
angreji aaparaadhik kaanoon mein chook

vyaktiyon kii chook koo aam taur parr angreji aaparaadhik kaanoon mein aaparaadhik naheen maanaa jaataa haye, sivaay dekhbhal key kartavya koo sambhaalane, samvidaatmak jimmedaari lene yaa spasht roop seey khatare key laparwahi seey nirmaan key kaee udaharanon key. kaee tulanaatmak adhikaar kshetra ajnabiyon koo bachaane key liye ack samanya vaidhaanik kartavya rakhate hain-angreji kaanoon mein aisaa naheen haye. iss sthiti key rakshak aur tarkakarta ise aaparaadhik kaanoon key liye galat maanate hain kii kaee paristhitiyon mein logon koo koee shaaririk kaary naheen karane key liye dandit kiya jaae, joe kii maanav swaayatta kaa ullanghan hoga. sudhaar key liye tark dene vaale shikshaavidon kaa tark haye kii dusaron kii sahaayata karane key liye ack samajik jimmedaari maujood honey chaahiye, vishesh roop seey jahaan bachavkarta key liye koee khatra naheen hoga.
chook key liye deyata lambe samay seey maujood haye jahaan dou pakshon key beach ack poorv-maujooda kartavya sthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, jahaan ack vyakti galati seey ack flat mein ack chhoti see aag lagaata haye, tou usey bujhaane key liye uchit kadam uthaane yaa madad bulaane kaa unakaa kartavya haye. maataa-pitaa/abhibhaavakon aur unake bachchon key beach ack vishesh kartavya, maataa-pitaa kii jimmedaari maujood haye, aur apane chhote bachche koo doobane seey bachaane key liye sarvottam prayason kaa upayog karane key liye inhen chhodane seey aaparaadhik daayitva hoga, kyonki aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii aisaa vyakti (aur joe sthaaniya maataa-pitaa mein hain) koo bachche kii bhalai sunishchit karni chaahiye. anya kartavyon kaa anuman samvidaatmak daayitvon seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye. ack poorvavarti adalat mein pareekshan kiya gayaa iss udaaharan kaa ack udaaharan yeh sunishchit karane key liye niyojit kissy bhee vyakti kaa daayitva haye kii loga ack sakriya track koo paar naa karein, jahaan iss tarah key pada koo chhod diyaa jaae.
chook kaa itihas.
adaalaten shuru mein chook key liye daayitva lagu karane key liye anichhuk theen, jaisa kii 1869 mein "aar vee smith" key shuruati mamle mein taya kiya gayaa thaa. tathya yeh they kii ack railway company dwara niyojit ack chaukidar ney apane kartavyon seey viram leey liya thaa, aur iss samay ack aadami koo aaney vaali train dwara maar diyaa gayaa thaa. lush elje ney kahaa kii halanki ack chook hatyaa kaa kaary hoe sakati haye, kyonki railway key liye ack chaukidar pradaan karane kaa koee vaidhaanik kartavya naheen thaa, koee aaparaadhik daayitva naheen hoe sakata thaa. haalaanki, tees saal baad, "aar vee pitwood" key mamle mein, adalat ney samaan tathyon key mamle mein ack alag rukh apanaaya. iss mamle mein, ack railway seva key liye ack dwarpal laparwahi seey ack gett koo bund karna bhool gayaa-ack leval crossing parr vaahanon (ghode seey kheenche gaye) dwara pravesh kii anumati dete hue-dopahar key bhojan key liye gayaa. yeh maanaa gayaa thaa kii halanki vaha niji taur parr kaaryarat thaa, lekin usane gett kholkar durghatana mein bhautik roop seey yogdan diyaa thaa, phir ise bund karane mein whiffle rhaa thaa. iss mamle mein adalaton dwara upayog kiye gaye tark koo kaee chook key liye daayitva sthaapit karane key liye samasyagrast paaya jaa sakata haye. lord justice raait kii sthiti yeh thee kii chaukidar kii durbhavana ney durghatana mein yogdan diyaa, joe sujhaav dega kii yeh uska dwaar kaa udghaatan thaa jise bund karane mein usaki viphalata key bajaay aaparaadhik banaaya gayaa thaa. johnn smith dwara yeh prastut kiya gayaa haye kii faisale kaa tatparya haye kii ack burry honah sambhav hoga yadi chaukidar ack khula dwaar khojane key liye duty parr aaya thaa aur phir ise bund naheen kiya thaa, ack parinam jise smith "naitik roop seey aakramak" key roop mein varnit kartaa haye. 
yeh nirnay 19veen shatabdi kii adalaton kii poorvavarti key liye samanya anichha koo darshaata haye, ekmusht, ack chook aaparaadhik hoe sakati haye sivaay "aar vee instan" (1893) key ack mamle key liye ack rishtedaar koo unhein khilana jaari naheen rakhane seey marane kii anumati dene key liye, aur yeh kahaa gayaa haye kii krityon aur chook key beach antar karane key aise prayaas cumm seey cumm asahayogi hain, aur sambhavatah khatarnak hain.
house off lords dwara ack aadhunik maanyata kii kaary karane mein viphalata key parinamswarup aaparaadhik daayitva hoe sakata haye, "aar vee miller" mein paaya jaa sakata haye. iss mamle mein ack ghar parr kabja karane vaalaa ack chor sigaret peete hue sou gayaa, jisake parinamswarup usake gadde parr ack chhoti see aag lugg gaee. aag bujhaane key bajaay, vaha ack buggle key kamare mein chalaa gayaa, aur sou gayaa, jisake parinamswarup ghar mein aag lugg gaee. prativaadi parr aaparaadhik kshati adhiniyam 1971 key tahat aagajani kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. usaki appeal koo khariz karate hue kii kaary karane mein viphalata key parinamswarup aam taur parr aaparaadhik daayitva naheen hoe sakata haye, lord diplock ney kahaa kih
mujhe aaparaadhik daayitva koo janm dene mein saksham aacharan koo baahar karane key liye koee tarksangat aadhar naheen dikhta haye, jisamen aise upaay karane mein whiffle rehna shamil haye joe kissy key dwara swayam banaae gaye khatare kaa mukabala karane kii shakti key bheetar nihit haye, yadi iss tarah key aacharan key samay kissy kii munn kii sthiti aparaadh kaa ack aavashyak ghatak haye.
yeh sujhaav diyaa jaataa haye kii "aar vee miller" mein nirdhaarit siddhant kissy bhee udaaharan parr lagu honey kii sambhavana haye jahaan koee vyakti laparwahi seey jokhim paida karane mein, aise kadam uthaane mein whiffle rahata haye joe koee bhee uchit vyakti dusaron key liye jokhim koo taalane key liye kartaa haye. jabaki ack asambaddh vyakti key liye aag koo rokane kii koshish karane yaa agnishaman dall koo bulaane kaa koee samanya kartavya maujood naheen hoga, yeh ack jokhim paida karane mein ack vyakti key karyon key beach kaaran kadee haye jisake parinamswarup dusaron koo nuksan seey rokane key liye utpann kartavya hotaa haye.
kaary karane key liye kartavya paida karane vaali paristhitiyaan.
vibhinn paristhitiyaan maujood hain jinamen adaalaten kaary karane key liye ack kartavya lagaayengi, joe aam taur parr ack poorv-maujooda sambandh yaa samvidaatmak kartavya key parinamswarup hoti haye. chook key liye daayitva adhiropit karane key liye angreji aaparaadhik kaanoon kii anichha key bavjood, kaee kaanoon bhee maujood hain joe ack nishchit kaary karane mein viphalata key liye aaparaadhik aparaadh paida karate hain, saath hii saath anya jinhen kaary karane mein viphalata key liye daayitva adhiropit karane key liye vyakhya kii gaee haye.
ack rishte seey utpann honey vaale kartavya.
yeh lambe samay seey maanaa jaataa rhaa haye kii maataa-pitaa kaa apane bachche key prati kartavya haye kii way yeh sunishchit karein kii unhein swaasthya yaa suraksha key liye koee anuchit nuksan naa hoe. iss prakaar ack maataa-pitaa joe apane bachche koo khilaane yaa thheek seey dekhbhal karane seey chook jaataa haye, usey baad mein mrityu yaa chot key liye aaparaadhik parinamon kaa saamana karna parh sakata haye. iss siddhant kaa ack praarambhik udaaharan "aar vee gibbins aind proctor" key mamle mein diyaa gayaa thaa, jahaan adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii yeh itna spasht thaa kii isake liye vishleshan yaa adhikaar kii aavashyakta naheen thee. dou maataa-pitaa key apane bachche key bhukhmari key parinamswarup hatyaa key liye doshasiddhi koo banaae rakhane mein, darling jey ney "aar vee instan" key pahale key mamle seey uddhrit kiya, joe ack kamjor vyakti key liye isi tarah kii upeksha kaa mamla thaa, kih
"seedhe taur parr koee mamla naheen haye, lekin yeh iss desh mein nyaay key prashaasan key liye ack apshabd aur ack apkirti hogi, aggar kanuni siddhant key baare mein koee sandeh thaa, yaa vartamaan mamle key isake bheetar honey key baare mein."
aar vee gibbins aind proctor" aur bachchon aur yuva vyaktiyon key adhiniyam 1933 key paarit honey key baad, ack bachche kii iss tarah seey upeksha karna ack aaparaadhik aparaadh bunn gayaa joe sambhavatah chot yaa swaasthya key liye jokhim kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. haalaanki, yeh abhee bhee sambhav haye kii "aar vee stone aind dobbinson" key haal key mamle key baad, maanav hatyaa yaa hatyaa key liye ack doshasiddhi utpann hogi, jahaan maataa-pitaa dwara upeksha yaa dekhbhal kii kamee yaa tou jaanboojhkar, yaa ghor laparwahi haye.
anya udaaharan jinamen ack kartavya utpann hoe sakata haye, unamen vaivaahik sambandh aur parivarik sambandh shamil hain, jahaan way paryaapt nikatata key hotey hain. haal hii mein ack pati yaa patni key prati kartavya kii pushti karane vaalaa mamla "aar vee hood" haye, jahaan appeal kii adalat ney pati kii ghor laparwahi key liye maanav hatyaa kii sajaa koo barkarar rakhaa, jaba vaha apani patni key liye chikitsa sahaayata bulaane mein whiffle rhaa-joe austeoperosis seey peedit thee-jaba vaha gir gaee aur kaee haddiyan toot gaeen. parivarik sambandhon koo ack kartavya kaa anuman lagaane key liye paaya gayaa haye jahaan parivaar key dou sadasyon kii nikatata ack hii ghar kii haye, jaisa kii "aar vee stone aind dobbinson" aur "aar vee chattave" key mamalon mein dikhaaya gayaa haye, jahaan ack bujurg bahan aur ack betty kii upeksha key parinamswarup hatyaa aur hatyaa kii sajaa hui. isake alawa, "aar vee bee doubleu aind aiss doubleu (number 3)" key mamle mein mritak saat varsheeya bachche kii maan koo hatyaa aur hatyaa key pitaa key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa, jahaan maataa-pitaa ney apane bachche key liye paryaapt poshan aur chikitsa pradaan karane mein upeksha kii thee.
anubandh kartavya.
jahan ack vyakti koo kuchh kartavyon kaa paalan karane key liye anubandhit kiya jaataa haye, vahaan aisaa karane mein viphalata key parinamswarup aaparaadhik daayitva hoe sakata haye. siddhant "instan" mein iska ack vistaar rhaa haye (oopar dekhein); tark mein tathyon koo aapsi laabh key ardh-anubandh key roop mein dekhana shamil thaa, taaki prativaadi parr kaary karane kaa kartavya lagaaya jaa sakey. jaisa kii 'aar witwood' (1902) dwara pradarshit kiya gayaa haye, jahaan ack dwarpal koo apane kartavyon koo sahee dhang seey karane mein whiffle rahane key liye aaparaadhik roop seey uttardaayi paaya gayaa thaa, iss siddhant koo una udaharanon taka badhaaya jaa sakata haye jahaan ghayal vyakti ack teesara paksh haye.
ack khatarnak sthiti kaa nirmaan.
ack spasht paristhiti jahan ack vyakti koo kaary karane seey bachane key liye uttardaayi paaya jaa sakata haye, vaha haye jahan way kissy prakaar kii khatarnak sthiti paida karate hain, joe dusaron koo uchit roop seey jokhim mein daal sakati haye. aise udaharanon mein, yadi vyakti koo pataa haye kii usane jokhim paida kiya haye, tou vaha nuksan koo rokane key liye baadhya haye. aar vee miller" mein lord diplock dwara ullikhit siddhant spasht roop seey dikhaate hain kii jokhim nirmaataon key liye koee bhee upaay karna ack kartavya haye joe unaki shakti key bheetar uchit roop seey haye, aur aisaa karane mein viphalata key parinamswarup aksar aaparaadhik daayitva hoga. aise kartavya bhee utpann hoe sakate hain jahaan ack vyakti, joe apane aacharan seey paida honey vaale kissy bhee jokhim seey anjaan haye, vaha jagrook hoe jaataa haye kii usane ack khatarnak sthiti paida kii haye, aur phir kaary karane mein whiffle rahata haye. jahan "moortipoojak banaam mahanagar pulis aayukt" mein ack vyakti anajaane mein ack puliskarmi key pair parr chalaa gayaa, yeh usake aacharan key baare mein jagrook honey key baad aage badhane mein usaki viphalata thee joe usake doshasiddhi kaa aadhar bunny.
qaanoon seey utpann honey vaale kartavya.
jahan kaanoon ack chook key liye cobhead key daayitva koo lagu kartaa haye, tou mudda seedha haye aur chook key liye samanya napsand deyata visthaapit hoe jaati haye. udaaharan key liye, sadak key kinare saans kaa ack namuna pradaan karane mein whiffle rehna paribhasha key anusaar ack aaparaadhik chook haye.

