zaan guo ce

zaan guo ce (doubleu-jeeh chaan-kuo tii 'seey), jise angreji mein yuddharat raajyon kii ranneetiyon yaa yuddharat raajyon key itihas key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack pracheen cheeni paath haye jisamen yuddharat raajyon kii avadhi (5veen seey 3 sadee eesaa poorv) key dauran raajneetik herfer aur yuddh key kisse shamil hain. yeh yuddharat raajyon kii avadhi kaa ack mahatvapurna paath haye kyonki yeh kootneeti key school kii ranneetiyon aur raajneetik vichaaron kaa varnan kartaa haye aur usa avadhi kii aitihaasik aur samajik visheshtaon koo prakat kartaa haye.
itihas.
zaan guo ce" key lekhak koo abhee taka satyaapit naheen kiya gayaa haih yeh aam taur parr maanaa jaataa haye, zhang zincheng key baad, kii pustak ack samay mein kissy ack lekhak dwara naheen likhi gaee thee. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh leeu shiang dwara praapt kiye jaane seey pahale sue kinn aur unake sathiyon dwara rachit kiya gayaa thaa. kaee pree-kinn classics key vipareet, paschimi haan kaal key baad seey "shizing", "moji", "yulingzi" aur "gongson longzi" key saath "zaan guo ce" kii pramanikta parr kabhi sawal naheen uthaaye gaye they. sabse pahale yeh daavaa karane key liye kii granth apramanik shaastra they, shayed "siku kwanshu" kii tippani soochi kaa sankalak thaa, lekin unhone isake liye koee warrant pradaan naheen kiya. 1931 mein, luo genz ney ack tark diyaa kii pustak kii rachana kuai tong () ney apane dou shodh patron mein chhah nishkarshon parr adharit kii thee, joe unhone haan zinn key samkaaleen they. haalaanki iss tark kaa samarthan jinn dazian (1932) aur zuu zugeng (1937) ney kiya thaa, lekin 1939 taka zhang zincheng ney iska khandan curr diyaa thaa.
kootneeti key school seey likhit karyon key chhah sanskaranon kii khoj leeu shiang dwara shaahi saahityik sangrah key sampadan aur proofreeding key dauran kii gaee thee. kootneeti key school seey raajneetik vichaaron aur rajanyik ranneetiyon key way kaam kharaab sthiti mein they, jisamen bhramit karane vaali samagri aur shabd gayab they. liu shiang ney unhein "zaan guo ce" sheershak key tahat naee pustak mein padhaa aur sampaadit kiya; isaliye yeh ack samay mein kissy ack lekhak dwara naheen likhaa gayaa thaa.
zaan guo ce" kii mahatvapurna samagri baad kii shataabdiyon mein khou gaee thee. uttari geet rajvansh key zheng gong ney kuchh khoye hue adhyaayon koo phir seey hassil kiya, proofried kiya aur aadhunik sanskaran koo sampaadit kiya. kapade parr kuchh lekhan 1973 mein changsha shahar key paas mawangdui mein haan rajvansh key makbare seey khudai kii gaee thee aur 1976 mein beijing mein "jhaanguo zongengjia shoo" (, "yuddharat raajyon kii avadhi key dauran kootneeti key school seey kaam kartaa haye) key roop mein sampaadit aur prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. pustak mein 27 adhyaay they, jinamen seey 11 "zaan guo ce" aur "mahaan itihaaskaar key abhilekhon" kii samagri key samaan paae gaye they. vaha prakaashan 1977 mein taiwan mein "boshu jhanguos" () key roop mein prakaashit huaa. granthon koo muhar lipi aur lipic lipi kii shally key beach likhaa gayaa thaa. pratilekh shayed isake dafanaane seey pahale lagbhag 195 eesaa poorv mein likhaa gayaa thaa, kyonki paath naam varjana koo darkinar karane key liye "baing" (ν) shabd kaa upayog karane seey bachata haye, joe kii haan key samrat gaao kaa vyaktigat naam haye. james legg key sanskar kii pustak key anuvaad key anusaar yeh sanskaron mein ullikhit zau kii ack khoyi hui pustak key saath ack kahani saajha kartaa haye.
samagri.
zaan guo ce" 490 eesaa poorv mein zee kabile dwara prashansak kabile kii vijay seey laker 221 eesaa poorv mein gaao gianli dwara kinn shee huang kii asafal hatyaa taka key yuddharat raajyon key itihas kaa varnan kartaa haye.
adhyaay yuddharat raajyon dwara niyojit vibhinn ranneetiyon aur chaalon koo spasht karane key liye upakhyanon kaa roop lete hain. iss prakaar iss avadhi key poore itihas koo prastut karane kii tulanaa mein samanya raajneetik antardrishti pradaan karane parr adhik dhyaan kendrit karane key saath, pichhale vasant aur sharad ritu key itihas mein paae jaane vaale kissy bhee saal-darr-saal key liye koee sakht tarikh naheen haye. kahaaniyon koo kalanukramik roop seey krambaddh kiya jaataa haye kii way kiss shaasak key adheen hotey hain, lekin ack hii raajaa key shasankal key bheetar yeh bataane kaa koee tarika naheen haye kii kyaa dou upakhyanon key beach beet gayaa samay ack dinn haye yaa ack varsh.
iss pustak mein lagbhag 120,000 shabd hain aur ise 33 adhyaayon aur 497 khandon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye. baarah rajvanshon kii ranneetiyaan iss prakaar hainh
saahityik aalochana.
prasiddhi aur laabh parr isake dabaav aur confucian vichardhara key saath isake sangharsh key kaaran bauddhik pahalu vivaadit rahey hain. yeh pustak kootneeti key school key aitihaasik yogdan parr adhik jore detee haye, jisase pustak key aitihaasik mahatva kaa avamoolyan hotaa haye.
yeh pustak aitihaasik tathyon yaa kathaaon parr jore naheen detee haye, lekin adhyaay aur kathan key kalanukramik crum seey bahut cumm sambandh rakhane vaale upakhyanon kaa ack vyaapak sangrah prateet hoti haye. 12veen shatabdi key baad seey, iss parr vyaapak roop seey bahas hoe rahee haye kii kyaa pustak koo lekhak chaao gongwu aur gaao sisun seey ack aitihaasik dastavej maanaa jaanaa chaahiye, aur pustak koo ack alag vansh mein vargeekrit karane key prayaas kiye gaye hain. yeh 1936 taka chalaa, jahan jhong fenganian jaise vidvaanon ney pradarshit kiya kii yeh pustak kootneeti key school seey shabdawali kii ack pustika key roop mein likhi gaee thee, aur iska uddeshya aitihaasik tathyon kaa sankalan naheen thaa.
aadhunik prabhaav aur pratishtha.
chean key visheshagya michael pillsbury ney yeh kahate hue kii pustak kaa kabhi angreji mein anuvaad naheen kiya gayaa thaa, likhaa kii yeh pustak 21veen shatabdi key chean mein "atyadhik lokpriya aur bariki seey adhyayan kii gaee" thee, vishesh roop seey sainya aur anya sarkari neeti nirmaataon key beach jinhone sanyukt raajya key khilaf ack kathor rukh apanaaya. unhone likhaa kii chean key netaaon ney ack ranneeti kaa anusaran kiya "kaafee hudd taka baajon dwara yuddharat raajyon kii avadhi seey praapt sabak kaa utpaad."

