
sanyukt raajya america mein mool americi maanyata

sanyukt raajya america mein americi bhaaratiya janjaatiya maanyata aksar sanyukt raajya sanghiya sarkaar dwara maanyata praapt ack janjaati kii prakriya koo sandarbhit karati haye, yaa kissy vyakti koo sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt janjaati kii sadasyata dee jaati haye. sanyukt raajya america mein 574 sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt adiwasi sarkaaren hain. gair-maanyata praapt janjaatiyaan aisee janjaatiyaan hain jinka samprabhu sansthaon key roop mein koee sanghiya padnam naheen haye. ise sanyukt raajya america mein mool amerikiyon kii maanyata key saath bhramit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye, jinhen biyaa dwara america key mool nivaasiyon key kissy bhee vanshaj key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye joe ack americi nagrik hain. sangh dwara gair-maanyata praapt janjaatiyaan gair-maanyata praapt janjaatiyon key ack upsamooh koo sandarbhit karati hain jinhen sanyukt raajya america key gathan seey pahale yaa sanyukt raajya america dwara kissy prakaar kii maanyata thee, lekin jinhen sarkaar dwara nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa kii abb ack bhaaratiya janjaati key roop mein astitva mein naheen haye yaa joe abb ack rashtra seey rashtra kii sthiti key maandandon koo puuraa naheen karati haye.
sanyukt raajya america inn janjaatiyon key swa-shasson key adhikaar koo maanyata detaa haye aur unaki adiwasi samprabhuta aur atmanirnaya kaa samarthan kartaa haye. inn janjaatiyon koo sadasyata key liye kanuni aavashyaktaaen sthaapit karane kaa adhikaar haye. way apani sarkaar banaa sakate hain, kaanoonon (nagrik aur aaparaadhik donon) koo lagu curr sakate hain, curr, licenses aur gatividhiyon, kshetra koo viniyamit curr sakate hain, aur logon koo adiwasi kshetron seey baahar curr sakate hain. swashaasan kii janjaatiya shaktiyon parr seemaon mein raajyon parr lagu samaan seemaaen shamil hain; udaaharan key liye, naa tou janjaatiyon aur naa hii raajyon key paas yuddh karane, videshi sambandhon mein shamil honey yaa mudra banaane kii shakti haye.
bhaaratiya kii kanuni paribhaashaaen bahutaayat mein hain; 1978 key ack congress key sarvekshan key anusaar, sanghiya kaanoon mein "bhaaratiya" kii 33 alag-alag paribhashaon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. jaba janjaatiya namankan qaanoonon koo shamil kiya gayaa tou paribhashaon kii sankhya mein vriddhi hui. yuu.aiss. sarkari agencies mein "bhaaratiya" kii vibhinn paribhaashaaen hoe sakati hain."udaaharan key liye, swaasthya saankhyiki key liye rashtriya kendra vartamaan mein vibhinn" "naslon" "key maataa-pitaa seey paida hue bachche koo maan kii daud pradaan kartaa haye. jaba loga viraasat key prashnon parr bahujaatiya pratikriya dete hain, tou kewal pahali jaati mein pravesh kiya jaataa haye.
1978 kaa americi bhaaratiya dhaarmik swatantrata adhiniyam dou bhaagon vaali paribhasha kaa upayog kartaa haye joe vishesh roop seey prabhaavshaali haye. yeh ack bhaaratiya koo ack aise vyakti key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye joe ack bhaaratiya janjaati seey sambandhit haye, joe badale mein ack aisaa samooh haye jise "bhaartiyon key roop mein unaki sthiti key kaaran sanyukt raajya america dwara bhaartiyon koo pradaan kiye jaane vaale vishesh karyakramon aur sevaaon key liye paatr key roop mein maanyata praapt haye."
aitihaasik nyaayik aur vidhaayi paribhaashaaen.
sanghiya adalaton ney kissy vyakti koo bhaaratiya key roop mein vargeekrit karane key liye sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt janjaatiyon mein saarvbhaumik roop seey sadasyata kii aavashyakta naheen haye. kabhi-kabhi sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt janjaati mein kissy vyakti kii sadasyata adalaton kii nazar mein bhaaratiya key roop mein vargeekaran key liye paryaapt naheen thee.
1885 key pramukh aparaadh adhiniyam ney saat pramukh apraadhon koo sanghiya adhikaar kshetra key tahat rakhaa yadi mool americi kshetra mein ack mool americi dwara kiye gaye aparaadh hain. nyaay vibhaag ney yeh apekshit kiya kii ack prativaadi pramukh aparaadh adhiniyam dwara cover kiye jaane key liye ack janjaati kaa ack namankit sadasya hoe.
1935 mein bhaaratiya mamalon key aayukt, sahayak vakeel, johnn collier koo diye gaye apane gyaapan mein, felix aiss. kohain ney bhaaratiya punargathan adhiniyam key tahat gair-adiwasi bhaartiyon key ack samooh key adhikaaron parr charcha kii. iss adhiniyam ney ack vyakti koo teen maandandon, adiwasi sadasyata, paitrik vansh yaa rakt kii matra key aadhar parr bhaaratiya key roop mein paribhaashit kiya. (kohain ney usa samooh key baare mein kahaa jise abb uttari carolina kii lumbi janjaati key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jise uttari carolina raajya dwara maanyata praapt haih "[spasht roop seey yeh samooh ack naheen haye] sangh dwara maanyata praapt bhaaratiya janjaati. naa hii iss samooh key sadasya bhaaratiya aarakshan key nivasi hain.")
1930 key dashak mein jaba yeh americi bhaartiyon key vargeekaran koo nirdhaarit karane mein adhik shamil thaa, sanghiya sarkaar ney una vyaktiyon koo pramaanit karane key liye paanch karakon kaa upayog kiya jinhone aadhe rakt seey adhik bhaaratiya honey kaa daavaa kiyaah adiwasi soochi, aavedak kii gawahi, aavedak seey parichit logon key shapath patra, ack maanavvigyaani key nishkarsh, aur aavedak kii gawahi kii usane "bhaaratiya sanskriti aur jeevan jeene kii aadton key ack badey paimaane koo banaae rakhaa haye."bhaartiyon koo paribhaashit karane key liye bhautik visheshtaon kaa upayog karane key prayaas ney kuchh virodhabhasi paristhitiyaan paida keen. udaaharan key liye, 1939 mein, biyaa ney harvard maanavvigyaani carle selzer koo mishrit-nasl vansh key lumbi key daavon kii sameeksha karane key liye robeson county, uttari carolina bheja. taba bhautik maanav vigyaan mein mulyankan key tarikon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, lekin jaba seey chhoot dee gaee thee, unhone unaki visheshtaon koo maapa aur pratyek bhaaratiya key baalon mein ack pencil daali, jisamen pencil key fisalane parr 'bhaaratiya' rakt aur aggar naheen tou 'negroid' likhaa thaa. unake adhyayan key betuke parinamon ney bachchon koo bhaaratiya key roop mein soochibaddh kiya, jabaki unake maataa-pitaa koo chhod diyaa, aur bhaaiyon aur bahanon koo aadhe rakt rekha key vipareet disha mein rakhaa."
maanyata samaapt.
1950 aur 1960 key dashak mein, sanghiya sarkaar ney kuchh janjaatiyon koo swa-shasson key liye paryaapt roop seey saksham maanaa, aur iss prakaar "abb sanghiya paryavekshan kii aavashyakta naheen haye."sarkaar ney iss neeti key tahat kaee janjaatiyon key saath apane sambandhon koo samaapt curr diyaa, jisamen wisconsin key menomini aur oregan key clamath shamil they. kaee janjaatiyon ney iska virodh kiya aur maanyata kii bahaali kii maang kii. sabhi koo bahaali aur brownell (2001) report naheen millie haye kii neeti ney kaee samoohon koo "tabah" curr diyaa haye. vishesh roop seey, california mein janjaatiyaan samaapti yug seey bahut prabhaavit hui hain. udaaharan key liye, tailersville rancheria kii sthaapana kii gaee thee aur isane iraa mein bhaag liya thaa, lekin samaapti yug key dauran janjaati kii bhoomi koo plum county koo ack park aur roping club key liye upayog karane key liye betch diyaa gayaa thaa. sarkaar congress key ack adhiniyam key madhyam seey janjaati koo aadhikarik roop seey samaapt karane mein whiffle rahee, lekin janjaati koo sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt janjaatiyon kii soochi mein shamil naheen kiya gayaa thaa. tailersville rancheria usa samay seey adhar mein haye aur ack maanyata praapt janjaati key roop mein apani punarsthaapit sthiti key liye sangharsh karna jaari rakhta haye.
raajneetik" paribhasha mein halia badalaav.
kyonki nasleeya maandandon, jaise rakt kii matra yaa bhaaratiya mool key aadhar parr bhaaratiya sadasyata kaa nirdhaaran jaari rakhane seey sarkaar samvaidhaanik roop seey akshamya sthiti mein reh jaayegi, isaliye isane bhaartiyon koo laabhon key vitaran key liye apane kaanoonon aur viniyamon koo badalane kaa prayaas kiya haye. samaan sanrakshan aur adiwasi samprabhuta parr mool americi chintaon ney sanghiya sarkaar koo nasl-adharit paatrata manakon key madhyasth key roop mein apani bhoomika koo cumm karane key liye prerit kiya haye. janjaatiyon koo sadasyata parr atmanirnaya kii anumati dene kii yeh neeti, saath hii unake jeevan key anya pahaluon koo, 1970 key dashak mein nixon prashaasan key baad seey vikasit kiya gayaa haye. nixon ney kahaa kii lakshya "bhaaratiya kii samudaay kii bhavna koo khatare mein daale binaa swaayatta kii bhavna koo majboot karna" honah chaahiye. aur hamein yeh spasht karna chaahiye kii bhaaratiya sanghiya chinta aur sanghiya samarthan seey katey binaa sanghiya niyantran seey swatantra hoe sakate hain."
usa yug kaa mahatvapurna kaanoon 1975 kaa bhaaratiya atmanirnaya aur shiksha sahaayata adhiniyam thaa. iss adhiniyam ney bhaartiyon key liye sanghiya anudan aur karyakramon koo janjaatiya sarkaaron koo prashaasit karane key liye pradhikaran koo hastaantarit karane kii sarkaar kii prakriya shuru kii. senator daniel key. bhaaratiya mamalon parr senate chayan samiti key adhyaksh inoye ney 1994 mein kahaa thaa kii, "samprabhuta, swashaasan aur atmanirnaya kaa antarnihit adhikaar, sabhi bhaaratiya muddon mein kendra bindu haye."
sarkaar samajik sanrachanaon kii or badhee haih "raajneetik" paribhaashaaen jinake dwara kaanoon ney sangh dwara maanyata praapt janjaatiyon mein sadasyata key aadhar parr bhaartiyon koo paribhaashit kiya haye. sarkaar aur kaee janjaatiyaan iss paribhasha koo pasand karati hain kyonki yeh janjaatiyon koo apane swayam key sadasyata mandand mein "bhartiyata" kaa arth nirdhaarit karane kii anumati detee haye. kuchh vishleshak iss seemit tareeke seey bhee sanghiya sarkaar kii bhoomika kii aalochana karate hain, kyonki abhee bhee sadasyata mandand kii prakriti parr kuchh shartein nirdhaarit kii jaati hain.
kuchh mamalon mein, sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt janjaati key ack namankit sadasya key paas koee pralekhit mool americi "rakt" (javic vansh) naheen hoe sakata haye. oclahoma key cheroki rashtra key kuchh swatantra vyakti aise sadasya huaa karate they. grihyuddh key baad, yuu.aiss. parajit cheroki key saath sarkaar kii 1866 kii sandhi, joe sangh key sahayogi they, key liye unhein apane daason koo mukt karane aur mukt logon koo janjaati mein nagrikta pradaan karane kii aavashyakta thee. haal key janmat sangrah seey, cheroki rashtra ney kewal una logon key liye sadasyata seemit curr dee joe dows roll parr soochibaddh cumm seey cumm ack mool americi seey vansh dikhaa sakate they. isamen lagbhag 2000 cheroki mukt purush shamil naheen they, joe apane poorvajon key saath peedhiyon seey janjaati mein bhaag leey rahey they. iss mamle mein mukadama jaari haye.
1990 kaa bhaaratiya kalaa aur shilp adhiniyam ekmatra halia sanghiya bhaaratiya kaanoon hoe sakata haye joe vidhaayi vichaar-vimarsh key sabhi charanon mein bhaartiyon dwara samarthit thaa. iss kaanoon key anusaar kewal bhaartiyon koo hii apane hastshilp koo "bhaaratiya nirmit" key roop mein bechane aur bhaaratiya shilp melon mein bechane kii anumati dee jaani chaahiye. yeh iss tarah key sandigdh aur dhokhadhadi vaale daavon key kaaran bhaartiyon koo honey vaale aarthik nuksan koo rokane key liye thaa, joe prati varsh 400 seey 80 karod dollar key beach anumaanit thaa. adhiniyam mein, bhaaratiya koo "koee bhee vyakti joe bhaaratiya janjaati kaa sadasya haye; yaa iss dhaara key uddeshya key liye ack bhaaratiya janjaati dwara ack bhaaratiya karigar key roop mein pramaanit kiya gayaa haye."ack bhaaratiya janjaati koo kewal sanghiya maanyata vaali janjaatiyon key liye naheen, balki kissy bhee bhaaratiya samooh key liye bhee paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa jise aupchaarik roop seey ack raajya vidhanmandal dwara yaa ack raajya aayog yaa isi tarah key sangathan dwara ack bhaaratiya janjaati key roop mein maanyata dee gaee haye joe vidhaayi roop seey raajya adiwasi maanyata pradhikaran key saath nihit haye."vistaar una logon kii nagrik swatantrata kii raksha key liye kiya gayaa haye jinake paas bhaaratiya viraasat aur sanskriti haye, lekin joe adiwasi sadasya naheen hain. haalaanki, paribhasha itani vyaapak naheen thee kii kaee kalakaron koo anumati naa dee jaae jinaki bhaaratiya prishthabhoomi sandeh mein naheen thee, jisamen prasiddh cheroki chitrakaar, bert seaborn shamil they.
1994 kaa sanghiya kaanoon, americi bhaaratiya dhaarmik swatantrata adhiniyam, ack aur samanya paribhasha detaa haye, jisamen ack bhaaratiya koo ack bhaaratiya janjaati seey sambandhit vyakti key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, joe ack aisaa samooh haye jise "bhaartiyon key roop mein unaki sthiti key kaaran sanyukt raajya america dwara bhaartiyon koo pradaan kiye jaane vaale vishesh karyakramon aur sevaaon key liye paatr key roop mein maanyata praapt haye."
bhaaratiya kii kaee kanuni paribhashaon kaa parinam yeh haye kii koee vyakti shaikshik anudan praapt karane key liye paatr hoe sakata haye, lekin swaasthya laabh naheen, koee vyakti ack janjaati kaa pramukh banane key liye paatr hoe sakata haye, lekin bhaaratiya mamalon key beuro rinn yaa bhaaratiya chhatravritti praapt karane key liye naheen.
kuchh logon key liye bhaartiyon parr nirantar sarkari niyantran koo paribhaashit karane key liye sanghiya kaanoonon kaa upayog karna, bhale hii sarkaar sammaan kii bhavna sthaapit karna chaahati hoe. iss prakaar bhartiyata parampara, itihas aur sanskriti kii abhivyakti key bajaay biyaa dwara paribhaashit ack kathor kanuni shabd bunn jaataa haye. kaee samooh una janjaatiyon key vanshajon kaa daavaa karate hain joe europeeya sampark seey pahale key hain jinhen sanghiya roop seey maanyata naheen dee gaee haye. ack bhaaratiya kaanoon vidwan reynard strickland key anusaar, sanghiya sarkaar bhaartiyon koo "vibhajit karane aur jeetane" key liye samoohon koo maanyata dene kii prakriya kaa upayog karati haih "kaun 'adhik' yaa 'adhikansh' bhaaratiya haye, yeh sawal logon koo samanya chintaon seey door curr sakata haye."
pehchaan.
sanghiya maanyata praapt karna.
sangh dwara maanyata praapt banane key liye, janjaatiyon koo kuchh aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karna hoga aur inn aavashyaktaon koo praapt karna behad kathin hoe sakata haye. bhaaratiya mamalon kaa beuro ack sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt janjaati koo ack americi bhaaratiya yaa alaska mool adiwasi ikai key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye joe sanyukt raajya america key saath sarkaar-seey-sarkaar sambandh rakhane key liye maanyata praapt haye, usa padnam seey judee jimmedariyon, shaktiyon, seemaon aur daayitvon key saath, aur bhaaratiya mamalon key beuro seey vitt poshan aur sevaaon key liye paatr haye. isake alawa, bhaaratiya mamalon key beuro aur sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt bhaaratiya janjaati soochi adhiniyam key anusaar, teen tareeke hain jinase ack bhaaratiya janjaati koo sanghiya roop seey maanyata mill sakati haih congress key adhiniyam dwara, 25 see key tahat prashaasnik prakriyaon dwara.aff.bhaag 83, yaa sanyukt raajya america kii adalat key nirnay dwara. beuro mein yeh bhee kahaa gayaa haye kii yadi sanyukt raajya america key saath kissy janjaati key sambandh congress dwara spasht roop seey samaapt curr diye gaye hain, tou yeh iss sanghiya sweekriti prakriya seey naheen chala sakata haye, isake alawa, sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt bhaaratiya janjaati soochi adhiniyam key liye aantarik sachiv koo bhee sanghiya register mein sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt janjaatiyon kii soochi koo vaarshik roop seey prakaashit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
aaj sarkaar dwara mool americi key roop mein maanyata praapt 574 samooh (baind aur janjaatiyaan) hain. way janjaatiyaan joe pahale hii sanghiya maanyata praapt curr chuki hain, way naheen chaahati kii prakriya koo aasaan banaaya jaae. kuchh pravakta iss baat parr charcha karate hain kii maanyata praapt janjaatiyon parr atikraman kiye binaa anya kiss prakaar key samoohon koo protsaahit kiya jaa sakata haye. cheroki rashtra key pravakta mike miller kaa sujhaav haye kii bhaaratiya sanskriti mein ruchi rakhane vaale loga viraasat samooh banaa sakate hain. sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt janjaatiyon koo maanyata praapt karane key liye gair-maanyata praapt janjaatiyon key prayason parr sandeh haye, iss baat seey chintit hain kii way pahale seey hii seemit sanghiya laabhon koo cumm curr sakate hain. choonki casino juaa ney janjaatiya rajaswa mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi kii haye, isaliye adiwasi samoohon dwara sanghiya maanyata aur aarakshan parr khel sanchaalit karane kaa adhikaar praapt karane key liye adhik pratispardha haye. maanyata praapt karna bhee mool americi samoohon key liye apani pehchaan, apani bhartiyata kaa daavaa karane kaa ack tarika haye.
janjaatiyon koo mool roop seey sandhiyon, karyakari aadeshon yaa rashtrapati kii ghoshanaon key madhyam seey kanuni dalon key roop mein maanyata dee gaee thee. 1934 key bhaaratiya punargathan adhiniyam ney sanghiya maanyata kii avadharana key vikas mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai. isane una janjaatiyon koo maanyata pradaan kii jinake saath sarkaar kaa pahale seey hii sambandh thaa. isake praavdhaanon key tahat, kuchh gair-sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt janjaatiyon koo sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt honey mein saksham banaaya gayaa thaa.
1960 key dashak aur 1970 key dashak kii shuruat key dauran, darjanon samooh jinake paas sanghiya sweekriti kaa abhaav thaa, way mool nivaasiyon key roop mein apane adhikaaron kii maang karane key liye aage aae. poorv mein, maspie wampnog jaise samoohon ney pichhali peedhiyon mein khoye hue bhoomi key liye mukadama daayar kiya. paschim mein, samoohon ney machhali pakadane key adhikaar kii maang kii. dakshin-poorv mein, anya loga sarkaar seey unhein jeevit adiwasi logon key roop mein maanyata dene kii maang karane aae. jaise-jaise sanghiya janjaatiya sthiti ney samoohon koo daave karane kii anumati dee aur kaee logon koo swadeshi logon koo sweekaar karane seey incar karane kaa anyaay dekhane koo milaa, kaee dalon ney ghere seey baahar chhodi gaee janjaatiyon koo maanyata dene key liye adhik susangat prakriyaon kii aavashyakta koo sweekaar kiya. janjaatiya nivesh key saath, biyaa ney 1978 mein apani sanghiya sweekriti prakriya kaa nirmaan kiya. vartamaan mein sanghiya sweekriti key karyalaya key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, yeh ikai mukhya nikaay haye joe yeh taya karane key liye jimmedaar haye kii kaun seey samooh sthiti surakshit karane key yogya hain.
maanyata mandand qaanoon key aadhar parr viniyaman dwara banaae gaye hain. way bhaaratiya mamalon key beuro kii sweekriti aur anusandhaan shakha dwara nirdhaarit kiye jaate hain. 1970 key dashak key madhya seey, sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt janjaatiyon key pratinidhiyon ney inn maandandon parr biyaa seey paramarsh kiya haye.
sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt karane key liye, ack samooh koo nimnalikhit koo puuraa karna hogaah
rakt kii matra aur mool americi pehchaan kii dwaar-rakhaav.
itihas key dauran, ack "bhaaratiya" kii paribhasha aur vichaar koo basane vaale aupaniveshik samaaj aur sanyukt raajya sarkaar dwara badal diyaa gayaa haye. rakt matra kaanoonon key judane seey naa kewal mool janjaatiyon koo alag curr diyaa gayaa, balki isane adhikansh mool amerikiyon key liye kaee mool vyaktiyon key namankan key baad mool nivaasiyon key roop mein arhata praapt karna behad mushkil banaa diyaa. aisaa koee anya kaanoon naheen thaa joe "bhaaratiya" key liye ack paribhasha pradaan kartaa hoe, jiska arth thaa kii kyaa koee vyakti "paryaapt mool nivasi" thaa, yeh nirnay poori tarah seey adalaton parr chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. 1910 key dashak kii shuruat mein sanghiya sarkaar ney kuchh mishrit-nasl key mool americi bhoomi seey incar karane key liye rakt kii matra kaa upayog kiya aur aavashyakta yeh thee kii ack vyakti key paas bhoomi praapt karane key liye cumm seey cumm ack chauthai mool americi rakt honah chaahiye. yeye kaanoon basane vaalon kii nazar mein aadarsh mool americi kaa samarthan karenge taaki "shwet varchasva aur prabhutva koo banaae rakhaa jaa sakey" jaisa kii rakt kii matra mein maaya samanjasya aur mool americi pehchaan key safed dwarpal dwara kahaa gayaa haye.
vyaktiyon key liye maanyata.
sanyukt raajya america kii janganana nagrikon koo satyapan kii aavashyaktaon key binaa kissy bhee jaatiyata kii jaanch karane kii anumati detee haye. iss prakaar, janganana vyaktiyon koo kewal nasleeya shreni, "mool americi/alaska mool nivasi" kii jaanch karke bhaaratiya key roop mein aatm-pehchaan karane kii anumati detee haye. 1990 mein, lagbhag 18 laakh logon ney janganana mein americi bhaaratiya key roop mein apani pehchaan banaai. unamen seey lagbhag 60 pratishat, yaa 11.4 laakh loga, sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt janjaatiyon mein namankit hain.
joe loga bhaaratiya key roop mein apani pehchaan banaate hain lekin sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt samooh kaa hissa naheen hain, way aksar ack maanyata praapt janjaati mein shamil honah chaahte hain. janjaatiya sarkaar, kuchh kanuni daayitva key abhaav mein, joe anyatha nirdhaarit kartaa haye, janjaati kaa sadasya kaun haye, iss parr antim adhikaar kshetra haye. hollie record, ack maanavvigyaani joe sweekriti aur maanyata kii biyaa shakha key pramukh hain, una logon key liye sabse aam parinam parr charcha karate hain joe sadasyata chaahte hainh "humm jaanch karate hain aur paate hain kii unake paas bhaaratiya vansh kaa koee nishan naheen haye, phir bhee way abhee bhee poori tarah seey aashvast hain kii way bhaaratiya hain. bhale hii aapke paas bhaaratiya rakt kaa nishan hoe, aap apani pehchaan key liye ise kyon chunana chaahte hain, naa kii apani ayrish yaa italvi? yeh spasht naheen haye kii kyon, lekin iss samay, bahut seey loga bhaaratiya banana chaahte hain."
haal hii mein, sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt janjaatiyon mein namankit sadasyon kii sankhya mein vriddhi dekhi gaee haye. kuchh mamalon mein yeh mool americi viraasat aur sanskriti mein ruchi key punruddhar key kaaran huaa haye. bhaaratiya key roop mein apani pehchaan banaane vaale logon kii sankhya aur bhee teji seey badh rahee haye. hastings shade, cheroki rashtra key upa pramukh, ack safed saamp kii cheroki kinvadanti kii baat karate hain joe bhaaratiya bhoomi aur logon koo khaa jaataa haye. kaee peedhiyon key baad, ack yuva bhaaratiya isake tareeke seekhata haye aur apane dill seey ack daanv chalaata haye. "anta mein", kinvadanti kaa nishkarsh haye, "kewal bhaaratiya rakt bachaa hoga, aur loga yeh saabit karane kii koshish karane key liye kataar mein khade honge kii unake paas bhaaratiya rakt haye."
namankan radd karna.
namankan radd karane koo usa prakriya key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye jisamen mool americi ack janjaati key saath nagrikta khou dete hain. yadi kissy mool nivasi koo unaki janjaati seey apanjikrit kiya jaataa haye, tou unhein anivarya roop seey unake sarkari laabhon aur ack sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt janjaati key sadasya key roop mein sweekriti seey vanchit curr diyaa jaataa haye, aur ack vyakti key roop mein unaki pehchaan bhee chheen lii jaati haye, jaisa kii aaj bhaaratiya desh dwara prakaashit ack lekh mein nihit haye "apanjikrit karna upaniveshvadiyon kaa ack upkaran haye". ack janjaati kaa ack udaaharan jahaan saikadon sadasyon koo namankan seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, vaha nukkad janjaati haye jahaan lagbhag 300 sou sadasyon koo namankan seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa "saat saal kii gaatha koo achchi tarah seey darj kiya gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey 2016 key baad seey jaba ack adiwasi parishad gutt ney chaar samaapt seeton key liye chunaav karaane seey incar curr diyaa aur usa chunaav koo chhodane aur apani saamoohik namankan yojana koo puuraa karane key prayaas mein poori nukkad sarkaar koo jalaa diyaa," nukkad sankhya-306. namankan seey hataane kaa antim uddeshya mool janjaatiyon koo samaapt karna aur mool vyaktiyon kii pehchaan koo nasht karna haye taaki punah namankan prakriya koo kathin banaaya jaa sakey aur sanyukt raajya america mein ack mool americi key roop mein maanyata praapt karane kii jatilata koo aur badhaaya jaa sakey.
kissy vyakti koo kissy janjaati dwara kabhi-kabhi gambhir apraadhon key liye baahar nikala jaa sakata haye, lekin kabhi-kabhi, yeh pataa chalane parr kii unakaa daavaa achchi tarah seey sthaapit naheen haye.
casino aaya vaali chhoti janjaatiyon dwara kaee naam-namankan radd karna sandigdh haye.
kaee mool americi samudaayon ney namankan radd karane parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa haye.
namankan radd karane key udaaharan.
2016 mein mool nivaasiyon dwara "panjikaran bund karein" naamak ack website sthaapit kii gaee thee.<bee. aar.>
2017 mein yeh bataaya gayaa haye kii 72 mool janjaatiyon key anumaanit 9,000 sadasyon koo namankan seey hataa diyaa gayaa haye.>
2020 mein yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii 85 [574 sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt janjaatiyon mein seey] key lagbhag 10,000 sadasyon koo 15 varshon mein namankan seey hataa diyaa gayaa haye.
raajya-maanyata praapt bhaaratiya.
kissy janjaati kii sanghiya maanyata kii prakriya hamesha seey rahee haye aur adhikansh mool janjaatiyon key liye ise praapt karna jatil aur kathin rahane kii sambhavana haye. haalaanki, kuchh janjaatiyaan raajya kii maanyata praapt karane mein saksham rahee hain jiska arth haye kii inn janjaatiyon koo alag-alag raajyon dwara unake vibhinn raajya sarkaar key uddeshyon key liye maanyata dee jaati haye. 1924 mein, virginia key nasleeya akhandata adhiniyam koo lagu kiya gayaa aur iss adhiniyam koo lagu karane vaale adhikaariyon dwara vanshavali record kiya gayaa. nasleeya akhandata adhiniyam ney ghoshana kii thee kii virginia mein kewal "rangeen" aur "safed" loga maujood they, haalaanki iss adhiniyam key parinamon ney inn bhaartiyon key liye bhavishya mein kissy bhee prakaar kii maanyata praapt karna lagbhag asambhav banaa diyaa haye.
kuchh samooh joe sanghiya roop seey maanyata praapt naheen hain, unhone abhee bhee raajya kii maanyata praapt kii haye. vibhinn raajyon, adhikansh poorv mein, sanghiya maanyata seey swatantra maanyata prakriya haye. raajya dwara maanyata praapt janjaatiyon key kuchh udaaharan uttari carolina kii lumbi janjaati aur louisiana kii hauma janjaati hain.