
dollar (pratikriyashilta)

ack dollar ack paramanu reactor key liye pratikriyashilta kii ack ikai haye, joe vilambit jatilata aur twarit gambhirta kii sthitiyon key beach key antaral key liye calibrate kii jaati haye. shoonya dollar koo dheemi gambhirta kii seema key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, jiska arth haye ack sthir pratikriya darr. ack dollar koo twarit jatilata kii seema key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, jiska arth haye paramanu bhraman yaa visfot. ack pratishat ack dollar kaa hotaa haye.
arth aur upayog.
pratyek paramanu vikhandan kaee neutron kaa utpaadan kartaa haye jinhen avashoshit kiya jaa sakata haye, reactor seey bachaaya jaa sakata haye, yaa ack shrinkhala pratikriya mein adhik vikhandan kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. jaba pratyek vikhandan seey ack neutron kaa ausat dusare vikhandan kaa kaaran banata haye, tou reactor mushkil seey "mahatvapurna" hotaa haye aur shrinkhala pratikriya ack sthir shakti star parr aage badhati haye.
vikhandan mein utpaadit adhikansh neutron "twarit" hotey hain.ee.lagbhag 10 nanosecond (samay kaa ack "shake") seey bhee cumm samay mein vikhandan utpaadon key saath banaaya gayaa. lekin kuchh vikhandan utpaad atirikt neutron kaa utpaadan karate hain jaba way vikhandan dwara apane nirmaan key kaee minut baad taka kshay hoe jaate hain. yeye vilambit-release neutron, kull kaa kuchh pratishat, sthir paramanu reactor niyantran kii kunji hain. binaa neutron kii deree key, ack reactor mein joe mushkil seey mahatvapurna seey oopar thaa, reactor kii shakti millisecond yaa yahaan taka kii microsecond samay-maan parr teji seey badhegi-vartamaan yaa nikat-bhavishya kii takneek key saath niyantrit karane key liye bahut teji seey. ack vaastavik reactor mein bhee iss tarah kii teji seey shakti vriddhi hoe sakati haye jaba vilambit neutron kii madad key binaa shrinkhala pratikriya bunny rahati haye. yeh twarit jatilata haye, jiska sabse charam udaaharan ack visfotak paramanu hathiyar haye, jahaan kaafee design prayaas jaba taka sambhav hoe taba taka mukhya koo twarit jatilata mein gaharaai seey rakhane mein jaataa haye, jaba taka kii samagri kaa sabse badaa praapya pratishat vikhandit naheen hoe jaataa haye.
paribhasha key anusaar, shoonya dollar kii pratikriyashilta kewal twarit aur vilambit neutron donon kaa upayog karke mahatvapurnata key kinare parr haye. shoonya dollar seey cumm kii pratikriyashilta upa-mahatvapurna haye; shakti star teji seey cumm hoe jaayega aur ack nirantar shrinkhala pratikriya naheen hogi. ack dollar koo vilambit aur twarit sankat key beach kii seema key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. twarit sankat parr, ausatan pratyek vikhandan twarit neutron key madhyam seey thheek ack atirikt vikhandan kaa kaaran banega, aur vilambit neutron taba shakti badhaayenge. $0 seey oopar kii koee bhee pratikriya atee mahatvapurna haye aur shakti teji seey badhegi, lekin $0 aur $1 key beach shakti vriddhi itani dheemi hogi kii yaantrik niyantran chhad key saath aasaani seey aur surakshit roop seey niyantrit kii jaa sakey kyonki shrinkhala pratikriya aanshik roop seey vilambit neutron parr nirbhar karati haye. sthir avastha (sthir shakti) mein kaam karane vaale ack vidyut reactor kii ausat pratikriyashilta $0 hogi, jisamen iss moolya seey oopar aur neeche chhote utaar-chadhaav honge.
pratikriyashilta koo saapeksh shabdon mein bhee vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii "twarit mahatvapurna seey 5 sent adhik".
jabaki bijli reactors koo sabhi paristhitiyon mein twarit gambhirta seey bachane key liye saavdhaanipoorvak design aur sanchaalit kiya jaataa haye, kaee chhote shodh yaa "shoonya shakti" reactors koo jaanboojhkar twaritata (pratikriyashilta> $1) mein rakhaa jaataa haye taaki way apane niyantran chhad koo teji seey vaapas leey sakein. unake eendhan tatvon koo iss tarah seey design kiya gayaa haye kii jaise-jaise way germ hotey hain, pratikriyashilta swachaalit roop seey cumm hoe jaati haye aur doppler vistaar aur thermal vistaar jaise prabhaavon key madhyam seey jaldi seey cumm hoe jaati haye. aise reactors koo bahut uchch shakti star (jaise.jee.kuchh millisecond key liye kaee jee. doubleu.), jisake baad pratikriyashilta swachaalit roop seey $0 aur apekshaakrit cumm aur sthir shakti star (ee.jee. kaee sou kilowatt) koo niyantran chhad koo phir seey dalkar manual roop seey bund honey taka banaae rakhaa jaataa haye.
upa-mahatvapurna reactor, joe abb taka kewal prayogshala paimaane parr banaae gaye hain, ack baahari neutron srot dwara pradaan kiye gaye "laapata" neutron key saath lagaatar "nakaratmak dollar" (sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii kuchh sent [vilambit] mahatvapurna) mein chalate they, ee.jee. twarak-sanchaalit upa-mahatvapurna reactor mein ack kann twarak dwara sanchaalit spellation.
itihas.
alwyn weinberg aur eugene wigner key anusaar, luis slotin ney sabse pahale mushkil seey mahatvapurna aur twarit mahatvapurnata key beach pratikriyashilta key antaral key liye "dollar" naam kaa prastaav rakhaa, aur dollar key dashamlav ansh key liye "sent".