
yuva vayask

chikitsa aur samajik vigyaan mein, ack yuva vayask aam taur parr kishoravastha key baad key varshon mein ack vyakti hotaa haye, chaahe "vayask" kii sthaaniya kanuni paribhasha kuchh bhee hoe. ack yuva vayask key roop mein kyaa yogya haye, iss parr paribhaashaaen aur raay bhinn hoti hain, jaise kii erich ericson key maanav vikas key charan shabd kii paribhasha koo mahatvapurna roop seey prabhaavit karate hain; aam taur parr, iss shabd kaa upayog aksar lagbhag 18 seey 40 varsh kii ayu seema mein vayaskon koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, kuchh adhik samaveshi paribhashaon key saath paribhasha koo 40 key dashak key madhya taka vistaarit kiya jaataa haye. maanav vikas mein yuva vayask charan madhya vayaskata seey pahale hotaa haye.
saahityik vyavasaay mein, "yuva vayask" shabd kaa upayog aksar anaupchaarik roop seey yaa yuva vayask saahitya key pathakon key liye vipanan key arth mein kiya jaataa haye, pustaken 12 yaa 13 varsh kii ayu taka key bachchon koo lakshit karati hain. nabaligon key liye "yuva vayask" kaa yeh vyaapak vistaar vivaadit rhaa haye, kyonki unhein kaanoon yaa adhikansh sanskritiyon mein, dharm key baahar vayask naheen maanaa jaataa haye (jaise kii yahudi dharm mein baar yaa bait mitzwa), aur yuvavastha seey shuru honey vaali "javic" vayaskata kii parampara pracheen hoe gaee haye.
samay samanvaya.
vibhinn karanon seey, yuva vayaskata parr samay-seema koo bilkul paribhaashit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye-niyojit ativyaapi soochkaankon (kanuni, paripakvata, vyaavsaayik, yaun, bhaavnaatmak aur isi tarah) key vibhinn mishran key anusaar alag-alag parinam utpann karna, yaa 'vikasatmak pariprekshya' parr... [yaa] "samajikaran kaa drishtikon" liya jaataa haye. 'mano-samajik vikas key iss samay-saarani mein upa-charan... yeye kathor naheen hain, aur samajik parivartan aur vyaktigat bhinnataon donon koo dhyaan mein rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye-kshetriya aur saanskritik matbhedon kaa ullekh naheen karna chaahiye. yakinan, loga lambe samay taka jeene key saath, aur yuvavastha taka bhee pahale pahunchane key saath, 21veen shatabdi taka 'pramukh jeevan ghatnaaon key liye ayu mandand atyadhik lochdaar hoe gaye hain'. peedhigat parivartanon key kaaran, yuva vayaskon key liye apani vayask jimmedariyon koo puuraa karane kaa maarg cumm anumaanit hoe gayaa haye. college shiksha kii laagat, rahane kii vyavastha, aur kaam aur shiksha key avsaron mein badhate parivartanon key saath, yuva vayask vayaskata key kaee charanon mein jeevan parivartan kaa anubhav curr rahey hain, naa kii ack charan mein.
kuchh logon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii "poorv-vayaskata" key baad... pahale 20 varshon mein... doosara yug, "praarambhik vayaskata", lagbhag 17 seey 45 varsh kii ayu taka rahata haye.. sabse badee oorjaa aur prachurta aur sabse badey virodhabhas aur tanaav kaa vayask yug.'usa dhaanche key bheetar,' praarambhik vayask sankraman '(17-22) poorv-vayaskata aur praarambhik vayaskata key beach ack vikasatmak setu haye', yeh pahachaante hue kii 'vayaskata mein sankraman ack spasht vibhajan rekha naheen haye'. koee bhee vaikalpik roop seey 'ack "asthaayi vayaskata (18-30) kii baat curr sakata haye... [aur] usake baad pahali vayaskata kii deeksha. vaikalpik roop seey, aim. aaee. tii. ney aam taur parr "yuva vayaskata" koo 18 seey 22 yaa 25 key roop mein paribhaashit kiya haye, halanki yeh college key chhatron kii vishisht ayu seema key saath sanrekhit honey kii sambhavana haye.
iss tarah kii sabhi taralata key bavjood, vyaapak sahamati haye kii yeh anivarya roop seey bees aur tees key dashak mein haye joe "praarambhik vayaskata" kaa gathan kartaa haye... levinson jise "sapana" kahate hain, uska aadhar-jeevan mein unake [yaa unake] lakshyon kii drishti joe bhavishya key liye prerana aur utsaah pradaan karati haye.'
swaasthya.
yuva/pramukh vayaskata koo jeevan kaa sabse swasth samay maanaa jaa sakata haye aur yuva vayask aam taur parr achche swaasthya mein hotey hain, naa tou bimari key adheen hotey hain aur naa hii vriddhavastha kii samasyaon key adheen hotey hain. shakti aur shaaririk pradarshan 18 seey 39 varsh kii ayu taka apane charam parr pahunch jaate hain. umr key saath-saath vayaskata key dauran lachilaapan cumm hoe sakata haye.
mahila prajanan pranali 20 key dashak kii shuruat mein apani prajanan kshamata key charam parr pahunch jaati haye.
garbhavati honah chaahati mahilaaon kii,
kishoravastha mein yuva vayaskata mein sankraman key roop mein, jokhim bharey vyavhaar mein sanlagnata dhyaan dene yogya hoe sakati haye, jisake parinamswarup "anpekshit chot, asurakshit yaun sambandh, hinsa, sharaab peene, motor vaahan kii ghatnaaon, aatmahatya, aur kharaab aahar aur poshan jaise swaasthya jokhim hoe sakate hain."vikasit deshon mein, 18-40 ayu varg key liye mrityu darr aamtaur parr bahut cumm hoti haye. mahilaaon kii tulanaa mein iss umr mein purushon kii mrityu honey kii sambhavana adhik hoti haye, vishesh roop seey 18-25 samooh menh karanon mein kaar durghatanaaen aur aatmahatya shamil hain. purushon aur mahilaaon key beach mrityu darr key aankade bees aur tees key dashak key anta mein, achche swaasthya aur cumm jokhim lene vaale vyavhaar key kaaran cumm hoe jaate hain.
bimari key sambandh mein, cancer badey vayaskon kii tulanaa mein yuvaaon mein bahut cumm aam haye. apavaad hain vrishan cancer, garbhashay grieva cancer aur hozkin lymphoma.
upa-sahaara africa mein, aich. aaee. vee./aids ney praarambhik vayask aabaadi koo vishesh roop seey buri tarah prabhaavit kiya haye. sanyukt rashtra kii ack report key anusaar, aids ney african purushon key liye 20 seey 55 varsh aur african mahilaaon key liye 20 seey 45 varsh kii ayu key beach mrityu darr mein ullekhaniya vriddhi kii haye, jisase dakshin africa mein jeevan pratyasha mein 18 varsh aur botswana mein 34 varsh kii kamee aaee haye.
erich ericson key praarambhik vayaskata key siddhant.
erich ericson key anusaar, kishoravastha mein pehchaan banaane parr jore diye jaane key baad, 'yuva vayask, pehchaan kii khoj aur aagrah seey ubharate hue, apani pehchaan koo dusaron key saath jodane key liye utsuk aur taiyar haye. vaha [yaa vaha] antarangata key liye taiyar haye, yaani, pratibaddh honey kii kshamata... thhos sambaddhata aur saajhedaari key liye.'aisaa karane kaa arth haye 'aatm-tyag kii aavashyakta vaali sthitiyon mein ahankar key nuksan key darr kaa saamana karane kii kshamtaah ghanishth sambaddhata kii ekjutata mein, sambhog sukh aur yaun sanghon mein, ghanishth mitrata mein aur shaaririk ladaai mein'. ahankar-haani key darr key kaaran aise anubhavon seey bachana algaav kii gahari bhavna aur parinamswarup aatm-avashoshan kii or leey jaa sakata haye.
jahan algaav seey bachaa jaataa haye, vahaan yuva vayask koo isake bajaay 'santoshjanak yaun sambandh' mill sakate hain... kissy naa kissy tarah seey purush aur mahila kii shatruta, tathya aur kalpana, prem aur ghrina key kaaran honey vaali shatruta aur sambhaavit prakop koo door karein aur antarangata, prem aur karuna kaa adaan-pradaan karane kii kshamata mein badh sakate hain.
aadhunik samajon mein, kishoravastha key anta aur 20 key dashak kii shuruat mein yuva vayaskon koo kaee muddon kaa saamana karna padata haye kyonki way school samaapt karate hain aur purnakaalik naukariyon koo sambhalana shuru karate hain aur vayaskata kii anya jimmedariyon koo nibhaate hain; aur yuva vayask aamtaur parr samaaj key sandarbh mein aatm-vikas aur dusaron key saath sambandhon mein vyast hotey hain.'khatra yeh haye kii' dusare yug mein, 'praarambhik vayaskata... hamein vivaah, parivaar, kaam aur jeevan shally key sambandh mein mahatvapurna vikalp chunane chaahiye, isase pahale kii humm samajhadaari seey chunane key liye paripakvata yaa jeevan kaa anubhav praapt curr sakein.'
jabaki 'yuva vayaskata antarang sambandhon aur currier aur jeevan key lakshyon seey judee anya pramukh pratibaddhataon key liye utsuk khojon seey bharee hui haye', "naitik moolyon key ack samooh key nirmaan key liye ack samanantar khoj" bhee haye. ericson ney tark diyaa haye kii yeh kewal abb haye kii vaha kishoravastha key 'vaichaarik munn' koo 'usa' naitik bhavna 'koo raasta detaa haye joe vayask kaa nishan haye.'
aadhunik samaaj mein vayaskata taka pahunchana hamesha ack raikhik yaa swachchh sankraman naheen hotaa haye. jaise-jaise peedhiyaan anukoolan karna jaari rakhti hain, vayaskata key nae marker banaae jaate hain joe ack vayask honey key arth key baare mein alag-alag samajik apekshaon koo jodate hain.
daniel levinson kaa vayask vikas kaa siddhant.
daniel levinson ney tark diyaa kii vikasatmak anukram taba bhee hotey rahate hain jaba humm vayaskata mein sankraman karate hain. levinson kaa siddhant erich ericson kii jeevan pathyakramon kii avadharana key ird-gird kendrit haye. ericson key iss siddhant mein vyakti key jeevan key liye ghatnaaon key pattern aur sambandh shamil hain joe unhein alag karate hain. jeevan pathyakramon kaa adhyayan jeevan sambandhon key sabhi pahaluon, aantarik aur baahari bhaavanaon, shaaririk parivartanon aur anubhav kiye gaye achche aur burey samay koo shamil kartaa haye. poorv-vayaskata, praarambhik vayaskata, madhya vayaskata aur dair seey vayaskata chaar yug hain joe jeevan pathyakram kaa gathan karate hain. vayaskata seey pahale kii shuruat garbhadhaaran seey hoti haye aur lagbhag 22 varsh kii ayu taka jaari rahati haye. inn varshon key dauran vyakti atyadhik nirbhar aur alag-alag honey seey adhik swatantra jimmedaar vayask honey taka badhata haye. yeh vaha yug haye jaba humm sabse adhik jaiv-samajik vikas dekhate hain. praarambhik vayaskata sankraman iss pahale charan kaa hissa haye jabaki yeh dusare charan kaa bhee hissa haye, yeh 17 seey 22 varsh kii ayu seey haye. yahaan taba haye jaba poorv vayaskata yug karib aaney lagata haye aur praarambhik vayaskata mein sankraman shuru hotaa haye. yeh yahaan haye kii vyakti apane rishte koo poorv vayask duniya seey sanshodhit karna shuru curr detaa haye taaki way usa vayask duniya key liye behtar fitt hoe joe way banaa rahey hain. doosara yug praarambhik vayaskata 17 varsh kii ayu seey shuru hoti haye aur 45 varsh taka chalati haye. yeh praarambhik vayaskata sankraman key dauran shuru hoti haye, aur isamen sabse adhik oorjaa, virodhabhas aur tanaav hotaa haye. yeh aam taur parr aakaankshaon koo banaane aur unakaa peechha karane, samaaj mein ack sthaan khojane, parivaaron koo banaane aur vayask duniya mein ack thhos sthiti sthaapit karane kaa samay haye. teesari avadhi (madhya vayaskata) 45 varsh kii ayu seey shuru hoti haye aur 65 varsh taka jaati haye, yahaan humm apani javic kshamataon mein girawat dekhana shuru karate hain, girawat hamein praarambhik vayaskata key dauran hamari oorjaa koo poori tarah seey samaapt karane key liye paryaapt naheen haye aur yeh hamein samajik roop seey moolyavaan jeevan jaari rakhane kii anumati detaa haye. antim yug dair seey vayaskata haye yeh 65 varsh kii ayu seey shuru hotaa haye aur mrityu taka jaataa haye. iss yug mein vyakti koo samaaj aur swayam key saath bhagidari key beach ack nayaa santulan khojana hotaa haye. vyakti marane kii prakriya koo adhik poori tarah seey anubhav curr rhaa haye aur yahaan usey swatantra roop seey jeevan shally chunane kii kshamata dee jaani chaahiye.
basna.
30 key dashak kii shuruat mein saapeksh uthal-puthal key baad, 30 key dashak key madhya seey anta taka aksar 'sthaapana charan' kii visheshta hoti haih jisamen 'jise humm "pramukh jeevan nivesh" kahenge-kaam, parivaar, dost, samudayik gatividhiyaan aur moolya shamil hotey hain.'jeevan mein pramukh nivesh karane key saath vyakti inn pratibaddhataon key liye khud koo adhik nivesh karane key liye gahari pratibaddhataon koo banaata haye. jise 'praarambhik vayaskata key liye parakashtha jeevan sanrachana' (33-40) kahaa gayaa haye, vaha iss yug koo puuraa karane aur hamari yuva aakaankshaon koo sakar karane kaa saadhan haye.'apane tees key dashak mein loga apane jeevan mein vittiya aur bhaavnaatmak nivesh koo badhaa sakate hain, aur padonnati aur vetan praapt karane key liye lambe samay taka kaaryarat hoe sakate hain. way aksar apane currier koo aage badhaane aur apane vyaktigat jeevan mein sthirata praapt karane parr adhik dhyaan kendrit karate hain-'shaadi aur bachche key paalan-poshan key saath', ack parivaar shuru karna, prathmiktaon key roop mein saamane aanaa.
haalaanki, gell shee, usee biss/tees key vibhajan koo alag tarah seey sanket detaa haye, yeh tark dete hue kii aajkal 'biss key dashak ack lambi asthaayi vayaskata mein fail gaye hain', aur vaastav mein 'ashant tees key dashak mein sankraman pahali vayaskata kii shuruat kaa prateek haye.'
madhya jeevan sankraman.
yuva vayaskata taba 'madhya jeevan sankraman' key saath apane karib aatee haye, lagbhag 40 seey 45 varsh kii ayu taka-chaalees key dashak mein ack bilkul nayaa maarg utpann kartaa haye, jaba pahali vayaskata samaapt hoti haye aur doosari vayaskata shuru hoti haye.'yeh yahaan haye kii iss madhya jeevan sankraman mein humm aksar paate hain kii praarambhik vayaskata kaa anta honey key saath-saath vyakti apane jeevan mein badalaav curr rahey hain, jisamen sabse badaa badalaav unake currier mein haye. praarambhik vayaskata koo anta key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye kyonki ack vyakti vayask sthiti kii talash karna yaa vayask kii tarah mahsoos karna chaahata haye. jaba taka humm madhya jeevan sankraman taka pahunchate hain, humm apani pratishtha koo majboot karane aur iss baat parr jore dene key liye kii humm kitane boodhe hain, iss baare mein baat karane seey hutt jaate hain kii way kitane yuva hain. madhya jeevan mein vyakti una cheejon parr dhyaan kendrit karna shuru curr dete hain joe unake jeevan mein mahatvapurna hoe jaati hain joe unake vyaktigat jeevan koo prabhaavit karati hain. way vyakti bhavishya aur ateet kii tulanaa mein vartamaan parr adhik dhyaan kendrit karate hain. levinson ney madhya jeevan koo sankat key vikas kaa samay maanaa. haalaanki, sanyukt raajya america mein aaj key shodh seey pataa chalata haye kii vyaktiyon koo madhya jeevan sankat kaa anubhav naheen hotaa haye. isake bajaay vyakti madhya jeevan koo jeevan kii ack mukt aur santoshjanak avadhi bataate hain. madhya jeevan sankraman seey gujarate samay ack mahatvapurna baat yeh haye kii humm shaaririk parivartanon kaa anubhav karate hain (vyakti key charitra mein honey vaale parivartanon key baahar). shareer kii chhavi shaaririk parivartanon kaa ack mahatvapurna pahalu haye joe aksar anubhav kiya jaataa haye, aur madhya jeevan sankraman kissy key shareer kii chhavi mein parivartan kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
yahaan madhya jeevan sankraman mein mudda yeh naheen haye kii vyakti ney pichhale yug mein banaae gaye lakshyon koo praapt kiya haye yaa puuraa karane mein whiffle rhaa haye. balki samasya yeh haye kii vyakti koo apane lakshyon aur apane parinamon key beach asamaanta key anubhav key saath kyaa karna chaahiye. praarambhik vayaskata seey madhya vayaskata taka kii iss sankraman kaal mein, humm joe parivartan karate hain, way swayam parr cumm dhyaan kendrit karate hain aur hamaare sambandhon parr adhik dhyaan kendrit karate hain.

