
1862-1863 kaa herat abhiyaan

1862-1863 kaa herat abhiyaan herat kii riyasat aur afghanistan key amirat key beach ack sangharsh thaa, march 1862 seey, jaba sultan zaan ney muhammadzai ameeron seey farah parr kabja curr liya aur herat kii 10 maheene kii lambi gherabandi key madhyam seey jaari rakhaa, joe 27 maee, 1863 koo samaapt huaa, jaba shahar ameer-aeye-kabir key haathon gir gayaa, iss prakaar afghanistan kaa ekikaran puuraa huaa.
yuddh kii prishthabhoomi aur kaaran.
herat.
barakzai dwara kabul aur kandhar seey sadozai koo nishkaasit kiye jaane key baad, herat 1818 seey ack swatantra raajya thaa. yeh kaafee samay seey barakazaai aur kajaar key beach vivaad kaa vishay rhaa thaa. iran ney herat koo jeetane key darjanon prayaas kiye (1807,1811,1814,1817,1818,1821,1833,1837). antatah 1842 kii shuruat mein, herat key antim shaasak sadozai, kamran shaah koo unake vazeer, yaar mohammad khaan alakozai dwara apadasth aur berahami seey hatyaa curr dee gaee thee. unhone desh kaa vistaar chaahar vilaayat kii or kiya, emac janjaatiyon koo vash mein kiya aur sistan parr vijay praapt kii. 1851 mein, yaar mohammad khaan kii mrityu laash-juvain key khilaf abhiyaan seey vaapas aaney key baad hui. unake nidhan key baarah dinn baad, yaar mohammad khaan key aksham aur kamjor bete, saeed mohammad khaan koo simhaasan parr bithaaya gayaa.
saeed mohammad khaan herat key logon key beach bahut alokpriya they. satta mein baney rahane key liye unhein irani sahaayata parr adhik seey adhik bharosa karna padaa. qandahaar sardaaron ney 1852 mein herat parr hamla karane key liye iska fayda uthaaya.
afghanistan kaa amirat.
1842 mein pahale anglo-afghan yuddh key anta key baad, dost mohammad khaan abb apane raajya kaa naatakiya roop seey vistaar karane kii sthiti mein they. yeh kuchh hudd taka dost mohammad khaan aur angrejon key beach sambandhon mein sudhaar key kaaran thaa. kalkatta mein apane nirvaasan key dauran, unake saath garmajoshi seey vyavhaar kiya gayaa.
unhone angrejon kii takniki shreshthata parr dhyaan diyaa aur unhein vishvaas thaa kii unake saath nirantar yuddh afghanistan koo nuksan pahunchaayenge. isake bajaay, dost mohammad raajya key astitva koo sunishchit karane key liye ekmatra tareeke key roop mein angrejon key saath gathbandhan kii vakaalat karenge. pahale aur dusare anglo-sikh yuddhon key saath afghanistan parr asthir sikh samrajya key kissy bhee khatare koo samaapt karane key saath, dost mohammad khaan abb angrejon kii madad seey apane raajya kaa swatantra roop seey vistaar karane mein saksham they, yeh mahsoos karate hue kii unake aur angrejon key beach kendriya asiai lakshya samaan they.
1843 mein, dost mohammad khaan ney hajrajat (dekho, daaee zangi, daaee kundi) aur bamian koo vash mein curr liya, jisane british aakraman key dauran satta key shoonya koo apane kabje mein leey liya thaa aur swatantra hoe gayaa thaa. 1846 mein, tagaab key kohistani tajikon dwara ack vidroh koo dabaa diyaa gayaa aur dost mohammad usa paaramparik vidrohi kshetra parr apani sthiti koo majboot karane mein saksham they. julaai 1848 mein, unhone balakh koo jeetane key liye ack bull bhejane kaa irada kiya, lekin dusare anglo-sikh yuddh ney ise roque diyaa aur dost mohammad koo ack aur varsh key liye apane kabje mein leey liya. sikhon ney afagaanon koo peshawar saunpane kaa prastaav rakhaa (haalaanki yeh kabhi vaastaviktaa naheen bunny) aur isake parinamswarup, muhammad ney yuddh mein sikhon kii sahaayata key liye muhammad akram khaan key netritva mein 5,000 afagaanon koo bheja. jaba sikhon koo haraaya gayaa aur britishon ney peshawar parr phir seey kabja curr liya, tou kabul mein yeh darr thaa kii british afghanistan parr aakraman karke apani jeet kaa peechha karenge. haalaanki, aisaa kabhi naheen huaa aur isaliye dost mohammad ney 1849 key vasant mein balkh parr aakraman kiya.
british bhagidari.
dost mohammad khaan koo vishvaas thaa kii angrej herat koo bachaane key liye hastakshep naheen karenge.
yuddh kaa maarg.
farah kii herati vijay.
sultan ahmed khaan ney farah parr kabja karane key liye 7,000 paidal senaa aur ghudsavaar senaa aur 5 topein shahanwaz khaan kii kamaan mein bheji. 11 march, 1862 koo, herati senaaon ney ack yuddh mein farah shahar parr vijay praapt kii, jisamen donon pakshon key lagbhag 100 loga maare gaye they. shahanwaz khaan laparwah thaa aur nashe mein dhut hoe gayaa. usaki senaaon ney usa kshetra mein atyachar kiye jahan unhone dost mohammad khaan kii kuchh mahila sambandhon parr hamla kiya. yeh sultan ahmed khaan kii sabse badee bhool thee, kyonki isane dost mohammad khaan koo herat parr aakraman key liye ack casus bellie rakhane kii anumati dee thee. unakaa maanana thaa kii irani sultan ahmed khaan kii farah parr vijay kaa samarthan karate they, jaba vaastav mein unhone kabhi bhee iss tarah key kadam koo manjuri naheen dee.
dost mohammad khaan kaa aakraman.
jaba dost mohammad khaan koo farah parr kabja karane kii khabar millie, tou vaha sultan ahmed khaan key saath yuddh key liye taiyar hoe gayaa. ameer ney jalalabad mein apane sheetkaleen awas koo chhod diyaa aur herat kii or badhane kii yojana shuru kii. unhone 26,000 paidal senaa, 4,000 ghudsavaar senaa, 12 topon aur 4 mortaron vaali ack senaa koo bulaaya. dost mohammad khaan 18 aprail koo kabul seey chaley gaye aur ack agrim dall kaa netritva unake beton shher 'allie khaan, mohammad sharif khaan aur mohammad' ameen khaan ney kiya. 9 juuna koo unaki senaa gereshak shahar mein pahunch gaee. 16 juuna koo unhone helmand nadee paar kii. 29 juuna yaa 6 julaai koo agrim dall ney sultan ahmed khaan key niyukt meer afzal khaan seey farah koo jabt curr liya. dost mohammad khaan, joe ack alag senaa kaa netritva curr rahey they, ney jald hii apane beton key saath senaa koo jodaa. donon ney sabzawar shahar parr ack saath cooch kiya aur shaah navaaz khaan kii senaa koo gher liya. 19 julaai koo, sabzawar koo unaki sanyukt senaa dwara leey liya gayaa.
herat kii gherabandi.
27 julaai koo herat shahar dost mohammad khaan seey ghiraa huaa thaa. kohzad 10 agast detaa haye. herat key loga dost mohammad khaan aur usaki senaa kaa virodh karane key liye dridh they. apane kharaab swaasthya key bavjood, sultan ahmed khaan ney aatmasamarpan karane key liye thodaa bhee jhukaav naheen dikhaaya. 5 dinon key liye muhammadziyon ney herat key chaaron or khaai khodi, aur agale 6 maheenon key liye raat key chhaape, surang banaana, aur "vibhinn vyastataaen" aam baat hogi. sultan ahmed khaan ney shaah, nasir all-deen shaah koo sahaayata key liye likhaa, lekin vaha angrejon key saath 1857 kii sandhi koo todana naheen chaahte they aur incar curr diyaa.
gherabandi key dauran, sultan ahmed khaan ney herat key shiya samudaay key samarthan parr bharosa kiya aur sangharsh key dauran vishesh roop seey farsiwan aur anya shiya sainikon kaa upayog kiya. herat key afagaanon parr jasusi kaa sandeh thaa aur unhein shahar seey nikaalana shuru curr diyaa. janwari 1863 mein sultan ahmed kii patni nawab doktar kii shoke seey mrityu hoe gaee.
27 maee, 1863 koo shahar parr kabja curr liya gayaa. 
isake baad.
muhammadziyon dwara herat key nagrikon parr kiye gaye atyacharon ney unhein, shiya aur sunee, afagaanon key khilaf ekjut karane kaa kaam kiya. 

