
myrmecophily

myrmecophily (,) shabd cheentiyon aur vibhinn prakaar key anya jeevon, jaise paudhon, anya arthropods aur kavak key beach sakaratmak antar-prajaati sanghon parr lagu hotaa haye. myrmecophily cheentiyon key saath parasparik sambandhon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, halanki isake adhik samanya upayog mein, yeh shabd samanya yaa yahaan taka kii parjivi antahkriyaon koo bhee sandarbhit curr sakata haye.
myrmacophile" shabd kaa upayog mukhya roop seey una jaanvaron key liye kiya jaataa haye joe cheentiyon key saath judate hain. ushnakatibandhiya kshetron mein uchch vividhata key saath cheentiyon (formicidae) kii anumaanit 10,000 prajaatiyan gyaat hain. adhikansh sthaliya paaristhitiki tantron mein, cheentiyaan paaristhitik aur sankhyaatmak roop seey pramukh hain, joe mukhya aksheruki shikari hain. natijatan, cheentiyaan sandhipaad kii samriddhi, prachurta aur samudayik sanrachana koo niyantrit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati hain. kuchh sakshya bataate hain kii myrmacophilus antahkriyaon key vikas ney cheentiyon kii prachurta aur paaristhitik safalata mein yogdan diyaa haye, ack bharosemand aur oorjaa seey bharpur khaadya aapoorti sunishchit karke, iss prakaar anya aksheruki shikariyon parr cheentiyon key liye ack pratispardhi laabh pradaan kartaa haye. adhikansh myrmacophilus sangh avasarvaadi, gair-vishisht aur sankaay hain (jiska arth haye kii donon prajaatiyan paraspar kriya key binaa jeevit rahane mein saksham hain), halanki baadhya parasparikta (jinamen ack yaa donon prajaatiyan astitva key liye paraspar kriya parr nirbhar hain) bhee kaee prajaatiyon key liye dekhi gaee hain.
jaise-jaise cheenti key ghonsale badhate hain, way adhik seey adhik kismon key myrmacophile koo rakhane kii adhik sambhavana rakhate hain. yeh aanshik roop seey isaliye haye kyonki badee coloniyon mein adhik visheshagyata haye, isaliye ghonsale key bheetar paaristhitiki kii adhik vividhata haye, jisase myrmacophile key beach adhik vividhata aur jansankhya key aakar kii anumati milati haye.
myrmacophile.
myrmacophile" ack aisaa jeev haye joe cheentiyon key saath milkar rahata haye.
myrmacophile kii mezban cheenti coloney mein vibhinn bhoomikaaen hoe sakati hain. kaee loga ghonsale mein apashisht padarthon kaa upbhog karate hain, jaise kii mrit cheentiyaan, mrit larva, yaa ghonsale mein badhane vaale kavak. kuchh myrmacophile, halanki, cheentiyon kii sangraheet khaadya aapoorti parr feed karate hain, aur kuchh cheentiyon key andey, larva yaa pyupa parr shikari hotey hain. anya cheentiyon koo unake liye bhojan kaa srot pradaan karke labhanvit karate hain. adhikansh sangh sankaay hain, joe ack yaa donon pratibhagiyon koo labhanvit karate hain, lekin unake astitva key liye aavashyak naheen hain, lekin kaee myrmacophilus sambandh badhyakari hain, jiska arth haye kii ack yaa dusare pratibhaagi koo astitva key liye sambandh kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
myrmacophilus sangh lycanidae parivaar kii titliyon mein sabse adhik gyaat hain. kaee lycanid caterpillar vishesh angon dwara amrit kaa utpaadan karate hain, aur dhwani aur compan key madhyam seey cheentiyon key saath samvaad karate hain. maanaa jaataa haye kii cheentiyon key saath sambandh titali caterpillar key parjivikaran koo cumm kartaa haye.
kuchh myrmacophilus bhring cocacinalidae (ee.) parivaaron mein hotey hain.jee. ladybird "thalasa saginata"), affodidae, scarabeidae, leukanidae, chollevidae, pselafidae, stafilinidae, histeridae aur tiliday (kuchh koo yahaan upa-parivaar key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye). cheenti-beatle sanghon mein, myrmacophilus stafilinids bhring parivaaron mein sabse vividh hain. vibhinn anya keedon mein bhee myrmacophilus sangh dekhe jaate hain, jaise kii ephids aur treehoppers, saath hii saath hoverfly genus "microdon" aur makkhiyon key kaee anya samooh.
cheentiyon key ghonsale paryaavaran key liye sthir vatavaran pradaan karate hain joe achchi tarah seey sangathit aur mezban coloney dwara sanrakshit hotey hain. cheenti upaniveshon key laabh key parinamswarup vibhinn prakaar key myrmacophile seey ghuspaith hui haye. cheenti mehmaanon kaa coloney parr sakaratmak, tatasth yaa nakaratmak prabhaav parh sakata haye. yadi ghuspaith karane vaali prajaatiyon kaa prabhaav coloney parr bahut nakaratmak haye, tou way khoj kaa jokhim uthaate hain; isake parinamswarup aamtaur parr myrmacophile kii apekshaakrit cumm aabaadi hoti haye. kuchh makadi prajaatiyan aamtaur parr khaadya aapoorti yaa cheentiyon kaa shikaar karane key liye cheentiyon key ghonsale mein ghuspaith karane key liye myrmacomorphy-cheentiyon kii nakal-aur rasayanik nakal jaise lakshnon kaa upayog karengi. "eribets javensis", oribated mite kii ack prajaati, ack badhyakari myrmacophile haye joe cheenti key ghonsale mein rahata haye. inn maiton kii dekhbhal unake cheenti mezban dwara ghonsale mein kachra aur bacteria khaane key badale mein kii jaati haye.
anya myrmacophile samoohon mein shamil hainh
british myrmacophile koo soochibaddh karane mein pahala pramukh kaam horres donisthorpe ney apani 1927 kii pustak "dha gest off british ants" mein kiya thaa.
cheenti-paudhe kii antahkriya.
cheenti-paudhe kii paraspar kriya bhaugolik roop seey vyaapak haye, jisamen kaee parivaaron mein myrmacophytic paudhon kii saikadon prajaatiyan hain, jinamen leguminose, euphorbiacy aur orchidacy shamil hain. samanya taur parr, myrmacophytes (yaa cheenti key paudhe) aamtaur parr cheenti kii dekhbhal key badale mein kissy prakaar kaa aashray aur bhojan pradaan karate hain, jisamen suraksha, beej failaav (dekhein myrmecocory), anya paudhon seey cumm pratispardha, swachchh sevaaen, aur/yaa poshak tatva poorak shamil hoe sakate hain.
cheenti key paudhon key sabse aam aur mahatvapurna sanrachanaatmak anukoolan mein seey teen extrafluoral nectory, domatia aur (cumm seey cumm aam taur parr) beltian boddy hain. paadap domatia ghonsale banaane vaali jagahen hain joe paudhe dwara khokhale tanon, petiol, kaanton yaa ghumaavdaar pattiyon key roop mein pradaan kii jaati hain. cheenti-visheshikrit domatia key utpaadan kaa 100 seey adhik ushnakatibandhiya paudhon kii prajaatiyon mein dastavejikaran kiya gayaa haye. pattiya nikaay patrika kii nokon parr utpaadit poshak kanikaon key roop mein cheentiyon koo ack uchch-oorjaa bhojan srot pradaan karate hain, aur unhein cumm seey cumm 20 paudhon key parivaaron mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. extrafluoral nectories (ee. aff. aine. aiss.) koo samshitoshna aur ushnakatibandhiya donon kshetron mein angiosperm paudhon key cumm seey cumm 66 parivaaron key saath-saath kuchh farnon mein honey key liye jaanaa jaataa haye, lekin sabhi gymnosperm mein anupasthit hain aur ushnakatibandhiya mein sabse adhik matra mein paae jaate hain. paudhon key foolon key baahar honey key kaaran paraagan mein efn kaa upayog naheen kiya jaataa haye; unakaa praathamik uddeshya cheentiyon koo aakarshit karna aur unaki dekhbhal karna haye. kaee paudhe ee. aff. aine. seey amrit key pravaah koo niyantrit curr sakate hain taaki amrit kii upalabdhata dainik aur mausami chakron key anusaar bhinn hoe. kyonki cheentiyaan ee. aff. aine. seey pravaah darr mein parivartan key liye jaldi seey pratikriya curr sakati hain, yeh sambhav tantra hoe sakata haye jisake dwara paudhe charam shakahari samay key dauran adhik cheenti gatividhi koo prerit curr sakate hain, aur amrit utpaadan kii samagr laagat koo cumm curr sakate hain. ee. aff. aine. aur beltian nikaayon kaa sanyukt poshan utpaadan cheentiyon kii dekhbhal key liye ack mahatvapurna khaadya srot hoe sakata haye, aur kuchh mamalon mein cheentiyon kii coloney key liye kull paushtik aavashyaktaaen pradaan curr sakata haye.
ghonsale banaane kii jagah aur khaadya sansadhanon key badale mein, cheentiyaan paudhon koo shakahari jaanvaron seey bachaati hain. cheat-paudhe parasparikta key sabse prasiddh udaharanon mein seey ack bulhorn babool ("babool cornigera") aur madhya america mein unaki dekhbhal karane vaali "sudomyrmax" cheentiyon mein haye. iss pranali kaa adhyayan 1960 key dashak key anta mein daniel genzen dwara kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone pahale prayogaatmak sakshya pradaan kiye kii cheentiyaan myrmacophytes kii shakahari daron koo kaafee cumm karati hain. taba seey kaee anya adhyayanon ney anya pranaliyon mein samaan parinam pradarshit kiye hain. bulhorn babool pranali mein, suraksha key badale mein, babool, beltian boddy aur efn pradaan karate hain, aur saboot ingit karate hain kii "sudomyrmax" cheentiyaan inn khaadya sansadhanon parr vishesh roop seey jeevit reh sakati hain, binaa kaheen aur chaara khaae. bulhorn babool sahit kaee paudhon key liye, cheentiyaan phytophagus keeton aur badey jeevon, jaise badey charane vaale standhaariyon, donon seey jadee-bootiyon koo kaafee cumm curr sakati hain. anivarya roop seey judee cheenti prajaatiyan duniya mein kuchh sabse aakramak cheentiyaan hain, aur badey standhaariyon dwara apane hamlawar koo baar-baar katkar aur ghaav mein formic acid kaa chhidkaav karke shakahari key khilaf ack paudhe kii raksha curr sakati hain.
myrmecophily koo shakahari key khilaf apratyaksh paadap raksha kaa ack roop maanaa jaataa haye, halanki cheentiyaan aksar suraksha key alawa anya sevaaen pradaan karati hain. kuchh cheentiyaan patti kii satahon koo saaf rakhane aur roga koo rokane key liye swachchh sevaaen pradaan karati hain, aur kavak rogjanakon key khilaf raksha bhee pradarshit kii gaee haye. cheentiyaan aamtaur parr apane mezban paudhe seey epiphytes, belein aur parjivi paudhon kii kataai karati hain, aur way kabhi-kabhi padosi paudhon kii ankuron koo bhee patala curr detee hain. aisaa karane mein, cheentiyaan sthaan, prakaash, poshak tatvon aur paani key liye paudhe-paudhe kii pratispardha koo cumm karati hain. anta mein, paudhon key liye poshak tatvon key poorak mein cheentiyon kii bhoomika parr dhyaan kendrit karane vaale vartamaan kaary seey pataa chalaa haye kii kaee cheentiyon-paudhon key sambandhon mein, poshak tatvon kaa pravaah dwidishaatmak haye. ack adhyayan ney anuman lagaaya haye kii jabaki "azteca" spp key shareer mein 80 pratishat carbon hotaa haye. shramikon koo mezban pedh ("secropia" spp) dwara aapoorti kii jaati haye.), "secropia" pedh key nitrogen kaa 90 pratishat baahari chaara key parinamswarup pedh koo leey jaane vaali cheenti key malabe dwara aapoorti kii gaee thee. inn sevaaon key aalok mein, myrmecophily koo ack paudhe key astitva aur paaristhitik safalata sunishchit karane mein fayademand maanaa gayaa haye, halanki cheentiyon key liye pradaan karane kii laagat offset laabhon key liye paryaapt roop seey adhik hoe sakati haye.
cheenti-arthropod antahkriyaaen.
arthropods kii kaee prajaatiyan cheenti kii prajaatiyon parr nirbhar hain aur unake ghonsale mein unake beach rahati hain. mite vishesh roop seey myrmacophile honey mein nipun hain, kyonki way aasaani seey ghonsale mein pravesh karane key liye paryaapt chhote hain aur gharon aur cheentiyon key shareer seey bedkhal naheen kiye jaa sakate hain. vaastav mein, 
kaee adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii mite anya mermacophile seey kaheen adhik sankhya mein atyadhik mermacophily pradarshit karate hain.
keat-keat antahkriya.
cheentiyon mein vibhinn prakaar key keat prajaatiyan paaee jaati hain, vishesh roop seey lycanid titali caterpillar aur hemipterance. cheenti kii sabhi prajaatiyon mein seey lagbhag 41 pratishat mein aisee prajaatiyan shamil hain joe keedon seey judee hoti hain. iss prakaar key keat-keat antahkriyaon mein cheenti shamil hoti haye joe kaee phytophagus keedon dwara utsarjit ack sharkara taral padaarth, honeydue key roop mein poshak tatvon key badale mein kuchh seva pradaan karati haye. . shahad utpaadak keedon aur cheentiyon key beach baatchit koo aksar trophobiosis kahaa jaataa haye, ack aisaa shabd joe cheentiyon aur keedon key beach sahajeevan key saath poshan sambandhon kii dhaaranaon koo milata haye. haalaanki, iss shabd kii aalochana iss aadhar parr kii gaee haye kii myrmacophilus antahkriyaaen aksar saral poshan antahkriyaon kii tulanaa mein adhik jatil hoti hain, aur sahajeevan kaa upayog mukt-jeevit jeevon key beach antahkriyaon kaa varnan karane key liye anuchit haye.
keedaa cheenti kii aakraamakta seey nipatane key liye anukoolan bhee banaa sakate hain, jisake parinamswarup cheenti kii coloniyon key saath parasparik yaa parjivi bandhan hoe sakate hain. kokinelidae parivaar key kuchh bhringon ney cheenti-tended ephids kaa shikaar karane key liye vyavhaar, shareer key aakar aur rasayanik nakal vikasit kii haye.
hemiptera.
kuchh sabse achchi tarah seey adhyayan kii gaee myrmacophilus antahkriyaon mein cheentiyaan aur hemipterance (pahale homoptera crum mein samoohbaddh, jisamen auchenorincha aur sternorincha shamil they), vishesh roop seey ephids shamil hain. ephids kii lagbhag 4000 prajaatiyon kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye, aur way uttari samshitoshna kshetron mein sabse prachur matra mein myrmacophilus jeev hain. ephids paudhon key floem russ koo khaate hain, aur jaise hii way khaate hain, way apane gudaa seey shahad kii boondon koo utsarjit karate hain. dekhbhal karane vaali cheentiyaan inn shahad kii boondon koo khaa jaati hain, phir apane ghonsale key liye taral padaarth koo phir seey utpann karane key liye apane ghonsale mein laut aatee hain (trophlexes dekhein). ephid honeydue key sookhe vajan kaa 90 aur 95 pratishat key beach vibhinn sharkara hoti haye, jabaki shesh padaarth mein vitamin, khanij aur amino acid shamil hotey hain. ephid honeydue cheentiyon key liye ack prachur matra mein khaadya srot pradaan curr sakata haye (genus "tuberolechnus" mein ephid unake shareer key vajan kii tulanaa mein prati ghante adhik honeydue boondon kaa sraav curr sakate hain) aur kuchh cheentiyon key liye, ephid unake bhojan kaa ekmatra srot hoe sakate hain. inn paristhitiyon mein, cheentiyaan ephid kii aabaadi key kuchh ghanatvon taka pahunchane key baad ephid kaa shikaar karke apane shahad key sevan koo poorak banaa sakati hain. iss tarah, cheentiyaan atirikt protein praapt curr sakati hain aur shahad key pravaah kii darr koo banaae rakhate hue kushal sansaadhan nishkarshan sunishchit curr sakati hain joe cheentiyon kii sangrah kshamataon seey adhik naheen hoti hain. cheentiyon dwara kuchh shikaar key saath bhee, ephid coloniyaan binaa coloniyon kii tulanaa mein cheentiyon kii dekhbhal key saath badey ghanatva taka pahunch sakati hain. cheentiyon koo ephids key badey "jhund" kii dekhbhal karate hue dekhaa gayaa haye, joe unhein shikariyon aur parjivi seey bachaate hain. cheentiyon seey judee ephid prajaatiyon mein aksar sanrachanaatmak aur vyavhaar sambandhi raksha tantra cumm hoe jaate hain, aur ephid prajaatiyon kii tulanaa mein joe cheentiyon seey judee naheen hain, way hamale seey khud koo bachaane mein cumm saksham hoti hain.
cheentiyaan anya shahad-utpaadak hemipterance key saath judaav mein sanlagn hoti hain, jaise kii scale keede (kokide), mealybugs (seudokokide), aur treehoppers (membracidae), aur inmein seey adhikansh antahkriya anivarya sanghon key kuchh mamalon key saath sahayak aur avasarvaadi hoti hain, jaise kii hemipterance joe inquillin hotey hain, jiska arth haye kii way kewal cheenti key ghonsale key ander jeevit reh sakate hain. suraksha key alawa, cheentiyaan hemipteran honeydue key badale mein anya sevaaen pradaan curr sakati hain. kuchh cheentiyaan hemipteran larva koo cheenti key ghonsale mein laati hain aur unhein apani cheenti key vansh key saath peechhe leey aatee hain. isake alawa, cheentiyaan sakriya roop seey hemipteran failaav mein sahaayata curr sakati hain; raani cheentiyon koo ack naee coloney sthaapit karane key liye apani failaav udaanon key dauran ephid kaa parivahan karate hue dekhaa gayaa haye, aur aggar pichhali cheenti kaa ghonsala baadhit hoe gayaa haye tou karyakarta cheentiyaan aksar ephid koo ack nae ghonsale key sthaan parr leey jaati hain. cheentiyaan ack paudhe key vibhinn hisson mein yaa vibhinn paudhon mein hemipterance leey jaa sakati hain taaki ack taaja khaadya srot aur/yaa jhund key liye paryaapt suraksha sunishchit kii jaa sakey.
lycanid titaliyaan.
lycanid caterpillar key beach myrmecophily hemipterance key sanghon seey alag haye kyonki caterpillar paudhon key ootakon koo khaate hain, floem russ koo naheen, aur isaliye lagaatar honeydue kaa utsarjan naheen karate hain. lycanid titliyon key caterpillar ney isaliye vishesh anga vikasit kiye hain joe cheentiyon koo khilaane aur khush karane key liye rasayanon kaa sraav karate hain. sraav cheeni aur amino acid kaa mishran haye, joe apane swayam key kissy bhee ghatak kii tulanaa mein cheentiyon key liye adhik aakarshak haye. narthura japonica" caterpillar key sraav koo kewal poshan pradaan karane seey adhik maanaa jaataa haye, jisamen aise ghatak hotey hain joe cheentiyon mein vyavhaar parivartan kaa kaaran banate hain, caterpillar paricharakon kii gati gatividhi mein kamee, badhati aakraamakta aur "prestomyrmax punctates" cheentiyon dwara suraksha, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii sambandh koo parasparik kii tulanaa mein parjivi key roop mein behtar maanaa jaataa haye. kyonki caterpillar swachaalit roop seey honeydue koo paarit naheen karate hain, unhein boondon koo sraavit karane key liye uttejit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur cheenti antination key jawab mein aisaa karna chaahiye, joe cheentiyon key antina dwara caterpillar key shareer kaa drum yaa stroke haye. kuchh caterpillar mein vishesh receptors hotey hain joe unhein cheenti antination aur shikariyon aur parjeeviyon seey sampark key beach antar karane kii anumati dete hain, aur anya dhwanik sanketon kaa utpaadan karate hain joe cheentiyon koo uttejit karate hain, jisase way adhik sakriya hoe jaate hain aur sambhavatah larva key behtar rakshak bunn jaate hain. homopteran myrmacophiles key saath, cheentiyaan lycanid larva koo parbhakshi keedon (anya cheentiyon sahit) aur parjivi tataiya seey bachaati hain, joe lapidoptera larva kii kaee prajaatiyon key shareer mein apane andey dete hain. udaaharan key liye, colorado mein chhed aur sahyogiyon dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein praayogik roop seey paaya gayaa kii "glaucopsiche ligdamus" key larva key liye, joe ack nishchit cheenti prajaati ("formica podzolica") dwara dekhe gaye they, avaanchhit larva kii tulanaa mein, antim instar seey pahale paudhon seey gayab honey vaale larva kaa pratishat cumm hoe gayaa (saankhyikiya roop seey mahatvapurna naheen, halanki) aur parjivi dwara sankramit larva kaa pratishat kaafee cumm hoe gayaa (33 pratishat seey 9%-12%). yeye antahkriyaaen titali key liye ack urjaavaan laagat key binaa naheen aatee hain, haalaanki, aur larva charan key dauran cheentiyon koo khush karane kii laagat key kaaran cheentiyon kii dekhbhal karane vaale vyakti gair-lakshit vyaktiyon kii tulanaa mein chhote vayask aakar taka pahunchate hain. cheentiyon key saath baatchit titali key larva charan taka seemit naheen haye, aur vaastav mein cheentiyaan apane jeevan chakr key sabhi charanon mein titliyon key liye mahatvapurna bhagidar hoe sakati hain. udaaharan key liye, kaee lycanid titliyon kii vayask maadaaen, jaise "jey. evagorus, "adhimaantah una paudhon parr oviposit jahaan cheenti bhagidar maujood hain, sambhavatah cheentiyon key apane rasayanik sanketon kaa upayog karke una sthaanon kaa pataa lagaane key liye jahaan kishore titliyon kii dekhbhal cheentiyon dwara kii jaayegi. jabaki cheentiyon kii upasthiti vyaapak roop seey lycanid titliyon mein aur kuchh hudd taka "euribia alvina" jaisi rheodinid titliyon mein pralekhit kii gaee haye, kaee anya lapidopteran prajaatiyan cheentiyon key saath judane key liye jaani jaati hain, jinamen kaee patang shamil hain.
myrmecophily key kaee star.
kaee trophobiotic cheentiyaan ack saath kaee prajaatiyon key saath sambandh banaae rakh sakati hain. cheentiyaan joe myrmacophilus keedon aur myrmacophytes key saath baatchit karati hain, way atyadhik judey hue hain; aisee prajaatiyan joe inmein seey kissy ack myrmacophiles key saath baatchit karane key liye anukoolit hain, sansaadhan kii upalabdhata aur gunavatta key aadhar parr unake beach badal sakati hain. cheenti kii vanshavali mein seey 94 pratishat mein aisee prajaatiyan bhee shamil hain joe cheenti key paudhon key saath judee hui hain. isake vipareet, kavak (patti kaatane vaali cheentiyaan, janjaati atini) kii kheti key liye anukoolit cheentiyon mein trophobiotic bhagidaron mein badalane key liye roopaatmak yaa vyavhaar sambandhi anukoolan naheen hotey hain. kaee cheenti paarasparikvaadi inn bahu-prajaati antahkriyaon kaa laabh uthaakar myrmecophily key laabhon koo adhikatam curr sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, kuchh paudhe ee. aff. aine. mein nivesh karane key bajaay ephid kii mejbani karate hain, joe sthaaniya bhojan kii upalabdhata key aadhar parr adhik urjaavaan roop seey mahanga hoe sakata haye. kaee antahkriyaon kii upasthiti aksar apratyaashit tarikon seey myrmecophily key parinamon koo dridhata seey prabhaavit curr sakati haye.
paaristhitiki mein myrmecophily kaa mahatva.
parasparikta bhaugolik roop seey sarvavyaapi haye, joe sabhi jeevon key raajyon mein paaee jaati haye, aur sabhi paaristhitiki tantron mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhaati haye. iss tathya key saath kii cheentiyaan prithvi parr sabse pramukh jeevan roopon mein seey ack hain, vibhinn jeevon key vikas aur paaristhitiki mein aur kaee sthaliya paaristhitiki tantron kii samudayik sanrachana mein spasht roop seey ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati hain.
sakaratmak antahkriyaon kaa vikas.
prajaatiyon key saha-vikas key baare mein sawal bahut dilchasp aur mahatvapurna hain. kaee myrmacophilus jeevon mein, cheenti sangh paaristhitik safalata, vividhata aur prajaatiyon key dridhata mein prabhaavshaali rahey hain. myrmacophilus jeevon key liye phylogenetic jaankaari key vishleshan, saath hii cheenti vanshavali ney pradarshit kiya haye kii adhikansh samoohon mein myrmecophily kaee baar swatantra roop seey utpann huaa haye. kyonki myrmacophilus anukoolan key kaee laabh (aur shayed nuksan) hue hain, adhikansh vanshavali mein ghatnaaon kaa vikaasvaadi anukram agyaat haye. yeye sangathan kaise vikasit hotey hain, yeh bhee spasht naheen haye.
myrmacophilus jeevon key saha-vikas kaa adhyayan karate hue, kaee shodhkartaon ney parasparik baatchit kii saapeksh lagaton aur laabhon koo sambodhit kiya haye, joe sthaaniya prajaatiyon kii sanrachana aur prachurta, poshak tatvon kii aavashyaktaon aur upalabdhata mein bhinnata, mezban paudhe kii gunavatta, vaikalpik khaadya sroton kii upasthiti, prachurta aur parbhakshi aur parjivi prajaatiyon kii sanrachana, aur ajaivik sthitiyon key anusaar kaafee bhinn hoe sakate hain. inmein seey kuchh karakon mein badee matra mein bhinnata key kaaran, myrmecophily key sthir dridhata kaa samarthan karane vaale tantra abhee bhee agyaat hain. kaee mamalon mein, baahari karakon mein bhinnata key parinamswarup parasparikta, saamyvaad aur yahaan taka kii parjeeveevaad kii nirantarta key saath baatchit hoe sakati haye. lagbhag sabhi paaraspariktaon mein, paraspar kriyaon kii saapeksh laagat aur laabh visham hotey hain; yaani, ack bhagidar dusare bhagidar kii tulanaa mein adhik laabh aur/yaa cumm laagat kaa anubhav kartaa haye. yeh vishamta "dhokhadhadi" kii or leey jaati haye, jisamen ack bhagidar badale mein sevaaen pradaan kiye binaa laabh praapt karane kii ranneetiyaan vikasit kartaa haye. kaee anya paaraspariktaon kii tarah, cheetiyon aur unake bhagidaron key beach baatchit mein dhokhadhadi vikasit hui haye. udaaharan key liye, kuchh lycanid larvaon koo cheenti key ghonsale mein leey jaaya jaataa haye, jahan way cheenti key vansh kaa shikaar karate hain aur cheentiyon koo koee seva naheen dete hain. anya lycanids cheentiyon dwara dekhe jaane vaale paudhon koo khilaa curr cheenti-paudhe key sambandhon koo parjivi banaa sakate hain, joe spasht roop seey cheenti key hamale seey pratiraksha karate hain kyonki unake apane tript karane vaale sraav hotey hain. hemipterophagus lycanids anty-hemipteran sanghon mein parjeeveevaad key samaan roop mein sanlagn hotey hain. parasparik baatchit key parinamon mein parivartansheelta key aalok mein, aur kaee pranaliyon mein dhokhadhadi key vikas key baare mein bhee, una tantron key baare mein bahut kuchh seekha jaanaa baaki haye joe parasparikta koo ack vikaasvaadi roop seey sthir baatchit key roop mein banaae rakhate hain.
prajaatiyon kaa saha-astitva.
saha-vikas kii or leey jaane key alawa, parasparikta bhee samudaayon kii sanrachana mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati haye. sabse spasht tarikon mein seey ack jisamen myrmecophily samudayik sanrachana koo prabhaavit kartaa haye, vaha haye prajaatiyon key saha-astitva kii anumati denaa joe anyatha virodhi yaa pratiyogi hoe sakate hain. kaee myrmacophile key liye, cheenti sanghon mein sanlagn honah cheentiyon dwara shikaar seey bachane kaa pahala aur sabse mahatvapurna tarika haye. udaaharan key liye, lycanid titliyon key caterpillar cheentiyon key liye bhojan kaa ack aadarsh srot hainh way dheemi gati seey chalane vaale, naram shareer vaale aur atyadhik paushtik hotey hain, phir bhee unhone naa kewal cheentiyon kii aakraamakta koo shaant karane key liye jatil sanrachanaaen vikasit kii hain, balki cheentiyon seey surakshaatmak sevaaon koo bhee praapt kiya haye. cheentiyon koo anya prajaatiyon key saath kyon sahyog karna haye, yeh samajhaane key liye dou sambandhit parikalpanaaen prastaavit kii gaee hain; sahyog yaa tou cheentiyon koo aise sansaadhan pradaan kartaa haye joe anyatha dhoondhana mushkil haye, yaa yeh una sansadhanon kii deerghakaalik upalabdhata sunishchit kartaa haye.
samudayik sanrachana.
chhote aur badey donon prakaar key sthaanik paimaane parr, parasparik antahkriyaaen prajaatiyon kii samriddhi, vitaran aur prachurta key swaroopon koo prabhaavit karati hain. antar-aur antar-vishisht pratispardha koo prabhaavit karke samudayik sanrachana koo nirdhaarit karane mein myrmacophilus antahkriya ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati haye; arthropods, kavak aur paudhon kii jansankhya ghanatva koo niyantrit karna; arthropod prajaatiyon key sanyojan kaa nirdhaaran karna; aur poshan gatishilata koo prabhaavit karna. ushnakatibandhiya jangalon mein haal key kaam seey pataa chalaa haye kii cheentiyon key aapsi sambandh khaadya jaal kii sanrachana mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibha sakate hain, kyonki cheentiyaan vann canopy mein arthropods key poore samudaayon koo niyantrit curr sakati hain. myrmecophily bhee cheentiyon kii paaristhitik safalata mein mahatvapurna rhaa haye. cheenti jaiv-dravya aur kaee paaristhitiki tantron mein prachurta unake sambhaavit shikaar seey adhik haye, joe cheentiyon kii badee aabaadi kaa samarthan karane mein myrmecophily kii ack majboot bhoomika kaa sujhaav detee haye joe anyatha sambhav hogi. isake alawa, kaee prajaatiyon key liye sahayogi sharan aur awas sudhaar pradaan karke, cheentiyon koo pramukh paaristhitiki tantra engineer maanaa jaataa haye.
ack model pranali key roop mein myrmecophily.
saha-vikas, paadap raksha siddhant, khaadya jaal sanrachana, prajaatiyon key saha-astitva aur vikaasvaadi roop seey sthir ranneetiyon key sambandh mein paaristhitik aur vikaasvaadi prashnon kii khoj key liye myrmacophilus antahkriya ack mahatvapurna model pranali pradaan karati haye. kyonki kaee myrmacophilus sambandh aasaani seey herfer kiye jaa sakate hain aur vyavhaar yogya hotey hain, way pareekshan aur prayog kii anumati dete hain joe anya baatchit mein sambhav naheen hoe sakata haye. isaliye, way aadarsh model pranali pradaan karate hain jisamen prakriti mein parasparikta key parimaan, gatishilata aur aavritti kaa pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haye.