tsonga bhasha

tsonga (сонга) yaa zitsonga (ситсога) ack antim naam key roop mein, dakshini africa key tsonga logon dwara bolly jaane vaali ack bantu bhasha haye. yeh swaa aur ronga key saath parasparik roop seey samajhane yogya haye aur "tsonga" naam kaa upayog aksar teenon key liye ack aavaran shabd key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, jise kabhi-kabhi swaa-ronga bhee kahaa jaataa haye. zitsonga bhasha koo shaikshanik aur gharelu upayog donon key liye maankeekrit kiya gayaa haye. tsonga dakshin africa kii ack aadhikarik bhasha haye, aur "shangani" naam key tahat ise zimbabwe key samvidhaan mein ack aadhikarik bhasha key roop mein maanyata praapt haye. mosambic mein sabhi swa-ronga bhaashaon koo maanyata dee gaee haye. yeh eswatini (poorv mein swaziland) mein aadhikarik naheen haye.
itihas.
1890 aur 1920 key beach swiss missionary heinry-aleksandre junod dwara zitsonga bhasha kaa bahut vistaar seey adhyayan kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone yeh nishkarsh nikala kii zitsonga bhasha (jise unhone usa samay "thonga bhasha" kahaa thaa) 1400 key dashak seey pahale hii mosambic mein vikasit honah shuru hoe gaee thee. apane shabdon mein, junod nimnalikhit kahata haih
aage kaa adhyayan junod aur anya swiss missionaryon jaise heinry berthoud aur ernest cracks dwara kiya gayaa, jinhone lekhan aur padhane kaa ack maanak tarika rakhane key liye bhasha koo ekikrit karna shuru kiya. "shigwamba" ack shabd thaa jiska upayog missionaryon dwara ack ekikrit pehchaan key tahat bhasha koo samoohit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, haalaanki yeh naam kaee tsonga logon key liye aparichit thaa aur ise "thonga/tsonga" seey badalana padaa. hairi iss baare mein ullekh kartaa haih
swiss missionaryon ney tsonga logon key saath kaam kiya, angreji seey bible aur sesotho koo tsonga mein anuvaad karane mein sahaayata kii. paul berthoud ney 1883 mein pahali pustak prakaashit kii, jiska shreya mppelle (embizana) aur mandalata (zambia) dwara kiye gaye anuvaadon koo jaataa haye. donon loga iss bhasha koo dharm pracharakon koo padhaane aur anuvaad karane mein sakriya they kyonki koee bhee dharm pracharakon koo isase parichit naheen thaa aur unhein ise seekhane key liye apana adhikansh samay samarpit karna padata thaa. tsonga logon kii bhasha aur boliyon koo mudrit kiya gayaa aur pahali pustaken prakaashit kii gaeen. bhasha koo baad mein dakshin africa key samvidhaan (1996 kaa adhiniyam 108) key bheetar "zitsonga" key roop mein panjikrit kiya gayaa aur ise ack aadhikarik bhasha ghoshit kiya gayaa. parinamswarup zitsonga bhasha key mankikaran ney tsonga logon key liye bolane aur likhane kaa ack samanya tarika vikasit karna sambhav banaa diyaa.
vyutpatti.
tsonga" naam tsonga (sanskriti, bhasha yaa tsonga key tareeke), mutsonga (ack tsonga vyakti), vatsonga (tsonga loga) aadi kii jarh haye. swayam watsong kii bhasha mein, jarh kabhi bhee apane aap prakat naheen hoti haye. yeh vyaapak antarrashtriya samudaay kii aasaani aur pahunch key liye ack tsonga haye.
jahan taka naam kii utpatti kaa sambandh haye, teen siddhant hain. pahale mein kahaa gayaa haye kii tsonga, zonga kaa ack aur uchchaaran haye, jiska arth haye "dakshin" aur zitsonga kii ack bolly kaa naam bhee. doosara siddhant yeh haye kii yeh chopi aur tembe samoohon key puraane paitrik naam, tonga/thonga kii ack vaikalpik vartani haye. thonga" kii vaikalpik vartani key liye anya zulu vyakhya yeh haye kii tembe aur ronga loga, joe delagoa khaadi aur janm khaadi key aspas pahunchane vaale pahale loga they, ney ronga "rh" koo "tha" key zulu roop mein parivartit curr diyaa. ack udaaharan haye shabd) ("bhejane" key liye tsonga shabd) shabd) (usee kriya key liye zulu shabd) bunn jaataa haye. teesara aur sabse adhik sweekrit yeh haye kii yeh "rong" key liye ack aur uchchaaran haye, joe poorv yaa usa disha key liye "wurhong" shabd kaa mool haye jahan soorya ugataa haye. zitsong mein wurhong kaa arth subah bhee haye. rong (aamtaur parr aur galat tareeke seey rong key roop mein vartani) tsong bhaashaon mein seey ack haye. dakshin mein africa key purvi tata key saath rahane vaale adhikansh tsonga logon key bhautik sakshya, joe paschim kii disha mein antardeshiya roop seey faile hue hain, iss vyakhya koo vishesh roop seey aamantrit karate hain. haalaanki junod ney shuru mein rong naam kaa upayog kiya thaa, lekin yeh bhee mahsoos kiya thaa kii uttari kull aksar 'rong' naam kaa upayog apane pehchaan naam key roop mein naheen karate they, lekin nishchit roop seey tsonga, rong seey vyutpann haye.
tsonga key baare mein adhikansh likhit itihas muffecane key baad key parinam kaa sambandh rakhta haye jahaan nguni logon ney dakshin africa, eswatini, mosambic aur zimbabwe kii kaee pahale seey maujood african janjaatiyon parr kabja curr liya thaa.
bhaashaaen aur boliyaan.
tsonga ack bantu bhasha haye (guthri code aiss. 53), joe swa-ronga samooh (aiss. 50) key anya sadasyon seey nikatata seey sambandhit haih
kuchh boliyaan upabhaashiya hain lekin poornata key liye yahaan ullekh kiya gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, valoyi aur luleke mein aine 'valangu bolly shamil haye. koee gwamba bolly naheen haye kyonki gwamba zitsonga kaa hii ack aur naam haye. aupchaarik roop seey zitsong koo gwamba kahaa jaataa haye. swaav-ronga boliyaan jinhen parivaar kaa hissa naheen maanaa jaataa haye, unamen pulana (jipulana, sepulane) shamil hain. jise aamtaur parr "shangna/changana" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, vaha dakshin africa mein ack maanyata praapt bhasha naheen haye aur yeh ack bolly naheen haye joe zitsonga bhasha samooh key bheetar aatee haye, kyonki isaki vishishtata mukhya roop seey nguni bhasha aur vyaakaran key upayog seey upaji haye.
kewal chhah thonga/tsonga boliyaan maujood hain aur inki pehchaan 1900 key dashak kii shuruat taka kii gaee thee. yeye hain zironga, zihlanganu, zibila, zidjonga, zinn 'valungu aur zihlengwe. dakshin africa key bheetar anya sabhi bhinnataaen uparokt kii upa-bolly hain. limpopo key graameen samudaayon mein sabse adhik bolly jaane vaali boliyaan aine 'valungu, bilaa, helengway aur halanganu boliyaan hain. zitsonga shabdawali aur dhvanyaatmak kramparivartan bhee kaafee hudd taka inn boliyon (see. aff.) parr adharit hain. junod 1912, pee. 470-473)
kii bhasha" key liye, vibhinn bhaashaaen aur boliyaan nimnalikhit upsargon mein seey ack yaa adhik kaa upayog karati hainh dwi-, chee-, see-, jee-, ic-, kii-, maa-, shee-, shee-, txi-, vaa-, vaa-aur xi-. logon" key liye, way yaa tou "baa-" yaa "vaa-" kaa upayog karate hain.
dhvanyatmakta.
tsonga mein model aur saans kii aavaaj vaale vyanjanon key beach antar haih banaam baadhaon key beach (ack apavaad haye), aur banaam sonorants key beach (ack apavaad haye). khandiya soochi iss prakaar haih
swar.
lambe swar dohare likhe jaate hain. anunaasik swaron koo likhit roop mein alag naheen kiya jaataa haye; kewal 'haan' aur 'naheen' key liye shabdon mein paae jaate hain, jabaki kuchh nakal shabdon mein paae jaate hain. madhya swar nikat-madhya seey khule-madhya taka bhinn hoe sakate hain; way aam taur parr uchch swar seey pahale nikat-madhya hotey hain, yaa, aur anyatha nimn-madhya hotey hain. shwas vyanjanon kaa paalan karate samay swaron koo budd budd key roop mein mahsoos kiya jaa sakata haye.
vyanjan.
inmein seey kaee vyanjan naak seey pahale hoe sakate hain, lekin way poorv-vilayit vyanjan naheen hainh cumm seey cumm shabd-praarambhik sthiti mein, way naak-anunaasik anukram hain jahaan naak shabdansh hain.
vibhinn vyanjan dhwaniyaan abhivyakti key sthaan koo badal sakati hain. kaee tsonga bolane vaale vayukoshiya seey retroflex taka key africates koo alag karate hain; baad vaale tsonga mein aur changana bolly mein kamjor ct bajaate hain. labiodental aur dental samdharmi vyanjan samoohon mein dikhaai dete hain.
kuchh naguni bhaashaon key vipareet, tsonga mein click vyanjanon vaale bahut cumm shabd hain, aur yeye dunt aur postalviolar key beach alag-alag hotey hain. udaaharan iss prakaar hainh 
 (munn), (pahanana/pahanana), (ghutane tekna), (phone), (jhumka), (rachana), (shaniwar).
vyaakaran.
vyaakaran aam taur parr ack vishay-kriya-vastu crum key saath bantu bhaashaon key liye vishisht haye. kissy anya vyakti koo sambodhit karate samay sanrachana vishay-vastu-kriya mein badal jaati haih
kriyaaen.
lagbhag sabhi ananton mein upsarg "koo" hotaa haye-aur anta mein-"aeye" hotaa haye.
iska mukhya apavaad kriya haye-"kahana" yeh kaee anya bantu bhaashaon mein "tii" seey mell khaati haye. isake upayog key udaharanon mein shamil hainh
 - kyaa kahate hoe? (aap kyaa kaha rahey hain?)
 - main aap sabhi seey kahata huun.
kaee udaharanon mein aksar ise chhod diyaa jaataa haye aur iss prakaar iska apane aap mein arth "kahein" bhee hoe sakata haye.
 way kahate hain kii main pagal huun.
 - way kyaa kahate hain? (way kyaa kaha rahey hain?)
vartamaan kaal
vartamaan kaal kewal kriya key saath vyaktigat sarvanam kaa upayog karke banata haye.
 - mujhe paisa chaahiye,
 - humm saaraa dinn kaam karate hain,
 - kise dhoondh rahey hoe?
 - vaha chalana jaanata haye.
vartamaan pragatisheel
aam taur parr, vartamaan mein chala rahee kriyaon koo ingit karane key liye vyaktigat sarvanam liya jaataa haye, chhod diyaa jaataa haye aur jodaa jaataa haye.
 - main ghar mein pravesh curr rhaa huun,
 - humm abhee kaam curr rahey hain,
 - aap (bahuvachan) jhooth boll rahey hain,
 - aap (ekvachan) jhooth boll rahey hain,
 - vaha jhooth boll rhaa haye,
bahuvachan (way) key saath koee antar naheen haye. iss prakaar = "way jhooth bolate hain" aur "way jhooth boll rahey hain.
ateet kaal
yeh shabd key aadhar parr teen tarikon mein seey ack key liye haye.
(i) aam taur parr, koee bhee kriya seey hataa detaa haye aur upsarg jodata haye. 
 main ghar mein ghus gayaa,
 - humm saaraa dinn kaam karate they,
 - jhooth bolaa,
 - usane jhooth bolaa,
 - unhone jhooth bolaa.
(ii) una kriyaon key saath joe samaapt hoti hain, bhootkaal mein yaa mein parivartan hotaa haye.
 - bhool jaanaa,
 - main bhool gayaa,-tum bhool gaye,-way bhool gaye,
 gayab honey key liye,
 - s/vaha-gayab hoe gayaa,
astitva kii sthiti kaa varnan karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale shabd bhee bhootkaal kaa upayog karate hain.
 - thuck jaanaa,
 - main thuck gayaa huun, way thuck gaye hain, way thuck gaye hain.
(iii) kaee mamalon mein kewal kriya mein antim koo badalkar pichhale kaary koo ingit kartaa haye.
 - pahunchane key liye,
 - way cull aae they,
 - main cull aaya thaa,
 - humm saaraa dinn kaam karate they,
 main ghar mein ghus gayaa.
bhavishya kaa kaal
yeh vyaktigat sarvanam aur kriya key beach jodkar banata haye.
 - main ghar mein ghus jaaoonga,
 - humm saaraa dinn kaam karenge,
 - way puuraa dinn kaam karenge,
 - aap (bahuvachan) poore dinn kaam karenge.
sangya varg.
anya bantu bhaashaon kii tarah tsonga mein bhee kaee varg hain, jinhen jyaadaatar yaad rakhane key madhyam seey seekha jaataa haye. yeye hainh
vyaktigat sarvanam.
tsonga mein vyaktigat sarvanam kaee anya bantu bhaashaon key samaan hain, jinamen kuchh bhinnataaen hain.
inhen pratham vyakti (vaktaa), dwiteeya vyakti (jiss seey baat kii gaee) aur tritiya vyakti (jisake baare mein baat kii gaee) key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. unhein vyaakaranik sankhya, i dwara bhee vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye.ee., ekvachan aur bahuvachan. vishay aur vastu key beach koee antar naheen haye.
pratyek sarvanam mein ack sambandhit sahamati yaa samjhauta morphim hotaa haye.
shabdawali.
zitsonga kii shabdawali anivarya roop seey naa kewal adhikansh dakshin african bhaashaon key samaan haye, balki anya purvi bantu bhaashaon, udaaharan key liye, kiswahili key samaan haye.
udhaar.
tsonga, kaee anya african bhaashaon kii tarah, vibhinn europeeya aupaniveshik bhaashaon seey prabhaavit rahee haye. tsonga shabdawali mein angreji, africans aur purtagaali seey udhaar liye gaye shabd shamil hain. shangan rashtra key aatmasaat honey key kaaran, isane guni bhaashaon seey kuchh shabd liye hain.
angreji seey udhaar liye gaye shabd
africans seey udhaar liye gaye shabd
anya naguni bhaashaon seey udhaar liye gaye shabdah
lekhan pranali.
zitsonga lattin varnamala.
zitsonga lattin varnamala kaa upayog kartaa haye. halanki, kuchh dhwaniyon koo aksharon key sanyojan kaa upayog karke likhaa jaataa haye, joe yaa tou indo-europeeya bhaashaon mein maujood naheen hain, yaa bhasha koo kuchh hudd taka alag karane key liye hoe sakate hain.
iska ack udaaharan purtagaali vartani seey liya gayaa akshar "x" haye, jiska uchchaaran kiya jaataa haye. isaliye, nimnalikhit shabd, [chachucha], [chikilo], [chilo], tsonga mein aur key roop mein likhe gaye hain.
anya vartani antaron mein "see" akshar shamil haye, jiska uchchaaran kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, jahan ack shabd kaa jore nimnalikhit swar parr hotaa haye, vahaan iss tsonga shabd-chaava (bhaya) koo "aich" jodkar akshar koo kathor kiya jaataa haye.
velsh "ll" () key barabar dhwani tsonga mein "hl" likhi jaati haye, e.jee. -hlangana (miliye),-halesela (hamla),-hleka (hanse)
zimbabwe key chishona mein iss bhasha mein ack aam ct kii aavaaz "swa" yaa "aiss. vee". likhi jaati haye. yeh dhwani vaastav mein bhasha key bheetar "aiks-sw" varg seey sambandhit haye. ee.jee.:
ack anya ct bajaane vaali dhwani kii vartani "dy" haye lekin iska koee angreji samkaksh naheen haye, sabse karib angreji shabd "drive" mein "dow" dhwani haye."
zitsong koo ack likhit bhasha key roop mein maankeekrit kiya gayaa haye. haalaanki, bhasha key bheetar kaee boliyaan hain joe shabdon koo likhe hue key roop mein uchchaaran naheen curr sakati hain. udaaharan key liye, tsonga bible mein shabd (kaho) kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye, jise beeve-laa kahaa jaataa haye, haalaanki vaktaaon kaa ack badaa samooh isake bajaay "zvela" kahega.
zitsonga bible (bibel) mein likhi gaee prabhu kii prarthana
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ziyinhlaanahaarahu xa mipfowlo.
lekhan pranali, jise takniki roop seey zitsonga mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, kaa upayog sabhi zitsonga kismon key liye kiya jaataa haye. 
uparokt varg 7/8 sangya jode nimnanusar darshaae gaye hainh
kahaavaten.
kaee anya bhaashaon kii tarah, zitsonga mein bhee kaee kahaavaten hain; yeye vibhinn vargon mein dikhaai detee hain. way jaanvaron, pedon aur logon key ack samooh mein dikhaai dete hain.

