
josephine spensor

josephine spensor (30 aprail, 1861-28 octuber, 1928) ack americi lekhak, patrakaar aur yuu. tii. aeye. key raajneetik karyakarta they. vaha 19veen shatabdi key anta mein morman grih saahitya andolan mein ack mahatvapurna vyakti theen, jinhone kshetriya aur rashtriya donon prakashanon mein sou seey adhik kavitaon, pachas laghu kathaaon aur paanch dharavahik upanyason koo prakaashit kiya. baad key samay key sant saahityik alochakon ney kahaa. parshal aur michael austin ney unhein "morman patron mein sabse mahatvapurna vyakti kahaa haye jisake baare mein adhikansh logon ney kabhi naheen sunaa haye."
jeevani.
josephine spensor kaa janm 1861 mein salt lake city, utaah mein huaa thaa. unake pitaa, daniel spensor, morman palayan seey pahale nauvu key mahapour they. utaah mein, vaha utaah kshetriya vidhanmandal key sadasya they aur baad key dinon key santon (ell. dee. aiss. church) key yeeshu masih key church key salt lake city stake key adhyaksh they. daniel kii mrityu taba hui jaba josephine saat saal kii thee, aur uska paalan-poshan mukhya roop seey usaki maan, emily shufter ney kiya thaa.
spensor koo 1880 mein deserate vishvavidyalaya seey angreji aur saahitya mein ack pramaan patra praapt huaa. isake turant baad, unhone sthaaniya samachar patron aur saahityik patrikaon mein kavita aur laghu kathaa prakaashit karna shuru curr diyaa. unaki dou kavitaon, "longing" aur "kavita" koo "wassach key geeton aur foolon" key liye chunaa gayaa thaa, joe imelin bee wells dwara sampaadit kavitaon kaa ack sangrah thaa aur jisamen utaah kii sabse prasiddh mahila lekhakon koo dikhaaya gayaa thaa joe 1893 mein shikago mein duniya key kolambiyai pradarshan mein utaah kaa pratinidhitva karati theen.
1890 key dashak mein, spensor ack reporter key roop mein "deserate news" key karmchaariyon mein shamil hoe gaye. vaha 1891 key anta mein yoota mahila press club kii sansthaapak sadasya theen, aur maee 1893 mein, unhein vishva pradarshani mein yoota kii pradarshani parr report karane key liye shikago kii yatra karane key liye saunpa gayaa thaa. vaha antatah "deserate news" key liye samaaj aur saahitya sampaadak bunn gaeen aur ack purnakaalik patrakaar key roop mein kaam karane key liye yuu. tii. aeye. mein mahilaaon mein seey ack bunn gaeen. unhone 1921 yaa 1922 taka iss bhoomika koo jaari rakhaa, jaba unhein ack ghabarahat kaa saamana karna padaa aur way dakshini california chully gaeen, jahan unhone "pasadena starr" key saath apana patrakaarita currier jaari rakhaa. spensor ney kabhi shaadi naheen kii aur naa hii unake bachche they.
saahityik kaary.
morman grih saahitya andolan key adhikansh logon kii tarah, spensor ney apane sahayak sangathanon kaa samarthan karane key liye 19veen shatabdi key anta mein ell. dee. aiss. church dwara sthaapit patrikaon mein apane kaam kaa badaa hissa prakaashit kiya. inn patrikaon mein yogadankarta, kishore prashikshak, yuva mahila kii patrika, raahat samaaj kii patrika aur mahila pratipaadak shamil they. inn sabhi patrikaon mein niyamit roop seey prakaashit honey vaalaa spensor, jinamen seey adhikansh mein harr ank mein kathaa aur kavita shamil thee.
spensor kii adhikansh prakaashit kavita yaa tou yoota aur morman itihas kii ghatnaaon kaa varnan karati haye yaa washech pahaadon kii praakritik sundarta kaa jashn manaati haye. poorv shreni mein "gulon kaa chamatkar" (samudri pulon key baare mein jinhone maanaa jaataa haye kii namak jheel ghaati mein morman kii pahali fasal koo bachaaya), aur "senaa kaa drishtikon" (namak jheel shahar parr johnston kii senaa key march key baare mein) jaisi kavitaaen shamil hain. baad kii shreni mein adhikansh kavitaaen shamil hain joe unhone kshetriya sroton mein prakaashit kii hain, lekin way kavitaaen bhee hain joe unhone rashtriya patrikaon mein prakaashit keen jaise kii "overland masik", jisane 1891 mein unaki kavita "sharad ritu" aur 1899 mein "raat" prakaashit kii.
spensor kii kathaa mein unaki kavita kii tulanaa mein adhik shailiyaan aur adhik sambhaavit darshak shamil they. haalaanki unaki adhikansh laghu kathaaen mormans koo likhi gaee theen, lekin unamen seey bahut cumm vaastav mein morman key baare mein theen. balki, unhone apani kalpana kaa upayog yeh pradarshit karane key liye kiya kii baad key samay key sant kaee alag-alag cheejon key baare mein kaee alag-alag shailiyon mein likh sakate they. unaki pahali prakaashit kahani, "ack poorvaj kaa vanshaj" (1891), british lekhak aich. kii shally mein ack "khoya huaa vishva" saahasik kahani thee. ryder haggard. unhone daravani kahaaniyan, bhoot kii kahaaniyan, dakaiti kii kahaaniyan, paschimi romanch, aitihaasik kathaaen aur aparaadh kathaaen bhee likhin. unaki kaee shuruati kahaaniyan raajneetik prakriti kii theen, aur inmein seey paanch-dou naee kahaaniyon key saath-"yoota seey senator aur wassach kii anya kahaaniyan" khand mein ekatra kii gaeen, joe 1895 mein deserate samachar press dwara prakaashit kii gaee thee. 1890 key dashak key dauran, spensor ney apane mool yoota seey parey laghu kathaa prakaashit kii aur "nashpati patrika", "munsi patrika", "yuvaaon kii saathi", aur "kaali billi" naamak vichitra aur alaukik kii ack praarambhik patrika.
naee shatabdi key anta key baad, spensor ney cumm swatantra kahaaniyan likhin aur isake bajaay dharavahik upanyason parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. 1903 aur 1916 key beach, unhone aise paanch dharavahik prakaashit kiye, sabhi "yuva mahila patrika" mein. 
2020 mein, josephine spensor kii mrityu key lagbhag sou saal baad, aam sahamati seey press ney unake shuruati kaam kaa ack sangrah prakaashit kiya jiska sheershak thaa "josephine spensorh unake sangrahit kaary, khand 1,1887-1899", jise ardis ee dwara sampaadit kiya gayaa thaa. parshal aur michael austin.
raajneetik vichaar.
josephine spensor yoota kii loklubhavan party kii ack sakriya sadasya theen aur 1898 key loklubhavan raajya sammelan mein ack pratinidhi theen, jahan unhein salt lake county auditor key liye party key ummidwar key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa, lekin namankan koo aswikar curr diyaa. unaki praarambhik kathaaon mein seey adhikansh loklubhavan vishayon koo darshaati hain, jaise kii shramik sanghon kaa mahatva ("yuu. tii. aeye. seey senator"), raajya aur samudaay key swaamitva vaali upayogita companiyon kii aavashyakta ("ack nagarpalika sansani", aur coxy kii senaa kaa march ("finley park kii samasya").
aalochak kylie turley kaa tark haye kii "yoota seey senator" morman kii tulanaa mein markswadi key roop mein adhik pahchaanane yogya bhasha kaa upayog kartaa haye. "kahani koo morman grih saahitya kaa label diyaa jaa sakata haye", vaha sujhaav detee hain, kyonki kaee morman kahaaniyon kii tarah isamen bhee spasht upadeshaatmak swar hain; haalaanki, isake upadesh koo morman shabdon mein naheen likhaa gayaa haye. balki, yeh 'samajwadi yathaarthvaad' haye, yaa ack vikasit samajwadi raajya mein samajik chetna vikasit karane key liye saahitya, kalaa aur sangeet kaa upadeshaatmak upayog haye."1898 mein, spensor ney saine francisco mein ack pragatisheel patrika koo pahale prakaashit kavitaon kaa ack sangrah prastut kiya jise" "aaney vaalaa prakaash" "kahaa jaataa haye."disambar, 1898 key ank mein spensor kii kavitaon kaa ack puuraa prasaar prakaashit huaa thaa, saath hii ack naee chaar-pankti vaali kavita jiska sheershak thaa" "kranti" ": behosh aur raat mein ack bachche kaa vilaap
ack laparwah kaana key liye dhyaan dene vaali havaaon parr janm;
phir, ack chaunka dene vaali subah key dhusar rung mein, jangli,
karib-paas laakhon awazon kaa rona.apani baad kii kathaa aur kavita mein, spensor ney adhikansh loklubhavan aur samajwadi rupankanon koo chhod diyaa, lekin unhone talaak, veshyavritti, yaun taskari aur garbhpaat sahit kathin muddon key baare mein likhana jaari rakhaa.
mrityu.
spensor apane shuruati tootane seey kabhi uber naheen paaee, aur 1928 mein, unaki mrityu norwalk, california mein hui, jahan way chhah saal taka raheen theen. ack pratham prishth shraddhanjali mein, deserate samachar ney unhein "kavita aur gadya key sabse pratibhashali lekhakon mein seey ack key roop mein yaad kiya. unaki kaee kavitaaen aur laghu kathaaen ghar aur poorv mein prakaashit hui hain, kaee pramukh prakashakon ney unhein maanyata dee haye."