
1311 key adhyadesh

1311 key adhyadesh raajaa edward dwiteeya parr angreji samrat kii shakti koo pratibandhit karane key liye ingland key samrajya key peerej aur paadari varg dwara lagaae gaye niyamon kii ack shrinkhala thee. adhyadeshon key 21 hastaksharkartaon koo lords ordiner yaa kewal ordiner key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. scotish yuddh mein angreji asafalataon ney kathit jabaran vasuli shaahi rajkoshiya neetiyon key saath milkar adhyadeshon key lekhan key liye prishthabhoomi nirdhaarit kii, jisamen raajaa key prashaasnik visheshadhikaron koo badey paimaane parr ack aupaniveshik parishad dwara viniyojit kiya gayaa thaa. adhyadesh 1250 key dashak key anta seey oxford key praavdhaanon aur westminster key praavdhaanon koo darshaate hain, lekin praavdhaanon key vipareet, adhyadeshon mein rajkoshiya sudhaar key saath ack naee chinta dikhaai dee, vishesh roop seey raajaa key parivaar seey rajaswa koo sarkari khajaane mein punarnirdeshit kiya gayaa.
unaki avadharana key liye sahayak anya mudde they, vishesh roop seey raajaa key pasandida, piers gaveston key saath asantosh, jinhen baad mein bairanon ney raajya seey nishkaasit curr diyaa. edward II ney kewal jabardasti key tahat adhyadeshon koo sweekaar kiya, aur unake nirsan key liye ack lamba sangharsh taba taka samaapt naheen huaa jaba taka kii 1322 mein commanders key netaa, lankester key earl thomas koo nishpaadit naheen kiya gayaa.
prishthabhoomi.
praarambhik samasyaaen.
jaba edward dwiteeya 7 julaai 1307 koo apane pitaa edward pratham key uttaradhikari baney, tou unaki praja kaa ravaiya aam taur parr unake nae raajaa key prati sadbhavana kaa thaa. haalaanki, satah key neeche asantosh panap rhaa thaa. inmein seey kuchh divangat raajaa dwara chhodi gaee maujooda samasyaon key kaaran thaa, jabaki bahut kuchh nae raajaa kii aparyaptataon key kaaran thaa. samasyaaen teen gunaa theen. sabse pahale yuddhon key vittaposhan key liye shaahi neeti seey asantosh thaa. scotland mein yuddh key vittaposhan key liye, edward aaee ney teji seey tathaakathit prises-yaa purevance-kaa sahaara liya thaa taaki sainikon koo bhojan key saath pradaan kiya jaa sakey. sathiyon ney mahsoos kiya kii vitaran bahut adhik bojhil hoe gayaa thaa aur kaee mamalon mein muaavaja aparyaapt yaa poori tarah seey gayab thaa. isake alawa, unhein yeh tathya pasand naheen aaya kii edward dwiteeya ney scotland key khilaf yuddh key prayaas koo jaari rakhe binaa apane ghar key liye prize leey liya, jisase doosari samasya paida hui. edward ney apane shasankal kaa antim dashak scots key khilaf lagaatar abhiyaan chalaate hue bitaaya thaa, lekin unake bete ney lagbhag poori tarah seey yuddh chhod diyaa. iss sthiti mein, scotish raajaa robbert broose ney jald hii khoye hue saman koo phir seey hassil karane kaa avsar liya. isane naa kewal ingland key uttar mein scotish hamalon koo ujagar kiya, balki scotland mein angreji baronage kii sampatti koo bhee khatare mein daal diyaa.
teesari aur sabse gambhir samasya raajaa key pasandida, piers gaveston seey sambandhit thee. gaveston apekshaakrit vinamra mool key ack gascon they, jinake saath raajaa ney vishesh roop seey ghanishth sambandh vikasit kiye they. gaveston parr award key roop mein sammaanit kiye jaane vaale sammanon mein cornwall kaa earldam thaa, ack aisee upaadhi joe pahale kewal shaahi parivaar key sadasyon koo pradaan kii gaee thee. gaveston jaise ack unnat vyakti key saath usake vyavhaar key saath adhimanatmak vyavhaar, jise ahankari key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa, ney kshetra key sthaapit sathiyon key beach narajgi paida curr dee. yeh narajgi pahali baar bologne mein likhi gaee ghoshana mein saamane aaee, joe raajaa key saath raajaa key saath they, jaba vaha francisi raajaa kii betty key saath apane vivaah samaroh key liye france mein they. tathaakathit bologne samjhauta aspasht thaa, lekin isane shaahi darbar kii sthiti parr spasht chinta vyakt kii. 25 farwari 1308 koo nae raajaa kaa taaj pahanaaya gayaa. rajyabhishek key samay unhein joe shapath dilaaee gaee thee, vaha chauthe khand mein pichhale raajaon seey alag thee; yahaan edward koo una kaanoonon koo banaae rakhane kaa vaadaa karna aavashyak thaa jinhen samudaay ney "chunaa hoga" ("aura eslu"). haalaanki yeh spasht naheen haye kii usa samay iss shabd kaa vaastav mein kyaa arth thaa, lekin iss shapath kaa upayog baad mein raajaa aur usake kaana key beach sangharsh mein kiya gayaa thaa.
gaveston kaa nirvaasan.
1308 key aprail kii sansad mein, yeh nirnay liya gayaa kii bahishkaran key khatare parr gaveston koo kshetra seey pratibandhit curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. raajaa key paas iska paalan karane key alawa koee vikalp naheen thaa, aur 24 juuna koo, gaveston ney ireland key leftinent key roop mein niyukti parr desh chhod diyaa. raajaa ney turant apane pasandida kii vaapsee key liye sajish rachani shuru curr dee. 1309 key aprail kii sansad mein, unhone ack samjhaute kaa sujhaav diyaa jisamen gaveston kii vaapsee key badale mein kuchh earl kii yachikaon koo puuraa kiya jaayega. yojana kuchh bhee naheen hui, lekin edward ney usa varsh julaai mein bahishkaar key khatare koo radd karane key liye pope koo praapt karke stamford sansad key liye apana haath majboot kiya thaa. raajaa tathaakathit "stamford key qaanoon" (joe saar mein "" usa "" kaa punah prakaashan thaa jiss parr unake pitaa ney 1300 mein hastakshar kiye they) key liye sahmat hoe gaye, aur gaveston koo lautane kii anumati dee gaee.
joe earl samjhaute key liye sahmat hue they, way ummeed curr rahey they kii gaveston ney apana sabak seekh liya hoga. phir bhee apani vaapsee parr, vaha pahale seey kaheen adhik ghamandi thaa, kuchh badey raeeson koo apmaanjanak upnaam pradaan curr rhaa thaa. jaba raajaa ney octuber mein ack mahaan parishad koo bulaaya, tou kaee earl ney gaveston kii upasthiti key kaaran milane seey incar curr diyaa. agale varsh farwari kii sansad mein, gaveston koo upasthit naheen honey kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. earl ney sansad mein hathiyar naheen leey jaane key shaahi adesh kii avagya kii, aur poorna sainya poshak mein sudhaar aayog kii niyukti key liye raajaa key saamane ack maang prastut kii. 16 march 1310 koo, raajaa ney shaahi parivaar key sudhaar key prabhaari honey vaale senapatiyon kii niyukti parr sahamati vyakt kii.
prabhu key adesh.
samanya logon key pratinidhitva key binaa, paddhari logon koo badey logon kii ack sabhaa dwara chunaa jaataa thaa. way ack vividh samooh they, jisamen aathh earl, saat bishap aur chhah bairan they-kull milakar 21. vahaan raajaa key kattar virodhiyon key saath-saath wafadar shaahi logon kaa pratinidhitva kiya jaataa thaa.
edward dwiteeya key prati wafadar maane jaane vaale senapatiyon mein britney key johnn, richmond key earl they, joe iss samay taka puraane shesh earl mein seey ack they. johnn ney apane chaacha edward aaee kii seva kii thee aur edward II key pahale chachere bhaai they. samooh key swabhavik netaa linken key earl heinry lessie they. desh key sabse dhanee vyaktiyon mein seey ack, vaha sabse puraane bhee they aur unhone edward aaee key liye lambi seva key madhyam seey apani wafadari aur yogyata saabit kii thee. samooh key adhik charam sadasyon parr linken kaa ack madhyam prabhaav thaa, lekin farwari 1311 mein unaki mrityu key saath, netritva unake damad aur lankester key uttaradhikari thomas key paas chalaa gayaa. raajaa key chachere bhaai-lankester key paas abb paanch baal they joe usey desh kaa sabse ameer aadami banaa dete they, raajaa koo bachaate hue. iss baat kaa koee saboot naheen haye kii raajaa key shasankal key shuruati varshon mein lankester raajaa key virodh mein thaa, lekin adhyadeshon key samay taka yeh spasht haye kii raajaa edward key baare mein unaki raay parr kuchh nakaratmak prabhaav padaa thaa.
lankester kaa mukhya sahayogi boy beauchamp, earl off vaarvik thaa. vaarvik kaana key sabse utsaahi aur lagaatar virodhi they, aur 1315 mein unaki praarambhik mrityu taka baney rahey. anya kaana adhik anukool they. gilbert dee clair, glocester key earl, gaveston key behnoi they aur raajaa key prati wafadar rahey. emmer dee valence, pembroke kaa earl, baad mein raajaa key sabse kendriya samarthakon mein seey ack hoga, phir bhee iss bindu parr unhone paaya kii sabse vivekpurna kaarravaai sudharakon key saath jaanaa thaa. bairanon mein seey, cumm seey cumm robbert clifford aur villium marshel kaa shaahi jhukaav prateet hotaa thaa.
bishapon mein seey kewal dou mahatvapurna raajneetik hastiyon key roop mein saamane aae, jinamen seey adhik pramukh canterbury key archbishop robbert winchelsey they. angreji saarvajanik jeevan mein lambe samay taka ack durjeya upasthiti, winshells ney church kii swaayatta koo banaae rakhane key liye edward aaee key khilaf sangharsh kaa netritva kiya thaa, aur isake liye unhone nilamban aur nirvaasan key saath bhugtan kiya thaa. raajaa key roop mein edward dwiteeya key pahale karyon mein seey ack winshells koo bahaal karna thaa, lekin aabhaari wafadari key saath pratikriya dene key bajaay, archbishop ney jald hii raajaa key khilaf ladaai mein netritva kii bhoomika koo phir seey shuru curr diyaa. haalaanki vaha winchelsey koo khush karane kii koshish curr rhaa thaa, raajaa ney ack anya paadari, litchfield key bishap, walter langton key khilaf ack purani narazgi jataai. edward ney langton koo sarkari khajaane key khajaane key roop mein apane pada seey barkhast curr diyaa thaa aur unaki asthaayi sampatti jabt curr lii thee. pichhale shasankal key dauran langton winshells key pratidvandi rahey they, lekin langton key khilaf edward dwiteeya key kadam ney donon golrakshakon koo ack saath aakarshit kiya.
adhyadesh.
19 march 1310 koo, nausainikon kii niyukti key turant baad chhah praarambhik adhyadesh jaari kiye gaye they, lekin agast 1311 taka samiti ney apana kaam puuraa naheen kiya thaa. iss beach edward ack nirast abhiyaan parr scotland mein they, lekin 16 agast koo, sansad landan mein millie, aur raajaa koo adhyadeshon key saath prastut kiya gayaa.
adhyadeshon vaalaa dastaavez 5 octuber kaa haye, aur isamen 41 lekh hain. prastaavana mein, adeshakon ney raajaa key dusht parshadon key roop mein joe way maanate they, videsh mein sainya sthiti kii anishchitata aur damankari pris parr ghar parr vidroh key khatare parr apani chinta vyakt kii. lekhon koo vibhinn samoohon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye, jinamen seey sabse badaa raajaa aur usake adhikaariyon kii shaktiyon parr seemaon seey sambandhit haye, aur inn shaktiyon key pratisthaapan koo aupaniveshik niyantran key saath kiya jaataa haye. yeh nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa kii raajaa koo apane adhikaariyon koo kewal "barnez key paramarsh aur sahamati seey, aur sansad mein niyukt karna chaahiye."isake alawa, raajaa abb baronage kii sahamati key binaa yuddh mein naheen jaa sakata thaa, naa hii vaha sikkon mein sudhaar curr sakata thaa. isake alawa, yeh nirnay liya gayaa kii sansad varsh mein cumm seey cumm ack baar aayojit kii jaani chaahiye. inn nirnayon key samanantar shaahi vitt key sudhaar they. adhyadeshon ney jabaran vasuli aur seema shulk key roop mein dekhe jaane vaale saman parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa, aur saath hii ghoshana kii kii rajaswa kaa bhugtan seedhe sarkari khajaane mein kiya jaanaa thaa. yeh seedhe shaahi parivaar mein rajaswa praapt karane kii badhati pravritti kii pratikriya thee; sabhi shaahi vitt koo sarkari khajaane key prati jawabdeh banaane seey adhik saarvajanik jaanch kii anumati millie.
anya lekh vishisht vyaktiyon koo dandit karane seey sambandhit they, inmein sabse pramukh, piers gaveston. anuchhed 20 mein gaveston dwara kiye gaye apraadhon kaa vistaar seey varnan kiya gayaa haye; unhein ack baar phir nirvaasan kii ninda kii gaee thee aur 1 navambar taka raajya koo tyagana thaa. italvi frescobaldi company key bankers koo giraftar curr liya gayaa aur unakaa saman jabt curr liya gayaa. yeh maanaa gayaa thaa kii raajaa kii italvi logon parr badee vittiya nirbharta raajneetik roop seey durbhagyapurna thee. sajaa key liye chune jaane vaale antim vyakti heinry dee bumont aur unaki bahan, isabella dee weski they, joe raajaa key gharaane seey judey dou videshi they. haalaanki yeh kahana mushkil haye kii inn donon kaa vishesh ullekh kyon praapt huaa, yeh scotish yuddh mein unaki sampatti kii kendriya sthiti seey sambandhit hoe sakata haye.
adeshakon ney maujooda kaanoonon kii pushti karane aur vistaar seey bataane kaa bhee dhyaan rakhaa, aur aaparaadhik kaanoon mein sudhaar kiye gaye. church kii swatantrata kii bhee pushti hui. yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii kissy bhee adhikaari koo raajaa seey rishwat dwara apane nirnayon mein naheen bahakaaya jaanaa chaahiye, unake karyakal key dauran unhein kinn shaahi uphaaron aur karyalayon koo praapt karane kii anumati dee gaee thee, usa parr pratibandh lagaae gaye they.
isake baad.
adhikatam lokpriya samarthan praapt karane key iraade seey 11 octuber koo adhyadesh vyaapak roop seey prakaashit kiye gaye they. unake prakaashan key baad key dashak mein unake nirsan yaa nirantar astitva parr ack nirantar sangharsh dekhaa gayaa. haalaanki unhein antatah 1322 maee taka nirast naheen kiya gayaa thaa, lekin jiss josh key saath unhein lagu kiya gayaa thaa, vaha iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa thaa kii sarkaar kaa niyantran kisake paas thaa.
varsh key anta seey pahale, gaveston ingland laut aae they, aur grih yuddh aasann dikhaai diyaa thaa. maee 1312 mein, gaveston koo pembroke key earl dwara bandee banaa liya gayaa thaa, lekin vaarvik aur lankester ney ack nakali mukadame key baad uska apaharan curr liya aur usey maar daala. pembroke key sammaan key iss upman ney unhein aparivartaniya roop seey raajaa key shivir mein dhakel diyaa, aur iss tarah vipaksh koo vibhajit curr diyaa. adhiniyam kii krurta ney shuru mein lankester aur usake anuyaayiyon koo satta key kendra seey door curr diyaa, lekin juuna 1314 mein bannockburn kii ladaai ney pahal koo vaapas curr diyaa. edward koo usaki vinashkari haar seey apamaanit kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki lankester aur vaarvik ney abhiyaan mein bhaag naheen liya thaa, yeh daavaa karate hue kii ise baronage kii sahamati key binaa kiya gayaa thaa, aur adhyadeshon kii avahelana mein.
isake baad joe huaa vaha lankester dwara sarkaar key aabhaasi niyantran kii avadhi thee, phir bhee teji seey-vishesh roop seey 1315 mein vaarvik kii mrityu key baad-unhone khud koo alag-thalag paaya. agast 1318 mein, tathaakathit "leak kii sandhi" ney pakshon key beach ack "modus vivendi" sthaapit kiya, jisake tahat raajaa koo adhyadeshon koo banaae rakhane kaa vaadaa karate hue satta mein bahaal kiya gayaa. halanki, raajaa key saath abhee bhee lankester key matbhed they-vishesh roop seey nae pasandida, chhote koo tuchchh maanane vaale aur hoog key pitaa key aacharan key saath. 1322 mein, poorna vidroh chhid gayaa joe barobridge kii ladaai mein lankester kii haar aur march 1322 key dauran usake turant baad usake nishpaadan key saath samaapt huaa. usee varsh maee kii sansad mein, adhyadeshon koo york key kaanoon dwara nirast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, chhah khandon koo barkarar rakhaa gayaa joe gharelu adhikaar kshetra aur sheriff kii niyukti jaise muddon seey sambandhit they. shaahi shakti parr kissy bhee pratibandh koo spasht roop seey radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
adhyadeshon koo phir kabhi phir seey jaari naheen kiya gayaa, aur isaliye ingland key kanuni itihas mein koee sthaayi sthiti naheen haye jaisa kii magna carta, udaaharan key liye, kartaa haye. rashtriya rajneeti mein bairanon kii bhoomika key roodhivaadi dhyaan key khilaf aalochana kii gaee haye, aam logon key prabhutva kii andekhi kii gaee haye. phir bhee dastaavez aur isake peechhe key andolan ney nae raajneetik vikas koo pratibimbit kiya kii sansad mein bairanon dwara manjuri kaise praapt kii jaani thee. aam taur parr yeh sweekaar kiye jaane seey pahale kii aam loga usa sanstha kaa ack abhinn anga they, yeh kewal kuchh samay kii baat thee.

