
ayamheen bhautik sthiraank

bhautiki mein, ack ayamheen bhautik sthiraank ack bhautik sthiraank haye joe ayamheen haye, i.ee. ack shuddh sankhya jisamen koee ikai sanlagn naheen haye aur ack sankhyaatmak moolya haye joe ikaaiyon kii kissy bhee pranali seey swatantra haye.
udaaharan key liye, vaayugatiki mein, yadi koee ack vishesh vayu-tail parr vichaar kartaa haye, tou laminar-ashant sankraman kaa punarkathan sankhya moolya samasya kaa ack praasangik ayamheen bhautik sthiraank haye. haalaanki, yeh vishesh samasya seey sakhti seey sambandhit haih udaaharan key liye, yeh airfoil parr vichaar kiye jaane seey sambandhit haye aur usa taral padaarth key prakaar seey bhee sambandhit haye jisamen yeh chalata haye.
maulik bhautik sthiraank shabd kaa upayog kuchh ayamheen sthirankon koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. shayed sabse prasiddh udaaharan maheen-sanrachana sthiraank haye, "α", jiska anumaanit moolya haye.
shabdawali.
yeh tark diyaa gayaa haye kii "maulik bhautik sthiraank" shabd koo ayamheen saarvbhaumik bhautik sthiraank taka seemit kiya jaanaa chaahiye joe vartamaan mein kissy anya srot seey praapt naheen kiya jaa sakata haye; iss sakht paribhasha kaa yahaan paalan kiya jaataa haye.
haalaanki, "maulik bhautik sthiraank" shabd kaa upayog kabhi-kabhi kuchh saarvbhaumik ayam vaale bhautik sthirankon koo sandarbhit karane key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii prakaash kii gati "c", "nirvaat pargamyata" ε "0, plank sthiraank" h ", aur gurutvaakarshan sthiraank" g ", joe bhautiki key sabse buniyaadi siddhanton mein dikhaai dete hain. nist aur kodata ney kabhi-kabhi iss shabd kaa upayog cumm sakht tareeke seey kiya.
visheshataaen.
aise sthirankon kii koee vistrit soochi naheen haye, lekin diye gaye bhautik siddhant koo nirdhaarit karane key liye aavashyak maulik sthiraank kii nyuntam sankhya key baare mein poochhana samajhadaari haye. iss prakaar, maanak model key liye 25 bhautik sthirankon kii aavashyakta hoti haye, unamen seey lagbhag aadhe maulik kanon key dravyamaan hotey hain (joe plank dravyamaan key saapeksh vyakt honey parr "ayamheen" hoe jaate hain yaa, vaikalpik roop seey, gurutvaakarshan sthiraank key saath uchch kshetra key saath yugman shakti key roop mein).
maulik bhautik sthiraank praapt naheen kiye jaa sakate hain aur inhen maapa jaanaa chaahiye. bhautiki mein vikas yaa tou unaki sankhya mein kamee yaa vistaar kaa kaaran bunn sakata haih nae kanon kii khoj, yaa bhautik ghatnaaon key beach nae sambandh, nae sthiraank pesh karenge, jabaki ack adhik maulik siddhant kaa vikas ack adhik maulik sthiraank seey kaee sthirankon kii vyutpatti kii anumati dey sakata haye.
saiddhaantik bhautiki kaa ack lambe samay seey vaanchhit lakshya pahale siddhanton (harr cheej kaa siddhant) koo khojana haye jinase sabhi maulik ayamheen sthirankon kii ganana kii jaa sakati haye aur unaki tulanaa maapi gaee moolyon seey kii jaa sakati haye.
maanak model mein aavashyak badee sankhya mein maulik sthiraank koo 1970 key dashak mein siddhant key nirmaan key baad seey asantoshjanak maanaa gayaa haye. ack siddhant kii ichcha joe kann dravyamaan kii ganana kii anumati degi, "maanak model seey parey bhautiki" kii khoj key liye ack mukhya prerana haye.
itihas.
1920 aur 1930 key dashak mein, arther eddington ney buniyaadi bhautik siddhanton mein maulik maatraon key beach sambandhon mein vyaapak ganitiya jaanch shuru kii, jise baad mein quantum yantriki aur brahmand vigyaan koo ekikrit karane vaale ack vyaapak siddhant key nirmaan key apane prayaas key hisse key roop mein upayog kiya gayaa. udaaharan key liye, unhone electron trijya aur usake dravyamaan key anupaat key sambhaavit parinamon parr anuman lagaaya. vishesh roop seey, 1929 key ack pepper mein unhone pauli bahishkaran siddhant aur dirac sameekaran parr adharit ack tark nirdhaarit kiya, jisane maheen-sanrachana sthiraank key parasparik moolya koo α−1 = 16 + × 16 × (16−1) = 136 key roop mein nirdhaarit kiya. jaba iska moolya 137 key karib paaya gayaa, tou unhone usa moolya seey mell khaane key liye apane tark koo badal diyaa. unake vichaaron koo vyaapak roop seey sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur baad key prayogon seey pataa chalaa haye kii way galat they (udaaharan key liye, maheen-sanrachana sthiraank key maap mein seey koee bhee ack purnank moolya kaa sujhaav naheen detaa haye; 2018 mein ise α = 1/137.035999046 (27) parr maapa gayaa thaa.
haalaanki unaki vyutpattiyan aur sameekaran niradhar they, eddington saarvbhaumik ayamheen sthiraank key mahatva koo pahchaanane vaale pahale bhautik vigyaani they, jinhen abb maanak model aur λcdm brahmand vigyaan jaise pramukh bhautik siddhanton key sabse mahatvapurna ghatakon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. vaha brahmand key vistaar kii vyakhya key liye mahatvapurna maanate hue brahmand key sthiraank λ key mahatva key liye bahas karane vaale pahale vyakti bhee they, aise samay mein jaba adhikansh bhautik vigyaani (isake khojkarta, albert einstein sahit) ise ack spasht galati yaa ganitiya kalaakriti maanate they aur shoonya kaa moolya maan lete theh yeh cumm seey cumm poorvasiddh saabit huaa, aur λcdm mein ack mahatvapurna sakaratmak visheshataaen pramukhta seey hain.
eddington maulik siddhanton aur samikaranon seey mool ayamheen sthiraank praapt karane kaa pahala vyarth prayaas hoe sakata haye, lekin vaha nishchit roop seey antim naheen thaa. baad mein kaee anya loga isi tarah key prayaas karenge, aur prayaas aaj bhee kabhi-kabhi jaari rahate hain. kissy ney bhee abhee taka vishvasaniya parinam naheen diye hain yaa saiddhaantik bhautikavidon key beach vyaapak sweekriti praapt naheen kii haye.
electron, muon aur taau key dravyamaan key beach ack anubhavjanya sambandh kii khoj bhautik vigyaani yoshio coid dwara kii gaee haye, lekin yeh sootra aspasht haye.
udaaharan.
ayamheen maulik bhautik sthirankon mein shamil hainh
maheen sanrachana sthiraank.
ayamheen maulik sthirankon mein seey ack sookshm-sanrachana sthiraank haih
jahan "e" praathamik avesh haye, "γ" cumm plank sthiraank haye, "c" nirvaat mein prakaash kii gati haye, aur "ε" 0 mukt sthaan kii pargamyata haye. sookshm-sanrachana sthiraank vidyut chumbakiya bull kii shakti key liye nishchit haye. cumm oorjaa parr, "α" ±, jabaki z boson key paimaane parr, lagbhag 90gev, ack maap "α" ±. α" key moolya kii vyakhya karane vaalaa koee sweekrit siddhant naheen haye; richard fenman vistaar seey bataate hainh
maanak model.
1970 key dashak seey kann bhautiki key mool maanak model mein kanon key dravyamaan aur vidyut-kamjor aur majboot balon kii taakat kaa varnan karane vaale 19 maulik ayamheen sthiraank they. 1990 key dashak mein, nutrino mein gair-shoonya dravyamaan paaya gayaa thaa, aur nirvaat konn naamak matra koo shoonya seey aprabhedya paaya gayaa thaa.
poorna maanak model key liye 25 maulik ayamheen sthiraank (beij, 2011) kii aavashyakta hoti haye. vartamaan mein, unake sankhyaatmak moolyon koo kissy bhee vyaapak roop seey sweekrit siddhant key sandarbh mein naheen samajha jaataa haye aur kewal maap seey nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye. yeye 25 sthiraank hainh
brahmand sambandhi sthiraank.
brahmand sambandhi sthiraank, jise brahmand mein shyam oorjaa key ghanatva key roop mein socha jaa sakata haye, bhautik brahmand vigyaan mein ack maulik sthiraank haye jiska ayamheen moolya lagbhag 10−122 haye. anya ayamheen sthiraank brahmand mein ekroopata kaa maap hain, jinhen "q" dwara darshaaya jaataa haye, jise martin rees, barrian dravyamaan prati photon, thhande padaarth dravyamaan prati photon aur nutrino dravyamaan prati photon dwara neeche samajhaaya gayaa haye.
bairo aur tippler.
bairo aur tippler (1986) ney sookshm-sanrachana sthiraank mein khagol bhautiki, brahmand vigyaan, quantum bhautiki, doorvigyaan aur manavshastriya siddhant, proton-seey-electron dravyamaan anupaat (jise way bairo (2002) key saath, β kahate hain), aur majboot bull aur gurutvaakarshan key liye yugman sthiraank kii apani vyaapak charcha koo badhaava diyaa.
martin rees kii chhah sankhyaaen.
martin rees ney apani pustak "sirf chhah sankhyaaen" mein nimnalikhit chhah ayamheen sthirankon parr vichaar kiya haye, jinake moolyon koo vaha vartamaan bhautik siddhant aur brahmand kii gyaat sanrachana key liye maulik maanate hainh
"aine" aur "ε" bhautiki kii maulik antahkriyaon koo niyantrit karate hain. anya sthiraank ("dee" koo chhodkar) brahmand key aakar, ayu aur vistaar koo niyantrit karate hain. inn paanch sthirankon kaa anuman anubhavjanya roop seey lagaaya jaanaa chaahiye. "dee", doosari or, aavashyak roop seey ack gair-shoonya praakritik sankhya haye aur isamen koee anishchitata naheen haye. isaliye adhikansh bhautik vigyaani ise iss pravishti mein charcha kii gaee prakaar kaa ayamheen bhautik sthiraank naheen maanenge.
koee bhee prashansaniya maulik bhautik siddhant inn chhah sthirankon key saath susangat honah chaahiye, aur yaa tou siddhant key ganit seey unake moolyon koo praapt karna chaahiye, yaa unake moolyon koo anubhavjanya key roop mein sweekaar karna chaahiye.
aiss. aaee. mein upayog karein.
2019 mein, sabhi aiss. aaee. ikaaiyon aur vyutpann ikaaiyon kii paribhasha key liye maulik bhautik sthiraank pesh kiye gaye hain.

