
fitna (shabd)

fitna (yaa, pl. "";: "" pralobhan, mukadama; rajdroh, nagrik kalah, sangharsh ") ack arabi shabd haye jiska vyaapak arth mukadama, peedaa yaa sankat haye. haalaanki yeh mahatvapurna aitihaasik nihitarth vaalaa ack shabd haye, lekin iska vyaapak roop seey antarnihit aitihaasik arthon key binaa aadhunik arabi mein bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye.
shaastriya arabi mein upayog kiye jaane vaale "" key arthon aur aadhunik maanak arabi aur vibhinn bolchal kii boliyon mein upayog kiye jaane vaale "" fitna "" key arthon key beach antar kiya jaa sakata haye. kurran mein "fitna" key vaichaarik mahatva key kaaran, usa kaam mein isake upayog koo shaastriya arabi mein shabd key samanya shaabdik arth key alawa alag seey vichaar karane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
kurran mein isake upayog key alawa, "fitna" kaa upayog 7veen seey 9veen shatabdi esvi taka islami khalifa key bheetar chaar bhaari grih yuddhon key liye kiya jaataa haye.
jarh aur roop.
arabi, hibru jaisi anya semitic bhaashaon key saath aam taur parr, apani shabdawali kii poori shrinkhala kaa gathan karane key liye swar pattern key saath sanyukt mool aksharon kii ack pranali kaa upayog kartaa haye. iss prakaar, kissy bhee shabd key mool aksharon kii pehchaan shabd kii poorna shabdarth seema koo behtar dhang seey samajh sakati haye.
"fitna" kii trikul jarh "faa '-taa'-noon" () haye. stree sangya "fitna", "fitton" key alawa, yeh mool roop, vishesh roop seey, ack roop aaee sakriya kriya "fatana", "yaftinu" (), ack roop aaee nishkriya kriya "futina", "yuftanu" (), ack roop aaee masdar "futun" (), ack roop aaee sakriya pratibhaagi "fatin" (), ack roop aaee nishkriya pratibhaagi "maftoon" (), aur isi tarah aage.
shaabdik arth.
shaastriya arabi.
edward villium laine ney 19veen shatabdi key madhya mein carro mein upalabdh vibhinn paaramparik arabi shabdakosh sroton seey sankalit apane "arabi-angreji shabdakosh" mein bataaya kii "jalaana" kriya kaa "praathamik sanket" haye. taba kriya soney aur chaandi key galane parr lagu honey luggy. iska matlab yeh thaa kii kissy koo aag mein jhonk denaa aur sajaa yaa peedaa kii sthiti mein laana. iss prakaar, ack vyakti kahata haye kii kissy cheez key kaaran "all-fitna" mein pravesh kiya gayaa.ee. mukadama, peedaa aadi., yaa adhik aam taur parr, ack aisee peedaa jisake dwara kuchh achchi yaa buri gunavatta kii pariksha lii jaati haye. laine sangya "fitna" koo ack pareekshan, ack pariveeksha, peedaa, sankat yaa kathinaaee key roop mein darshaati haye, aur kahati haye kii "arabon kii bhasha mein isake arth kaa kull yog" ack aisaa duhkh haye jisake dwara ack vyakti koo parkha jaataa haye, saabit kiya jaataa haye yaa parkha jaataa haye.
laine dwara dee gaee paribhaashaaen kurran key upayog key apane shabdakosh mein badaavi aur haleem dwara sujhaae gaye shabdon seey mell khaati hain. way trikoniya jarh koo nimnalikhit arthon key roop mein chamakaate hainh "soney aur chaandi koo galaakar shuddh karna; jalaana; pareekshan karna, peedit karna (vishesh roop seey kissy key sahanshakti kii pariksha key saadhan key roop mein); ack samudaay kii shaanti koo baadhit karna; pralobhan denaa, bahakaana, aakarshit karna, mohana."
aadhunik maanak arabi.
shaastriya arabi mein paae jaane vaale "fitna" key arth badey paimaane parr aadhunik maanak arabi mein hain, jaisa kii huns vehar key "aadhunik likhit arabi key shabdakosh" mein arthon key usee sett key paath seey pataa chalata haye. isake alawa, vehar sangya "fitna" koo chamkaataa haye jiska arth haye "aakarshan, aakarshan, aakarshan; moh, moh, moh, pralobhan, pralobhan; moh, sazish; rajdroh, danga, kalah, asahamati, nagrik kalah."
buckwalter aind parkinson, arabi key apane aavritti shabdakosh mein, aadhunik maanak arabi aur bolchal kii arabi boliyon seey 3 karod seey adhik shabdon key apane sangrah mein 1,560vein sabse adhik baar istemal honey vaale shabd key roop mein "fitna" sangya koo soochibaddh karate hain. way "fitna" koo chamakaate hain jiska arth haye "aakarshan, aakarshan, moh; ashanti; danga, vidroh."
nakhala chhaapa (kurran mein fitna kaa pahala ullekh).
maanaa jaataa haye kii fitna key baare mein pahali kurran aayat nakhala chhaape key dauran prakat hui thee. pahale badra muthbhed (safwan kii ladaai) seey lautane key baad, muhammad ney abdullah ibn jaahash koo 12 logon key saath ack tathya-khoj abhiyaan parr panjab bheja. abdullah ibn jaahash muhammad key chachere bhaai they. vaha apane saath aboo haudhayafa, abdullah ibn jaahash, ukash ibn mihsan, utabaa bee koo leey gayaa. ghazwan, saad ibn abii vakas, ameer ibn rabia, vakeed ibn abdullah aur khalid ibn all-bukayar.
muhammad ney abdullah ibn jaahash koo ack patra diyaa, lekin jaba taka vaha dou dinon taka yatra naheen curr lete taba taka naheen padhaa jaanaa chaahiye aur phir apane sathiyon parr dabaav daale binaa patra mein joe karane kaa nirdesh diyaa gayaa thaa, usey karna chaahiye. abdullah dou dinon taka aage badhaa, phir usane patra khola; usane usey taba taka aage badhane key liye kahaa jaba taka kii vaha makka aur taif key beach nakhala naheen pahunch jaataa, kuraaiyon kii prateeksha mein lait jaataa, aur yeh dekhane key liye kii way kyaa curr rahey they.
jaba kurayash bhojan taiyar karane mein vyast they, tou musalmaanon ney hamla curr diyaa. usa chhoti see ladaai mein, joe hui, vakeed ibn abdullah ney ack teer seey quraish kafile key netaa amr ibn hadrami koo maar daala. musalmaanon ney dou quraishi janjaati key sadasyon koo pakad liya. nafal ibn abdullah bhaagne mein kamyab rahey. musalman uthman ibn abdullah aur all-hakam ibn casson koo bandee banaa lete they. abdullah ibn jaahash loot key saath aur dou kabja kiye gaye quraishi janjaati key sadasyon key saath madina laut aae. anuyaayiyon ney loot kaa paanchvaan hissa muhammad koo dene kii yojana banaai.
kurran mein ullekh karein.
muhammad ney shuru mein usa adhiniyam koo aswikar curr diyaa aur oonton aur dou kaidiyon key sambandh mein kissy bhee kaarravaai koo pratibandhit maheenon key kaaran nilambit curr diyaa. arab murtipoojakon ney iss avsar kaa fayda uthaate hue musalmaanon parr usa cheez kaa ullanghan karane kaa aarop lagaaya joe divya roop seey alanghaniya haye (arab murtipoojakon key liye pavitra maane jaane vaale maheenon mein ladaai). iss bekaar kii baat ney muhammad key sathiyon key liye ack dardanaak sirdard laaya, jaba taka kii anta mein unhein raahat naheen millie jaba muhammad ney pavitra maheenon mein ladaai key baare mein ack aayat kaa khulasa kiya
ibn kayim key anusaar, unhone kahaa, "adhikansh vidvaanon ney yahaan fitnah shabd koo spasht kiya haye jiska arth haye shirk"."
musalman mufassir ibn kathir kii apani pustak tafsir ibn kathir mein iss aayat parr tippani iss prakaar haih
iska matlab haye kii musalmaanon koo apane dharm seey vaapas lautane key liye majboor karna aur vishvaas karane key baad kufar koo phir seey aatmasaat karna, allah key liye hatyaa seey bhee badatar haye.'allah ney kahaah
kurran mein.
aankade.
badaavi aur haleem ney nott kiya kii trick mool "faa '-taa'-nun" () kurran mein kull 60 baar 6 alag-alag roopon mein hotaa haye. vishesh roop seey, yeh ack sangya key roop mein 34 baar aur vibhinn maukhik roopon mein 26 baar dikhaai detaa haye. kurran key bakhtiyar kii sahamati badaavi aur haleem kii sankhya kii pushti karati haye, halanki bakhtiyar aage sakriya aur nishkriya kriyaon koo kaal dwara bhee alag karke pratyek maukhik roop key roop koo todata haye. nimnalikhit talika vivaran nirdhaarit karati haye; dhyaan dein kii choonki mool kewal ack kriya key roop mein aaee roop mein dikhaai detaa haye, isaliye yeh maanaa jaataa haye.
shabdarth.
jaisa kii oopar ullekh kiya gayaa haye, trick mool "faa '-taa'-noon" (), kurran mein bhee, kaee mahatva rakhta haye. mool key kurran roopon kaa neeche pataa lagaaya gayaa haye (kissy vishesh crum mein naheen).
utpeedan.
"fitna" jaisa kii kaee chhandon mein dikhaai detaa haye joe musalmaanon koo avishvasiyon seey ladane kaa adesh dete hain (vishesh roop seey makka key bahudevaadiyon kaa ullekh karate hue jinhone muhammad aur unake shuruati anuyaayiyon koo sataaya thaa, iss prakaar "hijada" kii or leey gaye). udaaharan key liye, kurran mein, ladane kii aagya iss aadhar parr uchit haye kii "utpeedan (" all-fitnatu ") hatyaa seey bhee badatar haye."isi tarah, kurran mein, musalmaanon koo makka mein pavitra masjid key aspas avishvasiyon seey ladane seey manaa kiya gayaa haye, jaba taka kii avishvasiyon ney pahale hamla naheen kiya, iss mamle mein musalmaanon koo" "taba taka ladanaa haye jaba taka kii koee utpeedan (" "fitanatun" ") naheen hotaa haye aur dharm bhagwan kaa haye."hijra" kaa ullekh kurran mein kiya gayaa haye kyonki makka mein vishvaasiyon koo utpeedan kaa saamana karna padaa thaa. anya udaaharan kurran hain, joe musalmaanon koo sataane vaalon key liye narak kii sajaa kaa vaadaa kartaa haye, aur kurran, joe pradaan kartaa haye kii kissy kii dainik aavashyak prarthana koo chhota kiya jaa sakata haye, yadi, yatra parr, kissy koo darr haye kii aggar koee vyakti poori prarthana koo puuraa karane key liye paryaapt samay taka kissy sthaan parr rahata haye tou avishvasi hamla curr sakate hain.
asahamati/rajdroh.
kurran mein, kurran koo swayam "spasht rahasyodghatan-way pustak kaa saar hain-aur anya (joe) roopak hain" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, aur phir kurran una logon koo chitrit kartaa haye joe asthir hain aur jinka dridh vishvaas naheen haye, way kurran key "roopak" ayaton kii vyakhyaon kii khoj key madhyam seey samudaay mein matbhed chaahte hain. kurran mein matbhed yaa rajdroh seey sambandhit jadon kii ghatnaaon kaa ack samooh hotaa haye, jahan joe loga kahate hain kii way vishvasi hain, lekin khud koo ishwar key kuchh aadeshon kaa paalan karane key liye anichhuk dikhaate hain, unhein samudaay key beach "rajdroh" kii maang key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye.
mukadama.
mool key kaee udaaharan poore kurran mein "pareekshan" key roop mein dikhaai dete hain. jarh kii iss bhavna mein aisee ayaton mein "clesh" yaa "kathinaaee" kaa arth haye, udaaharan key liyeh kurran, jahan moosa koo misra mein ack aadami koo maarne key baad, bhaagne aur kaee varshon taka madhyavasiyon key beach rahane key liye majboor karke "bhaari pareekshan key saath" pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa; aur kurran, jahan kuchh vishvaasiyon koo "ack sankeern maarg parr" bhagwan kii pooja karane key roop mein chihnit kiya gayaa haye, kyonki way taba taka khush hain jaba taka kii unakaa jeevan apekshaakrit surakshit aur aasaan haye, lekin jaise hii way ack pareekshan kaa anubhav karate hain, way bhagwan seey door hoe jaate hain.
haalaanki, anya chhandon mein jarh "pareekshan" kii bhavna koo kewal ack prakaar kii vyakti kii apane vishvaas key prati pratibaddhata kii pariksha key roop mein rakhti haye (yeh aavashyak roop seey yeh soochit kiye binaa kii pareekshan kuchh kharaab honey key parinamswarup hotaa haye, jaisa kii "clesh" key roop mein pareekshan kii bhavna hoe sakati haye). udaaharan key liye, kurran kahata haye, "kuchh hudd taka, aur humm unamen seey kuchh koo dusaron dwara bhee aazamaaen."jeevan mein achchi cheejon key roop mein vyaapak roop seey maanyata praapt cheejen kurran key roop mein parikshanon key roop mein kaam curr sakati hain aur apane dhana aur bachchon koo parikshanon key roop mein varnit karke spasht curr sakati hain. kurran mein kuchh achche dwara pareekshan kii bhavna bhee haye; vahaan, bhagwan key apane "vardan" (yaa "aashirvaad") koo kuchh logon key liye ack pareekshan key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. phir seey, kurran mein, bhagwan una murtipoojakon koo denge joe "sahee raaste parr chalane" kaa nirnay lete hain aur achche kii bahutaayat "dete hain taaki humm unaki pariksha curr sakein, yeh dekhane key liye kii kyaa way bhagwan seey door hoe jaayenge ack baar jaba way unaki kripa praapt curr lenge yaa way vishvaas mein dridh honge.
parameshwar dwara prakat kii gaee cheezon seey bhee pareekshan hoe sakate hain jinhen sweekaar karna kuchh logon key liye mushkil hoe sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, kurran "shaapit vriksh" key rahasyodghatan koo "maanav jaati key liye ack agnipareeksha" key roop mein varnit kartaa haye."iss arth kaa ack aur udaaharan kurran haye, jahan aag kii raksha karane vaale swargadooton kii sankhya koo" una logon key liye ack adchan banaa diyaa gayaa haye joe avishvaas karate hain... aur way jinake dilon mein bimari haye, aur joe incar karate hain, kaha sakate hainh iss upama seey allah kaa kyaa matlab haye?"
pralobhan.
mool mein "pralobhan" kaa arth bhee haye, jaisa kii kurran mein haye, jahan joe apane vishvaas mein pakhandi they, unhein vaapas curr diyaa jaayega aur dridh vishvaasiyon dwara bataaya jaayega, jinase way alag hoe gaye hain, "aap ack dusare koo lubhaate hain, aur sankoch karate hain, aur sandeh karate hain, aur vyarth ichchhaon ney aapako taba taka bahakaaya jaba taka kii allah kaa adesh naheen aaa gayaa; aur dhokhebaaz ney aapako allah key baare mein dhokha diyaa."kurran mein, aaron key baare mein kahaa jaataa haye kii usane israeliyon koo chetavani dee thee, jaba moosa ney unhein chaalees dinon key liye bhagwan seey milane key liye chhod diyaa thaa, kii soney kaa bachhada kewal kuchh aisaa thaa jisase way lubha rahey they (yaa, pickle key anuvaad mein," "bahakaaya gayaa" "). kurran mein, harut aur marut babylone key logon koo chetavani dete hain, "humm kewal ack pralobhan hain, isaliye vishvaas naa karein", halanki chetavani kuchh logon key liye aprabhaavi saabit hui.
aitihaasik upayog.
kurran mein isake upayog key alawa, "fitna" mein "vidroh", "gadbadi", "grihyuddh" kaa praathamik arth thaa, lekin ack grihyuddh joe matbhed paida kartaa haye aur jisamen vishvaasiyon kii aastha kii shuddhata gambhir khatare mein haye."yeh vishesh roop seey aisaa thaa kyonki yeh shabd aaya, pahale fitanaa mein, islami khaleefaa key pahale badey grih yuddh koo sandarbhit karane key liye, joe 656 seey 661 taka chalaa." "muu 'aaa key aagaman koo chihnit karane vaale sanghrshon key kaaran," "fitanaa" "shabd koo baad mein schools yaa sampradayon seey prerit kissy bhee ashanti kii avadhi parr lagu kiya gayaa thaa joe adhikansh vishvaasiyon seey alag hoe gaye they."iss prakaar yeh shabd anya pramukh sanghrshon key vivaran jaise kii doosara fitna (680-92), teesara fitna (744-47), chautha fitna (809-827), aur all-andalus (1009-1031) kaa fitna dikhaai detaa haye.

