
baseball kii utpatti

baseball kii utpatti kaa sawal ack sadee seey adhik samay seey bahas aur vivaad kaa vishay rhaa haye. baseball aur anya aadhunik balle, gend aur daudane vaale khel-stoolball, cricket aur rounders-koo praarambhik britten, ireland aur mahadvipiya europe (jaise france aur germany) mein lock khelon seey vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. baseball key shuruati roopon mein kaee naam they, jinamen "bases ball", "goal ball", "round ball", "fait-catch", "stool ball" aur, buss, "bases" shamil they. khel key cumm seey cumm ack sanskaran mein, teams ney khud key liye pitch kiya, dhaavak aaj key khel kii vipareet disha mein aadhar key chaaron or gaye, bahut hudd taka nordic branball kii tarah, aur khilaadiyon koo gend seey maaraa jaa sakata thaa. abhee kii tarah, kuchh sanskaranon mein teen strike key baad ack ballebaaj koo baahar bulaaya gayaa thaa.
haalaanki bahut kuchh spasht naheen haye, jaisa kii bahut pahale seey bachchon key khelon kii ummeed kii jaa sakati thee, yeh bahut kuchh gyaat haih 18 veen shatabdi key madhya taka ingland key dakshin mein ack khel dikhaai diyaa thaa jisamen ack pitch gend maarnaa aur phir bases key circuit koo chalaana shamil thaa. rounders kaa sandarbh 1744 mein bachchon kii pustak "aeye little beauty pockett-book" mein diyaa gayaa haye, jahan ise bases-ball kahaa jaataa thaa. angreji upaniveshvadiyon ney iss khel koo apane anya manoranjan key saath uttar america mein leey jaaya, aur 1800 key dashak kii shuruat mein kaee apeelon key tahat samudra key donon kinaaron parr vibhinn prakaar khele jaa rahey they. haalaanki, 19veen shatabdi key madhya mein newyork shahar mein aur usake aspas key shaukiya purushon key ball clubon dwara khel mein bahut badalaav kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh bhaari sanshodhit khel thaa joe aadhunik baseball bunn gayaa.
praarambhik britten, ireland aur mahadvipiya europe mein lock khel.
britten aur mahadvipiya europe mein kaee lock khelon mein aisee visheshtaen theen joe aadhunik baseball (saath hii cricket aur rounders mein) mein dekhi jaa sakati hain. inmein seey kaee shuruati khelon mein ack gend shamil thee jise lakshya parr fenka gayaa thaa jabaki ack virodhi khilaadi ney gend koo door maarne kaa prayaas karke lakshya kaa bachaav kiya thaa. yadi ballebaaj gend koo safaltapurvak maartaa haye, tou vaha bases key beach bhagkar ank praapt karane kaa prayaas curr sakata haye, jabaki kshetrarakshak gend koo pakadane yaa punah praapt karane kaa prayaas karate hain aur runner koo out curr dete hain. 
lock khel samay, sthaan aur sanskriti key saath bhinn hotey they, jisake parinamswarup samaan lekin bhinn roop hotey they. inn khelon mein koee maanak pralekhit niyam naheen they aur isake bajaay aitihaasik reeti-rivaajon key anusaar khele jaate they. inn khelon koo mazdoor varg, kisan aur bachche khelate they. praarambhik lock khel aksar pahale key dhaarmik samarohon aur pooja anushthaanon seey judey they. inn khelon koo hatotsaahit kiya gayaa aur baad key shaasi raajyon aur dhaarmik adhikaariyon dwara poori tarah seey pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa.
shabdawali mein spasht antar key alawa, upayog kiye jaane vaale upkaran (gend, balle, club, lakshya, aadi) mein khel alag-alag they., joe aamtaur parr joe kuchh bhee upalabdh thaa), jiss tarah seey gend fenki gaee thee, score karane kii vidhi, out karane kii vidhi, maidan kaa leout aur isamen shamil khilaadiyon kii sankhya. bahut vyaapak roop seey, inn khelon koo motey taur parr "longball" key roopon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye, jahaan ballebaaj ack bindu yaa rekha taka aur peechhe chalaa jaataa haye, jaisa kii cricket mein hotaa haye, aur "roundball", jahaan kaee aadharon kaa ack paripath hotaa thaa. khel bhee they (ee.jee. stool-ball, trap-ball) jisamen koee daud naheen hoti thee.
oh, haan.
oina ack roman paaramparik khel haye, joe kaee tarikon seey lapta key samaan lambi gend kaa ack roop haye.
oina" naam mool roop seey "hoina" thaa, aur yeh kamaan shabd "oin" "game" (turkey "" oyun "" kaa ack sangyeya) seey liya gayaa haye.  
sabse purana pratyaksh ullekh 1364 seey aataa haye.
1899 mein, shiksha mantri ney faisala kiya kii shaaririk shiksha kakshaon mein schools mein oin khela jaanaa thaa. unhone pahali vaarshik oh. aaee. aine. aeye. pratiyogitaon kaa ayojan kiya.
romaniyai oin federation ("federation romna dee oin") kii sthaapana 1932 mein kii gaee thee, aur 1950 key dashak kii shuruat mein ack sankshipt avadhi key baad ise phir seey sakriya kiya gayaa thaa, jaba ise bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
aaj, dou sangh hainh ack buchest, romenia mein aur doosara chininyu, moldova mein.
stoolball.
ingland key logon key khel aur manoranjan" naamak 1802 kii ack pustak mein, joseph strut ney daavaa kiya kii baseball jaise khelon kaa pataa 14veen shatabdi mein lagaaya jaa sakata haye, vishesh roop seey ack angreji khel jise stoolball kahaa jaataa haye. stoolball kaa sabse pahala gyaat sandarbh villium pagula kii 1330 kii kavita mein haye, jinhone pujaariyon koo church key bheetar khel koo nishiddh karane kii sifarish kii thee.
stoolball mein, ack khilaadi gend koo lakshya parr fenkta haye jabaki doosara khilaadi lakshya kaa bachaav kartaa haye. mool roop seey, lakshya kaa bachaav nange haath seey kiya gayaa thaa. baad mein, kissy prakaar key balle kaa upayog kiya gayaa (aadhunik stoolball mein, ack bahut bhaari table tennis paddle jaise balle kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye). "stobe-ball" aur "stow-ball" kshetriya khel they joe stoolball key samaan they. mool roop seey stoolball mein lakshya kyaa thaa, yeh nishchit naheen haye; yeh sambhavatah ack pedh kaa stump thaa, kyonki kuchh sthaaniya boliyon mein "stobe" aur "stow" kaa arth "stump" haye. ("stow" khanan mein upayog kiye jaane vaale ack prakaar key frame koo bhee sandarbhit curr sakata haye). yeh ullekhaniya haye kii cricket mein aaj taka wicket key oopar vaale hisse koo "stump" kahaa jaataa haye. beshak, lakshya joe bhee suvidhajanak thaa, shayed ack kabr bhee hoe sakata thaa (isaliye church key maidan key khel parr pagula kii apatti). khelon parr 17veen shatabdi kii ack pustak ack stool koo nirdisht karati haye.
ack kinvadanti key anusaar, doodhiya apane patiyon key kheton seey lautane kaa intezar karate hue stoolball khelati theen. ack anya siddhant yeh haye kii stoolball church kii sevaaon mein bhaag lene key baad khele jaane vaale khel key roop mein vikasit huaa, iss mamle mein lakshya shayed ack church kaa stool thaa. 18veen shatabdi kii ack kavita mein purushon aur mahilaaon koo ack saath khelate hue dikhaaya gayaa haye (mahilaaen balle seey gend pakadane key liye apane apron kaa upayog karati hain), aur yeh aur anya sandarbh khel koo vishesh roop seey easter key mausam seey jodate hain.
stoolball key kaee sanskaran they. praarambhik sanskaranon mein, vastu mukhya roop seey stool kii raksha karane key liye thee. safaltapurvak ack ank key liye giney gaye stool kaa bachaav kiya, aur aggar gend stool seey takaraati haye tou ballebaaj out hoe jaataa haye. isamen koee bhaag naheen thaa. stoolball key ack anya sanskaran mein dou stool key beach daudana shamil thaa, aur scoring cricket mein scoring key samaan thee. shayed ack aur sanskaran mein kaee stool they, aur baseball kii tarah unake chaaron or daudkar ank praapt kiye gaye they.
jaba angrej america aae, tou way apane saath stoolball laker aae. villium bradford ney chrismus divas, 1621 key liye apani diarry mein (asweekriti key saath) nott kiya kii kaise plymouth key loga "sadak parr, khule taur parr khel rahey they; kuchh pitching they barre, kuchh stool-ball aur shach jaise khel mein. stoolball key vibhinn sanskaranon key kaaran, aur kyonki yeh naa kewal ingland mein khela jaataa thaa, balki aupaniveshik america mein bhee khela jaataa thaa, kaee logon dwara stoolball koo cricket, baseball aur rounders kaa aam poorvaj maanaa jaataa haye.
kutta aur billi.
ack anya praarambhik lock khel "kutta aur billi" (yaa "billi aur kutta") thaa, jisaki utpatti shayed scotland mein hui thee. billi aur kutte mein lakadi kaa ack aaytaakaar tukada jise "billi" kahaa jaataa haye, jameen mein ack chhed parr fenka jaataa haye jabaki ack anya khilaadi ack chhadi (ack "kutta") key saath chhed kaa bachaav kartaa haye. kuchh mamalon mein dou chhed they aur billi koo maarne key baad, batter unake beach bhaagata thaa, jabaki kshetrarakshak dhaavak key pahunchane seey pahale billi koo chhed mein dalkar dhaavak koo baahar nikaalane kii koshish karate they. iss prakaar kutta aur billi cricket seey milate-julate they.
horn-billets.
iss khel kaa varnan francis vilughabi kii khel pustak (see. aeye.) mein kiya gayaa thaa. 1670), jisamen stool-ball aur stow-ball sahit 130 seey adhik manoranjan key niyam shamil they. yeh mahatvapurna haye kii isamen ack balla aur aadhar-daud donon shamil they, halanki ise ack gend key bajaay ack lakadi kii billi key saath khela jaataa thaa aur kaee "aadhar" jameen mein chhed theh ballebaaj apane balle key anta koo ack chhed mein dalkar suraksha taka pahunch gayaa isase pahale kii kshetrarakshak billi koo usamen daal sakein. isase pahale kii kshetrarakshak gend seey paas key wicket koo maar sakein, crease key paar balle koo jameen parr chhookar runn banaane key cricket key tareeke mein pratidhvani hoti haye.
trap ball.
14veen shatabdi seey ingland mein kheli jaane vaali trap ball mein, ack gend koo havaa mein fenka jaataa thaa, jise ack ballebaaj dwara maaraa jaataa thaa aur feeled kiya jaataa thaa. kuchh prakaron mein kshetrarakshan karane vaali team key ack sadasya ney gend koo havaa mein fenk diyaa; kuchh mein, ballebaaj ney ise khud fafoond kii tarah fenk diyaa; anya mein, ballebaaj ney gend koo ack saral leaver tantra dwara havaa mein fenk diyaah isake sanskaran, jinhen balle aur jaal aur norr aur spell kahaa jaataa haye, abhee bhee kuchh angreji pabon mein khele jaate hain. trap-ball mein koee daud naheen thee, isake bajaay kshetrarakshakon ney ballebaaj key station seey ack nishchit doori key bheetar gend koo vaapas fenkane kaa prayaas kiya. trap-ball faul lines kii avadharana kii utpatti hoe sakati haye; adhikansh roopon mein gend koo ginane key liye dou padon key beach maaraa jaanaa thaa.
ack sambandhit khel tip-catt thaa; isamen, "billi" lakadi kaa ack aaytaakaar tukada thaa (jaise kutte aur billi mein); yeh pratyek chhor kii or taper hotaa thaa, balki ragbi ball yaa americi football kii tarah, taaki ack chhor koo maarne seey yeh trap-ball mein trap kii tarah havaa mein palat jaae taaki ise chhadi yaa balle seey maaraa jaa sakey.
aadhar.
bases" yaa "candies bases" naamak ack purana angreji khel, jise george eving dwara valley forge mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa, spasht roop seey baseball kii tarah naheen thaa. koee balle aur koee gend shamil naheen thee. yeh khel team "tagg" key ack fancy khel kii tarah thaa, halanki yeh baseball key saath suraksha, aadharon key sthaanon kii avadharana koo saajha kartaa thaa.
cricket.
1650 seey pahale cricket kaa itihas ack rahasya haye. maanaa jaataa haye kii khel cricket key samaan they joe 13veen shatabdi taka vikasit hue they. ack khel thaa jise "kreeg" kahaa jaataa thaa, aur ack anya khel, "handin aur handout" (haath mein aur haath baahar), jise 1477 mein raajaa edward IV dwara avaidh banaa diyaa gayaa thaa, joe khel koo bachkaanaa maanate they, aur anivarya tirandaji abhyaas seey ack vichalit karane vaalaa thaa.
vaastav mein "cricket" naamak ack khel key sandarbh 1550 key aspas dikhaai diye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii "cricket" shabd yaa tou "crick" shabd parr adharit haye, jiska arth haye ack kutil chhadi (angreji "crook" key saath parichit): cricket key shuruati roopon mein hockey chhadi kii tarah kuchh ghumaavdaar balle kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa; yaa hockey key liye ack madhya dutch vakyansh parr, "mett dee (crick kett) saine" ("chhadi kaa peechha karane key saath"), yaa fleemish shabd "chrickstole", joe ack stool koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jiss parr ack church mein ghutane tekta haye aur joe shuruati lamba, cumm wicket jaisa dikhta haye. yeh shabd vyutpatti key roop mein french "crocket" seey sambandhit haye-jisake praarambhik roopon koo ack guchhe key bajaay ack ghumaavdaar chhadi key saath bhee khela jaataa thaa.
baseball kaa sabse pahala gyaat ullekh, bachchon key khel key roop mein, usee varsh (1744) seey haye jisamen topkhaane key jamini kaanoonon ney pahale seey hii ack pratham shreni, kuleen varg dwara praayojit peshevar khel key niyamon koo aupchaarik roop diyaa thaa aur jiss parr vishal daanv lagaae gaye they.
angrej upaniveshvadiyon ney apane anya khelon key saath ghar seey cricket khela, aur 18veen shatabdi key americi sroton mein iska kaee baar ullekh kiya gayaa haye. ack sangathit khel key roop mein, 1827 taka usa shahar mein torrento cricket club kii sthaapana kii gaee thee aur 1838 mein newyork shahar mein sent george cricket club kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa (sadasyata british-janme purushon taka seemit thee). 1844 mein pahale antarrashtriya cricket khel mein donon clubon kii teams kaa saamana huaa, jisamen torrento ney 23 runn seey jeet hassil kii. newyork club key shuruati baseball khilaadiyon mein seey kaee cricketer bhee they, aur sabse pahala darj kiya gayaa antar-club baseball khel brooklin mein union starr cricket maidan parr khela gayaa thaa.
goliyaan.
baseball key samaan sabse adhik british khel, aur sabse adhik isake poorvaj yaa nikatatam sambandh key roop mein ullikhit, golak haye. baseball kii tarah, lakshya ack balle seey ack pitch gend koo maarnaa aur phir score karane key liye chaar aadharon kaa ack circuit chalaana haye. ballebaaj koo ack achchi gend parr prahaar karna chaahiye aur pahale, dusare aur teesare aadhar key aspas ghadee kii vipareet disha mein bhagna chaahiye aur chauthe aadhar parr jaanaa chaahiye, halanki way pahale teen mein seey kissy bhee parr reh sakate hain. ack ballebaaj out hoe jaataa haye yadi gend pakadi jaati haye; yadi vaha jiss aadhar parr daud rahey hain usey gend seey chhuaa jaataa haye; yaa yadi, daudate samay, unhein ack kshetrarakshak dwara gend seey chhuaa jaataa haye. nau khilaadi ack team kaa gathan karate hain, jisamen kshetrarakshan paksh mein gendbaaz, backstop (catcher), chaar aadharon mein seey pratyek parr ack khilaadi aur teen gahare kshetrarakshak hotey hain. british aur ayrish schooly bachchon key beach lokpriya, aur vishesh roop seey ladkiyon key beach, 2015 key roop mein rounders britten mein saat million bachchon dwara khele jaate hain.
1828 mein, landan mein villium clark ney "dha boys one book" kaa doosara sanskaran prakaashit kiya, jisamen rounders key niyam (vaastav mein usa naam kaa sabse pahala gyaat upayog) shamil they, aur angreji mein ack balle aur gend key aadhar parr chalane vaale khel kaa pahala mudrit vivaran ack heere parr khela gayaa thaa. agale varsh, yeh pustak boston, massachusets mein prakaashit hui. thheek vahee niyam robbin carver kii "dha book off sports" (boston, 1834) mein shabdashah punarmudrit kiye gaye they, sivaay isake kii way "rounders" naheen balki "bases" yaa goal-ball key liye they."
british baseball.
ack anootha british khel, jise british baseball key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, abhee bhee wells aur ingland key kuchh hisson mein khela jaataa haye. halanki yeh khel mukhya roop seey cardiff, newport aur liverpool key shaharon taka seemit haye, lekin donon deshon kii pratinidhi teams key beach ack vaarshik antarrashtriya khel haye. haalaanki, british "baseball" rounders key samaan haye, kyonki ise vaastav mein 1892 taka kahaa jaataa thaa, aur yeh 19veen shatabdi kii americi tour teams key prabhaav mein kuchh hudd taka sankarit ack rounders sanskaran kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye; yeh vaastav mein ack baar vyaapak vayask club rounders key mahaan britten mein antim uttarjeevita haye.
baseball kaa praarambhik ullekh.
kaee sroton key anusaar, "baseball" shabd kii sabse pahali upasthiti 1700 seey hui, jaba anglican bishap thomas willson ney ravivaar koo honey vaale "morris-dancing, kudgel-playing, baseball aur cricket" key baare mein apani asweekriti vyakt kii. haalaanki, david block, "baseball seey pahale humm ise jaanate they" (2005) mein, report kartaa haye kii mool srot mein "baseball" key liye "stoolball" haye. block bhee report kartaa haye kii sandarbh 1700 key bajaay 1672 taka dikhaai detaa haye.
bachchon key prakaashak johnn newberry dwara ingland mein 1744 mein likhi gaee ack pustak jise "aeye little beauty pockett-book" kahaa jaataa haye, mein teen-aadhar vaale stoolball yaa rounders key samaan ack khel kaa lakadi kaa cutt aur "bases-ball" naamak ack tukbandi shamil haye. yeh print mein baseball shabd kaa pahala gyaat udaaharan haye.
1755 mein, johnn kidgale kii "card" naamak ack pustak mein, prishth 9 parr khand 1 mein, baseball kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haih "parivaar kaa chhota hissa, pitaa koo mamle parr badaa karane key liye ichchuk naheen samajhata haye, bases-ball (ack shishu khel, joe apani kishoravastha mein aage badhata haye, paanch mein sudhaar kartaa haye) mein ack baadhit party mein sevaanivritt hoe gayaa."halanki" "ack chhoti see sunder pockett-book" "pahali baar gyaarah saal pahale dikhaai dee thee, lekin pahale yaa anya praarambhik sanskaranon kii koee pratiyaan aaj taka saamane naheen aaee hain, kewal 1760 seey dasaven aur baad key sanskaran. isaliye, 2008 mein brey diarry kii khoj honey taka "card" baseball kaa sabse purana jeevit sandarbh thaa.
bases-ball kaa sabse pahala darj kiya gayaa khel jisamen koee aur naheen balki prince off wells kaa parivaar shamil thaa, joe navambar 1748 mein landan mein ghar key ander khela gayaa thaa. prince koo sitambar 1749 mein walton-onn-thames, surre mein lord midlex key khilaf phir seey "baas-ball" khelane key roop mein bataaya gayaa haye. angrej vakeel villium brey ney apani diarry mein likhaa kii unhone 1755 key somwar koo gildford mein baseball kaa ack khel khela thaa, joe surre mein bhee thaa.
 baseball" shabd pahali baar 1768 mein ack shabdakosh mein "encyclopaedia britannica" (pahali baar usee varsh prakaashit) key sampadakon dwara sankalit "angreji bhasha key ack samanya shabdakosh" mein dikhaai diyaa, jisamen ack gair-sahayak paribhasha "ack graameen khel jisamen gend koo maarne vaale vyakti koo apane aadhar yaa lakshya taka bhagna chaahiye."
1796 taka, iss angreji khel key niyam lokpriya manoranjan parr german johann christophe friedrich gutsmuth kii pustak mein ullekh arjit karane key liye paryaapt roop seey sthaapit they. isamen unhone "('surakshit sthaanon key saath gend, yaa angreji aadhar-gend') koo dou teams key beach ack pratiyogita key roop mein varnit kiya jisamen" ballebaaj key paas gharelu plate parr gend koo maarne key teen prayaas hotey hain "; ack paksh koo sevaanivritt karane key liye kewal ack out kii aavashyakta hoti thee. gutsmuth mein maidan kaa ack aarekh shamil thaa joe shahar kii gend key samaan thaa. vishesh roop seey, gutsmuth balle key upayog kaa spasht roop seey ullekh karane vaale sabse pahale lekhak hain, halanki iss mamle mein yeh lagbhag 18 inch lamba ack sapaat lakadi kaa paddle thaa, joe ack haath seey ghumaaya gayaa thaa.
french pustak doosari gyaat pustak haye jisamen ballebaji/aadhar/daudane key khel key mudrit niyam hain. yeh 1810 mein peris mein mudrit kiya gayaa thaa aur ("zahar vaali gend") key liye niyam nirdhaarit kartaa haye, jisamen aathh seey duss khilaadiyon kii dou teemen theen, chaar aadhar (ack koo ghar kahaa jaataa haye), ack pitcher, ack ballebaaj, "bhigone" aur flyball out; haalaanki, gend koo spasht roop seey haath seey maaraa gayaa thaa.
ack anya praarambhik print sandarbh jaine austen kaa upanyaas "northanger abby" haye, joe mool roop seey 1798-1799 likhaa gayaa haye. pahale adhyaay mein yuva angreji nayika catherine moreland koo "cricket, bases ball, ghode parr savaar honah aur kitaabon key bajaay desh key aspas daudana" pasand karane key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. lagbhag usee samay, austen kii chacheri bahan cassendra cook ney apane upanyaas "battleries" mein baseball kaa ullekh kiya.
1820 key dashak mein apane "gaanv key sketch" jack hatch mein, lekhak mairi russell mitford ney likhaah
1828 mein, landan key villium clark ney "dha boys one book" kaa doosara sanskaran prakaashit kiya, jisamen "rounders" naamak khel kaa sabse pahala gyaat ullekh shamil thaa, aur usa sheershak key tahat ack balle aur gend key aadhar parr chalane vaale khel kaa angreji mein pahala mudrit vivaran shamil haye. agale varsh, yeh pustak boston, massachusets mein prakaashit hui. 1834 mein robbin carver dwara likhit "dha book off sports" mein isi tarah key niyam boston mein prakaashit kiye gaye they, sivaay carver key jise khel "bases yaa goal ball" kahaa jaataa haye. clark key "goal" vivaran koo aaney vaale dashakon mein atlantic key donon or kaee baar vibhinn naamon key tahat punarmudrit kiya jaayega.
america mein praarambhik baseball.
1845 seey pahale aadhunik baseball banane vaale khel key vikas kaa chart banaana mushkil haye. nikarbokar niyam ack aise khel kaa varnan karate hain joe kuchh samay seey khela jaa rhaa thaa, lekin kitane samay taka anishchit haye. shain paalak sabse pahale utpatti key baare mein sandeh key saath aaya thaa. 
ack samay mein dou shivir they. ack, jyaadaatar angreji mein, daavaa kiya kii baseball angreji mool key khel (shayed rounders) seey vikasit huaa; dusare, lagbhag poori tarah seey americi, ney kahaa kii baseball ack americi aavishkaar thaa (shayed vann-ol '-catt key khel seey vyutpann). jahir haye kii unhone apani sthiti koo parasparik roop seey ananya key roop mein dekhaa. unake kuchh ank saboot kii tulanaa mein adhik rashtriya wafadari lagate hainh amerikiyon ney kissy bhee sujhaav koo aswikar karane kii pravritti dikhaai kii baseball ack angreji khel seey vikasit huaa, jabaki kuchh angreji paryavekshakon ney nishkarsh nikala kii baseball binaa round key unake rounders seey thodaa adhik thaa. ack angreji lekhak ney yeh ghoshana karane key liye itna aage badh gayaa kii nikarbokar club mein angreji pravaasi shamil they jinhone 1845 mein pahali baar america mein "apane" khel kii shuruat kii. mills commission ney, doosari charam parr, 1839 mein cooperstowne, newyork (rashtriya baseball holl off fame aur sangrahalaya kii vartamaan site) mein abner double koo khel key aavishkaar key liye jimmedaar thaharaate hue ack "aadhikarik" aur poori tarah seey kaalpanik aul-american sanskaran banaaya.
donon poori tarah seey galat they, kyonki yeh bahut spasht haih baseball, yaa "bases ball" naamak ack khel, taba taka kaee varshon seey america mein khela jaa chuka thaa. america mein khel kaa sabse pahala spasht sandarbh march 1786 seey prinston, johnn riya smith mein ack chhaatr kii diarry mein haih "ack achchha dinn, parisar mein pest ball khelein lekin mujhe gend koo pakadane aur maarne donon seey chookane key liye peeta jaataa haye."ack sambhaavit sandarbh haye, ack peedhi purani, harvard seey; 1760 key dashak mein parisar key makkhan kaa varnan karate hue, sidney willard ney likhaa", khaane key alawa, ack chhaatr key liye aavashyak sub kuchh becha jaataa thaa, aur khel key maidanon mein upayog kiye jaane vaale lekh, jaise kii chamgaadad, gend aadi. ... yahaan humm kushti karate they aur daudate they, usee samay aur cricket khelate they, aur balle aur gend key vibhinn khel khelate they."
pitsfield, massachusets mein 1791 key ack upaniyam ney shahar key baithak ghar key 80 gaj key bheetar "wicket, cricket, baseball, batball, football, billiyon, fives, yaa gend key saath khele jaane vaale kissy bhee anya khel" key khel parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa taaki isaki khidakiyon koo nuksan naa hoe. versester, massachusets ney 1816 mein "sadakon parr" baseball khelane koo gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa.
19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein baseball kaa anya ullekh bhee hain. newyork shaam post mein 6 juuna, 1821 key kensington house key liye ack vigyaapan mein kahaa gayaa haye, "kensington house key maidan vishal hain, aur cricket, aadhar, trap-ball, quats aur anya manoranjan key mahaan khel khelane key liye achchi tarah seey anukoolit hain, aur uparokt khelon key liye aavashyak sabhi upkaran clubon aur partiyon koo pradaan kiye jaayenge."
(newyork) "rashtriya adhivakta" key 25 aprail, 1823 key sanskaran mein yeh shamil thaah
dou saal baad dilli (newyork) key 13 julaai, 1825 key sanskaran "rajpatra" mein nimnalikhit soochana dikhaai deeh "neeche hastakshar kiye gaye, hamden key nae shahar key sabhi nivasi, aasaa holland key apavaad key saath, jinhone haal hii mein dilli mein hataa diyaa haye, delaware county key kissy bhee shahar key samaan sankhya mein vyaktiyon koo chunauti dete hain, taaki way kissy bhee samay edward bee key ghar parr unase mill sakein. chess, kahaa shahar mein, baas-ball kaa khel khelane key liye, pratyek khel mein ack dollar key yog key liye."
thurlo weed ney apane sansmaran mein 1825 mein rochester, newyork mein sangathit club baseball koo yaad kiyaah
baad mein samhitaabaddh niyamon key tahat baseball kaa pahala darj kiya gayaa khel 23 sitambar, 1845 koo newyork baseball club aur nikarbokar baseball club key beach newyork mein khela gayaa thaa. americi baseball kathit taur parr 1838 mein beachville, ontario mein khela gayaa thaa. haalaanki, una niyamon key baare mein koee aam sahamati naheen haye jinka upayog kiya gayaa thaa yaa kyaa ise pahala "baseball" khel maanaa jaa sakata haye. dow. dwara khel key niyamon aur pratyaksh khaate koo vaapas leey liya gayaa. aadam ee. ford, jinhone chhah saal key ladke key roop mein khel koo dekhaa thaa, 1886 key ank mein "khel jeevan" patrika mein denver, colorado mein; unhone khel kaa ullekhaniya vistaar seey varnan kiya, jisamen aniyamit aadharon key beach sateek doori aur gend kaa nirmaan kaise kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, kuchh itihaskaron, jaise david block ney ford kii smriti kii sachchai aur avishvasaniya vishishtata key baare mein sandeh vyakt kiya haye, aur vaastav mein isaki tulanaa abner key baare mein abner key samaan dhaage seey kii haye.
usa patra mein, ford usa samay key 'puraane greyhear' koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jinhone bachchon key roop mein iss khel koo khela thaa, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii kanada mein baseball kii utpatti 18 veen shatabdi mein vaapas jaati haye. johnn montgomeri ward ney apani 1888 kii pustak "bases-baulah kaise ack khilaadi banana haye, khel kii utpatti, itihas aur vyakhya key saath" mein bahut samaan udaaharan darj kiye they, jisamen unhone kaee bujurg purushon koo yaad kiya kii way ladakon key roop mein khele they, joe 1790 seey 1830 key dashak taka they; anya logon key beach, oliver wendell homes, sr. harvard mein khelane key baare mein yaad karate hue, jahan seey unhone 1829 mein snaatak kiya.
cricket aur rounders.
baseball puraane angreji khelon jaise kii stool-ball, trap-ball aur tip-catt parr adharit haye, jiss parr cricket key sambhaavit prabhaavon parr vivaad karna mushkil haye. doosari or, naee duniya mein khele jaane vaale baseball mein kaee aise tatva hain joe advitiya roop seey americi hain. baseball kii utpatti parr vichaar karane key liye sabse pahale prakaashit lekhak, johnn montgomeri ward, aksar-tote vaale daave parr sandeh karate they kii goal karane vaale baseball key pratyaksh poorvaj hain, kyonki donon koo ack hii samay avadhi mein aupchaarik roop diyaa gayaa thaa. unhone kuchh deshbhakti key saath nishkarsh nikala kii baseball town-ball (i.ee. rounders), bachchon key "surakshit panaah" gend key khel seey baahar.
balle aur gend key saath khele jaane vaale khel sabhi door key chachere bhaai hoe sakate hain; yahee baat aadhar aur gend key khelon key liye bhee lagu hoti haye. dou teams key liye balle, aadhar aur gend key khel joe ander aur baahar vaikalpik hain, jaise kii baseball, cricket aur rounders, karibi chachere bhaai honey kii sambhavana haye. una sabhi mein ack ballebaaj koo ack gend fenkana shamil haye joe ise "ballebaji" karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye aur surakshit roop seey ack aadhar parr bhaag jaataa haye, jabaki pratidvandi ballebaaj-dhaavak koo baahar karane kii koshish kartaa haye jaba uttardaayi hotaa haye ("uttardaayi [out kiya jaanaa] asurakshit key liye baseball shabd haye). nishchit roop seey, baseball cricket aur rounders seey "sambandhit" haye, lekin vaastav mein kaise, yaa kitane karib seey, sthaapit naheen kiya gayaa haye. kewal ack nishchit baat yeh haye kii cricket baseball seey bahut purana haye, aur yeh kii cricket aupaniveshik america aur praarambhik sanyukt raajya america mein bahut lokpriya thaa, joe grih yuddh key baad newyork baseball kii visfotak lokpriyata key saath hii lupt hoe gayaa. baseball cricket key liye kuchh apnai gaee shabdawali kaa shreya detaa haye, jaise kii "out", "paari", "runn" aur "umpire". ack samay mein nyu ingland mein cricket kaa ack lokpriya roop "wicket" bhee thaa, jisane puraane jamaane key chaude, dou-stump vaale cumm wicket koo barkarar rakhaa, aur jisamen badee gend koo jameen parr ludhaka diyaa gayaa thaa.
sambhavana yeh haye kii "bases ball" aur "rounders" ("feeder", "squares" aur anya naamon key saath) 1700 key dashak kii shuruat seey ingland key kaee hisson mein alag-alag niyamon key saath khele jaane vaale ack hii ladakon key khel key liye kshetriya appeal they. apane rishtedaron key saath stool-ball aur billi key khelon key saath yeh angreji upaniveshvadiyon key saath samudra koo paar curr gayaa, aur antatah apane swayam key swatantra vikaasvaadi maarg kaa paalan kiya, usee samay jaba ingland mein abb jise aam taur parr "rounders" kahaa jaataa thaa, vaha alag seey vikasit hoe rhaa thaa.
billi, ack purani billi.
billi" (yaa "billi-gend") key khel mein kaee bhinnataaen theen, lekin aamtaur parr ack pitcher, ack catcher, ack ballebaaj aur kshetrarakshak hotey they, lekin koee paksh naheen hotey they (aur aksar daudane key liye koee aadhar naheen hotaa thaa). aksar, angreji tip-catt kii tarah, koee ghadaa naheen thaa aur "billi" ack gend naheen thee, balki ack aaytaakaar lakadi kii vastu thee, joe motey taur parr football key aakar kii thee, jise ack chhor parr markar havaa mein flip kiya jaa sakata thaa, yaa buss ack chhoti chhadi jise ack chhed yaa patthar parr rakhaa jaa sakata thaa aur isi tarah flip kiya jaa sakata thaa. anya roopon mein ballebaaj ney khud apane mukt haath seey gend koo havaa mein fenk diyaa, jaisa kii kavak mein hotaa haye. billi key kuchh sanskaranon kii ack visheshta joe baad mein baseball kii ack visheshta bunn gaee, vaha yeh thee kii ack ballebaaj aggar teen baar swing kartaa haye aur chook jaataa haye tou vaha baahar hoe jaataa haye.
ack anya khel joe praarambhik america mein lokpriya thaa, vaha thaa "vann oll catt", jiska naam sambhavatah mool roop seey "vann holl catapult" kaa sankuchan thaa. ack oll 'catt mein, jaba ack ballebaaj koo out kiya jaataa haye, tou catcher ballebaji karane jaataa haye, pitcher catch kartaa haye, ack kshetrarakshak pitcher bunn jaataa haye, aur anya kshetrarakshak rotation mein oopar jaate hain. ack oll 'catt aksar taba khela jaataa thaa jaba paksh chunane aur townball khelane key liye paryaapt khilaadi naheen hotey they. kabhi-kabhi ack aadhar aur peechhe kii or bhagna shamil thaa. "dou oll 'billi" ack hii khel thaa ack oll' billi key roop mein, sivaay isake kii dou ballebaaj they; newyork saarvajanik pustakalaya mein sanrakshit ack aarekh parr "chaar purani billi" kaa label lagaaya gayaa haye aur ack baseball heere aur chaar ballebaajon jaise ack vargakar maidan koo darshaaya gayaa haye, pratyek koney mein ack.
balle aur gend.
ingland aur vishesh roop seey america mein "balle aur gend" key liye 18veen aur 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat key kaee sandarbh hain. durbhagya seey, naam key alawa khel key baare mein koee jaankaari aur jaankaari naheen haye, naa hii yeh baseball key liye ack vaikalpik shabd thaa yaa trap-ball, catt yaa yahaan taka kii cricket jaise kuchh aur. yeh kewal balle aur gend seey khele jaane vaale kissy bhee khel key liye ack samanya vakyansh hoe sakata haye. haalaanki, 1859 mein, alfred alwyn ney 1810 key dashak mein nyu hampshire mein apane bachpan koo yaad kiyaah
yeh "balle aur gend", cumm seey cumm, bahut spasht roop seey praarambhik baseball/roundball/townball kaa ack roop prateet hotaa haye.
town ball, round ball, massachusets bases ball.
baseball, jaisa kii 1850 aur 60 key dashak mein isake badale hue newyork sanskaran key prabhutva key uday seey pahale thaa, bases ball, town ball, round ball, round town, goal ball, feeled-bases, three-corner catt, nyu ingland game, yaa massachusets baseball key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. aam taur parr, "round-ball" nyu ingland mein sabse samanya naam thaa, newyork mein "bases-ball", aur pensylvania aur dakshin mein "town-ball". newyork public library kii digital gallery website parr baseball sangrah mein post kiya gayaa ack aarekh ack khel kii pehchaan kartaa haye, "ack gend key saath aathh ladke aur hamari purani billi key saath chaar balle khel rahey hain" yeh khel spasht roop seey pratyek taraf 40 feat key varg parr khela gayaa thaa, lekin aarekh niyamon yaa khel koo kaise khelna haye, yeh spasht naheen kartaa haye. kagaj kii ack hii sheet ack varg kaa ack aarekh dikhaati haye-prati paksh 60 feat, jisamen aadhar paksh key beach mein "gharelu goal", "catcher" aur "striker" hotaa haye, aur konon koo "pahala goal", "doosara goal", "teesara goal", aur "chautha goal" key roop mein chihnit kiya jaataa haye kyonki aap varg key chaaron or ghadee kii vipareet disha mein yatra karate hain. iss aarekh key saath likhe nott mein kahaa gayaa haye, "tees yaa adhik khilaadi (pratyek paksh mein 15 yaa adhik) ack balle aur gend key saath shahar kii gend khelate hain, jise kabhi-kabhi goal gend kahaa jaataa haye, aur baad mein tathaakathit massachusets khel kaa aadhar gend.
praarambhik baseball yaa town-ball mein kaee, kaee prakaar they, jaisa kii ack anaupchaarik ladakon key khel seey apekshit thaa, aur 1840 key dashak mein newyork mein vikasit khel seey kaee vishesh roopon mein adhikansh bhinn they. isake alawa aamtaur parr (lekin hamesha naheen) ack 'heera' key bajaay ack 'aayat' parr khela jaataa thaa, jisamen ballebaaj chauthe aur pahale aadhar key beach sthit hotaa thaa (teen aur paanch aadharon key saath bhee prakaar they), yeh chhah seey tees seey adhik khilaadiyon kii vibhinn sankhya dwara khela jaataa thaa, adhikansh mein lekin sabhi sanskaranon mein koee faul kshetra naheen thaa aur harr gend khel mein thee, paari kaa nirdhaaran cricket mein yaa "aul out/aul out" key aadhar parr kiya jaataa thaa, kaee sanskaranon mein aul out/aul out, antim ballebaaj key liye hitt karane key kuchh shandar karnamon dwara ack aur paari arjit karane kaa avsar thaa, pitching overhand thee (underhand pitching "nyu york" mein anivarya thee) 1880 key dashak taka baseball mein), aur shayed sabse mahatvapurna roop seey, ack baserner koo "fake out" yaa "fake out" key saath baahar curr diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki cricket mein "aul out/aul out" yaa "ack out/aul out", kaee sanskaranon mein antim ballebaaj key liye ack aur paari arjit karane kaa avsar thaa.
jaisa kii oopar ullekh kiya gayaa haye, 1829 mein "ladke kii apani pustak" koo boston mein punarmudran kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen goal karane vaalon key niyam shamil they, aur robbin carver kii 1834 kii "khel kii pustak" ney lagbhag shabdashah usee niyamon kii nakal kii lekin "goal karane vaalon" koo "aadhar yaa goal gend" mein badal diyaa kyonki, jaisa kii prastaavana mein kahaa gayaa haye, way "aam taur parr iss desh mein apanaae gaye naam hain"-jiska yeh bhee tatparya haye kii khel "aam taur parr" jaanaa jaataa thaa aur khela jaataa thaa. 1833 mein philadelphia kaa olympic ball club aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1837 taka mainhattan mein gotham bases ball club kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa, joe baad mein nikarbokar club banaane key liye vibhajit hoe gayaa thaa.
1835 mein "ladakon kii khel kii pustak" kaa prakaashan huaa, jisamen, bhramit karane vaali, "aadhar gend" aur "aadhar, yaa goal-gend" donon key liye adhyaay hain, joe thodaa alag lagata haye; donon hii soaking aur teen-strike niyam key saath "aul out, aul out" townball they. adhik dilchasp tathya yeh haye kii yahaan "paari" aur "heera" shabdon kaa sabse pahala upayog dikhaai detaa haye.
1840 key dashak kii shuruat mein mainhattan, newyork, eagle aur magnolia mein cumm seey cumm teen aur clubon kaa gathan huaa; philadelphia mein ack aur, athletic; aur yahaan taka kii sinsinati mein ack club bhee. 1851 taka baseball kaa khel itani achchi tarah seey sthaapit hoe gayaa thaa kii chrismus key dinn team key ack samooh dwara khele gaye khel kii ack samachar patra kii report mein khel koo "bases ball kaa ack achchha puraane jamaane kaa khel" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1858 kii report mein bases ball khilaadiyon key rashtriya sangh ney ghoshana kii kii "bases-ball kaa khel lambe samay seey iss desh mein ack pasandida aur lokpriya khel rhaa haye, lekin yeh pichhale pandrah varshon key bheetar hii haye kii khel koo vyavasthit karane aur viniyamit karane kaa koee bhee prayaas kiya gayaa haye."
puraane khel koo naee "nikarbokar" shally seey charitra mein bahut alag honey key roop mein pahachaana gayaa thaa. 10 octuber, 1857 key newyork "clipper" ney nyu jersey key liberty club aur "puraane kohre kii ack party key beach ack match kii soochana dee, joe puraane fashion kii aadhar gend khelane kii aadat mein they, joe lagbhag harr koee jaanata haye, abb kheli jaane vaali aadhar gend seey poori tarah seey alag haye."jaba 1860 mein, philadelphia key olympic ball club ney" "newyork khel" "mein badalane key liye matdan kiya, tou kaee paaramparik sadasyon ney virodh mein istifa dey diyaa. usee varsh pratidvandi athletic club ney ack chunauti match key liye ponch chunk, pensylvania kii yatra kii, jisamen unhone donon town ball (gharelu team ney 45-43 prabal kiya), aur "nyu york" baseball (athletic ney aasaani seey jeet liya, 34-2) mein sthaaniya club key khilaf pratispardha kii.
round-ball anya kshetron kii tulanaa mein nae ingland mein lambe samay taka banaa rhaa aur overlap kii avadhi key dauran kabhi-kabhi "nyu ingland game" yaa "massachusets baseball" key roop mein pratishthit kiya gayaa thaa; 1858 mein massachusets association off bases ball khilaadiyon dwara deedham key phoenix hotal mein niyamon kaa ack sett taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. yeh khel duss seey chaudah khilaadiyon kii teams dwara khela gayaa thaa, jisamen chaar aadhar 60 feat kii doori parr they aur koee faul kshetra naheen thaa. gend aadhunik baseball kii tulanaa mein kaafee chhoti aur halki thee, aur dhaavakon koo abhee bhee "bhigone" seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
abner ney mithak koo doguna curr diyaa.
yeh mithak kii abner ney 1839 mein baseball kaa aavishkaar kiya thaa, ack baar vyaapak roop seey prachaarit kiya gayaa thaa aur vyaapak roop seey maanaa jaataa thaa. iss daave key liye koee saboot naheen haye sivaay dashakon baad ack avishvasaniya vyakti kii gawahi key, aur isake liye prerak prati-pramaan haye. khud ney kabhi aisaa daavaa naheen kiya; unhone kaee patra aur kagjat chhode, lekin unamen baseball kaa koee vivaran yaa koee sujhaav naheen haye jise way khel key itihas mein khud koo pramukh maanate hain. unake "newyork times" key shoke sandesh mein baseball kaa koee ullekh naheen haye, naa hii 1911 key vishvakosh lekh mein dogune dinn key baare mein koee ullekh haye. kahani key saamane aatey hii baseball lekhakon ney usa parr hamla curr diyaa, lekin isake peechhe pramukh leag baseball aur spaulding prakaashan samrajya kaa bhaar thaa. lokpriya dhaarana key vipareet, doubleday koo kabhi bhee baseball holl off fame mein shamil naheen kiya gayaa thaa, halanki unakaa ack badaa tail chitra kaee varshon taka holl off fame building mein pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa.
baseball kaa aavishkaar doubleday ney ack poorv starr pitcher aur club karyakari albert spaulding dwara niyukt ack panel kii khoj kii thee, joe pramukh americi khel vastu udyami aur khel prakaashak bunn gaye they. baseball kii utpatti parr bahas dashakon seey chala rahee thee, 20veen shatabdi key pahale varshon mein germ hoe gaee thee, 1903 key ack nibandh baseball itihaaskaar heinry chadwick ney spaulding key "aadhikarik baseball guide" mein likhaa thaa kii baseball dheere-dheere "rounders" key angreji khel seey vikasit huaa thaa. tark, atkalon aur tark koo samaapt karane key liye, spaulding ney 1905 mein mill aayog kaa ayojan kiya. sadasya baseball key vyakti they, itihaaskaar naheenh spaulding key dost abraham jee. mills, ack poorv rashtriya leag adhyaksh; dou sanyukt raajya senator, poorv aine. ell. adhyaksh morgan bulkale aur poorv washington club adhyaksh arther gorman; poorv aine. ell. adhyaksh aur aajivan sachiv-khajanedar nick young; dou anya starr khilaadi khel vastu udyami (george raait aur alfred reech) baney; aur aeye. oh. adhyaksh james ee. sullivan.
30 disambar, 1907 koo prakaashit antim report mein teen khand shamil theh milon dwara likhe gaye panel key nishkarshon kaa saransh, panel kaa samarthan karane vaale johnn montgomeri ward dwara ack patra, aur heinry chadwick dwara ack asahamati raay. shodh key tareeke sabse achche they, sandigdh. milon ney double day kaa karibi dost thaa, aur 1893 mein double day kii mrityu key baad milon ney unaki smaarak seva aur dafanaane kaa ayojan kiya. doubleday aadhyatmik theosophical samaaj key ack pramukh sadasya they, jisamen spaulding kii patni gaharaai seey shamil thee aur jisake parisar mein usa samay saine diago spaulding reh rhaa thaa. sahee aur pahunch prabhaavi roop seey spaulding key karmchaariyon key liye thee, kyonki unhone kuchh saal pahale gupt roop seey unake khel-saman key vyavsaayon koo khareed liya thaa. aeye. oh. adhyaksh aur aayog sachiv sullivan spaulding key vyaktigat tathya they. baseball koo "americi" khel ghoshit karane key liye kaee anya sadasyon key paas vyaktigat kaaran they, jaise kii spaulding key majboot americi samrajyavadi vichaar. aayog koo ack aakarshak kahani mileeh baseball kaa aavishkaar ack aise yuva vyakti dwara kiya gayaa thaa joe videshiyon yaa udyog key binaa ack anokhe graameen shahar mein thaa, joe baad mein paschim bindu seey snaatak huaa aur jisane maxican-americi yuddh, grih yuddh aur yuu mein veertapurna seva kii.aiss. bhaartiyon key khilaf yuddh.
mill aayog ney nishkarsh nikala kii doubleday ney 1839 mein cooperstowne, newyork mein baseball kaa aavishkaar kiya thaa; kii doubleday ney "baseball" shabd kaa aavishkaar kiya thaa, heere koo design kiya thaa, kshetrarakshakon kii sthiti kaa sanket diyaa thaa, aur niyamon koo likhaa thaa. 1839 aur 1849 key beach key dashak mein inn daavon kii pushti karane key liye koee likhit record kabhi naheen milaa haye, naa hii dou baar sakshatkar kiya jaa sakata haye (unaki mrityu 1893 mein hui). kahani kaa pramukh srot bujurg ebner kabron kaa ack patra thaa, joe 1839 mein cooperstowne key paanch varsheeya nivasi they. kabron mein kabhi bhee heere, padon yaa niyamon key lekhan kaa ullekh naheen thaa. isake alawa, ack gawah key roop mein unaki vishvasaniyata koo chunauti dee gaee kyonki unhone apane antim dinn aaparaadhik roop seey pagal key liye ack sharan mein bitaaye. 1839 mein doubleday cooperstowne mein naheen thaa aur hoe sakata haye kii kabhi shahar kaa daura naa kiya hoe. usa samay vaha paschim bindu parr namankit thaa, aur chhutti key samay kaa koee record naheen haye. mills, joe doubleday key aajivan mitra they, ney unhein kabhi baseball kaa ullekh karate hue naheen sunaa, naa hii doubleday kii aatmakatha mein khel kaa koee ullekh haye. charitra mein, doubleday kitabi aur gatiheen thaa, jisamen kissy bhee prakaar key athletics mein koee avalokan yogya ruchi naheen thee.
baseball niyamon key sanskaran aur isi tarah key khelon key vivaran prakashanon mein paae gaye hain joe 1839 mein unake kathit aavishkaar seey kaafee pahale key hain. isake bavjood, 1939 mein nirmit ballpark koo holl off fame seey kewal kuchh blocks mein banaaya gayaa thaa, joe abhee bhee "double day feeled" naam rakhta haye. haalaanki, double day key vyakti aur cooperstowne key gaanv kii kritrim ghuspaith key alawa, milon kii report apani vyaapak ruprekha mein poori tarah seey galat naheen theeh shuruati samay seey america mein angreji rounders seey sambandhit ack khel khela jaataa thaa; ise ack prakaar key roop dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa joe lagbhag 1840 mein newyork mein utpann huaa thaa. lekin yeh vikas shahari newyork shahar mein huaa, naa kii pastral cooperstowne mein, aur isamen shamil purush naa tou farm boy they aur naa hii west point cadet.
nikarbokar niyam.
sanyukt raajya america mein baseball key sabse pahale prakaashit niyam 1845 mein newyork shahar key "bases ball" club key liye likhe gaye they jise nickerbox kahaa jaataa haye. club key kathit aayojak, alekjendar cartrite, ack vyakti hain jinhen aamtaur parr "baseball key pitaa" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. niyam swayam upa-kaanoonon parr dou-sadasyiya samiti, upaadhyaksh villium aar dwara likhe gaye they. wheaton aur sachiv villium aich. tucker. ack mahatvapurna niyam, 13vaan, "bhigone" yaa "plug karane" koo gairkaanooni ghoshit kartaa haye, ack fenk dee gaee gend seey ack dhaavak koo markar, tagg kii avadharana koo pesh kartaa haye; yeh ack door kii yatra aur sambhaavit roop seey hanikarak kathin gend key upayog koo darshaata haye. ack anya mahatvapurna niyam, 15vein ney pahali baar ack paari key liye teen out nirdisht kiye, bajaay isake kii "ack out, aul out" yaa "aul out, aul out"।"10vein niyam ney faul lines aur faul gendon koo nirdhaarit kiya aur 18vein ney ack faul parr aage badhane vaale dhaavakon koo pratibandhit kiya," "massachusets khel" "key vipareet jisamen sabhi ballebaji genden khel mein theen. nickerbox ney heere koo shahar kii gend seey parey bhee badhaaya, "sambhavatah" aadhunik aakar mein iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii "gati" kii vyakhya kaise kii jaati haye.
tathaakathit "nikarbokar niyamon" seey laker vartamaan niyamon taka kaa vikas kaafee achchi tarah seey pralekhit haye. sabse mahatvapurna antar yeh thaa kii overhand pitching avaidh thee, strike kewal tabhi giney jaate they jaba ballebaaj swing kartaa thaa aur chook jaataa thaa, "wide" yaa genden bilkul bhee naheen giney jaate they, pahale uchhaal parr pakadi gaee ack balle seey gend ack out thee, aur ack khel 21 "aiss" yaa runn key liye khela jaataa thaa bajaay ack nirdhaarit sankhya kii paari key.
haalaanki, yeh ullekhaniya haye kii nikkarbokar niyamon mein khel key kaee buniyaadi tatvon koo shamil naheen kiya gayaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, ack taraf kii sthiti yaa khilaadiyon kii sankhya kaa koee ullekh naheen thaa, pitching kii doori anirdisht thee, aadhar-daud kii disha khuli chhod dee gaee thee, aur yeh kabhi naheen kahaa gayaa thaa, halanki yeh nihit thaa, kii ack "aiss" koo ghar kii plate koo paar karke score kiya gayaa thaa. sabhi sambhaavanaon mein, pahale koo chhodkar inn sabhi mamalon koo iss samay taka baseball key liye itna aantarik maanaa gayaa thaa kii unhein maan liya gayaa thaa; ack paksh mein khilaadiyon kii sankhya, halanki, 1857 mein nau parr taya honey taka clubon key beach bahas kaa vishay bunny rahee, saat-vyakti teams key liye asafal bahas karane vaale nickerbox.
3 juuna, 1953 koo congress ney aadhikarik taur parr cartrite koo baseball key aadhunik khel kaa aavishkaar karane kaa shreya diyaa. way pahale seey hii baseball holl off fame key sadasya they, jinhen baseball mein vibhinn anya yogdaanon key liye 1938 mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, khel key aavishkaar mein cartrite kii bhoomika vivaadit rahee haye. pramukh leag baseball key aadhikarik itihaaskaar, johnn thorn key anusaar, "baseball holl off fame mein cartrite kii pattika ghoshit karati haye kii unhone aadhar koo 90 feat kii doori parr sthaapit kiya aur ack khel key roop mein nau paariyon aur ack team key roop mein nau khilaadiyon koo sthaapit kiya. unhone inmein seey koee bhee kaam naheen kiya, aur unaki pattika parr harr anya shabd galat haye."khel key ack ekal aavishkaarak kii pehchaan karane key aadhunik prayaas mein unake lekhakatva koo atiranjit kiya gayaa hoga, aur unake potey dwara ack athak saarvajanik-sambandh abhiyaan dwara bahut aage badhaaya gayaa hoga. 1845 key niyamon parr swayam "upa-kaanoonon parr samiti", villium aar dwara hastakshar kiye gaye hain. wheaton aur villium aich. tucker. iss baat key pramaan hain kii inn niyamon kaa prayog kuchh samay key liye newyork ball clubon dwara kiya gayaa thaa aur unakaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa; cartrite, club sachiv (aur ack pustak vikreta) key roop mein apani 1848 kii kshamata mein, kewal unhein chhaapane vaale pahale vyakti they.
 newyork baseball key vikas key ack adhik saamoohik model key aur adhik saboot, aur "aavishkaarak" key roop mein cartrite kii bhoomika key baare mein sandeh, 2004 mein villium aar key saath ack samachar patra sakshatkar kii khoj key saath aaya. wheaton, 1837 mein gotham baseball club key sansthaapak sadasya aur nikarbokar club key pahale upaadhyaksh, aur aathh saal baad isake niyamon key saha-lekhak.
yadi 1887 mein diyaa gayaa wheaton kaa vivaran sahee thaa, tou cartrite koo shreya diye jaane vaale adhikansh navachar vaastav mein, naikarbokaron key gathan seey pahale gotham kaa kaam thaa, jisamen likhit niyamon kaa ack sett bhee shamil thaa. aim. ell. bee. key aadhikarik itihaaskaar johnn thorn ney apani pustak "baseball inn dha garden off eden" mein tark diyaa kii nikerbockers key chaar sadasya, arthaat wheaton, luis aff. wadsworth, daniel "dock" addams aur villium aich. aadhunik baseball key "aavishkaarak" key roop mein cartrite kii tulanaa mein unake paas majboot daave hain.
kinvadanti key anusaar cartrite ney adhikansh shaharon mein khel kii shuruat kii, jahan vaha sonaa khojane key liye paschim mein california key apane track parr ruke, joe baseball kaa ack prakaar kaa johnny seb haye. haalaanki, yeh kahani cartrite kii diarry mein jaali pravishtiyon seey utpann hui joe unaki mrityu key baad daali gaee theen.
haalaanki yeh nishchit haye kii cartrite, ack newyork bookseller, jise baad mein gold fever hoe gayaa, ney 19 juuna, 1846 koo hoboken, nyu jersey mein ack khel kii umpire kiya. khel samaapt hoe gayaa, aur nickerbox key pratidvandiyon (nyu york nine) ney jeet hassil kii, 23-1. yeh lambe samay seey maanaa jaataa thaa kii yeh pahala record kiya gayaa yuu thaa.aiss. sangathit clubon key beach baseball khel. haalaanki, cumm seey cumm teen pahale key khel kii khoj kii gaee haih 10 octuber, 1845 koo brooklin mein union starr cricket ground mein brooklin key nyu york ball club aur ack anaam club key beach ack khel khela gayaa thaa; nyu york ney 22 seey 1 khou diyaa thaa. khel "nyu york morning news" aur "true sunn" mein report kiya gayaa thaa, jisase yeh pahala prakaashit baseball parinam bunn gayaa. nyu york aur brooklins ney 21 aur 24 octuber koo dou aur khel khele, jisamen pahala nyu york key gharelu heere parr alician maidanon mein aur phir seey starr cricket maidanon mein rematch huaa.
itihaskaron dwara ack baat nirvivaad haye kii 1870 key dashak mein shuru hui aadhunik peshevar pramukh leag seedhe 1840 aur 1850 key dashak key shaukiya shahari clubon seey vikasit hui, naa kii cooperstowne jaise chhote shaharon key charagahon seey.
alician kshetra.
1845 mein, newyork aur magnolia ball clubon key baad, joe 1843 mein vahaan khelna shuru curr chuke they, nikarbokar club ney baseball khelane key liye hoboken mein alician feeled kaa upayog karna shuru kiya.
ack praarambhik baithak mein [nickerbox kii], yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa kii jaisa kii yeh spasht thaa kii unhein jald hii murre pahaadi seey khaded diyaa jaayega, kuchh upayukt jagah naee jersey mein praapt kii jaani chaahiye, jahaan unakaa thaharaav sthaayi hoe sakata haye; tadnusar, ack yaa dou dinn baad, barkley street ferry parr ack khel koo ikattha karane key liye paryaapt, paar kiya, sadak parr chadhaai kii, pratyek taraf jameen kii sambhavana, jaba taka kii way alician kheton taka naheen pahunch gaye, jahan way "buss gaye."
21 octuber, 1845 koo, newyork ball club ney apane teen khelon mein seey doosara match brooklin team key khilaf khela, yeh shrinkhala pahala gyaat antar-club baseball khel thaa. juuna 1846 mein nickerbox ney samhitaabaddh niyamon key anusaar clubon key beach khele gaye pahale baseball khel mein "newyork nine" (shayed vahee newyork ball club) khela. 11veen aur washington sadakon parr ack pattika aur baseball diamond street paving iss karyakram kaa smaran karate hain. 1850 key dashak taka, mainhattan sthit bases ball khilaadiyon key rashtriya sangh key kaee sadasya maidan kaa upayog apane gharelu maidan key roop mein curr rahey they.
1865 mein maidan ney newyork key mutual club aur brooklin key atlantic club key beach ack championship match kii mejbani kii jisamen anumaanit 20,000 prashansakon ney bhaag liya aur kurier aind ives lithograph "dha american national game off bases ball" mein kaid kiya gayaa.
brooklin mein baad seey ghire dou mahatvapurna baseball parkon key nirmaan key saath, vahaan pravartakon koo khelon mein pravesh lene mein saksham banaata haye; alician kshetron kii pramukhta cumm honey luggy. 1868 mein pramukh mainhattan club, mutual ney apane gharelu khelon koo brooklin mein union ground mein sthanantarit curr diyaa. 1880 mein, peshevar rashtriya leag key newyork club aur american association key mahanagariya club key sansthaapak antatah 110 veen street parr poorv polo maidan mein mainhattan mein ack ballpark mein baithane mein safal rahey.
1845 key baad.
nickerbox ney 1848 mein apani niyam pustika prakaashit kii, jisamen ack mahatvapurna badalaav shamil thaah force-out kii shuruat, lekin kewal pahale aadhar parr. 1852 mein, eagle club ney apane niyamon koo prakaashit kiya, aur dou saal baad nikarbokar, eagle aur gotham mille aur cumm seey cumm match khel mein teenon clubon koo niyantrit karane key liye niyamon key ack samaan sett parr sahmat hue, joe pahali baar pitching doori (15 kadam) nirdhaarit kartaa haye. 1855 mein saat anya clubon key beach ack praarambhik baithak, newyork seey paanch aur brooklin aur nyu jersey seey ack-ack, ack sangathit leag banaane key pahale prayaas kaa pratinidhitva karati thee, halanki yeh kuchh bhee naheen huaa. haalaanki, 1857 mein newyork aur parivesh key solah clubon ney ack sammelan mein pratinidhiyon koo bheja, joe anivarya roop seey kuchh sanshodhanon key saath ekikrit nikarbokar-gotham-eagle niyamon seey sahmat hocker niyamon koo maankeekrit kartaa haih ack nirdhaarit sankhya mein runn khelane key bajaay, khelon mein nau paariyan hoteen, aur abb kissy bhee aadhar parr bull-out hoe sakate hain. sammelan ney aadharon key beach kii doori koo 90 feat key roop mein spasht roop seey paribhaashit kiya, aur nau-sadasyiya teams koo nirdisht kiya. agale varsh, naee jersey key ack club sahit panchish clubon ney adhikaariyon, samvidhaan aur upa-kaanoonon key saath ack chala rahee shaasi nikaay kii sthaapana kii, lekin bases ball khilaadiyon kaa rashtriya sangh paaramparik roop seey 1857 mein pahali baithak seey dinaankit haye. yeh 1870 key madhyam seey shaasit thaa lekin yeh nirdhaarit aur kissy bhee khel koo manjuri naheen detaa thaa.
1858 mein, association key clubon ney newyork aur hoboken key clubon key khilaf brooklin clubon koo khadaa karane vaali ack cross-town, aul-starr shrinkhala kheli. 20 julaai 1858 koo lagbhag 4,000 darshakon kii ack anumaanit bheed ney nyu york aur brooklin koo 22-18 key score seey dekhaa. nyu york team mein union, empire, eagle, nikarbokar aur gotham clubon key khilaadi shamil they. brooklin team mein club accelsier, acford, atlantic aur putnam key khilaadi shamil they. yeh pahala baseball khel thaa joe bhugtan karane vaali bheed key saamane khela gayaa thaa, jisamen tikaton kii keemat duss sent thee; laagat key baad adhishesh praaptiyan daan mein dee gaeen. 17 agast, 1858 koo aayojit ack vaapsee match mein, aur raani key corona pados mein fashion course mein khela gayaa, thodi chhoti bheed ney brooklin koo newyork parr jeet key liye jaijaykar kii aur 29-8 key score seey hoboken kiya. newyork ney shrinkhala mein teesara game jeetaa, joe 10 sitambar, 1858 koo fashion course mein bhee khela gayaa.
1862 taka kuchh aine. aeye. bee. bee. pee. sadasya clubon ney pravesh shulk key saath bund ballpark mein aam janata koo khel kii peshkash kii.
americi grihyuddh key dauran aur usake baad (1861-1865), sainikon kii gatividhiyon aur kaidiyon key adaan-pradaan ney khel koo failaane mein madad kii. disambar 1865 kii baithak key anusaar, jiss varsh yuddh samaapt huaa, fort leavenworth, sent mein alag-alag association club they. lui, louiville aur tanacy, lagbhag 90 sadasya clubon key saath washington key uttar aur poorv mein, dee.see. haalaanki, joe khel faila thaa, vaha puraane roopon key nuksan key liye bhaari matra mein nikarbokar sanskaran thaa; jaisa kii 1865 mein ack patrika ney kahaa thaa,
yeye sabhi club nammatra key shaukiya they, halanki 1860 key dashak key anta taka sabse majboot clubon key sarvshreshth khilaadiyon koo mez key neeche bhugtan kiya jaa rhaa thaa. 1869 key satra key liye, shaukiya khel seey bhrasht dhana koo baahar nikaalane key prayaas mein, peshevar teams key gathan kii anumati dee gaee. haalaanki, yeh kadam ulta parh gayaa, kyonki pro game lokpriyata mein visfot hoe gayaa aur shaukiya club baseball jaldi hii samaapt hoe gayaa. abb taka key sabse safal nae peshevar clubon mein seey, sinsinati redd stockings ney rashtriya star parr bharti kii aur prabhaavi roop seey rashtriya star parr daura kiya, aur juuna 1870 taka kissy ney unhein naheen haraaya. unaki safalata key kaaran 1871 mein peshevar bases ball khilaadiyon key rashtriya sangh kii sthaapana hui aur isake uttaradhikari, 1876 mein peshevar bases ball clubon kii rashtriya leag, baseball kii dou pramukh leegon mein seey badee aur duniya kii sabse purani peshevar khel leag.
pahale seey hii 19veen shatabdi mein, "puraane khel" koo vishesh pradarshaniyon jaise punarmilan aur varshgaanth aur naitik bindu banaane key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa. aaj yuu mein saikadon club hain.aiss. 1845, 1858, yaa baad key niyamon (lagbhag 1887 taka) key anusaar "wintage bases ball", aamtaur parr wintage vardi mein khelate hain. unamen seey kuchh mein sahayak kalakar hain joe vishesh roop seey jeevit itihas sangrahalayon seey judey logon key liye period dress aur tareeke koo phir seey banaate hain.
baseball kii utpatti koo 2009 mein pramukh leag baseball dwara nirmit ack vrittachitra mein sankshep mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa jiska sheershak thaa "bases ball discover".

