
alekjendar poscrabishave

alekjendar nikolevic poscrabishave (7 agast 1891-3 janwari 1965) ack soviyat rajneta aur raajya aur communist party key padadhikari they. march 1917 seey soviyat sangh kii communist party key sadasya, way communist party kii kendriya samiti (joseph stallin kii vyaktigat kuladhipati, 1928-1953) key vishesh vibhaag key pramukh they.
praarambhik jeevan.
poscrabishave kaa janm 7 agast 1891 koo russie samrajya mein vyatka shahar key paas uspensko gaanv mein huaa thaa, joe ack jootaa nirmaata kaa betaa thaa. unaki maan nadezda efimovna theen. unakaa ack bhaai, ivan aur dou bahanen, olga aur alekjendra theen. unhone chikitsa sahayak banane key liye adhyayan kiya aur 1918 mein snaatak kiya.
raajneetik jeevan.
poscrabishev communist party kii gatividhiyon mein praarambhik charan mein shamil they. russie soshal democratic laber party (bolshevik) (rsdlp (bee), march 1917) mein shamil honey key turant baad unhein bolshevik party (1917-1918) key sthaaniya vibhaag kaa sachiv chunaa gayaa. way vishesh turkey senaa (1918-1919) kii raajneetik samiti key sadasya they, kshetriya sainya krantikari samiti aur shramikon aur kisaanon key pratinidhiyon kii kshetriya parishad (zlatost, 1919-1921) key adhyaksh they aur ufaa (1921-1922) mein bolshevik party key liye kaam kiya. way 1922 mein see. pee. aiss. yuu. kii kendriya samiti key bheetar masco chaley gaye aur 1923 taka way samiti key prashaasnik beuro key nideshak bunn gaye they.
1924 seey unhone stallin key saath kaam kiya, jaba unhein craimlin mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. isake turant baad way kendriya samiti key gupt khand mein ack prashaasak bunn gaye, joe baad mein vishesh khand bunn gayaa. 1924 aur 1929 key beach way soviyat sangh (see. pee. aiss. yuu.) kii communist party kii kendriya samiti key mahasachiv key karyalaya key prabandhak they.
1927 mein poscrabishave ney masco raajya vishvavidyalaya key prashaasan aur kaanoon vibhaag seey kaanoon aur arthshastra mein snaatak kiya.
maee 1929 mein, poscrabishave see. pee. aiss. yuu. kii kendriya samiti key gupt khand key pramukh ivan tovastukha key upa-sadasya baney. 22 julaai, 1930 koo poscrabishave koo gupt anubhaag key pramukh key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa. 1934 mein gupt khand koo kendriya samiti key vishesh khand key roop mein punargathit kiya gayaa thaa, aur 10 march, 1934 koo poscrabishave vishesh khand key pramukh baney.
1934 mein, poscrabishave koo see. pee. aiss. yuu. kii 17veen congress mein kendriya samiti kaa ummidwar sadasya chunaa gayaa. agali dou congresses mein unhein poorna sadasya banaaya gayaa.
1935 mein poscrabishev see. pee. aiss. yuu. kii kendriya samiti key mahasachiv key prashaasan key nideshak baney, jinhone tapedik seey mrityu hoe jaane vaale ivan tovastukha kii jagah lii.
stallin kii laghu shodh prabandh key aadhar parr, poscrabishave ney "soviyat sangh kaa samvidhaan" (1936) aur "see. pee. aiss. yuu. itihas kaa sankshipt pathyakram" (1938) naamak granth likhe.
1938 seey way pahale, aur baad mein dusare (1946) aur teesare (1952) yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. key sarvocch soviyat sangh key pratinidhi key roop mein chune gaye they.
way dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran masco mein stallin key saath kaam karate rahey. poscrabishev sainya abhiyaanon kii yojana banaane mein bhee shamil they. unhone tehran, yalta aur potsdam sammelanon key liye dastavej taiyar kiye aur antim dou key kaam mein bhaag liya.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad poscrabishave ney soviyat sangh kii arthavyavastha key punarnirmaan mein sakriya roop seey bhaag liya.
poscrabishave key raajneetik jeevan kaa sheersh 1952 mein aaya, jaba unhein kendriya samiti key presidium kaa sachiv niyukt kiya gayaa, jisase unhein polit beuro mein ack seat millie. usa varsh 19veen party congress mein, poscrabishave ack mukhya vaktaa they, aur unhone congress key sachivalaya kaa netritva kiya. halanki, kuchh maheenon baad laveranti beria ney poscrabishave parr gupt dastavej khone kaa aarop lagaaya, aur unhein stallin dwara pada seey hataa diyaa gayaa. haalaanki yeye dastaavez baad mein paae gaye they, lekin stallin kii mrityu key kaaran poscrabishave koo iss pada parr bahaal naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
stallin kii mrityu key baad unhein kuchh samay key liye bahaal curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin 1952 key anta mein iss pada seey unhein hataane seey anivarya roop seey poscrabishave key raajneetik currier kaa anta hoe gayaa.
vishesh khand.
poscrabishev kaa sabse ullekhaniya karyalaya kendriya samiti key gupt/vishesh khand key pramukh kaa thaa, jisamen unhein 1930 mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. communist party kii kendriya samiti key gupt/vishesh khand key kaam kaa daira kendriya samiti key raajneetik beuro (presidium, polit beuro), kendriya samiti key sachivalaya, kendriya samiti key sangathanaatmak beuro aur encryption beuro key kaam kaa samanvaya thaa.
gupt/vishesh anubhaag key karmchaariyon mein vishesh anubhaag key pramukh, vishesh anubhaag key upa pramukh aur karyalaya prabandhak, kendriya samiti key sachivalaya key sadasyon key unake karyalaya prashaasan key saath pratinidhi, kendriya samiti key raajneetik beuro (presidium, polit beuro) key karyalaya prashaasan, sangathan beuro, kootlekhan beuro, abhilekhagar, panjikaran karyalaya shamil they. gupt/vishesh anubhaag key karmchaariyon kii sankhya usa samay key dauran badhee aur 100 vyaktiyon seey adhik hoe gaee.
gupt/vishesh khand kaa praathamik kaam communist party aur soviyat sangh key dastavejon kaa prabandhan thaa jisamen sheersh gupt dastavej, polit beuro, kendriya samiti key sachivalaya, sangathan key liye dastavej taiyar karna, inn communist party ikaaiyon key prastaav taiyar karna aur inn prastaavon kaa karyanvayan shamil thaa. iss kaaran seey gupt/vishesh anubhaag key karmchaariyon parr sajish rachane kaa sandeh hoe sakata haye. gupt/vishesh anubhaag key karmchaariyon key naukari key kartavya aur naukari key kaary bhee rishtedaron seey gupt they. naukari key kartavyon aur/yaa gupt dastavejon seey sambandhit kissy bhee jaankaari kaa leak honah binaa diwani mukadame key gupt/vishesh dhaara key karmchari sadasya koo sajaa dene kaa kaaran thaa.
gupt/vishesh dhaara key kartavyon mein gupt dastavejon key bhandaran aur unake upayog key liye sharton kaa niyantran, ullanghan prabandhan kii jaanch, gupt dastavejon kaa upayog aur bhandaran; gupt jaankaari leak honey kii jaanch karane key liye jee. pee. yuu. aur aine. key. vee. dee. key sahyog seey, gupt dastavejon key sanchaalan key liye nirdesh vikasit karna, kootlekhan, abhilekhan aur gupt jaankaari key sanchaalan seey sambandhit anya kartavya shamil they.
1933 mein kendriya samiti key vishesh khand koo stallin yaa kaganovic key nirdesh parr kaam karane key liye saunpa gayaa thaa jaba stallin upalabdh naheen thaa.
1935 seey poscrabishev ney mahasachiv key prashaasan key nideshak key roop mein bhee kaary kiya, joe ivan tostukha kii mrityu parr unake uttaradhikari baney. iss sthiti mein, stallin key sabhi dastavej unake haathon seey gujarate they. yeh kaafee vishvaas aur mahatva kii sthiti thee. nikolevsky kaa maanana haye kii poscrabishave koo ack rubber kii muhar dee gaee thee jisake saath vaha dastavejon parr stallin key hastakshar lagaa sakata thaa.
vishesh anubhaag ney aine. key. vee. dee. seey jaankaari praapt kii aur jilaa vishesh anubhagon key ack pyramid kii nigrani kii joe party kii jaankaari dete they. yeh party key bheetar gupt sanchaar aur suraksha muddon key liye maulik roop seey jimmedaar thaa, aur isaliye kaafee mahatvapurna sthiti thee.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran aur usake baad poscrabishave kaa mahatva badh gayaa, jisamen unhone stallin key aayojak key roop mein aur georgy zukov jaise generalon key sampark key bindu key roop mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai.
shuddhiyaan.
russie vipakshi samooh "smaarak" kii jaanch key anusaar, doshi thaharaae gaye logon kii soochi kendriya samiti key vishesh kshetra dwara prabandhit naheen kii gaee thee. smaarak" samooh kaa kahana haye kii nikolai yezov ney vyaktigat roop seey polit beuro key sabhi sadasyon seey mulakat kii taaki doshi thaharaae gaye logon kii soochi kaa samarthan praapt kiya jaa sakey.
nikolevsky ney sujhaav diyaa kii poscrabishave "stallin key saath sampark aur una sheersh hastiyon koo hataane kii nigrani key liye jimmedaar thaa jinhen stallin, kissy naa kissy kaaran seey, khule taur parr giraftar naheen karna chaahte they", aur "party sachivalaya kii nigrani" key liye; yeh spasht naheen haye kii iss aarop key srot key roop mein kiss dastaavez yaa sandarbh kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye, aur kiss stallin ney poscrabishave aur kendriya samiti key vishesh kshetra kaa upayog karke hataa diyaa haye. vyaktiyon parr mukadama kendriya samiti key vishesh kshetra key kaary kartavyon key dayare seey baahar thaa, jaba taka kii yeye vyakti vishesh kshetra key sadasya naa houn. baad key mamle mein bhee, vishesh kshetra key sadasyon kii sankhya seemit thee aur gopaniyata key kaaran unamen seey adhikansh key bhaagya kaa pataa naheen chalaa thaa.
yeye atkalen unaki doosari patni aur unake sambandhon key itihas key saath-saath unaki betty natalia key sabooton key bhee vipareet hain. unaki maan bronislava poscrabisheva koo 1939 mein giraftar curr liya gayaa thaa. iss samay poscrabishave, communist party key anya pramukh sadasyon (udaaharan key liye, vyacheslav molotov aur mikhail kalinin) kii tarah apani patni kii madad karane mein saksham naheen they. una parr laveranti beria dwara leone trotsky key saath prati-krantikari sampark kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, aur 1941 mein unhein fansi dee gaee thee. aise mamalon key una vyaktiyon key mamle mein utpann honey kii sambhavana naheen haye joe shuddhikaran key sanchaalan mein pramukh bhoomika nibha rahey they. isake vipareet, shuddhikaran mein beria kii pramukh bhoomika adhik spasht haye. poscrabishave kii patni kii giraftari ney unhein stallin key aantarik ghere seey poscrabishave koo hataane aur usaki jagah beria dwara niyantrit vyakti koo rakhane kii anumati dee hogi. iss paridrishya mein agala kadam beria dwara stellin kaa poorna niyantran hotaa.
poscrabishev nikolai yezov key sahayogi naheen they, lekin kendriya samiti key sachivalaya mein nikolai yezov kii sadasyata key kaaran kuchh sahayogi sarkari vyavasaay kii ummeed kii jaani thee. sambhavatah unhone 1938 mein aine. key. vee. dee. key georgia tantra mein bhrashtachar kii jaanch kaa netritva karke beria kii dushmani koo arjit kiya thaa-joe taba beria dwara niyantrit thaa.
party key adhikaariyon key abhiyojan mein poscrabishave kii bhagidari koo aim key mamle key aadhar parr parrish dwara maanaa gayaa thaa.pee. jadugar. "6 juuna 1941 koo, poscrabishave ney kendriya samiti koo ack report likhi jisamen aim. pee. magger, joe kii laninagrad sainya jile key cheef off staff they, jinhen 1938 mein pahale hii ack baar giraftar kiya jaa chuka thaa. "haalaanki, iss mamle mein poscrabishave kii bhoomika spasht naheen haye. communist party kii kendriya samiti key presidium key aayog key record key anusaar magger koo ussr key raksha mantralaya key prastaav key tahat giraftar kiya gayaa thaa, jisaki pushti semyon timoshenko (march 1941) ney kii thee. una parr soviyat sangh key khilaf sainya sajish kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. 15 maee 1941 koo unhone apani begunahi key bayaan key saath stallin koo ack patra likhaa. 6 juuna, 1941 koo, patra poscrabishave key dhyaan mein bheja gayaa thaa aur sambhavatah stallin koo diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, isake bavjood, 20 julaai 1941 koo, yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. kii sarvocch sainya adalat ney magger mamle key sambandh mein ack nirnay liyaah maut kii sajaa (1955 mein unakaa punarvaas kiya gayaa thaa).
ullekhaniya roop seey, alekjendar aine. poscrabishave ney yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. key kaee kalakaron aur vaigyaanikon koo shuddh kiye jaane yaa fansi diye jaane seey bachane mein madad kii.
sarv-janvadiwad kaa unmoolan.
1947 aur 1948 mein michael parrish dwara ullikhit court off onar key presidium mein poscrabishave kii bhagidari kaa anya sroton dwara samarthan naheen kiya gayaa haye. parrish key daave kii utpatti bhee spasht naheen haye, kyonki vaha aadhikarik dastavejon kaa ullekh naheen kartaa haye. poscrabishave ney janwari 1947 mein jorgi fedorovic alexandrov key "paschimi darshan key itihas" key prakaashan kii charcha mein bhaag liya thaa. pahali charcha key nishkarshon kii aalochana aprail 1947 mein andrei jhadaanov dwara kii gaee thee, yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. key mantriyon kii parishad aur 28 march 1947 key vee. key. pee. (bee) prastaav kii kendriya samiti key prakaashan key turant baad "yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. aur raajyon key vibhagon key mantralayon mein sammaan kii adalaton seey sambandhit" yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. mein ack sammaan kii adalat shuru kii gaee thee. zadanov ney pahali charcha key nishkarshon seey asantusht hocker doosari charcha (16-25 juuna 1947) kaa ayojan kiya. doosari charcha mein poscrabishave kaa ullekh naheen kiya gayaa haye, jinake nishkarsh adhik kattarpanthi they.
poscrabishev kaa ullekh soviyat vaigyaanikon key karyon key sambandh mein bhee kiya gayaa haye. jee. cluva aur jee. aaee. roskin, jinhone pahale yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. court off onar mamalon (juuna 1947) mein seey ack mein bhaag liya. aprail 1946 mein, poscrabishave ney cluva aur roskin dwara ullikhit cancer-rodhi dawa key shodh mein takniki samasyaon parr joseph stallin kaa dhyaan kendrit kiya. 22 aprail 1946 koo cancer-rodhi davaaon key adhyayan key liye ack prayogshala banaai gaee thee, aur isane soviyat sangh key mantriyon kii parishad key madhyam seey upkaranon kaa adesh diyaa thaa.
sainya seva.
senaa mein poscrabishev kaa kaam poori tarah seey raajneetik kaary thaa. unhone turkistan mein ack raajneetik aayukt key roop mein shuruat kii, aur 1918 aur 1919 key beach jilaa krantikari sainya samiti key raajneetik vibhaag mein kaary kiya. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, poscrabishev ney soviyat alakman kii adhikansh baithakon mein bhaag liya, aur stallin aur soviyat generalon key beach sampark banaae rakhaa. poscrabishave koo julaai 1946 mein mejar-general key pada parr padonnat kiya gayaa thaa.
vyaktigat jeevan.
kahaa jaataa haye kii poscrabishave ney ack asadharan aayojak honey key liye dinn mein solah seey athaarah ghante kaam kiya thaa, aur jahaan bhee way jaate they, unhone stallin kaa anusaran kiya thaa.
unaki betty natalia key anusaarah
"poscrabishev ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran dinn mein lagbhag 24 ghante kaam kiya. vaha subah 5 baje ghar aaya aur subah 10 baje kaam parr laut aaya. poscrabishave koo jaanane vaale loga unhein jeevit vishvakosh kahate they. unake paas hamesha kissy bhee baat kaa jawab hotaa thaa."unhone teen baar shaadi kii aur teen betiyon key pitaa baney.
vivaah.
unaki shaadi pahali baar 1919 seey 1929 taka ack polish krantikari, jadviga seey hui thee; baad mein 1937 mein tapedik seey unaki mrityu hoe gaee. 1934 mein unhone bronislava poscrabisheva seey shaadi kii, jinase way ack betty natasha key pitaa banane vaale they. pichhali shaadi seey unaki ack betty gailya thee. jabaki poscrabisheva key saath unaki shaadi sthir thee, unhein 1939 mein giraftar kiya gayaa aur 1941 mein fansi dey dee gaee. stallin ney poscrabishave kii doosari baar unaki rihaai key anurodh koo nazarandaj curr diyaa aur isake bajaay unhein "doosari patni" khojane kii peshkash kii. isake kaaran unaki teesari shaadi (1942) hui. iss vivaah mein unaki teesari betty elena hui.
vyaktitva.
jaba stallin ney pahali baar poscrabishave koo kaam parr rakhaa, tou unhone usey bataayah "poscrabishave, aap apane baare mein ack daravana roop rakhate hain. aap logon koo daraa denge."lekin laveranti beria key bete sergo key anusaar," vaastav mein iss aadami kaa roop daraane seey adhik hasyapurna thaa. vaha ack sankeern kandhe vaalaa bauna thaa. jaba vaha mez parr baithe tou aap kewal unakaa sir dekh sakate they. vaha ack bandar jaisa thaa, joe bahut badsurat thaa."alekjendar barmin, joe pahali baar 1923 mein poscrabishave seey mille they, ney unhein" ack rollie-polly, laal-gaal vaalaa ganja chhota aadami "key roop mein varnit kiya... (joe) pandrah varshon key dauran mahatva aur bhavyata mein vriddhi hui jaba main unhein jaanata thaa."khrushchev ney poscrabishave koo" "stallin kaa wafadar kutta" "kahaa aur likhaa kii 1952 takah
saahitya mein.
poscrabishave alexandra soljhenitsin key upanyaas mein pahale vritt mein ack charitra key roop mein dikhaai dete hain, jahan unhein "ack adhikaari key ballebaaz kii aatma rakhane vaale" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye.
aine kii kahani "stellin kii muskan" mein unakaa ack vyangyaatmak chitran bhee haye. kargujhin usa samay key baare mein jaba unaki doosari patni koo giraftar kiya gayaa thaa joe 1961 mein likhaa gayaa thaa aur "samiti" dwara avaidh roop seey vitarit kiya gayaa thaa.
stellin key saath sambandh.
harford montgomeri hyde key anusaar, "aggar stallin ney kabhi kissy parr bharosa kiya, tou vaha poscrabishave thaa.
natalia poscrabisheva (betty) key sakshya key anusaar, stallin aur usake pitaa key beach sambandh kaam key baahar dostana they. kaam mein way sammaanjanak aur sahyogaatmak they.
stallin dwara poscrabishave key niyamit upman key baare mein agyaat chashmadid gavaahon kii kathit atkalon koo saral gupshup maanaa jaanaa chaahiye. iss kathit adheenata key kaaran, poscrabishave party key adhikaariyon key beach chutkulon kii ack shrinkhala kaa mukhya kaaran bunn gayaa.
niji sachiv key roop mein apani naukari key hisse key roop mein, poscrabishave ney stallin key adesh koo hataa diyaa aur apani diarry kaa ayojan kiya. soviyat netaa koo dekhane key ichchuk kissy bhee vyakti key liye vaha pahala bandargah bhee thaa. jaba stallin coccus mein apane dachaa mein thaa, tou kewal way agantuk honge jinhen vishesh roop seey poscrabishave aur stallin key mukhya angarakshak nikolai vlassic dwara anumati dee gaee thee.
poscrabishave key anusaar, stallin ney lenin kii vidhwa, nadezda krupskaya koo usake janmadin samaroh key dauran jahar dene kaa adesh diyaa, usaki raakh koo craimlin deewaar kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa.
puraskar.
poscrabishave koo march 1939 mein "kaee varshon kii anukaraniya seva" key liye order off lenin seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. unhone 1936 key yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. key samvidhaan aur 1938 key see. pee. aiss. yuu. key itihas mein bhee yogdan diyaa. unhein yuddh key dauran pradaan kii gaee sevaaon key liye 1944 aur 1945 mein doosari aur teesari baar order off lenin praapt huaa. 6 agast 1951 koo, lenin poscrabishave kaa chautha adesh unake 60vein janmadin aur communist party aur soviyat sangh key liye unake kaam key sammaan mein praapt huaa. soviyat sangh dwara sarvocch puraskaron mein seey ack key chaar baar praaptakarta key roop mein, stallin key vishvaspatra key roop mein poscrabishave kii pratishtha koo aur majboot kiya gayaa.
poscrabishev koo "mahaan deshbhakti yuddh mein germany parr jeet key liye padak" aur "mahaan deshbhakti yuddh mein bahadur shram key liye padak" seey bhee sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.
rapaport dwara kii gaee atkalon kaa aitihaasik roop seey samarthan naheen kiya jaataa haye kii kyaa poscrabishave koo mahaan shuddhikaran mein unaki sevaaon key kaaran order off lenin seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa ("mahaan shuddhikaran" key oopar dekhein).
patan, sevaanivritti aur mrityu.
stallin ney 1952 mein laveranti beria key dabaav mein vishesh khand mein poscrabishave koo apane pada seey aur niji sachiv key roop mein apani bhoomika seey hataa diyaa. 1953 mein unhein sakriya raajneetik jeevan seey hataa diyaa gayaa aur doctor kii sajish key sambandh mein aaney key baad jabaran sevaanivritt curr diyaa gayaa-way ack chikitsa chhaatr they aur unhone chikitsa key saath stellin bhee diyaa thaa. unhein victor abakumov key saath ack sajish kaa hissa honey key roop mein fansaaya gayaa thaa.
stallin aur beria kii mrityu key baad, poscrabishave kaa punarvaas kiya gayaa aur kendriya samiti key presidium mein ack pada diyaa gayaa, lekin yeh lambe samay taka naheen rhaa. 1956 mein 20veen congress key baad, jisamen khrushchev dwara unaki ninda kii gaee thee, poscrabishave sthaayi roop seey sevaanivritt hoe gaye aur masco mein apane shesh dinon taka rahey, 1965 mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee. unhein pahale aur dusare mahaan soviyat vishvakosh mein ack pravishti millie, lekin teesare sanskaran mein shamil naheen kiya gayaa thaa.