
albanian raashtravaad

albanian raashtravaad jaatiya albanian logon dwara utpann rashtravadi vichaaron aur avadhaaranaon kaa ack samanya samooh haye joe pahali baar 19 veen shatabdi mein albanian rashtriya jaagriti key dauran banaaya gayaa thaa. albanian raashtravaad bhee isi tarah kii avadhaaranaon seey judaa huaa haye, jaise kii albanianism ("schiptaria" yaa "schiptarismi") aur paine-albanianism, jisamen bhaugolik roop seey vistaarit albanian raajya yaa ack "grater albania" key nirmaan parr vichaar shamil hain, jisamen paryaapt albanian aabaadi key saath nikatvarti balcon bhoomi shamil haye.
ottoman kaal key anta mein albanian mukhya roop seey musalman they jinake ottoman samrajya mein sattaaroodh turkon key saath dhaarmik sambandh they. aitihaasik roop seey kewal chhote samay they jaba ack ekikrit swatantra albanian raajya maujood thaa, isane apane padosiyon kii tulanaa mein albania mein raashtravaad key uday mein deree kii-mahaan purvi sankat (1875-1878) kii shuruat, jisane padosi roodhivaadi isai raajyon dwara balcon kii albanian-aabaadi vaali bhoomi key vibhajan koo khatare mein daal diyaa, albanian rashtriya jaagriti aur rashtravadi andolan key udbhav koo protsaahit kiya. 19veen shatabdi key dauran, kuchh paschimi vidvaanon key prabhaav, albanian pravaasi samoohon jaise kii arberesh aur albanian rashtriya jaagriti key aankadon ney albanian atmanirnaya key sandarbh mein balcon albanian logon key beach prabhaav aur vichaaron koo failaane mein bahut yogdan diyaa. unamen seey albanian nasleeya utpatti mein ack illerian yogdan key vichaar they, joe abhee bhee samkaaleen samay mein albanian raashtravaad parr haavi haye. illerian-albanian nirantarta kaa mithak albanian rashtra kaa sansthaapak mithak haye. anya pracheen logon koo bhee poorvajon key roop mein daavaa kiya jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey epirot aur pelaszian. yeye rashtriya mithak "grater albania" (sabse mahatvapurna roop seey kosovo aur uttari macedonia mein) mein "autochthoni" key daavon kaa bhoo-raajneetik roop seey samarthan karane key liye mahatvapurna hain.
ottoman kaal key anta seey anya balcon rashtravadon aur raajyon key saath bhoomi parr ativyaapi aur pratispardhi kshetriya daavon key kaaran, inn vichaaron mein ack rashtriya mithak shamil haye. inn mithakon kaa uddeshya padosi logon (gulamon aur yoonaniyon) parr vareeyata sthaapit karna aur swatantrata aur atmanirnaya key liye andolanon kii anumati denaa, saath hii saath padosi deshon key khilaf ataarkik daavon koo sweekaar karna haye. albanian raashtravaad mein bhee akhil-albanian bhaavanaaen maujood hain. 1912 key albanian vidroh kii safalata key kaaran ottoman ack swaayatt albanian vilaayat key nirmaan key liye sahmat hue, halanki ise kabhi bhee lagu naheen kiya gayaa kyonki balkan leag ney kamjor ottoman raajya kaa laabh uthaaya aur aakraman kiya, jinn kshetron koo albanian vilaayat koo diyaa jaanaa thaa, unhein balkan leag raajyon key beach vibhajit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. kosovo aur paschimi macedonia kaa hissa aksh italvi balon dwara albania key apane sanrakshit raajya mein ekjut hoe gayaa thaa aur itali key aatmasamarpan parr unheen kshetron koo dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran german graahak raajya mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. albanian raashtravaad mein albanian mool, saanskritik shuddhata aur rashtriya ekroopata, albanian rashtriya pehchaan key aadhar key roop mein dhaarmik udasinta aur nirantar rashtriya sanghrshon seey sambandhit mithakon kii ack shrinkhala shamil haye. scanderbag kaa aakriti albanian raashtravaad key mukhya samvaidhaanik aankadon mein seey ack haye joe ack vyakti parr adharit haye, kyonki anya mithak vichaaron, amoort avadhaaranaon aur saamoohikta parr adharit hain.
samkaaleen albanian raashtravaad, jaatiya raashtravaad key anya roopon kii tarah, iss baat parr jore detaa haye kii albanian ack rashtra hain aur albanian logon kii saanskritik, samajik, raajneetik aur bhashai ekataa koo badhaava dete hain. saumya raashtravaad kaa yeh roop 1990 aur 2000 key dashak seey albanian samaaj aur rajneeti mein yugoslav yuddhon, kosovo swatantrata, uttari macedonia mein albanian logon kii sthiti aur lagaatar badhate albanian pravaas key kaaran bahut adhik dikhaai diyaa haye.
samkaaleen albanian raashtravaad koo balcon key bheetar aur vishesh roop seey pravaasi samudaay mein jaatiya albanian logon key beach uchch star kaa samarthan praapt haye. yeh albanian sanskriti aur pehchaan kii ekataa, utsav aur samvardhan key liye ack shakti key roop mein kaam karane key liye aaya haye. isake alawa, isane balcon kshetra aur videshon mein akhil-albanian hiton koo surakshit karane mein ack raajneetik upkaran key roop mein kaam karane kii koshish kii haye, jaisa kii albania aur kosovo key beach uchch star key sahyog, albania key vividh dhaarmik samudaayon key beach ekataa, pravaasi samudaayon aur unake matribhoomi key beach sahyog aur akhil-albanian baahari lobbing key saath dekhaa gayaa haye.
kosovo kii swatantrata, videshi sambandhon, europeeya sangh dwara neetigat adhiropan, serbia jaise padosiyon key saath sambandhon aur pravasiyon mein badhate ekikaran key jawab mein, albanian raashtravaad albanian moolyon, pehchaan aur hiton koo badhaava dene aur unaki raksha karane mein ack mahatvapurna upkaran bunn gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, kosovo koo feefa aur uefa mein pravesh diye jaane key baad seey albanian raashtravaad khel mein pramukhta seey dikhaai diyaa haye. jaba seey yeh sweekaar kiya gayaa haye kii iss baat parr bahas hoe rahee haye kii kyaa ack yaa dou 'rashtriya team' haye, kyaa kosovo mein janme prashansakon koo albanian paksh key prati wafadar rehna chaahiye yaa kosovo paksh aur kosovar prateekvaad koo apnana chaahiye aur kaise albanian dou pramukh roop seey jaatiya albanian raajyon key saath saamana karate hain.
jabaki samkaaleen albanian raashtravaad key kuchh kshetron aur anuyaayiyon mein aparivartaniyata, vakaalat aur pichhali shikayaton seey sambandhit nyaay kii maang kii jaati haye, samagr vichardhara aur andolan mukhya roop seey nagrik aur saanskritik banane key liye vikasit huaa haye. nagrik raashtravaad key iss roop kaa uddeshya jaatiya samooh koo ekjut karna, albania, kosovo aur uttari macedonia mein raajneetik sthiti koo majboot karna aur yeh sunishchit karna haye kii bhasha, sanskriti, paramparaaen aur pehchaan barkarar rahey, vishesh roop seey albanian logon koo ack badey pravaasi samudaay key roop mein dekhana. aksar albanian raashtravaad koo kewal albanian deshbhakti key roop mein maanyata dee jaati haye, jise anya balcon logon kii tarah albanian loga gambhirta seey lete hain aur garv seey paalan karate hain.
itihas.
prishthabhoomi.
kuchh lekhakon kaa tark haye kii albanian raashtravaad, apane yunani aur serbian samkakshon key vipareet, ack alag aitihaasik sandarbh mein utpann huaa haye joe ack ottoman virodhi sangharsh seey naheen nikla thaa aur isake bajaay purvi sankat (1878) kii avadhi aur serb aur yoonaniyon dwara kshetriya vibhajan key khatare kii tarikh haye, jabaki anya logon kaa maanana haye kii albanian raashtravaad pahale ack samajik sudhaar andolan key roop mein ubhara thaa joe 1878 kii ghatnaaon key jawab mein ack bhoo-raajneetik andolan mein badal gayaa thaa, joe ottoman shasson aur pratidvandi balcon raashtravaad kii donon neetiyon key khilaf pratikriya kartaa thaa. vivaadit kshetron key liye padosiyon key saath pratispardha karane seey albanian logon koo rashtriyata key liye apana paksh rakhane aur europeeya shaktiyon seey samarthan lene key liye majboor honah padaa. kuchh vidwan iss vichaar seey asahmat hain kii 1878 mein albanian raashtravaad kaa uday huaa yaa unakaa tark haye kii ack vishisht praarambh tithi nirdhaarit karane kaa pratimaan galat haye, lekin una ghatnaaon koo vyaapak roop seey ack mahatvapurna kshan maanaa jaataa haye jisake kaaran albanian rashtriya andolan kaa rajneetikaran huaa aur mithakon kaa uday huaa joe albanian raashtravaad kii pauranik kathaaon kaa hissa bunn gaye joe samkaaleen samay mein albanian saamoohik sanskriti aur smriti key bheetar vyakt kiye gaye hain. usa aitihaasik sandarbh ney albanian rashtriya andolan koo drishtikon mein rakshaatmak bhee banaa diyaa kyonki rashtravadiyon ney rashtriya pushti kii aur rashtriya bhaavanaon aur bhasha key ksharan key roop mein joe way dekhate they uska mukabala karane kii maang kii. 19veen shatabdi taka albanian teen dhaarmik samoohon mein vibhajit hoe gaye they. austriya-hangerian sanrakshan aur italvi maulavi sanrakshan key kaaran catholic albanian logon kii schooly shiksha aur church mein kuchh albanian jaatiya-bhashai abhivyakti thee. constantinople key pitrisatta key tahat roodhivaadi albanian logon key paas yunani mein aur ottoman kaal key anta mein mukhya roop seey yunani rashtriya aakaankshaon key saath pehchaane jaane vaale dhaarmik anushthaan aur schooly shiksha thee. iss avadhi key dauran musalman albanian ottoman samrajya mein kull balkan albanian aabaadi kaa lagbhag 70 pratishat they, jinaki anumaanit aabaadi duss laakh seey adhik thee.
purvi sankat aur albanian rashtriya jaagriti.
purvi sankat key uday key saath, musalman albanian ottoman raajya key prati wafadari aur ubharate albanian rashtravadi andolan key beach toot gaye. islam, sultan aur ottoman samrajya koo paaramparik roop seey vyaapak muslim samudaay seey sambandhit honey key paryaay key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa. albanian rashtravadi andolan ney atmanirnaya kii vakaalat kii aur raajya key bheetar ack alag logon aur bhasha key roop mein albanian logon kii samajik-raajneetik maanyata praapt karane kaa prayaas kiya. albanian raashtravaad ack aisaa andolan thaa joe vyaapak albanian aabaadi seey lokpriya maang key binaa albanian buddhijiviyon key beach shuru huaa thaa. bhoo-raajneetik ghatnaaon ney albanian rashtravadiyon, kaee musalmaanon koo ottoman, islam aur sultan abdulhamid dwiteeya key tatkalin ubharate hue paine-islamic ottomanwad seey khud koo door karane key liye prerit kiya. roose-turkey yuddh key dauran, aaney vaali serb senaa ney adhikansh muslim albanian aabaadi koo toplika aur nees kshetron seey kosovo mein nishkaasit curr diyaa, jisase purvi sankat kii pratikriya key roop mein leag off prisrain (1878-1881) kaa uday huaa. leag off prisrain kaa nirmaan albanian buddhijiviyon key ack samooh dwara padosi balcon raajyon key beach vibhajan kaa virodh karane aur albanian logon koo ack ekaatmak bhashai aur saanskritik rashtra mein ekjut karke ack albanian rashtriya chetna parr jore dene key liye kiya gayaa thaa. ottoman raajya ney alpakaal key liye leag key daavon kaa samarthan kiya, jisamen albanian raashtravaad koo sambhavatah nae swatantra balcon raajyon koo aage key kshetriya nuksan koo rokane key roop mein dekhaa gayaa. bhoo-raajneetik sankat ney "rilinja" (albanian rashtriya jaagriti) avadhi kii shuruat kii. 1878 key baad seey albanian rashtravadi aur buddhijivi, joe pahale aadhunik albanian vidvaanon key roop mein ubhare, albanian upsamuhon (geg aur tosk) aur dhaarmik vibhajanon (muslim aur isai) key beach bhashai aur saanskritik matbhedon koo door karane mein vyast they. usa samay, inn vidvaanon key paas iss vichaar key nirmaan key liye kaee praathamik sroton taka pahunch kii kamee thee kii albanian illyrian key vanshaj they, jabaki grater albania koo prathamikta naheen maanaa jaataa thaa. apane balcon samkakshon kii tulanaa mein, yeye albanian rajneta aur itihaaskaar bahut madhyam they aur mukhya roop seey ottoman shasson key tahat albanian logon key liye samajik-raajneetik maanyata aur swaayatta praapt karane kaa lakshya thaa. inn gatividhiyon mein shamil albanian loga sakshya ekatra karane aur pahchaanane mein vyast they, kabhi-kabhi ack rashtra key roop mein maane jaane mein albanian logon kii saanskritik vishishtata aur aitihaasik vaidhata koo "saabit" karane key daavon koo sahee thaharaane key liye tathyon kaa aavishkaar karate they.
italvi rashtriya andolan seey apana netritva karate hue, arberesh (madhyayugeen kaal seey poore dakshini itali mein basey ack albanian pravaasi samudaay) ney rashtriya vichaaron koo badhaava denaa aur failana shuru curr diyaa aur unhein balcon albanian logon seey parichit karaaya. unamen seey pramukh girolamo dee raada, guseppe shiro aur demetrio camarda they, jinamen seey paschimi vidvaanon dwara albania parr saahitya key madhyam seey prabhaavit they aur apane saahityik karyon mein scanderbag aur poorv-ottoman ateet kaa ullekh kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen epirus aur alekjendar dha grate key pirhas key sandarbh mein ullekh kiya gayaa thaa. jabaki musalman (vishesh roop seey bektashi) albanian loga albanian rashtriya jaagriti key saath bahut adhik judey hue they, jinhone kaee aakritiyon kaa utpaadan kiya jaise kii fake konitza, ismel qemaali, midhat fraasheri, shahin kolonja aur anya joe albanian hiton aur atmanirnaya kii vakaalat karate they. dakshini albania mein ottoman kaal key anta mein bektashi soofi adesh ney bhee albanian bhasha aur sanskriti koo vikasit karke aur protsaahit karke albanian rashtriya jaagriti key dauran ack bhoomika nibhai aur rashtriya albanian vichardhara key nirmaan mein mahatvapurna thaa. isamen shamil catholic albanian hastiyon mein prenk dossy, gjarj fishta aur pashko vaasaa they jinhone prasiddh kavita "oh albania" likhi thee, jisamen albanian logon koo ack sanyukt "albanian" key madhyam seey dhaarmik vibhajanon parr kaaboo paane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa. vaasaa kii kavita "feja aeye shkiptrit asht schiptariza" (albanian kaa vishvaas albanian haye) kaa antim chhand rashtriya jaagriti kaal key dauran bunn gayaa aur usake baad albanian rashtravadiyon key liye ack mahatvapurna shabd bunn gayaa.
scanderbag.
rashtriya jaagriti avadhi key dauran bhoo-raajneetik chintaon koo gherne vaalaa ack anya kaarak yeh vichaar thaa kii paschimi shaktiyaan kewal isai balcon raajyon aur logon koo "ottoman virodhi sangharsh" mein samarthan dengi. iss samay key dauran albanian rashtravadi mahaan shakti sahaanubhooti aur samarthan praapt karane kaa prayaas curr rahey they, joe albanian logon kii kalpana ack europeeya logon key roop mein karate they, jinhone scanderbag key tahat ottoman turkon kaa virodh kiya, jinhone baad mein paschimi europeeya sabhyata seey albanian logon koo vash mein curr liya aur kaat diyaa. scanderbag ney albanian logon koo paschimi shaktiyon key liye "asiai bheed" seey europe kii raksha karane key roop mein prastut kiya aur albanian logon koo videshi dushmanon key prati albanian pratirodh key mithak koo vikasit karane kii anumati dee, jisase "pitribhoomi" aur albanian rashtra kii ekataa koo khatra thaa. albanian rashtravadiyon koo madhyayugeen itihas seey ack prakaran kii aavashyakta thee taaki albanian rashtravadi pauranik kathaaon koo kendrit kiya jaa sakey aur unhone madhyayugeen raajya yaa samrajya key abhaav mein scanderbag koo chunaa. 15veen seey 19veen shatabdi taka scanderbag kii prasiddhi mukhya roop seey paschimi europe mein bunny rahee aur yeh "aakramankari turkon" key khilaf scanderbag key albania key antimural christianitatis (ack baadha raajya) key roop mein kaary karane kii dhaarana parr adharit thee. ack rashtriya naayak key roop mein scanderbag key roopaantaran key parinamswarup, albanian logon koo ottoman samrajya seey munh modana padaa. scanderbag kii isai pehchaan seey bachaa gayaa aur unhein mukhya roop seey rashtra key rakshak key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa. albanian rashtravadi lekhakon ney scanderbag key vyaktitva aur karyon koo aitihaasik tathyon, satyon, ardh-satyon, aavishkaron aur lokkathaon key mishran mein badal diyaa.
paschimi prabhaav aur mool siddhant.
19veen shatabdi mein paschimi shikshaavidon ney ubharate albanian pehchaan nirmaan prakriya parr apana prabhaav pradaan kiya, joe kuchh sandarbhon mein aur badalate vatavaran key bheetar lakshyon kii disha mein upayog kiye gaye aur parivartit kiye gaye upkaran pradaan karate they. yeh usa sandarbh seey alag thaa jisase paschimi lekhakon ney mool roop seey apane siddhant utpann kiye they. usa samay key albanian rashtravadiyon koo videshon key videshi schools mein shikshit kiya gayaa thaa. 19veen shatabdi key kuchh paschimi shikshaavidon ney albanian mool key mudde kii jaanch karate hue pracheen pelaszian seey albanian vansh key abb-badnam siddhant koo badhaava diyaa. austriyai bhashavid johann jorg wonn haan dwara apane kaam "albanesiche studian" (1854) mein vikasit iss siddhant ney daavaa kiya kii pelaszian mool proto-albanian they aur pelaszian, illyrian, epirot aur pracheen macedonian dwara bolly jaane vaali bhasha nikatata seey sambandhit thee. iss siddhant ney jaldi hii albanian vritton mein samarthan aakarshit kiya, kyonki isane anya balcon rashtron, daason aur vishesh roop seey yoonaniyon parr prathamikta kaa daavaa sthaapit kiya. kshetra key liye ack "aitihaasik adhikaar" utpann karane key alawa, iss siddhant ney yeh bhee sthaapit kiya kii pracheen yunani sabhyata aur isaki uplabdhiyon kaa mool "albanian" thaa.
pelaszian siddhant koo praarambhik albanian pracharakon key beach apanaaya gayaa thaa aur iska upayog itali-albanian, roodhivaadi aur muslim albanian logon dwara kiya jaataa thaa. italvi-albanian yunani sanskar key honey key kaaran aur unaki sanskriti key majboot church sambandhi byzantine prabhaav key kaaran illerian-albanian nirantarta parikalpana key paksh mein naheen they kyonki isamen "catholic" honey aur isaliye "italian" honey kaa arth thaa. itali-albanian logon key liye, albanian logon kii utpatti pelaszian key saath hui, joe ack aspasht pracheen loga they joe pracheen kaal key dauran grees aur albania key kuchh hisson mein rahate they. saanskritik aur raajneetik mukti key liye albanian daavon koo maanya karane key liye, itali-albanian logon ney kahaa kii albanian iss kshetra kii sabse purani bhasha thee, joe yunani seey bhee purani thee. pelaszian mool key siddhant kaa upayog yoonaniyon dwara samanya pelaszian vansh key sandarbhon key madhyam seey yunani rashtriya pariyojana mein albanian logon koo aakarshit karane aur shamil karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. pelaszian siddhant kaa swaagat kuchh albanian buddhijiviyon ney kiya jinhone yunani shiksha praapt kii thee. anastas baiku jaise roodhivaadi albanian logon key liye, pelaszian poorvajon key madhyam seey albanian aur yunani donon key ack samanya vansh ney donon logon koo samaan banaa diyaa aur albanian koo hellenization key liye ack madhyam key roop mein dekhaa. saami frasheri jaise muslim albanian logon key liye albanian loga pelaszian seey utpann hue they, joe illyrian kii tulanaa mein ack badee aabaadi thee, jisase greek unake liye illyrian key albanian vanshaj bunn gaye joe khud pelaszian seey utpann hue they. alekjendar dha grate aur epirus key pirhas jaisi pracheen kaal seey utpann aakritiyaan mithakon mein lipate hue they aur pracheen kaal key albanian purushon key roop mein daavaa kiye gaye they, jabaki masseddon key phillip dwiteeya, pracheen macedonian pelaszian yaa illerian-albanian they.
usa avadhi key albanian lekhakon ney mahsoos kiya kii unake paas vipareet tark they joe yunani paksh aur slavic halakon seey aae they. yoonaniyon ney daavaa kiya kii albanian loga ack loga naheen they, unaki bhasha vibhinn bhaashaon kaa mishran thee aur roodhivaadi church kaa ack albanian sadasya "vaastav mein ack yunani" thaa, jabaki daas pracharakon ney daavaa kiya kii kosovar albanian "vaastav mein" gulam they yaa way "turk" they jinhen anatolia mein "vaapas bheja" jaa sakata thaa. yunani raashtravaad koo albanian raashtravaad key liye ack khatare key roop mein dekhe jaane key alawa, albanian rashtra kii prachinta parr jore dete hue 1880 key dashak key dauran nae raajneetik sandarbhon aur karyon kii seva kii. yeh balcon sangh key madhyam seey ottoman seey swatantrata kii maang karane vaale slavic rashtriya andolanon kaa mukabala karane kii albanian aavashyakta seey bhee utpann huaa. samay key saath pelaszian siddhant koo albanian mool aur vansh key sambandh mein illerian siddhant key saath badal diyaa gayaa kyonki yeh kuchh vidvaanon dwara adhik aashvast aur samarthit thaa. illerian siddhant kosovo aur albania key dakshin jaise kshetron mein albanian nirantarta key pramaan key roop mein vichaar karane key kaaran albanian raashtravaad kaa ack mahatvapurna stambh bunn gayaa, joe serb aur yoonaniyon key saath pratispardha kartaa thaa.
bhoo-raajneetik parinam aur viraasat.
apane yunani, serbian aur bulgarian padosiyon key vipareet, jinaki kshetriya mahatvaakaankshaaen theen, mukhya roop seey musalman honey key kaaran albanian logon key paas ack shaktishali europeeya sanrakshak kii kamee thee. isase unamen seey kaee loga yathaasthiti banaae rakhna chaahte they aur ottomanwad koo vaapas lena chaahte they. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, albanian raajnetaon, buddhijiviyon aur nirvaasiton key ack vyaapak samooh dwara albanian raashtravaad koo aage badhaaya gayaa thaa. 19veen shatabdi key anta aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat key dauran sanyukt raajya america mein ack albanian pravaasi samudaay maujood thaa, jisamen adhikansh anpadh they aur sotir pessi jaise vyaktiyon ney albanian mein saksharta key prasaar koo protsaahit karane key liye unake beach albanian rashtriyata kii bhavna pradaan karane kaa kaam kiya. 1908 mein, musalman, catholic aur roodhivaadi pratinidhiyon key saath bitola mein ack varnamala congress mein lattin charitra-adharit albanian varnamala koo apanaane parr sahamati vyakt kii gaee aur iss kadam koo albanian ekikaran key liye ack mahatvapurna kadam maanaa gayaa. lattin varnamala key prati virodh kuchh albanian musalmaanon aur maulaviyon seey aaya, jinhone ottoman sarkaar key saath arabi-adharit albanian varnamala koo prathamikta dee, iss chinta key kaaran kii ack lattin varnamala ney muslim duniya key saath sambandhon koo kamjor curr diyaa. varnamala vishay aur anya yuva turkey neetiyon key kaaran, albanian abhijaat varg aur rashtravadiyon key beach sambandh, kaee muslim aur ottoman adhikaari toot gaye. haalaanki shuru mein albanian rashtravadi sanghon koo cumm naheen kiya gayaa thaa, raajneetik, saanskritik aur bhashai adhikaaron kii maangon ney antatah ottomans koo albanian raashtravaad koo dabaane key liye upaay apanaane key liye majboor curr diyaa, jisake parinamswarup ottoman shasson key anta mein dou albanian vidroh (1910 aur 1912) hue.
ottoman yug key anta mein albanian raashtravaad algavvad seey prerit naheen thaa jiska uddeshya ack albanian rashtra-raajya banaana thaa, halanki albanian rashtravadiyon ney ack swatantra grater albania kii parikalpana kii thee. ottoman kaal key uttaraardh key albanian rashtravadiyon koo teen samoohon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. paine-albanian rashtravadi, joe ack ottoman raajya key tahat albanian swaayatta kii raksha karna chaahte they aur ack albania joe mukhya roop seey catholics dwara parikalpit ack swatantra catholic albania key saath sampradayik aadhar parr vibhajit thaa. ubharate albanian rashtravadi abhijaat varg ney raajneetik aur bauddhik abhivyakti key madhyam key roop mein albanian key upayog koo badhaava diyaa. kull milakar albanian raashtravaad ottoman samrajya key kramik vighatan aur balcon aur isai rashtriya andolanon kii pratikriya thee, jisane albanian aabaadi key liye khatra paida curr diyaa thaa joe mukhya roop seey musalman thee. ack albanian aabaadi vaale vilayaton koo ottoman raajya key bheetar ack badey ekaatmak albanian swaayatt praant mein shamil karane key liye prayaas kiye gaye they.
albanian rashtravadi mukhya roop seey una adhikaaron kii raksha parr kendrit they joe kissy vishesh rajneeti seey judey binaa maujooda deshon key bheetar samajik-saanskritik, aitihaasik aur bhashai they. anya balcon rashtravadon key vipareet dharm koo ack baadha key roop mein dekhaa gayaa aur albanian raashtravaad ney isake saath pratispardha kii aur ack maulavi virodhi drishtikon vikasit kiya. jaisa kii albanian ack ottoman bajra pranali mein rahate they joe pehchaan key anya roopon parr dhaarmik pehchaan parr jore detaa thaa, dhaarmik udasinta kaa mithak rashtriya jaagriti key dauran albanian logon key beach aantarik dhaarmik vibhajan koo door karane key saadhan key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa. ack prakaar key nagrik dharm key roop mein prachaarit, "albanian raashtravaad" koo albanian rashtravadiyon dwara albanian logon key beach isai dharm aur islam jaise sthaapit dharmon koo cumm karane key liye ack vichaar key roop mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki ack gair-dhaarmik albanian pehchaan parr jore diyaa gayaa thaa. anya balcon rashtravadon kii tarah dharm ney mahatvapurna bhoomika naheen nibhai yaa mukhya roop seey paschimi europeeya rashtravadon seey milate-julate albanian raashtravaad key gathan mein ack vibhajankari kaarak naheen bunn gayaa. dharm key bajaay albanian bhasha rashtriya ekataa koo badhaava dene kaa praathamik kendra bunn gaee. ottoman kaal key anta mein albanian rashtriya jaagriti key aankadon ney albanian mein sthaaniya saahitya kaa nirmaan kiya. aksar way kritiyaan aisee kavitaaen hoti theen jinamen rashtravadi aakaankshaaen aur raajneetik vishay hotey they, joe kuchh hudd taka albanian rashtravadi uddeshya key liye samarthan praapt karate they, jaba way varnanatmak geeton mein badal jaate they joe balcon mein albanian bhashi graminon kii purush aabaadi key beach failate they. 1900 key baad catholic aabaadi key beach paadari varg aur sadasyon jaise dakshin mein bektashi aur roodhivaadi samudaay key kaarigaron aur vyapariyon dwara rashtra nirmaan key prayason koo gati millie. islam parr jore naa dene key saath, albanian rashtravadi andolan koo dou adriatic samudri shaktiyon austriya-hangri aur itali kaa majboot samarthan milaa, joe vyaapak balcon mein paine-slavism key baare mein chintit they aur anglo-francisi aadhipatya kaa kshetra mein grees key madhyam seey pratinidhitva kiya gayaa thaa.
swatantrata aur antar-yuddh kaal.
balkan yuddhon key dauran sainya haar key madhyam seey ottoman shasson key patan kii aasannata ney usman samrajya seey swatantrata (28 navambar 1912) kii ghoshana karane key liye ismail qemaali dwara pratinidhitva kiye gaye albanian logon koo prerit kiya. swatantrata key liye mukhya prerana balcon albanian aabaadi vaali bhoomi koo grees aur serbia dwara kabja kiye jaane seey rokna thaa. swatantrata kii poorv sandhya parr albanian logon kaa badaa hissa abhee bhee dhaarmik sambaddhata, parivaar yaa kshetra jaisi poorv-rashtravadi shreniyon kaa paalan kartaa thaa. pahaadi aur kisan donon ack aadhunik rashtra raajya key liye taiyar naheen they aur iska upayog albanian raajya key khilaf ack tark key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. padosi deshon dwara balcon albanian aabaadi vaali bhoomi kaa vibhajan, ack najuk rashtriya chetna aur kaee aantarik vibhajanon parr kaaboo paanaa, raajya key netaa ismel kamali jaise rashtravadiyon key liye sarvopari thaa. ack majboot albanian rashtriya chetna aur bhavna kaa vikas kosovo jaisi albanian aabaadi vaale kshetron koo jodane jaisi anya chintaon koo door curr detaa haye. kosovar albanian raashtravaad koo serbian raashtravaad key saath isake takraav key madhyam seey paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, jahaan donon kosovo koo apani saanskritik aur rashtriya pehchaan key janmasthan key roop mein dekhate hain. 1912 mein balkan yuddhon key dauran ottoman shasson samaapt hoe gayaa, jisamen kosovo aur uttari macedonia serbia kaa hissa bunn gaye. iss samay key dauran kosovo mein serb senaayen albanian logon kii hatyaon aur jabaran pravaas mein luggy hui theen, jabaki serbian raajya kaa rashtriya nirmaan uddeshya kuchh koo aatmasaat karna aur adhikansh albanian logon koo serbian basane vaalon key saath pratisthaapit karke unhein hataana thaa. serb raajya kaa maanana thaa kii albanian logon mein rashtriyata kii koee bhavna naheen thee, jabaki albanian raashtravaad koo austriya-hangerian aur italvi sazish key parinam key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa. inn ghatnaaon ney albanian utpeedan aur paraajayvaad kii bhaavanaon koo badhaava diyaa, sarbon aur mahaan shaktiyon key khilaf ghrina joe albanian raashtravaad key saath chalane vaali sthiti key liye sahmat they. kosovar albanian raashtravaad ney samriddh aitihaasik mithakon key ack sangrah key bheetar graameen reeti-rivaajon, vishisht lock sangeet key saath-saath vivaah aur kabile adharit kaanoon key saath fasal kaa ullekh karane jaisi lokpriya sanskriti koo aakarshit kiya aur usamen antarnihit hoe gayaa.
pratham vishva yuddh key dauran albania parr videshi shaktiyon kaa kabja thaa aur unhone aisee neetiyon kaa paalan kiya joe vishesh roop seey dakshini albania mein albanian raashtravaad kii abhivyaktiyon koo majboot karati theen. italvi aur francisi adhikaariyon ney yunani schools koo bund curr diyaa, yunani paadari varg aur samarthak yunani ullekhaniya logon koo nishkaasit curr diyaa, jabaki francisi kshetra key saath albanian shiksha kii anumati dee, joe korse ganarajya key madhyam seey albanian swa-shasson koo badhaava detaa haye. aabaadi key beach rashtravadi bhaavanaon koo majboot karane vaalaa ack anya kaarak mukhya roop seey korse kshetra mein roodhivaadi albanian pravasiyon kii vaapsee thee, jinhone videshon mein albanian rashtravadi bhaavanaon koo praapt kiya thaa. pratham vishva yuddh key anubhav, vibhajan aur satta key nuksan kii chintaon ney muslim albanian aabaadi koo albanian raashtravaad aur albania kii kshetriya akhandata kaa samarthan karane key liye majboor curr diyaa. adhikansh sunni aur bektashi albanian logon key beach ack samajh bhee ubhari kii rashtriya ekjutata key liye dhaarmik matbhedon koo darkinar karane kii aavashyakta haye. pratham vishva yuddh key dauran austriya-hangerian balon dwara kabze key dauran kosovo mein albanian school khole gaye they jinhen baad mein yugoslav adhikaariyon dwara yuddh key varshon key dauran bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki dhaarmik islami shiksha kewal turkey mein hii sweekarya thee. kosovo, macedonia aur yugoslavia key anya kshetron mein albanian aabaadi key saath albanian mein dharmnirpeksh shiksha parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa aur ack serbian school pathyakram key saath pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. yugoslav shiksha neeti ney yugoslavia key liye sambhaavit rashtravadi chunautiyon koo rokane key liye albanian rashtriya pehchaan aur sanskriti kii bhaavanaon koo kamjor karane key liye albanian dharmnirpeksh shiksha koo dabaaya. albanian schooly shiksha tech, maktaab aur madrason mein chully gaee joe albanian raashtravaad key prasaar aur utpaadan key liye bhoomigat kendron key roop mein ubhare. 1930 key dashak taka dhaarmik muslim schools koo raajya key liye ack khatare key roop mein dekhaa jaane lagaa aur yugoslav adhikaariyon ney dhaarmik sansthanon mein vikasit honey vaali albanian rashtravadi gatividhiyon koo rokane key liye serbian samarthak slavic muslim padariyon aur bosnia key shikshakon key saath albanian muslim padariyon koo badal diyaa. albanian logon ney una kadmon kaa virodh kiya aur lagaae gaye shikshakon kaa bahishkaar kiya. yugoslav adhikaariyon dwara albanian koo pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur kuchh albanian logon koo desh chhodane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa.
1920 key dashak key dauran dharm kii bhoomika koo albanian raajya dwara cumm karke dikhaaya gayaa thaa, jisane isake bajaay "albaniyaivad" koo badhaava diyaa, joe raashtravaad kaa ack vyaapak nagrik roop thaa joe dhaarmik pehchaan parr jaatiya pehchaan koo ujagar kartaa thaa. korse kshetra jaise kshetron mein jahaan roodhivaadi albanian albanian raashtravaad seey prabhaavit hue, way roodhivaadi church key prabhaav seey door chaley gaye aur apani dhaarmik pehchaan khone kii pravritti rakhate they, jabaki roodhivaadi aabaadi vaale kshetron mein way aksar apani dhaarmik pehchaan banaae rakhate they. antar-yuddh avadhi key dauran pradhaanmantri (1925) aur baad mein raajaa (1929) key roop mein ahmed jog kaa aarohan seemit lekin aavashyak raajneetik sthirata seey chihnit thaa. albania mein antar-yuddh italvi raajneetik aur aarthik prabhaav key liye jog dwara pratirodh key saath-saath una karakon ney paryaavaran mein yogdan diyaa joe ack albanian rashtriya chetna koo badhaa sakate they. jog key tahat kshetriya sambaddhataon aur adiwasi nishthaon koo dheere-dheere aadhunik raashtravaad key ack vikaasheel roop seey badal diyaa gayaa. usa samay key dauran jog ney illerian vansh, ottoman key prati scanderbag key pratirodh aur 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein rashtravadi punrutthan ("rilinja") parr adharit ack teleological ateet key dayare key madhyam seey ack rashtriya chetna paida karane kaa prayaas kiya. jog key tahat scanderbag key mithak kaa upayog rashtra nirmaan uddeshyon key liye kiya gayaa thaa aur unake helmate koo rashtriya prateekon mein apanaaya gayaa thaa. antar-yuddh kaal key dauran zana raashtravaad paida karna mushkil thaa kyonki 1939 mein bhee, 80 pratishat albanian abhee bhee anpadh they. albanian raajaa" kii upaadhi kaa upayog karane key alawa, jog ney kosovar albanian abhijaat varg key saath pratidvandvita aur samarthan key badale mein kosovo parr yugoslav samprabhuta koo maanyata dene vaale samjhaute key kaaran kosovo key prati ataarkik neetiyon kaa paalan naheen kiya. albanian raashtravaad key vikas kii disha mein zog key prayason ney albanian raajya aur rashtra nirmaan kii prakriya key sambandh mein unake baad aaney vaale netaaon key liye kaary koo saral banaa diyaa.
pratham vishva yuddh key baad algavvadi bhaavanaaen yugoslav shasson kaa virodh karane vaale kosovar albanian nirvaasiton seey bunny kosovo samiti key netritva mein kaak andolan key madhyam seey vyakt kii gaeen. kosovo aur uttari macedonia mein ack gurilla samooh key roop mein jameen parr pratinidhitva karate hue, kakak andolan kaa netritva azem galica aur baad mein unaki patni shota galica ney kiya, jinhone "Çetas" yaa yugoslav senaa key khilaf lada rahey baind kii sanrachana mein ack chhote paimaane parr yuddh (1918-1921) ladaa. itali dwara samarthit jinhone vittiya sahaayata aur albania diyaa, kakak andolan koo antatah 1920 key dashak key anta mein sarbon dwara dabaa diyaa gayaa thaa. iss andolan ney kosovo aur uttari macedonia mein ack albanian rashtriya chetna key vikas mein yogdan diyaa. 1930 key dashak mein yugoslav key adhikaariyon ney albanian imamon koo una logon key saath badal diyaa joe bosnia seey albanian raashtravaad koo kamjor karane vaale sufivaad key prati shatrutapurna they. kosovar albanian logon koo yugoslav adhikaariyon dwara ack dushman key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa joe raajya kii kshetriya akhandata koo chunauti dey sakata thaa. kosovo mein albanian logon ney mahsoos kiya kii serbian aur baad mein yugoslav shasson ack videshi vijay kaa gathan kartaa haye. antar-yuddh avadhi key dauran albanian bhoomi kii jabti aur serbian upaniveshvadiyon key basane ney kosovar albanian logon koo dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran aksh shaktiyon key saath sahyog karane key liye prerit kiya jinhone ack adhik seey adhik albania kaa vaadaa kiya thaa.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh.
7 aprail 1939 koo, antar-yuddh avadhi key dauran lambe samay taka ruchi aur prabhaav key vyaapak kshetra key baad benito musolini key netritva mein itali ney albania parr aakraman kiya. count gallezo sieno jaise italvi fasiwadi shasson key sadasyon ney albanian aparivartaniyata kaa iss vichaar key saath anusaran kiya kii yeh albanian logon key beach italvi samarthan arjit karega, jabaki balcon vijay key italvi yuddh key uddeshyon key saath bhee mell khaayega. kosovo key albania mein italvi vilay koo donon kshetron key albanian logon dwara ack lokpriya kaarravaai maanaa jaataa thaa aur shuru mein kosovar albanian aksh italvi balon kaa samarthan karate they. paschimi uttar macedonia koo aksh dwara itali key albania key unake sanrakshit raajya mein bhee milaa diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase italvi niyantran key tahat ack badaa albania banaa. samaaj key anya kshetron key saath saamyvaad kaa virodh karane vaale bhoomi swami abhijaat varg key sadasya, udaarvaadi rashtravadi italvi logon key tahat balli combator sangathan aur sahyogvaadi sarkaar kaa gathan karane key liye aae, joe sabhi rashtravadiyon key roop mein adhik seey adhik albania koo sanrakshit karane kii maang karate they. jabaki italvi logon ney unhein adhikaar dene key baare mein chinta vyakt kii. samay key saath italvi vyavasaay koo albanian aabaadi key vargon jaise buddhijiviyon, chhatron, anya peshevar vargon aur nagarvaasiyon dwara napsand kiya gayaa, jisane aage badhate hue albanian raashtravaad koo janm diyaa, jise jog key varshon key dauran badhaava diyaa gayaa.
yugoslav shasson key patan key parinamswarup albanian logon dwara badala lene kii kaarravaai kii gaee, kuchh sthaaniya "valnetari" milicia mein shamil hoe gaye jinhone serbian bastiyon koo jalaa diyaa aur sarbon koo maar daala, jabaki antar-yuddh serbian aur montenegrin upaniveshvadiyon koo uchit serbia mein nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa. inn karyon kaa uddeshya ack sajaatiya vrihat albanian raajya kaa nirmaan karna thaa. kosovo aur paschimi uttar macedonia mein italvi adhikaariyon ney schools, vishvavidyalaya shiksha aur prashaasan mein albanian key upayog kii anumati dee. kosovo, paschimi uttari macedonia aur albania seey judey anya nae kshetron mein, gair-albanian logon koo albanian schools mein bhaag lena padaa, joe faasivaad key saath-saath raashtravaad seey yukt pathyakram padhaate they aur unhein apane naam aur upnaam key liye albanian roopon koo apanaane key liye kahaa jaataa thaa. albanian logon key beach vahee rashtravadi bhaavanaaen jinhone ack vistaarit raajya key bheetar kosovo aur usake albanian logon koo jodane kaa swaagat kiya, ney bhee italvi logon key khilaf kaam kiya kyonki videshi kabje koo teji seey aswikar curr diyaa gayaa. maukhik virodh key alawa, italvi upasthiti key liye anya pratikriyaen antatah albanian communist party key madhyam seey sashastr vidroh key roop mein ubhari. italvi adhikaariyon ney jog varshon key dauran ack albanian rashtriya chetna key vikas kaa galat aaklan kiya thaa, iss dhaarana key saath kii albanian raashtravaad kamjor thaa yaa italvi logon dwara nirdeshit kiya jaa sakata thaa. kshetriya vibhajan taba badh gayaa jaba albania key uttar aur dakshin mein alag-alag agende vaale pratirodh samooh ubhare, jisane raashtravaad key vikas koo dheema curr diyaa. 1943 mein, italvi niyantran koo german shasson seey badal diyaa gayaa aur ack swatantra albania kii kalpana koo banaae rakhaa gayaa.
german vyaavsaayik adhikaariyon ney sahyogvaadi sarkaar koo sainya kaarravaai, saamyavaadi prabhutva yaa swaayatta key nuksan aur kosovo koo kataar mein rakhane key liye dhamki dene kii neeti koo uksaayaa. italvi jaise germans ney albanian raashtravaad koo galat samajha; isake parinamswarup, albanian gair-samyavadiyon ney vishvasaniyata khou dee, jabaki saamyavaadi pakshpaatiyon ney badhate albanian raashtravaad kii appeal kii. yuddh key baad kii sthiti mein iska matlab thaa kii balli combator jaise samooh joe aksh shaktiyon key saath gathbandhan curr chuke they, way albania mein satta hassil karane mein asamarth they, jabaki communist enver hoxa jaise ubharate netaaon ney ack rashtravadi hocker usa bhoomika key apane daave koo majboot kiya. paschimi uttar macedonia mein kuchh albanian "balli combator" mein shamil hoe gaye, sabse ullekhaniya zem hasaa they jinhone apani senaaon key saath saamyavaadi albanian aur macedonian pakshpaatiyon koo lakshit karane vaale vibhinn abhiyaanon parr aksh shaktiyon key saath sahyog kiya. 1944 mein german balon ney kewal kosovo mein seva karane key liye "ss scanderbag" division kaa nirmaan kiya, jisamen kosovar albanian mukhya bhartiyon key roop mein they aur halanki badey paimaane parr palayan hue, isake sadasyon ney serbian kshetron key khilaf abhiyaanon mein bhaag liya, jisake parinamswarup nagrik maare gaye aur lootpaat hui, jabaki chhote kosovan yahudi samudaay koo giraftar curr nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa. kosovar albanian logon koo pratirodh mein shamil karane key prayaas key liye, uttari albania key bujan (1943-1944) mein balli combator sadasyon aur albanian communists key beach ack baithak bulaai gaee thee joe aam sangharsh aur naee vistaarit seemaon key rakharkhaav key liye sahmat they. iss saude kaa yugoslav pakshakaron dwara virodh kiya gayaa thaa aur baad mein ise radd curr diyaa gayaa jisake parinamswarup kosovar albanian bharti seemit hoe gaee. shaban polujha jaise kuchh balli combator sadasya iss vichaar key saath pakshapaati bunn gaye kii kosovo albania kaa hissa bunn jaayega. yuddh kii samaapti key saath, una kosovar albanian logon mein seey kuchh ney yugoslav shasson kii vaapsee seey vishvaasghaat mahsoos kiya aur kaee varshon taka kosovo mein albanian rashtravadiyon ney pakshpaatiyon aur baad mein naee yugoslav senaa donon kaa virodh kiya. albanian rashtravadiyon ney yugoslavia key bheetar apane samavesh koo ack vyavasaay key roop mein dekhaa. protiya mein, uttar-paschimi yunan mein antar-yuddh kaal seey musalmaanon aur isaaiyon key beach sampradayik kalah yuddh key dauran sangharsh mein badal gaee. italvi aur baad mein german balon ney sthaaniya muslim albanian chams koo albania key saath kshetriya ekikaran kaa vaadaa kiya, jinhone aksh shaktiyon kaa samarthan kiya aur kuchh ney sthaaniya yoonaniyon aur yunani roodhivaadi albanian bolane vaalon kii pehchaan karane vaale hinsak roop seey lakshit abhiyaanon mein seedhe sahyog kiya, jisake parinamswarup edis balon dwara albania mein unakaa nishkasana (1944-1945) kiya gayaa.
albania janvaadi ganarajya key dauran albanian raashtravaad (1945-1991).
hoxa yuddh key anta mein albania key netaa key roop mein ubhara aur usake paas albania key punarnirmaan kaa kaam chhod diyaa gayaa joe kii jog varshon seey bachee hui neenv thee. hoxa ney albanian logon kii "akhand ekataa" key ird-gird ack vyavharya swatantra albanian rashtra raajya key nirmaan koo apana lakshya maanaa. albanian samaaj abhee bhee paaramparik roop seey chaar dhaarmik samudaayon key beach vibhajit thaa. 1945 kii albanian janganana mein, musalman (sunni aur bektashi) aabaadi kaa 72 pratishat they, 17.2% roodhivaadi aur 10 pratishat catholic they. communist party kaa samarthan aadhar chhota thaa aur kosovo mudde koo darkinar karane kii aavashyakta key parinamswarup hoxa ney satta mein baney rahane aur albania koo ack sthaayi raajya mein badalane key liye charam raashtravaad kaa sahaara liya. hoxa ney niraksharta aur shiksha koo samaapt karane key uddeshya seey vyaapak shiksha sudhaar lagu kiye, jiska upayog shasson kii saamyavaadi vichardhara aur raashtravaad pradaan karane key liye kiya gayaa. albania mein saamyvaad key dauran raashtravaad kaa aadhar markswad-leninism kii vichardhara thee. raashtravaad hoxa kii sabhi neetiyon kaa aadhar bunn gayaa kyonki yuddh ney iss mithak seey prerit ack "gherabandi raashtravaad kii sthiti" paida kii kii albanian sainya kaushal ney aksh shaktiyon koo haraaya joe shiksha aur sanskriti key sandarbh mein shasson kaa ack kendra bindu bunn gayaa. hoxa key raashtravaad key anya vishayon mein pratidhwanit scanderbag, leag off prisrain meating (1878), varnamala congress (1908), albanian swatantrata (1912) aur sansthaapak pitaa ismel kemali, vlora yuddh (1920) key dauran italvi haar aur ack nae albania key nirmaata key roop mein hoxa shamil they. hoxa ney ack aisaa saanskritik vatavaran banaaya aur utpann kiya jisamen saahitya, bhugol, itihas, bhashavigyan, nrivigyaan aur lokkathaon key kshetron mein raashtravaad parr jore dene vaale saiddhaantik prachaar kaa prabhutva thaa taaki albania key logon koo apane ateet kii samajh hoe. logon key beach prabhaav yeh thaa kii isane algavvad, videshi bhaya, slavophobia, bhashai ekroopata aur jaatiya saghanata paida kii.
saamyvaad key dauran mool siddhant.
saamyavaadi gutt mein stalinwadi rujhaanon kaa anukaran karate hue, albania ney kalanukramik vichardhara kaa apana sanskaran vikasit kiya, jisane illyrian jaise pracheen logon seey albanian logon kii rashtriya shreshthata aur nirantarta parr jore diyaa. albanian puraatatvidon koo hoxa (1960 key dashak key baad) dwara ack rashtravadi agende kaa paalan karane kaa nirdesh diyaa gayaa thaa joe illyrian aur illyrian-albanian nirantarta parr kendrit thaa aur una vishayon parr prakaashit adhyayanon key saath joe saamyavaadi raajneetik prachaar key roop mein upayog kiye jaate they, jisamen pelaszian kaa ullekh naheen kiya gayaa thaa. albanian logon key liye ack swatah-vishisht nasleeya utpatti parr jore dete hue, hoxa ney albanian bhashavidon aur puraatatvidon parr albanian koo vilupt illerian bhasha seey jodane parr jore diyaa. saamyavaadi sarkaar dwara vitt poshit aur lagu kiye gaye ubharate puraataatvik paridrishya ney iss baat parr jore diyaa kii albanian logon key poorvajon ney ack advitiya sanskriti vaale ekikrit aur badey kshetra parr shasson kiya. usa prayaas key liye albanian puraatatvidon ney yeh bhee daavaa kiya kii pracheen yunani "polis", vichaar, sanskriti poori tarah seey illyrian they aur yunani devtaon seey sambandhit adhikansh naam illyrian shabdon seey utpann hue they. albanian prakashanon aur television karyakramon (1960 key dashak key baad) ney albanian logon koo doosari seey teesari sahasrabdi taka paschimi balcon mein rahane vaali "indo-europeeya" illerian janjaatiyon key vanshajon key roop mein khud koo samajhana sikhaaya haye, jabaki unhein usa kshetra mein sabse puraane "swadeshi logon" key roop mein aur yoonaniyon key barabar daavaa kiya haye. bhautik maanavvigyaani ney yeh pradarshit karane kii bhee koshish kii kii albanian anya indo-europeeya aabaadi seey javic roop seey alag they, ack parikalpana abb aanuvanshik vishleshan dwara khariz curr dee gaee haye.
raashtravaad aur dharm.
albanian raashtravaad key madhyam seey saamyavaadi shasson ney ack rashtriya pehchaan banaane kaa prayaas kiya jisane ack ekaatmak albanian pehchaan banaane key uddeshya seey dhaarmik aur anya matbhedon koo paar curr liya aur samaapt curr diyaa. communists ney iss vichaar koo badhaava diyaa kii dhaarmik bhavna, yahaan taka kii albanian logon key beach ack aitihaasik sandarbh mein bhee nyuntam thee aur isake bajaay rashtriya bhavna hamesha mahatvapurna thee. albanian communists ney dharm koo ack samajik khatare key roop mein dekhaa joe rashtra kii ekataa koo cumm kartaa haye. iss sandarbh mein islam aur isai dharm jaise dharmon kii "videshi" key roop mein ninda kii gaee thee aur muslim aur isai paadari varg ney anya raajyon key "agent" banane aur albanian hiton koo kamjor karane kii pravritti key saath samajik roop seey pichhade honey kii aalochana kii thee. soviyat gutt seey albania koo baahar nikaalane key apane sangharsh key dauran hoxa dwara raashtravaad kaa upayog ack upkaran key roop mein bhee kiya gayaa thaa. 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein albanian ekataa key madhyam seey dhaarmik matbhedon koo door karane kii aavashyakta key liye pashko vaasaa kii kavita seey prerit hocker, hoxa ney "albanian logon kaa vishvaas albanian haye" chhand kaa upayog kiya aur ise shaabdik roop seey raajya neeti key roop mein lagu kiya. saamyavaadi shasson ney ghoshana kii kii albanian logon kaa ekmatra dharm "albaniyaivad" thaa. 1967 mein saamyavaadi shasson ney albania koo duniya kaa ekmatra naastik aur gair-dhaarmik desh ghoshit kiya aur saarvajanik roop seey sabhi prakaar key dhaarmik abhyaas parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. kaee maheenon key antaral mein communist shasson ney 2,169 dhaarmik imaraton (masjidon, churchon aur anya smarakon) koo nasht curr diyaa, jabaki muslim aur isai padariyon koo kaid curr liya gayaa, prataadit kiya gayaa aur kuchh mamalon mein unaki hatyaa curr dee gaee.
naam parivartan.
dharm-virodhi neetiyon key sandarbh mein saamyavaadi shasson ney 1975 mein anivarya naam parivartan kaa adesh diyaa, vishesh roop seey albania mein nagrikon key liye upnaam jinhen "anuchit" yaa "raajneetik, vaichaarik aur naitik drishtikon seey aakramak" maanaa jaataa thaa. shasson ney jore dekar kahaa kii maataa-pitaa aur bachche gair-dhaarmik naam praapt karein joe albanian pauranik aakritiyon, bhaugolik visheshtaon aur nae gadhaa gaye naamon seey praapt hue they. inn naamon koo aksar ack kathit "illerian" aur moortipoojak mool maanaa jaataa thaa, jabaki islam yaa isai dharm seey judey naamon koo dridhata seey hatotsaahit kiya jaataa thaa. gair-albanian naamon koo badal diyaa gayaa joe raajya key albanian raashtravaad key sanskaran key saath gaye. inn drishtikonon key parinamswarup udaaharan key liye una kshetron mein sthalnamon kaa albaniyaikaran huaa jahaan kuchh slavic alpasankhyak aadhikarik farman (1966) key madhyam seey rahate they aur slavic yuvaaon kaa, halanki poori tarah seey macedonian samudaay kaa naheen thaa. saamyavaadi shasson ney bhee ack rashtravadi yunani virodhi neeti apnai. albania mein yoonaniyon koo apane naamon kaa albaniaikaran karane aur aise naamon koo chunane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa jinake jaatiya yaa dhaarmik arth naheen they, jisake parinamswarup yunani parivaaron ney bachchon koo alag-alag naam diye taaki vyaapak aabaadi mein albanian logon koo paas kiya jaa sakey. 1980 key dashak mein albanian raashtravaad hoxa key saamyavaadi siddhanton key dayare mein ack mahatvapurna raajneetik kaarak bunn gayaa.
yugoslavia (kosovo aur uttari macedonia) key bheetar.
antar-yuddh kaal key dauran aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, kosovar albanian samaaj key kuchh hisson mein albanian bhasha kii shiksha kii kamee thee jaise kii gaanvon mein rahane vaale loga mukhya roop seey anpadh they, aur lock sangeet raashtravaad kaa mukhya chaalak thaa. 1950 aur 1960 key dashak ack serbian communist alexander rankovic key tahat kosovo mein daman aur albanian virodhi neetiyon dwara chihnit ack avadhi thee, joe baad mein baahar hoe gayaa aur jise tito dwara barkhast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss samay key dauran kosovar albanian logon key liye raashtravaad usa samay kii sthitiyon koo cumm karane kaa ack madhyam bunn gayaa. 1968 mein yugoslav serb key adhikaariyon ney badhate albanian raashtravaad key baare mein chetavani dee aur navambar taka hajaaron albanian logon dwara ashanti aur pradarshanon key baad kosovo koo ganarajya kaa darja praapt karane key liye, ack swatantra albanian-bhasha vishvavidyalaya aur kuchh koo albania key saath ekikaran key liye bulaaya gayaa. tito ney yugoslav samvidhaan (1974) koo phir seey likhaa aur kosovo praant koo swaayatta aur ganrajyon key samaan sanghiya nirnay lene kii prakriya mein veeto jaisi shaktiyon seey sammaanit karke albanian shikayaton koo door karane kaa prayaas kiya.
1971 aur 1981 key beach, kosovo mein albanian raashtravaad kaa uday albanian sanskriti key punruddhar key saath huaa jisane rashtriya abhivyakti aur jagrukta key nae raaste khole joe taba aaya jaba yugoslavia ney kosovar albanian logon koo kuchh saanskritik aur raajneetik adhikaaron koo sweekaar curr liya. iss samay key dauran yugoslavia mein albanian raashtravaad kaa mudda mukhya roop seey kosovar albanian communists key liye chhod diyaa gayaa thaa aur unhone kuchh bhoomigat sangathanon parr gatividhiyon key baare mein khufiya jaankaari koo belgrade seey roque diyaa thaa. kosovo mein albanian raashtravaad "aitihaasik adhikaaron" key vichaar parr adharit haye kii albanian pracheen illyrian key vanshaj hain joe unhein kosovo key hakdar pahali aabaadi banaate hain aur sarbon key poorvajon, slaav key aagaman seey pahale. (deshbhakt) kosovar albanian itihaskaron (1970 key dashak key baad) kii vidvata serb aur macedonian parr kosovo aur uttari macedonia mein usa aabaadi kii prathamikta key saath-saath illerian-albanian nirantarta koo pradarshit karane key prayaas key baare mein shodh karane key ird-gird ghoomati thee. kosovar albanian itihaskaron ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh key pakshapaatpurna sangharsh aur yugoslavia kii mukti mein albanian yogdan parr bhee dhyaan kendrit kiya kyonki yeh anya rashtriyataon key anupaat mein thaa. inn tarkon kaa upayog kosovo key adhikaar key prati albanian daavon koo sahee thaharaane aur kosovo koo yugoslav sangh key saatven ganarajya key roop mein oopar uthaane kii albanian ichcha key liye kiya gayaa thaa. albanian mein shiksha albanian raashtravaad kaa ack srot bunn gaee aur albanian bhasha key granthon taka seemit thee joe gair-albanian logon key liye durgam they jabaki schooly paathya pustaken kuchh hudd taka rashtravadi theen. albanian bhasha key granthon mein albanian itihaslekhan koo yugoslavia key alochakon dwara raashtravaad mein "yuvaaon key upadesh" key mool kaaran key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa.
1981 mein albanian raashtravaad kaa prakop huaa. pristina vishvavidyalaya kuchh rashtravadi unmukh chhatron key liye ack kendra bunn gayaa jisane samajik shikayaton parr kosovar albanian virodh (1981) utpann kiya joe croatian vasant (1971) key baad seey yugoslavia mein raashtravaad kii pahali badey paimaane parr abhivyakti koo chihnit kartaa haye. kosovar albanian communists ney virodh pradarshanon kii ninda kii aur albanian raashtravaad key khilaf abhiyaan kaa netritva karate hue yugoslav ekataa kaa samarthan kiya aur iss mayane mein anya yugoslav communists key vichaar saajha kiye. balcon mein albanian logon kaa ack raajya mein ekikaran bhee kosovar albanian raashtravaad kii ack visheshta thee aur yeye vichaar asantusht aur bhoomigat samoohon taka hii seemit they. 1981 key virodh key sandarbh mein inn samoohon ney vampanthi raajneetik jhukaav vaale kaee logon koo germany (1982) mein "kosovo kaa lock andolan" (ell. pee. aar. key.) banaane key liye ekjut kiya. albanian logon kaa ack raajya mein ekikaran ack aisee maang thee jise yugoslavia mein algavvad aur aparivartaniyata key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa jise pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. kosovar albanian rashtravadiyon koo samoohon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, jinamen seey ack samooh poore albanian prashn parr dhyaan kendrit karna chaahata thaa aur doosara mukhya roop seey kosovo parr dhyaan kendrit karna chaahata thaa. kosovar albanian logon dwara raajneetik asahamati key parinamswarup 1970 aur 1980 key dashak key dauran karawas huaa aur adhikansh raajneetik kaidi shamil hue. kosovo mein uchch janm darr koo albanian logon dwara sthaaniya sarbon kii sankhya seey adhik "shuddh kosovo" praapt karane key ack tareeke key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, jabaki communist raajnetaon kaa maanana thaa kii albanian aprabhaavi loga kosovo koo sarbon seey mukt karane kaa prayaas curr rahey they. 1970 aur 1980 key dashak mein, albanian raashtravaad kii bhaavanaaen kosovo seey uttari macedonia taka fail gaee theen, joe macedonian communist adhikaariyon koo chintit curr rahee theen, jisake parinamswarup albanian saanskritik aur bhashai mamalon parr raajya key samajik-raajneetik niyantran key upaay hue, joe "bhedbhaav" key roop mein sandarbhit ack abhiyaan mein albanian raashtravaad kii abhivyaktiyon koo dabaa rahey they.
asahamati aur raashtravaad kaa uday.
belgrade mein adhikaariyon dwara albanian raashtravaad aur albanian rashtravadiyon key daman ney swatantrata andolan koo majboot kiya aur kosovar albanian logon kii durdasha kii or antarrashtriya dhyaan kendrit kiya. kosovo mein ghatnaaon key kaaran yugoslavia key halia vikriteekaran koo badhaava diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki saanskritik sansthanon aur media key bheetar serbian raashtravaad ney taakat hassil kii. albanian rashtriya pehchaan kii abhivyaktiyon koo atyadhik yugoslav virodhi aur teji seey serb virodhi maanaa jaataa thaa. usa sandarbh mein albanian bhasha kii shiksha koo serbian seemaon aur samprabhuta key liye khatra maanaa jaataa thaa aur ise albanian raashtravaad key roop mein pahachaana jaataa thaa. 1989 taka kosovo ney yugoslavia key bheetar joe swaayatta praapt kii thee, usey serbian netaa sloboden milosevic dwara radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa. albanian rashtravadiyon ney "kosovo kii loktaantrik leag" (ell. dee. key.) naamak ack gair-sarkari sangathan banaaya, jisane kaee asantusht kosovar albanian communists koo bhee praapt kiya, joe swaayatta koo radd karane key baad isake rankon mein shamil hoe gaye. iska netritva buddhijivi ibrahim rugova ney kiya thaa jinhone shantivadi pratirodh kii avadhi shuru kii aur leag ney ack swatantra kosovo praapt karane key apane lakshya key roop mein banaae rakhate hue sarkaar aur nagrik samaaj kaa ack samanantar roop banaaya. kosovo shiksha pranali vaha sthaan bunn gaee jahan serbian aur albanian raashtravaad ney apane sangharsh koo anjam diyaa. sarbon ney shiksha pranali parr niyantran rakhane parr jore diyaa, jabaki albanian logon key liye shaikshik avsar seemit hoe gaye kyonki unhein vishvavidyalaya aur schools seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa. isane kosovar albanian logon koo ack samanantar shiksha pranali sthaapit karane key liye prerit kiya jahan niji ghar schools key roop mein kaam karate they. albanian chhaatr kosovo key albanian itihas koo seekhakar rashtravadi sanskriti mein doobe hue they aur abb yugoslav "bhaichare aur ekataa" yug key siddhanton aur serbian bhasha seekhane key liye ujagar naheen they.
1980 key dashak key anta aur 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein.
kosovo parr advitiya daavaa karane vaali kosovar albanian rashtriya pehchaan 1990 key dashak key dauran ack samaan hoe gaee aur isamen kaee kaarak shamil they joe una vikaason kaa kaaran baney. unamen seey albanian savinay avagya aur lokpriya pratirodh, serb raajya key virodh mein ack samanantar samaaj kaa nirmaan aur sangharsh shuru karane vaali kuchh bhoomigat koshikaaen theen joe kull milakar serbian sarkaar kii neetiyon aur daman key prati pratikriya thee. 1980 key dashak key anta seey albanian pehchaan key dayare mein islam koo kaee kosovar albanian bauddhik aur raajneetik hastiyon dwara cumm karke dikhaaya gayaa thaa, jabaki isai dharm koo "europeeya pehchaan" key paschimi marker key roop mein badhaava diyaa gayaa thaa. saamyvaad key baad, kosovo albanian macedonia mein albanian logon key saath-saath albanian raashtravaad koo badhaava dene vaali mukhya shakti bunn gaye, jabaki islam albanian raajneetik raashtravaad koo spasht karane mein ack mukhya kendra bindu naheen banaa. kosovar albanian musalmaanon kii haal kii raajneetik gatishilata mein islam ack mahatvapurna kaarak naheen thaa, joe sarbon key khilaf apane sangharsh key dauran catholic albanian logon key saath shamil hue they. inn varshon key dauran rugova ney albanian logon dwara nirvaachit rashtrapati key roop mein ack albanian pehchaan koo badhaava diyaa joe unaki europeata aur prachinta parr jore detee haye, vishesh roop seey pracheen dardania parr adharit. dayton shaanti samjhaute (1995) mein kosovo mudde koo darkinar curr diyaa gayaa, jisase yugoslavia kaa vighatan samaapt hoe gayaa, adhik ugravaadi aur yuva aavaajen rugova key shantivad seey mohbhang hoe gaeen, jaise kii kosovo mukti senaa (1992 kii sthaapana) ney serbian balon key khilaf hamale shuru curr diye. key. ell. aeye. ell. pee. aar. key. seey ubhara thaa kyonki isake kaee sadasya raajneetik andolan seey sambandhit they. choonki iska sansthaapak lakshya balcon mein albanian aabaadi vaali bhoomi koo ack badey albania mein ekjut karna thaa, isaliye klai kii vaichaarik aadhaaraatmakta albanian sanskriti, jaatiyata aur rashtra parr jore dene vaale albanian raashtravaad kii thee. swatantrata key baad, swaayatta aur dwirashtriya raajya sanghikaran key liye albanian bahusankhyak paschimi uttar macedonia mein ack janmat sangrah aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen seey tetovo aur struga key kuchh albanian raajnetaon ney sabhi yugoslav albanian logon koo ack ikai mein ekjut karane key uddeshya seey "ilirida ganarajya" (1991-1992) kii ghoshana kii thee.
kosovo sangharsh (1990) aur kosovan swatantrata (2000).
1997 seey sangharsh badh gayaa kyonki yugoslavian senaa ney kshetra mein kaarravaai key saath jawabi kaarravaai kii jisake parinamswarup hinsa aur jansankhya visthaapan huaa. pahali basti aur illerian vansh key mithakon ney kosovar albanian logon key liye swatantrata sangram koo uchit thaharaane kaa kaam kiya, jise antatah albanian bhoomi koo ack ekaatmak raajya mein ekjut karane key liye dekhaa gayaa, jisamen samkaaleen balcon albanian basey hue bhoomi koo shamil karate hue ilikam kii pauranik sthiti kaa punarnirmaan kiya gayaa. 1998 mein jashari parivaar key parisar mein ack golibari mein ack klaa commander addam jashari aur aspas key yugoslav sainikon ney bhaag liya, jisake parinamswarup jashari parivaar key adhikansh sadasyon kaa narsamhar huaa. yeh ghatana serb balon key sashastr pratirodh key sambandh mein klaa bharti key liye ack raili mithak bunn gaee. 1999 taka kosovo mein antarrashtriya hita yuddh mein badal gayaa, jisake parinamswarup milosevic key khilaf naato key hastakshep key parinamswarup, hajaaron albanian logon kii jaatiya safai ney unhein sangharsh kii samaapti key saath padosi deshon mein dhakel diyaa, joe yugoslav balon kii vaapsee koo chihnit kartaa haye. gair-albanian samudaayon jaise kii serb aur romani key kaee loga sashastr logon aur lautane vaale sharanarthiyon dwara badale key hamalon key darr seey kosovo seey bhaag gaye, jabaki anya parr klaa aur sashastr girohon dwara jaane kaa dabaav daala gayaa. sangharsh key baad kosovo koo ack antarrashtriya sanyukt rashtra dhaanche key tahat rakhaa gayaa thaa, jisamen "kosovo mein ack antarim prashaasnik mission" (anamik) prashaasnik mamalon kii dekhrekh kartaa thaa aur "ack kosovo bull" (key. aff. aar.) raksha seey nipatata thaa.
balcon mein samkaaleen albanian raashtravaad.
albania.
hoxa key tanashahi aur hinsak shasson kii viraasat key kaaran, saamyvaad key baad key vatavaran mein albanian logon ney hoxa key albanian raashtravaad key sanskaran koo khariz curr diyaa haye. isake bajaay ise nagrik raashtravaad aur kshetriyata key ack kamjor roop key saath-saath kuchh udaharanon mein ack nishchit raashtravaad-virodhi key saath badal diyaa gayaa haye jisane ack albanian nagrik samaaj key nirmaan koo baadhit kiya haye. uttar-saamyavaadi albanian sarkaaren albanian rashtriya jaagriti key siddhanton koo rashtra koo samajik-raajneetik aur dhaarmik matbhedon seey oopar rakhate hue aur desh koo euro-atlantic ekikaran kii or leey jaate hue albania key liye ack maargdarshak prabhaav key roop mein dekhti hain. europe key sambandh mein samkaaleen albania kii aakaankshaon key anuroop, zog aur baad key hoxa yug key itihas key vishayon aur avadhaaranaon koo abhee bhee sanshodhit kiya jaanaa aur saamyvaad key baad key vatavaran mein apanaaya jaanaa jaari haye. saamyavaadi yug key dauran aur usake baad key vidvaanon dwara rachit albanian rashtravadi itihaslekhan key rujhaan iss baat parr tike hue hain kii ottoman shasson koo anya balcon itihaslekhan key samaan "juaa" kaal key roop mein vyakhya kii jaati haye. iss tarah key dwait key madhyam seey itihas koo samajhane kii viraasat adhikansh albanian logon key liye bunny hui haye, udaaharan key liye way scanderbag aur ottoman virodhi taakton koo "achchha" maanate hain jabaki ottoman "buraa" haye. albanian sarkaar ney scanderbag koo ottoman key prati albanian pratirodh key netaa aur apani isai prishthabhoomi parr jore diye binaa ack albanian kendrikrit raajya key nirmaata key roop mein darshaaya haye. raajya key sansthaapak ismel qemaali jaise musalman samudaay key logon koo sarkaar dwara sammaanit kiya jaataa haye aur albanian logon dwara rashtra key rakshak key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, halanki unaki dhaarmik prishthabhoomi koo darkinar curr diyaa gayaa haye. bhaarat mein missionary gatividhiyon key liye jaani jaane vaali ack albanian nana sant madar terresa kii aakriti kaa upayog albania, kosovo aur macedonia mein rashtravadi uddeshyon key liye kiya gayaa haye. albania key bheetar usey raajneetik abhijaat varg dwara albania key ander aur baahar paschim key albanian prateek key roop mein badhaava diyaa jaataa haye taaki euro-atlantic aakaankshaon aur ekikaran key sambandh mein desh kii antarrashtriya sthiti koo badhaaya jaa sakey.
samkaaleen samaaj aur rajneeti mein mool siddhanton kaa prabhaav.
albanian rajneeti key kshetra mein, iliriyanon koo aadhikarik taur parr albanian logon key poorvaj maanaa jaataa haye. illerian siddhant albanian raashtravaad, vidvata aur puraatatvidon koo prabhaavit karna jaari rakhta haye kyonki ise kosovo, paschimi macedonia aur dakshini albania, i mein albanian upasthiti kii nirantarta key kuchh pramaan pradaan karane key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.ee., way kshetra joe albanian, serb, macedonian aur yoonaniyon key beach jaatiya sanghrshon key adheen they. paschimi balcon key "sabse puraane nivaasiyon" key roop mein iliriyanon key vanshaj honey kaa daavaa karane vaale kuchh albanian rashtravadiyon key liye unhein balcon mein badee bhoomi parr "poorv daavaa" karane kii anumati detaa haye. tathaakathit authochatoni siddhant key sandarbh mein, albanian vidwan kansya yug key anta mein albania mein paae jaane vaale mycenian yunani dafan pattern kii kissy bhee samaantaa koo sanyog yaa gair-astitva key roop mein aswikar karate hain. yadyapi puraataatvik aur bhashai sakshya bataate hain kii iliriyanon kii koee sajaatiya jaatiya ikai naheen thee, lekin aaj bhee ise sthaaniya vidvata mein chunauti dee jaati haye. pracheen kaal seey yunani aur roman aakritiyon jaise aristotal, epirus key pirhas, alekjendar dha grate aur mahaan koo pratibandhit karane kaa bhee daavaa kiya jaataa haye.
ack pramukh albanian upanyaskar ismel kadare ney apane lekhan mein homerick aadarshon parr adharit pracheen yoonaniyon key saath albanian nikatata key baare mein rashtravadi albanian itihaslekhan key vishayon koo pratibimbit kiya haye, yeh daavaa karate hue kii albanian swayam yoonaniyon kii tulanaa mein adhik yunani hain. unhone albanian pehchaan parr bahas shuru karate hue kahaa haye kii albanian ack gorey loga hain aur islam videshi akramanon kaa parinam rhaa haye.
aadhunik vidvata dwara aswikar kiye gaye, 1990 key dashak key anta aur 2000 key dashak kii shuruat key dauran pelaszian siddhant koo albania aur anya sambandhit vishayon parr prakaashit anuvaadit videshi pustakon kii ack shrinkhala key madhyam seey punarjeevit kiya gayaa haye aur aaj albanian raashtravaad mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye. unamen lekhak robbert dee 'angelli, advin everate jacks, maithyu aref aur aristadis koliyas shamil hain, jinake karyon ney pracheen pelaszian (yoonaniyon key saath saajha) seey albanian vansh key baare mein 19 veen shatabdi key vichaaron koo punarjeevit kiya haye aur ack europeeya "shwet jaati" honey key saath-saath kaee yunani shabdon kii albanian vyutpatti key saath. albania mein pelaszian siddhant kaa upayog albania mein albanian aur grees mein albanian pravasiyon dwara balcon mein ack pracheen aur swachaalit aabaadi key roop mein khud koo punarvaas karane key liye ack upkaran key roop mein kiya gayaa haye taaki yoonaniyon parr albanian logon kii prathamikta koo "saabit" kiya jaa sakey. vaikalpik pelaszian siddhant kaa punruddhar uttar-saamyavaadi yunani-albanian sambandhon key sandarbh mein huaa haye taaki yoonaniyon parr saanskritik varchasva aur aitihaasik prathamikta paida kii jaa sakey aur kabhi-kabhi albanian logon dwara anya (aitihaasik) europeeya sanskritiyon kii or. mukhya roop seey bhasha key sambandh mein albanian schooly pustakon ney bhee kaee baar iss baat parr jore diyaa haye kii illyrian pelaszian key uttaradhikari hain.
kosovo aur uttari macedonia.
kosovo yuddh (1999) ney balcon albanian aur pravaasi (europe aur uttari america) key beach internet kaa upayog karane key liye utsaah paida kiya taaki seemaon aur bhugol aur cyberspace seey alag samudaayon key beach soochana aur sanchaar key liye teji seey ack jaatiya-raajneetik sthaan bunn gayaa haye jahaan albanian aprabhaavi websites parr maanchitra jaisi samagri key madhyam seey adhik seey adhik albania koo badhaava dete hain. sangharsh key baad kosovo rugova ney raajya key pahaluon parr jore dene kii disha mein apane abhiyaan mein ack pehchaan prabandhan pariyojana parr shodh karane aur usey aage badhaane mein samay bitaaya joe pracheen dardania parr kendrit thee aur bhavishya mein swatantra kosovo key liye rashtrapati dhwaj jaise raajya prateekon koo design kiya thaa. kuchh kosovar albanian logon ney kosovo koo "dardania" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya haye aur kabhi-kabhi rugova ney una chaalon kaa samarthan kiya haye. kosovo koo ack albanian kshetra key roop mein paribhaashit karane key liye, iss avadhi key dauran albanization kii prakriya seey gujarane vaali kuchh bastiyon, sadakon, chaurahon aur sangathanon key liye nae yaa vaikalpik naamon koo nirdhaarit karane key liye kosovar albanian shikshaavidon key netritva mein ack sthalnam aayog (1999) kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. una upaayon koo kosovar albanian shaikshanik, raajneetik, saahityik aur media abhijaat varg key kshetron dwara badhaava diyaa gayaa haye joe kaee toponiums key upayog key saath prashaasnik aur samajik bhram paida karate hain jisake parinamswarup vyaapak kosovar albanian samaaj dwara chhitput sweekriti milati haye.
kosovo mein, albanian khud koo balkan mein sabse puraane rashtra aur pracheen illyrian key vanshajon key roop mein dekhate hain, unake atmanirnaya sangharsh kii vyakhya iss kshetra mein pahale basane vaalon mein seey ack key roop mein kii jaa rahee haye joe slavic serb "interlopers" key khilaf lada rahey hain. sarbon koo albanian rashtravadiyon dwara samanya shabdon mein "gulam" maanaa jaataa haye aur unhein ack vistaarit albanian raajya key bheetar aitihaasik kshetriya adhikaaron key binaa dekhaa jaataa haye. kosovo mein, atirikt dardenian-illerian siddhant bhee maujood haye joe samkaaleen kosovar albanian koo dardenian key pratyaksh vanshaj key roop mein daavaa kartaa haye, joe pracheen kaal mein iss kshetra mein rahane vaale illerian logon kaa ack upsamooh haye. kosovar albanian logon dwara dardanian logon koo catholic maanaa jaataa haye aur unaki vyakhya una daason key virodh mein aitihaasik roop seey albanian logon koo paschimi sabhyata kaa hissa banaane key roop mein kii jaati haye, jinn parr catholic churchon koo lene aur unhein roodhivaadi mein parivartit karane kaa aarop haye. iss mithak ney sarbon seey kosovan atmanirnaya key liye sangharsh koo prabhaavit kiya haye kii ack swatantra kosovo koo albania seey alag aur pracheen dardanian raajya kii bahaali aur manoranjan key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. haalaanki kosovar albanian logon dwara pracheen dardanian logon koo kosovo key ack badey illerian poore yaa aadhunik albanian logon koo ack badey albania mein phir seey ekjut karane key sandarbh mein albanian ekikaran kii vyakhya kii gaee haye. iss mithak ney kathit dushman key nishkasana aur bedkhal koo uchit thaharaane kaa bhee kaam kiya haye jise yaa tou asthaayi yaa shatrutapurna kabjadhariyon key roop mein samajha jaataa haye. kosovo mein albanian logon key liye rashtravadi rajneeti aur puraatatva key beach ack majboot kadee maujood haye. kosovar albanian puraatatvavid puraataatvik khudai aur unaki vyakhyaon key madhyam seey kosovar albanian logon koo sthaaniya pracheen dardenian aur illerian aabaadi seey jodane kaa prayaas jaari rakhate hain.
2004 mein, kosovo kii bhavishya kii sthiti, samajik-raajneetik samasyaon aur rashtravadi bhaavanaon parr lambi baatchit key parinamswarup kosovo dange hue. kosovar albanian logon dwara hinsa aur kshati key sangathit aur sahaj krityon koo serb, unake churchon aur romanon kii sampattiyon parr nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen kuchh maare gaye aur kaee visthaapit hoe gaye. kosovo key mamle mein kshetriya samprabhuta parr adharit antarrashtriya kanuni udaharanon koo darkinar curr diyaa gayaa thaa jaba antarrashtriya samudaay key kuchh hisson ney kosovan swatantrata (2008) kii ghoshana koo maanyata dee thee. ise iss darr key kaaran rakhaa gayaa thaa kii aisaa naa karane seey albanian raashtravaad paida hoe jaayega, jisase kosovo mein antarrashtriya samudaay key liye sthiti mushkil aur badatar hoe jaayegi, jisase sangharsh huaa thaa. balcon mein albanian raashtravaad koo kosovo mein aage kii ghatnaaon key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye jisane raashtravaad kii ghatana key baare mein chinta paida kii haye aur serb, croats, macedonian, roman aur bulgarian key beach bhaya paida kiya haye. kosovo yuddh kii samaapti key parinamswarup vibhinn hinsak sanghrshon koo jaari rakhate hue klaa seey shakha gurilla samoohon aur raajneetik sangathanon kaa uday huaa. precevo ghaati mein "precevo, medweda aur bujanovak kii mukti senaa" (yuu. see. pee. aim. bee.) ney serb balon (1999-2001) seey ladaai ladee, joe padosi kosovo key saath kshetra koo ekjut karane kaa prayaas curr rahee thee, aur sangharsh serbia mein shaanti vaarta aur adhik seey adhik albanian adhikaaron mein samaapt huaa. macedonia ganarajya key uttari hisson mein "rashtriya mukti senaa" (aine. ell. aeye.) ney macedonian balon (2001) key khilaf ladaai ladee, jisamen sangharsh shaanti vaarta mein samaapt huaa aur macedonia mein adhik seey adhik albanian adhikaar pradaan karane vaale "ohrid samjhaute" parr hastakshar kiye gaye.
sangharsh key baad, macedonia mein albanian logon ney scopje mein scanderbag jaisi albanian aitihaasik hastiyon kii naee moortiyaan rakhee hain aur aise vyaktiyon key naam parr schools kaa naam rakhaa haye, jabaki maare gaye klaa aur aine. ell. aeye. ladaakon key liye smaarak banaae gaye hain. albanian rashtravadi macedonian jaatiyata koo serbia koo kamjor karane, anya pahchaanon koo banaane seey rokane aur yugoslavia mein macedonia ganarajya key astitva koo vaidh banaane key liye yugoslav dwara aavishkaar key roop mein dekhate hain. macedonians koo (rashtravadi) albanians dwara "shki" (slaav) shabd key saath ack jaatiya saamoohikta key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye joe apmaanjanak arth bhee rakhta haye. albanian rashtravadi macedonia key una kshetron parr aitihaasik kshetriya adhikaaron key binaa macedonia key logon koo dekhate hain joe ack badey albania kaa hissa bunn jaayenge aur ganarajya key aadhe kshetra parr daavaa karenge. raajneetik kshetra mein albanian dall muslim sansthanon key niyantran aur hastakshep key saath-saath islam aur muslim ghatakon kii sanskriti kii raksha karane parr jore dete hue raajya key dharmnirpeksh dhaanche kaa samarthan karate hue dharmnirpeksh aur rashtravadi manchon koo banaae rakhate hain. albania aur kosovo key vipareet, rashtriya pehchaan aur islam paaramparik roop seey macedonia key albanian logon key beach judey hue aur majboot hain. macedonia mein alpamat honey key kaaran albanian logon kii sthiti aur adhikansh musalman honey key kaaran roodhivaadi slavian macedonian bahumat key virodh mein rashtriya aur dhaarmik pehchaan kaa mishran huaa haye. macedonia mein kuchh muslim albanian pratishthanon key logon kaa maanana haye kii ack achchha musalman honah albanian honey kaa paryaay haye.
sangharsh key baad kosovo klaa senaniyon koo kosovar albanian samaaj dwara jeevani, smarakon key nirmaan aur smaarak karyakramon key prayojan jaise saahitya key prakaashan key saath sammaanit kiya gayaa haye. addam jashari key karnamon koo poorv klaa sadasyon dwara, kuchh sarkaar mein, aur kosovar albanian samaaj dwara manaaya gayaa haye aur kinvadanti mein badal diyaa gayaa haye, jisake parinamswarup geet, saahitya, smaarak, smaarak aur sadakon aur imaraton key saath kosovo key paar unake naam kii imaraton key saath. islam parr jore dene key sandarbh mein, kosovar albanian logon ney albanian isai mool aur viraasat mein ruchi dikhaai haye aur unakaa ullekh kiya haye, vishesh roop seey "laraman" (kosovan gupt-catholic) ney muslim honey key bavjood albanian logon koo mool roop seey europeeya key roop mein prastut karane mein sahaayata kii haye. drenica kshetra key bheetar purani albanian paramparaon kaa upayog ack sthaaniya key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, madhyayugeen serb aakriti milos obilich () jinhone sultan murad pratham koo maar daala thaa, kosovo school kii pathyapustakon mein aur kuchh albanian rashtravadiyon dwara night koo albanian key roop mein daavaa karane key liye upayog kiya gayaa haye. kosovo kii ladaai mein albanian logon kii bhagidari kii sthaapana kosovar albanian logon key liye europeeya honey kii jadon kaa daavaa karane aur islam mein aitihaasik roopaantaran koo darkinar karane kaa ack saadhan rhaa haye. kosovo yuddh aur rashtra nirmaan key sandarbh mein, sarkari halakon aur vyaapak kosovo albanian samaaj mein kuchh ney madhyayugeen seey laker samkaaleen samay taka raajyon aur videshi kabja karane vaale logon key liye nirantar albanian pratirodh kii kathaa koo badhaava diyaa haye. swatantrata kii ghoshana (2008) key saath, kosovo sarkaar ney desh koo aantarik aur antarrashtriya star parr "navjat" key roop mein badhaava diyaa haye, joe ack aisee vichardhara paida karati haye joe ateet koo todane aur ack loktaantrik bahusaanskritik bhavishya sthaapit karane kaa prayaas karati haye. kosovo mein albanian raashtravaad dharmnirpeksh haye jabaki islam mukhya roop seey rashtriya aur saanskritik pehchaan key maapdandon key bheetar samaahit haye jisamen kabhi-kabhi pramukh kabile aur parivarik pehchaan shamil hoti haye. saarvajanik kshetra key bheetar islam kabhi-kabhi albanian logon key satahi musalman honey key pramukh rashtravadi drishtikon koo chunauti dene key liye phir seey saamane aataa haye, halanki raajneetik kshetra mukhya roop seey dharmnirpeksh banaa huaa haye.
balcon mein paine-albanian aur albanian rajneeti.
2000 key dashak key dauran albania mein ack badey albania key liye ladane key liye raajneetik dall ubhare. way "albanian logon kaa rashtriya mukti morcha" (key. key. see. aim. tii. aiss. aich.) aur "rashtriya ekataa kii party" (pook) they, joe donon kaa 2002 mein vilay curr "sanyukt rashtriya albanian morcha" (aff. bee. aiks.) kaa gathan kiya gayaa, joe "albanian rashtriya senaa" (aaa. key. aiss.) aatankvaadi samooh key liye raajneetik sangathan key roop mein kaary kartaa thaa. antarrashtriya star parr aatankvaadi maane jaane vaale donon bhoomigat hoe gaye hain aur isake sadasya 2000 key dashak key dauran kosovo, serbia aur macedonia mein vibhinn hinsak ghatnaaon mein shamil rahey hain. 2000 key dashak kii shuruat mein, "liberation armi off cameria" (yuu. see. see.) ack kathit ardhsainik gathan thaa jiska uddeshya epirus key uttari yunani kshetra mein sakriya honah thaa. kewal raajneetik paridrishya mein sakriya raajneetik dall maujood hain jinka rashtravadi drishtikon haye, way hain rajtantravadi "vaidhata andolan party" (pee. ell. ell.), "rashtriya ekataa party" (pee. bee. aiks.) "balli combator" key saath, ack party jisane chunavi seema koo paarit kiya haye aur sansad mein pravesh kiya haye. yeye raajneetik dall, jinamen seey kuchh adhik albania kii vakaalat karate hain, mukhya roop seey mahatvaheen rahey hain aur albanian raajneetik paridrishya key kinare parr baney hue hain. chunavi seema koo paar karane vaali ack anya rashtravadi party "nyaay, ekikaran aur ekataa key liye party" (pdiu) haye joe uttari grees seey unake dusare vishva yuddh key nirvaasan seey sambandhit sampatti aur anya muddon key sambandh mein chaam albanian samudaay kaa pratinidhitva karati haye. vartamaan samajwadi pradhaan mantri addie raama ney pee. dee. aaee. yuu. key saath gathbandhan mein chaam kaa mudda uthaaya haye, jabaki pee. dee. aaee. yuu. kii sabhaon mein pracheen yunani devtaon key baare mein tippani kii gaee haye aur aspas key kshetron key baare mein ullekh kiya gayaa haye kii way albanian hain aur grees seey kadee fatkaar lagaate hain. kuchh isi tarah key vichaar samay-samay parr albania key raajneetik abhijaat varg key sadasyon dwara bhee vyakt kiye gaye hain. albanian rajneeti key kshetra mein yunani virodhi bhaavanaaen maujood hain aur udaaharan key liye rashtravadi andolan dwara raajneetik dall "laal aur kaalaa gathbandhan" (aeye. key.) mein parivartit karke vyakt kii gaee hain. albanian logon key beach shadyantra siddhanton key roop mein vyakt yunani virodhi bhaavanaaen aarthik protsahanon key madhyam seey albanian logon key hellenization key kathit darr parr adharit hain, joe dakshini albania kii or yunani irradentwad key saath-saath yunani sankhya koo kritrim roop seey badhaakar ack "time-bumm" banaata haye. aise shadyantra siddhant hain jinamen yunani vistaarvaadi yojanaon key saath pehchaan unhein raajya key sambhaavit dushmanon key roop mein vargeekrit karegi. kuchh albanian albania key adhik aatm-mukhar honey aur "yunani mudde" kii disha mein adhik jaatiyavaadi ranneeti rakhane key paksh mein hain.
kosovo prashn kii albanian matdaataon key beach seemit appeal haye aur way ack badey albania key nirmaan key liye punah banaai gaee seemaon kii vakaalat karane vaale dalon koo chunane mein ruchi naheen rakhate hain. 2012 mein shatabdi albanian swatantrata samarohon ney raajneetik abhijaat varg key beach rashtravadi tippani utpann kii, jinamen seey pradhaan mantri saali berisha ney albanian bhoomi koo preveja (uttari grees mein) seey precevo (dakshini serbia mein) taka vistaarit bataaya, jisase albania key padosi naraj hoe gaye. kosovo mein, ack pramukh vampanthi rashtravadi andolan raajneetik dall "vetevendosje" (atmanirnaya) bunn gayaa haye joe nikat kosovo-albania sambandhon aur balcon mein akhil-albanian atmanirnaya kii vakaalat kartaa haye. ack anya chhoti rashtravadi party, "balli combator kosove" (bee. key. key.) khud koo mool dwiteeya vishva yuddh sangathan key uttaradhikari key roop mein dekhti haye joe kosovan kii swatantrata aur akhil-albanian ekikaran kaa samarthan kartaa haye. catholic aur roodhivaadi albanian logon kaa maanana haye kii desh mein badee matra mein albanian musalmaanon kii aabaadi vaale balcon kshetron key kissy bhee sambhaavit ekikaran seey albania kaa badhata huaa "musalmankaran" hoga. islam kii aspashtata, balcon (muslim) albanian logon key beach iska sthaan aur bhoomika, vishesh roop seey albania aur kosovo mein, mahaan albania key kaaran koo aage badhaane key liye ack pramukh ghatak banane kii kshamata koo seemit curr diyaa haye. kosovo sankat (1999) key dauran albania koo dou sthitiyon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. pahala ack albanian raashtravaad haye joe albania koo kosovar albanian sharanarthiyon kii sahaayata aur sharan pradaan karane key liye prerit kartaa haye jabaki kosovar albanian logon koo hathiyar dene key liye ack madhyam haye aur doosara yeh kii desh una sansadhanon, sahaayata aur sharan pradaan karane mein asamarth thaa. grater albania mukhya roop seey raajneetik bayanbaji key kshetra mein banaa huaa haye aur samagr roop seey balcon albanian europeeya sangh key ekikaran koo aparaadh, kamjor shasson, nagrik samaaj aur vibhinn albanian aabaadi koo ack saath laane key samadhan key roop mein dekhate hain. 2000 key dashak mein kosovo-albania ekikaran parr aage key matdan key aankadon mein kosovanon key beach ack swatantra kosovo key bhaari honey (90.2%) key samarthan key saath kamee aaee haye joe darshaata haye kii unaki albanian pehchaan key saath-saath ack naee kosovan pehchaan ubhari haye. iss kaarak koo albanian rashtravadiyon dwara dridhata seey napsand kiya gayaa haye.
haalaanki, albanian raashtravaad lokpriya banaa huaa haye, vartamaan mein kosovar albanian "dou raajya, ack rashtra" munch kaa samarthan karate hain. yeh serbian aur videshi niyantran key baahar ack sthaayi kosovo raajya aur kosovo aur albania key beach ack sanyukt aantarik aur baahari morcha sunishchit kartaa haye. haal hii mein, kosovo aur albania kii sarkaaron ney kaee sandhiyon aur sahyog key gyapanon parr hastakshar kiye hain joe jamini ekikaran kii aavashyakta key binaa ack akhil-albanian drishtikon banaane key liye pravasiyon sahit desh aur videsh mein unaki neetiyon koo samanvit karate hain. kosovo mein vetevendoje key uday ney desh key bheetar albanian raashtravaad aur gaurav koo aur majboot kiya haye, saath hii europeeya sangh key ekikaran kii kamee ney kosovaron koo algaav kaa mukabala karane key liye seedhe kosovo-albania ekikaran kaa samarthan karane key liye prerit kiya haye, jaise kii veeja udaarikaran. 2008 aur 2013 key beach kiye gaye sarvekshanon seey pataa chalaa kii 73 pratishat kosovo albanian albania key saath ack sangh chaahte they, jisamen serbia kaa hissa honey key kaaran swatantrata samarthan adhik thaa. 2009 mein, kosovo dwara swatantrata kii ghoshana key ack saal baad, kosovo-albania ekikaran key liye samarthan badhkar 77 pratishat hoe gayaa. aaj, kosovo albanian kosovo koo dusare albanian raajya key roop mein dekhate hain aur iss prakaar ekikaran praapt kiya jaa rhaa haye, phir bhee albanian wafadari nae kosovar/kosovan raajya (mukhya roop seey prateekon) key prati wafadari seey adhik bunny hui haye, jaisa kii albania key dhwaj key upayog key samarthan key saath dekhaa jaataa haye.

