
maanavjanit jeevaavaran

maanavjanit jaivakshetra, jise anthromes, maanav jaivakshetra yaa gahan bhoomi-upayog jaivakshetra key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, paaristhitiki tantra key saath nirantar pratyaksh maanav baatchit key vaishvik pattern dwara paribhaashit vaishvik paaristhitiki tantra ikaaiyon kaa upayog karke apane samkaaleen, maanav-parivartit roop mein sthaliya jeevmandal (jaivakshetra) kaa varnan kartaa haye. anthromes aam taur parr vibhinn bhoomi upayogon aur bhoomi aavaran key visham mozek seey baney hotey hain, jisamen patit yaa punarjanan awas key mahatvapurna kshetra shamil hain.
avadharana kii utpatti aur vikas.
anthromes kaa naam pahali baar erley ellis aur naabhi ramankutty dwara unake 2008 key pepper mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, "logon koo maanchitra mein daalnaah duniya key maanavjanit biome. anthrome maanchitra abb kaee pathyapustakon mein dikhaai dete hain. aur rashtriya bhaugolik vishva atlus mein. anthrome maanchitron kaa sabse halia sanskaran 2021 mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa.
haal key vaishvik paaristhitiki tantra vargeekaran mein, maanavjanit jaiv-mandal koo sthaliya aur taaje paani key kshetron mein kaee alag-alag karyatmak jaiv-mandal mein shamil kiya gayaa haye, aur maanav gatividhiyon dwara banaae gaye aur banaae gaye sabhi paaristhitiki tantron kaa adhik vyaapak vivaran banaane key liye taaje paani, samudri, bhoomigat aur sankramankalin kshetron key liye atirikt ikaaiyon kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye. gahan bhoomi-upayog jaiv grih mein paanch alag-alag sthaliya paaristhitiki tantra karyatmak samooh shamil hainh charagah, fasalen, vrikshaaropan, shahari aur ardh-praakritik paaristhitiki tantra karyatmak samooh. taaje paani key kshetra mein kritrim ardrabhoomi jaivakshetra mein badey jalaashay aur anya nirmit ardrabhoomi, chawal key khet, jalchar aur naharon aur gaddhon kaa network shamil haye. samudri kshetra mein maanavjanit samudri jeevmandal mein jalmagn kritrim sanrachanaaen aur samudri jaleey jeev shamil hain. maanavjanit bhoomigat rikt jeevgrih mein audyogik khudai yaa kritrim gufa jaisi pranaaliyan shamil hain. kshetron key beach sankraman mein dou atirikt biome hainh maanavjanit tatrekha biome mein kritrim tatrekha shamil hain; maanavjanit bhoomigat taaje paani key biome mein paani key pipe, bhoomigat naharen aur baadh vaali khadaanen shamil hain.
jeevmandal kaa maanavjanit parivartan.
ack shatabdi seey adhik samay seey, jeevmandal koo jaiv mandal naamak vaishvik paaristhitiki tantra ikaaiyon key sandarbh mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, joe ushnakatibandhiya varshaavan aur ghaas key maidanon jaisi vanaspati prakaar hain jinhen vaishvik jalavaayu pattern key sambandh mein pahachaana jaataa haye. yeh dekhate hue kii maanav aabaadi aur bhoomi key unake upayog ney paaristhitiki tantra key roop, prakriya aur jaiv vividhata key vaishvik pattern koo maulik roop seey badal diyaa haye, maanavjanit jaiv mandal manavmandal mein jeevmandal key saath maanav pranaliyon koo ekikrit karane key liye ack dhancha pradaan karate hain.
1700 seey pahale.
humm vikasit honey key baad seey manushya paaristhitiki tantra koo badal rahey hain. saboot bataate hain kii hamaare poorvaj duss laakh saal pahale ise saaf karane key liye bhoomi jalaa rahey they. 600, 000 saal pahale, manushya grate britten aur chean mein ghodon aur anya badey jaanvaron koo maarne key liye bhaale kaa upayog curr rahey they. pichhale hajaaron varshon seey, manushyon ney duniya bhar mein paudhon aur jaanvaron key jeevan koo bahut badal diyaa haye, kiss prakaar key vanyajeev aur paudhon key jeevan kaa prabhutva kiss prakaar key paaristhitiki tantra parr haavi haye. udaharanon mein deshi americi shamil hain; unhone jangal koo badal diyaa, ise saaf karane key liye bhoomi koo jalaa diyaa, shaharon mein buss gaye, jangalon aur anya paaristhitiki tantra koo baadhit kiya, aur aise smarakon kaa nirmaan kiya jinake liye badee matra mein prithvi koo sthanantarit karane kii aavashyakta thee, jaise kii kahokia smaarak. pracheen duniya kii sabhyataon key adhik udaaharan hain; unhone badee matra mein samagri kaa khanan kiya, sadaken banaai, aur vishesh roop seey romanon key liye, jaba seesa khanan kiya jaataa thaa, tou badee matra mein paaraa aur seesa havaa mein chhod diyaa jaataa thaa. haal key ack adhyayan seey pataa chalaa haye kii prithvi kii lagbhag teen chauthai bhoomi pahale seey hii 12,000 saal pahale taka maanav samajon dwara basaa huaa thaa aur punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa.
krishi (1700-vartamaan).
krishi key pahale vikasit honey seey pahale seey hii manushya paaristhitiki tantra mein badalaav curr rahey hain, aur jaise-jaise maanav aabaadi badhee haye aur samay key saath adhik takniki roop seey unnat hoe gaee haye, krishi uddeshyon key liye bhoomi kaa upayog kaafee badh gayaa haye. audyogik kranti seey pahale 1700 key dashak mein maanavjanit jeevmandal jyaadaatar jangli, achhoot bhoomi seey banaa thaa, jisamen koee maanav basti praakritik raajya koo pareshan naheen karati thee. iss samay avadhi mein, prithvi kii adhikansh burf mukt bhoomi mein jangli bhoomi aur praakritik anthrome shamil they, aur 19veen shatabdi mein audyogik kranti key baad taka krishi aur maanav bastiyon key liye bhoomi kaa upayog badhana shuru naheen huaa thaa. praudyogiki key aage badhane aur vinirmaan prakriyaaen adhik kushal honey key saath, maanav aabaadi panapane luggy thee, aur baad mein adhik praakritik sansadhanon kii aavashyakta aur upayog hoe rhaa thaa. varsh 2000 taka, prithvi kii burf mukt bhoomi kaa aadhaa seey adhik bhaag rangeland, fasal bhoomi, gaanvon aur ghanee bastiyon mein badal gayaa, jisase prithvi kii aadhi seey bhee cumm bhoomi achhoot reh gaee. 1700 aur 1800 key beach maanavjanit parivartan agali shataabdiyon kii tulanaa mein bahut chhote they, aur iss tarah samay key saath parivartan kii darr mein vriddhi hui haye. isake parinamswarup, 20veen shatabdi mein pichhale 300 varshon mein maanavjanit paaristhitiki tantra parivartan kii sabse tej darr thee.
bhoomi vitaran.
jaise-jaise itihas mein maanav aabaadi kii sankhya mein lagaatar vriddhi hui, praakritik sansadhanon aur bhoomi kaa upayog badhane lagaa, aur vibhinn krishi aur basti uddeshyon key liye upayog kii jaane vaali bhoomi kaa vitaran badalane lagaa. duniya bhar mein bhoomi kaa upayog apani praakritik sthiti seey krishi, bastiyon aur charagahon key liye upayog kii jaane vaali bhoomi mein badal gayaa thaa taaki aabaadi aur isaki badhati jarooraton koo banaae rakhaa jaa sakey. anthrome key beach bhoomi key vitaran ney praakritik anthrome aur jangli bhoomi seey door maanav-parivartit anthrome kii or ack badalaav kiya jisase humm aaj parichit hain. abb, sabse adhik aabaadi vaale anthromes (ghanee bastiyaan aur gaanv) vaishvik burf mukt bhoomi kaa kewal ack chhota saa hissa hain. varsh 1700-2000 seey, krishi aur shahari bastiyon key liye upayog kii jaane vaali bhoomi mein kaafee vriddhi hui, haalaanki rangeland dwara kabja kiye gaye kshetra mein aur bhee teji seey vriddhi hui, jisase yeh 20veen shatabdi mein pramukh anthrome bunn gayaa. isake parinamswarup, audyogik kranti key parinamswarup sabse badaa vaishvik bhoomi-upayog parivartan charagahon kaa vistaar thaa.
maanav jansankhya.
audyogik kranti key baad, maanav jansankhya mein teji seey vriddhi hui. kuchh anthromes mein maanav jansankhya ghanatva badalane lagaa, graameen vatavaran seey shahari bastiyon mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa, jahaan jansankhya ghanatva bahut adhik thaa. kshetron key beach jansankhya ghanatva mein inn parivartanon ney anthrome key udbhav key vaishvik pattern koo sthanantarit curr diyaa, aur vibhinn paaristhitiki tantron parr vyaapak prabhaav bhee daala. prithvi kii aadhi aabaadi abb shaharon mein rahati haye, aur adhikansh loga shahari anthrome mein rahate hain, kuchh aabaadi chhote shaharon aur kasbon mein rahati haye. vartamaan mein, maanav aabaadi key cumm seey cumm madhya shatabdi taka badhane kii ummeed haye, aur prithvi key anthrome key parivartan seey iss vriddhi kaa anusaran honey kii ummeed haye.
maanavjanit jeevmandal kii vartamaan sthiti.
sthaliya jeevmandal kii vartamaan sthiti mukhya roop seey maanavjanit haye. sthaliya jeevmandal kaa aadhe seey adhik bhaag seedhe krishi yaa shahari bastiyon key liye aprayukt rahata haye, aur inn aprayukt bhoomi mein seey abhee bhee aadhi seey bhee cumm jangli bhoomi haye. prithvi kii adhikansh aprayukt bhoomi abb ardh-praakritik, rangeland, cropland aur gaanv key anthrome key krishi aur basey hue paridrishyon key bheetar haye.
pramukh anthromes.
anthromes mein ghanee bastiyaan (shahari aur mishrit bastiyaan), gaanv, fasal bhoomi, rangeland aur ardh-praakritik bhoomi shamil hain aur dou alag-alag vargeekaran pranaliyon kaa upayog karke vaishvik star parr maanchitrit kiye gaye hain, jinhen googal maanchitra aur googal arth parr dekhaa jaa sakata haye. vartamaan mein 18 maanavjanit jaiv mandal hain, jinamen seey sabse pramukh neeche soochibaddh hain.
ghanee bastiyaan.
ghanee bastiyaan duniya key dusare sabse ghanee aabaadi vaale kshetra hain. unhein uchch jansankhya ghanatva vaale kshetron key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, halanki ghanatva parivartansheel hoe sakata haye. haalaanki, jansankhya ghanatva kabhi bhee 100 vyaktiyon/kimmy seey cumm naheen hotaa haye, yahaan taka kii ghanee bastiyon key gair-shahari hisson mein bhee, aur yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii inn kshetron mein avikasit deshon key pramukh shaharon key donon kinare aur poore paschimi europe aur asia mein lambe samay seey khade chhote shahar shamil hain. aksar humm ghanee bastiyon koo shaharon key roop mein sochate hain, lekin ghanee bastiyaan upnagar, kasbon aur graameen bastiyon mein bhee hoe sakati hain, jinamen uchch lekin khandit aabaadi hoe sakati haye.
gaanv.
gaanv ghanee aabaadi vaale krishi paridrishya hain, jinamen seey kaee sadiyon seey sadiyon seey basey hue hain aur gahan roop seey upayog kiye jaate rahey hain.
fasal bhoomi.
cropland duniya bhar mein ack aur pramukh anthrome hain. fasali bhoomi mein duniya kii adhikansh kheti kii jaane vaali bhoomi shamil haye, aur vaishvik vriksh aavaran kaa lagbhag ack chauthai hissa bhee shamil haye. sthaaniya roop seey sinchit krishi bhoomi mein maanav jansankhya ghanatva sabse adhik hotaa haye, sambhavatah iss tathya key kaaran kii yeh paani parr nirantar aapoorti key saath fasalon koo pradaan kartaa haye. isase fasal kataai kaa samay aur fasal key jeevit rahane kaa anuman adhik lagaaya jaa sakata haye. mukhya roop seey sthaaniya varsha seey bunny fasal bhoomi sabse vyaapak aabaadi vaale anthrome hain, jisamen duniya key kuchh kshetron mein vaarshik varsha 1000 mimi key karib hoti haye. inn kshetron mein, jalavaayu dwara paryaapt paani kii aapoorti kii jaati haye joe jeevan key sabhi pahaluon koo binaa kissy sinchai key sahaara dey sakey. haalaanki, shushk kshetron mein, krishi kii yeh vidhi utani utpaadak naheen hogi.
rangland.
rangeland ack bahut hii vyaapak maanavjanit jeev samooh haye jise jansankhya ghanatva key teen staron key anusaar varnit kiya gayaa haih aavaasiya, aabaadi aur doorasth. aavaasiya rangeland anthrome kii dou pramukh visheshtaen hainh iska jansankhya ghanatva kabhi bhee 10 vyaktiyon prati varg kilometres seey cumm naheen hotaa haye, aur isake kshetra kaa ack badaa hissa charagah key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye. rangeland mein charagah sabse pramukh bhoomi aavaran hain. iss anthrome mein nangi prithvi mahatvapurna haye, joe harr ack varg kilometres key liye lagbhag ack tihai bhoomi koo cover karati haye. rangeland anthrome fasal bhoomi kii tulanaa mein cumm parivartit hotey hain, lekin aabaadi key saath unakaa parivartan badhata jaataa haye. paltu charaane vaale pashudhan aamtaur parr ghaas key maidanon aur sawana key liye anukoolit hotey hain, isaliye inn biome mein parivartan cumm dhyaan dene yogya hotaa haye.
samvardhit bhoomi.
samvardhit anthrome nimn star key gahan bhoomi upayog aur paryaapt seey bahut cumm ghanatva vaali aabaadi dwara aakar diye gaye paridrishya hain. susanskrit anthrome vargeekaran 2021 mein samaan vargeekaran, "ardh-praakritik" (2010 vargeekaran) aur "vann" (mool 2008 vargeekaran) koo badalane key liye pesh kiya gayaa thaa. samvardhit vann anthrome bhoomi upayog aur maanav nivaas dwara aakar diye gaye vann jeev hain, aur unaki jansankhya ghanatva aamtaur parr 3 vyaktiyon/varg kimmy seey cumm hoti haye. kaee samvardhit vanbhoomi gauna vann hain joe lakadi kii vanaspati key chala rahey punah vikas key parinamswarup carbon sink key roop mein kaary karate hain. kuchh samvardhit vanbhoomi koo aanshik roop seey krishi key liye saaf kiya jaataa haye, jisamen gharelu pashudhan aur lakadi kaa upayog shamil haye. samvardhit shushk bhoomi anthrome bhoomi upayog aur maanav nivaas dwara aakar diye gaye shushk bhoomi jaiv mandal hain. 
ander.
bahut cumm jeevvigyaani ney ghar key ander key vatavaran mein vikaasvaadi prakriyaon kaa adhyayan kiya haye. aavaasiya aur vaanijyik bhavanon key vistaar kaa anuman vaishvik burf mukt bhoomi kshetra key 1.3% aur 6% key beach haye. yeh kshetra anya chhote jeevon jaise kii baadhgrast ghaas key maidanon aur ushnakatibandhiya shankudhari jangalon key samaan hii vyaapak haye. indor biome teji seey fail rhaa haye, jabaki vann anthrome sikud rahey hain. mainhattan kaa indor biome apane farsh key sthaan key mamle mein lagbhag teen gunaa badaa haye, jaisa kii dweep kaa bhaugolik kshetra haye, kyonki imaraton kaa badhana isake bajaay failna haye. hajaaron prajaatiyan indor biome mein rahati hain, unamen seey kaee adhimaantah yaa yahaan taka kii anivarya roop seey bhee. indor biome key vikas koo badalane key liye manushyon dwara kii jaane vaali ekmatra kaarravaai safai prathaon key saath haye. jaba taka hamari sanskriti badalegi, taba taka indor biome kaa kshetra badalata rahega.
jaleey.
prabandhit jaleey jaivam yaa jaleey anthrome kaa shayed hii kabhi adhyayan kiya gayaa haye. way machhali key talabon, samudri jheenga aur benthic kheti sthalon seey laker spen key andalusia mein gwadalquivir daldal jaise bhoomi key badey hisson taka hain.
ack maanavjanit jeevmandal key nihitarth.
manushyon ney jaiv vividhata aur paaristhitiki tantra prakriyaon key vaishvik swaroopon koo maulik roop seey badal diyaa haye. maanav bhoomika parr vichaar kiye binaa abb prithvi parr paaristhitik pattern yaa prakriyaon kii vyakhya yaa bhavishyavani karna sambhav naheen haye. maanav samajon ney 50,000 seey adhik saal pahale sthaliya paaristhitiki koo badalana shuru curr diyaa thaa, aur vikaasvaadi sakshya prastut kiye gaye hain joe yeh darshaate hain kii jeevmandal key maanav parivartan key antim kaaran samajik aur saanskritik hain, naa kii javic, rasayanik yaa bhautik. maanavjanit jaiv-mandal vaishvik paaristhitiki tantra parr maanav prabhaav koo sweekaar karke aur hamein maanav aur paaristhitik pranaliyon koo ekikrit karane vaale sthaliya jeevmandal key model aur jaanch kii or leey jaakar ack nayaa raasta pesh karate hain.
maanavjanit jeevmandal mein jaiv vividhata kaa saamana karane vaali chunautiyon.
vilupt honah.
pichhali shatabdi mein, badhati maanav aabaadi key saath anthrome kii seema aur bhoomi upayog kii teevrata teji seey badhee, jisase jangli bhoomi maanav aabaadi yaa bhoomi upayog key binaa sthaliya jeevmandal key ack chauthai seey bhee cumm hisse mein reh gaee. maanav upayog key liye prithvi key paaristhitiki tantra kaa yeh badey paimaane parr parivartan prajaatiyon key vilupt honey kii badhee hui darr key saath huaa haye. manushya seedhe prajaatiyon key vilupt honey kaa kaaran bunn rahey hain, vishesh roop seey megafauna key, mool aavason koo cumm karke, tukadon mein katkar aur parivartit karke aur vyaktigat prajaatiyon kaa atyadhik dohan karke. vilupt honey kii vartamaan darein standhaariyon, sarisripon aur ubhaycharon key saath vishesh roop seey khatare mein hain, halanki iss baat key badhate pramaan hain kii kaee kii vyavharya aabaadi, yadi adhikansh deshi taxes, vishesh roop seey paudhon key naheen, tou anthrome key bheetar tikaau hoe sakati haye. vishesh roop seey kamjor varg key apavaad key saath, adhikansh deshi prajaatiyan anthrome mein vyavharya aabaadi koo banaae rakhane mein saksham hoe sakati hain.
sanrakshan.
maanav jansankhya ghanatva aur bhoomi upayog dwara banaae gaye aur banaae gaye vaishvik paaristhitik bhoomi aavaran pattern kii vividhata koo darshaate hue anthrome sthaliya jeevmandal kaa ack vaikalpik drishtikon prastut karate hain, jabaki javic samudaayon key saath apane sambandhon koo bhee shamil karate hain. jaiv mandal aur paaristhitiki kshetra seemit hain kyonki way maanav prabhaavon koo cumm karate hain, aur sanrakshan jeevvigyaani kii badhati sankhya ney tark diyaa haye kii jaiv vividhata sanrakshan koo seedhe manushyon dwara aakar diye gaye aavason taka badhaaya jaanaa chaahiye. anthromes key bheetar, ghanee aabaadi vaale anthromes sahit, manushya shayed hii kabhi sabhi upalabdh bhoomi kaa upayog karate hain. natijatan, anthrome aam taur parr bhaari upayog kii jaane vaali bhoomi aur cumm gahan roop seey upayog kii jaane vaali bhoomi key mozek hotey hain. sanrakshit kshetra aur jaiv vividhata hotspot anthrome mein samaan roop seey vitarit naheen hain. cumm aabaadi vaale anthrome mein sanrakshit kshetron kaa adhik anupaat hotaa haye. jabaki doorasth vann anthrome kaa 23.4% sanrakshit haye, kewal 2.3% sinchit gaanv anthrome sanrakshit haye. aise badhate pramaan hain joe bataate hain kii jaiv vividhata sanrakshan ghaney aur virale roop seey basey hue anthrome donon mein prabhaavi hoe sakata haye. bhoomi bantware aur kaaryasheel paridrishyon mein bhoomi kii bachat aur bahu-karyatmak paridrishyon kaa sanyojan sanrakshan ranneetiyon key roop mein teji seey lokpriya hoe rhaa haye.