
sudhaar

sudhaar (vaikalpik roop seey protestant sudhaar, protestant kranti aur europeeya sudhaar naam diyaa gayaa) 16veen shatabdi key europe mein paschimi isai dharm kaa ack pramukh andolan thaa jisane catholic church aur aanshik roop seey pope pradhikaran key liye ack dhaarmik aur raajneetik chunauti pesh kii. sudhaar protestantwad kii shuruat thee aur paschimi church, lattin church, catholic church banaa rhaa. protestantwad ney ack nae church kii shuruat kii. ise una ghatnaaon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye joe madhya yug key anta aur europe mein praarambhik aadhunik kaal kii shuruat kaa sanket detee hain.
martin luther aur anya protestant sudharakon seey pahale, paschimi isai dharm key bheetar pahale key sudhaar andolan they. haalaanki aamtaur parr maanaa jaataa haye kii sudhaar 1517 mein martin luther dwara "nabbe-paanch shodh prabandhon" key prakaashan key saath shuru huaa thaa, lekin unhein pope leo aiks dwara janwari 1521 taka bahishkrit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. maee 1521 key keede key aahar ney luther kii ninda kii aur aadhikarik taur parr pavitra roman samrajya key nagrikon koo unake vichaaron kaa bachaav karane yaa prachaar karane seey pratibandhit curr diyaa. guttenberg key mudran press key prasaar ney sthaaniya bhasha mein dhaarmik samagri key teji seey prasaar key liye saadhan pradaan kiye. elector fredrick dha wies key sanrakshan key kaaran low ghoshit kiye jaane key baad luther butch gayaa. germany mein praarambhik andolan vividh hoe gayaa aur anya sudharakon jaise huldrick zwingly aur johnn calvin kaa uday huaa. samanya taur parr, sudharakon ney tark diyaa kii isai dharm mein moksh kewal yeeshu mein vishvaas parr adharit ack poorna sthiti thee aur naa kii ack aisee prakriya jisake liye achche karyon kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jaisa kii catholic drishtikon mein haye. krimiyon key aahar key alawa, iss avadhi kii pramukh ghatnaaon mein shamil hainh prussia key luthran duchy kaa gathan (1525), angreji sudhaar (1529 key baad), trent kii parishad (1545-1563), augberg kii shaanti (1555), elizabeth I (1570) kaa bahishkaar, nantus kaa adesh (1598) aur westfelia kii shaanti (1648). prati-sudhaar, jise "catholic sudhaar" yaa "catholic punrutthan" bhee kahaa jaataa haye, protestant sudhaar key jawab mein shuru kiye gaye catholic sudhaaron kii avadhi thee. sudhaar yug kaa anta aadhunik vidvaanon key beach vivaadit haye.
prishthabhoomi.
aapadaaen.
europe ney madhya yug key anta kii shuruat mein bhayaanak aapadaon kaa anubhav kiya. varsh key pahale bhaag mein, asadharan roop seey bhaari barish aur gambhir sookhe aur sardiyon key kaaran badey kshetron mein fasal kharaab hoe gaee aur akaal padaa. sadee key madhya mein, ack vinashkari mahamari jise black death key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, europe mein aaee, jisamen lagbhag ack tihai aabaadi kii maut hoe gaee. plaig koo bhagwan key krodh key sanket key roop mein, bhayabheet loga santon seey madhyasthata key liye prarthana curr rahey they, aur saikadon loga khud koo chabuk markar paschaataap dikhaate hue samoohon mein ack shahar seey dusare shahar mein bhatak rahey they, isaliye unhein dhwajavaahak kahaa jaataa thaa. europe key kaee hisson mein, hajaaron yahudi yahudi-virodhi narsamhaaron key shikaar hoe gaye, kyonki tarkaheen afvaahon ney una parr achchi tarah seey jahar dekar mahamari failaane kaa aarop lagaaya. haalaanki plaig cumm hoe gayaa, lekin yeh samay-samay parr vaapas aataa rhaa. dair seey hii jansankhyikiya sudhaar kii dheemi gati shuru hui. 1500 key aspas, europe kii aabaadi lagbhag logon kii thee-14veen shatabdi key madhya kii jansankhyikiya adhikatam seey adhik naheen.
apratyaashit mrityu kaa nirantar darr lokpriya kalaatmak rupankanon dwara pratibimbit kiya gayaa thaa, jaise kii ("mrityu kaa nritya") kaa roopak, aur samanya antim sanskar shilalekh ("yaad rakhein kii aap marr jaate hain"). iss darr ney mritakon key liye janata kii badhati lokpriyata mein bhee yogdan diyaa. yeye narak aur swarg key beach ack madhyavarti sthaan mein ack vyaapak vishvaas kaa sanket dete hain jise purgatori key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye kyonki una logon key liye prarthana joe narak mein gaye they yaa swarg gaye they, way bekaar hoe gaye honge. 1439 mein florence kii parishad mein purgatori key astitva koo ack catholic siddhant ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. bhoot kii kahaaniyan vyaapak roop seey fail gaeen kyonki adhikansh logon kaa maanana thaa kii papiyon kii aatmaaen jinake liye koee bhee madhyasthata prarthana naheen kartaa thaa, way shashwat bhatakane key liye bhagyashali they. dusht jadui abhyaas kaa darr bhee badh rhaa thaa aur 1430 key dashak seey jaadoo-tona-shikaar tej hoe gayaa thaa.
anta mein, europe mein ack naee mahamari failane luggy. yeh upadansh thaa, ack yaun sanchaarit sankraman jisane apane peediton key alsar aur kharonch key saath roop koo nasht curr diyaa, aur unaki mrityu seey pahale unhein pagal bhee curr sakata thaa. itali parr francisi aakraman key saath, naee ghaatak bimari ney karishmai upadeshak girolamo savonarola (dee. 1498) florence mein. maanav jaati key antim dinon mein unake upadesh vishesh roop seey lokpriya hoe gaye, aur naitik navikaran key liye unake ahwan ney shahar mein chikitsakon key shasson koo samaapt karane vaali kranti kaa netritva kiya. pope alekjendar vee () ney unhein upadesh dene seey manaa curr diyaa, lekin unhone pratibandh koo nazarandaj curr diyaa, jisake liye unhein bahishkrit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. jaise-jaise shahar mein aapadaaen jaari raheen, savonarola ney lokpriya samarthan khou diyaa. unhein giraftar curr liya gayaa aur fansi dey dee gaee, lekin unake dhyaan europe key kaee hisson mein padhe jaate rahey.
paadari varg.
paschimi isai dharm ney shuruat mein ack ullekhaniya ekataa pradarshit kii. yeh mukhya roop seey 11veen shatabdi key gregarian sudhaar kaa parinam thaa jisane catholic church parr pope kii sarvochata-pope key nirvivaad adhikaar-koo sthaapit kiya, aur paadari varg koo aam logon seey kanuni roop seey alag curr diyaa. lipikiya vivaah key nishedh key madhyam seey lipikiya brahmacharya koo majboot kiya gayaa thaa, aur paadari varg koo dharmnirpeksh adalaton key adhikaar kshetra seey chhoot dee gaee thee. isake vipareet, church kii adalaton kaa aam logon key vivaah mamalon aur vasiyatnama parr vivaadon parr vishesh adhikaar kshetra thaa.
paadari varg mein dou pramukh samooh shamil they, niyamit paadari varg aur dharmnirpeksh paadari varg. niyamit maulavi ack mathwasi shasson key tahat rahate they, jaise kii "sant benedict kaa shasson", ack dhaarmik vyavastha key dhaanche key bheetar; dharmnirpeksh maulavi aam logon key beach pashupalan dekhbhal key liye jimmedaar they. church ack padaanukramit sangathan thaa. pope koo uchch padasth paadari, cardinal dwara chunaa gayaa thaa aur roman curia key peshevar karmchaariyon dwara sahaayata kii gaee thee. adhikansh dhaarmik adesh, jaise cysterian, franciscan, dominican aur tetonic night, kendrikrit antarrashtriya sangathan they. dharmnirpeksh maulaviyon koo kshetriya ikaaiyon mein sangathit kiya gayaa thaa jinhen dioces key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, jinamen seey pratyek parr ack bishap yaa archbishop kaa shasson thaa. pratyek dharmprant koo paadari mandal key netritva mein vibhinn dharm-mandaliyon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. way vishvaasiyon key sthaaniya samudaay koo adhikansh sanskaron kaa prashaasan karate they. yeye pavitra sanskar they jinhen maanav jaati koo divya anugrah hastaantarit karane key liye aavashyak maanaa jaataa thaa. florence kii parishad ney apani sankhya saat parr nirdhaarit kii, jisamen catholic church key sanskaron key roop mein bapatisma, pushti, vivaah, atyadhik tyag, praayashchit, dhaarmik prarthana aur pujari key roop mein niyukti kii ghoshana kii gaee. mahilaaon koo pujari niyukt naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa, lekin asadharan paristhitiyon mein way bapatisma dey sakati theen yaa sweekaarokti suna sakati theen. way garibi, pavitrata aur aagyakarita kii teen mathon kii pratigya lene key baad mathon mein nana key roop mein bhee reh sakate they.
vishvaasiyon seey ummeed kii jaati thee kii way apani aaya kaa dasvaan hissa church koo denge, lekin krishi utpaadon parr kewal dashmansh kaa sangrah vyavhaar mein lagu kiya gayaa thaa kyonki anya aaya kaa aaklan asambhav thaa. bahulvaad-kaee church karyalayon yaa laabhon koo aayojit karane kaa abhyaas-asamanya naheen thaa. yeh anivarya roop seey gair-nivaas kaa kaaran banaa, kyonki ack hii maulavi shayed hii kabhi kaee karyalayon mein apane daayitvon koo puuraa curr sakata thaa. anivasi maulaviyon ney apane aadhyatmik kartavyon koo puuraa karane key liye anya padariyon koo kaam parr rakhaa, lekin pratinidhi aksar kharaab shikshit they aur cumm vetan paane key kaaran, apane jhund seey atirikt shulk lene key liye utsuk they. abhijaat varg ney mukhya roop seey apane rishtedaron key church currier kaa samarthan kiya kyonki ack bishap, mathadhish, mathadhish yaa anya paadari key paas ullekhaniya dhana hoe sakata haye. kuchh upadeshak netaa dharmnirpeksh rajkumar bhee they, jaise kii germany mein rajkumar-bishap aur baltic kshetra mein unake tetonic shurveeron key grand masters. raajya prashaasan mein uchch padon parr rahane vaale anya purohit kaee deshon mein simhaasan key peechhe kii shakti hoe sakate hain. udaharanon mein spanish cardinal francisco gymnase dee sisneros (dee. 1517) aur german archbishop mathus laing (dee. 1540).
popsi.
pope shasson "europe kii pahali pramukh antarrashtriya shakti" (criss vikam) thee, halanki iska adhikaar sashastr balon key bajaay sanchaar aur naukarshahi kii ack suvyavasthit pranali parr adharit thaa. peater dha apostal (dee. 66), popon ney peater koo diye gaye masih koo baandhane aur khone kii shakti kaa daavaa kiya, aur papiyon koo bhog-iss duniya mein aur shuddhikaran mein tapasya mein kamee-kii peshkash kii. iss pratha key avdhaaranaatmak aadhar koo majboot karane key liye, vidwan dharmshastriyon ney vishvaasiyon key beach vitarit karane key liye pope key liye upalabdh yogyata key akshay khajaane kii avadharana koo vistrit kiya. pope sansthanon yaa vyaktiyon koo kaanoon key kuchh praavdhaanon seey chhoot dete hue vitaran pradaan curr sakate they.
1302 mein pope bail kii ghoshana ney "madhyayugeen pope church kii mahatvakankshaon key charam parr" (ellister mcgrath) koo chihnit kiya. bail mein, pope boniface VIII () ney kahaa kii kewal way joe pope key agyakari they, moksh key liye aaa sakate they. ack saal baad, francisi sainikon ney pope koo anagni mein giraftar curr liya, aur 1309 mein, pope kii seat koo arajak rome seey avignon mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. avinan popsi kii avadhi key dauran, popon ney sabhi varishth catholic paadari varg kii niyukti kaa niyantran grahan curr liya. isase pope kii aaya mein vriddhi hui kyonki nae bishap, mathadhish aur anya uchch padasth maulaviyon ney apane niyukti patra key liye shulk kaa bhugtan kiya aur apane nae karyalaya mein pahale varsh mein arjit aaya kaa ack tihai hissa pope koo saunp diyaa.
yeh vichaar kii rome kaitholikwad kaa vaidh kendra thaa, kabhi bhee cumm naheen huaa, aur pope gregory xi () ney 1377 mein rome koo apani seat vaapas curr dee. unake uttaradhikari shahari VIII () aur cardinalon key college key beach sangharsh paschimi vibhajan mein vikasit hoe gayaa jaba unake virodhiyon ney unake chunaav koo amaanya ghoshit curr diyaa aur french clement VIII () pope kii ghoshana curr dee. clement avinan mein laut aaya, pope kii ack pratidvandi pankti sthaapit kii. pratyek desh mein, church key netaaon koo donon popon key beach paksh lena padata thaa. unhone mukhya roop seey sthaaniya shaasak key nirnay koo sweekaar kiya, jisane catholic church key atirashtriya charitra koo kamjor curr diyaa. iss matbhed koo samaapt karane key liye, donon pakshon key cardinal 1409 mein peesa mein ekatra hue. unhone ack nayaa pope chunaa lekin unake nirnay ney samasya koo kewal isaliye badhaa diyaa kyonki unake dou pratidvandiyon ney istifa dene seey incar curr diyaa. adhik vivekpurna taiyari ney german raajaa sigismund off luxemberg () key tatvavdhan mein constance parishad key liye maarg prashast kiya. nirantarta mein, teen popon mein seey ack ney istifa dey diyaa, unake dou pratidvandiyon koo padchyut curr diyaa gayaa, aur nava nirvaachit pope martin vee () kii vaidhata koo poore catholic europe mein sweekaar kiya gayaa.
constance kii parishad ney pope kii sarvochata koo chunauti dete hue ghoshana kii kii popon koo vishvavyaapi parishadon key prati aagyakarita kaa daayitva haye. haalaanki sulah key roop mein jaane jaane vaale iss vichaar kii pope payas dwiteeya () ney ack pope bail mein ninda kii thee, lekin church key aur dharmnirpeksh netaaon ney aksar pope key saath apane sanghrshon key dauran iska hawala diyaa thaa. francisi charles VIII () ney 1438 mein borge kii vyaavhaarik manjuri mein apane maulik siddhanton koo lagu karane taka kaa kaam kiya. germany mein, ack antipal dastaavez jise "german rashtra kii shikayaton" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, 1450 key aspas prachalan mein thaa, jisamen sthaaniya church aur hollie see key beach sambandhon koo alag karane kii maang kii gaee thee. pope aur sabse shaktishali catholic shasakon key beach sambandhon koo vishesh samjhauton key madhyam seey viniyamit kiya jaataa thaa jinhen concordats key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. inn samjhauton ney sthaaniya shasakon key paksh mein rashtriya churchon parr pope key adhikaar koo seemit curr diyaa.
itali mein pope raajyon key rajkumaron key roop mein, pope praaydweep key shakti sanghrshon mein gaharaai seey shamil they. iss sambandh mein, punarjagaran pope dharmnirpeksh shasakon seey alag naheen they. pope alekjendar vee ney apane rishtedaron koo, unamen seey apane avaidh beton koo uchch padon parr niyukt kiya. pope julius dwiteeya () ney apane poorvavartiyon key shasankal key dauran khoye hue pope key kshetron koo punarpraapt karane key liye hathiyar uthaaye. pope kalaa aur vastukala key udaar sanrakshak bhee they, aur unhone chauthi shatabdi key sent koo dhwast karane kaa adesh diyaa. 1509 mein ack nae punarjagaran basilica key nirmaan kii taiyari mein peater basilica.
church jeevan.
catholic europe key adhikansh dharmpranton mein lattin saarvajanik pooja kii bhasha thee, halanki kuchh aam loga ise samajh sakate they. isai pooja kaa kendriya tatva, eucharist, lattin mein bhee manaaya jaataa thaa. paschimi isaaiyon kaa maanana thaa kii dhaarmik sanskar kii rotty aur sharaab dravyamaan key dhaarmik anushthaan key dauran masih key shareer aur rakt mein badal gaee. iss vishvaas koo jise pargaman key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, 1215 mein chauthi baad kii parishad mein ack catholic siddhant key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa, iss siddhant key saath kii kewal vaidh roop seey niyukt pujari hii dhaarmik sanskar kaa jashn manaa sakate they. agyaat karanon seey, aam logon koo samaroh key dauran kewal sanskar kii rotty praapt hui. paadari dharmopadeshak uttaradhikar key siddhant key anusaar bishap dwara niyukt kiye gaye they-joe bishapon kii peedhiyon key madhyam seey masih key preriton seey unaki pavitra shakti key nirbaadh prasaran kaa daavaa kartaa haye. aam loga churchon key baahar kii gatividhiyon key madhyam seey bhee apani bhakti vyakt curr sakate they, jaise kii daan sanghon mein bhaag lena jinhen conferternity key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, maalaa key lokpriya prarthana chakr kaa paath karna. antim nirnay parr masih key drishtaant key aadhar parr, catholic church ney sikhaaya kii achche karyon kaa pradarshan, jaise kii bhookhe logon koo khilana aur bimaaron seey milna, moksh kii ack poorv shart thee. vishvaasiyon ney santon key mandiron mein tirthayatra bhee kii, lekin santon kii sankhya mein prasaar aur unake panth key vyaapak vyaavsaayikaran ney madhyayugeen kaal key anta mein unaki pratishtha koo cumm curr diyaa. church kii imaraton koo chitron, moortiyon aur rangeen kaanch kii khidakiyon seey bharpur sajaaya gayaa thaa. jabaki romansk aur gothik kalaa ney alaukik aur maanav key beach ack spasht antar kiya, 14 veen shatabdi mein shuru huaa, punarjagaran kalakaron ney bhagwan aur santon koo adhik maanviya tareeke seey chitrit karna shuru curr diyaa.
dhaarmik adhikaar key sroton mein bible aur isaki aadhikarik tippaniyan, apostolic parampara, vishvavyaapi parishadon dwara nirnay, shaikshik dharamshastra aur pope pradhikaran shamil they. aastha key aise mamle jinn parr maanyata ghoshit naheen kii gaee thee, una parr swatantra roop seey charcha kii jaa sakati thee. catholics ney valgata koo bible kaa pramanik lattin anuvaad maanaa. bibil key bheetar virodhabhason koo hull karane key liye, tippanikaron ney vyakhyaon key kaee tarikon koo lagu kiya. udaaharan key liye, way moosa key kaanoon koo prateekaatmak yaa rahasyamay arthon mein padhate hain kyonki yahudi samaroh aur kaanoon isaaiyon key liye aprasangik they. apostolic parampara ney una dhaarmik prathaon koo satyaapit kiya jinka pataa bible mein naheen lagaaya jaa sakata thaa, jaise kii shishu kaa bapatisma aur shaniwar key bajaay ravivaar kaa avalokan. vishvavyaapi parishadon key dhaarmik nirnay sabhi catholics key liye badhyakari they. isai dharm key mahatvapurna tatvon koo nikeen panth mein sankshep mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa, jiska mool paath 325 mein nike kii pahali parishad mein apanaaya gayaa thaa. panth key paschimi paath mein ack atirikt shamil thaa kii purvi isai iss parr sahmat naheen they, joe kaitholikwad aur purvi roodhivaad key beach daraar mein yogdan detaa thaa. vidwan dharmshastriyon ney pahale key dharmshastriyon key asanrachit lekhan kaa vyavasthit adhyayan aur taarkik vargeekaran shuru kiya. pramukh vidvaanon mein, thomas aquinas (dee. 1274) ney tark diyaa kii kaaran kabhi bhee vishvaas key saath bhinn naheen hoe sakata haye, aur villium off oakham (dee. 1349) ney nishkarsh nikala kii maanav tark ishwar key astitva koo saabit naheen curr sakata thaa. vidvaanon key beach vaidh bahas asamanya naheen thee. udaaharan key liye, aquinas ney virgine mairi kii bedagh avadharana kii lokpriya avadharana koo aswikar curr diyaa, jabaki duns scotus (dee. 1308) ney iska samarthan kiya. church key adhikaariyon ney sweekaar kiya kii ack vyakti asadharan paristhitiyon mein bhagwan seey seedhe rahasyodghatan praapt curr sakata haye, lekin yeh banaae rakhaa kii ack vaastavik rahasyodghatan paaramparik dhaarmik siddhanton koo chunauti naheen dey sakata haye. ack ullekhaniya udaaharan dominican nana catherine off siena (dee. 1380) jinake rahasyodghatan ney pope koo avinan seey rome mein apani seat vaapas karane key liye aashvast kiya.
utpatti.
asantusht.
arianwad key baad-chauthi shatabdi kii samanya parishadon mein ack isai siddhant kii ninda kii gaee, joe baad mein gayab hoe gayaa, koee bhee badaa vivaad paschimi church kii dhaarmik ekataa koo khatare mein naheen daaltaa thaa. dhaarmik utsaahi aur aadhikarik church key pratinidhiyon key beach sangharsh gair-anuroopavaadi samoohon key vikas kaa kaaran bunn sakata thaa, lekin unamen seey adhikansh apane sansthaapak kii mrityu key baad bhang hoe gaye. valdenus key loga ack ullekhaniya apavaad they. unhone apane sansthaapak peater valdo (dee. 1205) kii mrityu hoe gaee. unhone saarvajanik mantralaya key maulaviyon key ekadhikar koo aswikar curr diyaa aur apane samudaay key sabhi prashikshit sadasyon, purushon aur mahilaaon koo samaan roop seey prachaar karane kii anumati dee. way bapatisma, vivaah aur dhaarmik sanskar koo sanskar maanate they, aur bhog key anudan kii ninda karate they. ausitania key adhik kattarpanthi kaitharon key vipareet, valdentian virodhi dharmyuddhon aur vishesh roop seey niyukt jaanch ayukton dwara jaanch seey butch gaye jinhen janchkarta key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, lekin unhein peedmont key pahaadon aur anya dooradraj key sthaanon mein sharan lenny padee.
nindaniya paschimi matbhed ney church key liye ack samanya ichcha koo majboot kiya. oxford key dharamshastri johnn wycliffe (dee. 1384) tirthayatra aur santon kii prarthana jaisi paaramparik prathaon kii teekhi aalochana kii. unhone church koo una wafadaron kaa ack vishesh samudaay maanaa, jinhen moksh key liye bhagwan dwara chunaa gayaa thaa, yeh kahate hue kii way kewal una pujaariyon kaa sammaan karate hain jinhone naitik netritva dikhaaya thaa. wycliffe ney pope kii sarvochata koo aswikar curr diyaa, aur apane jeevan key anta mein pargaman key siddhant parr bhee hamla kiya. unhone bible kaa ack angreji anuvaad shuru kiya jise unake anuyaayiyon ney puuraa kiya. laulds key roop mein jaane jaane vaale, wycliffe key anuyaayiyon ney ack adhik kattarpanthi sthiti koo apanaaya, yeh maang karate hue kii church koo daan kaa tyag karna chaahiye aur lipic brahmacharya koo chhodana chaahiye. ingland kii sansad dwara vidharmiyon key khilaf ack kaanoon paarit karane key baad unhein gambhir utpeedan kaa saamana karna padaa, jisane unhein jalaakar fansi dene kaa adesh diyaa. isake bavjood, purvi anglia, kent, themus nadee kii ghaati aur madhya bhoomi mein laulard samudaay jeevit rahey.
wycliffe key dharamshastra, vishesh roop seey paapi pujaariyon key baare mein unake shikshan kaa praag akaadamik zaan huss (dee. 1415). bethelham chappel mein ack lokpriya upadeshak, vaha paadari varg kii sampatti aur laukik shakti key khilaf prachaar curr rahey they. church parr" apane granth koo prakaashit karane key baad, unhein vishvavyaapi parishad key samaksh apane vichaaron kii raksha karane key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa. haalaanki luxemberg key sigismund ney unhein surakshit aacharan pradaan kiya thaa, lekin 6 julaai 1415 koo unhein dharm-virodh key liye maut kii sajaa sunai gaee aur unhein daanv parr lagaa diyaa gayaa. unake nishpaadan key kaaran bohemia mein rashtravyapi andolan huaa, halanki unake anuyaayi ack madhyam aur kattarpanthi wing mein vibhajit they. madhyam varg key husites, mukhya roop seey check abhijaat varg aur shikshaavidon koo utrakist key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa kyonki unhone saamoohik roop seey aam logon koo sanskar sharaab kii peshkash kii thee, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii eucharist koo prashaasit kiya jaanaa chaahiye ("donon prakaar mein"). kattarpanthiyon, mukhya roop seey gildsman aur kisaanon ney ack nayaa shahar, tobber kii sthaapana kii, jahan way apani sampatti saajha rakhate they. abb seey taborits key roop mein jaane jaane vaale kattarpanthiyon ney dharmayuddh key dauran hussite andolan kaa netritva grahan kiya kii pope ney bohemia key khilaf ghoshana kii lekin unake sahasrabdi missionary utsaah ney unhein apani sthiti koo majboot karane seey roque diyaa.
1435 seey, utrachist zaan rokikana (dee. 1471) praag key archbishop they, aur 1458 seey, podebrady key utrachist george (dee. 1471) ney raajaa key roop mein shasson kiya. haalaanki unamen seey kissy koo bhee pope dwara sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa thaa, unake shasson ney bohemia mein utrakiston kii pramukh sthiti koo majboot kiya. iss samay taka, lagbhag vishesh roop seey german bhashi samudaay aur kuchh swatantra shaahi shahar pope key prati wafadar rahey. madhyam hassaiton koo mukhya roop seey catholics seey donon prakaar key dhaarmik updeshon key prashaasan aur dhaarmik prarthana mein check sthaaniya bhasha key upayog dwara alag kiya gayaa thaa. adhik kattarpanthi husites ney lekhak petra chelki (dee. 1460). unhone pargaman key siddhant aur ack alag pujari varg key vichaar koo aswikar curr diyaa, aur sabhi prakaar kii hinsa aur shapath lene kii ninda kii. rokichana kii mrityu key baad koee nayaa archbishop naheen chunaa gayaa thaa, isaliye ugravaadi pujaariyon koo sahishnu catholic shahar venis mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. sthaaniya church padanukram kii anupasthiti ney bohemian paadari varg parr abhijaat varg aur shahari netaaon key niyantran koo majboot kiya.
itihaaskaar peater marshel key anusaar, sulahavaadi maulaviyon key saath laulard aur hussite saamoohik roop seey kissy bhee sujhaav koo jhooth bolate hain kii martin luther seey pahale kii shatabdi mein torpore aur aatmasantushti dhaarmik jeevan kii pehchaan thee."itihaaskaar aamtaur parr wycliffe aur huss koo" "sudhaar key agradoot" "key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain. dharamshastra key ekmatra srot key roop mein bible key adhyayan parr dou sudharakon key jore koo aksar usa vichaar ("kewal shaastron dwara") key praarambhik udaaharan key roop mein uddhrit kiya jaataa haye joe sudhaar key buniyaadi siddhanton mein seey ack bunn gayaa. vaastav mein, pramukh vidwan dharmshastriyon koo vishvaas thaa kii bible moksh key liye aavashyak sabhi gyaan koo sankshep mein prastut karati haye, aur dharmshastriyon ney rimini key gregory (dee. 1358) shayed hii kabhi vishvaas key anya sroton kaa hawala diyaa.
manavtavad.
madhya yug key anta mein manavtavad key roop mein jaane jaane vaale ack nae bauddhik andolan kaa vikas huaa. manavtavadiyon kaa naaraa ("sroton parr vaapas!") ney shaastriya granthon aur paathya aalochana key liye apane utsaah kaa pradarshan kiya. ottoman samrajya key uday key kaaran paschimi europe mein byzantine vidvaanon kaa badey paimaane parr aapravaasan huaa, aur unamen seey kaee ney pracheen pandulipiyon koo paschimi chhatravritti key liye pahale seey agyaat pracheen karyon koo laaya. inmein yunani daarshanik plato (dee. ) aur vibhinn vishayon parr granthon kaa ack sangrah jise dha key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. plato kii punah khoj aur drishya vaastaviktaa seey parey ack antim vaastaviktaa key baare mein unake vichaaron ney madhyayugeen vidvataavaad aur isaki kathor paribhashaon key liye ack gambhir chunauti pesh kii. charchit agyeyavaadi vichaaron mein kuchh granth joe isai dharm key saath platonism koo samanvit karane kaa prayaas karate hain. paathgat aalochana ney catholic siddhant key kuchh maulik granthon kii vishvasaniyata parr sawal uthaaya. manavtawadi vidvaanon ney kusa key nicolaus (dee. 1464), lorenzo vaalaa (dee. 1457), aur reginald pekak (dee. 1461) ney saabit kiya kii pope pradhikaran key buniyaadi dastavejon mein seey ack, kathit roop seey chauthi shatabdi kaa "sangrodh kaa daan" vaastav mein ack madhyayugeen jalsaji thee; juan luis wives (dee. 1540) ney lokpriya hagiographic sangrah key prati apani avamaanana koo naheen chhipaaya, jise "golden leasand" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ise ack pustak key roop mein varnit kiya, jise "lohe key munh aur seese key dilon vaale purushon dwara likhaa gayaa thaa.
jerom dwara puuraa kiya gayaa (dee. 420) praarambhik mein, valgata mein puraane vasiyatname kaa septaguint sanskaran thaa jisamen koee samanantar hibru granth naheen thee. choonki valgata kii alag-alag pratiyon mein thode alag vakyansh hoe sakate hain, isaliye vidvaanon ney pramanik shabdon koo bahaal karane key liye hibru, yunani aur siriyai pandulipiyon kaa upayog kiya. poorna bible kaa ack bahu-varna sanskaran 1517 mein spen mein cardinal gymenase key tatvavdhan mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. bible key vyavasthit adhyayan seey pataa chalaa kii jerom ney kabhi-kabhi apane anuvaad key sroton kii galat vyakhya kii thee. valla pahale vidwan they jinhone yeh pradarshit kiya kii jerom key galat anuvaadon ney aquina jaise prasiddh dharmshastriyon dwara vikasit kuchh vichaaron kii neenv rakhee. aerudite dutch manavtawadi erasmus (dee. 1536) ney nae vasiyatnama kaa ack mahatvapurna sanskaran puuraa kiya, aur unake nae lattin anuvaad ney kuchh catholic hathdharmitaon aur prathaon key liye shaastra key aadhar koo chunauti dee. unhone "hell mairi" key lattin paath mein virgine mairi koo sambodhit karane key liye paaramparik ("anugrah seey bharaa") key bajaay visheshan ("anugrahapurna") chunkar yogyata key khajaane kii avadharana koo dhamki dee. erasmus ney bibil key granthon kii roopak vyakhya parr bhee hamla kiya. udaaharan key liye, unhone iss baat koo aswikar curr diyaa kii luke key susamachar mein apane maataa-pitaa key prati yeeshu kii aagyakarita key sandarbh kii vyakhya kii jaa sakati haye kii yeeshu abhee bhee apani maan key prati aagyakarita kaa rinee haye, iss prakaar apratyaksh roop seey kunwari dwara madhyasthata mein vishvaas koo chunauti dee gaee.
nae dhaarmik andolanon ney dhaarmik prathaon mein aam logon kii gahari bhagidari koo badhaava diyaa. aam jeevan key bhaaiyon ney apane sadasyon koo purohit pada praapt karane seey roque diyaa aur aksar apane aur apani bahanon key gharon koo shahari adhikaariyon key sanrakshan mein rakhaa. way catholic aadhyatmikta kii ack naee vidhi key saath nikatata seey judey hue they, jisamen aam logon kii shiksha parr vishesh jore diyaa gayaa thaa. dutch vessel gansfort andolan key ack netaa (dee. 1489) ney bhog key durupyog parr hamla kiya aur kahaa kii bibil adhyayan kaa ack professor aprashikshit maulaviyon kii tulanaa mein shaastron koo behtar dhang seey samajh sakata haye. kapade seey kagaj key nirmaan aur europe mein chala prakaar key saath mudran machine key prasaar key saath, kitaaben uchit moolya parr kharidi jaa sakati theen jisase aam logon key padhane key kaushal mein sudhaar huaa. dhaarmik saahitya kii maang vishesh roop seey adhik thee. german aavishkaarak johannes guttenberg (dee. 1468) pahali baar 1450 key dashak kii shuruat mein vulgate kaa dou-khand sanskaran prakaashit kiya gayaa; ise kaee baar punah prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa jisane bible key lattin paath koo shatabdi mein sabse adhik prakaashit pustak banaa diyaa. bibil kaa sthaaniya bhaashaon mein anuvaad kiya gayaa thaah uchch aur nimn german, italvi, dutch, spanish, check aur catalan bible key anuvaad 1466 aur 1492 key beach prakaashit kiye gaye they; france mein, bibil key sankshipt francisi sanskaranon ney 1470 key dashak mein lokpriyata hassil kii. apane bible kaa adhyayan karke, aam loga iss nishkarsh parr pahunch sakate they kii church unake moksh key liye anaavashyak thaa. 1515 mein hii unamen seey kuchh ney apane pujaariyon key updeshon koo chunauti denaa shuru curr diyaa thaa kii "merrie pustak mein yeh upadeshak key kahane seey alag haye.
asafal sudhaar.
church sudhaar ("sir aur angon mein") kii aavashyakta parr baad seey vishvavyaapi parishadon mein aksar charcha kii gaee thee. praarambhik mein sulah key udbhav key saath, yeh dhaarana catholic church parr saamoohik niyantran key saath pope pradhikaran key pratisthaapan kii maang mein badal gaee. haalaanki, adhikansh hitdhaarak-pope, prelate aur samrat-ney ise pasand kiya kyonki way apane visheshadhikaron aur rajaswa koo khona naheen chaahte they. pope vitaran kii pranali sudhaarvaadi upaayon key karyanvayan mein ack pramukh baadha bunn gaee kyonki pavitra ney niyamit roop seey una logon koo pratiraksha pradaan kii joe unhein nishpaadit naheen karna chaahte they. niyamit paadari varg key bheetar sudhaar andolanon koo tathaakathit "sakht paalan kii mandaliyon" key prasaar key saath kuchh mahatvapurna safalataaen mileen. yeye mathwasi samudaay they joe apane adesh key mathwasi shasson kii sakht vyakhya parr laut aae. sudhaarvaadi bishapon ney sthaaniya pairishon mein niyamit roop seey pramanik yaatraon key madhyam seey aur galat paadari varg koo upadesh jaari karke apane paadari varg koo anushaasit karane kii koshish kii. unake prayaas mukhya roop seey whiffle rahey kyonki way cathedral chapter jaise swaayatt sansthanon key pratirodh koo mushkil seey door curr sakey. naa hii way gair-nivasi maulaviyon parr vaastavik adhikaar kaa prayog curr sakate they jinhen pavitra darshan seey laabh milaa thaa. sulah kii viphalata key baad, adhikansh sudhaarvaadi maulaviyon ney sanrachanaatmak parivartanon kii maang karane seey parhej kiya; isake bajaay, unhone paadari varg kii naitik viphaltaon kii aalochana kii joe mukhya roop seey 12veen aur 13veen shatabdi key sudharakon key karyon seey udhaar liye gaye vakyanshon koo dohrate hain. 
sudhaar kii poorv sandhya parr, lateran kii paanchvin parishad antim avsar thaa jaba oopar seey doorgaami sudhaar laane key prayaas hassil kiye jaa sakate they. 1512 mein pope julius dwiteeya ney francisi raajaa lui xi () dwara cardinalon key ack samooh key samarthan seey sulah koo punarjeevit karane key prayason key jawab mein ise shuru kiya thaa. ekatrit hue poorvajon ney sudhaar kii aavashyakta parr parishkrit granthon parr charcha kii lekin way maulik parivartanon koo pesh karane mein whiffle rahey. parishad ney koee mahatvapurna nirnay naheen liya aur 1517 mein bhang curr diyaa gayaa.
shuruat.
nabbe-paanch thesis.
pope leo aiks () ney nae sent kaa nirmaan puuraa karane kaa faisala kiya. rome mein peater basilica. choonki bhog key pramanpatron kii bikri pope key dhana jutaane kaa ack susthaapit tarika thaa, isaliye unhone 1515 mein nae bhog kii ghoshana karane aur pichhale bhogon kii padonnati koo nilambit karane kii ghoshana kii. 1525), unhone german bahulvaadi prellet albert off brandenberg (dee. 1545) germany mein bikri abhiyaan kii nigrani karane key liye. dominican fryer johann tetzel (dee. 1519), abhiyaan mein ack pramukh vyakti, ney asamanya roop seey aakramak vipanan vidhiyon koo lagu kiya. unake ack naare mein prasiddh roop seey daavaa kiya gayaa thaa kii "jaise hii sikka dibbe mein goonjega, ack aatma shuddhikaran seey swarg taka jaayegi. abhiyaan kii ashlilata ney sabse gambhir vichardhara vaale vishvaasiyon koo chaunka diyaa. saxony key buddhiman, nirvaachak fredrick () ney abhiyaan koo manaa curr diyaa kyonki albert unake pratidvandi they, aur anya bhogon key nilamban ney unhein rajaswa key ack mahatvapurna hisse seey vanchit curr diyaa joe unhone whittenberg mein apane avasheshon key sangrah parr kharch kiya thaa.
martin luther (dee. 1546), saxony mein whittenberg key nava sthaapit vishvavidyalaya mein dharamshastra key professor, una logon mein seey they jinhen tetzel key abhiyaan ney naraj kiya thaa. ack madhyam vargiya parivaar mein janme, luther ney ack bhaari aandhi key baad erfert mein augustinian mathh mein pravesh kiya, jisase unhein achaanak mrityu aur shashwat abhishaap key khatare kii yaad aaa gaee. haalaanki unhone augustinian niyamon kii sakht vyakhya kaa paalan kiya, lekin unaki pappurnata key baare mein unaki chinta cumm naheen hui. jeevan bhar vaha sirdard, kaana dard, behoshi aur paachan sambandhi samasyaon seey peedit rahey. purvavyaapi roop seey, vaha yeh bataayega kii yeye lakshan-jinhen usane "pralobhan" key roop mein varnit kiya-saabit curr diyaa kii shaitan usase lada rhaa thaa. unhone 1513 mein whittenberg vishvavidyalaya mein bibil key granthon parr apane vyakhyan shuru kiye. hippo key swargiya roman dharamshastri augustein (dee. 430), vishesh roop seey "aatma aur patra parr" unhein aashvast kiya kii jinhen bhagwan ney apane chune hue key roop mein chunaa, unhein unake paappurn karyon seey swatantra roop seey vishvaas kaa upahaar milaa. unhone sitambar 1517 mein prakaashit apane pustak mein maanav prayason key madhyam seey bhagwan key saamane auchitya key vidvatapurna vichaar kii teekhi ninda kii. unhone ghoshana kii kii "humm dhaarmik kaary karke dharmi naheen banate hain; lekin jaba humm dharmi hoe jaate hain tou humm dhaarmik kaary karate hain. 
31 octuber 1517 koo, luther ney brandenberg key albert koo ack patra sambodhit kiya, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii maulavi sent kaa prachaar curr rahey they. peater kii bhog-pravritti wafadaron koo dhokha dey rahee thee. unhone ack charcha patra puuraa kiya thaa, jise "nabbe-paanch shodh prabandh" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, aur ise archbishop koo bhee bheja thaa. iss dastaavez mein, unhone purgatori kii avadharana parr hamla kiya, aur mritakon key liye bhog kii prabhavkarita parr sawal uthaaya. doosari or, unhone kahaa kii "pope kii bhavna aur iraade key anusaar bhog kaa prachaar kiya jaataa thaa, sandeh aasaani seey hull hoe jaayenge. unake saathi shikshaavidon ney unase niji taur parr charcha patra praapt kiya. isake pahale mudrit sanskaran sambhavatah navambar mein leapsig, magdeberg, neuremberg aur besale mein unaki sahamati key binaa prakaashit hue they. archbishop albert ney mainz vishvavidyalaya key dharmshastriyon koo luther key shodh prabandhon kii jaanch karane kaa adesh diyaa, aur mamle koo nirnay key liye roman curia koo bhej diyaa. tetzel, aur dharamshastri konrad vimpina (dee. 1531) aur johann ack (dee. 1543) saarvajanik roop seey luther kii aalochana karane vaale pahale vyakti they, jinhone unake kuchh shodh-prabandhon koo hishsism key saath jodaa. italvi rajneeti mein gaharaai seey shamil, pope leo aiks () luther key mamle mein ruchi naheen rakhate they. unhone ise augustinian aur dominican key beach prasiddh jhagade key sandarbh mein "bhikshuon key beach ack jhagada" key roop mein varnit kiya.
nayaa dharamshastra.
jaisa kii itihaaskaar lindle roper ney nott kiya haye, "sudhaar bahason aur tarkon key ack samooh dwara aage badhaa". shuru mein, luther key vichaar mukhya roop seey agastian crum key bheetar bahason key madhyam seey fail rahey they. unhone 26 aprail 1518 koo headleberg mein paryavekshak augustinians kii sabhaa mein saarvajanik roop seey apane vichaar prastut kiye. yahaan unhone ack aise prempurna bhagwan key baare mein apane "cross key dharamshastra" kii vyakhya kii joe patit manavata koo bachaane key liye kamjor aur moorkh hoe gaye they, isake vipareet vidvatapurna "gaurav key dharamshastra" key saath joe unake drishtikon mein prasiddh vidya aur maanav karyon koo darshaata haye. apane dridh aur utsaahi bhaashan key saath, luther ney sabhaa mein bhaag lene vaale kaee logon koo aashvast kiya, jisane dakshin-paschimi germany mein unake vichaaron key anukool swaagat mein yogdan diyaa. itihaaskaar thomas coffman ney nott kiya kii chhaatr vishesh roop seey sudhaar vichaaron key vitaran mein prabhaavi "gatishil agent" they."
pope leo ney nyaayvid girolamo ghinuchi (dee. 1541) aur dominican dharamshastri sylvester mazolini (dee. 1527) luther key shikshan kaa nireekshan karane key liye. mazolini ney luther key liye ack pratikriya prakaashit kii, jiska sheershak thaa "pope kii shakti key baare mein martin luther key ghamandi siddhant key khilaf samvaad". unhone tark diyaa kii luther ney bhog parr hamla karke pope key adhikaar parr sawal uthaaya thaa. mazolini key drishtikon ney pahale luther koo daraa diyaa, lekin unhein jald hii ehsas huaa kii kewal ack maulik sudhaar hii bhog kii bikri koo samaapt curr sakata haye jise way ack durupyog maanate they. pope leo ney luther koo bahishkrit naheen kiya kyonki vaha luther key sanrakshak fredrick koo alag naheen karna chaahte they. isake bajaay, unhone dominican cardinal thomas cageton (dee. 1534) luther koo apane kuchh shodh-prabandhon koo vaapas lene key liye manaane key liye, lekin luther ney octuber 1518 mein augusberg mein apani baithak key dauran jiddi rukh apanaate hue virodh kiya. itihaaskaar burned haim kaa tark haye kii cageton dwara luther seey poochtaachh "aitihaasik bindu thaa jiss parr sudhaar aur kaitholikwad key beach virodh pahali baar ubhara", kyonki cageton koo darr thaa kii joe vishvasi sochate they kii way moksh key liye niyat they, way abb maulaviyon kaa paalan naheen karenge.
luther ney pahali baar juuna 1519 mein leapsig mein ack vivaad mein zaan huss key liye apani sahaanubhooti vyakt kii. yahaan unhone yeh bhee kahaa kii vishvavyaapi parishaden aur popsi vishvaas key mamalon mein galati curr sakate hain. baad kii avadhi mein unakaa dharamshastra teji seey vikasit huaa. apane lattin granth "church kii babylonian kaid parr" mein, unhone nishkarsh nikala kii kewal bapatisma aur dhaarmik sanskar koo sanskar key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye kyonki anya catholic pavitra sanskaron kii koee bibil kii neenv naheen thee. unhone kahaa kii pujaariyon koo ack vishesh jaati key roop mein naheen dekhaa jaa sakata thaa, balki kewal samudaay key sevakon key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata thaa, isaliye way lattin shabd sevak seey mantri kahey jaane lagey. unake german ghoshanapatra "german rashtra key isai kuleen varg key liye" ney pope koo masih virodhi key saath jodaa, aur roman curia koo bhaari matra mein shulk dene key sandarbh mein aadhikarik church koo "sabhi veshyaon kaa sabse buraa veshyaghar" bataaya. luther ney dharmaguru brahmacharya key liye bibil kii neenv koo bhee aswikar curr diyaa. yeh kathan kaee maulaviyon key liye mukt thaa jinhone apani pavitrata kii shapath todane key liye sankoch mahsoos kiya. ack isai kii swatantrata parr" unake adhyayan ney vishvaasiyon kii aantarik swatantrata key baare mein unake vichaaron koo unake padosiyon kii dekhbhal karane key daayitva key saath samekit kiya, halanki unhone achche karyon key baare mein paaramparik shiksha koo aswikar curr diyaa. yeh kaary virodhabhason key liye luther key utsaah kaa ack vishisht udaaharan haye.
luther kaa mamla rome mein phir seey khol diyaa gayaa thaa. kaijetan, ack aur anya pope adhikaariyon ney ack pope bail kaa masauda taiyar kiya jisane luther aur unake 41 shodh prabandhon kii ninda kii. 15 juuna 1520 koo prakaashit, bail ney luther koo apane bahishkaar key lagu honey seey pahale peechhe hatane key liye 60-dinn kii anugrah avadhi kii peshkash kii. bail ney germany mein vyaapak akrosh paida kiya aur kaee sthaanon parr isaki pratiyon koo toda diyaa gayaa. pope nansio girolamo alendro (dee. 1542) ney louven aur lease mein luther kii pustakon koo jalaane kaa adesh diyaa. isake jawab mein, luther aur unake anuyaayiyon ney 10 disambar koo wittenberg mein nadee key kinare vidwan dharmshastriyon key karyon key saath-saath madhyayugeen church key kaanoon key maulik dastavej kii ack prati koo jalaa diyaa. chhatron ney ack pared key saath pope key bail koo jalaane kaa jashn manaaya, jahan unhone ack pope kaa mukut bhee jalaaya. luther ney apane kattarpanth kaa upayog kiya lekin isase surakshit doori banaae rakhane kii bhee koshish keeh ghatnaaon key baare mein ack mudrit patrak mein iss baat parr jore diyaa gayaa kii koee bhee professor chhatron kii pared mein shamil naheen huaa thaa. luther key bahishkaran kaa pope bail 3 janwari 1521 koo prakaashit huaa thaa.
navanirvaachit pavitra roman samrat charles banaam () luther koo krimi key aahar parr pratibandh lagaana chaahte they, lekin vaha akele nirnay naheen leey sakey. pavitra roman samrajya riyasaton, rajkumar-bishap, swatantra shaahi shaharon aur anya dharmnirpeksh aur church raajyon kaa ack dheela sangh thaa. saat rajkumar-nirvaachakon dwara chune gaye, pavitra roman samrat sangh key nammatra key shaasak they, lekin vaastavik adhikaar shaahi aahar key saath thaa jahaan shaahi sampadaaen ekatra hoti theen. fredrick dha wies ney luther key khilaf shaahi pratibandh key baare mein samrat key prastaav koo veeto curr diyaa, aur luther koo aprail 1521 mein aahar mein apane mamle kaa bachaav karane key liye keede key paas bulaaya gayaa thaa. yahaan unhein peechhe hatane kii chetavani dee gaee thee, lekin yeh kahate hue incar curr diyaa kii kewal bible key tark unhein yeh samajhaane mein saksham they kii unake karyon mein trutiyaan hain. luther kii zaan bachaane key liye, lekin apani bhagidari koo chhipaane key liye, fredrick dha wies ney 4 maee koo luther key apaharan kii vyavastha kii. luther koo fredrick key wartberg key mahal mein leey jaaya gayaa. apani kaid key dauran, luther ney nae vasiyatname kaa uchch german mein anuvaad puuraa kiya. itihaaskaar diarmide maculoc ney luther key anuvaad koo ack "asadharan upalabdhi key roop mein varnit kiya haye jisane taba seey german bhasha koo aakar diyaa haye", yeh kahate hue kii "luther kaa upahaar achaanak, tatkaal vakyanshon key saath bhavna koo pakadane key liye thaa. luther ney dhaarmik bhajanon kii bhee rachana kii joe pahali baar 1524 mein sangrhon mein prakaashit hue they.
failaaen.
roper kaa tark haye kii "luther key huss key bhaagya seey milane kaa sabse mahatvapurna kaaran praudyogiki theeh mudran kaa nayaa madhyam. luther apane vichaaron koo laghu lekin teekhe granthon kii ack shrinkhala mein prakaashit curr rahey they, jinhone apratyaashit lokpriyata hassil keeh way germany mein mudrit sabhi karyon key lagbhag paanchven hisse key liye jimmedaar they. adhikansh europeeya deshon key vipareet, german mudran yantra kuchh shahari kendron mein kendrit naheen they, lekin kaee sthaanon parr bikhare hue they, jisase kendriya adhikaariyon dwara unakaa niyantran baadhit hoe gayaa thaa. saankhyikiya vishleshan ack german shahar mein ack mudran press kii upasthiti aur sudhaar koo apanaane key beach ack mahatvapurna sakaratmak sambandh kaa sanket detaa haye. pratispardhi mudran bajar vaale shaharon mein nae dharmshastron koo sweekaar karane kii sambhavana aur bhee adhik thee. 
luther ney kalakar lucas cranch dha elder (dee. 1553) jinake paas luther aur unake anuyaayiyon key sandesh koo dekhane kii gahari bhavna thee. cranch ney luther key aadarsh chitra kaa utpaadan kiya joe pustakon key aavaran parr mudrit aur bikri key liye banaae gaye padak parr rakhe gaye lokpriya chitron key liye ack template sett kartaa haye. cranac key lakadi key tukadon key saath-saath yatra karane vaale pracharakon key spashtikaranon ney mukhya roop seey anpadh logon koo luther key shikshan koo samajhane mein madad kii. smart kisan karasthaan ("huns kaa huns") praarambhik sudhaar parche key lokpriya kaalpanik paatron mein seey ack thaa. sachitra parche aam taur parr paddler aur vyapariyon jaise yaatriyon dwara ack sthaan seey dusare sthaan parr leey jaaya jaataa thaa. nabbe-fine thesis" kii mudrit pratiyaan 1519 mein hii spen, france aur itali taka pahunch gaee theen. 
aam logon ney poore germany mein niji aur saarvajanik donon roop seey paaramparik dharm key vibhinn pahaluon parr charcha aur sawal karna shuru curr diyaa. shuru mein, swa-shaasit shahar sudhaar andolan key pramukh kendra they. johannes ocolampedius (dee. 1531) aur konrad kirsner (dee. 1556) besley mein, sebestian hofmester (dee. 1533) shafhausen mein, aur mathus zell (dee. 1548) aur martin busar (dee. 1551) strasberg mein. susamachar key anusaar shikshan parr unake aagrah key kaaran (yaa) sudhaarak pracharakon ney jaldi seey kaee aam logon koo aashvast kiya kii paaramparik church kii kaee achchi tarah seey sthaapit prathaon kii bible mein koee misal naheen thee. unhone nae vasiyatname key luther key anuvaad key ansh padhe, donon prakaar key aam logon koo dhaarmik upadesh kii peshkash kii, aur maulaviyon key ekadhikar seey incar kiya, joe lokpriya paadari-virodhi key saath pratidhwanit huaa. yeh asamanya naheen thaa kii unake samarthakon ney pujaariyon, bhikshuon aur church kii imaraton parr hamla kiya. strasberg aur ulm jaise kuchh shaharon mein, shahari magistrates ney sudharakon kaa sakriya roop seey samarthan kiya, jabaki hansiya leag key shaharon mein samriddh lekin raajneetik roop seey lagbhag shaktiheen madhyam vargon ney church key jeevan mein parivartan lagu kiye. sudhaar key sabse mahatvapurna vaichaarik kendron key karib sthit shaharon-whittenberg aur besale-ney anya shaharon kii tulanaa mein isake vichaaron koo adhik apanaaya. yeh yaa tou chhaatr network key mahatva koo ingit kartaa haye, yaa darshaata haye kii kaitholikwad koo aswikar karane vaale padosiyon key saath nikatata ney paaramparik dharm koo chhodane kii sambhavana koo bhee badhaa diyaa thaa. joe kshetra garib they lekin jinamen bahut badee aarthik kshamata thee, way luther key dharamshastra kaa paalan karane kii adhik sambhavana rakhate they. 
samajshastri steven piphaf ney rekhaankit kiya kii "church aur dhaarmik sudhaar kewal ack dhaarmik prashn naheen thaa... kyonki susamachar pracharakon dwara maange gaye sudhaaron koo maujooda sansthanon, prachalit reeti-rivaajon yaa sthaapit kaanoon key bheetar samaayojit naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa. sudharakon ney apane pramukh virodhiyon koo nishkaasit curr diyaa, mathon aur mathon koo bhang curr diyaa, urban magistrates kaa pujaariyon kii niyukti parr niyantran hassil curr liya aur nae nagrik sansthanon kii sthaapana kii. luther ney salah dee kii wafadaron koo "masih koo apane jaruratmand logon mein pyaar aur samarthan denaa chaahiye" lekin bhikhaariyon kii ninda kii. susamachar-prachaar nagar parishadon ney aamtaur parr bheekh maangane parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa, lekin vighatankari church sansthanon kii sampatti koo jabt karke garibi raahat key liye ack samanya chhaati sthaapit kii. inn dhana kaa upayog cumm byaaj vaale rinn aur garib logon koo upahaar dene key liye ack nayaa vyavasaay shuru karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, aur anathon, boodhe logon aur bimaaron key dainik samarthan key liye bhee kiya jaataa thaa. madhyayugeen german lokpriya kahawat "vidwan hii duft hain" key vipareet, luther koo vishvaas thaa kii kewal shikshit loga hii bhagwan aur samudaay donon kii prabhaavi dhang seey seva curr sakate hain. unake tatvavdhan mein, kaee shaharon mein saarvajanik school aur pustakalaya khole gaye joe paaramparik mathh aur cathedral schools kii tulanaa mein adhik bachchon koo shiksha pradaan karate they. 
pratirodh aur utpeedan.
pavitra roman samrajya key kuchh kshetron jaise flanders, reinland, bavaria aur austriya mein susamachar prachaar key prati pratirodh mahatvapurna thaa. yahaan sthaaniya santon kii pooja majboot thee, aur saankhyikiya vishleshan seey sanket milata haye kii jinn shaharon mein swadeshi santon key mandir jeevant sampradayik sampradayon key kendron key roop mein kaary karate they, unamen sudhaar koo apanaane kii sambhavana cumm thee. isi tarah, ack episcopal see yaa mathon vaale shaharon ney sambhavatah susamacharak dharmaantaran kaa virodh kiya. manavtawadi vidvaanon kii purani peedhi key adhikansh pratinidhiyon ney kabhi bhee sudhaar key vichaaron koo sweekaar naheen kiya. unamen seey kuchh ney tark diyaa kii dharamshastra parr akaadamik bahas behtar isai naheen banaa sakati. anya jaise konrad peutinger (dee. 1547) koo darr thaa kii aggar aam loga dharmshastriyon key saath jhagadane key baare mein jaanate hain tou way dhaarmik adhikaariyon kaa paalan naheen karenge. erasmus ney luther key vichaaron aur virodhabhason koo atkalon key roop mein maanaa, aur kahaa kii luther kaa "aniyantrit utsaah unhein sahee seey parey leey jaataa haye. jacob vaine hogstratten (dee. 1527) ney luther key moksh key dharamshastra kii tulanaa karane seey incar curr diyaa "jaise kii masih khud koo sabse badtamiji vaali dulhan key roop mein letaa haye aur usaki safai key baare mein chintit naheen haye.
luther key karyon koo unake bahishkaar key baad adhikansh europeeya deshon mein jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa. samrat catholic church kii raksha karane key liye dridh thaa. unhone pahale susamacharak shahidon, augustinian bhikshuon, zaan vaine essen aur hendrick vose, jinhen 1 julaai 1523 koo habsberg neatherlands mein brussels mein daanv parr lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa, key nishpaadan kii shuruat kii. haalaanki, unakaa adhikaar habsberg key kshetron key baahar atyadhik seemit thaa, aur sudhaar key samarthakon seey ladane key unake prayason koo kendriya europe kii or ottoman vistaar dwara baadhit kiya gayaa thaa. ottomans ney 1521 mein belgrade parr kabja curr liya, 1526 mein hangerian senaa koo nirnaayak haar dee, aur 1529 mein pahali baar vienna kii gherabandi kii.
angreji raajaa heinry VIII () saarvajanik roop seey luther key dharamshastra kii ninda karane vaale pahale taaj pahanaaya gayaa pramukh they. rochester key kattar virodhi luthran bishap, johnn fishers (dee. 1535), heinry ney catholic dogma key khilaf luther key hamalon key jawab mein ack granth koo puuraa karane key liye dharmshastriyon kii ack team koo niyukt kiya. saat sanskaron kaa daavaa" sheershak seey, unake granth ney sanskaron kii paaramparik soochi kaa bachaav kiya. yeh heinry key naam seey prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, aur aabhaari pope ney unhein vishvaas key rakshak kii upaadhi seey sammaanit kiya aur granth padhane vaale sabhi logon koo bhog kii peshkash kii. france mein, sorbone key dharmshastriyon ney luther koo kaitholikwad kaa dushman ghoshit kiya, jinhone "mahamari key siddhant koo ulti curr dee". gilam briconet (dee. 1534), meaks key bishap ney luther kii ninda kii, lekin jacks lefavour dee 'ataples (dee. 1536) aur villium farel (dee. 1565) apane dharmprant mein dhaarmik jeevan koo navinikrit karane key liye. francisi raajaa francis aaee () ney sudhaarvaadi dharmshastriyon aur angaulem kii unaki bahan margaret (dee. 1549) ney unakaa samarthan kiya. 1525 mein pavia kii ladaai mein francis key pakade jaane key baad, peris kii sansad ney kuchh pujaariyon parr briconet key dharm-bhang kaa aarop lagaaya, jisase unhein nirvaasan mein jaane key liye majboor honah padaa. 
spanish poochtaachh ney desh mein susamachar saahitya key prasaar koo prabhaavi dhang seey roque diyaa, aur vyaktigat vishvaas parr vishesh jore dene vaale ("prakaashvaadi") key aadhyatmik andolan koo dabaaya. luther key karyon key italvi anuvaad bhoomigat vitarit kiye gaye they, kabhi-kabhi erasmus key naam seey. venis key kuleen gasparo kontarini (dee. 1542) aur augustinian cannon peater shaheed vermigly (dee. 1562) ney luther key moksh key dharamshastra seey milate-julate vichaaron koo vyakt kiya, lekin way aadhikarik church key saath toot naheen paae. luther aur bohemian bhaaiyon key pratinidhiyon key beach patrachar seey pataa chalaa kii unake dharamshastra asangat they, halanki bhaaiyon key netaa luke off praag (dee. 1528) ney auchitya key baare mein unake vichaaron kii samaantaa parr jore diyaa. bohemia aur hangri () key raajaa lui ney apane kshetron mein susamachar pracharakon key utpeedan kaa adesh diyaa. isake vipareet, unaki patni austriya kii mairi (dee. 1558) sudharakon kaa paksh liya lekin unhein susamacharak pujari paul speratus (dee. 1551) unake darbar key paadari key roop mein. christian II, jinhone denmark, sweeden aur norwey () key kalmar sangh parr shasson kiya, sudhaar key prati sahaanubhooti rakhate they. unhone apane kshetra mein pope aur churchon key beach sambandhon koo todane kaa faisala kiya, lekin unake nirankush tarikon ney vidroh kiya. unaki jagah denmark aur norwey mein unake chaacha fredrick pratham ney aur sweeden mein ack sthaaniya abhijaat varg gustaav vaasaa ney leey lii. pope aur scandinavian kshetron key beach sambandh tanaavpurna rahey, aur fredrick aur gustaav donon ney apane swayam key ummidvaaron koo rikt episcopal key liye niyukt kiya, jinhen bishap-nirvaachit key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.
kattarpanth.
luther kii anupasthiti mein, unake saha-kaaryakartaon ney whittenberg mein netritva grahan kiya. phillip melanchathan (dee. 1560) luther key vichaaron koo ack susangat dharamshastriya kaary mein samekit kiya jiska sheershak thaa ("samanya sthaan") joe pahali baar 1521 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. 1541) adhik kattarpanthi thaa. chrismus divas 1521 koo, unhone pujari key vastron key bajaay samanya paridhan mein eucharist kaa prashaasan kiya; agale dinn unhone ack pandrah varsheeya kuleen ladki enaa wonn mochau key saath apani sagaai kii ghoshana kii. unake baad key vivaah ney anya pujaariyon key liye ack misal kayam kii joe aksar apane paadari kii sahamati seey shaadi karate they. carlstead ney ghoshana kii kii sabhi dhaarmik chhaviyaan "shaitan key chhal" key udaaharan they, jisake kaaran sthaaniya churchon mein chitron aur moortiyon kaa badey paimaane parr vinash huaa. dhaarmik utsaahi loga aas-paas key kshetron seey whittenberg kii or badh rahey they. unamen seey, tathaakathit zvikaau paigambar, jinhen kattarpanthi upadeshak thomas muntzer (dee. 1525), daavaa kiya kii unhein bhagwan seey rahasyodghatan praapt hue. unhone pargaman kii avadharana koo aswikar curr diyaa aur kahaa kii shishu key bapatisma mein bibil kii neenv kaa abhaav thaa. luther ney shishu key bapatisma koo isai samudaay mein sadasyata kaa ack mahatvapurna sanket maanaa, transbustation key vichaar parr jore diyaa, aur srishti kii sundarta key pramaan key roop mein dhaarmik kalaa kaa bachaav kiya. arajakta koo samaapt karane key liye, fredrick dha wies ney march mein luther koo riha curr diyaa. luther ney zvikaau paigambaron ("kattarpanthi") koo bulaaya, aur unhein wittenberg seey hataa diyaa. unhone poorv nana katharina wonn borah (dee. 1552). 
haalaanki luther ney hinsa key anuprayog kii ninda kii, lekin unake kuchh anuyaayi hathiyar uthaane key liye taiyar they. franz wonn siken (dee. 1523), reinland key ack shaahi shurveer ney apane sathiyon key saath, trear () key archbishop-nirvaachak, richard wonn griefenclau zuu volrades key khilaf ack gathbandhan banaaya, yeh ghoshana karate hue kii way archbishop key vishayon koo "susamachar, halke kaanoonon aur isai swatantrata" key liye netritva karna chaahte they. siken ney luther key vichaaron kaa samarthan karane aur anudan dene vaalon key vanshajon koo mathon kii sampatti key punarsthaapan kii maang karane vaale parche praayojit kiye they. parche mein daavaa kiya gayaa kii church kii sampatti key dharmnirpekshata seey garib kisaanon kii sthiti mein bhee sudhaar hoga. siken aur unake sahyogiyon ney archbishop parr hamla kiya lekin trier kii gherabandi mein whiffle rahey. griefenclau aur usake sahyogiyon key sainikon dwara apane hii mahal kii gherabandi key dauran siken koo janleva roop seey ghayal curr diyaa gayaa thaa. sicker key dharm-virodhi ney kisaanon key beach lokpriyata hassil kii, lekin luther ney unake hinsak krityon kii ninda kii. 
luther vidvatapurna dharamshastra key ekmatra virodhi naheen they. swiss manavtawadi pujari huldrick zwingly (dee. 1531) daavaa karenge kii unhone "hamaare kshetra mein kissy ney bhee luther key baare mein sunane seey bahut pahale 1516 mein masih key susamachar kaa prachaar karna shuru curr diyaa thaa. luther kii tarah, zwingly ney pope aur vishvavyaapi parishadon key adhikaar koo aswikar curr diyaa, aur bible koo dharamshastra kaa ekmatra srot maanaa. way "sossage key sambandh" key kaaran pramukhta seey saamane aae jaba unhone upvaas key niyamon kaa ullanghan karate hue 1522 key dauran zurich mein sossage key bhojan mein bhaag liya. unhone gupt roop seey shaadi kii aur duss anya padariyon key saath, paadari vivaah koo manjuri dene key liye bishap off constance seey sampark kiya, bhale hii way jaanate they kii bishap key paas unaki yachika koo aswikar karane key alawa koee vikalp naheen thaa. sthaaniya shahari magistrates ney bishap key khilaf zwingly kaa bachaav kiya, aur unake samarthan seey unhone zurich key church key jeevan mein aur krantikari parivartan kiye. 1524 mein, churchon seey sabhi chhaviyon koo hataa diyaa gayaa, aur upvaas aur lipic brahmacharya koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa. dou saal baad, ack german samudaay seva ney lattin lock prarthana koo badal diyaa. sudhaarvaadi paadari varg aur shahari magistrates key beach ghanishth sahyog ney dou nae sansthanon kii sthaapana kii jinhen anya shaharon mein apanaaya jaayega. yeh ack saarvajanik dharamshastriya vidyalaya thaa jahan vidwan, pujari aur aam loga bible seey vyakhyan sunate they; vivaah aur naitikta adalat ack kanuni adalat thee jisamen dou aam loga aur dou maulavi they joe vivaah mamalon parr adhikaar kshetra mein they, lekin ack naitik pulis key roop mein bhee kaam karate they.
zwingly ney nagar parishad kii sahamati seey sudhaar upaayon kii shuruat kii kyonki vaha saarvajanik vyavastha koo sanrakshit karna chaahte they. unake satark drishtikon ney conrad grabel (dee. 1526). ack jyurikh patrickian key bete ney ack cumm janm vaali ladki seey shaadi kii thee jisake liye vaha apane parivaar seey alag hoe gayaa thaa. vaha aur unake anuyaayi aashvast they kii church koo raajya seey mukt kiya jaanaa chaahiye. unhone 5 sitambar 1524 koo muntazar koo likhe ack patra mein apane dharamshastra kaa saransh diyaa. unhone church koo una logon key ack vishesh samudaay key roop mein pahachaana joe ack dhaarmik jeevan jeete they, una sabhi dhaarmik prathaon kii ninda kii jinaki koee bibil kii neenv naheen thee, vishesh roop seey unhone shishu bapatisma koo aswikar curr diyaa. unake karyakram ney kattarpanthi sudharakon key pramukh siddhanton koo sankshep mein prastut kiya, jinhen vishvaasiyon key bapatisma (vayaskon kaa bapatisma) parr jore dene key liye anabaptist kahaa jaayega. 
luther key whittenberg lautane key turant baad, carlstead ney apani shaikshanik sthiti koo tyag diyaa aur orlamande chaley gaye. sthaaniya paadari samudaay key samarthan seey, unhone shishuon kaa bapatisma bund curr diyaa aur sankraman seey incar curr diyaa. halanki carlstead ney sabhi hinsak krityon kii ninda kii, luther ney unhein muntzer key saath jodaa, jisake samarthakon ney allusted mein ack chappel koo nasht curr diyaa thaa. luther ney nadee key kinare kaee pairishon kaa daura kiya taaki unhein kattarpanthi sudhaaron koo lagu karane seey rokaa jaa sakey, lekin kattarpanthiyon ney kaee sthaanon parr durvyavahar yaa pattharon seey unakaa swaagat kiya. luther aurlamande mein carlstead kii barkhastagi hassil karna chaahte they, lekin paadari mandaliyon ney virodh kiya, jisamen unhone apane mantriyon koo swatantra roop seey chunane key liye mandaliyon key adhikaar key baare mein luther key shabdon kaa ullekh kiya. carlstead ney luther koo "scripture kaa vikrit karane vaalaa" kahaa, aur ise ack prateekaatmak kaary key roop mein varnit karane vaale prakashanon kii ack shrinkhala mein eucharist key baare mein apane vichaaron koo sankshep mein prastut kiya. sitambar 1524 mein unhein saxony seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin unhone apane granthon mein apane dharamshastra kaa bachaav karna jaari rakhaa.
kisaanon kaa yuddh.
kiraayedaron kii kamee aur rajaswa mein girawat key kaaran, jamindaaron ney rahane vaale kisaanon key adhikaaron koo pratibandhit karna shuru curr diyaa, jisake kaaran madhya europe mein alag-thalag padey graameen vidroh hue. kisaanon ney nae shulkon koo radd karane aur puraane reeti-rivaajon kii bahaali kii maang kii, jisase unhein nadiyon, jangalon aur anya praakritik sansadhanon taka muft pahunch kii anumati millie. church key adhyaksh vishesh roop seey kamjor theh salzberg key archbishop koo 1462,1478 aur 1504 mein vidrohon kaa saamana karna padaa, 1496 aur 1502 key beach oxenhausen abby aur 1506 mein berchtesgaden abby. vidroh aksar kisaanon aur 1502 mein shaktishali swebian leag dwara madhyasthata kiye gaye oxenhausen abby key beach samjhaute jaise samjhaute key saath samaapt hue. jaisa kii maculoc nott, sudhaar ney kisaanon aur unake prabhuon key beach sambandhon mein asthirta key ack atirikt tatva koo "inject kiya", kyonki isane sthaapit pradhikaran key khilaf "nayaa utsaah aur kadvaahat" koo uthaaya.
maee 1524 mein kaale vann kshetra mein sent blassian abby aur dharmnirpeksh prabhuon key khilaf saarvajanik pradarshan aur krishi hadataalen dakshini german kisaanon key beach samanya asantosh key pahale sanketak they. halanki pramukh hastiyon mein seey ack balthasar habayar (dee. 1528) ack kattarpanthi paadari they, adhikansh pratibhaagi paaramparik antichlericalism seey parey naheen gaye. kisaanon kaa andolan 1525 kii shuruat mein oopari swabia kii or fail gayaa. baltringen ulrich schmid mein ack kisan netaa ney kattarpanthi upadeshak christopher scapler aur parche key lekhak sebastian lotter seey sthaaniya kisaanon kii maangon koo sankshep mein prastut karane kaa anurodh kiya. donon ney march kii shuruat mein baarah lekhon key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa ack ghoshanapatra puuraa kiya, jisamen aage key samaan dastavejon key liye ack template sthaapit kiya gayaa. baarah lekhon ney ghoshana kii kii sthaaniya samudaayon koo pujaariyon koo chunane aur aswikar karane aur anaaj parr dashmansh seey church key rajaswa kaa prabandhan karane kaa adhikaar nihit thaa, aur maans parr dashmansh key unmoolan kii bhee maang karate hue kahaa kii "yeh ack anyaaypurna dashmansh haye jiska aavishkaar akele purushon ney kiya haye. lekhon mein seey antim ney ghoshana kii kii kisan apani kissy bhee maang koo chhodane key liye taiyar they joe bible key vipareet thee, lekin gair-bibil sambandhi vishisht prathaon key khilaf aage kii maangon koo prastut karane key apane adhikaar parr bhee jore diyaa. sanghiya adhyadesh naamak ack dusare dastaavez ney ack "isai sangh aur leag" kii sthaapana kii ghoshana kii... sarvashaktimaan, shashwat bhagwan kii prashansa aur sammaan key liye, pavitra susamachar aur bhagwan key vachan kaa ahwan karane key liye. isane chaudah madhyasthon kaa naam liya jinhone "divya kaanoon" key spashteekaran key liye luther, zwingly, udas aur sudhaar key anya netaaon seey sampark kiya, lekin unamen seey koee bhee vidrohi kisaanon kaa paksh naheen lena chaahata thaa.
haalaanki german kisaanon kaa yuddh 1524-1525 ack curr aur bhrashtachar virodhi virodh key roop mein shuru huaa jaisa kii baarah lekhon mein parilakshit hotaa haye, isake netaa, thomas muntzer ney ise ack kattarpanthi sudhaar charitra diyaa. yeh bavarian, thuringian aur swabian riyasaton key madhyam seey beh gayaa. ladaakon mein florian geier kii kaali company thee, joe gibblestad kaa ack shurveer thaa, joe catholic padanukram key khilaf samanya akrosh mein kisaanon key saath shamil hoe gayaa thaa. vinash aur hinsa key baare mein reports key jawab mein, luther ney "kisaanon key hatyare, chori karane vaale logon key khilaf" jaise lekhan mein vidroh kii ninda kii; zwingly aur udas bhee vidroh koo maaf naheen kiya. yuddh key anta taka lagbhag 100,000 kisan maare gaye they.
amulchul sudhaar.
germany, switzerland aur austriya key kuchh hisson mein, adhikansh logon ney teevra utpeedan key bavjood kattarpanthi sudhaar key prati sahaanubhooti vyakt kii. haalaanki catholic, luthran aur zwinglian churchon key khilaf vidroh karane vaali europeeya aabaadi kaa jeevit anupaat chhota thaa, kattarpanthi sudharakon ney bahut kuchh likhaa aur kattarpanthi sudhaar parr saahitya asman roop seey badaa haye, aanshik roop seey sanyukt raajya mein kattarpanthi sudhaar shikshaon key prasaar key parinamswarup.
praarambhik kattarpanthi sudharakon key beach mahatvapurna vividhata key bavjood, kaee enbaptist samoohon key beach kuchh "doharaane vaale pattern" ubhare. inmein seey kaee pratiroop "schleithem confession" (1527) mein nihit they aur inmein vishvaasiyon (yaa vayask) kaa bapatisma, prabhu key bhojan kaa smaarak drishya, vishvaas aur abhyaas key mamalon parr dharamshastra antim adhikaar haye, nae vasiyatnama aur upadesh parr jore, samudaay mein dharamshastra kii vyakhya, duniya seey algaav aur dou-raajya dharamshastra, shaanti aur pratirodh, sampradayik swaamitva aur aarthik sajhakaran, ichcha kii swatantrata mein vishvaas, shapath naa lene, "haar" ("gelsenheit") shamil hain.ee., tyag), divyikaran ("vargotung") aur naitik jeevan key madhyam seey moksh, aur shishyata ("natchfolz christy").
saksharta.
protestant sudhaar saksharta aur nae mudran press kii jeet thee. luther kaa bibil kaa uchch german mein anuvaad (nayaa vasiyatnama 1522 mein prakaashit huaa thaa; purana vasiyatnama bhaagon mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa aur 1534 mein puuraa kiya gayaa thaa) german bhasha aur isake praarambhik nae uchch german seey aadhunik maanak german taka key vikas key liye bhee nirnaayak thaa. luther key bible key anuvaad ney bhasha key gair-sthaaniya roopon key vikas koo badhaava diyaa aur sabhi vaktaaon koo apane kshetra key baahar seey german key roopon key liye ujagar kiya. luther kii bible kaa prakaashan praarambhik aadhunik germany mein saksharta key prasaar mein ack nirnaayak kshan thaa, aur dhaarmik pustakon aur parche key mudran aur vitaran koo bhee protsaahit kartaa thaa. 1517 key baad seey, dhaarmik parche germany aur europe key adhikansh hisson mein bhar gaye.
1530 taka, 10,000 seey adhik prakashanon key baare mein pataa chalaa, jinaki kull ack karod pratiyaan theen. iss prakaar sudhaar ack media kranti thee. luther ney "burey" church key khilaf "achche" koo chitrit karke rome parr apane hamalon koo majboot kiya. vahaan seey, yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii mudran kaa upayog vishesh agenda key liye sudhaar mein prachaar key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, halanki prachaar shabd catholic "prachaar key prachaar" ("vishvaas key prachaar key liye mandali") seey prati-parivartan seey nikla haye. sudhaar lekhakon ney maujooda shailiyon, clitch aur roodhivaadita kaa upayog kiya jinhen unhone aavashyakta key anusaar anukoolit kiya. vishesh roop seey german mein lekhan prabhaavi they, jinamen bible kaa luther kaa anuvaad, maataa-pitaa key liye unake bachchon koo padhaane key liye unake chhote catachism aur pasters key liye unake badey catachism shamil they.
german sthaaniya bhasha kaa upayog karate hue unhone preriton key panth koo saral, adhik vyaktigat, tridaliya bhasha mein vyakt kiya. german bible aur kaee lekhon mein chitran ney luther key vichaaron koo lokpriya banaaya. lucas cranch dha elder (1472-1553), mahaan chitrakaar joe whittenberg key matdaataon dwara sanrakshit they, luther key karibi dost they, aur unhone ack lokpriya darshakon key liye luther key dharamshastra koo chitrit kiya. unhone puraane aur nae vasiyatname key beach sambandhon parr luther key vichaaron koo naatakiya roop diyaa, jabaki drishya kalpana key uchit aur anuchit upayog key baare mein luther key saavdhaanipoorvak antar koo dhyaan mein rakhaa.
dharm kaa ekikaran aur yuddh.
brandenberg-ensback (β) key tetonic nights key grand master albert aupchaarik roop seey sudhaar koo pesh karane vaale pahale rajkumar they. tutonic shurveeron ney baltic samudra key dakshini taton parr albert key chachere bhaai sigismund I kii jagir mein shaahi prussia koo rakhaa, joe polland key raajaa aur lithuania key grand duke () they. polland aur lithuania key khilaf yuddh mein haar kii ack shrinkhala key baad, naaiton kaa manobal gir gayaa thaa, albert ney aprail 1525 mein sigismund kii sahamati seey iss kshetra koo prussia key vanshaanugat duchy mein badal diyaa. shaahi prussia kaa dharmnirpekshata purani church pranali key khilaf ack khula vidroh thaa, aur pahale evangelical raajya church kii sthaapana key baare mein laaya. saxony mein, fredrick dha wies apane jeevan key anta taka catholic rahey, lekin unhone luther aur unake anuyaayiyon koo sataane seey incar curr diyaa.
germany mein sudhaar.
1517 mein, luther ney mahal key church key darwaaje parr "nabbe-paanch thesis" koo latkaaya, aur unaki jaankaari yaa poorv anumodan key binaa, unhein germany aur antarrashtriya star parr coppy aur mudrit kiya gayaa thaa. 1518 mein luther seey cumm yaa jyada swatantra roop seey vibhinn sudhaarak ubhare (udaaharan key liye andreas carlstedt, phillip melanchathan, erhard schnep, johannes brenz aur martin busar) aur 1519 mein (udaaharan key liye huldreach zwingly, nicolaus wonn amsdorf, ulrich wonn hutton), aur isi tarah.
heidelberg vivaad (1518) key baad, jahan luther ney gaurav key dharamshastra aur leapsig vivaad (1519) key vipareet cross key dharamshastra kaa varnan kiya, vishvaas key muddon koo poore samrajya mein anya german dharmshastriyon key dhyaan mein laaya gayaa. pratyek varsh nae dharmshastriyon koo sudhaar koo apanaane aur vishvaas key baare mein chala rahee europeeya-vyaapi charcha mein bhaag lene key liye aakarshit kiya. sudhaar kii gati 1520 taka ajeya saabit hui.
germany mein praarambhik sudhaar jyaadaatar martin luther key jeevan seey sambandhit thaa jaba taka kii unhein 3 janwari 1521 koo pope leo aiks dwara bull "desset romanam pontifim" mein bahishkrit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. jiss kshan martin luther ney vishvaas dwara auchitya key pramukh siddhant koo mahsoos kiya, usey german mein "termerlabonis" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. table tock" mein, luther ise ack achaanak ehsas key roop mein varnit kartaa haye. visheshagya aksar 1514 aur 1518 key beach kramik praapti kii prakriya kii baat karate hain.
sudhaar key vichaar aur protestant church sevaaon koo pahali baar shaharon mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, jinhen sthaaniya nagrikon aur kuchh raeeson dwara bhee samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa. sudhaar koo 1525 taka raajya kaa samarthan naheen milaa, halanki yeh kewal buddhiman nirvaachak fredrick (jinhone 31 octuber 1517 seey pahale raat koo ack ajib sapana dekhaa thaa) kii suraksha key kaaran thaa kii luther ack avaidh ghoshit honey key baad butch gayaa, wartberg mahal mein chhip gayaa aur phir wittenberg laut aaya. yeh 1517 aur 1525 key beach german logon key beach ack andolan thaa, aur phir 1525 mein shuru honey vaalaa ack raajneetik andolan bhee thaa. sudhaarak adolph clarenback koo 1529 mein collon key paas daanv parr jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa.
aupchaarik roop seey ack protestant sweekaarokti koo apanaane vaalaa pahala raajya prussia kaa duchy (1525) thaa. prussia key duke albert ney aupchaarik roop seey "evangelical" dharm koo raajya dharm ghoshit kiya. catholics ney swayam-pehchaane gaye evangelicals koo "luthrance" kaa label lagaaya taaki unhein isake sansthaapak key naam parr ack pakhand kaa naam rakhane kii pratha key baad badnam kiya jaa sakey. haalaanki, luther church paaramparik roop seey khud koo "aitihaasik isai pedh key mukhya taney" key roop mein dekhta haye, jisaki sthaapana masih aur preriton dwara kii gaee thee, yeh maanate hue kii sudhaar key dauran, rome kaa church gir gayaa thaa. ducal prussia key baad kaee shaahi mukt shahar aur anya chhoti shaahi sansthaaen aaeen. agale badey kshetra hesse key bhoo-adhigrahit kshetra (1526; homberg key aradhanalaya mein) aur saxony key nirvaachak mandal (1527; luther kii matribhoomi), chunavi palatinate (1530), aur wrttemberg key duchy (1534) they. adhik poorna soochi key liye, sudhaar koo apanaane kii tarikh taka raajyon kii soochi aur augberg sweekaarokti key liye god lene key varshon kii talika dekhein. sudhaar kii lahar ney pahale pavitra roman samrajya koo prabhaavit kiya, aur phir isake baad europeeya mahadweep key baaki hisson taka fail gayaa.
germany mein sabse adhik sankhya mein protestant sudhaarak they. pratyek raajya joe protestant bunn gayaa, usake apane sudhaarak they jinhone "evangelical" vishvaas mein yogdan diyaa. chunavi saxony mein saxony kaa evangelical-luthran church aayojit kiya gayaa thaa aur anya raajyon key liye ack udaaharan key roop mein kaary kiya gayaa thaa, halanki luther rajneeti key prashnon parr hathdharmi naheen they.
germany key baahar sudhaar.
sudhaar poore europe mein vyaapak roop seey fail gayaa, bohemia seey shuru hocker, check deshon mein, aur agale kuchh dashakon mein, anya deshon mein.
austriya.
austriya ney pavitra roman samrajya key bheetar german bhashi raajyon key samaan pattern kaa paalan kiya, aur luthernism apani aabaadi key beach mukhya protestant sweekaarokti bunn gayaa. vartamaan austriya key purvi aadhe hisse mein luthranwad ney ack mahatvapurna anusaran praapt kiya, jabaki calvinism cumm safal rhaa. antatah prati-parivartan key nishkasana ney pravritti koo ulat diyaa.
switzerland.
switzerland mein sudhaar kii vibhinn shaakhaon key beach lagaatar jhagadon key bavjood, sudharakon aur vishesh roop seey zwingly aur calvin kii shikshaon kaa gahara prabhaav padaa.
huldrich zwingly.
germany mein ghatnaaon key samanantar, huldrich zwingly key netritva mein swiss sangh mein ack andolan shuru huaa. zwingly ack vidwan aur upadeshak they joe 1518 mein zurich-tatkalin agrani shahar raajya-mein chaley gaye, ack saal baad martin luther ney apane nabbe-paanch shodh prabandhon key saath germany mein sudhaar shuru kiya. haalaanki donon andolan dharamshastra key kaee muddon parr sahmat hue, kyonki haal hii mein pesh kiye gaye mudran press ney vichaaron koo ack sthaan seey dusare sthaan parr teji seey failaaya, kuchh ansuljhe matbhedon ney unhein alag rakhaa. german raajyon aur swiss sangh key beach lambe samay seey chully aaa rahee narajgi ney iss baat parr garamagaram bahas kaa kaaran banaa kii zwingly ney apane vichaaron koo lutherwad key prati kitna rinee maanaa. haalaanki zwinglionism luthranwad key saath vichitra samaantaa rakhta haye (yahaan taka kii iska apana "nabbe-paanch shodh prabandhon" key barabar thaa, jise 67 nishkarsh kahaa jaataa haye), itihaaskaar yeh saabit karane mein asamarth rahey hain kii zwingly kaa 1520 seey pahale luther key prakashanon key saath koee sampark thaa, aur zwingly ney khud kahaa kii unhone khud koo unhein padhane seey roque diyaa thaa.
german rajkumar phillip ney ack sanyukt protestant morche mein taakat dekhate hue, zwingly aur luther key beach gathbandhan banaane kii kshamata dekhi. 1529 mein unake mahal mein ack baithak aayojit kii gaee thee, jise abb marberg kii bolchal key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe apani poorna viphalata key liye kukhyaat hoe gayaa haye. ack pramukh siddhant parr apane vivaad key kaaran donon loga kissy bhee samjhaute parr naheen aaa sakey. haalaanki luther ney pargaman parr dhaarmik sanskar mein upadesh kaa prachaar kiya, lekin vaha saamya kii rotty mein masih kii vaastavik upasthiti mein vishvaas karate they. dutch dharamshastri cornelius hoen seey prerit zwingly kaa maanana thaa kii communion bread kewal pratinidhi aur smaarak thee-masih maujood naheen they. luther itna krodhit hoe gayaa kii usane baithak kii mez mein prasiddh roop seey "hock est corpus meem" mein utkeern kiya-antim ratribhoj seey ack bibil uddharan jiska arth haye "yeh meraa shareer haye". zwingly ney iss kathan kaa prativaad kiya kii usa sandarbh mein "ist" shabd "signimate" (matlab) key barabar thaa.
zwingly key kuchh anuyaayiyon kaa maanana thaa kii sudhaar bahut roodhivaadi thaa aur swatantra roop seey adhik kattarpanthi padon kii or badhaa, jinamen seey kuchh aadhunik samay key anabaptists key beach jeevit hain. ise darshaane vaali ack prasiddh ghatana taba hui jaba kattarpanthi zwinglians ney achche karyon key church shikshan key virodh mein zurich shahar key chauk mein daal key dauran talaa huaa sossage khaaya. anya protestant andolanon kaa vikas rahasyavaad yaa manavtavad (see. aff.) kii tarj parr huaa. 1529 mein shaheed hue erasmus aur luis dee berquin), kabhi-kabhi rome seey yaa protestant seey tootate hue, yaa churchon key baahar banate hue.
johnn calvin.
luther key bahishkaar aur pope dwara sudhaar kii ninda key baad, johnn calvin key kaam aur lekhan switzerland, scotland, hangri, germany aur anya jagahon mein vibhinn churchon key beach ack khuli aam sahamati sthaapit karane mein prabhaavshaali they. 1526 mein isake bishap key nishkasana key baad, aur burn sudhaarak guillem (villium) ferrell key asafal prayason key baad, calvin koo kaanoon key chhaatr key roop mein ekatra kiye gaye sangathanaatmak kaushal kaa upayog karane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa taaki way geneva key "patit shahar" koo anushaasit curr sakein. 1541 key unake "adhyadeshon" mein shahar parishad key saath church key mamalon kaa sahyog shamil thaa aur jeevan key sabhi kshetron mein naitikta laane key liye shamil thaa. 1559 mein jineva akadami kii sthaapana key baad, jineva protestant andolan kii anaupchaarik rajdhani bunn gaee, joe poore europe seey protestant nirvaasiton key liye sharan pradaan karati thee aur unhein kailwinwadi missionaryon key roop mein shikshit karati thee. inn missionaryon ney calvinvad koo vyaapak roop seey titar-bitar kiya, aur calvin key apane jivankal mein francisi huguenots kaa gathan kiya aur 1560 mein johnn nox key netritva mein scotland mein fail gaye. annie loke ney iss samay key aspas calvin key kuchh lekhan kaa angreji mein anuvaad kiya. 1563 mein calvin kii mrityu key baad yeh vishvaas failata rhaa aur 17veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka yeh nirantar logon taka pahunch gayaa.
sudhaar kii neenv agastiyanvaad key saath judee hui thee. luther aur calvin donon ney hippo key augustin kii dhaarmik shikshaon key saath judey vichaaron koo apanaaya. sudharakon key augustinianwad ney pelagianwad key khilaf sangharsh kiya, ack aisaa pakhand jise way apane samay key catholic church mein maanate they. antatah, choonki calvin aur luther dharamshastra key kuchh mamalon (jaise kii dohare purvanirdharan aur pavitra samudaay) parr dridhata seey asahmat they, isaliye luthers aur kailvinvadiyon key beach sambandh sangharsh kaa ack thaa.
nordic desh.
sabhi scandinavia ney antatah 16veen shatabdi key dauran luthranwad koo apanaaya, kyonki denmark key samraton (jinhone norwey aur iceland parr bhee shasson kiya) aur sweeden (jinhone finland parr bhee shasson kiya) ney usa vishvaas mein parivartan kiya.
sweeden.
sweeden mein, sudhaar kaa netritva 1523 mein nirvaachit raajaa gustaav vaasaa ney kiya thaa, jisamen ack swedish paadari, olos petri ney pramukh yogdan diyaa thaa. swedish church key mamalon mein pope key hastakshep koo laker pope key saath takraav key kaaran 1523 seey sweeden aur pope key beach kissy bhee aadhikarik sambandh koo bund curr diyaa gayaa. chaar saal baad, westers key aahar parr, raajaa rashtriya church parr apane prabhutva koo sweekaar karane key liye aahar koo majboor karane mein safal rahey. raajaa koo sabhi church kii sampatti kaa adhikaar diyaa gayaa thaa, church kii niyuktiyon key liye shaahi anumodan kii aavashyakta thee, paadari nagrik kaanoon key adheen they, aur "bhagwan key shuddh shabd" kaa churchon mein prachaar kiya jaanaa thaa aur schools mein padhaaya jaanaa thaa-prabhaavi roop seey luthran vichaaron koo aadhikarik manjuri denaa. sudhaar key dauran sweeden mein apostolic uttaradhikar koo barkarar rakhaa gayaa thaa. luthranwad koo apnana bhee dack yuddh key visfot key mukhya karanon mein seey ack thaa, joe smalland mein kisaanon kaa vidroh thaa.
denmark.
fredrick aaee (1523-33) key shasankal mein, denmark aadhikarik taur parr catholic banaa rhaa. fredrick ney shuru mein luthers koo sataane kaa vaadaa kiya, phir bhee unhone jald hii luthran pracharakon aur sudharakon kii raksha karane kii neeti apnai, jinamen seey sabse prasiddh hains tousen they. unake shasankal key dauran, luthranwad ney dennish aabaadi key beach mahatvapurna paith banaai. 1526 mein, fredrick ney denmark mein bishapon key pope key nivesh parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa aur 1527 mein nae bishapon seey shulk kaa bhugtan taaj koo karane kaa adesh diyaa, jisase fredrick denmark key church kaa pramukh bunn gayaa. fredrick kaa betaa, christian, khule taur parr luthran thaa, jisane usake pitaa kii mrityu parr simhaasan key liye usake chunaav koo roque diyaa. 1536 mein, count key yuddh mein apani jeet key baad, vaha isai III key roop mein raajaa bunn gaye aur johannes buggenhagen kii sahaayata seey raajya church key sudhaar koo jaari rakhaa. octuber 1536 key coppenhagen avkash dwara, catholic bishapon kaa adhikaar samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
iceland.
raajaa isai key adesh seey pahale hii luther kaa prabhaav iceland taka pahunch chuka thaa. germans ney iceland key tata key paas machhali pakadi, aur hansiatic leag icelanders key saath vanijya mein luggy hui thee. inn germans ney 1533 kii shuruat mein hafnarfazorur mein ack luthran church kaa nirmaan kiya. german vyaapaar sambandhon key madhyam seey, kaee yuva icelanders ney hamberg mein adhyayan kiya. 1538 mein, jaba nae church adhyadesh kaa shaahi farman iceland taka pahuncha, tou bishap ogmundur aur unake paadari varg ney isaki ninda kii, german "pakhand" kii sadasyata lene vaale kissy bhee vyakti key liye bahishkaar kii dhamki dee. 1539 mein, raajaa ney sudhaar kii shuruat karane aur church kii sampatti parr kabja karane key janadesh key saath ack nae governor koo iceland, clouse wonn mervitz bheja. wonn mervitz ney apane sheriff, aahar mein samriddh, aur apane sainikon kii madad seey vide mein ack mathh koo jabt curr liya. unhone bhikshuon koo baahar nikaal diyaa aur unaki sabhi sampattiyon koo jabt curr liya, jisake liye unhein ogmundur dwara turant bahishkrit curr diyaa gayaa.
united kingdam.
ingland.
ingland kaa church.
heinry VIII key tahat rome seey ingland key church kaa algaav, 1529 mein shuru huaa aur 1537 mein puuraa huaa, iss vyaapak sudhaar andolan key saath ingland koo laaya. haalaanki robbert barnes ney heinry VIII koo luthran dharamshastra koo apanaane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin unhone 1538 mein aisaa karane seey incar curr diyaa aur 1540 mein unhein daanv parr lagaa diyaa. ingland key church mein sudharakon ney dashakon taka, catholic parampara aur sudhaar siddhanton key beach sahaanubhooti key beach baari-baari seey, dheere-dheere vikasit kiya, dheere-dheere majboot protestant siddhant key sandarbh mein, ack parampara koo catholic aur protestant paramparaon key beach ack madhyam maarg ("madhyam seey") maanaa jaataa haye.
angreji sudhaar ney mahadvipiya europe mein sudhaar seey ack alag maarg kaa anusaran kiya. lambe samay seey paadari-virodhi kaa ack majboot tanaav rhaa thaa. ingland ney pahale hii johnn wycliffe key laulard andolan koo janm diyaa thaa, jisane bohemia mein husites koo prerit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai thee. laulardy koo dabaa diyaa gayaa aur yeh ack bhoomigat andolan bunn gayaa, isaliye 1520 key dashak mein isake prabhaav kii seema kaa aaklan karna mushkil haye. angreji sudhaar kaa alag charitra iss tathya seey aaya kii yeh shuru mein heinry VIII kii raajneetik aavashyaktaon dwara sanchaalit thaa.
heinry ack baar ack imandar catholic they aur unhone luther kii kadee aalochana karate hue ack pustak bhee likhi thee. unaki patni, catherine off aragon ney unhein kewal ack hii bachche koo janm diyaa joe bachpan mein bachee, mairi. heinry dridhata seey ack purush uttaradhikari chaahte they, aur unaki kaee prajaaen sahmat hoe sakati theen, aggar kewal isaliye kii way gulab key yuddhon jaise ack aur rajvansh sangharsh seey bachana chaahte they.
catherine key saath apani shaadi koo radd karane seey incar curr diyaa, raajaa heinry ney rome key adhikaar seey ingland key church koo hataane kaa faisala kiya. 1534 mein, sarvochata key kaary ney heinry koo "ingland key church key prithvi parr ekmatra sarvocch pramukh" key roop mein maanyata dee. 1535 aur 1540 key beach, thomas cromwell key tahat, mathon key vighatan key roop mein jaani jaane vaali neeti koo lagu kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh santon kii pooja, kuchh teerthon aur kuchh teerthsthalon parr bhee hamla kiya gayaa. church kii bhoomi aur sampatti kii bhaari matra taaj key haathon mein chully gaee aur antatah kuleen varg aur kuleen varg key haathon mein chully gaee. iss prakaar nihit swarth koo vighatan key samarthan mein ack shaktishali bull key liye banaaya gayaa.
henrician sudhaar key kuchh ullekhaniya virodhi they, jaise kii thomas morr aur cardinal johnn fisher, jinhen unake virodh key liye maar diyaa gayaa thaa. sudharakon kaa ack badhata huaa dall bhee thaa joe usa samay mahadweep parr maujood kalvinwadi, luthran aur zwinglian siddhanton seey prabhaavit they. jaba heinry kii mrityu hoe gaee tou unake protestant bete edward vee ney unakaa uttaradhikari banaa, jinhone apane sashakt parshadon key madhyam seey (raajaa key uttaradhikar mein kewal nau saal aur unaki mrityu parr pandrah saal key honey key saath) somerset key duke aur northumberland key duke koo churchon mein chhaviyon koo nasht karane aur mantron koo bund karane kaa adesh diyaa. edward vee key tahat ingland kaa church mahadvipiya protestantwad key karib chalaa gayaa.
phir bhee, ack lokpriya star parr, ingland mein dharm abhee bhee pravaah kii sthiti mein thaa. mairi (1553-1558) key shasankal key dauran ack sankshipt catholic bahaali key baad, elizabeth pratham key shasankal key dauran ack shithil sahamati vikasit hui, halanki yeh bindu itihaskaron key beach kaafee bahas kaa ack haye. iss "elizabethan dhaarmik basti" ney kaafee hudd taka ack vishisht church parampara mein anglicanism kaa gathan kiya. samjhauta asahaj thaa aur ack taraf charam kalvivad aur doosari taraf kaitholikwad key beach bhatakane mein saksham thaa. lekin samkaaleen france mein khooni aur arajak sthiti kii tulanaa mein, yeh apekshaakrit safal rhaa, aanshik roop seey kyonki raani elizabeth satrahavin shatabdi mein shuddh kranti yaa angreji grihyuddh taka itani lambi jeevit rahee.
angreji asantusht.
mahadweep parr prati-sudhaar kii safalata aur aage key protestant sudhaar key liye samarpit ack shuddhatavadi dall key vikas ney elizabethan yug kaa dhruvikaran kiya, halanki yeh 1640 key dashak taka naheen thaa kii ingland mein dhaarmik sangharsh huaa thaa, joe isake padosiyon koo kuchh peedhiyon seey pahale huaa thaa.
praarambhik "shuddhatavadi andolan" (16veen-17veen shatabdi key anta mein) mein sudhaar (yaa kalviwadi) kiya gayaa thaa aur yeh ingland key church mein sudhaar key liye ack andolan thaa. isaki utpatti elizabethan dhaarmik basti key saath asantosh mein nihit thee. ingland key church kii ichcha thee kii way europe key protestant churchon, vishesh roop seey geneva seey adhik nikatata seey milate-julate houn. puritance ney churchon mein aabhushanon aur anushthaanon parr murtipuja (vastra, adhishesh, anga, janan) key roop mein apatti jataai, vastron koo "poppish pomp aur raag" kahaa (vastra vivaad dekhein). unhone church kii adalaton parr bhee apatti jataai. samanya prarthana kii pustak" key sabhi anushthaan nirdeshon aur sootron kaa poori tarah seey samarthan karane seey incar karane aur kanuni bull aur nireekshan dwara isake dhaarmik adesh koo lagu karane seey, shuddhatavad koo ack nishchit vipakshi andolan mein tej curr diyaa.
baad key shuddhatavadi andolan, jise aksar asantusht aur gair-anuroopavaadi key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, antatah vibhinn sudhaar sampradayon key gathan kaa kaaran banaa.
america mein sabse prasiddh pravaas ingland key anglican church seey puritan algavvadiyon kaa pravaas thaa. way pahale holland bhaag gaye, aur phir baad mein nyu ingland mein massachusets kii angreji coloney sthaapit karane key liye america chaley gaye, joe baad mein mool sanyukt raajya mein seey ack bunn gayaa. inn shuddhatavadi algavvadiyon koo "teerthyatriyon" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa. 1620 mein plymouth (joe massachusets kii coloney kaa hissa bunn gayaa) mein ack coloney sthaapit karane key baad, shuddh teerthyatriyon koo ingland key raajaa seey ack charter praapt huaa, jisane unaki coloney koo vaidh banaa diyaa, jisase unhein vyaapaar key siddhanton key anusaar ingland mein vyapariyon key saath vyaapaar aur vanijya karane kii anumati millie. nagrik aur dhaarmik pratibandhon koo massachusets key puritance dwara sabse sakhti seey lagu kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen vibhinn nirvasanon koo asantushton parr lagu kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen branding iron, whipping post, bilbo aur hangman kii fansi shamil thee. puritance dwara utpeedit ullekhaniya vyaktiyon mein annie hutchinson shamil hain jinhen antinomian vivaad key dauran rode dweep parr nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur quaker mairi dier jinhen coloney seey quakers parr pratibandh lagaane vaale puritan kaanoon kii baar-baar avahelana karane key liye boston mein fansi dee gaee thee. dier una chaar fansi diye gaye kwekaron mein seey ack they jinhen boston shahidon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. 1661 mein nishpaadan bund hoe gaye jaba raajaa charles dwiteeya ney massachusets koo spasht roop seey kissy koo bhee kwekarwad kaa daavaa karane key liye nishpaadit karane seey manaa curr diyaa. 1647 mein, massachusets ney ack kaanoon paarit kiya jisamen kissy bhee yahudi roman catholic pujari koo shuddh adhikaar kshetra key tahat kshetra mein pravesh karane seey pratibandhit kiya gayaa thaa. koee bhee sandigdh vyakti joe khud koo spasht naheen curr sakaa, usey coloney seey nishkaasit kiya jaanaa thaa; dusare aparaadh mein maut kii sajaa hoti thee.
teerthyatriyon ney chrismus key kattarpanthi virodh koo aswikar curr diyaa, aur isake utsav koo 1659 seey 1681 taka boston mein gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1681 mein angreji dwara niyukt governor admond andros dwara pratibandh koo radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jinhone shaniwar kii raaton mein utsavon parr ack shuddhatavadi pratibandh koo bhee radd curr diyaa thaa. phir bhee, yeh 19veen shatabdi key madhya taka naheen thaa kii chrismus manaane kaa chalan boston kshetra mein fashionable hoe gayaa.
wells.
bishap richard davis aur asantusht protestant maulavi johnn penri ney wells koo kailwinwadi dharamshastra kii shuruat kii. 1588 mein, landoff key bishap ney poori bible koo velsh bhasha mein prakaashit kiya. anuvaad kaa velsh aabaadi parr mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa aur velsh logon key beach dridhata seey protestantwad sthaapit karane mein madad kii. wells protestant ney 1618-1619 key paadari sabhaa key pratiroop kaa upayog kiya. charles II key tahat rajshahi kii bahaali key baad, aur wells key kailwinwadi paddhativaadi andolan key bheetar, shuddhatavadi kaal key madhyam seey calvinism vikasit huaa. haalaanki 19veen shatabdi key madhya seey pahale calvin key lekhan kii kuchh pratiyaan upalabdh theen.
scotland.
scotland key mamle mein sudhaar ney church kii sthaapana mein sudhaar key saath-saath raajneetik roop seey france parr angreji prabhaav kii jeet mein upadeshak roop seey parinati praapt kii. johnn nox koo scotish sudhaar key netaa key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye.
1560 kii sudhaar sansad ney "pope adhikaar kshetra adhiniyam 1560" dwara pope key adhikaar koo aswikar curr diyaa, jansamuh key utsav koo pratibandhit curr diyaa aur vishvaas key ack pradarshankari sweekaarokti koo manjuri dee. yeh regent mairi off guys key shasson key tahat francisi aadhipatya key khilaf ack kranti dwara sambhav huaa thaa, jisane apani anupasthit betty mairi, scott kii raani (taba france kii raani bhee) key naam parr scotland koo shaasit kiya thaa.
haalaanki protestantwad ney scotland mein apekshaakrit aasaani seey jeet hassil kii, lekin protestantwad kaa sateek roop nirdhaarit kiya jaanaa baaki rhaa. 17veen shatabdi mein presbyterianwad (vishesh roop seey vaachaon) aur episcopelianwad key beach ack jatil sangharsh dekhaa gayaa. presbyterians ney antatah scotland key church kaa niyantran hassil curr liya, jiska duniya bhar mein presbyterian churchon parr ack mahatvapurna prabhaav padaa, lekin scotland ney apekshaakrit badey episcopalian alpasankhyak koo banaae rakhaa.
france.
france mein pahale seey maujood waldensiyon key alawa, protestantwad german bhoomi seey bhee fail gayaa, jahan protestant koo "huguenots" upnaam diyaa gayaa thaa; yeh antatah dashakon key nagrik yuddh kaa kaaran banaa.
haalaanki vyaktigat roop seey dhaarmik sudhaar mein ruchi naheen thee, lekin francis aaee (shasson 1515-1547) ney shuru mein manavtawadi andolan mein apani ruchi key anusaar sahishnuta kaa ravaiya banaae rakhaa. 1534 mein takhtiyon key sambandh key saath yeh badal gayaa. iss adhiniyam mein, protestants ney france bhar mein dikhaai dene vaali takhtiyon mein catholic samooh kii ninda kii, yahaan taka kii shaahi apartment taka bhee. iss samay key dauran jaba dhaarmik aastha kaa mudda rajneeti key kshetra mein aaya, tou francis ney andolan koo raajya kii sthirata key liye ack khatare key roop mein dekhaa.
takhtiyon key sambandh key baad, doshiyon koo gher liya gayaa, cumm seey cumm ack darjan dharm-virodhi maare gaye, aur virodhiyon kaa utpeedan badh gayaa. usa samay france seey bhaagne vaalon mein seey ack johnn calvin they, joe 1535 mein besal chaley gaye aur antatah 1536 mein geneva mein buss gaye. geneva mein francisi raajaon kii pahunch seey parey, calvin ney france mein mandaliyon key liye mantriyon key prashikshan sahit apani mool bhoomi key dhaarmik mamalon mein ruchi lena jaari rakhaa.
jaise-jaise france mein protestant kii sankhya badhee, mukadame kii prateeksha curr rahey jailon mein dharm-virodhi logon kii sankhya bhee badhee. samanya mamalon mein mamalon key bhaar koo cumm karane key liye ack prayogaatmak drishtikon key roop mein, 1545 mein kewal vidharmiyon key mukadame key liye ack vishesh adalat kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. jaba heinry dwiteeya ney 1547 mein simhaasan sambhala, tou protestant kaa utpeedan badhaa aur dharm-virodhi logon key mukadame key liye vishesh adalaton kii bhee sthaapana sansad dee peris mein kii gaee. inn adalaton koo "laa chambrey ardente" ("agni kaksh") key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa kyonki unaki fansi parr maut kii sajaa dene kii pratishtha thee.
heinry II dwara bhaari utpeedan key bavjood, france key sudhaar church ney, joe kaafee hudd taka kailwinwadi thaa, desh key badey vargon mein, shahari poonjipati varg aur abhijaat varg key kuchh hisson mein, sthir pragati kii, aur catholic pratishthaan kii aagyakarita aur aatmasantushti seey alag-thalag padey logon seey appeal kii.
francisi protestantwad, halanki utpeedan key tahat isaki appeal badhee, ack spasht raajneetik charitra praapt karane key liye aaya, 1550 key dashak key dauran raeeson key dharmaantaran seey yeh aur adhik spasht hoe gayaa. isane vinashkari aur rook-rook curr honey vaale sanghrshon kii ack shrinkhala key liye poorv sharton koo sthaapit kiya, jise dharm key yuddhon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. 1559 mein heinry dwiteeya kii achaanak mrityu key saath grih yuddhon koo gati millie, jisase francisi taaj key liye kamjori kii ack lambi avadhi shuru hui. atyachar aur akrosh usa samay kii paribhaashit visheshataaen bunn gaeen, joe sent mein unake sabse teevra roop seey sachitra theen. agast 1572 key bartholomeu divas parr narsamhar, jaba catholic party ney poore france mein 30,000 aur 100,000 huguenots koo maar daala. yuddhon kaa samaapan kewal taba huaa jaba heinry IV, joe swayam ack poorv hugenot they, ney protestant alpasankhyak kii aadhikarik sahishnuta kaa vaadaa karate hue, nantus (1598) kaa adesh jaari kiya, lekin atyadhik pratibandhit paristhitiyon mein. catholic dharm aadhikarik raajya dharm banaa rhaa, aur agali shatabdi mein francisi protestants kii kismat dheere-dheere gir gaee, jisaki parinati lui XIV key fontainblo (1685) key shilalekh mein hui, jisane nantus key adesh koo radd curr diyaa aur kaitholikwad koo france kaa ekmatra kanuni dharm banaa diyaa, jisase kuchh hugunotes nicodemite key roop mein rahane lagey. fontainblo key adesh key jawab mein, brandenberg key nirvaachak fredrick villium aaee ney potsdam key adesh (octuber 1685) kii ghoshana kii, jisamen hugenot sharanarthiyon koo duss saal key liye mukt maarg aur unhein curr-mukt darja diyaa gayaa.
17veen shatabdi key anta mein, 000 hugnot ingland, neetherland, prussia, switzerland aur angreji aur dutch videshi upaniveshon mein bhaag gaye. france mein ack mahatvapurna samudaay seavence kshetra mein banaa rhaa. luthran vishvaas kaa ack alag protestant samudaay, alses key nae jeete gaye praant mein maujood thaa, isaki sthiti fontenblue key shilalekh seey prabhaavit naheen thee.
spen.
16veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, spen kaa raajneetik aur saanskritik parivesh apane paschimi aur madhya europeeya padosiyon seey kaee mayanon mein alag thaa, jisane sudhaar key prati rashtra kii mansikta aur pratikriya koo prabhaavit kiya. spen, joe haal hii mein 1492 mein moors seey praaydweep key punah vijay koo puuraa karane mein kamyab rhaa thaa, 1478 mein spanish poochtaachh kii sthaapana key madhyam seey nae jeete gaye kshetron kii muslim aur yahudi aabaadi koo parivartit karane mein vyast thaa. rashtra key shasakon ney raajneetik, saanskritik aur dhaarmik ekataa parr jore diyaa, aur luthran sudhaar key samay taka, spanish poochtaachh pahale seey hii 40 saal purani thee aur isamen kissy bhee nae andolan koo jaldi seey sataane kii kshamata thee jise catholic church key netaa dhaarmik vivaadi maanate they. charles vee spen yaa baaki habsberg europe koo vibhajit naheen dekhana chaahte they, aur ottomans seey nirantar khatare key aalok mein, roman catholic church koo bheetar seey sudhaar karate hue dekhana pasand karate they. isake kaaran 1530 key dashak mein spen mein ack prati-parivartan huaa. 1520 key dashak key dauran, spanish poochtaachh ney sandeh kaa mahaul paida curr diyaa thaa aur kissy bhee dhaarmik vichaar koo sandigdh key roop mein dekhane key liye jarh seey ukhaad fenkane kii koshish kii thee. 1521 kii shuruat mein, pope ney spanish rajshahi koo ack patra likhaa thaa jisamen uttari europe mein ashanti koo spen mein doharaane kii anumati dene key khilaf chetavani dee gaee thee. 1520 aur 1550 key beach, spen mein mudran press koo sakhti seey niyantrit kiya gayaa thaa aur protestant shikshan kii kissy bhee pustak koo pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
1530 aur 1540 key beach, spen mein protestantwad abhee bhee gupt roop seey anuyaayiyon koo praapt karane mein saksham thaa, aur seville aur valadolid jaise shaharon mein anuyaayi bible kaa prarthana karane aur adhyayan karane key liye gupt roop seey niji gharon mein milate they. spen mein protestants kaa anuman 1000 aur 3000 key beach thaa, mukhya roop seey una buddhijiviyon key beach jinhone yug key lekhan dekhe they. ullekhaniya sudharakon mein dow. juan gill aur juan perez dee pineda joe baad mein bhaag gaye aur 1556 taka puuraa kiye gaye ack kaary, yunani nae vasiyatname koo spanish bhasha mein anuvaadit karane key liye francisco dee anzinas jaise anya logon key saath kaam kiya. protestant shikshaon koo juuliyan hernandez jaise spanish logon dwara spen mein taskari kii gaee thee, jinhen 1557 mein poochtaachh dwara ninda kii gaee thee aur daanv parr jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa. phillip II key tahat, spanish church mein roodhivaadiyon ney apani pakad majboot curr lii, aur joe loga peechhe hatane seey incar curr rahey they jaise kii rodrigo dee valler koo aajivan karawas kii sajaa sunai gaee. maee 1559 mein, solah spanish luthers koo daanv parr jalaa diyaa gayaa thaah chaudah koo jalaaye jaane seey pahale galaa ghontkar maar diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki dou koo jinda jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa. octuber mein ack aur tees koo fansi dee gaee. spen key protestant joe desh seey bhaagne mein saksham they, way europe key cumm seey cumm ack darjan shaharon mein paae gaye, jaise kii geneva, jahan unamen seey kuchh ney kailwinwadi shikshaon koo apanaaya. joe loga ingland bhaag gaye unhein ingland key church dwara samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa.
navarre kaa raajya, halanki protestant sudhaar key samay taka ack chhoti riyasat kshetriyata dakshini france taka seemit thee, jisamen francisi hugenot samrat they, jinamen france key heinry IV aur unaki maan, navarre kii jeane III, ack dharmanishth kailwinwadi theen.
protestant sudhaar key aagaman parr, joens lizaraga dwara bible key bask bhasha mein anuvaad key madhyam seey kalvivad kuchh buniyaadi baaton taka pahunch gayaa. navarre kii raani key roop mein, jeane III ney apane vishayon key laabh key liye nae vasiyatnama kaa bask aur burneys mein anuvaad shuru kiya.
molinism ney roman catholic church key bheetar protestant key samaan ack soteriology prastut kii.
purtagaal.
sudhaar yug key dauran purtagaal mein protestantwad asafal rhaa, kyonki spen mein isi tarah key karanon seey iska prasaar nirash thaa.
neatherlands.
kaee anya deshon key vipareet, neetherland mein sudhaar satrah praanton key shasakon dwara shuru naheen kiya gayaa thaa, balki kaee lokpriya andolanon dwara shuru kiya gayaa thaa, joe badale mein mahadweep key anya hisson seey protestant sharanarthiyon key aagaman seey majboot hue they. jabaki sudhaar key shuruati dashakon mein anabaptist andolan ney iss kshetra mein lokpriyata kaa anand liya, dutch sudhaar church key roop mein calvinism, 1560 key dashak seey desh mein pramukh protestant vishvaas bunn gayaa. 17veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein calvinvad kii dou pravrittiyon, gomerist aur liberal arminian (yaa pradarshan karane vaale) key beach kailwinwadi church key bheetar aantarik dhaarmik sangharsh key parinamswarup gomerist calvinvad "vaastavik" raajya dharm bunn gayaa.
belgium.
pahale dou luthran entwerp, johann esk aur heinrich hose key bhikshu they, jinhen taba daanv parr jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa jaba way peechhe naheen hatenge.
phillip II kii spanish sarkaar dwara protestant key kathor utpeedan ney praanton mein swatantrata kii ichcha mein yogdan diyaa, jisake kaaran assie saal kaa yuddh huaa aur antatah, catholic-pradhaan dakshini neetherland (vartamaan belgium) seey badey paimaane parr protestant dutch ganarajya kaa algaav huaa.
1566 mein, belgium key sudhaar key charam parr, anumaanit 300,000 protestant, yaa belgium kii aabaadi kaa 20 pratishat thaa.
hangri.
hangri raajya kii adhikansh aabaadi ney 16veen shatabdi key dauran protestantwad koo apanaaya. 1526 kii mohakon kii ladaai key baad, hangri key loga apani raksha karane mein sarkaar kii asamarthata seey nirash hoe gaye aur unhone iss vishvaas kii or rukh kiya kii way aakramankari kaa virodh karane key liye aavashyak shakti key saath unhein prabhaavit karenge. unhone martin luther jaise protestant sudharakon key shikshan mein yeh paaya. desh mein protestantwad key prasaar mein isake badey jaatiya german alpasankhyak dwara sahaayata kii gaee thee, joe martin luther key lekhan koo samajh aur anuvaad curr sakate they. jabaki german aur slovak bhashi aabaadi key beach luthranwad ney pair jamaaye, calvinism jaatiya hungarians key beach vyaapak roop seey sweekaar kiya gayaa.
adhik swatantra uttar-paschim mein, shasakon aur pujaariyon ney, joe abb habsberg rajshahi dwara sanrakshit they, joe turkon seey ladane key liye maidan mein they, puraane catholic vishvaas kaa bachaav kiya. way virodhiyon koo jail aur jahan bhee way curr sakate they, vahaan daanv parr kheenchate they. haalaanki, iss tarah key majboot upaayon ney kewal virodh kii lapaton koo bhadkaya. protestant key netaaon mein matyas devai biro, mihali ztaraai, istwan zagedi kiss aur ferenk david shamil they.
16veen shatabdi key anta mein protestants ney sambhavatah hangri kii aabaadi kaa bahumat banaaya, lekin 17veen shatabdi mein prati-sudhaar prayason ney raajya key adhikansh hisse koo catholic dharm mein badal diyaa. ack mahatvapurna protestant alpasankhyak banaa rhaa, jiska adhikansh hissa kalvinwadi vishvaas kaa paalan kartaa thaa.
1558 mein turd key transylvanian aahar ney catholic aur luthran donon dharmon key swatantra abhyaas koo ghoshit kiya, lekin calvinism koo pratibandhit curr diyaa. duss saal baad, 1568 mein, aahar ney iss swatantrata koo badhaaya, yeh ghoshana karate hue kii "kissy koo bhee apane dharm key liye kaid yaa nishkasana key saath daraane kii anumati naheen haye. chaar dharmon koo "sweekrit" ("praapt") dharm ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa (chautha ekatmakta thaa, joe 1583 mein ekmatra ekaatmak raajaa, johnn dwiteeya sigismund zapolya, aar key vishvaas key roop mein aadhikarik hoe gayaa. 1540-1571), jabaki purvi roodhivaadi isai dharm koo "sahan" kiya gayaa thaa (halanki patthar key roodhivaadi churchon kaa nirmaan varjit thaa). tees saal key yuddh key dauran, shaahi (habsberg) hangri catholic paksh mein shamil hoe gayaa, jaba taka kii transylvania protestant paksh mein shamil naheen hoe gayaa.
1604 aur 1711 key beach, sabhi isai sampradayon key liye samaan adhikaaron aur swatantrata key liye ahwan karane vaale hobsberg virodhi vidrohon kii ack shrinkhala thee, jisamen alag-alag safalata millie; vidroh aamtaur parr transylvania seey aayojit kiye gaye they. 17veen shatabdi mein habsberg-sweekrit prati-sudhaar prayason ney raajya key adhikansh hisse koo catholic dharm mein badal diyaa.
hangri mein protestant shiksha kaa kendra kuchh shataabdiyon seey debrisen vishvavidyalaya rhaa haye. 1538 mein sthaapit, vishvavidyalaya 1600 aur 1700 key dashak key dauran ottoman turkey shasson key tahat purvi hangri key ack kshetra mein sthit thaa, jise islami sahishnuta kii anumati dee gaee thee aur iss prakaar prati-soochana utpeedan seey bachana thaa.
ireland.
ireland mein sudhaar dhaarmik jeevan aur sansthanon key sudhaar key liye ack andolan thaa jise ingland key raajaa heinry VIII key kahane parr angreji prashaasan dwara ireland mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa. apani shaadi koo radd karane kii unaki ichcha koo raajaa kii mahaan baat key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. antatah pope clement VII ney yachika koo aswikar curr diyaa; isake parinamswarup raajaa key liye apani ichchhaon koo kanuni prabhaav dene key liye apane kshetra mein church parr apana prabhutva sthaapit karna aavashyak hoe gayaa. angreji sansad ney ingland key raajya mein church parr raajaa kii sarvochata kii pushti kii. pope kii sarvochata key liye iss chunauti key parinamswarup roman catholic church key saath ack ullanghan huaa. 1541 taka, ayrish sansad desh kii sthiti koo ack swami pada seey ireland key raajya mein badalane key liye sahmat hoe gaee thee.
europe mahadweep parr dhaarmik sudhaar key liye samaan andolanon key vipareet, ireland mein vikasit angreji sudhaar key vibhinn charan kaafee hudd taka sarkari neeti mein parivartanon seey prerit they, jisake liye ingland mein janmat ney dheere-dheere khud koo samaayojit kiya. haalaanki, kaee karakon ney ireland mein dhaarmik navacharon koo apanaane mein jatilata paida kii; vahaan kii adhikansh aabaadi catholic church kaa paalan karati thee. haalaanki, doublin shahar mein sudhaar ney doublin key archbishop george braun key tatvavdhan mein pakad banaai.
itali.
1520 key dashak mein protestant sudharakon kii baat itali taka pahunchi lekin kabhi naheen pakadi gaee. iska vikas prati-soochana, poochtaachh aur lokpriya udasinta dwara roque diyaa gayaa thaa. church naa kewal pakhand kii talash aur daman mein atyadhik aakramak thaa, balki protestant netritva kii kamee thee. kissy ney bhee bible kaa italvi mein anuvaad naheen kiya; kuchh lekh likhe gaye they. protestantwad kaa koee mool naheen ubhara. kuchh prachaarak jinhone "luthranwad" mein ruchi lii, jaisa kii ise itali mein kahaa jaataa thaa, unhein dabaa diyaa gayaa, yaa uttari deshon mein nirvaasan mein chalaa gayaa, jahan unakaa sandesh achchi tarah seey praapt huaa thaa. parinamswarup, sudhaar ney catholic church koo majboot karane aur prati-sudhaar key dauran chala rahey durvyavaharon koo samaapt karane key liye dhakka dene key alawa itali mein lagbhag koee sthaayi prabhaav naheen daala.
kuchh protestants ney itali chhod diyaa aur mukhya roop seey polish-lithuanian rashtramandal (ee.jee. georgio biyandrata, bernardino ochino, jiyovanni alciato, jiyovanni batista setis, fosto sojini, franco stankaro aur jiyovanni valentino gentile), jinhone vahaan gair-trinitarianwad kaa prachaar kiya aur polish bhaaiyon key andolan key mukhya ukasaane vaale they. kuchh loga peater vermigly sahit ingland aur switzerland bhee bhaag gaye.
1532 mein, sudhaar seey sadiyon pahale seey maujood valdensian, khud koo sanrekhit karate they aur kailwinwadi dharamshastra koo apanaate they. paschimi alps mein kaee utpeedan key madhyam seey valdensian church jeevit rhaa aur itali mein ack protestant church banaa huaa haye.
polish-lithuanian rashtramandal.
16veen shatabdi key poorvaardh mein, vishal polish-lithuanian rashtramandal kaee dharmon aur churchon kaa desh thaa, jisamen shamil theh roman catholic, byzantine orthodox, armenian oriental orthodox, ashkenazi yahudi, kaaraai aur sunee musalman. vibhinn samoohon kii apani nyaayik pranaaliyan theen. protestant sudhaar kii poorv sandhya parr, isai dharm polland key raajya aur lithuania key grand duchy key bheetar pramukh sthiti mein thaa, aur catholic dharm koo purvi aur praachya roodhivaad kii keemat parr tarjihi upchaar praapt huaa.
sudhaar ney sabse pahale desh key uttar mein jyaadaatar german bhashi kshetron key madhyam seey polland mein pravesh kiya. 1520 key dashak mein luther key sudhaar jyaadaatar german bhashi nivaasiyon key beach fail gaye jaise kii danzig (abb gdansk), kaanta (abb torun) aur elbing (abb elblog). 1530 mein, conigsburg (abb kailininagrad) mein, luther key chhote catachism kaa ack polish-bhasha sanskaran prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. prussia kaa duchy, joe kii tutonic shurveeron dwara shaasit polish taaj kaa ack jagirdar thaa, andolan key ack pramukh kendra key roop mein ubhara, jisamen kaee prakaashan gharaane naa kewal german, polish aur lithuanian mein bible, balki catachism bhee jaari karate they. 1525 mein, tutanic shurveeron key antim grand master ney kshetra koo dharmnirpeksh banaa diyaa, luthran bunn gayaa, aur raajya church key roop mein luthernism kii sthaapana kii.
donon deshon key anya logon mein luthranwad key anuyaayi bahut cumm they. kalvinvad sabse adhik sankhya mein protestant samooh bunn gayaa kyonki dharm key bheetar raajya kii bhoomika parr calvin kii shikshaon ney kuleen varg (jise sjlachta key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) koo aakarshit kiya, mukhya roop seey cumm polland aur lithuania key bhavya duchy mein. 16veen shatabdi key madhya mein slomniki aur raako jaise sthaanon mein cumm polland mein kaee prakaashan ghar khole gaye they. usa samay, menonite aur check bhaai polland aae they. poorv vistula delta mein buss gaye jahan unhone delta key kuchh hisson koo plauder mein badalane key liye apani krishi kshamataon kaa upayog kiya. baad vaalaa jyaadaatar lesno key aspas badey polland mein buss gayaa. baad mein, socinus aur unake anuyaayi polland chaley gaye. mool roop seey polland mein sudhaar kiye gaye church mein kalvinwadi aur virodhi trinitarian (jinhen sosinian aur polish bhaaiyon key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) donon shamil they; haalaanki, way antatah trimurti parr apane alag vichaaron koo sametane mein asamarthata key kaaran vibhajit hoe gaye. catholic aur roodhivaadi isai donon hii dharm parivartan karane vaale kalvinwadi aur trinitor virodhi bunn gaye.
16veen shatabdi mein europe mein rashtramandal advitiya thaa kyonki isaki vyaapak sahishnuta kii pushti yuddh sangh dwara kii gaee thee. iss samjhaute ney sabhi raeeson koo dhaarmik sahishnuta pradaan keeh kuleen sampadaon parr rahane vaale kisaanon koo samaan suraksha naheen millie. 1563 mein, breast bible prakaashit hui (polish mein bible anuvaad bhee dekhein). raajaa sigismund III vaasaa (zigment vaasaa) key shasankal key dauran sahishnuta kii avadhi tanaav mein aaa gaee. sigismund, joe apadasth honey taka sweeden key raajaa bhee they, koo polish-lithuanian rashtramandal key raajaa key roop mein apane chunaav seey pahale sweeden mein jesuit dwara shikshit kiya gayaa thaa. apane shasankal key dauran, unhone desh mein sarvocch karyalayon key liye catholics kaa chayan kiya. isase pradarshankari kuleen varg key beach akrosh paida huaa; haalaanki, desh ney dhaarmik roop seey prerit grih yuddh kaa anubhav naheen kiya. thhos prayason key bavjood, kuleen varg ney yuddh sangh koo sanshodhit karane yaa radd karane key prayason koo aswikar curr diyaa, aur iss samjhaute kii raksha kii.
lagbhag nirantar yuddh kii 20 saal kii avadhi, jalpralaya ney drishtikon mein ack mahatvapurna modd koo chihnit kiya. sweeden key saath yuddh key dauran, jaba raajaa johnn kasimir (zaan casemiers) silasia bhaag gaye, tou seezochova kii mairi kaa prateek swedish balon key sainya virodh key liye raili kaa bindu bunn gayaa. desh mein lautane parr kihn johnn kasimir ney mairi koo polland kii raani kaa taaj pahanaaya. protestant, roodhivaadi aur muslim padosiyon key khilaf inn yuddhon key bavjood, yuddh sangh ack ullekhaniya apavaad key saath aayojit kiya gayaa. swedish vaapsee aur sangharsh viram key baad, poore kuleen varg (catholic, roodhivaadi aur protestant) key ravaiye ney polish bhaaiyon key khilaf rukh kiya. 1658 mein polish bhaaiyon koo desh chhodane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. unhein apani achal sampatti bechane aur apani chala sampatti lene kii anumati dee gaee thee; haalaanki, yeh abhee bhee agyaat haye kii unhein apani bhoomi key liye uchit bajar moolya milaa yaa naheen. 1666 mein, sejam ney maut kii sajaa key tahat catholic dharm seey kissy anya dharm mein dharmatyag parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. anta mein, 1717 mein, mook sejam ney gair-catholics koo sansad key pratinidhi banane seey pratibandhit curr diyaa.
catholic church ney polish-lithuanian rashtramandal koo phir seey badalane kii disha mein joe ranneeti apnai, vaha usaki ranneeti seey alag thee. advitiya sarkaar (polland ack ganarajya thaa jahan nagrik kuleen varg raajya kaa swaamitva rakhta thaa) kaa matlab thaa kii raajaa chaahe tou bhee ack dhaarmik samjhaute koo lagu naheen curr sakata thaa. isake bajaay catholic church ney anunaya kaa ack lamba aur sthir abhiyaan chalaaya. ruthenian deshon (mukhya roop seey aadhunik bellaroos aur ukraine) mein roodhivaadi church ney bhee isi tarah kii ranneeti apnai. isake alawa, roodhivaadi bhee catholic church mein shamil honey kii maang karate they (brazek [breast] key sangh mein puuraa kiya gayaa); haalaanki, yeh sangh polish-lithuanian rashtramandal mein catholic aur roodhivaadi kaa ack sthaayi, sthaayi aur poorna sangh praapt karane mein whiffle rhaa. polland mein catholic sudhaar kaa ack mahatvapurna ghatak shiksha thee. desh bhar mein kaee college aur vishvavidyalaya sthaapit kiye gaye theh iss sambandh mein jesuit aur chori karane vaale mahatvapurna they, lekin dominican jaise anya dhaarmik aadeshon kaa yogdan thaa. jabaki 16veen shatabdi key madhya mein kuleen varg ney jyaadaatar apane beton koo shiksha key liye videsh bheja (iss sambandh mein nae german protestant vishvavidyalaya mahatvapurna they), 1600 key dashak key madhya taka kuleen varg jyaadaatar shiksha key liye ghar parr hii rahey. nae catholic schools kii gunavatta itani achchi thee kii protestant ney swechha seey apane bachchon koo inn schools mein bheja. apani shiksha key madhyam seey, kaee kuleen kaitholikwad kii sarahana karane lagey yaa dharm parivartan key liye kattarpanthi bunn gaye. bhale hii kuleen varg kaa adhikansh hissa lagbhag 1700 mein catholic thaa, lekin inn bhoomi mein protestant baney rahey aur 20veen shatabdi mein poorv polish-lithuanian rashtramandal key german bhashi bhoomi key baahar protestantwad key kshetra paae jaa sakate they.
rashtramandal key sabse mahatvapurna protestants mein mikolaj ray, marcin chekovic, aurazej fries modrezevsky aur saiman budney they.
slovenia.
primose trubar sloven bhasha koo majboot karane key liye ullekhaniya haye aur kaee pahaluon mein ack pramukh sloven aitihaasik vyaktitva key roop mein slovenian saanskritik itihas kaa pramukh vyakti maanaa jaataa haye. vaha sloven bhoomi key protestant church key pramukh vyakti they, kyonki way isake sansthaapak aur isake pahale adheekshak they. sloven mein pahali pustaken, "catechismus" aur "abysaderium", trubar dwara likhi gaee theen.
grees.
paschimi church kii protestant shikshaon koo bhee 1629 mein yunani kulpita siril lucaris key madhyam seey purvi roodhivaadi church key bheetar geneva mein "confacio" (kailwinwadi siddhant) key prakaashan key saath sankshep mein apanaaya gayaa thaa. sudhaar key pahaluon koo apanaane key unake nirnay mein prerak karakon mein yunani roodhivaadi aur roman catholic churchon key beach aitihaasik pratidvandvita aur avishvaas shamil thaa, saath hii saath yunani janata key liye prati-parivartan kii shikshaon kaa prachaar karane key unake prayason mein yahudi pujaariyon key yunani bhoomi mein pravesh karane kii unaki chintaaen bhee shamil theen. baad mein unhone gallipoli key nae vasiyatname key aadhunik yunani bhasha mein anuvaad key liye maximos koo praayojit kiya aur yeh 1638 mein geneva mein prakaashit huaa. 1638 mein lucaris kii mrityu key baad, purvi roodhivaadi church key bheetar roodhivaadi guton ney dou sabhaon kaa ayojan kiyaah constantinople kaa sabhaa-mandal (1638) aur iac kaa sabhaa-mandal (1642) sudhaaron kii aalochana karate hue aur 1672 key deekshant samaroh mein, unhone aadhikarik taur parr kalvinwadi siddhanton kii ninda kii.
2019 mein, christos yannaras ney norman russell koo bataaya kii halanki unhone zho andolan mein bhaag liya thaa, lekin way ise gupt-pradarshankari key roop mein maanate they.
failaaen.
1517 mein shuru hue sudhaar poore europe mein fail gaye, 1545 aur 1620 key beach apane charam parr pahunche. protestantwad kaa sabse badaa bhaugolik vistaar 1545 aur 1620 key beach kissy bindu parr huaa. 1620 mein, safed parvat kii ladaai ney bohemia (abb check ganarajya) mein protestant koo haraaya, jinhone 1609 key rajpatra koo barkarar rakhane kii maang kii.
tees saal kaa yuddh 1618 mein shuru huaa aur ack bhaari kshetriya aur jansankhyikiya girawat laaee jaba habsberg key ghar ney madhya europe mein apani vishal sampatti mein prati-sudharatmak upaayon kii shuruat kii. haalaanki tees saal kaa yuddh westfelia kii shaanti key saath samaapt huaa, lekin jawabi-sudhaar key francisi yuddh jaari rahey, saath hii austriya mein protestant kaa nishkasana bhee jaari rhaa.
americi samajshastriya sameeksha" mein 2020 key ack adhyayan key anusaar, sudhaar una kshetron mein sabse pahale fail gayaa jahaan luther key pahale seey maujood samajik sambandh they, jaise kii mell samvaadaata, aur poorv chhaatr, saath hii saath jahaan unhone daura kiya thaa. adhyayan kaa tark haye kii inn samajik sambandhon ney mudran press kii tulanaa mein sudhaar kii shuruati safaltaon mein adhik yogdan diyaa.
nishkarsh aur viraasat.
sudhaar samaapt honey kii sateek yaa anumaanit tithi parr koee saarvbhaumik samjhauta naheen haye. vibhinn vyaakhyaaen alag-alag tithiyon, poori avadhi parr jore detee hain, yaa tark detee hain kii sudhaar vaastav mein kabhi samaapt naheen huaa. haalaanki, kuchh lokpriya vyaakhyaaen hain. 1555 mein augusberg kii shaanti ney aadhikarik taur parr donon samoohon key beach dhaarmik sangharsh koo samaapt curr diyaa aur pavitra roman samrajya key bheetar isai dharm key kanuni vibhajan koo sthaayi banaa diyaa, jisase shasakon koo apane raajya key aadhikarik sweekaarokti key roop mein luthranwad yaa roman kaitholikwad koo chunane kii anumati millie. ise vishvaas key sweekaarokti key adhiniyaman key saath samaapt honey key liye maanaa jaa sakata haye. anya sujhaae gaye anta key varsh prati-sudhaar yaa 1648 kii westfelia shaanti seey sambandhit hain. catholic drishtikon seey, doosari vatican parishad ney prati-sudhaar koo samaapt karane kaa ahwan kiya.
tees saal kaa yuddhah 1618-1648.
sudhaar aur prati-sudhaar yug key sanghrshon koo europeeya dharm yuddh kahaa jaataa haye. vishesh roop seey, tees saal key yuddh (1618-1648) ney germany key adhikansh hisse koo tabah curr diyaa, jisase isaki poori aabaadi kaa 25 pratishat seey 40 pratishat key beach maare gaye. habsberg key catholic gharaane aur usake sahyogiyon ney germany key protestant rajkumaron key khilaf ladaai ladee, jinhen vibhinn samay parr denmark, sweeden aur france dwara samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa. spen, austriya, bohemia, hangri, sloven bhoomi, spanish neetherland aur germany aur itali key adhikansh hisson parr shasson karane vaale habsberg catholic church key kattar rakshak they. kuchh itihaskaron kaa maanana haye kii sudhaar kaa yug taba samaapt huaa jaba catholic france ney habsberg rajvansh key khilaf protestant raajyon key saath gathbandhan kiya.
westfelia kii shaanti key dou mukhya siddhant, jinhone tees saal key yuddh koo samaapt kiya, theh
sandhi ney pope kii akhil-europeeya raajneetik shakti koo bhee prabhaavi dhang seey samaapt curr diyaa. pope nirdosh aiks ney apane apostolic sankshipt "zelo domas dei" mein sandhi koo "amaanya, amaanya, avaidh, anyaaypurna, anyaaypurna, nindaniya, aksham, sabhi samay key liye arth aur prabhaav seey khaali" ghoshit kiya. europeeya samprabhu, catholic aur protestant ney samaan roop seey unake faisale koo nazarandaj curr diyaa.
sudhaar key parinam.
pavitra roman samrajya key chhah rajkumar aur chaudah shaahi mukt shaharon key shaasak, jinhone spire (1529) key aahar key adesh key khilaf virodh (yaa asahamati) jaari kiya, protestant kahey jaane vaale pahale vyakti they. teen saal pahale pavitra roman samrat charles banaam kii manjuri key saath luthers koo dee gaee riyaayaton koo iss adesh ney ulat diyaa. protestant" shabd, halanki shuru mein vishuddh roop seey raajneetik prakriti kaa thaa, baad mein ack vyaapak arth praapt kiya, kissy bhee paschimi church key sadasya kaa ullekh karate hue joe mukhya protestant siddhanton koo sweekaar kartaa thaa. aaj, protestantwad isai dharm kaa doosara sabse badaa roop haye (kaitholikwad key baad), jisamen duniya bhar mein kull 800 million seey 1 billion anuyaayi hain yaa sabhi isaaiyon kaa lagbhag 37 pratishat haye. shikshaavid, manaviki aur vigyaan, raajneetik aur samajik vyavastha, arthavyavastha aur kalaa aur kaee anya kshetron mein pramukh yogdan key saath, protestants ney apani sanskriti vikasit kii haye. maanav poonji nirmaan, protestant naitikta, aarthik vikas, shasson aur "kaale" parinamon key sambandh mein sudhaar key nimnalikhit parinamon kii pehchaan vidvaanon dwara kii gaee haih
haalaanki, protestant kii anupasthiti kaa matlab sudhaar kii viphalata naheen haye. haalaanki protestant koo bahishkrit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur catholics seey alag samudaay mein pooja kii gaee thee (sudharakon key mool iraade key vipareet), unhein bhee dabaa diyaa gayaa thaa, aur adhikansh europe mein ack bindu parr prataadit kiya gayaa thaa. parinamswarup, unamen seey kuchh loga gupt-virodhiyon key roop mein rahate they, jinhen nicodemite bhee kahaa jaataa thaa, johnn calvin key aagrah key vipareet, joe chaahte they kii way apane vishvaas koo khule taur parr jeeyen. kuchh gupt-virodhiyon kii pehchaan lattin america mein pravaas karane key baad 19veen shatabdi key anta mein kii gaee haye.
itihas lekhan.
margaret see. jacob kaa tark haye kii sudhaar key itihas mein ack naatakiya badalaav aaya haye. 1960 key dashak taka, itihaskaron ney apana dhyaan kaafee hudd taka 16veen shatabdi key mahaan netaaon aur dharmshastriyon, vishesh roop seey luther, calvin aur zwingly parr kendrit kiya. unake vichaaron kaa gaharaai seey adhyayan kiya gayaa. haalaanki, 1960 key dashak mein nae samajik itihas key uday ney itihas koo neeche seey oopar taka dekhane kaa netritva kiya, naa kii oopar seey neeche taka. itihaskaron ney badey paimaane parr logon key moolyon, vishvaason aur vyavhaar parr dhyaan kendrit karna shuru curr diyaa. vaha paati haye, "samkaaleen vidvata mein, sudhaar koo abb ack vishal saanskritik uthal-puthal, ack samajik aur lokpriya andolan, apani vividhata key kaaran banaavat aur samriddh key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye."
sangeet aur kalaa.
chitrakala aur murtikala
imarat
saahitya
sangeet key roop
dhaarmik anushthaan
bhajan
dharmnirpeksh sangeet
aanshik roop seey sangeet key liye martin luther key pyaar key kaaran, sangeet luthranwad mein mahatvapurna hoe gayaa. pradarshankari bahul deshon mein sangeet key adhyayan aur abhyaas koo protsaahit kiya gayaa thaa. luthran bhajan yaa calvinist salter jaise geet protestant vichaaron aur maanyataon key prasaar key saath-saath pehchaan key jhande key liye upkaran bunn gaye. catholics key beach isi tarah kaa drishtikon vikasit huaa, jinhone badale mein dhaarmik uddeshyon key liye sangeet key nirmaan aur upayog koo protsaahit kiya.

