
jiyovanni batista palumba

jiyovanni batista palumba, jise master I key naam seey bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.bee. ack pakshi (yaa pakshi aadi) key saath.), 16veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein ack italvi printmaker they, joe nakkashi aur lakadi key cutt donon banaate they; unhein aam taur parr inmein seey kramshah 14 aur 11 key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya jaataa haye. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii vaha uttari itali seey aaya thaa, lekin baad mein usane rome mein kaam kiya. unhone shaastriya pauranik kathaaon key vishayon key saath-saath apariharya dhaarmik vishayon mein visheshagyata praapt kii. apane apekshaakrit chhote utpaadan key bavjood, vaha ack parishkrit kalakar they, jinaki shally kaee prabhaavon aur parivartanon koo darshaati haye, joe uchch punarjagaran kii shuruat mein kalaatmak shally mein dhaaraon key baare mein jagrukta koo darshaati haye. hastaaksharit print aamtaur parr lagbhag 1500-1511 key hotey hain.
unakaa pahala naam usa monogram seey aaya haye jisake saath unake adhikansh print hastaaksharit hain, praarambhik akshar "aaee. bee" key baad ack kabootar jaise pakshi kii ack chhoti see chhavi haye. italvi shabd "palumbo" kaa arth haye "kabootar" (aam lakadi key kabootar kaa lattin naam "kolumba palumbus" haye), aur lattin mein "jiyovanni" (angreji mein 'johnn') key liye praarambhik "aaee" haye, jiska arth haye "iohannes". usey guru key saath bhramit naheen honah chaahiye.bee., ack german printmaker joe neuremberg see mein sakriya haye. 1523-1530.
1500 key dashak seey pahale aur baad key donon pustakon key chitron key liye unhein vibhinn lakadi key cutt key liye bhee jimmedaar thaharaaya jaataa haye, halanki inn sabhi koo kuchh logon dwara aswikar curr diyaa jaataa haye, aur unhein aam taur parr british sangrahalaya mein unake "leda aur huns" key mudran seey sambandhit ack chitra key lekhak key roop mein sweekaar kiya jaataa haye, joe unake bachchon key saath thaa.
pehchaan aur gyaat jeevani sambandhi tathya.
master aaee.bee. ack pakshi key saath lambe samay seey jaanaa jaataa thaa, aur ise barch dwara soochibaddh kiya jaataa haye. 18veen shatabdi mein prasiddh print collector piyare-jeane marrit ney pahale hii prastaav diyaa thaa kii monogram ney "joenus baptista palambas" jaise avian arth vaale ack naam koo chhipa diyaa thaa, aur 1923 mein arther megger hind ney anuman lagaayah "koee bhee passeri [gauraiya] yaa eusello [pakshi] koo sambhaavit upnaam key roop mein sochata haye. 19veen shatabdi mein modena key ack kalakar jise jiyovanni batista dell porto kahaa jaataa thaa, koo kaee loga master I maanate they.bee. ack pakshi key saath. 1930 key dashak mein james bayam shau, jinhone print parr prakaashit kiya, ney socha kii vaha jacopo ripanda hoe sakate hain, jinhen bologna key ack chitrakaar aur pracheen print key designer key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jinhone roman manavtawadi parivesh mein mishran kiya jise print pratibimbit karate hain; ripanda ack jall-pakshi key liye ack italvi shabd haye.
iss sawal kaa samadhan 1936 mein huaa thaa jaba augusto campana ney vatican pustakalaya mein evangelista madellany dei capodifero kii kavita kii pandulipi mein ack vivaran prakaashit kiya thaa, jisamen palumba kii pehchaan unake "leda aur huns" key print kaa ullekh karke kii gaee thee, aur yeh pehchaan abb saarvbhaumik roop seey sweekaar kii gaee haye. campana ney pandulipi mein anukram key aadhar parr "leda" parr epigram koo 1503 mein dinaankit kiya, lekin konrad oberhuber ney print kii shally aur marcantonio raimondi dwara usa avadhi key dinaankit print key saath isaki nikatata key aadhar parr 1508-10 key aspas ack tarikh key liye tark diyaa.
guru kii pehchaan karna I.bee. palumba vaale ack pakshi key saath lagbhag koee atirikt jeevani sambandhi jaankaari naheen aaee, kyonki naam key saath koee anya vrittachitra record naheen hain. vahee vatican pandulipi palumba koo ack cicilian naukar key chitrit chitra key saath shreya detee haye, shayed cardinal jiyovanni colona (1456-1508) kaa. ack pietro paolo palumba, jinhone 1559 aur 1584 key beach rome mein print prakaashit kiye, khud koo "palumbus uttaradhikari palumbi" key roop mein varnit karate hain.
print mein dikhaai dene vaale shaileegat prabhaavon seey baahar nikalate hue, maanaa jaataa haye kii unaki prishthabhoomi milan yaa bologna mein yaa usake karib thee, kuchh daavaa karate hain kii 1490 aur 1503 key beach vahaan yaa saluzo mein prakaashit hastaaksharit lakadi kii katni pustak key chitra unake dwara hain. hind ney socha kii ack praarambhik utkirnan "apani neelo jaisi prishthabhoomi key saath, ack sunar kii shiksha kaa sujhaav detaa haye", aur yeh kii "itane sargrahi ack aatma key kshetra parr hathdharmita seey kaam lena", utkirnakon key liye ack samanya prishthabhoomi thee kyonki takneek kaa upayog pahali baar dhaatu key kaam parr kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh unake samanya prashikshan kaa hissa thaa. iss praarambhik avadhi key baad lagbhag 1503 taka rome kii or kadam badhaaya gayaa; ack print mein kuchh "prakriti key vichitra" dikhaai dete hain joe 1503 mein vahaan samachar they. unake swatantra print key liye anumaanit tithiyaan 1510 key aspas samaapt hoti hain, halanki "illustrium imagines" mein chitra kuchh varshon baad key hotey, aggar way unake hotey.
palumba koo andrea fulvio kii "illustrium imagines" (1517) mein prasiddh logon key kaalpanik profile haid portrait kii lambi shrinkhala key lekhak key roop mein bhee sujhaaya gayaa haye, halanki iss vichaar koo anya lekhakon dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa haye. unhein 1521 aur 1524 key beach venis aur siena mein prakaashit anya lakadi kii pustakon key chitron key lekhak key roop mein campana dwara prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa, halanki ack...aim. hind asahmat they. oberhaber ney nishkarsh nikala kii "cumm seey cumm, yeh spasht prateet hotaa haye kii lagbhag 1510-11 palumba key baad ekal lakadi key kataav aur nakkashi kaa utpaadan bund hoe jaataa haye.
british sangrahalaya mein "leda aur huns, apane bachchon key saath" key ack chitra koo georgian, sodoma aur "anaamah milani school" key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya gayaa thaa, isase pahale kii hind kaa palumba key liye shreya aam taur parr sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa. rachana ack hii vishay (vipareet mein) key utkirnan key samaan haye, jaisa kii shally aur manodasha haye, halanki aakritiyon key mudraon mein prishthabhoomi aur chhote vivaran alag hain.
print aur shally.
utkeernak aam taur parr iss avadhi mein apane design key liye plates parr kaam karate they, aur yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii palumba ney bhee aisaa hii kiya thaa. isake vipareet, lakadi key cutt key kaee yaa adhikansh designers kii tarah, unhone shayed swayam blocks koo naheen kaataa thaa; unake kuchh lakadi key cutt mein anya adyakshar hain, sambhavatah visheshagya block-cutter key. aisaa lagata haye kii unhone monogram key saath print kii poori avadhi mein donon takneekon kaa abhyaas kiya thaa. sant sebastian kaa ack hii dair seey kiya jaane vaalaa chiaroscuro lakadi kaa cutt haye, jisamen ack pankti aur ack swar khand haye; yeh itali key liye bahut jaldi haye, aur ack "vaastav mein sachitra" print haye.
apekshaakrit shuruati maane jaane vaale kaee print spasht rinn dikhaate hain, vishesh roop seey paridrishya prishthabhoomi mein, albrecht durer key printon key liye, vishesh roop seey 15 veen shatabdi key antim paanch varshon key; yeye uttari itali mein vyaapak roop seey prasaarit kiye gaye they aur kaee print nirmaataon parr inca majboot aur tatkaal prabhaav thaa. dhaarmik vishayon koo jyaadaatar praarambhik maanaa jaataa haye, 1503 mein milan mein banaai gaee andrea solari kii painting (abb lauver) key saath kaee samaantaon vaale "croose parr chadhaae jaane" kaa ack lakadi kaa cutt.
durer key alawa, joe hamesha pahale naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye, kaee anya kalakaron kaa prabhaav key roop mein ullekh kiya gayaa haih andrea mentagna, nicoleto daa modena, samanya roop seey boloni school, sodoma, baldasare peruzi, francensco francia, markentonio raimondi, andrea solario, venis kii murtikala, sizere daa cesto, polaiolo, christophano robeta, philipino lippy, pinturichio, jacopo ripanda aur luka signorelli. oberhaber unhein "behad sargrahi" kahane mein peechhe kii or pratidhwanit karate hain, lekin vaha hamesha apane rupankanon koo iss tarah seey upayukt banaate hain kii sroton kii pehchaan karna aasaan naheen haye. leonardo seey unake udhaar kii charcha neeche kii gaee haye. badale mein leo steinberg ney "jeevon key parivaar" koo apane canonic roop mein "slung legg" rupankan kii sabse shuruati upasthiti key roop mein diyaa haye; vaha iss rupankan kaa pataa lagaate hain, joe yaun antarangata kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, rafale aur michel angelo key baad key karyon mein.
kaee print apane parivarik jeevan mein shaastriya pauranik kathaaon kii vibhinn prakaar kii kalpana karane key liye fashion kaa paalan karate hain, joe pahale seey hii durer, jacopo dee barbari aur anya logon dwara sthaapit hain. palumba key print mein triton, jeev aur vyangya key parivaar shamil hain, halanki adhikansh mahilaaon aur bachchon mein shaaririk roop seey maanav dikhaai dete hain. yeye aur anya print "pracheen kaal key swaad koo darshaate hain, joe philipino lippy, pinturicio, peruzi aur ripanda key vichitra aur najuk roop seey sunder honey kii bhavna key saath mishrit hain. vaha ovidian parivartanon mein bhee ruchi rakhta haye, jisamen leda key dou print, aur europe key anya koo leey jaaya jaa rhaa haye, aur actian aadhaa parivartit hoe gayaa haye.
fredrick lipman dwara lakadi key kataav parr 1894 key ack pepper mein prastaavit anumaanit kalakram kaafee hudd taka sweekaar kiya gayaa haye, aur oberhaber isamen nakkashi jodane key liye santusht haye. print koo kalanukramik charanon yaa samoohon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, aeye seey ee.
maark mcdonald ney unake lakadi key cutt koo "solahavin shatabdi key shuruati varshon key dauran itali (rome) mein utpaadit sabse mahatvapurna mein seey ack" key roop mein varnit kiya haye, lekin swatantra print key adhikansh italvi nirmaataon (pustak chitron key vipareet) ney utkirnan kaa upayog karna pasand kiya. apvaadon mein titian shamil hain, jinhone inn varshon mein lakadi key kataav (dusaron dwara nishpaadit, lekin unake protsaahan key saath) key saath prayog kiya. donon kalakaron key beach ack kadee unake lakadi key cutt kaa asamanya aakar haye. 270 x 445 mimi parr aur ack hii khand parr nakkashidar, "atlanta aur millisure caledonian suar kaa shikaar" lakadi key kataav koo takniki roop seey sambhav kinare key paas leey jaataa haye; iss aakar key adhikansh lakadi key cutt mein kaee khandon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. adhikatar germany mein, lakadi key badey cutt key liye ack fashion thaa, jise bhitti chitron key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa, yaa tou divaaron parr chipkaya jaataa thaa yaa cheeni chitron jaise vastron parr lagaaya jaataa thaa.
leeda aur leonardo.
"leda aur huns" ack aisaa vishay thaa joe vishayon mein palumba kii ruchi koo fitt kartaa thaa, aur unhone ise dou baar utkeern kiya; yeh usa avadhi mein fashionable thaa, aur kaee kalakaron ney chitran kiya. pahala lipman key charan dee mein samoohbaddh haye, shayed lagbhag 1508 seey, aur jode koo ack paridrishya mein utsaahpoorvak pyaar karate hue dikhaata haye. doosara shayed 1510 key aspas key charan ee seey haye, aur yeh unake antim aur sabse adhik prashansit printon mein seey ack haye. british sangrahalaya kaa chitra spasht roop seey mudran seey sambandhit haye, aur "asthaayi roop seey master I key liye jimmedaar haye.bee.'apana haath.
leda leonardo daa vincy kaa bhee ack vyastata rhaa thaa, jinhone anumaanit avadhi 1503-1510 mein dou rachanaon parr kendrit "leda aur unake bachchon key vishay parr vishayon aur vividhataon kii ack shrinkhala" parr bhee kaam kiya; inn donon mein bachchon koo kuchh sanskaranon mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa. donon mein seey koee bhee leonardo key chitron key roop mein jeevit naheen haye, lekin donon key liye unake dwara banaae gaye kaee chitra hain, aur telon mein pratiyaan hain, vishesh roop seey doosari rachana kii, jahaan leda khadaa haye. palumba kii rachanaon mein seey koee bhee seedhe leonardo seey udhaar naheen letee haye, lekin doosari "leonardo dwara banaae gaye shaileegat aadarshon koo upayukt banaati haye", aur "apane antim roop mein, leonardo aur durer key saamanjasyapurna sanlayan kaa pratinidhitva karati haye. vasari key anusaar, leonardo key shishya sizaare daa cesto rome mein they, shayed 1508-09 key aspas, joe leonardo key designs key baare mein palumba kii spasht jagrukta key liye ack sambhaavit maarg haye.
chitra mein prishthabhoomi mein pedon aur chattanon kaa ack durey-esk jhund haye, lekin print mein ise prasiddh roman khandahar dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye jise minerva medica key mandir key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, vaastav mein ack nymphium, ack aavishkaarit tateey setting koo dekhate hue. print mein "shaastriya roop seey prerit mahila nagna aur saath mein putti [bachche] khud koo italvi uchch punarjagaran design key siddhanton seey saarvbhaumik roop seey judey kaskar buney hue pyramid vinyas kii tarah vyavasthit karati hain.

