franklin baandh vivaad

franklin baandh yaa gerden-bello-franklin baandh pariyojana australia key tasmania mein gerden nadee parr ack prastaavit baandh thaa, jiska kabhi nirmaan naheen huaa thaa. antatah pariyojana key radd honey kaa kaaran banane vaalaa andolan australiyai itihas mein sabse mahatvapurna paryaavaran abhiyaanon mein seey ack bunn gayaa.
baandh kaa prastaav panbijali utpaadan key uddeshya seey kiya gayaa thaa. parinamswarup naee bijli utpaadan kshamata hogi. prastaavit nirmaan ney baad mein paryaavaran key prati samvedansheel franklin nadee koo prabhaavit kiya hoga, joe paas kii gheran nadee seey milati haye. baandh key khilaf abhiyaan key dauran, donon kshetron koo unesco key vishva dharohar kshetra register mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa.
isake baad key abhiyaan ney chhote harit andolan koo majboot kiya joe 1960 key dashak key anta aur 1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein jheel key padder parr teen baandhon key nirmaan key khilaf ack abhiyaan seey paida huaa thaa. 1978 mein baandh prastaav kii ghoshana aur 1983 mein yojanaon koo samaapt karane key beach key paanch varshon mein, donon pakshon key badey virodh key saath baandh samarthak aur virodhi lobby key beach jordar bahas hui.
disambar 1982 mein, baandh sthal parr pradarshankariyon kaa kabja hoe gayaa thaa, jisase vyaapak giraftari aur adhik prachaar huaa. vivaad agale march mein ack sanghiya mudda bunn gayaa, jaba rashtriya print media mein ack abhiyaan, photographer peater dombrowskis kii tasveeron kii sahaayata seey, 1983 key chunaav mein malcum fraser kii sarkaar koo giraane mein madad millie. bobb hock key netritva mein naee sarkaar ney baandh key nirmaan koo rokane kaa vaadaa kiya thaa. sanghiya sarkaar aur tasmanian sarkaar key beach ack kanuni ladaai hui, jisake parinamswarup sanghiya sarkaar key paksh mein ack aitihaasik uchch nyayalaya kaa faisala aaya.
yojanaon kii ghoshana.
1978 mein, tasmanian panbijali aayog (aich. ee. see.) ney baandh key nirmaan key iraade kii ghoshana kii. mool prastaav dou baandhon key liye thaah
iss vichaar ney tasmanian samudaay kaa dhruvikaran curr diyaa. ise raajya key ack aise kshetra mein rojgar paida karane key liye samudaay key kuchh vargon seey samarthan milaa joe aarthik roop seey sangharsh curr rhaa thaa. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa kii baandh key nirmaan seey udyog koo tasmania mein laane mein sahaayata milegi, joe seedhe rojgar paida karega. praarambhik janmat sarvekshanon ney baandh key liye lagbhag 70 pratishat samarthan dikhaaya.
haalaanki, 1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein jheel padder baandh key nirmaan seey ladane key liye ekatra hue virodh andolan ney ghoshana key jawab mein phir seey ikattha honah shuru curr diyaa. tasmanian jangal samaaj, joe jheel-rodhi padder baandh aur dakshin paschim tasmania kaarravaai samoohon, tasmanian sanrakshan trust aur australiyai sanrakshan foundation seey banaa thaa, ney nadee key baare mein ack janahit abhiyaan shuru kiya. dombrowskis aur unake sahayogi olegas truchnass kii tasveeron ney mahatvapurna dhyaan aakarshit kiya. abhiyaan ney ack pakhwade mein 30,000 samarthan patra utpann kiye. ack film, "dha last wild river", tasmania key dou vaanijyik television stations parr dikhaai gaee thee.
juuna 1980 mein, anumaanit 10,000 logon ney hobart kii sadakon parr march kiya, jisamen maang kii gaee kii sarkaar nirmaan key saath aage naa badhe. yeh raajya key itihas kii sabse badee raili thee.
samjhauta karane kaa prayaas.
shram raajya sarkaar, pramukh daug loway key tahat, mool prastaav seey peechhe hutt gaee, aur franklin nadee koo ack nae jangli nadiyon key rashtriya udyaan mein rakhane parr sahmat hoe gaee. mool 'franklin key neeche gheraa' prastaav key bajaay, loway ney abb ack vikalp, 'olga key oopar gheraa' yojana kaa samarthan kiya. jabaki yeh franklin key saath gherabandi key junction key oopar thaa, yeh abhee bhee jangli gunavatta vaale kshetron mein ghuspaith curr chuka hoga. iss samjhaute seey paryaavaran samoohon koo khushi naheen hui, jinhone dakshin-paschim tasmania mein baandh naheen banaane kii neeti banaae rakhee.
julaai mein, baandh samarthak aur baandh virodhi donon samoohon (jinamen seey poorv mein sangh andolan bhee shamil thaa) ney tasmania mein ack vigyaapan kii shuruat kii. aich. ee. see. ney daavaa kiya kii aggar baandh naheen banaaya gayaa tou 10,000 sambhaavit naukariyan chully jaayengi. roodhivaadi-pradhaan vidhaan parishad ney taba shram sarkaar key 'gherabandi-oopar-olga' samjhaute koo avaruddh curr diyaa, isake bajaay iss baat parr jore diyaa kii way mool prastaav key saath aage badhein. donon dall kissy samadhan parr sahmat naheen hoe sakey, jisake kaaran sansad key donon sadanon key beach gatirodh paida hoe gayaa.
jaanch, janmat sangrah aur tasmanian raajya chunaav.
1981 mein, australiyai loktantravaadi senator donn chip ney "australia aur duniya key liye dakshin-paschim tasmania key praakritik moolyon" aur "rashtriya aur antarrashtriya mahatva key apane jangli kshetron koo sanrakshit karane mein tasmania kii sahaayata karane mein sanghiya jimmedaari" kii senate jaanch shuru kii.
1981 kii shuruat seey, puraatatvidon ney gufaaon mein maujood lagbhag 15,000 saal pahale key maanav nivaas key pramaan kaa pataa lagaaya, joe baandh key nirmaan kii sthiti mein baadh kii sthiti mein aaa jaayenge. sabse mahatvapurna gufa kii khoj janwari 1977 mein bhoo-aakriti vigyaan key chhaatr cavin kiran dwara kii gaee thee, aur unhone pahali baar iska naam tatkalin pradhaan mantri, malcum fraser key naam parr fraser gufa rakhaa thaa, kyonki "...humm raajnetaon kaa dhyaan kshetra kii or aakarshit karane kii koshish curr rahey they..."". 1982 key madhya mein iska naam badalkar kutikina curr diyaa gayaa, jaisa kii tasmanian adiwasi kendra ney sujhaav diyaa thaa. kiernan aur gufaaon key ack samooh (spelologist) ney iss kshetra mein 100 seey adhik gufaayen paaee.
luptapray prajaatiyon key nivaas sthaan key nuksan key baare mein bhee chinta jataai jaane luggy.
12 disambar 1981 koo, raajya sarkaar ney gatirodh koo todane key prayaas mein ack janmat sangrah, "shakti janmat sangrah 1981" aayojit kiya. janmat sangrah ney matdaataon koo kewal dou vikalp diye, pratyek baandh prastaav key liye ack. kull aankadon mein, 47 pratishat ney franklin yojana key tahat mool gherabandi key paksh mein matdan kiya, 8 pratishat ney olga yojana key oopar samjhaute gherabandi key paksh mein matdan kiya, aur 45 pratishat ney anaupchaarik roop seey matdan kiya. matdaataon key liye apane matpatron parr "koee baandh naheen" likhane key liye ack mahatvapurna abhiyaan chalaaya gayaa thaa, aur kull 33 pratishat seey adhik matdaataon ney aisaa kiya; shuru mein inn sabhi kii ginati anaupchaarik vote mein kii gaee thee, lekin baad mein kuchh koo aupchaarik key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa kyonki unamen dou baandh vikalpon mein seey ack key liye ack vaidh vote bhee shamil thaa.
chala rahey sankat key parinamswarup loway koo ack shram rajneta hairi holgate dwara pradhaan mantri key roop mein pratisthaapit kiya gayaa, joe baandh prastaavon key spasht roop seey adhik samarthak they. isake jawab mein, ack anya shramik saansad, loway aur mairi villie donon ney party seey istifa dey diyaa aur nirdaliyon key roop mein sansad mein baithe. isake parinamswarup nichale sadan mein shram bahumat khou gayaa. norm sanders, ack australiyai democrate saansad aur daim virodhi prachaarak, ney ack avishvaas prastaav pesh kiya, aur 15 maee koo raajya chunaav kaa ahwan kiya gayaa.
maee 1982 mein robbin gray key tahat holgate shram sarkaar koo majboot daim samarthak liberal party ney haraa diyaa thaa. nae pradhaanmantri ney turant mool yojana koo aage badhaane kaa adesh diyaa aur aavashyak kaanoon paarit kiya. gray ney sanghiya sarkaar koo hastakshep karane seey rokane kaa prayaas kiya aur dhamki dee kii aggar way aisaa karate hain tou rashtramandal seey alag hoe jaayenge. sanghiya sarkaar ney shuru mein vivaad mein hastakshep karane seey incar curr diyaa.
abhiyaanon kaa vistaar hotaa haye.
1982 key dauran, mukhya bhoomi raajyon mein baandh-virodhi sangathanon kii sakriya sadasyata sou gunaa badh gaee. pratishthit "noo daim" trikon sticker mudrit kiya gayaa thaa. australia key aspas key shaharon mein railiyaan aur karyakram aayojit kiye gaye. bobb braun ney baandh virodhi abhiyaan key liye samarthan jutaate hue desh kaa daura kiya, udaar pradhaan mantri malcum fraser koo hastakshep karane aur baandh key nirmaan kii anumati dene vaale raajya key kaanoon koo override karane key liye manaane kaa prayaas kiya. british vanaspati vigyaani aur tv prastutkarta professor david bellami ney melburn raili mein 5,000 logon koo sambodhit kiya.
1982 key anta taka, iss dhaarana koo kii "greeny" koo hippiyon key saath tulanaa kii gaee thee, bahut chunauti dee gaee thee, udaaharan key liye sidney mein, bobb braun aur belami ney 500 logon koo ack mombatti-prakaashit ratribhoj mein sambodhit kiya, jisamen string chaukadi dwara serenade kiya gayaa thaa, abc key shaastriya sangeet radio station mein "franklin key liye sangeet karyakram" aur electronics udyami dick smith nagrik avagya key liye pratibaddh they. kaee loga jinhone pahale sanrakshan key muddon parr vichaar naheen kiya thaa, unhone nirnay liya kii jangal ack vote key yogya mudda thaa, jaisa kii nimnalikhit matpatra lekhan abhiyaanon seey pataa chalata haye.
march 1982 mein sidney mein sanghiya low-upchunaav mein, pratyek matdan kendra parr swayamsevakon ney matdaataon koo apane matpatra parr "koee baandh naheen" likhane key liye protsaahit kiya, aur 9 pratishat ney aisaa kiya. usa pahale 'raait-inn' abhiyaan mein, kuchh logon koo pataa thaa kii way apane vote koo amaanya kiye binaa apane sanghiya matpatra parr ack sandesh likh sakate hain. 1982 key chunaav key madhya mein vidhansabha key adhiniyam grih mein, 40 pratishat taka matdaataon ney apane matpatra parr "koee baandh naheen" likhaa. disambar 1982 mein victoria mein sanghiya flinder upchunaav mein, 40 pratishat matdaataon ney apane matpatron parr "koee baandh naheen" likhaa.
nakabandi.
navambar 1982 mein, sangharsh ack paydan parr pahunch gayaa jaba braun ney ghoshana kii kii baandh sthal kii nakabandi 14 disambar seey shuru hogi. usee dinn, peris mein unesco samiti koo tasmanian jangli nadiyon koo vishva dharohar sthal key roop mein soochibaddh karna thaa. warner landing" () parr nakabandi ney naa kewal tasmania, balki antarrajyiya aur videshon seey bhee anumaanit 2,500 logon koo aakarshit kiya. isake parinamswarup tasmanian jangal vishva dharohar kshetra kii ghoshana hui, jisamen franklin aur gorden donon nadiyaan shamil theen. haalaanki, tasmania abhee bhee vibhajit thaa, hobart mein ack baandh samarthak raili ney bhee lagbhag 2,500 logon koo aakarshit kiya. jaba nakabandi chala rahee thee, norm sanders ney australiyai senate mein ack seat ladane key liye tasmanian house off assembly seey istifa dey diyaa. vidhansabha mein unaki jagah bobb braun ney lii, jinhen nakabandi mein apani bhoomika key liye unnis dinn jail mein bitaane key baad pichhale dinn hii jail seey riha kiya gayaa thaa.
janwari 1983 key dauran harr dinn lagbhag pachas loga nakabandi parr pahunche. raajya sarkaar ney pradarshankariyon key liye cheejon koo mushkil banaa diyaa, kaee kaanoon paarit kiye aur giraftar kiye gaye logon key liye vishesh jamaanat kii sharton koo lagu kiya. pulis kii suraksha mein ack bajare seey bulldozer koo ghatnasthal parr utaara gayaa. kull 1,217 giraftaariyaan kii gaeen, jinamen seey kaee kewal nakabandi mein maujood rahane key liye kii gaeen. pradarshankariyon ney nirmaan kaary seey judee machinary aur kabje vaale sthaanon koo baadhit kiya. lagbhag 500 logon koo unaki jamaanat kii sharton koo todane key liye jail bheja gayaa thaa. isake kaaran kshetra mein jailon kaa jamaav hoe gayaa. british vanaspatishastri david bellami koo jail mein daal diyaa gayaa, jisane vivaad parr antarrashtriya dhyaan diyaa. lekhak johnn marsden koo nakabandi mein giraftar kiye jaane key baad, ack saptah key liye richardan jail key adhikatam suraksha vibhaag mein rakhaa gayaa thaa kyonki unhein pakadane key liye aur kaheen naheen thaa.
farwari mein, baandh key khilaf ack hobart raili mein lagbhag 20,000 loga shamil hue. 1 march koo, andolan ney ack dinn kii kaarravaai shuru kii, jise unhone 'jee-day' kaa naam diyaa. naavon key bede koo gherabandi nadee mein leey jaane key dauran, 331 logon koo giraftar kiya gayaa. hobart mein, jangal samaaj kaa jhanda aich. ee. see. imarat key oopar faharaaya gayaa thaa.
2 march koo jangal samaaj ney "dha sidney morning herauld" aur melburn key "dha aij" samachar patron mein durlabh poorna-prishth rangeen vigyapanon key prakaashan kaa samarthan kiya joe jald hii ack pratishthit tasveer bunn jaayegih peater dombrowskis dwara "morning mist, rock eyeland bend, franklin river". isake saath caption thaa "kyaa aap kissy aisee party koo vote dey sakate hain joe ise nasht curr degi?".
baind goana key lock rock gaayak shain howard ney likhaa "lait dha franklin flow", aur ise aprail 1983 mein jaari kiya. yeh unake baind key sadasyon aur lock baind redgum key sadasyon dwara chhadm naam, garden franklin aind dha wilderns ensemble key tahat prastut kiya gayaa thaa. ise bobb braun dwara likhit aur record kiye gaye bee-side, "franklin nadee-vishva viraasat" key saath ekal key roop mein jaari kiya gayaa thaa.
sankalp.
5 march 1983 koo australiyai laber party ney badey jhool key saath sanghiya chunaav jeetaa. nae pradhaan mantri, bobb hock ney baandh koo banane seey rokane kii kasam khaai thee, aur baandh virodhi vote ney hock key bahumat mein vriddhi kii-kuchh sanghiya victorian seeten iss mudde mein majboot ruchi rakhane key liye ullekhaniya theen. haalaanki, tasmania mein, vote rashtriya pravritti key khilaf gayaa aur liberalon key paas sabhi paanch seeten theen. hock kii sarkaar ney pahale maujooda "rashtriya udyaan aur vanyajeev sanrakshan adhiniyam" 1975 key tahat niyam paarit kiye, aur phir "vishva dharohar sampatti sanrakshan adhiniyam" 1983 paarit kiya, jisane franklin nadee baandh seey sambandhit safai, khudai aur nirmaan gatividhiyon koo pratibandhit curr diyaa, jinhen tasmanian raajya kaanoon dwara adhikrit kiya gayaa thaa.
haalaanki, tasmanian sarkaar ney sanghiya niyamon aur kaanoon donon koo nazarandaj curr diyaa aur baandh parr kaam karane kaa adesh denaa jaari rakhaa. aprail 1983 mein australiyai sarkaar ney ack miraj jett aur baad mein ack aar. aff.-111, shaahi australiyai vayu senaa seey, baandh parr ack tohi mission shuru karane key liye bheja, taaki iss baat kaa saboot ekatra kiya jaa sakey kii tasmanian sarkaar kaam rokane key liye sanghiya kaanoon kaa paalan naheen curr rahee thee.
31 maee 1983 koo sunavaai key pahale dinn iss mudde koo uchch nyayalaya key samaksh laaya gayaa thaa. tasmania kii sarkaar ney daavaa kiya kii sanghiya sarkaar key paas samvidhaan key tahat viniyamon yaa kaanoon koo paarit karane kii koee shakti naheen haye. unhone daavaa kiya kii choonki paryaavaran key liye kaanoon banaane key adhikaar kaa naam samvidhaan mein naheen thaa, aur iss prakaar raajyon key paas ack avashisht shakti thee, isaliye "vishva dharohar sampatti sanrakshan adhiniyam" 1983 asamvaidhaanik thaa. haalaanki, sanghiya sarkaar ney daavaa kiya (safaltapurvak) kii unhein samvidhaan key 'videsh mamalon' key praavdhaan key tahat aisaa karane kaa adhikaar haye, kyonki baandh key nirmaan koo avaruddh karane vaale kaanoon koo paarit karke, way ack antarrashtriya sandhi (unesco "vishva saanskritik aur praakritik viraasat key sanrakshan key liye sammelan", australia ney usa sammelan parr hastakshar kiye aur usaki pushti kii aur franklin nadee koo usa parr soochibaddh kiya gayaa) key tahat apani jimmedariyon koo puuraa curr rahey they. rashtramandal sarkaar ney yeh bhee tark diyaa (safaltapurvak) kii sanghiya kaanoon koo nigamon aur kissy bhee jaati key logon key baare mein kaanoon paarit karane key liye ack sanghiya sarkaar kii samvaidhaanik shaktiyon dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa (iss mamle mein adiwasi jaati, jinaki pavitra gufaaen franklin key saath dooby hui theen).
parinami adalati mamla rashtramandal banaam tasmania key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. 1 julaai 1983 koo, ack aitihaasik nirnay mein, brisbane mein circuit parr uchch nyayalaya ney sanghiya sarkaar key paksh mein 4 seey 3 key vote seey faisala sunaaya. nyayadhish messon, marfi, brennon aur deane bahumat mein they aur mukhya nyayadhish gibbs key saath nyayadhish willson aur dosson alpamat mein they. iss faisale ney sanghiya sarkaar koo antarrashtriya sandhi koo lagu karane key liye yadi aavashyak hoe tou kissy bhee mudde parr kaanoon banaane kii shakti dee aur taba seey yeh vivaad kaa vishay rhaa haye. nyaayamurti lionel marfi ney unesco sammelan kii manavata kii saajha viraasat key siddhant key sandarbh mein franklin baandh nirnay key vyaapak paryavaraniya aur samajik nihitarth key baare mein vyaapak roop seey likhaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii "vishva kii viraasat key sanrakshan koo alag-thalag naheen dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye, balki rashtron key beach sahyog key hisse key roop mein dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye, jisaki ganana maanav jaati kii bauddhik aur naitik ekjutata praapt karane key liye kii jaati haye aur iss prakaar logon key beach sambandhon koo majboot kartaa haye joe shaanti koo badhaava dete hain aur sankeern raashtravaad aur algaav koo visthaapit karate hain joe yuddh koo badhaava dete hain...[maanav jaati key vinash seey bachane key prayaas mein logon koo antarrashtriya star parr sochane key liye protsaahit karna, apane desh kii sanskriti koo vishva sanskriti kaa hissa maanane key liye, ack bhautik, aadhyatmik aur bauddhik vishva viraasat kii kalpana karane key liye mahatvapurna haye."uchch nyayalaya key faisale ney baandh key nirmaan koo samaapt curr diyaa, aur yojanaon koo kabhi bhee punarjeevit naheen kiya gayaa haye.
halanki, panbijali dwara baandh kaa nirmaan puuraa naheen huaa thaa. nigam abhee bhee franklin yojana seey sambhaavit bijli utpaadan key nuksan kii bharpai key liye paas kii king nadee aur henty nadee parr ack 'samjhauta' bijli vikas yojana kaa nirmaan karane mein saksham thaa. aage samay key saath, paschimi tata jangli railway-queenstowne aur regata bindu key beach puraane mount layal ebt railway key punarnirmaan koo mukhya roop seey franklin nadee yaa garden nadee baandhon key "nuksan" key liye tasmanian sarkaar koo aavantit muaavaje key dhana dwara vittaposhit kiya gayaa thaa.

