
lactone

lactone chakreeya carboxylic ester hotey hain, jinamen 1-oxyclolcan-2-ack sanrachana () hoti haye, yaa anuroopata hoti haye jisamen asantriptata yaa visham-paramanu hotey hain joe valay key ack yaa adhik carbon parmaanuon kii jagah lete hain.
lactone sambandhit hydroxycarboxylicslic acid key intramolicular asterification seey banate hain, joe swachaalit roop seey taba hotaa haye jaba joe valay banata haye vaha paanch yaa chhah sadasyiya hotaa haye. teen yaa chaar sadasyiya valay (α-lactone aur β-lactone) vaale lactone bahut pratikriyaasheel hotey hain, jisase unakaa algaav mushkil hoe jaataa haye. aam taur parr chhote-ring lactone key prayogshala sanshleshan key saath-saath chhah-sadasyiya seey badey ring vaale lactone key liye vishesh tarikon kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
namkaran.
lactones koo aamtaur parr poorvavarti acid anu ("aceto" = 2 carbon paramanu, "propio" = 3, "beautiro" = 4, "valero" = 5, "capro" = 6, aadi) key anusaar naamit kiya jaataa haye.), ack "-lactone" pratyay aur ack yunani akshar upsarg key saath joe vishamchakra mein carbon parmaanuon kii sankhya koo nirdisht kartaa haye-yaani, sambandhit-oh aur-kooh samoohon key beach kii doori joe kahaa gayaa haye. mool yaugik parr-kooh samooh mein carbon key baad pahale carbon paramanu koo α label kiya jaataa haye, dusare koo β label kiya jaayega, aur isi tarah aage. isaliye, upsarg lactone valay key aakar koo bhee ingit karate hainh α-lactone = 3-sadasyiya valay, β-lactone = 4-sadasyiya, γ-lactone = 5-sadasyiya, aadi. macrocyclic lactone koo macrolactone key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
lactone koo darshaane key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa doosara pratyay "-olide" haye, jiska upayog padaarth varg key naamon jaise "butanolide", "macrolide", "cardenolide" yaa "bufadianolide" mein kiya jaataa haye.
pasandida iupac naam praapt karane key liye, lactones koo 'ack', 'dione', 'theon' aadi pratyay jodkar heterocyclic seudokitone key roop mein naamit kiya jaataa haye. aur visham-chakreeya mool hydride key naam key liye upayukt gunak upsarg.
vyutpatti.
lactone" naam lactide naamak valay yaugik seey nikla haye, joe 2-hydroxypropenoic acid (lactic acid) ch3-ch (oh)-coh key nirjalikaran seey banata haye. lactic acid, badale mein, iska naam khatte doodh (laitinah laakh, lactis) seey isake mool algaav seey praapt hotaa haye. yeh naam 1844 mein francisi rasaayanagya theophile-jools pelose dwara gadhaa gayaa thaa, jinhone pahali baar ise lactic acid key vyutpann key roop mein praapt kiya thaa. lactic acid key ack hii anu key bheetar ack aantarik nirjalikaran pratikriya ney alfa-propiolectone kaa utpaadan kiya hoga, joe 3-sadasyiya valay key saath ack lactone haye.
1880 mein german rasaayanagya wilheim rudolf fittig ney sabhi intramolicular carboxylic asters key liye "lactone" naam kaa vistaar kiya.
praakritik srot.
praakritik roop seey paae jaane vaale lactone mukhya roop seey santript aur asantript γ-aur δ-lactone hotey hain, aur kuchh hudd taka macrocyclic lactone hotey hain. γ-aur δ-lactone sambandhit hydroxy fatty acid key intramolicular ester hain. way falon, makkhan, panir aur anya khaadya padarthon kii sugandh mein yogdan karate hain. cyclopentadecanolide angelica jarh key tail kii kasturi jaisi gandh key liye jimmedaar haye. praakritik roop seey paae jaane vaale cyclic lactone mein seey, thalloids azwine aur lavaj telon kii gandh key liye jimmedaar hain, aur woodruff key liye coomerin. lactone oak kii lakadi mein maujood hotey hain, aur way bairal-aij bear key swaad profile mein yogdan karate hain.
lactone rings prakriti mein nirmaan khandon key roop mein vyaapak roop seey paae jaate hain, jaise kii ascorbic acid, kawain, nepetlectone, gluconolectone, harmon (spironolectone, mavelonolectone), enzyme (lactonase), neurotransmitter (butyrolactone, evermectin), antibiotic (erythromycin jaise macrolide; amphotericin bee), anticancer davaaen (vernolepin, apothylones), phytoestrogen (resorcylic acid lactone, cardiac glycoside).
sanshleshan.
ester sanshleshan mein kaee vidhiyon koo lactone parr bhee lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. auxendrolone key ack audyogik sanshleshan mein pramukh lactone banaane kaa charan ack carbonic pratikriya haye-asterification.
helolactonization mein, ack alkien parr electrophilic jodd key madhyam seey ack halogen dwara hamla kiya jaataa haye, jisamen ack nikatvarti carboxylic acid dwara intramolicular roop seey kabja kiye gaye cashionic madhyavarti key saath.
vishisht vidhiyon mein yamaguchi asterification, shina macrolectonization, core-nicolau macrolectonization, bayer-williger okseekaran aur nucleophilic abstraction shamil hain.
utprerak key roop mein dye-turt-butyle peroxide kaa upayog karate hue, acrylic acid mein praathamik vasaayukt alcohol koo jodkar ack charaniya prakriya mein γ-lactones γ-octalactone, γ-nonelectone, γ-decalactone, γ-undicalectone koo achchi upaj mein taiyar kiya jaa sakata haye.
pratikriyaaen.
lactone key liye sabse sthir sanrachana 5-sadasyiya γ-lactone aur 6-sadasyiya δ-lactone hain kyonki, sabhi carbonic chakron kii tarah, 5 aur 6-sadasyiya valay bandhan konon key tanaav koo cumm karate hain. γ-lactone itane sthir hotey hain kii kamare key tapman parr kamjor acid kii upasthiti mein, 4-hydroxy acid (r-ch (oh)-(ch2) 2-kooh) turant lactone mein sahaj asterification aur cyclisation seey gujarate hain. beeta-lactone maujood hain, lekin kewal vishesh tarikon seey banaae jaa sakate hain. dravyamaan spectrometry prayogon mein α-lactones koo kshanik prajaati key roop mein paaya jaa sakata haye.
lactone kii pratikriyaaen ester key samaan hoti hain, jaisa kii nimnalikhit khandon mein gaama-lactone dwara udaaharan diyaa gayaa haih
jall apghatan.
ack kshaar (sodium hydroxide) key saath ack lactone koo germ karane seey lactone koo usake mool yaugik, seedhe janjeeron seey bandhe dwi-karyatmak yaugik mein hydrolyse kiya jaayega. seedhe-janjir vaale ester kii tarah, lactone kii jall apghatan-sanghanan pratikriya ack santulan key saath ack prativarti pratikriya haye. haalaanki, lactone kii jall apghatan pratikriya kaa santulan sthiraank seedhe-janjir vaale ester i kii tulanaa mein cumm haye.ee. lactone key mamle mein utpaad (hydroxy acid) cumm pasand kiye jaate hain. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki halanki ester aur lactone key hydrolysis kii anthelpy lagbhag samaan hoti haye, lekin lactone key hydrolysis kii entropy seedhi-janjir vaale ester kii entropy seey cumm hoti haye. seedhe-janjir vaale ester jall apghatan parr dou utpaad dete hain, jisase lactone key mamle kii tulanaa mein entropy parivartan adhik anukool hoe jaataa haye joe kewal ack utpaad detaa haye.
kamee.
shushk eather mein lithium aluminium hydride kaa upayog karke lactone koo diol mein cumm kiya jaa sakata haye. kamee pratikriya pahale lactone key ester bandhan koo toda degi, aur phir aldehyde samooh (-chou) koo alcohol samooh (-oh) mein cumm curr degi. udaaharan key liye, gaama-lactone beauten-1,4-diol, (ch2 (oh)-(ch2) 2-ch2 (oh) taka cumm hoe jaayenge.
aminolysis.
lactone ethanolic amonia key saath bhee pratikriya karate hain, joe pahale ester bandhan koo toda dega aur phir amleeya-kooh samooh key saath pratikriya karega, amonia key mool gunon key kaaran, ack vibhedak samooh, i.ee. sharaab aur amide. gaama-lactone pratikriya karke ch2 (oh)-(ch2) 2-koo-NH2 utpann karenge.
bahulakkaran.
lactone aasaani seey sootra key anusaar polyester banaate hain, aur utprerak key binaa bhee oligomerise karate hue dikhaae gaye hainh
michael pratikriya.
kaee paudhon mein paae jaane vaale sesquiterpean lactone, michael pratikriya key madhyam seey anya anuon key saath pratikriya curr sakate hain.
upayog karein.
swaad aur sugandh.
lactone falon key swaad mein, aur binaa kinvit aur kinvit dayeri utpaadon mein mahatvapurna yogdan dete hain, aur isaliye inca upayog swaad aur sugandh key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. kuchh udaaharan hain γ-declectone (4-decanolide), jisamen aadoo kaa swaad hotaa haye; δ-declectone (5-decanolide), jisamen malaidar narial/aadoo kaa swaad hotaa haye; γ-dodecalactone (4-dodecanolide), jisamen narial/phal kaa swaad bhee hotaa haye, ack vivaran joe γ-octalactone (4-octanolide) mein bhee fitt baithata haye, halanki isamen ack jadee-booty kaa charitra bhee hotaa haye; γ-nanolactone, jisamen narial mein naheen honey key bavjood iss shrinkhala kaa ack teevra narial swaad hotaa haye, aur γ-undeclectone.
macrocyclic lactone (cyclopentadecanolide, 15-pentadec-11/12-anolide) mein pashu mool key macrocyclic keaton (muscon, civetone) key samaan gandh hoti haye, lekin unhein adhik aasaani seey taiyar kiya jaa sakata haye, udaaharan key liye, sambandhit raikhik polyester key depolymerisation dwara. oxygen dwara ack mithileen ikai key pratisthaapan seey inn yaugikon kii gandh mushkil seey prabhaavit hoti haye, aur cyclopentadecanolide (jaise) key alawa 15-17-sadasyiya valay vaale oxlectone kaa utpaadan hotaa haye. jee., 12-auxa-16-hexadeconolide).
prebiotic rasayan vigyaan.
prebiotic roop seey prashansaniya lactone, jaise kii ε-caprolectone aur δ-valerolectone, koo oligomers banaane vaale utprerak key upayog key binaa oligomerise karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye joe jeevan kii utpatti key dauran praasangik hoe sakate hain.
plastic.
polycaprolactone ack mahatvapurna plastic haye.

