aabhaasi caryotype

aabhaasi caryotype ack caryotype koo pratibimbit karane vaali digital jaankaari haye, joe poore genome mein vishisht sthaan seey dee. aine. aeye. key chhote anukramon key vishleshan key parinamswarup hoti haye, joe alag-thalag aur ganana kii jaati haye. yeh paaramparik caryotyping yaa gunasutra-adharit tulanaatmak genomic sankaran (see. jee. aich.) kii tulanaa mein uchch resolution key liye genomic coppy sankhya bhinnataon kaa pataa lagaata haye. aabhaasi caryotype banaane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali mukhya vidhiyaan sarani-tulaniya genomic sankaran aur aiss. aine. pee. sarani hain.
prishthabhoomi.
ack caryotype (anjir 1) ack eukariot prajaati kaa vishisht gunasutra poorak haye. ack caryotype koo aam taur parr sabse badee (gunasutra 1) seey sabse chhoti (gunasutra 22) taka vyavasthit ekal koshika seey gunasutron kii ack chhavi key roop mein prastut kiya jaataa haye, jisamen ling gunasutra (x aur y) koo antim roop seey dikhaaya jaataa haye. aitihaasik roop seey, koshika vibhajan key dauran rasayanik roop seey giraftar kiye jaane key baad steining koshikaon dwara caryotype praapt kiye gaye hain. roganu aur cancer donon koshikaon mein gunasutra asaamaanyataon kii pehchaan karane key liye kaee dashakon seey caryotype kaa upayog kiya jaataa rhaa haye. paaramparik caryotype gunasutra sanrachana aur sankhya mein parivartan key liye poore genome kaa aaklan curr sakate hain, lekin 5-10 mb kii pehchaan seema key saath resolution apekshaakrit motaa haye.
vidhi.
haal hii mein, baadhit dee. aine. aeye. seey "silico mein" uchch-resolution cariotype utpann karane key liye platform ubhare hain, jaise kii sarani tulanaatmak genomic sankaran (sarani) aur aiss. aine. pee sarani. avadharana key anusaar, sarani saikadon seey laakhon jaanchon seey bunny hoti hain joe genome mein ruchi key kshetra key poorak hain. pareekshan namoone seey baadhit dna koo khandit, label kiya gayaa haye aur sarani mein sankarit kiya gayaa haye. pratyek jaanch key liye sankaran sanket teevrata kaa upayog vishesh software dwara sarani parr pratyek jaanch key liye pareekshan/samanya kaa kaa anupaat utpann karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. 
sarani parr pratyek jaanch kaa pataa aur genome mein pratyek jaanch kaa pataa jaanane key baad, software gunasutra crum mein jaanch koo line kartaa haye aur genome koo "silico mein" (chitra 2 aur 3) kaa punarnirmaan kartaa haye.
aabhaasi caryotype mein paaramparik cytogenetics kii tulanaa mein naatakiya roop seey uchch resolution hotaa haye. vaastavik sankalp sarani parr jaanch key ghanatva parr nirbhar karega. vartamaan mein, aabhaasi caryotyping anuprayogon key liye vyaavsaayik roop seey upalabdh sabse adhik ghanatva vaalaa sanyojan ephymetrics snp6.0 haye. isamen ack jeane key aakar key baare mein 10-20 kb key vyaavhaarik resolution key liye 18 laakh bahuroopi aur gair-bahuroopi marker hotey hain. yeh paaramparik cytogenetics seey praapt cariotype kii tulanaa mein lagbhag 1000 gunaa adhik resolution haye.
aabhaasi caryotype koo samvaidhaanik vikaaron key liye germaline namoonon parr kiya jaa sakata haye, aur naidaanik pareekshan darjanon kliya pramaanit prayogshalaon (aanuvanshiki) seey upalabdh haye.org). aabhaasi caryotyping taaja yaa formlin-fixed paraphine-embedded tumour parr bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. kliya-pramaanit prayogashaalaaen joe tumour parr pareekshan kii peshkash karati hain, unamen creiton chikitsa prayogashaalaaen (taaja aur paraphine embedded tumour namoone) aur combimetrics aanvik nidan (taaja tumour namoone) shamil hain.
aabhaasi caryotyping key liye vibhinn munch.
sarani-adharit caryotyping koo prayogshala-vikasit aur vaanijyik donon tarah key kaee alag-alag platforms key saath kiya jaa sakata haye. sarani swayam genome-wide (poore genome parr vitarit jaanch) yaa lakshit (genomic kshetron key liye jaanch joe ack vishisht bimari mein shamil honey key liye jaani jaati haye) yaa donon kaa sanyojan hoe sakati haye. isake alawa, caryotyping key liye upayog kii jaane vaali saraniyon mein gair-bahuroopi jaanch, bahuroopi jaanch (i.ee., aiss. aine. pee. yukt), yaa donon kaa sanyojan. gair-bahuroopi jaanch kewal pratilipi sankhya kii jaankaari pradaan curr sakati haye, jabaki aiss. aine. pee. saraniyaan ack parakh mein pratilipi sankhya aur hanikarakta (loh) sthiti donon pradaan curr sakati hain. gair-bahuroopi saraniyon key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale jaanch prakaron mein see. dee. aine. aeye., back clone (ee.jee.bluegnome), aur oligonucleotide (ee.jee., aggellant, saanta clara, see. aeye., yuu. aiss. aeye. yaa nimblegan, maddison, vaaee, yuu. aiss. aeye.). vyaavsaayik roop seey upalabdh oligonucleotide aiss. aine. pee. saraniyaan thhos charan (ephimetrics, saanta clara, see. aeye., yuu. aiss. aeye.) yaa beed-adharit (illumina, saine diago, see. aeye., yuu. aiss. aeye.) hoe sakati hain. platforms kii vividhata key bavjood, antatah way sabhi "silico mein" ack uchch resolution cariotype koo phir seey banaane key liye baadhit koshikaon seey genomic dna kaa upayog karate hain. antim utpaad kaa abhee taka ack susangat naam naheen haye, aur ise aabhaasi caryotyping, digital caryotyping, aanvik alelocariotyping aur aanvik caryotyping kahaa gayaa haye. caryotyping key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale sarani kaa varnan karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale anya shabdon mein soma (snp oligonucleotide microere) aur see. aim. aeye. (gunasutra microere) shamil hain. kuchh sabhi platforms koo ack prakaar kaa sarani tulanaatmak genomic sankaran (sarani) maanate hain, jabaki anya usa shabd koo dou-rung vidhiyon key liye aarakshit karate hain, aur phir bhee anya aiss. aine. pee. sarani koo alag karate hain kyonki way dou-rung sarani vidhiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik aur alag jaankaari utpann karate hain.
anuprayog.
pratilipi-sankhya parivartanon kaa pataa lagaana.
roganu rekha aur tumour donon namoonon mein prati sankhya parivartan dekhe jaa sakate hain. pratilipi sankhya parivartanon kaa pataa gair-bahuroopi jaanch key saath saraniyon dwara lagaaya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii sarani, aur aiss. aine. pee.-adharit saraniyon dwara. manushya dwigunit hotey hain, isaliye gair-ling gunasutron key liye ack samanya prati sankhya hamesha dou hoti haye.
vishamyugmata (loh), swatahjaivik khandon aur ack-maataa-pitaa kii vikriti kaa nuksan.
autozygus khand aur ack-maataa-pitaa kii vikriti (adyatan) dwigunit/'pratilipi tatasth' aanuvanshik nishkarsh hain aur isaliye kewal aiss. aine. pee.-adharit saraniyon dwara pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haye. swa-yugmit khand aur adyatan donon hii aiss. aine. pee. sarani caryotyping dwara dou kii prati sankhya key saath visham-yugman kshamata (loh) key nuksan koo dikhaayenge. homozigosity (roh) kaa pada runn, ack samanya shabd haye jiska upayog autozigus khandon yaa adyatan key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
chitra 7 ack colorectal carcinoma seey ack aiss. aine. pee. sarani aabhaasi cariotype haye joe vilopan, laabh, pravardhan aur adhigrahit updation (coppy neutral loh) kaa pradarshan kartaa haye.
naidaanik cancer anuprayogon key udaaharan.
lagbhag kissy bhee tumour seey ack aabhaasi caryotype utpann kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin pehchaane gaye genomic vichalan kaa naidaanik arth pratyek tumour prakaar key liye alag-alag haye. naidaanik upayogita bhinn hoti haye aur upayuktata kaa nirdhaaran ack oncologist yaa pathologist dwara prayogshala key prayogshala nideshak key paramarsh seey kiya jaataa haye joe aabhaasi caryotype kaa pradarshan karate hain. neeche cancer key prakaron key udaaharan diye gaye hain jahan vishisht genomic vichalan key naidaanik nihitarth achchi tarah seey sthaapit hain. yeh soochi pratinidhi haye, vistrit naheen haye. wisconsin raajya swachchata prayogshala mein cytogenetics prayogshala key liye web site mein naidaanik roop seey praasangik aanuvanshik parivartanon key atirikt udaaharan hain joe aabhaasi caryotyping dwara aasaani seey pataa lagaae jaa sakate hain.
neuroblastoma.
493 neuroblastoma namoonon kii ack shrinkhala key aadhar parr, yeh bataaya gayaa haye kii samagr genomic pattern, jaisa kii sarani-adharit caryotyping dwara pareekshan kiya gayaa haye, neuroblastoma mein parinam kaa ack bhavishyavakta haih
pahale key prakashanon ney neuroblastoma koo cytogenetic profile key aadhar parr teen pramukh upprakaron mein vargeekrit kiyaah
wilms tumour.
gunasutra 1pee aur aur key liye tumour-vishisht hanikarakta (loh) wilms tumour rogiyon key ack upasamuchchay kii pehchaan kartaa haye, jinake paas punaravritti aur mrityu kaa kaafee adhik jokhim hotaa haye. inn gunasutra kshetron key liye loh kaa upayog abb upchaar kii teevrata koo upchaar kii viphalata key jokhim key liye lakshit karane key liye roga charan key saath ack swatantra purvanuman kaarak key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye.
gurde kii koshika kaa cancer.
gurde key upkala neoplasm mein vishisht cytogenetic vichalan hotey hain joe vargeekaran mein sahaayata curr sakate hain. oncology aur hematology mein aanuvanshiki aur cytogenetics kaa atlus bhee dekhein.
sarani-adharit caryotyping kaa upayog chunautipurna roopvigyaan key saath gurde key tumour mein vishisht gunasutra vichalan kii pehchaan karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. sarani-adharit caryotyping paraphine embedded tumour parr achchha pradarshan karati haye aur niyamit naidaanik upayog key liye upayukt haye.
isake alawa, haal key saahitya seey sanket milata haye kii kuchh gunasutra vichalan gurde key upkala tumour key vishisht upprakaron mein parinam seey judey hotey hain.spasht koshika gurde kaa carcinomah dell 9pee aur dell dell kharaab purvanuman sanketak hain.papillary renal cell carcinomah 1 kyu kii dohrao ghaatak pragati koo chihnit kartaa haye.
deerghakaalik lymphocytic leukemia.
chronic lymphocytic leukemia (see. ell. ell.) mein gunasutra sambandhi asaamaanyataon kaa pataa lagaane key liye sarani-adharit cariotyping machhali kaa ack laagat prabhaavi vikalp haye. kaee naidaanik satyapan adhyayanon ney maanak see. ell. ell. machhali panel key saath 95 pratishat seey adhik samanjasya dikhaaya haye. isake alawa, sarani-adharit caryotyping kaa upayog karane vaale kaee adhyayanon ney maanak machhali jaanch dwara 'asamanya vilopan' kii pehchaan kii haye aur see. ell. ell. mein purvanuman jokhim key liye pramukh sthaan parr ack-maataa-pitaa kii vikriti praapt kii haye.
see. ell. ell. koshikaon mein chaar mukhya aanuvanshik vichalanon koo pahachaana jaataa haye jinka roga vyavhaar parr badaa prabhaav padata haye.
multiple myeloma.
avet-loiso, aur anya. journal off clinical oncology" mein, purvanuman seey judey aanuvanshik ghaavon kii pehchaan karane key liye 192 multiple myeloma (mimi) namoonon key snp sarani caryotyping kaa upayog kiya gayaa, jinhen phir ack alag samooh (aine = 273) mein maanya kiya gayaa thaa. mimi mein, ack prasarak clone kii kamee kewal ~30% mamalon mein paaramparik cytogenetics koo soochanaatmak banaati haye. machhali key panel mimi mein upayogi hain, lekin maanak panel iss adhyayan mein report kii gaee kaee pramukh aanuvanshik asaamaanyataon kaa pataa naheen lagaa sakate hain.
sarani-adharit caryotyping santulit sthanantaran kaa pataa naheen lagaa sakati haye, jaise kii tii (4; 14) mimi key ~15% mein dekhaa jaataa haye. isaliye, iss sthanantaran key liye machhali kaa pradarshan bhee kiya jaanaa chaahiye yadi aiss. aine. pee. saraniyon kaa upayog karke mimi mein purvanumanatmak mahatva key genome-wide coppy sankhya parivartanon kaa pataa lagaaya jaae.
meduloblastoma.
pfister aiss, aadi dwara 260 meduloblastoma key sarani-adharit caryotyping. cytogenetic profile key aadhar parr nimnalikhit naidaanik upsamuhon kaa parinam huaah
oligodendroglioma.
था। saha-vilopan koo oligodendroglioma kaa "aanuvanshik hastakshar" maanaa jaataa haye. 1pee aur aur parr alelic nuksan, yaa tou alag seey yaa sanyukt roop seey, astrocytoma yaa oligoestrocytoma kii tulanaa mein classic oligodendroglioma mein adhik aam hain. ack adhyayan mein, classic oligodendrogloma ney 42 mein seey 35 (83 pratishat) mamalon mein 1pee nuksan dikhaaya, 39 mein seey 28 (72 pratishat) mein aur nuksan, aur yeye 39 mein seey 27 (69 pratishat) mamalon mein sanyukt they; nimn-shreni aur anaplastic oligodendrogloma key beach vishamyugmata kii sthiti key था। nuksan mein koee mahatvapurna antar naheen thaa. था। saha-vilopan koo oligodendroglioma mein chemosensitivity aur behtar purvanuman donon key saath sahsambaddh kiya gayaa haye. adhikansh badey cancer upchaar kendra niyamit roop seey oligodendroglioma key liye pathology report key hisse key roop mein 1 pee/19 kyu key vilopan kii jaanch karate hain. 1 pee/19 kyu loki kii sthiti kaa pataa machhali yaa aabhaasi caryotyping dwara lagaaya jaa sakata haye. aabhaasi caryotyping mein ack parakh mein poore genome kaa aaklan karane kaa laabh haye, saath hii saath 1 pee/19 kyu loki bhee haye. yeh glial tumour mein anya pramukh sthaan key mulyankan kii anumati detaa haye, jaise kii egfr aur aur coppy sankhya kii sthiti.
jabaki 1pee aur aur vilopan kii purvanumanatmak prasangikta anaplastic oligodendroglioma aur mishrit oligoestrocytoma key liye achchi tarah seey sthaapit haye, nimn-shreni key glioma key liye vilopan kii purvanumanatmak prasangikta adhik vivadaspad haye. nimn-shreni key glioma key sandarbh mein, ack halia adhyayan seey yeh bhee pataa chalata haye kii 1 pee/19 kyu saha-vilopan ack (1; 19) (kyu 10; pee 10) sthanantaran key saath judaa hoe sakata haye, joe sanyukt 1 pee/19 kyu vilopan kii tarah, nimn-shreni key glioma rogiyon mein behtar samagr uttarjeevita aur pragati-mukt uttarjeevita seey judaa huaa haye. oligodendroglioma oligodendroglioma jeane mein shayed hii kabhi utparivartan dikhaata haye, joe anya glioma key vipareet haye. epidermal groth factor receptor amplification aur poore 1 pee/19 kyu codellation parasparik roop seey ananya hain aur poori tarah seey alag parinamon kii bhavishyavani karate hain, jisamen egfr amplification kharaab purvanuman kii bhavishyavani kartaa haye.
glioblastoma.
yinn aur anya. aiss. aine. pee. sarani caryotyping kaa upayog karke 55 glioblastoma aur 6 jee. bee. aim. koshika rekhaaon kaa adhyayan kiya. 13/61 mamalon mein 17p parr adhigrahit adyatan kii pehchaan kii gaee thee. 13q14 (rb) vilopan yaa 17p13.1 (p53) vilopan/adhigrahit adyatan vaale rogiyon mein jeevit rahane kaa samay kaafee cumm paaya gayaa. inn parinamon koo ack saath lete hue, yeh takneek jee. bee. aim. mein genome-vyaapi asaamaanyataon koo profile karane key liye ack tez, majboot aur sastee vidhi haye. kyonki aiss. aine. pee. sarani caryotyping koo paraphine embedded tumour parr kiya jaa sakata haye, yeh ack aakarshak vikalp haye jaba tumour koshikaaen metafage cytogenetics key liye culture mein badhane mein whiffle rahati hain yaa jaba namoone koo formlin taya kiye jaane key baad caryotyping kii ichcha utpann hoti haye.
glioblastoma mein adhigrahit adyatan (pratilipi tatasth loh) kaa pataa lagaane kaa mahatvah
isake alawa, aakriti vigyaan dwara anishchit shreni vaale mamalon mein, genomic profiling nidan mein sahaayata curr sakati haye.
teevra lymphoblastic leukemia.
cytogenetics, cancer koshikaon key gunasutron mein visheshta vaale badey parivartanon kaa adhyayan, teevra lymphoblastic leukemia (sabhi) mein parinam key ack mahatvapurna bhavishyavakta key roop mein teji seey pahachaana gayaa haye.aine. bee.: santulit sthanantaran kaa pataa sarani-adharit caryotyping dwara naheen lagaaya jaa sakata haye (neeche seemaaen dekhein).
kuchh cytogenetic upprakaron mein dusaron kii tulanaa mein badatar purvanuman hotaa haye. inmein shamil hainh
teevra lymphoblastic leukemia mein asthi majja cytogenetic khoj key saath purvanuman kaa sahsambandh
sabhi koo vargeekrit naheen kiya gayaa haye aur ise ack madhyavarti purvanuman maanaa jaataa haye.
myelodysplastic syndrome.
myelodysplastic syndrome (aim. dee. aiss.) mein ullekhaniya naidaanik, roopaatmak aur aanuvanshik vishamta haye. cytogenetics vishva swaasthya sangathan key vargeekaran-adharit antarrashtriya purvanumanatmak scoring pranali (aaee. pee. aiss.) mein aim. dee. aiss. key liye ack nirnaayak bhoomika nibhaata haye.
metafage cytogenetics, fish panel aur aim. dee. aiss. key liye aiss. aine. pee. sarani caryotyping kii tulanaa mein, yeh paaya gayaa kii pratyek takneek ack samaan naidaanik upaj pradaan karati haye. kissy bhee ack vidhi ney sabhi doshon kaa pataa naheen lagaaya, aur jaba teenon vidhiyon kaa upayog kiya gayaa tou pataa lagaane kii darr mein ~ 5 pratishat taka sudhaar huaa.
adhigrahit adyatan, joe machhali yaa cytogenetics dwara pataa naheen lagaaya jaa sakata haye, aiss. aine. pee. sarani caryotyping kaa upayog karke aim. dee. aiss. mein kaee pramukh sthaanon parr report kiya gayaa haye, jisamen jisamen kaa vilopan bhee shamil haye.
myeloproliferative neoplasm/myeloproliferative vikaar.
philadelphia gunasutra-nakaratmak myeloproliferative neoplasm (aim. pee. aine.) jisamen polycythemia vera, aavashyak thrombocythemia aur praathamik myelophybrosis shamil hain, leukemia (aim. pee. aine.-blast charan) mein parivartan kii ack antarnihit pravritti dikhaate hain, joe atirikt genomic ghaavon key adhigrahan key saath hotaa haye.
159 mamalon key ack adhyayan mein, aiss. aine. pee.-sarani vishleshan vyaavhaarik roop seey sabhi cytogenetic asaamaanyataon koo pakadane aur sambhaavit roop seey mahatvapurna naidaanik nihitarth key saath atirikt ghaavon koo ujagar karane mein saksham thaa.
colorectal cancer.
colorectal cancer mein biomarker kii pehchaan vishesh roop seey stage II roga vaale rogiyon key liye mahatvapurna haye, jahaan 20 pratishat seey cumm tumour kii punaravritti hoti haye. है। loh ack sthaapit biomarker haye joe charan II brihadantra cancer mein tumour kii punaravritti key uchch jokhim seey judaa huaa haye. chitra 7 colorectal carcinoma (poore genome drishya) key ack aiss. aine. pee. sarani cariotype koo darshaata haye.
colorectal cancer koo aanvik profile key aadhar parr vishisht tumour phenotype mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye jise anya sahayak parikshanon key parinamon key saath ekikrit kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii microsatellite asthirta pareekshan, ihc, aur kraas utparivartan sthitih
ghaatak rabdoid tumour.
ghaatak rabdoid tumour durlabh, atyadhik aakramak neoplasm hain joe aamtaur parr shishuon aur chhote bachchon mein paae jaate hain. unake visham ootak sambandhi visheshtaon key kaaran, nidan aksar kathin hoe sakata haye aur galat vargeekaran hoe sakate hain. inn tumours mein, gunasutra gunasutra parr aaee. aine. aaee. 1 jeane jeane ack classic tumour suppressor jeane key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. है। kaa nishkriyata vilopan, utparivartan yaa adhigrahit adyatan key madhyam seey hoe sakata haye.
haal key ack adhyayan mein, aiss. aine. pee. sarani caryotyping ney 49/51 rabdoid tumour mein 22q key vilopan yaa low kii pehchaan kii. inmein seey 14 coppy neutral loh (yaa adhigrahit adyatan) they, jinka pataa aiss. aine. pee. sarani caryotyping dwara lagaaya jaa sakata haye, lekin machhali, cytogenetics yaa sarani dwara naheen. aim. ell. pee. aeye. ney ack namoone mein ekal exon homozygus vilopan kaa pataa lagaaya joe aiss. aine. pee. sarani key resolution seey neeche thaa.
aiss. aine. pee. sarani caryotyping kaa upayog antar karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, udaaharan key liye, ack praathamik rabdoid tumour seey ack isochromosome isochromosome key saath ack meduloblastoma jisamen 22q11.2 kaa nuksan hotaa haye. jaba sanket diyaa jaataa haye, tou mlPA aur pratyaksh anukraman kaa upayog karke ini1 kaa aanvik vishleshan kiya jaa sakata haye. ack baar tumour seey judey parivartan paae jaane key baad, rogi aur maataa-pitaa seey germaline dna kaa vishleshan kiya jaa sakata haye taaki vanshaanugat yaa dee novo germaline utparivartan yaa aaee. aine. aaee. 1 koo hataaya jaa sakey, taaki uchit punaravritti jokhim aaklan kiya jaa sakey.
euvel melanoma.
mootramaarg melanoma mein kharaab purvanuman seey judaa sabse mahatvapurna aanuvanshik parivartan gunasutra 3 (monosomy 3) kii ack poori prati kaa nuksan haye, joe metastatic prasaar key saath dridhata seey sahsambaddh haye. gunasutra 6 aur 8 parr laabh kaa upayog aksar monosomy 3 screen key bhavishyasoochak moolya koo parishkrit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jisamen 6pee kaa laabh ack behtar purvanuman aur aur kaa laabh darshaata haye joe disomy 3 tumour mein ack badatar purvanuman kaa sanket detaa haye. durlabh udaharanon mein, monosomy 3 tumour gunasutra kii shesh prati koo ack visham avastha mein lautane key liye dohrate hain jise isodysomy kahaa jaataa haye. isodysomy 3 rognidan key roop mein monosomy 3 key barabar haye, aur donon kaa pataa gunasutra 3 key vishamyugmata key nuksan key liye parikshanon dwara lagaaya jaa sakata haye.
seemaaen.
paaramparik cytogenetics seey praapt cariotype key vipareet, aabhaasi cariotype koo "baadhit" dna seey praapt sanketon kaa upayog karke computer programon dwara punarnirmit kiya jaataa haye. sankshep mein, computer prograam anurekhan koo sahee karega jaba yeh gunasutra crum mein sanketon koo line kartaa haye. isaliye, aabhaasi caryotype santulit sthanantaran aur vyutkram kaa pataa naheen lagaa sakate hain. way kewal genome key una kshetron mein aanuvanshik vichalan kaa pataa lagaa sakate hain joe sarani parr jaanch dwara darshaae jaate hain. isake alawa, aabhaasi caryotype ack dwigunit genome key khilaf saamaanyikrit ack "saapeksh" pratilipi sankhya utpann karate hain, isaliye tetraploid genome koo dwigunit sthaan mein sanghanit kiya jaayega jaba taka kii punarsanyojan naheen kiya jaataa haye. yadi koee sarani kaa upayog curr rhaa haye tou punarnaveenikaran key liye ack sahayak koshika-adharit parakh kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jaise kii machhali. aiss. aine. pee.-adharit saraniyon seey praapt caryotype key liye, tetrapliedy kaa anuman aksar spasht pratilipi sankhya haani key kshetra key bheetar vishamyugmata key rakharkhaav seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye. nimn-stariya mozekwad yaa chhote upa-clone kaa aabhaasi caryotype dwara pataa naheen lagaaya jaa sakata haye kyonki namoone mein samanya koshikaon kii upasthiti asamanya clone seey sanket koo cumm curr degi. viphalata kaa sateek bindu, neoplastic koshikaon key nyuntam pratishat key sandarbh mein, upayog kiye gaye vishesh munch aur algorithm parr nirbhar karega. sarani-adharit caryotype utpann karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale kaee pratilipi sankhya vishleshan software prograam namoone mein 25-30% tumour/asamanya koshikaon seey cumm key saath ladkhadaate hain. haalaanki, oncology anuprayogon mein iss seema koo tumour samvardhan ranneetiyon aur oncology namoonon key saath upayog key liye anukoolit software dwara cumm kiya jaa sakata haye. vishleshan algorithm teji seey vikasit hoe rahey hain, aur kuchh koo 'samanya clone sandushan' parr panapane key liye bhee design kiya gayaa haye, isaliye yeh anuman lagaaya jaataa haye kii yeh seema samaapt hoti rahegi.

