
australia kaa itihas (1945-vartamaan)

1945 key baad seey australia key itihas mein aarthik samriddhi kii lambi avadhi dekhi gaee haye aur ack vistaarit aur bahu-jaatiya aapravaasan karyakram kii shuruat hui haye, joe raajneetik, samajik aur saanskritik sandarbhon mein britten seey door jaane aur sanyukt raajya america aur asia key saath judaav badhaane kii disha mein haye.
1940 key dashak kaa anta.
1944 mein, australia kii liberal party kaa gathan kiya gayaa, jisake sansthaapak netaa key roop mein robbert menzis they. yuddh key baad key shuruati dashakon mein party haavi hogi. 1944 mein ack nae raajneetik andolan key liye apane drishtikon koo rekhaankit karate hue, menzis ney kahaah
aprail 1945 mein, pradhaan mantri johnn curtin ney ack australiyai pratinidhimandal bheja jisamen attorney-general aur videsh mamalon key mantri aich vee iwat shamil they taaki sanyukt rashtra key gathan parr charcha kii jaa sakey. australia ney sanyukt rashtra key inn shuruati varshon mein ack mahatvapurna madhyasthata bhoomika nibhai, chhote aur madhyam shreni key deshon key liye ack badhee hui bhoomika aur yuu. aiss. mein rojgar adhikaaron key liye ack majboot pratibaddhata key liye safaltapurvak pairavi kii.aine. charter. evate sanyukt rashtra mahasabha key teesare satra (sitambar 1948 seey maee 1949) key adhyaksh chune gaye they.
jaba shram pradhaan mantri johnn curtin kaa julaai 1945 mein nidhan hoe gayaa. frank forde ney 6-13 julaai seey pradhaan mantri key roop mein kaary kiya, isase pahale kii party ney bayne chifale koo curtin key uttaradhikari key roop mein chunaa. poorv railway injan chaalak chifale ney 1946 kaa chunaav jeetaa. unaki sarkaar ney rashtriya pariyojanaon koo shuru kiya, jisamen burfley pahaadon kii yojana aur ack sahaayata praapt aapravaasan karyakram shamil thaa aur kendriya aarthik neetiyon koo apanaaya-rashtramandal koo aaykar kaa sangraahak banaana, aur niji bainkon kaa rashtriyakaran karna. juuna 1949 mein nyu south wells laber party key sammelan mein, chifley ney shram andolan koo paribhaashit karane kii maang keeh
teji seey anishchit aarthik drishtikon key saath, bainkon kaa rashtriyakaran karane key apane prayaas aur communist-bahul khanik sangh dwara koyla hadtaal key baad, chifale ney 1949 key sanghiya chunaav mein desh kii party key saath gathbandhan mein, menziyon kii naee sthaapit liberal party key haathon apana pada khou diyaa.
aapravaasan aur yuddh key baad kii teji.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, australia ney ack badey paimaane parr aapravaasan karyakram shuru kiya, yeh maanate hue kii japani aakraman seey bachane key baad, australia koo "aabaadi badhaani chaahiye yaa nasht honah chaahiye."jaisa kii pradhaan mantri bayne chifale ney baad mein ghoshana kii," ack shaktishali dushman australia kii or bhookh seey dekh rhaa thaa. cull kii bandook kii chamak mein vaha khatra phir seey aaa sakata haye. hamein australia koo jitani jaldi hoe sakey utani teji seey aabaadi mein laana chaahiye, isase pahale kii koee aur hamaare liye ise aabaadi mein laane kaa faisala karey."pahali baar badee sankhya mein yahoodiyon sahit saikadon hajaaron visthaapit europeeya, australia chaley gaye. yuddh kii samaapti key baad 20 varshon key dauran 20 laakh seey adhik loga europe seey australia chaley gaye.
shuru seey hii, yeh irada thaa kii inn pravasiyon kaa badaa hissa mukhya roop seey british dweepon seey honah chaahiye, aur yeh kii yuddh key baad kii aapravaasan yojana australiyai samaaj key british charitra koo sanrakshit karegi. halanki grate britten pravasiyon kaa pramukh srot banaa rhaa, lekin australia key mahatvakankshi aapravaasan lakshyon koo puuraa karane key liye srot deshon key pool kaa vistaar mahadvipiya europeeya deshon koo shamil karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. 1940 key dashak key anta seey, australia koo grees, itali, malta, germany, yugoslavia aur neetherland jaise deshon seey logon kii mahatvapurna laharen mileen. australia ney sakriya roop seey inn pravasiyon kii talash kii, sarkaar ney unamen seey kaee kii sahaayata kii aur unhein ack vistaarit arthavyavastha aur pramukh buniyaadi dhancha pariyojanaon key kaaran kaam milaa.
australiyai arthavyavastha yuddh seey tabah europe key vipareet khadee thee, aur nae pravasiyon koo ack teji seey badhate vinirmaan udyog aur sarkari sahaayata praapt karyakramon jaise kii burfley pahaadon kii yojana mein rojgar milaa. dakshin-poorv australia mein iss panbijali aur sinchai parisar mein 1949 aur 1974 key beach nirmit solah pramukh baandh aur saat bijli station shamil they. yeh australia mein shuru kii gaee sabse badee engineering pariyojana bunny hui haye. 30 seey adhik deshon key 100,000 logon key rojgar kii aavashyakta, kaee logon key liye yeh bahusaanskritik australia key janm koo darshaata haye.
1949 mein shram sarkaar (1945 mein johnn curtin kii mrityu key baad bayne chifale key netritva mein) koo menziyon key netritva vaali ack udaar-rashtriya party gathbandhan sarkaar dwara haraaya gayaa thaa. raajneetik roop seey, yuddh key turant baad key yug mein menzis sarkaar aur australia kii liberal party kaa prabhutva thaa, 1949 mein chifale sarkaar koo haraaya, kuchh hudd taka bainkon key rashtriyakaran key shram prastaav parr aur australiyai communist party seey prabhaavit ack pangu koyla hadtaal key baad. menzis desh key sabse lambe samay taka seva karane vaale pradhaanmantri bunn gaye aur graameen desh kii party key saath gathbandhan mein liberal party ney 1972 taka harr sanghiya chunaav jeetaa.
1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein sanyukt raajya america mein, samaaj mein saamyavaadi prabhaav key aaropon ney rajneeti mein tanaav koo ubharate dekhaa. soviyat sangh key sharanarthiyon ney purvi europe mein prabhutva jamaaya, jabaki australia key uttar mein, maao jedong ney 1949 mein cheeni grihyuddh jeetaa aur juuna 1950 mein, communist uttar koria ney dakshin koria parr aakraman kiya. menzis sarkaar ney dakshin koria key liye sainya sahaayata key liye sanyukt raajya key netritva vaali sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishad key anurodh kaa jawab diyaa aur koriyai yuddh mein australia kii bhagidari shuru karane key liye adhikrit japan seey balon koo modd diyaa. kadve gatirodh key liye ladane key baad, yuu. aine. aur uttar koriyai ney julaai 1953 mein ack sangharsh viram samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye. australiyai balon ney kapyong aur maryang saine jaisi badee ladaaiyon mein bhaag liya thaa. 17, 000 australiyai seva curr chuke they aur 1,500 seey adhik hataahat hue they, jinamen seey 339 maare gaye they.
koriyai yuddh key dauran, menzis sarkaar ney australia kii communist party koo pratibandhit karane kaa prayaas kiya, pahale 1950 mein kaanoon dwara aur baad mein 1951 mein janmat sangrah dwara. jabaki donon prayaas asafal rahey, aage kii antarrashtriya ghatnaaon jaise kii chhote soviyat dutawas key adhikaari vladmir petrov key dalbadal ney aasann khatare kii bhavna koo jodaa joe raajneetik roop seey menzis kii liberal-see. pee. sarkaar kaa paksh letee thee, kyonki laber party ney kendriya arthshastra koo aage badhaaya aur trade union andolan parr communist party key prabhaav key baare mein chintaon parr vibhajan kiya, jisake parinamswarup 1955 mein ack kadwa vibhajan huaa aur tootane vaali loktaantrik laber party (dee. ell. pee.) kaa uday huaa. dee. ell. pee. 1974 taka ack prabhaavshaali raajneetik shakti bunny rahee, joe aksar senate mein shakti kaa santulan rakhti thee. isaki prathmiktaon ney liberal aur country party kaa samarthan kiya. laber party kaa netritva aich ney kiya thaa.vee. 1951 mein chifale kii mrityu key baad evate 1960 mein sevaanivritt hue aur arther calvell unake baad netaa baney, jisamen ack yuva guff whitelam unake upa-netaa they.
menziyon ney 1950 key dashak mein rock aind roll sangeet aur television key aagaman key saath-saath nirantar aarthik uchhaal aur vyaapak samajik parivartan kii shuruat kii avadhi kii adhyakshata kii. 1956 mein, australia mein television ney prasaran shuru kiya, melburn ney olympic kii mejbani kii aur pahali baar, kalakar bairi humphries ney 1950 key dashak key melburn upnagar kii ack house-proud grihini kii parody key roop mein edna everage key charitra kaa pradarshan kiya (charitra koo baad mein aatm-jununi celebrity sanskriti kii aalochana mein parivartit kiya gayaa). yeh vichitra australiyai paatron key ird-gird adharit unake kaee vyangyapurna munch aur screen rachanaon mein seey pahala thaa.
1958 mein, australiyai deshi sangeet gaayak slim dusty, joe graameen australia kaa sangeet avtaar bunn jaayega, ney apane busch gaathaagit 'pub vid noo bear' key saath australia kaa pahala antarrashtriya sangeet chart hitt kiya thaa, jabaki rock aind roller johnny oh 'keefe kaa' wild vann 'rashtriya chart taka pahunchane vaalaa pahala sthaaniya recording bunn gayaa, joe #20 parr pahunch gayaa. 1960 key dashak mein soney seey pahale australiyai cinema ney 1950 key dashak mein apani khud kii samagri kaa thodaa saa utpaadan kiya, lekin british aur hollywood studio ney australiyai saahitya seey safal mahakavyon kii ack shrinkhala kaa utpaadan kiya, jisamen gharelu vikasit sitaare rafforty aur peater finch shamil they.
menzies rajshahi aur british rashtramandal key saath sambandhon key kattar samarthak baney rahey aur sanyukt raajya key saath ack gathbandhan koo aupchaarik roop diyaa, lekin japan key saath yuddh key baad key vyaapaar koo bhee shuru kiya, jisase koyla, lauh ayask aur khanij sansadhanon key australiyai niryaat mein vriddhi hui joe japan key australia kaa sabse badaa vyaparik bhagidar banane taka lagaatar chadhaai kartaa rhaa.
1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein, menzis sarkaar ney australia koo america aur paaramparik sahayogi britten donon key saath ack "triple gathbandhan" key hisse key roop mein dekhaa. sabse pahale, "australiyai netritva ney kootneeti mein lagaatar british samarthak line kaa vikalp chunaa", jabaki saath hii dakshin poorv asia mein america koo shamil karane key avsaron kii talash mein. iss prakaar, koriyai yuddh key alawa, sarkaar ney malay apatkal key liye sainya balon koo bhee pratibaddh kiya aur 1952 key baad british paramanu parikshanon kii mejbani kii. australia suez sankat key dauran angrejon koo samarthan dene vaalaa ekmatra rashtramandal desh bhee thaa.
menzis ney 1954 mein ack shaasak samrat dwara australia kii pahali yatra parr raani elizabeth dwiteeya kaa ack prabhaavshaali swaagat kiya. haalaanki, dakshin poorv asia mein british prabhaav mein girawat key roop mein, americi gathbandhan kaa australiyai netaaon aur australiyai arthavyavastha key liye adhik mahatva hoe gayaa. australia mein british nivesh 1970 key dashak key anta taka mahatvapurna rhaa, lekin 1950 aur 1960 key dashak key dauran britten key saath vyaapaar mein girawat aaee. 1950 key dashak key anta mein australiyai senaa ney americi sainya upkaranon kaa upayog karke phir seey susajjit karna shuru curr diyaa. 1962 mein, america ney uttar paschim cape mein ack nausainik sanchaar station kii sthaapana kii, joe agale dashak mein nirmit kaee mein seey pahala thaa. sabse mahatvapurna baat yeh haye kii 1962 mein, australiyai senaa key salaahkaaron koo dakshin viyatnami balon koo prashikshit karane mein madad karane key liye bheja gayaa thaa, ack vikaasheel sangharsh mein british kii koee bhoomika naheen thee.
1951 mein hastaaksharit anzus suraksha sandhi kii utpatti australia aur newzealand key sashastr japan key darr seey hui thee, lekin saamyvaad virodhi key madhyam seey naee prerana millie. america, australia aur newzealand parr isake daayitva aspasht hain, lekin australiyai videsh neeti kii soch parr iska prabhaav, kabhi-kabhi mahatvapurna hotaa haye. kewal teen saal baad hastaaksharit seat sandhi ney ubharate sheet yuddh mein ack americi sahayogi key roop mein australia kii sthiti koo spasht roop seey pradarshit kiya. 26 navambar 1967 koo, australia woomera seey resat koo prakshepit karate hue prithvi kii kaksha mein ack upgrah sthaapit karane vaalaa satwan rashtra bunn gayaa.
jaba menzis janwari 1966 mein sevaanivritt hue, tou unhein udaar netaa aur pradhaan mantri key roop mein herold holt dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. holt sarkaar ney viyatnam mein badhate yuddh key liye australiyai pratibaddhata koo badhaaya; dashamlav mudra mein roopaantaran kaa nireekshan kiya aur kaee asiai netaaon kii yatra aur mejbani karke aur sanyukt raajya america mein sambandhon kaa vistaar karke, ack americi rashtrapati, unake dost lindon johnson dwara australia kii pahali yatra kii mejbani karke, asia seey britten kii vaapsee kaa saamana kiya. ullekhaniya roop seey, holt kii sarkaar ney "pravaasan adhiniyam 1966" pesh kiya, jisane safed australia neeti key nihit tantra koo prabhaavi dhang seey samaapt curr diyaa aur viyatnam yuddh seey bhaagne vaale sharanarthiyon sahit gair-europeeya pravasiyon taka pahunch badhaa dee. holt ney 1967 key janmat sangrah koo bhee kahaa, jisane australiyai samvidhaan mein bhedbhavpurna khand koo hataa diyaa, jisamen mool australiyai logon koo janganana mein giney jaane seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa-janmat sangrah una kuchh logon mein seey ack thaa jinhen australiyai matdaataon dwara bhaari samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa (90 pratishat seey adhik ney 'haan' mein matdan kiya).
holt ney 65 varshon mein sabse badey sansadiya bahumat key saath 1967 kaa chunaav jeetaa, lekin disambar 1967 mein ack surf beach parr tairate samay holt doob gayaa aur johnn gorten (1968-1971) ney usaki jagah leey lii. gorten sarkaar ney viyatnam key prati australia kii pratibaddhata koo samaapt karna shuru curr diyaa, kalaa key liye dhana mein vriddhi kii, purushon aur mahilaaon key beach vetan kii maankeekrit darein aur australiyai vyaapaar koo asia key karib leey jaanaa jaari rakhaa. 1969 key chunaav mein udaarvaadi matdaataon key samarthan mein girawat kaa saamana karna padaa aur party key aantarik vibhajan mein gorton koo villium mcmohan (1971-1972) dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa aur goff whitlam key netritva mein ack punarjeevit australiyai shram dall kaa saamana karate hue, udaarvaadi lagaatar 23 varshon kii record avadhi key karyalaya mein apane antim charan mein pravesh curr gaye.
1960 aur 1970 kaa dashakah "australiyai naee lahar".
1960 key dashak key madhya seey, australia mein rashtriya gaurav aur pehchaan kii ack naee aur adhik swatantra bhavna kaa pramaan ubharana shuru huaa. 1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein, australia kaa rashtriya nyaas australia kii praakritik, saanskritik aur aitihaasik viraasat key sanrakshan mein sakriya honah shuru huaa. australiyai tv, jaba hamesha humm parr aur british ayaat parr nirbhar thaa, sthaaniya roop seey banaae gaye natakon aur haasyon koo dikhaai diyaa, aur hatyaa jaise karyakramon ney majboot sthaaniya wafadari vikasit kii, jabaki jhaadi kangaru ack vaishvik ghatana bunn gaee. yuddh key shikaar poorv ladaakoo pilot, udaarvaadi pradhaan mantri johnn gorton ney khud koo "bootheels key liye australiyai" key roop mein varnit kiya aur gorton sarkaar ney kalaa key liye australiyai parishad, australiyai film vikas nigam aur rashtriya film aur television prashikshan school kii sthaapana kii.
1960 key dashak key anta aur 1970 key dashak kii shuruat aksar australiyai sanskriti key foolon seey judee hui haye. swadeshi australiyai logon ney adhik adhikaar hassil kiye, aapravaasan pratibandhon aur censorship kaanoonon koo darkinar curr diyaa gayaa, desh bhar mein theatre aur opera companiyon kii sthaapana kii gaee, aur australiyai rock sangeet khil gayaa. 1971 kaa springboke ragbi daura australia mein adiwasi anyaay key baare mein jagrukta badhaane mein prabhaavshaali thaa aur australia koo dakshin africa key saath khel sambandhon koo todane vaalaa pahala paschimi rashtra banane key liye bhee prerit kiya. dakshin africa key rangbhed shasson key khilaf ack mahatvapurna kadam mein, kaee australiyai (walabi sahit) nasleeya roop seey chayanit dakshin african team dwara daure key khilaf pradarshan kiya. australiyai media tycoon kerrie packer ney 1970 key dashak mein cricket key khel key paaramparik lokachar koo badal diyaa, vishva shrinkhala cricket kaa aavishkaar kiya, jisase khel key vibhinn aadhunik antarrashtriya roopon key kaee pahalu vikasit hue hain.
pratishthit sidney opera house antatah kaee deree key baad 1973 mein khola gayaa. usee varsh, patrick white saahitya key liye nobel puraskar jeetane vaale pahale australiyai baney. 1970 key dashak taka australiyai itihas schooly pathyakramon mein dikhaai dene lagaa thaa aur 1970 key dashak kii shuruat seey, australiyai cinema ney vishisht australiyai vishayon parr adharit feature filmon kii australiyai naee lahar kaa nirmaan karna shuru curr diyaa. film vittaposhan gorten sarkaar key tahat shuru huaa, lekin yeh dakshin australiyai film nigam thaa jisane film nirmaan kaa samarthan karane mein agrani bhoomika nibhai aur unaki mahaan safaltaon mein sarvotkrisht australiyai filmein "ravivaar bahut door" (1974) "picnic aitt hanging rock" (1975), "breaker morent" (1980) aur "gallipoli" (1981) shamil theen. rashtriya vitt poshan nikaay, australiyai film aayog kii sthaapana 1975 mein kii gaee thee.
1969 mein seema shulk aur utpaad shulk key liye nae udaar mantri, donn chip kii niyukti key baad australia key censorship kaanoonon mein bhee mahatvapurna badalaav hue. 1968 mein, bairi humphries aur nicolaus garland kii cartoon pustak jisamen larikin charitra bairi mckenzie koo pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. phir bhee kuchh hii varshon baad, iss pustak koo aanshik roop seey sarkari dhana key samarthan seey ack film key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa. annie pender kaa sujhaav haye kii bairi mckenzie charitra australiyai raashtravaad koo manaaya aur parody kiya. itihaaskaar richard white kaa yeh bhee tark haye kii "jabaki 1970 key dashak mein nirmit kaee naatak, upanyaas aur filmein australiyai jeevan key pahaluon kii gahan aalochana karati theen, way 'nae raashtravaad' seey avashoshit theen aur unaki australiyaita key liye sarahana kii."
australia aur viyatnam yuddh.
menzis sarkaar ney 1962 mein dakshin viyatnam kii sahaayata key liye australiyai sainya prashikshan karmiyon kii pahali chhoti tukadi bheji, jisase viyatnam yuddh mein australia kii dashak bhar kii bhagidari shuru hui. dakshin viyatnam mein sarkaar key netaa aine. jee. dee. dee. aim. ney america aur usake sahyogiyon seey suraksha sahaayata kaa anurodh kiya thaa. australia sarkaar ney europe aur asia mein saamyvaad key prasaar koo rokane key vaishvik prayaas key hisse key roop mein pratibaddhata kaa samarthan kiya.
shuru mein lokpriya, viyatnam mein australia kii bhagidari, aur vishesh roop seey bharti kaa upayog, baad mein raajneetik roop seey vivadaspad hoe gayaa aur badey paimaane parr virodh dekhaa gayaa, halanki way adhikansh bhaag key liye shantipurna they. sanyukt raajya america ney 1965 mein yuddh mein ack badee vriddhi shuru kii aur joe sarkaar yuddh key baad yuddh mein safal hui, usane sangharsh key liye australia kii sainya pratibaddhata koo badhaa diyaa. 1967 key chunaav mein holt ney bhaari bahumat hassil kiya. haalaanki, 1969 taka, yuddh virodhi virodh pradarshanon ney gati pakad lii thee aur jabaran bharti kaa virodh badh rhaa thaa, aur adhik logon koo vishvaas thaa kii yuddh naheen jeetaa jaa sakata thaa. gorten sarkaar (1969 key chunaav mein cumm bahumat key saath lauti) ney 1970 seey australiyai karmiyon koo badalana bund curr diyaa. 1970 aur 1971 mein badey sthagan march hue aur australia kii sainya pratibaddhata 1971 taka jaari rahee aur navambar mein antim batalian ney nooee koo chhod diyaa. 1972 mein whitlum sarkaar key chunaav ney juuna 1973 mein yuddh mein australia kii chhoti shesh bhagidari koo ack aadhikarik samaapan parr laaya, jisamen saigan mein australiyai dutawas kii raksha karane vaali antim pulton kii vaapsee hui. australiyai senaayen kaafee hudd taka nui daat, phuk tuya praant mein sthit theen, aur 1966 mein viet kaang key khilaf lambe tunn kii ladaai aur 1968 key tett aakraman key khilaf bachaav key roop mein aisee ullekhaniya ladaaiyon mein bhaag liya. lagbhag 60,000 australiyai viyatnam mein seva curr chuke they aur yuddh key parinamswarup 521 kii mrityu hoe gaee thee. jaise-jaise yuddh alokpriya hoe gayaa, pradarshankari aur mukhar virodh karane vaale pramukh hoe gaye aur sangharsh key baad key charanon mein sainikon koo aksar ghar lautane parr shatrutapurna swaagat kaa saamana karna padaa.
1975 kii shuruat mein communists ney ack badaa hamla shuru kiya jisake parinamswarup 30 aprail koo saigan kaa patan huaa. shaahi australiyai vayu senaa ney antim maanviya nikasi mein sahaayata kii. saamyavaadi jeet key baad, australia ney viyatnami sharanarthiyon key punarvaas mein sahaayata kii, jisamen hajaaron loga 1970 aur 1980 key dashak key madhyam seey australia kii or badh rahey they.
papua nyu ginny aur nauru swatantrata.
australia ney 20veen shatabdi key adhikansh samay taka papua nyu ginny aur nauru kaa prashaasan kiya thaa. british nyu ginny (papua) 1906 mein australia mein chalaa gayaa thaa. german nyu ginny koo pratham vishva yuddh key dauran australia dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa, joe yuddh key baad rashtron kii ack leag bunn gaee thee. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key kadve nae ginny abhiyaan key baad, jisamen shaahi japan dwara aadhe dweep parr kabja dekhaa gayaa, papua aur nae ginny key kshetra kii sthaapana 1949 mein australia key prashaasit kshetra papua aur nae ginny key kshetra key beach ack prashaasnik sangh dwara kii gaee thee. baahari kshetron key liye udaar mantri aur nyu ginny, papua aur nyu ginny ney 1972 mein swa-sarkaar koo apanaaya aur 15 sitambar 1975 koo australia mein whitelam sarkaar key karyakal key dauran, yeh kshetra papua nyu ginny kaa swatantra rashtra bunn gayaa.
australia ney 1914 mein german samrajya seey nauru dweep parr kabja curr liya thaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran japani kabje key baad, yeh australia key tahat ack gair-vishvaas kshetra bunn gayaa aur 1968 mein swatantrata praapt karane taka aisaa hii rhaa. 1989 mein nauru ney khanan seey hue nuksan key liye hegg mein antarrashtriya nyayalaya mein australia parr mukadama daayar kiya. australia ney adalat key baahar 10.7 karod dollar key ekmusht niptan aur paryaavaran punarvaas key liye 25 laakh dollar key barabar vaarshik wazife key liye sahmat hocker mamle kaa niptara kiya.
whitelam, fraser aur barkhastagi.
vipaksh mein 23 varshon key baad disambar 1972 mein nirvaachit, shram ney guff whitelam key tahat pada jeetaa aur samajik parivartan aur sudhaar kaa ack mahatvapurna karyakram shuru kiya. whitlum ney chunaav seey pahale kahaa thaah "hamaare karyakram key teen mahaan uddeshya hain. way hain-samaantaa koo badhaava denaa; australia key logon koo isamen shamil karna... nirnay lena...; aur pratibhaon koo mukt karna aur australiyai logon key kshitij koo oopar uthaana."
whitlam key kaary tatkaal aur naatakiya they. kuchh hii hafton key bheetar viyatnam mein antim milliclentary salaahkaaron koo vaapas bulaa liya gayaa aur rashtriya seva samaapt hoe gaee. chean key janvaadi ganarajya koo maanyata dee gaee thee (whitlam ney 1971 mein chean kaa daura kiya thaa jabaki vipakshi netaa ney) aur taiwan mein dutawas bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. agale kuchh varshon mein, vishvavidyalaya shulk samaapt curr diyaa gayaa aur ack rashtriya swaasthya dekhbhal yojana sthaapit kii gaee. school key vittaposhan mein mahatvapurna badalaav kiye gaye, jise unaki sarkaar kii "sabse sthaayi ekal upalabdhi" maanaa jaataa haye. talaak aur parivarik kaanoon koo udaar banaaya gayaa.
whitlam kii kattarpanthi aur adharmi shally ney antatah kaee matdaataon koo alag-thalag curr diyaa, aur kuchh raajya sarkaaren unaki sarkaar key prati khule taur parr shatrutapurna theen. choonki isane senate koo niyantrit naheen kiya thaa, isaliye isake adhikansh kaanoonon koo aswikar yaa sanshodhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. joh zelke-pieterson kii queensland country party sarkaar key sanghiya sarkaar key saath vishesh roop seey kharaab sambandh they. maee 1974 mein chunaavon mein phir seey chune jaane key baad bhee senate apane raajneetik agende mein ack baadha bunny rahee. sansad kii ekmatra sanyukt baithak mein, agast 1974 mein, kaanoon key chhah pramukh tukade paarit kiye gaye.
1974 mein, whitlam ney laber party key poorv sadasya aur nyu south wells key pradhaan nyayadhish johnn cair koo governor-general key roop mein seva karane key liye chunaa. 1974 key chunaav mein nichale sadan mein cumm bahumat key saath whitelam sarkaar koo phir seey chunaa gayaa. 1974-75 mein sarkaar ney hamein videshi rinn mein $4 billion udhaar lene key baare mein socha. mantri rakes konor ney pakistan key ack rinn dalal key saath gupt charcha kii aur khajanchi zim cairns ney iss mudde parr sansad koo gumrah kiya. yeh tark dete hue kii sarkaar rinn mamle key baad aksham thee, vipakshi liberal-country party gathbandhan ney senate mein sarkaar key dhana bilon koo paarit karane mein deree kii, jaba taka kii sarkaar ack nae chunaav kaa vaadaa naheen karati. vipaksh key netaa malcum fraser ney jore dekar kahaa kii whitlum ney incar curr diyaa. gatirodh taba samaapt hoe gayaa jaba 11 navambar 1975 koo governor-general, johnn cair dwara whitelam sarkaar koo barkhast curr diyaa gayaa aur ack chunaav lambit rahane parr, karyavahak pradhaan mantri key roop mein fraser koo sthaapit kiya gayaa. australiyai samvidhaan dwara governor general koo dee gaee "aarakshit shaktiyon" ney ack nirvaachit sarkaar koo samrat key pratinidhi dwara chetavani key binaa barkhast karane kii anumati dee thee.
1975 key anta mein hue chunaavon mein, malcum fraser aur gathbandhan koo bhaari jeet millie.
fraser sarkaar ney baad key dou chunaavon mein jeet hassil kii. fraser ney rajkoshiya sanyam badhaane kii maang karate hue whitelam yug key kuchh samajik sudhaaron koo banaae rakhaa. unaki sarkaar mein pahale adiwasi sanghiya saansad, neville bonner shamil they, aur 1976 mein, sansad ney adiwasi bhoomi adhikaar adhiniyam 1976 paarit kiya, joe uttari kshetra taka seemit honey key bavjood, kuchh paaramparik bhoomi key liye "avibhajya" mukt adhikaar kii pushti kartaa haye. fraser ney bahusaanskritik prasarak aiss. bee. aiss. kii sthaapana kii, viyatnami naav logon key sharanarthiyon kaa swaagat kiya, rangbhed dakshin africa aur rhodesia mein alpasankhyak shwet shasson kaa virodh kiya aur soviyat vistaarvaad kaa virodh kiya. haalaanki aarthik sudhaar kaa ack mahatvapurna karyakram naheen chalaaya gayaa thaa aur 1983 taka, australiyai arthavyavastha gambhir sookhe key prabhaavon key beach mandee mein thee. fraser ney "raajyon key adhikaaron" koo badhaava diyaa thaa aur unaki sarkaar ney 1982 mein tasmania mein franklin baandh key nirmaan koo rokane key liye rashtramandal shaktiyon kaa upayog karane seey incar curr diyaa thaa. ack udaar mantri, donn chip ney ack naee samajik udaarvaadi party, 1977 mein australiyai loktantriyon kaa gathan karane key liye party seey alag hoe gaye they aur franklin baandh prastaav ney australia mein ack prabhaavshaali paryaavaran andolan key udbhav mein yogdan diyaa thaa, jisamen australiyai greens sahit shaakhaaen theen, ack raajneetik dall joe baad mein paryavaranvad key saath-saath vampanthi samajik aur aarthik neetiyon koo aage badhaane key liye tasmania seey ubhara thaa.
1980 aur 1990 key dashak.
bobb hock, joe whitelam kii tulanaa mein cumm dhruvikaran karane vaale shramik netaa they, ney 1983 key chunaav mein fraser koo haraaya. naee sarkaar ney australia key uchch nyayalaya key madhyam seey franklin baandh pariyojana koo roque diyaa. 1980 key dashak mein australia key bhavishya key aarthik swaasthya key baare mein gambhir chintaaen dekhi gaeen, jisamen gambhir chaalu khaate kaa ghaata aur kaee baar uchch berojgari thee. hock ney, khajanchi paul keating key saath milkar dakshata aur pratispardha badhaane key liye sookshm-aarthik aur audyogik sambandhon mein sudhaar kiya. whitelam model kii praarambhik viphalata aur fraser key tahat aanshik vighatan key baad, hock ney medicare naamak swaasthya beema kii ack naee, saarvbhaumik pranali koo phir seey sthaapit kiya. udyog aur naukariyon kii raksha key liye shulk key liye paaramparik shram samarthan koo baaj aur keating ney chhod diyaa. way australia kii vittiya pranali koo viniyamit karane aur australiyai dollar koo 'floating' karane key liye chaley gaye. majdoori kii maangon koo madhyam karane aur badale mein curr katauti sweekaar karke adhik lachili kaary sthiti vyavastha koo sweekaar karane key liye trade yuniyanon key saath ack samjhauta kiya gayaa thaa. antatah, kaee sudhaar, joe lagaatar sarkaaron dwara jaari rakhe gaye, arthavyavastha koo aage badhaane mein safal prateet hotey hain.
australiyai dwishtabdi 1988 mein canbara mein ack nae sansad bhawan key udghaatan key saath manai gaee thee. agale varsh australiyai rajdhani kshetra ney swa-shasson hassil kiya aur jervice khaadi kshetron key liye mantri dwara prashaasit ack alag kshetra bunn gayaa.
americi gathbandhan key samarthak, hock ney 1990 mein iraq dwara kuwait parr aakraman key baad khaadi yuddh key liye australiyai nausena balon koo pratibaddh kiya. chaar safal chunaavon key baad, lekin bigadati australiyai arthavyavastha aur badhati berojgari key beach, baaz aur keating key beach teevra pratidvandvita ney laber party koo netaa key roop mein baaz kii jagah lene key liye prerit kiya aur paul keating 1991 mein pradhaan mantri baney.
1992 mein berojgari 11.4% taka pahunch gaee-joe mahamandi key baad seey sabse adhik haye. udaar-rashtriya vipaksh ney 1993 key chunaav mein aarthik sudhaar kii ack mahatvakankshi yojana kaa prastaav rakhaa thaa, jisamen vastu aur seva curr kii shuruat bhee shamil thee. khajaanedaron koo aapas mein jodkar curr key khilaf jordar prachaar kiya aur 1993 kaa chunaav jeetaa. karyalaya mein apane samay key dauran, keating ney asia prashant kshetra key saath sambandhon parr jore diyaa, indoneshiya key rashtrapati suharto key saath nikatata seey sahyog kiya aur aarthik sahyog key liye ack pramukh munch key roop mein aeye. pee. ee. see. kii bhoomika koo badhaane key liye abhiyaan chalaaya. keating swadeshi mamalon mein sakriya thee aur 1992 mein australia key aitihaasik mabo nirnay key uchch nyayalaya koo bhoomi key liye swadeshi swaamitva kii maanyata key liye ack vidhaayi pratikriya kii aavashyakta thee, jisaki parinati deshi swaamitva adhiniyam 1993 aur bhoomi nidhi adhiniyam 1994 mein hui. 1993 mein, keating ney ack ganarajya salaahkaar samiti kii sthaapana kii, taaki australia key ack ganarajya banane key vikalpon kii jaanch kii jaa sakey. videshi rinn, byaaj darr aur berojgari abhee bhee adhik honey key kaaran, aur mantri pada key isteefon kii ack shrinkhala key baad, keating 1996 kaa chunaav liberal key johnn howard seey haar gaye.
sanyukt raajya seey poorna samprabhuta.
australia adhiniyam 1986 key kaaran australia aur britten key beach lagbhag sabhi samvaidhaanik sambandh toot gaye. yeh paarit honey seey hassil kiya gayaa thaa jisane australia key liye kaanoon banaane key british sansad key adhikaar koo hataa diyaa aur australiyai raajyon kii sarkaar mein kissy bhee british bhoomika koo samaapt curr diyaa. isane australiyai adalaton seey landan mein british privy council mein appeal karane key adhikaar koo bhee hataa diyaa. sabse mahatvapurna baat yeh haye kii yeh adhiniyam australia key sabhi samvaidhaanik dastavejon key poorna niyantran mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa.
swadeshi australia.
australia mein swadeshi adhikaaron key liye abhiyaanon kaa ack lamba itihas rhaa haye. aadhunik yug mein, 1938 ack mahatvapurna varsh thaa. dugglus nichols jaise pramukh swadeshi kaaryakartaon kii bhagidari key saath, "australiyai adiwasi unnati leag" ney australia mein british key pahale bede key aagaman kii 150veen varshgaanth koo chihnit karane key liye ack virodh divas kaa ayojan kiya aur sabhi adivasiyon key liye poorna nagrikta adhikaaron key liye apana abhiyaan shuru kiya. 1940 key dashak mein, adivasiyon key liye jeevan kii sthiti bahut kharaab hoe sakati thee. ack permit pranali ney kaee adiwasi logon key liye aavaajaahi aur kaam key avsaron koo pratibandhit kiya. 1950 key dashak mein, sarkaar ney "ekikaran" kii neeti apnai, joe adivasiyon key liye poorna nagrikta adhikaar praapt karane kii maang karati thee, lekin yeh bhee chaahati thee kii way anya australiyai logon key jeevan key tareeke koo apanaaen (jise aksar saanskritik pehchaan key daman kii aavashyakta maani jaati thee).
1950 key dashak key baad seey, australiyai logon ney nasleeya muddon key prati apane drishtikon parr punarvichaar karna shuru curr diyaa. ack adiwasi adhikaar andolan kii sthaapana aur samarthan kaee udaarvaadi shwet australiyai logon dwara kiya gayaa thaa aur shwet australia neeti key khilaf ack abhiyaan bhee shuru kiya gayaa thaa. 1967 kaa janmat sangrah aayojit kiya gayaa aur samvidhaan mein sanshodhan karane key liye bhaari manjuri dee gaee, bhedbhavpurna sandarbhon koo hataa diyaa gayaa aur rashtriya sansad koo vishesh roop seey swadeshi australiyai logon key liye kaanoon banaane kii shakti dee gaee. aksar dohrai jaane vaali pauranik kathaaon key vipareet, iss janmat sangrah mein adiwasi logon parr nagrikta koo shamil naheen kiya gayaa thaa, naa hii isane unhein vote diyaa thaah unake paas pahale seey hii donon they. haalaanki, iss shakti koo raajya kii sansadon seey door sthanantarit karane seey swadeshi australiyai bhandar kii pranali kaa anta hoe gayaa, joe pratyek raajya mein maujood thee, jisane swadeshi logon koo adhik swatantra roop seey jaane aur pahali baar apane kaee nagrikta adhikaaron kaa prayog karane kii anumati dee. 1960 key dashak key anta seey swadeshi bhoomi adhikaaron key liye ack andolan bhee vikasit huaa.
1960 key dashak seey vibhinn samooh aur vyakti samaantaa aur samajik nyaay kii khoj mein sakriya they. 1960 key dashak key madhya mein, sidney vishvavidyalaya key shuruati adiwasi snatakon mein seey ack, charles perkins ney bhedbhaav aur asamaanta koo ujagar karane key liye australia key kuchh hisson mein swatantrata kii sawari aayojit karane mein madad kii. 1966 mein, wave hill station (vesty samooh key swaamitva vaale) key gurinji logon ney samaan vetan aur bhoomi adhikaaron kii maanyata kii khoj mein vincent lingiyari key netritva mein hadtaal shuru kii.
1970 key dashak key dauran australiyai sansadon mein swadeshi australiyai logon ney pratinidhitva karna shuru curr diyaa. 1971 mein liberal party key neville bonner koo ack sevaanivritt senator koo badalane key liye queensland sansad dwara niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, joe sanghiya sansad mein pahala adiwasi bunn gayaa thaa. 1972 key chunaav mein bonner koo senator key roop mein vaapas laaya gayaa aur 1983 taka baney rahey. uttari kshetra mein desh kii liberal party key highsinth tungutalam aur queensland kii rashtriya party key erich deeral, 1974 mein kshetra aur raajya vidhaansabhaaon key liye chune gaye pahale swadeshi loga bunn gaye. 1976 mein, surr dugglus nichols koo dakshin australia kaa governor niyukt kiya gayaa, joe australia mein upa-kshetriya karyalaya rakhane vaale pahale adiwasi bunn gaye. australiyai loktantravadiyon ney 1990 key dashak key dauran senator key roop mein kaary kiya, lekin agast 2010 mein paschim australiyai liberal caine vyaat taka kissy bhee swadeshi vyakti koo pratinidhi sabhaa key liye naheen chunaa gayaa thaa.
1984 mein, pintupi logon key ack samooh koo paschimi australia key gibson registan mein ack paaramparik shikari-sangrahakarta registan-nivaas jeevan jee rahey they aur ack basti mein laaya gayaa thaa. maanaa jaataa haye kii way australia mein antim sumperkhein janjaati hain. 1985 mein, baaz sarkaar ney uluru (jise pahale ayyar rock key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa) kaa swaamitva sthaaniya pitjantjatjara adiwasi logon koo vaapas curr diyaa.
1992 mein, australia key uchch nyayalaya ney mabo mamle mein apana nirnay sunaaya, jisamen "terrara nulius" kii pichhali kanuni avadharana koo amaanya ghoshit kiya gayaa. usee varsh, pradhaan mantri paul keating ney apane redfern park bhaashan mein kahaa kii australiyai adiwasi samudaayon koo lagaatar hoe rahee kathinaaiyon key liye europeeya basane vaale jimmedaar theh 'hamane hatyaaen keen. humm bachchon koo unaki maataon seey leey gaye. hamane bhedbhaav aur bahishkaar kaa abhyaas kiya. yeh hamari agyaantaa aur hamara purvagrah thaa. 1999 mein sansad ney pradhaanmantri johnn howard aur adiwasi senator addon ridgeway dwara taiyar kiye gaye sulah key prastaav koo paarit kiya, jisamen swadeshi australiyai logon key saath durvyavahar koo hamaare rashtriya itihas mein sabse "kalankit adhyaay" key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa.
kaee swadeshi australiyai khel aur kalaa mein pramukh rahey hain. aadhunik samay mein adiwasi kalaa kii kaee shailiyaan vikasit hui hain, jinamen albert namatjira key hermensburg school key jall rung chitra aur aikrelik papunya tulaa "dott art" andolan shamil hain. paschimi registani kalaa andolan 20veen shatabdi kaa vishva star parr prasiddh kalaa andolan bunn gayaa. odgeru mandukal (1920-1995) ack prasiddh adiwasi kavi, lekhak aur adhikaar karyakarta they jinhen kavita kii pahali adiwasi pustakah "humm jaa rahey hain" (1964) prakaashit karane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. saili morgan key upanyaas "maaee place" koo swadeshi kahaaniyon koo vyaapak dhyaan mein laane key mamle mein ack safal sansmaran maanaa gayaa thaa. pramukh adiwasi buddhijivi marcia langton (pahale australiyai, 2008) aur noel nashpati ("mission seey oopar", 2009) australiyai saahitya mein sakriya samkaaleen yogadankarta hain. 1955 kii "jedda", pahali australiyai feature film thee jisamen adiwasi abhinetaon koo mukhya bhoomikaon mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa aur cance film samaroh mein pravesh karane vaali pahali thee. 1976 kii fred skeepisi dwara nirdeshit "dha chaint off jimmi blacksmith" ack adiwasi busheranger kii dukhad kahani key baare mein thomas kenelli kii ack pustak seey ack puraskar vijeta aitihaasik naatak thaa. 1990 key dashak aur 21veen sadee kii shuruat mein swadeshi australiyai logon seey sambandhit filmon kii sankhya mein bhee vriddhi hui. 2006 mein, rolf dee heer kii "taine canoe" ack swadeshi bhasha mein shoot kii jaane vaali pahali pramukh feature film bunn gaee aur film koo caine aur anya jagahon parr maanyata dee gaee. khel mein evon goolagong kauli 1971 mein vishva kii number ack ranking vaali tennis khilaadi baneen aur apane currier key dauran 14 grand slam khitaab jeete. 1973 mein arther beatson kissy bhee khel mein apane desh kii kaptani karane vaale pahale swadeshi australiyai baney jaba unhone pahali baar australiyai rashtriya ragbi leag team, kangaru kaa netritva kiya. 1982 mein, maark elaa australiyai rashtriya ragbi union team, vaalaabeez key kaptan baney. olympic swarn padak vijeta kaithi freeman ney sidney mein 2000 grishmakaaleen olympic udghaatan samaroh mein olympic kii lau koo prajwalit kiya.
21veen sadee kii shuruat mein, adhikansh swadeshi australia gair-swadeshi australia kii tulanaa mein swaasthya aur shiksha key nimn manakon seey peedit rhaa. 2007 mein, olympic champion kaithi freeman aur ian thorpe dwara 25 varshon key bheetar swadeshi swaasthya samaantaa praapt karane key uddeshya seey "close dha gap abhiyaan" shuru kiya gayaa thaa. 2007 mein, pradhaan mantri johnn howard aur swadeshi mamalon key mantri maal baro ney uttari kshetra mein rashtriya aapaatkaaleen pratikriya shuru kii. chhote bachchon key jawab mein kshetra mein swadeshi samudaayon key beach baal shoshan key aaropon mein pavitra report haye, sarkaar ney uttari kshetra mein nirdhaarit samudaayon mein sharaab parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa; aavashyak vastuon kii khareed key liye kalyan bhugtan kaa ack pratishat alag curr diyaa; kshetra mein atirikt pulis aur chikitsa karmiyon koo bheja; aur swadeshi samudaayon taka pahunch key liye permit pranali koo nilambit curr diyaa.
beesavin shatabdi key adhikansh samay key dauran, australiyai sarkaaron ney kaee adiwasi bachchon koo unake parivaaron seey hataa diyaa thaa. iss pratha ney adiwasi logon koo saanskritik aur bhaavnaatmak roop seey bahut nuksan pahunchaaya, jisase inn parivaaron kaa varnan karane key liye chori kii peedhi shabd koo janm diyaa. 1997 mein sanghiya sarkaar kii ack report key prakaashan key baad seey, "unhein ghar laane" key liye sabhi raajya sarkaaron ney adiwasi logon koo apani pichhali prathaon key liye aupchaarik maafi jaari karane mein report kii sifarish kaa paalan kiya haye, jaisa kii kaee sthaaniya sarkaaron ney kiya haye. hourd sarkaar ney adiwasi logon aur vyaapak samudaay key kaee vargon kii daleelon key bavjood sanghiya sarkaar kii or seey iss tarah kii maafi maangane seey incar curr diyaa, yeh kahate hue kii yeh aadhunik gair-swadeshi australia parr antar-peedhigat aparaadh koo nihit kartaa haye. haalaanki, cavin rudd key netritva mein naee sarkaar ney 13 farwari 2008 koo aupchaarik dvidaliya maafi kaa netritva kiya.
ganatantravaad.
21veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, australia 1901 mein apanaae gaye australiyai samvidhaan key tahat ack samvaidhaanik rajshahi banaa huaa haye, jisamen australiyai sarkaar dwara chune gaye governor-general dwara samrat key kartavyon kaa paalan kiya jaataa haye. australiyai ganatantravaad joe 1890 key dashak kii ack visheshta thee, pratham vishva yuddh key dauran lupt hoe gayaa. australia mein rajshahi key liye samarthan raani elizabeth dwiteeya dwara 1954 key betahasha safal daure key saath purushon key varshon key dauran charam parr thaa. prince charles ney 1960 key dashak key dauran australia mein school mein padhaai kii. 1970 key dashak taka ganarajya kaa mudda phir seey naheen uthaa. 1990 key dashak mein ise pradhaanmantri paul keating dwara rashtriya bahas mein sabse aage laaya gayaa thaa, jinhone 1993 mein 2001 mein sangh kii shatabdi taka ack "australiyai sanghiya ganarajya" pesh karane kaa vaadaa kiya thaa.
howard sarkaar ney 1998 mein iss mudde kii jaanch karane key liye ack samvaidhaanik sammelan bulaaya. pratinidhiyon mein ganarajya, rajtantravadi aur tatasth dalon kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale niyukt aur nirvaachit pratinidhi shamil they. sammelan ney ack gantantra model kaa prastaav rakhaa aur australiyai matdaataon kii manjuri key liye ack janmat sangrah bulaaya gayaa. 6 navambar 1999 koo aayojit janmat sangrah yaa tou matdaataon key bahumat yaa raajyon key bahumat kaa samarthan praapt karane mein whiffle rhaa. australia key gantantra banane key paksh mein matdaataon kaa rashtriya vote 45.13% thaa, jabaki 54.87% isake khilaf thaa.
australiyai laber party ney ganarajya kii vakaalat kii, jabaki liberalon ney sadasyon koo donon pakshon key liye abhiyaan chalaane kii anumati dee. ganarajya key liye ullekhaniya pracharakon mein sabhi jeevit poorv shram pradhaan mantri aur poorv udaar pradhaan mantri malcum fraser aur nivartamaan khajanchi peater costello shamil they. ullekhaniya rajtantravadiyon mein pradhaan mantri johnn howard, australia key uchch nyayalaya key nyayadhish michael kirbi, poorv shram vipaksh key netaa bill haydon aur liberal aboriginal elder neville bonner shamil they. liberal party key bhavishya key netaa malcum turnbull, jinhone australiyai ganarajya andolan kaa netritva kiya aur tonny abot, jinhone samvaidhaanik rajshahi key liye australiyai logon kaa samarthan kiya, ney virodhi vichaar rakhe.
nyaayamurti michael kirbi (pragatisheel australiyai nyayshastra mein ack rajtantravadi aur agrani vyakti) ney ganarajya janmat sangrah kii viphalata koo duss karakon key liye jimmedaar thaharaayaah dwi-pakshapaat kii kamee; anuchit jaldbaji; ack dhaarana kii ganarajya koo badey shahar key abhijaat varg dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa; ganrajyon dwara "deshdrohi" key roop mein rajtantravadiyon kaa "avamoolyan"; sammelan dwara ack lacheele ganarajya model koo apnana; prastaavit vishisht model key baare mein chintaaen (mukhya roop seey ack pradhaan mantri ack rashtrapati koo khariz curr sakata haye); whitelam yug seey judey badey "naamon" kaa upayog karane kii ack ganarajya ranneeti; chhote raajyon mein prastaav kaa majboot virodh; media mein ack virodhi-utpaadak republican purvagrah; aur samvaidhaanik parivartan key sambandh mein ack australiyai matdaataon key beach ack savdhani.
kuchh ganrajyon ney roodhivaadi aur rajtantravadi pradhaan mantri johnn howard (1996 mein nirvaachit) koo doshi thaharaaya, jinake netritva ney nishchit roop seey gantantra key uddeshya mein sahaayata naheen kii. lekin anya mahatvapurna kaarak they, jinamen "nyuntam" ganarajya key beach vibhajan shamil thaa, joe chaahte they kii ack australiyai rashtrapati koo sanghiya sansad dwara chunaa jaae (jaisa kii, udaaharan key liye, germany mein hotaa haye), aur adhik "kattarpanthi" ganarajya joe seedhe nirvaachit rashtrapati chaahte they, jaise kii ayrish ganarajya mein. janmat ney sujhaav diyaa kii ack ganarajya kewal tabhi sweekarya hoga jaba ack rashtrapati seedhe nirvaachit hoe. choonki janmat sangrah kaa prastaav apratyaksh roop seey nirvaachit rashtrapati key liye thaa, isaliye kaee kattarpanthiyon ney iska virodh kiya.
gillard shram sarkaar, jisane 2010 key australiyai chunaav key baad ack trishanku sansad mein satta sambhali, ney raani elizabeth dwiteeya key shasankal key dauran ack australiyai ganarajya key liye vote key mudde parr phir seey vichaar naheen karane kaa irada dikhaaya haye, jabaki vipakshi udaar-rashtriya gathbandhan kaa netritva samvaidhaanik rajshahi key samarthak tonny abot ney kiya haye. shaahi parivaar mein saanskritik ruchi bunny hui haye, jisamen aprail 2011 mein rajkumar villium aur catherine middleton kii shaadi dekhane key liye 7 million australiyai (aabaadi kaa ack tihai) shamil hain.
2011 mein, ack ganarajya key liye australiyai saarvajanik samarthan march 1994 key baad seey apane sabse nichale star parr gir gayaa. ack ganarajya key liye samarthan 41 pratishat thaa, jisamen simhaasan parr charles aur unaki patni camilla key saath ack paridrishya mein uttardaataon kaa samarthan 48 pratishat taka badh gayaa.
beesavin shatabdi key anta mein sainya vyastataaen.
viyatnam yuddh key baad, australiyai sainya balon koo sanyukt rashtra shaanti abhiyaanon mein seva key alawa, 1970 aur 1980 key dashak key baaki hisson mein kaafee hudd taka ghar parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. saif helicopters ney sinai mein sanchaalan kiya; aur australiyai balon ney ack british rashtramandal abhiyaan mein sahaayata kii jaba zimbabwe ney apani swatantrata hassil kii; saath hii namibia mein bhee isi tarah kaa abhiyaan chalaaya.
bobb hock berlin kii deewaar key girane aur sheet yuddh key anta key samay pradhaan mantri they, jisane antarrashtriya sambandhon key ack nae yug kii shuruat kii thee. 1991 mein hock sarkaar dwara khaadi yuddh mein shaahi australiyai nausena key yuddhpoton koo tainaat kiya gayaa thaa aur iraq key khilaf gair-lagaae gaye pratibandhon koo lagu karane key liye iss kshetra mein baney rahey.
shaanti sthaapana.
australiyai senaayen 1990 key dashak mein shaanti sthaapana mein bahut sakriya theen. 1993 mein, videsh mantri gareth evance 1970 key dashak key narsamhar key baad cambodia mein chala rahee pareshaniyon key samadhan kii khoj mein sakriya they. australia ney sanyukt abhiyaan mein bull commander aur operation key sanchaar ghatak kaa yogdan diyaa. antatah asafal somalia hastakshep mein, baidoa kshetra mein maanviya sahaayata pradaan karane mein sahaayata key liye ack batalian-stariya australiyai dall koo niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. 1994 mein, australia ney ravanda mein ravanda narsamhar key baad seey nipatane key liye bheje gaye sainya bull mein chikitsa karmchaariyon koo tainaat kiya. buggenville mein ack shaanti sthaapana 1997 mein shuru hui, taaki papua nyu ginny sarkaar buggenville algavvadiyon key beach lambe samay seey chala rahey sangharsh koo hull karane mein sahaayata mill sakey.
kaee anya shaanti sthaapana aur sthirikaran abhiyaan hue hainh vishesh roop seey boganville mein, jisamen operation bell isi (1998-2003) shamil haye; saath hii 2000 key dashak kii shuruat mein operation helpam unmaad aur soloman dweepon (ramsi) key liye australiyai netritva vaale kshetriya sahaayata mission; aur 2006 purvi timor sankat.
purvi timor.
australia ney 1999 mein purvi timor mein ack mahatvapurna antarrashtriya sainya mission kaa netritva kiya. indoneshiya ney 1975 mein purvi timor parr aakraman kiya aur poorv purtagaali upanivesh parr kabja curr liya. indoneshiya key saath achche sambandh banaae rakhane key liye chintit australiyai sarkaaron ney kshetra parr indoneshiya key niyantran koo sweekaar curr liya thaa, halanki indoneshiya key rashtrapati suharto key patan aur 1998 mein howard sarkaar dwara australiyai neeti mein badalaav ney swatantrata key sawal parr ack janmat sangrah key prastaav koo tej curr diyaa. nae indoneshiyai rashtrapati bee. jey. habibi purvi timor key liye sthiti mein badalaav parr vichaar karane key liye taiyar thaa. 1998 key anta mein, australiyai pradhaan mantri johnn howard ney videsh mantri alekjendar downer key saath ack patra kaa masauda taiyar kiya jisamen australia kii neeti mein ack badaa badalaav kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa kii purvi timor koo ack dashak key bheetar swatantrata parr matdan karane kaa mauka diyaa jaae. patra ney rashtrapati habby koo pareshan curr diyaa, jinhone ise indoneshiya kaa sanket dete hue ack "aupaniveshik shakti" key roop mein dekhaa aur unhone ack twarit janmat sangrah kii ghoshana karane key jawab mein faisala kiya. agast 1999 mein aayojit ack gair-praayojit janmat sangrah ney swatantrata key liye bhaari anumodan dikhaaya. parinam ghoshit honey key baad, ack sandigdh swatantrata virodhi milicia dwara uksaayaa gayaa hinsak sangharsh, kshetra mein ack maanviya aur suraksha sankat koo janm diyaa.
johnn howard ney yuu. aine. mahasachiv kofi annan seey paramarsh kiya aur yuu. aiss. rashtrapati bill clinton ney hinsa koo samaapt karane key liye ack australiyai netritva vaale shaanti rakshak bull kaa samarthan kiya. australia, jisane 5,500 karmiyon aur bull commander, mejar general peater cosgrove kaa yogdan diyaa, gair-samarthit antarrashtriya bull east timer mein aur 20 sitambar 1999 koo tainaat karna shuru kiya aur safaltapurvak vyavastha bahaal kii. yeh abhiyaan raajneetik aur sainya roop seey tanaavpurna thaa. australia ney agrim pankti key ladaakoo vimaan koo uttar kii or phir seey tainaat kiya aur dilly bandargah key aspas ack indoneshiyai pandubbi kaa pataa lagaaya kyonki interfaces bull pahunche. jabaki hastakshep antatah safal rhaa, australiyai-indoneshiyai sambandhon koo thheek honey mein kaee saal lagenge.
all-kayda.
1998 mein, ack ameer asantusht saudi islamwadi, osama binn laden ney "amerikiyon aur unake sahyogiyon-nagrikon aur senaa kii hatyaa key liye ack fatwa ghoshit kiya... kissy bhee desh mein jisamen aisaa karna sambhav haye, iraq key khilaf pratibandhon key chala rahey pravartan aur arab praaydweep mein hamaare sainikon kii upasthiti koo samaapt karane key liye, iss prakaar australiyai logon koo aag kii rekha mein laaya jaayega jise baad mein aatank key khilaf yuddh key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaayega. 2001 mein all-kayda dwara 11 sitambar koo hue aatankvaadi hamalon key baad, 14 sitambar 2001 koo, australiyai sarkaar ney america key khilaf aatankvaadi hamalon koo anzus sandhi key aapsi-raksha khandon koo lagu karane key liye paryaapt aadhar key roop mein uddhrit kiya. 1952 mein lagu honey key baad seey yeh pahali baar thaa jaba sandhi key ack samanya khatare koo puuraa karane key liye kaary karane key khandon koo lagu kiya gayaa thaa.
howard sarkaar ney afghanistan yuddh (dvidaliya samarthan key saath) aur iraq yuddh (anya raajneetik dalon kii asweekriti key saath baithak) key liye sainikon koo pratibaddh kiya. saas sainikon ney operation slipper kaa sabse uchch profile hissa banaaya, joe afghanistan mein 2001 key sanyukt raajya yuddh mein aakramankari bull mein australia kaa yogdan thaa. david hicks sahit kuchh australiyai, afghan theatre mein aur usake aspas pakade gaye they, jinhone all-kayda seey judey islami ardhsainik balon key saath prashikshan yaa ladaai mein samay bitaaya thaa. all-kayda key taur-tarikon kaa paalan karane vaale islamvadiyon ney 2002 mein baali mein ack night club parr bambari kii aur 88 australiyai nagrikon koo maar daala. agale varsh, ack yuu dwara iraq yuddh shuru kiya gayaa thaa.aiss.-1991 kii khaadi yuddh shaanti sandhi kaa paalan naa karane key kaaran iraq kii sadaam hussain sarkaar koo ukhaad fenkane key liye british netritva vaale gathbandhan ney. 2003 key iraq aakraman mein australiyai yogdan 2009 taka chalaa aur yeh atyadhik vivadaspad thaa. maee 2011 mein americi balon key haathon all-kayda netaa osama binn laden kii mrityu key baad, pradhaan mantri julia gillard ney ghoshana kii kii australiyai senaa afghanistan mein rahegi aur kahaa kii binn laden kii mrityu ney una 105 australiyai logon key parivaaron koo "nyaay kaa ack chhota saa upaay" diyaa joe sangharsh kii shuruat key baad seey newyork, baali, landan aur mumbai mein all-kayda key hamalon mein maare gaye they. maee 2011 taka, afghanistan sangharsh mein seva karate hue 24 aur australiyai sainya karmi maare gaye they (jisamen ack british sashastr balon key saath thaa).
21veen sadee mein australia.
johnn howard ney 1996 seey 2007 taka pradhaanmantri key roop mein kaary kiya, joe robbert menzis key baad doosara sabse lamba pradhaanmantri karyakal thaa. port arther mein saamoohik golibari key baad, howard sarkaar dwara uksaayaa gayaa pahala karyakram rashtravyapi bandook niyantran yojana thee. sarkaar ney australia key sarkari ghaate koo cumm karane kii maang kii aur audyogik sambandhon mein sudhaaron kii shuruat kii, vishesh roop seey tata parr dakshata key sambandh mein. 1996 key chunaav key baad, howard aur khajanchi peater costello ney ack vastu aur seva curr (jee. aiss. tii.) kaa prastaav rakhaa jise unhone 1998 mein safaltapurvak matdaataon key saamane rakhaa. 1999 mein, australia ney raajneetik hinsa key baad, usa rashtra key liye loktantra aur swatantrata sthaapit karane mein madad karane key liye purvi timor mein ack sanyukt rashtra bull kaa netritva kiya.
sarkaar ney nijikaran kii gati koo bhee tej kiya, jisaki shuruat sarkari swaamitva vaale dursanchar nigam, telstra seey hui. haward kii sarkaar ney apane poorvavartiyon kii videsh neeti key kuchh tatvon koo jaari rakhaa, joe chaar pramukh deshonh sanyukt raajya america, japan, chean aur indoneshiya key saath sambandhon parr adharit thaa. howard prashaasan ney asia-prashant kshetra mein hamaare judaav kaa dridhata seey samarthan kiya.
australia ney sidney mein 2000 grishmakaaleen olympic kii mejbani kii aur ise antarrashtriya star parr kaafee sarahana millie. udghaatan samaroh mein australiyai chhavi aur itihas kii ack mezban koo dikhaaya gayaa aur jwala samaroh mein mahila khilaadiyon koo sammaanit kiya gayaa, jisamen tairak donn fraser bhee shamil thaa, jisamen mool dhaavak kaithi freeman ney olympic kii lau koo prajwalit kiya. samaapan samaroh mein, antarrashtriya olympic samiti key adhyaksh, juan antonio samranch ney ghoshana keeh
usa varsh olympic key liye 1956 mein kuchh antarrashtriya paryatak melburn aae they, lekin sidney ney ack achchi tarah seey bhaag lene vaale, kushalata seey aayojit vishva stariya karyakram key liye vaishvik dhyaan aakarshit kiya. maharani elizabeth dwiteeya kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale rajkumar phillip ney 1956 key khelon kii shuruat kii, lekin 2000 mein donon mein seey kissy koo bhee aamantrit naheen kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki ganatantravaad kii bhavna bahut majboot thee. lambe samay mein, jaisa kii bahut (2008) report mein kahaa gayaa haye, kaee apekshit laabh sakar honey mein whiffle rahey. shaaririk gatividhi aur khel mein bhagidari kaa rashtravyapi star naheen badhaa, halanki nishkriya darshakon kii sankhya (jaise kii tv dekhana) mein vriddhi hui. khelon key liye banaai gaee kaee mahangi suvidhaaen unake kaaran cumm upayog mein raheen.
sidney ney dashak mein anya mahatvapurna vishva ayojanon kii mejbani kii, jisamen 2003 ragbi vishva cup, 2007 kaa aeye. pee. ee. see. netaaon kaa sammelan aur catholic vishva yuva divas 2008 shamil hain. melburn ney 2006 key rashtramandal khelon kii mejbani kii.
2001 mein, australia ney sangh kii apani shatabdi samaroh manaaya, jisamen una logon koo sammaanit karane key liye shatabdi padak kaa nirmaan shamil thaa jinhone australiyai samaaj yaa sarkaar mein yogdan diyaa haye.
howard sarkaar ney samagr roop seey aapravaasan kaa vistaar kiya lekin naav key logon key anadhikrit aagaman koo hatotsaahit karane key liye aksar vivadaspad kathor aapravaasan kaanoon sthaapit kiye. jabaki howard rashtramandal aur sanyukt raajya america key gathbandhan key paaramparik sambandhon key ack majboot samarthak they, asia, vishesh roop seey chean key saath vyaapaar mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi jaari rahee, aur australia ney samriddhi kii ack vistaarit avadhi koo sahan kiya. karyalaya mein howard kaa karyakal 2001 key 11 sitambar key hamalon key saath huaa. iss ghatana key baad, sarkaar ney afghanistan yuddh (dvidaliya samarthan key saath) aur iraq yuddh (anya raajneetik dalon kii asweekriti key saath baithak) key liye sainikon koo pratibaddh kiya.
21veen sadee key pahale dashak key dauran dakshini australia bahut gambhir sookhe seey prabhaavit thaa. 2006 key anta taka poore dakshini australia mein jall bhandaran record nimn star parr thaa. pratyek raajya kii rajdhani shahar mein (hobart aur darwin koo chhodkar) shahari jall upayog parr gambhir pratibandh lagaae gaye they aur murre-darling besin mein sinchai mein bhaari katauti kii gaee thee. natijatan, taaja paani kii aapoorti seey sambandhit mudde raajneetik charcha key liye ack mahatvapurna vishay bunn gaye, halanki sookhe kaa aarthik prabhaav kewal australia key cumm aabaadi vaale krishi kshetron mein hii sabse adhik mahsoos kiya gayaa thaa.
howard ney 1998 key sanghiya chunaav mein apana paryaapt bahumat khou diyaa, 2001 key sanghiya chunaav mein aur 2004 key chunaav mein laber key maark latham key khilaf sudhaar kiya. haalaanki sarkaar 2007 key sanghiya chunaav mein cavin rudd key netritva vaali laber party key haathon haar gaee, jisamen desh key liye parivartan aur "nae netritva" key liye ack naare key saath samarthan kii lahar thee.
cavin rudd ney juuna 2010 taka karyalaya sambhala, jaba unake sahayogi aur dipty julia gillard dwara aantarik laber party takhtapalat key baad unaki jagah lii gaee. rudd ney kyoto protocol koo prateekaatmak roop seey anusamarthit karane aur "chori kii gaee peedhi" (una swadeshi australiyai jinhen 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat seey 1960 key dashak key dauran raajya dwara apane maataa-pitaa seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa) key liye ack aitihaasik sansadiya maafi kaa netritva karane key liye karyalaya mein apane shabd kaa upayog kiya. mandarin bhashi cheeni poorv rajanyik ney bhee urjaavaan videsh neeti kaa anusaran kiya aur shuru mein vaishvik tapman vriddhi kaa mukabala karane key liye australiyai arthavyavastha mein "carbon parr moolya" koo bhadkane kii maang kii. unake pradhaan mantri kaa karyakal aaee. dee. 1 key vittiya sankat key praarambhik charanon key saath huaa, jisake liye unaki sarkaar ney aarthik protsaahan key ack badey package key madhyam seey pratikriya dee-jiska prabandhan baad mein vivadaspad saabit huaa.
shaniwar 7 farwari 2009 koo aur usake aspas victoria mein kaali shaniwar kii jhaadiyon kii aag luggy. bheeshan jhaadiyon kii aag-mausam kii sthiti key dauran aag luggy, aur isake parinamswarup australia mein jhaadiyon kii aag seey abb taka kaa sabse adhik jeevan kaa nuksan huaa; aag key parinamswarup 173 logon kii maut hoe gaee aur 414 ghayal hoe gaye.
karadhan, aapravaasan aur jalavaayu parivartan parr neetigat nirdeshon parr protsaahan kharch key prabandhan parr badhate vivaad key beach, laber party ney australia kii pahali mahila pradhaan mantri julia gillard koo pratisthaapit kiya, joe tonny abot key netritva mein udaar-rashtriya gathbandhan key khilaf 2010 key sanghiya chunaav mein 1940 key chunaav key baad seey australia mein pahali trishanku sansad key swatantra sadasyon kaa samarthan hassil karke pada parr alpata seey bunny rahee.
2010-2011 kii garmiyon mein laa nina mausam prabhaav seey judee gambhir baadh seey sookha nishchit roop seey toot gayaa thaa. vishesh roop seey raani bhoomi koo naatakiya baadh kaa saamana karna padaa joe rajdhani shahar brisbane key kuchh hisson mein beh gaee aur kuchh mautein aur gambhir vittiya nuksan huaa. ushnakatibandhiya chakravaat yassi key turant baad pahale seey hii sankatgrast tata parr aaya.
dhaaee dashakon key aarthik sudhaar key baad aur asia key saath teji seey badhate vyaapaar key beach, australia-adhikansh anya paschimi deshon key vipareet-2008 key vittiya baajaron key patan key baad mandee seey bachaa. 2010 key chunaav key baad, gillard sarkaar ney australiyai greens key saath ack gathbandhan mein pravesh kiya aur netritva pratidvandvita aur sansad key madhyam seey kuchh vivadaspad kaanoon koo aage badhaane key liye sankhya kii kamee key kaaran carbon curr lagu naheen karane key chunavi vaade koo todkar asthir hoe gaee. phir bhee, cross-bench gathbandhan ney kaam karna jaari rakhaa aur halanki udaar-rashtriya gathbandhan seey ghatate matdan samarthan aur dridh virodh kaa saamana karna parh rhaa thaa, octuber mein sarkaar ney carbon utsarjan key liye udyog kii laagat koo badhaakar vaishvik tapman vriddhi seey judey greenhouse gais utsarjan koo cumm karane key liye australiyai arthavyavastha koo punargathit karane key uddeshya seey apane swachchh oorjaa vidheyak 2011 koo safaltapurvak paarit kiya. 1 julaai 2012 koo australia mein ack carbon curr lagu kiya gayaa thaa. cavin rudd koo 27 juuna 2013 koo ack shram netritva prasaar mein pradhaan mantri key roop mein bahaal kiya gayaa thaa. 2013 key australiyai aam chunaav key baad, rudd ney pradhaan mantri kii bhoomika koo tonny abot, udaarvaadi netaa seey khou diyaa. 15 disambar 2013 koo, australiyai senaa kaa 95 pratishat afghanistan seey vaapas leey liya gayaa thaa aur shesh 5 pratishat vartamaan mein kabul mein sthaaniya logon koo prashikshit curr rahey they. swachchh oorjaa vidheyak 2011 koo abot sarkaar dwara 17 julaai 2014 koo nirast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, joe 1 julaai 2014 koo vaapas aaya thaa. australia kii liberal party key malcum turnbull koo tonny abot key uttaradhikari key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa aur 2015 seey 2018 taka pradhaan mantri key roop mein kaary kiya thaa, jahaan unhone istifa dey diyaa aur scott maurison dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
2019 key antim maheenon aur 2020 kii shuruat mein purvi tata parr bheeshan jhaadiyon kii aag luggy thee jise "kaali garmi" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. aag lagane seey seedhe 34 loga maare gaye. lagbhag 9,352 imaaraten nasht hoe gaeen. aag lagbhag 100 arab dollar kii australia kii sabse mahangi praakritik aapada honey kii sambhavana haye. way una dhuein key liye bhee ullekhaniya they joe maheenon taka aag seey door australia key bheetar kshetron koo dhakte they, aur yahaan taka kii videshon mein bhee, dakshin america taka pahunchate they. sabhi dakshini aur purvi raajyon mein vayu gunavatta khatarnak star taka gir gaee. swaasthya shodhkarta key modeling ney sanket diyaa kii aag key mausam mein kissy samay 80 pratishat australiyai jhaadiyon mein luggy aag key dhuein seey prabhaavit they. 445 logon kii paroksh roop seey dhuein seey saans lene seey mrityu hoe sakati haye.
janwari 2020 key anta mein ack nae virus, gambhir teevra shwasan syndrome coronavirus 2 (saars-cove-2) key pahale sthaaniya sankraman key liye bhee ullekhaniya thaa. isane vishva-vyaapi covid-19 mahamari aur australia mein covid-19 mahamari kaa kaaran banaa, jisamen 2020 key anta taka australia mein 909 logon kii maut hoe gaee thee, lekin 5 farwari 2021 taka, coronavirus roga 2019 (covid-19) ney duniya bhar mein 22.9 laakh seey adhik mauton kaa kaaran banaa thaa.
9 sitambar 2022 kii subah key shuruati ghanton mein australia purvi maanak samay, raani elizabeth dwiteeya kii mrityu hoe gaee. raani key baad unake sabse badey bete, raajaa charles III ney raajya kiya, joe abb australia key raajaa key roop mein shasson karate hain.