
fabronianism

18veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein germany mein roman catholic church key bheetar fabronianism ack shaktishali andolan thaa, joe kaitholikwad key rashtriyakaran, episcopate key paksh mein pope kii shakti key pratibandh aur catholic isaijagat key saath asantusht churchon key punarmilan kii or nirdeshit thaa. iss prakaar, yeh apani mukhya pravrittiyon mein, france mein galicanism key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. fredrick lauchert ney "catholic vishvakosh" mein fabronianism kaa varnan ack raajneetik-sampradayik pranali key roop mein kiya haye, jiska ack pratyaksh uddeshya catholic church key saath protestant nikaayon key sulah koo suvidhajanak banaana haye, taaki pavitra drishya kii shakti koo cumm kiya jaa sakey.
naam kii utpatti.
yeh naam "justinus febronius" chhadm naam seey liya gayaa haye jise johann nicolaus wonn honthim, trier key saha-bishap, ney apani pustak key prakaashan mein apanaaya thaa. gallican siddhanton koo ack aadhar key roop mein lete hue, jinhen unhone lauven vishvavidyalaya mein apani padhaai karate hue canonist jegger bernhard vaine espen seey aatmasaat kiya, usee tarj parr paaramparik gallicanwad koo peechhe chhodate hue kattarpanth kii or badhe. unhone church key rajtantriya samvidhaan key khandan parr sthaapit church sambandhi sangathan kaa ack siddhant vikasit kiya. 1738 mein, honthim coblanes key paas gaye, joe kii trier key archbishop-nirvaachak key ack adhikaari they. triyarak archbishop ack saath pavitra roman samrajya key rajkumar aur rajkumar-nirvaachak they. walter ellison phillips key anusaar, "encyclopaedia britannica" mein likhate hue, unhein pavitra roman samrajya key aantarik mamalon mein roman curie key hastakshep key prabhaav kaa adhyayan karane kaa bharpur avsar milaa, vishesh roop seey pavitra roman samrat charles VII aur francis I key chunaavon seey pahale kii baatchit mein, jisamen maananiya ney chunavi rajdoot key sahayak key roop mein bhaag liya thaa. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii inn avsaron parr pope key charam daave aur pavitra roman samrajya key nirvaachak mandal key mamalon mein unake hastakshep ney sabse pahale pope key prachaar key aadhar kii aalochanatmak pariksha kaa sujhaav diyaa; unhone apane chhadm naam key tahat parinam prakaashit kiye. iss pustak ney usa samay bahut utsaah aur vivaad paida kiya thaa.
avalokan.
febronius dwara samarthit mukhya prastaav iss prakaar they. church kaa samvidhaan, masih kii sanstha dwara, rajtantriya naheen haye, aur pope, halanki ack nishchit pradhaantaa kaa hakdar haye, saarvbhaumik church key adheen haye. haalaanki "ekataa key kendra" key roop mein unhein church key kaanoon key sanrakshak aur champion key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye, aur halanki vaha kaanoonon kaa prastaav curr sakate hain, aur apani pradhaantaa key mamalon parr kanuni pratinidhi bhej sakate hain, church parr unaki samprabhuta ("principtus") adhikaar kshetra mein naheen haye, balki vyavastha aur sahyog ("") haye. pope kii achookata key roman (ultramontain) siddhant koo anya catholic churchon dwara sweekaar naheen kiya jaataa haye aur isake alawa, isaki koee vyaavhaarik upayogita naheen haye. church sabhi bishapon key liye ack aam episcopacy parr adharit haye, pope kewal barabaron mein pahale sthaan parr haye.
yeh iss prakaar haye kii pope samanya parishadon key adheen haye, jisamen bishap unake sahayogi ("nyaynirnayak") hotey hain, naa kewal unake salaahkaar; naa hii unhein aisee parishadon koo bulaane kaa vishesh adhikaar haye. samanya parishadon key farmaanon kii pushti pope dwara karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye aur naa hii unhein unake dwara badala jaa sakata haye; doosari or, pope key nirnayon seey ack samanya parishad mein appeal kii jaa sakati haye. appeal, aarakshan, pushti, anuvaad aur bishapon kii gawahi jaise mamalon mein pope key adhikaaron key liye, yeye praantiya dharmsabhaon mein bishapon key liye thheek seey sambandhit hain, aur vibhinn karanon key parinamswarup dheere-dheere pope dwara hadap liye gaye they, vishesh roop seey chhadm-icidorian decretals key. chhadm-icidorian decretals, jinhen jhoothe decretals key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, cannon kaanoon key sangrah mein shamil jhoothe dastavejon kaa ack samooh haye, kuchh raajneetik aur church kii shaktiyon key sambandhon seey sambandhit hain, joe nauvin shatabdi key madhya mein ack lekhak dwara rachit hain, jinhone chhadm naam "icidor marketer" kaa upayog kiya thaa. catholic vishvakosh" mein luis saltate ney likhaa kii madhya yug key sampradayik puraatantaa key vikrit drishtikon key liye jaali kuchh dosh wahan karate hain aur unhone poore aitihaasik pariprekshya koo dhundhala curr diyaa.
isaliye church key swaasthya key liye chhadm-icidorian decretals seey pahale mamalon koo unaki sthiti mein bahaal karna aur episcopate koo apana uchit adhikaar denaa aavashyak haye. isake liye mukhya baadha swayam pope naheen haye, balki curia haye, aur iska mukabala sabhi sambhav tarikon seey kiya jaanaa chaahiye, vishesh roop seey poori tarah seey lokpriya shiksha (""), aur rashtriya aur praantiya aradhanalayon key sanyojan dwara, jisaki upeksha church key dukhon kaa mukhya kaaran haye. yadi pope iss mamle mein aage naheen badhega, tou rajkumaron, aur vishesh roop seey samrat koo, bishapon key sahyog seey kaary karna chaahiye, pope kii ichcha key khilaf bhee rashtriya parishadon koo bulana chaahiye, unake bahishkaar kii avahelana karni chaahiye, aur antim upaay mein una mamalon mein aagyakarita seey incar karna chaahiye jinn parr pope ney adhikaar kshetra koo hadap liya haye.
fabronianism kaa swaagat.
febronius key vichaar mool naheen they. mukhya roop seey way way they joe 15veen shatabdi mein constance kii parishad aur besal kii parishad mein pramukh they; lekin unhein shiksha key itane dhana key saath sammaanit logon dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, aur way usa samay kii bauddhik aur raajneetik sthitiyon mein itani achchi tarah seey fitt hotey they, kii unhein vyaapak sweekriti millie. febronius kii pehchaan lagbhag rome mein prakaashit hotey hii gyaat hoe gaee thee; lekin kuchh varshon baad, 1778 mein, jise vaapas lene key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa. iss beach, vyaktigat roop seey sammaanit logon key khilaf koee kadam naheen uthaaya gayaa, joe rome mein jaane jaate they.
lauchert ney likhaa kii baad key teen khandon mein unhone apani pustak kaa bachaav kiya, "febronius" aur vibhinn anya chhadm naamon key roop mein, hamalon kii ack shrinkhala key khilaf. collon vishvavidyalaya (1765) seey "judicium akaadamik" key alawa, badee sankhya mein roman catholic lekhakon seey khandan prakat huaa, laucherut ney pietro ballerini, tomaso maria maaki aur francico antonio zakaria dwara khitabon koo soochibaddh kiya. protestant key drishtikon seey iss vichaar koo aswikar karane key liye kii roman catholic church key saath protestant koo vaapas laane key liye pope kii shakti mein kamee aavashyak thee, iss vichaar kaa khandan bhee kiya gayaa thaa, udaaharan key liye laucherut carle friedrich bahardt, johann friedrich bahardt aur carle gottlob hoffman dwara khitabon koo soochibaddh kartaa haye.
pope clement xiii dwara 27 farwari 1764 koo iss pustak kii aupchaarik roop seey ninda kii gaee thee. 21 maee 1764 key sankshipt samay taka, pope clement xiii ney germany key sabhi bishapon koo pustak koo dabaane kaa adesh diyaa. pope kii ninda kaa bahut hii mishrit swaagat huaa; kuchh dharmpranton mein pustak koo pratibandhit karane key adesh koo nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa, anya mein iss parr kaarravaai koo ack swatantra pariksha taka sthagit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, phir bhee anya mein (nau yaa duss poorvajon, unamen seey trikoniya key nirvaachak) ise raajneetik karanon seey ack baar mein maanaa gayaa thaa, halanki inmein bhee nishiddh pustak sarkaaron kaa sankshipt bunn gaee. lauchert ney likhaa kii pratibandh key bavjood, pustak, joe usa samay kii bhavna key saath saamanjasyapurna thee, ack jabardast safalata thee aur german, french, italvi, spanish aur purtagaali mein punarmudran kiya gayaa thaa.
sammaan key khilaf pahale upaay pope payas vee dwara kiye gaye they, jinhone rajkumar clemens wenslouse off saxony, elector off trier seey aagrah kiya kii way sammaan koo pustak koo vaapas lene key liye prerit karein; wenslouse ney naa kewal sammaan koo balki apane sabhi rishtedaron koo unake karyalayon seey vanchit karane kii dhamki dee. unake praarambhik punarkathan koo pavitra darshan dwara aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. lambe prayaas, bahut adhik bhatkaav aur patrachar key baad, vencillouse ney ack punarkathan parr hastakshar kiye; 15 navambar 1778 koo, punarkathan koo pavitra darshan key liye sanshodhit aur sanshodhit kiya gayaa. lauchert ney likhaa kii unake pashchaat key karyon seey unake kathan kaa yathaarthvaadi ullekh naheen thaa; "janata key saamane unake kathan koo uchit thaharaane key liye likhaa gayaa, yeh darshaata haye kii unhone apane vichaaron koo naheen chhoda thaa. yeh pustak iss baat kaa pramaan thee kii unaki prastuti unaki apani swatantra ichcha seey kii gaee thee; yeh sabhi sabse jwalant prashnon seey saavdhaanipoorvak bachati thee, balki yeh dikhaane kii pravritti rakhti thee kii unake patrachar seey saabit hotaa haye kii sammaan ney anivarya roop seey apana drishtikon naheen badala thaa; lekin rome, usa samay seey aage, unhein shaanti seey chhod diyaa aur usa varsh key baad ninda koo hataa diyaa gayaa.
vaastav mein, fabronian siddhant german bishapon key vichaaron key anuroop thaa, joe kissy bhee tarah seey udaseen naheen they. yeh yaad rakhna chaahiye kii german bishap iss samay catholic purohiton key bajaay mahaan dharmnirpeksh rajkumar they; durlabh apvaadon key saath, unhone apane aadhyatmik kartavyon koo puuraa karane kaa koee naatak naheen kiya; way yug key kuchh uthale gyaan mein poorna roop seey saajha karate they. samrajya key rajkumaron key roop mein unhone samrat kii apani vyaavhaarik swatantrata parr jore diyaa thaa; way apane samprabhu visheshadhikaron key saath curia key anuchit hastakshep seey naraj they, aur pope kii apani swatantrata bhee sthaapit karna chaahte they. padanukram key shreniyon mein, phir, swarthi uddeshyon koo dusaron key saath sanyukt karke febronian sthiti kii sweekriti koo surakshit karane key liye adhik sammaanjanak.
dharmnirpeksh shasakon key beach iska swaagat aur bhee cumm aspasht thaa. austriya kii maria theresa key roop mein ack samprabhu ney habsberg dominian mein febronius koo nishiddh karane seey incar curr diyaa; usake bete, joseph dwiteeya, pavitra roman samrat ney febronian siddhanton koo bey-sammaan poornata key saath lagu kiya. venis mein, tuscany mein, naples mein, purtagaal mein, unhone oopar seey church mein sudhaar key liye prabuddh nirankushon key jordar prayason koo prerit kiya; aur unhone jesuit key khilaf andolan koo ack nayaa protsaahan diyaa, joe dharmnirpeksh sarkaaron key dabaav mein, 1773 mein pope clement XIV dwara yeeshu key samaaj key daman mein samaapt huaa.
laucher key anusaar, febronian siddhanton koo ack vyaavhaarik anuprayog dene kaa pahala prayaas germany mein 1769 key coblanes sammelan mein kiya gayaa thaa, jahan teen upadeshak rajkumar-nirvaachak, apane pratinidhiyon key madhyam seey, aur hontheim key nirdeshon key tahat, "febronius" key siddhanton key anuroop, curia key khilaf tees shikayaton kii ack soochi sankalit kii; aur unhein joseph II koo prastut karane key baad, unhein nae pope, clement xiv koo bhej diyaa gayaa thaa. yeye lekh, halanki archdioces mein febronius koo pratibandhit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin way poori tarah seey febronian they; aur vaastav mein, unhone khud rajanyik vaartaon mein sakriya bhaag liya joe unakaa parinam thaa.
austriya mein badey paimaane parr "febronius" key siddhanton koo sakar karane kaa prayaas kiya gayaa thaa, jahaan joseph dwiteeya key tahat ack rashtriya church kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. joseph key bhaai, leopold II, tuscany key grand duke ney tuscany key grand duchy mein usee disha mein prayaas kiye. lauchert ney likhaa kii yeh austriyai canonist they jinhone church aur raajya key sambandhon koo viniyamit karane vaale ack nae kaanoon sanhita key sankalan mein sabse adhik yogdan diyaa, jiska upayog joseph II key tahat kiya gayaa thaa; vishesh roop seey ullekhaniya austriyai vishvavidyalayon key liye vihit cannon kaanoon parr paathyapustaken theen, aur paul joseph wonn reeger dwara sankalit, joseph johann nepomuk peham dwara, aur johann valentin ibel dwara.
febronius ney dou churchon kii sabhaon kii kaaryavaahi koo prerit kiya, donon varsh 1786 mein aayojit kiye gaeh bishap sipion dee 'rikki key tahat pistoa key sudhaar sabhaa mein inn tarj parr apanaae gaye prastaavon koo desh key adhikansh bishapon dwara aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa; adhik mahatvapurna ee. aim. aiss. kii congress thee, jisamen collon key teen church-nirvaachak rajkumar-chayankarta, mains aur trier key rajkumar-chayankarta aur salzberg key archbishop key rajkumar-chayankarta aur "febronius" key mool siddhanton key anuroop, roman key saath german church key sambandhon koo phir seey samaayojit karane kaa ack nayaa prayaas kiya, poorv key liye swatantrata key ack badey upaay koo surakshit karane key liye; unhone apane pratinidhiyon key paas "ee. aim. aiss. key punctation" key 23 lekh bhee banaae, aur baad mein archbishop dwara anumodit kiya gayaa. yeh dastaavez archbishop aur pope key beach kaee varshon key vivaad kaa parinam thaa, jise german dharmguruon key mamalon mein baad vaale key anuchit hastakshep seey uksaayaa gayaa thaa.
ee. aim. key viram chihn" koo taiyar karane mein unhone koee sakriya bhaag naheen liya, lekin yeh poori tarah seey unake siddhanton seey prerit thaa. isamen teis lekh shamil they, jinhen sankshep mein iss prakaar prastut kiya jaa sakata haye. bishapon key paas, apani ishwar-pradatt shaktiyon key aadhar parr, unake dharmpranton key bheetar vitaran, sanrakshan aur iss tarah key sabhi mamalon mein poorna adhikaar haye; pope bail, sankshipt vivaran, aadi.aur roman mandaliyon key farmaanon koo kewal pratyek diosis mein badhyakari bull key liye swatantra honah chaahiye jaba bishap dwara sweekrit kiya jaataa haye; nansiechar, jaisa kii abb taka kalpana kii gaee thee, bund hoe jaati haye; pope key prati nishtha kii shapath kii maang kii jaati haye kyonki pope gregory VII key samay koo episcopal adhikaaron key anuroop laaya jaanaa haye; vaarshik aur paileem aur pushti key liye deya shulk koo cumm kiya jaanaa haye aur, paileem yaa pushti seey incar kiye jaane kii sthiti mein, german archbishop aur bishap samrat key sanrakshan key tahat apane karyalaya kaa prayog karane key liye swatantra hain; pratham aur dwiteeya udaaharan (episcopal aur mahanagariya) key church tribunal key saath collon key liye apostolic nuncio hastakshep naheen karane key liye swatantra haye, aur halanki rome koo kuchh suraksha upaayon key tahat appeal karane kii anumati haye, yeh antim roop seey pope kii rashtriya parishad key saath ack gair-adhikrit appeal koo hataane key liye vyakt kiya jaataa haye.
ee. aim. aiss. key viram chihn", halanki, koee vyaavhaarik parinam hassil naheen kiya.
kyaa inn ghoshanapatron ney sthaayi roop seey fabronian rekhaaon parr roman catholic church key punargathan kaa netritva kiya hoga, yeh hamesha key liye sandigdh rehna chaahiye. francisi kranti ney hastakshep kiya; german church toofaan mein neeche chalaa gayaa; aur 1803 mein pahale vanijya doot key adesh seey kiye gaye dharmnirpekshata ney isake poorvajon kii laukik mahatvakankshaon koo samaapt curr diyaa. fabronianism vaastav mein butch gayaa. raain key sangh key rajkumar premate carle theoder wonn dalberg ney poore napolean yug mein apane siddhanton koo barkarar rakhaa aur unhein vienna kii congress dwara banaae jaane vaale nae germany mein sthaapit karane kii ummeed kii. unhone iss sabhaa mein german church key pratinidhi key roop mein bishap ignaz heinrich wonn wessenberg koo bheja, jinhone apane bishap off constance mein sudhaar mein, apane adhikaar parr, church kii sevaaon aur anushasana mein febronian siddhanton koo lagu karane mein sankoch naheen kiya thaa. lekin iss tarah key prayogon key liye samay anukool naheen thaa. krantikari uthal-puthal key baad pratikriya kaa jwaar paaramparik adhikaar kii disha mein dridhata seey sthaapit hoe rhaa thaa, jaise kii dharm mein, rajneeti mein; aur vaha atiaatmachaari andolan joe, sadee key anta seey pahale, church parr haavi honah thaa, pahale seey hii jordar jeevan key sanket dikhaa rhaa thaa. isake alawa, mahaan rashtriya german church, jisamen dalberg kaa khud koo primate key roop mein dekhane kaa drishtikon thaa, german rajkumaron koo aakarshit naheen kartaa thaa, joe europeeya shaktiyon key roop mein apani naee arjit sthiti key prati dridh they. ack-ack karke yeye rome key saath sahamati mein pravesh karate gaye, aur ack aakramak neeti seey fabronianism ack atkalon mein badal gayaa. iss tarah yeh dridhata seey jeevit rhaa, vishesh roop seey vishvavidyalayon mein (vishesh roop seey bone, 1774 mein apani neenv seey, bahut hii febronian thaa), aur isane 1870 mein pope kii achookata kii roman catholic hathdharmita kii paribhasha key prashn key prati kaee sabse vidwan german poorvajon aur professors key drishtikon mein khud koo jordar dhang seey phir seey sthaapit kiya. vaastav mein, yeh febronian sthiti key khilaf thaa kii pahali vatican parishad key farmaanon koo jaanboojhkar nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa, aur unaki ghoshana ney atee-swabhavik drishtikon kii jeet koo chihnit kiya. germany mein, vaastav mein, pope rajshahi key khilaf sangharsh kuchh samay key liye kulturkamp parr sarkaaron dwara kiya gayaa thaa, joe ugravaadi fabronianism kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale puraane catholic they. haalaanki, baad vaalaa, kyonki otto wonn bismark "canosa mein gayaa", ack sammaanjanak lekin tulanaatmak roop seey aspasht sampradaay mein doob gayaa haye, aur fabronianism, halanki yeh abhee bhee church key bheetar raain praanton key adhyaayon aur vishvavidyalayon mein raay parr kuchh pakad rakhta haye, germany mein vyaavhaarik roop seey vilupt hoe gayaa haye. adhuniktawad kii aadh mein isake punruddhar ney 1908 mein pope payas aiks seey vishvakosh "passendy dominisi greggis" mein sannihit teekhi ninda koo aakarshit kiya.