
roser bee. taani

roser brook tanny (; 17 march, 1777-12 octuber, 1864) sanyukt raajya america key paanchven mukhya nyayadhish they, jinhone 1836 seey 1864 mein apani mrityu taka usa pada parr kabja kiya. sandford "(1857) ney faisala sunaaya kii african amerikiyon koo yuu naheen maanaa jaa sakata haye.aiss. nagrik aur vaha congress yuu. mein gulami koo pratibandhit naheen curr sakati thee.aiss. kshetra. yuu mein shamil honey seey pahale.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya, taani ney yuu key roop mein kaary kiya.aiss. attorney general aur yuu.aiss. rashtrapati andreau jackson key adheen koshagar key sachiv. way sarvocch nyayalaya mein seva karane vaale pahale roman catholic they.
tanny kaa janm maryland key calvert county mein ack ameer, gulam-malik parivaar mein huaa thaa. unhone sanghiya party key sadasya key roop mein maryland house off delegates kaa chunaav jeetaa, lekin baad mein 1812 key yuddh mein party key saath toot gaye. loktaantrik-republican party mein jaane key baad, tenny 1816 mein maryland senate key liye chune gaye. way raajya mein sabse pramukh vakeelon mein seey ack key roop mein ubhare aur 1827 mein maryland key attorney general key roop mein niyukt hue. tenny ney 1824 aur 1828 mein andru jackson key rashtrapati abhiyaanon kaa samarthan kiya, aur vaha jackson kii loktaantrik party key sadasya bunn gaye. 1831 mein cabinet mein badalaav key baad, rashtrapati jackson ney tanny koo apana attorney general niyukt kiya. tanny jackson key mantrimandal key sabse mahatvapurna sadasyon mein seey ack bunn gaye aur unhone baink yuddh mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai. 1833 mein shuru karate hue, tanny ney ack avkash niyukti key tahat khajaane key sachiv key roop mein kaary kiya, lekin usa pada key liye unakaa namankan sanyukt raajya senate dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
1835 mein, senate parr loktantravadiyon key niyantran mein aaney key baad, jackson ney sarvocch nyayalaya mein divangat johnn marshel key uttaradhikari key roop mein mukhya nyayadhish key roop mein tanny koo niyukt kiya. vaha mukhya nyayadhish key karyalaya mein chaar loktaantrik niyuktiyon mein seey pahale they (isake baad melville fuller, harlen aff. patthar aur laal winson). tanny ney raajyon key adhikaaron kii or ack nyayshastra parivartan kii adhyakshata kii, lekin tanny adalat ney sanghiya adhikaar koo usa hudd taka aswikar naheen kiya, jisase tanny key kaee alochakon koo darr thaa. 1850 key dashak kii shuruat taka, unakaa vyaapak roop seey sammaan kiya gayaa thaa, aur kuchh nirvaachit adhikaariyon ney gulami parr rashtriya bahas koo nipataane key liye sarvocch nyayalaya kii or dekhaa. apane swayam key daason koo mukt karane aur una logon koo pension dene key bavjood joe kaam karane key liye bahut boodhe they, tanny ney gulami kaa samarthan kiya, sansthaan parr uttari hamalon seey krodhit they, aur gulami kii bahas koo sthaayi roop seey samaapt karane key liye apane "dred scott" nirnay kaa upayog karane kii maang kii. unake vyaapak shasson ney kaee uttari logon koo gahara krodhit kiya aur gulami virodhi republican party koo majboot kiya; isake ummidwar abraham linken ney 1860 kaa rashtrapati chunaav jeetaa.
linken key chunaav key baad, tanny ney alag honey vaale dakshini raajyon key saath sahaanubhooti jataai aur yuddh key liye linken koo doshi thaharaaya, lekin unhone sarvocch nyayalaya seey istifa naheen diyaa. way americi grihyuddh mein karyakari shakti kii rashtrapati linken kii vyaapak vyakhya seey dridhata seey asahmat they. aiks parte maryman" mein, tanny ney kahaa kii rashtrapati "bandee pratyaksheekaran" key ritt koo nilambit naheen curr sakate. linken ney gair-twaritata kaa ahwan karke faisale kaa jawab diyaa. tanny ney baad mein linken key generalon mein seey ack george cadavalader koo adalat kii avamaanana mein rakhane kii koshish kii aur linken prashaasan ney jawab mein phir seey gair-twaritata kaa ahwan kiya. 1863 mein, linken ney gulami parr tanny key faisalon key bavjood mukti kii ghoshana kii. tanny ney aakhirkaar yeh kahate hue maan liyaah "maine samvidhaan aur kaanoon dwara mujhe pradaan kii gaee sabhi shaktiyon kaa prayog kiya haye, lekin usa shakti kaa virodh ack aisee shakti dwara kiya gayaa haye jise main paar naheen curr sakaa."1864 mein tanny kii mrityu hoe gaee aur linken ney salmon pee koo niyukt kiya. apane uttaradhikari key roop mein peechha karein. 1864 mein tanny kii mrityu key samay, uttar mein unaki vyaapak roop seey ninda kii gaee thee, aur linken ney unaki mrityu key jawab mein ack saarvajanik bayaan dene seey incar curr diyaa. unaki ack vivadaspad aitihaasik pratishtha bunny hui haye, aur unake "dred scott" faisale koo vyaapak roop seey sarvocch nyayalaya kaa abb taka kaa sabse kharaab nirnay maanaa jaataa haye.
praarambhik jeevan aur currier.
tanny kaa janm 17 march, 1777 koo calvert county, maryland mein michael tanny vee aur monika brook tanny key ghar huaa thaa. tanny key poorvaj, michael tanny pratham, 1660 mein ingland seey maryland mein buss gaye they. unhone aur unake parivaar ney khud koo gulam shram dwara sanchaalit ack falate-phoolate daas tambaku bagan key pramukh catholic bhoomi maalikon key roop mein sthaapit kiya. roser tanny key badey bhaai, michael tanny vee, seey parivaar key bagan key uttaradhikari honey kii ummeed kii jaa rahee thee, tanny key pitaa ney unhein kaanoon kaa adhyayan karane key liye protsaahit kiya. pandrah saal kii umr mein, tanny koo dickinson college bheja gayaa, jahan unhone naitikta, tark, bhaashaaen, ganit aur anya vishayon kaa adhyayan kiya. 1796 mein dickinson seey snaatak honey key baad, unhone anapolis mein jaj geremia townley chaze key tahat kaanoon padhaa. tanny koo 1799 mein maryland baar mein bharti karaaya gayaa thaa. 1844 mein, tanny koo americi daarshanik samaaj key sadasya key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa.
shaadi aur parivaar.
taani ney 7 janwari, 1806 koo francis scott kii kii bahan annie fobe charlton kii seey shaadi kii. unaki chhah betiyaan ack saath theen. halanki tanny khud ack catholic baney rahey, unaki sabhi betiyon kaa paalan-poshan annie key episcopal church key sadasyon key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. tanny ney sanghiya sarkaar key saath apani seva key varshon key dauran ack apartment kiraaye parr liya, lekin unhone aur unaki patni ney baltimore mein ack sthaayi ghar banaae rakhaa. 1855 mein annie kii mrityu key baad, tanny aur unaki dou avivaahit betiyaan sthaayi roop seey washington chully gaeen.see.
praarambhik raajneetik jeevan.
state baar mein pravesh praapt karane key baad, tanny ney fredrick, maryland mein ack safal kanuni abhyaas sthaapit kiya. apane pitaa key aagrah parr, vaha sanghiya party key sadasya key roop mein maryland house off delegates key liye daude. apane pitaa kii madad seey, tanny ney pratinidhi sabhaa key liye chunaav jeetaa, lekin vaha dusare karyakal key liye apana abhiyaan haar gaye. taani kaee varshon taka sanghiya party key ack pramukh sadasya baney rahey jaba taka kii unhone 1812 key yuddh key apane samarthan key kaaran party key saath sambandh toda naheen liya. 1816 mein, unhone maryland raajya senate mein paanch saal key karyakal key liye chunaav jeetaa. 1823 mein, tanny ney apane kanuni abhyaas koo baltimore mein sthanantarit curr diyaa, jahan unhone ack prabhaavi vaadi key roop mein vyaapak roop seey badnam kiya. 1826 mein, tanny aur daniel webster ney ack mamle mein vyaapaari soloman atting kaa pratinidhitva kiya joe sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya key samaksh pesh huaa. 1827 mein, tanny koo maryland key attorney general key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. tanny ney 1824 key rashtrapati chunaav aur 1828 key rashtrapati chunaav mein andreau jackson kaa samarthan kiya. vaha jackson kii loktaantrik party mein shamil hoe gaye aur maryland mein jackson key 1828 key abhiyaan key netaa key roop mein kaary kiya.
taani ney gulami koo ack buri pratha maanaa. unhone una daason koo mukt curr diyaa joe unhein apane jeevan kii shuruat mein hii apane pitaa seey viraasat mein mille they, aur jaba taka way jeevit they, unhone una bujurgon koo masik pension pradaan kii joe kaam karane mein asamarth they. haalaanki, unakaa maanana thaa kii gulami ack aisee samasya thee jise dheere-dheere aur mukhya roop seey una raajyon dwara hull kiya jaanaa thaa jinamen yeh maujood thaa, aur ack rashtravadi key roop mein, unmoolanvadiyon koo "desh koo alag karane" key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. 1819 mein, phir bhee, tanny ney ack unmoolanvaadi paddhativaadi mantri jacob gruber kaa bachaav kiya, jise gulami kii aalochana key liye giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. gruber parr "vidroh aur vidroh key krityon" koo bhadkane key prayaas kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. taani ney daavaa kiya kii abhiyojan paksh mein kathor key khilaf ack mamle kii kamee haye aur tark diyaa kii aaparaadhik iraade key sabooton kii kamee, kathor kii vivek kii swatantrata aur abhivyakti kii swatantrata kii raksha kii aavashyakta haye. taani ney "kathor kaa ack bhavuk bachaav" kiya aur apane shuruati tark mein, taani ney gulami kii ninda karate hue kahaa kii yeh "hamaare rashtriya charitra parr ack dhabba haye. bachaav paksh koo sunane key baad, juurii ney kathor koo burry curr diyaa.
jackson prashaasan.
cabinet sadasya.
1831 mein rashtrapati jackson ney attorney general johnn aim sahit apane mantrimandal key adhikansh sadasyon key isteefon key liye kahaa. berian. jackson ney berian key istife key kaaran rikt pada koo bharane key liye tanny kii or rukh kiya, aur tanny rashtrapati key sheersh kanuni salaahkaar bunn gaye. ack salaahkaar raay mein kii unhone rashtrapati key liye likhaa thaa, tanny ney tark diyaa kii sanyukt raajya key samvidhaan kii suraksha mukt ashweton parr lagu naheen hoti haye; vaha apane currier mein baad mein iss mudde parr phir seey vichaar karenge. apane poorvavartiyon kii tarah, tanny ney kaanoon key niji abhyaas koo jaari rakhaa, jabaki unhone attorney general key roop mein kaary kiya, aur unhone "bairan banaam key aitihaasik sarvocch nyayalaya mamle mein baltimore shahar key liye ack vakeel key roop mein kaary kiya. baltimore.
tanny "baink yuddh" mein ack mahatvapurna leftinent bunn gayaa, sanyukt raajya america key dusare baink (yaa "rashtriya baink") key saath jackson kii jhadap. mantrimandal key anya sadasyon key vipareet, tanny ney tark diyaa kii rashtriya baink asamvaidhaanik thaa aur jackson koo ise samaapt karane kii koshish karni chaahiye. tanny key samarthan key saath, jackson ney rashtriya baink key charter koo navinikrit karane key liye ack bill koo veeto curr diyaa, joe 1836 mein samaapt honey vaalaa thaa. baink yuddh 1832 key rashtrapati chunaav kaa pramukh mudda bunn gayaa, jisamen jackson ney rashtriya baink samarthak heinry clay seey ack chunauti koo haraaya. baink key prati tanny key adig virodh, chunaav mein jackson kii nirnaayak jeet key saath, attorney general koo jackson key mantrimandal key sabse pramukh sadasyon mein seey ack banaa diyaa.
jackson ney phir seey chunaav jeetane key baad baink yuddh koo badhaa diyaa. jaba treasury key sachiv villium jey. duen ney rashtriya baink seey sanghiya jamaa koo hataane koo adhikrit karane seey incar curr diyaa, jackson ney duen koo barkhast curr diyaa aur tenne koo treasury key sachiv key roop mein ack avkash niyukti dee. tanny ney rashtriya baink seey sanghiya jamaa koo raajya-chartered bainkon mein punarvitarit kiya, joe "paltu bainkon" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. juuna 1834 mein, senate ney treasury key sachiv key roop mein tanny key namankan koo khariz curr diyaa, jisase tanny koo mantrimandal mein koee pada naheen milaa. tanny rashtra key itihas mein pahale cabinet ummidwar they jinhen senate dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
sarvocch nyayalaya namankan.
senate dwara tanny kii pahale asweekriti key bavjood, janwari 1835 mein jackson ney tanny koo sevaanivritt sarvocch nyayalaya key sahayogi nyayadhish gabriel duval kii seat bharane key liye naamit kiya. tanny key virodhiyon ney yeh sunishchit kiya kii senate satra key anta seey pahale unake namankan parr matdan naa kiya jaae, jisase namankan koo haraaya jaa sakey. 1834 aur 1835 key senate chunaavon mein democrates ney seeten uthaain, jisase party koo chamber mein ack majboot upasthiti millie. julaai 1835 mein, jackson ney mukhya nyayadhish johnn marshel key uttaradhikari key roop mein tanny koo naamit kiya, jinaki mrityu 1835 mein hui thee. halanki whig party mein jackson key virodhiyon ney ack baar phir tanny key namankan koo haraane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin march 1836 mein tanny ney pushti hassil kii. vaha sarvocch nyayalaya mein seva karane vaale pahale catholic they.
taani court.
marshel ney apani 35 varshon kii seva key dauran adalat parr apana varchasva jamaaya thaa, aur unaki raay "marbury banaam. maddison ney sanghiya adalaton koo sarkaar kii saha-samaan shakha key roop mein sthaapit karane mein madad kii thee. raajyon key adhikaaron key adhivaktaon koo nirash karane key liye, "mccullock banaam jaise mamalon mein marshel adalat key faisale. maryland ney raajya sarkaaron parr sanghiya kaanoon aur sansthanon kii shakti koo barkarar rakhaa thaa. kaee logon kaa maanana thaa kii tanny ack "raajneetik hack" thaa aur vaha usa disha key baare mein chintit thaa jisamen vaha sarvocch nyayalaya koo leey jaayega. marshel key pramukh sahyogiyon mein seey ack, sahayogi nyayadhish joseph kii kahani, adalat mein taba bunny rahee jaba tanny ney padbhar sambhala, lekin jackson dwara niyukt logon ney adalat kaa bahumat banaa liya. halanki tanny raajyon key adhikaaron kii or ack nyayshastra parivartan kii adhyakshata karega, lekin tanny adalat ney vyaapak sanghiya adhikaar koo usa hudd taka aswikar naheen kiya, jisase kaee logon koo shuru mein darr thaa.
1836-1844.
"charles nadee pull v. vaaran brij ney "tanny adalat key pahale pramukh mamalon mein seey ack koo prastut kiya. 1785 mein, massachusets key vidhaayika ney charles nadee parr charles nadee pull banaane key liye ack company koo kiraaye parr liya thaa. 1828 mein, raajya vidhanmandal ney charles nadee pull seey sirf 100 gaj kii doori parr ack doosara pull, vaaran pull banaane key liye ack doosari company koo kiraaye parr liya. charles nadee pull key maalikon ney yeh tark dete hue mukadama daayar kiya kii unake charter ney unhein charles nadee key usa kshetra mein pulon key sanchaalan parr ekadhikar diyaa thaa. charles nadee pull key vakeel, daniel webster ney tark diyaa kii massachusets key rashtramandal ney apane muvakkil koo rashtramandal dwara diye gaye ekadhikar kii avahelana karke vanijya khand kaa ullanghan kiya thaa. massachusets key vakeel, saiman greenleaf ney charter kii webster kii vyakhya koo chunauti dete hue kahaa kii charter ney spasht roop seey charles nadee pull key maalikon koo ekadhikar naheen diyaa. apane bahumat kii raay mein, tanny ney faisala sunaaya kii charter charles nadee pull koo ekadhikar naheen detaa haye. unhone kahaa kii anubandh khand raajya vidhaansabhaaon koo anubandh key spasht praavdhaanon kaa ullanghan karane seey rokta haye, lekin adalat anubandh praavdhaan kii vyakhya sankeern roop seey karegi jaba yeh raajya key samanya kalyan key saath virodhabhasi hoga. tanny ney tark diyaa kii koee bhee anya vyakhya buniyaadi dhaanche mein pragati koo rokegi, kyonki anya raajya charter key malik nihit ekadhikar adhikaaron koo chhodane key badale mein muaavaje kii maang karenge.
newyork shahar key mahapour banaam. (1837), vaadi ney ack newyork kaanoon koo chunauti dee jisamen aaney vaale jahaajon key maalikon koo una sabhi yaatriyon key baare mein jaankaari dene kii aavashyakta thee jinhen way desh mein laae they-" ee.jee.", ayu, swaasthya, antim kanuni nivaas. tanny adalat key samaksh sawal yeh thaa kii kyaa raajya kaanoon vanijya koo viniyamit karane key liye congress key adhikaar koo cumm kartaa haye yaa naheen; yaa yeh ack pulis upaay thaa, jaisa kii newyork ney daavaa kiya thaa, poori tarah seey raajya key adhikaar key bheetar. tanny aur unake sahyogiyon ney pratispardhi sanghiya aur raajya key niyaamak shakti key daavon koo samaayojit karane key liye ack adhik sookshm saadhan taiyar karane kii maang kii. adalat ney newyork key paksh mein faisala sunaaya, yeh maanate hue kii kaanoon newyork key bandargah aur videshi bandargaahon key beach vanijya koo viniyamit karane key liye naheen maanata thaa aur kyonki kaanoon ack pulis shakti key prayog mein paarit kiya gayaa thaa joe sahee roop seey raajyon seey sambandhit thaa.
brisco vee. mein. rashtramandal baink off kentucky (1837), joe tanny key pahale karyakal kaa teesara mahatvapurna faisala thaa, mukhya nyayadhish ney banking pranali, vishesh roop seey raajya banking kaa saamana kiya. asantusht lendaaron ney aarthik sudhaar mein sahaayata key liye 1819 kii dahashat key dauran banaae gaye kentucky key rashtramandal baink dwara jaari noton koo amaanya karane kii maang kii thee. sansthaan koo raajya key khajaane key rinn aur naa bikin saarvajanik bhoomi key moolya kaa samarthan praapt thaa, aur harr samanya upaay seey, isake nott sanghiya samvidhaan dwara nishiddh prakaar key rinn key bill they.
"brisco" ney adalat key nae mukhya nyayadhish key pahale poorna karyakal mein banking aur mudra key kshetra mein iss parivartan koo prakat kiya. samvidhaan key anuchhed 1, dhaara 10 ney raajyon koo rinn key bilon kaa upayog karane seey pratibandhit kiya, lekin rinn key bill kaa sateek arth spasht naheen rhaa. kregg vee. mein. misauri "(1830), marshel adalat ney 4 seey 3 key mutt seey maanaa thaa kii raajya byaaj vaale rinn pramaan patra asamvaidhaanik they. haalaanki, "brisco" mamle mein, adalat ney raajya-chartered baink dwara parisanchari nott jaari karane koo barkarar rakhaa, taba bhee jaba baink kaa stock, dhana aur laabh raajya key they, aur jahaan adhikaariyon aur nideshakon koo raajya vidhaayika dwara niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. adalat ney credit key bill koo raajya dwara jaari kiye gaye nott key roop mein, raajya key vishvaas parr, aur dhana key roop mein prasaarit karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. choonki vicharadhin nott baink dwara bhunaane yogya they aur raajya dwara naheen, way samvaidhaanik uddeshyon key liye credit key bill naheen they. raajya key baink noton kii samvaidhaaniktaa koo maanya karke, sarvocch nyayalaya ney rashtrapati andru jackson dwara sanyukt raajya key dusare baink koo recharter karane seey incar karane seey shuru hui vittiya kranti koo puuraa kiya aur purvakaal mein banking aur mudra key adhik raajya niyantran key liye dwaar khol diyaa. bahumat dwara dee gaee raay, jiska ack hissa tanny thaa, jacksonian aarthik yojana mein badey kareene seey fitt baithati haye.
1839 key mamle mein "baink off augusta banaam. halanki, "tenne ney saat anya nyayadhishon key saath matdan mein ack nichali adalat key faisale koo ulatane key liye shamil hoe gaye, jisane raajya seey baahar key nigamon koo alabama raajya mein vyaavsaayik sanchaalan karane seey roque diyaa thaa. taani key bahumat kii raay thee kii raajya seey baahar key nigam albama (yaa kissy anya raajya) mein taba taka vyavasaay curr sakate hain jaba taka kii raajya vidhaayika ney iss tarah key sanchaalan koo spasht roop seey pratibandhit karane vaalaa kaanoon paarit naheen kiya.
prigg vee. mein. pensylvania (1842), tanny adalat gulami, daason, daas maalikon aur raajyon key adhikaaron key sambandh mein ack mamle kii sunavaai karane key liye sahmat hui. isane abhinirdhaarit kiya kii raajya key kaanoonon key khilaf samvaidhaanik nishedh joe kissy bhee "[dusare] raajya mein seva yaa shram key liye rakhe gaye vyakti" koo mukt karega, pensylvania koo ack maryland vyakti koo dandit karane seey rokta haye jisane ack poorv gulam aur usake bachche koo jabt curr liya thaa, aur unhein apaharan kii anumati dene vaale pensylvania adalaton seey adesh maange binaa maryland vaapas leey gayaa thaa. adalat key liye unaki raay mein, nyaayamurti joseph kii kahani ney naa kewal yeh maanaa kii raajyon koo sanghiya bhagode daas kaanoonon key pravartan mein hastakshep karane seey roque diyaa gayaa thaa, balki unhein una kaanoonon koo lagu karane mein sahaayata karane seey bhee roque diyaa gayaa thaa. ack sahmat raay mein, tanny ney tark diyaa kii daas dharakon key swaamitva key adhikaaron kii samvaidhaanik guaranti aur dakshini raajyon mein daason koo unake swaamiyon key paas lautane seey rokane key khilaf anuchhed IV mein nishedh ney sanghiya bhagode daas kaanoonon koo lagu karane key liye raajyon parr ack sakaratmak kartavya lagaaya.
taani adalat ney una daason key mamle kii bhee adhyakshata kii jinhone spanish schooner "amistad" koo apane kabje mein leey liya thaa. sahayogi nyayadhish joseph kii kahani ney adalat key bahumat key faisale aur raay koo likhaa, jisamen chaalak dall parr hamla karke aur swatantrata praapt karane kii koshish karke khud kaa bachaav karane key liye swatantra purushon key roop mein apane adhikaar koo barkarar rakhaa gayaa. taani bahumat kii raay mein shamil hoe gaye.
1845-1856.
1847 key "licenses mamalon" mein, tanny ney pulis shakti kii avadharana vikasit kii. unhone likhaa kii "kyaa koee raajya sangrodh kaanoon paarit kartaa haye, yaa apraadhon koo dandit karane key liye kaanoon, yaa nyaay kii adaalaten sthaapit karane key liye... harr mamle mein yeh ack hii shakti kaa prayog kartaa haye; arthaat, samprabhuta kii shakti, apane prabhutva kii seemaon key bheetar purushon aur cheejon koo niyantrit karane kii shakti."raajya shakti kii iss vyaapak avadharana ney raajya sarkaaron koo aantarik sudhaaron key nirmaan aur saarvajanik vidyaalayon kii sthaapana jaisi naee jimmedariyon koo nibhaane key liye ack samvaidhaanik auchitya pradaan karane mein madad kii.
luther banaam" mein tanny kii bahumat kii raay. borden (1849) ney sanghiya nyaayik shakti koo seemit karane key liye ack mahatvapurna tark pradaan kiya. nyayalaya ney raajneetik prakriti key mamalon parr nirnay jaari karane key apane adhikaar parr vichaar kiya. martin luther, ack dorite jootaa nirmaata, luther borden key khilaf mukadama laaya, joe ack raajya sainyakarmi thaa kyonki luther key ghar mein lootpaat kii gaee thee. luther ney apane mamle koo iss daave parr adharit kiya kii door sarkaar rode dweep kii vaidh sarkaar thee, aur borden dwara apane ghar kaa ullanghan ack niji adhiniyam thaa jisamen kanuni adhikaar kaa abhaav thaa. circuit court ney iss tark koo khariz karate hue kahaa kii koee atikraman naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1849 mein supreme court ney pushti kii. nirnay raajneetik prashnon aur nyaaysangat prashnon key beach antar pradaan kartaa haye. bahumat kii raay ney samvidhaan key guaranti khand, anuchhed IV, dhaara 4 kii vyakhya kii. tenne ney kahaa kii iss anuchhed key tahat congress yeh taya karane mein saksham haye kii pratyek raajya mein kyaa sarkaar sthaapit haye. yeh nirnay nyaayik aatm-sanyam key ack udaaharan key roop mein mahatvapurna thaa. kaee loktantravadiyon ney ummeed jataai thee kii nyayadhish rode dweep sudharakon key karyon koo vaidh thaharaayenge.
"jeane pramukh vee. fitzagh "(1852) ney nausena adhikaar kshetra key mudde koo sambodhit kiya. yeh mamla ontario jheel parr ack 1847 kii samudri takkar seey sambandhit thaa jisamen "utpatti pramukh" kaa propeller takaraaya aur schooner "cuba" koo dubo diyaa. 1845 key adhiniyam key tahat mukadama karate hue, jisane mahaan jheelon koo nausena adhikaar kshetra kaa vistaar kiya, "cuba" key maalikon ney aarop lagaaya kii "utpatti pramukh" key chaalak dall kii laparwahi durghatana kaa kaaran bunny. utpatti pramukh" key vakeel ney "cuba" koo doshi thaharaaya aur tark diyaa kii ghatana newyork key jall kshetra key bheetar hui, joe sanghiya adhikaar kshetra kii pahunch seey baahar thee. pramukh samvaidhaanik prashn yeh thaa kii kyaa mamla thheek seey sanghiya adalaton mein thaa-vishesh roop seey, kyaa nausena kaa adhikaar kshetra mahaan taaje paani kii jheelon taka vistaarit thaa. ingland mein, kewal jwaariya nadiyaan naugamya theen; isaliye, angreji kaanoon mein, nausena adalaton, jinhen naugamya jall parr adhikaar kshetra diyaa gayaa thaa, ney paaya kii unakaa adhikaar kshetra una sthaanon taka seemit thaa joe samudra key jwaar-bhaata key prabhaav koo mahsoos karate they. sanyukt raajya america mein, mahaan jheelon aur mahadvipiya nadiyon key vistaar kaa vishal vistaar, joe saikadon meal taka faila huaa thaa, jwaariya naheen thaa; phir bhee inn paani parr badey jahaaj yaatriyon aur maal key bojh key saath aage badh sakate they. taani ney faisala sunaaya kii americi adalaton kaa nausena adhikaar kshetra samudra key jwaar key pravaah koo dhyaan mein rakhe binaa una jall taka faila huaa haye joe vaastav mein naugamya hain. tanny kii bahumat kii raay ney sanghiya nausena kshetradhikar kii ack vyaapak naee paribhasha sthaapit kii. tanny key anusaar, 1845 kaa adhiniyam sanghiya adalaton key adhikaar kshetra koo niyantrit karane key liye congress kii shakti key bheetar aaya. "yadi yeh kaanoon, isaliye, samvaidhaanik haye, tou iska samarthan iss aadhar parr kiya jaanaa chaahiye kii unhein jodane vaali jheelen aur naugamya jall nausena aur samudri kshetradhikar key dayare mein hain, jaisa kii sanyukt raajya mein samvidhaan koo apanaane key samay jaanaa jaataa haye aur samajha jaataa haye."tanny kii raay ney sanghiya nyaayik shakti key mahatvapurna vistaar aur samaan sanghiya nausena siddhanton kii sthaapana mein ack mahatvapurna kadam koo chihnit kiya.
sanyukt raajya america 1850 key dashak key dauran anubhaagiya rekhaaon key saath teji seey dhruvikrit hoe rhaa thaa, jisamen gulami anubhaagiya tanaav key kendriya srot key roop mein kaary curr rahee thee. 1851 key mamle mein tanny ney "stradder banaam" key mamle mein bahumat kii raay likhi. graham, "jisamen adalat ney maanaa kii kentucky key gulam jinhone ohiyo kii swatantra sthiti mein ack sangeet pradarshan kiya thaa, gulam baney rahey kyonki way swechha seey kentucky laut aae they. tenny kii sankeern roop seey nirmit raay adalat mein daasata samarthak aur daasata virodhi donon nyayadhishon dwara shamil kii gaee thee. jabaki adalat ney gulami key mudde parr vibhajan seey bachaa, kshetron mein gulami kii sthiti parr bahas, saath hii 1850 key bhagode gulam adhiniyam ney rashtra koo pareshan karna jaari rakhaa.
dred scott nirnay.
kyonki congress gulami parr bahas koo nipataane mein asamarth thee, uttar aur dakshin donon key kuchh netaaon koo vishvaas huaa kii kewal sarvocch nyayalaya hii vivaad kaa anta laa sakata haye. 1850 key samjhaute mein sarvocch nyayalaya mein kshetron mein gulami key sambandh mein apeelon mein teji laane key praavdhaan they, lekin koee upayukt mamla taba taka naheen uthaa jaba taka kii "dred scott banaam. sandford 1856 mein sarvocch nyayalaya pahuncha. 1846 mein, misauri key gulam raajya mein rahane vaale ack african-americi gulam, dred scott ney apane malik key khilaf apani swatantrata key liye mukadama daayar kiya thaa. scott ney tark diyaa kii unhone 1830 key dashak mein kanuni roop seey swatantrata praapt kii thee, jaba way ilinois key swatantra raajya aur louisiana kshetra key ack hisse mein ack pichhale malik key saath rahey they, jisane misauri samjhaute key tahat gulami parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa. scott raajya kii ack nichali adalat mein prabal rhaa, lekin usa faisale koo misauri sarvocch nyayalaya ney ulat diyaa. kanuni chaalon kii ack shrinkhala key baad, mamla antatah 1856 mein sarvocch nyayalaya mein chalaa gayaa. halanki mamla gulami key visfotak mudde seey sambandhit thaa, ise shuru mein press aur swayam nyayadhishon seey apekshaakrit cumm dhyaan milaa.
farwari 1857 mein, adalat key adhikansh nyayadhishon ney scott swatantrata seey incar karane key liye matdan kiya kyonki vaha misauri laut aae they, jisase "strader" mein sthaapit misal kii pushti hui. haalaanki, dou uttari nyayadhishon dwara nirnay parr apatti jataane key baad, tanny aur unake chaar dakshini sahyogiyon ney ack bahut vyaapak nirnay likhane kaa faisala kiya joe kshetron mein gulami key sanghiya viniyaman koo pratibandhit karega. darbar key anya dakshini logon kii tarah, tanny gulami key prati "uttari aakraamakta" key roop mein dekhe jaane parr krodhit they, ack aisee sanstha jise way maanate they kii "dakshini jeevan aur moolyon" key liye mahatvapurna thee. navanirvaachit rashtrapati james buchnan key saath, joe agami nirnay kii vyaapak ruprekha seey avagat they, tenny aur adalat mein unake sahyogiyon ney ummeed jataai kii "dred scott" mamla rashtriya bahas key vishay key roop mein gulami koo sthaayi roop seey hataa dega. inn aashaon koo darshaate hue, buchnan key 4 march, 1857 key udghaatan sambodhan ney sanket diyaa kii gulami kaa mudda jald hii adalat dwara "antatah sulajha liya jaayega". anubhaagiya pakshapaat kii upasthiti seey bachane key liye, tanny aur unake dakshini sahyogiyon ney adalat key faisale key liye cumm seey cumm ack uttari nyaay kaa samarthan jeetane kii maang kii. sahayogi nyayadhish johnn catron key anurodh parr, buchnan ney uttari sahayogi nyayadhish robbert cooper grier koo "dred scott" mein bahumat kii raay mein shamil honey key liye aashvast kiya.
adalat kii bahumat raay, jise tanny ney 6 march, 1857 koo likhaa thaa, pahali baar unhone maanaa kii kissy bhee african-americi, swatantra yaa gulam, ney samvidhaan key tahat kissy nagrik key adhikaaron kaa anand naheen liya thaa. unhone tark diyaa kii samvidhaan key anusamarthan taka ack shatabdi seey adhik samay taka, ashweton koo "ack nimn crum key prani key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa, joe poori tarah seey shwet jaati key saath judane key liye ayogya thaa... aur itna kamtar, kii unake paas koee adhikaar naheen thaa jiska sammaan karane key liye shwet vyakti baadhya thaa. iss tark koo majboot karane key liye kii jaba samvidhaan koo apanaaya gayaa thaa tou ashweton koo vyaapak roop seey kanuni roop seey heane maanaa jaataa thaa, tanny ney vibhinn raajya kaanoonon kii or ishara kiya, lekin iss tathya koo nazarandaj curr diyaa kii paanch raajyon ney 1788 mein ashweton koo matdan karane kii anumati dee thee. unhone aage ghoshana kii kii misauri samjhauta asamvaidhaanik thaa, aur yeh kii samvidhaan ney congress koo kshetron mein gulami parr pratibandh lagaane kii shakti naheen dee thee. taani ney tark diyaa kii sanghiya sarkaar ney kshetra key logon key liye ack "trusty" key roop mein kaary kiya, aur gulam maalikon key gulamon koo kshetron mein lene key adhikaar seey vanchit naheen curr sakati thee. kewal raajya hii gulami parr roque lagaa sakate hain, tanny ney daavaa kiya. anta mein, unhone maanaa kii scott ack gulam banaa rhaa.
dred scott" raay koo uttar mein kadee aalochana millie, aur sahayogi nyaay nyayadhish benjamin robbins curtis ney virodh mein istifa dey diyaa. gulami koo ack mudde key roop mein hataane key bajaay, isane gulami virodhi republican party kii lokpriyata koo badhaava diyaa. abraham linken jaise ganarajyiyon ney tanny key kanuni tark koo khariz curr diyaa aur tark diyaa kii swatantrata kii ghoshana seey pataa chalata haye kii sansthaapak pitaa sabhi swatantra purushon key liye vyaktigat adhikaaron key sanrakshan key paksh mein they, chaahe way kissy bhee jaati key houn. kaee ganarajyiyon ney tanny parr poore sanyukt raajya mein gulami koo vaidh banaane kii sajish kaa hissa honey kaa aarop lagaaya.
americi grihyuddh.
gantantra key ummidwar abraham linken ney 1860 kaa rashtrapati chunaav jeetaa, jisamen unhone tanny key pasandida ummidwar johnn see koo haraaya. breakinridge. kaee dakshini raajya linken key chunaav key jawab mein alag hoe gaye aur america key sangh raajyon kaa gathan kiya; americi grihyuddh aprail 1861 mein fort sumter kii ladaai key saath shuru huaa. sahayogi nyayadhish johnn archibald campbelle key vipareet, tanny (jiska grih raajya maryland sangh mein banaa rhaa) ney sangh mein shamil honey key liye adalat seey istifa naheen diyaa, lekin unakaa maanana thaa kii dakshini raajyon koo alag honey kaa samvaidhaanik adhikaar thaa aur unhone yuddh shuru karane key liye linken koo doshi thaharaaya. adalat mein apani sthiti seey, tanny ney grih yuddh key dauran rashtrapati aur sanghiya shakti key baare mein linken key adhik vistrit drishtikon koo chunauti dee. unhein mukti ghoshana, kanuni nivida adhiniyam yaa namankan adhiniyam kii samvaidhaaniktaa key khilaf shasson karane kaa avsar naheen milaa, lekin unhone dou mahatvapurna grih yuddh mamalon kii adhyakshata kii.
algavvadiyon dwara maryland key seemavarti raajya mein mahatvapurna pulon aur telegraph lines koo nasht karane key baad, linken ney raajya key adhikansh hisson mein "bandee pratyaksheekaran" key ritt koo nilambit curr diyaa. usa nilamban ney sainya adhikaariyon koo sandigdh algavvadiyon koo anishchit kaal key liye aur nyaayik sunavaai key binaa giraftar karane aur kaid karane kii anumati dee. 1861 key baltimore dangon key baad, sangh key adhikaariyon ney raajya key vidhaayak johnn maryman koo giraftar curr liya, jinhen sangh key buniyaadi dhaanche koo nasht karane kaa sandeh thaa. sangh key adhikaariyon ney apane vakeelon koo marryman taka pahunch kii anumati dee, jinhone maryland key liye sanghiya circuit adalat mein bandee pratyaksheekaran kii yachika dee. usa circuit court key pramukh key roop mein apani bhoomika mein, taani ney "aiks parte maryman" key mamle kii adhyakshata kii. taani ney maanaa kii kewal congress key paas bandee pratyaksheekaran key ritt koo nilambit karane kii shakti haye, aur unhone maryman kii rihaai kaa adesh diyaa. linken ney tanny key adesh key saath-saath baad key tanny aadeshon key jawab mein gair-twaritata kaa ahwan kiya. baad mein unhone tark diyaa kii samvidhaan ney vaastav mein rashtrapati koo bandee pratyaksheekaran key ritt koo nilambit karane kii shakti dee thee, yeh kahate hue kii "abb yeh jore diyaa jaataa haye kii congress, naa kii karyakari, iss shakti key saath nihit haye; lekin samvidhaan swayam iss baare mein chup haye kii kaun yaa kaun shakti kaa prayog karega; aur jaisa kii praavdhaan spasht roop seey ack khatarnak apatkal key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, yeh vishvaas naheen kiya jaa sakata haye kii upkaran key nirmaataon kaa irada thaa kii harr mamle mein khatare koo taba taka chalaaya jaanaa chaahiye jaba taka kii congress koo ack saath naheen bulaaya jaa sakata, jiska bahut hii sanyojan, jaisa kii iss mamle mein vidroh dwara kiya gayaa thaa, rokaa jaa sakata haye.phir bhee, jaba linken ney bandee pratyaksheekaran koo bahut badey paimaane parr nilambit curr diyaa, tou unhone aisaa kewal taba kiya jaba congress ney unhein ritt koo nilambit karane key liye adhikrit karane kaa anurodh kiya, joe unhone 1863 key bandee pratyaksheekaran nilamban adhiniyam koo paarit karke kiya.
1863 mein, sarvocch nyayalaya ney "puraskar mamalon" kii sunavaai kii, joe sangh key jahaajon dwara parisangh key saath vyaapaar karane vaale jahaajon koo jabt karane key baad utpann hue. sarvocch nyayalaya kaa ack pratikool nirnay linken key yuddh key abhiyojan key khilaf ack badaa jhataka dega, kyonki nakabandi ney europeeya deshon key saath mahatvapurna parisangh kapas vyaapaar koo kaat diyaa. sahayogi nyayadhish grier dwara likhit adalat kii bahumat kii raay ney jabti koo barkarar rakhaa aur faisala sunaaya kii rashtrapati key paas yuddh kii congress kii ghoshana key binaa nakabandi karane kaa adhikaar thaa. taani sahayogi nyayadhish saimuel nelson dwara likhi gaee ack asahamati vaali raay mein shamil hoe gaye, jinhone tark diyaa kii linken ney congress kii spasht sahamati key binaa nakabandi kaa adesh dekar apane adhikaar kaa ullanghan kiya thaa.
mrityu.
tanny kii mrityu 12 octuber, 1864 koo 87 varsh kii ayu mein hui, usee dinn unake grih raajya maryland ney gulami koo samaapt karane key liye ack sanshodhan paarit kiya. agali subah, sarvocch nyayalaya key clerk ney ghoshana kii kii "mahaan aur achche mukhya nyayadhish naheen rahey."unhone kissy bhee mukhya nyayadhish key dusare sabse lambe karyakal key liye mukhya nyayadhish key roop mein kaary kiya, aur sanyukt raajya america key itihas mein sabse puraane sewarat mukhya nyayadhish they. taani ney saat aaney vaale rashtrapatiyon koo rashtrapati pada kii shapath dilaaee thee. tanny kii sampatti mein 10,000 dollar kii jeevan beema policy () aur rashtramandal virginia seey moolyaheen baand shamil they.
rashtrapati linken ney tanny kii mrityu key jawab mein koee saarvajanik bayaan naheen diyaa. linken aur unake mantrimandal key teen sadasya (raajya sachiv villium aich. seaward, attorney general edward bates aur postmaster general villium denison) ney washington mein tanny kii smaarak seva mein bhaag liya. kewal batus, tenne key antim sanskar aur sent mein dafanaane key liye, fredrick, maryland key liye court mein shamil hue. johnn dha evangelist kabristan. linken key phir seey chune jaane key baad, unhone salmon pee koo niyukt kiya. tenny key safal honey key liye ohiyo seey ack dridhata seey gulami virodhi ganarajya kaa peechha karna.
viraasat.
aitihaasik pratishtha.
unaki mrityu key baad, tanny ack vivadaspad vyakti baney rahey. nausena key sachiv gideon wells ney kaee uttari logon key liye baat kii jaba unhone kahaa kii "dred scott" nirnay ney ack aadami yaa nyayadhish key roop mein [tanny] key liye sammaan khou diyaa.  1865 kii shuruat mein, pratinidhiyon key sadan ney mukhya nyayadhish tanny kii ack pratima key liye uchit dhana key liye ack vidheyak paarit kiya, jise unake chaar poorvavartiyon key saath sarvocch nyayalaya mein pradarshit kiya jaanaa thaa. jawab mein, massachusets key senator charles sumner ney kahaah
main aisaa bolata huun jisase incar naheen kiya jaa sakata haye jaba main ghoshana kartaa huun kii "dred scott" key mamle mein mukhya nyayadhish kii raay adalaton key itihas mein kissy bhee tarah kii kissy bhee cheez seey adhik ghrinit thee. usa avsar parr nyaayik aadhar apane sabse nichale star parr pahunch gayaa. aap usa bhayaanak nirnay koo naheen bhoole hain, jisamen itihas key jhooth key kaaran sabse adhik anyaaypurna nirnay liya gayaa thaa. beshak, sanyukt raajya kaa samvidhaan aur swatantrata key harr siddhant koo galat thaharaaya gayaa thaa, lekin aitihaasik sachchai koo bhee galat thaharaaya gayaa thaa.
1865 mein ack anaam adsath prishthon key parche key prakaashan key saath tanny kii pratishtha mein girawat aaee, "anyaaypurna nyaayaadhishah roser brook tanny kaa ack smaarak. 1964 mein ack vidwan ney anuman lagaaya kii sumner isake lekhak they.
george tickner curtis, una vakeelon mein seey ack jinhone dred scott kii or seey tanny key saamane bahas kii, ney "dred scott" mein apane faisale key bavjood tanny koo uchch sammaan diyaa. apane bhaai benjamin robbins curtis key liye likhe gaye sansmaranon key ack khand mein, george tickner curtis ney tanny kaa nimnalikhit vivaran diyaah
way vaastav mein ack mahaan magistrate they, aur jeevan aur charitra kii ack maatr shuddhata vaale vyakti they. kii nyaayik jeevan mein ack galati itani lambi honey chaahiye thee, itani oonchi aur itani upayogi, yeh hamaare swabhaav kii apurnata kaa kewal pramaan haye. mukhya nyayadhish tanny kii pratishtha kuchh bhee gyaat karane kaa jokhim uthaa sakati haye joe unhone kabhi kiya thaa aur abhee bhee apane naam koo spasht karane key liye sammaan aur prashansa kaa ack mahaan kosh chhod gayaa haye. yadi unhone kabhi bhee aisaa kuchh naheen kiya thaa joe uchch, veertapurna aur mahatvapurna thaa, tou "bandee pratyaksheekaran" key ritt aur apane karyalaya kii garima aur adhikaar key unake mahaan samarthan key liye, raajya key ack utawale mantri key khilaf, joe ack kaalpanik karyakari shakti key garv mein, ack mahaan aparaadh key aayog key karib aaya, samvaidhaanik swatantrata key pratyek premi kii prashansa aur kritagyata koo adesh dega, jaba taka kii hamari sansthaaen sthaayi hongi.
jeevanikaar james aff. saiman likhate hain kii "itihas mein tanny kaa sthaan [atoot roop seey] unaki vinashkari" dred scott "raay seey bandha huaa haye."saiman kaa tark haye kii" "dred scott" "mein tanny kii raay ney samvaidhaanik samasyaon key liye saavdhaanipoorvak, vyaavhaarik drishtikon koo chhod diyaa joe [tanny key] praarambhik nyaayik karyakal kii pehchaan thee. itihaaskaar daniel walker howay likhate hain kii "raajya kii samprabhuta, shwet naslavaad, vanijya key saath sahaanubhooti aur samajik vyavastha key liye chinta kaa taani kaa mishran jacksonian nyayshastra kaa vishisht thaa."kaanoon key professor bernard schwartz ney tanny koo sarvocch nyayalaya key duss mahantam nyayadhishon mein seey ack key roop mein soochibaddh kiya haye, yeh likhate hue kii" "dred scott" "mein tanny kii badee galati adalat mein unaki kaee uplabdhiyon koo naheen chhipi honey chaahiye. hamaare samvaidhaanik kaanoon kii neenv rakhane mein taani marshel key baad dusare sthaan parr they."nyaay antonin scalia ney" "niyojit maataa-pitaa banaam" "mein apani asahamati kii raay mein tanny kii mishrit viraasat kaa ullekh kiya thaa. cases ":
emmanuel lutes kaa ack chitra joe harvard low school mein latka huaa haih roser brook tanny, joe 1859 mein chitrit kiya gayaa thaa, unake jeevan key 82 vein varsh, unake mukhya nyayadhish key 24 vein varsh, "dred scott" mein unaki raay key baad doosara. vaha sabhi kaale rung mein hain, ack chhayankit laal kursi parr baithe hain, baaen haath koo apani god mein kagaj key paid parr aaraam curr rahey hain, daahine haath koo kursi key ander key haath key buggle mein lagbhag nirjeev roop seey latka huaa haye. vaha darshak key saamane baithata haye aur seedhe baahar dekhta haye. unake chehare parr, aur unaki gahari aankho mein, gahare dukh aur mohbhang kii abhivyakti prateet hoti haye. shayed vaha hamesha iss tarah seey dekhta thaa, taba bhee jaba vaha sabse khush vichaaron parr dhyaan detaa thaa. lekin humm mein seey joe loga jaanate hain kii unake mahaan mukhya nyayadhish kii chamak koo "dred scott" ney kaise grahan kiya, way yeh vishvaas karane mein madad naheen curr sakate kii unake paas vaha mamla thaa-adalat key liye pahale seey hii isake spasht parinam aur rashtra key liye isake jald hii khele jaane vaale parinam-unake dimag parr jalate hue.
smaarak.
tanny kaa ghar, tanny place, calvert county, maryland mein, 1972 mein aitihaasik sthaanon key rashtriya register mein soochibaddh thaa. tanny key swaamitva vaali ack aur sampatti, jise "roser brook tanny house" kahaa jaataa haye (halanki vaha vahaan kabhi naheen rahata thaa), fredrick, maryland mein haye. ghar aur usase judey baahari bhavanon koo 2021 mein ack niji party koo betch diyaa gayaa thaa. ateet mein sampatti koo niyukti dwara paryatan key liye khola gayaa thaa aur "tanny aur unaki patni annie kii (francis scott kii kii bahan) key jeevan key saath-saath unnisvin shatabdi kii shuruat mein jeevan key vibhinn pahaluon kii vyakhya kii gaee thee.
kaee sthaanon aur cheejon koo tanny key liye naamit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen tanny county, misauri, dha (halanki baad mein tanny key dee-memorialisation key dauran jahaaj kaa naam badal diyaa gayaa thaa), aur liberty ship shamil hain.
dred scott" key kaaran dee-memorialisation.
1993 mein, roser bee. temple hills, maryland mein tanny middle school kaa naam supreme court key pahale african americi nyayadhish justice thurgood marshel key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. tanny kii ack moorti pahale maryland raajya grih key maidan mein khadee thee, lekin maryland raajya ney 2017 mein moorti koo hataa diyaa, baltimore meyer catherine pug dwara baltimore shahar mein isaki pratikriti koo hataane kaa adesh dene key dou dinn baad.
2020 mein, george lloyd kii hatyaa key baad virodh pradarshanon key beach, loktaantrik netritva vaale yuu.aiss. pratinidhi sabhaa ney antatah yuu seey tanny kii ack pratima (saath hii saath una aakritiyon koo sammaanit karane vaali moortiyaan joe grih yuddh key dauran sangh kaa hissa theen) koo hataane key liye vote diyaa.aiss. rajdhani aur ise nyaay thurgood marshel kii ack pratima key saath pratisthaapit karein, joe nagrik adhikaaron key champion they. vidheyak mein kaanoon key paarit honey key 30 dinon key bheetar tanny kii pratima koo hataane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa. rajdhani kii imarat mein puraane sarvocch nyayalaya kaksh seey satey puraane dakaiti kaksh mein aavaksh pratima koo sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. bill (aich.aar. 7573) ney marshel kii pratima praapt karane key liye ack prakriya bhee banaai... aur ise cumm seey cumm dou saal key bheetar vahaan rakhein. gantantra key netritva vaali senate (s.4382) mein bill pahunchane key baad, ise niyamon aur prashaasan parr samiti koo bheja gayaa, lekin iss parr aage koee kaarravaai naheen kii gaee. 29 juuna, 2021 koo yuu.aiss. pratinidhi sabhaa ney 285 seey 120 taka kaa prastaav paarit kiya jisamen 67 ganarajya key pratinidhi they taaki pratimurti koo thurgood marshel aur yuu seey nishkaasit parisangh kii moortiyon seey badal diyaa jaa sakey.aiss. rajdhani.
9 farwari, 2023 koo, roser tanny kii aavaksh pratima koo aadhikarik taur parr washington, dee mein sanyukt raajya rajdhani kii imarat seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa.see.maryland key loktaantrik senators bayne cardin aur criss vaine hollen key saath-saath maryland key loktaantrik pratinidhi stenny hoyer key netritva mein kiye gaye prayaas key liye dhanyavaad. hataae gaye moorti koo justice thurgood marshel key sammaan mein ack nae kalaa kaary dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaanaa haye.