
glutamine synthetase

glutamine synthetase (jee. aiss.) () ack enzyme haye joe glutamine banaane key liye glutamate aur amonia key sanghanan koo utprerit karke nitrogen key chayapachaya mein ack aavashyak bhoomika nibhaata haih
glutamate + aeye. tii. pee. + aine. aich. 3. glutamine + aeye. dee. pee. + phosphat 
glutamine synthetase nitrate kii kamee, emino acid ksharan aur photorespiration dwara utpaadit amonia kaa upayog kartaa haye. glutamate kaa amide samooh glutamine maarg chayapachaya key sanshleshan key liye ack nitrogen srot haye.
anya pratikriyaaen jee. aiss. key madhyam seey hoe sakati hain. amonium aayan aur paani key beach pratispardha, unaki bandhan sambandhi aatmeeyataaen, aur amonium aayan kii sandrata, glutamine sanshleshan aur glutamine hydrolysis koo prabhaavit karati haye. glutamine taba banata haye jaba ack amonium aayan asyl-phosphat madhyavarti parr hamla kartaa haye, jabaki glutamate koo phir seey banaaya jaataa haye yadi paani madhyavarti parr hamla kartaa haye. amonium aayan ack cashion aur ack nakaratmak aaveshit jeb key beach sthir vidyut balon key kaaran paani kii tulanaa mein adhik dridhata seey jee. aiss. seey judataa haye. ack anya sambhaavit pratikriya nh2h parr gs key liye bandhan haye, nh4 + key bajaay, γ-glutamyelhydroxaemate kii paidawar hoti haye.
sanrachana.
glutamine synthetase 8,10 yaa 12 samaan upa-ikaaiyon seey banaa hoe sakata haye jinhen dou aamane-saamane key valay mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye. jeevaanu jee. aiss. pratyek monomer key beach 12 sakriya sthalon key saath dodecamer hain. pratyek sakriya sthal ack 'surang' banaata haye joe teen alag-alag substrate binding saiton kaa sthal haih nucleotide, amonium aayan aur amino acid. aeye. tii. pee. dwi-surang key sheersh seey judataa haye joe jee. aiss. kii baahari satah parr khulata haye. glutamate sakriya sthal key nichale hisse mein baandhata haye. dwi-paridhiya key beach mein dou sthal hotey hain jinamen dvivaarshik sankaran (mn + 2 yaa milligram + 2) baandhate hain. ack catayan binding site aeye. tii. pee. key glutamate mein phosphoryl hastaantaran mein shamil haye, jabaki doosara sakriya jee. aiss. koo sthir kartaa haye aur glutamate key bandhan mein madad kartaa haye. 
hydrogen bandhan aur hydrophobic antahkriyaaen gs key dou valayon koo ack saath rakhti hain. pratyek upa-ikai key anukram mein ack see-terminus aur ack aine-terminus hotaa haye. see-terminus (helical thong) dusare valay mein upa-ikai key hydrophobic kshetra mein dalkar gs sanrachana koo sthir kartaa haye. aine-terminus vilaayak key sampark mein aataa haye. isake alawa, kendriya channel baarah upa-ikaaiyon seey virodhi samanantar loop seey baney chhah chaar-fanse hue beeta-sheets key madhyam seey banaaya jaataa haye.
tantra.
jee. aiss. glutamine kii paidawar key liye amonia key saath glutamate key aeye. tii. pee.-nirbhar sanghanan koo utprerit kartaa haye. aeye. tii. pee. kaa jall apghatan dou-bhaag, thhos tantra kaa pahala kadam haye. aeye. tii. pee. phosphorylates glutamate adp aur ack asyl-phosphat madhyavarti, γ-glutamile phosphat banaane key liye, joe amonia key saath pratikriya kartaa haye, glutamine aur acarbonic phosphat banaata haye. aeye. dee. pee. aur paaee taba taka alag naheen hotey jaba taka kii amonia baandh naheen jaataa aur glutamine naheen nickle jaataa.
aeye. tii. pee. pahale ack cashion binding site key paas sakriya site key sheersh parr baandhata haye, jabaki glutamate sakriya site key neeche dusare cashion binding site key paas baandhata haye. aeye. dee. pee. kii upasthiti jee. aiss. mein ack anuroop parivartan kaa kaaran banati haye joe γ-glutamile phosphat bhaag koo sthir karati haye. amonium kewal tabhi jee. aiss. seey dridhata seey judataa haye jaba asyl-phosphat madhyavarti maujood hoe. amonia key bajaay amonium jee. aiss. seey judataa haye kyonki bandhan sthal dhruviya hotaa haye aur vilaayak key sampark mein aataa haye. dusare charan mein, amonium key avamilan seey amonia apane paas key sthaan seey madhyavarti parr hamla karke glutamine banaa sakata haye. phosphat sakriya sthal key sheersh seey nikalata haye, jabaki glutamine neeche (dou valayon key beach) seey nikalata haye.
javic kaary.
jee. aiss. mukhya roop seey mastishk, gurde aur yakrit mein maujood hotaa haye. mastishk mein jee. aiss. glutamate key chayapachaya viniyaman, mastishk amonia key vishaharan, amonia key aatmasaat, neurotransmitter key punarchakran aur neurotransmitter sanketon kii samaapti mein bhaag letaa haye. jee. aiss., mastishk mein, mukhya roop seey khagoliya koshikaon mein paaya jaataa haye. astrocytes atirikt amonia aur glutamate koo laker neurons koo excitotoxicity seey bachaate hain. atee-amonia vatavaran (amonia kaa uchch star) mein, astroglial soojan hoti haye. vibhinn drishtikon astroglial soojan kii samasya key paas gaye hain. ack adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii roopaatmak parivartan hotey hain joe glutamatorgic kshetron mein jee. aiss. abhivyakti koo badhaate hain yaa anya anukoolan joe glutamate aur amonia key uchch star koo cumm karate hain. ack anya drishtikon yeh haye kii astrocyte soojan glutamine key sanchay key kaaran hoti haye. courtical glutamate aur courtical paani kii matra key badhe hue star koo rokane key liye, aim. aiss. oh. key upayog seey choohon mein jee. aiss. gatividhi koo rokane key liye ack adhyayan kiya gayaa haye.
kakshaaen.
jee. aiss. key teen alag-alag varg prateet hotey hainh
paudhon mein jee. aiss. aaee. key dou yaa dou seey adhik isozyme hotey hain, ack isozyme chloroplast mein sthanantarit hotaa haye. ack anya roop cytosolic haye. cytosolic jee. aiss. jeane anuvaad isake 5 'untranslated kshetra (yuu. tii. aar.) dwara viniyamit kiya jaataa haye, jabaki isake 3' yuu. tii. aar. pratilekh karobar mein bhoomika nibhaata haye.
jabaki jee. aiss. aiss. key teen varg spasht roop seey sanrachanaatmak roop seey sambandhit hain, anukram samaantaaen itani vyaapak naheen hain.
viniyaman aur nishedh.
gs prativarti sahsanyojak sanshodhan key adheen haye. sabhi 12 upa-ikaaiyon mein seey tyre397 ack dwi-karyatmak niyaamak enzyme, adenille sthanantaran (aeye. tii.) dwara adenililation yaa dedinalilation seey gujar sakata haye. adenilation ack anuvaad key baad kaa sanshodhan haye jisamen protein side chain key liye aeye. aim. pee. kaa sahsanyojak lagaav shamil haye. pratyek adenililation key liye ack aeye. tii. pee. kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur jee. aiss. key poorna avrodh key liye 12 aeye. tii. pee. kii aavashyakta hoti haye. aitt dwara mritprastaran mein aeye. dee. pee. key roop mein tyre-linked adenille samoohon koo phosphorolytic hataane shamil haye. gatividhi mein niyaamak protein seey prabhaavit hotaa haye joe isase judaa hotaa haih pee. aaee. aaee., ack 44-key. dee. trimmer. pee. aaee. aaee. uridial hastaantaran dwara anuvaad key baad key sanshodhan seey bhee gujarta haye, iss prakaar pee. aaee. aaee. key dou roop hain. pee. aaee. aaee. kii sthiti adenilile hastaantaran kii gatividhi koo nirdhaarit karati haye. yadi pee. aaee. yuu. aar. dee. aaee. naheen haye, tou yeh pee. aaee. aeye. roop leey legaa. etah piyaa complexes adenilation dwara gs koo nishkriya curr dega. yadi pee. aaee. aaee. mootraheen haye, tou yeh pee. aaee. dee. roop leey legaa. etah pied complexes dedanilation dwara gs koo sakriya karega. aeye. tii.: paayiya aur aeye. tii.: pied parisaron koo α-catogluterate (α-kigra) aur glutamine (jee. ell. aine.) dwara parasparik roop seey viniyamit kiya jaataa haye. glainh paayiya gatividhi koo sakriya karega aurah pied parr rokta haye, jisase adenilation aur baad mein gs koo nishkriya curr diyaa jaataa haye. isake alawa, glun pied koo paiya mein badalane kaa paksh letaa haye. parisaron parr α-kilogram key prabhaav vipareet hain. adhikansh graam-nakaratmak bacteria mein, jee. aiss. koo adenilation (kuchh sinobacteria aur harey shaiwal yaa apavaad) dwara sanshodhit kiya jaa sakata haye.
jee. aiss. key avrodh ney kaafee hudd taka amino site ligand parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye. anya avarodhak glutamine chayapachaya kaa parinam hainh tryptophan, hystidine, carbamoil phosphat, glucosamine-6-phosphat, cytidine trifosphate (ctp), aur adenosine monofosphate (amp). anya avarodhak/niyaamak glycine aur elenin hain. elnin, glycine aur serin glutamate substrate site seey judate hain. jee. dee. pee., aeye. pee., aeye. dee. pee. aeye. tii. pee. site seey judate hain. ell-serine, ell-alnine aur glycine binaa adenile vaale gs mein ell-glutamate key liye site seey judate hain. chaar amino acid apane samanya parmaanuon dwara site seey judate hain, joe amino acid kii "mukhya shrinkhala" haye. glutamate glutamine chayapachaya kaa ack aur utpaad haye; haalaanki, glutamate gs key liye ack substrate haye joe ise gs key liye ack niyaamak key roop mein kaary karane key liye rokta haye. kaee avarodhak input sanket jeev mein nitrogen key star koo pratibimbit karke gs key thheek tuning kii anumati dete hain.
pratikriya viniyaman dou eukariotic prakaar key gs key beach antar koo alag kartaa haih mastishk aur gair-mastishk ootak. gair-mastishk jee. aiss. antim utpaad pratikriya avrodh kaa jawab detaa haye, jabaki mastishk jee. aiss. naheen detaa haye. glutamine-nirbhar chayapachaya kii uchch sandrata jee. aiss. gatividhi koo rokani chaahiye, jabaki cumm sandrata jee. aiss. gatividhi koo sakriya karni chaahiye.
avarodhakah
ee" parr shodh. kolai "seey pataa chalaa kii jee. aiss. jeane abhivyakti key madhyam seey viniyamit hotaa haye. jee. aiss. upasoochana koo kootbaddh karane vaale jeane koo "glana" naamit kiya gayaa haye. glana" kaa pratilekhan "aine. aar. aaee". (ack vishisht pratilekhan vardhak) parr nirbhar kartaa haye. sakriya pratilekhan taba hotaa haye jaba aine. aar. aaee. apane phosphorylated roop mein hotaa haye, jise "aine. aar. aaee.-pee" naamit kiya jaataa haye. aine. aar. aaee. kaa phosphorylation aine. aar. aaee., ack protein kinnez dwara utprerit hotaa haye. yadi nri koo paayiya key saath jatil kiya jaataa haye tou yeh ack phosphat key roop mein kaary karega aur nri-pee koo nri mein vaapas parivartit curr diyaa jaataa haye. iss mamle mein, "glana" kaa pratilekhan bund hoe jaataa haye.
jee. aiss. sinobacteria mein poori tarah seey alag niyaamak tantra key adheen haye. samanya aine. tii. aar. see.-aine. tii. aar. bee. dou ghatak pranali key bajaay, sinobacteria pratilekhiya niyaamak aine. tii. see. aeye. koo aashray detaa haye joe iss clade taka seemit haye aur jee. aiss. kii abhivyakti aur nitrogen chayapachaya mein shamil kaee jeenon koo niyantrit kartaa haye. isake alawa, sinobacteria mein jee. aiss. koo pratikriya avrodh key liye samvedansheelta badhaane key liye sahsanyojak roop seey sanshodhit naheen kiya jaataa haye. isake bajaay, sinobacteria mein jee. aiss. koo chhote protein dwara baadhit kiya jaataa haye, jise jee. aiss. nishkriya karane vaale kaarak (aaee. aff. aiss.) kahaa jaataa haye, jiska pratilekhan aine. tii. see. aeye. dwara nakaratmak roop seey viniyamit kiya jaataa haye. inn nishkriya karane vaale karakon koo aage vibhinn gair-coding aar. aine. aeye. dwara viniyamit kiya jaataa haih aiss. aar. aine. aeye. aine. aiss. aaee. aar. 4 jee. aiss. nishkriya karane vaale kaarak aaee. aff. 7 ("jee. aaee. aff. aeye" aim. aar. aine. aeye.) key aim. aar. aine. aeye. key 5 'yuu. tii. aar. key saath baatchit kartaa haye aur isaki abhivyakti koo cumm kartaa haye. aine. aiss. aaee. aar. 4 abhivyakti nitrogen niyantran pratilekhan kaarak aine. tii. see. aeye. key sakaratmak niyantran mein haye. isake alawa, gs nishkriya karane vaale kaarak kii abhivyakti yadi 17 ack glutamine-binding riboswich dwara niyantrit haye.

