isai sanskriti

isai sanskriti mein aam taur parr sabhi saanskritik prathaaen shamil hain joe isai dharm key aspas vikasit hui hain. vibhinn sanskritiyon aur paramparaon mein isai maanyataon key anuprayog mein bhinnataaen hain.
isai sanskriti ney greco-roman, byzantine, paschimi sanskriti, madhya purvi, parsi, slavic, caucasian aur sambhavatah bhaaratiya sanskriti seey bahut kuchh prabhaavit kiya haye aur aatmasaat kiya haye. praarambhik roman samrajya key dauran, isaijagat poorv mein pahale seey maujood yunani aur lattin paschim mein vibhajit rhaa haye. natijatan, isai sanskritiyon key vibhinn sanskaran apane swayam key sanskaron aur prathaon key saath utpann hue, isai dharm apani paschimi aur purvi shaakhaon mein saanskritik roop seey vividh banaa huaa haye.
isai dharm ney paschimi sabhyata key vikas mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai, vishesh roop seey, catholic church aur protestantwad. paschimi sanskriti, apane adhikansh itihas mein, lagbhag isai sanskriti key barabar rahee haye. paschimi duniya key baahar, isai dharm kaa vibhinn sanskritiyon parr prabhaav rhaa haye, jaise kii africa aur asia mein. 
isaaiyon ney aitihaasik aur aadhunik samay mein vigyaan aur praudyogiki, chikitsa, lalit kalaa aur vastukala, rajneeti, saahitya, sangeet, paropkar, darshan, naitikta, manavtavad, rangmanch aur vyavasaay sahit vyaapak aur vividh kshetron mein maanav pragati mein ullekhaniya yogdan diyaa haye. 100 saal key nobel puraskar" key anusaar 1901 aur 2000 key beach nobel puraskar kii sameeksha seey pataa chalata haye kii nobel puraskar vijetaon (65.4%) ney apane vibhinn roopon mein isai dharm koo apani dhaarmik prathamikta key roop mein pahachaana haye. 
saanskritik prabhaav.
bibil kaa paschimi sabhyata aur duniya bhar kii sanskritiyon parr gahara prabhaav rhaa haye; isane paschimi kaanoon, kalaa, granthon aur shiksha key nirmaan mein yogdan diyaa haye. dou sahasraabdiyon kii saahityik parampara key saath, bible abb taka likhi gaee sabse prabhaavshaali kritiyon mein seey ack haye. vyaktigat swachchata kii prathaon seey laker darshan aur naitikta taka, bible ney pratyaksh aur apratyaksh roop seey rajneeti aur kaanoon, yuddh aur shaanti, yaun naitikta, vivaah aur parivarik jeevan, shauchalaya shishtachar, patra aur shiksha, kalaa, arthshastra, samajik nyaay, chikitsa dekhbhal aur adhik koo prabhaavit kiya haye. guttenberg bibil chala prakaar kaa upayog karke europe mein mudrit pahali pustak thee.
praarambhik roman samrajya key dauran levent seey asia minor, mesopotamia, europe, uttar africa aur africa key horn taka isai dharm key prasaar key baad seey, isai dharm poorv aur lattin paschim mein vibhajit hoe gayaa haye. natijatan, isai sanskritiyon key vibhinn sanskaran apane swayam key sanskaron aur prathaon key saath utpann hue, joe rome (paschimi isai dharm) aur carthage jaise shaharon key aspas kendrit they, jinake samudaayon koo paschimi yaa lattin isai dharm kahaa jaataa thaa, aur constantinople (purvi isai dharm), antioc (siriyai isai dharm), keral (bhaaratiya isai dharm) aur alekjendar, anya logon key beach, jinake samudaayon koo purvi yaa praachya isai dharm kahaa jaataa thaa. byzantine samrajya isai itihas aur isai sabhyata kii chotiyon mein seey ack thaa. 11veen seey 13veen shatabdi taka, lattin isai dharm paschimi duniya aur paschimi sanskriti kii kendriya bhoomika mein ubhara.
paschimi duniya key baahar, isai dharm kaa vibhinn sanskritiyon parr prabhaav rhaa haye, jaise kii africa, nikat poorv, madhya poorv, madhya asia, poorv asia, dakshin poorv asia aur bhaaratiya upmahadweep mein. vidvaanon aur buddhijiviyon kaa maanana haye kii islam kii shuruat key baad seey madhya poorv mein isaaiyon ney arab aur islami sabhyata mein mahatvapurna yogdan diyaa haye, aur unakaa mashrik, turkey aur iran kii sanskriti mein mahatvapurna yogdan rhaa haye. madhyakaaleen islami duniya key purvi isai vaigyaanikon aur vidvaanon (vishesh roop seey jacobite aur nestorian isai) ney umayyad aur abasid key shasankal key dauran yunani daarshnikon key karyon kaa syriac aur baad mein arabi mein anuvaad karke arab islami sabhyata mein yogdan diyaa. way darshan, vigyaan, dharamshastra aur chikitsa mein bhee utkrisht they. 
steinford vishvavidyalaya key itihaaskaar paul legutko ney kahaa kii catholic church "una moolyon, vichaaron, vigyaan, kaanoonon aur sansthanon key vikas key kendra mein haye jinhen humm paschimi sabhyata kahate hain."purvi roodhivaadi church ney purvi aur dakshinpurvi europe, coccus aur nikat poorv key itihas aur sanskriti mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai haye. praachya roodhivaadi churchon ney armenia, misra, turkey, eritria, ethiopia, sudan aur madhya poorv aur bhaarat key kuchh hisson key itihas aur sanskriti mein pramukh bhoomika nibhai haye. protestants ney ack anoothi sanskriti kaa vyaapak roop seey vikas kiya haye jisane shiksha, manaviki aur vigyaan, raajneetik aur samajik vyavastha, arthavyavastha aur kalaa aur kaee anya kshetron mein pramukh yogdan diyaa haye.
paschimi sanskriti parr prabhaav.
isai dharm ney paschimi sabhyata key vikas mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai, vishesh roop seey, catholic church aur protestantwad. paschimi sanskriti, apane adhikansh itihas mein, lagbhag isai sanskriti key barabar rahee haye, aur paschimi golardh kii adhikansh aabaadi koo motey taur parr saanskritik isai key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye. europe aur paschimi duniya kii dhaarana isai dharm aur isai dharm kii avadharana key saath ghanishth roop seey judee hui haye, kaee loga isai dharm koo ack ekikrit europeeya pehchaan banaane vaali kadee bhee maanate hain, halanki kuchh pragati kaheen aur utpann huih punarjagaran aur romantikwad purani moortipoojak duniya kii jigyasa aur junoon key saath shuru huaa.
haalaanki paschimi sanskriti mein greek aur roman samrajyon key tahat apane shuruati varshon key dauran kaee bahudevaadi dharm they, kyonki kendrikrit roman shakti cumm hoe gaee thee, catholic church kaa prabhutva paschimi europe mein ekmatra susangat bull thaa. gyaan key yug taka, isai sanskriti ney darshan, saahitya, kalaa, sangeet aur vigyaan key pathyakram kaa margadarshan kiya. sambandhit kalaaon key isai vishayon ney baad mein isai darshan, isai kalaa, isai sangeet, isai saahitya aadi mein vikas kiya haye. kalaa aur saahitya, kaanoon, shiksha aur rajneeti koo church kii shikshaon mein ack aise vatavaran mein sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa, anyatha, shayed unakaa nuksan dekhaa hotaa. church ney kaee girjagharon, vishvavidyalayon, mathon aur madrason kii sthaapana kii, jinamen seey kuchh aaj bhee maujood hain. madhyayugeen isai dharm ney pahale aadhunik vishvavidyalayon kaa nirmaan kiya. catholic church ney madhyayugeen europe mein ack aspatal pranali kii sthaapana kii, joe roman "valetudinaria" parr kaafee behtar hui. aspatalon key itihaskaron key anusaar, inn aspatalon kii sthaapana "garibi, bimari aur umr seey haashiye parr padey vishesh samajik samoohon" koo puuraa karane key liye kii gaee thee. isai dharm kaa jeevan key anya sabhi pahaluon parr bhee majboot prabhaav padaah vivaah aur parivaar, shiksha, manaviki aur vigyaan, raajneetik aur samajik vyavastha, arthavyavastha aur kalaa.
isai dharm kaa shiksha aur vigyaan aur chikitsa parr mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa kyonki church ney shiksha kii paschimi pranali kaa aadhar banaaya, aur paschimi duniya mein sansthaapak vishvavidyalayon kaa praayojak thaa kyonki vishvavidyalaya koo aam taur parr ack aise sansthaan key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye jisaki utpatti madhyayugeen isai parivesh mein hui haye. poore itihas mein kaee maulaviyon ney vigyaan mein mahatvapurna yogdan diyaa haye aur vishesh roop seey jesuits ney vigyaan key vikas mein kaee mahatvapurna yogdan diye hain. kuchh vidvaanon kaa kahana haye kii isai dharm ney vaigyaanik kranti key uday mein yogdan diyaa. vigyaan parr bhee protestantwad kaa mahatvapurna prabhaav rhaa haye. merton thesis key anusaar, ack or angreji shuddhatavad aur doosari or german petism key uday aur doosari or praarambhik prayogaatmak vigyaan key beach ack sakaratmak sambandh thaa. 
isai dharm key saanskritik prabhaav mein samajik kalyan, sansthaapak aspatal, arthshastra (protestant kaary naitikta key roop mein), praakritik kaanoon (joe baad mein antarrashtriya kaanoon key nirmaan koo prabhaavit karega), rajneeti, vastukala, saahitya, vyaktigat swachchata (snan) aur parivarik jeevan shamil hain. aitihaasik roop seey, isai sanskriti aur deshon mein "vistaarit parivaar" mool parivaar ikai thee.
isai dharm ney maanav balidan, gulami, shishu hatyaa aur bahuvivaah jaisi moortipoojak samajon key beach aam prathaon koo samaapt karane mein ack bhoomika nibhai. neuton aur galileo jaise vaigyaanikon kaa maanana thaa kii aggar bhagwan kii srishti koo behtar dhang seey samajha jaae tou bhagwan koo behtar tareeke seey samajha jaa sakata haye.
vastukala.
cathedral, basilica aur abby churchon kii vastukala imaraton key badey paimaane kii visheshta haye aur roop, kaary aur shally kii kaee shakha paramparaon mein seey ack kaa paalan karati haye joe antatah sthir kaal mein sthaapit praarambhik isai vastukala paramparaon seey praapt hoti haye.
vishesh roop seey girjagharon key saath-saath kaee mathh churchon aur basilicaon mein kuchh jatil sanrachanaatmak roop hain joe parrish churchon mein cumm paae jaate hain. way samkaaleen vastukala shally key uchch star aur kushal shilpkaron key kaam koo pradarshit karate hain, aur ack sadharan church key paas naheen honey vaale church key dhaarmik aur samajik donon staron parr kabja karate hain. iss tarah kaa cathedral yaa mahaan church aam taur parr apane kshetra key bheetar sabse achchi imaraton mein seey ack haye aur sthaaniya gaurav kaa kendra haye. kaee girjaghar aur basilica, aur kaee mathh church vastukala key duniya key sabse prasiddh karyon mein seey hain. inmein sent shamil hain. peater basilica, notrey dame dee peris, collon cathedral, salisbury cathedral, praag cathedral, linken cathedral, sent dennis kii basilica, saanta maria magior kii basilica, saine vital kii basilica, sent maark basilica, westminster abby, sent besil cathedral, washington national cathedral, bedagh avadharana key rashtriya mandir kii basilica, sent luis kii cathedral basilica, gaudi kaa adhura sagrada parivaar aur hagia sofiya kaa pracheen church, abb ack sangrahalaya haye. hagia sofiya koo byzantine aur purvi roodhivaadi sabhyata key vaastushilp aur saanskritik prateek key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye.
sabse puraane badey church pracheen kaal key uttaraardh seey hain. isai dharm aur churchon aur girjagharon key nirmaan kaa duniya bhar mein prasaar honey key kaaran, unake nirmaan kaa tarika sthaaniya samagri aur sthaaniya takneekon parr nirbhar thaa. vastukala kii vibhinn shailiyon kaa vikas huaa aur unakaa fashion fail gayaa, joe mathon key aadeshon kii sthaapana, ack kshetra seey dusare kshetra mein bishapon kii niyukti aur vastukaron key roop mein kaary karane vaale master stonemason kii yatra dwara kiya gayaa. mahaan church imaraton kii shailiyon koo kramik roop seey praarambhik isai, byzantine, romansk, gothik, punarjagaran, barok, 18 veen shatabdi key anta seey 20 veen shatabdi kii shuruat aur aadhunik key vibhinn punruddhar shailiyon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. pratyek shaikshanik shally parr aachchhaadit kshetriya visheshtaen hain. inmein seey kuchh visheshtaen kissy vishesh desh yaa kshetra kii itani vishisht hain kii way kaee shataabdiyon key antaral parr design kiye gaye churchon kii vastukala mein, shally kii parwah kiye binaa, dikhaai detee hain.
kalaa.
isai kalaa ack pavitra kalaa haye joe isai dharm key vishayon aur kalpanaon kaa upayog karati haye. adhikansh isai samooh kuchh hudd taka kalaa kaa upayog karate hain yaa unakaa upayog karate hain, halanki kuchh logon koo dhaarmik chhavi key kuchh roopon parr kadee apatti thee, aur isai dharm key bheetar pratima key pramukh kaal rahey hain.
yeeshu kii chhaviyaan aur "masih key jeevan" key kathaa drishya sabse aam vishay hain, aur puraane vasiyatname key drishya adhikansh sampradayon kii kalaa mein ack bhoomika nibhaate hain. roman kaitholikwad aur purvi roodhivaad kii tulanaa mein protestant kalaa mein kunwari mairi aur santon kii chhaviyaan bahut durlabh hain.
isai dharm sambandhit dharmon kii tulanaa mein chhaviyon kaa vyaapak upayog kartaa haye, jisamen prateekaatmak pratinidhitva nishiddh hain, jaise kii islam aur yahudi dharm. haalaanki, vibhinn avadhiyon seey isai dharm mein ack prateekvaad kaa bhee kaafee itihas haye.
roshni.
ack prakaashit pandulipi ack pandulipi haye jisamen paath koo sajawat key atirikt poorak kiya jaataa haye. sabse purani jeevit mool prakaashit paandulipiyaan 400 seey 600 kii avadhi seey hain, joe mukhya roop seey ireland, constantinople aur itali mein utpaadit kii jaati hain. adhikansh jeevit paandulipiyaan madhya yug kii hain, haalaanki kaee prakaashit paandulipiyaan 15veen shatabdi key punarjagaran seey bachee hui hain, saath hii pracheen kaal key anta seey bahut seemit sankhya mein.
adhikansh prakaashit pandulipiyon koo kodis key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa, jinhone scroll koo hataa diyaa thaa; kuchh alag-alag ekal sheet jeevit hain. bahut cumm prakaashit pandulipi key tukade papyrus parr jeevit rahate hain. adhikansh madhyayugeen paandulipiyaan, prakaashit yaa naheen, charmpatra (aamtaur parr bachhade, bhed yaa bakri kii twacha) parr likhi gaee theen, lekin prakaash key liye paryaapt mahatvapurna paandulipiyaan charmpatra kii sarvottam gunavatta parr likhi gaee theen, jise vellam kahaa jaataa haye, joe paaramparik roop seey unsplit bachhade kii twacha seey banaa hotaa haye, halanki anya khaal seey uchch gunavatta vaale charmpatra koo bhee "charmpatra" kahaa jaataa thaa.
pratima-rachana.
isai kalaa kii shuruat, isai key lagbhag dou shataabdiyon baad, roman shaahi kalpana, shaastriya yunani aur roman dharm aur lokpriya kalaa seey rupankanon koo udhaar laker hui. dhaarmik chhaviyon kaa upayog kuchh hudd taka abrahamik isai vishvaas dwara kiya jaataa haye, aur aksar isamen atyadhik jatil pratima hoti haye, joe sadiyon kii sanchit parampara koo darshaati haye. pracheen kaal key anta mein pratimashastra koo maankeekrit kiya jaanaa shuru huaa, aur bibil key granthon seey adhik nikatata seey sambandhit kiya gayaa, halanki vihit susamachar aakhyanon mein kaee antaral apramanik susamacharon key padaarth seey judey they. antatah church inmein seey adhikansh koo kharpatwar seey nikaalane mein safal hoga, lekin kuchh masih key janm mein bail aur gadhe kii tarah baney rahenge.
ack prateek kalaa kaa ack dhaarmik kaary haye, joe aamtaur parr roodhivaadi isai dharm seey ack chitra haye. isai dharm ney apani shuruat seey hii prateekvaad kaa upayog kiya haye. poorv aur paschim donon mein, kaee pratishthit prakaar key masih, mairi aur sant aur anya vishayon kaa vikas kiya gayaa thaa; mairi key naamit prakaar key prateekon kii sankhya, shishu masih key saath yaa usake binaa, poorv mein vishesh roop seey badee thee, jabaki christ pantocrator masih kii sabse aam chhavi thee.
isai prateekvaad vastuon yaa karyon koo ack aantarik arth key saath nivesh kartaa haye joe isai vichaaron koo vyakt kartaa haye. isai dharm ney adhikansh avadhiyon aur duniya key sabhi kshetron mein jaane jaane vaale mahatvapurna prateekon key samanya stock seey udhaar liya haye. dhaarmik prateekvaad taba prabhaavi hotaa haye jaba yeh buddhi aur bhaavanaon donon koo aakarshit kartaa haye. mairi key vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna chitranon mein hodegetria aur painagiya prakaar shamil hain. paaramparik model kathaa chitron key liye vikasit hue, jisamen masih key jeevan kii ghatnaaon, kunwari key jeevan, puraane vasiyatname key hisson aur teji seey lokpriya santon key jeevan koo shamil karate hue badey chakr shamil hain. vishesh roop seey paschim mein, santon key vyaktigat aakritiyon kii pehchaan karane key liye ack maanak roop aur unake dwara dhaaran kii gaee prateekaatmak vastuon dwara vikasit visheshtaon kii ack pranali; poorv mein way paath label dwara pehchaane jaane kii adhik sambhavana thee.
pratyek sant kii ack kahani aur ack kaaran hotaa haye kii unhone ack anukaraniya jeevan kyon jiyaa. church key poore itihas mein inn kahaaniyon koo bataane key liye prateekon kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye. kaee isai santon koo paaramparik roop seey unake jeevan seey judey ack prateek yaa pratishthit rupankan dwara darshaaya jaataa haye, jinhen unaki pehchaan karane key liye ack visheshta yaa prateek kahaa jaataa haye. inn roopon kaa adhyayan kalaa itihas mein pratima vigyaan kaa hissa haye.
purvi isai kalaa.
330 esvi mein rajdhani key roop mein constinople key samarpan ney purvi roman samrajya key liye ack mahaan nayaa isai kalaatmak kendra banaaya, joe jald hii ack alag raajneetik ikai bunn gayaa. pramukh sthir-bahu-raajkeeya churchon mein, joe sangrodh key tahat banaae gaye they aur unake bete, sthir-nivasi dwiteeya, mein hagia sofiya kii mool neenv aur pavitra preriton kaa church shamil thaa. jaise-jaise paschimi roman samrajya vighatit huaa aur "berber" logon dwara kabja curr liya gayaa, byzantine samrajya kii kalaa parishkaar, shakti aur kalaatmaktaa key star taka pahunch gaee joe pahale isai kalaa mein naheen dekhi gaee thee, aur paschim key una hisson key liye maanak nirdhaarit kiye gaye joe abhee bhee sthir logon key sampark mein hain.
iss upalabdhi koo "utkeern chhaviyon" key upayog parr vivaad aur doosari aagya kii uchit vyakhya dwara jancha gayaa thaa, jisake kaaran pratima yaa dhaarmik chhaviyon key vinash kaa sankat paida hoe gayaa, jisane 726 aur 843 key beach samrajya koo hilaa diyaa. roodhivaadita kii bahaali key parinamswarup purvi church key bheetar dhaarmik kalpana kaa sakht mankikaran huaa. byzantine kalaa teji seey roodhivaadi hoe gaee, kyonki chhaviyon key roop mein, kaee logon koo divya mool diyaa gayaa thaa yaa maanaa jaataa thaa kii sant luke yaa anya aakritiyon dwara chitrit kiya gayaa thaa, ack dharmgranth paath seey bahut door naheen thaa. unaki nakal kii jaa sakati thee, lekin unamen sudhaar naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa. moortipoojak bhavna key liye ack riyayat key roop mein, smaarak dhaarmik murtikala koo prabhaavi roop seey pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. inmein seey koee bhee drishtikon paschimi europe mein naheen thaa, lekin byzantine kalaa kaa uchch madhya yug taka vahaan bahut prabhaav thaa, aur usake baad bahut lambe samay taka bahut lokpriya rhaa, jisamen crayton school key badee sankhya mein icon europe mein punarjagaran key baad niryaat kiye gaye. jahan sambhav hoe, venis aur palermo mein mozek jaisi pariyojanaon key liye byzantine kalakaron koo udhaar liya gayaa thaa. castelseprio mein goodh bhitti chitra itali mein kaam karane vaale ack yunani kalakar key kaam kaa ack udaaharan hoe sakata haye.
purvi kaitholikwad kii kalaa hamesha grees aur roose kii roodhivaadi kalaa key karib rahee haye, aur roodhivaadi duniya key paas key deshon mein, vishesh roop seey polland mein, catholic kalaa key kaee roodhivaadi prabhaav hain. seastochova kaa kaalaa madona shayed byzantine mool kaa hoe-ise phir seey chitrit kiya gayaa haye aur yeh bataana mushkil haye. anya chhaviyaan joe nishchit roop seey yunani mool kii hain, jaise kii salas populi romani aur hamari sthaayi sahaayata kii mahila, rome mein donon prateek, sadiyon seey vishisht pooja key vishay rahey hain.
haalaanki prabhaav kaa aksar virodh kiya gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey roose mein, catholic kalaa ney kaee mayanon mein roodhivaadi chitran koo bhee prabhaavit kiya haye, vishesh roop seey romenia jaise deshon mein, aur post-byzantine crayton school mein, jisane 15 veen aur 16 veen shatabdi mein venis shasson key tahat yunani roodhivaadi kalaa kaa netritva kiya. ell greco ney apekshaakrit yuva honey parr crete chhod diyaa, lekin michael damaskinos venis mein ack sankshipt avadhi key baad laut aae, aur italvi aur yunani shailiyon key beach switch karane mein saksham they. yahaan taka kii paaramparik theophanes crayton, joe mukhya roop seey mount athos parr kaam curr rahey hain, phir bhee spasht paschimi prabhaav dikhaata haye.
purvi europe mein kaee purvi roodhivaadi raajyon key saath-saath kuchh hudd taka purvi bhoomadhyasagariya muslim raajyon ney sadiyon baad taka samrajya kii sanskriti aur kalaa key kaee pahaluon koo sanrakshit kiya. byzantine samrajya key samkaaleen kaee raajya saanskritik roop seey isase prabhaavit they, vaastav mein iska hissa baney binaa ("byzantine rashtramandal"). inmein bulgaria, serbia aur keevan russ key saath-saath venis ganarajya aur sisili samrajya jaise kuchh gair-paaramparik raajya shamil they, joe paschimi europeeya sanskriti key anya mamalon mein honey key bavjood byzantine samrajya key saath ghanishth sambandh rakhate they. ottoman samrajya mein rahane vaale purvi roodhivaadi isaaiyon dwara utpaadit kalaa koo aksar "post-byzantine" kahaa jaataa haye. kuchh kalaatmak paramparaaen joe byzantine samrajya mein utpann huin, vishesh roop seey icon painting aur church vastukala key sambandh mein, grees, serbia, bulgaria, macedonia, roose aur anya purvi roodhivaadi deshon mein aaj taka banaae rakhee gaee hain.
catholic kalaa.
roman catholic kalaa mein catholic church kii shikshaon koo moort roop mein chitrit karane, poorak banaane aur chitrit karane key prayaas mein utpaadit sabhi drishya kaary shamil hain. isamen murtikala, chitrakala, mozek, dhaatu kaa kaam, kadhaai aur yahaan taka kii vastukala bhee shamil hain. catholic kalaa ney cumm seey cumm chauthi shatabdi seey paschimi kalaa key itihas aur vikas mein agrani bhoomika nibhai haye. catholic kalaa kaa pramukh vishay yeeshu masih key jeevan aur samay key saath-saath unake shishyon, santon aur yahudi puraane vasiyatname kii ghatnaaon kaa rhaa haye.
sabse purani bachee hui kalaa kritiyaan roman samrajya key utpeedit isaaiyon key kabristanon kii divaaron parr chitrit bhitti chitra aur sabhaa ghar hain. rome mein isai church kalaa kii roman shally aur usa samay key dhaarmik isai kalakaron seey prabhaavit thaa. roman isaaiyon kii patthar kii sarkofagi yeeshu, mairi aur anya bibil kii aakritiyon kii sabse purani jeevit nakkashidar pratima koo pradarshit karati haye. isai dharm key vaidhikaran ney catholic kalaa koo badal diyaa, jisane mozek aur prakaashit pandulipiyon jaise samriddh roopon koo apanaaya. pratima vivaad ney purvi aur paschimi churchon koo sankshep mein vibhajit curr diyaa, jisake baad kalaatmak vikas alag-alag dishaaon mein aage badhaa. paschimi church mein romansk aur gothik kalaa phoolati gaee kyonki chitrakala aur pratima kii shally teji seey praakritik disha mein aage badhee. protestant sudhaar ney chhavi-vinash kii naee laharen paida keen, jisake liye church ney naatakiya aur bhaavnaatmak barok aur koko shally key saath pratikriya dee. 19veen shatabdi mein paschimi kalaa mein netritva catholic church seey door chalaa gayaa, joe aitihaasik punrutthaanvaad koo apanaane key baad adhuniktawadi andolan seey teji seey prabhaavit huaa thaa, ack aisaa andolan joe prakriti key khilaf apane "vidroh" mein, prakriti parr church key jore koo bhagwan kii achchi rachana key roop mein virodh kartaa haye.
raffle, michel angelo, leonardo daa vincy, bernini, botticelli, fra angelico, tintorate, carvagio aur titian jaise punarjagaran kalakar church dwara praayojit naveen gunee logon kii ack bheed mein seey they.
british kalaa itihaaskaar keneth clark ney likhaa kii paschimi europe kaa pahala "sabhyata kaa mahaan yug" varsh 1000 key aspas shuru honey key liye taiyar thaa. unhone likhaa, 1100 seey, smaarak mathh aur cathedral kaa nirmaan aur shilpon, latkan, mozek aur kalaa key sabse badey yugon mein seey ack seey sambandhit karyon seey sajaaya gayaa thaa aur iss avadhi key dauran samanya jeevan kii neeras aur tanga sthitiyon key liye poori tarah seey vipareet pradaan kartaa thaa. sent key mathh key mathadhish sugar. dennis koo gothik vastukala kaa ack prabhaavshaali praarambhik sanrakshak maanaa jaataa haye aur unakaa maanana haye kii sundarta kaa prem logon koo bhagwan key karib laataa haih "sust munn usa key madhyam seey satya kii or badhata haye joe bhautik haye. clark ise "agali shatabdi kii kalaa key sabhi utkrisht karyon kii bauddhik prishthabhoomi aur vaastav mein aaj taka kalaa key moolya key hamaare vishvaas kaa aadhar banaa huaa haye.
baad mein, punarjagaran aur prati-parivartan key dauran, catholic kalakaron ney paschimi kalaa kii kaee nayab utkrisht kritiyon kaa nirmaan kiya-joe aksar bibil key vishayon seey prerit hoti hainh michael angelo key "moos" aur "david" aur "pieta" moortiyon seey laker daa vinchi key "antim bhojan" aur rafale key vibhinn "madona" chitron taka. 1620 aur 1660 key beach rome mein hui rachanaatmak oorjaa key mahaan prakop" kaa ullekh karate hue keneth clark ney likhaah
[ack apavaad key saath, usa samay key mahaan kalakar sabhi imandar, isai they. gursino ney apani adhikansh subah prarthana mein bitaai; bernini aksar peechhe hatane jaataa thaa aur sant ignatius key aadhyatmik abhyaas kaa abhyaas kartaa thaa; rubens harr subah kaam shuru karane seey pahale saamoohik roop seey bhaag lete they. apavaad carvagio thaa, joe ack aadhunik naatak key naayak kii tarah thaa, sivaay isake kii vaha bahut achchi tarah seey chitrit kartaa thaa.
yeh anuroopata poochtaachh key darr parr adharit naheen thee, balki poori tarah seey saral vishvaas parr adharit thee kii jiss vishvaas ney pichhali peedhi key mahaan santon koo prerit kiya thaa, vaha kuchh aisaa thaa jisake dwara ack vyakti koo apane jeevan koo niyantrit karna chaahiye.
protestant kalaa.
europe mein 16veen shatabdi key dauran protestant sudhaar ney catholic kalaa kii maujooda parampara koo lagbhag poori tarah seey khariz curr diyaa, aur aksar ise utanaa hii nasht curr diyaa jitna yeh pahunch sakata thaa. ack naee kalaatmak parampara vikasit hui, jisane bahut cumm matra mein kalaa kaa utpaadan kiya joe protestant agenda kaa paalan karati thee aur dakshini europeeya parampara aur uchch punarjagaran key dauran utpaadit manavtawadi kalaa seey kaafee alag hoe gaee. badale mein, catholic prati-parivartan donon ney roman catholic kalaa kii adhik sakht shally kaa utpaadan karane key liye roman kaitholikwad mein kalaa kii protestant aalochanaon key khilaf pratikriya vyakt kii aur pratikriya dee. protestant dhaarmik kalaa donon ney protestant moolyon koo apanaaya aur protestantwad key prasaar mein sahaayata kii, lekin protestant deshon mein utpaadit dhaarmik kalaa kii matra bahut cumm hoe gaee. protestant deshon mein kalakaron ney itihas chitrakala, paridrishya chitrakala, chitra chitrakala aur sthir jeevan jaise kalaa key dharmnirpeksh roopon mein vividhata laaee.
udaaharan key liye, protestant prishthabhoomi vaale pramukh chitrakaar albrecht durer, hains holben dha young, lucas cranch, rembrant aur vincent vaine gaag they. vishva saahitya admond spensor, johnn milton, johnn buniyan, johnn donne, johnn dryden, daniel defoe, villium wordsworth, jonathan swift, johann wolfgang goethe, friedrich shiller, saimuel teller colories, edger ellen poe, mattheau ernold, conrad ferdinand meyer, theoder fonte, washington irving, robbert browning, emily bronte, charles decance, nathaniel hothorn, thomas steer elliot, johnn galsworthy, thomas maine, villium fackner, johnn updike aur kaee anya logon key karyon seey samriddh thaa.
shiksha.
vishvavidyalaya koo aam taur parr ack aise sansthaan key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye jisaki utpatti madhyayugeen isai parivesh mein hui haye. vishvavidyalayon kii sthaapana seey pahale, europeeya uchch shiksha saikadon varshon taka isai cathedral schools yaa mathon key schools ("scholl mathh") mein hui, jisamen bhikshuon aur nanon ney kakshaaen padhaain; kaee sthaanon parr baad key vishvavidyalaya key inn tatkaal agraduton key pramaan 6 veen shatabdi esvi key hain.
catholic church key liye missionary gatividhi ney hamesha apane samajik mantralaya key hisse key roop mein prachaar kiye gaye logon kii shiksha koo shamil kiya haye. itihas seey pataa chalata haye kii prachaar kiye gaye deshon mein, schools koo sanchaalit karane vaale pahale loga roman catholic they. kuchh deshon mein, church shiksha kaa mukhya pradaata haye yaa shiksha key sarkari roopon koo kaafee poorak banaata haye. vartamaan mein, church duniya kii sabse badee gair-sarkari school pranali kaa sanchaalan kartaa haye. paschimi sabhyata key kaee sabse prabhaavshaali vishvavidyalayon kii sthaapana catholic church dwara kii gaee thee.
catholic church ney paschim key pahale vishvavidyalayon kii sthaapana kii, jinase pahale mathon aur cathedral seey judey school they, aur aam taur parr bhikshuon aur bhikshuon dwara karmchaariyon koo niyukt kiya jaataa thaa. celerno jaise italvi shaharon mein vishvavidyalayon kaa uday honey lagaa, joe ack pramukh chikitsa vidyalaya bunn gayaa, jisase yunani aur arabi chikitsakon key kaam kaa lattin mein anuvaad huaa. bologna vishvavidyalaya praarambhik vishvavidyalayon mein sabse prabhaavshaali bunn gayaa, joe pahale cannon kaanoon aur nagrik kaanoon mein visheshagyata praapt kartaa thaa. peris vishvavidyalaya, dharamshastra jaise vishayon mein visheshagyata praapt, notrey dame cathedral kii dekhrekh mein pratidvandi bologna mein aaya. ingland mein oxford vishvavidyalaya baad mein dharamshastra mein pratidvandi peris aaya aur salamanka vishvavidyalaya kii sthaapana 1243 mein spen mein kii gaee thee. itihaaskaar geophrey blainy key anusaar, vishvavidyalayon koo lattin key upayog seey laabh huaa, joe church kii aam bhasha haye, aur isaki antarrashtriya pahunch haye, aur unaki bhoomika "isai dhaanche key bheetar padhaana, tark denaa aur tark karna" thee. paschimi isaijagat key madhyayugeen vishvavidyalaya poore paschimi europe mein achchi tarah seey ekikrit they, jaanch kii swatantrata koo protsaahit kiya aur vibhinn prakaar key achche vidvaanon aur praakritik daarshnikon kaa utpaadan kiya, jisamen oxford vishvavidyalaya key robbert grossetest, vaigyaanik prayog kii ack vyavasthit vidhi key praarambhik vyakhyata; aur sent albert dha grate, catholic church, joe europe key pahale vishvavidyalayon kii sthaapana key baad seey hamesha shiksha mein shamil rahey hain. yeh duniya bhar mein hajaaron praathamik aur maadhyamik vidyaalayon, colleges aur vishvavidyalayon koo sanchaalit aur praayojit kartaa haye.
jaise-jaise sudhaarak chaahte they kii church key sabhi sadasya bible padh sakein, sabhi staron parr shiksha koo badhaava milaa. ladakon aur ladkiyon donon key liye anivarya shiksha shuru kii gaee thee. udaaharan key liye, 1628 mein massachusets bey coloney kii sthaapana karane vaale puritance ney kewal aathh saal baad harvard college kii sthaapana kii. 18veen shatabdi mein yell vishvavidyalaya (1701) sahit lagbhag ack darjan anya mahavidyalayon ney iska anusaran kiya. pensylvania bhee seekhane kaa kendra bunn gayaa. jabaki prinston vishvavidyalaya ack presbyterian foundation thaa. protestantwad ney rashtriya bhaashaon mein bible key anuvaad kii bhee shuruat kii aur isake dwara rashtriya saahitya key vikas kaa samarthan kiya.
badee sankhya mein mukhya protestants ney americi jeevan key kaee pahaluon mein netritva kii bhoomika nibhai haye, jisamen rajneeti, vyavasaay, vigyaan, kalaa aur shiksha shamil hain. unhone desh key adhikansh pramukh uchch shiksha sansthanon kii sthaapana kii. iv leag vishvavidyalayon key beach majboot safed anglo-saxon protestant aitihaasik sambandh hain, aur unakaa prabhaav aaj bhee jaari haye. dwiteeya vishva yuddh taka, iv leag vishvavidyalayon mein badey paimaane parr tataiya key chhaatr shamil they.
america key kuchh pahale college aur vishvavidyalaya, jinamen harvard, yell, prinston, kolambiya, dartmouth, williams, bodoin, middlebury aur amherst shamil hain, sabhi kii sthaapana mukhya protestantwad dwara kii gaee thee, jaisa kii baad mein carlton, duke, oberlin, belloit, pomona, rollins aur colorado college they.
pyu center key adhyayan key anusaar shiksha aur aaya key beach sambandh haye, lagbhag (59 pratishat) americi anglican key paas snaatak aur snatkottar kii degree haye, aur lagbhag (56 pratishat) episcopelian aur (47 pratishat) presbyterian aur (46 pratishat) united church off christ key paas snaatak aur snatkottar kii degree haye.
2016 mein duniya bhar mein dharm aur shiksha key baare mein ack pyu center adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii isai yahoodiyon key baad duniya bhar mein dusare sabse shikshit dhaarmik samooh key roop mein sthaan praapt karate hain, jinaki ausat 9.3 saal kii schooly shiksha haye, aur isaaiyon key beach schooly shiksha key varshon mein sabse adhik germany (13.6), newzealand (13.5) aur astonia (13.1) mein paaya jaataa haye. prati vyakti snaatak aur snatkottar degree kii doosari sabse badee sankhya bhee isaaiyon key paas paaee gaee, jabaki poorna sankhya mein pahale sthaan parr (220 million) they. vibhinn isai samudaayon key beach, uchch shiksha sansthanon mein vishvavidyalaya kii degree praapt karane vaale isaaiyon (67 pratishat) key mamle mein singapur anya deshon koo peechhe chhodata haye, isake baad israel key isai (63 pratishat) aur georgia key isai (57 pratishat) aatey hain.
adhyayan key anusaar, uttari america, europe, madhya poorv, uttari africa aur asia-prashant kshetron mein isai uchch shikshit hain kyonki vishva key kaee vishvavidyalayon kaa nirmaan aitihaasik isai churchon dwara kiya gayaa thaa, aitihaasik sakshya key alawa kii "isai bhikshuon ney pustakalayon kaa nirmaan kiya thaa aur, mudran press seey pahale key dinon mein, lattin, greek aur arabi mein utpaadit mahatvapurna pahale key lekhan koo sanrakshit kiya thaa. usee adhyayan key anusaar, shikshaatmak praapti mein isaaiyon mein langic samaantaa kii ack mahatvapurna matra haye, aur adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii iska ack kaaran mahilaaon kii shiksha koo badhaava dene mein protestant sudharakon kaa protsaahan haye, jisase protestant samudaayon mein mahilaaon key beach niraksharta kaa unmoolan huaa.
usee adhyayan key anusaar "upa-sahaara africa mein musalmaanon aur isaaiyon key beach shaikshik praapti mein ack badaa aur vyaapak antar haye" kyonki iss kshetra mein musalman vayask apane isai samkakshon kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm shikshit hain, vidvaanon kaa sujhaav haye kii yeh antar una shaikshik suvidhaon key kaaran haye joe isai missionaryon dwara aupaniveshik yug key dauran saathi vishvaasiyon key liye banaai gaee theen.
saahitya aur kavita.
isai saahitya aisaa lekhan haye joe isai vishayon seey sambandhit haye aur isai vishva drishtikon koo shamil kartaa haye. yeh atyant vividh lekhan kaa ack vishal nikaay haye. isai kavita koee bhee kavita haye jisamen isai shikshaaen, vishay yaa sandarbh shamil hain. kavita parr isai dharm kaa prabhaav kissy bhee kshetra mein bahut adhik rhaa haye jise isai dharm ney pakad liya haye. isai kavitaaen aksar seedhe bible kaa sandarbh detee hain, jabaki anya roopak pradaan karati hain.
saahitya kii sakht paribhasha key bheetar aatey hue, bible koo aam taur parr saahitya naheen maanaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, bible koo saahitya key roop mein maanaa aur saraha gayaa haye; bible paschimi sabhyata kaa ack mool patthar haye. vishesh roop seey king james sanskaran koo lambe samay seey angreji gadya kii ack utkrisht kriti maanaa jaataa rhaa haye, joe bhee isake dhaarmik mahatva key baare mein socha jaa sakata haye. adhikrit sanskaran koo "duniya kii sabse prabhaavshaali pustak kaa sabse prabhaavshaali sanskaran, joe abb isaki sabse prabhaavshaali bhasha haye", "angreji dharm aur sanskriti mein sabse mahatvapurna pustak" aur "angreji bolane vaali duniya mein sabse prasiddh pustak" kahaa gayaa haye. david chrystal ney anuman lagaaya haye kii yeh angreji mein 257 muhaware key liye jimmedaar haye, udaharanon mein mitty key pair aur bavandar kaatna shamil haye. isake alawa, divangat christopher hitchens aur richard dockins jaisi pramukh naastik hastiyon ney king james sanskaran kii prashansa karate hue kahaa haye kii yeh "angreji saahitya key paripakva honey mein ack badaa kadam" aur "saahitya kaa ack mahaan kaam" haye, dockins ney phir kahaa, "angreji kaa ack mool vaktaa jisane kabhi bhee raajaa james bibil kaa ack shabd naheen padhaa haye, vaha berber parr verging haye. bible key saahityik gunon parr jore dene key uddeshya seey bible key kaee bhaagon yaa bibil key kuchh bhaagon koo bhee phir seey likhaa gayaa haye. 5 arab seey adhik pratiyon kii anumaanit bikri key saath, bible koo vyaapak roop seey abb taka kii sabse adhik bikane vaali pustak maanaa jaataa haye. yeh salana lagbhag 10 karod pratiyaan bechata haye, aur saahitya aur itihas parr ack pramukh prabhaav rhaa haye, vishesh roop seey paschim mein, jahaan guttenberg bibil chala prakaar kaa upayog karke mudrit pahali pustak thee.
byzantine saahitya mein, chaar alag-alag saanskritik tatvon koo maanyata dee gaee haih yunani, isai, roman aur praachya. byzantine saahitya koo aksar paanch samoohon mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haih itihaaskaar aur vrittantkar, vishvakoshkaar (pitrisattaak photo, michael cellus aur michael chonits koo byzantium key sabse mahaan vishvakoshkaron key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye) aur nibandhkar aur dharmnirpeksh kavita key lekhak. byzantine kaa ekmatra vaastavik veer mahakavya "diagenes acrita" haye. shesh dou samoohon mein naee saahityik prajaatiyan shamil hainh church aur dharamshastriya saahitya, aur lokpriya kavita. aur yeh alekjendar mein thaa kii graco-oriental isai dharm kaa janm huaa thaa. vahaan septuagint anuvaad kiya gayaa thaa; vahaan yunani darshan aur yahudi dharm kaa vaha sanlayan huaa jisaki parinati philo mein hui; vahaan plotinus aur porphiri seey judey rahasyamay sattebaji neoplatonism kaa vikas huaa. alekjendar mein mahaan yunani church key lekhakon ney moortipoojak bayanbaji aur daarshnikon key saath kaam kiya; kaee yahaan paida hue they, jaise.jee. mool, athanasius, aur unake pratidvandi arius, siril aur cinesius bhee. misra kii mitty mein mathvaad shuru huaa aur panpa. alekjendar key baad, antioc kii bahut pratishtha thee, jahan sent key tahat isai tippanikaron kaa ack school falaa-phoola. johnn chrysostem aur jahan baad mein isai saarvbhaumik itihas kaa uday huaa. aspas key seeriya mein, humm yunani church kii kavita key keetanu paate hain, jabaki padosi palestine seey sent aaya thaa. damishk key johnn, yunani pitaaon mein seey ack.
catholic lekhakon aur saahityik karyon kii soochi vishal haye. dou sahasraabdiyon kii saahityik parampara key saath, bible aur pope vishvakosh catholic siddhant key sthir hain, lekin anginat anya aitihaasik karyon koo paschimi samaaj parr unake prabhaav key sandarbh mein ullekhaniya key roop mein soochibaddh kiya jaa sakata haye. pracheen kaal key anta seey, sent augustein kii pustak confessions, joe unake paapi yuvaaon aur isai dharm mein parivartan koo rekhaankit karati haye, koo vyaapak roop seey paschimi saahitya key cannon mein likhi gaee pahali aatmakatha maanaa jaataa haye. augustin ney aaney vaale madhyayugeen vishva drishtikon koo gaharaai seey prabhaavit kiya. summa theologica", likhaa gayaa 1265-1274, thomas aquinas (c.1225-1274) kaa sabse prasiddh kaam haye, aur halanki adhura haye, "darshan key itihas key classics mein seey ack aur paschimi saahitya key sabse prabhaavshaali karyon mein seey ack haye."yeh dharamshastra mein shuruati logon key liye ack manual aur church kii sabhi mukhya dhaarmik shikshaon key sangrah key roop mein abhipret haye. yeh paschim mein isai dharamshastra key lagbhag sabhi binduon key liye tark prastut kartaa haye. itailiyan daante kii mahakavya kavita aur madhya yug key anta mein unaki "divya comedy" koo bhee behad prabhaavshaali maanaa jaataa haye. angreji rajneta aur daarshanik, thomas morr ney 1516 mein maulik kaary eutopia likhaa thaa. sent ignatius loyola, catholic prati-parivartan mein ack pramukh vyakti, dhyaan kii ack prabhaavshaali pustak key lekhak hain jinhen "aadhyatmik abhyaas" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
catholics ney dante alighiyari, geophrey chausar, johnn dryden, walker persey, jack keroak, avalin vau, alekjendar pope, onar dee balzack, auskar wild, thomas merton, tonny maurison, ernest hemingway, jey. key saahityik karyon key madhyam seey duniya koo adhik moolya diyaa haye.aar.aar. tolkin, jee. key. chesterton, clod maike, paul verlain, graham green, cigrid undusset, tenacy williams, francois mauriac, flannery oh 'connor, gerard manley hopkins, paul claudel, aff. scott fitzgerald, michel dee montegain, siegfried sasoon, johnn heinry neuman, hyugo wonn hofmanstall, arther rimboud, joseph conrad, miguel dee surventice, sezlau milose, hillayer belok, cross key johnn, luis vaaz dee camos, edith sitwell, thomas morr, anya logon key beach.
dawa aur swaasthya dekhbhal.
purvi aur paschimi roman samrajyon kaa prashaasan vibhajit hoe gayaa aur 6 veen shatabdi taka paschimi samrajya kaa patan hinsak akramanon kii ack shrinkhala key saath huaa aur shaharon aur shiksha key nagrik sansthanon key patan key saath-saath shaastriya grees aur rome key seekhane key liye unake sambandhon koo bhee badhaava diyaa. agale hazaar varshon taka, chikitsa gyaan bahut cumm badal jaayega. ack vidwan chikitsa parampara ney poorv mein khud koo adhik sthir banaae rakhaa, lekin paschim mein, church key baahar chhatravritti lagbhag gayab hoe gaee, jahaan bhikshu chikitsa granthon kii ghatati shrinkhala key baare mein jaanate they. aatithya koo isai daan kaa ack daayitva maanaa jaataa thaa aur bishap key gharon aur ameer isaaiyon key valetudinaria kaa upayog bimaaron kii dekhbhal key liye kiya jaataa thaa. aur iss praarambhik avadhi kii viraasat, kulee key shabdon mein, yeh thee kii "isai dharm ney aspatal koo sthaapit kiyaah levent key sampann pratishthaan aur paschim key bikhare hue gharon ney daan key ack samanya dhaarmik lokachar koo saajha kiya."
byzantine samrajya pahale samrajyon mein seey ack thaa jisamen falate-phoolate chikitsa pratishthaan they. byzantine samrajya seey pahale roman samrajya mein vishesh roop seey sainikon aur daason key liye aspatal they. haalaanki, inmein seey koee bhee pratishthaan janata key liye naheen thaa. byzantium mein aspatalon koo mool roop seey church dwara garibon key liye buniyaadi suvidhaon taka pahunch key liye ack sthaan key roop mein kaary karane key liye shuru kiya gayaa thaa. aspatal aamtaur parr purushon aur mahilaaon key beach alag kiye jaate they. haalaanki inn aspatalon key avasheshon kii khoj puraatatvidon dwara naheen kii gaee haye, lekin byzantine samrajya key aspatalon kii recording mein badee imaraton kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye jinamen ack khuli choolhe kii mukhya visheshta thee. byzantine samrajya key pratishthaan usa shuruat seey milate-julate they jise humm abb aadhunik aspatalon key roop mein jaanate hain. pahala aspatal 344 seey 358 key beach antakia key leontius dwara banaaya gayaa thaa aur yeh ajnabiyon aur pravasiyon key liye sharan paane kaa sthaan thaa. lagbhag usee samay, marathonius naamak ack decan, sthir logon mein aspatalon aur mathon kaa prabhaari thaa. unakaa mukhya uddeshya shahari saundaryashastra mein sudhaar karna thaa, aspatalon koo byzantine shaharon key mukhya hisse key roop mein chitrit karna thaa. inn shuruati aspatalon koo garibon key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. vaastav mein, poore byzantine samrajya mein adhikansh aspatalon kaa upayog lagbhag vishesh roop seey garibon dwara kiya jaataa thaa. yeh "gregory nazianzen key samaan aspatalon key vivaran key kaaran hoe sakata haye, jinhone aspatal koo swarg kii seedhi kahaa, jiska arth haye kii iska uddeshya kewal swaasthya laabh koo badhaava dene key bajaay deerghakaalik yaa antim roop seey beemar logon kii mrityu koo aasaan banaana haye. vidvaanon key beach iss baat parr bahas haye kii inn sansthanon koo church dwara kyon shuru kiya gayaa thaa. kaee vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii church ney atirikt daan praapt karane key liye aspatalon kii sthaapana kii thee. inn aspatalon key liye joe bhee mamla hoe, way poore samrajya mein failane lagey. jald hii, sent. sizeria key tulsi ney bimaaron key liye ack jagah vikasit kii jisamen beemar aur begharon key liye sharan pradaan kii gaee.
geophrey blainy ney madhya yug key dauran apani gatividhiyon mein catholic church kii tulanaa ack kalyankari raajya key praarambhik sanskaran seey keeh "yeh boodhe aur yuvaaon key liye anathalayon key liye aspatalon kaa sanchaalan kartaa thaa; sabhi umr key bimaaron key liye dharamshaalaaen; kushtharogi key liye sthaan; aur chhatrawas yaa saraay jahaan teerthayaatri saste bistar aur bhojan khareed sakate they. yeh akaal key dauran aabaadi koo bhojan kii aapoorti kartaa thaa aur garibon koo bhojan vitarit kartaa thaa. iss kalyan pranali key liye church ney badey paimaane parr curr ekatra karane aur badee krishi bhoomi aur sampadaon koo rakhane key madhyam seey vitt poshit kiya. bhikshuon aur maulaviyon key liye chikitsa kaa abhyaas karna aam baat thee aur uttari europeeya vishvavidyalayon mein chikitsa key chhatron ney aksar mamuli pavitra adesh liye. madhyakaaleen aspatalon mein ack majboot isai lokachar thaa, aur chikitsa key itihaaskaar roy porter key shabdon mein, "dhaarmik neenv key madhyam seey aur madhyam seey" they, aur chikitsakiya niyamon koo chikitsa koo niyantrit karane key liye paarit kiya gayaa thaa, aanshik roop seey paadari koo chikitsa seey laabh uthaane seey rokane key liye. europe key khoj key yug key dauran, catholic missionaryon, vishesh roop seey jesuiton ney bhaarat, chean aur japan mein aadhunik vigyaan kii shuruat kii. jabaki utpeedan kuchh madhya purvi muslim deshon mein catholic sansthanon key prasaar koo seemit karna jaari rakhate hain, aur chean aur uttar koria key janvaadi ganarajya jaise sthaanon parr, asia mein kaheen aur church swaasthya dekhbhal sevaaon kaa ack pramukh pradaata haye-vishesh roop seey phillippeans jaise catholic deshon mein.
aaj roman catholic church duniya mein swaasthya dekhbhal sevaaon kaa sabse badaa gair-sarkari pradaata haye. isamen lagbhag 18,000 cleanic, bujurgon aur vishesh jarooraton vaale logon key liye 16,000 ghar aur 5,500 aspatal hain, jinamen seey 65 pratishat vikaasheel deshon mein sthit hain. 2010 mein, swaasthya dekhbhal kaaryakartaon kii charwahi dekhbhal key liye church kii pontifical council ney kahaa kii church duniya kii 26 pratishat swaasthya dekhbhal suvidhaon kaa prabandhan kartaa haye. swaasthya dekhbhal mein church kii bhagidari kii utpatti pracheen haye.
sangeet.
isai sangeet vaha sangeet haye joe isai jeevan aur vishvaas key baare mein vyaktigat yaa sampradayik vishvaas koo vyakt karane key liye likhaa gayaa haye. isai sangeet key samanya vishayon mein prashansa, pooja, tapasya aur vilaap shamil hain, aur isake roop duniya bhar mein vyaapak roop seey bhinn hotey hain.
sangeet key anya roopon kii tarah, nirmaan, pradarshan, mahatva aur yahaan taka kii isai sangeet kii paribhasha bhee sanskriti aur samajik sandarbh key anusaar bhinn hoti haye. isai sangeet saundarya anand, dhaarmik yaa aupchaarik uddeshyon seey laker yaa bajar key liye ack manoranjan utpaad key roop mein kaee uddeshyon key liye rachit aur prastut kiya jaataa haye.
sangeet mein, catholic bhikshuon ney duniya bhar key church mein dhaarmik upasana koo maankeekrit karane key liye aadhunik paschimi sangeet sanketan key pahale roopon koo vikasit kiya, aur isake liye sadiyon seey dhaarmik sangeet kaa ack vishal nikaay banaaya gayaa haye. isase seedhe europeeya shaastriya sangeet aur isake kaee vyutpannon kaa uday aur vikas huaa. barok shally, jisamen sangeet, kalaa aur vastukala shamil thee, vishesh roop seey post-reformation catholic church dwara protsaahit kiya gayaa thaa kyonki aise roop dhaarmik abhivyakti key ack saadhan kii peshkash karate they joe dhaarmik utsaah koo uttejit karane key uddeshya seey uttejak aur bhaavnaatmak thaa.
catholic sangeetkaron aur catholic pavitra sangeet kii soochi, jiska paschimi sanskriti mein ack pramukh sthaan haye, vyaapak haye, lekin isamen ludwig vaine beethoven kaa "odd too joy" shamil haye; wolfgang amedius mosart kaa "aiv veram corpus"; franz scubbert kaa "away maria", seasure frank kaa "panis angelicus", aur antonio vivaldi kaa "gloria".
martin luther, paul gerhart, george vidar, isaq wats, charles wesley, villium couper aur kaee anya lekhakon aur sangeetkaron ney prasiddh church bhajan banaae. heinrich shutz, johann sebastian baach, george fredrick handell, heinry percel, johannes brams aur felix mendelsohan-bartholdi jaise sangeetkaron ney sangeet key mahaan karyon kii rachana kii.
darshan.
isai darshan darshan key vibhinn kshetron key isai dharm key dhaarmik siddhanton key saath sanlayan kaa varnan karane key liye ack shabd haye. vidvataavaad, jiska arth haye "vaha [joe] vidyalaya seey sambandhit haye", aur madhyayugeen vishvavidyalayon key shikshaavidon (yaa "vidyalaya key logon") dwara padhaaya jaane vaalaa seekhane kaa ack tarika thaa. 1100-1500. vidvataavaad ney mool roop seey pracheen shaastriya daarshnikon key darshan koo madhyayugeen isai dharamshastra key saath milana shuru curr diyaa. vidvataavaad apane aap mein ack darshan yaa dharamshastra naheen haye, balki seekhane key liye ack upkaran aur vidhi haye joe dwandwaatmak tark parr jore detee haye.
madhyayugeen darshan madhya yug key dauran paschimi europe aur madhya poorv kaa darshan haye, joe motey taur parr roman samrajya key isaikaran seey laker punarjagaran taka faila huaa haye. madhyakaaleen darshan koo aanshik roop seey shaastriya yunani aur helenwadi darshan kii punah khoj aur aage key vikas dwara paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, aur aanshik roop seey dhaarmik samasyaon koo sambodhit karane aur taba key vyaapak pavitra siddhanton (islam, yahudi dharm aur isai dharm) koo dharmnirpeksh shiksha key saath ekikrit karane kii aavashyakta haye.
paschimi europeeya madhyayugeen darshan kaa itihas paaramparik roop seey dou mukhya avadhiyon mein vibhajit haih 12veen shatabdi taka praarambhik madhya yug key baad lattin paschim mein avadhi, jaba abhijaat varg aur plato key karyon koo sanrakshit aur vikasit kiya gayaa thaa; aur lattin paschim mein 12veen, 13veen aur 14veen shatabdi kaa "swarn yug", joe pracheen darshan kii bahaali kii parinati aur dharm, tark aur tatvamimansa key darshan key kshetra mein mahatvapurna vikas kaa gawah thaa.
madhyayugeen yug koo punarjagaran manavtavadiyon dwara apmaanjanak tareeke seey maanaa gayaa thaa, jinhone ise yunani aur roman sanskriti key shaastriya yug aur shaastriya sanskriti key "punarjanm" yaa "punarjagaran" key beach ack berber "madhya" avadhi key roop mein dekhaa. phir bhee lagbhag ack hazaar varshon kii yeh avadhi europe mein daarshanik vikas kii sabse lambi avadhi thee, aur sambhavatah sabse ameer thee. george gracia ney tark diyaa haye kii "teevrata, parishkaar aur upalabdhi mein, terahavin shatabdi mein daarshanik foolon koo chauthi shatabdi bee mein yunani darshan key swarn yug key pratidvandi key roop mein sahee kahaa jaa sakata haye.see."
iss avadhi key dauran charcha kii gaee kuchh samasyaon mein vishvaas kaa tark seey sambandh, ishwar kaa astitva aur ekataa, dharamshastra aur tatvamimansa kaa uddeshya, gyaan kii samasyaaen, saarvbhaumik aur vyaktigatata shamil hain.
madhya yug key daarshnikon mein hippo key isai daarshanik, boethius, anselm, gilbert off poetteers, peater abellard, roser bekan, bonaventure, thomas aquinas, duns scotus, villium off oakham aur jeane buridan shamil hain; yahudi daarshanik mammonides aur garsonides; aur muslim daarshanik alkindus, alfarabi, alhazen, avicenna, algazel, abselle, abubase, ibn khaldun aur avrose shamil hain. vidvaanon kii madhyayugeen parampara 17veen shatabdi key anta taka, francisco suarez aur johnn off sent jaise aankadon mein falati-phoolati rahee. thomas.
thomism key pitaa aquinas catholic europe mein behad prabhaavshaali they, unhone tark aur tark parr bahut jore diyaa, aur abhijaat varg key aadhyatmik aur gyanmimansa lekhan key nae anuvaad kaa upayog karane vaale pahale logon mein seey ack they. unakaa kaam neoplatonic aur augustinian soch seey ack mahatvapurna prasthaan thaa joe praarambhik vidvataavaad parr haavi thaa.
punarjagaran ("punarjanm") madhya yug aur aadhunik vichaar key beach sankraman kii avadhi thee, jisamen shaastriya granthon kii punarpraapti ney tark, tatvamimansa aur dharamshastra mein takniki adhyayanon seey door naitikta, bhasha vigyaan aur rahasyavaad mein sargrahi poochtaachh kii or daarshanik hiton koo sthanantarit karane mein madad kii. aam taur parr itihas aur saahitya jaisi shaastriya aur maanviya kalaaon key adhyayan mein isai dharm mein abb taka agyaat vidvaanon kii ruchi thee, jise manavtavad key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. tatvamimansa aur tark mein madhyayugeen ruchi koo visthaapit karate hue, manavtavadiyon ney manushya aur usake gunon koo darshan kaa kendra banaane mein petrarch kaa paalan kiya.
darshan mein yeye nae andolan europe mein badey dhaarmik aur raajneetik parivartanon key saath samkaaleen roop seey vikasit hueh sudhaar aur saamantvaad kaa patan. halanki protestant sudhaar key dharmshastriyon ney darshan mein bahut cumm pratyaksh ruchi dikhaai, lekin dharamshastriya aur bauddhik adhikaar kii paaramparik neenv kaa unakaa vinash erasmus, montagen aur francisco sanch jaise vicharakon mein vishvaas aur sandeh key punrutthan key saath saamanjasyapurna thaa. iss beach, rashtra-raajyon mein raajneetik shakti key kramik kendrikaran koo dharmnirpeksh raajneetik darshan key udbhav dwara pratidhwanit kiya gayaa thaa, jaisa kii nicolo machiaveli (aksar pahale aadhunik raajneetik vichaarak key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye, yaa aadhunik raajneetik soch kii or ack pramukh modd), thomas morr, erasmus, justus lipsius, jeane bodin aur hyugo grotius key karyon mein huaa thaa.
vigyaan aur praudyogiki.
neutonian yantriki key saath isai dharm key sulah key pahale key prayaas baad mein vikas yaa saapekshata key nae vaigyaanik vichaaron key saath sulah key prayason seey kaafee alag dikhaai dete hain. vikas kii kaee praarambhik vyakhyaon ney "astitva key liye sangharsh" key ird-gird khud koo dhruvikrit kiya. inn vichaaron kaa baad mein javic sahyog key saarvbhaumik pattern key nishkarshon dwara kaafee virodh kiya gayaa thaa. johnn habgood key anusaar, sabhi manushya vaastav mein yahaan jaanate hain kii brahmand achche aur burey, sundarta aur dard kaa mishran prateet hotaa haye, aur yeh peedaa kissy bhee tarah seey srishti kii prakriya kaa hissa hoe sakati haye. habgood kaa maanana haye kii masihiyon koo ashcharya naheen honah chaahiye kii croose key prateek mein unake vishvaas koo dekhate hue, bhagwan dwara peedaa kaa rachanaatmak roop seey upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. 
robert johnn russell ney aadhunik bhautiki, vikaasvaadi jeev vigyaan aur isai dharamshastra key beach vyanjan aur visangati kii jaanch kii haye.
hippo (354-430) aur thomas aquinas key isai daarshnikon kaa maanana thaa kii shaastron mein kuchh kshetron parr kaee vyaakhyaaen hoe sakati hain jahan mamle unaki pahunch seey bahut parey they, isaliye bhavishya key nishkarshon key liye arthon parr prakaash daalane kii gunjaish chhodani chaahiye. daasi" parampara, jise brahmand key dharmnirpeksh adhyayan koo shaastra kii behtar samajh taka pahunchane key liye ack bahut hii mahatvapurna aur sahayak hisse key roop mein dekhaa gayaa, koo poore isai itihas mein shuru seey hii apanaaya gayaa thaa. yeh bhee kii bhagwan ney duniya koo ack swa-sanchaalan pranali key roop mein banaaya haye, vahee haye joe madhya yug mein kaee isaaiyon koo prakriti kii jaanch karane key liye prerit kartaa haye.
vigyaan key aadhunik itihaaskaar jaise jey.ell. heilbrone, alastair cameron cromby, david lindberg, edward grant, thomas goldstein aur taid davis ney iss lokpriya dhaarana kii sameeksha kii haye kii madhyayugeen isai dharm sabhyata aur vigyaan key vikas mein ack nakaratmak prabhaav thaa. apane vichaaron mein, bhikshuon ney naa kewal berber akramanon key dauran pracheen sabhyata key avasheshon koo bachaaya aur vikasit kiya, balki madhyayugeen church ney kaee vishvavidyalayon key prayojan key madhyam seey shiksha aur vigyaan koo badhaava diyaa, joe isake netritva mein, 11veen aur 12veen shatabdi mein europe mein teji seey vikasit huaa. church key "aadarsh dharamshastri" thomas aquinas ney naa kewal yeh tark diyaa kii kaaran vishvaas key saath samanjasya mein haye, balki unhone yeh bhee maanaa kii kaaran rahasyodghatan koo samajhane mein yogdan curr sakata haye, aur isaliye bauddhik vikas koo protsaahit kiya. vaha anya madhyayugeen dharmshastriyon key vipareet naheen they jinhone apane vishvaas kii raksha karane key prayaas mein kaaran kii talash kii thee. aaj key kuchh vidvaanon, jaise kii steinly jaaki ney daavaa kiya haye kii isai dharm apane vishesh vishva drishtikon key saath, aadhunik vigyaan key udbhav key liye ack mahatvapurna kaarak thaa. kuchh vidwan aur itihaaskaar vaigyaanik kranti key uday mein yogdan dene key liye isai dharm koo jimmedaar thaharaate hain.
professor noa jey afron kaa kahana haye kii "itihaskaron aur samajshastriyon kii peedhiyon ney kaee tarikon kii khoj kii haye jinamen isai, isai vishvaas aur isai sansthanon ney una siddhanton, tarikon aur sansthanon koo banaane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai haye joe samay mein aadhunik vigyaan bunn gaye. unhone paaya kii isai dharm key kuchh roopon ney prakriti kaa vyavasthit roop seey adhyayan karane kii prerana pradaan kii...lagbhag sabhi aadhunik vidwan aur itihaaskaar iss baat seey sahmat hain kii isai dharm ney kaee praarambhik-aadhunik buddhijiviyon koo prakriti kaa vyavasthit roop seey adhyayan karane key liye prerit kiya.
vyaktigat vaigyaanikon kii maanyataaen.
isai vidvaanon aur vaigyaanikon ney vigyaan aur praudyogiki key kshetron mein ullekhaniya yogdan diyaa haye, saath hii chikitsa key roop mein, kaee prasiddh aitihaasik hastiyon ney joe khud koo isai maanate hue paschimi vigyaan koo prabhaavit kiya jaise kii nicolas copernicus, galileo galile, johannes capler, isaq neuton robert boyley, francis bekan, gottfried wilheim leibniz, carle friedrich goss, emmanuel swedenbourg, alessandro volta, carle friedrich goss, antoine lavoiseer, aur ray-mairi ampere, johnn dalton, james clerk maxwell, villium thomson, 1 baron kelvin, luis paster, michael fairade aur jey. jey. thomson. 
udaaharan key liye, isaq neuton kaa maanana thaa kii gurutvaakarshan key kaaran grah soorya key aspas ghoomate hain, aur iss design key liye bhagwan koo shreya diyaa jaataa haye. daarshanik prakriti siddhant ganit key samaapan samanya adhyayan mein unhone likhaah "soorya, grahon aur dhoomketuon kii yeh sabse sunder pranali, kewal ack buddhiman aur shaktishali vyakti kii salah aur prabhutva seey aage badh sakati haye."vigyaan key anya prasiddh sansthapakon mein joe isai maanyataon kaa paalan karate they, unamen galileo, johann capler aur blaze pascal shamil hain.
isai vishvaas kii vakaalat karane vaale pramukh aadhunik vaigyaanikon mein nobel puraskar vijeta bhautik vigyaani charles town (united church off christ member) aur villium daniel phillips (united methodist church member), evangelical christian aur maanav genome pariyojana key poorv pramukh francis collins aur jalavaayu vigyaani johnn tii shamil hain. hutton.
100 saal key nobel puraskar" key anusaar 1901 aur 2000 key beach nobel puraskar kii sameeksha seey pataa chalata haye kii nobel puraskar vijetaon (65.4%) ney apane vibhinn roopon mein isai dharm koo apani dhaarmik prathamikta key roop mein pahachaana haye. kull milakar, isaaiyon ney 1901 aur 2000 key beach rasayan vigyaan mein kull 72.5%, bhautiki mein 65.3%, chikitsa mein 62%, arthshastra mein 54% jeete hain.
purvi isai dharm.
byzantine vigyaan anivarya roop seey shaastriya vigyaan thaa, aur islami duniya aur punarjagaran itali mein shaastriya gyaan key sancharan mein ack mahatvapurna aur mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. kaee sabse pratishthit shaastriya vidvaanon ney purvi roodhivaadi church mein uchch pada sambhala. isaliye, byzantine vigyaan harr avadhi mein pracheen-moortipoojak darshan aur tatvamimansa seey nikatata seey judaa huaa thaa. moortipoojak shiksha key kuchh virodh key bavjood, kaee sabse pratishthit shaastriya vidvaanon ney church mein uchch pada sambhala. chauthi aur paanchvin shatabdi mein athens kii akadami dwara shaastriya adhyayan koo diye gaye protsaahan, alekjendar kii daarshanik akadami key josh aur vishvavidyalaya kii sevaaon key kaaran pracheen kaal key lekhan koo kabhi bhee byzantine samrajya mein vikasit karna bund naheen kiya gayaa, joe poori tarah seey dharmnirpeksh vishayon seey sambandhit thaa, dharamshastra key bahishkaar key liye, joe pitrisattaatmak akadami mein padhaaya jaataa thaa. yahaan taka kii baad vaale ney bhee pracheen classics mein nirdesh diyaa, aur apane pathyakram mein saahityik, daarshanik aur vaigyaanik granthon koo shamil kiya. mathon key school bible, dharamshastra aur dhaarmik pratha parr kendrit they. isaliye, mathon key granthon ney apane adhikansh prayason koo church kii pandulipiyon key pratilekhan parr kharch kiya, jabaki pracheen-moortipoojak saahitya koo aam logon yaa paadari jaise photos, sizeria key areth, thissalonica key eustatheus aur basilius besarian dwara lipyantarit, sankshepit, uddhrit aur tippani kiya gayaa thaa. byzantine vaigyaanikon ney mahaan pracheen yunani ganitvidon kii viraasat koo sanrakshit aur jaari rakhaa aur ganit koo vyavhaar mein laaya. praarambhik byzantium (5veen seey 7veen shatabdi) mein, vastukaron aur ganitvidon ney myeletus key siddhant aur trolles key anthemius ney mahaan hagia sofiya church key nirmaan key liye jatil ganitiya sootron kaa upayog kiya, joe isake samay key liye aur sadiyon baad isaki hadataali jyaamiti, bolled design aur oonchaai key kaaran ack takniki safalata thee. byzantium (9veen seey 12veen shatabdi) key anta mein michael selos jaise ganitvidon ney ganit koo duniya kii vyakhya karane kaa ack tarika maanaa.
madhya purvi isai, vishesh roop seey poorv key church (nestorian) key anuyaayiyon ney, umayad aur abasi kaal key dauran yunani daarshnikon key karyon kaa siriyai aur baad mein arabi mein anuvaad karke arab islami sabhyata mein yogdan diyaa. chauthi seey saatvin shatabdi key dauran, siriyai aur yunani bhaashaon mein vidvatapurna kaary yaa tou nae sire seey shuru kiya gayaa thaa, yaa helenwadi kaal seey aage badhaaya gayaa thaa. shaastriya gyaan key shikshan aur sancharan key kendron mein nisibis kaa vidyalaya, aur baad mein edessa kaa vidyalaya, aur jundispur kaa prasiddh aspatal aur chikitsa akadami jaise college shamil they; pustakalayon mein alexandaria kaa pustakalaya aur constantinople kaa shaahi pustakalaya shamil thaa; anuvaad aur shiksha key anya kendra merve, salonica, nishapur aur citiphone mein kaam karate they, joe baad mein baghdad banane key thheek dakshin mein sthit they.
gyaan key ghar key kaee vidwan isai prishthabhoomi key they;
gyaan kaa ghar ack pustakalaya, anuvaad sansthaan aur akadami thee joe abbasid-yug baghdad, iraq mein sthaapit kii gaee thee. arab sanskriti key gathan mein nestoriyanon ney ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai, jisamen jandishapur school sassani, umayyad aur praarambhik abbasid kaal mein pramukh thaa. vishesh roop seey, 8veen aur 11veen shatabdi key beach nestorian bukhtishu parivaar kii aathh peedhiyon ney khalifaaon aur sultaanon key liye niji doctors key roop mein kaam kiya.
1204 mein nirantar logon kii barkhastagi aur 1453 mein byzantine samrajya key anta key baad kii avadhi mein byzantine vidvaanon aur pravasiyon kii pravaas laharon koo kaee vidvaanon dwara yunani aur roman adhyayanon key punruddhar kii kunji maanaa jaataa haye, jisase punarjagaran manavtavad aur vigyaan kaa vikas huaa. inn pravasiyon ney paschimi europe mein apekshaakrit achchi tarah seey sanrakshit avasheshon aur apani (yunani) sabhyata key sanchit gyaan koo laaya, joe jyaadaatar paschim mein praarambhik madhya yug seey jeevit naheen thee. encyclopaedia britannica" key anusaarah "kaee aadhunik vidwan iss baat seey bhee sahmat hain kii iss ghatana key parinamswarup itali mein yoonaniyon kaa palayan madhya yug key anta aur punarjagaran kii shuruat koo chihnit kartaa haye.
catholic church.
sadiyon seey parishkrit aur spasht kiye jaane key bavjood, vigyaan aur dharm key beach sambandhon parr roman catholic sthiti sadbhaav kii haye, aur thomas aquina dwara nirdhaarit praakritik kaanoon key shikshan koo banaae rakhaa haye. udaaharan key liye, vikas jaise vaigyaanik adhyayan key sambandh mein, church kii anaupchaarik sthiti aastik vikas kaa ack udaaharan haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii maanav vikas key sambandh mein vishvaas aur vaigyaanik nishkarsh sangharsh mein naheen hain, halanki manushyon koo ack vishesh srishti key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, aur yeh kii ishwar kaa astitva maanav utpatti key ekatmata aur aadhyatmik ghatak donon koo samajhaane key liye aavashyak haye. catholic schools ney kaee shataabdiyon seey apane pathyakram mein vaigyaanik adhyayan key sabhi tarikon koo shamil kiya haye.
galileo ney ack baar kahaa thaa, "pavitra aatma kaa irada hamein swarg jaanaa sikhana haye, naa kii swarg kaise jaataa haye."1981 mein johnn paul dwiteeya, taba roman catholic church key pope, ney iss sambandh key baare mein iss tarah seey baat keeh" bible swayam hamein brahmand kii utpatti aur isake banaavat key baare mein bataati haye, hamein ack vaigyaanik granth pradaan karane key liye naheen, balki bhagwan aur brahmand key saath manushya key sahee sambandhon koo bataane key liye. pavitra granth kewal yeh ghoshit karna chaahata haye kii duniya bhagwan dwara banaai gaee thee, aur iss sachchai koo sikhaane key liye yeh lekhak key samay upayog mein brahmand vigyaan key sandarbh mein khud koo vyakt kartaa haye.
paschimi aksharon aur shiksha parr church kaa prabhaav durjeya rhaa haye. bibil key pracheen granthon ney paschimi kalaa, saahitya aur sanskriti koo gaharaai seey prabhaavit kiya haye. paschimi roman samrajya key patan key baad sadiyon taka, chhote mathwasi samudaay vyaavhaarik roop seey paschimi europe mein saksharta kii ekmatra chauki they. samay key saath, cathedral school europe key sabse shuruati vishvavidyalayon mein vikasit hue aur church ney sadiyon seey duniya bhar mein hajaaron praathamik, maadhyamik aur tritiyak sansthanon kii sthaapana kii haye. church aur paadari varg ney bhee alag-alag samay parr granthon aur vidvaanon koo sensor karane kii maang kii haye. iss prakaar paschimi aksharon aur shiksha key sambandh mein church kii bhoomika aur prabhaav key baare mein vibhinn vichaar maujood hain.
catholic cysterian crum ney apani sankhya pranali kaa upayog kiya, joe ack hii sanket mein 0 seey 9999 taka kii sankhyaon koo vyakt curr sakati thee. ack aadhunik cysterian key anusaar, "udyam aur udyamsheelta kii bhavna" hamesha adesh kii pehchaan kaa ack hissa rahee haye, aur cysterian 12 veen shatabdi key europe mein "bajar arthavyavastha key vikas key liye utprerak they. audyogik kranti taka, europe mein adhikansh takniki pragati mathon mein hui thee. madhyayugeen jeane gimpel key anusaar, unaki uchch star kii audyogik praudyogiki ney naee takneekon key prasaar koo suvidhajanak banaayah "pratyek mathh mein ack model karkhana thaa, joe aksar church jitna badaa thaa aur kewal kaee feat door thaa, aur jall shakti apane farsh parr sthit vibhinn udyogon kii machinary koo chalaati thee."jalshakti kaa upayog gehuun koo kuchalane, aate kii chhaani karane, kapade koo bharane aur charm-nirmaan key liye kiya jaataa thaa-ack" "takniki upalabdhi kaa star [joe] vyaavhaarik roop seey sabhi cysterian mathon mein dekhaa jaa sakata thaa. angreji vigyaan itihaaskaar james barke ney apani duss-bhaag kii "connection" tv shrinkhala key chauthe bhaag mein barbegal aquaduct aur arles key paas mill jaisi roman jall mill praudyogiki seey praapt cysterian jall shakti key prabhaav kii jaanch kii, jise "numbers mein vishvaas" kahaa jaataa haye. cystertians ney madhyayugeen europe mein sanskriti aur praudyogiki mein pramukh yogdan diyaah cysterian vastukala koo madhyayugeen vastukala kii sabse sunder shailiyon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye; aur cysterian krishi aur hydrolic engineering jaise kshetron mein takniki prasaar kii mukhya shakti they.
ack drishtikon, joe pahale gyaan daarshnikon dwara prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa, yeh daavaa kartaa haye kii church key siddhant poori tarah seey andhavishwasi hain aur sabhyata kii pragati mein baadha daalate hain. saamyavaadi raajyon ney apane nagrikon mein kaitholikwad (aur samanya roop seey dharm) key nakaratmak drishtikon koo vikasit karane key liye apani shiksha mein isi tarah key tark diye hain. aise alochakon dwara uddhrit sabse prasiddh ghatanaaen church kii copernicus, galileo galile aur johann capler kii shikshaon kii ninda hain.
church key paadari-vaigyaanik, jinamen seey kaee jesuit they, khagol vigyaan, aanuvanshiki, bhoo-chumbakatva, mausam vigyaan, bhookamp vigyaan aur saur bhautiki mein pramukh prakashon mein seey ack rahey hain, joe inn vigyaanon key kuchh "pitaa" bunn gaye hain. udaharanon mein mahatvapurna church key loga jaise augustinian abot gregor mendell (aanuvanshiki key adhyayan mein agrani), roser bekan (ack franciscan fryer joe vaigyaanik vidhi key shuruati adhivaktaon mein seey ack thaa), aur belgium key paadari georges lemetre (bigg baing siddhant kaa prastaav rakhane vaale pahale) shamil hain. anya ullekhaniya paadari vaigyaanikon mein alberts magnus, robert grosseteste, nicolaus steno, franco grimmeldy, giambatista rickioli, roser boskovic aur athanasius kircher shamil hain. vigyaan mein shamil catholic samanya loga aur bhee adhik hainh heinry backrell jinhone radiodharmita kii khoj kii; galwani, volta, ampere, marconi, bijli aur dursanchar mein agrani; lavoiseer, "aadhunik rasayan vigyaan key pitaa"; vesalius, aadhunik maanav shareer rachana key sansthaapak; aur kauchi, una ganitvidon mein seey ack jinhone cullon kii kathor neenv rakhee.
poore itihas mein kaee roman catholic maulaviyon ney vigyaan mein yogdan diyaa haye, jyaadaatar saarvajanik jeevan mein church key prabhutva kii avadhi key dauran. inn maulavi-vaigyaanikon mein nicolas copernicus, gregor mendell, georges lemetre, alberts magnus, roser bekan, piyare gassendy, roser joseph boskovic, marrin mersen, bernard boljano, franco maria grimaldi, nikol oresme, jeane buridan, robert groceste, christopher clavius, nicolaus steno, atanasius kircher, jiyovanni battista ricisioli, villium off oakham aur anya shamil hain. catholic church ney kaee samanya vaigyaanikon aur ganitvidon koo bhee paida kiya haye, jinamen 20veen shatabdi key nobel puraskar vijeta jaise rasaayanshaastri mario jey shamil hain. molina, rasaayanagya johnn polani, bhautik vigyaani ricardo giaconi, kaee anya logon key beach.
vigyaan mein jesuit.
jesuit ney vigyaan key vikas mein kaee mahatvapurna yogdan diye hain. udaaharan key liye, jesuit ney bhookampon key liye mahatvapurna adhyayan kiya haye, aur bhookamp vigyaan koo "jesuit vigyaan" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. jesuit koo "satrahavin shatabdi mein prayogaatmak bhautiki mein sabse mahatvapurna yogadankarta" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. jonathan raait key anusaar, unaki pustak "gods solgers" mein, 18veen shatabdi taka jesuits ney "pendulam ghadiyon, pantograph, barometer, paraavartak doorbinon aur sookshmadarshi key vikas mein yogdan diyaa thaa, joe chumbakatva, prakashiki aur bijli jaise vaigyaanik kshetron mein bhee yogdan dete they. unhone dekhaa, kuchh mamalon mein kissy aur seey pahale, jupiter kii satah parr rangeen pattiyan, andromeda niharika aur shani key valay. unhone rakt key parisancharan (swatantra roop seey harvey), udaan kii saiddhaantik sambhavana, chandrama key jwaar-bhaata koo prabhaavit karane key tareeke aur prakaash kii lahar jaisi prakriti key baare mein siddhant diyaa."
pradarshankari.
vigyaan parr protestantwad kaa mahatvapurna prabhaav thaa. merton thesis key anusaar ack or shuddhatavad aur protestant petism key uday aur doosari or praarambhik prayogaatmak vigyaan key beach ack sakaratmak sambandh thaa. merton thesis key dou alag-alag bhaag hainh pahala, yeh ack siddhant prastut kartaa haye kii vigyaan avalokan key sanchay aur prayogaatmak takneekon aur karyapranali mein sudhaar key kaaran badalata haye; doosara, yeh tark detaa haye kii 17 veen shatabdi mein ingland mein vigyaan kii lokpriyata aur shaahi samaaj kii dhaarmik jansankhyiki (usa samay key angreji vaigyaanik mukhya roop seey shuddhatavadi yaa anya protestant they) koo protestantwad aur vaigyaanik moolyon key beach ack sahsambandh dwara samajhaaya jaa sakata haye. apane siddhant mein, robbert key. merton ney angreji shuddhatavad aur german petism parr dhyaan kendrit kiya kyonki way 17veen aur 18veen shatabdi kii vaigyaanik kranti key vikas key liye jimmedaar they. merton ney samajhaaya kii dhaarmik sambaddhata aur vigyaan mein ruchi key beach sambandh tapasvi protestant moolyon aur aadhunik vigyaan key beach ack mahatvapurna talmel kaa parinam thaa. protestant moolyon ney vigyaan koo duniya parr bhagwan key prabhaav kaa adhyayan karane kii anumati dekar vaigyaanik anusandhaan koo protsaahit kiya aur iss prakaar vaigyaanik anusandhaan key liye ack dhaarmik auchitya pradaan kiya.
harriot zuckerman dwara "sanyukt raajya america mein vaigyaanik abhijaat vargah nobel puraskar vijetaon" key anusaar, 1901 aur 1972 key beach pradaan kiye gaye americi nobel puraskar vijetaon kii sameeksha, 72 pratishat americi nobel puraskar vijetaon kii pehchaan protestant prishthabhoomi seey kii gaee haye. kull milakar, protestant ney 1901 aur 1972 key beach rasayan vigyaan mein sabhi americi nobel puraskaron mein seey kull 84.2%, chikitsa mein 60 pratishat, bhautiki mein 58.6% jeete hain.
vichaar aur kaary naitikta.
isai vitt" kii dhaarana banking aur vittiya gatividhiyon koo sandarbhit karati haye joe kaee shataabdiyon pahale astitva mein aaee theen. chaahe night templer (12veen shatabdi) kii gatividhiyaan houn, dharmanishtha key pahaad (1462 mein dikhaai diye) yaa seedhe vatican seey judaa apostolic kaksh, banking prakriti key kaee sanchaalan (dhana rinn, guaranti, aadi).byaaj aur church key vinimay gatividhiyon (utpaadan gatividhiyon key virodh mein) key khilaf avishvaas key nishedh key bavjood, ack vittiya prakriti (pratibhootiyon, niveshon koo jaari karna) saabit hoti haye.
thomas aquinas key shishya aur ack catholic vichaarak francisco dee vittoria, jinhone upaniveshvaadi mool nivaasiyon key manvadhikaron key mudde kaa adhyayan kiya, koo sanyukt rashtra dwara antarrashtriya kaanoon key pitaa key roop mein maanyata dee gaee haye, aur abb arthshastra aur loktantra key itihaskaron dwara bhee paschim key loktantra aur teji seey aarthik vikas key liye ack pramukh prakaash key roop mein maanyata praapt haye. 20veen shatabdi key arthashastri joseph schumpeter ney vidvaanon kaa ullekh karate hue likhaa, "way hii hain joe vaigyaanik arthshastra key 'sansthaapak' honey key liye kissy bhee anya samooh kii tulanaa mein adhik karib aatey hain."anya arthshastriyon aur itihaskaron, jaise kii raymond dee reuver, marjori griss-hutchinson aur alegendro chafuen ney bhee isi tarah key bayaan diye hain.
ishwar aur manushya kii protestant avadharana vishvaasiyon koo tark kii shakti sahit apane sabhi ishwar-pradatt gunon kaa upayog karane kii anumati detee haye. iska matlab haye kii unhein bhagwan kii srishti kaa pataa lagaane kii anumati haye aur utpatti 2hah15 key anusaar, iska upayog ack jimmedaar aur tikaau tareeke seey karein. iss prakaar ack saanskritik jalavaayu kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa jisane manaviki aur vigyaan key vikas koo bahut badhaaya. manushya kii protestant samajh kaa ack aur parinam yeh haye kii vishvaasiyon koo, apane chunaav key liye kritagyata aur masih mein mukti mein, bhagwan kii aagyaon kaa paalan karna haye. udyog, mitavyayita, ahwan, anushasana aur jimmedaari kii ack majboot bhavna unake naitik sanhita key kendra mein hain. vishesh roop seey, johnn calvin ney vilasita koo aswikar curr diyaa. isaliye, shilpkar, udyogpati aur anya vyavasaayi apane munafe key badey hisse koo sabse kushal machinary aur vigyaan aur praudyogiki mein pragati parr adharit sabse aadhunik utpaadan vidhiyon mein phir seey nivesh karane mein saksham they. parinamswarup, utpaadaktaa mein vriddhi hui, jisase laabh mein vriddhi hui aur niyoktaon koo adhik majdoori dene mein saksham banaaya gayaa. iss tarah arthavyavastha, vigyaan aur praudyogiki ney ack dusare koo majboot kiya. takniki aavishkaron kii aarthik safalata mein bhaag lene kaa mauka aavishkarakon aur niveshakon donon key liye ack majboot protsaahan thaa. gair-niyojit aur samanvit zana kaarravaai key peechhe protestant kaary naitikta ack mahatvapurna shakti thee jisane poonjeevaad aur audyogik kranti key vikas koo prabhaavit kiya. iss vichaar koo "protestant ethic thesis" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. kendriya udaar satyah rajneeti kaise ack sanskriti koo badal sakati haye aur ise khud seey bachaa sakati haye" pustak mein laurence ee. harrison kaa tark haye kii confucianism aur judawad key saath protestantwad pragati, sanskriti aur samaaj koo badhaava dene mein adhik safal rhaa haye. shiksha, upalabdhi, kaary naitikta, yogyata, mitavyayita aur imandari key pradarshankari gunon key kaaran.
kuchh mukhya protestant sampradaay jaise episcopelian aur presbyterian aur mandaliwadi america mein adhikansh anya dhaarmik samoohon kii tulanaa mein kaafee dhanee aur behtar shikshit (prati vyakti snaatak aur snatkottar degree kaa uchch anupaat rakhane vaale) hotey hain, aur americi vyaapaar, kaanoon aur rajneeti, vishesh roop seey republican party key oopari kshetron mein asman roop seey pratinidhitva karate hain. sabse ameer aur samriddh americi parivaaron kii badee sankhya jaise kii vanderbilt, asters, rockfeller, doo pont, roozvelt, forbes, whiteney, melance, morgans aur harryman mukhya protestant parivaar hain. boston brahmin", jinhen rashtra key samajik aur saanskritik abhijaat varg key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa, aksar americi uchch varg, harvard vishvavidyalaya aur episcopal church seey judey they. puraane fildelfiyan" aksar americi uchch varg aur episcopal church aur quakerism seey judey they. yeye parivaar sanyukt raajya america mein kalaa, sanskriti, vigyaan, chikitsa, kaanoon, rajneeti, udyog aur vyaapaar key vikas aur netritva mein prabhaavshaali they.
16veen mein protestantwad key uday ney uttari europe mein banking key vikas mein yogdan diyaa. 18veen shatabdi key anta mein, protestant vyaapaari parivaaron ney banking mein teji seey kadam rakhna shuru curr diyaa, vishesh roop seey united kingdam (barrings), germany (schroeders, berenberg) aur neetherland (hope aind koo) jaise vyaparik deshon mein., gulcher aur mulder) usee samay, naee prakaar kii vittiya gatividhiyon ney banking key dayare koo isaki utpatti seey parey bhee vyaapak banaa diyaa. ack vichardhara uttari europe mein baad mein poonjeevaad key vikas key liye munch sthaapit karane key saath kalvinvad koo shreya detee haye. morgan parivaar ack americi episcopal church parivaar aur banking rajvansh haye, joe yuu. aiss. mein pramukh bunn gayaa.aiss. aur 19veen shatabdi key anta aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein duniya bhar mein. catholic banking parivaaron mein medisi, velsar parivaar, bhagoda parivaar aur simonetti parivaar shamil hain.
kuchh shikshaavidon ney yeh siddhant diyaa haye kii uttari deshon key pramukh paaramparik dharm, luthranwad kaa vahaan key samajik loktantra key vikas aur uttari model parr prabhaav padaa. schroeder kaa maanana haye kii luthranwad ney vishvaasiyon key ack rashtravyapi samudaay key vichaar koo badhaava diyaa aur aarthik aur samajik jeevan mein raajya kii bhagidari mein vriddhi kii, jisase rashtravyapi kalyan ekjutata aur aarthik samanvaya kii anumati millie. eesaa mangaloza kaa kahana haye kii punruddhar andolanon ney aadhunik finish kalyan raajya kaa maarg prashast karane mein madad kii. usa prakriya key dauran, church ney apani kuchh sabse mahatvapurna samajik jimmedariyon (swaasthya dekhbhal, shiksha aur samajik kaary) koo khou diyaa kyonki yeye kaary dharmnirpeksh finish raajya dwara grahan kiye gaye they. pauli kettunan ney nordic model koo ack prakaar key pauranik "luthran kisan gyaan" key parinam key roop mein prastut kiya haye, jisamen nordic model koo ack prakaar key "dharmnirpeksh luthernism" key parinam key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye; haalaanki, iss vishay parr mukhyadhara kaa shaikshanik pravachan "aitihaasik vishishtata" parr kendrit haye, jisamen luthran church kii kendrikrit sanrachana saanskritik moolyon aur raajya sanrachanaon kaa ack pahalu haye joe scandinavia mein kalyankari raajya key vikas kaa kaaran banaa.
tyauhar.
roman catholic, anglican, purvi isai aur paaramparik protestant samudaay dhaarmik varsh key aspas pooja karate hain. dhaarmik chakr varsh koo rituon kii ack shrinkhala mein vibhajit kartaa haye, pratyek apane dhaarmik jore aur prarthana key tarikon key saath, jise churchon koo sajaane key vibhinn tarikon, paadari varg key liye parament aur vastron key rangon, dharmgranthon key pathan, prachaar key liye vishayon aur yahaan taka kii vibhinn paramparaon aur prathaon dwara bhee darshaaya jaa sakata haye joe aksar vyaktigat roop seey yaa ghar mein dekhi jaati hain.
paschimi isai dhaarmik calender catholic church key roman sanskar key chakr parr adharit hain, aur purvi isai apane-apane sanskaron key chakr key aadhar parr anuroop calender kaa upayog karate hain. calender pavitra dinon koo alag rakhate hain, jaise kii yeeshu yaa mairi key jeevan mein ack ghatana kaa smaran karane vaali gambhir ghatanaaen, sant, upvaas kii avadhi jaise kii lent, aur anya pavitra karyakram jaise kii smriti yaa cumm tyohaaron key roop mein santon kaa smaran karate hain. isai samooh joe ack dhaarmik parampara kaa paalan naheen karate hain, aksar kuchh samarohon koo banaae rakhate hain, jaise kii chrismus, easter aur pentecostah yeye kramshah masih key janm, punrutthan aur church parr pavitra aatma key vansh key utsav hain. kuchh sampradaay dhaarmik calender kaa upayog naheen karate hain.
chrismus (yaa "janm kaa parv") yeeshu masih key janm kii yaad mein manaaya jaane vaalaa ack vaarshik tyohar haye, jise duniya bhar key arabon logon key beach ack dhaarmik aur saanskritik utsav key roop mein manaaya jaataa haye. chrismus divas duniya key kaee deshon mein ack saarvajanik avkash haye, jise adhikansh isaaiyon dwara dhaarmik roop seey manaaya jaataa haye, saath hii saath kaee gair-isaaiyon dwara saanskritik roop seey manaaya jaataa haye, aur isake aspas kendrit chhuttiyon key mausam kaa ack abhinn hissa haye. chhutti key lokpriya aadhunik reeti-rivaajon mein upahaar denaa shamil haye; ack aagaman calender yaa aagaman pushpchakra koo puuraa karna; chrismus sangeet aur carolling; ack janm naatak dekhana; chrismus card kaa adaan-pradaan; church kii sevaaen; ack vishesh bhojan; aur chrismus key pedon, chrismus kii roshni, janm key drishya, maalaa, pushp maalaa, mistaleto aur hollie sahit vibhinn chrismus sajawat kaa pradarshan. isake alawa, kaee nikatata seey sambandhit aur aksar vinimeya aakritiyaan, jinhen saanta closs, faadar chrismus, sent nicolaus aur chriskind key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, chrismus key mausam key dauran bachchon koo upahaar laane seey judee hoti hain aur unaki apani paramparaon aur vidyaon kaa apana shareer hotaa haye.
easter yaa "punrutthan ravivaar", ack tyohar aur chhutti haye joe yeeshu key mritakon mein seey punrutthan kii yaad mein manaaya jaataa haye, jise nae vasiyatname mein varnit kiya gayaa haye kii romanon dwara 30 esvi mein unake croose parr chadhaae jaane key baad unake dafanaane key teesare dinn huaa thaa. easter key reeti-rivaaj isai duniya mein bhinn hotey hain, aur isamen suryodaya sevaayen, pascal abhivaadan kaa uchchaaran, church koo clip karna, aur easter andey (khaali makbare key prateek) koo sajana shamil haye. easter lilly, punrutthan kaa prateek, paaramparik roop seey iss dinn aur baaki easter key liye churchon key chansal kshetra koo sajaata haye. atirikt reeti-rivaaj joe easter key saath judey hue hain aur donon isaaiyon aur kuchh gair-isaaiyon dwara dekhe jaate hain, unamen andey kaa shikaar, easter khargosh aur easter pared shamil hain. vibhinn paaramparik easter khaadya padaarth bhee hain joe kshetriya roop seey bhinn hotey hain.
dhaarmik jeevan.
roman catholic dharamshastra saat sanskaron kii ganana kartaa haih bapatisma (namkaran), pushti (chrismation), eucharist (communion), praayashchit (sulah), bimaaron kaa abhishek (dusare vatican parishad seey pahale jise aam taur parr charam unction kahaa jaataa haye), vivaah
isai vishvaas aur abhyaas mein, ack "sanskar" ack sanskar haye, jise masih dwara sthaapit kiya gayaa haye, joe ack pavitra rahasya kaa gathan karate hue anugrah kaa madhyasthata kartaa haye. yeh shabd lattin shabd "sacramentum" seey liya gayaa haye, jiska upayog "rahasya" key liye yunani shabd kaa anuvaad karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. sanskar kyaa hain aur sanskar honey key liye iska kyaa arth haye, donon key baare mein vichaar isai sampradayon aur paramparaon key beach bhinn hotey hain.
sanskar kii sabse paaramparik karyatmak paribhasha yeh haye kii yeh ack baahari sanket haye, jise masih dwara sthaapit kiya gayaa haye, joe masih key madhyam seey ack aantarik, aadhyatmik anugrah koo vyakt kartaa haye. dou sabse vyaapak roop seey sweekrit sanskar hain-bapatisma aur dhaarmik sanskar (yaa pavitra biradari), haalaanki, adhikansh isai bhee paanch atirikt sanskaron koo pahachaante hainh pushti (roodhivaadi parampara mein chrismation), pavitra adesh (samanvaya), praayashchit (yaa sweekaarokti), bimaaron kaa abhishek, aur vivaah (vivaah parr isai vichaar dekhein).
ack saath, yeye saat sanskar hain jinhen uchch church parampara mein churchon dwara maanyata dee gaee haye-vishesh roop seey roman catholic, purvi roodhivaadi, praachya roodhivaadi, swatantra catholic, puraane catholic, kaee anglican aur kuchh luthran. adhikansh anya sampradaay aur paramparaaen aam taur parr kewal bapatisma aur dhaarmik sanskaron key roop mein dhaarmik sanskar kii pushti karati hain, jabaki kuchh protestant samooh, jaise kii quakers, dhaarmik dharamshastra koo aswikar karate hain. isai sampradaay, jaise kii baptist, joe maanate hain kii yeye sanskar anugrah kaa sanchaar naheen karate hain, sanskaron key bajaay baptism aur pavitra communion koo "adhyadesh" kahana pasand karate hain.
aaj, adhikansh isai sampradaay dhaarmik purush khatna key baare mein tatasth hain, naa tou isaki aavashyakta haye aur naa hii ise pratibandhit karna. coptic, ethiopian aur eritrian roodhivaadi churchon aur kuchh anya african churchon key beach yeh pratha prachalit haye, kyonki unake liye purush sadasyon kii khatna kii aavashyakta hoti haye. bhale hii adhikansh isai sampradayon mein purush khatna kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye, lekin kaee mukhya roop seey isai deshon aur kaee isai samudaayon mein purush khatna vyaapak roop seey hotaa haye. africa, anglosphere deshon, phillippeans, madhya poorv, dakshin koria aur mahasagar mein isai samudaayon kii khatna darr adhik haye, jabaki europe aur dakshin america mein isai samudaayon kii khatna darr cumm haye. sanyukt raajya america aur phillippeans khatna kaa vyaapak roop seey abhyaas karane vaale duniya key sabse badey isai desh hain. vidwan header ell. armstrong likhate hain kii, 2021 taka, duniya bhar mein lagbhag aadhe isai purushon kii khatna kii jaati haye, jinamen seey adhikansh africa, anglosphere deshon aur phillippeans mein sthit hain.
vishesh karyakramon jaise kii seva mein bapatisma yaa shadiyon yaa mahatvapurna dawat key dinon key liye pooja mein vividhata hoe sakati haye. praarambhik church mein, isai aur joe abhee taka deeksha poori naheen curr paae hain, way pooja key dhaarmik bhaag key liye alag hoe jaate they. aaj kaee churchon mein, vayask aur bachche sabhi yaa kuchh sevaaon key liye alag-alag honge taaki way ayu-upayukt shikshan praapt curr sakein. aise bachchon kii pooja koo aksar ravivaar school yaa sabbath school kahaa jaataa haye (ravivaar key school aksar sevaaon key bajaay pahale aayojit kiye jaate hain).
parivarik jeevan.
isai sanskriti parivaar parr ullekhaniya jore detee haye, aur vidvaanon max webber, ellen mcfarlane, steven ozment, jack gudi aur peater laslet key kaam key anusaar, paschimi loktantron mein aadhunik vivaah key liye vishal parivartan "yahudi dharm, praarambhik isai dharm, roman catholic cannon kaanoon aur protestant sudhaar key tatvon dwara pradaan kii gaee dhaarmik-saanskritik moolya pranali dwara eendhan diyaa gayaa thaa. aitihaasik roop seey, catholic sanskriti aur deshon mein "vistaarit parivaar" mool parivaar ikai they.
adhikansh isai sampradaay bachchon koo vishvaas mein pravesh karane key liye shishu bapatisma kaa abhyaas karate hain. pushti anushthaan kaa kuchh roop taba hotaa haye jaba bachcha tark kii umr taka pahunch jaataa haye aur swechha seey dharm koo sweekaar curr letaa haye. anushthaan khatna kaa upayog coptic isai aur ethiopian roodhivaadi isai shishu purushon koo vishvaas seey sambandhit key roop mein chihnit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. poonjeevaad kii praarambhik avadhi key dauran, ack badey, vaanijyik madhyam varg key uday, mukhya roop seey neetherland aur ingland key protestant deshon mein, bachchon key paalan-poshan key ird-gird kendrit ack naee parivarik vichardhara laaee. shuddhatavad ney vyaktigat moksh key mahatva aur bachchon key aadhyatmik kalyan key liye chinta parr jore diyaa. yeh vyaapak roop seey maanyata praapt hoe gaee kii bachchon key paas apani or seey adhikaar hain. isamen garib bachchon key nirvaah, samudaay mein sadasyata, shiksha aur naukari prashikshan key adhikaar shamil they. elizabethan ingland mein garib raahat karyon ney kshetra key sabhi garib bachchon kii dekhbhal karane kii jimmedaari pratyek parrish parr daal dee. aur 20veen shatabdi seey pahale, isai dharm kii teen pramukh shaakhaaen-kaitholikwad, roodhivaad aur protestantwad-saath hii pramukh protestant sudharakon martin luther aur johnn calvin ney aam taur parr janm niyantran kaa ack mahatvapurna drishtikon rakhaa.
yeeshu masih key church off later-day saints parivaar parr ullekhaniya jore detaa haye, aur ack sanyukt parivaar kii vishisht avadharana joe hamesha key liye jeevit rahati haye aur pragati karati haye, baad key dinn key sant siddhant key mool mein haye. church key sadasyon koo shaadi karane aur bachche paida karane key liye protsaahit kiya jaataa haye, aur isake parinamswarup, baad key dinn sant parivaar ausat seey badey hotey hain. vivaah key baahar kii sabhi yaun gatividhiyon koo ack gambhir paap maanaa jaataa haye. sabhi samlaingik gatividhiyon koo paappurn maanaa jaataa haye aur samaan-ling vivaah ell. dee. aiss. church dwara naheen kiye jaate hain yaa samarthit naheen hotey hain. baad key dinn key sant pitaa joe pujari hotey hain, aam taur parr janm key turant baad apane bachchon kaa naam rakhate hain aur unhein aashirvaad dete hain taaki aupchaarik roop seey bachche koo ack naam diyaa jaa sakey aur unake liye ack church record banaaya jaa sakey. morman bahut parivaar-unmukh hotey hain aur peedhiyon aur vistaarit parivaar key saath unake majboot sambandh hotey hain, joe unake iss vishvaas koo darshaate hain kii parivaaron koo mrityu seey parey ack saath seal kiya jaa sakata haye. morman mein pavitrata kaa ack sakht kaanoon bhee haye, jisamen vishamalaingik vivaah key baahar yaun sambandhon seey door rahane aur vivaah key bheetar nishtha kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
2019 mein duniya bhar mein dharm aur rahane kii vyavastha key baare mein ack pyu center adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii duniya bhar key isai gair-isaaiyon (4.5 banaam 4.5) kii tulanaa mein ausatan kuchh chhote gharon mein rahate hain. 5.1 sadasya). duniya kii 34 pratishat isai aabaadi dou maataa-pitaa vaale parivaaron mein rahati haye, jinamen nabalig bachche hain, jabaki 29 pratishat vistaarit parivaaron key saath ghar mein rahate hain, 11 pratishat parivaar key anya sadasyon key binaa jode key roop mein rahate hain, 9 pratishat ghar mein rahate hain aur 18 varsh seey adhik ayu key cumm seey cumm ack bachche key saath ack yaa dou maataa-pitaa hain, 7 pratishat akele rahate hain, aur 6 pratishat ekal maataa-pitaa vaale gharon mein rahate hain. asia aur prashant, lattin america aur carribean, madhya poorv aur uttar africa aur upa-sahaara africa mein isai, badey paimaane parr chhote bachchon key saath vistaarit yaa dou maataa-pitaa parivaaron mein rahate hain. jabaki europe aur uttari america mein adhik isai akele rahate hain yaa parivaar key anya sadasyon key binaa jode key roop mein rahate hain.
vyanjan.
mukhyadhara key nikeen isai dharm mein, jaanvaron key prakaron parr koee pratibandh naheen haye jinhen khaaya jaa sakata haye. yeh abhyaas peater kii jaanvaron key saath ack chaadar kii drishti seey utpann hotaa haye, jisamen sant peater "akash seey neeche kiye gaye pratyek vivaran key jaanvaron vaali ack chaadar dekhta haye."phir bhee, nayaa vasiyatnama maans key sevan key baare mein kuchh dishanirdesh detaa haye, joe aaj isai church dwara abhyaas kiya jaataa haye; inmein seey ack vidharmi moortiyon koo jaanboojhkar bhojan naheen denaa haye, yeh vishvaas haye kii praarambhik church key pitaa, jaise kii alexandaria kii safai aur utpatti kaa prachaar kiya gayaa thaa. isake alawa, isai paaramparik roop seey kissy bhee bhojan koo khaane seey pahale bhojan key samay prarthana (anugrah) key saath aashirvaad dete hain, joe unake bhojan key liye bhagwan koo dhanyavaad dene kaa sanket haye.
bhojan key liye jaanvaron kaa vadh aksar tritvavaadi sootra key binaa kiya jaataa haye, halanki anya roodhivaadi masihiyon key beach, armenian apostolic church mein aise anushthaan hotey hain joe "shechitah", yahudi kosher vadh key saath spasht sambandh pradarshit karate hain."bible kaa kahana haye kii norman gesler, ack vyakti koo" "moortiyon koo balidan kiye gaye bhojan, khoon seey, galaa ghontane vaale jaanvaron key maans seey door rahane" "kaa nirdesh detaa haye. nae vasiyatname mein, tarsus key paul ney nott kiya haye kii kuchh dharmanishth isai maans khaane seey door rehna chaahte hain yadi isase bhagwan key saath apane vishvaas mein "merey bhaai koo thokar" lagati haye. iss prakaar, kuchh isai bhikshuon, jaise kii trappists ney isai shakahar kii neeti apnai haye. isake alawa, saatven dinn kii sahsi parampara key isai aam taur parr "maans aur atyadhik masaledar bhojan khaane seey bachate hain. anglikan, catholic, luthran, methodist aur roodhivaadi sampradayon mein isai paaramparik roop seey maans mukt dinn kaa paalan karate hain, aur maans mukt mausam vishesh roop seey daal key dhaarmik mausam key dauran.
kuchh isai sampradaay sharaab (sanyam) key madhyam peene koo sweekaar karate hain, jaise kii anglican, catholic, luthran aur roodhivaadi, halanki anya, jaise kii advenstist, baptist, methodist aur pentecostal yaa tou sharaab key sevan seey door rahate hain yaa pratibandhit karate hain (sanyam aur nishedh). haalaanki, iss mudde parr bibil kii sthiti koo dekhate hue, sabhi isai churchon ney saarvbhaumik roop seey nashe kii lutt koo paappurn bataaya.
isai khaana pakaane mein kaee sanskritiyon key bhojan kaa sanyojan hotaa haye jisamen isai rahate hain. chrismus kaa ack vishesh parivarik bhojan paaramparik roop seey chhutti key utsav kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa haye, aur joe bhojan parosa jaataa haye vaha desh-darr-desh bahut bhinn hotaa haye. kuchh kshetron, jaise sisili, chrismus kii poorv sandhya key liye vishesh bhojan karate hain, jaba 12 prakaar kii machhaliyan parosi jaati hain. united kingdam aur isaki paramparaon seey prabhaavit deshon mein, ack maanak chrismus bhojan mein turkey, huns yaa anya badey pakshi, gravy, aaloo, sabjiyaan, kabhi-kabhi rotty aur sider shamil hain. vishesh mithaai bhee taiyar kii jaati hain, jaise chrismus kheer, pees paaee, phal cake aur yule logg.
saaf-safai.
bible mein masik dharm, prasav, yaun sambandh, nishaachar utsarjan, asamanya shaaririk taral padaarth, twacha roga, mrityu aur pashu balidan seey sambandhit shuddhikaran key kaee anushthaan hain. ethiopian roodhivaadi tewahedo church kaee prakaar key haath dhone kaa nirdesh detaa haye, udaaharan key liye shauchalaya, shauchalaya yaa snanghar chhodane key baad, yaa prarthana seey pahale, yaa bhojan karane key baad. ethiopian orthodox tewahedo church mein mahilaaon koo masik dharm key dauran church key mandir mein pravesh karane seey manaa kiya gayaa haye; aur purush apani patniyon key saath sambhog karane key baad key dinn church mein pravesh naheen karate hain.
isai dharm ney hamesha swachchata parr jore diyaa haye, praarambhik isai paadari dwara roman pool kii mishrit snan shally kii ninda key saath-saath purushon key saamane mahilaaon key nagna snan karane kii vidharmi pratha key bavjood, yeh church koo apane anuyaayiyon seey snan key liye saarvajanik snan parr jaane kaa aagrah karane seey naheen rokta thaa, jisane church key pitaa key anusaar swachchata aur achche swaasthya mein yogdan diyaa, alexandaria aur tertullion kii safai. church ney saarvajanik snan suvidhaon kaa bhee nirmaan kiya joe mathon aur teerth sthalon key paas donon lingon key liye alag they; saath hii, praarambhik madhya yug seey church basilica aur mathon key bheetar sthit pope snan bhee they. pope gregory dha grate ney apane anuyaayiyon seey shaaririk aavashyakta key roop mein snan key moolya parr aagrah kiya.
mahaan snan grihon kaa nirmaan constantinople aur antioc jaise bassentine kendron mein kiya gayaa thaa, aur pope koo romanon koo "diaconia", yaa niji lateran snan, yaa yahaan taka kii 8 veen aur 9 veen shatabdi mein kaam karane vaale mathon key snan grihon key madhyam seey snan karane key liye aavantit kiya gayaa thaa. pope apane aavason mein apane snan banaae rakhate they, aur germ snan sahit snan grihon koo isai church kii imaraton yaa mathon key bhavanon mein shamil kiya jaataa thaa, jinhen "charity baath" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa kyonki way maulaviyon aur jaruratmand garib logon donon kii seva karate they. badey shaharon jaise peris, regensberg aur naples mein saarvajanik snan aam thaa. augustinian aur benedictine key catholic dhaarmik aadeshon mein anushthaan shuddhikaran shamil thaa, aur chikitsiya snan key abhyaas key liye narsia protsaahan key aashirvaad seey prerit thaa; benedictine bhikshuon ney spaa key vikas aur prachaar mein bhoomika nibhai. protestant isai dharm ney bhee british spaa key vikas mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai.
lokpriya vishvaas key vipareet roman samrajya key patan key saath europe mein snan aur swachchata naheen khou gaee thee. tathaakathit "andhera yug" key dauran sabun banaana pahali baar ack sthaapit vyaapaar bunn gayaa. romanon ney anya vikalpon key beach sugandhit telon (jyaadaatar misra seey) kaa upayog kiya. 15veen shatabdi taka, isaijagat mein sabun kaa nirmaan lagbhag audyogik hoe gayaa thaa, jisamen entwerp, castile, marcille, napples aur venis key srot they. 19veen shatabdi key madhya taka, angreji shaharikrit madhyam varg ney swachchata kii ack vichardhara kaa gathan kiya thaa joe vishisht victorian avadhaaranaon key saath-saath isai dharm, sammaan aur samajik pragati key roop mein sthaanit thee. moksh senaa ney vyaktigat swachchata kii tainaati aur vyaktigat swachchata utpaad pradaan karke andolan koo apanaaya haye.
kaee isai deshon mein paani kaa upayog kuchh hudd taka bibil key shauchalaya shishtachar key kaaran hotaa haye joe shauch key sabhi udaharanon key baad dhone koo protsaahit kartaa haye. bolly mukhya roop seey catholic deshon mein aam haye jahaan paani koo gudaa safai key liye aavashyak maanaa jaataa haye, aur kuchh paaramparik roop seey roodhivaadi aur protestant deshon jaise kii grees aur finland mein, jahaan bolly varsha aam haye.
isai popp sanskriti.
isai popp sanskriti (yaa isai lokpriya sanskriti), sthaaniya isai sanskriti haye joe kissy bhee samaaj mein prachalit haye. lokpriya sanskriti kii vishay-vastu dainik baatchit, jarooraton aur ichchhaon aur saanskritik 'andolanon' seey nirdhaarit hoti haye joe isaaiyon key rosemarra key jeevan koo banaate hain. isamen khaana pakaane, kapade, zana madhyam aur manoranjan key kaee pahalu jaise khel aur saahitya sahit kaee prathaaen shamil hoe sakati hain.
aadhunik shahari zana samajon mein, isai popp sanskriti koo audyogik badey paimaane parr utpaadan key vikas, dhwani aur chhavi prasaran aur recording kii naee takneekon kii shuruat aur maas media udyogon-film, prasaran radio aur television, radio, video game aur pustak prakaashan udyogon key saath-saath print aur electronic samachar media key vikas seey mahatvapurna roop seey aakar diyaa gayaa haye.
isai popp sanskriti kii vastuein aamtaur parr isaaiyon key ack vyaapak spectrum koo aakarshit karati hain. kuchh logon kaa tark haye kii vyaapak-appeal vaali vastuein isai popp sanskriti parr haavi hain kyonki laabh kamaane vaali isai companiyan joe isai popp sanskriti kii vastuon kaa utpaadan aur bikri karati hain, way vyaapak roop seey aakarshak vastuon parr jore dekar apane laabh koo adhikatam karane kaa prayaas karati hain. aur phir bhee sthiti adhik jatil haye. isai popp sangeet kaa udaaharan lene key liye, aisaa naheen haye kii sangeet udyog kissy bhee utpaad koo lagu curr sakata haye joe way chaahte hain. vaastav mein, atyadhik lokpriya prakaar key sangeet koo aksar chhote, prati-saanskritik halakon jaise kii christian punk rock yaa christian rapp mein vistaar seey bataaya gayaa haye.
kyonki isai popp udyog dharmnirpeksh popp udyog kii tulanaa mein kaafee chhota haye, kuchh sangathan aur companiyaan bajar parr haavi hain aur udyog key bheetar joe pramukh haye usa parr unakaa majboot prabhaav haye.
isai popp sanskriti kaa ack aur srot joe ise popp sanskriti seey alag banaata haye, vaha haye mega churchon kaa prabhaav. isai popp sanskriti mega churchon kii vartamaan lokpriyata koo darshaati haye, lekin chhote samudayik churchon key ekikaran koo bhee darshaati haye. sanskriti kaa netritva vishesh roop seey hilsong church dwara kiya gayaa haye, joe australia, france aur united kingdam sahit kaee deshon mein rahata haye.
film udyog.
isai film udyog ack chhatra shabd haye jisamen ack isai vishay vastu yaa naitik sandesh vaali filmein hain, joe isai film nirmaataon dwara isai darshakon key liye nirmit hain, aur gair-isai darshakon dwara nirmit filmein hain. way aksar antar-sampradayik filmein hoti hain, lekin isai dharm key ack vishisht sampradaay koo lakshit karane vaali filmein bhee hoe sakati hain. majboot isai sandeshon yaa bibil kii kahaaniyon key saath filmon key lokpriya mukhyadhara key studio nirmaan, jaise "bayne-hurr", "duss aagyaaen", "masih kaa junoon", "" ellie kii pustak "," machine gunn upadeshak "," starr "," flying house "," superbook "aur" maun ", vishesh roop seey isai film udyog kaa hissa naheen hain, joe unake darshakon key dhaarmik vishvaason key baare mein adhik agyeyavaadi hain. inn filmon kaa aam taur parr bahut adhik bajat, utpaadan moolya aur behtar gyaat film sitaare bhee hotey hain, aur film alochakon key saath inhen adhik anukool roop seey praapt kiya jaataa haye.
2014 kii film 'gods nott dade' sarvakaalik sabse safal swatantra isai filmon mein seey ack haye aur 2015 kii film 'warr room' boxes offices parr number ack film bunn gaee.
televangelism.
televangelism (telly-"doori" aur "prachaar", jiska arth haye "mantralaya", jise kabhi-kabhi "teleministry" kahaa jaataa haye) isai dharm koo sampreshit karane key liye media, vishesh roop seey radio aur television kaa upayog haye. televangelist mantri hotey hain, chaahe way aadhikarik houn yaa swa-ghoshit, joe apane mantralaya kaa ack badaa hissa television prasaran key liye samarpit karate hain. kuchh televangelist apane swayam key pooja sthalon (aksar ack megachurch) mein niyamit paadari yaa mantri bhee hotey hain, lekin unake adhikansh anuyaayi tv aur radio darshakon seey aatey hain. anya logon key paas ack paaramparik mandali naheen haye, aur way mukhya roop seey television key madhyam seey kaam karate hain. iss shabd kaa upayog alochakon dwara aise mantriyon dwara vriddhi key aakshep key roop mein bhee kiya jaataa haye.
televangelism ack vishisht americi ghatana key roop mein shuru huaa, joe ack badey paimaane parr viniyamit media key parinamswarup huaa, jahaan television network aur cable tv taka pahunch lagbhag kissy bhee vyakti key liye khuli haye joe ise wahan curr sakata haye, ack badee isai aabaadi key saath sanyukt haye joe aavashyak dhana pradaan karane mein saksham haye. yeh vishesh roop seey susamachar prachaar karane vaale protestant darshakon key beach lokpriya hoe gayaa, chaahe vaha swatantra hoe yaa isai sampradayon key aspas sangathit hoe. haalaanki, prasaran key badhate vaishvikaran ney kuchh americi televangelists koo antarrashtriya prasaran network key madhyam seey vyaapak darshakon taka pahunchane mein saksham banaaya haye, jinamen kuchh vishesh roop seey isai prakriti key hain, jaise kii trinity prasaran network (duniya kaa sabse badaa dhaarmik television network), godd channel, isai prasaran network, australiyai isai channel, sait-7 aur emmanuel tv. gharelu roop seey utpaadit televangelism brazil jaise kuchh anya deshon mein teji seey maujood haye. isai television mein prasaran television yaa cable television channel shamil hoe sakate hain, jinka puuraa prasaran karyakram karyakram television karyakram haye joe seedhe isai dharm seey sambandhit haye yaa comedy, action, drama, reality, dramatisation aur vibhinn show, filmein aur mini-seereez sahit show hain; joe ack samanya-ruchi vaale television station kii samagr prograaming kaa hissa hain.
kuchh deshon mein dhaarmik prasaran key sambandh mein samanya pratibandhon yaa vishisht niyamon key saath adhik viniyamit media haye. aise deshon mein, dhaarmik karyakram aamtaur parr niji hita samoohon key bajaay tv companiyon (kabhi-kabhi niyaamak yaa saarvajanik seva kii aavashyakta key roop mein) dwara nirmit kiye jaate hain.
christianophile.
ack isai-premi ack aisaa vyakti haye joe isai dharm, isai sanskriti, isai itihas, isaijagat yaa isai logon mein gahari ruchi yaa sarahana vyakt kartaa haye. usa aatmiyata mein isai dharm yaa uska itihas, darshan, dharamshastra, sangeet, saahitya, kalaa, vastukala, tyohar aadi shamil hoe sakate hain. christianfile" shabd kii tulanaa cristianophobe seey kii jaa sakati haye, joe kissy aise vyakti key prati nafrat yaa nakaratmak bhaavanaon key anya roopon koo darshaata haye joe sabhi isai hain.
isai dharm aur isai sanskriti kii aam taur parr kaee gair-isai samajon jaise kii hangkang, makaau, bhaarat, japan, lebnan, singapur, dakshin koria aur taiwan mein sakaratmak chhavi haye. europe mein paaramparik isai samajon kii sankhya mein, kuchh vidvaanon dwara "christianfile" key roop mein varnit kaa punrutthan huaa haye, aur isai dharm aur isaki sanskriti key liye sahaanubhooti haye, raajnetaon key saath apane deshon kii "isai jadon aur viraasat" key baare mein teji seey baat curr rahey hain; isamen austriya, france, hangri, itali, polland, roose, serbia, slovakia aur sanyukt raajya shamil hain.
jee. key. chesterton koo ack isai-premi kahaa jaataa haye; unhone 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein isai dharm key laabhon key baare mein likhaa thaa. virodhabhas key apane upayog key liye prasiddh, chesterton ney samajhaaya kii isai dharm mein sabse adhik rahasya they, lekin yeh sabse vyaavhaarik dharm thaa. unhone isai sabhyataon kii pragati koo isaki vyavharikta key pramaan key roop mein ingit kiya. tii. aiss. elliot ney isai sanskriti key prati ack majboot lagaav dikhaaya haye; unake anusaar, isai dharm kii samanya parampara aur isaki sanskriti jisane europe koo vaha banaa diyaa haye joe yeh haye, aur europe kii sanskriti isai dharm mein nihit haye. winston churchill ney protestant sanskriti key prati ack majboot lagaav dikhaaya haye kyonki unhone ise "ack kadam adhik nikat kaaran" mahsoos kiya haye. itihaaskaar geophrey blainy ney apani pustak "aeye short histry off christianity" mein sabhyata mein isai dharm kii bhoomika aur duniya parr isai prabhaav kii seema parr charcha kii. kuchh vidwan eurocentrism kii avadharana koo "christianfile mithak" key roop mein aalochana karate hain kyonki isane europeeya sabhyata key ghatakon (mukhya roop seey isai dharm) kaa samarthan kiya haye aur eurocentrists koo alag-alag samajon aur sanskritiyon koo "asabhya" key roop mein brand karane kii anumati dee haye.

