naayak key dwesh parr

naayak kii durbhavana parr yaa naayak kii durbhavana parr () ack nibandh haye jisamen itihaaskaar naayak kii aalochana kii gaee haye, jisamen naayak key "itihas" mein sabhi prakaar key purvagrah aur galat prastutiyon key liye aalochana kii gaee haye. ise "pahali pustak sameeksha" kahaa gayaa haye aur, adhik spasht roop seey, "slashing sameeksha key saahitya mein pahala pahala shatabdi key angreji itihaaskaar george grot ney iss nibandh koo naayak key karyon parr ack gambhir hamla maanaa, aur ghatnaaon key liye naayak key patrakaarita key khulepan (" "sammaanjanak spashtata jise plutarch apani 'durbhavana' kahate hain) koo plutarch key pasandida aadarsh aur naitik swar seey alag kartaa haye.
pramanikta aur swaagat.
nibandh kaa lahazaa itna kharaab haye kii kaee vidvaanon (lekhak ack they) koo sandeh thaa kii yeh paath prasiddh saumya-swabhaav vaale daarshanik kaa utpaad thaa. 19veen shatabdi mein vishesh roop seey "dwesh" koo ack chhadm-plutarch key kaam key roop mein khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa, joe "harr tarah key sabse vyarth aaropon seey bharaa huaa thaa. jisamen lekhak kewal apani durbhavana sthaapit kartaa haye. anya alochakon ney ise ack yuva plutarch dwara ack schooly abhyaas key roop mein maanaa joe abhee taka apane paripakva vyaktitva mein vikasit naheen huaa thaa. haalaanki, adhikansh aadhunik vidwan iss kaam koo vaastavik maanate hain, kyonki plutarch ney isi tarah kii kathor aalochanaon kaa pradarshan kiya, udaaharan key liye, collots parr apane hamalon mein. 
"durbhavana parr" koo ack alankaarik abhyaas key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, jisamen plutarch shaitan key vakeel kii bhoomika nibhaata haye taaki yeh dekhaa jaa sakey kii aise sammaanit aur prasiddh lekhak key khilaf kyaa kahaa jaa sakata haye. dusaron key liye, kaam atee-deshbhakti kaa haih plutarch vidwan aar. aich. udaaharan key liye, bairo, plutarch kuchh yunani raajyon kii aalochana karane kii herodotus kii ichcha aur faarsiyon koo diye jaane vaale sammaan mein "durbhavana" dekhta haye. "plutarch", unhone nishkarsh nikala, "yunani shaharon key paksh mein kattar pakshapaati haye; way koee galat kaam naheen curr sakate."haal hii mein paath koo plutarch key platenism kii abhivyakti key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye. vaha naayak kii aalochana hommer key khilaf lagaae gaye kathanon key samaan kartaa haih unaki kahaaniyan, halanki aakarshak aur achchi tarah seey bataai gaee hain, aparyaapt roop seey sudhaar curr rahee hain. 
anta mein ghayal kshetriya gaurav kaa tatva haye. garvit boetian plutarch key liye, naayak key farsi yuddhon mein theebs kii bhoomika key shatrutapurna chitran ney ack kathor aalochana koo uchit thaharaaya. jaisa kii plutarch ney khud kahaah

