
chamatkaron kaa mahamari siddhant

chamatkaron kaa mahamari siddhant daarshanik villium valicella dwara hippo aur barook spinoza key augustein dwara diye gaye chamatkari ghatnaaon key siddhant koo diyaa gayaa naam haye. siddhant key anusaar, prakriti key vipareet koee ghatana naheen haye-joe kii prakriti key niyamon key maanav key arth mein koee "atikraman" naheen haye. ack ghatana kewal iss arth mein ack chamatkar haye kii yeh prakriti kii hamari "samajh" seey sahmat naheen haye, yaa prakriti kii hamari tasveer key anuroop naheen haye, yaa yeh duniya koo kaise vyavhaar karna chaahiye, iss baare mein hamari apekshaon koo whiffle curr detaa haye. ack poorna vaigyaanik samajh key anusaar koee chamatkar naheen hoga.
siddhant kaa naam pracheen yunani shabd "epistem" seey liya gayaa haye, jiska arth haye "achchi tarah seey sthaapit gyaan".
augustein kaa khaata.
bhagwan key shahar mein, pustak xxi, adhyaay 8, augustin marcus varro koo uddhrit kartaa haye, "roman logon kii jaati":
augustin kaa tark haye kii prakriti key niyamon kaa koee sachcha ullanghan naheen hoe sakata haye, kyonki joe kuchh bhee bhagwan kii ichcha key anusaar hotaa haye vaha prakriti dwara hotaa haye, aur prakriti key niyamon kaa ullanghan isaliye bhagwan kii ichcha key vipareet hoga. isaliye ack chamatkar prakriti key vipareet naheen haye jaisa kii yeh vaastav mein haye, lekin kewal prakriti key vipareet haye kyonki hamari vartamaan samajh ise maanati haye ("portentum ergon fitt gair prakriti key anuroop, sedd contra kwam est notra").
spinoza kaa khaata.
spinoza key dharamshastriya-raajneetik granth ("chamatkaron key") key adhyaay chhah mein, spinoza kaa daavaa haye kii prakriti key saarvbhaumik niyam bhagwan key adesh hain. isaliye, prakriti mein honey vaali koee bhee ghatana joe prakriti key saarvbhaumik niyamon kaa ullanghan karati haye, anivarya roop seey divya farman, prakriti aur samajh kaa bhee ullanghan karegi; yaa yadi koee yeh daavaa kartaa haye kii bhagwan ney prakriti key niyamon kaa ullanghan kiya haye, tou vaha, "vaastav mein", yeh daavaa karane key liye majboor hoga kii bhagwan ney apani prakriti key khilaf kaam kiya-ack spasht betuki baat.
dusare shabdon mein, spinoza key anusaar, chamatkar praakritik yaa vaigyaanik kaanoonon kaa ullanghan naheen hain, balki kewal praakritik kaanoonon kaa ullanghan haye jaisa kii humm vartamaan mein unhein samajhate hain. ack "chamatkar" kewal ack aisee ghatana haye jise humm samajha naheen sakate hain, aur yeh hamari agyaantaa parr parjivi haye. vaastav mein, yeh ack praakritik ghatana haye joe hamari seemit maanav samajh koo paar curr jaati haye. ack poorna samajh key liye kuchh bhee chamatkaarik naheen lagega. yeh pahala mukhya bindu haye joe spinoza apane adhyaay "chamatkaron" mein bataata haye."
unakaa doosara bindu yeh haye kii naa tou bhagwan kii prakriti, aur naa hii unake astitva koo chamatkaron seey jaanaa jaa sakata haye; way kewal prakriti key nishchit aur aparivartaniya crum seey hii gyaat kiye jaa sakate hain. yadi humm chamatkaron koo prakriti key crum key vaastavik vyavadhaan yaa ullanghan key roop mein samajhate hain, aur isaliye bhagwan kii ichcha key roop mein, tou way naa kewal asambhav hain, balki way bhagwan key gyaan key liye koee aadhar pradaan naheen curr sakate hain. haalaanki, yadi chamatkaron koo "gyanatmak roop seey" samajhana haye, tou i.ee. ghatnaaon key roop mein jinake karanon koo humm naheen samajhate hain, tou iss mamle mein bhee hamaare paas bhagwan key gyaan kaa koee aadhar naheen haye. humm bhagwan key gyaan koo agyaantaa parr adharit naheen curr sakate hain, aur ghatanaaen kewal unake praakritik karanon key baare mein hamari agyaantaa key kaaran chamatkaarik hoti hain.
johnn polkinghorn.
kann bhautik vigyaani aur dharamshastri johnn polkinghorn kaa drishtikon kuchh hudd taka samaan haye. polkinghorn kaa tark haye kii ubalate paani jaisi ack spasht roop seey saral ghatana, jahaan taral kii ack chhoti matra badee matra mein bhaap (ack charan sankraman) mein badal jaati haye, kissy aise vyakti koo chamatkaarik lagegi jisane ise harr dinn naheen dekhaa thaa.
polkinghorn kaa tark haye kii bhagwan brahmand mein pratyek praathamik kann parr sookshm roop seey kaary karke macroscopic paimaane parr cheejon koo niyantrit naheen curr sakate hain, lekin vaha arajakta siddhant key dhaanche key bheetar "shuddh aatma" key roop mein kaary curr sakate hain. jaise-jaise jeevan kii jatil araikhik pranaaliyan aage-peechhe yeh taya karane kii koshish karati hain kii kaun saa ajib aakarshan karane vaalaa usa disha mein aage badhega, bhagwan usa disha mein dheere-dheere hastakshep karate hain joe usa pranali koo leey jaati haye jahan vaha jaanaa chaahata haye. quantum rahasyavaad dekhein.
"mclean v. arconsus.
chamatkar kii mahamari avadharana prasiddh "mclean v" mein dee gaee paribhasha seey sahmat naheen haye. arconsus "mamla. iss mamle mein ("mclean v. arconsus board off ajucation, "529 aff. maan leejiye. 1255, 1258-1264) (aid aark. 1982), arconsus mein laae gaye, nyayadhish, villium overton ney vigyaan kii ack spasht, vishisht paribhasha dee joe iss nirnay key aadhar key roop mein thee kii 'srijan vigyaan' dharm haye naa kii vigyaan. unake nirnay ney vigyaan kii aavashyak visheshtaon koo paribhaashit kiya
haalaanki, chamatkari ghatnaaon kii ack mahamari vyakhya cumm seey cumm pahali dou paribhashaon koo santusht karegi. 
chamatkaron kaa islami drishtikon.
chamatkar kii mahamari avadharana musalman vidwan "all-ida-za-mawaif", itihaaskaar aeye key kaam mein dee gaee paribhasha seey sahmat naheen haye.jey. vensink, joe kahate hain kii chamatkar kaa mukhya uddeshya prerit kii imandari koo saabit karna haye aur nimnalikhit sharton koo puuraa karna haih
yeh mahamari siddhant key vipareet haye, jahaan ack chamatkar cheejon key samanya pathyakram key vipareet naheen haye (halanki yeh hamari vartamaan samajh key vipareet hoe sakata haye).

