
jimmi carter prashaasan kii videsh neeti

jimmi carter (1977-1981) key karyakal key dauran sanyukt raajya america kii videsh neeti mein sheet yuddh kaa prabhutva thaa, joe sanyukt raajya america aur soviyat sangh key beach nirantar bhoo-raajneetik tanaav kii avadhi thee.
padbhar grahan karane parr, carter ney aapako phir seey unmukh kiya.aiss. manvadhikaron, loktaantrik moolyon, paramanu aprasaar aur vaishvik garibi parr ack nae jore kii disha mein videsh neeti. carter ney yuu koo samaapt kiya.aiss. nikaragua mein somoja shasson key liye samarthan aur chilly key augusto pinochet, brazil key ernesto geisel aur argentine key george rafale vidella koo sainya sahaayata mein katauti yaa samaapti, jinamen seey sabhi kii unhone manvadhikaron key ullanghan key liye aalochana kii. unhone torizos-carter sandhiyon parr baatchit kii, joe 1999 mein panama nahar koo panama mein vaapas laane key liye pradaan kii gaee thee. arab-israel sangharsh koo samaapt karane key prayaas mein, unhone israel aur misra key beach shivir david samjhaute kii vyavastha karane mein madad kii. vaha pahale yuu bhee baney.aiss. rashtrapati upa-sahaara africa kii yatra karenge, joe carter prashaasan key tahat kshetra key nae mahatva kaa pratibimb haye.
chean aur soviyat sangh donon key saath apekshaakrit garmajoshi bharey sambandhon kii avadhi key dauran padbhar grahan karate hue, carter ney shuru mein apane poorvavartiyon kii sulah neetiyon koo jaari rakhaa. unhone chean key saath sambandhon koo samanya curr diyaa aur taiwan key saath ack raksha sandhi koo radd curr diyaa. unhone soviyat sangh key saath ranneetik hathiyar seema vaarta bhee jaari rakhee, halanki unhone soviyat sangh kii manvadhikar neetiyon key liye aalochana karna jaari rakhaa. soviyat-afghan yuddh kii shuruat key baad, unhone soviyat sangh key prati apani sulahakaari neetiyon koo tyag diyaa, sainya nirmaan kii avadhi shuru kii, anaaj pratibandh shuru kiya, aur afghanistan mein mujahideen vidrohiyon koo sahaayata pradaan kii. carter key rashtrapati karyakal key antim pandrah maheenon mein kaee pramukh sankaton koo chihnit kiya gayaa, jinamen 1979 kaa tail sankat, iran bandhak sankat aur baad mein whiffle operation eagle clau shamil they. inn sankaton ney 1980 key rashtrapati chunaav mein carter kii bhaari haar mein yogdan diyaa.
netritva.
niyuktiyaan.
raajya sachiv aur raksha sachiv key padon key liye, carter ney cyrus vence aur herold braun kaa chayan kiya, joe donon kenedi aur johnson prashaasan mein uchch padasth adhikaari they. rashtriya suraksha salaahkaar zbignave brezinsky carter key nikatatam salaahkaaron mein seey ack key roop mein ubhare, aur carter ney videsh neeti key vikas aur karyanvayan mein rashtriya suraksha parishad aur vence key raajya vibhaag donon kaa upayog kiya. uparaashtrapati walter mondell ney videsh neeti key muddon parr ack pramukh salaahkaar key roop mein bhee kaary kiya.
vence ney soviyat sangh key saath shaanti key liye dhakka diyaa, aur baaz brazinsky key saath aksar bhid gaye. vence ney soviyat sangh key saath namak dwiteeya samjhaute parr kaam karke hathiyaron kii seemaon koo aage badhaane kii koshish kii, jise unhone usa samay key kendriya rajanyik mudde key roop mein dekhaa, lekin brezinsky ney soviyat sangh key khilaf ack sakht, adhik mukhar neeti key liye pairavi kii. unhone africa aur teesari duniya mein soviyat gatividhi kii kadee ninda key saath-saath 1978 mein chean key saath samanya sambandhon key liye safaltapurvak pairavi karane kaa tark diyaa. jaise hii brezinsky ney beijing key saath baatchit kaa niyantran leey liya, vence haashiye parr thaa aur uska prabhaav cumm honey lagaa. jaba 1978 key anta mein iran mein kranti hui, tou donon iss baat parr vibhajit they kii sanyukt raajya america key sahayogi iran key shaah kaa samarthan kaise kiya jaae. vence ney sudhaaron key paksh mein tark diyaa jabaki brezinsky ney unase 'lohe kii mutthi' drishtikon koo todane kaa aagrah kiya. carter seey kaarravaai kaa ack seedha maarg praapt karane mein asamarth, shaah koo vence aur brezinsky seey praapt mishrit sandeshon ney unake bhram aur anirnaya mein yogdan diyaa kyonki way janwari 1979 mein iran seey bhaag gaye aur unakaa shasson dhwast hoe gayaa. 1980 mein vence key istife key baad, carter ney admond musky koo raajya sachiv key roop mein seva karane key liye niyukt kiya, joe ack sammaanit senator they, jinake saath carter ney maitripurna sambandh vikasit kiye they.
sheet yuddh.
carter ney sheet yuddh key dauran padbhar sambhala, sanyukt raajya america aur soviyat sangh key beach bhoo-raajneetik tanaav kii ack nirantar avadhi. 1960 key dashak key anta aur 1970 key dashak kii shuruat key dauran, donon mahashaktiyon key beach sambandhon mein ack neeti key madhyam seey sudhaar huaa thaa jise detent key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. sheet yuddh key ghatate mahatva key pratibimb mein, carter key kuchh samkaaleenon ney unhein sheet yuddh key baad key pahale rashtrapati key roop mein label kiya, lekin soviyat sangh key saath sambandh 1970 key dashak key anta aur 1980 key dashak mein americi videsh neeti mein ack mahatvapurna kaarak baney rahenge. carter prashaasan mein kaee pramukh adhikaari, jinamen carter swayam bhee shamil they, tripakshiya aayog key sadasya they, jinhone sheet yuddh parr jore naheen diyaa. isake bajaay tripakshiya aayog ney teesari duniya key deshon koo sahaayata dene aur paschimi europe aur japan key saath sambandhon mein sudhaar parr kendrit videsh neeti kii vakaalat kii. carter prashaasan kii videsh neeti kaa kendriya tanaav raajya key sachiv cyrus vence key beach vibhajan mein parilakshit huaa, jinhone soviyat sangh aur teesari duniya key saath sambandhon mein sudhaar kii maang kii, aur rashtriya suraksha salaahkaar zbignave brazinsky, jinhone kaee muddon parr soviyat sangh key saath takraav kaa paksh liya.
manvadhikar.
carter kaa maanana thaa kii pichhale prashasanon ney sheet yuddh kii chintaon aur vaastavik rajneeti koo videsh neeti parr haavi honey dene mein galati kii thee. unake prashaasan ney manvadhikaron, loktaantrik moolyon, paramanu prasaar aur vaishvik garibi parr ack nayaa jore diyaa. carter prashaasan kaa manvadhikaron parr jore 1970 key dashak mein manvadhikaron parr ack vyaapak, vishvavyaapi dhyaan kaa hissa thaa, kyonki gair-sarkari sangathan jaise kii aam maafi antarrashtriya aur manvadhikar nigrani teji seey pramukh hoe gaye. carter naamit nagrik adhikaar karyakarta patricia aim. manvadhikaron aur maanviya mamalon key samanvayak key roop mein darian, aur agast 1977 mein, raajya key sahayak sachiv key pada parr padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. darian ney manvadhikar prathaon parr sanyukt raajya america kii desh report sthaapit kii, joe 1977 seey salana prakaashit hoti haye. lattin america manvadhikaron parr carter key nae dhyaan key liye kendriya thaa. carter prashaasan ney aitihaasik roop seey yuu koo samarthan samaapt curr diyaa.aiss.-nikaragua mein somoja shasson kaa samarthan kiya aur naee sandinista rashtriya mukti morcha sarkaar koo sahaayata kaa nirdesh diyaa, jisane somoja key ukhaad fenkane key baad satta grahan kii. carter ney chilly key augusto pinochet, brazil key ernesto geisel aur argentine key george rafale vidella koo sainya sahaayata mein katauti yaa samaapti bhee kii, jinn sabhi kii unhone manvadhikaron key ullanghan key liye aalochana kii.
sanyukt rashtra mein carter key rajdoot, aur yuva, ack uchch-stariya rajanyik pada rakhane vaale pahale african-americi they. carter key saath, unhone yuu koo badalane kii koshish kii.aiss. africa key prati neeti, sheet yuddh key muddon parr manvadhikaron kii chintaon parr jore detee haye. 1978 mein, carter upa-sahaara africa kii aadhikarik raajya yatra karane vaale pahale vartamaan rashtrapati baney, joe carter prashaasan kii videsh neeti key tahat kshetra key nae mahatva kaa pratibimb haye. apane poorvavartiyon key vipareet, carter ney rhodesia aur dakshin africa mein shwet alpasankhyak shasson key khilaf ack majboot rukh apanaaya. carter key samarthan seey, sanyukt rashtra ney prastaav 418 paarit kiya, jisane dakshin africa parr hathiyar pratibandh lagaa diyaa. carter ney byrd sanshodhan kaa nirsan jeetaa, jisane iaan smith kii rhodesian sarkaar parr antarrashtriya pratibandhon koo cumm curr diyaa thaa. unhone smith parr chunaav karaane key liye bhee dabaav daala, jisase 1979 key rhodesia chunaav hue aur antatah zimbabwe kaa nirmaan huaa.
darian aur raajya vibhaag kii neeti yojana nideshak anthany lake dwara samarthit adhik mukhar manvadhikar neeti koo brezinsky key virodh ney kuchh hudd taka dhundhala curr diyaa thaa. 1979 mein kambodiya parr viyatnami aakraman key baad loktaantrik kampuchia key poul pott key narsamhar shasson key patan key dauran neetigat vivaad apane sabse vivadaspad bindu parr pahunch gaye, jaba brazinsky ney soviyat sangh dwara samarthan key kaaran prashaasan dwara naee kambodiyan sarkaar koo maanyata dene seey incar karane mein prabalata dikhaai. manvadhikaron kii chintaon key bavjood, carter ney yuu jaari rakhaa.aiss. zair key joseph mobutu key liye samarthan, jinhone shabaa aaee aur shabaa II key roop mein jaane jaane vaale sanghrshon mein angolan samarthit vidrohiyon koo haraaya. unake prashaasan ney aam taur parr phillippeans, indoneshiya, dakshin koria, iran, israel, misra, saudi arab aur uttari yaman mein manvadhikaron key hanan kii aalochana karane seey bhee parhej kiya.
raksha neeti aur missile.
halanki 1976 mein unake abhiyaan munch ney raksha kharch mein kamee kaa ahwan kiya, carter ney raksha bajat mein 3 teen pratishat kii vriddhi kaa ahwan kiya. unhone soviyat sangh key uddeshya seey europe mein madhyam doori kii paramanu misaailon koo sthaapit karke ack majboot raksha mudra kii maang kii. carter aur braun ney bhoomi-adharit aaee. see. bee. aim. mein sudhaar karke, ranneetik bamvarshakon koo cruze misaailon seey lais karke aur meerv key saath kaheen adhik pandubbi seey prakshepit misaailon koo tainaat karke, yaa kaee warhead joe kaee lakshyon koo maar sakate hain, ranneetik hathiyaron mein soviyaton key saath santulan banaae rakhane key liye kaam kiya. unhone mx missile kaa vikas aur naato key lambi doori key paramanu bull key aadhunikikaran koo jaari rakhaa.
march 1976 mein, soviyat sangh ney pahali baar apane europeeya kshetron mein ss-20 sebar (jise rsd-10 key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) koo tainaat kiya, ack mobile, chhipaane yogya madhyavarti-renz ballistic missile (irbm) jisamen teen paramanu 150-kilotan warhead vaale kaee swatantra roop seey lakshit punah pravesh vaahan (mirav) they. aiss. aiss.-20 ney aiss. aiss.-4 sandle aur aiss. aiss.-5 skeen kii umradaraaz soviyat pranaliyon koo badal diyaa, joe apani kharaab sateekta, seemit payload (ack warhead), lambe samay taka taiyari karane mein kathinaaee, chhipaane mein kathinaaee aur sthirata (iss prakaar unhein ack niyojit hamale seey pahale poorv-khaali naato hamalon key liye ujagar) key kaaran paschimi europe key liye ack seemit khatra paida karate hue dekhe gaye they. aiss. aiss.-4 aur aiss. aiss.-5 koo rakshaatmak hathiyaron key roop mein dekhaa gayaa, aiss. aiss.-20 koo ack sambhaavit aakramak pranali key roop mein dekhaa gayaa. washington ney shuru mein apane ranneetik paramanu hathiyaron aur paramanu-saksham vimaanon koo aiss. aiss.-20 key liye paryaapt counter aur soviyat aakraamakta key khilaf paryaapt nivaarak maanaa. 1977 mein, halanki, paschim germany key chansler helmut schmitt ney ack bhaashan mein tark diyaa kii aiss. aiss.-20 kii tainaati key liye ack paschimi pratikriya kaa pataa lagaaya jaanaa chaahiye, ack aisaa ahwan joe naato dwara pratidhwanit kiya gayaa thaa, europeeya paramanu balon mein ack kathit paschimi nuksan koo dekhate hue.
12 disambar 1979 koo, aiss. aiss.-20 kii pratikriya key liye europeeya dabaav key baad, paschimi videsh aur raksha mantriyon ney naato double-track nirnay liya. unhone tark diyaa kii yuddh sandhi ney "paramanu pranaliyon mein ack badee aur badhati kshamata vikasit kii thee joe seedhe paschimi europe key liye khatra haye": "theatre" paramanu pranaaliyan (i.ee.saamarik paramanu hathiyar. iss "gambhir" sthiti kaa varnan karate hue, mantriyon ney aiss. aiss.-20 kaa seedha sandarbh diyaa, jisamen "adhik sateekta, adhik gatishilata aur adhik seema pradaan karane key saath-saath kaee warhead honey mein pichhali pranaliyon kii tulanaa mein mahatvapurna sudhaar" shamil they. mantriyon ney parivartit sthiti key liye soviyat tupolev thu-22 aim ranneetik bamvarshak kii tainaati koo bhee jimmedaar thaharaaya, joe unake anusaar apane poorvavartiyon kii tulanaa mein "bahut adhik pradarshan" pradarshit kartaa haye. isake alawa, mantriyon ney chinta vyakt kii kii soviyat sangh ney "lambi doori key theatre paramanu balon" (lrtnf) mein naato parr laabh praapt kiya thaa, aur cumm doori key theatre paramanu kshamata mein bhee kaafee vriddhi kii thee. inn ghatnakramon koo sambodhit karane key liye, mantriyon ney dou neetiyon "track" koo apanaaya.
7, 400 aise hathiyar mein seey ack hazaar paramanu hathiyar europe seey hataa diye jaayenge aur america soviyat sangh key saath yuddh paramanu balon koo seemit karane key uddeshya seey dwipakshiya vaarta karega. yadi yeye vaartaaen whiffle hoe jaati hain, tou natto paschim germany mein 108 pershing II lancharon key saath 1aeye misaailon koo pratisthaapit karke aur 464 bgm-109jee ground launch cruze misaailon (glcm) koo belgium, itali, neatherlands aur united kingdam mein disambar 1983 kii shuruat mein tainaat karke apane swayam key lrtnf, yaa madhyavarti-renz paramanu balon (inf) kaa aadhunikikaran karega.
ford aur nixon ney ranneetik hathiyar seema vaarta (namak) key dusare daur parr samjhaute parr pahunchane kii maang kii thee, jisane sanyukt raajya america aur soviyat sangh donon key paas paramanu hathiyaron kii sankhya parr oopari seema nirdhaarit kii thee. carter ney donon deshon key paramanu shastragaron parr kewal oopari seema nirdhaarit karane key bajaay, cumm karane key liye ack samjhaute parr pahunchkar inn vaartaon kaa vistaar karane kii ummeed jataai. usee samay, unhone manvadhikaron key sambandh mein soviyat sangh key record kii aalochana kii, aanshik roop seey kyonki unakaa maanana thaa kii aggar rashtrapati soviyaton koo samaayojit karane key liye bahut ichchuk prateet hotey hain tou janata soviyaton key saath baatchit kaa samarthan naheen karegi. carter aur soviyat netaa leonid brejhanev juuna 1979 mein namak II key roop mein ack samjhaute parr pahunche, lekin carter kii lokpriyata mein kamee aur ganrajyon aur nava-roodhivaadi loktantravadiyon key virodh ney anusamarthan koo mushkil banaa diyaa. afghanistan parr soviyat aakraman ney nirodh koo samaapt curr diyaa aur sheet yuddh koo phir seey khol diyaa, jabaki namak II koo anusamarthan karane kii baat samaapt hoe gaee.
afghanistan.
sheet yuddh key shuruati charanon key dauran afghanistan gutnirpeksh rhaa thaa. 1978 mein, noor muhammad taraki key netritva mein communists ney satta parr kabja curr liya. nayaa shasson-joe taraki key charampanthi khalk gutt aur adhik madhyam parcham key beach vibhajit thaa-ney disambar 1978 mein soviyat sangh key saath dosti kii ack sandhi parr hastakshar kiye. dharmnirpeksh shiksha mein sudhaar aur bhoomi koo punah vitarit karane key taraki key prayason key saath afghan itihas mein badey paimaane parr nishpaadan aur raajneetik utpeedan huaa, jisase afghan mujahideen vidrohiyon dwara vidroh bhadak gayaa. aprail 1979 mein ack samanya vidroh key baad, sitambar mein khalk pratidvandi hafizullah ameen ney taraki koo apadasth curr diyaa thaa. soviyat netaaon koo darr thaa kii afghanistan mein ack islami sarkaar soviyat kendriya asia key niyantran key liye khatra hogi, aur jaise-jaise ashanti jaari rahee, unhone 30,000 sainikon koo soviyat-afghan seema parr tainaat kiya. itihaaskaar george see. herring raajyon key carter aur brezinsky donon ney afghanistan koo ack sambhaavit "jaal" key roop mein dekhaa joe ack nishfal yuddh mein soviyat sansadhanon koo kharch curr sakata thaa, aur yuu.aiss. 1979 key madhya mein mujahideen vidrohiyon koo sahaayata bhejana shuru kiya. haalaanki, 2020 mein avargeekrit yuu kii sameeksha kii gaee.aiss. rajanyik itihas" patrika mein konor tobin dwara diye gaye dastavejon mein paaya gayaa kii "soviyat sainya hastakshep naa tou carter prashaasan dwara manga gayaa thaa aur naa hii vaanchhit thaa... badhate soviyat prabhaav key jawab mein vikasit chhote paimaane parr gupt karyakram ack aakasmik yojana kaa hissa thaa "yadi" soviyat senaa ney sainya roop seey hastakshep kiya, kyonki washington unake liye apani sthiti koo majboot karna mushkil banaane key liye behtar sthiti mein hoga, lekin hastakshep koo prerit karane key liye design naheen kiya gayaa thaa."disambar taka, ameen kii sarkaar ney desh key adhikansh hisse parr niyantran khou diyaa thaa, jisase soviyat sangh koo afghanistan parr aakraman karane, ameen koo maarne aur paracham netaa babarak karmal koo rashtrapati key roop mein sthaapit karane key liye prerit kiya.
carter afghanistan key soviyat aakraman seey hairan they, kyonki yuu kii aam sahamati thee.aiss. 1978 aur 1979 key dauran khufiya samudaay ney kahaa thaa kii masco jabardasti hastakshep naheen karega. see. aaee. aeye. key adhikaariyon ney afghan seema parr soviyat sainikon kii tainaati kaa pataa lagaaya thaa, lekin unhein ummeed naheen thee kii soviyat ack poorna aakraman shuru karenge. carter kaa maanana thaa kii afghanistan kii soviyat vijay faras kii khaadi kshetra key liye ack gambhir khatra pesh karegi, aur unhone usa parr jordar pratikriya vyakt kii jise way ack khatarnak uksawa maanate they. ack television bhaashan mein, carter ney soviyat sangh parr pratibandhon kii ghoshana kii, pakistan koo nae sire seey sahaayata dene kaa vaadaa kiya, aur carter siddhant koo spasht kiya, jisamen kahaa gayaa kii yuu.aiss. faras kii khaadi parr niyantran hassil karane key kissy bhee prayaas koo peechhe hataa dega. pakistan key netaa muhammad jiyaa-ull-huck key pahale pakistan key paramanu karyakram aur zulfikar allie bhutto key nishpaadan key kaaran carter key saath kharaab sambandh they, lekin afghanistan parr soviyat aakraman aur iran mein asthirta ney paaramparik pakistan-sanyukt raajyon key gathbandhan koo phir seey majboot kiya. saudi arab, britten key aim. aaee. 6 aur pakistan kii antar-seva khufiya (aaee. aiss. aaee.) key sahyog seey carter ney see. aaee. aeye. key operation chakravaat key madhyam seey mujahideen koo sahaayata badhaa dee. carter ney baad mein ack yuu kii bhee ghoshana kii.aiss. masco mein 1980 key grishmakaaleen olympic kaa bahishkaar kiya gayaa aur soviyat sangh koo americi gehuun bhejane parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa. pratibandh ney antatah americi kisaanon koo soviyat arthavyavastha kii tulanaa mein adhik nuksan pahunchaaya, aur carter key karyalaya chhodane key baad sanyukt raajya america ney pratibandh hataa liya.
afghanistan parr soviyat aakraman ney carter kii videsh neeti mein ack mahatvapurna badalaav laaya aur 1960 key dashak key madhya mein shuru hui hirasat kii avadhi koo samaapt curr diyaa. niyantran kii neeti parr lautate hue, sanyukt raajya america ney sheet yuddh key sahyogiyon key saath sulah kii aur raksha bajat mein vriddhi kii, jisase soviyat sangh key saath ack naee hathiyar daud shuru hui. yuu.aiss. afghanistan mein mujahideen key liye samarthan taba taka jaari rahega jaba taka kii 1989 mein soviyat sangh afghanistan seey vaapas naheen leey liya.
madhya poorv.
itihaaskaar jorgen genshougen kaa tark haye kii janwari 1981 mein carter key karyalaya chhodane taka, unhoneh
vaha ack visham sthiti mein thaa-usane paaramparik americi neeti koo todane kaa prayaas kiya thaa, lekin usa parampara key lakshyon koo puuraa karane mein safal rhaa, joe arab gathbandhan koo todane, philistiniyon koo ack taraf rakhane, misra key saath gathbandhan banaane, soviyat sangh koo kamjor karane aur israel koo surakshit karane key liye thaa.
shivir david samjhaute.
padbhar grahan karane parr, carter ney lambe samay seey chala rahey arab-israel sangharsh mein madhyasthata karane kaa prayaas karane kaa faisala kiya. unhone 1973 key geneva sammelan key punah ayojan key madhyam seey israel aur usake padosiyon key beach ack vyaapak samjhaute kii maang kii, lekin yeye prayaas 1977 key anta taka dhwast hoe gaye they. halanki sammelan koo phir seey aayojit karane mein whiffle rahey, carter ney misra key netaa anwar sadat koo 1978 mein israel kii yatra key liye aashvast kiya. sadat kii yatra ney anya arab leag deshon kii ninda kii, lekin sadat aur israel key pradhaan mantri menachem ney donon ney dwipakshiya vaarta key liye khulepan vyakt kiya. suraksha guaranti kii maang shuru karein; sadat ney paschimi tata aur gaaja, israel key kabje vaale kshetron key liye sinai praaydweep seey israel kii senaaon kii vaapsee aur grih shasson kii maang kii, joe badey paimaane parr philistine key arabon dwara basey hue they. israel ney 1967 key chhah divasiya yuddh mein paschimi tata aur gaaja parr niyantran curr liya thaa, jabaki 1973 key yom kippur yuddh key anta key baad seey sinai parr israel kaa kabja thaa.
aage kii baatchit key liye, carter ney sitambar 1978 mein camp david key rashtrapati key peechhe hatane key liye aamantrit kiya. kyonki sadat aur shuru honey key beach seedhi baatchit anutpaadak saabit hui, carter ney donon netaaon key saath vyaktigat roop seey mulakat shuru kii. jabaki shuruat mein vaha sinai praaydweep seey hatane key liye taiyar thaa, usane ack philistine raajya kii sthaapana key liye sahmat honey seey incar curr diyaa. israel ney paschimi tata mein bastiyon kaa nirmaan shuru curr diyaa thaa, joe ack shaanti samjhaute key liye ack mahatvapurna baadha key roop mein ubhara thaa. israel kii vaapsee parr nishchit samjhaute parr aaney mein asamarth, donon paksh ack samjhaute parr pahunche jisamen israel ney paschim tata aur gaaja mein ack nirvaachit sarkaar key nirmaan kii anumati dene key liye aspasht vaade kiye. badale mein, misra israel key astitva key adhikaar koo maanyata dene vaalaa pahala arab raajya bunn gayaa. shivir david samjhaute misra aur israel donon mein teevra gharelu virodh kaa vishay they, saath hii saath vyaapak arab duniya mein, lekin pratyek paksh samjhaute key aadhar parr ack shaanti sandhi parr baatchit karane key liye sahmat huaa.
26 march, 1979 koo misra aur israel ney washington mein ack shaanti sandhi parr hastakshar kiye.see. sandhi praapt karane mein carter kii bhoomika aavashyak thee. lekhak aaron david miller ney nimnalikhit nishkarsh nikaalah "isase koee fark naheen padata kii maine kisase baat kii-americi, misravasi yaa israel-adhikansh sabhi ney ack hii baat kaheeh koee carter naheen, koee shaanti sandhi naheen."carter ney khud iss samjhaute koo karyalaya mein apani sabse mahatvapurna upalabdhi key roop mein dekhaa.
irani kranti aur bandhak sankat.
iran key shaah mohammad rezaa pahalvi ack vishvasaniya yuu they.aiss. 1953 key irani takhtapalat key baad seey sahayogi. takhtapalat key baad key varshon key dauran, yuu.aiss. iran parr sahaayata pradaan kii, jabaki iran ney tail niryaat key ack bharosemand srot key roop mein kaam kiya. carter, vence aur brezinsky sabhi ney iran koo ack pramukh sheet yuddh sahayogi key roop mein dekhaa, naa kewal isake dwara utpaadit tail key liye, balki opec mein isake prabhaav aur soviyat sangh aur faras kii khaadi key beach isaki ranneetik sthiti key kaaran bhee. manvadhikaron key ullanghan key bavjood, carter ney 1977 key anta mein iran kaa daura kiya aur yuu kii bikri koo adhikrit kiya.aiss. ladaakoo vimaan. usee varsh, kaee shaharon mein dange bhadak gaye aur yeh jald hii desh bhar mein fail gayaa. kharaab aarthik sthiti, pahalvi kii "shwet kranti" kii alokpriyata aur ack islami punrutthan sabhi ney iraniyon key beach badhate gusse koo janm diyaa, jinamen seey kaee ney pahalvi key samarthan aur 1953 key takhtapalat mein isaki bhoomika key liye sanyukt raajya koo bhee tuchchh maanaa. unhone shaah key tahat iran kii prashansa karate hue kahaa kii yeh ack "sthirata kaa dweep" haye joe "logon dwara shaah koo diye gaye pyaar" key kaaran sambhav huaa.
carter prashaasan kii manvadhikaron kii naee maangon ney shaah koo krodhit curr diyaa aur khud koo aantarik roop seey vibhajit curr diyaa. vence aur raajya vibhaag ney ise uchch prathamikta dee, jabaki brezinsky ney chetavani dee kii yeh kshetra mein america key sabse mahatvapurna sahayogi kii taakat koo kamjor curr dega. raajya vibhaag key manvadhikar beuro ney darian key netritva mein ack karyakarta drishtikon apanaaya. carter ney teji seey mukhar aur hinsak virodh pradarshanon koo dabaane key liye danga niyantran upkaran kii bikri kii anumati dee, vishesh roop seey dhaarmik tatva seey.
1978 taka, shaah key shasson key khilaf irani kranti chhid gaee thee. raajya key sachiv vence ney tark diyaa kii shaah koo asantosh kii aavaaj koo shaant karane key liye sudhaaron kii ack shrinkhala sthaapit karni chaahiye, jabaki brezinsky ney asahamati parr kaarravaai key paksh mein tark diyaa. shaah koo vence aur brezinsky seey mille mishrit sandeshon ney unake bhram aur anirnaya mein yogdan diyaa. shaah nirvaasan mein chaley gaye, ack karyavahak sarkaar koo niyantran mein chhod diyaa. ack lokpriya dhaarmik vyakti, ayatollah ruhollah khomaini, farwari 1979 mein nirvaasan seey lokpriya prashansa key liye laute. jaise hii ashanti jaari rahee, carter ney pahalvi koo chikitsa upchaar key liye sanyukt raajya mein jaane kii anumati dee. carter aur vence donon shuru mein iran mein pratikriya key baare mein chintaon key kaaran pahalvi koo sweekaar karane key liye anichhuk they, lekin irani netaaon ney unhein ashvasana diyaa kii yeh ack samasya kaa kaaran naheen banega. navambar 1979 mein, pahalvi koo yuu mein pravesh karane kii anumati diye jaane key turant baad.aiss., iraniyon key ack samooh ney yuu parr dhawa boll diyaa.aiss. tehran mein dutawas ney 66 americi kaidiyon koo leey liya, jisase iran bandhak sankat kii shuruat hui. iran key pradhaanmantri mehdi bazargan ney aatankvaadiyon koo bandhakon koo riha karane kaa adesh diyaa, lekin khomaini dwara aatankvaadiyon kaa samarthan karane key baad unhone pada seey istifa dey diyaa.
sankat jaldi hii antarrashtriya aur gharelu dhyaan kaa vishay bunn gayaa, aur carter ney bandhakon kii rihaai koo surakshit karane kii kasam khaai. unhone bandhakon kii rihaai key badale mein pahalvi kii vaapsee kii irani maang koo aswikar curr diyaa. unaki sweekriti rating mein vriddhi hui kyonki amerikiyon ney unaki pratikriya key aspas raili kii, lekin sankat unake prashaasan key liye teji seey samasyagrast hoe gayaa kyonki yeh jaari rhaa. bandhakon koo bachaane key prayaas mein, carter ney aprail 1980 mein operation eagle clau shuru kiya. operation ack poori tarah seey aapada thee, aur yeh aathh americi sainikon kii maut mein samaapt huaa. operation kii viphalata ney iran mein ayatollah khomenei kii sthiti koo majboot kiya aur carter kii gharelu sthiti koo buri tarah seey kshatigrast curr diyaa. carter koo ack aur jhataka lagaa jaba vence, jisane lagaatar operation kaa virodh kiya thaa, ney istifa dey diyaa. iran ney sitambar 1980 mein iraq dwara aakraman shuru kiye jaane taka bandhakon kii vaapsee key liye baatchit karane seey incar curr diyaa. algeria key saath ack madhyasth key roop mein seva karate hue, baatchit janwari 1981 mein ack samjhaute parr pahunchane taka jaari rahee. 52 bandiyon koo riha karane key badale mein, iran ney maudrik muaavaje mein $7 billion seey adhik sweekaar kiya aur sanyukt raajya mein irani sampattiyon koo jabt curr liya. 20 janwari, 1981 koo carter key karyalaya chhodane key ghanton baad taka iran ney bandiyon koo riha karane kaa intezar kiya.
lattin america.
panama nahar sandhiyaan.
1960 key dashak seey, panama ney sanyukt raajya america seey panama nahar key niyantran koo chhodane kaa ahwan kiya thaa. nahar koo panama mein badalane kii dvidaliya rashtriya neeti rashtrapati johnson, nixon aur ford dwara sthaapit kii gaee thee, lekin baatchit ack darjan varshon taka chully thee. carter ney panama nahar key hastaantaran koo prathamikta dee, yeh maanate hue kii yeh americi videsh neeti kii naitik safai key liye unake ahwan koo lagu karega aur americi galat kaam key liye ack dayalu maafi key roop mein lattin america mein anumodan praapt karega. unhein yeh bhee darr thaa kii baatchit key ack aur sthagan seey panama mein hinsak uthal-puthal hoe sakati haye, jisase nahar koo nuksan yaa avrodh hoe sakata haye.
carter prashaasan ney torizos-carter sandhiyon parr baatchit kii, dou sandhiyon mein yeh praavdhaan thaa kii panama 1999 mein nahar parr niyantran hassil curr legaa. carter kii pahal koo sanyukt raajya america mein vyaapak pratirodh kaa saamana karna padaa, aur janata mein kaee logon, vishesh roop seey roodhivaadiyon ney socha kii carter ack mahatvapurna yuu koo "dey rhaa thaa".aiss. sampatti. sandhiyon key khilaf hamale koo kaee samoohon, vishesh roop seey americi roodhivaadi sangh, roodhivaadi cocus, ack mukt congress key astitva key liye samiti, ganarajya key liye nagrik, americi suraksha parishad, yuva ganarajya, rashtriya roodhivaadi raajneetik kaarravaai samiti, rashtriya raksha parishad, yuva americi swatantrata key liye, antar-americi suraksha parishad aur parisar ganarajya kaarravaai sangathan dwara sangathit kiya gayaa thaa. ack saath, bees sangathanon ney dou chhatra samoohon kaa upayog karke apane hamalon kaa samanvaya kiyaah panama nahar koo bachaane key liye samiti aur panama nahar koo bachaane key liye aapaatkaaleen gathbandhan. isane vipaksh koo kaary vibhajit karate hue, naee jaankaari saajha karate hue aur sansadhanon koo ikattha karate hue ranneeti banaane aur ranneeti kaa samanvaya karane mein saksham banaaya. isake vipareet, samarthakon kaa samanvaya naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
apani anusamarthan bahas key dauran, senate ney una sanshodhanon koo jodaa joe yuu koo pradaan karate they.aiss. nahar koo khula rakhane key liye sainya roop seey hastakshep karane kaa adhikaar, jise painmaaniyon ney aage kii baatchit key baad sweekaar curr liya. march 1978 mein, senate ney donon sandhiyon koo 68-seey-32 key antar seey anumodit kiya. nahar kshetra aur isaki sabhi suvidhaon koo 31 disambar 1999 koo panama koo saunp diyaa gayaa.
cuba.
carter ney padbhar sambhaalane parr cuba key saath sambandhon mein sudhaar kii ummeed kii, lekin madhya america aur africa mein chala rahey sheet yuddh key vivaadon seey sambandhon mein kissy bhee tarah kii girawat koo rokaa gayaa. 1980 kii shuruat mein, cuba key netaa fidel castro ney ghoshana kii kii joe koee bhee cuba chhodana chaahega, usey mariel key bandargah key madhyam seey aisaa karane kii anumati dee jaayegi. carter dwara yeh ghoshana karane key baad kii sanyukt raajya america "communist prabhutva seey swatantrata kii maang karane vaale hajaaron sharanarthiyon key liye khule hathiyar pradaan karega", cuba key amerikiyon ney maryl nauka-parivahan kii vyavastha kii. varsh kii shuruat mein hastaaksharit sharanarthi adhiniyam mein prati varsh sanyukt raajya america mein 19,500 cuba apravasiyon kii vaarshik seema pradaan kii gaee thee, aur una sharanarthiyon koo ack sameeksha prakriya seey gujarna aavashyak thaa. sitambar taka, 125,000 cuban sanyukt raajya america mein aaa gaye they, aur kaee logon koo paryaapt bhojan aur awas kii kamee kaa saamana karna padaa thaa. carter kii naav koo sambhaalane key liye vyaapak roop seey aalochana kii gaee thee, vishesh roop seey florida key chunavi roop seey mahatvapurna raajya mein.
asia.
asia key saath vyavhaar mein, carter ney chean key saath sambandhon koo samanya karke kshetriya paridrishya koo badal diyaa, jabaki japan key saath achche sambandh banaae rakhe. nichale hisse mein, taiwan ney nirjan mahsoos kiya, aur dakshin koria seey sainikon kii vaapsee koo galat tareeke seey sambhala gayaa. carter ney ummeed jataai kii chean key saath sambandhon mein sudhaar karke, soviyat sangh parr afghanistan key saath apane aakramak sambandhon koo madhyam karane key liye dabaav daala jaayega, jiska koee fayda naheen hoga. yuu.aiss. viyatnam key prati shatrutapurna thaa kyonki yeh ussr key saath sambaddh thaa. carter ney 1979 mein viyatnam key saath apane chhote seema yuddh mein chean kaa samarthan kiya. ack ashcharya yeh thaa kii viyatnam key aakraman key khilaf ladane vaale kambodiya mein khamer rooj balon key liye unakaa samarthan thaa, isake bhayaanak manvadhikar record key bavjood. 
carter pakistan key manvadhikaron key ullanghan aur paramanu hathiyaron key nirmaan key prayason key kaaran pakistan key prati shatrutapurna thaa. 1979 mein afghanistan parr soviyat aakraman key baad unhone ratonrat apana raasta badal liya. pakistan abb afghanistan mein soviyat virodhi ladaakon koo samarthan bhejane key liye mukhya americi maarg bunn gayaa. carter pahale bhaarat key prati vishesh roop seey maitripurna thaa, lekin jaba bhaarat ney masco kaa paksh liya, tou carter peechhe hutt gayaa aur bhaarat key paramanu oorjaa karyakram mein madad karane seey incar curr diyaa. sanyukt raajya america ney bhaaratiya mahasagar mein apani sainya taakat koo badhaaya, ise prashant key vistaar aur faras kii khaadi tail aapoorti key liye ack pramukh kadee key roop mein dekhaa. lambe samay mein, reegan aur anya uttaradhikariyon ney carter key manvadhikar lakshya koo uthaaya, aur isaliye yeh americi neeti mein ack mahatvapurna navachar saabit huaa. chean key saath achche sambandh ack aur dashak taka pragaadh hue.
chean key saath meljol.
nixon prashaasan key dauran ack naatakiya meljol jaari rakhate hue, carter ney chean key janvaadi ganarajya (pee. aar. see.) key saath ghanishth sambandhon kii maang kii. donon deshon ney soviyat sangh key khilaf teji seey sahyog kiya, aur carter prashaasan ney viyatnam parr cheeni aakraman key liye maun sahamati vyakt kii. 1979 mein, carter ney pahali baar pee. aar. see. koo aupchaarik rajanyik maanyata dee. iss nirnay key kaaran sanyukt raajya america aur pee. aar. see. key beach vyaapaar mein teji aaee, joe deng giaoping key netritva mein aarthik sudhaaron koo aage badhaa rhaa thaa. afghanistan parr soviyat aakraman key baad, carter ney chean koo sainya aapoorti kii bikri kii anumati dee aur sainya khufiya jaankaari saajha karane key liye baatchit shuru kii. janwari 1980 mein, carter ney chean ganarajya (roc) key saath sino-americi parasparik raksha sandhi koo ektarafa roop seey radd curr diyaa, jisane 1949 mein mukhya bhoomi chean parr niyantran khou diyaa thaa, lekin taiwan dweep parr niyantran banaae rakhaa. sandhi key carter key nirsan koo roodhivaadi ganarajyiyon dwara adalat mein chunauti dee gaee thee, lekin sarvocch nyayalaya ney faisala sunaaya kii yeh mudda "goldwater banaam" mein ack gair-nyaaysangat raajneetik prashn thaa. carter. yuu.aiss. 1979 key taiwan sambandh adhiniyam key madhyam seey aar. oh. see. key saath rajanyik sampark banaae rakhna jaari rakhaa.
dakshin koria.
carter dakshin koria mein rashtrapati park chung hii key tahat manvadhikaron key hanan parr naraj they. unhone dakshin koria seey sainikon kii vaapsee kaa adesh dekar jawab diyaa, jisane ack badey bull kii mejbani kii thee joe uttar koria key khilaf americi suraksha kii guaranti detaa thaa. vaapsee key virodhiyon koo darr thaa kii uttar koria aakraman karega. japan aur dakshin koria donon ney iss kadam kaa virodh kiya, jaisa kii congress, panchbhuj aur raajya vibhaag key kaee sadasyon ney kiya. ack majboot pratikriya key baad, carter ney vaapsee mein deree kii, aur antatah balon kaa kewal ack ansh koria chhod gayaa. carter key prayaas ney park chung hii kii sarkaar koo kamjor curr diyaa, jisaki 1979 mein hatyaa curr dee gaee thee.
indoneshiya.
carter prashaasan ney suharto key tahat indoneshiya mein "naee vyavastha" kaa samarthan karane kii nixon aur ford prashaasan kii neeti koo jaari rakhaa. haalaanki shasson koo aamtaur parr videshi paryavekshakon dwara tanashahi key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa, phir bhee ise yuu dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. saamyvaad key prabal virodh key kaaran. disambar 1975 key aakraman aur purvi timor key kabje mein manvadhikaron key ullanghan key bavjood bhee carter prashaasan ney shasson kaa samarthan karna jaari rakhaa.
africa.
nixon aur ford key vipareet, carter ney upa-sahaara africa koo prathamikta dee. mukhya neeti vyakti yuva they, joe atlanta key ashwet samudaay key ack netaa they joe sanyukt rashtra mein rajdoot baney. yuvaaon ney pramukh african netaaon key saath, vishesh roop seey nigeria mein, maitripurna sambandh khole. ack atyadhik vivadaspad mudda dakshin africa key saath hamaare sambandh they, joe nasleeya algaav (rangbhed) kii apani neeti aur namibia key nirantar kabje key liye anya african raajyon kii aalochana key adheen thaa, jise sanyukt rashtra dwara avaidh maanaa gayaa thaa. yuvaaon ney namibian swatantrata parr sanyukt rashtra kii charcha shuru kii joe kaheen naheen gaee, aur dakshin africa 1991 taka usa kshetra koo swatantrata naheen dega, carter key karyalaya chhodane key lambe samay baad. yuva ney 1977 mein rangbhed virodhi karyakarta steve bikko kii hatyaa key baad dakshin africa parr vyaapak aarthik pratibandhon kii vakaalat kii, lekin carter ney incar curr diyaa aur kewal seemit hathiyar pratibandh lagaa diyaa.
1975 taka, sanyukt raajya america ney kaafee hudd taka dakshini africa koo nazarandaj curr diyaa thaa. angola, mosambic, rhodesia aur namibia mein kamjor soviyat samarthit vidroh maujood they, lekin una deshon kii aupaniveshik aur shwet alpasankhyak sarkaaron koo khatra naheen thaa. aprail 1974 mein purtagaali samrajya key vighatan kaa matlab angola aur mosambic mein aupaniveshik shasson kaa anta thaa. cuba dwara ack badee sainya senaa bhejane key baad 1976 mein yeh kshetra ack sheet yuddh key maidan key roop mein ubhara, jisane markswadi aim. pee. ell. aeye. andolan koo angola mein satta hassil karane mein madad kii.
carter prashaasan ney dakshin africa aur dakshin paschim africa key logon key sangathan (swapo) key beach baatchit koo suvidhajanak banaane kii asafal koshish kii, joe namibia mein agrani swatantrata samarthak party thee. vence aur brezinsky kaa angola aur namibia mein videsh neeti koo laker takraav huaa, lekin yuu.aiss. kabhi bhee kissy bhee desh mein seedhe shamil naheen hue aur carter prashaasan koo kabhi bhee koee prabhaavi samadhan naheen milaa. iss beach, cuba aur soviyat sangh ney aim. pee. ell. aeye. aur swapo donon koo majboot sainya samarthan diyaa.
jaba somalia ney julaai 1977 mein ogaden yuddh mein ethiopia parr aakraman kiya, tou sheet yuddh ney ack bhoomika nibhai. soviyat, joe paaramparik roop seey somalia kaa samarthan karate they, abb ethiopia mein markswadi shasson key samarthan mein chaley gaye. sanyukt raajya tatasth rhaa kyonki somalia spasht roop seey aakramak rashtra thaa, aur 1978 mein 20,000 cuba sainikon kii sahaayata seey, ethiopia ney somalia koo haraaya. sabse mahatvapurna americi safalata zimbabwe mein safed prabhutva vaale dakshini rhodesia seey kaale shasson mein sankraman mein madad curr rahee thee. sanyukt raajya america ney aprail 1980 mein prabhaavi saabit hue prastaavon aur pratibandhon kaa samarthan kiya. manvadhikaron kii chintaon key bavjood, carter ney yuu jaari rakhaa.aiss. zair key joseph mobutu key liye samarthan, jinhone shabaa aaee aur shabaa II key roop mein jaane jaane vaale sanghrshon mein angolan samarthit vidrohiyon koo haraaya. mobutu key kharaab manvadhikar record key kaaran, carter prashaasan ney apane aur kinshasa sarkaar key beach kuchh doori banaa lii; phir bhee, zair koo upa-sahaara africa koo aavantit lagbhag aadhaa videshi sahaayata carter praapt huaa. pahale shaba aakraman key dauran, sanyukt raajya ney apekshaakrit asangat bhoomika nibhai; isake vilambit hastakshep mein gair-ghaatak aapoorti kii delivery seey thodaa adhik shamil thaa. lekin dusare shaba aakraman key dauran, vidrohiyon key khilaf bheed kii sahaayata key liye tainaat francisi aur belgium key paratroopers koo parivahan aur rasad sahaayata pradaan karke america ney bahut adhik sakriya aur nirnaayak bhoomika nibhai. carter ney vidrohiyon koo soviyat aur cuba kii sahaayata key mobutu key (apramaanit) aaropon koo taba taka pratidhwanit kiya, jaba taka kii yeh spasht naheen thaa kii unake daavon koo satyaapit karane key liye koee thhos saboot maujood naheen thaa. 1980 mein, americi pratinidhi sabhaa ney zair koo sainya sahaayata samaapt karane key liye matdan kiya, lekin americi senate ney zair mein carter aur americi vyaavsaayik hiton key dabaav key jawab mein dhana koo bahaal curr diyaa.
carter key tahat liberia key saimuel doo key saath ack gathbandhan kaa peechha kiya gayaa joe 1980 key takhtapalat mein satta mein aaya thaa. carter ney sahaayata pradaan kii aur hamein liberian senaa koo prashikshit karane key liye sanic bheje.
itihaaskaar aam taur parr iss baat seey sahmat hain kii africa mein carter prashaasan kii pahal kaafee hudd taka asafal rahee, lekin neetigat viphaltaon key liye kaee spashteekaran dete hain. roodhivaadi vyakhya carter koo ack swapnil taaraa-netra aadarshvaadi key roop mein prastut karati haye. sanshodhanvaadiyon ney kahaa kii yeh raajya key sachiv cyrus vence aur hockish rashtriya suraksha salaahkaar zbignave brezinsky key beach teevra pratidvandvita key roop mein utanaa mayane naheen rakhta haye. iss beach, abb sanshodhan key baad key itihaaskaar hain joe unaki viphaltaon key liye unaki bhramit prabandhan shally aur kathin nirnay lene seey incar karane koo doshi thaharaate hain. sanshodhan key baad kii rekhaaon key saath, ack smaarkeeya pustak mein nancy michel ney carter koo ack nirnaayak lekin aprabhaavi sheet yoddha key roop mein darshaaya haye, jise phir bhee kuchh safalataaen mileen kyonki soviyat akshamta aur bhee badatar thee.
kanada.
nixon prashaasan key tahat vyaapaar vivaad, raksha samjhaute, oorjaa, machhali pakadane, paryaavaran, saanskritik samrajyavad aur videsh neeti sahit kaee binduon parr kanada key saath sambandh bigad gaye they. way taba behtar key liye badal gaye jaba pradhaan mantri piyare trudeau aur carter koo ack behtar sambandh milaa. 1970 key dashak key anta mein kanadai raajneetik aur aarthik jarooraton key prati adhik sahanubhutipurna americi drishtikon dekhaa gayaa, kanada mein chaley gaye draft chori karane vaalon koo kshama karna, aur watergate aur viyatnam yuddh jaise puraane mamalon koo paarit karna. kanada ney "stagflation" key dauran americi nivesh kaa pahale seey kaheen adhik swaagat kiya, jisase donon deshon koo nuksan huaa.
antarrashtriya yaatraaen.
prati desh jahan unhone yatra kii, vahaan kii yaatraon kii sankhya iss prakaar haih

