
africaner calvinism

africaner calvinism () africanner logon key beach ack saanskritik aur dhaarmik vikas haye joe bible mein adharit "chune hue logon" kii vichardhara key saath satrahavin shatabdi key calvinist siddhant key tatvon koo jodata haye. isake mool vichaar chune hue logon key roop mein yahoodiyon key puraane vasiyatname mein samarthit they.
kaee aadhunik adhyayanon ney tark diyaa haye kii boer iss avadharana seey prerit mahaan track key liye ekatra hue, aur unhone iska upayog anya dakshin african jaatiya samoohon key apane adheenata koo vaidh banaane key liye kiya. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii isane aadhunik african raashtravaad key liye dhaarmik aadhar kaa yogdan diyaa haye. asantusht vidvaanon ney jore dekar kahaa haye kii dusare boer yuddh key aghaat kaa saamana karane key baad taka kalvivad ney african samaaj mein mahatvapurna bhoomika naheen nibhai thee. praarambhik basane vaale alag-alag seemavarti paristhitiyon mein rahate they aur sangathit dharm kii tulanaa mein chhadm-isai jeevavaadi maanyataon key bahut karib rahate they.
prishthabhoomi.
dakshin africa mein safed basti kaa pataa 1652 mein dutch east india company key aagaman seey chalata haye, joe achchi ummeed key cape parr haye, joe indoneshiya seey aaney vaale apane jahaajon aur chaalak dall key liye ack aapoorti aur jalpan station sthaapit karane kii maang kartaa haye. amsterdam mein apane mukhyalaya seey, company ney chaalak dall kii bharti kii aur orient key liye susajjit yaatraaen keen. isake adhikansh dutch karmchari protestant kailwinwadi they, joe iss kshetra kii aabaadi key adhikansh they, anya protestants dwara poorak theh luthran german, scandinavian aur kaee francisi hugenot sharanarthi joe france mein dhaarmik utpeedan seey bhaag gaye they. unake african vanshajon key beach, "dopper" jaise vyaktigat dhaarmik samudaay nederduits gereformerde kerk (dutch reform church) key saath daraar mein apane swayam key siddhant kii sthaapana key liye jaane gaye. unnisvin shatabdi key anta taka, dakshin africa mein gereformerde kerk key algavvadi church vikasit hoe gaye they.
niptan avadhi.
cape off good hope kii dutch basti dakshin africa mein pahali aupaniveshik safalata thee. company ney basti aur mool aabaadi key beach vyaapaar key liye sakht niyam sthaapit kiye. kewal ack company prashaasak hii african logon key beach vyaapaar yaa isai missionary udyamon koo adhikrit curr sakata thaa. basane vaalon koo maveshiyon koo churaane yaa goli maarne seey manaa kiya gayaa thaa, joe african logon key liye dhana aur sthirata kaa ack roop thaa. praarambhik europeeya loga african logon key reeti-rivaajon, kapadon aur roop mein antar seey hairan they. yeh jhoothi afwah kii mool nivasi narbhakshi they, anaavashyak sampark seey bachane key uddeshya koo majboot karati haye. cape ack deewaar vaalaa bagicha thaa, jisamen baahar africa aur ander europe thaa. iss sakht adesh ney praarambhik niptan avadhi key dauran african logon key saath sangharsh koo cumm kiya.
lekin kaee basane vaalon kaa maanana thaa kii way ack missionary uddeshya key saath aae they, jisamen europeeya sanskriti kii shreshthata kaa prasaar karna shamil thaa. inn karakon ney mool khoisan aabaadi koo shramikon aur sevakon key roop mein seva karane key liye baadhya karane key basane vaale abhyaas mein yogdan diyaa. usa swami/sevak sambandh key bheetar, europeeya unhein iss ummeed mein bible sikhaayenge kii sandesh sevak key parivaar key madhyam seey vaapas chalaa jaayega (europeeya jeevan shally kii shreshthata kii report key saath) aur iss prakaar roopaantaran key baare mein laayega.
joe kisan shaharon kii bhautik divaaron key baahar rahate they, unaki sthaaniya logon key saath vyavastha shahar key logon kii tulanaa mein alag thee. unake liye, vyavasaay kaa arth swaamitva thaa, aur swaamitva kaa arth unaki sampatti kii raksha karane kaa adhikaar thaa. jaise hii way cape key aspas key aprabhaavit kshetron mein buss gaye, unhone machhali nadee koo paar karke krishi kshetron mein jaane vaale bhatakate hue shikariyon yaa charvaahe janjaatiyon key khilaf swaamitva aur isake adhikaaron key baare mein apani dhaaranaon koo lagu kiya. basane vaale kheton koo bhoomi key safed aur kaale nivaasiyon key beach algaav key shaharon seey parey ack vistaar maanate they.
aakraman aur vijay key liye africanar munn mein algaav aur vinimay key niyamon kaa bahut pahale virodh kiya gayaa thaa. aur, yeh samrajyavad virodhi dharm prachaar key usa siddhant taka bhee faila joe dutch sudhaar church key bheetar vikasit huaah ishwar kaa raajya divya providence dwara church koo saunpe gaye prabhaav key kshetra key bheetar badhega, kyonki bachchon koo unake maataa-pitaa aur parivaar dwara susamachar sikhaaya jaataa haye. yadi bhagwan koo yeh uchit lagata haye kii mool nivaasiyon dwara susamachar praapt kiya jaae, aur unake bachchon koo sikhaaya jaae, tou yeh unaki mahima haye. usa lakshya kii or, isaaiyon koo ack paribhaashit bhoomika dee gaee haye joe unhein bhagwan seey dee gaee haye, ack ahwan, yaa bhagwan key logon key roop mein vaacha kii jimmedaari, vishvaas mein khud koo shuddh rakhane aur anyajatiyon key saath apane vyavhaar mein, aur joe trigun bhagwan key naam parr vaidh roop seey daavaa kiya gayaa haye, usaki suraksha mein poori tarah seey adig rahane key liye.
lock dharm.
yeh itihas africans key beach vikasit "colling" kii vishisht avadharana koo samajhane key liye aavashyak haye. yeye drishtikon, joe bahut jaldi apanaae gaye they, baad key sanghrshon key madhyam seey unake saath gaye, iss tarah seey baney kii unhein spasht roop seey swayam bhagwan key haath seey taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. unakaa maanana thaa kii way bhagwan key gyaan aur providence key kaaran sanrakshit they. unhone joe peedaa kaa anubhav kiya, aur isake jawab mein unake beach joe majboot bandhan baney, way harr modd parr iss vichaar kii pushti karate prateet hue. ack logon key roop mein unake itihas kaa boer dharm key gathan mein ack kendriya sthaan haye. iss tarah, ack vishisht lock charitra unaki kalvinwadi maanyataon seey judaa huaa hoe gayaa.
iss lock dharm koo aupchaarik tareeke seey vyakt naheen kiya gayaa thaa. yeh african logon kaa anubhav thaa, jisaki unhone apane ashvasana key madhyam seey vyakhya kii kii unake poori tarah seey samprabhu nirmaata aur unake swami ney ack vishesh logon key roop mein unhein vishesh anugrah dikhaaya thaa.
raashtravaad.
haalaanki, francisi kranti ney vichaaron kii inn aadton koo adhik aatm-sachet roop seey satah parr laaya. france ney janwari 1794 mein sanyukt praanton key ganarajya parr aakraman kiya, stadeholder ingland bhaag gayaa aur angrejon seey united east india company kii sampatti kii dekhbhal key liye apani nausena bhejane key liye kahaa joe gambhir vittiya sankat mein thee aur jisamen usaki badee hissedari thee. angrejon ney 1795 mein achchi aashaa key cape kaa dhyaan rakhaa aur 1802 mein emines kii shaanti key baad ise vaapas batavian ganarajya koo saunp diyaa. lagbhag dedh saal taka, gyaan key vichaaron koo johnsense aur dee mist dwara badhaava diyaa gayaa, jisamen church sarkaar mein parivartan shamil they. 1806 mein, angrejon ney apane dumm parr achchi aashaa key cape koo phir seey pakad liya, aur vahaan british prashasakon koo niyukt kiya, joe gyaan key utsaahi prachaarak they. unhone vyaapaar aur shram niyamon koo dheela curr diyaa, ashweton key baare mein baat karate hue jinake bedagh praakritik aatmaon kii way prashansa karate they. british sarkaar ney 1833 mein cape coloney mein pravartan key saath british samrajya key kuchh hisson mein gulami koo gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa. unhone ashweton koo barabar kahaa, aur unhein safed bhoomi maalikon key khilaf mukadame mein adalaton mein pravesh diyaa. aur, way apane swayam key swaayatt kaaran mein vishvaas karane kaa daavaa karate they.
isase adhik virodhi sandesh kii shayed hii kalpana kii jaa sakati thee, kyonki british gyaan pahali baar africans key saath paaya gayaa thaa. boer drishtikon seey, gyaan key parinamswarup una parr ack videshi shakti kaa shasson huaa, videshi kaanoon aur videshi bhaashaaen lagu kii gaeen, apane daason koo binaa muaavaje key mukt kiya, aur dutch-vaktaaon parr angreji bolane vaalon key hiton koo rakhaa. way gyaan key sampark mein aae, aur yeh unake liye unake bhagwan aur jeevan key tareeke key khilaf ack kranti key roop mein dikhaai diyaa.
boer aur cape calvinist key beach matbhed.
mahaan track key dauran, kaee loga, jyaadaatar cape coloney key purvi bhaag seey, uttar mein gaye, joe british upaniveshon key adhikaariyon key niyantran mein naheen they. kyonki cape dutch sudhaar church koo trekkers dwara cape sarkaar key agent key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, way isake mantriyon aur dooton parr bhee bharosa naheen karate they, unhein cape sarkaar dwara raajneetik niyantran hassil karane key prayason key roop mein dekhate they. trekkers key beach dhaarmik vibhajan bhee they. neetherland key ack mantri, derk vaine dair hoff 1853 mein transwall gaye, aur 1856 mein gathit nederduitsch hervormade kerk mein ack mantri baney, aur 1860 mein cape church seey alag dakshin african ganarajya key raajya church key roop mein maanyata praapt kii.
iss beach, neetherland mein, dutch raajya church bhee gyaan dwara parivartit hoe gayaa thaa, joe iska virodh karane vaalon key dimag mein ack parivartan thaa, vayask church key sadasyon key liye aavashyak vishvaas key kissy bhee saarthak peshe key nuksan seey, aur bhajanon key gaayan (bhajanon key alawa) aur pooja aur siddhant mein anya navachar. neetherland mein bibil key vishvaas key iss kathit vighatan kii pratikriya mein ack andolan badhaa. ise efshedding kahaa jaataa thaa, jisamen rev. hendrick dee cock ney 1834 mein ulram, groningen mein raajya church seey khud koo alag curr liya. reville ("jaagriti") naamak ack andolan bhee thaa, joe raajya church seey alag naheen hue, jaise kii gilam groen vaine printer, jinake lekhan dakshin africa mein jaane gaye. aur bahut baad mein ack aur matbhed key netaa, jise dolenti kahaa jaataa haye, abraham kuypar, african logon key liye jaane jaane lagey. gyaan kii atyadhik aalochana karate hue, "kranti" jaisa kii way ise kahate hain, church mein dolenti key shiksha aur rajneeti mein samkaksh they. iss prabhaav kaa samay mahatvapurna thaa, joe kii susamachar key punrutthan kii ack lahar key shikhar parr aaya, dutch sudhaar church mein punrutthan jiska netritva dakshin africa mein scotish upadeshak, aur ruu murre ney kiya thaa. dolenti kaa naaraa, joe antatah africans key liye anpekshit rashtravadi baarikiyon key saath bajata thaa, "algaav taakat haye.
doppers.
dakshin african dutch mein transwall mein sudhaar church mein, adhik roodhivaadi party (jise doppers key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) church mein kuchh bhajan gaane kaa virodh karati thee. unhone neetherland mein afgeshiden gereformerde kerk seey unhein ack mantri pradaan karane key liye kahaa. rev. derk postma 1858 mein zwol seey dakshin african ganarajya mein aaya, aur usey hervormade kerk key mantri key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa, lekin yeh jaanane parr kii usey aur usaki mandali koo bhajan gaane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye (kewal bhajanon key bajaay), vaha aur doppers, jinaki sankhya lagbhag 300 vayaskon mein thee, jinamen seey dakshin african ganarajya key rashtrapati paul crugger they, farwari 1859 mein rustenberg mein gereformerde kerk banaane key liye raajya church seey alag hoe gaye. iss prakaar abb dakshin africa mein teen dutch churchon mein sudhaar kiya gayaa thaa-africaner nederduits gereformerde kerk (cape synod), boer nederduitsch herward kerk, joe dakshin ganarajya kaa raajya thaa, aur teen reverek dwara netritva kiya gayaa thaa. postma.
mool roop seey apmaanjanak naam, "dopper", dutch "domp" ("wick-snoofers") seey aaa sakata haye kyonki way mombattiyon aur pooja mein anya navacharon key virodh mein hain, joe shayed gyaan key liye unaki avamaanana kaa pratinidhitva karate hain; yaa, "dopper" dutch "dope" (aur iss prakaar "peene vaale") seey utpann hoe sakata haye, shayed chhote, vyaktigat communion cup key unake majboot virodh key kaaran.
doppers kaa algavvad, unake siddhant kii gambhirta, unaki pooja key kathor shuddhatavad aur yahaan taka kii unaki vishisht poshak aur bhaashan mein bhee vyakt kiya gayaa, unhein europeeya prabhaav key bilkul vipareet sthaapit kartaa haye. phir bhee, doppers dakshin africa mein angreji kii sabhi cheejon key pratirodh key prateek they, aur unake chhote aakar aur vishishtata key bavjood way mahaan track key dauran aur baad mein saanskritik roop seey parishkrit aur asman roop seey prabhaavshaali they. yeh dopper church thaa jisane potchefstroom vishvavidyalaya kii sthaapana kii thee.
mahaan track key baad ubhare boer ganrajyon koo ack vyaapak darshan kii aavashyakta thee jiss parr ack shuddhatavadi boer samaaj koo vyavasthit karane kii aavashyakta thee. paul crugger, dakshin african ganarajya key pahale rashtrapati, sankshipt british vilay key baad apani swatantrata koo phir seey hassil karane key baad, apane raajneetik roop mein kalvinwadi siddhanton koo apanaaya, aur wartrakers key vishvaas key aadhar parr ack "saanskritik janadesh" taiyar kiya kii unhein bhagwan seey ack vishesh ahwan thaa, bibil mein israel key logon key vipareet naheen. doppers ney quitlander sanskriti key kathit pravaah key khilaf ack bauddhik yuddh chhed diyaa joe soney aur heere key lalach mein videshi pravasiyon kii saamoohik bastiyon key madhyam seey pargaman mein baadh aaa rahee thee.
africaner broaderbond.
boer yuddhon ney kaee african logon koo poori tarah seey besahara chhod diyaa thaa. yuddh key baad barbad hue kisaanon koo saikadon mein dekhaa gayaa, joe tokri dwara upaj bechane vaale rajmargon parr kataar mein they. chaar dakshin african upaniveshon key raajneetik roop seey dakshin africa key sangh mein ekjut honey aur loktaantrik chunaavon key liye niyantran chhodane key baad, african-boer yuddh key baad key varshon mein "garib goron" aur anya african hiton kii bhaari samajik samasya koo sambodhit karane key liye ranneetiyon parr charcha karane key liye african-broaderbond naamak yuva buddhijiviyon kaa ack chhota, gumnam samooh banaa. closs ventor aur hendrick stoker key anusaar, joe khud gupt sangathan key asantusht sadasya they, 1927 mein broaderbond potchefstroom vishvavidyalaya mein chaley gaye, yeh poochate hue kii school tatkalin sangharsharat samooh kaa netritva sambhal legaa. usa varsh, broaderbond ney abraham kuypar key kaam parr adharit kailwinwadi darshan koo aupchaarik roop seey apanaaya. bhaaiyon kaa maanana thaa kii unake ateet ney unhein vishvaas kii vyakhya key madhyam seey joe pradaan kiya thaa, vaha samrajyavad virodhi, aatm-anushasana aur jimmedaari kaa ack model thaa, joe anta mein sabhi key liye nyaay koo sanrakshit karega-ashwet, rangeen aur gorey-communist chhal key khilaf. broaderbond seey utpann honey vaali yeye ranneetiyaan 1948 mein rangbhed kii sthaapana key liye seedhe taur parr jimmedaar theen.
1960 mein sharpville narsamhar key baad, bhaari antarrashtriya dabaav mein, broaderbond ney apane neetigat prastaavon kii dheemi aur shaant punah jaanch shuru kii. aur phir bhee 1976 mein soveto dangon taka rangbhed pranali mein sudhaar key liye koee mahatvapurna badalaav naheen huaa. isake kuchh samay baad, broaderbond ney rangbhed koo ack aparivartaniya viphalata ghoshit curr diyaa aur ise samaapt karane key liye kaam shuru curr diyaa. antatah yeh vishvaas sthaapit hoe gayaa thaa, halanki saarvbhaumik roop seey naheen kii yadi african logon, bhasha aur dharm koo jeevit rehna haye, tou unhein legger seey ubharane key liye pahal karni chaahiye, aur dakshin africa koo aamantrit karna chaahiye. broaderbond (gopaniyata kii neeti koo chhodana aur nae naam "africanerbond" key saath) ney bhoomi sudhaar aur rangbhed koo ulatane key liye pahal kaa prastaav denaa shuru kiya.
amulchul parivartan.
rangbhed key ulatane ney nederduits gereformerde kerk (ngk) koo parivartan kii avadhi mein daal diyaa haye. jabaki sweekaarokti key roop mein kalvivadi baney hue hain, church kaa dhaarmik charitra abb cumm saamanjasyapurna haye aur iska aaklan karna adhik kathin haye. rangbhed key saath poori tarah seey mishrit honey key kaaran, aitihaasik kalvinvad paksh seey baahar hoe gayaa haye. mukti dharamshastra, joe varg sangharsh key markswadi siddhant key saath isai dharm kaa samanjasya sthaapit karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye, ney kuchh vargon mein pair jamaa liye hain, aur aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii raajneetik spectrum key baaen aur daaen donon chhoron key samarthak hain. americi shally key susamacharvad aur arminionism ney bhee paith banaai haye, joe apane adhik vyaktigat jore key saath poorna paimaane parr nagrik dharm key liye cumm kshamata rakhta haye. nishchit roop seey prakat aur praakritik dharamshastra key puraane sanshleshan koo kaafee hudd taka aswikar curr diyaa gayaa haye; cumm seey cumm aadhikarik roop seey. lekin, africans kaa lock dharm maraa naheen haye. kuchh vidwan aur sanshodhanvaadi itihaaskaar "swayam", african logon key itihas aur vishesh roop seey rangbhed shasson key nagrik dharm key beach antar kii rekhaaen kheenchane kaa prayaas curr rahey hain.
1985 mein, 92 pratishat african sudhaar churchon key sadasya they. 2013 key anta taka, yeh aankada 40 pratishat taka gir gayaa thaa, jabaki sudhaar kiye gaye churchon kii vaastavik saptahik upasthiti lagbhag 25 pratishat honey kaa anuman haye.
aaj, kaee african logon koo karishmai aur panchkoshth churchon mein apane aadhyatmik ghar mille hain.

