
rooj koo rokein

seentur rooj ('redd belt') una ille-dee-france key samudaay koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe 1920 seey 1980 key dashak taka francisi communist party dwara prabhutva mein they. yeye samudaay way hain joe paaramparik roop seey shramik varg key kshetra hain jinake nivasi bhaari aur halke udyogon mein kaaryarat they joe kabhi chhote coron (peris kii seema parr sthit vibhagon) key aarthik paridrishya parr haavi they aur Île-de-France key baahari vibhagon mein badee aabaadi kendra they. 
jabaki yeh ghatana peris key liye vishisht naheen haye aur udaaharan key liye, "iska paimana aur sabse mahatvapurna roop seey, inn nagar paalikaon mein saamyavaadi pratyaropan kii lambai ise europe mein ack anoothi ghatana banaati haye", jise lyon, turin, milan yaa genoa mein bhee dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
inn kshetron mein francisi communist party kii taakat ney iss party koo 1967 mein apane nirmaan seey 2008 taka seane-sent-dennis mein vibhaagiya star parr sarkaar banaane kaa kaaran banaa, jaba vibhaagiya parishad kaa niyantran france kii samajwadi party key paas gayaa.
itihas.
shuruat (1920 seey 1935).
laal patti" kaa vichaar 1920 key dashak mein apani jadein jamaa letaa haye.
1919 key nagarpalika chunaavon mein, "pahali laal lahar ney nagarpalika samaajvaad koo ack audyogik aur shramik-varg kii parampara key saath samudaayon mein jadein jamaane dee, jaise kii aubervilliers aur sent-dennis. ack saal baad, inn shaharon ney navanirmit communist party key liye matdan kiya, "itihaaskaar emmanuel bellenger ney nott kiya.
yeh vakyansh khud paul valent-couterior dwara likhe gaye ack lekh mein gadhaa gayaa thaa, 1924 key vidhaayi chunaavon aur 1925 key nagarpalika chunaavon key baad "krantikari sarvahara varg dwara gher liya gayaa peris".
haalaanki, usa samay, pee. see. aff. kii "varg key khilaf varg" kii ranneeti ney 1925 mein kewal nau shaharon koo jeetane kii anumati deeh isane bezon, bobigni aur villeten koo rakhaa, aiss. aff. aaee. oh asantushton seey sent-dennis koo liya, aur clitch, malakoff, vitri-sur-seane, ivory-sur-seane, villezuif koo daaeen or seey.
1929 key nagarpalika chunaavon mein, pee. see. aff. ney daaeen or seey pierefit-sur-seane jeetaa, jabaki alfortville aur bagnolet aiss. aff. aaee. oh. seey haar gaye.
sthaaniya star key saamyvaad kaa "swarn yug" (1935-1981).
saamane kaa popp-lyer.
pee. see. aff. ney 1935 key nagarpalika chunaavon key liye "front populayar" gathbandhan kii ranneeti mein lagey honey key kaaran ack aadarsh vaakya key roop mein "redd belt" kaa upayog karna bund curr diyaa. pee. see. aff. aur aiss. aff. aaee. oh. key beach gathbandhan ney 26 nagar paalikaon parr kabja curr liya. haalaanki, isane sent-dennis kii apani jagir khou dee, kyonki 1934 mein communist party seey baahar kiye gaye jack doriot koo phir seey chunaa gayaa thaa.
1935 key chunaavon mein pee. see. aff. kii safalata key liye dhanyavaad, georges marren, ivory-sur-seane key communist meyer, 1936 mein seane vibhaag kii samanya parishad key adhyaksh baney.
communist party bhee safal rahee, padosi cn-aitt-ois vibhaagah 2,500 seey adhik aabaadi vaali 129 nagar paalikaon mein seey, 1935 key chunaavon mein "laal" nagarpaalikaaen 8 seey badhkar 24 hoe gaeenh organtule, aulanay-sos-bois aur blanck-mesnil sabhi nirvaachit communist mahapour. 1945 mein yeh sankhya badhkar 54 hoe gaee, jiss varsh varsaay key bahut hii poonjipati shahar mein bhee "communists key karib" ack mahapour thaa.
iss safalata kaa shreya aanshik roop seey awas sankat koo diyaa jaa sakata haye joe upnagaron mein ack badee shramik-varg kii aabaadi koo laaya, jahaan rahane kii sthiti vishesh roop seey kharaab thee. awas aur swaasthya seva mein saarvajanik nivesh parr kendrit communist party kaa agenda vishesh roop seey aakarshak dikhaai diyaah 
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad.
communist party dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey ack pramukh raajneetik shakti key roop mein ubhareeh
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, anya dalon ney pee. see. aff. key raajneetik algaav kaa fayda uthaane aur peris upnagaron parr apane gadh koo cumm karane kii koshish kii. 1947 key ack kaanoon ney 9,000 seey adhik nivaasiyon vaale shaharon key liye nagar parishadon mein seeton key aanupaatik aavantan kii shuruat kii. choonki pee. see. aff. anya raajneetik dalon key saath gathbandhan naheen curr sakaa, isaliye isane 1947 key chunaavon mein aiss. aff. aaee. oh. aur charles dee gaull key aar. pee. aff. key haathon 22 samudaay khou diye.
1950 key dashak key anta mein, rashtriya munch parr pee. see. aff. kii asafalataon ney virodhabhasi roop seey chitrit kiya jise pier bellenger "nagarpalika saamyvaad kaa lachilaapan" kahata haye. inn asafalataon mein seey pahala 1958 kaa samvaidhaanik janmat sangrah thaa. pee. see. aff. key virodh key bavjood, ise harr ack "vibhaag" aur pramukh shahar mein bahumat key saath bhaari manjuri dee gaee thee. peris upnagaron mein, bagnolet ekmatra "laal" shahar thaa jahan "naheen" vaastav mein aage thaa. iss haar ney saabit curr diyaa kii pee. see. aff. apane paaramparik jaagiron mein bhee apana vote naheen lagaa sakaa.
dou maheene baad, 1958 key vidhaayi chunaavon mein pee. see. aff. koo 150 seeton seey 10 parr dhakel diyaa gayaa thaa. communist netaa etiyane fazan, jack duclose aur mairi-clod valent-outurior apani seeten khou baithe.
inn dou badee haaron key baad, 1959 key nagarpalika chunaavon mein pee. see. aff. koo badey nuksan kaa saamana karna padaa thaa. lekin isake vipareet huaah piney-ruef yojana kii alokpriyata seey punarjeevit, pee. see. aff. ney 7 nae shahar jeete, jisase seane-banelue mein iska kull 31 hoe gayaa.
1959 seey 1977 taka bahusankhyakvaadi pranali kii bahaali seey pee. see. aff. koo laabh huaa. 60 key dashak key madhya mein, isane aiss. aff. aaee. oh. key saath gathbandhan kiya, joe 30,000 seey adhik nivaasiyon kii aabaadi vaale 39 shaharon mein seey 25 parr kabja karane mein kamyab rhaa.
pee. see. aff. kii taakat ney 1964 mein ill-dee-france kshetra key punarvitaran mein ack kendriya bhoomika nibhai, jise kewal ack samanya parishad koo communists parr chhodane key liye design kiya gayaa thaah
yeh santulan 1977 taka kaary kartaa rhaa. upaant congress key baad rashtriya star parr samajwadi party kii kaafee pragati key bavjood, aantarik upnagaron key matadaata nagarpalika saamyvaad kaa samarthan karate raheh 1971 mein aantarik upnagaron mein 46 saamyavaadi nagarpaalikaaen theen-ack sankhya joe 1977 mein 54 taka badh gaee. isake alawa, pee. see. aff. ney baahari upnagaron mein, possy, less murex aur maintes-laa-wille mein naee paith banaai, aur montero, palaiso yaa sevigni-sur-george jaise shaharon mein haal hii mein jeet kii pushti kii. 1978 key vidhaayi chunaavon ney pushti kii kii pee. see. aff. ill-dee-france kshetra mein pahali vampanthi party thee.
girawat (1981 seey).
1977 ney laal patti key shikhar koo chihnit kiya. isake nimnalikhit girawat key kaee kaaran hainh pahala, communist party ney 1980 key dashak mein samajwadi party key saath gathbandhan karane aur 1981 key chunaavon key baad samajwadi sarkaar mein shamil honey key baad rashtriya star parr teji seey prabhaav khou diyaa. jabaki communist ummidwar jack duclose koo 1969 key rashtrapati chunaav mein rashtriya vote kaa 21.7% praapt huaa thaa, aur 1988 mein ray lajoini koo kewal 6.8% praapt huaa thaa.
iley-dee-france mein, party bhee shramik varg key shaharon kii badalati jansankhyiki key anukool honey mein whiffle rahee. jaisa kii itihaaskaar roman ducaulombier ney nott kiya haih
rashtriya vidhansabha mein, girawat 1981 kii shuruat mein shuru huih party ney apani aadhi seeten (27 mein seey 13) khou deen-5 saal baad 4 aur seeton key nuksan key saath ack pravritti kii pushti hui. usake baad, yeh sankhya 2002 taka sthir rahee, jaba rashtrapati chunaav mein robbert hyu key nirashajanak parinamon key baad isane 2 aur seeten khou deen.
nagarpalika chunaavon mein, girawat dheemi lekin aksham theeh jaba ack shahar ack gair-saamyavaadi mahapour chunaa gayaa, tou yeh shayed hii kabhi vaapas aaya. jaisa kii phillip sabra nott kartaa haih
(1988-2004) avadhi mein, aail-dee-france mein communists dwara aayojit shaharon kii sankhya 67 seey badhkar 42 hoe gaee, jisamen 20,000 seey adhik aabaadi vaale 51 shahar shamil hain, jinamen seey 32 kii aabaadi 20,000 seey adhik haye.
2014 key nagarpalika chunaavon ney communist party key liye ack badee haar kaa pratinidhitva kiyaah seane-sent-dennis mein, yeh bobigni, sent-un, bagnolet aur blanck-mesnil, chaar shaharon koo khou diyaa, joe dashakon seey aayojit they. yvelin mein, yeh acares mein parajit huaa thaa, joe kii vibhaag mein aayojit antim shahar thaa. lekin iska sabse mahatvapurna jhataka villezuif kaa nuksan thaa, ack aisaa shahar jisamen 1925 seey saamyavaadi thaa aur jisamen poorv saamyavaadi netaa george marchis rashtriya vidhansabha key liye chune gaye they. montruil aur aubervilliers mein saamyavaadi vijay ack santvana puraskar key roop mein dikhaai dee.
2020 key nagarpalika chunaavon ney laal patti key dheere-dheere gayab honey kii pushti keeh pcf ney vail-dee-marne key vibhaag mein aayojit 10 shaharon mein seey 4 khou diyeh villeneuve-sent-george, chozzy-leey-roee, valenton aur champigny-sur-marne, lekin yeh vaapas villezuif jeet gayaa. seane-sent-dennis key vibhaag mein, isane apane dou aitihaasik jagir, sent-dennis aur aubervilliers koo khou diyaa, lekin vaapas bobigni jeet liya.
laal patti kaa prateekvaad aur raajneetik mahatva.
laal patti saamyvaad kii "prayogshala" key roop mein.
peris key aspas laal patti kaa vichaar kewal ack chunavi ghatana naheen haye. annie faucault key shabdon mein, yeh ack raajneetik mithak haih
1920 key dashak kii shuruat mein, communist party inn shaharon kaa upayog iss baat key udaaharan key roop mein karati haye kii vaha rashtriya star parr kyaa hassil curr sakati haye. lekin "laal patti" kii chhavi kaa upayog raajneetik virodhiyon dwara una khatron kii ninda karane key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye joe rashtriya star parr saamyvaad kaa pratinidhitva karenge. jaisa kii emmanuel bellenger likhate hainh
rakshaseekaran seey bachane key liye, communist mahapour vaastav mein ack shahar jeetane parr kattarpanthi parivartanon seey spasht raheh jabaki unaki party aksar rashtriya star parr alag-thalag thee, communist mahapouron ney apane vaam aur dakshinpanthi sahyogiyon key saath sahyog kiya. jacques giralt iss prakaar likhate hainh
saamyavaadi shaharon kaa upayog samajik sevaaon, saamoohik awas aur nigamon dwara bhugtan kiye jaane vaale karon parr jore dene key saath saamyavaadi munch key laabhon koo pradarshit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. inn neetiyon koo sakaratmak roop seey dekhaa jaataa haye, yahaan taka kii una logon dwara bhee joe rashtriya star parr saamyavaadi sahaanubhooti naheen rakhate hainh
lekin yeh model kaafee hudd taka peris key aspas badey karkhanon kii upasthiti parr adharit thaa, joe curr rajaswa laayega aur paas mein rahane vaale karkhane key shramikon kii aavashyakta hogi. 1970 key dashak mein, aantarik upnagaron key audyogikaran ney apani girawat laaeeh playin-sent-dennis, joe europe mein sabse badaa audyogik kshetra huaa kartaa thaa, varshon key bheetar ack audyogik banjar bhoomi bunn gayaa, jabaki 1989 mein renault-bilancourt bund hoe gayaah 
rashtriya saamyavaadi hastiyon key liye ack springboard key roop mein laal patti.
yeye nirvaachan kshetra rashtriya munch key liye ack springboard bhee pradaan karate hain, saath hii saath communist party key netritva key liye surakshit seeten bhee pradaan karate hainh
shahari paridrishya parr prabhaav.
communist shaharon dwara kifayati shramik varg key awas parr jore diye jaane key kaaran, laal patti vaale shahar aksar "ack nishchit prakaar kaa shahari paridrishya prastut karate hain, jisamen mamuli vyaktigat gharon aur cumm kiraaye kii saamoohik awas pariyojanaon, audyogik gatividhiyon kii upasthiti aur ack vishesh saamoohik sanskriti aur samajikta" kaa ack vikalp hotaa haye.
iss saamoohik sanskriti aur samajikta kaa ack ghatak saanskritik sansthanon aur vishesh roop seey badey saarvajanik theatres kaa nirmaan haih
yeye theatre aur saanskritik sansthaan 1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein communist nagar paalikaon kii ranneeti kaa pratyaksh parinam hain, taaki saarvajanik aayogon kaa upayog vastukala aadhunikta key vichaar kaa pratinidhitva karane vaali imaraton kaa nirmaan karane key liye kiya jaa sakeh ack aur udaaharan 1970 mein ack communist vastukar jacks kalis dwara nirmit communist nagarpalika key thhos prashaasnik kendra dwara pradaan kiya gayaa haye. anya shaharon mein, andre lurkat, paul kemetov, sarge magnion aur anya adhuniktawadi vastukaron ney upnagaron kaa navinikaran kiya. bobigni key mahapour georges walbon ney slab shaharikaran key manakon key anusaar shahar key navinikaran koo sweekaar kiyaah unhone vishesh roop seey vibhaagiya shram vinimay key nirmaan key liye auskar neemeyar koo saunpa.
jaise hii yeye upnagariya shahar apane saamyavaadi ateet seey toot gaye, navanirvaachit mahapouron ney aksar una sadakon kaa naam badalkar parivartan koo chihnit karane kii koshish kii joe saamyavaadi netaaon koo sandarbhit karati theen. organtule mein, fredrick nott kahata haih 
una shaharon kii soochi joe "redd belt" kaa hissa rahey hain.
1964 mein banaae gaye vibhagon parr adharit.
jinn shaharon key naam key baad ack tarankan chihn haye, unake paas 2014 key nagarpalika chunaavon key baad seey pcf yaa front dee gauche seey ack mahapour haye. 2 taaron (* *) key baad aaney vaale taaron mein vampanthi bahumat hotaa haye jisamen adhikansh samay pee. see. aff. shamil hotaa haye, lekin joe mahapour naa tou pee. see. aff. seey sambandhit hotaa haye aur naa hii front dee gauche seey.

