
plato kii roopak vyaakhyaaen

plato key kaee dubhashiyon kaa maanana thaa kii unake lekhan mein dohare arth vaale ansh hain, jinhen roopak, prateek yaa mithak kahaa jaataa haye, joe samvaadon koo unake samanya shaabdik arth key alawa alankarik arth kii paraten dete hain. 
plato kii yeye roopak vyaakhyaaen pandrah sou seey adhik varshon taka, lagbhag pahali shatabdi esvi seey punarjagaran key madhyam seey aur 18 veen shatabdi taka pramukh theen, aur plotinus, porphiri, serionus, proclus aur marcillo ficino jaise pramukh platonist daarshnikon dwara unaki vakaalat kii gaee thee. alekjendar key philo seey shuru (1 see. see. ee.), inn vichaaron ney inn dharmon key sambandhit pavitra granthon kii yahudi, isai aur islami vyakhya koo prabhaavit kiya. way punarjagaran key dauran vyaapak roop seey fail gaye aur daante alighiyari, admond spensor aur villium shekspeare jaise kaviyon key beach roopak key liye fashion mein yogdan diyaa. 
praarambhik aadhunik kaal mein, shaastriya vidvata ney inn daavon koo khariz curr diyaa kii plato ack roopak thaa. iss tootane key baad, samvaadon koo nirantar roopak key roop mein padhane vaale plato key pracheen anuyaayiyon koo "nava-platenist" karaar diyaa gayaa aur unhein ack vichalan maanaa gayaa. 1929 mein tait key agrani lekh "plato aur roopak vyakhya" key baad, vidvaanon ney plato key liye roopak drishtikon kaa adhyayan karna shuru kiya, donon hii plato adhyayan key liye aavashyak prishthabhoomi key roop mein aur darshan, saahityik aalochana, vyakhya aur saahityik prateekvaad key itihas mein ack mahatvapurna prakaran key roop mein. itihaskaron ney platonism aur neoplatonism key beach kissy bhee saral vibhajan koo aswikar curr diyaa haye, aur plato koo roopak roop seey padhane kii parampara abb sakriya shodh kaa ack kshetra haye. 
roopak", "prateekvaad" aur "alankarik arth" kii paribhaashaaen samay key saath vikasit huin. praarambhik shataabdiyon mein "roopak" shabd ("anya kahane" key liye yunani) adhik baar upayog mein aaya aur yeh usa bhasha koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jiska samanya yaa shaabdik arth key alawa kuchh anya arth thaa. pahale shaastriya athens mein, "undermeanings" (jee. key.) kii baat karane key bajaay yeh aam thaa.," hyponian "), joe chhipe hue yaa gahare arthon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. aaj, roopak koo aksar ack saahityik kaary key bheetar roopak kaa ack nirantar anukram kahaa jaataa haye, lekin yeh pracheen paribhasha naheen thee; usa samay, ack hii ansh, yaa yahaan taka kii ack naam, roopak maanaa jaa sakata thaa. aam taur parr, iss tarah key shabdon key badalate arthon kaa pratyek aitihaasik sandarbh mein adhyayan kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
plato key samvaadon key bheetar roopak.
 
ack yuva vyakti key roop mein, plato koo anaxagorus aur socretis key aspas key halakon mein bahas kaa saamana karna padaa kii kyaa hommer kii kavitaon mein roopak shamil hain.
plato inn bahason koo sandarbhit kartaa haye aur apane samvaadon mein roopak aur roopak kii prakriti koo ack pramukh vishay banaata haye. vaha kaee roopak upkaranon kaa upayog kartaa haye aur spasht roop seey una parr dhyaan aakarshit kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, gufa key drishtaant mein, plato ack prateekaatmak kahani bataata haye aur isake tatvon koo ack-ack karke vyakhya kartaa haye.", 514a1 ff.). fedrus" mein, socretis una logon kii aalochana karate hain joe mithakon key liye tarksangat, roopak spashteekaran pradaan karate hain (229see6 ff.). roopak vyakhya yaa 'elegorisis' parr plato key apane vichaaron parr lambe samay seey bahas hoe rahee haye. ford ney nishkarsh nikala kih 
plato dwara elegorisis koo ack anishchit vidhi aur khatarnak key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye jahaan bachchon kaa sambandh haye, lekin vaha kabhi bhee isake adhik daarshanik tareeke seey upayog kiye jaane kii sambhavana seey incar naheen kartaa haye. ganarajya" (378dee) seey roopak koo aswikar karane vaale maarg mein, kaaran dharamshastriya yaa paddhatigat key bajaay mukhya roop seey shaikshanik aur samajik hain... plato kii bechaini sookshm vyakhya key lokpriya logon parr kendrit haye, naa kii vidhi parr...
plato key darshan kaa mool roop roopon (yaa vichaaron) kaa siddhant haye, aur kaee lekhakon ney iss aadhyatmik siddhant mein saahityik roopak key upayog key liye ack auchitya dekhaa haye. udaaharan key liye, fletcher ney likhaah
vichaaron key platonic siddhant key dou pahalu hain joe donon sanketon aur sanketon kii roopak vyakhyaon kii or leey jaate hain.
cheezen... kissy cheez key vichaar" kii baat karna lagbhag roopak prakriya kaa ahwan karna haye, kyonki vichaar usa cheez seey parey haye, jitna kii roopakvaadi kii kalpana ack uchchaaran key shaabdik arth seey alag hoti haye... vichaaron key siddhant kii ack vishal padaanukramit sanrachana key roop mein, nimn seey uchch roopon taka, platonic vyavastha adhik mahatvapurna haye... bhautik prakriti key aavashyak moolya parr sawal uthaane seey, platonic bolly prakriti key aadhyaatmikakaran kaa maarg kholati haye, aur swayam plate key mamle mein yeh unake samvaadon mein sateek roop seey roopak key upayog kii or leey jaataa haye jaba prakriti kaa vishleshan praakritik, maanav shabdon mein varnit karane yogya utkrishtata key uchchatam bindu taka pahunch gayaa haye. 
kaee logon kaa maanana haye kii plato paythagoriyanon seey prabhaavit thaa. anya pracheen sampradayon kii tarah, way gupt siddhanton aur gupt anushthaanon key liye pratishthit they. haalaanki, pracheen lekhak vishesh roop seey unhein apane rahasyon koo chhipaane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale 'prateekon' seey jodate they. pythagorean iss shabd key arth koo una chhote vakyanshon koo shamil karane key liye vistaarit karate prateet hotey hain joe gupt password kii bhoomika nibhaate hain yaa anushthaanit paheliyon kaa jawab dete hain. iss upayog koo saahityik prateekvaad koo shamil karane key liye aage badhaaya gayaa thaa aur iss prakaar paythagoriyanon koo kabhi-kabhi iss tarah key prateekvaad kaa aavishkaar karane kaa shreya kyon diyaa jaataa haye.
plato key shuruati dubhashiya.
akadami key bheetar, plato key "timeus" mein srishti mithak parr ack prasiddh vivaad seey pataa chalata haye kii plato key kuchh shuruati anuyaayi samvaadon koo shaabdik roop seey naheen padh rahey theh spucipus, zenocrates, aur polmo sabhi ney "timeus" mein ack pramukh ansh kii prateekaatmak roop seey vyakhya kii. 
aristotal key akadami chhodane aur apane swayam key school kii sthaapana karane key baad, vaha plato key samvaadon mein vyakt elegorisis key prati dwidha bhaav koo saajha naheen karate they. udaaharan key liye, unhone pracheen yunani mithakon koo daarshanik satyon kii roopak abhivyaktiyon key roop mein maanah 
ack viraasat koo sabse pracheen seey laker baad key samay taka ack mithak key roop mein diyaa gayaa haye, kii devta hain aur divya prakriti key sabhi koo gherta haye. baaki [pracheen kahaaniyon] koo pauranik roop seey vyakt kiya gayaa thaa, joe ashikshit logon koo samajhaane key liye upayukt haye... unhone yeh bhee kahaa kii devtaon key maanav aakar they aur way anya jaanvaron key samaan they... yadi pahala [daavaa], kii way maanate hain kii devta maulik vaastavikataaen hain, alag seey liya jaataa haye [pauranik kahaaniyon seey], tou way nishchit roop seey ack prerit satya bolate they... ("milaa."1074a38-b13). 
phir bhee jaba abhijaat varg ney plato key samvaadon mein anshon parr charcha kii tou unhone unaki shaabdik vyakhya kii. abhijaat varg key lekhan pythagorianwad key prati shatrutapurna hain aur aam taur parr saarvajanik bhashanon mein aspasht shabd hain. abhijaat varg yaa tou dikhaata haye kii plato key tatkaal chhaatr aamtaur parr samvaadon koo shaabdik roop seey padhate hain yaa abhijaat varg koo swayam kabhi bhee pythagorean sampradaay mein shamil naheen kiya gayaa thaa aur iss prakaar baad mein pathakon koo samvaadon mein paae gaye roopak seey chook gaye. 
347 eesaa poorv mein plato kii mrityu key baad kii dou shataabdiyon mein, plato key darshan mein nirantar ruchi thee, lekin unake shuruati anuyaayiyon key beach samvaadon kii vyakhya karane key liye saavdhaanipoorvak prayason key bahut cumm jeevit pramaan they (yeye, nishchit roop seey, plato key apane vichaar dene key liye naheen hain). praarambhik akadami mein plato key baad 'dogmatist' kii pahali peedhiyaan aam taur parr plato key siddhanton, tarkon aur samasyaon seey sambandhit theen, lekin plato key granthon key vistrit pathan key saath naheen. jahira taur parr samvaadon parr koee tippani praarambhik akadami mein cranter (lagbhag 290 eesaa poorv kii mrityu) taka naheen likhi gaee thee. hathdharmiyon key baad 'sandehwadi' aae jinhone samvaadon kii vyakhya mukhya roop seey socretic agyaantaa key vyavasaay key roop mein kii. dorry bataate hain kii plato key granthon kii vyaapak vyakhya karane kii dhaarana abhee taka saamane naheen aaee theeh 
... [plato key granthon kii vyakhya kaise karein] kaa hermanutical prashn naheen uthaaya gayaa thaa... aaj, yeh maang kii ack vyakhya koo ack paath kii sampoornata ("days gasemten aadat") key mulyankan seey nirdhaarit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, spasht aur yahaan taka kii mamuli bhee dikhaai degi. haalaanki, aadhunik bhasha vigyaan mein bhee, iss maang koo pahali baar pichhali dou yaa adhikatam teen peedhiyon mein maanya maanaa gayaa thaa...
roopak modah nava-pythagorianwad.
jaise hii plato mein ruchi athens seey alexandria aur bhoomadhyasagariya anya shaharon mein fail gaee, akadami dwara samarthit siddhanton seey samvaadon key seedhe padhane kii or ack modd aaya. iss avadhi key baad seey, pathaniya plates key prati roopak drishtikon teji seey maanak bunn gayaa. yeh aitihaasik badalaav eesaa poorv pahali shatabdi key baare mein pythagorianwad mein ruchi key punrutthan key saath huaa. neumanius jaise nava-pythagorean jald hii yeh daavaa karane lagey kii pythagorean siddhant prateekaatmak roop seey plato key samvaadon mein antarnihit they. neumanius key karyon mein seey ack kaa sheershak thaa "plato key saath shikshaavidon kii asahamati parr" aur doosara "plato mein rahasyon yaa aarakshit siddhanton parr."tarrent ney nava-pythagorians key vichaaron koo sankshep mein yeh kahate hue prastut kiya kii way maanate they (mool itailik): 
... kii pythagorean siddhant plato mein "chhipe hue" hain, joe kissy naa kissy kaaran seey unhein prakat karane key liye anichhuk hain, aur kii "sachche pythagorianwad koo platonic granthon seey gahan vyakhya dwara chidhaaya jaa sakata haye..."yeh kahana surakshit lagega kii plato key paath key neeche niyamit roop seey kuchh bahut goodh paaya jaa rhaa haye, kathit roop seey pythagorean tatvamimansa key vivaran koo chhipaate hue kii pythagorean, lagbhag vishvaas key mamle key roop mein, vahaan maujood honey kii ummeed haye.
kabhi-kabhi maanaa jaataa haye kii madhya platenism ney roopak vyakhya seey parhej kiya haye, lekin dillon key sarvekshan mein baad key nava-platonwadiyon key saath 'saapeksh nirantarta' paaee gaeeh 'cumm seey cumm madhya platonic avadhi key uttaraardh mein, vyakhya mein vikas huaa thaa joe kuchh hudd taka nava-platonwadiyon key roopak kaa anuman thaa.'madhya platonwadiyon key beach plato key liye chhipe hue arthon kaa niyamit attribution paaya jaa sakata haye, udaaharan key liye, plutarch mein (see. 45-125 ce), alician rahasyon kaa ack pujari aur shayed ack platonic uttaradhikari.
roopak plato kaa prabhutvah nava-platonism.
aadhunik itihaaskaar praarambhik shataabdiyon mein plato key anuyaayiyon koo 'nava-platonist' kahate hain.'way plato kii roopak vyakhya key sabse mahatvapurna aur jordar samarthak they. nava-platonism key sansthaapak key roop mein maane jaane vaale plotinus aksar kahate hain kii plato key samvaadon mein 'undermeaning' ('hyponian') hotaa haye. unakaa "enneed" iii.5 plato key "symposium" seey anshon kii ack vistaarit roopak vyakhya haye. 
nava-platonwadiyon jaise kii proclus dwara plato key samvaadon parr bachee hui tippaniyon mein vistaarit roopak vyaakhyaaen hain. udaaharan key liye, plato key "parmenides" parr proclus kii tippani kahati haye kii kathavachak antiphone samvaad key 'rahasya' yaa 'gahare arth' (682) seey anjaan naheen hoe sakata thaa. proclus swayam samvaad key paatron koo aadhyatmik siddhanton key prateek key roop mein dekhate hainh parmenides divya, buddhi key zeno aur vishesh buddhi key sokret kaa pratinidhitva haye (628). proclus aam taur parr tark dete hain kih 
vaastav mein gahan aur saiddhaantik charitra key lekhan koo sabse badee savdhani aur vichaar key saath sampreshit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aisaa naa hoe kii humm anajaane mein janata kii avaastavik sunavaai aur upeksha key saamane ishwar jaisi aatmaon key avarnaniya vichaaron koo ujagar curr dein (718, cf. 1024). 
proclus kaa daavaa haye kii "parmenides" aam taur parr roopak yaa cumm arth key madhyam seey apane arth koo vyakt karate hain. ack shikshak, vaha kahata haye, 'spasht roop seey naheen bolata haye, lekin sanketon key saath khud koo santusht karega; kyonki kissy koo rahasyamay satya koo rahasyamay roop seey vyakt karna chaahiye aur devtaon key baare mein gupt siddhanton koo saarvajanik naheen karna chaahiye' (928). samvaad kii nirdesh kii vidhi 'prateekon aur sanketon aur paheliyon koo niyojit karna haye, joe siddhanton key sabse rahasyamay tareeke key liye uchit haye...'(1027).
ack nava-platonwadi, macrobius seey pataa chalata haye kii paanchvin shatabdi mein plato kii roopak vyaakhyaaen niyamit theenh
yahee kaaran haye kii jaba plato achche key baare mein bolane key liye prerit huaa, tou usane yeh bataane kii himmat naheen kii kii yeh kyaa thaa... daarshanik shandar aakhyanon ("fabulosa") kaa upayog karate hain; naa tou binaa kissy uddeshya key, naa hii kewal manoranjan key liye, balki isaliye kii way mahsoos karate hain kii khud kii ack spasht aur nagna ("uppertum nudam") vyakhya prakriti key liye apriya haye, joe, jiss tarah usane khud koo vividh kapadon mein lapetkar purushon key ashisht bhaav seey khud koo samajhati haye, usane bhee apane rahasyon koo shandar aakhyanon key madhyam seey adhik vivekpurna vyaktiyon dwara niyantrit karane kii ichcha vyakt kii haye... kewal shreshth buddhi key pratishthit purush hii usaki sachchai kaa rahasyodghatan praapt karate hain... (i.17-18).
yahudi, isai aur islami vyakhyaon parr prabhaav.
yunani kaal (eesaa poorv teesari-pahali shatabdi) mein roopak vyakhya mukhya roop seey hommer, stoix aur anta mein plato key dubhashiyon key saath judee ack yunani takneek thee. alexandria kaa philo (see. 25 eesaa poorv-see. 50 ce), ack yunani shiksha key saath ack yahudi vidwan, yahudi shaastron key liye roopak drishtikon koo vyavasthit roop seey lagu kiya. isai bible kii vyakhya karane key tarikon parr baad key vivaadon key liye isake doorgaami parinam they aur yeye badale mein plato kii roopak vyakhyaon kii aadhunik asweekriti key liye munch taiyar karate they. 
alekjendar key philo kaa maanana thaa kii plato key samvaadon aur yahudi shaastron ("torah") mein siddhant itane samaan they kii plato ney yahoodiyon seey apana darshan udhaar liya hoga. philo kaa maanana thaa kii, plato dwara apane samvaad likhane seey pahale, unhone misra kii yatra kii hogi aur yahudi paigambar moosa kii shikshaon kaa adhyayan kiya hoga. yahudi shaastra kii vyaapak, roopkaatmak punah vyakhyaon mein iss baat kaa bhee pramaan milaa kii plato key roopon kaa siddhant plato seey sadiyon pahale jaanaa jaataa thaa. yahudi dharmshastriyon parr philo key siddhanton kaa tatkaal prabhaav bahut cumm padaa, jinhone kabhi unakaa yaa unake vishal lekhan kaa ullekh naheen kiya.
mool (184/185-253/254 CE) praarambhik isai dharm mein pramukh dharamshastra vidwan they...'unhone alekjendar key philo key drishtikon koo apanaaya aur vistaarit kiya, aur isai nae vasiyatname kii pustakon mein roopak vyakhya lagu kii. mool ney apane currier kaa pahala bhaag alekjendar mein bitaaya aur plato key lekhan koo achchi tarah seey jaanate they. rameli ney philo aur origin key beach sambandh koo sankshep mein bataaya haih 
roopak ack shaktishali upkaran thaa jisane philo koo platonism key prakaash mein [yahudi] shaastra kii vyakhya karane kii anumati dee... 
mool spasht roop seey mahatvapurna binduon mein ack poorvavarti key roop mein philo koo sandarbhit kartaa haye.
unaki shaastrokt roopak vidhi key liye. yeh dridhata seey sujhaav detaa haye
kii philo daarshanik takneek key liye unake mukhya prerak they
shaastra kaa tark, aur donon kii utpatti achchi thee
iss baat seey avagat hocker unhone apana curge sweekaar kiya... philo pahala vyavasthit daarshanik thaa
bible kaa dubhashiya jisane ise roopak roop seey padhaa, aur mool thaa
pahala, aur sabse mahaan, jisane isai dharm mein aisaa kiya.
halanki mool ack vivadaspad vyakti thaa, anya, pramukh isai dharmshastriyon parr unakaa prabhaav
jaise kii eusebius, nyasa, ambrose aur jerom kaa gregory 'chauda aur gahara thaa.'
mool roop seey maanaa jaataa haye kii bible mein anshon kaa shaabdik arth thaa aur isake alawa, dou roopak indriyaan theen. baad mein ise vishesh roop seey madhyayugeen vidvaanon dwara iss prasiddh siddhant mein vyaapak kiya gayaa kii bibil key anshon mein 'chaar gunaa arth' thaa-shaabdik, naitik, roopak aur tarkaheen. iss takneek key itihas parr apane teen khandon key kaam mein, luback ney kahaa kii 'chaar gunaa arth' kaa siddhant, joe madhya yug kii shuruat seey, [bibil] vyakhya key kendra mein thaa, ney iss bhoomika koo anta taka sahee rakhaa.'protestant ney baad mein shikayat kii kii roman catholic church ney bible koo joe bhee vaanchhit thaa, uska arth banaane key liye roopak kaa upayog kiya aur iss prakaar church key adhikaar koo majboot kiyaah 
chaar gunaa arth banaae rakhna madhyakaaleen romanwad [arthaat, catholic church] key liye thaa
jeevan aur mrityu kaa mamla. usaki shakti key liye yeh aavashyak thaa kii hathdharmi poorv kabja aur paaramparik adhikaar sarvocch honah chaahiye. unake hiton mein jitna adhik saralata seey granthon mein herfer kiya gayaa, utani hii adhik jore seey unhone ghoshana kii kii aisee vyaakhyaaen kewal "aadhyatmik" theen aur "prakashmay anugrah" key kaaran theen." 
kull milakar, plato key samvaadon parr lagu roopak vyakhya kii takneeken daarshanik aur-philo key hastakshep key baad-dhaarmik granthon donon koo padhane kii europeeya parampara key liye kendriya bunn gaeen.
nava-platonism aur isake roopak tarikon ney muslim parampara koo jiss hudd taka prabhaavit kiya, vaha vivadaspad haye aur vibhinn vidvaanon key alag-alag vichaar hain. yeh spasht haye kii kathaanak, proclus aur anya nava-platenists key lekhan kaa arabi mein praarambhik tithi seey anuvaad kiya gayaa thaa. sthaaniya paramparaon, roopak aur roopak vyakhya key saath mishran isake baad muslim darshan, dharamshastra aur saahitya key liye kendriya bunn gayaa. alag-alag degree taka, unhone all-kindi (dee. see. 866), all-farabi (see. 870-950), avicenna (980-1037), aur evro (1126-1198). doosari or, kurran mein kuchh chhandon koo roopak maanaa jaataa haye aur kuchh ise roopak key praarambhik samarthan key roop mein dekhate hain. kuchh islami sampradaay, jaise sufivaad, kaafee hudd taka kurran kii roopak vyakhya parr adharit hain.
punarjagaran mein roopak plato kaa nayaa prabhutvah ficino.
haalaanki madhya yug key dauran paschimi europe mein lagbhag sabhi plato samvaad upalabdh naheen they, nava-platonism aur iska roopak darshan vibhinn madhyamon key madhyam seey prasiddh hoe gayaah
baarahavin shatabdi taka key sabhi madhyakaaleen vichaar abhijaat varg key bajaay neoplatonic they; aur iss tarah key
madhya yug key lokpriya lekhakon key roop mein augustein, boethius aur chhadm-dionysius ney isai neoplatonism koo ingland mein leey jaaya jaisa kii unhone paschimi europe key anya sabhi hisson mein kiya thaa.
baarahavin shatabdi seey, abhijaat varg key kaary teji seey upalabdh hoe gaye aur unakaa darshan madhyayugeen vidvataavaad key anta mein haavi hoe gayaa. 
plato key samvaadon koo byzantine samrajya mein sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa aur vyaktigat samvaadon key lattin anuvaad punarjagaran kii shuruat mein itali mein dikhaai dene lagey. marcelio ficino (1433-1499) ney 1484 mein pahala poorna anuvaad prakaashit kiya aur yeh teji seey poore paschimi europe mein plato key pratyaksh gyaan kaa prasaar kartaa haih 
unakaa prakaashan... yeh pahali bauddhik ghatana thee jaba unhone punarjagaran key liye ack nae khoje gaye pradhikaran key roop mein plato kii sthaapana kii thee joe abb abhijaat varg parr prathamikta leey sakata thaa, aur jiska kaam... apane pratidvandi seey oopar rakhane key liye paryaapt gaharaai thee. 
ficino key anuvaadon ney punarjagaran koo ack aakramak pragatisheel bull mein badalane mein madad kii, joe roodhivaadi saanskritik kille koo gher rhaa thaa, jisane schooly chhatron key abhijaat varg kaa bachaav kiya thaa... sthaapit adesh kaa dridh samarthan.'
ficino kii tippaniyon aur anuvaadon ney yeh sunishchit kiya kii poore paschimi europe mein nava-platenist, plato key liye roopak drishtikon maanak bunn gayaa. ficino 1460 key dashak kii shuruat mein proclus jaise nava-platonwadi padh rahey they. jaisa kii hankins ney kahaa, 'ficino,' [nava-platonic] roopakkaron kii tarah maanate they kii plato ney goodh siddhanton koo ashleel seey chhipaane key liye ack upkaran key roop mein roopak kaa upayog kiya thaa...'udaaharan key liye, plato key "fedrus" parr unaki tippani, saanketik roop seey anshon kii vyakhya karati haye aur pracheen nava-platonwadiyon key prati unake rinn koo sweekaar karati haih
sikada (230see) kii kathaa kii maang haye kii humm ise ack roopak key roop mein maan lein kyonki kavyatmak kii tarah uchch cheejen bhee lagbhag sabhi roopak hain... iss prakaar yeh platonwadiyon koo, naa kewal [nava-platonwadiyon jaise] hermias koo, balki emblicus koo bhee lagaa. kuchh hudd taka, main unake nakshekadam parr chalata huun, lekin kuchh hudd taka main sambhavana aur kaaran key aadhar parr ack kutil rekha parr chalata huun. isake alawa, khud sukaraat koo spasht roop seey yahaan roopak kii aavashyakta mahsoos hoti haye... 
ficino key isai, neoplatonic aur roopak paath ney solahavin seey athaarahavin shatabdi taka inn karyon kii sweekrit vyakhya koo aakar diyaa.'
shaabdik modah luther seey brucker taka.
solahavin aur satrahavin shatabdi mein, protestant sudhaar aur dhaarmik yuddh jinhone paschimi europe key adhikansh hisse koo tabah curr diyaa, dhaarmik adhikaar key baare mein mahatvapurna bhaag mein they aur isaliye bible kii vyakhya kaise kii jaae. protestants ney aarop lagaaya kii kaee catholic paramparaon aur siddhanton (yahaan taka kii yeh siddhant kii bhagwan ack trimurti they) kaa susamachar mein koee aadhar naheen thaa; catholics ney bible koo padhane mein visheshagyata parr jore diyaa jisane unhein isaki gahari sachchai taka vishesh pahunch pradaan kii. roopak vyakhya kii pracheen takneek, catholic vyakhya kaa mukhya aadhar, iss prakaar ack ugra raajneetik mudda bunn gayaa. yeh vivaad baad mein plato padhane key tareeke koo badalane key liye aaya. 
martin luther key prasiddh naare 'kewal shaastra' ("soul scriptura") kaa arth thaa kii bible key paath koo catholic church kii alagorasis kii vistrit paramparaon key binaa padhaa jaa sakata haye. sudhaar mein anya pramukh hastiyon key saath, luther ney isaliye catholic elegorisis parr hamla kiya aur usey aswikar curr diyaah 
... luther key aushadhiya siddhanton mein sabse moolyavaan [thaa] shaabdik yaa vyaakaranik-aitihaasik arth kii pradhaantaa parr unakaa aagrah. unhone dridh sankalp seey schooly chhatron key kaee vyakhyaon mein shamil maukhik kanuni daave koo alag curr diyaa, aur shabd key spasht aur spasht arth parr apana rukh dridhata seey apanaaya... unhone shaabdik bhavna kii prathamikta aur shreshthata parr jore diyaa. ack hazaar varshon taka church ney apani dhaarmik imarat koo ack aadhikarik vyakhya key madhyam seey majboot kiya thaa joe vyakhya key mukhya madhyam key roop mein roopak parr nirbhar kartaa thaa. luther ney iss asurakshit sthaan parr ack ghaatak prahaar kiya. mathh mein apane swayam key anubhav seey vaha roopak kii nirarthakta koo jaanate they-aur ise "kewal bajigari", ack anandadayak peechha key roop mein kalankit kiya."bandar kii chaalen" aur "luni baat karate hain." 
catholics ney trent kii parishad mein pratikriya dee kii kewal church aur isaki paramparaaen hii bible key arth kii aadhikarik roop seey vyakhya curr sakati hain. 
protestant vidvaanon ney yunani nae vasiyatname key paath kaa aalochanatmak adhyayan shuru kiya, jisake kaaran sabhi pracheen saahitya kaa punarmulyankan huaa. protestant jald hii iss baat parr jore dene lagey kii 'alekjendar' yaa nava-platonwadiyon ney isai dharm mein roopak vyakhya kii thee, aur iss prakaar roopak key prati shatruta nava-platonwad key prati shatruta bunn gaee. jald hii iss baat parr hinsak vivaad chhid gaye kii kyaa nava-platonwadiyon ney praarambhik isai dharmshastriyon koo bhrasht curr diyaa thaa aur iss prakaar church koo susamachar key 'shuddh' isai dharm seey door curr diyaa thaa. 
inn dhaarmik vivaadon ney aadhunik shaastriya vidvata koo aakar diyaa. way darshan key mahaan vidwan itihas mein johann jacob brucker dwara pratibimbit hotey hain, unake "darshan kaa aalochanatmak itihas" (1742-1744), udaaharan key liye, roman catholic church koo bhrasht karane key liye nava-platonists koo doshi thaharaate hainh 
[nava-platenists key] sargrahi sampradaay, iss prakaar andhavishwas, utsaah kii neenv parr khadaa huaa.ee.rahasyavaad], aur chhal, isai dharm aur darshan donon key liye bahut bhram aur shararat kaa avsar saabit huaa... moortipoojak vichaar aur raay shuddh aur saral gospel siddhant key saath mishrit degree seey they... [aur] masih key shuddh dharm koo bhrasht curr diyaa; aur unakaa church vivaad kaa ack kshetra bunn gayaa, aur truti kaa ack nursory bunn gayaa.
brucker nava-platenists key prati khule taur parr tiraskarpurna thaah 'sookshmataon mein khou gaye yeye behtar gyaan key liye dhong karane vaale lagaatar kaalpanik samaantaon aur manmaane antaron dwara samajhaane kaa prayaas curr rahey they, jinhen way shayed kabhi naheen samajh paae they.'brucker ney maanaa kii nava-platonwadi khud koo kewal platonwadi key roop mein sochate they, lekin iss baat seey incar kiya kii yeh mamla thaah 
sargrahi sampradaay (jise baad mein nava-platenist kahaa gayaa) koo aamtaur parr pracheen lekhakon key beach kissy bhee alag naam seey naheen jaanaa jaataa haye; iss spasht kaaran seey, kii isake sabse prasiddh samarthakon ney ack nayaa khitaab grahan karane key bajaay, khud koo platonist key roop mein duniya mein paarit karane key liye chunaa; lekin yeh sampradaay vaastav mein astitva mein thaa jaise kii [upanyaas siddhanton key saath ack alag sampradaay key roop mein], koee bhee naheen, joe tathyon koo dhyaan mein rakhta haye... sandeh kaa samadhan curr sakate hain... unhone pracheen [moortipoojak] dharm kii betuki baaton koo chhipaane kaa prayaas kiya aur isaki dantkathaon koo roopak kaa pardaa daal diyaa, aur iss prakaar unhein amar satyon parr adharit bataaya... alekjendar daarshnikon ney, halanki unhone mukhya roop seey plato key siddhant parr apani pranali kii sthaapana kii, kaee vishesh roop seey unase alag hoe gaye.
brucker key liye, plato parr roopak tippanikar 'pagal, jhoothe, dhokhebaaz, vyarth aur sabse ghrinit aur jhoothe darshan key moorkh jalsaj they...'iss prakaar 1700 key dashak key madhya taka, roopak vyakhya koo nava-platonwadiyon parr dosh diyaa gayaa thaa aur nava-platonwadi abb platonwadi naheen they.
nava-platonism key baare mein brucker kaa nakaratmak drishtikon dederot aur dee 'alumbert key francisi "vishvakosh" dwara poore europe mein fail gayaa thaa, jisane lekh "sargrahi" mein nava-platonism koo ack' andhavishwas 'karaar diyaa thaa." 
plato kii roopak vyakhyaon mein girawat saahitya, dharm aur darshan mein paaramparik roopak kii europeeya-vyaapi asweekriti kaa hissa thee. satrahavin aur athaarahavin shatabdi key dauran, '... roopak koo aadhunikta key maanak-dharakon dwara majboor kiya jaataa haih anubhavvaad, [kathor] itihaslekhan, yathaarthvaad aur saadaa, tarksangat bhaashan... inn badlaavon ney platonic vichaaron, isai dharamshastra, yaa inke samanvaya sanskaranon parr adharit roopak kaa anta kiya...'goethe' (1749-1832) ney prasiddh roop seey 'prateek' koo oopar uthaaya aur apane 'siddhant aur pratibimbon' mein roopak koo badnam kiya."shaastriya vidvata mein, friedrich august wolf (1759-1824) kaa kaam roopak vidhiyon kii antim asweekriti koo chihnit kartaa haye. unhone prabhaavshaali roop seey vakaalat kii kii shaastriya saahitya koo saahityik tarikon seey badal denaa chaahiye aur ack adhik kathor 'pracheen vigyaan' ("ultemswissenshaft") banana chaahiye.
aadhunik goodhvaad kaa udayah tenneman too dha tubingen school.
praarambhik aadhunik protestant vidvaanon ney roopak roop seey plato padhane kii parampara koo samaapt curr diyaa, german daarshanik
plato mein gahare arth khojane key nae tareeke vikasit kiye. inn 'aadhunik goodhtaavaadiyon' ney baad mein aitihaasik sakshya ekatra kiye kii, unhone tark diyaa kii plato ney gupt yaa goodh siddhanton koo maukhik roop seey ujagar kiya joe unake chhatron aur unake uttaradhikariyon key madhyam seey preshit kiye gaye they. yeye drishtikon pracheen aur punarjagaran key tark koo aswikar karate hain lekin satah, samvaadon key shaabdik arth aur plato key chhipe hue, goodh siddhanton key beach antar koo banaae rakhate hain. 
halanki brucker ney nava-platenists key roopak koo aswikar curr diyaa, lekin unhone ack goodh lekhak key roop mein plato key baare mein parampara koo jaari rakhaa, jinhone apane gahare darshan koo chhipaaya. halanki, brucker ney plato key aantarik siddhanton koo prakat karane kaa koee prayaas naheen kiyaah 
daarshanik wilhelm gottlieb tenneman (1761-1819) ney prabhaavshaali roop seey iss baat seey incar kiya kii plato ack rahasyavaadi thaa () aur usey gyaan yuktivaad aur kaant key darshan key agradoot key roop mein chitrit kiya. luther key "ekal lipi" koo pratidhwanit karate hue, tenneman ney iss baat parr jore diyaa kii plato key samvaad plato key darshan key baare mein sakshya key liye 'ekmatra shuddh aur spasht srot' they, aur iss prakaar pracheen roopak tippaniyon koo khariz curr diyaa. nava-platonwadiyon kii tarah, halanki, teneman ney vistaar seey tark diyaa kii plato mein ack 'gupt' yaa 'goodh darshan thaa.'plato key "fedrus" mein lekhan kii aalochana aur plato key liye jimmedaar "saatven patra" parr dhyaan aakarshit karate hue, teneman ney kahaa kii plato key 'alikhit siddhanton' koo rokane key liye vyaavhaarik aur daarshanik donon kaaran they.'teneman ney anta mein apane samvaadon key beach karibi padhane aur tulanaa karane kii apani bhavya pariyojana koo nirdhaarit kiya, unhone daavaa kiya kii unhone plato key khoye hue goodh darshan key adhikansh punarnirmaan mein saksham banaaya thaa. tigerstead key anusaar, 
prasiddh protestant dharamshastri friedrich schleirmaker (1768-1834), jinhen kabhi-kabhi 'hermanutics key sansthaapak' key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ney plato key samvaadon key anuvaad prakaashit kiye joe germany mein lambe maanak they aur nae prakaar kii sookshm vyakhya key madhyam seey plato key goodh darshan key liye german khoj koo majboot kiya. apane plato anuvaad key liye schleirmaker key prabhaavshaali 'samanya parichay' ney plato kii pracheen goodh vyakhyaon koo khariz curr diyaa, lekin teneman key tarkvaadi goodhvaad kii prashansa kii aur vistaar kiya. german romantikwad key uday key dauran lekhan karate hue, schleirmaker ney tark diyaa kii teneman key plato key 'vishleshanatmak' vichhedan koo plato key poore kaary kii adhik romantic yaa manovaigyaanik, samagr vyakhya dwara poorak honey kii aavashyakta haih 
isake liye ack tarah kii sookshm vyakhya kii aavashyakta thee kyonki, plato mein, '... vaastavik jaanch ack aur key saath overdron kii jaati haye, ack ghoonghat kii tarah naheen, balki ack chipakane vaali twacha, joe asavdhani paathak seey chhipaati haye... vaha padaarth jiss parr uchit roop seey vichaar kiya jaanaa haye yaa jisaki khoj kii jaani haye...'
beesavin shatabdi key madhya mein, tathaakathit tubingen school, jise german vidvaanon huns joachim crummer aur konrad gasser dwara shuru kiya gayaa thaa, ney plato kii goodh vyakhyaon koo ack naee disha mein dhakel diyaa. yeh sarvavidit haye kii aristotal plato kii 'alikhit shikshaon' koo sandarbhit kartaa haye aur plato key anuyaayi usey aadhyatmik siddhanton kaa shreya dete hain joe samvaadon mein naheen likhe jaate hain. tubingen school baad mein pracheen kaal seey inn aadhyatmik siddhanton key sandarbhon koo ekatra kartaa haye aur nishkarsh nikaalata haye kii plato mein vaastav mein ack vyavasthit, maukhik shikshan thaa jise unhone samvaadon seey baahar rakhaa thaa. yeh shaabdik arth mein goodh haih plato ney ise apane school kii divaaron key bheetar sikhaaya. maanaa jaataa haye kii inn maukhik shikshaon koo sadiyon seey prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh pracheen kaal key uttaraardh seey sakshya kii vishvasaniyata key liye jimmedaar haye. 
pramukh americi vidvaanon ney prasiddh roop seey tubingen school parr hamla kiya thaa. isake baad chernis aur gregory vlastos aur angreji bolane vaale vidvaanon koo sandeh thaa. 1974 mein, halanki, findley ney "pletoh dha likhit aur alikhit siddhant" prakaashit kiye, jisamen isi tarah nava-platonists key sakshya kaa upayog plato key alikhit siddhanton koo samajhane key liye kiya gayaa. 1983 mein, keneth sere ney tark diyaa kii samvaadon kii thheek seey vyakhya mein plato key goodh tatvamimansa key liye nishchit sanket shamil hain. germany aur itali mein tubingen school key anuyaayi aam hain lekin 2012 mein niculin ney tippani kii... anglo-americi duniya key adhikansh vidwan iss baat seey asantusht hain kii tubingen vyakhya ney aitihaasik plato kii ack jhalak pesh kii.'johnn dillon ney halanki, ack madhyam drishtikon key liye tark diyaa haye. vaha praarambhik sakshya koo sweekaar kartaa haye kii samvaadon mein dikhaai dene kii tulanaa mein plato mein adhik vistrit tatvamimansa thaa, lekin sandeh haye kii baad kii shataabdiyon mein koee nirantar, maukhik prasaran thaa.
prabhaavshaali americi daarshanik aur raajneetik siddhantkar leo strass ney germany mein ack chhaatr key roop mein plato kii goodh vyakhyaon key baare mein seekha. unake "utpeedan aur lekhan kii kalaa" ney unhein iss vivadaspad drishtikon mein vistaarit kiya kii daarshanik lekhan mein aam taur parr chhipe hue arth hotey hain jinhen 'panktiyon key beach padhane' seey khoja jaa sakata haye.'
sanshodhanvaad kaa udayah dods, tigerstead aur kaana.
protestant sudhaar key baad kaee shataabdiyon taka, nava-platonism kii platonism key kshay aur 'praachya' vikriti key roop mein ninda kii gaee thee. 1929 key ack prasiddh nibandh mein, ee. aar. dods ney dikhaaya kii nava-platonism kii pramukh avadhaaranaon kaa pataa unake tatkaal anuyaayiyon (jaise kii.jee., spucipus) aur nava-pythagorean, plotinus aur nava-platonwadi. iss prakaar kathaanak kaa darshan nava-platonism kaa praarambhik bindu naheen thaa, balki isaki bauddhik parakashtha thee.'aage key shodh ney iss drishtikon koo majboot kiya aur 1954 taka merlan kaha sakata haye' vartamaan pravritti nava-platonism seey platonism koo alag karane vaale antar koo badhaane key bajaay pull banaane kii or haye.' 
ee. aine. sudhaar key nava-platonism koo platonism seey alag karane key baare mein tigerstead key itihas ney nishkarsh nikala kii isake uddeshya dharamshastriya aur itane avaidh theh '... kaee dharamshastri, jinamen seey adhikansh protestant naheen they, isai dharamshastra parr platonism key burey prabhaav key baare mein atyadhik sandigdh they... aisaa lagata haye kii nava-platonism seey platonism kaa algaav unake baad key anuyaayiyon seey plato koo alag karane kii ichcha seey prerit thaa, jinhen isai-virodhi maanaa jaataa thaa, aur iss prakaar plato key "anima natural christiana" ['ack praakritik isai aatma'] key roop mein poojaniya drishtikon banaae rakhta haye.'2013 mein, kataana ney tark diyaa 
...madhya platonism aur neoplatonism key beach vibhajan koo asamvedansheel dhaaranaon key madhyam seey brucker kii or seey uchit thaharaaya jaataa haye. isaliye donon avadhiyon key beach vibhajan banaae rakhna bahut mushkil hoe jaataa haye... mujhe lagata haye kii hamein vibhajan koo poori tarah seey chhodana chaahiye, kyonki ise brucker dwara prastaavit aavashyak tareeke seey uchit naheen thaharaaya jaa sakata haye. iss tathya koo dekhate hue kii vibhajan prakat karane seey adhik aspasht haye, humm isake binaa behtar honge. iss prakaar haal kii vidvata ney nava-platonism koo ack vichalan seey badal diyaa haye jise platonism key ack charan mein nazarandaj kiya jaa sakata haye. 
1996 mein, pramukh americi vidwan, charles kaana ney ack 'antahprabhaavpurna vyakhya' kii vakaalat kii joe satah key neeche padhati haye aur plato key samvaadon key bheetar nava-platonic vishayon koo paati haih
plato kii or seey itani chalakta kyon? samvaad kyon karate hain?.. siddhanton parr aspasht sanket...? plato key mamle mein, samvaad roop key prati unaki jeevan bhar kii nishtha seey pratyaksh bayaan key prati ack swabhaavik ghrina kaa sujhaav milata haye, joe daarshanik antardrishti key liye safal sanchaar kii baadhaon parr bahut adhik pratibimb dwara prabalit hoti haye... [plato kaa apratyaksh aur sookshm,] abhivyakti kaa antahprabhaavpurna tarika, meraa sujhaav haye, plato dwara chunaa gayaa haye kyonki manovaigyaanik doori kii unaki teevra bhavna unake darshakon key drishtikon seey alag karati haye... plato kii aadhyatmik drishti... yeh spasht roop seey plotinus aur neoplatonists kaa haye... 
halanki kaahn koo plato key samvaadon mein roopak yaa prateekvaad kaa koee vyaapak upayog naheen dikhaai detaa haye, lekin unakaa drishtikon ack prakaar kii sookshm vyakhya kii maang kartaa haye joe una nishkarshon taka pahunchati haye joe vaha nava-platenist elegorisis dwara khoje gaye logon seey tulanaa karate hain.
baahari link.
manovigyaan key roop mein plato key mithakon mein plato key mithakon kaa puuraa paath shamil haye.

