
ghanatva (computer bhandaran)

ghanatva soochana bits kii matra kaa ack maap haye jise track kii dee gaee lambai ("raikhik ghanatva"), satah key kshetra ("kshetriya ghanatva"), yaa computer bhandaran madhyam key diye gaye aayatan ("aayatan ghanatva") mein sangraheet kiya jaa sakata haye. aam taur parr, uchch ghanatva adhik vaanchhaniya haye, kyonki yeh adhik detta koo usee bhautik sthaan mein sangraheet karane kii anumati detaa haye. isaliye ghanatva kaa kissy diye gaye madhyam kii bhandaran kshamata seey seedha sambandh haye. ghanatva aam taur parr ack vishesh madhyam key bheetar pradarshan koo prabhaavit kartaa haye, saath hii saath keemat koo bhee.
bhandaran upkaran varg.
thhos raajya media.
solid state drive gair-vashpasheel media koo sangraheet karane key liye flashes memori kaa upayog karate hain. way badey paimaane parr utpaadit bhandaran aur pratidvandi chumbakiya disk media kaa navintam roop hain. solid state media detta koo naind flashes key pool mein saheja jaataa haye. nand swayam floating gett transister seey banaa haye. drams mein upayog kiye jaane vaale transister designs key vipareet, jinhen prati sekand kaee baar taaza kiya jaanaa chaahiye, naind flashes koo bijli naa honey parr bhee apani charge sthiti koo banaae rakhane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. vyaavsaayik roop seey upalabdh uchchatam kshamata vaale drive nimbus detta exadrive dee. see. shrinkhala drive hain, yeye drive 16tii. bee. seey 100tii. bee. taka kii kshamata mein aatey hain. nimbus kaa kahana haye kii apane aakar key liye 100tb ssd kaa 6:1 sthaan bachat anupaat ack nikat rekha hdd parr haye.
chumbakiya disk media.
haard disk drive ack disk parr satah coating key chhote patch key chumbakiya dhruvikaran mein detta sangraheet karati haye. adhikatam kshetriya ghanatva satah mein chumbakiya kanon key aakar key saath-saath detta koo padhane aur likhane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale "sir" key aakar seey paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. 1956 mein pahali haard drive, aaee. bee. aim. 350, kaa kshetriya ghanatva 2,000 bitt/inn2 thaa. taba seey, ghanatva mein vriddhi ney moore key niyam kaa milan kiya haye, joe 2014 mein 1 tii. bitt/inn2 taka pahunch gayaa haye. 2015 mein, cgate ney aaee. bee. aim. 350 key 600 million gunaa seey adhik, 1.34 tii. bitt/inn2 key ghanatva key saath ack haard drive pesh kii. yeh ummeed kii jaati haye kii vartamaan recording takneek nikat bhavishya mein cumm seey cumm 5 tii. bitt/inn2 taka "vyavharya" paimaane parr jaa sakati haye. garmi-sahaayata praapt chumbakiya recording (hammer) aur microwave-sahaayata praapt chumbakiya recording (aim. aeye. aim. aar.) jaisi naee takneeken vikas key adheen hain aur isase chumbakiya kshetra key ghanatva mein vriddhi jaari rahane kii ummeed haye.
optical disk media.
optical disk ack plastic kii satah mein chhote gaddhon mein detta sangraheet karati haye jise phir paraavartak dhaatu kii ack patali parat seey dhaka diyaa jaataa haye. compact disk (see. dee.) lagbhag 0.90 jee. bitt/inn2 kaa ghanatva pradaan karate hain, jisamen 0.83 micrometer lambe aur 0.5 micrometer chaude gaddhon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, joe 1.6 micrometer kii doori parr patariyon mein vyavasthit hotey hain. dee. vee. dee. disk anivarya roop seey ack uchch ghanatva vaali cd hoti haye, jisamen disk kii satah kaa adhik upayog kiya jaataa haye, chhote gaddhe (0.64 micrometer), aur sakht track (0.74 micrometer), joe lagbhag 2.2 jee. bitt/inn2 kaa ghanatva pradaan karate hain. ekal-parat aich. dee. dee. dee. dee. dee. dee. dee. dee. dee. aur blue-ray disk kramshah 7.5 jee. bitt/inn2 aur 12.5 jee. bitt/inn2 key aspas ghanatva pradaan karate hain.
jaba 1982 mein cd koo pesh kiya gayaa thaa tou haard disk drive kii tulanaa mein cd mein kaafee adhik ghanatva thaa, lekin haard disk drive ney taba seey bahut adhik teji seey pragati kii haye aur prati upkaran kshetriya ghanatva aur kshamata donon mein optical media koo grahan curr liya haye.
chumbakiya tape media.
pahala chumbakiya tape drive, univac uniservo, joe aadhe inch key chumbakiya tape parr 128 bitt/inch key ghanatva parr darj kiya gayaa thaa, jisake parinamswarup 256 bitt/inch 2 kaa kshetriya ghanatva huaa. 2015 mein, aaee. bee. aim. aur fusifilm ney chumbakiya tape key liye ack nayaa record 123 jee. bitt/inch 2 kaa haye, jabaki ell. tii. oh.-6,2015 mein uchchatam ghanatva vaale tape shipping, 0.84 jee. bitt/inch 2 kaa kshetriya ghanatva pradaan kartaa haye.
shodh.
kaee praudyogikiyan maujooda media key ghanatva koo paar karane kaa prayaas curr rahee hain.
aaee. bee. aim. kaa uddeshya 2007 mein 1 tii. bitt./inn. 2 parr unaki millipied smriti pranali kaa vyaavsaayikaran karna thaa, lekin vikas bahut hii kharaab prateet hotaa haye. ack naee aaee. bee. aim. takneek, restrack memori, 3dee mein vyavasthit kaee chhote nanoscopic taaron kii ack sarani kaa upayog karati haye, pratyek ghanatva mein sudhaar key liye kaee bits rakhta haye. halanki sateek sankhya kaa ullekh naheen kiya gayaa haye, lekin aaee. bee. aim. samachar lekh "100 gunaa" badhane kii baat karate hain.
holographic bhandaran praudyogikiyaan bhee maujooda pranaliyon koo paar karane kaa prayaas curr rahee hain, lekin way bhee daud khou rahey hain, aur 1 tbit/in2 kii peshkash karane kaa anuman haye, jisamen lagbhag 250 gb/in2 gair-quantum holographic pranaliyon key liye aaj taka kaa sabse achchha pradarshan haye.
anya prayogaatmak praudyogikiyaan aur bhee adhik ghanatva pradaan karati hain. aanvik bahulak bhandaran koo 10 tbit/in2 sangraheet karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye. abb taka kaa sabse ghanaa prakaar kaa smriti bhandaran praayogik roop seey electronic quantum holography haye. ack hii hologram mein vibhinn tarang dairdhya kii chhaviyon koo superimpose karke, 2009 mein ack steinford shodh dall ney electron microscope aur ack tambe key madhyam kaa upayog karke 35 bitt/electron (lagbhag 3 exabyte/inn2) kaa thodaa ghanatva hassil kiya.
2012 mein, dee. aine. aeye. kaa safaltapurvak ack prayogaatmak detta bhandaran madhyam key roop mein upayog kiya gayaa thaa, lekin transcoding key liye dee. aine. aeye. synthesizer aur dee. aine. aeye. microchips kii aavashyakta thee. dee. aine. aeye. key paas uchchatam ghanatva vaale bhandaran madhyam kaa record haye. march 2017 mein, kolambiya vishvavidyalaya aur newyork genome kendra key vaigyaanikon ney dee. aine. aeye. fountain key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ack vidhi prakaashit kii joe 215 petabyte prati graam dee. aine. aeye. key ghanatva seey jaankaari kii sahee punarpraapti kii anumati detee haye, joe saiddhaantik seema kaa 85 pratishat haye.
pradarshan parr prabhaav.
naind flashes memori key ullekhaniya apavaad key saath, ack madhyam key bhandaran ghanatva mein vriddhi aam taur parr hastaantaran gati mein sudhaar karati haye jiss parr vaha madhyam kaam curr sakata haye. yeh sabse adhik spasht haye jaba vibhinn disk-adharit media parr vichaar kiya jaataa haye, jahaan bhandaran tatva disk kii satah parr faile hotey hain aur padhane yaa likhane key liye "haid" key neeche bhautik roop seey ghumaaya jaanaa chaahiye. uchch ghanatva kaa arth haye kissy bhee yaantrik gati key liye adhik detta sir key neeche chalata haye.
udaaharan key liye, humm ack floppy disk key liye prabhaavi sthanantaran gati kii ganana yeh nirdhaarit karke curr sakate hain kii bits sir key neeche kitni teji seey chalate hain. ack maanak 31⁄2 inch kii floppy disk 300 aar. pee. aim. parr ghoomati haye, aur sabse bheetari track lagbhag 66 mimi lamba (10.5 mimi trijya) hotaa haye. 300 aar. pee. aim. parr sir key neeche media kii raikhik gati lagbhag 66 mimi × 300 aar. pee. aim. = 19800 mimi/minut, yaa 330 mimi/aiss haye. usa track key saath bits koo 686 bitt/mimi key ghanatva parr sangraheet kiya jaataa haye, jiska arth haye kii sir 686 bitt/mimi × 330 mimi/aiss = 226,380 bitt/aiss (yaa 28.3 key. bee/aiss) dekhta haye.
abb usa design mein sudhaar parr vichaar karein joe namoone kii lambai koo cumm karke aur usee track antar koo banaae rakhate hue bits key ghanatva koo doguna curr detaa haye. yeh sthanantaran kii gati koo doguna curr dega kyonki bits sir key neeche seey doguni teji seey gujarenge. praarambhik floppy disk interfaces 250 kbit/s sthanantaran gati key liye design kiye gaye they, lekin 1980 key dashak mein "uchch ghanatva" 1.44 mb (1,440 kb) floppy kii shuruat key saath teji seey behtar pradarshan kiya gayaa thaa. adhikansh pc mein uchch ghanatva drive key liye design kiye gaye interfaces shamil they joe isake bajaay 500 kbit/s parr chalate they. yeye bhee, ls-120 jaise nae upkaranon seey poori tarah seey abhibhoot they, jinhen aaee. dee. jaise uchch gati vaale interfaces kaa upayog karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa.
halanki pradarshan parr prabhaav ghoornan media parr sabse adhik spasht haye, isi tarah key prabhaav flashes raim yaa drams jaise thhos-avastha media key liye bhee kaam mein aatey hain. iss mamle mein pradarshan koo aam taur parr usa samay seey paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye jaba vidyut sanketon koo computer buss seey chips taka jaane mein lagata haye, aur phir chips key madhyam seey detta koo sangraheet karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale vyaktigat "koshikaon" taka (pratyek koshika mein ack bitt hotaa haye).
ack paribhaashit vidyut guna chip key ander taaron kaa pratirodh haye. jaise-jaise koshika kaa aakar cumm hotaa jaataa haye, ardhchaalak nirmaan mein sudhaar key madhyam seey joe moors key niyam kaa kaaran banata haye, pratirodh cumm hoe jaataa haye aur koshikaon koo sanchaalit karane key liye cumm shakti kii aavashyakta hoti haye. iska matlab haye kii sanchaalan key liye cumm vidyut pravaah kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur iss prakaar pranali mein aavashyak matra mein vidyut avesh bhejane key liye cumm samay kii aavashyakta hoti haye. vishesh roop seey, ack koshika key sandharitra mein sangraheet kiye jaane kii aavashyakta vaale avesh kii matra bhee iss samay koo seedhe prabhaavit karati haye.
jaise-jaise nirmaan mein sudhaar huaa haye, thhos-avastha smriti mein pradarshan key mamle mein naatakiya roop seey sudhaar huaa haye. aadhunik drams chips mein 10 ns yaa usase cumm key crum mein parichaalan gati thee. cumm spasht prabhaav yeh haye kii jaise-jaise ghanatva mein sudhaar hotaa haye, kissy vishesh matra mein smriti kii aapoorti key liye aavashyak dimm kii sankhya cumm hoe jaati haye, jiska arth haye kii kissy vishesh computer mein samagr roop seey cumm dimm. isase aksar behtar pradarshan bhee hotaa haye, kyonki buss yatayat cumm hotaa haye. haalaanki, yeh prabhaav aam taur parr raikhik naheen hotaa haye.
moolya parr prabhaav.
bhandaran ghanatva kaa smriti kii keemat parr bhee majboot prabhaav padata haye, halanki iss mamle mein, kaaran itane spasht naheen hain.
disk-adharit media key mamle mein, praathamik laagat drive key ander chalane vaale bhaagon kii hoti haye. yeh ack nishchit nichali seema nirdhaarit kartaa haye, yahee kaaran haye kii 2007 seey donon pramukh aich. dee. dee. nirmaataon key liye ausat bikri moolya $45-75 rhaa haye. uchchatam kshamata vaale drive adhik platters kaa upayog karate hain, anivarya roop seey mamle key bheetar vyaktigat haard drive. jaise-jaise ghanatva badhata haye, thaali kii sankhya cumm kii jaa sakati haye, jisase laagat cumm hoe jaati haye.
haard drive koo aksar prati bitt laagat key sandarbh mein maapa jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, 1957 mein pahali vaanijyik haard drive, aaee. bee. aim. key ramack ney 34,500 dollar yaa 9,200 dollar prati megabyte key liye 3.75 mb kii aapoorti kii. 1989 mein, ack 40 mb haard drive kii keemat $1200, yaa $30/mb thee. aur 2018 mein, 4 tii. bee. drive 75 dollar yaa 1.9/jee. bee. mein beche gaye, joe 1989 seey 15 laakh aur ramack key baad seey 520 million kaa sudhaar haye. yeh mudrasfeeti key liye samaayojan key binaa haye, jisane 1956 seey 2018 taka kimaton mein nau gunaa vriddhi kii.
thhos-avastha bhandaran mein prati bitt laagat mein isi tarah kii girawat dekhi gaee haye. iss mamle mein laagat "upaj", ack ikai samay mein utpaadit vyavharya chips kii sankhya seey nirdhaarit kii jaati haye. chips kaa utpaadan ekal badey silicon wafer kii satah parr mudrit baichon mein kiya jaataa haye, jise kaataa jaataa haye aur gair-kaam karane vaale namoonon koo fenk diyaa jaataa haye. badey wafers kaa upayog karke aur cumm viphaltaon key saath wafers kaa utpaadan karke samay key saath nirmaan ney paidawar mein sudhaar kiya haye. packaging aur anya lagaton key kaaran iss prakriya kii nichali seema lagbhag $1 prati poorna chip haye.
soochana ghanatva aur prati bitt laagat key beach sambandh koo iss prakaar darshaaya jaa sakata haih ack memori chip joe bhautik aakar kaa aadhaa haye, iska matlab haye kii ack hii wafer parr doguni ikaaiyon kaa utpaadan kiya jaa sakata haye, iss prakaar pratyek kii keemat aadhi hoe jaati haye. ack tulanaa key roop mein, drama koo pahali baar 1971 mein vyaavsaayik roop seey pesh kiya gayaa thaa, ack 1 bitt bhaag jisaki laagat badey baichon mein lagbhag $50, yaa lagbhag 5 sent prati bitt thee. 1999 mein 64 aim. bitt. bhaag aam they, jinaki keemat lagbhag 0.00002 sent prati bitt (20 microcent/bitt) thee.

