
yuddh upanyaas

yuddh upanyaas yaa sainya kathaa yuddh key baare mein ack upanyaas haye. yeh ack upanyaas haye jisamen praathamik kaarravaai yuddh key maidan mein, yaa ack nagrik setting (yaa ghar key saamane) mein hoti haye, jahaan paatr yuddh key prabhaavon seey peedit honey yaa yuddh seey ubarane kii taiyari mein vyast hotey hain. kaee yuddh upanyaas aitihaasik upanyaas hain.
utpatti.
yuddh upanyaas kii utpatti shaastriya aur madhyayugeen kaal kii mahakavya kavitaon mein haye, vishesh roop seey hommer kii "dha eliod", virgil kii "dha annaid", purani angreji "bewulf" jaisi gaathaaen aur arthurian saahitya. yeye sabhi mahakavya vibhinn samajon key beach sangharsh key itihas yaa pauranik kathaaon koo sanrakshit karane seey sambandhit they, jabaki ack sulabh kathaa pradaan karate they joe logon kii saamoohik smriti koo majboot curr sakata thaa. yuddh upanyaas parr anya mahatvapurna prabhaavon mein euripids, seneka dha young, christopher marlo aur shekspeare jaise natakkaron kii trasdi shamil theen. euripids 'trojan mahila' yuddh kii bhayavahata key vishay parr ack shaktishali roop seey pareshan karane vaalaa naatak haye, joe spasht roop seey ethanian samrajyavad kii aalochana kartaa haye. shekspeare kaa "heinry vee", joe sou saal key yuddh key dauran aggincourt kii ladaai (1415) seey turant pahale aur baad kii ghatnaaon parr kendrit haye, ack model pradaan kartaa haye kii yuddh key itihas, ranneeti aur naitikta koo anivarya roop seey ack kaalpanik dhaanche mein kaise jodaa jaa sakata haye. praarambhik aadhunik europe mein prem aur vyangya, jaise admond spensor kii mahakavya kavita "dha fairy queen" aur myguel dee survantes key upanyaas "donn quixot", naam key liye lekin dou, mein aise tatva bhee hain joe yuddh upanyason key baad key vikas koo prabhaavit karate hain. kalpana aur prateekvaad key sandarbh mein, kaee aadhunik yuddh upanyaas (vishesh roop seey joe yuddh virodhi drishtikon kaa samarthan karate hain) "narak" mein dante key narak key chitran, "swarg mein yuddh key baare mein johnn milton key khaate" khoya huaa swarg ", aur sarvanash seey prabhaavit hain jaisa kii bibil kii" rahasyodghatan kii pustak "mein darshaaya gayaa haye. yuddh upanyaas kaa ack ullekhaniya gair-paschimi udaaharan luo gwanjhong kaa "teen raajyon kaa romans" haye.
jaise-jaise upanyaas kaa yathaarthvaadi roop satrahavin shatabdi mein pramukhta seey ubhara, yuddh upanyaas ney apane aadhunik roop koo vikasit karna shuru curr diyaa, haalaanki yuddh kii visheshta vaale adhikansh upanyaas yuddh key vaastavik chitron key bajaay chitramaya vyangya they. aise hii ack kaam kaa ack udaaharan haye huns jacob christophel wonn grimmelshossen kaa "symplicious symplisimus", joe tees saal key yuddh kaa ack ardh-aatmakathaatmak vivaran haye.
19veen shatabdi key yuddh upanyaas.
yuddh upanyaas unnisvin shatabdi key dauran aaya, jisamen standhall kaa "dha charterhouse off parma" (1839), jisamen waterloo kii ladaai, leo tolstoy kaa "yuddh aur shaanti" (1869), roose mein napolean yuddhon key baare mein, aur stephen crain kaa "dha redd baij off himmat" (1895), joe americi grih yuddh seey sambandhit haye, jaise kaam shamil hain. inn sabhi karyon mein pramukh ladaaiyon key yathaarthvaadi chitran, yuddh key samay key bhaya aur atyachar key drishya, aur veerata aur kayarta kii prakriti mein mahatvapurna antardrishti key saath-saath naitik prashnon kii khoj shamil haye.
pratham vishva yuddh aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh.
pratham vishva yuddh ney sangharsh key sabhi pakshon key lekhakon dwara abhootpoorv sankhya mein yuddh upanyason kaa nirmaan kiya. inmein seey pahala aur sabse prabhaavshaali francisi upanyaskar aur sanic heinry barbus kaa 1916 kaa upanyaas "leey fiu" (yaa "under fayer") thaa. barbsey key upanyaas ney rashtravadi hathdharmita aur sainya akshamta kii khuli aalochana key saath saahitya mein yuddh virodhi andolan kii shuruat kii joe yuddh key baad falaa-phoola.
ernst junger kii aatmakathaatmak kriti, "inn stallgavitorn" (1920) (steel kaa toofaan) samaan mahatva kaa haye. barbsey aur baad mein erich maria remark key "imm westen nicts news" ("paschimi morche parr sabhi shaant") jaise upanyason seey alag, junger isake bajaay yuddh key baare mein ack bahadur naayak key roop mein likhate hain jinhone bhaya key bavjood yuddh aur bhaichare koo apanaaya. yeh kaary naa kewal yuddh key cumm pratinidhitva vaale pariprekshya key liye pradaan kartaa haye, balki yeh german bhavna mein antardrishti bhee detaa haye kii way vaastav mein pratham vishva yuddh mein kabhi parajit naheen hue they.
1918 key baad kii avadhi ney yuddh upanyason kii ack vishal shrinkhala kaa nirmaan kiya, jisamen rebekka west key "dha return off dha solzer" (1918) jaise "home front" upanyaas shamil hain, joe ack sanic key british samaaj mein kathin punah ekikaran key baare mein haye; roman roland kii "claramboult" (1920), francisi sainyavaad key khilaf ack shoke santapt pitaa key krodhit virodh key baare mein; aur johnn doss pasos key "teen sanic" (1921), joe pratham vishva yuddh key baare mein apekshaakrit cumm sankhya mein americi upanyason mein seey ack haye. pratham vishva yuddh key baad kii avadhi mein bhee, yuddh key vishay koo adhuniktawadi upanyason kii badhati sankhya mein dekhaa jaataa haye, jinamen seey kaee paaramparik arthon mein "yuddh upanyaas" naheen they, lekin jinamen aise paatr shamil they jinake manovaigyaanik aghaat aur samaaj seey algaav seedhe yuddh key anubhavon seey utpann hue they. iss prakaar key upanyaas kaa ack udaaharan virginia woolf kii "shrimati" haye. deloway (1925), jisamen ack pramukh upa-kathaanak ack yuva anubhavi, septimus vaaran smith key, pagalpan aur aatmahatya kii or, yatanapurna vansh seey sambandhit haye. 1924 mein, laurence stallings ney apana aatmakathaatmak yuddh upanyaas, "plooms" prakaashit kiya.
1920 key dashak mein tathaakathit "yuddh pustak mein teji" dekhi gaee, jisake dauran yuddh key dauran ladane vaale kaee purush antatah apane yuddh key anubhavon key baare mein khule taur parr aur aalochanatmak roop seey likhane key liye taiyar they. 1929 mein, erich maria remark kii "imm westen nichts news" ("paschimi morche parr sabhi shaant") ack vishal, duniya bhar mein sabse adhik bikane vaali thee, cumm seey cumm ack german paidal senaa key drishtikon seey khaai yuddh kii bhayavahata key kroor yathaarthvaadi khaate key liye naheen. cumm prasiddh lekin khaai yuddh kii bhayavahata key apane khaate mein samaan roop seey chaunkaane vaalaa haye pahale kaa stratis myrivilles 'yunani upanyaas' kabr mein jeevan ', joe pahali baar saptahik samachar patra' kambana '(aprail 1923-janwari 1924) mein kramik roop mein prakaashit huaa thaa, aur phir 1930 mein sanshodhit aur bahut vistaarit roop mein. ernest hemingway kii' aeye fairwell too arms '(1929), richard aldington kii' death off aeye hiro '(1929), arnold zwig kii' darit umm daine sargenton grissa '(1927), charles yell harrison key' generalon kii bistar parr mrityu '(1930) bhee mahatvapurna theen. aur villium march kii "company key" (1933).
pratham vishva yuddh key baare mein upanyaas 1930 key dashak mein cumm dikhaai diye, halanki iss dashak key dauran pahale key yuddhon key baare mein aitihaasik upanyaas lokpriya hoe gaye. margaret michel kii "pawan key saath chalaa gayaa" (1936), joe americi grihyuddh koo yaad karati haye, iss pravritti key karyon kaa ack udaaharan haye. villium fockner kaa "dha unwankwished" (1938) unakaa ekmatra upanyaas haye joe grih yuddh key varshon parr kendrit haye, lekin vaha "dhwani aur krodh" (1929) aur "abslom, abslom!"(1936).
1990 key dashak aur 21veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein pahale vishva yuddh key baare mein upanyason kaa ack aur punrutthan dekhaa gayaa, jisamen pait barker kii punarjanan trayeeh "punarjanan" (1991), "darwaaje mein aankh" (1993), aur "bhoot sadak" (1995), aur angreji lekhak sebastian fox dwara "birdsong" (1993), aur haal hii mein kanadai michael goodspeed dwara "three too aeye loaf" (2008).
dwiteeya vishva yuddh.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh ney samkaaleen yuddh upanyason mein ack naee uchhaal koo janm diyaa. pratham vishva yuddh key upanyason key vipareet, ack europeeya-pradhaan shally, dwiteeya vishva yuddh key upanyason kaa nirmaan americi lekhakon dwara sabse badee sankhya mein kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone havaa mein, samudra mein aur prashant mahasagar aur asia jaise pramukh theatres mein yuddh kiya thaa. sabse safal americi yuddh upanyason mein herman wooke key "dha caine mutiny", james johns key "from hear too atternity" aur hemingway key "jinake liye dha bell toles" they, joe baad mein spanish grih yuddh mein sthaapit ack upanyaas thaa.
jeane-paul saartre kaa upanyaas "pareshan neend" (1949) (mool roop seey "aatma mein loha" key roop mein anuvaadit), trayi "less camins day laa liberte", "swatantrata kii sadaken" kaa teesara bhaag, 1940 mein france key patan koo darshaata haye, aur francisi logon key ack samooh kii peedaa kii bhaavanaon koo darshaata haye, jinaki yuddh poorv udasinta vyaktigat pratirodh kii garima kii chetna koo raasta detee haye-german vyavasaay aur samanya roop seey bhaagya key liye-aur isi tarah utpeedit logon key saath ekjutata."pichla khand" "leey surasis" "(1945," "dha repreve", "usa tushtikaran samjhaute key prabhaavon kii padtaal kartaa haye jiss parr grate britten aur france ney 1938 mein naazi germany key saath hastakshar kiye they. ack aur mahatvapurna francisi yuddh upanyaas piyare baule kaa" "leey pont day laa revear kwai" "(1952) (" "nadee parr pull" ") thaa. unhone peater johnn ruul key naam seey ack gupt agent key roop mein kaary kiya aur chean, barma aur francisi indochina mein pratirodh andolan mein madad kii. yuddh francisi upanyaskar aur saahitya mein 1985 key nobel puraskar vijeta clod saiman (1913-2005) kaa ack nirantar aur kendriya vishay haih "yeh lagbhag sabhi saiman kii prakaashit kritiyon mein ack yaa dusare roop mein maujood haye", saiman aksar ack hii upanyaas mein vibhinn vyaktiyon key vibhinn aitihaasik sanghrshon key anubhavon kii tulanaa kartaa haye; pratham vishva yuddh aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh "ell 'esiya" (joe sainikon kii vidhvaaon parr yuddh key prabhaav koo bhee dhyaan mein rakhta haye); francisi krantikari yuddh aur "less georgic" mein dwiteeya vishva yuddh."unhone 1940 mein ghudsavaar senaa mein seva kii aur yahaan taka kii tankon key khilaf ghode parr hamale mein bhee bhaag liya. "una sabhi upanyason mein sabse achchha vaha haye jisamen yuddh key apane sankshipt anubhav kaa jabardast prabhaav key liye upayog kiya jaataa haih" "laa root days flandress" "(" "flanders road", "1960)...] vahaan, yuddh ack roopak bunn jaataa haye joe samanya roop seey maanav sthiti key liye bahut upayukt hoe jaataa haye, kyonki samajik vyavastha key roop aur protocol janleva arajakta mein bhang hoe jaate hain.'" "francisi daarshanik aur upanyaskar,
aaee. dee. 1. mein landan kii bambari 1943 mein prakaashit teen british upanyason kaa vishay haye; graham green key" "bhaya mantralaya", "james hanley key" "koee disha naheen", "aur heinry green key" "pakada" ". green kii baad kii "dha aind off dha affair" (1951) mukhya roop seey 1944 key landan mein udaan bumm hamalon key dauran sett kii gaee haye. bernard bergonzi key anusaar "[dee] yuddh key dauran nae kathaa lekhakon key liye naee kathaa kaa pasandida roop [britten mein] laghu kahani thee. halanki johnn couper pows kaa aitihaasik upanyaas "owen glendover" pandrahavin shatabdi kii shuruat aur 1930 key dashak key anta aur 1940 key dashak kii shuruat key beach maujood aitihaasik samaantaon mein sthaapit haih "owen glendover mein samkaaleentaa kii bhavna hamesha maujood haye. humm apane jaise parivartan kii duniya mein hain. upanyaas kii kalpana aise samay mein kii gaee thee jaba "spanish grihyuddh saarvajanik bahas kaa ack pramukh vishay thaa" aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh shuru honey key kuchh maheenon baad 24 disambar 1939 koo puuraa huaa thaa. 1941 key (americi) pahale sanskaran kii shuruat karane vaale "tark" mein, powy kii tippani "pandrahavin shatabdi kii shuruat [...] duniya ney "sankraman" key sabse mahatvapurna aur chaunkaane vaale yugon mein seey ack kii shuruat dekhi. yeh maee 1940 mein likhaa gayaa thaa, aur isamen koee sandeh naheen hoe sakata haye kii upanyaas key pathakon ney "pustak key karyon aur apani duniya kii ghatnaaon key beach sambandh darj kiya hoga.
"fair stand dha wind forr france" 1944 mein aich. dwara likhit ack upanyaas haye. ee. batus, joe ack wellington bamvarshak key ack pilot key saath sambandhit haye, joe dusare vishva yuddh kii oonchaai parr german kabje vaale france mein apane vimaan koo neeche laane parr apane haath koo buri tarah seey ghayal curr detaa haye. antatah vaha aur uska chaalak dall nauka, saikil aur train seey britten kii khatarnak yatra karate hain. bett koo kewal laghu kathaaen likhane key liye shaahi vayu senaa (raaf) mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki vayu mantralaya koo ehsas huaa kii janata yuddh key baare mein tathyon aur aankadon key saath cumm chintit thee, joe una logon key baare mein padh rahey they joe isase lada rahey they.
british upanyaskar avalin vau kii "putt out morr flags" (1942) "phoney warr" key dauran sett kii gaee haye, joe unake pahale key vyangya upanyason mein pesh kiye gaye paatron kii yuddhakaaleen gatividhiyon key baad haye, aur finish upanyaskar wein linna kii "dha ananon solzer" (1954) joe finland aur soviyat sangh key beach nirantar yuddh key dauran sett kii gaee haye, joe sadharan finish sainikon key drishtikon koo bataati haye. vau kii talwar kii sammaan trayi, "purushon key haathon mein" (1952), "adhikaari aur sajjan" (1955) aur "binaa shart aatmasamarpan" (1961) (america mein "yuddh key anta" key roop mein prakaashit), dusare vishva yuddh mein vau key anubhavon key samanantar. vau koo "purushon key liye" 1952 kaa james tett black memorial puraskar milaa.
elizabeth bowen kaa "dha heat off dha day" (1948) ack aur yuddh upanyaas haye. haalaanki, bhale hii ghatanaaen mukhya roop seey dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran hoti hain, yuddh kii hinsa aamtaur parr varnan seey anupasthit hoti haih "blitz key dou saal baad, landan key loga, joe abb raat key chhaapon seey aahat naheen they, barbad honey key liye abhyast hoe rahey they."bhautik vinash kii avadhi key bajaay, yuddh ack aisee paristhiti key roop mein kaary kartaa haye joe logon key jeevan mein samanyata koo badal detee haye. stella robbert koo sweekaar karati haih "humm paristhitiyon key dost hain-yuddh, yeh algaav, yeh vatavaran jisamen sub kuchh chalata haye aur kuchh naheen kahaa gayaa haye."haalaanki, kuchh alag-alag maarg hain joe landan key bumm visfoton seey sambandhit hainh
yuddh key baad kii avadhi mein adhik prayogaatmak aur aparamparaagat americi karyon mein joseph heller kii vyangyapurna "catch-22" aur thomas pinchon kii "gurutvaakarshan indradhanush" shamil thee, joe uttar-adhuniktawad kaa ack praarambhik udaaharan haye. norman meller kii "nagna aur mrit", irvin shau kii "yuva shher", aur james johns kii "patali laal rekha", sabhi teevra yuddh key sandarbh mein yuddh kii vyaktigat prakriti kaa pataa lagaate hain.
"dha inglish patient" kanadai upanyaskar michael ondatje kaa 1992 kaa booker puraskar vijeta upanyaas haye. yeh pustak dwiteeya vishva yuddh key italvi abhiyaan key dauran ack italvi vilaa mein ack saath laae gaye chaar alag-alag logon kaa anusaran karati haye. chaar mukhya paatr hainh ack agyaat roop seey jalaa huaa aadami-ack nammatra kaa rogi, jise angreji maanaa jaataa haye; usaki kanadai senaa kii nurse, ack sikh british senaa kaa sapper aur ack kanadai chor. kahani uttar african abhiyaan key dauran hoti haye aur rogi key choton seey pahale key karyon key badhate hue rahasyodghatan aur anya paatron parr inn rahasyodghatanon key bhaavnaatmak prabhaavon key baare mein haye.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad key dashakon mein anya prakaar key yuddh upanyason kaa bhee uday huaa. ack haye holocost upanyaas, jisamen seey kanadai aeye.aim. clain kaa "doosara scroll", itailiyan primo levi kaa "aggar yeh ack aadami haye" aur "aggar abhee naheen, tou kaba?", aur americi villium styron kii" sofee kii pasand "pramukh udaaharan hain. doosara nazarbandi yaa utpeedan kaa upanyaas haye (holocast key alawa), jisamen paatr yuddh key pratyaksh parinam key roop mein khud koo kaid yaa apane nagrik adhikaaron seey vanchit paate hain. ack udaaharan joy kogawa kaa "obasana" haye, joe dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran kanada key nirvaasan aur japani mool key apane nagrikon key nazarbandi key baare mein haye. 
isi tarah, ack ukraini ladke kii jeevan kahani, jise pahale ack shram shivir mein rakhaa gayaa thaa aur phir roose key liye ladane key liye taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, ukraine mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye-yuddh key samay mein, sonia campbelle-gillies dwara.
masuji ibuse kaa black raine (1965) hiroshima kii paramanu bambari parr adharit ack upanyaas haye. shusaku endo dwara samudra aur jahar (1957) ack americi paav parr japani chikitsa prayog key baare mein haye.
koriyai yuddh.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key lagbhag turant baad koriyai yuddh (1950-1953) huaa. americi upanyaskar kaa richard hooker yuddh key dauran koria mein sthaapit ack black comedy haye; ise ack film aur ack safal television shrinkhala mein banaaya gayaa thaa. apane "ack duniya ney thandak badal dee": koriyai yuddh saahitya kaa ack bahut hii sankshipt mulyankan, pinaki roy ney 2013 mein yuddh parr prakaashit vibhinn prakashanon, mukhya roop seey upanyason kaa ack aalochanatmak avalokan pradaan karane kaa prayaas kiya.
viyatnam aur baad mein yuddh.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, jiss yuddh ney sabse adhik sankhya mein upanyaskaron koo aakarshit kiya haye, vaha viyatnam yuddh haye. graham green kaa "dha silent american" 1950 key dashak key francisi aupaniveshik vatavaran mein viyatnam yuddh kii utpatti kaa pataa lagaane vaalaa pahala upanyaas thaa. tima oh 'bryan kii "way cheejen joe way leey gaye" viyatnam wignet kaa ack chakr haye joe ack upanyaas kii tarah padhata haye. "baao ninah dwara "yuddh kaa dukh" viyatnami drishtikon seey yuddh kaa ack marmic vivaran haye.
uttar-adhuniktawad aur dou vishva yuddhon key parimaan key barabar yuddhon kii anupasthiti key maddenajar, adhikansh yuddh upanyaskaron ney iss baat parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye kii smriti aur samay kii aspashtata yuddh key arth aur anubhav koo kaise prabhaavit karati haye. apani punarjanan trayi mein, british upanyaskar pait barker ney samkaaleen drishtikon seey pratham vishva yuddh kii phir seey kalpana kii. ian mewan key upanyaas "black dogs" aur "praayashchit" dwiteeya vishva yuddh key liye ack samaan purvavyaapi drishtikon lete hain, jisamen 1940 mein dunkirk seey british peechhe hatane aur france parr naazi aakraman jaisi ghatanaaen shamil hain. doubleu kaa kaam. jee. sebald, vishesh roop seey "austerlitz", germany key apane ashant ateet key saath samjhauta karane key sangharsh kii ack uttar-aadhunik jaanch haye.
kuchh samkaaleen upanyaas vishayagat gaharaai seey oopar kaarravaai aur sazish parr jore dete hain. tomm clancy kii "dha hunt forr redd octuber" takniki roop seey sheet yuddh key dauran pandubbi jasusi kaa ack vistrit vivaran haye, aur johnn leey kaire key kaee jasusi upanyaas mool roop seey ack yug key liye yuddh upanyaas hain jisamen naukarshahi aksar khule yuddh kii jagah letee haye. ack anya roopaantaran sarvanashkari isai upanyaas haye, joe achchaae aur burai kii saarvbhaumik taakton key beach antim pradarshan parr kendrit haye. tima lahaye iss shally seey sabse aasaani seey judey lekhak hain. kaee kaalpanik upanyaas bhee paaramparik yuddh upanyaas kaa upayog kaalpanik kshetron mein kaalpanik yuddhon key chitran key liye ack prasthaan bindu key roop mein karate hain.
iran-iraq yuddh bhee upanyaskaron key liye ack dilchasp mamla thaa. iran-iraq yuddh kii ghatnaaon aur sansmaranon ney advitiya yuddh upanyason koo janm diyaa haye. iran key putra noordin aur kaee upanyason mein seey hain joe yuddh kii bhayaanak sthiti kii yaad dilaate hain. inmein seey kaee upanyaas pratibhagiyon key saath kiye gaye sakshatkar aur unake sansmaranon parr adharit hain.
post 9/11 saahityik duniya ney kuchh yuddh upanyason kaa nirmaan kiya haye joe aatankvaad key khilaf yuddh mein vartamaan ghatnaaon koo sambodhit karate hain. ack udaaharan criss cleave kii "incentiary" (2005) haye, joe 7 julaai 2005 key landan bumm visfoton kaa anuman lagaane key liye apane prakaashan key baad surkhiyan bunny.

