
yuu. tii. aeye. mein gulami kaa itihas

gulami jaisa kii abb yoota kii sthiti kii seemaon mein huaa, ack jatil itihas haye. spanish aur maxican shasson key tahat, yoota maxican, yoote aur navajo daas vyapariyon dwara, vishesh roop seey paiut janjaatiyon parr avaidh daas chhaapon kaa ack pramukh srot thaa. jaba morman agraduton ney yuu. tii. aeye. mein pravesh kiya, tou unhone african gulami kii shuruat kii aur bhaaratiya gulami key liye ack sthaaniya bajar pradaan kiya. maxican-americi yuddh key baad, yoota sanyukt raajya kaa hissa bunn gayaa aur 4 farwari, 1852 koo yoota kshetra mein gulami koo aadhikarik taur parr vaidh curr diyaa gayaa, seva key sambandh mein adhiniyam paarit honey key saath. ise 19 juuna, 1862 koo nirast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba congress ney sabhi americi kshetron mein gulami parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa.
bhaaratiya gulami.
1824 seey 1848 taka, yoota alta california (oopari california) key maxican praant kaa hissa thaa. maxican vyaparik dall aksar puraane spanish maarg kii yatra karate they, joe aadhunik yug key utaah seey gujarta thaa, aur bhaaratiya daason koo padosi kshetra saanta phey dee newo mexico yaa alta california mein anya sthaanon mein bechane key liye khareedate they. maxican, youts aur navajos, paiut parr aur kabhi-kabhi gulamon key liye youts gaanvon parr chhaapa maarte they. 1812 mein saanta phey dee newo mexico mein aur 1824 mein alta california kshetra mein gulami koo avaidh banaa diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin shithil pravartan aur uchch laabh ney ise jaari rakhaa. ladke 100 dollar mein aur ladakiyan 150 dollar seey 200 dollar key beach bechati theen. swadeshi ladakiyan adhik keemat kii maang curr sakati theen kyonki way sabse achche ghar key naukar banaane key liye pratishthit theen. isake alawa, maxican kaanoonon ney punez pranali key roop mein ack aakramak rinn bandhan kii anumati dee.
mormon agraduton key namak jheel ghaati mein aaney key turant baad, unhone bhaaratiya kshetra mein vistaar karna shuru curr diyaa, jisake parinamswarup aksar sangharsh hotaa thaa. utaah ghaati mein vistaar karane key baad, brigham young ney timpanogos key khilaf ack unmoolan adesh jaari kiya, jisake parinamswarup fort utaah mein ladaai hui, jahan kaee timpanogo mahilaaon aur bachchon koo gulami mein leey jaaya gayaa. kuchh loga bhaagne mein safal rahey, lekin kaee gulami mein marr gaye. 1849-1850 kii sardiyon mein, paron mein vistaar karane key baad, mormans ney bhaartiyon key ack samooh parr hamla kiya, jisamen lagbhag 25 purush maare gaye aur mahilaaon aur bachchon koo gulam banaa liya. daasata kii khabar americi sarkaar taka pahunchi, jisane edward cooper koo sitambar 1850 mein bhaaratiya agent key roop mein niyukt kiya. edward cooper ney bhaaratiya gulami key mudde koo apane pahale prayason mein seey ack banaa diyaa.
morman netaaon key protsaahan parr, morman agraduton ney bhaaratiya daas vyaapaar mein bhaag lena shuru curr diyaa. 1851 mein, prerit george aeye. smith ney mukhya petitneet aur vakra koo baat karane key liye patra diye joe pramaanit karate they "yeh merrie ichcha haye kii unhein dost key roop mein maanaa jaanaa chaahiye, aur jaisa kii way ghodon, kapadon aur bachchon kaa vyaapaar karna chaahte hain, humm unhein safalata aur samriddhi aur achche saude kii ummeed karate hain."maee 1851 mein brigham yuva paravon kshetra mein basane vaalon seey mille aur unhein" "lamani bachchon koo jitani jaldi hoe sakey khareedane key liye protsaahit kiya.
haalaanki, mormans ney nae maxican daas vyaapaar kaa kadaa virodh kiya. navambar 1851 mein, donn pedro leone lujan, ack nae maxican gulam vyaapaari, joe ack nae mexico licenses key saath yoota mein kaam curr rahey they, ney yoota key nava niyukt governor key roop mein yuvaaon seey daason sahit bhaartiyon key saath vyaapaar karane key liye licenses key liye kahaa. yuvaaon ney bhaartiyon key saath kissy bhee vyaapaar key sanchaalan key liye lujan koo licenses dene seey incar curr diyaa. nyu maxico key ghar jaate samay, lujan kii party parr oote bhaartiyon ney hamla kiya, jinhone usake ghodon koo churaa liya. lujan ney nyu maxico mein bechane key liye apane kuchh bachchon kaa apaharan karke jawabi kaarravaai kii. vaha aur unaki party manti mein funce gaye aur una parr sambhog naa karane key adhiniyam kaa ullanghan karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa, jisane vaidh licenses key binaa bhaartiyon key saath vyaapaar koo pratibandhit curr diyaa. unaki sampatti jabt curr lii gaee aur bachchon koo manti mein parivaaron koo gulami mein betch diyaa gayaa. unhone yeh daavaa karate hue chunaav ladaa kii unhein gulam rakhane kii anumati naheen denaa, balki morman parivaaron koo gulam rakhane kii anumati denaa pakhandpurna thaa.
walker key kaee baind maxican daas vyaapaar mein rukawat seey pareshan they. ack graphic ghatana mein, mukhya vakara key ack bhaai, utey indian cheef arapine ney jore dekar kahaa kii kyonki morman ney maxican logon koo inn bachchon koo khareedane seey roque diyaa thaa, isaliye morman unhein khareedane key liye baadhya they. daniel johns ney apani pustak "indiance key beach chaalees saal" mein likhaa haye, "humm mein seey hamesha maujood they jaba unhone inn bachchon mein seey ack koo oonchi aidee key joote seey uthaaya aur usake dimag koo kathor jameen parr fenk diyaa, jisake baad unhone shareer koo hamari or fenk diyaa, yeh kahate hue kii hamaare paas koee dill naheen thaa, yaa humm ise khareed lete aur usaki zaan bachaa lete."
seva key sambandh mein adhiniyam key saath gulami koo vaidh banaane key ack maheene baad, yuu. tii. aeye. ney bhaaratiya daason aur kaidiyon kii raahat key liye adhiniyam paarit kiya, jisane aadhikarik taur parr yuu. tii. aeye. mein bhaaratiya gulami koo vaidh banaa diyaa. iss vidheyak mein bhaaratiya daason key liye kaee suraksha pradaan kii gaee, jisamen bhaartiyon koo shikshit karane aur kapade pahanane kii aavashyakta aur bees saal kii seema shamil thee, joe duss saal kii naee maxican seema seey adhik thee.
gulam vyapariyon key jaane key lambe samay baad morman apane parivaaron seey bachchon koo lena jaari rakhaa aur yahaan taka kii sakriya roop seey bachchon koo pait maataa-pitaa seey bhee poochhana shuru curr diyaa. unhone ack-dusare koo bhaaratiya daason koo bhee bechana shuru curr diyaa. 1853 taka, parovan key sou gharon mein seey pratyek mein ack yaa adhik paiut bachche they. bhaaratiya daason kaa upayog gharelu aur shaaririk shram donon key liye kiya jaataa thaa. 1857 mein, pratinidhi justine smith moril ney anuman lagaaya kii utaah mein 400 bhaaratiya gulam they. richard kitchen ney cumm seey cumm 400 bhaaratiya daason kii pehchaan kii haye jinhen morman gharon mein leey jaaya gayaa haye, lekin bhaaratiya daason kii uchch mrityu darr key kaaran aur bhee adhik record naheen kiya gayaa haye. unamen seey kaee ney bhaagne kii koshish kii.
itihaaskaar saaraa banger gorden aur cavin weit ney pehchaan kii haye kii god lene vaale aadhe seey adhik bhaaratiya 20 key dashak kii shuruat mein hii marr gaye they. joe loga butch gaye aur jinhen riha curr diyaa gayaa, way aam taur parr ack samudaay key binaa paae gaye, naa tou unaki mool janjaatiyon key poorna sadasya aur naa hii una shwet samudaayon key jisamen way paley-badhe they.
african gulami.
1847 mein, morman agradoot african daason key saath pahunche, joe pahali baar thaa jaba african gulami iss kshetra mein thee. brigham young kii party key saath yoota mein aaney vaale teen ashwet gulam they. morman maxican-americi yuddh key beach mein pahunche aur gulami parr maxican pratibandh koo nazarandaj curr diyaa. isake bajaay, gulami koo pratha dwara maanyata dee gaee thee, jise swabhavik roop seey kaale logon parr morman drishtikon seey aatey hue dekhaa gayaa haye. usa samay key kaee isaaiyon kii tarah, morman caine key abhishaap aur haim key abhishaap mein vishvaas karate they. praarambhik morman netaaon ney sikhaaya kii bhagwan ney adesh diyaa kii ashweton koo "sevakon key sevak" honah chaahiye aur sarkaaron key paas bhagwan key adesh koo ulatane kii shakti naheen thee. teen gulam agraduton kii pahali company mein aae, lekin baad kii companiyon mein aur bhee aae.
1848 mein gwadalupe hidalgo kii sandhi key baad yoota kshetra americi shasson mein paarit honey key baad, nae adhigrahit kshetron mein gulami kaa mudda ack pramukh mudda bunn gayaa, jisamen gulamon ney gulami parr mexico key pratibandh koo banaae rakhna chaaha aur loktantravaadi gulami koo lagu karna chaahte they. charchaon key dauran, yoota lobbyist johnn milton bernhicel ney congress key sadasyon seey yoota gulami koo chhipa diyaa. 1850 key samjhaute key saath, yuu. tii. aeye. koo lokpriya samprabhuta dwara yeh taya karane kaa adhikaar diyaa gayaa kii kyaa vaha gulami kii anumati denaa chaahata haye. 1850 taka, lagbhag 100 ashwet they, jinamen seey adhikansh gulam they. sateek sankhya jaanana mushkil haye, kyonki utaah ney daason koo chhipaana jaari rakhaa. 1850 kii yoota kshetra kii janganana kshetriya sachiv brotton harris key pramanan key binaa kii gaee thee, jinhone shikayat kii thee kii janganana unaki anupasthiti mein kii gaee thee aur isamen kaee aniyamitataaen theen. janganana mein kewal 26 daason kii soochana dee gaee, ack nott key saath kii way sabhi california jaa rahey they, jisase aisaa lagata haye kii yoota mein koee gulam naheen hoga. isamen prachur matra mein rakhe gaye daason mein seey koee bhee shamil naheen thaa.
janwari 1852 mein, brigham young, joe usa samay yoota key kshetriya governor they, ney vidhaayika key sanyukt satra koo sambodhit kiya aur gulami kii vakaalat kii. 4 farwari, 1852 koo, yuu. tii. aeye. ney seva key sambandh mein adhiniyam paarit kiya, jisane aadhikarik taur parr yuu. tii. aeye. kshetra mein gulami koo vaidh banaa diyaa. anya daas raajyon kii tarah, daason ney bhaagne kii koshish kii, unhein becha yaa daan kiya gayaa, way apani swatantrata chaahte they aur aksar anya raajyon mein daason key samaan vyavhaar kiya jaataa thaa. haalaanki, yuu. tii. aeye. daasata kaanoonon kii kaee anoothi visheshtaen theen. gulam koo durvyavahar yaa yaun sambandhon key liye riha kiya jaa sakata haye. maalikon koo apane daason koo kapade pahanane, shikshit karane aur dandit karane kii aavashyakta thee.
orson prut yuu. tii. aeye. mein gulami koo vaidh banaane key mukhar virodhi they. unhone kahaa kii gulami "ack badee burai" haye aur "hamaare liye african koo baandhana kyonki vaha rung mein hamse alag haye [haye] swarg mein swargadooton koo sharminda karane key liye paryaapt haye!jabaki 1852 mein gulami kii anumati dene vaalaa kaanoon paarit huaa, prut ney gulami key khilaf bahas karna jaari rakhaa. udaaharan key liye, 1856 mein, prut ney kahaah "hamaare paas koee saboot naheen haye kii african puraane caine key vanshaj hain jinhen shraapit kiya gayaa thaa, aur bhale hii hamaare paas vaha saboot hoe, hamein usa jaati parr [shraap] lagaane kaa adesh naheen diyaa gayaa haye."
jaba grihyuddh chhid gayaa, tou kuchh sanket hain kii kuchh gulam malik dakshin mein laut aae kyonki unhein lagata thaa kii way apane gulamon koo rakhane kii adhik sambhavana rakhate hain. 19 juuna, 1862 koo congress ney sabhi americi kshetron mein gulami parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa.

