micorrhisae

ack micoriza (yunani seey ',' kavak ', aur', 'jarh'; pl. micoriza, micoriza yaa micoriza) ack kavak aur ack paudhe key beach ack sahajeevi sambandh haye. micoriza shabd paudhe key prakandmandal mein kavak kii bhoomika koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, joe isaki jarh pranali haye. micorize paadap poshan, mrida jeev vigyaan aur mrida rasayan vigyaan mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye.
ack micorrhisal sangh mein, kavak mezban paudhe key jarh ootakon koo yaa tou antahkoshikiya roop seey arbuscular micorrhisal kavak mein, yaa extra cellular roop seey ectomicorisal kavak mein upaniveshit kartaa haye. kabhi-kabhi yeh sangathan parasparik hotaa haye. vishesh prajaatiyon mein, yaa vishesh paristhitiyon mein, micorize kaa mezban paudhon key saath ack parjivi sambandh hoe sakata haye. phir bhee, ack vikaasvaadi drishtikon seey, micoriza mezban paudhon koo pramukh laabh pradaan karate hain.
paribhasha.
micoriza ack harey paudhe aur ack kavak key beach ack sahajeevi sambandh haye. paudha prakaash sanshleshan dwara sharkara jaise carbonic anu banaata haye aur unhein kavak koo aapoorti kartaa haye, jabaki kavak paudhe koo paani aur khanij poshak tatvon, jaise kii phosphorus, kii aapoorti kartaa haye, joe mitty seey liya jaataa haye. micoriza samvahani paudhon kii jadon mein sthit hotey hain, lekin micoriza jaise sangh bhee bryophytes mein hotey hain aur jeevaashm pramaan hain kii praarambhik bhoomi key paudhon mein jadon kii kamee ney arbuscular micorisal sanghon kaa gathan kiya thaa. adhikansh paadap prajaatiyan micorisal sangh banaati hain, halanki brassicacy aur chenopodiaci jaise kuchh parivaar naheen banaa sakate hain. sangathan key liye vibhinn roopon kaa vivaran agale khand mein diyaa gayaa haye. sabse aam haye vrikshon kaa prakaar joe 70 pratishat paudhon kii prajaatiyon mein maujood haye, jisamen kaee fasal paudhe jaise gehuun aur chawal shamil hain.
vikas.
jeevaashm aur aanuvanshik sakshya ingit karate hain kii micorize pracheen hain, sambhaavit roop seey paudhon key sthaliyakaran key roop mein puraane hain. aanuvanshik sakshya ingit karate hain kii sabhi bhoomi paudhe ack samaan poorvaj saajha karate hain, joe jaldi seey micorisal sahajeevan koo apanaate prateet hotey hain, aur shodh seey pataa chalata haye kii proto-micorisal kavak ack pramukh kaarak they joe paudhe key sthirikaran koo saksham karate they. 40 karod varsh puraane raini chert mein jeevaashm paudhon kaa ack sanyojan haye joe paryaapt vistaar seey sanrakshit haye kii "aglophyton mejar" key tanon mein arbuscular micorize dekhaa gayaa haye, joe iss baat kii ack nichali seema detaa haye kii kaise dair seey micorisal sahajeevan vikasit huaa hoga. ectomicorizae kaafee baad mein, jurassic avadhi key dauran vikasit huaa, jabaki orchid aur ercoid micorize sahit adhikansh anya aadhunik micorisal parivaar, cretaceous avadhi mein angiosperm vikiran kii avadhi key hain. aanuvanshik pramaan hain kii fully aur nitrogen-fixing bacteria key beach sahajeevan micorisal sahajeevan kaa ack vistaar haye. micorisal kavak kaa aadhunik vitaran senozoic yug mein angiosperms key prabhutva seey judee jarh aakriti vigyaan mein badhati jatilata aur pratispardha koo darshaata haye, jisaki visheshta prajaatiyon key beach jatil paaristhitik gatishilata haye.
prakaar.
micoriza koo aamtaur parr "ectomicorizae" aur "endomycoriza" mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye. donon prakaar iss tathya seey alag hain kii ectomicorizal kavak kaa haifa jarh key bheetar alag-alag koshikaon mein pravesh naheen kartaa haye, jabaki endomicorisal kavak kaa haifa koshika kii deewaar mein pravesh kartaa haye aur koshika jhilli koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. endomycoriza mein "arbuscular", "ericoid" aur "orchid micorrhiza" shamil hain, jabaki "arbutoid micorrhiza" koo "actoendomicoriza" key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. "monotropoid" micoriza ack vishesh shreni banaata haye.
ectomicorizae.
ectomicorizae, yaa acm, lagbhag 10 pratishat paadap parivaaron kii jadon key beach sahajeevi sangh hain, jinamen jyaadaatar lakadi key paudhe shamil hain jinamen berch, dipterocarp, nilgiri, oak, pine aur gulab parivaar, orchid aur basidiomycota, escomycota aur zygomycota seey sambandhit kavak shamil hain. kuchh acm kavak, jaise kii kaee "lessinum" aur "suilus", kewal ack vishesh prajaati key paudhe key saath sahajeevi hain, jabaki anya kavak, jaise "amanita", saamaanyavaadi hain joe kaee alag-alag paudhon key saath micoriza banaate hain. ack alag pedh mein ack samay mein 15 yaa adhik alag-alag kavak acm bhagidar hoe sakate hain. hajaaron ectomicorizal kavak prajaatiyan maujood hain, joe 200 seey adhik vanshon mein sthit hain. haal key ack adhyayan mein vaishvik ectomicorizal kavak prajaatiyon kii samriddhi kaa anuman lagbhag 7750 prajaatiyon parr lagaaya gayaa haye, halanki, macromycet vividhata mein gyaat aur agyaat key anumaanon key aadhar parr, acm prajaatiyon kii samriddhi kaa antim anuman shayed 20,000 aur 25,000 key beach hoga.
ectomicorizas mein ack hyphel sheeth yaa mental hotaa haye, joe jarh key sire koo cover kartaa haye aur jarh prantstha key bheetar paudhe kii koshikaon key aspas hypha kaa ack hartig nett hotaa haye. kuchh mamalon mein hyphe paudhe kii koshikaon mein bhee pravesh curr sakata haye, jiss mamle mein micoriza koo actendomycoriza kahaa jaataa haye. jarh key baahar, ectomicorizal extrametrical mycelium mitty aur patti key kachare key bheetar ack vyaapak network banaata haye.
poshak tatvon koo kavak network key madhyam seey vibhinn paudhon key beach sthanantarit honey key liye dikhaaya jaa sakata haye. carbon koo pepper berch key pedon seey dugglus-farr key pedon mein sthanantarit honey key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye jisase paaristhitiki tantra mein uttaradhikar koo badhaava milata haye. ectomicorizal kavak "lacaria bicolor" nitrogen praapt karane key liye springtail koo lubhaane aur maarne key liye paaya gayaa haye, jinamen seey kuchh koo phir micorisal mezban paudhe mein sthanantarit kiya jaa sakata haye. cleronomos aur haart dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein, purvi safed cheed koo "ell" key saath teeka lagaaya gayaa. dwi-rung "springtail seey apane nitrogen kaa 25 pratishat taka praapt karane mein saksham thaa. gair-micorisal maheen jadon kii tulanaa mein, ectomicorizae mein vishaakt dhatuon (cademium, chaandi) yaa chlorine sahit trace tatvon kii bahut adhik sandrata hoe sakati haye.
sahajeevi kavak key pratinidhi key liye pahala genomic anukram, ectomicorizal basidiomysate "ell. bicolor", 2008 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. iss kavak mein kaee multigene parivaaron kaa vistaar huaa, joe sujhaav detaa haye kii sahajeevan key liye anukoolan jeane duplication dwara aage badhaa. vansh-vishisht jeane key bheetar, joe sahajeevan-viniyamit sraavit protein key liye coding karate hain, way ectomicorizal jarh yuktiyon mein ack viniyamit abhivyakti dikhaate hain joe bhagidar sanchaar mein ack bhoomika kaa sujhaav dete hain. "ell. bicolor mein paudhon kii koshika bhitti ghatakon (cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin aur pectates) key ksharan mein shamil enzymon kii kamee hoti haye, joe jarh upanivesheekaran key dauran sahajeevi koo mezban koshikaon key ksharan seey rokti haye. isake vipareet, "ell. bicolor mein bacteria aur microphouna polysaccharides aur protein key hydrolysis seey judey vistaarit multigene parivaar hotey hain. iss genome vishleshan seey micorrhisal kavak kii dohri seprotrophic aur biotrophic jeevan shally kaa pataa chalaa joe ise mitty aur jeevit paudhe donon kii jadon key bheetar badhane mein saksham banaata haye.
arbutoid micoriza.
iss prakaar key micoriza mein ericacy upa-parivaar arbutidae key paudhe shamil hain. haalaanki yeh ericoid micorrhiza seey alag haye aur karyatmak roop seey aur shamil kavak key sandarbh mein ectomicorizae jaisa dikhta haye. yeh ectomicorizae seey alag haye kii kuchh haaife vaastav mein jarh koshikaon mein pravesh karate hain, jisase iss prakaar kaa micorrhiza ack "actendomycoriza" bunn jaataa haye.
endomycoriza.
endomychorizaz parivartansheel hain aur inhen aage arbuscular, ericoid, arbutoid, monotropoid aur orchid micorrhizaz key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye.
arbuscular micoriza.
arbuscular micorrhizas (jise pahale vesicolor-arbuscular micorrhizas key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa) mein haaife paadap koshikaon mein pravesh karate hain, joe sanrachanaon kaa utpaadan karate hain joe yaa tou gubbare jaisi (putikaaen) yaa poshak tatvon key adaan-pradaan key saadhan key roop mein dwigunit roop seey shaakhaaen (arbuscul) hoti hain. fangal hypha vaastav mein protoplast mein pravesh naheen kartaa haye (i.ee. koshika kaa aantarik bhaag), lekin koshika jhilli koo sakriya kartaa haye. arbuscul kii sanrachana hypha aur koshika koshika key beach sampark satah kshetra koo bahut badhaati haye taaki unake beach poshak tatvon key hastaantaran koo suvidhajanak banaaya jaa sakey. arbuscular micoriza kavak hain joe badhyakari jaiv-sookshmajeev hain, jiska arth haye kii way vriddhi aur prajanan donon key liye paudhe key mezban kaa upayog karate hain. paadap mezban dwara banaae gaye prakaash sanshleshit utpaadon kaa bees pratishat kavak dwara upbhog kiya jaataa haye, sthaliya mezban paudhe seey carbon key hastaantaran kaa phir kavak seey paudhe mezban mein phosphat kii samaan matra dwara adaan-pradaan kiya jaataa haye.
arbuscular micorrhiza kewal vibhajan glomeromycota mein kavak dwara banaae jaate hain. jeevaashm sakshya aur dna anukram vishleshan seey pataa chalata haye kii yeh parasparikta 400-460 million saal pahale dikhaai dee thee, jaba pahale paudhe bhoomi kaa upanivesh curr rahey they. arbuscular micoriza sabhi paadap parivaaron key 85 pratishat mein paae jaate hain, aur kaee fasal prajaatiyon mein paae jaate hain. arbuscular micorrhisal kavak kaa hypha glycoprotein glomelin kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, joe mitty mein carbon key pramukh bhandaron mein seey ack hoe sakata haye. arbuscular micorrhisal kavak (sambhavatah) kaee laakhon varshon seey alaingik rhaa haye aur asamanya roop seey, vyaktiyon mein kaee aanuvanshik roop seey alag naabhik (ack ghatana jise heterocariosis kahaa jaataa haye) hoe sakate hain.
ericoid micorrhiza.
ericoid micoriza teen adhik paaristhitik roop seey mahatvapurna prakaron mein seey teesare hain. unamen ack saral intraredical (koshikaon mein vriddhi) charan hotaa haye, jisamen jarh koshikaon kii sabse baahari parat mein hypha kii ghanee kundaliyan hoti hain. koee periradical charan naheen haye aur extradrical charan mein viral hypha hotaa haye joe aspas kii mitty mein bahut door taka naheen failata haye. way sporocarp (shayed chhote cup key roop mein) banaa sakate hain, lekin unake prajanan jeev vigyaan koo bahut cumm samajha jaataa haye.
ericoid micoriza mein kaafee seprotrophic kshamataaen bhee dikhaai gaee hain, joe paudhon koo unake ericoid bhagidaron key apghatit karyon key madhyam seey abhee taka apghatit naheen hui samagri seey poshak tatva praapt karane mein saksham banaayegi.
orchid micorrhiza.
sabhi orchid apane jeevan chakr key dauran kissy naa kissy star parr mico-heterotrophic hotey hain, jiska arth haye kii way kewal tabhi jeevit reh sakate hain jaba way basidiomycet kavak key saath orchid micorrhiza banaate hain. unake hypha jarh koshikaon mein pravesh karate hain aur poshak tatvon key adaan-pradaan key liye peloton (kundaliyan) banaate hain.
monotropoid micoriza.
iss prakaar kaa micoriza ericacy key upa-parivaar monotropoidae mein hotaa haye, saath hii orchidacy mein kaee vanshon mein bhee hotaa haye. yeye paudhe vishamrodhi yaa mishritarodhi hotey hain aur kavak bhagidar seey apana carbon praapt karate hain. iss prakaar yeh ack gair-parasparik, parjivi prakaar kaa micorisal sahajeevan haye.
parasparik gatishilata.
micorrhisal kavak adhikansh paadap prajaatiyon kii jadon key saath ack parasparik sambandh banaata haye. aise sambandh mein, donon paudhon koo swayam aur una jadon key una hisson koo joe kavak kii mejbani karate hain, koo micorisal kahaa jaataa haye. aaj taka paadap prajaatiyon aur kavak key beach apekshaakrit cumm micorisal sambandhon kii jaanch kii gaee haye, lekin 95 pratishat paadap parivaaron kii jaanch mukhya roop seey micorisal hain yaa tou iss arth mein kii unaki adhikansh prajaatiyan micorize key saath laabhkaari roop seey judati hain, yaa bilkul micorize parr nirbhar hain. orchidacy ack aise parivaar key roop mein kukhyaat haye jisamen sahee micorize kii anupasthiti ankurit honey vaale beejon key liye bhee ghaatak haye.
boreal vanon mein ectomicorizal paudhon mein haal key shodh ney sanket diyaa haye kii micorisal kavak aur paudhon kaa sambandh kewal parasparik kii tulanaa mein adhik jatil hoe sakata haye. iss sambandh kaa ullekh taba kiya gayaa jaba nitrogen kii kamee key samay apratyaashit roop seey micorrhisal kavak paudhon kii jadon seey nitrogen jamaa karate hue paaya gayaa. shodhkartaon kaa tark haye kii kuchh micorize aspas key paudhon aur anya micorize key saath paryaavaran key aadhar parr poshak tatvon koo vitarit karate hain. way yeh samajhaane key liye aage badhate hain kii yeh adyatan model kaise samajha sakata haye kii micorize paudhe kii nitrogen seema koo cumm kyon naheen kartaa haye, aur kyon paudhe micorisal aur gair-micorisal donon jadon key saath ack mishrit ranneeti seey achaanak ack vishuddh micorisal ranneeti mein badal sakate hain kyonki mitty nitrogen kii upalabdhata mein girawat aatee haye. yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii vikaasvaadi aur jatijanya sambandh paaristhitik karakon kii tulanaa mein micorisal parasparikta kii taakat mein bahut adhik bhinnata kii vyakhya curr sakate hain.
cheeni-jall/khanij vinimay.
micorrhisal parasparik sambandh kavak koo apekshaakrit nirantar aur carbohydrate, jaise kii glucose aur sukroj taka seedhi pahunch pradaan kartaa haye. carbohydrate koo unake srot (aamtaur parr pattiyon) seey jarh key ootak mein aur paudhe key kavak bhagidaron mein sthanantarit kiya jaataa haye. badale mein, paudhe koo paani aur khanij poshak tatvon key liye mycelium kii uchch avashoshak kshamata kaa laabh milata haye, aanshik roop seey kavak hypha key badey satah kshetra key kaaran, joe paudhe kii jarh key baalon kii tulanaa mein bahut lamba aur maheen hotaa haye, aur aanshik roop seey kyonki kuchh aise kavak paudhon kii jadon key liye anupalabdh mitty key khanijon koo jutaa sakate hain. iss prakaar prabhaav paudhe kii khanij avashoshan kshamataon mein sudhaar karane key liye haye.
binaa sahaayata vaale paudhon kii jadein rasayanik yaa shaaririk roop seey sthir poshak tatvon koo lene mein asamarth hoe sakati hain; udaharanon mein phosphat aayan aur lauh jaise sookshm poshak tatva shamil hain. iss tarah key sthirikaran kaa ack roop uchch mitty kii matra vaali mitty mein yaa ack majboot buniyaadi ph vaali mitty mein hotaa haye. halanki, micorrhisal kavak kaa mycelium aise kaee poshak sroton taka pahunch sakata haye, aur unhein una paudhon key liye upalabdh karaa sakata haye joe way upaniveshit karate hain. iss prakaar, kaee paudhe mitty kaa srot key roop mein upayog kiye binaa phosphat praapt karane mein saksham hain. sthirikaran kaa ack anya roop taba hotaa haye jaba poshak tatva carbonic padarthon mein bund hoe jaate hain joe kshay honey mein dheema hotaa haye, jaise lakadi, aur kuchh micorisal kavak seedhe kshay jeevon key roop mein kaary karate hain, poshak tatvon koo jutaate hain aur kuchh koo mezban paudhon parr paarit karate hain; udaaharan key liye, kuchh dystrophic jangalon mein, badee matra mein phosphat aur anya poshak tatva seedhe patte parr kaary karate hue micorisal haaife dwara liye jaate hain, joe mitty key grahan kii aavashyakta koo darkinar karate hain. "inga ellie cropping", ack krishi vaniki takneek joe varsha vann vinash koo kaatane aur jalaane key vikalp key roop mein prastaavit haye, varsha koo mitty seey phosphorus koo dhone seey rokane key liye "inga" kii prajaatiyon kii jarh pranali key bheetar micoriza parr nirbhar karati haye.
kuchh aur jatil sambandhon mein, micorisal kavak kewal sthir mitty key poshak tatvon koo ekatra naheen kartaa haye, balki micorisal network dwara vyaktigat paudhon koo ack saath jodata haye joe paani, carbon aur anya poshak tatvon koo seedhe paudhe seey paudhe taka bhoomigat hyphel network key madhyam seey parivahan kartaa haye.
"suilus tomentosus", ack basidiomycet kavak, apane paudhe key mezban lodgepole pine ("pinus contorta" vaar) key saath tuberculate ectomicorizae key roop mein jaani jaane vaali vishesh sanrachanaon kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. "latifolia"). inn sanrachanaon koo nitrogen fixing bacteria kii mejbani karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye joe nitrogen kii ack mahatvapurna matra mein yogdan karate hain aur pines koo poshak tatvon key abhaav vaale sthaanon koo upaniveshit karane kii anumati dete hain.
tantra.
jinn tantron seey micorize avashoshan koo badhaata haye, unamen kuchh bhautik aur kuchh rasayanik shamil hain. bhautik roop seey, adhikansh micorrhisal mycelia sabse chhoti jarh yaa jarh key baalon kii tulanaa mein vyaas mein bahut chhote hotey hain, aur iss prakaar mitty kii samagri kaa pataa lagaa sakate hain joe jadon aur jarh key baal taka naheen pahunch sakate hain, aur avashoshan key liye ack badaa satah kshetra pradaan karate hain. rasayanik roop seey, kavak kii koshika jhilli rasayan vigyaan paudhon seey alag hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, way carbonic acid kaa sraav curr sakate hain joe kaee ayanon koo bhang yaa chealet karate hain, yaa unhein aayan vinimay dwara khanijon seey chhodate hain. poshak tatvon seey bharpur mitty mein micorize vishesh roop seey paadap bhagidar key liye fayademand hotey hain.
roga, sookha aur lavanata pratirodh aur iska micorize seey sambandh.
micorrhisal paudhe aksar rogon key liye adhik pratirodhi hotey hain, jaise kii sookshmajeev mitty seey paida honey vaale rogjanakon key kaaran. inn sanghon koo jameen key oopar aur neeche donon jagah paadap raksha mein sahaayata karane key liye paaya gayaa haye. micoriza koo aise enzymon koo utsarjit karane key liye paaya gayaa haye joe mitty seey paida honey vaale jeevon jaise nematode key liye vishaakt hain. haal key adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii micorisal sanghon key parinamswarup paudhon kaa ack praathamik prabhaav padata haye joe anivarya roop seey ack praathamik pratiraksha pratikriya key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. jaba yeh sangathan banata haye tou ack raksha pratikriya usee tarah sakriya hoti haye jaise pratikriya taba hoti haye jaba sanyantra parr hamla hotaa haye. iss teekaakaran key parinamswarup, micorisal sanghon vaale paudhon mein raksha pratikriyaen majboot hoti hain.
micorrhisal kavak bhee mitty key javic urvarta charr jaise mitty key sookshmajeev samudaayon aur sambandhit roga daman key saath mahatvapurna roop seey sahsambaddh thaa. iss prakaar, micorrhisal kavak dwara pradaan kii jaane vaali paaristhitiki tantra sevaaen mitty key sookshmajeev parr nirbhar hoe sakati hain. isake alawa, micorrhisal kavak mitty key bhautik charr key saath mahatvapurna roop seey sahsambaddh thaa, lekin kewal jall star key saath aur kull sthirata key saath naheen aur sookhe key prabhaavon key liye adhik pratirodhi bhee hoe sakata haye.
vikaasvaadi samay paimaane parr, micorrhisal sangh sookhe key liye paudhe key anukoolan kii prakriyaon koo suvidhajanak banaate hain. isake alawa, micorrhisal kavak key mahatva mein namak key tanaav koo cumm karna aur paudhe kii vriddhi aur utpaadaktaa parr isake laabhkaari prabhaav bhee shamil hain. halanki lavanata micorisal kavak koo nakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit curr sakati haye, kaee report namak key tanaav kii sthiti mein micorisal paudhon kii behtar vriddhi aur pradarshan koo darshaati hain.
keeton key prati pratirodh.
micorisal network mein micorisal kavak seey judey paudhe chetavani sanketon koo sampreshit karane key liye inn bhoomigat connections kaa upayog curr sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, jaba ack mezban paudhe parr ack ephid dwara hamla kiya jaataa haye, tou paudha apani sthiti key judey hue paudhon key aspas sanket detaa haye. mezban paudha aur usase judey donon hii vashpasheel carbonic yaugikon koo chhodate hain joe ephids koo peechhe hataate hain aur parjivi tataiya, ephids key shikariyon koo aakarshit karate hain. yeh micorrhisal kavak koo apani khaadya aapoorti koo sanrakshit karke sahaayata kartaa haye.
banjar mitty kaa upanivesheekaran.
sterile mitty aur vikas madhyam mein ugaaye jaane vaale paudhe aksar paudhe kii jadon koo upaniveshit karane aur mitty key khanij poshak tatvon key grahan mein sahaayata karane key liye micorisal kavak key bijaanuon yaa hyphe key atirikt kharaab pradarshan karate hain. micorrhisal kavak kii anupasthiti bhee praarambhik anukram mein yaa avakramit paridrishyon parr paudhe key vikas koo dheema curr sakati haye. poshak tatvon kii kamee vaale paaristhitiki tantra mein allion micorisal paudhon kii shuruat swadeshi gair-micorisal paudhon koo ack pratispardhi nuksan mein daalati haye. banjar mitty koo upaniveshit karane kii iss yogyata koo oligotrophe shreni dwara paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye.
vishaaktata key prati pratirodh.
uchch dhaatu sandrata vaali mitty mein jadein rakhane vaale paudhon key liye kavak kii ack surakshaatmak bhoomika hoti haye, jaise kii amleeya aur dooshit mitty. kaee dooshit sthalon mein lagaae gaye "pisolithus tinnectorius" key saath teeka lagaae gaye pine key pedon ney prachalit sandooshak, uttarjeevita aur vikas key liye uchch sahishnuta pradarshit kii. ack adhyayan ney jastaa kii alag-alag sahishnuta key saath "suilus lutius" upbhedon key astitva kii khoj kii. ack anya adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii "suilus bovinus" key jastaa-sahishnu upbhedon ney "pinus sylvesteris" key paudhon koo pratirodh pradaan kiya. yeh shayed dhaatu key kavak key baahya mycelium seey judane key kaaran thaa, joe laabhkaari padarthon key adaan-pradaan koo prabhaavit naheen kartaa thaa.
micorisal sanghon kii ghatana.
adhyayan kiye gaye 92 pratishat paadap parivaaron (80 pratishat prajaatiyon) mein micoriza maujood hain, jisamen arbuscular micoriza paitrik aur pramukh roop haye, aur paadap samrajya mein paaya jaane vaalaa sabse prachalit sahajeevi sangh haye. jeevaashm record mein unaki pahali upasthiti key baad seey arbuscular micorrhiza kii sanrachana atyadhik sanrakshit rahee haye, donon ectomicorizae key vikas key saath, aur micorrhiza key nuksan key saath, kaee avsaron parr abhisari roop seey vikasit hotaa haye.
paudhon kii jadon key saath kavak key sambandh cumm seey cumm 19veen shatabdi key madhya seey gyaat hain. haalaanki praarambhik paryavekshakon ney donon jeevon key beach sambandhon kii jaanch kiye binaa tathya koo darj kiya. iss sahajeevan kaa adhyayan aur varnan franciszek kaminsky dwara 1879-1882 mein kiya gayaa thaa.
jalavaayu parivartan.
maanav gatividhiyon dwara jaari carbon dioxide jalavaayu parivartan aur micorize koo sambhaavit nuksan pahuncha rhaa haye, lekin gais mein vriddhi kaa pratyaksh prabhaav paudhon aur micorize koo labhanvit karane key liye honah chaahiye. archtic kshetron mein, nitrogen aur paani paudhon key liye praapt karna kathin hotaa haye, jisase micorize paudhe key vikas key liye mahatvapurna hoe jaataa haye. choonki micorize thhande tapman mein behtar pradarshan kartaa haye, isaliye warming unake liye hanikarak hoe sakati haye. maanav gatividhi dwara utpaadit utpaadit, noo-aiks aur oh3 jaisi gaisen micorize koo nuksan pahuncha sakati hain, jisase prasaar mein kamee, jadon kaa upanivesheekaran, pedon key beach sambandhon mein ksharan, pedon mein micorisal kii ghatnaaon mein kamee, aur ectomicorizal jadon kii enzyme gatividhi mein kamee hoe sakati haye."

