
kiaa

kayaya "kaiab" jeane samooh mein ack jeane haye joe jeevaanu circadian lay key viniyaman mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye, jaise kii sinobacterium "cinecococcus longates" mein. inn bacteria key liye, kaaya abhivyakti kaa viniyaman circadian lay key liye mahatvapurna haye, joe chaubis ghante kii javic lay koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye. isake alawa, cab aur cack key sambandh mein ack nakaratmak pratikriya loop key saath kaiya kaary kartaa haye. kiaa jeane kiaa protein banaata haye joe cack key phosphorylation koo badhaata haye jabaki cab kiaa kii gatividhi koo rokta haye.
itihas.
khoj.
jeevon kii vividhata mein circadian lay kii khoj kii gaee haye. yeye lay vibhinn prakaar kii shaaririk gatividhiyon koo niyantrit karati hain aur jeevon koo paryavaraniya sthitiyon key anukool honey mein madad karati hain. sinobacteria sabse adim jeev hain joe ack circadian dolan pradarshit karate hain. sinobacteria ghadiyon kii sthaapana pahali baar neele harey shaiwal mein kii gaee thee, jisamen sabse puraane gyaat jeevaashm lagbhag 3.5 arab varsh puraane they. susan golden, carle aich. johnson aur takao kondo way vyakti they jinhone paaya kii nyuntam sinobacteria ghadee mein 3 protein hotey hainh kiaa, cab aur cack. (notah japani mein kaaee kaa arth haye chakr.)
kondo dwara kiye gaye prayog mein leuciferes jeane koo jodana aur utparivartan karna shamil thaa. yeh sambhaavit jeane kii pahali pehchaan thee joe sinobacteria key bheetar ack javic ghadee kaa punargathan curr sakati thee, jisamen seey kiaa shamil thaa.
sinobacteria pahale procariotes they jinake baare mein bataaya gayaa thaa kii way ack circadian ghadee rakhate hain. sinobacteria key anukoolan key liye, circadian ghadee jeane mahatvapurna mahatva key roopon koo pradarshit karate hain kyonki way nitrogen sthirikaran, koshika vibhajan aur prakaash sanshleshan key viniyaman jaisi maulik bhautik prakriyaon koo niyantrit karate hain. 
praarambhik kiaa shodh 1998 key shodh lekh mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, "sinobacteria mein ack circadian pratikriya prakriya key roop mein ack jeane samooh kayabk kii abhivyakti", jahaan yeh jeane samooh aur kaay key karyon kaa vivaran detaa haye kii yeh kaaee see abhivyakti koo badhaakar dolan koo banaae rakhta haye. ghadee niyantrit jeane abhivyakti parr ack reporter key roop mein bacteria leuciferes kaa upayog karke "cinecococcus" mein ghadee utparivartan kaa adhyayan karate samay kiaa kii khoj kii gaee thee. yeh pahala udaaharan thaa jahan vaigyaanikon ney pahali baar kiya aur kayabk jeane samooh key liye ack tantra aur ack namkaran pranali kaa prastaav rakhaa thaa.
ullekhaniya shodh.
shodhkartaon masato nakajima, keiko imai, hiroshi ito, teko nishivaaki, yoriko murayama, haddo iwasaki, tokitaka oyama aur takao kondo ney prayog kiya "sinobacterial cack phosphorylation inn vitro key circadian ausilation kaa punargathan" kiya aur unhein kewal aeye. tii. pee., aim. jee. see. ell. 2 aur buffer key saath tube mein daal diyaa. unhone radiodharmi aeye. tii. pee. aur cack key phosphorylated roop kaa upayog kiya joe unfosforilated cack kii tulanaa mein thodaa tej chalata haye. unhone kike key swatah-apghataniyakaran mein chaubis ghante kii lay dekhi. pranali koo tapman kii bharpai bhee kii jaati haye aur yeh ullekhaniya thaa kyonki unhein chaubis ghante kii lay key liye kewal teen protein kii aavashyakta thee, jisamen kiaa bhee shamil thaa.
shodh patra mein prakaashit, "vibhinn roop seey samvedansheel utprerak kshetron seey majboot aur tunable circadian lay", coney fong, joseph aiss dwara kiya gayaa. markson, chrystal aim. wilhoit aur michael jey. jung, kiaa aur kaeek key ganitiya sambandh koo darshaata haye jahan kiaa kaeek key phosphorylation koo uttejit kartaa haye. isake alawa, cab sequester kaiya, joe cack defosphorylation koo badhaava detaa haye.
isake alawa, "sinobacterial ghadee protein cack, kiaa aur cab key circadian phosphorylation lay key inn vitro viniyaman", kiaa aur anya kaaee protein key antahkoshikiya staron kii pratikriya mein circadian lay key saath cellular circadian ghadee key pravesh tantra koo darshaata haye. cab aur cack key liye kaiya anupaat ack circadian lay koo vyakt kartaa haye aur kaiya anupaat key aadhar parr cack key phosphorylation kaa margadarshan kartaa haye joe vibhinn prakaash kii andheri sthitiyon mein pravesh curr sakata haye.
vikaasvaadi itihas.
sinobacteria prithvi parr sabse puraane jeevon mein seey ack they aur paaristhitikiya plasticity aur anukulansheelta key sambandh mein sabse safal they.
dwornick ney kaaee jeane kaa phylogenetic vishleshan kiya aur paaya kii kaaee jeane kaa alag-alag vikaasvaadi itihas haye-pratikriya loop joe kiaa lagbhag 1,000 maay mein vikasit huaa haye. kiaa jeane kii nyuntam matra unake vikas kii poorna tithi koo pratibandhit karati haye. choonki way kewal kuchh uchch sinobacteria mein paae jaate hain, isaliye vikaasvaadi roop seey cab aur cack kii tulanaa mein kaiya jeane sabse cumm umr key hotey hain. syncococcus sp. pee. see. see. 7942 mein kiya haye jabaki "pee.marinus "naheen kartaa haye, bhale hii way nikatata seey sambandhit ekkoshikiya jeev hain, joe aage kiaa jeane key vikaasvaadi yuvaaon kaa pradarshan karate hain. kaiya jeane "prochlorococcus" kii tulanaa mein chhote vansh mein cack upa-vriksh kii prajaati key genome mein bhee paae jaate hain. iss prakaar kaiya jeane sambhavatah "cinecococcus" aur "prochlorococcus" key vikhandan key baad aae, lagbhag 1,051 ± 1,16.9 aur 944 ± 92.9 maay.
kaiya jeane kewal sinobacteria mein sthit hotey hain jinaki lambai philamentus sinobacteria (anabena aur nasika) seey laker ekkoshikiya sinobacteria (cinecoccus aur sinecocyte) taka hoti haye, joe 852-900 bp lambe hotey hain. kaaee jeane mein sabse cumm sanrakshit kiya jeane hain. kaiya aur cab jeane key chhote samroopata apane lambe sanskaranon key kewal 1 khand seey 3 'terminus key karib mell khaate hain, cack jeane key vipareet. iska tatparya haye kii kayya aur cab sambhavatah dohrao key madhyam seey vikasit naheen hue they. vishesh roop seey, kiaa jeane mein kewal ack prati thee.
aanuvanshiki aur protein sanrachana.
kiaa saankhyikih 
284 amino acid;
32. 6 key. dee. kaa aanvik dravyamaan;
4.69 kaa summ-vidyut bindu.
kaaee protein kissy bhee eukariotic ghadee protein key samaan anukram saajha naheen karate hain, bhale hii maulik prakriyaaen eukariotic jeevon (jaise kii prakaash reset charan, tapman kshatipurti, vigyaapan mukt chalane kii avadhi) seey milati-julati houn. 
kaaee jeane lagbhag sabhi sinobacteria mein paae jaate hain. williams ney paaya kii annotated sinobacterial genome mein seey 6 mein 2 sannihit orph they joe homology koo banaae rakhate they. cab aur cack jeane koo lamba kartaa haye. inn anukram sanghon mein seey kewal chaar kiaa jeane alag kiye jaa sakate hain, iss prakaar yeh kaaee jeane kaa sabse adhik vividh anukram haye. 
synchosistis" sp. pee. see. see. 6803 genome mein kewal ack kiaa jeane hotaa haye, jabaki kaee cab aur cack mein paae jaate hain. cab aur cack homolog anya ubacteria aur archia mein paae jaa sakate hain, lekin kaiya kewal sinobacteria (vartamaan mein 24 ghante key javic dolan key saath ekmatra procariotes) mein paaya jaataa haye.
kiya teen karyatmak kshetrah
1) aine-terminal domen (ayam-pravardhak)
2) kendriya avadhi-samaayojan kshetra
3) see-terminal ghadee-ausilator domen
see-terminal domen diamer gathan mein sahaayata kartaa haye, iss prakaar kiaa koo cack seey baandhane kii anumati detaa haye. yeh cack phosphorylation koo aur badhaata haye. (neeche kaary dekhein)
kiaa key avtal bhaag key kendra mein sthit avashesh uska 270 haye, joe kiaa kaary key liye aavashyak haye.
utparivartan.
19 utparivarti (ekal amino pratisthaapan) key 3 utparivartan hain joe samooh key pratyaksh anukraman seey paae jaate hain. iss prakaar, samooh key saath-saath kaaee protein mein "cinecococcus" kii circadian ghadee key liye aavashyak kaary hotey hain.
aaee. pee. tii. jee. dwara prerit kiya gayaa kaya kii atee-abhivyakti ataalata kii or leey gaee, yeh darshaati haye kii layabaddhata key liye kaya key saath-saath anya jeane kii abhivyakti kii aavashyakta hoti haye. 
kiaa key utparivartan seey pataa chalata haye kii shayed hii kabhi alpakaalik utparivartan hotey hain, lekin lambi avadhi key utparivartan kii bahutaayat hoti haye. vishesh roop seey, nishimura ney paaya kii 301 lambi avadhi key utparivartan, 92 ataalata utparivartan aur kewal ack chhoti avadhi key utparivartan hain. iss prakaar nishimura ney nishkarsh nikala kii kaaya utparivartan aamtaur parr avadhi key vistaar kaa kaaran banata haye. ack apavaad utparivarti aff224aiss hoga jisamen 22aich kii ack chhoti avadhi kiya mein paaee gaee thee. 
kiaa utparivarti avadhi 50 ghante taka thee jisamen kuchh utparivarti ney erythemicity kaa pradarshan kiya. aisaa lagata haye kii kiaa utparivartan chuninda roop seey avadhi kii lambai koo badal detaa haye joe darshaata haye kii kiaa avadhi koo niyantrit curr sakata haye. 
isake alawa, kaiya protein circadian dolan kii avadhi kii lambai koo niyantrit curr sakate hain, chaahe cabsey sakriya hoe yaa naheen. lambe samay taka aisaa kiya gayaa joe kaay key bheetar utparivartan key saath-saath cab abhivyakti key cumm honey key kaaran huaa.
kayab abhivyakti koo badhaane key liye kiya paaya gayaa haye. yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii kuchh utparivarti kiaa protein cab abhivyakti key sakriyan kii kamee key kaaran lay koo banaae rakhane mein whiffle rahey. 
nishimura ney paaya kii adhikansh kiaa utparivartanon ney pee. key. aaee. bee. see. gatividhi koo vibhinn staron taka cumm curr diyaa. yeh iss nishkarsh key anuroop haye kii kiaa protein cabsey gatividhi koo badhaata haye. unake prayog ney aage sujhaav diyaa kii kiaa sinobacterial ghadee key charan reset karane key tantra kaa ack hissa haye. 
kaay key samooh kshetron mein maanchitrit utparivartanon ney lambi avadhi key phenotype kaa kaaran banaa, iss prakaar yeh sujhaav diyaa kii kaaya samooh kshetra circadian dolan kii avadhi kii lambai koo niyantrit karane mein ack bhoomika nibhaate hain. kaiya key kshetra joe cab abhivyakti koo badhaate hain (lay key liye anumati dete hain) sabse adhik sambhavana samooh kshetron mein naheen hain kyonki ataalata utparivartakon (c53s, v76a, f178s, f224s, f274k) koo kaiya key vibhinn hisson mein mapp kiya gayaa thaa. 
williams ney kahaa kii kiaa135aine ack chhadm-praaptakarta domen haye joe ack samay-nirdhaaran input upkaran haye joe kike autophosphorylation kii kiaa uttejana koo niyantrit kartaa haye, iss prakaar circadian ausilation key liye mahatvapurna haye.
kayaa protein key prakaar.
lambe aur chhote prakaar key kiaa protein dikhaai dete hain. lambe prakaar, seey ekatra kiya.sinecosistis" spu, "longatus. pee. see. see. 5803, aur "cinecococcus" aiss. pee. strain doubleu. aich. 8108 mein lagbhag 300 eminosyl avashesh hotey hain. carboxyl terminal 100 avasheshon mein uchch star kaa sanrakshan dekhaa jaataa haye. swatantra carboxyl-terminal domen philamentus prajaati "anabena" sp seey laghu sanskaran hain. pee. see. see. 7120 aur "nasika viramchinh" koo dabaayen. kiya protein key dou swatantra roop seey mudey hue domen hainh kiya180see (mukhya roop seey alfa helical sanrachana key saath emino terminal) aur kiya189aine domen (carboxyl terminal domen, avasheshon 1-189 key anuroop). aiss. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii lambe kiya protein mein dou kshetra hotey hain, emino aur carboxyl kshetra, joe lagbhag 50 avasheshon key ack helical linker dwara judey hotey hain.
kaary.
sinobacteria ack circadian ghadee pranali pradarshit kartaa haye jisamen teen protein ausilator, kiaa, cab aur cack, ack pranali kaa gathan karate hain jise post-translational ausilator (pee. tii. oh.) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye joe badey pratilekhan anuvaad nakaratmak pratikriya loop (tii. tii. aff. ell.) key dolan kii suvidha pradaan kartaa haye. tii. tii. aff. ell. jeane abhivyakti koo sanchaalit kartaa haye aur kiaa, cab aur cack koo phir seey bhar detaa haye, jabaki pee. tii. oh. sinobacteria kii circadian ghadee kaa mool haye. yeh kaaee core aeye. tii. pee. hydrolysis gatividhi aur kinnez/phosphat gatividhi koo circadian lay pradaan kartaa haye, joe donon tapman kii bharpai karate hain. isake alawa, cab aur cack, lekin kaiya naheen, prayogaatmak sthitiyon mein 24 ghante kii ack circadian lay hoti haye, jaise kii nirantar prakaash kii sthitiyon mein mukt-daud.
phosphorylation dolan.
kaaee protein joe pee. tii. oh. mein shamil hotey hain, lagbhag 24 ghante kii avadhi key saath dolan phosphorylation/defosphorylation kii ack circadian ghadee utpann karate hain. cack protein dou vishisht phosphorylation saiton, threonin 432 aur serin 431 key saath ack enzyme haye, joe kaiya aur cab gatividhi key aadhar parr phosphorylation/defosphorylation mein lay koo vyakt kartaa haye. kaiya cab sequester kaiya taka cack key phosphorylation koo uttejit kartaa haye, threonin 432 aur serin 431 parr ack nirdhaarit anukram mein defosphorylation shuru kartaa haih kaiya threonin 432 parr cack dwara autophosphorylation koo uttejit kartaa haye, aur serin 431 phir phosphorylation key iss tantra kaa paalan kartaa haye. jaba donon threonin 432 aur serin 431 phosphorylated hotey hain, tou cab cack aur iss complexes, cab seey juda jaataa haye, phir kaiya key prabhaav koo avaruddh karane key liye aage badhata haye. cab iss sequestering kriya koo kewal tabhi curr sakata haye jaba kaiya maujood hoe, aur jaba yeh kriya hoti haye, tou kaiya phir cack koo autophosphorilate mein sakriya naheen curr sakata haye. threonin 432 pahale defosphorilated hotaa haye, usake baad serin 431 kaa defosforillation hotaa haye, jiss bindu parr kaiya cack saiton key phosphorylation koo uttejit kartaa haye, aur ausilating system phir seey shuru hotaa haye.
atpage dolan.
kinage aur phosphat gatividhi seey judaa yeh circadian dolan atpage gatividhi key seedhe sambandh mein hotaa haye. dolan key praarambhik charanon mein jaba cack yaa tou kiaa yaa cab key saath jatil naheen hotaa haye, tou aeye. tii. pee. hydrolysis kii aantarik, sthir darr aeye. tii. pee. staron parr niyantran karati haye. kayak aur kayak baandhate hain, kayak parisar banaate hain, joe kayak autophosphorylation koo uttejit kartaa haye. isake parinamswarup phosphorylation aeye. tii. pee. hydrolysis koo uttejit kartaa haye. kaeek protein phir kiaa key iss bandhan key baad hyperphosphorylation kii sthiti mein pahunch jaataa haye. hyperphosphorylation key iss bindu parr, cab cack seey juda jaataa haye, aur aeye. tii. pee. hydrolysis kaa ack avrodh hotaa haye. cack taba praarambhik asambaddh sthiti mein lautata haye, aur aeye. tii. pee. jall apghatan darr ack baar phir aantarik darr mein sthir hoe jaati haye.
kiaa aur cack antahkriya.
protein apane see terminal domen mein bhinn hotey hain, phir bhee donon terminal protein key beach baatchit koo suvidhajanak banaate hain. kiaa kaa see terminal domen ack avtal satah banaane key liye demerisation koo saksham banaata haye joe phir cack see-terminal domen key saath baatchit kartaa haye. yeye see-terminal domen ack hairpin loop, yaa aeye-loop key padosi hain, joe ack saath byaaj pradaan karate hainh jaba ack utparivartan key parinamswarup aeye-tail aur see-terminal domen donon kaa nuksan hotaa haye, tou see-terminal kaiya kii anupasthiti mein phosphorylated reh sakata haye, iss prakaar sanket detaa haye kii aeye-loop kaa ack sambhaavit kaary cack key autophosphorylation aur autodefosphorylation mein sahaayata karna haye.
kike mein 2 see-terminal binding domen hainh ci kshetra mein sikabadi1 kaa kiaa binding domen haye; cii kshetra mein sikabadi2 kaa kiaa binding domen haye. 
kike kaa see. aaee. aaee. see-terminal kshetra kinage aur phosphat kaary koo banaae rakhta haye joe kiaa dwara viniyamit hotey hain. kiaa iss kshetra key saath antahkriya kartaa haye joe ack avarodhak loop koo badhaava detaa haye, see. aaee. aaee. kinnez gatividhi koo uttejit kartaa haye aur dou aasann see. aaee. aaee. avasheshon, sair 431 aur thra432 key phosphorylation koo shuru kartaa haye. 
cack aur kaiya bandhan ack loop mein kaiya key unreval kii or leey jaataa haye, iss prakaar pee-loop kshetra kii gati mein vriddhi hoti haye, loop kshetra thra-432 aur sair-431, aur aeye. tii. pee. koo dhaaran kartaa haye. aeye-loop kaa visthaapan aasann loop koo mukt karane kii anumati detaa haye, jisase kaya dwara cack key phosphorylation koo badhaava milata haye. iska pramaan pradarshan key madhyam seey dikhaaya gayaa haye kii ack kiaa diamer cack koo hyperphosphorylated sthiti mein dhakelane mein saksham haye. 
kaiya diamer cack hexamers key saath 95 pratishat sambandh pradarshit karate hain, jisamen adhik kaiya diamer cack key saath baatchit mein bhaag lete hain. iss prakaar, kiya aur cack key beach kii antahkriya 1:1 kii antahkriya naheen haye. kiaa diamer sambhavatah ack sthir parisar banaane key bajaay kaeek diamer key saath lacheele roop seey judate hain aur alag hoe jaate hain, iss prakaar sabhi kaeek upa-ikaaiyon koo kaaee phosphorylation chakr mein phosphorylated honey kii anumati milati haye.
jatil model.
jaiv rasayanik imaging ney vibhinn kaaee parisaron kii assembly aur prithakkaran kaa khulasa kiya joe circadian ghadee dolan key dauran banate hain. prakriya key dauran, kiaa aur cab cack parr saiton seey judate hain; model nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii cack taba cack bunn jaataa haye jaba kaiya autophosphorylation koo uttejit kartaa haye, joe phir cab, cab mein badal jaataa haye, aur phir chakr jaari rahane parr cack mein laut aataa haye.
parikalpit model.
sinobacteria sabse saral jeev hain joe circadian lay pradarshit karane key liye jaane jaate hain.transcription-translation adharit ausilator, dusare shabdon mein tii. tii. oh., ack prastaavit model haye joe kike koo nakaratmak roop seey kaibasi transcription koo niyantrit kartaa haye aur kaiya sakaratmak roop seey kaibasi transcription koo niyantrit kartaa haye. 
kaaee protein circadian viniyamit jeane koo viniyamit naheen karate hain, lekin sinobacterial tii. tii. oh. model mein genome vyaapak jeane abhivyakti koo viniyamit karate hain. iska ack udaaharan cabc opron haye. yeh abhee bhee spasht naheen haye kii pratilekhan-anuvaad pratikriya loop aavadhikta koo kaise banaae rakhta haye aur yeh paryavaraniya parivartanon key liye kaise lachila haye. choonki yeye protein jeev key paryaavaran key anukool honey key liye aavashyak hain, isaliye circadian jeev vigyaan mein jeane koo samajhana anivarya haye. sinobacterium cinecococcus mein lamba (pee. see. see. 7942) kiya, cab aur cack aavashyak ghatak hain joe circadian ghadee kii rachana karate hain. 
sinobacteria kaa tii. tii. oh. model iss khoj key kaaran sandigdh haye kii cab opron key pratilekhan/anuvaad kii parwah kiye binaa cack ausilate kaa phosphorylation hotaa haye. iss prakaar, yeh abhinirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa kii pacemaker pratilekhan/anuvaad pratikriya loop key bajaay cack phosphorylation parr adharit haye. kiaa augments cack autophosphorylation. kiaa aur aeye. tii. pee. tii432 key phosphorylation koo badhaava dete hain. cab kiaa key prabhaav koo cumm kartaa haye. iss prakaar, "kaiik phosphorylation kaa swaayatt dolan kaiya aur cab key beach sahyog seey utpann kiya jaa sakata haye."

