
plastic bagg parr pratibandh

plastic bagg pratibandh yaa shulk ack aisaa kaanoon haye joe khudra pratishthanon mein halke plastic bagg key upayog koo pratibandhit kartaa haye. 21veen sadee kii shuruat mein, halke plastic key thailon koo charanbaddh tareeke seey hataane kii disha mein vaishvik pravritti rahee haye. ekal-upayog plastic shopping bagg, joe aamtaur parr cumm ghanatva vaale polyethylene (ell. dee. pee. ee.) plastic seey baney hotey hain, paaramparik roop seey dukaanon dwara saman khareedate samay grahakon koo muft mein diye jaate hainh bagg koo lambe samay seey vastuon key parivahan kaa ack suvidhajanak, sastaa aur swachchh tarika maanaa jaataa rhaa haye. plastic bagg seey judee samasyaon mein gair-navikaraniya sansadhanon (jaise kachche tail, gais aur koyla) kaa upayog, niptan key dauran kathinaaiyaan aur paryavaraniya prabhaav shamil hain. halke plastic key thailon mein kamee key saath-saath, dukaanon ney punah prayojya kharidari bagg pesh kiye hain.
vibhinn sarkaaron ney halke baigon kii bikri parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa haye, grahakon seey halke baigon key liye shulk liya haye, yaa unhein bechane vaali dukaanon seey curr lagaaya haye. bangladesh sarkaar ney 2002 mein aisaa karane vaali pahali sarkaar thee, jisane halke plastic key thailon parr poorna pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa. 2010 aur 2019 key beach, plastic carriout bagg koo charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt karane key uddeshya seey saarvajanik neetiyon kii sankhya teen gunaa hoe gaee. 2022 taka, iss tarah key pratibandh 99 deshon mein lagu kiye gaye hain, jisamen pravartan kii alag-alag degree haye, aur 32 desh isake bajaay prati bagg shulk lagaate hain. upa-rashtriya star parr kuchh adhikaar kshetron dwara pratibandh aur aarop bhee lagu kiye gaye hain.
mudde.
plastic key thaile kaee chhote aur pramukh paaristhitik aur paryavaraniya muddon kaa kaaran banate hain. plastic bagg key saath sabse aam mudda utpaadit apashisht kii matra haye. kaee plastic key thaile sadakon parr gir jaate hain aur baad mein pramukh jall sroton, nadiyon aur dhaaraon koo pradooshit karate hain. 
jaba inca thheek seey niptan kiya jaataa haye, tou bhee unhein sadane aur tootane mein kaee saal lagate hain, jisase lambe samay taka badee matra mein kachra paida hotaa haye. anuchit roop seey fenke gaye thailon seey pradooshit jalmarg, naali bhar jaati hain aur samudron mein paaee jaati hain, joe samudri jeevon key paaristhitiki tantra koo prabhaavit karati hain. harr saal mahasagaron mein plastic kachare kii bhaari matra samaapt hoe jaati haye, jisase samudri prajaatiyon key liye khatra paida hotaa haye aur samudri khaadya shrinkhala mein vyavadhaan paida hotaa haye. kaee sookshmajeev prajaatiyan plastic key kanon parr upanivesh karati hain joe unaki hanikarakta koo badhaati hain, aur havaaon dwara sanchaalit plastic key kann mahasagaron key vibhinn hisson mein kachare key dhabbe banaate hain. yuu. aine. kaa anuman haye kii 2050 taka mahasagaron mein machhliyon kii tulanaa mein adhik plastic honge jaba taka kii desh apane poore jeevan chakr mein plastic key kushal utpaadan, upayog aur apashisht prabandhan koo badhaava dene key liye tatkaal upaay naheen karate hain.
plastic key thaile vaishvik tapman mein yogdan karate paae gaye hain. yadi lagaatar soorya key prakaash key sampark mein aaney parr aise plastic kii satah dou greenhouse gasses-meethen aur ethylene kii mahatvapurna matra kaa utpaadan karati haye. isake alawa, isake cumm ghanatva/uchch shakha gunon key kaaran, yeh anya plastic kii tulanaa mein samay key saath adhik aasaani seey toot jaataa haye jisase adhik ujagar satah kshetra aur gasses kii twarit rihaai hoti haye. virgine plastic seey inn trace gasses kaa utpaadan satah kshetra/samay key saath teji seey badhata haye, iss prakaar ell. dee. pee. ee. anya plastic kii tulanaa mein adhik asthir darr seey greenhouse gasses kaa utsarjan kartaa haye. 212-divasiya ushmaayan key anta mein, utsarjan 5.8 aine. aim. oh. ell. jee.-1 dee.-1 meethen, 14.5 aine. aim. oh. ell. jee.-1 dee.-1 ethylene, 3.9 aine. aim. oh. ell. jee.-1 dee.-1 ethane aur 9.7 aine. aim. ell. jee.-1 dee.-1 propylene darj kiya gayaa haye.
vanyajeevon koo honey vaali dou praathamik prakaar kii pratyaksh kshati ulajhana aur antargrahan haye. janwar ulajh sakate hain aur doob sakate hain. plastic key thaile aksar jaanvaron dwara khaae jaate hain joe unhein bhojan seey alag naheen curr sakate hain. parinamswarup, way apani aanton koo bund curr dete hain jisake parinamswarup bhookh seey mrityu hoe jaati haye. plastic key thaile naaliyon koo avaruddh curr sakate hain, pakshiyon koo fansaate hain aur pashudhan koo maar sakate hain. prakriti key liye vishva vyaapi kosh ney anuman lagaaya haye kii harr saal 100,000 seey adhik whale, muhar aur kachhue plastic key thailon mein fansane yaa khaane key parinamswarup marr jaate hain. bhaarat mein, plastic key thaile khaane aur unake paachan tantra mein thaile jamaa honey key parinamswarup prati dinn 20 gaayon kii anumaanit sankhya marr jaati haye. poore africa mein seaver aur naali pranali baigon seey bharee hui honah bhee bahut aam haye joe baadh vaale seevaron parr rahane vaale machharon kii badhati aabaadi key kaaran maleria key gambhir mamalon kaa kaaran banati haye. paryaavaran parr plastic key thailon key sthaaniya aur vaishvik prabhaavon kaa varnan karane key liye chean mein "safed pradooshan" shabd gadhaa gayaa haye.
halke plastic key thailon koo pedon aur anya paudhon mein bhee udaa diyaa jaataa haye aur ise bhojan key liye galat samajha jaa sakata haye. plastic key thaile bahulak ksharan seey tootate hain lekin jaiv ksharan seey naheen. parinamswarup, unamen joe bhee vishaakt yojak hotey hain-jinamen jwala nivaarak, roganurodhi aur plasticiser shamil hain-unhein paryaavaran mein chhod diyaa jaayega. unamen seey kaee vishaakt padaarth seedhe jeevon kii antahsraavi pranaliyon koo prabhaavit karate hain, joe shareer mein lagbhag harr koshika koo niyantrit karate hain. shodh seey pataa chalata haye kii ack plastic bagg kaa ausat sanchaalan "jivankal" lagbhag 20 varsh haye.
prashant mahasagar mein fenke gaye plastic key thaile mahaan prashant kachare key patch mein samaapt hoe sakate hain. 80 pratishat plastic kachra bhoomi seey aataa haye; baaki tail platforms aur jahaajon seey aataa haye. ise samudri janwar khaa sakate hain aur unaki saans lene kii prakriya aur paachan tantra koo avaruddh curr sakate hain. plastic key thaile naa kewal mahaan prashant kachare key patch mein jodate hain, balki unhein duniya bhar mein kinare parr dhoya jaa sakata haye.
vidhiyaan.
halke plastic key thailon koo charanbaddh tareeke seey baahar nikaalane key dou sabse lokpriya tareeke shulk aur pratibandh hain. kahaa jaataa haye kii shulk ranneeti key sabhi samaan parinam plastic bagg mein kamee key roop mein plastic bagg pratibandh key roop mein hain, ack nayaa rajaswa srot banaane key atirikt laabh key saath. plastic bagg charge vidhi bhee upabhokta kii pasand kii raksha karati haye, joe pratibandh naheen haye.
plastic bagg kaa punarchakran charan-samaapti kaa ack aur tarika hoe sakata haye. halanki, kewal 5 pratishat plastic bagg hii punarchakran suvidhaon mein upayog mein aatey hain. jaba thaile punarchakran suvidhaon mein laae jaate hain, tou bhee way aksar inn dibbon yaa punarchakran trucks seey baahar nikalate hain aur sadakon parr kachare key roop mein samaapt hoe jaate hain. punarchakran key saath ack aur mudda yeh haye kii vibhinn thaile alag-alag lekin saundarya kii drishti seey samaan prakaar key plastic seey banaae jaate hain. thaile yaa tou bioplastic yaa biodegradable plastic seey baney hoe sakate hain, aur yadi galati seey ack khaad mein jodaa jaataa haye, tou bioplastic biodegradable khaad koo dooshit curr sakate hain. inn thailon koo anya prakaar key plastic key saath milaane parr punarchakran upkaran koo bhee jaam curr sakate hain, jisaki marammat karna mahanga hoe sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, saine jose, california mein marammat kii laagat prati varsh lagbhag 10 laakh dollar haye.
prabhaav.
american economic journalh economic policy" mein 2018 key ack adhyayan key anusaar, disposable bagg parr paanch pratishat curr ney disposable bagg key upayog mein 40 pratishat kii kamee kii. maujooda adhyayanon kii 2019 kii sameeksha key anusaar, shulk aur karon key kaaran denmark mein upayog mein 66 pratishat kii kamee aaee, ireland mein 90 pratishat seey adhik, dakshin africa, belgium, hangkang, washington dee mein 74 aur 90 pratishat key beach.see.saanta barbara, britten aur purtagaal, aur botswana aur chean mein lagbhag 50 pratishat.
journal off environmental economics aind management" mein 2019 key ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii california mein plastic carriout bagg parr pratibandh key karyanvayan seey plastic carriout bagg key unmoolan key madhyam seey plastic key 40 million pound mein kamee aaee, lekin california key logon ney kachra bagg kii khareed key madhyam seey 12 million pound plastic kharida. adhyayan seey pataa chalaa haye kii pratibandh kii shuruat seey pahale 12 pratishat seey 22 pratishat plastic carriout bagg kaa kachra thailon key roop mein punah upayog kiya jaataa thaa.
aalochana.
plastic bagg pratibandh plastic bagg mein badey kaale baajaron kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii plastic bagg pratibandh logon koo plastic key patale thailon kaa upayog karane seey door curr sakata haye, lekin yeh una kshetron mein aniyamit ekal upayog pepper bagg yaa aniyamit motey plastic bagg key upayog koo bhee badhaa sakata haye jahaan yeye muft mein pradaan kiye jaate hain. isake alawa, pratibandh kachra thailon kii bikri mein mahatvapurna vriddhi curr sakate hain kyonki loga abb chhote kachra dibbe jaisi cheejon key liye apane puraane kiraane key thailon kaa punah upayog naheen curr sakate they..
kuchh gair-plastic thailon kaa utpaadan (jaise.jee. kagaj, kapas, plastic jaise plastic kaa upayog karke 50 microne kii motai vaale plastic) plastic bagg kii tulanaa mein adhik greenhouse gais utsarjan kaa utpaadan curr sakate hain, jiska arth haye kii plastic bagg pratibandh key baad greenhouse gais utsarjan badh sakata haye. plastic bagg key vikalpon koo plastic bagg kii tulanaa mein adhik paryaavaran key anukool banaane key liye sou seey adhik baar punah upayog karane kii aavashyakta hogi. inhen plastic kii tulanaa mein cumm swachchata key roop mein bhee dekhaa jaataa haye kyonki way dukaan key baahar seey keetanuon koo uchch sampark matra vaali satahon jaise cart aur check out stand mein laa sakate hain.
duniya bhar mein kaanoon.
africa.
kenya.
kenya ney paryaavaran kii raksha key liye 2007 aur 2011 mein plastic bagg key nirmaan aur ayaat parr pratibandh lagaane kaa pahala prayaas kiya. 2007 aur 2011 mein 30 microne seey cumm plastic koo lakshit karane parr pratibandh taba whiffle rhaa jaba nirmaataon aur khudra dukaanon ney anya samagriyon key upayog kii laagat koo upbhoktaon koo dene kii dhamki dee. 2017 mein paryaavaran aur praakritik sansadhanon key cabinet sachiv, pro judie vakhungu ney rajpatra soochana sankhya 2356 key tahat vaanijyik aur gharelu packaging key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale sabhi plastic baigon key upayog, nirmaan aur ayaat parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. 28 agast 2017 koo, kenya ney ekal-upayog plastic baigon parr desh bhar mein pratibandh lagu karna shuru curr diyaa. praathamik packaging bagg, aspatal key apashisht bagg aur kachra binn liner koo pratibandh seey chhoot dee gaee haye. pratibandh koo duniya mein sabse sakht pratibandhon mein seey ack maanaa gayaa haye, jisamen 40000 dollar taka kaa jurmana yaa chaar saal kii jail hoe sakati haye.
2019 mein vishva paryaavaran divas key dauran, rashtrapati uhuru kenyata ney sanrakshit praakritik kshetron mein ekal-upayog plastic parr pratibandh lagaakar plastic pradooshan seey ladane aur apashisht key sthaayi prabandhan key liye kenya key prayason koo aur majboot kiya. 5 juuna 2020 seey lagu pratibandh rashtriya udyaanon, samudra taton, jangalon aur sanrakshan kshetron mein plastic key upayog parr pratibandh lagaata haye.
nigeria.
maee 2019 mein, nigeria key pratinidhiyon key sadan ney desh mein plastic bagg key utpaadan, ayaat aur upayog parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa.
ravanda.
ravanda kaa plastic bagg pratibandh 2008 mein lagu huaa. ravanda sarkaar ney 2011 seey apane kshetra key anya deshon koo bhee plastic bagg parr pratibandh lagaane key liye protsaahit kiya haye.
somalia.
sarkaar dwara janata koo unake stock seey chhutkara paane key liye dee gaee 120 dinon kii anugrah avadhi key baad 1 march 2005 koo swa-ghoshit ganarajya somaliland mein plastic bagg parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa. vyaapaar aur udyog mantralaya ney ack adesh mein cabinet key faisale kii ghoshana kii jiska sheershak thaah "desh mein plastic kii thailiyon key ayaat, utpaadan aur upayog parr pratibandh". thailon koo "hargesa phool" upnaam diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki unamen seey kaee uda gaye aur pedon aur jhaadiyon mein funce gaye, jisase pashudhan key liye khatra paida hoe gayaa kyonki joe janwar pattiyon koo khaate hain way aksar galati seey thailon koo khaa jaate hain. 2015 mein pratibandh koo rashtrapati key adesh sankhya dwara dohraya gayaa thaa. #jsl m/xerm/249-3178/042015, stock seey chhutkara paane key liye phir seey 120 dinon kii chhoot avadhi pradaan kartaa haye. pratibandh key karyanvayan koo sunishchit karane key liye, sarkaar ney 2016 mein vishesh abhiyaan chalaane key liye pravartan dalon kaa gathan kiya, joe vyaavsaayik staalon mein jaanch shuru karate hain. mukhya baajaron aur shopping maull mein cumm seey cumm 1000 purushon aur mahilaaon koo vardi mein tainaat kiya gayaa haye. sarkaar ney desh mein plastic bagg bechana jaari rakhane vaale ullanghankartaon key khilaf jurmaane kii ghoshana kii.
dakshin africa.
2004 mein thaile parr shulk lagaane seey pahale dakshin africa mein plastic key thaile ack pramukh chinta kaa vishay they. thailon parr kabhi pratibandh naheen lagaaya gayaa thaa, lekin plastic bagg nirmaata dwara deya ack shulk lagu kiya gayaa thaa. plastic key motey thailon parr shulk lagaaya jaataa haye aur halanki iss kadam ney shuru mein upbhoktaon key saath akrosh paida kiya aur matra mein praarambhik girawat aaee, lekin upbhoktaon kaa upayog lagaatar harr saal kaee arab plastic shopping bagg taka badh gayaa haye.
tanzania.
zaanzeebaar kii krantikari sarkaar ney 2005 mein plastic bagg parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. tanzania ney 2006 mein plastic bagg parr rashtravyapi pratibandh lagu karane kii yojana shuru kii. haalaanki, isake anusamarthan mein duss saal seey adhik samay seey deree hui thee. pratibandh antatah 1 juuna 2019 koo lagu huaa.
tunisia.
tunisia ney 1 march 2017 seey supermarket mein plastic bagg vitaran parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. plastic bagg kii khapat koo cumm karane key uddeshya seey ack prakriya key pahale charan koo lagu karane key liye desh mein sthaaniya mamalon aur paryaavaran mantralaya aur badey supermarket shrinkhalaon key beach ack samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye gaye. tunis key karyakarta desh mein harit neetiyon koo sthaapit karane key liye jagrukta abhiyaanon kii yojana banaa rahey hain.
uganda.
uganda ney 2007 mein 30 microne motee aur curr motee plastic kii thailiyon kii bikri parr pratibandh lagaane key liye kaanoon pesh kiya. haalaanki kaanoon usa varsh sitambar mein lagu hue they, lekin unhein lagu naheen kiya gayaa haye aur way plastic bagg key upayog koo cumm karane mein whiffle rahey hain. kaanoon kaa achchi tarah seey paalan naheen kiya jaataa haye.
asia.
bangladesh.
1988 aur 1998 key beach desh key dou-tihai hisse mein plastic key thailon key paani mein doobane key kaaran aaee baadh key baad 2002 mein bangladesh mein ack sakht pratibandh lagu kiya gayaa thaa. plastic key thaile mull-nikasi pranali aur jalmarg key liye ack badee samasya baney hue hain.
cambodia.
cambodia ney octuber 2017 mein plastic bagg curr lagaane key liye kaanoon paarit kiya. supermarket abb grahakon seey prati plastic bagg 400 reel (10 americi sent) lete hain, aggar unhein isaki aavashyakta hoe.
chean.
chean mein 1 juuna 2008 koo ultra thinn plastic bagg parr poorna plastic bagg pratibandh aur plastic bagg parr shulk lagu kiya gayaa thaa. yeh mull-nikasi aur samanya kachare kii samasyaon key kaaran lagu huaa. 2009 key ack sarvekshan seey pataa chalata haye kii cheeni supermarket mein plastic bagg kaa upayog 60 seey 80 pratishat key beach gir gayaa, aur 40 arab cumm bagg kaa upayog kiya gayaa. halanki, pratyaksh vivaran spasht roop seey ingit karate hain kii pratibandh mein seemit safalata millie haye, aur plastic bagg kaa upayog prachalit haye. sadak parr rahane vaale vikreta aur chhote store, joe chean mein khudra kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa hain, pratibandh koo lagu karane mein kathinaaiyon key kaaran aanshik roop seey neeti kaa paalan naheen karate hain.
shwet pradooshan" shabd (, cumm baar "safed kachra") chean aur baad mein dakshin asia mein sthaaniya prateet hotaa haye, joe kshetra key baahar bahut cumm upayog aur maanyata kaa anand letaa haye. yeh safed plastic key kharidari bagg, styrophome containers aur anya halke rung kii samagri key rung koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe 1990 key dashak key madhya seey anta taka krishi kshetron, paridrishya aur jalmaargon mein dikhaai dene vaali matra mein badhana shuru hoe gayaa thaa. shwet pradooshan" shabd key pahale sandarbh cumm seey cumm 1999 kii shuruat mein aadhikarik bhasha mein dikhaai dete hain, jaba raajya parishad dwara pahala pratibandh lagaaya gayaa thaa.
haang kaang.
hangkang khudra vikretaon koo ack nishchit motai key tahat aur muft mein plastic bagg dene seey manaa kartaa haye. 1 aprail 2015 koo poore hangkang mein 50 pratishat plastic bagg shulk lagu kiya gayaa thaa. shulk lagu honey key baad plastic bagg kaa upayog 90 pratishat cumm hoe gayaa. sanketon seey pataa chalata haye kii hangkang naatakiya darr seey plastic bagg key upayog koo charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt curr rhaa haye.
bhaarat.
2002 mein, bhaarat ney 20 microne seey cumm motai vaale plastic bagg key utpaadan parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa taaki plastic bagg koo nagarpalika jall nikasi pranali key avaruddh honey seey rokaa jaa sakey aur bhaarat kii gaayon koo plastic bagg khaane seey rokaa jaa sakey kyonki way ise bhojan key liye bhramit karati hain. halanki, pravartan ack samasya bunny hui haye.
paryaavaran, vann aur jalavaayu parivartan mantralaya ney bhee 18 march 2016 koo 50 microne seey cumm key sabhi polyethene baigon parr pratibandh lagaane key liye viniyaman paarit kiya haye. iss viniyaman key kharaab karyanvayan key kaaran, kshetriya adhikaariyon (raajyon aur nagar nigamon) koo apane swayam key viniyaman koo lagu karna padaa haye.
2016 mein, sikkim, bhaarat kaa pahala poori tarah seey javic raajya, ney naa kewal kissy bhee sarkari baithak yaa samaroh mein paik kiye gaye peene key paani kii botalon key upayog parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa, balki poore raajya mein polystyrene phome seey baney khaadya paatron key upayog parr bhee pratibandh lagaa diyaa.
himachal pradesh 30 microne seey cumm plastic bagg parr pratibandh lagaane vaalaa pahala raajya thaa. karnatak raajya plastic carrie bagg, plastic banner, plastic bunting, flex, plastic key jhande, plastic plate, plastic key cup, plastic key chammach, cling film aur plastic kii chadaron key sabhi roopon parr pratibandh lagaane vaalaa pahala raajya bunn gayaa, jisamen thermacol aur plastic seey bunny uparokt vastuon sahit dining table parr failaane key liye plastic key sookshm motiyon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye.
gova raajya ney 40 microne taka key thailon parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa haye, jabaki mumbai shahar ney 50 microne taka kii nyuntam motai seey cumm key thailon parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa haye.
maharashtra kii raajya sarkaar ney 23 juuna 2018 seey plastic parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. tamilanadu kii raajya sarkaar ney bhee 1 janwari 2019 seey plastic parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa.
indoneshiya.
2016 seey, paryaavaran mantralaya ney dweepsamuh key 23 shaharon (mini-market, hypermarket aur supermarket) mein khudra vikretaon koo pratyek plastic bagg key liye rp.200 aur RP5,000 key beach upbhoktaon seey shulk lene key liye baadhya kiya, jisamen apghataniya plastic bagg bhee shamil they. curr dwara jutaaye gaye dhana kaa upayog gair-sarkari sangathanon key saath-saath apashisht prabandhan key liye saarvajanik dhana key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.
baali dweep ney julaai 2019 seey ekal upayog plastic bagg, pual aur styrophome parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa haye. jakarta, surabaya, bandung, semrang aur bogor sahit anya pramukh shaharon ney bhee ekal upayog plastic bagg parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa haye.
israel.
janwari 2017 seey, badey khudra vikretaon koo pratyek thaile key liye 0.10 key hisab seey plastic key thailon key liye upbhoktaon seey shulk lena aavashyak haye. curr rajaswa kaa upayog saarvajanik apashisht prabandhan karyakramon key liye kiya jaayega. 2014 mein israel mein plastic bagg kaa ausat upayog prati vyakti prati varsh 275 thaa. kaanoon lagu honey key chaar maheene baad, kaanoon key adheen khudra vikretaon dwara vitarit disposable plastic bagg kii sankhya mein 80 pratishat kii girawat aaee thee.
phillippeans.
18 saal pahale lagu hue apashisht prabandhan adhiniyam key bavjood phillippeans duniya kaa teesara sabse badaa mahasagar pradooshak haye. plastic koo viniyamit karane key prayason mein bhrashtachar, raajneetik ichchaashakti kii kamee aur ekal-upayog plastic utpaadon key prasaar aur vyaapak pahunch seey baadha aaee haye.
2010 mein, muntinlupa rashtriya rajdhani kshetra mein pahali sthaaniya sarkaar bunn gaee jisane dukaanon mein plastic bagg aur styrophome parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. isake baad laas pinas (2 janwari 2012), passig (1 janwari 2012), quezon shahar (1 sitambar 2012, shulk key liye thaile), paase (1 sitambar 2012, shulk key liye thaile), makaati (30 juuna 2013) aur paranak (juuna 2021) jaise shaharon mein upaay kiye gaye.
jinn metro manila shaharon ney niyamon aur pratibandhon koo lagu karane mein deree kii haye, unamen taguig, calucan, malabone, valenzuela, navota aur saine juan shamil hain, joe saikadon plastic aur rubber nirmaan companiyon key ghar hain. ack shahar mein, ack mahapour key parivaar key paas 60 hectare "plastic shahar audyogik" parisar haye.
4 julaai 2019 koo, senator francis pangilinan ney khaadya pratishthanon, dukaanon, baajaron aur khudra vikretaon mein ayaat, nirmaan aur upayog koo pratibandhit karke ekal-upayog vaale plastic utpaadon koo charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt karane kii maang karate hue ack vidheyak daayar kiya.
singapur.
singapur mein badey supermarkets koo 2023 key madhya seey disposable carrier bagg taxes mein cumm seey cumm 5 sent prati bagg shulk lena hoga.
taiwan.
janwari 2003 mein, taiwan ney halke plastic key thailon key muft vitaran parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. pratibandh ney department store, shopping maull, hypermarket, convenions store, fast food restaraan aur niyamit restaraan key maalikon koo apane grahakon koo muft plastic bagg pradaan karane seey roque diyaa. kaee dukaanon ney plastic koo punarnaveenikaran kiye gaye kagaj key dibbon seey badal diyaa haye. haalaanki, 2006 mein, prashaasan ney khaadya seva operators dwara muft plastic bagg kii peshkash kii anumati denaa shuru karane kaa faisala kiya. farwari 2018 mein, taiwan ney plastic bagg parr alag-alag degree mein pratibandh lagaane kii yojana kii ghoshana kii, 2019 taka inn-store upayog key liye pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa, kuchh dukaanon koo 2020 taka bagg kii peshkash karane seey pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa, 2025 seey keemat mein vriddhi hui, phir 2030 mein ekal-upayog plastic bagg parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa, saath hii saath ekal-upayog vaale bartan aur container.
europe.
europeeya sangh.
navambar 2013 mein, europeeya aayog ney halke (50 microne seey cumm motai) plastic vaahak thailon kii khapat koo cumm karane key uddeshya seey ack prastaav prakaashit kiya. prastaav key tahat, europeeya sangh key sadasya raajya plastic bagg key upayog koo hatotsaahit karane key liye sabse upayukt upaay chuna sakate hain.
29 aprail 2015 koo europeeya sansad ney nirdesh paarit kiya kii 2017 taka plastic bagg key upayog koo 50 pratishat aur 2019 taka 80 pratishat taka cumm kiya jaae.
denmark.
2003 mein, denmark ney plastic bagg dene vaale khudra vikretaon parr curr lagaaya. isane dukaanon koo plastic key thailon key liye shulk lene key liye protsaahit kiya aur punah prayojya thailon key upayog koo aage badhaaya. aisaa socha gayaa thaa kii isase lagbhag 66 pratishat plastic aur kagaj key thaile butch gaye. 2004 mein, greenland mein "inatsisart" dwara isi tarah kaa ack kaanoon paarit kiya gayaa thaa, jisane plastic bagg parr punarchakran curr lagu kiya thaa. 2014 taka denmark mein prati varsh prati vyakti 4 thailon key saath europe mein sabse cumm plastic bagg kaa upayog huaa thaa, jabaki purtagaal, polland aur slovakia mein 466 thaile they.
germany.
german packaging adhiniyam 1 janwari 2019 koo pesh kiya gayaa thaa, joe packaging key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale disposable plastic bagg kii sankhya koo seemit kartaa haye. inn samagriyon kaa upayog karane kii yojana banaa rahee companiyon koo abb apane utpaadon koo vitarit karane seey pahale sarkaar key saath panjikaran karna aavashyak haye. yadi way iska paalan naheen karate hain, tou una parr 200,000 euro taka kaa jurmana lagaaya jaa sakata haye aur unake utpaadon koo bechane seey pratibandhit kiya jaa sakata haye. sanshodhan ney punarchakran kotaa bhee sthaapit kiya joe baajaron koo jurmana lagane seey bachane key liye puuraa karna chaahiye. 2019 mein, packaging key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale plastic baigon key 36 pratishat koo punarnaveenikaran kii aavashyakta thee, lekin 2022 mein yeh pratishat badhaakar 63 pratishat curr diyaa gayaa thaa. packaging adhiniyam mein ack sanshodhan 9 farwari 2021 koo pesh kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen 1 janwari 2022 seey shopping bagg sahit sabhi ekal-upayog plastic parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa.
grees.
plastic bagg parr shulk lagaane seey pahale, grees ney harr saal lagbhag 4 arab ekal-upayog plastic bagg kaa utpaadan kiya. haalaanki grees mein ausat vyakti salana 300 seey adhik plastic baigon kaa niptan kartaa haye, lekin inmein seey kewal 10 pratishat kaa punarnaveenikaran kiya jaataa thaa. 1 janwari 2018 koo ack plastic bagg shulk shuru kiya gayaa thaa, shuru mein 4 sent prati bagg, phir 1 janwari 2019 koo 7 sent taka badhaa diyaa gayaa thaa. grees ney 1 julaai 2021 koo ekal-upayog plastic key upayog koo hatotsaahit karane key liye aage kaa kaanoon paarit kiya, jisamen vyapariyon parr ekal-upayog plastic bagg aur serviceware kaa order dene aur bechane parr pratibandh shamil thaa.
ireland.
ireland ney march 2002 mein bikri key samay upbhoktaon parr €0.15 curr lagaaya, jisase 90 pratishat upabhokta ack varsh key bheetar lambe jeevan key thailon kaa upayog karate hain. yeh curr upbhoktaon key vyavhaar koo badalane key liye taiyar kiya gayaa haye, jabaki unhein yeh chunane kii anumati detaa haye kii kyaa way plastic bagg key liye atirikt shulk kaa bhugtan karna chaahte hain. 2007 mein curr koo badhaakar 0.22 euro curr diyaa gayaa thaa. rajaswa koo ack paryaavaran kosh mein daal diyaa jaataa haye, jiska upayog paryaavaran pariyojanaon key liye kiya jaanaa haye; yeh ack pramukh kaaran haye kii upabhokta iss curr kaa samarthan karate hain. yeh dekhane key liye ack adhyayan kiya gayaa kii upbhoktaon ney checkout parr curr key prati kaise pratikriya dee aur 60 pratishat laagat parr tatasth they, jabaki 14 pratishat uttardaataa atirikt shulk key prati "sakaratmak" they aur 26 pratishat ney nakaratmak pratikriya dee.
moldova.
moldov sansad ney 1 janwari 2021 seey poorna pratibandh lagu honey key saath, janwari 2019 seey plastic bagg key charan-out kii shuruat karate hue dheere-dheere kaanoon paarit kiya.
neatherlands.
neetherland ney 1 janwari 2016 koo muft plastic shopping bagg parr ack vyaapak pratibandh lagu kiya. pratibandh mein aise khaadya utpaadon key liye chhoot kii ack chhoti sankhya haye joe taaja phal jaise sambhaavit sandushan key sampark mein hain. ack plastic bagg key liye lakshya moolya €0.25 haye.
polland.
1 janwari 2018 koo plastic recycling levi lagu kii gaee thee. ekal-upayog plastic bagg kii laagat nyuntam (vait sahit) haye, halanki store adhik raashi lene mein saksham hain. polish sarkaar ney anuman lagaaya kii yeh shulk 2018 mein raajya key bajat mein lagbhag 1.1 arab dollar laayega. thailon kii bikri parr 25 karod rupaye kaa vait rajaswa jutaaya gayaa.
purtagaal.
purtagaal ney ekal-upayog vaahak thailon parr 10 sent (€) kii raashi kaa plastic bagg curr lagu kiya haye, jisase unake upayog mein 90 pratishat kii kamee aaee haye. haalaanki, kaee khudra vikretaon ney plastic key motey (punah prayojya) thaile, joe curr key adheen naheen hain, usee raashi key liye bechana shuru curr diyaa. purtagaali sarkaar dwara iss plastic bagg curr koo lagu karane seey pahale, purtagaal mein kuchh supermarket ney pahale hii pratyek plastic bagg parr 2 pratishat (€) shulk lagu curr diyaa thaa. madira dweep mein jahaan supermarket ney iss bagg shulk koo lagu kiya thaa, plastic bagg kii khapat mein 64 pratishat kii kamee aaee thee.
romenia.
2006 mein ack kaanoon pesh kiya gayaa thaa (kaanoon 578/2006)-aur baad mein 2011 mein sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa (kaanoon 1032/2011)-jisane gair-jaiv apghataniya plastic bagg parr anivarya curr lagaaya. 2011 mein ack sanshodhan ney plastic bagg parr curr koo cumm curr diyaa aur kuchh logon dwara ise paryaavaran sanrakshan seey ack kadam peechhe maanaa gayaa. 1 janwari 2019 koo halke plastic key thailon parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa.
serbia.
serbia mein plastic bagg key nirmaataon aur aayatakon parr curr haye aur 2019 taka bagg key upayog koo 90 prati vyakti seey cumm karane key liye halke plastic bagg parr pratibandh lagaane aur biodegradable bagg parr shulk lagaane kii yojana haye. pramukh supermarket ney 2018 mein prati bagg 2 dinaar lena shuru curr diyaa.
spen.
spen ney 1 julaai 2018 koo plastic bagg charge kii shuruat kii. catalonia mein aprail 2017 seey bagg charge haye.
switzerland.
2016 mein, switzerland mein supermarket kii dou sabse badee shrinkhalaon, pravaasi sahakaari samitiyon key mahasangh aur sahakaari sangh ney ghoshana kii kii way muft plastic bagg (check-out parr) vitarit karane key liye uttarottar bund curr denge. donon vitarakon ney ghoshana kii kii way bhugtan kiye gaye thailon seey paisa naheen kamaayenge, lekin unaki bikri seey honey vaale laabh koo paryaavaran pariyojanaon mein nivesh kiya jaayega.
migro ney pahale 2013 seey woud key canton mein iss upaay kaa pareekshan kiyaah unhone plastic bagg kii sankhya koo nabbe pratishat taka cumm curr diyaa (aur prati varsh 100,000 frank kii bachat kii). 1 navambar 2016 koo desh bhar mein iss upaay koo lagu karane vaale migro pahale honge (thaile punarnaveenikaran plastic seey banaae jaayenge aur pratyek kii keemat 0.05 swiss frank hogi). cop kii yojana 2017 mein ise pesh karane kii haye.
united kingdam.
jalavaayu parivartan adhiniyam 2008 ney united kingdam mein plastic bagg key viniyaman key liye vidhaayi dhaanche key roop mein kaary kiya.
maee 2021 mein yeh ghoshana kii gaee thee kii united kingdam mein ekal-upayog plastic bagg key liye shulk 21 maee 2021 seey 5pee seey 10pee taka doguna hoe jaayega.
julaai 2022 mein, yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii 2014 key baad seey britten mein mukhya khudra vikretaon key beach plastic bagg kaa upayog 97 pratishat cumm hoe gayaa thaa, jisamen 2015 mein 5pee shulk lagu honey key baad girawat kaa ack badaa hissa thaa.
wells.
wells ney octuber 2011 mein lagbhag sabhi ekal upayog baigon key liye 5 pence kaa kanuni nyuntam shulk shuru kiya. kagaj aur biodegradable bagg koo shulk key saath-saath plastic bagg mein shamil kiya gayaa haye, jisamen kewal kuchh vishisht chhoot hain-jaise kii binaa paik kiye gaye bhojan yaa dawa key liye ack aine. aich. aiss. parche parr aapoorti kii gaee.
shulk seey uthaaya gayaa vait sarkaar dwara ekatra kiya jaataa haye. khudra vikretaon koo shesh aaya daan mein dene key liye kahaa jaataa haye. velsh sarkaar dwara julaai 2012 mein jaari aankadon seey pataa chalata haye kii shulk kii shuruat key baad seey wells mein vaahak thaile kaa upayog 96 pratishat cumm hoe gayaa thaa.
uttari ireland.
uttari ireland ney 8 aprail 2013 koo lagbhag sabhi ekal upayog baigon parr 5 pence shulk lagu kiya. 19 janwari 2014 seey 20 pence seey cumm kii khudra keemat key saath punah prayojya vaahak baigon parr shulk badhaaya gayaa thaa kyonki kaee khudra vikretaon key aankadon seey sanket milata haye kii ekal upayog baigon parr shulk kii shuruat key baad seey punah prayojya bagg kii bikri mein 800% kii vriddhi hui thee.
levi kii aaya (2013/14 mein £ 4.17m) kaa bhugtan paryaavaran vibhaag koo kiya jaataa haye aur iska upayog sthaaniya paryaavaran pariyojanaon koo nidhi dene aur levi koo lagu karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. uttari ireland key levi key aadhikarik aankadon seey pataa chalata haye kii ekal upayog bagg kii sankhya 2012/13 mein lagbhag 300 million seey girkar 2013/14 mein 84.5 million hoe gaee-72 pratishat kii kamee.
scotland.
ekal-upayog vaahak thailon key liye paanch pence nyuntam shulk 20 octuber 2014 koo scotland mein lagu huaa. ise ack vyaapak adhiniyam key bajaay jalavaayu parivartan (scotland) adhiniyam 2009 key tahat ack vaidhaanik upkaran key roop mein lagu kiya gayaa thaa.
shulk kii aaya kaa upayog khudra vikretaon dwara kiya jaa sakata haye kyonki way uchit samajhate hain, halanki khudra vikretaon koo "achche karanon" key liye aaya daan karane key liye protsaahit kiya jaataa haye. shulk kewal plastic key thailon key liye naheen haye, aur isamen jaiv apghataniya thaile shamil hain, jaise kii kagaj. binaa paik kiye gaye bhojan, dheele beej, mitty seey dooshit saman, kulhadi, chaku yaa blade; davaaen yaa chikitsa upkaran; chhoti paik kii gaee binaa pakaai hui machhali, maans yaa murgi; jaleey janwar; havaai adde parr suraksha pratibandhit kshetron mein kii gaee kharidari; yaa jahaaj, train, vimaan, coach yaa buss mein khareede gaye saman koo shulk seey chhoot dee gaee haye.
ingland.
ingland 5 octuber 2015 seey lagu honey vaale 5 pence shulk koo apanaane vaalaa united kingdam kaa antim desh thaa. plastic bagg niyamon kii shuruat seey pahale, vibhinn khudra vikretaon ney plastic bagg kii khapat koo cumm karane key liye swaichhik karyon mein bhaag liya.
baaki yuu. key. key vipareet, angreji shulk anya praakritik samagriyon seey baney kagaj key thailon yaa thailon parr lagu naheen hotaa haye. anya deshon kii tarah, bikri parr uthaaye gaye vait koo sarkaar dwara ekatra kiya jaayega. khudra vikreta yeh chuna sakate hain kii thaile kii bikri seey jutaaye gaye paise kaa upayog kaise kiya jaataa haye. sarkaar iss yojana parr salana jaankaari prakaashit karati haye, khudra vikretaon koo daan mein daan karane key liye protsaahit karati haye.
pahale 6 maheenon mein, ingland mein saat pramukh supermarket mein 64 karod plastic bagg kaa upayog kiya gayaa, jisase achche karanon key liye 29.2 laakh pound jutaaye gaye. ingland ney shulk key pahale chhamaahi varsh key dauran 0.6 arab ekal-upayog bagg vitarit karane kii soochana dee haye, joe 2014 mein vitarit kiye gaye bagg kii tulanaa mein 7 arab cumm haye. angreji plastic bagg shulk key ack anudairdhya mulyankan mein paaya gayaa kii shulk kaa sabhi jansankhyikiya samoohon parr sakaratmak prabhaav padaa, jisamen sabhi aaya samoohon, sabhi ayu samoohon aur purushon aur mahilaaon donon key beach paae jaane vaale ekal-upayog plastic bagg mein kamee aaee. isake alawa, adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii plastic bagg shulk key liye saarvajanik samarthan ise pesh kiye jaane key sirf ack maheene baad badhaa, aur jinn logon ney bagg shulk key liye apana samarthan badhaaya, way bhee plastic kachare koo cumm karane key uddeshya seey anya neetiyon key liye apana samarthan badhaane kii adhik sambhavana rakhate they, joe neetigat samarthan key liye ack 'spillover' prabhaav kaa sujhaav dete hain.
250 seey cumm karmchaariyon vaale khudra vikretaon koo shuru mein shulk seey chhoot dee gaee thee. iss chhoot key virodhiyon ney tark diyaa kii yeh shulk key paryavaraniya prabhaav koo cumm karega. iss aalochana key jawab mein, britten sarkaar ney sabhi khudra vikretaon key liye shulk badhaane aur ise 10pee taka doguna karane kii yojana kii ghoshana kii, joe aprail 2021 mein prabhaavi honey kii ummeed thee. ingland mein sabhi vyavsaayon key liye 10pee plastic bagg shulk 21 maee 2021 koo prabhaavi hoe gayaa.
uttari america.
bahama.
bahama sarkaar ney 2020 mein ack baar upayog kiye jaane vaale plastic (halke vajan vaale plastic bagg sahit) parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa, ack paryaavaran gair-laabhkaari sangathan, bahama plastic andolan (bee. pee. aim.) key ack abhiyaan key baad, jisane nagrik vigyaan-adharit anusandhaan, saarvajanik shiksha aur yuva abhiyaanon kaa upayog kiya.
kanada.
march 2007 mein, patti key rapids kaa chhota shahar, manitoba, uttari america mein bagg parr pratibandh lagaane vaalaa pahala samudaay bunn gayaa.
torrento shahar parishad ney 6 juuna 2012 koo matdan kiya, 1 janwari 2013 seey prabhaavi plastic bagg parr pratibandh lagaane key liye, aur 1 julaai 2012 seey shahar key paanch pratishat bagg shulk koo samaapt karane key liye. udyog samoohon ney shahar key adhikaariyon koo 1 janwari 2013 seey 30 juuna 2013 key beach ack anugrah avadhi shamil karane key liye aashvast kiya haye, jaba koee jurmana naheen, kewal chetavani jaari kii jaa sakati haye. bagg pratibandh aur paanch pratishat shulk (hst key saath chhah sent) donon koo 28 navambar 2012 taka palat diyaa gayaa haye aur yeh vyaktigat khudra vikretaon parr nirbhar kartaa haye yadi way plastic bagg key liye shulk lena chaahte hain. kuchh rashtriya khudra vikretaon koo chhodkar adhikansh dukaanen shulk naheen letee hain.
kanada sarkaar ney 2021 mein plastic key pual, sooti swab, stirrers, plate, katlari aur gubbare kii chhad sahit ekal-upayog vaale plastic parr pratibandh lagaane kii yojana banaai. covid-19 mahamari key kaaran pratibandh key karyanvayan koo 20 disambar 2022 taka key liye sthagit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
gwatemala.
guatemala kii kuchh nagar paalikaon ney plastic key thailon parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa haye, jisamen saine pedro laa laiguna, akatenagon, vilaa canals, saine myguel petapa aur totonicapan shamil hain.
jamaika.
17 sitambar 2018 koo, jamaika mantrimandal ney 1 janwari 2019 seey prabhaavi ekal-upayog plastic bagg key ayaat, nirmaan, vitaran aur upayog parr poorna pratibandh kii ghoshana kii. yeh neeti anuchit niptan kii samasyaon key jawab mein aaee jisase naali mein rukawat aur mahangi safai key prayaas hue. unhone laharon mein ekal upayog plastic bagg koo charanbaddh kiya, jinamen seey sabse halia 1 janwari 2021 koo prabhaavi huaa.
mexico.
plastic key thailon koo nimnalikhit raajyon mein pratibandhit kiya gayaa haih baajaa california, mexico shahar, kolima, durango, hidalgo, michoakan, morelos, nyrit, newo leone, oxaca, queretaro, quintana ruu, sonora, tabasco, veracruz, yukatan aur zakateka.
panama.
panama kii vidhansabha ney plastic bagg parr pratibandh lagaane vaalaa kaanoon paarit kiya haye. yeh kaanoon 2018 mein paarit kiya gayaa thaa aur 20 julaai 2019 koo lagu huaa thaa, jabaki thoke vikretaon key paas apane maujooda stock koo charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt karane key liye janwari 2020 taka kaa samay thaa.
sanyukt raajya america.
sanyukt raajya america mein vartamaan mein koee rashtriya plastic bagg shulk yaa pratibandh lagu naheen haye. haalaanki, california, connecticut (julaai 2021), delaware (2021), havaai (vaastavik), maine (janwari 2021), nyu jersey (maee 2022), newyork, oregan, vermont (julaai 2020) aur washington (2021) aur americi samoa, guam (2021), uttari mariana dweep, us virgine dweep aur puerto rico key kshetron ney disposable bagg parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa haye. sitambar 2018 taka, lagbhag 350 county aur nagar paalikaon ney yaa tou plastic bagg parr shulk lagaane yaa havaai key sabhi county sahit una parr poori tarah seey pratibandh lagaane key liye adhyadesh banaae they. raajya bhar mein plastic kii kharidari key thailon parr pratibandh lagaane key anya prayaas (udaaharan key liye massachusets mein, halanki agast 2019 taka, raajya key 122 shaharon aur kasbon ney aisaa kiya haye) mukhya roop seey plastic udyog kii pairavi key kaaran safal naheen hue hain. kuchh adhikaar kshetron ney bagg mein kamee key liye kewal shulk key drishtikon koo lagu karane key liye chunaa haye jaise kii connecticut, washington, dee.see. aur nikatvarti montgomeri county, maryland. kuchh americi raajyon, jaise florida aur arizona ney sthaaniya nagar paalikaon koo apane swayam key pratibandh paarit karane seey rokane key liye kaanoon paarit kiye hain.
mahasagar.
australia.
haalaanki halke bagg parr koee rashtravyapi pratibandh naheen haye, lekin sabhi raajyon aur kshetron mein una parr pratibandh haye. collus bey, tasmania australia mein halke plastic key thailon parr pratibandh lagaane vaalaa pahala sthaan thaa. dakshin australia mein "shoonya apashisht" karyakram kii shuruat key kaaran octuber 2008 mein isake halke bagg parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii harr saal 40 karod bagg bachaaye jaate hain. paschimi australia aur queensland ney julaai 2018 mein una parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa aur victoria ney navambar 2019 mein pratibandh lagaa diyaa.
australia mein 2002 mein 6 arab aich. dee. pee. ee. thailon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. 2004 mein upayog ghatkar 5.6 arab aur 2007 mein 3.9 arab reh gayaa.
australia mein dou sabse badee supermarket shrinkhalaon dwara ekal-upayog plastic kiraane key thailon parr pratibandh lagaane key baad, australia mein plastic thailon kii khapat mein teen maheenon mein 80 pratishat kii girawat aaee.
newzealand.
2018 mein, shram sarkaar ney ack saal key bheetar ekal-upayog plastic bagg koo charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt karane kaa vaadaa kiya. oh. key. dee. aankadon key anusaar, newzealand vikasit duniya mein shahari apashisht key sabse adhik utpadakon mein seey ack haye, prati vyakti. pradhaan mantri jacinda ardern aur sahayogi paryaavaran mantri yoojani sez ney 10 agast 2018 koo ghoshana kii. 18 disambar 2018 koo, shram sarkaar ney ghoshana kii kii biodegradable, compostable aur auxi-gradable bagg sahit sabhi plastic shopping bagg, jinamen 70 microne seey cumm motai vaale handle hain, 1 julaai 2019 seey pratibandhit curr diye jaayenge. joe khudra vikreta iska paalan naheen karate hain, una parr 100,000 dollar (51,000 pound) taka kaa jurmana lagaaya jaa sakata haye.
dakshin america.
argentine.
2012 mein, buenos air shahar kii sarkaar ney supermarket koo plastic bagg key upayog koo hatotsaahit karane key liye shulk lene kii anumati dee, jisake baare mein kahaa jaataa haye kii unake upayog mein 50 pratishat kii kamee aaee haye. 2016 mein shahar ney 1 janwari 2017 seey supermarket aur hypermarket mein plastic bagg key vitaran parr poorna pratibandh kii ghoshana kii.
2009 mein buenos aayars praant key governor, daniel sioli ney kaanoon 13868 koo manjuri dee, jisamen anivarya kiya gayaa thaa kii usa varsh key anta taka, sabhi gair-jaiv-apghataniya plastic baigon koo apghataniya samagri key paksh mein charanbaddh tareeke seey baahar curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye.
anya praant jaise nucane, chubut, riyo nigro aur rosario, vilaa gessel yaa bariloche jaise shaharon ney pahale hii supermarket mein plastic bagg key vitaran parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa.
chilly.
maee 2018 mein, pratinidhiyon key sadan ney desh bhar key khudra vikretaon seey plastic baigon koo dheere-dheere hataane key liye matdan kiya. agast 2018 mein, congress aur rashtrapati dwara kaanoon koo manjuri dee gaee, jisase chilly plastic bagg parr pratibandh lagaane vaalaa pahala lattin americi desh bunn gayaa. 3 agast 2018 seey, pratyek khareed key saath dou seey adhik plastic bagg naheen hoe sakate they. kaanoon key tahat, chhah maheene baad, supermarket aur badey khudra vyavsaayon koo plastic bagg pradaan karane kii anumati naheen thee, aur 3 agast 2020 koo chhote vyavsaayon parr bhee kull pratibandh lagu honah shuru hoe gayaa. paryaavaran mantri carolina schmitt ney kahaa kii aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii kaanoon ney arabon plastic baigon key upayog koo samaapt curr diyaa haye.
rashtravyapi pratibandh seey pahale, kshetriya roop seey isi tarah key niyam maujood they. 2017 taka, kuchh 80 nagar paalikaon ney pahale seey hii plastic bagg vitaran koo pratibandhit curr diyaa thaa, jabaki kuchh tateey aur jheelon key kinare key kshetron ney plastic bagg parr poori tarah seey pratibandh lagaa diyaa thaa.
columbia.
2015 taka, columbia ney varsh 2020 taka plastic bagg key upayog koo 80 pratishat taka cumm karane aur varsh 2025 taka unake upayog koo samaapt karane kii yojana banaai. 29 aprail 2016 koo, paryaavaran mantralaya ney 30 semi seey cumm plastic bagg parr 30 semi taka pratibandh lagaane kaa prastaav paarit kiya.
1 julaai 2017 seey, kolambiya sarkaar 2020 taka prati thaile 10 peso kii vaarshik vriddhi kii yojana key saath prati plastic thaile 20 peso kaa curr lagu karati haye.
kiraane aur restaraan delivery key saath ekal-upayog plastic ack chunauti rahee haye; 2020 coronavirus mahamari key dauran inn sevaaon kii uchch maang thee.
urugue.
2018 mein, urugve kii sansad ney kaanoon sankhya 19655 koo manjuri dee jisane poore desh mein sabhi gair-jaiv-apghataniya ekal-upayog plastic thailon key utpaadan, ayaat aur vyaavsaayikaran parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. 1 julaai 2019 seey kewal biodegradable baigon koo vaanijyik upayog key liye anumati dee gaee haye, jisamen prati bagg 4 peso kaa curr haye. sarkari agencies key anusaar, kaanoon koo manjuri milane key kuchh hii dinon baad, plastic bagg key upayog mein 80 pratishat kii girawat aaee, jisase viniyaman key liye ack badee safalata millie.

