
hermin bronsteiner

hermin bronstein rayan (16 julaai, 1919-19 aprail, 1999) ack austriyai ss "helferin" aur revensbrook aur majdanek yaatana shiviron mein mahila shivir rakshak thee, aur tatkalin paschimi germany mein mukadame kaa saamana karane key liye sanyukt raajya america seey pratyarpit honey vaali pahali naazi yuddh aparaadhi thee. bronsteiner koo majdanek yaatana shivir key kaidiyon key liye "stamping ghode" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa aur kahaa jaataa thaa kii unhone kaidiyon koo peetkar maar daala, bachchon koo unake baalon seey trucks parr fenk diyaa joe unhein gais chamber mein hatyaa karane key liye leey gaye, yuva kaidiyon koo fansi parr latka diyaa aur ack boodhe kaidi koo usake jackboot seey maar daala. 
bronsteiner koo 1000 seey adhik logon kii hatyaon mein usaki sanliptata key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa, aur 30 aprail, 1981 koo dusseldorf kii jilaa adalat dwara aajivan karawas kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. unhein 1996 mein swaasthya key aadhar parr riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur teen saal baad unaki mrityu hoe gaee thee.
jeevan.
bronsteiner kaa janm vienna mein huaa thaa, joe ack sakht roop seey paalan karane vaale roman catholic shramik varg key parivaar mein sabse chhoti santan thee. unake pitaa, friedrich bronsteiner, ack sharaab kii dukaan aur/yaa kasai key liye ack chaalak they. nurse banane kii apani akanksha koo puuraa karane key liye harmeen key paas sadhanon kii kamee thee, aur vaha ack naukarani key roop mein kaam karati thee. 1937 seey 1938 taka, unhone ingland mein ack americi engineer key ghar mein kaam kiya.
1938 mein, "ensclus" key baad bronsteiner ack german nagrik bunn gaye. vaha ingland seey vienna lauti aur usee varsh berlin mein hankell vimaan kaary mein naukari key liye germany sthanantarit hoe gaee.
revensbrook mein shivir rakshak.
apane makaan malik, ack german puliskarmi key aagrah parr, bronsteiner ney kaidiyon kii dekhrekh mein behtar vetan vaali naukari key liye aavedan kiya, jisase samay parr usaki aaya chaar gunaa hoe gaee. unhone 15 agast, 1939 koo revensbrook yaatana shivir mein maria mandel key tahat ack offsherin key roop mein apana prashikshan shuru kiya. dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii shuruat aur kabje vaale deshon seey nae kaidiyon key aaney key baad vaha vahaan rahee. teen saal baad, mandel key saath asahamati key kaaran bronsteiner ney octuber 1942 mein sthanantaran kaa anurodh kiya.
majdanek aur ulter flugafen.
16 octuber, 1942 koo, bronsteiner ney ack saal pahale polland key lublin key paas sthaapit majdanek yaatana shivir key paas jabaran shram paridhan karkhane mein apana kartavya grahan kiya. yeh ack shram shivir (arbitslegger) aur gais kaksh aur shmashan key saath ack unmoolan shivir (wernichtungslazer) donon thaa. unhein janwari 1943 mein paanch anya shivir rakshakon key saath "oberofserin" elsa ehrich key tahat sahayak wardress key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. taba taka adhikansh aufserinan koo ulter flugafen shram shivir seey majdanek mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
shivir mein bronsteiner kii kaee bhoomikaaen theen. usane gais chamber mein bheje jaane vaale mahilaaon aur bachchon key "chayan" mein khud koo shamil kiya aur kaee mahilaaon koo kode maar curr maar daala. elsa ehrich, hildegard latchert, marta ulrich, ellis orlovsky, charlot carla meyer-volert, erna wallisk aur elizabeth noblich jaisi anya mahila guards key saath kaam karate hue, bronsteiner apane jangli gusse aur gusse key liye jaani jaane luggy. dusseldorf mein apane baad key mukadame mein ack gawah key anusaar, usane "bachchon koo unake baalon seey pakad liya aur unhein gais chamber kii or jaane vaale trucks parr fenk diyaa. anya jeevit bache logon ney gawahi dee kii kaise usane apane steel seey bharey jackboot seey mahilaaon koo maaraa, jisase usey "stomping ghode" (polish mein "kobila", german mein "steut wonn majdanek") kaa upnaam milaa. apane kaam key liye, unhein 1943 mein yuddh yogyata cross, dwiteeya shreni praapt hui.
revensbrook phir seey aur genthin upa-shivir.
janwari 1944 mein, bronsteiner koo revensbrook vaapas jaane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa kyonki saamane kii pankti key aaney key kaaran majdanek ney nikasi shuru curr dee. unhein berlin key baahar sthit revensbrook key genthin upa-shivir mein nigrani wardress key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. gavaahon kaa kahana haye kii usane apane saath leey jaae gaye ghode key bede seey kaee kaidiyon key saath durvyavahar kiya, jisase cumm seey cumm dou mahilaaon kii maut hoe gaee. ack francisi chikitsak, jise genthin mein nazarband kiya gayaa thaa, ney shivir parr shasson karate samay bronsteiner kii krurta koo yaad kiyaah "maine usey ack yuva russie ladki koo sawari fasal key saath panchish kode maarte hue dekhaa, jiss parr todfod kii koshish karane kaa sandeh thaa. usaki peeth palakon seey bharee hui thee, lekin mujhe turant uska ilaaj karane kii anumati naheen dee gaee."
yuddh key baad austriya.
7 maee, 1945 koo, bronsteiner soviyat laal senaa seey pahale shivir seey bhaag gayaa. phir vaha vienna laut aaee, lekin jald hii chully gaee. 6 maee, 1946 koo austriyai pulis ney bronsteiner koo giraftar kiya aur usey british sainya kabje vaale adhikaariyon koo saunp diyaa. unhein 18 aprail, 1947 taka vibhinn nazarbandi shiviron mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. 7 aprail, 1948 koo austriyai adhikaariyon dwara bronsteiner koo phir seey giraftar kiya gayaa thaa.
22 navambar, 1949 koo, graze mein austriyai logon kii adalat ney brainsteiner koo ravensbrook mein gair-ghaatak durvyavahar key liye maanav garima key khilaf apraadhon kaa doshi thaharaaya, lekin gavaahon kii kamee key kaaran hatyaa sahit majdanek mein usake apraadhon seey burry curr diyaa. bronsteiner koo teen saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee aur usaki sampatti jabt curr lii gaee. samay bitaane kaa shreya milane parr, unhein aprail 1950 mein jail seey riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa. bronsteiner koo bataaya gayaa thaa kii unhein aage key abhiyojan kaa saamana naheen karna padegaa, aur baad mein 1957 mein aanshik maafi dee gaee. unhone pravaas karane taka hotalon aur restaraan mein nimn-stariya naukariyon mein kaam kiya.
pravaas aur vivaah.
ack americi, russell rayan, austriya mein apani chhutti key dauran unase mille they. nova skotia, kanada mein pravaas karane key baad unhone octuber 1958 mein shaadi kii. vaha aprail 1959 mein sanyukt raajya america mein pravesh kiya, 19 janwari, 1963 koo sanyukt raajya america kii nagrik bunn gaee. way newyork shahar key maspeth, queens mein rahate they, jahan unhein ack dostana tareeke seey ack kattar grihini key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, ack nirmaan shramik seey shaadi kii.
khoj.
naazi shikari saiman vicenthal ney tail aveev kii yatra parr sanyog seey apane raaste koo uthaaya. vaha vahaan ack restaraan mein thaa jaba usey apane dost kaa phone aaya kii vaha unake dopahar key bhojan mein naheen jaa sakata haye. hotal ney shree key liye phone coll kii ghoshana kii. vicenthal" aur isake kaaran anya sanrakshkon dwara unaki pehchaan kii gaee, joe unaki sarahana karane key liye khade hue. jaba vaha apani mez parr lauta, tou kaee majdanek jeevit bache loga intezar curr rahey they jinhone usey bronsteiner aur usane kyaa kiya thaa, isake baare mein bataaya. iss jaankaari key aadhar parr unhone vienna seey halifax, nova skotia aur phir torrento key madhyam seey raani taka unake raaste kaa anusaran kiya. 1964 mein, vicenthal ney "dha newyork times" koo satark kiya kii bronsteiner ney raayan naam key ack vyakti seey shaadi kii hogi aur newyork shahar mein baro off queens key maspeth kshetra mein reh sakate hain. unhone joseph leaveld, joe taba ack yuva reporter they, koo "shrimati" khojane key liye niyukt kiya. reyan."way pahale paschimi elmhurst mein 54-44 82 veen sadak parr rahate they aur maspeth mein 52-11 72 veen sadak parr chaley gaye. usane usey dusare darwaaje kii ghanti parr paaya joe usane bajaai aur baad mein likhaa kii usane apane saamane key darwaaje parr uska swaagat kiya aur kahaah "merey bhagwan, mujhe pataa thaa kii aisaa hoga. aap aaa gaye hain."
bronsteiner ney kahaa kii vaha kewal ack saal, usa samay key aathh maheene, camp aspatal mein majdanek mein rahee thee. "merrie patni, saahab, ack makkhi koo chot naheen pahunchaayegi", rayan ney kahaa. "iss dharti parr isase achchha koee aur vyakti naheen haye. usane mujhase kahaa kii yeh ack kartavya thaa jise usey nibhana thaa. yeh ack anivarya seva thee."22 agast, 1968 koo, sanyukt raajya america key adhikaariyon ney bronsteiner kii nagrikta koo radd karane kii maang kii, kyonki vaha yuddh apraadhon key liye apani doshasiddhi kaa khulasa karane mein whiffle rahee thee; nirvaasan seey bachane key liye sahamati nirnay mein pravesh karane key baad 1971 mein usey aswasthyakar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1972 mein, chaukas logon ney ack ghar parr aag lagaa dee, jahan unhein galati seey lagaa kii bronsteiner reh rhaa haye.
pratyarpan.
dusseldorf mein ack abhiyojak ney bronsteiner key yuddhakaaleen vyavhaar kii jaanch shuru kii, aur 1973 mein paschim german sarkaar ney 200,000 logon kii maut mein sanyukt jimmedaari kaa aarop lagaate hue usake pratyarpan kaa anurodh kiya. 22 march, 1973 koo, bronsteiner koo hirasat mein leey liya gayaa kyonki vaha nirvaasan kii prateeksha curr rahee thee. unhein rickers dweep parr, phir nasaau county jail mein rakhaa gayaa thaa.
sanyukt raajya america kii adalat ney prakriyaatmak daavon koo khariz curr diyaa kii uska prakritikkaran amaanya thaa (yuu.aiss. nagrikon koo paschim germany mein pratyarpit naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa), aur yeh kii aarop paschim germany key baahar ack gair-german dwara kiye gaye raajneetik apraadhon kaa aarop lagaate hain. baad mein, isane sambhaavit kaaran kii kamee aur dohri khatare key daavon koo khariz curr diyaa. agale varsh key dauran, vaha sanyukt raajya america kii jilaa adalat mein apane pati key saath raani mein baithi, poorv "shutzstaffel" (ss) gaard key khilaf jeevit bache logon kii gawahi suna rahee thee. unhone chabuk maarne aur ghaatak pitai kaa varnan kiya. gavaahon mein seey akele, rechel burger ney gawahi dee kii vaha majdanek mein mahila shivir key poorv upa-commandant key khilaf pratishodh kaa jashn manaayegi.
nyayadhish ney 1 maee, 1973 koo raajya sachiv koo usake pratyarpan koo pramaanit kiya, aur 7 agast, 1973 koo, hermine bronsteiner rayan sanyukt raajya america seey paschim germany mein pratyarpit honey vaalaa pahala naazi yuddh aparaadhi bunn gayaa.
paschim germany mein mukadama.
rayan koo 7 agast, 1973 koo dusseldorf mein hirasat mein bhej diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba taka kii usake pati ney 7 aprail, 1976 koo jamaanat naheen dee thee. haalaanki, vaha gavaahon koo daraane kaa prayaas karane key baad 8 disambar, 1977 koo hirasat mein laut aaee, aur 9 janwari, 1978 taka vahaan rahee. paschim german adalat ney rayan kii iss daleel koo khariz curr diyaa kii usake paas adhikaar kshetra kaa abhaav haye, kyonki vaha ack german nagrik naheen thee, balki austriyai thee, aur yeh kii kathit aparaadh germany key baahar hue they. isane faisala sunaaya kii vaha usa samay ack german nagrik thee aur isase bhee mahatvapurna baat yeh haye kii vaha german reech key naam parr kaam karane vaali ack german sarkari adhikaari thee.
vaha paschimi germany mein majdanek key 15 anya poorv ss purushon aur mahilaaon key saath mukadame kaa saamana karati thee. choon key khilaf gavaahon mein seey ack ney gawahi dee kii usane "bachchon koo unake baal pakad liye aur unhein gais chamber kii or jaane vaale trucks parr fenk diyaa."anya logon ney buri tarah seey peetane kii baat kii. ack gawah ney choon aur steel seey bharey jackboot key baare mein bataaya, jinase usane kaidiyon koo peeta.
teesara majdanek mukadama (german mein) dusseldorf mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. 26 navambar, 1975 koo shuru huaa aur 474 satron taka chalaa, yeh paschim germany mein sabse lamba aur sabse mahanga pareekshan thaa. prativaadiyon mein rayan, poorv ss gaard herman hackman aur shivir key doctor heinrich schmitt shamil they. adalat ney abhiyog key chhah mamalon mein aparyaapt saboot paae aur usey teen mamalon mein doshi thaharaayaah 80 logon kii hatyaa, 102 bachchon kii hatyaa key liye uksana aur 1,000 logon kii hatyaa mein sahyog karna. 30 juuna, 1981 koo adalat ney aajivan karawas kii sajaa sunai, joe usake saha-prativaadiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik gambhir sajaa thee.
pair key vichhedan sahit madhumeh kii jatilataon key kaaran 1996 mein unhein mulheimer mahila jail seey riha kiya gayaa. hermin bronsteiner rayan kaa 19 aprail, 1999 koo germany key bocham mein 79 varsh kii ayu mein nidhan hoe gayaa.
rayan key pratyarpan key baare mein prachaar key baad, sanyukt raajya america sarkaar ney 1979 mein aeye. yuu. kii sthaapana kii.aiss. yuddh apraadhiyon koo apraakritik banaane yaa nirvaasit karane key liye vishesh jaanch kaa karyalaya. isane pahale aapravaasan aur prakritikkaran seva dwara aayojit adhikaar kshetra leey liya.

