
forensic keat vigyaan

forensic keat vigyaan arthropods dwara mrit shareer key upanivesheekaran kaa vaigyaanik adhyayan haye. isamen shavon seey judey keeton key prakaron, unake sambandhit jeevan chakron, diye gaye vatavaran mein unaki paaristhitik upasthiti key saath-saath apghatan kii pragati key saath keeton key sanyojan mein parivartan kaa adhyayan shamil haye. keeton key uttaradhikar key pattern kii pehchaan iss baat key aadhar parr kii jaati haye kii ack dee gaee prajaati ack diye gaye vikasatmak charan mein kitna samay bitaati haye, aur ack diye gaye khaadya srot key liye keeton key parichay key baad seey kitni peedhiyon kaa utpaadan huaa haye. paryaavaran sambandhi aankadon jaise tapman aur vaashp ghanatva key saath-saath keat vikas kaa upayog mrityu key baad key samay kaa anuman lagaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, iss tathya key kaaran kii udane vaale keede mrityu key turant baad shareer kii or aakarshit hotey hain. mrityu kii jaanch mein sahaayata key liye postmortem antaral kii pehchaan iss vaigyaanik kshetra kaa praathamik daira haye.
haalaanki, forensic keat vigyaan kewal hatyaon taka hii seemit naheen haye, iska upayog upeksha aur durupyog key mamalon mein, vish vigyaan key sandarbh mein davaaon kii upasthiti kaa pataa lagaane key liye aur sookhe shelf khaadya sandushan kii ghatnaaon mein bhee kiya gayaa haye. samaan roop seey, ack shareer parr maujood keeton key sanyojan kaa upayog ack diye gaye sthaan kaa anuman lagaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, kyonki kuchh keat kuchh kshetron key liye advitiya hoe sakate hain. isaliye, forensic keat vigyaan koo teen upa kshetron mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih shahari, sangraheet-utpaad aur aushadhiya-kanuni/aushadhiya-aaparaadhik keat vigyaan.
itihas.
aitihaasik roop seey, forensic keat vigyaan key liye anuprayogon aur prayog key kaee khaate rahey hain. 13veen shatabdi seey chean mein ack praarambhik mamle kii report key alawa, arthropods aur forensic sandarbhon key beach adim avalokan aur sahsambandh germany aur france mein pralekhit kiye gaye they. yeh 1880 key dashak key anta mein hoffman aur reinhard dwara ack saamoohik nishkasana key dauran aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, kewal pichhale 30 varshon mein aaparaadhik jaanch mein sakshya key liye ack vyavharya srot key roop mein forensic keat vigyaan kaa vyavasthit roop seey pataa lagaaya gayaa haye. arthropods aur mrityu mein apane swayam key prayogon aur ruchi key madhyam seey, zuu, franco ready, bergerate dee 'arbois, jeane piyare magnin aur shareer vigyaani herman reinhard ney aaj key aadhunik forensic keat vigyaan kii neenv rakhane mein madad kii haye.
geet see.
1247 mein adalat key nyayadhish, chikitsak, chikitsa vaigyaanik aur lekhak dwara prakaashit geet rajvansh (960-1279) forensic vigyaan pustak "anyaay key ekatrit mamle sudhaar" mein forensic keat vigyaan kaa sabse purana gyaat mamla haye. 1235 key ack hatyaa key mamle mein, ack graameen koo chaku markar maar diyaa gayaa thaa aur adhikaariyon ney nirdhaarit kiya kii usake ghaav ack daranti seey hue they; yeh fasal kataai key samay chawal kaatane key liye istemal kiya jaane vaalaa ack upkaran thaa, ack tathya jisake kaaran unhein sandeh huaa kii ack saathi kisan karyakarta isamen shamil thaa. sthaaniya magistrate ney graminon koo shahar key chauk mein ikattha kiya jahan way asthaayi roop seey apani daranti chhod denge. minaton key bheetar, ack daranti key chaaron or ack badee sankhya mein makkhiyan jamaa hoe gaeen aur koee anya naheen, nagna aankho dwara andekhe rakt key nishan kii sugandh kii or aakarshit hui. yeh sabhi key liye spasht hoe gayaa kii usa daranti kaa malik doshi thaa, baad vaalaa dayaa kii guhaar lagaata thaa kyonki usey adhikaariyon dwara hirasat mein liya gayaa thaa.
song see (kabhi-kabhi song tzu key roop mein sandarbhit) ack nyaayik irada thaa joe chean mein rahata thaa. 1247 mein vigyaapan geet see. aaee. ney coroners key liye ack pustika key roop mein "galatiyon koo dhone" naamak ack pustak likhi. iss pustak key geet see. aaee. mein kaee mamalon koo darshaaya gayaa haye jisamen unhone nott liya kii kaise ack vyakti kii mrityu hoe gaee aur sambhaavit karanon parr vistaar seey bataaya gayaa haye. vaha vistaar seey bataate hain kii dafanaane seey pahale aur baad mein shav kii jaanch kaise kii jaae. vaha iss prakriya koo bhee samajhaata haye kii mrityu key sambhaavit kaaran kaa nirdhaaran kaise kiya jaae. iss pustak kaa mukhya uddeshya anya jaanchkartaon key liye ack maargdarshak key roop mein upayog kiya jaanaa thaa taaki way aparaadh key drishya kaa prabhaavi dhang seey aaklan curr sakein. apane sabhi mamalon mein aadhunik forensic keetvigyaani key liye buniyaadi baaton koo nirdhaarit karate hue unhone joe dekhaa, usey samajhaane mein unakaa vistaar kaa star aur nyaayik sadhanon key liye forensic keat vigyaan kaa upayog karane vaale kissy vyakti key itihas mein pahala darj kiya gayaa vivaran haye.
franco ready.
1668 mein, italvi chikitsak francico ready ney sahaj peedhi key siddhant koo galat thaharaaya. ready key dinn key sweekrit siddhant ney daavaa kiya kii magots sadate hue maans seey anayas vikasit hue. ack prayog mein, unhone sadate hue maans key namoonon kaa upayog kiya joe yaa tou poori tarah seey havaa key sampark mein they, aanshik roop seey havaa key sampark mein they, yaa havaa key sampark mein naheen they. ready ney dikhaaya kii poori tarah seey aur aanshik roop seey ujagar sadey hue maans mein fly magots vikasit hue, jabaki sadey hue maans mein joe havaa key sampark mein naheen thaa, magots vikasit naheen hue. iss khoj ney logon key jeevon key apghatan koo dekhane key tareeke koo poori tarah seey badal diyaa aur keat jeevan chakr aur samanya roop seey keat vigyaan mein aage kii jaanch koo prerit kiya.
bergaret dee 'arbois.
dow. lui francois atiane bergerate (1814-1893) ack francisi aspatal key chikitsak they, aur ack mamle mein forensic keat vigyaan lagu karane vaale pahale vyakti they. 1855 mein prakaashit ack mamle kii report mein unhone keedon key liye ack samanya jeevan chakr bataaya aur unaki sambhog kii aadton key baare mein kaee dhaaranaaen keen. phir bhee, inn dhaaranaon ney unhein postmortem antaral (pee. aim. aaee.) key anuman mein forensic keat vigyaan key pahale anuprayog key liye prerit kiya. unaki report mein forensic keat vigyaan kaa upayog iss baat koo saabit karane key liye kiya gayaa kii vyakti kii mrityu kaise aur kaba hui thee.
harman reinhard.
forensic keat vigyaan mein pahala vyavasthit adhyayan 1881 mein ack german chikitsa doctor herman reinhard dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone forensic keat vigyaan key itihas mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai thee. unhone kaee shavon koo nikala aur pradarshit kiya kii kaee vibhinn prakaar key keat prajaatiyon key vikas koo dafan shariron seey jodaa jaa sakata haye. reinhard ney purvi germany mein apana pahala adhyayan kiya, aur iss praarambhik adhyayan seey kaee forid makkhiyon koo ekatra kiya. unhone yeh bhee nishkarsh nikala kii bhoomigat shavon key saath rahane vaale kewal kuchh keedon kaa vikas unake saath judaa huaa thaa, kyonki 15 varsheeya bhring they jinka unase bahut cumm seedha sampark thaa. reinhard key karyon aur adhyayanon kaa aage key forensic keat vigyaan adhyayanon mein badey paimaane parr upayog kiya gayaa thaa.
jeane piyare magnin.
francisi pashu chikitsak aur keetvigyaani jeane piyare magnin (1828-1905) ney vibhinn vishayon parr kaee lekh aur pustaken prakaashit keen, jinamen "phaune days tombex" aur "laa phaune days cadverse" pustaken shamil hain, jinhen itihas mein sabse mahatvapurna forensic keat vigyaan pustakon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. apani doosari pustak mein unhone anumaanit laharon key siddhant yaa shavon parr keedon key uttaradhikar parr krantikari kaam kiya. harr 15 dinon mein vikasit honey vaale jeevit aur mrit kanon kii sankhya ginkar aur shishu parr apani praarambhik ginati key saath isaki tulanaa karke, vaha anuman lagaane mein saksham thaa kii vaha shishu kitane samay taka maraa thaa.
iss pustak mein, unhone jore dekar kahaa kii ujagar laashen aathh kramik laharon key adheen theen, jabaki dabi hui laashen kewal dou laharon key adheen theen. magnin ney kaee mahaan khoj kii jinhone kshayakaari vanaspatiyon aur jeevon kii kaee samanya visheshtaon parr nayaa prakaash daalane mein madad kii. shavon mein paae jaane vaale keat parivaaron key larva aur vayask roopon key magnin key kaam aur adhyayan ney bhavishya key keetvigyaani kii ruchi koo janm diyaa aur arthropods aur mritak key beach sambandh mein adhik shodh koo protsaahit kiya, aur iss tarah forensic keat vigyaan key vaigyaanik anushasana koo sthaapit karane mein madad kii.
forensic keat vigyaan upakshetra.
shahari forensic keat vigyaan.
shahari forensic keat vigyaan aamtaur parr imaraton key bageechon mein keeton key sankraman seey sambandhit hotaa haye yaa joe niji pakshon aur seva pradaataon jaise kii jamindaaron yaa samhaarakon key beach mukadame kaa aadhar hoe sakata haye. shahari forensic keat vigyaan adhyayan kuchh keetnashak upchaaron kii upayuktata kaa bhee sanket dey sakate hain aur sangraheet utpaadon key mamalon mein bhee upayog kiya jaa sakata haye jahaan yeh hirasat kii shrinkhala nirdhaarit karane mein madad curr sakata haye, jaba sambhaavit sankraman key sabhi binduon kii jaanch kii jaati haye taaki yeh nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakey kii kaun doshi haye.
sangraheet-utpaad forensic keat vigyaan.
sangraheet-utpaad forensic keat vigyaan kaa upayog aksar keat sankraman yaa vyaavsaayik roop seey vitarit khaadya padarthon key sandushan parr mukdamebaji mein kiya jaataa haye.
medico-leagal forensic keat vigyaan.
medicolegal forensic keat vigyaan mein hatyaa, aatmahatya, balatkar, shaaririk shoshan aur nishiddh taskari key drishyon parr arthropod adhyayanon key madhyam seey ekatra kiye gaye sakshya shamil hain. hatyaa kii jaanch mein yeh kiss tarah key keat andey dikhaai dete hain, shareer parr unakaa sthaan aur way kiss crum mein dikhaai dete hain, seey sambandhit haye. yeh ack postmortem antaral (pee. aim. aaee.) aur ack mrityu key sthaan koo nirdhaarit karane mein sahayak hoe sakata haye. choonki kaee keede antardrishti kii ack degree pradarshit karate hain (kewal kuchh sthaanon parr honey vaale), yaa ack achchi tarah seey paribhaashit phenology (kewal ack nishchit mausam, yaa dinn key samay mein sakriya) hoti haye, anya saakshyon key saath unaki upasthiti samay aur sthaanon key sambhaavit link koo pradarshit curr sakati haye jahaan anya ghatanaaen hui hoe sakati hain. yeh anushasana peedit, sandigdh aur drishya koo ack saath jodane mein bhee sahaayata kartaa haye. yeh vishisht bhaugolik sthaanon mein sthit vibhinn keat prajaatiyon key kaaran sambhav haye. medicolegal forensic keat vigyaan dwara cover kiya gayaa ack anya kshetra keat vish vigyaan kaa apekshaakrit nayaa kshetra haye. iss vishesh shakha mein vibhinn davaaon kaa pareekshan karane key liye ack drishya parr paae jaane vaale keat vigyaan key namoonon kaa upayog shamil haye, joe sambhavatah peedit kii mrityu mein ack bhoomika nibha sakati hain. inn vidhiyon key peechhe kaa vishleshanatmak pariprekshya anivarya roop seey iss tathya parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii shav key bheetar davaaon kii upasthiti kaa prabhaav keeton key vikas aur roopvigyaan parr padata haye joe baad mein shav seey vishaakt padarthon koo grahan karate hain. haalaanki, inn roopaatmak parivartanon key parinamswarup prashnagat keeton parr parinam key kaaran, yeh sambhaavit roop seey namoonon key shaaririk vikas parr pee. aim. aaee. anuman koo aadhar banaate samay ack galat postmortem antaral vyakhya kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye.
chot key sthaan koo darshaate samay keat vigyaan chikitsa-kanuni mamalon mein bhee sahayak hoe sakata haye. yeh aahar kii prajaati vareeyata key kaaran kahaa jaa sakata haye. jaba andey koo shav parr daala jaataa haye tou baad mein pahali instar (pahali avastha key larva) mein andey nikalate hain, unhein taral protein bhojan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. haalaanki, apane sookshm aakar aur najukta key kaaran way iss poshan koo praapt karane key liye vyakti kii twacha koo khud todane mein asamarth hain. isaliye, maadaa apane andey ghaav sthal yaa praakritik chhidra key paas rakhna sunishchit karati haye taaki rakt, shleshma parat aur shareer key taral padaarth pradaan kiye jaa sakein joe ack aasaan bhojan key liye sulabh hain.
mayasis.
parityag yaa upeksha key mamalon mein, mayasis kii upasthiti koo nott kiya jaa sakata haye. baad vaale koo jeevan mein ack maanav yaa janwar koo upaniveshit karane vaali makkhiyon key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye. dusare shabdon mein, yeh dipteran larva key saath jeevit kasheruki jaanvaron kaa sankraman haye. anivarya roop seey, yeh keat anukram jeevon key jeevit ootak, grahan kiye gaye bhojan yaa taral shareer key padarthon koo khaayega. haalaanki, forensic sandarbh mein mayasis key kaaran honey vaale bhram seey savdhan rehna anivarya haye. yeh kahaa gayaa kii yadi peedit yaa paae gaye avasheshon koo jeevit honey parr upaniveshit kiya gayaa thaa, tou khoj seey pahale, keat vigyaan sambandhi sakshya mrityu key samay key bajaay upeksha yaa chot key samay kaa sanket dega.
aksheruki prakaar.
bichchu kii titaliyaan.
bichchu (order mecoptera) pahale keat they joe dakshin-poorv texas mein huntsville, texas key paas ack daan kiye gaye maanav shav (keetvigyaani naitali lindgren dwara) parr pahunche aur dedh dinn taka shav parr rahey, usa avadhi key dauran makkhiyon kii sankhya adhik thee. bichchu kii upasthiti iss prakaar ingit karati haye kii ack shareer taaja honah chaahiye.
udatee haye.
makkhiyan (order diptera) aksar drishya parr pahale hoti hain. way apani santanon key liye ack nama shav pasand karate hain, maggots koo khaane key liye. sabse mahatvapurna prakaar kii makkhi mein shamil hainh
bhring.
bhring (crum collioptera) aam taur parr shav parr taba paae jaate hain jaba yeh adhik vighatit hotaa haye. shushk paristhitiyon mein, bhringon koo patang makkhiyon (cycodidae) dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye.
mite.
kaee mite (varg akaari, keede naheen) apghatan key shuruati charanon mein aam "macrochales" mite key saath laashon koo khaate hain, jabaki tyroglyphidae aur oribetidae mite jaise kii rostrozet apghatan key baad key charanon mein sookhi twacha koo khaate hain.
"sookshmajantu" bhring aksar apane shareer parr mite "poisilovirus" leey jaate hain joe makkhi key andon koo khaate hain. yadi way kissy bhee makkhi key andey key magot mein nikalane seey pahale shav parr pahunchate hain, tou pahale andey khaae jaate hain aur magot key vikas mein deree hoti haye. isase galat pee. aim. aaee. anuman lugg sakate hain. "sookshmajivaanu" bhringon koo bloefly magots key amonia utsarjan vishaakt lagate hain, aur "posylochyrus" mite, magot kii aabaadi koo cumm rakhate hue, "sookshmajivaanu" koo shav parr kabja karane kii anumati dete hain.
patang.
patang (order lapidoptera) vishesh roop seey kapade-patang-parivaar tiniday-titliyon seey nikatata seey sambandhit hain. patang kii adhikansh prajaatiyan nishaachar hain, lekin crapuscular aur dainik prajaatiyan hain. apane larva charanon key dauran, kapade key patang standhari baalon koo khaate hain. way antim jaanvaron mein seey hain joe shav key sadane mein yogdan karate hain. yeh kahaa gayaa haye kii vayask patang ack shav parr apane pair rakhate hain "baad mein" larva udaane key liye jiss parr unaki upasthiti thee.
tataiya, cheentiyaan aur madhumakkhiyan.
tataiya, cheentiyaan aur madhumakkhiyan (crum hymenoptera) aavashyak roop seey necrophagus naheen hain. jabaki kuchh shareer koo khaate hain, kuchh shikari bhee hotey hain, aur shareer koo khaane vaale keedon koo khaate hain. iss prakaar way parjivi (parjivi tataiya) hain. yeye hymenoptera apane andey anya keedon key andon yaa pyupa key bheetar dete hain; anivarya roop seey mezban keedon kii mrityu kaa kaaran banate hain. tataiya bhee terromalidae parivaar seey sambandhit hoe sakate hain. baad vaalaa ack yaa kaee andey dey sakata haye. way muscoid makkhiyon (blow makkhiyan) key pyupa mein andashay mein rahate hain. baad mein, tataiya key andey nikalane parr, larva puperium key bheetar vikasit honey vaali makkhi koo khaayega; jisase isaki mrityu hoe jaayegi. praarambhik charanon key dauran madhumakhiyon aur tataiya koo shareer parr bhojan karate dekhaa gayaa haye. yeh hatyaa key mamalon key liye samasya paida curr sakata haye jisamen larva makkhiyon kaa upayog postmortem antaral kaa anuman lagaane key liye kiya jaataa haye kyonki jaanchkartaon key ghatnasthal parr aaney seey pahale shareer parr andey aur larva kaa sevan kiya jaa sakata haye.
kaarak.
namee kaa star.
jiss kshetra mein shareer paaya jaataa haye, vahaan varsha aur aardrata kaa star keat vikas key samay koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye. adhikansh prajaatiyon mein, badee matra mein varsha apratyaksh roop seey tapman mein girawat key kaaran dheemi gati seey vikas kaa kaaran banegi. ack avaahak key roop mein kaary karke, halki barish yaa ack bahut hii aardr vatavaran, magot dravyamaan key bheetar ack adhik mool tapman kii anumati dega, jisake parinamswarup teji seey vikas hoga.
jalmagn laashen.
aim. lii guff, ack prasiddh aur sammaanit forensic keetvigyaani, koo tata seey aadhe meal kii doori parr ack naav parr paae gaye sadate hue shareer kii khoj seey judey ack mamle mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. magot dravyamaan key sangrah parr, kewal ack keat, "chrysomia megacephala", kii khoj kii gaee thee. unhone nishkarsh nikala kii paani kii baadha anya makkhiyon kii kamee key liye jimmedaar thee. unhone yeh bhee kahaa kii makkhiyan paani key badey nikaayon mein paidal chalane kaa prayaas naheen karengi jaba taka kii koee prabhaavshaali aakarshan naa hoe.
isake alawa, ack magot dravyamaan key namak key paani key sampark mein aaney kii matra isake vikas koo prabhaavit curr sakati haye. mamalon mein unhone paaya kii yadi 30 minut seey adhik samay taka kiya jaataa haye, tou vikas mein 24 ghante kii deree hoti haye. bahut adhik adhyayan naheen kiye gaye hain aur iss prakaar deree kii ack vishisht raashi kaa anuman lagaana mushkil haye.
bhroon sooaron kaa upayog karke paayane aur raajaa dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan kaa mukhya dhyaan, ack jaleey setting mein shav key apghatan key sambandh mein keat uttaradhikar thaa. unake parinamon ney nishkarsh nikala kii shav key shuruati tairate charanon mein, andey udatee makkhiyon dwara diye gaye they. isake alawa, soojan key charan taka, adhikansh ujagar maans anupasthit thaa aur magots shareer seey chaley gaye they. baad vaale mein seey kaee jall rekha key neeche maujood they aur shav parr feed kiye gaye they; kewal unake sarpil (arthropods) satah koo baahar nikaalate hue.
soorya kaa sampark.
"kyonki keede thhande khoon vaale janwar hain, unake vikas kii darr cumm yaa jyada parivesh key tapman parr nirbhar karati haye."
badee matra mein soorya key prakaash key sampark mein aaney vaale shareer germ hoe jaayenge, jisase keeton koo vikasit honey key liye ack germ kshetra milega, jisase unake vikas kaa samay cumm hoe jaayega.
degree dinon key sanchay kaa adhyayan karane key liye khargosh key shavon key upayog key saath bernard greenberg aur johnn charles kunich dwara kiye gaye ack prayog mein paaya gayaa kii 70 key dashak key madhya seey 80 key dashak key uchch tapman key saath magots key liye vikasatmak samay kii matra mein kaafee kamee aaee thee.
isake vipareet, chhayankit kshetron mein paae jaane vaale shareer thhande honge, aur keedon koo lambe vikas avadhi kii aavashyakta hogi. isake alawa, yadi tapman thhand key charam star taka pahunch jaataa haye, tou keede sahaj roop seey apane vikas key samay koo badhaane key liye jaanate hain taaki jeevit rahane aur prajanan kii sambhavana badhaane key liye adhik sweekarya aur vyavharya jalavaayu mein andey mill sakein.
havaa kaa sampark.
fansi parr latkaaye gaye shavon seey apani matra aur makkhiyon kii vividhata dikhaane kii ummeed kii jaa sakati haye. saath hii, fansi parr latakate hue shareer parr makkhiyon key rahane kii matra jameen parr paae jaane vaale kii tulanaa mein bhinn hogi. ack latkaaya huaa shareer havaa key adhik sampark mein aataa haye aur iss prakaar teji seey sookh jaayega, jisase magots key liye cumm khaadya srot reh jaayega.
jaise hii shareer sadana shuru kartaa haye, taral padarthon kaa ack sankalan jameen parr ris jaayega. yeh vaha kshetra haye jahan adhikansh apekshit jeev paae jaa sakate hain. isake alawa, yeh adhik sambhavana haye kii rove beatle aur anya gair-udane vaale keede seedhe shareer parr paae jaane key bajaay yahaan paae jaayenge. shuru mein shareer parr jamaa kiye gaye fly magots bhee neeche paae jaa sakate hain.
bhugol.
jeane piyare magnin kii pustak "laa phoon days cadverse" key anusaar ack shav kii or aakarshit honey vaale aathh alag-alag jeev hain. jabaki adhikansh bhring aur forensic mahatva kii makkhiyan duniya bhar mein paaee jaa sakati hain, unakaa ack hissa aavason kii ack vishisht shrinkhala taka seemit haye. postmortem antaral yaa kissy shareer koo usake mool mrityu sthaan seey sthanantarit kiya gayaa haye yaa naheen, iss tarah kii jaankaari nirdhaarit karane key liye inn keedon key bhaugolik vitaran koo jaanana forensic roop seey mahatvapurna haye.
califorade yakinan forensic keat vigyaan seey sambandhit sabse mahatvapurna parivaar haye kyonki way shav parr pahunchane vaale pahale vyakti hain. parivaar duniya bhar mein paaya jaa sakata haye. "chrysomia rufaces", baalon vaali magot blow fly, califoridae parivaar kaa ack forensic roop seey mahatvapurna sadasya haye aur vyaapak haye, halanki yeh dakshini california, arizona, nyu maxico, louisiana, florida yaa ilinois kshetron mein prachalit naheen haye.
maans kii makkhiyan sacrophagidae parivaar key antargat aatee hain aur aam taur parr califorade key baad ack shav parr pahunchati hain. haalaanki, califoridae key vipareet, iss parivaar key sadasya bhaari barish mein udane mein saksham hain. yeh pramukh laabh unhein kabhi-kabhi califoridae seey pahale ack shareer taka pahunchane mein saksham banaata haye, joe magot dravyamaan koo prabhaavit kartaa haye joe khoja jaayega. maans makkhiyan sanyukt raajya america, europe, asia aur madhya poorv mein aavason sahit vishva star parr vitarit hain.
bhring collioptera crum key pratinidhi hain joe keat crum mein sabse badey hain. bhring bahut anukool hain aur antarctica aur uchch pahaadi kshetron koo chhodkar lagbhag sabhi vatavaranon mein paae jaa sakate hain. ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein sabse vividh bhring jeev paae jaa sakate hain. isake alawa, bhring tapman key prati cumm vinamra hotey hain. iss prakaar, yadi ack shav thhande tapman mein paaya gayaa haye, tou bhring califorade parr prachalit hoga.
mausam.
ack nishchit samay mein vibhinn mausam kii sthitiyon key kaaran kuchh keat maanav gharon parr aakraman karate hain. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki keede bhojan, paani aur aashray kii talash mein hain.
nama mausam kaee prakaar key keeton mein prajanan aur vriddhi kaa kaaran banata haye, vishesh roop seey jaba germ tapman key saath jodaa jaataa haye. iss samay sabse adhik keat cheentiyaan, makadiyan, jhunjhuni, tilchatte, ladybug, peele jackett, seeng, choohe aur choohe hain.
jaba paristhitiyaan shushk hoti hain, tou baahar kii namee kii kamee kaee keeton koo paani kii khoj mein ander leey jaati haye. jabaki varsha mausam keedon kii sankhya badhaata haye, iss shushk mausam key kaaran keat aakraman badh jaate hain. shushk paristhitiyon key dauran sabse adhik gyaat keat bichchu, cheentiyaan, goli key keede, millipied, cricket aur makadiyan hain. atyadhik sookha keeton kii kaee aabaadi koo maar detaa haye, lekin jeevit keeton koo adhik baar aakraman karane key liye bhee prerit kartaa haye.
baahar kaa thandaa tapman garmiyon key maheenon key anta aur sharad ritu kii shuruat mein aakraman kaa kaaran banega. boxes elder bugg, cluster makkhiyan, ladybug aur silverfish koo germ ghar key ander khojane key liye kuchh sabse aam keede dekhe jaate hain. samanya taur parr, keede poechylothermic janwar hotey hain; iss prakaar unaki gatividhi kaa star kaafee hudd taka unake aspas kii paryavaraniya sthitiyon parr nirbhar kartaa haye. tapman mein vriddhi key parinamswarup keat kaa chayapachaya tej hoe jaayega; isaliye isake parinamswarup gatividhi mein vriddhi hogi.
aadhunik takneeken.
kaee naee takneekon koo vikasit kiya gayaa haye aur adhik sateek roop seey sakshya ekatra karane yaa purani jaankaari kaa punarmulyankan karane key liye inca upayog kiya jaataa haye. inn naee vikasit takneekon aur moolyankanon kaa upayog mukdamebaji aur apeelon mein praasangik hoe gayaa haye. forensic keat vigyaan naa kewal arthropod jeev vigyaan kaa upayog kartaa haye, balki yeh anya vigyaanon seey bhee prerit haye, jisamen rasayan vigyaan aur aanuvanshiki jaise kshetron koo shamil kiya gayaa haye, aur forensic keat vigyaan mein dna key upayog key madhyam seey unake antarnihit talmel kaa dohan kiya gayaa haye.
scanning electron microscopy.
fly larva aur fly andey kaa upayog pee. aim. aaee. key nirdhaaran mein sahaayata key liye kiya jaataa haye. detta key upayogi honey key liye pee. aim. aaee. key liye ack sateek anuman praapt karane key liye larva aur andon koo ack prajaati star taka pahachaana jaanaa chaahiye. vartamaan mein forensic roop seey mahatvapurna keedon kii vibhinn prajaatiyon key beach antar karane key liye kaee takneeken vikasit kii jaa rahee hain. 2007 mein ack adhyayan ack aisee takneek koo pradarshit kartaa haye joe andey aur magots kii pramukh roopaatmak visheshtaon kii pehchaan karane key liye scanning electron microscopy (same) kaa upayog curr sakati haye. vibhinn prajaatiyon kii pehchaan karane mein madad karane vaale kuchh aakriti vigyaan sambandhi antar hain anastomosis kii upasthiti/anupasthiti, poorv aur pashch sarpil kii upasthiti/anupasthiti, cephalopharyngeal kankal key saath-saath madhya kshetra key aakar aur lambai.
same vidhi makkhi key andon kii pehchaan karane mein upayog key liye roopaatmak visheshtaon kii ack shrinkhala pradaan karati haye; haalaanki, iss vidhi key kuchh nuksan hain. mukhya nuksan yeh haye kii isake liye mahange upkaran kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur jiss prajaati seey andaa utpann huaa haye, usaki pehchaan karane mein samay lugg sakata haye, isaliye yeh ack kshetra adhyayan mein yaa kissy vishesh andey kii jaldi seey pehchaan karane mein upayogi naheen hoe sakata haye.
same vidhi prabhaavi haye basharte paryaapt samay hoe aur uchit upkaran aur vishesh makkhi key andey prachur matra mein houn. inn roopaatmak antaron kaa upayog karane kii kshamata forensic keetvigyaani koo ack shaktishali upkaran detee haye joe anya praasangik jaankaari key saath-saath ack postmortem antaral kaa anuman lagaane mein madad curr sakata haye, jaise kii kyaa shareer koo postmortem mein pareshan kiya gayaa haye.
potasium permangnet steining.
jaba scanning electron microscopy upalabdh naheen hoti haye, tou ack tej, cumm laagat vaali takneek potasium permangnet steining haye. ekatra kiye gaye andon koo samanya khaare ghol seey dhoya jaataa haye aur ack kaanch key petri vyanjan mein rakhaa jaataa haye. andon koo 1 pratishat potasium permangnet ghol mein ack minut key liye bhigo diyaa jaataa haye aur phir nirjalit kiya jaataa haye aur avalokan key liye ack slide parr lagaaya jaataa haye. inn slides kaa upayog vibhinn aakriti vigyaan visheshtaon kii tulanaa karane key liye ack anshaankit ips key saath kissy bhee prakaash sookshmadarshi key saath kiya jaa sakata haye. andon kii pehchaan karane key liye sabse mahatvapurna aur upayogi visheshtaen plastron kaa aakar, lambai aur chaudaai key saath-saath sookshmapatal key aspas key kshetra mein plastron kii aakriti vigyaan hain. andaa kii prajaatiyon koo nirdhaarit karane key liye forensic roop seey mahatvapurna prajaatiyon key manakon kii tulanaa mein vibhinn maapon aur tippaniyon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye.
mitochondrial dna.
2001 mein, jeffrey wells aur felix sperling dwara upa-parivaar chrysomyne kii vibhinn prajaatiyon key beach antar karane key liye mitochondrial dna kaa upayog karane key liye ack vidhi taiyar kii gaee thee. yeh vishesh roop seey taba upayogi hotaa haye jaba una namoonon kii pehchaan nirdhaarit karane key liye kaam kiya jaataa haye jinamen jeevan key kuchh charanon mein vishisht roopaatmak visheshtaen naheen hoti hain.
nakali aparaadh drishya.
ack moolyavaan upkaran joe forensic keetvigyaani key prashikshan mein bahut aam hotaa jaa rhaa haye, vaha haye suar key shavon kaa upayog karke nakali aparaadh drishyon kaa upayog karna. suar kaa shav ack maanav shareer kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye aur iska upayog arthropod uttaradhikar aur postmortem antaral key anuman donon parr vibhinn paryavaraniya prabhaavon koo spasht karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. forensic prayogaatmak vishleshan key sambandh mein detta ekatra karane key prayaas mein suar sabse adhik upayog kiye jaane vaale model hain. baad vaalaa maanav prakriti key liye atyadhik aanupaatik haye kyonki ullikhit prajaatiyon key saath hamari ativyaapi visheshataaen hain. inn paraspar sambandhit ghatakon mein shamil hainh upcharm vasaa bhandar, twacha kii motai, vayask shareer dravyamaan kii seema, baal dhankana aur sarvaahaari aahar.
jeane abhivyakti adhyayan.
halanki vibhinn instars parr bhautik visheshtaon aur aakaron kaa upayog udaan kii umr kaa anuman lagaane key liye kiya gayaa haye, vishesh jeane kii abhivyakti key aadhar parr andey kii umr nirdhaarit karane key liye ack aur halia adhyayan kiya gayaa haye. yeh vishesh roop seey vikasatmak charanon koo nirdhaarit karane mein upayogi haye joe aakar mein parivartan seey pramaanit naheen hain; jaise kii andaa yaa pyupa aur jahaan vishesh vikasatmak charan kii avadhi key aadhar parr kewal ack samanya samay antaral kaa anuman lagaaya jaa sakata haye. yeh charan koo jeane abhivyakti mein anumaanit parivartan dwara alag kii gaee chhoti ikaaiyon mein todkar kiya jaataa haye. drosophila melanogaster" key saath ack prayog mein teen jeane koo maapa gayaah bicoid (bee. see. dee.), slallum (aiss. ell. ell.), aur chittin synthes (see. aiss.). inn teen jeenon kaa upayog isaliye kiya gayaa thaa kyonki andey key vikas kii prakriya key vibhinn samay key dauran unake vibhinn staron mein honey kii sambhavana haye. yeye sabhi jeane andey kii umr key sambandh mein ack raikhik sambandh saajha karate hain; yaani, andaa jitna purana hotaa haye, vishesh jeane utanaa hii adhik vyakt hotaa haye. haalaanki, sabhi jeane alag-alag matra mein vyakt kiye jaate hain. vibhinn sthaan parr vibhinn jeane koo ack anya makkhi prajaati key liye chune jaane kii aavashyakta hogi. jeane abhivyaktiyon koo ack niyantran namoone mein mapp kiya jaataa haye taaki nishchit samay antaral parr jeane abhivyakti kaa vikas chart taiyar kiya jaa sakey. iss chart kii tulanaa jeane abhivyakti key maapa moolyon seey kii jaa sakati haye taaki ack andey kii umr kaa sateek anuman lagaaya jaa sakey aur dou ghante key bheetar ack uchch aatmavishvaas star key saath. bhale hii iss takneek kaa upayog andey kii umr kaa anuman lagaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin isaki vyavaharyata aur kanuni sweekriti parr vichaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye taaki yeh vyaapak roop seey upayog kii jaane vaali forensic takneek hoe. iska ack laabh yeh hoga kii yeh anya dee. aine. aeye.-adharit takneekon kii tarah haye, isaliye adhikansh prayogshaalaaen nae poonji nivesh kii aavashyakta key binaa isi tarah key prayog karane key liye susajjit hongi. ayu nirdhaaran kii yeh shally instars aur pyupa kii umr koo adhik sateek roop seey khojane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali prakriya mein haye; haalaanki, yeh bahut adhik jatil haye, kyonki inn charanon key dauran adhik jeane vyakt kiye jaa rahey hain. ummeed haye kii iss aur isi tarah kii anya takneekon key saath ack adhik sateek pee. aim. aaee. praapt kiya jaa sakata haye.
keat gatividhi mamle kaa adhyayan.
keat upanivesheekaran aur newzealand mein avasheshon key uttaradhikar kii praarambhik jaanch seey kshay aur keat upanivesheekaran parr nimnalikhit parinam saamane aae.
khule maidan kaa nivaas sthaan.
iss vatavaran mein dainik ausat adhikatam tapman aur dainik nyuntam tapman thaa. iss vatavaran mein pahale 3 hafton key liye ausat varsha 3 mimi/dinn thee. lagbhag kuchh dinon mein, shareer sakriya roop seey kshay honey lagaa. iss charan key dauran, keeton kii safalata "califora stagia" key saath shuru hui, joe 27 dinn taka chully. "chrysomia rufacy" key larva 13 aur 47 dinn key beach maujood they. "hydrotia rostrata", "lucilia serikata" key larva, parivaar cycodidae, aur "silvicola" shareer key kshay mein apekshaakrit dair seey maujood paae gaye.
tateey rait-tealey kaa nivaas sthaan.
iss vatavaran mein ausat dainik adhikatam tapman aur nyuntam tapman thaa. pahale 3 hafton key liye dainik ausat varsha 1.4 mimi/dinn darj kii gaee thee. kshay key baad kaa samay antaral, mrityu key baad chhah dinn seey shuru hocker mrityu key baad lagbhag 15 dinn taka samaapt hotaa haye, iss vatavaran key uchch ausat tapman key kaaran, kshay key baad key ausat samay seey bahut cumm hoe jaataa haye. sakriya avastha key baad dair seey praapt keedon mein "califora quadrimaculata", vayask spheroceridae, cycodidae aur piophilidae (iss antim parivaar seey koee larva thheek honey mein praapt naheen huaa thaa) shamil hain.
deshi jhaadi nivaas sthaan.
iss vatavaran mein dainik ausat adhikatam aur nyuntam tapman kramshah darj kiya gayaa thaa. iss awas mein ausat varsha 0.40 mimi/dinn darj kii gaee thee. soojan key baad, joe mrityu key saat dinn baad taka chalaa, sakriya kshay key baad 14 dinn key aspas shuru huaa. iss nivaas sthaan mein, "aich. rostrata, "vayask foridae, silvicola larva aur vayask pramukh prajaatiyan theen joe poorv-kankalikaran charanon key dauran shareer parr bachee theen.
saahitya mein.
apane poore itihas mein forensic keat vigyaan kaa adhyayan kewal keetvigyaani aur forensic vaigyaanikon key liye aarakshit ack goodh vigyaan naheen rhaa haye.
beesavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein lokpriya vaigyaanik saahitya ney keat vigyaan mein vyaapak ruchi paida karni shuru curr dee. bahut lokpriya duss-khand kii pustak shrinkhala, alfred brem kii "thearleben" (jaanvaron kaa jeevan, 1876-1879) ney arthropods sahit kaee prani vigyaan vishayon parr vyakhya kii. francisi keetvigyaani jeane-heinry fabber kii sulabh lekhan shally bhee keat vigyaan key lokpriya banaane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati thee. 19veen shatabdi key antim bhaag key dauran likhe gaye unake lekhan "smaarikaon kaa sangrah" vishesh roop seey upayogi haye kyonki dekhe gaye keedon key vyavhaar aur jeevan chakron parr saavdhaanipoorvak dhyaan diyaa jaataa haye.
keat vigyaan sakshya kaa upayog karke aparaadh koo hull karane key saath aadhunik saanskritik aakarshan key peechhe vaastavik prerana kaa pataa francisi pashu chikitsak aur keat vigyaan jeane pier magnin dwara "phone days tombex" (kabron key jeev, 1887) aur "less phone days cadverse" (laashon key jeev, 1894) key karyon seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye. inn karyon ney ack shav parr keat paaristhitik uttaradhikar kii prakriya kii avadharana koo ack sadharan paathak key liye iss tarah seey samajhane yogya aur dilchasp banaa diyaa kii isase pahale kissy anya vaigyaanik kaary ney aisaa naheen kiya thaa. magnin key kaam key prakaashan key baad hii forensic vigyaan aur keat vigyaan kaa adhyayan paschimi lokpriya sanskriti kaa ack sthaapit hissa bunn gayaa, jisane badale mein anya vaigyaanikon koo unake shodh koo jaari rakhane aur vistaar karane key liye prerit kiya.