
vyaavsaayik suraksha aur swaasthya adhiniyam (sanyukt raajya america)

1970 kaa vyaavsaayik suraksha aur swaasthya adhiniyam ack americi shram kaanoon haye joe sanyukt raajya america mein niji kshetra aur sanghiya sarkaar mein vyaavsaayik swaasthya aur suraksha key sanghiya kaanoon koo niyantrit kartaa haye. ise 1970 mein congress dwara adhiniyamit kiya gayaa thaa aur 29 disambar, 1970 koo rashtrapati richard nixon dwara hastaaksharit kiya gayaa thaa. iska mukhya lakshya yeh sunishchit karna haye kii niyokta karmchaariyon koo vishaakt rasayanon, atyadhik shore key star, yaantrik khatron, garmi yaa thhand key tanaav, yaa aswachh sthitiyon jaise maanyata praapt khatron seey mukt vatavaran pradaan karein. iss adhiniyam ney vyaavsaayik suraksha aur swaasthya prashaasan (osha) aur vyaavsaayik suraksha aur swaasthya key liye rashtriya sansthaan (aine. aaee. aiss. aich.) kaa nirmaan kiya.
adhiniyam sanyukt raajya code mein sheershak 29, adhyaay 15 mein paaya jaa sakata haye.
sanghiya kaaryasthal suraksha kaanoon kaa itihas.
osha key paarit honey seey pahale sanghiya sarkaar key madhyam seey kuchh kaaryasthal swaasthya aur suraksha suraksha upalabdh theen. badey paimaane parr utpaadan kii americi pranali ney machinary key upayog koo protsaahit kiya, jabaki vaidhaanik shasson ney kaaryasthal kii suraksha key liye kuchh naheen kiya. adhikansh niyoktaon key liye, suraksha upaayon koo lagu karane kii tulanaa mein mrit yaa ghayal karmchari koo badalana sastaa thaa. yaatana kaanoon ney mrit shramikon key bache hue logon yaa ghayal karmchaariyon key liye raahat key liye bahut cumm upaay pradaan kiye. grihyuddh key baad, raajya rail aur karkhane aayogon kii sthaapana, naee takneek (jaise railway air break) koo apanaane aur jeevan beema kii adhik vyaapak upalabdhata key madhyam seey kuchh sudhaar kiye gaye. lekin inn sudhaaron kaa samagr prabhaav nyuntam thaa.
pahala sanghiya suraksha kaanoon pragatisheel avadhi mein lagu kiya gayaa thaa. 1893 mein, congress ney suraksha upkaran adhiniyam paarit kiya, joe kaaryasthal mein suraksha upkaranon kii aavashyakta vaalaa pahala sanghiya kaanoon thaa (kaanoon kewal rail upkaran parr lagu hotaa haye, halanki). 1910 mein, atyadhik prachaarit aur ghaatak khadaan visfoton aur dhahane kii ack shrinkhala key jawab mein, congress ney khadaan suraksha mein anusandhaan karane key liye sanyukt raajya america key khadaan beuro kii sthaapana kii (halanki beuro key paas khadaan suraksha koo viniyamit karane kaa koee adhikaar naheen thaa). trade yuniyanon dwara samarthit, kaee raajyon ney shramikon key muaavaje key kaanoon bhee banaae joe niyoktaon koo asurakshit karyasthalon kii anumati dene seey hatotsaahit karate they. inn kaanoonon key saath-saath shramik sanghon kii badhati shakti aur kharaab kaaryasthal suraksha key prati janata key gusse key kaaran kuchh samay key liye shramikon kii durghatanaon mein mahatvapurna kamee aaee.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran sanyukt raajya america mein audyogik utpaadan mein kaafee vriddhi hui aur audyogik durghatanaon mein vriddhi hui. yuddh jeetane koo suraksha parr prathamikta dee gaee, aur adhikansh shramik sangh kaaryasthal key swaasthya aur suraksha kii tulanaa mein gambhir mudrasfeeti key bavjood majdoori banaae rakhane key liye adhik chintit they. yuddh samaapt honey key baad, kaaryasthal durghatana darr adhik rahee aur badhane luggy. osha key adhiniyam seey pahale key dou varshon mein, harr saal 14,000 shramikon kii kaaryasthal key khatron seey mrityu hoe jaati thee, aur anya 20 laakh viklang yaa kshatigrast hoe jaate they. isake alawa, "rasayanik kranti" ney vinirmaan vatavaran mein nae rasayanik yaugikon kii ack vishal shrinkhala kii shuruat kii. inn rasayanon key swaasthya prabhaavon koo bahut cumm samajha gayaa thaa, aur shramikon koo lambe samay taka yaa uchch star key sampark key khilaf kuchh suraksha millie thee. jabaki california aur newyork jaise kuchh raajyon ney kaaryasthal suraksha key saath-saath kaaryasthal swaasthya kaanoon bhee lagu kiye they, adhikansh raajyon ney sadee key anta seey apane kaaryasthal sanrakshan kaanoonon koo naheen badala thaa.
maarg.
1960 key dashak key madhya mein, kaee rasayanon key paryavaraniya prabhaav key baare mein badhati jagrukta ney raajneetik roop seey shaktishali paryavaraniya andolan koo janm diyaa thaa. kuchh shramik netaaon ney paryaavaran mein rasayanon parr janata kii badhati bechaini parr jore dete hue tark diyaa kii shramikon key swaasthya parr inn yaugikon kaa prabhaav jangal mein praapt nimn-stariya sampark paudhon aur jaanvaron seey bhee badatar thaa. 23 janwari, 1968 koo rashtrapati lindon bee. johnson ney congress koo ack vyaapak vyaavsaayik swaasthya aur suraksha vidheyak prastut kiya. sanyukt raajya america key vanijya mandal aur nirmaataon key rashtriya sangh key netritva mein, vyavasaay dwara iss kaanoon kaa vyaapak roop seey virodh kiya gayaa thaa. aeye. aff. ell.-sio key netritva sahit kaee shram netaaon ney kaanoon kaa samarthan kiya, jisamen congress kii sunavaai mein samarthan mein gawahi denaa bhee shamil thaa. samiti mein kaanoon marr gayaa.
14 aprail, 1969 koo rashtrapati richard nixon ney congress mein dou vidheyak pesh kiye, joe shramikon key swaasthya aur suraksha kii bhee raksha karate. nixon kaanoon johnson bill kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm nirdeshaatmak thaa, aur kaaryasthal swaasthya aur suraksha viniyaman anivarya key bajaay salaahkaar hoga. halanki, pratinidhi james jee. oh 'haaraa aur senator harrison aeye. williams ney ack saal pahale key johnson kaanoon key samaan ack bahut sakht vidheyak pesh kiya thaa.
sadan mein pesh kiye gaye sahayogi kaanoon ney pravartan agency parr bhee ack sarv-uddeshya "samanya kartavya" khand lagu kiya. loktaantrik vidheyak key sakht drishtikon key saath, spasht roop seey donon sadanon key bahumat dwara samarthit, aur sangh abb ack vidheyak kaa dridhata seey samarthan karate hain, ganarajyavadiyon ney ack nayaa, pratispardhi vidheyak pesh kiya. samjhauta vidheyak ney ack naee pravartan agency banaate hue nixon dwara samarthit swatantra anusandhaan aur maanak-nirdhaaran board kii sthaapana kii. samjhauta vidheyak ney shram vibhaag koo pravartan agency kii or seey mukadama chalaane kii shakti bhee dee (jaisa kii loktaantrik vidheyak mein haye). navambar 1970 mein, donon sadanon ney kaary kiyaah sadan ney gantantra samjhauta vidheyak paarit kiya, jabaki senate ney sakht loktaantrik vidheyak (jisamen abb samanya kartavya khand shamil thaa) paarit kiya.
disambar 1970 kii shuruat mein ack sammelan samiti ney antim vidheyak parr vichaar kiya. sangh key netaaon ney sammelan samiti key sadasyon parr ack swatantra board key bajaay shram vibhaag mein maanak-nirdhaaran kaary karane key liye dabaav daala. badale mein, sangh ack swatantra sameeksha aayog koo pravartan karyon parr veeto shakti dene key liye sahmat hue. yuniyanon ney kaanoon mein ack praavdhaan koo hataane parr bhee sahamati vyakt kii, joe shram sachiv koo sanyantron koo bund karane yaa vinirmaan prakriyaon koo rokane detaa, joe shramikon koo nuksan key "aasann khatare" mein daalati hain. ack swatantra vyaavsaayik swaasthya aur suraksha anusandhaan agency kii sthaapana key liye ack gantantra prastaav key badale mein, loktantravadiyon ney "samanya kartavya" khand koo shamil kiya aur sangh key pratinidhiyon key liye nireekshan key dauran ack sanghiya nireekshak key saath jaane kaa adhikaar praapt kiya. sammelan samiti vidheyak ney 17 disambar, 1970 koo donon sadanon koo paarit kiya, aur rashtrapati nixon ney 29 disambar, 1970 koo vidheyak parr hastakshar kiye. "newyork times" key anusaar, shram aur paryaavaran karyakarta tonny maazochi "kaanoon key peechhe ack pramukh shakti" they.
yeh adhiniyam 28 aprail, 1971 koo lagu huaa (abb americi shramik sanghon dwara shramik smaarak divas key roop mein manaaya jaataa haye).
varnan.
adhiniyam koo paarit karate hue, congress ney "desh mein harr kamkaji purush aur mahila koo surakshit aur swasth kaam karane kii sthiti sunishchit karane aur hamaare maanav sansadhanon koo sanrakshit karane key liye" apane iraade kii ghoshana kii."
iss adhiniyam ney shram vibhaag kii ack agency, vyaavsaayik suraksha aur swaasthya prashaasan (osha) kaa nirmaan kiya. osha koo kaaryasthal swaasthya aur suraksha manakon koo nirdhaarit karane aur lagu karane donon kaa adhikaar diyaa gayaa thaa. adhiniyam ney pravartan prathmiktaon, karyon aur mamalon kii sameeksha key liye swatantra vyaavsaayik suraksha aur swaasthya sameeksha aayog kaa bhee gathan kiya.
iss adhiniyam ney rashtriya vyaavsaayik suraksha aur swaasthya sansthaan (aine. aaee. aiss. aich.) kii bhee sthaapana kii, joe tatkalin swaasthya, shiksha aur kalyan vibhaag mein ack swatantra anusandhaan sansthaan haye joe abb roga niyantran aur roktham key liye kendra key tahat haye.
adhiniyam ack niyokta koo vanijya koo prabhaavit karane vaale vyavasaay mein lagey kissy bhee vyakti key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye jisake karmchari hain, lekin isamen sanyukt raajya america yaa kissy raajya kaa koee raajya yaa raajneetik upkhand shamil naheen haye."yeh adhiniyam nirmaataon, nirmaan companiyon, kanuni farmon, aspatalon, daan, shramik sanghon aur niji schools jaise vividh niyoktaon parr lagu hotaa haye.
church aur anya dhaarmik sangathan taba shamil hotey hain jaba way dharmnirpeksh uddeshyon key liye shramikon koo niyukt karate hain. iss adhiniyam mein swa-niyojit, parivarik kheton, anya sanghiya kaanoonon (jaise khanan, paramanu hathiyar nirmaan, rail aur vimanan) aur raajya aur sthaaniya sarkaaron (jaba taka kii raajya kaanoon anyatha anumati naheen detaa) dwara cover kiye gaye karyasthalon koo shamil naheen kiya gayaa haye. iss adhiniyam mein sanghiya agencies aur sanyukt raajya daak seva shamil hain.
adhiniyam kii dhaara 5 mein "samanya kartavya khand" shamil haye."samanya kartavya khand" key anusaar niyoktaon koo 1) naukari parr shramikon kii suraksha key liye uchit roop seey aavashyak aur upayukt sharton koo banaae rakhna yaa prathaon koo apnana; 2) apane pratishthanon parr lagu manakon seey parichit honah aur unakaa paalan karna; aur 3) yeh sunishchit karna kii karmchaariyon key paas suraksha aur swaasthya key liye aavashyak honey parr vyaktigat suraksha upkaran houn aur unakaa upayog karein. osha ney "samanya kartavya khand" key tahat kaba kaary curr sakata haye, isake liye niyam sthaapit kiye hain."chaar mandand hain 1) ack khatra honah chaahiye; 2) khatra ack maanyata praapt khatra honah chaahiye (ee.jee.niyokta koo khatare key baare mein pataa thaa yaa pataa honah chaahiye thaa, khatra spasht haye, yaa udyog key bheetar khatra ack maanyata praapt haye); 3) khatra gambhir nuksan yaa mrityu kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye yaa honey kii sambhavana haye; aur 4) khatra sudhaar yogya honah chaahiye (osha maanata haye kii sabhi khatare sudhaar yogya naheen hain).
halanki saiddhaantik roop seey kaaryasthal key khatron key khilaf ack shaktishali upkaran haye, lekin chaaron maandandon koo puuraa karna mushkil haye. isaliye, osha kaanoon key tahat apane daayitvon koo puuraa karane key liye vyaapak niyaamak niyam-nirmaan mein lagaa huaa haye.
niyam banaane kii prakriya (joe prashaasnik prakriya adhiniyam dwara shaasit haye) kii kathinaaee key kaaran, osha ney prakriyaon key bajaay buniyaadi yaantrik aur rasayanik khatron parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye. vartamaan mein isake manakon mein shamil pramukh kshetra hainh vishaakt padaarth, hanikarak bhautik kaarak, vidyut khatare, girane key khatare, khaai aur khudai seey judey khatare, khatarnak apashisht, sankraamak roga, aag aur visfot key khatare, khatarnak vatavaran, machine key khatare aur seemit sthaan.
adhiniyam kii dhaara 8 mein reporting kii aavashyaktaaen shamil hain. yadi kissy karmchari kii kaary-sambandhi ghatana seey mrityu hoe jaati haye, yaa teen yaa teen seey adhik karmchaariyon koo kaary-sambandhi ghatana key parinamswarup aspatal mein bharti karaaya jaataa haye, tou sabhi niyoktaon koo aathh ghante key bheetar osha koo soochit karna chaahiye. isake alawa, naukari parr sabhi ghaatak dill key daure kii bhee soochana dee jaani chaahiye. dhaara 8 osha nireekshakon koo adhiniyam key antargat aaney vaale kissy bhee kaaryasthal mein niyamit kaary ghanton key dauran pravesh karane, nireekshan karane aur jaanch karane kii anumati detee haye. niyoktaon koo kaaryasthal mein khatron key baare mein karmchaariyon key saath bhee samvaad karna chaahiye. viniyaman key anusaar, osha key liye aavashyak haye kii niyokta kaaryasthal mein upayog kiye jaane vaale pratyek gair-upabhokta rasayanik utpaad kaa record rakhein. samagri suraksha detta sheet (msdss) naamak vistrit takniki bulletins koo post kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur karmchaariyon koo rasayanik khatron seey bachane key liye padhane aur upayog karane key liye upalabdh honah chaahiye. osha key liye niyoktaon koo osha form 300, "kaam seey sambandhit choton aur beemariyon key logg" (jise "osha logg" yaa "form 300" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) parr chikitsa upchaar (praathamik chikitsa key alawa) kii aavashyakta vaali pratyek chot yaa naukari seey sambandhit bimari key baare mein report karane kii bhee aavashyakta hoti haye. ack vaarshik saransh bhee aavashyak haye aur ise teen maheene key liye post kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur record cumm seey cumm paanch saal key liye rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye.
adhiniyam kii dhaara 11 (see) kissy bhee niyokta koo kissy bhee karmchari key khilaf nirvahan, jawabi kaarravaai yaa bhedbhaav karane seey pratibandhit karati haye kyonki karmchari ney adhiniyam key tahat adhikaaron kaa prayog kiya haye. inn adhikaaron mein osha seey shikayat karna aur osha nireekshan kii maang karna, osha nireekshan mein bhaag lena, aur osha nireekshan seey sambandhit kissy bhee kaaryavaahi mein bhaag lena yaa gawahi denaa shamil haye.
adhiniyam kii dhaara 18 raajyon koo apani vyaavsaayik suraksha aur swaasthya yojanaon koo apanaane kii anumati detee haye aur protsaahit karati haye, jaba taka kii raajya maanak aur pravartan sanghiya oh. aiss. aich. adhiniyam key roop mein "surakshit aur swasth rojgar pradaan karane mein cumm seey cumm utane hii prabhaavi hain yaa honge". jinn raajyon mein aisee yojanaaen hain, unhein "osha raajyon" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye."2007 taka, 22 raajyon aur kshetron ney poori yojanaon kaa sanchaalan kiya aur chaar anya kii yojanaaen theen joe kewal saarvajanik kshetra koo shamil karati theen.