
drishya aur uttaraardh

drishya aur uttar-bhaag dou prakaar key likhit ansh hain jinka upayog lekhakon dwara kahani key kathaanak koo aage badhaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. "drishya" ack kahani koo aage badhaate hain kyonki charitra ack lakshya praapt karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye. "seekwal" charitra koo drishya parr pratikriya karane, naee sthiti kaa vishleshan karane aur kaarravaai key agale pathyakram parr nirnay lene kaa avsar pradaan kartaa haye.
drishya.
likhit kathaa mein ack drishya kii avadharana kaee varshon mein vikasit hui haye. dwite vee. swayne ney "vikareta lekhak kii takneek" (1965) mein ack "drishya" koo sangharsh kii ack ikai key roop mein paribhaashit kiya, joe virodh key bavjood ack lakshya praapt karane key prayaas kaa vivaran haye. swayne key anusaar, ack drishya kaa kaary ruchi pradaan karna aur kahani koo aage badhaana haye. jaisa kii swayne dwara varnit haye, ack drishya kii sanrachana (1) lakshya, (2) sangharsh, (3) aapada haye.
dha art off fiction" (1983) mein, johnn gardner ney ack drishya koo binaa samay key yaa ack setting seey doosari setting mein chhalang lagaae kaarravaai key akhand pravaah key roop mein varnit kiya. varshon seey, anya lekhakon ney "drishya" kii paribhasha mein sudhaar karane aur isake upayog aur sanrachana kii vyakhya karane kaa prayaas kiya haye.
seekwal.
ack drishya koo paribhaashit karane key alawa, swen ney ack "seekwal" koo sankraman kii ack ikai key roop mein varnit kiya joe dou drishyon koo jodati haye, yeh kahate hue kii ack seekwal aapada koo ack lakshya, doorbeen vaastaviktaa aur niyantran gati mein parivartit karane key liye kaary kartaa haye. swayne ney ack uttar-bhaag kii sanrachana koo (1) pratikriya, (2) duvidha aur (3) nirnay key roop mein bhee varnit kiya. anya lekhakon ney "uttar-bhaag" kii paribhasha mein sudhaar karane aur isake upayog aur sanrachana kii vyakhya karane kaa prayaas kiya haye.
sakriya banaam. pratikriyaasheel.
drishyon aur seekwal koo alag-alag prakaar key anshon key roop mein dekhane key bajaay, kuchh lekhak iss avadharana koo dou prakaar key drishyon key roop mein vyakt karate hainh sakriya aur pratikriyaasheel.
drishya aur seekwal.
swayne ney drishya aur uttaraardh koo paribhaashit, varnit aur samajhaaya jaise kii way alag-alag sansthaaen theen, lekin phir unhone samajhaaya kii unhein ack-dusare key poorak honah chaahiye, ack kahani mein aasaani seey ack saath judanaa chaahiye. unhone aage dekhaa kii
kathaa kii sanrachanaatmak ikaaiyaan.
kathaa lekhan kii sanrachanaatmak ikaaiyon" mein sabhi kathaaen shamil hain.
maargon key prakaar.
lekhan key anshon koo chaar samoohon mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haih (1) drishya, (2) seekwal, (3) aise ansh joe naa tou drishya hain aur naa hii seekwal, aur (4) aise ansh jinamen drishya aur seekwal donon key tatva shamil hain. aise anshon key udaaharan joe naa tou drishya hain aur naa hii seekwal hain, unamen drishyon key "tukade" yaa seekwal aur kathan, vivaran yaa vyakhya key ansh shamil hain. ack parichhed kaa ack udaaharan jisamen drishyon aur seekwal donon key tatva shamil hain, "samasya-samadhan maarg" haye, joe rahasya aur jasusi kahaaniyon mein aam haye.
drishyon key prakaar.
drishyon koo kahani key bheetar unaki sthiti key aadhar parr vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye (jaise kii ack praarambhik drishya yaa ack charmotkarsh drishya). ack drishya koo kaalpanik-lekhan mode dwara vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye joe isaki prastuti parr haavi haye (jaise kii ack action drishya yaa ack samvaad drishya mein). kuchh drishyon mein vishesh bhoomikaaen hoti hain (jaise kii flashback drishya aur flashforward drishya).
ack drishya kii shareer rachana.
ack lekhak dwara ack drishya taiyar karane seey pahale, unhein iska uddeshya pataa honah chaahiye kyonki yeh kahani seey sambandhit haye, kyonki pratyek drishya koo kathaanak koo aage badhaana chaahiye. aggar kuchh bhee nayaa naheen hotaa haye, aggar charitra naheen badala gayaa haye, tou drishya prabhaavi naheen haye. pratyek drishya usa drishya kii pratikriya honey chaahiye joe usase pahale aaya thaa. kuchh aisaa hotaa haye joe charitra koo pratikriya yaa parivartan karane parr majboor kartaa haye. yeh shaaririk, bhaavnaatmak yaa donon hoe sakata haye. taba charitra koo yeh taya karna hoga kii aage kyaa karna haye. pichhale drishya kaa anta agale drishya kii shuruat koo prerit kartaa haye. poori kahani kii tarah, pratyek drishya kii ack shuruat, madhya aur anta hotaa haye. aur kissy bhee kahani kii shuruat kii tarah, pratyek drishya kii shuruat koo paathak koo aakarshit karna chaahiye. beach peechhe naheen reh sakata. tanaav yaa sangharsh badhana chaahiye. ise action-paik karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye. hoe sakata haye paatron key beach ankaha tanaav hoe, naayak key liye aantarik sangharsh hoe, yaa naee jaankaari mill jaae. drishya charitra key prasanskaran key saath samaapt hotaa haye joe abhee huaa, aur unaki pratikriya (ack pratikriya, ack nirnay) agale drishya kii shuruat koo sthaapit karati haye. pratyek drishya ack kriya key saath shuru hotaa haye, tanaav badhata haye aur yeh ack pratikriya key saath samaapt hotaa haye.