
wickers bahadur

wickers veer ack british uchch-oonchaai jett bomber thaa jise paramanu hathiyaron koo leey jaane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1950 aur 1960 key dashak mein shaahi vayu senaa key "vee bomber" ranneetik nivaarak bull kaa hissa thaa. ise paramanu-sashastr jett-sanchaalit bamvarshak key liye vayu mantralaya dwara jaari vinirdesh b.35/46 key jawab mein wickers-armstrong dwara vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. veer vee bamvarshakon mein seey pahala thaa joe parichaalan mein aaya, aur usake baad handley pays victor aur evro valkan aaya. veer ekmatra vee bomber haye jisane jeevit paramanu hathiyar giraaye hain (pareekshan uddeshyon key liye).
1956 mein, malta seey sanchaalit yoddhaon ney suez sankat key dauran operation musketeer key liye misra key oopar paaramparik bambari missions koo udaaya. 1956 seey 1966 kii shuruat taka naato aur yuddh sandhi shaktiyon key beach takraav mein paramanu pratirodh bhoomika mein mukhya bahadur bull kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. anya squadranon ney havaai eendhan bharane, havaai tohi aur electronic yuddh kiya.
1962 mein, soviyat sangh kii satah seey havaa mein maar karane vaali missile (saim) praudyogiki mein pragati key jawab mein, veer sahit vee-force bede koo uchch-stariya udaan seey nimn-star parr udaan bharane key liye badal diyaa gayaa taaki saim hamalon seey bachaa jaa sakey joe unhein praapt hotey yadi way uchch oonchaai parr udaan bhar rahey hotey. 1964 mein yeh paaya gayaa kii yoddhaon ney peechhe kii or key pakshiya sanlagnak forging mein thakan aur kristaliya ksharan dikhaaya. 1964 key anta mein ack marammat karyakram chala rhaa thaa, lekin sarkaar key parivartan key kaaran nae raksha mantri ney yeh nirnay liya kii bahadur koo seva seey sevaanivritt kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur yeh 1965 kii shuruat mein huaa. vijeta aur valkan vee-bomber 1980 key dashak taka seva mein rahey.
vikas.
prishthabhoomi aur utpatti.
navambar 1944 mein, surr heinry tizzard kii adhyakshata mein ack alag samiti key saath sanyukt takniki yuddh samiti ney "yuddh key hathiyaron" kii bhavishya kii kshamata kii jaanch kii aur 3 julaai 1945 koo prakaashit saath mein tizzard report ney shaahi vayu senaa (raaf) bamvarshak kamaan key liye vishisht neeti nirdesh diye. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, badey paimaane parr chhaapon key liye bhaari chaar-injan vaale bamvarshakon kaa upayog karane kii neeti yuddh key turant baad kii avadhi mein jaari rahee; evro linken, evro lankester kaa ack adyatan sanskaran, raaf kaa maanak bamvarshak bunn gayaa. 1946 mein, vayu karmchaariyon ney turbojet-sanchaalit bhaari bamvarshakon key vikas key liye parichaalan aavashyaktaaen yaa 229 aur yaa 230 jaari kiye, joe uchch oonchaai aur gati parr paramanu hathiyaron koo leey jaane mein saksham hain, binaa rakshaatmak shastra key, shatrutapurna shaktiyon key liye ack nivaarak key roop mein kaary karane key liye aur yadi pratirodh whiffle rahata haye, tou ack paramanu hamla karane key liye. iss mahatvakanksha key saath, britten ney apane swayam key paramanu hathiyar vikasit karane kii shuruat kii.
janwari 1947 mein, british vayu mantralaya ney paramanu hathiyaron koo leey jaane aur paramanu oorjaa kii oonchaai parr dhwani kii gati key paas udaan bharane key uddeshya seey ack unnat jett bamvarshak key liye vinirdesh b.35/46 jaari kiya. teen companiyaanh aeye.vee. row, handley-pays aur wickers-armstrong ney kadee aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane key uddeshya seey unnat design prastut kiye. jabaki chhote bhaaiyon ney geophrey tii dwara ack design prastut kiya. aar. pahaadi, jise bahut mahatvakankshi maanaa gayaa thaa, vayu karmchaariyon ney ack alag aavashyakta key liye company seey ack aur prastuti sweekaar kii, b.14/46, yadi unnat b.35/46 prayaas musibat mein parh jaataa haye tou "beema" key roop mein. vimanan lekhak bill gunston aur peater gilchrist ney vinirdesh b.14/46 koo "jett injanon seey susajjit paaramparik vimaan seey thodaa adhik" key roop mein varnit kiya, joe b.14/46 koo puuraa karane key liye ack roodhivaadi design prastut kartaa haye, joe kii s bunn gayaa.aeye. 4 sperrin. dou prototype poore kiye gaye they, pahali udaan 1951 mein aayojit kii gaee thee, lekin sperrin koo antatah kewal anusandhaan aur vikas uddeshyon key liye hataa diyaa gayaa thaa.
wickers dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey vaimaaniki vinirmaan aur vikas key kshetra mein duniya kii pramukh companiyon mein seey ack key roop mein ubhare they. isake alawa, company ney vibridge, surre mein sthit apane swayam key gupt scunk karyon jaise vikas sangathan kaa sanchaalan kiya, joe kaee gupt yuddhakaaleen vikas pariyojanaon mein shamil thaa. yeh gupt vibhajan thaa jisamen shurveer key vikas key praarambhik charan hue, jisamen praarambhik dou prototype kii baad kii assembly bhee shamil thee. wickers ney shuru mein vinirdesh b.35/46 koo puuraa karane key liye chhah-injan jett bomber design prastaav kaa utpaadan kiya; jaise-jaise adhik shaktishali jett injanon key vikas mein teji seey pragati kii gaee thee, ise 1948 mein chaar-injan prastaav parr phir seey kaam kiya gayaa thaa. wickers dwara prastut prastaavit design apekshaakrit seedha thaa, pratidvandi farmon dwara kii gaee pratispardhi boliyon kii tulanaa mein cumm vaayugatikiya roop seey unnat thaa.
handley-pays aur evro donon ney bomber pratiyogita key liye unnat designs kaa utpaadan kiya thaa. inhen kramshah vijeta aur valkan key roop mein prastut kiya jaayega; vayu karmchaariyon ney inmein seey ack design whiffle honey kii sthiti mein pratyek company koo beema key roop mein anubandh dene kaa faisala kiya. prastutiyaan vee bamvarshak, yaa vee-varg key roop mein jaani jaane lageen, sabhi vimaanon koo naam diye gaye joe "vee" akshar seey shuru hue. wickers key prastutikaran koo shuru mein vijeta aur valkan key roop mein unnat naheen honey key roop mein khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin wickers key mukhya designer george edwards ney iss aadhar parr vayu mantralaya kii pairavi kii kii yeh pratiyogita kii tulanaa mein bahut jaldi upalabdh hoe jaayega, itna door jaa rhaa haye kii 1951 key anta taka ack prototype udaaya jaayega, kii baad key utpaadan vimaan 1953 key anta seey pahale udaaya jaayega, aur vaha shrinkhala vitaran 1955 kii shuruat mein shuru hoga. wickers mein vimaan nirmaan key bhavishya key liye bomber anubandh praapt karna mahatvapurna mahatva kaa maanaa jaataa thaa. "edwards koo puuraa vishvaas thaa kii vibridge nirdisht vimaan koo vitarit curr sakata haye.. "aur"..vivaranika pradarshan key aankadon aur tithiyon key liye pratibaddh kyonki unhone socha kii way jaanate hain kii ise kaise karna haye. unhone vijeta aur valkan kii oonchaai aur gati kii aavashyaktaon koo adhik bariki seey puuraa karane kii koshish karane yaa mool roop seey nirdisht upkaran koo badalane key liye dhakka diye jaane kaa virodh kiya kyonki yeye vichalit karane seey unaki vaadaa kii gaee delivery kii taareekhen khatare mein parh jaayengi.
halanki ack hii parichaalan aavashyakta (yaa) key jawab mein teen alag-alag vimaan prakaron kaa vikas karna mahanga thaa, berlin nakabandi jaisi ghatnaaon ney paschimi europe mein aakraman key sambhaavit krityon seey soviyat sangh koo rokane mein tatkalikta kii bhavna paida kii thee.
aprail 1948 mein, vayu karmchaariyon ney 660 wickers design key prakaar key aspas likhe gaye padnam b.9/48 key saath ack vinirdesh jaari kiya; aur 16 aprail 1948 koo wickers koo 'aage badhane kaa nirdesh' praapt huaa.
farwari 1949 mein, wickers 660 shrinkhala key dou prototype kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. pahala chaar roll-royce aar. aeye. 3 avon turbojet injanon seey susajjit honah thaa, jabaki doosara chaar armstrong sidley neelam injanon seey susajjit honah thaa aur ise prakaar 667 naamit kiya gayaa thaa.
prototype.
18 maee 1951 koo, pahala prototype, serial number wb210 apani pahali udaan key liye havaa mein chalaa gayaa, usa samay seema key bheetar joe george edwards ney vaadaa kiya thaa, anubandh jaari honey key kewal 27 maheene baad. yeh pratispardhi laghu sperrin seey kaee maheene pahale thaa; sperrin key pankh seedhe (bahate naheen) they aur iska adesh naheen diyaa gayaa thaa. bahadur pilot kaptan joseph "mutt" grishmakaaleen they, joe supermarine spitfire parr mool pareekshan pilot bhee they, aur sevaanivritt honey seey pahale apane record mein ack aur "pahala" jodana chaahte they. pahali udaan mein unakaa saha-pilot geb "jock" brice thaa, joe kuchh hii samay baad apani sevaanivritti key baad wickers key mukhya pareekshan pilot key roop mein garmiyon mein safal huaa. agale maheene, wickers type 660 koo "veer" kaa aadhikarik naam diyaa gayaa, 1931 key wickers type 131 samanya-uddeshya dwi-vimaan koo diye gaye naam kaa punah upayog karate hue. veer naam kaa chayan wickers karmchaariyon key ack sarvekshan dwara kiya gayaa thaa.
11 janwari 1952 koo, v.1000 karyakram key liye aantarik shore maap karate samay pahala bahadur prototype khou gayaa thaa. pareekshan mein injan shutdown aur ree-light shamil they, jinamen seey ack ney starboard wing mein aag lagaa dee; adhikansh chaalak dall vimaan seey surakshit roop seey bachane mein kamyab rahey, sivaay saha-pilot key, joe baahar nikalane key baad poonchh seey takaraaya.
11 aprail 1952 koo, dusare prototype wb215 ney eendhan pranali mein sanshodhan key baad apani pahali udaan bharee. yeh mool roop seey yojnabaddh neelam key bajaay pratyek key saath adhik shaktishali aar. aeye. 7 avon injanon key saath susajjit thaa; isamen adhik shaktishali injanon koo paryaapt havaa dene key liye, pahale prototype key sankeern slot-prakaar key sevan kii jagah, adhik goal havaa inlet bhee shamil they. dusare prototype key upalabdh honey taka kii chhoti deree kaa matlab thaa kii prototype key nuksan ney vikas anusuchi seey samjhauta naheen kiya.
bahadur bee 2.
teen prototype mein seey ack bee. 2 sanskaran thaa. bee. 2 kaa uddeshya mukhya bamvarshak bull key liye lakshyon koo chihnit karane key liye nimn star parr udaan bharane vaale pathpradarshak vimaan key roop mein kaam karna thaa. nimn star parr badhee hui vayu ashanti seey nipatane key liye, bee. 2 mein ack majboot airframe thaa. vishesh roop seey, pankhon kii sanrachana mein cutt-out koo hataane key saath pankhon koo majboot kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen mukhya pahiye peechhe hutt gaye they, jisase pankhon key marodane vaale dibbe kii sanrachana nirbaadh hoe gaee thee aur aantarik eendhan bhandaran key liye adhik jagah millie thee; isake bajaay mukhya landing gear, jisamen bee. 1 key dou pahiyon key bajaay chaar pahiye they, pankhon key peechhe kii or badey fairing mein peechhe hutt gaye. bee. 2 mein kull lambai key saath ack lamba dhad thaa, isake vipareet bahadur bee. 1 key liye lambai key saath, atirikt lambai key saath adhik avionics key liye jagah detaa haye.
prototype bee. 2, serial number doubleuse954 ney pahali baar 4 sitambar 1953 koo udaan bharee. ack gloss black night operation pent scheme mein samaapt huaa, ise "black bomber" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. nimn star parr iska pradarshan bee. 1 (yaa kissy anya vee-bomber) seey behtar thaa, vishesh roop seey samudra star parr, vimaan koo nimn star parr (pareekshan mein pahunchane kii gati key saath) key liye saaf kiya jaa rhaa thaa. isaki tulanaa bee. 1 samudra-star seema seey kii gaee thee. vayu mantralaya ney 17 utpaadan bee. 2 vimaanon kaa adesh diyaa, jinhen rolls-royce conway turbofan dwara sanchaalit kiya jaanaa thaa. halanki bee. 2 kii veertapurna nimn-stariya kshamataaen mahatvapurna theen, lekin karyakram koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa kyonki dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii "pathpradarshak avadharana" koo paramanu yug mein aprachalit maanaa jaataa thaa. bee. 2 prototype kaa upayog kuchh varshon key liye parikshanon key liye kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen dou super-sprite rockett motors kaa upayog karate hue, germ yaa uchch havaai kshetron mein bahadur bee. 1 key liye rockett-sahaayata praapt tech-off kii nikasi shamil thee. isane break judder key kaaran kii jaanch karane key liye vyaapak taxi pareekshan bhee kiye, jisake kaaran landing gear kii thakan whiffle hoe gaee. ise 1958 mein samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
utpaadan.
aprail 1951 mein, 25 bahadur bee. 1 (bamvarshak chihn 1) vimaan key liye ack praarambhik utpaadan adesh raaf kii or seey aapoorti mantralaya dwara diyaa gayaa thaa. iss adesh kaa samay utpaadan koo jaldi seey sthaapit karane key liye mahatvapurna thaa. brooklands mein ack assembly line sthaapit karate samay ispat aur anya samagriyon kii kamee key kaaran, bahaduron key liye utpaadan key badey hisse concreet seey banaae gaye they. utpaadit pahale paanch yoddhaon koo poorv-utpaadan maanak key liye puuraa kiya gayaa thaa, pahala wp199 thaa. 21 disambar 1953 koo, utpaadan vimaan ney apani pahali udaan kaa sanchaalan kiya; yeh phir seey usa anusuchi key bheetar huaa thaa jiska vaadaa edward ney kiya thaa.
8 farwari 1955 koo, yeh pahala utpaadan bahadur raaf koo diyaa gayaa thaa. britten kaa "vee-bomber" bull, jaisa kii octuber 1952 mein iska upnaam diyaa gayaa thaa, usa dinn aupchaarik roop seey parichaalan seva mein pravesh kiya. vijeta aur valkan jald hii senaa mein bahadur kaa anusaran karenge, kull teen prakaar key paramanu-sashastr ranneetik bamvarshakon key liye. sitambar 1957 mein, antim veer koo vitarit kiya gayaa thaa. sabhi utpaadan vimaan samay parr aur bajat seey cumm samay parr vitarit kiye gaye they.
ekal bee. 2 prototype sahit kull 108 yoddhaon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa.
britten key paramanu pratirodh key hisse key roop mein apani pramukh bhoomika key alawa, bahadur bamvarshak ney uchch visfotak bumm bhee giraaye. bamvarshakon key baad ack ranneetik tohi sanskaran aur ack bahuuddeshiya sanskaran paaramparik bambari, havaai tohi aur havaai eendhan bharane mein saksham thaa.
18 squadron ney electronic jawabi kaarravaai upkaran key saath 6 yoddhaon kaa sanchaalan kiya.
bumm khaadi mein ack nully drum ikai (aich. dee. yuu.) key jodd key madhyam seey havaa mein eendhan bharane key liye 90 aur 214 squadranon key yoddhaon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, joe usee nilamban ikaaiyon parr lagaae gaye they joe bamon key liye bhee upayog kiye jaate they. iska matlab thaa kii eendhan bharane key liye, bumm-khaadi key darvaajon koo khola jaanaa thaa taaki eendhan bharane vaali nully koo pravaahit kiya jaa sakey (baad key tankers key vipareet jahaan aich. dee. yuu. koo bumm khaadi key ander key bajaay dhad key neeche seey flush kiya gayaa thaa).
kaee yoddhaon kaa upayog pareekshan aur vikas uddeshyon key liye bhee kiya gayaa thaa, jaise kii neeli ispat paramanu-sashastr gatirodh missile key parikshanon key dauran ack udaan pareekshan key roop mein iska upayog, jise baad mein anya vee-bombers seey lais hathiyaron key shastragar mein jodaa gayaa thaa.
valkan aur victor key vipareet, bahadur ney adhik saksham maark 2 model kaa utpaadan naheen dekhaa.
1962 mein bahadur bamvarshak squadranon koo dushman kii satah seey havaa (saim) raksha pranaliyon seey bachane key liye ack nimn-stariya udaan profile mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa.
1964 mein nimn star kii udaan mein vayu ashanti mein vriddhi key kaaran thakan kii khoj kii gaee thee aur iss prakaar kii samay seey pahale sevaanivritti hoe gaee thee. wick flintham ney dekhaa kii "sthiti mein ack achchi vidambana haye, kyonki wickers ney ack tej, nimn-stariya pathpradarshak key roop mein design kiye gaye prakaar 673 bee emke 2 sanskaran kaa utpaadan kiya thaa... vayu mantralaya koo koee dilchaspi naheen thee..."veeron kaa antim uddeshya-nirmit sainya vimaan thaa. isake baad 1959 mein design kiya gayaa ack yatri turboprop, vanguard aur 1962 mein ack jett yatri vimaan, wickers vee. see. 10, kaa upayog sainya parivahan aur raif dwara tanker key roop mein bhee kiya gayaa thaa.
design.
veer samkaaleen vaimaaniki gyaan parr adharit thaa jisamen koee unnat aprayukt vaayugatiki naheen thee jise chhote paimaane parr shodh vimaan yaa lambe shodh aur vikas key saath saabit karane kii aavashyakta thee. isake parinamswarup george edwards ney bahadur koo uchit aur saralata seey varnit kiya, lekin apane swayam key, jyaadaatar mool, muhaware koo ack "ajib" vimaan key roop mein upayog kiya. 
veer key paas ack kandhe parr lagey pankh aur chaar roll-royce avon aar. aeye. 3 turbojet injan they, joe pratyek pankh kii jarh mein agnirodhak bey mein jode mein sthaapit kiye gaye they. bahadur key design ney sweep-wing vaayugatiki key saath ack swachchh vimaan kii samagr chhaap dee. 12 pratishat key mool taar motai anupaat ney avon injan koo fully key bajaay pankh key bheetar honey kii anumati dee, jaisa kii samkaaleen boing bee-47 mein thaa. iss "dafan injan" kii sthaapana ney vimaan kii vaayugatikiya safai mein yogdan diyaa, aur usa samay british abhyaas thaa. isane rakharkhaav aur marammat key liye injan taka pahunch koo mushkil banaa diyaa aur jokhim koo badhaa diyaa kii ack injan kii aniyantrit viphalata seey aasann injan koo nuksan hoga; isane mukhya spaar key design kii jatilata koo bhee badhaa diyaa jise injan key chaaron or bheja jaanaa thaa.
veer key pankh ney ack "yaugik sweep" vinyas kaa upayog kiya, jise wickers vayugatikivid elphin richard dwara taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. richard ney paaya kii pankh key inboard section parr sweep koo badhaana aavashyak thaa, ack khoj jise unhone baad mein ack spashteekaran key saath "havaai jahaaj key pankh key gathan mein sudhaar" key roop mein patent kiya kii "shockwaves key gathan mein usee hudd taka deree hoti haye joe poore pankh key dauran hoti haye"; bahadur pankh mein pankh key aantarik teesare hisse key liye 37° sweepback aur shesh key liye 21° thaa. aisaa isaliye thaa kyonki motai/taar anupaat koo yuktiyon key karib cumm kiya jaa sakata thaa. vaayugatikiya niyantran satahon key aspas halke sweepback kaa vikalp kaa matlab thaa kii seva mein gati 0.84 mack taka seemit thee aur halke seey load honey parr oonchaai parr 0.75 mack kii ack vishisht cruze thee. ack drogg parachute aavashyak naheen thaa, yahaan taka kii runway seey bhee kaam karna aavashyak thaa.
pankh koo dhad parr oonchaa rakhaa gayaa thaa aur injanon kaa sthaan aur pankh key bheetar mukhya landing gear eendhan key liye upalabdh matra koo seemit curr detaa thaa. pankhon key peechhe key kinare parr trim tab key saath dou-khand vaale aleron they, aur aleron key inboard mein dou-slot vaale flap they. flap aur landing gear koo sthanantarit karane key liye seedhe vidyut drive kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. ekmatra hydrolic roop seey sanchaalit upkaran, steering aur break, bhee electric motors dwara sanchaalit they, lekin yaantrik gearing key bajaay hydrolic pump chalaa rahey they.
utpaadan vimaanon koo chaar avon 201 turbojet injanon dwara sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen jore thaa.
udaan key liye jore pradaan karane key alawa, injanon ney dabaav, burf suraksha aur vatanukoolan pranaliyon key liye rakt-pravaahit havaa bhee pradaan kii. vimaan key dc vidyut generator bhee injanon dwara sanchaalit they. burf key banane aur baad mein girane seey sambhavatah injan koo nuksan pahunchaane seey rokane key liye injan inlet mein napier spremate electric heater lagaae gaye they. injan inlet key aakar pahale prototype mein lambe aaytaakaar slot they, jabaki utpaadan valient mein andakar yaa "tamasha" aakar key inlet they jinhen adhik shaktishali injanon key liye adhik vayu pravaah koo paarit karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. vimaan key nikas pankhon key peechhe key kinare key oopar fairing seey nikale.
chhote ushnakatibandhiya failaav aadharon seey aavashyak takeoff pradarshan key liye, bahadur key liye ack jettisonable rockett booster injan paik vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. dou underving dee havilland sprite booster key saath pareekshan kiye gaye they; jaba avon injan key adhik shaktishali roop upalabdh hue tou unaki aavashyakta naheen thee. saath hii, yadi ack booster rockett udaan bharane mein whiffle hoe jaataa haye tou durghatanaon kaa khatra badh jaataa haye, jisake parinamswarup asmamit jore padata haye. kuchh bahadur injanon mein paani kaa injection thaa, jisase prati injan lagbhag takeoff thrust badh gayaa.
chaalak dall aage key dhad mein ack dabaav vaale dibbe mein they aur isamen ack pilot, saha-pilot, dou navik aur air signalar (baad mein ack air electronics officer (aeo) kahaa jaataa thaa) shamil they. iss dabaav vaale khand key nirmaan koo sonders-row key liye upa-anubandhit kiya gayaa thaa. pilot aur saha-pilot ack oopari star parr ack saath sthit they, shesh teen chaalak dall key sadasya cockpit mein nichale stations parr baithe they, aur peechhe kii or munh curr rahey they. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dee havilland machchar hamlawar dwara saabit ack parichaalan darshan, rakshaatmak bandook burj aur air gunner kii hataai gaee aavashyakta key saath chaalak dall koo ghataakar paanch curr diyaa gayaa thaa. pilot aur saha-pilot koo martin-becker aim. key. 3 ejector seeten pradaan kii gaeen, jabaki peechhe key chaalak dall koo dhad key bandargah kii or andakar mukhya pravesh dwaar seey baahar nikalana padaa. iss nikas kaa upayog karke surakshit palayan kii sambhavana naheen maani gaee thee.
dabaav vaale chaalak dall key hisse key peechhe aur pankh key aage key dhad kshetra kaa upayog adhikansh vimanan, aur vatanukoolan upkaran rakhane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, aur kabhi-kabhi ise "anga loft" kahaa jaataa thaa. veer key paas dohare-pahiyon vaale naak key gear aur tendam-wheel mukhya gear they joe pankh key neeche kii or peechhe hutt jaate they. pratyek mukhya gear multipad anty-skid disk break seey lais they, aur doorbeen seey judey hue they taaki ack ekal drive motor unhein wing recess mein kheench sakey. adhikansh vimaan pranaaliyan vidyut theen, jinamen flap aur undercarries shamil they. break aur steering gear vidyut chaalit they, joe sakriyan key liye hydrolic pump chalaate they. vimaan kii naak key nichale aadhe hisse mein ack kaanch key fiber redom mein aich2aiss radar key liye scanner thaa; isake alawa, ack drishya bumm drishya dabaavit cockpit key nichale tala key neeche sthit thaa. avionics khaadi cockpit seey sulabh naheen thee, lekin bumm khaadi key peechhe key hisse key oopar ack aantarik catwalk key liye peechhe key dhad key aadhar parr ack pravesh dwaar kaa upayog karke pahuncha jaa sakata thaa.
vidyut pranaliyon mein 112 volt key pratyaksh vidyut generator kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, pratyek injan parr ack, badee matra mein vidyut shakti kii aavashyakta vaale karyon key liye. ack 28 vee. dee. see. pranali kaa upayog anya upayogon key liye kiya gayaa thaa jisamen uchch-voltage pranali karyon koo niyantrit karane vaale actuator shamil they. 24 vee aur 96 vee battery seey back-upp power aaya. 115 vee ulternating current radar aur udaan satahon, flap, air break aur undercarries key liye actuator key liye pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. design charan key dauran yeh nirnay liya gayaa thaa kii jitna sambhav hoe utanaa vimaan vidyut chaalit hoga; uchch voltage generator aur cabling sahit poorna vidyut pranali, yaantrik drive key saath vidyut motors key saath, pump, nalika, actuator, drav aur bhandaran tankon seey yukt hydrolic samkaksh kii tulanaa mein halki thee.
veer (aleron, lift aur rudder) key udaan niyantran mein poorna manual backup key saath bijli niyantran key dou channel shamil they; prashikshan key dauran manual mein udaan bharane kaa abhyaas kiya jaataa thaa kyonki yadi udaan key dauran poori tarah seey vidyut viphalata hoti haye tou isaki aavashyakta hogi. manual" mein udaan niyantran koo sanchaalit karane key liye kaafee shaaririk prayaas kii aavashyakta hoti haye. lift, aleron aur patwar key liye pilot key niyantran mein ack kritrim anubhav pranali thee, jisake liye dabaav ack raam-air inlet seey pradaan kiya gayaa thaa.
vibhinn nauvahan sahayak upkaranon key saath ack smith aerospace autopilot aur instrument landing system (aaee. ell. aiss.) sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jaise kii marconi company dwara nirmit green satin doppler radar, jee radio navigation, swachaalit disha khojkarta (aeye. dee. aff.), vore/doori maapane kaa upkaran (dee. aim. ee.), aur radar ultimeter. atirikt upkaran aur samvedak key liye praavdhaan bhee kiye gaye they, jaise kii side looking airbourne radar.
bahadur key kendra dhad mein dou vyaapak roop seey sett kiye gaye pankh key spars aur oopari dhad mein paanch eendhan koshikaon key vajan kaa samarthan karane key liye ack mukhya reedh kii huddy kii kiran thee.
bumm kii khaadi bhee kendra dhad key nichale aadhe hisse mein thee.
peechhe key dhad mein ack ardh-monocock sanrachana kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, joe kendra dhad kii tulanaa mein halka hotaa thaa; iss sthaan key bheetar eleran, lift aur patwar key liye bolton-paul-utpaadit vidyut-hydrolic shakti ikaaiyaan nihit theen.
peechhe key dhad seey judee poonchh koo peechhe kii or bahane key bajaay taper kiya gayaa thaa, kshaitij poonchh vaale vimaan koo injan key nikas seey saaf rakhane key liye urdhvaadhar pankh parr achchi tarah seey lagaaya gayaa thaa. telcon mein ack aeye. aar. aaee. 5800 orange putter tail warning radar thaa.
mukhya sanrachanaatmak ghatakon, spars aur veer key beam kaa nirmaan ack jastaa/magnicium/tambe key aluminium mishra dhaatu seey kiya gayaa thaa jise yuu. key. mein dee. tii. dee. 683 key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. bahadur koo ack 'surakshit-jeevan' ranneeti key saath design kiya gayaa thaa; 'surakshit-jeevan' aur dee. tii. dee. 683 key iss sanyojan koo ack gambhir galati key roop mein dekhaa gayaa. 1956 mein, dhaatu sansthaan kii patrika key bheetar ack prakaashan ney dee. tii. dee. 683 samagri koo asthir aur vinashkari viphalata mein saksham honey key roop mein ninda kii, jaba airframe koo isaki design seema key karib rakhaa gayaa. surakshit jeevan" design ranneeti koo 1956 mein shaahi vaimaaniki samaaj koo diye gaye ack bhaashan mein ack lockheed engineer dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki yeh vinashkari viphalata seey suraksha kii guaranti naheen detaa thaa.
bahadur bee. 1 apane bumm khaadi mein ack ekal paramanu hathiyar yaa 21 paaramparik bumm leey jaa sakata thaa. ise praarambhik vikhandan-adharit paramanu hathiyaron aur nae aur badey thermonuclear hydrogen bamon key liye bhee design kiya gayaa thaa.
ack "swachchh" bahadur (binaa underving tank key) udaan bharane key baad seedhe 50,000 feat taka chadh sakata thaa jaba taka kii badey bumm khaadi mein bhaari bhandar naa hoe.
havaai tohi bhoomika mein, bumm kii khaadi mein ack camera crate sthaapit kiya jaayega, saath hii vimaan key dhad mein camers kii ack jodee aur vimaan kii sahanshakti badhaane key liye badey peechhe key eendhan tankon koo sthaapit kiya jaayega. pratyek pankh key neeche badee baahari eendhan tankon kii kshamata key saath, seema badhaane key liye upayog kiya jaa sakata haye; bumm khaadi key aage key kshetra mein ack sahayak eendhan tank bhee sthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye; baahari pankh tankon koo valient parr maanak key roop mein fitt kiya gayaa thaa joe havaai eendhan bharane vaale tankers key roop mein sanchaalit they. eendhan praapt karane key liye, vimaan kii naak parr ack nishchit eendhan bharane vaali jaanch lagaai gaee thee, yeh dabaav kebin mein pravesh karane seey bachane key liye chandwa key baahar chalane vaale pipe key madhyam seey eendhan tankon seey judaa huaa thaa.
parichaalan itihas.
paramanu nivaarak.
veeron seey lais honey vaalaa pahala squadron 138 squadron thaa, joe 1 janwari 1955 koo raaf gedden mein banaa thaa, jisamen 21 farwari 1955 koo gedden mein 232 parichaalan roopaantaran ikai banaai gaee thee taaki chaalak dall koo nae bamvarshak mein parivartit kiya jaa sakey. choonki bahadur raaf key liye poori tarah seey nae varg key bamvarshakon kaa hissa thaa, isaliye nae prakaar key chaalak dall kaa chayan anubhavi vayu chaalak dall seey kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen pahale pilots koo vimaan key kaptan key roop mein 1,750 udaan ghanton kii aavashyakta hoti thee, cumm seey cumm ack daure key saath canbara udaanaa, dusare pilots koo 700 ghante kii aavashyakta hoti thee aur shesh teen chaalak dall key sadasyon koo unake commanding adhikaariyon dwara bahadur koo tainaat karane key liye anushansit kiya jaanaa thaa. yoddhaon koo mool roop seey ranneetik paramanu bambari kii bhoomika key liye saunpa gayaa thaa, jaisa kii valkan aur victor bee. 1aiss they jaba way parichaalan mein aae they. apane charam parr, bahadur duss raaf squadranon seey lais they.
gunston aur gilchrist key anusaar, americi ranneetik vayu kamaan (thaili) dwara aayojit vaarshik bambari pratiyogita key dauran bahadur ney "behad achchha" pradarshan kiya thaa. veer mein americi ruchi key parinamswarup usaf generalon wandenberg, johnson aur leme dwara wickers kii yatra kii gaee. wickers test-pilot bryan trubshow kaa maanana thaa kii george edwards koo licenses key tahat boing bee-47 banaane key liye kuchh dabaav mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. iss yatra kaa ekmatra parinam lii meey kaa aagrah thaa kii bee-47 aur prototype bee-52 mein tendam vyavastha key bajaay bee-52 mein bahadur pilot key saath-saath baithane kii vyavastha koo shamil kiya jaae.
11 octuber 1956 koo, ack bahadur bee. 1 (doubleu. jaid. 366) nam. advin flavell dwara sanchaalit 49 squadron paramanu bumm giraane vaalaa pahala british vimaan thaa jaba isane dakshin australia key maralinga parr ack neeche-rated neele denube hathiyar kii pareekshan boond kaa pradarshan kiya. yeh usa kshetra mein operation bhains paramanu pareekshan key hisse key roop mein huaa. paramanu visfot seey chaalak dall koo prakaash kii teevra chamak seey bachaane key liye pareekshan seey pahale windscreen blind lagaae gaye they. hathiyar koo tainaat karane key baad vimaan key utarane key baad, doubleu. jaid. 366 koo sambhaavit kshati aur radiodharmi sandushan key liye aanka gayaa thaa.
15 maee 1957 koo, keneth hubbard dwara sanchaalit ack bahadur bee (key). 1 (xd818) ney operation grapple key hisse key roop mein prashant key oopar pahala british hydrogen bumm, chhota grenite giraaya. koee 49 squadron koo live hathiyar drop karane key liye naheen chunaa gayaa thaa, aur garmi aur vikiran seey bachaane key liye parikshanon kii vaigyaanik aavashyaktaon aur anya ehatiyaati upaayon key anuroop vishesh roop seey sanshodhit yoddhaon seey lais they. halanki, maapa gayaa utpaadan apekshit adhikatam utpaadan key ack tihai seey cumm thaa, halanki ack thermonuclear visfot praapt kiya.
8 navambar 1957 koo ack british hydrogen bumm ney grapple aiks pareekshan mein apani niyojit upaj key saath visfot kiya. parikshanon kii grapple shrinkhala 1958 taka jaari rahee, aur aprail 1958 mein grapple vaaee bumm mool "laghu grenite" kii duss gunaa upaj key saath visfot huaa. pareekshan antatah navambar 1958 mein samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba british sarkaar ney nirnay liya kii vaha aur adhik vayu-vitarit paramanu pareekshan naheen karegi.
mool roop seey bambari kii bhoomika koo uchch oonchaai parr kiya jaanaa thaa, lekin 1960 mein ack praarambhik soviyat aiss. aeye.-2 dishanirdesh missile dwara gairi shaktiyon dwara udaaye gaye lockheed yuu-2 kii shooting key baad, saim khatare ney bamvarshak squadranon koo cumm star key hamale key liye prashikshit kiya. unhein samanya nishaanon key saath gray/green chhadmaavaran mein phir seey chitrit kiya gayaa thaa, unaki anty-flashes white yojana koo pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. 1963 taka, chaar bahadur squadron (49,148,207 aur 214) koo nimn-stariya saamarik bambari bhoomika mein cessor koo saunpa gayaa thaa. iss bindu taka, prakaar key liye udaan daron mein ullekhaniya girawat aaee thee.
paaramparik yuddh.
shaanti key samay key abhyaas mein vaadya yantron seey baney bamon kii shrinkhalaon parr chhote abhyaas bumm girana, aur gair-renz lakshyon parr bumm giraane kii sthiti koo chihnit karane key liye radio tone kaa upayog karke bhavishyavani kii gaee bambari kii ack pranali shamil thee, bumm truti kii ganana ack ground radar ikai dwara kii jaa rahee thee aur yaa tou udaan key dauran chaalak dall koo yaa vishleshan key liye ack mukhyalaya koo paarit kiya gayaa thaa. bahadur kii nauvahan aur bambari pranali (aine. bee. aiss.) aur niyukt chaalak dall kii uchch gunavatta kaa upayog, joe aamtaur parr anubhavi they aur jinhen aksar yuddh key samay kii seva key liye sajaaya gayaa thaa, iska matlab thaa kii bumm visfot kii sateekta kaa ack uchch star praapt kiya jaa sakata thaa, joe dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran vimaan kii tulanaa mein adhik thaa. gunston aur gilchrist key anusaar, bahadur chaalak dall apane nirdhaarit lakshya key kuchh meater key bheetar seey abhyaas bumm rakhane mein saksham they.
octuber aur navambar 1956 mein anglo-french-israeli suez abhiyaan key dauran veer yuddh dekhane vaale vee-bombers mein seey pahale they. operation musketeer key dauran, british sainya operation jise suez sankat key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, malta parr luka mein havaai kshetra seey kaam karane vaale yoddhaon ney misra key ander lakshyon parr paaramparik bumm giraaye. misra key sainya havaai kshetra pramukh lakshya they; anya lakshyon mein radio station aur parivahan kendra jaise sanchaar shamil they. operation kii pahali raat, chhah yoddhaon koo carro west air bases parr bambari karane key liye bheja gayaa (joe aspas key hamaare karmiyon key liye sambhaavit jokhim key kaaran udaan mein radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa) jabaki chhah aur ney almaza air bases aur ack aur paanch bumm seey udaaye gaye kibrit air bases aur huckstep bairak parr hamla kiya.
haalaanki misra key logon ney hamalon kaa virodh naheen kiya aur koee bahadur yuddh nuksan naheen huaa, lekin chhaapon key parinam nirashajanak bataae gaye. halanki sainikon ney kull bumm giraaye, lekin hamla kiye gaye saat havaai kshetron mein seey kewal teen koo gambhir roop seey nuksan pahuncha. misra kii vayu senaa koo bahurashtriya hamalon kii ack vyaapak shrinkhala mein prabhaavi roop seey nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen bahadur bambari mission ack hissa they. yeh aakhiri baar thaa jaba 1982 mein fockland yuddh key dauran fockland dweepon mein port steinly airfield parr evro vulkanes kii bambari taka raaf vee-bombers ney ack live combat mission udaaya thaa.
tanker sanchaalan.
bahadur tankers koo binaa kissy kaaran key udaaya gayaa. raaf marham mein 214 squadron, 1958 mein parichaalan mein thaa, aur naheen. honnington mein 90 squadron, 1959 mein parichaalan mein. dou squadron 1 aprail 1962 koo samarpit tanker squadron bunn gaye. tanker kii bhoomika key liye saunpe gaye vimaan koo bumm kii khaadi mein ack nully drum ikai (aich. dee. yuu. yaa "hoodoo") seey susajjit kiya gayaa thaa. aich. dee. yuu. koo bumm-chadhaane vaale binduon parr lagaaya gayaa thaa aur yadi aavashyak hoe tou ise hataaya jaa sakata thaa; iss vyavastha kaa matlab thaa kii receiver vimaan koo eendhan sthanantarit karane key liye bumm key khaadi key darvaajon koo khola jaanaa thaa. cockpit mein radar navigator station parr ack niyantran panel kaa upayog aich. dee. yuu. koo sanchaalit karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. aich. dee. yuu. upkaran hataane yogya thaa taaki aavashyakta padane parr vimaan koo bamvarshak bhoomika mein vaapas laaya jaa sakey.
lambi doori kii pradarshan udaanen anya bahadur tankers dwara udaan mein eendhan bharane key saath kii gaee theen joe maarg key saath havaai kshetron mein tainaat they. 1960 mein, ack bahadur bamvarshak ney britten key marham seey singapur key liye binaa ruke udaan bharee aur 1961 mein ack valkan ney britten seey australia key liye binaa ruke udaan bharee. donon tanker squadron niyamit roop seey lambi doori kii udaanen karate they. inmein britten seey nairobi, ruff gaan aur singapur key liye none-stop udaanen shamil theen. iss samay veeron dwara eendhan bharane vaale anya vimaanon mein victor aur valkan bamvarshak, angreji electric lytoning fighter, aur shaahi nausena key dee havilland see wixon aur supermarine skimmitter fighter shamil they.
jawabi upaay aur tohi bhoomikaaen.
naheen key yoddha. raaf finningley mein 18 squadron raaf koo "radio countermazer" (aar. see. aim.) bhoomika mein sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa-jise abb "electronic countermazer" (ee. see. aim.) kahaa jaataa haye. inn vimaanon mein antatah americi aeye. pee. tii.-16aeye aur ault-7 jamming transmitter, airbourne sigar aur corpet jammer, aeye. pee. aar.-4 aur aeye. pee. aar.-9 "sniffing" receiver aur chaff dispensor lagey they. cumm seey cumm saat yoddhaon koo aar. see. aim. bhoomika key liye configure kiya gayaa thaa.
naheen key yoddha. raaf wyton mein 543 squadron koo photographic tohi bhoomika mein seva karane key liye sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa. 1965 mein ack ullekhaniya operation mein, naheen key yoddha. 543 squadron ney 11 saptah kii avadhi mein rhodesia key aspas kii tasveeren leen.
thakan viphalataaen aur sevaanivritti.
1956 mein, wickers ney uchch gati parr nimn star kii udaan key prakaar kaa aaklan karane key liye doubleu. jaid. 383 mein nimn star key parikshanon kii ack shrinkhala kaa pradarshan kiya thaa. vimaan mein kaee sanshodhan kiye gaye, jinamen ack dhaatu kaa redom, dou inboard injanon parr malabe key rakshak shamil they, aur chhah udaanon key baad aleron aur lift kritrim anubhav 50 pratishat taka cumm hoe gayaa thaa. pilots ney kebin heating aur sanghanan key saath samasyaon kii soochana dee, jinhen thheek karane kii aavashyakta hogi. vimaan mein detta recording upkaran lagey they aur inn detta kaa upayog wickers dwara inn udaan sthitiyon key tahat prakaar key shesh surakshit jeevan kaa anuman lagaane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. shuru mein 75 ghante key surakshit jeevan kii sifarish kii gaee thee, joe "vaastavik aankada 200 ghante seey cumm hoe sakata haye" bunn gayaa. ack varsh mein pratyek veer dwara udaaye gaye ghanton kii sankhya raaf key liye ack parichaalan mudda thaa.
baad mein ray ney parikshanon kii ack samaan shrinkhala chalaai joe nimn star aur taxi sahit vaastavik parichaalan sthitiyon seey adhik nikatata seey milati-julati thee; 1958 mein prakaashit sambandhit report ney detta kaa utpaadan kiya jiska upayog ack behtar samajh praapt karane key liye kiya jaa sakata thaa kii kiss udaan kii sthiti ney sabse adhik nuksan paida kiya, aur iss prakaar key liye bhavishya key jeevan kaal kaa ack behtar prakshepan saksham kiya.
maee 1957 mein "udaan" ney "boscombe mein ack ghatana kii soochana dee, jaba adhik bhaar (rockett-sahaayata kaa kaaran) parr rockett-sahaayata praapt takeoff key baad wing rear spaar mein daraar aaa gaee" yeh vimaan doosara prototype wb 215 thaa aur peechhe kii daud mein gyaat kamjori key liye utpaadan fixes key saath sanshodhit naheen kiya gayaa thaa; vimaan koo baad mein 489 ghante udane key baad pankh kii thakan pareekshan key liye toda diyaa gayaa thaa.
kaee varshon kii agrim seva key baad, julaai 1964 mein, operation pontifax parr teen yoddhaon (yaa tou doubleu. jaid. 394-vaaine, yaa doubleu. jaid. 389-morgan) mein seey ack mein ack daraar vaalaa spaar paaya gayaa. isake baad 6 agast koo 30,000 feat parr starboard wing rear spaar kii viphalata hui, wp217 mein, gedden seey ack oque vimaan jisaki kaptani flight leftinent "taffy" foreman ney kii thee. vimaan gedden mein vaapas utaraa lekin binaa flap pariniyojan key kyonki starboard key peechhe key spaar koo nuksan key kaaran flap rollers unake guides seey baahar aaa gaye taaki flap usa taraf cumm naa hoe. baad mein vimaan key nireekshan mein yeh bhee dikhaaya gayaa kii starboard key ander key vimaan key neeche dhad kii twacha jhuk gaee thee, jisase injan kaa darwaja futt gayaa thaa aur donon injanon key beach mukhya vimaan kii sheersh satah parr twacha jhuk gaee thee. yeye donon vimaan pee. aar. sanskaran they.
poore bede key nireekshan seey pataa chalaa kii pankh key spars 35 pratishat aur 75 pratishat key beach thakan seey peedit they, joe shayed nimn star kii ashanti key kaaran thaa. iss nireekshan key baad, vimaan koo teen shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, ack vimaan billi udanaa jaari rakhta haye, ack marammat aadhar parr udane key liye billi bee, aur phir seey udaan bharane seey pahale marammat kii aavashyakta hoti haye. tanker squadron mein vimaan key liye billi kaa anupaat sabse adhik thaa kyonki unaki bhoomika mukhya roop seey uchch star parr thee. isase jeevan mein thakan kaa aaklan karane key tarikon kii bhee sameeksha kii gaee. jaba taka iss prakaar koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, taba taka kewal lagbhag 50 vimaan abhee bhee seva mein they; baaki dheere-dheere "gair-prabhaavi vimaan" key roop mein naamit vibhinn raaf rakharkhaav ikaaiyon mein jamaa hoe rahey they.
shuru mein iss prakaar key vimaan koo yaa tou adhikansh prabhaavit vimaanon koo bhee sevaanivritt karane kaa koee sawal hii naheen thaa. marham jaise bahadur thikaanon parr wickers aur aadhar seey raaf technicians key kaam karane vaale dalon kaa upayog karke marammat sakriya roop seey kii jaa rahee thee. janwari 1965 mein, raksha key liye raajya sachiv key roop mein dennis healey key saath willson sarkaar ney nirnay liya kii marammat key kharch koo uchit naheen thaharaaya jaa sakata haye, kyonki bahaduron key liye cumm parichaalan jeevan bachaa thaa, aur bede koo 26 janwari 1965 taka sthaayi roop seey ground kiya gayaa thaa. seesar key liye jagah parr kyu. aar. aeye. alert koo antim grounding taka banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa. jaba house off commons mein bahadur key scrapping key baare mein ack bayaan dene key liye kahaa gayaa, tou dennis healey ney kahaa kii yeh "kissy bhee tarah seey nimn-stariya udaan seey judaa naheen thaa" aur "pichhali sarkaar ney apane niyojit thakan jeevan key puuraa honey key baad chaar saal taka bahadur bull kaa sanchaalan jaari rakhane kaa nirnay liya.
vimanan lekhak bairi johns ney apani pustak mein tippani kii haih "ack sawal poochha jaanaa chaahiye. bahadur key nidhan seey pahale dou saal taka, redlet mein handley pays parr 100 hastings unaki dukaanon seey gujarati theen. unhein poori tarah seey dhwast curr diyaa gayaa aur punarnirmit kiya gayaa, jisamen dee. tii. dee. 683 ghatakon koo hataa diyaa gayaa aur nae mishra dhaatu khandon dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. hasting mein itna khaas kyaa thaa aur bahadur key saath bhee aisaa hii vyavhaar kyon naheen kiya gayaa? shayed humm ack dinn jaanenge-lekin mujhe iss parr sandeh haye."scrapping raajyon key baare mein ack" udaan "report" thakan ney sabhi yoddhaon koo prabhaavit kiya... kewal way naheen jinka upayog kuchh cumm udaan key liye kiya gayaa thaa.
9 disambar 1964 koo, 214 squadron key xd812 mein antim bahadur tanker udaan uttari samudra key oopar bijli key vimaan koo eendhan bhar rhaa thaa aur nirdhaarit abhyaas puuraa honey seey pahale marham mein vaapas utarane key liye vaapas bulaa liya gayaa thaa. usee dinn, antim bahadur bamvarshak udaan xd818 dwara kii gaee thee.
roop.
teen prototype sahit, kull 107 yoddhaon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. 
agast 1957 mein bahadur utpaadan samaapt hoe gayaa. 17 bee. 2 models key liye ack order radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa.