
uchch german vyanjan parivartan

aitihaasik bhashavigyan mein, uchch german vyanjan parivartan yaa doosara german vyanjan parivartan ack dhvanyaatmak vikas (dhwani parivartan) haye joe paschim german bolly nirantarta key dakshini hisson mein kaee charanon mein huaa. yeh sambhavatah teesari aur paanchvin shatabdi key beach shuru huaa aur aathvin shatabdi mein uchch german mein sabse pahale likhit record taiyar honey seey pahale lagbhag puuraa hoe gayaa thaa. proto-german seey, parinami bhasha, purani uchch german (abb seey, oh. aich. jee.), anya mahadvipiya paschimi german bhaashaon key saath badey kareene seey vipareet hoe sakati haye, joe adhikansh bhaag key liye badalaav kaa anubhav naheen karati theen, aur purani angreji key saath, joe poori tarah seey aprabhaavit rahee.
samanya vivaran.
uchch german vyanjan parivartan ney dakshini german boliyon mein kaee vyanjanon koo badal diyaa-jisamen maanak german, yidish aur lakzambargish shamil hain-aur isaliye yeh bataata haye kii kaee german shabdon mein angreji, dutch aur scandinavian bhaashaon mein sambandhit shabdon seey alag vyanjan kyon hain. iss shabd kaa upayog kabhi-kabhi nau vyaktigat vyanjan sanshodhanon key ack mukhya samooh koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. vaikalpik roop seey, yeh usee avadhi mein hue anya dhvanyaatmak parivartanon koo shamil curr sakata haye.
mukhya samooh key liye, teen parivartan hain, jinhen teen kramik charanon key roop mein socha jaa sakata haye. pratyek charan ney teen vyanjanon koo prabhaavit kiya, kull nau sanshodhan kieh
choonki charan 1 aur 2 ack hii swarheen dhwaniyon koo prabhaavit karate hain, isaliye kuchh vidvaanon koo unhein ack saath vyavhaar karna adhik suvidhajanak lagata haye, iss prakaar kewal dou-charan prakriya key liyeh swarheen vyanjanon (teen-charan model key charan 1-2) aur swar vyanjanon (charan 3) mein badalaav. dou-charan model mein typology key liye faayade hain, lekin yeh kalakram koo pratibimbit naheen kartaa haye.
anya parivartanon mein seey joe kabhi-kabhi uchch german vyanjan badalaav key bheetar koshthak mein hotey hain, sabse mahatvapurna (kabhi-kabhi chauthe charan key roop mein socha jaataa haye) haih
iss ghatana koo "uchch german" vyanjan parivartan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, kyonki mool samooh pahaadi dakshin kii uchch german bhaashaon koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. ise grim key niyam aur isake parishkaran, werner key niyam dwara paribhaashit "(pratham) german vyanjan parivartan" seey alag karane key liye "dwiteeya german" vyanjan parivartan key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.
uchch german vyanjan parivartan ack hii andolan mein naheen huaa, balki kaee shataabdiyon mein laharon kii ack shrinkhala key roop mein huaa. inn laharon kii bhaugolik seemaaen bhinn hoti hain. way sabhi sabse dakshini boliyon mein dikhaai dete hain, aur uttar kii or alag-alag degree taka failate hain, jisase abb austriya aur switzerland seey nikalane vaali vibhinn taakton kii ack shrinkhala kaa aabhas hotaa haye. jabaki kuchh kewal alemanic german (jisamen swiss german shamil haye) yaa bavarian (jisamen austriyai shamil haye) key dakshini hisson mein paae jaate hain, adhikansh oopari german kshetra mein paae jaate hain, aur kuchh kendriya german boliyon mein fail jaate hain. vaastav mein, kendriya german koo aksar/aur/seemaon key beach key kshetra key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye, iss prakaar german (oopari german) kii poorna shift aur usaki poorna kamee (nimn german) key beach. shift> adhik safal rhaa; yeh uttari samudra taka fail gayaa aur dutch key saath-saath german bhee prabhaavit huaa. inmein seey adhikansh parivartan aadhunik maanak german kaa hissa bunn gaye hain.
uchch german vyanjan parivartan ack shrinkhala parivartan kaa ack achchha udaaharan haye, jaisa kii isake poorvavarti, pahala german vyanjan parivartan thaa. udaaharan key liye, charan 1 aur 2 ney bhasha koo binaa kissy dhwani key chhod diyaa, kyonki yeh bhasha koo yaa mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. charan 3 ney iss antaral koo bharaa (>), lekin ack nayaa antaral chhod diyaa, joe charan 4 phir bharaa (>).
avalokan talika.
gair-visheshagya key liye badalaav key prabhaav sabse spasht hain jaba aadhunik german lexum mein sthanantarit vyanjanon kii tulanaa unake aadhunik angreji yaa dutch aparivartit samkakshon key saath kii jaati haye. nimnalikhit avalokan talika mool proto-indo-europeeya (paaee) dhwaniyon key anusaar vyavasthit kii gaee haye. dhyaan dein kii dhwani parivartanon koo spasht karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale shabdon key jode sangyanatmak hain; unhein shabdarth samkaksh honey kii aavashyakta naheen haye. 
tippaniyanh
mukhya samooh.
charan 1.
pahala charan, jisane poore uchch german kshetra koo prabhaavit kiya, aavaaj rahit plosive koo prabhaavit kiya, aur antar-mukhar aur shabd-antim sthiti mein. yeye ratnayukt (lambe) fricative bunn gaye, sivaay shabd-antim sthiti key jahan unhein chhota kiya gayaa thaa aur maujooda ekal vyanjanon key saath vilay curr diyaa gayaa thaa. seb" yaa "billi" jaise shabdon mein ratna plosive prabhaavit naheen they, naa hii "tej" yaa "dill" jaise anya vyanjanon seey pahale plosive they. yeye dusare charan taka aparivartit rahey.
 sambhavatah ack madhyavarti dvivaarshik charan seey gujra, halanki aur key beach koee antar likhit roop mein naheen kiya gayaa thaa. yeh maanaa jaa sakata haye kii donon dhwaniyaan jaldi hii mill gaeen.
patra ack awak bhaav key liye khadaa haye joe kissy tarah seey alag haye. bhed kii sateek prakriti agyaat haye; sambhavatah laminal key dauran apical thaa (isi tarah kaa antar bask mein maujood haye aur pahale puraane spanish mein). yeh poore puraane uchch german aur adhikansh madhya uchch german kaal seey alag rhaa, aur puraane uchch german kii poorv-mukhar aavaaz seey prabhaavit naheen thaa.
kaee paschim madhya german boliyon mein, shabd ("vaha, kyaa, yeh") mein naheen badale, bhale hii "tii" koo dusare shabdon mein sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh spasht naheen haye kii yeye apavaad kyon hue.
udaaharanonh
charan 2.
dusare charan mein, joe 8veen shatabdi taka puuraa huaa thaa, vahee dhwaniyaan teen vatavaranon mein abhibhoot hoe gaeenh shabd-praarambhik sthiti mein; jaba jineekrit; aur ack taral (yaa) yaa naak (yaa) key baad.
udaaharanonh
shift vahaan naheen hui jahan plosive seey pahale ack fricative, i thaa.ee. sanyojanon mein. sanyojan mein bhee avichal rahey.
nimnalikhit shabdon ney una shabdon key parivartan koo bhee rokaa joe aadhunik maanak german mein samaapt hotey hain, ee.jee. ,. inn tanon mein oh. aich. jee. key roop (,) they.
baad mein likhe gaye parivartan key liye, neeche dekhein.
inn africates (vishesh roop seey) ney kuchh boliyon mein fricative mein saralata laaee haye. ise kaee paristhitiyon mein saral banaaya gayaa thaa. yiddish aur kuchh german boliyon mein, yeh praarambhik sthitiyon mein huaa, jaise.jee.dachah jarmanah yiddish 'ghodaa'. aadhunik maanak german mein, shabd-praarambhik key liye uchchaaran bhee uttari aur madhya german lahaje (i.ee. una kshetron mein jahaan mool boliyon mein naheen hotaa haye; german dhvanyatmakta kii tulanaa karein).
aur usake baad saral banaane kii aur bhee majboot pravritti thee. yeh saralikaran aadhunik maanak german mein bhee parilakshit hotaa haye.jee. 'fenkana', 'madad karna'. kewal ack maanak shabd bachaa haih 'carp' hahag.
charan 3.
teesare charan mein, jisamen sabse seemit bhaugolik seema thee, aavaaj vaale plosive koo aavaajaheen hoe jaate dekhaa gayaa.
inmein seey kewal dunt parivartan "dee"> "tii" saarvbhaumik roop seey maanak german mein apana raasta khojata haye (halanki apekshaakrit kaee apvaadon key saath, aanshik roop seey cumm aur kendriya german prabhaav key kaaran). anya dou maanak german mein kewal mool ratnon mein hotey hain, ee.jee. , banaam. dutch, "rib, brij". ekal vyanjanon key liye, "bee"> "pee" aur "jee"> "key" switzerland mein uchch alemanic german aur austriya mein dakshin bavarian boliyon taka seemit hain.
iss charan kii tarikh chauthi shatabdi key roop mein shuru hui haye, halanki iss parr atyadhik bahas haye. iss badalaav key pahale kuchh udaaharan (650 key baad sabse purani maujooda pandulipi) seey hain, joe kii lambard kaa ack lattin paath haye. lombard vyaktigat naam dikhaate hain>, honah, key liye,,. adhikansh vidvaanon key anusaar, poorv-puraane uchch german runic shilalekh vyanjan parivartan kaa koee vishvasaniya nishan naheen dikhaate hain.
yeh badalaav shayed 8veen yaa 9veen shatabdi mein shuru huaa, jaba pahale aur dusare charan utpaadak naheen rahey; anyatha parinami aavaajaheen plosive aage fricative aur africates mein sthanantarit hoe jaate.
una shabdon mein jisamen ack indo-europeeya aavaajaheen plosive werner key niyam key parinamswarup aavaaj dee gaee, uchch german shift kaa charan teen ise apane mool moolya (* t> d> t) parr lautaata haih
udaaharanonh
sanyojan koo kewal oh. aich. jee. kii kuchh kismon mein sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa. likhit oh. aich. jee. samanya roop seey sthanantarit hoe gayaa haye (ee.jee. "baandhane key liye"), lekin madhya uchch german aur aadhunik maanak german mein aparivartit uchchaaran prachalit haye (see. aff.. ). (haalaanki ohag mein donon aur "khojane key liye" kaa saamana kiya jaataa haye, yeye kramshah pahale key roopon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain aur puraane saxon aur mein sambandhit parivartan koo nott karate hain. iss mamle mein, mool proto-germanic key anuroop haye jabaki * ack baad kaa, vishesh roop seey paschim german roop haye, jise werner key kaanoon key saath saadrishya dwara banaaya gayaa haye, jaisa kii proto-germanic mein "unhone paaya", paaya gayaa.)
ullekhaniya apavaad aadhunik hain, aur, jinake liye halanki madhya uchch german pasand kiye jaate hain. (jaisa kii yeye teenon shabd anta mein samaapt hotey hain, aadhunik awaz uchchaaran key saath saadrishya key kaaran hoe sakata haye, jiska mool german seey utpann hotaa haye joe pahale aparivartit thaa.) anya mamalon mein, aadhunik swar key baad mein nuksan key kaaran hotaa haye (ee.jee. ohag seey) yaa udhaar (ee.jee. nimn german seey).
yeh sambhav haye kii "pizza" ogh (bavarian bolly) kaa ack praarambhik italvi udhaar haye, joe (german, 'kaatane, nashta') kaa ack sthanantarit sanskaran haye.
anya parivartan.
paschim german seey puraane uchch german mein honey vaale anya vyanjan parivartanon koo kuchh vidvaanon dwara "uchch german vyanjan badalaav" sheershak key tahat shamil kiya gayaa haye joe iss shabd koo poore sandarbh key vivaran key roop mein dekhate hain, lekin anya logon dwara ise baahar rakhaa gayaa haye joe iska upayog teen gunaa shrinkhala badalaav kii saaf-safai kaa varnan karane key liye karate hain. haalaanki yeh dekhana sambhav hoe sakata haye kii>,> aur> teen key samaan samooh key roop mein, kalakram aur alag-alag dhvanyaatmak sthitiyaan donon jinake tahat yeye parivartan hotey hain, aise samooh key khilaf bolate hain.
> (charan 4).
jise kabhi-kabhi chauthe charan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, dunt fricketives koo plosive mein sthanantarit curr diyaa jaataa haye. yeh badalaav itane dair seey huaa kii aparivartit roop sabse puraane uchch german granthon mein paae gaye hain, aur iss prakaar yeh 9veen yaa 10veen shatabdi kaa hoe sakata haye. yeh badalaav dusaron kii tulanaa mein bahut aage uttar mein fail gayaa, antatah sabhi mahadvipiya paschim german bhaashaon taka pahunch gayaa (isaliye kewal angreji koo chhodkar). isaliye yeh vishisht roop seey uchch german naheen haye; phir bhee ise aksar anya paaliyon key saath ack saath samoohit kiya jaataa haye, kyonki yeh usee kshetra seey fail gayaa thaa. iss badalaav koo uttar mein failane mein kaee shataabdiyan lageen, kewal 12veen shatabdi key dauran dutch mein dikhaai diyaa, aur usake baad ack yaa dou shatabdi key liye naheen.
puraane dutch aur puraane saxon kii tarah, puraane uchch german mein, aavaajaheen aur mukhar dunt fricative aur allophonic sambandh mein khade they (jaisa kii kiya gayaa thaa, aur,), antim sthiti mein aur shuru mein aur madhya mein upayog kiya jaataa thaa. taba dhwani bunn gaee, jabaki bunn gaee. puraane frisian mein, aavaajaheen fricketives koo kewal madhya mein aavaaj dee jaati thee, aur kuchh sarvanamon aur nirdharakon koo chhodkar shuru mein aavaajaheen rahey, jaisa kii purani aur aadhunik angreji mein hotaa thaa. iss prakaar, aadhunik frisian kismon mein adhikansh shabdon mein praarambhik roop seey shabd aur madhya mein shabd hotey hain.
charan 4 seey prabhaavit boliyon mein lekin charan 3 (kendriya german, nimn german aur dutch) kii dunt vividhata seey prabhaavit naheen, dou german dhwaniyon kaa vilay hoe gayaah "θ" "d" bunn jaataa haye, lekin mool german "d" aparivartit rahata haih
iska ack parinam yeh haye kii madhya dutch mein dunt chikitsa kii koee vividhata naheen haye.
ack vishisht vikas una tanon mein huaa jinamen onset aur ohag thaa. unhein madhya uchch german (aim. aich. jee.) mein vilay curr diyaa gayaa aur baad mein oopari german aur madhya german mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. aadhunik german mein,,,, lekin,,, haye. oopari german vikas key saath tanon koo kaee baar uchch german vyanjan parivartan seey gujarna padaa haye, ee.jee. ("bull dene key liye") <mhg <ohg <german.
1955 mein, otto hoffler ney sujhaav diyaa kii uchch german vyanjan parivartan key chauthe charan key anuroop parivartan teesari shatabdi esvi kii shuruat mein gothic (purvi german) mein huaa hoga, aur unhone parikalpana kii kii yeh paschim kii or vizigothic pravaas key parinamswarup gothic seey uchch german mein fail gayaa hoga (see. 375-500 vigyaapan). ise vyaapak sweekriti naheen millie haye; aadhunik aam sahamati yeh haye kii hoffler ney roman bhaashaon key kuchh dhwani pratisthapanon koo german key roop mein galat vyakhya kii, aur yeh kii purvi german dusare vyanjan parivartan kaa koee sanket naheen dikhaata haye.
norwey aur swedish kii adhikansh boliyaan ack aisee badalaav dikhaati hain joe frisian mein ack key samaan haye, jisamen> aur> haye. yeh badalaav kewal 16veen shatabdi key aspas swedish mein pahuncha, kyonki 1541 kii gustaav vaasaa bibil abhee bhee dunt fricketives (vartani) koo darshaati haye. yeh badalaav paschimi german bhaashaon key samaan vikas kaa hissa hoe sakata haye, yaa yeh swatantra roop seey huaa hoga. dennish-bhaugolik roop seey paschim german aur swedish/norwegian kshetron key beach-koo pahale iss badalaav kaa anubhav karna hoga, isase pahale kii yeh aage uttar kii or fail sakey. haalaanki, dennish paschimi german bhaashaon key saath ack bolly nirantarta naheen banaata haye, aur badalaav kewal shabd-praarambhik roop seey huaa, jabaki yeh madhya mein banaa huaa haye. doosari or, danish vyaapak roop seey linition kii ghatnaaon koo pradarshit kartaa haye, jisamen plosive seey fricative aur aage anumaanit shabd-madhyam mein badalaav shamil hain, isaliye yeh kalpana kii jaa sakati haye kii inn parivartanon ney dunt fricative key pahale key kathor honey kaa virodh kiya joe dakshin seey danish taka pahunch gaye they (iss prakaar shuru mein>, isake baad linition>), lekin inn parivartanon key baad hii uttar mein shesh scandinavian boliyon mein aage prasaar huaa thaa.
/β/>/b/.
paschim german * (sambhavatah uchchaaran), joe madhya sthiti mein upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack alophone thaa, dou swaron key beach (oopari german) puraane uchch german mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa, aur usake baad bhee. aparivartit bhaashaon ney ack fricative koo banaae rakhaa, joe swaron aur kodaa sthiti key beach bunn gayaa.
german 'have' aur 'dey' jaisi majboot kriyaon mein, badalaav ney german mein roopon koo samaapt karane mein yogdan diyaa, lekin inn kriyaon kaa ack puuraa vivaran "key prabhaavon seey jatil haye aur bhaashaon key praarambhik roopon mein ack hii kriya key vibhinn hisson mein baari-baari seey dikhaai detaa haye. kamjor kriyaon jaise 'haye' (dutch kii tulanaa karein) aur 'live' (dutch) key mamle mein, vyanjan antar kaa ack asambandhit mool haye, joe paschim german ratna aur samtal karane kii ack baad kii prakriya kaa parinam haye.
yeh badalaav kewal aanshik roop seey kendriya german mein puuraa kiya gayaa haye, jisamen repuerian aur mosel franconian ack fricative uchchaaran banaae rakhate hain. udaaharan key liyeh colonian, luxemburgish, jiska arth haye "vaha rahata haye".
proto-german ney dunt sambandhi dhwaniyaan deen, joe kuchh sthitiyon mein ack alphone thaa, poore paschim german bhaashaon mein sabhi sthitiyon mein ack plosive bunn gayaa. iss prakaar, isane uchch german, nimn german, dutch, frisian aur purani angreji koo samaan roop seey prabhaavit kiya. yeh puraane norse mein naheen faila, jisane mool fricative koo barkarar rakhaa. isake bahut vyaapak prasaar key kaaran, yeh uttar-paschimi german samay key dauran, shayed doosari shatabdi key aspas, bahut jaldi huaa hoga.
angreji ney parivartan key madhyam seey iss badalaav koo aanshik roop seey ulat diyaa haye, udaaharan key liye "pitaa", "maan", "ikattha" aur "ack saath". tha-stopping vaali boliyon mein, yaa tou gayab hoe jaataa haye aur usake saath mill jaataa haye yaa ack dunt plossive bunn jaataa haye joe vayukoshiya key vipareet hotaa haye.
uchch german vyanjan parivartan key charan 3 mein, ise oopar varnit key anusaar sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
paschimi german ney sabhi padon mein puraane uchch german kii oopari german boliyon mein weller fricative kii aavaaj dee. maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh parivartan 8veen shatabdi taka jaldi aur poorna hoe gayaa thaa. choonki dakshin german shift key liye aeye kaa astitva aavashyak thaa, isaliye ise cumm seey cumm core uchch german vyanjan shift key charan 3 seey pahale honah chaahiye.
yahee parivartan anglo-frisian mein swatantra roop seey huaa (see. purani angreji key liye 10veen shatabdi, jaisa kii anupraas key badalate pattern dwara sujhaaya gayaa haye), ack saamane key swar seey pahale yaa uska paalan karate samay sivaay jaba yeh pahale anglo-frisian pailatalikaran seey gujar chuka thaa aur anta mein aisaa huaa thaa. dakshini dutch ney mool koo barkarar rakhaa haye, iss tathya key bavjood kii isaki vartani anya bhaashaon mein apane samkakshon seey likhit roop mein aprabhedya haye. uttari dutch mein, praarambhik key sabhi udaaharan nyuntam jode kii kamee key kaaran aavaajaheen key saath vilay hoe gaye hain (boliyon mein joe donon dhwaniyon key beach dridhata seey antar karati hain, shabd-praarambhik kewal udhaar shabdon mein dikhaai detaa haye).
shift kewal aanshik roop seey kendriya german mein poori hoti haye. adhikansh kendriya german boliyon mein swaron () aur kodaa sthiti () key beach key liye fricative uchchaaran hotaa haye. repuerian mein shabd-praarambhik roop seey, ee haye.jee. colonian "achchha".
maanak german mein, fricative kodaa sthiti mein tanaavheen ("dhanya" lekin stree) mein paaya jaataa haye. ack abhee bhee bahut baar kodaa sthiti mein fricative sunega anya mamalon mein saath hii maanak german mein jaisa kii uttari aur madhya germany key logon dwara uchchaaran kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, aur aksar uchchaaran kiya jaataa haye (dutch mein ack chhote swar key saath "daag", see. aff.. maanak german) aur. german dhvanivigyaan kii tulanaa karein. yeh uchchaaran franconia taka dakshin taka pahunchata haye, iss prakaar oopari german kshetron mein.
uchch german ney sabhi sthitiyon mein badalaav kaa anubhav kiya, aur praarambhik sthiti mein ack anya vyanjan seey pahale (mool vaastav mein epical hoe sakata haye, kyonki ohag aur aim. aich. jee. ise reflex> seey alag karate hain, vartani λz ω yaa λ ω aur laminal maanaa jaataa haye):
isi tarah aamtaur parr bunn gayaah
samooh mein, yeh parivartan vartani aur aadhunik maanak uchchaaran mein pratibimbit naheen huaa thaa, joe aanshik roop seey cumm german lahaje parr adharit haye. isaliye, yeh aadhunik maanak german mein haye, halanki lagbhag sabhi uchch german boliyon mein yeh shabd haye.
> badalaav adhikansh paschimi german boliyon mein huaa, lekin vishesh roop seey dutch mein naheen, joe isake bajaay thaa>, jabaki paschim frisian sabhi padon parr barkarar haye. dou anya parivartan limbergish (kewal purvi boliyaan) aur nimn german kii kuchh dakshini boliyon seey aage naheen pahuncheh
antim vichalan.
anya parivartanon mein german aur dutch mein antim hastaantaran kii or ack samanya pravritti shamil haye, aur angreji mein kaheen adhik seemit seema taka. iss prakaar, german aur dutch mein, aur (german), (dutch) ack shabd key anta mein samaan roop seey, aur (german), (dutch) key liye uchchaaran kiya jaataa haye. german (dinn) mein angreji mein "tack" key roop mein uchchaaran kiya jaataa haye, angreji mein "tagg" key roop mein naheen. haalaanki, yeh parivartan mool roop seey uchch german naheen haye, lekin aam taur parr maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh spasht roop seey utpann huaa haye, kyonki parivartan key liye sabse shuruati saboot puraane dutch granthon mein aise samay mein dikhaai detaa haye jaba puraane uchch german yaa puraane saxon mein abhee bhee koee sanket naheen thaa. 
phir bhee, mool swar vaale vyanjanon koo aamtaur parr aadhunik german aur dutch vartani mein darshaaya jaataa haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki bahuvachan jaise sambandhit anuprabhaavit roopon mein swar roop hotaa haye, kyonki yahaan plosive antim naheen haye. inn parivartit roopon key parinamswarup, deshi vaktaa antarnihit swar dhwani key baare mein jagrook rahate hain, aur tadnusar vartani karate hain. haalaanki, madhya uchch german mein, inn dhwaniyon kii vartani alag theeh ekvachan, bahuvachan.
kalakram.
choonki 8veen shatabdi mein puraane uchch german key lekhan kii shuruat seey pahale uchch german vyanjan parivartan huaa thaa, isaliye vibhinn charanon kii tarikh taya karna ack anishchit vyavasaay haye. yahaan uddhrit anuman jyaadaatar (pee. 63). vibhinn anuman kaheen aur dikhaai dete hain, udaaharan key liye waterman, joe daavaa karate hain kii pahale teen charan ack saath kaafee karib hue aur 600 taka alemanic kshetra mein poorna hue, jisase uttar mein failane mein dou yaa teen shataabdiyan lugg gaeen.
kabhi-kabhi aitihaasik nakshatr hamein madad karate hain; udaaharan key liye, yeh tathya kii atila koo german mein kahaa jaataa haye, yeh saabit kartaa haye kii 5 veen shatabdi key shikari aakraman key baad doosara charan utpaadak rhaa hoga. tathya yeh haye kii kaee lattin rinn-shabd german mein sthanantarit kiye gaye hain (ee.jee., lattin> german), jabaki anya naheen hain (ee.jee., lattin> german) hamein udhaar lene kii sambhaavit avadhi seey pahale yaa baad mein dhwani parivartanon kii tarikh nirdhaarit karane kii anumati detaa haye. haalaanki, kalanukramik detta kaa sabse upayogi srot german shabd hain joe shaastriya kaal key anta aur praarambhik madhyayugeen kaal key lattin granthon mein uddhrit kiye gaye hain.
sateek detting kissy bhee mamle mein mushkil hogi, kyonki pratyek shift ack shabd yaa ack ilaake key bhaashan mein shabdon key samooh key saath shuru hoe sakati haye, aur dheere-dheere ack hii dhvanyaatmak pattern key saath sabhi shabdon mein shaabdik prasaar dwara vistaarit hoe sakati haye, aur phir ack lambi avadhi mein vyaapak bhaugolik kshetron mein fail jaati haye.
haalaanki, "saapeksh" kalakram koo aasaani seey iss avalokan seey sthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye kii, udaaharan key liye, "t"> "tz" koo "d"> "t" seey pahale honah chaahiye, joe badale mein "θ"> "d" seey pahale honah chaahiye; anyatha mool "θ" vaale shabd sabhi teen paaliyon seey gujar sakate they aur "tz" key roop mein samaapt hoe sakate they. isake vipareet, jaisa kii "denaa" key liye roop puraane bavarian mein satyaapit kiya gayaa haye, donon koo dikhaata haye>> aur>>, yeh iss prakaar haye kii> aur> koo charan 3 seey pahale honah chaahiye.
vaikalpik kalakram prastaavit kiye gaye hain. vivadaspad german bhashavid theo venneman key ack siddhant key anusaar, vyanjan parivartan bahut pahale huaa thaa aur pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv kii shuruat mein pahale hii puuraa hoe chuka thaa. iss aadhar parr, vaha german bhaashaon koo uchch german aur nimn german mein vibhajit kartaa haye. kuchh anya bhashavidon kaa yeh vichaar haye.
bhaugolik vitaran.
motey taur parr, charan 1 key parinamswarup honey vaale parivartanon ney oopari aur kendriya german koo prabhaavit kiya, jaisa kii charan 2 ("tii-"> "jaid-") key dunt tatva ney kiya. charan 2 key anya tatvon aur charan 3 key sabhi tatvon ney kewal oopari german koo prabhaavit kiya, jabaki charan 4 seey una parivartanon ney poore german aur dutch bhashi kshetra (paschim german bolly nirantarta) koo prabhaavit kiya. madhya aur nimn german key beach aam taur parr sweekrit seema,-rekha koo kabhi-kabhi benrath rekha kahaa jaataa haye, kyonki yeh benrath key dusseldorf upnagar seey gujarati haye, jabaki madhya aur oopari german key beach kii mukhya seema,-rekha koo spire rekha kahaa jaa sakata haye, kyonki yeh spire shahar key paas seey gujarati haye, lagbhag 200 kilometres dakshin mein.
haalaanki, parivartanon kii bhaugolik seema kaa sateek vivaran kaheen adhik jatil haye. naa kewal ack charan key bheetar vyaktigat dhwani parivartan unake vitaran mein bhinn hotey hain (charan 3, udaaharan key liye, aanshik roop seey poore oopari german koo prabhaavit kartaa haye aur aanshik roop seey oopari german key bheetar kewal dakshini boliyon koo), balki ack hii vyanjan parivartan key vitaran mein shabd seey shabd mein thodi bhinnata bhee hoti haye. udaaharan key liye,-rekha paschimi germany mein-rekha kii tulanaa mein uttar mein aage haye, madhya germany mein isake saath mell khaati haye, aur isake purvi chhor parr dakshin mein sthit haye, halanki donon ack hii shift/k/>/x/kaa pradarshan karate hain.
renish phain.
paschim madhya german kaa upkhand boliyon kii ack shrinkhala mein, charan 1 kii alag-alag seema key anusaar, vishesh roop seey spasht kiya jaataa haye. ise renish phain (,) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye kyonki bolly kii seemaon key maanchitra parr, rekhaaen ack prashansak aakar banaati hain. yahaan, aathh seey cumm isoglos lagbhag paschim seey poorv taka chalate hain aur aanshik roop seey poorv madhya german mein seemaon kii ack saral pranali mein vilay hoe jaate hain. daaeen or kii mez mein uttar seey dakshin taka vyavasthit isoglos (bolled) aur mukhya parinami boliyon (itailik) koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye.
lombardic.
dusare aur teesare charanon key parinamswarup kuchh vyanjan parivartan itali kii praarambhik madhyakaaleen german bhasha, lombardic mein bhee avalokan yogya prateet hotey hain, joe 6 veen shatabdi key anta aur 7 veen shatabdi kii shuruat key runic tukadon mein sanrakshit haye. haalaanki, samroop abhilekh bhasha key poorna vargeekaran kii anumati dene key liye paryaapt naheen hain. isaliye yeh anishchit haye kii bhasha ney poorna parivartan kaa anubhav kiya yaa kewal chhitput prativart kaa anubhav kiya, lekin b> p spasht roop seey satyaapit haye. iska matlab yeh hoe sakata haye kii badalaav itali mein shuru huaa, yaa yeh dakshin kii or aur saath hii uttar kii or fail gayaa. ernst schwarz aur anya logon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii german mein parivartan lombardic key sampark key parinamswarup huaa. yadi vaastav mein, yahaan ack sambandh haye, tou lombardic key sakshya hamein yeh nishkarsh nikaalane key liye majboor karenge kii teesara charan adhikansh anumaanon key bajaay 6 veen shatabdi key anta taka shuru hoe gayaa hoga, lekin isake liye aavashyak naheen kii yeh itani jaldi german mein fail gayaa thaa.
yadi, jaisa kii kuchh vidvaanon kaa maanana haye, lombardic ack purvi german bhasha thee aur german bhasha kii bolly nirantarta kaa hissa naheen thee, tou yeh sambhav haye kii samanantar badalaav german aur lombardic mein swatantra roop seey huaa hoe. haalaanki, samalingi mein maujood shabd bavarian bhasha key saath spasht sambandh dikhaate hain. isaliye, werner betz aur anya loga lombardic koo ack purani uchch german kism key roop mein maanana pasand karate hain. lombard aur proto-bavarian key beach ghanishth sambandh they. udaaharan key liye, 568 taka vienna key paschim mein sthit tulner felled mein lombard basey, lekin yeh spasht haye kii usa samay key baad sabhi lombard itali naheen gaye; baaki taba key navgathit bavarian samoohon kaa hissa bunn gaye hain.
bobbio key jonas key anusaar (650 seey pahale) lombardy mein, jaba columbanus 600 key turant baad lake constance mein elemony mein aaya, tou usane ("bairal", "angreji" cup ", german) visfot kiya. yeh darshaata haye kii kolamban key samay mein "pee" seey "aff" mein badalaav naa tou alemanic mein huaa thaa aur naa hii lombardic mein. lekin (650 key baad jeevit pandulipi) roopon ('kabr seey ack shav fenkana', german aur), ('ack ghodaa', ohag, 'savaar koo fenk detaa haye'), aur isi tarah key kaee sthanantarit udaharanon koo pramaanit kartaa haye. isaliye vyanjan parivartan koo 620 aur 640 key beach ack samanya samroop-bavarian-alemanic parivartan key roop mein dekhana sabse achchha haye, jaba inn janjaatiyon kaa bahut sampark thaa.
paathon kaa namuna lein.
shift key prabhaavon key ack udaaharan key roop mein, baad key madhya yug key nimnalikhit granthon kii tulanaa kii jaa sakati haye, baain or (1220) seey ack madhya nimn german uddharan, joe shift naheen dikhaata haye, aur daaeen or madhya uchch german "(1274) seey samkaksh paath, joe sthanantarit vyanjanon koo darshaata haye; donon usa avadhi key maanak kanuni granth hain.
aadhunik maanak german mein aparivartit roop.
uchch german vyanjan parivartan-cumm seey cumm jahan taka parivartanon key mool samooh kaa sambandh haye-ack apvaadaheen dhwani parivartan kaa ack udaaharan haye aur neogrammerian dwara aksar uddhrit kiya gayaa thaa. aadhunik maanak german poorv madhya german aur uttari oopari german key beach ack samjhauta roop haye, joe mukhya roop seey poorv parr adharit haye lekin baad vaale key vyanjan pattern key saath haye. haalaanki, sabhi german boliyon aur kismon key vyaktigat shabdon ney maanak mein apana raasta banaa liya haye. jaba ack german shabd mein aparivartit vyanjan hotey hain, tou yeh aksar nimn german yaa, cumm baar, kendriya german seey liya gayaa shabd hotaa haye. yaa tou sthanantarit roop aprachalit hoe gayaa haye, jaisa kih
yaa dou roopon koo dohare roop mein banaae rakhaa jaataa haye, jaisa kih
nimn german seey aparivartit shabdon key anya udaharanon mein shamil hainh
haalaanki, german mein adhikansh aparivartit shabd lattin, romans, angreji yaa slavic seey liye gaye hainh
dhwani parivartan mein anya pratyaksh aniyamitataaen, jinhen humm aadhunik maanak german mein dekh sakate hain, aamtaur parr ack vyaktigat shabd kii vyutpatti kii jaanch karke spasht kii jaati hain. sambhaavit karanon mein nimnalikhit shamil hainh