indoneshiya kii rashtriya jaagriti

indoneshiya kii rashtriya jaagriti () 20veen shatabdi key pahale bhaag mein ack shabd haye, jisake dauran indoneshiya key dweepsamuh key kaee hisson key logon ney pahali baar "indoneshiya key logon" key roop mein ack rashtriya chetna vikasit karna shuru kiya.
laabh aur prashaasnik niyantran kii khoj mein, dutch ney dutch purvi bhaartiyon kaa ack adhikaar una logon parr thopa, jinhone pahale ack ekikrit raajneetik pehchaan saajha naheen kii thee. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, dutch ney ack aupaniveshik raajya kii kshetriya seemaon kaa gathan kiya thaa joe aadhunik indoneshiya kaa agradoot bunn gayaa thaa.
20veen shatabdi key poorvaardh mein nae sangathan aur netritva vikasit hue. apani naitik neeti key tahat, neetherland ney ack shikshit indoneshiyai abhijaat varg banaane mein madad kii. swadeshi indoneshiyai aabaadi key beach inn gahan parivartanon koo aksar "indoneshiyai rashtriya punruddhar" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. unake saath raajneetik sakriyata mein vriddhi hui aur 17 agast 1945 koo indoneshiya key rashtravadiyon ney swatantrata kii ghoshana kii.
prishthabhoomi.
 
kaee karakon ney rashtravadi chetna koo janm diyaah swadeshi print media, shaharikaran, saamyvaad, islam, shiksha, zana manoranjan (jaise film, stumble theatre aur croncong sangeet), aur dutch rangbhed key tahat peedit. rashtravadiyon ney rashtriya chetna koo vikasit karane mein madad kii. kartini, tirto aur semoun jaise pramukh buddhijiviyon ney ack ekikrit dweepsamuh key vichaar koo aavaaj aur bhavna dee. inn netaaon ney kaee anya logon key saath milkar "aadhunikta" aur rashtra, "swatantrata" ("merdeca") aur swatantrata koo apanaane kii koshish kii.
dutch logon ney swadeshi awazon koo dabaa diyaa, jinhone bolane kii swatantrata aur sabhaa kii swatantrata koo aswikar curr diyaa, aur jinhone asantusht sangathanon kii badey paimaane parr jasusi kii. vaastav mein, kewal ack chhoti sankhya ney upaniveshvaad key khilaf apani aavaaj uthaai, adhikansh loga dutch seey jitna hoe sakey utanaa bachate they aur abhijaat varg key saath sahyog karane key liye."" aupaniveshik shasson key khilaf aadhunik andolan koo kuchh ullekhaniya purushon aur mahilaaon key junoon aur pratibaddhata dwara banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa."
iss andolan kii shuruat 19veen shatabdi key anta mein hui thee, dutch bhaaratiya sarkaar key samekan kii avadhi ney 21veen shatabdi mein rashtriya indoneshiyai kshetriya seemaon vaale adhikansh kshetra mein unake shasson koo kaafee majboot kiya. kartini ack aise vyakti they jinhone pratikoolata key bavjood deshbhakt rashtravadiyon koo apane aadarshon koo aage badhaane key liye prerit karane vaali prerana aur vichardhara pradaan kii. kartini kii buddhi gunavattapurna dutch shaastriya shiksha aur unaki paaramparik islami maanyataon aur shiksha seey jaagrit hui thee. kartini koo europe aur indoneshiya mein ack prabuddh aur bauddhik roop seey sampann parivaar aur doston dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa. kartini ney apani jigyasa banaae rakhee aur rashtriya indoneshiyai pehchaan kii khoj mein nariwadi siddhanton, samudayik kalyan aur shiksha koo shamil kiya aur apane paaramparik samaaj koo aadhunik banaane kii apani khoj mein, ling sthiti mein parivartan aur vyaktigat aur rashtriya atmanirnaya key siddhanton kii vakaalat karate hue swatantrata aur swashaasan key indoneshiya key saarvbhaumik sapane koo sakar kiya.
shiksha.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, maadhyamik shikshit indoneshiyai logon kii sankhya lagbhag nagany thee aur iss samay seey, naitik kaal ney aupaniveshik sarkaar koo swadeshi indoneshiyai logon key liye maadhyamik shaikshik avsaron kaa vistaar karate dekhaa. 1925 mein, sarkaar kaa dhyaan vyaapak teen saal kii praathamik vyaavsaayik shiksha key praavdhaan parr sthanantarit hoe gayaa.
1940 mein 20 laakh seey adhik chhaatr aise schools mein bhaag leey rahey they, jisake baare mein maanaa jaataa haye kii 1930 kii janganana mein darj 6.3 pratishat saksharta darr mein sudhaar huaa haye. dutch madhyam shiksha ney nae kshitij aur avsar khole, aur indoneshiya key logon kii isaki prabal maang thee.
1940 mein, 65,000 seey 80,000 indoneshiyai chhaatr dutch aur dutch samarthit praathamik vidyaalayon mein they, joe praasangik ayu varg key 1 pratishat key barabar they. lagbhag usee samay, dutch madhyam maadhyamik vidyaalayon mein 7,000 indoneshiyai chhaatr they. adhikansh chhaatr madhyavarti mulo schools mein bhaag lete they.
halanki kull praasangik ayu varg kii tulanaa mein namankit chhatron kii sankhya cumm thee, dutch madhyam shiksha uchch gunavatta kii thee aur 1920 key dashak seey ack nae shikshit indoneshiyai abhijaat varg kaa utpaadan shuru huaa.
indoneshiyai raashtravaad.
shiksha parr naitik kaal kaa jore vyaapak shaikshik avsar pradaan naheen kartaa thaa, haalaanki, isane swadeshi indoneshiyai abhijaat varg key bachchon key liye dutch shiksha pradaan kii. badey paimaane parr badhati aupaniveshik naukarshahi key liye lipic shram pradaan karane kaa irada, paschimi shiksha apane saath swatantrata aur loktantra key paschimi raajneetik vichaaron koo laaee. 1920 aur 30 key dashak key dauran, iss chhote seey abhijaat varg ney ack badhate upaniveshvaad virodhi aur ack rashtriya chetna koo vyakt karna shuru curr diyaa.
iss avadhi key dauran pahale indoneshiyai raajneetik dalon kaa uday honey lagaa; yuva samooh, boody eutomo kii sthaapana 1908 mein hui thee, aur 1912 mein andhadhundh dall kii sthaapana hui thee. usee varsh, sarekat islam kii sthaapana kii gaee thee; joe swatantrata aur swa-shasson kii dhaaranaon kii tulanaa mein islami aur jawani rahasyavaad seey adhik prerit thaa. yeh dutch shasson key virodh mein islam key jhande kaa upayog karke indoneshiya key logon koo ack saath laaya. isake vipareet, 1920 mein gathit indoneshiya kii communist party (pee. key. aaee.) europeeya rajneeti seey prerit ack poorna roop seey swatantra party thee. 1926 mein, isane jaava mein alag-alag vidrohon key madhyam seey poore indoneshiya mein ack kranti kaa prayaas kiya, jisane dutch koo ghabra diyaa, jinhone hajaaron communists koo giraftar kiya aur nirvaasit curr diyaa, jisase baaki dutch kabje key liye picky koo prabhaavi roop seey beasar curr diyaa gayaa.
muhammadiyah kii sthaapana kha ahmed dahlan dwara yogyakarta mein kii gaee thee, aur dwijo sevoyo aur kuchh sahyogiyon ney magelang mein kisan beema sahakaari "(asuransi jeeva barsama bhoomi putera)" kaa gathan kiya thaa.
20 julaai 1913 koo, suvardi suryaningrat, jinka bhoomi putera samiti key saath sambandh thaa, ney likhaa "all ack eans nederlander thaa?"(aggar main dutch huun tou kyaa hoga?"), dutch kii swatantrata key 100 saal poore honey kaa jashn manaane key liye dutch aupaniveshik sarkaar kii yojanaon key khilaf ack hadataali virodh. iss lekh key parinamswarup, dow. gypto manguncusumo aur suvardi suryoningarat parr mukadama chalaaya gayaa aur unhein bunda dweepon mein nirvaasan kii sajaa sunai gaee. haalaanki, unhein neetherland mein parivahan kaa vaikalpik vikalp diyaa gayaa thaa. neetherland mein, suvardi ney shiksha key kshetra mein adhyayan kiya, jabaki dow. gypto beemar parh gayaa aur indoneshiya laut aaya.
1918 mein ack proto-sansad, volksarad, dou saal pahale sthaapit honey key baad pahali baar milaa thaa. isamen 39 sadasya they, jinamen seey 15 mool indoneshiyai they. iss varsh key dauran, dutch sarkaar iss baat parr sahmat hui kii bhavishya mein kuchh, anirdisht bindu parr, indoneshiyai logon koo swa-shasson diyaa jaayega, lekin baad key varshon mein iss uddeshya kaa paalan karane key liye kuchh naheen kiya.
see mein. 1920 mein "indoneshiya" shabd apane aadhunik upayog mein aaya. jaatiya aur bhaugolik kshetra koo vargeekrit karane key liye ack angreji prakritivaadi dwara banaaya gayaa, "indoneshiya" koo rashtravadiyon dwara logon kii ekataa kii kalpana karane key liye ack shabd key roop mein liya gayaa thaa. "pahale yuva gathbandhanon ney ack alag baali rashtra, jawani rashtra, sumatran rashtra, aur isi tarah key baare mein baat kii thee, abb 'indoneshiya' ack hii logon kii baat kartaa haye.
1927 mein, sukarno ney bandung mein indoneshiya kii rashtriya party (pee. aine. aaee.) kii sthaapana kii. yeh pahali akhil-indoneshiya dharmnirpeksh party thee joe mukhya roop seey swatantrata key liye samarpit thee.
28 octuber 1928 koo, akhil-indoneshiyai yuva congress ney yuva pratigya () kii ghoshana kii, jisamen rashtravadi lakshyon kii sthaapana kii gaeeh "ack desh-indoneshiya, ack loga-indoneshiya, aur ack bhasha-indoneshiya".
indoneshiyai raashtravaad kaa daman.
dutch key tahat raajneetik swatantrataaen sabse adhik seemit theen. jabaki dutch kaa uddeshya bhaartiyon key logon koo "sabhya" aur "aadhunik" banaana haye, kabhi-kabhi deshi prakashanon aur sangathanon key liye sahishnuta kaa kaaran banata haye, dutch ney bhee inn gatividhiyon kii samagri koo sakhti seey seemit curr diyaa.
unase pahale key kaee netaaon kii tarah, dutch sarkaar ney 1929 mein sukarno koo giraftar kiya aur pee. aine. aaee. parr aabhaasi pratibandh lagaa diyaa. vaastav mein, dutch aupaniveshik sarkaar ney kaee rashtravadi sangathanon koo dabaaya aur vibhinn raajneetik netaaon koo jail mein daal diyaa. haalaanki dutch loga badalaav key liye sthaaniya awazon koo poori tarah seey dabaane mein asamarth they, lekin unhone vyaapak andolan koo safaltapurvak whiffle curr diyaa. haalaanki 1930 key dashak mein rashtravadi bhavna uchch bunny rahee, lekin swatantrata kii or vaastavik kadam dabaaye gaye. haalaanki, dwiteeya vishva yuddh key naatakiya parivartanon key saath, raajneetik shakti hamesha key liye badal gaee.
aupaniveshik raajya kaa anta.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key aaney key saath, indies kaa raajneetik bhaagya achaanak aspasht hoe gayaa thaa. dweepon key dutch shasakon ney maee 1940 mein germany key kabje mein paaya. khud videshi shasakon key kabje mein, dutch indies mein apane shasson kii guaranti dene key liye ack kamjor sthiti mein they. phir bhee, nirvaasan mein aupaniveshik sarkaar dweepsamuh parr apana shasson jaari rakhane key liye dridh thee.
1942 kii shuruat mein, shaahi japan ney dutch purvi indies parr aakraman kiya. neetherland mein japani senaa key khilaf apani coloney kii raksha karane kii bahut cumm kshamata thee aur dutch senaaon koo ack maheene seey thodaa adhik samay mein paraast curr diyaa gayaa thaa-ack jhataka joe indoneshiya mein 300 varshon kii dutch aupaniveshik upasthiti koo samaapt karane key liye thaa. baad key teen saal key kabje key tahat parivartan itane asankhya aur asadharan they kii baad kii jalvibhaajak, indoneshiya kranti, kewal teen saal pahale hii sambhav thee.
1945 mein japaniyon dwara sahyogiyon key saamane aatmasamarpan karane key baad, dutch ney indies parr aupaniveshik niyantran phir seey shuru karane kii maang kii. inn uddeshyon mein, dutch ney angrejon kaa sainya samarthan praapt kiya, jinhone dutch shasson koo bahaal karane key liye jaava parr kaee ladaaiyaan ladee. bhaari nuksan key bavjood, indoneshiya key rashtravadiyon koo rokaa naheen jaanaa thaa. 1945 taka, "indoneshiya" kaa ack vichaar apratirodhya prateet hotaa thaa.

