
pracheen yunan aur sharaab

pracheen yunan mein sharaab key prabhaav ney pracheen yunan koo padosi deshon aur kshetron key saath vyaapaar karane mein madad kii. sharaab key saath kaee tareeke aur saanskritik pahalu judey hue they. isane pracheen yunan mein bhee bahut badalaav laaya. 
pracheen yoonaniyon ney sharaab kii kheti aur sharaab utpaadan key nae tarikon kaa beedaa uthaaya, jinhen unhone vyaapaar aur upanivesheekaran key madhyam seey france, itali, austriya aur roose key saath-saath anya deshon mein sharaab banaane vaale shuruati samudaayon key saath saajha kiya. raaste mein, unhone selt, attruscan, skythian aur antatah romanon kii pracheen europeeya winemaking sanskritiyon koo spasht roop seey prabhaavit kiya.
utpatti.
navpashan kaal key anta seey hii grees mein viticulture kaa astitva rhaa haye, jisamen praarambhik kansya yug taka gharelu kheti vyaapak hoe gaee haye. pracheen misra key saath vyaapaar key madhyam seey, crate parr minoan sabhyata koo misra key wine banaane key tarikon seey pesh kiya gayaa thaa, joe sambhavatah mycenian grees koo diyaa gayaa thaa. minoan mahalon mein unake sambandhit daakh kii baariyan theen, jaisa kii spiridon marinatos ney arcanes mein mahal sthal key thheek dakshin mein khudai mein pradarshan kiya, aur 1961 mein kaato zacros mein sharaab utpaadan key liye samarpit "vilaa rustica" key barabar minoan kaa pataa chalaa thaa.
eesaa poorv doosari sahasrabdi key madhya kii minoan sanskriti mein, sharaab aur pavitra bail koo "kavita" naamak seeng key aakar key peene key cup key roop mein jodaa gayaa thaa; onops (yoonaanih, "sharaab-rung") kaa naam dou baar nosos parr raikhik bee goliyon mein satyaapit kiya gayaa haye aur homer mein dou baar dohraya gayaa haye. jaitoon aur anaaj key saath, angur ack mahatvapurna krishi fasal thee joe nirvaah aur samudayik vikas key liye mahatvapurna thee; pracheen yunani calender wintner key varsh key pathyakram kaa paalan kartaa thaa.
sabse pahale gyaat wine press mein seey ack kii khoj crete mein palecastro mein kii gaee thee, jahan seey maanaa jaataa haye kii mycenian ney agean samudra mein anya logon mein aur sambhavatah mukhya bhoomi grees mein viticulture failaaya haye.
mycenian kaal mein, sharaab ney adhik saanskritik, dhaarmik aur aarthik mahatva liya. raikhik bee mein goliyon parr utkeern abhilekhon mein sharaab, daakh kii bariyon aur sharaab vyapariyon kaa vivaran shamil haye, saath hii saath sharaab key yunani devta dionius kaa praarambhik sanket bhee shamil haye. yoonaniyon ney wine banaane kii sanskriti key aagaman koo dionius aur saanskritik naayak abhijaat varg key pauranik kathaaon mein shamil kiya.
amphora key praarambhik avasheshon seey pataa chalata haye kii mycenian cyprus, misra, pyalestine, sisili aur dakshini itali jaise sthaanon mein pracheen duniya bhar mein sakriya roop seey sharaab kaa vyaapaar karate they.
upanivesh aur vyaapaar.
jaise hii yunani shahar-raajyon ney poore bhoomadhya sagar mein upanivesh sthaapit kiye, basane vaale apane saath angur laae aur jangli belon kii kheti mein sakriya they. sisili aur dakshini itali ney kuchh shuruati upaniveshon kaa gathan kiya, kyonki way pahale seey hii angooron kii prachurta key liye ghar they. yunani loga italvi praaydweep key dakshini bhaag koo onotria ("belon kii bhoomi") kahate they. dakshini france mein aur kaalaa sagar key taton key saath-saath massalia mein bastiyaan jald hii iss ummeed key saath aaeen kii aupaniveshik sharaab utpaadan naa kewal gharelu jarooraton kii aapoorti karega, balki aas-paas key shahar-raajyon kii maang koo puuraa karane key liye vyaapaar key avsar bhee paida karega.
ethen ney khud sharaab key liye ack badaa aur aakarshak bajar pradaan kiya, jisamen maang koo santusht karane mein madad karane key liye atikan kshetra aur thasos dweep parr mahatvapurna daakh kii baari kii jaagiren bunn rahee theen. sharaab key itihaskaron ney siddhant diyaa haye kii yoonaniyon ney spen aur purtagaal mein viticulture kii shuruat kii hogi, lekin pratispardhi siddhanton seey pataa chalata haye kii fenician shayed una kshetron mein pahale pahunche they.
pracheen yunani arthavyavastha mein pracheen kaal seey yunani sikkon koo sajaane vaale draksh key guchhe, bell aur sharaab key cup sharaab key mahatva key gawah hain. pratyek pramukh vyaparik bhagidar key saath, kreemiya, misra, skythia, attruaria aur usase aage, yoonaniyon ney viticulture aur winemaking key apane gyaan key saath-saath apane swayam key utpaadan key falon kaa vyaapaar kiya. vibhinn shahar-raajyon aur agean dweepon kii anoothi muharon vaale laakhon amphora tukadon koo puraatatvidon dwara ujagar kiya gayaa haye, joe yunani prabhaav key dayare koo pradarshit karate hain.
dakshini france key tata parr khoje gaye ack jahaaj key khandahar mein lagbhag 10,000 amphora shamil they jinamen lagbhag yunani sharaab thee, joe sambhavatah rone aur saan nadiyon koo gaul mein vyaapaar karane key liye niyat thee. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii yoonaniyon ney harr saal masalia key madhyam seey lagbhag 1 karod leater sharaab gaul mein bheji. 1929 mein, bargandi mein wicks kabr kii khoj mein kaee kalaakritiyaan shamil theen joe yunani sharaab vyapariyon aur sthaaniya celtic graminon key beach majboot sambandhon koo pradarshit karati theen. inmein seey sabse ullekhaniya ack badaa yunani nirmit crater thaa, jise sharaab koo pakadane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa.
viticulture aur winemaking prabhaav.
pracheen yoonaniyon ney "tame" (yoonaanih ̃mερος) key liye apane visheshan key baad, ise apane jangli roop seey alag karate hue, kheti kii gaee bell koo "hemeris" (yoonaanih ̃mερίς) kahaa. ack vishal jarh koo mahaan devi kii ack panth chhavi mein tarasha gayaa thaa aur argonaut dwara frigia key tata parr sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. nonnous key dair seey "dionesia" mein wine-pressing key adim aavishkaar kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye, jiska shreya dionius koo diyaa jaataa haye, aur hommer key akils kii dhaal key vivaran mein isaki banaai gaee sajawat key usa hisse kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye joe ack daakh kii baari seey angur kii fasal koo darshaata haye joe ack khaai aur baad seey surakshit roop seey ghiraa huaa haye; belein daanv parr samarthit panktiyon mein khadee hain. unhone yeh bhee likhaa kii odicius key pitaa, lartes ney apane daakh kii baari key vibhinn hisson mein 50 seey adhik prakaar key angur lagaae they.
eesaa poorv chauthi shatabdi key yunani lekhak theophrastus ney viticulture mein kuchh yunani prabhaavon aur navacharon kaa ack vistrit record chhoda, jinamen seey ack daakh kii baari kii mitty kaa adhyayan thaa aur vishisht angooron key liye unakaa uchit milan thaa. ack anya navachar swaad aur gunavatta kii adhik gahan ekagrata key liye paidawar koo cumm karna thaa, naa kii matra mein vriddhi. usa samay key arthshastra ney adhikansh fasalon key liye uchch upaj kaa paksh liya, aur jaanboojhkar krishi utpaadan koo seemit karna pracheen duniya mein bahut asamanya thaa. theophrastus ney nae daakh kii baari key ropan key liye choosane aur paudhe kii kataai kaa upayog karane key abhyaas kaa bhee vistaar seey varnan kiya. yunani loga aasaani seey kheti aur kataai key liye dher kiye gaye paudhon key saath bell prashikshan kaa bhee upayog karate they, bajaay isake kii angur koo jhaadiyon yaa pedon mein aprashikshit roop seey badhane diyaa jaae.
jabaki empellographer pracheen yoonaniyon dwara ugaaye jaane vaale kissy bhee vartamaan "vitis vinifera" angur kii kism key sateek vansh kii pehchaan karane mein asamarth rahey hain, kaee-ee.jee. aglianico (jise "hellenico" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye), gratcheto aur trabibiano (jise "greco" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye)-kii alag yunani viraasat haye. anya sharaab kshetron dwara sabhi yunani viticulture takneekon koo vyaapak roop seey naheen apanaaya gayaa thaa. kuchh yunani daakh kii bariyon mein bimari aur kharaab mausam koo door karane key liye rahasyavaad kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. udaaharan key liye, dou daakh kii baari key mazdoor ack jeevit safed murga koo dou hisson mein faad dete they, phir pratyek ack aadhe koo daakh kii baari kii paridhi key chaaron or doosari seey vipareet disha mein leey jaataa thaa. jahan way phir seey mille, vahaan shav koo daakh kii baari key buggle mein dafnaya jaayega.
jaba angur kuchalane key liye taiyar they tou yunani loga "kabootar" key praarambhik roop kaa abhyaas karate they. angur seey bharee hui bakhri kii tokri koo lakadi yaa mitty key bartanon key ander oopar russie yaa takhte key saath rakhaa jaataa thaa. daakh kii baari key mazdoor apane pairon seey angur koo kuchalane key liye santulan key liye russie koo pakadate they, kabhi-kabhi utsav key tareeke seey bajaai jaane vaali bansuri kii sangat mein. kuchalane key baad, angooron koo badey "pithoi" jaar mein rakhaa gayaa, jahan kinwan kiya gayaa thaa.
hesiod key lekhan aur hommer key "odisi" donon mein pual sharaab utpaadan key kuchh shuruati ullekh shamil hainh dabaane seey pahale lagbhag kishmish koo sookhane key liye chataai parr taaja katey hue angur dalna. lesbos parr banaai gaee ack sharaab jise "protropon" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, una pahale logon mein seey thee jinhen vishesh roop seey "mukt-pravaahit russ" seey banaaya jaataa thaa, joe apane vajan key tahat apani samagri koo vyakt karane vaale angur samoohon seey kheenchi jaati thee. anya yunani navacharon mein mishran key liye adhik amleeya sharaab kaa utpaadan karane mein jaanboojhkar aparipakva angur kii fasal shamil haye. draksh key ubalane kii khoj sharaab mein mithaas jodane key ack anya saadhan key roop mein kii gaee thee. yoonaniyon kaa maanana thaa kii regin, jadee-bootiyon, masalon, samudri jall, lavan, tail aur itra koo jodkar bhee sharaab mein sudhaar kiya jaa sakata haye. retsina, mueled wine aur vermouth inn prathaon key kuchh aadhunik udaaharan hain.
691 esvi mein sthir logon kii doosari parishad key roop mein, theodosius dwara mandiron koo bund karane key thheek teen shataabdiyon baad, ack cannon jaari kiya gayaa thaa jisamen "dionius!" key chillaane parr spasht roop seey pratibandh lagaaya gayaa thaa."sharaab key chalakon seey, joe abhee bhee nakabposh they; yeh sifarish kii gaee thee kii" "carrie ellison" "koo pratisthaapit kiya jaae.
yunani sharaab.
pracheen kaal mein, sharaab kii pratishtha usa kshetra parr nirbhar karati thee jahan seey sharaab aatee thee, naa kii ack vyaktigat utpaadak yaa daakh kii baari seey. eesaa poorv chauthi shatabdi mein athens mein sthaaniya agora mein bechi jaane vaali sabse mahangi sharaab cheos seey thee, joe ack chauthai drakma aur 2 drakma key beach ack chaus moolya key liye bechi jaati thee-lagbhag 3 leater, yaa aaj chaar maanak 750 millie sharaab kii botalon key barabar.
praarambhik sharaab alochakon kii tarah, yunani kavi kuchh wine key gunon kii prashansa karate they aur una logon kii cumm anukool sameeksha karate they joe unake manakon key anuroop naheen they. achchi gunavatta vaali wine key roop mein sabse adhik baar uddhrit kii jaane vaali wine chakdaik, ismaros, khiyos, cos, lesbos, mende, naxos, paparethos (vartamaan mein scopellos) aur thasos kii thee. vyaktigat wine kii sarahana mein dou agyaat mool key theh bibline aur pramniyan. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii bibline koo biablos seey fenician wine key samaan shally mein banaaya gayaa thaa, jise archestrates jaise yunani lekhakon dwara isaki sugandhit sugandh key liye atyadhik maanaa jaataa haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii sharaab kaa yunani sanskaran bibline key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ack kism key angur seey thress mein utpann huaa thaa. pramniya wine kaee kshetron mein paaee gaee thee, vishesh roop seey lesbos lekin ikeria aur smirna (vartamaan turkey mein) bhee. athenius dwara yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa kii promnius ack samanya naam thaa joe achchi gunavatta aur umr badhane kii kshamata kii kaali sharaab kaa ullekh kartaa thaa.
ack naamit sharaab kaa sabse pahala sandarbh geetaatmak kavi alkman (7veen shatabdi eesaa poorv) seey haye, joe messenia mein mount teggets kii paschimi talhati seey ack sharaab "denthis" kii prashansa karate hain, jise "anthosmias" ("foolon kii badbu") kahaa jaataa haye. sharaab visheshagya jansis robbinson key anusaar, limnio lagbhag nishchit roop seey "lemonia" angur thaa jise abhijaat varg ney limnos dweep kii ack visheshta key roop mein varnit kiya thaa, joe shayed aadhunik samay key lemnio variatal key samaan thaa, ack laal sharaab jisamen oregano aur thyme kaa guldasta thaa. yadi aisaa haye, tou yeh lemnio koo abhee bhee kheti mein sabse purana gyaat prakaar banaata haye.
pracheen yunan mein sharaab kii sabse aam shally meethi aur sugandhit thee, halanki sookhi sharaab kaa bhee utpaadan kiya jaataa thaa. rung gahare, syaahi kaale seey laker tauni seey laker lagbhag saaf taka thaa. okseekaran koo niyantrit karna mushkil thaa, ack samanya sharaab kii kharabi jiska arth thaa kii kaee wine agali purani sharaab seey parey apani gunavatta koo banaae naheen rakh paae. haalaanki, joe sharaab achchi tarah seey sangraheet kii gaee thee aur purani thee, way atyadhik moolyavaan theenh hermipus ney sabse achchi paripakva sharaab koo "violets, gulab aur highsinth" kaa guldasta bataaya."haasya kaviyon ney ullekh kiya kii yunani mahilaaon koo" purani sharaab lekin yuva purush pasand they."
sharaab koo lagbhag hamesha paani key saath patala kiya jaataa thaa (yaa burf jaba sharaab koo thandaa parosa jaanaa thaa). yoonaniyon kaa maanana thaa kii kewal berber loga hii binaa mishrit yaa binaa taral sharaab peete they aur sparton raajaa cleomens aaee ack baar iss tarah seey sharaab peene key baad pagal hoe gayaa thaa. unakaa yeh bhee maanana thaa kii binaa paani vaali sharaab peene vaale koo bhee maar sakati haih gallic sardar brenus ney poori taakat seey sharaab peaker aatmahatya curr lii thee. yoonaniyon ney jore dekar kahaa kii paani key saath sharaab kaa patala honah sabhya vyavhaar kaa ack nishan thaa, jiska virodhabhas centaur key saath lapith kii ladaai key mithak mein sannihit thaa, balatkar key liye soojan aur paani key saath binaa paani key sharaab peene key kaaran tabahi.
yunani sanskriti mein sharaab.
ack vyaparik vastu key roop mein isake mahatva key alawa, sharaab ney yunani samaaj mein mahatvapurna dhaarmik, samajik aur chikitsa uddeshyon kii bhee seva kii. sharaab kaa parv" ("mee-too-voe ney-voe") mycenian grees mein "naee sharaab kaa maheena" manaane vaalaa ack tyohar thaa."dionius kaa panth bahut sakriya thaa, yadi rahasyamay naheen thaa, aur euripids key naatak" "dha baike" "mein amar thaa. sharaab key devta key sammaan mein poore varsh kaee tyohar aayojit kiye gaye. farwari key antisteria ney pichhali sharad ritu kii fasal seey sharaab key jaaron key udghaatan koo chihnit kiya, jisamen sharaab peene kii pratiyogitaaen aur sharaab key jaaron koo leey jaane vaale ethan key madhyam seey ack julus thaa. dionysia mein sharaab key devta key sammaan mein haasya aur trasdi donon key naatakiya pradarshan shamil they. sangoshthi mein sharaab ack niyamit ghatak thaa, jisamen kabhi-kabhi "kottabos" kaa khel shamil thaa, jisamen sharaab key cup seey lakshya kii or jhoolana shamil thaa.
hippocrates sahit yoonaniyon dwara sharaab key aushadhiya upayog kaa aksar adhyayan kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone iss vishay parr vyaapak shodh kiya thaa. unhone bukhaar key ilaaj key roop mein, swaasthya laabh koo aasaan banaane key liye aur ack antiseptic key roop mein sharaab kaa upayog kiya. unhone apane rogiyon key mull parr sharaab key prabhaav kaa bhee adhyayan kiya. yunani doctors dwara ack analgesic, mootravardhak, tonic aur paachan sahaayata key roop mein upayog key liye vibhinn prakaar kii sharaab nirdhaarit kii gaee thee. yunani loga kuchh nakaratmak swaasthya prabhaavon key baare mein bhee jaanate they, vishesh roop seey sharaab key sevan seey utpann honey vaale prabhaav joe sanyam seey parey they. athenius ney sharaab kii hangover koo prerit karane kii kshamata kaa baar-baar ullekh kiya aur isake liye vibhinn upchaaron kaa sujhaav diyaa. kavi ubulus ney nott kiya kii teen katori ("kilaik") sharaab kaa sevan karane key liye aadarsh matra thee. madhyam kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye teen katoriyon kii matra poore yunani lekhan mein ack aavarti vishay haye (aaj, maanak 750 millie bottle mein lagbhag teen seey chhah gillas sharaab hoti haye, joe parosane key aakar parr nirbhar karati haye). apane see mein. 375 eesaa poorv "semele yaa dionius" khelate hain, ubulus mein dionius kahate hainh

