
swatahsfurt visheshta anuman

sahaj lakshan anuman vaha shabd haye jiska upayog samajik manovigyaan mein usa tantra kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye joe vyaktiyon koo una vyavhaaron key aadhar parr logon key prabhaav banaane kaa kaaran banata haye joe way unhein pradarshit karate hue dekhate hain. kiye jaa rahey nishkarshon koo vyavhaar seey bahishkrit kiye jaane key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, kyonki anumaanit visheshta aur kathit vyavhaar key beach kii kadee kii pushti naheen kii gaee haye, kewal aspasht roop seey nihit haye. joe nishkarsh nikaale jaate hain way sahaj aur antarnihit roop seey banate hain, jisamen sangyanatmak tantra lagbhag pratibimbit roop seey kaary kartaa haye.
sahaj lakshan anuman mein shodh herman wonn helmholtz aur unake achetan anuman abhidharana key saath shuru huaa. unhone pahale iss avadharana kaa nirmaan prakaashik bhram kii maanav dhaarana kaa varnan karane key liye kiya, aur phir "shaaririk prakashiki parr granth" key apane teesare khand mein, avadharana koo samajik manovigyaan aur maanav baatchit seey jodaa. haalaanki, achetan anuman kii unaki avadharana kii vyaapak roop seey aalochana kii gaee thee, aur taba seey ise sahaj lakshan anuman key roop mein parishkrit kiya gayaa haye.
prayogaatmak anusandhaan mein, aise kaee tareeke hain jinamen sahaj lakshan anuman kaa avalokan aur maapan kiya gayaa haye. inmein cude ricaul pratimaan, picture priming pratimaan aur shabd fragment completion pratimaan shamil hain. samajik manovaigyanikon key beach sahaj lakshan nishkarsh key anuprayogon kaa shodh, haal hii mein ruchi kaa vishay rhaa haye. adhyayan kiye gaye hain jinamen paaya gayaa haye kii paristhitijanya antaron key bavjood, soshal media baatchit aur shaaririk baatchit key beach, sahaj lakshan anuman abhee bhee prachalit haye. yeh bhee paaya gayaa haye kii saamoohik sanskritiyon mein paley-badhe vyakti ack hii vyavhaar key gawah honey key bavjood, una ubhari hui vyaktivaadi sanskritiyon key liye alag-alag anuman banaate hain.
sahaj lakshan anuman key kaee aur vyaapak nihitarth hain. ekal vyavhaar key aadhar parr apramaanit nishkarshon key nirmaan key saath, ack vyakti usa vyakti kii galat dhaarana taiyar kartaa haye jise dekhaa jaa rhaa haye. yeh badale mein, vyakti key saath baatchit aur unake upchaar koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye. sahaj visheshta anuman koo samajik manovigyaan kii ack pramukh avadharana key roop mein kendrikrit kiya gayaa haye, kyonki yeh anya manovaigyaanik ghatnaaon key liye model kii neenv banaata haye, jaise kii maulik attribution truti (jise patrachar purvagrah key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) aur vishvaas dridhata.
avalokan.
sahaj lakshan anuman una ghatnaaon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jaba kissy vyakti dwara kissy vyavhaar kaa avalokan kiya jaataa haye, tou way una lakshan nishkarshon koo vistaar seey bataate hain joe vaastav mein kewal usa avalokan key madhyam seey unhein gyaat naheen hain. udaaharan key liye, ack vyakti joe buss mein kissy ajnabi koo kitab padhate hue dekhega, vaha unhein buddhiman yaa bauddhik maanega, yaa ack vyakti joe kissy vyakti koo apane peechhe key logon key liye darwaja khula naheen rakhate hue dekhega, vaha yeh anuman lagaayega kii way abhadra hain.
sahaj lakshan nishkarsh kii vishishtata yeh haye kii vyakti key baare mein kiya jaa rhaa nishkarsh pratyaksh vyavhaar seey sakhti seey judaa naheen haye, aur vyakti key vyaktitva, paristhiti yaa praakritik vyavhaar kaa sanket naheen haye. shayed buss mein savaar ajnabi joe kitab padh rhaa thaa, usey ise shaikshik uddeshyon key liye padhana padaa, aur shayed vaha vyakti jisane darwaja naheen khola thaa, vaha jaldbaji mein thaa. yeh nishkarsh nikaalana taarkik haye kii kissy vyakti dwara pradarshit ekal vyavhaar ack samanya visheshta kaa aadhar naheen honah chaahiye, halanki sahaj visheshta anuman ack aisaa tantra haye joe iss aadarsh key khilaf jaataa haye.
sahaj lakshan nishkarsh kii ack aur naveenata yeh haye kii aisaa karane key liye vishisht nirdesh yaa uddeshya key binaa anajaane mein hotaa haye. ise prativartak bhee maanaa jaataa haye, ack vyakti dwara kissy vyavhaar koo dekhate samay kiya gayaa ack pratikriyaavaadi nishkarsh, halanki way swachaalit naheen hain. jaba kiya jaa rhaa anuman ack prachalit roodhivaadi key saath sanrekhit hotaa haye tou sahaj lakshan nishkarsh bhee bahut majboot paae gaye hain. udaaharan key liye, "rotty-vijeta" kii visheshta kaa shreya ack mahila kii tulanaa mein ack purush koo diye jaane kii adhik sambhavana haye, kyonki purushon key ekmatra pradaata honey kii dhaarana ling roodhivaadita key bheetar nihit haye.
sahaj visheshta anuman ack aisee avadharana haye jise samajik manovigyaan key bheetar vyaapak roop seey khoja jaataa haye, kyonki iska vyaapak prabhaav iss baat parr padata haye kii manushya apane tareeke seey kaise aur kyon baatchit karate hain aur samajik parivesh mein banane vaali chhaapen. sahaj visheshta anuman ack aisaa kshetra haye joe anya manovigyaan siddhanton seey judaa huaa haye, jaise kii attribution siddhant, maulik attribution truti aur saral yathaarthvaad. sahaj lakshan nishkarsh sahaj lakshan hastaantaran kaa paryaay naheen haye, joe vaha ghatana haye jahan ack vyakti koo ack visheshta key roop mein jimmedaar thaharaaya jaataa haye jise way kissy aur mein honey key roop mein varnit karate hain.
itihas aur avadharana mool.
achetan anuman vaha shabd thaa jise pahali baar german bhautik vigyaani aur daarshanik herman wonn helmholtz ney una ghatnaaon koo paribhaashit karane key prayaas mein rakhaa thaa joe taba hoti hain jaba manushya logon aur vishesh roop seey vastuon seey sambandhit kuchh gunon koo netraheen roop seey sansaadhit karate hain. helmholtz ney paaya kii loga anajaane mein netraheen roop seey sansaadhit jaankaari seey detta koo baahar nikaalate hain. unhone iss prativartak tantra koo prakaashik bhram key kshetra mein apane anveshan key madhyam seey logon key prabhaav banaane key tareeke key roop mein vyakt kiya. unhone kahaa kii achetan anuman logon key optical bhram seey moorkh banane mein saksham honey kaa kaaran haye. aamtaur parr achetan anuman kii vyakhya karane key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa udaaharan yeh haye kii jaba koee vyakti suryast koo drishtigat roop seey dekhta haye, tou way yeh anuman lagaate hain kii soorya kshitij key neeche jaa rhaa haye, lekin vaastav mein, soorya poori tarah seey sthir haye aur yeh prithvi haye joe chala rahee haye. baad mein, apane shodh mein, helmholtz ney achetan anuman kii apani avadharana koo manovigyaan seey sambandhit kiya. shaaririk prakashiki parr granth" key teesare khand mein, vaha usa prabhaav kii khoj karate hain joe drishya dhaarana kaa kissy vyakti key manovigyaan parr padata haye.
halanki helmholtz key shodh aur abhidhaaranaon koo shuru mein manovaigyanikon dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa. kaafee hudd taka iss tathya key kaaran kii unake achetan anuman siddhant ney taarkik tark mein ack maulik truti utpann kii. advin jee. boaring ney iss truti kaa pataa lagaaya, yeh kahate hue kii anuman lagaane kaa kaary ack sachet prakriya haye, aur badale mein, ise achetan naheen maanaa jaa sakata haye. yeh bhee aalochana kii gaee haye kii iss vishay parr helmholtz key adhyayan aur shodh ney samajik manovigyaan key kshetra koo prabhaavi yaa mahatvapurna roop seey prabhaavit naheen kiya haye.
haalaanki, taba seey iss vichaar koo aadhunik shodh dwara punarjeevit kiya gayaa haye. yeh siddhant kii drishya prabhaav anuman key ack sahaj prativart koo trigger karate hain, samajik manovigyaan aur maanav baatchit parr bhee lagu karane key liye nae roop aur parishkrit kiya gayaa haye. manovigyaan kii sthaaniya bhasha mein ise apanaaya gayaa haye, halanki, vaikalpik naamon jaise kii twarit nirnay, anpekshit vichaar key tahat, lekin sabse saarvbhaumik roop seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa swatahsfurt visheshta anuman haye. helmholtz key achetan anuman kaa yeh anukoolan vyaktiyon koo kuchh vyavhaaron key aadhar parr lakshan yaa gunon koo aavantit karane kii maanav pravritti kaa varnan kartaa haye joe way vyakti key pradarshan koo dekhate hain. yeh aavantan anayas hotaa haye aur aksar ack avachetan prakriya hoti haye, isaliye ise sahaj lakshan anuman key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. sahaj lakshan nishkarsh kaa parinam yeh haye kii ack vyakti vyavhaar avalokan key madhyam seey kiye gaye nishkarshon key aadhar parr anajaane mein apane dimag key bheetar ack vyakti kii dhaarana kaa nirmaan kartaa haye. yeh dhaarana vyakti parr samagr prabhaav daalane mein yogdan detee haye, aur badale mein vyakti key samagr vyavhaar mein yogdan karati haye.
udaaharan.
helmholts key udaaharan.
helmholtz kaa pahala udaaharan yeh thaa kii suryast koo kaise dekhaa jaataa haye. jaba koee vyakti suryast koo dekhta haye, tou way ise sweekaar karate hain jaise kii yeh soorya prithvi key kshitij seey chhipane key liye aage badh rhaa hoe. yeh anuman iss tathya key bavjood kiya gayaa haye aur abhee bhee kiya jaa rhaa haye kii vyakti samajhata haye aur jaanata haye kii soorya ack sthir pind haye, aur yeh prithvi haye joe gati mein haye. iss udaaharan seey pataa chalata haye kii iss nishkarsh parr aaney vaali mansik pranali kaa vyakti kii chhaapon aur dhaaranaon parr bahut prabhaav padata haye, yahaan taka kii tathyaatmak gyaan parr bhee kaaboo paaya jaataa haye.
doosara udaaharan joe helmholtz achetan anuman key apane siddhant koo vyakt karane key liye upayog kartaa haye, vaha ack rangmanch pradarshan kaa haye. jaba koee abhineta munch parr kissy nishchit charitra koo dridh vishvaas key saath chitrit curr rhaa hotaa haye, jaise kii way ack vishvasyogya aur yathaarthvaadi pradarshan karane mein saksham hotey hain; way darshakon kii bhaavanaon koo prabhaavit karane mein saksham hotey hain, hansee, udasi, krodh aadi koo jagaate hain. apane darshakon key bheetar. yeh iss tathya key bavjood kiya jaa sakata haye kii sabhi darshakon key sadasyon key paas ack karyakram haye joe unhein iss tathya kaa khulasa kartaa haye kii munch parr charitra kewal ack abhineta haye, aur joe kuchh bhee chitrit kiya jaa rhaa haye vaha vaastavik naheen haye. helmholtz ney kahaa kii yeh achetan anuman key kaaran thaa, abhineta key baare mein darshakon kii dhaarana unhein bhaavnaatmak roop seey prabhaavit karane kii anumati detee haye.
samajik manovigyaan key udaaharan.
" udaaharan key liye, lilly mahilaaon kaa manoranjan karati haye aur main apane gande plaster cast key saath, paseene key moje mein aatee huun; maine ack laal makhmali dressing gaaun pahana huaa haye jise maine peris mein sulka mein jashn key mood mein kharida thaa jaba frances ney kahaa kii vaha talaak chaahati haye. isake alawa maine laal oona kii shikaar topi pahani haye. aur main apani naak ponchhata huun aur apani ungaliyon parr moonchh ponchhata huun aur phir mehmaanon seey haath milata huun, yeh kahate hue kii "main shree henderson huun, aap kaise hain?aur main lilly key paas jaataa huun aur usase bhee haath milata huun, jaise kii vaha sirf ack aur mahila atithi hoe, dusaron kii tarah ack ajnabi. aur main kahata huun, "aap kaise hain?mujhe lagata haye kii mahilaaen khud seey kaha rahee hain", vaha usey naheen jaanata. usake dimag mein vaha abhee bhee pahale seey shadishuda haye. kyaa yeh itna bhayaanak naheen haye "yeh kaalpanik nishtha unhein romanchit karati haye."-saul bello, henderson dha raine king (1958, pee. 9) saul bello key upanyaas "henderson dha raine king" seey yeh uddharan, sahaj lakshan anuman key ack samanya pradarshan koo chitrit kartaa haye. yahaan charitra shree. henderson kaa maanana haye kii jinn mahilaaon seey vaha apana parichay dey rahey hain, way apani pahali patni key prati unaki "nishtha" seey utsaahit hongi. jaba vaha apani vartamaan patni, lilly seey apana parichay phir seey karaa rhaa haye, aur badale mein way maan lenge kii "vaha usey naheen jaanata haye. yeh darshaate hue kii apani patni key saath apana parichay phir seey karaane key vyavhaar key madhyam seey, mahilaaen yeh anuman lagaayengi kii vaha abhee bhee maanata haye kii usane apani pahali patni seey shaadi kii haye. halanki, shree. henderson apani dhaarana key madhyam seey sahaj lakshan nishkarsh bhee pradarshit karate hain kii mahilaaen yahee sochengi. shree key roop mein. henderson ney yeh anuman lagaaya haye kii mahilaaen ahankari hongi.
maap.
ack prayogaatmak sandarbh mein sahaj lakshan nishkarsh key prasaar aur prabhaav kii jaanch karane key liye shodhkartaon dwara kaee vidhiyon koo vikasit aur upayog kiya gayaa haye. yeye pratimaan ack aisee rachana pradaan karate hain jisake madhyam seey sahaj lakshan anuman kaa pareekshan kiya jaa sakata haye. shodh mein upayog kiye jaane vaale sabse prachalit pratimanon mein cude ricaul task, picture priming task aur fragment completion task shabd shamil hain.
cude ricaul task key liye, ack vyakti koo vibhinn vyavhaaron key likhit vivaran key saath prastut kiya jaayega, jaise kii "jaba vaha pahaadi seey neeche chully gaee tou britney gir gaee". baad mein, prayogkarta vyakti koo ack sanket pradaan karega, aur sanket kaa upayog ack sanket key roop mein karate hue, vyakti koo una vyavhaaron koo yaad karane key liye kahaa gayaa joe unhone pahale padhe they. sanketon ney prayog key swatantra charr kaa gathan kiya, kyonki prayogkarta unhein yeh dekhane key liye badal dega kii kyaa pratikriya mein koee badalaav huaa thaa. yeh paaya gayaa kii vyavhaar seey nishkarshon kaa varnan karane vaale vishisht shabd padhe jaate hain, jaise kii "bejod", joe varnan mein hii dikhaai dene vaale vaastavik shabdon kii tulanaa mein smriti punarpraapti key liye behtar sanketon key roop mein prastut kiye jaate hain. iska tatparya yeh haye kii naa kewal lakshan nishkarsh anayas kiye gaye they, balki unhone vyakti parr ack sthaayi prabhaav bhee sthaapit kiya, jaise kii vyakti ney vyavhaar aur lakshan key beach majboot sangyanatmak sambandh banaae.
chitra priming kaary key liye, vyaktiyon koo ack chhavi yaa video key saath prastut kiya gayaa thaa, aur phir ack vishisht shabd kii pehchaan karni hogi joe shuru mein ack kaali chhavi key peechhe chhipa huaa haye aur phir dheere-dheere 5 sekand kii avadhi mein prakat hotaa haye, yaadrichhik roop seey kaali chhavi key tukadon koo hataakar. yeh vaha gati haye jiss parr vyakti usa shabd kii pehchaan karane mein saksham haye jiska pareekshan kiya jaa rhaa haye. jaba pehchaan kiya jaa rhaa visheshta shabd pahale prastut chhavi yaa video seey kiye gaye nishkarshon key samaan hotaa haye, tou pehchaan kii gati una mamalon kii tulanaa mein badh jaati haye jaba pehchaan kii jaa rahee visheshta shabd sambhaavit nishkarshon seey naheen judaa hotaa haye. isase pataa chalata haye kii uttejanaon koo dekhate samay kiye gaye antarnihit nishkarshon key kaaran, sangyanatmak sanket baney jinhone teji seey pehchaan koo prerit kiya.
khand puuraa karane key kaary shabd key liye, vyaktiyon key dou samooh hotey hain jinhen ack shabd koo puuraa karane key liye kahaa jaataa haye jisamen rikt akshar hotey hain. donon samoohon key beach antar yeh haye kii, poorna kaary shabd diye jaane seey thheek pahale, vyaktiyon key ack samooh koo vibhinn vyavhaaron key vivaran key saath prastut kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki dusare samooh koo kuchh bhee prastut naheen kiya gayaa thaa. yeh vidhi iss dhaarana parr nirbhar karati haye kii vyavhaar kaa vivaran ack visheshta anuman utpann karega, joe badale mein khandit shabd key puuraa honey mein sahaayata karega. udaaharan key liye, ack vyakti "pahaadi seey neeche utarane parr britney gir gaee" key varnan key sampark mein aataa haye, vaha "see _ aim _ vaaee" seey anaadi shabd kaa utpaadan karane mein saksham hoga, joe ack aise vyakti kii tulanaa mein teji seey hoga joe vivaran key saath praathamik naheen thaa. parinamon ney iss prabhaav koo dikhaaya, badale mein yeh sujhaav diyaa kii jaba unhein vyavhaar vivaran key saath prastut kiya gayaa thaa tou avadharana pahale seey hii vyakti dwara antarnihit roop seey banaai gaee thee.
aavedan.
soshal media parr.
soshal media key aadhunik daur key prasaar key saath, samajik manovaigyanikon ney inn sandarbhon mein sahaj lakshan anuman key anuprayog mein ruchi lii haye. soshal media key aspas kii sthitiyon key saath, shaaririk baatchit kii sthitiyon seey bahut alag honey key kaaran, yeh sawal paida hotaa haye kii kyaa sahaj lakshan anuman abhee bhee lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. soshal media kii vishisht paristhitiyon mein sahaj lakshan nishkarshon kii ghatana kii jaanch karane key liye shodh kiya gayaa haye. inn paristhitiyon mein madhyam, swa-anukoolit samagri shamil thee, ack saath pradarshit kaee sanket, jisamen vyakti kii apani gati parr nirbhar brousing kii gati thee. yeh paaya gayaa kii aisaa karane key nirdesh key binaa, kaary mein bhaag lene vaale vyaktiyon ney soshal media jaankaari key aadhar parr logon key prabhaav aur nishkarsh banaae they. shodh ney nishkarsh nikala kii vibhinn soshal media platforms key madhyam seey scroll karate samay, soshal media upayogkarta pradaan kii gaee samagri seey jaankaari koo vistaar seey bataata haye, aur yeye nishkarsh taba upayogkarta kii dhaarana koo nihit roop seey soochit karate hain.
sanskriti mein.
sangyanatmak munn-samooh key kshetra mein shodh kiya gayaa haye joe vyavhaar key aadhar parr lakshnon kaa swatah anuman lagaane key jhukaav koo badhaava dete hain. jaanch key madhyam seey yeh paaya gayaa haye kii saanskritik samooh, jiska vyakti ack hissa haye, vyakti dwara kiye gaye nishkarshon key prakaron koo soochit kartaa haye. iss prakaar, ack saamoohik sanskriti mein paalaa jaanaa, joe aam taur parr purvi samajon kaa dhancha haye, kissy vyakti dwara kiye gaye nishkarshon key prakaar koo alag-alag roop seey prabhaavit kartaa haye, phir yadi way ack vyaktivaadi sanskriti mein uthaaye gaye they, joe aam taur parr paschimi samajon kaa dhancha haye. saamoohik sanskritiyon mein paley-badhe vyakti swayam kaa ack paraspar nirbhar model banaate hain aur vyaktivaadi sanskritiyon mein paley-badhe vyakti swayam kaa ack swatantra model banaate hain. yeh paaya gayaa kii joe loga vyaktivaadi sanskritiyon mein paley-badhe they, way naa kewal saamoohik sanskritiyon mein uthaaye gaye logon kii tulanaa mein sahaj lakshan nishkarsh banaane kii adhik sambhavana rakhate they, balki unhone aise nishkarsh bhee banaae joe vyavhaar koo sthitijanya karakon key liye lekhankan key bajaay swabhaavagat karakon key liye jimmedaar thaharaate they. saamuhiktaavaadi sanskritiyon mein uthaaye gaye logon dwara kiye gaye nishkarsh kissy vyakti key vyavhaar parr sthitijanya karakon key prabhaav parr adhik bhaar daalate hain, bajaay isake kii vyakti key vyavhaar koo turant unake vyaktitva key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya jaae.
prabhaav.
saiddhaantik aur vyaavhaarik udaharanon mein sahaj lakshan anuman key kaee nihitarth hain. kissy vyakti kaa nireekshan karate samay taiyar kiye gaye twarit aur asangat nishkarsh, usa vyakti key galat mansik pratinidhitva key nirmaan kii or leey jaate hain. manushya ack dusare key roop mein pratinidhitva karate hain, yeh nirdhaarit karate hain kii way ack dusare key saath kaise baatchit karate hain. yadi usa pratinidhitva koo galat nishkarshon seey taiyar kiya jaataa haye, tou logon key beach baatchit prabhaavit hogi. iss parinam mein gambhir sangharsh paida karane, aage galat nirnay lene aur jaldbaji mein nirnay lene kii kshamata hoti haye. yeh samajik samarohon seey laker kanuni vyavastha mein liye gaye nirnayon taka samaaj key kaee kshetron koo prabhaavit aur prabhaavit curr sakata haye. yeh samajik aur saanskritik roodhivaadita key nirmaan aur nirantarta mein bhee yogdan curr sakata haye.
sahaj visheshta nishkarsh kii samajh key madhyam seey anya manovaigyaanik ghatnaaon key liye vyakhya model sthaapit kiye jaate hain aur aage badhate hain. udaaharan key liye, maulik attribution truti, joe sthitijanya karakon key prabhaav kii upeksha karate hue vyakti key vyaktitva koo ack nishchit vyavhaar kaa shreya dene kii sahaj pravritti haye, samajik manovigyaan kii ack kendriya avadharana haye aur yeh bahut adhik sahaj lakshan anuman parr adharit haye. ack anya avadharana joe swatahsfurt visheshta nishkarsh key prabhaav seey praapt hoti haye, vaha haye vishvaas dridhata prabhaav, joe yeh haye kii virodhabhasi jaankaari key sampark mein aaney parr vyaktiyon key apane vishvaason koo badalane kii tulanaa mein unhein banaae rakhane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye. iss tathya key kaaran kii yeh anya avalokan yogya ghatnaaon key tark key liye ack dhancha pradaan kartaa haye, samajik manovigyaan key kshetra mein sahaj visheshta anuman key kaee nihitarth hain.

