
francois hotman

francois hotman (23 agast 1524-12 farwari 1590) ack francisi protestant vakeel aur lekhak they, joe kanuni manavtavadiyon aur monarcomac key saath judey they, jinhone poorna rajshahi key khilaf sangharsh kiya. unakaa pahala naam aksar angreji mein 'fraansis' likhaa jaataa haye. unake upnaam koo swayam hotomanus key roop mein lattin mein, dusaron dwara hotomanus aur hotomanus key roop mein likhaa gayaa haye. unhein "pahale aadhunik krantikariyon mein seey ack" kahaa jaataa haye.
jeevani.
unakaa janm peris mein huaa thaa, joe piyare hotman (1485-1554), segnier dee willers-sent-paul, jeur uxoris aur paul dee marley, segnuri dee vaanjiyan aur willers-sent-paul kii uttaradhikari key sabse badey bete they. unake daadaa lambert hotman, ack sileshiyan berger, emeric seey (cleaves key duchy mein) pravaas curr rahey they, navers kii ginati mein engelbert key saath france jaane key liye apana mool desh chhod diyaa thaa. unake pitaa piyare ack vakeel they, joe peris baar mein vakaalat karate they. francois key janm key samay key aspas, piyare koo vann aur vann vibhaag (jise 'sangamarmar kii mez' key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) mein ack aadhikarik pada parr niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. iss samay taka, hotman parivaar, yaani piyare, unake bhaai aur chaacha, france mein sabse mahatvapurna kanuni parivaaron mein seey ack they.
piyare, ack utsaahi catholic aur peris key "sansad" key ack salaahkaar, ney apane bete koo kaanoon key liye irada kiya, aur pandrah saal kii umr mein usey orleans vishvavidyalaya mein bhej diyaa. unhone teen varshon mein doctorate kii upaadhi praapt kii aur peris laut aae. ack abhyaas karane vaale vakeel kaa kaam unaki pasand key anusaar naheen thaa; unhone nyayshastra aur saahitya kii or rukh kiya, aur 1546 mein peris vishvavidyalaya mein roman kaanoon mein vyakhyata niyukt kiye gaye. yaatana key tahat annie duborg key dhairya ney sudhaar key kaaran key prati unakaa lagaav praapt curr liya.
jiss currier mein unhone uchch pratishtha key saath pravesh kiya thaa, usey chhodate hue way 1547 mein lyon chaley gaye. 1548 kii garmiyon mein, borge mein, unhone clod aubelin (gilam aubelin, siyur dee laa revear aur francois dee brachet kii betty) seey shaadi kii. vaha aur usake pitaa, unaki tarah, sharanarthi they. octuber 1548 mein vaha johnn calvin key sachiv banane key liye geneva chaley gaye. way lusaane gaye aur farwari 1550 mein usa vishvavidyalaya key liye chune gaye. vahaan, calvin kii sifarish parr, unhein "bails lateres" aur itihas kaa professor niyukt kiya gayaa. unhein 1553 mein geneva kaa nagrik banaaya gayaa thaa, unake sabse badey bachche jeane kaa janm 1552 mein huaa thaa. magistrate key nimantran parr, unhone octuber 1555 mein strasberg mein kaanoon parr vyakhyan diyaa, aur juuna 1556 mein professor baney, francois bauduin koo hataa diyaa, joe peris mein unake sahayogi they. vaha 11 sitambar 1557 koo strasberg seey laker keedon kii bolchal taka key sadasya they.
unaki prasiddhi aisee thee kii prussia aur hese key darbaaron aur ingland kii elizabeth pratham dwara unake liye prastaav banaae gaye they. 1556 mein unhone frankfurt key aahar mein calvin key saath germany kaa dou baar daura kiya. unhein hugunot netaaon seey laker german kshamataon taka gopaniya missions kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa, jisamen ack samay catherine dee medisi seey pramaan patra they. 1560 mein vaha ambois sajish key pramukh ukasaane vaalon mein seey ack thaa; usee varsh sitambar mein vaha nerak mein navarre key antione key saath thaa. 1562 mein unhone khud koo konde key rajkumar lui seey jodd liya. 1564 mein way valence mein sivil low key professor baney, apani safalata seey isake vishvavidyalaya kii pratishtha koo punah praapt kiya. 1567 mein unhone borge mein nyayshastra kii adhyakshata mein jack kyujas kaa sthaan liya.
paanch maheene baad unakaa ghar aur pustakalaya ack catholic bheed dwara dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa; vaha orlean dwara peris bhaag gayaa, jahan michel dee ll 'hoppital ney unhein raajaa charles ix key liye itihaaskaar banaaya. huguenots key agent key roop mein, unhein 1568 kii shaanti parr baatchit karane key liye blois bheja gayaa thaa. way bourges mein laut aae, lekin shatruta key prakop seey unhein bhagaa diyaa gayaa. sainser mein, isaki gherabandi key dauran, unhone apani "santvana" (1593 mein prakaashit) kii rachana kii. 1570 kii shaanti ney unhein bahaal kiya, jahan seey vaha teesari baar sent bartholomeu (1572) key narsamhar seey bhaag gaye. 1572 mein unhone geneva key paksh mein apane parivaar key saath hamesha key liye france chhod diyaa. vahaan way roman kaanoon key professor baney aur 1573 mein apana 'franco-gallia' prakaashit kiya. duke off sevoy key drishtikon parr unhein 1579 mein besal mein hataa diyaa gayaa. 1580 mein unhein navarre key heinry key liye raajya kaa paarshad niyukt kiya gayaa. plaig ney unhein 1582 mein montbelliard bheja, jahan unaki patni clod kii 1583 mein mrityu hoe gaee. 1584 mein geneva lautate hue unhone ack prakaar kaa vaigyaanik modd vikasit kiya, rasaayan vigyaan aur daarshanik key patthar key liye shodh mein bhaag liya. unhein disambar 1585 mein raajaa heinry kii privy council mein bharti karaaya gayaa thaa. 1589 mein way antatah besal mein sevaanivritt hoe gaye, jahan unaki mrityu hoe gaee, dou bete aur chaar betiyaan chhod gaye; unhein cathedral mein dafnaya gayaa.
kaam kartaa haye.
hotman ack ghar-premi aur vaastav mein pavitra vyakti they (jaisa kii unake "santvana" seey pataa chalata haye). unake lagaatar nishkasana apane parivaar kii tulanaa mein apane liye cumm darr seey prerit they, aur unaki shaanti kii samvaidhaanik ichcha thee. unhone 16veen shatabdi key nyayshastra key liye bahut kuchh kiya, roman sroton kaa aalochanatmak gyaan aur ack achchi lattin shally thee. unhone francisi kaanoon kii rashtriya sanhita kaa vichaar rakhaa. unake kaam bahut saare they, joe unake "dee gradibus cognitionis" (1546) seey shuru hue, aur jisamen eucharist (1566) parr ack granth shamil thaa; ack granth ("anty-tribonian", 1567) yeh dikhaane key liye kii francisi kaanoon nyaayvaadi parr adharit naheen hoe sakata thaa; aeye life off koligni (1575); ack vivadaspad ("brutum fullman", 1585) sixtus vee key bail key khilaf nirdeshit, kaanoon, itihas, rajneeti aur shaastriya shiksha parr kaee anya karyon key saath.
unaki sabse mahatvapurna kriti, "franco-gallia" (1573) koo naa tou catholics aur naa hii huguenots key saath pasand kiya gayaa (sivaay isake kii jaba yeh unake uddeshyon key anukool thaa); phir bhee isaki prachalitata kii tulanaa jeane-jacks russo kii "contrat soshal" dwara baad mein praapt kii gaee haye. isane ack pratinidhi sarkaar aur ack vaikalpik rajshahi key liye nivedan karate hue "protestant rajtantra kaa aadarsh" prastut kiya. isane france key heinry chaturth key khilaf apane parche yuddh mein jesuit key uddeshya koo puuraa kiya.
parivarik jeevan.
unaki patni seey unake saat bachche theh

