jall vyaapaar

jall vyaapaar jall pahunch adhikaar khareedane aur bechane kii prakriya haye, jise aksar jall adhikaar bhee kahaa jaataa haye. jall adhikaaron kii kanuni sthiti key aadhar parr vyaapaar kii shartein sthaayi yaa asthaayi hoe sakati hain. sanyukt raajya america key kuchh paschimi raajyon, chilly, dakshin africa, australia, iran aur spen key cannery dweepon mein jall vyaapaar yojanaaen hain. kuchh loga australia koo duniya mein sabse parishkrit aur prabhaavi maanate hain. kuchh anya deshon, vishesh roop seey dakshin asia mein, anaupchaarik jall vyaapaar yojanaaen bhee hain. adhik aupchaarik yojanaon key vipareet jall bajar sthaaniya aur anaupchaarik hotey hain.
kuchh arthshastriyon kaa tark haye kii jall vyaapaar adhik kushal jall aavantan koo badhaava dey sakata haye kyonki bajar adharit moolya upayogkartaon key liye cumm moolya kii gatividhiyon seey uchch moolya kii gatividhiyon key liye sansadhanon koo aavantit karane key liye ack protsaahan key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. jall bajar vyavhaar mein kiss hudd taka kushalata seey kaam karate hain, jall vyaapaar yojanaon key samajik aur paryavaraniya parinam kyaa hain, aur jall jaise sansaadhan parr aarthik siddhanton koo lagu karane kii naitikta key baare mein bahas hoti haye.
sanyukt raajya america mein, jall vyaapaar kaee roopon mein hotaa haye joe pariyojana seey pariyojana mein bhinn hotey hain, aur itihas, bhugol aur kshetra key anya karakon parr nirbhar karate hain. kaee paschimi yuu mein jall kaanoon.aiss. raajya "poorv viniyog" yaa "pahale samay mein, pahale upayog mein" key siddhant parr adharit haye."arthshastriyon kaa tark haye kii isase paani key aavantan key tareeke mein akshamta paida hui haye, vishesh roop seey shahari aabaadi mein vriddhi aur sookhe key samay mein. inn akshamtaon koo thheek karane key liye jall baajaron koo badhaava diyaa jaataa haye.
null key paani kii aapoorti key alawa, kaee sthaaniya jall sansadhanon kaa adhigrahan niji companiyon dwara bhee kiya jaa rhaa haye, vishesh roop seey apane kaee brandon key saath, botalband paani udyog key liye vastu pradaan karane key liye. yeh udyog, joe aksar aam bhujal kii botalen banaata haye aur ise sthaaniya samudaayon key saath paani kii aapoorti taka pahunch key liye spring watercompate key roop mein bechata haye, aur una parr null key paani key liye nagrikon dwara bhugtan kii tulanaa mein paani koo bahut adhik kimaton parr phir seey bechane kaa aarop haye.
jall vyaapaar bajar.
jall vyaapaar ack swaichhik adaan-pradaan yaa ichchuk kharidar aur vikreta key beach ack matratmak jall aavantan kaa hastaantaran haye. jall vyaapaar bajar mein, vikreta key paas paani kaa adhikaar yaa adhikaar hotaa haye joe usaki vartamaan paani kii maang key liye adhishesh haye, aur kharidar koo paani kii kamee kaa saamana karna padata haye aur vaha apani paani kii maang koo puuraa karane key liye bhugtan karane koo taiyar hotaa haye. padosiyon key beach cumm avadhi key liye honey vaale sthaaniya adaan-pradaan koo "hajir bajar" maanaa jaataa haye aur way jall adhikaar vyaapaar baajaron seey alag niyamon key tahat kaam curr sakate hain.
aarthik siddhant.
aarthik siddhant bataata haye kii jall adhikaaron mein vyaapaar cumm seey adhik aarthik roop seey utpaadak gatividhiyon mein paani koo phir seey aavantit karane kaa ack tarika haye. pahale samay mein, pahale sahee samay mein, jall key adhikaar-key aadhar parr-aksham jall aavantan aur anya akshamtaon, jaise bhoomi kaa adhik upayog aur jall sanrakshan praudyogikiyon koo cumm apanaane kii or leey gaye. udaaharan key liye, yeh dekhaa gayaa haye kii shahari upayogkarta krishi upayogkartaon kii tulanaa mein paani key liye 10 gunaa adhik bhugtan curr sakate hain. vaikalpik roop seey, jall baajaron koo jall key moolya kaa ack spasht upaay pradaan karna chaahiye aur sanrakshan koo protsaahit karna chaahiye. jall vyaapaar ack samadhan hoe sakata haye kyonki upayogkartaon key liye seemant keematen samaan hongi aur ack keemat pratyek upayogkarta kii maang vakr key anusaar paani aavantit karegi; atirikt roop seey vibhinn upayogon mein paani key moolya key baare mein jaankaari kaa parinam hoga, aur sangat protsaahan banaae jaayenge. adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii vikasit upayogon key aavantan koo aarthik santulan mein laane key liye krishi seey shahari kshetron mein kewal mamuli jall hastaantaran (10 pratishat) kii aavashyakta hogi. vyaapaar key sambhaavit paryavaraniya laabhon mein behtar jall gunavatta bhee shamil hoe sakati haye, kyonki paani koo cumm seey cumm aarthik roop seey utpaadak upayogkartaon key liye naheen modaa jaayega. vyaapaar jokhim koo bhee phir seey aavantit kartaa haye, jabaki poorv viniyog pranali aksham aur asman roop seey samaan upayogkartaon key beach paani aur jokhim koo aavantit karati haye.
jall vyaapaar kushal honah chaahiye, jiska arth haye kii samajik roop seey ishtatam jall aavantan ack aisaa aavantan haye jisase kissy koo bhee kissy koo badatar banaae binaa behtar naheen banaaya jaa sakata haye, aur isamen haarne vaalon koo dhana key hastaantaran kii kshatipurti karna shamil haye. samajik roop seey ishtatam star vaha haye jahan una logon koo paani aavantit kiya jaataa haye joe ise sabse adhik mahatva dete hain, haalaanki yeh sookhe key varshon mein punah aavantan parr nirbhar hoe sakata haye. haalaanki, paani key hastaantaran seey nuksan uthaane vaalon koo unaki pehchaan karane mein kathinaaee key kaaran kshatipurti karna aksar vyaavhaarik naheen haye, yaa way vibhinn kanuni kshetradhikaron mein sthit hoe sakate hain. arthashastri sweekaar karate hain kii jall vyaapaar bajar key antim parinam aur unhein kaise praapt kiya jaataa haye, yeye mahatvapurna neetigat prashn hain.
jall vyaapaar bajar key liye sthitiyaan.
jall vyaapaar key uparokt laabhon mein sudhaar kiya gayaa haye kyonki nimnalikhit shartein poori kii gaee hainh
vyaapaar key prakaar.
kaee prakaar key hitdhaarakon koo jall bajar mein sambhaavit pratibhagiyon key roop mein maanyata dee jaati haye, jisamen krishi upayogkarta, audyogik aur shahari, saath hii saath way loga bhee shamil hain joe manoranjan, awas sanrakshan yaa anya paryavaraniya laabhon key liye dhaara mein upayog koo mahatva dete hain. jall adhikaar dhaarak-vishesh roop seey krishi upayogkarta-sthaayi giraav, mausami giraav, fasal kii pasand mein badalaav, yaa swaichhik jall sanrakshan (udaaharan key liye, aavaasiya jall sanrakshan prathaaen) key madhyam seey jall sanrakshan praudyogiki kaa upayog karke vyaapaar key liye paani upalabdh karaa sakate hain. vyaapaar taba deerghakaalik patte, sthaayi hastaantaran, alpakaalik patte, yaa ack coll karane yogya hastaantaran hoe sakata haye, joe kii nirdisht sookhe kii sthitiyon key tahat paani patte parr dene kii shahar kii kshamata haye. shahari kshetron dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale anya lacheele vyaapaar upkaran hain, jaise kii paani patte parr dene key liye, jisamen nagarpalika krishi upayogkartaon seey paani khareedati haye aur phir shahari paani kii aapoorti sunishchit karane key liye gair-sookhe varshon mein una upayogkartaon koo ise vaapas patte parr dey sakati haye. banking jall ack sambandhit upkaran haye, jisamen sookhe key varshon mein upayog kiye jaane key liye gair-sookhe varshon mein paani koo bhoomigat roop seey sangraheet kiya jaataa haye, halanki ise jall taton key saath bhramit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, joe kii dalali sansthaan hain. jall paalan, bhoomi adhikaaron key liye kanuni roop seey baadhya, daavaa kiye binaa jall adhikaaron taka pahunch kaa ack tarika haye. jabaki kaee kshetron ney inn dou prakaar key adhikaaron koo ack dusare seey alag curr diyaa haye, kuchh abhee bhee adhikaaron koo todane parr pratibandh lagaate hain aur iss prakaar jall pashupalan koo badhaava denaa jaari rakhate hain. jall key kshetra mein, sampatti seey hataaya gayaa bhujal aksar ausat krishi upayog key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale bhujal seey bahut adhik hotaa haye, joe usa parr nirbhar paaristhitiki tantra key liye hanikarak hoe sakata haye. yeh pratha bhoomi aur jall pahunch swaamitva key failaav mein akshamta bhee paida karati haye, kyonki gair-krishi paksh, jaise kii nagarpaalikaaen, kewal isake paani key liye bhoomi kaa ack bhukhand khareed sakate hain.
jall creditah ack vyaapaar yogya pramaan patra rakhane kaa vichaar haye joe kissy sansthaan, sangathan yaa kissy vyakti dwara bachaaye gaye paani kii matra koo soochit kartaa haye, jisase paani kii harr upalabdh boond key adhikatam upayog mein madad milegi. ise ack anumati patra key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye joe dhaarak koo apane vartamaan bajar moolya parr antarrashtriya bajar mein sanrakshit paani kaa vyaapaar karane kii anumati detaa haye.
jall vyaapaar baajaron key liye auchitya.
ack samudaay key aitihaasik, raajneetik, kanuni aur aarthik sandarbh key aadhar parr badhati maang key beach durlabh jall sansadhanon koo vitarit karane kii samasya key liye ack jall bajar kii sthaapana ack upayukt samadhan hoe sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, jahaan poorv-viniyog jall adhikaar taaje paani key aavantan koo nirdhaarit karate hain, jaise kii paschimi sanyukt raajya america mein, nae upbhoktaon key paas jall baajaron key upayog key binaa apani maangon koo puuraa karane key liye paryaapt paani kii matra praapt karane key liye bahut cumm sahaara hoe sakata haye (jall baajaron key vikalpon parr neeche charcha kii gaee haye). iss prakaar, aitihaasik upayukt adhikaar vartamaan upbhoktaon kii tulanaa mein adhik bhugtan karane key ichchuk upbhoktaon kii upeksha curr sakate hain. jall vyaapaar una logon key adhikaaron key vitaran koo badhaava dene key liye ack tantra key roop mein kaary kartaa haye joe unhein sabse adhik mahatva dete hain. isake alawa, ack upayukt pranali mein maangon koo bhee (joe adhik jall pravaah seey matsya paalan aur masoor aur lotic paaristhitiki tantra koo praapt honey vaale laabhon koo darshaate hain, saath hii saath jall-nirbhar manoranjak gatividhiyon yaa saundarya kii sarahana key laabhon koo bhee darshaate hain) nazarandaj kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, sanyukt raajya america mein jall sansadhanon koo niyantrit karane vaale sansthanon ney aitihaasik roop seey krishi, panbijali yaa nagarpalika anuprayog jaise arthavyavastha koo protsaahit karane vaale upayogon key liye jall aavantan kaa samarthan kiya haye. tadnusar, paschimi jall kaanoon pravaah seey baahar paani key modd koo protsaahit karane key liye vikasit huaa; paani kii bachee hui dhaara koo "vyarth" maanaa jaataa thaa aur isaliye pravaahit paani kii maang koo nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
jall adhikaaron kii kaee abhivyaktiyaan hain. aam taur parr, jall adhikaar poorv-viniyog jall adhikaar aur nadee tateey jall adhikaaron kii shreniyon mein aatey hain. poorv viniyog yeh nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii laabhkaari upayog key liye paani kaa upayog karane vaalaa pahala paksh iss tarah seey iska upayog jaari rakhane kaa adhikaar rakhta haye, jaba taka kii way inn adhikaaron koo bechane yaa patte parr dene kaa chunaav naheen karate hain. nadee key tata parr jall adhikaar jall nikaay seey satey bhoomi key swaamitva mein pakshon koo aavantit kiye jaate hain. aksar nadee key kinaaron parr rahane vaale adhikaaron key saath, jall adhikaaron koo bhoomi adhikaaron seey alag naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, aur isake bheetar paae jaane vaale paani koo mool key jalvibhaajak key baahar sthanantarit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. inn donon prakaar key jall adhikaaron koo "varishth" aur "kanishth" adhikaaron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, joe usa adesh dwara niyukt kiye gaye they jisamen unhein aavantit kiya gayaa thaa. varishth adhikaar dharakon koo pahale apana paani milata haye, jisake baad kanishth adhikaar dharakon koo paani milata haye, aur aadarsh roop seey pratyek paksh key liye unake aavantan koo bhunaane key liye paryaapt paani hoga. jall vyaapaar key abhaav mein, sookhe key kaaran adhikaar dhaarak apani poori pahunch khou sakate hain. inn shushk mausamon mein, shaasi adhikaariyon key liye yeh sambhav haye kii way kuchh samay key liye kanishth jall adhikaaron koo cumm curr sakein taaki varishth adhikaar dharakon koo "prathamikta prashaasan" naamak prakriya key madhyam seey apani poori matra koo bhunaane kii anumati dee jaa sakey."
jahaan paani kii kamee haye, vahaan vyaapaar yogya jall adhikaar jall sanrakshan koo protsaahit curr sakate hain aur vyaapaar key liye adhik paani upalabdh karaa sakate hain. paschimi viniyogaatmak adhikaar pranali kaa upayog ack udaaharan key roop mein karate hue, jall adhikaar anishchit kaal key liye upayog kiye jaate hain, aur varishth yaa kanishth adhikaar dhaarak apane adhikaaron koo khou sakate hain yadi way laabhkaari upayog key liye apane poorna jall aavantan kaa upayog naheen karate hain (zabt key liye mandand aur "laabhkaari upayog" kii paribhasha raajya dwara bhinn hoti haye). kyonki adhikaar dhaarak jall adhikaar "apane" naheen rakhate hain, balki kewal paani kaa upbhog karate hain, way adhik khapat key liye koee laagat wahan naheen karate hain, aur zabt seey bachane key liye aavashyakta seey adhik paani kaa upbhog curr sakate hain. krishi jall upayogkarta jaanboojhkar cumm moolya vaali fasalon yaa jall-gahan fasalon parr paani kaa upayog curr sakate hain taaki unake vartamaan jall aavantan koo sahee thaharaaya jaa sakey aur banaae rakhaa jaa sakey. iss prakaar, vyaapaar yogya adhikaar adhik uchch moolya vaali fasalon aur/yaa cumm jall-gahan fasalon key krishi utpaadan koo bhee protsaahit curr sakate hain. paschimi sanyukt raajya key mamle mein, 2006 taka, sinchai karane vaale aam taur parr 80 pratishat seey adhik taaje paani kaa upbhog karate hain, aur isaliye jall vyaapaar bajar shahari, paryavaraniya aur uchch moolya vaali fasal key upayog key liye paani koo phir seey aavantit curr sakate hain, jahaan paani kaa moolya adhik haye.
jall bajar upayukt hoe sakate hain jahan bhujal upayog koo niyantrit karane key liye koee yaa aksham niyam sthaapit naheen hain. kyonki bhujal aam taur parr kissy bhee vyakti key liye upalabdh haye joe ack kuein aur pump koo dubota haye, pichhale kaee dashakon mein duniya bhar mein paani kii satah teji seey gir gaee haye. cumm hotey jalbhrit aur nichale jalastar ack chinta kaa vishay hain kyonki jalbhrit apekshaakrit dheemi gati seey punarbharan karate hain, aur cumm paani key star seey namak kii ghuspaith hoe sakati haye aur taaje paani kii khapat key liye anupayukt hoe sakata haye.
aam taur parr, jall baajaron koo lachila upkaran maanaa jaataa haye, joe siddhant roop mein, badalati kimaton key liye samaayojit honah chaahiye, aur bajar kii badalati sthitiyon (jaise.jee. cumm varsha, maang mein vriddhi). aitihaasik roop seey, kuchh samudaayon, jaise kii paschimi sanyukt raajya mein, ney paani kii kamee aur aapoorti-paksh samadhanon key madhyam seey badhati maang kaa jawab diyaa hoga, jaise kii bhandaran kshamata mein vriddhi aur parivahan buniyaadi dhancha (jaise.jee. baandh aur jalmarg nirmaan). uchch poonji laagat, baandh nirmaan key liye ghatati saiton aur baandh nirmaan seey paryavaraniya kshati key baare mein jagrukta badhaane (ack udaaharan key liye, kharaab uttar-paschim salmon runn parr vichaar karein) key kaaran, jall bajar aapoorti-paksh samadhanon key liye behtar hoe sakate hain joe lambe samay taka vyavharya yaa tikaau naheen hain. jall bhandaran aur parivahan avasanrachana key liye joe abhee bhee maujood haye, jall bajar rakharkhaav kaa vittiya bojh sarkari agencies seey niji vikretaon aur kharidaaron koo sthanantarit curr sakate hain joe jall baajaron mein bhaag lete hain.
sansthaon kii bhoomika.
anubhavjanya anusandhaan ney sthaapit kiya kii deerghakaalik sthirata aur samanya pool sansadhanon (see. pee. aar.) key safal prabandhan key parinam shamil shaasi sansthanon parr nirbhar karate hain, aur koee bhee ekal prakaar kii sanstha yaa prabandhan pranali sabhi paridrishyon mein samaan roop seey samanya pool sansadhanon kaa ishtatam prabandhan naheen karati haye.
see. pee. aar. "ack praakritik yaa maanav nirmit sansaadhan pranali haye joe ise itna badaa banaati haye kii ise mahanga banaati haye (lekin asambhav naheen) taaki labharthiyon koo isake upayog seey laabh praapt karane seey baahar rakhaa jaa sakey" (). jall swabhavik roop seey ack samanya pool sansaadhan haye; haalaanki yeh ack niji vastu key gunon koo letaa haye jaba sampatti key adhikaar saunpe jaate hain aur isaki khapat ack jall adhikaar dhaarak dwara pratidvandi aur bahishkrit donon hoe jaati haye. phir bhee, jaba sampatti key adhikaar diye jaate hain tou paani ack shuddh niji vastu naheen haye kyonki gair-jall adhikaar dhaarak labharthi oopar kii or paani taka pahunch sakate hain. sinchai kaa paani bhee pravaahit hoga aur dhaara mein vaapas punarnaveenikaran kiya jaayega taaki gair-jall adhikaar dhaarak labharthiyon koo pravaah seey laabh hoga. iss prakaar, jall vyaapaar bajar mein bhee jall kuchh samanya pool sansaadhan gunon koo barkarar rakhta haye aur ise iss tarah seey prabandhit kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
samanya pool sansadhanon kii duniya mein, ack viniyogkarta vaha vyakti hotaa haye joe sansaadhan pranali seey hutt jaataa haye, pradaata aise agent hotey hain joe ack see. pee. aar. key praavdhaan kii vyavastha karate hain, aur utpaadak ack see. pee. aar. pranali key deerghakaalik nirvaah koo sunishchit karane key liye nirmaan, marammat yaa kaarravaai karate hain. jall vyaapaar baajaron parr bhee assar daalate hue, garrett hardin ney sujhaav diyaa kii samanya pool sansaadhan "aam logon kii trasdi" mein samaapt hoe jaayenge, jahaan sabhi viniyogkarta samajik upayogita yaa laagat parr vichaar kiye binaa apani vyaktigat upayogita koo adhikatam karane key liye samanya pool sansadhanon kaa upbhog karna jaari rakhengeh "vinash vaha gantavya haye jisaki or sabhi purush bhaagate hain, pratyek ack aise samaaj mein apane sarvottam hita kaa peechha kartaa haye joe aam logon kii swatantrata mein vishvaas kartaa haye.
isake nivaaran key liye, samanya pool sansaadhan prabandhan key liye ack paaramparik yojana ack "leviathan" ranneeti haye, jisamen ack kendriya pradhikaran (sarkaar kii tarah) koo niyamon koo lagu karna chaahiye, aur sansaadhan niyamon kaa paalan karane key liye aavashyak roop seey viniyogkartaon koo majboor karna chaahiye aur dandit karna chaahiye; haalaanki ack badaa pravartankarta sabhi apraadhiyon koo pakad naheen sakata haye yaa poori jaankaari praapt naheen curr sakata haye isaliye leviathan ranneeti ack sahee samadhan naheen haye. samanya pool sansaadhan prabandhan key liye doosari paaramparik yojana nijikaran haye, jisamen sansadhanon koo spasht roop seey vibhajit kiya jaataa haye aur vishesh roop seey vyaktigat sansthaon dwara prabandhit aur upbhog kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, nijikaran ack sahee samadhan naheen haye kyonki yeh galati seey maan letaa haye kii jaba sansaadhan pool vibhajit hotaa haye, tou sabhi parinami ikaaiyon kaa moolya samaan hotaa haye.
ack vikalp key roop mein, eleanor austrom key anusaar samanya pool sansaadhan jatil, samajik-paaristhitik pranaliyon mein antarnihit hain aur inhen nested yaa polycentric saarvajanik udyamon dwara prabandhit kiya jaa sakata haye, jahaan vibhinn paimaane parr sansthaan (jaise.jee. rashtriya seey sthaaniya jalvaigyaanik besin) kshaitij aur urdhvaadhar roop seey ack samanya pool sansaadhan kaa sthaayi prabandhan karane key liye sahyog karate hain. baahari pravartankartaon koo aavashyak roop seey dund kii nigrani aur pravartan karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye; balki, pratibhaagi aantarik roop seey viniyog kii nigrani curr sakate hain aur pratibandh lagaa sakate hain. way aantarik kaarak joe sthaaniya sansaadhan viniyog kii laagat aur laabhon key baare mein sabse achchi tarah seey jaanate hain, way bhee prabandhan mein bhaag lete hain. neeche diye gaye cases studies vishisht jall baajaron mein sansthanon kii bhoomika key udaaharan pradaan karate hain, halanki jall aavantan mein shamil sansthanon key sanyojan seey advitiya kshamata aur baadhaaen hongi.
jall vyaapaar baajaron mein jatilataaen.
jall baajaron key vikas mein baadhaon mein yeh tathya shamil haye kii paani kaafee hudd taka ack saarvajanik vastu haye, aur jall adhikaar ack shaasi nikaay key saath hain jabaki vyaktiyon key paas anivarya roop seey "upayog" adhikaar hain. isake alawa, paani ack maanak vastu naheen haye, balki paani kii aapoorti yaadrichhik haye aur jatil praakritik aur maanav nirmit pranaliyon key madhyam seey bahati haye. kuchh pratibhagiyon key saath chhote bajar paani kii aapoorti mein utaar-chadhaav key parinamswarup hoe sakate hain. jall vyaapaar key liye laine-daine kii laagat adhik hoe sakati haye kyonki paani koo bhautik roop seey parivahan karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur aavashyak prashaasnik anumodan, joe teesare paksh koo baahari karanon seey naheen diye jaa sakate hain. isake alawa, sansthaagat visheshtaen lenden lagaton koo prabhaavit karati hain, jaise kii jall jile kii sanrachana, jall raashan tantra aur anya niyam jaise kii vaapsee-pravaah aavashyaktaaen. inn sansthaagat sanrachanaon koo ack pariyojana key praarambhik charanon mein banane aur parivartan kaa virodh karane key liye dekhaa gayaa haye, kyonki joe nivesh aksar aparivartaniya hotey hain, way inn sansthanon key aadhar parr hitdhaarakon aur teesare pakshon dwara kiye jaate hain.
tritiya paksh prabhaav.
jall vyaapaar key teesare paksh key prabhaav sakaratmak yaa nakaratmak hoe sakate hain aur taba honge jaba kissy vyaapaar key laabh yaa laagat jall adhikaar vyaapaar mein shamil kharidar aur vikreta key alawa vyaktiyon koo praapt hogi. teesare paksh key prabhaavon key udaharanon mein shamil hainh
vyaapaar mein baadhaaen.
nimnalikhit kaarak jall bajar mein vyaapaar mein baadha daal sakate hainh
jall vyaapaar baajaron key vikalp.
jahan jall bajar yaa tou vyavharya naheen hain yaa vaanchhit hain, vahaan nimn tantron kaa upayog durlabh jall sansadhanon koo aavantit karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haih
desh dwara jall vyaapaar.
australia.
pahali baar jaba paani taka pahunch key adhikaar koo australia mein bhoomi swaamitva seey alag kiya gayaa thaa, 1983 mein jaba dakshin australia ney ack sthaayi jall vyaapaar yojana shuru kii thee. kaee anya deshon kii tarah, australia kaa sinchai kshetra ack sadee seey adhik samay taka kendrikrit niyantran key adheen thaa. kaee sinchai bastiyon koo paridrishya key anuchit hisson mein rakhaa gayaa thaa jahaan jalbharao, bhoomi lavanata yaa nadee lavanata kaa jokhim adhik thaa aur utpaadan seey laabh cumm thaa. sinchit bastiyon parr krishi key aakar bhee shuru mein gair-vaanijyik maandandon parr adharit they jaise kii 'ghar rakharkhaav kshetra' (ack parivaar koo samarthan dene key liye aavashyak adhikatam kshetra-jaisa kii sarkaar dwara aanka gayaa thaa). sinchai karane vaalon koo shuru seey hii iss tarah seey ack mitavyayi astitva key liye ninda kii gaee thee. vastu baajaron mein badalaav aur sabse badhkar sinchai praudyogikiyon mein badalaav ney inn praarambhik trutiyon koo badhaaya aur australiyai sinchai koo kathin samaayojan samasyaon key saath chhod diyaa.
australia key sansthaan aur bayanbaji abb neeti nirmaataon dwara prashansit 'ichchuk vikretaon' aur 'ichchuk kharidaaron' key beach vyaapaar key laabhon key saath bajar key liye taiyar hain. sinchai karane vaale joe adhik laabh utpann curr sakate hain, way abb una logon seey paani khareed rahey hain joe maanate hain kii way apane paani key huck koo bechane key bajaay unakaa upayog karke adhik paisa kamaa sakate hain. phir bhee, kendriya yojana key liye pravritti jeevit haye aur kuchh neeti nirmaata una fasalon kaa samarthan karane key liye lubhaaye jaate hain joe prati megaliter uchch sakal moolyon kaa utpaadan karati hain jaba arthshastra sikhaata haye kii yeh seemant mulyankan haye joe mahatvapurna haye. yeh antar mahatvapurna haye kyonki kaee spasht roop seey jall kushal fasalon key seemit bajar hain. kheton mein kinn fasalon koo ugaaya jaanaa chaahiye, iss baare mein nirnay lene key bajaay, aarthik roodhivaadita vyaktigat sinchaikartaon koo iss baare mein apana nirnay lene denaa haye kii kyaa way jall adhikaaron mein apane nivesh seey laabh uthaa sakate hain. australiyai sarkaaren jyaadaatar 'vijetaon koo chunane' seey kataraati hain. phir bhee, lokpriya charcha mein, fasalon koo ugaane parr kaafee jore diyaa jaataa haye jaba saarvajanik neeti key liye sabse mahatvapurna baat nadiyon seey liye gaye paani kii matra aur sinchai seey judee kissy bhee baahari cheez parr hoti haye.
1994 mein, australia key rashtriya jall aayog ney bhoomi koo jall adhikaaron seey alag karate hue sampatti adhikaaron koo hataane kaa kadam uthaaya. aisaa karane parr, jall vitaran kii dakshata badhaane key liye kadam uthaaye gaye. 2010 taka, jall adhikaar bajar kaa moolya 2.88 karod dollar thaa. vibhinn prakaar key bajar madhyasth jall key vyaapaar kii suvidha pradaan karate hain, jisamen jall dalal, jall vinimay aur sandesh board shamil hain. vikendrikrit bajar iss tarah seey banaae jaate hain kii ack jall vinimay sabhi vyaparon koo sansaadhit naheen kartaa haye. ack niji kharidar aur vikreta key beach, ack dalal key madhyam seey yaa ack vinimay key madhyam seey ack vyaapaar hoe sakata haye. kuchh dalal kharidaaron yaa vikretaon kaa pataa lagaane key liye ack vinimay kaa upayog curr sakate hain.
murre-darling besin australia mein ack aisaa kshetra haye jiska adhyayan isaki jall vyaapaar yojanaon key liye kiya jaataa haye. murre-darling besin mein kshetra kaa lagbhag 90 pratishat paani praapt hotaa haye. 1990 key dashak mein, australiyai sarkaar ney baandhon key nirmaan aur kshetra key kisaanon seey paani parr subsidy dene seey laker jall bajar key bheetar kimaton aur vyaapaar kii sthaapana parr apana jore diyaa haye. inn adhikaaron key liye vyaapaar australiyai raajyon mein hotaa haye, pratyek kshetra key liye seema nirdhaarit kii jaa rahee haye taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii besin seey dusare kshetra mein paani koo adhik naheen nikala jaa rhaa haye. yeh vidhi anumaanit shuddh laabhon parr kaam karati haye, jisamen besin mein vaapsee pravaah bhee shamil haye. isake alawa, iss paani kaa vyaapaar australia kii atyadhik bhinn jalavaayu key poorna sangyaan key saath kiya jaataa haye. prithvi parr dusare sabse sookhe mahadweep key roop mein, paani kaa aavantan adhik moolyavaan hotaa haye jaba mausami aavantan yaa asthaayi vyaapaar key roop mein vitarit kiya jaataa haye, yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii, yadi aavashyak hoe, tou paani koo murre-darling besin kshetra mein vaapas kiya jaa sakata haye.
australia kaa jall seva sangh ack matra-maapan pranali parr kaam kartaa haye. iska matlab haye kii bajar key khilaadi kewal jall adhikaar rakhane key liye aavedan naheen karate hain, balki way paani kii matra key liye bhugtan curr rahey hain. phir bhee, haal kii reports mein adhik aavantan aur paryavaraniya parinamon aur aarthik dakshata key beach bhram key baare mein chinta jataai gaee haye.
jall vipanan key liye vartamaan pranali kii sthirata sanrachana aur vipanan yogya adhikaaron kii sharton seey prabhaavit hoe sakati haye. jabaki sanyukt raajya america mein jall vipanan prabhaavi roop seey upayog kiye gaye adhikaaron taka seemit haye, aur aitihaasik jall khapat key liye, australiyai jall vipanan sleeper adhikaaron key vipanan koo sweekaar kartaa haye jinka upayog naheen kiya gayaa haye.
chilly.
chilly kii pranali ack majboot mukt-bajar drishtikon kii visheshta haye, aur chilly aur antarrashtriya halakon donon mein vivadaspad rahee haye. chilly mein jall sansaadhan prabandhan key hisse key roop mein, 1981 key jall sanhita (jall kaanoon) key tahat, jall adhikaar niji sampatti hain, bhoomi seey alag hain, swatantra roop seey vyaapaar kiya jaa sakata haye, nyuntam raajya viniyaman key adheen hain aur nagrik kaanoon dwara viniyamit hain. code key tahat, chilly raajya maujooda jall upayogkartaon koo binaa kissy atirikt shulk key satah key paani aur bhujal key liye sampatti adhikaar pradaan kartaa haye. kissy bhee nae yaa gair-aavantit jall adhikaaron kii nilami kii jaati haye aur phir unhein keemat parr becha yaa sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye. 1990 key dashak key dauran, vishva baink aur antar-americi vikas baink ney prabhaavi aur kushal jall sansaadhan prabandhan key ack udaaharan key roop mein chilly pranali koo sakriya roop seey badhaava diyaa. anya sansthaan, jaise kii acclack (lattin america aur carribean, sanyukt rashtra key liye aarthik aayog) ney dakshata aur equity key aadhar parr chilly key jall adhikaaron kii sanrachana aur sharton parr sawal uthaaye, aur isake parinamswarup jall adhikaaron key liye parinami bajar parr sawal uthaaye. australia key roop mein, chilly aprayukt jall adhikaaron key vipanan kii anumati detaa haye. jabaki americi vipanan pranali aitihaasik roop seey upbhog kiye gaye paani taka lenden koo seemit karati haye, prabhaavi aur laabhkaari upayog key anusaar, chilly prabhaavi upayog aur khapat kii seema key binaa nammatra key adhikaaron key lenden kii anumati detaa haye. yadi upayog naheen kiya jaataa haye tou jall adhikaar jabt naheen kiye jaate hain. isake parinamswarup ack or jall adhikaaron kaa ekadhikar huaa aur doosari or nammatra key adhikaaron key vyaapaar parr, sthirata aur teesare pakshon parr nakaratmak prabhaav padaa. ack jall kaanoon sudhaar (2005) ney pranali mein aanshik roop seey sanshodhan kiya, lekin kuchh kshetron mein jall vipanan abhee bhee sthirata samasyaon seey prabhaavit haye. sinchai key liye saarvajanik subsidy seey bhee sthirata prabhaavit hoe sakati haye, jiska paryaavaran key aadhar parr mulyankan naheen kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki chilly model koo anya lattin americi deshon mein apanaane kii sifarish kii gaee haye, lekin kissy ney bhee ise abhee taka apane mool roop mein sweekaar naheen kiya haye. chilly model key ack tatva key prastaavit hastaantaran ney 2000 key jall yuddh mein kochabamba, bolivia mein ack bhoomika nibhai; jisane sabhi jall sansadhanon kaa swaamitva nae riyayat praaptakarta, antarrashtriya jall koo pradaan kiya. iss kanuni parivartan kaa matlab thaa kii maujooda upayogkartaon, jinamen kisan kisan aur chhote paimaane parr jall aapoorti network shamil they, koo turant avaidh banaa diyaa gayaa, jisake parinamswarup vyaapak roop seey virodh pradarshan hue.
chilly mein, jall bajar model kii prabhavsheelta aur nishpakshata parr raay gaharaai seey vibhajit haye. jinn vishisht chintaon kaa udbhav huaa haye, unamen jall adhikaaron kii jamakhori, unakaa upayog satta uddeshyon key liye kiye binaa aur yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii bajar thheek seey aur nishpaksh roop seey kaam kartaa haye, raajya viniyaman kii kamee shamil haye. kuchh shodhkartaon ney tark diyaa haye kii model aarthik laabh detaa haye, lekin anya sakshya bataate hain kii pranali vyavhaar mein achchi tarah seey kaam naheen karati haye aur garib jall upayogkartaon (jaise kisan kisan) key paas jall adhikaaron taka cumm pahunch haye. inmein seey kuchh chintaon key kaaran 2005 mein jall sanhita mein sanshodhan kiya gayaa.
iran.
iran pichhale kuchh dashakon seey jall sankat seey joojh rhaa haye. jansankhya vriddhi, jall sansadhanon mein kuprabandhan aur varsha key swaroop mein parivartan kuchh aise kaaran hain jinake kaaran iran ney apane jall sankat seey nipatane key liye jall vyaapaar sahit vibhinn mukabala ranneetiyaan shuru keen.
united kingdam.
britten mein jall vyaapaar 2001 seey khula haye. vartamaan mein, kewal jall adhikaaron (licenses kaa vyaapaar) kaa vyaapaar adhikrit haye. neetiyon mein kuchh badlaavon kii paryaavaran agency dwara jaanch kii jaa rahee haye.
sanyukt raajya america.
sanyukt raajya mein jall vyaapaar raajya key jall sanhita, jall adhikaaron kii pranali aur jall vyaapaar koo viniyamit karane mein shamil sarkari nikaayon key anusaar raajya key anusaar bhinn hotaa haye. paschimi raajyon mein jall vyaapaar kaa adhik abhyaas kiya jaataa haye, jahaan raajyon ney aitihaasik roop seey poorv viniyog kii jall adhikaar pranali kaa paalan kiya haye, aur vishal kshetra shushk hain isaliye paani praakritik roop seey durlabh haye. yahaan jall vyaapaar aur praasangik niyaamak niyamon aur nikaayon key kuchh mamle prastut kiye gaye hain, haalaanki yeye mamle poorna naheen hain.
arizona.
arizona jall adhikaaron key nirdhaaran key liye poorv viniyog siddhant kaa paalan kartaa haye. arizona mein vyaapaar yogya adhikaaron kii teen shreniyan hainh samanya kaanoon adhikaaron key tahat satah jall adhikaar, vaidhaanik adhikaaron key tahat satah jall adhikaar, aur arizona key 1980 bhujal code dwara banaae gaye bhujal adhikaar. poorv dou satah jall adhikaar arizona mein kissy bhee satah key paani seey sambandhit hain, jisamen colorado nadee mein pravaah koo chhodkar (colorado nadee key jall adhikaar baahari roop seey, colorado nadee compact dwara shaasit hotey hain). vishesh roop seey, viniyojit satah kaa paani hoe sakata haih "sabhi sroton kaa paani, dhaaraon, ghaati, daraaron yaa anya praakritik chainalon mein bahata haye, yaa nishchit bhoomigat chainalon mein, chaahe barahmasi yaa rook-rook curr, baadh kaa paani, apashisht jall, yaa atirikt paani, aur satah parr jheelon, talabon aur jharanon kaa" (aeye.aar.aiss. § 45-101). samanya kaanoon adhikaar arizona key 1919 key saarvajanik jall sanhita key nirmaan seey pahale viniyojit satah key jall diversion parr lagu hotey hain aur varishth adhikaar hain. 1919 key baad daavaa kiye gaye kissy bhee viniyog parr vaidhaanik adhikaar lagu hotey hain, iss mamle mein davedar koo daavaa kiye gaye satah key paani koo modane seey pahale arizona jall sansaadhan vibhaag (adblure) seey anumati key liye aavedan karna aur praapt karna chaahiye. adhikaar dharakon koo uchit jall koo laabhkaari upayog (gharelu, nagarpalika, sinchai, bhandaran, bijli, khanan, manoranjan, vanyajeev aur machhali, yaa bhujal punarbharan key roop mein maanyata praapt) yaa adhikaaron kii zabt key liye jokhim (joe taba hotaa haye jaba paani koo lagaatar 5 yaa adhik varshon taka laabhkaari upayog key liye lagu naheen kiya jaataa haye) key liye lagu karna chaahiye. arizona satah key jall adhikaaron key hastaantaran kii anumati detaa haye, halanki sthanantarit paani kii matra aur hastaantaran kii asthaayi avadhi (aeye.aar.aiss. § 45-1002), aur sthanantaran vigyaapan dwara sameeksha aur anumodan key adheen hain. machhali, vanyajeev yaa manoranjan key laabh key liye pravaah pravaah koo pravaahit karane key liye hastaantaran key mamle mein, adhikaar dhaarak ack "alag aur hastaantaran" prakriya kaa paalan curr sakate hain, jisake dwara dhaarak sthaayi roop seey jall adhikaar koo arizona raajya yaa ack raajneetik upkhand (pravaah pravaah key nyasiyon key roop mein) koo sthanantarit curr sakata haye, joe aid. doubleu. aar. kii manjuri key lambit haye. iss prakaar key hastaantaran seey jall adhikaar kii prathamikta kii sthiti sanrakshit hogi, taaki yadi hastaantaran kaa adhikaar ack varishth adhikaar haye, tou paani kii kamee key mamle mein kanishth adhikaar dharakon key samaksh labhanvit pravaah koo iska jall aavantan praapt hoga. yeh sthanantaran prakriya paaristhitiki tantra key swaasthya aur manoranjak moolya key liye vardan haye kyonki vanyajeev aur machhali koo kramshah 1941 aur 1962 taka laabhkaari upayog key roop mein maanyata naheen dee gaee thee. bhujal adhikaar hastaantaran satah key paani key saapeksh adhik pratibandhit hain. 1980 key arizona bhujal sanhita ney raajya key kuchh hisson mein uchch paani kii maang key saath "sakriya prabandhan kshetra" (amaa) naamak kshetradhikar banaae, jaise kii phoenix, tuxon aur prescott. amas key baahar key sthaanon mein rahane vaale bhujal adhikaar malik pump kiye gaye bhujal kii "uchit" matra key hakdar hain jise binaa apashisht key laabhkaari upayog key liye lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. amas key baahar bhujal adhikaar dhaarak kuchh sharton key tahat adhikaaron koo sthanantarit curr sakate hain aur shayed hii kabhi jalvaigyaanik besin key baahar bhujal koo sthanantarit karane kii anumati dee jaati haye. amaa key bheetar bhujal hastaantaran bhee anumeya haye, lekin aur bhee adhik pratibandhit hain, aur amaa mein bhujal viniyaman amaa key baahar key viniyaman seey alag aur bahut sakht haye. arizona mein jall vinimay koo niyantrit karane vaale kanuni niyamon koo arizona sanshodhit kaanoonon key sheershak 45, adhyaay 4 mein samhitaabaddh kiya gayaa haye. phoenix amaa mein arizona key bheetar jall sthanantaran sabse aam haye.
california.
apane raajya key roop mein (1850), california ney angreji samanya kaanoon reparion adhikaaron kii pranali koo apanaaya, lekin california gold rush key aagaman aur khanikon dwara paani key daavon kii antatah prachurta key saath, california ney ack saal baad bhee upayukt adhikaar pranali koo apanaaya. california pueblo adhikaaron kaa bhee paalan kartaa haye, joe aadhunik california mein spanish kaanoon kaa ack avashesh haye, joe ack poore shahar koo paani key adhikaar kaa daavaa karane kii anumati detaa haye. anya adhikaar bhee hain, jaise kii vihit adhikaar aur sanghiya aarakshit adhikaar, lekin raajya mein dou pramukh prakaar key adhikaar reparion aur poorv viniyog adhikaar hain. anta mein, california ney 1903 seey bhujal key liye "uchit upayog" key siddhant kaa paalan kiya haye. kyonki kaee jall adhikaaron key kaaran california maanyata detaa haye, isaki jall adhikaar yojana koo "bahuvachan pranali" maanaa jaataa haye. jall vyaapaar parr assar daalate hue, kyonki california ney viniyaamak adhikaaron seey pahale nadee key kinaaron parr adhikaar apanaae, nadee key kinaaron parr adhikaar varishth viniyaamak adhikaaron parr prathamikta rakhate hain. california key 1914 key jall aayog adhiniyam ney satah key jall key uchit adhikaaron key liye ack permit pranali sthaapit kii aur una permits koo prashaasit karane key liye ack agency (joe antatah california raajya jall sansaadhan niyantran board (aiss. doubleu. aar. see. bee.) bunn jaayegi) banaai. sabhi jall anuprayog koo laabhkaari upayog aavashyaktaon (california jall sanhita §100) koo puuraa karna chaahiye (laabhkaari upayog mein jaleey krishi, gharelu upayog, agni sanrakshan, machhali aur vanyajeev, fasal paalaa sanrakshan, garmi niyantran, audyogik upayog, sinchai, khanan, nagarpalika, bijli, manoranjan, bhandaran, aur jall gunavatta niyantran shamil hain) lekin 1914 key baad key upayukt adhikaar aiss. doubleu. aar. see. bee. dwara adhik jaanch aur viniyaman key adheen hain. kaanoon dwara (california jall sanhita § 102), california mein paani saarvajanik sampatti haye (aur isaliye ack samanya pool sansaadhan); jall adhikaar kewal dhaarak koo paani key upayog kaa adhikaar dete hain, naa kii paani key swaamitva kaa. vaastav mein, california jall sanhita kii dhaara 104 aur dhaara 105 mein spasht roop seey kahaa gayaa haye kii logon kii "sabhi paani key upayog mein sarvopari ruchi haye", raajya saarvajanik upayog yaa saarvajanik suraksha key liye satah aur bhoomigat paani koo niyantrit curr sakata haye, aur yeh kii raajya koo "sabse badey saarvajanik laabh" key liye paani kaa vikas karna chaahiye. inn praavdhaanon key kaaran, aur ack samanya pool sansaadhan key roop mein paani kii visheshta key kaaran, california kaanoon key anusaar raajya agencies koo janata kii or seey swatantra bajar hastaantaran kii sameeksha karane aur manjuri dene kii aavashyakta hoti haye. california key jall adhikaaron kaa vibhajan jall viniyog aur upayog kaa record rakhta haye, aur aiss. doubleu. aar. see. bee. sameeksha kartaa haye aur anumati detaa haye, adhikaaron kaa nirnay letaa haye, shikayaton kii jaanch kartaa haye, aur 1914 key baad key upayukt adhikaaron key asthaayi hastaantaran (avadhi 1 varsh seey adhik naheen haye) koo manjuri detaa haye. anya kanuni jall upayogkartaon koo chot, machhali aur vanyajeevon parr anuchit prabhaav, aur desh mein samagr arthavyavastha parr anuchit prabhaav, jisase paani sthanantarit kiya jaataa haye, kanuni roop seey badhyakari vastuen hain, jinhen hastaantaran kii sameeksha karate samay aiss. doubleu. aar. see. bee. koo vichaar karna chaahiye. california jall sanhita key adhyaay 7 mein jall hastaantaran koo paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, swaichhik jall hastaantaran key parinam paani key kushal upayog mein ghoshit kiye gaye hain joe paani kii kamee koo cumm kartaa haye, poonjigat parivyay vikas laagat koo bachaata haye, aur paani aur oorjaa kaa sanrakshan kartaa haye, aur spasht roop seey swaichhik hastaantaran mein sarkaar kii sahaayata kii aavashyakta hoti haye. california jall sanhita key adhyaay 10.5 mein asthaayi (§ 1725-1732) aur deerghakaalik adaan-pradaan (avadhi mein 1 varsh seey adhik) (§ 1735-1737) key liye jall hastaantaran kii prakriya key praavdhaan bataae gaye hain. deerghakaalik adaan-pradaan machhali aur khel vibhaag dwara bhee sameeksha key adheen hoe sakate hain.
california mein harr saal saikadon jall hastaantaran hotey hain, jinamen seey adhikansh usee jall-vigyaan besin mein krishi upayogkartaon key beach alpakaalik hastaantaran hotey hain. antah-besin hastaantaran kii lenden laagat apekshaakrit cumm hoti haye kyonki sthaaniya kshetradhikar jall jile key paas aksar jall adhikaar hotey hain, aur isaliye yeh ekmatra nikaay haye jise apane krishi sadasyon key beach hastaantaran koo manjuri dene kii aavashyakta hoti haye (i.ee. aiss. doubleu. aar. see. bee. shamil naheen haye). jall hastaantaran bhee tatkaal maangon koo puuraa karane mein madad kartaa haye; udaaharan key liye, raajya key paryavaraniya jall khaate kii maang. anta mein, aadhikarik taur parr ghoshit aapaatkaaleen sthitiyon mein, california jall sansaadhan vibhaag ack california sookha jall baink kholata haye, joe uttari california jall adhikaar dharakon seey atirikt jall aavantan khareedata haye aur una aavantanon koo dakshini california mein sookhe seey prabhaavit kshetron mein bechata aur parivahan kartaa haye.
rung.
colorado mein satah jall adhikaar jall sansadhanon key colorado vibhajan (see. dee. doubleu. aar.) aur jall adalaton dwara prashaasit kiye jaate hain, joe jilaa adaalaten hain joe kewal jall mamalon kii sunavaai karati hain. satah parr paani kaa adhikaar praapt karane key liye, vyaktiyon koo jall adalaton mein ack aavedan prastut karna chaahiye, aur laabhkaari upayog key liye paani koo modane kaa irada dikhaana chaahiye-yadi koee virodh naheen haye, tou adhikaar parr ack decree mein hastakshar kiye jaayenge. yeh pranali poorv viniyog aur prathamikta adharit haye, jisamen kuchh prathamikta 1890 key dashak kii haye. adhikaaron key hastaantaran key liye yeh aavashyak haye kii anya varishth yaa kanishth adhikaar dharakon parr koee pratikool prabhaav naa padey, jiska parinam yeh haye kii ateet mein khapat mein upayog kiye gaye paani kii matra koo hii sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye. see. dee. doubleu. aar. nadee key paani koo ack khaai key mukhya dwaar taka sanchaalit kartaa haye joe colorado nadee seey paani koo modata haye, jahaan ack khaai company taba sharedharakon koo paani key aavantan koo niyantrit karati haye.
sanghiya pariyojanaaen iss raajya pranali koo ulat sakati hain, aur yeh colorado-bigg thompson pariyojana (cbt) key liye sach haye. see. bee. tii. baandh ack punarpraapti sinchai pariyojana kaa beuro haye jahan ack jall bajar vikasit huaa haye, aur ack aanupaatik adhikaar pranali parr adharit haye. yeh bajar 1960 key dashak kii shuruat seey hii chala rhaa haye aur seva key kshetra mein paani leey jaane key liye achchi tarah seey vikasit buniyaadi dhancha haye. iss pranali mein bajar moolya, dalal, alpakaalik kiraya aur paani key sthaayi patte hain, aur krishi kshetra key bheetar aur krishi aur nagarpalika aur audyogik kshetron key beach vyaapaar hain.
jall adhikaar sajaatiya hain aur vyaapaar prati varsh see. bee. tii. dwara aapoorti kiye jaane vaale paani key upayog (1 varsh key liye) key aavantan mein hain; aur pratyek ekad-phut ack vyaapaar yogya aavantan haye. iss prakaar jall adhikaar achchi tarah seey paribhaashit hain, aur vyapariyon dwara samajhe jaate hain. aapoorti bhee vishvasaniya haye, aur paani kii aapoorti sunishchit haye-upayogkarta jaanate hain kii unhein kyaa mill rhaa haye. see. bee. tii. koo paani kii aapoorti key liye vikasit kiya gayaa thaa joe ack upayogkarta kii mukhya aapoorti (aapoorti mein parivartansheelta koo cumm karane key liye) key liye poorak haye, isaliye geele varshon mein sabhi sharedharakon key liye sookhe varshon key liye bachat karane key liye kotaa mein aanupaatik roop seey katauti kii jaati haye. isi tarah, yadi kissy diye gaye varsh key liye upalabdh seey cumm haye, tou sabhi aapoorti aanupaatik roop seey cumm curr dee jaati haye. isake alawa, sanrakshit paani koo dusare upayog mein sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye, joe poorv viniyog pranaliyon mein naheen haye. jile key baahar key upayogkartaon koo paani koo exchange aur pratisthaapan key madhyam seey bhee kiraaye parr diyaa jaa sakata haye aur aantarik khaai companiyan bhee gair-cbt paani kaa vyaapaar karati hain, halanki inke liye lenden laagat adhik hoti haye. kiraaye kii keematen aavantan seey cumm hoti hain, kyonki anupalabdhata kaa uchch jokhim hotaa haye, aur laine-daine kaa 30 pratishat hotaa haye.
yeh pranali uttari colorado jall sanrakshan jile (aine. see. doubleu. see. dee.) dwara prashaasit haye jise jall sanrakshan adhiniyam dwara banaaya gayaa thaa, aur yeh see. dee. doubleu. aar. seey swatantra roop seey sanchaalit hotaa haye. aine. see. doubleu. see. dee. vyaapaar koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye pakshon koo sampark mein rakhta haye aur avedanon kii sameeksha kartaa haye joe yeh sunishchit karane key liye jile koo prastut kiye jaane chaahiye kii paani laabhkaari upayog key saath-saath satta khareed seey bachane key liye bhee hoga. sthanantaran prakriya mein 4 seey 6 saptah lagate hain, apekshaakrit saral aur seedha haye, aur isamen raajya engineer kii manjuri kii aavashyakta naheen hoti haye, jisase samay aur laagat mein kaafee kamee aatee haye. kabhi-kabhi nilamiyon kaa vigyaapan diyaa jaataa haye, lekin aamtaur parr vyapariyon key beach seedhe baatchit kii jaati haye. see. bee. tii. mein laine-daine kii laagat cumm haye, jisamen krishi aur shahari donon upayogkartaon key liye sudhaar beuro key saath anubandh karane key liye kewal aine. see. doubleu. see. dee. apani shasson sanrachana key roop mein haye. anya pranaliyon key vipareet, nichale hisse mein teesare paksh key prabhaavon parr vichaar naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye kyonki neeche kii or vaapsee pravaah kii koee aavashyakta naheen haye aur koee chot naheen honey kaa niyam naheen haye.
iss pranali koo anya baajaron key liye ack model key roop mein achchi tarah seey maanaa jaataa haye aur uttari colorado koo paani kii maang aur aapoorti mein alpakaalik aur deerghakaalik badlaavon key saath samaayojit karane kii anumati dene kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. 1962 mein sinchai karane vaalon key paas 82 pratishat paani kaa aavantan thaa, joe 1982 mein ghatkar 64 pratishat aur 1992 mein 55 pratishat reh gayaa, lekin 1992 mein bhee way paani patte parr dene key madhyam seey 71 pratishat paani kaa upayog karane mein saksham they. 1970 aur 1993 key beach ack tihai paani key aavantan kaa 2,698 lenden dusare upayog yaa ack alag sthaan parr upayog key liye kiya gayaa thaa.
nyu maxico.
nyu maxico raajya ney apane jall adhikaaron koo raajya dwara niyukt pada, jall engineer koo saunpa haye. iss sthiti kii bhoomika naa kewal jall adhikaaron key adaan-pradaan koo suvidhajanak banaana haye, balki sansadhanon key upbhog key roop mein jalbhrit star kii nigrani bhee karna haye. 2003 mein, nyu maxico raajya ney ack jall yojana lagu kii, joe jall adhikaaron key aavantan kii raksha karane kii maang karati thee, lekin sambandhit jall aapoorti aur gunavatta, vikretaon aur kharidaaron key beach sambandhon, raajya kii aavashyaktaon aur buniyaadi dhaanche mein bhavishya key nivesh koo badhaava dene parr bhee vichaar karati thee.
nyu maxico koo apani sansaadhan aapoorti key prabandhan key liye jimmedaar honah chaahiye, kyonki aisaa karane mein asamarthata key liye prashaasan key sanghiya star key liye adhikaar key samarpan kii aavashyakta hogi. bikri aur vyaapaar mein prabhaavi margadarshan sunishchit karane key liye, kaee raajya vibhaag aur aayog prayason mein lagey hue hain. inn dalon mein seey pratyek koo raajya aur kshetriya jall adaan-pradaan kii sarvottam yojana aur prabandhan key uddeshya seey bhoomikaaen aur jimmedaariyaan saunpi gaee hain. nyu mexico interstate stream commission aur raajya engineer kaa karyalaya dou pramukh paksh hain, lekin iss parishad mein shamil hain nyu maxico paryaavaran vibhaag, jall gunavatta niyantran aayog, nyu maxico esquia aayog aur jall nyaas board, anya key beach. yeye samooh ack dusare key saath milkar jall key sahee karyanvayan, sambhaavit pradushakon, databases aur soochana pranaliyon koo vikasit karane aur anya bhoomikaon koo puuraa karane key liye kaam karate hain joe nyu maxico key jall sansadhanon key kushal upayog kii or leey jaate hain.
nyu maxico raajya poorv-viniyog jall adhikaaron kii pranali kaa sammaan kartaa haye. iss "pahali baar, pahali baar sahee" pranali mein, paani taka pahunch key adhikaaron key kaee mool praaptakarta pueblo aur janjaatiyaan theen. samprabhu raajyon key roop mein, yeye samooh apane varishth adhikaaron key hakdar hain, joe taba raajya key bajaay sanghiya star parr shaasit hotey hain. inn adhikaaron kii vishishtata key kaaran, inn janjaatiyon aur pueblo koo prabhaavit karane vaale kissy bhee neetigat nirnay koo inn pakshon key saath charcha key liye raajya dwara prastut kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
nyu maxico raajya yeh anivarya kartaa haye kii ack samanya jalvaigyaanik srot key saath kissy bhee adhikaar koo aupchaarik roop seey ack adalat kii kaaryavaahi key madhyam seey nirnay liya jaae, joe adhikaaron key poorna kanuni aur bhautik matratmakta kaa dastavejikaran kartaa haye. yeh raajya kii maangon key prasaar aur varishth adhikaaron vaale logon key liye jall aavantan mein raajya key jall abhiyanta kii sahaayata karane key uddeshya seey kiya jaataa haye. pueblo aur janjaatiyon dwara rakhe gaye adhikaaron koo bhee unake jall pahunch key kanuni maapdandon koo sthaapit karane key liye nirnay liya jaanaa chaahiye. mccarran sanshodhan key tahat, inn adhikaaron koo dhaara-sambandhit jall adhikaar prashaasan key hisse key roop mein mulyankan karane key liye sanghiya kaanoon key tahat paribhaashit aur parimaanikrit kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
nyu maxico mein satah key paani key lagbhag poorna aavantan key kaaran, raajya kii badhati jarooraton key liye upalabdh paani kii aapoorti koo badhaane key prayaas kiye gaye hain. aisaa karane key liye, bhujal koo jalbhriton mein aarakshit kiya jaataa haye joe poore raajya mein nadiyon seey judey hotey hain. inn bhandaron koo punah praapt karane seey nadee kaa pravaah cumm hoe jaayega jisase varishth adhikaar dharakon key liye upalabdh paani cumm hoe jaayega. yahaan samadhan inn varishth satah adhikaaron kii khareed aur sevaanivritti haye. isase bhujal sansadhanon parr ack nayaa jore shuru hoga jinhen bhavishya mein upayog key liye sangraheet kiya gayaa haye.
raajya engineer kaa karyalaya nyu maxico kii jall vyaapaar pranali mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye. yeh prashaasak jall adhikaaron kaa ack poorv viniyog mulyankan aanshik roop seey ack prathamikta prashaasan yojana key saath sthaapit karega, jisamen raajya engineer koo praudyogiki mein nivesh key liye dhana pradaan kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii jall maap aur metering, gis ikaaiyaan, satah aur bhujal model aur niyamavali.
inn aur raajya jall engineer kii atirikt aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane mein sahaayata key liye, nyu maxico ney haal hii mein ack "sakriya sansaadhan prabandhan" yojana lagu kii haye. iss munch parr, raajya dwara niyukt karmchaariyon koo jall adhikaaron kii pehchaan karane, maapane aur maapane, sthanantaran kii suvidha pradaan karane aur jilaa jall maalikon kii niyukti mein bhoomikaaen saunpi jaati hain. jall swami sthaapit jall jilon key bheetar aavashyak adhikaaron key prashaasan mein kaam karate hain. pratyek besin team mein ack pariyojana prabandhak, jalvigyaani, vakeel, sanchaar prabandhak, kaarmik prabandhak aur takniki sahaayata karmchari shamil hain.
raajya jall abhiyanta key karyalaya key saath sakriya sansaadhan prabandhan yojana kii poori jimmedariyon koo 2003 kii jall yojana key saath-saath 2006 kii pragati report aur 2008 kii sameeksha aur prastaavit adyatan mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye. iss prastaav key aadarshon kii spasht roop seey pehchaan kii gaee haye aur unake saath nishpaadan aur janmat key tareeke bhee hain. jabaki tulanaatmak roop seey yuva, yeh karyakram aakramak roop seey nyu maxico kii jall aapoorti key kushal aavantan aur upayog kii maang curr rhaa haye.
nyu maxico sabhi paani koo saarvajanik sampatti maanata haye. haalaanki, upayog karane kaa adhikaar ack aisaa adhikaar haye jise kharida yaa patte parr diyaa jaa sakata haye. ack baar kissy paksh koo aavantit kiye jaane key baad, samay kii avadhi (aamtaur parr 4 saal) key liye laabhkaari upayog karane mein viphalata seey raajya dwara adhikaaron koo punah praapt kiya jaa sakata haye. sudhaar parr, inn adhikaaron koo phir kissy anya ichchuk paksh koo becha yaa patte parr diyaa jaa sakata haye. adhikaar raajya key karyalaya key madhyam seey yaa vyaktigat jall vakeel key madhyam seey permit key aavedan key madhyam seey praapt kiye jaa sakate hain.
texas.
kull milakar, texas mein jall adhikaaron kii sthiti una raajyon key samaan haye jahaan jall adhikaaron koo spasht roop seey paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. texas supreme court kaa faisala dinn mcdaniels banaam 2012 mein kabja karane key adhikaar key samarthan mein edward aquifer pradhikaran ney bhujal adhikaaron key vyaapaar kii neenv rakhee (satah kaa paani ack alag tantra key madhyam seey viniyamit kiya jaataa haye). texas watter exchange, jisaki sthaapana 2013 mein hui thee, raajya mein aur vartamaan mein, sanyukt raajya america mein bhujal adhikaaron key vyaapaar key liye ekmatra saarvajanik bajar haye. jall vakeelon key madhyam seey jall adhikaaron key vyaapaar key paaramparik tareeke bhee abhee bhee maujood hain.
neetigat upkaranon key aarthik anuprayogon kaa namuna.
coses pramey.
utpadakon aur upbhoktaon key beach, baahari honey kii sambhavana haye. yeye kissy bhee paksh koo nuksan kaa roop leey sakate hain, jinamen seey kissy ack key paas baahari sampatti seey sambandhit sampatti adhikaar hoe sakate hain yaa naheen bhee hoe sakate hain. sahee jaankaari kii dhaaranaon key tahat, donon paksh moolya-lene vaale, laagat rahit adalat pranali, utpadakon aur upbhoktaon dwara kramshah laabh aur upayogita adhikatamkaran, koee aaya/dhana prabhaav naheen, aur koee lenden laagat naheen, donon paksh muaavaje key ack kushal star koo puuraa karane mein saksham hoe sakate hain. haalaanki yeye dhaaranaaen shayed hii kabhi ack saath poori hoti hain, lekin partiyon key beach ack vyavastha kii jaa sakati haye. 
jall vyaapaar key mamle mein, ack udaaharan taba hotaa haye jaba apane jall adhikaaron taka pahunchane vaale dusaron key dusare prakriti key adhikaaron kaa ullanghan karate hain. ack saha-saudebaji pranali saamane aaegi yadi kshatigrast pakshon ney apane adhikaaron key hisse taka pahunchane seey bachane key liye adhikaar dharakon koo bhugtan karane kii peshkash kii. yeh bhugtan adhikaar-dharakon key laabh aur peedit key nuksan key dayare mein aayega. coses pramey kaa ack aur udaaharan haye jaba ack jall adhikaar malik ack bhoomi malik koo apani sampatti parr paani key ack nikaay taka pahunchane key liye bhugtan kartaa haye. bhoomi maalikon dwara kiye gaye nuksan kii laagat aur vyakti koo unake adhikaaron taka pahunchane key laabh key beach ack uchit moolya gir jaayega.
pereto dakshata.
jall vyaapaar kaa ack antarnihit uddeshya pereto dakshata praapt karna haye. yeh jall adhikaar vitaran kaa bindu haye jisamen aage koee aavantan kissy anya paksh koo usee star parr badatar banaae binaa ack party koo behtar naheen banaa sakata haye. aavantan kaa ishtatam star taba hotaa haye jaba gair-sookhe varshon koo maanate hue, una logon koo paani aavantit kiya jaataa haye joe ise sabse adhik mahatva dete hain.
pigauviyai curr.
ack pigauvian shulk ack utsarjan shulk haye joe pradooshan key kushal star parr mulyankan karane parr utsarjan seey honey vaale kull seemant nuksan key barabar haye. jall vyaapaar key mamle mein, nakaratmak baahari baatein aksar teesare paksh key nuksan key roop mein prakat hoti hain. jaba paani visthaapit hotaa haye, jaba pipelines kaa nirmaan kiya jaataa haye, yaa jaba jall vyaapaar key parinamswarup samudaay badalate hain, tou inmein seey pratyek jall vyaapaar kii ack nakaratmak visheshta haye. yeh prastaavit kiya gayaa haye kii kshatigrast pakshon koo kshatipurti karane kaa ack saadhan jall vyaapaar seey judey curr key madhyam seey haye. yeh curr alpakaalik jall hastaantaran kii khareed seey judee laagat mein nihit hoga aur utpann rajaswa taba ack nirdisht nidhi mein jamaa hoga. vyaapaar varsh key anta mein, galati karane vaale pakshon koo nuksan kii prakriti aur gambhirta key aadhar parr muaavaje key liye daayar karane kii anumati dee jaayegi.

