
mexico

mexico (spenishah "mexico"), aadhikarik taur parr sanyukt maxican raajya, uttari america key dakshini bhaag mein ack desh haye. isaki seemaaen uttar mein sanyukt raajya america seey, dakshin aur paschim mein prashant mahasagar seey, dakshin-poorv mein gwatemala, bellies aur carabian sagar seey aur poorv mein maxico kii khaadi seey lagati hain. mexico 1,972,550 varg kimmy (761,610 varg meal) mein faila huaa haye, joe ise kshetrafal key hisab seey duniya kaa 13vaan sabse badaa desh banaata haye; 126 million seey adhik kii aabaadi key saath, yeh 10vaan sabse adhik aabaadi vaalaa desh haye aur yahaan sabse adhik spanish bolane vaale hain. mexico koo ack sanghiya ganarajya key roop mein sangathit kiya gayaa haye jisamen 31 raajya aur isaki rajdhani mexico shahar shamil hain. anya pramukh shahari kshetron mein monterre, gwadalajara, puebla, toluka, tijuana, siudad juaarez aur leone shamil hain.
poorv-kolambiyai mexico mein maanav upasthiti 8,000 eesaa poorv taka jaati haye. yeh duniya kii sabhyata key chhah paalane mein seey ack bunn gayaa. vishesh roop seey, madhyaamerikan kshetra kaee aapas mein judee hui sabhyataon kaa ghar thaa, jisamen olmake, maaya, zapotech, teotihuacan aur pyorpecha shamil they. antim aztech they, jinhone europeeya sampark seey pahale kii shatabdi mein iss kshetra parr prabhutva jamaaya thaa. 1521 mein, spanish samrajya aur usake swadeshi sahyogiyon ney apani rajdhani tenochtitlan (abb mexico shahar) seey aztech samrajya parr vijay praapt kii, jisase nae spen kii upanivesh kii sthaapana hui. agali teen shataabdiyon mein, spen aur catholic church ney kshetra kaa vistaar karate hue, isai dharm koo lagu karate hue aur poore spanish bhasha kaa prasaar karate hue ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. zacatecas aur guanazuato mein chaandi key samriddh bhandar kii khoj key saath, nayaa spen jald hii duniya bhar mein sabse mahatvapurna khanan kendron mein seey ack bunn gayaa. asia aur naee duniya seey aaney vaali sampatti ney agali shataabdiyon key liye spen koo ack pramukh vishva shakti key roop mein sthaapit karane mein yogdan diyaa aur paschimi europe mein moolya kranti laaee. unnisvin shatabdi kii shuruat mein spen key khilaf swatantrata sangram key saath aupaniveshik vyavastha samaapt hoe gaee.
ack swatantra rashtra raajya key roop mein mexico kaa praarambhik itihas gharelu aur videshi mamalon donon mein raajneetik aur samajik-aarthik uthal-puthal seey chihnit thaa. madhya america key sanghiya ganarajya ney jald hii desh koo alag curr diyaa. phir videshi shaktiyon dwara dou aakraman hueh pahala, americi basane vaalon dwara texas vidroh key parinamswarup sanyukt raajya america dwara, jisake kaaran 1848 mein maxican-americi yuddh huaa aur bhaari kshetriya nuksan huaa. 1857 key samvidhaan mein udaar sudhaaron kii shuruat key baad, roodhivaadiyon ney sudhaar key yuddh key saath pratikriya vyakt kii aur france koo desh parr aakraman karane aur ack samrajya sthaapit karane key liye prerit kiya, joe udaar rashtrapati benito jurez key netritva mein gantantra pratirodh key khilaf thaa, joe vijayi huaa. 19veen shatabdi key antim dashakon mein porpherio diaz kii tanashahi kaa varchasva thaa, jinhone mexico koo aadhunik banaane aur vyavastha bahaal karane kii koshish kii. haalaanki, porpheriato yug ney mahaan samajik ashanti paida kii aur 1910 mein dashak bhar chully maxican kranti (grih yuddh) key prakop key saath samaapt huaa. iss sangharsh ney maxican samaaj mein gahan parivartanon koo janm diyaa, jisamen 1917 key samvidhaan kii ghoshana bhee shamil thee, joe aaj bhee prabhaavi haye. shesh yuddh generalon ney 1929 mein sansthaagat krantikari party (pee. aar. aaee.) key ubharane taka rashtrapatiyon key uttaradhikar key roop mein shasson kiya. pee. aar. ney agale 70 varshon taka mexico koo shaasit kiya, pahale kaafee aarthik safalata kii paitrik vikas neetiyon key ack samooh key tahat. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran mexico ney bhee sahayogi yuddh key prayason mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. phir bhee, praathamik shasson ney satta banaae rakhane key liye daman aur chunavi dhokhadhadi kaa sahaara liya, aur 20veen shatabdi key anta mein desh koo adhik sanyukt raajya-gathbandhan navudarwadi aarthik neeti kii or leey gayaa. iska samaapan 1994 mein uttari americi mukt vyaapaar samjhaute parr hastakshar key saath huaa, jisase chiapas raajya mein ack badaa swadeshi vidroh huaa. pree ney 2000 mein pahali baar roodhivaadi party (paine) key khilaf rashtrapati pada khou diyaa.
mexico kii arthavyavastha nammatra jee. dee. pee. key hisab seey duniya kii 15veen sabse badee aur pee. pee. pee. key hisab seey 11veen sabse badee haye, jisamen sanyukt raajya america iska sabse badaa aarthik bhagidar haye. maanav vikas soochkaank mein 86vein sthaan parr ack nae audyogik aur vikaasheel desh key roop mein, isaki badee arthavyavastha aur jansankhya, saanskritik prabhaav aur sthir loktantrikaran mexico koo ack kshetriya aur madhyam shakti banaata haye jise kaee vishleshakon dwara ack ubharati shakti key roop mein bhee pahachaana jaataa haye. mexico unesco vishva dharohar sthalon kii sankhya key liye america mein pahale aur duniya mein saatven sthaan parr haye. yeh duniya key 17 megadiversity deshon mein seey ack haye, joe praakritik jaiv vividhata mein paanchven sthaan parr haye. mexico kii samriddh saanskritik aur javic viraasat, saath hii saath vividh jalavaayu aur bhugol, ise ack pramukh paryatan sthal banaata haih 2018 taka, yeh 39 million antarrashtriya aagaman key saath duniya kaa chhathaa sabse adhik daura kiya jaane vaalaa desh thaa. haalaanki, desh samajik asamaanta, garibi aur vyaapak aparaadh key saath sangharsh curr rhaa haye. yeh vaishvik shaanti soochkaank mein kharaab sthaan parr haye, kyonki badey hisse mein nashili davaaon kii taskari syndicates key beach chala rahey sangharsh key kaaran, joe americi nashili davaaon key bajar aur vyaapaar maargon key liye hinsak roop seey pratispardha karate hain. iss "maadak padaarth yuddh" key kaaran 2006 seey 120,000 seey adhik mautein hui hain. mexico sanyukt rashtra, jee20, aarthik sahyog aur vikas sangathan (oh. see. dee.), vishva vyaapaar sangathan (doubleu. tii. oh.), asia-prashant aarthik sahyog munch, americi raajyon kaa sangathan, lattin americi aur carabian raajyon kaa samudaay, aur ibero-americi raajyon key sangathan kaa sadasya haye.
vyutpatti.
 aztech samrajya key kendra mein sthit kshetra, arthaat mexico kii ghaati aur aspas key kshetron key liye nahuatla shabd haye, jisake logon koo mexico key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. shabd spasht roop seey judey hue hain; aam taur parr yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii ghaati key liye sthalnam aztech triple gathbandhan key liye praathamik jaatiya naam kii utpatti thee, lekin yeh lagbhag vipareet hoe sakata haye. aupaniveshik yug mein (1521-1821) mexico koo nayaa spen kahaa jaataa thaa. athaarahavin shatabdi mein, yeh madhya kshetra samrajya key punargathan key dauran, borban sudhaaron key dauran, mexico kaa irada bunn gayaa. 1821 mein nae spen key spanish samrajya seey swatantrata praapt karane aur ack samprabhu raajya banane key baad, iss kshetra koo mexico raajya key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, nae desh kaa naam isaki raajdhaanih mexico shahar key naam parr rakhaa gayaa, jisaki sthaapana 1524 mein pracheen mexico kii rajdhani tenochtitlan key sthal parr kii gaee thee. sarkaar key roop mein badalaav key saath desh kaa aadhikarik naam badal gayaa haye. 6 navambar 1813 koo enahuk kii congress key pratinidhiyon dwara hastaaksharit swatantrata kii ghoshana koo kshetra "america septentrinal" (uttari america) kahaa jaataa haye; iguala kii 1821 kii yojana mein america septentrial kaa bhee upayog kiya gayaa thaa. dou avsaron (1821-1823 aur 1863-1867) parr, desh koo (maxican samrajya) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. teenon sanghiya samvidhaanon (1824,1857 aur 1917, vartamaan samvidhaan) ney naam-yaa sanskaran kaa upayog kiya, jinamen seey sabhi kaa anuvaad "sanyukt maxican raajyon" key roop mein kiya gayaa haye. vakyansh, "maxican ganarajya", kaa upayog 1836 key samvaidhaanik kaanoonon mein kiya gayaa thaa.
itihas.
europeeya sampark seey pahale kii swadeshi sabhyataaen (1519 seey pahale).
mexico kaa pragaitihasik itihas sahasraabdiyon purana haye. mexico mein sabse purani maanav kalaakritiyaan mexico kii ghaati mein shivir mein aag key avasheshon key paas paae gaye patthar key aujaaron key tukade hain aur radio carbon-lagbhag 10,000 saal pahale kii hain. mexico makka, tamatar aur same key gharelukaran kaa sthaan haye, joe krishi adhishesh kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. isane lagbhag 5000 eesaa poorv seey shuru honey vaale purapashan-bhaaratiya shikari-sangrahakartaon seey gatiheen krishi gaanvon mein sankraman koo saksham banaaya.
baad key praarambhik yugon mein, makka kii kheti aur saanskritik lakshan jaise kii ack pauranik aur dhaarmik parisar, aur ack shaktishali (aadhar 20) sankhyaatmak pranali, maxican sanskritiyon seey shesh mesoamerican sanskriti kshetra mein fail gaee. iss avadhi mein, gaanv aabaadi key mamle mein adhik ghaney hoe gaye, ack karigar varg key saath samajik roop seey stareekrit hoe gaye, aur pramukhon mein vikasit hoe gaye. sabse shaktishali shasakon key paas dhaarmik aur raajneetik shakti thee, joe badey aupchaarik kendron key nirmaan kaa ayojan karate they.
mexico mein sabse purani jatil sabhyata olmake sanskriti thee, joe lagbhag 1500 eesaa poorv seey khaadi tata parr falati-phoolati rahee. olmake saanskritik lakshan mexico key madhyam seey chiapas, oxaca aur mexico kii ghaati mein anya praarambhik yug kii sanskritiyon mein faile. praarambhik kaal mein vishisht dhaarmik aur prateekaatmak paramparaon key saath-saath kalaatmak aur vaastushilp parisaron kaa prasaar dekhaa gayaa. mesoamerica key praarambhik yug koo sabhyata key chhah swatantra paalane mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. baad kii poorv-shaastriya avadhi mein, maaya aur japotech sabhyataon ney kramshah kalakmul aur monte alban mein jatil kendron kaa vikas kiya. iss avadhi key dauran pahali sachchi mesoamerican lekhan pranali epi-olmake aur japotech sanskritiyon mein vikasit kii gaee thee. madhyaameriki lekhan parampara classic maaya chitralipi lipi mein apane charam parr pahunch gaee. sabse pahala likhit itihas iss yug kaa haye. 1521 mein spanish vijay key baad lekhan kii parampara mahatvapurna thee, jisamen swadeshi lekhak varnamala aksharon mein apani bhasha likhana seekhate they, saath hii chitraatmak granthon kaa nirmaan bhee jaari rakhate they.
madhya mexico mein, classic kaal kii oonchaai ney teotihuacan kaa prabhutva dekhaa, jisane ack sainya aur vaanijyik samrajya kaa gathan kiya, jiska raajneetik prabhaav dakshin mein maaya kshetra key saath-saath uttar mein bhee faila huaa thaa. 150, 000 seey adhik logon kii aabaadi vaale teotihuacan mein poorv-kolambiyai america mein kuchh sabse badee pyramidal sanrachanaaen theen. lagbhag 600 esvi mein teotihuacan key patan key baad, madhya mexico mein kaee mahatvapurna raajneetik kendron jaise zokikalko aur kolula key beach pratispardha shuru hui. iss samay, mahakavya key dauran, nahua logon ney uttar seey dakshin mein mesoamerica mein jaanaa shuru curr diyaa, aur madhya maxico mein raajneetik aur saanskritik roop seey pramukh hoe gaye, kyonki unhone otto-mangue bhasha bolane vaalon koo visthaapit curr diyaa. praarambhik uttar-shaastriya yug key dauran (see. aeye. 1000-1519 CE), madhya mexico mein toltech sanskriti kaa prabhutva thaa, oxaca mein mixtech kaa prabhutva thaa, aur nichale maaya kshetra mein chichen itza aur mayapan mein mahatvapurna kendra they. uttar-shaastriya kaal key anta mein, mexico ney prabhutva sthaapit kiya, madhya mexico seey gwatemala kii seema taka faile tenochtitlan (aadhunik mexico shahar) shahar mein sthit ack raajneetik aur aarthik samrajya kii sthaapana kii. alekjendar wonn humbolt ney vyaapaar, reeti-rivaajon, dharm aur bhasha seey judey sabhi logon parr lagu honey vaale ack saamoohik shabd key roop mein "aztech" key aadhunik upayog koo lokpriya banaaya, joe mexico raajya aur excan talahtolen, triple gathbandhan seey judaa huaa thaa. 1843 mein, villium aich key kaam key prakaashan key saath. 19veen shatabdi key maxican vidvaanon sahit duniya key adhikansh hisson ney ise apanaaya thaa, joe ise vartamaan maxican koo poorv-vijay maxican seey alag karane kaa ack tarika maanate they. yeh upayog 20veen shatabdi key anta seey bahas kaa vishay rhaa haye.
aztech samrajya ack anaupchaarik yaa aadhipatyavaadi samrajya thaa kyonki yeh jeete gaye kshetron parr sarvocch adhikaar naheen rakhta thaa; yeh unase shraddhanjali key bhugtan seey santusht thaa. yeh ack asantat samrajya thaa kyonki sabhi prabhutva vaale kshetra judey naheen they; udaaharan key liye, zokonochako key dakshini paridhiya kshetra kendra key seedhe sampark mein naheen they. aztech samrajya kii aadhipatya prakriti koo unake shahar-raajya parr vijay praapt karane key baad sthaaniya shasakon koo unake poorv sthaan parr bahaal karke pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa. aztech ney sthaaniya mamalon mein hastakshep naheen kiya, jaba taka kii shraddhanjali dee gaee. madhya mexico key aztech ney madhya maxico key adhikansh hisse koo cover karate hue ack sahayak samrajya kaa nirmaan kiya. aztech koo badey paimaane parr maanav bully key abhyaas key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. iss pratha key saath, way yuddh key maidan mein dushmanon koo maarne seey bachate they. unaki yuddh mein hataahat honey kii darr unake spanish samkakshon kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm thee, jinka mukhya uddeshya yuddh key dauran tatkaal vadh karna thaa. maanav bully kii yeh vishisht madhya americi saanskritik parampara 16veen shatabdi mein spanish vijay key saath dheere-dheere samaapt hoe gaee. anya maxican swadeshi sanskritiyon parr vijay praapt kii gaee aur dheere-dheere spanish aupaniveshik shasson key adheen hoe gaye.
aupaniveshik yug seey aur 21veen shatabdi taka, maxican itihas aur sanskriti kii swadeshi jadein maxican pehchaan key liye aavashyak hain. mexico shahar mein maanav vigyaan kaa rashtriya sangrahalaya rashtra key poorv-hyspanic gaurav kaa pradarshan haye. itihaaskaar ise "ack rashtriya khajaana aur pehchaan kaa prateek" kahate hain. yeh sangrahalaya ack vaichaarik, vaigyaanik aur raajneetik upalabdhi kaa sanshleshan haye."maxican nobel puraskar vijeta octavio paaz ney sangrahalaya key baare mein kahaa kii" "mexico-tenochtitlan kii mahima aur mahimamandan maanav vigyaan key sangrahalaya koo ack mandir mein badal detaa haye."mexico ney apani poorv-spanish viraasat kii antarrashtriya maanyata kaa peechha kiya, aur badee sankhya mein unesco vishva dharohar sthal hain, joe golardh mein sabse badey hain. europeeya logon key aagaman seey pahale uchch swadeshi sabhyata key astitva kaa bhee europeeya vichaar parr prabhaav padaa haye.
spanish vijay aur aupaniveshik yug (1519-1821).
haalaanki spanish samrajya ney 1493 mein carabian mein upanivesh sthaapit kiye they, lekin solahavin shatabdi key dusare dashak mein hii unhone mexico key purvi tata kii khoj shuru kii. spanish koo pahali baar 1518 key juan dee grizalva abhiyaan key dauran mexico key baare mein pataa chalaa. aztech samrajya kii spanish vijay farwari 1519 mein shuru hui jaba hernan cortes khaadi tata parr utaraa aur spanish shahar veracruz kii sthaapana kii. ghodon, topon, talvaaron aur lambi bandookon key saath lagbhag 500 vijetaon ney spanish koo swadeshi yoddhaon parr kuchh takniki laabh diye, lekin spanish jeet kii kunji asantusht swadeshi shahar-raajyon ("altepetal") key saath ranneetik gathbandhan karna thaa joe aztech triple gathbandhan key khilaf unake saath ladey they. spanish jeet key liye bhee mahatvapurna cortes kii saanskritik anuvaadak, malinche, maaya kshetra mein gulam banaai gaee ack nahua mahila thee, jise spanish ney upahaar key roop mein praapt kiya thaa. unhone jaldi seey spanish seekh liya aur swadeshi sahyogiyon aur swadeshi dushmanon donon seey nipatane key baare mein ranneetik salah dee.
spanish vijay koo kaee drishtikonon seey achchi tarah seey pralekhit kiya gayaa haye. spanish netaa courtes aur kaee anya spanish pratibhagiyon key khaate hain, jinamen bernel diaz dell castillo bhee shamil hain. spanish, nahuatla mein swadeshi vivaran hain aur spanish key sahyogiyon dwara sachitra kathaaen hain, sabse pramukh roop seey tlexkellen, saath hii saath texcocan aur hyujotzinkan, aur khud parajit mexico, joe bernardino dee sehgun key nae spen kii cheejon key samanya itihas key antim khand mein darj hain.
1521 mein tenochtitlan parr kabja aur isake khandharon parr spanish rajdhani mexico shahar kii tatkaal sthaapana 300 saal lambe aupaniveshik yug kii shuruat thee, jisake dauran mexico koo "neuva espen" (nayaa spen) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. dou karakon ney mexico koo spanish samrajya mein ack ratna banaa diyaah badee, padaanukramit roop seey sangathit mesoamerican aabaadi kaa astitva jisane curr diyaa aur anivarya shram kiya aur uttari maxico mein vishal chaandi key bhandar kii khoj. nae spen kaa raajya aztech samrajya key avasheshon seey banaaya gayaa thaa. spanish shasson key dou stambh raajya aur roman catholic church they, donon spanish taaj key adhikaar key tahat they. 1493 mein pope ney spanish rajshahi koo apane videshi samrajya key liye vyaapak shaktiyaan pradaan kii theen, iss praavdhaan key saath kii taaj apane nae kshetron mein isai dharm kaa prasaar kartaa haye. 1524 mein, raajaa charles pratham ney apane videshi kshetron mein raajya shakti kii dekhrekh key liye spen mein sthit indies kii parishad kaa nirmaan kiya; nae spen mein taaj ney mexico shahar mein ack uchch nyayalaya kii sthaapana kii, "vaastavik audiencia", aur phir 1535 mein nae spen kii vaaysaraay kaa nirmaan kiya. vaaysaraay raajya kaa sarvocch adhikaari thaa. dhaarmik kshetra mein, mexico key diosis koo 1530 mein banaaya gayaa thaa aur 1546 mein ise mexico key archdiosis mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen archbishop church key padanukram key pramukh they, joe roman catholic paadari varg kii dekhrekh karate they. castillion spanish shasakon kii bhasha thee. gair-catholic (yahudi aur protestant) aur catholic (bhaartiyon koo chhodkar) key saath catholic dharm kii anumati thee, joe 1571 mein sthaapit maxican jaanch key adheen thaa.
vaaysaraay revillegedo key tahat pahali vyaapak janganana 1793 mein nasleeya vargeekaran key saath kii gaee thee. haalaanki isake adhikansh mool dataset kathit taur parr khou gaye hain, iss prakaar isake baare mein joe kuchh bhee gyaat haye vaha una vidvaanon dwara kiye gaye nibandhon aur kshetriya jaanchon seey aataa haye, jinake paas janganana key aankadon taka pahunch thee aur jinhone ise german vaigyaanik alekjendar wonn humbolt jaise apane karyon key liye sandarbh key roop mein upayog kiya thaa. europeeya loga spen kii naee aabaadi key 18 pratishat seey 22 pratishat taka, mestizo 21 pratishat seey 25 pratishat taka, bhaaratiya 51 pratishat seey 61 pratishat taka aur african 6,000 seey 10,000 key beach they. kull aabaadi 3,799,561 seey 6,122,354 taka thee. yeh nishkarsh nikala gayaa haye kii goron aur mestizo kii jansankhya vriddhi key rujhaan samaan they, jabaki swadeshi aabaadi kaa pratishat prati shatabdi 13%-17% kii darr seey cumm huaa, jyaadaatar isake kaaran kii baad vaale kii mrityu darr dooradraj key sthaanon mein rahane aur upaniveshvadiyon key saath lagaatar yuddh mein rahane seey adhik thee. swatantrata-yug mexico ney nasleeya vargeekaran kii padaanukramit pranali key liye kanuni aadhar koo samaapt curr diyaa, halanki nasleeya/jaatiya label kaa upayog jaari rhaa.
spanish sainya balon ney, kabhi-kabhi deshi sahyogiyon key saath, aupaniveshik yug key dauran kshetra koo jeetane yaa vidrohon koo dabaane key liye abhiyaanon kaa netritva kiya. chhitput aabaadi vaale uttari nae spen mein ullekhaniya amerindian vidrohon mein chichimeka yuddh (1576-1606), tepuan vidroh (1616-1620), aur pueblo vidroh (1680) shamil hain, 1712 kaa zeltal vidroh ack kshetriya maaya vidroh thaa. adhikansh vidroh chhote paimaane parr aur sthaaniya they, joe sattaaroodh abhijaat varg key liye koee badaa khatra naheen they. angreji, francisi aur dutch samudri dakuon key hamalon seey mexico kii raksha karane aur rajaswa key taaj key ekadhikar kii raksha karane key liye, kewal dou bandargah videshi vyaapaar key liye khule they-atlantic parr veracruz aur prashant parr akapulko. sabse prasiddh samudri daku hamalon mein 1663 mein campatche kii bory aur veracruz parr 1683 kaa hamla shamil haye. taaj key liye adhik chinta kaa vishay videshi aakraman thaa, vishesh roop seey 1762 mein britten dwara saat saal key yuddh mein phillippeans key spanish bandargaahon, hawana, cuba aur manila parr kabja karane key baad. isane ack sthaayi senaa kaa nirmaan kiya, tateey kilebandi mein vriddhi kii, aur uttari presidio aur missions kaa vistaar alta california mein kiya. mexico shahar mein shahari garibon kii asthirta 1692 key zokalo dangon mein spasht thee. makke kii keemat koo laker dange satta key asanon parr poorna paimaane parr hamale mein badh gaye, jisamen viceregal mahal aur archbishop key awas parr bheed ney hamla kiya.
swatantrata yug (1808-1821).
spanish samrajya mein uthal-puthal jisake parinamswarup isake adhikansh nae vishva kshetron kii swatantrata 1808 mein spen parr napolean bonapart key aakraman key kaaran hui thee. napolean ney spanish samrat charles IV koo tyagane key liye majboor kiya aur apane bhaai joseph bonapart koo spanish raajaa key roop mein lagu kiya. abb spanish simhaasan parr ack videshi hadap lene vaale key saath, rajshahi kii vaidhata kaa sankat thaa, jisake parinamswarup spen aur spanish america donon mein vibhinn pratikriyaaen huin. mexico mein, abhijaat varg ney tark diyaa kii samprabhuta abb "logon" key paas vaapas aaa gaee haye aur nagar parishaden ("cabildos") sabse adhik pratinidhi nikaay they. america mein janme spaniards ney vaaysaraay jose dee iturigaare (1803-08) koo vartamaan raajneetik sankat mein mexico mein shasson nirdhaarit karane key liye ack junta bulaane key liye yachika daayar kii. haalaanki praayadveepiya mein janme spaniard iss yojana key khilaf they, vaaysaraay ney ameer bhoomi maalikon, khanikon, vyapariyon, church key sadasyon, shikshaavidon aur cabildo key sadasyon koo ack saath bulaaya. way samjhaute parr aaney mein whiffle rahey, aur iss beach, praayadveepiya roop seey janme spaniards ney pahal kii, iturigaare aur rajdhani mein pramukh creol abhijaat varg koo giraftar kiya. takhtapalat ney mexico mein raajneetik swaayatta kii disha mein ack shantipurna prakriya koo samaapt curr diyaa. creol abb apani raajneetik aakaankshaon koo praapt karane key liye gair-kanuni sadhanon kii talash curr rahey they.
16 sitambar 1810 koo, dharmnirpeksh pujari miguel hidalgo vaaee costilla ney dolores, guanazuato key chhote seey shahar mein "kharaab sarkaar" key khilaf ghoshana kii. iss ghatana koo, jise dolores kaa roya (spenishah "gritto dee dolores") key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, harr saal 16 sitambar koo mexico key swatantrata divas key roop mein manaaya jaataa haye. pahala vidrohi samooh hidalgo, senaa key kaptan ignacio alende, milicia key kaptan juan aldama aur sthaaniya magistrate ("koregidor") josepha ortiz dee dominguez kii patni dwara banaaya gayaa thaa, jinhen "laa koregidora" key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye. hidalgo kii sthaaniya ghoshana ney janata key ack badey vidroh koo janm diyaa, ack aniyantrit vidroh ney shwet abhijaat varg key vyaktiyon aur sampatti koo lakshit kiya, chaahe vaha praayadveepiya hoe yaa americi-mool kaa. guanazuato mein prasiddh roop seey, abhijaat varg ney kendriya anaaj bhandaran "(alhondiga) mein sharan lii," apana khajaana laaya, hidalgo key anuyaayiyon key khilaf khade rahane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin unhein maar diyaa gayaa. swatantrata sangram key prateek key roop mein, 28 sitambar, 1810 koo hidalgo dwara mahaan chaandi key shahar guanazuato parr kabja karna, dashak bhar key vidroh kaa sabse prasiddh ekal prakaran haye."hidalgo aur usake kuchh sainikon koo antatah pakad liya gayaa, hidalgo koo hataa diyaa gayaa, aur unhein 31 julaai 1811 koo chihuahua mein golibari daste dwara maar diyaa gayaa. 
baad key varshon mein, vidroh ack gatirodh thaa, lekin 1820 mein spanish udaarvaadi spen mein satta parr kabja curr liya, aur maxican roodhivaadi videshon mein udaar siddhanton key adhiropan key baare mein chintit they, jisamen catholic church kii shakti mein katauti bhee shamil thee. shaahi shaasak creollo general augustin dee eterbide koo dakshin mein vicent guerrero aur vidrohiyon key khilaf ladaai jaari rakhni thee. guerrero parr hamla karane key bajaay, itubid ney mexico mein satta parr kabja karane key liye senaa mein shamil honey key liye guerrero seey sampark kiya. eterbide ney 24 farwari 1821 koo iguala kii yojana jaari kii. kabhi-kabhi ise swatantrata kaa adhiniyam kahaa jaataa haye, isane rashtra key ekmatra dharm key roop mein roman kaitholikwad kaa ahwan kiya; ack samvaidhaanik rajshahi kii sthaapana; aur spen mein paida hue logon aur maxico mein paida hue logon kii samaantaa, "teen guaranti" koo "dharm, swatantrata aur sangh" key roop mein sankshep mein prastut kiya jaa sakata haye. nae samprabhu rashtra mein sabhi koo samaan nagrik honah thaa, janm sthaan yaa nasleeya shreni kii parwah kiye binaa, ack aisee aavashyakta joe vidroh key mishrit-nasl key netaa guerrero ney eterbide key saath shamil honey parr jore diyaa. teen guaranti kii navgathit senaa kaa jhanda aaj key maxican dhwaj mein vikasit huaa haye. 24 agast 1821 koo ack aaney vaale vaaysaraay aur eterbide ney cordoba kii sandhi aur maxican samrajya kii swatantrata kii ghoshana parr hastakshar kiye, jisane iguala kii yojana kii sharton key tahat mexico kii swatantrata koo maanyata dee. spanish taaj ney 1821 kii sandhi koo aswikar curr diyaa aur 1836 taka mexico kii swatantrata koo aupchaarik roop seey maanyata naheen dee.
swatantrata key baad kii praarambhik sthiti (1821-1855).
mexico kii swatantrata key baad key pahale 35 varshon mein raajneetik asthirta aur maxican raajya key ack kshanik rajshahi seey ack najuk sanghiya ganarajya mein parivartan huaa. sainya takhtapalat, videshi aakraman, roodhivaadiyon aur udaarpanthiyon key beach vaichaarik sangharsh aur aarthik thaharaav they. catholic dharm ekmatra anumat dhaarmik vishvaas banaa rhaa aur ack sansthaan key roop mein catholic church ney apane vishesh visheshadhikaron, pratishtha aur sampatti koo barkarar rakhaa, joe roodhivaad kii ack deewaar thee. ack anya roodhivaadi bahul sanstha, senaa ney bhee apane visheshadhikaron koo barkarar rakhaa. poorv shaahi senaa key general augustin dee eterbide, regent bunn gaye, kyonki nae swatantra mexico ney europe seey ack samvaidhaanik samrat kii maang kii. jaba europeeya shaahi gharaane kaa koee bhee sadasya iss pada kii ichcha naheen rakhta thaa, tou eterbide koo khud samrat augustin pratham ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. yuva aur kamjor sanyukt raajya america mexico kii swatantrata koo maanyata dene vaalaa pahala desh thaa, jisane samrat key darbar mein ack rajdoot bheja aur monro siddhant key madhyam seey europe koo mexico mein hastakshep naheen karane kaa sandesh bheja. samrat kaa shasson chhota thaa (1822-1823) aur unhein senaa key adhikaariyon dwara kaasa maataa kii yojana mein ukhaad fenka gayaa thaa.
samrat key jabaran tyag key baad, pahale maxican ganarajya kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. 1824 mein, ack sanghiya ganarajya kaa samvidhaan ghoshit kiya gayaa aur poorv vidrohi general gwadalupe victoria ganarajya key pahale rashtrapati baney, joe mexico kii adhyakshata karane vaale kaee senaa generalon mein seey pahale they. chiapas sahit madhya america ney sangh chhod diyaa. 1829 mein, poorv vidrohi general aur ugra udaarvaadi vicent guerrero, yojana dee iguala key hastaksharkarta, jinhone swatantrata praapt kii, ack vivaadit chunaav mein rashtrapati baney. aprail seey disambar 1829 taka apane alpaavadhi karyakal key dauran unhone gulami koo samaapt curr diyaa. samanya mool key ack spasht roop seey mishrit-nasl key vyakti key roop mein, guerrero koo shwet raajneetik abhijaat varg dwara ack vartakar key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa. unake roodhivaadi uparaashtrapati, poorv shaahi general anastasio bustamante ney unake khilaf takhtapalat kaa netritva kiya aur guerrero kii nyaayik roop seey hatyaa curr dee gaee. udaarvaadi (jinhen sanghvaadiyon key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye), joe vikendrikrit sarkaar key sanghiya roop key samarthak they, aur unake raajneetik pratidvandiyon, roodhivaadiyon (jinhen kendriyavaadiyon key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye), key beach lagaatar sangharsh thaa, jinhone sarkaar key ack padaanukramit roop kaa prastaav rakhaa.
apani swatantrata banaae rakhane aur ack vyavharya sarkaar sthaapit karane kii mexico kii kshamata parr sawal uthaaye jaa rahey they. spen ney 1820 key dashak key dauran apani poorv coloney koo phir seey jeetane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin antatah isaki swatantrata koo maanyata dee. france ney mexico kii ashanti key dauran apane nagrikon key liye kiye gaye nuksan kii bharpai karane kaa prayaas kiya aur tathaakathit pastery yuddh key dauran khaadi tata koo avaruddh curr diyaa. general antonio lopez dee saanta annaa inn donon sanghrshon mein apani bhoomika key kaaran ack rashtriya naayak key roop mein ubhare; unhone pastery yuddh key dauran ladaai mein ack pair khou diyaa, jiska upayog unhone rashtra key liye apane balidan koo dikhaane key liye raajneetik uddeshyon key liye kiya. saanta ann ney agale 25 varshon taka rajneeti parr apana varchasva banaae rakhaa, jise aksar "saanta ann key yug" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jaba taka kii 1855 mein unakaa apana patan naheen hoe gayaa.
mexico ney una swadeshi samoohon key saath bhee sangharsh kiya joe usa kshetra koo niyantrit karate they jiss parr mexico uttar mein daavaa kartaa thaa. madhya aur uttari texas key cumm aabaadi vaale kshetra mein komanche ney ack vishal kshetra koo niyantrit kiya. seema koo sthir aur vikasit karna chaahte hue, maxican sarkaar ney vartamaan texas mein anglo-americi aapravaasan koo protsaahit kiya, ack aisaa kshetra joe usa sanyukt raajya america kii seema seey lagaa huaa thaa. madhya mexico seey iss doorasth aur shatrutapurna kshetra mein jaane vaale kuchh basane vaale they. kaanoon key anusaar mexico ack catholic desh thaa; anglo americi mukhya roop seey dakshini sanyukt raajya america key protestant angreji bolane vaale they. kuchh loga apane kaale daason koo laae, joe 1829 key baad maxican kaanoon key vipareet thaa. 1835 mein, saanta annaa ney mexico mein sarkari shasson koo kendrikrit karane kii maang kii, 1824 key samvidhaan koo nilambit curr diyaa aur saat kaanoonon koo lagu kiya, jinhone unake haathon mein shakti rakhee. isake parinamswarup, grihyuddh poore desh mein fail gayaa. teen naee sarkaaron ney swatantrata kii ghoshana keeh texas ganarajya, riyo grande ganarajya aur yukatan ganarajya. mexico key liye sabse badaa jhataka yuu thaa.aiss. 1846 mein maxican-americi yuddh mein mexico kaa aakraman. mexico ney apana adhikansh cumm aabaadi vaalaa uttari kshetra khou diyaa, jise 1848 kii gwadalupe hidalgo kii sandhi mein seal curr diyaa gayaa thaa. usa vinashkari nuksan key bavjood, roodhivaadi saanta annaa phir seey rashtrapati pada parr laut aae aur phir ayutala kii udaar kranti mein unhein bedkhal aur nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa.
udaar yug (1855-1911).
saanta annaa koo ukhaad fenkane aur udaarvaadi logon dwara ack nagrik sarkaar kii sthaapana ney unhein aise kaanoon banaane kii anumati dee jinhen way mexico key aarthik vikas key liye mahatvapurna maanate they. yeh aur adhik grih yuddhon aur ack aur videshi aakraman kii shuruat thee. udaar sudhaar ney udaar siddhanton key saath mexico kii arthavyavastha aur sansthanon koo aadhunik banaane kaa prayaas kiya. unhone 1857 kaa ack nayaa samvidhaan jaari kiya, church aur raajya koo alag karate hue, church key roodhivaadi sansthanon aur senaa seey unake vishesh visheshadhikaron ("furos") koo chheen liya; church key swaamitva vaali sampatti kii bikri aur swadeshi samudayik bhoomi kii bikri koo anivarya kiya, aur shiksha koo dharmnirpeksh banaaya. roodhivaadiyon ney vidroh kiya, pratidvandi udaarvaadi aur roodhivaadi sarkaaron (1858-61) key beach grih yuddh koo chhuaa.
udaarvaadi logon ney yuddh key maidan mein roodhivaadi senaa koo haraaya, lekin roodhivaadiyon ney francisi dwara videshi hastakshep key madhyam seey satta hassil karane key liye ack aur samadhan kii maang kii. maxican roodhivaadiyon ney samrat napolean III seey mexico mein ack europeeya samrat koo raajya key pramukh key roop mein rakhane key liye kahaa. francisi senaa ney maxican senaa koo haraaya aur maxican roodhivaadiyon dwara samarthit aur francisi senaa dwara samarthit maxico key nae sthaapit simhaasan parr maximilian hapsberg koo rakhaa. benito juaarez key tahat udaar ganarajya mool roop seey aantarik nirvaasan mein ack sarkaar thee, lekin yuu. aiss. mein grih yuddh key anta key saath.aiss. aprail 1865 mein, usa sarkaar ney maxican ganarajya kii sahaayata karna shuru curr diyaa. dou saal baad, francisi senaa ney apana samarthan vaapas leey liya, maximilian europe lautane key bajaay mexico mein hii rhaa. gantantra senaa ney unhein pakad liya aur unhein dou roodhivaadi maxican generalon key saath queretaro mein maar diyaa gayaa. punarsthaapit ganarajya" mein rashtrapati key roop mein juaarez kii vaapsee dekhi gaee, joe "sankatgrast ganarajya kaa vyaktitva" thaa.
roodhivaadiyon koo naa kewal sainya roop seey haraaya gayaa thaa, balki francisi aakramankariyon key saath unake sahyog key liye raajneetik roop seey bhee badnam kiya gayaa thaa. udaarvaad deshbhakti kaa paryaay bunn gayaa. maxican senaa jisaki jadein aupaniveshik shaahi senaa mein theen aur phir praarambhik ganarajya kii senaa koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. nae sainya netaa sudhaar key yuddh aur francisi key saath sangharsh seey ubhare they, vishesh roop seey porpherio diaz, joe sinko dee meyo key ack naayak they, joe abb nagrik shakti kii maang karate they. juaarez ney 1867 mein phir seey chunaav jeetaa, lekin diaz dwara chunauti dee gaee, jinhone phir seey chunaav ladane key liye unaki aalochana kii. diaz ney taba vidroh kiya, juaarez dwara kuchal diyaa gayaa. punarnirvaachan jeetane key baad, juaarez kii julaai 1872 mein praakritik karanon key karyalaya mein mrityu hoe gaee, aur udaarvaadi sebastian lerdo dee tejada rashtrapati baney, kaanoon, shaanti aur vyavastha key shasson key liye "raajya key dharm" kii ghoshana kii. jaba lerdo ney phir seey chunaav key liye bhaag liya, tou diaz ney nagrik rashtrapati key khilaf vidroh kiya, aur tuxtepec kii yojana jaari kii. diaz koo adhik samarthan milaa aur usane lardo key khilaf gurilla yuddh chhed diyaa. yuddh key maidan mein diaz kii jeet key kagaar parr, lerdo nirvaasan mein jaate hue karyalaya seey bhaag gayaa.
1810 seey 1876 taka mexico mein uthal-puthal key baad, udaarvaadi general porpherio diaz (r.1876-1911) key 35 saal key shasson ney mexico koo "vyavastha aur pragati" key roop mein chihnit avadhi mein teji seey aadhunikikaran karane kii anumati dee. porpheriato kii visheshta aarthik sthirata aur vikas, mahatvapurna videshi nivesh aur prabhaav, rail network aur dursanchar kaa vistaar, aur kalaa aur vigyaan mein nivesh thaa. 
diaz ney salaahkaaron key ack samooh key saath shasson kiya joe "vaigyaanik" ("vaigyaanik") key roop mein jaane jaane lagey. sabse prabhaavshaali "vaigyaanik" vitt sachiv jose yaves limentaur they. porpherian shasson pratyakshvaad seey prabhaavit thaa. unhone rashtriya vikas kii disha mein vaigyaanik tarikon koo lagu karane key paksh mein dharamshastra aur aadarshvaad koo aswikar curr diyaa. udaar pariyojana kaa ack abhinn pahalu dharmnirpeksh shiksha thee. diaz sarkaar ney yaaki key khilaf ack lambe sangharsh kaa netritva kiya joe hajaaron yaaki koo yukatan aur oxaca mein jabaran sthanantarit karane key saath samaapt huaa. diaz kii lambi safalata mein unake apane rashtrapati pada seey parey raajneetik sankraman kii yojana shamil naheen thee. haalaanki, unhone ack parivarik rajvansh sthaapit karane kaa koee prayaas naheen kiya, kissy bhee rishtedaar koo apane uttaradhikari key roop mein naamit naheen kiya. jaise-jaise swatantrata kii shatabdi najdeek aaee, diaz ney ack sakshatkar diyaa jisamen unhone kahaa kii vaha 1910 key chunaav mein bhaag naheen lene jaa rahey they, jaba way 80 varsh key honge. raajneetik virodh koo dabaa diyaa gayaa thaa aur netaaon kii naee peedhi key liye kuchh hii raaste they. lekin unaki ghoshana ney raajneetik gatividhi key unmaad koo janm diyaa, jisamen ack samriddh jamindar parivaar, francisco aaee key vanshaj kii apratyaashit ummidwari bhee shamil thee. madero. madero koo aashcharyajanak roop seey raajneetik samarthan milaa jaba diaz ney apana munn badal liya aur madero koo jail mein daalate hue chunaav mein bhaag liya. swatantrata kaa sitambar shatabdi samaroh porpheriato kaa antim utsav thaa. 1910 mein shuru hui maxican kranti mein ack dashak kaa grihyuddh dekhaa gayaa, "havaa jisane mexico koo bahaaya."
maxican kranti (1910-1920).
maxican kranti mexico mein ack dashak lamba parivartankari sangharsh thaa, jisake parinam aaj bhee hain. isaki shuruat 1910 key dhokhadhadi bharey chunaav key baad rashtrapati diaz key khilaf bikhare hue vidrohon, maee 1911 mein unake istife, vidrohi balon key vighatan aur puraane gaard key ack sadasya kii antarim adhyakshata, aur ack ameer, nagrik bhoomi malik, francisco key loktaantrik chunaav key saath hui. 1911 key anta mein madero. farwari 1913 mein, ack sainya takhtapalat ney yuu. aiss. key samarthan seey madero kii sarkaar koo ukhaad fenka.aiss., jisake parinamswarup sanghiya senaa key general victoriano hurta key agents dwara madero kii hatyaa curr dee gaee. uttar mein hurta virodhi balon key gathbandhan, kohuila venstiano karanza key governor key netritva mein samvaidhaanik senaa aur dakshin mein emiliano zapaataa key netritva mein ack kisan senaa ney sanghiya senaa koo haraaya.
1914 mein, usa senaa koo ack sanstha key roop mein bhang curr diyaa gayaa, jisamen kewal krantikari taakaten bachee. huerta key khilaf krantikariyon kii jeet key baad, unhone ack shantipurna raajneetik samadhan kii madhyasthata karane kii koshish kii, lekin gathbandhan toot gayaa, jisase mexico phir seey grih yuddh mein doob gayaa. uttar key vibhajan key commander, samvaidhaanik general pancho vilaa ney karanza key saath sambandh toda diyaa aur zapaataa key saath gathbandhan kiya. karanza key sarvshreshth general alvarro obregan ney 1915 mein selaya kii ladaai mein vilaa koo haraaya, joe unake poorv comrade-inn-arms they, aur vilaa kii uttari senaayen pighal gaeen. dakshin mein zapaataa kii senaayen gurilla yuddh mein laut aaeen. carranza mexico aur yuu kaa vaastavik pramukh bunn gayaa.aiss. apani sarkaar koo maanyata dee.
1916 mein, vijeta 1917 key samvidhaan kaa masauda taiyar karane key liye ack samvaidhaanik sammelan mein mille, jise farwari 1917 mein anumodit kiya gayaa thaa. samvidhaan ney sarkaar koo bhoomi sahit sansadhanon koo jabt karane kaa adhikaar diyaa (anuchhed 27); shram key adhikaar diye (anuchhed 123); aur 1857 key samvidhaan key virodhi praavdhaanon koo majboot kiya. sanshodhanon key saath, yeh mexico kaa shaasi dastavej banaa huaa haye. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii yuddh ney 1910 kii 1.5 karod kii aabaadi mein seey 900,000 koo maar daala. haalaanki aksar ack aantarik sangharsh key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, kranti mein mahatvapurna antarrashtriya tatva they. kranti key dauran, yuu.aiss. toft key gantantra prashaasan ney madero key khilaf huerta takhtapalat kaa samarthan karane key saath ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, lekin jaba march 1913 mein rashtrapati key roop mein loktaantrik vudro willson kaa udghaatan kiya gayaa, tou willson ney huerta key shasson koo maanyata dene seey incar curr diyaa aur samvidhaanvaadiyon koo hathiyaron kii bikri kii anumati dee. willson ney 1914 mein sainikon koo veracruz key ranneetik bandargah parr kabja karane kaa adesh diyaa, jise hataa liya gayaa thaa. 
1915 mein krantikari balon dwara pancho vilaa koo haraane key baad, unhone columbus, nyu maxico mein ack ghuspaith kaa netritva kiya, jisase yuu. aiss. koo prerit kiya.aiss. general johnn jey key netritva mein 10,000 sainikon koo bhejane key liye. vilaa parr kabja karane key asafal prayaas mein pasina bahaana. carranza ney aapako peechhe dhakel diyaa.aiss. sanic uttari mexico mein hain. abhiyaan bull yuu key roop mein vaapas chaley gaye.aiss. pratham vishva yuddh mein pravesh kiya. germany ney mexico koo apana paksh banaane kaa prayaas kiya, 1917 mein yuu. aiss. key beach yuddh bhadkane key liye ack kodit taar bheja.aiss. aur mexico, mexico key saath usa kshetra koo phir seey hassil karane key liye joe usane maxican-americi yuddh mein khou diyaa thaa. sangharsh mein mexico tatasth rhaa.
satta koo majboot karate hue, rashtrapati karanza ney 1919 mein kisan-netaa emiliano zapaataa kii hatyaa curr dee thee. karanza koo kranti key dauran kisaanon kaa samarthan milaa thaa, lekin ack baar satta mein aaney key baad unhone bhoomi sudhaar sthaapit karane key liye bahut cumm kiya, jisane kaee logon koo kranti mein ladane key liye prerit kiya thaa. carranza ney vaastav mein jabt kii gaee kuchh bhoomi apane mool maalikon koo vaapas curr dee. rashtrapati karanza key sarvshreshth general, obregan ney apane prashaasan mein kuchh samay key liye seva kii, lekin 1920 key rashtrapati chunaav mein bhaag lene key liye khud koo sthaapit karane key liye apane grih raajya sonora laut aae. choonki karanza phir seey chunaav naheen lada sakey, isaliye unhone rashtrapati pada key peechhe shakti baney rahane key iraade seey apane uttaradhikari key roop mein ack nagrik, raajneetik aur krantikari nikaay koo chunaa. obregan aur dou anya sonoran krantikari generalon ney agua preta kii yojana taiyar kii, jisamen karanza koo ukhaad fenka gayaa, joe 1920 mein mexico shahar seey bhaagate hue marr gayaa. general adolfo dee laa heurta antarim rashtrapati baney, jisake baad general alvarro obregan kaa chunaav huaa.
raajneetik samekan aur ack-dall shasson (1920-2000).
uttar-krantikari avadhi (1920-1946) kii pahali chauthai shatabdi mein krantikari generalon ney mexico key rashtrapatiyon key roop mein kaary kiya, jinamen alvarro obregan (1920-24), plutarco alias colls (1924-28), lezaro cardenas (1934-40), aur manual avilla camacho (1940-46) shamil they. 1946 key baad seey, senaa kaa koee bhee sadasya mexico kaa rashtrapati naheen rhaa haye. maxican sarkaar kii uttar-krantikari pariyojana ney desh mein vyavastha laane, rajneeti mein sainya hastakshep koo samaapt karane aur hita samoohon key sangathanon kaa nirmaan karane kii maang kii. shramikon, kisaanon, shahari karyalaya karmchaariyon aur yahaan taka kii senaa koo bhee ack chhoti avadhi key liye ekal party key kshetron key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, joe 1929 mein apani sthaapana key baad seey maxican rajneeti parr haavi thaa. obregan ney bhoomi sudhaar koo uksaayaa aur sangathit shram kii shakti koo majboot kiya. unhone sanyukt raajya america seey maanyata praapt kii aur kranti key dauran sampatti khone vaali companiyon aur vyaktiyon key saath daavon kaa niptara karane key liye kadam uthaaye. unhone apane saathi poorv sonoran krantikari general, colls koo apane uttaradhikari key roop mein lagu kiya, jisase ack asafal sainya vidroh huaa. rashtrapati key roop mein, colls ney catholic church aur catholic gurilla senaaon key saath ack badey sangharsh koo uksaayaa jaba unhone 1917 key samvidhaan key virodhi anuchhedon koo sakhti seey lagu kiya. church-raajya sangharsh kii madhyasthata kii gaee aur yuu kii sahaayata seey samaapt huaa.aiss. mexico mein rajdoot aur sangharsh mein pakshon key beach ack samjhaute key saath samaapt huaa, jisake madhyam seey kaarravaai key sambandhit kshetron koo paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki samvidhaan ney rashtrapati key punarnirvaachan parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa, obregan phir seey chunaav ladanaa chaahte they aur samvidhaan mein sanshodhan kiya gayaa taaki lagaatar punarnirvaachan kii anumati dee jaa sakey. obregan ney 1928 key chunaav jeete, lekin ack catholic utsaahi dwara unaki hatyaa curr dee gaee, jisase uttaradhikar kaa raajneetik sankat paida hoe gayaa. coll phir seey rashtrapati naheen bunn sakey, kyonki unhone abhee apana karyakal samaapt kiya thaa. unhone rashtrapati uttaradhikar key prabandhan key liye ack sanrachana sthaapit karane kii maang kii, usa party kii sthaapana kii joe beesavin shatabdi key anta taka mexico parr haavi honey vaali thee. colls ney ghoshana kii kii kranti "caudilismo" (majboot logon dwara shasson) seey "yug sansthaagat" (sansthaagat yug) kii or badh gaee haye.
rashtrapati pada naheen sambhaalane key bavjood, colls usa avadhi key dauran pramukh raajneetik vyakti baney rahey jinhen maximato (1929-1934) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. maxmeto lazaro cardenus kii adhyakshata key dauran samaapt hoe gayaa, jinhone desh seey coll koo nishkaasit curr diyaa aur kaee aarthik aur samajik sudhaaron koo lagu kiya. isamen march 1938 mein maxican tail kii zabti shamil thee, jisane yuu. kaa rashtriyakaran kiya.aiss. aur anglo-dutch tail company jise maxican eagle petroleum company key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. iss andolan key parinamswarup raajya key swaamitva vaali maxican tail company paymax kaa nirmaan hoga. isane una deshon key saath ack rajanyik sankat paida curr diyaa jinake nagrikon ney cardena key kattarpanthi upaay seey vyavasaay khou diyaa thaa, lekin taba seey company ney mexico key aarthik vikas mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai haye. cardena key uttaradhikari, manual avila camacho (1940-1946) adhik madhyam they, aur yuu key beach sambandh they.aiss. aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran mexico mein kaafee sudhaar huaa, jaba mexico ack mahatvapurna sahayogi thaa, joe yuddh key prayaas mein sahaayata key liye maanav shakti aur samagri pradaan kartaa thaa. 1946 seey uttar-krantikari avadhi mein pahale nagrik rashtrapati, miguel eleman key chunaav key baad, mexico ney aarthik vikas key ack aakramak karyakram kii shuruat kii, jise maxican chamatkar key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jisaki visheshta audyogikaran, shaharikaran aur shahari aur graameen kshetron key beach mexico mein asamaanta mein vriddhi thee. 
majboot aarthik vikas key saath, mexico ney 1968 key grishmakaaleen olympic kii mejbani karke ise duniya key saamane pradarshit karane kii koshish kii. sarkaar ney naee suvidhaon key nirmaan mein bhaari sansaadhan kharch kiye. saath hii, una kharchon key saath vishvavidyalaya key chhatron aur anya logon dwara raajneetik ashanti thee, jabaki unaki apani paristhitiyaan kathin theen. madhya mexico shahar mein khelon key niyojit udghaatan seey pahale hafton taka pradarshan jaari rahey, jisamen gustavo diaz ordaz kii sarkaar ney kaarravaai kii. isaki parinati tlatelolco narsamhar thaa, jisamen roodhivaadi anumaanon key aadhar parr lagbhag 300 pradarshankariyon kii zaan chully gaee aur shayed 800 taka. haalaanki kuchh logon key liye arthavyavastha falati-phoolati rahee, samajik asamaanta asantosh kaa ack kaarak bunny rahee. maxican gandi ladaai key roop mein sandarbhit honey vaale yuddh mein praai shasson teji seey sattawadi aur kabhi-kabhi damankari bunn gayaa.
diaz ordaz key adheen aantarik mantri, luis acheveria, olympic key dauran daman koo anjam dete hue, 1970 mein rashtrapati chune gaye. unaki sarkaar koo maxican logon key prati avishvaas aur badhati aarthik samasyaon kaa saamana karna padaa. unhone kuchh chunavi sudhaaron kii sthaapana kii. 
1980 key dashak mein praai key poorna raajneetik prabhutva mein pahali daraaren ubhari. baajaa california mein, paine ummidwar koo governor key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa. jaba dee laa madrid ney carlos salinas dee gortari koo praai key ummidwar key roop mein chunaa, aur isaliye ack poorv rashtrapati vijeta, poorv rashtrapati lazaro cardena key bete, cuhotemoc cardenaz ney 1988 key chunaavon mein pri key saath toda diyaa aur salinas koo chunauti dee. 1988 mein badey paimaane parr chunavi dhokhadhadi hui, jisake parinamon seey pataa chalata haye kii salina ney abb taka key sabse cumm pratishat seey chunaav jeetaa thaa. chori kiye gaye chunaav key liye mexico shahar mein badey paimaane parr virodh pradarshan hue. salinas ney 1 disambar 1988 koo pada kii shapath lii. 1990 mein mario vargas losa ney priyon koo "poorna tanashahi" key roop mein varnit kiya thaa, lekin taba taka priyon key varchasva key liye badee chunautiyen theen.
salinas ney navudarwadi sudhaaron key ack karyakram kii shuruat kii jisane peso kii vinimay darr koo nirdhaarit kiya, mudrasfeeti koo niyantrit kiya, mexico koo videshi nivesh key liye khol diyaa, aur yuu. aiss. key saath baatchit shuru kii.aiss. aur kanada apane mukt vyaapaar samjhaute mein shamil hoga. aisaa karane key liye, 1917 key samvidhaan mein kaee mahatvapurna tarikon seey sanshodhan kiya gayaa thaa. anuchhed 27, jisane sarkaar koo praakritik sansadhanon koo jabt karane aur bhoomi vitarit karane kii anumati dee thee, koo krishi sudhaar koo samaapt karane aur niji maalikon key sampatti adhikaaron kii guaranti dene key liye sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa. dhaarmik sansthanon, vishesh roop seey catholic church kaa galaa ghontane vaale paadari-virodhi lekhon mein sanshodhan kiya gayaa aur mexico ney hollie see key saath rajanyik sambandh phir seey sthaapit kiye. uttari americi mukt vyaapaar samjhaute (aine. aeye. aff. tii. aeye.) parr hastakshar karane seey vyaapaar neeti parr mexico kii swaayatta samaapt hoe gaee. samjhauta 1 janwari 1994 koo lagu huaa; usee dinn, chiapas mein rashtriya mukti kii zapatista senaa (azlan) ney sanghiya sarkaar key khilaf sashastr kisan vidroh shuru kiya, jisane kuchh shaharon parr kabja curr liya, lekin mexico kii sthiti kii or duniya kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya. sashastr sangharsh alpakaalik thaa aur navudarwad aur vaishvikaran key khilaf ack ahinsak vipakshi andolan key roop mein jaari rhaa haye. 1994 mein, praai key rashtrapati pada key ummidwar luis donaldo colosio kii hatyaa key baad, salinas key baad ack vijayi vikalp praai ummidwar ernesto jadillo ney padbhar sambhala. salinas ney maxican peso sankat seey nipatane key liye jadillo kii sarkaar koo chhod diyaa, jisake liye 50 arab dollar key aaee. aim. aff. bellout kii aavashyakta thee. pramukh vrihat aarthik sudhaar rashtrapati jadillo dwara shuru kiye gaye they, aur arthavyavastha teji seey thheek hoe gaee aur 1999 key anta taka vikas lagbhag 7 pratishat parr pahunch gayaa.
samkaaleen mexico.
2000 mein, 71 varshon key baad, praai vipakshi roodhivaadi rashtriya kaarravaai party (paine) key vicent fox seey rashtrapati chunaav haar gayaa. 2006 key rashtrapati chunaav mein, paine seey felip calderon koo vampanthi rajneta andress manual lopez obrador parr bahut hii cumm antar (0.58%) key saath loktaantrik kranti (pee. aar. dee.) key party key ummidwar ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. halanki, lopez obrador ney chunaav ladaa aur ack "vaikalpik sarkaar" banaane kaa vaadaa kiya.
baarah varshon key baad, 2012 mein, 2005 seey 2011 taka mexico raajya key governor enrique penaa neeto key chunaav key saath pree ney phir seey rashtrapati pada jeetaa. haalaanki, unhone lagbhag 38 pratishat kii bahulata key saath jeet hassil kii, aur unake paas vidhaayi bahumat naheen thaa.
nae raajneetik dall morena kii sthaapana key baad, andress manual lopez obrador ney 2018 kaa rashtrapati chunaav 50 pratishat seey adhik maton key saath jeetaa. 2012 key chunaavon key baad sthaapit unaki vampanthi party key netritva mein unake raajneetik gathbandhan mein sabhi raajneetik dalon aur rajneta shamil hain. gathbandhan ney oopari aur nichale donon congress sadanon mein bhee bahumat hassil kiya. aamalo (unake kaee upnaamon mein seey ack) kii safalata kaa shreya desh key anya majboot raajneetik vikalpon koo diyaa jaataa haye joe unake avsaron koo samaapt curr dete hain aur saath hii rajneta sulah parr dhyaan kendrit karate hue ack madhyam vimarsh koo apanaate hain.
mexico ney uchch aparaadh darr, aadhikarik bhrashtachar, maadak padarthon kii taskari aur ack sthir arthavyavastha kaa saamana kiya haye. 1990 key dashak mein navudarwadi sudhaaron key saath kaee raajya key swaamitva vaale audyogik udyamon kaa nijikaran kiya gayaa thaa, lekin paymax, raajya key swaamitva vaali petroleum company kaa dheere-dheere nijikaran kiya jaa rhaa haye, jisamen anveshan licenses jaari kiye jaa rahey hain. sarkari bhrashtachar key khilaf emlo key dabaav mein, paymax key poorv ceo koo giraftar curr liya gayaa haye.
haalaanki mexico key 2018 key rashtrapati chunaavon mein chunavi dhokhadhadi kii ashanka thee, lekin parinamon ney emlo koo janadesh diyaa. 1 disambar 2018 koo, andres manual lopez obrador ney mexico key nae rashtrapati key roop mein shapath lii. julaai 2018 key rashtrapati chunaav mein bhaari jeet hassil karane key baad, vaha dashakon taka pahale vampanthi rashtrapati baney. juuna 2021 key madhyaavadhi chunaavon mein, lopez obrador key vampanthi jhukaav vaale morena key gathbandhan ney congress key nichale sadan mein seeten khou deen. haalaanki, unake sattaaroodh gathbandhan ney ack sadharan bahumat banaae rakhaa, lekin lopez obrador dou-tihai congress key atee bahumat koo hassil karane mein whiffle rahey. mukhya vipaksh mexico key teen paaramparik dalon kaa gathbandhan thaah kendra-dakshinpanthi krantikari sansthaagat party, dakshinpanthi rashtriya kaarravaai party aur loktaantrik kranti kii vampanthi party.
bhugol.
mexico uttari america key dakshini bhaag mein akshansh 14° aur 33°aine, aur deshantar 86° aur 119°doubleu key beach sthit haye. lagbhag puuraa mexico uttari americi plate mein sthit haye, jisamen baajaa california praaydweep key chhote hisse prashant aur koko plates parr hain. bhubhautikiya roop seey, kuchh bhoogolvidon mein madhya america key bheetar tehuantepec key istamas (kull kaa lagbhag 12 pratishat) key poorv kaa kshetra shamil haye. haalaanki, bhoo-raajneetik roop seey, mexico koo kanada aur sanyukt raajya america key saath poori tarah seey uttari america kaa hissa maanaa jaataa haye.
mexico kaa kull kshetrafal haye, joe ise kull kshetrafal key hisab seey duniya kaa 13vaan sabse badaa desh banaata haye. prashant mahasagar aur california kii khaadi key saath-saath mexico kii khaadi aur carabian sagar parr isaki tatarekhaaen hain, joe baad key dou atlantic mahasagar kaa hissa hain. inn samudron key bheetar lagbhag dweep hain (jisamen sudur prashant guadalupe dweep aur revilagigedo dweep shamil hain). apane sabse door key bhoomi binduon seey, mexico kii lambai thodi adhik haye. mexico mein nau alag-alag kshetra hainh baajaa california, prashant tateey nichale kshetra, maxican pathaar, siera madrey oriental, siera madrey oxidantal, dha, khaadi tateey maidan, dakshini uchch bhoomi aur yukatan praaydweep. halanki mexico badaa haye, lekin iska adhikansh bhoomi bhaag shushkata, mitty yaa bhoobhaag key kaaran krishi key saath asangat haye. 2018 mein, anumaanit 54.9% bhoomi krishi yogya haye; 11.8% krishi yogya haye; 1.4% sthaayi fasalon mein haye; 41.7% sthaayi charagah haye; aur 33.3% vann haye.
mexico koo uttar seey dakshin taka dou parvat shrinkhalaon dwara paar kiya jaataa haye jinhen siera madre oriental aur siera madre oxidantal key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe uttari uttari america seey chattani pahaadon kaa vistaar hain. poorv seey paschim taka kendra mein, desh koo paar karane key liye trance-maxican jwalamukhiya kshetra haye jise siera nevada key naam seey bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. ack chauthi parvat shrinkhala, siera madre dell sur, michoakan seey oxaca taka chalati haye. iss prakaar, maxican madhya aur uttari kshetron kaa adhikansh bhaag uchch oonchaai parr sthit haye, aur sabse adhik oonchaai trance-maxican jwalamukhiya belt mein paaee jaati haih pico dee orizaba (), popocatepetal () aur iztasihuatal () aur nevado dee toluka (). inn chaar oonchaai key beach kii ghaatiyon mein teen pramukh shahari samooh sthit hainh toluka, grater mexico city aur puebla. yukatan praaydweep kii ack mahatvapurna bhoovaigyaanik visheshta chiksulub crater haye. vaigyaanik sahamati yeh haye kii chiksulab prabhaavak cretaceous-peliogen vilupt honey kii ghatana key liye jimmedaar thaa. mexico kaee praakritik khatron key adheen haye, jisamen donon taton parr toofaan, prashant tata parr sunami aur jwalamukhi shamil hain.
jalavaayu.
desh key aakar aur sthalaakriti key kaaran mexico kii jalavaayu kaafee bhinn haye. curk rekha desh koo prabhaavi roop seey samshitoshna aur ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein vibhajit karati haye. curk rekha key uttar kii bhoomi sardiyon key maheenon key dauran thhande tapman kaa anubhav karati haye. curk rekha key dakshin mein, tapman saal bhar kaafee sthir rahata haye aur kewal oonchaai key kaary key roop mein bhinn hotaa haye. yeh mexico koo duniya kii sabse vividh mausam pranaliyon mein seey ack detaa haye. samudri vayu dravyamaan maee seey agast taka mausami varsha laataa haye. mexico key kaee hisson, vishesh roop seey uttar mein, kewal chhitput varsha key saath shushk jalavaayu haye, jabaki dakshin mein ushnakatibandhiya nichale ilaakon key kuchh hisson mein ausat vaarshik varsha seey adhik haye. udaaharan key liye, uttar key kaee shaharon jaise monterry, hermosillo aur mexically mein garmiyon mein tapman yaa usase adhik hotaa haye. sonoran registan mein tapman yaa usase adhik hoe jaataa haye.
kshetron key vivaran tapman key aadhar parr hotey hain, jisamen "tiera callient" (germ bhoomi) 900 meater taka tateey hotaa haye; "tiera templada" (samshitoshna bhoomi) 1,800 meater seey hotaa haye; "tiera fria" (thhandi bhoomi) 3,500 meater taka faili hoti haye. thhandi bhoomi seey parey madhya mexico mein "paramos", alpine charagah aur "tiera helada" (jamee hui bhoomi) (4,000-4,200 meater) hain. cancer kii rekha key dakshin mein (tateey maidanon key saath-saath yukatan praaydweep donon key dakshini hisson) taka kii oonchaai vaale kshetron mein, vaarshik ausat tapman hotaa haye. yahaan kaa tapman poore varsh uchch rahata haye, kewal sardiyon aur garmiyon key ausat tapman key beach antar hotaa haye. campeche kii khaadi key dakshini tata aur uttari baajaa california koo chhodkar donon maxican tata garmiyon aur sharad ritu key dauran gambhir toofaanon key prati samvedansheel hotey hain. halanki cancer kii rekha key uttar mein nichale kshetra garmiyon key dauran germ aur aardr hotey hain, lekin sardiyon key dauran adhik madhyam sthitiyon key kaaran unamen aam taur parr cumm vaarshik tapman ausat (seey) hotaa haye.
jaiv vividhata.
jaiv vividhata mein mexico duniya mein chauthe sthaan parr haye aur 17 vishal vividhata vaale deshon mein seey ack haye. 200, 000 seey adhik vibhinn prajaatiyon key saath, mexico duniya kii jaiv vividhata kaa ghar haye. mexico 707 gyaat prajaatiyon key saath sarisripon mein jaiv vividhata mein pahale sthaan parr haye, 438 prajaatiyon key saath standhaariyon mein dusare sthaan parr haye, 290 prajaatiyon key saath ubhaycharon mein chauthe sthaan parr haye, aur 26,000 vibhinn prajaatiyon key saath vanaspatiyon mein chauthe sthaan parr haye. mexico koo paaristhitiki tantra mein duniya kaa doosara aur samagr prajaatiyon mein chautha desh bhee maanaa jaataa haye. lagbhag 2,500 prajaatiyan maxican kaanoon dwara sanrakshit hain. mexico mein duniya mein vanon kii kataai kii doosari sabse tej darr thee, joe brazil key baad dusare sthaan parr thee. iska 2019 vann paridrishya akhandata soochkaank ausat score 6.82/10 thaa, joe ise 172 deshon mein seey vaishvik star parr 63vein sthaan parr rakhta haye. 
mexico mein, "sanrakshit praakritik kshetra" maane jaate hain. inmein 34 jeevmandal bhandar (aparivartit paaristhitiki tantra), 67 rashtriya udyaan, 4 praakritik smaarak (apane saundarya, vaigyaanik yaa aitihaasik moolya key liye nirantar sanrakshit), sanrakshit vanaspati aur jeevon key 26 kshetra, praakritik sansaadhan sanrakshan key liye 4 kshetra (mitty, jall vigyaan besin aur vanon kaa sanrakshan) aur 17 abhayaranya (vividh prajaatiyon seey samriddh kshetra) shamil hain. mexico key swadeshi paudhe duniya key kaee hisson mein ugaaye jaate hain aur apane swayam key rashtriya vyanjanon mein ekikrit hotey hain. mexico key kuchh deshi paak samagri mein shamil hainh makka, tamatar, same, squash, chocolet, vanilla, avocado, amrood, cheote, epajot, kaimote, jikama, nopal, tori, tejokot, hutelacoche, saipote, memi saipote, aur mirch kii ack badee vividhata, jaise kii habnero aur jalpeno. inmein seey adhikansh naam nahuatal kii swadeshi bhasha seey aae hain. takila, kheti kiye gaye agave cacti seey banaa aasut maadak peya ack pramukh udyog haye. apani uchch jaiv vividhata key kaaran mexico bhee antarrashtriya anusandhaan nikaayon dwara jaiv-pareekshan kaa ack niyamit sthal rhaa haye. pahala atyadhik safal udaaharan 1947 mein tuber "barbasco" ("dioscoria composita") kii khoj haye jisamen diosgenine kii uchch samagri haye, jisane 1950 aur 1960 key dashak mein synthetic harmon key utpaadan mein kranti laa dee aur antatah sanyukt maukhik garbhanirodhak goliyon kaa aavishkaar kiya.
sarkaar aur rajneeti.
sanyukt maxican raajya ack sangh haye jisaki sarkaar 1917 key samvidhaan key anusaar rashtrapati pranali parr adharit pratinidhi, loktaantrik aur ganarajya haye. samvidhaan sarkaar key teen star sthaapit kartaa haih sanghiya sangh, raajya sarkaaren aur nagarpalika sarkaaren. samvidhaan key anusaar, sangh key sabhi ghatak raajyon mein teen shaakhaon seey bunny sarkaar kaa ack gantantra roop honah chaahieh karyapalika, jiska pratinidhitva ack rajyapal aur ack niyukt mantrimandal dwara kiya jaataa haye, ack ack sadani congress dwara gathit vidhaayi shakha, aur nyaypalika, jisamen ack raajya sarvocch nyayalaya shamil hoga. unake apane nagrik aur nyaayik code bhee hain.
sanghiya vidhaayika sangh kii dwisadaniya congress haye, joe ganarajya kii senate aur pratinidhi mandal seey bunny haye. congress sanghiya kaanoon banaati haye, yuddh kii ghoshana karati haye, curr lagaati haye, rashtriya bajat aur antarrashtriya sandhiyon koo manjuri detee haye, aur rajanyik niyuktiyon kaa anumodan karati haye.
sanghiya congress key saath-saath raajya vidhaansabhaaon kaa chunaav samanantar matdan kii ack pranali dwara kiya jaataa haye jisamen bahulata aur aanupaatik pratinidhitva shamil hotaa haye. pratinidhi mandal mein 500 pratinidhi hain. inmein seey 300 ekal-sadasya jilon (sanghiya chunavi jilon) mein bahulata mutt dwara chune jaate hain aur 200 koo bund dall soochiyon key saath aanupaatik pratinidhitva dwara chunaa jaataa haye, jisake liye desh koo paanch chunavi nirvaachan kshetron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. senate 128 senators seey banaa haye. inmein seey 64 senator (pratyek raajya key liye dou aur mexico shahar key liye dou) jode mein bahulata vote dwara chune jaate hain; 32 senator pahale alpasankhyak yaa pratham-upvijeta (pratyek raajya key liye ack aur mexico shahar key liye ack) hotey hain, aur 32 rashtriya bund party soochiyon seey aanupaatik pratinidhitva dwara chune jaate hain.
karyakari sanyukt maxican raajyon kaa rashtrapati hotaa haye, joe raajya aur sarkaar kaa pramukh hotaa haye, saath hii saath maxican sainya balon kaa commander-inn-cheef bhee hotaa haye. rashtrapati mantrimandal aur anya adhikaariyon kii bhee niyukti kartaa haye. rashtrapati kaanoon koo lagu karane aur lagu karane key liye jimmedaar haye, aur usake paas bilon koo veeto karane kii shakti haye.
sarkaar kii nyaayik shakha kaa sarvocch anga sarvocch nyayalaya, rashtriya sarvocch nyayalaya haye, jisamen rashtrapati dwara niyukt aur senate dwara anumodit gyaarah nyayadhish hotey hain. sarvocch nyayalaya sanghiya yogyata key kaanoonon aur nyayadhishon key mamalon kii vyakhya kartaa haye. nyaypalika key anya sansthaan sanghiya chunavi nyayadhikaran, mahavidyalayi, ekaatmak aur jilaa nyayadhikaran aur sanghiya nyaypalika kii parishad hain. siddhant roop mein nyaypalika karyapalika seey swatantra haye, lekin rashtrapati lopez obrador ney haal hii mein rashtrapati pada mein shakti kaa prasaar kiya, jisase kaee sansthanon kii swatantrata koo cumm kiya gayaa. nyaayik kshetra mein nyayadhishon key vetan koo cumm karate hue, unhone mahanyayvadi kii swatantra niyukti kii anumati dene seey incar curr diyaa.
aitihaasik roop seey teen dall maxican rajneeti mein pramukh dall rahey hainh sansthaagat krantikari party (pee. aar. aaee.), ack pakad-sabhi party aur samajwadi antarrashtriya key sadasya, jisaki sthaapana 1929 mein maxican kranti key sabhi guton koo ekjut karane key liye kii gaee thee aur taba seey maxican rajneeti mein lagbhag aadhipatya shakti thee; national action party (paine), 1939 mein sthaapit ack roodhivaadi party aur america key isai loktaantrik sangathan seey sambandhit; aur democratic revolution party (pee. aar. dee.) ack vampanthi party, jisaki sthaapana 1989 mein samajvadiyon aur liberal dalon key gathbandhan key uttaradhikari key roop mein hui thee. 
videshi sambandh.
mexico key videsh sambandh mexico key rashtrapati dwara nirdeshit kiye jaate hain aur videsh mantralaya key madhyam seey prabandhit kiye jaate hain. videsh neeti key siddhanton koo anuchhed 89, dhaara 10 mein samvaidhaanik roop seey maanyata dee gaee haye, jisamen shamil hainh antarrashtriya kaanoon aur raajyon kii kanuni samaantaa kaa sammaan, unaki samprabhuta aur swatantrata, anya deshon key gharelu mamalon mein gair-hastakshep kii pravritti, sanghrshon kaa shantipurna samadhan, aur antarrashtriya sangathanon mein sakriya bhagidari key madhyam seey saamoohik suraksha koo badhaava denaa. 1930 key dashak seey, astrada siddhant ney inn siddhanton key liye ack mahatvapurna poorak key roop mein kaam kiya haye.
mexico kaee antarrashtriya sangathanon kaa sansthaapak sadasya haye, vishesh roop seey sanyukt rashtra, americi raajyon kaa sangathan, ibero-americi raajyon kaa sangathan, openal aur selac. 2008 mein, mexico ney sanyukt rashtra key niyamit bajat mein 4 karod dollar seey adhik kaa yogdan diyaa. isake alawa, yeh 1994 mein shamil honey key baad seey chilly koo 2010 mein poorna sadasyata praapt honey taka aarthik sahyog aur vikas sangathan kaa ekmatra lattin americi sadasya thaa.
mexico koo ack kshetriya shakti maanaa jaataa haye isaliye jee8 + 5 aur jee-20 jaise pramukh aarthik samoohon mein isaki upasthiti. isake alawa, 1990 key dashak seey mexico ney kanada, itali, pakistan aur anya nau deshon key samarthan seey sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishad aur isake kaary tarikon mein sudhaar kii maang kii haye, joe anaupchaarik roop seey coffey club naamak ack samooh banaate hain.
senaa.
maxican senaa "ack sainya netritva key khud koo ack nagrik raajneetik abhijaat varg mein badalane kaa ack anootha udaaharan pradaan karati haye, saath hii senaa seey ack nagrik raajya mein shakti key aadhar koo sthanantarit karati haye."dashak bhar chully maxican kranti key dauran apani poorna haar key baad sanghiya senaa key nidhan key baad 1920 aur 1930 key dashak mein krantikari generalon dwara parivartan laaya gayaa thaa. maxican sashastr balon koo rashtriya raksha sachivalaya ("sachivalaya dee defence nacional", sedena) dwara prashaasit kiya jaataa haye. isaki dou shaakhaaen hainh maxican senaa (jisamen maxican vayu senaa shamil haye) aur maxican nausena. saarvajanik suraksha aur nagrik suraksha sachivalaya kaa rashtriya rakshak parr adhikaar kshetra haye, jiska gathan 2019 mein senaa aur nausena kii bhang sanghiya pulis aur sainya pulis seey kiya gayaa thaa. karmiyon key aadhar parr aankade alag-alag hotey hain, lekin lagbhag 223,000 sashastr balon key karmi (160,000 senaa; 8,000 vayu senaa; 55,000 nausena, jisamen lagbhag 20,000 marine shamil hain); lagbhag 100,000 rashtriya rakshak (2021) hain. senaa parr sarkari kharch jee. dee. pee. kaa ack chhota saa anupaat haih jee. dee. pee. kaa 0.7% (2021 kaa anuman).), jee. dee. pee. (2020) kaa 0.6%.
maxican sashastr bull hathiyaron, vaahanon, vimaanon, nausena jahaajon, raksha pranaliyon aur electronics key design, anusandhaan aur pareekshan kii suvidhaon sahit mahatvapurna buniyaadi dhaanche koo banaae rakhate hain; aisee pranaliyon key nirmaan key liye sainya udyog nirmaan kendra, aur unnat nausena dockyard joe bhaari sainya jahaajon aur unnat missile praudyogikiyon kaa nirmaan karate hain. 1990 key dashak seey, jaba senaa ney drugs key khilaf yuddh mein apani bhoomika koo badhaaya, taba seey havaai nigrani munch, vimaan, helicopter, digital yuddh-ladane kii takneekon, shahari yuddh upkaran aur teji seey sainya parivahan key adhigrahan parr adhik mahatva diyaa gayaa haye. mexico key paas paramanu hathiyaron key nirmaan kii kshamata haye, lekin 1968 mein taletelolko kii sandhi key saath iss sambhavana koo chhod diyaa aur kewal shantipurna uddeshyon key liye apani paramanu praudyogiki kaa upayog karane kaa vaadaa kiya. mexico ney paramanu hathiyaron key nishedh parr sanyukt rashtra sandhi parr hastakshar kiye.
aitihaasik roop seey, mexico dwiteeya vishva yuddh key apavaad key saath antarrashtriya sanghrshon mein tatasth rhaa haye. haalaanki, haal key varshon mein kuchh raajneetik dalon ney samvidhaan mein sanshodhan kaa prastaav rakhaa haye taaki maxican senaa, vayu senaa yaa nausena koo shaanti missions mein sanyukt rashtra key saath sahyog karane kii anumati dee jaa sakey, yaa una deshon koo sainya sahaayata pradaan kii jaa sakey joe aadhikarik roop seey isaki maang karate hain.
kaanoon pravartan aur aparaadh.
maxican sanghiya pulis koo 2019 mein rashtrapati lopez obrador key prashaasan key dauran ack samvaidhaanik sanshodhan dwara bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur maxican national gaard kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, jisamen sanghiya pulis, sainya pulis aur nausena pulis kii ikaaiyon kaa ekikaran kiya gayaa thaa. 2022 taka, rashtriya rakshak kaa anuman 110,000 haye. lopez obrador ney gharelu kaanoon pravartan key liye sainya balon kaa teji seey upayog kiya haye, vishesh roop seey nashili davaaon key girohon key khilaf. desh key dakshini bhaag mein aur swadeshi samudaayon aur garib shahari pados mein suraksha abhiyaanon mein satta key gambhir durupyog kii soochana millie haye. rashtriya manvadhikar aayog kaa iss pravritti koo ulatane mein bahut cumm prabhaav padaa haye, jyaadaatar dastavejikaran mein sanlagn haye, lekin apani shaktiyon kaa upayog una adhikaariyon koo saarvajanik ninda jaari karane mein whiffle rhaa haye joe isaki sifaarishon kii andekhi karate hain. adhikansh maxican logon koo pulis yaa nyaayik pranali mein cumm vishvaas haye, aur isaliye, vaastav mein nagrikon dwara kuchh apraadhon kii soochana dee jaati haye. dund seey mukti kii sanskriti maane jaane vaale key khilaf saarvajanik akrosh key pradarshan hue hain.
mexico mein aparaadh aur manvadhikaron key ullanghan kii aalochana kii gaee haye, jisamen jabaran gumshudgi (apaharan), pravasiyon key khilaf durvyavahar, gair-nyaayik hatyaaen, ling-adharit hinsa, vishesh roop seey naari hatyaa aur patrakaron aur manvadhikar adhivaktaon parr hamale shamil hain. 
bee. bee. see. kii 2020 kii ack report mexico mein aparaadh parr aankade detee haye, jisamen cumm seey cumm ack peedit key saath 1 karod 70 laakh parivaar hain. 
maee 2022 taka, 100,000 logon koo aadhikarik taur parr laapata key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye, jinamen seey adhikansh 2007 key baad seey hain jaba rashtrapati calderon ney drugg cartel koo rokane kaa prayaas kiya thaa. mexico mein nashili davaaon key gutt ack pramukh mudda baney hue hain, jaba badey gutt toot jaate hain tou chhote guton kaa prasaar hotaa haye aur adhik parishkrit sainya upkaranon aur ranneetiyon kaa upayog badhata jaa rhaa haye. rashtrapati felip calderon (2006-12) ney una shaharon mein sainya karmiyon koo tainaat karke sangathit aparaadh koo samaapt karna sarvocch prathamikta banaa dee jahaan nashili davaaon key giroh kaam karate hain, vipakshi dalon aur rashtriya manvadhikar aayog dwara hinsa koo badhaane key liye aalochana kii gaee. mexico key maadak padarthon key yuddh mein, joe 2006 seey chala rhaa haye, 120,000 seey adhik loga maare gaye hain aur shayed 37,000 anya laapata hain. maxican cartel kii pehchaan haal hii mein cheeni-srot synthetic afeem fentanil kaa upayog karane key roop mein kii gaee haye, joe yuu. mein kaee davaaon key overdose kaa kaaran banaa haye.aiss. chean kii pehchaan mexico mein sangathit aparaadh mein adhik aam taur parr shamil honey key roop mein kii gaee haye. mexico key rashtriya bhugol aur saankhyiki sansthaan ney anuman lagaaya kii 2014 mein, maxican kaa paanchvaan hissa kissy naa kissy prakaar key aparaadh kaa shikaar huaa thaa. 26 sitambar 2014 koo iguala mein 43 chhatron key saamoohik apaharan ney gumshudgi aur vyaapak bhrashtachar key liye sarkaar kii kamjor pratikriya key khilaf rashtravyapi virodh pradarshan shuru curr diyaa joe aaparaadhik sangathanon koo swatantra lagaam detaa haye. 2000 key baad seey 100 seey adhik patrakaar aur media karyakarta maare gaye hain yaa gayab hoe gaye hain, aur inmein seey adhikansh aparaadh ansuljhe rahey, anuchit roop seey jaanch kii gaee, aur kuchh apraadhiyon koo giraftar kiya gayaa aur doshi thaharaaya gayaa. 2018 mein rashtrapati lopez obrador key rashtrapati banane key baad seey, patrakaron kii hatyaon kii sankhya mein teji seey vriddhi hui haye. yuu.aiss. videsh vibhaag apani website parr yatra paramarsh jaari karate hue apane nagrikon koo mexico mein yatra karate samay adhik savdhani baratane kii chetavani detaa haye.
prashaasnik prabhaag.
mexico kii seemaaen aur ghatak ikaaiyaan samay key saath isaki aupaniveshik yug kii utpatti seey vikasit huin. madhya america 1821 mein swatantrata key baad mexico seey shantipurna roop seey alag hoe gayaa. yucatan kuchh samay key liye ack swatantra ganarajya thaa. texas kranti mein texas alag hoe gayaa aur jaba ise yuu mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. 1845 mein, isane maxican-americi yuddh aur yuu. aiss. koo badey kshetriya nuksan key liye munch taiyar kiya.aiss. yuu mein gyaat uttari kshetra kii bikri.aiss. kyonki gadsden kii khareed maxican kshetra kaa antim nuksan thaa. sanyukt maxican raajya 31 swatantra aur samprabhu raajyon kaa ack sangh haye, joe ack sangh banaata haye joe mexico shahar parr ack hudd taka adhikaar kshetra kaa prayog kartaa haye. pratyek raajya kaa apana samvidhaan, congress aur ack nyaypalika hoti haye, aur isake nagrik chhah saal key karyakal key liye rajyapal koo seedhe matdan karke chunate hain, aur teen saal key karyakal key liye apane-apane ack sadani raajya congresses key pratinidhiyon kaa chunaav karate hain.
mexico shahar ack vishesh raajneetik vibhajan haye joe ack poore sangh seey sambandhit haye naa kii kissy vishesh raajya seey. pahale sanghiya jile key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, isaki swaayatta pahale raajyon key saapeksh seemit thee. isane 2016 mein iss padnam koo hataa diyaa aur apane swayam key samvidhaan aur congress key saath ack sanghiya ikai bunn curr adhik raajneetik swaayatta praapt karane kii prakriya mein haye. raajyon koo nagar paalikaon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, joe desh kii sabse chhoti prashaasnik raajneetik ikai haye, joe ack mahapour yaa nagarpalika adhyaksh () dwara shaasit hoti haye, jise isake nivaasiyon dwara bahulata dwara chunaa jaataa haye.
arthavyavastha.
aprail 2018 taka, mexico kaa 15vaan sabse badaa nammatra jee. dee. pee. (yuu. aiss. $1.15 trillion) aur kray shakti samaantaa (yuu. aiss. $2.45 trillion) key hisab seey 11vaan sabse badaa haye. 2016 mein jee. dee. pee. kii vaarshik ausat vriddhi 2.9 pratishat aur 2017 mein 2 pratishat thee. pichhale dou dashakon mein krishi arthavyavastha kaa 4 pratishat haye, jabaki udyog kaa yogdan 33 pratishat (jyaadaatar motor vaahan, tail aur electronics) aur seva (vishesh roop seey vittiya sevaayen aur paryatan) kaa yogdan 63 pratishat haye. prati vyakti ppp mein mexico kaa gdp us $18,714.05 thaa. vishva baink ney 2009 mein bataaya kii bajar vinimay daron mein desh kii sakal rashtriya aaya lattin america mein doosari sabse adhik thee, brazil key baad us $1,830.392 billion, jisake kaaran iss kshetra mein prati vyakti sabse adhik aaya $15,311 hui. mexico abb ack uchch madhyam aaya vaale desh key roop mein dridhata seey sthaapit haye. 2001 kii mandee key baad desh mein sudhaar huaa haye aur 2004,2005 aur 2006 mein isamen 4.2.3 aur 4.8 pratishat kii vriddhi hui haye, bhale hii ise mexico kii sambhaavit vriddhi seey kaafee cumm maanaa jaataa haye. antarrashtriya mudra kosh ney 2018 aur 2019 key liye kramshah 2.3% aur 2.7% kii vriddhi darr kaa anuman lagaaya haye. 2050 taka mexico sambhaavit roop seey duniya kii paanchvin yaa saatvin sabse badee arthavyavastha bunn sakata haye.
haalaanki kaee antarrashtriya sangathan mexico koo ack uchch madhyam aaya vaale desh, yaa ack madhyam varg key desh key roop mein vargeekrit karate hain, mexico kii samajik vikas neeti (konwal) key mulyankan key liye rashtriya parishad, joe desh kii garibi koo maapane key liye prabhaari sangathan haye, bataata haye kii mexico kii aabaadi kaa ack badaa pratishat garibi mein rahata haye. ukt parishad key anusaar, 2006 seey 2010 taka (jiss varsh shankusthaapan ney garibi kii apani pahali rashtravyapi report prakaashit kii) garibi mein rahane vaale maxican logon kaa hissa 18%-19% seey badhkar 46 pratishat (52 million loga) hoe gayaa. haalaanki, mexico kii arthavyavastha key dhwast honey key bajaay, antarrashtriya arthashastri desh kii garibi rekha seey neeche rahane vaali aabaadi key pratishat mein bhaari vriddhi kaa shreya ise paribhaashit karane key liye nae manakon kaa upayog karke mulyankan koo dete hain, jaisa kii abb aarthik kalyan rekha seey neeche rahane vaale logon key alawa, jinn logon koo cumm seey cumm ack "samajik aavashyakta" kii kamee haye jaise kii poorna shiksha, swaasthya seva taka pahunch, niyamit bhojan, awas sevaaon aur vastuon taka pahunch, samajik suraksha aadi. unhein garibi mein rahane vaalaa maanaa jaataa thaa (kaee desh apani aabaadi parr ukt kamjoriyon kii nirantarta key baare mein jaankaari ekatra karate hain, lekin mexico ekmatra aisaa desh haye joe una logon koo vargeekrit kartaa haye joe apani rashtriya garibi rekha seey neeche rahane key roop mein ack yaa adhik aavashyaktaon kii kamee rakhate hain). arthshastriyon ney kahaa kii mexico kii rashtriya garibi rekha key anusaar garibi mein rahane vaale logon kaa pratishat vishva baink kii antarrashtriya garibi rekha (duniya mein sabse badaa antar honey key saath) kii tulanaa mein lagbhag 40 gunaa adhik haye aur vichaar karein kii kyaa mexico kii sthiti mein deshon key liye garibi koo maapane key liye antarrashtriya manakon koo apnana behtar naheen hoga taaki praapt sankhya kaa upayog sateek antarrashtriya tulanaa karane key liye kiya jaa sakey. oh. ee. dee. kii apani garibi rekha key anusaar (kissy desh kii aabaadi key pratishat key roop mein paribhaashit joe rashtriya ausat aaya kaa 60 pratishat yaa usase cumm kamaati haye) mexico kii 20 pratishat aabaadi garibi kii sthiti mein rahati haye.
oh. ee. dee. deshon mein, mexico mein chilly key baad behad garib aur behad ameer logon key beach aarthik asamaanta kaa doosara sabse badaa star haye-haalaanki yeh pichhale dashak seey gir rhaa haye, joe una kuchh deshon mein seey ack haye jahaan aisaa haye. aaya padanukram mein nichale duss pratishat desh key sansadhanon kaa 1.36% niptan karate hain, jabaki oopari duss pratishat lagbhag 36 pratishat kaa niptan karate hain. oh. see. dee. mein yeh bhee kahaa gayaa haye kii garibi unmoolan aur samajik vikas key liye mexico kaa bajat kharch oh. see. dee. ausat kaa kewal ack tihai haye. yeh iss tathya seey bhee parilakshit hotaa haye kii mexico mein shishu mrityu darr oh. ee. dee. deshon key ausat seey teen gunaa adhik haye, jabaki iska saksharta star oh. ee. dee. deshon kii ausat seema mein haye. phir bhee, 2007 mein prakaashit ack goldman sax report key anusaar, 2050 taka mexico duniya kii 5veen sabse badee arthavyavastha hoga. 2008 kii ack yuu. aine. report key anusaar mexico key ack vishisht shaharikrit kshetra mein ausat aaya 26,654 dollar thee, jabaki kuchh hii meal door graameen kshetron mein ausat aaya kewal 8,403 dollar thee. 2019 mein dainik nyuntam majdoori vaarshik roop seey $102.68 maxican peso (US $5.40) nirdhaarit kii jaa rahee haye. 
mexico key electronics udyog mein pichhale dashak key bheetar bahut vriddhi hui haye. mexico mein chean, sanyukt raajya america, japan, dakshin koria aur taiwan key baad duniya kaa chhathaa sabse badaa electronics udyog haye. mexico sanyukt raajya america mein electronics kaa doosara sabse badaa niryaatak haye jahan usane 2011 mein 71.4 arab dollar moolya key electronics kaa niryaat kiya thaa. maxican electronics udyog mein television, display, computer, mobile phone, circuit board, ardhchaalak, electronic upkaran, sanchaar upkaran aur lcd module key nirmaan aur oh. ee. aim. design kaa prabhutva haye. maxican electronics udyog 2010 aur 2011 key beach 20 pratishat badhaa, joe 2003 aur 2009 key beach 17 pratishat kii apani nirantar vriddhi darr seey adhik haye. vartamaan mein electronics mexico key niryaat kaa 30 pratishat pratinidhitva kartaa haye.
mexico kissy bhee uttari americi desh kii sabse adhik kaaron kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. udyog takniki roop seey jatil ghatakon kaa utpaadan kartaa haye aur kuchh anusandhaan aur vikas gatividhiyon mein sanlagn hotaa haye. bigg three" (general motors, ford aur chrysler) 1930 key dashak seey mexico mein kaam curr rahey hain, jabaki wolkswagen aur nissan ney 1960 key dashak mein apane sanyantron kaa nirmaan kiya. akele puebla mein, 70 audyogik part-nirmaata wolkswagen key aspas samooh banaate hain. 2010 key dashak mein iss kshetra kaa vistaar badh rhaa thaa. akele 2014 mein, 10 arab dollar seey adhik kaa nivesh karane kii pratibaddhata jataai gaee thee. sitambar 2016 mein kiaa ney newo leone mein 1 arab dollar kaa karkhana khola, usee varsh audie ney puebla mein ack assembling sanyantra bhee khola. bmw, mercedez-benz aur nissan mein vartamaan mein sanyantra nirmanadhin hain. gharelu kaar udyog kaa pratinidhitva deenaa aiss dwara kiya jaataa haye.aeye., jisane 1962 seey bason aur trucks kaa nirmaan kiya haye, aur naee mastreta company joe uchch pradarshan vaali mastreta aim. aiks. tii. sports kaar kaa nirmaan karati haye. 2006 mein, sanyukt raajya america aur kanada key saath vyaapaar mexico key niryaat kaa lagbhag 50 pratishat aur isake ayaat kaa 45 pratishat thaa. 2010 kii pahali teen timaahiyon key dauran, sanyukt raajya america kaa mexico key saath 46 arab dollar kaa vyaapaar ghaata thaa. agast 2010 mein mexico ney france koo peechhe chhodate hue americi rinn kaa 9vaan sabse badaa dhaarak bunn gayaa. america parr vaanijyik aur vittiya nirbharta chinta kaa vishay haye.
sanyukt raajya america mein kaam karane vaale maxican nagrikon seey preshan mahatvapurna haye; 2008 kii badee mandee key dauran girawat key baad aur phir 2021 mein covid-19 mahamari key dauran way videshi aaya key anya sroton mein sabse oopar hain. preshan koo yuu seey seedhe link dwara mexico bheja jaataa haye.aiss. sarkari banking karyakram.
sanchaar.
dursanchar udyog mein jyaadaatar telmex ("telephonos dee mexico") kaa varchasva haye, joe pahale 1990 mein ack sarkari ekadhikar kaa nijikaran kiya gayaa thaa. 2006 taka, telmex ney kolambiya, peru, chilly, argentine, brazil, urugue aur sanyukt raajya america mein apane sanchaalan kaa vistaar kiya thaa. gharelu udyog mein anya khilaadi extel, maxcom, alastra, marcatel, aitt aind tii mexico hain. maxican orography key kaaran, dooradraj key pahaadi kshetron mein landline telephone seva pradaan karna mahanga haye, aur anya lattin americi deshon kii tulanaa mein prati vyakti line-phone kii paith 40 pratishat parr cumm haye; haalaanki, 14 varsh seey adhik ayu key 82 pratishat maxican logon key paas mobile phone haye. mobile telephony koo cumm laagat parr sabhi kshetron taka pahunchane kaa laabh haye, aur 63 million lines key anuman key saath mobile lines kii kull sankhya landline kii tulanaa mein lagbhag doguni haye. dursanchar udyog koo sarkaar dwara coffettel ("commission federal dee telecommunication") key madhyam seey viniyamit kiya jaataa haye.
maxican upgrah pranali gharelu haye aur 120 prithvi stations kaa sanchaalan karati haye. vyaapak microwave radio rille network bhee haye aur fiber-optic aur samakshiya cable kaa kaafee upayog kiya jaataa haye. maxican upgrahon kaa sanchaalan "satellites maxicanos" (satmax) dwara kiya jaataa haye, joe ack niji company haye, joe lattin america mein agrani haye aur uttar aur dakshin america donon kii seva karati haye. yeh kanada seey argentine taka america key 37 deshon mein prasaran, telephone aur dursanchar sevaaen pradaan kartaa haye. vyaavsaayik saajhedaari key madhyam seey satmax aaee. aiss. pee. aiss. aur digital prasaran sevaaon koo uchch gati sampark pradaan kartaa haye. satmax apane swayam key upgrah bede kaa rakharkhaav kartaa haye, jisamen adhikansh bede koo mexico mein design aur banaaya jaa rhaa haye. prasaran udyog mein pramukh khilaadi television hain, joe spanish bhashi duniya kii sabse badee maxican media company haye, tv aztech aur imagion television.
oorjaa.
mexico mein oorjaa utpaadan kaa prabandhan raajya key swaamitva vaali companiyon, bijli aur paymax key sanghiya aayog dwara kiya jaataa haye. kachche tail aur praakritik gais key anveshan, nishkarshan, parivahan aur vipanan key saath-saath petroleum utpaadon aur petrochemicals key shodhan aur vitaran kii prabhaari saarvajanik company paymax, rajaswa key hisab seey duniya kii sabse badee companiyon mein seey ack haye, jisase hamein ack varsh mein 86 arab dollar kii bikri hoti haye. mexico duniya kaa chhathaa sabse badaa tail utpaadak haye, joe pratidin 37 laakh bairal tail kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. 1980 mein tail niryaat kaa kull niryaat mein 61.6% yogdan thaa; 2000 taka yeh kewal 7.3% thaa. mexico mein sabse badaa panbijali sanyantra 2,400 megawatt kaa manual moreno torres baandh haye joe chikosen, chiapas mein grizalva nadee mein haye. yeh duniya kaa chautha sabse adhik utpaadak panbijali sanyantra haye.
mexico duniya kaa teesara sabse badaa saur kshamata vaalaa desh haye. desh kii sakal saur kshamata pratidin 5 kilowatt/aim2 anumaanit haye, joe rashtriya bijli utpaadan kaa 50 gunaa haye. vartamaan mein, mexico mein 10 laakh varg meater seey adhik saur taapiya panel sthaapit hain, jabaki 2005 mein, 115,000 varg meater saur pee. vee. (photo-voltaic) they. yeh ummeed kii jaati haye kii 2012 mein 18 laakh varg meater mein sthaapit saur taapiya panel honge. mexico key uttar-paschim mein puerto libertad, sonora mein sthit seg-see. aff. ee. 1 naamak pariyojana kii kshamata 2013 mein poori honey parr 187,200 saur panels kii ack shrinkhala seey 46.8 megawatt hogi. sabhi bijli seedhe see. aff. ee. koo bechi jaayegi aur apane maujooda network mein vitaran key liye upayogita kii sancharan pranali mein avashoshit hoe jaayegi. 46. 8 aim. doubleu. pee. kii sthaapit kshamata vaali yeh pariyojana 2013 mein poori honey parr mexico mein apani tarah kii pahali upayogita paimaane kii pariyojana hogi aur lattin america mein kissy bhee prakaar kii sabse badee saur pariyojana hogi.
vigyaan aur praudyogiki.
mexico key rashtriya swaayatt vishvavidyalaya kii aadhikarik taur parr 1910 mein sthaapana kii gaee thee, aur vishvavidyalaya mexico mein uchch shiksha key sabse mahatvapurna sansthanon mein seey ack bunn gayaa. oonaam vigyaan, chikitsa aur engineering mein vishva stariya shiksha pradaan kartaa haye. 20veen shatabdi key poorvaardh key dauran kaee vaigyaanik sansthaan aur uchch shiksha key nae sansthaan, jaise kii rashtriya polytechnic sansthaan (1936 mein sthaapit), sthaapit kiye gaye they. adhikansh nae shodh sansthaan oonaam key bheetar banaae gaye they. 1929 seey 1973 taka baarah sansthanon koo oonaam mein ekikrit kiya gayaa thaa. 1959 mein, shikshaavidon key beach vaigyaanik prayason kaa samanvaya karane key liye maxican vigyaan akadami kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa.
1995 mein, maxican rasaayanagya mario jey. molina ney paul jey key saath rasayan vigyaan mein nobel puraskar saajha kiya. crutzen aur aff. vayumandaliya rasayan vigyaan mein unake kaam key liye sherwood roland, vishesh roop seey ozon key gathan aur apghatan seey sambandhit. unam kii poorv chhaatra molina vigyaan mein nobel puraskar jeetane vaali pahali maxican nagrik baneen.
haal key varshon mein, mexico mein vikasit kii jaa rahee sabse badee vaigyaanik pariyojana badee millimeter doorbeen (grain telescopio millimetrico, jee. aim. tii.) kaa nirmaan thaa, joe apani aavritti seema mein duniya kaa sabse badaa aur sabse samvedansheel ekal-aperture doorbeen haye. ise taarakiya dhool seey aspasht antariksh key kshetron kaa nireekshan karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. mexico 2021 mein vaishvik navachar soochkaank mein 55vein sthaan parr thaa, joe 2019 mein 56vein sthaan parr thaa.
paryatan.
2017 taka, mexico duniya kaa chhathaa sabse adhik daura kiya jaane vaalaa desh thaa aur duniya mein paryatan seey 15 veen sabse adhik aaya thee joe lattin america mein bhee sabse adhik haye. adhikansh paryatak sanyukt raajya america aur kanada key baad europe aur asia seey mexico aatey hain. ack chhoti sankhya anya lattin americi deshon seey bhee aatee haye. 2017 kii yatra aur paryatan pratispardha report mein, mexico duniya mein 22vein sthaan parr thaa, joe america mein teesare sthaan parr thaa.
mexico key tatrekha dhoop vaale samudra taton seey bharpur hain. mexico key samvidhaan key anuchhed 27 key anusaar, poori tatrekha sanghiya swaamitva key tahat haye. yukatan praaydweep parr, sabse lokpriya samudra tata gantavyon mein seey ack resort shahar haye, vishesh roop seey vasant avkash key dauran vishvavidyalaya key chhatron key beach. cancan key dakshin mein rivera maaya naamak tateey patti haye jisamen plya dell carmen kaa samudra tata shahar aur excarate aur zell-haa key paaristhitik udyaan shamil hain. cancoon key dakshin mein tulam shahar haye, joe maaya sabhyata key khandharon key liye ullekhaniya haye. anya ullekhaniya paryatan sthalon mein bheedbhaad vaale samudra taton aur taton parr bahumanjila hotalon key saath akapulko shamil hain. baajaa california praaydweep key dakshini chhor parr kaabo saine lucas kaa resort shahar haye, joe apani marlin machhali pakadane key liye prasiddh haye. sanyukt raajya seema key karib saine felip, baajaa california kaa saptahant drow haye.
mexico-sanyukt raajyon key saath mexico key shaharon mein sabse aakarshak aatithya udyog abb chikitsa paryatan haye, paaramparik preranaon key avasheshon key saath joe lagbhag ack sadee taka paryatakon koo mexico key uttari seemavarti kshetron mein leey gaye. paryatan yojana key uddeshya seey pramukh chikitsa paryatan dawa, dunt chikitsa, vaikalpik shalya chikitsa, optometry aur chiroprectic kii khareed haye.
parivahan.
apani kathin sthalaakriti key bavjood, mexico kaa sadak maarg vyaapak haye aur desh key adhikansh kshetra isamen shamil hain. mexico mein sadak maarg network kii ack seema haye, jisamen seey pakki hain, joe ise kissy bhee desh kaa 9vaan sabse badaa banaata haye aur duniya mein 7vaan sabse achchha sampark soochkaank haye. inmein seey, bahu-laine expressway hainh chaar-laine rajmarg hain aur baaki mein 6 yaa adhik laine hain.
unnisvin shatabdi key anta mein shuru honey vaalaa mexico railway vikas koo badhaava dene vaale pahale lattin americi deshon mein seey ack thaa, aur network cover kartaa haye. mexico key sanchaar aur parivahan sachiv ney ack uchch gati rail link kaa prastaav rakhaa joe apane yaatriyon koo mexico shahar seey gwadalajara, zalisco taka leey jaayega. train, joe yatra karegi, yaatriyon koo kewal 2 ghante mein mexico shahar seey gwadalajara taka yatra karane kii anumati degi. poori pariyojana parr 240 arab peso yaa lagbhag 25 arab americi dollar kii laagat aaney kaa anuman thaa aur iska bhugtan sanyukt roop seey maxican sarkaar aur sthaaniya niji kshetra dwara kiya jaa rhaa haye, jisamen duniya key sabse ameer vyaktiyon mein seey ack, mexico key arabpati vyavasaayi carlos slim shamil hain. yukatan raajya kii sarkaar kozumel key shaharon koo merida aur chichen itza aur canson seey jodane vaali ack uchch gati vaali line key nirmaan key liye bhee dhana dey rahee haye.
mexico mein pakki runway key saath 233 havaai adde hain; inmein seey 35 havaai adde 97 pratishat yatri yatayat kaa wahan karate hain. mexico shahar antarrashtriya havaai adda lattin america mein sabse vyast haye aur ack varsh mein 4 karod 50 laakh yaatriyon kaa parivahan karane vaalaa duniya kaa 36vaan sabse vyast havaai adda haye.
jansankhyiki.
19veen shatabdi key dauran, mexico kii aabaadi mushkil seey doguni hoe gaee thee. yeh pravritti 20veen shatabdi key pahale dou dashakon key dauran jaari rahee. 1900 mein, maxican aabaadi 13.6 karod thee. 1921 kii janganana mein lagbhag 10 laakh nivaasiyon key nuksan kii soochana dee gaee. maxican kranti (1910-1920) ney jansankhya vriddhi koo bahut prabhaavit kiya. 1930 aur 1980 key dashak key beach vikas darr mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi hui, jaba desh ney 3 pratishat (1950-1980) seey adhik kii vikas darr darj kii. bees varshon mein maxican aabaadi doguni hoe gaee, aur usa darr seey yeh ummeed kii jaa rahee thee kii 2000 taka mexico mein 12 karod loga rahenge. mexico kii jansankhya 1982 mein 7 karod seey badhkar 2015 mein 12 karod hoe gaee. jeevan pratyasha 36 saal (1895 mein) seey badhkar 72 saal (varsh 2000 mein) hoe gaee. mexico key rashtriya bhugol aur saankhyiki sansthaan dwara kiye gaye anumaanon key anusaar, 2017 taka 2022 mein mexico key 129,150,971 honey kaa anuman haye, jisamen 123.5 million nivasi they, jisase yeh duniya kaa sabse adhik aabaadi vaalaa spanish bhashi desh bunn gayaa.
jaatiyata aur nasl.
mexico kii aabaadi atyadhik vividh haye, lekin maxican jaatiyata parr shodh ney pehchaan parr rashtravadi pravachanon key prabhaav koo mahsoos kiya haye. 1930 key dashak seey, maxican sarkaar ney iss vichaar koo badhaava diyaa haye kii sabhi maxican mestizo samudaay kaa hissa hain, jisake bheetar way kewal ack swadeshi samudaay key bheetar yaa baahar nivaas, ack swadeshi bhasha mein dharapravahta kii degree aur swadeshi reeti-rivaajon key paalan kii degree seey pratishthit hain. 
yeh bahut haal taka naheen haye kii maxican sarkaar ney aise sarvekshan karna shuru kiya haye joe desh mein rahane vaale anya jaatiya samoohon parr vichaar karate hain, jaise kii african-maxican (jinamen 2020 mein mexico kii aabaadi kaa 2 pratishat shamil thaa) yaa shwet maxican (47 pratishat). mexico mein asiai aur madhya purvi jaise cumm sankhya mein samooh bhee hain, jinamen seey pratyek kii sankhya lagbhag 1 pratishat haye. jabaki mestizo samkaaleen mexico mein ack pramukh jaatiya samooh hain, iss shreni kii vyaktiparak aur hamesha badalati paribhasha ney isake anumaanon koo aspasht curr diyaa haye, yeh dekhaa gayaa haye kii kaee maxican mestizo key roop mein pehchaan naheen karate hain, isake bajaay adhik susangat aur "sthir" paribhashaon key kaaran safed yaa swadeshi jaise jaatiya label kaa samarthan karate hain.
bhaashaaen.
spanish "vaastavik" rashtriya bhasha haye joe aabaadi key vishal bahumat dwara bolly jaati haye, jisase mexico duniya kaa sabse adhik aabaadi vaalaa hispanophone desh bunn jaataa haye. maxican spanish desh mein bolly jaane vaali bhasha kii vibhinnataon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, joe dhwani, sanrachana aur shabdawali mein ack kshetra seey dusare kshetra mein bhinn hoti hain. 
sanghiya sarkaar aadhikarik taur parr adsath bhashai samoohon aur swadeshi bhaashaon kii 364 kismon koo maanyata detee haye. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii lagbhag 83 laakh nagrik yeye bhaashaaen bolate hain, jisamen nahuatla 17 laakh seey adhik loga sabse adhik bolate hain, isake baad lagbhag 850,000 loga pratidin eucatech maaya kaa upayog karate hain. zeltal aur zotzil, dou anya maaya bhaashaaen, mukhya roop seey dakshini raajya chiapas mein lagbhag paanch laakh loga bolate hain. mixtech aur japotech, jinamen seey pratyek anumaanit 500,000 mool vaktaa hain, dou anya pramukh bhasha samooh hain. march 2003 mein apani sthaapana key baad seey, rashtriya swadeshi bhasha sansthaan swadeshi logon key bhashai adhikaaron key samanya kaanoon key madhyam seey desh kii swadeshi bhaashaon key upayog koo badhaava dene aur unaki raksha karane kaa prabhaari rhaa haye, joe unhein spanish key barabar darje key saath "dee jeur" koo "rashtriya bhaashaon" key roop mein maanyata detaa haye. isake bavjood, vyavhaar mein, swadeshi logon koo aksar bhedbhaav kaa saamana karna padata haye aur shiksha aur swaasthya seva jaisi saarvajanik sevaaon yaa nyaay pranali taka unaki poori pahunch naheen haye, kyonki spanish prachalit bhasha haye.
swadeshi bhaashaon key alawa, antarrashtriya pravaas key kaaran mexico mein bolly jaane vaali kaee alpasankhyak bhaashaaen hain jaise kii 80,000-majboot menonite aabaadi dwara cumm german, mukhya roop seey uttari raajyon mein buss gaee, iss samudaay key prati sanghiya sarkaar kii sahishnuta seey prerit hocker unhein apane reeti-rivaajon aur paramparaon key anuroop apani shiksha pranali sthaapit karane kii anumati dee gaee. chipilo bolly, venis bhasha kaa ack bhinnata, lagbhag 2,500 logon dwara, joe mukhya roop seey venis key vanshajon dwara 19veen shatabdi key anta mein iss kshetra mein pravaas karane vaale they, madhya raajya puebla mein sthit chipilo shahar mein bolly jaati haye. isake alawa, angreji mexico mein sabse adhik sikhai jaane vaali videshi bhasha haye. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii lagbhag 2 karod 40 laakh yaa aabaadi kaa lagbhag paanchvaan hissa saarvajanik schools, niji sansthanon yaa swa-pahunch chainalon key madhyam seey bhasha kaa adhyayan kartaa haye. haalaanki, angreji praveenta kaa uchch star kewal 5 pratishat aabaadi taka seemit haye. isake alawa, french doosari sabse vyaapak roop seey sikhai jaane vaali videshi bhasha haye, kyonki harr saal 200,000 seey 250,000 maxican chhaatr bhasha pathyakramon mein dakhila lete hain.
pravaas aur aapravaasan.
1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein, lagbhag 6,00,000 maxican videshon mein rahate they, joe 1990 key dashak taka saat gunaa badhkar 44 laakh hoe gayaa. 21veen sadee key anta mein, yeh aankada dogune seey bhee adhik badhkar 9.5 laakh hoe gayaa. 2017 taka, yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii 12.9 laakh maxican videshon mein rahate hain, mukhya roop seey sanyukt raajya america mein, joe lagbhag 98 pratishat pravaasi aabaadi koo kendrit kartaa haye.
adhikansh maxican california, texas aur ilinois jaise raajyon mein, vishesh roop seey loss angils, shikago, huston aur dallas-fort key mahanagariya kshetron key aspas buss gaye hain. haal key dashakon mein inn pramukh pravaas pravaahon key parinamswarup, lagbhag 36 million yuu.aiss. nivasi, yaa desh kii aabaadi key 11.2%, poorna yaa aanshik maxican vansh key roop mein pehchaane jaate hain.
shesh 2 pratishat pravaasi kanada (86,000) mein buss gaye hain, mukhya roop seey ontario aur cubec praanton mein, isake baad spen (49,000) aur germany (18,000), donon europeeya gantavya mahadweep mein rahane vaali lagbhag dou-tihai maxican aabaadi kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. lattin america key liye, yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii 69,000 maxican iss kshetra mein rahate hain, gwatemala (18,000) pravasiyon key liye sheersh gantavya haye, isake baad bolivia (10,000) aur panama (5,000) haye.
yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii 12 laakh videshi mexico mein buss gaye hain, joe 2010 mein lagbhag 10 laakh they. pravasiyon kaa vishal bahumat sanyukt raajya america (900,000) seey aataa haye, jisase mexico aapke liye sheersh gantavya bunn jaataa haye.aiss. videshon mein rahane vaale nagrik. doosara sabse badaa samooh padosi gwatemala (54,500) seey aataa haye, isake baad spen (27,600) aataa haye. pravaas key anya pramukh srot saathi lattin americi desh hain, jinamen columbia (20,600), argentine (19,200) aur cuba (18,100) shamil hain. aitihaasik roop seey, lebnan key pravasiyon aur german mein janme menonite pravaas ney desh kii sanskriti mein, vishesh roop seey isake vyanjanon aur paaramparik sangeet mein, ack kukhyaat prabhaav chhoda haye. 21veen sadee key anta mein, kaee rujhaanon ney desh mein rahane vaale videshiyon kii sankhya mein vriddhi kii haye jaise kii spanish vittiya sankat, madhya america key uttari trikon mein giroh seey sambandhit hinsa mein vriddhi, venezuela mein chala rhaa raajneetik aur aarthik sankat, aur japani aur dakshin koriyai nivesh key netritva mein motor vaahan udyog mein uchhaal.
dharm.
haalaanki 1857 aur 1917 key samvidhaanon ney mexico mein roman catholic church kii bhoomika parr seemaaen lagaa dee theen, lekin roman kaitholikwad desh kaa pramukh dhaarmik sambaddhata banaa huaa haye. (rashtriya saankhyiki aur bhugol sansthaan) dwara 2020 kii janganana roman catholic dharm koo mukhya dharm key roop mein detee haye, jisamen aabaadi kaa 77.7% (97,864,218) haye, jabaki 11.2% (14,095,307) protestant/evangelical isai sampradayon seey sambandhit haye-jisamen anya isai (6,778,435), evangelical (2,387,133), pentecostal (1,179,415), jehovah key gawah (1,530,909), saatven dinn key sahsi (791,109), aur baad key dinon key santon key yeeshu masih key church key sadasya (337,998)-; 8.1% (9,488,671) koo koee dharm naheen honey kii ghoshana kii gaee thee; 4% (491,814) koo anirdisht kiya gayaa thaa.
mexico key catholic brazil key baad duniya mein doosara sabse badaa catholic samudaay haye. unamen seey 47 pratishat saptahik roop seey church kii sevaaon mein bhaag lete hain. mexico key sanrakshak sant, guadalupe kii hamari mahila kaa dawat divas 12 disambar koo manaaya jaataa haye aur kaee maxican ise apane desh kaa sabse mahatvapurna dhaarmik avkash maanate hain. vishesh roop seey seema key shaharon aur swadeshi samudaayon mein pantecostal sampradayon kii bhee mahatvapurna upasthiti haye. 2010 taka, pentecostal churchon key kull milakar 13 laakh seey adhik anuyaayi hain, joe unhein mexico mein dusare isai panth key roop mein rakhate hain. sthiti taba badalati haye jaba vibhinn pentecostal moolyavargon koo alag-alag ikaaiyon key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. pravaasi ghatnaaon ney isai dharm key vibhinn pahaluon kaa prasaar kiya haye, jisamen shakha protestant, purvi catholic church aur purvi roodhivaadi church shamil hain.
mexico mein yahoodiyon kii upasthiti 1521 mein hui, jaba hernan cortes ney kaee converso key saath aztech parr vijay praapt kii. 2020 kii janganana key anusaar, mexico mein 58,876 yahudi hain. mexico mein islam (7,982 sadasyon key saath) kaa abhyaas jyaadaatar arab maxican dwara kiya jaataa haye. 2010 kii janganana mein 36,764 maxican logon ney ack aadhyatmik dharm seey sambandhit bataaya, ack shreni jisamen ack chhoti bauddh aabaadi shamil haye.
jacobo greenberg (mexico key rashtriya swaayatt vishvavidyalaya dwara sampaadit granthon mein) key anusaar, puraane swadeshi samoohon key jaadoo-dhaarmik anushthaanon kaa astitva naa kewal vartamaan swadeshi aabaadi mein balki mestizo aur shwet aabaadi mein bhee ullekhaniya haye joe maxican graameen aur shahari samaaj koo banaate hain. shamanvaad aur catholic paramparaon key beach aksar ack samanvaya hotaa haye. mexico mein lokpriya samanvayavaad kaa ack anya dharm (vishesh roop seey haal key varshon mein) centeria haye. yeh mukhya roop seey cuba kranti key baad (mukhya roop seey veracruz aur yukatan jaise raajyon mein) iss kshetra mein basane vaale cuba key logon kii badee sankhya key kaaran haye. bhale hii mexico 16veen shatabdi mein africa seey kaale daason kaa praaptakarta thaa, lekin inn sampradayon kaa apoji apekshaakrit nayaa haye. samanya taur parr, lokpriya dharmikta koo sansthaagat roop seey sanrachit dharmon dwara buri nazar seey dekhaa jaataa haye. lokpriya dharmikta key sabse anukaraniya mamalon mein seey ack pavitra mrit (saanta murt) kaa panth haye. catholic padanukram ise ack shaitan panth key roop mein varnit karane parr jore detaa haye. haalaanki, iss panth kaa daavaa karane vaale adhikansh loga khud koo catholic vishvasi ghoshit karate hain, aur maanate hain kii way masih key bachche koo joe shraddhanjali dete hain aur bhagwan kii pooja key beach koee virodhabhas naheen haye. anya udaharanon mein masih key junoon aur mritakon key dinn key utsav kaa pratinidhitva haye, joe catholic isai kaalpanik key dhaanche key bheetar hotaa haye, lekin isake nayakon kii ack bahut hii vishesh punah vyakhya key tahat hotaa haye.
swaasthya.
1930 key dashak mein, mexico ney graameen swaasthya dekhbhal key liye ack pratibaddhata vyakt kii, jisamen anivarya kiya gayaa kii jyaadaatar shahari chikitsa chhaatr isamen prashikshan praapt karein aur unhein seemant kshetron kaa aaklan karane key liye raajya kaa pratinidhi banaae. 1990 key dashak kii shuruat seey, mexico ney apani aabaadi key swaasthya mein ack sankramankalin charan mein pravesh kiya aur kuchh sanketak jaise kii mrityu darr key pattern germany yaa japan jaise atyadhik vikasit deshon mein paae jaane vaale sanketkon key samaan hain. mexico kii chikitsa avasanrachana koo adhikansh bhaag key liye uchch mulyankan diyaa gayaa haye aur aamtaur parr pramukh shaharon mein utkrisht haye, lekin graameen samudaayon mein abhee bhee unnat chikitsa prakriyaon key liye upkaranon kii kamee haye, jisase una sthaanon key rogiyon koo vishesh chikitsa dekhbhal praapt karane key liye nikatatam shahari kshetron kii yatra karane key liye majboor honah padata haye. mexico mein swaasthya kii sthiti kaa mulyankan karane key liye swaasthya key samajik nirdharakon kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye.
raajya dwara vitt poshit sansthaan jaise kii maxican samajik suraksha sansthaan (aaee. aim. aiss. aiss.) aur samajik suraksha aur raajya karmchaariyon key liye seva sansthaan (aaee. aiss. aiss. tii. ee.) swaasthya aur samajik suraksha mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhaate hain. niji swaasthya sevaaen bhee bahut mahatvapurna hain aur desh kii sabhi chikitsa ikaaiyon mein inca yogdan 13 pratishat haye. chikitsa prashikshan jyaadaatar saarvajanik vishvavidyalayon mein kiya jaataa haye, jinamen vyaavsaayik yaa internship settings mein bahut visheshagyata hoti haye. mexico key kuchh saarvajanik vishvavidyalayon, jaise kii gwadalajara vishvavidyalaya ney yuu. aiss. key saath samjhauton parr hastakshar kiye hain.aiss. chikitsa mein americi chhatron koo praapt karna aur prashikshit karna. mexico mein niji sansthanon aur prescription davaaon mein swaasthya dekhbhal kii laagat isake uttari americi aarthik bhagidaron kii tulanaa mein ausatan cumm haye.
shiksha.
2018 taka, mexico mein saksharta darr 94.86% haye, joe 1980 mein 82.99% seey adhik haye, jisamen purushon aur mahilaaon kii sankhya apekshaakrit samaan haye.
adhikansh ranking key anusaar, saarvajanik roop seey vitt poshit rashtriya swaayatt vishvavidyalaya mexico (yuu. aine. aeye. aim.) desh kaa sarvshreshth vishvavidyalaya haye. anya pramukh saarvajanik vishvavidyalayon mein rashtriya bahu-takniki sansthaan, mahanagariya swaayatt vishvavidyalaya, gwadalajara vishvavidyalaya aur newo leone aur ell collegio dee mexico kaa swaayatt vishvavidyalaya shamil hain. adhikansh ranking key anusaar, sabse achchha maxican niji vishvavidyalaya monterry praudyogiki aur uchch shiksha sansthaan haye. anya pramukh niji vishvavidyalayon mein universidad ibroamericana, universidad panamericana, itam aur universidad enahuk shamil hain.
sanskriti.
mexico kii sanskriti spen key 300 saal key aupaniveshik shasson key dauran swadeshi sanskritiyon aur spen kii sanskriti key mishran key madhyam seey desh key itihas kii jatilata koo darshaati haye. porpherian yug ("ell porpheriato") (1876-1911), aarthik pragati aur shaanti seey chihnit thaa. chaar dashakon kii nagrik ashanti aur yuddh key baad, mexico ney darshan aur kalaa kaa vikas dekhaa, jise rashtrapati porpherio diaz ney swayam badhaava diyaa. usa samay seey, jaisa kii maxican kranti key dauran jore diyaa gayaa thaa, saanskritik pehchaan kii neenv "mestizaze" mein rahee haih vibhinn naslon aur sanskritiyon kaa mishran, jinamen seey swadeshi (i.ee. amerindian) tatva mool haye. maxican logon koo banaane vaali vibhinn jaatiyon key aalok mein, "laa razaa cosmica" (brahmandiya jaati) (1925) mein jose vasconcellos ney mexico aur lattin america koo naa kewal javic roop seey balki saanskritik roop seey bhee sabhi jaatiyon key pighalane vaale paatr key roop mein paribhaashit kiya (iss prakaar "mestizo" kii paribhasha kaa vistaar). anya maxican buddhijivi "low maxicano" key vichaar seey joojh rahey they, joe "maxican sanskriti key rashtriya lokachar kii khoj karna chaahata haye."nobel puraskar vijeta octavio paaz" "ekant kii bhulbhulaiya" "mein ack maxican rashtriya charitra kii dhaarana kii khoj karate hain.
kalaa.
chitrakala mexico kii sabse purani kalaaon mein seey ack haye. maxican kshetra mein gufa chitrakala lagbhag 7500 saal purani haye aur baajaa california praaydweep kii gufaaon mein paaee gaee haye. poorv-kolambiyai mexico imaraton aur gufaaon mein, aztech kodis mein, cheeni mitty mein, kapadon mein aadi maujood haye.; isake udaaharan bonampak key maaya bhitti chitra hain, yaa teotihuacan key, cacauxtla key aur monte alban key.
navanirmit churchon aur mathon mein 16veen shatabdi key dauran, praarambhik aupaniveshik yug key dauran isai dhaarmik vishayon key saath bhitti chitron mein ack mahatvapurna phool aaya thaa. udaaharan acoleman, actopan, hyujotzingo, tekaimachalko aur genacantapec mein paae jaa sakate hain.
paschim mein praarambhik aadhunik yug key dauran adhikansh kalaa kii tarah, solahavin aur satrahavin shatabdi key dauran aupaniveshik yug kii maxican kalaa dhaarmik thee. satrahavin shatabdi key anta mein shuru huaa, aur sabse pramukh roop seey athaarahavin shatabdi mein, dharmnirpeksh chitra aur nasleeya prakaar kii chhaviyaan, tathaakathit casta painting dikhaai deen. aupaniveshik kaal key anta key mahatvapurna chitrakaar juan koria, christobal dee vilalpando aur miguel cabrera they. swatantrata key baad key mexico mein, unnisvin shatabdi kii chitrakala kaa ack ullekhaniya romantic prabhaav thaa; paridrishya aur chitra iss yug kii sabse badee abhivyaktiyaan theen. hermanegildo bustos maxican kalaa kii itihas rachana key sabse prashansit chitrakaron mein seey ack hain. anya chitrakaron mein, felix paaraa, eugenio landesio aur unake prasiddh shishya, paridrishya kalakar jose maria velasco shamil hain.
20veen shatabdi mein diago rivera, david alfaro sequiros aur jose clement orozco jaise chitrakaron key saath vishva prasiddh huaa haye, joe maxican bhitti chitra key tathaakathit "bigg three" hain. unhein maxican sarkaar dwara saarvajanik bhavanon kii divaaron parr badey paimaane parr aitihaasik bhitti chitron koo chitrit karane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, jisase maxican kranti aur maxican saanskritik pehchaan kii lokpriya dhaaranaon koo aakar dene mein madad millie. frida kahlo key badey paimaane parr vyaktigat chitran ney bhaari lokpriyata hassil kii haye.
vastukala.
19veen shatabdi mein navshastriya andolan ganarajya rashtra key uddeshyon kii pratikriya key roop mein ubhara, isake udaharanon mein seey ack dharamshala haye jahaan shaastriya aadeshon key sakht plastic koo unake vaastushilp tatvon mein darshaaya jaataa haye, naee dhaarmik imaaraten bhee utpann hoti hain, nagrik aur senaa joe navshastriyata kii upasthiti koo pradarshit karati hain. puraatatva key madhyam seey dekhe gaye ateet key romantikwadi rashtriya sanskriti kii vishisht pehchaan kii talash mein antarrashtriya pradarshani mandapon key nirmaan mein vastukala tatvon key roop mein madhyayugeen europe, islami aur poorv-kolambiyai mexico kii chhaviyaan dikhaate hain. art noview" aur "art deco" shailiyaan theen jinhen greek-roman aur poorv-kolambiyai prateekon key saath maxican rashtra kii pehchaan koo chihnit karane key liye palasio dee belas artes key design mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa.
naee maxican vastukala kaa uday ack rashtravadi raajya kii neetiyon key ack aupchaarik crum key roop mein huaa thaa joe aadhunikta aur anya rashtron key bhedbhaav kii maang kartaa thaa. maxican adhuniktawadi vastukala kaa vikas shayed 1950 key dashak key madhya mein mexico shahar key siudad universitaria key nirmaan mein poori tarah seey prakat huaa thaa, joe mexico key rashtriya swaayatt vishvavidyalaya kaa mukhya parisar haye. mario paani, eugenio pacechard aur enrique dell moral sahit yug key sabse pratishthit vastukaron dwara design kii gaee inn imaraton mein kalakaron diego rivera, david alfaro sequiros aur jose chavez morado dwara bhitti chitra hain. taba seey ise unesco kii vishva dharohar sthal key roop mein maanyata dee gaee haye.
juan oh 'gorman mexico key pahale paryaavaran vastukaron mein seey ack they, jinhone "javic" siddhant vikasit kiya, frank lloyd raait key samaan drishtikon key bheetar paridrishya key saath imarat koo ekikrit karane kii koshish kii. ack naee vastukala kii khoj mein joe ateet kii shailiyon seey milati-julati naheen haye, yeh bhitti chitra aur bhunirman key saath ack sanyukt abhivyakti praapt karati haye. luis barragan ney mexico aur bhoomadhyasagariya deshon (spen-morokko) kii graameen sthaaniya vastukala key roopon key saath antariksh key aakar koo jodaa, rung koo ekikrit kiya joe vibhinn swaron mein prakaash aur chhaaya koo sambhalata haye aur antarrashtriya nyoonatamata parr ack nazar daaltaa haye. unhone vastukala mein sarvocch puraskar 1980 pritzker puraskar jeetaa.
vyanjan.
vartamaan maxican vyanjan kii utpatti spanish aupaniveshik yug key dauran sthaapit kii gaee thee, joe mool deshi avayavon key saath spen key khaadya padarthon kaa mishran thaa. mexico key swadeshi khaadya padarthon mein makai, kaali mirch sabjiyan, kailabaza, avocado, shakarkand, turkey, kaee same aur anya phal aur masaale shamil hain. isi tarah, aaj upayog kii jaane vaali khaana pakaane kii kuchh takneeken poorv-kolambiyai logon seey viraasat mein millie hain, jaise kii makai kaa nixtamalisation, jamini star parr ovan mein bhojan pakana, molkajete aur mattet mein peesana. spaniards key saath suar kaa maans, gomans aur chikan kaa maans aaya; kaali mirch, cheeni, doodh aur isake sabhi vyutpann, gehuun aur chawal, khatte phal aur samagri kaa ack anya samooh joe maxican logon key dainik aahar kaa hissa hain.
sahasraabdiyon purani dou paak paramparaon kii iss baithak seey, pausol, tila kii chutney, barbacoa aur tamaale apane vartamaan roopon mein paida hue, chocolet, bread, taco kii ack badee shrinkhala aur maxican street foods kaa vyaapak bhandar. atole, champarado, doodh chocolet aur aguas bhittichitra jaise peya padarthon kaa janm huaa; acetron jaisi mithaai aur crystallised mithaaiyon, rompop, cagetta, jerikaya kii poori shrinkhala aur desh key sabhi hisson mein nanon key mathon mein anand kii vistrit soochi banaai gaee.
2005 mein, mexico ney unesco key vishva dharohar sthal key liye apani bhojan vigyaan kii ummidwari prastut kii, pahali baar jaba kissy desh ney iss uddeshya key liye apani bhojan vigyaan parampara prastut kii thee. parinam nakaratmak thaa, kyonki samiti ney maxican vyanjanon mein makai key mahatva parr uchit jore naheen diyaa. 16 navambar 2010 koo mexico key bhojan vigyaan koo unesco dwara amoort saanskritik viraasat key roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee. isake alawa, aprail 2019 mein "duniya key sarvshreshth 50 restaraan" dwara daniella soto-ines koo duniya kii sarvshreshth mahila rasoiya naamit kiya gayaa thaa.
saahitya.
mexico key saahitya kaa apana poorvavritt madhyaamerika kii swadeshi bastiyon key saahitya mein haye. poorv-kolambiyai mexico mein kavita kii ack samriddh saanskritik parampara thee, jise dou vyaapak shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa-dharmnirpeksh aur dhaarmik. aztech kavita koo aksar dhol yaa veenaa key saath gaaya, jup kiya yaa bolaa jaataa thaa. jabaki tenochtitlan raajneetik rajdhani thee, texcoco saanskritik kendra thaa; texcocan bhasha koo sabse madhur aur parishkrit maanaa jaataa thaa. sabse prasiddh poorv-kolambiyai kavi nezahualcoiotal hain.
pratibhagiyon dwara aur baad mein itihaskaron dwara mexico kii vijay kaa aitihaasik itihas haye. bernel diaz dell castillo kaa "nae spen kii vijay kaa sachcha itihas" aaj bhee vyaapak roop seey padhaa jaataa haye. spen mein janme kavi bernardo dee balbuena ney "grandeza mexico" (maxican bhavyata) (1604) mein mexico key gunon kii prashansa kii. 17veen shatabdi mein barok saahitya falaa-phoola; iss avadhi key sabse ullekhaniya lekhak juan ruiz dee alarkan aur juana ines dee laa cruze they. sore juana apane samay mein prasiddh thee, jise "duss sangrahalaya" kahaa jaataa thaa."
jose joaquin fernandez dee lizardi kaa aupaniveshik yug kaa antim upanyaas, jiska "dha maingi totaa" ("ell pericillo sarniento"), pahala lattin americi upanyaas kahaa jaataa haye. unnisvin shatabdi key nahua mool key udaarvaadi ignacio manual altamirano usa yug key ack mahatvapurna lekhak hain, saath hii swatantrata key maxican naayak vicent guerrero key potey vicent riva palasio, jinhone aitihaasik upanyason key saath-saath kavita kii ack shrinkhala bhee likhi thee. aadhunik yug mein, mariano ezuela ("loss dee abajo", jiska angreji mein "dha underdog" key roop mein anuvaad kiya gayaa haye) dwara likhit maxican kranti kaa upanyaas ullekhaniya haye. kavi aur nobel puraskar vijeta octavio paaz, upanyaskar carlos fuentes, alphonso reyes, renato leduk, nibandhkar carlos monsivas, patrakaar aur saarvajanik buddhijivi elena poniatovska, aur juan rulfo ("pedro paramo"), martin luis guzman, nelly campobello ("cartucho").
cinema.
1940 aur 1950 key dashak mein "swarn yug" kii maxican filmein lattin americi cinema key sabse badey udaaharan hain, jisamen una varshon key hollywood kii tulanaa mein ack vishal udyog haye. maxican filmon kaa niryaat aur pradarshan poore lattin america aur europe mein kiya gayaa thaa. "emilio fernandez kii "maria candelaria" (1943), 1946 mein cance film samaroh mein paam dee 'or seey sammaanit pahali filmon mein seey ack thee, pahali baar yeh karyakram dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. spen mein janme prasiddh nirdeshak luis bunuel ney 1947 aur 1965 key beach mexico mein apani kuchh utkrisht kritiyon jaise "loss olvidados" (1949) aur "viridiana" (1961) kaa ehsas kiya. iss avadhi key prasiddh abhinetaon aur abhinetriyon mein maria felix, pedro infent, dolores dell riyo, george negret aur comedian cantinflass shamil hain.
haal hii mein, "como agua paira chocolet" (1992), "sex, shame aind tears" (1999), "yuu thu maama tambian" (2001), aur "dha crime off faadar amro" (2002) jaisi filmein samkaaleen vishayon key baare mein saarvbhaumik kahaaniyon koo banaane mein safal rahee hain, aur antarrashtriya star parr maanyata praapt hain. maxican nirdeshak alegendro gonzalez inaritu ("bable", "birdman", "pratishodhak", "bardo, mutthi bhar sachchai kaa jhoothaa itihas"), alphonso kuwaran ("ack chhoti rajkumari", hairi potter aur azkaban kaa kaidi, "gurutvaakarshan", "roma"), gillermo dell toro ("paine kii bhulbhulaiya", "laal rung kii choti", "paani kaa aakar", "duhswapna vaali gully"), patkatha lekhak gillermo araga aur photographer emmanuel lubezki vartamaan samay key kuchh sabse prasiddh film nirmaata hain.
sangeet aur nritya.
mexico mein poorv-hyspanic yug seey laker vartamaan taka sangeet kii ack lambi parampara rahee haye. aupaniveshik yug key adhikansh sangeet kii rachana dhaarmik uddeshyon key liye kii gaee thee.
haalaanki europeeya opera aur vishesh roop seey italvi opera kii paramparaon ney shuru mein maxican sangeet sanrakshanalayon parr prabhutva jamaaya thaa aur deshi opera sangeetkaron (shally aur vishay vastu donon mein) koo dridhata seey prabhaavit kiya thaa, maxican raashtravaad key tatva pahale seey hii 19 veen shatabdi key uttaraardh taka opera key saath dikhaai dey chuke they jaise kii anisato ortega dell vilar key 1871 key "guatimotzin", joe mexico kii raksha key antim aztech shaasak, kuohtemock dwara ack romantic vivaran haye. beesavin shatabdi key sabse prasiddh maxican sangeetkaar carlos shaavez (1899-1978) hain, jinhone swadeshi vishayon key saath chhah symphony kii rachana kii, aur orquesta synphonica national kii sthaapana karate hue maxican sangeet koo punarjeevit kiya.
paaramparik maxican sangeet mein mariachi, bunda, norteno, ranchera aur corridos shamil hain. corrido vishesh roop seey maxican kranti (1910-20) key dauran lokpriya they aur vartamaan yug mein narcocorido shamil hain. 1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein yuva maxican logon dwara rock aind roll koo apanaane seey mexico usa yug key antarrashtriya, pratisanskriti andolan mein aaa gayaa. mexico mein, deshi chattan sanskriti 1960 key dashak key anta mein badey prati-saanskritik aur raajneetik andolan mein vilay hoe gaee, jisaki parinati 1968 key virodh pradarshanon mein hui aur ise prati-sanskriti vidroh, "laa onda" (lahar) mein punarnirdeshit kiya gayaa.
rosemarra key aadhar parr adhikansh maxican samkaaleen sangeet jaise popp, rock aur anya angreji aur spanish donon mein sunate hain. apane sangeet key saath mexico kaa lock nritya gahara kshetriya aur paaramparik donon haye. 1952 mein sthaapit, baile lock-nritya dee mexico, maxican kranti key madhyam seey kshetriya poshak mein palacio dee belas artes mein poorv-hyspanic kaal key sangeet aur nritya kaa pradarshan kartaa haye.
media.
2013 mein nae prasaran television chainalon key nirmaan key saath dursanchar udyog mein ack badaa sudhaar huaa. network kii sankhya parr lambe samay seey seema thee, jisamen television key saath, aabhaasi ekadhikar key saath; tv aztech aur imagion television. naee takneek ney videshi upgrah aur cable companiyon key pravesh kii anumati dee haye. mexico analogue seey sabhi digital prasaran mein sankraman karane vaalaa pahala lattin americi desh bunn gayaa.
"telenovellas", yaa sope opera mexico mein bahut paaramparik hain aur inca kaee bhaashaon mein anuvaad kiya jaataa haye aur duniya bhar mein dekhaa jaataa haye. mexico shiksha mein agrani thaa, jisamen television nirmaata miguel sabido ney 1970 key dashak mein "samajik parivartan key liye sope opera" banaae. sabido vidhi" koo baad mein bhaarat, peru, kenya aur chean sahit kaee anya deshon mein apanaaya gayaa haye. mexico kii sarkaar ney desh kii uchch janm darr parr ankush lagaane key liye 1970 key dashak mein parivaar niyojan koo badhaava dene key liye ack telenovella kaa safaltapurvak upayog kiya.
spanish aur swadeshi bhaashaon mein prasaarit honey vaale dwibhashi sarkari radio station swadeshi shiksha (1958-65) key liye ack upkaran they aur 1979 seey sansthaan national indigenista ney dwibhashi radio stations kaa ack rashtriya network sthaapit kiya haye.
khel.
mexico mein sangathit khel kaafee hudd taka unnisvin shatabdi key anta seey haye, jisamen kewal bail kii ladaai kaa praarambhik aupaniveshik yug kaa ack lamba itihas haye. ack baar jaba praarambhik ganarajya kii raajneetik uthal-puthal koo porpheriato kii sthirata dwara pratisthaapit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, tou sangathit khel saarvajanik parivartan bunn gayaa, jisamen niyamon aur adhikaariyon dwara niyantrit sanrachit aur vyavasthit khel thaa. baseball koo sanyukt raajya america seey pesh kiya gayaa thaa aur 1880 key dashak mein cuba key madhyam seey bhee aur sangathit teams kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. maxican kranti key baad, sarkaar ney raajneetik uthal-puthal aur hinsa kii antarrashtriya chhavi kaa mukabala karane key liye khelon koo praayojit kiya.
1968 key grishmakaaleen olympic kii mejbani karane kii bolly antarrashtriya star parr mexico key qada koo jalaane key liye thee, joe khelon kii mejbani karane vaalaa pahala lattin americi desh haye. sarkaar ney khelon koo safal banaane key liye khel suvidhaon aur anya buniyaadi dhaanche parr prachur matra mein kharch kiya, lekin una kharchon ney samajik karyakramon parr sarkaar key kharch kii kamee seey janata key asantosh koo badhaava dene mein madad kii. mexico shahar ney 1968 mein xix olympic khelon kii mejbani kii, jisase yeh aisaa karane vaalaa pahala lattin americi shahar bunn gayaa. desh ney dou baar feefa vishva cup kii mejbani bhee kii haye, 1970 aur 1986 mein. mexico kaa sabse lokpriya khel association football haye. 
maxican peshevar baseball leag kaa naam leega mexico dee beisboll rakhaa gayaa haye. jabaki aamtaur parr sanyukt raajya america, carabian deshon aur japan jitna majboot naheen haye, mexico ney phir bhee kaee antarrashtriya baseball khitaab hassil kiye hain.
anya khel gatividhiyon mein bail kii ladaai, mukkebaji aur "lucha libre" (freestyle peshevar kushti) shamil hain. bail kii ladaai (spenishah "corrida dee toros") 500 saal pahale spanish key aagaman key saath mexico mein aaee thee. pashu adhikaar kaaryakartaon dwara ise gairkaanooni ghoshit karane key prayason key bavjood, bail kii ladaai desh mein ack lokpriya khel banaa huaa haye, aur lagbhag sabhi badey shaharon mein bail kii angoothiyan hain. mexico shahar mein 45,000 logon kii baithane kii jagah vaalaa plaza mexico duniya kaa sabse badaa bullering haye. freestyle peshevar kushti aaa, cmll aur anya rashtriya pracharon key saath ack pramukh bheed aakarshan haye.
mexico peshevar mukkebaji mein ack antarrashtriya shakti haye. mexico ney terah olympic mukkebaji padak jeete hain.
baahari link.
sarkaar
samanya jaankaari