
russie itihas kii granth soochi (1991-vartamaan)

yeh 1991 seey laker vartamaan taka roose aur usake samrajya key itihas key baare mein angreji bhasha kii pustakon (anuvaad sahit) aur patrika lekhon kii ack chuninda granth soochi haye. yeh vishesh roop seey soviyat sangh key vighatan seey sambandhit vishayon koo baahar kartaa haye; iss vishay parr jaankaari key liye post stallinist soviyat sangh kii granth soochi dekhein. yeh granth soochi russie itihas key baare mein kaam karane taka hii seemit haye, aur vishesh roop seey aadhunik yatra logg aur guide pustaken, lokpriya sanskriti aadi jaisi vastuon koo baahar karati haye.
praathamik sroton key angreji anuvaad kaa ack sankshipt chayan shamil haye. samanya sarvekshan" aur "jeevani" anubhagon mein pustaken hoti hain; anya anubhagon mein pustaken aur patrika lekh donon hotey hain. pustak pravishtiyon mein patrika lekhon key sandarbh hotey hain aur jaba sahayak hotey hain tou unake baare mein sameekshaaen hoti hain. neeche soochibaddh kaee pustak-lambai key karyon mein atirikt granthasuchi paaee jaa sakati hain; kaee pustakon aur adhyaay-lambai key granthasuchi key liye aage padhana dekhein. baahari link anubhaag mein saarvajanik roop seey upalabdh vishvavidyalayon seey chuninda granth soochi key liye pravishtiyaan hain.
shamil karyon koo pandityapurna maadhyamik sroton yaa patrikaon key tippaniyon yaa granth soochi mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. shamil kritiyon koo yaa tou ack akaadamik yaa vyaapak roop seey vitarit prakaashak dwara prakaashit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, ack ullekhaniya vishay visheshagya dwara likhaa jaanaa chaahiye jaisa kii vidvaanon kii sameekshaon dwara dikhaaya gayaa haye aur kaam key baare mein mahatvapurna vidvaanon kii patrika sameekshaaen honey chaahiye. granth soochi kii lambai koo prabandhaniya rakhane key liye, kewal una vastuon koo shamil kiya jaanaa chaahiye joe spasht roop seey maandandon koo puuraa karati hain.
yeh granth soochi aeye. pee. aeye. shally key uddharanon kaa upayog karati haye. pravishtiyaan template kaa upayog naheen karati hain. pravishtiyon key liye sameekshaon aur tippaniyon key sandarbhon mein uddharan template kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. jahan kewal aanshik roop seey russie itihas seey sambandhit pustaken soochibaddh hain, vahaan adhyaayon yaa khandon key liye sheershak yadi sambhav hoe tou, saarthak, aur atyadhik naheen honey chaahiye.
yadi kissy kriti kaa angreji mein anuvaad kiya gayaa haye, tou anuvaadak koo shamil kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur mool bhasha sanskaran key liye upayukt granth soochi jaankaari key saath ack futnote shamil kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
jaba vaikalpik angreji vartani key saath prakaashit shirshakon yaa naamon key saath kaam kartaa haye, tou navintam prakaashit sanskaran mein upayog kiye jaane vaale form kaa upayog kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur sanskaran aur praasangik granth soochi jaankaari nott kii jaani chaahiye yadi yeh pahale kissy alag sheershak key tahat prakaashit yaa sameeksha kii gaee thee.
jeevani.
vladmir puteen.
neeche diye gaye karyon koo iss granth soochi key liye dishaanirdeshon kaa sakhti seey paalan karna chaahiye. durupyog seey bachane key liye, yahaan key karyon mein swatantra angreji bhasha kii shaikshanik patrika sameekshaaen honey chaahiye, ack pramukh swatantra company yaa sangathan dwara prakaashit kii jaani chaahiye, yaa pramukh angreji bhasha prakashanon dwara sameekshaaen (jaise.jee. "newyork times", "dha atlantic"). yeh khand vishesh roop seey jeevani key liye haye; saamyik adhyayan key liye upayukt khand dekhein.
sandarbh kaary.
neeche prishthabhoomi aur sandarbh key liye roose key itihas seey sambandhit sandarbh kaary diye gaye hain.
akaadamik patrikaaen.
neeche iss granth soochi mein sandarbhit purvi europeeya aur slavic itihas seey sambandhit shaikshanik patrikaon kii soochi dee gaee haye.
aage padhein.
neeche iss avadhi seey sambandhit adhyaay lambai kii granth soochi dee gaee haye.

