bhujal

bhujal prithvi kii satah key neeche chattan aur mitty key chhidron mein aur chattanon key nirmaan key tootane mein maujood paani haye. duniya mein aasaani seey upalabdh sabhi taaje paani kaa lagbhag 30 pratishat bhujal haye. chattan kii ack ikai yaa ack asanghatit jamaa koo jalbhrit kahaa jaataa haye jaba yeh upayog karane yogya matra mein paani dey sakata haye. jiss gaharaai parr mitty key chhidra sthaan yaa asthibhang aur chattan mein rikt sthaan poori tarah seey paani seey santript hoe jaate hain, usey jall talika kahaa jaataa haye. bhujal koo satah seey recharge kiya jaataa haye; yeh praakritik roop seey jharanon aur risaav parr satah seey nirvahan curr sakata haye, aur oss yaa ardrabhoomi banaa sakata haye. bhujal koo aksar krishi, nagarpalika aur audyogik upayog key liye kuon key nirmaan aur sanchaalan dwara bhee vaapas leey liya jaataa haye. bhujal key vitaran aur gati kaa adhyayan jalbhautiki haye, jise bhujal jalvigyaan bhee kahaa jaataa haye.
aam taur parr, bhujal koo uthale jalbhriton key madhyam seey bahane vaale paani key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, lekin takniki arthon mein, isamen mitty kii namee, permafrost (jamee hui mitty), bahut cumm pargamyata vaali chattan mein sthir paani aur gahare bhoo-taapiya yaa tail nirmaan jall bhee hoe sakate hain. bhujal koo snehan pradaan karane key liye parikalpana kii gaee haye joe sambhavatah doshon kii gati koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye. yeh sambhavana haye kii prithvi kii upasatah key adhikansh hisse mein kuchh paani hotaa haye, joe kuchh udaharanon mein anya taral padarthon key saath milaaya jaa sakata haye. 
bhujal aksar satah key paani kii tulanaa mein sastaa, adhik suvidhajanak aur pradooshan key prati cumm samvedansheel hotaa haye. isaliye, iska upayog aamtaur parr saarvajanik jall aapoorti key liye kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, bhujal sanyukt raajya mein upayog karane yogya jall bhandaran kaa sabse badaa srot pradaan kartaa haye, aur california salana sabhi raajyon key bhujal kii sabse badee matra koo nikaalata haye. bhoomigat jalashayon mein mahaan jheelon sahit sanyukt raajya america mein sabhi satah jalashayon aur jheelon kii kshamata seey kaheen adhik paani hotaa haye. kaee nagarpalika jall aapoorti poori tarah seey bhujal seey praapt hoti haye. duniya bhar mein 2 arab seey adhik loga apane praathamik jall srot key roop mein iss parr bharosa karate hain.
bhujal key upayog seey sambandhit paryavaraniya mudde hain. udaaharan key liye, pradooshit bhujal cumm dikhaai detaa haye aur nadiyon aur jheelon mein pradooshan kii tulanaa mein saaf karna adhik kathin haye. bhujal pradooshan aksar bhoomi parr kachare key anuchit niptan key parinamswarup hotaa haye. pramukh sroton mein audyogik aur gharelu rasayan aur kachra landfill, krishi mein upayog kiye jaane vaale atyadhik urvarak aur keetnashak, audyogik apashisht lagoon, khaanon seey nikalane vaale apashisht jall kii silai aur prakriya, audyogik fracking, tail kshetra key lavan gaddhe, bhoomigat tail bhandaran tank aur pipelines kaa risaav, maljal keechad aur septic system shamil hain. isake alawa, bhujal tateey kshetron mein khaare paani kii ghuspaith key liye atisamvedansheel haye aur jaba asthir roop seey nikala jaataa haye tou bhoomi kaa avakraman hoe sakata haye, jisase doobate shahar (jaise bancock) aur oonchaai mein nuksan hoe sakata haye (jaise kii california kii kendriya ghaati mein kaee meater khou gaye). samudra key star mein vriddhi aur jalavaayu parivartan key kaaran honey vaale anya parivartanon key kaaran yeye mudde adhik jatil hoe jaate hain joe jall chakr koo prabhaavit karenge.
paribhasha.
bhujal mitty aur chattanon key upasatahi chhidra sthaan mein sthit taaja paani haye. yeh vaha paani bhee haye joe jalastar key neeche jalbhriton key bheetar beh rhaa haye. kabhi-kabhi yeh satah key paani seey nikatata seey judey bhujal aur ack jalbhrit mein gahare bhujal (jise "jeevaashm jall" kahaa jaataa haye yadi yeh sahasraabdiyon pahale jameen mein ghus gayaa thaa) key beach antar karane key liye upayogi haye.
jall chakr mein bhoomika.
bhujal koo satah key paani key samaan shabdon mein socha jaa sakata haih nivesh, utpaadan aur bhandaran. bhujal mein praakritik nivesh satah key paani seey risaav haye. bhujal seey praakritik utpaadan jharane hain aur samudron mein risaav hotaa haye. apane karobar kii dheemi darr key kaaran, bhujal bhandaran aam taur parr satah key paani kii tulanaa mein input kii tulanaa mein bahut badaa (matra mein) hotaa haye. yeh antar manushyon key liye gambhir parinamon key binaa lambe samay taka bhujal kaa upayog karna aasaan banaata haye. phir bhee, lambe samay taka bhujal srot seey oopar risaav kii ausat darr usa srot seey paani kii ausat khapat key liye oopari seema haye.
jaba yeh punarbharan jall star taka pahunchata haye tou varsha, dhaaraon aur nadiyon seey satah key paani seey bhujal praakritik roop seey bhar jaataa haye.
bhujal praakritik jall chakr kaa ack deerghakaalik 'jalaashay' hoe sakata haye (dinon seey laker sahasraabdiyon taka key nivaas samay key saath), joe kii alpakaalik jall jalashayon jaise vayumandal aur taaje satah key paani (jinamen minaton seey laker varshon taka nivaas samay hotaa haye) key vipareet haye. gahare bhujal (joe satah key punarbharan seey kaafee door haye) koo apane praakritik chakr koo puuraa karane mein bahut lamba samay lugg sakata haye.
madhya aur purvi australia mein mahaan artasian besin duniya kii sabse badee seemit jalbhrit pranaliyon mein seey ack haye, joe lagbhag 20 laakh varg kilometres taka faili hui haye. gahare bhoomigat seey praapt paani mein trace tatvon kaa vishleshan karke, jalbhautik vigyaani yeh nirdhaarit karane mein saksham hue hain kii inn jalbhritiyon seey nikala gayaa paani 10 laakh saal seey adhik purana hoe sakata haye.
mahaan artasian besin key vibhinn hisson seey praapt bhujal kii ayu kii tulanaa karke, jalbhuvaigyaanikon ney paaya haye kii yeh besin mein umr mein badhata haye. jahan purvi vibhajan key saath jalbhriton koo paani seey bharaa jaataa haye, vahaan umr cumm hoti haye. jaise-jaise bhujal mahadweep mein paschim kii or bahata haye, yeh paschimi bhaagon mein honey vaale sabse puraane bhujal key saath umr mein badhata haye. iska matlab haye kii 10 laakh varshon mein punarbharan key srot seey lagbhag 1000 kimmy kii yatra karane key liye, mahaan artasian besin seey bahane vaalaa bhujal prati varsh lagbhag 1 meater kii ausat darr seey yatra kartaa haye.
visheshataaen.
tapman.
paani kii uchch vishisht ooshmaa kshamata aur mitty aur chattan kaa avaahak prabhaav jalavaayu key prabhaav koo cumm curr sakata haye aur bhujal koo apekshaakrit sthir tapman parr banaae rakh sakata haye. kuchh sthaanon parr jahaan bhujal kaa tapman iss prabhaav seey lagbhag 10 degree celsius (50 degree fahrenheit) parr banaae rakhaa jaataa haye, bhujal kaa upayog satah parr sanrachanaon key ander key tapman koo niyantrit karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, germ mausam key dauran apekshaakrit thhande bhujal koo ack ghar mein radiator key madhyam seey pump kiya jaa sakata haye aur phir dusare kuein mein jameen parr vaapas kiya jaa sakata haye. thhand key mausam key dauran, kyonki yeh apekshaakrit germ hotaa haye, paani kaa upayog usee tarah kiya jaa sakata haye jaise garmi pampon key liye garmi kaa srot joe havaa kaa upayog karane kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik kushal haye.
upalabdhata.
bhujal duniya kii taaja paani kii aapoorti kaa lagbhag tees pratishat haye, joe mahasagaron aur sthaayi burf sahit poori duniya key paani kaa lagbhag 0.76% haye. duniya key taral taaje paani kaa lagbhag 99 pratishat bhujal haye. vaishvik bhujal bhandaran lagbhag uttar aur dakshin dhruvon sahit burf aur burf key dher mein sangraheet taaje paani kii kull matra key barabar haye. yeh ise ack mahatvapurna sansaadhan banaata haye joe ack praakritik bhandaran key roop mein kaary curr sakata haye joe sookhe key samay kii tarah satah key paani kii kamee key khilaf buffer curr sakata haye.
jalbhrit mein bhujal kii matra kaa anuman sthaaniya kuon mein jall star koo mapkar aur kuein seey bhoovaigyaanik record kii jaanch karke lagaaya jaa sakata haye taaki jall-vaahak talchhat aur chattanon kii seema, gaharaai aur motai nirdhaarit kii jaa sakey. utpaadan kuon mein nivesh karane seey pahale, pareekshan kuon koo gaharaai koo maapane key liye drill kiya jaa sakata haye jiss parr paani kaa saamana kiya jaataa haye aur prayogshala vishleshan key liye mitty, chattan aur paani key namoone ekatra kiye jaa sakate hain. jalbhrit kii pravaah visheshtaon koo nirdhaarit karane key liye pareekshan kuon mein pumping pareekshan kiye jaa sakate hain.
jalbhriton kii visheshataaen bhoovigyaan aur substrate kii sanrachana aur sthalaakriti key saath bhinn hoti hain jisamen way hotey hain. samanya taur parr, adhik utpaadak jalbhrit talchhati bhoovaigyaanik sanrachanaon mein hotey hain. tulanaa mein, vatavaran aur khandit kristaliya chattaanen kaee vatavaranon mein cumm matra mein bhujal kaa utpaadan karati hain. pramukh nadee ghaatiyon mein ghaati bharane vaale talchhat key roop mein jamaa honey vaali kharaab cement vaali jalodh samagri aur bhoovaigyaanik roop seey cumm sanrachanaatmak besin bhujal key sabse utpaadak sroton mein shamil hain.
fault johnn mein chattanon key bhangur viroopan dwara vibhinn lithological settings mein taral pravaah koo badala jaa sakata haye; jinn tantron dwara yeh hotaa haye way fault johnn hydrogeology kaa vishay hain.
manushyon dwara upayog kiya jaataa haye.
mukhya roop seey sabhi kshetron dwara badhati paani kii maang key saath-saath varsha key swaroop mein badhati bhinnata key kaaran bhujal parr nirbharta badhegi.
maatraaen.
peyajal, sinchai aur vinirmaan sahit duniya bhar mein bhujal taaje paani kaa sabse adhik upayog kiya jaane vaalaa srot haye. duniya key peene key paani kaa lagbhag aadhaa, sinchai key paani kaa 40 pratishat aur audyogik uddeshyon key liye ack tihai paani bhujal seey praapt hotaa haye. 
ack anya anuman mein kahaa gayaa haye kii vaishvik star parr sabhi jall nikasi kaa lagbhag ack tihai bhujal haye, aur anya dou tihai key liye satah kaa paani haye.
isi tarah kaa ack anuman 2021 mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii "krishi, audyogik aur gharelu maangon koo puuraa karane key liye bhujal duniya key vaarshik taaje paani kii nikasi key ack chauthai seey ack tihai key beach aapoorti karane kaa anuman haye."
vaishvik taaje paani kii nikasi sambhavatah 1900 mein prati varsh lagbhag 600 3,880 thee aur 2017 mein badhkar 3,880 3,880 prati varsh hoe gaee. vriddhi kii darr vishesh roop seey uchch thee (lagbhag 3 pratishat prati varsh) 1950-1980 avadhi key dauran, aanshik roop seey uchch jansankhya vriddhi darr key kaaran, aur aanshik roop seey teji seey badhate bhujal vikas key kaaran, vishesh roop seey sinchai key liye. vriddhi kii darr (2022 key anusaar) vartamaan jansankhya vriddhi darr key anuroop prati varsh lagbhag 1 pratishat haye.
vaishvik bhujal kii kamee kii ganana prati varsh 100 aur 300 varg kilometres key beach kii gaee haye. yeh kamee mukhya roop seey "shushk bhoomi mein sinchit krishi key vistaar" key kaaran hoti haye. 
asia-prashant kshetra duniya kaa sabse badaa bhujal amoort haye, jisamen duss deshon mein seey saat desh hain joe sabse adhik bhujal (bangladesh, chean, bhaarat, indoneshiya, iran, pakistan aur turkey) nikaalate hain. duniya key kull bhujal nikasi mein akele inn deshon kaa yogdan lagbhag 60 pratishat haye.
nagarpalika aur audyogik upayogon key liye jall aapoorti.
badey kuon key madhyam seey nagarpalika aur audyogik jall aapoorti pradaan kii jaati haye. ack jall aapoorti srot key liye kaee kuon koo "kuein key maidan" kahaa jaataa haye, joe seemit yaa asanrakshit jalbhritiyon seey paani nikaal sakate hain. gahare, seemit jalbhriton seey bhujal kaa upayog satah key jall sandushan seey adhik suraksha pradaan kartaa haye. kuchh kuein, jinhen "sangraahak kuein" kahaa jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey satah (aamtaur parr nadee) key paani kii ghuspaith koo prerit karane key liye design kiye gaye hain. 
shahari kshetron koo sthaayi taaja bhujal pradaan karane vaale jalbhrit aur krishi sinchai key liye aam taur parr jameen kii satah key karib (kuchh sou meater key bheetar) hotey hain aur taaje paani seey kuchh punarbharan hotey hain. yeh punarbharan aamtaur parr nadiyon yaa ulkapind key paani (varsha) seey hotaa haye joe asantript padarthon key madhyam seey jalbhrit mein risata haye. 
sinchai.
samanya taur parr, krishi bhoomi (vibhinn prakaar key jall sroton key saath) kii 20 pratishat sinchai seey khaadya utpaadan kaa 40 pratishat utpaadan hotaa haye. duniya bhar mein sinchai takneekon mein satah key paani koo punarnirdeshit karane vaali naharen, bhujal pumping aur baandhon seey paani koo modana shamil haye. krishi mein jalbhrit mahatvapurna hain. shushk kshetron mein gahare jalbhrit lambe samay seey sinchai key liye jall srot rahey hain. nikaale gaye bhujal kaa adhikansh, 70 pratishat, krishi uddeshyon key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye. 
bhaarat mein 65 pratishat sinchai bhujal seey hoti haye aur lagbhag 90 pratishat nikaale gaye bhujal kaa upayog sinchai key liye kiya jaataa haye. 
kabhi-kabhi, shahari kshetron koo sinchai aur peyajal pradaan karane key liye talchhati yaa "jeevaashm" jalbhriton kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, libya mein, muammar gaddafi kii mahaan maanav nirmit nadee pariyojana ney sahaara key neeche jalbhriton seey tata key paas aabaadi vaale kshetron mein badee matra mein bhujal pump kiya haye. halanki isase vaikalpik, vilavaneekaran parr libia kaa paisa bachaa haye, lekin 60 seey 100 varshon mein jalbhrit sookhane kii sambhavana haye. 2011 mein khaadya padarthon kii kimaton mein vriddhi key karanon mein seey ack key roop mein jalbhrit mein kamee kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye.
chunauti.
pahala, baadh key maidanon parr nirmit buniyaadi dhaanche kii raksha key uddeshya seey baadh shaman yojanaon kaa praakritik baadh seey judey jalbhrit punarbharan koo cumm karane kaa anpekshit parinam rhaa haye. doosara, vyaapak jalbhriton mein bhujal kii lambe samay taka kamee key parinamswarup bhoomi kaa avakraman hoe sakata haye, saath hii sambandhit buniyaadi dhaanche koo nuksan hoe sakata haye, saath hii teesara, khaara ghuspaith. chautha, acid sulfate mitty kaa nikasi, joe aksar nichale tateey maidanon mein paaee jaati haye, key parinamswarup amlikaran aur poorv mein taaje paani aur jwaranadmukh dhaaraon kaa pradooshan hoe sakata haye.
overdraft.
bhujal ack atyadhik upayogi aur aksar prachur matra mein upalabdh sansaadhan haye. prithvi parr adhikansh bhoomi kshetron mein jalbhrit kaa kuchh roop antarnihit haye, kabhi-kabhi mahatvapurna gaharaai parr. kuchh mamalon mein, inn jalbhriton koo maanav aabaadi dwara teji seey samaapt kiya jaa rhaa haye. iss tarah key adhik upayog, adhik-nishkarshan yaa overdraft maanav upayogkartaon aur paryaavaran key liye badee samasyaon kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain. sabse spasht samasya (jahaan taka maanav bhujal upayog kaa sambandh haye) maujooda kuon kii pahunch seey parey jall star kaa cumm honah haye. isake parinamswarup, kuchh sthaanon parr (jaise-bhujal taka pahunchane key liye kuon koo gaharaai seey khodna padata haye.jee., california, texas aur bhaarat) vyaapak kuein key pumping key kaaran paani kii satah saikadon feat gir gaee haye. grace upgrahon ney detta ekatra kiya haye joe darshaata haye kii prithvi key 37 pramukh jalbhriton mein seey 21 mein kamee hoe rahee haye. udaaharan key liye, bhaarat key panjab kshetra mein 1979 seey bhujal kaa star 10 meater gir gayaa haye aur kamee kii darr tej hoe rahee haye. ack nimn jall star, badale mein, bhujal seey sambandhit avakraman aur khaare paani kii ghuspaith jaisi anya samasyaon kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye.
chinta kaa ack anya kaaran yeh haye kii adhik aavantit jalbhriton seey bhujal key neeche aaney seey sthaliya aur jaleey paaristhitiki tantra donon koo gambhir nuksan honey kii kshamata haye, kuchh mamalon mein bahut spasht roop seey lekin anya mein kaafee aspasht roop seey vistaarit avadhi key kaaran jisase nuksan hotaa haye. paaristhitiki tantra key liye bhujal key mahatva koo aksar meethe paani key jeevvigyaani aur paaristhitikivid bhee nazarandaj curr dete hain. bhujal nadiyon, ardrabhoomi aur jheelon key saath-saath curst yaa jalodh jalbhriton key bheetar bhoomigat paaristhitiki tantra koo banaae rakhta haye.
sabhi paaristhitiki tantron koo bhujal kii aavashyakta naheen haye. udaaharan key liye, kuchh sthaliya paaristhitiki tantra khule registanon aur isi tarah key shushk paryaavaran key aniyamit varsha aur mitty mein namee key saath, havaa mein namee key poorak hotey hain. jabaki adhik aatithyashil vatavaran mein anya sthaliya paaristhitiki tantra hain jahan bhujal koee kendriya bhoomika naheen nibhaata haye, bhujal vaastav mein duniya key kaee pramukh paaristhitiki tantron key liye maulik haye. bhujal aur satah key paani key beach paani bahata haye. adhikansh nadiyon, jheelon aur ardrabhoomi koo vibhinn staron parr (anya sthaanon yaa samay parr) bhujal seey paani milata haye. bhujal risaav key madhyam seey mitty kii namee koo poshit kartaa haye, aur kaee sthaliya vanaspati samudaay pratyek varsh key cumm seey cumm hisse key liye seedhe bhujal yaa jalbhrit key oopar risati mitty kii namee parr nirbhar karate hain. hyporic kshetra (dhaara jall aur bhujal kaa mishran kshetra) aur nadee tateey kshetra badey paimaane parr yaa poori tarah seey bhujal parr nirbhar paaristhitiki key udaaharan hain.
2021 key ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii 39 million jaanch kiye gaye bhujal kuon mein seey 6-20% key sookhe honey kaa uchch jokhim haye yadi sthaaniya bhujal star kuchh meater taka gir jaataa haye, yaa kaee kshetron key saath aur sambhavatah aadhe seey adhik pramukh jalbhriton mein girawat jaari rahati haye.
taaje paani key jalbhrit, vishesh roop seey burf yaa barish dwara seemit punarbharan vaale, jinhen ulkapind jall key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, kaa atyadhik dohan kiya jaa sakata haye aur sthaaniya jalbhautiki key aadhar parr, gair-peene yogya paani yaa khaare paani mein hydrolic roop seey judey jalbhrit yaa satah jall nikaayon seey ghuspaith hoe sakati haye. yeh ack gambhir samasya hoe sakati haye, vishesh roop seey tateey kshetron aur anya kshetron mein jahaan jalbhrit pumping atyadhik haye. 
avakraman.
avakraman taba hotaa haye jaba bahut adhik paani koo bhoomigat seey baahar nikala jaataa haye, joe oopar kii satah key neeche kii jagah koo vikshepit kartaa haye, aur iss prakaar jameen dhaha jaati haye. iska parinam bhoomi key bhukhandon parr gaddhon kii tarah dikhaai dey sakata haye. aisaa isaliye hotaa haye kyonki, isaki praakritik santulan sthiti mein, jalbhrit key chhidra sthaanon mein bhujal kaa hydrolic dabaav aur jalbhrit oopar kii or talchhat key kuchh vajan kaa samarthan kartaa haye. jaba atyadhik pumping dwara jalbhrit seey bhujal koo hataaya jaataa haye, tou jalbhrit mein chhidra dabaav gir sakata haye aur jalbhrit kaa sampeedan hoe sakata haye. yadi dabaav palatata haye tou yeh sampeedan aanshik roop seey punarpraapt karane yogya hoe sakata haye, lekin iska adhikansh hissa naheen haye. jaba jalbhrit sampeedit hoe jaataa haye, tou yeh bhoomi key avakraman kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye, joe jameen kii satah mein ack boond haye.
asanghatit jalbhriton mein, bhujal bajari, rait aur gaad key kanon key beach chhidra sthaanon seey utpann hotaa haye. yadi jalbhrit cumm pargamyata paraton dwara seemit haye, tou rait aur bajari mein cumm paani kaa dabaav aspas kii seemit paraton seey paani kii dheemi nikasi kaa kaaran banata haye. yadi yeye seemit paraten sampeedit gaad yaa mitty seey bunny hoti hain, tou jalbhrit mein paani kii kamee seey seemit parat mein paani kaa dabaav cumm hoe jaataa haye, jisase yeh oopar kii bhoovaigyaanik samagri key vajan seey sankuchit hoe jaataa haye. gambhir mamalon mein, iss sampeedan koo jameen kii satah parr avakraman key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. durbhagya seey, bhujal nishkarshan seey adhikansh avakraman sthaayi haye (lochdaar paltaav chhota haye). iss prakaar, avasaadan naa kewal sthaayi haye, balki sampeedit jalbhrit mein paani koo dhaaran karane kii sthaayi roop seey cumm kshamata haye.
nyu orleans shahar, louisiana aaj vaastav mein samudra tala seey neeche haye, aur iska avakraman aanshik roop seey isake neeche vibhinn jalbhrit/jalbhrit pranaliyon seey bhujal koo hataane key kaaran hotaa haye. 20veen shatabdi key poorvaardh mein, saine joaquin ghaati mein bhujal hataane key kaaran kuchh sthaanon parr 8.5 meater (28 feat) taka mahatvapurna girawat kaa anubhav huaa. nadee delta parr shaharon, jisamen itali mein venis aur thyland mein bancock shamil hain, ney satah key avakraman kaa anubhav kiya haye; mexico shahar, joe ack poorv jheel key tala parr banaaya gayaa haye, ney prati varsh 40 semi (1 '3 ") taka key avakraman kii darr kaa anubhav kiya haye.
tateey shaharon key liye, avasaadan anya paryavaraniya muddon key jokhim koo badhaa sakata haye, jaise kii samudra key star mein vriddhi. udaaharan key liye, bancock mein inn sanyojan karakon key kaaran 2070 taka tateey baadh key sampark mein aaney vaale 5.138 million logon key honey kii ummeed haye.
vashpikaran key kaaran bhujal khaara hoe jaataa haye.
yadi satah key jall srot mein bhee paryaapt vashpikaran hotaa haye, tou bhujal srot khaara hoe sakata haye. yeh sthiti praakritik roop seey jall key antardhriksh nikaayon key tahat yaa kritrim roop seey sinchit krishi bhoomi key tahat hoe sakati haye. tateey kshetron mein, bhujal srot key maanav upayog seey samudra mein risaav kii disha ulat sakati haye joe mitty key lavankaran kaa kaaran bhee bunn sakati haye. 
jaise-jaise paani paridrishya key madhyam seey aage badhata haye, yeh ghulansheel lavanon, mukhya roop seey sodium chloride koo ekatra kartaa haye. jahan aisaa paani vashpotsarjan key madhyam seey vayumandal mein pravesh kartaa haye, vahaan yeye lavan peechhe reh jaate hain. sinchai jilon mein, mitty aur satah jalbhriton kii kharaab jall nikasi key parinamswarup nichale kshetron mein satah parr paani aaa sakata haye. bhoomi ksharan kii pramukh samasyaaen, mitty kii lavanata aur jalbharao key parinamswarup, satah key paani mein namak key badhate star key saath. isake parinamswarup, sthaaniya arthvyavasthaon aur paryaavaran koo badaa nuksan huaa haye. 
ardh-shushk kshetron mein satah sinchit kshetron mein jalbhriton key punah upayog key saath kuon seey poorak sinchai dwara bhoomigat mein risne vaale apariharya sinchai jall key nuksan seey lavanata kaa khatra rahata haye.
satah sinchai key paani mein aam taur parr lavan yaa usase adhik key crum mein hotey hain aur vaarshik sinchai kii aavashyakta yaa usase adhik key crum mein hoti haye isaliye namak kaa vaarshik ayaat yaa usase adhik key crum mein hotaa haye.
nirantar vashpikaran key prabhaav mein, jalbhrit jall kii namak sandrata lagaatar badh sakati haye aur antatah ack paryavaraniya samasya kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye.
aise mamle mein lavanata niyantran key liye, salana jall nikasi kii ack matra koo jalbhrit seey ack upasatah jall nikasi pranali key madhyam seey chhoda jaanaa haye aur ack surakshit nikas key madhyam seey nipataaya jaanaa haye. jall nikasi pranali "kshaitij" hoe sakati haye (i.ee. pipe, tyle naali yaa gaddhon kaa upayog karna) yaa "urdhvaadhar" (kuon dwara jall nikasi). jall nikasi kii aavashyakta kaa anuman lagaane key liye, krishi-jall-lavanata ghatak key saath bhujal model kaa upayog sahayak hoe sakata haye, jaise.jee. sahismod.
samudri jall ghuspaith.
tata key paas jalbhriton mein satah key paas taaje paani kaa ack lens hotaa haye aur taaje paani key neeche samudri paani kaa ghanatva hotaa haye. samudri jall samudra seey failate jalbhrit mein pravesh kartaa haye aur taaje paani kii tulanaa mein ghanaa hotaa haye. chhidrapurna key liye (i.ee.tata key paas, retile) jalbhrit, khaare paani key oopar taaje paani kii motai samudra tala seey oopar key harr taaje paani key liye lagbhag haye. iss sambandh koo heiben-herzberg sameekaran kahaa jaataa haye. yadi tata key paas bahut adhik bhujal pump kiya jaataa haye, tou namak kaa paani meethe paani key jalbhriton mein ghus sakata haye jisase peene yogya meethe paani kii aapoorti dooshit hoe sakati haye. kaee tateey jalbhrit, jaise kii miyami key paas biskeni jalbhrit aur nyu jersey tateey maidani jalbhrit, mein adhik pumping aur samudra key star mein vriddhi key parinamswarup khaare paani kii ghuspaith kii samasya haye.
samudri jall ghuspaith tateey jalbhriton mein samudri jall kaa pravaah yaa upasthiti haye; yeh khaare paani kii ghuspaith kaa mamla haye. yeh ack praakritik ghatana haye lekin jalavaayu parivartan key kaaran samudra key star mein vriddhi jaise maanavjanit karakon key kaaran bhee hoe sakati haye yaa bigad sakati haye. sajaatiya jalbhriton key mamle mein, samudri jall kii ghuspaith ack sankraman kshetra key neeche taaja bhujal key liye ack khaara faant banaati haye, joe sheersh parr samudra kii or bahati haye. inn parivartanon kaa bhujal key oopar kii bhoomi parr anya prabhaav parh sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, california mein tateey bhujal kaee jalbhriton mein badhega, jisase baadh aur bahaav kii chunautiyon kaa khatra badhega.
samudra key star mein vriddhi key kaaran tateey bhujal mein samudra kaa paani mill jaataa haye, jisase yeh anupayogi hoe jaataa haye jaba yeh jalaashay key 2-3% seey adhik hoe jaataa haye. americi tatrekha key anumaanit 15 pratishat key saath, adhikansh sthaaniya bhujal star pahale seey hii samudra tala seey neeche hain.
jalavaayu parivartan.
bhujal parr jalavaayu parivartan kaa prabhaav vashpotsarjan mein vriddhi key madhyam seey sinchai jall kii maang parr isake apratyaksh prabhaavon key madhyam seey sabse adhik hoe sakata haye. duniya key kaee hisson mein bhujal bhandaran mein girawat dekhi gaee haye. iska kaaran krishi mein sinchai gatividhiyon key liye adhik bhujal kaa upayog kiya jaanaa haye, vishesh roop seey shushk bhoomi mein. sinchai mein iss vriddhi mein seey kuchh jall chakr parr jalavaayu parivartan key prabhaavon seey kharaab hue paani kii kamee key muddon key kaaran hoe sakati haye. maanav gatividhiyon dwara prati varsh 24,000 varg kii. mee. kii raashi kaa paani kaa pratyaksh punarvitaran pratyek varsh vaishvik bhujal punarbharan seey lagbhag doguna haye.
jalavaayu parivartan jall chakr mein parivartan kaa kaaran banata haye joe badale mein bhujal koo kaee tarikon seey prabhaavit kartaa haih bhujal bhandaran mein girawat aaa sakati haye, aur bhujal punarbharan mein kamee aaa charam mausam kii ghatnaaon key kaaran jall kii gunavatta mein girawat aaa sakati haye. ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein teevra varsha aur baadh kii ghatnaaon seey bhujal kaa adhik punarbharan hotaa haye. 
haalaanki, bhujal parr jalavaayu parivartan key sateek prabhaavon kii abhee bhee jaanch kii jaa rahee haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki bhujal nigrani seey praapt vaigyaanik detta abhee bhee gayab haye, jaise kii sthaan aur samay mein parivartan, amoort detta aur "bhujal punarbharan prakriyaon key sankhyaatmak pratinidhitva".
jalavaayu parivartan key prabhaavon kaa bhujal bhandaran parr alag-alag prabhaav parh sakata haih apekshit adhik teevra (lekin cumm) badee varsha kii ghatnaaon seey kaee vatavaranon mein bhujal punarbharan mein "vriddhi" hoe sakati haye. lekin adhik teevra sookhe kii avadhi key parinamswarup mitty sookh sakati haye aur sampeedan hoe sakata haye joe bhujal mein ghuspaith koo "cumm" curr dega.
adhik oonchaai vaale kshetron key liye, cumm avadhi aur burf kii matra seey vasant mein bhujal kaa punarbharan cumm hoe sakata haye. bhujal pranaliyon parr alpine glaciers key cumm honey key prabhaavon koo achchi tarah seey samajha naheen gayaa haye. 
jalavaayu parivartan key kaaran vaishvik samudra star mein vriddhi ney duniya bhar key tateey jalbhriton mein samudri jall kii ghuspaith koo prerit kiya haye, vishesh roop seey nichale kshetron aur chhote dweepon mein. haalaanki, samudra key star mein vriddhi key bajaay, bhujal kaa amurtata aamtaur parr samudri jall ghuspaith kaa mukhya kaaran hotaa haye (samudri jall ghuspaith parr khand mein dekhein). samudri jall kii ghuspaith tateey paaristhitiki tantra aur aajeevika key lachilepan key liye khatra haye. bangladesh iss mudde key liye ack kamjor desh haye, aur sundarban kaa mangrove vann ack kamjor paaristhitiki tantra haye.
jalavaayu parivartan key kaaran bhujal pradooshan apratyaksh roop seey bhee badh sakata haih adhik baar aur teevra toofaan dooshit padarthon koo jutaakar bhujal koo pradooshit curr sakate hain, udaaharan key liye urvarak, apashisht jall yaa gaddhe key shauchalayon seey maanav mull. sookhe seey nadee kii kshamata aur bhujal star cumm hoe jaate hain, jisase bhujal sandushan kaa khatra badh jaataa haye.
jalavaayu parivartan anukoolan.
adhik bhujal kaa upayog, vishesh roop seey upa-sahaara africa mein, jalavaayu parivartan anukoolan key liye ack vidhi key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, iss mamle mein kii jalavaayu parivartan adhik teevra yaa baar-baar sookhe kaa kaaran banata haye.
jalavaayu parivartan key liye bhujal-adharit anukoolan vitarit bhujal bhandaran aur mausami yaa praasangik jall adhishesh koo sangraheet karane key liye jalbhrit pranaliyon kii kshamata kaa dohan karate hain. way paaramparik buniyaadi dhaanche kii tulanaa mein kaafee cumm vashpikaran nuksan karate hain, jaise kii satah parr baandh. udaaharan key liye ushnakatibandhiya africa mein, bhujal bhandaran seey paani pump karane seey paani aur khaadya aapoorti key jalavaayu lachilaapan mein sudhaar karane mein madad mill sakati haye.
jalavaayu parivartan shaman.
bhoo-taapiya oorjaa kaa vikas, ack sthaayi oorjaa srot, carbon dioxide utsarjan koo cumm karane aur iss prakaar jalavaayu parivartan koo cumm karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye. bhujal bhoo-taapiya oorjaa key bhandaran, aavaajaahi aur nishkarshan mein ack agent haye. 
agrani deshon mein, jaise kii neetherland aur sweeden mein, bhoomi/bhujal koo jilaa taap aur sheetlan network mein kewal ack ghatak (ack mausami srot, sink yaa thermal 'buffer') key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. 
gahare jalbhriton kaa upayog carbon grahan aur prithakkaran key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye, joe vatavaran mein carbon dioxide key sanchay koo rokane key liye carbon koo sangraheet karane kii prakriya haye.
bhujal prashaasan.
bhujal shasson prakriyaaen bhujal prabandhan, yojana aur neeti karyanvayan koo saksham banaati hain. yeh kshetriya aur seema paar taraju sahit kaee taraju aur bhaugolik staron parr hotaa haye. 
bhujal prabandhan kaary-unmukh haye, joe vyaavhaarik karyanvayan gatividhiyon aur dinn-pratidin key sanchaalan parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye. kyonki bhujal koo aksar ack niji sansaadhan key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye (joe kii bhoomi swaamitva seey nikatata seey judaa huaa haye, aur kuchh kshetradhikaron mein niji swaamitva key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye), viniyaman aur sheersh-down shasson aur prabandhan mushkil hain. bhujal key samanya-achche pahaluon koo dekhate hue sarkaaron koo sansaadhan sanrakshak key roop mein apani bhoomika koo poori tarah seey nibhaane kii aavashyakta haye. 
gharelu kaanoon aur niyam bhujal taka pahunch key saath-saath maanav gatividhiyon koo bhee viniyamit karate hain joe bhujal kii gunavatta koo prabhaavit karate hain. kanuni dhaanche mein nirvahan aur punarbharan kshetron aur jall aapoorti kuon key aspas key kshetra kii suraksha key saath-saath tikaau upaj mandand aur amoort niyantran aur sanyugma upayog niyam bhee shamil karane kii aavashyakta haye. kuchh kshetradhikaron mein, bhujal koo nadiyon sahit satah key paani key sanyojan seey viniyamit kiya jaataa haye.
desh dwara.
peyajal kii aapoorti key liye bhujal ack mahatvapurna jall sansaadhan haye, vishesh roop seey shushk deshon mein.
arab kshetra duniya mein sabse adhik paani kii kamee mein seey ack haye aur 22 arab raajyon mein seey cumm seey cumm 11 mein bhujal sabse adhik nirbhar jall srot haye. kshetra key kaee hisson mein bhujal key atyadhik nishkarshan key kaaran bhujal star mein girawat aaee haye, vishesh roop seey atyadhik aabaadi vaale aur krishi kshetron mein.

