
makhshirin

makhshirin, mishna aur tosefta mein, chhathe talmudic crum tohorot ("shuddhikaran") kaa aathvaan maarg haye. iss lekh mein chhah adhyaay hain, jinhen kramshah 6,11,8,10,11 aur 8 khandon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, jabaki tosefta mein kewal teen adhyaay aur 31 khand hain. yeh khaadya padarthon koo prastut karane mein taral padarthon key prabhaavon kaa ilaaj kartaa haye, jisake saath way kuchh sthitiyon mein, leveeya ashuddhata key sampark mein aaa sakate hain.
iss granth mein koee ratna, yerushalmi yaa bawli naheen haye.
prishthabhoomi.
kaanoon shaastra key praavdhaan parr adharit hain, "yadi koee paani beej parr daala jaataa haye, aur unake shav kaa koee hissa usa parr girata haye, tou vaha ashuddh hoga" (lev. 11:38; 34 aur secue dekhein.). isase rabbiyon kaa anuman haye kii (1) khaadya padaarth ack sarisrip key shav key sampark mein aaney seey ashuddh honey key liye atisamvedansheel naheen hotey hain, jaba taka kii khaadya padaarth pahale nama naheen kiye jaate hain (patwar 36aeye dekhein); aur (2) shaastra key roop mein, abhee uddhrit ansh mein, κι ιτάν abhivyakti kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, jise jaba swarheen kiya jaataa haye, tou yaa tou "kii yutan" (= "yadi ise rakhaa jaae") yaa "kii yiten" (= "yadi koee lagaayega") padhaa jaa sakata haye, aur kyonki "rakhna" aavashyak roop seey iraade kaa parinam haye, "rakhna" bhee iraade key saath honah chaahiye (baava metzia 22bee dekhein). jahan yeh sthiti anupasthit haye, vahaan khaadya padarthon key saath taral key sampark kaa koee prabhaav naheen padegaa. isaliye samanya niyam koo agale pahale adhyaay mein vistaar seey bataaya gayaa haye.
mishna.
adhyaay 1: sabhi taral padaarth ("mashkin"; 6:4 aur seik dekhein.), jaba mool roop seey vaanchhit (fayademand honey kii ummeed), halanki antatah avaanchhit, yaa jaba vipareet mamla haye (mool roop seey vaanchhit naheen, lekin antatah sweekarya), tou unake dwara geele kiye gaye dheele phal koo levical ashuddhata key liye purvanirdhaarit karein. iss prakaar yadi koee kissy pedh koo hilaakar kissy phal yaa mrit sarisrip koo neeche laataa haye, aur usee samay pedh seey paani kii kuchh boonden paas mein padey phal parr girati hain, tou paani kii yutan key niyam key tahat naheen aataa haye, yaa kissy ashuddh vastu key sampark mein aaney seey ashuddhata key liye jimmedaar phal naheen hotaa haye; lekin jaba kissy kaa irada barish key paani yaa oss kii boondon koo hilana hotaa haye, tou usa tarah seey nama hue dheele phal ashuddhata key prati atisamvedansheel hoe jaate hain. jahan paani kaa upayog samanya uddeshyon key alawa anya uddeshyon key liye kiya jaataa haye, jahan koee vyakti falon yaa sabjiyon koo choron seey sraavit karane key liye unhein dubo detaa haye, vahaan iska prabhaav phal koo ashuddh karane key liye uttardaayi naheen banaata haye. iss niyam key tahat ack udaaharan romanon key khilaf judia key sangharsh key antim dinon key itihas seey uddhrit kiya gayaa haye, jaba jerusalam key kuchh nagrikon ney unhein paani key neeche chhipaakar sikari seey apane anjir-cake surakshit kiye, tou rabbiyon ney faisala kiya kii, paristhitiyon mein, doobane seey bhojan ashuddh honey kii sambhavana naheen thee. isi tarah, ack nadee mein tairane vaalaa phal kii yutan key niyam key adheen naheen haye.
adhyaay 2: sandigdh mamalon mein, vastuon aur sthitiyon koo bahumat niyam dwara vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, yahoodiyon aur gair-yahoodiyon dwara samanya roop seey upayog kiye jaane vaale apashisht jall key paatron key ashuddh karane kaa prabhaav unakaa upayog karane vaale adhikansh logon parr nirbhar karega; yadi adhikansh gair-yahudi hain tou paani koo levtic roop seey ashuddh maanaa jaayega, lekin jahaan adhikansh yahudi hain, vahaan paani koo levtic roop seey shuddh maanaa jaayega. jahan yeye samaan roop seey vibhajit hain, vahaan ashuddhata kii dhaarana prabal hogi. bahumat kaa niyam swachchh aur ashuddh key prashnon taka seemit naheen haye; yeh anya mamalon, anushthaan aur yahaan taka kii nagrik mamalon mein ack mandand key roop mein kaary kartaa haye.
adhyaay 3-6:3 shaastra kii abhivyakti "kii yutan" key sambandh mein mukhya vishay kii charcha jaari rakhate hain."
adhyaay 6:4-8 usa mashkin kii ganana kartaa haye joe ashuddh vastuon key sampark key madhyam seey dheele phal koo leveeya ashuddhata key liye uttardaayi banaata haye. rabbiyon key anusaar, "mashkin" shabd saat prakaar key taral koo shamil kartaa haih oss, paani, sharaab, tail, rakt, doodh aur shahad (tosefta, shabbat 8 [9] 24-28 dekhein, jahan shaastrokt vakyansh "mashkeh" key arth koo saabit karane key liye jodaa gayaa haye). "paani" mein aankh, kaana aur anya angon kaa nirvahan shamil haye. 

