sanghiya oorjaa niyaamak aayog

sanghiya oorjaa niyaamak aayog (aff. aar. see.) sanyukt raajya america kii sanghiya agency haye joe antarrajyiya vanijya mein bijli aur praakritik gais key sancharan aur thoke bikri koo niyantrit karati haye aur antarrajyiya vanijya mein pipeline dwara tail key parivahan koo niyantrit karati haye. aff. aar. see. gair-sanghiya panbijali pariyojanaon koo licenses dene key alawa antarrajyiya praakritik gais pipelines, praakritik gais bhandaran pariyojanaon aur taralikrit praakritik gais (ell. aine. jee.) terminals key nirmaan key prastaavon kii bhee sameeksha kartaa haye.
furk paanch ayukton seey banaa haye jinhen yuu dwara naamit kiya jaataa haye.aiss. rashtrapati aur yuu dwara pushti kii gaee.aiss. senate. kissy bhee samay aayog mein sewarat ack raajneetik dall key teen seey adhik aayukt naheen hoe sakate hain.
praathamik kartavya.
aff. aar. see. kii jimmedariyon mein nimnalikhit shamil hainh
adhikaar kshetra aur pradhikaran.
furk sanyukt raajya america key oorjaa vibhaag key bheetar ack badee swatantra niyaamak agency haye joe vyaavsaayik nireekshan mein bhaag letee haye. rashtrapati aur congress aam taur parr vaastavik nirnayon kii sameeksha naheen karate hain, lekin nirnay sanghiya adalaton dwara sameeksha yogya hotey hain. furk swa-vittaposhan haye, jisamen congress vaarshik aur poorak viniyog key madhyam seey apana bajat nirdhaarit karati haye aur furk praakritik gais, tail aur bijli udyogon koo vaarshik shulk key madhyam seey sanyukt raajya america key khajaane koo isake viniyog key liye pratipurti karane key liye rajaswa badhaane key liye adhikrit haye.
aff. aar. see. oorjaa vibhaag kii raajneetik sanrachana seey swatantra haye kyonki aff. aar. see. gatividhiyaan "sachiv [oorjaa] yaa vibhaag key kissy adhikaari yaa karmchari dwara aage key vichaar key adheen naheen hongi. oorjaa vibhaag, halanki, ack teesare paksh key roop mein karyavahiyon mein bhaag leey sakata haye.
aff. aar. see. ney vidyut grid taka pahunch mein anuchit bhedbhaav kii sambhavana koo samaapt karane key liye kshetriya paareshan sangathanon (aar. tii. oh. aiss.) aur swatantra pranali prachaalak (aaee. aiss. oh. aiss.) key swaichhik gathan koo badhaava diyaa haye; kshetriya aur antar-kshetriya paareshan yojana aur aitihaasik adesh sankhya key madhyam seey laagat aavantan. 1000.
furk ney enron aur anya oorjaa companiyon dwara bijli bajar mein kathit herfer aur california bijli sankat mein unaki bhoomika kii jaanch kii. furk ney bastiyon key madhyam seey california vidyut bajar pratibhagiyon seey $6.3 billion seey adhik ekatra kiya haye. 2005 key oorjaa neeti adhiniyam key paarit honey key baad seey, furk ney apane bajar virodhi herfer aur anya niyamon key ullanghan koo door karane key liye niptan aur aadeshon key madhyam seey $1 billion seey adhik kaa nagrik jurmana aur anyaaypurna laabh kaa anadar lagaaya haye.
furk yuu. mein lagbhag 1,600 panbijali pariyojanaon koo niyantrit kartaa haye.aiss. yeh antarrajyiya praakritik gais pipelines key ack badey network key nirmaan kii anumati dene key liye kaafee hudd taka jimmedaar haye. prastaavit ell. aine. jee. terminals aur sambandhit shipping key suraksha, suraksha aur paryavaraniya prabhaavon kii sameeksha karane key liye aff. aar. see. sanyukt raajya america key tatarakshak bull key saath bhee milkar kaam kartaa haye.
aayukt.
furk paanch ayukton seey banaa hotaa haye jinhen rashtrapati dwara niyukt kiya jaataa haye aur senate dwara paanch saal key karyakal key liye pushti kii jaati haye. rashtrapati ayukton mein seey ack koo agency key prashaasnik pramukh, furk key adhyaksh key roop mein niyukt kartaa haye. furk ack dvidaliya nikaay haye; teen seey adhik aayukt ack hii raajneetik dall key naheen hoe sakate hain. yadi kissy uttaradhikari kii pushti abhee taka naheen hui haye tou aayukt apane karyakal key anta seey pahale congress key vartamaan satra key anta taka karyalaya mein baney reh sakate hain. aayukt iss prakaar hainh
itihas.
sanghiya shakti aayog.
sanghiya bijli aayog (aff. pee. see.), joe furk seey pahale thaa, kii sthaapana 1920 mein congress dwara kii gaee thee taaki cabinet sadasyon koo sanghiya panbijali vikas kaa samanvaya karane kii anumati dee jaa sakey.
1935 mein, aff. pee. see. koo ack swatantra niyaamak agency mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen rashtrapati dwara naamit aur senate dwara pushti kiye gaye paanch sadasya they. aff. pee. see. koo panbijali aur antarrajyiya bijli donon koo viniyamit karane key liye adhikrit kiya gayaa thaa.
1938 kaa praakritik gais adhiniyam.
1938 mein, praakritik gais adhiniyam ney antarrajyiya praakritik gais pipelines aur thoke bikri parr aff. pee. see. koo adhikaar kshetra diyaa. 1942 mein, iss adhikaar kshetra kaa vistaar adhik praakritik gais suvidhaon key licenses koo shamil karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. 1954 mein, phillips petroleum company mein sarvocch nyayalaya kaa nirnay. vee. wisconsin ney antarrajyiya vanijya mein praakritik gais kii sabhi pramukh bikri parr aff. pee. see. key adhikaar kshetra kaa vistaar kiya.
doo kaa janm; aff. pee. see. furk bunn jaataa haye.
1973 key tail sankat key jawab mein, congress ney oorjaa seey sambandhit vibhinn agencies koo oorjaa vibhaag mein samekit karane key liye 1977 mein oorjaa sangathan vibhaag adhiniyam paarit kiya. congress ney jore dekar kahaa kii ack alag swatantra niyaamak nikaay banaae rakhaa jaae, aur aff. pee. see. kaa naam badalkar sanghiya oorjaa niyaamak aayog (aff. aar. see.) curr diyaa gayaa, jisase vibhaag key bheetar apani swatantra sthiti koo sanrakshit kiya jaa sakey. iska sabse buniyaadi adhidesh yeh nirdhaarit karna thaa kii kyaa thoke bijli kii keematen anyaaypurna aur anuchit theen aur yadi aisaa haye, tou moolya nirdhaaran koo viniyamit karna aur dardaataon koo adhik shulk key liye dhanwapasi kaa adesh denaa thaa."furk koo doo tail moolya niyantran nirdhaaran kii apeelon koo sunane aur doo key liye sabhi" "onn dha record" "sunavaai karane kii atirikt jimmedaari bhee dee gaee thee. natijatan, doo mein koee prashaasnik kaanoon nyayadhish naheen hain. ack aur suraksha key roop mein, jaba oorjaa vibhaag ack niyam kaa prastaav kartaa haye, tou usey prastaav koo lagu karane key liye sandarbhit karna chaahiye, aur yadi lagu karane key liye nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye kii niyam banaana usake adhikaar kshetra mein mamalon koo "mahatvapurna roop seey prabhaavit" curr sakata haye tou lagu karane key liye kaarravaai koo apane haath mein leey sakata haye. doo adhiniyam ney antarrajyiya tail pipelines key viniyaman koo antarrajyiya vanijya aayog seey aff. aar. see. koo sthanantarit curr diyaa. haalaanki, company ney gais aur bijli key ayaat aur niryaat parr kuchh adhikaar kshetra khou diyaa.
1978 mein, furk koo antarrajyiya aur antarrajyiya donon baajaron mein welhead gais bikri key viniyaman key liye atirikt jimmedariyan dee gaeen. furk ney 1978 key saarvajanik upayogita niyaamak neeti adhiniyam key tahat nae saha-utpaadan aur chhote bijli utpaadan koo badhaava dene key liye ack karyakram bhee prashaasit kiya, jise 1978 key rashtriya oorjaa adhiniyam key hisse key roop mein paarit kiya gayaa thaa. rashtriya oorjaa adhiniyam mein praakritik gais neeti adhiniyam shamil thaa, jisane praakritik gais aur bijli udyog donon key liye adhik pratispardha laane key liye sanghiya moolya viniyaman key dayare koo cumm curr diyaa.
1989 mein, congress ney 1989 key praakritik gais welhead niyantran adhiniyam key paarit honey key saath, welhead praakritik gais kii kimaton key sanghiya viniyaman koo samaapt curr diyaa.
order 888.
1996 mein, furk ney adesh 888 jaari kiya, jisane sanyukt raajya america mein kshetriya sancharan sangathanon key nirmaan koo badhaava diyaa. yeh khud koo swatantra paareshan prachaalak key roop mein punah branding karke maujooda vidyut oorjaa pool koo prabhaavit karega. kuchh kshetron mein vidyut upayogitaon ney apani utpaadan ikaaiyon koo alag-alag companiyon key roop mein shuru karna shuru curr diyaa joe aar. tii. oh. dwara prashaasit thoke vidyut bajar mein pratispardha karengi.
ack baar furk ney order number key saath kshetriya sancharan sangathanon key liye dhancha banaaya thaa. 888, aise kaee aar. tii. oh. koo manjuri dee gaee. pahale seey maujood bahu-raajya bijli pool jise pee. jey. aim. (pensylvania, jersey, maryland), newyork swatantra pranali operator (aine. aaee. aiss. oh.) aur swatantra sesoperator-nyu ingland (aaee. aiss. oh.-aine.) kahaa jaataa haye, shuruati apanaane vaale they. california ney apane raajya aur congress key neeti nirmaataon key samarthan seey sacramento, see. aeye. key paas sthit apane aaee. aiss. oh., jise california aaee. aiss. oh. kahaa jaataa haye, kii sthaapana key liye ack vivadaspad yojana kii manjuri maangi. furk ney ise binaa kissy badalaav key manjuri dey dee kyonki california ney chetavani dee thee kii vaha kissy bhee badalaav koo sweekaar naheen karega.
enron ney apane ack neeti vishleshak seey yeh pataa lagaane kaa aagrah kiya kii california bijli bajar key liye banaae gaye trutipurna niyamon kaa adhikatam laabh kaise uthaaya jaae. enron koo apane dhokhadhadi vaale bajar lenden mein safalata millie thee.
2005 kaa oorjaa neeti adhiniyam.
2001 mein, george doubleu. busch prashaasan ney raajya aur sthaaniya naukarshahi prakriyaon koo darkinar karane key liye pramukh kshetra kaa adhikaar dene kii maang kii, joe aksar naee paareshan pariyojanaon kii sthiti koo dheema curr detee thee. busch kii apani republican party ney sanghiya shakti key vistaar key roop mein satta key iss vistaar kaa sabse kadaa virodh kiya thaa. iss mudde parr kanuni ladaai 2005 key oorjaa vidheyak (2005 kaa oorjaa neeti adhiniyam) key saath samaapt hui jise loktantriyon aur ganarajyiyon key anumodan key saath paarit kiya gayaa thaa.
2005 key oorjaa neeti adhiniyam ney anivarya manakon kii sthaapana aur pravartan key madhyam seey thoke bijli pranali kii vishvasaniyata aur cyber suraksha kii raksha key liye furk key adhikaar kaa vistaar kiya, saath hii bijli aur praakritik gais baajaron mein herfer karane vaali sansthaon parr nagrik dund lagaane key liye furk pradhikaran kaa bahut vistaar kiya. 2005 key oorjaa neeti adhiniyam ney bhee aff. aar. see. koo atirikt jimmedariyan aur adhikaar diye. kaanoon key kaee praavdhaanon mein, aff. aar. see. koo "backstop" baithak pradhikaran key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye joe aff. aar. see. koo paareshan kii baadhaon kaa saamana curr rahey desh key seemit kshetron mein sancharan kaa vistaar karane key liye sancharan bheed key sthaapit galiyaron key bheetar ack raajya dwara sancharan pariyojanaon key kissy bhee incar koo khariz karane kii anumati detaa haye."
1000 kaa order dein.
2010 mein, furk ney adesh 1000 jaari kiya, jisamen kshetriya sancharan yojanaaen banaane aur saarvajanik neeti key aadhar parr sancharan aavashyaktaon kii pehchaan karane key liye aar. tii. oh. kii aavashyakta thee. laagat aavantan sudhaaron koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa, sambhavatah gair-maujooda sancharan developers key saamane aaney vaali baadhaon koo cumm karane key liye.
adesh 841.
farwari 2018 mein, furk ney adesh 841 jaari kiya, jisamen antar-sampark bindu (sancharan, vitaran yaa meater key peechhe) kii parwah kiye binaa, thoke baajaron koo vyaktigat bhandaran pratishthanon taka kholane kii aavashyakta thee. iss adesh koo raajya saarvajanik upayogita aayogon dwara rashtriya niyaamak upayogita ayukton key sangh (naruk), americi saarvajanik shakti sangh aur anya logon key madhyam seey adalat mein chunauti dee gaee thee, jinhone daavaa kiya thaa kii sthaaniya bijli vitaran aur meater key peechhe kii suvidhaon koo viniyamit karke apane adhikaar kshetra koo paar curr liya haye.ee.vitaran star parr yaa meater key peechhe sthit oorjaa bhandaran suvidhaon key liye thoke bajar pahunch seey baahar nikalane kaa vikalp pradaan naa karna. sanyukt raajya america kii appeal adalat (dee.see. circuit) ney julaai 2020 mein ack adesh jaari kiya jisane adesh 841 koo barkarar rakhaa aur yachikakartaon kii shikayaton koo khariz curr diyaa.
adesh 2222.
aff. aar. see. ney 17 sitambar, 2020 koo adesh 2222 jaari kiya, jisase kshetriya thoke bijli baajaron mein bhaag lene key liye vitarit oorjaa sansadhanon jaise battery aur maang pratikriya koo saksham banaaya gayaa. bajar prachaalak 2022 kii shuruat taka praarambhik anupaalan yojanaaen prastut curr dete hain. sarvocch nyayalaya ney 2016 mein "furk banaam" mein faisala sunaaya thaa. vidyut bijli aapoorti agency key paas maang pratikriya lenden koo viniyamit karane kaa adhikaar thaa.
aalochana.
pipeline aur sambandhit pariyojanaon koo manjuri dene key apane nirnayon seey prabhaavit samudaayon key logon dwara aalochana aur badhati sakriyata key adheen haye. unakaa tark haye kii aff. aar. see. "bahut adhik pipelines, niryaat terminals aur anya gais buniyaadi dhaanche koo poori tarah seey hurry jhandi detaa haye" aur vaha aff. aar. see. kii sanrachana jisamen vaha apani vaarshik parichaalan laagat koo seedhe una sansthaon seey vasool karati haye jinhen vaha viniyamit karati haye, pipeline pramanpatra jaari karane key paksh mein purvagrah paida karati haye. kuchh alochakon ney aayog kii kaee niyamit khuli baithakon koo baadhit kiya haye aur washington, dee mein furk key mukhyalaya kii kuchh saptah taka chalane vaali nakabandi kaa ayojan kiya haye.see., apane bindu banaane key liye. "pipelines koo abhootpoorv virodh kaa saamana karna parh rhaa haye", aayukt laflayer ney 2015 key ack bhaashan mein rashtriya press club koo tippani kii. "hamari yahaan sthiti haye."
una mamalon mein furk key faisalon koo aksar adalaton dwara barkarar rakhaa jaataa haye. 1 julaai, 2014 key nirnay mein, "koee gais pipeline naheen. sanghiya oorjaa niyaamak aayog, "kolambiya circuit jile key liye sanyukt raajya america kii appeal adalat (dee.see. circuit) ney kahaa kii pipeline avedakon key kaee aise pramanpatron koo praapt karane kii sambhavana naheen haye joe nirashajanak hain. "adalat ney kahaa, "yeh tathya kii way aam taur parr apane sansadhanon koo una avedanon parr kharch karane mein safal hotey hain joe unake apane vittiya hiton kii poorti karate hain, iska matlab yeh naheen haye kii ack agency joe iss tarah key avedanon mein yogyata koo maanyata detee haye, pakshapaati haye. anya logon ney furk key alochakon koo seedhe taur parr yeh bataate hue vivaadit kiya haye, "furk kaanoon kaa ack prani haye. yeh praakritik gais key kewal ack hisse jaise antarrajyiya pipelines aur ell. aine. jee. ayaat aur niryaat terminals koo viniyamit karane key liye ack saavdhaanipoorvak prashaasnik maarg kaa paalan kartaa haye. usa viniyaman mein vyaapak paryavaraniya sameeksha shamil haye, joe congress dwara adhiniyamit kaee sanghiya kaanoonon dwara sanchaalit haye, rashtrapati dwara hastaaksharit haye, aur yuu dwara sameeksha aur barkarar rakhaa gayaa haye.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya. yadi agency maarg koo apanaati haye [inn alochakon dwara sujhaae gaye], tou furk key nirnayon koo niyamit roop seey sanghiya adalaton dwara palat diyaa jaataa."
kolambiya jile key liye sanyukt raajya america kii jilaa adalat ney bhee ack mamle koo khariz curr diyaa jisamen furk kii or seey sanrachanaatmak purvagrah key aarop shamil they. vaadi ney tark diyaa kii 1986 key sarvavyaapi bajat adhiniyam key vittaposhan tantra key anusaar aayog koo viniyamit sansthaon parr aanupaatik shulk key madhyam seey apane bajat kii vasuli karni hoti haye, isaliye vaha usa udyog key paksh mein pakshapaati hoe jaataa haye jisase usey apana vittaposhan milata haye. lekin 22 march, 2017 koo jaari ack adesh mein adalat ney kahaa kii qaanoon kii sadharan bhasha ingit karati haye kii apane swayam key bajat parr furk kaa niyantran naheen haye. "aayog key bajat koo pipelines koo manjuri dekar naheen badhaaya jaa sakata haye; balki, [qaanoon] aayog koo kissy bhee atee-vasuli yaa cumm vasuli koo samaapt karane key liye samaayojan karane kii aavashyakta haye.'yadi vaadi aayog key liye congress key chune hue viniyog seey nakhush hain..., vaadi kaa sahaara unake vidhaayi pratinidhiyon key paas haye."
nyu jersey mein, pennest pipeline kii furk manjuri koo paryaavaran samoohon dwara vyaapak aalochana kaa saamana karna padaa, jinhone nirnay koo atyadhik pakshapaatpurna kahaa. "delaware reverkeeper network kii netaa maaya vaine rossum ney kahaa, "furk ney ack baar phir pipeline udyog key liye apane jabardast purvagrah aur saajhedaari kaa pradarshan kiya haye. paryaavaran nyu jersey key adhyaksh daug oh 'maili ney pipeline kii furk manjuri koo "aapada" kahaa."swachchh jall kaarravaai key raajya abhiyaan nideshak aur 2018 key congress key ummidwar david pringle ney sujhaav diyaa kii furk nyu jersey key logon key hiton parr ack pakshapaatpurna hita kii seva curr rhaa thaa, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii" furk koo yeh yaad rakhane kii aavashyakta haye kii yeh sanyukt raajya america key logon key liye kaam kartaa haye naa kii pennest key liye."
yeye aalochanaaen niradhar theen kyonki dee.see. 10 julaai, 2018 koo circuit court off appeals ney delaware reverkeeper network aur maaya vaine rossum key iss daave koo khariz curr diyaa kii furk koo pipeline pramaan patra dene key liye protsaahan haye kyonki yeh viniyamit pakshon seey apane sanchaalan kharch ekatra kartaa haye. nichali adalat key faisale koo barkarar rakhate hue, dee.see. circuit ney punarvilokan avedanon parr kaary karane key liye apani vaidhaanik samay seema koo puuraa karane key liye tolling aadeshon key upayog key liye delaware reverkeeper network kii chunauti koo bhee khariz curr diyaa.
halanki, dee.see. circuit ney commission prakriyaon key sambandh mein atirikt margadarshan pradaan kiya haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii ack mamle mein furk chaar pariyojanaon key sanchayi paryavaraniya prabhaav parr vichaar karane mein whiffle rhaa haye jinhen ack hii pipeline dwara alag seey prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa. dee.see. circuit kaa maanana thaa kii pariyojanaaen vittiya roop seey swatantra naheen theen aur "ack ekal pipeline" theen joe "raikhik aur bhautik roop seey paraspar nirbhar" theen, isaliye sanchayi paryavaraniya prabhaavon parr samvarti roop seey vichaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye thaa. ack alag nirnay mein, dee.see. circuit ney baad mein aayog key alag-alag paryavaraniya mulyankan key sanchaalan koo banaae rakhaa jaba isane spasht kiya kii "mahatvapurna" kaarak yeh thaa kii pipeline kii sabhi pariyojanaaen yaa tou nirmanadhin theen yaa ack hii samay mein paryavaraniya sameeksha key liye aff. aar. see. key samaksh lambit theen, yeh dekhate hue kii pariyojanaon mein asthaayi ativyapeeta kaa abhaav thaa. isake alawa, ack anya mamle mein, dee.see. circuit ney aayog key ack alag paryaavaran mulyankan key upayog koo taba banaae rakhaa jaba usane tark diyaa kii vivaadgrast pariyojanaaen "asambandhit" theen aur apane auchitya key liye ack dusare parr nirbhar naheen theen. iss margadarshan ney anuchit vibhajan key atirikt daavon koo sambodhit karane key liye furk koo anumati dee haye.
furk key netaaon ney badhati sakriyata kii shuruat key baad seey kaee baar jore dekar kahaa haye kii ack prastaavit naee buniyaadi dhancha pariyojana kaa virodh karane kaa uchit tarika tippaniyan prastut karke sambandhit kaaryavaahi mein bhaag lena aur saarvajanik tippani satron, site key daure aur scope meetingon mein bhaag lena haye, kyonki furk key faisalon key khilaf sarvocch nyayalaya mein appeal kii jaa sakati haye.
sanghiya banaam raajya pradhikaran.
desh key aise kshetra hain jahan raajya saarvajanik upayogita aayog aur aff. aar. see. viniyamit kshetriya sancharan sangathan samaan padchinhon mein kaam karate hain (jaise kii newyork raajya mein). jahan aisaa hotaa haye, raajya key neeti nirmaata aur sarkaar aksar raajya key bheetar sanghiya shakti aur prabhaav key vistaar key baare mein takraav karate hain.
saarvajanik neeti aur akshay oorjaa sanyantron aur vyaapaari paareshan lines kii yojana banaana aur baithaana vivadaspad hoe sakata haye, kyonki yojana prakriya donon sansthaon key madhyam seey aage badhani chaahiye. udaaharan key liye, newyork raajya mein, kissy bhee badey (nyaso key liye 20 megawatt yaa raajya baithak samiti key liye 2 megawatt seey adhik) utpaadan yaa vyaapaari paareshan suvidha koo nyaso kii yojana prakriya donon seey aage badhana chaahiye, joe cumm seey cumm dou saal key chakr parr kaam karati haye, jisamen ack saath mulyankan kii jaane vaali naee pariyojanaon key ack samaveshi varg varsh pool key saath, aur bijli kii baithak aur paryaavaran parr raajya board kii baithak prakriya. nyaso key gathan seey pahale, yojana prakriya kaa nirdhaaran jyaadaatar raajya baithak board dwara kiya jaataa thaa (halanki upayogitaon key bijli pool kaa apana bund darwaaje kii yojana satra hoe sakata haye) aur badee utpaadan pariyojanaon koo upayogitaon dwara swayam vikasit kiya jaataa thaa. dohri yojana prakriya anya bajar pratibhagiyon koo kanuni roop seey prakriya koo baahar nikaalane kaa avsar pradaan karati haye, jisamen anya raajya aur/yaa sanghiya paryaavaran, vyaapaar (yadi kanada key saath ack antarrashtriya sambandh kaa anurodh kiya jaataa haye), aur sthaaniya pramanan aur viniyaman prakriyaaen shamil naheen hain jinhen puuraa karane kii aavashyakta haye.
vivaad isi tarah aar. tii. oh. key bheetar vibhinn vidyut thoke-bajar key muddon parr lagu hotaa haye, jaba ack raajya saarvajanik upayogita aayog daavaa kartaa haye kii isake khudra darr daataa (raajya viniyaman key tahat) thoke-bajar hitdhaarak nirnayon aur sudhaaron (sanghiya star key viniyaman key tahat) seey prabhaavit honge. isake vipareet, newyork mein 1999 mein nyaso key gathan seey pahale, thoke oorjaa kii keematen ack upayogita kii raajya darr mamle kii kaaryavaahi key bheetar nirdhaarit kii gaee theen. newyork mein vivadaspad muddon key udaharanon mein naiso dwara apane kshamata bajar mein kharidar-paksh shaman (moolya star) kaa vikas, maang-vakr reset key dauran proxy peaking-unit vinirdesh (joe kshamata bajar kii kimaton koo nirdhaarit karane mein madad kartaa haye), raajya dwara thoke-bajar mein bhaag lene vaale paramanu oorjaa sanyantron koo shoonya-utsarjan credit denaa aur raajya aur paareshan malik neeti pahalon key beach ack nae kshamata kshetra kaa nirmaan shamil haye.

