lucio fontana

lucio fontana (19 farwari 1899-7 sitambar 1968) ack argentine-italian chitrakaar, moortikaar aur siddhantkar they. unhein jyaadaatar sthaaniktaa key sansthaapak key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
praarambhik jeevan.
italvi apravasi maataa-pitaa key ghar, argentine key saanta phey key rosario mein paida hue, way moortikaar luigi fontana (1865-1946) key bete they. fontana ney apane jeevan key pahale varsh argentine mein bitaaye aur phir 1905 mein itali bhej diyaa gayaa, jahan way 1922 taka rahey, apane pitaa key saath ack moortikaar key roop mein kaam karate hue, aur phir apane dumm parr. pahale seey hii 1926 mein, unhone nexus kii pahali pradarshani mein bhaag liya, joe kii rosario dee saanta phey mein kaam karane vaale yuva argentine kalakaron kaa ack samooh thaa.
kaam karate hain.
1927 mein fontana itali laut aaya aur 1928 seey 1930 taka academia dee brera mein moortikaar adolfo wild key tahat fosto melotti key saath adhyayan kiya. vahaan unhone 1930 mein apani pahali pradarshani prastut kii, jiska ayojan milan art gallery "ill million" dwara kiya gayaa thaa. agale dashak key dauran unhone amoort aur abhivyaktivaadi chitrakaron key saath kaam karate hue itali aur france kii yatra kii. 1935 mein way peris mein association abstraction-creation mein shamil hoe gaye aur 1936 seey 1949 taka cheeni mitty aur kansya mein abhivyaktivaadi moortiyaan banaain. 1939 mein, vaha abhivyaktivaadi kalakaron key ack millen samooh, corrent mein shamil hoe gaye.
1940 mein way argentine laut aae. buenos aayars (1946) mein unhone apane kuchh chhatron key saath milkar altamira akadami kii sthaapana kii, aur "safed ghoshanapatra" koo saarvajanik kiya, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii "padaarth, rung aur gati mein dhwani way ghatanaaen hain jinka ack saath vikas naee kalaa banaata haye. jiss paath parr fontana ney hastakshar naheen kiye, lekin jisamen unhone sakriya roop seey yogdan diyaa, unhone una siddhanton koo taiyar karna shuru curr diyaa kii way 1947 seey 1952 taka paanch ghoshanapatron mein "spezialismo" yaa specialism key roop mein vistaar karna chaahte they. 1947 mein argentine seey lautane parr, unhone lekhakon aur daarshnikon key saath, specialism (spezialismo) * key pahale ghoshanapatra kaa samarthan kiya. fontana ney milan key sahayogi bumm visfoton mein apana studio aur kaam poori tarah seey nasht curr diyaa thaa, lekin jald hii albisola mein apane cheeni mitty key kaam koo phir seey shuru curr diyaa. milan mein, unhone prasiddh milani vastukaron key saath kaee naee imaraton koo sajaane key liye sahyog kiya joe yuddh key baad shahar key punarnirmaan key prayaas kaa hissa they.
1948 mein itali lautane key baad fontana ney milan mein galleria dell naviglio mein apani pahali "ambient sposial aeye luce neera" ('sthaanik vatavaran') (1949) kaa pradarshan kiya, jisamen ack asthaayi sthaapana thee jisamen ack vishal amiba jaise aakar koo ack andhere kamare mein shoonya mein nilambit kiya gayaa thaa aur neon prakaash seey prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. 1949 seey unhone tathaakathit sthaanik avadharana yaa slash shrinkhala shuru kii, jisamen monochrom chitron kii satah parr chhed yaa slash shamil they, joe ack sanket thaa jise unhone "antariksh yug key liye ack kalaa" naam diyaa thaa. unhone inn karyon key liye samanya sheershak "consetto sposial" ('sthaanik avadharana') taiyar kiya aur ise lagbhag apane baad key sabhi chitron key liye upayog kiya. inhen vyaapak shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih 1949 mein shuru honey vaalaa "buchi" ('chhed), aur "tagley" (' slash "), jise unhone 1950 key dashak key madhya mein sthaapit kiya thaa.
fontana aksar apane canvus key peechhe kii or kaale jaali key saath panktibaddh hotaa haye taaki khule cutt key peechhe andhera chamak uthhe aur bhram aur gaharaai kii ack rahasyamay bhavna paida hoe. isake baad unhone 1951 mein milan mein tri-vaarshik key liye "luce sposial" naamak ack vistrit neon chhat banaai. consetto sposial, laa fine dee dio" (1963-64) kii apani mahatvapurna shrinkhala mein, fontana andey key aakar kaa upayog kartaa haye. 1952 mein shuru hui apani "peater (patthar)" shrinkhala key saath, fontana ney apane canvus kii satahon koo bhaari impasto aur rangeen kaanch key saath sanlagn karke murtikala koo chitrakala key saath jodaa. apane "buchi (chhed)" chakr mein, joe 1949-50 mein shuru huaa, unhone chitra key peechhe kii jagah koo ujagar karane key liye dwi-ayami jhilli koo todate hue apane canvus kii satah koo puncher curr diyaa. 1958 seey unhone mait, monochrom satahon kaa nirmaan karke apane chitron koo shuddh kiya, iss prakaar darshakon kaa dhyaan canvas kii twacha koo cheerane vaale tukadon parr kendrit kiya. 1959 mein fontana ney kaee sanyojan yogya tatvon key saath cutt-off painting kaa pradarshan kiya (unhone sett koo "quanta" naam diyaa), aur terracotta mitty key gole mein ack gaish koo katkar banaai gaee moortiyon kii ack shrinkhala "prakriti" shuru kii, jise baad mein unhone kansya mein daala.
fontana usa samay key sabse mahatvapurna vastukaron key saath kaee sahayogi pariyojanaon mein lagey hue they, vishesh roop seey luciano baldesari key saath, jinhone 9vein trivaarshik mein "neon mein sthaanik prakaash-sanrachana" (1951) key liye apane shodh koo saajha aur samarthan kiya aur anya cheejon key alawa, unhein 1953 mein 21vein milan melle mein cydercomit mandap mein cinema kii chhat koo design karane key liye niyukt kiya.
1960 key aspas, fontana ney una cutt aur pancharon koo phir seey sthaapit karna shuru kiya joe usa bindu taka unaki atyadhik vyaktigat shally kii visheshta thee, haath aur brush dwara lagaae gaye motey tail rung kii paraton key saath canvus koo cover karate hue aur unaki satah mein mahaan daraar paida karane key liye ack khopadi yaa stanley chaku kaa upayog karate hue. 1961 mein, venis mein palazzo ghaas mein aayojit samkaaleen chitrakala kii pradarshani mein kalakaron jeane dubet, maark rothko, saim francis aur anya logon key saath bhaag lene key nimantran key baad, unhone lagoon shahar koo samarpit 22 karyon kii ack shrinkhala banaai. unhone apani ungaliyon aur vibhinn upkaranon seey rung mein herfer kiya taaki farr banaae jaa sakein, jisamen kabhi-kabhi murano kaanch key bikhare hue tukade bhee shamil they. fontana koo baad mein michel taapiye dwara newyork mein martha jackson gallery mein karyon koo pradarshit karane key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa. 1961 mein newyork kii apani pahali yatra key parinamswarup, unhone 1961 aur 1965 key beach kiye gaye dhaatu key karyon kii ack shrinkhala banaai. karyon mein chamakdaar aur kharonch vaale tambe kii badee chaadaren shamil theen, chhedit aur goud, naatakiya urdhvaadhar ishaaron seey kaataa gayaa joe newyork nirmaan key bull aur imaraton key dhaatu aur kaanch koo yaad karate hain.
fontana kii antim kritiyon mein "tetrini" ('chhote theatre') kii ack shrinkhala haye, jisamen vaha ack frame seey milate-julate pankhon key bheetar bund backcloth kaa upayog karke anivarya roop seey ack sapaat muhaware parr laut aae; theatre key sandarbh mein dekhane key kaary parr jore diyaa gayaa haye, jabaki agrabhumi mein aniyamit gole yaa dolan, lahardaar sylhoot kii ack shrinkhala ack jeevant chhaaya naatak banaati haye. usa samay kaa ack aur kaam, "trinita (trinity)" (1966), teen badey safed canvus seey banaa haye joe chhidron kii rekhaaon dwara viram chihnit hain, joe kii ack naatakiya setting mein atee-plastic kii chadaron seey bunny aspasht roop seey pankhon seey milati-julati haye.
apane currier key antim varshon mein, fontana koo duniya bhar mein unhein sammaanit karane vaali kaee pradarshaniyon mein apane kaam key manchan mein teji seey ruchi hoe gaee, saath hii saath unake antim safed canvus mein hassil kii gaee shuddhata key vichaar mein bhee. yeye chintaaen 1966 key venis dvivaarshik mein pramukh theen, jisake liye unhone apane kaam key liye paryaavaran taiyar kiya thaa. 1968 mein kasel mein dastaavez IV mein, unhone chhat aur farsh ("pariveshi sposial bianco") sahit poori tarah seey safed bhulbhulaiya key kendra key roop mein ack badey, plaster slash koo tainaat kiya.
apani mrityu seey kuchh samay pahale vaha newyork key finch college sangrahalaya mein "vinash kalaa, vinash karane key liye" pradarshan mein maujood they. phir unhone milano mein apana ghar chhod diyaa aur apane parivaar key maatri nagar comabio (warres praant, itali mein) chaley gaye, jahan unaki mrityu 1968 mein hui.
fontana ney amoort rupankanon key saath-saath aakritiyon key saath graphic kaary kii ack vipul matra kaa nirmaan kiya, joe kalaa kii duniya mein bahut cumm gyaat thaa, usee samay jaba vaha apane amoort chhidrit karyon kaa nirmaan curr rahey they. vaha karara sangamarmar mein "laa capital" samachar patra key sansthaapak ovidio lagos kii pratima key moortikaar bhee they.
pradarshani.
fontana ney 1931 mein galleria dell million, milan mein apani pahali ekal pradarshaniyan deen. 1961 mein, michel taapiye ney yuu mein apana pahala show aayojit kiya.aiss.martha jackson gallery, newyork mein venis shrinkhala kii ack pradarshani. americi sangrahalaya mein unaki pahali ekal pradarshani 1966 mein walker art center, minnepolis mein aayojit kii gaee thee. unhone biyanal dee saao paulo aur duniya bhar mein kaee pradarshaniyon mein bhaag liya. anya key beach, pramukh purvavyaapi pradarshanon kaa ayojan pegi guggenheim sangrah, venis (2006), hayward gallery, landan (1999), fondazion lucio fontana (1999), aur center pompido (1987; laa fundatian 'laa caxa' barcelona; stadeligic sangrahalaya amsterdam; whitechappel gallery, landan) dwara kiya gayaa haye. 1930 seey fontana key kaam koo niyamit roop seey venis dvivaarshik mein pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa, aur unhone vibhinn baar argentine kaa pratinidhitva kiya thaa; unhein 1966 key venis dvivaarshik mein chitrakala key liye bhavya puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. 2014 mein, musey dee 'art modern dee peris ney kalakar koo ack purvavyaapi samarpit kiya. turnboony kalaa ney apane avenue mattignon peris gallery sthaan mein ack samanantar pradarshan kiya. kalakar kii mrityu key baad seey pahala pramukh americi purvavyaapi 2019 mein mett bruer mein aaya thaa.
sangrah.
fontana kii kritiyaan duniya bhar key sou seey adhik sangrahalayon key sthaayi sangrah mein paaee jaa sakati hain. vishesh roop seey, "peater" shrinkhala key udaaharan stadelisk sangrahalaya, amsterdam, center pompido, peris, newyork mein aadhunik kalaa kaa sangrahalaya, rome mein galleria nazional dee 'arte moderna, genoa mein samkaaleen art vilaa cross kaa sangrahalaya aur vaine abimussium, eindhoven mein rakhe gaye hain. fontana key gahane lalit kalaa sangrahalaya, boston key sthaayi sangrah mein shamil hain.
kalaa bajar.
itailiyan vidwan enrico chrispolty ney 2006 mein fontana key chitron, moortiyon aur vatavaran key dou-khandon kaa sampadan kiya. 2013 mein, luka massimo barbero, neena ardemagny laurini aur sylvia ardemagny ney kagaj parr fontana key karyon key teen-khand prakaashit kiye, jisamen kalanukramik crum mein 5,500 seey adhik kaary shamil they.
ack durlabh, badey laal rung kaa kaam ack ekal slash key saath, jise fontana ney apani patni koo samarpit kiya aur jise hamesha "terrecita" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, 2008 mein christies landan mein 6.7 karod pound (11.6 karod dollar) praapt kiya, phir kalakar key liye ack nilami record. enaa-stina malmborg hogland aur gunnar hogland key sangrah seey fontana key "consetto sposial, attays" (1965) ney 2015 mein sothbies landan mein 8.4 million pound kii slash painting key liye ack nayaa record banaaya. aur bhee adhik lokpriya fontana key andakar canvus hain. sothbi ney 2008 mein "consetto sposial, laa fine dee dio" (1963) naamak ack kaam £1 million mein becha. fontana key venis circle kaa hissa, "grand kainal parr utsav" 2008 mein newyork mein christies mein $7 million mein becha gayaa thaa.
navambar 2015 mein, christy ney kalakar key kaam "consetto sposial, laa fine dee dio" key liye ack nilami record banaaya, joe 1964 mein $29 million mein becha gayaa.

