
detta-pravaah aarekh

ack detta-flow aarekh ack prakriya yaa ack pranali (aamtaur parr ack soochana pranali) key madhyam seey detta key pravaah kaa pratinidhitva karane kaa ack tarika haye. dee. aff. dee. pratyek ikai key output aur input aur prakriya key baare mein bhee jaankaari pradaan kartaa haye. ack detta-flow aarekh kaa koee niyantran naheen hotaa haye koee nirnay niyam naheen hotey hain aur koee loop naheen hotey hain. detta key aadhar parr vishisht sanchaalan koo ack flochart dwara darshaaya jaa sakata haye.
detta-flow aarekh pradarshit karane key liye kaee sanketan hain. oopar prastut sanketan koo 1979 mein tomm demarco dwara sanrachit vishleshan key hisse key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa.
pratyek detta pravaah key liye, ack prakriya mein cumm seey cumm ack antim bindu (srot aur/yaa gantavya) maujood honah chaahiye. ack prakriya kaa parishkrit pratinidhitva ack anya detta-pravaah aarekh mein kiya jaa sakata haye, joe iss prakriya koo upa-prakriyaon mein upa-vibhajit kartaa haye.
detta-flow aarekh ack upkaran haye joe sanrachit vishleshan aur detta modeling kaa hissa haye. jaba yuu. aim. ell. kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, tou gatividhi aarekh aamtaur parr detta-pravaah aarekh kii bhoomika koo sambhal letaa haye. detta-flow plan kaa ack vishesh roop site-oriented detta-flow plan haye.
detta-flow aarekh koo ulte petri nett key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye, kyonki aise network mein sthaan detta memori key shabdarth seey mell khaate hain. samaan roop seey, petri nett aur detta pravaah seey sankraman key shabdarth aur detta-pravaah aarekh seey karyon koo samatulya maanaa jaanaa chaahiye.
itihas.
dee. aff. dee. sanketan graph siddhant parr adharit haye, jiska upayog mool roop seey sangathanon mein karyapravah key model key liye parichaalan anusandhaan mein kiya jaataa haye. dee. aff. dee. kii utpatti 1970 key dashak key anta mein sanrachit vishleshan aur design takneek paddhati mein upayog kiye jaane vaale gatividhi aarekh seey hui. dee. aff. dee. key lokpriya banaane vaalon mein edward yorden, lairi constantine, tomm demarco, criss genn aur trish sarson shamil hain.
detta-flow aarekh (dee. aff. dee.) jaldi seey software-system prakriyaon mein shamil pramukh charanon aur detta kii kalpana karane kaa ack lokpriya tarika bunn gayaa. dee. aff. dee. kaa upayog aamtaur parr computer pranali mein detta pravaah dikhaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, halanki way siddhant roop mein vyavasaay prakriya modeling parr lagu kiye jaa sakate hain. dee. aff. dee. pramukh detta pravaah kaa dastavejikaran karane yaa detta pravaah key sandarbh mein ack nae uchch-stariya design kaa pataa lagaane key liye upayogi they.
dee. aff. dee. ghatak.
dee. aff. dee. mein prakriyaaen, pravaah, godam aur antim yantra shamil hain. inn dee. aff. dee. ghatakon koo dekhane key kaee tareeke hain.
prakriya
prakriya (kaary, parivartan) ack aisee pranali kaa hissa haye joe input koo output mein badal detee haye. ack prakriya kaa prateek ack vritt, ack andakar, ack aayat yaa goal konon key saath ack aayat haye (sanketan key prakaar key anusaar). prakriya kaa naam ack shabd, ack chhote seey vaakya yaa ack aise vakyansh mein rakhaa gayaa haye joe spasht roop seey apane saar koo vyakt karane key liye haye.
detta pravaah
detta pravaah (pravaah, detta pravaah) pranali key ack bhaag seey dusare bhaag mein jaankaari (kabhi-kabhi samagri bhee) key hastaantaran koo darshaata haye. pravaah kaa prateek teer haye. pravaah kaa ack naam honah chaahiye joe yeh nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii kaun see jaankaari (yaa kaun see samagri) sthanantarit kii jaa rahee haye. apavaad pravaah hain jahan yeh spasht haye kii inn pravaahon seey judee sansthaon key madhyam seey kyaa jaankaari sthanantarit kii jaati haye. samagri parivartanon koo una pranaliyon mein pratiroopit kiya jaataa haye joe kewal soochanaatmak naheen hain. pravaah koo kewal ack prakaar kii jaankaari (samagri) sanchaarit karni chaahiye. teer pravaah kii disha dikhaata haye (yeh dwi-dishaatmak bhee hoe sakata haye yadi ikai seey/seey jaankaari taarkik roop seey nirbhar haye-ee.jee. prashn aur uttar). pravaah link prakriyaaen, godam aur terminator.
godam
godam (datastore, detta store, file, databases) kaa upayog baad mein upayog key liye detta koo sangraheet karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. dukaan kaa prateek dou kshaitij rekhaaen hain, dekhane kaa doosara tarika dee. aff. dee. sanketan mein dikhaaya gayaa haye. godam kaa naam ack bahuvachan sangya haye (ee.jee. order)-yeh godam key input aur output dhaaraon seey praapt hotaa haye. godam koo kewal ack detta file naheen honah chaahiye, balki udaaharan key liye, dastavejon key saath ack folder, ack filing cabinet, yaa optical disk kaa ack sett bhee hoe sakata haye. isaliye, godam koo dee. aff. dee. mein dekhana karyanvayan seey swatantra haye. godam seey pravaah aamtaur parr godam mein sangraheet detta key padhane kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, aur godam mein pravaah aamtaur parr detta pravishti yaa adyatan (kabhi-kabhi detta koo bhee hataana) koo vyakt kartaa haye. godam koo dou samanantar rekhaaon dwara darshaaya jaataa haye jinake beach smriti naam sthit haye (ise ack uml buffer node key roop mein model kiya jaa sakata haye).
terminator
terminator ack baahari ikai haye joe pranali key saath samvaad karati haye aur pranali key baahar khadee hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, yeh vibhinn sangathan hoe sakate hain (jaise.jee. ack baink), logon key samooh (ee.jee. graahak), adhikaari (ee.jee. ack curr karyalaya) yaa ack vibhaag (ee.jee. ack hii sangathan kaa maanav-sansaadhan vibhaag), joe model pranali seey sambandhit naheen haye. terminator ack aur pranali hoe sakati haye jisake saath model pranali sanchaar karati haye.
dee. aff. dee. banaane key liye niyam.
ikai key naam binaa aage kii tippaniyon key samajhane yogya honey chaahiye. dee. aff. dee. ack pranali haye jise vishleshakon dwara pranali upayogkartaon key saath sakshatkar key aadhar parr banaaya gayaa haye. yeh ack or pranali vikaskartaon key liye nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye, doosari or pariyojana thekedaar, isaliye ikai key naam model domen yaa shaukiya upayogkartaon yaa peshevaron key liye anukoolit kiye jaane chaahiye. ikai key naam samanya honey chaahiye (swatantra, ee.jee. gatividhi koo anjam dene vaale vishisht vyakti), lekin ikai koo spasht roop seey nirdisht karna chaahiye. aasaan maanchitran aur vishisht prakriyaon koo sandarbhit karane key liye prakriyaon koo kramaankit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. sankhya yaadrichhik haye, haalaanki, sabhi dee. aff. dee. staron parr sthirata banaae rakhna aavashyak haye (dee. aff. dee. padanukram dekhein). dee. aff. dee. spasht honah chaahiye, kyonki ack dee. aff. dee. mein prakriyaon kii adhikatam sankhya 6 seey 9 taka honey kii sifarish kii jaati haye, ack dee. aff. dee. mein nyuntam 3 prakriyaaen hain. apavaad tathaakathit praasangik aarekh haye jahan ekmatra prakriya model pranali aur una sabhi terminators kaa prateek haye jinake saath pranali sanchaar karati haye.
dee. aff. dee. sthirata.
dee. aff. dee. pranali key anya models-ikai sambandh aarekh, raajya-sankraman aarekh, detta shabdakosh aur prakriya vinirdesh model key saath susangat honah chaahiye. pratyek prakriya kaa apana naam, nivesh aur utpaadan honah chaahiye. pratyek pravaah kaa apana naam honah chaahiye (apavaad pravaah dekhein). pratyek detta store mein input aur output pravaah honah chaahiye. input aur output pravaah koo ack dee. aff. dee. mein pradarshit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye-lekin way ack hii pranali kaa varnan karane vaale dusare dee. aff. dee. mein maujood honey chaahiye. ack apavaad godam haye joe pranali (baahari bhandaran) key baahar khadaa haye jisake saath pranali sanchaar karati haye.
dee. aff. dee. padanukram.
dee. aff. dee. koo adhik pardarshi banaane key liye (i.ee. bahut adhik prakriyaaen naheen), bahu-stariya dee. aff. dee. banaae jaa sakate hain. dee. aff. dee. joe uchch star parr hain, way cumm vistrit hain (nichale star parr kull milakar adhik vistrit dee. aff. dee.). padanukram mein praasangik dee. aff. dee. uchchatam haye (dee. aff. dee. nirmaan niyam dekhein). tathaakathit shoonya star key baad dee. aff. dee. 0 aataa haye, joe prakriya sankhyaakaran (ee.jee. prakriya 1, prakriya 2). agale mein, tathaakathit pahala star-dee. aff. dee. 1-sankhyaakaran jaari haye, udaaharan key liye, prakriya 1 koo dee. aff. dee. key pahale teen staron mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, joe 1.1,1 aur 1.3 hain. isi tarah, dusare star (dee. aff. dee. 2) mein prakriyaon koo 2.1.1,2,1.1 aur 2.1.4 sankhya dee gaee haye. staron kii sankhya model pranali key aakar parr nirbhar karati haye. dee. aff. dee. 0 prakriyaon mein apghatan staron kii sankhya samaan naheen hoe sakati haye. dee. aff. dee. 0 mein sabse mahatvapurna (samagr) pranali kaary hotey hain. sabse nichale star mein aisee prakriyaaen shamil honey chaahiye joe lagbhag ack aeye4 prishth key liye ack prakriya vinirdesh banaana sambhav banaati hain. yadi laghu-vinirdeshan lamba honah chaahiye, tou usa prakriya key liye ack atirikt star banaana uchit haye jahaan ise kaee prakriyaon mein vighatit kiya jaayega. poore dee. aff. dee. padanukram key spasht avalokan key liye, ack urdhvaadhar (cross-sectional) aarekh banaaya jaa sakata haye. godam koo uchchatam star parr pradarshit kiya jaataa haye jahan iska pahale upayog kiya jaataa haye aur harr nichale star parr bhee.

