
sanyukt raajya america mein pragativaad

sanyukt raajya mein pragativaad ack raajneetik darshan aur sanyukt raajya mein sudhaar andolan haye joe aam taur parr samajik loktaantrik aur vampanthi neetiyon kii vakaalat kartaa haye.
pragatisheel aarthik neetiyon mein samajik-aarthik siddhant aur samajik loktantra aur raajneetik pragativaad key vichaar shamil hain. yeye vichaar aksar samajik nyaay kii avadharana mein nihit hotey hain aur sarkari viniyaman, samajik suraksha aur saarvajanik vastuon key rakharkhaav key madhyam seey maanav sthiti mein sudhaar kaa lakshya rakhate hain. yeh iss vichaar parr adharit haye kii seemit sarkari viniyaman key saath kaam karane key liye poonjivaadi bajar swabhavik roop seey anuchit hain, joe badey vyavasaay, badey nigamon aur ameeron kaa paksh lete hain. pragatisheel maani jaane vaali vishisht aarthik neetiyon mein pragatisheel curr, aaya punarvitaran jiska uddeshya dhana kii asamaantaon koo cumm karna, saarvajanik sevaaon kaa ack vyaapak package, saarvbhaumik swaasthya dekhbhal, anaichhik berojgari kaa virodh karna, saarvajanik shiksha, samajik suraksha, nyuntam majdoori kaanoon, avishvaas kaanoon, shram adhikaaron aur shramik sanghon key adhikaaron kii raksha karane vaalaa kaanoon shamil hain.
yeh 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein apani oonchaai parr pahunch gayaa. madhyam/shramik varg aur sudhaarvaadi prakriti key, yeh badey nigamon key vikas, pradooshan aur americi rajneeti mein bhrashtachar jaise aadhunikikaran dwara laae gaye vishal parivartanon kii pratikriya key roop mein ubhara.
itihaaskaar alonzo hamby ney americi pragativaad koo ack "raajneetik andolan" key roop mein varnit kiya haye joe americi samaaj key aadhunikikaran seey upaje vichaaron, aavegon aur muddon koo sambodhit kartaa haye. unnisvin shatabdi key anta mein ubharate hue, isane sadee key pahale aadhe hisse mein americi rajneeti key bahut saare swar koo sthaapit kiya.
jabaki aadhunik pragatisheel andolan koo prakriti mein kaafee hudd taka dharmnirpeksh key roop mein varnit kiya jaa sakata haye, tulanaa mein, aitihaasik pragatisheel andolan kaafee hudd taka dharm mein nihit aur sakriya thaa.
pragatisheel yug.
itihaaskaar sateek roop rekha parr bahas karate hain, lekin way aam taur parr 1890 key dashak seey laker pratham vishva yuddh yaa mahaan avasaad kii shuruat taka soney kii umr kii jyadatiyon key jawab mein pragatisheel yug kii tarikh bataate hain. pragatisheel andolan key kaee mool siddhant samaaj key sabhi kshetron mein dakshata kii aavashyakta parr kendrit they, aur saarvajanik neeti parr adhik loktaantrik niyantran key liye. apashisht aur bhrashtachar koo samaapt karane key liye shuddhikaran ack shaktishali tatva thaa aur saath hii saath pragatisheel logon kaa shramik muaavaje kaa samarthan, baal shram kaanoonon mein sudhaar, nyuntam majdoori kaanoon, ack seemit kaary saptah, aaykar koo samaapt karna aur mahilaaon koo matdan kaa adhikaar denaa. arther aiss. link aur vincent pee. dee sentis kaa tark haye kii adhikansh pragatisheel rajneeti koo shuddh karna chaahte they. kuchh pragatisheel logon key liye, shuddhikaran kaa arth thaa dakshin mein ashweton seey vote chheenana.
badey nigamon aur ekadhikaron kaa viniyaman.
kaee pragatisheel logon ney aashaa vyakt kii kii badey nigamon koo viniyamit karke way audyogik poonjeevaad dwara lagaae gaye pratibandhon seey maanav oorjaa koo mukt curr sakate hain. phir bhee, pragatisheel andolan iss baat parr vibhajit thaa kii nimnalikhit mein seey kiss samadhan kaa upayog nigamon koo viniyamit karane key liye kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
vishvaas bhang.
saimuel gompers jaise shram samarthak pragativaadiyon ney tark diyaa kii audyogik ekadhikar apraakritik aarthik sansthaan they jinhone pratispardha koo dabaa diyaa joe pragati aur sudhaar key liye aavashyak thaa. sanyukt raajya america kaa avishvaas kaanoon una kaanoonon kaa nikaay haye joe pratispardha-virodhi vyavhaar (ekadhikar) aur anuchit vyaavsaayik prathaon koo pratibandhit karate hain. theodor roozvelt aur villium howard toft jaise rashtrapatiyon ney vishvaas-bhang kaa samarthan kiya. apani adhyakshata key dauran, anyatha roodhivaadi toft ney chaar varshon mein 90 truston koo neeche laa diyaa, jabaki roozvelt ney saadhe saat varshon mein 44 truston koo pada seey hataa diyaa.
viniyaman.
benjamin park dee witt jaise pragatisheel logon ney tark diyaa kii aadhunik arthavyavastha mein, badey nigam aur yahaan taka kii ekadhikar donon apariharya aur vaanchhaniya they. apane badey sansadhanon aur badey paimaane kii arthvyavasthaon key saath, badey nigamon ney sanyukt raajya america koo aise laabh pradaan kiye joe chhoti companiyan pradaan naheen curr sakati theen. haalaanki, yeye badey nigam apani mahaan shakti kaa durupyog curr sakate hain. sanghiya sarkaar koo inn companiyon koo astitva mein rahane denaa chaahiye, lekin anyatha saarvajanik hita key liye unhein viniyamit karna chaahiye. rashtrapati roozvelt ney aam taur parr iss vichaar kaa samarthan kiya aur baad mein ise apane "nae raashtravaad" key hisse key roop mein shamil kiya.
dakshata.
luis brandes jaise kaee pragatisheel logon ney sarkari sanchaalan aur sevaaon koo adhik kushal aur tarksangat banaakar americi sarkaaron koo logon kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane mein saksham banaane kii ummeed kii. mahilaaon key liye duss ghante key kaary divason key khilaf kanuni tark dene key bajaay, unhone "vaigyaanik siddhanton" aur samajik vaigyaanikon dwara utpaadit detta kaa upayog kiya, joe vyaktiyon aur samaaj donon key liye lambe samay taka kaam karane key ghanton kii uchch laagat kaa dastavejikaran karate hain. pragativaadiyon kii dakshata kii khoj kabhi-kabhi loktantra key liye pragativaadiyon kii khoj key vipareet thee. nirvaachit adhikaariyon key haathon seey satta chheenkar aur usa shakti koo peshevar prashasakon key haathon mein dene seey raajnetaon kii aavaaj cumm hoe gaee aur badale mein logon kii aavaaj cumm hoe gaee. prashikshit visheshagyon dwara kendrikrit nirnay lene aur sthaaniya wardon key liye cumm shakti ney sarkaar koo cumm bhrasht banaa diyaa, lekin logon seey adhik door aur alag-thalag curr diyaa. pragativaadiyon ney joe dakshata kii aavashyakta parr jore dete they, aam taur parr tark diyaa kii prashikshit swatantra visheshagya sthaaniya raajnetaon kii tulanaa mein behtar nirnay leey sakate hain. vaigyaanik bhavna" aur "loktantra key anushasana" parr jore dete hue, walter lipman ney apani prabhaavshaali "drift aind mastery" (1914) mein janmat key bajaay visheshagyon dwara nirdeshit ack majboot kendriya sarkaar kaa ahwan kiya.
pragatisheel sudhaar kaa ack udaaharan shahar prabandhak pranali kaa uday thaa jisamen bhugtan kiye gaye, peshevar engineer nirvaachit shahar parishadon dwara sthaapit dishaanirdeshon key tahat shahar kii sarkaaron key dinn-pratidin key mamalon koo chalaate they. kaee shaharon ney nagarpalika "sandarbh beuro" banaae joe apashisht aur akshamta kii talash mein sarkari vibhagon key visheshagya sarvekshan karate they. gahan sarvekshanon key baad, sthaaniya aur yahaan taka kii raajya sarkaaron koo adhikaariyon kii sankhya koo cumm karane aur vibhagon key beach adhikaar key ativyaapi kshetron koo samaapt karane key liye punargathit kiya gayaa thaa. sthaaniya ward maalikon kii shakti koo cumm karane aur nagar parishad kii shaktiyon koo badhaane key liye shahar kii sarkaaron kaa punargathan kiya gayaa thaa. harr star parr sarkaaron ney bajat vikasit karna shuru curr diyaa taaki unhein apane kharchon kii yojana banaane mein madad mill sakey, naa kii zarooraton key anusaar aur rajaswa upalabdh honey parr betartib dhang seey paisa kharch karane mein. ilinois key governor frank loden ney raajya sarkaar koo suvyavasthit karate hue "dakshata key liye junoon" dikhaaya.
sarkari bhrashtachar.
bhrashtachar sarkaar mein apashisht aur akshamta kaa ack srot thaa. villium saiman yuu 'raine oregan mein, robbert aim. wisconsin mein laa follet aur anya logon ney machine raajnetaon aur raajneetik maalikon kii shakti koo kamjor karane key liye kaanoon paarit karke raajya aur sthaaniya sarkaaron koo saaf karane kaa kaam kiya. wisconsin mein, laa follet ney ack khuli praathamik pranali koo aage badhaaya jisane party key ummidvaaron koo chunane key liye party key maalikon seey shakti chheen lii. oregan pranali mein ack "bhrasht pratha adhiniyam", ack saarvajanik janmat sangrah aur ack raajya dwara vitt poshit matadaata parcha shamil thaa, anya sudhaaron key beach joe uttar-paschim aur madhya-paschim mein anya raajyon koo niryaat kiye gaye they. iska uchch bindu 1912 mein thaa, jisake baad way ack vinashkari teesare paksh kii sthiti mein chaley gaye.
shiksha.
johnn davie aur lester ward jaise praarambhik pragatisheel vicharakon ney shiksha kii ack saarvbhaumik aur vyaapak pranali koo pragatisheel agende key sheersh parr rakhaa, yeh tark dete hue kii yadi ack loktantra koo safal honah haye, tou isake netaaon, aam janata koo ack achchi shiksha kii aavashyakta haye. pragativaadiyon ney sabhi staron parr saarvajanik aur niji shiksha kaa vistaar karane aur usamen sudhaar karane key liye kadee mehnat kii. unakaa maanana thaa kii samaaj key aadhunikikaran key kaaran sabhi bachchon kii anivarya shiksha kii aavashyakta thee, bhale hii maataa-pitaa ney apatti jataai hoe. pragativaadi shiksha key kaee pahaluon koo mapkar sudhaar agende kaa mulyankan karane key liye shaikshik shodhkartaon kii or rukh karate hain, joe baad mein maankeekrit pareekshan kii or leey jaataa haye. iss avadhi key dauran utpann kaee shaikshik sudhaaron aur navacharon ney 20veen shatabdi key shesh samay key liye americi shiksha mein bahason aur pahalon koo prabhaavit karna jaari rakhaa. americi shiksha key liye pragatisheel yug kii sabse spasht virasaton mein seey ack schools aur pathyakram mein sudhaar key liye barahmasi abhiyaan thaa, joe aksar shahar mein urjaavaan jamini andolanon key utpaad key roop mein thaa.
choonki pragativaad "dekhane vaalon kii nazaron mein" thaa aur banaa huaa haye, isaliye pragatisheel shiksha mein shaikshik neeti mein bahut vividh aur kabhi-kabhi paraspar virodhi dishaaen shamil hain. pragatisheel yug kii aisee sthaayi virasaton mein itihaskaron kii ruchi bunny hui haye. pragatisheel yug key sudharakon ney "uddeshya shikshan", school jile key bheetar vishesh nirvaachan kshetron kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane, ladakon aur ladkiyon key liye samaan shaikshik avsar aur shaaririk dund seey bachane parr jore diyaa.
david gamson teen shahar key school jilon-denver, colorado; seatle, washington aur oakland, california-mein pragatisheel sudhaaron key karyanvayan kii jaanch karate hain. pragatisheel yug key dauran shaikshik sudhaar key itihaaskaar iss tathya koo ujagar karate hain kii kaee pragatisheel neetiyaan aur sudhaar bahut alag they aur kabhi-kabhi virodhabhasi bhee. school jilaa star parr, virodhabhasi sudhaar neetiyaan aksar vishesh roop seey spasht theen, halanki denver, seatle aur oakland mein pragatisheel school netaaon key beach bhram key bahut cumm pramaan hain. inn shaharon mein jilaa netaa, jinamen frank bee shamil hain. ciatal aur fred aim mein sahyog karein. oakland mein shikari, aksar sudhaaron key ack virodhabhasi sett koo niyojit kartaa thaa. sthaaniya pragatisheel shikshakon ney sachet roop seey rashtriya pragatisheel andolanon seey swatantra roop seey kaam karane kii maang kii kyonki unhone aise sudhaaron koo prathamikta dee jinhen lagu karna aasaan thaa aur jinhen anya shaharon mein kaam karane vaale vividh sudhaaron koo milaane aur mishrit karane key liye protsaahit kiya gayaa thaa.
sudharakon ney vyaavsaayikaran aur naukarshahi parr jore diyaa. purani pranali jisake tahat ward raajnetaon ney shikshakon key mamle mein school karmchaariyon kaa chayan kiya aur ack samanya school (shikshak college) mein college-star kii shiksha kii aavashyakta vaali yogyata pranali dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. aakar aur jatilata mein teji seey vriddhi key kaaran badee shahari vidyalaya pranaliyon ney mahila shikshakon key liye sthir rojgar kii suvidha pradaan kii aur varishth shikshakon koo yuva shikshakon koo margadarshan karane key liye adhik avsar pradaan kiye. 1900 taka, providence, rode dweep mein adhikansh mahilaaen cumm seey cumm 17.5 varshon taka shikshakon key roop mein bunny raheen, joe darshaati hain kii shikshan mahilaaon key liye ack mahatvapurna aur vaanchhaniya carrier maarg bunn gayaa thaa.
samajik kaary.
pragatisheel logon ney yeh sunishchit karane key liye prashikshan karyakram sthaapit kiye kii kalyan aur daan kaary garmajoshi seey kaam karane vaalon key bajaay prashikshit peshevaron dwara kiye jaaen.
shikago key patwar ghar key jaine addam ney samajik kaaryakartaon aur swayamsevakon dwara sanchaalit aavaasiya, samudayik kendron key netritva koo darshaaya aur shahar kii bheetari malin bastiyon mein sthit thaa. basti gharon kaa uddeshya vayask shiksha aur saanskritik samvardhan karyakram pradaan karke shahari logon key jeevan star koo badhaana thaa.
veshyavritti virodhi.
sabhi samajik pahaluon key beach badey paimaane parr sudhaar key iss yug key dauran, pragativaadiyon, vishesh roop seey mahilaaon key liye veshyavritti kaa unmoolan mahatvapurna thaa. veshyavritti virodhi andolan mein teen mukhya samooh shamil theh isai, pragatisheel yug key nariwadi aur chikitsak. veshyavritti virodhi andolan mein sakriya kaee vyaktiyon ney inn samoohon mein seey pratyek seey kuchh samaan drishtikon saajha kiye.
shuruati americi samajik kaaryakartaon mein seey ack, jaine addams ney veshyavritti koo sambodhit karate hue ack pustak likhi. ack naee antaratma aur ack pracheen burai" mein unake tark key anusaar, mahilaaon ney veshyavritti kaa sahaara lene kaa kaaran unhein praapt aparyaapt vetan thaa. haalaanki, unhone mahila sheelata key parivarik nireekshan kii anupasthiti kaa bhee ullekh kiya haye, kyonki yuva mahilaaen graameen seey shahari kshetron mein chully gaeen.
haalaanki adhikansh veshyaon kaa janm america mein huaa thaa, janata kaa maanana thaa kii mahilaaon koo sanyukt raajya mein laaya jaa rhaa thaa aur baad mein veshyavritti mein becha jaa rhaa thaa. veshyavritti key khilaf virodh pravasiyon key pravaah, shaharon key vikas, udyogon key vikas aur sthaapit naitik manakon key ksharan key baare mein chintaon kaa pratibimb hoe sakata thaa.
baal shram kaanoonon kaa adhiniyaman.
baal shram kaanoonon koo nae ubharate udyogon mein bachchon key atyadhik upayog koo rokane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. inn kaanoonon kaa lakshya kamkaji varg key bachchon koo school jaane aur adhik sansthaagat roop seey paripakva honey kaa avsar denaa thaa, jisase manavata kii kshamata koo mukt kiya jaa sakey aur manavata kii pragati koo protsaahit kiya jaa sakey. karkhane key malik aam taur parr shramikon key khou jaane key kaaran iss pragati koo naheen chaahte they. maataa-pitaa parivaar koo vilaayak rakhane key liye bachchon kii aaya parr nirbhar they. pragatisheel baal shram key khilaf raajya aur sanghiya kaanoonon koo lagu karate hain, lekin inhen americi sarvocch nyayalaya dwara palat diyaa gayaa thaa. ack prastaavit samvaidhaanik sanshodhan kaa vyaapaar aur catholics dwara virodh kiya gayaa thaa; yeh congress dwara paarit kiya gayaa thaa lekin paryaapt raajyon dwara kabhi bhee anumodit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. 1930 key dashak mein nae saude dwara baal shram koo antatah gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
sangathit shram key lakshyon key liye samarthan.
1916 taka shramik sanghon kaa lagaatar vikas huaa, phir yuddh key dauran teji seey vistaar huaa. 1919 mein, badee hadtaalon kii ack lahar ney madhyam varg koo alag-thalag curr diyaa aur hadataalen khou gaeen, jisase shramik alag-thalag parh gaye. 1920 key dashak mein, sanghon mein uthal-puthal thee. 1924 mein, unhone robbert aim kaa samarthan kiya. laa follet kii pragatisheel party, lekin unhone kewal wisconsin mein apana aadhar rakhaa. 1907 key baad saimuel gompers key tahat americi shram sangh ney loktantravadiyon kaa samarthan karna shuru curr diyaa, jinhone adhik anukool nyayadhishon kaa vaadaa kiya kyonki ganrajyon ney vyavasaay samarthak nyayadhishon koo niyukt kiya. theodor roozvelt aur unake teesare paksh ney bhee aathh ghante key kaary divas, karkhanon mein suraksha aur swaasthya sthitiyon mein sudhaar, shramikon key muaavaje key kaanoonon aur mahilaaon key liye nyuntam majdoori kaanoonon jaise lakshyon kaa samarthan kiya.
nishedh.
adhikansh pragatisheel logon ney, vishesh roop seey graameen kshetron mein, nishedh kaa kaaran apanaaya. unhone sailoon koo raajneetik bhrashtachar key avtaar key roop mein dekhaa aur mahilaaon aur bachchon koo hue nuksan parr shoke vyakt kiya. unakaa maanana thaa kii sharaab kaa sevan maanav jaati kii unnati kii kshamata koo seemit kartaa haye. pragatisheel logon ney pahale raajya key kaanoonon key saath safalata hassil kii, phir 1919 mein sanyukt raajya key samvidhaan mein athaarahaven sanshodhan key adhiniyaman key saath. sunhara dinn subah naheen huaa kyonki pravartan shithil thaa, vishesh roop seey una shaharon mein jahaan kaanoon koo bahut seemit lokpriya samarthan thaa aur jahaan all capone key shikago giroh jaise kukhyaat aaparaadhik girohon ney bolane mein sharaab kii avaidh bikri key aadhar parr aparaadh kiya thaa. prayog" (jaisa kii rashtrapati herbert hoover ney ise kahaa) key liye sanghiya aur sthaaniya khajaane parr bhee badee matra mein curr kharch hue. 18vein sanshodhan koo 1933 mein sanyukt raajya key samvidhaan mein 21vein sanshodhan dwara nirast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
eugenics.
kuchh pragatisheel logon ney atyadhik badey yaa cumm pradarshan karane vaale parivaaron key samadhan key roop mein eugenics koo praayojit kiya, yeh ummeed karate hue kii janm niyantran maataa-pitaa koo cumm, behtar bachchon parr apane sansadhanon parr dhyaan kendrit karane mein saksham banaayega, jabaki anya, jaise margaret sanger ney isaki vakaalat kii. pragativaadiyon ney "ayogya" maane jaane vaale logon key anivarya nasbandi kii bhee vakaalat kii. herbert crolley aur walter lipman jaise pragatisheel netaaon ney sujanan key abhyaas seey vyakti key liye utpann khatare parr apani shaastriya udaar chinta kaa sanket diyaa. pragatisheel rajneta villium jennings bryan ney apani vikas-virodhi sakriyata key aadhar parr sujanan kaa virodh kiya. pragatisheelah naslavaad aur saarvajanik kaanoon sheershak vaale ack pepper mein, americi kanuni vidwan herbert hovencamp (ma, phd, jaddy) ney likhaah 
jaba jaati parr pragativaadiyon kii jaanch kii jaati haye, tou una vichaaron koo alag karna mahatvapurna haye joe unhein viraasat mein mille they aur joe unhone vikasit kiye they. pragativaad kaa uday vaigyaanik naslavaad kii mrityu key saath huaa, jise unnisvin shatabdi kii shuruat seey americi vishvavidyalayon mein padhaaya jaataa thaa aur darwin key vikas key siddhant parr vaigyaanik bahas mein pramukhta seey dikhaaya gayaa thaa. eugenics, jisane kaee naslavaadi daavon koo maanya karane key liye aanuvanshiki aur ganit kaa upayog karane kaa prayaas kiya, isaki antim haanf thee. pragativaadiyon key baare mein sabse ullekhaniya baat yeh haye kii way vaigyaanik naslavaad laane key liye jimmedaar they
anta taka. 
matdaataon koo shuddh karna.
pragatisheel logon ney baar-baar chetavani dee kii avaidh matdan raajneetik pranali koo bhrasht curr rhaa haye. unhone vishesh roop seey badey shahar key maalikon kii pehchaan kii, joe sailoon kiparon aur parisar key shramikon key saath kaam curr rahey they, joe ballet boxes koo bharane vaale aparaadhi they. vote koo shuddh karane key samadhan mein nishedh (sailoon koo bund karane key liye design kiya gayaa), matadaata panjikaran aavashyaktaaen (kaee matdan koo samaapt karane key liye design kiya gayaa), aur saksharta pareekshan (agyaani matdaataon kii sankhya koo cumm karane key liye design kiya gayaa) shamil they.
sabhi dakshini raajyon ney pragatisheel yug key dauran ashwet matdaataon koo matadhikar seey vanchit karane key liye upkaranon kaa upayog kiya. aam taur parr, una raajyon mein pragatisheel tatvon ney matadhikar seey vanchit honey key liye dhakka diyaa, aksar black belt key goron key roodhivaad key khilaf ladate hue. ack pramukh kaaran yeh diyaa gayaa thaa kii gorey niyamit roop seey chunaavon koo niyantrit karane key liye kaale vote khareedate they, aur shaktishali gorey purushon key peechhe jaane kii tulanaa mein kaale logon koo matadhikar seey vanchit karna aasaan thaa.
uttari raajyon mein, robert aim jaise pragatisheel. laa follet aur villium saiman yuu 'raine ney tark diyaa kii ausat nagrik kaa apani sarkaar parr adhik niyantran honah chaahiye. pahal, janmat sangrah aur vaapas bulaane" kii oregan pranali koo idaho, washington aur wisconsin sahit kaee raajyon mein niryaat kiya gayaa thaa. george aim jaise kaee pragatisheel. rochester key shiksha mandal key adhyaksh forbes ney sanyukt raajya america mein sarkaar koo americi logon kii seedhi aavaaj key prati adhik uttardaayi banaane kii ummeed karate hue tark diyaah
[doubleu] ee abb loktantra key upkaranon, pratyaksh praathamik, pahal, janmat sangrah, ricaul, short ballet, commission sarkaar koo banaane mein gahan roop seey vyast hain. lekin hamaare utsaah mein humm iss baat seey avagat naheen hain kii yeye upkaran taba taka bekaar honge jaba taka kii unakaa upayog una logon dwara naheen kiya jaataa haye joe bhaichare kii bhavna seey bhadak gaye hain. [.]..] [samajik kendra andolan kaa vichaar] pratyek samudaay mein ack aisee sanstha sthaapit karna haye jiska pados, ward yaa jile key kalyan key saath aur poore shahar key saath bhee pratyaksh aur mahatvapurna sambandh hoe.
phillip jey. eathington ney pratyaksh loktantra key iss uchch drishtikon koo yeh kahate hue sekand kiya kii "pahal, janmat sangrah, aur yaad karna, pratyaksh praathamik aur hamaare senators key pratyaksh chunaav key saath, beesavin shatabdi key pahale dou dashakon key dauran pragatisheel peedhi dwara 'pratyaksh loktantra' kii mukhya uplabdhiyan theen.
pragatisheel mahilaaon ney maanaa jaataa haye kii shuddh mahila matdaataon kaa upayog karke chunaav koo shuddh karane key liye mahilaaon key matadhikar key liye ladaai ladee. dakshin mein pragativaadiyon ney chunaav booth seey kathit roop seey bhrasht ashwet matdaataon key unmoolan kaa samarthan kiya. itihaaskaar michael perman kaa kahana haye kii texas aur georgia donon mein "matadhikar kaa hanan sudhaar kii ladaai mein hathiyar key saath-saath raili kaa ahwan bhee thaa. virginia mein, "matadhikar key liye abhiyaan una purushon dwara shuru kiya gayaa thaa joe khud koo sudharakon, yahaan taka kii pragatisheel key roop mein dekhate they.
jabaki aaj kii rajneeti parr pragatisheel andolan kaa antim mahatva abhee bhee bahas key liye haye, alonzo ell. hamby poochata haih
[pragativaad key] shorgul seey kaun seey kendriya vishay saamane aae? loktantra yaa abhijaatya? samajik nyaay yaa samajik niyantran? laghu udyamita yaa kendrit poonjeevaad? aur americi videsh neeti kaa kyaa prabhaav padaa? kyaa pragatisheel algavvadi they yaa hastakshepvadi? samrajyavadi yaa rashtriya atmanirnaya key samarthak? aur way joe bhee they, unaki prerana kyaa thee? naitik aadarshvaad? bhramit saapekshvaadi vyavharikta? aadhipatyavaadi poonjeevaad? ashcharya kii baat naheen haye kii kaee peedit vidvaanon ney 'naheen!'1970 mein, peater phillin ney ghoshana kii kii 'pragativaad' shabd arthaheen hoe gayaa thaa.
nagarpalika prashaasan.
pragatisheel loga aam taur parr shahar aur raajya sarkaar parr kendrit hotey hain, apashisht aur sevaaen pradaan karane key behtar tarikon kii talash mein jaise-jaise shahar teji seey badhate gaye. inn parivartanon ney ack adhik sanrachit pranali koo janm diyaa, joe shakti vidhaayika key bheetar kendrikrit kii gaee thee, abb sthaaniya roop seey adhik kendrit hogi. kanuni prakriyaon, bajar lenden, naukarshahi prashaasan aur loktantra koo prabhaavi dhang seey prabandhit karane key liye pranali mein badalaav kiye gaye they, unhein "nagarpalika prashaasan" key vargeekaran key tahat rakhaa gayaa thaa. iss pranali key liye adhikaar mein bhee badalaav aaya thaa kyonki yeh maanaa jaataa thaa kii joe pradhikaran thheek seey sangathit naheen thaa, usane abb inn sevaaon key liye peshevaron, visheshagyon aur naukarshahon koo adhikaar diyaa thaa. inn parivartanon key kaaran purani pranali kii tulanaa mein adhik thhos prakaar kaa nagarpalika prashaasan huaa joe avikasit aur kharaab tareeke seey nirmit thaa.
pragativaadiyon ney samasyaon kii pehchaan karane aur vishisht samasyaon parr sudhaar bhaavanaon koo kendrit karane key liye sambandhit madhyam varg key matdaataon key saath-saath samachar patron aur patrikaon koo bhee sangathit kiya. kaee virodhiyon ney bhrashtachar key saath-saath hinsa aur parivaar mein vyavadhaan key liye shakti aadhar key roop mein sailoon parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, isaliye unhone nishedh key madhyam seey poore sailoon pranali seey chhutkara paane kii koshish kii. shikago mein jaine addams jaise anya logon ney basti gharon koo badhaava diyaa. praarambhik nagarpalika sudharakon mein hazen shamil they. pingri (1890 key dashak mein detroit key mahapour) aur tomm ell. cleveland, ohiyo mein johnson. 1901 mein, johnson ney nyaaypurna karadhan, ohiyo shaharon key liye grih niyam aur 3-pratishat streetcar kiraya key munch parr cleveland key mahapour key roop mein chunaav jeetaa. kolambiya vishvavidyalaya key adhyaksh sett low 1901 mein sudhaar tikat parr newyork shahar key mahapour chune gaye they.
sanrakshan.
pragatisheel rashtrapati theodor roozvelt (1901-1909) key karyakal key dauran aur george perkins marsh, villium johnn mcgee, johnn muir, johnn wesley powell aur lester frank ward jaise daarshanik-vaigyaanikon key vichaaron seey prabhaavit hocker, sanyukt raajya key itihas mein sabse badee sarkaar dwara vitt poshit sanrakshan-sambandhi pariyojanaaen shuru kii gaeen.
rashtriya udyaan aur vanyajeev sharan sthal.
14 march, 1903 koo rashtrapati roozvelt ney florida key pelican dweep parr vanyajeev sharan pranali kii shuruat karate hue pahala rashtriya pakshi sanrakshan banaaya. kull milakar, 1909 taka, roozvelt prashaasan ney sanyukt raajya key rashtriya vanon kaa ack abhootpoorv 42 million ekad (170,000 varg kii. mee.), 53 rashtriya vanyajeev sharan aur bhavya ghaati jaise "vishesh ruchi" key 18 kshetron kaa nirmaan kiya thaa.
punruddhar.
isake alawa, roozvelt ney 1902 key newlands reclaimation act koo manjuri dee, jisane 13 (antatah 20) paschimi raajyon mein sinchai key liye subsidy dee. ack anya sanrakshan-unmukh vidheyak 1906 kaa puraatantaa adhiniyam thaa joe rashtrapati koo sanrakshan key yogya kshetron koo rashtriya smaarak ghoshit karane kii anumati dekar bhoomi key badey kshetron kii raksha kartaa thaa. antardeshiya jalmarg aayog koo 14 march, 1907 koo roozvelt dwara sanyukt raajya kii nadee pranaliyon kaa adhyayan karane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen jall shakti, baadh niyantran aur bhoomi sudhaar kaa vikas shamil haye.
rashtriya rajneeti.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, loktaantrik aur gantantra dalon key raajnetaon, linken-roozvelt leag republicans (california mein) aur theodor roozvelt kii pragatisheel ("bull moos") party ney paryaavaran, raajneetik aur aarthik sudhaaron kaa anusaran kiya. inn uddeshyon mein seey mukhya thaa vishvaas kaa bhandaphod karna, bahut badey ekadhikar koo todana aur shramik sanghon, saarvajanik swaasthya karyakramon key liye samarthan, rajneeti mein bhrashtachar koo cumm karna aur paryaavaran sanrakshan.
pragatisheel andolan ney donon pramukh dalon aur chhote dalon seey bhee samarthan praapt kiya. ack netaa, loktaantrik villium jennings bryan ney 1896 mein loktaantrik party aur loklubhavan party donon key namankan jeete they. usa samay, anya pramukh netaaon kaa badaa bahumat loklubhavanvad kaa virodh curr rhaa thaa. jaba roozvelt ney 1912 mein republican party chhod dee, tou vaha pragativaad key kaee bauddhik netaaon koo apane saath leey gaye, lekin bahut cumm raajneetik netaa. ganatantravaadi party taba vishesh roop seey vyaapaar-unmukh aur dakshata-unmukh pragativaad key liye adhik pratibaddh hoe gaee, jise herbert hoover aur villium howard toft dwara darshaaya gayaa thaa.
sanskriti.
pragatisheel pravritti kii neenv apratyaksh roop seey vyavharikta key advitiya darshan seey judee hui thee jise mukhya roop seey johnn davie aur villium james dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa.
pragatisheel yug key sudhaar key liye samaan roop seey mahatvapurna dharmayuddh karane vaale patrakaar they jinhen mukarkars key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. inn patrakaron ney madhyam varg key pathakon koo aarthik visheshaadhikaar, raajneetik bhrashtachar aur samajik anyaay kaa prachaar kiya. unake lekh "mcclure kii patrika" aur anya sudhaar patrikaon mein prakaashit hue. kuchh mukarkars ney corporate durvyavahar parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. idaa tarbell ney maanak tail company kii gatividhiyon koo ujagar kiya. shaharon kii sherm" (1904) mein, linken stephens ney shahar kii sarkaar mein bhrashtachar koo alag kiya. rung rekha key baad" (1908) mein, ray steinard becker ney nasl sambandhon kii aalochana kii. anya mukarkars ney senate, railroad companiyon, beema companiyon aur patent dawa mein dhokhadhadi parr hamla kiya.
upanyaskaron ney nigamit anyaay kii aalochana kii. theodor drezer ney "dha financer" (1912) aur "dha tyton" (1914) mein ack prakaar key kroor vyavasaayi key kathor chitra banaae. dha jangal" (1906) mein, samajwadi upton synclair ney shikago key meatpacking sanyantron key vivaran key saath pathakon koo peechhe hataa diyaa aur unake kaam ney upchaaraatmak khaadya suraksha kaanoon key liye samarthan diyaa.
agrani buddhijiviyon ney bhee pragatisheel mansikta koo aakar diyaa. gatishil samajshastra" (1883) mein, lester frank ward ney pragatisheel andolan kii daarshanik neenv rakhee aur herbert spensor aur villium graham sumner dwara samarthit "lassays-fair" neetiyon parr hamla kiya. avkash varg key siddhant" (1899) mein, thorstein weblen ney ameeron key "vishisht upbhog" parr hamla kiya. shikshak johnn davie ney pragatisheel shiksha key roop mein jaane jaane vaale shikshashastra key ack baal-kendrit darshan parr jore diyaa, jisane teen peedhiyon key liye school key kamaron koo prabhaavit kiya.
21veen sadee mein.
aadhunik pragativaad koo 19veen-20veen shatabdi key aitihaasik pragativaad seey kaee ullekhaniya antaron koo shamil karane key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. aadhunik pragativaad key kuchh drishtikon inn kathit matbhedon koo ujagar karate hain jaise kii prinston arthshastra key professor thomas see. leonard jinhone "americi roodhivaadi" mein aitihaasik pragativaad koo "[aeye] tii aeye glance" key roop mein dekhaa...] 21veen sadee key pragatisheel logon key liye yahaan sambandh kaa daavaa karane key liye bahut kuchh naheen haye. aaj key pragatisheel nasleeya samaantaa aur alpasankhyak adhikaaron parr jore dete hain, aap koo dosh dein.aiss. samrajyavad, samajik vigyaan mein javic vichaaron koo chhod dein, aur dharmanishtha yaa dharmaantaran key liye bahut cumm upayog karein. halanki, antatah, aitihaasik pragativaad aur aadhunik andolan donon iss dhaarana koo saajha karate hain kii mukt bajar aarthik asamaantaon kii or leey jaate hain jinhen americi shramik varg kii sarvottam raksha key liye sudhaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
aaya asamaanta koo cumm karna.
sanyukt raajya america mein 1970 seey aaya asamaanta badh rahee haye. pragatisheel logon kaa tark haye kii cumm sangh darr, kamjor neeti, vaishvikaran aur anya chalakon ney aaya mein antar paida kiya haye. aaya asamaanta key badhane seey pragativaadi kaanoon kaa masauda taiyar karane key liye prerit hue hain, jisamen shamil hain, lekin inn taka seemit naheen, deewaar sadak mein sudhaar, curr sanhita mein sudhaar, abhiyaan vitt mein sudhaar, khamiyon koo bund karna aur gharelu kaam koo banaae rakhna.
deewaar sadak sudhaar.
2008 key vittiya sankat key roop mein niyantran koo samaapt karane aur pravartan mein dheel dene key baad pragativaadiyon ney majboot wall street viniyaman kii maang karna shuru curr diyaa. 2010 mein visham-frank vittiya niyaamak adhiniyam paarit karane seey vittiya sansthanon parr adhik nigrani aur naee niyaamak agencies kaa nirmaan huaa, lekin kaee pragatisheel tark dete hain kii isaki vyaapak ruprekha vittiya sansthanon koo upbhoktaon aur sarkaar kaa laabh uthaana jaari rakhane kii anumati detee haye. anya logon key beach, burney sanders ney kaanch-steagall koo phir seey lagu karane key liye tark diyaa haye, joe banking koo adhik sakhti seey viniyamit kartaa haye, aur vittiya sansthanon koo todane key liye jahaan bajar-hissedari kuchh chuninda 'asafal honey key liye bahut badee' nigamon mein kendrit haye.
swaasthya dekhbhal sudhaar.
2009 mein, congress key pragatisheel cocus (see. pee. see.) ney paanch pramukh swaasthya seva siddhanton koo rekhaankit kiya, jinka way kaanoon mein paarit karane kaa irada rakhate they. see. pee. see. ney bachchon key liye ack rashtravyapi saarvajanik vikalp, kifayati swaasthya beema, beema bajar niyam, ack niyokta beema praavdhaan aur vyaapak sevaaon koo anivarya kiya. march 2010 mein, congress ney rogi sanrakshan aur kifayati dekhbhal adhiniyam paarit kiya jiska uddeshya sanyukt raajya swaasthya seva pranali kii samarthya aur dakshata koo badhaana thaa. yadyapi pragatisheel logon dwara ise ack safalata maanaa jaataa haye, kaee logon ney tark diyaa kii yeh swaasthya seva sudhaar praapt karane mein kaafee door naheen gayaa jaisa kii ack rashtriya saarvajanik vikalp praapt karane mein loktantravadiyon kii viphalata key saath udaaharan haye. haal key dashakon mein, ekal-bhugtan swaasthya seva pragativaadiyon key liye swaasthya seva sudhaar mein ack mahatvapurna lakshya bunn gayaa haye. 2016 key democratic party primary mein, pragatisheel rashtrapati pada key ummidwar burney sanders ney ekal-bhugtan swaasthya seva pranali kaa mudda uthaaya, apane iss vishvaas kaa hawala dete hue kii laakhon americi abhee bhee swaasthya beema key liye bahut adhik bhugtan curr rahey hain aur tark dete hain kii laakhon aur logon koo unaki aavashyakta kii dekhbhal naheen milati haye. navambar 2016 mein, colorado raajya mein ekal-bhugtan swaasthya seva pranali koo lagu karane kaa prayaas kiya gayaa thaa, jise coloradocare (sanshodhan 69) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. senator sanders ney 69vein sanshodhan key samarthan mein colorado mein railiyaan keen, jisase matdan huaa. uchch-profile samarthan key bavjood, 69vaan sanshodhan paarit honey mein whiffle rhaa, jisamen kewal 21.23% matdan karane vaale nivasi paksh mein aur 78.77% virodh mein matdan curr rahey they.
nyuntam majdoori.
mudrasfeeti key liye samaayojit, nyuntam majdoori 1968 mein 2020 dollar mein lagbhag 9.90 dollar prati ghante parr pahunch gaee. pragativaadiyon kaa maanana haye kii vetan mein thaharaav aaya asamaanta koo kayam rakhta haye aur nyuntam majdoori badhaana asamaanta seey nipatane key liye ack aavashyak kadam haye. yadi sanyukt raajya america mein utpaadaktaa vriddhi kii darr seey nyuntam majdoori badhee, tou yeh $21.72 ack ghante kii hogi, joe vartamaan $7.25 prati ghante seey lagbhag teen gunaa adhik hogi. senator burney sanders aur pratinidhi alexandaria ocassio-cortez jaise lokpriya pragatisheel logon ney sanghiya roop seey anivarya vetan vriddhi koo 15 dollar prati ghante taka badhaane kaa samarthan kiya haye. andolan ney pahale seey hii california mein apane karyanvayan key saath safalata dekhi haye, jisamen 2021 mein 15 dollar prati ghante taka pahunchane taka harr saal nyuntam majdoori $1 badhaane key liye bill paarit kiya gayaa haye. newyork key karmchari isi tarah key kaanoon key liye pairavi curr rahey hain kyonki kaee loga 15 dollar andolan key liye ladaai key hisse key roop mein nyuntam majdoori mein vriddhi key liye raili karna jaari rakhate hain.
paryaavaran nyaay.
aadhunik pragatisheel loga pradooshan koo cumm karane yaa samaapt karane key liye majboot paryavaraniya suraksha aur upaayon kii vakaalat karate hain. iska ack kaaran aarthik anyaay aur pratikool paryavaraniya sthitiyon key beach majboot kadee haye kyonki aarthik roop seey haashiye parr rahane vaale samooh pradooshan aur paryavaraniya ksharan key nuksan seey asman roop seey prabhaavit hotey hain.
paribhasha.
alexandaria ocassio-cortez, burney sanders aur elizabeth vaaran jaise pragatisheel logon kii lokpriyata mein vriddhi key saath, "pragatisheel" shabd ney adhik saanskritik mudra leey jaanaa shuru curr diyaa, vishesh roop seey 2016 key loktaantrik praathamik satron mein. octuber 2015 kii bahas key dauran padon koo badalane kii apani ichcha key baare mein cnn moderator anderson cooper key ack sawal kaa jawab dete hue, hileri clinton ney khud koo ack pragatisheel vyakti key roop mein sandarbhit kiya joe cheejon koo karna pasand karati haye, jisase kaee sanders samarthakon aur anya alochakon kaa gussa unake baaen seey aaya. 2016 key sanyukt raajya america key rashtrapati chunaav mein donald trump key chunaav key baad seey iss shabd key sateek arth key baare mein sawal loktaantrik party key bheetar aur binaa baney rahey hain, kuchh ummidwar iska upayog party key baaen hisse key saath apani sambaddhata koo ingit karane key liye karate hain.
pragatisheel dall.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein pahale pragatisheel andolan key baad, dou alpakaalik dalon ney bhee pragatisheel key roop mein pehchaan kii haye.
pragatisheel party, 1912.
pragatisheel party naamak pahali raajneetik party kaa gathan 1912 key rashtrapati chunaav key liye theodor roozvelt koo chunane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. iska gathan taba huaa jaba roozvelt ney villium howard toft key liye ganarajya kaa ummidwar banane kii apani bolly khou dee, aur 1920 taka yeh bund hoe gayaa.
pragatisheel party, 1924.
1924 mein, wisconsin key senator robbert aim. laa follet pragatisheel party key tikat parr adhyaksh key liye daude. laa follet ney apane dharmayuddh seey shramik sanghon, german amerikiyon aur samajvadiyon kaa samarthan jeetaa. unhone kewal wisconsin koo leey jaaya aur party kaheen aur gayab hoe gaee. wisconsin mein, yeh 1940 key dashak taka ack bull banaa rhaa.
pragatisheel party, 1948.
1948 mein poorv uparaashtrapati heinry aeye dwara ack teesare paksh kii shuruat kii gaee thee. rashtrapati key liye unake abhiyaan key liye ack vaahan key roop mein deewaar. unhone donon dalon koo pratikriyaavaadi aur yuddh-prachaar key roop mein dekhaa, aur vampanthi matdaataon seey samarthan aakarshit kiya jinhone sheet yuddh neetiyon kaa virodh kiya joe ack rashtriya aam sahamati bunn gaee thee. adhikansh udaarvaadi, nae vikreta aur vishesh roop seey audyogik sangathanon kii congress ney party kii ninda kii kyonki unake vichaar seey yeh "communists" dwara teji seey niyantrit thaa. 1948 mein 2 pratishat vote jeetane key baad yeh gayab hoe gayaa.