
fasal aavartan

fasal aavartan ack hii kshetra mein vibhinn prakaar kii fasalon kii ack shrinkhala koo ugaane key mausam key crum mein ugaane kii pratha haye. yeh abhyaas poshak tatvon, keat aur kharpatwar key dabaav key ack samooh parr fasalon kii nirbharta koo cumm kartaa haye, saath hii pratirodhi keat aur kharpatwar vikasit honey kii sambhavana koo cumm kartaa haye.
ack hii fasal koo ack hii sthaan parr lagaatar kaee varshon taka ugaana, jise monocropping key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, dheere-dheere kuchh poshak tatvon kii mitty koo cumm curr detaa haye aur ack atyadhik pratispardhi keat aur kharpatwar samudaay donon key liye chayan kartaa haye. poshak tatvon key upayog koo santulit kiye binaa aur keat aur kharpatwar samudaayon mein vividhata laae binaa, ekal krishi kii utpaadaktaa baahari nivesh parr atyadhik nirbhar haye joe mitty kii urvarta key liye hanikarak hoe sakati haye. isake vipareet, ack achchi tarah seey design kii gaee fasal aavartan fasalon key vividh samooh seey paaristhitiki tantra sevaaon kaa behtar upayog karke synthetic urvarakon aur jadee-bootiyon kii aavashyakta koo cumm curr sakata haye. isake alawa, fasal aavartan mitty kii sanrachana aur carbonic padarthon mein sudhaar curr sakata haye, joe kataav koo cumm kartaa haye aur krishi pranali key lachilepan koo badhaata haye.
itihas.
krishakon ney lambe samay seey maanaa haye kii maanav upbhog key liye anaaj key sthaan parr pashudhan key liye vasant fasalon koo lagaane jaise upayukt aavartan seey utpaadak mitty koo bahaal karna yaa banaae rakhna sambhav hoe jaataa haye. pracheen nikat purvi kisaanon ney rasayan vigyaan koo samajhe binaa 6000 eesaa poorv mein fasal aavartan kaa abhyaas kiya, baari-baari seey faliyon aur anaaj kaa ropan kiya. anajaane mein, yeh ack aisee pratha kii shuruat thee jisase jald hii kaee kisaanon koo laabh hoga. 
dou-kshetra pranaaliyan.
dou-kshetra aavartan key tahat, aadhi bhoomi ack varsh mein boee gaee thee, jabaki baaki aadhi bhoomi parati padee thee. phir, agale varsh, donon kshetron koo ulat diyaa gayaa. chean mein dou-kshetra aur teen-kshetra pranali donon kaa upayog purvi jhau kaal seey kiya jaataa rhaa haye. sharleman key samay seey (mrityu 814), europe mein kisan dou-kshetra fasal aavartan seey teen-kshetra fasal aavartan mein parivartit hoe gaye.
teen-kshetra pranaaliyan.
madhya yug key anta seey 20veen shatabdi taka, europe key kisaanon ney teen-kshetra aavartan kaa abhyaas kiya, jahan upalabdh bhoomi koo teen vargon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. ack khand sharad ritu mein raaee yaa sardiyon key gehuun key saath lagaaya jaataa thaa, usake baad vasant jaee yaa jou; dusare khand mein mutter, daal yaa same jaisi fasalen ugaai jaati theen; aur teesare kshetra koo parati chhod diyaa jaataa thaa. teenon kheton koo iss tarah seey ghumaaya gayaa thaa taaki harr teen saal mein ack khet aaraam curr sakey aur gir jaae. dou-kshetra pranali key tahat, yadi kissy key paas kull upajaau bhoomi haye, tou kewal 300 ekad mein hii paudha lagaaya jaayega. naee teen-kshetra aavartan pranali key tahat, 400 ekad mein paudha lagaaya jaayega (aur isaliye fasal kii kataai). lekin atirikt fasalon kaa matratmak utpaadaktaa kii tulanaa mein adhik mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa. choonki vasant kii fasalen jyaadaatar faliyaan theen, isaliye unhone uttari europe key logon key samagr poshan mein vriddhi kii.
chaar kshetra aavartan.
wasland (vartamaan uttari belgium mein) key kisaanon ney 16veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein chaar-kshetra aavartan kaa beedaa uthaaya, aur british krishak charles townshand (1674-1738) ney 18veen shatabdi mein iss pranali koo lokpriya banaaya. chaar fasalon (gehuun, shaljam, jou aur tipatiya ghaas) key crum mein ack chaara fasal aur ack charaai fasal shamil thee, jisase pashudhan koo saal bhar paalaa jaa sakata thaa. chaar-kshetra fasal aavartan british krishi kranti mein ack pramukh vikas bunn gayaa. krishi yogya aur lii key beach key aavartan koo kabhi-kabhi lii kheti kahaa jaataa haye.
aadhunik vikas.
george washington carver (1860-1943) ney sanyukt raajya america mein fasal-ghoornan vidhiyon kaa adhyayan kiya, jisamen dakshini kisaanon koo kapas jaisi mitty-kshayakaari fasalon koo moongfali aur mutter jaisi mitty-samvardhan fasalon key saath ghumana sikhaaya gayaa.
20veen shatabdi key madhya kii harit kranti mein fasal aavartan kii paaramparik pratha ney duniya key kuchh hisson mein urvarakon key saath sheersh-aavaran key madhyam seey mitty mein rasayanik nivesh koo poorak banaane, (udaaharan key liye) amonium nitrate yaa euria jodane aur choone key saath mitty pee. aich. koo bahaal karane kii pratha koo maarg diyaa. iss tarah kii prathaon kaa uddeshya upaj badhaana, vishesh fasalon key liye mitty taiyar karna aur ropan, kataai aur sinchai koo saral banaakar apashisht aur akshamta koo cumm karna thaa.
fasal kaa vikalp.
fasal key paraspar sambandhon kaa praarambhik mulyankan pratyek fasal key tareeke mein paaya jaa sakata haih
fasal kaa chayan aksar usa lakshya seey sambandhit hotaa haye jise kisan aavartan key saath praapt karna chaahata haye, joe kharpatwar prabandhan, mitty mein upalabdh nitrogen koo badhaana, kataav koo niyantrit karna, yaa mitty kii sanrachana aur biomass koo badhaana hoe sakata haye. fasal aavartan parr charcha karate samay, fasalon koo vibhinn tarikon seey vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye joe iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii kiss gunavatta kaa mulyankan kiya jaa rhaa haih parivaar dwara, poshak tatvon kii jarooraton/laabhon dwara, aur/yaa laabhpradata dwara (i.ee. nakadi fasal banaam aavaran fasal). udaaharan key liye, keeton aur rogjanakon koo cumm karane key liye paadap parivaar parr paryaapt dhyaan denaa aavashyak haye. haalaanki, kaee kisaanon koo vaanchhit nakadi fasalon key aspas anukraman aur cover fasalon kii yojana banaakar aavartan prabandhan karane mein safalata milati haye. fasal kii gunavatta aur uddeshya key aadhar parr nimnalikhit ack saralikrit vargeekaran haye.
fasal kii kataar.
kaee fasalen joe bajar key liye mahatvapurna hain, jaise sabjiyaan, panktibaddh fasalen hain (yaani tanga panktiyon mein ugaai jaane vaali). jabaki aksar kisaanon key liye sabse adhik laabhdaayak hoti haye, yeye fasalen mitty parr adhik curr lagaane vaali hoti hain. pankti fasalon mein aam taur parr cumm jaiv-dravyamaan aur uthali jadein hoti hainh iska matlab haye kii paudha aspas kii mitty mein cumm avashesh kaa yogdan detaa haye aur sanrachana parr seemit prabhaav daaltaa haye. paudhe key aspas kii adhikansh mitty key varsha aur yatayat key kaaran vyavadhaan key sampark mein aaney key kaaran, panktibaddh fasalon vaale kheton mein sookshmajeevon dwara javic padarthon key teji seey tootane kaa anubhav hotaa haye, jisase bhavishya key paudhon key liye cumm poshak tatva bachate hain.
sankshep mein, jabaki yeye fasalen khet key liye laabhdaayak hoe sakati hain, way poshak tatvon kii kamee curr rahee hain. alpakaalik laabhpradata aur deerghakaalik utpaadaktaa key beach santulan banaane key liye fasal aavartan prathaaen maujood hain.
faliyaan.
fasal aavartan kaa ack badaa laabh nitrogen-nirdhaaran fasalon key nitrogen-maang vaali fasalon key saath paraspar sambandh seey aataa haye. faliyaan, jaise alfalfa aur clover, vayumandal seey upalabdh nitrogen ekatra karate hain aur ise apani jarh sanrachana parr gaanthon mein sangraheet karate hain. jaba paudhe kii kataai kii jaati haye, tou binaa ekatrit jadon kaa biomass toot jaataa haye, jisase sangraheet nitrogen bhavishya kii fasalon key liye upalabdh hoe jaataa haye.
isake alawa, fully mein null kii bhaari jadein hoti hain joe jameen mein gaharaai taka girati hain, behtar jutai key liye mitty koo uthaati hain aur paani kaa avashoshan karati hain.
ghaas aur anaaj.
anaaj aur ghaas aksar aachchhaadit fasalen hoti hain kyonki way mitty kii gunavatta aur sanrachana koo pradaan karane vaale kaee laabh hain. ghaney aur doorgaami jarh pranali aspas kii mitty koo paryaapt sanrachana pradaan karati haye aur mitty key carbonic padarthon key liye mahatvapurna jaiv dravyamaan pradaan karati haye.
ghaas aur anaaj kharpatwar prabandhan mein mahatvapurna hain kyonki way mitty kii jagah aur poshak tatvon key liye avaanchhit paudhon key saath pratispardha karate hain.
hurry khaad.
hurry khaad ack aisee fasal haye jise mitty mein milaaya jaataa haye. nitrogen-fixing faliyaan aur ghaas kii tarah poshak tatvon vaale safai karane vaale donon kaa upayog hurry khaad key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. falidar kii hurry khaad nitrogen kaa ack utkrisht srot haye, vishesh roop seey javic pranaliyon key liye, halanki, falidar biomass ghaas kii tarah mitty key javic padarthon koo sthaayi banaane mein yogdan naheen detaa haye.
ack aavartan kii yojana banaana.
fasal aavartan kii yojana banaate samay kaee karakon koo dhyaan mein rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye. ack prabhaavi aavartan kii yojana banaane key liye nishchit aur utaar-chadhaav vaali utpaadan paristhitiyon koo taulane kii aavashyakta hoti haih bajar, khet kaa aakar, shram aapoorti, jalavaayu, mitty kaa prakaar, ugaane kii prathaaen, aadi. isake alawa, ack fasal aavartan mein iss baat parr vichaar karna chaahiye kii ack fasal kiss sthiti mein agali fasal key liye mitty chhod degi aur ack fasal koo doosari fasal key saath kaise boya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, ack nitrogen-nirdhaaran fasal, ack fully kii tarah, hamesha ack nitrogen kshay karane vaali fasal seey pahale honey chaahiye; isi tarah, ack cumm avashesh vaali fasal (i.ee. cumm biomass vaali fasal) kii bharpai ghaas aur fully key mishran kii tarah uchch biomass cover fasal seey kii jaani chaahiye.
ack aavartan mein upayog kii jaa sakane vaali fasalon kii sankhya, yaa ack aavartan koo puuraa honey mein lagane vaale samay kii koee seema naheen haye. aavartan key baare mein nirnay varshon pahale, mausamon seey pahale, yaa yahaan taka kii antim samay mein bhee liye jaate hain jaba laabh yaa mitty kii gunavatta badhaane kaa avsar khud koo prastut kartaa haye.
karyanvayan.
fasal aavartan pranaliyon koo anya prathaon jaise pashudhan aur khaad key sanyojan, antar-fasal yaa kaee fasal key prabhaav seey samriddh kiya jaa sakata haye, aur yeh javic fasal pranaliyon mein aam haye.
pashudhan kaa samavesh.
pashuon koo pesh karane seey mahatvapurna ghaas kii ghaas aur aavaran fasalon kaa sabse kushal upayog hotaa haye; pashu (khaad key madhyam seey) ghaas kii bikri key madhyam seey khet seey poshak tatvon koo hataane key bajaay inn fasalon mein poshak tatvon koo poori mitty mein vitarit karane mein saksham hotey hain.
mishrit kheti yaa pashudhan koo shamil karane key saath fasal kii kheti kaa abhyaas aavartan aur chakr poshak tatvon mein fasalon kaa prabandhan karane mein madad curr sakata haye. fasal key avashesh pashuon koo bhojan pradaan karate hain, jabaki pashu fasal poshak tatvon aur draft shakti koo phir seey bharane key liye khaad pradaan karate hain. yeye prakriyaaen aantarik poshak tatvon koo badhaava detee hain aur kritrim urvarakon aur badey paimaane parr machinary kii aavashyakta koo cumm karati hain. ack atirikt laabh key roop mein, maveshi, bhed aur/yaa bakri doodh pradaan karate hain aur aarthik kathinaaee key samay mein nakadi fasal key roop mein kaary curr sakate hain.
antah fasal.
kaee fasal pranaaliyan, jaise kii antah fasal yaa saathi ropan, ack hii mausam yaa aavartan key bheetar adhik vividhata aur jatilata pradaan karati hain. saathi ropan kaa ack udaaharan teen bahanen hain, poul beans aur wining squash yaa kaddu key saath makai kaa antar-ropan. iss pranali mein, same nitrogen pradaan karate hain; makai same key liye samarthan pradaan kartaa haye aur squash bell chhedak key khilaf ack "screen" pradaan kartaa haye; wining squash ack kharpatwar damankari chandwa aur makai key bhookhe racoon key liye ack hatotsaahit kartaa haye.
dohare fasal aam haye jahaan dou fasalen, aamtaur parr alag-alag prajaatiyon kii, ack hii ugane key mausam mein kramik roop seey ugaai jaati hain, yaa jahaan ack fasal (jaise.jee. sabji) ack aavaran fasal (jaise) key saath lagaatar ugaai jaati haye.jee. gehuun). yeh chhote kheton key liye fayademand haye, joe aksar lambe samay taka mitty koo phir seey bharane key liye cover fasalon koo chhodane kaa kharch naheen uthaa sakate hain, kyonki badey khet curr sakate hain. jaba chhote kheton mein kaee fasal lagu kii jaati hain, tou yeye pranaaliyan upalabdh bhoomi sansadhanon parr fasal aavartan key laabhon koo adhikatam curr sakati hain.
javic kheti.
sanyukt raajya america mein javic pramanan kii maang karane vaale khet key liye fasal aavartan ack aavashyak abhyaas haye. yuu key tahat rashtriya javic karyakram key liye "fasal aavartan abhyaas maanak".aiss. sanghiya viniyamon kii sanhita, dhaara § 205.205, raajyon
kisaanon koo ack fasal aavartan koo lagu karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye joe mitty key javic padarthon koo banaae rakhta haye yaa banaata haye, keeton koo niyantrit karane key liye kaam kartaa haye, poshak tatvon kaa prabandhan aur sanrakshan kartaa haye, aur kataav seey bachaata haye. barahmasi fasalon key utpaadak joe baari-baari seey naheen aatee hain, way mitty key swaasthya koo banaae rakhane key liye anya prathaon kaa upayog curr sakate hain, jaise kii aavaran fasalen.
nivesh kii aavashyakta koo cumm karane key alawa (keeton aur kharpatwaron koo niyantrit karke aur upalabdh poshak tatvon koo badhaakar), fasal aavartan javic utpadakon koo apane kheton mein jaiv vividhata kii matra badhaane mein madad kartaa haye. jaiv vividhata bhee javic pramanan kii aavashyakta haye, haalaanki, iss maanak koo viniyamit yaa sudridh karane key liye koee niyam naheen hain. fasalon kii jaiv vividhata koo badhaane seey aspas key paaristhitiki tantra parr laabhkaari prabhaav padata haye aur mitty mein jeevon, keedon aur laabhkaari sookshmajeevon kii adhik vividhata hoe sakati haye jaisa kii mcdanial aitt all 2014 aur lori aitt all 2017 dwara paaya gayaa haye. kuchh adhyayan paaramparik prathaon kii tulanaa mein javic pranaliyon key tahat fasal aavartan seey poshak tatvon kii upalabdhata mein vriddhi kii or ishara karate hain kyonki javic prathaon seey mitty key javic padarthon mein laabhkaari sookshmajeevon key baadhit honey kii sambhavana cumm hoti haye.
jabaki kaee fasal aur antar-fasal fasal aavartan key roop mein ack hii pramukh seey labhanvit hotey hain, way nop key tahat aavashyakta koo puuraa naheen karate hain.
laabh.
krishi vigyaani baari-baari seey ugaai jaane vaali fasalon mein upaj key laabhon koo "baari-baari seey utpaadan prabhaav" key roop mein varnit karate hain. ghoornan pranaliyon key kaee laabh hain. vriddhi seey sambandhit kaarak motey taur parr ack-krishi fasal pranaliyon key nakaratmak karakon key unmoolan key kaaran hain. vishesh roop seey, behtar poshan; keat, rogjanak aur kharpatwar tanaav mein kamee; aur behtar mitty kii sanrachana kuchh mamalon mein laabhkaari ghoornan prabhaavon seey sahsambaddh paaee gaee haye.
aavartan fasal pranaliyon key anya laabhon mein utpaadan laagat laabh shamil hain. samagr vittiya jokhim fasalon aur/yaa pashudhan key adhik vividh utpaadan parr adhik vyaapak roop seey vitarit kiye jaate hain. khareede gaye nivesh parr cumm nirbharta rakhee jaati haye aur samay key saath fasalen cumm nivesh key saath utpaadan lakshyon koo banaae rakh sakati hain. yeh adhik alpakaalik aur deerghakaalik upaj key saath krishi pranaliyon mein sudhaar key liye ack shaktishali upkaran haye.
mitty key carbonic padaarth.
vibhinn prajaatiyon key aavartan mein upayog seey mitty key carbonic padaarth (soam) mein vriddhi, mitty kii adhik sanrachana aur fasalon key liye rasayanik aur javic mitty key vatavaran mein sudhaar hotaa haye. adhik sou key saath, jall ghuspaith aur pratidhaaran mein sudhaar hotaa haye, jisase sookha sahishnuta mein vriddhi hoti haye aur kataav mein kamee aatee haye.
mrida carbonic padaarth sakriya sookshmajeevon key saath biomass seey kshayakaari samagri kaa mishran haye. fasal aavartan, prakriti seey, ghaas, hurry khaad aur vibhinn anya paudhon key malabe seey biomass key sampark mein aaney kii sambhavana koo badhaata haye. fasal aavartan key tahat gahan jutai kii cumm aavashyakta biomass ektrikaran koo adhik poshak tatvon key pratidhaaran aur upayog kii or leey jaane mein madad karati haye, jisase atirikt poshak tatvon kii aavashyakta cumm hoe jaati haye. jutai, mitty key vyavadhaan aur okseekaran key saath mitty mein sookshmajeevon kii vividhata aur prasaar key liye cumm anukool vatavaran banaata haye. yeye sookshmajeev hain joe paudhon koo poshak tatva upalabdh karaate hain. isaliye, jahaan "sakriya" mitty carbonic padaarth utpaadak mitty kii kunji haye, cumm sookshmajeev gatividhi vaali mitty paudhon koo kaafee cumm poshak tatva pradaan karati haye; yeh sach haye, bhale hii mitty mein bache biomass kii matra samaan hoe.
mitty key sookshmajeev pratispardha key madhyam seey rogjanak aur keat gatividhi koo bhee cumm karate hain. isake alawa, paudhe jadon key nikas aur anya rasayanon kaa utpaadan karate hain joe unake mitty key vatavaran key saath-saath unake kharpatwar vatavaran mein herfer karate hain. iss prakaar aavartan poshak tatvon kii upalabdhata seey upaj mein vriddhi kartaa haye, lekin alelopathy aur pratispardhi kharpatwar vatavaran key unmoolan kii bhee anumati detaa haye.
carbon prithakkaran.
adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii fasal aavartan mitty key carbonic carbon (aiss. oh. see.) kii matra koo bahut badhaate hain, joe mitty key carbonic padarthon kaa mukhya ghatak haye. carbon, hydrogen aur oxygen key saath, paudhon key liye ack macro nutrient haye. lambe samay taka chalane vaale atyadhik vividh ghoornan aiss. oh. see. koo badhaane mein aur bhee adhik prabhaavi saabit hue hain, jabaki mitty mein gadbadi (jaise.jee. jutai seey) aiss. oh. see. staron mein ghaatiya girawat key liye jimmedaar hain. brazil mein, gahan fasal aavartan key saath noo-till vidhiyon mein roopaantaran prati varsh 0.01 tunn prati hectare kii aiss. oh. see. prithakkaran darr dikhaai gaee haye.
fasal utpaadaktaa badhaane key alawa, vayumandaliya carbon key prithakkaran kaa havaa seey carbon dioxide koo hataakar jalavaayu parivartan kii darr koo cumm karane mein bahut prabhaav padata haye.
nitrogen fixing.
ghoornan fasalen mitty mein poshak tatva jodati hain. udaaharan key liye, fully, fabacy parivaar key paudhon kii jadon parr gaanthen hoti hain jinamen nitrogen-fixing bacteria hotaa haye jise raizobia kahaa jaataa haye. nodulation naamak prakriya key dauran, raizobia bacteria vayumandaliya nitrogen koo amonia mein badalane key liye paudhe dwara pradaan kiye gaye poshak tatvon aur paani kaa upayog kartaa haye, jise phir ack carbonic yaugik mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye jise paudha apane nitrogen srot key roop mein upayog curr sakata haye. isaliye krishi key liye inhen anaaj (parivaar poesi) aur anya paudhon key saath vaikalpik karna achchha haye jinhen nitrate kii aavashyakta hoti haye. paudhon koo kitna nitrogen upalabdh karaaya gayaa haye, yeh fully key prakaar, prakand jeevaanu kii prabhavsheelta, mitty kii sthiti aur paudhon key bhojan key liye aavashyak tatvon kii upalabdhata jaise karakon parr nirbhar kartaa haye.
rogjanak aur keat niyantran.
fasal aavartan kaa upayog keeton aur beemariyon koo niyantrit karane key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye joe samay key saath mitty mein sthaapit hoe sakate hain. ack crum mein fasalon key parivartan seey keeton kii jansankhya key star mein kamee aatee haye (1) keat jeevan chakr mein baadha dalna aur (2) keat nivaas mein baadha dalna. ack hii vargeekaran parivaar key paudhon mein samaan keat aur rogjanak hotey hain. niyamit roop seey fasalon koo badalane aur mitty koo parati honey key bajaay aavaran fasalon seey bharey rakhane seey, keat chakr koo todaa yaa seemit kiya jaa sakata haye, vishesh roop seey chakr joe avasheshon mein adhik sardiyon seey labhanvit hotey hain. udaaharan key liye, germ jalavaayu aur retili mitty mein kuchh paudhon key liye jarh-gaanth sootrakrimi ack gambhir samasya haye, jahaan yeh dheere-dheere mitty mein uchch star taka bunn jaataa haye, aur paudhe kii jadon seey parisancharan koo katkar paudhe kii utpaadaktaa koo gambhir roop seey nuksan pahuncha sakata haye. ack aisee fasal ugaana joe ack mausam key liye jarh-gaanth sootrakrimi key liye mezban naheen haye, mitty mein sootrakrimi key star koo bahut cumm curr detaa haye, iss prakaar mitty key dhuman kii aavashyakta key binaa agale mausam mein ack atisamvedansheel fasal ugaana sambhav hoe jaataa haye.
yeh siddhant javic kheti mein vishesh roop seey upayog mein haye, jahaan kritrim keetnashakon key binaa keat niyantran praapt kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
kharpatwar prabandhan.
kharpatwar prabandhan key liye kuchh fasalon, vishesh roop seey cover fasalon koo fasal aavartan mein ekikrit karna vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna haye. yeye fasalen pratispardha key madhyam seey kharpatwaron koo ikattha karati hain. isake alawa, aavaran fasalon aur hurry khaad seey ghaas kaa maidan aur khaad mitty key madhyam seey abb bhee kharpatwaron key vikas koo dheema curr detee haye, jisase fasalon koo aur adhik pratispardhi laabh milata haye. cover fasalon kii kheti key dauran kharpatwaron kii vriddhi aur prasaar koo dheema karke, kisan bhavishya kii fasalon key liye kharpatwaron kii upasthiti koo bahut cumm curr dete hain, jisamen uthali jadon vaali aur pankti fasalen shamil hain, joe kharpatwaron key liye cumm pratirodhi hain. isaliye, aavaran fasalon koo sanrakshan fasalen maanaa jaataa haye kyonki way anyatha parati bhoomi koo kharpatwaron seey bhar jaane seey bachaati hain.
iss pranali key laabh kharpatwar prabandhan key liye anya samanya prathaon kii tulanaa mein hain, jaise kii jutai. jutai kaa uddeshya mitty koo palatkar kharpatwaron key vikas koo rokna haye; haalaanki, iska ack pratikool prabhaav kharpatwar key una beejon key ujagar honey kaa haye joe dafan hoe gaye hain aur moolyavaan fasal key beejon koo dafan curr rahey hain. fasal aavartan key tahat, kharpatwar kii aabaadi mein kamee key madhyam seey mitty mein vyavharya beejon kii sankhya cumm hoe jaati haye.
fasal kii gunavatta aur upaj parr unake nakaratmak prabhaav key alawa, kharpatwar kataai kii prakriya koo dheema curr sakate hain. kharpatwar kataai key samay kisaanon koo cumm kushal banaate hain, kyonki baandh-ghaas aur gaanth-ghaas jaise kharpatwar upkaranon mein ulajh sakate hain, jisake parinamswarup fasal rook-rook curr hoti haye.
mitty key kataav koo rokein.
fasal aavartan paani dwara kataav seey khoye gaye mitty kii matra koo kaafee cumm curr sakata haye. una kshetron mein joe kataav key prati atyadhik samvedansheel hain, krishi prabandhan prathaon jaise kii shoonya aur cumm jutai koo varsha kii boondon key prabhaav, talchhat kii algaav, talchhat parivahan, satah key bahaav aur mitty key nuksan koo cumm karane key liye vishisht fasal aavartan vidhiyon key saath poorak kiya jaa sakata haye.
mitty key nuksan seey suraksha koo aavartan vidhiyon key saath adhikatam kiya jaataa haye joe fasal kii parali (fasal kataai key baad paudhe key avashesh) kaa sabse badaa dravyamaan mitty key oopar chhod dete hain. mitty key sampark mein aaney parr parali kaa aavaran bhoomi key oopar pravaah key wegg, dhaara shakti koo cumm karke paani seey kataav koo cumm kartaa haye, aur iss prakaar paani kii talchhat koo alag karane aur parivahan karane kii kshamata koo cumm kartaa haye. mitty kaa kataav aur seal mitty key samuchchay key vyavadhaan aur algaav koo rokte hain joe macropore koo avaruddh karate hain, ghuspaith mein kamee karate hain aur bahaav koo badhaate hain. yeh kataav aur tanaav kii avadhi key adheen honey parr mitty key lachilepan mein kaafee sudhaar kartaa haye.
jaba ack chaara fasal toot jaati haye, tou badhyakari utpaad banate hain joe mitty parr chipakane kii tarah kaary karate hain, jisase kann ack saath chipak jaate hain, aur samuchchay banate hain. kataav niyantran key liye mitty key samuchchay kaa nirmaan mahatvapurna haye, kyonki way varsha kii boondon key prabhaav aur jall kataav kaa behtar pratirodh karane mein saksham hain. mitty key samuchchay bhee havaa key kataav koo cumm karate hain, kyonki way badey kann hotey hain, aur jutai prathaon key madhyam seey gharshan key liye adhik pratirodhi hotey hain.
kataav niyantran parr fasal aavartan kaa prabhaav jalavaayu key anusaar bhinn hotaa haye. apekshaakrit susangat jalavaayu sthitiyon vaale kshetron mein, jahaan vaarshik varsha aur tapman kaa star maanaa jaataa haye, kathor fasal aavartan paryaapt paudhe kii vriddhi aur mitty kaa aavaran paida curr sakate hain. una kshetron mein jahaan jalavaayu kii sthiti cumm anumaanit haye, aur barish aur sookhe kii apratyaashit avadhi hoe sakati haye, fasal aavartan dwara mitty key aavaran key liye ack adhik lachila drishtikon aavashyak haye. ack avsar fasal pranali inn aniyamit jalavaayu sthitiyon key tahat paryaapt mitty key aavaran koo badhaava detee haye. ack avsar fasal pranali mein, fasalen taba ugaai jaati hain jaba mitty kaa paani paryaapt hotaa haye aur buvaai key liye ack vishvasaniya khidki hoti haye. fasal pranali key iss roop seey kathor fasal aavartan kii tulanaa mein behtar mitty kaa utpaadan honey kii sambhavana haye kyonki fasalon koo kewal ishtatam paristhitiyon mein boya jaataa haye, jabaki kathor pranaliyon koo upalabdh sarvottam paristhitiyon mein boya jaanaa aavashyak naheen haye.
fasal aavartan usa samay aur lambai koo bhee prabhaavit kartaa haye jaba koee khet banjar hotaa haye. yeh bahut mahatvapurna haye kyonki kissy vishesh kshetra kii jalavaayu key aadhar parr, ack khet jaba girata haye tou kataav key liye sabse adhik samvedansheel hoe sakata haye. fasal aavartan pranali mein kataav koo cumm karane key liye kushal parati prabandhan ack aavashyak hissa haye. shoonya jutai ack maulik prabandhan pratha haye joe lambe samay taka aniyojit roop seey padey padey logon key tahat fasal key parali koo banaae rakhane koo badhaava detee haye jaba fasalen naheen lagaai jaa sakati hain. aisee prabandhan paddhatiyan joe parati bhoomi vaale kshetron mein upayukt mitty key aavaran koo banaae rakhane mein safal hoti hain, antatah mitty key nuksan koo cumm karengi. ack dashak taka chaley ack halia adhyayan mein, yeh paaya gayaa kii aaloo kii fasal key baad ack aam sheetkaleen aavaran fasal jaise kii faul raaee mitty key bahaav koo 43 pratishat taka cumm curr sakati haye, aur yeh aamtaur parr sabse adhik poshan vaali mitty haye.
jaiv vividhata.
fasalon kii jaiv vividhata koo badhaane seey aspas key paaristhitiki tantra parr laabhkaari prabhaav padata haye aur mitty mein jeevon, keedon aur laabhkaari sookshmajeevon kii adhik vividhata hoe sakati haye jaisa kii mcdanial aitt all 2014 aur lori aitt all 2017 dwara paaya gayaa haye. kuchh adhyayan paaramparik prathaon kii tulanaa mein javic pranaliyon key tahat fasal aavartan seey poshak tatvon kii upalabdhata mein vriddhi kii or ishara karate hain kyonki javic prathaon seey mitty key carbonic padarthon mein laabhkaari sookshmajeevon key baadhit honey kii sambhavana cumm hoti haye, jaise kii arbuscular micorrhiza, joe paudhon mein poshak tatvon key sevan koo badhaate hain. jaiv vividhata mein vriddhi krishi-paaristhitik pranaliyon key lachilepan koo bhee badhaati haye.
krishi utpaadaktaa.
fasal aavartan behtar mitty poshan key madhyam seey upaj mein vriddhi mein yogdan detaa haye. alag-alag samay parr alag-alag fasalon key ropan aur kataai kii aavashyakta honey parr, samaan matra mein machinary aur shram key saath adhik bhoomi parr kheti kii jaa sakati haye.
jokhim prabandhan.
vibhinn fasalen baari-baari seey alag-alag kisan key liye pratikool mausam key jokhim koo cumm curr sakati hain.
chunauti.
jabaki fasal aavartan key liye bahut adhik yojana kii aavashyakta hoti haye, fasal chayan koo una sthitiyon key alawa kaee nishchit sthitiyon (mitty kaa prakaar, sthalaakriti, jalavaayu aur sinchai) key liye pratikriya deni chaahiye joe saal seey saal mein naatakiya roop seey badal sakati hain (mausam, bajar, shram aapoorti). iss tarah, fasalon kii yojana varshon pahale banaana murkhtapurna haye. fasal aavartan yojana key anuchit karyanvayan seey mitty key poshak tatvon kii sanrachana mein asantulan hoe sakata haye yaa ack mahatvapurna fasal koo prabhaavit karane vaale rogjanakon kaa nirmaan hoe sakata haye. trutipurna ghoornan key parinamon koo anubhavi mitty vaigyaanikon koo bhee spasht honey mein varshon lugg sakate hain aur ise thheek karane mein utanaa hii samay lugg sakata haye.
fasal aavartan seey judee prathaon key bheetar kaee samasyaaen maujood hain. udaaharan key liye, falidar hurry khaad seey ghonghe yaa gulelon kaa aakraman hoe sakata haye aur hurry khaad seey kshay kabhi-kabhi anya fasalon key vikas koo dabaa sakata haye.