
bhaarat mein sadaken

bhaarat mein sadaken parivahan kaa ack mahatvapurna saadhan hain. bhaarat mein sadakon kaa ack network haye, yeh sanyukt raajya america key baad duniya kaa doosara sabse badaa sadak network haye. prati varg kilometres bhoomi parr sadakon kaa (), bhaarat key sadak network kaa matratmak ghanatva hangkang key barabar haye, aur sanyukt raajya america (), chean (), brazil () aur roose () kii tulanaa mein kaafee adhik haye. apani badee aabaadi key liye samaayojit, bhaarat mein prati 1,000 logon parr lagbhag sadaken hain, joe sanyukt raajya america kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm hain lekin chean kii tulanaa mein adhik hain. bhaarat kaa sadak network apane maal dhulai kaa 71 pratishat seey adhik aur lagbhag 85 pratishat yatri yatayat wahan kartaa haye.
1990 key dashak seey desh key sadak buniyaadi dhaanche key aadhunikikaran key liye badey prayaas kiye jaa rahey hain. 31 march 2020 taka, bhaaratiya sadakon kaa% pakka hoe gayaa thaa. march 2020 taka, bhaarat ney apane kaee pramukh vinirmaan, vaanijyik aur saanskritik kendron koo jodane vaale chaar yaa adhik laine vaale rajmargon koo puuraa curr liya thaa aur unakaa upayog kiya thaa. sadak parivahan aur rajmarg mantralaya key anusaar, march 2021 taka, bhaarat mein lagbhag rashtriya rajmarg aur expressway key saath-saath ack anya raajya rajmarg they. sarkaar kii pahal bharatmala key tahat pramukh pariyojanaon koo lagu kiya jaa rhaa haye. niji builder aur rajmarg sanchaalak bhee pramukh pariyojanaon koo lagu curr rahey hain.
sangathan.
bhaarat key sanghiya sarkaar key roop koo dekhate hue bhaaratiya sadak network koo vibhinn sarkari adhikaariyon dwara prashaasit kiya jaataa haye. nimnalikhit talika sadak key prakaar aur prashaasan pradhikaran key aadhar parr bhaarat key sadak network kii kull lambai koo darshaati haye. 
itihas.
bhaaratiya upmahadweep mein sadak vikas kaa pahala pramaan lagbhag 2800 eesaa poorv mein harrapa aur sindhu ghaati sabhyata key pracheen shaharon mein paaya jaa sakata haye. pracheen aur madhyayugeen bhaarat key shaasak samraton aur raajaon ney shaharon koo jodane key liye sadakon kaa nirmaan jaari rakhaa. maujooda bhavya trunk road kaa nirmaan maurya samrajya dwara kiya gayaa thaa, aur baad mein suur samrajya, mugal samrajya aur british samrajya jaisi sansthaon dwara iska punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa.
1830 key dashak mein, british east india company ney vaanijyik aur prashaasnik donon uddeshyon key liye pakki sadak nirmaan (bajari sadak) kaa ack karyakram shuru kiya. kalkutta seey dilli seey peshawar taka kii bhavya trunk sadak kaa punarnirmaan prati meal £1,000 kii laagat seey kiya gayaa thaa; bombe seey puney, bombe seey aagara aur bombe seey madras taka kii sadakon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa; aur ack lock nirmaan vibhaag aur bhaaratiya praudyogiki sansthaan rudki kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, taaki sthaaniya sarvekshankartaon, engineeron aur paryavekshakon koo prashikshit kiya jaa sakey aur niyukt kiya jaa sakey, taaki kaam kiya jaa sakey, aur sadakon kaa rakharkhaav kiya jaa sakey. iss karyakram key parinamswarup 1850 key dashak taka pakki sadakon kaa nirmaan kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
disambar 1934 mein, bhaarat sarkaar kii bhaaratiya sadak vikas samiti (jayakar samiti) kii sifaarishon parr bhaaratiya sadak congress (aaee. aar. see.) kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. 1943 mein, unhone prati 100 varg kilometres bhoomi parr 16 kimmy sadak ghanatva praapt karane key liye 1963 taka sadak network koo badhaane key liye ack bees varsheeya yojana kaa prastaav rakhaa. 1939 seey petrol kii bikri parr lagaae gaye shulk key madhyam seey nirmaan kaa bhugtan aanshik roop seey kiya jaanaa thaa. yeh nagpur yojana key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. nirmaan lakshya 1950 key dashak key anta mein hassil kiya gayaa thaa. 1956 mein, ack rajmarg adhiniyam paarit kiya gayaa thaa, aur sadak ghanatva koo 32 kimmy prati 100 kimmy taka doguna karane kii mahatvakanksha key saath 1961-1981 avadhi key liye doosari bees varsheeya yojana prastaavit kii gaee thee. iss doosari yojana koo bombe road plan key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa.
1988 mein, bhaaratiya rashtriya rajmarg pradhikaran (aine. aich. aaee.) naamak ack swaayatt ikai kii sthaapana sansad key ack adhiniyam dwara kii gaee thee aur 15 juuna 1989 koo astitva mein aaee thee. iss adhiniyam ney aine. aich. aaee. koo rashtriya rajmargon key madhyam seey bhaarat key sadak network koo vikasit karane, banaae rakhane aur prabandhit karane kaa adhikaar diyaa. haalaanki, 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein bhaarat mein vyaapak aarthik udaarikaran kii shuruat honey taka bahut cumm huaa. 1995 key baad seey, bhaai ney bhaarat mein sadak network vikas kaa teji seey nijikaran kiya haye.
1998 mein, rashtriya rajmarg vikas pariyojana (aine. aich. dee. pee.) tatkalin pradhaanmantri atal bihaari vajpayee dwara shuru kii gaee thee. aine. aich. dee. pee. kii pramukh pariyojana swarnim chaturbhuj haye, joe dilli, mumbai, chennai aur kolkata key chaar pramukh shaharon koo jodane vaale kull chaar seey chhah laine vaale rajmarg hain. pariyojana kii kull laagat, kaafee hudd taka sarkaar key vishesh petroleum utpaad curr rajaswa aur sarkari udhaar dwara vitt poshit haye. janwari 2012 mein, bhaarat ney ghoshana kii kii chaar laine vaalaa jee. kyu. rajmarg network puuraa hoe gayaa haye.
aine. aich. dee. pee. kii ack anya mahatvapurna sadak pariyojana chaar seey chhah laine kaa uttar-dakshin aur poorv-paschim galiyara haye, jisamen desh key chaar charam binduon koo jodane vaale rashtriya rajmarg shamil hain. iss pariyojana kaa uddeshya uttar mein srinagar koo dakshin mein kanyakumari (selam seey kanyakumari taka, koyambatur aur kochchi key madhyam seey) aur poorv mein silchar koo paschim mein porbandar seey jodana haye. 31 octuber 2016 taka, pariyojana kaa 90.99% puuraa hoe chuka thaa, pariyojana kaa 5.47% kaary karyanvayan key tahat haye aur kull lambai kaa 3.52% shesh haye.
maee 2017 taka, aine. aich. dee. pee. key tahat, lagbhag chaar seey chhah laine vaale rajmargon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa haye (jee. kyu. aur aine. aiss./ee-doubleu galiyare sahit), jabaki aine. aich. dee. pee. key tahat kull chaar seey chhah laine vaali sadak banaane kii yojana banaai gaee haye.
rashtriya rajmarg aur avasanrachana vikas nigam limitted (aine. aaee. dee. see. ell.) ack saarvajanik kshetra kaa udyam haye jise bhaarat sarkaar key sadak parivahan aur rajmarg mantralaya dwara varsh 2014 mein poorvottar raajyon, uttarakhand, jammu aur kashmir, laddakh aur andman aur nicobar dweep samooh key takniki chunautipurna aur uchch oonchaai vaale kshetron mein rajmargon key nirmaan key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. rashtriya rajmarg bhaag mein uttar purvi kshetra (sardup-ney) key liye vishesh twarit sadak vikas karyakram koo lagu karane kaa kaary haye. sardup-ney charanon mein lagu kiya jaa rhaa haye.
bharatmala bhaarat sarkaar kii ack kendra praayojit aur vitt poshit sadak aur rajmarg pariyojana haye, joe 2017 mein shuru hui thee, jisamen anumaanit laagat parr nae rajmargon key nirmaan kaa lakshya thaa. bharatmala charan I kii yojana rajmargon (shesh pariyojanaon sahit joe aine. aich. dee. pee. key tahat theen) key nirmaan kii haye, joe anumaanit laagat parr haye. 2021 mein, asia key sabse lambe uchch gati track, rashtriya motor vaahan pareekshan track kaa udghaatan indaur mein kiya gayaa thaa, jiska upayog uchch-anta kaaron aur vaahanon kii anya shreniyon kii adhikatam gati kshamataon koo maapane key liye kiya jaayega.
2010 key dashak seey bhaarat mein sadak nirmaan kii darr mein teji aaee haye. yeh 2018-19 mein ausatan prati dinn aur prati dinn haye. desh kaa lakshya prati dinn rajmargon kaa nirmaan karna haye.
21 julaai, 2021 koo sadak parivahan aur rajmarg (morth) mantri nitin gadkari ney kahaa kii bhaarat ney gunavatta niyantran sunishchit karane key liye uchchatam circuit maandandon aur vinirdeshon key anusaar 24 ghanton mein chaar laine vaali concreet sadak aur kewal 21 ghanton mein ekal laine vaali bitumen sadak key nirmaan kaa vishva record banaaya haye. isake alawa, 2020-21 key dauran harr dinn ausatan rajmargon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa haye.
sadakon key prakaar.
expressway.
expressway uchch gati vaali sadaken hain joe chaar yaa adhik laine kii hoti hain, aur pravesh niyantrit hoti hain jahaan pravesh aur nikas koo ramp key upayog seey niyantrit kiya jaataa haye joe expressway key design mein shamil hotey hain. bhaarat mein adhikansh maujooda expressway toll sadaken hain. 2020 taka expressway bhaarat key sadak network kaa lagbhag hissa hain.
sadak parivahan aur rajmarg mantralaya key tahat sanchaalit bhaaratiya rashtriya expressway pradhikaran (aine. ee. aaee.) expressway key nirmaan aur rakharkhaav kaa prabhaari hoga. bhaarat sarkaar dwara aine. aich. aaee. kaa uddeshya expressway network kaa vistaar karna haye aur maujooda rashtriya rajmargon key alawa 2022 taka atirikt expressway jodane kii yojana haye.
bhaarat kaa pahala 8-laine chauda pahunch-niyantrit expressway, dilli noida direct flyway (dee. aine. dee. flyway), janwari 2001 mein chaalu huaa, joe dilli aur uttar pradesh raajyon mein dilli aur noida koo jodane vaalaa ack expressway haye. mumbai aur puney koo jodane vaalaa mumbai puney expressway, joe 2002 mein maharashtra mein poori tarah seey chaalu huaa, bhaarat kaa pahala 6-laine chauda pahunch-niyantrit toll expressway haye. yamuna expressway ack chhah laine kaa niyantrit-pahunch expressway haye jise 9 agast 2012 koo khola gayaa thaa. 21 navambar 2016 koo, chhah laine kaa agra-lakhanau expressway khola gayaa thaa. 2019 taka nirmanadhin mumbai-nagpur expressway key desh kaa sabse badaa expressway banane kii ummeed haye. chennai-bangalore expressway, chennai-salem expressway, dilli-jaipur expressway, lakhanau-kanpur expressway jaisi kaee expressway pariyojanaaen niyojit/nirmanadhin hain. gangaa expressway koo manjuri mill gaee haye aur 2021 key anta taka isake nirmanadhin honey kii ummeed haye.
rashtriya rajmarg.
rashtriya rajmarg desh bhar key pramukh shaharon koo uchch gunavatta vaale rajmargon seey jodate hain aur unnat shreni kii sadaken hain. rashtriya rajmargon koo aine. aich. key saath naamit kiya jaataa haye, usake baad rajmarg sankhya hoti haye. bhaaratiya rashtriya rajmargon koo rajmarg kii chaudaai key aadhar parr vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. bhaarat mein aprail 2021 taka lagbhag rashtriya rajmarg hain aur 2024 taka 200,000 kilometres taka pahunchane kii ummeed haye jisamen sheersh star key rajmarg aur expressway shamil hain. rashtriya rajmarg bhaarat key kull sadak network kaa 2.7% hissa hain, lekin 2013 taka sadak yatayat kaa lagbhag 40% wahan karate hain. 2016 mein, sarkaar ney rajmarg kii lambai 96,000 seey doguni karke 2,00,000 kimmy karane kaa sankalp liya.
bhaarat mein rashtriya rajmarg pradhikaran (aine. aich. aaee.) aur rashtriya rajmarg aur avasanrachana vikas nigam limitted (aine. aaee. dee. see. ell.) bhaarat mein rashtriya rajmargon key vikas, rakharkhaav aur prabandhan key liye jimmedaar adhikaari hain. aine. aich. dee. pee. rashtriya rajmarg vikas pariyojana key tahat paanch charanon mein vikasatmak gatividhiyon kaa sanchaalan curr rhaa haye. 2018 seey aine. aich. dee. pee. key tahat lambit pariyojanaon koo bharatmala key tahat shamil kiye jaane kii ummeed haye. aine. aich. aaee. rashtriya rajmargon parr anya pariyojanaon koo lagu karane key liye bhee jimmedaar haye, mukhya roop seey bhaarat mein pramukh bandargaahon key liye sadak sampark.
swarnim chaturbhuj aur uttar-dakshin aur poorv-paschim galiyara bhaarat mein chala rahee pramukh rajmarg vikas pariyojanaaen theen.
raajya rajmarg.
raajya rajmarg poore raajya key pramukh shaharon koo jodane vaale rajmarg hain aur yeye shrenibaddh sadaken bhee hain. way padosi raajyon key rashtriya rajmargon yaa raajya rajmargon seey bhee judate hain. raajya rajmargon koo aiss. aich. key saath naamit kiya jaataa haye, usake baad rajmarg sankhya aur raajya code seey pahale. 31 march 2020 taka, raajya rajmargon kii kull lambai thee. 31 march 2020 taka, maharashtra mein sabhi raajyon mein raajya rajmargon kii sabse badee hissedari (22.14%) haye, isake baad karnatak (11.11%), gujaraat (9.76%), rajsthan (8.62%) aur tamilanadu (6.67%) hain.
raajya sarkaaron key paas raajya rajmargon key nirmaan kaa adhikaar aur jimmedaari haye. adhikansh raajya rajmarg raajya lock nirmaan vibhagon dwara vikasit kiye jaate hain. bharatmala karyakram seey swatantra roop seey, raajya sarkaaren 2000 seey kaee raajya rajmarg pariyojanaon koo lagu curr rahee hain. 2010 taka, hamaare liye $1.7 billion kii raajya rajmarg pariyojanaaen poori hoe chuki theen, aur atirikt $11.4 billion kii pariyojanaaen karyanvayan key tahat theen.
jilaa sadaken.
bhaarat mein jilaa sadaken lagbhag hain, jinamen seey kull lambai kaa 14.80% satah parr thaa. jilaa parishadon key paas jilaa sadakon key nirmaan kaa adhikaar aur jimmedaari bhee haye.
graameen sadaken.
graameen sadaken desh key sadak network kaa ack badaa hissa hain, joe march 2020 taka kull sadakon kaa 72.97% banaati hain. usee tarikh taka, kull sadak lambai key liye binaa satah vaali sadakon kaa pratishat 31% thaa.
inn graameen sadakon key vikas key liye, pradhaan mantri graam sadak yojana (pradhaanmantri kii graameen sadak yojana) disambar 2000 mein bhaarat sarkaar dwara alag-thalag graameen bastiyon koo sampark pradaan karane key liye shuru kii gaee thee. iss yojana mein yeh parikalpana kii gaee haye kii inn sadakon kaa nirmaan aur rakharkhaav graam panchayaton dwara kiya jaayega. bhaarat key kuchh hisson mein, sarkaar ney karyakram koo seedhe sthaaniya samajik vyay karyakram key roop mein prabandhit karane kaa prayaas kiya haye.
bhaarat key anya hisson mein, (billed india) naamak ack sahayogi karyakram ney graameen sadak nirmaan pariyojanaon kaa nijikaran kiya haye aur thekedaaron koo tainaat kiya haye. iss prayaas kaa uddeshya bhaarat key graameen aur dooradraj key kshetron koo jodane key liye sabhi mausamon mein ekal-laine damar vaali sadakon kaa nirmaan karna haye. inn pariyojanaon key liye dhana kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa vishva baink aur asiai vikas baink seey aaya haye.
seemavarti sadaken.
seemavarti sadaken hamaare desh kii uttari aur poorvottar seemaon key saath nirmit sadaken hain. inn sadakon kaa nirmaan aur rakharkhaav seema sadak sangathan (brow) dwara kiya jaataa haye jise 1960 mein bhaarat sarkaar dwara sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. bhaai koo rashtra nirmaan, rashtriya ekataa aur desh kii suraksha banaae rakhane mein ack avibhajya ghatak key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye.
bheedbhaad.
bhaarat kii antar-shahar vaahan gati duniya mein sabse cumm haye. ola cab dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan key anusaar, 2017 mein dilli mein ausat yatayat gati thee. anya pramukh shaharon mein, chennai mein ausat yatayat gati thee, mumbai mein thee, kolkata mein thee, hyderabad mein thee, aur bengaluru mein thee.
mautein.
vishva swaasthya sangathan dwara pramukh arthvyavasthaon key liye sadak suraksha aankadon key sankalan mein paaya gayaa kii 2016 mein sadak durghatanaon key kaaran 299,091 logon kii maut key saath bhaarat mein duniya mein sabse adhik sadak durghatanaaen huin. saath hii, prati 100,000 aabaadi mein sabse adhik mautein 22.6 hain. kull mauton mein seey 40 pratishat 2 yaa 3 pahiyon vaale savaar they, 18 pratishat chaalak aur 4-pahiyon vaali kaaron aur halke vaahanon key yatri they, 18 pratishat buss aur bhaari trucks key chaalak aur yatri they, 10 pratishat paidal yatri they, 2 pratishat saikil savaar aur 13 pratishat anya they.