
havaai mein cheeni key bagan

lagbhag 600 esvi mein isake pahale nivaasiyon dwara ganne koo havaai mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa aur 1778 mein dweepon mein aaney parr kaptan rasoiye dwara dekhaa gayaa thaa. cheeni jaldi seey ack badey vyavasaay mein badal gaee aur ack sadee kii avadhi mein 337,000 logon key pravaas key saath dweepon mein teji seey jansankhya vriddhi hui. havaai mein ugaai aur sansaadhit cheeni koo mukhya roop seey sanyukt raajya america aur cumm matra mein, vishva star parr bheja gayaa thaa. ganna aur ananas key bagan havaai mein sabse badey niyokta they. aaj ganna bagan chaley gaye hain, utpaadan anya deshon mein chalaa gayaa haye. 
utpatti.
havaai mein audyogik cheeni kaa utpaadan dheere-dheere shuru huaa. pahali cheeni mill 1802 mein ack agyaat cheeni vyakti dwara banaai gaee thee joe 1803 mein chean laut aaya thaa. purani cheeni mill, jise 1835 mein laid aind koo dwara sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa., pahale cheeni bagan kaa sthal haye. 1836 mein cheeni aur guda kaa pahala 8,000 pound (3,600 kilogram) sanyukt raajya america mein bheja gayaa thaa. mill key buggle mein koloa kaa bagan shahar sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
1840 key dashak taka ganna baganon ney havaai krishi mein pair jamaa liye. vaashpapoton ney dweepon koo teji seey aur vishvasaniya parivahan pradaan kiya, aur california gold rush key dauran maang mein vriddhi hui. 1848 key bhoomi vibhajan kaanoon (jise mahaan mahele key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) ney havaai logon koo unaki bhoomi seey visthaapit curr diyaa, jisase ganna bagan arthavyavastha kaa aadhar banaa. 1850 mein, videshi nivaasiyon koo bhoomi khareedane aur patte parr dene kii anumati dene key liye kaanoon mein sanshodhan kiya gayaa thaa. 1850 mein, jaba california koo raajya kaa darja milaa, tou laabh mein girawat aaee aur ayaat shulk key kaaran baganon kii sankhya ghatkar paanch reh gaee. americi grihyuddh kii shuruat key dauran bajar kii maang aur bhee badh gaee, jisane dakshini cheeni koo uttar kii or bhejane seey roque diyaa. cheeni kii keemat 1861 mein 4 sent prati pound seey badhkar 1864 mein 25 sent hoe gaee. 1875 kii parasparikta sandhi ney havaai koo shulk yaa karon kaa bhugtan kiye binaa sanyukt raajya koo cheeni bechane kii anumati dee, jisase baganon key laabh mein bahut vriddhi hui. iss sandhi ney yeh bhee guaranti dee kii bhoomi, jall, maanav shram shakti, poonji aur praudyogiki sahit sabhi sansadhanon koo ganna kheti key peechhe fenk diyaa jaayega. 1890 kaa mckinley tarriff act, sanyukt raajya sarkaar dwara havaai cheeni key pratispardhi moolya nirdhaaran koo cumm karane kaa ack prayaas, mukhya bhoomi key utpadakon koo 2 sent prati pound kaa bhugtan kiya gayaa. mahatvapurna pairavi prayason key baad, iss adhiniyam koo 1894 mein nirast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1890 taka, sabhi havaai niji swaamitva vaali bhoomi kaa 75 pratishat videshi vyapariyon key swaamitva mein thaa.
cheeni aur badey paanch.
udyog koo missionary parivaaron key vanshajon aur anya vyapariyon dwara sakhti seey niyantrit kiya gayaa thaa, joe havaai mein "badey paanch" key roop mein jaane jaane vaale nigamon mein kendrit they. inmein mahal aur cook, alekjendar aur baldwyn, see shamil they. sharaab banaane vaalaa aur company., aich. hackfeld aind koo. (baad mein americi kaarak (abb amphac)) aur theo aich naam diyaa gayaa. davies aind koo., jisane antatah banking, bhandaran, shipping aur ayaat sahit havaai arthavyavastha key anya pahaluon parr niyantran praapt kiya. vastu vitaran key iss niyantran ney havaai logon koo uchch kimaton aur jeevan kii ghatati gunavatta key tahat mehnat key bojh taley rakhaa. inn vyapariyon ney bagan kii vastuon aur sevaaon parr nirbhar majdoori kamaane vaale shram bull kii dodhari talwar koo poorna curr liya thaa. havaai rajtantra key saath missionaryon key roop mein ghanishth sambandhon key saath-saath poonji nivesh, sastee bhoomi, saste shram aur vaishvik vyaapaar mein vriddhi ney unhein samriddh honey mein madad kii. alekjendar aur baldwyn ney atirikt cheeni bhoomi kaa adhigrahan kiya aur havaai aur mukhya bhoomi key beach ack naukaayan bede kaa sanchaalan bhee kiya. vaha shipping chinta americi-havaai line bunn gaee, aur baad mein matson. baad mein praarambhik missionaryon key beton aur potey ney 1893 mein havaai key raajya koo ukhaad fenkane mein kendriya bhoomika nibhai, jisase ack alpakaalik ganarajya kaa nirmaan huaa. 1898 mein, havaai ganarajya koo sanyukt raajya dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa aur cheeni hiton kii pairavi seey sahaayata praapt hocker havaai kaa kshetra bunn gayaa thaa.
shram kaa ayaat.
jaba havaai baganon ney badey paimaane parr utpaadan karna shuru kiya, tou yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii ack shram bull koo ayaat karane kii aavashyakta thee. videshiyon dwara laaee gaee vinashkari bimari key kaaran havaai aabaadi 1778 seey pahale key aakar kaa 1/6 thaa. isake alawa, havaai logon ney baganon parr kaam karane key liye bahut cumm upayog dekhaa jaba way aasaani seey kheti aur machhali pakadane seey gujar sakate they. bagan maalikon ney jaldi seey shramikon kaa ayaat karna shuru curr diyaa jisane havaai kii jansankhyiki koo naatakiya roop seey badal diyaa aur yeh vaishvikaran kaa ack charam udaaharan haye.
1850 mein pahala aayatit shramik chean seey aaya. 1852 aur 1887 key beach, lagbhag 50,000 cheeni havaai mein kaam karane key liye pahunche, jabaki unamen seey 38 pratishat chean laut aae. haalaanki kheton mein kaam karane key liye madad kii aavashyakta thee, lekin kaee bagan maalikon key liye bhojan, awas aur nae karmchaariyon kii dekhbhal jaisi naee samasyaaen paida kii gaeen kyonki cheeni apravasi mool havaai logon kii tarah bhoomi seey baahar naheen rahate they, jinhen bahut cumm samarthan kii aavashyakta thee. unake karyabal koo unake khilaf prabhaavi dhang seey sangathit honey seey rokane key liye, bagan prabandhakon ney apane karyabal kii jaatiyataon mein vividhata laaee, aur 1878 mein pahale japani baganon parr kaam karane key liye pahunche. aaee. dee. 1. key beach, 2,00,000 japani loga 55 pratishat key saath japan laut aae. aaee. dee. 1. key beach, 7,300 koriyai aae aur kewal 16 pratishat koria laut aae. 1906 mein philipino loga pahali baar aae. 1909 aur 1930 key beach, 112,800 philipino havaai aae aur 36 pratishat phillippeans laut aae.
bagan maalikon ney ack padaanukramit jaati pranali banaae rakhane key liye kadee mehnat kii joe shramik sangathan koo rokti thee, aur jaatiya pehchaan key aadhar parr shiviron koo vibhajit karati thee. iss bahu-saanskritik karyabal aur bagan shramikon key vaishvikaran kaa ack dilchasp parinam ack aam bhasha kaa udbhav thaa. mukhya roop seey havaai, angreji, japani, cheeni aur purtagaali key iss sankar ney bagan shramikon koo ack dusare key saath prabhaavi dhang seey samvaad karane kii anumati dee aur samoohon key beach gyaan aur paramparaon key hastaantaran koo badhaava diyaa. 1959-2005 nasleeya shreniyon kii tulanaa chala rahey badlaavon koo darshaati haye.
ack anootha operation kohala cheeni company thee, jise "missionary bagan" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa kyonki isaki sthaapana 1862 mein unake church aur schools kaa samarthan karane key liye aadaraniya alias bonned dwara kii gaee thee. unhone gulam jaisi sthitiyon kaa virodh kiya, aur laabh ney unhein anya missions key liye sabse badey labharthiyon mein seey ack banaa diyaa. yeh 110 varshon taka chalaa.
paryaavaran parr prabhaav.
cheeni key baganon ney unake aspas key paryaavaran koo naatakiya roop seey prabhaavit kiya. 1821 key ack khaate mein, aayiya mein ganna baganon key pravesh seey pahale, iss kshetra koo kaee alag-alag logon seey sambandhit bataaya gayaa haye aur ack machhali talab key saath taaro aur kele key baganon seey bharaa huaa haye. yeh nirvaah kheti lambe samay taka naheen chalati.
bagan poore havaai dweepon mein ranneetik roop seey upajaau mitty kshetra, samtal sthalaakriti, sinchai key liye paryaapt paani aur cumm vaarshik bhinnata key saath ack halki jalavaayu sahit karanon seey sthit they. inn baganon ney mukhya roop seey paani kii jarooraton key anuroop bhoomi koo badal diyaah pahaadon seey paani koo baganon mein modane key liye surangon kaa nirmaan, jalaashay nirmaan aur kuein kii khudai.
bagan prabandhakon aur maalikon key liye paani hamesha ack gambhir chinta kaa vishay rhaa haye. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, ack pound parishkrit cheeni kaa utpaadan karane key liye ack tunn paani kii aavashyakta thee. paani kaa yeh aksham upayog aur dweep key vatavaran mein taaje paani kii saapeksh kamee paryaavaran key ksharan koo teevra roop seey badhaa rahee thee. cheeni prasanskaran sinchai, koyla, loha, lakadi, bhaap aur parivahan key liye railmarg sahit sansadhanon parr mahatvapurna maang rakhta haye.
praarambhik milon mein lakadi kii poori door kaa upayog karke chaar ghante mein sheera kaa utpaadan karna behad aksham thaa. lakadi key upayog key iss star ney naatakiya vanon kii kataai kaa kaaran banaa. kabhi-kabhi paaristhitiki tantra poori tarah seey anaavashyak roop seey nasht hoe jaate they. ack bagan ney ganna utpaadan key liye ack nadee key kinare key kshetra koo nikaal diyaa. bhoomi koo nikaalane aur jaiv vividhata key star koo hamesha key liye badalane key baad, unhone paaya kii yeh ack pracheen vann thaa, isaliye unhone lakadi key liye pedon kii kataai kii, tabhi pataa chalaa kii bhoomi ganna utpaadan key liye poori tarah seey anupayukt thee.
cheeni key bagan ateet mein naa kewal paryaavaran key liye vinashkari they, balki way abhee bhee aise hii hain. ganna baganon seey judee pramukh paryavaraniya chintaon mein vayu aur jall pradooshan key saath-saath parinami apashisht kaa uchit niptan shamil haye. aadhunik gananaon mein ack tunn bent key utpaadan key liye aavashyak paani kii matra koo 3-10 ghana meater parr rakhaa gayaa haye.
havaai mein baganon mein girawat.
cheeni baganon koo kaee samaan peedaon kaa saamana karna padaa joe sanyukt raajya america mein vinirmaan bajar khandon koo mahsoos hotaa haye. jaba havaai ack raajya bunn gayaa aur shramik abb prabhaavi roop seey anubandhit sevak naheen they, tou shram laagat mein kaafee vriddhi hui. ganne key baganon key adhik nasleeya ekikaran key saath, padaanukramit jaati pranali key bagan prabandhakon ney ise banaae rakhane kii maang kii, joe tootane lagey. shramikon ney yeh pataa lagaana shuru kiya kii unake paas adhikaar hain, aur 1920 mein pahali bahu-saanskritik hadtaal shuru kii. vaishvik rajneeti ney havaai cheeni key patan mein ack badee bhoomika nibhai. 1902 aur 1930 key beach raajneetik gathbandhanon koo badalane seey cuba koo sanyukt raajya key cheeni bajar mein ack badee hissedari rakhane kii anumati millie, jisamen gharelu kotaa kaa 45 pratishat hissa thaa, jabaki havaai, phillippeans aur puerto rico ney 25 pratishat saajha kiya.
bhaarat, dakshin america aur carribean mein saste shram key roop mein cheeni key utpaadan koo dheema curr diyaa gayaa aur apane prayason koo paryatan-adharit samaaj key thope jaane parr kendrit kiya. poorv bagan bhoomi kaa upayog samooh dwara hotal banaane aur iss paryatak-adharit arthavyavastha koo vikasit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, joe pichhale 50 varshon key havaai arthshastra parr haavi rahee haye. havaai kii aakhiri kaam karane vaali cheeni mill, puune, maui mein, disambar 2016 mein havaai seey cheeni key antim shipment kaa utpaadan kiya gayaa thaa. mill koo jald hii sthaayi roop seey bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur havaai vaanijyik aur cheeni company key antim 375 karmchaariyon koo naukari seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa.