
joseph ledohan

joseph ledohan (24 octuber 1907-4 octuber 2003) ack pramukh german trade unionwadi aur communist party key adhikaari they joe 1933 mein ack naazi virodhi pratirodh karyakarta bunn gaye they. way 1945 key baad phir seey saamane aae aur 1946 aur 1954 key beach, uttar raain-westfelia key nae punargathit raajya mein raajya sansad ("landtag") key sadasya they. vaha german ekikaran key ack pramukh pratipaadak they, halanki poorv german sattaaroodh sedd party aur purani german communist party key paschim mein avashesh dwara nirdhaarit kii jaane vaali sharton key tahat (jise iss star taka paschim germany mein vyaapak roop seey soviyat samrajyavadi mahatvakankshaon key liye ack chhadm chhadm key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa).
jeevan.
utpatti aur praarambhik varsh.
joseph ledohan kaa janm ack khanan gaanv (baad mein unna jile mein shamil) mein huaa thaa, joe isake poorv mein dortmund key baahar ack chhoti doori parr thaa. unake pitaa ack khanik key roop mein kaam karate they. way paas key shahar ahlen mein paley-badhe, jahan unhone 1914 aur 1922 key beach school mein padhaai kii. way 1922 mein samajik loktaantrik party mein shamil hue aur kuchh samay key liye, 1926/27 mein. way 1927 mein yuva communists key sadasya bhee baney, phir 1929 mein communist party mein shamil hoe gaye.
german ("veemar") ganarajya mein raajneetik sakriyata.
1922 aur 1925 key beach ledohan ney ack prashikshu key roop mein ack prashikshuta kaa kaary shuru kiya. pahale seey hii, 1922 mein, vaha isamen shamil hoe chuke they. 1927 aur 1931 key beach jaba unhone apani naukari khou dee, taba way ahlen mein apane chune hue vyaapaar mein kaam karate rahey. isake baad berojgari kii ack lambi avadhi aaee. iss avadhi key dauran vaha "laal sahaayata", shramikon kii antarrashtriya raahat ("antarrashtriya arbiterhilf") aur laal-morche key ladaakon key gathbandhan ("rotter frontcomparband") mein sakriya roop seey shamil they.
1928 key dauran unhone dresden mein yuva communists kii raajya akadami ("kjv-reachule") mein bhaag liya, baad mein ahlen mein sthaaniya samooh key saath ack "neeti netaa" ("politer") bunn gaye. unhone vyaapak humm kshetra key liye yuva communist upa-jilaa netritva ("unterbasiruxlatung") key liye ack andolan aur prachaar netaa key roop mein bhee kaam kiya. 1929 mein communist party mein shamil honey key baad, 1930 mein joseph ledohan ney masco kii apani pahali yatra kii. 1932 mein vaha ahlen mein communist party key upa-jilaa netritva key liye ack "neeti netaa" bunn gaye. iss star parr unhone yuva communists key saath apane sambandh banaae rakhe. 1932 mein way poore ruhar kshetra kii jimmedaari key saath yuva communists key liye "neeti netaa" bunn gaye. 1933 taka way dee. aim. vee. ("dutior metlarbeater-verband"/"metal workers union") key sadasya bhee bunn gaye they, aur ack sangh adhikaari key roop mein kaaryarat they.
juuna 1932 mein ledohan koo munster mein ack vishesh adalat kaa saamana karna padaa, jisamen unhein "shaanti aur ashanti key gambhir ullanghan" ("radelfurshaft bee schwerem landfreedensbruch unda aufrur") key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. adalat kaa mamla usa bhoomika key sambandh mein uthaa joe unhone "berojgari pradarshan" mein nibhai thee. unhein baarah maheene kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. 1930 key dashak kii shuruat khatarnak roop seey raajneetik dhruvikaran koo tej karane kii avadhi thee, halanki, jise sarkaar koshish karane aur cumm karane key liye behad utsuk thee. chaar maheene seey thodaa adhik samay key baad ledohan koo chrismus key liye achche samay mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa, joe tathaakathit kaa ack labharthi thaa.
naazi tanashahi.
rashtriya samajvadiyon ney janwari 1933 mein satta sambhali aur germany koo ack-party tanashahi mein badalane mein koee samay naheen ganvaaya. farwari 1933 key anta mein hui reachstag aag key baad, yeh bahut jaldi spasht hoe gayaa kii jaba sabhi vipakshi dalon koo abb pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, tou sarkaar ney sakriya communist party key adhikaariyon aur netaaon key sambandh mein pratibandh koo lagu karane kii aavashyakta koo ack vishesh tatkalikta key saath dekhaa. iss star parr sarkaar key paas abhee bhee communist party kii sadasyata soochiyon taka pahunch thee joe apekshaakrit adyatit theen, aur 28 farwari 1933 koo, badee sankhya mein party sathiyon kii tarah, joseph ledohan koo ack sadak chhaape mein giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. farwari aur disambar 1933 key beach unhein kshetra mein kaee jailon mein rakhaa gayaa thaah unhone uttar mein nae sthaapit asterwegen yaatana shivir mein bhee samay bitaaya.
inn paristhitiyon mein, "uchch rajdroh karane kii taiyari" ("verberitung zam hochverat") key samanya aarop parr, disambar 1933 mein unhein inn haim kaa saamana karna padaa aur unhein aage kii jail kii sajaa millie, iss baar tees maheene kii. unhein pahale aschanderfer moor yaatana shivir mein aur phir verl jail mein rakhaa gayaa, jahan seey 2 maee 1936 koo unhein riha curr diyaa gayaa. 1936 seey 1938 taka way statin mein ack bijli mistri key roop mein kaam curr rahey they. 1936 aur 1945 key beach unhone ack bijli mistri key roop mein aur germany key vibhinn hisson mein manhole nirmaan/rakharkhaav parr kaam kiya, jisamen salzgitter, oopari silesia, sarland aur mharish-ostru (usa samay "ostrava" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa) shamil they. vaha phir seey sakriya roop seey saamyavaadi pratirodh mein shamil hoe gaye. yeh gyaat haye kii 1943 aur 1945 key beach vaha ruhar kshetra aur oopari silesia mein hindenberg (1945 seey zabrez key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) donon mein (abb taka atyadhik avaidh) communist party key sadasya they.
yuddh key baad.
europe mein yuddh aupchaarik roop seey maee 1945 mein samaapt hoe gayaa, jisamen ledohan key grih kshetra sahit uttar-paschim germany kaa badaa hissa prashaasit hoe gayaa. maee 1949 mein iss kshetra koo ack punah shuru kiye gaye us praayojit raajya, german sanghiya ganarajya (paschim germany) mein shamil kiya jaayega. 1945 mein joseph ledohan ney pahale seey hii ack bijli mistri key roop mein kaam kiya aur ruhar kshetra mein (abb avaidh naheen) communist party koo phir seey sthaapit karane mein shamil paaya. vaha punah shuru kiye gaye igg bergbau trade union (aur sambhavatah ack sangh sadasya) key netritva key karib they. sroton seey pataa chalata haye kii 1945 key dauran paas key hearn (ruhar) mein ack communist party key adhikaari baney leidohan, ack aisee kshamata jisamen way abhee bhee 1948 mein sakriya they. unhone iss samay kshetriya party karyakari ("landsworstand") key ack asthaayi upaadhyaksh key roop mein bhee kaam kiya, joe 1946 mein uttar raain-westfelia raajya key roop mein phir seey shuru kiya jaayega.
1946 aur 1949 key beach, ack samanya roop seey aadhikarik srot key anusaar, joseph ledohan samajwadi ekataa party ("sozialistische inheatsparty dutialands"/sedd) key party karyakari ("party kendriya samiti" key agradoot) key sadasya they. communist party aur soshal democratic party key beach ack vivadaspad vilay key madhyam seey aprail 1946 mein berlin mein sedd kii shuruat kii gaee thee. vilay soviyat kabje vaale kshetra mein prabhaavi thaa aur iss baat kaa harr sanket thaa kii sedd key vastukaron kaa irada thaa kii naee party koo sabhi chaar kabje vaale kshetron mein jadein jamaa lenny chaahiye, lekin iss sthiti mein ise americi, british aur francisi kshetron mein kabhi aakarshan naheen milaa. ledohan kii sedd sadasyata kii aupchaarik sthiti spasht naheen haye, lekin yeh kissy bhee mamle mein spasht roop seey visangat thaa kii joseph ledohan, communist party (british kabje vaale kshetra mein sthit) key ack pramukh sadasya key roop mein, apani sedd bahan party (soviyat kabje vaale kshetra mein sthit-octuber 1949 key baad german loktaantrik ganarajya/purvi germany) key bheetar mahatvapurna prabhaav kii sthiti mein they. jaba taka teen paschimi kabje vaale kshetron kaa vilay aur punah praarambh kiya gayaa, maee 1949 mein german sanghiya ganarajya (paschim germany) key roop mein, "paschim" mein ack vyaapak dhaarana thee kii joseph ledohan paschim germany mein "masco kaa aadami" thaa. yahee vaha sandarbh thaa jisake madhyam seey 1940 key dashak key anta aur 1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein german punarmilan key liye joseph leadwone kii baar-baar kii gaee pukaaron koo paschim germany mein dekhaa gayaa thaa.
1946/47 key dauran ledohan aarthik roop seey mahatvapurna aur raajneetik roop seey mahatvapurna ruhar kshetra key liye kramik roop seey teesare sachiv, pratham sachiv aur phir communist party netritva dall ("basiruxlatung") key adhyaksh they. 1947 mein way kshetriya party akadami (landspartestually) mein ack pratibhaagi they. 1949 mein way [paschim german] rashtriya party karyakari ("partivorstand") key sadasya bunn gaye. 1949 aur 1956 key beach unhone uttar raain-westfelia key liye party raajya netritva ("landsleetung") key adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya.
westfelia kaa pahala (aur antim) samay 30 aprail 1946 koo aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. sadasyon koo raajneetik dalon dwara navambar 1932 key chunaav mein daale gaye maton koo darshaane vaale anupaat mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, joe aam taur parr germany kaa sabse halia swatantra aur nishpaksh raajneetik chunaav thaa. parishad kii sadasyata key liye naamit party sathiyon mein max reman aur reman bhee shamil they. communist parishad key sadasya anya logon key saath shamil hoe gaye, jaise kii aur, ruhar kshetra mein ack shaktishali party sangathanaatmak sanrachana kaa nirmaan karane key liye. praantiya parishad key bheetar, joseph ledohan koo communist party samooh kaa netritva karane key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. 1946 key anta mein westfelia aur raain praant key kshetron koo uttari raain-westfelia key sanghiya raajya key roop mein vilay curr diyaa gayaa. praantiya parishad kii leadwohan kii sadasyata iss naee kshetriya ikai key paar leey jaaya gayaa thaa. unhone shuru mein communist party sansadiya samooh kaa netritva bhee barkarar rakhaa. jaba manoneet vidhansabha ney ack nirvaachit raajya sansad koo raasta diyaa tou vohan ney phir seey apani seat barkarar rakhee, aur raajya key saansad baney rahey. unhone 1947 mein sansadiya samooh kaa apana netritva khou diyaa, lekin cumm seey cumm 1954 mein unaki giraftari taka raajya sansad mein aur usake baahar party kii sheersh team key sadasya key roop mein prabhaavshaali rahey, jisake baad unhein vidhansabha seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa.
giraftari aur doshasiddhi.
1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein sheet yuddh key tanaav tej rahey aur juuna 1953 mein purvi german vidroh key kroor daman ney paschimi germany mein (soviyat samarthak) communist party key prati avishvaas koo badhaa diyaa, jisane 1953 key aam chunaav mein rashtriya vote key 2 pratishat seey thodaa adhik hassil kiya. yahee vaha sandarbh thaa jisamen 27 juuna 1954 koo max rayman aur joseph ledohan apani sansadiya pratiraksha seey vanchit they. ledohan koo agast 1954 mein giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. jiss aarop key tahat unhein giraftar kiya gayaa thaa, vaha "uchch rajdroh karane kii taiyari" ("vorberitung zam hochverat") kaa parichit thaa. unaki giraftari key turant baad, unaki patni, friedel ledohan, chhaaya seey kuchh samay key liye ubhari, hamberg mein ack party kii baithak shuru kii aur (ack raajneetik roop seey sahanubhutipurna samachar patra mein ack report key anusaar) kaid "deshbhakt joseph ledohan" kii patni key roop mein comrades seey badhaai praapt kii.
leadwohan kii giraftari key liye adhik tatkaal trigger 12 maee 1954 koo bone mein aayojit ack cabinet baithak thee. agenda kaa nauvaan bindu "rashtriya ekikaran key liye karyakram" ("karyakram rashtriya ekikaran karyakram") kaa netritva curr rhaa thaa aur nyaay mantri kii ack briefing key saath pesh kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone sahyogiyon koo soochit kiya kii paschim german sarvocch nyayalaya ney haal hii mein nirdhaarit kiya thaa kii rashtriya ekikaran key liye communist party key karyakram ney uchch rajdroh kii taiyari kaa gathan kiya thaa. kaee prativaadiyon kii pehchaan kii gaee thee aur unhein "uchch rajdroh karane kii taiyari" karane kaa doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa aur ack koo pahale hii giraftar curr liya gayaa thaa. kanuni siddhant key anusaar communist party kii rashtriya karyakarini key shesh sadasyon aur party key kuchh anya adhikaariyon kii giraftari kii jaani chaahiye. raajya sansadon key prabhaavit saamyavaadi sadasyon seey raajneetik pratiraksha key sambhaavit unmoolan parr charcha hui. ack atirikt raajneetik ayam iss tathya seey cabinet vichaar-vimarsh mein jodaa gayaa kii kshetriya chunaav julaai 1954 key liye nirdhaarit kiye gaye they. communist party key "rashtriya ekikaran key liye karyakram" koo party kii rashtriya karyakarini dwara 2 navambar 1952 koo apanaaya gayaa thaa, aur ack punarmilan berlin seey purvi german sedd (party) dwara shaasit ack sanyukt germany kaa hissa banaane key uddeshya seey german ekikaran kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa, aur tathaakathit lohe key parde koo aantarik german seema seey maujooda paschim german seema taka leey jaaya gayaa thaa. ledohan vaastav mein iss tarah key vikas key lambe samay seey samarthak they. party kaa 1952 kaa "rashtriya ekikaran kaa karyakram" apane vakyanshon mein bahut alag thaa. adenoire shasson koo ukhaad fenka jaanaa chaahiye aur ack swatantra, ekikrit, swatantra, loktaantrik aur shaantipriya germany" kaa nirmaan kiya jaanaa chaahiye. kewal "sabhi loktaantrik deshbhakton dwara aparivartaniya aur krantikari sangharsh" hii "adnoir shasson koo ukhaad fenkane aur iss tarah paschim germany mein americi samrajyavadi aadhipatya key nirnaayak samarthan koo hataane kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye.
iss mamle key sambandh mein giraftar kiye gaye anya party sathiyon key liye, jinake apane mukdamon key liye leadwohan mamla ack template hoga, aur shamil kiya jaayega. una sabhi parr karlsruhe mein sarvocch nyayalaya mein mukadama chalaaya gayaa. joseph ledohan koo 17 julaai 1956 koo "uchch rajdroh karane kii taiyari" key liye saadhe teen saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. apani sajaa key liye sharton koo nirdhaarit karate hue, mukadame seey pahale kii hirasat mein unake samay koo dhyaan mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur tadnusar unhein 4 disambar 1957 koo riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa. ledohan kii jail kii sajaa koo nagrik key adhikaaron seey chaar saal kii vanchitata key saath jodaa gayaa thaa.
baad key varshon mein.
1954 kii shuruat mein sanghiya samvaidhaanik adalat key udaar rashtrapati, herman hopper-ashoff kii mrityu ney ack adalat key adhyaksh kii niyukti kaa maarg saaf curr diyaa thaa joe paschim germany mein communist party kii samvaidhaanik bhoomika key prati chansler adenoire kii gahari shatruta key prati adhik sahaanubhooti rakhta hoe. adalat key nae adhyaksh, joseph wintrich ney adenoire kii apani party seey mukhyadhara key roodhivaadi honey key bavjood, mamle mein apani vyaktigat bhagidari koo cumm karna vivekpurna socha aur party parr pratibandh lagaane kii poori prakriya kewal rukati rahee; lekin 17 agast 1956 koo, leadwone kii apani sajaa key thheek ack maheene baad, party koo paschim germany mein gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa. haalaanki, paschim german adalat kaa ritt purvi germany mein naheen chalaa, aur 1956 aur 1968 key beach joseph ledohan (paschim german) communist party kii kendriya samiti key sadasya they, joe purvi berlin (jisase purvi germany mein) mein sthit they. 
1960 key dashak key dauran poorv aur paschim key beach tanaav thodaa cumm hoe gayaa. paschim germany mein 1968 mein german communist party ("dutsche communistische party"/dee. key. pee.) key shubharambh ney kaee logon kii nazar mein, germany kii pratibandhit communist party ("communistische party dutschlands"/key. pee. dee.) key ack nae naam key saath ack satark punah praarambh kaa pratinidhitva kiya. joseph ledohan usee varsh rebranded west german communist party mein shamil hoe gaye, aur uttar raaine-westfelia key liye raajya samiti key sadasya bunn gaye. way party karyakari ("partivortend") key sadasya bhee bunn gaye. 1970 aur 1980 key dashak key dauran paschim germany mein party kaa chunavi pradarshan phir bhee bahut kharaab thaa, yahaan taka kii 1956 mein ise gairkaanooni ghoshit kiye jaane seey pahale pichhali communist party dwara hassil kiye gaye pradarshan seey bhee. janwari 1975 mein joseph ledvon sthaayi roop seey purvi germany chaley gaye, jahaan usa desh key anya wafadar sathiyon kii tarah, vaha sattaaroodh samajwadi ekataa party key sadasya bunn gaye. unhone party kii kendriya samiti mein ack shodhkarta aur vibhaag pramukh key roop mein purvi berlin mein kaam kiya. 1975 mein unhone apani pension bhee lena shuru kiya thaa.
octuber 2003 mein apane chhiyaanbeven janmadin seey kuchh hii dinon pahale joseph ledohan kii mrityu hoe gaee. purvi germany mein saamyavaadi uddeshya key prati unaki pratibaddhata key record ney aam taur parr unake nashwar avasheshon key liye sammaan kaa sthaan diyaa hoga. party dwara sammaanit anya logon key saath, lichtenberg (berlin) mein friedrichfelde kendriya kabristan mein. haalaanki, vaha ack dashak seey adhik samay taka german loktaantrik ganarajya koo pachhaadane mein kamyab rahey they. usaki raakh kabristan key kinare parr ack gumnam saajha sthaan parr samaapt hoe gaee.

