
yunan aur turkey key beach jansankhya kaa adaan-pradaan

grees aur turkey key beach 1923 kii jansankhya kaa adaan-pradaan 30 janwari 1923 koo lausaane, switzerland mein grees aur turkey kii sarkaaron dwara hastaaksharit "greek aur turkey aabaadi key adaan-pradaan seey sambandhit sammelan" seey utpann huaa. isamen cumm seey cumm 16 laakh loga shamil they (purvi thress, pontic alps aur coccus key greek roodhivaadi, aur grees key 000 musalman), jinamen seey adhikansh koo jabaran sharanarthi banaaya gayaa thaa aur "dee jeur" koo unaki matribhoomi seey apraakritik banaa diyaa gayaa thaa.
16 march 1922 koo, turkey key videsh mantri yousaf kemal tengrienak ney kahaa thaa kii "[tii] vaha ankara sarkaar ack aise samadhan key paksh mein thee joe vishva kii raay koo santusht karegi aur apane desh mein shaanti sunishchit karegi", aur yeh kii "[aaee] tii asia mein chhote yoonaniyon aur grees mein musalmaanon key beach aabaadi key adaan-pradaan key vichaar koo sweekaar karane key liye taiyar thaa.
antatah jansankhya key adaan-pradaan key liye praarambhik anurodh dabaav mein aaya (smirna kii aag kewal ack maheene pahale hui thee), 16 octuber 1922 koo leag off nations koo saunpe gaye ack patra mein alephtherios venezelos seey, sambandhon koo samanya banaane key tareeke key roop mein "dee jeur", kyonki turkey key jeevit yunani nivaasiyon mein seey adhikansh usa samay taka haal key narsamhaaron seey grees bhaag gaye they. venezelos ney "yunani aur turkey aabaadi key anivarya adaan-pradaan" kaa prastaav rakhaa aur friedjoff nansen seey aavashyak vyavastha karane key liye kahaa. turkey key nae raajya ney jansankhya key adaan-pradaan kii kalpana apane mool yunani roodhivaadi logon kii aupchaarik udaan koo sthaayi banaane key ack tareeke key roop mein kii, jabaki turkey key nae aabaadi vaale roodhivaadi gaanvon key liye basane vaalon koo pradaan karane key tareeke key roop mein grees seey musalmaanon kii ack chhoti sankhya (400,000) kaa ack nayaa palayan shuru kiya; iss beach grees ney ise turkey seey sampatti rahit yunani roodhivaadi sharanarthiyon koo nishkaasit musalmaanon kii bhoomi pradaan karane key tareeke key roop mein dekhaa.
norman aim. naimark ney daavaa kiya kii yeh sandhi turkon key liye ack jaatiya roop seey shuddh matribhoomi banaane key liye ack jaatiya safai abhiyaan kaa antim hissa thee. itihaaskaar dinah shelton ney isi tarah likhaa kii "lusaane sandhi ney desh key yoonaniyon key jabaran hastaantaran koo puuraa kiya."
yeh pramukh anivarya jansankhya kaa adaan-pradaan, yaa sahmat parasparik nishkasana, bhasha yaa jaatiyata parr adharit naheen thaa, balki dhaarmik pehchaan parr adharit thaa, aur isamen turkey key lagbhag sabhi swadeshi roodhivaadi isai loga (room "roman/byzantine" millet) shamil they, jinamen armeniyai aur turkey bhashi roodhivaadi samooh bhee shamil they, aur doosari or yunan key adhikansh mool musalman, jinamen yahaan taka kii greek bhashi muslim nagrik bhee shamil they, jaise kii vallahades aur crayton turk, lekin muslim rome samooh bhee, jaise sepacides. pratyek samooh mool nivasi, nagrik aur mamalon mein poorv sanic bhee they, joe unhein nishkaasit curr chuke they, aur naa hii raajya mein unake liye bolane key liye vinimay sandhi mein pratinidhitva thaa.
kuchh vidvaanon ney iss adaan-pradaan kii aalochana kii haye, ise aapsi jaatiya safai key ack vaidh roop key roop mein varnit kiya haye, jabaki anya logon ney iska bachaav karate hue kahaa haye kii isake nakaratmak pahaluon key bavjood, iss adaan-pradaan kaa samagr sakaratmak parinam thaa kyonki isane turkey mein yunani roodhivaadi masihiyon key ack aur sambhaavit narsamhar koo safaltapurvak roque diyaa thaa.
anumaanit sankhyaaen.
1922 key anta taka, deshi pontian yoonaniyon kaa vishal bahumat unake khilaf narsamhar (1914-1922) key kaaran turkey seey bhaag gayaa thaa, aur baad mein greek-turkey yuddh (1919-1922) mein yunani senaa kii haar key kaaran ionean yunani ottoman nagrik bhee bhaag gaye they, jisake kaaran pratishodh kii hatyaaen huin theen.
1914 seey 1923 taka maare gaye ottoman yoonaniyon key liye sabse aam anuman 300,000 seey 900,000 taka hain. 1914 aur 1922 key beach kii poori avadhi key liye aur poore anatolia key liye, marane vaalon kii sankhya 289,000 seey 750,000 taka honey kaa akaadamik anuman haye. 750,000 kaa aankada raajneetik vaigyaanik addam johns dwara sujhaaya gayaa haye. vidwan rudolf rammel ney 1914 aur 1923 key beach mrityu sankhya key liye cumm aur uchch seema kaa anuman lagaane key liye kaee adhyayanon seey vibhinn aankadon koo sankalit kiya. unakaa anuman haye kii 1914 seey 1918 taka 384,000 aur 1920 seey 1922 taka 264,000 yoonaniyon koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. kull sankhya 648,000 taka pahunch gaee thee. itihaaskaar constantine jee hetzedemetrieu likhate hain kii "wwi avadhi key dauran aur isake baad key samay mein anatolian yoonaniyon key beach jeevan kii haani lagbhag 735,370 thee. yuddhapoorv yunani aabaadi 24 laakh key karib hoe sakati haye. maare gaye armeniyai logon kii sankhya 300,000 seey 15 laakh taka cumm haye. asiriyanon key liye anuman 275-300,000 haye.
kuchh gananaon key anusaar, 1922 kii sharad ritu key dauran, lagbhag 900,000 yunani yunan pahunche. friedjoff nansen key anusaar, 1922 mein antim charan seey pahale, 900,000 yunani sharanarthiyon mein seey ack tihai purvi thress seey they, jabaki anya dou tihai asia minor seey they.
1914 mein turkey kii vartamaan seemaon key bheetar rahane vaale yoonaniyon kaa anuman 2.130 million jitna adhik hoe sakata haye, joe 1910 kii ottoman janganana mein 18 laakh yoonaniyon seey adhik kaa aankada haye, jisamen paschimi thress, macedonia aur epirus shamil they, joe pratham vishva yuddh seey thheek pahale grees key liye ravaana hue yoonaniyon kii sankhya aur 1923 kii jansankhya key adaan-pradaan mein aaney vaale 1.3 million logon kii sankhya parr adharit thaa, aur 300-900,000 kaa anuman saamoohik roop seey kiya gayaa thaa. ack sanshodhit ganana seey pataa chalata haye kii purvi thress mein 620,000 loga (260,000, usa samay shahar kii aabaadi kaa 30 pratishat), 550,000 pontic greek, 900,000 anatolian greek aur 60,000 capadosian greek shamil hain. maanchitra key anusaar (iss lekh mein) neeche diye gaye aankadon key saathah purvi thress seey 260,000 (balcon yuddhon key baad 1912 aur 1914 key beach 100,000 pahale hii nickle chuke they), marmara key samudra key dakshini tata seey 20,000, anatolia seey 650,000, cappadosia seey 60,000,280,000 pontic greekon, 40,000 sthaayi rahane kii anumati thee (yuddh key dauran joe yunani bhaag gaye they, unhein lautane kii anumati naheen thee).
isake alawa 50,000 yunani coccus seey, 50,000 bulgaria seey aur 12,000 crimea seey, lagbhag 14.2 laakh sabhi kshetron seey aae. lagbhag 340,000 yunani turkey mein baney rahey, jinamen seey 220,000 1924 mein istambul mein rahey.
1924 taka turkey kii isai aabaadi 1912 mein 44 laakh seey ghatkar 700,000 (yuddh seey pahale key isaaiyon mein seey 50 pratishat maare gaye they), 350,000 armeniyai, 50,000 assyrian aur baaki yunani, 70 pratishat sthir logon mein; aur 1927 taka 350,000, jyaadaatar istanbul mein. aadhunik samay mein turkey mein isaaiyon kaa pratishat 1914 mein 20 seey ghatkar 1927 mein 25 pratishat hoe gayaa haye, joe aaj lagbhag 3,000 bhakton mein anuvaadit hotaa haye. yeh una ghatnaaon key kaaran thaa jinka desh kii jansankhyikiya sanrachana parr mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa, jaise kii pratham vishva yuddh, siriyai, assyrian, yunani, armeniyai aur kaldi logon kaa narsamhar, 1923 mein yunan aur turkey key beach jansankhya kaa adaan-pradaan.
aitihaasik prishthabhoomi.
greek-turkey aabaadi kaa adaan-pradaan turkey aur yunani senaaon dwara kramshah isai alpsankhyakon aur muslim bahusankhyakon key saath vyavhaar seey aaya, joe kii greco-turkey yuddh (1919-1922) key dauran asia minor mein huaa, joe parajit ottoman samrajya mein kabje key ack yunani kshetra key liye sahayogi shaktiyon key pradhikaran key baad huaa. iss yunani kabje koo shesh isai alpsankhyakon kii raksha key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, jinhen pratham vishva yuddh seey pahale aur usake dauran ottoman samrajya mein baar-baar narsamhar kiya gayaa thaah 1909 kaa adana narsamhar, 1914-1923 kaa armenian narsamhar, yunani narsamhar 1914-1922. lekin, isake bajaay, isane inn donon isaaiyon aur abb musalmaanon key narsamhar koo aur aage badhaa diyaa kyonki donon senaaon ney kissy bhee nivasi koo samaapt karke apane shasson koo surakshit karane kii koshish kii, jiska astitva pratikool seemaon koo uchit thahara sakata thaa. yeh jaari rhaa, abb donon dishaaon mein, asia minor mein jaatiya safaaye kii ack prakriya joe shuru mein ottoman raajya dwara pratham vishva yuddh key dauran apane alpsankhyakon key khilaf kii gaee thee. 31 janwari, 1917 koo pratham vishva yuddh key dauran ottoman key saath gathbandhan karane vaale germany key kuladhipati ney bataaya kii
pratham vishva yuddh key anta mein ottoman key pramukh generalon mein seey ack, mustafa kemal ataturk ney turkey key swatantrata sangram mein turkey key sahayogi kabje key prayaas key khilaf ladaai jaari rakhee. turkey key bheetar jeevit isai alpsankhyakon, vishesh roop seey armenian aur yoonaniyon ney sahyogiyon seey suraksha kii maang kii thee aur iss prakaar turkey rashtriya andolan dwara unhein ack aantarik samasya aur ack dushman key roop mein dekhaa jaanaa jaari rhaa. yeh 1919 mein ack badee jeevit yunani aabaadi key saath ottoman kshetron (smirna key kabje) parr kabja karane key liye grees koo adhikrit karane vaale sahyogiyon dwara aur poorv ottoman kshetra key bheetar shesh armeniyanon key liye ack swatantra raajya (vilsonian armenia) banaakar unaki raksha karane key liye ack sahayogi prastaav dwara badhaa diyaa gayaa thaa. inn ghatnaaon key prati turkey rashtravadiyon kii pratikriya ney seedhe greco-turkey yuddh (1919-1922) aur armenian narsamhar aur yunani narsamhar kii nirantarta kaa netritva kiya. sitambar 1922 mein mustafa kemal ataturk key smirna parr kabja karane key samay taka, duss laakh seey adhik yunani roodhivaadi ottoman prajaaen turkey mein apane gharon seey bhaag gaee theen. 24 julaai, 1923 koo lusaane mein maheenon kii baatchit key baad grees key saath ack aupchaarik shaanti samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye gaye they. sandhi key dou saptah baad, sahayogi shaktiyon ney istambul koo rashtravadiyon key havaale curr diyaa, jisase anatolia seey kabje vaali senaaon kaa antim prasthaan huaa aur isai alpsankhyakon kii grees key liye ack aur udaan koo uksaayaa gayaa.
29 octuber, 1923 koo, bhavya turkey rashtriya sabhaa ney turkey ganarajya key nirmaan kii ghoshana kii, ack aisaa raajya joe 1920 key apane rashtriya samjhaute mein mustafa kemal dwara daavaa kiye gaye adhikansh kshetron koo shamil karega.
turkey raajya kaa netritva mustafa kemal kii peepuls party ney kiya thaa, joe baad mein republican peepuls party bunn gaee. swatantrata sangram key anta ney iss kshetra mein nayaa prashaasan laaya, lekin shaharon aur kasbon key jansankhyikiya punarnirmaan parr vichaar karate hue naee samasyaaen bhee laaeen, jinamen seey kaee alpasankhyak isaaiyon seey bhagkar chhod diye gaye they. greco-turkey yuddh ney kaee bastiyon koo loot liya aur khandahar banaa diyaa.
iss beach, balcon yuddhon key baad, grees ney apana kshetra lagbhag doguna curr diyaa thaa, aur raajya kii aabaadi lagbhag 37 laakh seey badhkar 48 laakh hoe gaee thee. iss naee aabaadi key saath, grees mein gair-yunani alpasankhyak samoohon kaa anupaat badhkar 13 pratishat hoe gayaa, aur pratham vishva yuddh key anta key baad, yeh badhkar 20 pratishat hoe gayaa thaa. inn sanlagn kshetron mein adhikansh jaatiya aabaadi musalman thee, lekin jaruri naheen kii way jaatiyata mein turkey houn. yeh vishesh roop seey jaatiya albanian logon key mamle mein sach haye joe epirus key Çamèria (yoonaanih τσαμοιριά) kshetra mein rahate they. lusaane mein aayojit vichaar-vimarsh key dauran, yeh sawal niyamit roop seey uthaaya jaataa thaa kii vaastav mein kaun yunani, turkey yaa albanian thaa. yunani aur albanian pratinidhiyon ney nirdhaarit kiya kii yunan mein albanian, joe jyaadaatar raajya key uttar-paschimi bhaag mein rahate they, sabhi mishrit naheen they, aur turkon seey alag they. ankara mein sarkaar koo abhee bhee ummeed thee kii ack hazaar "turkey-vaktaa" Çamèria seey erdec, ayawalik, mente, antalya, senkil, mercin aur adana mein basane key liye anatolia mein pahunchenge. antatah, yunani adhikaariyon ney protia, larisa, langada, naatak, vodina, seres, edessa, florina, kilkis, kawla aur salonica seey hajaaron musalmaanon koo nirvaasit karane kaa faisala kiya. 1923 aur 1930 key beach, inn sharanarthiyon key turkey mein daalane seey shareer rachana samaaj mein naatakiya roop seey badalaav aayega. 1927 taka turkey adhikaariyon ney akele barsa praant mein 32,315 logon koo basaaya thaa.
vinimay kaa maarg.
kuchh sroton key anusaar, jansankhya kaa adaan-pradaan, halanki kaee logon key liye avyavasthit aur khatarnak thaa, sammaanit paryavekshakon dwara kaafee jaldi nishpaadit kiya gayaa thaa. yadi vinimay kaa lakshya jaatiya-rashtriya ekroopata praapt karna thaa, tou yeh turkey aur grees donon dwara praapt kiya gayaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, 1906 mein, vartamaan turkey kii lagbhag 20 pratishat aabaadi gair-musalman thee, lekin 1927 taka, kewal 2.6 pratishat thee.
vinimay kaa vastukar friedjoff nansen thaa, jise leag off nations dwara commission kiya gayaa thaa. sharanarthiyon key liye pahale aadhikarik uchchaayukt key roop mein, nansen ney grees, turkey aur paschim europeeya shaktiyon key hiton koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue vinimay kaa prastaav rakhaa aur usaki nigrani kii. pratham vishva yuddh key baad russie aur anya sharanarthiyon koo phir seey basaane key anubhav key saath ack anubhavi rajanyik key roop mein, nansen ney iss prakriya mein vishva yuddh key visthaapit vyaktiyon key liye ack nayaa yatra dastavej bhee banaaya thaa. unhein 1919-22 key yunani-turkey yuddh key shantipurna samadhan key prabhaari key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki iss paimaane parr ack anivarya adaan-pradaan kaa prayaas aadhunik itihas mein kabhi naheen kiya gayaa thaa, lekin 1919 key greco-bulgarian jansankhya vinimay jaise balcon udaaharan upalabdh they. yunani aur turkey sarkaaron dwara sarvasammat nirnay key kaaran kii alpasankhyak sanrakshan pratham vishva yuddh key baad jaatiya tanaav koo cumm karane key liye paryaapt naheen hoga, jansankhya vinimay koo ekmatra vyavharya vikalp key roop mein badhaava diyaa gayaa thaa.
ankara key pratinidhiyon key anusaar, "turkey mein alpsankhyakon kii sankhya mein sudhaar 'sabse oopar' harr tarah key videshi hastakshep key bahishkaar aur baahar seey aaney vaale ukasaave kii sambhavana parr nirbhar kartaa haye. 
yeh ack adaan-pradaan key saath sabse prabhaavi dhang seey hassil kiya jaa sakata haye, aur 'vinimay key baad shesh alpsankhyakon kii suraksha aur vikas key liye sabse achchi guaranti' desh key kaanoonon dwara aur turkey kii udaar neeti dwara una sabhi samudaayon key sambandh mein pradaan kii jaayegi jinake sadasya turkey nagrik key roop mein apane kartavya seey vichalit naheen hue hain.  ack adaan-pradaan balcon mein hinsa kii pratikriya key roop mein bhee upayogi hoga; 'vahaan they', kissy bhee ghatana mein, 'una deshon mein binaa bhojan yaa aashray key duss laakh seey adhik turk they jinamen naa tou europe aur naa hii america ney naa hii koee ruchi lii thee.
jansankhya key adaan-pradaan koo alpasankhyak sanrakshan key sarvottam roop key saath-saath "sabse kattarpanthi aur maanviya upaay" key roop mein dekhaa gayaa. nansen kaa maanana thaa kii lusaane mein baatchit kii mez parr joe thaa vaha jaatiya-raashtravaad naheen thaa, balki ack "sawal" thaa joe "binaa kissy deree key 'twarit aur kushal' samadhan kii maang kartaa thaa."unakaa maanana thaa kii yunani aur turkey sharanarthiyon kii samasya kaa aarthik ghatak sabse adhik dhyaan dene yogya haih" iss tarah kaa adaan-pradaan turant aur sabse achchi paristhitiyon mein turkey koo krishi bhoomi key dohan koo jaari rakhane key liye aavashyak aabaadi key saath pradaan karega jise divangat yunani aabaadi ney chhod diyaa haye. isake musalman nagrikon key yunan seey prasthaan seey sharanarthiyon key ack badey anupaat koo aatm-samarthan pradaan karane kii sambhavana paida hogi joe abb shaharon aur yunan key vibhinn hisson mein kendrit hain. nansen ney sweekaar kiya kii kathinaaiyaan vaastav mein "apaar" theen, yeh sweekaar karate hue kii jansankhya-parivartan key liye "1,000,000 logon kii tulanaa mein kaee adhik aabaadi key visthaapan kii aavashyakta hogi. unhone vakaalat keeh "inn logon koo unake gharon seey ukhaad fenkana, unhein ack ajib nae desh mein sthanantarit karna... apani vyaktigat sampatti kaa panjikaran, mulyankan aur parisamapan karna jise way chhod dete hain, aur... iss sampatti key moolya key liye unake nyaaypurna daavon kaa bhugtan unhein sunishchit karna.
samjhaute mein vaadaa kiya gayaa thaa kii sharanarthiyon kii sampatti kii raksha kii jaayegi aur pravasiyon koo apane saath "portable" saman koo swatantra roop seey leey jaane kii anumati dee jaayegi. yeh aavashyak thaa kii agean samudra key paar naa leey jaae gaee sampatti koo soochiyon mein darj kiya jaae; inn soochiyon koo pratipurti key liye donon sarkaaron koo prastut kiya jaanaa thaa. aabaadi kii vastuon (mobile aur achal) key vishesh mudde seey nipatane key liye ack aayog kii sthaapana key baad, yeh aayog vyaktiyon koo unaki achal sampatti (ghar, kaar, bhoomi, aadi) key liye bhugtan karane key liye kull raashi kaa nirnay karega.) yeh bhee vaadaa kiya gayaa thaa kii unake nae niptan mein, sharanarthiyon koo kull milakar naee sampatti pradaan kii jaayegi joe unhone peechhe chhod dee thee. grees aur turkey ack sharanarthi kii sampatti key kull moolya kii ganana karenge aur adhishesh vaalaa desh dusare desh koo antar kaa bhugtan karega. yunan mein bachee sabhi sampatti yunani raajya kii thee aur turkey mein bachee sabhi sampatti turkey raajya kii thee. prakriti aur aabaadi kii sankhya mein antar key kaaran, anatolia mein aarthik vargon key yunani abhijaat varg dwara chhodi gaee sampatti grees mein muslim kisaanon kii sampatti seey adhik thee.
sharanarthi shivir.
sharanarthi aayog key paas sharanarthiyon koo phir seey basaane key liye koee upayogi yojana naheen thee. sharanarthiyon koo bhoomi parr basaane key uddeshya seey grees pahunchane key baad, aayog key paas sharanarthiyon kii sankhya yaa upalabdh ekad kii sankhya key baare mein koee saankhyikiya detta naheen thaa. jaba aayog grees mein aaya, tou yunani sarkaar pahale seey hii asthaayi roop seey 72,581 krishak parivaaron koo basaakar lagbhag poori tarah seey macedonia mein buss chuki thee, jahan badale hue musalmaanon dwara chhode gaye ghar, aur bhoomi kii urvarta ney unaki sthaapana koo vyaavhaarik aur shubh banaa diyaa thaa.
turkey mein, yoonaniyon dwara chhodi gaee sampatti koo aksar aabaadi key adaan-pradaan key apravasiyon key aagaman seey pahale aaney vaale apravasiyon dwara luutaa jaataa thaa. natijatan, anatolia mein sharanarthiyon koo basana kaafee mushkil thaa kyonki inmein seey kaee gharon parr yuddh seey visthaapit logon kaa kabja thaa, isase pahale kii sarkaar unhein jabt curr sakey.
vinimay key raajneetik aur aarthik prabhaav.
1922 mein yuddh key baad turkey koo grees key liye chhodane vaale 1,250,000 sharanarthiyon seey adhik, vibhinn tantron key madhyam seey, turkey aur grees mein sattawadi shasson key tahat abhijaat varg key ekikaran mein yogdan diyaa. turkey mein, swatantra aur majboot aarthik abhijaat varg kaa prasthaan, i.ee. yunani roodhivaadi aabaadi ney pramukh raajya abhijaat varg koo chunauti naheen dee. vaastav mein, cagler keeder ney nott kiya kii "yeh kathor upaay [greek-turkey jansankhya vinimay] joe ingit kartaa haye vaha yeh haye kii yuddh key varshon key dauran turkey khou gayaa thaa... [yuddh poorv key lagbhag 90 pratishat] vaanijyik varg, jaise
kii jaba gantantra kaa gathan huaa, tou naukarshahi ney khud koo apratispardhi paaya.1930 mein swatantra ganarajya party kaa samarthan karane vaale ubharate vyaparik samooh binaa vipaksh key ekal-party key shasson koo naheen badhaa sakey. bahupakshiya rajneeti mein parivartan 1940 key dashak key madhya mein majboot aarthik samoohon key nirmaan parr nirbhar thaa, joe yunani madhyam aur uchch aarthik vargon key palayan key kaaran dabaa diyaa gayaa thaa. isaliye, yadi roodhivaadi isaaiyon key samooh rashtra-raajya key gathan key baad turkey mein rahey hotey, tou samaaj kaa ack gutt turkey mein ekal-party shasson key udbhav koo chunauti dene key liye taiyar hotaa. haalaanki yeh bahut cumm sambhavana haye kii ack jaatiya aur dhaarmik alpasankhyak seey baney aarthik abhijaat varg parr adharit vipaksh koo bahusankhyak aabaadi dwara ack vaidh raajneetik dall key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa hoga.
grees mein, turkey key vipareet, sharanarthiyon key aagaman ney rajshahi aur ganrajyon key saapeksh puraane raajnetaon key prabhutva koo toda diyaa. 1920 key dashak key chunaavon mein adhikansh nae logon ney elephterios venezelos kaa samarthan kiya. disambar 1916 mein, "nomwariana" key dauran, ottoman samrajya mein utpeedan kii ack poorv lahar seey sharanarthiyon parr shaahi sainikon dwara venegelist key roop mein hamla kiya gayaa thaa, jisane 1920 key dashak mein iss dhaarana mein yogdan diyaa thaa kii rashtriya vibhajan kaa venegelist paksh shaahi paksh kii tulanaa mein anatolia seey sharanarthiyon key liye bahut adhik dostana thaa. unake raajneetik rukh aur unake "anatolian reeti-rivaajon" (vyanjan, sangeet, aadi) key liye.), sharanarthiyon koo aksar sthaaniya yunani aabaadi key hisse dwara bhedbhaav kaa saamana karna padata thaa. tathya yeh haye kii sharanarthiyon ney yunani kii boliyaan bolly joe yunan mein videshi aur ajib lugg rahee theen, unhein chihnit kiya, aur unhein aksar sthaaniya logon dwara bhoomi aur naukariyon key liye pratidvandiyon key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa. itane cumm samay mein itane saare logon key aaney seey yunani arthavyavastha parr mahatvapurna laagaten lageen jaise kii awas aur school banaana, paryaapt bhojan kaa ayaat karna, swaasthya dekhbhal pradaan karna aadi. grees koo leag off nations key sharanarthi niptan aayog seey ack 12,000,000 frank rinn kii aavashyakta thee kyonki inn lagaton koo sambhaalane key liye greek khajaane mein paryaapt dhana naheen thaa. samasyaaen badh rahee theen 1924 kaa aapravaasan adhiniyam yuu. aiss. dwara paarit kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. congress, jisane sanyukt raajya america mein prativarsh pravasiyon kii sankhya koo teji seey seemit curr diyaa thaa, jisane paaramparik "suraksha valve" mein seey ack koo hataa diyaa joe uchch berojgari kii avadhi mein grees mein thaa. 1920 key dashak mein, sharanarthiyon, jinamen seey adhikansh greek macedonia gaye they, way venezalism key prati apani kattar nishtha key liye jaane jaate they. 1928 kii janganana key anusaar, macedonia mein 45 pratishat aabaadi sharanarthi thee, jabaki greek thress mein 35 pratishat, athens mein 19 pratishat aur agean samudra key dweepon mein 18 pratishat thaa; kull milakar, janganana seey pataa chalaa kii 1,221,849 loga yaa greek aabaadi kaa 20 pratishat sharanarthi they.
thessaloniki aur athens jaise shaharon mein basane vaale adhikansh sharanarthiyon koo adhikaariyon dwara jaanboojhkar shaharon key baahari ilaakon mein jhuggiyon mein rakhaa gayaa thaa taaki unhein pulis niyantran mein rakhaa jaa sakey. shaharon mein sharanarthi samudaayon koo adhikaariyon dwara garibi aur aparaadh key kendron key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa joe samajik ashanti key kendra bhee bunn sakate hain. lagbhag 50 pratishat sharanarthi shahari kshetron mein basey they. chaahe way shahari yaa graameen kshetron mein buss gaye houn, adhikansh sharanarthi garib aur aksar beemar hocker yunan mein pahunche, aur yunani swaasthya dekhbhal pranali parr bhaari maangen rakhee. sthaaniya logon aur sharanarthiyon key beach naukari key liye tanaav kabhi-kabhi hinsak hoe jaataa haye, aur 1924 mein, aantarik mantri, general georgios condilles ney sharanarthiyon key bull kaa istemal hadtaal-todane vaalon key roop mein kiya. graameen kshetron mein, aisee maangen theen kii joe bhoomi kabhi musalmaanon kii thee, jise nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, usey sharanarthiyon key bajaay poorv sainikon key paas jaanaa chaahiye. janvaadi raajnetaon ney kaafee sachet roop seey tanaav paida curr diyaa, sharanarthiyon koo ack pararaajaneetik varg key roop mein chitrit kiya, joe apane astitva seey bhaari saarvajanik sevaaon key roop mein they, vote praapt karane key ack tareeke key roop mein.
kyonki sharanarthiyon kii sabse badee sankhya macedonia mein buss gaee thee, joe "nae grees" (i.ee. 1912-13 key balkan yuddhon key baad praapt kshetron mein, way "puraane yunan" (i.ee. vaha kshetra joe 1912 seey pahale yunan mein thaa) rajneeti, sivil seva, nyaypalika aadi parr haavi thaa., aur "nae yunan" key saath aisaa vyavhaar karane kii pravritti kii jaise yeh ack vijayi desh thaa. samanya taur parr, "puraane yunan" key loga apani sahaanubhooti mein adhik shaahi hotey they, jabaki "nae yunan" key loga adhik venegelist hotey they. yeh tathya kii 1916 mein raajaa constantine ney venegelist andolan koo kamjor karane key tareeke key roop mein bulgaria koo "nayaa" grees "chhodane parr vichaar kiya thaa, ney glooksberg key ghar key prati" nae grees "mein mahsoos kii gaee shatruta koo bahut badhaa diyaa thaa. isake alawa, yeh tathya kii yeh raajaa constantine key netritva mein thaa kii 1922 mein yuddh key antim charanon mein anatolia key khatare mein padey yunani samudaayon koo bachaane key prati yunani adhikaariyon dwara dikhaai gaee udasinta key saath grees koo haraaya gayaa thaa, ney rajshahi key prati sharanarthiyon kii nafrat koo majboot kiya. agast 1922 mein smirna mein yunani uchchaayukt, aristedis stergiadis ney tippani kii kii turkey senaa shahar parr aage badheeh "behtar hoga kii way yahaan rahein aur kemal [ataturk] dwara maare jaaen, kyonki aggar way athens mein jaate hain tou way sub kuchh ukhaad fenk denge.
haalaanki, sharanarthiyon kii badhati shikayaton key kaaran kuchh apravasiyon ney communist party key prati apani nishtha badal dee aur isaki badhati taakat mein yogdan diyaa. thessalonici key garib jhuggi-jhopadi jile jahan sharanarthi kendrit they, badey avasaad mein yunani communist party key gadh bunn gaye, saath hii macedonia key graameen kshetron mein jahaan tambaku kii kheti mukhya udyog thaa. maee 1936 mein, communists dwara aayojit macedonia mein tambaku kisaanon kii hadtaal ney ack vidroh koo janm diyaa jisamen sarkaar ney kuchh samay key liye thissaloniki parr niyantran khou diyaa. pradhaan mantri eonis metaxas ney raajaa key samarthan seey 1936 mein ack sattawadi shasson kii sthaapana karke communists koo jawab diyaa, joe agast shasson kaa chautha thaa. inn tarikon seey, jansankhya key adaan-pradaan ney antar-yuddh avadhi key dauran apratyaksh roop seey grees aur turkey key raajneetik shasson mein parivartan koo sugam banaaya.
yatra key dauran mahamari kii beemariyon aur parivahan key liye naukaaon kii kroor prateeksha key kaaran kaee apravasiyon kii mrityu hoe gaee. aapravaasan key dauran mrityu darr janm darr seey chaar gunaa adhik thee. aagaman key baad pahale varshon mein, yunan seey aae apravasi aarthik utpaadan mein aksham they, joe kewal apane saath tambaku utpaadan mein krishi kaushal laae they. isane nae turkey ganarajya key liye anatolia mein kaafee aarthik nuksan paida kiya. doosari or, joe yunani aabaadi chully gaee, way kushal shramik they joe ottoman samrajya kii pichhali aatmasamarpan neetiyon key anusaar, antarrashtriya vyaapaar aur vyavasaay mein lagey hue they.
anya jaatiya aabaadi parr prabhaav.
jabaki vartamaan chhatravritti dhaarmik pehchaan key sandarbh mein yunani-turkey jansankhya vinimay koo paribhaashit karati haye, jansankhya vinimay isase kaheen adhik jatil thaa. vaastav mein, 30 janwari, 1923 key lusaane sammelan mein yunani aur turkey aabaadi key adaan-pradaan seey sambandhit sammelan mein sannihit jansankhya kaa adaan-pradaan jaatiya pehchaan parr adharit thaa. 
jansankhya key adaan-pradaan ney turkey aur grees donon key liye rashtra-raajya key gathan mein apane jaatiya alpsankhyakon koo shuddh karna kanuni roop seey sambhav banaa diyaa. phir bhee, dharm kaa upayog ack vaidh kaarak yaa jaatiya samoohon koo turkey yaa jansankhya vinimay mein yunani key roop mein chihnit karane mein ack "surakshit mandand" key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. parinamswarup, yunani-turkey jansankhya key adaan-pradaan ney anatolia, turkey aur yunan kii musalman aabaadi kii yunani roodhivaadi aabaadi kaa adaan-pradaan kiya. haalaanki, inn poorv ottoman bhoomi kii visham prakriti key kaaran, kaee anya jaatiya samoohon ney samjhaute parr hastakshar karane key baad varshon taka samjhaute kii sharton key liye samajik aur kanuni chunautiyon kaa saamana kiya. inmein protestant aur catholic greek, arab, albanian, russie, serb, yunani roodhivaadi dharm key roman; albanian, bulgarian, epirus key yunani musalman aur turkey bhashi yunani roodhivaadi they. thessaloniki mein, joe balcon mein sabse badaa yahudi shahar thaa, naukari aur vyavasaay key liye ladino bolane vaale sephardic yahoodiyon aur sharanarthiyon key beach pratispardha ubhari. yahudi-virodhi bhavna mein vriddhi key kaaran, thissaloniki key kaee yahudi zionwadi bunn gaye aur antar-yuddh kaal mein pyalestine janadesh mein chaley gaye. kyonki sharanarthiyon ney venegelist udaarvaadi koo vote dene kii pravritti dikhaai, yahudi aur shesh musalman thress aur macedonia mein venegelist virodhi dalon koo vote dene kii pravritti rakhate they. thessaloniki mein sharanarthi vyapariyon key ack samooh ney 1927 mein ganarajya aur yahudi-virodhi ee ("ethniki anosis alados"-national union off grees) party kii sthaapana kii taaki shahar seey yahoodiyon koo hataane key liye dabaav daala jaa sakey, jinhen unhone aarthik pratidvandiyon key roop mein dekhaa. haalaanki, ee. ee. kabhi bhee ack pramukh party naheen bunny, haalaanki isake sadasyon ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein germans key saath sahyog kiya, suraksha bataliyanon mein seva kii.
grees aur turkey key rashtra-raajya key tahat samoohon kii visham prakriti lausen vaartaon mein banaae gaye maandandon kii sthaapana mein pratibimbit naheen hoti haye. yeh sammelan key pahale lekh mein spasht haye jisamen kahaa gayaa haih "1 maee, 1923 seey, turkey kshetra mein sthaapit yunani roodhivaadi dharm key turkey nagrikon aur yunani kshetra mein sthaapit musalman dharm key yunani nagrikon kaa anivarya adaan-pradaan hoga."samjhaute ney samoohon koo musalman aur yunani roodhivaadi key roop mein vinimay key adheen paribhaashit kiya. yeh vargeekaran ottoman samrajya kii bajra pranali dwara kheenchi gaee rekhaaon kaa anusaran kartaa haye. kathor rashtriya paribhashaon key abhaav mein, gair-rashtriya crum mein sadiyon lambe saha-astitva key baad pehchaan key aadhikarik crum koo sweekaar karane key liye koee aasaani seey upalabdh mandand naheen thaa.
visthaapan.
savers kii sandhi ney turkey parr kathor shartein lagu keen aur adhikansh anatolia koo vaastavik roop seey sambaddh aur yunani niyantran mein rakhaa. sultan mehmet vee kii sandhi kii sweekriti ney turkey rashtravadiyon koo krodhit curr diyaa, jinhone ankara mein ack pratidvandi sarkaar sthaapit kii aur sandhi key karyanvayan koo avaruddh karane key uddeshya seey turkey balon koo punargathit kiya. 1922 key patan taka, ankara-adharit sarkaar ney turkey kii adhikansh seemaon koo surakshit curr liya thaa aur anatolia mein pramukh shaasi ikai key roop mein lupt hoe rahee ottoman saltanat koo badal diyaa thaa. inn ghatnaaon key aalok mein, sweeden key lusaane mein ack shaanti sammelan bulaaya gayaa thaa, taaki savers kii sandhi koo badalane key liye ack naee sandhi kaa masauda taiyar kiya jaa sakey. sammelan mein bhaag lene key liye ankara-adharit sarkaar aur istambul-adharit ottoman sarkaar donon koo nimantran diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin 1 navambar 1922 koo ankara-adharit sarkaar dwara saltanat kaa unmoolan aur baad mein turkey seey sultan mehmet vee key prasthaan ney ankara-adharit sarkaar koo anatolia mein ekmatra shaasi ikai key roop mein chhod diyaa. mustafa kemal ataturk key netritva mein ankara-adharit sarkaar ney apane rashtravadi karyakram koo lagu karane key liye teji seey kadam badhaaya, jisane paschimi shareer mein mahatvapurna gair-turkey alpsankhyakon kii upasthiti kii anumati naheen dee. turkey key ekmatra shaasi pratinidhi key roop mein apane pahale rajanyik karyon mein seey ack mein, ataturk ney 30 janwari 1923 koo alephterios venezelos aur grees kii sarkaar key saath "yunani aur turkey aabaadi key adaan-pradaan seey sambandhit sammelan" parr baatchit kii aur hastakshar kiye. pahale balcon yuddh kii ghoshana key baad seey hui sabhi jansankhya chaalon key liye sammelan kaa purvavyaapi prabhaav thaa.ee. 18 octuber 1912 (anuchhed 3).
haalaanki, jaba taka samjhauta prabhaavi honey vaalaa thaa, 1 maee 1923 taka, agean turkey kii yuddh-poorv yunani aabaadi kaa adhikansh hissa pahale hii bhaag chuka thaa. iss adaan-pradaan mein kendriya anatolia (greek aur turkey bhashi donon), pontus aur cars key shesh yunani shamil they. iss prakaar usa samay kewal 189,916 loga hii turkey mein reh gaye they.
grees mein, ise "asia minor castroff" () naamak ghatnaaon kaa hissa maanaa jaataa thaa. balcon yuddhon, pratham vishva yuddh aur turkey swatantrata sangram key baad mahatvapurna sharanarthi visthaapan aur jansankhya andolan pahale hii hoe chuke they. iss sammelan ney aabaadi koo iss prakaar prabhaavit kiyaah madhya anatolia (cappadotian greek), ayaniya kshetra (ee.) seey greek roodhivaadi aabaadi sahit asia minor key lagbhag sabhi yunani roodhivaadi isai (yunani-yaa turkey bhashi).jee. smirna, aivali), pontus kshetra (ee.jee. trabzone, samson), poorv russie coccus praant cars (cars oblast), prusa (barsa), bithinia kshetra (ee.jee.nicomedia (̃zmit), chalseddon (kadiki), purvi thress aur anya kshetron koo yaa tou nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa yaa turkey kshetra seey aupchaarik roop seey asweekrit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
doosari or, haal key yunani-turkey sangharsh seey prabhaavit naheen hui yunan kii musalman aabaadi lagbhag barkarar thee. iss prakaar see. samjhaute key baad 354,647 musalman turkey chaley gaye. way musalman mukhya roop seey turkey they, lekin ack badaa pratishat yunani, roma, pomak, macedonian, chaam albanian, magleno-romanian aur donemeh muslim samudaayon seey sambandhit they.
donon samudaayon key liye, jansankhya key adaan-pradaan kaa dardanaak manovaigyaanik prabhaav thaa. professor aayas lahur keertunk, ack isai musalman jise turkey seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, ney ack sakshatkar mein kahaah "hamaare liye apani yaadon koo sanrakshit karane mein dair hoe gaee haye; unakaa saar, pahala saar, pahale hii gayab hoe gayaa haye. una pahale pravasiyon ney apani yaadon koo leey liya; una yaadon koo jinhen binaa deree key darj kiya jaanaa chaahiye thaa. assie saal beet gaye hain, aur yaaden ack aur key saath yuddh curr rahee hain, vikriti key liye pakey hue hain. lekin pratyek pravaasi key bayaan kaa mool vahee rahata haye. ack jagah janm, doosari jagah vriddh honah. aur donon sthaanon parr ack ajnabi mahsoos curr rhaa haye.
isake baad.
paschimi nasl key turkon aur anya musalmaanon koo iss hastaantaran seey chhoot dee gaee thee, jaisa kii constantinople (istanbul) key yunani aur imbrose (gokida) aur tenados (bojkada) key agean dweepon koo diyaa gayaa thaa. iss ghatana mein, joe yunani turkey senaa key pravesh seey pahale asthaayi roop seey inn kshetron, vishesh roop seey istambul seey bhaag gaye they, unhein baad mein turkey dwara apane gharon mein lautane kii anumati naheen thee.
grees, jahan kewal 5,000,000 logon kii aabaadi thee, vahaan turkey seey nae nagrikon koo avashoshit karna padaa.
turkey ganarajya dwara kiye gaye dandaatmak upaay, jaise kii 1932 kaa sansadiya kaanoon, joe turkey mein yunani nagrikon koo darji aur badhai seey laker dawa, kaanoon aur achal sampatti taka 30 vyaparon aur vyavsaayon kii ack shrinkhala seey rokta haye, istanbul kii yunani aabaadi mein kamee key saath sahsambaddh haye, aur imbrose aur tenados kii.
yunani logon dwara chhodi gaee adhikansh sampatti, joe jansankhya vinimay key adheen thee, turkey sarkaar dwara unhein "parityakt" ghoshit karke jabt curr liya gayaa thaa aur isaliye raajya key swaamitva mein thaa. poorv maalikon koo adalat key tahat "bhagode" key roop mein label karke sampattiyon koo manmaane dhang seey jabt curr liya gayaa thaa. isake alawa, kaee yoonaniyon kii vaastavik sampatti koo "daavaa naa kiya huaa" ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa aur baad mein raajya dwara swaamitva grahan curr liya gayaa thaa. natijatan, turk sarkaar dwara yoonaniyon kii vaastavik sampatti kaa badaa hissa nammatra key moolya parr becha gayaa thaa. parityakt sampattiyon key liye samiti key dhaanche key tahat sanchaalit upa-samitiyon ney parityakt sampatti koo bechane key kaary koo jaari rakhane key liye vyaktiyon key adaan-pradaan kaa satyapan kiya thaa.
1942 mein turkey mein ameer gair-musalmaanon parr lagaae gaye warlick virgici poonji laabh curr ney bhee turkey mein jaatiya yunani vyavasaayi logon kii aarthik kshamata koo cumm karane mein madad kii. isake alawa, istambul narsamhar (1955) key roop mein hinsak ghatnaaon ney mukhya roop seey jaatiya yunani samudaay key khilaf, aur armenian aur yahudi alpsankhyakon key khilaf, yoonaniyon key pravaas koo bahut tej curr diyaa, 1924 mein 200,000-majboot yunani alpasankhyak koo 2006 mein 2,500 seey cumm curr diyaa. 1955 istambul narsamhar key kaaran istambul mein shesh adhikansh yunani nivasi grees bhaag gaye.
crate kii jansankhya profile mein bhee kaafee badalaav kiya gayaa thaa. crete (crayton turk) key yunani aur turkey bhashi musalman nivasi mukhya roop seey anatolian tata parr chaley gaye, lekin seeriya, lebnan aur misra mein bhee chaley gaye. isake vipareet, asia minor key yunani, mukhya roop seey smirna, apani vishisht boliyon, reeti-rivaajon aur vyanjanon koo laane key liye crete mein aae.
broose clark key anusaar, grees aur turkey key netaaon aur antarrashtriya samudaay key kuchh halakon ney apane-apane raajyon key parinamswarup jaatiya samroopata koo sakaratmak aur sthir honey key roop mein dekhaa kyonki isase inn donon raajyon key rashtra-raajya swabhaav koo majboot karane mein madad millie. phir bhee, nirvaasan mahatvapurna chunautiyon koo laker aayaah samajik, jaise kii kissy key rahane key sthaan seey jabaran hataa diyaa jaanaa, aur adhik vyaavhaarik jaise kii ack achchi tarah seey vikasit parivarik vyavasaay koo chhodana. deshon koo anya vyaavhaarik chunautiyon kaa bhee saamana karna padata haih udaaharan key liye, dashakon baad bhee, koee ethan key kuchh jaldbaji mein vikasit hisson, aavaasiya kshetron koo dekh sakata haye joe palayan karane vaali asia kii chhoti aabaadi koo praapt karate hue bajat parr jaldi seey banaae gaye they. aaj taka, grees aur turkey key paas abhee bhee sampattiyan hain, aur yahaan taka kii kayaake jaise gaanv bhee hain, joe vinimay key baad seey chhod diye gaye hain.

