
andhe prayog

ack andhe yaa andhe prayog mein, joe jaankaari prayog key pratibhagiyon koo prabhaavit curr sakati haye, usey prayog puuraa honey taka roque diyaa jaataa haye. achchi andhata pratibhagiyon kii apekshaon, pratibhagiyon parr paryavekshak key prabhaav, paryavekshak purvagrah, pushti purvagrah aur anya sroton seey utpann prayogaatmak purvagrahon koo cumm yaa samaapt curr sakati haye. ack andhe koo kissy bhee prayog key pratibhaagi parr lagaaya jaa sakata haye, jisamen vishay, shodhkarta, technician, detta vishleshak aur moolyankankarta shamil hain. kuchh mamalon mein, andhaapan upayogi hoga, lekin yeh asambhav yaa anaitik haye. udaaharan key liye, shaaririk chikitsa hastakshep mein ack rogi koo unake upchaar key liye andhaa karna sambhav naheen haye. ack achchha naidaanik protocol yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii andhaapan naitik aur vyaavhaarik baadhaon key bheetar jitna sambhav hoe utanaa prabhaavi hoe.
ack prayog key dauran, ack pratibhaagi andhaa hoe jaataa haye yadi way aisee jaankaari praapt karate hain joe unhein dee gaee haye. udaaharan key liye, ack rogi joe ack dushprabhaav kaa anubhav kartaa haye, vaha apane upchaar kaa sahee anuman lagaa sakata haye, jisase vaha andhaa hoe jaataa haye. andhe prayogon mein andhepan aam haye, vishesh roop seey aushadhiya parikshanon mein. vishesh roop seey, dard kii dawa aur avasaadarodhi davaaon parr pareekshan kharaab roop seey andhe hain. adhyayan key nishkarsh seey pahale honey vaali andhaapan prayogaatmak truti kaa ack srot haye, kyonki andhaapan dwara samaapt kiye gaye purvagrah koo phir seey pesh kiya jaataa haye. samooh reporting dishaanirdeshon mein sifarish kii gaee haye kii sabhi adhyayanon kaa aaklan karein aur unhein andhaa bataaya jaae. vyavhaar mein, bahut cumm adhyayan aisaa karate hain.
andhaapan vaigyaanik vidhi kaa ack mahatvapurna upkaran haye, aur iska upayog anusandhaan key kaee kshetron mein kiya jaataa haye. kuchh kshetron mein, jaise kii dawa, ise aavashyak maanaa jaataa haye. naidaanik anusandhaan mein, ack pareekshan joe ack andhe pareekshan naheen haye, usey ack khula pareekshan kahaa jaataa haye.
itihas.
pahala gyaat andhaa prayog 1784 mein pashu chumbakatva parr francisi shaahi aayog dwara kiya gayaa thaa, joe kii franz mesmer key poorv sahayogi charles dee 'aslon dwara prastaavit mesmerism key daavon kii jaanch karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. jaanch mein, shodhkartaon (shaaririk roop seey) ney aankho parr patti bandhkar mantramugdh curr diyaa aur unhein una vastuon kii pehchaan karane key liye kahaa joe prayogkartaon ney pahale "mahatvapurna taral padaarth" seey bharee theen. vishay aisaa karane mein asamarth they.
1817 mein, pahala andhaa prayog ack vaigyaanik setting key baahar darj kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen ack stradivarius violine kii sangeet gunavatta kii tulanaa gitar jaisi design key saath kii gaee thee. ack violine vaadak pratyek vaadya bajaata thaa jabaki vaigyaanikon aur sangeetkaron kii ack samiti dusare kamare seey sunati thee taaki purvagrah seey bachaa jaa sakey.
double-blind protocol kaa ack praarambhik udaaharan 1835 kaa neuremberg namak pareekshan thaa joe neuremberg key sarvocch shreni key saarvajanik swaasthya adhikaari, saath hii saath friedrich shiller key karibi dost, friedrich wilheim wonn howen dwara kiya gayaa thaa. iss pareekshan ney homeopathic dilution kii prabhavsheelta kaa virodh kiya.
shodhkartaon key andhaapan kii vakaalat karane vaalaa ack praarambhik nibandh 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein clod bernard seey aaya thaa. bernard ney sifarish kii kii ack prayog key paryavekshak koo pareekshan kii jaa rahee parikalpana kaa gyaan naheen honah chaahiye. yeh sujhaav prachalit gyaan-yug key drishtikon key saath poori tarah seey vipareet haye kii vaigyaanik avalokan kewal taba hii vastunishth roop seey maanya hoe sakata haye jaba ack sushikshit, soochit vaigyaanik dwara kiya jaae. ack andhe shodhkarta key liye darj kiya gayaa pahala adhyayan 1907 mein doubleu dwara kiya gayaa thaa. aich. aar. nadiyaan aur aich. aine. caffein key prabhaavon kii jaanch karane key liye webber. 20veen shatabdi key madhya mein andhe shodhkartaon kii aavashyakta koo vyaapak roop seey maanyata mill gaee.
prishthabhoomi.
pakshapaat.
jaba koee adhyayan aparyaapt roop seey andhaa hotaa haye tou kaee purvagrah maujood hotey hain. yadi rogi apane upchaar key prati andhaa naheen haye tou rogi dwara soochit parinam alag-alag hoe sakate hain. isi tarah, andhe shodhkartaon kii viphalata paryavekshak purvagrah mein parinam detee haye. andhe detta vishleshak ack aise vishleshan kaa samarthan curr sakate hain joe unake maujooda vishvaason (pushti purvagrah) kaa samarthan kartaa haye. yeye purvagrah aam taur parr avachetan prabhaavon kaa parinam hotey hain, aur taba bhee maujood hotey hain jaba adhyayan pratibhagiyon kaa maanana haye kii way unase prabhaavit naheen hotey hain.
shabdawali.
chikitsa anusandhaan mein, aamtaur parr andhepan kaa varnan karane key liye "ekal-andh", "dohare-andh" aur "teenahare-andh" shabdon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. yeye shabd una prayogon kaa varnan karate hain jinamen (kramshah) ack, dou, yaa teen paksh kuchh jaankaari key prati andhe hotey hain. aksar, ekal-andhe adhyayan andhe rogiyon koo unake upchaar aavantan key liye, dohare-andhe adhyayan rogiyon aur shodhkartaon donon koo upchaar aavantan key liye andhe karate hain, aur teen-andhe adhyayan andhe rogiyon, shodhkarta, aur kuchh anya teesare paksh (jaise ack nigrani samiti) koo upchaar aavantan key liye. haalaanki, inn shabdon kaa arth adhyayan seey adhyayan mein bhinn hoe sakata haye.
samooh key dishaanirdeshon mein kahaa gayaa haye kii inn shabdon kaa abb upayog naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye kyonki way aspasht hain. udaaharan key liye, "double-blind" kaa matlab yeh hoe sakata haye kii detta vishleshak aur rogi andhe they; yaa rogi aur parinam moolyankankarta andhe they; yaa rogi aur hastakshep kii peshkash karane vaale loga andhe they, aadi. yeye shartein usa jaankaari koo bhee vyakt karane mein whiffle rahati hain joe chhipi hui thee aur joe hui vaha andhaa kii matra thee. yeh una dalon kii sankhya nirdisht karane key liye paryaapt naheen haye joe andhe hoe gaye hain. ack prayog key andhaapan kaa varnan karane key liye, yeh report karna aavashyak haye kii "kaun" "kyaa" jaankaari key liye andhaa hoe gayaa haye, aur "kitni achchi tarah seey" pratyek andhaa safal huaa.
andhaa.
"andhaa" ack andhe prayog mein taba hotaa haye jaba jaankaari usa vyakti koo upalabdh hoe jaati haye jisase ise mukhauta kiya gayaa haye. naidaanik adhyayanon mein, jaba koee rogi apane upchaar samooh kaa anuman lagaata haye tou anajaane mein andhaapan hoe sakata haye. ack prayog key samaapan seey pahale honey vaali andhaapan purvagrah kaa ack srot haye. andhe prayogon mein kuchh hudd taka samay seey pahale andhaa honah aam haye. jaba ack andhaa apoorna hotaa haye, tou usaki safalata kaa aaklan ack chhor parr binaa kissy andhe (yaa andhe honey kii poorna viphalata), dusare chhor parr poorna andhe honey aur beach mein kharaab yaa achche andhe honey key aadhar parr kiya jaataa haye. iss prakaar, adhyayan kaa andhe yaa andhe key roop mein samanya drishtikon ack galat dwibhajan kaa ack udaaharan haye.
andhepan kii safalata kaa mulyankan adhyayan pratibhagiyon seey una jaankaari key baare mein poochtaachh karke kiya jaataa haye joe unhein chhipi hui haye (jaise.jee. kyaa aapako dawa yaa placebo milaa haye?). ack poori tarah seey andhe prayog mein, pratikriyaen binaa kissy mukhauta jaankaari key gyaan key anuroop honey chaahiye. haalaanki, yadi andhaa huaa haye, tou pratikriyaaen andhaa honey kii degree kaa sanket dengi. choonki andhepan koo seedhe naheen maapa jaa sakata haye, lekin pratibhagiyon kii pratikriyaon seey iska anuman lagaaya jaanaa chaahiye, isaliye iska maapa gayaa moolya poochhe gaye prashnon kii prakriti parr nirbhar karega. natijatan, andhaa koo iss tarah seey maapana sambhav naheen haye joe poori tarah seey uddeshyapurna hoe. phir bhee, ack andhe kii gunavatta key baare mein soochit nirnay lena abhee bhee sambhav haye. kharaab andhe adhyayanon koo andhe adhyayanon seey oopar aur sakshya key padanukram mein achchi tarah seey andhe adhyayanon seey neeche rakhaa gayaa haye.
adhyayan key baad andhaa.
adhyayan key baad andhaa karane kaa arth haye adhyayan puuraa honey parr nakabposh detta jaari karna. naidaanik adhyayanon mein, adhyayan key baad andhaa rahane seey vishayon koo unake upchaar aavantan key baare mein soochit kiya jaataa haye. adhyayan puuraa honey parr ack andhe koo hataana kabhi bhee anivarya naheen haye, lekin aamtaur parr adhyayan pratibhagiyon key liye ack shishtachar key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. adhyayan key nishkarsh key baad joe hotaa haye vaha purvagrah kaa srot naheen haye, kyonki iss samay detta sangrah aur vishleshan donon hii poorna hain.
samay seey pahale andhaa.
samay seey pahale andhaa honah koee bhee andhaa honah haye joe adhyayan key samaapan seey pahale hotaa haye. adhyayan key baad key andhaa key vipareet, samay seey pahale andhaa honah purvagrah kaa ack srot haye. ack code-break prakriya nirdhaarit karati haye kii kissy vishay koo samay seey pahale andhaa kaba kiya jaanaa chaahiye. code-break prakriya kewal aapaatkaaleen mamalon mein andhaa karane kii anumati detee haye. code-break prakriya key anupaalan mein honey vaale andhaa koo sakhti seey pralekhit aur soochit kiya jaataa haye.
samay seey pahale andhaa honey kii ghatana taba bhee hoe sakati haye jaba ack pratibhaagi prayogaatmak sthitiyon kii jaankaari seey jaankaari letaa haye joe unhein chhipi hui haye. upchaar samooh mein dushprabhavon (yaa prabhaavon) kii upasthiti andhepan kaa ack samanya kaaran haye. aushadhiya parikshanon mein, ack sakriya placebo key upayog seey samay seey pahale andhaa honey koo cumm kiya jaa sakata haye, joe donon samoohon mein dushprabhavon kii upasthiti sunishchit karke upchaar aavantan koo chhupaata haye. haalaanki, dushprabhaav hii andhaa honey kaa ekmatra kaaran naheen hain; upchaar aur niyantran samoohon key beach koee bhee bodhgamya antar samay seey pahale andhaa honey mein yogdan curr sakata haye.
andhaapan key mulyankan mein ack samasya utpann hoti haye kyonki vishayon seey chhadm jaankaari kaa anuman lagaane key liye kahane seey unhein usa jaankaari kaa anuman lagaane kaa prayaas karane key liye prerit kiya jaa sakata haye. shodhkartaon kaa anuman haye kii yeh samay seey pahale andhaa honey mein yogdan curr sakata haye. isake alawa, yeh bataaya gayaa haye kii naidaanik parikshanon key kuchh vishay soshal media aur sandesh boardon parr jaankaari ekatra karke yeh nirdhaarit karane kaa prayaas karate hain kii kyaa unhein sakriya upchaar praapt huaa haye. jabaki shodhkarta rogiyon koo naidaanik parikshanon parr charcha karane key liye soshal media kaa upayog naheen karane kii salah dete hain, unake khaaton kii nigrani naheen kii jaati haye. iss vyavhaar koo andhaa honey kaa srot maanaa jaataa haye. samooh maanak aur achche naidaanik abhyaas dishanirdesh sabhi samay seey pahale andhaa honey kii soochana dene kii sifarish karate hain. vyavhaar mein, anajaane mein andhaa honey kii soochana shayed hii kabhi dee jaati haye.
mahatva.
kharaab andhaapan key kaaran purvagrah prayogaatmak samooh kaa paksh letaa haye, jisake parinamswarup phoolata prabhaav aakar aur galat sakaratmak honey kaa jokhim hotaa haye. andhe honey kii safalata yaa viphalata shayed hii kabhi darj kii jaati haye yaa maapi jaati haye; yeh antarnihit roop seey maanaa jaataa haye kii "andhe" key roop mein report kiye gaye prayog vaastav mein andhe hain. alochakon ney bataaya haye kii mulyankan aur reporting key binaa, yeh jaanane kaa koee tarika naheen haye kii koee andhaa safal huaa yaa naheen. yeh kamee vishesh roop seey iss baat seey sambandhit haye kii andhaapan mein ack chhoti see truti bhee pareekshan samoohon key beach kissy bhee vaastavik antar key abhaav mein saankhyikiya roop seey mahatvapurna parinam utpann curr sakati haye jaba ack adhyayan paryaapt roop seey sanchaalit hotaa haye (i.ee. saankhyikiya mahatva pakshapaat key liye majboot naheen haye). jaise, yaadrichhik niyantrit parikshanon mein kaee saankhyikiya roop seey mahatvapurna parinam andhaapan mein truti key kaaran hoe sakate hain. kuchh shodhkartaon ney naidaanik parikshanon mein andhata prabhavkarita key anivarya mulyankan kaa ahwan kiya haye.
anuprayog.
chikitsa mein.
andhepan koo chikitsa mein aavashyak maanaa jaataa haye, lekin ise praapt karna aksar mushkil hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye, netraheen parikshanon mein shalya chikitsa aur gair-shalya chikitsa hastakshepon kii tulanaa karna mushkil haye. kuchh mamalon mein, andhaapan prakriya key liye nakali shalya chikitsa aavashyak hoe sakati haye. ack achchha naidaanik protocol yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii andhaapan naitik aur vyaavhaarik baadhaon key bheetar yathasambhav prabhaavi haye.
vyaapak roop seey alag-alag kshetron mein andhe aushadhiya parikshanon key adhyayanon mein uchch star key andhe honey key pramaan milate hain. andhaa honey seey rogi aur chikitsak donon prabhaavit hotey hain. yeh sakshya iss samanya dhaarana koo chunauti detaa haye kii aushadh vigyaan parikshanon mein andhaapan atyadhik prabhaavi haye. aushadh vigyaan key baahar naidaanik parikshanon mein bhee andhaa karane kaa dastavejikaran kiya gayaa haye.
dard.
2018 key ack metaa-vishleshan mein paaya gayaa kii puraane dard (5.6%) key liye 408 yaadrichhik niyantrit parikshanon mein seey kewal 23 mein andhaapan kaa mulyankan report kiya gayaa thaa. adhyayan ney ekatrit detta key vishleshan parr nishkarsh nikala kii andhaapan kii samagr gunavatta kharaab thee, aur andhaapan "safal naheen thaa."isake alawa, dawa prayojan aur dushprabhavon kii upasthiti donon hii andhaapan key mulyankan kii cumm darr key saath judey they.
avasaad.
adhyayanon mein avasaadarodhi parikshanon mein vyaapak andhaa honey key pramaan mille hainh cumm seey cumm teen-chauthai rogi apane upchaar kaary kaa sahee anuman lagaane mein saksham they. netraheen chikitsak mein bhee hotaa haye. rogiyon aur chikitsakon kii behtar drishtiheenta prabhaav key aakar koo cumm curr detee haye. shodhkartaon ney nishkarsh nikala kii avasaadarodhi parikshanon mein andhaa soojan prabhaav kaa aakar. kuchh shodhkartaon kaa maanana haye kii avasaadarodhi avasaad key upchaar key liye prabhaavi naheen hain aur kewal vyavasthit truti key kaaran placebose seey behtar pradarshan karate hain. inn shodhkartaon kaa tark haye kii avasaadarodhi kewal sakriya placebose hain.
acupuncture.
jabaki acupuncture parr andhe parikshanon kii sambhavana vivadaspad haye, 2003 mein 47 yaadrichhik niyantrit parikshanon kii sameeksha mein acupuncture upchaar key liye rogiyon koo andhaa karane key chaar tarikon seey cumm naheen paaya gayaah 1) vaastavik acupuncture binduon kii satahi suee, 2) acupuncture binduon kaa upayog joe upchaar kii jaa rahee sthiti key liye ingit naheen hain, 3) vaastavik acupuncture binduon key baahar suiyon kaa nivesh, aur 4) placebo suiyon kaa upayog joe twacha mein pravesh naheen karane key liye design kiye gaye hain. lekhakon ney nishkarsh nikala kii "upayog kiye gaye nakali hastakshep key prakaar aur parikshanon key parinamon key beach koee spasht sambandh naheen thaa."
acupuncture parr 2018 key ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii 68 pratishat rogiyon aur 83 pratishat acupuncture visheshagyon ney apane samooh aavantan kii sahee pehchaan kii. lekhakon ney nishkarsh nikala kii andhaapan whiffle hoe gayaa thaa, lekin adhik unnat placebo kissy dinn acupuncture mein achchi tarah seey andhe adhyayan kii sambhavana pradaan curr sakate hain.
bhautiki mein.
andhe detta vishleshan karna bhautiki mein maanak abhyaas haye. detta vishleshan puuraa honey key baad, kissy koo detta koo unblined karane kii anumati dee jaati haye. vishleshan key parinamon kii parwah kiye binaa detta koo prakaashit karane key liye ack poorv samjhauta prakaashan purvagrah koo rokane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
samajik vigyaan mein.
samajik vigyaan anusandhaan vishesh roop seey paryavekshak purvagrah key liye pravan haye, isaliye inn kshetron mein shodhkartaon koo thheek seey andhaa karna mahatvapurna haye. kuchh mamalon mein, jabaki andhe prayog upayogi honge, way avyaavhaarik yaa anaitik hain. andhe detta vishleshan seey purvagrah cumm hoe sakata haye, lekin samajik vigyaan anusandhaan mein shayed hii kabhi iska upayog kiya jaataa haye.
forensic mein.
pulis photo lineup mein, ack adhikaari ack gawah koo tasveeron kaa ack samooh dikhaata haye aur gawah seey aparaadh karane vaale vyakti kii pehchaan karane key liye kahata haye. choonki adhikaari aamtaur parr sandigdh key baare mein jaanata haye, isaliye way (avachetan roop seey yaa sachet roop seey) gawah koo usa vyakti koo chunane key liye prabhaavit curr sakate hain jise way maanate hain kii aparaadh kiya gayaa haye. kaanoon pravartan mein ack andhee prakriya kii or badhane key liye ack andolan badh rhaa haye jisamen gawah koo tasveeren dikhaane vaale adhikaari koo pataa naheen hotaa kii sandigdh kaun haye.
sangeet mein.
symphany orchestra key liye audition ack parde key peechhe hotey hain taaki nyayadhish kalakar koo naheen dekh sakein. kalakaron key ling key prati nyayadhishon koo andhaa karane seey mahilaaon kii niyukti mein vriddhi hui haye. andhe parikshanon kaa upayog sangeet vaadyayantron kii gunavatta kii tulanaa karane key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye.