
clusivity

bhashavigyan mein, clusivity "samaveshi" aur "ananya" pratham-vyakti sarvanamon aur maukhik roopvigyaan key beach ack vyaakaranik antar haye, jise "samaveshi" humm "aur" ananya "humm" bhee kahaa jaataa haye. samaveshi "humm" mein vishesh roop seey praaptakarta shamil hotaa haye (yaani, "humm" key liye ack shabd kaa arth haye "aap aur main aur sambhavatah anya"), jabaki vishesh roop seey "humm" vishesh roop seey praaptakarta koo baahar kartaa haye (yaani, "humm" key liye ack aur shabd kaa arth haye "vaha/vaha/way aur main, lekin aap naheen"), chaahe koee aur shamil hoe. jabaki yeh kalpana karna kii iss tarah kaa antar anya vyaktiyon mein kiya jaa sakata haye (vishesh roop seey doosara) seedha haye, vaastav mein dusare vyakti kii aspashtata kaa astitva (aap banaam doosara). aap aur way) praakritik bhaashaon mein vivadaspad hain aur achchi tarah seey satyaapit naheen hain. jabaki clusivity maanak angreji bhasha kii visheshta naheen haye, yeh duniya bhar kii kaee bhaashaon mein paaee jaati haye.
europeeya bhashavid dwara samaveshi-vishisht bhed kaa pahala prakaashit vivaran 1560 mein peru kii bhaashaon key vivaran mein domingo dee santo tommus dwara unake "vyaakaran oh arte dee laa lengua general dee loss indios dee loss renos dell peru" mein thaa, joe spen key valadolid mein prakaashit huaa thaa.
yojnabaddh pratimaan.
clusivity pratimanon koo dou-dou-dou grid key roop mein sankshepit kiya jaa sakata haih
roopvigyaan.
kuchh bhaashaon mein, teen pratham-vyakti sarvanam asambandhit prateet hotey hain. yahee chechan key liye mamla haye, jisamen ekvachan "sou/sou", vishesh "txo/tho", aur samaveshi "vaay/vaay" haye. haalaanki, anya mein, teenon sambandhit hain, jaise kii toke pissin mein, papua nyu ginny mein bolly jaane vaali ack angreji creol, jisamen ekvachan "mee", vishesh "mee-pella" aur samaveshi "yuu-mee" ("yuu" "yuu" "key saath" mee "kaa ack yaugik) yaa" yuu-mee-pella "haye. haalaanki, jaba bahuvachan sarvanamon mein seey kewal ack hii ekvachan seey sambandhit haye, tou yeh donon mein seey kissy ack key liye bhee hoe sakata haye. mandarin cheeni kii kuchh boliyon mein, udaaharan key liye, samaveshi yaa ananya main/main "women" ekvachan "woo" "aaee" kaa bahuvachan roop haye, aur samaveshi woo/woo "zanmen" ack alag mool haye. haalaanki, hajja mein, samaveshi, 'ack-bee', ekvachan 'ono' ('ack-') 'aaee' kaa bahuvachan haye, aur ananya, 'oh-bee', ack alag mool haye.
i" key liye dou alag-alag shabdon key vyutpann shabdon mein bahuvachan karna asamanya naheen haye, jinamen ack clusivity antar haye. udaaharan key liye, viyatnami mein, "aaee" ("taa") key liye parichit shabd samaveshi humm ("chung taa") key liye bahuvachan haye, aur "aaee" ("toee") key liye aupchaarik yaa thandaa shabd ananya humm ("chung toee") mein bahuvachan haye. samone mein, ananya kaa ekvachan roop "i" key liye niyamit shabd haye, aur samaveshi kaa ekvachan roop bhee apane aap hoe sakata haye aur phir iska arth "i" bhee hoe sakata haye, lekin appeal karane yaa bhog key liye poochhane key arth key saath.
eritria kii kunama bhasha mein, pratham-vyakti samaveshi aur ananya bhed kriyaon key dohare aur bahuvachan roopon, swatantra sarvanamon aur swamitwadhin sarvanamon parr chihnit kiya jaataa haye.
kriyaon mein antar.
jahan kriyaaen vyakti key liye anuprayukt hain, jaisa kii australia kii mool bhaashaon mein aur kaee mool americi bhaashaon mein, samaveshi-ananya antar vahaan bhee kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, pasamakwodi mein, "i/we 's it" vyakt kiya jaataa haye.
doosari or, tamil mein, dou alag-alag sarvanamon kaa kriya mein ack hii samjhauta haye.
pratham vyakti clusivity.
pratham-vyakti clusivity dravid, cartwellion aur caucasian bhaashaon, australiyai aur austronesian bhaashaon key beach ack aam visheshta haye, aur yeh purvi, dakshini aur dakshin-paschimi asia, america aur kuchh creol bhaashaon mein bhee paaee jaati haye. kuchh african bhaashaaen bhee fulaa bhasha jaisi vishishtataaen darshaati hain. coccus key baahar koee bhee europeeya bhasha vyaakaran key roop mein iss antar koo naheen karati haye, lekin kuchh nirmaan shabdarth kii drishti seey samaveshi yaa ananya hoe sakate hain.
ekvachan samaveshi roop.
kaee polynesian bhaashaon, jaise kii samone aur tongan, mein apane sarvanamon mein spasht dohare aur bahuvachan pratyay key saath clusivity haye. pratyay kii kamee ekvachan koo ingit karati haye. ananya roop kaa upayog ekvachan mein "i" key liye samanya shabd key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, lekin samaveshi bhee ekvachan mein hotaa haye. yeh ack vishishtata haye-ekvachan samaveshi koo tongan mein "sheelata aaee" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. ise aksar angreji mein "ack" key roop mein prastut kiya jaataa haye, lekin samone mein, isake upayog koo vaktaa kii or seey bhaavnaatmak bhagidari kaa sanket dene key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye.
dusare vyakti kii clusivity.
siddhant roop mein, dusare vyakti kii clusivity ack sambhaavit antar honah chaahiye, lekin iska astitva vivadaspad haye. kuchh ullekhaniya bhashavidon, jaise bernard comry ney pramaanit kiya haye kii vishishtata bolly jaane vaali praakritik bhaashaon mein maujood haye, jabaki anya, jaise johnn henderson, yeh maanate hain kii maanav mastishk mein dusare vyakti mein vishishtata kaa antar karane kii kshamata naheen haye. kaee anya bhashavid adhik tatasth sthiti lete hain kii yeh maujood hoe sakata haye lekin phir bhee vartamaan mein satyaapit naheen haye.
dusare vyakti mein clusivity avadharana roop seey saral haye lekin phir bhee yadi yeh maujood haye tou yeh behad durlabh haye, pahale mein clusivity key vipareet. kaalpanik dusare vyakti kii aspashtata "aap aur aap (aur aap aur aap) key beach kaa antar hoga... sabhi upasthit) aur "aap aur koee aur jise main vartamaan mein sambodhit naheen curr rhaa huun."inhen aksar saahitya mein kramshah" 2 + 2 "aur" 2 + 3 "key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye (upayukt key roop mein dusare aur teesare vyakti kaa ullekh karane vaali sankhyaaen). horst jey. saiman apane 2005 key lekh mein dusare vyakti kii aspashtata kaa ack gahara vishleshan pradaan kartaa haye. unhone nishkarsh nikala kii dusare vyakti kii aspashtata key astitva key baare mein aksar dohrai jaane vaali afavaahen-yaa vaastav mein, koee bhee [+ 3] sarvanam suvidha saral ananya humm seey parey-galat hain, aur detta key galat vishleshan parr adharit hain.
clusivity antar kaa vitaran.
samaveshi-ananya antar lagbhag saarvbhaumik roop seey austroneshiyai bhaashaon aur uttari australia kii bhaashaon key beach hotaa haye, lekin shayed hii kabhi paas kii papuan bhaashaon mein hotaa haye. (toke pissin, ack angreji-melanesian creol, mein aam taur parr samaveshi-vishisht antar hotaa haye, lekin yeh vaktaa kii bhasha prishthabhoomi key saath bhinn hotaa haye.) yeh bhaarat mein vyaapak haye, jisamen dravid aur munda bhaashaon key saath-saath bhaarat kii kaee indo-europeeya bhaashaon jaise udiyaa, marathi, rajasthani, panjabi, dakhini aur gujaraati (joe yaa tou ise dravid seey udhaar letee hain yaa ise ack upastar key roop mein banaae rakhti hain jabaki dravid visthaapit thaa) mein bhee shamil haye. yeh purvi cyberia kii bhaashaon mein bhee paaya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii tungusik, saath hii uttari mandarin cheeni. america kii swadeshi bhaashaon mein, yeh lagbhag aadhi bhaashaon mein paaya jaataa haye, jisamen koee spasht bhaugolik yaa vanshavali pattern naheen haye. yeh coccus aur upa-sahaara africa kii kuchh bhaashaon mein bhee paaya jaataa haye, jaise kii phulani aur khokho.
beshak, kissy bhee bhasha mein clusivity key vichaar koo shabdarth roop seey vyakt karna sambhav haye, aur kaee bhaashaaen samanya roop pradaan karati hain joe unake pahale vyakti sarvanam (angreji mein "humm mein seey baaki", italvi "noultry") kii aspashtata koo spasht karati hain. ack vaastavik clusivity antar vaali bhasha, halanki, "anishchit" clusivity key saath ack pratham-vyakti bahuvachan pradaan naheen karati haye jisamen sarvanam kii clusivity aspasht haye; balki, vaktaaon koo sarvanam yaa antarvartan key vikalp dwara nirdisht karane key liye majboor kiya jaataa haye, chaahe way praaptakarta koo shamil curr rahey houn yaa naheen. udaaharan key liye, yeh adhikansh europeeya bhaashaon koo baahar nikaalata haye. phir bhee clusivity samagr roop seey ack bahut hii samanya bhasha visheshta haye. ack seey adhik bahuvachan sankhya vaali kuchh bhaashaaen kewal dohare mein, lekin adhik bahuvachan mein naheen, lekin anya bhaashaon mein sabhi sankhyaon mein, clusivity antar karati hain. neeche dee gaee talika mein, bahuvachan roop adhimaantah soochibaddh hain.

