
ekikaran (curr)

ekikaran curr pranaliyon kii ack visheshta haye joe aaya parr samaan prabhaavi curr darr lagu karati haye chaahe vaha nigam key ander curr lagaaya gayaa hoe yaa sharedharakon koo vyaktigat aaya key roop mein curr lagaaya jaae. ekikaran aanshik yaa poorna hoe sakata haye. poorna ekikaran corporate aaya koo sharedharakon key madhyam seey pravaahit honey key roop mein maanega, jabaki aanshik ekikaran kewal kuchh aaya koo hii maanata haye-aksar labhansh seey-iss tarah seey. ekikaran pranali koo kaee rashtriya curr pranaliyon mein, aksar labhansh curr credit key roop mein lagu kiya gayaa haye.
roop.
ekikaran aanshik yaa poorna hoe sakata haye. poorna ekikaran taba hotaa haye jaba ack nigam curr uddeshyon key liye, ack pravaah-madhyam ikai key roop mein kaary kartaa haih nigam dwara praapt sabhi aaya, chaahe vaha usake dwara barkarar rakhee jaae yaa sharedharakon koo vitarit kii jaae, koo sharedharakon kii aaya key roop mein maanaa jaayega. aisee pranali mein, sizbrane nosen key anusaar, sabhi corporate curr koo vyaktigat aaykar key poorv bhugtan kii tarah maanaa jaayega, jisake liye sharedharakon koo unake vyaktigat curr vivaran parr jamaa kiya jaayega-chaahe sampatti koo praasangik karadhan avadhi mein unhein hastaantarit kiya gayaa hoe. isake vipareet, aanshik ekikaran taba hotaa haye jaba kewal kuchh corporate aaya, joe aksar sharedharakon koo labhansh key roop mein vitarit kii jaati haye, koo nigam key madhyam seey "pravaahit" maanaa jaataa haye. glain hubbard aisee pranali kaa varnan "kissy bhee yojana key roop mein karati haye jisamen corporate aaya parr kewal ack baar curr lagaaya jaataa haye, naa kii jaba arjit kiya jaataa haye aur jaba sharedharakon koo labhansh key roop mein vitarit kiya jaataa haye tou donon parr curr lagaaya jaataa haye.
aanshik yaa poorna ekikaran praapt karane key kaee tareeke hain. poorna ekikaran nigamit curr koo samaapt karke praapt kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase sabhi nigamit aaya koo nihitarth dwara sharedharakon kii aaya key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye. vaikalpik roop seey, labhansh curr koo samaapt kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase sabhi corporate aaya koo nigam kii aaya key roop mein maanaa jaa sakata haye. labhansh parr kendrit aanshik ekikaran taba hoe sakata haye jaba sharedharakon koo labhansh key roop mein vitarit raashi parr nigam dwara pahale seey hii bhugtan kiye gaye curr mein kaarak key roop mein labhansh aaya parr curr credit praapt hotaa haye.
karyanvayan.
aitihaasik roop seey, sanyukt raajya aur sanyukt raajya donon mein curr pranali alag-alag degree mein ekikrit thee. britten mein, 1799 kii shuruat mein, ack nigam apani aaya seey curr katauti kaa daavaa curr sakata thaa kyonki sharedharakon parr labhansh vitaran parr curr lagaaya jaataa thaa. 19veen shatabdi key madhya taka, sanyukt raajya america mein sanghiya curr kaanoon ney sharedharakon koo apani aaya seey labhansh koo baahar karane kii anumati dee kyonki yeh corporate star parr curr lagaaya jaataa thaa.
1979 taka, kanada, japan, germany aur france key saath-saath britten ney labhansh curr credit key madhyam seey aanshik ekikaran lagu kiya thaah joe sharedharak labhansh praapt karate hain, way nigam dwara pahale seey hii bhugtan kiye gaye aaykar key anuroop apane curr return parr credit kaa daavaa curr sakate hain. kanada ney 1972 mein carter aayog kii sifaarishon key baad ekikaran key apane pahale roop koo apanaaya, kenneth carter kii adhyakshata mein ack shaahi aayog jisane 1966 mein apani report dee. newzealand ney 1988 mein ekikaran kaa ack roop lagu kiya. 1990 key dashak mein, "adhikansh audyogik rashtron" ney ekikaran key kuchh roop koo lagu kiya thaa.
haalaanki isane pahale ack aanshik ekikaran pranali koo niyojit kiya thaa, dwiteeya vishva yuddh key anta taka sanyukt raajya america mein sanghiya karadhan ekikrit naheen thaah corporate aaya parr gair-vitarit laabh curr key tahat, corporate aaya parr ack atirikt curr key tahat aur sharedharakon key liye labhansh aaya key roop mein curr lagaaya gayaa thaa. 1970 key dashak seey 1990 key dashak taka, americi curr pranali koo ekikrit karane key prastaav jaari kiye gaye they lekin kaanoon naheen baney.

