
samudayik vidyaalayon mein shamil maataa-pitaa v. seatle school jilaa nam. 1

samudayik vidyaalayon mein shamil maataa-pitaa v. seatle school jilaa nam. 1, 551 yuu.aiss. 701 (2007), jise chitra mamle key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack sanyukt raajya sarvocch nyayalaya kaa mamla haye, jisamen ack school jile key liye yeh asamvaidhaanik paaya gayaa kii vaha apani nasleeya sanrachana koo poore jile kii sanrachana key anuroop laane key liye schools mein chhatron koo niyukt karane mein ack kaarak key roop mein daud kaa upayog karey, jaba taka kii yeh "dee jeur" algaav key poorv itihas koo thheek naheen curr rhaa thaa. mukhya nyayadhish roberts ney apani bahulata raay mein likhaa kii "nasl key aadhar parr bhedbhaav koo rokane kaa tarika nasl key aadhar parr bhedbhaav karna bund karna haye."kuchh logon ney iss nirnay koo sanyukt raajya america mein schools key punah vibhajan mein yogdan dene kaa shreya diyaa haye, aur yeh dhyaan diyaa gayaa haye kii americi school 1960 key dashak key anta kii tulanaa mein abb adhik nasleeya roop seey alag hain.
iss mudde parr swaichhik school prithakkaran aur ciatal, washington aur louisville, kentucky mein ekikaran key prayaas they. donon school jilon ney swechha seey vividhata praapt karane aur/yaa chhaatr assignment key madhyam seey nasleeya algaav seey bachane key liye vyaktigat nasleeya vargeekaran kaa upayog kiya.
adalat ney maanaa kii vividhata kii maang karna aur schools mein nasleeya algaav seey bachana raajya key liye anivarya hita hain. haalaanki, adalat ney donon school jilon kii assignment yojanaon koo khariz curr diyaa, yeh paate hue kii yojanaaen paryaapt roop seey "sankeern roop seey taiyar" naheen theen, ack kanuni shabd joe sujhaav detaa haye kii saadhan yaa vidhi niyojit kii jaa rahee haye (iss mamle mein, vyaktigat nasleeya vargeekaran parr adharit ack chhaatr assignment yojana) nikatata seey aur sankeern roop seey lakshyon seey bandhi hui haye (vividhata praapt karane aur/yaa nasleeya algaav seey bachane key ghoshit lakshya).
maataa-pitaa shamil" nirnay ack "vibhajit nirnay" thaa."adalat ney mamle key pramukh pahaluon parr 4-1-4 koo vibhajit kiya, jisamen nyaay kenedi ney swing vote raay likhi aur chaar nyayadhishon (roberts, scalia, thomas aur alito) key saath sahmat hue kii seatle aur louisville dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale karyakram samvaidhaanik roop seey paarit naheen hue (kyonki jile yeh pradarshit karane mein whiffle rahey kii unaki yojanaaen paryaapt roop seey sankeern theen), lekin kenedi ney chaar nyayadhishon (brair, stevens, sotter aur ginsberg) key saath yeh bhee paaya kii nasleeya algaav seey bachane aur vividhata koo badhaava dene mein sammohak hita maujood hain. nasleeya algaav seey bachane key sambandh mein, kenedi ney likhaa, "nasleeya algaav seey bachane mein ack sammohak ruchi maujood haye, ack ruchi jise ack school jilaa, apane vivek aur visheshagyata mein, aage badhaane kaa vikalp chuna sakata haye."unhone aage kahaa," sarkaar koo joe karane kii anumati naheen haye, yahaan joe aavashyakta naheen haye, vaha haye pratyek chhaatr koo jaati key aadhar parr vargeekrit karna aur unamen seey pratyek koo usa vargeekaran key aadhar parr schools mein niyukt karna."
kenedi key anusaar, "yahaan key mamalon mein iss dhaarana parr tark diyaa gayaa thaa, aur hamaare paas iss aadhar parr aatey hain kii prashn mein bhedbhaav nyaayik karyon kaa parinam naheen thaa."usa bindu koo nyaay brair kii asahamati (stevens, sotter aur ginsberg dwara shamil) mein chunauti dee gaee thee. nyaay brair ney kewal yeh dekhane kii upayogita parr sawal uthaaya kii kyaa pahale kaa school algaav kanuni yaa vaastavik thaa taaki 'nasl-sachet' mandand key samvaidhaanik roop seey nishiddh upayog seey samvaidhaanik roop seey anumat koo alag karane key liye dridh rekhaaen kheenchi jaa sakein."justice brair ney kahaa," yahaan koee bhee iss baat parr vivaad naheen kartaa haye kii louisville kaa algaav nyaayik thaa "aur 1956 key ack gyaapan kaa hawala dete hain jahan seatle school board ney sweekaar kiya kii usake schools koo bhee nyaayik roop seey alag kiya gayaa thaa. sabhi asahmat nyayadhishon ney sweekaar kiya kii "samvidhaan jilon parr bhedbhaav karane kaa kartavya naheen lagaata haye" yadi unhone nasleeya bhedbhaav kaa abhyaas naheen kiya haye. haalaanki, asantushton ney tark diyaa kii samvidhaan iss tarah key algaav kii anumati detaa haye, bhale hii isaki aavashyakta naa hoe.
4-1-4 vibhajan kuchh hudd taka 1978 key "bakke" mamle key samaan haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii mamle mein sakaratmak kaarravaai seedhe adalat key samaksh asamvaidhaanik thee. phir bhee, "bakke" kaa upayog sakaratmak kaary karyakramon kii vaidhata koo banaae rakhane key liye kiya gayaa thaa joe ack chauthai sadee key liye uchch shiksha mein vividhata koo badhaava dete they. usa anta taka, 2011 mein, yuu.aiss. shiksha vibhaag aur yuu.aiss. nyaay vibhaag ney sanyukt roop seey "praathamik aur maadhyamik vidyaalayon mein vividhata praapt karane aur nasleeya algaav seey bachane key liye nasl key swaichhik upayog parr margadarshan" jaari kiya, iss lachilepan koo sweekaar karate hue kii school jilon ney vividhata koo badhaava dene aur nasleeya algaav seey bachane key liye sakriya kadam uthaaye hain.
prishthabhoomi.
seatle school jilaa.
seatle school jile ney chhatron koo jile key kissy bhee uchch vidyalaya mein aavedan karane kii anumati dee. choonki kuchh school aksar adhik sadasyata praapt curr lete they jaba bahut seey chhatron ney unhein apani pahali pasand key roop mein chunaa, isaliye jile ney yeh taya karane key liye tiebreaker kii ack pranali kaa upayog kiya kii kinn chhatron koo lokpriya schools mein pravesh diyaa jaayega. doosara sabse mahatvapurna tiebreaker nasleeya vividhata koo banaae rakhane key liye ack nasleeya kaarak thaa. yadi kissy bhee school key chhaatr nikaay kii nasleeya jansankhyiki seatle kii kull chhaatr aabaadi (lagbhag 41 pratishat safed aur 59 pratishat gair-safed) seey poorv nirdhaarit pratishat ankon seey adhik seey vichalit hoe jaati haye, tou nasleeya tiebreaker prabhaavi hoe gayaa. kissy vishesh vidyalaya mein yaa tou gorey yaa gair-gorey logon koo pravesh key liye anukool maanaa jaa sakata haye, joe iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii kaun see jaati nasleeya santulan koo lakshya key karib laayegi. gair-goron kii vibhinn shreniyon key beach koee antar naheen kiya gayaa thaa; asiai-americi, lattin, mool americi aur african-americi sabhi koo tiebreaker key uddeshyon key liye poori tarah seey "gair-safed" key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa.
ack gair-laabhkaari samooh, samudayik schools mein shamil maataa-pitaa ney jile parr mukadama daayar kiya, yeh tark dete hue kii nasleeya tiebreaker ney chaudahaven sanshodhan key saath-saath 1964 key nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam aur washington raajya kaanoon key samaan sanrakshan khand kaa ullanghan kiya. washington key paschimi jile ney tiebreaker koo barkarar rakhate hue mukadama khariz curr diyaa. appeal parr, teen-nyayadhishon kaa panel yuu.aiss. nauvein circuit key liye appeal kii adalat ney ulat diyaa, lekin adalat ney nichali adalat key faisale kii pushti kii.
uchch shiksha mein nasleeya vargeekaran parr sarvocch nyayalaya key udaharanon key tahat, "grutter vee. bollinger "aur" gratz vee. bollinger, "jaati-adharit vargeekaran koo ack" sammohak sarkari hita "kii or nirdeshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur usa hita key liye" sankeern roop seey taiyar "kiya jaanaa chaahiye. inn poorvavarti baaton koo key-12 shiksha key liye lagu karate hue, circuit court ney paaya kii tiebreaker yojana sankeern roop seey taiyar naheen kii gaee thee. isake baad jile ney 11vein circuit nyayadhishon key panel dwara "aine baink" faisale key liye yachika daayar kii. aine baink panel vipareet nishkarsh parr pahuncha aur tiebreaker koo barkarar rakhaa. adhikansh ney faisala sunaaya kii jile mein nasleeya vividhata banaae rakhane mein ack sammohak ruchi thee. grutter" seey ack pareekshan lagu karate hue, circuit court ney yeh bhee faisala sunaaya kii tiebreaker yojana sankeern roop seey taiyar kii gaee thee, kyonki 1) jile ney kotaa kaa upayog naheen kiya thaa, 2) jile ney races-neutral vikalpon parr vichaar kiya thaa, 3) yojana ney races koo koee anuchit nuksan naheen pahunchaaya thaa, aur 4) yojana kaa ack anta bindu thaa.
jefferson county.
yeh mamla jefferson county public schools (jcps) key khilaf mamalon kii trayi mein seey antim haye, jisamen "mcfarland banaam. jefferson county public school, "aur chhatron koo schools mein niyukt karane mein unake daud kaa upayog. pahala mamla 1998 mein shuru huaa jaba paanch african americi hyee school key chhatron ney jey. see. pee. aiss. parr mukadama daayar kiya taaki unhein kendriya hyee school, ack chumbak school mein jaane kii anumati dee jaa sakey. mukadame mein aarop lagaaya gayaa kii unhein pravesh seey manaa curr diyaa gayaa kyonki way kaale they. 2000 mein, sanghiya nyayadhish johnn heburn ney yeh pataa lagaane key baad kii jey. see. pee. aiss. school pranali koo adalat dwara aadeshit prithakkaran neeti key tahat honey kii aavashyakta naheen haye, faisala sunaaya kii daud kaa upayog jey. see. pee. aiss. school pranali mein chhaatr assignment placement key liye unake chumbak school karyakramon key sambandh mein naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. 2004 mein, unhone paaramparik schools key liye bhee yahee shasson kiya, lekin niyamit saarvajanik schools koo pravesh aavashyakta key roop mein daud kaa upayog karane kii anumati dee. yeh vaha hissa haye joe americi sarvocch nyayalaya key samaksh gayaa kyonki anya dou mamalon kii jey. see. pee. aiss. dwara appeal naheen kii gaee thee.
jey. see. pee. aiss. sanyukt raajya america kaa 26vaan sabse badaa vidyalaya jilaa haye. chhatron koo pratyek school key races makeup key aadhar parr school mein niyukt kiya jaataa haye, 15 pratishat seey cumm naheen, 50 pratishat seey adhik naheen. daud koo kaalaa aur "anya" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. asiai, hyspanic, safed, aadi. inhen "anya" key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. chumbak aur paaramparik koo 2000 aur 2003 key adalati adesh key anusaar iss anupaat seey chhoot dee gaee haye. louisville kii aabaadi lagbhag 58 pratishat shwet haye; 38 pratishat ashwet, 2 pratishat asiai, 1.3 pratishat hyspanic.
adalat kii raay.
mukhya nyayadhish johnn roberts ney bhaag I, II, III-A aur III-C key roop mein adalat kii raay likhi.
bhaag I mein dou school boardon kii yojanaon kii prishthabhoomi kaa varnan kiya gayaa.
bhaag II ney prativaadi key iss tark key prayason koo khariz curr diyaa kii isamen shamil maataa-pitaa mein sthiti kaa abhaav haye.
bhaag 3 ney pahali baar dohraya kii "jaba sarkaar vyaktigat nasleeya vargeekaran key aadhar parr bojh yaa laabh vitarit karati haye, tou usa kaarravaai kii sakht jaanch key tahat sameeksha kii jaati haye."
aisaa isaliye haye kyonki "nasleeya vargeekaran kissy bhee anumati dene key liye bahut hanikarak hain lekin auchitya aur vargeekaran key beach sabse sateek sambandh haye.'sakht jaanch vishleshan seey bachane key liye", ack sankeern yojana "prastut kii jaani chaahiye taaki" "sammohak sarkari hita" "praapt kiya jaa sakey."
roberts ney nott kiya kii poorv sarvocch nyayalaya key mamalon ney nasl key upayog key liye dou sammohak hiton koo maanyata dee thee.
naa tou school iss sammohak ruchi kaa anurodh curr sakata thaa, kyonki "[doubleu] ee ney iss baat parr jore diyaa haye kii anivarya prithakkaran yojanaon dwara thheek kiye jaa rahey nuksan kaa pataa lagaane yogya nuksan haye joe algaav key liye haye, aur yeh kii 'schools mein nasleeya asantulan dwara samvidhaan kaa ullanghan naheen kiya gayaa haye, binaa adhik key.'"
bhaag III bee (adalat kii bahulata dwara kewal shamil) ney iss dhaarana koo khariz curr diyaa kii nasleeya santulan ack sammohak raajya hita hoe sakata haye, kyonki aisaa karane key liye "poore americi samaaj mein nasleeya aanupaatikta key adhiropan koo uchit thaharaayega, hamari baar-baar maanyata key vipareet kii" [aeye] samvidhaan kii samaan suraksha kii guaranti kaa dill saral adesh haye kii sarkaar koo nagrikon koo vyaktiyon key roop mein vyavhaar karna chaahiye, naa kii kewal ack nasleeya, dhaarmik, yaun yaa rashtriya varg key ghatakon key roop mein."nasleeya santulan koo apane aap mein ack sammohak anta key roop mein anumati dene seey" prabhaavi roop seey yeh ashvasana milega kii americi jeevan mein daud hamesha praasangik hogi, aur yeh kii 'maanav jaati' key roop mein aprasangik karakon koo poori tarah seey sarkari nirnay lene seey samaapt karane 'kaa' antim lakshya 'kabhi bhee hassil naheen kiya jaayega."ack byaaj" vibhinn naslon key aanupaatik pratinidhitva key alawa kuchh bhee naheen seey judaa huaa haye. . . nasleeya vargeekaran key anishchitkaaleen upayog kaa samarthan karega, pahale nasleeya vichaaron key uchit mishran koo praapt karane key liye niyojit kiya jaayega aur phir yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii [karyakram] usa mishran koo pratibimbit karna jaari rakhe."
bhaag III see ney school jilon key daave koo sambodhit kiya kii "jiss tarah seey unhone vyaktigat nasleeya vargeekaran koo niyojit kiya haye, vaha unake bataae gaye uddeshyon koo praapt karane key liye aavashyak haye."roberts ney jawab diyaa kii yeye vargeekaran spasht roop seey aavashyak naheen they, kyonki unakaa chhaatr assignment parr" nyuntam prabhaav "thaa. unhone iss paristhiti koo kalah seey alag kiya, jahaan kaanoon school mein teen gunaa seey adhik alpasankhyak pratinidhitva mein "jaati key vichaar koo apariharya key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa"-4 seey 14.5 pratishat taka. jile yeh dikhaane mein bhee whiffle rahey hain kii unhone apane ghoshit lakshyon koo praapt karane key liye spasht nasleeya vargeekaran key alawa anya tarikon parr vichaar kiya haye. sankeern silai key liye "vyaavhaarik daud-tatasth vikalpon key gambhir, achche vishvaas key vichaar" kii aavashyakta hoti haye, oopar, 339,123 parr. ct. 2325, 156 ell. aid. 2 dee 304, aur phir bhee kaee vaikalpik kaary yojanaon mein-jinamen seey kaee ney spasht nasleeya vargeekaran kaa upayog naheen kiya hoga-bahut cumm yaa binaa kissy vichaar key aswikar curr diye gaye they. jefferson county iss baat kaa koee saboot prastut karane mein whiffle rahee haye kii usane vikalpon parr vichaar kiya haye, bhale hii jilaa pahale seey hii daavaa kartaa haye kii usake lakshya mukhya roop seey nasleeya vargeekaran key alawa anya sadhanon key madhyam seey praapt kiye jaate hain. isake vipareet, "crosson" nott kartaa haye kii nasleeya vargeekaran kii anumati kewal "antim upaay key roop mein" haye.
bhaag IV (phir seey kewal adalat kii bahulata dwara shamil) ney nyaay brair kii asahamati koo sambodhit kiya. 
mukhya nyayadhish roberts kii bahulata raay.
justice anthany kenedi mukhya nyayadhish kii baaki raay mein shamil naheen hue, isaliye, raay key una hisson koo bahumat naheen milaa. iss bahulata raay mein, roberts ney likhaa kii iss mudde parr school kaa tark haye kii ack nasleeya roop seey vividh vatavaran shiksha key liye fayademand haye aur way ise iss kaaran seey prastut karate hain kii way apane school key karyon mein akele nasl koo maanate hain. haalaanki, roberts kaa maanana haye kii yeh ruchi badhyakari naheen haye aur iss lakshya key liye daud kaa upayog sankeern roop seey naheen haye, isake bajaay iska upayog nasleeya santulan key liye kiya jaataa haye, joe asamvaidhaanik haye. school apani sankhya koo jansankhyiki mein aadhar banaate hain, isaliye iss lakshya koo nasleeya santulan praapt karane key liye ack sankhyaatmak kotaa praapt karane kaa ack saadhan banaate hain. roberts ney nishkarsh nikala kii nasleeya santulan raajya kaa ack sammohak hita naheen hoe sakata haye.
mukhya nyayadhish antatah apane asahamati mein justice stephen brair dwara uthaaye gaye kuchh muddon kaa jawab dekar apani raay samaapt karate hain. vaha likhate hain kii nyaay brair ney iss kshetra mein pichhale sarvocch nyayalaya key udaharanon kaa durupyog kiya aur unakaa galat upayog kiya aur vaha iss mamle key faisale key parinamon koo bahut badhaa-chadhaakar bataate hain. vaha nyaay pradaata koo yeh kahane key liye bhee dandit kartaa haye kii adalat ney iss mamle key saath "kalah" koo chupchaap khariz curr diyaa aur yeh kii iss mamle mein brair joe tarika lagu kartaa haye vaha "sadhanon koo uchit thaharaane kaa" haye. roberts ney bahulata key liye apani raay koo yeh kahakar samaapt kiyaah
nasl key aadhar parr bhedbhaav koo rokane kaa tarika nasl key aadhar parr bhedbhaav karna bund karna haye.
nyaay thomas dwara sahamati.
bahumat kii raay key saath sahamati mein nyaay clarence thomas ney apane vichaar koo dohraya, nyaay harlen key "placy" mein asahamati key saath sahamati mein, kii samvidhaan "rung-andhaa" haye."thomas key liye, iska matlab haye kii jaati key aadhar parr kissy bhee bhedbhaav kii samvidhaan dwara anumati naheen haye, yahaan taka kii ack tathaakathit" "saumya" "uddeshya key liye bhee (thomas ney iss dhaarana koo khariz curr diyaa kii" "adarand" "mein unaki sahamati mein ack vishuddh roop seey saumya uddeshya hoe sakata haye kyonki jaati-adharit bhedbhaav kii saumyata yaa durbhavana" "jisake bail koo giraaya jaa rhaa haye" "yaa" "dekhane vaale kii najar mein haye" "). nyaayamurti thomas ney iss asahamati key drishtikon koo bhee khariz curr diyaa kii yeye school jile prithakkaran key khatare mein they. unhone tark diyaa kii kaksha mein nasleeya asantulan kii or joe bhee rujhaan praapt hue hain, way poorv-"bhoore" yug kii tarah raajya-anumodit algaav kaa parinam naheen they. nyaayamurti thomas ney algavvadi tark koo "braun" mein apanaane key liye asahamati kaa ahwan kiya, vishesh roop seey iska aagrah kii adalat koo sthaaniya school board key gyaan, visheshagyata aur nirnay koo sthagit karna chaahiye. unhone iss baare mein bhee likhaa kii kyaa nasleeya santulan yaa vividhata kaa shaikshik parinamon parr sakaratmak prabhaav padata haye. justice thomas iss sujhaav parr sahmat hain kii ashwet chhaatr kewal tabhi seekh sakate hain jaba way shwet chhatron key buggle mein baithe houn. kuchh sahamati mein samajik vigyaan key uddharan aur aankade shamil hain joe darshaate hain kii ashwet chhaatr aich. bee. see. aiss. jaise bahusankhyak ashwet schools mein safal hoe sakate hain. justice thomas ney yeh kahate hue nishkarsh nikala kii "aggar hamaare itihas ney hamein kuchh bhee sikhaaya haye tou isane hamein nasleeya siddhanton koo dhaaran karane vaale abhijaat varg seey savdhan rehna sikhaaya haye."ack futnote mein nyaay ney nyaay brair kaa vyaktigat ullekh jodaah" nyaay brair key achche iraade, jinn parr mujhe sandeh naheen haye, nyaay brair key karyakal kii shelf life haye."vaha aage bataate hain kii unhein sandeh haye kii school boardon key apane nasl-adharit nirnay lene mein hamesha aise achche iraade honge, kyonki, jaisa kii maddison ney kahaa," aggar purush swargadoot hotey, tou kissy bhee sarkaar kii aavashyakta naheen hoti."
nyaay kenedi dwara sahamati.
justice anthany kenedi mukhya nyayadhish roberts kii raay key kuchh hisson mein shamil naheen hue. aise mamalon mein jahaan ack raay yaa ack raay key hisse bahumat taka naheen pahunchate hain, sankeern raay holding kaa pratinidhitva karati haye, isaliye nyaay kenedi kii raay mamle key holding key hisson kaa pratinidhitva karati haye. apani sahamati mein, kenedi bahulata key saath bhinn they kyonki, unhone paaya kii ack vividh chhaatr nikaay praapt karane kaa lakshya ack sammohak raajya hita haye.
vividhata, isake arth aur paribhasha key aadhar parr, ack sammohak shaikshik lakshya haye jise ack school jilaa aage badhaa sakata haye.
isake alawa, kenedi ney paaya kii nasl-jagrook tantra kaa upayog school jilon dwara vividhata key lakshya koo aage badhaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, ack sthiti jise bahulata dwara aswikar curr diyaa gayaa haye. kenedi ney tark diyaa kii sarkaar kaa nasleeya samaantaa sunishchit karane mein hita thaah "bahulata kii raay yeh sunishchit karane mein sarkaar key vaidh hita koo khariz karati haye kii sabhi logon koo unaki jaati kii parwah kiye binaa samaan avsar mille."
kenedi kii raay ney apane nagrikon key yaantrik roop seey lagaae gaye vyaktigat nasl vargeekaran key prasaar kii anumati dene seey utpann jokhimon parr bhee jore diyaa. unhone yeh spasht curr diyaa kii "raajya dwara anivarya nasleeya label key tahat rahane key liye majboor honah hamaare samaaj mein vyaktiyon kii garima key saath asangat haye.
anta mein, kenedi ney likhaah
nasleeya algaav seey bachane mein ack sammohak ruchi maujood haye, ack aisaa hita jise ack school jilaa, apane vivek aur visheshagyata mein, aage badhaane kaa vikalp chuna sakata haye. isi tarah, ack jilaa ise vividh chhaatr aabaadi praapt karane key liye ack sammohak ruchi maan sakata haye. nasl usa vividhata kaa ack ghatak hoe sakata haye, lekin anya jansankhyikiya karakon, saath hii vishesh pratibha aur jarooraton parr bhee vichaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
phir bhee, kenedi ney paaya kii school jilon ney mamle mein sammohak hiton koo praapt karane key liye daud key upayog koo sankeern roop seey taiyar naheen kiya. vishesh roop seey, kenedi koo pataa chalata haye kii jile cumm nasleeya roop seey aaveshit sadhanon key madhyam seey ack hii lakshya hassil curr sakate they.
justice kenedi kaa kahana haye kii mamle mein nasleeya vargeekaran koo banaae rakhane key liye asahamati koo "kendriya mahatva kii dou avadhaaranaon koo darkinar curr denaa chaahiye". sabse pahale, "dee jeur" aur "dee facto" algaav key beach key antar koo jaanboojhkar nazarandaj karane key liye kenedi asahamati koo kathor roop seey dosh detaa haye. aur doosara, kenedi "vyaktiyon key saath apane vyavhaar koo alag karane key liye nasleeya vargeekaran key raajya key upayog kii anumaanit ayogyata" kii andekhi karane key liye asahamati koo dosh detaa haye."
nyaay dwara asahamati.
nyaayamurti johnn paul stevens ney ack teekhe shabdon mein sankshipt asahamati likhi jisamen unhone "braun vee" sahit pichhale sarvocch nyayalaya key udaharanon kaa durupyog aur durupyog karane kii bahulata parr aarop lagaaya. shiksha mandal. unhone yeh kahate hue nishkarsh nikala kii vartamaan adalat bahut badal gaee haye aur yeh pahaleh
"[i] t thaa...braun" key prati adhik wafadar aur aaj kii tulanaa mein hamari misal kaa adhik sammaan karate hain. yeh meraa dridh vishvaas haye kii adalat kaa koee bhee sadasya joe main 1975 mein shamil huaa thaa, aaj key faisale seey sahmat naheen hoga."
nyaay brair dwara asahamati.
justice stephen jee. brair ney, mukhya asahamati vaali raay mein, nyaay kenedi key prastaavit vikalpon koo khariz curr diyaa aur vyaktigat chhatron koo nasl dwara chhantaai kii aur, bench key aashcharyajanak roop seey bhaavnaatmak 20 minut key bhaashan mein, bahulata kii raay kii ninda kii. "nyaay pradaata ney adalat key faisale key baare mein kahaa, "kaanoon mein aisaa aksar naheen hotaa haye kii itane cumm loga itani jaldi badal gaye hain. nyaay key 77 prishthon key likhit vichaar mein unhone iss faisale koo sthaapit kaanoon seey ack "kattarpanthi" kadam door bataaya joe samudaayon seey ack mahatvapurna upkaran legaa jiska upayog kaee varshon taka algaav kii roktham mein kiya jaataa haye.
baad key ghatanakram.
raay king county mein niyamit school varsh kii shuruat seey dou maheene seey bhee cumm samay pahale aur jile mein saal bhar key school kii shuruat seey teen saptah seey bhee cumm samay pahale aaee thee. raay key dinn ack press conference mein, vaadi teddy gorden key vakeel ney kahaa kii yadi aavashyak huaa, tou vaha 2007-2008 school varsh key liye vartamaan chhaatr assignment yojana key upayog koo rokane key liye kanuni upaay karenge. jaba nikat samay key baare mein poochha gayaa, tou gherabandi ney kahaa kii adalat key faisale key anuroop cheejon koo ack yojana mein badalane key liye poore jile koo "ack button dabana" thaa.
ack alag sammelan mein, jey. see. pee. aiss. pratinidhi pait todd ney jore dekar kahaa kii vartamaan assignment yojana 2007-2008 school varsh key liye prabhaavi rahegi, bajat, karmchaariyon, assignment aur buss koo antim roop dene key prachalit karanon kaa hawala dete hue kii koee parivartan taarkik roop seey sambhav naheen haye.
aaee. dee. 1. mein kaee maheenon kii avadhi mein, jey. see. pee. aiss. ney samajik aarthik aur alpasankhyak sthiti (maataa-pitaa kii aaya) key aadhar parr ack vividhata yojana vikasit kii, joe 2002 mein school board key sadasyon steve imhoff aur lairi hujo dwara sujhaae gaye ack yojana thee. yeye parivartan nyaay canady kii sahmat raay key anuroop they. yeh yojana 2017 taka lagu haye.

