
tulanaa sookshmadarshi

ack tulanaa sookshmadarshi ack upkaran haye jiska upayog ack-dusare key namoonon kaa vishleshan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. isamen ack optical brij dwara judey dou sookshmadarshi hotey hain, jisake parinamswarup ack vibhajit drishya vindo hoti haye joe dou alag-alag vastuon koo ack saath dekhane mein saksham banaati haye. yeh ack paaramparik sookshmadarshi key tahat dou vastuon kii tulanaa karate samay paryavekshak koo smriti parr bharosa karane seey bachaata haye.
itihas.
tulanaa sookshmadarshi key pahale prototype mein seey ack 1913 mein germany mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa.
1929 mein, forensic ballistics key liye anukoolit ack tulanaatmak sookshmadarshi kaa upayog karate hue, calvin goddard aur unake saathi phillip bajari shikago pulis vibhaag koo st mein bhagidari seey mukt karane mein saksham they. valentine day narsamhar.
cole. calvin aich. bhagwan.
phillip oh. ack rasaayanagya bajari ney forensic ballistics key agrani calvin goddard key samarthan aur margadarshan key saath chalaai gaee goliyon aur cartridge mamalon kii pehchaan mein upayog key liye ack tulanaatmak sookshmadarshi vikasit kiya. yeh forensic vigyaan mein agneyastron kii pehchaan key vigyaan mein ack mahatvapurna pragati thee. jiss agneyastra seey goli yaa cartridge kaa mamla chalaaya gayaa haye, usaki pehchaan goli yaa cartridge key mamle mein pahane gaye, bairal key machini dhaatu, ullanghan block, extractor yaa bandook mein firing pinn seey bachee anoothi patti kii tulanaa seey kii jaati haye. yeh bajari thee jisane apani smriti parr bharosa naheen kiya. "jaba taka vaha apane sookshmadarshi seey ack baar mein kewal ack goli kaa nireekshan curr sakata thaa, aur jaba taka vaha tulanaa goli koo sookshmadarshi key neeche naheen rakhta, taba taka usey apani smriti mein rakhna padata thaa, vaigyaanik sateekta praapt naheen kii jaa sakati thee. isaliye unhone tulanaatmak sookshmadarshi vikasit kiya aur goddard ney ise kaam mein laa diyaa."calvin goddard ney tulanaa sookshmadarshi koo paripurna kiya aur baad mein isake upayog koo lokpriya banaaya. surr sidney smith ney bhee forensic vigyaan aur agneyastron kii pehchaan mein isake mahatva parr jore dete hue iss vichaar kii sarahana kii. unhone tulanaa sookshmadarshi koo scotland mein leey jaaya aur ise agneyastron kii pehchaan aur anya forensic vigyaan kii jarooraton key liye europeeya vaigyaanikon key saamane pesh kiya.
aadhunik tulanaa sookshmadarshi.
aadhunik upkaran mein fiber optic roshni, video kshamataon, digital imaging, paaramparik photography key liye swachaalit exposure aadi sahit kaee optical, yaantrik aur electronic parishkaran hain. iss vikas key bavjood, buniyaadi upkaran aur takneeken aparivartit raheen hain joe yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye hain kii advitiya aur punarutpaadak sookshm aur varg visheshtaon key aadhar parr ack hii agneyastra dwara golaa-barud key ghatakon koo daaga gayaa thaa yaa naheen, yaa aparyaapt nishan maujood honey parr "koee nishkarsh naheen" parinam taka pahunchane key liye.
choonki, ballistic pehchaan koo sanrachanaatmak, vaigyaanik aur takniki pragati kii ack lambi shrinkhala seey laabh huaa haye, kaanoon pravartan agencies ney forensic prayogshaalaaen sthaapit kii hain aur shodhkartaon ney goliyon aur cartridge key mamalon koo goli chalaane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali bandookon seey kaise milan kiya jaae, aur tulanaa karane key liye sookshmadarshi adhik parishkrit hoe gaye hain. 1980 key dashak key anta taka, ballistic pehchaan forensic vigyaan kii ack sthaapit upa-visheshta thee.
agneyastra pareekshak koo prashn mein kissy bhee dou upkaran-chihnon key beach samaantaa kii degree koo satyaapit karane kii anumati dene key liye drishya upkaran bhee vikasit kiye gaye hain. yeye tulanaatmak sookshmadarshi key sanchaalan kaa anukaran karane key liye design kiye gaye hain lekin paaramparik tulanaa sookshmadarshi key samaan tareeke seey 3dee satahon key 2dee drishya koo prastut karane mein saksham hain.
forensic ballistics.
adhikansh agneyastron kii tarah, daage gaye golaa-barud key ghatak paryaapt advitiya aur punarutpaadak sookshm chihn praapt curr sakate hain jinhen ack hii agneyastra dwara daage jaane key roop mein pahachaana jaa sakata haye. inn tulanaon koo sahee dhang seey agneyastra pehchaan key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, yaa kabhi-kabhi ise "ballistic" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.
aitihaasik roop seey, aur vartamaan mein, iss forensic anushasana key liye antatah ack baar mein ack jodee goli yaa cartridge mamalon kii ack sookshm-darr-ack tulanaa kii aavashyakta hoti haye, ack forensic pareekshak dwara donon vastuon kii pushti karane yaa unhein samaapt karane key liye kii ack hii agneyastra dwara daage gaye they. iss uddeshya key liye, agneyastra pareekshak kaa paaramparik upkaran jise aksar ballistic tulanaa sookshmadarshi kahaa jaataa haye.
bandook key bairal key ander kii or naali (jise rifle kahaa jaataa haye) hoti haye joe goli koo ghumaane key liye majboor karati haye kyonki yeh usake saath yatra karati haye. inn khaanchon aur unake samkaksh koo goli kii satah parr "lands imprint grove" aur laind impression kahaa jaataa haye. inn bhoomi aur naali key prabhaavon key saath, bairal kii satah parr khamiyon koo sanyog seey goli kii satah parr sthanantarit curr diyaa jaataa haye. kyonki yeye khaamiyan yaadrichhik roop seey utpann hoti hain, nirmaan key dauran yaa upayog key kaaran, way pratyek bairal key liye advitiya hain. isaliye, yeye pratiroop yaa khaamiyan ack "hastakshar" key barabar hain kii pratyek bairal pratyek goli parr chhaap daaltaa haye. yeh bairal parr advitiya khamiyon key kaaran dee gaee goliyon parr yeh "hastakshar" haye joe ack vishesh bandook seey utpann honey vaali goliyon kii maanyata aur pehchaan koo saksham banaata haye. tulanaa sookshmadarshi kaa upayog goliyon aur aavaran kii satah parr paae jaane vaale sookshm prabhaavon key milan kaa vishleshan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
jaba aparaadh sthal seey ack agneyastra yaa ack goli yaa cartridge kaa mamla baramad kiya jaataa haye, tou forensic pareekshak baramad goli yaa cartridge mamle key ballistic fingerprint kii tulanaa baramad bandook seey daagi gaee doosari goli yaa cartridge mamle key ballistic fingerprint seey karate hain. yadi pareekshan seey chalaai gaee goli yaa cartridge cases parr ballistic fingerprint baramad goli yaa cartridge cases parr ballistic fingerprint seey mell khaata haye, tou jaanchkartaon koo pataa haye kii baramad goli yaa cartridge cases bhee baramad bandook seey chalaaya gayaa thaa. ack vishisht agneyastra aur ack aparaadh sthal seey baramad goli yaa cartridge mamle key beach ack pusht kadee ack moolyavaan seesa haye, kyonki janchkarta agneyastra koo ack vyakti seey jodane mein saksham hoe sakate hain, joe taba yaa tou ack sandigdh yaa jaankaari kaa srot bunn sakata haye.
ullekhaniya mamle.
saiko aur vangetti mamla.
forensic navpravartak calvin goddard ney 1921 mein abhiyukt hatyaron aur arajaktawadi nikola saiko aur bartolomio venjetti koo doshi thaharaane mein madad karane key liye ballistic pehchaan sakshya kii peshkash kii. 8 aprail, 1927 koo, saiko aur venjetti koo antatah bijli kii kursi mein maut kii sajaa sunai gaee. ack vishvavyaapi akrosh utpann huaa aur governor alwyn tii. fuller antatah fansi koo sthagit karane aur mamle parr punarvichaar karane key liye ack samiti kaa gathan karane parr sahmat hoe gayaa. iss samay taka, agneyastron kii jaanch mein kaafee sudhaar huaa thaa, aur abb yeh gyaat thaa kii yadi ghatnasthal seey goli aur aavaran donon baramad kiye jaate hain tou ack ardh-swachaalit pistaul kaa pataa kaee alag-alag tarikon seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye. swachaalit pistaul kaa pataa abb goli parr rifle key advitiya nishaanon, daage gaye primer parr pinn indentation fayer karke, yaa aavaran parr advitiya ejector aur extractor nishaanon dwara lagaaya jaa sakata haye. mamle kii sameeksha key liye niyukt samiti ney 1927 mein calvin goddard kii sevaaon kaa upayog kiya.
goddard ney phillip bajari key nae aavishkaar kiye gaye tulanaatmak sookshmadarshi aur helixometer kaa upayog kiya, ack khokhla, prakaash aavardhak jaanch jiska upayog bandook key bairal kaa nireekshan karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, jisase saiko key. 32 coult, goli jisane berardelli koo maar daala, aur aparaadh key drishya seey baramad kiye gaye kharch kiye gaye aavaran kii jaanch kii jaa sakati thee. ack raksha visheshagya kii upasthiti mein, unhone saiko kii bandook seey ack goli koo kapas key ack bartan mein daag diyaa aur phir ghatnasthal parr paae gaye aavaran key buggle mein tulanaatmak sookshmadarshi parr baahar nikaale gaye aavaran koo daal diyaa. phir unhone unhein dhyaan seey dekhaa. dakaiti key pahale dou keson mein saiko kii bandook naheen thee, lekin teesare ney kiya. yahaan taka kii raksha visheshagya bhee sahmat hue kii donon cartridge ack hii bandook seey daage gaye they. dusare mool raksha visheshagya ney bhee sahamati vyakt kii. samiti ney doshasiddhi koo barkarar rakhaa.
octuber 1961 mein, saiko key coult swachaalit kaa upayog karke behtar takneek key saath ballistic pareekshan chalaae gaye. parinamon ney pushti kii kii 1920 mein peedit, berardelli koo maarne vaali goli usee. 32 coult auto seey aaee thee joe saiko key kabje mein pistaul seey lii gaee thee. 1983 mein baad kii jaanchon ney bhee goddard key nishkarshon kaa samarthan kiya.
sent. valentine day narsamhar.
curnell goddard 1929 key charan koo hull karane mein pramukh forensic visheshagya they. valentine day narsamhar jisamen saat gangsters koo pratidvandi all capone mobsters dwara shikago pulis adhikaariyon key roop mein taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. isane sanyukt raajya america kii pahali swatantra aaparaadhik prayogshala kii sthaapana kaa bhee netritva kiya, joe uttar-paschimi vishvavidyalaya mein sthit thee aur jiska netritva goddard ney kiya thaa. iss naee prayogshala mein, ballistic, fingerprinting, rakt vishleshan aur nishan sakshya sabhi koo ack hii chhat key neeche laaya gayaa thaa.
1929 mein, apane saathi, phillip bajari dwara ballistic tulanaa key liye anukoolit ack tulanaa sookshmadarshi kaa upayog karate hue, goddard ney shikago pulis vibhaag koo st mein bhagidari seey mukt karane key liye isi tarah kii takneekon kaa upayog kiya. valentine day narsamhar. massachusets key brijwater mein hue saiko aur vangetti kaa mamla, bullet kii tulanaa key liye tulanaa sookshmadarshi key upayog koo lokpriya banaane key liye jimmedaar haye. 1961 mein jaba sakshya kii phir seey jaanch kii gaee tou forensic visheshagya calvin goddard key nishkarshon koo barkarar rakhaa gayaa.

