
saahitya kaa mishran

samrat charlesmen dwara abot baugalf off fulda koo sambodhit ack prasiddh patra haye, joe shayed 780 key dashak key anta seey 800 (dashak) mein likhaa gayaa thaa, halanki sateek tarikh abhee bhee vivadaspad haye. yeh patra 8veen shatabdi key anta seey 9veen shatabdi taka carolingian punarjagaran key dauran carolingian shaikshik sudhaaron kaa ack bahut hii mahatvapurna gawah haye. patra samrat sharlman kii apane samrajya key bheetar shiksha aur shiksha koo badhaava dene mein ruchi koo darshaata haye.
iss patra kii sabse purani maujooda prati 8veen shatabdi seey aatee haye. ack anya sanskaran 11veen shatabdi kaa haye. dou jeevit pandulipiyon mein seey purani paandulipiyaan wuerzberg mein sthit hain aur abot baugalf koo sambodhit mool paath prastut karati hain. adhik halia pandulipi (metz, bibble munn forward. oh. aine. aar. 226. seik xi, 1945 mein jalaaya gayaa), jiska paath sanrakshit haye aur puraane sanskaran, angelram key liye prastaavit sanshodhit sanskaran haye, jise aage prasaar kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa.
yeh sabse pahala aur sabse mahatvapurna sroton mein seey ack haye joe poore charlemen key samrajya mein shaikshik sudhaaron kii pragati koo badhaava detaa haye. isake baad adhik vistrit roop seey.
patra mein, charlemen bhikshuon aur pujaariyon kii saksharta key baare mein apani chinta vyakt kartaa haye, jinamen seey kaee anpadh they yaa kewal aanshik roop seey sakshar they. charlemen iss baat parr chinta vyakt karate hain kii unaki kharaab saksharta unhein galatiyan karane yaa bible aur shaastron kii galat vyakhya karane key liye prerit curr sakati haye.
lekhak.
prasiddh patra koo samrat charles dwara sambodhit kiya gayaa haye, jise charles aaee key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. 768 mein sharlman frank kaa raajaa aur 774 mein itali kaa raajaa banaa. vaha baad mein carolingian samrajya kaa samrat bunn gayaa. charlesmen ney apane pitaa pepin kii neeti koo pope key saath jaari rakhaa aur khud koo isake rakshak key roop mein dekhaa. seekhane key liye charlesmen kii prashansa ney chhatravritti mein unaki ruchi koo janm diyaa. unhone apane bachchon koo achchi tarah seey shikshit honey aur peater off peesa, yorker key alquin aur inhard key tahat adhyayan karane key liye protsaahit kiya. halanki, inhard key anusaar, charlesmen kii sabse badee kamjori unaki likhane mein asamarthata thee. yahaan taka kii unaki padhane kii kshamata parr bhee sawal uthaaye gaye hain.
yeh patra sambhavatah york key alquin dwara likhaa gayaa thaa, naa kii khud charles dwara. alquin bayanbaji, tark aur khagol vigyaan mein charlemen key shikshak they. alquin ney kaee dharamshastriya aur daarshanik granth likhe. usa samay aachen mein palace school key nideshak koo charlemen dwara carolingian minscule pesh karane key liye protsaahit kiya gayaa thaa, joe ack kshetra seey dusare kshetra mein sakshar vargon dwara maanyata praapt karane key liye lattin varnamala koo maankeekrit karane key liye ack lipi thee. patra mein saahityik tatvon koo shamil karane kaa tark diyaa gayaa thaa joe alquinwad they, joe alquin key bhaari prabhaav kaa sanket dete hain.
vishay-vastu/saransh.
 schools key gathan kaa aagrah karane vaalaa doosara carolingian dastaavez haye. shikshan kaa daira shiksha mein ack vyaapak drishtikon kaa sujhaav detaa haye. yahaan paath sabhi pracheen shiksha koo shamil kartaa haye aur ack praathamik lakshya key roop mein bible kii samajh koo puuraa kartaa haye.
patra mein, charlemen gyaan aur aacharan parr apane vichaaron koo vyakt karate hue kahate hain kii kyonki gyaan aacharan seey pahale hotaa haye, logon koo una lakshyon key baare mein adhyayan karna chaahiye jinhen vaha binaa koee galati kiye puuraa karna chaahte hain. galatiyon koo purushon dwara door kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur harr keemat parr bachana chaahiye taaki yeye chune hue loga sachchai key sevak bunn sakein. charlemen adhyayan kii upeksha key kaaran ashikshit honey key liye munn aur jeebh koo sandarbhit kartaa haye aur isaliye aksharon mein sachchai vyakt karane mein asamarth haye. charlemen koo chinta haye kii usa samay bhikshuon aur pujaariyon mein sakshar kaushal kii kamee seey pavitra granthon kii samajh kii kamee hoe sakati haye. samajh kii trutiyaan vaani kii trutiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik khatra hain kyonki pavitra shaastron kii galatfahmi key parinamswarup ishwariya dund hoe sakata haye, jaise kii dund. charlemen church key inn sainikon koo protsaahit kartaa haye kii way shaastra key arthon koo sahee dhang seey ujagar karane key liye aksharon key adhyayan kii kabhi upeksha naa karein. joe loga patra padhaate hain, unhein isake liye chunaa jaataa haye kyonki way dusaron koo seekhane aur nirdesh dene mein saksham hotey hain. shikshan parr charlemen kaa drishtikon usa samay bhikshuon aur pujaariyon kii shiksha key baare mein unaki chintaon koo darshaata haye aur mool srot, bible kii behtar samajh kii aavashyakta kii vakaalat kartaa haye. patra key anta mein charlemen iss patra key sabhi mathon aur saathi-bishapon key haathon mein vyaapak prasaar key liye kaamana kartaa haye.pavitra shaastron koo samajhane kaa gyaan thheek seey jitna honah chaahiye, usase kaheen cumm hoe sakata haye. aur humm sabhi achchi tarah seey jaanate hain kii, haalaanki bolane kii trutiyaan khatarnak hain, lekin samajh kii trutiyaan kaheen adhik khatarnak hain. -- samrat charlemen, 
prishthabhoomi jaankaari.
iss patra mein pradarshit shiksha parr charlemen key vichaar, kaee karyon key beach, carolingian schoolmasters koo kaee pracheen karyon, jaise kii martianus capella aur boethius kii pustakon koo padhaane key avsar kaa laabh uthaane key liye protsaahit karate hain. yeh patra usa samay likhaa gayaa thaa jaba sangathan aur spasht raajya kaa ack badey isai raajya mein parivartan dekhaa gayaa thaa. carolingian kshetra key bheetar naee isai sanskriti koo apekshaakrit aasaani seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa kyonki dair seey aae isai lekhakon ney isai shiksha mein dharmnirpeksh kalaaon koo ekikrit karane key vibhinn tarikon kaa sujhaav diyaa thaa. charlesmen seekhane kii avasthaon aur isai vishvaas key beach ack majboot sambandh koo niyantrit aur dekhrekh karna chaahte they. isake saath hii, raajaa key dhaarmik vishvaas aur daayitvon kaa ack kathan haye. carolingian kshetra key vistaar key baad, charlemen ney lattin bhasha key sahee upayog aur isai vishvaas aur paath kii sahee samajh koo badhaava dene key liye sudhaar kii aavashyakta koo pahachaana. yeh spasht pehchaan badhaane kaa ack tarika thaa. sharleman key shasankal key dauran saksharta kii aavashyakta thee aur usey puraskrit kiya gayaa thaa.
patra key sandigdh lekhak alquin ney udaar kalaa key aantarik isai moolya parr vichaar vyakt kiye jinhen kaee logon dwara vyaapak roop seey sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, alquin ney 9veen shatabdi key pahale bhaag key kuchh sabse parishkrit carolingian vicharakon koo prabhaavit kiya. charlemen dwara mool patra sambhavatah baugalf koo likhaa gayaa thaa, lekin likhit tithi key baad paath baad mein baugalf taka pahunch jaayega.
8veen shatabdi key anta mein spasht raajya mein padhane aur likhane kii kshamata bahut aam naheen thee, aur charlemen bhavishya key prashasakon koo pavitra aur dharmnirpeksh donon kshetron mein prashikshan pradaan karane key liye ack shiksha pranali banaana chaahte they. alquin, aquilia key polynus key saath, peesa key peater, orleans key theodulph, raajaa key shiksha sudhaar key karyakram koo lagu karane key liye charlemen dwara aamantrit kaee buddhijiviyon mein seey ack they. mahal school kii disha sambhaalane key liye alquin koo niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. alquin kaa karyakram sent mein unake sthaapit karyakram seey parilakshit hotaa haye. paryatanon key martin, jahan alquin lekhan, padhane aur vyaakaran parr jore dete hain; epistola dee literis collandis ney tatvon kii bahut vakaalat kii. mahal school key astitva parr sawal uthaaye gaye hain.
patra kii tarikh.
kaee itihaaskaar yeh dhaarana banaate hain kii saha-bishap key ullekh key aadhar parr patra seedhe ack agyaat archbishop koo bheja gayaa thaa, lekin mathadhish iss patra kaa vaastavik praaptakarta hoe sakata haye. yeh patra anglo-saxon manavtavad kii parampara seey sambandhit haye. patra key anta mein anurodh bhikshuon koo nichale maulaviyon key roop mein vistaarit kartaa haye. leuitpold wallack kaa tark haye kii iss patra mein nihit key saath sanyog kii samaantaa 794 kaa sujhaav detee haye kii jaba yeh patra baugalf koo likhaa gayaa thaa tou yeh sabse shuruati sambhav varsh thaa. yeh patra 800 key baad fulda koo alquin dwara likhe gaye ack patra key saath bhee samanantar haye. kyonki baad mein dauron seey fulda koo alquin key patra key kaaran, iska matlab yeh hoga kii 'dee literis collandis' usa samay naheen likhaa jaa sakata thaa jaba alquin pahale seey hii sent martin key dauron mein thaa. vishesh roop seey, baugalf koo sambodhit karane vaalaa patra sambhavatah 794 key juuna key beach likhaa gayaa haye, joe frankfurt key dharamsabha key beach kii avadhi haye, aur 796, paryatan mein sent martain key mathadhish key roop mein alquin kaa aagaman. patra kii ack aur sambhaavit tithi 784/5 thee.

