
gregor mendell

gregor johann mendell (; 20 julaai 1822-6 janwari 1884) ack german-check jeevvigyaani, mausam vigyaani, ganitshastri, augustinian fryer aur sent key mathadhish they. thomas 'abby inn brune ("brano"), moravia kaa margarevet. mendell kaa janm austriyai samrajya (aaj kaa check ganarajya) key silesian bhaag mein ack german bhashi parivaar mein huaa thaa aur unhone aanuvanshiki key aadhunik vigyaan key sansthaapak key roop mein maranoparant maanyata praapt kii thee. haalaanki kisan sahasraabdiyon seey jaanate they kii jaanvaron aur paudhon kaa sankar prajanan kuchh vaanchhaniya lakshnon kaa paksh leey sakata haye, lekin 1856 aur 1863 key beach kiye gaye mendell key mutter paudhe key prayogon ney aanuvanshikta key kaee niyamon koo sthaapit kiya, jinhen abb mendelian viraasat key kaanoonon key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.
mendell mutter key paudhon kii saat visheshtaon key saath kaam kartaa haih paudhe kii oonchaai, fully kaa aakar aur rung, beej kaa aakar aur rung, aur phool kii sthiti aur rung. beej key rung koo ack udaaharan key roop mein lete hue, mendell ney dikhaaya kii jaba ack vaastavik prajanan peele mutter aur ack vaastavik prajanan harey mutter koo sankar-prajanan kiya jaataa thaa tou unaki santanon ney hamesha peele beej kaa utpaadan kiya. haalaanki, agali peedhi mein, harey mutter 1 harey seey 3 peele key anupaat mein phir seey dikhaai diye. iss ghatana koo samajhaane key liye, mendell ney kuchh lakshnon key sandarbh mein "aprabhaavi" aur "pramukh" shabd banaae. pichhale udaaharan mein, hurry visheshta, joe pahali philial peedhi mein gayab hoe gaee prateet hoti haye, aprabhaavi haye aur peela pramukh haye. unhone 1866 mein apana kaam prakaashit kiya, jisamen ack jeev key lakshnon koo anumaanit roop seey nirdhaarit karane mein adrishya "karakon"-jinhen abb jeane kahaa jaataa haye-key karyon kaa pradarshan kiya gayaa.
mendell key kaam key gahan mahatva koo 20veen shatabdi (teen dashakon seey adhik samay baad) key anta taka unake kaanoonon kii punah khoj key saath maanyata naheen millie thee. erich wonn tsermak, hyugo dee vreez aur carle corren ney 1900 mein swatantra roop seey mendell key kaee prayogaatmak nishkarshon koo satyaapit kiya, joe aanuvanshiki key aadhunik yug kii shuruat karate hain.
praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha.
mendell kaa janm ack german bhashi parivaar mein henzendorff beyi odrau (abb highnsis, check ganarajya) mein moravian-silesian seema, austriyai samrajya mein huaa thaa. vaha anton aur rossin (schwortlich) mendell kaa betaa thaa aur usaki ack badee bahan, veronica aur ack chhoti, theracia thee. way ack aise khet mein rahate they aur kaam karate they joe cumm seey cumm 130 varshon seey mendell parivaar key swaamitva mein thaa (jiss ghar mein mendell kaa janm huaa thaa vaha abb mendell koo samarpit ack sangrahalaya haye). apane bachpan key dauran, mendell ney ack maali key roop mein kaam kiya aur madhumakkhi paalan kaa adhyayan kiya. ack yuva vyakti key roop mein, unhone tropaau (abb opawa, check ganarajya) mein vyayamshala mein bhaag liya. bimari key kaaran unhein apani vyayamshala kii padhaai key dauran chaar maheene kii chhutti lenny padee. 1840 seey 1843 taka, unhone olmutz vishvavidyalaya (abb olomoc, check ganarajya) key daarshanik sansthaan mein vyaavhaarik aur saiddhaantik darshan aur bhautiki kaa adhyayan kiya, bimari key kaaran ack aur varsh kii chhutti lii. unhone apani padhaai key liye paise dene key liye aarthik roop seey bhee sangharsh kiya, aur theracia ney unhein apana dahej diyaa. baad mein unhone unake teen beton kaa samarthan kiya, jinamen seey dou doctor bunn gaye.
vaha aanshik roop seey ack bhikshu bunn gaye kyonki isane unhein swayam isake liye bhugtan kiye binaa shiksha praapt karane mein saksham banaaya. ack sangharsharat kisan key bete key roop mein, mathwasi jeevan, unake shabdon mein, unhein "aajeevika key saadhan key baare mein nirantar chinta" seey bachaata haye."johann mendell key roop mein janme, unhein gregor (check mein) naam diyaa gayaa thaa jaba way sant augustein key adesh mein shamil hue they.
akaadamik carrier.
jaba mendell ney darshan key sankaay mein pravesh kiya, tou praakritik itihas aur krishi vibhaag kaa netritva johann carle nessler ney kiya, jinhone paudhon aur jaanvaron, vishesh roop seey bhed key vanshaanugat lakshnon kaa vyaapak shodh kiya. apane bhautiki shikshak friedrich franz kii sifarish parr, mendell ney brune (abb brano, check ganarajya) mein augustinian sent thomas key mathh mein pravesh kiya aur ack pujari key roop mein apana prashikshan shuru kiya. mendell ney ack vikalp uchch vidyalaya shikshak key roop mein kaam kiya. 1850 mein, vaha ack pramaanit uchch vidyalaya shikshak banane key liye apani pariksha key teen bhaagon mein seey antim maukhik bhaag mein whiffle rahey. 1851 mein, unhein mathadhish key prayojan key tahat adhyayan karane key liye vienna vishvavidyalaya bheja gayaa taaki way adhik aupchaarik shiksha praapt curr sakein. vienna mein, unake bhautiki key professor christian doppler they. mendell 1853 mein ack shikshak key roop mein apane mathh mein laut aae, mukhya roop seey bhautiki key. 1854 mein way alexander zawadzaki seey mille jinhone brano mein unake shodh koo protsaahit kiya. 1856 mein, unhone ack pramaanit shikshak banane key liye pariksha dee aur phir seey maukhik bhaag mein whiffle rahey. 1867 mein, unhone mathh key mathadhish key roop mein naip kii jagah lii.
1868 mein mathadhish key roop mein padonnat honey key baad, unakaa vaigyaanik kaary kaafee hudd taka samaapt hoe gayaa, kyonki mendell prashaasnik jimmedariyon key bojh seey grast hoe gayaa, vishesh roop seey dhaarmik sansthanon parr vishesh curr lagaane key prayaas koo laker nagrik sarkaar key saath vivaad. 6 janwari 1884 koo 61 varsh kii ayu mein brune, moravia, austriya-hangri (abb check ganarajya) mein purani nephrietis seey mendell kii mrityu hoe gaee. check sangeetkaar leos janakek ney unake antim sanskar mein anga bajaaya. unaki mrityu key baad, baad mein mathadhish ney curr parr vivaadon koo samaapt karane key liye mendell key sangrah mein sabhi kagjat jalaa diye. 2021 mein mendell key shav key nishkasana ney shareer kii oonchaai () jaise kuchh shaaririk vivaran diye. unake genome kaa vishleshan kiya gayaa, jisase pataa chalaa kii mendell hriday kii samasyaon key liye purvanirdhaarit thaa.
yogdan.
paadap sankaran parr prayog.
aadhunik aanuvanshiki key pitaa" key roop mein jaane jaane vaale mendell ney apane mathh key prayogaatmak udyaan mein paudhon mein bhinnata kaa adhyayan karane kaa vikalp chunaa. mendell koo unake prayogaatmak design mein alexander zawadzaki dwara sahaayata dee gaee thee, jabaki unake varishth mathadhish naip ney unhein hatotsaahit karane key liye likhaa thaa, yeh kahate hue kii jaba bishap koo mutter kii vistrit vanshavali key baare mein soochit kiya gayaa tou way huns padey.
mutter key paudhon key saath praarambhik prayogon key baad, mendell ney saat lakshnon kaa adhyayan kiya joe anya lakshnon seey swatantra roop seey viraasat mein mille theh beej kaa aakar, phool kaa rung, beej coat kaa rung, fully kaa aakar, aparipakva fully kaa rung, foolon kaa sthaan aur paudhe kii oonchaai. unhone pahale beej key aakar parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, joe yaa tou koniya yaa goal thaa. 1856 aur 1863 key beach mendell kii kheti kii gaee aur lagbhag 28,000 paudhon kaa pareekshan kiya gayaa, jinamen seey adhikansh mutter key paudhe ("pisam sativum") they. iss adhyayan seey pataa chalaa kii jaba sahee prajanan kii vibhinn kismon koo ack dusare key liye paar kiya gayaa thaa (ee.jee.doosari peedhi mein mutter key chaar paudhon mein seey ack mein shuddh nasl key aprabhaavi lakshan they, chaar mein seey dou sankar they, aur chaar mein seey ack shuddh nasl kaa pramukh thaa. unake prayogon ney unhein dou saamaanyikaran karane key liye prerit kiya, algaav kaa kaanoon aur swatantra vargeekaran kaa kaanoon, jise baad mein mendell key viraasat key niyamon key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa.
mendell key kaam kaa praarambhik swaagat.
8 farwari aur 8 march 1865 koo moravia mein brano key praakritik itihas samaaj kii dou baithakon mein mendell ney apana pepper, ("paadap sankaran parr prayog") prastut kiya. isane sthaaniya samachar patron mein kuchh anukool reportein utpann keen, lekin vaigyaanik samudaay dwara ise nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa. jaba 1866 mein mendell kaa pepper prakaashit huaa thaa, tou ise anivarya roop seey viraasat key bajaay sankaran key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, iska bahut cumm prabhaav padaa thaa, aur agale paintees varshon mein kewal teen baar uddhrit kiya gayaa thaa. usa samay unake pepper kii aalochana kii gaee thee, lekin abb ise ack maulik kaam maanaa jaataa haye. vishesh roop seey, charles darwin koo mendell key pepper key baare mein pataa naheen thaa, aur yeh parikalpana kii gaee haye kii aggar unhein isake baare mein pataa hotaa, tou aanuvanshiki jaisa kii abb maujood haye, shayed bahut pahale pakad mein aaa gaee hoti. iss prakaar mendell kii vaigyaanik jeevani aspasht, atyadhik mool navpravartakon kii viphalata kaa ack udaaharan pradaan karati haye, joe dhyaan aakarshit karane key liye unake yogya hain.
mendell key kaam kii punah khoj.
lagbhag chaalees vaigyaanikon ney mendell key dou abhootpoorv vyakhyan suney, lekin aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii way unake kaam koo samajhane mein whiffle rahey. baad mein, unhone usa samay key pramukh jeevvigyaani carle nageli key saath bhee patrachar kiya, lekin nageli bhee mendell kii khojon kii sarahana karane mein whiffle rahey. kabhi-kabhi, mendell ney apane kaam key baare mein sandeh kiya hoga, lekin hamesha naheenh "meraa samay aayega", usane kathit taur parr ack dost, gustaav wonn neesal seey kahaa.
mendell key jivankal key dauran, adhikansh jeevvigyaani yeh vichaar rakhate they kii sabhi visheshtaon koo agali peedhi koo sammishran viraasat key madhyam seey paarit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen pratyek maataa-pitaa key lakshan ausat hain. iss ghatana key udaharanon koo abb matratmak prabhaavon key saath kaee jeenon kii kriya dwara samajhaaya jaataa haye. charles darwin ney panganesis key siddhant key madhyam seey viraasat koo samajhaane kii asafal koshish kii. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka mendell key vichaaron key mahatva koo mahsoos naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
1900 taka, anusandhaan kaa uddeshya viraasat koo mishrit karane key bajaay asantulit viraasat key ack safal siddhant koo dhoondhana thaa, jisase unake kaam kii swatantra nakal hui, aur mendell key lekhan aur kaanoonon kii punah khoj hui. donon ney mendell kii prathamikta koo sweekaar kiya, aur yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii sambhavatah dee vreez ney mendell koo padhane key baad taka paae gaye parinamon koo naheen samajha thaa. halanki erich wonn tshermak koo mool roop seey punah khoj kaa shreya bhee diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin abb ise sweekaar naheen kiya jaataa haye kyonki vaha mendell key kaanoonon koo naheen samajhate they. halanki dee vreez ney baad mein mendelism mein ruchi khou dee, anya jeevvigyaani aadhunik aanuvanshiki koo ack vigyaan key roop mein sthaapit karane lagey. inn teenon shodhkartaon ney, pratyek alag-alag desh key, 1900 key vasant mein dou maheene kii avadhi key bheetar mendell key kaam kii apani punah khoj prakaashit kii.
mendell key parinam jaldi seey dohraaye gaye, aur aanuvanshik sambandh jaldi seey kaam curr gaye. jeevvigyaani iss siddhant kii or badhe; bhale hii yeh abhee taka kaee ghatnaaon parr lagu naheen huaa thaa, lekin isane aanuvanshikta kii ack genotypic samajh dene kii maang kii, jise unhone aanuvanshikta key pichhale adhyayanon mein kamee mahsoos kii thee, joe phenotypic drishtikon parr kendrit thaa. inn pichhale drishtikonon mein seey sabse pramukh carle motee aur doubleu kaa biometric school thaa. aff. aar. weldon, joe phenotype bhinnata key saankhyikiya adhyayan parr bahut adhik adharit thaa. iss school kaa sabse majboot virodh villium betson seey aaya, jinhone shayed mendell key siddhant (shabd "aanuvanshiki", aur anushasana kii anya shabdawali kaa adhikansh bhaag, betson key saath utpann huaa) key laabhon koo prachaarit karane key shuruati dinon mein sabse adhik kiya. biometric aur mendelian key beach yeh bahas 20veen shatabdi key pahale dou dashakon mein behad jordar thee, jisamen biometrician saankhyikiya aur ganitiya kathorta kaa daavaa karate they, jabaki mendelian ney jeev vigyaan kii behtar samajh kaa daavaa kiya thaa. aadhunik aanuvanshiki seey pataa chalata haye kii mendelian aanuvanshikta vaastav mein ack swabhavik javic prakriya haye, halanki mendell key prayogon key sabhi jeane abhee taka samajhe naheen gaye hain.
anta mein, donon drishtikonon koo sanyukt kiya gayaa, vishesh roop seey aar dwara sanchaalit kaary dwara. aeye. 1918 kii shuruat mein machuaare. 1930 aur 1940 key dashak mein, darwin key praakritik chayan key siddhant key saath mendelian aanuvanshiki key sanyojan key parinamswarup vikaasvaadi jeev vigyaan kaa aadhunik sanshleshan huaa.
anya prayog.
mendell ney choohon kaa upayog karke aanuvanshikta parr apana adhyayan shuru kiya. vaha sent mein thaa. thomas kaa mathh lekin unake bishap koo unake ack bhikshu koo pashu sex kaa adhyayan karna pasand naheen thaa, isaliye mendell ney paudhon kii or rukh kiya. mendell ney apane dwara design kiye gaye madhumakkhiyon key pitti kaa upayog karate hue ack madhumakhiyon key ghar mein madhumakhiyon kaa paalan-poshan bhee kiya joe unake liye banaaya gayaa thaa. unhone khagol vigyaan aur mausam vigyaan kaa bhee adhyayan kiya, 1865 mein 'austriyai mausam vigyaan samaaj' kii sthaapana kii. unake adhikansh prakaashit kaary mausam vigyaan seey sambandhit they.
mendell ney baazveed ("padanukram") aur madhumakhiyon key saath bhee prayog kiya. unhone hockweed key saath apane kaam parr ack report prakaashit kii, joe usa samay vaigyaanikon key liye unaki vividhata key kaaran bahut ruchi rakhane vaale paudhon kaa ack samooh thaa. haalaanki, hockweed mein mendell key viraasat adhyayan key parinam mutter key liye unake parinamon key vipareet they; pahali peedhi bahut parivartansheel thee aur unaki kaee santaanen maatri maataa-pitaa key samaan theen. carle nageli key saath apane patrachar mein unhone apane parinamon parr charcha kii lekin unhein samajhaane mein asamarth rahey. unnisvin shatabdi key anta taka isaki sarahana naheen kii gaee thee kii kaee baaz kii prajaatiyan apomikik theen, joe ack alaingik prakriya key madhyam seey apane adhikansh beejon kaa utpaadan karati theen.
maudiyon parr unake parinamon mein seey koee bhee jeevit naheen rhaa, sivaay moravian epiculture society kii reports mein ack gujarate ullekh key. nishchit roop seey yeh sub gyaat haye kii unhone cyprion aur carniolan madhumakhiyon kaa upayog kiya, joe anya bhikshuon aur mathh key agantukon kii narazgi key liye vishesh roop seey aakramak they, jisase unhein unase chhutkara paane key liye kahaa gayaa thaa. doosari or, mendell apani madhumakhiyon key shaukeen they, aur unhein "merey sabse pyaare chhote janwar" key roop mein sandarbhit karate they.
unhone naveen paadap prajaatiyon kaa bhee varnan kiya, aur inhen vanaspati lekhak sankshipt naam "mendell" key saath darshaaya gayaa haye.
mendelian virodhabhas.
1936 mein, ack pramukh saankhyikeevid aur jansankhya aanuvanshikeevid, ronald fisher ney mendell key prayogon kaa punarnirmaan kiya, aff2 (doosari philial) peedhi key parinamon kaa vishleshan kiya aur aprabhaavi phenotype (ee.jee. peela banaam haraa mutter; goal banaam jhurriyon vaale mutter) avishvasaniya roop seey aur lagaatar 3 seey 1 key apekshit anupaat key bahut karib honey key liye. machuaaron ney jore dekar kahaa kii "prayogon key adhikansh, yadi sabhi naheen, key detta koo galat saabit kiya gayaa haye taaki mendell kii apekshaon key saath nikatata seey sahmat hoe sakein. machuaaron key anusaar, mendell kii kathit tippaniyan "ghrinit", "chaunkaane vaali" aur "bunny hui" theen.
anya vidwan machuaaron seey sahmat hain kii mendell key vibhinn avalokan asahaj roop seey mendell kii apekshaon key karib aatey hain. aeye. doubleu. aff. udaaharan key liye, edward tippani karate hainh "koee bhee bhagyashali juari kii sarahana curr sakata haye; lekin jaba vaha cull phir seey bhagyashali hotaa haye, aur agale dinn, aur agale dinn, tou koee thodaa sandigdh banane kaa hakdar hotaa haye. isi tarah teen anya sakshya iss daave kaa samarthan karate hain kii mendell key parinam vaastav mein sach honey key liye bahut achche hain.
machuaaron key vishleshan ney mendelian virodhabhas koo janm diyaah mendell key report kiye gaye detta, saankhyikiya roop seey bolate hue, sach honey key liye bahut achche hain, phir bhee "mandell key baare mein humm joe kuchh bhee jaanate hain, usase pataa chalata haye kii vaha jaanboojhkar dhokhadhadi yaa apane avlokanon key achetan samaayojan mein shamil honey kii sambhavana naheen thaa. kaee lekhakon ney iss virodhabhas koo hull karane kaa prayaas kiya haye.
ack spashteekaran kaa prayaas pushti purvagrah kaa ahwan kartaa haye. machuaare ney mendell key prayogon parr "apeksha key saath samjhaute kii disha mein dridhata seey pakshapaati honey kaa aarop lagaaya...] siddhant koo sandeh kaa laabh dene key liye. apane 2004 key lekh mein, jey.doubleu. portius ney nishkarsh nikala kii mendell kii tippaniyan vaastav mein avishvasaniya theen. haalaanki, prayogon key prajanan ney pradarshit kiya haye kii mendell key detta key prati koee vaastavik purvagrah naheen haye.
mendelian virodhabhas koo hull karane kaa ack aur prayaas nott kartaa haye kii kabhi-kabhi kissy key tathyaatmak tippaniyon key pakshapaat-mukt punarkathan kii naitik anivaaryata aur vaigyaanik gyaan koo aage badhaane kii aur bhee mahatvapurna anivaaryata key beach ack sangharsh utpann hoe sakata haye. mendell ney "vaastavik, yaa bhayapurna, sampadakiya apattiyon koo puuraa karane key liye apane detta koo saral banaane key liye" majboor mahsoos kiya hoga. iss tarah kii kaarravaai koo naitik aadhar parr uchit thaharaaya jaa sakata haye (aur isaliye yeh mendelian virodhabhas key liye ack samadhan pradaan kartaa haye), kyonki vaikalpik-paalan karane seey incar-ney vaigyaanik gyaan key vikas koo dheema curr diyaa hoga. isi tarah, vigyaan key kaee anya aspasht navpravartakon kii tarah, mendell, joe kii shramik varg kii prishthabhoomi key ack chhote seey navpravartak they, koo apane darshakon key "sangyanatmak pratimanon aur samajik purvagrahon koo todana padaa. yadi iss tarah kii safalata "jaanboojhkar unaki report seey kuchh tippaniyon koo chhodkar aur dusaron koo samaayojit karke unake darshakon key liye adhik swaadisht banaane key liye sabse achchi tarah seey hassil kii jaa sakati haye, tou iss tarah key karyon koo naitik aadhar parr uchit thaharaaya jaa sakata haye.
daniel ell. hartle aur daniel jey. fairbank machuaaron key saankhyikiya tark koo poori tarah seey khariz karate hain, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii machuaaron ney mendell key prayogon kii galat vyakhya kii. way paate hain kii yeh sambhavana haye kii mendell ney 10 seey adhik santaanen praapt keen, aur parinam apeksha key anuroop they. way nishkarsh nikaalate hainh "machuaaron key jaanboojhkar jhooth bolane key aarop koo antatah shaant kiya jaa sakata haye, kyonki karib seey vishleshan karane parr yeh vishvasaniya sabooton dwara asamarthit saabit huaa haye. 2008 mein hartle aind fairbanks (ellen franklin aur aeye. doubleu. aff. edwards key saath) ney ack vyaapak pustak likhi jisamen unhone nishkarsh nikala kii mendell dwara unake parinamon koo mangadhant banaane kaa koee kaaran naheen thaa, aur naa hii machuaaron ney jaanboojhkar mendell kii viraasat koo cumm karane kii koshish kii. inn lekhakon key anusaar, machuaaron key saankhyikiya vishleshan kaa punarmulyankan, mendell key parinamon mein pushti purvagrah kii dhaarana koo bhee khariz kartaa haye.
smaranotsav.
newzealand key paparo renz mein mount mendell kaa naam 1970 mein vaigyaanik aur audyogik anusandhaan vibhaag dwara unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. unake 200vein janmadin key jashn mein, mendell key shareer koo nikala gayaa aur unake dna koo anukramit kiya gayaa.

