
kaam loga

kaam loga (kaamah,), jinhen aadhikarik taur parr chean mein dong loga () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ack kaam-suee loga hain aur chean key janvaadi ganarajya dwara aadhikarik roop seey maanyata praapt 56 jaatiya samoohon mein seey ack hain. way jyaadaatar purvi guijhou, paschimi hunan aur uttari gwangxy mein rahate hain. viyatnam key tuyen kwang praant mein kaam bolane vaalon key chhote-chhote hisse paae jaate hain.
way apane mool nasl key kaam meethe chawal (), badhaigiri kaushal aur advitiya vastukala key liye prasiddh hain, vishesh roop seey dhake hue pull key roop mein jise "pawan aur varsha pull" () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. kaam loga khud koo "kaam", "ratna", "jemal" yaa "gemal" kahate hain.
itihas.
kaam koo pracheen raav logon key aadhunik vanshaj maanaa jaataa haye jinhone dakshini chean key adhikansh hisse parr kabja curr liya thaa. kaam kinvadantiyon kaa aam taur parr maanana haye kii kaam key poorvaj poorv seey chaley gaye they. dakshini kaam logon key pravaas kii kinvadantiyon key anusaar, unake poorvaj gwangjhou, gwangdong aur vujhou, gwangxy seey aae they. uttari kaam kaa kahana haye kii unake poorvaj tiddy dall key kaaran jhejiang aur fujian seey bhaag gaye they. kuchh vidvaanon (mukhya roop seey cheeni) kaa yeh bhee maanana haye kii kaam pahali shatabdi esvi seey baaee yuu kii ack shakha thee. pahali shatabdi esvi key aspas yuu samrajya key patan key baad baaee yuu ney yangze nadee besin mein nivaas kiya, jisake kaaran kaee chhote pramukhon kii sthaapana hui.
kaam (yaa dong) logon kaa pahala spasht ullekh ming rajvansh key sroton seey aataa haye. ming aur king rajvanshon key dauran kaee kaam vidroh hue, lekin lambe samay mein koee bhee safal naheen huaa. king ney kshetra mein vyaapak sinchai pranali vikasit kii aur chawal kii kataai mein kaafee vriddhi hui, lekin isase jyaadaatar sthaaniya jamindaaron koo laabh huaa. paschimi balon, poonjipatiyon, jamindaaron, soodkhoron aur king adhikaariyon dwara pahale afeem yuddh key baad kaam kaa aur shoshan kiya gayaa.
inn ghatnaaon key parinamswarup, kaee kaam 1921 mein isaki sthaapana key turant baad cheeni communists kii madad yaa unamen shamil hoe gaye. unhone laal senaa koo bhojan aur sansadhanon kii aapoorti kii kyonki yeh lambi yatra key dauran gwangxy seey gujarati thee. kuchh kaam ney chiang kaaee-shake kii senaaon key khilaf gurilla ikaaiyon kii sthaapana key madhyam seey logon kii mukti senaa key saath bhee gathbandhan kiya. 1949 key baad, kaam kshetron mein buniyaadi dhaanche kaa teji seey vikas kiya gayaa. school, sadaken, chhote karkhane aur bahut kuchh banaae gaye. kaee kaam sarkari adhikaari bhee bunn gaye.
haalaanki kaam aur haan cheeni loga aaj aam taur parr achchi tarah seey milate hain, lekin guijhou kaa itihas haan cheeni aur gair-haan alpasankhyak samoohon key beach asankhya tanaav aur sanghrshon seey chihnit haye. aaj, kaee kaam mukhyadhara key cheeni samaaj mein aatmasaat hoe rahey hain kyonki graameen kaam shahari kshetron mein chaley jaate hain, jisake parinamswarup haan cheeni key saath antar-vivaah hotaa haye aur kaam bhasha kaa nuksan hotaa haye. haalaanki, kaam sanskriti aur bhasha koo sanrakshit karane key vibhinn prayaas bahut safal rahey hain, aur graameen guijhou mein jeevan sthitiyon mein sudhaar sthaaniya kaam graminon koo pramukh shahari kshetron mein jaane key bajaay rahane key liye lubha sakata haye.
bhasha.
kaam bhasha (swanaamah) ack taaee-kadai (cheenih "zuang-dong") bhasha haye. "ethanologue" teen kaam kismon koo alag lekin nikatata seey sambandhit bhaashaon key roop mein alag kartaa haih uttari dong [dock], dakshini dong [kimisi], aur kaao miao [cove]. suee, manonan aur mulaav bhaashaaen kaam seey sabse nikatata seey sambandhit hain. aitihaasik roop seey, uttari kaam dakshini kaam kii tulanaa mein cheeni seey bahut adhik prabhaavit rhaa haye.
kaam bhasha kii apani koee paaramparik lipi naheen haye. kaam loga kabhi-kabhi kaam shabdon kii aavaaz kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye cheeni aksharon kaa upayog karate hain. ack lattin varnamala 1958 mein vikasit kii gaee thee, lekin mudrit samagri aur prashikshit shikshakon kii kamee key kaaran iska adhik upayog naheen kiya jaataa haye.
sanskriti.
kaam loga apane bahubhashi gaayan key liye antarrashtriya star parr prasiddh hain, jinhen kaam bhasha mein "kagal locks" kahaa jaataa haye, jiska shaabdik anuvaad angreji mein "kaam grand gaayak" yaa "grand song" key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. kaam grand coyer koo unesco dwara 2009 seey vishva stariya amoort saanskritik viraasat key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye. kaam coral geeton mein prakriti key geet, kathaaen aur bachchon key geet shamil hain.
ack-bhaag vaale geet (bahubhashi, yaa kaee-bhaag vaale geeton key vipareet) ack yaa kaee logon dwara gaaye jaa sakate hain. inmein shamil hainh
kaam key beach opera atyadhik lokpriya hain aur sthaaniya dalon dwara pradarshan kiye jaate hain. dou prasiddh kaam natakkar hain woo venkai (1798-1845), "meii liangyu" key lekhak aur jhaang honggan (1779-1839).
kaam maukhik saahitya mein kinvadantiyon aur lokkathaon kii ack samriddh shrinkhala haye. inmein seey kaee lokpriya kathaaen pichhale vidrohon key netaaon key baare mein hain (gerry 2003:218). prasiddh netaaon mein shamil hainh
lokpriya lock kathaaen neeche soochibaddh hain. way dee dwara "chean key kaam logon" mein paae jaa sakate hain. norman gerry.
samaaj.
kaam kulon koo "doo" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur aage inhen kramshah "jee", "gong" aur gharon ("kitchen" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye, joe aakar mein sabse badey seey laker sabse chhote taka hotey hain. gaanv key bujurg paaramparik roop seey gaanv key netaa they, haalaanki sarkaar ney 1911 seey 1949 taka inn bujurgon koo gaanv key mukhiyaon key saath badal diyaa thaa. kaam samaaj bhee paaramparik roop seey matrisattatmak thaa, jaisa kii devi suee (gerry 2003:88) key panth seey pramaanit hoe sakata haye. haan cheeni key aagaman seey pahale, kaam kaa koee upnaam naheen thaa, isake bajaay way apane pitaa key naamon seey ack-dusare koo alag karate they.
kaam samanya kaanoon koo "kuan" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye aur iska abhyaas chaar staron parr kiya jaataa haye.
prem prasang aur vivaah.
paaramparik prem prasang mein teen charan hotey hainh
shaadi teen dinon taka chalati haye aur pahale dulhan key parivaar key ghar parr aayojit kii jaati haye. baad mein dulhan koo doolhe key ghar bheja jaataa haye, jahan dopahar kaa swaagat aur poori raat dawat hoti haye. agale dinn ack "ghode koo avaruddh karane" kaa samaroh hotaa haye jahan mezban geet gaate hue mehmaanon koo avaruddh karate hain. dulhan aam taur parr kuchh maheenon yaa varshon taka apane maataa-pitaa key ghar mein rahati haye. chaandi key aabhushan dulhan koo usaki maan dwara diye jaate hain.
janm.
ack bachche kaa janm nimnalikhit ghatnaaon dwara poorak haih
antim sanskar.
miao logon kii tarah, kaam key antim sanskar bahut vistrit hotey hain. aise loga joe apraakritik karanon seey marr gaye (udaa.jee.durghatanaon) kaa daah sanskar kiya jaataa haye, jabaki joe loga praakritik karanon seey maare jaate hain unhein dafnaya jaataa haye. dafanaane mein nimnalikhit charan hotey hainh
paryaavaran.
ack ausat aakar key kaam gaanv mein 200-300 ghar hotey hain, halanki sabse chhote gaanvon mein kewal 10-20 hotey hain aur sabse badey gaanvon mein 1,000 seey adhik hotey hain.
kaam bhashi kshetron mein lokpriya praakritik sthal jiudong kshetra, leudong kshetra, chengyang gaanv, pingdeng kshetra aur uping kshetra hain.
krishi aur arthavyavastha.
kaam loga darjanon kismon key chipchipe chawal (sthaaniya roop seey "kaam" yaa "achche" chawal key roop mein jaane jaate hain) kii kheti karate hain. haan cheeni gair-chiknai chawal kii kheti karate hain, jise kaam dwara "haan (cheeni) chawal" kahaa jaataa haye. makke, bajra, sabjiyaan, alubukhara, aadoo, nashpati, mashroom, manderine santare, pomelos aur tarbooj sahit poorak khaadya padaarth. kapada utpaadan key liye kapas kii kheti kii jaati haye. aam taur parr kaam miao kii tulanaa mein nichale hisse mein rahate hain aur iss prakaar way adhik dhanee hotey hain.
kaam logon dwara aksar uthaaye jaane vaale jaanvaron mein shamil hainh
kaam vyanjan key "chaar stambh" hain chipchipa chawal, khatta (achaar) bhojan, germ kaali mirch aur chawal kii sharaab. anya lokpriya sthaaniya vyanjanon aur masalon mein barbecude machhali, aanton kii chutney, baingani rakt kaa suar kaa maans, chikan-rakt chutney, tail chaay, "gongguo" (liana key saath meethaa kiya gayaa chipchipa chawal kaa nashta) aur "biyamami" (ack aur chipchipa chawal kaa nashta) shamil hain. vishal salamander ack durlabh sthaaniya visheshta haye. harr dinn dou germ bhojan (nashta aur raat kaa khaana) aur ack thandaa bhojan (dopahar kaa bhojan) parosa jaataa haye.
kaam bhashi kshetra apani devdaar kii lakadi key liye prasiddh haye. kaam kshetra key phir kaa upayog 15veen shatabdi key khojkarta jheng haye key jahaajon aur logon key mahaan holl key nirmaan key liye kiya jaataa thaa. pramukh aarthik gatividhiyon mein badhaigiri aur chaandi key kaam aur wickerwork kaa nirmaan shamil haye. tokri aur anya wickerwork aamtaur parr purushon dwara banaae jaate hain. tokri paanch prakaar key paudhon kii samagri seey banaai jaa sakati haye, arthaat chipchipa chawal kaa pual, cogongrass, gwangxy ghaas, baans aur rattan.
haal key varshon mein, paryatan kaam logon key liye aaya kaa ack pramukh srot bunn gayaa haye.
tyauhar.
neeche paaramparik kaam tyohaaron kii soochi dee gaee haye.
dou nae saal key tyohaarah
ack dinn key kaam seey sambandhit tyohar, jahan murgi, machhali aur chikane chawal khaae jaate hain.
chaar fasal utsav hain joe 1-3 dinon taka chalate hain.
gaayan utsavah
smaranotsavah
vividh tyauhaarah
bailon kii ladaai bhee aitihaasik roop seey kaam logon key beach lokpriya haye.
dharm.
kaam loga paaramparik roop seey bahudevaadi hain aur unamen jeevaad key kaee tatva hain. totem mein kachhue, saamp aur dragon shamil hain, aur pooja kiye jaane vaale poorvajon mein geet gaane, geet aine, jhaang liang aur jhaang meii kii pauranik aakritiyaan shamil hain. haalaanki, kaam bauddh dharm, taao dharm aur confucius seey prabhaavit hue hain, joe haan key saath aitihaasik samparkon key madhyam seey hain. yeh prabhaav mukhya roop seey poorvaj pooja, antim sanskar aur vasant aur dragon boat tyohaaron jaise kuchh tyohaaron key sambandh mein dekhaa jaataa haye. kaam bhavishyavaniyon key liye chawal key anaaj, baans kii jadon, ghonghe aur murgi kii huddy, aankhen, rakt aur andon kaa bhee upayog karate hain. aaj, taovad, bauddh dharm aur kuchh hudd taka isai dharm kaa abhyaas kaam dwara kiya jaataa haye.
aatmaaen aur devta.
kuchh devtaon aur pavitra praakritik ghatnaaon koo bhee neeche soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye.
saamp atyadhik sammaanit hain aur aksar maanaa jaataa haye kii way pracheen bayyu logon key poorvaj they, jinamen kaam bhee shamil thaa. kaam logon key mahaan sansthapakon, jhaang liang aur jhaang meii koo aksar beemariyon aur aapadaon mein madad karane key liye bulaaya jaataa haye.
varjanaaen aur andhavishwas.
paaramparik kaam dharm mein kaee varjanaon, shakunon aur fatish kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. fatish aamtaur parr paudhon key bhaag hotey hain jaise kii pedh kii shaakhaaen, nakkashi, patte aur jadein. kuchh varjanaaen aur andhavishwas neeche soochibaddh hain.
jaadoo aur shamanvaad.
alaukik tatvon seey judey anushthaanon mein dragon nritya, vasant bhains nritya aur agni roktham samaroh shamil hain jahaan raakh koo naavon mein rakhaa jaataa haye aur neeche kii or bheja jaataa haye.
jadugari niji roop seey kii jaa sakati haye. jaadoo-tona key kaee uddeshya hain, jaise kii dusht aatmaon koo door karna, ack pareshan bachche kii aatma koo punarpraapt karna, dushmanon seey badala lena aur pyaar koo prerit karna. cheeni seey udhaar lii gaee woodoo gudiya, iss tarah seey banaai jaati haye kii una parr pinn chipak jaae, jiss parr vyakti kaa naam aur janm tithi likhi hoe. gudiya koo mitty key bartan mein daalane key baad bhoomigat curr diyaa jaataa haye. safed murgon kaa upayog badala lene key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
shamanvaad kaa abhyaas kaam dwara kiya jaataa haye aur miao (hmong) shamanvaad key saath kaee samaantaaen hain. shamanon kaa ack pramukh kartavya beemar logon kii aatmaon koo thheek karna haye.
baahari link.
audio

