
king hastshilp

king rajvansh (1644-1911) key dauran utpaadit hastshilp (φοφονκρονε "shaugongye") shilpkaron dwara design aur haath seey banaai gaee vastuein theen. way tibbati, madhya purvi, bhaaratiya aur europeeya takneekon koo shamil karate hue bahut alankrit they. shilp kaa design yaa sajawati pahalu utanaa hii mahatvapurna thaa jitna kii shilp takneek aur king karigar vishesh roop seey una samagriyon key baare mein they jinka way upayog karate they, jaise jaid ("yuu"), patthar aur lakadi. apane designs mein kaarigaron ney pauranik aur praakritik donon rupankanon seey bahut adhik aakarshit kiya. chean mein kuchh kshetra vishisht prakaar key hastshilp key liye prasiddh hoe gaye; udaaharan key liye, jingadejhen koo cheeni mitty key bartan kii rajdhani key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. king yug key dauran, beijing mein nirmit shaahi karyashalaon ney kaarigaron aur kachche maal koo ack saath laaya joe kabhi kewal alag-alag kshetron mein hii upalabdh they. isase nae prakaar key hastshilp kaa utpaadan karane key liye praudyogikiyon aur samagriyon key sanyojan kii anumati millie. sahayak pranali una samagriyon aur kaarigaron key liye nae srot bhee laaee joe utpaadan kendron seey naheen they.
raajya key liye, shilp king rajvansh kii arthavyavastha kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa thaa aur raajya dwara viniyamit kiya jaataa thaa. unnisvin shatabdi mein paschimi shaktiyon kii majboot upasthiti key saath, hastshilp, vishesh roop seey cheeni mitty key bartan, ney gharelu khapat aur antarrashtriya niryaat key liye alag-alag visheshtaon koo apanaaya. ming key vipareet, king rajvansh mein hastshilp kaa prasaar naa kewal rajvansh key "bhautikvaadi janadesh" aur balki shilp kaushal key moolya koo bhee pramaanit kartaa haye. king rajvansh mein hastshilp kii takniki pragati key adhyayan cheeni audyogikaran key praarambhik charanon koo darshaate hain. 
samagri.
kaarigaron dwara upayog kii jaane vaali samanya samagriyon kii ack soochi.
hastshilp key prakaar.
king yug mein hastshilp apane alankaran, rangon key upayog aur naveen utpaadan praudyogikiyon seey chihnit hain. inn pahaluon ney naa kewal utpaadit vastuon kii gunavatta koo badhaaya, balki vilasita utpaadon key roop mein unake moolya koo bhee badhaaya kyonki kaarigaron key liye apane kaam mein adhik jatil takneekon koo shamil karna aasaan thaa. hastshilp praudyogiki kii pragati aur shaahi karyashalaon mein vishesh kaarigaron key beach sampark key parinamswarup ack hii vastu mein kaee kachche maal key sanyojan kii sambhavana thee, jaise kii dridh lakadi koo tamchini cheeni mitty key bartan key saath jadaa jaanaa. vyaapaar network aur sahayak pranali key badhane key saath, kuchh hastshilp paramparaon key kendra dakshin poorv asia seey kathor lakadi aur hathidant, yunnan seey sangamarmar aur barma seey jaid jaise kachche maal key roop mein sthanantarit hoe gaye they. udaaharan key liye, 18veen shatabdi taka sujhou nakkashidar laakh, jaid nakkashi, dhaatu kaa kaam, resham aur furniture key utpaadan kaa kendra bunn gayaa, joe paschimi jhejiang key shaharon mein sthit vibhinn kendron kii jagah leey gayaa. hastshilp kaa swaad bhee darbar aur saahitya key beach bhinn thaa. udaaharan key liye, shaahi gharaane ney 18veen shatabdi mein neele aur safed cheeni mitty key bartanon koo pasand kiya, jabaki sakshar logon ney pracheen kansya yaa kansya kii cheeni mitty kii nakal koo pasand kiya. shaahi karkhane key hastshilp ney maanak nirdhaarit kiya, lekin vaanijyik bajar mein tulanaa mein adhik utpaadan thaa.
cheeni mitty kaa bartan.
"aage kii jaankaari": cheeni cheeni mitty key bartan 
cheeni mitty key bartan poore king yug mein hii kaafee badal gaye, sankramankalin cheeni mitty key bartan seey monochrom cheeni mitty key bartan, chitrit drishyon key saath cheeni mitty key bartan aur niryaat cheeni mitty key bartan kii or badhate hue. jingadejhen cheeni cheeni mitty key bartan kii rajdhani thee kyonki ming rajvansh key baad seey lekin cheeni mitty key bartan key utpaadan key anya sthalon mein dehua shamil thaa, joe ming aur king donon yugon mein cheeni mitty key bartan kii gudiyon key utpaadan key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. kunwar key bartanon key anya roop jaise kii yaxing mitty key bartan bhee king yug mein lokpriya they. 18veen shatabdi key madhya mein cheeni mitty key bartanon kii gunavatta mein sudhaar mein unaki uplabdhiyon key kaaran maal kaa naam adhikshakon key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaah 'laing wayer' kaa naam laing tingji key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa, 'nian wayer' kaa naam nian shiao key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur 'tyang wayer' kaa naam tyang ying key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.
king rajvansh mein cheeni mitty key bartan mein apaardarshi adhik chamakdaar rung hotey hain, vishesh roop seey monochrom cheeni mitty key bartan kii shally key madhyam seey ujagar kiye gaye. monochrom cheeni mitty key bartan bhee king yug kii sajawat aur hastshilp mein paae jaane vaale chiknepan ("daud") key mahatva koo ujagar karate hain. glazes, "vaastav mein, kangzi, yongzhen aur kianlong samraton key jesuit missionary kaanch nirmaataon key sampark mein aaney key baad kewal king rajvansh key dauran sajawati kalaa kaa ack pramukh dall bunn gayaa. "king" (koo) (king rajvansh key charitra key saath bhramit naheen honah chaahiye, jiska arth haye haraa, neela-haraa, yaa neela, ack prakaar kii chamak thee jise kaarigaron ney uchch tapman parr lavender glaze aur seb-haraa tamchini-prakaar kii chamak jaisi takneekon key madhyam seey paripurna karane kaa prayaas kiya taaki kaee rung aur rangon kaa utpaadan kiya jaa sakey. glaze ney "daraar-burf" shally jaisi pattern takneekon key liye bhee anumati dee joe pahali baar ming rajvansh (1368-1644) key cheeni mitty key bartan parr pradarshit kii gaee thee. syremic utpaadan key liye takneekon koo unnat kiya gayaa kyonki samraton ney mahal sangrah seey syremic key pahale key utpaadan koo model key roop mein kaam karane key liye khoda. isake alawa, europe seey aayatit tamchini key sampark ney sepia tamchini (grissel) sahit rangon key aur bhee adhik vividh pallet kii khoj koo protsaahit kiya. 
syaahi kaa patthar.
syaahi kaa patthar (jise syaahi-slab, syaahi pallet yaa yahaan taka kii shree bhee kahaa jaataa haye. mitty kaa paani) praarambhik aadhunik poorv asia mein aavashyak lekhan upkaran they. chean mein, syaahi key pattharon kaa upayog "wein" (lekhan, saahitya, sabhyata) kii sanskriti mein, ack sangrahaniya vastu aur vaanchhit upahaar key roop mein aur sthiti key prateek key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. way mitty, laakh kii lakadi, purani eenton, gire hue samay, kaanch yaa ardh-keemati pattharon seey baney they, lekin aksar khadanon mein paae jaane vaale vishesh roop seey kaate gaye pattharon seey banaae jaate they. king yug key dauran, kangshi samrat ney jore dekar kahaa kii cheeni vaadyayantra parr ack manchu pehchaan koo kalam karane kii ummeed mein ack naee samagri, "songhua" patthar seey syaahi kii patthar banaai jaani thee. songhua patthar, patale, sapaat aur patale honey key kaaran, aksar chamkile harey yaa baingani nason yaa paraton key saath pattern kiye jaate hain, aasaani seey aakar diyaa jaa sakata haye aur naveen takneek key saath tarasha jaa sakata haye joe samagri aur takneekon key sanyojan kii anumati detaa haye. haalaanki, "duan" aur "shee" pattharon seey baney syaahi key patthar cheeni vidvaanon aur saahitya key pasandida baney rahey. 
goo erniang (fl. 1700-1722) sabse prasiddh mahila patthar-nakkashidar thee aur soozou praant key king yug mein sabhi patthar nirmaataon mein sabse nipun thee. linn fuyin (see. aeye.) dwara sankalit "syaahi key patthar key itihas" mein unake sanrakshkon key vivaran. 1690-1572) syaahi key jeevan mein kaarigaron aur sakshar donon key mahatva koo prakat kartaa haye aur isake vipareet. goo kaa nishan ack "super-brand" key roop mein unaki pehchaan aur syaahi key pattharon koo sangrahaniya vastuon key roop mein lokpriya banaane kii pushti kartaa haye, kyonki iss yug key dauran jaba hastshilp koo lekhakatva key sanketon key saath chihnit karna ack aam pratha bunn gaee thee. 
furniture aur lakadi kii nakkashi.
kaee jiangnan shahar king yug key dauran furniture aur nakkashidar vastuon key liye jaane gaye. sabse achchi lakadi seey banaa atyadhik alankrit aur sajawati furniture kewal sakshar aur darbari abhijaat varg key aavason mein paaya jaa sakata thaa. 16veen shatabdi mein, jiangnan seey dridh lakadi kaa furniture badh rhaa thaa. lakhdar naram lakadi key furniture key vipareet, khuli lakadi maanak aur ack vilasita satah bunn gaee. mukhya prakaar kii kathor lakadi mein shamil hain (gulab kii lakadi, gulab kii lakadi yaa laal chandan), (gulab kii lakadi), (gulab kii lakadi). chikan wing wood), (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> dakshini elm aur namu baral jaisi naram lakadi bhee lokpriya theen, saath hii baans key dhabbe bhee. 
king yug mein furniture aur lakadi kii nakkashi pichhale rajvanshon kii shailiyon key liye bahut adhik swaad haye. jarh-lakadi furniture aur dhoop kii ack lokpriya shally haye joe taang rajvansh (618-907) key baad seey faili hui haye. ise lakadi key alag-alag tukadon seey banaaya jaataa haye joe ack pedh kii ekal jarh key roop kaa anukaran karane key liye khoonte seey judey hotey hain. isake alawa, ming saahitya kaa swaad shanxy mein furniture shailiyon koo iss tarah prabhaavit kartaa rhaa kii 19veen shatabdi key furniture ney bhee ming rajvansh key cabinet key siddhanton koo barkarar rakhaa.
vastra.
praarambhik king yug mein, soozou mein lagbhag 800 kapada karagh they, lekin kianlong samrat aur jiaking samrat key shasankal taka, nanjing mein 30,000 karagh they, soozou mein 10,000 aur hanzau mein 3,000. dakshini chean nanjing, soojhou aur haingjhou mein majboot resham udyog key kaaran poshak aur fashion key apane navachar key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. chamkile rangon key saath saade furniture koo uchchaaran karane key liye vastron kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, lekin resham key uchch moolya key kaaran unakaa upayog sahayak vastuon key roop mein bhee kiya jaataa thaa. kapada kaarigaron aur kadhaai karane vaalon ney ack chitra parr luggy painting kaa bhram paida karane key liye "trompey ell 'aail" takneek kaa upayog kiya, lekin takneek koo badey paimaane parr nirmaan pariyojanaon mein bhee anukoolit kiya gayaa.
"kessy" (cutt resham) resham vastra ack prakaar kaa kapada haye jiska upayog pahali baar taang rajvansh mein kiya gayaa thaa, lekin king key anta taka iska prasaar jaari rhaa. resham kaatane kii takneek kaa upayog prasiddh chitron aur saahitya key chitron koo doharaane key liye bhee kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin jyaadaatar samamit roop seey rachit designs koo chitrit kiya jaataa haye. "kessy" kaa upayog jyaadaatar aupchaarik avsaron key dauran mez aur kursi key aavaran key liye kiya jaataa thaa, lekin unakaa pattern satahon key anya roopon, jaise kii laakh, jaid aur baans kii nakkashi mein bhee aatmasaat hoe gayaa. "kessy" resham kii banaavat kianlong samrat key shasankal key dauran soochibaddh kaee kalaa roopon mein seey ack thee ("" bidian jhulin "" aur "" shiku baoji "" kaa utpaadan, joe 1744-1745,1793 aur 1816 mein prakaashit huaa), chitrakala aur sulekh key saath. 
rupankanon.
king yug key dauran hastshilp apani sajawat aur aakar key sandarbh mein adhik vistrit they, vishesh roop seey shaahi parivaar yaa aupchaarik uddeshyon key liye utpaadit shilp mein pramukh they. hastshilp bhee aisee satah bunn gaee jahan kahaaniyan sunai jaati theen yaa jahan saahityik kalakaron ney apani takneek kaa pradarshan kiya thaa. way upayog, pradarshan aur sangrah key liye bhee mahatvapurna vastuein bunn jaati hain. aise shilp they joe neeche ullikhit inn rupankanon mein seey ack seey adhik prastut karate they, lekin sabhi satahon parr rupankanon key saath bhee naheen they. 
shaahi kaaryashaalaaen.
shaahi karyashalaen, yaa mahal karyashalaen, (<unk> "zobanchu") pahali baar 1680 mein kangzi samrat key shasankal key dauran nishiddh shahar aur yuanmingyuan mahal key aspas sthaapit kii gaeen. shaahi kaaryashaalaaen ack aisee jagah thee jahan takniki sanskriti kaa gathan huaa thaa. way shaahi parivaar yaa darbar key aupchaarik karyon key liye vastuon key rakharkhaav aur nirmaan key liye sthaapit kiye gaye they, lekin way kalaatmak utpaadan key ack kshetra key roop mein bhee falate-phoolate they kyonki poore chean, asia aur yahaan taka kii videshon (europe seey jesuits) key karigar aur shilpkar ack dusare key sampark mein aae they. isake alawa, kuchh praanton mein aadhikarik karyashalaon kii sthaapana kii gaee aur adalat ney una karyashalaon koo adesh bhejana jaari rakhaa, jisase kuchh kshetra ack hii prakaar key hastshilp key utpaadan key liye prasiddh hoe gaye. shaahi karyashala pranali key pahale chaalees varshon kaa pataa abhilekhagar kii kamee key kaaran naheen haye, lekin kuchh pahaluon kaa nirmaan una vastuon key bhautik sakshya seey kiya jaa sakata haye joe utpaadit kii gaee theen. yongjheng samrat (1723-1735) key shasankal mein, shaahi karyashalaon koo behtar dhang seey tarksangat banaaya gayaa aur vibhinn karyalayon koo adhikatam parichaalan kshamata key liye sthaapit kiya gayaa. 
shaahi kaaryashaalaaen, shaahi aasan key nikat honey key kaaran, ack "shaahi" shally kaa daavaa karati theen joe shaahi aavason mein utpaadit vastuon aur darbar key baahar kii vastuon key beach antar karane key liye thee. vaastav mein, sabhi vastuon koo bhee samrat kii manjuri seey banaaya aur jaari kiya jaanaa thaa. parinamswarup, vibhinn shasankalon key dauran utpaadit hastshilp shally mein vividhata thee kyonki samraton kii apani "shaahi shally" thee. udaaharan key liye, yongjheng samrat ney syaahi key liye paschimi pahaadi pattharon kaa samarthan kiya aur syaahi key dibbe aur patthar key beach rangon key vipareet vivaran pasand kiye. 
hastshilp niyam.
"zeli" (udaaharan key liye) yaa "niyam aur poorvavarti" prashaasnik ikaaiyon key liye king adalat dwara prastut kanuni dastavej they. "jiangzhuo zeli" (udaaharan key liye) yaa "hastshilp niyam" adhikaariyon dwara utpaadit granthon aur soochiyon key samooh they joe shaahi maanak dwara nirdhaarit imaraton aur hastshilp key utpaadan key liye misal sthaapit karate they. inmein prashaasnik sandarbh, lekha pustaken aur laagat anuman shamil hain. utpaadon key nirmaan aur vilasita utpaadan seey pahale, laagat anuman, samagri aur karyabhar kii ack soochi, aur takniki detta saarvajanik kaary mantralaya koo prastut kiya jaanaa thaa aur yeye "jiangzhuo zeli" mein record they. 
hastshilp niyam naa kewal chean mein hastshilp key takniki itihas key liye ack moolyavaan srot hain, balki arthavyavastha aur majdoori key viniyaman koo pradarshit karate hain. samkaaleen chean mein, vastukar aur itihaaskaar cheeni saanskritik viraasat key sanrakshan key liye aitihaasik imaraton kaa vishleshan aur punarnirmaan karane key liye inn dastavejon kaa upayog karate hain.

