upkaran kille

upkaran kille, jinhen henriquian mahal aur blockhouse key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ingland key tata kii raksha key liye banaae gaye topkhaane key kille kii ack shrinkhala thee aur heinry VIII dwara wells. paaramparik roop seey, taaj ney sthaaniya prabhuon aur samudaayon key haathon mein tateey raksha chhod dee thee, lekin francisi aur spanish aakraman key khatare ney raajaa koo 1539 aur 1547 key beach kaam key ack pramukh karyakram key liye ack adesh jaari karane key liye prerit kiya, jise "upkaran" kahaa jaataa haye. kilebandi mein kent mein down lunger kii raksha key liye badey patthar key mahal seey laker, pembroxire mein milford swarg key pravesh dwaar koo dekhane vaale chhote blockhouse aur assex tata key saath mitty key bulb taka they. kuchh kille swatantra roop seey sanchaalit hotey they, anya koo parasparik roop seey majboot karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. upkaran karyakram behad mahanga thaa, jisaki kull laagat £376,000 (aaj key paise mein £2 aur £82 billion key beach anumaanit) thee; iska adhikansh hissa kuchh saal pahale mathon key vighatan kii aaya seey uthaaya gayaa thaa.
inn upayogitaavaadi kille topkhaane seey lais they, jinka uddeshya dushman key jahaajon key khilaf upayog karna thaa, isase pahale kii way bandargah mein padey balon yaa jahaajon parr hamla curr sakein. 1539 aur 1543 key beach kaam kii pahali lahar kaee paaramparik madhyayugeen visheshtaon key saath golakar burjon aur bahu-stariya raksha key upayog kii visheshta thee. haalaanki, inn designs mein gambhir sainya khaamiyan theen, aur 1547 taka nirmaan kii doosari avadhi mein koniya burjon aur anya navacharon kii shuruat dekhi gaee joe shayed mukhya bhoomi europe mein samkaaleen soch seey prerit they. mahal kii kamaan taaj dwara niyukt kaptanon dwara kii jaati thee, joe peshevar bandukdhariyon aur sainikon key chhote sainya-dall kii dekhrekh karate they, jinhen aapaatkaaleen sthiti mein sthaaniya milicia dwara poorak kiya jaataa thaa.
1545 mein dweep key khilaf ack francisi chhaape key bavjood, 1546 mein shaanti ghoshit honey seey pahale upkaran kilon ney lagbhag koee kaarravaai naheen dekhi. kuchh raksha koo bigadane key liye chhod diyaa gayaa thaa aur unake nirmaan key kuchh varshon baad hii unhein sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1569 mein spen key saath yuddh shuru honey key baad, elizabeth pratham ney 1588 key spanish armada key hamale key dauran sahit shesh kilebandi mein sudhaar kiya. shatabdi key anta taka, raksha buri tarah seey purani hoe gaee thee aur 17 veen shatabdi key pahale kuchh dashakon key liye kaee kille kshay key liye chhod diye gaye they. adhikansh kille 1640 key dashak key dauran pahale aur dusare angreji grih yuddhon mein seva karate they aur 1660 mein charles dwiteeya key simhaasan parr bahaal honey key baad dutch key khilaf ingland kii tateey raksha kii reedh key roop mein jaari rahane key liye, 1660 key dauran tainaat they. 18veen shatabdi key dauran phir seey barbad honey key liye chhod diyaa gayaa, 1815 mein shaanti ghoshit honey taka nepol yuddhon key dauran kaee upkaran kilon kaa aadhunikikaran aur punah sashastr kiya gayaa thaa.
19veen shatabdi mein sambhaavit francisi aakraman parr ashanka kaee baar phir seey saamane aaee, jisamen 1840 key dashak mein bhaap key jahaajon aur khol bandookon key vikas, 1850 key dashak mein rifle tope aur lohe seey dhake yuddhpoton aur 1880 key dashak mein tarpedo naukaaon jaise praudyogiki mein teji seey badalaav shamil they. isase una upkaranon key kilon mein nae nivesh koo badhaava milaa joe abhee bhee sainya roop seey moolyavaan maane jaate hain, aur dusaron koo sevamukt karane key liye protsaahit kiya. haalaanki, 1900 taka, bandookon aur kavach mein vikas ney adhikansh upkaran kilon koo aadhunik tateey raksha mein vyaavhaarik honey key liye bahut chhota banaa diyaa thaa. pahale aur dusare vishva yuddhon key dauran upayog mein vaapas laae jaane key bavjood, 1950 key dashak taka kilebandi koo antatah anaavashyak maanaa gayaa aur achche key liye sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa. sadiyon seey tateey kataav ney apana nuksan uthaaya thaa aur kuchh sthal badey paimaane parr kshatigrast yaa poori tarah seey nasht hoe gaye they. haalaanki, kaee koo bahaal curr diyaa gayaa aur paryatakon key aakarshan key roop mein janata key liye khol diyaa gayaa.
praarambhik itihas aur design.
upkaran karyakram.
prishthabhoomi.
16veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein angreji sainya vastukala aur videsh neeti mein parivartan key parinamswarup upkaran kille ubhare. madhyayugeen kaal key anta mein, sainya kille key roop mein mahalon key angreji upayog kaa mahatva cumm hoe gayaa thaa. yuddh mein barud kii shuruat ney shuru mein rakshak kaa paksh liya thaa, lekin jald hii paaramparik patthar kii divaaron koo shuruati topkhaane dwara aasaani seey nasht kiya jaa sakata thaa. iss samay key dauran banaae gaye kuchh nae mahalon mein abhee bhee gatehouse aur cranalated divaaron kii purani visheshtaon koo shamil kiya gayaa thaa, lekin unakaa uddeshya vyaavhaarik sainya raksha kii tulanaa mein yuddh key prateek key roop mein adhik thaa. kaee puraane mahalon koo buss chhod diyaa gayaa thaa yaa unhein kharaab honey key liye chhod diyaa gayaa thaa.
haalaanki yuddh key samay mein kille abhee bhee moolyavaan hoe sakate they, lekin gulab key yuddhon key dauran unhone kewal ack seemit bhoomika nibhai thee aur jaba heinry VII ney 1485 mein aakraman kiya aur simhaasan parr kabja curr liya, tou unhein abhiyaan key dauran kissy bhee mahal yaa kasbon koo gherne kii aavashyakta naheen thee. heinry ney teji seey apane shasson koo ghar parr majboot kiya aur mahadweep seey baahari aakraman seey darne key kuchh kaaran they; unhone apane shasankal key dauran tateey raksha mein bahut cumm nivesh kiya. mukhya roop seey dakshin-paschim mein aur sussex tata key saath-saath saral blockhouse aur towers key aspas sthit taton key saath mamuli kille they, jisamen ingland key uttar mein kuchh aur prabhaavshaali kaam they, lekin way paimaane mein bahut seemit they.
unake bete heinry VIII koo 1509 mein simhaasan viraasat mein milaa aur unhone europeeya mamalon mein adhik hastakshepvadi drishtikon apanaaya, 1512 aur 1514 key beach france key saath ack yuddh ladaa, aur phir 1522 aur 1525 key beach doosara yuddh, iss baar spen aur pavitra roman samrajya key saath khud koo gathbandhan kiya. jabaki france aur samrajya ack dusare key saath sangharsh mein they, angreji tata key saath chhaape abhee bhee aam hoe sakate hain, lekin ack poorna paimaane parr aakraman kii sambhavana naheen thee. vaastav mein, paaramparik roop seey taaj ney tateey suraksha sthaaniya prabhuon aur samudaayon key liye chhod dee thee, kewal kilebandi key nirmaan aur rakharkhaav mein ack mamuli bhoomika nibhai thee. shuru mein, isaliye, heinry ney apani tateey raksha mein bahut cumm ruchi lii; unhone 1513 aur 1533 donon mein kilebandi kii sameeksha kii ghoshana kii, lekin isake parinamswarup bahut adhik nivesh naheen huaa.
1533 mein heinry ney apani patni, catherine off aragon aur punarvivah key saath lambe samay seey chully aaa rahee shaadi koo radd karane key liye pope paul III key saath sambandh toda diyaa. catherine spen key raajaa charles banaam kii chaachi theen, jinhone radd koo vyaktigat upman key roop mein liya. isake parinamswarup, france aur samrajya ney 1538 mein heinry key khilaf gathbandhan kii ghoshana kii, aur pope ney donon deshon koo ingland parr hamla karane key liye protsaahit kiya. ingland parr aakraman abb nishchit dikhaai diyaa; kii garmiyon mein heinry ney apani kuchh tateey raksha kaa vyaktigat nireekshan kiya, jise haal hii mein mapp kiya gayaa thaa aur sarvekshan kiya gayaa thaah vaha paryaapt, tatkaal sudhaar karane key liye dridh prateet huaa.
praarambhik charan, 1539-1543.
heinry VIII ney 1539 mein sansad key madhyam seey nirdesh diye kii ingland key taton key saath naee raksha kaa nirmaan kiya jaanaa thaa, joe kaam key ack pramukh karyakram kii shuruat thee joe 1547 taka jaari rahega. adesh koo ack "upkaran" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, jiska arth thaa ack pralekhit yojana, nirdesh yaa yojana, jisase kille koo baad mein "upkaran kille" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. aakraman key samay kshetra kii raksha" key liye praarambhik nirdesh ingland kii dakshini tatrekha key saath-saath france mein callace aur guisness key shaharon kii raksha mein sudhaar karane key liye sambandhit kille banaate hain, phir heinry kii senaa dwara niyantrit hotey hain. vartamaan suraksha kaa nireekshan karane aur nae sthaanon key liye prastaav karane key liye dakshin-paschim aur dakshin-poorv ingland mein ayukton koo bhee bheja jaanaa thaa.
praarambhik parinam 1539 key dauran vibhinn aakaron key 30 nae kilon kaa nirmaan thaa. purvi kent mein neeche kii raksha key liye saude, sandon aur walmer key patthar key mahalon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, ack lunger joe deal samudra tata taka pahunch pradaan kartaa thaa aur jiss parr dushman sainikon kaa ack aakraman bull aasaani seey utar sakata thaa. inn rakshaon koo, jinhen neeche key mahalon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, chaar mitty key kille kii ack rekha dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhen mahaan turf bullwark, chhote turf bullwark, mitty aur walmer bullwark kaa mahaan safed bullwark aur ack lambi rakshaatmak khaai aur tata key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. kentush chattanon mein ack antaral key madhyam seey antardeshiya maarg koo rait key dwaar vaale mahal dwara sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa. kaee mamalon mein topkhaane kii baitariyon key liye asthaayi gadhon kaa nirmaan kaam key praarambhik charanon key dauran kiya gayaa thaa, joe mukhya patthar kaa kaam puuraa honey seey pahale thaa.
landan seey baahar jaane vaalaa themus nadimukh, jisake madhyam seey ingland kaa 80 pratishat niryaat paarit huaa, nadee key dakshin kii or kabr, milton aur hime mein blockhouse key parasparik roop seey majboot network key saath sanrakshit thaa, aur vipareet tata parr paschim tilbury aur poorv tilbury. camber mahal raaee aur vincialcia key bandargaahon key baahar lunger kii raksha key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, harvich key bandargah mein raksha kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa aur dover key aspas teen prithvi key bulb banaae gaye they. solent kii raksha key liye favali mein calshot mahal aur white dweep parr poorv aur paschim gaayon key blockhouse parr bhee kaam shuru kiya gayaa thaa, joe southampton key vyaparik bandargah mein chalaa gayaa. dorset mein portland sadakon key lunger koo portland aur sandfoot mein nae mahalon key saath sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa, aur pembroxire mein milford haven jalmarg kii raksha key liye dou blockhouse parr kaam shuru huaa.
1540 mein cornwall kii raksha key liye atirikt kaam kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. nadee key muhaane parr kaarik sadaken ack mahatvapurna lunger thaa aur mool yojanaon mein isaki raksha key liye paanch nae kille kaa nirmaan shamil thaa, halanki vaastav mein muhaane key vipareet kinaaron parr kewal dou kille, pendanis aur sent maws banaae gaye they. 1541 mein solent kii raksha key liye aage key kilebandi parr kaam shuru huaa, jisamen hurst mahal kaa nirmaan, suee key maarg koo dekhana, aur natally mahal dakshin-ampton key thheek baahar thaa. ingland key uttar mein ack shaahi yatra key baad, 1542 mein ack mahal aur dou badey blockhouse key saath patwar key shahar key aspas key tateey kille koo unnat kiya gayaa thaa. aage kaa kaam 1543 mein assex mein kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen kull saat kille banaae gaye they, teen harvich mein hii, teen shahar kii or jaane vaale muhaane kii raksha karate they, aur dou colchester seey judane vaale muhaane kii raksha karate they. solent kii raksha key liye sent andru key mahal koo shuru kiya gayaa thaa.
kaam teji seey kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1540 key anta taka 24 sthalon koo puuraa kiya gayaa thaa aur 1543 key anta taka lagbhag sabhi shesh samaapt hoe gaye they. haalaanki, jaba taka way poore hoe gaye, charles aur francis key beach gathbandhan dhwast hoe gayaa thaa aur aasann aakraman kaa khatra samaapt hoe gayaa thaa.
doosara charan, 1544-1547.
heinry 1543 mein europe mein aakramak sthiti mein vaapas chaley gaye, ack baar phir france key khilaf spen key saath gathbandhan kiya. uttari france mein bologne key aspas heinry kii praarambhik safaltaon key bavjood, raajaa charles aur francis ney 1544 mein shaanti sthaapit kii, jisase ingland koo france dwara aakraman kaa saamana karna padaa, jise scotland mein usake sahyogiyon kaa samarthan praapt thaa. isake jawab mein heinry ney 1544 mein desh kii raksha mein sudhaar key liye ack aur upkaran jaari kiya, vishesh roop seey dakshin tata parr. 1544 mein portsey dweep parr dakshin sagar mahal parr kaam shuru huaa taaki solent kii aur raksha kii jaa sakey, aur agale varsh padosi dweep parr sandon mahal parr kaam shuru huaa. dorset mein brouncy mahal 1545 mein shuru huaa thaa, aur sharpnode bullwark 1545 seey hurst mahal key vipareet banaaya gayaa thaa.
francisi aakraman 1545 mein ubhara, jaba admiral clod dee 'annabalt ney channel koo paar kiya aur 19 julaai koo 200 jahaajon key saath solent seey baahar aaya. surakshaatmak kilebandi key peechhe surakshit roop seey peechhe hatane seey pahale heinry key bede ney ack sankshipt udaan bharee. annibalt ney newhaven key paas ack bull koo utaara, jisake dauran camber mahal ney francisi bede parr golibari kii hogi, aur 23 julaai koo unhone chaar tukadiyon koo dweep parr utaara, jisamen ack dall bhee shamil thaa jisane sandown mahal kii site parr kabja curr liya, joe abhee bhee nirmanadhin thaa. francisi abhiyaan 25 julaai koo tata key saath aage badhaa, jisase tatkaal aakraman kaa khatra samaapt hoe gayaa. iss beach, 22 julaai koo francisi ney samudra tata parr chhaapa maaraa thaa, aur camber mahal ney francisi bede key khilaf kaarravaai dekhi hogi. juuna 1546 mein ack shaanti sandhi parr sahamati bunny, jisase yuddh kaa anta huaa. agale varsh heinry kii mrityu honey taka, kull milakar £376,000 kii bhaari raashi upkaran pariyojanaon parr kharch kii jaa chuki thee.
vastukar aur engineer.
kuchh upkaran kilon koo angreji engineeron kii teams dwara design aur banaaya gayaa thaa. master messon johnn rosers koo france mein unake kaam seey vaapas laaya gayaa aur patwar sanrakshan parr kaam kiya gayaa, jabaki surr richard lii, raajaa key francisi abhiyaanon key engineeron mein seey ack, sandon aur southsy key nirmaan mein shamil hoe sakate hain; iss jodee koo kramshah £30 aur £36 prati varsh kii paryaapt raashi kaa bhugtan kiya gayaa thaa. surr richard morris, ayudh key swami, aur james needham, raajaa key karyon key sarvekshak, ney them key saath-saath raksha parr netritva kiya. hampton darbar vastukala dall key prayason ney, augustinian cannon, richard beniz key netritva mein, uchch gunavatta vaale nirmaan mein yogdan diyaa aur heinry kii kaee upkaran pariyojanaon mein vivaran dekhaa.
heinry ney khud kille key design mein gahari ruchi lii, kabhi-kabhi vishesh vivaranon parr apane takniki salaahkaaron koo overrul kiya. udaaharan key liye, darbari surr admond nivate ney dakshin sagar mahal koo "apane mahamahim key apane upkaran" key roop mein varnit kiya thaa, joe aam taur parr sanket detaa haye kii raajaa ney isake design mein vyaktigat bhoomika nibhai thee. itihaaskaar andru sonders koo sandeh haye kii heinry "kilebandi key peechhe shayed agrani aur ekikrit prabhaav thaa.
ingland mein sainya engineering key liye visheshagya videshi engineeron koo aakarshit karane kii parampara bhee thee; italvi logon kii vishesh roop seey maang kii jaati thee, kyonki unakaa grih desh aam taur parr takniki roop seey adhik unnat mahsoos kiya jaataa thaa, vishesh roop seey kilebandi key kshetra mein. inn videshi engineeron mein seey ack, moravia key stephen wonn hashenperg ney camber, pendanis, sandgate aur sent maws parr kaam kiya, jahira taur parr italvi designs koo punah pesh karane kaa prayaas kiya, halanki iss tarah key kilebandi key baare mein unake vyaktigat gyaan kii kamee ney antim parinamon parr kharaab prabhaav daala. mukhya bhoomi europe key takniki granthon ney bhee upkaran kilon key designers koo prabhaavit kiya, jisamen albrecht durer bhee shamil haye, joe 1527 mein prakaashit germany mein kilebandi key samkaaleen tarikon kaa varnan kartaa haye aur 1535 mein lattin mein anuvaadit kiya gayaa thaa, aur nicolo machiaveli, joe 1521 mein prakaashit huaa, jisamen sainya raksha key nae italvi roopon kaa bhee varnan kiya gayaa thaa.
vastukala.
upkaran kille kaam key ack pramukh, kattarpanthi karyakram kaa pratinidhitva karate they; itihaaskaar marcus merriman ney ise "romanon key baad seey britten mein sabse badey nirmaan karyakramon mein seey ack" key roop mein varnit kiya haye, bryan sent johnn oh 'neel koo aadhunik samay seey pahale ingland mein vyaapak tateey raksha kii ekmatra yojana key roop mein ", jabaki cathcart king ney ise uttari wells mein adverdian mahal nirmaan karyakram seey tulanaa kii.
haalaanki kuchh kille key naam mahal hain, itihaaskaar aamtaur parr upkaran kilon key charitra aur pahale key madhyayugeen kilon key charitra key beach antar karate hain. madhyayugeen mahal niji aavason key saath-saath rakshaatmak sthal bhee they, aur aamtaur parr sthaaniya sampadaon key prabandhan mein ack bhoomika nibhaate they; heinry key kille raajya key anga they, jinhen pramukh sainya sthaanon mein rakhaa jaataa thaa, joe aamtaur parr bhoomi swaamitva yaa bastiyon key aspas key pattern seey alag hotey they. pahale key madhyayugeen mahalon key vipareet, way sparton, upayogitaavaadi nirmaan they. raajaa jaise kuchh itihaaskaar iss vyakhya seey asahmat hain, donon avadhiyon key beach samaantaon koo ujagar karate hue, itihaaskaar christopher duffy ney iss upkaran koo "prabalit-mahal kilaa" kahaa haye.
kille bandargaahon aur langaron kii raksha key liye tainaat they, aur dushman key jahaajon parr topkhaane kii aag koo kendrit karane aur una jahaajon dwara hamale seey topkhaane kii teams kii raksha karane key liye donon koo design kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh, jinamen pramukh mahal bhee shamil they, jinamen kent mein neeche key mahal bhee shamil they, kaa uddeshya aatm-nihit honah aur bhoomi seey hamale key khilaf khud koo bachaane mein saksham honah thaa, jabaki chhote blockhouse mukhya roop seey samudri khatare parr kendrit they. halanki vyaktigat designs key beach vyaapak bhinnataaen theen, lekin unaki samanya visheshtaen theen aur aksar ack susangat shally mein banaai jaati theen.
badee saaiten, jaise kii sauda yaa camber, aam taur parr baithane vaali theen, cumm parapet aur aaney vaali aag seey bachaane key liye badey paimaane parr motee deevaaren theen. unake paas aamtaur parr ack kendriya rakhaav hotaa thaa, joe pahale key madhyayugeen designs koo pratidhwanit kartaa thaa, jisamen ghumaavdaar, kendrit burj kendra seey failate they. mukhya bandooken kaee staron parr tainaat kii gaee theen taaki way vibhinn shreniyon mein lakshyon koo bhed sakein. vyaktigat kilebandi dwara rakhe gaye bandookon kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik bandooken theen. gadh kii divaaron koo bandook key imbresher seey chheda gayaa thaa, jisase topkhaane koo paar karane key liye jagah milati thee aur aag key ativyaapi konon key saath aag parr aasaani seey niyantran karane mein madad milati thee. bandookon dwara utpann kaale pouder dhuein koo hataane key liye vishesh roop seey design kiye gaye chhidron key saath, andaruni hisson mein topon key sanchaalan key liye paryaapt jagah thee. bhoomi seey kissy bhee hamale seey bachaane key liye aksar khaai ney sthalon koo gher liya, aur way itihaaskaar bee dwara sanrakshit they. morley kaa varnan "madhya yug mein vikasit rakshaatmak saman" key roop mein haih portculis, hatyaa key chhed aur prabalit darwaaje. chhote blockhouse ney dee-aakar, ashtakoniya aur vargakar design sahit vibhinn roop leey liye. them blockhouse aamtaur parr atirikt mitty key kaam aur bandookon dwara donon taraf sanrakshit they.
yeye nae kille usa samay ingland mein sabse unnat they, joe pahale key madhyayugeen designs kii tulanaa mein sudhaar they, aur dushman key jahaajon parr agni shakti kendrit karane key mamle mein prabhaavi they. haalaanki, unamen kaee khaamiyan theen, aur way mukhya bhoomi europe mein apane samkakshon kii tulanaa mein adim they. bandookon key kaee staron ney kilon koo apekshaakrit uchch profile dee, jisase unhein dushman key hamale key liye ujagar kiya gayaa, aur khokhale burjon kii ghumaavdaar satahen topkhaane key liye asurakshit theen. kendrit gadh kii rachana ney bhoomi seey hamale kii sthiti mein aag key kshetron koo overlapping karane seey roque diyaa, aur bandookon key staron kaa matlab thaa kii, jaise-jaise ack dushman aaya, kille mein bandookon kii sankhya cumm hoe gaee.
inmein seey kuchh muddon koo 1544 seey dusare upkaran karyakram key dauran sambodhit kiya gayaa thaa. itailiyan vichaaron koo laaya jaanaa shuru hoe gayaa, halanki heinry key videshi engineeron kaa prabhaav seemit prateet hotaa haye, aur design swayam unake francisi kshetron mein upayog kiye jaane vaale designs seey peechhe hain. ubharate mahadvipiya drishtikon mein kissy bhee hamlawar key khilaf sahayak aag pradaan karane key liye aeye naamak ack rekha mein judey konn vaale, "teer-sir" burjon kaa upayog kiya gayaa. 1545 mein nirmit, dweep parr sandown mahal, paaramparik angreji aur mahadvipiya vichaaron kaa ack sankar thaa, jisamen koniya burjon key saath samudra koo dekhane vaale ack golakar burj key saath sanyukt thaa. dakshin sagar mahal aur sharpnode kille mein samaan, koniya burj they. 1547 taka samaapt kiya gayaa yarmouth mahal, ingland mein nayaa teer-sir vaalaa gadh design apanaane vaalaa pahala kilaa thaa, jisake ack sadharan koniya gadh parr aur faayade they. halanki, kaam kii doosari lahar mein sabhi kilon ney italvi drishtikon koo naheen apanaaya, aur kuchh, jaise kii brouncy mahal, ney maujooda, adyatan vastukala shally koo banaae rakhaa.
rasad.
kille key nirmaan kii laagat unake aakar key saath bhinn hoti haye. ack chhote seey blockhouse key nirmaan mein lagbhag 500 pound kii laagat aatee haye, jabaki ack madhyam aakar key mahal, jaise kii sandgate, pendanis yaa portland, lagbhag 5,000 pound kaa hotaa haye. saude, sandon aur wallmer casal kii rakshaatmak line kii laagat kull 27,092 pound hoti haye, jabaki patwar mahal aur isake dou blockhouse mein kaam 21,056 pound hotaa haye. vibhinn adhikaariyon koo pratyek pariyojana koo chalaane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen ack vetanbhogi, ack niyantrak, ack paryavekshak aur sthaaniya kuleen varg key aayukt shamil they. kuchh kille sthaaniya vyaktiyon aur parivaaron dwara banaae gaye they; udaaharan key liye, sent catherine key mahal key liye shahar aur sthaaniya kuleen varg dwara bhugtan kiya gayaa thaa, aur ezkumb parivaar ney plymouth bandargah kii raksha key liye devils point artillery tower kaa nirmaan kiya thaa.
adhikansh kharch nirmaan dalon parr thaa, jinhen "chaalak dall" kahaa jaataa thaa, jinhone kilon kaa nirmaan kiya thaa. pariyojana key dauran shramikon kii sankhya mein bhinnata aaee, joe aanshik roop seey mausami bhinnata seey sanchaalit thee, lekin dall paryaapt theh udaaharan key liye, juuna 1540 key dauran site parr ausatan 640 purush rait key dwaar parr they, aur patwar parr kaam karane key liye 420 kii ack team kii aavashyakta thee. ack kushal shramik koo dinn mein 7 seey 8 pence key beach bhugtan kiya jaataa thaa, ack mazdoor koo 5 seey 6 pence key beach, jisamen patthar mistri, badhai, carter, choone jalaane vaale, aaree, nalsaj, tarbar, dicker aur eent banaane vaale shamil they. paryaapt shramikon koo dhoondhana mushkil saabit huaa, aur kuchh mamalon mein purushon koo anichha seey seva mein lagaaya jaanaa thaa. 1539 mein saude parr cumm vetan parr hadtaal aur 1541 mein guis parr hadtaal key saath shram vivaad shuru hoe gaye; donon koo shaahi adhikaariyon dwara jaldi seey dabaa diyaa gayaa.
iss kaam key liye badee matra mein kachche maal kii bhee aavashyakta thee, jisamen patthar, lakadi aur seesa aur kaee anya aapoorti shamil theen. udaaharan key liye, camber koo shayed 500,000 seey adhik eenton kii aavashyakta thee, rait key gett koo 44,000 tailon kii aavashyakta thee, jabaki them key saath ack chhote seey blockhouse key nirmaan key liye samkaaleenon dwara anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii choone key mortar key nirmaan koo saksham karane key liye chaak kii aavashyakta thee. kuchh samagri sthaaniya roop seey praapt kii jaa sakati thee, lekin koyale koo ingland key uttar seey bheja jaataa thaa aur poorvanirmit vastuon koo landan seey laaya jaataa thaa.
upkaran key pahale charan key karyon key liye adhikansh paisa heinry key kuchh saal pahale mathon key vighatan seey aaya thaa, aur rajaswa joe vriddhi key darbar seey pravaahit huaa thaa aur isake parinamswarup pahale phal aur dasaven. isake alawa, vighatan ney nirmaan samagri kii paryaapt aapoorti jaari curr dee thee kyonki mathon kii imaraton koo neeche kheench liya gayaa thaa, aur iska adhikansh bhaag punarnaveenikaran kiya gayaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, netley mahal ack puraane mathh parr adharit thaa aur isake kaee pattharon kaa punah upayog kiya gayaa thaa, east tilbury blockhouse ney sent margaret kii chantry key kuchh hisson kaa punah upayog kiya, calshot mahal ney paas key bulieu mathh seey netritva liya, poorv aur paschim mein bulieu aur kwar seey colls patthar, aur sandwich mein sthaaniya carmelite frerry seey patthar thaa. haal hii mein milton chantry seey jabt kii gaee bhoomi parr milton blockhouse kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. karyakram key dusare charan taka, halanki, vighatan seey adhikansh paisa kharch curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur heinry koo isake bajaay dhana udhaar lena padaa; sarkari adhikaariyon ney nott kiya kii kaam key liye cumm seey cumm £100,000 kii aavashyakta thee.
garrison.
upkaran kilon key pahara dene vaalon mein purushon kii apekshaakrit chhoti teemen shamil theen joe aamtaur parr kille mein rahate they aur kaam karate they. shaanti key lambe samay key dauran sainyabal imaraton aur unake topkhaane kaa rakharkhaav aur dekhbhal karenge aur sankat mein atirikt sainikon aur sthaaniya milicia dwara poorak kiya jaayega. kille key anusaar sainya-tukadiyon kaa aakar alag-alag thaa; camber mahal mein 29, walmer mahal mein 18, jabaki west tilbury blockhouse mein kewal 9 loga they. sadharan sanic apekshaakrit buniyaadi paristhitiyon mein rahate they, aamtaur parr bhootal parr, kille key kaptan adhik vistrit quarters parr kabja karate they, aksar oopari star key kamaron mein. sainikon ney maans aur machhali khaai, jinamen seey kuchh kaa shikaar kiya gayaa hoga yaa unhein senaa ney pakad liya hoga.
sainya-dall achchi tarah seey sangathit they, aur 1539 mein anushasana kii ack sakht sanhita jaari kii gaee thee; itihaaskaar peater harrington kaa sujhaav haye kii kilon mein jeevan aamtaur parr "thakaau" aur "alag-thalag" rhaa hoga. sainikon seey apane kharch parr hathgole pradaan karane kii ummeed kii jaati thee, aur yadi way unhein banaane mein whiffle rahate hain tou una parr jurmana lagaaya jaa sakata haye. 1540 key dashak key dauran poore ingland mein kewal 200 bandukdhari they; way mahatvapurna sainya visheshagya they, aur itihaaskaar audrey hoves aur martin foreman ney dekhaa kii "rahasya aur khatare kii havaa" ney unhein gher liya thaa.
raksha mein vetan kii darein 1540 mein darj kii gaeen, joe darshaati hain kii ack kaptan key liye ack dinn mein 1 yaa 2 shillings, unake dipty, 8 pence, kuliyon, 8 pence, sainikon aur bandukdhariyon koo 6-6 pence praapt hotey they. kull milakar, 2,220 purushon koo usa varsh 2,208 pound key taaj kii keemat parr vetan praapt karane key roop mein darj kiya gayaa thaa. halanki adhikansh senaaon koo taaj dwara bhugtan kiya gayaa thaa, kuchh mamalon mein sthaaniya samudaay kii bhee bhoomika thee; brouncy mein, sthaaniya shahar 6 purushon kii senaa pradaan karane key liye jimmedaar thaa, aur sandfoot parr gaanv ney karon kaa bhugtan karane aur milicia seva karane seey chhoot key badale mein mahal kii senaa kaa samarthan karane kii jimmedaari lii.
hathiyar.
upkaran kilon mein topkhaane kii bandooken taaj kii sampatti theen aur landan key tower mein adhikaariyon dwara kendriya roop seey prabandhit kii jaati theen. meenar ney unhein vibhinn kilebandi key beach sthanantarit curr diyaa kyonki way aavashyak mahsoos karate they, jisake parinamswarup aksar sthaaniya kaptanon seey shikaayaten aatee theen. vibhinn jeevit abhilekhon mein vishesh tithiyon parr vyaktigat kilon dwara rakhe gaye hathiyaron kaa ullekh haye, aur 1547 aur 1548 key beach taaj kii sampatti kii ack poori soochi banaai gaee thee, jisamen sabhi kilon dwara rakhe gaye hathiyaron kaa vivaran diyaa gayaa thaa. bandookon kii sankhya ack sthaan seey dusare sthaan parr kaafee bhinn thee; 1540 key dashak key anta mein, bhaari hathiyaron seey lais kilon jaise kii hurst aur calshot mein kramshah 26 aur 36 bandooken theen; haalaanki, portland mein kewal 11 tukade they. kuchh kilon mein unake niyamit, shantikal key sainya-kavach key star seey adhik bandooken theen; udaaharan key liye, kewal 13 purushon kii sthaapana key bavjood, milton blockhouse mein 30 topkhaane they.
topon, puliyon aur ardh-topon jaise bhaari hathiyaron aur chhote tukadon jaise kii sekar, minion aur baazon sahit vibhinn prakaar kii topon koo tainaat kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh purani bandooken, udaaharan key liye gulel aur adde bhee tainaat kiye gaye they, lekin culverine jaise nae hathiyaron kii tulanaa mein cumm prabhaavi they. hathiyaron key kaee staron seey lais sthalon key saath, sabse bhaari bandooken aamtaur parr kille mein oopar rakhee jaati theen, chhote hathiyar jameen key karib hotey they. yeh anishchit haye kii usa avadhi kii bandooken kitni door taka pahunch gaee hongi; 16veen aur 17veen shatabdi mein topkhaane kii shrinkhalaon parr kiye gaye vishleshan seey pataa chalaa kii sabse badey hathiyar, jaise kii puliya, door taka key lakshya koo maar sakate hain.
kille aamtaur parr peetal aur lohe kii topon key mishran seey lais they. peetal seey bunny bandooken adhik teji seey-ack ghante mein aathh baar taka-golibari curr sakati theen aur unake lohe key samkaksh kii tulanaa mein upayog karane key liye surakshit theen, lekin mahange they aur aayatit tambe (tinn koo cornwall aur devon seey praapt kiya jaa sakata thaa) kii aavashyakta thee. 1530 key dashak mein heinry ney kent aur landan key weld mein ack nayaa angreji bandook banaane kaa udyog sthaapit kiya thaa, jisamen mukhya bhoomi europe key visheshagya shamil they. yeh lohe key hathiyar banaa sakata thaa, lekin shayed shuru mein upkaran kilon key liye aavashyak sabhi topkhaane kii aapoorti karane kii kshamata kaa abhaav thaa, vishesh roop seey kyonki heinry koo apani naee nausena key liye aur bandookon kii aavashyakta thee. haalaanki, 1543 mein ack takniki safalata ney urdhvaadhar casting kii shuruat kii aur heinry kii lohe kii topon key nirmaan kii kshamata mein bhaari vriddhi kii. iss avadhi kii kuchh bandooken butch gaee hain, lekin 1997 mein khudai key dauran kingsten mein dakshin blockhouse key sthal parr ack lohe kaa portpeace paaya gayaa thaa. hathiyar, jise abb "heinry kii bandook" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, duniya mein kewal chaar aisee bandookon mein seey ack haye joe butch gaee haye aur patwar sangrahalayon mein pradarshit kii gaee haye.
topkhaane key alawa, upkaran kille paidal senaa key hathiyaron seey lais they. handgun, aamtaur parr matchlock arquabus kaa ack praarambhik roop, karibi raksha key liye upayog kiya jaataa; yeye lambe aur tipai parr samarthit they. kaee kilon mein dhanush, teer aur khambhe jaise bill, pike aur hulbarred kii aapoorti bhee hoti thee. 1540 key dashak mein angreji senaaon key beach lambe dhanush abhee bhee sainya upayog mein they, halanki baad mein unaki lokpriyata mein teji seey girawat aaee, aur jaba unhein sankat mein bulaaya gayaa tou dhruvon key saath inca upayog sthaaniya milicia dwara kiya gayaa hoga.
baad kaa itihas.
16veen shatabdi.
heinry kii mrityu key baad france key saath sangharsh mein viram lagaa, jisake dauran kaee nae kille kharaab honey diye gaye. marammat key liye bahut cumm paisa upalabdh thaa aur suraksha balon kaa aakar cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa. purvi gaayon koo 1547 key aspas chhod diyaa gayaa thaa aur way barbad hoe gaeen, jabaki neeche kii or key gadhon koo vikrit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur unaki bandooken hataa dee gaeen; unhein aupchaarik roop seey 1550 mein seva seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. 1552 mein assex kilebandi koo sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur baad mein kaee koo neeche kheench liya gayaa thaa. kille key patwar mein kille koo banaae rakhane key kharch key kaaran taaj ney shahar key adhikaariyon key saath unake prabandhan koo sambhaalane key liye ack samjhaute parr sahamati vyakt kii. 1557 aur 1558 key beach milton aur hime koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. sakriya seva mein vaapas laane seey pahale, mercia kille koo asthaayi roop seey sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
1558 mein france key saath shaanti ghoshit honey key baad dakshin-poorv ingland kaa ranneetik mahatva cumm hoe gayaa. isake bajaay sainya dhyaan desh key teji seey samriddh dakshin-paschim mein spanish khatare kii or sthanantarit hoe gayaa; tanaav badh gayaa aur antatah 1569 mein yuddh chhid gayaa. nae khatare key kaaran cornwall mein pendanis aur sent maws casal mein sudhaar kiya gayaa, aur dakshin tata key saath-saath calshot, camber aur portland kii marammat kii gaee. 1588 mein spanish nausena ingland key liye ravaana hui aur jawab mein upkaran kilon koo jutaaya gayaa. iss kaam key hisse key roop mein, west tilbury koo seva mein vaapas laaya gayaa aur jaldbaji mein khadee senaa dwara samarthit kiya gayaa, jiska daura raani elizabeth pratham ney kiya thaa, aur italvi engineer, federigo giambeli key nirdeshan mein aage vistaar kiya gayaa. kabron key anta mein sudhaar kiya gayaa aur kaee assex kilebandi koo asthaayi roop seey upayog mein vaapas laaya gayaa; patwar aur milford haven mein raksha badhaane key baare mein charcha hui, lekin vaastav mein koee kaam naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
armada key vinash key bavjood, spanish khatra jaari rhaa; kent mein mahal elizabeth key baaki shasankal key dauran kaarravaai key liye taiyar rakhe gaye they. 1596 mein ack spanish aakraman bedaa kathit taur parr 20,000 sainikon koo leey jaa rhaa thaa, joe pendanis key liye ravaana huaa, jise taba kewal 500 purushon key saath tainaat kiya gayaa thaa. kharaab mausam key kaaran bede koo vaapas lautane key liye majboor honah padaa, lekin elizabeth ney raksha kii sameeksha kii aur engineer paul ive dwara design kiye gaye adhik aadhunik burjon key saath heinry key mool kille kaa kaafee vistaar kiya. haalaanki, shatabdi key anta taka, adhikansh upkaran kille aam taur parr europeeya manakon key anusaar puraane hoe gaye they.
17veen shatabdi.
james aaee 1603 mein angreji simhaasan parr aaya, jisake parinamswarup france aur spen donon key saath shaanti hui. unaki sarkaar ney tateey raksha mein bahut cumm ruchi lii aur kaee upkaran kilon kii upeksha kii gaee aur way kharaab hoe gaye, aur unake sainikon kii majdoori kaa bhugtan naheen kiya gayaa. sauda aur kabr jaise blockhouse jaise sabhi mahalon koo vyaapak marammat kii aavashyakta key roop mein mulyankan kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen rait kaa gett itani kharaab sthiti mein bataaya gayaa thaa kii "naa tou rahane yogya yaa kissy bhee hamale key khilaf rakshaatmak, naa hii sadakon koo adesh dene key liye koee upayukt tarika". golaa-barud aur pouder kii kamee, aur paryaapt marammat mein kewal mutthi bhar bandookon key saath, hurst flamish jahaajon koo solent key saath gujarane seey rokane mein asamarth thaa. pendanis kii senaa kaa vetan dou saal kaa bakaaya thaa, kathit taur parr unhein bhojan key liye tatrekha seey langadon koo ikattha karane key liye majboor kiya. kuchh kille upayog seey baahar hoe gaye; camber mahal, jiska sthaaniya lunger kii raksha karane kaa mool kaary abb taka badalate tatrekha dwara anaavashyak curr diyaa gayaa thaa, 1637 mein raajaa charles I dwara sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki 1620 key dashak taka sharpnode bullwark khandahar mein parh gayaa thaa.
pahala angreji grihyuddh.
1642 mein raajaa charles pratham aur sansad key samarthakon key beach poore ingland mein grih yuddh chhid gayaa. kilebandi aur topkhaane ney sangharsh mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, aur adhikansh upkaran kilon ney seva kii. ingland key dakshin aur poorv koo jald hii sansad dwara niyantrit kiya gayaa thaa. kabron aur tilbury mein blockhouse koo sansad dwara gherabandi kii gaee thee aur landan taka pahunch koo niyantrit karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa thaa. yuddh key shuruati charan mein sansad ney sussex aur cantish tatrekha key saath kille koo jabt curr liya thaa, phir dushman dwara iska upayog kiye jaane seey rokane key liye camber mahal koo sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, baaki koo gherabandi jaari haye. shaahi bedaa, joe neeche lunger mein sthit thaa, sansad kaa paksh liya.
sangharsh kii shuruat mein solent key saath upkaran kille bhee sansadiya haathon mein chaley gaye. poore kshetra mein calshot kii gherabandi kii gaee thee, jaisa kii brouncy thaa, jise majboot kiya gayaa thaa aur atirikt bandookon seey susajjit kiya gayaa thaa. paas key ack sansadiya jahaaj parr golibari key baad paschimi gaayon koo teji seey leey jaaya gayaa, aur yarmouth mein shaahi commander ney jaldi seey apani chhoti see senaa key aatmasamarpan key liye baatchit kii. dakshin sagar mahal mein bhaari sankhya mein sainya-dall parr ack raat key hamale mein sansadiya balon ney hamla curr diyaa. camber kii tarah, sent andru aur netley parr teji seey kabja curr liya gayaa aur phir sansad dwara unhein sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa. uttar-poorv mein, sansad key saath bhee patwar kaa paksh liya gayaa, aur kaee gherabandi key dauran isake mahal aur blockhouse kaa upayog shahar kii suraksha key hisse key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa.
dakshin-paschim kaa adhikansh hissa raajaa key paksh mein thaa; sent catherine jaise upkaran kille sangharsh kii shuruat seey hii shaahi shasakon key paas they. shaahi shasakon ney 1643 mein portland aur sandfoot lete hue sansadiya-niyantrit dorset parr aakraman kiya. yuddh kaa pravaah raajaa key khilaf hoe gayaa, aur 1644 aur 1645 mein dorset kilon koo gher liya gayaa, jisamen sansad mein rait kaa pair gir gayaa. march 1646 taka, thomas fairfax ney ack badee senaa key saath cornwall mein pravesh kiya thaa. mahal key kaptan koo pendanis key majboot kille mein peechhe hatane key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin unhone binaa pratirodh kiye turant aatmasamarpan curr diyaa. pendanis parr bhoomi seey bambari kii gaee aur jahaajon key ack bede dwara avaruddh curr diyaa gayaa. kaptan, surr johnn arundel, 15 agast koo ack sammaanjanak aatmasamarpan key liye sahmat hoe gaye, aur lagbhag 900 jeevit bache logon ney kille koo chhod diyaa, jinamen seey kuchh kuposhan seey buri tarah seey beemar they. pendanis yuddh mein pakadane key liye antim shaahi kilaa thaa, jisake baad portland mahal ney antatah aprail 1646 mein aatmasamarpan curr diyaa.
doosara angreji grihyuddh.
kuchh varshon kii asthir shaanti key baad, 1648 mein doosara angreji grihyuddh chhid gayaa, iss baar charles key shaahi samarthakon key saath scotish senaayen shamil hoe gaeen. sansadiya nausena nichale ilaakon mein sthit thee, joe paas key henrician mahalon dwara sanrakshit thee, lekin shayed rajvanshiya vidroh kent mein chala rhaa thaa. raajaa key liye sandon mahal ghoshit kiya gayaa, aur sanic aur poorv nausena kaptan mejar keme ney taba saude parr senaa key sainikon koo aur walmer koo aatmasamarpan karane key liye aashvast kiya. sandgate mahal shayed shaahi logon mein bhee shamil hoe gayaa. tateey kille aur nausena donon abb shaahi niyantran mein honey key kaaran, sansad koo darr thaa kii videshi senaayen tata key saath utar sakati hain, yaa sainya sahaayata scott koo bheji jaa sakati haye.
assex bhee juuna mein vidroh mein ubhara aur colchester shahar koo shaahi logon dwara leey liya gayaa. surr thomas fairfax ney ise gherabandi mein rakhaa, aur mercia kille koo sansadiya balon dwara leey liya gayaa aur nadee key raaste shahar taka pahunchane vaali kissy bhee sahaayata koo kaat diyaa gayaa. iss beach, sansad ney juuna kii shuruat mein medstone kii ladaai mein cantish vidroh koo haraaya aur phir curnell ameer kii kamaan mein ack bull bheja taaki neeche key mahalon seey nipata jaa sakey.
walmer mahal 12 julaai koo gher liya gayaa aur aatmasamarpan karane vaalaa pahala mahal thaa. taba sandon aur deal key beach ack mitty kaa kilaa banaaya gayaa thaa, jiska bachaav lagbhag 150 purushon dwara kiya gayaa hoga. sauda, jise shaahi shasakon dwara samudra seey phir seey aapoorti kii gaee thee, julaai mein gher liya gayaa thaa. ack shaahi bede ney sansadiya padon parr bambari kii aur vidroh key samarthan mein asthaayi roop seey 1,500 asthaayi bhaade key sainikon koo utaara, lekin dhana kii kamee ney unhein mahadweep mein lautane key liye majboor curr diyaa. rajkumar charles kii kamaan mein bede ney agast mein ack nae bull koo utaarane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin teen prayason key bavjood operation whiffle rhaa aur bhaari nuksan huaa. sauda 25 agast koo aatmasamarpan curr diyaa, usake baad 5 sitambar koo sandowne kiya gayaa.
antargrahan aur punarsthapana.
kaee mahalon key vipareet, upkaran kilon koo sansad dwara antarvarti varshon key dauran jaanboojhkar kshatigrast yaa nasht kiye jaane seey bachaa jaataa thaa. nava niyukt rajyapalon dwara dekhrekh kiye gaye shaahi aakraman key darr seey kaee kille paryaapt sankhya mein purushon key saath tainaat rahey; khatare key kaaran netley koo seva mein vaapas laaya gayaa. kaee yuddh key kaidiyon yaa raajneetik bandiyon koo rakhane key liye upayog kiye jaate they, jinamen patwar, marsi, portland, dakshin sagar aur paschimi gaay shamil they. 1652 aur 1654 key beach pahale anglo-dutch yuddh key dauran, mitty key kaam aur sainikon key saath saude jaise mahalon koo majboot kiya gayaa thaa. portland ney portland sadakon mein angreji aur dutch balon key beach teen divasiya lambi nausainik ladaai key dauran kaarravaai dekhi. kuchh sthal upayog seey baahar hoe gaeh chhote dennis blockhouse-pendanis mein raksha key parisar kaa hissa-aur mercia koo 1654 aur 1655 key beach sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur brouncy mahal koo niji haathon mein betch diyaa gayaa thaa.
charles dwiteeya koo 1660 mein simhaasan parr bahaal kiya gayaa aur poore raajya mein sainya-daston key aakar aur majdoori donon koo cumm curr diyaa gayaa. upkaran kille shuru mein dakshin tata key saath raksha key kendra mein baney rahey, lekin unakaa design abb taka buri tarah seey pracheen thaa. dusare aur teesare dutch yuddhon key dauran girawat kii raksha karane mein sauda ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata rhaa, jise sthaaniya prashikshit baind dwara samarthit kiya gayaa, aur hurst, portland aur sandgate jaise mahal tainaat rahey. haalaanki, anya koo 1665 mein raksha key niyantran parr vivaad key baad sandfoot bund honey key saath sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur netley koo barbad honey key liye chhod diyaa gayaa thaa.
1667 mein them key saath ack apratyaashit nausainik chhaape key baad dutch khatare key baare mein chintaaen badh gaeen, jisake dauran kabr aur tilbury ney hamale koo rajdhani taka pahunchane seey roque diyaa. jawab mein, charles ney apani tateey raksha mein vyaapak sudhaar kiye. iss nivesh key hisse key roop mein pendanis, southsy aur yarmouth mein kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki tilbury kaa kaafee laagat parr prachir, burj aur khaai kii ack adyatan pranali key saath bhaari vistaar kiya gayaa thaa. charles key kaam key antim charanon mein, 1680 key dashak key dauran mahal aur dakshini blockhouse koo ack badey paimaane parr nae kille mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa jise gadh kahaa jaataa haye.
kuchh upkaran kilon ney charles key bhaai, raajaa james dwiteeya key khilaf 1688 kii gauravshali kranti mein bhoomika nibhai. saude key nagaron key logon ney villium off orange key samarthan mein apane sthaaniya mahal koo jabt curr liya, aur ack daraavane ayrish aakraman key khilaf girawat kii raksha key liye kadam uthaaye joe kabhi bhee sakar naheen huaa. dakshin sagar mahal raajaa key avaidh bete, james fitzzems, duke off berwick key paas thaa, jiss parr apane pitaa key kaaran key dhahane key kaaran aatmasamarpan karane key liye dabaav daala gayaa thaa. yarmouth koo james key samarthak robbert homes dwara niyantrit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin sthaaniya nivaasiyon aur unake garrison dwara wafadar kaaran kaa sakriya roop seey samarthan karane seey rokaa gayaa thaa, jinhone villium kaa paksh liya thaa.
18veen-19veen shatabdi.
1700-1791.
18veen shatabdi key dauran upkaran kilon kaa sainya mahatva cumm hoe gayaa. kuchh kilebandi koo unake nivaasiyon key liye adhik aramdayak awas pradaan karane key liye phir seey design kiya gayaa thaa. kaauz mahal koo 1716 mein aanshik roop seey isake awas key aadhunikikaran key liye punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen adhikansh rakh koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur bhoomi kii raksha parr aavaasiya pankh aur bageeche jode gaye they, aur 1720 key dashak key baad seey brouncy mahal koo ack graameen ghar mein parivartit kiya jaanaa shuru hoe gayaa thaa. walmer sink bandargaahon key swami warden kaa aadhikarik nivaas bunn gayaa, aur dorset key duke, lionel sacville ney 1708 key baad vahaan vyaapak kaam kiya. shayed sacville aur nausena adhikaari surr johnn norris key beach kuchh pratidvandvita thee, jinhone usee avadhi key dauran paas key saude key mahal kaa punarvikas kiya, jisase samudra kii or dekhane key liye apane liye aramdayak lakadi-panel vaale quarter baney.
upkaran kilon key bachaav parr aalochana kii gaee, jinamen aksar nyuntam suraksha bull hotey they aur jinhen kharaab honey key liye chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, dakshin sagar mahal mein kewal ack puraane sargent aur teen yaa chaar loga joe cake aur eley bechate they, ack samkaaleen vivaran key anusaar tainaat they, aur prastaavon koo site koo poori tarah seey chhodane key liye aage rakhaa gayaa thaa. portland koo tateey kataav seey buri tarah seey nuksan huaa aur kewal ack karyavahak senaa dwara sanrakshit, kathit taur parr kaee varshon taka marammat naheen kii gaee thee, aur 1714 key ack sarvekshan mein paaya gayaa kii lambe samay seey upekshit pendanis mahal "bahut vinashkari sthiti mein" thaa. francisi senaa ney saude, walmer aur sandon koo kissy bhee sambhaavit hamale key liye atyadhik samvedansheel honey key roop mein khariz curr diyaa, unhein 1767 mein "bahut purana aur bandook key platforms seey thodaa adhik" key roop mein varnit kiya. mercia kilaa aur purvi tilbury khandahar mein gir gaye aur unhein chhod diyaa gayaa, baad vaalaa them dwara duba huaa thaa. haalaanki, kilebandi mein kuchh seemit nivesh kiye gaye they, jisamen 1730 key dashak mein pendanis mahal kii raksha kaa aadhunikikaran kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1770 key dashak mein calshot kii raksha kaa.
1792-1849.
18veen aur 19veen shatabdi key anta mein krantikari aur napolean yuddhon key kaaran kuchh mahalon koo phir seey tainaat kiya gayaa aur sudhaar kiya gayaa, joe pramukh sthaanon key aspas bandook kii baitariyon kii ack shrinkhala key vikas key hisse key roop mein thaa. kuchh kille jaise kii sandgate, southsy, hurst aur pendenis, sanrakshit ranneetik sthaan aur inca vyaapak roop seey aadhunikikaran kiya gayaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, hurst koo 36-pound () hathiyaron kii bhaari baitariyon key saath phir seey design kiya gayaa thaa, aur pendanis koo 48 bandookon seey susajjit kiya gayaa thaa. sandgate kii rakhwali koo dakshin tata key saath kaam key ack vyaapak karyakram key hisse key roop mein ack martello tower banaane key liye punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa. kent aur tilbury mein naee bandook battery kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa, jabaki fort mercia koo ack naee battery key saath poori tarah seey seva mein vaapas laaya gayaa. calshot mahal kaa navinikaran kiya gayaa thaa, aur dakshin sagar kii raksha koo badey paimaane parr aadhunik banaaya gayaa thaa, jaisa kii patwar mein thaa, mahal aur dakshin blockhouse koo phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa.
kuchh upkaran kilon ney francisi aakraman key khatare kaa mukabala karane key liye yuddhon key dauran uthaaye gaye swayamsevak ikaaiyon key saath milkar kaam kiya. walmer mahal kaa upayog usake kaptan villium pitt dwara kiya jaataa thaa-joe taba pradhaan mantri aur sink bandargaahon key lord warden they-swayamsevi ghudsavaar ikai key liye aadhar key roop mein aur 35 sashastr machhali pakadane vaali naukaaon key bede koo luggers kahaa jaataa thaa. paas key saude mein paidal senaa aur ghudsavaar senaa kii ikaaiyaan bhee theen, jinhen fencibles kahaa jaataa thaa aur 1802 mein pits dwara bharti kiye gaye bambari karane vaalon kii ikaaiyon ney mahal mein sainya abhyaas kiye. calshot kaa upayog paas key samudri baad key liye yuddhasamagri koo sangraheet karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. pendanis ney ack naee swayamsevak topkhaane kii ikai kaa ayojan kiya, jiska upayog cornwall key paar anya sainya balon koo prashikshit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa.
sarkari tata rakshak ney taskari kaa mukabala karane key liye kuchh kille kaa upayog aadhar key roop mein kiya. calshot avarodhan jahaajon key liye prateeksha mein rahane key liye ack achchha sthaan thaa aur, shatabdi key madhya taka, dou adhikaari aur bayalis loga vahaan tainaat they; kent mein sandon mahal kaa upayog tata rakshak dwara taskari virodhi abhiyaanon key liye bhee kiya jaataa thaa. aaney vaale dashakon mein kuchh kilon koo aprachalit ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa aur nae upayogon mein daal diyaa gayaa; yuddh key baad bandargah koo nirastra curr diyaa gayaa aur ack niji ghar mein badal diyaa gayaa. kabron koo nae saraay kille dwara hataa diyaa gayaa thaa aur 1844 mein dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss beach, 1826 key baad seey netley mahal key khandharon koo ack gothik shally key ghar mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa.
1850-1899.
19veen shatabdi key madhya seey, sainya praudyogiki mein parivartan ney baar-baar britten key tateey raksha key moolya aur sanrachana koo chunauti dee. khol bandookon aur bhaap jahaajon kii shuruat ney ack nayaa jokhim paida kiya kii francisi dakshin tata parr safaltapurvak hamla curr sakate hain, aur 1850 key dashak kii shuruat mein sangharsh kii ashanka badh gaee. dakshin sagar mahal aur sent maav koo naee bandook battery key saath vistaarit kiya gayaa thaa, pendanis koo bhaari bandookon seey phir seey susajjit kiya gayaa thaa, aur hurst koo badey paimaane parr punarvikasit kiya gayaa thaa. calshot koo phir seey taiyar karane key baare mein charcha hui, lekin inhen aswikar curr diyaa gayaa, aanshik roop seey aadhunik yuddh mein 16 veen shatabdi kii divaaron kii upayuktata key baare mein chintaon key kaaran. crimean yuddh ney ack nae aakraman key darr koo janm diyaa aur 1855 mein ingland key dakshin tata koo phir seey gadh diyaa gayaa. 1855 mein sent catherine aur yarmouth mein naee bandooken sthaapit kii gaeen. paschimi blockhouse key avasheshon koo ack nae kille, paschimi blockhouse kille dwara nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jise francisi khatare seey nipatane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa.
france key baare mein taaja chintaon key saath-saath rifle tope aur lohe seey dhake yuddhpoton key vikas key kaaran 1859 mein united kingdam kii raksha parr shaahi aayog kii sthaapana hui aur dakshin tata kii suraksha key baare mein ashanka vyakt kii gaee. jawab mein, 1859 mein sandgate koo bhaari bandookon seey phir seey susajjit kiya gayaa thaa, aur dakshin sagar parr vyaapak kaam kiya gayaa thaa. hurst mein bhaari rifle vaali breach-loading bandookon kii dou vishal baitariyan luggy theen, joe lohe kii kavach plate dwara sanrakshit theen, jinka upayog teji seey chalane vaale dushman key yuddhpoton key khilaf kiya jaataa thaa. 1868 key baad kille mein bhaari bandookon key liye raasta banaane key liye tilbury blockhouse koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. aakraman key darr key jawab mein 1869 mein senaa dwara bandargah koo ack garrison adde key roop mein phir seey chunaa gayaa thaa, lekin ise phir seey sashastr naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
1880 key dashak mein france key baare mein chintaon kii ack naee lahar aaee, jisake saath abhee bhee adhik shaktishali nausainik topkhaane aur tej yuddhpoton aur tarpedo naukaaon kii shuruat hui, jisake parinamswarup aadhunikikaran kii ack naee lahar aaee. 1885 mein caric sadakon parr ack electronic roop seey sanchaalit minefield bichhaaya gayaa thaa, jise sanyukt roop seey sent maws aur pendanis seey niyantrit kiya gayaa thaa. mahal koo nae jahaajon koo sanlagn karane mein saksham banaane key liye naee, twarit-golibari bandooken lagaai gaeen. calshot koo ack tateey kille key roop mein seva mein vaapas laaya gayaa thaa, jisamen twarit golibari bandookon kii ack naee battery nadimukh mein teji seey suraksha karati thee. halanki, 16veen shatabdi key kilebandi key mool hisse jaise kii dakshin sagar aur calshot bahut chhote they aur aadhunik hathiyaron key liye anupayukt they, aur isake bajaay khoj kii roshni, seema aur disha khojane key liye upayog kiye jaate they; kuchh mamalon mein unake kapade koo dheere-dheere girawat key liye chhod diyaa gayaa thaa.
kuchh anya sthalon koo abb vyavharya naheen maanaa jaataa thaa. paschimi gaayon koo 1854 mein sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur shaahi nauka squadron kaa club house bunn gayaa thaa. tateey kataav seey buri tarah peedit kent mein sandowne mahal koo 1863 key baad seey dhwast kiya jaanaa shuru hoe gayaa; bandargaahon key liye raasta banaane key liye 1864 mein patwar gadh aur isake 16veen shatabdi key kille koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa; 1885 mein yarmouth koo sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, joe ack tata rakshak signalling station bunn gayaa thaa; aur tateey kataav seey peedit sandgate koo 1888 mein dakshin purvi railway company koo betch diyaa gayaa thaa.
20veen-21veen shatabdi.
1900-1945.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, bandookon aur kavach key vikas ney adhikansh upkaran kilon koo upayogi honey key liye bahut chhota banaa diyaa thaa. aadhunik hathiyar pranaaliyan aur unaki sahayak rasad suvidhaaen jaise kii yuddh-shastra bhandar 16veen shatabdi key designs key bheetar fitt naheen hoe sakate they. 1905 mein fallmouth raksha kii sameeksha ney nishkarsh nikala kii sent maws mein nausena kii topkhaane anaavashyak hoe gaee thee, kyonki aavashyak bandooken pendanis aur tata key saath nae sthalon key sanyojan parr lagaai jaa sakati theen, aur mahal koo nirastra curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1913 mein ack sameeksha ney nishkarsh nikala kii nausena kii topkhaane koo calshot parr rakhna bhee anaavashyak thaa, aur site koo isake bajaay ack prayogaatmak seaplane station mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa.
iss beach, yuddh karyalaya dwara aitihaasik sainya imaraton key prati sahanubhutihin vyavhaar key baare mein chinta badh rahee thee; apane hisse key liye, yuddh karyalaya chintit thaa kii vaha apane swayam key bajat seey inn sampattiyon kaa aarthik samarthan curr sakata haye. yarmouth mahal koo 1901 mein vann aur vann ayukton koo saunp diyaa gayaa thaa, isake kuchh hisson koo padosi hotal koo patte parr diyaa gayaa thaa. yuddh karyalaya ney nishkarsh nikala kii walmer aur saude kaa koee shesh sainya moolya naheen thaa aur 1904 mein mahal koo kaary karyalaya mein sthanantarit karane key liye sahmat huaa, jinhone agantukon key liye donon poorv kille khole. portland mahal koo anusuchi see soochi key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, jiska arth thaa kii senaa aitihaasik sampatti kaa upayog aur prabandhan karna jaari rakhegi, lekin karyon key karyalaya seey marammat kii upayuktata parr salah praapt karegi.
pratham vishva yuddh key prakop key saath, nausena abhiyaan mukhya roop seey dakshin-poorv aur dakshini taton parr kendrit they. pendanis kii raksha koo majboot kiya gayaa, jabaki dakshin sagar, anty-zepelin bandookon key saath, solent kii raksha key liye kille key portmouth yojana kaa hissa banaa. calshot ney pandubbi rodhi yuddh key liye ack aadhar banaaya, aur down key shesh mahalon kaa upayog dover gashti kii gatividhiyon kaa samarthan karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. sent maws aur portland kaa upayog bairak key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa, aur walmer pradhaan mantri key liye ack saptahant kaa peechhe hatna bunn gayaa, joe france mein agrim pankti key saath apane achche sanchaar sambandhon kaa fayda uthaata thaa.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, britten kii tateey raksha taton key saath nirmit vyaapak baadhaon parr nirbhar thee, jisamen badee sankhya mein chhoti rakshaatmak topkhaane kii sthiti thee joe havaai aavaran dwara samarthit thee. kaee upkaran kilon koo iss tarah seey seva mein vaapas laaya gayaa thaa. pendanis, sent catherine, sent maws aur walmer nausena kii bandook battery seey lais they, calshot aur hurst koo nausena kii bandookon aur vimaan-rodhi raksha key saath phir seey sashastr kiya gayaa thaa, aur sandfoot kaa upayog vimaan-rodhi battery key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. dakshin sagar ney seva jaari rakhee, aur operation pakad mein shamil thaa, jisane 1940 mein francisi bede koo jabt curr liya. anya kaa upayog sahaayata suvidhaon key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa; sainya upayog key liye yarmouth kii maang kii gaee thee; bandargah kaa upayog awas, karyalayon aur ack ayudh bhandar key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa, aur paschimi gaayon kaa upayog dee-day landing key hisse key liye nausena mukhyalaya key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. camber kaa upayog ack praarambhik chetavani aur dikoy site key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa taaki paas key raaee seey chhaapon koo vichalit kiya jaa sakey. yuddh kii shuruat mein ack german bamvarshak ney saude mein kaptan key adhikansh quarters koo nasht curr diyaa, jisase villium birdwood koo hampton darbar mein jaane key liye majboor honah padaa. pradhaan mantri, winston churchill koo yuddh key dauran walmer mahal key kaptan key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, lekin unhone ise ack nivaas key roop mein upayog karane seey incar curr diyaa, yeh dekhate hue kii yeh unake liye banaae rakhna bahut mahanga thaa, aur yeh german topkhaane kii seema key bheetar thaa.
1946-21veen sadee.
yuddh key baad, tateey raksha teji seey aprasangik hoe gaee kyonki yuddh key maidan mein paramanu hathiyar haavi hoe gaye. shesh upkaran kille abhee bhee sainya upayog mein they, jinhen shuru mein aarakshit ikaaiyon key saath tainaat kiya gayaa thaa aur phir sainya pratishthanon key roop mein bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. sent catherine aur portland koo 1940 key dashak key anta mein, 1950 key dashak mein hurst, pendanis aur yarmouth koo, 1960 mein southsy koo, aur isake baad, 1961 mein isake havaai adde koo bund karane key baad, calshot koo sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa.
isake baad vyaapak bahaali kaa kaam kiya gayaa; calshot, deal, hurst, pendanis, portland, sent catherine aur southsy mein, kilebandi mein adhik aadhunik parivardhan koo unake itihas kii praarambhik avadhi mein, 16 veen seey 19 veen shatabdi taka, mahalon kii upasthiti koo phir seey banaane key prayaas mein nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. iss avadhi key dauran kilon mein vyaapak shodh huaa, jisaki shuruat 1951 mein mantralaya dwara upkaran kilon mein kaam karane key liye shuru kii gaee ack lambe samay seey chala rahee shodh pariyojana key saath hui, jisake parinamswarup 1980 key dashak key dauran unake itihas mein akaadamik ruchi badhee.
yuddh key baad key varshon mein kille kii ack shrinkhala koo janata key liye khol diyaa gayaa thaa. 1950 key dashak mein sauda, hurst, pendanis aur portland khola gayaa, aur 1967 mein southsy. 1980 key dashak mein calshot kaa anusaran kiya gayaa, 1994 mein lambe samay taka bahaali key kaam key baad camber, aur 2012 mein marammat key kaam key baad sandfoot phir seey khola gayaa. saiton parr agantukon kii sankhya bhinn hoti haye; udaaharan key liye, southsy casal koo 2011-12 mein 90,000 seey adhik agantuk praapt hue. anya kilon koo alag-alag upayogon key liye rakhaa gayaa thaah netley koo pahale ack nursing home kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, aur phir niji flats mein parivartit kiya gayaa thaa; brouncy johnn luis saajhedaari key karmchaariyon key liye ack corporate hotal bunn gayaa; aur 1970 key dashak mein ack niji ghar banaane key liye sandgate koo bahaal kiya gayaa thaa.
21veen shatabdi taka kaee upkaran kille tateey kataav seey kshatigrast hoe gaye they, yaa kuchh mamalon mein poori tarah seey khou gaye they; samasya 16veen shatabdi key baad seey kuchh sthaanon parr maujood thee aur abhee bhee bunny hui haye, udaaharan key liye, dard mein. purvi kaau mahal aur purvi tilbury kilaa poori tarah seey khou gaye hain, jabaki purvi blockhouse, mercia aur sandfoot buri tarah seey kshatigrast hoe gaye hain, sandgate kaa ack tihai aur adhikansh sent andru beh gaye hain. anya sthalon koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, samay key saath banaaya gayaa thaa yaa buss nasht hoe gayaa thaa; udaaharan key liye, neeche key saath-saath divaaron kaa lagbhag koee nishan naheen haye. shesh sthal yaa tou anusoochit smarakon yaa soochibaddh imaraton key roop mein britten sanrakshan kaanoon dwara sanrakshit hain.

