
mesopotamia kii vastukala

mesopotamia kii vastukala tigris-ufrates nadee pranali (jise mesopotamia key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) key kshetra kii pracheen vastukala haye, jisamen kaee alag-alag sanskritiyaan shamil hain aur 10 veen sahasrabdi eesaa poorv (jaba pahali sthaayi sanrachanaaen banaai gaee theen) seey laker 6 veen shatabdi eesaa poorv taka kii avadhi mein faili hui haye. mesopotamia kii vaastushilp uplabdhiyon mein shahari yojana, aangan ghar aur zigguraat kaa vikas shamil haye. mesopotamia mein koee vaastushilp pesha maujood naheen thaa; haalaanki, lekhakon ney sarkaar, kuleenata yaa shaahi parivaar key liye nirmaan kaa masauda taiyar kiya aur prabandhit kiya.
pracheen mesopotamia vastukala kaa adhyayan upalabdh puraataatvik sakshya, imaraton key sachitra pratinidhitva aur bhawan prathaon parr granthon parr adharit haye. archibald key anusaar, euruk kaal key adim chitralekh bataate hain kii "patthar durlabh thaa, lekin pahale seey hii khandon aur muharon mein kaataa gayaa thaa. eent sadharan nirmaan samagri thee, aur isake saath shaharon, kilon, mandiron aur gharon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. shahar koo meenaaren pradaan kii gaee theen aur ack kritrim munch parr khadaa thaa; ghar bhee ack meenar jaisa dikhta thaa. ise ack darwaja diyaa gayaa thaa joe ack kaaj parr chaalu thaa, aur ack tarah kii chaabi key saath khola jaa sakata thaa; shahar kaa dwaar badey paimaane parr thaa, aur aisaa lagata haye kii doguna thaa. ... rakshason seey darr thaa jinake pankhon mein ack pakshi kii tarah pankh they, aur ack ghar kii neenv key patthar-yaa eenten-kuchh vastuon dwara pavitra kii jaati theen joe unake neeche jamaa kii jaati theen."
vidwan saahitya aamtaur parr mandiron, mahalon, shahar kii divaaron aur faatakon aur anya smaarkeeya imaraton kii vastukala parr kendrit hotaa haye, lekin kabhi-kabhi aavaasiya vastukala parr bhee kaam hotaa haye. puraataatvik satah sarvekshanon ney praarambhik mesopotamia key shaharon mein shahari roop key adhyayan kii bhee anumati dee.
nirmaan samagri.
sumerian chinai aamtaur parr mortar rahit hoti thee, halanki kabhi-kabhi bitumen kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. eent kii shailiyaan, joe samay key saath bahut bhinn hoti hain, avadhi key anusaar vargeekrit kii jaati hain.
pasandida design goal eenten theen, joe kuchh hudd taka asthir hain, isaliye mesopotamia key eenton key patthar harr kuchh panktiyon mein baaki key lambavat eenton kii ack pankti rakhenge. plano-convex eenton key faayade nirmaan kii gati key saath-saath aniyamit satah thee joe anya eenton key prakaron seey chikani satah kii tulanaa mein finishing plaster coat koo behtar rakhti thee.
eenton koo kathor banaane key liye dhoop mein pakaaya jaataa thaa. inn prakaar kii eenten ovan mein pakaai gaee eenton kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm tikaau hoti hain isaliye imaaraten antatah bigad jaati hain. unhein samay-samay parr nasht kiya jaataa thaa, samtal kiya jaataa thaa aur usee sthaan parr phir seey banaaya jaataa thaa. iss niyojit sanrachanaatmak jeevan chakr ney dheere-dheere shaharon key star koo badhaa diyaa, taaki way aspas key maidanon seey oopar uthh sakein. parinamswarup teelon koo kahate hain key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur poore pracheen nikat poorv mein paae jaate hain. nagrik imaraton ney rangeen patthar key shanku, terracotta panels aur mitty key nakhunon kaa upayog karke edob-eent mein ack surakshaatmak aavaran banaane key liye kshay koo dheema curr diyaa joe agrabhag koo sajaata thaa. vishesh roop seey moolyavaan nirmaan samagri jaise kii lebnan seey devdaar, arab seey diarite aur bhaarat seey lapis lajuli kaa ayaat kiya gayaa thaa.
babylonian mandir kachche eenton kii vishal sanrachanaaen hain, joe nitambon dwara samarthit hain, varsha koo naaliyon dwara leey jaaya jaa rhaa haye. ur mein aisee hii ack naali seese seey bunny thee. eenton key upayog seey bhittistambh aur stambh, aur bhitti chitra aur tamchini tailon kaa praarambhik vikas huaa. deevaaren shandar rung kii theen, aur kabhi-kabhi jastaa yaa soney key saath-saath tailon seey bhee dhaki hui theen. mashalon key liye chitrit terracotta shanku bhee plaster mein embed kiye gaye they. babylonian vastukala kaa anukaran karate hue, assyria ney apane mahalon aur eenton key mandiron kaa bhee nirmaan kiya, taba bhee jaba patthar desh kii praakritik nirmaan samagri thee-eent key munch koo vishvaspurvak sanrakshit karna, babylonia kii daldali mitty mein aavashyak thaa, lekin uttar mein isaki bahut cumm aavashyakta thee.
sajawat.
haalaanki, jaise-jaise samay beetata gayaa, baad mein assyrian vastukaron ney babylonian prabhaav seey mukt hocker khud koo hilana shuru curr diyaa, aur patthar key saath-saath eent kaa bhee upayog kiya. assyrian mahalon kii divaaron koo kaldia kii tarah chitrit karane key bajaay murtikala aur patthar key rangeen slab key saath panktibaddh kiya gayaa thaa. inn "bases-releaf" kii kalaa mein teen charanon kaa pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haih yeh ashuranasirpal II key tahat jordar lekin saral haye, sargon II key tahat savdhan aur yathaarthvaadi haye, aur ashurbanipal key tahat parishkrit lekin saahas mein ichcha haye.
babylonia mein, bases releaf key sthaan parr, goal mein tri-ayami aakritiyon kaa adhik upayog hotaa haye-sabse shuruati udaaharan girsu kii moortiyaan hain, joe kuchh hudd taka vikrit honey parr yathaarthvaadi hain. babylonia mein patthar kii kamee ney harr kankad koo keemati banaa diyaa, aur ratna kaatane kii kalaa mein ack uchch poornata kii or leey gayaa. akkad key sargon kii umr key dou seal-cylinder apani tarah key sabse achche udaharanon mein seey hain. puraatatvidon dwara khoje gaye praarambhik dhaatu vigyaan key pahale ullekhaniya namoonon mein seey ack antmena kaa chaandi kaa phuldan haye. baad key yug mein, soney key jhumke aur kangan jaise aabhushanon key nirmaan mein mahaan utkrishtata praapt hui. tambe parr bhee kaushal key saath kaam kiya gayaa thaa; vaastav mein, yeh sambhav haye kii babylonia tambe key kaam kaa mool ghar thaa.
loga shuruati dinon mein apane kadhaai aur kaalinon key liye prasiddh they. assyrian mitty key bartanon key roop sunder hain; cheeni mitty kaa bartan, jaise kii nauveh key mahalon mein khoje gaye kaanch, misra key model seey liya gayaa thaa. aisaa lagata haye kii pardarshi kaanch pahali baar sargon key shasankal mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa. phuldan banaane key liye patthar, mitty aur kaanch kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, aur misra key praarambhik rajvansh kaal key samaan girsu mein kathor patthar key phuldan khode gaye hain.
shahari niyojan.
sumerian pahale samaaj they jinhone shahar koo ack nirmit aur unnat roop key roop mein banaaya. unhein iss upalabdhi parr garv thaa jaisa kii "gilgamesh key mahakavya" mein pramaanit kiya gayaa haye, joe uruk-isaki divaaron, sadakon, baajaron, mandiron aur bageechon key vivaran key saath khulata haye. uruk apane aap mein ack shahari sanskriti key kendra key roop mein mahatvapurna haye joe upaniveshit aur shaharikrit paschimi asia donon haye.
shaharon kaa nirmaan una rujhaanon kaa antim utpaad thaa joe navpashan kranti mein shuru hue they. shahar kaa vikas aanshik roop seey niyojit aur aanshik roop seey javic thaa. divaaron, oonche mandir jile, bandargah key saath mukhya nahar aur mukhya sadak mein yojana spasht haye. aavaasiya aur vaanijyik sthaanon kii maheen sanrachana niyojit kshetron dwara lagaae gaye sthaanik seemaon key prati aarthik balon kii pratikriya haye jisake parinamswarup niyamit visheshtaon key saath ack aniyamit design hotaa haye. kyonki sumerian ney achal sampatti key lenden koo darj kiya haye, isaliye shahari vikas pattern, ghanatva, sampatti moolya aur anya metricks kaa punarnirmaan cuniform text sroton seey karna sambhav haye.
vishisht shahar ney sthaan koo aavaasiya, mishrit upayog, vaanijyik aur nagrik sthaanon mein vibhajit kiya. aavaasiya kshetron koo peshe seey samoohikrit kiya gayaa thaa. shahar key mool mein ack oonchaa mandir parisar hamesha bhaugolik kendra seey thodaa door sthit thaa. yeh oonchaa mandir aamtaur parr shahar kii sthaapana seey pahale kaa thaa aur vaha kendra thaa jisake aspas shahari roop vikasit huaa. faatakon seey satey jilon mein ack vishesh dhaarmik aur aarthik kaary hotaa thaa.
shahar mein hamesha chhote bastiyon sahit sinchit krishi bhoomi kaa ack kshetra shamil thaa. sadakon aur naharon kaa ack network shahar koo iss bhoomi seey jodata haye. parivahan network koo teen staron mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaah chaudi julus vaali sadaken (akadiyanah "sook ilani yuu esari"), sadakon key madhyam seey saarvajanik (akadiyanah "sook neeshi"), aur niji andhe galiyaan (akadiyanah "muu"). saarvajanik sadaken joe ack block koo paribhaashit karati hain, samay key saath thodi bhinn hoti hain jabaki andhee-ghaatiyan bahut adhik taral theen. vartamaan anuman haye kii shahar key kshetra kaa 10 pratishat hissa sadakon aur 90 pratishat imaraton kaa haye. haalaanki, naharen achche parivahan key liye sadakon seey adhik mahatvapurna theen.
ghar.
mesopotamia key ghar key nirmaan key liye upayog kii jaane vaali samagri samaan thee lekin aaj key upayog kii jaane vaali samagri key samaan naheen theeh nalas, patthar, lakadi, ashler, mitty kii eent, mitty key plaster aur lakadi key darwaaje, joe sabhi shahar key chaaron or praakritik roop seey upalabdh they, halanki lakadi kuchh shaharon mein aam naheen thee. haalaanki adhikansh ghar mitty kii eent, mitty key plaster aur poppler seey baney they. ghar tripakshiya, goal yaa aaytaakaar hoe sakate hain. gharon mein lambi chhat vaale kendriya dalan, aangan aur manjilen theen. adhikansh gharon mein ack vargakar kendra kaksh thaa jisamen anya kamare judey hue they, lekin gharon key nirmaan key liye upayog kii jaane vaali samagri aur aakar mein ack badee bhinnata seey pataa chalata haye kii way nivaasiyon dwara swayam banaae gaye they. sabse chhote kamare shayed sabse garib logon key saath naheen hue honge; vaastav mein, yeh hoe sakata haye kii sabse garib logon ney shahar key baahar nakkashi jaisi kharaab honey vaali samagri seey ghar banaae houn, lekin isake liye bahut cumm pratyaksh pramaan hain. gharon mein dukaanen, karyashalaen, bhandaran kaksh aur pashudhan hoe sakate hain.
aavaasiya design ubaid gharon seey ack seedha vikas thaa. haalaanki sumerian cylinder muharen nakkashi key gharon koo darshaati hain, lekin aangan kaa ghar pramukh prakaar thaa, jiska upayog aaj taka mesopotamia mein kiya jaataa rhaa haye. iss ghar koo "é" (cuniformh,; sumeriyanah e2;) kahaa jaataa haye joe ack khule aangan kii or ander kii or thaa joe samvahan dhaaraon kaa nirmaan karke ack sheetlan prabhaav pradaan kartaa thaa. tarbashu" (akkadi) naamak yeh aangan ghar kii praathamik ayojan visheshta thee, jisamen sabhi kamare khul gaye. baahari deevaaren binaa kissy suvidha key theen, kewal ack hii dwaar ghar koo sadak seey jodata thaa, ghar aur sadak key beach kii aavaajaahi key liye ack chhote seey antecamber key madhyam seey 90 degree modd kii aavashyakta hoti thee. sadak seey kewal ack khule darwaaje seey ack kamare kii peechhe kii deewaar dikhaai detee thee, isi tarah aangan seey sadak kaa koee drishya naheen thaa; aisaa isaliye haye kyonki sumerianon key paas saarvajanik aur niji sthaanon kaa sakht vibhajan thaa. ack sumerian ghar kaa vishisht aakar 90 varg meater thaa.
nirmaan.
sadharan gharon kaa nirmaan naliyon key bandalon seey kiya jaa sakata thaa jinhen ack saath baandh diyaa jaataa thaa, aur phir jameen mein daala jaataa thaa. patthar kii neenv parr adhik jatil gharon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen ghar mitty kii eenton seey banaaya gayaa thaa. lakadi, ausler block aur malabe bhee lokpriya samagri theen jinka upayog ghar banaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. mitty kii eent mitty aur katey hue bhuse seey banaai gaee thee. iss mishran koo saanche mein paik kiya gayaa aur phir sookhane key liye dhoop mein chhod diyaa gayaa. unhone divaaron key liye mitty key plaster aur chhat key liye mitty aur poppler kaa upayog kiya. ubaid kaal mein gharon mein divaaron mein aag kii mitty dabai jaati thee. divaaron parr kalaakriti bhee chitrit kii jaayegi. chhaton koo taad key pedh kii lakadi key takhton seey bhee banaaya jaa sakata haye joe nalsiyon seey dhake honge. chhat kaa sheersh eent yaa lakadi kii seedhiyon key madhyam seey ghar seey judaa hoga. pakaai hui eenten bahut mahangi theen, aur iss prakaar unakaa upayog kewal alishan imaraton koo banaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. darwaaje aur darvaajon key frame lakadi seey banaae gaye they. kabhi-kabhi darwaaje bail key chhaale seey banaae jaate they. gharon key beach key darwaaje aksar itane cumm hotey they kii logon koo unake bavjood chalane key liye jhukana padata thaa. gharon mein aamtaur parr koee khidakiyan naheen hoteen, aggar way aisaa karate tou yeh mitty yaa lakadi kii grill seey banaa hotaa. farsh aamtaur parr gandagi seey baney hotey they. mesopotamia key ghar aksar toot jaate they. gharon kii marammat aksar karni padati thee.
design.
ubaid avadhi mein ghar tripakshiya ghar honge. unake paas ack lambi chhat vaalaa kendriya dalan thaa joe isake donon taraf seey chhota judaa huaa thaa. yeh sambhav haye kii kendriya dalan kaa upayog bhojan aur sampradayik gatividhiyon key liye kiya jaataa thaa. ubaid gharon mein vividhata thee. kuchh gharon mein anya gharon kii tulanaa mein adhik samriddh kalakritiyon kaa sangrah thaa. ubaid ghar anya gharon key saath bhee judey hoe sakate hain. ubaid gharon kii vastukala ubaid mandiron seey aprabhedya haye. uruk kaal key dauran gharon key vibhinn aakar they. kuchh ghar aaytaakaar they, anya goal they. mesopotamia mein kuchh gharon mein kewal ack kamra thaa, jabaki anya mein kaee kamare they. kabhi-kabhi inmein seey kuchh kamare tahakhaane key roop mein kaam karate they. 3000 eesaa poorv mein, aangan koo mesopotamia mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa. aangan mesopotamia vastukala kaa aadhar bunn jaayega. inn court yardon koo ghaney deewaar vaale holl seey gher liya jaayega. yeye holl shayed mehmaanon key liye swaagat kaksh they. yeh sambhavana haye kii adhikansh gharon mein oopari manjil thee. iss dukaan mein bhojan, neend aur manoranjan kaa upayog kiya gayaa hoga. iss dukaan mein ghar key shayankaksh bhee hoe sakate hain. loga apani chhaton parr sabjiyan lagaate they yaa dhaarmik anushthaan karate they. bhootal kaa upayog dukaanon, karyashalaon, bhandaran aur pashudhan key liye kiya jaayega. ack kamra aamtaur parr ack abhayaranya hotaa thaa.
furniture.
pracheen sumer gharon mein vistrit roop seey sajaae gaye stool, kursiyaan, jaar aur bathtub they. ameer nagrikon key paas shauchalaya aur uchit jall nikasi pranali thee. yeh sambhav haye kii kuchh gharon key beach mein vediyaan theen. yeye vediyaan devtaon koo samarpit kii jaa sakati theen, lekin way mahatvapurna logon koo samarpit kii jaa sakati theen.
mahal.
mahal praarambhik rajvansh I avadhi key dauran astitva mein aaya thaa. ack mamuli shuruat seey mahal aakar aur jatilata mein badhata haye kyonki shakti teji seey kendrikrit hoe rahee haye. mahal koo 'badaa ghar' kahaa jaataa haye (cuniformh e2.gal sumerian ee2-gull akdiyanah "ekallu") jahan lugal yaa ancy rahate they aur kaam karate they.
praarambhik mesopotamia key abhijaat varg key mahal badey paimaane parr parisar they, aur aksar bhavya roop seey sajaae jaate they. sabse pahale gyaat udaaharan khafazah aur asmar jaise diyala nadee ghaati sthalon seey hain. eesaa poorv kii teesari sahasrabdi key inn mahalon ney badey paimaane parr samajik-aarthik sansthanon key roop mein kaary kiya, aur isaliye, aavaasiya aur niji karyon key saath, way shilpkaron kii karyashalaon, khaadya bhandaron, aupchaarik anganon koo rakhate they, aur aksar mandiron seey judey hotey hain. udaaharan key liye, urr mein tathaakathit "giparu" (sumeriyanah e2gi6-Par4-ku3) jahan chandrama devta nanna kii pujari rahati theen, ack pramukh parisar thaa jisamen kaee aangan, kaee abhayaranya, mrit pujari key liye dafan kaksh aur ack aupchaarik bhoj kaksh thaa. isi tarah ack mesopotamia key mahal kaa ack jatil udaaharan seeriya key maaree mein khoda gayaa thaa, joe puraane babylonian kaal seey haye.
lauh yug key assyrian mahal, vishesh roop seey kalhu/nimrud, durrukin/khorsabad aur ninuv/ninveh mein, assyrian mahal kii nakkashi, unaki divaaron parr vyaapak sachitra aur paathya kathaa karyakramon key kaaran prasiddh hoe gaye hain, joe sabhi patthar key slab parr nakkashidar hain jinhen orthostats key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. inn sachitra karyakramon mein yaa tou dhaarmik drishya yaa raajaon kii sainya aur nagrik uplabdhiyon key varnanatmak vivaran shamil they. dwaar aur mahatvapurna maarg apotropac pauranik aakritiyon, "lamasu" aur pankhon vaale jeane kii vishal patthar kii moortiyon seey ghire hue they. inn lauh yug key mahalon kii vaastushilp vyavastha bhee badey aur chhote aangan key aspas aayojit kii gaee thee. aam taur parr raajaa kaa simhaasan kaksh ack vishal aupchaarik praangan key liye khula jahan mahatvapurna raajya parishadon kii baithak hoti thee aur raajya samaroh kiye jaate they.
kuchh assyrian mahalon mein hathidant key furniture key tukade badee matra mein paae gaye they joe usa samay uttari siriyai nava-hittait raajyon key saath ack gahan vyaapaar sambandh kii or ishara karate they. pramukh imaraton key lakadi key faatakon koo kansya bhandar pattiyon ney sajaaya, lekin jyaadaatar samrajya key patan parr loote gaye they; balawat dwaar pramukh jeevit bache hain.
mandir.
mandir aksar shahari basti key nirmaan seey pahale key they aur 2,500 varshon key sumerian itihas mein chhote ack kamare kii sanrachanaon seey vistrit bahu ekad parisaron taka badhe. sumerian mandiron, kilebandi aur mahalon mein adhik unnat samagri aur takneekon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, jaise kii nitamb, avkash aur aadhe stambh. kalanukramik roop seey, sumerian mandir pahale key ubaid mandiron seey vikasit hue. jaise hii mandir sarh gayaa, ise dhaarmik roop seey nasht curr diyaa gayaa aur isaki neenv parr ack nayaa mandir banaaya gayaa. uttaradhikari mandir apane poorvavarti mandir kii tulanaa mein badaa aur adhik spasht thaa. eridu mein e2.abzu mandir kaa vikas iss prakriya kaa ack baar-baar uddhrit cases-studdy haye. kaee mandiron mein shilalekh utkeern they, jaise kii tail ukair mein shilalekh. praarambhik rajvansh kaal mein mandiron key baad mahal aur shahar kii deevaaren bahut baad mein aaeen.
sumerian mandir kaa roop nikat purvi brahmand vigyaan kii abhivyakti haye, jisane duniya koo bhoomi kii ack disk key roop mein varnit kiya haye joe ack khaare paani key mahasagar seey ghiraa huaa thaa, joe donon hii apsu naamak taaje paani key ack anya samudra parr tairate they, unake oopar ack golardhiya akash thaa joe samay koo niyantrit kartaa thaa. ack vishva parvat ney ack dhuri mundi kaa nirmaan kiya joe teenon paraton mein shamil hoe gayaa. mandir kii bhoomika usa dhuri mundi key roop mein kaary karna thaa, joe devtaon aur purushon key beach ack millen sthal thaa. kshetron key beach ack millen bindu key roop mein 'uchch sthaanon' kii pavitrata ack poorv-adhibhog vishvaas haye joe nikat poorv mein navpashan yug mein achchi tarah seey pramaanit haye. mandir kii yojana aaytaakaar thee jisamen pahaad seey chaar vishva kshetron mein bahane vaali chaar nadiyon kaa prateek honey key liye mool dishaaon mein sanket kiye gaye they. abhivinyas bhee sumerian samay-nirdhaaran key liye ack vedhshala key roop mein mandir kii chhat kaa upayog karane key adhik vyaavhaarik uddeshya koo puuraa kartaa haye. mandir koo ack nichali chhat parr banaaya gayaa thaa joe mool bhoomi key pavitra tealey kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye thee jise nirmaan key dauran 'shuddh teela' (sumeriyanah doo6-koo3 cuniformh) kahaa jaataa haye.
lambi dhuri key darwaaje devtaon key liye pravesh bindu they, aur chhoti dhuri key darwaaje purushon key liye pravesh bindu they. iss vinyas koo mudaa huaa aksh drishtikon kahaa jaataa thaa, kyonki pravesh karane vaalaa koee bhee vyakti kendriya kaksh key anta mein panth kii moorti kaa saamana karane key liye nabbe degree modd letaa thaa. 
mudaa huaa aksh drishtikon ubaid mandiron kaa ack navachar haye jisamen ack raikhik aksh drishtikon thaa, aur yeh sumerian gharon kii ack visheshta bhee haye. 
mandir key kendra mein kulhaadiyon key chauraahe parr ack chadhaava dene kii mez sthit thee.
uruk kaal key mandiron ney mandir key aayat koo tripakshiya, tii-aakar yaa sanyukt yojanaon mein vibhajit kiya. ubaid seey viraasat mein millie tripakshiya yojana mein ack badaa kendriya kaksh thaa jisamen donon taraf dou chhote paarshv kaksh they. pravesh chhoti dhuri key saath thaa aur mandir lambi dhuri key anta mein thaa. tii-aakar kii yojana, joe kii ubaid avadhi seey bhee thee, mukhya holl key lambavat aayat key ack chhor parr ack holl koo chhodkar tripakshiya yojana key samaan thee. uruk key eenna jile kaa mandir see shaastriya mandir roop kaa ack cases-studdy haye.
baad key praarambhik rajvansh kaal key dauran mandir key design mein vividhata kaa visfot huaa. mandiron ney abhee bhee mukhya abhivinyas, aaytaakaar yojanaon aur nitambon jaisi visheshtaon koo banaae rakhaa haye. haalaanki abb unhone aangan, deevaaren, besin aur bairak sahit vibhinn prakaar key nae vinyas kiye. khafazah mein paap mandir iss yug kaa vishisht haye, kyonki ise ack kothri kii or jaane vaale aangan kii ack shrinkhala key aspas banaaya gayaa thaa.
oonchaa mandir ack vishesh prakaar kaa mandir thaa joe shahar key sanrakshak devta kaa ghar thaa. karyatmak roop seey, yeh ack bhandaran aur vitaran kendra key saath-saath pujari key awas key roop mein bhee kaary kartaa thaa. euruk mein anu kaa safed mandir ack oonche mandir kii visheshta haye joe edob-eent key munch parr bahut oonchaa banaaya gayaa thaa. praarambhik rajvansh kaal mein uchch mandiron mein ack zigguraat shamil honah shuru huaa, joe ack seedhidaar pyramid banaane vaale platforms kii ack shrinkhala thee. iss tarah key zigguraat babble key tower off bable key liye prerana hoe sakate hain.
ziggurts.
zigguraat vishal pyramidal mandir tower they joe pahale sumerian shahar-raajyon mein banaae gaye they aur phir babylonia aur assyrian shaharon mein bhee vikasit kiye gaye they. mesopotamia mein yaa usake paas 32 zigguraat gyaat hain-iraq mein 28 aur iran mein 4. ullekhaniya zigguraat mein nasseria, iraq key paas urr kaa mahaan jigguraat, baghdad key paas akaar quf kaa zigguraat, iraq, khuzistan mein chogha zanbil, iran (sabse haal hii mein khoja gayaa), aur iran key kashan key paas sialk shamil hain. jiggurat kaa nirmaan sumerian, babylonian, alamite aur assyrian dwara sthaaniya dharmon key smarakon key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. zigguraat key sabse shuruati udaaharan chauthe sahasrabdi eesaa poorv key dauran ubaid avadhi key manchon koo uthaaye gaye they, aur chhathi shatabdi eesaa poorv kii navintam tarikh thee. kaee pyramids key vipareet, zigguraat kaa sheersh sapaat thaa. praarambhik rajvansh kaal key anta mein kadam pyramid shally shuru hui.
ack aaytaakaar, andakar yaa vargakar munch parr ghatate staron mein nirmit, zigguraat ack pyramidal sanrachana thee. suraj seey pakaai gaee eenten ziggurat key mool bhaag koo baahar kii or dabi hui eenton key saath banaati hain. mukh aksar vibhinn rangon mein chamkile hotey they aur unakaa jyotishiya mahatva hoe sakata thaa. kabhi-kabhi inn chamkili eenton parr raajaon key naam utkeern hotey they. shikhar parr ack mandir yaa mandir key saath dou seey saat staron kii sankhya thee. mandir taka pahunch zigguraat key ack taraf ramp kii ack shrinkhala yaa aadhar seey shikhar taka ack sarpil ramp dwara pradaan kii gaee thee. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii zigguraat pahaadon key samaan banaae gaye they, lekin usa parikalpana kaa samarthan karane key liye bahut cumm paath yaa puraataatvik pramaan hain.
shaastriya zigguraat nava-sankhyaatmak kaal mein spasht nitamb, kanchdar eenton key aavaran aur oonchaai mein pravesh key saath ubhare. urr kaa zigguraat iss shally kaa sabse achchha udaaharan haye. iss avadhi mein mandir key design mein ack aur badalaav mandir key liye jhuke-aksh drishtikon key vipareet thaa.
urr mein urr-nammu key zigguraat koo teen-charaniya nirmaan key roop mein design kiya gayaa thaa, lekin aaj inmein seey kewal dou hii jeevit hain. iss poori mitty kii eenton kii mool sanrachana koo mool roop seey bitumen mein beck kiye gaye eent key lifafe kaa ack chehra diyaa gayaa thaa, pahale sabse nichale charan parr 2.5 meater aur dusare parr 1.5 meater. inn pakaai hui eenton parr raajaa key naam kii muhar luggy hui thee. charanon kii dhalaan vaali deevaaren dabaa dee gaee theen. sheersh taka pahunch ack tihare smaarak seedhi key madhyam seey thee, joe sabhi ack portal parr milati haye joe pahale aur dusare charanon key beach landing parr khulati haye. pahale charan kii oonchaai lagbhag 11 meater thee jabaki dusare charan kii oonchaai lagbhag 5.7 meater thee. aamtaur parr, ack teesare charan kaa punarnirmaan zigguraat (leonard oonee) key utkhanankarta dwara kiya jaataa haye, aur ack mandir dwara taaj pahanaaya jaataa haye. chogha zanbil zigguraat mein, puraatatvidon ney badey paimaane parr nalika kii rassiyaan paaee hain joe zigguraat sanrachana key mool mein chalati hain aur mitty kii eenton key dravyamaan koo ack saath baandhati hain. 
praarambhik mesopotamia key sabse ullekhaniya vaastushilp avasheshon mein chauthi sahasrabdi eesaa poorv key uruk mein mandir parisar, khafazah aur bataati haye kii asmar jaisi diyala nadee ghaati mein praarambhik rajvansh kaal key sthalon seey mandir aur mahal, urr kaa teesara rajvansh nippur (enlil kaa abhayaranya) aur urr (nanna kaa abhayaranya) mein banaa huaa haye, madhya kansya yug kaa avashesh ebla, maaree, alalakh, aleppo aur kultepe key siriyai-turkey sthalon parr banaa huaa haye, hattusa, ugreet, ashur aur nuzi mein kansya yug key anta mein mahal, ashuri (kalhu/nimrudabad, khorsabad, nauveh), babylonian (babylonian), urtian (urtian), vaansi, (herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb, herb gharon koo jyaadaatar nippur aur urr mein puraane babylonian avasheshon seey jaanaa jaataa haye. bhawan nirmaan aur sambandhit anushthaanon parr paath sroton mein teesari sahasrabdi key anta seey gudiya key cylinder ullekhaniya hain, saath hii saath lauh yug key assyrian aur babylonian shaahi shilalekh bhee hain.
assyrian imaraton, kilebandi aur mandiron kaa design.
sabhi assyrian imaraton kii yojanaaen aaytaakaar hain, aur humm jaanate hain kii bahut pahale, abb key roop mein, purvi vastukaron ney iss ruprekha kaa upayog lagbhag hamesha kiya thaa, aur iss parr abb taka key kuchh sabse sunder aur vividh roopon koo paalaa gayaa thaa. way sunder vakron dwara konon parr ikattha hotey hain, aur ack sadharan vargakar holl key aadhar parr ack meenar yaa ack gumbad, ack ashtabhuj yaa ack vritt leey jaate hain. yeh kabhi-kabhi assyria mein kiya jaataa thaa, moortiyon dwara dikhaaya gayaa haye. kauyunjik key slab vibhinn roop key gumbad aur meenar jaisi sanrachanaon koo darshaate hain, jinamen seey pratyek ack vargakar aadhar seey oopar uthh rhaa haye. gumbad key pracheen roop aur assyrian gaanvon mein abhee bhee upayog kiye jaane vaale gumbadon key beach kii samaantaa bahut hii aashcharyajanak haye. dhalaan vaali chhaton kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa yaa naheen, yeh anishchit haye. shree. bonomi kaa maanana haye kii way they, aur kuchh moortiyaan unake drishtikon kaa samarthan karati hain. niji gharon mein kuchh bhee naheen bachaa haye, lekin way slab parr kaee kahaaniyon kii oonchaai key roop mein darshaae jaate hain, hamesha kii tarah bhootal parr kewal ack darwaja hotaa haye aur koee khidki naheen hoti haye. sabhi kii chhatein sapaat hain, aur humm ack bases-releaf seey ikattha hotey hain, joe aag parr ack shahar kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, kii yeye chhatein banaai gaee theen, jaise kii way abb hain, majboot beam parr mitty kii motee paraton key saath. yeye chhatein lagbhag agnirodhak hain, aur lapaton koo unake dwara roke jaane aur khidakiyon seey baahar aaney key roop mein darshaaya jaataa haye. jahan taka humm jaanate hain, kissy khidki key avashesh naheen mille hain, yaa aantarik seedhi key avashesh naheen mille hain.
kilebandi key baare mein humm bahut kuchh jaanate hain. nimroud kii uttari deewaar mein 58 meenaron kaa pataa lagaaya gayaa haye, aur kauyunjik mein teen divaaron key badey avashesh hain, nichala hissa patthar kaa haye, aur oopari bhaag suraj seey sookhi eenton kaa haye. khorsabad mein ack deewaar key avashesh hain, joe abhee bhee oonchi haye, joe 3 seey 3 motey patthar key khandon seey bunny haye, aur inhen samaapt karane key liye saboot poori tarah seey moortiyon dwara pradaan kiye jaate hain, joe usee varg key madhyayugeen karyon key saath ack asadharan samaantaa darshaate hain. divaaron key star parr ack star kaa pratinidhitva kiya jaataa haye, ack mahaan meenar koo gherate hue yaa kendra mein rakhate hue. pravesh dwaar badey mehrab vaale dwaar hain joe vargakar meenaron seey ghire hue hain. inn aur anya meenaron mein madhyayug kii yantron kii tarah hii latakate hue parapet hain, aur yuddhpoton key saath sheersh parr samaapt kiye gaye hain, jinake avashesh nimrud aur ninveh mein paae gaye hain, aur asur mein, ninveh seey pahale assyria kii rajdhani.
mahal seey alag mandiron key kuchh anumaanit avashesh hain, lekin unake samanya roop key baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari haye.
lekin kaldia mein khandharon key kuchh vishal samooh hain, spasht roop seey vishal teelon key avashesh hain joe unake mandiron kii sanrachana kaa nirmaan karate hain. inn sabhi mein sabse bhavya aur sabse dilchasp babylone key paas borsippa (abb biir nimrod) mein nabu kaa mandir haye, jise saat kshetron key mandir key roop mein pahachaana gayaa haye. iska punarnirmaan nebuchadnessar dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jaisa kii ack prasiddh shilalekh seey pataa chalata haye. ack anya udaaharan muger mein haye, joe aadhar parr thaa, aur abb bhee uchch haye, aur yeh spasht haye kii yeh aur bir donon ghatate charanon key saath banaae gaye they, bhavya platforms kii ack shrinkhala prastut karate hue, jaise-jaise way chadhate gaye, lambai mein kamee aatee gaee, aur mandir kaksh key liye sheersh parr ack apekshaakrit chhota chhod diyaa gayaa. yeh paaya gayaa haye, maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh pracheen ovan mein bunny vitrified eent kii nimroud mein paaya gayaa haye.
paridrishya vastukala.
paath sroton seey pataa chalata haye kii khule sthaan kii yojana banaana shuruati samay seey hii shahar kaa ack hissa thaa. gilgamesh key mahakavya" mein uruk kaa varnan usa shahar key ack tihai hisse key baare mein bataata haye jise baagon key liye alag rakhaa gayaa haye. isi tarah kii yojnabaddh khuli jagah nippur key ack paanchven ghere mein paaee jaati haye. ack anya mahatvapurna paridrishya tatva khaali sthaan thaa (akadiyanah "kisubu").
shahar key baahar, sumerian sinchai krishi ney itihas mein kuchh pahale udyaan roopon kaa nirmaan kiya. bagicha (saar) 144 varg haath kaa thaa jisamen ack paridhi nahar thee. pariveshtit chaturbhuj kaa yeh roop faras key baad key swarg udyaanon kaa aadhar thaa.
mesopotamia mein favvaaron kaa upayog eesaa poorv teesari sahasrabdi taka kiya jaataa haye. ack praarambhik udaaharan ack nakkashidar babylonian besin mein sanrakshit haye, joe see. aeye. seey haye. 3000 bee.see., girsu, laigash mein paaya jaataa haye. commel nadee kii ghaati mein khoje gaye ack pracheen assyrian fawware mein thhos chattan mein katey besin hotey hain aur dhaara kii seedhiyon mein utarate hain."paani chhote nalikaon seey leey jaaya jaataa thaa.

