cyceres II

cyxares dwiteeya medes kaa ack raajaa thaa jisake shasankal kaa varnan yunani itihaaskaar zenophone ney kiya haye. kuchh siddhanton ney iss aakriti koo daniel kii pustak mein naamit "darius dha mede" key saath barabari kii haye. naayak yaa ktesius key itihas mein unakaa ullekh naheen haye, aur kaee vidvaanon koo sandeh haye kii way vaastav mein maujood they. unake astitva kaa sawal iss baat parr prabhaav daaltaa haye kii kyaa medes kaa raajya lagbhag 537 eesaa poorv mein faarsiyon key saath shantipurna roop seey vilay hoe gayaa thaa, jaisa kii zenophone (8.6.22,8.7.1) dwara varnit haye, yaa 559 eesaa poorv mein cyrus key daadaa key khilaf faarsiyon key vidroh mein adheen thaa, ack tarikh joe herodotus (1.214) seey praapt hui thee aur lagbhag saarvbhaumik roop seey vartamaan chhatravritti dwara sweekaar kii gaee thee.
zenophone kaa "cyropedia".
zenophone key "cyropedia" (1.5.2) key anusaar, cyxares dwiteeya madhya samrajya key simhaasan parr baithane key baad raajaa bunn gaye, aur vaha mahaan kii maan (1.2.1,1.4.7) cyrus key bhaai bhee they. vaha farsi, cyrus II/dha grate kaa varnan kartaa haye, joe 539 eesaa poorv mein babylone koo jeetane key abhiyaan kaa netritva curr rhaa thaa, jabaki usake chaacha, cyceress II, ekbatana mein rahey. cyxares dwiteeya taba taka ack boodhaa aadami thaa, aur kyonki cyrus dwiteeya/mahaan abhiyaan kii kamaan mein thaa, senaa cyrus koo raajaa key roop mein maanane aaee. cyrus II/mahaan aamantrit cyxares key baad (ii) babylone mein unake liye taiyar kiye gaye ack mahal mein, cyxares (ii) ney unhein apani betty (cyrus II/mahaan kaa pahala chachera bhaai) koo shaadi mein diyaa, jisamen madhyam raajya koo usake dahej key roop mein diyaa gayaa. iss dhaarana parr kii cyxares II darius dha mede haye, yeh daavaa kiya jaataa haye kii usane apani mrityu taka dou saal taka maid-farsi samrajya key pramukh key roop mein babylone seey nammatra shasson kiya, vaastavik shakti cyrus II/dha grate kii thee. cyxares II kii mrityu key baad, samrajya cyrus II/mahaan key paas shantipurna roop seey chalaa gayaa.
naam koo laker vivaad.
friedrich conig ney daavaa kiya kii zenophone cyceres (ii) key baare mein bhramit thaa kyonki yeh estiaz key pitaa (cyceres i) kaa naam thaa. haalaanki, yeh asamanya naheen thaa, vishesh roop seey raajaon key beach, ack vyakti key liye apane daadaa key samaan naam honah. cyrus dha grate aur cambisis II donon key saath aisaa hii huaa. darius (i) histaspace kaa ack potaa thaa jiska naam darius thaa joe spasht roop seey uttaradhikari thaa lekin raajaa banane seey pahale hii maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
cyceres key astitva key baare mein bahas.
cyceres II zenophone key "cyropedia" mein pramukhta seey dikhaai detaa haye. isake vipareet, vaha "herodotus" key "itihas" seey anupasthit haye, joe cyceres II key liye koee jagah naheen chhodata haye. herodotus kaa kahana haye kii madhya raajaa estiaz kaa koee putra naheen thaa, aur media aur faras donon key raajaa key roop mein unakaa uttaradhikari cyrus dha grate thaa. itihaskaron kii aadhunik aam sahamati herodotus seey sahmat haye. johnn whitecomb ney likhaa kii zenophone kaa cyceres II "kewal kalpana kaa ack ansh thaa."
cumm seey cumm jerom key samay seey laker 19veen shatabdi taka, kaee lekhakon, yahudi aur isai donon ney cyceres II key astitva koo sweekaar kiya. johnn calvin, addam clark, keel aur deletzesh aur laing kii bibil kii tippaniyon mein unhein nava-babylonian samrajya key anta mein media key raajaa key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa. laing kii tippani mein, otto zockler ney gassenius, hengestenberg aur anya haal key lekhakon kaa naam liya, jinhone cyceres II koo daniel key darius dha mede key saath barabari kii. inn tippaniyon mein zenophone dwara chitrit cyceres II key beach samaantaon kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye aur daniel kii pustak mein unake baare mein viral bayanon seey darius dha mede key baare mein kyaa anuman lagaaya jaa sakata haye. unake vichaar mein, naam mein antar koo iss tathya seey samajhaaya jaa sakata haye kii usa samay key raajaon-jinamen artxercs I, darius II, artxercs III aur darius III shamil they-key vyaktigat naam key alawa ack simhaasan kaa naam thaa. cyceres II key mamle mein, harpocration aur berosus koo saboot key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa thaa joe darshaata haye kii cyceres II kaa simhaasan naam darius dha mede thaa. cyceres II aur darius dha mede key beach sahsambandh key sambandh mein, zockler ney likhaa, "cyceres II key sambandh mein zenophone dwara diyaa gayaa vivaran darius dha mede key sambandh mein daniel key kathan seey poori tarah seey sahmat haye, kii, jaisa kii hitzig sweekaar kartaa haye, 'donon kii pehchaan sandeh seey parey haye.'"
samarthan sakshya.
nimnalikhit srot aam taur parr ack yaa dusare tareeke seey, media key simhaasan parr astyages key baad ack samrat key roop mein cyxares II key astitva kaa samarthan karate hain, aur joe sanyukt madhyika aur farsi senaaon aur unake sahyogiyon dwara babylone parr kabja karane key kuchh samay baad taka jaari rhaa. sroton koo unaki rachana key kalanukramik crum mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye, jisamen sabse purana pahala haye.
harran stelle.
harran stelle (prechard, pp. 362-63) kii rachana nabonidus key chaudahaven yaa pandrahaven varsh mein kii gaee thee.ee. 542 seey 540 eesaa poorv, ehulhul mein mandir kii unaki bahaali kaa smaran karate hue. nabonidus bataata haye kii kaise, usake shasankal key dasaven varsh (546 yaa 545 eesaa poorv) mein, shatrutapurna raajaon ney usey babylone lautane key liye aamantrit kiya. raajaon kaa naam "misra kii bhoomi key raajaon key roop mein rakhaa gayaa haye, desh key raajaa [v.ell."kurr key liyeh <unk>, shahar key] medes key, arabon key desh key, aur shatrutapurna (bhoomi) key sabhi raajaon key liye. iska mahatva isaki tarikh mein nihit haye, nabonidus key medis aur faarsiyon key haathon apana raajya khone seey sirf ack seey teen saal pahale. yeh cyrus dwara medis koo vash mein karane aur 559 bee mein sanyukt samrajya kaa shaasak banane key lagbhag 13 yaa 14 saal baad bhee thaa.see. naayak aur aadhunik itihaskaron kii aam sahamati key anusaar joe unakaa anusaran karate hain. nabonidus ney faarsiyon kaa koee ullekh naheen kiya haye joe jald hii unaki rajdhani parr kabja karane vaalon key netaa honge. yeh zinophone kii tasveer key anuroop haye kii faarasiyon koo abhee bhee usa samay medo-farsi sangh mein adheenasth bhagidar honey key saath, cyrus key saath apane chaacha, media key raajaa cyceress dwiteeya key tahat junier samprabhu. kissy bhee jeevit shilalekh mein kaheen bhee cyrus koo media kaa raajaa naheen kahaa jaataa haye, jaba taka kii yeh naheen rakhaa jaataa haye kii vartamaan shilalekh kii vyakhya iss tarah seey kii gaee haye; yeh anya sroton key vipareet hoga jahaan cyrus koo "anshan kaa raajaa", "faras kaa raajaa", "mahaan raajaa" aur anya samaan khitabon key liye sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye. isaliye harran stelle iss baat kaa pramaan haye kii babylone key patan seey kuchh hii samay pahale, medis kaa raajaa, jiska naam naheen diyaa gayaa haye, naa kewal astitva mein thaa, balki cyrus aur faarsiyon kii tulanaa mein babyloniyon kaa adhik mahatvapurna dushman maanaa jaataa thaa.
perspolis raahat.
perspolis key farsi shahar kaa nirmaan darius i (522-486 BC) key shasankal kii shuruat mein shuru huaa, shayed lagbhag 515 eesaa poorv, aur nirmaan unake bete zerxis (486-465 BC) key shasankal mein puuraa huaa thaa. apadaana kii badee seedhi pahale nirmaan charan kaa hissa thee. seedhi key hisse parr nakkashi farsi aur madhya kulinon koo darshaati haye, jisamen pada kaa koee spasht antar naheen haye. faarsiyon aur medians kaa samaan roop seey chitran naayak key khaate key saath susangat naheen haye kii faarsiyon ney babylone key patan seey lagbhag 20 saal pahale medis koo "adheen" kiya aur "gulam" banaa diyaa ("itihas" 1.129,130). way donon deshon key beach ack sangh key "cyropedia" mein prastut tasveer key anuroop hain, jisamen maid shuru mein sangh mein varishth bhagidar hain.
persian" mein eskillus.
eskillus kii trasdi, "dha persian", 472 eesaa poorv mein likhi gaee thee. lekhak, eskillus, darius histaspace (522-486 bc) aur unake bete zerxus (486-465) key samkaaleen they. unhone mairathan aur salami mein faarsiyon seey ladaai ladee. "farsi" zenophone aur herodotus donon seey pahale key hain, aur isaliye una sroton mein seey kissy seey bhee swatantra hain. yeh trasdi salami (486 eesaa poorv) mein farsi haar kaa ack naatakiya punarnirmaan haye. isamen, darius I kaa bhoot dou madhya raajaon kaa varnan kartaa haye joe cyrus seey pahale medo-farsi gathbandhan key shasakon key roop mein theh
mede key liye [hamaare] mezban kaa pahala netaa thaa; aur ack anya, usake bete ney, iss kaam koo puuraa kiya, kyonki [usake] munn ney usake junoon koo nirdeshit kiya.<unake beach seey teesara cyrus thaa, ack bhagyashali vyakti; jaba unhone shasson kiya, tou unhone apane sabhi key liye shaanti sthaapit kii.
herodotus key itihas mein, cyrus seey pahale dou madhya raajaa cyceres I aur unake bete estiaz they. lekin herodotus key anusaar, cyceres ney ack medo-farsi sangh kii sthaapana naheen kii, aur estiaz ney "iss kaam koo puuraa naheen kiya"; isake bajaay unhone cyrus key khilaf yuddh shuru karane key baad apana simhaasan khou diyaa. medis aur faarsiyon key buniyaadi itihas key sambandh mein herodotus key saath eskillus kaa sangharsh itna spasht haye kii walter cranz ney kahaa, "nishchit roop seey koee shikayat curr sakata haye, kii iss prakaar eskillus (apane shrotaon kii tarah) faarsiyon mein prabhutva key parivartan key sambandh mein poorv mein bhaari kranti key baare mein kuchh naheen jaanata thaa."steven anderson likhate hain," iss prakaar herodotus key saath eskillus kaa milan karane kaa prayaas toot jaataa haye, naa kewal madhya raajaon koo sahsambaddh karane kii samasya key kaaran, balki ack madhya-farsi sangh kii samasya key kaaran bhee. eskillus meddy aur faarsiyon koo soochi mein pahale madhya raajaa seey ack sanyukt mezban key roop mein prastut kartaa haye, aur yeh sanket naheen detaa haye kii cyrus dwara media parr hinsak vijay hui thee, jaisa kii herodotus kaa daavaa haye."
ateet mein, kaee shastriyatavadiyon dwara lii gaee vyakhya yeh thee kii iss sandarbh mein cyrus seey pahale key dou madhya raajaa estiaz aur zenophone key cyceres II they. yeh thomas steinly kii sthiti thee, jinhone satrahavin seey unnisvin shatabdi taka eskillus key karyon kaa maanak sanskaran sampaadit kiya. iss baat kaa pramaan haye kii estheej key tahat medis ney faarsiyon key saath ack sangh shuru kiya, jaisa kii eskillus dwara ingit kiya gayaa haye, esthage dwara apani betty koo cambises seey shaadi mein manden dene seey, joe manden dwara cyrus key pitaa they. yeh vivaah gathbandhan herodotus aur zenophone donon key itihas mein pramaanit haye. "pracheen nikat purvi sandarbh mein, iss tarah key vivaah raajneetik gathbandhanon key gathan kaa sanket dete they, aur aisaa lagata haye kii astyaj ney babylone key prabhutva koo rokane key drishtikon seey faras key saath aisaa gathbandhan kiya thaa. jiss kaam koo unhone faras key saath sangh key madhyam seey babylone key aadhipatya kaa virodh karane key liye shuru kiya thaa, usey unake bete darius/cyxares II ney puuraa kiya thaa, jinhone madhya simhaasan parr kabja curr liya thaa jaba babylone medo-farsi senaa key haathon gir gayaa thaa."inn kuchh panktiyon mein eskillus medo-farsi sangh key shuruati dinon kii ack tasveer prastut kartaa haye joe zenophone key maadhya raajaon key uttaradhikar key saath samanjasya mein haye, jisamen cyceres II bhee shamil haye.
cyropedia" mein zenophone.
zenophone ack bhaade kaa sanic thaa joe cyrus dha young aur usake bhaai artexers II off pertia key beach farsi grihyuddh mein ladaa thaa. 10, 000 yunani bhaade key sainikon kii kahani zenophone key sabse prasiddh kaam, "anabasis" mein sambandhit haye. zenophone cyrus key paksh mein ladey aur unaki bahut prashansa kii. cyrus key maare jaane key baad, zenophone faarsiyon dwara niyantrit kshetra seey baahar nikalane key liye apane lambe track mein yoonaniyon kaa netaa bunn gayaa. choonki vaha spasht roop seey yuva cyrus aur usake paricharakon seey kaafee parichit thaa, isaliye usey mahaan cyrus kii darbar kii yaad dilaane kaa paryaapt avsar milaa.
jaba zenophone ney kaee varshon baad apana "cyropedia" (cyrus kii shiksha) likhaa, tou herodotus kaa "itihas" pahale hii prakaashit hoe chuka thaa. cyrus dha grate kii parvarish key baare mein, herodotus ney kahaa kii vaha una kahaaniyon mein seey ack koo chuna rhaa thaa joe usane sunee thee, lekin teen anya kahaaniyan theen jinhen usane sambandhit karane key liye naheen chunaa thaa (1.95). unhone joe kahani chuni haye, vaha usa samay key mithakon seey rupaantarit haye. naayak kii kahani kaa ack abhinn hissa unakaa spashteekaran thaa kii cyrus kaise faras key simhaasan parr aaya. yeh taba huaa jaba unhone apane naana, medis key raajaa, estiaz key khilaf ack safal vidroh kaa netritva kiya. zenophone koo yeh kahani herodotus seey pataa hogi, lekin vaha iss parr vishvaas naheen kartaa thaa, kyonki cyrus key shuruati varshon kaa uska itihas kaafee alag haye. herodotus aur zenophone iss baat seey sahmat hain kii cyrus kii maan media kii anivarya thee, estiages kii betty thee, lekin herodotus kaa kahana haye kii cyrus key pitaa, cambises I, raajaa yaa raajaa key pitaa honey key liye "upayukt pada" key naheen they (1-7); haalaanki, zenophone kaa kahana haye kii cambises faras kaa raajaa thaa. herodotus key apane daadaa key khilaf vidroh kaa netritva karane aur media key simhaasan parr kabja karane key vipareet, zenophone kaa kahana haye kii estiaz kii mrityu hoe gaee aur unake bete cyxares dwara media key simhaasan parr unakaa uttaradhikari banaa (ii) cyrus seey kuchh samay pahale-faras key rajkumar rajpratinidhi aur unaki senaaon key netaa key roop mein-vijay kaa apana abhiyaan shuru kiya.
cyrus cylinder kii khoj ney iss baat kaa saboot diyaa kii herodotus cyrus key poorvajon aur vishesh roop seey apane pitaa, cambis key pada key baare mein galat thaa. isamen, cyrus kaa kahana haye kii vaha "cambises kaa putra, mahaan raajaa, anshan kaa raajaa, cyrus kaa potaa, mahaan raajaa, anshan kaa raajaa, teaspace kaa vanshaj, mahaan raajaa, anshan kaa raajaa, ack parivaar kaa (joe) hamesha (prayog kiya) raajatva" (prechard, pee. 316).
berosus.
berosus ack babylonian lekhak they jinhone 270 eesaa poorv key aspas babylone, "babyloniac" kaa itihas taiyar kiya. yeh kaam pracheen kaal mein vyaapak roop seey jaanaa jaataa thaa, lekin abb baad key lekhakon dwara uddhrit tukadon mein hii jeevit haye. cyrus dwara babylone kii vijay kaa varnan karane vaalaa ack tukada josephus 'against apion' (1.150-53/1.20) mein sanrakshit haye. babylonica" mein, berosus ney nabonidus key satrahaven varsh kii vijay kii tarikh dee haye, joe nabonidus itihas key cuniform shilalekh key saath sahmat haye. babylonica" key iss khand kaa ullekh eusebius key "itihas" mein bhee kiya gayaa haye, ack aisaa kaam joe kewal ack armenian anuvaad mein jeevit haye. eusebius ney apane srot key roop mein berosus key ack epitomizer abdenus kaa hawala diyaa haye. apiyan key khilaf" mein sanrakshit berosus key tukade mein kahaa gayaa haye kii cyrus ney nabonidus koo carmenia key praant mein rahane key liye diyaa thaa. eusebius kaa "itihas" isase sahmat haye, lekin abdenus/berosus kaa iska uddharan jodata haih "iss ack [nabonidus] cyrus koo, jaba usane babylone koo leey liya thaa, tou carmanians kii bhoomi kaa governorship diyaa; [lekin] raajaa darius ney praant kaa kuchh hissa apane liye leey liya."
berosus key bayaan mein nabonidus key samkaaleen darius naamak ack raajaa kaa ullekh haye. yeh usa samay key raajaa darius key shasson kaa samarthan curr sakata haye jaba cyrus ney babylone parr vijay praapt kii thee, lekin yeh darius mahaan (shasson 522-486) koo bhee sandarbhit curr sakata haye, jisane baad mein nabonidus key praant koo cumm curr diyaa hoga. darius" naam key iss sandarbh kaa upayog 19veen shatabdi kii keil, deletzesh aur laing kii tippaniyon mein kiya gayaa thaa taaki yeh daavaa kiya jaa sakey kii daniel kii pustak mein "darius dha mede" koo ack pracheen srot mein pramaanit kiya gayaa thaa.
harpocration.
harpocration ack shabdakoshkar thaa jisane doosari shatabdi key uttaraardh mein likhaa thaa. vaha alexandaria mein mahaan pustakalaya seey judey they, aur kaee pracheen sansadhanon taka unaki pahunch thee joe pustakalaya key nasht honey parr khou gaye they. unakaa ekmatra jeevit kaary "duss vaktaaon kaa shabdakosh" haye. darik sikke key liye ack pravishti mein, vaha likhate hain, "lekin darics kaa naam naheen haye, jaisa kii adhikansh logon koo lagata haye, zerks key pitaa darius key naam parr, lekin ack nishchit anya pracheen raajaa key key shatabdi mein, see. aff. keil, hibru bibil parr keel aur deletzesh tippani mein, ack aitihaasik vyakti key roop mein daniel key "darius dha mede" key astitva key liye daniel kii bibil kii pustak key baahar saboot key roop mein harpocration mein sandarbh kaa hawala diyaa.
paraspar virodhi sakshya.
babylonian anubandh granth.
babylonian anubandh dastavejon key hajaaron udaaharan hain joe mitty parr cuniform mein likhe gaye hain, jinamen seey kaee aprakaashit hain. strassmire ney cyrus key shasankal key 384 anubandh granth prakaashit kiye, aur anya taba seey prakaashit kiye gaye hain. yeye dastaavez cyceres II key astitva key khilaf sabse majboot tark pradaan karate hain, kyonki abhee taka prakaashit kiye gaye kissy bhee naam mein vaha naam naheen haye. rolle likhate hain, "kissy bhee shaahi samrat ney nabonidus aur cyrus key beach apane shasson koo naheen rokaa, kyonki jiss maheene cyrus ney babylone mein pravesh kiya thaa, usa maheene key liye anubandh unake shasankal seey dinaankit they."
cyropedia" (8.5.1,17) key anusaar, babylone mein mamalon key nipat jaane key baad hii cyrus media mein gayaa aur sikesers koo babylone aaney key liye aamantrit kiya, jahan usane usake liye ack mahal taiyar kiya thaa. yadi aisaa haye, tou babylone key logon ney cyrus koo apane vijeta key roop mein pahachaana hoga, naa kii door key sikesers key roop mein. steven anderson, joe zenophone kii buniyaadi ruprekha kii vakaalat karate hain, likhate hain kii cyrus "spasht roop seey nae raajaa key roop mein prashansit thaa jaba vaha ack saavdhaanipoorvak nritya nirdeshan julus mein shahar mein pravesh kiya, aur unake pravesh seey pahale aur usake baad ack bhaari prachaar abhiyaan chalaaya gayaa."anderson yeh bhee kahate hain," yeh asambhav naheen haye kii aise cuniform granth hoe sakate hain jinamen darius kaa ullekh kiya gayaa hoe, jise aadhunik vidvaanon ney galati seey teen farsi raajaon mein seey ack 'darius' key saath pahachaana haye.'darius mede key liye koee bhee sandarbh bahut spasht aur anyatha aspasht honah chaahiye jise ack paaramparik vidwan dwara maanyata dee jaani chaahiye."
cyrus cylinder.
cyrus cylinder (prechard, pp. 315-16) ack bairal key aakar kaa mitty kaa cylinder haye joe akadian cuniform mein ankit haye. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii yeh babylone kii vijay (539 eesaa poorv) key kuchh samay baad aur 530 eesaa poorv mein cyrus kii mrityu seey pahale likhaa gayaa thaa. cyrus cylinder zenophone key khaate key saath sangharsh mein sakshya kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa thaa. isake paath kii vyakhya iss tarah kii gaee thee kii faarsiyon ney babylone parr kabja karane seey pahale yuddh mein medis parr vijay praapt kii thee, jaisa kii herodotus ney bataaya thaa. babylone key girane parr kissy bhee madhya raajaa key shasson kaa koee ullekh naheen haye, jise zenophone dwara varnit cyceres II key astitva key khilaf saboot key roop mein liya gayaa thaa.
 aadhunik vidvata iss cylinder koo babylone key raajaa nabonidus key khilaf janmat mein herfer karane aur babylone parr cyrus kii vijay koo vaidh banaane key liye design kiye gaye ack prachaar tukade key roop mein maanyata detee haye. yeh cyrus koo babylonian logon key ack muktidata key roop mein varnit kartaa haye, jinhone nabonidus dwara iss tarah kii pooja kii upeksha key baad marduk kii pooja koo bahaal kiya, jise poore samay badnam kiya jaataa haye.
cyrus cylinder mein kahaa gayaa haye kii cyrus ney "gutium kii bhoomi banaai aur sabhi umaan-manda apane pairon mein jhuk gaye."umman-manda koo kuchh adhikaariyon dwara cyrus key medis key adheenata key sandarbh key roop mein liya jaataa haye. haalaanki, steven anderson key anusaar, yeh vaha saadhan hoe sakata haye jisake dwara cyrus ney lydian aur unake sahyogiyon key khilaf safal abhiyaan key baad maadhya senaa kii nishtha praapt kii, sikesers II koo oopar uthaate hue abhee bhee usake prati nishtha kaa sankalp liya. gutian aur umaan-manda key "samarpan" key baare mein, anderson likhate hain, "inn jhoothe prachaar daavon koo sahee thaharaane key liye, saath hii cyrus koo khud koo mahimamandit karane kaa ack aur avsar pradaan karane key liye, cyrus koo vaastav mein medis parr" vijay "praapt karane key roop mein chitrit karna aavashyak hoe gayaa, bajaay isake kii dheere-dheere sangh kii medo-persian senaa parr niyantran koo viniyojit kiya jaae, aur anta mein antim madhya raajaa key uttaradhikari baney. ... yadi babylone key patan seey pahale cyrus koo madhyam senaa parr prabhutva diyaa jaataa thaa, tou yeh yaa tou herodotus yaa zenophone key saath fitt hoga."
zenophone key "cyropedia" (4.6.1-11) key anusaar, babylone key raajaa key khilaf babylone key shasakon key adheen gutium key governor gobrias kii lambe samay seey nafrat thee. cyrus dwara croesus koo haraane key baad, gobrias cyrus mein aaya aur apani nishtha kaa sanket diyaa. babylone parr kabja karane key baare mein apani salah dete hue, aur phir shahar parr kabja karane vaali senaaon kaa netritva karate hue (5.4.41-50; 7.5.8-33), gobrias una ghatnaaon mein pramukhta seey dikhaai dete hain joe baad mein aatee hain. halanki iss khaate kii mool ruprekha parr sawal uthaaya jaa sakata haye kyonki zenophone kii cyrus koo kaushal aur kootneeti key ack master key roop mein chitrit karane kii ichcha key kaaran, buss koee anya khaata naheen haye joe yeh samajhaata haye kii kaise aant key loga cyrus key anuyaayi bunn gaye aur unake adheen they, jaisa kii cyrus cylinder mein kahaa gayaa haye. zenophone koo nabonidus chronicle seey samarthan praapt haye, jahan gobrias (ugbaru) koo "cyropedia" key saath samjhaute mein, gatium kaa governor aur babylone parr kabja karane mein cyrus kii senaa kaa netaa kahaa jaataa haye. steven hirsh ney nishkarsh nikala, "isaliye zenophone kaa yeh daavaa karna sahee haye kii cyrus ney ack gobriya, ack babylonian jagirdar kaa samarthan liya, joe bablon koo pakadane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata thaa. yeh vivaran herodotus key khaate aur citasius key "persica" key maujooda hisson seey anupasthit haye."
nabonidus kaa itihas.
nabonidus chronicle ack pracheen babylonian paath haye, joe mitty kii pattiyon parr cuniform lipi mein utkeern babylonian itihas kii ack badee shrinkhala kaa hissa haye. amili kuhart ney nabonidus itihas koo "babylone key patan kaa sabse vishvasaniya aur shaant [pracheen] vivaran key roop mein varnit kiya haye."haalaanki, iss itihas koo" "cyrus kii seva mein prachaar key ack tukade" "key roop mein bhee varnit kiya gayaa haye. isaki vaarshik prakriti seey pataa chalata haye kii nabonidus key shasankal key mool dastavej isake granthon kaa praarambhik bindu they, lekin inhen nabonidus parr pratikool prakaash daalane key liye bhaari roop seey sampaadit kiya gayaa haye kyonki unhone babylone mein nae saal key tyohar kii baar-baar upeksha kii thee.
aitihaasiktaa cyceres II key sambandh mein, itihas naayak key saath sahmat haye kii agmantu key ishtumegu (actabana key astyaj maane jaane vaale) kii senaa ney usake khilaf vidroh kiya, jisake baad "cyrus, anshan key raajaa" ney agmantu/actabana koo jeet liya aur usey loot liya. ise raajaon key uttaradhikar key sambandh mein sahayak naayak key roop mein liya gayaa haye jisamen cyrus dha grate ney media aur persia donon key raajaa key roop mein turant estiages kaa anusaran kiya, jisamen koee hastakshep naheen kiya gayaa. haalaanki nabonidus chronicle aur herodotus key beach samjhauta, kii cyrus ney estiaz parr vijay praapt kii aur madhya raajya koo samaapt curr diyaa, adhikansh aadhunik vidvaanon koo nirnaayak lagaa haye, lekin kuchh kathinaaiyaan bunny hui hain. inmein seey ack vichaar yeh haye kii naayak aur nabonidus itihas swatantra gawah naheen hoe sakate hain. herodotus ney kahaa kii unake paas cyrus kii parvarish key chaar sanskaran they aur kaise vaha unake liye upalabdh raajaa baney, aur unhone unamen seey kewal ack koo prastut karane kaa vikalp chunaa ("itihas" 1.95). iss mamle mein nabonidus itihas key saath herodotus key samjhaute koo dou swatantra gawahi key roop mein naheen maanaa jaanaa chaahiye. nabonidus itihas zenophone kaa samarthan kartaa haye kii yeh gutium key governor ugbaru/gobrias they, joe babylone parr vijay praapt karane vaali senaaon key senapati they.
ack khand mein joe aanshik roop seey doshpurna haye, nabonidus itihas "raajaa kii patni" kii mrityu kii report kartaa haye. yeh usa maheene key anta seey pahale huaa thaa jisamen cyrus kii senaa ney babylone parr kabja curr liya thaa. yadi raajaa cyrus thaa, jaisa kii sabse adhik sambhavana prateet hoti haye, tou joe marr gayaa vaha usaki pahali patni, cassendon, cambisis II kii maan thee. cambisis dwiteeya rajkumar rajpratinidhi banane key liye kaafee boodhe they jaba unake pitaa babylone mein pravesh kiya. yadi iss samay cassanden kii mrityu hoe gaee hoti, tou yeh "cyropedia" (8.5.19) key maarg parr prakaash daaltaa, jahan cyrus key maama, cyceress II ney apani betty koo haal hii mein shoke santapt cyrus koo dulhan key roop mein diyaa, jisamen media kaa raajya usake dahej key roop mein thaa. nabonidus itihas mein raajaa kii patni kii mrityu taba bataayegi kii cyrus apane madhya varshon mein ack naee raani kyon legaa, jaisa kii "cyropedia" mein kahaa gayaa haye. adhikansh itihaaskaar nebonidus itihas mein raajaa kii patni kii mrityu aur usake turant baad cyrus dwara ack naee patni lene ("cyropedia") key beach koee sambandh naheen banaate hain kyonki aisaa karane seey cyceress II key astitva koo vishvaas hoga. ack lekhak joe sambandh banaata haye vaha villium shee haye.
herodotus.
herodotus kaa "itihas" 450 aur 420 eesaa poorv key beach likhaa gayaa thaa. herodotus key paas "itihas" mein cyceres II key liye koee jagah naheen haye, kyonki usake kathan mein cyrus apane naana, medes key raajaa, key khilaf ack safal vidroh kaa netritva curr rhaa haye. isake parinamswarup, mede farsi logon key "gulam" bunn gaye (1.129,130). herodotus kaa kahana haye kii estiages kaa koee purush uttaradhikari naheen thaa (1.109); isaki tulanaa zenophone key bayaan ("cyropedia" 8.5.19) seey kii jaa sakati haye kii yeh estiages kaa betaa cyceress (ii) thaa, jiska koee purush uttaradhikari naheen thaa. purush uttaradhikari kii kamee siras key janm aur paalan-poshan key sambandh mein naayak kii kahani kaa ack aavashyak hissa haye, ack aisaa vivaran jise asweekrit putron key raajaa banane key baare mein vyaapak mithakon key roopaantaran key roop mein saarvbhaumik roop seey maanyata praapt haye. cyrus aur estiages key beach kii dushmani joe cyrus key vidroh kaa kaaran bunny, usa mithak kaa ack abhinn hissa haye. vidroh koo aam taur parr kuchh aadhunik itihaskaron dwara sach maanaa jaataa haye.

