
miskito vyaakaran

iss lekh mein miskito bhasha kaa vyaakaran rekhaachitra pradaan kiya gayaa haye, joe kii nikaragua aur honduras key atlantic tata key miskito logon kii bhasha haye, joe misumalapan bhasha parivaar kaa sadasya haye aur ack majboot german (angreji, dutch aur german) prabhaavit bhasha bhee haye. bhasha kaa ack sankshipt prakaratmak avalokan bhee maujood haye joe adhik takniki shabdon mein samanya prakaratmak ruchi kii bhasha kii sabse pramukh visheshtaon koo sankshep mein prastut kartaa haye. miskito bhasha vyaapak roop seey honduras aur nikaragua mein spanish key roop mein bolly jaati haye, yeh inn deshon key atlantic kshetra mein ack aadhikarik bhasha bhee haye. 8,000,000 seey adhik bolane vaalon key saath, miskito spanish key baad donon deshon mein dusare sthaan parr haye. miskito naa kewal madhya america mein bolly jaati haye, balki europe (united kingdam, germany, sweeden, neetherland, spen, switzerland, france aur itali), america, kanada aur kaee anya lattin americi deshon mein miskito hain jinhone apana jeevan banaaya aur apani sanskriti aur bhasha koo jeevit rakhaa. miskito ack shaahi raajya bhasha huaa karati thee (miskito raajya xvi, xvii, xvii, xix).
miskito varnamala.
miskito varnamala angreji varnamala key samaan haye. isamen 21 vyanjan aur 5 swar hain. 
a (a), b (be), c (CE), d (de), e (e), f (ef), g (ge), h (ha), i (i), j (jei), k (kaa), l (el), m (em), n (en), o (o), p (π), q (ku), r (ar), s (Es), t (te), u (u), v (ver), w (dubilu), x (eks), y (yei), z (zet).
miskito mein apana parichay dein.
namaste-nux!
shubh prabhaat-tyton yamani.
shubh dopahar-tumhari yamani.
shubh sandhya-saavan yamani.
meraa naam (johnn) haye... - yang neeni (johnn)...
aapse milkar achchha lagaa-yuba lilia. 
aapse milkar achchha lagaa-simsat.
aap kahaan seey hain-aadami aur aurat? 
main (america) seey huun...- yang (stetch)...veena. 
aapako dekhein-wall prabbiya.
dhyaan rakhein-cackie toux.
alvida-aisaabe!
dhvanivigyaan.
upa-khand.
shabd tanaav aam taur parr pratyek shabd key pahale shabdansh parr hotaa haye.
sangya vakyansh.
ligture.
ligture ack shabd haye (anya bhaashaon mein udaaharan key saath) joe miskito kii vyaakaranik visheshta kaa varnan karane key liye paaramparik roop seey miskito sandarbh mein cumm sateekta key saath 'nirmaan' key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. ack ligture ack morphim (aksar "-kaa") haye joe taba hotaa haye jaba ack sangya sangya vakyansh mein kissy anya tatva seey judee hoti haye. miskito mein, adhikansh tatva jinhen ligture kii upasthiti kii aavashyakta hoti haye, way hain joe haid sangya seey pahale hotey hainh
ligture vibhinn roop letaa haih
kuchh sangyaaen koee ligture morphim naheen letee hain; yeye jyaadaatar shareer key hisson koo darshaati hain (ee.jee. "bilaa" "'munh'", "napa" "'daant'," 'kakma' 'naak') yaa sambandh (ee.jee. "lakra" "'vipareet-ling bhaai'), halanki iss roopaatmak varg kii sadasyata aur shabdarth kii avichhedyata key beach kewal ack apoorna sahsambandh haye (neeche sambandh bhee dekhein).
sarvanam aur kriyavisheshan.
vyaktigat sarvanam teen vyaktiyon koo alag karate hain aur pratham vyakti bahuvachan mein ack ananya/samaveshi antar bhee rakhate hain. samanya bahuvachan roop "naani" yaa-naan koo bahuvachan banaane key liye jodaa jaataa haye ("yavan" koo chhodkar). inn sarvanamon kaa upayog vaikalpik haye jaba vyakti koo nihit roop, sambandhaatmak yaa kriya samooh mein anukramit kiya jaataa haye.
sarvanam mamle-vishisht naheen hain, aur tulaniya sthitiyon mein, anya sangya vakyanshon key samaan postposition dwara chihnit kiye jaa sakate hain.
sambandh.
sambandh ardh-sangyaaen hain joe apane malik key poorak key saath kuchh sambandh (aksar sthaanik) vyakt karati hain. kaee sambandhaatmak sangyaon key sthanakon ("-raa" mein) mein utpann hotey hain joe shareer key angon koo sthaanik yaa anya sambandhon koo vyakt karane key liye roopak roop seey niyojit karate hain.
maukhik samooh.
avalokan.
seemit roopon mein kaee kaal aur manodasha shamil hain, jinamen seey pratyek mein vishay key vyakti (lekin sankhya naheen) koo pratyay dwara chihnit kiya jaataa haye. kaalon mein swayam vishisht pratyay hotey hain joe vishay-anukraman pratyay key saath sanyojan karate hain.
synthetic (saral) kaal key alawa, periphrastic (yaugik) kaal kii bhee kaafee seema haye. yeye mukhya kriya key ack gair-anant roop key saath baney hotey hain jisake baad ack sahayak kriya hoti haye.
kuchh kritrim kaal mool parighaatmak kaal sanrachanaon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain joe ekal shabdon mein welded hoe gaye hain. yeh yeh samajhaane mein madad kartaa haye kii vartamaan, ateet aur bhavishya mein dou alag-alag roop kyon hain. (upayog kii jaane vaali namuna kriya "puliya" 'play', stame "pull-" haye, joe yahaan pratyek kaal key teesare vyakti key roop mein dee gaee haye.)
ack vishay soochkaank key alawa joe ack kriya key pratyay kaa hissa haye, paargamanik kriyaon key liye kriya samooh mein ack vastu soochkaank shamil haye joe ack poorv-maukhik kann key roop mein vyakti koo chihnit kartaa haye (lekin sankhya naheen). vishay marker kaal key anusaar kuchh hudd taka bhinn hotey hain, lekin sabse samanya roop nimnalikhit talika mein dikhaae gaye hain (adhik vivaran key liye neeche dekhein).
sanyugma.
ack kriya kaa mool ansh anant seey "-aaya" pratyay koo hataakar praapt kiya jaataa haye. adhikansh kriya ack vyanjan mein samaapt hoti haye, aur nimnanusar sanyugmit hoti haye (hamari namuna kriya "puliya" 'khel' haye).
kriyaaen jinake mool "i" ("bri-" "haye", "vaai-" "kaho", "paaee-" "khaao", "dee-" "piyo", "swai-" "anumati") mein samaapt hotey hain, kuchh mamuli binduon mein uparokt pratimaan seey bhinn hotey hain. "baal-aaya" "aao" aur "doubleu-aaya" "jaao", ack aniyamit vartamaan aaee kaal haye.  kriya "yabia" 'denaa' aniyamit roop seey gair-teesare vyakti object-indexing roopon seey alag tareeke seey visangat haye. anta mein, sabse aniyamit kriya doshpurna aur aniyamit "kiya" "honah" haye.
periprostic kaal.
vibhinn periphrastic nirmaanon kii upalabdhata seey pahalu, model aur anya dhaaranaon kii seema joe vyakt kii jaa sakati haye, kaafee badh jaati haye jisamen sahayak key roop mein kaary karane vaali kriya koo mukhya kriya key baad rakhaa jaataa haye. sanyugmit ghatak vibhinn prakaar key kaal leey sakata haye, jisamen periphrastic kaal bhee shamil hain, aur periphres koo aksar jodaa jaa sakata haye; iss prakaar kaee sahayakon kii shrinkhalaaen sambhav hain. iss tarah key parichhed key kuchh pratinidhi udaaharan nimnalikhit hainh
vaakya rachana.
prastaav sanrachana.
jabaki koee vyavasthit mamle koo chihnit karane seey vishayon aur vastuon key beach aupchaarik roop seey antar naheen hotaa haye, aspashtata praapt karane key liye kuchh vikalp maujood hain (shabd crum key alawa).
soochana sanrachana.
vishesh postposition kii ack pranali kaa upayog vishayon aur kendrit ghatakon kii pehchaan karane key liye kiya jaataa haih
sanyojakta.
adhikansh kriyaaen ack swar yaa ekal vyanjan mein samaapt honey vaale ack ekarsaatmak shaabdik mool seey bunny hoti hain, jisamen ack vistaar yaa mool vyanjan koo aksar jodaa jaataa haye. vistaar pargamansheelta key saath sahsambaddh hainh pargamansheel tanon mein yaa tou "-k-" yaa "-b-" (apratyaashit roop seey) hotaa haye, jabaki akarmak tanon mein "-w-" hotaa haye. ack sanyojakta-ghataane vaali kriya-upsarg "aaee-" bhee haye, joe sankramansheel tanon mein jodaa jaataa haye, joe asthir, prativartak, parasparik yaa madhya kriyaon kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye vyutpatti (neeche) parr khand dekhein.
saapeksh khand.
dou pramukh nirmaan hain jinka upayog miskito mein saapeksh khand banaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, 'baahari pramukh' ranneeti aur 'aantarik pramukh' ranneeti.
shabdakosh.
general.
utpatti key sambandh mein, miskito shabdakosh mein nimnalikhit pramukh ghatak hotey hainh
vyutpatti.
kuchh vyutpann sanlagnakah

