
gayas lucilius

gayas lucilius (180,168 yaa 148 eesaa poorv-103 eesaa poorv) sabse pahale roman vyangyakaar they, jinake lekhan mein seey kewal tukade hii bache hain. ashwarohi varg key ack roman nagrik, unakaa janm campania mein suesa aurunka mein huaa thaa, aur way cypionic circle key sadasya they.
unaki janm tithi kii samasya.
lucilius key janm aur mrityu key liye jerom dwara nirdhaarit tithiyaan 148 eesaa poorv aur 103 eesaa poorv hain. lekin inn taarikhon mein seey pahali tarikh koo unake baare mein darj anya tathyon key saath milan karna asambhav haye, aur jerom dwara dee gaee tarikh ack truti key kaaran honey chaahiye, sahee tarikh lagbhag 180 eesaa poorv haye. unaki bahan lucilia thee, joe roman rajneta sextus pompeous kii maan aur roman triumvir pompe kii daadi theen.
valius paterculus key anusaar, unhone 134 eesaa poorv mein numanshiya kii gherabandi mein sipiyo emilionus key tahat seva kii. horres ney nott kiya kii vaha sipiyo aur lelius (vyangya II) key saath dosti key sabse antarang shabdon parr rahata thaa, aur vaha apane vyangya mein poorv key karnamon aur gunon kaa jashn manaata thaa.
unake vyangya kii una pustakon key tukade joe duniya koo pahali baar diye gaye prateet hotey hain (XXVI-XXIX) spasht roop seey ingit karate hain kii way skipiyo key jivankal mein likhe gaye they. inmein seey kuchh kavi koo hamaare saamane apane mahaan mitra key saath samvaad karane yaa vivadaspad baatchit mein lagey honey key roop mein laate hain. 621 marks, "parkrepa pugnam popili, facta cornelli caine" ("popilius kii ladaai key baare mein chillana, aur cornelius key karnamon koo gaanaa") jisamen 138 eesaa poorv mein marcus popilius lainas kii haar, sipiyo kii baad kii safalata key vipareet haye, likhaa gayaa haye jabaki neumantia parr kabja karane kii khabar abhee bhee taaja thee.
yeh uchchatam star parr asambhav haye kii lucilius ney chaudah varsh kii ayu mein senaa mein seva kii; yeh abhee bhee adhik sambhavana naheen haye kii vaha usa ayu mein sipiyo aur lelius kii parichit antarangata mein bharti hoe sakata thaa. yeh bhee asambhav lagata haye kii pandrah aur unnis kii umr key beach-i.ee. 133 eesaa poorv aur 129 eesaa poorv key beach, sipiyo kii mrityu kaa varsh-vaha poori tarah seey ack naee tarah kii rachana key lekhak key roop mein duniya key saamane aaa sakata thaa, aur joe, bilkul bhee safal honey key liye, vishesh roop seey nirnay aur anubhav kii paripakvata kii maang kartaa haye.
yeh aage kahaa jaa sakata haye kii kshitij key prasiddh shabd ("vyangya", ii. 1, 33), jisamen vaha apane jeevan, charitra aur vichaaron key jeevant chitran koo darshaata haye, jise lucilius ney duniya koo viraasat mein diyaa thaa, "kwo fitt utt omnis votwa puttet discripta tabella vitaa senis", ("jisake dwara boodhe (mahaan) vyakti kaa puuraa jeevan ack votive tablet key roop mein rakhaa jaa sakata haye") jaba taka kii senis koo apane samanya arth mein naheen liya jaataa haye-joe kii yeh naheen hoe sakata haye kii yadi lucilius kii mrityu chhiyalis varsh kii ayu mein hoe gaee.
jeevan aur vyangya.
jerom key anusaar, lucilius ney apane jeevan kaa adhikansh hissa rome mein bitaaya aur naples mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee. vaha ghudsavaar crum seey sambandhit thaa, ack tathya joe horres key notice dwara khud koo "infra lucilly sensor" key roop mein ingit kartaa haye. halanki way swayam kissy bhee mahaan senate parivaar seey sambandhit naheen they, lekin way samaan sharton parr unake saath judane kii sthiti mein they. ack ghudsavaar key roop mein, vaha "usa avadhi key kuchh utkrisht kaviyon mein seey ack they joe nimn janm key naheen they. iss paristhiti ney unake saahityik kaary key saahas, maulikta aur poori tarah seey rashtriya charitra mein yogdan diyaa. yadi vaha annius aur pacuvius kii tarah ardh-gracus hotaa, yaa plots, terrence yaa achaeus kii tarah vinamra mool kaa hotaa, tou vaha shayed hii usa samay usa bhoomika koo punarjeevit karane key liye saahas kartaa, joe navius key liye vinashkari saabit hui thee; naa hii usey apane samay key raajneetik aur samajik jeevan kaa antarang gyaan hotaa joe usey isake chitrakaar key roop mein fitt kartaa. unake munn key jhukaav koo nirdhaarit karane vaali ack aur paristhiti usa samay kaa charitra thaa. roman raajneetik aur samajik vyangya kii utpatti kaa pataa unheen pareshan karane vaali aur avyavasthit taakton seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye joe krantikari pariyojanaon aur gratchie key kaanoon kaa kaaran bunny.
roman saahitya key sarvshreshth yugon mein lucilius kii pratishtha una shabdon seey saabit hoti haye jinamen cicero aur horas unake baare mein baat karate hain. perseus, kishore aur quintillion usa prashansa key liye vachan dete hain jisake saath unhein samrajya kii pahali shatabdi mein maanaa jaataa thaa. apane samay mein unhone joe lokpriyata praapt kii, vaha iss tathya seey pramaanit hoti haye kii unaki mrityu key samay, halanki unhone raajya key kissy bhee karyalaya koo naheen bharaa thaa, unhein saarvajanik antim sanskar kaa sammaan praapt huaa thaa. vishishtata kaa unakaa mukhya daavaa unaki saahityik maulikta haye. unhein kavyatmak vyangya kaa aavishkaarak kahaa jaa sakata haye, kyonki way rookhe kalaatmak mishran parr prabhaav daalane vaale pahale vyakti they, jinhen romanon ney "satura" key naam seey jaanaa thaa, joe vyaktiyon, naitikta, shishtachar, rajneeti, saahitya aadi kii aakramak aur nindaatmak aalochana kaa charitra thaa. jise vyangya shabd taba seey sandarbhit kartaa rhaa haye.
roop mein, lucilius key vyangya ney yoonaniyon koo kuchh bhee naheen diyaa. yeh ack swadeshi naatakiya manoranjan kaa ack vaidh vikas thaa, joe romanon key beach yunani kalaa key roopon kii pahali shuruat seey pahale lokpriya thaa; yeh bhee prateet hotaa haye kii isane kaafee hudd taka parichit patra key roop koo niyojit kiya thaa. lekin unake lekhan kii shally, saar aur bhavna spasht roop seey roop key roop mein maulik thee. aisaa lagata haye kii unhone mahakavya aur dukhad kavita kii paaramparik bhasha kaa upahaas aur parody karke apane kavya jeevan kii shuruat kii thee, aur shikshit purushon key samajik sambhog mein aamtaur parr upayog kii jaane vaali bhasha kaa upayog kiya thaa. yahaan taka kii yunani shabdon, vakyanshon aur uddharanon kaa unakaa lagaatar upayog, jinhen horres dwara samajha jaataa haye, shayed purushon key vaastavik abhyaas seey liya gayaa thaa, jinhone nae vichaaron aur chhaapon koo swatantra abhivyakti dene key liye apani khud kii vaani koo aparyaapt paaya, joe way yunani darshan, bayanbaji aur kavita key saath apane pahale sampark seey praapt hue they.
isake alawa, unhone naa kewal apani ack shally banaai, balki apane lekhan kaa saar yunani kavita seey lene key bajaay, yaa ack doorasth ateet seey, unhone dainik jeevan key parichit mamalon, rajneeti, yuddhon, nyaay key prashaasan, khaane-peene, paisa banaane aur paise kharch karane, ghotalon aur buraaiyon kaa ilaaj kiya, joe doosari shatabdi eesaa poorv kii antim timahi mein rome key saarvajanik aur niji jeevan koo banaate they. yeh unhone ack spasht, swatantra aur sahsi bhavna key saath kiya, jisamen seva karane kii koee niji mahatvakanksha naheen thee, yaa party aage badhane kaa kaaran naheen thee, lekin shaasi nikaay kii anyaay yaa akshamta, madhyam varg key ghatiya uddeshyon aur shahar kii bheed key bhrashtachar aur krurta koo ujagar karane kii imandar ichcha key saath. jiss swar mein unhone apane samay kii buraaiyon aur moorkhtaon kaa ilaaj kiya, usamen kathor tapasya yaa alankaarik akrosh kii koee baat naheen thee.
unake charitra aur swaad perseus yaa kishore kii tulanaa mein bhayaavah key samaan they. lekin vaha ack aisaa vyakti thaa joe bahut buraa naheen thaa, ack achchha nafrat karane vaalaa thaa; aur vaha ack aise samay mein rahata thaa jaba bolane kii atyadhik swatantrata aur saarvajanik aur niji dushmani kii sabse aniyantrit bhog una purushon kii visheshataaen theen jinhone mamalon mein ack pramukh bhaag liya thaa. halanki lucilius ney apane samay key saarvajanik jeevan mein koee sakriya bhaag naheen liya, lekin unhone ise duniya aur samaaj key ack vyakti key saath-saath ack aksharon key vyakti kii bhavna mein maanaa. saarvajanik guna aur niji moolya key unake aadarsh kaa nirmaan purani peedhi key sabse mahaan aur sarvshreshth sainikon aur raajnetaon key saath ghanishth sambandh seey huaa thaa.
lucilius key saahityik avashesh lagbhag gyaarah sou taka faile hue hain, jinamen seey adhikansh asambaddh rekhaaen hain, jinamen seey adhikansh koo vishisht maukhik upayogon key udaaharan key roop mein dair seey vyaakaranvidon dwara sanrakshit kiya gayaa haye. way apane samay key liye ack vishal lekhak honey key saath-saath ack bahut hii viveki lekhak bhee they. unhone apane peechhe vyangya kii tees pustaken chhodi hain, aur yeh maanane kaa kaaran haye kii harr pustak, bhaya aur kishore kii pustakon kii tarah, alag-alag tukadon seey bunny thee. vyaakaranvidon koo jiss crum mein way gyaat they, vaha vaha naheen thaa jisamen way likhe gaye they. rachana key crum mein sabse pahale shayed way they joe xvi seey kramaankit they. xxx taka., joe trokike aur imbic meater mein likhe gaye they jinhen annius aur pacuvius dwara unake "satuare" mein niyojit kiya gayaa thaa.
inmein unhone puraane dukhad aur mahakavya kaviyon parr una aalochanaon koo kiya, jinake baare mein bhaya aur anya pracheen lekhak bolate hain. unamen bhee vaha haal hii mein samaapt hue neumantine yuddh key baare mein baat kartaa haye, aur sipiyo abhee bhee jeevit haye. pustak aaee.doosari or, jisamen 128 mein marane vaale daarshanik carnades koo mrit bataaya gayaa haye, vaha sipiyo kii mrityu key baad likhaa gayaa hoga.
lucilius key adhikansh vyangya hexameters mein likhe gaye they, lekin, jahan taka ack raay kaee asambandhit tukadon seey banaai jaa sakati haye, unhone ack chiknipan, spashtata aur sadgi key saath trokike tetrameter likhaa haye joe unhone hexameter koo sambhaalane mein kabhi praapt naheen kiya thaa. lambe tukade mahaan vivechana aur laparwahi kii chhaap paida karate hain, lekin saath hii kaafee bull kaa prabhaav bhee paida karate hain. apane vibhinn anshon kii rachana mein, vaha dikhaai detaa haye kii usane apane saath hui harr cheej koo sabse adhik ashleel tareeke seey vyavhaar kiya haye, kabhi-kabhi samvaad key roop koo apanaaya haye, kabhi-kabhi ack patra yaa ack kaalpanik pravachan kaa, aur aksar apane naam seey bolaa haye, apani yaatraon aur romanch kaa vivaran detaa haye, yaa manoranjak drishyon kaa vivaran detaa haye joe usane dekhe they, yaa apane niji dhyaan aur anubhavon key parinamon koo vyakt karate hain.
bhayavahata kii tarah unhone kaafee hudd taka vyaktigat upakhyanon aur dantkathaon dwara apane swayam key avlokanon koo chitrit kiya. inn tukadon seey spasht roop seey pataa chalata haye kii kitni baar kshitij ney unakaa anukaran kiya haye, naa kewal abhivyakti mein, balki unake vyangya key roop mein (udaaharan key liye dekhein i. 5 aur II. 2), jiss vishay parr vaha vyavhaar karate hain, aur samajik buraaiyon key varg aur charitra key prakaar joe way vyangya karate hain.
tukadon key sanskaran.
apani upasthiti seey sabse achchha aur maanak sanskaran aur abhee bhee ack sadee baad

