vishisht banaam adhikatam pradarshan

vishisht aur adhikatam pradarshan key beach kaa antar audyogik/sangathanaatmak manovigyaan mein naukari key pradarshan koo vargeekrit karane kaa ack tarika haye. vishisht pradarshan yeh haye kii ack karmchari niyamit roop seey kaise pradarshan kartaa haye, jabaki adhikatam pradarshan yeh haye kii jaba koee adhik seey adhik prayaas kartaa haye tou vaha kaise pradarshan kartaa haye.
shramik aamtaur parr adhikatam pradarshan taba karate hain jaba unhein dekhaa jaa rhaa hoe. isaliye, kuchh sthitiyaan joe adhikatam pradarshan koo badhaava detee hain, unamen kaary key namoone (aksar ack sakshatkar key dauran ack sambhaavit karmchari koo diye jaate hain), prabandhak mulyankan aur naukari gyaan pareekshan shamil hain. inn sthitiyon key parinam way hain joe paryavekshakon key liye sabse adhik sulabh hain; haalaanki, way aamtaur parr ack karmchari key vishisht, yaa dinn-pratidin key pradarshan mein pratibimbit naheen hotey hain. iss dwibhajan seey prabandhakon key liye ack sateek tasveer honah mushkil hoe jaataa haye kii ack karmchari aamtaur parr naukari parr kaise kaary karega. isaliye, iss antar key mahatva kaa ack udaaharan taba dekhaa jaa sakata haye jaba ack prabandhak ack sakshatkar key dauran uchch pradarshan key aadhar parr ack karmchari koo niyukt kartaa haye; prabandhak anivarya roop seey karmchari koo unake adhikatam pradarshan koo dekhane key aadhar parr kaam parr rakh rhaa haye, joe unake vishisht pradarshan kaa pratinidhi naheen hoe sakata haye. isake alawa, iss antar ney kuchh sangathanon koo apane karmchaariyon koo unake adhikatam star parr adhik baar pradarshan karane key liye upaay karane key liye prerit kiya haye.
visheshataaen.
manovaigyaanik parikshanon koo motey taur parr british manovaigyaanik samaaj dwara nimnalikhit dou prakaron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye.
vishisht aur adhikatam pradarshan donon alag-alag sthitiyon dwara chihnit kiye jaate hain. prabandhakon aur sangathanon koo inke baare mein pataa honah chaahiye taaki way yeh pahchaanane mein saksham houn kii koee karmchari vishisht yaa adhikatam star parr pradarshan curr rhaa haye yaa naheen.
1988 mein pahali baar vishisht/adhikatam antar kaa adhyayan karane vaale shodhkartaon, sackett, jdack aur fogly ney prastaav diyaa kii adhikatam pradarshan key liye kaee sthitiyaan maujood honey chaahieh 
vaikalpik roop seey, vishisht pradarshan una sthitiyon mein hotaa haye jahaan vyakti mulyankan key baare mein naheen jaanata haye, sachet roop seey apane sarvottam pradarshan kaa prayaas naheen curr rhaa haye, aur lambe samay taka nigrani kii jaati haye.
haal hii mein, sackett ney adhikatam pradarshan kii paribhasha parr vistaar seey kahaa kii yadi koee karmchari cumm samay key liye adhikatam prayaas kartaa haye tou vaha ise pradarshan key star key roop mein dekh sakata haye joe "maang parr utpaadan" curr sakata haye. iska matlab haye kii adhikatam pradarshan vishuddh roop seey bhaagya yaa avsar key kaaran naheen hoe sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, vaha kahate hain kii dhyaan kendrit karate samay, vaha 10 mein seey 7 free throw curr sakate they. lekin, aggar vaha ack germ lakir haye aur ack pankti mein 10 tokri banaata haye, tou yeh adhikatam pradarshan naheen hoga kyonki yeh shayed sirf bhaagya key kaaran thaa.
mool nishkarsh.
vishisht aur adhikatam pradarshan parr mool shodh ney supermarket karmchaariyon kaa ack nakad register parr vastuon koo scan karane kaa adhyayan kiya. vishisht pradarshan scan kii gaee vastuon kii ausat sankhya aur prati paali riktiyon kii sankhya seey nirdhaarit kiya jaataa thaa. adhikatam pradarshan kii ganana kaee samaybaddh avalokan avadhiyon kii gati aur sateekta key anusaar kii gaee thee. shodhkartaon ney paaya kii way dou upaay saankhyikiya roop seey sambandhit naheen they, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii vishisht aur adhikatam pradarshan vaastav mein alag vargeekaran hain.
shodh kii pushti.
vishisht banaam key liye nirantar samarthan paaya gayaa haye. praarambhik supermarket adhyayan key baad seey adhikatam pradarshan antar. dou prakaar key pradarshan key poorvajon koo dekhate hue ack adhyayan mein, saankhyikiya vishleshan seey pataa chalaa kii vishisht aur adhikatam pradarshan avadharana key aadhar parr alag-alag charr hain. isake alawa, anya adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii vishisht aur adhikatam pradarshan ack hii poorvavritt koo saajha naheen karate hain, joe bataata haye kii yeye pradarshan key dou alag-alag roop hain.
ghatak.
naukari key pradarshan koo ack karmchari key parinamon key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, joe unaki sanyukt buddhimatta aur prerana seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye. choonki prerana kissy vyakti key vikalpon parr nirbhar karati haye, isaliye koee vyakti usa disha, star aur dridhata koo niyantrit curr sakata haye jise way kissy kaary mein daalate hain. haalaanki, buddhimatta sthir haye aur vyaktigat niyantran mein naheen haye.
prerana aur buddhimatta.
sabhi karyon key liye kissy naa kissy roop mein kshamata aur prerana kii aavashyakta hoti haye; haalaanki, sackett aur sahyogiyon ney parikalpana kii kii vishisht aur adhikatam pradarshan key beach kaa antar inn dou karakon key sanyojan seey nirdhaarit hotaa haye. way ummeed karate they kii adhikatam pradarshan mukhya roop seey ack vyakti kii buddhimatta dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye. choonki adhikatam pradarshan taba hotaa haye jaba vyakti achchha pradarshan karane key liye atyadhik prerit hotaa haye, inn sthitiyon mein buddhi kaa prabhaav adhik hotaa haye. iss sthiti mein harr koee adhikatam raashi kaa prayog karega, isaliye vyaktiyon key beach kaa antar unaki kshamata mein nihit haye. vishisht pradarshan mein, buddhi aur prerana donon koo ack karmchari key naukari key pradarshan kii gunavatta koo prabhaavit karane key liye socha jaataa haye. haalaanki, iss sthiti mein prerana koo adhik prabhaavshaali kaarak maanaa jaataa haye.
shodh ney vishisht aur adhikatam pradarshan koo chalaane vaale inn mool siddhanton kii taakat kii jaanch kii haye. haal key ack adhyayan ney sackett aur sahyogiyon key vichaaron kii pushti kii, jisamen paaya gayaa kii adhikatam pradarshan karmchari key naukari key gyaan seey sambandhit thaa (jaise.jee., buddhi), jabaki vishisht pradarshan dridhata, aatm-prabhavsheelta aur prerana key anya upaayon seey sambandhit thaa.
poorvavarti.
kyonki adhikatam pradarshan bhraamak hoe sakata haye, isaliye prabandhakon key liye yeh mahatvapurna haye kii way adhikatam aur vishisht pradarshan donon key poorvajon koo pehchaan sakein. yeh unhein taba pahchaanane kii anumati dey sakata haye jaba way kissy bhee prakaar key pradarshan kaa nireekshan karane kii sabse adhik sambhavana rakhate hain.
buddhimatta.
choonki adhikatam pradarshan sthiti mein sabhi vyaktiyon seey isi tarah uchch star kii prerana honey kii ummeed kii jaati haye, isaliye unake pradarshan mein antar mukhya roop seey pratyek vyakti kii alag-alag kshamata parr adharit honah chaahiye. inn vichaaron kaa paalan karate hue, shodhkartaon ney parikalpana kii haye kii buddhimatta adhikatam pradarshan kii bhavishyavani karegi. kuchh adhyayanon ney iss vichaar kaa samarthan kiya haye, yeh paate hue kii buddhi vishisht pradarshan kii tulanaa mein adhikatam pradarshan key saath adhik sambandhit haye.
vyaktitva.
shodhkartaon ney parikalpana kii haye kii vishisht pradarshan kii bhavishyavani vyaktitva karakon dwara kii jaayegi, kyonki iss prakaar key pradarshan mein adhikansh parivartansheelta ack vyakti aur unake prayaas dwara niyantrit kii jaati haye. vishesh roop seey, tantrika-vikaar aur kartavyanishtha koo vyaktitva kaarak maanaa jaataa haye joe prerana mein yogdan karate hain, kyonki tantrika-vikaar aatm-sammaan aur aatmavishvaas seey sambandhit haye, aur kartavyanishtha dridhata aur praapt karane kii ichcha seey sambandhit haye. iss vichaar koo shodh mein mishrit parinam mille hain. ployhart aur unake sahyogiyon dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii neurotism aur bahirmukhi key vyaktitva karakon ney vishisht pradarshan kii mahatvapurna bhavishyavani kii, aur bahirmukhi aur khulepan ney adhikatam pradarshan kii mahatvapurna bhavishyavani kii. yeh shodh ingit kartaa haye kii vyaktitva donon prakaar key pradarshan kaa purvanuman haye. halanki, ack alag adhyayan mein thodaa alag parinam paaya gayaa, joe nishkarsh nikaalata haye kii samagr vyaktitva vishisht pradarshan kaa adhik purvanuman haye, jabaki buddhi abhee bhee adhikatam pradarshan kaa sabse achchha bhavishyavakta haye.
imandari.
kaee sangathan sakshatkar prakriya key dauran sambhaavit karmchaariyon koo unake naukari key gyaan, samagr buddhimatta yaa imandari koo nirdhaarit karane key liye pareekshan dete hain, aur inca upayog yeh anuman lagaane key liye karate hain kii yadi karmchari koo kaam parr rakhaa jaataa haye tou vaha kaisa pradarshan karega. shodh ney iss baat koo chhuaa haye kii inn parikshanon dwara adhikatam pradarshan kii bhavishyavani kaise kii jaa sakati haye. udaaharan key liye, ack upkaran akhandata pareekshan haye, joe ack pareekshan haye joe yeh aaklan karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye kii kyaa sambhaavit karmchari naukari parr vichalit vyavhaar mein sanlagn honge. iss tarah key vyavhaar key udaaharan ack sahakarmi key baare mein gupshup karane seey laker sangathan seey paise churaane taka hoe sakate hain. shodhkartaon ney akhandata pareekshan koo adhikatam pradarshan seey jodaa haye kyonki way parikalpana karate hain kii akhandata kaa star vyaktiyon key apane kaam key pradarshan mein antar nirdhaarit karega, joe antar vishesh roop seey adhikatam pradarshan koo prabhaavit curr sakate hain. ack aur visweshwaran dwara praapt parinamon ney adhikatam pradarshan kii bhavishyavani karane mein akhandata pareekshan key upayog kaa samarthan kiya, lekin yeh bhee ullekh kiya kii naukari gyaan parikshanon ney adhikatam pradarshan kii bhavishyavani bhee kii. satyanishtha pareekshan kartavyanishtha key vyaktitva kaarak seey sambandhit hain, joe, jaisa kii pahale ullekh kiya gayaa haye, adhikatam pradarshan seey sambandhit naheen dikhaaya gayaa haye.
daud.
shodh ney vishisht aur adhikatam pradarshan mein nasleeya antar kii bhee jaanch kii haye. paaramparik roop seey, adhyayanon mein paaya gayaa haye kii alpasankhyak samooh, vishesh roop seey african americi, khufiya parikshanon mein goron kii tulanaa mein cumm ank praapt karate hain, lekin pradarshan kii bhavishyavani karate samay vyaktitva pareekshan cumm pakshapaati hotey hain. jaisa kii pahale ullekh kiya gayaa haye, vishisht pradarshan koo vyaktitva seey jodaa gayaa haye, aur adhikatam pradarshan koo buddhi seey jodaa gayaa haye. isaliye, shodhkartaon ney ummeed kii kii african americi gorey logon kii tulanaa mein adhikatam pradarshan key nimn star kaa pradarshan karenge, donon jaatiya samoohon mein vishisht pradarshan key samaan star dikhaai denge. haalaanki, dubois aur sahyogiyon dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein isake thheek vipareet paaya gayaa. gorey logon ney african amerikiyon koo peechhe chhod diyaa jaba unhone vishisht pradarshan dekhaa; jabaki, jaba unhone adhikatam pradarshan kii jaanch kii tou antar bahut cumm spasht thaa. jabaki isase karmchaariyon key chayan parr koee prabhaav naheen padanaa chaahiye, prabandhakon koo pradarshan kaa avalokan karate samay pravritti key baare mein pataa honah chaahiye.
bhed kaa uddeshya.
vishisht aur adhikatam pradarshan key beach antar karane seey shodhkartaon key liye saiddhaantik nihitarth aur sangathanon key liye vyaavhaarik uddeshya donon hoe sakate hain.
akaadamik prabhaav.
avdhaaranaatmak roop seey, vibhinn prakaar key pradarshan mein vibhinn bhavishyavakta hoe sakate hain, joe iss kshetra mein anusandhaan koo prabhaavit karenge. udaaharan key liye, kaee adhyayanon mein pradarshan rating mein antar paaya gayaa haye joe iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii ratter paryavekshak haye yaa sahakarmi. vishisht/adhikatam antar iss antar koo samajha sakata haye yadi, udaaharan key liye, paryavekshak adhik adhikatam pradarshan kaa nireekshan karate hain jabaki saathi adhik vishisht pradarshan kaa nireekshan karate hain.
vyaavhaarik prabhaav.
vyaavhaarik paksh parr, vishisht/adhikatam antar mahatvapurna hoe sakata haye jaba sangathan nae karmchaariyon koo niyukt karate hain. udaaharan key liye, bhale hii kaee companiyan mulyankan karane kaa irada rakhti hain kii ack vyakti kaa vishisht pradarshan kyaa hoga jaba ack niyukti nirnay lete hain, aksar sangathan aise upaayon kaa upayog karate hain joe adhikatam pradarshan seey judey honey chaahiye. inn samanya moolyankanon mein mulyankan kendra, khufiya pareekshan aur sthitijanya sakshatkar shamil hain.
bahut cumm shodh ney yeh dekhane kaa prayaas kiya haye kii kaise vibhinn chayan upkaran vishisht aur adhikatam pradarshan key sambandh mein ack karmchari key vyavhaar kaa anuman lagaa sakate hain; haalaanki, haal key ack adhyayan mein vyavhaar vivaran sakshatkar aur sthitijanya sakshatkar parr dhyaan kendrit kiya gayaa haye. vyavhaar vivaran sakshatkar avedakon seey naukari key vishisht pahaluon seey sambandhit pichhale vyavhaar kaa varnan karane key liye kahate hain, jabaki sthitijanya sakshatkaron mein aavedak kaalpanik naukari seey sambandhit duvidhaon kaa jawab dete hain. klehe aur latham ney paaya kii vyavhaar vivaran sakshatkar aur sthitijanya sakshatkar donon ney vishisht pradarshan kii bhavishyavani kii, aur sthitijanya sakshatkar ney bhee adhikatam pradarshan kii bhavishyavani kii. jabaki kaee shodhkartaon ney vishisht pradarshan kaa anuman lagaane key liye inn upkaranon kaa upayog karane key baare mein chinta vyakt kii haye, iss adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii way vaastav mein kaafee upayogi hoe sakate hain.
iss bhed kaa ack anya vyaavhaarik nihitarth karmchari muaavaje parr iska prabhaav haye. prabandhak vishisht aur adhikatam pradarshan koo alag-alag tareeke seey mahatva dey sakate hain, jisake parinamswarup alag-alag puraskar milate hain. shodh seey pataa chalata haye kii vishisht aur adhikatam donon prakaar key muaavaje key star kii bhavishyavani karate hain, lekin sangathanon koo yeh sunishchit karna chaahiye kii way iss abhyaas koo lagu karna chaahte hain.
anuttarit prashn.
jabaki vishisht banaam mein pragati hui haye. sackett aur sahyogiyon key maulik pepper key baad seey adhikatam pradarshan siddhant, iss vishay parr adhyayan seemit rahey hain aur kaee prashnon kaa abhee bhee uttar naheen diyaa gayaa haye. donon pradarshan prakaron key poorvajon parr dhyaan kendrit karane mein, paraspar virodhi shodh ney shodhkartaon koo karmchaariyon key sambhaavit pradarshan kaa purvanuman lagaane key liye thhos nishkarsh nikaalane seey pratibandhit curr diyaa haye. vishesh roop seey, vishisht pradarshan key poorvavarti key roop mein yaa adhikatam pradarshan key poorvavarti key roop mein buddhimatta key roop mein kissy bhee vyaktitva key liye lagaatar samarthan naheen rhaa haye. isake alawa, kissy bhee prakaar key pradarshan seey sambandhit bahut cumm anya poorvavritt kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye.
ack anya anuttarit prashn vaha samay avadhi haye joe adhikatam aur vishisht pradarshan kaa adhyayan karate samay samaapt hoe sakati haye. jaisa kii ullekh kiya gayaa haye, adhikatam pradarshan kii aavashyakta yeh haye kii ise "cumm samay kii avadhi" mein dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye, jabaki vishisht pradarshan koo ack vistaarit avadhi mein dekhaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, sackett aur anya shodhkartaon ney sateek avadhi kii aavashyaktaon koo aspasht chhod diyaa haye. bhavishya key shodh seey pataa chala sakata haye kii vishisht aur adhikatam pradarshan key beach kaa cutoff bindu kahaan haye.
saransh.
pichhale 20 varshon seey vishisht aur adhikatam pradarshan key beach kaa antar spasht haye. shodh seey pataa chalata haye kii karmchari anya samay kii tulanaa mein uchch star parr pradarshan karate hain jaba unhein asthaayi roop seey dekhaa jaa rhaa hotaa haye. aam taur parr ack vishisht pradarshan kaa star pradarshit hoga, aur adhikatam pradarshan kaa star joe ack vyakti praapt curr sakata haye, donon mein vishesh poorvavritt prateet hotey hain. inmein buddhi, vyaktitva, imandari aur nasl shamil hoe sakate hain. haalaanki, inn nishkarshon kii pushti karane aur unakaa vistaar karane key liye aage key shodh kii aavashyakta haye.

