
lockheed ell-188 electra

lockheed ell-188 electra lockheed dwara nirmit ack americi turboprop vimaan haye. pahali baar 1957 mein udaaya gayaa, yeh sanyukt raajya mein nirmit pahala badaa turboprop vimaan thaa. praarambhik bikri achchi thee, lekin dou ghaatak durghatanaon key baad, jisake kaaran ack design dosh koo thheek karane key liye mahange sanshodhan kiye gaye, aur adhik kaa adesh naheen diyaa gayaa. apane advitiya uchch shakti-seey-vajan anupaat, vishal propeller aur bahut chhote pankhon (jisake parinamswarup adhikansh pankhon koo propewash mein dhakaa huaa haye), badey pankhon key flap, joe vistaarit honey parr prabhaavi pankhon key kshetra mein kaafee vriddhi karate hain, aur chaar-injan vaale design key saath, havaai jahaaj mein aaj bhee kaee jett parivahan vimaanon dwara bejod havaai kshetra pradarshan kshamataaen theen-vishesh roop seey chhote runway aur uchch kshetra kii oonchaai parr. jett airliners ney jald hii kaee uddeshyon key liye turboprop kaa sthaan leey liya, aur kaee electras koo malvahak key roop mein sanshodhit kiya gayaa. 21veen sadee mein bhee kuchh vidyut kaa upayog vibhinn bhoomikaon mein kiya jaa rhaa haye. airframe kaa upayog lockheed pee-3 orean samudri gashti vimaan key liye aadhar key roop mein bhee kiya gayaa thaa.
vikas.
20veen shatabdi key madhya taka, lockheed ney apani piston-injan nakshatr shrinkhala key saath vaanijyik vimaan utpaadan mein ack majboot sthiti sthaapit curr lii thee. aage key vikas ney turboprop injanon koo lockheed ell-1249 super nakshatr key saath nakshatr airframe mein laaya.
1951 mein, lockheed koo capital airlines dwara ack nayaa turboprop vimaan vikasit karane key liye sampark kiya gayaa thaa, jise vaaee. see.-130 naamit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin kissy anya vaahak kii koee ruchi naheen thee, isaliye design koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. baad mein, capital airlines ney 60 british wickers wiscount kaa order diyaa. 1954 mein, ack dohare injan vaale vimaan koo vikasit karane mein americi airlines kii ruchi key parinamswarup, vichaar phir seey saamane aaya aur company ney ack dohare injan vaale design kii peshkash kii jise abb see. ell.-303 naamit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh nayaa design ack uchch-wing prakaar thaa aur 60 seey 70 yaatriyon key liye anumati dega. anya vaahakon kii ruchi kii kamee key kaaran bhee iss design koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
agale varsh, americi airlines ney 75 yaatriyon key liye renz key saath chaar-injan design kii apani aavashyakta koo sanshodhit kiya. lockheed ney ack nae design kaa prastaav rakhaa, see. ell.-310 ack cumm pankh aur chaar roll-royce darts yaa napier allend key saath. see. ell.-310 design americi airlines kii aavashyaktaon koo puuraa kartaa haye, lekin ack anya ichchuk vaahak, purvi havaai lines kii aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane mein whiffle rhaa. isaki aavashyaktaaen lambi doori, nyuntam paribhraman gati aur 85-seey-90-yatri star taka baithane kii kshamata badhaane key liye theen. lockheed ney ellison 501-dee13 turboprop injan kaa upayog karane key liye see. ell.-310 koo phir seey design kiya, joe lockheed see-130 herculis sainya parivahan key liye vikasit tii56 kaa ack nagrik sanskaran haye. airframe koo aur adhik seeton kii anumati dene aur badhe hue pradarshan koo sambhaalane key liye badhaaya gayaa thaa. iss design koo 8 juuna, 1955 koo americi airlines dwara 35 key order key saath model 188 key roop mein launch kiya gayaa thaa. isake baad 27 sitambar, 1955 koo 40 key order key saath purvi havaai lines dwara 27 sitambar, 1955 koo shuru kiya gayaa thaa. pahale vimaan koo puuraa honey mein 26 maheene lagey, aur usa samay taka lockheed key paas 129 key order they. prototype, ack model 188a, pahali baar 6 disambar, 1957 koo nirdhaarit samay seey dou maheene pahale uda gayaa. lockheed koo 22 agast 1958 koo sivil aeronautics administration (see. aeye. aeye.) dwara ack prakaar kaa pramaan patra diyaa gayaa thaa. pahali delivery-purvi havaai lines koo-8 octuber, 1958 koo thee, lekin yeh 12 janwari, 1959 taka seva mein pravesh naheen curr paaee.
1957 mein, sanyukt raajya america kii nausena ney ack unnat samudri gashti vimaan kii aavashyakta jaari kii. lockheed ney electra key vikas kaa prastaav rakhaa jise baad mein pee-3 orean key roop mein utpaadan mein rakhaa gayaa, jise bahut adhik safalata millie-orean 50 seey adhik varshon seey nirantar agrim-pankti seva mein rhaa haye.
design.
model 188 electra ack nimn-wing cantilever monoplane haye joe chaar wing-mounted ellison 501-dee13 turboprop dwara sanchaalit haye. isamen ack vaapas lene yogya tipahiya landing gear aur ack paaramparik poonchh haye. isamen teen kaa cockpit chaalak dall haye aur yeh mishrit shreni kii vyavastha mein 66 seey 80 yaatriyon koo leey jaa sakata haye, halanki 98 koo uchch ghanatva vaale leout mein leey jaaya jaa sakata haye. pahala sanskaran model 188aeye thaa, jisake baad adhik eendhan aur adhikatam tech-off vajan key liye jagah key saath lambi doori kaa 188see thaa.
parichaalan itihas.
nagrik sanchaalan.
americi airlines launch graahak thee. isake baad purvi havaai maarg, braniff airways aur uttar-paschim airlines aaee. electra koo ack pareshan shuruat kaa saamana karna padaa. shuruati vimaan key yaatriyon ney pankhon key aage kebin mein shore kii shikayat kii, joe propeller anunaad key kaaran huaa. lockheed ney injan key nassel koo phir seey design kiya, injan koo 3° kii or jhukaa diyaa. 1959 key madhya taka utpaadan line parr yaa pahale seey nirmit vimaan key liye sanshodhan kitt key roop mein parivartanon koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa, aur isake parinamswarup pradarshan mein sudhaar huaa aur yaatriyon key liye behtar sawari hui.
farwari 1959 aur march 1960 key beach ghaatak durghatanaon mein teen vimaan khou gaye they. teesari durghatana key baad, aff. aeye. aeye. ney taba taka electra kii gati koo seemit curr diyaa jaba taka kii kaaran nirdhaarit naheen kiya jaa sakaa. ack vyaapak jaanch key baad, dou durghatanaaen (sitambar 1959 aur march 1960 mein) injan-mount samasya key kaaran paaee gaeen. gearbox key badhate hue daraar parh gaee, aur cumm kathorta ney "whirl mode flutter" naamak ack ghatana koo saksham kiya (bachche key sheersh key purvagaman key anuroop kyonki yeh dheema hoe jaataa haye, havaa key pravaah key saath propeller kii ack baatchit) joe baahari injan nessels koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. jaba dolan pankhon mein preshit kiya gayaa thaa aur flutter aavritti ack bindu taka cumm hoe gaee thee jahaan yeh baahari pankh panels (usee aavritti parr, yaa saamanjasyapurna roop seey sambandhit) key saath pratidhwanit thee, tou hinsak oopar-neeche dolan badh gayaa jaba taka kii pankh toot naheen jaate.
company ney ack mahange sanshodhan karyakram (lockheed electra achievement prograam, leap) koo lagu kiya jisamen injan mount aur mount kaa samarthan karane vaali wing sanrachanaon koo majboot kiya gayaa thaa, aur kuchh wing skin koo motee samagri seey badal diyaa gayaa thaa. sabhi vidyut yantron koo karkhane mein lockheed key kharch parr sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen pratyek vimaan key liye 20 dinn kaa samay lagaa thaa. parivartanon koo baad key vimaanon mein shamil kiya gayaa kyonki way banaae gaye they. haalaanki, nuksan hoe gayaa thaa, aur janata ney iss prakaar mein vishvaas khou diyaa thaa. yeh aur chhote jett joe pesh kiye jaa rahey they, antatah sabse chhoti airlines mein electra koo hataa diyaa gayaa. 170 key nirmaan key baad 1961 mein utpaadan samaapt hoe gayaa. lockheed koo honey vaale nuksan kaa anuman 57 million dollar key roop mein lagaaya gayaa haye, mukdamon mein atirikt 55 million dollar kii ginati naheen kii gaee haye. 1990 key dashak mein bhee electra yaatriyon koo leey jaanaa jaari rakhaa, lekin abb upayog mein aaney vaale adhikansh malvahak hain.
america mein kaee airlines ney electras udaan bharee, lekin lockheed seey iss prakaar kaa order dene vaali ekmatra europeeya airline key. ell. aim. thee, joe europe mein sitambar 1959 aur janwari 1969 key beach 12 sitambar aur poorv mein saigan aur kuala lumpur taka istemal kii gaee thee.
dakshin prashant mein, tasman samrajya airways limitted (teal) aur isake uttaradhikari air newzealand ney trance-tasman udaanon parr electra udaaya. australia mein trance australia airlines (taa) aur enset pratyek ney 1959 seey 1971 taka australiyai mukhya bhoomi raajya kii rajdhani shaharon key beach trunk maargon parr teen electra sanchaalit kiye, aur baad mein port moresby key liye, enset key teen electra koo 1970-71 mein malvahak mein parivartit kiya gayaa thaa aur 1984 taka unhein udaanaa jaari rakhaa. quantas ney haang kaang aur japan, nyu caledonia aur nyu ginny key apane maargon parr chaar electra bhee sanchaalit kiye (jaba taka kii nayaa ginny maarg enset aur taa koo saunp naheen diyaa gayaa thaa); phir baad mein dakshin africa key liye bhaaratiya mahasagar key paar, aur tl key saath pratispardha mein tasman key paar airline aaee. dee. 2. nyu zeeland-swaamitva vaali bunn gaee. teal kii 50 pratishat-australiyai hissedari kaa vinivesh swayam electra order dwara prerit thaa, kyonki teal jett vimaan chaahata thaa, lekin australiyai sarkaar dwara quantas key saath mankikaran karane key liye electra kaa adesh dene key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. teen quantas electra 1960 key dashak key madhya mein aur chauthe 1971 mein sevaanivritt hue they.
kuchh electra dakshin americi airlines koo beche gaye they, jahaan electra kaa sanchaalan atyadhik safal rhaa thaa, jaise kii lloyd ereo boliviano aur linius eres paraguas; donon hii mamalon mein, electra ney jett vimaanon kaa upayog shuru karane seey pahale airlines key antarrashtriya sanchaalan koo sunishchit kiya. sabse vishesh roop seey, brazil kii dhwajavaahak airline warrig ney 30 varshon key liye behad vyast riyo dee janeiro-saao paulo shuttle seva (tathaakathit "ponte eriya"-yaa purtagaali mein "air brij") parr 14 electras key bede koo trutiheen roop seey sanchaalit kiya, 1992 mein boing 737-300 aur fokar 100 jett dwara iss prakaar key pratisthaapan seey pahale maarg parr aadhe million seey adhik udaanen poori keen. electra usa maarg parr itna pratishthit hoe gayaa kii isaki sevaanivritti ney brazil mein vyaapak press coverage aur kaee vishesh shraddhanjali key saath halchal machaa dee.
1970 key dashak key madhya key dauran, kaee dusare haath key electra travel clubon dwara khareede gaye they, jinamen sahsi aur shilelag shamil they. anya yatri seva seey havaai-maal key upayog mein sevaanivritt hue they, 40 koo 1968 seey lockheed kii ack sahayak company dwara fuselays key baain or ack yaa dou badey darvaajon aur ack prabalit kebin flore key saath sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa. air california aur paisifik southwest airlines (psa) abhee bhee 1970 key dashak key anta mein mukhya roop seey california key siera nevada pahaadon mein sthit jheel taaho havaai adde mein nirdhaarit yatri seva key liye electras kaa sanchaalan curr rahey they, kyonki iss havaai kshetra ney usa samay nirdhaarit jett vimaan udaanon parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa.
sainya upayog.
1973 mein, argentine kii nausena ney malvahak darvaajon seey lais teen vidyut khareede. inca upayog "gandey yuddh" key dauran kukhyaat mrityu udaanon mein raajneetik kaidiyon koo riyo dee laa plata mein fenkane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. 1982 mein falkland yuddh key dauran parivahan kartavyon key liye bhee electras kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa.
1983 mein, apane antim aiss. pee.-2aich. neptune kii sevaanivritti key baad, argentine kii nausena ney aage key nagrik electra airframe khareede, samudri gashti key liye kaee koo sanshodhit kiya, aur 1994 mein pee-3 dwara unake pratisthaapan taka vyaapak roop seey unakaa upayog kiya. argentine kii nausena key electra mein seey ack, jise sthaaniya roop seey ell-188ee "electron" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, baahiya blanca mein argentine nausena vimanan sangrahalaya ("museo dee avian neval") mein sanrakshit haye.
prachaalak.
vartamaan prachaalak.
julaai 2018 taka, kewal dou vidyut sakriya vimaan seva mein baney hue hain. anya vimaan havaai tankers aur malvahak vimaanon key roop mein nimnanusar seva mein hainh
durghatanaaen aur ghatanaaen.
juuna 2011 taka nirmit kull 170 vidyut yantron mein seey 58 durghatanaon aur anya durghatanaon key kaaran radd curr diye gaye hain.

