kaale loga

kaalaa logon kaa ack nasleeya vargeekaran haye, aamtaur parr madhya seey gahare bhoore rung kii vishisht aabaadi key liye ack raajneetik aur twacha rung-adharit shreni. kaale" maane jaane vaale sabhi logon kii twacha kaali naheen hoti haye; kuchh deshon mein, aksar paschimi duniya mein nasleeya vargeekaran kii samajik roop seey adharit pranaliyon mein, "kaale" shabd kaa upayog una vyaktiyon kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye jinhen anya aabaadi kii tulanaa mein kaali twacha maanaa jaataa haye. yeh aamtaur parr upa-sahaara african vansh key logon, swadeshi australiyai aur melaneshiyanon key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye, halanki ise anya samoohon key liye kaee sandarbhon mein lagu kiya gayaa haye, aur kissy bhee karibi paitrik sambandh kaa koee sanketak naheen haye. swadeshi african samaaj paschimi sanskritiyon dwara laae gaye prabhaavon key baahar ack nasleeya pehchaan key roop mein "kaalaa" shabd kaa upayog naheen karate hain. 2020 mein george floyd kii hatyaa key baad, "aeye. pee. stylebook" sahit kaee style guides ney 2020 mein "bee" koo "black" mein badaa akshar dene key liye apane guides koo badal diyaa. "aeye. aiss. aeye. style guide" kaa kahana haye kii "bee" koo badaa akshar naheen diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. kuchh loga "kaalaa" shabd koo ack apmaanjanak, purana, cumm karane vaalaa yaa anyatha gair-pratinidhitva label key roop mein maanate hain, aur isake parinamswarup naa tou iska upayog kiya jaataa haye aur naa hii ise paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey african deshon mein, jinka aupaniveshik nasleeya algaav kaa bahut cumm yaa koee itihas naheen haye.
samkaaleen maanavvigyaani aur anya vaigyaanik, vibhinn maanav aabaadi key beach javic bhinnata kii vaastaviktaa koo pahachaante hue, ack ekikrit, alag karane yogya "ashwet jaati" kii avadharana koo samajik roop seey nirmit maanate hain. vibhinn samaaj "kaalaa" key roop mein vargeekrit kiye jaane key sambandh mein alag-alag mandand lagu karate hain, aur yeye samajik sanrachanaaen samay key saath badal gaee hain. kaee deshon mein, samajik charr twacha key rung key roop mein vargeekaran koo prabhaavit karate hain, aur "kaalepan" key liye samajik mandand bhinn hotey hain. sanyukt raajya mein, "kaalaa" aitihaasik roop seey "rung key vyakti" key barabar thaa, joe gair-europeeya logon key liye ack samanya shabd thaa. australia jaise anya kshetron mein, basane vaalon ney "kaalaa" shabd kaa prayog kiya yaa iska upayog vibhinn itihas aur paitrik prishthabhoomi vaali sthaaniya aabaadi dwara kiya jaataa thaa.
africa.
uttari africa.
uttari africa mein kaale rung key logon key kaee samudaay maujood hain, jinamen seey kuchh pragaitihasik samudaayon seey hain. anya loga aitihaasik trance-sahaara vyaapaar key madhyam seey pravasiyon seey yaa 7veen shatabdi mein uttar africa key arab akramanon key baad, uttar africa mein trance-sahaara daas vyaapaar key daason seey aatey hain.
18veen shatabdi mein, morakko key sultan maule ney "yoddha raajaa" (1672-1727) key roop mein 150,000 ashwet sainikon kii ack tukadi koo khadaa kiya, jise unakaa kaalaa rakshak kahaa jaataa thaa.
carlos moor key anusaar, brazil key bahiya raajya vishvavidyalaya key nivasi vidwan, 21veen sadee mein arab duniya mein african-bahu-jaati, jisamen uttari africa mein arab bhee shamil hain, una tarikon seey aatm-pehchaan karate hain joe lattin america mein bahu-jaatiya jaise hotey hain. unakaa daavaa haye kii gahare rung key arabi, gahare rung key lattin amerikiyon kii tarah, khud koo safed maanate hain kyonki unake paas kuchh door key safed vansh hain.
misra key rashtrapati anwar saadat kii ack maan thee joe ack kaali twacha vaali nubian sudani (sudani arab) mahila thee aur ack pitaa joe ack halki twacha vaalaa misra thaa. ack abhinay pada key liye ack vigyaapan key jawab mein, ack yuva vyakti key roop mein unhone kahaa, "main safed naheen huun lekin main bilkul kaalaa bhee naheen huun. meraa kalapan laal hoe rhaa haye.
arab samaaj kii pitrisattaatmak prakriti key kaaran, arab purushon ney, jisamen uttar africa mein daas vyaapaar key dauran bhee shamil thaa, purushon kii tulanaa mein adhik african mahilaaon koo gulam banaaya. mahila daason koo aksar gharelu seva aur krishi mein kaam karane key liye rakhaa jaataa thaa. purushon ney ack purush swami aur usaki daas mahilaaon key beach vivaah key baahar yaun sambandhon kii anumati dene key liye kurran kii vyakhya kii (dekhein maa malakat ayamanukum aur ling), jisase kaee mishrit-nasl key bachche paida hue. jaba ack gulam mahila apane arab swami key bachche key saath garbhavati hoe gaee, tou usey "ummad" yaa "bachche kii maan" maanaa jaataa thaa, ack aisaa darja jisane usey visheshaadhikaar praapt adhikaar pradaan kiye. bachche koo pitaa kii sampatti parr viraasat kaa adhikaar diyaa gayaa thaa, isaliye mishrit jaati key bachche pitaa kii kissy bhee sampatti mein bhaag leey sakate they. kyonki samaaj pitrivanshiya thaa, bachchon koo janm key samay apane pitaa kii samajik sthiti viraasat mein millie aur way swatantra paida hue.
kuchh mishrit-jaati key bachche apane-apane pitaa key baad shaasak baney, jaise kii sultan ahmed all-mansur, jinhone 1578 seey 1608 taka morakko parr shasson kiya. unhein takniki roop seey ack gulam key mishrit-jaati key bachche key roop mein naheen maanaa jaataa thaa; unaki maan phulani aur unake pitaa kii rakhail theen.
1991 kii shuruat mein, sudan key zaghawa logon key gair-arabon ney pramaanit kiya kii way ack teevra arab rangbhed abhiyaan key shikaar they, jisamen arabon aur gair-arabon (vishesh roop seey, neelotik vansh key loga) koo alag kiya gayaa thaa. sarkaar koo niyantrit karane vaale sudani arabon koo vyaapak roop seey soodaan key gair-arab nagrikon key khilaf rangbhed kaa abhyaas karane key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa thaa. sarkaar parr rangbhed aur jaatiya safaaye kii neetiyon koo lagu karane key liye "chaturai seey jodd-toda (ing) arab ekjutata" kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa.
sudani arab bhee kaale loga hain kyonki way saanskritik aur bhashai roop seey sudan key mool nivasi loga hain joe jyaadaatar nilo-sahaaran, nubian aur kushtik vansh key hain; unaki twacha kaa rung aur roop anya kaale logon seey milata-julata haye.
americi vishvavidyalaya key arthashastri george aiyite ney sudan kii arab sarkaar parr ashwet nagrikon key khilaf naslavaad key krityon kaa abhyaas karane kaa aarop lagaaya. aayite key anusaar, "sudan mein... arabon ney satta parr ekadhikar curr liya aur ashweton koo baahar curr diyaa-arab rangbhed."kaee african tippanikaron ney sudan parr arab rangbhed kaa abhyaas karane kaa aarop lagaane mein ayite key saath shamil hoe gaye.
sahaara.
sahaara mein, mool tuareg berber aabaadi ney "nigro" daas rakhe. inmein seey adhikansh bandee neelotik nishkarshan key they, aur yaa tou paschimi sudan mein gulam baajaron seey tuareg raeeson dwara khareede gaye they yaa chhaapon key dauran liye gaye they. unaki utpatti ahgar berber shabd "ebenhrein" (gaanaa) key madhyam seey darshai jaati haye. "ébenher"), joe una daason kaa sanket detaa haye joe kewal ack neelo-sahaara bhasha bolate they. inn daason koo kabhi-kabhi udhaar liye gaye geet shabd "bella" seey bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa.
isi tarah, paschimi sahaara key sahraavi mool nivaasiyon ney uchch jaatiyon aur nimn jaatiyon seey yukt ack varg pranali kaa paalan kiya. inn paaramparik adiwasi seemaon key baahar "nigro" gulam they, joe aspas key kshetron seey liye gaye they.
uttar-purvi africa.
ethiopia aur somalia mein, daas vargon mein mukhya roop seey sudani-ethiopian aur kenyan-somali antarrashtriya seemaon yaa nilotic aur bantu logon key anya aspas key kshetron seey kabja kiye gaye loga shamil they jinhen saamoohik roop seey "shankela" aur "adone" (donon ack angreji bhashi sandarbh mein "nigro" key anuroop) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. inmein seey kuchh daason koo africa key seeng mein kshetriya sanghrshon key dauran pakad liya gayaa thaa aur phir unhein gulam vyapariyon koo betch diyaa gayaa thaa. iss parampara kaa sabse pahala pratinidhitva saatvin yaa aathvin shatabdi eesaa poorv key damat raajya seey sambandhit shilalekh seey haye.
inn bandee aur samaan roopvigyaan key anya logon koo african bhashi raeeson yaa "saaba qaayaa" ("laal purush") yaa halki twacha vaale gulam key vipareet "tsalim baariya" (kaali twacha vaale gulam) key roop mein pratishthit kiya gayaa thaa; jabaki doosari or, paschimi nasleeya maanak "saaba qaayaa" ("laal purush"-halki twacha vaale) yaa "saaba tikar" ("kaale purush"-kaali twacha vaale) african seeng (yaa tou african bhashi, neelotik bhashi yaa bantu mool key) key beach antar naheen karate hain.
dakshini africa.
dakshin africa mein, upanivesh kii avadhi key parinamswarup vibhinn janjaatiyon seey europeeya aur african (dakshin africa key bantu loga aur khoisan) key beach kaee sangh aur vivaah hue, jisake parinamswarup mishrit-nasl key bachche hue. jaise hii europeeya upaniveshvadiyon ney kshetra parr niyantran hassil kiya, unhone aam taur parr mishrit-jaati aur african aabaadi koo dusare shreni key darje mein dhakel diyaa. 20veen shatabdi key poorvaardh key dauran, shwet-pradhaan sarkaar ney chaar mukhya nasleeya samoohon key anusaar aabaadi koo vargeekrit kiyaah "kaalaa", "safed", "asiai" (jyaadaatar bhaaratiya), aur "rangeen". rangeen samooh mein mishrit bantu, khoisan aur europeeya vansh key loga shamil they (kuchh malay vansh key saath, vishesh roop seey paschimi cape mein). rangeen paribhasha ney dakshin africa mein kaale aur safed paribhashaon key beach ack madhyasth raajneetik sthiti parr kabja curr liya. isane kanuni nasleeya algaav kii ack pranali lagu kii, jise rangbhed key roop mein jaane jaane vaale kaanoonon kaa ack jatil samooh thaa.
rangbhed naukarshahi ney 1945 key jansankhya panjikaran adhiniyam mein jatil (aur aksar manmana) mandand taiyar kiye taaki yeh nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakey kii kaun kiss samooh mein thaa. chhote adhikaariyon ney vargeekaran koo lagu karane key liye pareekshan kiye. jaba kissy vyakti key shaaririk roop seey yeh spasht naheen thaa kii vyakti koo rangeen maanaa jaanaa chaahiye yaa kaalaa, tou "pencil pareekshan" kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. ack vyakti key baalon mein ack pencil daali gaee thee taaki yeh nirdhaarit kiya jaa sakey kii kyaa baal pencil koo pakadane key liye paryaapt kinky they, bajaay isake kii way ise paar curr sakein, jaisa kii yeh chikane baalon key saath hoga. yadi aisaa haye, tou vyakti koo kaale key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. iss tarah key vargeekaran kabhi-kabhi vibhajit parivaaron mein hotey hain.
sandra laing ack dakshin african mahila haye jise rangbhed yug key dauran adhikaariyon dwara usake twacha key rung aur baalon kii banaavat key kaaran rangeen key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa, halanki usake maataa-pitaa europeeya poorvajon kii cumm seey cumm teen peedhiyon koo saabit curr sakate they. 10 saal kii umr mein, unhein apane poorna-shwet vidyalaya seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. usake visangat roop key aadhar parr adhikaariyon key nirnayon ney usake parivaar aur vayask jeevan koo baadhit curr diyaa. vaha 2008 kii jeevani parr adharit naatakiya film "twacha" kaa vishay theen, jisane kaee puraskar jeete. rangbhed yug key dauran, jinhen "rangeen" key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa, una parr atyachar kiya gayaa aur unake saath bhedbhaav kiya gayaa. lekin, unake paas seemit adhikaar they aur kull milakar "ashwet" key roop mein vargeekrit logon kii tulanaa mein thodi behtar samajik-aarthik sthitiyaan theen. sarkaar ney yeh aavashyak kiya kii kaale aur rangeen gorey seey alag kshetron mein rahein, jisase shaharon seey door kaale logon key liye badey shahar banaae jaaen.
rangbhed key baad key yug mein, dakshin africa key samvidhaan ney desh koo "gair-jaatiya loktantra" ghoshit kiya haye. pichhale anyaayon key nivaaran key prayaas mein, poorv sarkaar ney ashweton key liye sakaratmak kaarravaai neetiyon key samarthan mein kaanoon pesh kiye hain; inke tahat way "african", "rangeen" aur "asiai" koo shamil karane key liye "kaale" logon koo paribhaashit karate hain. kuchh sakaratmak kaarravaai neetiyaan kuchh laabhon key liye arhata praapt karane key sandarbh mein "rangeen" parr "african" kaa samarthan karati hain. african kaale" key roop mein vargeekrit kuchh dakshin african kahate hain kii "rangeen" koo utanaa nuksan naheen huaa jitna kii unhone rangbhed key dauran jhelaa thaa. "rangeen" dakshin african yeh kahakar apani duvidha parr charcha karane key liye jaane jaate hain, "" humm rangbhed key tahat paryaapt safed naheen they, aur humm aeye. aine. see. (african rashtriya congress) key tahat paryaapt kaale naheen hain. 
2008 mein, dakshin africa mein uchch nyayalaya ney faisala sunaaya kii cheeni dakshin african joe rangbhed yug key dauran nivasi they (aur unake vanshaj) unhein kewal sakaratmak kaarravaai laabhon taka pahunch key uddeshyon key liye "ashwet logon" key roop mein punah vargeekrit kiya jaanaa haye, kyonki way bhee nasleeya bhedbhaav seey "vanchit" they. rangbhed kii samaapti key baad desh mein aaney vaale cheeni loga aise laabhon key liye yogya naheen hain.
roop key alawa, "rangeen" koo aamtaur parr bhasha dwara "kaale" seey alag kiya jaa sakata haye. zulu yaa jhosa jaisi bantu bhaashaon key vipareet, adhikansh loga pahali bhasha key roop mein africans yaa angreji bolate hain. unake paas bantu naamon kii tulanaa mein adhik europeeya-dhwanik naam bhee hotey hain.
asia.
african-asiai.
"african-asiai" yaa "african-asiai" mishrit upa-sahaara african aur asiai vansh key vyakti hain. sanyukt raajya america mein, unhein "ashwet asiai" yaa "blashian" bhee kahaa jaataa haye. aitihaasik roop seey, maanav pravaas aur samajik sangharsh key parinamswarup african-asiai aabaadi haashiye parr rahee haye.
paschimi asia.
arab duniya.
itihaskaron kaa anuman haye kii 650 esvi mein islam key aagaman aur 20veen shatabdi key madhya mein arab praaydweep mein gulami key unmoolan key beach, 10 seey 18 million kaale african (jinhen zanz key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) koo purvi african gulam vyapariyon dwara gulam banaaya gayaa thaa aur unhein arab praaydweep aur padosi deshon mein leey jaaya gayaa thaa. yeh sankhya una daason kii sankhya seey kaheen adhik thee jinhen america leey jaaya gayaa thaa. 21veen sadee key arab samajon mein iss pravaasi key vanshajon kii drishyata koo kaee karakon ney prabhaavit kiyaah vyapariyon ney purushon kii tulanaa mein adhik mahila daason koo bheja, kyonki arab praaydweep aur padosi deshon mein haram mein rakhail key roop mein seva karane kii maang thee. haram gaard key roop mein seva karane key liye purush daason koo napunsak banaaya gayaa thaa. jabaran shram seey ashwet african daason kii mrityu kii sankhya adhik thee. mahila daason aur arab maalikon key mishrit-nasl key bachchon koo pitrivanshiya sambandh pranali key tahat arab maalikon key parivaaron mein aatmasaat kiya gayaa thaa. isake parinamswarup, arab praaydweep aur padosi deshon mein kuchh vishisht afro-arab samudaay jeevit rahey hain.
iraq jaise deshon mein vishisht aur swa-chinhit ashwet samudaayon kii soochana dee gaee haye, jisamen 1.2 laakh ashwet loga (afro-iraqi) hain, aur way bhedbhaav key itihas kii pushti karate hain. zanz key inn vanshajon ney sarkaar seey alpasankhyak kaa darja manga haye, joe sansad mein apani aabaadi key pratinidhiyon key liye kuchh seeten aarakshit karegi. alamine aim key anusaar. majrui aur anya.aam taur parr arab praaydweep aur padosi deshon mein, inmein seey adhikansh samudaay kaale aur arab donon key roop mein pehchaan karate hain.
iran.
african-irani iran mein rahane vaale kaale african vansh key loga hain. kajaar rajvansh key dauran, kaee ameer parivaaron ney gharelu kaam karane key liye ashwet african mahilaaon aur bachchon koo gulam key roop mein ayaat kiya. yeh daas shram vishesh roop seey zanz seey liya gayaa thaa, joe bantu bhashi loga they joe african mahaan jheelon key saath rahate they, ack aise kshetra mein jisamen motey taur parr aadhunik samay kii tanzania, mosambic aur malawi shamil they.
israel.
lagbhag 150,000 purvi african aur ashwet loga israel mein rahate hain, joe desh kii aabaadi kaa kewal 2 pratishat haye. inmein seey adhikansh, lagbhag 120,000, beeta israel hain, jinamen seey adhikansh haal key apravasi hain joe 1980 aur 1990 key dashak key dauran ethiopia seey aae they. isake alawa, israel mein jerusalam andolan key african hibru israel key 5,000 seey adhik sadasya hain joe 20 veen shatabdi mein israel mein pravaas karane vaale african amerikiyon key vansh hain, aur joe mukhya roop seey dimona key negev shahar mein ack alag pados mein rahate hain. yahudi dharm mein parivartit honey vaale ashweton kii agyaat sankhya israel mein rahati haye, unamen seey adhikansh sanyukt raajya, kanada aur sanyukt raajya seey parivartit hotey hain.
isake alawa, israel mein lagbhag 60,000 gair-yahudi african apravasi hain, jinamen seey kuchh ney sharan maangi haye. adhikansh pravaasi sudan aur eritria key samudaayon seey hain, vishesh roop seey dakshini nuba pahaadon key niger-kango-bhashi nuba samooh; kuchh avaidh apravasi hain.
turkey.
kaee shataabdiyon pahale, ottoman samrajya kii avadhi key dauran, gulam vyapariyon dwara hajaaron zanz bandiyon koo antalya aur istanbul key beach sthit baganon aur krishi kshetron mein laaya gayaa thaa, jisase vartamaan turkey mein afro-turk aabaadi mein vriddhi hui thee. unake kuchh vansh "sthiti mein" baney rahey aur kaee badey shaharon aur kasbon mein chaley gaye. anya kaale daason koo crete leey jaaya gayaa, jahan seey way yaa unake vanshaj baad mein 1923 mein grees aur turkey key beach jansankhya key adaan-pradaan key madhyam seey, yaa apratyaksh roop seey kaam kii khoj mein ayawalik seey İzmir kshetra mein pahunche.
aitihaasik afro-turk upasthiti key alawa turkey 1990 key dashak key anta seey ack badee apravasi ashwet aabaadi kii mejbani kartaa haye. yeh samudaay jyaadaatar ghaana, ethiopia, dow. aar. see., sudan, nigeria, kenya, eritria, somalia aur senegal key aadhunik pravasiyon seey banaa haye. aadhikarik aankadon key anusaar 15 laakh african turkey mein rahate hain aur unamen seey lagbhag 25 pratishat istambul mein sthit hain. anya adhyayanon mein kahaa gayaa haye kii turkey mein adhikansh african istanbul mein rahate hain aur tarlabasi, dolapdere, kumkapi, yenikapi aur kurtulus kii ack majboot african upasthiti key roop mein report karate hain.
turkey mein adhikansh african apravasi europe mein aage pravaas karane key liye turkey aatey hain. purvi africa key apravasi aamtaur parr sharanarthi hotey hain, iss beach paschimi aur madhya african aapravaasan koo aarthik roop seey sanchaalit bataaya jaataa haye. yeh bataaya gayaa haye kii turkey mein african apravasi niyamit roop seey aarthik aur samajik chunautiyon kaa saamana karate hain, vishesh roop seey naslavaad aur sthaaniya logon dwara aapravaasan key virodh kaa saamana karate hain.
dakshini asia.
siddi bhaarat aur pakistan mein rahane vaalaa ack jaatiya samooh haye. sadasya dakshin poorv africa key bantu logon key vanshaj hain. kuchh vyaapaari, navik, anubandhit sevak, gulam yaa bhaade key sanic they. vartamaan mein siddi aabaadi lagbhag 1000 logon kii anumaanit haye, joe jyaadaatar bhaarat mein karnatak, gujaraat aur hyderabad mein rahate hain aur pakistan mein makran aur karachi mein rahate hain. dakshin-paschimi pakistan mein sindh aur baluchistan praanton kii makran patti mein, inn bantu vanshajon koo makrani key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. 1960 key dashak mein sindh mein ack sankshipt "kaali shakti" andolan huaa thaa aur kaee siddi apane african vansh parr garv karate hain aur unakaa jashn manaate hain.
dakshinpurvi asia.
nigrito, vibhinn, aksar asambandhit logon kaa ack sangrah haye, jinhen kabhi nikatata seey sambandhit samoohon kii ack alag aabaadi maanaa jaataa thaa, lekin aanuvanshik adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii way usee pracheen purvi eurasian metaa-aabaadi seey nikale they jisane aadhunik purvi asiai logon koo janm diyaa, aur isamen kaee alag-alag samooh shamil hain, saath hii saath aanuvanshik vishamta pradarshit karate hain. way dakshin poorv asia key alag-alag hisson mein rahate hain, aur abb mukhya roop seey dakshini thyland, malay praaydweep aur bhaarat key andman dweepon taka seemit hain.
nigrito kaa arth haye spanish mein "chhote kaale loga" (nigrito nigro kaa spanish laghu haye, i.ee., chhota kaalaa vyakti"); yahee vaha haye jise spen key loga adivasiyon koo kahate they jinka way phillippeans mein saamana karate they. negrito" shabd malaysia jaise deshon mein aalochana key dayare mein aaa gayaa haye, jahaan yeh abb adhik sweekarya seymang key saath vinimeya haye, halanki yeh shabd vaastav mein ack vishisht samooh koo sandarbhit kartaa haye.
inki twacha kaali hoti haye, aksar ghunghrale baalon vaali aur asiai chehare kii visheshataaen hoti hain, aur yeye motey aakar mein nirmit hoti hain.
phillippeans mein nigrito koo aksar bhedbhaav kaa saamana karna padata haye. apani paaramparik shikari-sangrahakarta jeevan shally key kaaran, way haashiye parr hain aur garibi mein rahate hain, rojgar paane mein asamarth hain.
europe.
paschimi europe.
france.
jabaki france mein jaatiya prishthabhoomi kaa janganana sangrah avaidh haye, yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii vahaan lagbhag 25-50 laakh ashwet loga rahate hain.
germany.
2020 taka, germany mein lagbhag duss laakh ashwet loga rahate hain.
neatherlands.
african-dutch neetherland key nivasi hain joe kaale african yaa african-carribean vansh key hain. way aruba, bonnair, kurasao, sint marten aur surinam key poorv aur vartamaan dutch videshi kshetron seey hotey hain. neetherland mein badey paimaane parr cape verden aur anya african samudaay bhee hain.
purtagaal.
2021 taka, haal hii mein kaale-african apravasi prishthabhoomi key cumm seey cumm 232,000 loga purtagaal mein reh rahey they. way mukhya roop seey lisban, porto, coimbra key kshetron mein rahate hain. choonki purtagaal jaatiyata seey sambandhit jaankaari ekatra naheen kartaa haye, isaliye anuman mein kewal aise loga shamil hain joe 2021 taka, ack upa-sahaara african desh kii nagrikta rakhate hain yaa jinn logon ney 2008 seey 2021 taka purtagaali nagrikta praapt kii haye, iss prakaar vanshajon, adhik door key african vansh key logon yaa una logon koo chhodkar joe pahale seey purtagaali peedhiyon mein buss gaye hain aur abb purtagaali nagrik hain.
spen.
moors" shabd kaa upayog europe mein vyaapak, kuchh hudd taka apmaanjanak arthon mein musalmaanon koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey arab yaa berber vansh key, chaahe way uttar africa yaa iberia mein rahate houn. moors ack alag yaa aatm-paribhaashit loga naheen they. madhyayugeen aur praarambhik aadhunik europeeya logon ney muslim arabon, barbaron, upa-sahaara african aur europeeya logon key liye samaan roop seey naam lagu kiya.
seville key isidor ney 7veen shatabdi mein likhate hue daavaa kiya kii lattin shabd vrishabh yunani "mauron", "microne", seey liya gayaa thaa, joe "kaalaa" key liye yunani shabd haye. vaastav mein, jaba seville key isidor ney apani "vyutpatti" likhane key liye aaya, taba taka vrishabh yaa "moor" shabd lattin mein ack visheshan bunn gayaa thaa, "greek key liye kaalaa, mauran" kahate hain. "isidor key dinon mein, paribhasha key anusaar moors kaale they..."
afro-spaniard paschimi/madhya african vansh key spanish nagrik hain. aaj, way mukhya roop seey cameroon, bhoomadhyarekhiya ginny, ghaana, gambia, maali, nigeria aur senegal seey aatey hain. isake alawa, spen mein paida hue kaee african-spainwassy poorv spanish coloney bhoomadhyarekhiya ginny seey hain. aaj, spen mein anumaanit 683,000 videshi-spanish hain.
united kingdam.
rashtriya saankhyiki karyalaya key anusaar, 2001 kii janganana mein united kingdam mein duss laakh seey adhik ashwet loga they; kull aabaadi kaa 1 pratishat khud koo "kaalaa carribean", 0.8% koo "kaalaa african" aur 0.2% koo "kaalaa anya" key roop mein varnit kartaa haye. britten ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad carribean seey shramikon key aapravaasan koo protsaahit kiya; pahala prateekaatmak andolan una logon kaa thaa joe jahaaj "samrajya vinderus" parr aae they aur isaliye, joe 1948 aur 1970 key beach pravaas curr gaye they, unhein vinderus peedhi key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. pasandida aadhikarik chhatra shabd "kaalaa, asiai aur alpasankhyak jaatiya" (baam) haye, lekin kabhi-kabhi "kaalaa" shabd kaa upayog naslavaad key liye ekikrit virodh koo vyakt karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jaisa kii dakshin mein kaali bahanon mein, joe mukhya roop seey british asiai nirvaachan kshetra seey shuru hui thee, aur rashtriya kaalaa pulis sangh, jisamen "african, african-carabian aur asiai mool" kii sadasyata haye.
purvi europe.
1960 key dashak mein african raajya swatantra honey key saath, soviyat sangh ney apane kaee nagrikon koo roose mein adhyayan karane kaa mauka diyaa. 40 varshon kii avadhi mein, vibhinn deshon key lagbhag 400,000 african chhaatr uchch shiksha praapt karane key liye roose chaley gaye, jinamen kaee ashwet african bhee shamil they. yeh soviyat sangh seey parey purvi gutt key kaee deshon taka faila.
balkan.
ottoman samrajya mein daas vyaapaar key kaaran joe balcon mein falaa-phoola thaa, montenegro mein ulsinge key tateey shahar kaa apana kaalaa samudaay thaa. 1878 mein, usa samudaay mein lagbhag 100 loga shamil they.
mahasagar.
australiyai mool key loga.
europeeya basti key shuruati dinon seey hii australia mein swadeshi australiyai logon koo "ashwet loga" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye. jabaki mool roop seey twacha key rung seey sambandhit haye, iss shabd kaa upayog aaj samanya roop seey adiwasi yaa torres strait eyelander vansh koo ingit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye aur yeh kissy bhee twacha varnak key logon koo sandarbhit curr sakata haye.
19veen aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein australia mein "kaale" yaa "safed" key roop mein pahachaana jaanaa kissy key rojgar aur samajik sambhaavanaon mein mahatvapurna thaa. vibhinn raajya-adharit adiwasi sanrakshan boardon kii sthaapana kii gaee thee jinka swadeshi australiyai logon key jeevan parr lagbhag poorna niyantran thaa-jahaan way rahate they, unakaa rojgar, vivaah, shiksha aur bachchon koo unake maataa-pitaa seey alag karane kii shakti shamil thee. adivasiyon koo matdan karane kii anumati naheen thee aur aksar unhein aarakshit bhandar taka seemit rakhaa jaataa thaa aur unhein cumm vetan yaa prabhaavi roop seey daas shram mein majboor kiya jaataa thaa. mishrit-jaati yaa "ardh-jaati" vyaktiyon kii samajik sthiti samay key saath bhinn hoti gaee. baldwyn spensor kii 1913 kii ack report mein kahaa gayaa haih
halanki, pratham vishva yuddh key baad, yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii mishrit-nasl key logon kii sankhya shwet aabaadi kii tulanaa mein teji seey badh rahee thee, aur 1930 taka, shwet australia key aadarsh koo kamjor karane vaale "ardh-jaati key khatare" key darr koo ack gambhir chinta key roop mein liya jaa rhaa thaa. sthaaniya logon key uttari kshetra key rakshak cecil cook ney nott kiya kih
aadhikarik neeti javic aur saanskritik ekikaran mein seey ack bunn gaeeh "poorna rakt koo samaapt karein aur safed mishran koo aadhi jaatiyon mein jaane dein aur antatah jaati safed hoe jaayegi. isase "ashwet" aur "ardh-jaati" vyaktiyon key liye alag-alag vyavhaar huaa, halke-chamadi vaale vyaktiyon koo unake parivaaron seey hataane key liye lakshit kiya gayaa taaki unhein "safed" logon key roop mein paalaa jaa sakey aur unaki mool bhasha bolane aur paaramparik reeti-rivaajon kaa abhyaas karane seey pratibandhit kiya jaae, ack prakriya jise abb chori kii peedhi key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
20veen shatabdi key uttaraardh seey laker vartamaan taka adiwasi logon key liye behtar manvadhikaron kii or dheere-dheere badalaav dekhaa gayaa haye. 1967 key janmat sangrah mein, australiyai aabaadi key 90 pratishat seey adhik ney samvaidhaanik bhedbhaav koo samaapt karane aur rashtriya janganana mein adivasiyon koo shamil karane key liye matdan kiya. iss avadhi key dauran, kaee adiwasi kaaryakartaon ney "kaalaa" shabd koo apnana shuru curr diyaa aur apane vansh koo garv key srot key roop mein upayog karna shuru curr diyaa. karyakarta bobb maazaa ney kahaah
1978 mein, adiwasi lekhak cavin gilbert koo unaki pustak "leaving blackh black tock too cavin gilbert" key liye rashtriya pustak parishad puraskar milaa, joe adiwasi logon kii kahaaniyon kaa ack sangrah haye, aur 1998 mein "inside black australia" key liye saahitya key liye manvadhikar puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa (lekin sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa), ack kavita sankalan aur adiwasi photography kii pradarshani. kewal adiwasi vansh kii degree parr adharit pichhali paribhashaon key vipareet, sarkaar ney 1990 mein adiwasi kii kanuni paribhasha koo kissy bhee prakaar koo shamil karane key liye badal diyaah
iss rashtravyapi sweekriti aur adiwasi logon kii maanyata ney logon kii sankhya mein ullekhaniya vriddhi kii, joe adiwasi yaa torus strait eyelander key roop mein swayam koo pahachaante hain. sakaratmak aur adhik samaveshi arth key saath "kaalaa" shabd key punah viniyog key parinamswarup saarvajanik media outlet, sarkari agencies aur niji companiyon sahit mukhyadhara kii australiyai sanskriti mein iska vyaapak upayog huaa haye. 2012 mein, kaee hyee-profile mamalon ney kanuni aur samudayik ravaiye koo ujagar kiya kii adiwasi yaa torres strait eyelander key roop mein pehchaan karna twacha key rung parr nirbhar naheen haye, ack prasiddh mukkebaaz anthany mundin kii vyaapak roop seey aalochana kii jaa rahee haye kii ack anya mukkebaaz aur patrakaar key "kaalepan" parr sawal uthaaya gayaa haye aur andreau boult parr halke twacha vaale adivasiyon key baare mein bhedbhavpurna tippaniyon koo prakaashit karane key liye safaltapurvak mukadama chalaaya jaa rhaa haye.
melanesian.
melanesia key kshetra kaa naam yunani, "kaalaa" aur, "dweep" seey liya gayaa haye, vyutpatti key anusaar jiska arth haye "kaale [logon] key dweep", swadeshi logon kii kaali twacha key sandarbh mein. praarambhik europeeya basane vaale, jaise kii spanish khojkarta yinigo aurtiz dee ratez, ney logon kii samaantaa koo africa mein rahane vaalon seey nott kiya.
19veen aur 20veen shatabdi key dauran anya prashant dweepwasiyon key saath melanes key logon koo aksar dhokha diyaa gayaa yaa unake mool bhoomi seey door key deshon mein ganna, kapas aur coffey baganon key liye jabaran shram key liye majboor kiya gayaa, jise blackbirding key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. raani bhoomi mein, lagbhag 55,000 seey 62,500 koo nae sankaron, soloman dweepon aur nae ginny seey ganna kheton mein kaam karane key liye laaya gayaa thaa. prashant dweep mazdoor adhiniyam 1901 key tahat, raani bhoomi mein kaam karane vaale adhikansh dweepwasiyon koo unake matribhoomi mein vaapas bhej diyaa gayaa thaa. 
joe loga australia mein rahey, jinhen aamtaur parr dakshin samudri dweepwasi kahaa jaataa haye, unhein aksar shwet-pradhaan samaaj dwara swadeshi australiyai logon key samaan bhedbhaav kaa saamana karna padata thaa. kaee swadeshi adhikaar kaaryakartaon key dakshin samudri dweep key vansh hain, jinamen vishvaas bandler, avalin scott aur bonita mabo shamil hain.
kaee melaneshiyanon ney 'melanesia' shabd koo ack saamoohik logon key roop mein khud koo sashakt banaane key tareeke key roop mein liya haye. stephany losson likhate hain kii yeh shabd "samkaaleen upa-kshetriya pehchaan key saath-saath ack aupchaarik sangathan key liye ack sakaratmak aadhar pradaan karate hue, upman key shabd seey pushti key shabd mein chalaa gayaa". udaaharan key liye, iss shabd kaa upayog melanician bhaala samooh mein kiya jaataa haye, joe melanician deshon key beach aarthik vikas koo badhaava denaa chaahata haye.
anya.
johnn seasure, upnaam "black seasure", africa mein ack agyaat kshetra mein paida hue maataa-pitaa key saath ack doshi aur busheranger, australia mein aaney vaale haal key kaale african vansh key pahale logon mein seey ack they.
2006 kii janganana mein, 248,605 nivaasiyon ney ghoshana kii kii way africa mein paida hue they. yeh aankada australia key una sabhi pravasiyon seey sambandhit haye joe nasl kii parwah kiye binaa africa key deshon mein paida hue they, aur isamen gorey african shamil hain.
uttari america.
kanada.
"black kanadian" ack padnam haye jiska upayog kaale african vansh key logon key liye kiya jaataa haye joe kanada key nagrik yaa sthaayi nivasi hain. adhikansh ashwet kanadai carabian mool key hain, halanki aabaadi mein african americi apravasi aur unake vanshaj (kaale nova scotian sahit) key saath-saath kaee african apravasi bhee shamil hain.
kaale kanadai aksar african-carabian vansh aur anya african jadon key beach antar karate hain. african kanadai" shabd kaa upayog kabhi-kabhi kuchh kaale kanadai loga karate hain joe apani viraasat kaa pataa british aur francisi upaniveshvadiyon dwara uttari americi mukhya bhoomi mein laae gaye pahale daason seey lagaate hain. americi krantikari yuddh key dauran angrejon dwara swatantrata kaa vaadaa kiya gayaa thaa, hajaaron ashwet wafadaron koo baad mein kanada mein taaj dwara phir seey basaaya gayaa thaa, jaise kii thomas peaters. isake alawa, anumaanit duss seey tees hazaar bhagode gulam dakshini sanyukt raajya seey kanada mein swatantrata praapt karane mein safal rahey, joe bhoomigat railmarg key saath logon kii sahaayata seey they.
kanada mein carabian mool key kaee ashwet loga apani viraasat key vishisht carribean pahaluon key ack nishkarsh key roop mein "african kanadai" shabd koo aswikar karate hain, aur isake bajaay "carribean kanadai" key roop mein pehchaan karate hain. sanyukt raajya america key vipareet, jahan "african americi" vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa shabd bunn gayaa haye, kanada mein african yaa carabian viraasat koo alag karane seey judey vivaadon key parinamswarup "black kanadian" shabd koo vyaapak roop seey sweekaar kiya gayaa haye.
sanyukt raajya america.
paschimi golardh mein daason koo khareedane aur bhejane key liye europeeya logon dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale aathh pramukh kshetra they. naee duniya koo beche gaye daason kii sankhya daas vyaapaar key dauran alag-alag thee. gatividhi key kshetron seey daason key vitaran key liye, kuchh kshetron ney dusaron kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik gulamon kaa utpaadan kiya. 1650 aur 1900 key beach, nimnalikhit anupaaton mein nimnalikhit kshetron seey paschim african gulamon kii sankhya duss laakh seey adhik hoe gaeeh
1900 key dashak kii shuruat taka, "niger" sanyukt raajya mein ack apmaanjanak shabd bunn gayaa thaa. isake sthaan parr, "rangeen" shabd "nigro" aur isake vyutpann shabdon kaa mukhyadhara kaa vikalp bunn gayaa. americi nagrik adhikaar andolan key baad, "rangeen" aur "nigro" shabdon ney "kaalaa" koo raasta diyaa. "nigro" ney african amerikiyon key liye sabse vinamra shabd key roop mein "rangeen" koo hataa diyaa thaa, jaba "kaalaa" koo adhik aakramak maanaa jaataa thaa. 1960 key dashak key anta mein nagrik adhikaar andolan key baad taka iss shabd koo samanya key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen nigro key roop mein vargeekrit loga bhee shamil they. ack prasiddh udaaharan dow. dwara upayog kiya gayaa haye. rev. martin luther king junier. 1963 key apane prasiddh bhaashan mein "nigro" kaa, meraa ack sapana haye. 1950 aur 1960 key dashak key americi nagrik adhikaar andolan key dauran, sanyukt raajya america mein kuchh african-americi netaaon, vishesh roop seey malcum aiks ney "nigro" shabd parr apatti jataai kyonki unhone ise gulami, algaav aur bhedbhaav key lambe itihas seey jodaa joe african amerikiyon koo dusare darje key nagrikon key roop mein yaa usase bhee badatar maanata thaa. malcum aiks ney "nigro" key bajaay "kaalaa" pasand kiya, lekin baad mein islam rashtra chhodane key baad dheere-dheere "african-americi" key liye bhee ise chhod diyaa.
1960 key dashak key anta seey, african amerikiyon key liye vibhinn anya shabd lokpriya upayog mein adhik vyaapak rahey hain. black american" key alawa, inmein "afro-american" (1960 key dashak key anta seey 1990 taka upayog mein) aur "african americi" (sanyukt raajya america mein ashwet amerikiyon koo sandarbhit karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye, jinhen aksar ateet mein "americi nigro" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye) shamil hain.
pahale 200 varshon mein jaba kaale loga sanyukt raajya mein they, way mukhya roop seey apane vishisht jaatiya samooh (bhasha seey nikatata seey sambaddh) dwara khud koo pahachaante they, naa kii twacha key rung seey. udaaharan key liye, vyaktiyon ney khud koo ashanti, igbo, bakongo yaa volof key roop mein pahachaana. haalaanki, jaba pahale bandiyon koo america laaya gayaa thaa, tou unhein aksar paschim africa key anya samoohon key saath jodaa gayaa thaa, aur vyaktigat jaatiya sambaddhataon koo aam taur parr angreji upaniveshvadiyon dwara sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa thaa. oopari dakshin key kshetron mein, vibhinn jaatiya samoohon koo ack saath laaya gayaa thaa. yeh mahatvapurna haye kyonki bandee ack vishal bhaugolik kshetra seey aae theh paschimi african tatrekha joe senegal seey angola taka faili hui haye aur kuchh mamalon mein dakshin-poorv tata jaise mosambic seey. ack naee "african-americi" pehchaan aur sanskriti kaa janm huaa jisamen vibhinn jaatiya samoohon aur europeeya saanskritik viraasat key tatvon koo shamil kiya gayaa, jisake parinamswarup kaale church aur african-americi angreji jaise mishran hue. yeh naee pehchaan kissy ack jaatiya samooh kii sadasyata key bajaay utpatti aur daas sthiti parr adharit thee.
isake vipareet, louisiana key daas abhilekhon seey pataa chalata haye kii francisi aur spanish upaniveshvadiyon ney paschim african logon kii adhik poorna pehchaan darj kii, jisamen jaatiyataaen aur janjaatiya naam shamil they.
yuu.aiss. nasleeya yaa jaatiya vargeekaran "kaalaa" sabhi sambhaavit prakaar key twacha varnak vaale logon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, sabse kaale seey laker bahut halke twacha rangon taka, jisamen albinos bhee shamil hain, yadi dusaron dwara maanaa jaataa haye kii way african vansh (kissy bhee spasht pratishat mein) hain. african americi" honey seey judey kuchh saanskritik lakshan bhee hain, ack shabd joe sanyukt raajya america key bheetar "ashwet vyakti" key paryaay key roop mein prabhaavi roop seey upayog kiya jaataa haye.
march 1807 mein, grate britten, jisane badey paimaane parr atlantic koo niyantrit kiya, ney sanyukt raajya america kii tarah atlantic paar daas vyaapaar koo avaidh ghoshit curr diyaa. (baad vaalaa nishedh 1 janwari 1808 seey prabhaavi huaa, sabse shuruati tarikh jiss parr congress koo sanyukt raajya key samvidhaan key tahat daas vyaapaar kii raksha karane key baad aisaa karane kii shakti thee.)
usa samay taka, sanyukt raajya america mein adhikansh ashwet loga mool nivasi they, isaliye "african" shabd kaa upayog samasyagrast hoe gayaa. halanki shuru mein garv kaa srot thaa, kaee ashweton koo darr thaa kii ack pehchaan key roop mein african kaa upayog sanyukt raajya mein poorna nagrikta key liye unaki ladaai mein baadha hogi. unhone yeh bhee mahsoos kiya kii yeh una logon koo golaa-barud dega joe ashwet logon koo africa vaapas bhejane kii vakaalat curr rahey they. 1835 mein, ashwet netaaon ney ashwet amerikiyon seey apane sansthanon seey "african" kii upaadhi koo hataane aur ise "nigro" yaa "rangeen americi" seey badalane kaa ahwan kiya. kuchh sansthanon ney apane aitihaasik naamon koo rakhane kaa vikalp chunaa, jaise kii african paddhativaadi episcopal church. african americi 1960 key dashak key anta taka apane liye "nigro" yaa "rangeen" shabdon kaa lokpriya roop seey upayog karate they.
kaalaa" shabd kaa upayog poore samay kiya jaataa thaa lekin aksar naheen kyonki isamen ack nishchit kalank hotaa thaa. 1963 mein apane bhaashan "aaee haiv aeye dream" mein martin luther king junier. nigro" shabd pandrah baar aur "kaalaa" shabd chaar baar prayog kiya jaataa haye. pratyek baar jaba vaha "kaalaa" kaa upayog kartaa haye, tou yeh "safed" key saath samanantar nirmaan mein hotaa haye; udaaharan key liye, "kaale purush aur safed purush".
americi nagrik adhikaar andolan kii safaltaon key saath, ateet seey tootane aur vaidh bhedbhaav kii anusmarakon koo chhodane mein madad karane key liye ack nae shabd kii aavashyakta thee. nigro" key sthaan parr, kaaryakartaon ney nasleeya garv, ugravaad aur shakti key liye khade honey key roop mein "kaale" key upayog koo badhaava diyaa. kuchh mahatvapurna modon mein kwame turey (stockley carmichael) dwara "black power" shabd kaa upayog aur lokpriya gaayak james braun kaa geet "ise jore seey kahein-main kaalaa huun aur mujhe garv haye" shamil thaa.
1988 mein, nagrik adhikaar netaa jesse jackson ney amerikiyon seey isake bajaay "african americi" shabd kaa upayog karane kaa aagrah kiya kyonki iska ack aitihaasik saanskritik aadhar thaa aur yeh europeeya vanshajon dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale shabdon key samaan thaa, jaise kii german americi, italvi americi, aadi. taba seey, african americi aur ashwet koo aksar samanantar sthiti praapt hui haye. haalaanki, vivaad jaari haye kii donon shabdon mein seey kaun saa, yadi koee hoe, tou adhik upayukt haye. maulana karenga kaa tark haye kii african-americi shabd adhik upayukt haye kyonki yeh unaki bhaugolik aur aitihaasik utpatti koo sateek roop seey vyakt kartaa haye. anya logon ney tark diyaa haye kii "kaalaa" ack behtar shabd haye kyonki "african" videshita kaa sujhaav detaa haye, halanki kaale amerikiyon ney sanyukt raajya koo khojane mein madad kii. abhee bhee anya logon kaa maanana haye kii "kaalaa" shabd galat haye kyonki african amerikiyon mein twacha key rung kii vividhata hoti haye. kuchh sarvekshanon seey pataa chalata haye kii adhikansh ashwet amerikiyon koo "african americi" yaa "kaale" key liye koee vareeyata naheen haye, halanki way vyaktigat settings mein "kaale" aur adhik aupchaarik settings mein "african americi" key liye thodi see vareeyata rakhate hain.
yuu mein.aiss. janganana nasl paribhaashaaen, ashwet aur african americi sanyukt raajya key nagrik aur nivasi hain jinaki utpatti africa key ashwet nasl samoohon mein hui haye. prabandhan aur bajat karyalaya key anusaar, samooh mein aise vyakti shamil hain joe african americi key roop mein apani pehchaan banaate hain, saath hii saath aise vyakti bhee shamil hain joe carribean aur upa-sahaara africa key deshon seey pravaas curr gaye they. iss prakaar samooh bhugol parr adharit haye, aur kissy vyakti kii aatm-pehchaan kaa khandan yaa galat tareeke seey prastut curr sakata haye, kyonki upa-sahaara africa key sabhi apravasi "kaale" naheen hain. janganana beuro ney yeh bhee nott kiya haye kii yeye vargeekaran samajik-raajneetik nirmaan hain aur inhen vaigyaanik yaa manavshastriya key roop mein vyakhya naheen kii jaani chaahiye.
yuu key anusaar.aiss. janganana beuro key aankadon key anusaar, african apravasi aam taur parr african americi key roop mein apani pehchaan naheen karate hain. african aapravasiyon kaa bhaari bahumat apani-apani jaatiyataon (~95%) key saath pehchaan kartaa haye. kuchh carribean, madhya americi aur dakshin americi deshon key apravasi aur unake vanshaj bhee iss shabd key saath apani pehchaan banaa sakate hain yaa naheen bhee.
aanuvanshik pareekshan seva kaa upayog karane vaale african amerikiyon key halia sarvekshanon mein vibhinn poorvajon koo paaya gayaa haye joe poorvajon key kshetra aur ling key anusaar alag-alag pravrittiyon koo darshaate hain. inn adhyayanon mein paaya gayaa kii ausatan, african amerikiyon key paas 73.2-80.9% paschim african, 18-24% europeeya, aur 0.8-0.9% mool americi aanuvanshik viraasat haye, jisamen vyaktiyon key beach badee bhinnata haye.
vyaktitva aur samajik manovigyaan kii patrika mein adhyayan key anusaar, yuu.aiss. nivasi lagaatar yuva ashwet purushon key aakar, shaaririk shakti aur rupankan kshamata koo adhik aankate hain.
ack-boond niyam.
19veen shatabdi key anta seey, dakshin ney kissy bhee gyaat african vansh key ashwet vyakti key roop mein vargeekrit karane key liye ack bolchal kii bhasha mein shabd, "ack-boond niyam" kaa upayog kiya. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka hypodescent key iss abhyaas koo kaanoon mein naheen rakhaa gayaa thaa. kanuni roop seey, paribhasha raajya seey raajya mein bhinn hoti haye. americi grihyuddh seey pahale 18veen aur 19veen shatabdi mein nasleeya paribhasha adhik lachili thee. udaaharan key liye, rashtrapati thomas jefferson ney una logon koo gulami mein rakhaa joe usa samay virginia kaanoon key anusaar kanuni roop seey safed (25 pratishat seey cumm kaale) they, lekin, kyonki way gulam maataon key paas paida hue they, way gulami mein paida hue they, "partus sequitor ventraim" key siddhant key anusaar, jise virginia ney 1662 mein kaanoon mein apanaaya thaa.
sanyukt raajya america key baahar, kuchh anya deshon ney ack-boond niyam koo apanaaya haye, lekin kaun kaalaa haye aur ack-boond "niyam" kiss hudd taka lagu hotaa haye, isaki paribhasha desh-darr-desh bahut bhinn hoti haye.
ack-boond niyam kii utpatti kaale daason kii sankhya badhaane key saadhan key roop mein hui hogi aur ise safed jaati koo "shuddh" rakhane key prayaas key roop mein banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa. ack-boond niyam key parinamon mein seey ack african-americi samudaay kaa ekikaran thaa. 19veen shatabdi key kuchh sabse pramukh unmoolanvaadi aur nagrik-adhikaar karyakarta bahujaatiya they, jaise kii fredrick dugglus, robbert puravis aur james mercer langston. unhone sabhi key liye samaantaa kii vakaalat kii.
kalapan.
sanyukt raajya america mein kaalepan kii avadharana koo usa degree key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye jisase koee khud koo mukhyadhara kii african-americi sanskriti, rajneeti aur moolyon key saath jodata haye. kuchh hudd taka, yeh avadharana nasl key baare mein naheen haye, balki raajneetik abhivinyas, sanskriti aur vyavhaar key baare mein haye. kaalepan koo "abhinay safed" key saath vipareet kiya jaa sakata haye, jahaan kaale amerikiyon koo fashion, bolly, sangeet mein swaad, aur sambhavatah, badee sankhya mein kaale yuvaaon, shaikshanik upalabdhi key drishtikon seey roodhivaadi safed amerikiyon kii anumaanit visheshtaon key saath vyavhaar karane key liye kahaa jaataa haye.
sanyukt raajya america mein aksar raajneetik aur saanskritik roop seey kaalepan key kaaran, kaalepan kii dhaarana koo gair-kaale logon taka bhee badhaaya jaa sakata haye. tonny maurison ney ack baar bill clinton koo sanyukt raajya america key pahale ashwet rashtrapati key roop mein varnit kiya thaa, kyonki, jaisa kii unhone ise rakhaa, unhone "lagbhag harr kaalepan kaa pradarshan kiya. clinton ney label kaa swaagat kiya.
democrate baraak obama key 2008 key rashtrapati abhiyaan mein bhee kaalepan kaa sawal uthaa. tippanikaron ney sawal kiya kii kyaa obama, joe ashwet vansh key saath pahale rashtrapati chune gaye they, "kaafee ashwet" they, yeh tark dete hue kii unaki prishthabhoomi vishisht naheen haye kyonki unaki maan ack shwet americi theen aur unake pitaa kenya seey ack ashwet chhaatr agantuk they. obama ney apani pehchaan ashwet aur african americi key roop mein karane kaa faisala kiya.
carabian.
dominican ganarajya.
atlantic paar daas vyaapaar key dauran spanish vijetaon dwara pahale african-dominican daason koo dominican ganarajya mein bheja gayaa thaa.
puerto rico.
spanish vijetaon ney paschim africa seey puerto rico mein daason koo bheja. dweep key iss upanivesh key liye aanshik roop seey african-puerto rickens vansh kaa pataa lagaate hain.
dakshin america.
1492 seey 1888 taka atlantic daas vyaapaar key dauran lagbhag 12 million logon koo africa seey america bheja gayaa thaa. inmein seey 11.5 million logon koo dakshin america aur carribean mein bheja gayaa thaa. brazil america mein sabse badaa ayatak thaa, jisamen 55 laakh african daason kaa ayaat kiya gayaa thaa, isake baad 27.6 laakh key saath british carribean, 15.9 laakh african key saath spanish carribean aur spanish mukhya bhoomi aur 13.2 laakh key saath francisi carribean they. aaj dakshin america aur carribean mein unake vanshajon kii sankhya lagbhag 15 karod haye. twacha key rung key alawa, chehare kii visheshtaon aur baalon kii banaavat jaisi anya shaaririk visheshtaon kaa upayog aksar dakshin america aur carribean mein logon koo kaale key roop mein vargeekrit karane mein kiya jaataa haye. dakshin america aur carribean mein, kaale key roop mein vargeekaran bhee samajik sthiti aur samajik aarthik charr seey nikatata seey judaa huaa haye, vishesh roop seey "blankweymento" (nasleeya safedi) aur sambandhit avadhaaranaon kii samajik avadhaaranaon key prakaash mein.
brazil.
brazil mein daud kii avadharana jatil haye. brazil key bachche kii pehchaan kabhi bhee apane maataa-pitaa mein seey ack yaa donon key nasleeya prakaar key saath naheen kii gaee thee, naa hii chunane key liye kewal dou shreniyan theen. binaa kissy mishran key paschim african vansh key ack vyakti aur ack bahut hii halke mulatto vyakti key beach, baalon key rung, baalon kii banaavat, aankho key rung aur twacha key rung key vibhinn sanyojanon key aadhar parr ack darjan seey adhik nasleeya shreniyon koo sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa. inn prakaron koo ack dusare mein shrenibaddh kiya jaataa haye jaise kii varnakram key rung, aur koee bhee shreni baaki seey kaafee alag naheen haye. brazil mein, logon koo roop key aadhar parr vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye, naa kii aanuvanshikta key aadhar parr.
brazil mein nasleeya vargeekaran parr samajik sthiti key prabhaavon parr vidwan asahmat hain. aam taur parr yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii oopar kii or gatishilata aur shiksha praapt karane key parinamswarup vyaktiyon koo halki twacha kii shreni key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye. lokpriya daavaa yeh haye kii brazil mein garib goron koo kaalaa maanaa jaataa haye aur ameer kaale logon koo safed maanaa jaataa haye. kuchh vidwan iss baat seey asahmat hain kii kissy kii samajik sthiti kaa "safedi" mishrit jaati key logon key liye khula hoe sakata haye, aabaadi kaa ack badaa hissa jise "pardo" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, lekin ack vyakti jise "preto" (kaalaa) key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, usey dhana yaa samajik sthiti kii parwah kiye binaa kaale key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa rahega.
aankade.
1500 seey 1850 taka, anumaanit 35 laakh kaidiyon koo paschim/madhya africa seey jabaran brazil bheja gayaa thaa. iss kshetra koo america mein kissy bhee desh kii sabse adhik sankhya mein gulam praapt hue. vidvaanon kaa anuman haye kii brazil kii aadhi seey adhik aabaadi cumm seey cumm kuchh hudd taka inn vyaktiyon seey haye. africa key baahar brazil mein african-vansh kii sabse badee aabaadi haye. america key vipareet, gulami kii avadhi key dauran aur usake baad, brazil mein purtagaali aupaniveshik sarkaar aur baad mein brazil kii sarkaar ney aupchaarik roop seey apabhransh-virodhi yaa algaav kaanoon paarit naheen kiye. anya lattin americi deshon kii tarah, aupaniveshik kaal key dauran antar-vivaah prachalit thaa aur baad mein jaari rhaa. isake alawa, mishrit jaati ("pardo") key loga aksar safed pati-patni seey shaadi karane kii pravritti rakhate they, aur unake vanshaj safed key roop mein sweekaar kiye jaane lagey. natijatan, kuchh europeeya vanshajon mein paschimi african yaa amerindian rakt bhee hotaa haye. 20veen shatabdi kii pichhali janganana key anusaar, jisamen brazil key loga paanch rung/jaatiya shreniyon mein seey chuna sakate they, jinamen seey 54 pratishat vyaktiyon kii pehchaan safed key roop mein kii gaee, 6.2 pratishat kii pehchaan kaali key roop mein kii gaee, aur 39.5% kii pehchaan pardo (braun) key roop mein kii gaee-ack vyaapak bahu-jaatiya shreni, jisamen tri-jaatiya vyakti shamil hain.
19veen shatabdi mein, brazil mein nasleeya safedi kaa ack darshan ubhara, joe antar-vivaah key madhyam seey mishrit-nasl key logon koo safed aabaadi mein aatmasaat karane seey sambandhit thaa. haal taka sarkaar ney daud key baare mein jaankaari naheen rakhee thee. haalaanki, saankhyikividon kaa anuman haye kii 1835 mein, lagbhag 50 pratishat aabaadi "preto" (kaale; adhikansh gulam they) thee, 20 pratishat aur "pardo" (bhoore) aur 25 pratishat safed they, jabaki shesh amerindian they. kuchh koo pardo key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa joe tri-jaatiya they.
2000 kii janganana key anusaar, gulami kaa anta, europe aur asia seey aapravaasan, bahujaatiya vyaktiyon key ekikaran aur anya karakon sahit jansankhyikiya parivartanon key parinamswarup ack aisee aabaadi hui jisamen 6.2% aabaadi koo kaalaa, 40% koo pardo aur 55% koo safed key roop mein pahachaana gayaa. anivarya roop seey adhikansh ashwet aabaadi koo bahu-jaatiya shreni mein antah mishran dwara avashoshit kiya gayaa thaa. 2007 key ack aanuvanshik adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii madhyam varg, safed brazil kii aabaadi key cumm seey cumm 29 pratishat mein kuchh haal hii mein (1822 aur aupaniveshik kaal key anta key baad seey) african vansh they.
brazil mein nasl sambandh.
2010 kii janganana key anusaar, brazil key 6.7% logon ney kahaa kii way kaale they, jabaki 2000 mein 6.2% they, aur 43.1% ney kahaa kii way 38.5% seey oopar nasleeya roop seey mishrit they. 2010 mein, nasleeya samaantaa key liye brazil key mantri alio ferreira dee arajo ney apane desh key ashwet aur swadeshi samudaayon key beach badhate gaurav koo shreya diyaa.
brazil mein nasleeya loktantra key darshan ney aarthik muddon parr adharit kuchh aalochanaon koo aakarshit kiya haye. brazil mein duniya mein aaya vitaran mein sabse badee kamee haye. sabse ameer 10 pratishat aabaadi nichale 40 pratishat kii ausat aaya kaa 28 gunaa kamaati haye. sabse ameer 10 pratishat lagbhag vishesh roop seey safed yaa mukhya roop seey europeeya vansh mein hain. ack tihai aabaadi garibi rekha key neeche rahati haye, jisamen kaale aur anya rung key loga 70 pratishat garib hain.
2015 mein sanyukt raajya america mein, bahujaatiya logon sahit african amerikiyon ney shwet logon key roop mein 76.8% arjit kiya. isake vipareet, 2014 mein kaale aur mishrit nasl key braziliyon ney ausatan 58 pratishat kii kamai kii, joe kii goron key barabar thee. ashweton aur anya gair-shweton key beach aaya mein antar, goron aur sabhi rung key logon key beach badey antar kii tulanaa mein apekshaakrit cumm haye. anya samajik kaarak, jaise niraksharta aur shiksha key star, rung key logon key liye nuksan key samaan pattern dikhaate hain.
kuchh tippanikaron kaa maanana haye kii dakshin mein algaav aur shwet varchasva key sanyukt raajya america key abhyaas aur usa kshetra key baahar kaee kshetron mein bhedbhaav ney kaee african amerikiyon koo nagrik adhikaar sangharsh mein ekjut honey key liye majboor kiya, jabaki brazil mein nasl kii taral prakriti ney african vansh key vyaktiyon koo cumm yaa jyada vansh key logon key beach vibhajit curr diyaa haye aur uttar-aupaniveshik sadbhaav key udaaharan key roop mein desh kii chhavi koo banaae rakhane mein madad kii haye. isane kaale braziliyon key beach ack aam pehchaan key vikas mein baadha daali haye.
haalaanki cumm seey cumm aanshik african viraasat key brazilian aabaadi kaa ack badaa pratishat banaate hain, lekin kuchh ashwet raajnetaon key roop mein chune gaye hain. udaaharan key liye, salvador, baahiya shahar mein 80 pratishat loga rung key hain, lekin matdaataon ney rung kaa mahapour naheen chunaa haye.
gair-goron key khilaf bhedbhaav key pattern ney kuchh akaadamik aur anya kaaryakartaon koo "kaale" chetna aur pehchaan koo uttejit karane key liye sabhi african-vanshaj logon koo shamil karane key liye purtagaali shabd "nigro" key upayog kii vakaalat karane key liye prerit kiya haye.
columbia.
african-kolambiyai african-brazilian aur african-hightiens key baad lattin america mein teesari sabse badee african pravaasi aabaadi hain.
venezuela.
adhikansh kaale venezuelian upanivesh key dauran seedhe africa seey venezuela mein gulamon key roop mein laae gaye logon seey aatey hain; anya antilles aur columbia key pravasiyon key vanshaj rahey hain. kaee ashwet swatantrata andolan kaa hissa they, aur kaee naayak banane mein kamyab rahey. venezuel kii sanskriti mein african sanskriti kii ack gahari viraasat haye, jaisa kii kaee paaramparik venezuel sangeet aur nrityon mein pradarshit kiya gayaa haye, jaise kii tambor, coloney key kaale sadasyon seey viraasat mein millie ack sangeet shally, yaa lanera sangeet yaa gaita zuliana kii donon una teenon pramukh logon kaa ack mishran hain joe saanskritik viraasat mein yogdan karate hain. desh key bhojan mein bhee kaali viraasat maujood haye.
barlovento kshetra mein ashweton key poore samudaay hain, saath hii bolivar raajya kaa hissa aur anya chhote shaharon mein bhee; way baaki venezuela mein samanya aabaadi key beach bhee shaanti seey rahate hain. vartamaan mein, ashwet venezuel kii aabaadi kii bahulata kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, halanki kaee vaastav mein mishrit loga hain.

