
francois tomblebe

francois tombalbe (15 juuna 1918-13 aprail 1975), jinhen aine 'garta tombalbe key naam seey bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack chadiyai rajneta they, jinhone 1960 mein desh kii swatantrata seey laker 1975 mein unhein ukhaad fenkane taka chaad key pahale rashtrapati key roop mein kaary kiya. ack tanashah netaa, rashtrapati key roop mein unaki vibhajankari neetiyon ney gutbaji sangharsh aur sattawadi netritva aur raajneetik asthirta kaa ack pattern paida kiya joe aaj bhee chaad mein praasangik haye.
desh key dakshin key mool nivasi, tombalbe ney francisi aupaniveshik shasson key dauran ack shikshak key roop mein apana currier shuru kiya aur 1946 mein chadian pragatisheel party (ppt) mein shamil hoe gaye. 1950 key dashak mein aupaniveshik vidhaayika mein seva karane key baad, unhone 1959 mein gabriel lisete koo ppt key netaa key roop mein safal banaaya aur 1960 mein swatantrata praapt karane parr unhein desh kaa pahala rashtrapati niyukt kiya gayaa. 1962 mein, unhone ppt koo ekmatra kanuni dall ghoshit kiya aur apane dakshini-adharit sanrakshan network key prati atyadhik pakshapaat kii visheshta vaali ack bhrasht tanashahi kii adhyakshata kii. unhone ack afrikikaran karyakram kaa bhee prayaas kiya jisane uttar mein musalman aur dakshin mein isai aur jeevavaadi key beach vibhajan koo aur kharaab curr diyaa. 1965 mein, curr dange unaki sarkaar aur uttari frolinate vidrohiyon key beach ack grih yuddh mein badal gaye. yuddh key dauran, unake shasson koo france kaa samarthan praapt thaa, jabaki frolinate koo libia key netaa muammar gaddafi kaa samarthan praapt thaa.
1973 mein, unhone ack naee party, saanskritik aur samajik kranti key liye rashtriya andolan (aim. aine. aar. see. aiss.) kii sthaapana kii, apana naam badalkar aine 'garta tomblebe curr liya aur "pramanikaran" key karyakram key madhyam seey desh koo aur adhik african banaane kaa prayaas kiya. jaise-jaise grihyuddh jaari rhaa aur dakshin mein unakaa samarthan cumm hoe gayaa, unhein 1975 key chadiyai takhtapalat key dauran chadiyai senaa key sadasyon dwara ukhaad fenka gayaa aur unaki hatyaa curr dee gaee aur unaki jagah felix mailoom ney leey lii.
praarambhik jeevan.
tumblebaye kaa janm 15 juuna 1918 koo kaumara shahar key paas francisi coloney chaad key dakshini kshetra mein moyen-chaari (praant) key besada gaanv mein huaa thaa. unake pitaa ack pramukh vyaapaari they aur way saaraa jaatiya samooh key they, joe chaad key paanch dakshini praanton kii pramukh jaatiyata thee. unhone sarah mein protestant missionaryon dwara sanchaalit ack praathamik vidyalaya aur brazzaville mein maadhyamik vidyalaya mein padhaai kii. ack yuva vyakti key roop mein, tomblebe ney desh key bheetar schools kii kamee key kaaran kango ganarajya kii rajdhani brazzaville mein ack shikshak banane key liye adhyayan kiya.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, tomblebe ney naazi samarthit witchy shasson key khilaf swatantra france key liye ladaai ladee.
praarambhik raajneetik jeevan.
1946 mein, tombalbai ney sarah mein chadiyai pragatisheel party (ppt) kaa ack adhyaay banaaya aur apane kabile key sadasyon aur anya saaraa vaktaaon koo party mein ekjut kiya. navambar 1947 mein ack musalman vyaapaari dwara saaraa logon kaa majaak udaane key baad, unhone najmena mein hinsak virodh pradarshan karane mein madad kii. 1949 mein, francisi sarkaar ney raajneetik sakriyata mein unaki bhagidari key liye sajaa key roop mein unaki shikshan sthiti koo radd curr diyaa. ack saal baad, unhone pee. pee. tii. samachar patra, "aeye. ee. aff. nauvel" kaa nirdeshan kiya, lekin francisi daman key baad usee varsh bund hoe gayaa. 1952 mein, unhone aupaniveshik kshetriya sabhaa mein ack seat jeeti aur 1957 mein francisi bhoomadhyarekhiya africa samanya parishad key liye chune gaye, jahan unhone upaadhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya. unake aur lizette key beach tanaav 1950 key dashak key anta mein 1956 key "loi-cadder" sudhaaron key baad badhaa, jahaan alag-alag upaniveshon key raajnetaon koo francisi bhoomadhyarekhiya africa key upaniveshon key sangh koo banaae rakhane key bajaay apane swayam key ghatakon parr baatchit karane kii anumati dee jaati haye. baad mein unhone march 1959 mein chaad kii aupaniveshik sarkaar kaa netritva karate hue dabaav mein aaney key baad gabriel lisete koo chaad kii pragatisheel party (ppt) key pramukh key roop mein uttaradhikari banaaya. unhone 11 agast 1960 koo desh kii swatantrata key dauran shasson kiya, aur unhein iska pahala pramukh niyukt kiya gayaa.
adhyakshata.
tombalbe desh key uttar aur dakshin donon seey pragatisheel taakton kaa gathbandhan banaane mein kamyab rahey aur kendra mein adhik roodhivaadi islami guton koo ack aupaniveshik vidhaayak key roop mein alag-thalag curr diyaa. swatantrata key baad, unhone sarkaar kaa ack nirankush roop apanaaya, anya sabhi raajneetik dalon parr pratibandh lagaakar apani party key bheetar aur apani party key baahar donon vipaksh koo samaapt curr diyaa. 1963 mein dangon key jawab mein tombalbe ney rashtriya sabhaa koo bhang curr diyaa. unhone cumm saksham sthaaniya logon key saath francisi prashasakon kii jagah sivil seva kaa rashtriyakaran karna shuru curr diyaa. unhone rashtriyakaran key liye dhana jutaane key liye karon mein bahut vriddhi karate hue ack "rashtriya rinn" lagu kiya.
octuber 1968 mein, tomblebe rashtrapati lindon bee key atithi they. washington, dee mein johnson.see. johnson key saath sankshipt baatchit key baad, unhone texas tech vishvavidyalaya key hisse, icosuls (shushk aur ardh-shushk bhoomi adhyayan key liye antarrashtriya kendra) mein shodh vaigyaanikon key saath mulakat karate hue texas kii yatra kii.
tomblebe kaa afrikikaran karyakram desh key uttar aur kendra mein badee aabaadi key liye jimmedaar naheen thaa, joe musalman they aur isai aur dakshin mein jeevavaadi key saath apani pehchaan naheen banaa paae they. goran ney swatantrata koo francisi upaniveshon seey dakshin mein niyantran key badalaav key roop mein dekhaa. 1 navambar 1965 koo, uchch karon aur bhrashtachar key virodh key parinamswarup, guera praant mein dangon mein 500 logon kii maut hoe gaee. isane poore desh key uttar aur kendra mein ashanti kii ack shrinkhala koo janm diyaa, jisamen chaad key padosiyon, uttar mein libia aur poorv mein sudan kii bhagidari aur badh gaee. iss avadhi mein sabse pramukh andolan sudan mein sthit frolinate yaa 'chaad kaa rashtriya mukti morcha' thaa. halanki frolinate pratidvandvita aur vibhajan seey grast thaa, lekin yeh tomblebe key adhinayakvad kaa virodh karane mein saksham thaa. tomblebe ney sahaayata key liye chaad kii poorv aupaniveshik shakti france seey ahwan kiya, donon deshon dwara swatantrata key samay hastaaksharit sandhiyon kaa hawala dete hue. 
france iss daud mein pravesh karane key liye sahmat hoe gayaa, basharte kii tomblebe senaa, sarkaar aur sivil seva mein sudhaaron kii ack shrinkhala shuru karey. tombalbai dwara manmaane dhang seey lagaae gaye karon aur kaanoonon koo radd curr diyaa jaanaa thaa, aur desh key paaramparik sultaanon ney curr sangrahakartaon key roop mein apani bhoomika koo bahaal kiya, jisake liye unhein aaya kaa 10 pratishat praapt huaa. vaha 1969 mein france kii sharton parr sahmat hoe gaye aur chaad ney dheere-dheere udaarikaran prakriya shuru kii. 1969 key chunaavon mein, kaee sou raajneetik kaidiyon koo jail seey riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin taba bhee matpatra parr ekmatra ummidwar tombalbe they.
udaarikaran kaa ack aur sanket 1971 mein aaya jaba tomblebe ney ppt kii congress mein sweekaar kiya kii unhone galatiyan kii theen. sarkaar mein sudhaar key liye kadam uthaaye gaye aur unaki naee sarkaar mein aur adhik "goran" shamil kiye gaye. aisaa lagata haye kii vyavastha bahaal hoe gaee haye, aur france ney desh seey apane sainikon koo vaapas leey liya.
1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein, unhone african saanskritik sansthanon key punarnirmaan kii disha mein apane kadam mein dow. see. strongman mobutu sese seko kaa anusaran karane kaa vikalp chunaa.
agast 1971 mein pragati rook gaee, jaba libia key netaa muammar all-gaddafi key saath sambandhon key saath ack takhtapalat kaa prayaas ujagar huaa. tombalbai ney turant apane uttari padosi key saath sambandh toda diye aur yahaan taka kii apane kshetra seey kaddafi virodhi balon koo kaam karane kii anumati bhee dey dee. badale mein, qaddaafi ney tombalbai key virodh mein joe kuchh bachaa thaa usey aupchaarik maanyata aur sahaayata pradaan kii. iss beach, dakshin mein, jahan tomblebe koo unakaa sabse badaa samarthan thaa, unhone chhatron kii hadtaal kaa jawab dete hue lokpriya cheef off staff jack daumro kii jagah curnell felix mailoom koo niyukt kiya. chaad ack apang sookhe kii chapet mein thaa, aur tombalbe ney raajneetik kaidiyon koo dee gaee apani maafi koo radd curr diyaa. 1972 key anta taka 1,000 seey adhik raajneetik kaidiyon koo giraftar curr liya gayaa thaa. usee samay, unhone arab duniya key liye bhee prastaav rakhaa, jisase libia key samarthan koo cumm kiya gayaa aur frolinate key liye andaruni ladaai koo badhaava diyaa gayaa.
phir bhee, tombalbe ney apani hii sarkaar key saath asurakshit mahsoos kiya. tomblebe ney maloom sahit pramukh ppt netaaon koo kathit roop seey unhein ukhaad fenkane key liye jaadoo-tona karane key liye giraftar kiya, jise "kaali bhed kii sajish" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, una jaanvaron key liye jinhen unhone kathit roop seey balidan diyaa thaa. rajneta kalthauma nguembang koo bhee iss sajish mein fansaaya gayaa thaa; parinamswarup usey giraftar curr liya gayaa aur prataadit kiya gayaa.
agast mein, tomblebe ney ppt koo bhang curr diyaa aur ise saanskritik aur samajik kranti key liye rashtriya andolan (mnrc) key saath badal diyaa. authenticite" kii aadh mein, nae andolan ney afrikikaran koo badhaava diyaah fort-lammy kii rajdhani kaa naam badalkar aine 'dzemena curr diyaa gayaa aur tomblebaye ney khud apana naam francois seey badalkar engarta curr liya. isai dharm koo apamaanit kiya gayaa thaa, missionaryon koo nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur solah seey pachas varsh kii ayu key beach dakshin mein sabhi gair-muslim purushon koo sivil seva aur senaa mein padonnati praapt karane key liye "yondo" key roop mein jaane jaane vaale paaramparik deeksha sanskaron seey gujarna padata thaa. haalaanki, yeye sanskar kewal chaad key jaatiya samoohon mein seey ack, tombalbaye key apane saaraa logon key mool nivasi they, aur taba bhee, kewal usa logon key ack upsamooh key liye they. baaki sabhi key liye, anushthaan kathor aur videshi they.
patan aur mrityu.
iss beach, poore africa mein sookha aur bigad gayaa, isaliye nirashajanak arthavyavastha mein sudhaar key liye, logon koo kapas utpaadan badhaane key ack badey prayaas mein "swayamsevi" honey key liye majboor honah padaa. dakshin mein unakaa samarthan cumm honey key saath, tombalbe ney manmaane dhang seey padonnati aur padachyuti karate hue senaa parr hamla kiya. aakhirkaar, 13 aprail 1975 koo, desh key kuchh pramukh adhikaariyon koo ack kathit takhtapalat mein shamil honey key liye giraftar kiye jaane key baad, unhein kathit taur parr unake hii mahal mein goli maar dee gaee, jisake baad unhone goli lagane seey dumm toda diyaa. unake shav koo gupt roop seey fayaa mein dafnaya gayaa thaa. senaa ney raajya key nae pramukh key roop mein, taba taka ack general, felix mailoom koo sthaapit kiya.

