france mein vikendrikaran

france mein, vikendrikaran kii neeti 1982 mein francisi sansad key adhiniyamon dwara shuru kii gaee thee jise gaston deffer kaanoon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. nae kaanoonon seey pahale francisi nagar paalikaon aur vibhagon koo 1871 aur 1884 mein paarit kaanoonon key tahat seemit swaayatta praapt thee.
france mein vikendrikaran koo teen shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih sansthaagat, kshetriya aur karyatmak vikendrikaran.
sansthaagat vikendrikaran.
yeh nava nirmit sansthanon koo shakti hastaantarit karane kii prakriya haye aur shakti key vikendrikaran key kaary seey alag haye, joe usee sansthaan key bheetar shakti kaa hastaantaran haye. yeh vikendrikaran samanya prakriti kaa haye aur kshetra seey sambandhit sabhi neetiyon yaa shaktiyon koo prabhaavit kartaa haye yaa saarvajanik neeti aur sarkaar key vishisht kshetron koo lakshit kartaa haye. iss shreni kii ack aur abhivyakti bainke dee france aur anya saarvajanik nikaayon () kaa vikendrikaran haye.
kshetriya vikendrikaran.
vikendrikaran kaa yeh pahalu france mein kshetriya saamuhiktaon koo alag-alag paribhaashit jimmedariyon aur sansadhanon koo dene aur una kshetron key nivaasiyon dwara pratinidhiyon key chunaav key liye pradaan karane key liye taiyar haye. phir seey yeh vikendrikaran seey alag haye, jaba kendra sarkaar kaa uddeshya kendra dwara naamit pratinidhi (prefect) koo kuchh neeti aur shaktiyon koo saunpkar dakshata mein sudhaar karna haye.
10 agast 1871 aur 5 aprail 1884 koo paarit vikendrikaran kaanoonon mein vibhaagiya parishadon aur nagar parishadon koo shaktiyon kaa shreya diyaa gayaa. 1982 key kaanoonon taka vibhaagiya parishadon key paas bahut seemit shaktiyaan theen aur way prabhaavi roop seey vibhagon key sanrakshak key netritva mein they.
1982 mein piyare mauroy kii sarkaar dwara paarit kaanoon ney teen nae tatvon koo pesh kiyaah
7 janwari aur 22 julaai seey dinaankit 1983 key kaanoonon (gaston deferey kaanoon) ney nae nikaayon kii jimmedariyon aur unhein kaise vittaposhit kiya jaayega, koo paribhaashit kiya.
inn kaanoonon ney 1969 mein general dee gaull dwara vikendrikaran (senate aur kshetriyakaran mein sudhaar key liye janmat sangrah) key pahale asafal prayaas kaa anusaran kiya.
2002 aur 2004 mein kshetriya vikendrikaran kaa doosara charan jeane-piyare raifareen dwara shuru kiya gayaa thaa. 2003 mein samvidhaan mein parivartan ney kshetriya saamuhiktaon kii vittiya swaayatta key siddhant koo pesh kiya aur francisi samvidhaan mein kshetra aur vikendrikaran shabdon kii shuruat dekhi. parivartanon ney sthaaniya janmat sangrah aayojit karane aur yachika daayar karane key adhikaar kii sambhavana bhee pesh kii.
samvidhaan mein parivartanon ney sthaaniya sarkaar key teen staron (samudaay, vibhaag aur kshetra) kii vittiya swaayatta aur 2004 aur 2005 mein naee jimmedariyon key kshetron mein hastaantaran koo sthaan diyaa.
karyatmak vikendrikaran.
vikendrikaran kaa yeh pahalu taba hotaa haye jaba kendra yaa sthaaniya sarkaar apani shaktiyon mein seey ack koo seedhe naheen karane kaa nirnay letee haye, balki kissy saarvajanik nikaay yaa kwango koo shakti hastaantarit karane kaa nirnay letee haye.
aise mamle mein nikaay key paas kaary koo puuraa karane key liye ack spasht roop seey paribhaashit kaary aur bajat hotaa haye. udaaharan vishvavidyalaya yaa peris mein rattup parivahan pradhikaran hoe sakate hain.
vittiya swaayatta.
sthaaniya curr aur shulk.
2006 47% (89 arab euro) mein
sthaaniya kharchon mein karon aur shulkon kaa samavesh thaa aur sthaaniya star parr badhaaya gayaa thaa. mukhya pratyaksh curr hainh
mukhya apratyaksh curr iss prakaar hainh
sarkari hastaantaran aur anudan.
2006 mein yeh sthaaniya kharch kaa 33 pratishat (62 arab euro) thaa. anudan mein vikendrikaran key kaaran kendra seey sthaaniya sarkaar koo jimmedariyon key hastaantaran key kaaran sthaaniya adhikaariyon key badhe hue kharch koo shamil kiya gayaa haye.
anudan aur hastaantaran 3 shreniyon mein aatey hainh
sthaaniya adhikaari inn sansadhanon koo kharch karane key liye swatantra hain kyonki way nirnay lete hain, haalaanki inn anudaanon kii badhati laagat key kaaran 1996 mein ack sthirata samjhauta kiya gayaa thaa aur baad mein 1999 mein ack vikas aur ekjutata samjhauta dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
udhaar lena.
france mein sthaaniya sarkaar key liye sansadhanon kaa teesara sabse badaa srot udhaar lena haye. 2006 mein yeh 9 pratishat (17 arab euro) kharch kaa pratinidhitva kartaa thaa aur 1997 seey lagaatar girawat mein haye.
sthaaniya adhikaariyon koo dhana udhaar lene key liye kendra sarkaar seey anumati lene kii aavashyakta naheen haye, lekin udhaar lene seey praapt sabhi sansadhanon koo kewal nivesh (vartamaan kharch naheen) parr kharch kiya jaa sakata haye.
anya sansaadhan.
shesh sthaaniya sarkari sansaadhan (11 pratishat) kiraaye, shulk aur europeeya sanrachanaatmak nidhiyon seey aatey hain.
sthaaniya sarkaar kaa kharch.
1982 aur 2007 key beach sthaaniya sarkaar dwara kull kharch 56 arab euro seey badhkar 168 arab euro hoe gayaa.
vartamaan kharch.
sthaaniya sarkaar dwara kull kharch key 2007 66% mein vartamaan kharchon koo shamil karna thaa, jisamen shamil hainh
nivesh kharch.
2007 mein kull 68 arab euro, isamen shamil hainh

