
loach

loaches super family kobitodia kii machhali hain. way poore eurasia aur uttari africa mein nadiyon aur khaadiyon mein paaee jaane vaali meethe paani kii, benthic (neeche rahane vaali) machhali hain. loaches machhliyon key sabse vividh samoohon mein seey hain; cobitoida kii 1249 gyaat prajaatiyon mein lagbhag 107 prajaatiyan shamil hain joe 9 parivaaron mein vibhajit hain.
vyutpatti.
cobitoidia naam "cobitis" prakaar key vansh seey aaya haye, jiska varnan carle linius ney apane aitihaasik 1758 key "system naichuri" key 10vein sanskaran mein kiya haye. haalaanki, isaki utpatti aadhunik prani vigyaan namkaran seey pahale kii haye aur yeh abhijaat varg dwara "dafanaane vaali chhoti machhliyon" koo sandarbhit karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale shabd seey vyutpann hui haye... jaise kii gujjar."
varnan.
loaches vibhinn prakaar key rupankanon koo pradarshit karate hain, jisase baahari lakshnon kaa upayog karke samooh koo samagr roop seey chitrit karna mushkil hoe jaataa haye. way vayask lambai mein 23 mimi (1 inch) laghu eel-loach, "pangio longimenus", 50 semi (20 inch) shaahi phool loach, "leptobotia longata" taka hotey hain, jisamen baad vaale kaa vajan 3 kilogram (6.6 pound) taka hotaa haye. adhikansh loaches chhote, sankeern shareer vaale aur lambe hotey hain, jisamen sookshm cycloid taraju hotey hain joe aksar twacha key neeche antarnihit hotey hain, prishthiya satah aur kinaaron key saath bhoore seey kaale rung key varnak key pattern, aur teen yaa adhik jode whiskar jaise barbel hotey hain. cobitidae parivaar kii prajaati, "cobitis tennia", mein shareer kaa aakar aur varnak pattern hotaa haye joe kobitodia kaa vishisht roop haye. haalaanki, kaee loaches eel jaise yaa isake vipareet, kaafee motey shareer vaale hotey hain; kuchh balitorids mein badey, dikhaai dene vaale taraju hotey hain.
cobitidae, botiday aur cerpenticobitidae parivaaron mein loaches mein aankh key neeche ack biffid, protrucible reedh hoti haye, yaa genus "acantopsis" key mamle mein, aankh aur naak key sire key beach.
vargeekaran.
vargeekaran.
kobitodia cypreniforms crum key bheetar ack super family haye, joe kasheruki jeevon key sabse vividh samoohon mein seey ack haye. iss crum koo aamtaur parr "minno, corps, loaches aur rishtedaar" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur isamen choosane vaale (catostomidae) aur shaiwal khaane vaale (gyrinochilidae) shamil hain. baad vaale parivaar kii machhliyon, jinamen kewal ack hii vansh "gyrinochellus" hotaa haye, koo kabhi-kabhi choosane vaale loaches key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. yeh anishchit haye kii kyaa garinochilidae, yaa garinochilidae aur catostomidae donon vaalaa ack vansh, kobitodia kii bahan haye.
vargeekaran kaa itihas.
20veen shatabdi key anta mein kewal dou loaches parivaaron kaa varnan kiya gayaa thaa, aur inmein seey kewal cobitidae koo vargeekaranvidon dwara vyaapak roop seey maanyata dee gaee thee. 1900 key dashak kii shuruat mein, americi echithologist faller aur bhaaratiya echithologist horr ney pahachaana kii jise balitoridae aur gastromizontidae key roop mein jaanaa jaayega. nemachelidae aur baad mein botiday koo 2002 mein parivarik sthiti mein unaki unnati taka cobitidae key upa-parivaaron key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. saajha roopaatmak visheshtaon (neeche osteology dekhein) key kaaran boated aur cobited loaches key sambandh koo aanvik phylogenetics key aagaman taka hull karna vishesh roop seey mushkil thaa. nau mein seey teen parivaaron mein seey pratyek mein kewal dou yaa teen prajaatiyan theen, jinhen pichhale duss varshon key bheetar pahachaana gayaa thaa.
phylogeny.
bohlen aind shlektova, 2009 seey kobitodia key aanvik phylogeny kaa prajanan, machhliyon key escomeyer key catalog key baad samanya naamon key saath.
osteology.
loaches key beach, adhikansh gyaat roopaatmak samroopata (ack samanya poorvaj seey praapt saajha varna) osteological hain. vishesh roop seey, neurocranium key bheetar athemoid aur aspas kii haddiyon mein sanshodhan cobitoidia koo ekjut karate hain, isake alawa kuchh paarshv-rekha nahar ausification bhee hotey hain. ack stambhan upa-kakshiya reedh, paarshv athemoid kaa ack sanshodhan, pahale cobitidae aur botiday key beach ack sinapomorphy kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye socha gayaa thaa. abb ise cobitoida kaa ack pleciomorphy maanaa jaataa haye, ack charitra joe samanya poorvaj dwara saajha kiya jaataa haye lekin adhikansh loach vanshavali mein khou jaataa haye. upa-kakshiya reedh koo bhee sarp loaches, cerpicobitidae mein banaae rakhaa jaataa haye.
nivaas aur vitaran.
poore europe, uttari africa aur madhya aur dakshin-poorv asia mein vibhinn prakaar key aavason mein loaches paae jaate hain. adhikansh parivaar mukhya roop seey oonchi oonchaai parr chattani pahaadi dhaaraon mein paae jaate hain, lekin lagbhag sabhi mein nichale ilaakon key pratinidhi bhee hotey hain. cobitidae kii kaee prajaatiyan rait mein girati hain aur chaude, sapaat ilaakon mein nadee key tala mein rahati hain. cumm seey cumm teen parivaaron mein gufaaon mein jeevan key liye anukoolit andhee, troglomorphic prajaatiyan hoti hain.
manushyon key saath sambandh.
kuchh loche mahatvapurna khaadya machhali hain, vishesh roop seey poorv aur dakshin poorv asia mein jahaan way baajaron mein ack aam drishya hain.
machhalighar vyaapaar mein loche lokpriya hain. kuchh sabse prasiddh udaaharan hain joker loach (chromobotia macracanthus), kuhli loach (pangio kuhli), aur bauni shrinkhala loach (ambastia sidimunki). boated aur gastromisonted loaches bhee kabhi-kabhi vyaapaar mein apana raasta banaate hain.
halanki loaches kaa ack kadaai seey purana vishva deshi vitaran haye, lekin oriental vedarfish, "misgurns angilicoudates", (jise dojo loach key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) koo sanyukt raajya key kuchh hisson mein pesh kiya gayaa haye.

