
chandrama sandhi

 
chandrama aur anya khagoliya pindon parr raajyon kii gatividhiyon koo niyantrit karane vaalaa samjhauta, jise chandrama sandhi yaa chandrama samjhaute key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ack bahupakshiya sandhi haye joe sabhi khagoliya nikaayon (aise nikaayon key aspas kii kakshaon sahit) key adhikaar kshetra koo pratibhaagi deshon mein badal detee haye. iss prakaar, sabhi gatividhiyaan sanyukt rashtra charter sahit antarrashtriya kaanoon key anuroop hongi.
ise kissy bhee raajya dwara anumodit naheen kiya gayaa haye joe swayam-prakshepit maanav antariksh udaan (ee.jee. sanyukt raajya america, roose (yaa isake poorvavarti soviyat sangh), yaa chean kaa janvaadi ganarajya) 18 disambar, 1979 koo apane nirmaan key baad seey, aur iss prakaar antarrashtriya kaanoon mein isaki koee prasangikta naheen haye. 18 raajya sandhi key pakshakaar hain.
uddeshya.
yeh dhyaan diyaa gayaa kii 1967 kii baahari antariksh sandhi parr hastakshar kiye jaane key baad seey, praudyogikiyon aur samaaj kaa vikas huaa, jisamen baahari antariksh key upayog aur vikas mein nagrikon aur sarkaaron key adhikaaron aur jimmedariyon koo samaan roop seey punarparibhashit karane kii aavashyakta thee. 1979 kii chandrama sandhi kaa praathamik ghoshit uddeshya "raajyon, antarrashtriya sangathanon aur prithvi key alawa anya khagoliya nikaayon kaa pataa lagaane vaale vyaktiyon key vyavhaar koo niyantrit karane key liye aavashyak kanuni siddhant pradaan karna haye, saath hii una sansadhanon kaa prashaasan karna haye joe anveshan seey praapt hoe sakate hain."isane raajya dalon koo ack" "antarrashtriya shasson" "kaa utpaadan karke aisaa karane kaa prastaav rakhaa joe uchit prakriyaon koo sthaapit karega (anuchhed 11.5).
praavdhaan.
chandrama sandhi ack "antarrashtriya shasson" yaa "kaanoonon kii ruprekha" sthaapit karane kaa prastaav karati haye joe chandrama aur saur mandal key bheetar anya khagoliya pindon parr lagu hoti haye, jisamen unake aspas yaa unake aspas kii kakshaaen yaa anya prakshepavakra shamil hain.
chandrama sandhi mein 21 anuchhedon mein ullikhit kaee praavdhaan hain. anuchhed 1 mein, sandhi ack ghoshana karati haye kii chandrama kaa upayog sabhi raajyon aur antarrashtriya samudaay key sabhi logon key laabh key liye kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yeh dohrata haye kii chandra sansaadhan "samprabhuta key daave, upayog yaa vyavasaay key madhyam seey, yaa kissy anya madhyam seey rashtriya viniyog key adheen naheen hain."yeh chandrama koo antarrashtriya sangharsh kaa srot banane seey rokane kii ichcha bhee vyakt kartaa haye, taaki sansadhanon kaa upayog vishesh roop seey shantipurna uddeshyon key liye kiya jaa sakey. una uddeshyon key liye, sandhi mein kaee praavdhaan hain, aur inmein seey kuchh neeche diye gaye hainh
jaba baahari antariksh sandhi kii tulanaa kii jaati haye, tou yeh adhikansh praavdhaanon koo dohrata haye, aur baahari antariksh mein praakritik sansadhanon key dohan koo sambodhit karane key liye dou naee avadhaaranaon koo jodata haih baahari antariksh gatividhiyon mein 'maanav jaati kii samanya viraasat' kii avadharana koo lagu karna, aur bhaag lene vaale deshon koo ack aisee vyavastha kaa utpaadan karna joe vyavasthit khanan key liye upayukt prakriyaaen nirdhaarit karati haye. kaee sammelanon ney inn donon vishayon parr koee aam sahamati naheen banaai.
itihas.
1967 kii gair-shastra baahari antariksh sandhi parr hastakshar kiye jaane key baad, iska paalan 1968 mein sanyukt rashtron dwara baahari antariksh key anveshan aur shantipurna upayog parr sanyukt rashtra sammelan key saath kiya gayaa thaa. yeh gair-praayojit sammelanon kii ack shrinkhala kaa pahala thaa jiska uddeshya manavata key baahari antariksh sansadhanon key upayog kaa margadarshan karane key liye kaanoonon kaa ack antarrashtriya dhancha banaana thaa. 
duss aur varshon kii baatchit key baad, chandrama sandhi 1979 mein vistrit prakriyaon key shasson koo vikasit karane key liye kaanoonon key ack dhaanche key roop mein banaai gaee thee, aur iss tarah, yeh aspasht rahah isake anuchhed 11.5 mein kahaa gayaa haye kii praakritik kaa dohan ack antarrashtriya shasson dwara shaasit hoga joe uchit prakriyaon koo sthaapit karega. iss shasson yaa kaanoonon koo paribhaashit karane key liye, gair-praayojit sammelanon kii ack shrinkhala hui, lekin koee aam sahamati naheen aaee. nirantar asahamati mukhya roop seey "maanav jaati kii samanya viraasat" key arth aur chandrama key praakritik sansadhanon key liye pratyek desh key adhikaaron parr adharit haye.
anusamarthan.
sandhi koo 1979 mein antim roop diyaa gayaa thaa aur 5 anusamarthan karane vaale raajyon kii aavashyakta kii shart koo puuraa karane key baad, yeh 1984 mein anusamarthan karane vaale pakshon key liye lagu huaa. 18 raajya sandhi key pakshakaar hain, jinamen seey saat ney samjhaute kii pushti kii aur baaki ney sweekaar curr liya. chaar atirikt raajyon ney sandhi parr hastakshar kiye hain lekin isaki pushti naheen kii haye. ell5 society aur anya ney sanyukt raajya dwara sandhi parr hastakshar karane kaa safaltapurvak virodh kiya.
rashtriya vichaar.
sanyukt raajya america mein 29 aur 31 julaai, 1980 koo vigyaan, praudyogiki aur antariksh parr upasamiti, joe vanijya, vigyaan aur parivahan parr senate samiti kaa ack hissa thee, ney chandrama sandhi parr sunavaai kii. aiss. neel hossenball sandhi key samarthakon mein seey ack they, aur unhone sanyukt raajya key bheetar khanan adhikaaron key saath chandrama sandhi kii tulanaa karane kaa prayaas kiya. hossenball samiti koo yeh samajhaane key apane prayaas mein asafal rahey kii sanyukt raajya koo chandrama sandhi kaa anumodan karna chaahiye. ell-5 society key lii ratiner key netritva mein vipaksh ney kahaa kii chandrama sandhi mukt udyam aur niji sampatti adhikaaron key khilaf thee. ratiner ney chandrama sandhi kaa ack sambhaavit samadhan pradaan kiya, aur sujhaav diyaa kii chandrama parr kanuni daave honey chaahiye aur "iss tarah key daavon koo panjikrit karane key liye ack pranali honey chaahiye. vaise, main kshetra key daavon kii baat naheen curr rhaa huun...mujhe naheen lagata kii hamaare liye iss mudde seey nipatna aavashyak haye kii kyaa koee bhoomi parr hii daavaa curr sakata haye, jaba taka kii kissy koo iska upayog karane kaa vishesh adhikaar haye."
antim prayaas aathh saal kii baatchit key baad juuna 2018 mein samaapt huaa, jaba sanyukt rashtra samiti ney baahari antariksh (copus) key shantipurna upayog parr ack uchch-stariya baithak aayojit kii, jisamen baahari antariksh key satat vikas key liye kaanoonon key dhaanche parr aam sahamati banaane kii koshish kii gaee, lekin yeh bhee aisaa karane mein whiffle rhaa jaba yeh aathh varshon kii baatchit key baad huaa. neel hossenball, joe nassa key samanya salaahkaar aur chandrama sandhi key liye mukhya americi vartakar hain, ney nirnay liya kii antarrashtriya shasson key niyamon kii baatchit mein taba taka deree kii jaani chaahiye jaba taka kii chandra sansadhanon key dohan kii vyavaharyata sthaapit naheen hoe jaati.
haalaanki choonki aarthik laabhon key adhikaaron kaa daavaa chandrama parr niji missions mein nivesh sunishchit karane key liye aavashyak honey kaa daavaa kiya jaataa haye, isaliye america mein niji companiyan spasht rashtriya niyaamak sharton aur dishaanirdeshon kii maang curr rahee hain, joe americi sarkaar koo aisaa karane key liye prerit karati hain, jisane baad mein 2015 mein americi vaanijyik antariksh prakshepan pratispardha adhiniyam 2015 koo pesh karke antariksh khanan koo vaidh banaa diyaa.
sansadhanon key alaukik viniyog koo vaidh banaane vaale isi tarah key rashtriya kaanoonon koo abb luxemberg, japan, chean, bhaarat aur roose sahit anya deshon dwara dohraya jaa rhaa haye. jabaki "rashtriya" sandhi spasht roop seey vaanijyik khanan kii anumati detee haye, anya visheshagyon kaa tark haye kii yeye nae rashtriya kaanoon chandrama sandhi aur prathaagat antarrashtriya kaanoon key saath asangat hain.
karyanvayan samjhauta.
daavon aur laabh key liye khanan adhikaaron parr vivaad ney chandrama koo niyantrit karane vaale kaanoonon key aspas kii charcha parr haavi hoe gayaa haye.
halanki visheshagyon ney pushti kii haye kii chandrama sandhi vaanijyik khanan kii anumati detee haye, kyonki yeh antarrashtriya niyaamak shasson key baad nishkarshan kii anumati detee haye, jisake liye chandrama sandhi kahati haye, usey lagu kiya jaataa haye. isaliye yeh nishkarsh nikala jaataa haye kii chandrama sandhi adhuri haye aur isamen ansuljhe muddon, vishesh roop seey sansaadhan nishkarshan key sambandh mein, kaa jawab dene key liye ack "karyanvayan samjhaute" kaa abhaav haye.
kanuni sthiti.
jabaki sandhi antariksh key "kissy bhee hisse" kii samprabhuta key nishedh koo dohrati haye, samjhaute kii vartamaan ashuddhata, jise adhura kahaa jaa rhaa haye, ney vibhinn vyaakhyaaen utpann keen, ise mukhya kaaran key roop mein uddhrit kiya jaa rhaa haye kii adhikansh deshon dwara iss parr hastakshar naheen kiye gaye they. sandhi kaa prastaav haye kii sansadhanon kaa dohan ack antarrashtriya shasson (anuchhed 11.5) dwara shaasit hoga, lekin inn kaanoonon koo sthaapit karane key liye koee sarvasammati naheen haye.
samjhaute kaa varnan binaa kissy phal key kiya gayaa haye aur sambhavatah ack viphalata haye yadi yeh kuchh deshon, vishesh roop seey antariksh mein sakriya logon dwara anumodit rahata haye. swatantra antariksh udaan kshamataon vaale kewal ack desh (bhaarat) ney sandhi parr hastakshar kiye hain (lekin isaki pushti naheen kii haye).
kanuni visheshagyon kii pratidhvani. neel hossenball, joe nassa key samanya salaahkaar aur chandrama sandhi key liye mukhya americi vartakar hain, ney 2018 mein nirnay liya kii iss antarrashtriya shasson key niyamon kii baatchit mein taba taka deree kii jaani chaahiye jaba taka kii chandra sansadhanon key dohan kii vyavaharyata sthaapit naheen hoe jaati haye. antariksh kaanoon aur arthshastra key ack visheshagya ney sankshep mein kahaa kii sandhi koo vishva khanij bajar mein ekadhikar sthiti praapt karane vaali kissy bhee ack company key khilaf paryaapt praavdhaanon kii peshkash karane kii aavashyakta hogi, jabaki "chandrama key samajikkaran" seey bachana hoga."
2020 mein artemis samjhauton parr hastakshar kiye gaye they, jabaki sandhi kaa ullekh naheen kiya gayaa thaa, way phir bhee sandhi koo chunauti dey rahey hain. samjhaute parr hastakshar karane key samay yuu.aiss. rashtrapati donald trump ney atirikt roop seey ack karyakari adesh jaari kiya jise "antariksh sansadhanon kii vasuli aur upayog key liye antarrashtriya samarthan koo protsaahit karna" kahaa jaataa haye."adesh iss baat parr jore detaa haye kii" "sanyukt raajya america baahari antariksh koo 'vaishvik samanya' key roop mein naheen dekhta haye aur chandrama samjhaute koo" "mukt udyam koo baadhit karane kaa ack asafal prayaas kahata haye."
australia dwara chandrama sandhi key saath-saath artemis samjhaute donon parr hastakshar karane aur anusamarthan karane key saath, ack charcha hui haye kii kyaa unakaa samanjasya kiya jaa sakata haye. iss prakaash mein chandrama sandhi key liye ack "karyanvayan samjhaute" kii vakaalat kii gaee haye, joe chandrama sandhi kii kamiyon kii bharpai karane aur ise anya kaanoonon key saath samanjasya sthaapit karane key liye haye, jisase ise adhik vyaapak roop seey sweekaar kiya jaa sakey.

