
graph

graphen carbon aur hydrogen kaa ack dwi-ayami bahulak haye jiska sootra ikai (ch) n haye jahan "n" badaa haye. aanshik hydrogenkaran key parinamswarup hydrogenyukt graphene hotaa haye, jise 2009 mein alias aur anya dwara ack asthaayi adhyayan dwara "ack nae graphene-adharit vyutpann key liye pratyaksh pramaan" bataaya gayaa thaa. lekhakon ney panorama koo "design kiye gaye electronic aur anya gunon key saath nae dou-ayami chrystal kii ack poori shrinkhala" key roop mein dekhaa. 
sanshleshan.
isaki taiyari 2009 mein report kii gaee thee. graphen koo graphene, kuchh-parat vaale graphene yaa uchch-unmukh pyrolytic graphite key electrolytic hydrogenikaran dwara banaaya jaa sakata haye. antim mamle mein hydrogenykrit sheersh paraton key yaantrik exfoliation kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye.
sanrachana.
graphen kaa pahala saiddhaantik vivaran 2003 mein bataaya gayaa thaa. sanrachana koo ack samooh vistaar vidhi kaa upayog karate hue paaya gayaa thaa, joe graphene key sabhi sambhaavit hydrogen anupaaton mein sabse sthir thaa. 2007 mein, shodhkartaon ney paaya kii yaugik carbon aur hydrogen vaale anya yaugikon, jaise benzene, cyclohexane aur polyethylene kii tulanaa mein adhik sthir haye. iss samooh ney anumaanit yaugik graphen kaa naam diyaa, kyonki yeh graphene kaa poori tarah seey santript sanskaran haye. 
graphen prabhaavi roop seey cyclohexane ikaaiyon seey banaa hotaa haye, aur cyclohexane key samanantar, sabse sthir sanrachanaatmak sanrachana samtaliya naheen hoti haye, balki kursi aur naav anuroop sahit ack samtal sanrachana hoti haye, taaki ring tanaav koo cumm kiya jaa sakey aur sp3-bandhe parmaanuon key liye 109.5 ° key aadarsh tetrahedral bonned konn kii anumati dee jaa sakey. haalaanki, cyclohexane key vipareet, graphen inn vibhinn anuroopakon key beach antar-parivartit naheen hoe sakata haye kyonki way naa kewal sthalvaigyaanik roop seey alag hain, balki way alag-alag vinyason key saath alag-alag sanrachanaatmak isomer bhee hain. kursi key conformer mein carbon seey padosi carbon taka tala key oopar yaa neeche hydrogen hotey hain, jabaki naav key conformer mein hydrogen paramanu tala key oopar aur neeche jode mein baari-baari seey hotey hain. twist-boat aur twist-boat-cheyar sahit anya sambhaavit anuroop isomer bhee hain. cyclohexane key saath, graphen key liye sabse sthir conformer kursi haye, jisake baad twist-boat sanrachana haye. jabaki kursi conformer kii bucking jaali sikudane kaa sanket degi, gananaon seey pataa chalata haye kii jaali vaastav mein lambe carbon-carbon (see-see) bandhanon key jaali antar parr virodhi prabhaav key kaaran lagbhag 30 pratishat taka failati haye, kyonki graphen key spu 3-bandhan seey graphene key spu 2-bandhan kii tulanaa mein 1.52 key lambe see-see bandhan kii paidawar hoti haye joe 1.42 key chhote see-bandhan kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. jaisa kii abhee sthaapit kiya gayaa haye, saiddhaantik roop seey yadi graphen sahee thaa aur harr jagah isaki sthir kursi conformer mein, jaali kaa vistaar hoga; haalaanki, una kshetron kaa astitva jahaan sthaaniya roop seey sthir twist-boat conformer haavi haye "prayogaatmak roop seey dekhe gaye jaali sankuchan mein yogdan detaa haye.jaba prayogkariyon ney graphen kii visheshta paaee haye, tou unhone jaali antaral kaa vitaran paaya haye, joe vibhinn anuroopakon koo pradarshit karane vaale vibhinn kshetron key anuroop haye. hydrogenkaran sanrachana mein koee bhee vikaar jaali sthiraank koo lagbhag 2% taka sankuchit curr detaa haye.
graphen ack avaahak haye. hydrogen key saath graphene kaa rasayanik karyatmakkaran graphene mein ack baind antaral kholane key liye ack upayukt vidhi hoe sakati haye. pee-doped graphen koo 90 key seey oopar key tii. see. key saath ack uchch-tapman bee. see. aiss. siddhant superconductor honey kaa prastaav haye.
roop.
aanshik hydrogenkaran (poori tarah seey hydrogenyukt) graphen key bajaay hydrogenyukt graphene kii or leey jaataa haye. aise yaugikon koo aamtaur parr "graphen jaisi" sanrachanaon key roop mein naamit kiya jaataa haye. graphen aur graphen jaisi sanrachanaaen graphene yaa kuchh parat vaale graphene yaa uchch-unmukh pyrolytic graphite key electrolytic hydrogenikaran dwara banaai jaa sakati hain. antim mamle mein hydrogenykrit sheersh paraton key yaantrik exfoliation kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye.
substrate parr graphene kaa hydrogenkaran kewal ack taraf prabhaavit kartaa haye, joe shatkon samroopata koo sanrakshit kartaa haye. laharon key astitva key kaaran graphene kaa ektarafa hydrogenkaran sambhav haye. kyonki baad vaalaa yaadrichhik roop seey vitarit kiya jaataa haye, praapt samagri dou-tarfa graph key vipareet avyavasthit hoti haye. aniling hydrogen koo failaane kii anumati detaa haye, joe graphene mein vaapas aaa jaataa haye. anukaranon ney antarnihit gatij tantra kaa khulasa kiya.
ghanatva karyatmak siddhant gananaon ney sujhaav diyaa kii anya samooh IV (aiss. aaee., jee. ee. aur aiss. aine.) nanocit key hydrogenykrit aur florin roop graphen key samaan guna prastut karate hain.
sambhaavit anuprayog.
pee-doped graphen koo 90 key seey oopar key tii. see. key saath ack uchch-tapman bee. see. aiss. siddhant superconductor honey key liye abhinirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye.
hydrogen bhandaran key liye graphen prastaavit kiya gayaa haye. hydrogenkaran tapman parr jaali sthiraank kii nirbharta koo cumm curr detaa haye, joe sateek upkaranon mein ack sambhaavit anuprayog koo ingit kartaa haye.

