
swatantrata kii paaristhitiki

dha ecology off freedamah dha immergence aind disolution off hierarchy americi udaarvaadi samajwadi aur paaristhitikivid murre bukchin kii 1982 kii ack pustak haye, jisamen lekhak ney samajik paaristhitiki kii apani avadharana kaa varnan kiya haye, yeh vichaar kii paaristhitik samasyaaen maanav samajik samasyaon key kaaran hoti hain aur kewal paaristhitik aur naitik rekhaaon key saath samaaj koo punargathit karke hull kiya jaa sakata haye. iss pustak koo bukchin kii mahaan kriti maanaa jaataa haye, lekin isaki eutopian key roop mein bhee aalochana kii gaee haye.
saransh.
bukchin markswad key varg-kendrit vishleshan aur udaarvaad aur udaarvaad key saral raajya-virodhi roopon kii aalochana kartaa haye aur samaaj key baare mein adhik jatil drishtikon koo prastut karna chaahata haye. bukchin likhate hain kii, "iss kaam key upasheershak mein padanukram shabd kaa meraa upayog uttejak haye. varg aur raajya shabdon key adhik vyaapak upayog key saath padanukram kii tulanaa karane kii ack majboot saiddhaantik aavashyakta haye; inn shabdon kaa laparwahi seey upayog samajik vaastaviktaa kaa ack khatarnak saralikaran paida curr sakata haye. padanukram, varg aur raajya shabdon kaa ack dusare key sthaan parr upayog karna, jaisa kii kaee samajik siddhantkar karate hain, kapati aur aspasht haye. yeh pratha, ack "vargaheen" yaa "udaarvaadi" samaaj key naam parr, aasaani seey padaanukramit sambandhon aur ack padaanukramit samvedansheelta key astitva koo chhipa sakati haye, joe donon-aarthik shoshan yaa raajneetik jabardasti key abhaav mein bhee-swatantrata koo kayam rakhane kaa kaam karenge."
bukchin poore itihas mein padaanukramit pranaliyon key sanchay kii or bhee ishara kartaa haye joe samkaaleen samajon mein huaa haye joe maanav saamoohik aur vyaktigat maanas koo nirdhaarit karane kii pravritti rakhate hain, "samajik sanrachana kaa vastunishth itihas mansik sanrachana key vyaktiparak itihas key roop mein aantarik hoe jaataa haye. aadhunik friedience key liye meraa drishtikon jitna hii ghrinit hoe sakata haye, yeh kaam kaa anushasana naheen haye, balki shasson kaa anushasana haye joe aantarik prakriti key daman kii maang kartaa haye. yeh daman taba kewal shasson aur baad mein shoshan key uddeshya key roop mein baahari prakriti taka failata haye. yeh mansikta hamaare vyaktigat manason koo vartamaan dinn taka sanchayi roop mein vyaapt karati haye-naa kewal poonjeevaad key roop mein balki isaki sthaapana seey padaanukramit samaaj key vishal itihas key roop mein."
swaagat.
sameekshaaen.
"swatantrata kii paaristhitiki" koo "pustakalaya patrika" mein susan mairi zazs seey ack sakaratmak sameeksha millie, joe curran ell seey ack mishrit sameeksha thee. americi maanavvigyaani" mein kshetra, aur "rashtra" mein raajneetik vaigyaanik ellen wolf kii nakaratmak sameeksha. wolf kii sameeksha key baad bukchin aur wolf key beach patron kaa adaan-pradaan huaa. pustak kii sameeksha bhee aar. nae vaigyaanik" aur aar mein clark. praudyogiki sameeksha" mein williams.
zazs ney pustak kaa varnan bhee kiya. feeled ney likhaa kii bukchin "hamein yaad dilaata haye kii maanav jaati kyaa rahee haye, hamein chetavani detaa haye kii yeh kyaa bunn rhaa haye, aur hamein yeh kalpana karane kii himmat kartaa haye kii yeh pratispardha aur vinash key bajaay paraspar nirbharta aur paryavaraniya samvedansheelta key liye taiyar ack samajik sanrachana mein kyaa hoe sakata haye."unhone unhein" "varg aur poorv-varg samajon key beach drishtikon mein aavashyak antar" "kaa varnan karane kaa shreya diyaa," "prakriti koo aapattijanak banaane aur apane saathi manushya koo aapattijanak banaane kii pravrittiyon key beach daarshanik sambandh koo spasht karate hue", "aur" "maee 1968 taka adamites aur rentors seey paschimi virodhi satta dhaaraon kii ack moolyavaan soochi pradaan kii. haalaanki, unhone maanavvigyaani paul redin aur dorothy dee parr nirbharta key liye sabhyata key udbhav key unake khaate kii aalochana kii. lii, aur unhone paaya kii poorv-sakshar samajon kaa unakaa vivaran shantipurna samtaavaad parr jore dete hue atee saralikaran aur "swachchh" kiya gayaa haye. unakaa maanana thaa kii unhone jaanboojhkar "takniki aarthik karakon key mahatva koo cumm kiya", aur avishvasaniya roop seey "prabhutva kii kunji key roop mein ayu stareekaran" kaa prastaav rakhaa. unhone yeh bhee kahaa kii kaam key kuchh hisson koo "nirashajanak eurocentrism" seey peedit honah padaa, aur yeh kii yeh poonjiwadi samaaj mein praudyogiki key sthaan parr haal key saahitya kaa upayog karane mein whiffle rhaa.
wolf ney likhaa kii jaba vaha samaaj kii kattarpanthi aalochana key prati grahansheel they, tou unhone pustak koo "jununi, hathdharmi aur krodhit" paaya aur unhein vishvaas naheen thaa kii yeh utanaa dhyaan aakarshit karegi jitna kii yeh yogya thaa. unhone nae yug key vichaaron key prati bukchin key nakaratmak drishtikon, aadhunik samaaj key vikas key baare mein unake vivaran aur kaee lekhakon kaa varnan karane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali shatrutapurna bhasha kii aalochana kii, jinase way asahmat they. unakaa maanana thaa kii yeh kaam aadarshvaadi thaa aur yeh naheen bataata thaa kii samaaj kii samasyaon koo kaise hull kiya jaae. jawab mein, bukchin ney wolf parr apane kendriya vishayon kii andekhi karane kaa aarop lagaaya. wolf ney apani aalochana koo galat tareeke seey prastut karane key saath bukchin parr aarop lagaate hue jawab diyaa; unhone una parr ahankari honey kaa bhee aarop lagaaya.
anya mulyankan.
arajaktawadi lekhak ulrike hyder ney "swatantrata kii paaristhitiki" koo "ack aadarshvaadi kaary" key roop mein varnit kiya haye jisamen "ateet, vartamaan aur bhavishya kii samajik aur raajneetik vaastaviktaa bahut hudd taka lupt hoe gaee haye aur naa tou poonjeevaad kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye aur naa hii isaki aalochana kii gaee haye. bukchin ney jawab diyaa, "hyder kii aalochana koo anaitik aur unake vichaaron kaa viroopan kahaa. unhone hyder key iss daave kaa varnan kiya kii vaha poonjeevaad kii aalochana mangadhant tareeke seey naheen karate hain. daarshanik steven ney "swatantrata kii paaristhitiki" koo ack utkrisht key roop mein varnit kiya, "sangathan aur paryaavaran" mein likhaa kii, bukchin kii pustakon mein, yeh vahee haye joe samagr roop seey unake kaam key vishayon koo sabse achchi tarah seey pakadata haye. unhone "markswadi aitihaasik aakhyanon" kii prabhaavshaali aalochana karane kaa shreya bukchin koo diyaa; unhone nott kiya kii pustak ney narivad koo bhee prabhaavit kiya. unhone itihas kii vyakhya key liye bukchin kii sarahana kii. haalaanki, 1998 mein likhate hue, unhone nott kiya kii bukchin key kuchh daave vivadaspad they, aur pustak mein liye gaye "bukchin kuchh sthitiyon seey parey vikasit huaa haye". bryan tokar ney "poonjeevaad prakriti samaajvaad" mein likhaa haye kii "swatantrata kii paaristhitiki" koo uchch prashansa millie, lekin ise "aadarshvaadi samajik aalochana" bhee maanaa jaataa thaa.
daarshanik andru light ney likhaa kii "swatantrata kii paaristhitiki" koo "paaristhitik andolan mein siddhantkaron aur chikitsakon donon dwara vyaapak roop seey padhaa gayaa thaa. unhone yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa kii yeh bukchin kii sabse prasiddh pustak thee. unhone samajik prabhutva parr vyaapak roop seey vikasit aur naveen pariprekshya pradaan karane kaa shreya bukchin koo diyaa, yeh likhate hue kii "pichhale tees varshon mein bukchin koo sabse vyaapak roop seey padhe jaane vaale paaristhitik vicharakon mein seey ack banaa diyaa."karyakarta joel cowell ney pustak koo" "bukchin kaa sabse mahatvapurna kaam" "bataaya. haalaanki, unhone bukchin key marks aur markswad key upchaar kii aalochana kii. unhone "swatantrata kii paaristhitiki" kii tulanaa markswadi manavtawadi daarshanik raaya duneyevskaya key "rossa luxemberg, mahila mukti, aur marks key kranti key darshan" (1981) seey kii, lekin yeh vishvaas naheen kiya kii bukchin tulanaa kaa swaagat karega. raajneetik vaigyaanik robin ackersley ney pustak koo bukchin kii "mahaan kriti" key roop mein varnit kiya. daarshanik johnn clark ney rajneeti kii bukchin charcha kii aalochana karate hue tark diyaa kii unhone "aise moolyon key liye saiddhaantik pratibaddhata key bavjood paaristhitik sthiti aur javic kshetriya vishishtata kii bahut cumm vistrit charcha pradaan kii."
genet beehal ney likhaa kii "swatantrata kii paaristhitiki" bukchin kii sabse mahatvapurna pustakon mein seey ack thee. unhone kahaa kii halanki ise bukchin kii mahaan kriti key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, lekin vaha bukchin kii baad kii kaee pustakon koo cumm seey cumm samaan roop seey mahatvapurna maanati hain. unhone bukchin koo yeh pradarshit karane kaa shreya diyaa kii "padanukram key uday ney sampatti key swaamitva kii upasthiti seey bahut pahale hii apekshaakrit samtaavaadi samudaayon kii poorakta koo nasht curr diyaa thaa."haalaanki, unhone yeh bhee likhaa kii jaba way" "swatantrata kii paaristhitiki" "parr kaam curr rahey they, tou bukchin ack" "nae yug key maanav vigyaan" "seey prabhaavit thaa jise unhone baad mein aswikar curr diyaa. beehal key anusaar, unhein pustak parr isake prabhaav parr khed haye.
kurdish netaa abdullah oklan ney ack turkey jail mein ekant karawas mein rahate hue "swatantrata kii paaristhitiki" kaa adhyayan kiya, aur kathit taur parr iss kaam seey prabhaavit hue, jisake parinamswarup "kurdistan mein loktaantrik sanghwad kii ghoshana" sheershak seey ack ghoshanapatra jaari kiya gayaa, jisamen kurdistan kaaryakartaon kii party seey samajik paaristhitiki key vichaaron koo lagu karane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa.