
angreji key kharaab kaanoonon kaa virodh

shree. ack baar shree ney canning key baare mein poochha thaa. tearney ney kharaab kaanoon koo kyon naheen chhuaa? kiss prashn parr shree. canning ney jawab diyaah "sarkaaren sadiyon key upayog seey badhate hue ack prashn kaa nirnay kyon naheen letee hain-aadton key saath bunaa huaa, aur logon key purvagrahon mein gaharaai seey nihit? kaanoon key una sabhi vishayon key baare mein, jinn parr sarkaaron koo kathorta seey yaa samay seey pahale hastakshep naheen karna chaahiye, binaa yeh sunishchit kiye, aur yadi sambhav hoe tou, desh kii prachalit bhaavanaon koo unake saath leey jaane key liye, yeh kharaab kaanoon mujhe aisaa prateet hotaa haye jiss parr twarit maarg apnana sabse avaanchhaniya hoga.""
elizabeth pratham (shasankal 1558-1603) key shasankal seey 1834 mein garib kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam key paarit honey taka ingland mein garibon kii raahat 1601 mein adhiniyamit ack kharaab kaanoon key aadhar parr prashaasit kii gaee thee. unnisvin shatabdi kii shuruat seey garib raahat pradaan karane kii buniyaadi avadharana kii pramukh raajneetik arthshastriyon dwara gumrah kiye jaane key roop mein aalochana kii gaee thee aur dakshini krishi deshon mein garib-darr kaa bojh atyadhik mahsoos kiya gayaa thaa (vishesh roop seey jahaan garib-darr kaa upayog cumm majdoori ('bhatta' yaa spainhamland pranali) key poorak key liye kiya jaataa thaa. elizabethan key kharaab kaanoon key virodh key kaaran kharaab raahat parr ack shaahi aayog kaa gathan huaa, jisane sifarish kii kii cumm avadhi mein kharaab raahat koo samaapt naheen kiya jaa sakata haye; haalaanki ise cumm kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur iss tarah kii sharton parr prashaasit kiya jaanaa chaahiye kii hatash logon key alawa koee bhee iska daavaa naa karey. raahat kewal una karyasthalon mein dee jaani chaahiye, jinake nivaasiyon koo seemit kiya jaanaa thaa, 'vargeekrit' (purush, mahila, ladke, ladakiyan) aur alag kiya jaanaa thaa. kharaab kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam ney inn parivartanon koo ack kharaab kaanoon aayog dwara lagu karane kii anumati dee joe sansad key liye kaafee hudd taka gair-uttardaayi thaa. iss adhiniyam koo sansad mein badee bahumat dwara paarit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin jiss shasson koo laane kaa iska irada thaa, usaki alochakon dwara (vibhinn roop seey) gair-isai, gair-angreji, asamvaidhaanik aur uttari ingland key mahaan vinirmaan jilon key liye avyaavhaarik key roop mein ninda kii gaee thee. adhiniyam ney swayam shasson kii shuruat naheen kii, lekin ack dhancha pesh kiya jisake dwara ise aasaani seey laaya jaa sakata haye.
nae kharaab kaanoon kaa virodh nae kharaab kaanoon prashaasnik dhaanche kii shuruat key liye pratirodh thaa; iska saamana mukhya roop seey audyogik uttar mein 1837-9 mein kiya gayaa thaa aur kuchh dangon key baad kanuni khatron aur senaa kii tainaati key vivekpurna mishran seey door huaa thaa. shaahi aayog dwara anushansit shasson kii pramukh visheshtaon key pratirodh (aur aalochana) key kamjor arth mein nae kharaab kaanoon kaa virodh banaa rhaa aur antatah roodhivaadi bunn gayaah udaaharan key liye audyogik uttar key adhikansh hisson mein baahari raahat koo kabhi samaapt naheen kiya gayaa thaa. jaba 1858 mein nae kharaab kaanoon key ack pramukh paschim savaar pratidvandi kii mrityu hoe gaee, tou huddersfield chronicle ney likhaa..vivaad bund hoe gayaa haye aur angreji samanya gyaan ney garib-kaanoon key sawal parr apane virodhiyon kii tulanaa mein ostler aur pitkethali key vichaaron key kuchh hudd taka karib samadhan curr liya haye."
elizabethan key kharaab kaanoon kii aalochana.
unnisvin shatabdi kii shuruat mein france key saath napolean yuddhon key baad, vishesh roop seey raajneetik arthshastriyon key beach, kharaab kaanoon kii aalochana badhee.
thomas malthus ney socha kii garibon key liye koee bhee paropkar aatm-parajay thaa; garibon kii sankhya parr ekmatra niyantran garibi thee. isake alawa, garib kaanoon ney kewal usa parrish mein raahat kaa adhikaar diyaa jahaan davedar koo janm seey yaa lambe samay taka nivaas dwara praapt niptan kaa adhikaar thaah yeh shram kii gatishilata koo avaanchhaniya roop seey seemit kartaa thaa. kharaab kaanoon key binaa "gambhir sankat key kuchh aur udaaharan" hotey, lekin "aam logon key beach khushi kaa kull dravyamaan vartamaan kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik hotaa."haalaanki, vaha garibon key liye karyasthalon mein tathaakathit 'indor raahat' kii vakaalat karane vaale pahale logon mein seey ack they, joe baahari raahat (paise mein yaa kissy bhee tarah seey, praaptakartaon key saath garib-kaanoon adhikaariyon key niyantran mein naheen) key vipareet they.
david ricardo ney 1817 mein prakaashit apani pustak 'raajneetik arthavyavastha aur karadhan key siddhant' mein garib kaanoon key unmoolan kaa samarthan kiya. kalyan key liye bhugtan karane key liye uthaaya gayaa koee bhee curr jaise kii kharaab daron ney majdoori kaa bhugtan karane key liye upalabdh dhana koo cumm curr diyaa. unhone yeh bhee tark diyaa kii yeh aalasy koo puraskrit kartaa haye, logon koo budhaape yaa bimari key liye bachat karane seey hatotsaahit kartaa haye, aur gair-jimmedarana roop seey badey parivaaron koo protsaahit kartaa haye.
advin chadwick, shaahi aayog key ack sadasya, aur baad mein garib kaanoon aayog key sachiv, jeremi bentham key anuyaayi they (jinka maanana thaa kii majdoori ack mukt-bajar pranali mein apane vaastavik star koo paayegi jahaan aam sahmat manakon koo banaae rakhane key liye raajya niyantran thaa). isaliye chadwick ney puraane kharaab kaanoon kii aalochana kii kyonki isake vikendrikrit prashaasan kaa matlab thaa kii bachchon key upchaar mein mahatvapurna bhinnata. chadwick ney kahaa kii saksham garibon koo aise kaary gharon mein kaam karane key liye rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye joe cumm paatrata kii shart koo puuraa karate hainh way baahari raahat kaa daavaa naheen curr sakate they jaisa kii unhone maujooda kharaab kaanoon key tahat kiya thaa. kaary-grih key baahar sabse garib mazdoor key liye sthiti usase bhee badatar honey chaahiye thee, taaki loga raahat kaa daavaa naa karein. isase kharaab darr mein kamee aaegi, majdoori apane sahee star taka badhegi aur imandari seey kaam karane koo badhaava milega.
"pratyek paisa, joe swatantra mazdoor kii tulanaa mein garib kii sthiti koo adhik yogya banaata haye, vaha aalasy aur burai parr ack inam haye."-1832 shaahi aayog
nae kharaab kaanoon kii shuruat kaa virodh.
1832 shaahi aayog.
ingland key dakshini krishi jilon mein kharaab raahat kii keemat parr chintit (jahaan kaee kshetron mein yeh majdooron key vetan kaa ack ardh-sthaayi sheersh-upp bunn gayaa thaa-'bhatta pranali', 'roundman pranali', yaa 'spainhamland pranali') sansad ney kharaab kaanoonon key sanchaalan mein ack shaahi aayog kii sthaapana kii thee. isaki report mein aashcharyajanak roop seey chadwick dwara pasand kiye gaye parivartanon key samaan vyaapak parivartanon kii sifarish kii gaee theeh 
1834 kharaab kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam.
shaahi aayog kii sifaarishon parr kaary karate hue, sansad ney kharaab kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam 1834 paarit kiya, joe halanki seedhe sifaarishon koo lagu naheen kartaa thaa. avaidhata parr yeh aayog kii sifaarishon kaa paalan naheen kartaa thaa; nae garib kaanoon key tahat avaidh bachchon key pitaa kaa abhee bhee paalan kiya jaa sakata thaa; haalaanki mahatvapurna antar yeh thaa kii puraane garib kaanoon key tahat maan kii shapath gawahi pitritva sthaapit karane key liye paryaapt thee; nae kharaab kaanoon key tahat akele maan kaa shabd aparyaapt thaa; vahaan pushtikar saboot honah thaa. anya sifaarishon koo lagu karane key liye adhiniyam ney teen-sadasyiya garib kaanoon aayog kii sthaapana kii, ack 'hathiyar' lambai 'jise sansad ney aayog key karyon key prabhaavi nireekshan key liye koee praavdhaan kiye binaa uchit niyam banaane kii shakti saunpi. sthaaniya garib-darr bhugtan karane vaale abhee bhee apane sthaaniya board key garib kaanoon sanrakshkon koo chunate hain aur abhee bhee sthaaniya kharaab kaanoon praavdhaanon key liye bhugtan karate hain, lekin una praavdhaanon koo garib kaanoon aayog dwara sanrakshak mandal koo nirdisht kiya jaa sakata haye; jahaan way sthaaniya darr-bhugtan karane vaalon key vichaar aprasangik they.
1834 key kharaab kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam kaa virodh.
kattarpanthi aim. pee. villium cobet ney iss adhiniyam key khilaf matdan kiya, yeh kahate hue kii garibon koo raahat kaa ack swachaalit adhikaar thaa aur iss adhiniyam kaa uddeshya garibon kii keemat parr "bhoomi malik koo samriddh karna" thaa. tory radical' richard ostler ney iss adhiniyam kaa virodh karane key liye vyaktigat roop seey tory netaaon (duke off wellington sahit) kii pairavi kii. ostler kii aapattiyan theen kii garib key saath gair-isai vyavhaar (aur vishesh roop seey vivaahit garibon key saathah "jise bhagwan ney ack saath jodaa haye, kissy bhee vyakti koo alag naheen honey diyaa haye") dwara raajneetik arthavyavastha dwara nirdeshit kiye gaye adhiniyam kaa uddeshya ack asamvaidhaanik nikaay kii sthaapana karna thaa. ostler ney duke seey kahaa, "aggar vaha bill paarit hoe jaataa haye, tou joe vyakti desh mein sabse badaa bhram paida curr sakata haye, vaha sabse badaa deshbhakt hoga, aur main vaha vyakti banane kii koshish karunga. haalaanki duke koo yakeen naheen thaa; tory bhoomi malik kharaab daron koo cumm karane key liye utane hii utsuk they jitna kii way they, aur shaahi sahamati praapt karane seey pahale bill koo house off commons yaa house off lords seey bahut cumm virodh milaa. johnn fieldon, ack udyogpati aur todmorden mein kapada milon key malik aur oldham key liye aim. pee. (jahaan unhone cobet kaa chunaav surakshit kiya thaa) cobet kii tarah nae garib kaanoon key ack majboot virodhi they, aur cobet kii mrityu key baad aim. pee. aiss. key ack chhote seey samooh kaa hissa they jinhone adhiniyam key kaam kii sameeksha kaa ahwan kiya-fieldon ney ise nirast karane key liye aage kahaa-joe kuchh bhee hassil kiya gayaa vaha ack chayan samiti thee jisane apane adhikansh saboot garib kaanoon aayog aur anya garib kaanoon adhikaariyon seey liye aur parinamswarup bahut prashansa kii aur bahut cumm dosh paaya.
nae kharaab kaanoon sanrachanaon key prati pratirodh.
ingland key dakshin mein.
naee vyavastha koo uttarottar lagu kiya gayaa, jisaki shuruat ingland key dakshini county seey hui, jinaki samasyaon koo sambodhit karane key liye ise banaaya gayaa thaa. vahaan isane kewal mamuli gadbadi key saath kharaab daron mein kaafee kamee hassil kii (buckinghamshire mein jaba balakon koo chalfont sent seey 3 meal kii doori parr leey jaaya gayaa thaa. amarsam key liye, danga adhiniyam koo padhana padaa. purvi anglia mein nae karyasthalon parr hamla kiya gayaa.) "vibhinn county mein aanshik dange hue hain; lekin, mahanagariya pulis key chhote dalon kii sahaayata seey... kabhi-kabhi sainya bull key samarthan seey sahaayata praapt, inn vikshobhon koo binaa kissy sampatti koo kaafee chot pahunchaae neeche rakhaa gayaa haye."
ingland key uttar mein.
uttar mein maujooda kharaab kaanoon key saath koee badaa asantosh naheen thaa, kharaab raahat kaa bojh cumm thaa (1832 mein puraane garib kaanoon key tahat, lancashire, lagbhag 280% kii aabaadi key saath, kewal 80 pratishat kent kii aabaadi key saath). garib-raahat kii laagat mein vriddhi kii darr bhee chinta kaa vishay naheen theeh 1833 mein garib-raahat kii laagat duss saal pahale kii tulanaa mein aadhi thee. tadnusar nae kharaab kaanoon koo lagu karane kii koee tatkaal aavashyakta naheen thee. janwari 1837 taka naheen, lancashire key kapada jilon aur yorkshire key paschim mein 'garib kaanoon sanghon' kii sthaapana aur unake liye sanrakshak mandal kaa chunaav karke pranali koo lagu karane key liye pahala kadam uthaaya gayaa thaa. garib vidhi boardon koo taba kendriya aayog dwara usa sangh key liye joe bhee raahat pranali nirdisht kii gaee thee, usey prashaasit karane key liye ack clerk niyukt karna thaa.
shaahi aayog key ack sahayak dwara yorkshire key paschim mein kii gaee poochtaachh ney unhein yeh dhyaan mein rakhane key liye prerit kiya thaa kii vyaapaar chakr seey nipatane kaa ack mahatvapurna (aur apekshaakrit sastaa) tarika baahari raahat thee. jaba vyaapaar sust thaa tou nirmaata ack baar mein 500 haathon koo hataa sakate they-yeh ack aisaa paimana thaa jisake liye kaaryasthal awas pradaan karna avyavahaarik hoga; jahaan berojgari asthaayi honey kii sambhavana thee (jaise.jee. vyaapaar chakr yaa bimari key kaaran) kaaryasthal chhodane parr ack ghar koo phir seey sthaapit karane kii antim laagat (aur asuvidha) koo dhyaan mein rakhna padaa aur yeh achchi tarah seey baahari raahat key gyaan kaa sujhaav dey sakata thaa. isake alawa, jahaan ack ghar kaa mukhiya jisamen bachche majdoori karate hain, berojgar hoe jaataa haye, vahaan parivaar koo garib ghar mein leey jaane kii tulanaa mein ghar kii aaya koo baahar seey raahat kii uchit raashi seey badhaana adhik samajhadaari (aur sastaa) hogi. hathkargha bunkaron, joe abb aadatan bahut sankat mein padey hue shramikon kaa ack samooh thaa, kii kamai bahut cumm thee; isaliye naheen kii unaki majdoori baahari raahat seey poorak thee, balki isaliye kii way bijli-karghon key saath pratispardha curr rahey they; unhein kaary-grih mein majboor karane yaa kissy aise vyavasaay mein jaane seey kuchh bhee hassil naheen hoga jisake liye unake paas aavashyak shaaririk shakti naheen hogi. sahayak aayukt ney yeh bhee nott kiya kii paschim mein rahane vaale garib kaidiyon kaa aahar ack nivaarak naheen thaa; aisaa lagata thaa kii 'harr cheej mein sabse achchha, aur isamen seey bahut kuchh' kii ack jaanboojhkar neeti thee.
 garib vidhi aayog kaa irada (yaa unakaa irada thaa) vinirmaan kshetron mein nae garib vidhi boardon koo baahar seey raahat jaari rakhane kii anumati denaa thaa, lekin nae garib kaanoon key virodhiyon kaa maanana thaa kii baahar seey raahat aur baaki "yathaasthiti" kii raksha karane kaa sabse surakshit tarika nae kharaab kaanoon prashaasnik dhaanche koo sthaapit honey seey rokna thaa. isaliye unhone nae garib vidhi boardon kii sthaapana koo rokane kaa prayaas kiya (yaa nae garib kaanoon key prati shatrutapurna sanrakshkon kaa chunaav karane key liye joe garib vidhi boardon kii niyukti mein baadha daalenge yaa clerks kii niyukti mein deree karenge), kyonki unake astitva seey garib vidhi aayog koo maujooda garib gharon key shasson mein parivartan nirdisht karane kii anumati milegi aur aayog key munn mein badalaav honey parr (yaa sach naheen bataa rahey hain) baahari raahat kii samaapti koo bahut suvidhajanak banaayega.
uttari audyogik shaharon mein, vibhinn prakaar key sangathan (trade union, alpakaalik samitiyaan, kattarpanthi sangh) pahale seey hii astitva mein they, jinaki (aksar ativyaapi) sadasyata aam taur parr nae kharaab kaanoon key virodh mein thee. sthaaniya garib virodhi kaanoon sangh iss adhiniyam key khilaf aur isake sthaaniya karyanvayan key khilaf virodh baithakon key liye badee sankhya mein jutaane mein saksham hue. garib virodhi kaanoon andolan key kaee netaa pahale duss ghante key andolan mein pramukh rahey they
richard ostler ney yorkshire key samachar patron jaise "leads buddhijiviyon" aur rashtriya kattarpanthi press koo patra likhe, jisamen unhone kharaab kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam koo kroor aur gair-isai honey key roop mein ninda kii. unhone naee garib kaanoon virodhi baithakon mein isi tarah kii nus mein baat kii; unakaa pahala bhaashan (huddersfield mein ack saamoohik baithak key liye) baad mein (pratinidhi) sheershak key tahat prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa! dusht-janit 'motey-bhojan' key liye shashwat abhishaap, nayaa kharaab kaanoon!). huddersfield ack prabhaavi nae kharaab kaanoon prashaasan koo sthaapit karane mein vishesh roop seey dheema thaa, badee bheed/bheed sanrakshkon kii baithakon key baahar ikattha hoti thee (yaa todati thee), lekin sthaaniya tory magistrates koo vyavastha banaae rakhane key liye sainya sahaayata maangane key liye paryaapt hinsa key saath kabhi naheen. (jaba magistrate niyukt kiye gaye aur senaa tainaat kii gaee, tou sanrakshkon kii baithak ack badey shantipurna pickett key adheen thee, joe bheed key saath samaapt hoe gaee, joe sainikon koo ack dayaniya janwari kii raat mein baahar nikalane key liye ack utsaah aur ack chabuk-round dene key liye unhein kuchh germ aur aramdayak khareedane key liye ack shilling dene key liye)
johnn fieldon ney apane kshetra mein adhiniyam koo lagu honey seey rokane kaa prayaas kiya, aur dhamki dee kii jaba taka todmorden garib kaanoon sangh key sanrakshak istifa naheen dete, taba taka parivaar kii sanstha koo bund curr diyaa jaayega. jaba way kshetra kii milon koo vidhivat bund naheen karate they, tou lagbhag 3,000 logon koo kaam seey nikaal diyaa jaataa thaa. sanrakshak dridh khade they, sainikon koo kshetra mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur ack saptah key baad kshetra phir seey khol diyaa gayaa (saptah key liye apane karmchaariyon koo samanya roop seey bhugtan karna kaam naheen kiya), halanki, kuchh township ney sanrakshkon key adhikaar koo pahchaanane seey incar curr diyaa. aur apane 'garibon key paryavekshak' koo sanrakshkon key nirdeshon koo nazarandaj karane kaa nirdesh diyaa (yaa daraya). langfield key paryavekshak parr sanrakshkon kii avagya karane key liye £5 kaa jurmana lagaaya gayaa thaa aur dou sipahi halifax seey usa moolya taka saman koo hataane key liye bheje gaye they. sipahi dou fieldon milon (manchester aur leads railway key nirmaan key liye nausena dwara poorak) seey bulaaye gaye ack bheed seey ghire hue they, jinka motey taur parr ilaaj kiya gayaa aur kabhi vaapas naheen aaney kaa vaadaa kiya gayaa. agale saptah ack bheed phir seey iss vishvaas mein ikattha hui kii ack aur prayaas kiya jaanaa thaa; jaba aisaa naheen huaa, tou unhone nae garib kaanoon key vibhinn sanrakshkon aur samarthakon key gharon parr hamla kiya, jisase £1000 seey adhik kaa nuksan huaa.
naee kharaab kaanoon vyavastha key liye atirikt sansadiya virodh.
jabaki oldham, huddersfield aur bradford jaise shaharon mein virodh pradarshan hue (jahaan adhiniyam key khilaf dangon key baad garib kaanoon sanrakshkon koo sainikon dwara sanrakshit kiya jaanaa thaa), anya kshetron mein nae kharaab kaanoon prashaasnik dhaanche koo bahut cumm kathinaaee key saath sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. huddersfield mein bhee dou saal key bheetar nayaa prashaasnik dhancha lagu hoe gayaa thaa. haalaanki, nae kharaab kaanoon kaa virodh ack baar isake dhaanche key honey key baad bhee bund naheen huaa. sansad key baahar andolan aur saamoohik baithaken jaari raheen. nae kharaab kaanoon key tahat garibon key saath (galat) vyavhaar kii daravani kahaaniyan naa kewal isake virodhiyon key bhashanon mein dikhaai deen; way augustus beamont key uttari muktidata aur feargus oh 'connor key uttari sitaare jaise chartist samachar patron mein bhee prasaarit huin aur george aar mein ekatra kii gaeen. vaithan baxter kii "dha book off dha bastilis". sabhi kahaaniyan poori tarah seey sateek naheen theen, aur kuchh prachaar bahut kaalaa thaa; shishu hatyaa kii sifarish karane vaalaa ack dastaavez aur garib kaanoon aayog kaa kaam honey kaa aarop hatyaa kii pustak key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa.
chartwad key saath sambandh.
jiss aasaani seey sudhaar sansad ney 1834 key kharaab kaanoon adhiniyam koo paarit kiya thaa, duss ghante key vidheyak koo paarit karane seey incar karna aur jiss utsaah key saath nayaa kharaab kaanoon laaya gayaa thaa aur 1833 key karkhane adhiniyam koo lagu karane mein viphalata key beach kaa virodhabhas shaktishali tark they kii kewal chartwad dwara maange gaye maulik raajneetik parivartan ack sansad kaa nirmaan karenge joe kamkaji vargon key hiton key liye honth-seva seey adhik bhugtan karega. natijatan, garib virodhi kaanoon andolan lagbhag atoot roop seey chartwad seey judaa huaa hoe gayaa. garib virodhi kaanoon andolan key netaaon ney chartwad key prati apani pratikriya mein antar kiya. ostler kaa isase koee lena-denaa naheen hoga, aur vaha kewal kharaab kaanoon aur karkhane mein sudhaar (lekin badey paimaane parr chartist pravrittiyon key darshakon key liye) parr hii bolata rhaa. unhone apane shrotaon seey hathiyar rakhane key apane adhikaar kaa prayog karane kaa ahwan kiya (lekin unhein baithakon mein naheen laane key liye); unhone yeh bhee chetavani dee (lekin savdhan they kii "dhamki" naa dein) kii aggar "sarkaar garibon parr aur atyachar karati haye" tou ack samajik tabahi kaa parinam hoga. jey aar stephens, ack paddhativaadi mantri, joe karkhane mein sudhaar aur garib virodhi kaanoon andolanon donon mein pramukh rahey they, ney chartist baithakon koo sambodhit kiya, ostler key samaan hii salah dee, aur rashtriya sammelan key liye ack pratinidhi they, lekin baad mein kahaa, "main ack coach mein landan leey jaane key bajaay apane nange ghutanon parr, tej pattharon parr, ack garib virodhi kaanoon kii baithak mein bhaag lene key liye landan jaaoonga, aur chhah, usa yachika koo prastut karane key liye neeche takiya-house off commons key liye" rashtriya yachika "stephens apane bhashanon mein ostler kii tulanaa mein cumm vivekpurna they aur apani baithakon mein aaney vaalon koo ghar parr apani bandooken chhodane key liye manaane mein whiffle rahey. natijatan, jaba sarkaar ney todmorden dangon key baad chartist gatividhi parr nakel kasee (jisamen-"manchester abhibhaavak" key aakshep key bavjood-fieldon koo fansaaya naheen jaa sakaa), tou stephen koo gairkaanooni sabhaa key liye athaarah maheene key liye jail mein daal diyaa gayaa thaa. fieldon ney bull key upayog, yaa bull key upayog key kissy bhee sanket kii ninda kii, aur isaliye hathiyaron key adhigrahan key khilaf salah dee. shuru mein, unhone anya chartist maangon parr charcha karke gair-chartist sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon koo alag karane vaali garib virodhi kaanoon baithakon koo rokane kaa prayaas kiya thaa, lekin 1838 key chartist andolan key charam parr unhone iss sthiti koo chhod diyaa. isake bajaay, yeh sochkar kii kharaab kaanoon mein kabhi bhee sudhaar naheen kiya jaayega jaba taka kii chartists kii rashtriya yachika dwara bulaaye gaye aadhar parr sansad koo phir seey taiyar naheen kiya jaataa, unhone chartist baithakon mein baat kii aur chartists seey aagrah kiya kii way una maulik sudhaaron parr dhyaan kendrit karein joe unhone maange they aur khud koo kharaab kaanoon aur karkhane key sudhaar parr riyaayaton key saath khareedane kii anumati naa dein. rashtriya yachika kii viphalata aur isake parinamswarup 'naitik bull' seey 'shaaririk bull' kii or chartwad key bahaav key saath, (joe kshetra samarthan naheen curr sakata thaa) vaha apani mool sthiti mein laut aae; kii (ack baar phir) garib virodhi kaanoon andolan kii safalata kii behtar sambhavana thee yadi yeh adhik samanya chartist andolan seey alag rhaa.
kaarravaai key baad bhee, ayukton ney sweekaar kiya kii way andolan seey prabhaavit theh "vinirmaan aabaadi kii avasaadgrast sthiti, jisake prati humm pahale hii sahmat hoe chuke hain, aur monmouthshire key newport mein chartist dange seey janata key munn mein ashanti ney hamein lancashire key vinirmaan jilon mein koee bhee kadam uthaane key liye behad anichhuk banaa diyaa, jisamen gadbadi paida karane kii doorasth pravritti bhee hoe sakati haye, yaa jiska upayog andolan key bahaane vyaktiyon koo design karke kiya jaa sakata haye"
karyasthalon parr hamale.
1840 key dashak mein dou avsaron parr, dangaaiyon dwara navanirmit kaary gharon koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin donon mein seey kissy bhee avsar parr spasht roop seey dange kaa ack hii mudda thaah
sansad mein vipaksh badh rhaa haye.
aalochana dheere-dheere badhati gaeeh jaba 1841 mein aayog key jeevan koo badhaane key liye whiggs ney ack kharaab kaanoon sanshodhan vidheyak pesh kiya, tou mps ney garib kaanoon aayog dwara bulaaye gaye kuchh niyamon kii tuchchata kii shikayat kii (jaise.jee. kaaryasthal key kaidiyon koo maun mein apana bhojan lene key liye), ayukton dwara sanrakshak mandal koo adhik vivek kii anumati dene seey incar karane key baare mein, aur jiss tarah seey aayog ney sansadiya jaanch seey bachaa thaa. vidheyak paarit honey seey pahale ack aam chunaav huaa, aur roodhivaadi satta mein aae, unake kuchh aim. pee. ney kahaa kii way vipaksh key liye apani seeten dene key liye baadhya they, joe unhone nae garib-kaanoon key liye sweekaar kiya thaa; haalaanki, sarkaar ney aayog koo 1847 taka badhaane aur garib kaanoon mein mamuli sanshodhan karane key liye ack vidheyak key saath aage aaya. jabaki nae kharaab kaanoon key liye cross-party front bench kaa samarthan jaari rhaa (1844 mein conningsby mein, benjamin disraeli ney peel kii 'dhwani roodhivaadi sarkaar' kaa 'tory maine aur whig upaayon' key roop mein majaak udaaya) disrelli jaise roodhivaadi asantusht loga alokpriya whig upaayon key virodh key saath khud koo jodkar chhilka hataane key parinamswarup avsar key liye jeevit they. vidheyak ney bahut dheemi pragati kii (virodhiyon ney lambe bhaashan diye; baar-baar bahas koo sthagit curr diyaa), aur aayog key maujooda pradhikaran key samaapt honey seey pahale ise paarit karane key liye kaee khandon koo hataa diyaa gayaa. kharaab vidhi aayog kii pichhali kaaryavaahi kaa spasht roop seey samarthan naheen kiya gayaa thaah ("merey swami, meraa yeh kahane kaa matlab naheen haye kii main iss vidheyak koo lagu karane mein kiye gaye harr kaary koo manjuri detaa huun. mujhe lagata haye kii kaee mamalon mein jinake paas vidheyak key kaam karane kaa prabhaar thaa, way bahut door chaley gaye hain ") abb iss baat parr jore diyaa gayaa thaa kii aayog kaa guna yeh thaa kii yeh vividhata kaa samarthan kartaa haye, naa kii ekroopata praapt karna aavashyak thaa; prashaasnik roop seey 'vishesh niyamon' koo sansad key samaksh rakhe gaye samanya niyamon mein jahaan taka sambhav hoe samekit kiya jaanaa thaa. 1844 mein ack aur kharaab kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam paarit kiya gayaa thaa; iska mukhya prabhaav avivaahit maataon key upchaar koo phir seey sanshodhit karna thaah samiti key charan mein garib kaanoon shasson koo shithil karane kii maang karane vaale kaee sanshodhanon koo grih sachiv dwara iss tark parr khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa kii-sahee dhang seey samajha gayaa-garib kaanoon aayog key maujooda niyamon aur viniyamon ney pahale seey hii chhoot kii anumati dee thee.
scuttish kharaab kaanoon aayog ney 'workhouse test' kii aalochana kii.
1843 mein sthaapit scotish garib kaanoonon (joe siddhant roop mein, angreji key vipareet, saksham garibon koo raahat naheen detaa thaa) kii jaanch kaa ack aayog aur maee 1844 mein reporting aise nishkarsh parr pahuncha joe isake angreji poorvavarti seey kaafee alag thaa, joe isake adheen logon parr 'workhouse test' key prabhaav kii aalochana curr rhaa thaah
"isane kissy bhee bauddhik oorjaa key vikas koo badhaava naheen diyaa, naa hii isane purushatva aur swatantrata kii bhaavanaon koo badhaava diyaa. iska prabhaav samajik jeevan key antim aavegon koo sookh detaa haye. yeh aatm-sammaan kii sabhi bhaavanaon koo nasht curr detaa haye aur kaidiyon koo lagbhag harr sahaanubhooti seey alag curr detaa haye joe yaa tou barabar yaa varishthon mein sahee roop seey gathit prakriti mein nihit haye. pratikarshan aur asuvidha ekmatra saadhan haye jisake dwara yeh kaaryasthal pareekshan kaam kartaa haye-kii pratikarshan aur asuvidha koo isake sanchaalan key liye saavdhaanipoorvak rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye."aur iss tark key baare mein kii ack 'aatm-abhinay pareekshan' key roop mein isamen avedakon parr naitik nirnay kii kissy bhee aavashyakta koo door karane kaa mahaan guna thaah" hamara maanana haye kii raahat key vitaran mein, charitra key vichaar koo chhodkar, kharaab kaanoonon kii koee nyaaypurna pranali maujood naheen hoe sakati haye-joe ack maulik vichaar honah chaahiye. jiss vyakti ney apani sthiti mein sudhaar key liye gatividhi aur udyog key saath khud koo sanchaalit kiya haye, aur kewal durbhagya seey gir gayaa haye, galati seey naheen, usake saathi-purushon kii sahaanubhooti key liye ack nyaaypurna sheershak haye. aur naa kewal aavashyak raahat koo khushi seey diyaa jaae, balki daan key sabhi mantralayon key liye unake aaraam key liye poori gunjaish dee jaae." 
aur kaaryasthal ghotale aur baad kii poochtaachh.
1845 mein, yeh aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa kii haddiyon koo kuchalane mein kaaryarat endover union workhouse mein baal (umr yaa kshay kii sthiti kii parwah kiye binaa) haddiyon seey majja khaa rahey they aur maans key kissy bhee tukade koo kaat rahey they. jaba abhibhaavakon koo soochit kiya gayaa, tou unhone naa tou hastakshep kiya thaa, aur naa hii garib kaanoon ayukton koo soochit kiya thaa. kshetra key liye sahayak garib kaanoon aayukt (ack shree parker) koo jaanch key liye bheja gayaa thaa, aur yadi thodaa adhik kahaa gayaa hoe tou aaropon koo kaafee hudd taka sach paaya gayaa. yeh kuchh samay seey kharaab kaanoon aayog key paryavekshi shasson (pahali baar mein shree parker) dwara pataa lagaae binaa chala rhaa thaa. grih sachiv ney kaee maukon parr house off commons koo bataaya thaa kii huddy peesana bahut dandaatmak kaam haye jise kaaryasthal key kaidiyon dwara kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur garib kaanoon aayog yeh dekhega kii usaki ichcha parr kaarravaai kii jaani chaahiye. kuchali hui haddiyon koo jyaadaatar sanrakshkon koo (urvarak key roop mein upayog key liye) usa keemat parr becha jaataa thaa joe darr-daataa key liye achchha moolya naheen darshaata thaa.
sahayak garib kaanoon aayukt dwara saarvajanik sunavaai.
commission parker key nirdesh parr taba saarvajanik roop seey (kharaab nirdisht) kaaryasthal key malik key khilaf apane upayog key liye kuchh garib raashan koo modane, garib ladkiyon key prati anuchit vyavhaar, kaidiyon key saath soney, nashe mein prarthana karane aadi key aarop suney gaye., lekin huddy-kuchalane seey sambandhit kuchh bhee naheen. parker abhiyojan paksh key gavaahon key liye aalochanatmak (kaee kaagjaaton koo atee-aalochanatmak maanaa jaataa haye) they, yahaan taka kii garib kaanoon aayog dwara nirdhaarit roop mein apani kitaaben naheen rakhane key liye kaaryasthal key chikitsa adhikaari kii aalochana karate they, jaba kitaaben aur adhik sanrakshak dwara nirdeshit roop mein theen, aur parker adhik spasht roop seey galati mein they kyonki unake niyamit kartavyon mein yeh sunishchit karane key liye kaaryasthal kii kitaabon kaa nireekshan karna shamil thaa kii way kharaab kaanoon aayog kii aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karate hain. sunavaai koo kaaryasthal key swami koo apana bachaav aur gawah taiyar karane key liye samay dene key liye sthagit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin samay milane seey pahale ayukton ney jaanch bund curr dee, swami key nilamban kii sifarish kii aur (iss dhaarana parr kii sifarish parr kaarravaai kii jaayegi) shikayatkartaon koo timahi satron mein namuna aaropon parr mukadama chalaane kaa sujhaav diyaa. shikayatkartaon ney incar curr diyaa; ise kaaryavaahi mein vriddhi key roop mein naheen, balki master key khilaf faisale seey bachane key prayaas key roop mein dekhate hue, yeh ingit karate hue kii master (yadi sach haye) key khilaf aaropon ney usey apane pada parr baney rahane key liye ayogya dikhaaya, way ack doshasiddhi kaa samarthan karane kii sambhavana naheen they. samay", yeh kahate hue kii somerst house sett kaa vyavhaar card parr dhokhe kii tarah thaa, huddy-kuchalane aur-jhunjhuni key liye gavaahon kii khuli sunavaai aayojit kii gaee. sanrakshkon ney swami koo nilambit karane key liye matdan naheen kiya; haalaanki usaki patni koo nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisane apane pati key khilaf gavaahon parr shaaririk roop seey hamla kiya thaa. aayog ney taba jaanch koo turant phir seey shuru karane kaa adesh diyaa, jisase master koo apana bachaav taiyar karane key liye aage koee samay naheen diyaa gayaa.: phir seey shuru kii gaee jaanch mein abb ack sankshipt lekhak ney ack sateek record liya aur ise grih sachiv koo report kiya (kaaryavaahi kaa koee sateek record pahale naheen liya gayaa thaa, jisase pichhale gavaahon ney joe kahaa thaa, usake baare mein bahas hui thee). jald hii jaanch phir seey shuru naheen hui thee, kyonki master key istife seey ise samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
sahayak garib kaanoon aayukt 'istifa' dete hain aur jawabi kaarravaai karate hain.
sanrakshkon ney swami koo sthaayi pratisthaapan key chayan taka rahane key liye kahaa; parker ney jore dekar kahaa kii yeh asweekarya thaa aur oxford union workhouse (ack mr see moolya) key poorv master koo "lokam" key roop mein anushansit kiya. times" ney turant khulasa kiya kii jaba unake khilaf gambhir aarop lagaae gaye they tou keemat ney oxford post seey istifa dey diyaa thaa. price ney oxford mein apane pada seey istifa dey diyaa thaa, jabaki unake khilaf shikayaton kii jaanch ack sahayak garib kaanoon aayukt dwara kii jaa rahee thee; garib kaanoon aayog ney mool roop seey daavaa kiya thaa kii unhein ack report prastut kii gaee thee, lekin moolya key isteefe key kaaran vaha naheen padhee gaee; phir unhone sweekaar kiya kii ack baar kii keemat seey istifa dey diyaa thaa, sahayak aayukt dwara unaki jaankaari key binaa jaanch koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, aur aayog dwara iska koee record (yaa sanket kii yeh kiya gayaa thaa) naheen rakhaa gayaa thaa. garib vidhi aayog ney keemat parr istifa dene parr jore diyaa aur parker koo istifa dene kaa nirdesh diyaa. unhone kiya, lekin phir ack parcha ("raait onn koo patra") prakaashit kiya. surr james graham, bart, endover union seey judee halia kaaryavaahi key vishay parr "aich. doubleu. parker, ee. aiss. kyu. kaanoon mein barrister.) khud koo nyaaysangat thaharaate hue aur aayog aur grih sachiv key saath baatchit kaa vivaran dete hue, jisamen aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa kii
endover union parr chayan samiti.
yeh alag seey aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa kii aayog ney ack sahayak garib kaanoon aayukt (charles mott) koo nireekshan karane aur ack kaary grih kii sthitiyon aur prabandhan parr pratikool report dene key liye bhejkar ack yorkshire saansad koo badnam karane kaa prayaas kiya thaa, jisake liye saansad ack abhibhaavak thaa; usa report koo taba grih sachiv dwara commons mein (achche vishvaas mein) uddhrit kiya gayaa thaa.
grih sachiv kii salah key khilaf (jinhone mamle koo "kaaryasthal vivaad" key roop mein khariz curr diyaa) house off commons ney kaaryasthal key prabandhan kii jaanch karane key liye ack samiti key liye matdan kiya, aur garib kaanoon ayukton aur shree parker key aacharan key baare mein sahayak aayukt koo barkhast karane (ayukton aur grih sachiv dwara diye gaye kaaran spasht roop seey alag honey key kaaran) aur pagal garib logon key liye pagal sharan key swaamitva key baare mein aage sawal uthhe. endover samiti ney ayukton aur chadwick key beach ack antarnihit vibhajan kaa khulasa kiya, pratyek paksh koo lagata haye kii unake paas adhik shakti honey chaahiye thee aur doosari cumm. iss vibhajan key parinamswarup donon paksh samiti key saath doosari kii kamiyon koo saajha karane mein khush they. aayog key pahale adhyaksh surr frankland luis ney saboot diyaa kii chadwick ney ack adesh likhaa thaa kii ack garib key antim sanskar mein ghanti naheen bajaai jaani chaahiye, aur-jaba taka kii luis (joe chadwick koo pataa thaa kii vaha iss tarah key kissy bhee pratibandh kaa virodh curr rhaa thaa) anupasthit thaa-ayukton koo adesh jaari karane key liye prerit kiya. yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii ayukton kaa mahatvapurna kaary (unhein sthaapit karane key liye aavashyak adhiniyam key roop mein) ack board key roop mein chhoti baithakon dwara aayojit naheen kiya gayaa thaa, naa hii unake nirnayon aur unake karanon key paryaapt record rakhe gaye they. samiti key samaksh chadwick key sakshya ney pushti kii kii pahale aam taur parr nae kharaab kaanoon key kattar virodhiyon dwara ack jangli aarop key roop mein liya gayaa thaah kii 1834 mein aayog ney mantriyon key liye ack gupt briefing pepper mein sanket diyaa thaa kii way sabhi vargon key liye poori tarah seey cumm karane kaa irada rakhate hain-baahar-baahar-garib logon key liye raahat (naa kewal saksham shareer), garib logon key aahar koo motaa karane, isaki matra koo cumm karane aur sakht niyamon koo lagu karane key liye. mantriyon ney baar-baar iss tarah key kissy bhee kagaj yaa aisee kissy bhee yojana key astitva seey incar kiya thaa. samiti key nishkarshon (shabdashah uddhrit) mein samiti kii sandarbh sharton key bheetar mamalon parr ayukton key aacharan koo "aniyamit aur manmana, usa kaanoon key anusaar naheen jisake tahat way apane karyon kaa prayog karate hain, aur jaise kii kaanoon key apane prashaasan mein janata kaa vishvaas hilaane key liye" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, yeh dhyaan mein rakhate hue kii samiti ney apane sandarbh kii sharton key baahar key mamalon parr chintajanak sakshya paarit kiye they, jinn parr yeh aadhar nishkarshon key liye anuchit hoga.
kharaab vidhi aayog kii jagah kharaab vidhi board ney leey lii.
makai kaanoonon key nirsan key baad peel prashaasan gir gayaa, aur nae (whig) grih sachiv ney iss baat seey incar kiya kii endover samiti ney aayog kii kaaryavaahi mein durbhavana, laparwahi yaa avaidhata kaa pradarshan kiya thaa, lekin vaadaa kiya kii ise badal diyaa jaayega. 1847 key kharaab kaanoon sanshodhan adhiniyam ney garib kaanoon aayog koo ack kharaab kaanoon board key saath badal diyaa, jisake adhyaksh aam sabhaa mein baithe they. board kii vaarshik report sansad key samaksh rakhee jaayegi (aayog kii vaarshik report grih sachiv koo dee gaee thee); nau sahayak aayukt pada parr baney rahey lekin unhein nireekshakon kaa naam diyaa gayaa aur teen aur nireekshakon kii bharti kii gaee. garib vidhi board ney disambar 1847 mein apane kartavyon koo sambhala; isake liye taiyari mein ack samekit samanya adesh jisamen 'samanya niyamon' kaa vivaran diyaa gayaa thaa, jise vaha kharaab raahat parr lagu karane kaa irada rakhta thaa, julaai 1847 mein nivartamaan aayog dwara jaari kiya gayaa thaa. board kii shaktiyaan aayog kii shaktiyon seey bhautik roop seey alag naheen theen, lekin unhein ack alag bhavna mein lagu kiya gayaa thaah udaaharan key liye, jabaki aayog koo chrismus key dinn samanya kaaryasthal aahar seey kissy bhee vichalan key pradhikaran key liye (aur baar-baar incar curr diyaa thaa) aavedan karna padaa thaa, nae samanya niyamon ney spasht roop seey nott kiya kii isaki anumati dee gaee thee. nayaa kharaab kaanoon' banaa rhaa, lekin iska antarnihit irada kaafee hudd taka whiffle hoe gayaa thaa. 1849 key anta mein, chartist pepper "uttari sitara" matadhikar key vistaar koo praapt karane kii ummeed curr rhaa thaa, joe baarah saal pahale "starr" kii sthaapana key samay chala rahey anya mahaan andolanon key bhaagya seey protsaahan praapt curr rhaa thaah.abb, jaba duss ghante kaa "bill" ack adhiniyam bunn gayaa haye; abb, jaba kharaab kaanoon "commission" ack kharaab kaanoon board bunn gayaa haye; aur ack key atee-dhanwadiwad koo manavata aur kaaran key anusaar ack neeti dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye. 

