
peater freer

surr peater freer (2 julaai 1851-9 sitambar 1921) jannang shalya chikitsa mein visheshagyata rakhane vaale ack ayrish sarjan they, jinhen pahale ack bhaaratiya chikitsa seva (aaee. aim. aiss.) adhikaari key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, mootrashay kii pattharon koo kuchalane kii prakriya koo lokpriya banaane key liye unhein praakritik maargon key madhyam seey nikaalane kii anumati dene key liye, ack prakriya jise litholapaxy key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. bhaarat mein 20 saal kii seva key baad aaee. aim. aiss. seey sevaanivritti key baad, vaha ingland laut aae aur saumya badey prostate key liye ack prakriya koo lokpriya banaaya. ise superpubic prostatectomy, ack transvasical prostatectomy yaa freer operation key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, jahaan prostate koo pubic huddy key oopar lekin naabhi key neeche aur mootrashay key madhyam seey pett key cheere key madhyam seey hataaya jaataa haye, aur isamen operation key baad superpubic drainage kaa upayog karna shamil thaa.
unhone 1875 mein ack shalya chikitsak key roop mein bangal chikitsa seva mein pravesh kiya aur lagbhag vishesh roop seey uttar-paschimi praanton aur bhaarat key sanyukt praanton mein sivil rojgar mein seva kii. 1888 mein muradabad mein rahate hue, unhone muhammad mushtaq allie khaan, raimpur key nawab parr safaltapurvak operation kiya, apane mootrashay key patthar koo ack lithotrite seey kuchal diyaa. freyer ney nawab seey praapt paarishramik kaa bachaav kiya, jisane usa samay bhaarat mein british pratishthaan key saath vivaad paida curr diyaa thaa. benar key sivil sarjan kii seva karate samay hui yeh aur ack aankh kii chot ney 1896 mein freer koo jaldi sevaanivritti lene aur ingland lautane mein yogdan diyaa.
ingland mein unhone harley street mein ack niji abhyaas sthaapit kiya aur unhein landan key sent peater aspatal mein mootra angon kii sergery mein ack paramarsh sarjan niyukt kiya gayaa. unhone pahali baar 1900 mein ack aise vyakti parr superpubic prostatectomy kii prakriya kii, joe taba 12 saal taka jeevit rhaa. haalaanki iss operation koo shuru karane vaale pahale vyakti freer naheen they, haalaanki unake daave key kaaran unake currier mein doosara mahatvapurna vivaad paida huaa, lekin unhein ise lokpriya banaane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. 1920 mein, unhein chikitsa key shaahi samaaj key mootra vigyaan key khand kaa pahala adhyaksh chunaa gayaa aur apane adhyakshiya sambodhan mein, cumm mrityu darr key saath inmein seey 1,674 operation karane kaa daavaa kiya.
shalya chikitsa vibhaag, nui galway, unake sammaan mein vaarshik surr peater freyer smaarak vyakhyan aur shalya chikitsa sangoshthi kii mejbani kartaa haye, aur nui mein james hardman pustakalaya mein unaki yadgar vastuon kii lagbhag 660 vastuein hain.
praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha.
peater johnson freer, joe apane daadaa key naam parr naamit they, joe ayrish tata rakshak mein ack mukhya adhikaari they, kaa janm 2 julaai 1851 koo county galway mein huaa thaa, joe bhoomi dhaarak saimuel freer aur unaki patni selia barke kii sabse badee santan thee, joe ack roman catholic theen. halanki, freer aur unake bhaai-bahanon koo protestant key roop mein laaya gayaa thaa, joe usa samay kshetra key logon parr ayrish church missions (aaee. see. aim.) key prabhaav kaa ack sambhaavit prabhaav thaa. usa varsh 26 julaai koo, unhone balinakil key parrish church mein bapatisma liya. 1855 mein, unake pitaa, joe aaee. see. aim. samarthak surr christopher lyton key kirayedar they, key paas moornin mein 17 ekad bhoomi aur nockbrack mein sampatti aur bhoomi thee, joe donon clifden mein sthit hain. ekvees saal baad, 1876 mein, jaba ack ekad seey adhik key maalikon kii ack soochi sankalit kii gaee, tou unhein 210 ekad key malik key roop mein darj kiya gayaa. 
freyer ney erasmus smith college, galway mein shiksha praapt kii thee aur unhone queen college (abb nui galway) mein bhaag lene key liye chhatravritti jeeti thee. unhone 1872 mein swarn padak aur kalaa mein pratham shreni sammaan kii degree key saath snaatak kiya. dou saal baad, 1874 mein, unhone apana aim. dee. aur aim. arjit kiya.chaa. ack aur swarn padak jeetaa. ack chikitsa chhaatr key roop mein unhone kuchh samay doublin key dow. stevens aspatal mein ack nivasi chhaatr key roop mein bhee bitaaya. peris mein kaam karane key baad, vaha bhaaratiya chikitsa seva kii pratiyogi pariksha mein baithane key liye laut aae.
bhaaratiya chikitsa seva.
bangal chikitsa seva mein pravesh.
bangal chikitsa seva mein ack chikitsa adhikaari key roop mein ack commission key liye pratiyogi pariksha mein freer pahale aaya, joe baad mein aaee. aim. aiss. kaa hissa bunn gayaa. 30 sitambar 1875 koo ack shalya chikitsak key roop mein seva mein pravesh karate hue, way aprail 1877 mein aajamgarh mein ack sivil sarjan bunn gaye. unhone 1878 mein "bhaaratiya chikitsa rajpatra" mein apane chikitsa lekh prakaashit karna shuru kiya. baad mein, way kramshah 12 aur 20 saal kii seva key baad ack shalya chikitsak-pramukh aur shalya chikitsak leftinent-curnell bunn gaye aur 3 maee 1896 koo seva seey sevaanivritt hoe gaye. unhone lagbhag vishesh roop seey uttar-paschimi praanton mein sivil rojgar mein seva kii aur bhaarat key sanyukt praanton mein avadh, jahaan unhone phir muradabad, bareli, allahabad, masuri aur banaras key sivil sarjanon koo kramik roop seey rakhaa, aur leftinent-governor key karmchaariyon parr ack chhote samay key liye sarjan bhee they.
bhaarat mein vivaad.
bhaarat mein apane samay key dauran, vaha motiyabind kii sergery aur mootrashay kii pathri, litholpexy koo hataane key operation mein pratishthit hoe gaye. 1888 mein, jaba way moradabad mein sthit they, tou freyer ney muhammad mushtaq allie khaan key raimpur key nawab parr kaam kiya, aur apane mootrashay key patthar koo ack lithotrite seey kuchal diyaa. apani sevaaon key badale mein, nawab ney freer koo ack laakh (100,000) rupaye diye, joe usa samay £10,000 yaa £598,900 key barabar thaa. unhone nawab key mukhya prashaasak general azimuddin khaan key saath bhee vyavhaar kiya. iss paarishramik key kaaran usa samay kii bhaaratiya sarkaar, bhaarat mein british prashaasnik pradhikaran mein freer aur unake varishthon key beach sangharsh huaa. shalya chikitsa sahit niyamit upchaar pradaan karate hue, freyer 16 maheenon seey adhik samay seey nawab kii dekhbhal curr rhaa thaa. bhaarat sarkaar ney ack chikitsa adhikaari dwara itani badee raashi kii raseed parr apatti jataai, aur pahale usey nawab koo paise vaapas karane kaa adesh diyaa, aur baad mein aisaa karane yaa seva seey sevaanivritt honey kaa adesh diyaa. yeh tark dete hue kii usa samay key kissy bhee viniyaman mein koee aadhar naheen thaa, unhone yaa tou shulk vaapas karane yaa istifa dene seey incar curr diyaa. unakaa maanana thaa kii unhone paisa kamaaya thaa aur aisaa karane mein seva kii koee bhoomika naheen tooty thee, lekin kewal vahee kiya thaa joe karane key unhein adhikaar they. anta mein, mamle key baare mein unakaa drishtikon prabal hoe gayaa. haalaanki, iss badey shulk key anudan aur praapti ney bhaaratiya pramukhon aur uchch pada key sajjanon seey shulk kii sweekriti key sambandh mein niyamon aur viniyamon koo janm diyaa, joe baad mein kaafee uchit sharton parr sanshodhit kiye gaye they, lekin aaee. aim. aiss. adhikaariyon key saath alokpriya saabit hue jinhone badale mein malvahak parr dosh lagaaya.
baad key varshon mein bhaarat mein.
1894 mein, freer ney rome mein antarrashtriya chikitsa aur shalya chikitsa congress mein bhaarat sarkaar kaa pratinidhitva kiya, jahan unhone heinry jacob bigelo key samaan takneek kaa upayog karate hue, transurethral lithopaxy dwara mootrashay patthar hataane key 598 mamalon parr apana adhyayan prastut kiya. usa samay, khuli lithotomy key liye mrityu darr 12.5% thee, lekin freer ney ack 1.84% mrityu darr kaa pradarshan kiya.
banaras key sivil sarjan key roop mein padonnati key baad, vaha banaras mein prince off wells aspatal key sarjan baney, baad mein unakaa naam badalkar shiv prasaad gupta aspatal curr diyaa gayaa. bhaarat mein apane varishthon key saath unaki pareshaaniyan aur benar key sharan mein ack rogi dwara hamale seey aankh mein chot lagane seey 1896 mein freer ney jaldi sevaanivritti leey lii aur vaha ingland laut aae. unhone 20 seey adhik varshon taka aaee. aim. aiss. mein seva kii thee.
landan mein currier.
1897 mein, freyer koo landan key sent peater aspatal mein mootra angon kii sergery mein ack paramarsh sarjan niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, ack samay jaba yuva sarjanon key liye french aur angreji shalya chikitsa kendron kaa daura karna prathaagat thaa. agast 1900 mein, newyork seey peris key maarg parr, raiman guiterras ney landan mein ack padaav banaaya. guiterras ney apani superpubic prostatectomy prastut kii, jise unhone eugene fuller key sanskaran seey sanshodhit kiya aur phir fuller koo likhaa kii "dow. freyer sanchaalan key vivaran seey bahut khush they, aur unhone kahaa kii vaha iss vidhi koo aajamaayenge. agale varsh, 1901 mein "british medical journal" mein, freer ney supropubic prostatectomy key apane pahale chaar mamalon koo prakaashit kiya. vaha tatkaal safal hoe gayaa aur lord moynihan ney usey "pee free-air" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. freer ney antarrashtriya darshakon key saamane pradarshan kiya, apani tippani kii aur yahaan taka kii kuchh aaney vaale sarjanon key saath hindi aur french bhee bolly. fuller koo binaa shreya key shalya chikitsa shuru karane key unake daavon ney fuller koo baad mein yeh kahane key liye prerit kiya kii "yadi vaha superpubic prostatectomy key sambandh mein mool kharonch honey kaa daavaa karna chaahata haye, tou main nishchit roop seey usake ekmatra vaidh daave kaa virodh naheen karunga." 
1905 mein, estley paston cooper ashehurst, richard harte key ack parichayaatmak patra key saath, freyer kaa nireekshan karane key liye landan mein rook gayaa. unhone apane bhaai koo likhe ack patra mein freer koo "badtamiji, kund, balki aakramak vyakti" key roop mein varnit kiya...aisaa lagata haye kii vaha apane baare mein kaafee uchch raay rakhate hain aur main nishchit roop seey unhein ack kushal sanchaalak maanata thaa. unhone apane patra mein jaari rakhaa kii freer ney "mujhe prostate kaa apana badaa sangrah dikhaaya, kull milakar sou seey adhik" aur lord kelvin key ack sahit ullekhaniya purushon seey ack sankhya kii or ishara kiya.
villium belfield, arther mcgill aur eugene fuller ney saumya badey prostate key liye, saarvajanik huddy key oopar lekin naabhi key neeche aur mootrashay key madhyam seey kiye gaye cheere key madhyam seey prostate koo hataane kaa operation kiya thaa. haalaanki yeh alokpriya banaa rhaa. halanki iss prakriya koo shuru karane vaale pahale vyakti freer naheen they, lekin vishesh roop seey 1920 mein aar. aiss. aim. mein prastut apani report key baad, superpubic prostatectomy key 1,674 mamalon kii cumm mrityu darr parr, superpubic jall nikasi kaa upayog karane key liye unhein ise lokpriya banaane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. unhone kahaa;
1 disambar, 1900 koo, maine pahali baar prostate key kull nabhikikaran kaa apana operation kiya, aur julaai, 1901 mein, "british medical journal" mein badey paimaane parr peshe parr vichaar key liye prakaashit, merey dwara diyaa gayaa ack vyakhyan medical graduate college mein, ack puuraa vivaran dete hue. operation key chaar safal mamalon key vivaran key saath. maine abb operation key 1,674 mamle poore curr liye hain, jinamen seey 1,550 kaa vivaran chikitsa patrikaon mein prakaashit kaee patron mein darj kiya gayaa haye. meraa maanana haye kii main kaha sakata huun kii yeh operation abb lagbhag saarvbhaumik roop seey sarjanon dwara kiya jaataa haye.
halanki, morson ney baad mein kahaa kii freer ney kull 1,337 prostatectomy kiye. lekhon aur vyakhyanon kii sankhya ney, apane daavon key baare mein vivaadon key aspas key prachaar key alawa, kii unhone operation kii shuruat kii thee, sambhavatah prakriya koo vyaapak roop seey gyaat karane mein madad kii. nawab seey shulk praapt karane key kaaran bhaarat mein hue ghotale key alawa, landan key chikitsa halakon mein sweekaar kiye jaane seey sambhavatah ayrish honey seey madad naheen millie. 
aeye. clifford morson ney baad mein nott kiya thaa kii freer binaa kissy aff. aar. see. key niyukt dou shalyachikitsakon mein seey ack thaa. unhone ack kahani bhee sunai jisamen ack samanya vyavasaayi ney freer koo "quack" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. haalaanki, operation mein anya kii tulanaa mein, antibiotic davaaon seey pahale aur kewal buniyaadi sangyaaharan key saath, freer key haathon mein mrityu darr cumm thee. freyer kaa kaushal usaki gati mein nihit thaa.
aar. aiss. aim. mein mootra vigyaan key khand key pahale maanad sachiv johnn thomson-walker ney baad mein freer kii sergery koo "nishchit, uddeshyapurna aur teji seey, aur kuchh sanchalanon mein, vishesh roop seey litholpexy mein, herfer shandar thaa" key roop mein varnit kiya. 
jaba coothbert duke 1956 mein aar. aiss. aim. key mootra vigyaan anubhaag key adhyaksh baney, tou unhone khulasa kiya kii jaba unhone 26 saal pahale sent peaters mein rogvigyaani kii niyukti kii thee, tou unake paas 1900 mein johnn thomas key freer key pahale transvagical prostatectomy mamle seey hataae gaye prostate key chikitsa nott aur pathological namoone they. thomas 12 saal taka jeevit rahey, aur 1912 mein freer koo likhaa, "mujhe kahana chaahiye kii main apane mootra angon mein poori tarah seey sahee huun aur jisake liye main aapako kabhi bhee paryaapt dhanyavaad naheen dey paauunga. 1945 mein takneek key prakaashan key baad terrence millin dwara lokpriya kii gaee retropubic prostatectomy dwara prakriya koo baad mein hataa diyaa gayaa thaa.
anya bhoomikaaen.
1902 mein, way durham vishvavidyalaya mein shalya chikitsa mein pareekshak baney aur 1904 seey 1909 taka way adhikaariyon key liye king edward VII key aspatal key maanad chikitsa karmchari key sadasya they. isake baad unhein landan key millbank sthit queen alekjendra sainya aspatal mein ack salaahkaar sarjan niyukt kiya gayaa. 1904 mein, unhein mool shalya chikitsa kaary key liye arnaut smaarak padak seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.
pratham vishva yuddh.
jaba 1914 mein pahala vishva yuddh shuru huaa, tou freer raani alekjendar key sainya aspatal mein paramarsh sarjan key roop mein seva key liye phir seey shamil hoe gaye, ingland mein bhaaratiya aspatal banane key liye, aur samanya roop seey purvi kamaan key liye. 
unhein 1 janwari 1917 koo cb aur chhah maheene baad 4 juuna 1917 koo kcb praapt huaa. 
10 aprail 1918 aur 10 aprail 1919 key beach, unhone shaahi senaa key chikitsa dall mein ack asthaayi curnell pada sambhala aur pada key istife parr sevaanivritt soochi mein ack maanad poorna curnell pada key liye padonnat kiya gayaa. 
octuber 1919 mein, unhein ireland key rashtriya vishvavidyalaya seey maanad doctorate kii upaadhi praapt hui.
baad mein currier.
yuddh key baad aur mootra vigyaan koo ack visheshta key roop mein adhik maanyata key saath, 69 varsh kii ayu mein, 1920 mein aar. aiss. aim. key mootra vigyaan key khand key pahale adhyaksh chune gaye, jaba aar. aiss. aim. key adhyaksh surr humphrey rollston they.
unake adhyakshiya sambodhan mein pichhale 45 varshon mein mootra vigyaan mein uplabdhiyon koo shamil kiya gayaa aur unhone aashaa vyakt kii kii iss khand key parinamswarup mootra vigyaan key kshetra mein kaam kaa samanvaya hoga. agale varsh lord horder ney freer kaa uttaradhikari banaa, aur khand baithakon aur apane vaarshik adhyaksh key sambodhan key saath jaari rhaa.
vyaktigat aur parivaar.
freyer ney doublin key robbert mcvitte kii betty isabelle mcvitte seey shaadi kii, aur unakaa ack betaa, dermot johnston aur ack betty, cathleen mairi thee. 1914 mein isabelle kii mrityu hoe gaee.
freyer koo ack "kattar gharelu shaasak" key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, aur nui, galway mein rakhe gaye kagjat iss baat kaa saboot dete hain kii vaha redmond bhaaiyon, villium aur johnn key saath dost they, jinn parr unhone march 1918 mein kaam kiya thaa. johnn kii baad mein operation key baad mrityu hoe gaee. way sansad key ack ayrish rashtravadi sadasya tii. oh. konor key saath bhee mitra they.
mrityu aur viraasat.
27 harley sent parr mastishk raktasraav seey freer kii mrityu hoe gaee.landan, 9 sitambar 1921 koo, 70 varsh kii ayu mein. unhein clifden, county galway mein ireland kabristan key church mein apane pitaa key buggle mein dafnaya gayaa thaa.
1919 mein ellis anudan dwara chitrit, freyer kaa ack chitra, patthar key liye sent peater aspatal key board room mein latka huaa haye. 
herold ellis ney baad mein yaad kiya kii freyer kii prakriya kuchh samay key liye lokpriya rahee, yeh bataate hue kii 1948 mein, ack house sarjan key roop mein, unhone inmein seey kaee mein sahaayata kii.
harr saal, professor oh 'beern dwara 1975 mein sthaapit surr peater freer memorial vyakhyan aur cergical symposium, sergery vibhaag, nui galway dwara aayojit kiya jaataa haye. ateet key vyakhyataon ney 1984 mein peater frogget, thomas ee koo shamil kiya haye. 1985 mein starzl, 1986 mein mutsuo sugiyura, thomas jey. 1987 mein foggarty, 1988 mein bernard fisher (vaigyaanik), 1989 mein norman steinly williams, 1991 mein geophrey dunken chisholm, patrick jey. 2001 mein kellie, 2002 mein aaraa darzi, steven dee. 2004 mein wexner, peater tii. 2006 mein scardino aur 2009 mein patrick gullen.
see mein freer kaa ack vistrit vivaran diyaa gayaa haye. pee. mclauflin kaa "celerna seey harley street taka". 
1980 mein, nui galway mein shalya chikitsa vibhaag ney unake potey seey freer key vyaktigat kagjat aur yadgar cheejen praapt keen. baad mein, 2002 mein, nui mein james hardiman pustakalaya ney unhein hassil curr liya aur abb unake patron, samachar patron kii kataai, aadhikarik record, tasveeron, yadgar vastuon aur prakashanon seey yukt lagbhag 660 vastuon koo apane paas rakhaa haye. anya vastuon koo bhee jodaa gayaa haye.
galway clinic mein freer ikai kaa naam unake sammaan mein rakhaa gayaa haye.