pahala laal darr

pahala laal darr sanyukt raajya america key 20 veen shatabdi key itihas kii shuruat key dauran ack avadhi thee, jisamen vaastavik aur kaalpanik ghatnaaon key kaaran bolshevism aur arajaktawad sahit door-vaam andolanon kaa vyaapak darr thaa; vaastavik ghatnaaon mein russie 1917 octuber kranti aur yuu. aiss. mein arajaktawadi bambari shamil thee.aiss. aaee. dee. 1. mein apani oonchaai parr, americi samaaj mein kattarpanthi raajneetik andolan key prabhaavon aur americi shram andolan mein samaajvaad, saamyvaad aur arajaktawad key kathit prasaar parr chintaon ney chinta kii ack samanya bhavna koo badhaava diyaa.
iss darr kii utpatti pratham vishva yuddh key atee-raashtravaad key saath-saath russie kranti mein hui thee. yuddh key anta mein, octuber kranti key baad, americi adhikaariyon ney sangathit shram key karyon mein saamyavaadi kranti key khatare koo dekhaa, jisamen seatle general strike aur boston pulis strike jaise alag-alag mamle aur phir raajneetik aur vyaavsaayik netaaon parr arajaktawadi samoohon dwara nirdeshit bambari abhiyaan shamil they. shram ashanti aur arajaktawadi bumm visfoton seey prerit, aur phir sanyukt raajya america key attorney general dwara kiye gaye aakramak chhaapon aur prayason seey prerit. kattarpanthi sangathanon koo dabaane key liye michel palmer, isaki visheshta atiranjit bayanbaji, avaidh khoj aur jabti, anuchit giraftari aur hirasat, aur kaee sou sandigdh kattarpanthiyon aur arajaktavadiyon key nirvaasan thee. isake alawa, amerikiyon key beach badhate aapravaasan virodhi nativist andolan ney dakshini europe aur purvi europe seey badhate aapravaasan koo americi raajneetik aur samajik sthirata key liye khatare key roop mein dekhaa.
bolshevism aur yuu mein ack saamyavaadi-prerit kranti kaa khatra.aiss. samajik vyavastha key liye chunautiyon key liye pramukh spashteekaran bunn gayaa, yahaan taka kii 1919 kii laal garmiyon key dauran antarjaatiya hinsa kii ghatnaaon jaisi badey paimaane parr asambandhit ghatnaaon key liye bhee. kattarpanth key darr kaa upayog kuchh jhandon aur banners key pradarshan key roop mein abhivyakti kii swatantrata key daman kii vyakhya karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. aprail 1920 mein, chintaaen jey key saath charam parr pahunch gaeen. edger hoover ney rashtra koo maee key dinn ack khooni vidroh key liye taiyar honey key liye kahaa. pulis aur senaa sabse kharaab sthiti key liye taiyar thee, lekin dinn binaa kissy ghatana key beet sakata thaa. jald hii, janmat aur adaalaten pamar key khilaf hoe gaeen, jisase unake chhaape aur pahale laal darr koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa. sheet yuddh key anta key baad, avargeekrit dastavejon ney 1920 key dashak kii shuruat mein sanyukt raajya america mein vyaapak soviyat jasusi gatividhi kaa khulasa kiya.
utpatti.
pahala laal darr kaa tatkaal kaaran sanyukt raajya mein videshi aur vampanthi tatvon, vishesh roop seey luigi galleni key ugravaadi anuyaayiyon aur yuu key prayason mein vidhvansak karyon mein vriddhi thee.aiss. sarkaar virodh koo dabaane aur america key pratham vishva yuddh mein pravesh key anukool saarvajanik vichaar praapt karane key liye. 19veen shatabdi key anta mein aur gallenist arajaktawadi andolan key uday seey pahale, 1886 key ghaas key bajar key mamle ney americi janata key ubharate americi shramikon key andolan key bheetar videshi arajaktawadi aur kattarpanthi samajwadi tatvon key darr koo pahale hii badhaa diyaa thaa. 1917 mein, rashtrapati vudro willson ney zana soochana parr samiti kii sthaapana kii taaki janvirodhi aur sahayogi samarthak prachaar aur anya samacharon koo prasaarit aur vitarit kiya jaa sakey. samiti kii prabhavsheelta koo badhaane key liye, jaanch beuro (1935 taka sanghiya jaanch beuro kaa naam) ney german-americi, sangh aur vampanthi sangathanon key kaam koo chhaape, giraftari, agents key ukasaane aur kanuni abhiyojan key upayog key madhyam seey baadhit kiya. krantikari aur shantivadi samooh, jaise kii america kii samajwadi party aur duniya key audyogik shramik (iww; isake sadasyon koo "wobley" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye), ney yuddh kaa kadaa virodh kiya. inn samoohon key kaee netaa, vishesh roop seey eugene vee. dibbs parr, masaude key virodh kaa aagrah karane vaale bhaashan dene key liye mukadama chalaaya gayaa thaa. hindu-german sajish mukadame mein gadar party key sadasyon parr bhee mukadama chalaaya gayaa thaa.
iss prayaas mein sanyukt raajya congress dwara bhee madad kii gaee, 1917 mein jasusi adhiniyam, 1918 kaa rajdroh adhiniyam aur 1918 kaa aapravaasan adhiniyam paarit honey key saath. jasusi adhiniyam ney senaa key sanchaalan yaa safalata mein hastakshep karna ack aparaadh banaa diyaa, aur rajdroh adhiniyam ney amerikiyon koo yuddh key dauran sanyukt raajya sarkaar, dhwaj, yaa sanyukt raajya key sashastr balon key baare mein "bevafa, apavitra, apmaanjanak yaa apmaanjanak bhasha" kaa upayog karane seey manaa curr diyaa. 1918 key aapravaasan adhiniyam ney arajaktavadiyon koo naam seey lakshit kiya aur anya logon key beach emma goldman aur luigi galleni koo nirvaasit karane key liye upayog kiya gayaa.
yuddh key aadhikarik roop seey samaapt honey key baad, sarkari jaanch kuchh maheenon key liye cumm hoe gaee lekin bund naheen hui. way jald hii 1917 kii bolshevik kranti, russie grihyuddh mein sahayogi hastakshep aur laal aatank key sandarbh mein phir seey shuru hue. kuchh amerikiyon key liye, yeh sanyukt raajya mein arajaktawadi, samajwadi yaa saamyavaadi kranti kii sambhaavanaon parr anishchitata aur bhaya kaa samay thaa.
ghatnaaon kii pragati.
seatle general hadtaal.
21 janwari, 1919 koo, seatle mein 35,000 shipyard shramikon ney majdoori badhaane kii maang koo laker hadtaal kii. unhone anya sanghon seey samarthan key liye kendriya shram parishad seey appeal kii aur vyaapak utsaah paaya. dou saptah key bheetar, 100 seey adhik sthaaniya sangh 3 farwari koo 6 farwari kii subah shuru honey vaali samanya hadtaal key ahwan mein shamil hoe gaye. kull 60,000 hadtaalkaariyon ney shahar kii samanya gatividhiyon, jaise streetcar seva, school aur samanya vanijya koo pangu banaa diyaa, jabaki unaki samanya hadtaal samiti ney adesh banaae rakhaa aur kachra sangrah aur doodh vitaran jaisi aavashyak sevaaen pradaan keen.
hadtaal shuru honey seey pahale hii press ney yuniyanon koo punarvichaar karane key liye prerit karane kii koshish kii. kuchh hudd taka way kuchh shram kii bayanbaji seey darr gaye they, jaise kii shram samachar patra key sampadakiya mein ghoshana kii gaee theeh "humm iss desh mein shram dwara kiye gaye sabse jabardast kadam uthaa rahey hain... humm ack aise raaste seey shuruat curr rahey hain joe jaataa haye-koee naheen jaanata kii kahaan!"dainik samachar patron ney samanya hadtaal koo ack videshi ayaat key roop mein dekhaah" yeh america haye-roose naheen ", ack ney samanya hadtaal kii ninda karate hue kahaa. ciatal kii aabaadi key gair-hadtaal vaale hisse ney sabse kharaab kii kalpana kii aur bhojan kaa bhandar kiya. hardware stores ney apani bandookon kaa stock betch diyaa.
ciatal key mahapour ole hanson ney ghoshana kii kii kissy bhee gadbadi koo cumm karane key liye unake paas 1500 pulis aur 1500 sanghiya sanic hain. unhone vyaktigat roop seey poore shahar mein unaki tainaati kaa nireekshan kiya. "samay aaa gayaa haye", unhone kahaa, "seatle mein logon key liye apane amerikiwad koo dikhaane kaa... iss samudaay mein arajaktawadi isake mamalon parr shasson naheen karenge."unhone hadtaal curr rahey shramikon koo badalane key liye unakaa upayog karane kaa vaadaa kiya, lekin usa dhamki koo kabhi puuraa naheen kiya.
iss beach, americi shram mahasangh (aeye. aff. ell.) key rashtriya netritva aur kuchh sthaaniya logon key antarrashtriya netaaon ney maanaa kii aam hadtaal americi janata aur seatle key madhyam varg kii nazaron mein kitni bhadkaau saabit hoe rahee thee. press aur raajneetik pratikriya ney aam hadtaal koo asamarthaniya banaa diyaa, aur unhein darr thaa kii yadi yuddh jaari rhaa tou yuddh key dauran kiye gaye laabh koo seatle shram khou denge. rashtriya press ney samanya hadtaal koo "markswadi" aur "maujooda sarkaar key uddeshya seey ack krantikari andolan" kahaa. "yeh kewal ack madhyam kadam haye", "shikago tribune ney kahaa," "petrograd seey seatle taka."
8 farwari kii shuruat mein kuchh sangh apane netaaon key aagrah parr kaam parr lautane lagey. kuchh shramik vyaktigat roop seey kaam parr vaapas chaley gaye, shayed iss darr seey kii aggar mahapour apani dhamkiyon parr kaarravaai kartaa haye yaa samanya hadtaal key tahat jeevan key dabaav kii pratikriya mein apani naukari khou dega. samanya hadtaal samiti kii karyakari samiti ney pahale 8 farwari koo aam hadtaal koo samaapt karane kii sifarish kii lekin vaha vote haar gaee. aakhirkaar 10 farwari koo, samanya hadtaal samiti ney agale dinn hadtaal koo samaapt karane key liye matdan kiya. shipyard mein mool hadtaal jaari rahee.
halanki aam hadtaal dhwast hoe gaee kyonki shram netritva ney ise shuru seey hii ack gumrah ranneeti key roop mein dekhaa, meyer hanson ney paanch divasiya hadtaal koo samaapt karane kaa shreya liya aur press dwara iska swaagat kiya gayaa. unhone kuchh maheenon baad istifa dey diyaa aur "gharelu bolshevism" key khatron parr vyakhyan dete hue desh kaa daura kiya. unhone saat maheenon mein 38,000 dollar kamaaye, joe mahapour key roop mein unake vaarshik vetan kaa paanch gunaa thaa. unhone "amerikiwad banaam bolshevism" naamak ack parcha prakaashit kiya.
overman samiti.
overman samiti yuu kii ack vishesh paanch sadasyiya upasamiti thee.aiss. nyaypalika parr senate samiti kii adhyakshata north carolina democrate lii slatter overman ney kii. pratham vishva yuddh key dauran german vidhvans kii jaanch key liye pahali baar aaropit, iska janadesh 4 farwari, 1919 koo, seatle general strike kii ghoshana key thheek ack dinn baad, "iss desh mein kissy bhee party key siddhanton kaa prachaar karane key liye kiye jaa rahey kissy bhee prayaas kaa adhyayan karane key liye yaa roose mein kissy bhee adhikaar kaa prayog karane kaa daavaa karane key liye" aur "iss desh kii sarkaar koo ukhaad fenkane key liye ukasaane key kissy bhee prayaas" kaa adhyayan karane key liye badhaaya gayaa thaa. 11 farwari seey 10 march, 1919 taka aayojit bolshevik prachaar mein samiti kii sunavaai ney bolshevikvaad kii ack khatarnak chhavi vikasit kii joe yuu key liye ack aasann khatare key roop mein thee.aiss. sarkaar aur americi moolya. samiti kii antim report juuna 1919 mein saamane aaee.
archibald ee. nyaay vibhaag seey sambandh rakhane vaale newyork key ack vakeel stevenson ney, shayed ack "swayamsevak jasus" key roop mein, 22 janwari, 1919 koo upasamiti key kaam key german charan key dauran gawahi dee. unhone sthaapit kiya kii pratham vishva yuddh key dauran yuddh-virodhi aur bhrashtachar-virodhi sakriyata, jise unhone german samarthak gatividhi key roop mein varnit kiya thaa, abb khud koo "bolshevik andolan key liye sahaanubhooti vikasit karane" key prachaar mein badal diyaa thaa. america key yuddhakaaleen dushman ney halanki parajit kiya thaa, lekin ack aisee vichardhara kaa niryaat kiya thaa joe abb roose parr shasson karati thee aur america koo phir seey khatare mein daalati thee. "bolshevik andolan germany key krantikari samaajvaad kii ack shakha haye. isaki utpatti marks key darshan mein hui thee aur isake netaa german they."unhone johnn reed key prachaar prayason kaa hawala diyaa aur videshi press seey kaee udaaharan diye. unhone senators seey kahaa kii "hamein roose seey iss desh mein paisa aaa rhaa haye."
senators koo vishesh roop seey iss baat mein dilchaspi thee kii kaise bolshevism ney kaee prakaar key arajaktawadi aur samajvadiyon sahit kaee alag-alag tatvon koo ekjut kiya thaa, "inn sabhi kattarpanthi samoohon koo khade honey key liye ack samanya munch pradaan karate hue. minnesota key republican senator nutt nelson ney raajneetik raay key ack badey hisse koo shamil karane key liye bolshevism key alingan koo vistaarit karke pratikriya deeh "tou unhone vaastav mein pragativaadiyon aur sudharakon key vibhinn vargon kii seva kii haye joe hamaare yahaan iss desh mein hain."anya gavaahon ney roose mein kranti kii bhayavahata aur sanyukt raajya america mein ack tulaniya kranti key parinamon kaa varnan kiyaah naastikvaad kaa adhiropan, samachar patron kii jabti, bainkon parr hamale aur beema udyog key unmoolan. senators ney roose mein mahilaaon key vibhinn vichaaron koo sunaa, jisamen yeh daavaa bhee shamil thaa kii mahilaaon koo raajya kii sampatti banaaya gayaa thaa.
press ney jaanch aur antim report mein rusiyon koo "hatyaron aur pagal", "maanav mail", "aparaadh pagal" aur "jaanvaron" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. bolshevik kranti koo anukool roop seey dekhane vaale kuchh logon kii kabhi-kabhaar gawahi mein isake alochakon key mukka kaa abhaav thaa. farwari mein ack vistaarit sheershak padhaa gayaah
antim report key jaari honey parr, samachar patron ney badey aksharon mein surkhiyon key saath sansanikhej lekh chhaapeh "yahaan laal khatra", "khooni kranti kii yojana", aur "washington sarkaar koo palatana chaahte hain.
arajaktawadi bumm visfot.
1919 mein kaee arajaktawadi bumm visfot hue.
aprail 1919 daak bumm.
aprail 1919 key anta mein, lagbhag 36 booby trap bumm pramukh raajnetaon koo bheje gaye they, jinamen sanyukt raajya america key attorney general, nyayadhish, vyavasaayi (johnn dee sahit) shamil they. rockfeller), aur ack beuro off investigation feeled agent, aar. doubleu. finch, joe "gallenist" sangathan kii jaanch curr rhaa thaa.
bamon koo samaan packages mein bheja gayaa thaa aur sangathit shram aur shramik varg key utsav key dinn maee key dinn pahunchane key liye samay nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh package binaa kissy bhugtan key chaley gaye kyonki unamen paryaapt daak kii kamee thee. seatle meyer ole hanson key liye ack bumm, jisane seatle samanya hadtaal kaa virodh kiya thaa, jaldi pahunch gayaa aur jaisa irada thaa vaisa visfot karane mein whiffle rhaa. seatle pulis ney badale mein dakghar aur anya pulis agencies koo soochit kiya. 29 aprail koo, aapako ack package bheja gayaa.aiss. senator thomas doubleu. arajaktawadi bahishkaar adhiniyam key praayojak georgia key hardwick ney visfot curr apani patni aur ghar kii dekhbhal karane vaale koo ghayal curr diyaa. 30 aprail koo, newyork shahar mein ack dakghar karmchari ney solah packages koo unake lapetane seey pahachaana aur unaki delivery mein baadha daali. unake lakshya taka pahunchane seey pahale baarah aur bumm baramad kiye gaye.
juuna 1919 bumm.
juuna 1919 mein, aathh bumm, joe aprail mein daak seey bheje gaye bamon seey kaheen badey they, kaee yuu. mein lagbhag ack saath visfot hue.aiss. shaharon mein. maanaa jaataa thaa kii inn nae bamon mein panchish pound taka dynamite hotaa thaa, aur sabhi koo bhaari dhaatu key slug key saath lapeta yaa paik kiya gayaa thaa jise chharre key roop mein kaary karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. sabhi ichchit lakshyon ney arajaktawadi kattarpanthiyon kii jaanch yaa virodh key saath kissy naa kissy tarah seey bhaag liya thaa. doosari baar lakshit kiye gaye attorney general palmer key saath, ichchit peediton mein ack massachusets raajya pratinidhi aur ack naee jersey resham nirmaata shamil they. marane vaalon mein newyork shahar kaa ack raat kaa chaukidar, villium boner aur bamvarshakon mein seey ack, carlo valdinosi, ack "gallenist" kattarpanthi shamil they, joe attorney general palmer key ghar parr rakhe gaye bumm key visfot mein shandar tareeke seey maare gaye they. halanki gambhir roop seey ghayal naheen hue, attorney general palmer aur unakaa parivaar visfot seey poori tarah seey hill gaye, aur unakaa ghar kaafee hudd taka dhwast curr diyaa gayaa.
sabhi bumm gulabi rung key udaane vaale they, jinake sheershak parr "saade shabd" they, joe lakshit peediton parr varg yuddh chhedane kaa aarop lagaate they aur vaadaa karate theh "humm duniya koo aapke atyachari sansthanon seey mukt karane key liye nasht curr denge."pulis aur jaanch beuro ney ack arajaktawadi, andrea salcedo key swaamitva vaali ack print dukaan mein flyer koo track kiya, lekin kabhi bhee abhiyojan key liye paryaapt saboot praapt naheen kiye. valdonosi kii mrityu, bumm ghatakon aur pratibhagiyon key khaaton seey sakshya ney baad mein donon bumm hamalon koo "gallenist" seey jodd diyaa. halanki kuchh "gallenist" koo nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa yaa swechha seey desh chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, shesh sadasyon dwara hamale 1932 taka jaari rahey.
maee 1919 kaa dinn.
americi shram andolan 1890 key dashak seey apane maee divas kii chhutti manaa rhaa thaa aur europe mein usa dinn kii ghatnaaon seey judee koee bhee hinsa naheen dekhi thee. 1 maee, 1919 koo, vampanthi vishesh roop seey badey pradarshanon mein lagey, aur hinsa ney boston, newyork aur cleveland mein samanya roop seey shantipurna pared kaa swaagat kiya. boston mein, pulis ney ack march koo rokane kii koshish kii, jisamen anumati kii kamee thee. isake baad hui jhadap mein donon pakshon ney samajvadiyon key laal jhandon koo apane kabje mein lene key liye ladaai ladee. ack puliskarmi koo goli luggy aur usaki maut hoe gaee; dusare adhikaari kii maut dill kaa daura padane seey hui. villium sidis koo giraftar curr liya gayaa. baad mein ack bheed ney samajwadi mukhyalaya parr hamla kiya. pulis ney 114 logon koo giraftar kiya, sabhi samajwadi paksh seey they. pratyek paksh key samachar patron ney agale dinn apane liye gair-aalochanatmak samarthan pradaan kiya. newyork mein, vardi mein sainikon ney russie logon key ghar parr mudrit samagri koo jalaa diyaa aur apravasiyon koo "taaron seey ghiraa jhanda" gaane key liye majboor kiya.
cleveland, ohiyo ney sabse buri hinsa dekhi. eugene banaam key karawas kaa virodh curr rahey vampanthi. meyer key liye samajwadi ummidwar charles ruthenberg key abhiyaan koo badhaava dene aur shahar key kendra seey aage badhane kii yojana banaai. vijay rinn shramikon kaa ack samooh, ack rashtravadi sangathan jisake sadasyon ney yuddh bandhan betch diye aur khud koo sabhi prakaar key americi-virodhi key khilaf yuddh mein socha, kuchh march karane vaalon koo rokane kii koshish kii aur hathapai hui. bheed ney ruthenberg key mukhyalaya mein todfod kii. ghudsavaar pulis, senaa key truck aur tank ney vyavastha bahaal curr dee. dou logon kii maut hoe gaee, chaalees ghayal hoe gaye aur 116 koo giraftar curr liya gayaa. sthaaniya samachar patron ney nott kiya kii giraftar kiye gaye logon mein seey kewal 8 sanyukt raajya mein paida hue they. shahar kii sarkaar ney pared aur laal jhandon key pradarshan koo pratibandhit karane key liye turant kaanoon paarit kiye.
kuchh asahamati key saath, samachar patron ney rashtravadiyon kii pratikriya koo ukasaane key liye maee divas key julus koo doshi thaharaaya. salt lake city "tribune" koo naheen lagata thaa kii kissy koo bhee march karane kaa adhikaar haye. isane kahaah "abhivyakti kii swatantrata koo usa bindu taka leey jaaya gayaa haye jahaan yeh ack aniyantrit khatra haye."halanki, kuchh logon ney socha kii julus haanirahit they aur aggar unhein binaa kissy pareshani key chhod diyaa jaataa tou julus kaa utsaah apane aap marr jaayega.
nasl dange.
dou darjan seey adhik americi samudaayon, jyaadaatar shahari kshetron yaa audyogik kendron ney 1919 kii garmiyon aur shuruati girawat mein nasleeya hinsa dekhi. yuu. aiss. mein pahale key nasl dangon key vipareet.aiss. itihas, 1919 key dange una pahale dangon mein seey they jinamen ashweton ney safed hamalon key pratirodh key saath pratikriya dee thee. charleston, dakshin carolina mein marshel low lagu kiya gayaa thaa, jahan yuu key purush they.aiss. nausena ney 10 maee koo ack daud dange kaa netritva kiya. dange mein paanch gorey purush aur athaarah kaale purush ghayal hoe gaye. ack nausena kii jaanch mein paaya gayaa kii chaar yuu.aiss. navik aur ack nagrik-sabhi gorey purush-hinsa key prakop key liye jimmedaar they. 3 julaai koo, 10 veen yuu.aiss. 1866 mein sthaapit ack alag african-americi ikai, ghudsavaar senaa parr, bisby, arizona mein sthaaniya pulis dwara hamla kiya gayaa thaa.
sabse hinsak prakarnon mein seey dou washington, dee mein hue.see., aur shikago. washington, dee.see.kaee safed purushon ney, sainya vardi mein, chaar dinon kii bheed hinsa, dangon aur sadak parr yaadrichhik kaale logon kii pitai key saath balatkar key liye ack kaale aadami kii afwah giraftari kaa jawab diyaa. jaba pulis ney hastakshep karane seey incar curr diyaa, tou ashwet aabaadi ney jawabi ladaai ladee. jaba hinsa samaapt hui, tou dou pulis adhikaariyon aur 5 ashweton sahit duss gorey maare gaye they. lagbhag 150 loga hamalon key shikaar hue they. shikago mein dange 27 julaai koo shuru hue. mishigan jheel key saath shikago key samudra taton koo kaanoon dwara naheen tou vyavhaar mein alag kiya gayaa thaa. ack kaalaa yuvak joe paaramparik roop seey goron key liye aarakshit kshetra mein chalaa gayaa thaa, usey pathraav curr diyaa gayaa aur doob gayaa. jaba pulis ney kaarravaai karane seey incar curr diyaa tou ashweton ney hinsak jawab diyaa. bheed aur girohon key beach hinsa 13 dinon taka chully. parinamswarup hui 38 mauton mein 23 ashwet aur 15 gorey shamil they. choton kii sankhya 537 thee, aur 1,000 ashwet parivaar beghar hoe gaye they. lagbhag 50 logon key maare jaane kii soochana haye. anaupchaarik sankhyaaen bahut adhik theen. dakshin kii or saikadon jyaadaatar kaale gharon aur vyavsaayon koo bheed dwara nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur vyavastha bahaal karane key liye kaee hazaar kii ack milicia bull koo bulaaya gayaa thaa.
garmi key madhya mein, shikago dangon key beach mein, ack "sanghiya adhikaari" ney "newyork times" koo bataaya kii hinsa "ack andolan key parinamswarup hui, jisamen aaee shamil haye.doubleu.doubleu.bolshevism aur anya charam kattarpanthi andolanon kii sabse kharaab visheshtaen. unhone usa daave kaa samarthan vampanthi samoohon key saath gathbandhan kaa ahwan karane vaale nigro prakashanon kii pratiyon key saath kiya, soviyat shasson kii prashansa kii, aur jail mein bund samajwadi eugene banaam key saahas kii tulanaa kii. paaramparik ashwet netaaon key "schooly ladke kii bayanbaji" key saath bahas. times" ney prakashanon koo "dusht aur spasht roop seey achchi tarah seey vittaposhit" key roop mein varnit kiya, "kattarpanthi samajwadi tatvon key kuchh guton" kaa ullekh kiya, aur yeh sub sheershak key tahat bataayah "laal vidroh karane key liye nigro koo bhadkane kii koshish karate hain.
octuber key madhya mein, sarkari sroton ney phir seey "newyork times" koo america key ashwet samudaayon koo lakshit karane vaale bolshevwadi prachaar key saboot pradaan kiye joe "uttar aur paschim key audyogik kendron mein kiye jaa rahey andolan key samanantar thaa, jahaan kaee videshi mazdoor hain. lenin aur trotzky key siddhanton" key baare mein iss prachaar key liye vaahanon mein samachar patra, patrikaaen aur tathaakathit "nigro behtari" sangathan shamil they. iss tarah key prakashanon key uddharan shikago aur washington mein haal kii hinsa key vipareet hain.see.soviyat roose key saath, ack aisaa desh jisamen darjanon nasleeya aur bhashai prakaron ney apane kaee matbhedon koo sulajha liya haye aur ack aam baithak kaa maidan paaya haye, ack aisaa desh joe abb upaniveshon parr atyachar naheen kartaa haye, ack aisaa desh jahaan seey linch russie koo nirvaasit kiya jaataa haye aur jisamen nasleeya sahishnuta aur shaanti abb maujood haye."newyork times" ney sanghikaran key liye ack prakaashan key ahwan kaa hawala diyaah "nigro koo kapas shramikon key sanghon kaa gathan karna chaahiye. dakshini shwet poonjipati jaanate hain kii nigro safed borban koo dakshin mein apane ghutanon taka laa sakate hain. tou usa parr jaao."
hadtaal.
boston pulis hadtaal.
americi shram mahasangh (aeye. aff. ell.) ney juuna 1919 mein pulis sanghon koo charter denaa shuru kiya jaba sthaaniya samoohon dwara aisaa karane key liye dabaav daala gayaa, aur kewal 5 maheenon mein 37 shaharon mein sambaddh pulis sanghon koo maanyata dee gaee. boston pulis rank aur file 9 sitambar, 1919 koo hadtaal parr chaley gaye taaki unake sangh aur majdoori aur kaam karane kii sthitiyon mein sudhaar key liye maanyata praapt kii jaa sakey. pulis aayukt advin upton curtis ney iss baat seey incar kiya kii pulis adhikaariyon koo ack sangh banaane kaa koee adhikaar thaa, joe aeye. aff. ell. jaise badey sangathan seey sambaddh thaa. hadtaal key dauran, boston ney dou raaton taka arajakta kaa anubhav kiya, jaba taka kii swayamsevakon dwara samarthit raajya rakshak key kaee hazaar sadasyon ney vyavastha bahaal naheen kii, halanki kaee mauton key binaa naheen. janata, joe kii gupt press khaaton aur ativaadi raajneetik paryavekshakon dwara poshit thee, ney hadtaal koo ghatnaaon key anupaat mein khatare key ack star key saath dekhaa, jisase antatah kewal lagbhag $35,000 kii sampatti koo nuksan huaa.
strikers koo "deserters" aur "lenin key agent" kahaa jaataa thaa."philadelphia" "saarvajanik khatadharak" "ney boston hinsa koo 1919 kii kaee anya ghatnaaon key samaan hii dekhaah" "sanyukt raajya america mein bolshevism abb ack bhoot naheen haye. arajakta mein boston apane dusht padaarth koo prakat kartaa haye."rashtrapati vudro willson ney montana seey bolate hue, iss walkout koo" "sabhyata key khilaf ack aparaadh" "karaar diyaa, jisane" "thagon kii senaa kii dayaa parr shahar chhod diyaa. hadtaal kaa samay bhee pulis sangh koo sabse kharaab roshni mein pesh karane key liye huaa. 10 sitambar, hadtaal kaa pahala puuraa dinn, vaha dinn bhee thaa jaba newyork shahar mein ack vishal pared mein general johnn jey kii vaapsee kaa jashn manaaya gayaa thaa. pershing, americi abhiyaan bull key naayak.
washington, dee seey ack report.see., iss sheershak koo shamil kiyaah "senators koo lagata haye kii sarkaar koo soviyat banaane kaa prayaas shuru hoe gayaa haye. senator heinry cabot lodge ney hadtaal mein rashtriya shram andolan key khatron koo dekhaah "yadi americi shram sangh boston mein pulis koo pakadane mein safal hoe jaataa haye tou yeh poore desh mein jaayega, aur humm shramik sanghon dwara soviyat sarkaar seey maapa jaa sakane vaalaa doori taya karenge."ohiyo state journal" ney hadtaal karane vaalon key saath kissy bhee tarah key sahanubhutipurna vyavhaar kaa virodh kiyaah "jaba ack puliskarmi hamla kartaa haye, tou usey naa kewal apana karyalaya phir seey shuru karane seey, balki nagrikta seey bhee vanchit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. usane akshamya paap kiya haye; usane apane sabhi adhikaaron koo khou diyaa haye."
aeye. aff. ell. key saimuel gompers ney maanaa kii hadtaal janata key dimag mein shramikon koo nuksan pahuncha rahee thee aur hadtaal karane vaalon koo kaam parr lautane kii salah dee. halanki, pulis aayukt adey rahey aur hadataali puliskarmiyon koo phir seey niyukt karane seey incar curr diyaa. unhein massachusets key governor calvin cooliz kaa samarthan praapt thaa, jinaki gompers kii fatkaar ney unhein rashtriya pratishtha dilaaee. kuchh shabdon key aadami key roop mein prasiddh, unhone sangh-virodhi sthiti koo saralata seey rakhaah "saarvajanik suraksha key khilaf hadtaal karane kaa koee adhikaar naheen haye, kaheen bhee, kabhi bhee."
hadtaal shramikon key liye ack aur jhataka saabit hui aur aeye. aff. ell. ney turant pulis yuniyanon kii apani maanyata vaapas leey lii. cooliz ney 1920 key rashtrapati chunaav mein boston pulis hadtaal key dauran apane karyon key kaaran republican namankan jeetaa.
1919 kii ispat hadtaal.
halanki americi shram mahasangh (aeye. aff. ell.) key netritva ney ispat udyog mein hadtaal kaa virodh kiya, unake sangh key 98 pratishat sadasyon ney 22 sitambar, 1919 seey hadtaal key liye matdan kiya. isane steel udyog koo aadhaa bund curr diyaa, jisamen pueblo, colorado mein lagbhag sabhi milein shamil theen; shikago, ilinois; wheeling, west virginia; johnstowne, pensylvania; cleveland, ohiyo; laisawana, newyork; aur youngstowne, ohiyo.
maalikon ney turant aeye. aff. ell. key khilaf janmat prastut kiya. jaise hii hadtaal shuru hui, unhone aeye. aff. ell. rashtriya samiti key saha-adhyaksh villium jaid koo ujagar karane vaali jaankaari prakaashit kii. ack asthir aur syndicalist key roop mein paalak kaa kattarpanthi ateet, aur daavaa kiya kii yeh iss baat kaa pramaan thaa kii steel worker hadtaal kattarpanthiyon aur krantikariyon dwara master mind kii jaa rahee thee. ispat companiyon ney yeh dhyaan mein rakhate hue kii badee sankhya mein ispat mazdoor apravasi they, moolvaadi aashankaon parr khel khela. hadtaal curr rahey shramikon key khilaf janmat jaldi hii badal gayaa. raajya aur sthaaniya adhikaariyon ney ispat companiyon kaa samarthan kiya. unhone saamoohik baithakon parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa, pulis key hamale kiye aur hajaaron logon koo jail bhej diyaa. hadtaal todane vaalon aur pulis key baad yuu. key. key gairi, indiana mein sanghvaadiyon key saath jhadap hui.aiss. senaa ney 6 octuber, 1919 koo shahar parr kabja curr liya aur marshel low ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa. sanghiya sainikon key kabje key baad gairi chhodate hue rashtriya rakshakon ney paas key indiana bandargah, indiana mein hadtaal karane vaalon parr apana gussa badal diyaa.
ispat companiyon ney bhee andolankariyon kaa manobal giraane key liye hadtaal aur afwah failaane kii or rukh kiya. way milon mein kaam karane key liye 30,000 seey 40,000 african-americi aur maxican-americi shramikon koo laae. company key jasuson ney yeh afwah bhee failai kii hadtaal kaheen aur gir gaee thee, aur unhone hadtaal key parajit honey key pramaan key roop mein parichaalan ispat milon kii or ishara kiya.
congress ney apani swayam kii jaanch kii, joe sangh kii gatividhi parr kattarpanthi prabhaav parr kendrit thee. usa sandarbh mein, yuu.aiss. hadtaal kii jaanch curr rahee senate samiti key sadasya senator keneth mckeller ney phillippeans dweepon mein seey ack koo ack dandaatmak coloney banaane kaa prastaav rakhaa, jisamen sarkaar koo ukhaad fenkane key prayaas key doshi logon koo nirvaasit kiya jaa sakata haye.
shikago milon ney octuber key anta mein daan diyaa. navambar key anta taka, shramik gairi, johnstowne, youngstowne aur wheeling mein apani naukari parr vaapas aaa gaye they. hadtaal 8 janwari, 1920 koo dhwast hoe gaee, halanki yeh pueblo aur lakwana jaise alag-alag kshetron mein chully gaee.
1919 kii koyla hadtaal.
johnn ell key tahat sanyukt khadaan shramikon. luis ney 1 navambar, 1919 key liye hadtaal kii ghoshana kii. way pratham vishva yuddh key anta taka chalane key liye ack vetan samjhaute parr sahmat hoe gaye they aur abb apane udyog key yuddhakaaleen laabhon mein seey kuchh parr kabja karane kii maang curr rahey they. aeye. aeye. attorney general. michel palmer ney leaver adhiniyam kaa ahwan kiya, ack yuddhakaaleen upaay jisane aavashyaktaon key utpaadan yaa parivahan mein hastakshep karna aparaadh banaa diyaa. jamakhori aur munafakhori koo dandit karane key liye kaanoon kaa upayog kabhi bhee kissy sangh key khilaf naheen kiya gayaa thaa. sanyukt raajneetik samarthan aur lagbhag saarvbhaumik saarvajanik samarthan key kaaran, palmer ney 31 octuber koo ack nishedhagya praapt kii aur agale dinn 400,000 koyla shramik hadtaal parr chaley gaye. unhone daavaa kiya kii rashtrapati ney apane doctor kii upasthiti mein gambhir roop seey beemar rashtrapati key saath ack baithak key baad kaarravaai koo adhikrit kiya. palmer ney yeh bhee kahaa kii poore mantrimandal ney nishedhagya key unake anurodh kaa samarthan kiya thaa. usa ney shram sachiv willson koo krodhit curr diyaa, jinhone palmer kii yojana kaa virodh kiya thaa aur rashtrapati key vaadon key baare mein gomper key drishtikon kaa samarthan kiya thaa jaba adhiniyam vicharadhin thaa. mahanyayvadi aur shram sachiv key beach daraar kabhi thheek naheen hui, jisake parinam agale varsh taba hue jaba pamar key kattarpanthiyon koo nirvaasit karane key prayaas shram vibhaag dwara nirash kiye gaye.
american federation off laber key adhyaksh saimuel gompers ney virodh kiya kii rashtrapati willson aur unake mantrimandal key sadasyon ney ashvasana diyaa thaa kii jaba adhiniyam paarit kiya gayaa thaa kii iska upayog shramik sanghon dwara hadtaalon koo rokane key liye naheen kiya jaayega. unhone prashaasan key pratinidhiyon, vishesh roop seey shram sachiv villium bee key saath apani baatchit key vistrit vivaran pradaan kiye. willson. unhone yeh bhee tark diyaa kii hastaaksharit sandhi key abhaav mein bhee shatruta key anta ney adhiniyam key praavdhaanon koo lagu karane key kissy bhee prayaas koo amaanya curr diyaa honah chaahiye. phir bhee, unhone palmer aur luis key beach madhyasthata karane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin kaee dinon key baad unhone iss adesh koo "itna nirankush kahaa kii maanav munn koo pareshan curr sakata haye. koyla sanchalakon ney hadtaal karane vaalon parr aarop lagaaya kii lenin aur trotsky ney hadtaal kaa adesh diyaa thaa aur way iska vittaposhan curr rahey they, aur kuchh press ney usa bhasha koo pratidhwanit kiya. anya logon ney "vidroh" aur "bolshevik kranti" jaise shabdon kaa upayog kiya. antatah aaparaadhik aaropon kaa saamana curr rahey aur prachaar abhiyaan key prati samvedansheel luis ney apani hadtaal kaa ahwan vaapas leey liya, halanki kaee hadtaalkaariyon ney unaki kaarravaai koo nazarandaj curr diyaa. jaise hii hadtaal apane teesare saptah mein chully gaee, koyale kii aapoorti cumm hoe rahee thee aur janata kii bhavna hamesha majboot sarkari kaarravaai kaa ahwan curr rahee thee. antim samjhauta 10 disambar koo huaa.
pratikriyaaen.
permer redd.
aprail aur juuna 1919 mein unake jeevan parr dou prayason key bavjood, attorney general aeye. michel palmer dheere-dheere hinsa key srot parr hamla karane kaa raasta khojane key liye aage badhe. julaai 1919 mein bhains mein ack chhote arajaktawadi samooh key khilaf ack praarambhik chhaapa whiffle hoe gayaa jaba ack sanghiya nyayadhish ney uska mamla khariz curr diyaa. agast mein, unhone nyaay vibhaag key bheetar samanya khufiya vibhaag kaa ayojan kiya aur jey. edger hoover, haal hii mein ack low school snaatak, isake pramukh hain. nirvaasan kaaryavaahi key liye nivasi videshiyon kii soochiyon koo sankalit karane key liye giraftari record, kattarpanthi samachar patron key sadasyata record aur party sadasyata record parr hover ney dhyaan diyaa. 17 octuber, 1919 koo, 1918 key aapravaasan adhiniyam key ack saal baad, videshiyon kii paribhasha kaa vistaar kiya gayaa thaa, jise nirvaasit kiya jaa sakata thaa.aiss. senate ney kattarpanthiyon key khilaf kadam uthaane mein apani viphalata key baare mein palmer seey spashteekaran dene kii maang kii.
palmer ney kattarpanth key khilaf apana abhiyaan shuru kiya, jisamen pulis kii dou kaarravaai koo navambar 1919 aur janwari 1920 mein palmer redd key roop mein jaanaa gayaa. sthaaniya pulis dwara samarthit sanghiya agents ney sandigdh kattarpanthiyon key badey samoohon koo gher liya, joe aksar kissy bhee kaarravaai key bajaay ack raajneetik samooh mein sadasyata key aadhar parr hotey they. gupt soochana dene vaalon aur warrant rahit taaron (rajdroh adhiniyam key tahat adhikrit) ney giraftar kiye jaane vaale kaee hazaar sandigdh vampanthiyon aur kattarpanthiyon kii pehchaan karane mein madad kii.
kewal sanyukt raajya america key karyavahak shram sachiv luis freeland dwara adhikansh mamalon koo khariz karane key baad nirvaasan kii sankhya 556 taka seemit hoe gaee. charampanthi hinsa aur kranti key darr seey, americi janata ney chhaapon kaa samarthan kiya. nagrik swatantratavadiyon, kattarpanthi vampanthiyon aur kanuni vidvaanon ney virodh pradarshan kiya. shram vibhaag key adhikaariyon, vishesh roop seey daak ney palmer key kattarpanthi virodhi abhiyaan key virodh mein kaanoon key shasson parr jore diyaa. post koo unake khilaf mahaabhiyog yaa ninda karane key liye congress kii dhamki kaa saamana karna padaa. unhone juuna 1919 mein sadan kii niyam samiti key samaksh dou dinon kii gawahi mein safaltapurvak apani kaarravaai kaa bachaav kiya aur unake khilaf kabhi koee kaarravaai naheen kii gaee. palmer ney usee samiti key saamane dou dinon taka gawahi dee aur chhaape, giraftari aur nirvaasan karyakram key saath khade rahey. adhikansh press ney shram mein post key kaam kii sarahana kii, jabaki rashtrapati willson key bajaay pamar koo badey paimaane parr chhaapon key nakaratmak pahaluon key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa.
nirvaasan.
21 disambar, 1919 koo, "bufford", ack jahaaj jise "soviyat aark" upnaam diyaa gayaa thaa, 249 nirvaasiton key saath newyork bandargah seey ravaana huaa. unamen seey 199 koo navambar key pamar chhaapon mein hirasat mein liya gayaa thaa, jinamen seey 184 koo russie shramikon key sangh mein unaki sadasyata key kaaran nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, ack arajaktawadi samooh joe navambar key chhaapon kaa praathamik lakshya thaa. board parr anya, jinamen prasiddh kattarpanthi netaa emma goldman aur alekjendar berkman shamil they, koo pamar redd mein naheen liya gayaa thaa. swarn purush koo 1893 mein "danga bhadkane" key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa aur kaee anya avsaron parr giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. berkman ney 1892 mein udyogpati heinry clay frick kii hatyaa key prayaas key liye 14 saal jail kii sajaa kaat lii thee. donon koo 1917 mein sainya bharti mein hastakshep karane key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. 249 mein seey kuchh vampanthi yaa arajaktawadi they yaa cumm seey cumm arajaktawadi kii kanuni paribhasha key bheetar aatey they kyonki unakaa maanana thaa kii "koee bhee sarkaar maanav samaaj key liye kissy bhee prakaar kii sarkaar seey behtar naheen hogi. vishvaason mein way hinsak krantikariyon seey laker gair-pratirodh key shantivadi adhivaktaon taka they. anya kattarpanthi sangathanon seey sambandhit they, lekin sangathan key raajneetik uddeshyon key baare mein jaankaari kaa khandan kiya aur shaikshik karyakramon aur samajik avsaron kaa laabh uthaane key liye shamil hue.
yuu.aiss. yuddh vibhaag ney spanish-americi yuddh mein aur pratham vishva yuddh mein "bufford" kaa upayog ack parivahan jahaaj key roop mein kiya aur ise 1919 mein nirvaasan mission key liye shram vibhaag koo udhaar diyaa. 58 soochibaddh purushon aur chaar adhikaariyon kii ack "nausainikon kii majboot tukadi" ney yatra kii aur chaalak dall koo pistaul vitarit kii gaee. iska antim gantavya agyaat thaa kyonki yeh seelband aadeshon key tahat ravaana huaa thaa. yahaan taka kii kaptan koo bhee marammat key liye keel bandargah mein rahate hue hii apana antim gantavya pataa chalaa, kyonki raajya vibhaag koo latvia mein utarane kii vyavastha karna mushkil lagaa. halanki finland chunaa gayaa thaa, lekin yeh ack spasht vikalp naheen thaa, kyonki finland aur roose yuddh mein they.
swarnakanya aur moorkh kii yuddh-virodhi andolankariyon key roop mein doshi thaharaae jaane kii kukhyaati ney press aur janata koo yeh kalpana karane kii anumati dee kii sabhi nirvaasiton kii prishthabhoomi samaan thee. "newyork times ney unhein sabhi" "russie laal" "kahaa. adhikansh press ney utsaahpoorvak manjuri dee. cleveland "saade vyaapaari" ney likhaah "yeh ummeed aur ummeed kii jaati haye kii anya jahaaj, badey, adhik bhaari, samaan maal leey jaane vaale, usake baad aaenge."" newyork shaam mell "ney kahaah" "jiss tarah noa dwara nirmit jahaaz kaa naukaayan maanav jaati key sanrakshan key liye ack pratigya thee, usee tarah soviyat sangh key jahaaz kaa naukaayan america key sanrakshan key liye ack pratigya haye."goldman ney baad mein roose mein nirvaasit honey key baad apane anubhavon key baare mein ack pustak likhi, jise" "roose mein meraa mohbhang" "kahaa gayaa.
ekagrata shivir.
jaisa kii "dha newyork times" ney bataaya, kuchh communist nirvaasit honey key liye sahmat hue, jabaki anya koo nirvaasan sunavaai key lambit rahane taka newyork mein camp upton mein ack yaatana shivir mein rakhaa gayaa thaa.
newyork vidhansabha seey samajvadiyon kaa nishkasana.
7 janwari, 1920 koo newyork raajya vidhansabha key pahale satra mein vidhansabha adhyaksh thadius see. sweet ney vidhansabha key paanch samajwadi sadasyon parr hamla kiya, ghoshana kii kii way "ack aise munch parr chune gaye they joe newyork raajya aur sanyukt raajya key sarvottam hiton key liye bilkul shatrutapurna haye. samajwadi party, sweet ney kahaa, "vaastav mein ack raajneetik party naheen thee", balki "apane rankon key bheetar videshi, dushman videshi aur nabaligon koo sweekaar karane vaalaa ack sadasyata sangathan thaa. isane germany, austriya aur hangri mein krantikariyon kaa samarthan kiya thaa, unhone jaari rakhaa, aur communist antarrashtriya key karib antarrashtriya samajwadi dalon key saath sahyog kiya. vidhansabha ney 140 seey 6 key mutt seey paanchon koo nilambit curr diyaa, jisamen kewal ack loktaantrik samajwadi kaa samarthan curr rhaa thaa. 20 janwari seey 11 march taka chalane vaale vidhansabha mein ack mukadame key parinamswarup ack sifarish kii gaee kii paanchon koo nishkaasit curr diyaa jaae aur vidhansabha ney 1 aprail, 1920 koo nishkasana key liye bhaari matdan kiya.
vidhansabha key karyon kaa virodh vyaapak thaa aur party kii seemaon koo paar curr gayaa thaa. prakriya kii shuruat seey, poorv ganarajya governor, sarvocch nyayalaya key nyayadhish, aur rashtrapati pada key ummidwar charles evance ney samajwadi sadasyon kaa bachaav kiyaah "kuchh bhee naheen... iss mahatvapurna samay mein samajwadi yaa kattarpanthiyon koo shantipurna charcha key avsaron seey vanchit karane aur iss prakaar unhein yeh samajhaane kii tulanaa mein adhik gambhir galati haye kii laal sahee hain aur hinsa aur kranti hii unake adhikaar mein ekmatra upalabdh saadhan hain."loktaantrik governor all smith ney nishkasana kii ninda keeh" pratinidhi sarkaar key tareeke koo tyagane seey humm una charampanthiyon key kukarmon kii or leey jaate hain jinaki humm ninda karate hain aur suvyavasthit mukt sarkaar key dushmanon kii sankhya badhaane kaa kaam karate hain."galey lagaane ney newyork key pramukh vakeelon key ack samooh kaa bhee netritva kiya, jisamen ack virodh pradarshan mein kahaa gayaa thaah" humm raajneetik vikas key charan seey aage nickle gaye hain jaba pakhand-shikaar ack anumat khel haye."
coverage.
samachar patra coverage.
america key samachar patron ney lagaatar apane pathakon key americi samarthak vichaaron koo majboot kiya aur soviyat sangh aur saamyvaad key prati nakaratmak drishtikon prastut kiya. unhone soviyat sangh key saath aasann sangharsh kaa khatra prastut kiya joe americi aadarshon aur lakshyon key saath takraav dwara uchit hoga.
isake alawa, jaba "dha newyork times" ney soviyat sangh key baare mein sakaratmak roop seey bataaya, tou ise janata seey cumm dhyaan milaa, jaba usane isake baare mein virodhi roop seey bataaya. yeh taba sach naheen huaa jaba soviyat hita americi hiton key saath sahmat hue. isake parinamswarup, "samay" mein soviyaton aur saamyvaad key khilaf ack nakaratmak jhukaav paida karane key liye atiranjit surkhiyon, bhaarit shabdon aur sandigdh sroton kaa upayog karane kii pravritti thee. unake coverage mein bahut hii americi samarthak aur naatakiya honey kii pravritti thee.
laal darr key kaaran "zion key bujurgon key protocol" kaa paschimi lokpriyata hui. iss paath koo kathit taur parr 1917 mein ack russie senaa adhikaari dwara sanyukt raajya america mein laaya gayaa thaa; iska angreji mein anuvaad natali dee bogri (harris aeye key vyaktigat sahayak) dwara kiya gayaa thaa. juuna 1918 mein yuddh vibhaag key ack adhikaari, hautan aur shwet russie pravaasi boris brasol ney jald hii ise americi sarkaar key halakon mein, vishesh roop seey rajanyik aur sainya roop mein, typescript key roop mein prasaarit kiya, yeh 1919 mein "saarvajanik khaata-patra" mein bhee dharavahik samachar patra lekhon kii ack jodee key roop mein dikhaai diyaa. lekin "yahoodiyon" key sabhi sandarbhon koo patrakaar dwara ack expose key roop mein "bolsheviki" key sandarbhon key saath badal diyaa gayaa-aur baad mein atyadhik sammaanit kolambiya vishvavidyalaya school off journalism-deane-carle doubleu. ackerman. isake turant baad ise "priya swatantra" mein "antarrashtriya yahudi" shrinkhala key roop mein anukoolit kiya gayaa, jisase yahudi bolshevism key mithak kii sthaapana hui.
film.
america key film udyog ney bolshevism key prati janata key aakarshan aur darr key harr pahalu koo pratibimbit kiya aur uska dohan kiya. "roose mein german shaap" ney roose kii octuber kranti key german ukasaave koo naatakiya banaa diyaa. mahilaaon kaa soviyat rashtriyakaran "nae chandrama" key kathaanak key liye kendriya thaa, jisamen 23 aur 32 varsh kii ayu kii mahilaaen raajya kii sampatti hain aur nayika, norma talmaj, russie kranti key dauran ack kisan key roop mein pesh ack russie rajkumari haye. isi tarah, geraldine farar abhineet "dha worled aind itts women" mein, roose mein kaam karane vaale ack americi engineer kii betty ack opera starr bunn jaati haye aur usey "rashtriyakaran" key prayason koo rokna padata haye.
kaee filmon ney apani setting key roop mein shram samasyaon kaa upayog kiya, jisamen ack aadarshvaadi americi naayak aur nayika vampanthi andolankariyon koo pachhaadane key liye sangharsh curr rahee thee. "khatarnak ghante" americi udyog mein russie ghuspaith key prayaas kii kahani bataata haye. college graduate johnn king samanya roop seey vampanthiyon key prati sahaanubhooti rakhate hain. phir vaha ack mahila andolankari sofiya gwerney dwara prem aur raajneetik roop seey bahakaaya jaataa haye. uska varishth bolshevik boris blotchi haye, jiska "americi dharti parr aatankvaad key laal rung key beej lagaane kaa jangli sapana haye. sofiya aur boris apana dhyaan weston shipyard kii or modate hain joe johnn kii bachpan kii premika dwara prabandhit kiye jaate hain. shramikon kii vaidh shikaayaten hain, lekin bolshevik sthiti mein herfer karane key liye nickle padey. way "shram key baad aaney vaale khatarnak tatva hain kyonki refraf aur bhoot ack senaa kaa anusaran karate hain. jaba way dhamki dete hain, tou johnn key paas ack epiphany haye aur krantikari siddhant koo tyag detaa haye.
picture play" mein ack sameekshak ney film key kattarpanthi vishvaason aur ranneetiyon kaa virodh kiyaah "kripaya, oh, kripaya, 'bolshevik' aur 'soviyat' shabdon key arth koo dekhein. naa tou unamen seey kissy kaa matlab 'arajaktawadi', 'badmash' yaa 'hatyara' haye-vaastav mein way aisaa naheen karate!"
kuchh filmon mein sirf haasya raahat key liye bolshevikon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, jahaan way aasaani seey bahakaate hain ("sahee mahila") yaa aasaani seey nashe mein dhut hotey hain ("apani madad karein"). bullin dha bullswick" mein lotta nerve naamak ack americi trotsky koo pachhaad detaa haye. newyork raajya key senator clayton aar. lusk ney octuber 1919 mein film key newyork premiere mein baat kii. anya filmon mein kattarpanthi darshan kii ack yaa doosari visheshta kaa upayog mukhya kathaanak key roop mein kiya gayaah arajaktawadi hinsa ("jwalant prashn"), hatyaa aur laal dhwaj key prati bhakti ("jwalamukhi"), aadarshvaadi drishti ("pareekshan parr bolshevism").
bolshevism onn trial" key vigyaapan ney ise "abb taka kii sabse samaybaddh tasveer" kahaa aur sameekshaaen achchi theen. "shaktishali, achchi tarah seey nishchit roop seey sach aur kaatane vaale vyangya key saath bunaa huaa", "photoplay ney kahaa. ack prachaar upkaran key roop mein, 15 aprail, 1919 key "chalati tasveer duniya" key mudde ney shahar key chaaron or laal jhande latka curr ack nakali kattarpanthi pradarshan kaa sujhaav diyaa aur phir sainya vardi mein abhinetaon koo unhein faadane key liye toofaan laaya. pravartak taba bhramit aur jigyasu bheed koo handbill vitarit karane key liye thaa taaki unhein aashvast kiya jaa sakey kii "bolshevism onn trial" bolshevism key khilaf ack stand letaa haye aur "aap naa kewal saaf karenge balki bhavishya key vyavasaay seey laabh bhee uthaayenge. jaba yeh prachaar takneek aapke dhyaan mein aaee.aiss. shram sachiv villium bee. willson, unhone press key liye apani nirasha vyakt keeh "yeh prakaashan sanyukt raajya mein harr samudaay koo chalati tasveer vyavasaay key liye laabh kamaane key uddeshya seey dangon mein daalane key liye vigyaapan key bhraamak tarikon kaa prastaav rakhta haye. unhone bolshevism aur samaajvaad parr adharit filmon parr pratibandh lagaane kii ummeed jataai.
kaanoon.
1919 mein kansas ney kattarpanth key sabse aam prateek, laal dhwaj key pradarshan koo dandit karane key prayaas mein "dhwaj, maanak yaa bolshevism, arajakta yaa kattarpanthi samaajvaad key banner seey sambandhit ack adhiniyam" sheershak seey ack kaanoon lagu kiya. kewal massachusets (1913) aur road dweep (1914) ney pahale iss tarah key "laal jhanda kaanoon" paarit kiye they. 1920 taka way 24 aur raajyon seey juda gaye. kuchh ney kuchh rangon (laal yaa kaalaa), yaa kuchh abhivyaktiyon ("arajakta mein bevafai yaa vishvaas kaa sanket" yaa "sanyukt raajya kii maujooda sarkaar key prati virodh"), yaa kuchh sandarbhon ("samanya hadtaal dwara sarkaar koo ukhaad fenkane key liye"), yaa prateek chinh ("jhanda yaa prateek yaa sanket") parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. yell low journal" ney prateekon key khilaf connecticut kaanoon kaa majaak udaaya... agale harvard-yell football khel mein isake pravartan kaa anuman lagaate hue logon koo avyavastha key liye ukasaate hain. ohiyo ney college pennent koo chhoot dee aur wisconsin ney aitihaasik sangrahalayon key liye ack apavaad banaaya. minnesota ney rail aur rajmarg chetavaniyon key liye laal jhande kii anumati dee. deshbhakti key maanak sthaapit karna, laal dhwaj kaanoon americi dhwaj key uchit pradarshan koo viniyamit karate hainh anya sabhi jhandon seey oopar, kissy bhee pared mein anya sabhi banners seey aage, yaa kewal raajya key jhandon yaa mitra rashtron key jhandon key sahyog seey udaaya jaataa haye. sajaa mein aam taur parr $1,000 seey $5,000 taka kaa jurmana aur 5 seey 10 saal kii jail kii sajaa shamil thee, kabhi-kabhi adhik.
sanghiya star parr, 1917 key jasusi adhiniyam aur 1918 key rajdroh adhiniyam mein isamen sanshodhan ney yuddh key prayaas mein hastakshep koo pratibandhit curr diyaa, jisamen kaee raay kii abhivyaktiyaan shamil theen. pratham vishva yuddh key anta taka usa kaanoon key nishkriya honey key saath, attorney general aeye. michel palmer, rashtrapati willson dwara samarthit, ney binaa safalata key rajdroh adhiniyam key shantikal key sanskaran key paksh mein ack saarvajanik abhiyaan chalaaya. unhone janwari 1919 mein samachar patra sampadakon koo ack paripatra bheja, jisamen khatarnak videshi bhasha key press aur african americi samudaayon mein ashanti paida karane key kattarpanthi prayason kaa hawala diyaa gayaa thaa. ack samay congress mein prastaavit bhasha key 70 seey adhik sanskaran aur iss tarah key vidheyak key liye sanshodhan they, lekin isane 1920 key abhiyaan varsh key dauran vivadaspad prastaav parr koee kaarravaai naheen kii.
palmer ney pratyek raajya seey rajdroh adhiniyam key apane sanskaran koo lagu karane kaa ahwan kiya. 1919 seey pahale chhah raajyon mein iss tarah key kaanoon they, jinka uddeshya aamtaur parr todfod karna thaa, lekin 1919 aur 1920 mein anya 20 ney unhein jodaa. jinhen aamtaur parr "virodhi-sampradayik kaanoon" kahaa jaataa haye, way apani bhasha mein bhinn they, lekin aam taur parr ise ack yaa dusare tareeke seey "sangathit sarkaar" koo nasht karna ack aparaadh banaa diyaa, jisamen "udyog kii samanya samaapti", yaani ack samanya hadtaal key madhyam seey shamil thaa. kaee shaharon mein inn kaanoonon key apane sanskaran they, jinamen akele washington raajya mein 20 shamil they.
mrityu.
maee 1920 kaa dinn.
attorney general palmer key nyaay vibhaag key bheetar, jey key netritva mein samanya khufiya vibhaag (jee. aaee. dee.). edger hoover america mein kattarpanthiyon key baare mein jaankaari kaa bhandar bunn gayaa thaa. isane kaee sangathanon mein ghuspaith kii thee aur navambar 1919 aur janwari 1920 key chhaapon key baad, isane giraftar kiye gaye hajaaron logon seey poochtaachh kii thee aur jabt kiye gaye prakashanon aur record key dibbon koo padhaa thaa. halanki gid mein agents koo pataa thaa kii kattarpanthiyon ney apane bayanbaji mein joe vaadaa kiya thaa aur way joe puuraa karane mein saksham they, usake beach ack antar thaa, phir bhee unhone palmer koo bataaya kii unake paas yuu koo ukhaad fenkane key prayaas kii yojanaon key saboot hain.aiss. maee divas 1920 parr sarkaar.
palmer key samarthan key saath, hoover ney rashtra koo sabse kharaab kii ummeed karane key liye chetavani deeh hatyaaen, bumm visfot aur samanya hamale. palmer ney 29 aprail, 1920 koo apani khud kii chetavani jaari kii, jisamen daavaa kiya gayaa kii unake paas "chihnit purushon kii soochi" haye aur kahaa kii gharelu kattarpanthi usee dinn key liye yojnabaddh vyavdhaanon key saath europeeya samkakshon key saath "seedhe sambandh aur ekataa mein" they. akhbaaron ney unake shabdon koo sheershak diyaah "kattarpanthiyon dwara aatank kaa shasson", palmer kahate hain aur "shaniwar koo rashtravyapi vidroh". sthaaniya logon ney apane pulis balon koo taiyar kiya aur kuchh raajyon ney apane sainyabalon koo jutaaya. newyork shahar key 11,000-sadasyiya pulis bull ney seedhe 32 ghante kaam kiya. boston pulis ney automobile parr machinegan lagaae aur unhein shahar key chaaron or tainaat curr diyaa.
tarikh aaee aur binaa kissy ghatana key chully gaee. akhbar kii pratikriya apane nakali aur usake "matibhram" key majaak mein lagbhag samaan thee. clarence daro ney ise "maee day darr" kahaa. chattani pahaadi samachar" ney attorney general seey apane alert koo bund karane key liye kahaah "aggar humm moonchh vaale bolshevik key darr seey kinare koodate rahate hain tou humm kabhi bhee kaam parr naheen jaa sakate."boston american" ney 4 maee koo attorney general kaa mulyankan kiyaah
palmer kii sharmindagi ney palmer chhaapon key virodh mein luis freeland post kii sthiti koo dabaa diyaa jaba unhone 7-8 maee koo ack congress samiti key saamane gawahi dee.
patan.
ack baar jaba sarkaar koo ukhaad fenkane key liye ack maee dinn key prayaas kii palmer kii chetavani jhoothi saabit hui, tou bolshevik virodhi unmaad jaldi hii samaapt hoe gayaa. 7-8 maee koo congress key samaksh gawahi mein, luis freeland post ney pamar key chhaapon mein jabt kiye gaye saikadon logon kii rihaai kaa bachaav kiya, jisase una parr mahaabhiyog chalaane yaa unaki ninda karane key prayaas samaapt hoe gaye. maheene key anta mein, felix frankfurter aur rosco pound sahit ack darjan pramukh vakeelon ney ack report kaa samarthan kiya jisamen palmer key nyaay vibhaag kii "kaanoonon koo lagu karane key uchchatam kartavya key saath aaropit logon dwara kiye gaye poori tarah seey avaidh krityon" key liye ninda kii gaee, jisamen fansana, pulis kii krurta, lambe samay taka sampark mein naa rehna, aur adalat mein uchit prakriya kaa ullanghan shamil haye.
juuna mein, massachusets sanghiya jilaa adalat key nyayadhish george doubleu. anderson ney bees aur giraftar videshiyon koo riha karane kaa adesh diyaa aur prabhaavi roop seey atirikt chhaapon kii sambhavana koo samaapt curr diyaa. roodhivaadi "isai vigyaan monitor" ney 25 juuna, 1920 koo likhate hue khud koo pamar kaa samarthan karane mein asamarth paayaah "joe kattarpanth kii adhikta prateet hui... nishchit roop seey mulakat hui... daman kii adhikta."udyog key netaaon ney charles aim sahit isi tarah kii bhaavanaon koo vyakt kiya. bethelham steel key shwab, jinhone socha kii pamar kii gatividhiyon ney dabaaye jaane kii tulanaa mein adhik kattarpanthi banaae, aur tii. colleman doo pont jinhone nyaay vibhaag key kaary pramaan koo "sarasar laal unmaad" kahaa.
julaai mein loktaantrik rashtriya sammelan mein, palmer koo kabhi bhee namankan jeetane kaa mauka naheen milaa. pulis key hadtaal karane key adhikaar key virodh key liye prasiddh cooliz ney gantantra tikat parr ack sthaan jeetaa, lekin party key ummidwar, aur 1920 key chunaav key antim vijeta, yuu they.aiss. ohiyo seey senator, vaaran jee. kathorta. agast key madhya mein unhone ack bahut hii alag swar sunai diyaa. ack sakshatkarkarta ney likhaa kii "unake jabade kaafee toot gaye" jaba unhone kahaa kii "america mein bolshevism key baare mein bahut kuchh kahaa gayaa haye. yeh bilkul sach haye kii hamari seemaon key bheetar sarkaar key dushman hain. haalaanki, meraa maanana haye kii unaki sankhya bahut adhik hoe gaee haye. americi karmchari bolshevik naheen haye; naa hii americi niyokta ack nirankush haye."
sitambar 1920 mein jaba ack aur arajaktawadi bumm deewaar kii sadak parr visfot huaa, tou samachar patron kii pratikriya tulanaatmak roop seey sanyamit thee. "aur bumm visfot hoe sakate hain", "newyork times ney likhaa," anya jeevan leey liye jaa sakate hain.  lekin yeye kewal ack yuddh key khatare hain... shaanti seey saamana karna chaahiye."aggar arajaktawadi logon koo bhayabheet karane kii koshish karate hain", tou humm shaant aur dridh rahate hue unaki haar shuru karate hain."
phir bhee, 1924 key aapravaasan adhiniyam key paarit honey mein pahale laal darr key baad key prabhaav ack pramukh kaarak they.

