
getaa kii gherabandi (1860-1861)

getaa kii gherabandi sardinia key raajya aur dou sisili key raajya key beach yuddh kii samaapan ghatana thee, joe itali key ekikaran kaa hissa thaa. yeh 5 navambar 1860 koo shuru huaa aur 13 farwari 1861 koo samaapt huaa, aur aaj key dakshini lazio (itali) mein getaa mein huaa.
prishthabhoomi.
sitambar 1860 mein, jaba garribaldin sanic rajdhani naples kii or badh rahey they (hazaaron kaa abhiyaan dekhein), tou dou sisili key raajaa, francis dwiteeya ney apane pradhaan mantri liborio romno kii salah parr shahar chhodane kaa faisala kiya.
sabse pahale, unhone capua mein ack pratirodh aayojit karane kii yojana banaai. haalaanki, volterns (octuber) kii ladaai key baad capua key garribaldin seey haarne key baad, unhone aur unaki patni mairi sophi ney getaa key majboot tateey kille mein sharan lii.
getaa europe key sabse majboot sainya kilon mein seey ack thaa. isamen ack trikon key aakar kaa promontary (mount orlando) shamil thaa joe dedh kilometres seey adhik lamba thaa aur 169 meater taka badhaa aur samudra key kinaaron parr lagbhag urdhvaadhar chattaanen theen. chattan koo mukhya bhoomi seey 600 meater chaude istamas dwara jodaa gayaa thaa. monteseco ("shushk parvat") naamak, isthamas ack gherabandi karane vaale key liye gadh koo jeetane kaa ekmatra tarika thaa. usa samay key jahaajon koo vaastav mein vishal kille kaa saamana karane key liye bahut najuk maanaa jaataa thaa joe promontary koo gherate they. samrat charles banaam key samay mein nirmit, promontary koo 19 baitariyon key beach vibhajit 220 bandookon key saath pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. ack atirikt 230 bandookon ney mukhya bhoomi kii or kille kaa bachaav kiya, jisase kull 450 topein bunn gaeen, jinamen seey 26 chhoti doori key mortar they. adhikansh bandooken smoodboar hathiyar theen, jinamen seey kuchh 18veen shatabdi kii theen, aur isaliye way aspasht theen. vishal mahal, joe samudra parr poorv kii or thaa, samrat fredrick dwiteeya key samay kaa thaa, lekin lagaatar adyatan kiya gayaa thaa. balon kii sankhya 19,700 upa-adhikaari aur sanic aur 1,770 adhikaari they; getaa key 3,000 nagrik bhee they. vibhinn deshon key 17 jahaajon (spen aur france sahit) ney samudra key saath khula sanchaar rakhaa.
peedmonti senaa IV senaa dall seey bunny thee, jiska netritva general enrico sialdini ney kiya thaa. unake karmchaariyon mein itali key bhaavi pradhaanmantri engineer general luigi federico menabria shamil they. sainikon mein 808 adhikaari aur 15,500 upa-adhikaari aur sanic they, jinhen 78 aadhunik rifle bandooken, 65 mortar aur 34 smoothboar bandooken samarthit theen. sabse aadhunik rifle ayudh rakshakon kii purani bandookon seey kissy bhee nuksan key jokhim key binaa paanch kilometres taka kii doori seey golibari curr sakate hain. admiral carlo dee persano key tahat peedmonteej bede mein duss jahaaj they.
getaa key kille kaa commander francesco milon thaa, joe ack napolitan general thaa, jise 10 navambar koo pietro carlo maria vial dee matton dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe ack 83 varsheeya mool nivasi thaa. haalaanki, vaastavik kamaan swiss bairan general felix wonn schumature key haathon mein dee gaee thee, joe lucern seey they, aid-dee-camp aur raajaa francis dwiteeya aur raani mairi sophi key pitaa key dost they. unhein swiss generalon august dee redematon aur joseph cigrist dwara sahaayata pradaan kii gaee thee. poorv samudra tateey morche key liye jimmedaar thaa, baad vaalaa mukhya bhoomi key morche key liye jimmedaar thaa. lekin joseph cigrist key bajaay yeh napolean bairan curnell gabrielle usani they jinhone iss hisse kii kamaan sambhali thee. engineering shakha kaa netritva napolitan count general franceco travarsa ney kiya thaa. general schumaker key sahayak-dee-camp alphons pfeiffer wonn ultishophen they joe baad mein swiss senaa key samanya karmchaariyon key pramukh baney aur gothard paas aur rail surang kii raksha karane vaale swiss kille key aarambhakarta aur commander baney. german itihas chitrakaar carle theoder pilot kii ack painting mein unhein aur general schumaker koo getaa kii prachir parr raani mairi sophi key saath dikhaaya gayaa haye. (pfiffer ney lucern mein belle apoc rashtriya bhavya hotal kaa bhee nirmaan kiya aur seasure ritz koo niyojit aur prachaarit kiya, jinake baare mein wells key rajkumar ney kahaa, "vaha hotal maalikon kaa raajaa aur raajaon kaa hotal malik haye.)
swiss ney 1734 seey dou sisili key raajya kii seva kii thee, aur yeh general schumaker key pitaa they, joe lucern ganarajya key sainya vibhaag key pramukh they, jinhone 1825 mein anubandh kaa navinikaran kiya thaa. taba seey chaar swiss resiments ney 1859 taka napolitan senaa kii reedh kaa gathan kiya thaa. unake bete ney 1833 mein pahali resiment mein seva mein pravesh kiya thaa aur jald hii vaha ferdinand II key vyaktigat sahayak-dee-camp bunn gaye jinhone unhein napolitan senaa koo hathiyar banaane key liye niyukt kiya thaa.
gherabandi kii shuruat.
vibhinn tithiyon koo gherabandi kii shuruat key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye; yeye 5 seey 12 navambar taka hain. sialdini ney castellon mein apani kamaan kii sthiti sthaapit kii, joe aaj formia kaa shahar haye. topkhaane key parivahan key liye 15 pulon aur pulon key saath athaarah kilometres sadakon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa.
puraane shahar key bahut cumm sthaan mein sainikon aur nivaasiyon key liye sthiti jald hii asahaniya saabit hui. napolean sainikon key paas naa tou kambal thaa aur naa hii kapade badalane they. 18 navambar koo bambari koo roque diyaa gayaa taaki raksha mein bhaag naheen lene vaale sabhi logon koo shahar chhodane kii anumati dee jaa sakey.
halanki, rakshakon kaa manobal taba badhaa jaba dou sisili samrajya key kuchh karishmai sainya hastiyon mein seey ack, anubhavi general ferdinando beneventano dell bosco, getaa pahunche. unhone jald hii 29 navambar koo subah key liye ack saili kaa ayojan kiya. kuchh videshi carabians dwara samarthit 400 chassers, lucius attretinus key roman makbare key paas monteseco key shikhar taka pahunchane mein kamyab rahey. haalaanki, way peedmonteej pratikriya seey peechhe hutt gaye, aur kaarravaai anirnaayak saabit hui. napolitan kaa antim sakriya operation 4 disambar koo huaa, jiska koee prabhaav naheen padaa.
shaanti key liye mukadama.
8 disambar koo francis dwiteeya ney apani sabhi prajaon key liye ack ghoshana jaari kii, jisamen aakramankariyon key khilaf sangharsh key abhiyojan key badale mein naee swatantrata kaa vaadaa kiya gayaa, jisase unhein gurilla abhiyaanon key liye uksaayaa gayaa. usee dinn, peedmonti pradhaan mantri caver dwara sialdini koo golibari bund karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. british sarkaar dwara samarthit caver ney napolean III koo getaa seey francisi bede koo vaapas bulaane key liye aashvast kiya thaa aur 11 disambar koo bheje gaye ack patra mein francis II koo getaa chhodane key liye kahaa thaa. haalaanki, napolean raajaa ney prastaav koo sweekaar naheen kiya. badale mein unhone napolean seey appeal kii kii vaha apane bede koo vaapas naa leey, taaki cumm seey cumm raajya aur taaj key sainya sammaan koo bachaaya jaa sakey.
disambar kii raat koo phir seey shatruta shuru hoe gaee. iss beach, mahamari typhus getaa kii divaaron key bheetar failane lagaa thaah francis key feeled adjutant koo khud maar diyaa gayaa thaa aur 12 disambar koo unaki mrityu hoe gaee thee.
nagrik aabaadi mein adhik peedit 15 disambar seey monte tortano seey naee peedmonteej battery kii golibari key kaaran hue they.
27 disambar koo ack nayaa aatmasamarpan prastaav napolean rakshakon koo bheja gayaa thaa yaa, ack vikalp key roop mein, 15 dinon kaa yuddhaviram. donon koo aswikar curr diyaa gayaa. topkhaane kaa dwandwa yuddh badhati hinsa key saath phir seey shuru huaah getaa key khilaf ack dinn mein 500 grenade fenke gaye, halanki unamen seey adhikansh mein visfot naheen huaa. bambari 7 janwari 1861 koo samaapt hui, jaba kille koo 8,000 gole mille, halanki, phir seey, mamuli parinamon key saath.
gherabandi kaa anta.
napolean III key anurodh parr 9 janwari koo sainya abhiyaan koo duss dinon key liye nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. jaba yuddhaviram samaapt huaa, tou videshi jahaajon ney getaa key bandargah koo chhod diyaa. taba taka castellon mein bandargah mein nishkriya peedmonteej bede ney 22 janwari koo phir seey kille parr bambari shuru karate hue nakabandi shuru curr dee. peedmonteej ney 22,000 grenade daage aur napolitan ney 11,000 key saath jawab diyaa, jisase virodhiyon kii kuchh baitariyon koo nuksan pahuncha.
haalaanki, sainikon aur aabaadi kaa manobal badhaane key liye donon samprabhun key prayason key bavjood rakshakon kii sthiti usa samay nirashajanak dikhaai dee. kille key bheetar swachchata kii sthiti bahut kharaab hoe gaee thee, aur bhojan cumm thaa. 5 farwari kii dopahar koo sent kaa ack pouder dipo. ack peedmonteej grenade dwara antonio battery maaraa gayaa, jisase getaa kaa ack puuraa chauthai hissa nasht hoe gayaa, jisase sainikon aur aabaadi key beach bhaari nuksan huaa. ghayalon koo bachaane key liye agale dinn shaam koo gherabandi kaa antim yuddhaviram ghoshit kiya gayaa.
peedmonteej aag teji seey sateek hoe rahee thee, aur rakshakon aur nivaasiyon donon key liye sthiti hatash lugg rahee thee. 10 farwari koo maria sophi koo francisi maharani seey ack patra milaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii pratirodh taaj key sammaan koo bachaane key liye paryaapt lamba thaa. francis II ney aatmasamarpan key liye jaari kiya. siyaldini ney baatchit key dauran bambari koo rokane seey incar curr diyaa, aur getaa koo 13 farwari koo aatmasamarpan parr hastakshar honey taka naee tabahi kaa saamana karna padaa. antim gole donon virodhiyon dwara 18.15 p parr daage gaye they.aim. usa dinn.
pahali peedmonteej paidal senaa ack dinn baad getaa mein pravesh kiya, thheek usee samay jaba francis dwiteeya aur unaki patni ney khud koo vijetaon key paas bhej diyaa, joe napolitan sainikon dwara sammaanit kiye gaye they joe anta taka wafadar rahey they. dou sisili samrajya kuchh dinon baad samaapt hoe gayaa jaba pratirodh kaa antim sangathit kendra, civitella dell tronto ney 20 march 1861 koo aatmasamarpan curr diyaa.
niapolitan key liye hatahaton kii sankhya 829 thee aur 2,000 ghayal hue they. gherabandi key dauran dou sou nagrik gir gaye, jabaki peedmonteej mein 46 loga maare gaye aur 321 ghayal hoe gaye. general enrico sialdini koo baad mein itali key raajaa dwara gherabandi key dauran apani bhoomika kii maanyata mein ack vijay khitaab key roop mein duke off getaa banaaya gayaa thaa.