
macrophage

macrophage (sankshipt roop seey mφ, mφ yaa mp) (, yunani seey "mακρος" (') = badaa, "φαγειν" (') = khaane key liye) janmajaat pratiraksha pranali kii ack prakaar kii shwet rakt koshika haye joe rogjanakon koo gher letee haye aur pachaati haye, jaise kii cancer koshikaaen, sookshmajeev, koshikiya malba aur videshi padaarth, jinamen protein naheen hotey hain joe unaki satah parr swasth shareer koshikaon key liye vishisht hotey hain. iss prakriya koo phagocytosis kahaa jaataa haye, joe sankraman aur chot seey mezban kii raksha karane kaa kaary kartaa haye.
macrophage anivarya roop seey sabhi ootakon mein paae jaate hain, jahan way amyboid andolan dwara sambhaavit rogjanakon key liye gasht karate hain. way poore shareer mein vibhinn roop (vibhinn naamon key saath) lete hain (jaise.jee.hysteocytes, kupfar koshikaaen, vayukoshiya macrophage, microglia aur anya), lekin sabhi mononuclear phagocyte pranali kaa hissa hain. phagocytosis key alawa, way gair-vishisht raksha (janmajaat pratiraksha) mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaate hain aur lymphocytes jaisi anya pratiraksha koshikaon kii bharti karke vishisht raksha tantra (anukuli pratiraksha) shuru karane mein bhee madad karate hain. udaaharan key liye, way tii koshikaon key liye pratijan prastutkarta key roop mein mahatvapurna hain. manushyon mein, nishkriya macrophage gambhir beemariyon kaa kaaran banate hain jaise kii purani granulomatous bimari jisake parinamswarup aksar sankraman hotaa haye.
soojan badhaane aur pratiraksha pranali koo uttejit karane seey parey, macrophage bhee ack mahatvapurna virodhi-soojan bhoomika nibhaate hain aur cytokins key release key madhyam seey pratiraksha pratikriyaon koo cumm curr sakate hain. soojan koo protsaahit karane vaale macrophage koo aim1 macrophage kahaa jaataa haye, jabaki joe soojan koo cumm karate hain aur ootak kii marammat koo protsaahit karate hain unhein aim2 macrophage kahaa jaataa haye. yeh antar unake chayapachaya mein parilakshit hotaa haye; aim1 macrophage mein arginine koo "ghaatak" anu nitric oxide mein chayapachaya karane kii anoothi kshamata hoti haye, jabaki aim2 macrophage mein arginine koo "marammat" anu ornithin mein chayapachaya karane kii anoothi kshamata hoti haye. haalaanki, iss dwibhajan parr haal hii mein sawal uthaaya gayaa haye kyonki aage kii jatilata kii khoj kii gaee haye.
maanav macrophage lagbhag vyaas mein hotey hain aur ootakon mein monocytes key vibhedan seey utpann hotey hain. unhein pravaah cytometry yaa immunohystochemical steining kaa upayog karke unaki vishisht protein abhivyakti jaise kii cd14, cd40, cd11bee, cd64, aff 4/80 (choohe)/mr1 (maanav), lysozyme aim, mack-1/mack-3 aur cd68 dwara pahachaana jaa sakata haye.
macrophage kii khoj pahali baar 1884 mein ack russie prani vigyaani ellie matchnicoff dwara kii gaee thee.
sanrachana.
prakaar.
adhikansh macrophage ranneetik binduon parr tainaat hotey hain jahan sookshmajeev aakraman yaa videshi kanon key sanchay kii sambhavana hoti haye. inn koshikaon koo ack samooh key roop mein mononuclear phagocyte pranali key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur pahale reticuloendothalial pranali key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. pratyek prakaar key macrophage, joe isake sthaan seey nirdhaarit hotey hain, kaa ack vishisht naam hotaa haih
kupfar koshikaon seey sambandhit jaanch baadhit hoti haye kyonki manushyon mein, kupfar koshikaaen kewal biopsy yaa autopsy seey pratiraksha-rasaayanik vishleshan key liye sulabh hoti hain. choohon aur choohon seey, unhein alag karna mushkil haye, aur shuddhikaran key baad, kewal lagbhag 5 million koshikaaen ack choohe seey praapt kii jaa sakati hain.
macrophage una angon key bheetar paracrine karyon koo vyakt curr sakate hain joe usa anga key kaary key liye vishisht hain. udaaharan key liye, vrishan mein, macrophage koo 25-hydroxycholestrol, ack oxysterol koo padosi leadig koshikaon dwara testosterone mein parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye, koo sraavit karke leadig koshikaon key saath baatchit karane mein saksham dikhaaya gayaa haye. isake alawa, vrishan mein ack pratiraksha visheshaadhikaar praapt vatavaran banaane mein vrishan macrophage bhaag leey sakate hain, aur vrishan kii soojan key dauran baanjhapan koo madhyasthata curr sakate hain.
cardiac resident macrophage cardiac myocytes key saath antaral junction sanchaar key madhyam seey vidyut chaalan mein bhaag lete hain.
macrophage koo maulik kaary aur sakriyan key aadhar parr vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. iss samooh key anusaar, shaastriya roop seey sakriya (aim1) macrophage, ghaav-upchaar macrophage (jise vaikalpik roop seey sakriya (aim2) macrophage key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye), aur niyaamak macrophage (aim. reegs) hain.
vikas.
vayask swasth ootakon mein rahane vaale macrophage yaa tou parisanchari monocytes seey praapt hotey hain yaa janm seey pahale sthaapit hotey hain aur phir monocytes seey swatantra roop seey vayask jeevan key dauran banaae rakhe jaate hain. isake vipareet, rogagrast sthalon parr jamaa honey vaale adhikansh macrophage aamtaur parr parisanchari monocytes seey praapt hotey hain. leukocyte extravacetion rakt vaahikaon key endothelium key madhyam seey kshatigrast ootak mein monocyte pravesh kaa varnan kartaa haye kyonki way macrophage bunn jaate hain. monocytes rasayanik padarthon dwara kshatigrast site kii or aakarshit hotey hain, joe kii chemotaxis key madhyam seey hotey hain, joe site parr pahale seey hii macrophage dwara jaari kshatigrast koshikaon, rogjanakon aur cytokine sahit kaee prakaar kii uttejanaon seey utpann hotey hain. vrishan jaise kuchh sthaanon parr, macrophage koo prasaar key madhyam seey anga koo aabaadi mein laane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye. alpakaalik neutrophil key vipareet, macrophage shareer mein kaee maheenon taka lambe samay taka jeevit rahate hain.
kaary.
phagocytosis.
macrophage peshevar phagocytes hain aur marane vaali yaa mrit koshikaon aur cellular malabe koo hataane mein atyadhik visheshagyata rakhate hain. yeh bhoomika purani soojan mein mahatvapurna haye, kyonki soojan key shuruati charanon mein neutrophil kaa prabhutva hotaa haye, joe macrophage dwara grahan kiye jaate hain yadi way umr key aatey hain (iss prakriya key vivaran key liye cd31 dekhein).
neutrophil sabse pahale ack sthaan kii or aakarshit hotey hain, jahan way apana kaary karate hain aur marr jaate hain, isase pahale kii way yaa unake neutrophil extra cellular trap koo macrophage dwara phagocytise kiya jaae. jaba site parr, neutrophil kii pahali lahar, umr badhane kii prakriya key baad aur pahale 48 ghanton key baad, macrophage kii upasthiti koo uttejit karati haye jisake dwara yeye macrophage phir puraane neutrophil koo nigal lenge.
marane vaali koshikaon koo hataane kaa kaam, ack badee seema taka, "nishchit macrophage" dwara kiya jaataa haye, joe fefadon, yakrit, tantrika ootak, huddy, pliha aur sanyoji ootak jaise ranneetik sthaanon parr rahega, rogjanakon jaisi videshi samagri koo nigal legaa aur aavashyakta padane parr atirikt macrophage kii bharti karega.
jaba ack macrophage ack rogjanak koo grahan kartaa haye, tou rogjanak ack phagosome mein funce jaataa haye, joe phir ack lysosome key saath fuse hoe jaataa haye. phagolysosome key bheetar, enzyme aur vishaakt peroxide rogjanak koo pachaate hain. haalaanki, kuchh bacteria, jaise "mycobacterium tuberculosis", paachan key inn tarikon key liye pratirodhi hoe gaye hain. typhoidal "salmonelle" vivo mein mezban macrophage dwara apane swayam key phagocytosis koo prerit kartaa haye, aur lysosomal kriya dwara paachan koo rokta haye, jisase apani pratikriti key liye macrophage kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye aur macrophage apoptosis kaa kaaran banata haye. macrophage 100 seey adhik bacteria koo pachaane mein saksham hotey hain, isase pahale kii way antatah apane paachan yaugikon key kaaran marr jaaen.
janmajaat pratiraksha pratikriya mein bhoomika.
jaba ack rogjanak aakraman kartaa haye, tou ootak nivasi macrophage pratikriya karane vaali pahali koshikaon mein seey hotey hain. ootak nivasi macrophage kii dou mukhya bhoomikaaen phagocytose aaney vaale antigen aur proinflammatory cytokine kaa sraav karna haye joe soojan koo prerit karate hain aur site parr anya pratiraksha koshikaon kii bharti karate hain.
rogjanakon kaa phagocytosis.
macrophage receptor-madhyasth phagocytosis key madhyam seey antigen koo aantarik banaa sakate hain. macrophage mein vibhinn prakaar key pattern pehchaan receptors (pee. aar. aar. aiss.) hotey hain joe rogjanakon seey sookshmajeev-sambandhit aanvik pattern (mamps) koo pehchaan sakate hain. kaee prs, jaise kii toll-jaise receptors (tlrs), scavenger receptors (srs), see-type lectin receptors, anya key beach, phagocytosis key liye rogjanakon koo pahachaante hain. macrophage apratyaksh roop seey opsonin key madhyam seey phagocytosis key liye rogjanakon koo bhee pehchaan sakate hain, joe anu hain joe rogjanakon seey judate hain aur unhein phagocytosis key liye chihnit karate hain. opsonin phagocytosis key dauran macrophage aur rogjanak key beach ack majboot asanjan kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain, isaliye opsonin macrophage kii phagocytic gatividhi koo badhaate hain. poorak protein aur antibody donon antigen seey juda sakate hain aur unhein opsonize curr sakate hain. macrophage mein poorak receptor 1 (see. aar. 1) aur 3 (see. aar. 3) hotey hain joe kramshah rogjanak-baddh poorak protein see. 3. bee. aur aaee. see. 3. bee. koo pahachaante hain, saath hii saath tukade kristaliya γ receptors (aff. see. jee. aar. aiss.) joe pratijan-baddh immunoglobulin jee. (ee. jee. jee.) antibody key tukade kristaliya (aff. see.) kshetra koo pahachaante hain. jaba phagocytosing aur rogjanakon koo pachaane key liye, macrophage ack shwasan visfot seey gujarate hain jahaan pratikriyaasheel oxygen prajaatiyon (aar. oh. aiss.) aur anya roganurodhi anuon key utpaadan key liye aavashyak oorjaa kii aapoorti key liye adhik oxygen kii khapat kii jaati haye joe upbhog kiye gaye rogjanakon koo pachaate hain.
cytokine sraav.
prs dwara mamps kii pehchaan ootak nivasi macrophage koo sakriya curr sakati haye taaki anya pratiraksha koshikaon kii bharti karane vaale proinflammatory cytokins kaa sraav hoe sakey. prs key beach, tlrs sanket pargaman mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhaate hain jisase cytokine utpaadan hotaa haye. tii. ell. aar. key liye mamps kaa bandhan downstream ghatnaaon kii ack shrinkhala koo trigger kartaa haye joe antatah pratilekhan kaarak aine. aff.-key. bee. koo sakriya kartaa haye aur isake parinamswarup kaee proinflammatory cytokine key liye jeane kaa pratilekhan hotaa haye, jisamen aaee. ell.-1β, aaee. ell.-6, tii. aine. aff.-α, aaee. ell.-12bee, aur aaee. aff. aine.-α aur aaee. aff. aine.-β jaise type aaee interferon shamil hain. pranaaleegat roop seey, il-1β, il-6, aur tnf-α bukhaar koo prerit karate hain aur teevra charan pratikriya shuru karate hain jisamen yakrit teevra charan protein kaa sraav kartaa haye. sthaaniya roop seey, il-1β aur tnf-α nasbandi kaa kaaran banate hain, jahaan rakt vahika upkala koshikaon key beach kaa antaral chauda hoe jaataa haye, aur upkala koshikaon parr koshika satah key asanjan anuon kaa niyaman leukocyte extravacetion koo prerit kartaa haye.
neutrophil macrophage dwara bharti kii jaane vaali pahali pratiraksha koshikaon mein seey hain joe atirikt prasaar key madhyam seey rakt seey baahar nikalane aur sankraman sthal parr pahunchane key liye hoti hain. macrophage kaee chemochines kaa sraav karate hain jaise kii cxcl1, cxcl2, aur cxcl8 (il-8) joe neutrophil koo sankraman sthal parr aakarshit karate hain. neutrophil key phagocytosing aur pratiraksha pratikriya key anta mein pratijan koo saaf karane key baad, way apoptosis seey gujarate hain, aur apoptotic malabe koo saaf karane mein madad karane key liye rakt monocytes seey macrophage kii bharti kii jaati haye.
macrophage anya pratiraksha koshikaon jaise monocytes, dendritic koshikaon, praakritik ghaatak koshikaon, besophil, eosynophil aur tii koshikaon koo see. see. ell. 2, see. see. ell. 4, see. see. ell. 5, see. aiks. see. ell. 8, see. aiks. see. ell. 9, see. aiks. see. ell. 10 aur see. aiks. see. ell. 11 jaise chemochine key madhyam seey bharti karate hain. dendritic koshikaon key saath, macrophage praakritik hatyara (aine. key.) koshikaon koo sakriya karane mein madad karate hain. aaee. aff. aine.-jee. macrophage mein adhik aakramak phenotype koo prerit karke janmajaat pratiraksha pratikriya koo badhaata haye, jisase macrophage adhik kushalata seey rogjanakon koo maar sakate hain.
macrophage dwara sraavit kuchh tii cell chemoatractants mein see. see. ell. 5, see. aiks. see. ell. 9, see. aiks. see. ell. 10 aur see. aiks. see. ell. 11 shamil hain.
anukuli pratiraksha mein bhoomika.
cd4 + tii sahayak koshikaon key saath antahkriya.
macrophage peshevar pratijan prastut karane vaali koshikaaen (aeye. pee. see.) hain, jiska arth haye kii way tii sahayak koshikaon key liye apani koshika satah parr pramukh histocompatibility complexes (aim. aich. see.) II anuon parr phagocytosed pratijan seey peptide prastut curr sakate hain. macrophage, saral sahayak koshikaon key praathamik sakriyak naheen hain joe pahale kabhi sakriya naheen hue hain kyonki ootak nivasi macrophage, lymph nodes kii yatra naheen karate hain jahan saral sahayak koshikaaen rahati hain. halanki macrophage lymph nodes jaise maadhyamik lymphoid angon mein bhee paae jaate hain, way tii koshika kshetron mein naheen rahate hain aur saral tii sahayak koshikaon koo sakriya karane mein prabhaavi naheen hotey hain. lymphoid ootakon mein macrophage antigen koo nigalane aur unhein rakt mein pravesh karane seey rokane key saath-saath apoptotic lymphocytes seey malba lene mein adhik shamil hotey hain. isaliye, macrophage jyaadaatar pahale seey sakriya tii sahayak koshikaon key saath baatchit karate hain joe lymph node chhod chuke hain aur sankraman key sthaan parr yaa ootak nivasi smriti tii koshikaon key saath pahunche hain.
macrophage tii sahayak koshika sakriyan key liye aavashyak donon sanketon kii aapoorti karate hainh 1) macrophage antigen peptide-bound mc varg II anu koo sambandhit tii cell receptor (tii. see. aar.) dwara pehchaane jaane key liye prastut karate hain, aur 2) prs dwara rogjanakon kii pehchaan koo-stimulatory anuon see. dee. 80 aur see. dee. 86 (jise bee. 7 key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) koo viniyamit karane key liye macrophage koo prerit karati haye joe saha-uttejak sanket kii aapoorti key liye tii sahayak koshikaon parr see. dee. 28 seey judati haye. yeye antahkriyaaen tii sahayak koshikaon koo poorna prabhaavak kaary praapt karane kii anumati detee hain aur tii sahayak koshikaon koo nirantar uttarjeevita aur vibhedan sanket pradaan karati hain joe unhein tii. see. aar. sanket kii kamee key kaaran apoptosis seey gujarane seey rokti hain. udaaharan key liye, tii koshikaon mein il-2 sanket anty-apoptotic protein bee. see. ell.-2 kii abhivyakti koo niyantrit kartaa haye, lekin il-2 key tii koshika utpaadan aur uchch-aakarshan il-2 receptor il-2aarae donon koo aim. aich. see.-bound antigen kii tii. see. aar. pehchaan seey nirantar sanket kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
sakriyan.
macrophage tii sahayak koshikaon key vibhinn upasamuchchay key saath baatchit key madhyam seey vibhinn sakriyan phenotype praapt curr sakate hain, jaise kii th1 aur th2. haalaanki macrophage sakriyan phenotype kaa ack vyaapak spectrum haye, dou pramukh phenotype hain jinhen aamtaur parr sweekaar kiya jaataa haye. way shaastriya roop seey sakriya macrophage, yaa aim1 macrophage, aur vaikalpik roop seey sakriya macrophage, yaa aim2 macrophage hain. aim1 macrophage proinflammatory hotey hain, jabaki aim2 macrophage jyaadaatar anty-inflammatory hotey hain.
shaastriya.
th1 koshikaaen antahkoshikiya rogjanakon (jaise antahkoshikiya bacteria) key khilaf prakaar 1 pratiraksha pratikriya key hisse key roop mein shaastriya macrophage sakriyan mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati hain joe mezban koshikaon key ander jeevit reh sakate hain aur pratikriti banaa sakate hain, vishesh roop seey way rogjanak joe macrophage dwara phagocyte kiye jaane key baad bhee pratikriti banaate hain. tii. see. aar. key baad th1 koshikaon ney macrophage parr vishisht antigen peptide-bound aim. aich. see. varg II anuon koo pahachaana, th1 koshikaaen 1) aaee. aff. aine.-jee. aim. kaa sraav karati hain aur 2) see. dee. 40 ligand (see. dee. 40. ell.) kii abhivyakti koo niyantrit karati hain, joe macrophage parr see. dee. 40 seey judati haye. yeye 2 sanket macrophage koo sakriya karate hain aur nitric oxide (naheen) aur superoxide (oh2-) jaise roganurodhi anuon key utpaadan mein vriddhi key madhyam seey antahkoshikiya rogjanakon koo maarne kii unaki kshamata koo badhaate hain. 1 koshikaon dwara macrophage kii roganurodhi kshamata kii iss vriddhi koo shaastriya macrophage sakriyan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur sakriya macrophage koo shaastriya roop seey sakriya macrophage, yaa aim 1 macrophage key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. aim1 macrophage bee7 anuon koo niyantrit karate hain aur mhc varg II anuon key madhyam seey pratijan prastuti koo sanket pradaan karate hain joe tii koshika kii madad koo banaae rakhate hain. th1 aur m1 macrophage kaa sakriyan ack sakaratmak pratikriya loop haye, jisamen th1 koshikaon seey IFn-γ macrophage parr cd40 abhivyakti koo viniyamit kartaa haye; macrophage parr cd40 aur t koshikaon parr cd40l key beach kii baatchit macrofage koo il-12 kaa sraav karane key liye sakriya karati haye; aur il-12 th1 koshikaon seey adhik ifn-γ sraav koo badhaava detaa haye. macrophage antigen-bound mhc II aur tii. see. aar. key beach praarambhik sampark dou koshikaon key beach sampark bindu key roop mein kaary kartaa haye jahaan tii koshikaon parr adhikansh aaee. aff. aine.-jee. aim. sraav aur see. dee.-40ell. kendrit hotey hain, isaliye kewal macrophage seedhe tii. aich. 1 koshikaon key saath baatchit karate hain.
aim1 macrophage koo sakriya karane key alawa, tha1 koshikaaen deerghakaalik roop seey sankramit macrophage koo maarne mein madad karane key liye phaas ligand (fasl) aur lymphotoxin beeta (lt-beeta) koo vyakt karati hain joe abb rogjanakon koo naheen maar sakate hain. deerghakaalik roop seey sankramit macrophage kii hatyaa seey rogjanakon koo baahya koshikiya sthaan mein chhod diyaa jaataa haye jise phir anya sakriya macrophage dwara maaraa jaa sakata haye. th1 koshikaaen sankraman sthal parr adhik monocytes, macrophage key agradoot kii bharti karane mein bhee madad karati hain. th1 sraav tnf-α aur lt-α, jisase monocytes key liye rakt vaahikaon koo baandhana aur baahar nikalana aasaan hoe jaataa haye. monocytes key liye ack chemoatractant key roop mein see. see. ell. 2 kaa th1 sraav. il-3 aur jee. aim.-see. aiss. aff. joe kii tii. aich. 1 koshikaon dwara jaari kiye jaate hain, asthi majja mein adhik monocyte utpaadan koo uttejit karate hain.
jaba antahkoshikiya rogjanakon koo samaapt naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii "mycobacterium tuberculosis" key mamle mein, rogjanak granuloma key gathan key madhyam seey nihit hotaa haye, joe sakriya tii koshikaon seey ghire sankramit macrophage kaa ektrikaran haye. sakriya lymphocytes kii seema seey lagey macrophage aksar bahu-naabhikiya vishal koshikaon koo banaane key liye fuse karate hain joe tii. aich. 1 koshikaon key nikat honey key kaaran roganurodhi kshamata mein vriddhi karate hue dikhaai dete hain, lekin samay key saath, kendra mein koshikaaen marane lagati hain aur necrotic ootak kaa nirmaan karati hain.
vaikalpik.
tha2 koshikaaen helminth jaise badey baahya koshikiya rogjanakon key khilaf prakaar 2 pratiraksha pratikriya key hisse key roop mein vaikalpik macrophage sakriyan mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati hain. th2 koshikaaen il-4 aur il-13 kaa sraav karati hain, joe macrophage koo m2 macrophage banane key liye sakriya karati hain, jinhen vaikalpik roop seey sakriya macrophage key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. aim2 macrophage arginez-1 koo vyakt karate hain, ack enzyme joe arginine koo ornithin aur euria mein parivartit kartaa haye. ornithin krimi koo baahar nikaalane key liye masrin maanspeshiyon key sankuchan koo badhaane mein madad kartaa haye aur ootak aur ghaav kii marammat mein bhee bhaag letaa haye. ornithin koo proline key liye aage chayapachaya kiya jaa sakata haye, joe collegen key sanshleshan key liye aavashyak haye. aim2 macrophage bhee il-1 receptor antignist (il-1aarae) aur il-1 receptors kaa utpaadan karke soojan koo cumm curr sakate hain joe downstream soojan sanket (il-1ri) kii or naheen leey jaate hain.
cd8 + cytotoxic tii koshikaon key saath antahkriya.
anukuli pratiraksha sakriyan key ack anya bhaag mein aim. aich. see. varg I anuon parr antigen peptides kii cross prastuti key madhyam seey see. dee. 8 + koo uttejit karna shamil haye. adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii proinflammatory macrophage aim. aich. see. varg I anuon parr antigen kii cross prastuti mein saksham hain, lekin kyaa macrophage cross-prastuti saral yaa smriti cd8 + tii koshika sakriyan mein bhoomika nibhaati haye, yeh abhee bhee spasht naheen haye.
bee koshikaon key saath antahkriya.
macrophage koo cytokins baif aur aprail kaa sraav karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye, joe plasma cell isotype switching key liye mahatvapurna hain. asthi majja mein macrophage agraduton dwara sraavit aprail aur il-6 asthi majja mein jamaa plasma koshikaon key astitva koo banaae rakhane mein madad karate hain.
upaprakaar.
macrophage key kaee sakriya roop hain. macrophage koo sakriya karane key tarikon key ack spectrum key bavjood, dou mukhya samooh hain jinhen aim1 aur aim2 naamit kiya gayaa haye. aim1 macrophageh jaisa kii pahale ullekh kiya gayaa haye (jise pahale shaastriya roop seey sakriya macrophage key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye), aim1 "killer" macrophage lps aur ifn-gaama dwara sakriya kiye jaate hain, aur uchch star key il-12 aur nimn star key il-10 kaa sraav karate hain. aim1 macrophage mein pro-inflammatory, bactericidal aur phagocytic kaary hotey hain. isake vipareet, aim2 "marammat" padnam (jise vaikalpik roop seey sakriya macrophage key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) motey taur parr macrophage koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe ghaav bharane aur ootak marammat jaisi rachanaatmak prakriyaon mein kaary kartaa haye, aur joe il-10 jaise virodhi-soojankaari cytokine kaa utpaadan karke hanikarak pratiraksha pranali sakriyan koo bund curr dete hain. aim2 nivasi ootak macrophage kaa phenotype haye, aur il-4 dwara aur badhaaya jaa sakata haye. aim2 macrophage uchch star key il-10, tgf-beeta aur il-12 key nimn star kaa utpaadan karate hain. tumour seey judey macrophage mukhya roop seey aim2 phenotype key hotey hain, aur sakriya roop seey tumour key vikas koo badhaava dete prateet hotey hain.
macrophage vibhinn prakaar key phenotype mein maujood hain joe ghaav kii paripakvata mein unaki bhoomika seey nirdhaarit hotey hain. phenotype koo mukhya roop seey dou pramukh shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye; aim1 aur aim2. aim1 macrophage soojan key shuruati charanon mein dekhe jaane vaale pramukh phenotype hain aur chaar pramukh madhyasthon dwara sakriya kiye jaate hainh interferon-jee (ifn-jee), tumour necrosis factor (tnf), aur kshati seey judey aanvik pattern (damp). yeye madhyasth anu ack pro-inflammatory pratikriya banaate hain joe badale mein interleukin-6 aur tnf jaise pro-inflammatory cytokine kaa utpaadan karate hain. aim1 macrophage key vipareet, aim2 macrophage interleukin-4 yaa interleukin-13 key jodd key madhyam seey ack virodhi-soojan pratikriya kaa sraav karate hain. way ghaav bharane mein bhee bhoomika nibhaate hain aur punarsanchaalit aur repethalialisation key liye aavashyak hain. m2 macrophage koo unaki bhoomikaon key aadhar parr chaar pramukh prakaron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih m2a, m2b, m2c, aur m2d. aim2 phenotype kaise nirdhaarit kiye jaate hain, yeh abhee bhee charcha key liye haye, lekin adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii unakaa paryaavaran unhein ghaav koo kushalata seey thheek karane key liye sabse upayukt phenotype key saath samaayojit karane kii anumati detaa haye.
samvahani sthirata key liye m2 macrophage kii aavashyakta hoti haye. way samvahani endothelial vikas kaarak-aeye aur tii. jee. aff.-bee. aeye. kaa utpaadan karate hain. teevra ghaavon mein aim1 seey aim2 macrophage mein ack phenotype badalaav hotaa haye, halanki yeh badalaav puraane ghaavon key liye bigada huaa haye. iss apniyaman key parinamswarup aparyaapt aim2 macrophage aur isake sambandhit vikas kaarak hotey hain joe ghaav kii marammat mein sahaayata karate hain. inn vikas karakon/virodhi-soojan cytokins kii kamee aur aim1 macrophage seey pro-soojan cytokins kii adhikta key saath puraane ghaav samay parr thheek naheen hoe paate hain. aam taur parr, neutrophil malabe/rogjanakon koo khaane key baad way apoptosis karate hain aur unhein hataa diyaa jaataa haye. iss bindu parr, soojan kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye aur aim1 koo aim2 (anty-inflammatory) mein badal diyaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, apkraman taba hotaa haye jaba aim1 macrophage aksham hotey hain/phagocytose neutrophil naheen karate hain joe apoptosis seey gujar chuke hotey hain jisase macrophage migration aur soojan mein vriddhi hoti haye.
aim1 aur aim2 macrophage donon atherosclerosis koo badhaava dene mein bhoomika nibhaate hain. aim1 macrophage soojan dwara atherosclerosis koo badhaava dete hain. aim2 macrophage rakt vaahikaon seey collestroll koo hataa sakate hain, lekin jaba collestroll aukseekrit hoe jaataa haye, tou aim2 macrophage atherosclerosis kii atheromatous plaak mein yogdan karane vaali apoptotic phome koshikaaen bunn jaati hain.
maanspeshiyon key punarjanan mein bhoomika.
maanspeshiyon kii marammat, vikas aur punarjanan mein macrophage key mahatva koo samajhane key liye pahala kadam yeh haye kii kshatigrast maanspeshiyon key upayog kii shuruat key saath macrophage kii dou "tarangen" hain-upa-aabaadi joe maanspeshiyon kii marammat parr seedhe prabhaav daalati hain aur naheen daalati hain. praarambhik lahar ack phagocytic aabaadi haye joe badhee hui maanspeshiyon key upayog kii avadhi key dauran aatee haye joe maanspeshiyon kii jhilli key lysis aur jhilli kii soojan kaa kaaran banane key liye paryaapt hoti haye, joe ghayal maanspeshiyon key tantuon kii samagri mein pravesh curr sakati haye aur usey cumm curr sakati haye. yeye praarambhik-aakramankari, phagocytic macrophage maanspeshiyon kii koshika kii chot yaa punah bhaarit honey key kissy roop kii shuruat key baad lagbhag 24 ghante taka apani uchchatam ekagrata taka pahunch jaate hain. 48 ghanton key baad unaki ekagrata teji seey cumm hoe jaati haye. doosara samooh gair-phagocytic prakaar haye joe punaryoji tantuon key paas vitarit hotey hain. yeye dou aur chaar dinon key beach shikhar parr hotey hain aur kaee dinon taka oonche rahate hain jabaki maanspeshiyon key ootak kaa punarnirmaan hoe rhaa hotaa haye. pahali upa-jansankhya kaa maanspeshiyon kii marammat key liye koee seedha laabh naheen haye, jabaki doosara gair-phagocytic samooh kartaa haye.
aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii macrophage ghulansheel padarthon koo chhodate hain joe maanspeshiyon key prasaar, vibhedan, vikas, marammat aur punarjanan koo prabhaavit karate hain, lekin iss samay inn prabhaavon koo madhyasthata karane key liye joe kaarak utpann hotaa haye vaha agyaat haye. yeh gyaat haye kii ootak kii marammat koo badhaava dene mein macrophage kii bhagidari maanspeshiyon key liye vishisht naheen haye; way chot key baad upchaar prakriya key charan key dauran kaee ootakon mein jamaa hoe jaate hain.
ghaav bharane mein bhoomika.
ghaav bharane key liye macrophage aavashyak hain. way chot key baad dusare dinn taka ghaav mein pramukh koshikaon key roop mein bahuroopi paramanu neutrophil koo pratisthaapit karate hain. platelets aur anya koshikaon dwara jaari vikas karakon seey ghaav sthal kii or aakarshit hocker, raktapravaah seey monocytes rakt vahika kii divaaron key madhyam seey kshetra mein pravesh karate hain. ghaav mein monocytes kii sankhya chot lagane key ack seey dedh dinn baad charam parr pahunch jaati haye. ack baar jaba way ghaav sthal mein hotey hain, tou monocytes macrophage mein paripakva hoe jaate hain. pliha mein shareer key aadhe monocytes hotey hain joe ghayal ootakon mein tainaat karane key liye taiyar hotey hain.
macrophage kii mukhya bhoomika bacteria aur kshatigrast ootak koo phagocytise karna haye, aur way protease koo jaari karke kshatigrast ootak koo bhee nasht curr dete hain. macrophage bhee kaee karakon kaa sraav karate hain jaise kii vikas kaarak aur anya cytokins, vishesh roop seey teesare aur chauthe ghaav key baad key dinon key dauran. yeye kaarak upchaar key prasaar charan mein shamil koshikaon koo kshetra mein aakarshit karate hain. macrophage sankuchan charan koo bhee roque sakate hain. macrophage apane aspas kii cumm oxygen samagri dwara uttejit hotey hain taaki angiogenesis koo prerit karane aur gati dene vaale karakon kaa utpaadan kiya jaa sakey aur way una koshikaon koo bhee uttejit karate hain joe ghaav koo phir seey epitalialise karati hain, danedar ootak banaati hain, aur ack nayaa atirikt koshikiya matricks bichhaati hain. inn karakon koo sraavit karke, macrophage ghaav bharane kii prakriya koo agale charan mein dhakelane mein yogdan karate hain.
anga punarjanan mein bhoomika.
vaigyaanikon ney spasht kiya haye kii samagri key malabe koo khaane key saath-saath macrophage salamander mein vishisht anga punarjanan mein shamil hain. unhone paaya kii ack salamender seey macrophage koo hataane key parinamswarup anga punarjanan kii viphalata aur ack nishan pratikriya hui.
iron homeostasis mein bhoomika.
jaisa kii oopar varnit haye, macrophage marti hui yaa mrit koshikaon aur cellular malabe koo hataane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaate hain. erythrocytes kaa jivankal ausatan 120 dinon kaa hotaa haye aur isaliye pliha aur yakrit mein macrophage dwara lagaatar nasht kiya jaa rhaa haye. macrophage macromolecule koo bhee gher lenge, aur isaliye parenteral iron key pharmacokinetics mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaate hain.
haemoglobin seey nikalane vaalaa loha yaa tou aantarik roop seey ferritin mein sangraheet hotaa haye yaa ferroportin key madhyam seey parisancharan mein chhod diyaa jaataa haye. aise mamalon mein jahaan pranaaleegat lohe kaa star badh jaataa haye, yaa jahaan soojan maujood hoti haye, hepsidine kaa star badh jaataa haye joe macrophage ferroportin chainalon parr kaary kartaa haye, jisase macrophage key bheetar loha reh jaataa haye.
varnak punarpraapti mein bhoomika.
melanophage ootak-nivasi macrophage kaa ack upasamuchchay haye joe varnak koo avashoshit karane mein saksham haye, yaa tou jeev key liye mool yaa bahirjaagatik (jaise taitu), baahya koshikiya sthaan seey. dendritic junsional melanocytes key vipareet, joe melanosome koo sanshleshit karate hain aur unake vikas key vibhinn charanon mein hotey hain, melanophage kewal lysosome jaise phagosome mein phagocytosed melanine jamaa karate hain. yeh baar-baar hotaa haye kyonki mrit twachiya macrophage seey varnak koo unake uttaradhikariyon dwara phagocytos kiya jaataa haye, usee sthaan parr taitu koo sanrakshit kiya jaataa haye.
ootak homeostasis mein bhoomika.
pratyek ootak nivasi macrophage kii apani vishesh aabaadi koo aashray detaa haye, joe stroma aur karyatmak ootak key saath parasparik antar-connection kaa manoranjan kartaa haye. yeye nivasi macrophage cecil (gair-pravaasi) hain, joe ootak key shaaririk kaary kaa samarthan karane key liye aavashyak vikas kaarak pradaan karate hain (jaise.jee. aanton mein macrophage-neuronal crosstock), aur sakriya roop seey ootak koo soojan kshati seey bachaa sakata haye.
tantrika-sambandhit macrophage.
tantrika-sambaddh macrophage yaa naim way ootak-nivasi macrophage hain joe tantrikaon seey judey hotey hain. unamen seey kuchh mein 200 microne taka kii lambi aakriti vigyaan key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. 
naidaanik mahatva.
phagocytosis mein unaki bhoomika key kaaran, macrophage pratiraksha pranali key kaee rogon mein shamil hotey hain. udaaharan key liye, way granuloma key gathan mein bhaag lete hain, soojan vaale ghaav joe badee sankhya mein beemariyon key kaaran hoe sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, kuchh vikaar, jyaadaatar durlabh, aprabhaavi phagocytosis aur macrophage kaary kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye.
antahkoshikiya rogjanakon key liye ack mezban key roop mein.
ack phagocytic pratiraksha koshika macrophage key roop mein unaki bhoomika mein rogjanakon koo nasht karane key liye unhein gherne key liye jimmedaar hain. kuchh rogjanak iss prakriya koo baadhit karate hain aur isake bajaay macrophage key ander rahate hain. yeh ack aisaa vatavaran pradaan kartaa haye jisamen rogjanak pratiraksha pranali seey chhipa hotaa haye aur ise doharaane kii anumati detaa haye.
iss prakaar key vyavhaar vaali beemariyon mein tapedik ("mycobacterium tuberculosis" key kaaran) aur leishmaniasis ("leishmania" prajaatiyon key kaaran) shamil hain.
ack antahkoshikiya bacteria key mezban banane kii sambhavana koo cumm karane key liye, macrophage ney nitric oxide aur pratikriyaasheel oxygen madhyavarti key preran jaise raksha tantra vikasit kiye hain, joe sookshmajeevon key liye vishaakt hain. macrophage ney sookshmajeev kii poshak tatvon kii aapoorti koo pratibandhit karane aur autofaggy koo prerit karane kii kshamata bhee vikasit kii haye.
tapedik.
ack baar ack macrophage dwara gher liya gayaa, tapedik kaa kaarak agent, "mycobacterium tuberculosis", koshikiya raksha seey bachaata haye aur koshika kaa upayog doharaane key liye kartaa haye. haal key sakshya bataate hain kii "mycobacterium tuberculosis" key fuffusiya sankraman kii pratikriya mein, paridhiya macrophage aim1 phenotype mein paripakva hoe jaate hain. macrophage aim1 phenotype kii visheshta pro-inflammatory cytokins (il-1β, tnf-α, aur il-6) key sraav mein vriddhi aur sankraman key nivaaran key liye aavashyak glycolytic gatividhiyon mein vriddhi haye.
leishmaniasis.
ack macrophage dwara phagocytosis parr, "leishmania" parjivi khud koo ack phagocytic vacule mein paataa haye. samanya paristhitiyon mein, yeh phagocytic vacule ack lysosome mein vikasit hoga aur isaki samagri putch jaayegi. "leishmania" iss prakriya koo badal detaa haye aur nasht honey seey bachata haye; isake bajaay, way rikt sthaan key ander ack ghar banaate hain.
chikungunya.
jodon mein macrophage kaa sankraman "chikungunya" (chikungunya yaa chikungunya virus key kaaran) key teevra charan key dauran aur usake baad sthaaniya soojan seey judaa hotaa haye.
anya.
adenovirus (gulabi aankh kaa sabse aam kaaran) ack mezban macrophage mein avyakt reh sakata haye, jisamen praarambhik sankraman key maheenon baad viral shading 6-18 jaari reh sakati haye.
"brucella spp."phagosome-lysosome sanlayan key avrodh key madhyam seey macrophage mein avyakt reh sakata haye; brucellosis (aniyamit bukhaar) kaa kaaran banata haye.
"legionella pneumophila", legionaires roga kaa kaarak agent, macrophage key bheetar nivaas sthaapit kartaa haye.
hriday roga.
macrophage atherosclerosis key pragatisheel pattika ghaavon koo banaane mein shamil pramukh koshikaaen hain.
macrophage kii kendriya bharti teevra myocardial inforction kii shuruat key baad hoti haye. yeye macrophage malabe, apoptotic koshikaon koo hataane aur ootak punarjanan key liye taiyar karane key liye kaary karate hain. macrophage hypochelemic choohon mein ischemia-prerit ventricular tachycardia seey bachaate hain.
aich. aaee. vee. sankraman.
maanav pratiraksha kamee virus (aich. aaee. vee.) sankraman mein bhee macrophage ack bhoomika nibhaate hain. tii koshikaon kii tarah, macrophage hiv seey sankramit hoe sakate hain, aur yahaan taka kii poore shareer mein chala rahey virus pratikriti kaa ack jalaashay bunn sakate hain. aich. aaee. vee. jee. pee. 120 seey see. dee. 4 aur dusare jhilli receptor, see. see. aar. 5 (ack chemochine receptor) key bandhan key madhyam seey macrophage mein pravesh curr sakata haye. parisanchari monocytes aur macrophage donon virus key liye ack jalaashay key roop mein kaam karate hain. macrophage cd4 + tii koshikaon kii tulanaa mein hiv-1 dwara sankraman kaa pratirodh karane mein behtar hain, halanki hiv sankraman kii samvedansheelta macrophage upprakaron key beach bhinn hoti haye.
cancer.
macrophage tumour koshika prasaar aur aakraman koo badhaava dekar, tumour angiogenesis koo badhaava dekar aur antitumer pratiraksha koshikaon koo dabaakar tumour key vikas aur pragati mein yogdan curr sakate hain. oxygen kii kamee (hypoxic) aur necrotic tumour koshikaon kii or aakarshit hocker way purani soojan koo badhaava dete hain. soojan yaugik jaise tumour necrosis kaarak (tii. aine. aff.)-macrophage dwara jaari alfa jeane switch paramanu kaarak-kappa bee koo sakriya kartaa haye. aine. aff.-key. bee. taba ack tumour koshika key kendrak mein pravesh kartaa haye aur protein key utpaadan koo chaalu kartaa haye joe apoptosis koo rokta haye aur koshika prasaar aur soojan koo badhaava detaa haye. isake alawa, macrophage kaee pro-angiogenic karakon key liye ack srot key roop mein kaam karate hain jinamen samvahani endothelial kaarak (vee. jee. aff.), tumour necrosis kaarak-alfa (tii. aine. aff.-alfa), macrophage coloney-uttejak kaarak (aim.-see. aiss. aff./see. aiss. aff. 1) aur aaee. ell.-1 aur aaee. ell.-6 shamil hain joe tumour key vikas mein aage yogdan karate hain. macrophage koo kaee tumours mein ghuspaith karate hue dikhaaya gayaa haye. unaki sankhya stun, garbhashay grieva, mootrashay, mastishk aur prostate key cancer sahit kuchh cancers mein kharaab purvanuman key saath sambandhit haye. tumour seey judey macrophage (taim) koo ack aim2 phenotype praapt karane key liye socha jaataa haye, joe tumour key vikas aur pragati mein yogdan detaa haye. kuchh tumour aim-see. aiss. aff./see. aiss. aff. 1, aim. see. pee.-1/see. see. ell. 2 aur angiotensin II sahit karakon kaa utpaadan bhee curr sakate hain, joe tumour mein macrophage key pravardhan aur gatishilata koo trigger karate hain. vibhinn adhyayan models mein shodh seey pataa chalata haye kii macrophage kabhi-kabhi tumour-rodhi kaary praapt curr sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, macrophage mein tumour koshikaon koo seedhe maarne key liye cytotoxic gatividhi hoe sakati haye; tumour koo dabaane key liye tii-koshikaon aur macrophage kaa sahyog bhee mahatvapurna haye. iss sahyog mein naa kewal tii-cell aur macrophage kaa pratyaksh sampark shamil haye, antigen prastuti key saath, balki cytokins key paryaapt sanyojan kaa sraav bhee shamil haye, joe tii-cell antitumer gatividhi koo badhaata haye. haal key adhyayan key nishkarshon seey pataa chalata haye kii tumour-ghuspaith karane vaale macrophage mein aaee. aff. aine.-aeye. abhivyakti koo majboor karke, unaki janmajaat protumoral gatividhi koo kund karna aur tumour microenvironment koo adhik prabhaavi dendritic cell sakriyan aur pratiraksha prabhaav koshika cytotoxicity kii or punah prograam karna sambhav haye. isake alawa, tumour-nikasi lymph nodes mein upa capsular sinus macrophage tumour-vyutpann samagri key prasaar koo rokkar cancer kii pragati koo dabaa sakate hain.
cancer chikitsa.
prayogaatmak adhyayanon seey sanket milata haye kii macrophage sergery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy aur lakshit therapy sahit sabhi chikitsiya taur-tarikon koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain. macrophage upchaar key parinamon koo sakaratmak aur nakaratmak donon tarah seey prabhaavit curr sakate hain. macrophage vibhinn tarikon seey surakshaatmak hoe sakate hainh way inn koshikaon koo maarne vaale upchaaron kaa paalan karate hue mrit tumour koshikaon (phagocytosis naamak prakriya mein) koo hataa sakate hain; way kuchh cancer rodhi davaaon key liye dawa dipo key roop mein kaam curr sakate hain; unhein antitumer pratiraksha koo badhaava dene key liye kuchh upchaaron dwara bhee sakriya kiya jaa sakata haye. macrophage kaee tarikon seey hanikarak bhee hoe sakate hainh udaaharan key liye way vibhinn chemotherapy, radiotherapy aur immunotherapy koo dabaa sakate hain. kyonki macrophage tumour kii pragati koo niyantrit curr sakate hain, inn koshikaon kii sankhya koo cumm karane key liye chikitsiya ranneetiyaan, yaa unake phenotype mein herfer karane key liye, vartamaan mein cancer rogiyon mein pareekshan kiya jaa rhaa haye. haalaanki, macrophage antibody madhyasthata cytotoxicity (aeye. dee. see. see.) mein bhee shamil hain aur iss tantra koo kuchh cancer pratiraksha chikitsa antibody key liye mahatvapurna honey kaa prastaav diyaa gayaa haye.
motapa.
yeh dekhaa gayaa haye kii motape seey grast vasaa ootak key bheetar pro-inflammatory macrophage kii badhati sankhya insulin pratirodh aur madhumeh prakaar 2 sahit motape kii jatilataon mein yogdan detee haye.
isaliye motape seey sambandhit beemariyon key ilaaj key liye vasaa ootak macrophage kii soojan kii sthiti key modulan koo ack sambhaavit chikitsiya lakshya maanaa gayaa haye. halanki edipose ootak macrophage sahanubhutipurna srijan dwara virodhi-soojan homeostatic niyantran key adheen hain, addrub2 jeane nockout choohon kaa upayog karane vaale prayogon seey sanket milata haye kii yeh prabhaav apratyaksh roop seey ediposite kaary key modulan key madhyam seey lagaaya jaataa haye, naa kii pratyaksh beeta-2 adrenergic receptor sakriyan key madhyam seey, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii macrophage kii adrenergic uttejana motape mein edipose ootak soojan yaa kaary koo prabhaavit karane key liye aparyaapt hoe sakati haye.
see. see. aar. 2 kii kamee vaale choohon key vasaa (edipose) ootak key bheetar, eosynophil kii sankhya mein vriddhi hoti haye, adhik vaikalpik macrophage sakriyan hotaa haye, aur type 2 cytokine abhivyakti kii or pravritti hoti haye. isake alawa, iss prabhaav koo atiranjit kiya gayaa thaa jaba choohon koo uchch vasaa vaale aahar seey motapa hoe gayaa thaa. yeh aanshik roop seey vasaa koshikaon (edipocytes) key necrosis dwara prerit macrophage key ack phenotype switch key kaaran hotaa haye. ack motey vyakti mein kuchh edipocytes futt jaate hain aur unaki necrotic mrityu hoe jaati haye, jisase aavaasiya aim2 macrophage aim1 phenotype mein badal jaate hain. yeh motape seey judee nimn-shreni kii pranaaleegat purani soojan sthiti key karanon mein seey ack haye.
aanton key macrophage.
halanki sanrachana mein ootak macrophage key samaan, aanton key macrophage ney apane praakritik vatavaran koo dekhate hue vishisht visheshtaon aur karyon koo vikasit kiya haye, joe paachan tantra mein haye. macrophage aur aanton key macrophage mein uchch plasticity hoti haye jisase unake phenotype koo unake vatavaran dwara badala jaataa haye. macrophage kii tarah, aanton key macrophage alag-alag monocytes hotey hain, halanki aanton key macrophage koo aanton mein microbiome key saath saha-astitva mein rehna padata haye. yeh ack chunauti haye kyonki aant mein paae jaane vaale bacteria koo "swayam" key roop mein pahachaana naheen jaataa haye aur macrophage dwara phagocytosis key liye sambhaavit lakshya hoe sakate hain.
aant key bacteria key vinash koo rokane key liye, aanton key macrophage ney anya macrophage kii tulanaa mein pramukh antar vikasit kiye hain. mukhya roop seey, aanton key macrophage soojan pratikriyaon koo prerit naheen karate hain. jabaki ootak macrophage vibhinn soojan cytokines koo chhodate hain, jaise kii ill-1, ill-6 aur tnf-α, aanton key macrophage soojan cytokine kaa utpaadan yaa sraav naheen karate hain. yeh parivartan seedhe aanton key macrophage vatavaran key kaaran hotaa haye. aspas kii aanton kii upkala koshikaaen tii. jee. aff.-bee. aeye. chhodati hain, joe proinflammatory macrophage seey gair-inflammatory macrophage mein parivartan koo prerit karati hain.
bhale hii soojan pratikriya aanton key macrophage mein cumm viniyamit haye, phir bhee phagocytosis kiya jaataa haye. phagocytosis dakshata mein koee kamee naheen haye kyonki aanton key macrophage bacteria koo prabhaavi dhang seey phagocytise karane mein saksham hain. typhimurium "aur" ee. kolai, "lekin aanton key macrophage abhee bhee phagocytosis key baad bhee cytokins naheen chhodate hain. isake alawa, aanton key macrophage lipopolysaccharide (lps), iga, yaa igg receptors koo vyakt naheen karate hain. aant key liye ell. pee. aiss. receptors kii kamee mahatvapurna haye kyonki aanton key macrophage aanton key sookshmajeev key sookshmajeev-sambandhit aanvik pattern (mamps/pamps) kaa pataa naheen lagaate hain. naa hii way il-2 aur il-3 vriddhi kaarak receptors koo vyakt karate hain.
roga mein bhoomika.
aanton key macrophage koo soojan aantr roga (aaee. bee. dee.) mein bhoomika nibhaane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye, jaise kii krohan roga (see. dee.) aur ulcerative colietis (yuu. see.). ack swasth aant mein, aanton key macrophage aant mein soojan pratikriya koo seemit karate hain, lekin ack roga-avastha mein, aanton key macrophage kii sankhya aur vividhata badal jaati haye. isase aant mein soojan aur aaee. bee. dee. key roga key lakshan dikhaai dete hain. aanton key macrophage aant key homeostasis koo banaae rakhane mein mahatvapurna hain. soojan yaa rogjanak kii upasthiti iss homeostasis koo badal detee haye, aur saath hii aanton key macrophage koo badal detee haye. nae monocytes kii bharti yaa pahale seey maujood aanton key macrophage mein parivartan dwara aanton key macrophage mein parivartan key liye abhee taka ack nirdhaarit tantra naheen haye.
isake alawa, ack nae adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii macrophage sepsis key parinamon mein sudhaar karate hue, baahya koshikiya putikaon koo jaari karke bacteria taka lohe kii pahunch koo seemit karate hain.
itihas.
macrophage kii khoj pahali baar 19veen shatabdi key anta mein ellie matchnicoff dwara kii gaee thee.