annie osborne crugger

annie osborne crugger (; janm 12 farwari, 1934) ack americi arthashastri hain. vaha 1982 seey 1986 taka vishva baink kii mukhya arthashastri theen, aur 2001 seey 2006 taka antarrashtriya mudra kosh (aaee. aim. aff.) kii pahali upa prabandh nideshak theen. way vartamaan mein washington mein johns hopkins school off advanced international studies mein antarrashtriya arthshastra kii varishth shodh professor hain.see. vaha antarrashtriya vikas kendra kii varishth sadasya bhee hain (sansthaapak nideshak bhee theen) aur herauld ell. aur steinford vishvavidyalaya mein vigyaan aur manaviki arthshastra vibhaag key carolin ritch emeritus professor.
praarambhik jeevan.
crugger kaa janm 12 farwari, 1934 koo andicot, newyork mein huaa thaa. unake pitaa ack chikitsak they. unake chaachaon mein australiyai rajneta surr reginald raait aur shareer vigyaani surr roy raait shamil hain. unhone 1953 mein oberlin college seey snaatak kii degree praapt kii. unhone apane snatkottar aur ph. dee. praapt kiye.dee. 1956 aur 1958 mein wisconsin-maddison vishvavidyalaya seey arthshastra mein.
peshevar carrier.
ack arthashastri key roop mein, crugger koo samashti arthshastra aur vyaapaar mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe 1974 key ack lekh mein kiraaye kii maang shabd koo prasiddh roop seey gadhata haye. isake alawa, unhone aksar yuu kii aalochana kii haye.aiss. cheeni subsidy. unhone vikaasheel deshon mein neetigat sudhaar, antarrashtriya arthavyavastha mein bahupakshiya sansthanon kii bhoomika aur vyaapaar neeti kii raajneetik arthavyavastha parr vyaapak roop seey prakaashit kiya haye. americi aarthik sangh koo apane 1996 key rashtrapati sambodhan mein, unhone duniya bhar mein lagu safal vyaapaar aur vikas neetiyon aur prachalit shaikshanik vichaaron key beach samanjasya kii kamee kaa pataa lagaaya.
unhone pahali baar 1955 mein wisconsin vishvavidyalaya mein ack shikshan sahayak key roop mein padhaana shuru kiya aur phir 1958 mein arthshastra kii professor baneen. unhone 1959 seey 1982 taka minnesota vishvavidyalaya mein arthshastra padhaaya, isase pahale kii way 1982 seey 1986 taka vishva baink key mukhya arthashastri key roop mein kaary curr rahee theen, jahaan way arthshastra aur anusandhaan kii upaadhyaksh theen. mukhya arthashastri key roop mein unake karyakal key dauran, vishva baink ney vyaapaar key prabhaavon koo samajhane key liye bahut badey bahu-deshi tulanaatmak adhyayan kiye.
baink chhodane key baad, unhone 1987 seey 1993 taka duke vishvavidyalaya mein padhaaya, jaba way stanford vishvavidyalaya key sankaay mein herauld ell key roop mein shamil huin. aur carolin ell. arthshastra vibhaag mein manaviki aur vigyaan mein ritch professor. vaha 2001 taka steinford mein raheen. vaha aarthik vikas aur neeti sudhaar parr anusandhaan key liye steinford key kendra kii sansthaapak nideshak bhee theen; aur hoover sansthaan kii ack varishth saathi theen.
unhone 1 sitambar, 2001 seey 31 agast, 2006 taka antarrashtriya mudra kosh (aaee. aim. aff.) key pahale upa prabandh nideshak key roop mein kaary kiya, 4 march, 2004 (horst kohler kaa istifa) aur 7 juuna, 2004 (rodrigo dee raato key janadesh key liye praarambhik tithi) key beach asthaayi aadhar parr kosh key karyavahak prabandh nideshak key roop mein kaary kiya. 2011 mein christine laggard kii niyukti taka, vaha aaee. aim. aff. prabandh nideshak kii bhoomika nibhaane vaali ekmatra mahila theen.
2005 mein, unhein vishvavidyalaya daarshanik samaaj, trinity college doublin key maanad sanrakshak kii pratishthit upaadhi seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. 2010 mein, unhein unake alma matter, oberlin college seey maanad doctorate seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. 2007 key vasant kii shuruat mein, unhone washington, dee mein johns hopkins school off advanced international studies mein antarrashtriya arthshastra kii professor kaa pada grahan kiya.see.
vaha americi aarthik sangh kii ack pratishthit saathi aur poorv adhyaksh hain, rashtriya vigyaan akadami, americi kalaa aur vigyaan akadami, arthshastra samaaj aur americi daarshanik samaaj kii sadasya hain aur rashtriya aarthik anusandhaan beuro kii ack varishth shodh saathi hain. vaha kaee aarthik puraskaron aur puraskaron kii praaptakarta hain.
"safalata key saath sangharsh karna.
1950 aur 1960 key dashak ney khule vyaapaar key liye navshastriya tark koo hamale key tahat laaya kyonki isane "gatishil vichaaron" koo nazarandaj curr diyaa thaa (jaisa kii crugger ney ise uddhrit kiya haye) aur unhone kahaa kii khula vyaapaar "sthir" thaa (pee. 51). 1990 key dashak key dauran ack samanya sahamati thee kii khula vyaapaar kuchh bhee thaa lekin sthir thaa aur laabh kaafee hudd taka "gatishil" "gatishil" they.
safalata key saath sangharshah antarrashtriya arthavyavastha kaa saamana karane vaali chunautiyon" (2012) naamak pustak mein, annie crugger vaishvikaran aur duniya aur samagr roop seey logon key jeevan mein sudhaar laane mein nibhai gaee bhoomika parr ack rakshaatmak rukh apanaate hain. vaha kahati haye kii, "...vaishvikaran, lagbhag 1800 key baad seey teji seey aage badhaa haye aur paraspar nirbharta kii degree mein bahut vriddhi hui haye (pee 24).usee samay key dauran audyogik deshon (jinaki arthavyavasthaaen ekikrit hoe rahee theen) ney garib deshon key jeevan kii gunavatta mein teji seey vriddhi dekhi (prishth 24). crugger kaa mukhya dhyaan asiai "baghon" key vikas key karanon, dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad aur usase thodaa pahale sarkari viniyaman key uday aur (niyam) apariharya patan, aur kaise vishva arthavyavastha mein aur adhik niyantran mein sudhaar huaa, parr haye.
crugger ney "safalata key saath sangharsh" pustak mein vyaapaar baadhaon koo door karane aur gharelu arthvyavasthaon koo viniyamit karane kii aavashyakta parr jore diyaa haye. crugger kaa kahana haye kii vyaapaar baadhaon koo door karane mein madad karane key liye "utpaadak subsidy samkaksh" jaise upkaranon koo bahut adhik shreya diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. usa upkaran ney krishi sanrakshan koo pratibandhit karane aur samaapt karane key liye baatchit shuru karane kii anumati dee (prishth 63).inn prabhaavi suraksha aur laagat laabh vishleshan ney raajnetaon koo unake praasangik parimaan (pee 63) kii anubhavjanya matra dee, halanki motey.crugger kaa kahana haye kii shodh parinam" "neeti nirmaata dwara avalokan yogya, ummeed haye kii matratmak aur pahchaanane yogya" "honey chaahiye (pee 64).arthashastri key liye sabse prachalit khatra yeh haye kii unake siddhanton kii neeti nirmaataon dwara galat vyakhya kii jaae (prishth 64).
antatah, viniyaman kaa desh mein bajar parr nakaratmak prabhaav padata haye aur desh key saath vyaapaar karane vaale anya deshon parr iska prabhaav parh sakata haye. vaha byaaj samanikaran curr kii or ishara karati haye jisake kaaran vittiya poonji newyork seey landan chully gaee, surbanes-auxley ney corporate mukhyalaya koo america seey sthanantarit curr diyaa, aur anty-dumping shulkon key kaaran computer assembly farmon farmon kaa sthanantaran huaa. vaha yahaan yeh kahate hue samaapan karati hain kii khule vyaapaar shasanon seey abhootpoorv aarthik vikas key kaaran aapoorti-paksh arthshastra mein vriddhi hui.
kiraya kii talash.
1974 mein, crugger ney "kiraya maangane vaale samaaj kii raajneetik arthavyavastha" likhi jisamen unhone "kiraya lene" shabd koo lokpriya banaaya. kiraya maang taba hoti haye jaba byaaj samooh shulk, patent, subsidy, ayaat kotaa aur anya bajar niyamon key roop mein sarkaar key paksh mein pairavi karate hain. kiraya maangane kaa vyavhaar aksham haye kyonki yeh naee sampatti banaane key bajaay maujooda bajar mein herfer kartaa haye. crugger kaa kahana haye kii ayaat pratibandhon key roop mein kiraya-maang vyavhaar shulk kii kalyankari laagat key saath-saath kiraya-maang vyavhaar key kaaran ack atirikt kalyan laagat bhee wahan kartaa haye. vaha yeh bhee daavaa karati haye kii kiraya-maangane kaa vyavhaar ack aarthik vatavaran banaakar adhik kiraya-maangane key vyavhaar koo badhaava detaa haye jahaan kiraya-maangane mein bhaag lena bajar mein pravesh karane kaa ekmatra tarika haye. kiraaye kii maang vaale baajaron mein, naee farmon koo praudyogiki vikasit karane key liye apane sansadhanon kaa upayog karane key bajaay kiraaye kii talash key liye apane sansadhanon koo samarpit karna chaahiye. 2011 mein, crugger key lekh koo american economics association dwara americi aarthik sameeksha key pahale sou varshon mein bees sarvshreshth lekhon mein seey ack kaa naam diyaa gayaa thaa.

