aur inn kshetron key kaee gaanv abhee bhee anpadh hain.
2011 mein, shiksha mantralaya ney saksharta shiksha key liye pathyakram kii sthaapana aur shikshan samagri taiyar karane key liye dishanirdesh jaari kiye, jisamen sthaaniya saksharta pathyakramon koo saksharta aur sankhyaatmak shiksha koo vayask buniyaadi jeevan kaushal, vyaavsaayik kaushal prashikshan, swaasthya dekhbhal, kanuni gyaan aur adhikaaron aur hiton key sanrakshan key saath ekikrit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. kaee varshon seey, kuchh sthaanon parr kaam karane key liye videsh jaane vaale logon key liye "videshi bhasha saksharta" aur shaharon mein kaam karane vaale kisaanon key liye "shahari jeevan kshamata saksharta" kaa sanchaalan kiya gayaa haye. visheshagyon kaa maanana haye kii iss tarah kii saksharta koo aur badhaava dene key laayak haye, aur ise "scanning text blindness" seey "scanning cultural blindness", shaikshik sansadhanon koo ekikrit karane, vibhinn samoohon koo lakshit karane aur nae saksharta kaary koo lacheele aur sateek roop seey karane kii or leey jaanaa chaahiye.
jail pranali mein badey paimaane parr sangathit saksharta jaari haye. 25 aprail 2012 koo, chean key janvaadi ganarajya key nyaay mantri, vu eing ney kahaa kii 2008 seey, 12.5 laakh kaidiyon koo desh bhar kii jailon mein saksharta aur anivarya shiksha dee gaee haye. 29 janwari 2014 koo, unesco ney sabhi vaishvik nigrani report key liye shiksha jaari kii, jisamen dikhaaya gayaa kii duniya kii 72 pratishat anpadh aabaadi 10 deshon (bhaarat, chean, pakistan, bangladesh, nigeria, ethiopia, misra, brazil, indoneshiya, kango kaa loktaantrik ganarajya) mein kendrit haye. inn deshon kii anpadh aabaadi 55.7 karod haye, jisamen seey bhaarat duniya kii sabse badee anpadh aabaadi haye, jisaki 28.7 karod kii anpadh vayask aabaadi haye, joe duniya kii anpadh aabaadi kaa 37 pratishat haye. report mein pichhale 20 varshon mein anpadh vayaskon kii sankhya mein 130 million (yaa 70 pratishat) kii girawat key saath saksharta mein chean key utkrisht pradarshan parr bhee prakaash daala gayaa haye.
shiksha mantralaya key aankadon seey pataa chalata haye kii 2014 mein chean mein saksharta shiksha key liye kewal 10,800 purnakaalik shikshak they, joe lagaatar teesare varsh cumm huaa aur kewal 455,500 logon ney saksharta seekhane mein bhaag liya. doorasth graameen kshetron mein niyamit saksharta kakshaaen abb upalabdh naheen hain. sarkaar ney saksharta kii aavashyaktaaen banaana bund curr diyaa haye kyonki shesh kuchh anpadh bahut puraane hain. kaee varshon seey jamini star parr koee vishesh saksharta kosh bhee aavantit naheen kiya gayaa haye, aur isake parinamswarup saksharta kaary aksar rook gayaa haye.

