
sanyukt raajya america mein 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein mandee

sanyukt raajya america janwari 1980 mein mandee mein pravesh kiya aur chhah maheene baad julaai 1980 mein vikas kii or laut aaya. halanki sudhaar ney pakad banaa lii, julaai 1981 mein doosari mandee kii shuruat key dauran berojgari darr aparivartit rahee. mandee 16 maheene baad, navambar 1982 mein samaapt hui. arthavyavastha ney ack majboot sudhaar mein pravesh kiya aur 1990 key madhyam seey ack lambe vistaar kaa anubhav kiya.
1980 kii mandee key pramukh karanon mein dohare ankon kii mudrasfeeti aur oorjaa sankat key avashisht prabhaavon seey nipatane key liye sanghiya reserve dwara shuru kii gaee sankuchan maudrik neeti shamil thee. 1981 mein sanghiya reserve dwara adhik aakramak mudrasfeeti cumm karane kii neeti koo apanaane seey pahale vinirmaan aur nirmaan thheek honey mein whiffle rahey, jisase doosari mandee aaee. unaki nikatata aur yaugik prabhaavon key kaaran, unhein aamtaur parr 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein mandee key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, joe doubleu-aakar yaa "double dip" mandee kaa ack udaaharan haye; yeh sanyukt raajya america mein iss tarah kii mandee kaa sabse halia udaaharan banaa huaa haye.
mandee ney neeti mein adhik paaramparik keynesian arthshastra seey navudarwadi aarthik neetiyon koo apanaane kii or badalaav koo chihnit kiya. yeh parivartan mukhya roop seey curr sudhaar aur sanghiya reserve kii or seey majboot maudrik neeti key madhyam seey hassil kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen majboot sudhaar aur vikas kii lambi, sthir avadhi key saath raajneetik aur shaikshanik halakon mein donon avadhaaranaon kii lokpriyata mein vriddhi hui thee.
prishthabhoomi.
1978 mein shuru hui, mudrasfeeti tej honey luggy, 1979 mein dou ankon key star taka pahunch gaee. 1978 aur 1980 key beach upabhokta moolya soochkaank mein kaafee vriddhi hui. inn vriddhi kaa mukhya kaaran 1979 aur 1980 key tail moolya jhatakon koo bataaya gayaa thaa, halanki mukhya upabhokta moolya soochkaank jisamen oorjaa aur khaadya shamil naheen they, ney bhee badee vriddhi darj kii. utpaadaktaa, vaastavik sakal rashtriya utpaad aur vyaktigat aaya iss avadhi key dauran anivarya roop seey aparivartit rahee, jabaki mudrasfeeti mein vriddhi jaari rahee, jise stagflation key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
badhati mudrasfeeti seey nipatane key liye, haal hii mein sanghiya reserve key adhyaksh niyukt paul volkar ney sanghiya nidhi darr badhaane key liye chunaa. sanghiya khule bajar samiti kii 6 octuber, 1979 kii baithak key baad, sanghiya nidhi darr dheere-dheere aprail 1980 mein 11.5% seey badhkar 17.6% key antim shikhar parr pahunch gaee. isase janwari 1980 mein aarthik mandee shuru hui, aur march 1980 mein, rashtrapati jimmi carter ney mudrasfeeti koo haraane key liye rinn niyantran aur bajat mein katauti key liye apani yojana banaai. inn naee prathmiktaon key saath sahyog karane key liye, sanghiya nidhi darr koo apane aprail key shikhar seey kaafee cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
1980.
janwari 1980 mein mandee shuru hui. badhati sanghiya nidhi darr key parinamswarup, kaar aur grih rinn key liye rinn praapt karna adhik kathin hoe gayaa. isake kaaran vinirmaan aur awas mein gambhir sankuchan huaa, joe upabhokta rinn kii upalabdhata parr nirbhar they. mandee key dauran adhikansh naukariyan gujri gaeen, joe maal utpaadak udyogon parr kendrit theen, jabaki seva kshetra kaafee hudd taka barkarar rhaa.
mandee key dauran, vinirmaan ney 11 laakh naukariyon koo khou diyaa, mandee ney kull 13 laakh naukariyon kaa nuksan kiya, joe vetan kaa 12 pratishat haye. 1979 mein kamjor bikri key kaaran pahale seey hii kharaab sthiti mein motor vaahan udyog ney 310,000 naukariyon koo khou diyaa, joe usa kshetra kaa 33 pratishat haye. nirmaan mein isi tarah kii 300,000 kii girawat aaee. juuna 1980 mein berojgari 7.8% key mandee key shikhar parr pahunch gaee, haalaanki, varsh key anta mein yeh bahut cumm badal gayaa, 1981 kii pahali timahi mein ausatan 7.5%.
mandee kaa aadhikarik anta julaai 1980 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. jaise-jaise maee mein byaaj daron mein girawat aaee, vetan-patra sakaratmak hoe gaye. auto shramikon key beach berojgari 1979 mein 4.8% key nichale star seey badhkar 24.7% key record uchch star parr pahunch gaee, phir varsh key anta taka girkar 17.4% hoe gaee. nirmaan berojgari badhkar 16.3% hoe gaee, aur varsh key anta mein bhee cumm hoe gaee.
1980 kii antim timahi key dauran, iss baat parr sandeh thaa kii arthavyavastha thheek hoe rahee thee, aur isake bajaay ack asthaayi raahat kaa anubhav curr rahee thee. 1980 key antim maheenon mein awas aur vaahan bikri mein kharaab pradarshan key saath-saath badhati byaaj daron aur sthir berojgari darr kii doosari lahar key kaaran yeye chintaaen badheen.
1981-1982.
1981 mein shuru honey key baad, sanghiya reserve ney bataaya kii 1981 mein bahut cumm yaa koee aarthik vikas naheen hoga, kyonki mudrasfeeti koo cumm karane key prayaas mein byaaj darein badhati rahengi.
1980 kii mandee seey kamjor aur sankshipt sudhaar key dauran karshan praapt karane mein whiffle rahane key baad, badhati byaaj daron key kaaran vinirmaan aur awas mein kamjori kaa 1981 key madhya seey sambandhit kshetron parr vistaar prabhaav padane lagaa. naukari kaa nuksan phir seey shuru huaa, iss baar 1982 key anta taka lagbhag sabhi rojgar kshetron mein vistaar huaa. vastu utpaadak kshetra sabse adhik prabhaavit hueh 1982 mein sabhi naukari kaa 90 pratishat nuksan vinirmaan seey huaa, isake bavjood kii yeh kshetra kull gair-krishi rojgar kaa kewal 30 pratishat haye. machinary udyog ney 400,000 naukariyon koo khou diyaa. parivahan upkaran nirmaan mein 180,000 naukariyon mein girawat aaee haye. vidyut aur electronics vinirmaan mein chhantani 100,000 seey adhik hoe gaee. khanan kshetra ney 150,000 naukariyon koo khou diyaa, joe sambhavatah vastuon kii uchch kimaton aur mandee seey girati maang kaa parinam haye. julaai 1981 seey disambar 1982 taka nirmaan ney kull 385,000 naukariyon koo cumm curr diyaa. gair-tikaau vastuon kaa nirmaan (jaise.jee. kapada, rabad, paridhan, plastic, tambaku, bhojan aadi.), joe pahale seey hii 1970 key dashak key madhya seey dabaav mein thaa, usey lagbhag 365,000 naukariyon mein katauti kaa saamana karna padaa.
auto shramikon key liye berojgari darr 1978 kii shuruat mein kewal 3.8% seey badhkar 1982 key anta taka 24% hoe gaee; usee samay key dauran nirmaan shramikon kii berojgari 22% parr pahunch gaee.
seva kshetra, halanki vinirmaan key samaan kathin roop seey prabhaavit naheen huaa, lekin parivahan, upayogitaon, raajya aur sthaaniya sarkaaron aur thoke aur khudra vyaapaar mein tej girawat key saath mandee key dauran 400,000 naukariyon koo cumm curr diyaa. haalaanki, vitt, beema aur achal sampatti kshetra ney mandee kii avadhi mein 35,000 naukariyan hassil keen.
vinirmaan aur nirmaan mein bhaari nuksan, sevaaon mein adhik mamuli nuksan key vipareet, purushon aur mahilaaon key liye berojgari darr koo bhee alag-alag roop seey prabhaavit kiya. jabaki donon lingon key liye berojgari mein vriddhi aaee. dee. 2 mandee key dauran lagbhag samaan thee, purushon key liye berojgari darr aaee. dee. 1 mandee key dauran 4.5 pratishat ankon kii vriddhi hui, jabaki mahilaaon koo berojgari mein tulanaatmak roop seey adhik 2.5 pratishat ankon kii vriddhi kaa saamana karna padaa. 1981 key patan aur 1982 key anta key beach, berojgari mein lagbhag 70 pratishat vriddhi purushon kii berojgari seey hui.
1980 kii mandee key anta aur julaai 1981 kii shuruat key beach kii avadhi mein berojgari mein bahut cumm badalaav aaya thaa, joe kabhi bhee 7.2 pratishat seey neeche naheen giri thee. sitambar 1982 mein 1941 key baad pahali baar berojgari dohare ankon taka badh gaee, aur varsh key anta taka yeh yuddh key baad key uchch star 10.8% parr pahunch gaee. berojgari mein kull vriddhi 3.6% thee, joe kii 3.8% kii mandee vriddhi seey cumm thee, phir bhee yeh ausat 2.9% seey adhik thee. kyonki mandee pahale seey hii berojgari key badhe hue star key saath shuru hui thee, iss vriddhi ney ise yuddh key baad kii kissy bhee anya mandee kii tulanaa mein aasaani seey adhik badhaa diyaa. kull milakar, mandee key kaaran 29 laakh naukariyon kaa nuksan huaa, joe perol rojgar mein 3 pratishat kii girawat kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, joe 1957-1958 mandee key baad seey sabse badee pratishat girawat haye. cumm rojgar vaale shramikon (joe anshakaalik kaam curr rahey hain lekin purnakaalik kaam chaahte hain) kii sankhya 1955 mein detta sangrah shuru honey key baad seey usa samay darj kii gaee sabse adhik sankhya hoe gaee.
kishoron aur nasleeya alpsankhyakon key beach berojgari vishesh roop seey gambhir theeh disambar 1982 mein ashwet amerikiyon key liye berojgari darr 20 pratishat parr pahunch gaee, jabaki laitinon key liye 15 pratishat aur shwet amerikiyon key liye 9.3 pratishat thee. kishore berojgari 24 pratishat taka pahunch gaee, aur vishesh roop seey ashwet kishoron key beach gambhir theeh 1982 key adhikansh samay key liye, ashwet kishoron key liye berojgari lagbhag 50 pratishat rahee.
ronald reegan, jinhone janwari 1981 mein padbhar sambhala thaa, ney apani khud kii aarthik yojana koo charcha mein laaya. agast 1981 mein, rashtrapati ney teen saal kii curr katauti yojana, 1981 key aarthik vasuli curr adhiniyam parr hastakshar kiye. jaise-jaise 1982 mein mandee gahari hui, reegan kii anumodan rating bhee gir gaee. natijatan, 1982 key madhyaavadhi chunaavon key dauran, 1980 key chunaav key dauran pratinidhi sabhaa mein kiye gaye gantantra laabh ulat gaye. haalaanki, senate kaa niyantran ganarajyiyon dwara banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa.
punarpraapti.
julaai 1983 mein, mandee key aadhikarik anta kii ghoshana navambar 1982 mein kii gaee thee, jisamen disambar mein rojgar gart hui thee. ghoshana key samay, utpaadan aur bikri mandee shuru honey seey pahale hii praapt staron koo puuraa curr chuki thee yaa usase adhik hoe chuki thee. disambar 1983 taka, gair-krishi vetan mein 29 laakh kii vriddhi hui aur berojgari darr mein 25 pratishat kii girawat aaee. vaahan udyog ney 1982 kii teesari timahi mein 18.7 karod dollar kaa nuksan darj kiya thaa, joe 1983 mein isi avadhi key dauran 12.7 karod dollar key laabh mein badal gayaa thaa. mudrasfeeti kii ack naee vriddhi koo rokane key liye, byaaj aur bandhak darein poore 1983 mein asamanya roop seey adhik raheen, jisase nirmaan aur awas mein sudhaar mein deree hui.
masik shram sameeksha" key agast 1984 key ank mein prakaashit yuddh key baad kii aarthik sudhaar kii pahali chhah timaahiyon key tulanaatmak vishleshan seey sanket milata haye kii 1953 kii mandee key baad seey yuddh key baad kii kissy bhee sudhaar kii tulanaa mein aaee. dee. 1. sudhaar adhik majboot thaa. jaise-jaise 1985 mein sudhaar kaa teesara varsh samaapt huaa, mandee kii samaapti key baad seey vetan-soochi rojgar mein 1 karod kii vriddhi hui thee. julaai 1990 taka vikas jaari rhaa, jisase usa samay america mein sabse lamba shantikal kaa aarthik vistaar huaa.aiss. itihas.
prabhaav.
haalaanki 1983 mein arthavyavastha mein sudhaar huaa, lekin uchch mudrasfeeti aur uchch byaaj daron key avashisht prabhaavon kaa bachat aur rinn udyog parr gahara prabhaav padaa. bachat aur rinn sangh byaaj darr kii seema seey seemit they. badhati byaaj daron key parinamswarup, kaee bachat aur rinn sansthanon ney baar-baar khaate seey nikasi kaa anubhav kiya, kyonki jamaakartaon ney apana paisa vaanijyik bainkon dwara diye jaane vaale uchch aaya vaale khaaton mein sthanantarit curr diyaa. pahale seey hii sangharsharat bachat aur rinn udyog ney 1981 aur 1982 mein badaa nuksan daala.
uchch bandhak daron ney bandhak-samarthit rinon key moolya koo cumm curr diyaa, joe bachat aur rinn sanghon kii praathamik sampatti thee. inn nishchit darr vaale rinon koo nikasi koo santulit karane key liye ghaate mein becha gayaa thaa. iss parisampatti deyata bemel koo bachat aur rinn sankat key praathamik kaaran key roop mein pahachaana gayaa thaa.
deerghakaalik prabhaav.
halanki yuu.aiss. aarthik vistaar kii avadhi key dauran vrihat arthavyavastha mein sudhaar huaa, 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein aaee mandee ney sanyukt raajya america key kaee hisson, vishesh roop seey bhaari udyog parr nirbhar logon parr ack lambi chhaaya daal dee. udaaharan key liye, bhaari audyogikrit lake county, indiana (gairi, purvi shikago aur hammond jaise pramukh vinirmaan shaharon kaa ghar), 1996 taka apane 1980 key rojgar star koo thheek naheen curr paaya thaa. aur 2010 taka, county kaa mudrasfeeti-samaayojit utpaadan jiddi tareeke seey apane 1978 key shikhar seey neeche 15-20% banaa huaa haye. anya ispat utpaadak kshetra, jaise kii shikago key dakshin kii or, mahoning ghaati, cleveland aur pitsburg, mandee kii shuruat key baad seey sangharsh curr rahey they, lekin 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein aaee mandee ney sthaaniya arthvyavasthaon koo gahara aur sthaayi nuksan pahunchaaya. minnesota key lohe kii shrinkhala, wisconsin key pravaah rahit kshetra, purvi kentucky aur paschimi virginia mein khanan samudaay bhee varshon key sangharsh key baad tabah hoe gaye they.
haalaanki mudrasfeeti cumm hoe gaee aur 1983 mein byaaj daron mein girawat shuru hui, phir bhee sanghiya bhandar 1980 key dashak key madhya taka ack majboot-dollar neeti key liye pratibaddh thaa. isane americi nirmit vastuon (vishesh roop seey automobile aur steel) key niryaat kii pratispardhatmakta koo cumm karke vinirmaan mein sudhaar koo roque diyaa. yeh 1985 taka naheen thaa jaba reegan prashaasan aur sanghiya reserve ney ise thheek karane key liye kaarravaai kii.aiss. france, paschim germany, japan aur united kingdam key saath plaza samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye. yuu key roop mein.aiss. inn pramukh mudraon key mukabale dollar mein lagbhag 50 pratishat kii girawat aaee, iss samjhaute (swaichhik niryaat pratibandhon key saath sanyukt) ney americi niryaat koo thheek honey mein madad kii, vishesh roop seey motor vaahan kshetra menh 1990 key dashak kii shuruat taka, americi mein japani vaahan nirmaataon dwara ekatra kiye gaye vaahanon kii sankhya.aiss. sanyantron ney japan seey yuu. aiss. koo vaahan niryaat kii sankhya koo paar curr liya.aiss.ack pravritti joe abhee bhee 2010 key dashak taka jaari haye. halanki, kaee vaahan nirmaan sanyantra mukhya roop seey dakshin aur paschim mein kaam karane key adhikaar vaale kaanoonon vaale raajyon mein sthaapit kiye gaye they. jung patti raajyon, vishesh roop seey ohiyo, mishigan aur indiana key swatah-nirmaan raajyon koo hamesha iss parivartan kaa puuraa laabh naheen milaa.
yuu.aiss. janwari 1983 mein utpaadan seey baahar honey seey pahale vinirmaan rojgar 17.9 laakh parr pahunch gayaa thaa, lekin janwari 1983 mein 28 laakh kii teji seey girawat aaee thee. haalaanki aaee. dee. 1. kii avadhi key dauran 12 laakh vinirmaan naukariyon kaa srijan hoga, lekin 1979 key shikhar parr phir kabhi naheen pahunch paayega.