
lenin kaa vasiyatnama

lenin kaa vasiyatnama 1922 key anta aur 1923 kii shuruat mein vladmir lenin dwara nirdeshit ack dastavej haye. vasiyatname mein, lenin ney soviyat shaasi nikaayon kii sanrachana mein parivartan kaa prastaav rakhaa. apani aasann mrityu koo mahsoos karate hue, unhone bolshevik netaaon zinovieve, kamenev, trotsky, bukharin, payatkov aur stallin kii bhee aalochana kii. unhone chetavani dee kii aggar ise rokane key liye uchit upaay naheen kiye gaye tou trotsky aur stallin key beach party netritva mein vibhajan kii sambhavana haye. ack post-script mein unhone joseph stallin koo russie communist party kii kendriya samiti key mahasachiv key roop mein apane pada seey hataane kaa bhee sujhaav diyaa. halanki dastaavez kii utpatti key baare mein kuchh aitihaasik prashn hain, lekin adhikansh kaa maanana haye kii dastaavez koo lenin dwara likhaa gayaa thaa.
prishthabhoomi.
1921 key uttaraardh taka lenin gambhir roop seey beemar thaa, hypercusis, anidra aur niyamit sirdard kaa anubhav curr rhaa thaa. polit beuro key aagrah parr, julaai mein vaha apani gorki haveli mein ack maheene kii chhutti key liye masco seey nikale, jahan unaki patni aur bahan dwara unaki dekhbhal kii gaee. lenin ney aatmahatya kii sambhavana parr vichaar karna shuru curr diyaa, aur krupskaya aur stallin donon koo usake liye potasium sinide praapt karane key liye kahaa. chhiyas chikitsak koo unake antim varshon key dauran lenin kii madad key liye kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa; unamen seey kaee videshi they aur unhein bahut kharch parr kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. kuchh logon ney sujhaav diyaa kii unaki bimari 1918 key hatyaa key prayaas seey unake shareer mein rakhee gaee goliyon seey dhaatu key okseekaran key kaaran hoe sakati thee; aprail 1922 mein unhein hataane key liye unakaa shalya chikitsa kiya gayaa. isake baad bhee lakshan jaari rahey, aur lenin key doctor kaaran key baare mein anishchit they; kuchh ney sujhaav diyaa kii unhein neuresthenia yaa cerebral arteriosclerosis thaa. maee 1922 mein, unhein apana pahala aghaat huaa, asthaayi roop seey bolane kii apani kshamata khou dee aur unake daahine taraf lakvagrast hoe gaye. vaha gorki mein thheek hoe gayaa aur julaai taka kaafee hudd taka thheek hoe gayaa thaa. octuber mein, vaha masco laut aae; disambar mein, unhein doosara aghaat huaa aur way gorki laut aae.
lenin kii anupasthiti mein, stallin ney apane samarthakon koo pramukh padon parr niyukt karke aur lenin key nikatatam antarang aur yogya uttaradhikari key roop mein apani chhavi vikasit karke apani shakti koo majboot karna shuru curr diyaa thaa. disambar 1922 mein, stallin ney lenin key aahar kii jimmedaari lii, jise polit beuro dwara niyantrit karane kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa kii kisaki usa taka pahunch thee. lenin stallin kii teji seey aalochana curr rhaa thaa; jabaki lenin jore dey rhaa thaa kii raajya koo 22 key madhya key dauran antarrashtriya vyaapaar parr apana ekadhikar banaae rakhna chaahiye, stallin iska asafal virodh karane mein anya bolshevikon kaa netritva curr rhaa thaa. donon key beach vyaktigat bahas bhee hui; stallin ney ack phone baatchit key dauran usa parr chillakar kripskaya koo pareshan kiya thaa, jisase lenin bahut naraj hoe gayaa, jisane stallin koo apani narazgi vyakt karate hue ack patra bheja.
octuber 1922 mein, lenin ney prastaav diyaa kii trotsky koo kendriya samiti kii baithak mein peepuls kamisar kii parishad kaa pahala upaadhyaksh banana chaahiye, lekin trotsky ney iss sthiti koo aswikar curr diyaa. ise iss baat key pramaan key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee haye kii lenin ney trotsky koo sarkaar key pramukh key roop mein uttaradhikari key roop mein naamit kiya haye. disambar 1922 aur janwari 1923 key dauran, lenin ney "lenin key vasiyatnama" koo nirdeshit kiya, jisamen unhone apane sathiyon, vishesh roop seey trotsky aur stallin key vyaktigat gunon parr charcha kii.
dastaavez kaa itihas aur pramanikta.
lenin chaahte they kii aprail 1923 mein honey vaali soviyat sangh kii communist party kii 12veen party congress mein iss vasiyatnama koo padhaa jaae. dastaavez mool roop seey lenin kii vyaktigat sachiv, lydia photieva koo nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, march 1923 mein lenin key teesare aghaat key baad, jisase vaha lakvagrast hoe gayaa aur bolane mein asamarth hoe gayaa, usaki patni, naadejhada krupskaya ney, lenin key antatah thheek honey kii ummeed mein, iss niyam koo gupt rakhaa. unake paas chaar pratiyaan theen jabaki maria ulyanova, lenin kii bahan key paas ack thee. 21 janwari, 1924 koo lenin kii mrityu key baad hii unhone dastaavez koo communist party kii kendriya samiti sachivalaya koo saunp diyaa aur maee 1924 mein 13veen party congress key pratinidhiyon koo upalabdh karaane key liye kahaa.
vasiyatnama kaa ack sampaadit sanskaran disambar 1927 mein ack seemit sanskaran mein mudrit kiya gayaa thaa jise 15veen party congress key pratinidhiyon key liye upalabdh karaaya gayaa thaa. vasiyatnama koo adhik vyaapak roop seey upalabdh karaane key mamle koo party netritva key bheetar iss aam sahamati seey kamjor kiya gayaa thaa kii ise saarvajanik roop seey mudrit naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa kyonki yeh poori party koo nuksan pahunchaayega.
testament kaa paath aur isake chhipaane kaa tathya jald hii paschim mein gyaat hoe gayaa, vishesh roop seey jaba max eastman ney "choonki lenin kii mrityu hoe gaee" (1925) mein vivaad key aspas kii paristhitiyon kaa varnan kiya thaa. lenin key vasiyatnama kaa puuraa angreji paath eastman key ack lekh key hisse key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa joe 1926 mein "dha newyork times" mein prakaashit huaa thaa. eastman key lekh key jawab mein, trotsky ney iss daave koo varnit kiya kii kendriya samiti ney vasiyatnama koo "shuddh apaprachaar" key roop mein chhipaaya."trotsky ney dastaavez key charitra varnan koo" "vaseeyat" "key roop mein bhee khariz curr diyaa, dastaavez koo sangathanaatmak mamalon parr salah pradaan karane vaale lenin key patron mein seey ack key roop mein varnit kiya.
itihaaskaar stephen kotkin ney tark diyaa kii vasiyatnama key lekhan key liye sakshya kamjor haye aur sujhaav diyaa kii vasiyatnama krupskaya dwara banaaya jaa sakata thaa. haalaanki, iss vasiyatnama koo anya itihaskaron dwara vaastavik key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa haye, jisamen ee. aich. kaar, isaq dutior, demetry volkogonov, wadim rogovin aur oleg khlevanik aur kotkin key tark koo vishesh roop seey richard pipes dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa. moshe levin ney dastaavez koo lenin key vichaaron key pratinidhitva key roop mein uddhrit kiya aur tark diyaa kii "soviyat shasson ney" stellinism "kii ack lambi avadhi seey gujarna padaa, joe apani buniyaadi visheshtaon mein vasiyatnama kii sifaarishon key bilkul vipareet thaa.
itihaaskaar ronald sunee ney likhaa kii ack sameeksha mein kotkin kii parikalpana koo mukhyadhara kaa samarthan naheen milaah "kuchh anya vidvaanon koo dastaavez key lekhak honey parr sandeh haye, joe lenin key vichaaron koo sateek roop seey pratibimbit kartaa haye, naa hii usa samay iss parr sawal uthaaya gayaa thaa jaba ise likhaa gayaa thaa aur uchch party halakon mein bahas kii gaee thee. kotkin kii vyakhya, jaisa kii yeh aakarshak haye, saboot key bajaay anuman parr nirbhar karati haye.
itihaaskaar maark edele ney bhee iss aalochanatmak drishtikon koo saajha kiya kyonki unhone tark diyaa kii kotkin "anubhavjanya roop seey asthir thesis koo apanaane key liye gayaa kii lenin kaa" vasiyatnama "ack jalsaji thee. jaisa kii unake alochakon mein seey ack ney bataaya, iss badnam sthiti koo anyatha kewal russie nava-stalinvadiyon dwara apanaaya jaataa haye. 
itihaaskaar hiroki kuromiya ney russie itihaaskaar valentin sakharov koo jalsaji key daavon kaa shreya diyaa haye, jinhone tark diyaa thaa kii lenin key dall ney stallin koo badnam karane key liye kuchh dastavejon koo jaali banaaya thaa. halanki, kuromiya ney kahaa kii sakharov key daave ney "bahut vivaad paida kiya thaa aur bahut cumm aam sahamati" paida kii thee.
itihaaskaar geophrey roberts ney kahaa kii usa samay soviyat hastiyon mein seey kissy ney bhee dastaavez kii pramanikta parr sawal naheen uthaaya thaa. unhone nott kiya kii stallin ney swayam vasiyatname key poore ansh koo uddhrit kiya aur tippani kii kii "vaastav mein main una logon key liye ashisht, comrade huun, joe party koo ashisht aur adham tareeke seey nasht karate hain aur vibhajit karate hain. maine ise naheen chhipaaya haye aur naa hii abhee bhee. isi tarah, itihaaskaar roman brackman ney kahaa kii krupskaya ney sabhi politburo sadasyon koo lenin key vasiyatnama kii pratiyaan vitarit keen aur nott kiya kii lenin key vasiyatnama koo padhane parr stallin ney "kamenev aur zinovieve kii upasthiti mein lenin parr ashleel shapath lene key saath visfot kiya thaa.
sambandhit dastavej.
iss shabd koo "lenin key raajneetik vasiyatnama" key saath bhramit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, ack shabd jiska upayog leninism mein apani bimari key dauran lenin dwara likhit patron aur lekhon key ack samooh koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye kii soviyat raajya key nirmaan koo kaise jaari rakhaa jaae. paaramparik roop seey, isamen nimnalikhit kaary shamil hainh
samagri.
yeh patra soviyat sarkaar kii aalochana haye jaisa kii taba thaa. isane una khatron key baare mein chetavani dee jiska unhone anuman lagaaya thaa aur bhavishya key liye sujhaav diye they. una sujhaavon mein seey kuchh mein party kii kendriya samiti kaa aakar badhaana, raajya yojana samiti koo vidhaayi shaktiyan denaa aur rashtriyata neeti koo badalana shamil thaa, jise stallin dwara lagu kiya gayaa thaa.
stallin aur trotsky kii aalochana kii gaeeh
lenin ney mahsoos kiya kii stallin key paas usase adhik shakti thee jise vaha sambhal sakata thaa aur aggar vaha lenin kaa uttaradhikari hotaa tou yeh khatarnak hoe sakata thaa. kuchh hafton baad likhi gaee ack postscript mein, lenin ney party key mahasachiv key pada seey stallin koo hataane kii sifarish keeh
markswadi itihaaskaar ludo martense kaa tark haye kii postscript kii stallin kii kathorta key baare mein shikaayaten ack fatkaar koo sandarbhit karati hain joe stallin ney baarah dinn pahale krupskaya koo dee thee.
trotsky ney tark diyaa kii shakti key kaaran, lenin kaa arth party key bheetar raajneetik prabhaav key bajaay prashaasnik shakti haye. trotsky ney bataaya kii lenin ney prabhaavi roop seey stallin parr wafadari kii kamee kaa aarop lagaaya thaa.
30 disambar 1922 key lekh, "rashtriyataon kaa mudda" mein, lenin ney georgia key mamle mein felix diserzinsky, grigori ordzonics aur stallin key karyon kii aalochana karate hue una parr "mahaan russie roodhivaad" kaa aarop lagaaya.
lenin ney anya polit beuro sadasyon kii bhee aalochana keeh
anta mein, unhone dou yuva bolshevik netaaon, bukharin aur payatkov kii aalochana keeh
trotsky aur stallin donon key jeevani lekhak isaq dutior ney likhaa kii "poore vasiyatnama ney anishchitata kii saans lii.
raajneetik prabhaav aur parinam.
alpaavadhi.
lenin key vasiyatnama ney sattaaroodh trayi yaa trikoniya (joseph stallin, grigori zinovieve aur lev kamenev) koo ack asahaj duvidha key saath prastut kiya. ack or, way iss niyam koo dabaane koo prathamikta dete kyonki yeh una teenon key saath-saath unake sahayogi nikolai bukharin aur unake virodhiyon, leone trotsky aur jiyorgya payatkov key liye bhee mahatvapurna thaa. halanki lenin kii tippaniyan sabhi communist netaaon key liye hanikarak theen, joseph stallin sabse adhik haar gaye kyonki vasiyatname mein ekmatra vyaavhaarik sujhaav unhein party kii kendriya samiti key mahasachiv key pada seey hataana thaa.
doosari or, netritva ney unaki mrityu key turant baad seedhe taur parr lenin kii ichchhaon key khilaf jaane kii himmat naheen kii, vishesh roop seey unaki vidhwa ney unhein puuraa karane parr jore diyaa. netritva party key niyantran parr ack gutt sangharsh key beach mein bhee thaa, sattaaroodh gutt shithil roop seey sambaddh samoohon key roop mein joe jald hii alag hoe jaayenge, jisase ack aavaran mushkil hoe jaayega.
kamnev dwara dastaavez key paath koo padhane key baad 13veen congress key bujurgon kii parishad mein triumveerate dwara prastaavit antim samjhauta nimnalikhit sharton parr pratinidhiyon koo lenin key vasiyatnama koo upalabdh karaana thaa (pahali baar 1934 mein prakaashit trotsky dwara ack parche mein saarvajanik kiya gayaa thaa aur glassnost key dauran aur baad mein jaari kiye gaye dastavejon dwara pushti kii gaee thee):
iss prastaav koo kripskaya kii apattiyon parr bahumat seey paarit kiya gayaa thaa. natijatan, vasiyatnama kaa vaha prabhaav naheen padaa jisaki lenin ney ummeed kii thee, aur stallin ney alexander petrovic smirnov kii ullekhaniya madad seey mahasachiv key roop mein apana pada barkarar rakhaa, joe taba krishi key logon key aayukt they.
deerghakaalik.
dall key bheetar dastaavez koo adhik vyaapak roop seey upalabdh karaane mein viphalata 1924 seey 1927 mein vaam vipaksh aur stallin-bukhari gutt key beach sangharsh key dauran vivaad kaa ack bindu bunny rahee. vipaksh key dabaav mein, stallin koo julaai 1926 kii kendriya samiti kii baithak mein phir seey vasiyatnama padhana padaa.
stallin key kathor netritva aur trotsky aur stallin key beach vibhajan parr lenin kii chintaon kii baad mein pushti hui, jisamen trotsky koo farwari 1929 mein polit beuro dwara soviyat sangh seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. unhone apana shesh jeevan nirvaasan mein bitaaya, lekhan mein vistaar seey aur stallinwad kii khuli aalochana mein sanlagn hue. 1938 mein trotsky aur unake samarthakon ney stallin key commintern key virodh mein chauthe antarrashtriya kii sthaapana kii. apane jeevan parr kaee prayason seey bachane key baad, trotsky kii hatyaa agast 1940 mein mexico shahar mein soviyat aine. key. vee. dee. key ack agent ramon mercader dwara kii gaee thee. soviyat itihas kii pustakon seey likhit, trotsky, stallin key kuchh pratidvandiyon mein seey ack thaa, jiska punarvaas nikita khrushchev yaa mikhail gorbachev dwara naheen kiya gayaa thaa. trotsky kaa punarvaas juuna 2001 mein russie sangh dwara kiya gayaa thaa.
1920 key dashak key anta mein jaba seey stallin ney communist party aur soviyat sangh key nirvivaad netaa key roop mein apani sthiti koo majboot kiya, taba seey, lenin key vasiyatname key sabhi sandarbhon koo soviyat virodhi andolan maanaa jaataa thaa aur iss tarah seey dandaniya maanaa jaataa thaa. 5 march, 1953 koo stallin kii mrityu taka, lenin key vasiyatnama key astitva seey incar soviyat sangh mein itihas lekhan kii aadharshilaon mein seey ack banaa rhaa. 1956 mein communist party kii 20veen congress mein, vyaktitva key panth aur isake parinamon parr nikita khrushchev key baad, dastaavez koo antatah soviyat sarkaar dwara aadhikarik roop seey prakaashit kiya gayaa.
sandarbh.
granth soochi.
patrikaaen
samachar patra