
franswa jacob

francois jacob (17 juuna 1920-19 aprail 2013) ack francisi jeevvigyaani they, jinhone jacks monode key saath milkar yeh vichaar utpann kiya kii sabhi koshikaon mein enzyme key star kaa niyantran pratilekhan key viniyaman key madhyam seey hotaa haye. unhone jacks monode aur andre loff key saath chikitsa mein 1965 kaa nobel puraskar saajha kiya.
praarambhik varsh.
jacob kaa janm france key nancy mein ack vyaapaari saiman aur theres (frank) jacob kii iklauti santan key roop mein huaa thaa. ack jigyasu bachcha, unhone cumm umr mein padhana seekh liya. albert frank, jacob key naana, ack chaar sitara general, jacob key bachpan key aadarsh they. saat saal kii umr mein unhone licey carnot mein pravesh kiya, jahan unhein agale duss varshon key liye padhaa gayaa thaa; apani aatmakatha mein, unhone isake baare mein apani chhaap kaa varnan kiya haih "ack pinjra. 1934 key aspas licey carnot mein dakshinpanthi yuvaaon ney unakaa virodh kiya thaa. unhone apane pitaa koo "dharm mein anuroop" bataaya, jabaki unaki maan aur parivaar key anya sadasya unake bachpan mein dharmnirpeksh yahudi they; unake baar mitzwah key turant baad, vaha ack naastik bunn gaye.
halanki bhautik vigyaan aur ganit mein ruchi (aur pratibhashali) rakhane vaale, jacob polytechnic mein uchch adhyayan kii taiyari key liye "aur bhee adhik kathor shasson" mein dou atirikt saal bitaane kii sambhavana seey bhayabheet they. isake bajaay, ack shalya chikitsa kaa nireekshan karane key baad, jisane chikitsa mein unaki "thodi ruchi" koo majboot kiya, unhone chikitsa vidyalaya mein pravesh kiya.
france parr german kabje key dauran-aur apani maan kii mrityu key baad-jacob ney yuddh key prayaas mein shamil honey key liye france chhod diyaa. jacob, jinhone chikitsa adhyayan kaa kewal doosara varsh puuraa kiya thaa, 1940 mein francisi dwiteeya bakhtarband vibhaag kii chikitsa company mein shamil hoe gaye. way 1944 mein ack german havaai hamale mein ghayal hoe gaye they aur 1 agast 1944 koo abb mukt peris laut aae they. unaki yuddhakaaleen seva key liye, unhein veerata, cross off liberation key saath-saath lejan dee 'onar aur crokes dee guerrey key liye france key vishva yuddh key sarvocch sammaan seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.
thheek honey key baad, jacob medical school laut aae aur unhone tyrothricin parr shodh karna aur iss prakriya mein jivaanuvigyaan key tarikon koo seekhana shuru curr diyaa. unhone ack shodh prabandh puuraa kiya jise unhone sthaaniya sankramanon key khilaf antibiotic kii prabhavsheelta parr "americi kaam kii pratikriti" key roop mein varnit kiya, aur 1947 mein ack chikitsa doctor bunn gaye. halanki ack carrier key roop mein anusandhaan kii or aakarshit hue, lekin usa garmi mein ack sookshm jeev vigyaan congress mein bhaag lene key baad way apani kathit agyaantaa seey hatotsaahit they. isake bajaay, unhone cabenal kendra mein ack pada sambhala, jahan unhone apana shodh prabandh kiya thaa; unake nae kaam mein ack antibiotic, tyrothrecin kaa nirmaan shamil thaa. baad mein, kendra koo penicillin utpaadan key liye barud karkhanon koo badalane key liye anubandh kiya gayaa (halanki yeh asambhav saabit huaa).
iss avadhi mein, vaha apani bhaavi patni, liss blotch seey mille aur unhein dett karna shuru curr diyaa. jacob ney 1999 mein punarvivah kiya.
shodh karein.
1961 mein jacob aur monode ney iss vichaar kaa pataa lagaaya kii koshikaon mein enzyme abhivyakti key star kaa niyantran dee. aine. aeye. anukramon key pratilekhan key viniyaman kaa parinam haye. unake prayogon aur vichaaron ney aanvik vikasatmak jeev vigyaan key ubharate kshetra aur vishesh roop seey pratilekhan viniyaman koo badhaava diyaa.
kaee varshon seey yeh gyaat thaa kii jeevaanu aur anya koshikaaen apane pramukh chayapachaya enzymon key star koo niyantrit karke aur/yaa inn enzymon kii gatividhi koo niyantrit karke baahari sthitiyon kaa jawab dey sakati hain. udaaharan key liye, yadi koee jeevaanu saral cheeni sharkara key bajaay lactose yukt shorba mein khud koo paataa haye, tou usey 1) lactose ayaat karane, 2) lactose koo apane ghatakon glucose aur galactose mein vibhajit karane aur 3) galactose koo glucose mein badalane kii aavashyakta key anusaar khud koo anukoolit karna chaahiye. yeh gyaat thaa kii koshikaaen harr samay inn enzymon kaa vyarth utpaadan karane key bajaay, lactose key sampark mein aaney parr inn charanon koo karane vaale enzymon key utpaadan koo badhaati hain. enzyme gatividhi niyantran kaa adhyayan enzyme anu parr hii chhote anuon kii (allosteric) kriya key siddhanton key madhyam seey aage badh rhaa thaa (ise chaalu yaa bund karna), lekin enzyme utpaadan koo niyantrit karane kii vidhi usa samay achchi tarah seey samajh mein naheen aaee thee.
dee. aine. aeye. kii sanrachana aur kendriya mahatva key pahale nirdhaaran key saath, yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii sabhi protein isake aanuvanshik code seey kissy naa kissy tarah seey utpaadit kiye jaa rahey they, aur yeh kadam ack pramukh niyantran bindu bunn sakata haye. jacob aur monode ney pramukh prayogaatmak aur saiddhaantik khoj kii joe pradarshit karati hain kii oopar ullikhit lactose pranali key mamle mein (bacteria mein "ee. kolai), aise vishisht protein hain joe dee. aine. aeye. key pratilekhan koo usake utpaad (aar. aine. aeye., jise badale mein protein mein decode kiya jaataa haye) mein dabaane key liye samarpit hain.
yeh damnak (laakh damnak) sabhi koshikaon mein banaaya jaataa haye, joe seedhe dee. aine. aeye. seey apane niyantrit jeane parr baandhata haye, aur pratilekhan upkaran koo dee. aine. aeye. taka pahunch praapt karane seey shaaririk roop seey rokta haye. lactose kii upasthiti mein, kuchh lactose koo allolectose mein parivartit curr diyaa jaataa haye, joe damnak seey juda jaataa haye jisase yeh abb dee. aine. aeye. seey judane mein saksham naheen hotaa haye, aur pratilekhiya daman koo hataa diyaa jaataa haye. iss tarah, ack majboot pratikriya loop kaa nirmaan kiya jaataa haye joe lactose-pachaane vaale protein utpaadon key sett koo kewal tabhi banaane kii anumati detaa haye jaba unaki aavashyakta hoti haye.
jacob aur monode ney iss damnak model koo sabhi jeevon mein sabhi jeenon taka unake praarambhik utsaah mein vistaarit kiya. jeane gatividhi kaa viniyaman aanvik jeev vigyaan key ack bahut badey upa-vishay key roop mein vikasit huaa haye, aur vaastav mein tantra mein bhaari vividhata aur jatilata key kaee staron koo pradarshit kartaa haye. vartamaan shodhkarta aanuvanshik jaankaari koo vyakt karane vaali prakriyaon key pratyek kalpana yogya star parr niyaamak ghatnaaon koo paate hain. becker key khameer key apekshaakrit saral genome mein, ("sacromyces serevisia"), isake 6,419 protein-encoding jeane mein seey 405 seedhe pratilekhan niyantran mein shamil hain, jabaki 1,938 enzyme hain.

