
hoysala vastukala

hoysal vastukala hindu mandir vastukala mein nirmaan shally haye joe 11veen aur 14veen shatabdi key beach hoysal samrajya key shasson key tahat vikasit hui thee, iss kshetra mein jise aaj bhaarat key karnatak raajya key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. 13veen shatabdi mein hoysal kaa prabhaav apane charam parr thaa, jaba yeh dakshini dakkan pathaar kshetra parr haavi thaa. iss yug key dauran nirmit badey aur chhote mandir hoysal vastukala shally key udaaharan baney hue hain, jinamen belur mein chenneksav mandir, halebidu mein hoysaleshwar mandir aur somanathpura mein kesawa mandir shamil hain. hoysal shilp kaushal key anya udaaharan belawadi, amritpura, hosaholalu, mosale, arsikere, basaralu, kikkeri aur nugehalli key mandir hain. hoysal vastukala shally key adhyayan seey ack naa key barabar bhaaratiya-aarya prabhaav kaa pataa chalaa haye jabaki dakshini bhaaratiya shally kaa prabhaav adhik vishisht haye.
12veen shatabdi key madhya mein hoysal swatantrata seey pahale banaae gaye mandir mahatvapurna paschimi chalukya prabhaavon koo darshaate hain, jabaki baad key mandiron mein paschimi chalukya vastukala key liye kuchh visheshataaen pramukh hain, lekin atirikt aavishkaarsheel sajawat aur alankaran hain, joe hoysal kaarigaron key liye advitiya hain. vartamaan karnatak raajya mein kuchh teen sou mandiron key astitva key liye jaanaa jaataa haye aur kaee aur mandiron kaa ullekh shilalekhon mein kiya gayaa haye, halanki kewal lagbhag sattar kaa dastavejikaran kiya gayaa haye. inmein seey sabse adhik aabaadi malnad (pahaadi) jilon mein haye, joe hoysal raajaon kaa mool ghar haye.
hoysal vastukala koo prabhaavshaali vidwan aadam hardy dwara "karnat dravid" parampara key hisse key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye, joe dakkan mein dravid vastukala key bheetar ack pravritti haye joe aage dakshin kii tamil shally seey alag haye. parampara key liye anya shabd vesra aur chalukya vastukala hain, joe praarambhik badami chalukya vastukala aur paschimi chalukya vastukala mein vibhajit hain joe hoysalon seey turant pahale kii thee. poori parampara mein lagbhag saat shataabdiyon kii avadhi shamil haye joe 7veen shatabdi mein badami key chalukya rajvansh key sanrakshan mein shuru hui, joe 9veen aur 10veen shatabdi key dauran anekheta key rashtrakooton aur 11veen aur 12veen shatabdi mein basavakalyan key paschimi chalukyon (yaa baad mein chalukyon) key sanrakshan mein vikasit hui. iska antim vikas charan aur ack swatantra shally mein parivartan 12veen aur 13veen shatabdi mein hoysalon key shasson key dauran huaa thaa. mandir sthaanon parr pramukhta seey pradarshit madhyayugeen shilalekh mandir key rakharkhaav key liye kiye gaye daan, abhishek key vivaran aur iss avsar parr vaastushilp vivaran key baare mein jaankaari dete hain.
mandir key devta.
hindu dharm dharmnirpeksh aur pavitra maanyataon, anushthaanon, dainik prathaon aur paramparaon kaa ack sanyojan haye joe dou hazaar seey adhik varshon key dauran vikasit huaa haye aur darshan key saath praakritik duniya key sanyojan key saath jatil prateekvaad kaa prateek haye.
hindu mandiron kii shuruat ack devta key awas vaale saral mandiron key roop mein hui aur hoysalon key samay taka way achchi tarah seey kalaatmak imaraton mein vikasit hoe gaye they jinamen upaasak dainik duniya seey parey honey kii maang karate they. hoysal mandir hindu dharm kii kissy vishesh roop seey sangathit parampara taka seemit naheen they aur vibhinn hindu bhakti andolanon key teerthyatriyon koo protsaahit karate they. hoysalon ney aamtaur parr apane mandiron koo shiv yaa vishnu (dou lokpriya hindu devtaon) koo samarpit kiya, lekin unhone kabhi-kabhi jaine dharm koo samarpit kuchh mandiron kaa bhee nirmaan kiya. shiv key upasakon koo shaiv kahaa jaataa haye aur vishnu key upasakon koo vaishnav kahaa jaataa haye. jabaki raajaa vishnuvardhan aur unake vanshaj aastha seey vaishnav they, abhilekhon seey pataa chalata haye kii hoysalon ney shiv koo samarpit kaee mandiron kaa nirmaan karke dhaarmik sadbhaav banaae rakhaa, jaisa kii unhone vishnu koo kiya thaa.
inmein seey adhikansh mandiron mein apani moortiyon mein chitrit vyaapak vishayon key saath dharmnirpeksh visheshtaen hain. yeh vishnu koo samarpit belur key prasiddh chennakeshav mandir aur shiv koo samarpit halebidu key hoysaleshwar mandir mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. somanathpur mein keshav mandir iss mayane mein alag haye kii iska alankaran sakhti seey vaishnav haye. aam taur parr vaishnav mandir keshav (yaa chennakeshav, jiska arth haye "sunder vishnu") koo samarpit hotey hain, jabaki ack chhoti sankhya lakshminarayan aur lakshminarsinh (narayan aur narsingh donon vishnu key avtaar yaa bhautik roop hain) koo samarpit hoti haye, jisamen vishnu kii patni lakshmi unake charanon mein baithi hoti haye. vishnu koo samarpit mandiron kaa naam hamesha devta key naam parr rakhaa jaataa haye.
shaiv mandiron mein ack shivling haye, joe prajanan kshamata kaa prateek haye aur shiv kaa saarvbhaumik prateek haye. shiv mandiron key naam "ishwar" pratyay key saath samaapt hoe sakate hain jiska arth haye "bhagwan kaa swami". udaaharan key liye, "hoysaleshwar" naam kaa arth haye "hoysal kaa swami". mandir kaa naam usa bhakt key naam parr bhee rakhaa jaa sakata haye jisane mandir kaa nirmaan shuru kiya thaa, ack udaaharan korwangla mein buseshwar mandir haye, jiska naam bhakt busi key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. sabse aakarshak murtikala sajawat vistrit raahat key saath saanche kii kshaitij panktiyaan hain, aur baahari mandir kii deewaar key panels parr devtaon, devi-devtaon aur unake paricharakon kii jatil nakkashidar chhaviyaan hain.
doddagaddavalli lakshmi devi ("dhana kii devi") mandir ack apavaad haye kyonki yeh naa tou vishnu koo samarpit haye aur naa hii shiv koo. 11veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein cholon dwara jaine paschimi gangaa rajvansh (vartamaan dakshin karnatak) kii haar aur 12veen shatabdi mein vaishnav hindu dharm aur veershaiv dharm key anuyaayiyon kii badhati sankhya jaine dharm mein ruchi mein kamee seey pratibimbit hui. haalaanki, hoysal kshetra mein jaine pooja key dou ullekhaniya sthaan shravanbelagola aur kambadahalli they. hoysalon ney apani jaine aabaadi kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane key liye jaine mandiron kaa nirmaan kiya, jinamen seey kuchh jaine tirthankaron key prateek vaale halebidu mein jeevit rahey hain. unhone "pushkarni" yaa "kalyani" naamak seedhidaar kuon kaa nirmaan kiya, jiska udaaharan hulikere mein alankrit tunky haye. iss talab mein baarah chhote mandir hain jinamen hindu devta hain.
hoysal mandir kii murtikala mein paae jaane vaale dou mukhya devta shiv aur vishnu hain joe apane vibhinn roopon aur avtaaron (avtaar) mein paae jaate hain. shiv koo aamtaur parr chaar baahon key saath dikhaaya jaataa haye jisamen ack trishul aur anya prateekon key beach ack chhota dhol hotaa haye joe usa divya chhavi seey swatantra roop seey pooja kii jaane vaali vastuon kaa prateek haye jisase way judey hotey hain. iss tarah seey chitrit koee bhee purush prateek shiv haye, halanki ack mahila prateek koo kabhi-kabhi inn visheshtaon key saath shiv kii patni, paarvati key roop mein chitrit kiya jaa sakata haye. bhagwan shiv key vibhinn chitran maujood hainh usey nagna (poori tarah seey yaa aanshik roop seey) dikhaana, jaise kii ack rakshas (aurahaka) koo maarnaa yaa ack maare gaye haathi (gajasur) key sir parr nritya karna aur usaki twacha koo usaki peeth key peechhe pakadana. usey aksar apani patni paarvati key saath yaa nandi bail key saath dikhaaya jaataa haye. unhein bhairav key roop mein darshaaya jaa sakata haye, joe shiv kii kaee abhivyaktiyon mein seey ack haye.
ack purush aakriti jise kuchh vastuon jaise shankh (shashwat, swargiya sthaan kaa prateek) aur ack chakr (shashwat samay aur vinashkari shakti) koo pakade hue darshaaya gayaa haye, vishnu haye. yadi kissy mahila aakriti koo inn vastuon koo pakade hue darshaaya jaataa haye, tou usey usaki patni, lakshmi key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. sabhi chitranon mein vishnu chaar vastuon koo pakade hue haih ack shankh, ack chakr, ack kamal aur ack kaumodki (gadaa). inhen kissy bhee icon key haathon mein rakhaa jaa sakata haye, jisase vishnu key chaubis alag-alag roop sambhav hoe sakate hain, jinamen seey pratyek kaa ack advitiya naam haye. inke alawa, vishnu koo unake kissy bhee "duss avtaaron" mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen vishnu koo anant (divya saamp aur jeevan oorjaa kaa rakshak jise sheesha bhee kahaa jaataa haye) parr baithe hue, vishnu koo apani god mein baithi lakshmi (lakshminarayan) key saath, ack shher key sir key saath ack rakshas (lakshminarsinh) koo god mein utaarate hue, ack suar key sir key saath ack rakshas (varaah) key oopar chalate hue, krishna avtaar mein (venugopal key roop mein yaa gaay charwaha key roop mein), saamp kaaliya key sir parr nritya karate hue, ack chhoti aakriti (waman) key sir parr baithe hue, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack haathi key saath, ack
mandir parisar.
mandir kaa kendra kendra yaa garbhagrih (garbhagrih) hotaa haye jahan devta kii chhavi rahati haye, isaliye mandir kii vastukala bhakt koo baahar seey garbhagrih mein parikrama key liye ambulatory maargon aur kakshon yaa kakshon ("mantap") key madhyam seey leey jaane key liye design kii gaee haye joe devta key sampark mein aaney key saath teji seey pavitra hoe jaate hain.
hoysal mandiron key alag-alag bhaag hain joe ack ekikrit javic sampoorn banaane key liye vilay kiye jaate hain, tamil desh key mandiron key vipareet jahaan ack mandir key vibhinn bhaag swatantra roop seey khade hotey hain. halanki satahi roop seey advitiya, hoysal mandir sanrachanaatmak roop seey ack dusare seey milate-julate hain. way murtikala kii ack jatil prachurta dwara chihnit hain joe mandir key sabhi hisson koo naram sabun key patthar (chloritic shist) seey sajaati haye, jatil nakkashi key liye ack achchi samagri, jyaadaatar sthaaniya kaarigaron dwara nishpaadit kii jaati haye, aur vaastushilp visheshtaon koo pradarshit karati haye joe unhein dakshin bhaarat key anya mandir vastukala seey alag karati haye.
adhikansh hoysal mandiron mein ack saadaa dhakaa huaa pravesh dwaar hotaa haye jise kharad (golakar yaa ghanti key aakar key) stambhon dwara samarthit kiya jaataa haye, jinhen kabhi-kabhi gahari bansuri key saath tarasha jaataa thaa aur sajawati rupankanon key saath dhaal diyaa jaataa thaa. mandiron koo lagbhag ack meater oonche munch parr banaaya jaa sakata haye jise "jagati" kahaa jaataa haye. jagati", mandir koo ack oonchaa roop dene key alawa, mandir key chaaron or parikrama key liye "pradakshinapath" yaa "parikrama maarg" key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, kyonki "garbhagrih" (aantarik garbhagrih) aisee koee visheshta pradaan naheen kartaa haye. aise mandiron mein ack atirikt seedhiyaan hongi joe ack khule "mantap" (khule holl) kii or leey jaayengi, jisamen deevaaren hongi. iss shally kaa ack achchha udaaharan somanathpura mein sthit keshav mandir haye. jagati" joe mandir key baaki hisson key saath ekataa mein haye, ack taaraa-aakar key design kaa anusaran kartaa haye aur mandir kii deevaaren ack zig-zaig pattern, ack hoysal navachar kaa paalan karati hain.
bhakt sabse pahale "jagati" parr ack anushthaan parikrama poori curr sakate hain joe mukhya pravesh dwaar seey shuru hocker "mantap" mein pravesh karane seey pahale ghadee kii disha mein (baain or) chalkar, baahari mandir kii divaaron parr murtikala ghadee kii disha mein kramik roop seey hindu mahakavyon seey mahakavya drishyon key ack anukram koo darshaati haye. joe mandir "jagati" parr naheen baney hain, unake paas haathi key ballstrade (parapet) seey ghire kadam hoe sakate hain joe jamini star seey "mantap" kii or leey jaate hain. ack mandir kaa ack udaaharan joe oonchaa munch pradarshit naheen kartaa haye, vaha haye hassan jile key korwangla mein "buseshwar" mandir. dou mandiron ("dwikoot") vaale mandiron mein, "vimaan" (mandir yaa kothri) koo yaa tou ack dusare key buggle mein yaa vipareet dishaaon mein rakhaa jaa sakata haye. doddagaddavalli mein lakshmidevi mandir hoysal vastukala key liye advitiya haye kyonki isamen ack samanya kendra key aspas chaar mandir hain aur usee parisar key bheetar devta bhairav (shiv kaa ack roop) key liye ack paanchvaan mandir haye. isake alawa, praangan key pratyek koney mein chaar chhote mandir ("prakaram") maujood hain.
vastukala tatva.
mantap.
mantap" vaha sabhaa haye jahan prarthana key dauran logon key samooh ikattha hotey hain. mantap" key pravesh dwaar parr aam taur parr ack atyadhik alankrit oopari lintel hotaa haye jise "makartorana" kahaa jaataa haye ("mucker" ack kaalpanik janwar haye aur "torana" ack oopari sajawat haye). khula "mantap" joe ack baahari holl (baahari "mantap") key uddeshya koo puuraa kartaa haye, badey hoysal mandiron mein ack niyamit visheshta haye joe ack aantarik chhote bund "mantap" aur mandiron kii or jaataa haye. khule "mantap" joe aksar vishal hotey hain, unamen baithane key sthaan ("aasan") hotey hain joe patthar seey baney hotey hain aur "mantap" kii deewaar peeth key aaraam key roop mein kaary karati haye. seeten parapet deewaar key samaan chaude vargakar aakar kaa anusaran curr sakati hain. yahaan kii chhat kaee stambhon seey samarthit haye joe kaee khand banaate hain. khule "mantap" key aakar koo chaunka dene vaale varg key roop mein sabse achchha varnit kiya gayaa haye aur adhikansh hoysal mandiron mein upayog kii jaane vaali shally haye. yahaan taka kii sabse chhote khule "mantap" mein bhee 13 khand hain. divaaron mein aise parapet hain jinamen chhat key baahari siron koo sahaara dene vaale aadhe stambh hain joe sabhi murtikala vivaranon koo dikhaai dene key liye bahut adhik prakaash kii anumati dete hain. mantap" chhat aam taur parr pauranik aur pushp donon moortiyon seey alankrit hoti haye. chhat mein gahari aur gumbaddar satahen hoti hain aur isamen kele kii cully key rupankanon aur aisee anya sajaavaton key murtikala chitran hotey hain.
yadi mandir chhota haye tou isamen kewal ack bund "mantap" (chhat taka faili divaaron seey ghiraa huaa) aur mandir hoga. bund "mantap", joe ander aur baahar achchi tarah seey sajaaya gayaa haye, mandir aur "mantap" koo jodane vaale vestibule seey badaa haye aur chhat koo sahaara dene key liye chaar kharad seey baney stambh hain, joe gaharaai seey gumbad hoe sakate hain. chaar stambh holl koo nau khandon mein vibhajit karate hain. nau khandon key parinamswarup nau sajaae gaye chhat hain. chhedit patthar kii paraten (jaali yaa jaali kaa kaam) joe "navranga" (holl) aur "sabhamantap" (sabhaa holl) mein khidakiyon key roop mein kaam karati hain, ack vishisht hoysal shally kaa tatva haye.
ack baramda ack bund "mantap" key pravesh dwaar koo sajaata haye, jisamen dou aadhe stambhon (lagey stambhon) aur dou parapet dwara samarthit ack chashme hotey hain, joe sabhi samriddh roop seey sajaae jaate hain. bund "mantap" ack vestibule dwara mandiron seey judaa huaa haye, ack varg kshetra joe mandiron koo bhee jodata haye. isaki baahari divaaron koo sajaaya gayaa haye, lekin choonki vestibule kaa aakar badaa naheen haye, isaliye yeh mandir kaa ack vishisht hissa naheen hoe sakata haye. vestibule mein ack chhota meenar bhee haye jise "sukansi" yaa "naak" kahaa jaataa haye, jiss parr hoysal prateek lagaa hotaa haye. belur aur halebidu mein, yeye moortiyaan kaafee badee hain aur sabhi dwaaron parr rakhee gaee hain.
baahari aur aantarik "mantap" (khula aur bund) mein golakar kharad seey baney stambh hotey hain jinake sheersh parr chaar koshthak hotey hain. pratyek koshthak parr murtikala kii gaee aakritiyaan khadee hain jinhen "salbhanjika" yaa "madnika" kahaa jaataa haye. stambh satah parr sajawati nakkashi bhee pradarshit curr sakate hain aur koee bhee dou stambh ack jaise naheen hain. iss tarah hoysal kalaa apane shuruati adhipati, paschimi chalukyon key kaam seey alag haye, jinhone golakar stambh aadhar mein murtikala key vivaran jode aur sheersh maidan koo chhod diyaa. kharad seey baney stambh 16,32 yaa 64-nukile hotey hain; kuchh ghanti key aakar key hotey hain aur inmein aise guna hotey hain joe prakaash koo pratibimbit karate hain. halebidu mein parshvanath basadi ack achchha udaaharan haye. bhoore rung key anusaar, unake oopar chaar akhand koshthak vaale stambhon mein "salbhanjika" aur "madnik" (ack mahila kii moorti, shailibaddh stree visheshtaon koo pradarshit karati haye) kii chhaviyaan hain. yeh chalukya-hoysal mandiron kii ack samanya visheshta haye. shastri key anusaar, stambh aur isaki rajdhani kaa aakar, jiska aadhar vargakar haye aur jiska shaft ack monolith haye jise vibhinn aakar dene key liye kharad mein badala jaataa haye, hoysal kalaa kii ack "ullekhaniya visheshta" haye.
vimaan.
vimaan", jise prakoshth bhee kahaa jaataa haye, mein sabse pavitra mandir haye jisamen pithasin devta kii chhavi nivaas karati haye. vimaan" key sheersh parr aksar ack meenar hoti haye joe ander kii tulanaa mein baahar kii or kaafee alag hoti haye. ander, vimaan saadaa aur vargakar haye, jabaki isake baahar ise bahut adhik sajaaya gayaa haye aur yaa tou taaron key aakar kaa hoe sakata haye yaa ack chaunka dene vaale varg key roop mein aakar diyaa jaa sakata haye, yaa inn designs kaa ack sanyojan hoe sakata haye, jisase ise kaee anuman aur antaral milate hain joe prakaash key girane key saath gunaa karate prateet hotey hain. pratyek prakshepan aur avkash mein ack poorna sajawati abhivyakti hoti haye joe layabaddh aur dohrao vaali hoti haye aur block aur moulding seey bunny hoti haye, joe meenar kii ruprekha koo aspasht karati haye. mandiron kii sankhya (aur isaliye meenaron kii sankhya) key aadhar parr, mandiron koo "ekkoot" (ack), "dwikoot" (dou), "trikuta" (teen), "chatushkoot" (chaar) aur "panchkoot" (paanch) key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. adhikansh hoysal mandir "ekkut", "dwikoot" yaa "trikut" hain, jinamen seey adhikansh vaishnav "trikut" hain. aise mamle hain jahaan ack mandir "trikuta" haye lekin mukhya mandir (beach mein) key oopar kewal ack meenar haye. isaliye shabdawali "trikuta" shaabdik roop seey sateek naheen hoe sakati haye. kaee alag-alag mandiron vaale mandiron mein, jaise kii mossel mein judvaan mandir, sabhi aavashyak bhaagon koo samroopata aur santulan key liye dohraya jaataa haye.
mandir key uchchatam bindu ("kalsa") mein paani key bartan kaa aakar haye aur yeh meenar key oopar khadaa haye. vimaan" kaa yeh hissa aksar umr key kaaran khou jaataa haye aur ise ack dhaatu shikhar key saath badal diyaa gayaa haye. kalsa" key neeche ack badee, atyadhik murtikala vaali sanrachana haye joe ack gumbad seey milati-julati haye joe badey pattharon seey bunny haye aur helmate kii tarah dikhati haye. yeh 2 meater gunaa 2 meater aakar kaa hoe sakata haye aur mandir key aakar kaa anusaran kartaa haye. iss sanrachana key neeche ack vargakar yojana mein gumbaddar chhatein hain, way sabhi bahut chhoti hain aur chhote "kalsa" key saath mukut pahane hue hain. way vibhinn aakaron kii anya chhoti chhaton key saath mishrit hain aur alankrit roop seey sajaae gaye hain. mandir key meenar mein aamtaur parr sajawati chhaton kii panktiyon key teen yaa chaar star hotey hain jabaki "sukansi" key sheersh parr meenar mein ack cumm star hotaa haye, jisase meenar mukhya meenar key vistaar kii tarah dikhati haye (fokema ise "naak" kahata haye). ack susajjit chhat kaa star ack bund "mantap" kii deewaar key oopar ack khule "mantap" key bhaari eaves key oopar aur baramade key oopar chalata haye.
vimaan" kii oopari sanrachana key neeche deewaar seey aadhe meater kii doori parr mandir "eaves" hain. eaves key neeche dou alag-alag sajawati yojanaaen paaee jaa sakati hain, joe iss baat parr nirbhar karati hain kii kyaa ack mandir samrajya key shuruati yaa baad kii avadhi mein banaaya gayaa thaa. 13veen shatabdi seey pahale banaae gaye praarambhik mandiron mein, ack eev haye aur isake neeche sajawati laghu meenaaren hain. inn meenaron key neeche hindu devtaon aur unake paricharakon kaa ack panel haye, jisake baad deewaar kaa aadhar banaane vaale paanch alag-alag saanchon kaa ack sett haye. baad key mandiron mein oopari gufaaon key lagbhag ack meater neeche ack doosara gufa haye, jisake beach sajawati laghu meenaaren rakhee gaee hain. devtaon kii deewaar kii chhaviyaan nichale gufaaon key neeche hain, jisake baad samaan aakar key chhah alag-alag moulding hain. ise motey taur parr "kshaitij upchaar" kahaa jaataa haye. aadhar parr chhah moulding dou khandon mein vibhajit hain. deewaar key aadhar seey jaate hue, pahali kshaitij parat mein haathiyon kaa ack julus hotaa haye, jisake oopar ghudsavaar hotey hain aur phir patte kaa ack samooh hotaa haye. dusare kshaitij khand mein hindu mahakavyon aur "pauranik" drishyon key chitran hain jinhen vistaar seey nishpaadit kiya gayaa haye. isake oopar "yaali" yaa "mucker" (kaalpanik janwar) aur "huns" (huns) key dou chitra hain. vimaan" (meenar) koo teen kshaitij khandon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye aur yeh divaaron seey bhee adhik alankrit haye.
murtikala.
hoysal kalaa mein hardy adhik kathor paschimi (baad mein) chalukya kalaa seey dou vishisht prasthanon kii pehchaan karati haih sajawati vistaar aur aakriti moortiyon key saath pratima vigyaan kii prachurta, joe donon mandir key oopar kii sanrachana parr bhee prachur matra mein paae jaate hain. unake madhyam, naram chlorite shist (sabun patthar) ney ack kushal nakkashi shally koo saksham kiya. hoysal kalakaron koo murtikala key vivaran parr dhyaan dene key liye jaanaa jaataa haye, chaahe vaha hindu mahakavyon aur devtaon key vishayon key chitran mein hoe yaa "yaali", "kirtimukha" (gargoyals), bhittistambh parr vaidikula (laghu sajawati meenar), "mucker" (jaleey rakshas), pakshi ("huns"), sarpil patte, shher, haathi aur ghode jaise janwar, aur yahaan taka kii dainik jeevan key samanya pahaluon jaise baal shailiyon key roop mein bhee.
"salbhanjika", hoysal murtikala kaa ack samanya roop, bauddh murtikala kii ack purani bhaaratiya parampara haye. "saalaa" saalaa kaa pedh haye aur pavitra kanya haye. hoysal muhaware mein, "madnika" aakritiyaan sajawati vastuein hain joe chhat key paas mandir kii baahari divaaron parr ack konn parr rakhee gaee hain taaki mandir kii parikrama karane vaale upaasak unhein dekh sakein.
yeye stambh chhaviyaan hain joe chalukya sparsh mein chola kalaa key nishan dikhaati hain. hoysalon key liye kaam karane vaale kuchh kalakar chola desh seey hoe sakate hain, joe dakshin bhaarat key tamil bhashi kshetron mein samrajya key vistaar kaa parinam haye. chennakeshav mandir key "mantap" (bund kaksh) mein ack stambh parr "mohini" kii chhavi chola kalaa kaa ack udaaharan haye.
samanya jeevan key vishayon koo deewaar key panels parr chitrit kiya jaataa haye jaise kii ghodon koo kaise niyantrit kiya jaataa thaa, upayog kiye jaane vaale halchal kaa prakaar, nartakiyon, sangeetkaron, vaadyayantrakaaron aur shher aur haathiyon jaise jaanvaron kii panktiyon (jahaan koee dou janwar samaan naheen hain) kaa chitran. shayed desh mein koee anya mandir ramayan aur mahabharat mahakavyon koo halebidu mein hoysaleshwar mandir seey adhik prabhaavi dhang seey naheen darshaata haye.
kamukta ack aisaa vishay thaa jise hoysal kalakar vivek seey sambhalata thaa. isamen koee pradarshani naheen haye, aur kamuk vishayon koo antaral aur sthaan mein tarasha gayaa thaa, aam taur parr laghu roop mein, unhein aprabhedya banaa detaa haye. yeye kamuk pratinidhitva "shakata" abhyaas seey judey hain.
inn moortiyon key alawa, hindu mahakavyon (aamtaur parr ramayan aur mahabharat) key poore anukramon koo mukhya pravesh dwaar seey shuru hocker ghadee kii disha mein tarasha gayaa haye. dahini seey baain or kaa crum usee disha mein haye joe bhakton dwara apane anushthaan kii parikrama mein liya jaataa haye kyonki way bheetari garbhagrih kii or havaa chalaate hain. pauranik kathaaon key chitran jaise kii mahakavya naayak arjun shooting machhali, haathi key sir vaale bhagwan ganesh, soorya devta soorya, mausam aur yuddh devta indra aur saraswati key saath brahm aam hain. inn mandiron mein aksar durga bhee dekhi jaati haye, jisamen kaee hathiyar hain joe anya devtaon dwara usey diye gaye hathiyar hain, ack bhains (bhains key roop mein ack rakshas) koo maarne key kaary mein aur harihar (shiv aur vishnu kaa ack mishran) ack shankh, chakr aur trishul pakade hue haye. inmein seey kaee chitron parr kaarigaron dwara hastakshar kiye gaye they, joe bhaarat mein hastaaksharit kalaakriti kaa pahala gyaat udaaharan thaa.
shodh.
settar key anusaar, aadhunik samay mein sarvekshanon ney sanket diyaa haye kii 1000-1500 sanrachanaon kaa nirmaan hoysalon dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jinamen seey lagbhag sou mandir aaj taka jeevit hain. hoysal shally paschimi chalukya shally kii ack shakha haye, joe 10veen aur 11veen shatabdi mein lokpriya thee. yeh vishisht roop seey dravidian haye, aur bhoore rung key anusaar, isaki visheshtaon key kaaran, hoysala vastukala ack swatantra shally key roop mein yogya haye. jabaki hoysalon ney apani vastukala mein naveen visheshtaon koo pesh kiya, unhone kadambon, paschimi chalukyon jaise "karnat" key pahale key nirmaataon seey bhee visheshtaon koo udhaar liya. inn visheshtaon mein chloritic shist yaa sabun key patthar kaa upayog ack buniyaadi nirmaan samagri key roop mein shamil thaa.
anya visheshataaen "vimaan" meenar kii seedhidaar shally theen jinhen "kadamb shikhar" kahaa jaataa thaa, joe kadambon seey viraasat mein millie thee. hoysal moortikaar nakkashidar divaaron parr prakaash aur chhaaya key prabhaav kaa upayog karate they, joe mandiron kii photography key liye ack chunauti haye. patthar mein hoysalon kii kalakritiyon kii tulanaa hathidant key mazdoor yaa sunar kii kushalata seey kii gaee haye. murtikala kii aakritiyon dwara pahane jaane vaale aabhushanon kii prachurta aur chitrit keshvinyas aur shirastranon kii vividhata, hoysal samay kii jeevan shally kaa ack uchit vichaar detee haye.
ullekhaniya shilpkar.
jabaki madhyayugeen bhaaratiya kaarigaron ney gumnam rehna pasand kiya, hoysala kaarigaron ney apane karyon parr hastakshar kiye, jisamen shodhkartaon koo unake jeevan, parivaaron, sanghon aadi key baare mein vivaran diyaa gayaa haye. vastukaron aur murtikaaron key alawa, anya sanghon jaise kii sunar, hathidant nakkashidar, badhai aur chaandi key kaarigaron key logon ney bhee mandiron key nirmaan mein yogdan diyaa. karigar vividh bhaugolik prishthabhoomi seey they aur unamen prasiddh sthaaniya loga shamil they. vipul vastukaron mein tomar jile key caddle key mool nivasi amarshilpi jaknachari shamil they, jinhone paschimi chalukyon key liye mandir bhee banaae they. ruwari malithamma ney somanathpura mein keshav mandir kaa nirmaan kiya aur amritpura mein amriteshwar mandir sahit chaalees anya smarakon parr kaam kiya. malithamma ney alankaran mein visheshagyata praapt kii aur unake karyon kaa vistaar chhah dashakon taka rhaa. unaki moortiyon koo aam taur parr "malli" yaa buss "maa" key roop mein sankshipt naam mein hastaaksharit kiya jaataa thaa.
dasoja aur unake bete baavan belur mein chennakeshav mandir key vastukar they; kedaroza halebidu mein hoysaleshwar mandir key mukhya vastukar they. unakaa prabhaav hoysalon dwara nirmit anya mandiron mein bhee dekhaa jaataa haye. shilalekhon mein paae jaane vaale anya sthaaniya logon key naam hain maridamma, baikoja, kaudaya, nanjaya aur baama, malloja, nadoja, siddhoja, masanitamma, chameya aur ramiya. tamil desh key kalakaron mein pallavachaari aur cholavachari shamil they.

