virgilius vaticanus

virgilius vaticanus, jise vatican virgil (vatican, biblioteca apostolica, codd) key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. vaat. lait. 3225), ack pracheen prakaashit pandulipi haye jisamen virgil key "annaid" aur "georgics" key tukade hain. yeh lagbhag 400 esvi mein rome mein banaaya gayaa thaa, aur "annaid" key paath key liye sabse puraane jeevit sroton mein seey ack haye. yeh shaastriya saahitya kii sabse purani aur kewal teen pracheen sachitra pandulipiyon mein seey ack haye.
samagri.
shaastriya saahitya kii dou anya jeevit sachitra paandulipiyaan virgilius romanus aur ambrosian eliod hain. virgilius vaticanus koo virgilius romenus (vatican shahar, biblioteca apostolica, codd) key saath bhramit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye. vaat. lait. 3867) yaa aprakaashit virgilius augustius, biblioteca apostolica mein dou anya pracheen virgillion paandulipiyaan.
virgil ney "annaid" mein roman saahitya kaa ack utkrisht roop banaaya. unhone kahani mein kavita key madhyam seey chhaviyaan banaane key liye jeevant sthaanon aur bhaavanaon kaa upayog kiya. isamen trojan yuddh key baad troy shahar seey bachane key baad itali mein apane antim gantavya taka pahunchane taka samudra mein bhatakate hue anias aur usake trojan sathiyon parr charcha kii gaee haye. iss kathaa mein prem, haani aur yuddh key vishay shamil hain. trojan yuddh virgil key baad aaee mahakavya kavita kii ack lambi pankti mein ack prerana aur utprerak haye. 
attribution.
inn chitron koo teen alag-alag chitrakaron dwara jodaa gayaa thaa, jinamen seey sabhi ney pratima sambandhi pratilipi pustakon kaa upayog kiya thaa. pahale ney "georgia" aur "grahan" key kuchh hisson parr kaam kiya; kewal dou ney "annaid" parr kaam kiya. pratyek kalakar key chitra unaki kshamata key aadhar parr spasht hotey hain. pratham kalakar koo sthaanik pariprekshya aur shareer rachana vigyaan key unake gyaan seey pratishthit kiya jaataa haye. unake chitra "bhaugolik" aur "grahan" mein doori aur paridrishya banaane key unake kaushal parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain. jhund koo paani kii or leey jaane kaa chitran kalakar key "georgia" key chitran mein paaya jaataa haye. prishthabhoomi mein pratyek aakriti aur vastu ack yathaarthvaadi sthaanik vyavastha key saath alag haye.
pahale kalakar kii tulanaa mein, dusare kalakar, jinhone "annaid" parr kaam kiya, mein sthaanik pariprekshya key saath samaan parichitata kaa abhaav haye. imaraton, logon aur pahaadon key saath bheed kaa samavesh carthage kii khoj mein ack aashcharyajanak virodhabhas paida kartaa haye. teesare kalakar key chitron mein sthaanik pariprekshya, yathaarthvaadi sthaan aur aakritiyon key vichaar hain. unhone maanav shareer rachana vigyaan mein apane kaushal key aadhar parr ack yathaarthvaadi prishthabhoomi koo chitrit karane kii apani kshamata kaa upayog kiya. ack udaaharan thaa jahan mritak deedo deedo parr vilaap karate hue apane sajaae hue shayankaksh mein aaraam kartaa haye.
varnan.
pandulipi mein 50 chitron key saath 76 patte bache hue hain. yadi, jaisa kii usa samay aam pratha thee, pandulipi mein virgil key sabhi vihit kaary shamil hotey, tou pandulipi mein mool roop seey lagbhag 440 patte aur 280 chitra hotey. chitra frame key bheetar nihit hain aur isamen paridrishya aur vastukala aur anya vivaran shamil hain.
kaee folio tukadon mein jeevit rahate hain. kuchh tukadon koo chaar yaa paanch mein baanta jaataa haye. kharaab sthiti mein 50 kshatigrast chitra hain. pratyek tukade key aadhar parr mool pustak kaa punarnirmaan karna saral haye. virgil key vihit kaary, jisamen 280 chitron key saath 440 folio they, usa samay koee parichay naheen thaa. ise padhana aasaan aur aasaan haye. aisee koee purani pustak kaa pramaan naheen haye jisaki tulanaa gunavatta key aadhar parr kii jaa sakey.
virgil key kaee sanskaranon mein seey, virgilius vaticanus codex key roop mein pahala sanskaran haye. hoe sakata haye kii ise scroll key ack samooh seey coppy kiya gayaa hoe, jisake kaaran paath key prasaran key saath spashtata kii kamee hoe gaee. ack suvyavasthit karyashala thee jisane virgilius vaticanus kaa nirmaan kiya. paath mein kuchh sthaanon parr jagah chhodkar, ack master lekhak ney paath kii pratilipi banaate samay chitron koo shamil karane kii yojana banaai.
parampara aur suvidha key kaaran, murtikala model they joe teen alag-alag kalakaron key they jinhone chitron koo bharaa thaa. chitrakaar key liye iss kaam koo puuraa karane key liye, sachitra roll key ack samooh kaa adhyayan kiya gayaa aur anukoolit kiya gayaa joe annaid key liye pratima sambandhi model key roop mein kaam karane vaale they.
iss prakaar key chhote chitron koo paath key stambhon mein rakhaa gayaa thaa joe roll parr papyrus shally mein likhe gaye they.  
paath aur lipi.
paath koo ack hii lekhak ney dehaati rajdhaniyon mein likhaa thaa. jaisa kii usa samay aam thaa, shabdon key beach koee antar naheen haye. ack lekhak ney poore paath koo likhane key liye ack purani bhoore rung kii syaahi kaa upayog kiya. aathh-shakti aavardhan kaa upayog karate hue, syaahi anaaj rahit hoti haye joe chikani aur achchi tarah seey sanrakshit dikhaai detee haye. isi avadhi kii anya pandulipiyon kii tulanaa mein virgilius vaticanus bahut achchi sthiti mein haye, joe aksham roop seey taiyar kii gaee thee, jisase charmpatra oak pitt aur lauh sulfate seey toot gayaa thaa. motey aur patale aghaaton key beach antar karane key liye lekhak ack chhantaai kii gaee chaudi kalam kaa upayog kartaa thaa. kalam koo lagbhag 60 degree parr rakhaa gayaa thaa jahan adhikansh aghaat hotey they.
chitra.
laghuchitron koo paath stambh key bheetar sett kiya jaataa haye, halanki kuchh laghuchitra poore prishth parr kabja curr lete hain. maanav aakritiyon koo praakritik anupaat key saath shaastriya shally mein chitrit kiya jaataa haye aur jeevantata key saath kheencha jaataa haye. chitra aksar gaharaai key bhram koo kaafee achchi tarah seey vyakt karate hain. dhundhali doori kaa aabhas dene key liye paridrishya kii dhusar bhoomi gulab, baingani yaa neele rung key patton mein mill jaati haye. aantarik drishya pariprekshya kii pahale kii samajh parr adharit hotey hain, lekin kabhi-kabhi trutiyon seey pataa chalata haye kii kalakar upayog kiye gaye model koo poori tarah seey naheen samajhate they. inn laghuchitron kii shally mein quedlinberg itala tukade key jeevit laghuchitron key saath bahut kuchh samaantaa haye aur isaki tulanaa pompei mein paae jaane vaale bhitti chitron seey bhee kii gaee haye. pratyek laghu chitra mein ack drishya key saath ack aanupaatik aakriti thee joe ack dhundhala prabhaav paida karati thee, jisamen shaastriya vastukala aur kapade hotey they.
lokpriya mithak jaise kii haila aur apsaraon koo saksham kalakaron dwara dehaati aur shally key drishyon key madhyam seey "georgia" key nau jeevit chitron dwara darshaaya gayaa thaa. annaid" mein chitra "georgics" key saath mishrit hain; haalaanki, "georgics" kii kalaatmak saralata "annaid" chitron seey adhik haye. sajaaya huaa frame aur chitrit prishthabhoomi yaa paridrishya settings key binaa, sachitra chhandon mein nyuntam aakritiyon aur vastuon kaa upayog karke kahani bataane key liye kewal aavashyak vastuon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. naa tou frame kiya gayaa haye aur naa hii prishthabhoomi mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye, virgilius vaticanus papyrus shally mein chitron key ack roll kaa upayog kartaa haye.
laghuchitra.
ack mahatvapurna laghuchitra mein carthage (folio 13) kii khoj karane vaale anias aur achets koo darshaaya gayaa haye. kalakar ney shahar kii tatkaal pragati aur ekataa parr kabja karane key liye sachitra sateekta key liye shally kaa tyag kiya. ack chattan parr khade dou trojan hain joe ack chhavi mein nakkashi kaa sarvekshan curr rahey hain jisamen pariprekshya kaa abhaav haye. achets aur annies koo unake sir key oopar label key saath pahachaana jaataa haye. anias kaa shareer jaanch key liye samagri pradaan kartaa haye jaise kii kapadon key kharaab hue kapade joe achet key shareer kii jaanch koo rokte hain. annes kii ajib tarah seey rachit shareer rachana kalakar key chikane aur motey brushstroke key saath banaai jaati haye. shareer koo dhakane key baad kapade pairon koo aswabhavik roop seey sthiti mein rakhate hain. anius kaa shareer, achet key vipareet, vistaarit rukh key aadhar parr bhaashan kaa sanket detaa haye. paath kii sateekta koo banaae rakhate hue, anias key daaeen or ack anaadi pariprekshya haye joe carthage kii ruprekha taiyar kartaa haye. anias key neeche khadaan mein dou mazdoor aur ack paryavekshak nirmaan key liye kachcha maal nikaalate hain. prishthabhoomi mein paryavekshakon dwara patthar mistri dekhe jaa rahey hain. kewal patthar key mehrab aur deevaaren pradarshit kii jaa rahee hain, naa kii pragati parr kaarravaai.
samagri.
25 gunaa 43 centimeter (10 gunaa 17 inch) seey maapa jaane vaalaa charmpatra kagaj kii 220 chaadaren taiyar karna bahee-vyaapaar prakriya kaa pahala kadam thaa. yeh usa samay kii anya shandar pandulipiyon key saath tulaniya haye, jinamen seey kuchh koo pandulipi banaane key liye lagbhag 74 bhedon kii aavashyakta thee. virgilius vaticanus mein kuchh chhed honey key bavjood, yeh utkrisht gunavatta mein banaa rhaa. charmpatra ack chikani polish kii gaee satah key saath bahut patala hotaa haye jise usa samay kii sabse achchi pustakon key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye. baalon kaa paksh thodaa peela hotaa haye jisase ack curl banata haye jabaki maans kaa paksh safed hotaa haye. charmpatra key vyaapak lambai key upayog seey girawat aaegi, saubhagya seey charmpatra kaa upayog isaki kathorta key aadhar parr bahut lambai mein kiya jaa sakata haye.
utpatti.
pandulipi shayed ack vidharmi kuleen key liye banaai gaee thee. yeh pracheen prakaashit pandulipi itali mein cumm seey cumm 200 varshon taka sakriya roop seey upayog kii jaati rahee. lagbhag poori pandulipi kaa pahala record nauvin shatabdi kii doosari timahi key dauran paryatan mein sant-martin key mathh mein dikhaai diyaa. kewal kuchh sudhaar hain aur paath parr pratisthaapan kiya gayaa haye. pandulipi key tukade-tukade honey aur aage gayab honey seey pahale, pandulipi key chitron kaa kalakaron dwara najuk adhyayan kiya gayaa thaa. una kalakaron ney baad mein carolingian chitrakala key sabse prabhaavshaali chitrakala vidyaalayon mein seey ack kii sthaapana kii aur kalakaron mein seey ack ney vaastav mein vivian bible mein upayog karane key liye pandulipi seey dou aakritiyon kii nakal kii.
1448 mein, italvi manavtawadi jiyovanni pontano ney pandulipi kaa adhyayan kiya aur usey ekatra kiya. usa samay, pandulipi ney lagbhag 164 folio khou diye they. isake alawa, aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii kaee folio koo kissy aur ney kaat diyaa thaa. lagbhag 1514 mein, pandulipi, jaba yeh gayab hoe gaee aur adhik vikhandan kaa saamana karna padaa, tou raffle key ghere mein rome mein dikhaai dee, jahan kaee jeevit chitron kii nakal kii gaee aur anya uddeshyon key liye anukoolit kiya gayaa. logon koo darr thaa kii pandulipi antatah poori tarah seey bigad jaayegi, isaliye pandulipi key sabhi chitron kii ack prati rafale (abb prinston ms 104) key vritt mein banaai gaee thee. 1513 mein, pandulipi koo rome mein manavtawadi pitro bembo key pustakalaya mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. jaba 1521 mein pope leo aiks kii mrityu hoe gaee, tou bembo padua mein sevaanivritt hoe gaye aur pandulipi apane saath leey aae. isake baad, pietro bembo ney pandulipi koo apane bete, torquato bembo koo saunp diyaa. anta mein 1579 mein, pandulipi rome mein laut aaee aur kuchh folio koo kaat diyaa gayaa. fulvio orsini ney pandulipi koo torquato bembo seey kharida. fulvio orsini ney antatah 1600 mein apane pustakalaya koo vatican pustakalaya koo saunp diyaa. 1642 key turant baad, codex koo phir seey jodane aur charmpatra parr patch jodane key kaaran pandulipi koo badal diyaa gayaa.
pratikriti.
pandulipi 1980 mein rangeen punarutpadan key saath prakaashit kii gaee thee.
print pratiroopah thheek haye, david aich. "virgilius vaitikansah volestandies faximile-osgabe im original formatt days codex vaticanus latinus 3225 dair biblioteca apostolica vaitikana. graze, austriyaah akadami druck-yuu. verlagsonstalt, 1984.
digital pratiroopah vatican pustakalaya
sabhi chitra online hain, tippani key saath, raait, david aich mein., "dha vatican virgil, lait antic art kii ack utkrisht kriti", berkley, university off california press, 1993, googal books, poorna online paath

