
sanchaar kriya kaa siddhant

dha theory off communicative action () daarshanik jurgen habermas kii dou khandon vaali 1981 kii pustak haye, jisamen lekhak ney "bhasha key siddhant mein samajik vigyaan" koo aadhar banaane kaa raasta khojane kii apani pariyojana jaari rakhee haye, jise "samajik vigyaan key tark" (1967) mein nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. dou khand hain "samaaj kaa kaaran aur tarksangatkaran" ("handlungsrationalite aind gasselshaftliche rationaliciaring"), jisamen habermass sancharatmak tarksangatata kii avadharana sthaapit kartaa haye, aur "jeevan jagat aur pranaalih karyatmak kaaran kii ack aalochana" ("jurr critic dercussionalisticen wernft"), jisamen habermass samaaj kii dou star kii avadharana banaata haye aur aadhunikta key liye mahatvapurna siddhant taiyar kartaa haye.
sancharatmak kaarravaai kaa siddhant" likhane key baad, habermas ney sancharatmak kaarravaai key siddhant kaa vistaar kiya aur ise naitikta, loktantra aur kaanoon key apane siddhant key aadhar key roop mein upayog kiya. iss kaary ney samajik siddhantkaron aur daarshnikon dwara kaee pratikriyaon koo prerit kiya haye, aur 1998 mein antarrashtriya samajshastriya sangh dwara 20veen shatabdi kii aathvin sabse mahatvapurna samajshastriya pustak key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa.
siddhant.
sancharatmak kaarravaai kaa siddhant ack mahatvapurna pariyojana haye joe tark kii ack avadharana kaa punarnirmaan karati haye joe vaadya yaa vastunishth shabdon mein naheen haye, balki ack mukti sanchaar kaary mein haye. iss punarnirmaan kaa prastaav haye kii "maanav kaarravaai aur samajh kaa ack bhashai sanrachana key roop mein faldaayi vishleshan kiya jaa sakata haye", aur pratyek kathan anaavashyak prabhutva seey swatantrata kii pratyasha parr nirbhar kartaa haye. sanchaar kii inn bhashai sanrachanaon kaa upayog samaaj kii maanak samajh sthaapit karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. samaaj kii iss avadharana kaa upayog "samajik-jeevan sandarbh kii avadharana koo sambhav banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye joe aadhunikta key virodhabhason key anuroop haye."
yeh pariyojana habermas kii pustak "gyaan aur maanav hiton" (1968) key aalochanatmak swaagat key baad shuru hui, jisake baad habermas ney samajik gyaan key praasangik aur aitihaasik vishleshan seey door jaane kaa faisala kiya, joe sancharatmak kaarravaai kaa siddhant bunn jaayega. sancharatmak kaarravaai kaa siddhant bhasha koo samaaj key moolbhoot ghatak key roop mein samajhata haye aur "pranali siddhant (luhmann), vikasatmak manovigyaan (piyaje, kohlberg), aur samajik siddhant (webber, durkheim, parsons, mid, aadi) parr drying karke markswad koo adyatan karane kaa ack prayaas haye.).
samajik antahkriya key vyavharikta" mein shuru mein vikasit vyakhyanon key aadhar parr habermas apane siddhant koo samaaj kii ack badee samajh taka vistaarit karane mein saksham they. 
thomas aeye. mccarthy kaa kahana haye kii "sancharatmak kaarravaai key siddhant" mein teen paraspar sambandhit chintaaen hainh (1) tarksangatata kii ack avadharana vikasit karna joe abb aadhunik darshan aur samajik siddhant key vyaktiparak aur vyaktigat parisar seey bandhi naheen haye, aur joe abb seemit haye; (2) samaaj kii dou-stariya avadharana kaa nirmaan karna joe jeevan jagat aur pranaliyon key pratimanon koo ekikrit kartaa haye; aur, anta mein, (3) iss prishthabhoomi key khilaf, aadhunikta kaa ack mahatvapurna siddhant taiyar karna joe isake vikritiyon kaa vishleshan kartaa haye aur iss tarah seey usake liye lekhankan kartaa haye joe gyaan kii pariyojana key parityag key bajaay ack punarnirdeshan kaa sujhaav detaa haye.
khand 1.
"samvaadaatmak kaarravaai kaa siddhant, khand 1 tarksangatata kii ack avadharana koo vikasit karane key liye" "nirdhaarit kartaa haye" "joe abb aadhunik darshan aur samajik siddhant key vyaktiparak aur vyaktigat parisar seey bandha naheen haye, aur seemit haye."
pratham darshan" yaa "chetna key darshan" dwara antim neenv kii khoj kii iss viphalata key saath, tarksangatata kaa ack anubhavjanya roop seey pareekshit siddhant vigyaan aur samajik vigyaan parr adharit ack vyaavhaarik siddhant honah chaahiye. iska tatparya yeh haye kii kissy bhee saarvbhaumik daave koo kewal aitihaasik (aur bhaugolik) sandarbhon mein prati-udaharanon key khilaf pareekshan dwara maanya kiya jaa sakata haye-naa kii divya ontological dhaaranaon kaa upayog karke. yeh unhein samajshastra kii parampara mein sancharatmak kaarravaai key ack nae siddhant key aadhar kii talash karane key liye prerit kartaa haye. vaha max webber key tarksangatata key vivaran koo phir seey padhkar shuru kartaa haye aur tark detaa haye kii isamen maanav kaarravaai kaa seemit drishtikon haye. habermas kaa tark haye kii samajik kaarravaai key sambandh mein webber kii buniyaadi saiddhaantik dhaaranaon ney uddeshyapurna tarksangatata kii disha mein unake vishleshan koo purvagrahit kiya, joe kathit roop seey vastu utpaadan kii sthitiyon seey utpann hotaa haye. maanav vyavhaar key roop mein kriya kii paribhasha koo iraade key saath, yaa vyaktiparak arth key saath sanlagn karate hue, taba webber kaa kaary siddhant ack ekal kaary vishay parr adharit haye aur ack samajik shareer key liye antarnihit samanvaya karyon koo shamil naheen kartaa haye.
webber key anusaar, tarksangatkaran (iss shabd kaa upayog samajshastriya siddhant mein karane key liye) moolya key teen kshetron kaa nirmaan kartaa haih vigyaan, kalaa aur kaanoon key alag-alag kshetra. unake liye, yeh maulik "tark kii anabhigyata" aadhunikta kaa khatra haye. yeh khatra kewal alag-alag sansthaagat sansthaon key nirmaan seey naheen, balki sangyanatmak, maanak aur saundarya gyaan key visheshagyata key madhyam seey utpann hotaa haye joe badale mein harr dinn chetna mein pravesh kartaa haye aur tukadon mein badal jaataa haye. tark kii iss anaikyata kaa tatparya haye kii sanskriti ack sahamati seey saamoohik prayaas mein ack paaramparik aadhar seey una roopon mein aage badhati haye joe vastu-nirmaan dwara tarksangat hotey hain aur vyaktiyon dwara netritva kiye jaate hain joe hiton key saath hotey hain joe samagr roop seey aabaadi key uddeshyon seey alag hotey hain.
yeh 'uddeshyapurna tarksangat kaarravaai' raajya key "media" dwara sanchaalit kii jaati haye, joe samajik kaarravaai key samanvaya key madhyam key roop mein maukhik bhasha kaa vikalp haye. samajik ekikaran key inn dou siddhanton-bhasha, joe samajh aur saamoohik kalyan key liye unmukh haye, aur "media", joe safalata-unmukh kaarravaai kii pranaaliyan hain, key beach ack virodh utpann hotaa haye.
webber key baad, haberma visheshagyata koo pramukh aitihaasik vikas key roop mein dekhate hain, joe aadhunikta key algavkari prabhaavon kii or leey jaataa haye, joe 'harr dinn chetna koo paar kartaa haye aur tukadon mein vibhajit kartaa haye.
habermas bataate hain kii tarksangatata key iss seemit sanskaran kii "samaaj-vigyaan sambandhi laagat" antatah vyaktiyon dwara wahan kii jaati haye, joe kii gyorgi lucaux key dimag mein taba thaa jaba unhone apane "itihas aur varg chetna" (1923) mein marks kii punarsanrachana kii avadharana vikasit kii thee. way vyaapak tantrika sambandhi beemariyon, vyasanon, manodaihik vikaaron aur vyavhaar aur bhaavnaatmak kathinaaiyon key roop mein saamane aatey hain; yaa way aaparaadhik karyon, virodh samoohon aur dhaarmik sampradayon mein adhik sachet abhivyakti paate hain. lucaux ney socha kii punruddhar, halanki yeh gahara chalata haye, aatm-pratibimbeet honey aur damankari agencies dwara isake vyaavsaayik upayog koo paar karane key liye tarksangat tark kii kshamata seey baadhit haye. habermas iss ashawadi vishleshan seey sahmat hain, joe kii aurento aur horkheimer key vipareet haye, aur sochate hain kii swatantrata aur sulah key aadarsh maanav jaati key bhashai madhyasthata sangh key tantra mein nihit hain.
khand 2.
habermas george herbert maid aur emil durkheim kii avadhaaranaon key kaam mein paate hain jinka upayog webber key tarksangat siddhant koo "chetna key darshan" key aporias seey mukt karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. meed kii sabse utpaadak avadharana unake sanchaar kaa saiddhaantik aadhar haye aur durkhem kaa samajik ekikaran kaa vichaar haye. meed ney dhaarana key samajik charitra parr bhee jore diyaah hamari pahali mulakat samajik hoti haye.
inn aadharon seey, habermas sancharatmak kaarravaai kii apani avadharana vikasit karate hainh samvaadaatmak kaarravaai parasparik samajh praapt karane kii prakriya mein saanskritik gyaan koo prasaarit aur navinikrit karane kaa kaary karati haye. isake baad yeh samajik ekikaran aur ekjutata kii disha mein kaarravaai kaa samanvaya kartaa haye. anta mein, samvaadaatmak kaarravaai vaha prakriya haye jisake madhyam seey loga apani pehchaan banaate hain.
phir seey, jeevan jagat key sanrachanaatmak aur sansthaagat vibhedan seey ack badhati jatilata utpann hoti haye, joe hamaare sanchaar key pranaaleegat tarksangatata key bund tark kaa anusaran karati haye. bhasha' seey 'sanchaalan media' mein kaarravaai samanvaya kaa hastaantaran hotaa haye, jaise kii dhana aur shakti, joe 'puraskaron aur dandon key prateekaatmak saamaanyikaran' key saath sarvasammati-unmukh sanchaar koo darkinar kartaa haye. iss prakriya key baad jeevan jagat koo "abb kaarravaai key samanvaya key liye aavashyak naheen haye. isake parinamswarup manushya ('jeevan jagat key abhineta') nakaratmak samajik parinamon kii ack shrinkhala key saath jimmedaari kii bhavna khou dete hain. jeevan jagat sanchaar kendriya jeevan prakriyaon key samanvaya key liye aprasangik hotey hue apana uddeshya khou dete hain. iska prabhaav samajik vimarsh seey dill koo baahar nikaalane kaa haye, jisase jatil bhinnata hoti haye lekin samajik vikritiyon kii keemat parr.
"anta mein, pranaaleegat tantra una kshetron mein bhee samajik ekikaran key roopon koo dabaa dete hain jahaan kaarravaai key sarvasammati nirbhar samanvaya koo pratisthaapit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, yaani, jahaan jeevan jagat kaa prateekaatmak prajanan daanv parr haye. inn kshetron mein, jeevan jagat kaa madhyasthata upanivesh kaa roop dhaaran kartaa haye.
habermas kaa tark haye kii horkheimer aur aurengo, unake pahale webber kii tarah, kaary tarksangatata key saath pranali tarksangatata koo bhramit karate hain. yeh unhein ack alag jeevan jagat mein sanchaalan media key ghuspaith key prabhaavon koo vichhedan karane seey rokta haye, aur isake baad aaney vaale kaary abhivinyason koo tarksangat banaata haye. way kewal tabhi spasht roop seey 'gair-tarksangat' kaarravaai, ack or kalaa aur prem yaa doosari or netaa key karishma key kshetron key bheetar sahaj sanchaar karyon kii pehchaan curr sakate they, jiska koee moolya thaa.
habermass key anusaar, jaba chaar cheejen hoti hain tou "jeevan jagat" sanchaalan media dwara upaniveshit hoe jaataa haih
inn prakriyaon koo nyayshastra kii vaishvik pranaliyon koo vikasit karke sansthaagat banaaya jaataa haye.
yahaan vaha vaidhata kii poori tarah seey nyaayik avadharana kii seemaon koo ingit kartaa haye aur vyaavhaarik roop seey swaayatt network aur samoohon dwara adhik arajaktawadi 'ichcha' key gathan kii maang kartaa haye.
"prati-sansthanon kaa uddeshya aupchaarik roop seey sangathit karyon key kuchh hisson koo alag karna, unhein sanchaalan madhyam key changul seey hataana aur inn 'mukt kshetron' koo samajh taka pahunchane key kaarravaai samanvaya madhyam mein vaapas laana haye.
webber dwara atyadhik nakaratmak yuktikaran key upayog key baad, vivek key gyaan key aadarsh koo ack nae prakaash mein dekhana sambhav haye.
tarksangatata koo usa soch key roop mein punarparibhashit kiya gayaa haye joe ack chala rahee prakriya key roop mein aalochana aur vyavasthit pariksha key liye taiyar haye. ack vyaapak paribhasha yeh haye kii tarksangatata vyavhaar mein vyakt ack swabhaav haye jisake liye achche kaaran diye jaa sakate hain.
habermass abb samvaadaatmak tarksangatata kii prakriya kii praarambhik paribhasha banaane key liye taiyar haih yeh sanchaar haye joe "aam sahamati praapt karane, banaae rakhane aur sameeksha karane key liye unmukh haye-aur vaastav mein ack aam sahamati joe aalochanatmak vaidhata daavon kii antar-vishayagat maanyata parr ticky hui haye. iss pramukh paribhasha key saath vaha vyakti seey samajik kii or tarksangatata kii hamari avadharana parr jore detaa haye. yeh badalaav "sancharatmak kaarravaai key siddhant" key liye maulik haye. yeh ack dhaarana parr adharit haye kii bhasha antarnihit roop seey samajik aur swabhavik roop seey tarksangat haye.
kissy prakaar kaa tark tarksangat parinam praapt karane kii prakriya key liye kendriya haye. vivaadit vaidhata daavon koo vishayagat banaaya jaataa haye aur phir unhein vyavasthit aur kathor tareeke seey sahee saabit karane yaa aalochana karane key prayaas kiye jaate hain. yeh maukhik bhasha key paksh mein lugg sakata haye, lekin 'vyaavhaarik pravachanon' key liye bhee bhatta diyaa jaataa haye jisamen maanak adhikaar key daavon koo vishayagat aur vyaavhaarik roop seey parkha jaataa haye. saanskritik abhivyakti key gair-maukhik roop aksar iss shreni mein aaa sakate hain.
habermass teen ekikrit sthitiyon kaa prastaav karate hain jinase tarkapurna bhaashan vaidh parinam dey sakata haih "aadarsh bhaashan sthiti kii sanrachana (jiska arth haye kii pravachan haye) ack vishesh tareeke seey daman aur asamaanta key khilaf pratirakshit haye... behtar tarkon key liye ack anushthaan pratiyogita kii sanrachana... way sanrachanaaen joe vyaktigat tarkon aur unake paraspar sambandhon key nirmaan koo nirdhaarit karati hain.
tarksangat tark key aise siddhanton koo pradaan karna, samvaadaatmak tarksangatata haih
habermas taba teen aur prakaar key pravachan parr charcha karate hain jinka upayog maukhik tark key alawa vaidh parinam praapt karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haih yeye "saundarya", "chikitsiya" aur "vyakhyatmak" hain. kyonki "samvaadaatmak kaarravaai key siddhant" mein inca paalan naheen kiya jaataa haye, yeh dhaarana dee jaati haye kii yeye pravachan key dwiteeyak roop hain.
saundarya pravachan.
"saundarya pravachan" madhyasthon key tarkon dwara kaam karate hain joe hamein ack kaam yaa pradarshan parr vichaar karane key liye laate hain joe swayam ack moolya pradarshit kartaa haye. "saundarya anubhav key madhyam seey maanya ack kaam phir ack tark kaa sthaan leey sakata haye aur thheek una manakon kii sweekriti koo badhaava dey sakata haye jinake anusaar yeh ack pramanik kaam key roop mein ginaa jaataa haye."
habermass logon koo rahasyodghatan saundarya anubhav mein laane key liye aalochak, curator yaa pravartak kii madhyasthata koo aavashyak maanate hain. yeh madhyasthata aksar seedhe yaa raajya agency key madhyam seey aarthik hiton mein bund hoti haye.
jaba haberma sandarbh key sawal parr vichaar karate hain tou way sanskriti koo sandarbhit karate hain. "samajh kii harr prakriya saanskritik roop seey antarnihit poorv-samajh kii prishthabhoomi key khilaf hoti haye... vyakhyatmak kaary mein sthiti kii anya vyakhya koo apane swayam key roop mein shamil karna shamil haye... iska matlab yeh naheen haye kii vyakhya koo harr mamle mein ack sthir aur spasht roop seey alag-alag kaary kii or leey jaanaa chaahiye."
bhaashan kritya una sandarbhon mein antarnihit hain joe unake dwara bhee badale jaate hain. sambandh gatishil haye aur donon dishaaon mein hotaa haye. sandarbh koo ack nishchit prishthabhoomi yaa poorv-samajh key roop mein dekhana ise sanchaar kriya key kshetra seey baahar nikaalana haye.
chikitsiya pravachan.
"chikitsiya pravachan" vaha haye joe vyavasthit aatm-dhokhe koo spasht karane kaa kaary kartaa haye. iss tarah kii aatm-dhaaranaaen aamtaur parr vikasatmak anubhavon seey utpann hoti hain, jinhone vyavhaar kii kuchh kathortaon yaa moolya nirnay key purvagrahon koo chhod diyaa haye. yeye kathorataaen vartamaan samay kii aavashyaktaon key liye lachili pratikriyaon kii anumati naheen detee hain. habermas ise manovishleshan key sandarbh mein dekhate hain.
iss pravachan kaa ack sambandhit pahalu ack pratibimbeet drishtikon koo apnana haye, joe tarksangat sanchaar kii ack buniyaadi shart haye.
lekin bhram seey mukt honey kaa daavaa aatm-vishleshan key ack ayam kaa tatparya haye yadi yeh parivartan key saath sanlagn honah haye. sabse jatil bhram nishchit roop seey hamaare avachetan mein nihit hain.
vyakhyatmak pravachan.
"vyakhyatmak pravachan" samajh taka pahunchane key sadhanon-(bhashai) abhivyakti key sadhanon parr kendrit haye. tarksangatata mein vaidhata daavon koo aage badhaane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali sanchaar kii kissy bhee pranali key vyaakaran parr sawal uthaane kii ichcha shamil honey chaahiye. yeh sawal kii kyaa drishya bhasha ack tark koo aage badhaa sakati haye, habermas dwara naheen bataaya jaataa haye. haalaanki bhasha koo motey taur parr kissy bhee samvaadaatmak kaarravaai key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye jiss parr aap pratibimbit hoe sakate hain, yeh maukhik pravachan haye jise habermas key tarkon mein prathamikta dee jaati haye. maukhik bhasha kaa nishchit roop seey unake maanav kaary key model mein pramukh sthaan haye. sanchaar key maukhik sandarbhon kaa apekshaakrit cumm adhyayan kiya gayaa haye aur maukhik aur saahityik roopon key beach kaa antar "sancharatmak kaarravaai key siddhant" mein naheen kiya gayaa haye.
jaisa kii pranali jeevan jagat koo upaniveshit karati haye, adhikansh udyam apane sadasyon key uddeshyon seey sanchaalit naheen hotey hain.
"naukarshahi dwara swayamsfurt raay kii prakriyaon koo aksham karna aur unakaa vighatan karna aur yeh nirmaan engineering zana nishtha key dayare kaa vistaar kartaa haye aur jeevan key thhos, pehchaan banaane vaale sandarbhon seey raajneetik nirnay lene koo aasaan banaata haye."
yeh pranali saanskritik kshetron seey ise vaidh banaane vaale koo puraskrit yaa majboor karke aisaa karati haye. saarvajanik sanrakshan kii aisee sthitiyaan usa swatantrata koo adrishya roop seey nakaarati hain joe saanskritik kshetra mein upalabdh haye.
swaagat.
"sancharatmak kaarravaai kaa siddhant" 1986 mein prakaashit aalochanatmak nibandhon key sangrah kaa vishay thaa. daarshanik tomm rockmore ney 1989 mein likhate hue tippani kii kii yeh spasht naheen thaa kii kyaa "sancharatmak kaarravaai kaa siddhant" yaa habermas kaa pahale kaa kaam "gyaan aur maanav hita" (1968) habermas key karyon mein sabse mahatvapurna thaa. "sancharatmak kaarravaai key siddhant" ney samajik siddhantkaron aur daarshnikon dwara kaee pratikriyaon koo prerit kiya haye, aur 1998 mein antarrashtriya samajshastriya sangh dwara 20 veen shatabdi kii aathvin sabse mahatvapurna samajshastriya pustak key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa, norbert alias kii "sabhyata prakriya" (1939) key peechhe lekin talcott parsons kii "samajik kaarravaai kii sanrachana" (1937) seey aage.

