
kikuyu loga

kikuyu ("agikuyu/gikuyu" bhee) madhya kenya key mool nivasi ack bantu jaatiya samooh hain. 2019 taka 8,148,668 kii aabaadi mein, way kenya kii kull aabaadi kaa 17.13% hain, jisase way kenya kaa sabse badaa jaatiya samooh bunn jaate hain.
kikuyu" shabd geekuyu shabd key swahili roop seey liya gayaa haye. yeh shabd mukkuyu seey liya gayaa haye jiska arth haye cycamore anjir ("mukkuyu") pedh. isaliye kikuyu bhasha mein "agikuyu" kaa anuvaad "badey cycamore key bachche" key roop mein hotaa haye. vaikalpik naam "nyumba yaa mumbi", jisamen "embu", "gikuyu" aur "meru" shamil hain, kaa anuvaad "kumhar kaa ghar" (yaa "nirmaata") haye.
itihas.
mool.
kikuyu poorvottar bantu shakha seey sambandhit hain. unaki bhasha kaa embu aur mbir seey sabse nikat sambandh haye. bhaugolik roop seey, way kenya parvat key aspas kendrit hain.
praarambhik bantu vistaar key baad poorvottar bantu bolane vaale loga kiss sthaan seey aae they, yeh nishchit naheen haye. kuchh adhikaariyon kaa sujhaav haye kii kikuyu uttar aur poorv mein poorv kii bastiyon seey apane vartamaan mount kenya kshetra mein pahunche, jabaki anya kaa tark haye kii kikuyu, apane nikat sambandhit purvi bantu padosiyon embu, meru, mbir aur kamba key saath aage uttar key binduon seey kenya mein chaley gaye.
puraataatvik saakshyon seey, aim. tii. key uttari hisse mein unakaa aagaman. kenya teesari shatabdi key aspas kaa haye, jise thagiku key roop mein jaane jaane vaale badey samooh key hisse key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. 6 veen shatabdi taka, nyeri key gatung 'aang' aeye mein nae sthaapit agikuyu kaa ack samudaay thaa. agikuyu ney khud koo apani vartamaan matribhoomi aim. tii. mein sthaapit kiya. 13veen shatabdi taka kenya kshetra.
1888 seey pahale.
rashtra aur usake uddeshya.
1895 mein purvi africa sanrakshit raajya kii sthaapana seey pahale, agikuyu ney kaee peedhiyon taka lagbhag sabhi baahari prabhaav seey bhaugolik aur raajneetik shakti koo sanrakshit kiya; way kabhi bhee vash mein naheen hue they. angrejon key aagaman seey pahale, arab gulamon key vyaapaar mein shamil they aur unake kafile agikuyu rashtra key dakshini kinaaron seey gujarate they. agikuyu key beach ack sanstha key roop mein gulami maujood naheen thee, naa hii unhone daason koo pakadane key liye chhaape maare. agique bhoomi mein pravesh karane kii koshish karane vaale arabon kii tatkaal mrityu hoe gaee. bhoomi khareed, rakt-bhaichara (saajhedaari), anya logon key saath antar-vivaah, aur unhein god lene aur avashoshit karane key sanyojan parr nirbhar, agikuyu kshetriya vistaar kii nirantar sthiti mein they. aarthik roop seey, agikuyu mahaan kisan aur chatur vyavasaayi they. kheti aur vyavasaay key alawa, agikuyu chhote paimaane key udyogon mein shamil they, jinamen pull nirmaan, taar banaana, taar banaana aur lohe kii shrinkhala banaana jaise vyavasaay they. agikuyu mein nyaay kii ack mahaan bhavna ("kihuto") thee.
samajik aur raajneetik jeevan.
agikuyu rashtra nau kulon mein vibhajit thaa. pratyek kabile ney apani vanshavali kaa pataa ack ekal "mahila poorvaj" aur mumbai kii ack betty seey lagaaya. kull kissy vishesh bhaugolik kshetra taka hii seemit naheen they, way saath-saath rahate they. kuchh kulon mein ack maanyata praapt netaa thaa, anya mein naheen thaa. haalaanki, donon hii mamalon mein, pratyek kabile key liye bujurgon kii sattaaroodh parishad dwara vaastavik raajneetik shakti kaa prayog kiya gayaa thaa. pratyek kabile ney phir apani parishad key netaa koo poore samudaay key liye bujurgon kii sheersh parishad mein bhej diyaa. sabhi kulon kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale bujurgon kii samagr parishad kaa netritva taba ack "mukhiya" yaa rashtra key pravakta dwara kiya jaataa thaa.
aadhyatmikta aur dharm.
ngi-sarvocch nirmaata.
gikuyu ack sarvashaktimaan nirmaata mein vishvaas karane vaale ekeshwarwadi they-aur abhee bhee hain-jinhen way ngi key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain. sabhi gikuyu, embu aur kamba iss naam kaa upayog karate hain. engai koo meru aur embu janjaatiyon dwara murungu key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa, yaa mulungu (nirmaata kaa ullekh karane vaale shabd kaa ack sanskaran). mawathani yaa mavati (sabse mahaan shaasak) kii upaadhi "gwatha" shabd seey aaee haye jiska arth haye adhikaar key saath shasson karna, thaa aur aaj bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye. engai key liye sabhi balidan ack cycamore pedh (mukuyu) key neeche kiye jaate they aur yadi ack upalabdh naheen hotaa, tou ack anjir key pedh (mugumo) kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. zaitoon kaa pedh (mutamaiu) mahilaaon key liye ack pavitra pedh thaa.
mount kenya aur dharm.
"ngi" yaa "mwene-naaga" sabhi cheejon kaa sarvocch nirmaata aur daataa haye. unhone pahale gikuyu samudaayon kaa nirmaan kiya, aur unhein jeevan key liye aavashyak sabhi sansaadhan pradaan kieh bhoomi, varsha, paudhe aur janwar. nagai koo dekhaa naheen jaa sakata haye lekin yeh soorya, chandrama, sitaaron, dhoomketuon aur ulkapindon, garaj aur bijli, barish, indradhanush aur anjir key badey pedon (mugumo) mein prakat hotaa haye. yeye pedh pooja aur balidan key sthaanon key roop mein kaam karate they aur mukurve vaa nyagathanga mein usa sthaan koo chihnit karate they jahan geekuyu aur mumbi-maukhik kinvadanti mein geekuyu key poorvaj-pahali baar basey they. ngi mein maanviya visheshtaen hain, aur halanki kuchh loga kahate hain kii vaha akash mein yaa baadlon mein rahata haye, geekuyu laur yeh bhee kahata haye kii nge samay-samay parr prithvi parr iska nireekshan karane, aashirvaad dene aur sajaa dene key liye aataa haye. jaba vaha aataa haye, tou ngi kenya (kirinyaga) aur kilimambogo (kirimya kii enzai) parvat parr aaraam kartaa haye. gadgadaahat koo nagaai kii gati key roop mein vyakhya kii jaati haye aur bijli ack pavitra sthaan seey dusare sthaan parr jaane key dauran raasta saaf karane key liye nagaai dwara upayog kiya jaane vaalaa hathiyar haye. kuchh logon kaa maanana haye kii nagaai kaa nivaas kenya parvat parr haye. ack kinvadanti mein, prithvi key nireekshan daure key dauran ngi ney pahaad koo apana vishram sthal banaaya. isake baad ngi pahale vyakti, gikuyu koo usa bhoomi kii sundarta koo ingit karane key liye sheersh parr leey gayaa joe vaha usey dey rhaa thaa.
paaramparik kikuyu dharm kaa darshan.
iss paaramparik gikuyu dharm darshan mein mukhya bindu poori tarah seey samanya bantu logon key vichaar parr adharit theh
gikuyu brahmand mein harr cheej key paraspar sambandh mein vishvaas rakhate they. gikuyu logon key liye, humm joe kuchh bhee dekhate hain, usaki ack aantarik aadhyatmik shakti hoti haye aur sabse pavitra halanki anakahi sattavidya bull thaa. yeh aadhyatmik praan shakti bhagwan seey utpann hui, jinake paas usa jeevan shakti koo banaane yaa nasht karane kii shakti thee. gikuyu logon key liye, bhagwan brahmand mein sarvocch prani they aur iss jeevan shakti (mugai/nagaai) koo harr usa cheez key liye daataa they joe maujood haye. gikuyu logon kaa yeh bhee maanana thaa kii bhagwan dwara banaai gaee harr cheej mein ack mahatvapurna aantarik shakti aur unake saath ack sambandh bandhan thaa, kewal iss tathya seey kii unhone usa cheez koo banaaya aur ise vaha aantarik shakti dee joe ise bhautik roop seey prakat karati haye. agikuyu key liye, bhagwan key bheetar yeh jeevan shakti thee isaliye vaha brahmand mein harr cheej key antim malik aur shaasak they. uttaraardh geekuyu logon key beach bhagwan kii antim avadharana thee isaliye iska naam mugui/nagaai padaa. gikuyu logon key liye, jinake paas sabse badee jeevan shakti thee, joe bhagwan key sabse karib they, way bhagwan dwara banaae gaye pahale maataa-pitaa they kyonki bhagwan ney unhein seedhe jeevan shakti dee thee. inn pahale maataa-pitaa koo itna sammaan diyaa jaataa thaa kii unake saath lagbhag swayam bhagwan key samaan vyavhaar kiya jaataa thaa. inke baad una logon key poorvaj aae jinhen pahale maataa-pitaa seey jeevan shakti viraasat mein millie, phir unake turant mrit aur anta mein samudaay mein sabse badey. isaliye jaba loga balidan denaa chaahte they, tou samudaay mein sabse badaa sanskar kartaa thaa. samudaay key bachchon kaa apane maataa-pitaa key madhyam seey bhagwan seey sambandh thaa aur yeh shrinkhala oopar kii or maataa-pitaa, poorvajon, pahale banaae gaye maataa-pitaa taka jaati thee jaba taka kii yeh swayam bhagwan taka naheen pahunch jaati. gikuyu logon kaa maanana thaa kii poorvajon kii divangat aatmaon kaa iss duniya mein phir seey punarjanm hoe sakata haye jaba bachche paida hoe rahey hotey hain, isaliye bachche key namkaran samarohon key dauran kiye jaane vaale sanskar. gikuyu logon kaa maanana thaa kii kissy vyakti kii jeevan shakti yaa aatma koo badhaaya yaa cumm kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase vyakti key swaasthya parr assar padata haye. unakaa yeh bhee maanana thaa kii kuchh logon mein sabhi cheejon mein aantarik shakti mein herfer karane kii shakti hoti haye. inn logon koo jinhone ack vyakti kii aatma kii bhalai mein vriddhi kii, unhein medicine-maine (mugo) kahaa jaataa thaa, jabaki joe loga vyakti kii jeevan shakti koo cumm karate they, unhein jaadoo-tona karane vaale (murogi) kahaa jaataa thaa. unakaa yeh bhee maanana thaa kii samanya vastuon kii aadhyatmik shaktiyon mein iss tarah seey vriddhi hoe sakati haye kii way kissy vyakti kii una logon seey raksha karein joe kissy vyakti kii jeevan shakti koo cumm karane parr tule hue hain. aisee shaktiyon vaali aisee vastu koo "geethitu" kahaa jaataa thaa. iss prakaar, gikuyu dharm aur jeevan kaa darshan, samanya roop seey, iss samajh parr adharit thaa kii brahmand mein harr cheej mein ack aantarik paraspar judee hui shakti haye jise humm naheen dekhate hain. geekuyu logon key beach bhagwan koo sabhi cheejon mein iss aantarik jeevan shakti key malik aur vitarak (mugai) key roop mein samajha jaataa thaa aur unaki pooja aur prashansa kii jaati thee kii yaa tou sabhi cheejon (krishi upaj, maveshi, bachche) kii jeevan shakti koo badhaaya jaae aur una ghatnaaon koo cumm kiya jaae joe logon kii jeevan shakti koo cumm curr dein yaa mrityu kaa kaaran bunn sakein. gikuyu logon kaa netaa vaha vyakti thaa jisake baare mein maanaa jaataa thaa kii vaha logon mein sabse badee jeevan shakti rakhta haye yaa vaha vyakti jisane logon, unake parivaaron, unake krishi utpaadon, unake maveshiyon aur unaki bhoomi kii dekhbhal mein sabse badee jeevan shakti kaa pradarshan kiya thaa. isaliye iss vyakti koo usa rashtra mein rahane vaale kissy bhee anya vyakti kii tulanaa mein bhagwan key karib maanaa jaataa thaa. ukt vyakti koo bhee satya ("maa") aur nyaay ("kihuto") key uchchatam star kaa pradarshan aur abhyaas karna thaa, jaise kii gikuyu logon key sarvocch devta karenge.
raajneetik sanrachana aur peedhigat parivartan.
agikuyu mein ack varsh mein chaar mausam aur dou fasal hoti thee.
isake alawa, khatna dwara deeksha key madhyam seey samay darj kiya gayaa thaa. pratyek deeksha samooh koo ack vishesh naam diyaa gayaa thaa. professor godfrey muriki key anusaar, vyaktigat deeksha seton koo harr nau calender varshon mein ack resiment mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye. resiment yaa senaa key gathan seey pahale ack samay thaa jaba ladakon kii deeksha naheen hoti thee. yeh avadhi kull saadhe chaar calender varshon taka chully (gikuyu bhoomi mein nau mausam, pratyek mausam koo "imera" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye) aur ise "muhingo" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, jisamen deeksha paanchven varsh kii shuruat mein hoti haye aur agale nau calender varshon key liye salana chalati haye. yeh methumi murang mein apnai gaee pranali thee. resiment yaa senaa key sett koo bhee vishesh naam milate hain, jinamen seey kuchh lokpriya purush naamon key roop mein samaapt hue hain. gakee nyeri mein pranali koo chaar calender varshon key liye salana honey vaali deeksha key saath ulat diyaa gayaa thaa, jisake baad nau calender varshon kii avadhi hogi jisamen ladakon kii koee deeksha naheen hui ("muhingo"). doosari or, ladkiyon koo harr saal deeksha dee jaati thee. kaee resiment taba ack shaasak peedhi banaate hain. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii shaasak peedhiyaan ausatan 35 saal taka chalati theen. deeksha aur resiment sett key naam gikuyu bhoomi key bheetar bhinn hotey hain. haalaanki shaasak peedhiyaan ack samaan hain aur bahut mahatvapurna kalanukramik detta pradaan karati hain. isake alawa, deeksha samooh gikuyu rashtra key bheetar ghatnaaon kaa dastavejikaran karane kaa ack tarika thaa, isaliye, udaaharan key liye, chechak aur upadansh kii ghatana darj kii gaee thee. ladkiyon key deeksha sett koo bhee vishesh naam diye gaye they, halanki iss kshetra mein bahut cumm shodh huaa haye. muriki kewal teen seton kaa pataa lagaata haye, jinake naam hain, "ruharo" [1894], "kibiri/nuri" [1895], "kagika" [1896], "ndutu/nathee" [1897]. yeye sabhi naam metumi (murang) aur kaabete kimbu seey liye gaye hain.
maithyu enjoroge kabetu kii soochi mein likhaa haye, "tenne", "keeyi", "aagoo", "seera", "mathathi", "endemy", "iregi", "maina" ("nagotho"), "mawangi". gakara vaa vaanjaau kii soochi mein "tenne", "nema thee", "kareeraau", "aagoo", "tiru", "kuma", "seera", "endemy", "mathathi", "iregi", "maina", "mawangi", "irungu", "mawangi vaa manduti" likhaa haye. pichhali dou peedhiyaan 1900 key baad aaeen. mcgregor dwara darj kii gaee sabse purani soochiyon mein seey ack mein likhaa haye (aparivartit itihas seey lii gaee soochi) "manjiri", "manduti", "chiraa", "masai", "mathathi", "endemy", "iregi", "maina", "mwangi", "muirungu". hobbley (ack itihaaskaar) key anusaar, pratyek deeksha peedhi, "rica", dou saal seey adhik samay taka faili. europeeya logon key aagaman parr shaasak peedhi koo "maina" kahaa jaataa thaa. aisaa kahaa jaataa haye kii 1898 mein "maina" koo "mwangi" koo saunp diyaa gayaa thaa. hobbley kaa kahana haye kii nimnalikhit seton koo "maina" key tahat vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa-"kinuthia", "karanja", "njuguna", "kinyanjui", "gathuru" aur "ng 'yang". professor muriyuki halanki inn seton koo bahut pahale rakhate hain, arthaat "karanja" aur "kinuthia" "seera" shaasak peedhi seey sambandhit hain, jinhone varsh 1722 seey 1756 taka shasson kiya, "muriyuki" key anusaar, 25 saal dein yaa lein. "muriki key anusaar, juguna," "kinyanjui", "" "ng 'ang' a" "" "mathathi" "shaasak peedhi seey sambandhit haye jisane 1757 seey 1791 taka shasson kiya, 20 saal dein yaa lein.
professor muriki kii soochi koo iss kshetra mein prathamikta dee jaani chaahiye kyonki unhone 1969 seey iss kshetra mein vyaapak shodh kiya thaa, aur iss vishay parr pahale key sabhi saahitya kaa laabh uthaane key saath-saath gakee (nyeri), metumi (murang) aur kabete (kimbu) key kshetron mein vyaapak kshetra kaary kiya thaa. shaasak peedhiyon key sheersh parr, vaha 1659 seey resiments yaa senaa key seton key naam bhee dete hain [truti key antar key bheetar] aur 1864 seey shuru honey vaale vaarshik deeksha seton key naam bhee dete hain. metumi (murang 'aaa) seey soochi sabse poorna aur alag haye.
muriki kii soochi bhee abb taka kii sabse vyavasthit roop seey paribhaashit soochi haye. gikuyu bhoomi mein adhikansh sabse lokpriya purush naam "ricas" (deeksha samooh) key naam they. yahaan muriki kii metumi (moorang 'aaa) mein resiment seton key naamon kii soochi haih "kiari" (1665-1673), "sez" (1678-1678), "kamaau" (1704-1712), "kimani" (1717-1725), "karanja" (1730-1738), "kinuthia" (1743-1751), "njuguna" (1756-1764), "kianzui" (1769-1777), "nga' yang 'aaa" (1781-1789), "njoroge" (1794-1802), "vaina" (1807-1815), "kangate" (1820-1828), "mujuba" (1820-1828), "njuta" (1859-1867), "njuta" (1859-1867), "njuta" (1859-1867), "njuta" ("ID3"), "njuta" ("ID3"), "njuta" ("ID
aich.ee. lambert, jinhone badey paimaane parr "rikon" seey nipata, key paas gichugu aur bhaarat key resiment seton kii nimnalikhit soochi haye. (yeh yaad rakhna chaahiye kii yeye naam sattaaroodh peedhiyon key vipareet they joe gikuyu bhoomi mein samaan naheen they. yeh bhee dhyaan diyaa jaanaa chaahiye kii bhaarat aur gachugu ney ack aisee pranali kaa paalan kiya jahaan chaar varshon taka harr saal deeksha lii jaati thee aur phir nau calender varshon kii avadhi key baad ladakon kii koee deeksha naheen hui. iss avadhi koo "muhingo" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa thaa.) "karanja" (1759-1762), "kinuthia" (1772-1775), "nduri" (1785-1788), "mugacho" (1798-1801), "enjoroge" (1811-1814), "kaang 'ethe" (1824-1827), "gitau" (1837-1840), "manyaki" (1850-1853), "kiambuthi" (1863-1866), "vatuke" (1876-1879), "ngugi" (1889-1892), "vakanene" (1902-1905).
metumi kii tulanaa mein iss soochi mein ullekhaniya baat yeh haye kii yadi thodaa saa offset kiya jaae tou usee naamon mein seey kuchh kaa upayog kaise kiya jaataa haye. bhaarat aur gachugu metumi seey bahut door hain. doosari or, jahan taka gickie kii bhaugolik samajh kaa sambandh haye, vaha metumi key bahut karib honey chaahiye, phir bhee vastutah resiment seton key koee naam saajha naheen kiye jaate hain. haalaanki yeh dhyaan diyaa jaanaa chaahiye kii gakee kaa paas mein rahane vaale masai seey ack majboot sambandh thaa.
maina aur mwangi key shaasak peedhi key naam bhee bahut lokpriya purush geekuyu naam hain. siddhant yeh bhee haye kii "vasira" bhee "seera" (cases) seey liya gayaa haye, joe kii agikuyu key beach ack bahut hii lokpriya mardana naam bhee haye. yeh sawal taba uthega jaba bachchon kaa naam unake maataa-pitaa key naam parr rakhaa jaane lagaa thaa. aggar apane bachchon key maataa-pitaa key naam parr unake naam rakhane kii vyavastha shuru seey hii hoti, tou bahut cumm purush naam prachalan mein hotey. haalaanki aisaa naheen haye, kyonki bahut saare geekuyu purush naam hain. ack siddhant yeh haye kii mahila naam bahut cumm hain, jisamen mumbi kii poorna nau betiyon key naam sabse adhik prachalit hain.
gakara vaa vaanjaau iss drishtikon kaa samarthan karate hain jaba way apani pustak, "mihariga yaa agique" mein likhate hain,
"hingo iyon siena siyaa arume sietuagavo maritwa maa maria taa vatan, kuma, iregi kaanaa siraa. naao eyaritu magatuo maritava maam mihariga tauria hagveteto noo aaha auo kabere, oh enginya hingo iraa mondu matabariravo thuthaini atee siena ituvagvo asiyari aeye mwaneke naa aeye muiritu."
swatantra roop seey anuvaadit iska arth haye "una dinon purush bachchon koo rica (deeksha samooh) jaise watten, kuma, iregi yaa seera key naam diye jaate they. doosari or ladkiyon kaa naam una kulon key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa joe pahale aise samay taka naamit kiye gaye they jaba taka kii bachchon kaa naam purush aur mahila key maataa-pitaa key naam parr rakhane kaa nirnay naheen liya gayaa thaa."iss bayaan seey yeh spasht naheen haye kii ladkiyon kaa naam kissy bhee kabile key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa yaa naheen, chaahe maataa-pitaa kissy bhee kabile seey sambandhit houn. maataa-pitaa key vishisht kabile key naam parr unakaa namkaran karane seey namkaran key vikalpon parr gambhir roop seey pratibandh lagaa hoga.
iska ajib tarah seey matlab hoga kii mahila naam gikuyu bhoomi mein sabse puraane hain, joe isake matrivanshiya vansh kii pushti karate hain. jahan taka purush naamon kaa sambandh haye, nishchit roop seey murgi aur andey kaa sawal haye, kii koee naam vishesh roop seey kaba dikhaai diyaa, lekin kuchh naam deeksha key dauran hui ghatnaaon seey judey hue hain. udaaharan key liye, vanaina una logon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe khatna key dauran kaampate they. quinana (hilana yaa kampana).
ack bahut hii mahatvapurna samaroh thaa jise ituika key naam seey jaanaa jaataa thaa jisamen purana gaard agali peedhi koo sarkaar kii bagdor saunpata thaa. yeh tanashahi seey bachane key liye thaa. kenyatta ney bataaya kii kaise ack baar, agikuyu kii bhoomi mein, gikuyu aur mumbi prasiddhi key mool gikuyu kii badee betty (leaky key anusaar vanjiru) key potey gikuyu naamak ack nirankush raajaa ney shasson kiya. unhein padchyut karane key baad, yeh nirnay liya gayaa kii sarkaar loktaantrik honey chaahiye, iss tarah ituka banaa. yeh kinvadanti nishchit roop seey sawal uthaati haye kii yeh matrivanshiya niyam kaba sthaapit huaa thaa. antim ituika samaroh, jahan maina key rica ney mawangi peedhi koo satta saunpi thee, 1898-9 mein huaa thaa. agala samaroh 1925-1928 [kenyatta] mein aayojit kiya jaanaa thaa, lekin aupaniveshik samrajyavadi sarkaar ney ise whiffle curr diyaa aur ack-ack karke gikuyu sansthaan dhwast hoe gaye.
paaramparik raajneetik sanrachana kaa patan.
sattaaroodh peedhiyon, rica pranali kaa pataa varsh 1500 esvi yaa usake aspas lagaaya jaa sakata haye. yeye theh
antim ituika samaroh jahaan maina key rikha ney mawangi peedhi koo satta saunpi thee, 1898-1899 mein huaa thaa. agala 1925-1928 mein aayojit kiya jaanaa thaa lekin aupaniveshik sarkaar dwara whiffle curr diyaa gayaa thaa. agikuyu rashtra key beach shakti key paaramparik prateek muthigi (chhadi) haye joe netritva karane kii shakti kaa sanket detaa haye aur itimu (bhaala) logon koo yuddh mein bulaane kii shakti kaa sanket detaa haye.
1888-1945.
1888 key aspas jaba way angrejon key sampark mein aae tou agikuyu kaa paaramparik jeevan shally baadhit hoe gaee thee. british khojkartaon ney "africa key liye hathapai" seey pahale iss kshetra kaa daura kiya thaa, aur abb vibhinn vyakti iss kshetra mein ack upanivesh sthaapit karane key liye chaley gaye, jisamen prachur matra mein aur upajaau krishi bhoomi koo dekhaa gayaa. halanki shuru mein gair-shatrutapurna, agikuyu aur europeeya logon key beach sambandh jald hii hinsak hoe gaeh dakshini agikuyu key ack netaa, vayayaki vaa hinga, jinhone dagoretti parr shasson kiya, jinhone british purvi africa company (beak) key fredrick lugard key saath ack sandhi parr hastakshar kiye they, 1890 mein lugard key kille koo jalaa diyaa thaa. company ney dou saal baad vayayaki parr kabja curr liya aur badala lene key liye jeevit dafnaya gayaa.
british purvi africa company kii gambhir vittiya kathinaaiyon key baad, 1 julaai 1895 koo british sarkaar ney purvi african sanrakshit raajya key madhyam seey seedhe taaj shasson kii sthaapana kii, baad mein 1902 mein europeeya pravasiyon key liye upajaau uchch bhoomi koo khol diyaa. agikuyu, pravasiyon kii laharon seey pareshan, aupaniveshik sarkaar key saath sahyog karane vaale apane kissy bhee vyakti koo maarne kii neeti lagu kii. jaba gorey basane vaalon aur agikuyu key saath vivaad hinsak hoe gaye (aamtaur parr bhoomi key muddon parr), tou basane vaale kuchh aupaniveshik sainikon key saath masai adivasiyon koo unake liye apani ladaai karane key liye niyukt karate they. masai key agikuyu key saath aitihaasik roop seey nakaratmak sambandh they, aur iss prakaar way unake khilaf hathiyar uthaane key liye taiyar they. basane vaalon aur agikuyu key beach vibhinn sanghrshon key parinamswarup aksar unake nimnatar hathiyaron kii vajah seey agikuyu kii haar hui. europeeya basane vaalon aur aupaniveshik sarkaar key saath apane sanghrshon mein asafal rahane key kaaran agikuyu ney apani shikayaton koo hull karane key ack tareeke key roop mein raajneetik sadhanon kii or rukh kiya.
kenya ney dakshin mein german upaniveshon parr kabja karane key unake prayaas key hisse key roop mein pratham vishva yuddh mein angrejon key liye ack aadhar key roop mein kaam kiya, joe shuru mein nirash they. agast 1914 mein yuddh key shuru honey parr, british purvi africa (jaisa kii sanrakshit kshetra koo aam taur parr jaanaa jaataa thaa) aur german purvi africa key rajyapal yuva upaniveshon koo pratyaksh shatruta seey baahar rakhane key prayaas mein ack yuddhaviram parr sahmat hue. halanki, ell. tii. curnell paul wonn letto-warbeck ney german sainya balon kii kamaan sambhali, aur adhik seey adhik british sansadhanon koo bund karane key liye dridh sankalp kiya. germany seey poori tarah seey cutt gaye, wonn letto ney ack prabhaavi gurilla yuddh abhiyaan chalaaya, bhoomi seey baahar rahate hue, british aapoorti parr kabja curr liya, aur aparajit rahey. 1918 mein yuddhaviram parr hastakshar kiye jaane key gyaarah dinn baad unhone antatah zambia mein aatmasamarpan curr diyaa. wonn letto-verbeck kaa peechha karane key liye, angrejon ney bhaarat seey bhaaratiya senaa key sainikon koo tainaat kiya aur phir paidal hocker aantarik kshetra mein aapoorti key parivahan key durjeya rasad koo door karane key liye badee sankhya mein kuliyon kii aavashyakta thee. vaahak dall kaa gathan kiya gayaa aur antatah 400,000 seey adhik african logon koo jutaaya gayaa, joe unake deerghakaalik rajneetikaran mein yogdan dete they.
yuddh mein africiyon dwara praapt anubhavon key saath-saath shwet-pradhaan kenya crown coloney key nirmaan ney 1920 key dashak mein kaafee raajneetik gatividhi koo janm diyaa, joe archdican owen key "pinny ovacho" (logon kii aavaaj) andolan aur "young kikuyu association" (jiska naam badalkar "east african association" curr diyaa gayaa) mein 1921 mein hairi thuku (1895-1970) dwara shuru kiya gayaa, jisane kaee kikuyu koo raashtravaad kii bhavna dee aur savinay avagya kii vakaalat kii. aupaniveshik sarkaar key khilaf thuku kaa abhiyaan alpakaalik thaa. agale varsh unhein kismayu mein nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa, aur 1924 taka hii thuku key abhiyaan koo jaari rakhane key liye kikuyu kendriya sangh (kca) kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. 1924 seey, kikuyu kendriya sangh (key. see. aeye.), jomo kenyatta key mahasachiv key roop mein, kikuyu koo ack bhaugolik rajneeti mein ekikrit karane parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, lekin isaki pariyojana anushthaanik shraddhanjali, bhoomi aavantan, mahila khatna parr pratibandh aur thuku key liye samarthan parr vivaadon seey kamjor hoe gaee. key. see. aeye. ney 1924 mein kenyata koo ingland bheja aur phir 1931 mein aupaniveshik sarkaar aur usaki neetiyon key khilaf apani shikaayaten vyakt karane key liye.
1930 key dashak taka, lagbhag 30,000 gorey basane vaale agikuyu desh mein rahate they aur bajar arthavyavastha mein unake yogdan key kaaran unhone ack raajneetik aavaaj praapt kii. yeh kshetra pahale seey hii kikuyu rashtra key duss laakh seey adhik sadasyon kaa ghar thaa, jinamen seey adhikansh koo atikraman karane vaale europeeya basane vaalon dwara apani bhoomi seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur way pravaasi kisaanon key roop mein rahate they. apane hiton kii raksha key liye, basane vaalon ney coffey key utpaadan parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa, ack jhopadi curr lagu kiya, aur bhumihin shramikon koo unake shram key badale mein cumm seey cumm bhoomi dee gaee. shaharon mein badey paimaane parr palayan huaa kyonki bhoomi seey aajeevika pradaan karane kii unaki kshamata cumm hoe gaee.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein kenya ack mahatvapurna sainya adda bunn gayaa. raajaa kii african rifles (kaar) key hisse key roop mein yuddh mein bhaag lene vaale agikuyu sainikon key liye, yuddh ney african raashtravaad koo protsaahit kiya aur europeeya logon key baare mein unaki avadhaaranaon koo toda diyaa. iss beach, raajneetik morche parr, 1944 mein thuku ney bahu-jaatiya kenya african adhyayan sangh (kasu) kii sthaapana kii aur way pahale adhyaksh they.
1945-1963.
1946 mein kasu kenya african sangh (kaao) bunn gayaa. yeh ack rashtravadi sangathan thaa jisane shwet swaamitva vaali bhoomi taka pahunch kii maang kii thee. kau ney kenya kii vidhaan parishad key pahale ashwet sadasya, eliude mathu key liye ack nirvaachan kshetra sangh key roop mein kaary kiya, jinhen 1944 mein sthaaniya bantu/nilotic abhijaat varg key saath paramarsh karane key baad rajyapal dwara naamit kiya gayaa thaa. kau parr kikuyu jaatiya samooh kaa prabhutva banaa rhaa. 1947 mein madhyam kikuyu kendriya sangh key poorv adhyaksh jomo kenyata, mool nivaasiyon key liye ack badee raajneetik aavaaj kii maang karane key liye adhik aakramak kaao key adhyaksh baney. aupaniveshik adhikaariyon seey kissy bhee mahatvapurna sudhaar yaa shikayaton key nivaaran koo praapt karane mein kaao kii viphalata ney raajneetik pahal koo african trade union andolan key bheetar yuva aur adhik ugravaadi hastiyon, daraar ghaati mein basane vaalon kii sampattiyon parr aur nairobi aur madhya praant key kikuyu jilon mein kau shaakhaon mein kabja karane vaalon key beach sthanantarit curr diyaa.
1952 taka, feeled marshel dedan kimthi key tahat, kenya bhoomi aur swatantrata senaa (mau mau) ney aupaniveshik sarkaar, basane vaalon aur unake kenya sahyogiyon key khilaf ack poorna vidroh shuru kiya. iss samay taka, mau mau kenya kii poorna swatantrata key liye lada rahey they. kuchh logon dwara yuddh koo britten key african upaniveshon kaa sabse gambhir sankat maanaa jaataa haye-21 octuber 1956 koo vidrohi netaa daydon kimathi key kabje ney mau mau vidroh kii antim haar kaa sanket diyaa, aur anivarya roop seey sainya abhiyaan koo samaapt curr diyaa, halanki apatkal kii sthiti 1959 taka chully. sangharsh ney yakinan disambar 1963 mein kenya kii swatantrata key liye munch taiyar kiya.
1963-vartamaan.
1963 mein kenya mein aupaniveshik shasson key samaapt honey key baad, kenya ganarajya kii ghoshana key baad seey, agikuyu abb kenya rashtra kaa ack abhinn anga bunn gayaa haye. way kenya key nagrikon key roop mein apani bhoomika nibhana jaari rakhate hain, apane desh key nirmaan mein madad karate hain. haalaanki, kuchh kenyawasi apani galat roop seey kathit uchch aarthik sthiti seey naraz hain, ack narajgi kabhi-kabhi raajneetik hinsa key madhyam seey failati haye, jaisa kii 1992,1997 aur 2007 key kenya chunaavon mein huaa thaa.
aanuvanshiki.
lakadi aur anya dwara kiye gaye ack vaaee-gunasutra dna adhyayan key anusaar."(2005), lagbhag 73 pratishat gikuyu samanya paitrik haplogroup ee1bee1aeye seey sambandhit hain. shesh anya clade leey jaate hainh 19 pratishat ee1bee1bee key saath ee-aim293 kaa yogdan 11 pratishat, 2 pratishat aeye aur 2 pratishat bee.
maatri vansh key sandarbh mein, gikuyu anya poorvottar bantu bhashi samoohon jaise sukuma key saath nikatata seey judate hain. adhikansh vibhinn africa-kendrit aim. tii. dee. aine. aeye. macro-haplogroup ell vanshavali jaise kii ell0aff, ell3aiks, ell4jee aur ell5 prati castry aadi seey sambandhit hain."(2009). salaa 'aadi key anusaar."(2002), anya geekuyu mein badey paimaane parr ell1aeye clade hotaa haye, joe african mtdna haplogroup mein seey ack haye.
sanskriti.
bhasha.
gikuyu apani mool bhasha key roop mein gikuyu bhasha bolate hain, joe bantu bhasha parivaar kaa ack sadasya haye. isake alawa, kaee loga kenya kii dou aadhikarik bhaashaon, swahili aur angreji koo lingwa franca key roop mein bolate hain.
upaniveshvaad seey pahale antar-vivaah key kaaran gikuyu kuchh bantu samudaayon seey nikatata seey sambandhit hain. yeye samudaay embu, meru aur akamba loga hain joe aim. tii. key aspas bhee rahate hain. kenya. grater kiambu (aamtaur parr kabete key roop mein sandarbhit) aur nyeri jilon key gikuyu parivaar key sadasya upanivesh seey pahale antar-vivaah key kaaran bhee masai logon seey nikatata seey sambandhit hain. thika aur mbir key beach key gikuyu loga kamba logon seey nikatata seey sambandhit hain joe gikuyu key samaan bhasha bolate hain. natijatan, gikkuyu loga joe mool gikkuyu viraasat key adhikansh hisse koo banaae rakhate hain, kenya key kiryaga aur murang 'aaa kshetron key aspas rahate hain. murang 'aaa jile koo kaee loga gikuyu logon kaa udgam sthal maanate hain aur iss tarah, murang' aaa kshetra key gikuyu koo ack shuddh nasl kaa maanaa jaataa haye.
saahitya.
1888 taka, agikuyu saahitya vishuddh roop seey lokkathaon mein vyakt kiya gayaa thaa. prasiddh kahaaniyon mein "vaha ladki jiska usake rishtedaron dwara balidan diyaa gayaa thaa", "khoyi hui bahan", "chaar yuva yoddha", "vaha ladki jisane aine 'jenge key baal kaate" aur kaee aur shamil hain.
jaba europeeya missionary 1888 mein agikuyu desh mein pahunche, tou unhone kikuyu bhasha seekhi aur ise ack sanshodhit roman varnamala kaa upayog karke likhana shuru kiya. kikuyu ney missionaryon aur europeeya shiksha key prati dridhata seey pratikriya vyakt kii. unake paas shiksha taka adhik pahunch thee aur unake desh mein naee mudra arthavyavastha aur raajneetik parivartanon mein shamil honey key avsar they. isake parinamswarup, nagugi vaa theong 'oh aur meja mwangi jaise ullekhaniya kikuyu saahitya key prateek hain. ngugi vaa theong 'oh kii saahityik kritiyon mein "kaitani mutharabaini" (1981), "matigari" (1986) aur "murogi vaa kagogo" ("kauve kaa jadugar" (2006) shamil hain, joe kii sabse badaa gyaat kikuyu bhasha kaa upanyaas haye jiska tees seey adhik bhaashaon mein anuvaad kiya gayaa haye.
sangeet.
paaramparik kikuyu sangeet 1888 taka peedhiyon seey maujood rhaa haye, jaba upaniveshvaad ney unake jeevan koo baadhit kiya thaa. 1888 seey pahale aur 1920 key dashak mein, kikuyu sangeet mein kibata, nandumo aur muthunguki shamil they. saanskritik nuksan mein vriddhi hui kyonki shaharikaran aur aadhunikikaran ney swadeshi gyaan koo prabhaavit kiya, jisamen muturiru-ack tirchhi chhaal bansuri bajaane kii kshamata bhee shamil thee. aaj, sangeet aur nritya kikuyu sanskriti key majboot ghatak hain. dharmnirpeksh aur susamachar sangeet donon key liye, unake pentatonic paimaane aur paschimi sangeet shailiyon jaise "mathviti maggy nge!" mein ack jordar kikuyu recording udyog haye.".
cinema.
kikuyu cinema aur film nirmaan agikuyu key beach ack bahut hii halia ghatana haye. way kewal 21veen sadee mein lokpriya hue hain. 20veen shatabdi mein, adhikansh agikuyu ney paschim mein nirmit cinema aur film kaa upbhog kiya. lokpriya kikuyu film nirmaanon mein machang 'ee shrinkhala aur kihenjo shrinkhala jaisi haasya filmein shamil hain. haal hii mein, kenya television chainalon mein bahut vriddhi hui haye aur aise channel hain joe kikuyu bhasha mein karyakram prasaarit karate hain.
vyanjan.
vishisht agikuyu bhojan mein yaam, meethe aaloo, geetheri (makka aur same, makai key baad africa mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa), mukimo (bhunaa huaa haraa mutter aur aaloo), kimitu (bhunaa huaa same aur aaloo), irio (bhunaa huaa sookha same, makai aur aaloo), mutura (bakri kii aanton, maans aur rakt kaa upayog karke banaaya gayaa sossage), ukuru (makai, bajra yaa jwaar key aate seey banaa kinvit daliya) bhunaa huaa bakri, gomans, chikan aur pakaai hui hurry sabjiyan jaise kii collard, paalak aur gaajar shamil hain.
dharm.
haalaanki gikuyu aitihaasik roop seey swadeshi dharmon kaa paalan karate they, lekin aaj adhikansh isai hain, joe vibhinn sampradayon key hain, saath hii saath isai dharm key vibhinn samanvayaatmak roop bhee hain. baaki purvi africa key saath vyaapaar key baad seey, kikuyu kaa ack tihai hissa islam kaa paalan kartaa haye, vishesh roop seey arab, bhaaratiya aur farsi missionaryon key madhyam seey.
2015 mein lagbhag 60 logon kaa ack chhota samooh, kikkuyu, kusuku shahar mein yahudi dharm kaa abhyaas kartaa haye. jabaki way yahudi dharm key ack maanak roop (roodhivaadi yahudi dharm key samaan) kaa abhyaas karate hain, way kissy bhee badey yahudi samooh kaa maanyata praapt hissa naheen hain.
dhaarmik aur saanskritik kalah.
aprail 2018 mein, purvi africa key presbyterian church ney apane sadasyon koo "mburi siyaa kiyama" key roop mein jaane jaane vaale kikuyu saanskritik sanskar seey pratibandhit karane kaa prastaav diyaa aur isase kenya parvat key kshetra mein bhakton key beach ashanti paida hoe gaee. mburi siyaa kiyama" mein bakariyon kaa vadh aur purushon koo sammaanit bujurg banane key baare mein salah denaa shamil haye. jaba yeh prakriya samaapt hoe jaati haye, tou way vibhinn "kiyama" (samoohon) mein shamil hoe jaate hain. inn samoohon mein hii unhein vivaah, kikuyu sanskriti aur samudayik jimmedariyon jaise muddon parr salah dee jaati haye. church key sadasyon koo saanskritik pratha koo tyagane yaa church key taha koo chhodane kaa ultimatum diyaa gayaa thaa.

