
deewaar carothers

wallus hyoom carothers (27 aprail, 1896-29 aprail, 1937) ack americi rasaayanagya, aavishkaarak aur dupont mein carbonic rasayan vigyaan key netaa they, jinhen nylon key aavishkaar kaa shreya diyaa jaataa thaa.
carthers wilmington, delaware key paas dupont prayogaatmak station prayogshala mein ack samooh netaa they, jahan adhikansh bahulak anusandhaan kiya gayaa thaa. carothers ack carbonic rasaayanagya they, jinhone nylon key pahale vikas key alawa, neoprene key liye aadhar taiyar karane mein bhee madad kii. apane ph praapt karane key baad.dee.maulik shodh parr kaam karane key liye dupont dwara niyukt kiye jaane seey pahale unhone kaee vishvavidyalayon mein padhaaya.
unhone 21 farwari, 1936 koo helen sweetman seey shaadi kii. carothers apani yuvavastha seey hii avasaad kii avadhi seey pareshan they. nylon key saath apani safalata key bavjood, unhone mahsoos kiya kii unhone bahut kuchh hassil naheen kiya haye aur unake paas vichaar samaapt hoe gaye hain. unaki bahan kii mrityu seey unaki nakhushi badh gaee aur 28 aprail, 1937 koo unhone potasium sinide peaker aatmahatya curr lii. unaki betty, jaine kaa janm 27 navambar, 1937 koo huaa thaa.
shiksha aur shaikshanik jeevan.
carothers kaa janm 27 aprail, 1896 koo burlington, ayova mein iraa aur mairi evalina carothers key ghar huaa thaa. way chaar bachchon mein sabse badey they. unake ack bhaai aur dou bahanen theenh johnn, isobel aur elizabeth. ack yuva key roop mein, carthers upkaranon aur yaantrik upkaranon seey mohit they aur kaee ghante prayog karane mein bitaate they. unhone days moines, ayova mein saarvajanik vidyalaya mein padhaai kii, jahan unhein ack kartavyanishth chhaatr key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. snaatak honey key baad, aur apane pitaa key dabaav mein, carothers ney days moines mein rajdhani shahar key vaanijyik college mein dakhila liya, jahan unake pitaa upaadhyaksh they, julaai 1915 mein lekha aur sachiviya pathyakram puuraa kiya.
sitambar 1915 mein unhone misauri key tarchio college mein pravesh kiya. haalaanki unhone shuru mein angreji mein mahaarat hassil kii thee, lekin unhone usa vibhaag key pramukh arther paradi key prabhaav mein rasayan vigyaan mein pravesh kiya. carothers ney rasayan vigyaan mein itna utkrisht pradarshan kiya kii snaatak honey seey pahale unhein rasayan vigyaan prashikshak banaaya gayaa aur jaba kshamashil dakshin dakota vishvavidyalaya mein rasayan vigyaan vibhaag key adhyaksh banane key liye chaley gaye tou unhone varishth pathyakram key liye adhyayan kiya aur saath hii padhaaya. unhone 1920 mein 24 saal kii umr mein vigyaan mein snaatak kii degree key saath tarchio seey snaatak kiya. phir way apani master off arts kii degree key liye ilinois vishvavidyalaya gaye, joe unhein 1921 mein professor carle marval key margadarshan mein praapt hui.
1921-22 school varsh key dauran, carthers ney dakshin dakota vishvavidyalaya mein rasayan vigyaan prashikshak key roop mein ack saal kii niyukti kii. yeh dakshin dakota vishvavidyalaya mein thaa kii unhone apana swatantra shodh shuru kiya jisake parinamswarup "journal off dha american chemical society" dwara ack lekh sweekaar kiya gayaa. iss pepper mein unhone phenyl isocyanate aur diazobenzine-emide (abb phenyl azide key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) key bhautik gunon koo maapa. gunon key bahut samaan moolya hain, joe unhein iss nishkarsh parr leey gaye kii dusare yaugik kii sanrachana c6h5-n = n = n haye, jisamen teen nitrogen paramanu ack raikhik shrinkhala mein hain, naa kii ack valay mein jaisa kii pahale socha gayaa thaa.
vaha apani ph. dee. key liye adhyayan karane key liye ilinois vishvavidyalaya vaapas gaye.dee. roser addams key tahat. unaki degree 1924 mein pradaan kii gaee thee. unhone javic rasayan vigyaan mein visheshagyata praapt kii aur bhautik rasayan vigyaan aur ganit mein laghuta praapt kii. unhone 1922-1923 key dauran ack shodh sahayak key roop mein kaam kiya aur 1923-24 key liye kaar fellowship praapt kii. yeh usa samay vishvavidyalaya dwara diyaa jaane vaalaa sabse pratishthit puraskar thaa.
1926 mein ilinois vishvavidyalaya mein jeeta adhyaay key sadasya key roop mein unhein alfa chee sigma mein pravesh diyaa gayaa thaa.
apane ph praapt karane key baad.dee.carothers ilinois vishvavidyalaya mein dou saal taka javic rasayan vigyaan mein ack prashikshak key roop mein rahey.
1926 mein, carothers harvard vishvavidyalaya mein chaley gaye. phir seey way javic rasayan vigyaan mein ack prashikshak they. james bee. connent, joe 1933 mein harvard college key adhyaksh baney, ney carothers key baare mein kahaah apane shodh mein, dow. carothers ney iss samay bhee maulikta kii uchch degree dikhaai joe unake baad key kaam koo chihnit karati haye. way kabhi bhee parajit maarg kaa paalan karane yaa javic pratikriyaon kii samanya vyakhyaon koo sweekaar karane mein santusht naheen they. bahulakkaran aur uchch aanvik bhaar vaale padarthon kii sanrachana key baare mein unaki pahali soch taba shuru hui jaba way harvard mein they. 
1927 mein, dupont ney maulik, shuddh anusandhaan key liye dhana jutaane kaa faisala kiyaah shodh kaa uddeshya jaanboojhkar dhana banaane vaale utpaad key vikas parr naheen thaa. carthers ney maulik anusandhaan key liye naee dupont prayogshala mein carbonic rasayan vigyaan key prabhaari honey kii sambhavana parr charcha karane key liye wilmington, delaware kii yatra kii.
dupont parr jaaen.
shikshaavidon koo chhodane kaa nirnay carothers key liye mushkil thaa. pahale tou unhone dupont key rojgar key prastaav koo aswikar curr diyaa, yeh samajhaate hue kii "main cumm kshamata key tantrika sambandhi mantron seey peedit huun joe yahaan kii tulanaa mein vahaan bahut adhik gambhir baadha hoe sakati haye."iss sweekaarokti key bavjood, ack dupont karyakari, hamilton bradshaw ney harvard kii yatra kii aur apane munn koo badalane key liye carthers koo aashvast kiya. unakaa vetan harvard mein kewal 267 dollar (3200 dollar prati varsh) kii tulanaa mein 500 dollar prati maah thaa.
baad mein vilco matchetanz koo likhe ack patra mein, unake tarchio roommate, carothers ney avasaad kii apani bhaavanaon kaa vistaar kiyaah "main khud koo, abb bhee, sarasar udaartaa aur achchi ichcha seey pradaan kiye gaye atulaniya laabhon koo sweekaar karate hue paataa huun aur aisee tuchchh vaapsee karane mein bhee whiffle rahata huun joe paristhitiyon kii anumati detee haye aur maanviya bhavna aur shalinta kii maang, obsuness yaa darr yaa swarth yaa kewal udasinta aur bhavna kii poorna kamee seey."
neoprene.
dupont carothers koo apane nae maulik shodh karyakram mein ack sthaan diyaa gayaa thaa joe haal hii mein wilmington, delaware mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur company ney unhein apani pasand kaa koee bhee shodh chunane kii anumati dee thee. unhone bahulak anusandhaan koo chunaa kyonki iss vishay koo saiddhaantik anveshan kii aavashyakta thee aur isake apaar vaanijyik nihitarth they. carothers ney 6 farwari, 1928 koo dupont prayogaatmak station parr kaam karna shuru kiya. 4,200 seey adhik key aanvik vajan key saath ack bahulak kaa sanshleshan, dow. emil fisher, unakaa praathamik lakshya thaa.
1928 kii garmiyon taka, carothers key paas ph kaa ack chhota karmchari thaa.dee. rasaayanagya aur dou salaahkaarah dow. roser addams, unake shodh prabandh salaahkaar aur dow. carle marval, ilinois vishvavidyalaya mein javic rasayan vigyaan key unake prashikshak. jiss prayogshala mein yeye sheersh vaigyaanik kaam karate they, vaha "shuddhata kaksh" key roop mein jaani jaane luggy. yeh hatotsaahit karane vaalaa thaa kii 1929 key madhya taka, "shuddhata holl" ney 4,000 seey adhik vajan vaale bahulak kaa utpaadan naheen kiya thaa.
janwari 1930 mein dow. elmer key. bolton rasayan vibhaag mein sahayak rasayanik nideshak bunn gaye, aur iss prakaar, carothers key tatkaal boss. bolton 1930 mein vyaavhaarik parinam chaahte they aur unaki ichcha poori hui. bolton ney carothers koo synthetic rubber banaane key lakshya key saath ack acetylene polymer key rasayan vigyaan kii jaanch karane key liye kahaa. aprail 1930 mein, carothers key karmchaariyon mein seey ack, dow. arnold aim. collin, prithak chloroprene, ack taral joe rubber seey milati-julati thhos samagri kaa utpaadan karane key liye bahulak hotaa haye. yeh utpaad pahala synthetic rubber thaa aur aaj ise neoprene key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
polyester.
usee varsh dow. juuliyan doubleu. pahaadi, joe carothers team kaa ack anya sadasya thaa, ney 4,000 seey adhik key aanvik vajan vaale polyester kaa utpaadan karane key prayaas parr phir seey kaam karna shuru curr diyaa. unake prayason koo jald hii badee safalata millie jaba unhone lagbhag 12,000 key aanvik vajan vaale ack synthetic polymer kaa utpaadan kiya. uchch aanvik vajan ney pighale hue polymer koo fiber key taaron mein failaane kii anumati dee. iss prakaar pahala synthetic resham banaaya gayaa thaa, jise rasaayanvidon ney superpoliester key roop mein varnit kiya thaa.
polyester aur polymide charan-vriddhi polymerisation dwara banaae gaye sanghanan polymer key udaaharan hain. carothers ney charan-vriddhi bahulak key siddhant parr kaam kiya aur carothers sameekaran koo praapt kiya joe bahulak key ausat degree koo monomer key bahulak mein aanshik roopaantaran (yaa upaj) seey sambandhit haye. yeh sameekaran darshaata haye kii ack uchch aanvik vajan key liye, ack bahut hii uchch aanshik roopaantaran kii aavashyakta hoti haye (kewal charan-vriddhi polymer key liye).
pahaadi ney ack synthetic fiber kaa bhee utpaadan kiya joe glycol aur diacedes key sanyojan aur cumm dabaav mein germ karke lochdaar aur majboot thaa, sanghanan pratikriya mein utpaadit paani key antim nishan koo hataane key liye ack aanvik sthir kaa upayog karate hue. durbhagya seey, utpaadit fiber kaa vyaavsaayikaran naheen kiya jaa sakaa kyonki germ paani mein rakhane parr yeh ack chipchipa dravyamaan mein vaapas aaa gayaa. carothers ney kaee varshon taka polymer parr apana shodh chhod diyaa.
baad mein currier aur avasaad.
1931 mein, carthers wilmington mein ack ghar mein chaley gaye, jise teen anya dupont vaigyaanikon key saath whisky ekad key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. vaha koee udaseen naheen thaa, lekin usake avasaadgrast manodasha aksar usey una sabhi gatividhiyon kaa anand lene seey rokti thee jinamen usake kamare key saathi bhaag lete they. ack karibi dost, fraans spensor koo likhe patra mein unhone kahaa, "rasayan vigyaan key baahar merey anubhavon key baare mein report karane key liye bahut kuchh naheen lagata haye. main abb teen anya avivaahiton key saath desh mein reh rhaa huun, aur way samajik roop seey ichchuk honey key kaaran sabhi lambi topi aur safed sambandhon mein baahar chaley gaye hain, jabaki main apani pracheen pratha key baad ghar parr udas baithata huun."lagbhag iss samay, carothers ney juuliyan pahaadi dikhaai kii unhone apani ghadee kii shrinkhala seey sinide kaa ack capsule jodaa huaa thaa.
carthers koo saarvajanik bolane seey nafrat thee joe unake hyee-profile koo banaae rakhane key liye aavashyak thaa. janwari 1932 mein fraans spensor koo likhe ack patra mein unhone kahaa, "main chhuttiyon key dauran nae swarg mein gayaa aur javic sangoshthi mein bhaashan diyaa. ise bahut achchi tarah seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa lekin ise pichhale hafton mein barbad karane kii sambhavana thee aur iss avsar parr merrie nason koo shaant karane key liye kaafee matra mein sharaab kaa sahaara lena aavashyak thaa. ... samay key saath merrie ghabarahat, aswasthata aur khalipan bigadata jaataa haye, aur baar-baar sharaab peene seey koee sthaayi sudhaar naheen hotaa haye. 1932 abhee mujhe bahut kaalaa lagata haye."
1932 mein, jiss samjhaute key tahat carothers koo kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa, usey dow. boult. "shuddhata kaksh" abb "hamaare kaam key antim uddeshyon aur company key hiton key beach ack karibi sambandh koo prabhaavit karane" parr dhyaan kendrit karega. iska matlab thaa kii dhana koo shuddh shodh seey vyaavhaarik anusandhaan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. carothers ney khud koo ack kushal vaanijyik shodhkarta key roop mein naheen dekhaa. unhone prastaav diyaa kii maulik kaary dou yaa teen prastaavon taka seemit hoe, joe dupont key hiton key anuroop honge.
iss dauran carthers kaa niji jeevan vyast thaa. unakaa ack vivaahit mahila, sylvia moor key saath sambandh thaa, jisane apane pati key saath 1933 mein talaak key liye arjee dee thee. isake saath hii vaha apane maataa-pitaa kii vittiya samasyaon key baare mein chintit thaa aur unhein wilmington laane kii yojana banaai. iss kadam key sambhaavit bhaavnaatmak prabhaavon key baare mein binaa soche, unhone praayogik station seey lagbhag ack ghar kharida aur apane maataa-pitaa key saath usamen chaley gaye. usa samay unaki umr 37 varsh thee. usake maataa-pitaa key saath baatchit jald hii tanaavpurna hoe gaee. carothers abhee bhee sylvia moor koo dekh rhaa thaa, joe abb akeli thee, aur usake maataa-pitaa ney iss rishte koo bahut napsand kiya. ghar mein bhee tanaav koo dekhate hue, usake maataa-pitaa 1934 key vasant mein days moines laut aae.
polymides.
1934 mein, carothers ney phir seey fiber parr apana dhyaan kendrit kiya. abb team ney polymide naamak ack prakaar key bahulak kaa utpaadan karane key liye glycoles key liye diamine koo pratisthaapit kiya. yeye padaarth glycoles kaa upayog karke baney polyester kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik sthir they. hydrogen bandhan key madhyam seey kristaliya kshetra banaane kii polymides kii kshamata unhein yaantrik gunon mein vriddhi detee haye. isaliye, way ack synthetic resham kaa utpaadan curr sakate hain joe rosemarra key upayog key liye vyaavhaarik hoga. unake shodh key parinamswarup kaee nae polymides kaa aavishkaar huaa. iss pariyojana key liye prayogshala kaa kaam dow. doubleu. aar. pieterson aur dow. donald coffman. 1935 mein dow. gerard berchet koo iss polymide shodh key liye saunpa gayaa thaa.
1934 kii garmiyon mein, nylon key antim aavishkaar seey pahale, shodh kii iss utpaadak avadhi key dauran, carother gayab hoe gaye they. vaha kaam parr naheen aaya aur naa hii kissy koo pataa thaa kii vaha kahaan haye. vaha baltimore mein johns hopkins aspatal seey judey prasiddh fips clinic key paas ack chhote seey manorog clinic, pinel clinic mein paaya gayaa thaa. jahir haye, vaha itna udas hoe gayaa thaa kii vaha ack manochikitsak seey paramarsh karane key liye baltimore chalaa gayaa, jisane usey clinic mein daal diyaa.
nylon.
clinic seey riha honey key turant baad, carthers dupont laut aae. bolton ney carothers koo polymide parr kaam karane kaa nirdesh diyaa.
raikhik super-polymer mein carother kaa kaam agyaat mein ack apratibandhit prayaas key roop mein shuru huaa, jisamen koee vyaavhaarik uddeshya naheen thaa. lekin shodh rasayan vigyaan mein ack nae kshetra mein thaa aur doo pont kaa maanana thaa kii koee bhee naee rasayanik safalata company key liye moolyavaan hogi. shodh key dauran, carothers ney kuchh super-polymer praapt kiye joe uchch tapman parr chipchipe thhos bunn gaye, aur yeh avalokan kiya gayaa kii yadi pighale hue bahulak mein ack chhad koo duboya jaataa haye aur vaapas liya jaataa haye tou iss samagri seey tantu banaae jaa sakate hain. iss khoj parr, pariyojana kaa dhyaan inn tantuon parr sthanantarit hoe gayaa aur 'nylon' parinam thaa.
28 farwari, 1935 koo, gerard berchet ney, carothers kii disha mein, hexamethylnadiamine aur edipic acid seey aadhe auns polymer kaa utpaadan kiya, jisase polymide 6-6 banaa, vaha padaarth jise nylon key roop mein jaanaa jaayega. isake uchch pighalane key bindu key kaaran isake saath kaam karna mushkil thaa, lekin bolton ney iss polymide koo vyaavsaayik roop seey vikasit karane key liye chunaa. unhone dow. pariyojana parr carothers key saath kaam karane key liye george graves. antatah, kabron ney polymide pariyojana key netaa key roop mein carothers koo pratisthaapit kiya. isake alawa, darjanon rasaayanagyon aur engineeron ney polymide 6-6 koo ack vyavharya vaanijyik utpaad mein parishkrit karane parr kaam kiya.
vivaah aur mrityu.
21 farwari, 1936 koo, carothers ney helen sweetman seey shaadi kii, jise vaha 1934 seey dett curr rhaa thaa. sweetman ney rasayan vigyaan mein ack pramukh key saath snaatak kii degree praapt kii thee aur patent avedanon kii taiyari parr dupont key liye kaam kiya thaa. unake jivankal key dauran, unake dost aksar helen key saath unaki shaadi kaa faisala sylvia moor key saath unake pichhale sambandh kii tulanaa mein karate they, yeh kahate hue kii unhein lagata thaa kii moor ack badee mahila thee.
isake turant baad, 30 aprail, 1936 koo, carothers rashtriya vigyaan akadami key liye chune jaane vaale pahale audyogik javic rasaayanagya bunn gaye, joe ack bahut hii uchch sammaan thaa. phir bhee, juuna 1936 taka, iss sammaan key bavjood, joe vigyaan mein unake yogdan koo maanya kartaa haye, carothers usa avasaad koo hilaa naheen sakey jisane unhein kaam karane seey roque diyaa. juuna kii shuruat mein, unhein anaichhik roop seey manochikitsak dow. kii dekhbhal mein ack pratishthit mansik aspatal, pensylvania aspatal key philadelphia sansthaan mein bharti karaaya gayaa thaa. keneth apple. ack maheene baad, unhein doston key saath tyrolean alps mein lambi paidal yatra karane key liye sansthaan chhodane kii anumati dee gaee. yojana unake liye dow. key saath dinn bhar kii sair karane kii thee. roser addams aur dow. dou saptah key liye johnn flack. unake jaane key baad, unhone khud paidal yatra jaari rakhee, binaa kissy koo shabd bheje, yahaan taka kii apani patni koo bhee naheen. 14 sitambar koo, vaha achaanak prayogaatmak station parr usaki desk parr dikhaai diyaa. usa samay seey, carothers seey prayogaatmak station parr koee vaastavik kaam karane kii ummeed naheen thee. vaha aksar ander jaataa aur jaataa. unaki patni key dow. key saath sahmat honey key baad, unhone phir seey whisky ekad mein rehna shuru curr diyaa. aippal kii vaha carthers parr nazar rakhane key liye paryaapt majboot naheen thee.
8 janwari, 1937 koo, carothers kii bahan isobel kii pneumonia seey mrityu hoe gaee. deewaar aur helen carothers ney usake antim sanskar mein bhaag lene key liye shikago kii yatra kii aur phir usey dafanaane key liye days moines kii yatra kii. way abhee bhee apane manochikitsak dow. seey milane key liye philadelphia gaye they. appel, jisane carthers key ack dost koo bataaya kii usey lagaa kii aatmahatya carthers key mamle kaa sambhaavit parinam haye.
28 aprail, 1937 koo, carothers kaam karane key liye prayogaatmak station gaye. agale dinn shaam karib 5 baje, vaha apane hotal key kamare mein ack nichoda huaa nimbu aur paas mein kuchh sinide namak key saath mrit paaya gayaa. koee nott naheen milaa.
unhein 1982 mein maranoparant alfa chee sigma holl off fame mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.