dark-feeled microscopy

dark-feeled microscopy (jise dark-ground microscopy bhee kahaa jaataa haye) prakaash aur electron microscopy donon mein microscopy vidhiyon kaa varnan karati haye, joe chhavi seey aprakaashit beam koo baahar karati haye. parinamswarup, namoone key aspas kaa kshetra (i.ee.jahan kiran koo bikherne key liye koee namuna naheen haye) aamtaur parr andhera hotaa haye.
optical microscope mein ack darkfield condensor lens kaa upayog kiya jaanaa chaahiye, joe prakaash key ack shanku koo vastunishth lens seey door leey jaataa haye. vastunishth lens kii bikhare hue prakaash-sangrah shakti koo adhikatam karane key liye, tail visarjan kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye aur vastunishth lens kaa sankhyaatmak chhidra (naa) 1 seey cumm honah chaahiye. aksar inn vastunishth lenson mein ack naa hotaa haye joe 0.7 seey 1.25 taka parivartansheel hotaa haye.
prakaash sookshmadarshi anuprayog.
optical microscopy mein, dark-feeled ack roshni takneek kaa varnan kartaa haye jiska upayog binaa daag vaale namoonon mein contrast koo badhaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. yeh prakaash key saath namoone koo rotion karke kaam kartaa haye joe vastunishth lens dwara ekatra naheen kiya jaayega aur iss prakaar chhavi kaa hissa naheen hoga. yeh ack gahare, lagbhag kaale, prishthabhoomi kii classic upasthiti paida kartaa haye jiss parr ujjwal vastuein hoti hain.
prakaash kaa maarg.
inn charanon koo usa aakriti mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye jahan ack ulte sookshmadarshi kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye.
laabh aur haani.
dark-feeled microscopy ack bahut hii saral lekin prabhaavi takneek haye aur jeevit aur binaa daag vaale javic namoonon seey judey upayogon key liye achchi tarah seey upayukt haye, jaise kii ootak samvardhan yaa vyaktigat, jall-janit, ekal-koshika jeevon seey ack smear. setup kii sadgi koo dekhate hue, iss takneek seey praapt chhaviyon kii gunavatta prabhaavshaali haye.
dark-feeled microscopy kii ack seema antim chhavi mein dekhe gaye cumm prakaash key star hain. iska matlab haye kii namuna bahut dridhata seey prakaashit honah chaahiye, joe namoone koo nuksan pahuncha sakata haye. 
dark-feeled microscopy takneeken lagbhag poori tarah seey prabhamandal yaa raahat-shally kii kalakritiyon seey mukt hain joe vishisht roop seey dee. aaee. see. aur charan-vipareet imaging kii visheshta haye. yeh charan soochana key prati samvedansheelta kii keemat parr aataa haye. 
dark-feeled chhaviyon kii vyakhya bahut savdhani key saath kii jaani chaahiye, kyonki ujjwal-feeled microscopy chhaviyon kii samanya dark visheshtaen adrishya hoe sakati hain, aur isake vipareet. samanya taur parr dark-feeled chhavi mein ujjwal-kshetra chhavi seey judee cumm sthaanik aavrittiyon kaa abhaav hotaa haye, jisase chhavi antarnihit sanrachana kaa ack uchch-paas sanskaran bunn jaati haye. 
jabaki dark-feeled chhavi pahale ujjwal-feeled chhavi kii nakaratmak prateet hoe sakati haye, pratyek mein alag-alag prabhaav dikhaai dete hain. ujjwal kshetra sookshmadarshi mein, visheshtaen dikhaai detee hain jahaan yaa tou ghatana prakaash dwara satah parr ack chhaaya daali jaati haye yaa satah kaa ack hissa cumm paraavartak hotaa haye, sambhavatah gaddhon yaa kharonch kii upasthiti seey. oopar uthaaye gaye lakshan joe chhaaya daalane key liye bahut chikane hain, ujjwal kshetra kii chhaviyon mein dikhaai naheen denge, lekin joe prakaash visheshta key kinaaron seey pratibimbit hotaa haye vaha dark-feeled chhaviyon mein dikhaai dega.
<gallery kaa sheershak = "ootak kagaj key namoone mein contrast utpann karane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali transilumination takneekon kii tulanaa (poorna resolution parr dekhane parr 1.559 microne/pixel)" sanrekhit karein = "kendra">
chhavih pepper _ micrograph _ dark.pee. aine. jee..dark-feeled roshni, namuna vipareetata namoone dwara bikhare hue prakaash seey aatee haye
chhavih pepper _ micrograph _ brite.pee. aine. jee..ujjwal kshetra kii roshni, namuna contrast namoone mein prakaash key ksheenan seey aataa haye
chhavih pepper _ micrograph _ cross-polarised.pee. aine. jee..cross-polarised prakaash roshni, namuna contrast namoone key madhyam seey dhruvikrit prakaash key ghoornan seey aataa haye
chhavih pepper _ micrograph _ phase.pee. aine. jee..charan-vipareet roshni, namuna vipareetata namoone key madhyam seey prakaash kii vibhinn path lambai key hastakshep seey aatee haye.
</gallery>
computing mein upayog karein.
dark-feeled microscopy koo haal hii mein computer mouse point karane vaale upkaranon mein lagu kiya gayaa haye taaki mouse koo kaanch kii satah parr imaging microscopic khamiyon aur dhool dwara pardarshi kaanch parr kaam karane kii anumati mill sakey.
dark-feeled microscopy koo hyperspectral imaging key saath jodaa gayaa haye.
jaba hyperspectral imaging key saath jodaa jaataa haye, tou dark-feeled microscopy koshikaon mein embedded nanomaterials key charitra varnan key liye ack shaktishali upkaran bunn jaataa haye. haal hii mein ack prakaashan mein, patskovsky aur anya. iss takneek kaa upayog upayog + cancer koshikaon koo lakshit karane vaale soney key nainokanon (unps) key lagaav kaa adhyayan karane key liye kiya gayaa.
sancharan electron sookshmadarshi anuprayog.
sancharan electron sookshmadarshi mein dark-feeled adhyayan chrystal aur chrystal doshon key adhyayan key saath-saath vyaktigat parmaanuon kii imaging mein ack shaktishali bhoomika nibhaate hain.
paaramparik dark-feeled imaging.
sankshep mein, imaging mein ghatana kii roshni koo taba taka jhukaana shamil haye jaba taka kii ghatana key bajaay ack vikshepit naa hoe jaae, beam objective lens back fokal plain mein ack chhote seey objective aperture seey gujarati haye. inn sthitiyon key tahat, dark-feeled chhaviyaan, namoone parr anumaanit sthiti key kaary key roop mein aur namoone key jhukaav key kaary key roop mein vivartansheel vimaanon key ekal sangrah seey aaney vaali vivartan teevrata koo maanchitrit karane kii anumati detee hain.
ekal-chrystal namoonon mein, bragg kii sthiti seey thheek jhukane vaale ack namoone kii ekal-pratibimb dark-feeled chhaviyaan kewal una jaali doshon koo "prakaash" karane kii anumati detee hain, jaise kii avyavastha yaa avakshep, joe apane pados mein jaali vimaanon key ack samooh koo modate hain. aisee chhaviyon mein teevrata key vishleshan kaa upayog usa jhukane kii matra kaa anuman lagaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. doosari or, polychrystalline namoonon mein, dark-feeled chhaviyaan kewal una chrystals key upasamuchchay koo prakaashit karane kaa kaam karati hain joe diye gaye abhivinyas parr bragg-reflecting curr rahey hain.
kamjor beam imaging.
kamjor-beam imaging mein paaramparik dark-feeled key samaan prakashiki shamil hoti haye, lekin vikshepit beam key bajaay ack vikshepit beam "harmonic" kaa upayog kartaa haye. iss tarah, doshon key aspas tanaavgrast kshetron kaa bahut adhik samadhan praapt kiya jaa sakata haye.
nimn-aur uchch-konn kundalakar dark-feeled imaging.
kundalakar dark-feeled imaging key liye ack kundalakar chhidra mein vighatit electrons key saath chhaviyaan banaane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, lekin isamen binaa bikhare hue beam koo shamil naheen kiya jaataa haye. scanning sancharan electron sookshmadarshi mein badey prakirnan konon key liye, ise kabhi-kabhi "jaid"-contrast imaging kahaa jaataa haye kyonki uchch-paramanu-sankhya vaale parmaanuon seey badhe hue prakirnan key kaaran.
digital dark-feeled vishleshan.
yeh ack ganitiya takneek haye joe pratyaksh aur parasparik (fourier-parivartan) sthaan key beach ack madhyavarti haye, joe electron sookshmadarshi jaali-frinz chhaviyon kii tarah achchi tarah seey paribhaashit aavartakon key saath chhaviyon kii khoj key liye haye. jaise kii ack sancharan electron sookshmadarshi mein analogue dark-feeled imaging key saath, yeh una vastuon koo dekhane key kshetra mein "prakaash" karane kii anumati detaa haye jahaan ruchi kii aavadhiktaaen rahati hain. analogue dark-feeled imaging key vipareet yeh aavarton key "fourier-charan" koo mapp karane kii anumati bhee dey sakata haye, aur isaliye charan pravanata, joe vector jaali tanaav parr matratmak jaankaari pradaan karate hain.

