
martin hammersley

martin hammersley (janm 1949) ack british samajshastri hain jinake mukhya prakashanon mein samajik vigyaan mein samajik anusandhaan paddhati aur daarshanik muddon koo shamil kiya gayaa haye.
jeevani.
unhone landan school off economics (1967-70) mein ack snaatak key roop mein samajshastra kaa adhyayan kiya, aur baad mein manchester vishvavidyalaya mein samajshastra vibhaag mein ack snatkottar chhaatr they, ack aantarik-shahar maadhyamik vidyalaya kii nasl vigyaan kii report karane vaali thesis key saath ack meal aur phd praapt kii. usa samay manchester nasleeya-shaaririk-vigyaan kaa ack pramukh kendra thaa, jahan yeh prateekaatmak antahkriya aur markswad key saath tanaav mein thaa, aur unakaa kaam inn sabhi drishtikonon seey prabhaavit thaa.
manchester mein ack shodh fellowship aur asthaayi vyakhyan key baad, unhone 1975 mein mukt vishvavidyalaya mein ack sthaayi pada praapt kiya. unhein "ee202" "schooly shiksha aur samaaj" parr kaam karane key liye bharti kiya gayaa thaa, ack aisaa pathyakram joe baad mein 'markswadi purvagrah' key baare mein ack saarvajanik vivaad mein ulajha huaa thaa. 2015 mein shiksha aur samajik anusandhaan key maanad professor banane taka way mukt vishvavidyalaya mein rahey.
samajshastriya kaary.
hammersley kaa praarambhik shodh shiksha key samajshastra mein thaa, jisamen maadhyamik vidyaalayon mein kaksha kii baatchit kii prakriyaon parr vishesh dhyaan diyaa gayaa thaa. way aise samay mein mukt vishvavidyalaya mein shamil hue jaba yeh 'shiksha key nae samajshastra' key liye agrani kendron mein seey ack thaa, aur iss sheershak key tahat aaney vaale vibhinn prakaar key karyon key charitra aur moolya key baare mein baad kii bahason mein shamil thaa.
unake kaee prakaashan samajshastra aur aam taur parr samajik vigyaanon mein utpann honey vaale paddhatigat aur daarshanik muddon seey sambandhit rahey hain. inn muddon mein shamil hainh siddhant kii prakriti aur bhoomika, way mandand jinake dwara gunaatmak anusandhaan kaa mulyankan kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur vastunishthata aur moolya tatasthata key mudde. unhone herbert blummer key paddhatigat vichaaron parr ack pustak likhi, jisamen inhen aitihaasik sandarbh mein paaya gayaa. unhone vishleshanatmak preran (florian znaniki dwara vikasit ack drishtikon) parr kaee lekh likhe hain, jisamen isake itihas kii jaanch kii gaee haye. nasl vigyaan mein kyaa galat haye?", vaha saapekshvaad aur sandehwad key vibhinn roopon key vipareet, jise unhone" sookshm yathaarthvaad "key roop mein sandarbhit kiya, usaki vakaalat karate hain. paul atkinson key saath, unhone naslashastra kaa parichay likhaa, joe abb isake chauthe sanskaran mein haye.
unhone gunaatmak-matratmak vibhajan aur gunaatmak anusandhaan kii prakriti key aspas key muddon kii bhee jaanch kii haye.
haal hii mein unhone naitikta aur gunaatmak anusandhaan parr ack pustak kaa saha-lekhan kiya haye. way sansthaagat sameeksha boardon aur anusandhaan naitikta samitiyon key naitik viniyaman key aalochak hain, aur unhone shaikshanik swatantrata kii avadharana koo spasht karane kii maang kii haye.
hammersley kaee vivaadon mein shamil rahey hain, udaaharan key liye nariwadi karyapranali, naslavaad aur naslavaad virodhi anusandhaan key baare mein, aur gunaatmak anusandhaan key charitra aur isake liye upayukt vaidhata key maandandon key baare mein. unhone sakshya-adharit abhyaas andolan key tarkon parr bhee sawal uthaaye hain. samajik vigyaan kii seemaon" mein, unhone tark diyaa kii samajik vigyaan samajik ghatnaaon key liye moolya-praasangik spashtikaranon kii khoj taka seemit haye, ack aisee sthiti joe saarvajanik neeti nirmaan aur parivartankari raajneetik kaarravaai mein apane sambhaavit yogdan key liye aksar kiye jaane vaale bhavya daavon key vipareet haye.
unhone nasleeya-shaaririk-vigyaan key baare mein likhaa haye, isake kattarpanthi daavon kaa aaklan kiya haye. haal hii mein, unhone sanskriti kii avadharana aur anya pramukh samajshastriya avadhaaranaon key baare mein pustaken taiyar kii hain.

