
oud phase

oaid faces () yaa phase nadee morakko kii ack nadee haye. yeh sebou nadee kii ack sahayak nadee haye aur aitihaasik roop seey faces shahar key liye paani kaa mukhya srot haye, jisake naam parr iska naam rakhaa gayaa haye.
nadee mein kaee alag-alag dhaaraaen hain joe faces key puraane shahar (madina) faces all-baali key kshetra mein ack saath judane seey pahale faces key dakshin aur paschim mein sais maidan mein utpann hoti hain. sadiyon seey nadee koo vibhajit kiya gayaa haye aur kaee naharon mein badal diyaa gayaa haye joe poore shahar mein paani vitarit karati hain aur ack baar kaee aitihaasik jall pahiyon koo sanchaalit karati theen. yeye vibhinn jall channel oaid bow kharreb mein mill jaate hain joe puraane shahar key beach seey hocker gujarta haye aur aitihaasik roop seey "qaraaviyin" aur "andalussian" quarters koo vibhajit kartaa haye. nadee key shahar chhodane key baad yeh sebou nadee mein shamil honey seey pahale thodi doori key liye poorv kii or bahati haye. kaee maanav nirmit naharon sahit nadee kii vibhinn shaakhaon aur khandon key bhee apane naam hain.
nadee kaa varnan.
srot.
nadee shahar seey 12 kilometres dakshin-paschim mein raas all-maa ("paani kaa sheersh") seey shuru hoti haye, joe lagbhag 500 leater/sekand key pravaah key saath lacustrine choona patthar key khokhale seey haye. 
oaid all-jawahiri.
nadee kii mukhya shakha rajesh mahal key maidan (daar all-makhjen) aur faces all-zadeed key uttari kinare parr faces all-baali mein pravesh karane seey pahale jaati haye. iss khand koo "oaid all-jawahiri" () key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. yeh kaee sthaanon parr ubharane seey pahale, daldal aur ardrabhoomi key ack samtal kshetra seey hocker gujarta thaa, joe abb faces all-zadeed aur aadhunik "wille nauvel" key paas sthit haye. haalaanki, faces all-zadeed (13veen shatabdi) kii sthaapana key baad seey, oaid all-jawahiri koo uttarottar modd diyaa gayaa thaa aur isaki kuchh purani dhaaraaen gayab hoe gaee theen. nadee key pravaah koo shaahi mahal parisar aur shaahi udyaanon jaise kii samudri udyaanon key mojara udyaan (abb gayab) aur 19veen shatabdi key gyaanbil udyaan (abhee bhee maujood) key liye paani pradaan karane key liye phir seey taiyar kiya gayaa thaa, faces all-baali kii or badhane seey pahale, jahaan yeh maanav nirmit dhaaraon aur naharon key ack vyaapak network mein vitarit haye joe abb taka key borab khareb mein samaapt hotey hain. 
oud bow kharreb.
"auyad bow kharreb" (yaa kabhi-kabhi "auyad all-kabir") faces all-baali key beach seey nadee key mukhya shahari maarg koo diyaa jaane vaalaa samanya naam haye. iss nadee koo shuru mein dou anya dhaaraon dwara poshit kiya jaataa haye jinhen "oaid aij-zitaun" aur "oaid bow facron" kahaa jaataa haye joe dakshin seey baab zadeed mein shahar mein pravesh karati hain. yeh vibhinn naharon dwara bhee poshit hotaa haye joe shahar key beach mein iss khaai mein samaapt honey seey pahale shahar kii aapoorti key liye oaid all-jawahiri seey alag hoe jaati hain. madina mein sabse nichale bindu key roop mein, nadee iss prakaar shahar key upayog kiye gaye paani key liye ack sangraahak key roop mein kaary karati haye. 
bow kharreb kaa maarg shahar key qaraaviyin aur andalus quarters key beach aitihaasik seema bhee banaata haye, joe 11veen shatabdi mein almoravid dwara ack saath judane seey pahale apane praarambhik itihas mein mool roop seey dou alag-alag shahar ("all-'aliya" aur "madinat phaas") they. baab zadeed seey laker place aar 'siff taka, abb kaar yatayat key liye ack aadhunik sadak key neeche chhipa huaa haye (kuchh mein seey ack joe madina mein pravesh kartaa haye). sadak nadee koo madina key kendra mein ack badey varg, aar 'siff taka cover karati haye, aur nadee varg key uttar kii or phir seey ubharati haye. vahaan seey nadee uttar-poorv mein bahati haye aur baab guysa aur baab sidi bow jidaa key poorv dwaar key beach shahar seey baahar nikalati haye.
phase kaa aitihaasik jall network.
faces all-baali kii sthaapana key baad seey hii vahaan prachur matra mein paani upalabdh haye. isaki jall aapoorti pranali kii vartamaan ruprekha 1037 aur 1049 key beach zenata ameer dunas ibn hamama dwara shuru kii gaee thee aur phir 1069 (faces kii almoravid vijay) aur 1106 key beach almoravid ameer yousaf ibn tashfin dwara aage vistaar seey bataaya gayaa thaa. paschim seey, oud all-jawahiri faces all-zadeed key uttari kinare key saath poorv kii or bahati haye, baab bow jutt mechaur seey gujarati haye, daar all-makina (ack poorv hathiyar karkhana) seey hocker, aur phir baab dekkakin key paas puraane mechaur key neeche, isake purvi hisse mein phir seey ubharane seey pahale, gyaan key baagon key kinare parr. yahaan yeh puraane mechaud kii prachir key neeche chaar mehrab vaale dwaaron seey nikalata haye aur nadee kaa pahala pramukh maanav nirmit vibhajan hotaa haye. yeh vibhajan faces all-baali key madhyam seey kaee naharon (unamen seey adhikansh bhoomigat) kaa nirmaan kartaa haye joe antatah vaapas oaid bow kharreb (shahar key ander nadee key mukhya pravaah kaa naam) mein fail jaati hain. chaar mukhya aitihaasik nahar prabhaag hainh "oaid fagezlin", "oaid all-hamiya", "sakiyat all-abbasa" aur "oaid shrasher". inmein seey adhikansh phir anya naharon mein vibhajit hoe jaate hain kyonki way shahar key madhyam seey aage badhate hain. pratyek network key bheetar, peene aur dhone key liye paani kii aapoorti karane vaale jall chainalon koo kachare koo nikaalane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale jall chainalon seey alag rakhaa gayaa thaa.
oaid fagezlin sabse mahatvapurna prabhagon mein seey ack haye. yeh gyaan key uttari bhaag mein sthit tbil udyaanon aur daar all-baida mahal seey hocker gujarta haye, isase pahale kii yeh aur shaakhaon mein vibhajit hoe jaae. ack shakha dakshin kii or jaati haye lekin aaj jyaadaatar gayab hoe gaee haye. doosara, "oaid all-lemtian", uttar-poorv kii or bow jelaud kshetra kii or jaari haye aur shahar key uttari hisson kii aapoorti kartaa haye. shahar kii divaaron mein pravesh karane key turant baad, "oaid all-lemtian" kaa paani baab bow jelaud gett key dakshin kii or sthit ack badee vitarak sanrachana dwara ekatra kiya jaataa haye. yeh sanrachana eent aur georger mitty seey bunny haye. yeh mool roop seey almoravid kaal kii haye, halanki isake paschim kii or kii deewaar almohad shahar kii divaaron kaa hissa haye aur kuchh hydrolic visheshtaon mein sambhavatah varshon seey sanshodhan hue hain kyonki shahar vikasit huaa yaa jall vitaran koo viniyamit karane vaale samjhauton mein badalaav aaya haye. isamen teen mehrab vaale dwaar hain joe deewaar key neeche khambhedar kakshon mein jaate hain jahan seey paani doosari taraf teen khuli havaa key chainalon yaa "kshetron" mein nikalata haye, joe alag-alag oonchaai parr sthit hotey hain. madhya kshetra mein ack badaa jalaashay haye joe apane purvi hisse mein teen bhoomigat naharon mein paani bharata haye. isake donon or oonchi jameen parr sthit dou anya kshetron mein paani kii matra cumm thee, lekin way adhik jatil they, jisamen kaee chhote besin aur channel they joe sthaaniya pados mein vitaran koo niyantrit karate they. vibhinn jalashayon aur naharon kii gaharaai aur oonchaai mein antar sansthaagat jall samjhauton koo darshaata haye, jinake tahat kuchh pados yaa imaraton koo paani taka prathamikta pahunch thee, jabaki anya sthalon koo cumm prathamikta key saath, kewal tabhi paani praapt huaa jaba jall star adhik oonchaai parr sthit naharon aur jalashayon taka pahunchane key liye paryaapt thaa. vitarak mein pravesh karane vaale paani koo chhote baandhon aur basane vaale besinon key saath-saath vibhinn jalashayon dwara bhee dheema curr diyaa gayaa thaa, joe iss prakaar kachare aur anya bhautik pradooshan koo pakadkar aur chhaankar ack praathamik jall upchaar pranali key roop mein bhee kaam karate they. iss vitarak seey, paani taba tala key kabira aur tala seghira kshetron mein shuru hocker, neeche kii or sthit pados mein vibhinn bhoomigat naharon key madhyam seey failata haye. inmein seey ack nahar aaj bhee bow inania madarse key praangan seey hocker gujarati haye. jall vitaran koo aur viniyamit karane key liye chhote aakar aur jatilata kii anya vitarak sanrachanaaen iss network aur anya network mein sthit theen.
jahaan taka oaid all-hamiya kaa sambandh haye, yeh gyaanbil mein anya pramukh shaakhaon seey alag hoe jaataa haye aur aage jaakar adhik shaakhaon mein vibhajit hoe jaataa haye joe jyaadaatar shahar key dakshini hisson koo aapoorti karati hain. isaki ack shakha ney ack baar ack jalmarg key madhyam seey, bow kharreb nadee key vipareet tata parr andalus quarter kii aapoorti kii thee. dou antim shaakhaaen, sakiyat all-abbasa aur oaid shrasher, baab all-hadid key paas key kshetron aur faces all-zadeed aur faces all-baali key beach key udyaanon kii aapoorti karati theen.
oaid all-jawahiri seey aaney vaali naharon key iss paschimi network key alawa, shahar key dakshin mein bahane vaali dhaaraaen (joe bow kharreb nadee kii shuruat bhee karati hain) ack poori tarah seey alag lekin mahatvapurna nahar koo paani detee hain jise "oaid masmuda" kahaa jaataa haye. aage poorv mein, iss nahar ney bow kharreb nadee key dakshin-poorv kii or key adhikansh andalus quarter key liye paani kii aapoorti kii. yeh shahar key dakshin mein shuru hotaa haye aur puraane shahar kii divaaron seey "baab aish-shobak" ("khidki kaa dwaar") naamak ack puliya dwaar seey hocker gujarta haye jise lohe kii grill dwara sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh anya naharen isase alag hoe gaeen kyonki yeh jile seey hocker gujarati haye, jaba taka kii yeh shahar seey baahar nikalane seey kuchh samay pahale bow kharreb nadee mein phir seey shamil naheen hoe gaee. nahar kaa naam almohad andolan kii sthaapana karane vaale masmuda berber adiwasi sangh key naam parr rakhaa gayaa prateet hotaa haye, joe bataata haye kii iska nirmaan almohad dwara kiya gayaa hoga yaa kissy samay masmuda parivaaron yaa sainikon koo isake paas rakhaa gayaa thaa.
inmein seey kaee aitihaasik naharen abb bhoomigat hain, kewal kuchh pracheen sthalnam una parr seey gujarane vaale poorv pulon kii or ishara karate hain (jaise.jee. taal 'aaa kebir key ack hisse key saath "kaantarat bow raus" naam). yeye naharen aur dhaaraaen shahar key aitihaasik chamada karkhanon jaise kaee udyogon koo bhee poshan detee hain, jinamen seey sabse prasiddh chaura chamada karkhane hain. jall vitaran mein sahaayata karane yaa kuchh udyogon koo bijli dene key liye shahar key jall network mein badee sankhya mein jalchakra (jise "noria" yaa kabhi-kabhi "sakiya" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) sthit they. inmein seey kuchh bahut badey they, jaise kii vishal noria joe mojara key samudri shaahi udyaanon kii aapoorti kartaa thaa, jiska vyaas 26 meater aur motai 2 meater thee. inmein seey kuchh hii jalchakra kissy naa kissy roop mein jeevit rahey hain, jinamen gyaan key aspas key kuchh udaaharan bhee shamil hain.
oaid bow kharreb parr aitihaasik pull.
aued bow kharreb koo madina key ander kaee aitihaasik pulon dwara paar kiya gayaa haye, jinamen seey kuchh kaa nirmaan pahali baar 11veen shatabdi mein donon taton key ack shahar mein ekikaran seey pahale kiya gayaa thaa. ack baar cumm seey cumm chhah pull they, jinka nirmaan kathit taur parr 11veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein zenata ameer dunas ibn hamama dwara kiya gayaa thaa, usee shatabdi mein baad mein almoravid dwara donon shaharon key ekikaran seey pahale. anya vidwan srot, halanki, cumm seey cumm kuchh pulon kaa shreya almoravid kaal (11 veen shatabdi key anta seey 12 veen shatabdi kii shuruat) koo dete hain jaba dou praarambhik shaharon koo ekikrit kiya gayaa thaa. unamen seey kaee 14veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein baad kii baadh mein nasht hoe gaye they, aur unamen seey kewal kuchh kaa punarnirmaan usa samay marini sultan aboo saeed dwara kiya gayaa thaa.
aaj joe pull bache hue hain, unamen seey "kantra binn all-maudaun" ("donon shaharon key beach kaa pull") sabse uttari haye, isake baad dakshin mein "kaantrat sebbaggin" ("chamada banaane vaalon kaa pull") aur "kaantrat terrafin" ("mochi kaa pull") haye. ack anya pull, sidi all-avavaad kaa pull, aage dakshin mein sthit thaa, lekin sambhavatah 20veen shatabdi key dauran gayab hoe gayaa jaba nadee aadhunik pakki sadak seey dhaki hui thee. binn all-maudaun pull, jise ameer dunas ibn hamama key samay kaa maanaa jaataa haye, sabse suramya pulon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa thaa, joe chattani tej havaaon key beach sthit thaa. iska ack vistaar teen mehraabon seey banaa haye lekin kewal madhya mein aaj bhee dikhaai detaa haye. sebagin pull, jise "khrashfiyin" pull (yaa francisi lipyantaran mein "khrachfiyain") key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, maanaa jaataa haye kii mool roop seey ameer dunaa dwara banaaya gayaa thaa aur 14 veen shatabdi mein marinids dwara punarsthaapit yaa punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa. terrafin pull, jise mool roop seey "qantarat baab all-silsila" naam diyaa gayaa thaa aur abb sthaan aar 'siff key uttari kinare parr paaya jaataa haye, koo bhee 11 veen shatabdi mein ameer dunas seey shuru kiya gayaa maanaa jaataa haye. yeh donon taraf dukaanon key saath kataar mein khade honey key liye ullekhaniya haye, ack visheshta joe aaj bhee isaki sanrachana mein aanshik roop seey dikhaai detee haye.
pradooshan kii samasyaaen aur punarvaas prayaas.
nadee, vishesh roop seey puraane madina key bheetar oaid bow kharreb, lambe samay seey maljal, paas key chamada karkhanon (joe rasayanik apashisht utpann karate hain) kii gatividhiyon aur kabhi-kabhi nivaasiyon dwara dumping ground key roop mein upayog kiye jaane key kaaran bhaari pradooshan seey peedit haye. yahaan taka kii oud bow kharreb naam kaa arth haye "gandagi kii nadee". aadhunik samay mein pradooshan mein vriddhi key kaaran sthaaniya logon ney nadee kii gandh koo rokane key liye deevaaren aur concreet kii baadhaaen banaain, aur haal hii mein shahar key adhikaariyon ney nadee key ujagar hisson koo concreet key slab seey dhakna shuru curr diyaa thaa, jisake kaaran isake oopar adhik kachra jamaa hoe gayaa thaa. charm udyog aur anya gatividhiyon key apashisht key kaaran bhee jaharile rasayan, vishesh roop seey uchch star key chromium, mitty aur paani mein jamaa hoe jaate hain. halanki yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh shahar key peyajal (joe oopar kii or seey aataa haye) koo prabhaavit naheen kartaa haye, yeh sebou nadee key saath isake sangam key baad sebou nadee key saath neeche kii or key sthalon key liye samasyaaen paida kartaa haye.
2000 key dashak key anta mein, nadee pranali aur isake shahari paryaavaran key punarvaas key liye ack badey paimaane parr pariyojana shuru kii gaee thee. vastukar aziza chauni key netritva mein iss pariyojana mein nadee kii safai, isaki shahari tatrekha kaa navinikaran, khule paidal chalane vaale maargon kaa nirmaan aur nadee key kinare maujooda khule sthaanon kaa navinikaran shamil thaa. jall kii gunavatta mein sudhaar key prastaav mein ardrabhoomi (joe pahale nadee key pravaah key saath maujood thee) kaa nirmaan aur nadee kii naharon kii bahaali bhee shamil thee. ack samay parr pariyojana ney chaura chamada karkhanon key sanchaalan koo samaapt karane yaa cumm karane aur chamada udyog koo kaheen aur sthanantarit karane kaa bhee prastaav rakhaa thaa, jahaan isake pradooshan koo adhik surakshit roop seey prabandhit kiya jaa sakata thaa, lekin anta mein chamada karkhanon koo bahaal curr diyaa gayaa aur unhein jagah parr chhod diyaa gayaa.
nadee kaa punarvaas, joe taba seey chala rhaa haye, puraane shahar key aitihaasik smarakon aur sthalon koo bahaal karane key vyaapak prayason key saath-saath huaa, jyaadaatar sthaaniya viraasat bahaali agency adder-faces key nirdesh parr. isamen 2010 key dashak mein terrafin aur sebbaggin/khrashfiyin pulon koo bahaal karane key saath bow kharreb nadee parr pulon kaa jeernoddhar shamil thaa.

