bryozoa

bryozoa (jise polyzoa, actoproct yaa aamtaur parr kaaee jaanvaron key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) saral, jaleey aksheruki jaanvaron kaa ack vansh haye, joe lagbhag sabhi gatiheen upaniveshon mein rahate hain. aam taur parr lagbhag lambe samay taka, unake paas ack vishesh bhojan sanrachana hoti haye jise lofofor kahaa jaataa haye, joe kii filter feeding key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale tambu kaa ack "mukut" hotaa haye. adhikansh samudri bryozoan ushnakatibandhiya jall mein rahate hain, lekin kuchh samudri khaai aur dhruviya jall mein paae jaate hain. bryozoan koo samudri bryozoan (stenolemata), taaje paani key bryozoan (phylactolemata) aur jyaadaatar samudri bryozoan (gymnolemata) key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye, jinamen seey kuchh sadasya khaare paani koo pasand karate hain. 5, 869 jeevit prajaatiyan gyaat hain. cumm seey cumm dou vansh ekal ("athozoods" aur "monobriozoon") hain; baaki aupaniveshik hain.
polyzoa aur bryozoa shabd kramshah 1830 aur 1831 mein pesh kiye gaye they. iska naam rakhe jaane key turant baad, jaanvaron key ack aur samooh kii khoj kii gaee, jiska filtering tantra samaan dikhta thaa, isaliye ise 1869 taka bryozoa mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, jaba donon samoohon koo aantarik roop seey bahut alag maanaa gayaa thaa. nae samooh koo "entoprocta" naam diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki mool bryozoa koo "ectoprocta" kahaa jaataa thaa. shabdawali key baare mein asahamati 20veen shatabdi taka achchi tarah seey bunny rahee, lekin "bryozoa" abb aam taur parr sweekrit shabd haye.
coloniyaan pankhe, jhaadiyan aur chaadaren sahit vibhinn roop letee hain. ekal janwar, jinhen chidiyaghar kahaa jaataa haye, poore coloney mein rahate hain aur poori tarah seey swatantra naheen hain. inn vyaktiyon key advitiya aur vividh kaary hoe sakate hain. sabhi coloniyon mein "autozued" hotey hain, joe vibhinn chainalon key madhyam seey coloney koo bhojan, utsarjan aur poshak tatvon kii aapoorti key liye jimmedaar hotey hain. kuchh vargon mein visheshagya chidiyaghar jaise nishechit andon key liye hatchery, aupaniveshik raksha sanrachanaaen aur jarh jaisi sanlagnak sanrachanaaen hain. cheyalostomata bryogen kaa sabse vividh crum haye, sambhavatah isaliye kii isake sadasyon key paas visheshagya chidiyagharon kii vyaapak shrinkhala haye. unake paas khanijikrit exoskeleton hotey hain aur ekal-parat vaali chaadaren banati hain joe satahon parr gher letee hain, aur kuchh coloniyan pairon key roop mein spiny rakshaatmak chidiyagharon kaa upayog karke bahut dheere-dheere reng sakati hain.
pratyek chidiyaghar mein ack "cysted" hotaa haye, joe shareer kii deewaar pradaan kartaa haye aur exoskeleton kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, aur ack "polypied", joe angon koo dhaaran kartaa haye. chidiyagharon mein koee vishesh malmutra anga naheen hotey hain, aur jaba way apashisht utpaadon seey adhik bharey hotey hain tou autozoods key polypieds koo samaapt curr diyaa jaataa haye; aamtaur parr shareer kii deewaar phir ack pratisthaapan polypied koo badhaati haye. unaki aant yuu-aakar kii hoti haye, jisamen tambu key mukut key ander munh hotaa haye aur isake baahar gudaa hotaa haye. sabhi taaje paani kii prajaatiyon key chidiyaghar ack saath hermaphrodite hain. haalaanki kaee samudri prajaatiyan pahale narr aur phir maadaa key roop mein kaary karati hain, unaki coloniyon mein hamesha chidiyagharon kaa ack sanyojan hotaa haye joe unake purush aur mahila charanon mein hotey hain. sabhi prajaatiyan shukranuon koo paani mein utsarjit karati hain. kuchh loga andaa koo paani mein chhod dete hain, jabaki anya apane andaa koo aantarik roop seey nishechit karane key liye apane tambu key madhyam seey shukranu koo pakadate hain. kuchh prajaatiyon mein larva mein badee jardi hoti haye, joe khaane key liye jaati haye, aur jaldi seey ack satah parr buss jaati haye. anya aise larva paida karate hain jinaki jardi cumm hoti haye lekin way basane seey pahale kuchh dinon key liye tairate hain aur khaate hain. basane key baad, sabhi larva ack mool roop seey rupaantarit hotey hain joe lagbhag sabhi aantarik ootakon koo nasht curr detaa haye aur unakaa punarnirmaan kartaa haye. taaje paani kii prajaatiyan statoblasts kaa bhee utpaadan karati hain joe taba taka nishkriya rahati hain jaba taka kii paristhitiyaan anukool naheen hoe jaati hain, joe ack coloney key vansh koo jeevit rahane mein saksham banaata haye, bhale hii gambhir paristhitiyaan madar coloney koo maar dein.
samudri bryozoan key shikariyon mein samudri slug (nudibranch), machhali, samudri archin, pycnogonids, crustatian, mite aur starfish shamil hain. meethe paani key bryozoan ghonghe, keede aur machhliyon dwara shikaar kiye jaate hain. thyland mein, ack taaja paani kii prajaati kii kaee aabaadi ghonghe kii ack pesh kii gaee prajaati dwara mitaa dee gaee haye. america key poorvottar aur uttar-paschimi taton parr teji seey badhate aakramak bryogen ney kelp vanon koo itna cumm curr diyaa haye kii isane sthaaniya machhliyon aur aksheruki aabaadi koo prabhaavit kiya haye. bryozoan ney machhali key kheton aur machuaaron mein beemaariyaan faila dee hain. samudri bryogen prajaatiyon seey nikaale gaye rasayanon kii cancer aur alzheimer roga key upchaar key liye jaanch kii gaee haye, lekin vishleshan utsaahjanak naheen rahey hain.
bryozoan key khanij kankal pahali baar praarambhik ordovician avadhi seey chattanon mein dikhaai dete hain, jisase yeh jeevaashm record mein dikhaai dene vaalaa antim pramukh vansh bunn jaataa haye. isase shodhkartaon koo sandeh huaa haye kii bryozoan pahale utpann hue they lekin shuru mein khanij rahit they, aur jeevaashm aur aadhunik roopon seey kaafee alag hoe sakate hain. 2021 mein, kuchh shodhon ney sujhaav diyaa kii "protomalition", cambrian avadhi seey gyaat ack genus, ack praarambhik bryozone kaa ack udaaharan hoe sakata haye, lekin baad mein shodh ney sujhaav diyaa kii yeh taxon isake bajaay ack deciclad elga kaa pratinidhitva curr sakata haye. praarambhik jeevaashm mukhya roop seey seedhe roop key hotey hain, lekin dheere-dheere incrusting roop pramukh hoe gaye. yeh anishchit haye kii kyaa vansh monophylatic haye. anya jaati key saath bryozoan key vikaasvaadi sambandh bhee spasht naheen hain, aanshik roop seey kyonki jaanvaron key parivarik vriksh key baare mein vaigyaanikon kaa drishtikon mukhya roop seey behtar gyaat jaati seey prabhaavit haye. donon roopaatmak aur aanvik phylogeny vishleshanon mein entoprocts key saath bryozoan key sambandhon parr asahamati haye, iss baare mein kii kyaa bryozoan koo lofoforata mein bracopods aur foronids key saath samoohbaddh kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur kyaa bryozoan koo protostome yaa deuterostome maanaa jaanaa chaahiye.
varnan.
vishishtataaen.
bryozoan, foronids aur brachyopods khokhla tambu key "mukut" lofofor key madhyam seey paani seey bhojan koo baahar nikaalate hain. bryozoan kaloniyon kaa nirmaan karate hain jinamen chidiyaghar naamak clone hotey hain joe aamtaur parr lagbhag lambe hotey hain. foronids bryogen chidiyagharon seey milate-julate hain lekin lambe hotey hain aur, halanki way aksar guchhe mein badhate hain, clone seey yukt upanivesh naheen banaate hain. bracopods, jinhen aam taur parr bryozoan aur foronids seey nikatata seey sambandhit maanaa jaataa haye, koo dwigunit key gole key bajaay gole honey seey alag kiya jaataa haye. inn teenon koshikaon mein ack sealum hotaa haye, joe mesothelium dwara panktibaddh ack aantarik guha haye.
khanijikrit exoskeleton key saath kuchh grasit bryozone coloniyaan bahut chhote prawal kii tarah dikhati hain. haalaanki, bryozone upaniveshon kii sthaapana ack poorvaj dwara kii jaati haye, joe usa prajaati key samanya chidiyaghar key aakar key bajaay goal hotaa haye. doosari or, ack prawal key sansthaapak polype kaa aakar usaki betty polype key aakar jaisa hotaa haye, aur prawal chidiyagharon mein koee sealum yaa lofofor naheen hotaa haye.
entoprocts, filter-feeder kaa ack aur vansh, balki bryozoan kii tarah dikhta haye lekin unaki lofofor jaisi bhojan sanrachana mein thhos tambu hotey hain, unaki gudaa "mukut" key aadhar key baahar key bajaay ander hoti haye aur unamen koee sealum naheen hotaa haye.
chidiyaghar key prakaar.
ack vansh, "monobriozoon" koo chhodkar sabhi bryozone aupaniveshik hain. ack bryogen coloney key alag-alag sadasya lagbhag lambe hotey hain aur unhein "chidiyaghar" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, kyonki way poori tarah seey swatantra janwar naheen hain. sabhi coloniyon mein feeding chidiyaghar hotey hain, jinhen autozoids key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. kuchh samoohon mein gair-feeding heterozued bhee hotey hain, jinhen bahuroopi chidiyaghar key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, joe bhojan key alawa vibhinn prakaar key karyon koo puuraa karate hain; coloney key sadasya aanuvanshik roop seey samaan hotey hain aur badey jaanvaron key angon kii tarah sahyog karate hain. chidiyaghar kiss prakaar kaa ugataa haye jahan ack coloney mein poore coloney seey rasayanik sanketon dwara yaa kabhi-kabhi shikariyon yaa pratidvandi coloniyon kii sugandh key jawab mein nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye.
sabhi prakaar key shareer key dou mukhya bhaag hotey hain. cysted" mein shareer kii deewaar hoti haye aur epidermis dwara kissy bhee prakaar kaa exoskeleton sraavit hotaa haye. exoskeleton carbonic (chittin, polysaccharide yaa protein) yaa khanij calcium carbonate seey banaa hoe sakata haye. baad vaalaa hamesha taaje paani kii prajaatiyon mein anupasthit rahata haye. shareer kii deewaar mein epidermis, besal lamina (gair-koshikiya samagri kii ack chataai), sanyoji ootak, maanspeshiyaan aur mesothelium hotaa haye joe koelam (mukhya shareer guha) koo rekha detaa haye-sivaay isake kii ack varg mein, mesothelium dou alag-alag paraton mein vibhajit hotaa haye, aantarik ack jhilli thaili banaata haye joe swatantra roop seey tairta haye aur isamen koelam hotaa haye, aur baahari ack shareer kii deewaar seey judaa hotaa haye aur jhilli thaili koo ack chhadm koelam mein gherta haye. bryogen shareer kaa doosara mukhya bhaag, jise "polypied" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur lagbhag poori tarah seey cysted key bheetar sthit haye, mein tantrika tantra, paachan tantra, kuchh vishesh maanspeshiyaan aur bhojan upkaran yaa anya vishesh anga hotey hain joe bhojan upkaran kii jagah lete hain.
chidiyagharon koo khaana khilana.
chidiyaghar kaa sabse aam prakaar feeding autozuid haye, jisamen polypied khokhla tambu kaa "mukut" dhaaran kartaa haye jise lofofor kahaa jaataa haye, joe paani seey khaadya kanon koo pakadata haye. sabhi coloniyon mein chidiyagharon kaa ack badaa pratishat autozued haye, aur kuchh mein poori tarah seey autozued hotey hain, jinamen seey kuchh prajanan mein bhee sanlagn hotey hain.
mukut" kaa mool aakar ack poorna vritt haye. taaje paani key bryozoan (phylactolemata) key beach mukut yuu-aakar kaa dikhaai detaa haye, lekin yeh chhaap mukut key kinare mein ack gahare dent seey banaai gaee haye, jisamen tambu key kinare mein koee antaral naheen haye. tambu key kinaaron parr siliya naamak maheen baal hotey hain, jinaki pitai tambu key sire seey unake aadhar taka paani kii dhaara koo chalaati haye, jahaan seey yeh baahar nikalata haye. tambu key saath takaraane vaale khaadya kann shleshma dwara funce jaate hain, aur tambu kii aantarik satahon parr aage siliya kanon koo kendra mein munh kii or leey jaataa haye. ectoprocts dwara upayog kii jaane vaali vidhi koo "upstream collection" kahaa jaataa haye, kyonki khaadya kanon koo siliya key kshetra seey gujarane seey pahale pakad liya jaataa haye joe feeding current banaata haye. iss vidhi kaa upayog foronids, bracopods aur terobranch dwara bhee kiya jaataa haye.
lofofor aur munh koo "invert" naamak ack lachili nully parr lagaaya jaataa haye, jise ander seey baahar kiya jaa sakata haye aur polypied mein vaapas liya jaa sakata haye, bajaay rubber key dastaane kii ungli kii tarah; iss sthiti mein lofofor invert key ander sthit hotaa haye aur ack chhatari key spoke kii tarah modd diyaa jaataa haye. kabhi-kabhi 60 millisecond key bheetar, cysted key door key chhor parr lunger daalane vaali pratigaami maanspeshiyon kii ack jodee dwara vyutkram koo vaapas leey liya jaataa haye. tambu key nokon parr samvedak poori tarah seey vistaarit honey seey pahale khatare key sanketon kii jaanch curr sakate hain. vistaar aantarik drav dabaav mein vriddhi seey sanchaalit hotaa haye, joe lacheele exoskeleton vaali prajaatiyan shareer kii deewaar key ander sthit golakar maanspeshiyon koo sankuchit karke utpann karati hain, jabaki jhillidaar thaili vaali prajaatiyan ise nichodane key liye golakar maanspeshiyon kaa upayog karati hain. kathor exoskeleton vaali kuchh prajaatiyon mein ack lachili jhilli hoti haye joe exoskeleton key hisse koo badal detee haye, aur exoskeleton key door kii or lunger daalane vaali anuprasth maanspeshiyaan jhilli koo ander kii or kheenchkar taral padaarth key dabaav koo badhaati hain. anya mein surakshaatmak kankal mein koee antaral naheen hotaa haye, aur anuprasth maanspeshiyaan ack lachili thaili parr kheenchati hain joe ack chhote seey chhidra dwara baahar key paani seey judee hoti haye; thaili kaa vistaar shareer key ander dabaav badhaata haye aur invert aur lofour koo baahar dhakelata haye. kuchh prajaatiyon mein peechhe hatane vaale invert aur lofofor ack operculum ("dhakkan") dwara sanrakshit hotey hain, joe maanspeshiyon dwara bund hotaa haye aur drav dabaav dwara khola jaataa haye. ack varg mein, ack khokhla khand jise "epistome" kahaa jaataa haye, munh parr latakata haye.
aant yuu-aakar kii hoti haye, joe munh seey, lofofor key kendra mein, janwar key aantarik bhaag mein aur phir vaapas gudaa mein jaati haye, joe kii invert parr, baahar aur aamtaur parr lofour key neeche sthit hoti haye. fanikuli" ("chhoti rassiyaan") naamak mesothelium key taaron kaa ack network mesothelium koo aant koo dhakane vaale shareer kii deewaar key astar seey jodata haye. pratyek taar kii deewaar mesothelium seey bunny hoti haye, aur taral padaarth seey bharee jagah koo gherati haye, jise rakt maanaa jaataa haye. ack coloney key chidiyaghar judey hotey hain, joe autozoids koo ack dusare key saath aur kissy bhee gair-feeding heterozoids key saath bhojan saajha karane mein saksham banaate hain. sambandh kii vidhi vibhinn vargon key bryozoan key beach bhinn hoti haye, shareer kii divaaron mein kaafee badey antaral seey laker chhote chhidron taka jinake madhyam seey poshak tatva fanikuli dwara paarit kiye jaate hain.
grasni (galey) key chaaron or ack tantrika valay hotaa haye aur ack ganglion hotaa haye joe isake ack taraf mastishk key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. tantrikaaen ring aur ganglion seey tambu aur shareer key baaki hisson taka chalati hain. bryozoan mein koee vishesh indriya anga naheen hotey hain, lekin tambu parr siliya samvedak key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. bugula" vansh key sadasya soorya kii or badhate hain, aur isaliye prakaash kaa pataa lagaane mein saksham honah chaahiye. kuchh prajaatiyon kii coloniyon mein, sanket chidiyagharon key beach shareer kii divaaron mein chhidron seey gujarane vaali nason key madhyam seey preshit hotey hain, aur bhojan aur loforce key peechhe hatane jaisi gatividhiyon kaa samanvaya karate hain.
monobriozoon" key ekal vyakti nashpati key aakar key shareer key saath autozoid hain. chaude chhoron parr 15 chhote, maanspeshiyon vaale anuman hotey hain jinake dwara janwar rait yaa bajari parr lunger daalate hain aur talchhat key madhyam seey khud koo kheenchate hain.
avicularia aur vibracula.
kuchh adhikaari kissy bhee prakaar key chidiyaghar koo sandarbhit karane key liye "avicularia" ("avicularium" kaa bahuvachan) shabd kaa upayog karate hain jisamen lofofor koo ack vistaar dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaataa haye joe kuchh surakshaatmak kaary kartaa haye, jabaki anya shabd una logon taka seemit karate hain joe aakramankariyon aur chhote shikariyon parr hamla karke coloney kii raksha karate hain, kuchh koo maarte hain aur dusaron key upaangon koo kaatate hain. kuchh prajaatiyon mein snapping chidiyagharon koo ack pedankil (danthal) parr lagaaya jaataa haye, unaki pakshi jaisi upasthiti iss shabd key liye jimmedaar hoti haye-charles darwin ney inhen "ack chhote seey giddh key sir aur chonch, gardan parr baithe aur chalane mein saksham" key roop mein varnit kiya haye. dandedar avicularia koo unake dandon parr ulta rakhaa jaataa haye. nichale jabade" opercula key sanshodhit sanskaran hain joe kuchh prajaatiyon key autozoids mein peechhe hatane vaale lofoforce kii raksha karate hain, aur samaan maanspeshiyon dwara "moostrap kii tarah" bund curr diye jaate hain, jabaki chonch key aakar kaa oopari jabada shareer kii ulte deewaar hoti haye. anya prajaatiyon mein avicularia sthir boxes jaise chidiyaghar hain joe samanya tareeke seey oopar rakhe jaate hain, taaki sanshodhit operculum shareer kii deewaar key khilaf neeche aaa jaae. donon prakaron mein sanshodhit operculum koo anya maanspeshiyon dwara khola jaataa haye joe isase judee hoti hain, yaa aantarik maanspeshiyon dwara joe ack lachili jhilli parr kheenchkar drav kaa dabaav badhaati hain. inn twarit chidiyagharon kii kriyaon koo chhote, atyadhik sanshodhit polypieds dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa haye joe "munh" key ander sthit hotey hain aur laghu samvedi siliya key tufts koo sahan karate hain. yeye chidiyaghar vibhinn sthitiyon mein dikhaai dete hainh kuchh autozued kii jagah lete hain, kuchh autozued key beach chhote antaral mein fitt hotey hain, aur anya chidiyagharon kii satahon parr chhote avicularia hoe sakate hain.
vibracula mein, jise kuchh loga avicularia key ack prakaar key roop mein maanate hain, operculum koo ack lambi barchhat banaane key liye sanshodhit kiya jaataa haye jisamen gati kii ack vistrit shrinkhala hoti haye. way shikariyon aur aakramankariyon key khilaf raksha key roop mein yaa safai karane vaalon key roop mein kaary curr sakate hain. kuchh prajaatiyon mein joe gatishil upanivesh banaate hain, kinaaron key chaaron or compan kaa upayog gaddhe banaane aur chalane key liye pairon key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.
sanrachanaatmak bahuroop.
canozoids (yunani 'khaali' seey) mein kewal shareer kii deewaar aur funicular strand hotey hain joe interior koo paar karate hain, aur koee polypied naheen hotaa haye. inn chidiyagharon key karyon mein shaakhaon kii sanrachanaon key tanon kaa nirmaan karna, spacer key roop mein kaary karna shamil haye joe coloniyon koo ack naee disha mein jaldi seey badhane mein saksham banaata haye, coloney kii shaakhaon koo majboot kartaa haye, aur anya jeevon key khilaf pratispardhi laabh key liye coloney koo isake substrate seey thodaa oopar uthaana shamil haye. kuchh canozued koo coloney key liye poshak tatvon koo sangraheet karane mein saksham honey kii parikalpana kii gaee haye. kyonki canozoids kaa kaary aam taur parr sanrachanaatmak hotaa haye, unhein "sanrachanaatmak bahuroop" kahaa jaataa haye."
vilupt trapostome bryozoan mein paae jaane vaale kuchh vishamjaivik, jinhen mesozoid kahaa jaataa haye, key baare mein socha jaataa haye kii way swatahjaivikon koo ack uchit doori key antaral parr sthaan dene key liye kaary karate hain. trapostome jeevashmon key patale khandon mein, mesozued koo una tubes key beach dekhaa jaa sakata haye joe autozued dhaaran karate hain; way chhoti tyooben hain joe diaphram dwara unaki lambai key saath vibhajit hoti hain, jisase way autozudal tubes key beach sandwich kiye gaye boxes jaise kakshon kii panktiyon kii tarah dikhati hain. 
prajanan bahuroop.
gonozued nishechit andon key liye santan kaksh key roop mein kaary karate hain. lagbhag sabhi aadhunik cyclostome bryozoan mein way hotey hain, lekin unhein ack coloney mein dhoondhana mushkil hoe sakata haye kyonki ack coloney mein bahut cumm gonozued hotey hain. gonozued mein chhidra, jise ocopore kahaa jaataa haye, larva key baahar nikalane key liye ack bindu key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. kuchh gonozued mein bahut jatil aakar hotey hain jinamen autozudal tube unake bheetar key kakshon seey gujarati hain. gonozuid seey nikalane vaale sabhi larva ekal andey key vibhajan dwara banaae gaye clone hain; ise monozygotic polyembrini kahaa jaataa haye, aur yeh ack prajanan ranneeti haye jiska upayog armadillos dwara bhee kiya jaataa haye.
chilostome bryozoan bhee apane bhroon koo janm dete hain; aam tarikon mein seey ack andashay, autozoids seey judey capsule key madhyam seey haye. halanki, andashay koshikaon vaale autozued aam taur parr abhee bhee khilaane mein saksham hotey hain, isaliye inhen wishmjoid naheen maanaa jaataa haye. 
"mahila" bahuroop "" purush "bahuroop kii tulanaa mein adhik aam hain, lekin vishesh chidiyaghar joe shukranu kaa utpaadan karate hain, way bhee gyaat hain. inhen androzoids kahaa jaataa haye, aur kuchh "odontoporella bishpi" kii coloniyon mein paae jaate hain, ack prajaati joe sannyasi kekadon key saath sahajeevi haye aur unake gole parr rahati haye. yeye chidiyaghar anya kii tulanaa mein chhote hain aur inmein chaar chhote tambu aur chaar lambe tambu hain, joe autozoids key vipareet hain jinamen 15-16 tambu hain. androzued mobile coloniyon vaali prajaatiyon mein bhee paae jaate hain joe chaaron or reng sakate hain. yeh sambhav haye kii androzoids kaa upayog coloniyon key beach shukranuon key adaan-pradaan key liye kiya jaataa haye jaba dou mobile coloniyaan yaa bryozone-encrusted sannyasi kekade ack dusare seey milate hain. 
anya bahuroop.
spinozoids khokhale, chala spine hotey hain, jaise bahut patali, chhoti tyooben, joe coloniyon kii satah parr maujood hoti hain, joe shayed raksha key liye hoti hain. kuchh prajaatiyon mein chhote ekal-tentacle polypieds key saath laghu nanozoids hotey hain, aur yeye anya chidiyagharon parr yaa autozoids kii shareer kii divaaron key bheetar badh sakate hain joe vikrit hoe gaye hain.
coloney roop aur sanrachana.
halanki chidiyaghar sookshm hain, coloniyon kaa aakar ack seey dusare taka hotaa haye. haalaanki, adhikansh cumm hain. upaniveshon key aakar vyaapak roop seey bhinn hotey hain, joe ubharate hue key pattern parr nirbhar karate hain, jisamen way badhate hain, chidiyagharon kii vividhata maujood haye aur kankal samagri key prakaar aur matra joe way sraavit karate hain.
kuchh samudri prajaatiyan jhaadi jaisi yaa pankhe jaisi hoti hain, joe canozoids dwara banaai gaee "trunk" aur "shaakhaon" dwara samarthit hoti hain, jinamen seey badhate hue autozoids koo khilaaya jaataa haye. inn prakaar kii coloniyaan aam taur parr khanij rahit hoti hain lekin unamen chittin seey baney exoskeleton hoe sakate hain. anya chhote prawal kii tarah dikhate hain, joe bhaari choone key kankal paida karate hain. kaee prajaatiyan upanivesh banaati hain jinamen autozoids kii chaadaren hoti hain. yeye chaadaren pattiyon, tuft yaa, "thalamoporella" vansh mein, sanrachanaon kaa nirmaan curr sakati hain joe salad key khule sir seey milati-julati hain.
haalaanki, sabse aam samudri roop encrusting haye, jisamen chidiyaghar kii ack parat kii chaadar ack kathor satah yaa samudri shaiwal parr failati haye. kuchh encrusting coloniyaan badh sakati hain aur unamen lagbhag 2,000,000 chidiyaghar hoe sakate hain. inn prajaatiyon mein aam taur parr calcium carbonate key saath prabalit exoskeleton hotey hain, aur jinn dwaaron key madhyam seey lophophorus oopar yaa baahari satah parr hotey hain. vansh key naam key liye encrusting coloniyon kii kaaee jaisi upasthiti jimmedaar haye (pracheen yunani shabd jiska arth haye 'kaaee' aur jiska arth haye 'janwar'). encrusting prajaatiyon kii badee coloniyon mein aksar "chimani" hoti hain, joe lofofor kii chandwa mein antaral hoti hain, jisake madhyam seey way teji seey paani nikaalate hain joe chhaan liya gayaa haye, aur iss prakaar pahale seey hii samaapt hoe chuke paani koo phir seey chhaanane seey bachate hain. way gair-feeding heterozued key dhabbon seey banate hain. naee chimani vistaar karane vaali coloniyon key kinaaron key paas dikhaai detee hain, una binduon parr jahaan bahirgaman kii gati pahale seey hii adhik haye, aur yadi paani kaa pravaah badalata haye tou sthiti naheen badalate hain.
kuchh taaje paani kii prajaatiyan gelatinus samagri kaa ack dravyamaan sraavit karati hain, vyaas taka, jisase chidiyaghar chipak jaate hain. anya meethe paani kii prajaatiyon mein "trunk" aur "shaakhaon" key saath paudhe jaisi aakritiyaan hoti hain, joe satah parr khadee yaa faili hoe sakati hain. kuchh prajaatiyan lagbhag prati dinn reng sakati hain.
pratyek coloney ack chidiyaghar seey alaingik ubharane seey ugati haye jise poorvaj key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe ack samanya chidiyaghar key aakar key bajaay goal hotaa haye. yeh "trunk" yaa "shaakhaon" key sire parr hotaa haye joe iss sanrachana vaale roopon mein hotey hain. incrusting coloniyaan apane kinaaron key chaaron or badhati hain. chunane yogya exoskeleton vaali prajaatiyon mein, yeye taba taka khanij naheen hotey jaba taka kii chidiyaghar poori tarah seey vikasit naheen hoe jaate. coloney kaa jivankal ack seey lagbhag 12 varshon taka hotaa haye, aur alpakaalik prajaatiyan ack mausam mein kaee peedhiyon seey gujarati hain.
rakshaatmak chidiyagharon kaa utpaadan karane vaali prajaatiyan kewal tabhi aisaa karati hain jaba khatare pahale hii dikhaai dey chuke houn, aur 48 ghanton key bheetar aisaa curr sakati hain. prerit raksha" key siddhant seey pataa chalata haye kii raksha kaa utpaadan mahanga haye aur joe upanivesh bahut jaldi yaa bahut adhik khud koo bachaate hain, unaki vikas darr aur jivankal cumm hoe jaayega. raksha key liye yeh "antim minut" drishtikon sambhav haye kyonki ack hii hamale mein chidiyagharon kaa nuksan mahatvapurna honey kii sambhavana naheen haye. kuchh encrusting prajaatiyon kii coloniyaan anya encrusting jeevon, vishesh roop seey anya bryozoan key vistaar koo seemit karane key liye vishesh heterozued kaa utpaadan karati hain. kuchh mamalon mein yeh pratikriya adhik aakramak hoti haye yadi vipaksh chhota hotaa haye, joe bataata haye kii coloney key kinare parr chidiyaghar kissy tarah pratidvandi key aakar koo mahsoos curr sakate hain. kuchh prajaatiyan kuchh anya key khilaf lagaatar prabal rahati hain, lekin adhikansh turf yuddh anirnaayak hotey hain aur ladaakoo jald hii nirvirodh kshetron mein badhane lagate hain. kshetra key liye pratispardha karane vaale bryozoan spunge yaa prawal dwara niyojit parishkrit takneekon kaa upayog naheen karate hain, sambhavatah kyonki bryozoan jivankal kii kamee turf yuddhon mein bhaari nivesh koo laabhdaayak naheen banaati haye.
bryozoan ney ordovician kaal seey samudri jeevan mein carbonate avasaadan mein yogdan diyaa haye. bryozoan kaee coloney roopon key liye zimmedaari lete hain, joe vibhinn vargeekaran samoohon mein vikasit hue hain aur talchhat utpaadan kshamata mein bhinn hotey hain. nau buniyaadi bryozone coloney-roopon mein shamil hainh encrusting, gumbad key aakar, palmet, parnasamuh, fenestrate, majboot shakha, najuk shakha, spasht aur mukt jeevan. inmein seey adhikansh talchhat upaniveshon key dou alag-alag samoohon seey aatey hainh gumbad, najuk shakha, majboot shakha aur talchhat; aur fenestrate. fenestrate coloniyaan khurdare kanon koo talchhat aur stromatoporoids prawal bhittiyon key ghatakon key roop mein utpann karati hain. haalaanki, najuk kaaloniyan motey talchhat donon kaa nirmaan karati hain aur gahare paani, upa-javic teelon key core banaati hain. lagbhag sabhi post-bryozone talchhat vikas roopon seey baney hotey hain, jisamen mukt-jeevit upaniveshon key atirikt vibhinn upaniveshon kii mahatvapurna sankhya shamil hoti haye. "paleozoic key vipareet, post-paleozoic bryozoan ney apane anaaj key aakar key saath adhik vyaapak roop seey alag-alag talchhat utpann kiya; way mitty seey rait, bajari kii or badhane key saath badhate hain."
vargeekaran.
iss vansh koo mool roop seey "polyzoa" kahaa jaataa thaa, lekin iss naam koo antatah ehrenberg key shabd "bryozoa" dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. bryozoa" naam mool roop seey kewal una jaanvaron parr lagu kiya gayaa thaa jinhen ectoprocta () key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, jisamen gudaa tambu key "mukut" key baahar sthit hotaa haye. entoproct () kii khoj key baad, jisamen gudaa tambu key "mukut" key bheetar sthit haye, "bryozoa" naam koo failam star parr badhaava diyaa gayaa thaa taaki dou vargon actoproct aur entoproct koo shamil kiya jaa sakey. haalaanki, 1869 mein, nitsche ney inn donon samoohon koo vibhinn karanon seey kaafee alag maanaa, aur ehrenberg key "bryozoa" key liye "ectoprocta" naam gadhaa. bhojan key unake spasht roop seey samaan tarikon key bavjood, way shaaririk roop seey spasht roop seey bhinn they; gudaa kii vibhinn sthitiyon key alawa, ectoprocts mein khokhale tambu aur ack sealum hotaa haye, jabaki entoprocts mein thhos tambu hotey hain aur koee sealum naheen hotaa haye. isaliye donon samoohon koo abb vyaapak roop seey alag-alag varg key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, aur "bryozoa" naam abb "ectoprocta" kaa paryaay haye. yeh taba seey bahumat kaa drishtikon banaa huaa haye, halanki adhikansh prakashanon ney "ectoprocta" key bajaay "bryozoa" naam koo prathamikta dee haye. phir bhee, kuchh ullekhaniya vaigyaanikon ney "ectoprocta" aur entoproct koo karibi rishtedaar key roop mein maanana jaari rakhaa haye aur unhein "bryozoa" key tahat samoohit kiya haye.
bryozoa" naam key dayare key baare mein aspashtata key kaaran 1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein prastaav aae kii isase bachaa jaanaa chaahiye aur "ectoprocta" shabd kaa upayog kiya jaanaa chaahiye. haalaanki, iss parivartan ney puraane karyon koo dhoondhana kathin banaa diyaa hoga jisamen vansh koo "bryozoa" kahaa jaataa thaa, aur aspashtata seey bachane kii ichcha, yadi sabhi vargeekaranon parr lagaatar lagu hoti haye, tou kaee anya varg aur kaee nichale star key samoohon key naam badalane kii aavashyakta hoti. vyavhaar mein, jaanvaron key vibhajit yaa vilay kiye gaye samoohon kaa prani vigyaan namkaran jatil haye aur poori tarah seey susangat naheen haye. 2000 key baad seey karyon ney aspashtata koo hull karane key liye vibhinn naamon kaa upayog kiya haye, jinamen shamil hainh "bryozoa", "ectoprocta", "bryozoa (ectoprocta)", aur "ectoprocta (bryozoa)". kuchh logon ney ack hii kaam mein ack seey adhik drishtikon kaa upayog kiya haye.
aam naam "kaaee janwar" kaa shaabdik arth "bryozoa" haye, joe yunani ('kaaee') aur ('janwar') seey aaya haye, joe kii encrusting prajaatiyon key kaaee key roop parr adharit haye.
2008 taka cyclostome bryozone parivaar oncosocidae seey sambandhit aparyaapt roop seey gyaat aur galat samajha jaane vaalaa prakaar kii prajaatiyan theen."aadhunik shodh aur prayogon koo binaa lepit prakaar kii samagri key cumm-vacuum scanning electron microscopy kaa upayog karke kiya gayaa haye taaki iss parivaar seey sambandhit teen vanshon key vargeekaran kii gambhir roop seey jaanch kii jaa sakey aur shayed ise sanshodhit kiya jaa sakey, jisamen" "oncososia", "" "microsiella", "aur" "uristrotus" "shamil hain. yeh vidhi detta praapt karane kii anumati detee haye jise optical microscope seey pahachaanana mushkil hoga. oncososia" kii vaidh prakaar kii prajaati "oncososia lobulata" paaee gaee thee. yeh vyakhya ack prakaar kii prajaati sthaapit karke "oncososia" koo sthir karati haye joe genus key samanya upayog seey mell khaati haye. saathi oncososid "uristrotos" koo abb "oh" key saath vishisht naheen maanaa jaataa haye. lobulata, jaisa kii pahale sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin "oncososia" key kanishth paryaay key roop mein maane jaane key liye paryaapt samaantaaen dikhaati hain. "microsiella suborbicularus" koo bhee haal hii mein "oh" seey alag kiya gayaa haye. lobulata "aur" oh. dialetons, "cumm vacuum scanning kii iss aadhunik vidhi kaa upayog karate hue, jisake saath ise ateet mein galat roop seey paryaayavaachi banaaya gayaa haye. haal hii mein ack naee prajaati kii khoj kii gaee haye jise stomachetocelidae parivaar mein "junrosia" kahaa jaataa haye, saath hii saath bryozoa kii 10 apekshaakrit naee prajaatiyan jaise "alderina flaventa", "korbullah extenuata", "puelina septemcryptica", "junrosia copiosa", "calyptotheca coppensis", "bryopenser seratus", "cribellopora sauloram", "metacalidochasma verucosa", "disporella compta" aur "fevosipora edunka".
vargeekaran aur vividhata.
aupchaarik roop seey varnit prajaatiyon kii ginati 4,000 aur 4,500 key beach hoti haye. gymnolemata aur vishesh roop seey chilostomata mein prajaatiyon kii sabse badee sankhya haye, sambhavatah unake visheshagya chidiyagharon kii vistrit shrinkhala key kaaran. vargeekaran kii linian pranali key tahat, joe abhee bhee jeevon key samoohon koo label karane key liye ack suvidhajanak tareeke key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye, vansh bryozoa key jeevit sadasyon koo inn mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haih
jeevaashm record.
lagbhag 15,000 bryozone prajaatiyon key jeevaashm paae gaye hain. bryozoan jeevashmon key teen pramukh samoohon mein seey hain. calcic kankal vaale bryozoan carbonate khanijon kaa ack pramukh srot they joe choone key patthar banaate hain, aur unake jeevaashm duniya bhar mein samudri talchhat mein avishvasaniya roop seey aam hain. haalaanki, jeevaashm record mein paae jaane vaale prawal aur anya aupaniveshik jaanvaron key vipareet, bryozone upanivesh badey aakar taka naheen pahunche. jeevaashm bryogen upanivesh aamtaur parr atyadhik khandit aur bikhare hue paae jaate hain; jeevaashm record mein poorna zoria kaa sanrakshan asamanya haye, aur apekshaakrit cumm adhyayan khandit zoria koo phir seey ikattha karane key liye samarpit kiya gayaa haye. sabse badee gyaat jeevaashm kaaloniyan sanyukt raajya mein ordovician chattanon seey trapostome bryozoan kii shaakhaaen hain, joe oonchaai mein 66 centimeter taka pahunchati hain.
khanij kankal vaali sabse purani prajaati nichale ordovician mein paaee jaati haye. yeh sambhavana haye kii pahale bryozoan bahut pahale dikhaai diye they aur poori tarah seey naram shareer vaale they, aur ordovician jeevaashm iss vansh mein khanij kankalon kii upasthiti koo darj karate hain. praarambhik ordovician kaal key erigian charan taka, lagbhag, stenolemate key sabhi aadhunik adesh maujood they, aur gymnolemate key tenostome crum madhya ordovician dwara lagbhag dikhaai diye they. praarambhik ordovician jeevaashm bhee una roopon kaa pratinidhitva curr sakate hain joe pahale seey hii vansh key mool sadasyon seey kaafee alag hoe gaye they. phosphateukt naram ootak vaale tenostome devonian seey gyaat hotey hain. anya prakaar key filter feeder usee samay key aspas dikhaai diye, joe bataata haye kii kuchh parivartanon ney iss jeevan shally key liye paryaavaran koo adhik anukool banaa diyaa. chaelostomate key jeevaashm, khanij kankalon key saath gymnolemate kaa ack crum, pahali baar madhya jurassic mein dikhaai dete hain, aur yeye cretaceous seey laker vartamaan taka sabse prachur matra mein aur vividh bryozoan rahey hain. pichhale 10 karod varshon seey sankalit sakshya seey pataa chalata haye kii kshetriya sanghrshon mein cyclostomated parr chilostomated lagaatar badhata rhaa, joe yeh samajhaane mein madad curr sakata haye kii kaise chilostomated ney pramukh samudri bryozoan key roop mein cyclostomated kii jagah leey lii. paleozoic yug key samudri jeevaashm, joe samaapt hue, mukhya roop seey seedhe roop key hain, mesozoic key jeevaashm kaafee hudd taka seedhe aur encrusting roopon dwara vibhajit hain, aur haal key jeevaashm mukhya roop seey encrusting hain. naram, taaje paani key phylactolemate key jeevaashm bahut durlabh hain, joe dair seey permian (joe lagbhag shuru huaa) mein aur usake baad dikhaai dete hain aur poori tarah seey unake tikaau statoblast seey baney hotey hain. anya vargon key taaje paani key sadasyon key koee gyaat jeevaashm naheen hain.
vikaasvaadi parivaar kaa vriksh.
vaigyaanik iss baare mein vibhajit hain kii kyaa bryozoa (actoproct) ack monophylatic samooh haye (chaahe unamen sabhi aur kewal ack poorvaj prajaati aur isake sabhi vanshaj shamil houn), jaanvaron key parivarik vriksh mein vansh key nikatatam rishtedaar kyaa hain, aur yahaan taka kii iss baare mein kii kyaa unhein protostome yaa deuterostome key sadasyon key roop mein maanaa jaanaa chaahiye, dou pramukh samooh joe sabhi madhyam roop seey jatil jaanvaron key liye jimmedaar hain.
aanvik phylogeny, joe jeevon key jeev rasayan aur vishesh roop seey unake jeane kii tulanaa karke unake vikaasvaadi parivaar key vriksh koo baahar nikaalane kaa prayaas kartaa haye, ney behtar gyaat aksheruki fail key beach sambandhon koo spasht karane key liye bahut kuchh kiya haye. haalaanki, "minor faila" jaise kii bryozoan aur entoprocts key baare mein aanuvanshik detta kii kamee ney anya samoohon key saath unake sambandhon koo aspasht chhod diyaa haye.
paaramparik drishya.
paaramparik drishtikon yeh haye kii bryozoa ack monophylatic samooh haye, jisamen varg phylactolemata stenolemata aur tenostomata seey sabse nikatata seey sambandhit haye, joe varg jeevaashm record mein sabse pahale dikhaai dete hain. haalaanki, 2005 mein ack aanvik phylogeny adhyayan joe phylactolemates parr kendrit thaa, ney nishkarsh nikala kii yeye anya actopract vargon kii tulanaa mein fayalam foronida seey adhik nikatata seey sambandhit hain, aur vishesh roop seey ekmatra foronid prajaati joe aupaniveshik haye. iska tatparya haye kii entoproct monophylatic naheen hain, kyonki foronida ectoprocts kaa ack upa-samooh haye lekin entoproct kii maanak paribhasha foronida koo baahar karati haye.
2009 mein ack anya aanvik phylogeny adhyayan, mitochondria aur koshika naabhik seey jeane key sanyojan kaa upayog karate hue, nishkarsh nikala kii bryozoa ack monophylatic failam haye, dusare shabdon mein ack samanya poorvaj key sabhi vanshajon koo shamil kartaa haye joe swayam ack bryozone haye. vishleshan ney yeh bhee nishkarsh nikala kii varg phylactolemata, stenolemata aur gymnolemata bhee monophylatic hain, lekin yeh nirdhaarit naheen curr sakey kii stenolemata phylactolemata yaa gymnolemata seey adhik nikatata seey sambandhit hain yaa naheen. gymnolemata koo paaramparik roop seey naram shareer vaale tenostomata aur khanijikrit chilostomata mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, lekin 2009 key vishleshan mein yeh adhik sambhavana maani gaee haye kii inmein seey koee bhee crum monophylatic naheen haye aur khanij kankal shayed praarambhik gymnolemata key bheetar ack seey adhik baar vikasit hue hain.
anya jaati key saath bryozoan key sambandh anishchit aur vivadaspad hain. shareer rachana vigyaan aur bhroon seey vayask roopon key vikas parr adharit paaramparik jatijanan ney ectoprocts kii sthiti key baare mein koee sthaayi sahamati naheen banaai haye. jaanvaron key parivarik vriksh key punarnirmaan key prayason ney badey paimaane parr ectoprocts aur anya "minor faayala" koo nazarandaj curr diyaa haye, jinhen bahut cumm vaigyaanik adhyayan praapt huaa haye kyonki way aam taur parr chhote hotey hain, apekshaakrit saral shareer kii yojanaaen hoti hain, aur maanav arthvyavasthaon parr unakaa bahut cumm prabhaav padata haye-iss tathya key bavjood kii "minor faayala" mein jaanvaron key vikaasvaadi itihas mein adhikansh vividhata shamil hoti haye.
rooth devell, judith winston aur frank mckinny kii raay mein, "bryogen rupiki aur bhroon vigyaan kii hamari maanak vyakhya sabhi aksheruki jeevon key liye ack hii dhaanche koo sanshleshit karane key 100 seey adhik varshon key prayason key parinamswarup ack nirmaan haye", aur ectoprocts kii kuchh vishisht visheshtaon kaa bahut cumm dhyaan rakhta haye.
ectoprocts mein, larva key sabhi aantarik anga vayask roop mein roopaantaran key dauran nasht hoe jaate hain aur vayask key anga larva key epidermis aur mesoderm seey banaae jaate hain, jabaki anya dwaipaakshik angon mein aant sahit kuchh anga endoderm seey banaae jaate hain. adhikansh dwaipaakshik bhrunon mein blastopore, baahari deewaar mein ack dent, larva kii aant banane key liye gahara hoe jaataa haye, lekin ectoprocts mein blastopore gayab hoe jaataa haye aur ack nayaa dent vaha bindu bunn jaataa haye jisase aant badhati haye. actopract coelom anya dwaipakshikon dwara upayog kii jaane vaali prakriyaon mein seey kissy seey naheen banata haye, jisamen aant kii deewaar parr banane vaale pouch alag-alag guha bunn jaate hain, naa hii schizocoli, jisamen aant aur shareer kii deewaar key beach kaa ootak vibhajit hoe jaataa haye, yugmit guhaaon kaa nirmaan kartaa haye.
entoprocts.
jaba 19veen shatabdi mein keetanuon kii khoj kii gaee thee, tou unhein aur bryozone (ectoprocts) koo failam bryozoa key bheetar vargon key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa, kyonki donon samooh aise asthir janwar they joe tila dhaaran karane vaale tambu key mukut key madhyam seey chhaanate they.
1869 key baad seey aahar sanrachana key ander entopruct gudaa kii sthiti aur unake bhroon mein koshikaon key vibhajan key praarambhik pattern mein antar sahit antaron key baare mein jagrukta badh rahee haye, jisake kaaran vaigyaanikon ney donon samoohon koo alag-alag faila key roop mein maanaa, aur "bryozoa" ectoprocts key liye sirf ack vaikalpik naam bunn gayaa, jisamen gudaa aahar anga key baahar haye. 1996 seey 2006 taka aanvik phylogeny adhyayanon kii ack shrinkhala ney yeh bhee nishkarsh nikala haye kii bryozoan (ectoprocts) aur entoprocts bahan samooh naheen hain.
haalaanki, dou prasiddh prani vigyaani, closs nielson aur thomas cavalier-smith, shaaririk aur vikasatmak aadharon parr banaae rakhate hain kii bryozone aur entoprocts ack hii vansh, bryozoa key sadasya hain. 2007 mein ack aanvik phylogeny adhyayan ney bhee iss puraane vichaar kaa samarthan kiya, jabaki anya faailon key baare mein isake nishkarsh kaee anya vishleshanon key saath sahmat they.
lofoforata mein samooh banaana.
1891 taka bryozoan (ectoprocts) koo "tenteculata" naamak ack super-failam mein foronids key saath samoohbaddh kiya gayaa thaa. 1970 key dashak mein kuchh gymnolate bryozoan key foronid larva aur cyphonouts larva key beach tulanaa ney sujhaav diyaa kii bryozoan, jinamen seey adhikansh aupaniveshik hain, foronid kii ardh-aupaniveshik prajaati seey vikasit hue hain. bracopods koo "tentaculata" koo bhee saunpa gayaa thaa, jiska naam badalkar lofoforata curr diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki way sabhi filter feeding key liye ack lofofor kaa upayog karate hain.
adhikansh vaigyaanik ise sweekaar karate hain, lekin closs nielson koo lagata haye kii yeye samaantaaen satahi hain. lofoforata koo aamtaur parr lofofor, teen bhaag vaale koelam aur yuu-aakar key aant vaale jaanvaron key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. nielson kii raay mein, foronids aur bracopods key lophophorus adhik roop seey terobranch key samaan hain, joe kii vansh hemicordata key sadasya hain. bryozone key tambu kaee siliya vaali koshikaon koo dhaaran karate hain, jabaki foronids, bracopods aur terobranch key loforce kii sambandhit koshikaon mein prati koshika ack silium hotaa haye; aur bryozone key tambu mein koee heemal kainal (rakt vahika) naheen hoti haye, joe anya teen failon mein seey hoti haye.
yadi foronids aur bracopods key saath bryozoan kaa lofoforata mein samooh sahee haye, tou agala mudda yeh haye kii kyaa lofoforata protostome hain, saath hii adhikansh aksheruki faila, yaa deuterostome, cordates, hemicordates aur echinoderm key saath.
paaramparik drishtikon yeh thaa kii lofoforates protostome aur deuterostome visheshtaon kaa mishran thaa. 1970 key dashak key baad key shodh ney sujhaav diyaa kii way deuterostome they, kyonki kuchh visheshtaon key kaaran joe deuterostome kii visheshta maani jaati theenh bhroon key vikas mein teen-bhaag vaalaa koelam; sarpil daraar key bajaay radial; aur enterocoli dwara koelam kaa gathan. halanki actopract larva kaa koelam teen vargon mein vibhajan kaa koee sanket naheen dikhaata haye, aur vayask ectoprocts kaa anya coelmate faila seey alag haye kyonki yeh epidermis aur mesoderm seey nae sire seey banaaya gayaa haye kyonki apghatan ney larva koelam koo nasht curr diyaa haye.
lofoforate aanvik phylogenetics.
1995 key baad seey aanvik phylogeny vishleshan, vibhinn prakaar key jaiv rasayanik sakshya aur vishleshanatmak takneekon kaa upayog karate hue, lofoforates koo protostome key roop mein rakhaa gayaa aur lophotrocozoa naamak ack super-fayalam mein anilids aur molsk seey nikatata seey sambandhit thaa. "kull sakshya" vishleshan, jisamen roopaatmak visheshtaon aur jeane key apekshaakrit chhote samooh donon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, vibhinn nishkarshon parr pahunche, jyaadaatar lofoforates aur lophotrocozoa key beach ack karibi sambandh key paksh mein. 2008 mein ack adhyayan mein, jeane key ack badey samooh kaa upayog karate hue, nishkarsh nikala gayaa kii lofoforates deuterostome kii tulanaa mein lophotrocozoa key karib they, lekin yeh bhee kii lofoforates monophylatic naheen they. isake bajaay, yeh nishkarsh nikala gayaa kii brachiopods aur foronids ney ack monophylatic samooh kaa gathan kiya, lekin bryozoan (ectoprocts) entoprocts key sabse karib they, joe "bryozoa" kii mool paribhasha kaa samarthan karate they.
way vishesh roop seey clonel jaanvaron kaa ekmatra pramukh vansh hain, joe chidiyaghar key roop mein jaani jaane vaali modular ikaaiyon seey baney hain. kyonki way upaniveshon mein falate-phoolate hain, aupaniveshik vikas unhein roop mein apratibandhit vividhataon koo vikasit karane kii anumati detaa haye. isake bavjood, kewal ack chhoti sankhya mein buniyaadi vikas roop paae gaye hain aur aamtaur parr bryozoa key poore itihas mein phir seey dikhaai diye hain.
actopract aanvik phylogenetics.
actopract bryozoan kii phalogenetic sthiti anishchit bunny hui haye, lekin yeh nishchit haye kii way protostomia seey sambandhit hain aur vishesh roop seey lophotrocozoa seey sambandhit hain. iska tatparya yeh haye kii actopract larva ack trocophore haye jisamen corona prototroke kaa ack homolog haye; yeh kuchh molsk aur sipankulans key coronut larva aur type 1 pericalima larva key beach samaantaa seey samarthit haye, jahaan prototroke kshetra koo hyposphere koo cover karane key liye vistaarit kiya jaataa haye.
mitochondrial dna anukram key ack adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii bryozoa chattognatha seey sambandhit hoe sakata haye.
shareer vigyaan.
bhojan aur mull tyag.
adhikansh prajaatiyan filter feeder hain joe paani seey chhote kanon, mukhya roop seey phytoplankton (sookshm tairate hue paudhe) koo chhaanati hain. taaja paani kii prajaati "plumatella amarginata" diatum, harey shaiwal, sinobacteria, gair-photosynthetic bacteria, dynophlagates, rotifers, protozoa, chhote nematode aur sookshm crustations koo khaata haye. jabaki biozoan joe dhaaraaen utpann karate hain way bhojan koo munh kii or aakarshit karane key liye achchi tarah seey samajhi jaati hain, pakadane kii sateek vidhi parr abhee bhee bahas haye. sabhi prajaatiyan bhee ack tambu key saath badey kanon koo munh kii or hilaati hain, aur kuchh apane tambu koo pinjaron key roop mein upayog karke zooplankton (planctonic janwar) koo pakadate hain. isake alawa tambu, jinka satah kshetra sookshm (chhote baal aur pleats) dwara badhaaya jaataa haye, paani mein ghulansheel carbonic yaugikon koo avashoshit karate hain. avaanchhit kanon koo tambu dwara door kiya jaa sakata haye yaa munh bund karke bund kiya jaa sakata haye. 2008 mein ack adhyayan seey pataa chalaa kii encrusting aur khadee coloniyon donon koo adhik teji seey khilaaya jaataa haye aur majboot dhaaraon kii tulanaa mein komalata mein teji seey badhata haye.
kuchh prajaatiyon mein pett kaa pahala bhaag ack maanspeshiyon vaalaa gizard banaata haye joe chittinus daanton key saath panktibaddh hotaa haye joe diatum jaise bakhtarband shikaar koo kuchalata haye. lahar jaise peristaltic sankuchan bhojan koo paachan key liye pett key madhyam seey leey jaate hain. pett key antim bhaag mein siliya (chhote baal) hotey hain joe apachit thhos padarthon koo sampeedit karate hain, joe phir aant seey hocker gudaa seey baahar nikalate hain.
bryozoa mein koee nephridia ("chhoti gurde") yaa anya malmutra anga naheen hain, aur yeh socha jaataa haye kii amonia shareer kii deewaar aur lofofor key madhyam seey failata haye. adhik jatil apashisht utpaad utsarjit naheen hotey hain, lekin polypied mein jamaa hoe jaate hain, joe kuchh hafton key baad apakshay hoe jaataa haye. kuchh puraane polypied kaa punarnaveenikaran kiya jaataa haye, lekin iska adhikansh hissa sanchit apashisht vaali marane vaali koshikaon key ack badey dravyamaan key roop mein rahata haye, aur ise "bhoore rung key shareer" mein sampeedit kiya jaataa haye. jaba apakshay puuraa hoe jaataa haye, tou cysted (janwar kaa baahari hissa) ack nayaa polypied paida kartaa haye, aur bhura shareer sealum mein yaa nae polypied key pett mein rahata haye, aur agali baar jaba janwar shauch kartaa haye tou usey nishkaasit curr diyaa jaataa haye.
shwasan aur parisancharan.
koee shwasan anga, hriday yaa rakt vaahikaaen naheen hain. isake bajaay, chidiyaghar oxygen koo avashoshit karate hain aur prasaar key madhyam seey carbon dioxide koo samaapt karate hain. bryozoa yaa tou ack patali jhilli (anascance aur kuchh polyzoa key mamle mein) yaa chidiyaghar key baahari dermis parr sthit chhadm koshikaon key madhyam seey prasaar koo puuraa kartaa haye. vibhinn bryozone samooh chidiyagharon key beach poshak tatvon aur oxygen koo saajha karane key liye vibhinn tarikon kaa upayog karate hainh kuchh key shareer kii divaaron mein kaafee badey antaral hotey hain, jisase saha-paramanu drav swatantra roop seey prasaarit hotaa haye; anya mein, nikatvarti chidiyagharon kii fanikuli (aantarik "chhoti rassiyaan") shareer kii deewaar mein chhote chhidron key madhyam seey judati hain.
prajanan aur jeevan chakr.
sabhi phylactolemate prajaatiyon key chidiyaghar ack saath hermaphrodite hain. haalaanki kaee samudri prajaatiyan protendric hain, dusare shabdon mein pahale purushon key roop mein aur phir mahilaaon key roop mein kaary karati hain, unaki coloniyon mein chidiyagharon kaa ack sanyojan hotaa haye joe unake purush aur mahila charanon mein hotey hain. sabhi prajaatiyon mein andashay shareer kii deewaar key ander vikasit hotey hain, aur funiculus parr vrishan pett koo shareer kii deewaar seey jodate hain. andey aur shukranu koelam mein chhode jaate hain, aur shukranu kuchh tambu key agron mein chhidron key madhyam seey paani mein baahar nikalate hain, aur phir chidiyagharon kii feeding dhaaraon dwara pakade jaate hain joe andey paida curr rahey hain. kuchh prajaatiyon key andon koo dou tambu key beach ack chhidra key madhyam seey chhode jaane key baad baahari roop seey nishechit kiya jaataa haye, joe kuchh mamalon mein ack chhote seey prakshepan key sire parr hotaa haye jise tambu kii ack jodee key aadhar mein "antar-sthaanik anga" kahaa jaataa haye. anya 'aantarik roop seey, antar-sthaaniya anga mein yaa sealum mein nishechit hotey hain. tenostome mein maan nishechit andon key liye ack santan kaksh pradaan karati haye, aur uska polypied vighatit hoe jaataa haye, jisase bhroon koo poshan milata haye. stenolemate santan kaksh key roop mein kaam karane key liye vishesh chidiyagharon kaa utpaadan karate hain, aur unake andey 100 samaan bhroon kaa utpaadan karane key liye isake bheetar vibhajit hotey hain.
bryogen andon kaa vichhedan dwiaadhaari hotaa haye, dusare shabdon mein praarambhik charan dwiaadhaari samamit hotey hain. yeh agyaat haye kii sealum kaise banata haye, kyonki larva seey vayask taka kaa roopaantaran larva key sabhi aantarik ootakon koo nasht curr detaa haye. kaee jaanvaron mein blastopore, praarambhik bhroon kii satah mein ack dwaar, aant banaane key liye surangon key madhyam seey. haalaanki, bryozoan mein blastopore bund hoe jaataa haye, aur munh banaane key liye ack nayaa dwaar vikasit hotaa haye.
briozone larva key roop mein bhinnata hoti haye, lekin sabhi mein shareer key chaaron or siliya kaa ack baind hotaa haye joe unhein tairane mein saksham banaata haye, sheersh parr siliya kaa ack tuft, aur ack chipakane vaali thaili joe unhein satah parr basane parr everut aur lunger daalati haye. kuchh gymnolemate prajaatiyan cyphonouts larva kaa utpaadan karati hain jinamen thodi jardi hoti haye lekin ack achchi tarah seey vikasit munh aur aant hoti haye, aur basane seey pahale kaafee samay taka plankton key roop mein rahati hain. inn larvaon mein chittin key trikoniya gole hotey hain, jinake sheersh parr ack cona hotaa haye aur aadhar khula hotaa haye, jisase neeche kii or munh key chaaron or ack hood banata haye. 2006 mein yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii cyphonouts larva kii siliya bhojan pakadane key liye vayaskon kii tarah hii takneekon kaa upayog karati haye. joe prajaatiyan apane bhroon koo paalati hain, way larva banaate hain jinhen badee jardi dwara poshit kiya jaataa haye, koee aant naheen hoti haye aur way bhojan naheen karate hain, aur aise larva jaldi seey ack satah parr buss jaate hain. sabhi samudri prajaatiyon mein larva kokoon kaa utpaadan karate hain jisamen way basane key baad poori tarah seey rupaantarit hoe jaate hainh larva kaa epidermis sealum kaa astar bunn jaataa haye, aur aantarik ootakon koo ack khaadya bhandar mein parivartit curr diyaa jaataa haye joe vikaasheel chidiyaghar koo taba taka poshan detaa haye jaba taka kii yeh khilaane key liye taiyar naheen hoe jaataa haye. phylactolemates key larva kaee polypieds kaa utpaadan karate hain, taaki pratyek naee coloney kaee chidiyagharon key saath shuru hoe. sabhi prajaatiyon mein sansthaapak chidiyaghar phir apane swayam key ubharate hue clone dwara naee coloniyon koo vikasit karate hain. phylactolemates mein, chidiyaghar kaee clone kaa utpaadan karane key baad marr jaate hain, taaki jeevit chidiyaghar kewal ack coloney key kinaaron key aspas paae jaate hain.
phylactolemate ack aisee vidhi dwara alaingik roop seey prajanan bhee curr sakate hain joe ack coloney key vansh koo meethe paani key vatavaran kii parivartansheel aur anishchit sthitiyon seey bachane mein saksham banaati haye. garmiyon aur sharad ritu key dauran way disk key aakar key statoblast kaa utpaadan karate hain, koshikaon key dravyamaan joe spunge key ratnon kii tarah "uttarjeevita fully" key roop mein kaary karate hain. maataa-pitaa key aant seey judey funiculus parr statoblast banate hain, joe unhein poshan dete hain. jaise-jaise way badhate hain, statoblasts chittin seey baney surakshaatmak dwi-kavach jaise gole vikasit karate hain. jaba way paripakva hotey hain, tou kuchh statoblast mool coloney seey chipke rahate hain, kuchh neeche ("sesoblast") girate hain, kuchh mein havaa kii jagah hoti haye joe unhein tairane ("floatblast") mein saksham banaati haye, aur kuchh mool key cysted mein rahate hain taaki coloney key phir seey nirmaan key liye yadi yeh marr jaae. statoblast kaafee samay taka nishkriya reh sakate hain, aur jabaki nishkriya thhand aur sukhaapan jaisi kathor sthitiyon seey butch sakate hain. unhein jaanvaron, tairati hui vanaspati, dhaaraon aur havaaon aur yahaan taka kii badey jaanvaron key pett mein bhee lambi doori taka leey jaaya jaa sakata haye. jaba sthiti mein sudhaar hotaa haye, tou khol key valve alag hoe jaate hain aur ander kii koshikaaen ack chidiyaghar mein vikasit hoe jaati hain joe ack naee coloney banaane kii koshish karati hain. "plamatella amarginata" "donon" sesoblast "kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, joe vansh koo ack achche kshetra koo niyantrit karane mein saksham banaata haye, bhale hii kathin samay mool upaniveshon koo nasht curr dey, aur" floatblast ", joe nae sthalon parr fail gayaa. plumatella repence kii naee coloniyaan mukhya roop seey "sesoblast" kaa utpaadan karati hain jabaki paripakva coloniyaan "floatblast" parr switch karati hain. ack adhyayan ney anuman lagaaya kii ack patch mein upaniveshon key ack samooh ney 800,000 statoblast kaa utpaadan kiya.
kapuladrid bryozoa yaun aur alaingik prajanan donon mein saksham hain. yaun prajanan kaaloniyan (acclonal) ack larva kapuladrid kaa parinam hain joe ack vayask avastha mein badh rhaa haye jabaki alaingik kaaloniyan (clonel) kapuladrid kii ack coloney key ack tukade kaa parinam hain joe apani coloney mein badh rahee hain. capuladrids mein prajanan key vibhinn roop chidiyaghar key roopvigyaan aur vargeekaran key aadhar parr vibhinn tarikon key madhyam seey praapt kiye jaate hain.
paaristhitiki.
awas aur vitaran.
adhikansh samudri prajaatiyan ushnakatibandhiya jall mein cumm gaharaai parr rahati hain. halanki, kuchh gahare samudra kii khaai mein paae gaye hain, vishesh roop seey thhande risaav key aspas, aur anya khambhon key paas.
adhikansh bryozoan sust hain. aam taur parr, cecil bryozoan chattanon, rait yaa gole sahit kathor substrate parr rahate hain. uthale samudron mein inmein seey sabse aam roop encrusting roop hain, lekin gaharaai badhane key saath seedhe roop adhik aam hoe jaate hain. kankad aur cobbles parr incrustion kaa ack udaaharan uttari japan mein paae jaane vaale vividh plistocene bryozoan mein paaya jaataa haye, jahan 20 seey adhik bryozone prajaatiyon seey dhake ekal pattharon key jeevaashm paae gaye hain. rait yaa gaad jaise chhote kanon vaale talchhat aamtaur parr bryozoan key liye anupayukt nivaas sthaan hotey hain, lekin chhoti coloniyon mein motey rait key kann paae gaye hain. kuchh bryozone prajaatiyan samudri shaiwal, samudri ghaas aur yahaan taka kii mangrove jadon koo upaniveshit karane mein visheshagyata rakhti hain; genus "amphibiobenia" mangrove pedon kii pattiyon parr rahata haye aur ise "amphibius" kahaa jaataa haye kyonki yeh cumm jwaar parr havaa key niyamit sampark mein jeevit reh sakata haye.
vibhinn prakaar key "mukt-jeevit" bryozoan hain joe ack substrate seey binaa judey rahate hain. kuchh roop jaise "christatella" chala sakate hain. lunuliform chilostome mobile coloniyon key saath mukt-jeevit bryozoan kaa ack samooh haye. way kissy bhee substrate seey aprayukt chhoti goal coloniyaan banaate hain; selenaria vansh kii coloniyon koo sete kaa upayog karke "chalane" key liye dekhaa gayaa haye. ack anya chilostome parivaar, kapuladride, samaan roop seey gati karane mein saksham isi aakar kii coloniyon koo vikasit kartaa haye. jaba ack machhalighar mein dekhaa gayaa, tou selenaria maculata coloniyon koo ack meater prati ghante kii gati seey rengane, ack dusare parr chadhane, prakaash kii or badhane aur ulta honey parr khud koo sahee karane key liye darj kiya gayaa thaa. iss vansh key baad key adhyayan seey pataa chalaa kii kaloniyon mein tantrika vidyut gatividhi prakaash sroton kii or andolan key saath sahsambandh mein badhee. yeh siddhant diyaa gayaa haye kii andolan kii kshamata ack dushprabhaav key roop mein utpann hui jaba upaniveshon ney talchhat seey khud koo alag karane key liye lambe samay taka sett vikasit kiya.
anya mukt-jeevit bryozoan tarangon, dhaaraon yaa anya ghatnaaon dwara swatantra roop seey sthanantarit hotey hain. ack antarctic prajaati, "alcionidium pelagosphera" mein tairati hui coloniyaan hoti hain. pelogic prajaati vyaas key beach hoti haye, ack khokhale gole key aakar kii hoti haye aur isamen autozoids kii ack parat hoti haye. yeh abhee bhee gyaat naheen haye kii kyaa yeye coloniyaan unake poore jeevan mein pelogic hain yaa kewal ack asthaayi aur pahale seey varnit kishore avastha kaa pratinidhitva karati hain. prajaati "alcionidium disform" kii kaaloniyan, joe disk key aakar kii aur isi tarah mukt-jeevit haye, archtic mein keechad vaale samudri talon mein rahati hain aur way rait key kanon koo alag curr sakati hain, joe sambhaavit roop seey ballast key roop mein rait kaa upayog karke khud koo daaeen or modane key liye curr sakate hain. kuchh bryozone prajaatiyan bryolith, gole key aakar kii mukt-jeevit kaaloniyan banaa sakati hain joe samudra tala parr ghoomate hue sabhi dishaaon mein baahar kii or badhati hain. 
2014 mein yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii bryozone "fenestrulina rugula" antarctica key kuchh hisson mein ack pramukh prajaati bunn gaee thee. vaishvik tapman mein vriddhi ney himshailon dwara khoj kii darr mein vriddhi kii haye, aur yeh prajaati vishesh roop seey khoj kiye gaye kshetron koo phir seey upaniveshit karane mein nipun haye.
phylactolemate sabhi prakaar key taaje paani key vatavaran mein rahate hain-jheelen aur talab, nadiyaan aur dhaaraaen, aur jwaranadmukh-aur sabse prachur matra mein sthit meethe paani key jaanvaron mein seey hain. kuchh tenostome vishesh roop seey taaje paani key hotey hain jabaki anya khaare paani koo pasand karate hain lekin taaje paani mein jeevit reh sakate hain. duniya key kaee hisson mein taaje paani kii bryozone aabaadi key baare mein vaigyaanikon kaa gyaan adhura haye, yahaan taka kii europe key kuchh hisson mein bhee. yeh lambe samay seey socha jaa rhaa thaa kii duniya bhar mein kuchh taaje paani kii prajaatiyan paaee jaati hain, lekin 2002 key baad seey yeye sabhi adhik sthaaniyakrit prajaatiyon mein vibhajit hoe gaee hain.
briozoan clonel coloniyon mein ugate hain. ack larva bryogen ack kathor padaarth parr buss jaataa haye aur ubharate hue key madhyam seey alaingik roop seey ack coloney kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. yeye coloniyaan apekshaakrit cumm samay mein hajaaron alag-alag chidiyagharon koo ugaa sakati hain. bhale hii chidiyagharon kii coloniyaan alaingik prajanan key madhyam seey badhati hain, bryozoan hermaphrodite hain aur naee coloniyaan yaun prajanan aur mukt tairaki larva kii peedhi key madhyam seey banaai jaa sakati hain. jaba coloniyaan bahut badee hoe jaati hain, tou way dou bhaagon mein vibhajit hoe sakati hain. yeh ekmatra aisaa mamla haye jahan alaingik prajanan key parinamswarup ack naee coloney apane poorvavarti seey alag hoe jaati haye. adhikansh coloniyaan sthir hain. vaastav mein, yeye upanivesh sthir padarthon jaise talchhat aur motey padarthon parr basey hotey hain. taaje paani kii prajaatiyon kii kuchh coloniyaan hain jaise kii "christatella musedo" joe rengane vaale pair parr dheere-dheere aage badhane mein saksham hain.
gair-maanav jeevon key saath antahkriya.
samudri prajaatiyan prawal bhittiyon parr aam hain, lekin shayed hii kabhi kull jaiv-dravyamaan kaa ack mahatvapurna anupaat hoti hain. samshitoshna jall mein, mrit kaloniyon key kankal khol bajari kaa ack mahatvapurna ghatak banaate hain, aur inn kshetron mein jeevit kankal prachur matra mein hotey hain. samudri feeta jaisi bryozone "jhillipora jhilli" samudri slug (nudibranch) kii kaee prajaatiyon dwara shikaar key jawab mein meru kaa utpaadan karati haye. samudri bryozoan parr anya shikariyon mein machhali, samudri archin, pycnogonids, crustatian, mite aur starfish shamil hain. samanya roop seey samudri echinoderm aur molsk kaloniyon key tukadon koo todkar chidiyagharon key dravyamaan koo khaate hain, unake khanij "gharon" koo todate hain, jabaki bryozoan parr adhikansh arthropod shikari alag-alag chidiyagharon koo khaate hain.
meethe paani mein, spunge aur mussel key saath-saath bryozoan sabse mahatvapurna filter feedaron mein seey hain. meethe paani key bryozoan parr ghonghe, keede aur machhali sahit kaee shikariyon dwara hamla kiya jaataa haye.
thyland mein pesh kii gaee prajaati "pomesia canalyculata" (sunhara seb ghongha), joe aam taur parr ack vinashkari shakahari haye, ney jahan bhee dikhaai diyaa haye vahaan phylactolemate aabaadi koo mitaa diyaa haye. "pee. canalyculata "ack samanya taaje paani key gymnolemate kaa bhee shikaar kartaa haye, lekin cumm vinashkari prabhaav key saath. swadeshi ghonghe bryozoan koo naheen khaate hain.
hydroid parivaar zanclidae kii kaee prajaatiyon kaa bryozoan key saath sahajeevi sambandh haye, jinamen seey kuchh hydroid key liye fayademand hain jabaki anya parjivi hain. inn jalaj padarthon key kuchh aakaron mein sanshodhan dikhaai dete hain, udaaharan key liye chhote tambu yaa bryozoan dwara jadon kaa antahsthaapan. bryozone "alcionidium nodosum" shaktishali aur bhaari chattan lobster "jesus lalandi" dwara shikaar key khilaf wheeluck "bernupena papiresa" kii raksha kartaa haye. jabaki bryozoan dwara gher liye gaye wheeluck gole iss sudridhikaran key binaa una logon kii tulanaa mein majboot hotey hain, bryozoan dwara utpaadit rasayanik raksha shayed adhik mahatvapurna nivaarak hoti haye.
baink dee 'arguin apatatiya mauritania mein prajaati "acanthodesia commensale", joe aam taur parr bajari aur kathor-substrate seey judee hui haye, ney prajaati "seudopagurus see. aff. key sannyasi kekadon key saath ack sahayak sahajeevi sambandh banaaya haye. granulimanus "key parinamswarup andey key aakar kii sanrachanaaen banati hain jinhen bryolith key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. ack khaali gastropod khol parr naabhikiya, bryogen kaaloniyan bahu-taarakiya kankal parat banaati hain joe golakar aavaran kaa utpaadan karati hain aur helicospiral tubeler vikas key madhyam seey sannyasi kekade key jeevit kaksh kaa vistaar karati hain.
kuchh phylactolemate prajaatiyan maxozoa key ack samooh key liye madhyavarti mezban hain joe samvardhit gurde kii bimari kaa kaaran bhee paae gaye hain, joe aksar salmoneed machhali mein ghaatak hoti haye, aur europe aur uttari america mein jangli machhliyon kii aabaadi mein gambhir roop seey kamee aaee haye.
"jhillipora jhilli", jisaki kaaloniyan vartamaan gati kii ack vistrit shrinkhala mein asadharan roop seey teji seey badhati hain, pahali baar 1987 mein maine kii khaadi mein dekhi gaee thee aur jaldi hii kelps parr rahane vaalaa sabse prachur matra mein jeev bunn gayaa thaa. iss aakraman ney kelp kii aabaadi koo unake vrikshon koo todkar cumm curr diyaa, taaki kuchh kshetron mein pramukh "vanaspati" key roop mein iska sthaan ack anya aakramankari, badey alga "kodiyam najuk tomentosoids" dwara leey liya gayaa. inn parivartanon ney sthaaniya machhliyon aur aksheruki jeevon key liye upalabdh awas key kshetra koo cumm curr diyaa. "aim. jhilli ney america key uttar-paschimi tata parr bhee aakraman kiya haye. kuchh taaje paani kii prajaatiyan bhee apani mool shrinkhalaon seey hajaaron kilometres door paaee gaee hain. kuchh koo praakritik roop seey statoblast key roop mein leey jaaya gayaa hoga. anya sambhavatah manushyon dwara faile they, udaaharan key liye aayatit jall paudhon parr yaa jahaajon parr bhandaran key roop mein.
manushyon key saath baatchit.
machhali farmon aur hatchery ney prasarak gurde kii bimari key kaaran stock khou diyaa haye, joe ack yaa adhik maxozoan key kaaran hotaa haye joe vaikalpik mezban key roop mein bryozone kaa upayog karate hain.
uttari samudra mein kuchh machuaaron koo eczema (ack twacha roga) key ack roop key kaaran anya kaam dhoondhana padaa haye, jise "dogger baink khujali" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe bryozone key sampark mein aaney key kaaran hotaa haye joe jaal aur lobster key bartanon mein funce jaate hain.
samudri bryozoan aksar jahaajon key patvaaron, bandargaahon aur marina parr aur apatatiya sanrachanaon parr jaiv-pradooshan key liye jimmedaar hotey hain. way naee yaa haal hii mein saaf kii gaee sanrachanaon key pahale upaniveshvadiyon mein seey hain. meethe paani kii prajaatiyan paani key pipes, peene key paani key shuddhikaran upkaran, maljal upchaar suvidhaon aur bijli stations key sheetlan pipes mein kabhi-kabhaar upadrav karati hain.
bryostatin naamak rasayanon kaa ack samooh samudri bryogen "bugula neritina" seey nikala jaa sakata haye. 2001 mein pharmaceutical company jee. pee. see. biotech ney cancer key ilaaj key roop mein vaanijyik vikas key liye arizona raajya vishvavidyalaya seey bryostatin 1 koo licenses diyaa. jee. pee. see. biotech ney 2003 mein vikas koo radd karate hue kahaa kii bryostatin 1 ney bahut cumm prabhavsheelta aur kuchh vishaakt dushprabhaav dikhaae. janwari 2008 mein alzheimer roga key upchaar mein bryostatin 1 kii suraksha aur prabhavsheelta koo maapane key liye sanyukt raajya america key rashtriya swaasthya sansthanon koo ack naidaanik pareekshan prastut kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, disambar 2008 key anta taka kissy bhee pratibhaagi kii bharti naheen kii gaee thee, jaba adhyayan puuraa honey key liye nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. haal key kaam seey pataa chalata haye kii alzheimer roga key rogiyon mein kuchh dushprabhavon key saath sangyaan parr iska sakaratmak prabhaav padata haye. lagbhag bryozoan koo bryostatin key ark key liye sansaadhit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, jisake parinamswarup, synthetic samkaksh vikasit kiye gaye hain joe utpaadan karane mein saral hain aur jahir taur parr cumm seey cumm utane hii prabhaavi hain.

