
shaaririk utparivartan

ack shaaririk utparivartan ack bahu koshikiya jeev key ack shaaririk koshika key dna anukram mein ack parivartan haye jisamen samarpit prajanan koshikaaen hoti hain; yaani, koee bhee utparivartan joe ack yugmak, roganu koshika, yaa yugmakoshika key alawa kissy anya koshika mein hotaa haye. germaline utparivartan key vipareet, joe ack jeev key vanshajon koo paarit kiya jaa sakata haye, shaaririk utparivartan aamtaur parr vanshajon koo preshit naheen hotey hain. yeh antar paudhon mein dhundhala hoe jaataa haye, jinamen ack samarpit roganu rekha kii kamee hoti haye, aur una jaanvaron mein joe ubharate hue jaise tantra key madhyam seey alaingik roop seey prajanan curr sakate hain, jaise kii sinidarian genus "hydra" key sadasyon mein.
jabaki shaaririk utparivartan kissy jeev kii santan mein naheen jaate hain, shaaririk utparivartan ack hii jeev key bheetar ack koshika key sabhi vanshajon mein maujood honge. kaee cancer sanchit shaaririk utparivartan kaa parinam hain.
prabhaavit koshikaon kaa ansh.
somatic shabd aam taur parr shareer kii koshikaon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, prajanan (germaline) koshikaon key vipareet, joe andey yaa shukranu koo janm detee hain. udaaharan key liye, standhaariyon mein, shaaririk koshikaaen aantarik angon, twacha, haddiyon, rakt aur sanyoji ootakon koo banaati hain.
adhikansh jaanvaron mein, shaaririk koshikaon seey roganu koshikaon kaa prithakkaran (roganu rekha vikas) vikas key praarambhik charanon key dauran hotaa haye. ack baar jaba yeh algaav bhroon mein hoe jaataa haye, tou germaline koshikaon key baahar kissy bhee utparivartan koo kissy jeev kii santan mein paarit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye.
haalaanki, shaaririk utparivartan ack hii jeev key bheetar ack utparivartit koshika key sabhi santanon mein paarit kiye jaate hain. isaliye kissy jeev key ack pramukh bhaag mein ack hii utparivartan hoe sakata haye, vishesh roop seey yadi vaha utparivartan vikas key shuruati charanon mein hotaa haye. ack jeev key jeevan mein baad mein honey vaale shaaririk utparivartan kaa pataa lagaana mushkil hoe sakata haye, kyonki way kewal ack koshika koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain-udaaharan key liye, ack post-mitotic neuron; ekal koshika anukraman mein sudhaar isaliye shaaririk utparivartan key adhyayan key liye ack mahatvapurna upkaran hain. ack koshika key paramanu dna aur mitochondrial dna donon utparivartan koo jamaa curr sakate hain; kuchh neurodegenerative rogon key vikas mein shaaririk mitochondrial utparivartan koo shamil kiya gayaa haye.
viraasat key apavaad.
iss niyam key kaee apavaad hain kii shaaririk utparivartan santanon dwara viraasat mein naheen diye jaa sakate hain. kaee jeev praarambhik vikas key dauran ack alag roganu rekha koo samarpit naheen karate hain. isake bajaay paudhe aur besal janwar jaise spunge aur prawal vayask shaaririk ootakon mein pluripotent stame koshikaon seey gamet utpann karate hain. udaaharan key liye, foolon key paudhon mein, foolon key maristem mein vayask shaaririk koshikaon seey roganu koshikaaen utpann hoe sakati hain. binaa roganu rekha key anya jaanvaron mein tunicate aur flatworm shamil hain.
shaaririk utparivartan koo una jeevon mein santanon mein bhee paarit kiya jaa sakata haye joe yugmak key utpaadan key binaa alaingik roop seey prajanan curr sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, sinaideriyan genus "hydra" mein janwar ubharate hue tantra key madhyam seey alaingik roop seey prajanan curr sakate hain (way yaun roop seey bhee prajanan curr sakate hain). hydra mein, ack naee cully seedhe mool hydra kii shaaririk koshikaon seey vikasit hoti haye. ootak mein maujood ack utparivartan joe betty jeev koo janm detaa haye, usa santan koo diyaa jaayega.
kaee paudhe praakritik roop seey vanaspati prajanan key madhyam seey prajanan karate hain-mool paudhe key ack tukade seey ack nae paudhe kaa vikas-beej utpaadan key charan key binaa shaaririk utparivartan kaa prasaar karate hain. manushya kritrim roop seey kalam aur tanaa kaatane key madhyam seey vanaspati prajanan koo prerit karate hain.
kaaran.
germaline utparivartan key saath, somatic koshikaon mein utparivartan antarjan karakon key kaaran utpann hoe sakate hain, jisamen dna pratikriti aur marammat key dauran trutiyaan aur samanya koshikiya prakriyaon dwara utpaadit pratikriyaasheel oxygen prajaatiyon key sampark mein aanaa shamil haye. utparivartan utparivartan key sampark seey bhee prerit hoe sakata haye, jisase utparivartan kii darr badh sakati haye.
adhikansh utparivartak dee. aine. aeye. kshati pahunchaakar kaary karate hain-dee. aine. aeye. sanrachana mein parivartan jaise kii pyrimidine diamer, yaa ack yaa donon dee. aine. aeye. strand key tootana. dee. aine. aeye. marammat prakriyaaen dee. aine. aeye. key nuksan koo hataa sakati hain joe anyatha, dee. aine. aeye. pratikriti parr, utparivartan kaa kaaran bunn sakati hain. utparivartan taba kshati seey hotaa haye jaba dna marammat key tantra mein galatiyon key kaaran nucleotide anukram mein parivartan hotaa haye, yaa yadi marammat poori honey seey pahale pratikriti hoti haye.
utparivartan bhautik hoe sakate hain, jaise kii yuvi kiranon aur aiks-ray seey vikiran, yaa rasayanik anu joe seedhe dna key saath baatchit karate hain-jaise benzo ["aeye"] pyrene key chayapachaya, joe tambaku key dhuein mein paaya jaane vaalaa ack shaktishali carcinogen haye. cancer seey judey utparivartakon kaa aksar cancer aur isaki roktham key baare mein jaanane key liye adhyayan kiya jaataa haye.
utparivartan aavritti.
shodh seey pataa chalata haye kii roganu rekha kii koshikaon kii tulanaa mein shaaririk koshikaon mein utparivartan kii aavritti aam taur parr adhik hoti haye; isake alawa, roganu aur soma mein dekhe jaane vaale utparivartan key prakaron mein antar hain. ack hii jeev key bheetar aur prajaatiyon key beach vibhinn shaaririk ootakon key beach utparivartan aavritti mein bhinnata hoti haye.
milholland aur anya. (2017) ney manushyon aur choohon mein twachiya fibroblast (ack prakaar kii shaaririk koshika) aur germaline koshikaon kii utparivartan darr kii jaanch kii. unhone ekal nucleotide roopon (aiss. aine. vee. aiss.) kii darr koo maapa, jinamen seey adhikansh pratikriti truti kaa parinam hain. utparivartan bhaar (ack koshika mein maujood kull utparivartan) aur prati koshika vibhajan (pratyek mitosis key saath nae utparivartan) key sandarbh mein, shaaririk utparivartan darr, manushyon aur choohon mein germaline kii tulanaa mein duss gunaa seey adhik thee.
manushyon mein, fibroblast mein utparivartan bhaar germaline kii tulanaa mein bees gunaa adhik thaa (prati aadhar jodee 1.2 × 10−8 utparivartan kii tulanaa mein 2.8 × 10−7). koshika vibhajan kii anumaanit sankhya mein antar key liye samaayojit, fibroblast utparivartan darr roganu kii tulanaa mein lagbhag 80 gunaa adhik thee (kramshah, 2.66 × 10−9 banaam. 3.3 × 10−11 prati aadhar jodee prati mitosis).
germaline aur shaaririk ootakon key beach utparivartan darr mein asamaanta sambhavatah soma kii tulanaa mein germaline mein aanuvanshik akhandata key adhik mahatva koo darshaati haye. utparivartan aavritti mein bhinnata dee. aine. aeye. kshati kii darr mein antar yaa dee. aine. aeye. marammat prakriya mein antar key kaaran hoe sakati haye joe dee. aine. aeye. marammat enzymon key uchch star key parinamswarup hoe sakati haye.
aprail 2022 mein yeh bataaya gayaa haye kii adhikansh standhaariyon mein apane jivankal key anta taka pahunchane taka lagbhag samaan sankhya mein utparivartan hotey hain, isaliye jinake jivankal samaan hotey hain, unaki samaan shaaririk utparivartan darr hogi aur joe cumm/adhik rahate hain, unaki shaaririk utparivartan kii darr kramshah adhik/cumm hogi.
shaaririk atiparivartan.
anukuli pratiraksha pratikriya key ack hisse key roop mein, antibody-utpaadak bee koshikaaen utparivartan kii samanya darr seey kaee gunaa adhik utparivartan darr kaa anubhav karati hain. immunoglobulin jeane key pratijan-badhyakari coding anukramon mein utparivartan darr lymphoid pranali key baahar koshika rekhaaon kii tulanaa mein 1,000,000 gunaa adhik haye. aatmiyata paripakvata mein ack pramukh kadam, shaaririk atiparivartan bee koshikaon koo adhik pratijan aatmiyata key saath antibody kaa utpaadan karane mein madad kartaa haye.
roga.
umr badhane key saath-saath jeev kii koshikaon key bheetar aur koshika vibhajan key pratyek daur key saath shaaririk utparivartan jamaa hoe jaate hain; cancer key vikas mein shaaririk utparivartan kii bhoomika achchi tarah seey sthaapit haye, aur shaaririk utparivartan kaa sanchay umr badhane key jeev vigyaan mein nihit haye.
neuronal stame koshikaon mein utparivartan (vishesh roop seey neurogenesis key dauran) aur post-mitotic neurons mein neurons kii genomic vishamta hoti haye-jise "somatic brain mosassism" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. neurons mein ayu-sambandhi utparivartan kaa sanchay alzheimer roga sahit neurodegenerative rogon seey judaa hoe sakata haye, lekin sambandh apramaanit haye. vayask mein adhikansh kendriya-tantrika tantra koshikaaen post-mitotic hoti hain, aur vayask utparivartan kewal ack hii neuron koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain. cancer key vipareet, jahan utparivartan key parinamswarup clonel prasaar hotaa haye, hanikarak shaaririk utparivartan koshika mrityu dwara neurodegenerative roga mein yogdan curr sakate hain. isaliye neurons mein shaaririk utparivartan key bojh kaa sateek aaklan karna mushkil haye.
carcinogenesis mein bhoomika.
yadi kissy jeev kii koshika mein koee utparivartan hotaa haye, tou vaha utparivartan usee jeev key bheetar iss koshika key sabhi vanshajon mein maujood hoga. shaaririk koshikaon kii peedhiyon mein kuchh utparivartanon kaa sanchay samanya koshika seey cancer koshika mein ghaatak parivartan kii prakriya kaa hissa haye.
vishamyugma haani-kaary utparivartan vaali koshikaaen (ack jeane kii ack achchi prati aur ack utparivartit prati) samanya roop seey aparivartit prati key saath taba taka kaary curr sakati hain jaba taka kii achchi prati koo swatah hii utparivartit naheen kiya jaataa haye. iss tarah kaa utparivartan aksar jeevit jeevon mein hotaa haye, lekin darr koo maapana mushkil haye. iss darr koo maapana usa darr kii bhavishyavani karane mein mahatvapurna haye jiss parr loga cancer vikasit curr sakate hain.