
bangladesh mukti yuddh

bangladesh mukti yuddh (, jise bangladesh swatantrata yuddh key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, yaa buss bangladesh mein mukti yuddh) ack kranti aur sashastr sangharsh thaa joe purvi pakistan mein bangali rashtravadi aur atmanirnaya andolan key uday seey shuru huaa thaa, jisake parinamswarup bangladesh kii swatantrata hui. yuddh taba shuru huaa jaba paschim pakistan mein sthit pakistani sainya junta-yahya khaan key adesh parr-ney 25 march 1971 kii raat koo purvi pakistan key logon key khilaf operation search light shuru kii, jisase bangladesh narsamhar shuru huaa.
hinsa key jawab mein, mukti vaahini key sadasyon-bangali senaa, ardhsainik bull aur nagrikon dwara gathit ack gurilla pratirodh andolan-ney pakistani senaa key khilaf ack badey paimaane parr gurilla yuddh shuru kiya, jisase yuddh key shuruati maheenon mein kaee shaharon aur kasbon koo mukt kiya gayaa. sabse pahale, pakistani senaa ney mansoon key dauran gati hassil kii, lekin bangali gurillaon ney pakistani nausena key khilaf operation jackpot key madhyam seey vyaapak todfod karke jawabi hamla kiya, jabaki navjat bangladesh vayu senaa ney pakistani sainya thikaanon key khilaf udaan bharee. bhaarat 3 disambar 1971 koo yuddh mein shamil hoe gayaa, jisake baad pakistan ney uttari bhaarat parr purvavyaapi havaai hamale shuru kiye. baad key bhaarat-pakistani yuddh mein dou yuddh kshetron mein sangharsh hue; purvi rangmanch mein havaai varchasva hassil karane key saath, aur mukti bahini aur bhaaratiya senaa key sahayogi balon kii teji seey pragati key saath, pakistan ney 16 disambar 1971 koo dhaakaa mein aatmasamarpan curr diyaa, joe aaj taka dusare vishva yuddh key baad seey sashastr karmiyon kaa sabse badaa aatmasamarpan haye.
purvi pakistan key graameen aur shahari kshetron mein 1970 key chunaav gatirodh key baad baney savinay avagya key jwaar koo dabaane key liye vyaapak sainya abhiyaan aur havaai hamale dekhe gaye. islami logon dwara samarthit pakistani senaa ney sthaaniya logon parr chhaape key dauran sahaayata key liye kattarpanthi dhaarmik milicia-rajakar, all-badra aur all-shums kaa nirmaan kiya. pakistani senaa key sadasya aur saamoohik hatyaa, nirvaasan aur narsamhar balatkar mein lagey hue milicia kaa samarthan karate hue, rashtravadi bangali nagrikon, chhatron, buddhijiviyon, dhaarmik alpsankhyakon aur sashastr karmiyon key khilaf vinash key ack vyavasthit abhiyaan kaa peechha curr rahey hain. rajdhani dhaakaa mein dhaakaa vishvavidyalaya narsamhar sahit kaee narsamhar hue they. bangali aur urdu bhashi bihaariyon key beach sampradayik hinsa bhee hui. anumaanit 1 karod bangali sharanarthi padosi bhaarat bhaag gaye, jabaki 3 karod aantarik roop seey visthaapit they. 
yuddh ney dakshin asia key bhoo-raajneetik paridrishya koo badal diyaa, bangladesh key duniya key saatven sabse adhik aabaadi vaale desh key roop mein ubharane key saath. jatil kshetriya gathbandhanon key kaaran, yuddh sanyukt raajya america, soviyat sangh aur chean key janvaadi ganarajya seey judey sheet yuddh key tanaav kaa ack pramukh prakaran thaa. sanyukt rashtra mein adhikansh sadasya raajyon ney 1972 mein bangladesh koo ack samprabhu rashtra key roop mein maanyata dee.
prishthabhoomi.
british bhaarat key vibhajan seey pahale, lahaur prastaav ney shuru mein british bhaarat key purvi aur uttar-paschimi kshetron mein alag-alag muslim bahul raajyon kii parikalpana kii thee. ack swatantra sanyukt bangal key prastaav koo 1946 mein pradhaanmantri hussain shaheed suhravardi dwara prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin aupaniveshik adhikaariyon dwara iska virodh kiya gayaa thaa. purvi pakistan punarjagaran samaaj ney purvi british bhaarat mein ack samprabhu raajya key nirmaan kii vakaalat kii.
agast 1947 mein raajneetik vaartaon key kaaran dou raajyon, pakistan aur bhaarat kaa aadhikarik janm huaa, joe sambhavatah angrejon key jaane key baad kramshah musalmaanon aur hinduon key liye sthaayi ghar they. pakistan key prabhutva mein poorv aur paschim mein dou bhaugolik aur saanskritik roop seey alag-alag kshetra shamil they, jinamen bhaarat bhee shamil thaa.
paschimi kshetra koo lokpriya (aur, ack avadhi key liye, aadhikarik roop seey bhee) paschim pakistan kahaa jaataa thaa aur purvi kshetra (aadhunik bangladesh) koo shuru mein purvi bangal aur baad mein purvi pakistan kahaa jaataa thaa. haalaanki donon kshetron kii aabaadi barabar thee, raajneetik shakti paschim pakistan mein kendrit thee, aur yeh vyaapak roop seey maanaa jaataa thaa kii purvi pakistan kaa aarthik roop seey shoshan kiya jaa rhaa thaa, jisase kaee shikaayaten huin. dou asangat kshetron key prashaasan koo bhee ack chunauti key roop mein dekhaa gayaa.
25 march 1971 koo, ack chunaav mein ack purvi pakistani raajneetik dall (awami leag) dwara jeete jaane key baad, sattaaroodh (paschim pakistani) pratishthaan dwara nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa, purvi pakistan mein badhate raajneetik asantosh aur saanskritik raashtravaad kaa saamana paschimi pakistan key sattaaroodh abhijaat varg kii kroor aur damankari taakat seey kiya gayaa thaa, jise operation search light kahaa gayaa thaa. pakistani senaa kii hinsak kaarravaai key kaaran awami leag key netaa sheikh mujibur rahman ney 26 march 1971 koo purvi pakistan kii swatantrata koo bangladesh raajya ghoshit curr diyaa. adhikansh bangaliyon ney iss kadam kaa samarthan kiya, halanki islamvadiyon aur bihaariyon ney iska virodh kiya aur isake bajaay pakistani senaa kaa paksh liya.
pakistani rashtrapati aaga muhammad yahya khaan ney pakistani senaa koo pakistani sarkaar key adhikaar koo bahaal karane kaa adesh diyaa, jisase grih yuddh shuru huaa. yuddh ney bhaarat key purvi praanton mein sharanarthiyon kii ack badee sankhya (usa samay lagbhag 1 karod honey kaa anuman) koo baadh mein daal diyaa. badhate maanviya aur aarthik sankat kaa saamana karate hue, bhaarat ney sakriya roop seey bangladeshi pratirodh senaa, mukti vaahini kii sahaayata aur sangathan kiya.
bhasha vivaad.
1948 mein, governor-general muhammad allie jinna ney ghoshana kii kii "urdu, aur kewal urdu" pakistan kii sanghiya bhasha hogi. lekin urdu aitihaasik roop seey kewal uttar, madhya aur paschimi upmahadweep mein prachalit thee; purvi bangal mein, mool bhasha bangali thee, joe indo-europeeya bhaashaon kii dou sabse purvi shaakhaon mein seey ack thee. bangali bolane vaalon kii pakistan kii aabaadi 56 pratishat seey adhik haye.
sarkari rukh koo vyaapak roop seey purvi shakha kii sanskriti koo dabaane key prayaas key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa. purvi bangal key logon ney maang kii kii unaki bhasha koo urdu aur angreji key saath-saath sanghiya darja diyaa jaae. bhasha andolan 1948 mein shuru huaa, kyonki nagrik samaaj ney mudra aur daak tikaton seey bangali lipi koo hataane kaa virodh kiya, joe british raaj key baad seey they.
andolan 1952 mein apane charmotkarsh parr pahunch gayaa, jaba 21 farwari koo pulis ney pradarshankari chhatron aur nagrikon parr golibari kii, jisase kaee logon kii maut hoe gaee. bangladesh mein iss dinn koo bhasha andolan divas key roop mein manaaya jaataa haye. mauton kii yaad mein, unesco ney navambar 1999 mein 21 farwari koo antarrashtriya matribhasha divas ghoshit kiya.
asamaantaaen.
halanki purvi pakistan kii aabaadi adhik thee, lekin paschimi pakistan ney raajneetik roop seey vibhajit desh parr prabhutva jamaaya aur aam bajat seey adhik dhana praapt kiya.
purvi pakistan pahale seey hii pakistan key nirmaan key samay aarthik roop seey vanchit thaa, phir bhee yeh aarthik asamaanta kewal pakistani shasson key tahat badhee. karakon mein naa kewal vikasatmak neetiyon mein jaanboojhkar raajya bhedbhaav shamil thaa, balki yeh tathya bhee thaa kii desh kii rajdhani aur paschimi shakha mein adhik apravasi vyapariyon kii upasthiti ney vahaan adhik sarkari aavantan koo nirdeshit kiya. purvi pakistan mein sthaaniya vyapariyon kii cumm sankhya, shram ashanti aur tanaavpurna raajneetik vatavaran key kaaran purvi hisse mein videshi nivesh bhee bahut cumm thaa. pakistani raajya kaa aarthik drishtikon shahari udyog kii or thaa, joe purvi pakistan kii mukhya roop seey krishi arthavyavastha key saath sangat naheen thaa.
pakistan kii senaa mein bangaliyon kaa pratinidhitva cumm thaa. sashastr balon key vibhinn vingon mein bangali mool key adhikaari 1965 taka kull bull kaa kewal 5 pratishat they; inmein seey kewal kuchh hii kamaand padon parr they, jinamen seey adhikansh takniki yaa prashaasnik padon parr they. paschim pakistaniyon kaa maanana thaa kii bangali pashtoonon aur panjaabiyon key vipareet "yuddh kii or jhukaav" naheen rakhate they; bangaliyon ney "yuddh daud" kii dhaarana koo hasyaspad aur apmaanjanak bataaya.
isake alawa, bhaari raksha kharch key bavjood, purvi pakistan koo anubandh, khareed aur sainya sahaayata naukariyon jaise koee laabh naheen milaa. kashmir parr 1965 key bhaarat-pakistani yuddh ney bhee bangaliyon key beach sainya asuraksha kii bhavna koo ujagar kiya, kyonki sangharsh key dauran kissy bhee bhaaratiya jawabi kaarravaai koo whiffle karane key liye purvi pakistan mein kewal ack cumm-shakti vaalaa paidal senaa prabhaag aur tank samarthan key binaa 15 ladaakoo vimaan they.
vaichaarik aur saanskritik matbhed.
1947 mein, bangali musalmaanon ney pakistan kii islami pariyojana key saath apani pehchaan banaai thee, lekin 1970 key dashak taka purvi pakistan key logon ney apani dhaarmik pehchaan parr apani bangali jaatiyata koo prathamikta dee thee, joe dharmnirpekshata, loktantra aur samaajvaad jaise paschimi siddhanton key anusaar samaaj kii ichcha rakhate they. kaee bangali musalmaanon ney pakistani raajya dwara lagaae gaye islami pratimaan parr kadee apatti jataai.
paschim pakistan key sattaaroodh abhijaat varg key adhikansh sadasyon ney ack udaar samaaj kii drishti saajha kii, lekin phir bhee ack samanya vishvaas koo pakistan key nirmaan aur pakistan kii kaee kshetriya pahchaanon koo ack rashtriya pehchaan mein shamil karane key peechhe ack aavashyak jutaane vaale kaarak key roop mein dekhaa. paschimi pakistani ack islami raajya key purvi pakistaniyon kii tulanaa mein kaafee adhik samarthak they, ack pravritti joe 1971 key baad bhee bunny rahee.
donon shaakhaon key beach saanskritik aur bhashai antar dheere-dheere dhaarmik ekataa kii bhavna seey adhik hoe gaye. bangaliyon koo apani sanskriti aur bhasha parr bahut garv thaa, joe apani bangali lipi aur shabdawali key saath, paschim pakistani abhijaat varg key liye asweekarya thaa, joe maanate they kii isane kaafee hindu saanskritik prabhaavon koo aatmasaat curr liya thaa. paschim pakistaniyon ney poorv koo "islamikaran" karane key prayaas mein bangaliyon koo urdu apnana chaaha. bhasha andolan kii gatividhiyon ney dharmnirpeksh rajneeti key paksh mein pakistan key sampradayikta koo tyagane key paksh mein bangaliyon key beach ack bhavna koo poshit kiya. awami leag ney apane akhbar key madhyam seey apane dharmnirpeksh sandesh kaa prachaar bangali pathakon taka karna shuru curr diyaa.
awami leag kaa dharmnirpekshata parr jore ise muslim leag seey alag kartaa haye. 1971 mein, pakistan key khilaf bangladeshi mukti sangram kaa netritva dharmnirpeksh netaaon ney kiya thaa aur dharmnirpekshtavadiyon ney bangladesh kii jeet koo dharm-kendrit pakistani raashtravaad parr dharmnirpeksh bangali raashtravaad kii jeet key roop mein saraha thaa. jabaki pakistan kii sarkaar ack islami raajya key liye prayaas curr rahee thee, bangladesh dharmnirpeksh sthaapit huaa thaa. mukti kii jeet key baad, awami leag ney ack dharmnirpeksh vyavastha banaane kaa prayaas kiya aur pakistan samarthak islami dalon koo raajneetik bhagidari seey roque diyaa gayaa. purvi pakistani ulema key adhikansh yaa tou tatasth rahey they yaa pakistani raajya kaa samarthan kiya thaa, kyonki unhein lagaa kii pakistan kaa tootana islam key liye hanikarak hoga.
raajneetik matbhed.
haalaanki purvi pakistan mein desh kii aabaadi kaa thodaa saa hissa thaa, raajneetik shakti paschim pakistaniyon key haathon mein rahee. choonki jansankhya key aadhar parr pratinidhitva kii ack seedhi pranali ney purvi pakistan mein raajneetik shakti koo kendrit kiya hoga, isaliye paschim pakistani pratishthaan "ack ikai" yojana key saath aaya, jisake tahat poore paschim pakistan koo ack praant maanaa jaataa thaa. yeh kewal purvi wing key voton koo santulit karane key liye thaa.
1951 mein pakistan key pahale pradhaanmantri liyakat allie khaan kii hatyaa key baad, raajneetik shakti pakistan key nae rashtrapati koo hastaantarit honey luggy, jisane governor general key karyalaya koo taba badal diyaa jaba pakistan ack ganarajya bunn gayaa, aur antatah, senaa. nammatra key nirvaachit mukhya karyakari, pradhaanmantri koo aksar rashtrapati key madhyam seey kaary karate hue pratishthaan dwara barkhast curr diyaa jaataa thaa.
purvi pakistaniyon ney dekhaa kii paschim pakistani pratishthaan ney pakistan key kissy bhee nirvaachit netaa jaise kii khwaja nazimuddin, mohammad allie bogra, hussain shaheed suhravardi aur iskandar mirja koo teji seey apadasth curr diyaa. unake sandeh koo ayyub khaan (27 octuber 1958-25 march 1969) aur yahya khaan (25 march 1969-20 disambar 1971), donon paschimi pakistaniyon key sainya tanashahon dwara aur badhaa diyaa gayaa thaa. 1970 mein sthiti charam parr pahunch gaee, jaba sheikh mujibur rahman key netritva mein sabse badee purvi pakistani raajneetik party bangladesh awami leag ney rashtriya chunaavon mein bhaari jeet hassil kii. party ney purvi pakistan koo aavantit 169 seeton mein seey 167 parr jeet hassil kii, aur iss prakaar rashtriya vidhansabha mein 313 seeton mein seey bahumat hassil kiya. isase awami leag koo sarkaar banaane kaa samvaidhaanik adhikaar milaa. haalaanki, pakistan peepuls party key netaa zulfikar allie bhutto (ack poorv videsh mantri) ney rahman koo pakistan kaa pradhaanmantri banane kii anumati dene seey incar curr diyaa.
isake bajaay, unhone dou pradhaanmantriyon key vichaar kaa prastaav rakhaa, pratyek wing key liye ack. iss prastaav ney purvi wing mein akrosh paida curr diyaa, joe pahale seey hii anya samvaidhaanik navachar, "ack ikai yojana" key tahat thaa. bhutto ney bhee rahman key chhah ank sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa. 3 march 1971 koo, rashtrapati general yahya khaan key saath donon shaakhaon key dou netaaon ney desh key bhaagya kaa faisala karane key liye dhaakaa mein mulakat kii.
unaki charcha key koee santoshjanak parinam naheen milane key baad, sheikh mujibur rahman ney rashtravyapi hadtaal kaa ahwan kiya. bhutto koo grihyuddh kaa darr thaa, isaliye unhone apane bharosemand saathi, mubashir hassan koo bheja. ack sandesh diyaa gayaa aur rahman ney bhutto seey milane kaa faisala kiya. unake aaney parr, rahman ney bhutto seey mulakat kii aur donon pradhaanmantri key roop mein rahman aur rashtrapati key roop mein bhutto key saath gathbandhan sarkaar banaane parr sahmat hue, lekin sheikh mujib ney baad mein aisee sambhavana koo khariz curr diyaa. iss beach, senaa inn ghatnakramon seey anjaan thee, aur bhutto ney nirnay taka pahunchane key liye rahman parr apana dabaav badhaa diyaa.
7 march 1971 koo sheikh mujibur rahman (jald hii pradhaanmantri banane vaale) ney rescourse ground (abb suhravardi udayan) mein bhaashan diyaa. iss bhaashan mein unhone 25 march koo honey vaali rashtriya sabhaa kii baithak mein vichaar karane key liye ack aur chaar sutri shart kaa ullekh kiyaah
unhone apane logon seey harr ghar koo pratirodh key kille mein badalane kaa aagrah kiya. unhone apana bhaashan yeh kahate hue bund kiya, "hamara sangharsh hamari swatantrata key liye haye. hamara sangharsh hamari swatantrata key liye haye."iss bhaashan koo mukhya ghatana maanaa jaataa haye jisane rashtra koo apani swatantrata key liye ladane key liye prerit kiya. general tikka khaan koo purvi bangal kaa rajyapal banane key liye dhaakaa mein leey jaaya gayaa. nyaayamurti siddiq sahit poorv-pakistani nyayadhishon ney unhein shapath dilaane seey incar curr diyaa.
10 aur 13 march key beach, pakistan antarrashtriya airlines ney tatkaal "sarkari yaatriyon" koo dhaakaa key liye udaan bharane key liye apane sabhi antarrashtriya maargon koo radd curr diyaa. yeye "sarkari yatri" lagbhag sabhi pakistani sanic nagrik poshak mein they. pakistani nausena key ack jahaaj aim. vee. "swaat" mein golaa-barud aur sanic they, jinhen chitagong bandargah mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, lekin bandargah parr bangali shramikon aur naavikon ney jahaaj koo utaarane seey incar curr diyaa. purvi pakistan rifles kii ack ikai ney bangali pradarshankariyon parr golibari karane key adesh kaa paalan karane seey incar curr diyaa, jisase bangali sainikon key beach vidroh shuru hoe gayaa.
1970 key chakravaat kii pratikriya.
1970 key bhola chakravaat ney 12 navambar kii shaam key dauran purvi pakistan kii tatrekha parr ack sthaaniya uchch jwaar key samay key aspas bhuskhalan kiya, jisamen anumaanit 300,000 loga maare gaye. 2017 key vishva mausam vigyaan sangathan key panel ney ise cumm seey cumm 1873 key baad seey sabse ghaatak ushnakatibandhiya chakravaat maanaa. bhuskhalan key ack saptah baad, rashtrapati khaan ney sweekaar kiya kii unaki sarkaar ney aapada key parimaan kii samajh kii kamee key kaaran raahat prayason koo sambhaalane mein "fislan" aur "galatiyan" kii theen.
chakravaat key duss dinn baad purvi pakistan mein gyaarah raajneetik netaaon dwara jaari ack bayaan mein sarkaar parr "ghor upeksha, kathorta aur poorna udasinta" kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa. unhone rashtrapati parr samachar coverage mein samasya key parimaan koo cumm karane kaa bhee aarop lagaaya. 19 navambar koo chhatron ney sarkaar kii dheemi pratikriya key virodh mein dhaakaa mein ack march kiya. abdul hameed khaan bhasani ney 24 navambar koo 50,000 logon kii ack raili koo sambodhit kiya, jahan unhone rashtrapati parr akshamta kaa aarop lagaaya aur unake istife kii maang kii.
march mein poorv aur paschim pakistan key beach sangharsh vikasit honey key baad, raahat prayason mein seedhe shamil dou sarkari sangathanon key dhaakaa karyalaya cumm seey cumm dou saptah key liye bund curr diye gaye, pahale ack samanya hadtaal aur phir awami leag dwara purvi pakistan mein sarkari kaam parr pratibandh lagaane seey. tanaav mein iss vriddhi key saath, hinsa key darr seey videshi karmiyon koo baahar nikaal liya gayaa. kshetra mein raahat kaary jaari rhaa, lekin deerghakaalik yojana mein katauti kii gaee. yeh sangharsh disambar mein bangladesh mukti yuddh mein fail gayaa aur bangladesh key nirmaan key saath samaapt huaa. yeh pahali baar thaa jaba ack praakritik ghatana ney grih yuddh koo trigger karane mein madad kii.
operation khoj prakaash.
pakistani senaa dwara ack niyojit sainya shaanti-kodnem "operation searchlight"-25 march 1971 koo 26 march koo pramukh shaharon parr niyantran karke bangali swatantrata andolan parr ankush lagaane key liye shuru kiya gayaa, aur phir ack maheene key bheetar sabhi virodh, raajneetik yaa sainya koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa. pakistani raajya ney operation search light koo sahee thaharaane key liye march kii shuruat mein bangaliyon dwara bihaari virodhi hinsa kaa istemal kiya.
operation kii shuruat seey pahale, sabhi videshi patrakaron koo purvi pakistan seey vyavasthit roop seey nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
operation searchlight kaa mukhya charan maee key madhya mein bangali haathon mein antim pramukh shahar key girane key saath samaapt hoe gayaa. operation ney bangladesh narsamhar bhee shuru kiya. inn vyavasthit hatyaon ney kewal bangaliyon koo krodhit kiya, jisake parinamswarup usa varsh key anta mein purvi pakistan kaa algaav huaa. bangladeshi media aur angreji mein sandarbh pustakon ney hatahaton key aankade prakaashit kiye hain joe dhaakaa mein 5,000 seey 35,000 taka aur poore bangladesh key liye 200,000 seey 3,000,000 taka bahut bhinn hain. british medical journal sahit swatantra shodhkartaon ney 125,000 seey laker 505,000 taka key aankade saamane rakhe hain. americi raajneetik vaigyaanik rudolf rammel ney kull mauton koo 15 laakh bataaya haye. inn atyacharon koo narsamhar key kritya kahaa gayaa haye.
asia times" key anusaar,
haalaanki hinsa praantiya rajdhani dhaakaa parr kendrit thee, lekin isane purvi pakistan key sabhi hisson koo bhee prabhaavit kiya. dhaakaa vishvavidyalaya key aavaasiya holl vishesh roop seey lakshit kiye gaye they. ekmatra hindu aavaasiya holl-jagannath holl-koo pakistani sashastr balon dwara nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur isake anumaanit 600 seey 700 nivaasiyon kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee. pakistani senaa ney vishvavidyalaya mein kissy bhee nirmam hatyaa seey incar kiya, lekin pakistan mein hamudur rahman aayog ney nishkarsh nikala kii bhaari bull kaa istemal kiya gayaa thaa. iss tathya kii aur jagannath holl aur dhaakaa vishvavidyalaya key paas key chhaatr chhatravason mein hue narsamhar kii pushti purvi pakistan key engineering aur praudyogiki vishvavidyalaya key professor noorul ulaa dwara gupt roop seey filmai gaee ack video tape dwara kii gaee haye, jiska nivaas seedhe chhaatr chhatravason key saamane thaa.
atyacharon kaa paimana pahali baar paschim mein spasht kiya gayaa thaa jaba ack pakistani patrakaar anthany muscarenhaus, jinhen sainya adhikaariyon dwara pakistan key paksh mein ack kahani likhane key liye praant bheja gayaa thaa, isake bajaay united kingdam bhaag gaye aur 13 juuna 1971 koo senaa dwara vyavasthit hatyaon kaa varnan karate hue "dha sandey times" mein ack lekh prakaashit kiya. bee. bee. see. ney likhaah "isamen koee sandeh naheen haye kii muscarenhaus kii report ney yuddh koo samaapt karane mein apani bhoomika nibhai. isane pakistan key khilaf vishva kii raay koo badalane mein madad kii aur bhaarat koo ack nirnaayak bhoomika nibhaane key liye protsaahit kiya, "bhaaratiya pradhaan mantri indira gaandhi ney kahaa kii muscarenhaus key lekh ney unhein" bhaarat key sashastr hastakshep key liye aadhar taiyar karane "key liye prerit kiya.
sheikh mujibur rahman koo pakistani senaa ney giraftar curr liya thaa. yahya khaan ney brigadier (baad mein general) rahimuddin khaan koo rahman parr kaee aaropon key saath mukadama chalaane vaale ack vishesh nyayadhikaran kii adhyakshata karane key liye niyukt kiya. nyayadhikaran kii sajaa koo kabhi saarvajanik naheen kiya gayaa thaa, lekin yahya ney kissy bhee mamle mein faisale koo sthagit curr diyaa. awami leag key anya netaaon koo bhee giraftar curr liya gayaa, jabaki kuchh giraftari seey bachane key liye dhaakaa seey bhaag gaye. awami leag koo general yahya khaan dwara pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
swatantrata kii ghoshana.
25 march 1971 koo pakistani balon dwara kii gaee hinsa ack samjhaute parr baatchit key prayason key liye antim pual saabit hui. inn ghatnaaon key baad, sheikh mujibur rahman ney ack aadhikarik ghoshana parr hastakshar kiye jisamen likhaa thaah
sheikh mujib ney logon seey ack radio sandesh key madhyam seey kabje vaali taakton kaa virodh karane kaa bhee ahwan kiya. rahman koo 1971 key march kii raat lagbhag 1:30 baje (29 march 1971 koo radio pakistan kii khabar key anusaar) giraftar kiya gayaa thaa.
sheikh mujibur rahman kii ghoshana kaa paath vaalaa ack taar, chittagong mein kuchh chhatron taka pahuncha. iss sandesh kaa bangali mein anuvaad manjula anwar ney kiya thaa. chhaatr pakistan prasaran nigam key paas key agrabad station seey sandesh prasaarit karane key liye uchch adhikaariyon seey anumati praapt karane mein whiffle rahey, lekin kalurghat mein vidrohi bangali radio kaaryakartaon dwara sthaapit swatantra swatantra bangla betaar kendra radio dwara sandesh koo kaee baar padhaa gayaa. mejar ziaur rahman seey station key liye suraksha pradaan karane aur 27 march 1971 koo ghoshana koo padhane kaa anurodh kiya gayaa thaa. unhone sheikh mujibur rahman kii or seey swatantrata kii ghoshana kii ghoshana kaa prasaran kiya.
kalurghat radio station kii prasaran kshamata seemit thee, lekin bangal kii khaadi mein ack japani jahaaj dwara sandesh uthaaya gayaa thaa. isake baad ise radio australia aur baad mein bee. bee. see. dwara phir seey prasaarit kiya gayaa.
aim. aeye. kahaa jaataa haye kii 26 march 1971 koo radio parr awami leag key netaa hanan ney swatantrata kii ghoshana kii thee.
26 march 1971 koo bangladesh kaa aadhikarik swatantrata divas maanaa jaataa haye aur bangladesh naam abb seey prabhaavi thaa. julaai 1971 mein, bhaaratiya pradhaan mantri indira gaandhi ney khule taur parr poorv purvi pakistan koo bangladesh key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. kuchh pakistani aur bhaaratiya adhikaariyon ney 16 disambar 1971 taka "purvi pakistan" naam kaa upayog karna jaari rakhaa.
mukti yuddh.
march-juuna.
shuru mein, pratirodh sahaj aur avyavasthit thaa, aur lambe samay taka rahane kii ummeed naheen thee. lekin jaba pakistani senaa ney aabaadi parr nakel kasee, tou pratirodh badh gayaa. mukti vaahini teji seey sakriya hoe gaee. pakistani senaa ney unhein dabaane kii koshish kii, lekin teji seey kaee bangali sanic iss bhoomigat "bangladesh senaa" mein shamil hoe gaye. inn bangali ikaaiyon kaa dheere-dheere mukti vaahini mein vilay hoe gayaa aur bhaarat seey aapoorti key saath apane hathiyaron koo majboot kiya. pakistan ney dou paidal senaa prabhagon mein havaai udaan bharkar aur apane balon koo punargathit karke jawab diyaa. unhone rajakaron, all-badron aur all-shums (jyaadaatar muslim leag aur anya islami samoohon key sadasya) key saath-saath swatantrata kaa virodh karane vaale anya bangaliyon aur vibhajan key samay mein basane vaale bihaari musalmaanon key ardhsainik balon koo bhee khadaa kiya.
17 aprail 1971 koo, bhaarat kii seema seey lagey paschimi bangladesh key meharpur jile mein ack asthaayi sarkaar kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen sheikh mujibur rahman, joe pakistan mein jail mein they, rashtrapati key roop mein, sayed nazrul islam koo karyavahak rashtrapati key roop mein, tajuddin ahmed koo pradhaan mantri key roop mein, aur general muhammad ataul ghaani osmani koo commander-inn-cheef, bangladesh balon key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. jaise-jaise kabje vaali senaa aur bangali mukti vaahini key beach ladaai badhati gaee, anumaanit 1 karod bangaliyon ney asam aur paschim bangal key bhaaratiya raajyon mein sharan lii.
juuna-sitambar.
bangladesh senaa kii kamaan 11 julaai koo cole key saath sthaapit kii gaee thee. aim. aeye. jee. cabinet mantri key darje key saath commander-inn-cheef (see-inn-see) key roop mein osmani, ell. tii. cole. abdul rabb cheef off staff (coss), group capton aeye key roop mein. key. khandkar dipty cheef off staff (dee. see. oh. aiss.) aur mejar aeye. aar. chaudhari sahayak pramukh karmchari (aeye. see. oh. aiss.) key roop mein.
sangharsh mein mukti vaahini kii bhoomika key baare mein bhaaratiya netritva key saath osmani key matbhed they. bhaaratiya netritva ney shuru mein 8,000 gurillaon key ack achchi tarah seey prashikshit bull kii kalpana kii, joe antim paaramparik yuddh koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye bangladesh key aspas chhote kakshon mein kaam curr rhaa thaa. nirvaasan mein bangladesh sarkaar key saath, osmani ney ack alag ranneeti kaa samarthan kiyaah
bangladesh koo julaai mein gyaarah kshetron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen seey pratyek mein pakistani senaa key dalbadal adhikaariyon mein seey ack commander chunaa gayaa thaa joe gurilla abhiyaanon kaa netritva karane key liye mukti vaahini mein shamil hoe gaye they. muktibahini balon koo bhaaratiya senaa dwara gurilla yuddh parr dou seey paanch saptah kaa prashikshan diyaa gayaa thaa. unake adhikansh prashikshan shivir seemavarti kshetra key paas they aur bhaarat kii sahaayata seey sanchaalit hotey they. 10vein kshetra koo osmani kii kamaan key tahat rakhaa gayaa thaa aur isamen nausena commando aur see-inn-see kaa vishesh bull shamil thaa. paaramparik yuddh key liye teen brigade (11 batalian) banaae gaye they; ack badey gurilla bull (anumaanit 100,000) koo prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa.
paanch paidal senaa bataliyanon mein sudhaar kiya gayaa aur bangladesh kii uttari aur purvi seemaon parr tainaat kiya gayaa. teen aur bataliyanon koo khadaa kiya gayaa aur topkhaane kii baitariyon kaa gathan kiya gayaa. juuna aur julaai key dauran, mukti vaahini operation jackpot key madhyam seey bhaaratiya sahaayata key saath seema paar phir seey sangathit hui aur seema key paar tathaakathit mansoon aakraman, joe vibhinn karanon seey (uchit prashikshan kii kamee, aapoorti kii kamee, bangladesh key ander ack uchit samarthan network kii kamee) apane uddeshyon koo praapt karane mein whiffle rahee, koo bhejana shuru curr diyaa. bangali niyamit balon ney maimansingh, komila aur silhat mein seema chaukiyon parr bhee hamla kiya, lekin parinam mishrit they. pakistani adhikaariyon ney nishkarsh nikala kii unhone mansoon key aakraman koo safaltapurvak niyantrit curr liya thaa, joe ack sateek avalokan saabit huaa.
gurilla abhiyaan, joe prashikshan charan key dauran dheema hoe gayaa thaa, agast key baad shuru huaa. dhaakaa mein aarthik aur sainya lakshyon parr hamla kiya gayaa. pramukh safalata kii kahani operation jackpot thee, jisamen nausena key commando ney 15 agast 1971 koo chittagong, mongla, narayanganj aur chandpur mein jahaajon kaa khanan kiya aur unhein udaa diyaa.
octuber-disambar.
bangladeshi paaramparik balon ney seema chaukiyon parr hamla kiya. kamalpur, belonia aur boyra kii ladaai kuchh udaaharan hain. 370 seema chaukiyon mein seey 90 bangal key balon key haathon gir gaeen. gurilla hamale tej hoe gaye, jaisa kii pakistani aur nagrik aabaadi parr rajakar pratishodh ney kiya. paschimi pakistan seey aathh bataliyanon dwara pakistani balon koo majboot kiya gayaa thaa. bangladeshi swatantrata senani asthaayi roop seey lalmanirhat aur shalutikar mein havaai pattiyon parr kabja karane mein bhee kamyab rahey. inn donon kaa upayog bhaarat seey aapoorti aur hathiyaron mein udaan bharane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. pakistan ney paschimi pakistan seey atirikt bull key roop mein paanch aur bataaliyanen bheji.
bhaaratiya bhagidari.
bhaaratiya pradhaanmantri indira gaandhi ney nishkarsh nikala kii laakhon sharanarthiyon koo lene key bajaay, bhaarat aarthik roop seey pakistan key khilaf yuddh karane key liye behtar hoga. 28 aprail 1971 kii shuruat mein, bhaaratiya mantrimandal ney general manekshaw (chiefs off staff kameti key adhyaksh) koo "purvi pakistan mein jaane" key liye kahaa thaa. ateet mein bhaarat aur pakistan key beach shatrutapurna sambandhon ney pakistan key grihyuddh mein hastakshep karane key bhaarat key faisale koo aur badhaa diyaa.
natijatan, bhaarat sarkaar ney mukti vaahini kaa samarthan karke jaatiya bangaliyon key liye ack alag raajya key nirmaan kaa samarthan karane kaa faisala kiya. inn vidrohiyon koo sangathit karane, prashikshit karane aur hathiyar dene mein madad kii. natijatan, mukti vaahini purvi pakistan mein pakistani senaa koo pareshan karane mein safal rahee, jisase disambar kii shuruat mein poorna paimaane parr bhaaratiya sainya hastakshep key liye anukool paristhitiyaan paida huin.
pakistani vayu senaa (pee. aeye. aff.) ney 3 disambar 1971 koo bhaaratiya vayu senaa key thikaanon parr ack purvavyaapi hamla shuru kiya. hamale koo chhah divasiya yuddh key dauran israeli vayu senaa key operation phocus parr adharit kiya gayaa thaa, aur iska uddeshya bhaaratiya vayu senaa key vimaanon koo jameen parr beasar karna thaa. bhaarat ney iss hamale koo binaa ukasaave key aakraamakta key ack khule kaary key roop mein dekhaa, joe bhaarat-pakistani yuddh kii aadhikarik shuruat thee. hamale key jawab mein, bhaarat aur pakistan donon ney aupchaarik roop seey "donon deshon key beach yuddh kii sthiti key astitva" koo sweekaar kiya, bhale hii donon mein seey kissy bhee sarkaar ney aupchaarik roop seey yuddh kii ghoshana jaari naheen kii thee.
purvi pakistan kii mukti mein teen bhaaratiya dall shamil they. unhein unake saath ladane vaali muktibahini kii lagbhag teen brigedon dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, aur kaee aur joe aniyamit roop seey lada rahey they. yeh teen divisions kii pakistani senaa seey kaheen behtar thaa. bhaaratiya jaldi seey desh parr haavi hoe gaye, chuninda roop seey bhaari roop seey sanrakshit gadhon koo paar curr gaye. pakistani bull bhaaratiya hamale kaa prabhaavi dhang seey mukabala karane mein asamarth they, kyonki unhein mukti vaahini dwara gurilla hamalon kaa mukabala karane key liye seema key aspas chhoti ikaaiyon mein tainaat kiya gayaa thaa. dhaakaa kii raksha karane mein asamarth, pakistaniyon ney 16 disambar 1971 koo aatmasamarpan curr diyaa.
vayu aur nausena yuddh.
bhaaratiya vayu senaa ney pakistan key khilaf kaee udaanen bharee aur ack saptah key bheetar, aircraft ney purvi pakistan key aasmaan parr apana dabdaba banaaya. isane pahale saptah key anta taka lagbhag poori tarah seey vayu varchasva hassil curr liya, kyonki poorv mein poori pakistani vayu senaa, paaf no.14 squadron, tejgaon, kurmitola, lalmonirhat aur shamsher nagar mein bhaaratiya aur bangladeshi havaai hamalon key kaaran ground kiya gayaa thaa. vaahak key samudri baazon ney bhee chitagong, barisal aur cox key bazar koo maaraa, pakistani nausena key purvi hisse koo nasht curr diyaa aur prabhaavi roop seey purvi pakistani bandargaahon koo avaruddh curr diyaa, jisase fanse hue pakistani sainikon key liye kissy bhee palayan maarg koo kaat diyaa gayaa. navjat bangladesh nausena (jisamen pakistani nausena seey dalbadal karane vaale adhikaari aur navik shamil they) ney samudri yuddh mein bhaartiyon kii sahaayata kii, hamalon koo anjam diyaa, vishesh roop seey operation jackpot.
aatmasamarpan aur usake baad.
16 disambar 1971 koo, ell. tii. general ameer abdullah khaan niyaazi, purvi pakistan key mukhya marshel low prashaasak aur purvi pakistan mein pakistani senaa key commander ney aatmasamarpan key saadhan parr hastakshar kiye. aatmasamarpan key samay kewal kuchh deshon ney nae rashtra koo rajanyik maanyata pradaan kii thee. 93, 000 seey adhik pakistani sainikon ney bhaaratiya balon aur bangladesh mukti balon key saamane aatmasamarpan curr diyaa, jisase yeh dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad seey sabse badaa aatmasamarpan hoe gayaa.
bangladesh ney sabse adhik matdan key saath sanyukt rashtra mein pravesh kii maang kii. chean ney ise veeto curr diyaa kyonki pakistan uska pramukh sahayogi thaa. sanyukt raajya america, joe pakistan kaa ack pramukh sahayogi bhee thaa, bangladesh koo maanyata dene vaale antim deshon mein seey ack thaa. ack sucharu sankraman sunishchit karane key liye, 1972 mein bhaarat aur pakistan key beach shimla samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye gaye they. sandhi ney yeh sunishchit kiya kii pakistan ney pakistani dhanush kii vaapsee key badale mein bangladesh kii swatantrata koo maanyata dee.
bhaarat ney sabhi dhanushon kaa ilaaj geneva parampara, niyam 1925 key anusaar kiya. isane paanch maheenon mein 93,000 seey adhik pakistani dhanushon koo chhod diyaa. isake alawa, sadbhavana key sanket key roop mein, bangaliyon dwara yuddh apraadhon key liye maange gaye lagbhag 200 sainikon koo bhaarat dwara maaf curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss samjhaute ney yuddh key dauran paschimi pakistan mein bhaaratiya sainikon dwara jabt kii gaee bhoomi koo bhee vaapas curr diyaa, halanki bhaarat ney kuchh ranneetik kshetron koo barkarar rakhaa, vishesh roop seey kargil (joe 1999 mein donon deshon key beach yuddh kaa kendra bindu thaa). yeh "sthaayi shaanti" koo badhaava dene key upaay key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa aur kaee paryavekshakon dwara bhaarat dwara paripakvata key sanket key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa. lekin bhaarat mein kuchh logon ney mahsoos kiya kii sandhi bhutto key liye bahut udaar thee, jinhone narmi kaa anurodh kiya thaa, yeh tark dete hue kii aggar pakistaniyon ney samjhaute koo atyadhik kathor maanaa tou pakistan mein najuk loktantra dhwast hoe jaayega.
yuddh key liye paschim pakistan mein pratikriya.
aadhe rashtra kii haar aur vikhandan kii pratikriya sheersh sainya aur nagrikon key liye samaan roop seey ack chaunkaane vaali kshati thee. kuchh logon koo ummeed thee kii way ack pakhwade key bheetar aupchaarik yuddh haar jaayenge, aur purvi pakistan mein senaa key vinamra aatmasamarpan key roop mein maanaa jaane parr bhee samjhauta naheen huaa thaa. yahya khaan kii tanashahi dhwast hoe gaee aur bhutto koo raasta diyaa, jinhone satta mein aaney kaa avsar liya.
general niyaazi, jinhone 93,000 sainikon key saath aatmasamarpan kiya, koo pakistan lautane parr sandeh aur avamaanana key saath dekhaa gayaa. usey door curr diyaa gayaa aur gaddaar karaar diyaa gayaa. yuddh ney pakistan key ghoshit ranneetik siddhant kii kamiyon koo bhee ujagar kiya kii "purvi pakistan kii raksha paschim pakistan mein haye.
atyachar.
yuddh key dauran vyaapak hatyaaen aur anya atyachar hue-jinamen bangladesh (usa samay purvi pakistan) mein nagrikon kaa visthaapan aur 25 march 1971 koo operation search light key saath shuru hue manvadhikaron key vyaapak ullanghan shamil they. pakistani senaa aur ardhsainik balon kaa samarthan karane vaale sadasyon ney anumaanit 300,000 seey 3,000,000 logon koo maar daala aur narsamhar balatkar key ack vyavasthit abhiyaan mein 200,000 seey 400,000 bangladeshi mahilaaon key saath balatkar kiya. pakistan key dhaarmik netaaon ney bangali swatantrata senaniyon koo "hindu" aur bangali mahilaaon koo "yuddh kii loot" karaar dekar khule taur parr aparaadh kaa samarthan kiya. vaastav mein, usa samay 80 pratishat seey adhik bangali loga musalman they.
bangladesh key bauddhik samudaay key ack badey varg kii hatyaa pakistani senaa key nirdesh parr all-shums aur all-badra balon dwara kii gaee thee. aatmasamarpan seey sirf dou dinn pahale, 14 disambar 1971 koo, pakistani senaa aur rajakar milicia (sthaaniya sahayogi) ney dhaakaa mein cumm seey cumm 100 chikitsakon, professors, lekhakon aur engineeron koo uthaaya aur unaki hatyaa curr dee, shavon koo ack saamoohik kabr mein chhod diyaa.
bangladesh mein kaee saamoohik kabron kii khoj kii gaee haye. bangaliyon parr yuddh kii pahali raat, jise dhaakaa mein americi vanijya dutawas seey yuu. aiss. taka taaron mein pralekhit kiya gayaa haye.aiss. raajya vibhaag ney dhaakaa vishvavidyalaya key chhatron aur anya nagrikon kii andhadhundh hatyaon koo dekhaa. yuddh key dauran kaee mahilaaon koo prataadit kiya gayaa, balatkar kiya gayaa aur maar diyaa gayaa; sateek sankhya gyaat naheen haye aur iss parr bahas kii jaa rahee haye. bangladeshi mahilaaon key vyaapak balatkar key kaaran hajaaron yuddh shishuon kaa janm huaa.
pakistani senaa ney dhaakaa chhaavani key ander kaee bangali mahilaaon koo yaun daas key roop mein bhee rakhaa. adhikansh koo dhaakaa vishvavidyalaya aur niji gharon seey pakada gayaa thaa. naa kewal pakistani senaa dwara balki gair-bangali alpsankhyakon, vishesh roop seey bihaariyon key khilaf bangali rashtravadiyon dwara bhee mahatvapurna sampradayik hinsa koo anjam diyaa gayaa aur protsaahit kiya gayaa. juuna 1971 mein, bihaari pratinidhiyon ney kahaa kii 500,000 bihaari bangaliyon dwara maare gaye they. aar. jey. rammel 150,000 logon key maare jaane kaa ack vivekpurna anuman detaa haye.
16 disambar 2002 koo, george washington vishvavidyalaya key rashtriya suraksha abhilekhagar ney avargeekrit dastavejon kaa ack sangrah prakaashit kiya, jisamen jyaadaatar yuu key beach sanchaar shamil they.aiss. dutawas key adhikaari aur sanyukt raajya america key soochana seva kendra dhaakaa aur bhaarat mein, aur washington mein adhikaari, dee.see. yeye dastaavez bataate hain kii yuu.aiss. bangladesh key bheetar rajanyik sansthanon mein kaam karane vaale adhikaariyon ney usa samay kii ghatnaaon kii jaankaari key liye "chayanaatmak narsamhar" aur "narsamhar" (rakt taar dekhein) shabdon kaa upayog kiya. "narsamhar" shabd kaa upayog abhee bhee bangladesh mein lagbhag harr pramukh prakaashan aur samachar patra mein ghatana kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, halanki pakistan mein, pakistani balon key khilaf aarop vivaadit baney hue hain.
antarrashtriya pratikriyaaen.
march 1971 mein sheikh mujibur rahman kii swatantrata kii ghoshana key baad, bangladesh kii asthaayi sarkaar dwara purvi pakistan kii swatantrata key liye raajneetik samarthan key saath-saath bangali logon key liye maanviya samarthan key liye ack vishvavyaapi abhiyaan chalaaya gayaa thaa.
bhaaratiya pradhaanmantri indira gaandhi ney bangladesh andolan koo vyaapak rajanyik aur raajneetik samarthan pradaan kiya. unhone bangaliyon key khilaf pakistani atyacharon key baare mein jagrukta paida karane key liye kaee deshon kaa daura kiya. yeh prayaas yuddh key dauran baad mein mahatvapurna saabit honey key liye thaa, yuddh key vishva key sandarbh koo taiyar karane aur bhaarat dwara sainya kaarravaai koo uchit thaharaane key liye. pakistan kii haar key baad, isane bangladesh key nae swatantra raajya kii sheeghra maanyata sunishchit kii.
sanyukt rashtra.
halanki sanyukt rashtra ney operation search light key dauran aur usake baad manvadhikaron key ullanghan kii ninda kii, lekin yeh yuddh kii shuruat seey pahale raajneetik roop seey sthiti koo shaant karane mein whiffle rhaa.
bhaarat key yuddh mein pravesh karane key baad, pakistan ney kuchh haar key darr seey sanyukt rashtra seey hastakshep karane aur bhaarat koo yuddhaviram parr sahmat honey key liye majboor karane key liye tatkaal appeal kii. dakshin asia mein shatruta parr charcha karane key liye 4 disambar 1971 koo sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishad kii baithak hui. 7 disambar koo lambi charcha key baad, sanyukt raajya america ney "tatkaal yuddhaviram aur sainikon kii vaapsee" key liye ack prastaav banaaya. jabaki bahumat dwara samarthit, ussr ney dou baar prastaav kaa veeto curr diyaa. bangaliyon key khilaf pakistani atyacharon key aalok mein, united kingdam aur france ney prastaav parr bahishkaar kiya.
12 disambar koo pakistan koo aasann haar kaa saamana karna padaa, sanyukt raajya america ney anurodh kiya kii suraksha parishad koo phir seey bulaaya jaae. pakistan key upa pradhaan mantri aur videsh mantri, zulfikar allie bhutto koo yuddhaviram parr ack samadhan key liye mamla banaane key liye newyork shahar leey jaaya gayaa thaa. parishad ney chaar dinon taka vichaar-vimarsh jaari rakhaa. prastaavon koo antim roop diye jaane taka, poorv mein pakistan kii senaaon ney aatmasamarpan curr diyaa thaa aur yuddh samaapt hoe gayaa thaa, jisase upaay kewal akaadamik hoe gaye they. prastaav kii viphalata aur sanyukt rashtra kii nishkriyata seey nirash hocker bhutto ney apana bhaashan toda diyaa aur parishad chhod dee.
adhikansh yuu. aine. sadasya rashtron ney bangladesh koo apani swatantrata key maheenon key bheetar hii turant maanyata dey dee.
bhootaan.
jaise hii bangladesh mukti yuddh pakistani senaa kii haar key karib pahuncha, bhootaan kaa himalayi raajya 6 disambar 1971 koo nae swatantra desh koo maanyata dene vaalaa duniya kaa pahala raajya bunn gayaa. bangladesh key pahale rashtrapati sheikh mujibur rahman ney juuna 1974 mein bhootaan key chauthe raajaa jigme singe wangchuk key rajyabhishek mein bhaag lene key liye bhootaan kaa daura kiya.
humm aur ussr.
americi sarkaar kootneeti aur sainya khatron key mamle mein apane puraane sahayogi pakistan key saath khadee rahee. americi rashtrapati richard nixon aur unake rashtriya suraksha salaahkaar heinry kissinger koo dakshin aur dakshin poorv asia mein soviyat sangh key vistaar kaa darr thaa. pakistan chean key janvaadi ganarajya kaa ack karibi sahayogi thaa, jisake saath nixon ack "meljol" parr baatchit curr rhaa thaa aur jiska vaha farwari 1972 mein daura karane kaa irada rakhta thaa. nixon koo darr thaa kii paschim pakistan parr bhaaratiya aakraman kaa matlab iss kshetra mein kull soviyat prabhutva hoga, aur yeh sanyukt raajya america kii vaishvik sthiti aur america key nae maun sahayogi, chean kii kshetriya sthiti koo gambhir roop seey kamjor curr dega.
chean koo ack sahayogi key roop mein sanyukt raajya america key "pramanik" koo pradarshit karane key liye, aur pakistan parr americi congress dwara lagaae gaye pratibandhon key seedhe ullanghan mein, nixon ney pakistan koo sainya aapoorti bheji aur unhein jorden aur iran key madhyam seey bheja, jabaki chean koo pakistan koo apani hathiyaron kii aapoorti badhaane key liye bhee protsaahit kiya. nixon prashaasan ney purvi pakistan mein pakistani senaa kii narsamhar gatividhiyon kii reports koo bhee nazarandaj curr diyaa, vishesh roop seey rakt taar.
nixon ney sthiti mein shamil honey seey incar karate hue kahaa kii yeh pakistan kaa aantarik mamla thaa, lekin jaba pakistan kii haar nishchit lugg rahee thee, tou unhone vimaan vaahak americi "udyam" koo bangal kii khaadi mein bhej diyaa, jise bhaartiyon ney paramanu khatra maanaa. "udyam" 11 disambar 1971 koo station parr aaya. 6 aur 13 disambar koo, soviyat nausena ney vladivostok seey paramanu misaailon seey lais jahaajon key dou samoohon koo bheja; unhone 18 disambar seey 7 janwari 1972 taka hind mahasagar mein us task force 74 koo peechhe chhod diyaa.
soviyat sangh ney yuddh key dauran bangladesh aur bhaaratiya senaaon key saath-saath mukti bahini kaa samarthan kiya, yeh maanate hue kii bangladesh kii swatantrata apane pratidvandiyon-sanyukt raajya america aur chean key janvaadi ganarajya kii sthiti koo kamjor curr degi. isane bhaarat koo ashvasana diyaa kii aggar yuu key saath takraav hotaa haye.aiss. yaa chean vikasit huaa, ussr jawabi kadam uthaayega. yeh agast 1971 mein hastaaksharit bhaarat-soviyat mitrata sandhi mein nihit thaa. soviyat sangh ney hind mahasagar mein hamaare "udyam" dwara utpann khatare koo door karane key liye ack paramanu pandubbi bhee bheji thee.
yuddh key anta mein, yuddh sandhi vaale desh bangladesh koo maanyata dene vaale pahale deshon mein seey they. soviyat sangh ney 25 janwari 1972 koo bangladesh koo maanyata dee. sanyukt raajya america ney 8 aprail 1972 koo isake anusaar kuchh maheenon key liye maanyata mein deree kii.
chean.
pakistan key lambe samay seey sahayogi key roop mein, chean key janvaadi ganarajya ney purvi pakistan mein vikasit sthiti aur bhaarat key paschim pakistan aur pakistan-niyantrit kashmir parr aakraman karane kii sambhavana key liye khatare key saath pratikriya vyakt kii. 10 disambar 1971 koo, nixon ney kissinger koo nirdesh diyaa kii vaha cheeniyon koo bhaarat key saath seema kii or kuchh balon koo sthanantarit karane key liye kahey. nixon ney kahaa, "senaa koo sthanantarit karane yaa unhein sthanantarit karane kii dhamki, heinry, abb unhein yahee karna chaahiye. kissinger ney usa shaam baad mein sanyukt rashtra mein chean key sthaayi pratinidhi huang huaa seey mulakat kii.
cheeniyon ney iss protsaahan kaa jawab naheen diyaa, kyonki 1962 key cheeni-bhaaratiya yuddh key vipareet, jaba bhaarat poori tarah seey anjaan thaa, iss baar bhaaratiya senaa taiyar thee aur aisee sthiti seey bachane key liye cheeni-bhaaratiya seema parr aathh parvatiya prabhagon koo tainaat kiya thaa. isake bajaay chean ney tatkaal yuddhaviram kii maang key peechhe apana bhaar daala.
jaba bangladesh ney 1972 mein sanyukt rashtra kii sadasyata key liye aavedan kiya, tou chean ney apane aavedan koo veeto curr diyaa kyonki dou yuu.aine. pakistani yuddh kaidiyon aur nagrikon key pratyaavartan key baare mein prastaav abhee taka lagu naheen kiye gaye they. chean bhee swatantra bangladesh koo maanyata dene vaale antim deshon mein seey ack thaa, jisane 31 agast 1975 taka aisaa karane seey incar curr diyaa.
srilanka.
srilanka (jise taba selon kahaa jaataa thaa) ney pakistan key vibhajan koo apane liye ack udaaharan key roop mein dekhaa aur darr thaa kii bhaarat bhavishya mein isake khilaf apani badhee hui shakti kaa upayog curr sakata haye. sirimavo bandarnaike kii vampanthi sarkaar dwara gutnirpeksh videsh neeti kaa paalan karane key bavjood, srilanka ney yuddh mein pakistan kii madad karane kaa faisala kiya. choonki pakistani vimaan bhaaratiya kshetra key oopar seey udaan naheen bhar sakate they, isaliye unhein bhaarat key chaaron or ack lamba maarg apnana hoga aur isaliye way srilanka key bandranaik havaai adde parr rook gaye, jahaan unhein purvi pakistan kii or udaan bharane seey pahale eendhan bhar diyaa gayaa thaa.
arab duniya.
kaee arab deshon ney sanyukt raajya america aur pakistan donon key saath gathbandhan kiya thaa, isaliye kissinger key liye unhein bhaag lene key liye protsaahit karna aasaan thaa. unhone jorden key raajaa aur saudi arab key raajaa donon koo patra bheje. nixon ney jorden koo duss aff-104 bhejane kii anumati dee aur pratisthaapan pradaan karane kaa vaadaa kiya. lekhak martin bowman key anusaar, "libian aff-5 koo kathit taur parr sargodha aeye. aff. bee. mein tainaat kiya gayaa thaa, shayed saudi arab seey adhik aff-5 key pravaah key liye pakistani pilots koo taiyar karane key liye ack sambhaavit prashikshan ikai key roop mein."
libia key tanashah gaddafi ney vyaktigat roop seey bhaaratiya pradhaan mantri indira gaandhi koo ack sakht shabd vaalaa patra bhee nirdeshit kiya, jisamen una parr pakistan key khilaf aakraamakta kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, jisane unhein sabhi pakistaniyon key liye priya banaa diyaa thaa. inn teen deshon key alawa, ack agyaat madhya purvi sahayogi ney bhee pakistan koo miraj II kii aapoorti kii. lekin anya desh, jaise kii seeriya aur tunisia, hastakshep key khilaf they, ise pakistan mein ack aantarik mamla kahate they.

