sanyukt raajya antariksh bull kaa itihas

jabaki sanyukt raajya antariksh bull ney 20 disambar 2019 koo apani swatantrata praapt kii, sanyukt raajya antariksh bull key itihas kaa pataa 1945 mein dwiteeya vishva yuddh key samaapan key baad sainya antariksh karyakram kii shuruat seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye. praarambhik sainya antariksh vikas sanyukt raajya senaa vayu senaa key bheetar general heinry aich dwara shuru kiya gayaa thaa. arnold, jinhone pahali antariksh udaan seey dashakon pahale antariksh koo ack mahatvapurna sainya kshetra key roop mein pahachaana thaa. 18 sitambar 1947 koo senaa seey apani swatantrata praapt karate hue, sanyukt raajya vayu senaa ney sainya antariksh aur ballistic missile karyakramon kaa vikas shuru kiya, jabaki antariksh mission key liye sanyukt raajya senaa aur sanyukt raajya nausena key saath bhee pratispardha kii.
1954 mein, vayu senaa ney general bernard shreevar key netritva mein apana pahala antariksh sangathan, paschimi vikas prabhaag banaaya. paschimi vikas prabhaag aur isake uttaradhikari sangathan, vayu senaa ballistic missile prabhaag, ney pahale sanyukt raajya sainya prakshepan vaahanon aur antariksh yaan koo vikasit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, joe mukhya roop seey general johnn broose medaris aur poorv german vaigyaanik wernher wonn braun key netritva mein senaa ballistic missile agency key saath pratispardha curr rahey they. sputnik 1 key prakshepan ney sainya sthaan key badey paimaane parr punargathan koo badhaava diyaa aur 1958 mein unnat anusandhaan pariyojana agency kii sthaapana sainya sthaan key kendrikrit prabandhan key liye ack alpakaalik prayaas thaa, jisamen kuchh koo darr thaa kii yeh antariksh key liye ack sainya seva bunn jaayegi, adhikaariyon koo 1959 mein sevaaon mein vaapas curr diyaa jaayega. 1958 mein nassa kii sthaapana ney senaa ballistic missile agency koo poori tarah seey nasht curr diyaa, jisake parinamswarup vayu senaa ballistic missile division praathamik sainya antariksh sangathan key roop mein kaary curr rhaa thaa. 1961 mein, vayu senaa koo antariksh aur vayu anusandhaan key liye raksha vibhaag key karyakari agent key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa aur vikas kamaan koo vayu senaa pranali kamaan mein punargathit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen vayu senaa ballistic missile division koo antariksh pranali vibhajan dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa-pahala vayu senaa prabhaag poori tarah seey antariksh parr kendrit thaa. 1960 key dashak mein, sainya antariksh gatividhiyon koo sanchaalit kiya jaanaa shuru huaa, jisamen aerospace raksha kamaan ney norad kii or seey missile chetavani aur antariksh nigrani kaa niyantran liya, ranneetik vayu kamaan ney mausam tohi mission koo grahan kiya, aur vayu senaa pranali ney raksha sanchaar agency kii or seey sanchaar upgrahon kii pahali peedhiyon kaa sanchaalan kiya. 1967 mein, antariksh pranali prabhaag aur ballistic missile prabhaag kaa vilay antariksh aur missile pranali sangathan banaane key liye kiya gayaa, jisane agali peedhi key upgrah sanchaar, antariksh-adharit missile chetavani, antariksh prakshepan vaahan aur buniyaadi dhaanche aur vaishvik sthiti pranali key poorvavarti koo vikasit karna shuru kiya. antariksh balon ney bhee viyatnam yuddh mein apana pahala rojgar dekhaa, joe jamini aur vayu senaaon koo mausam aur sanchaar sahaayata pradaan kartaa thaa.
teen sainya kamanon mein sainya antariksh balon kii asambaddh prakriti key parinamswarup vayu senaa key bheetar antariksh bull sangathan kaa punarmulyankan kiya gayaa. 1979 mein, antariksh aur missile pranali sangathan koo vibhajit curr diyaa gayaa, antariksh prabhaag kaa gathan kiya gayaa, aur 1980 mein, aerospace raksha kamaan koo nishkriya curr diyaa gayaa aur isake antariksh balon koo ranneetik vayu kamaan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. aantarik aur baahari dabaavon key parinamswarup, jisamen ack congress sadasya dwara vayu senaa kaa naam aerospace bull mein badalane kaa prayaas aur yeh sambhavana kii rashtrapati reegan ack alag sainya shakha key roop mein ack antariksh bull key nirmaan kaa nirdesh denge, vayu senaa ney 1982 mein vayu senaa antariksh kamaan key gathan kaa nirdesh diyaa. 1980 key dashak key dauran, vayu senaa antariksh kamaan ney ranneetik vayu kamaan key antariksh mission aur vayu senaa pranali kamaan seey prakshepan mission koo avashoshit curr liya. antariksh balon ney falkland yuddh, sanyukt raajya america key grenade parr aakraman, 1986 sanyukt raajya america kii libya parr bambari, operation gambhir ichcha aur panama parr sanyukt raajya america key aakraman key dauran antariksh sahaayata pradaan kii. antariksh balon kaa pahala pramukh rojgar khaadi yuddh mein samaapt huaa, jahan antariksh bull yuu key liye itna mahatvapurna saabit huaa.aiss.-netritva gathbandhan, kii ise kabhi-kabhi pratham antariksh yuddh key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.
khaadi yuddh key anta key baad, vayu senaa antariksh aur vayu key beach antar koo dhyaan mein rakhe binaa, apane vayu aur antariksh sanchaalan koo kritrim roop seey ack nirbaadh aerospace nirantarta mein vilay karane kii maang karke congress kii gahan jaanch key dayare mein aaa gaee. 2001 key antariksh aayog ney vayu senaa kii aalochana kii kii vayu senaa antariksh kamaan mein antariksh adhikaariyon parr vimanan pilots kii pradhaantaa koo sansthaagat roop diyaa gayaa, ack swatantra antariksh sanskriti key vikas koo avaruddh kiya gayaa, aur antariksh parr paryaapt bajatiya dhyaan naheen diyaa gayaa. antariksh aayog ney 2007 aur 2011 key beach vayu senaa key bheetar ack antariksh dall key gathan kii sifarish kii, jisamen ack swatantra antariksh bull baad mein banaaya jaayega. 11 sitambar key hamalon ney antariksh vikas mein sabse adhik pragati koo patari seey utaar diyaa, jisake parinamswarup sanyukt raajya antariksh kamaan koo nishkriya curr diyaa gayaa aur sainya sthaan mein ksharan kii avadhi shuru hoe gaee. ekmatra badaa parivartan antariksh aur missile pranali kendra kaa vayu senaa samagri kamaan seey vayu senaa antariksh kamaan mein hastaantaran thaa. yuu key nishkriya honey key baad.aiss. 2002 mein antariksh kamaan, roose aur chean ney atyaadhunik kaksha kshamataon aur counter-space hathiyaron kii ack shrinkhala vikasit karna shuru kiya, 2007 key cheeni anty-satellite missile pareekshan key saath vishesh chinta key saath, kyonki isane 2,841 uchch-gati malabe kii vastuon kaa nirmaan kiya, joe itihas mein kissy bhee anya antariksh ghatana kii tulanaa mein khatarnak antariksh kachra kii ack badee matra haye. 29 agast 2019 koo, sanyukt raajya antariksh kamaan koo ack bhaugolik ladaakoo kamaan key roop mein phir seey sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
russie antariksh balon aur cheeni logon kii mukti senaa key ranneetik samarthan bull dwara pragati key jawab mein aur antariksh kii keemat parr senaniyon parr vayu senaa key dhyaan seey nirash, loktaantrik pratinidhi zim cooper aur ganarajya key pratinidhi mike rosers ney 2017 mein sanyukt raajya antariksh core kii sthaapana key liye ack dvidaliya prastaav pesh kiya. jabaki antariksh core prastaav senate mein whiffle rhaa, 2019 mein, sanyukt raajya antariksh bull koo kaanoon mein hastaaksharit kiya gayaa, jisamen vayu senaa antariksh kamaan sanyukt raajya antariksh bull bunn gaee aur sanyukt raajya sashastr balon mein chhathi sainya seva banane key liye unnat kiya gayaa.
praarambhik sainya antariksh vikas (1945-1957).
praarambhik americi sainya antariksh gatividhiyaan dwiteeya vishva yuddh key samaapan key turant baad shuru huin. 20 juuna 1944 koo, mw 18014, pinemunde senaa anusandhaan kendra seey launch kii gaee ack german "heer" aeye-4 ballistic missile, havaa aur antariksh key beach kii seema, carman rekha koo paar karane vaali pahali kritrim vastu bunn gaee. aeye-4 ballistic missile, jise aamtaur parr vee-2 key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, kaa upayog german "wehrmatch" dwara paschimi morche parr sahayogi balon key shaharon parr lambe samay taka hamale karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa, halanki isake designer, wernher wonn braun, kii akanksha thee kii way ise antariksh prakshepan vaahan key roop mein upayog karein, yuddh key anta mein sanyukt raajya america mein chaley gaye. antariksh karyakram koo shuru karate hue, kaee poorv german vaigyaanikon koo, mahatvapurna matra mein shodh samagri key saath, operation paperclip key hisse key roop mein gupt roop seey sanyukt raajya america mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
12 navambar 1945 koo senaa key general heinry aich. sanyukt raajya senaa key vayu senaa key commanding general arnold ney yuddh sachiv robbert pee koo ack report bheji. patterson ney iss baat parr jore dete hue kahaa kii bhavishya mein sanyukt raajya vayu senaa koo vartamaan vimaanon parr dhyaan kendrit karane key bajaay antariksh aur ballistic missile kshamataon mein bhaari nivesh karane kii aavashyakta hogi. general arnold koo senaa vayu senaa vaigyaanik salaahkaar samooh key pramukh theodor wonn carman aur baad mein sanyukt raajya vayu senaa vaigyaanik salaahkaar board seey majboot samarthan milaa. 1946 mein project raind dwara kiya gayaa ack adhyayan, jise general arnold dwara nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa aur ack ranneetik tohi upgrah kii vyavaharyata nirdhaarit karane key liye luis rydenor dwara sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen khufiya, mausam purvanuman, upgrah sanchaar aur upgrah navigation sahit lagbhag sabhi bhavishya key antariksh mission kshetron kii pehchaan kii gaee thee.
sainya antariksh vikas mein antar-seva pratidvandvita kaa pahala udaaharan 1946 mein huaa, jaba sanyukt raajya america key nausena beuro off aeronautics electronics division ney ack kritrim upgrah kii vyavaharyata kaa pareekshan karane kaa prastaav rakhaa, halanki yeh ack prakshepan kaa prayaas karane key liye nausena key dhana koo praapt karane mein asamarth thaa, isake bajaay yuddh vibhaag key vaimaaniki board key saath ack sanyukt karyakram kaa anurodh kiya. senaa key vayu senaa key commanding general aur baad mein vayu senaa key pahale cheef off staff aur mejar general curtis leme, joe taba anusandhaan aur vikas key liye dipty cheef off staff they, ney nausena key anurodh koo aswikar curr diyaa, kyonki unaki sthiti yeh thee kii sainya sthaan ranneetik vayu shakti kaa vistaar thaa aur iss prakaar ack vayu senaa mission thaa. 1948 taka, nausena ney apane upgrah karyakram koo nilambit curr diyaa thaa, isake bajaay rockett parr dhyaan kendrit kiya thaa. 18 sitambar 1947 koo, senaa kii vayu senaa ney sanyukt raajya vayu senaa key roop mein apani swatantrata praapt kii. jabaki vayu senaa abhee bhee daavaa karati thee kii sainya sthaan uska kshetra thaa, naee seva ney deerghakaalik ballistic missile aur antariksh vikas parr paaramparik ranneetik bamvarshak aur ladaakoo vimaanon koo prathamikta dee. 
teenon sevaaon mein seey pratyek key paas swatantra ballistic missile aur antariksh vikas karyakram jaari rahey, sanyukt raajya senaa key ayudh vibhaag key saath safed rait seey pariyojana herm chala rhaa haye, halanki vayu senaa cambridge anusandhaan kendra aur nausena anusandhaan prayogshala key pratinidhiyon key saath. senaa ney rockett aur misaailon koo topkhaane key vistaar key roop mein dekhaa aur 24 farwari 1949 koo 393 kilometres kii oonchaai parr ack rtv-jee-4 bumper rockett launch kiya. isane bhavishya key senaa key sthaan aur missile vikas key liye munch taiyar kiya joe kii shuru mein fort bliss mein aur 1950 key baad redstone shastragar mein wernher wonn braun key tahat kiya gayaa thaa, joe baad mein pgm-11 redstone short-renz ballistic missile, pgm-19 jupiter medium-renz ballistic missile, aur juno aaee aur juno II launch vaahanon koo vikasit karane key liye aage badhega. sanyukt raajya nausena antariksh anusandhaan mukhya roop seey nagrik-netritva vaale johns hopkins vishvavidyalaya dwara bhautik vigyaan prayogshala aur nausena anusandhaan prayogshala key madhyam seey chalaaya gayaa thaa, jabaki senaa aur vayu senaa ney sainya karyakramon key tahat apane sainya antariksh vikas kaa ayojan kiya thaa. nausena ney erobi aur wiking rockett vikasit kiye. sanyukt raajya vayu senaa ney apane missile karyakram koo vayu samagri kamaan key tahat kendrikrit kiya, dusare vishva yuddh key baad truman drowdown key kaaran apane karyakramon mein kaafee katauti kii. isane rtv-aeye-2 hirok koo samaapt curr diyaa, joe vayu senaa kaa ekmatra lambi doori kii missile karyakram thaa.
vayu senaa dwara anusandhaan aur vikas mein vyaapak katauti key bavjood, 1949 mein, vayu senaa key dusare pramukh general hoyte wandenberg ney dou reports koo chaalu kiya, jinn parr nishkarsh nikla kii apani missile aur antariksh gatividhiyon koo chhodane key parinamswarup senaa aur nausena una jimmedariyon koo sambhal sakati haye. isake jawab mein, 23 janwari 1950 koo, vayu senaa ney anusandhaan key liye vayu senaa key upa pramukh kii sthaapana kii aur 1 farwari 1950 koo sakriya vayu anusandhaan aur vikas kamaan (ardc) kii sthaapana kii. vayu anusandhaan aur vikas kamaan ney vayu samagri kamaan key engineering prabhaag koo avashoshit curr liya aur vayu senaa missile aur antariksh karyakramon key liye jimmedaar bunn gayaa. koriyai yuddh key prakop key kaaran vayu senaa koo kaafee dhana praapt huaa aur janwari 1951 mein, convire aiss. aim.-65 atlus antarmahadvipiya ballistic missile parr vikas shuru huaa, halanki ballistic misaailon mein vayu karmchaariyon parr kaee sandeh they, jisase dhana cumm huaa aur vikas dheema hoe gayaa. aprail 1951 mein, pariyojana raind ney sainya upgrah vikas parr dou adhyayan jaari kiye, jinamen seey ack kaa sheershak thaa "tohi key liye ack upgrah vaahan kii upayogita" aur doosara "ack upgrah vaahan seey mausam tohi kii vyavaharyata kii jaanch karna."vayu anusandhaan aur vikas kamaan mein report utsaahpoorvak praapt kii gaee, jisane kaee upgrah design karyakram shuru kiye. 1953 key anta mein, aar. dee. see. ney upgrah karyakram koo hathiyar pranali 117l (doubleu. aiss.-117l) kaa padnam saunpa, jise unnat tohi pranali (aeye. aar. aiss.) key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, joe raait air development center mein vikas kii shuruat kartaa haye.
vayu anusandhaan aur vikas kamaan key satark drishtikon aur vayu karmchaariyon dwara deree ranneeti key jawab mein, anusandhaan aur vikas key liye vayu senaa key sahayak sachiv traver gardner ney ballistic missile vikas mein teji laane key liye johnn wonn neuman key netritva mein ranneetik missile mulyankan samiti kaa gathan kiya. wonn neuman samiti key nishkarshon aur ack samanantar raind adhyayan key parinamswarup 1 julaai 1954 koo vayu senaa key general happ arnold key protej brigadier general bernard shreevar key tahat paschimi vikas prabhaag (doubleu. dee. dee.) kii sthaapana hui. vayu anusandhaan aur vikas kamaan key tahat aayojit paschimi vikas prabhaag koo sabhi ballistic missile vikas kii poori jimmedaari dee gaee thee.
paschimi vikas vibhaag ney samanantar vikas key upayog kaa beedaa uthaaya, karyakram kii laagat mein vriddhi kii, lekin vikas key samay koo gati dene key liye atirek sunishchit kiya. iska praathamik karyakram convire aiss. aim.-65 atlus aaee. see. bee. aim. thaa, joe atlus kii viphalata key mamle mein ack samarthan key roop mein martin marita aich. jee. jee tyton aaee. see. bee. aim. koo vikasit curr rhaa thaa. antatah donon misaailon koo seva mein daal diyaa gayaa. 10 octuber 1955 koo, sainya upgrahon key vikas kii jimmedaari, unnat tohi pranali koo shamil karane key liye, raait air development center seey paschimi vikas vibhaag mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
agast 1954 mein, congress ney sarkaar koo antarrashtriya bhubhautiki varsh key liye prakshepit kiye jaane vaale upgrah key vikas koo shuru karane key liye adhikrit kiya. pratyek sainya seva ney pratiyogita key liye apani seva seey ack upgrah launch karane key liye pratispardha karane kii maang kii, halanki raksha vibhaag ney nirdesh diyaa kii yeh vayu senaa key paschimi vikas vibhaag key ballistic missile vikas karyakram seey alag naheen haye. shuru mein aaee. jee. aaee. vaigyaanik upgrah kaa uddeshya "antariksh kii swatantrata" key kanuni siddhant koo sthaapit karna thaa, jisase antariksh yaan kissy bhee desh key oopar seey uda sakey. senaa key ayudh dall aur nausena anusandhaan karyalaya ney sanyukt roop seey pariyojana orbiter kaa prastaav rakhaa, jiska netritva senaa key mejar general johnn broose medaris aur senaa key vaigyaanik wernher wonn braun ney kiya thaa. pgm-19 jupiter key aadhar parr booster vikasit karane key liye senaa jimmedaar thee, jabaki nausena upgrah, tracking suvidhaon aur detta vishleshan key liye jimmedaar thee. halanki, nausena anusandhaan prayogshala ney minitrack upgrah tracking network key saath-saath, ekal-seva pariyojana agradoot, agradoot rockett aur upgrah vikasit karane kaa prastaav rakhaa. vayu senaa paschimi vikas vibhaag ney shuru mein bhaag lene seey incar curr diyaa, vaigyaanik prayason key bajaay sainya antariksh karyakramon parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, lekin raksha vibhaag dwara ack prastaav-ack erobi-hii antariksh jaanch key saath ack aiss. aiss atlus booster koo aage rakhane kaa nirdesh diyaa gayaa. antatah, raksha vibhaag ney nausena kii pariyojana key agradoot kaa chayan kiya, aur halanki yeh socha kii paschimi vikas prabhagon key prastaav ney bahut badaa vaadaa dikhaaya, lekin yeh atlus aaee. see. bee. aim. key vikas mein hastakshep naheen karna chaahata thaa.
1 agast 1957 koo paschimi vikas prabhaag koo vayu senaa ballistic missile prabhaag (aeye. aff. bee. aim. dee.) key roop mein phir seey naamit kiya gayaa thaa. dou maheene baad, 4 octuber 1957 koo, soviyat sangh ney sanyukt raajya koo antariksh mein haraa diyaa, baikonur cosmodrome seey sputnik 1 koo launch kiya. sputnik key prakshepan ney sanyukt raajya koo bahut sharminda curr diyaa, jisane ack saal pahale kissy bhee sarkari adhikaari koo antariksh udaan key baare mein saarvajanik roop seey bolane seey pratibandhit curr diyaa thaa. farwari 1957 mein, vayu senaa mein varishth antariksh adhikaari, general shreevar koo raksha sachiv dwara apane kissy bhee bhaashan mein "sthaan" kaa ullekh naheen karane kaa nirdesh diyaa gayaa thaa, saarvajanik roop seey antariksh mein sainya aakramak karyon kaa adhyayan karane key mahatva parr charcha karane aur yeh ghoshit karane key baad kii vayu senaa key liye antariksh mein jaane kaa samay aaa gayaa haye. sputnik 1 key prakshepan key turant baad, gagg order koo radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
post-sputnik sankat aur sangathanaatmak sudhaar (1957-1961).
sputnik 1 key prakshepan key baad, rashtrapati dwite dee. eisenhower ney nagrik aur sainya antariksh karyakramon mein badey paimaane parr sudhaar lagu kiye. soviyat sangh ney 3 navambar 1957 koo soviyat antariksh kutte lyca key saath sputnik 2 koo launch kiya. 8 navambar 1957 koo, raksha vibhaag ney senaa kii ballistic missile agency koo ack juno aaee rockett parr pariyojana orbiter key explorer 1 koo launch karane kii taiyari shuru karane key liye adhikrit kiya, yadi nausena kii pariyojana agradoot whiffle hoe jaati haye. 31 janwari 1958 koo, senaa ney cape canveral vayu senaa station launch complexes 29 seey explorer 1 launch kiya, joe prithvi kii parikrama karane vaalaa pahala americi upgrah aur teesara upgrah bunn gayaa.
unnat anusandhaan pariyojana agency kii sthaapana.
vayu senaa ney sputnik 1 key prakshepan kaa upayog yeh tark dene key liye kiya kii nagrik aur sainya donon tarah key poore rashtriya antariksh karyakram koo isake tahat aayojit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yeh, aanshik roop seey, iss chinta seey prerit thaa kii congress key pratinidhi wonn braun key netritva mein senaa key antariksh karyakram kaa samarthan curr rahey they. pratikriya mein, vayu senaa ney iss baat parr jore dene key liye ack saarvajanik abhiyaan kaa netritva kiya kii antariksh apane mission kaa ack praakritik vistaar thaa, prithvi key vayumandal seey baahari antariksh taka sanchaalan key ekal nirantar kshetra kaa varnan karane key liye "aerospace" shabd kaa nirmaan kiya. vayu senaa ney vayu karmchaariyon parr antariksh yatri vibhaag sthaapit karane kaa prayaas kiya, 10 disambar 1957 koo nirnay kii ghoshana kii, halanki raksha sachiv neel aich. messelroy ney isake nirmaan parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa, isake bajaay 20 disambar koo ghoshana kii kii raksha vibhaag senaa, nausena aur vayu senaa key antariksh karyakramon koo ekikrit karane key liye unnat anusandhaan pariyojana agency (arpa) kii sthaapana karega. sangathanaatmak roop seey, vayu senaa nirdeshit misaailon key liye vayu senaa key sahayak pramukh key madhyam seey vayu karmchaariyon parr antariksh kaa pratinidhitva karegi, anta mein 29 julaai 1958 koo congress dwara rashtriya vaimaaniki aur antariksh adhiniyam paarit kiye jaane key baad antariksh jimmedariyon koo sambhaalane key liye unnat praudyogiki key nideshalaya koo banaane kii anumati dee gaee.
24 janwari 1958 koo, vayu senaa antariksh yatri vikas karyakram koo raksha vibhaag koo prastut kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen paanch pramukh pranaliyon koo spasht kiya gayaa thaa jinhen vayu senaa antariksh mein aage badhaana chaahati theeh ballistic pareekshan aur sambandhit pranaaliyan, maanavyukt hypersonic anusandhaan (uttar americi aiks-15 koo shamil karane key liye), boing aiks-20 dyna-saur orbital glider (tohi, avarodhak aur bomber roopon koo shamil karane key liye), ws-117 ell unnat tohi pranali (ack chaalak dall sainya ranneetik antariksh station koo shamil karane key liye), aur chandrama parr ack vayu senaa aadhar lagaane key liye lunax pariyojana.
unnat anusandhaan pariyojana agency (arpa) kii sthaapana aadhikarik taur parr 7 farwari 1958 koo kii gaee thee, jisamen antar-seva pratidvandvita koo cumm karane, sthaan kii profile koo badhaane aur anaavashyak atirek koo cumm karane key iraade seey antariksh karyakramon kii seva-niyantran koo sambhal liya gayaa thaa. arpa ney apani swayam kii prayogashaalaaen yaa kaarmikon kaa sanchaalan naheen kiya, balki karyakramon koo nirdeshit kiya, unhein vaastavik vikas karane key liye vibhinn seva ghatakon koo saunpa. sevaaon seey arpa mein sthanantarit pariyojanaon mein operation argus, ack nausena kaa exoatmospheric paramanu visfot pareekshan karyakram, nausena kii pariyojana agradoot aur anya upgrah aur baahari antariksh karyakram, uchch pradarshan thhos pranodak karyakram, nausena kaa minitrack doppler baad, senaa aur vayu senaa ballistic missile raksha pariyojanaaen, sainya electronic pranaliyon parr antariksh hathiyaron key rojgar key prabhaavon kaa adhyayan, pariyojana orean, paramanu bumm-chaalit antariksh vaahanon parr ack vayu senaa karyakram, aur jisamen unnat tohi pranali, jise yeh teen alag-alag karyakramon mein vibhajit kartaa haih santari tohi ghatak, missile alarm raksha pranali (midas) avarakt samvedak ghatak, aur khoj karyakram, joe sanyukt vayu-kendriya khufiya agency corona tohi upgrah key liye ack aavaran thaa. arpa ney dhwani rockett aur bhoomi upkaran koo vayu senaa vishesh hathiyar kamaan aur vayu senaa cambridge anusandhaan kendra, shatrutapurna upgrahon koo niyantrit karane key liye hathiyar pranali, pariyojana orean, sainya electronic pranaliyon parr antariksh hathiyaron key rojgar key prabhaavon kaa adhyayan, ws-117 ell karyakram, uchch oorjaa aur taral hydrogen-taral oxygen pranodak, punah pravesh adhyayan, aur pariyojana score (pahale ack senaa upgrah sanchaar karyakram) vayu anusandhaan aur vikas kamaan key liye, vayu bull ballistic missile prabhaag key liye agrani chandra jaanch karyakram, aur senaa ayudh missile kamaan key liye upgrah, mausam vigyaan upgrah, aur havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein havaa mein paani key pravaah key liye havaa mein havaa mein paani key pravaah key liye havaa mein paani key pravaah key liye havaa mein paani key pravaah key liye havaa mein paani key pravaah key liye havaa mein paani key pravaah key liye havaa mein paani key pravaah key liye havaa mein paani key pravaah key liye havaa mein paani key pravaah key liye paani key pravaah key liye paani key upayog key liye paani key upayog key liye paani key upayog key liye paani key liye paani key upayog key liye paani key liye paani key upayog key
arpa kii takneeken sabhi sainya sevaaon key netaaon key liye atyadhik pareshan karane vaali theen, kyonki way paaramparik adesh kii shrinkhala koo darkinar karate hue seedhe adheenasth seva aadeshon seey nipatate they. agency kaa vayu senaa key saath ack jatil sambandh thaa, joe sainya antariksh key liye ekmatra seva banane kii maang kartaa thaa, halanki, arpa ney lagaatar ise sabhi sainya antariksh karyakramon kaa 80 pratishat pradaan kiya aur antariksh mein ack sainya vyakti koo rakhane key apane karyakram koo badhaava diyaa, ise farwari 1958 mein chaalak dall key liye vikas kii jimmedaari dee gaee. antariksh mein sabse jald aadami karyakram antatah chandrama parr sainya antariksh yaatriyon koo rakhane aur unhein prithvi parr lautane kii disha mein taiyar thaa. armi aur nevi, arpa key prayojan key binaa, abhee bhee chaalak dall kii sainya antariksh udaan key liye mahatvakanksha rakhate they, senaa kii ballistic missile agency ney pariyojana addam kaa prastaav rakhaa, jahaan ack antariksh yatri koo juno II rockett parr upa-kakshiya prakshepavakra parr launch kiya jaayega, halanki ise koee samarthan naheen milaa, jise naaka key nideshak hyug latimer dryden dwara "ack tope seey ack yuva mahila koo goli maarne key circus stunt key samaan takniki moolya" key baare mein pasand kiya gayaa aur raksha vibhaag dwara ise poori tarah seey khariz curr diyaa gayaa. nausena ney maanavyukt prithvi tohi kaa prastaav rakhaa, haalaanki ise takniki roop seey avyavahaarik maanaa jaataa thaa. vayu senaa ney vikas kii jimmedaari praapt karane key liye arpa key saath sahyog karane kaa faisala kiya, aur antatah sabhi sainya antariksh karyakramon key liye parichaalan kii jimmedaari lii. arpa 1958 key adhikansh samay key liye ekmatra rashtriya antariksh agency thee, aur rashtrapati dwara nirdeshit nagrik antariksh mission, jaise kii chandra jaanch key agrani karyakram, vayu senaa thore-yogya aur senaa juno II rockett jaise sainya sansadhanon key saath kiya gayaa.
rashtriya vaimaaniki aur antariksh prashaasan (nassa) kii sthaapana 29 julaai 1958 koo kii gaee thee, aur rashtrapati eisenhower dwara sanyukt raajya kii nagrik antariksh agency banane kaa nirdesh diyaa gayaa thaa. eisenhower kaa hamesha samanantar nagrik aur sainya antariksh karyakramon kaa irada thaa, kewal asthaayi roop seey nagrik antariksh karyakramon koo arpa key tahat rakhna. nassa kaa gathan mukhya roop seey vaimaaniki (naaka) key liye rashtriya salaahkaar samiti seey kiya gayaa thaa aur 1 octuber 1958 koo iska sanchaalan shuru huaa. isake 7,000 naaka karmi aur langley anusandhaan kendra, aims anusandhaan kendra, luis anusandhaan kendra (abb johnn aich. glain anusandhaan kendra), uchch gati udaan station (abb armstrong udaan anusandhaan kendra), aur vaimaaniki anusandhaan agency seey wallops udaan suvidha. halanki, nassa key antariksh karyakram kaa badaa hissa raksha vibhaag, vishesh roop seey arpa aur sainya sevaaon seey avashoshit kiya gayaa thaa. nausena kaa antariksh karyakram, joe jyaadaatar nagrik anusandhaan key liye chalaaya jaataa haye, nassa dwara avashoshit pariyojana agradoot key saath swechha seey chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen 400 nausena anusandhaan prayogshala karmi aur isake minitrack space tracking network shamil they. vayu senaa ballistic missile division ney apane aadami koo jald hii antariksh mein sthanantarit curr diyaa, joe pariyojana paaraa kaa mool bunn gayaa, aur chandra jaanch missions kaa agrani karyakram bunn gayaa. arpa ney vishesh injanon, antariksh pranaliyon key liye vishesh ghatakon, pariyojana argus, upgrah tracking aur nigrani pranaliyon, upgrah sanchaar rille, metrological reporting, navigation sahaayata pranaliyon aur chandrama key door kii or kii chhaviyon koo praapt karane key liye nott prograam key liye bhee jimmedaari hastaantarit kii. haalaanki, senaa key antariksh karyakram parr nassa prashaasak tii. keath glenan, antariksh sansadhanon kaa sabse moolyavaan srot honey key liye aur hastaantaran dwara nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. mejar general medaris, senaa key ayudh missile kamaan key commander, ney bahut saarvajanik roop seey sthanantaran key liye ladaai ladee, lekin lagbhag poori senaa kii ballistic missile agency, jisamen redstone shastragar mein wonn braun kii sattern aaee team shamil thee (joe marshel antariksh udaan kendra bunn jaayegi) aur jett pranodan prayogshala koo nassa mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, joe ack swatantra senaa antariksh karyakram kii kissy bhee ummeed koo poori tarah seey kuchal detaa haye.
nassa key alawa, sthanantaran kaa sabse badaa vijeta vayu senaa ballistic missile division thaa, jisane senaa aur nausena mein apane pratidvandiyon koo poori tarah seey nasht hotey dekhaa aur kewal ack swatantra vayu senaa chaalak dall sainya karyakram aur vaigyaanik chandra jaanch koo chhodana padaa. aeye. aff. bee. aim. dee. netritva ney jaldi seey mahsoos kiya kii sainya kshetra mein apane prabhutva koo badhaane kaa sabse achchha tarika nassa key saath sahyog karna aur nae sangathan key liye khud koo amulya bhagidar banaana thaa, vishesh roop seey antariksh prakshepan, suvidhaaen aur antariksh prakshepan vaahan pradaan karane mein. ack swatantra agency key roop mein arpa kii shakti koo ack mahatvapurna jhataka lagaa jaba congress ney 1958 key raksha punargathan adhiniyam koo paarit kiya, jisase raksha anusandhaan aur engineering (ddr aind ee) key nideshak kaa nirmaan huaa, joe sevaaon koo arpa kii tulanaa mein antariksh mein adhik adhikaar pradaan karega.
sainya antariksh mission praapt karna.
farwari 1959 mein, yojanaon key liye vayu senaa key upa pramukh ney ack vishleshan kiya jisamen sujhaav diyaa gayaa kii antariksh sangathan, sanchaalan, aur anusandhaan aur vikas mein isaki kamjori ack samanvit antariksh karyakram vikasit karane mein isaki shuruati viphalata seey upaji haye aur yeh kii antariksh mein pramukh seva banane key liye ise safal prabandhan kaa pradarshan karna chaahiye aur kewal arpa seey mission aur bhoomikaon kaa anurodh karane key bajaay apana antariksh karyakram banaane key liye aage badhana chaahiye, jabaki saath hii arpa aur nassa key saath seva sambandhon mein sudhaar karna chaahiye. vayu senaa ney congress, raksha vibhaag aur nassa key bheetar ack gahan pairavi abhiyaan koo anjam diyaa, apane tark parr bahut adhik bharosa karate hue kii yeh ack aerospace seva thee aur antariksh mein pradarshan karane kaa irada rakhane vaale mission apani vayumandaliya jimmedariyon kaa ack taarkik vistaar they. 1959 key vasant mein, vayu senaa ney antariksh key baarah pramukh sainya upayog jaari kieh 
inmein seey paanch missions (photographic tohi, electronic tohi, avarakt tohi, maanchitran aur charting, aur antariksh paryaavaran purvanuman aur avalokan) koo vayu senaa kii samanya parichaalan aavashyaktaon key roop mein manjuri millie thee aur pahale raind dwara pehchaane gaye aur vishleshan kiye gaye missions kaa pratinidhitva kiya gayaa thaa. vayu karmchaariyon ney baadhaon parr ack vishleshan jaari kiya jisane vayu senaa koo apani aerospace bull neeti koo lagu karane seey pratibandhit curr diyaa, vaigyaanik antariksh kshetra key liye nassa kii jimmedaari aur sainya antariksh kshetra key liye arpa kii jimmedaari koo pramukh muddon key roop mein pahachaana. vishesh roop seey vayu karmchaariyon ney maujooda kshamata key aadhar parr ack seva koo pranali vikas nirdhaarit karane key liye arpa koo dosh diyaa, lekin maujooda yaa sambhaavit antariksh mission aur samarthan bhoomikaon koo dhyaan mein rakhe binaa. balki, vayu karmchaariyon ney mahsoos kiya kii arpa koo neetigat nirnayon parr dhyaan kendrit karna chaahiye aur vayu senaa ballistic missile prabhaag mein pariyojana engineering koo sabse nichale star parr chhod denaa chaahiye. isane yeh bhee tark diyaa kii vayu senaa koo nassa koo antariksh prakshepan booster aur upgrah jaisi samanya hiton kii vastuein pradaan karane key liye jimmedaar honah chaahiye, jisase nagrik agency apane bajat aur prayason koo poori tarah seey vaigyaanik prayason parr kendrit curr sakey. iss vishleshan koo samanya shreevar aur aeye. aff. bee. aim. dee. dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone paaya kii unaki kamaan parr arpa karyakramon aur nassa kii aavashyaktaon kaa bojh badh gayaa thaa. aprail 1959 mein, general shreevar ney congress key samaksh gawahi dee kii ranneetik aakramak aur rakshaatmak missions key liye vayu senaa kii jimmedariyan, aanshik roop seey, ballistic misaailon, upgrahon aur antariksh yaan dwara sanchaalit kii jaayengi. isake alawa, unhone gawahi dee kii unnat anusandhaan pariyojana agency koo bhang curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye, kii raksha anusandhaan aur engineering key nideshak koo neeti margadarshan aur seva jimmedaari pradaan karane kii bhoomika nibhani chaahiye, aur antariksh anusandhaan aur vikas niyantran koo sainya sevaaon koo vaapas curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye.
arpa seey swaayatta key liye vayu senaa key tarkon koo pramukh vayu senaa ballistic missile vibhajan karyakramon kii safalata seey badhaava milaa, jisamen jisamen unnat tohi pranali key poorv tatva shamil they. samos tohi upgrah, jise pahale centry key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, koo ack atlus-agena kaa upayog karke launch kiya jaanaa thaa aur ise photographic aur vidyut chumbakiya tohi detta ekatra karane key liye ranneetik vayu kamaan dwara sanchaalit kiya jaayega. missile raksha alarm pranali (midas), jise atlus-agena dwara bhee launch kiya gayaa thaa aur infrared sensor kaa upayog karate hue, sanyukt raajya america-kanadai uttari americi vayu raksha kamaan (norad) aur yuu key parichaalan kamaan key tahat honey kaa irada thaa.aiss.- kewal mahadvipiya vayu raksha kamaan, joe soviyat paramanu hamale kii praarambhik chetavani pradaan karane key liye vayu senaa kii vayu raksha kamaan dwara sanchaalit haye. vayu senaa ney pariyojana khojkarta key saarvajanik naam key tahat sanyukt vayu senaa-kendriya khufiya agency corona karyakram kaa vikas bhee jaari rakhaa, jisamen wandenberg vayu senaa adde seey launch kiye gaye thore-agena booster kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. vayu senaa ballistic missile prabhaag ney anya sevaaon koo prakshepan sahaayata bhee pradaan kii, nausena key pargaman nauparivahan upgrahon koo launch kiya, joe isaki bede ballistic missile pandubbiyon aur senaa key notus sanchaar upgrah kaa samarthan karane key liye design kiye gaye they. aeye. aff. bee. aim. dee. ney thore, atlus aur tyton antariksh prakshepan vaahanon sahit boosters key vikas koo jaari rakhaa.
arpa key sabse parinami karyakramon mein seey ack antariksh kaa pataa lagaane aur tracking system (speddate) thaa, joe shuru mein vibhinn sevaaon kii antariksh nigrani pranaliyon koo ekikrit karane key liye project shapered key naam seey shuru kiya gayaa thaa. sputnik 1 key prakshepan key kaaran jaldbaji mein, vayu senaa ney spacetrack (praarambhik pariyojana fasal chandrama) mein yogdan diyaa, jisane hanscom kshetra mein antarim rashtriya antariksh nigrani niyantran kendra pradaan kiya, jisamen linken prayogshala key millstone hill radar, stanford anusandhaan sansthaan, aur laredo vayu senaa station parr ack vayu anusandhaan aur vikas kamaan pareekshan radar, aur smithsonian khagoliya vedhshala key becker-nana camera koo ack saath laaya gayaa, joe bhavishya key parichaalan antariksh nigrani pranaliyon key liye vikas yojana taiyar karane key liye jimmedaar vayu senaa key saath thaa. nausena nausena sahaayata gatividhi dahlgren seey nausena antariksh nigrani pranali (navaspasur) key sanchaalan key liye jimmedaar thee, aur senaa koo ack doppler radar network, doplock vikasit karane key liye saunpa gayaa thaa, halanki senaa ney pariyojana seey baahar curr diyaa. vayu senaa aur nausena key beach iss baat parr kadee asahamati thee kii kaun iss pranali koo sanchaalit karega, nausena ise ack alag pranali key roop mein sanchaalit karna pasand karati haye, jabaki vayu senaa ise norad aur mahadvipiya vayu raksha kamaan kii parichaalan kamaan key tahat rakhna chaahati thee, jisamen vayu raksha kamaan dwara dinn-pratidin key sanchaalan koo niyantrit kiya jaataa thaa. 1959 key madhya taka, yeh vishay itna vivadaspad hoe gayaa kii sanyukt karmchaariyon key pramukhon koo iss mudde parr nirnay lena padaa, jaba yeh seva bhoomikaon aur missions parr ack badee charcha kaa hissa bunn gayaa.
vayu senaa ballistic missile prabhaag ney nassa key liye mahatvapurna samarthan pradaan karna jaari rakhaa, patrick vayu senaa adde aur cape canveral vayu senaa station parr antariksh agency key liye buniyaadi dhaanche kaa nirmaan kiya, saath hii saath chandra jaanch aur thore-saksham aur thore-delta booster key agrani karyakram koo thore-saksham booster aur launch samarthan pradaan kiya aur television avarakt avalokan upgrah (tyros) mausam avalokan upgrahon koo samarthan diyaa. vayu senaa ballistic missile prabhaag ney bhee centaur uchch-oorjaa charan key vikas kaa samarthan kiya, jiska upayog radd kiye gaye aagaman sanchaar upgrah pariyojana kaa samarthan karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. vayu senaa ballistic missile prabhaag dwara pradaan kiye gaye sabse mahatvapurna samarthan mein nassa pariyojana paaraa key liye thaa, joe iska pahala maanav antariksh udaan karyakram thaa. aeye. aff. bee. aim. dee. ney kakshiya udaanon, prakshepan sahaayata aur aerospace chikitsa adhikaariyon key liye atlus ell. ell prakshepan vaahan pradaan kiye. isake aerospace chikitsa gyaan kaa adhikansh hissa chikitsa karmiyon seey praapt kiya gayaa thaa jinhone dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran german "luftwafe" key saath seva kii thee aur sanyukt raajya america mein chaley gaye they. duniya key pahale antariksh chikitsa vibhaag kii sthaapana farwari 1949 mein huberts stroghold dwara sanyukt raajya vayu senaa school off aviation medicine (baad mein school off aerospace medicine kaa naam badalkar) mein kii gaee thee, jinhone antariksh chikitsa shabd gadhaa thaa. vayu senaa key chikitsa karmi bharhinta parr vibhinn prakaar key prayog karate rahate they.
halanki nassa adhikansh chaalak dall kii antariksh udaan key liye jimmedaar thaa, vayu senaa ballistic missile division ney boing aiks-20 dyna-saur orbital glider key vikas key saath jaari rakhaa. aiks-20 1950 key dashak key rockett vimaan parikshanon seey vikasit huaa, jaise kii bell aiks-1 aur uttari americi aiks-15. ise 30 aprail 1957 koo rockett bamvarshak, peetal kii ghanti uchch oonchaai tohi pranali aur uchch gati vaale boost-glide vaahan koo ack saath milakar banaaya gayaa thaa. iska uddeshya pahala sachcha antariksh vimaan honah thaa, joe vayumandaliya bamvarshak aur tohi vimaan kii jagah legaa. ise aiks-20 key saath sattern aaee booster kaa upayog karane parr vichaar kiya gayaa thaa, jaisa kii wonn braun dwara kaee baar prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin iss chinta key kaaran ise aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa kii usa pariyojana koo nassa koo sthanantarit curr diyaa jaayega, jaisa kii antariksh mein sabse jald karyakram mein aadami thaa.
1959 mein antariksh parr antar-seva pratidvandvita bunny rahee, senaa key pramukh general medaris ney congress key samaksh gawahi dee kii vayu senaa ballistic missile agency aur general shreevar kaa senaa ballistic missile agency key saath asahyog kaa ack lamba itihas rhaa, jise general shreevar ney ack lamba khandan prastut kiya, lekin senaa dwara aarop vaapas naheen liya gayaa. aprail 1959 mein, nausena sanchaalan key pramukh admiral arley barke ney nausena key liye antariksh udyam key ack badey hisse key liye ack saahasik bolly lagaai, jisamen sanyukt raksha antariksh yatri agency kii sthaapana kaa prastaav sanyukt pramukhon key karmchaariyon key liye rakhaa gayaa. ise senaa key pramukh general maxwell dee dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa. teller, iss aadhar parr kii antariksh kissy bhee ack seva key hiton seey parey haye, halanki vayu senaa key pramukh general thomas dee ney iska virodh kiya thaa. shwet, joe yeh kaha rahey they kii antariksh antariksh key vichaar key tahat vayu senaa kaa kshetra thaa. ack raksha antariksh yatri agency key liye senaa-nausena key iss prayaas ney general shreevar koo vayu senaa key liye jitna hoe sakey utanaa sainya antariksh mission hassil karane key liye majboor kiya, raksha sachiv koo yeh kahate hue kii vayu senaa ranneetik hamale, hamale key khilaf raksha aur samarthan pranaliyon key mission kshetron mein apani shuruat seey hii aerospace mein kaam curr rahee thee, aur inn balon koo vyavasthit karane kaa sabse achchha tarika vayu senaa key tahat unhein ekjut karna hoga. shreevar ney aage kahaa kii senaa aur nausena kii aavashyaktaon koo vayu senaa dwara sainya upgrah bull kii pramukh sanchaalan agency key roop mein santusht kiya jaayega, jitna kii yeh havaa mein thaa. seva tanaav koo aur adhik tanaav diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki arpa key nideshak roy johnson ney nassa kaa samarthan karane key liye ack tri-seva paaraa kaary bull sthaapit karane key prastaav koo sweekaar kiya thaa, naa kii vayu senaa ekmatra sahayak seva thee. senaa aur nausena ney ack raksha antariksh yatri agency aur sanyukt paaraa kaary bull kaa samarthan kiya, jabaki vayu senaa ney tark diyaa kii unhein pahale seey maujood kamaan sanrachana mein ekikrit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. antatah raksha sachiv ney nirnay liya kii sabhi antariksh balon kaa parichaalan niyantran pradaan karane key liye iss samay ack raksha antariksh yatri agency kii aavashyakta naheen thee, paaraa kaary bull key anurodh koo aswikar curr diyaa, isake bajaay vayu senaa key pramukh general donald norton yates, vayu senaa missile pareekshan kendra key commander koo nassa key chaalak dall key missions key liye pratyaksh sainya samarthan key liye niyukt kiya, aur antariksh booster key vikas, utpaadan aur prakshepan key liye vayu senaa koo jimmedaari saunpi. upgrah sanchaalan kii jimmedaariyaan mamalon key aadhar parr sevaaon koo saunpi jaayengi, haalaanki, vayu senaa koo inmein seey adhikansh jimmedaariyaan praapt huin. ack sanyukt antariksh kamaan key roop mein raksha antariksh yatri agency key peechhe kii avadharana koo 25 saal baad sanyukt raajya antariksh kamaan key roop mein mahsoos kiya jaayega.
30 disambar 1959 koo, sainya antariksh karyakramon kii ekmatra niyantrak ikai key roop mein agrim anusandhaan pariyojana agency kii sthiti koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa kyonki ise raksha anusandhaan aur vikas key nideshak key tahat ack parichaalan anusandhaan aur vikas agency key roop mein phir seey kaam kiya gayaa thaa. sainya antariksh karyakramon key liye jimmedariyon koo vyaktigat sevaaon koo vaapas curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen arpa koo kewal kuchh unnat karyakramon key saath kaam saunpa gayaa thaa.
1 maee 1960 koo, ack kendriya khufiya agency lockheed yuu-2 koo soviyat sangh key oopar seey maar giraaya gayaa, jisane soviyat sangh key kinaaron taka tohi udaanon koo seemit curr diyaa aur samos aur midas jaise antariksh adharit tohi key liye dhana badhaane key liye congress koo uksaayaa. 10 juuna 1960 koo, rashtrapati eisenhower ney raksha sachiv thomas aiss. gett junier. antariksh-adharit khufiya aavashyaktaon kaa punarmulyankan karane key liye, yeh nishkarsh nikaalate hue kii samo, corona karyakram aur yuu-2 sabhi rashtriya parisampattiyon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain aur unhein raksha vibhaag mein ack nagrik agency key tahat aayojit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, naa kii ack sainya seva key tahat. 31 agast 1960 koo, vayu senaa key sachiv dudley see. vayu senaa, kendriya khufiya agency, nausena aur rashtriya suraksha agency kii khufiya gatividhiyon key samanvaya key liye vayu senaa key sahayak sachiv key tahat missile aur upgrah pranaliyon kaa karyalaya banaaya gayaa. 6 sitambar 1961 koo, missile aur upgrah pranaliyon kaa karyalaya rashtriya tohi karyalaya bunn gayaa, jisamen samo aur corona jaise sabhi sainya antariksh tohi karyakram shamil they. vayu senaa key upgrah soochi mein kewal midas aur vella paramanu visfot kaa pataa lagaane vaale upgrah baney rahey.
3 juuna 1960 koo, vayu senaa ney california key inglewood mein vayu senaa ballistic missile division mukhyalaya seey satey ack sanghiya vitt poshit anusandhaan aur vikas kendra key roop mein takniki antariksh kshamata pradaan karane key liye aerospace nigam kaa nirmaan kiya. apane pahale varsh key anta taka, aerospace nigam mein 1,700 karmchari they aur yeh 12 antariksh karyakramon key liye jimmedaar thaa. aerospace pratyek vayu senaa aur antariksh bull missile aur antariksh karyakram key liye samanya pranali engineering aur takniki disha pradaan karane key liye vikasit hoga.
kenedi prashaasan aur vayu senaa pranali kamaan kii sthaapana.
johnn aff kaa chunaav. sanyukt raajya america key rashtrapati ney sainya aur nagrik donon antariksh karyakram parr nae sire seey dhyaan kendrit kiya. rashtrapati kenedi ney sainya aur nagrik sthaan key sangathan kii sameeksha karane key liye ack samiti kii adhyakshata karane key liye jerom visioner koo niyukt kiya. visioner report aanshik sainya antariksh karyakram kii aalochana karati haye, yeh sifarish karati haye kii ack agency yaa sainya seva koo sabhi sainya sthaan key liye jimmedaar banaaya jaae, aur kahaa kii vayu senaa taarkik vikalp thee, kyonki yeh pahale seey hii anya antariksh agencies key liye 90 pratishat samarthan aur sansadhanon key liye jimmedaar thee aur vayu senaa "bhavishya kii antariksh pranaliyon key vikas aur sanchaalan key liye pramukh sansaadhan thee, sivaay nassa koo kaanoon dwara saunpe gaye vishuddh vaigyaanik prakriti key."padbhar grahan karane key turant baad, raksha sachiv robbert mcnamara ney vayu senaa koo sainya sthaan key liye karyakari agent key roop mein naamit kiya, ise" raksha antariksh vikas karyakramon yaa pariyojanaon key vibhaag key anusandhaan, vikas, pareekshan aur engineering "kii jimmedaari saunpi, jabaki abhee bhee pratyek seva koo praarambhik anusandhaan karane kii anumati dee aur jore dekar kahaa kii ack seva key liye pratyek antariksh pranali kaa parichaalan kaary mamle-darr-mamle key aadhar parr kiya jaayega.
1961 kii shuruat mein, raksha upa sachiv roswell gilpatrick ney vayu senaa key pramukh general white seey sampark kiya aur vaadaa kiya kii yadi vaha "apane ghar koo vyavasthit karate hain tou antariksh mission key liye vayu senaa kii badee jimmedaari hogi."vishesh roop seey, vaha vayu anusandhaan aur vikas kamaan key tahat anusandhaan aur vikas key liye vibhajit jimmedaari aur vayu samagri kamaan key tahat khareed kaa ullekh curr rahey they. sachiv gilpatrick key vichaaron koo general shreevar dwara soochit kiya gayaa thaa, joe abb vayu anusandhaan aur vikas kamaan key commander hain, jinhone unhein bataaya thaa kii vayu senaa sainya antariksh mission koo taba taka naheen sambhal sakati jaba taka kii ack kamaan anusandhaan aur vikas, pranali pareekshan aur antariksh pranaliyon key adhigrahan kii jimmedaari naheen letee. general shreevar ney kaee varshon taka inn vichaaron koo rakhaa, halanki 1960 taka iss mudde koo ack tatkalik aavashyakta praapt hui, kyonki vayu anusandhaan aur vikas kamaan key vayu bull ballistic missile prabhaag aur vayu samagri kamaan key ballistic missile kendra ney sansadhanon aur prabandhan key liye pratispardha kii kyonki antariksh aur missile pranaliyon donon kii maang adhik dabaav bunn gaee. sitambar 1960 mein, samanya shwet ney samanya shreevar koo punargathan shuru karane key liye adhikrit kiya, loss angils mein apane antariksh karyakramon koo rakhate hue, ballistic missile karyon koo norton vayu senaa adde parr sthanantarit karate hue, halanki samanya shreevar ney mahsoos kiya kii yeh aparyaapt thaa aur vaha ack yojana kaary bull banaane key liye adhikrit thaa. curnell otto glasser, joe baad mein ack leftinent general baney, ney 1 aprail 1961 koo vayu senaa pranali kamaan (aeye. aff. aiss. see.) key roop mein vayu anusandhaan aur vikas kamaan key punargathan key parinamswarup punargathan yojana vikasit kii, jisase sangathan koo sabhi anusandhaan, vikas aur aerospace aur missile pranaliyon key adhigrahan kii jimmedaari dee gaee. usee dinn vayu samagri kamaan koo vayu senaa rasad kamaan key roop mein punargathit kiya gayaa thaa, isake utpaadan karyon koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa aur kewal rakharkhaav aur aapoorti key liye jimmedaar thaa. vayu anusandhaan aur vikas kamaan key commander leftinent general shreevar koo general key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa aur vayu senaa pranali kamaan kaa pahala commander banaaya gayaa.
vayu senaa pranali kamaan koo chaar adheenasth prabhagon mein sangathit kiya gayaa thaah vaimaaniki pranali prabhaag (aeye. aiss. dee.), ballistic missile prabhaag (bee. aim. dee.), electronics pranali prabhaag (aeye. aiss. dee.), aur antariksh pranali prabhaag (aiss. aiss. dee.). antariksh pranali prabhaag loss angils mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe vayu senaa ballistic missile vibhajan aur vayu senaa ballistic missile kendra key antariksh tatvon koo avashoshit kartaa haye. ballistic missile division koo norton vayu senaa adde parr sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa aur vayu senaa ballistic missile division aur vayu senaa ballistic missile kendra key ballistic missile tatvon key saath-saath engineer ballistic missile nirmaan karyalaya key senaa core koo avashoshit kiya gayaa thaa. isake alawa panchbhuj mein vayu karmchaariyon parr aerospace anusandhaan kaa karyalaya sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
antariksh pranali prabhaag ney jaldi seey khud koo sthaapit curr liya, aur 20 march 1961 koo gardner report koo samanya shreevar koo prastut kiya gayaa. isamen, traver gardner ney kahaa kii sanyukt raajya america raksha vibhaag dwara antariksh nivesh mein mahatvapurna vriddhi key binaa teen seey paanch varshon taka antariksh mein soviyat sangh koo peechhe naheen chhod sakata thaa. saath hii, unhone kahaa kii sainya aur nagrik antariksh key beach kii rekha koo ack vyaapak, chandra landing karyakram mein paar karane kii aavashyakta hogi joe 1967 aur 1970 key beach chandrama parr antariksh yaatriyon koo utaarega aur iss tarah key prayaas seey mahatvapurna praudyogikiyon, udyogon aur sainya aur nagrik antariksh karyakramon donon key liye sabak praapt honge.
12 aprail 1961 koo, soviyat vayu senaa key antariksh yatri yuri gagarin antariksh yaan vostoke 1 parr prakshepan karate hue antariksh mein pravesh karane vaale pahale maanav bunn gaye. isane raksha anusandhaan aur vikas key nideshak aur vayu senaa key sachiv eugene aim. herbert york koo nirdeshit karane key liye sachiv mcenmara koo prerit kiya. raksha hiton key sandarbh mein rashtriya antariksh karyakramon kaa aaklan karane key liye zuckert, vishesh roop seey maali report key nishkarshon parr vichaar karate hue. kaary bull adhyayan antariksh pranali prabhaag mein huaa aur iska netritva mejar general joseph aar ney kiya. holzaplay, vayu senaa pranali aerospace pranaliyon key liye sahayak upa commander kii kamaan sambhaalati haye. 1 maee 1961 koo raksha sachiv koo prastut holzaple report mein mahatvapurna vayu senaa samarthan key saath nassa key netritva vaali chandra landing pahal kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa.
sheet yuddh mein antariksh bull (1961-1982).
vayu senaa koo antariksh key liye raksha vibhaag key karyakari agent key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa aur 1961 mein antariksh pranali prabhaag key nirmaan ney pramukh sainya antariksh shakti key roop mein seva kii sthiti koo majboot kiya. maee 1961 mein, holzappel report parr aanshik roop seey kaary karate hue, kenedi prashaasan ney nassa koo chandra landing mission kii jimmedaari saunpi, haalaanki antariksh pranali prabhaag seey nagrik antariksh agency koo karmi, prakshepan vaahan aur jamini samarthan pradaan karna jaari rakhane kii ummeed thee.
1961 mein, samos aur spacetrack jaise pramukh antariksh karyakram parichaalan kshamata praapt curr rahey they, jabaki midas aur pariyojana sant upgrah nireekshak jaise vikas karyakramon koo atirikt dhana praapt huaa. yeh sainya antariksh aur nassa key beach sakht sailo banaane key bajaay ack ekikrit rashtriya antariksh karyakram key liye rashtrapati kenedi key dabaav key kaaran thaa, aur vasant 1961 mein, vayu senaa 90 pratishat sainya antariksh prayason key liye jimmedaar thee.
chaalak dall ney sainya antariksh udaan karyakram aur nassa koo sainya samarthan diyaa.
soviyat vayu senaa key antariksh yatri yuri gagarin kii vostok 1 mein aur gherman titove kii vostok 2 mein kakshiya udaanon seey chintit, vayu senaa pranali ney vayu senaa key pramukh general curtis ee key saath ack chaalak dall key sainya antariksh karyakram key liye apane dabaav koo doguna curr diyaa. leme pratham vishva yuddh key dauran vayu shakti aur 1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein antariksh shakti key beach samaantaaen chitrit kartaa haye. general leme ney tippani kii kii kaise pratham vishva yuddh mein havaai jahaajon kaa praarambhik upayog shantipurna, veertapurna, nihatthe tohi udaanon seey dushman kii vayu shreshthata koo nakaarne key liye banaae gaye prayason kaa mukabala karane key liye chalaa gayaa, aur yeh maanana kii samaan rujhaanon kii ummeed naheen thee antariksh mein dekhaa aur taiyar kiya gayaa. yeh drishya jald hii raksha pratishthaan key bheetar prachalit hoe gayaa, aur boing aiks-20 dyna-sore key kakshiya udaan karyakram koo tej kiya gayaa, jisamen tyton II glv key bajaay tyton tyton prakshepan vaahan kaa upayog kiya gayaa.
21 sitambar 1961 koo, vayu senaa kii pahali aupchaarik antariksh yojana poori hui, jisamen ack aakramak sainya antariksh karyakram kaa ahwan kiya gayaa. vishesh roop seey, isane kakshiya hathiyaron aur ack upgrah-rodhi aur missile-rodhi raksha pranali vikasit karane key prayason koo tej karate hue khojkarta/corona karyakram, midas, samo aur blue scout anusandhaan vaahan koo unaki vartamaan gati parr jaari rakhane kii sifarish kii. nassa aur antariksh pranali prabhaag ney antariksh prakshepan parr nikatata seey sahyog karna jaari rakhaa, antariksh pranali prabhaag ney tyton IIic antariksh prakshepan vaahan vikasit kiya, joe kaksha mein 25,000 pound taka key payload launch karane mein saksham thaa. antariksh pranali prabhaag aur nassa ney bhee apollo karyakram parr nikatata seey sahyog kiya, sanyukt roop seey cape canveral mein prakshepan sthaan kaa chayan kiya. nassa prashaasak james ee key beach ack samjhauta. web aur upa raksha sachiv roswell gilpatrick ney nassa koo chandra karyakram kii laagat key liye jimmedaar banaaya, jabaki antariksh pranali prabhaag renz manager key roop mein kaam karega. 24 farwari 1962 koo, raksha vibhaag ney vayu senaa koo nassa key samarthan key liye karyakari agent key roop mein naamit kiya.
antariksh pranali prabhaag ney nassa kii pariyojana paaraa koo nikat samarthan pradaan kiya, jisamen paaraa saat antariksh yaatriyon mein seey teen, cape canveral vayu senaa station launch complexes 5 aur launch complexes 14, rm-90 blue scout II aur atlus atlus launch vaahan aur sanyukt raajya vayu senaa pararcue recovery bull shamil they. antariksh pranali prabhaag pariyojana ratna koo isi tarah kaa samarthan pradaan karane kii yojana banaa rhaa thaa aur 96 anusandhaan aur vikas adhikaariyon key saath 14 nassa karyakramon kaa samarthan curr rhaa thaa. aprail 1962 mein, maanavyukt antariksh udaan key liye vayu senaa pranali kamaan key commander key upa key pada kii sthaapana nassa mukhyalaya mein kii gaee thee, jisamen senaa, samudri core, nausena aur vayu senaa key karmi shamil they.
11 juuna 1962 koo, "dha newyork times" ney sant karyakram key baare mein kahani koo toda diyaa, yeh daavaa karke kii vayu senaa antariksh koo hathiyar banaane kaa irada rakhti thee, ack raajneetik aag kaa toofaan paida kiya. saarvajanik jhataka jabardast thaa, jisake parinamswarup raksha vibhaag aur white house seey sainya antariksh karyakramon parr adhik jaanch kii gaee. 1962 kii vayu senaa antariksh yojana key anurodh mein, kewal sainya kakshiya vikas pranali (modd) antariksh station, blue jemini prayog karyakram, midas, sent, aiks-20 dyna-sore aur tytan III prakshepan vaahan koo hii mahatvapurna dhana praapt huaa. modd praayogik antariksh station koo ack tyton IIic booster parr launch kiya jaanaa thaa aur neele ratna karyakram vishesh roop seey pareekshan millen, docking aur kaarmik sthanantaran karyon parr kendrit thaa, halanki aisee chintaaen theen kii neele ratna x-20 dyna-soar koo khatare mein daal sakate hain. raksha sachiv mcnamara dwara modd aur blue jemini donon koo radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa, isake bajaay antariksh pranali vibhajan koo nassa kii pariyojana jemini key madhyam seey kaam karane kii aavashyakta thee.
pariyojana jemini kaa prabandhan nassa dwara kiya jaataa thaa, lekin ack sanyukt jemini karyakram yojana board kii saha-adhyakshata nassa key sahayogi prashaasak aur anusandhaan aur vikas key liye vayu senaa key sahayak sachiv ney kii thee. pariyojana paaraa kii tarah, antariksh pranali prabhaag ney mahatvapurna samarthan pradaan kiya, jisamen solah ratna antariksh yaatriyon mein seey nau, cape canveral vayu senaa station launch complexes 19, atlus-agena aur tyton II glv launch vaahan, aur sanyukt raajya vayu senaa pararescue recovery bull shamil hain.
1963 mein apolo karyakram shuru honey seey pahale hii, nassa aur antariksh pranali vibhaag donon bhavishya key antariksh karyakramon parr vichaar curr rahey they, jisamen nassa ney ack antariksh station banaane key liye apolo anuprayog karyakram parr dhyaan kendrit kiya thaa. sachiv mcnamara ney antariksh pranali vibhajan karyakramon mein katauti karna jaari rakhaa, midas key liye dhana koo cumm kiya aur sant koo ack paribhasha adhyayan mein cumm kiya, bhoomi-adharit radar aur misaailon parr upgrah-rodhi aur missile raksha pranaliyon koo phir seey vyavasthit kiya. 10 disambar 1963 koo, sachiv mcnamara ney antariksh pranali prabhaag koo maanavyukt parikrama prayogshala (moll) parr vikas shuru karane key liye adhikrit kiya, joe wandenberg vayu senaa aadhar antariksh prakshepan parisar 6 seey ack tyton IIim parr launch kiya gayaa ack kakshiya sainya tohi antariksh station haye, halanki boing x-20 dyna-saur kakshiya ladaakoo koo radd karane kii laagat parr. vaigyaanik prayogon key alawa, moll soviyat sangh kii nigrani, jall key oopar nausena kii tohi aur gair-yuu key upgrah nireekshan pradaan karna thaa.aiss. antariksh yaan. ise 25 agast 1965 koo rashtrapati lindon bee dwara poorna paimaane parr vikas key liye anumodit kiya gayaa thaa. johnson. 10 juuna 1969 koo, maanavyukt parikrama prayogshala karyakram koo chaalak rahit antariksh pranaliyon kii vishvasaniyata aur isaki uchch laagat key kaaran radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
1966 mein general shreevar kii sevaanivritti ney bhee vayu senaa antariksh sangathan mein badalaav koo chihnit kiya. unake uttaradhikari, general james fergusson ney 1 julaai 1967 koo antariksh aur missile pranali sangathan (samso) mein bee. aim. dee. kii cumm jimmedariyon key kaaran badey hisse mein ballistic missile vibhajan aur antariksh pranali vibhajan koo phir seey samekit karate hue vayu senaa pranali kamaan koo punargathit kiya. samso, isase pahale aiss. aiss. dee. kii tarah, apolo karyakram koo samarthan pradaan karna jaari rakhaa, jisamen battis antariksh yaatriyon mein seey satrah, cape canveral vayu senaa station launch complexes 34, aur sanyukt raajya vayu senaa pararescue recovery force pradaan kii gaee.
sainya upgrah sanchaar pranaliyon kii tainaati.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh ney adhik suraksha, uchch kshamata aur behtar vishvasaniyata key saath lambi doori taka sainya sanchaar kii aavashyakta koo spasht curr diyaa. pahala upgrah sanchaar avadharana vigyaan kathaa lekhak arther see dwara prastut kii gaee thee. 1945 mein clark, aur yuddh key samaapan key turant baad senaa key signal core ney chandrama aur shukra kaa sanket paraavartak key roop mein upayog karate hue project dyna key madhyam seey prithvi-chandrama-prithvi sanchaar key saath prayog kiya. nausena ney sanchaar chandrama rille key madhyam seey iss vidhi key saath bhee prayog kiya, jisase saine diago, havaai aur washington key beach dou-tarfa aavaaj sanchaar huaa.
julaai 1958 mein, unnat anusandhaan pariyojana agency ney senaa key signal core pariyojana score koo saunpa, joe duniya kaa pahala sanchaar upgrah haye. 18 disambar 1958 koo, ise ack vayu senaa ballistic missile division aiss. aiss atlus dwara launch kiya gayaa thaa, joe bahut uchch aavritti (vee. aich. aff.) baind mein rashtrapati eisenhower seey chrismus abhivaadan prasaarit kartaa thaa. octuber 1960 mein, senaa key signal core ney vayu senaa ballistic missile division thore-ablestar parr courier 1bee launch kiya aur ultra hyee frequency (uhf) baind mein sanchaalit kiya. vayu senaa ballistic missile prabhaag ney pariyojana west ford key madhyam seey sanchaar sanketon koo uchhaalane key liye ack kritrim ionmondal kaa utpaadan karane kaa prayaas kiya, halanki sanchaar upgrahon mein pragati key kaaran yeh aprachalit hoe gayaa thaa. arpa ney 1958 mein vaastav mein ack ranneetik bhoo-samkaalik sanchaar pranali key liye yojana banaana shuru kiya, jisamen vayu senaa ballistic missile division koo booster aur antariksh yaan aur senaa key signal core koo sanchaar tatva kii jimmedaari saunpi gaee. shuru mein teen repeater upgrah karyakramon seey yukt, sitambar 1959 mein raksha sachiv ney sanchaar upgrah prabandhan kii jimmedaari arpa seey senaa koo hastaantarit curr dee. farwari 1960 mein, teen karyakramon koo pariyojana aagaman mein jodaa gayaa aur sitambar mein senaa koo saunpa gayaa. haalaanki, senaa key paas sainya upgrah sanchaar key liye parichaalan kii jimmedaari naheen hogi, kyonki raksha vibhaag senaa, nausena aur vayu senaa kii ranneetik sanchaar pranaliyon koo raksha sanchaar pranali key hisse key roop mein ekikrit curr rhaa thaa, jise raksha sanchaar agency dwara sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa, jise 12 maee 1960 koo sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. pariyojana aagaman koo ack bahut hii mahatvakankshi karyakram maanaa jaataa thaa, jisamen upgrahon kii pahali kisht koo 5,600 meal kii or jhuki kakshaon mein aff. bee. aim. dee. atlus-agena prakshepan vaahanon dwara prakshepit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen doosari kisht koo aff. bee. aim. dee. atlus-centres dwara bhusthir kakshaon mein prakshepit kiya gayaa thaa. laagat mein vriddhi aur chhote upgrahon mein takniki safaltaon koo dekhate hue, pariyojana kaa aagaman 23 maee 1962 koo radd curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
pariyojana key aagaman kii viphalata key saath, raksha vibhaag ney vayu senaa-sanrekhit aerospace nigam kii or rukh kiya, joe dou vikalp vikasit curr rhaa thaa. 1962 kii garmiyon mein, antariksh pranali prabhaag koo uchch aavritti (aiss. aich. aff.) bandwidth mein sanchaar pradaan karane key liye praarambhik raksha sanchaar upgrah karyakram (aaee. dee. see. aiss. pee.) key vikas key saath aage badhane kaa adhikaar milaa. pariyojana key aagaman key vipareet, antariksh pranali prabhaag kaa antariksh yaan aur booster parr poorna niyantran hoga, senaa upgrah sanchaar agency key paas kewal jamini khand parr adhikaar thaa, jisamen raksha sanchaar agency senaa aur vayu senaa antariksh pranali vibhajan prayason koo ekikrit karane key liye jimmedaar thee. antariksh pranali prabhaag koo ack hii samay mein ack doosari pranali, unnat raksha sanchaar upgrah karyakram (aeye. dee. see. aiss. pee.) vikasit karane kaa adhikaar bhee milaa. raksha vibhaag aur sachiv mcnamara key gahan adhyayan key kaaran, aaee. dee. see. aiss. pee. kaa vikas mushkil saabit huaa, jise atlus-agena booster parr launch karane kaa irada thaa, yeh sawal kii kyaa senaa koo comsat nigam seey patte parr bandwidth key bajaay apane sanchaar upgrahon koo sanchaalit karane kii aavashyakta haye. 15 julaai 1964 koo, comsat key saath whiffle nakaratmaktaon aur nagrik upgrahon parr sainya payload kii mejbani key baare mein chintaon key baad, sachiv mcnamara ney adhik surakshit aur vishvasaniya sainya upgrah sanchaar pranali key saath aage badhane kaa vikalp chunaa. tyton IIic key vikas ney idcp key liye madhyam prithvi kii kakshaon seey nikat-samkaalik kakshaon mein parivartan koo prerit kiya.
aaee. dee. aiss. see. pee. kaa mool roop seey kewal ack prayog karyakram honey kaa irada thaa, lekin yeh itna safal thaa kii yeh ack parichaalan upgrah nakshatr bunn gayaa. pahale saat upgrahon koo 16 juuna 1966 koo antariksh pranali prabhaag tyton IIic dwara prakshepit kiya gayaa thaa. aathh aaee. dee. aiss. see. pee. upgrahon kaa doosara prakshepan 26 agast 1966 koo kiya gayaa thaa, halanki ack gambhir viphalata key parinamswarup prakshepan vaahan aur payload kaa nuksan huaa. teesara prakshepan 18 janwari 1967 koo huaa, jisamen aathh upgrahon koo kaksha mein rakhaa gayaa, 1 julaai 1967 key prakshepan key saath, pahala samso dwara, teen aur upgrahon koo kaksha mein rakhaa gayaa. iss prakshepan ney kaee pareekshan upgrahon koo bhee kaksha mein sthaapit kiya, jisamen nausena kaa dozz gradient prayog, dats upgrah aur linken prayogaatmak upgrah-5 shamil hain. antim aathh upgrahon koo 13 juuna 1968 koo kaksha mein prakshepit kiya gayaa thaa, jisase 26 upgrahon kaa ack samooh banaa jaba raksha sanchaar agency ney aaee. dee. see. aiss. pee. pranali sanchaalan ghoshit kiya aur apana naam badalkar praarambhik raksha upgrah sanchaar pranali (aaee. dee. aiss. see.) curr liya.
1968 key madhya taka, 36 sthir aur mobile ground terminals, senaa kii jimmedaari, ney upgrah sanchaar pranali koo puuraa curr liya. mool roop seey senaa key signal core key pariyojana aagaman key liye upayog kiya jaataa thaa aur baad mein nassa key syncom upgrah karyakram key liye saha-chunaa gayaa, dou nishchit ack/fsc-9 ground terminal, ack camp roberts, california mein sthit haye aur dusare ney fort dicks mein idsc upgrah detta koo rille karna shuru kiya. mobile terminals mein saat aine/tsc-54 terminal, terah aine/msc-46 terminal aur chhah jahaaj-adharit terminal shamil they. ground terminal sthaanon mein colorado, paschim germany, ethiopia, havaai, guam, australia, dakshin koria, okinawa, phillippeans, dakshin viyatnam aur thyland shamil they. 1967 mein vayu senaa antariksh aur missile pranali sangathan ney washington dee mein 21vein sashastr bull sanchaar aur electronics sangh sammelan mein aaee. dee. aiss. see. pee. kii kshamata kaa pradarshan kiya.see.vayu senaa key sachiv herold braun koo dakshin viyatnam mein saatven vayu senaa commander, general villium doubleu key saath seedhe jodate hue. maan. praarambhik raksha sanchaar pranali koo baad mein raksha upgrah sanchaar pranali charan I (dee. aiss. see. aiss. aaee) key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. dee. aiss. see. aaee. apani vishvasaniyata key liye jaanaa jaane lagaa, aur 1971 taka, vishuddh roop seey ack prayog key roop mein abhipret, chhavis praarambhik upgrahon mein seey pandrah chaalu rahey. 1976 key madhya taka, teen ney apani nirdhaarit bund kii tarikh key kaee saal baad bhee kaam karna jaari rakhaa. dee. aiss. see. aiss. aaee. nakshatr ney lagbhag 10 varshon taka raksha sanchaar agency seva pradaan kii aur 1969 mein samso thore-delta rockett dwara launch kiye gaye british sashastr balon key skienet 1 upgrahon key liye buniyaadi design key roop mein kaary kiya, aur naato key upgrah sanchaar, 1970 mein ack samso thore-delta rockett dwara bhee launch kiye gaye.
haalaanki dee. aiss. see. aaee. radio yaa cable sanchaar seey behtar thaa, lekin yeh channel kshamata, upayogkarta pahunch aur samagr coverage key mamle mein seemit rhaa. pariyojana key aagaman key mool iraade koo santusht karane aur inn kathinaaiyon koo door karane key liye raksha upgrah sanchaar pranali charan II (dee. aiss. see. aiss. II) parr kaam shuru huaa. praarambhik kaary 1964 mein antariksh pranali prabhaag mein unnat raksha sanchaar upgrah karyakram key roop mein shuru huaa, raksha sanchaar agency ney 1965 mein chhah avadharana adhyayan anubandh pradaan kiye, juuna 1968 mein khareed key saath adhikrit kiya gayaa. antariksh aur missile pranali sangathan ney bhoo-samkaalik kaksha mein chaar upgrahon key samooh (ack bhaaratiya mahasagar parr, ack purvi prashant mahasagar parr, ack paschimi prashant mahasagar parr, aur ack atlantic mahasagar parr) key liye yojana banaai, jisamen dou atirikt antariksh yaan they. raksha sanchaar agency ney karyakram kaa samagr niyantran banaae rakhaa, jisamen antariksh yaan, tyton IIic booster aur vayu senaa upgrah niyantran suvidha seey sanchaalan key liye jimmedaar vayu senaa antariksh aur missile pranali sangathan key saath, jabaki senaa signal core jamini-khand key liye jimmedaar thaa.
dee. aiss. see. aiss. II sanchaar upgrah design mein ack pramukh kadam thaa, jisamen vyaapak kshetra aur sankeern beam coverage donon they. pahale dou upgrahon koo 2 navambar 1971 koo ack tyton IIic seey prakshepit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen seey ack koo atlantic mahasagar key oopar aur ack koo prashant mahasagar key oopar rakhaa gayaa thaa. praarambhik charan mein viphaltaon key kaaran phir seey design karane key baad, upgrahon kaa doosara sett 13 disambar 1973 koo launch kiya gayaa thaa aur farwari 1974 mein raksha sanchaar agency dwara nakshatr koo kaksha mein kewal dou upgrahon key saath parichaalan ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. 20 maee 1975 koo teesare prakshepan mein tyton IIic kii margadarshan pranali mein visangati thee jisake parinamswarup antariksh yaan vayumandal mein phir seey pravesh curr gayaa aur DSCS II upgrah khou gaye. nakshatr koo baad mein puuraa kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1980 key dashak taka dee. aiss. see. aaee. ney 46 jamini terminals, rajanyik dursanchar seva '52 terminals aur jamini mobile balon key madhyam seey 31 saamarik terminals key madhyam seey ranneetik sanchaar pradaan kiya. antim dee. aiss. see. aiss. II upgrah koo 13 disambar 1993 koo sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, halanki raksha upgrah sanchaar pranali charan III (dee. aiss. see. aiss. III) kaa design 1974 mein shuru huaa thaa.
antariksh pranali prabhaag, aur baad mein antariksh aur missile pranali sangathan ney kaee prayogaatmak upgrahon koo bhee samarthan pradaan kiya, mukhya roop seey linken prayogaatmak upgrah shrinkhala, joe aksar sainya prakshepan missions parr piggyback karati thee. samso ney taikat sanchaar upgrah key liye vimaan company koo galey lagaane kaa bhee anubandh kiya, joe uhf aur shf sanchaar donon pradaan kartaa thaa. haalaanki, dhana pratibandhon key kaaran yeh ack ekal antariksh yaan taka seemit thaa aur 9 farwari 1969 koo cape kenedi vayu senaa station seey ack tyton IIic parr launch kiya gayaa thaa. taikat ney america key "gwadalkenal" koo seedhe white house seey jodate hue apolo 9 punarpraapti prayason kaa samarthan kiya. nausena ney taikat kii safalata seey prabhaavit hocker, bede upgrah sanchaar pranali (aff. ell. tii. aiss. tii. oh. aim.) parr samso key saath vikas shuru kiya. jabaki nausena ney dhana aur ground terminals pradaan kiye, samso ney antariksh yaan kshetron mein nausena key agent key roop mein kaary kiya aur antariksh yaan kii kshamataon kaa ack hissa praapt kiya, vayu senaa upgrah sanchaar pranali (affsatcom) kaa nirmaan kiya, jiska upayog ekal ekikrit sanchaalan yojana paramanu balon key liye vaishvik sanchaar pradaan karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa.
sainya mausam avalokan upgrah pranaliyon kii tainaati.
mausam upgrahon key vichaar kii avadharana, sanchaar upgrahon kii tarah, arther see jaise praarambhik vigyaan kathaa lekhakon dwara kii gaee thee. clark. mausam kaa purvanuman pracheen kaal seey ack mahatvapurna sainya kshamata rahee haye, halanki shayed hii kabhi mausam vigyaani shatrutapurna pratidvandi dwara niyantrit bhoomi parr tippaniyon koo ikattha karane mein saksham they aur khule mahasagar parr lagbhag hamesha coverage kii kamee thee. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad, 1946 kii raind report ney bhavishyavani kii kii dushman key kshetron parr mausam avalokan upgrahon dwara pradaan kii jaane vaali sabse moolyavaan kshamata hogi. 1961 taka, antariksh pranali prabhaag aur aerospace nigam ney sainya mausam upgrahon key liye aavashyaktaon kaa adhyayan karna shuru curr diyaa, haalaanki nassa koo senaa sahit sabhi sarkari upayogkartaon key liye mausam upgrah vikasit karane kaa adhikaar praapt thaa.
nassa key television avarakt avalokan upgrah (tyros) koo sanyukt raajya key mausam beuro koo mausam avalokan detta pradaan karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, 1 aprail 1960 koo cape canveral vayu senaa station launch complexes 17 seey tyros-1 koo ack vayu senaa ballistic missile division thore-saksham booster parr launch kiya gayaa thaa. tyros kii safalata key saath, raksha vibhaag, vanijya vibhaag aur nassa ney ack ekal mausam pranali vikasit karane key liye bulaaya joe ack aprail 1961 mein rashtriya parichaalan mausam vigyaan upgrah pranali seey sahmat hocker nagrik aur sainya donon upayogkartaon kii jarooraton koo puuraa karega. nassa aur rashtriya mahasagar aur vayumandaliya prashaasan ney sanyukt roop seey mausam vigyaan anusandhaan aur vigyaan key liye nimbus karyakram kii doosari peedhi key mausam upgrah vikasit kiye.
antatah, 1963 mein aerospace nigam ney sifarish kii kii senaa apani mausam upgrah pranali vikasit karey. antariksh pranali prabhaag ney raksha upgrah anuprayog karyakram (dee. aiss. aeye. pee.) kaa vikas shuru kiya, halanki dee. aiss. aeye. pee. kaa uddeshya ranneetik vayu kamaan aur rashtriya tohi karyalaya koo pratyaksh samarthan pradaan karna thaa, iska astitva 17 aprail 1973 taka vargeekrit rhaa jaba vayu senaa key sachiv johnn ell dwara iska nirnay liya gayaa. amcluca apane mausam detta kaa upayog viyatnam yuddh kaa samarthan karane aur vanijya vibhaag aur vaigyaanik samudaay koo avargeekrit detta saabit karane key liye kartaa haye. disambar 1973 mein, iska naam badalkar raksha mausam vigyaan upgrah karyakram (dee. aim. aiss. pee.) curr diyaa gayaa.
praarambhik dee. aim. aiss. pee. upgrahon ney detta koo fairchild vayu senaa adde, washington aur lorring vayu senaa adde, maine mein preshit kiya, vahaan seey offot vayu senaa adde parr vayu senaa vaishvik mausam kendra koo bheja gayaa. saamarik detta koo viyatnam mein mission yojnakar koo paarit kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki vaigyaanik anusandhaan key liye vayu senaa cambridge anusandhaan prayogshala aur rashtriya mahasagariya aur vayumandaliya prashaasan koo ack oral detta diyaa gayaa thaa. dee. aim. aiss. pee. upgrahon key paanchven khand koo thore-berner rockets parr dhruviya kakshaon mein prakshepit kiya gayaa thaa aur 1973 mein yeh ack tri-seva karyakram bunn gayaa, jisamen senaa aur nausena kii bhagidari shamil hui.
dee. aim. aiss. pee. koo 1 farwari 1963 seey shuru honey vaale ranneetik vayu kamaan key 4000vein samarthan samooh dwara sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa. 4000vein samarthan samooh koo 1 janwari 1966 koo thaili key pahale ranneetik aerospace division mein phir seey niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, 1 janwari 1973 koo 4000vein aerospace anuprayog samooh kaa naam badalkar 4000vein upgrah sanchaalan samooh kaa naam diyaa gayaa aur phir 3 aprail 1981 koo 4000vein upgrah sanchaalan samooh kaa naam badal diyaa gayaa.
vaishvik sthiti pranali kaa vikas.
upgrah nauparivahan pranaaliyan loran jaisi radio nauparivahan pranaliyon parr adharit theen, haalaanki sthaliya pranaaliyan seemit shreniyon mein kewal dou-ayami sthiti pradaan curr sakati theen, jabaki antariksh-adharit pranaaliyan prithvi parr kaheen bhee teen-dyman, plus wegg pradaan curr sakati theen. 13 aprail 1960 koo, aur vayu senaa ballistic missile division thore-ablestar ney nausena key pahale pargaman nauparivahan upgrah koo kaksha mein launch kiya. pargaman koo nausena key jahaajon aur ballistic missile pandubbiyon key liye 600 feat sateekta pradaan karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, haalaanki yeh uchch gati vaale vimaan aur jameen parr launch kii gaee misaailon key liye aavashyak sateek aavashyaktaon koo pradaan karane key liye bahut dheema aur rook-rook curr thaa.
1963 mein, aerospace nigam ney antariksh pranali prabhaag koo pariyojana 621bee (sateek navigation key liye upgrah pranali) parr kaam shuru karane key liye prerit kiya, jiska uddeshya prithvi parr kaheen bhee sateek, sabhi mausam kii sthiti detta pradaan karna thaa. usee samay, nausena ney pargaman key liye anuvarti key roop mein samay nirdhaaran parr kaam karna shuru curr diyaa. antariksh aur missile pranali sangathan dwara 1967 aur 1969 mein pahale samay upgrahon koo prakshepit kiya gayaa thaa. senaa ney sekor upgrah pranali bhee vikasit kii thee. 1968 mein, raksha vibhaag ney vibhinn karyakramon kaa samanvaya karane key liye ack tri-seva samiti key roop mein nauvahan upgrah karyakari samiti kaa ayojan kiya. 1972 mein, vayu senaa key curnell bradford doubleu. parkinson ney samso kii pariyojana 621bee aur nausena key samay karyakram koo sanyojit karane key liye kaam kiya aur 17 aprail 1973 koo, raksha bill clements key upa sachiv ney unhein samso key netritva vaale raksha navigation upgrah vikas karyakram key tahat ekikrit kiya. karyakram ney vayu senaa kii sanket sanrachana aur aavrittiyon aur nausena kii kakshiya tainaati yojana aur paramanu ghadiyon key upayog koo apanaaya. 2 maee 1974 koo, karyakram kaa naam badalkar navstar vaishvik sthiti pranali (jee. pee. aiss.) curr diyaa gayaa.
antariksh adharit missile chetavani pranaliyon kii tainaati.
aam taur parr sabse mahatvapurna sainya antariksh karyakram maanaa jaataa haye, rashtriya tohi karyakramon koo 1961 seey rashtriya tohi karyalaya koo saunpa gayaa thaa, halanki saamarik missile chetavani karyakram sainya sevaaon, vishesh roop seey vayu senaa key bheetar baney rahey. antariksh pranali prabhaag ney inmein seey dou karyakramon kaa prabandhan kiyaah missile raksha alarm pranali (midas) upgrah, joe missile yaa rockett prakshepan kaa pataa lagaane key liye avarakt samvedak kaa upayog karate they, aur vella hotal upgrah, joe aanshik paramanu pareekshan pratibandh sandhi key anupaalan kii nigrani key liye vayumandaliya aur baahari antariksh paramanu visfoton kaa pataa lagaate they. inn donon mission seton kii bhavishyavani 1946 kii pariyojana raind report mein kii gaee thee.
pariyojana vella vikas antarrashtriya sammelanon aur congress kii sunavaai key jawab mein unnat anusandhaan pariyojana agency dwara shuru kiya gayaa thaa. sanyukt raksha vibhaag-sanyukt raajya paramanu oorjaa aayog karyakram, pariyojana vella mein teen khand shamil theh vella vardi, joe bhookampiya monitor kaa upayog karke bhoomigat yaa satah visfot kaa pataa lagaati haye, vella siera, joe satah key oopar visfoton kaa pataa lagaane key liye jameen-adharit sensor kaa upayog karati haye, aur vella hotal, jisamen vayumandaliya aur vayumandaliya paramanu visfoton key liye antariksh-adharit sensor kaa ack samooh shamil thaa. arpa ney antariksh yaan aur booster key liye vayu bull ballistic missile vibhajan kii jimmedaari saunpi, jabaki paramanu oorjaa aayog prayogshalaon ney upkaran pradaan kiye aur laurence vikiran prayogshala ney samvedak pradaan kiye. pahala pareekshan prakshepan 22 juuna 1961 koo arpa dwara adhikrit kiya gayaa thaa, jise atlus-agena booster parr launch kiya gayaa thaa. 16 octuber 1963 koo, pahale parichaalan vella hotal upgrahon koo 17 julaai 1964 koo dusare jode key saath launch kiya gayaa thaa. 1970 key dashak mein, samarpit vella hotal upgrahon koo charanbaddh tareeke seey samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur ekikrit parichaalan paramanu visfot pataa lagaane kii pranali (aayan) key saath pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhen raksha samarthan karyakram aur nabhastar vaishvik sthiti pranali upgrahon koo maadhyamik payload key roop mein rakhaa gayaa thaa.
vella hotal key vipareet, midas ney apani jatilataon key kaaran kaee samasyaon kaa anubhav kiya. 1960 key anta mein, general laurence aiss. uttar americi vayu raksha kamaan key commander-inn-cheef aur leftinent general joseph aich. air defence kamaand key commander atkinson ney vayu senaa key pramukh general thomas dee. seey aagrah kiya. pareshan midas karyakram koo tej karane aur vistaarit karane key liye safed. isase vayu anusandhaan aur vikas kamaan key tahat vayu senaa ballistic missile division key beach tanaav paida hoe gayaa, jisane apane anusandhaan aur vikas koo jaari rakhane kii maang kii, jabaki vayu raksha kamaan ise jald seey jald parichaalan mein laana chaahati thee. 31 march 1961 koo aeye. aff. bee. aim. dee. dwara prastut antim midas vikas yojana, janwari 1964 mein 27 vikas prakshepan aur praarambhik sanchaalan kshamata nirdhaarit kii gaee. 16 janwari koo, sanyukt pramukhon ney seva kamaan key roop mein vayu raksha kamaan key saath sanchaalan kamaan key roop mein norad koo manjuri dee. vayu raksha kamaan ney dou kakshiya valay mein aathh upgrahon key liye ahwan kiya, joe soviyat sangh key nirantar coverage koo sunishchit karate hue, samvedak detta key saath ballistic missile praarambhik chetavani pranali (bee. news) radar saiton parr preshit kiya, phir cheyen parvat parisar mein norrod kamaand post parr rille kiya gayaa. 1961 kii garmiyon mein, raksha anusandhaan aur vikas key nideshak harrold braun ney midas karyakram kii sameeksha kii, jisamen chinta vyakt kii gaee kii yeh halki ballistic misaailon aur pandubbi dwara launch kii gaee ballistic misaailon kaa pataa lagaa sakata haye. kaee pareekshan udaanon key baad, midas karyakram koo ack anusandhaan aur vikas karyakram mein cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa, halanki 1963 mein pragati hui jaba midas upgrahon ney ney minutman aur ugm-27 polaris thhos-eendhan misaailon aur aiss. aim-65 atlus aur aur tyton aaee taral-eendhan misaailon key nau prakshepanon kaa safaltapurvak pataa lagaaya. raksha bajat mein katauti aur takniki aprachalitata key kaaran, midas karyakram 1966 mein ack parichaalan pranali baney binaa samaapt hoe gayaa thaa.
midas koo agast 1966 mein raksha samarthan karyakram (dee. aiss. pee.) dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. dee. aiss. pee. kaa mool roop seey soviyat ranneetik missile balon kii aanshik kakshiya bambari pranali paramanu hathiyar pranali kii nigrani karane kaa irada thaa, haalaanki ise jameen-adharit ballistic missile praarambhik chetavani pranali key pratisthaapan key roop mein bhee vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. navambar 1970 mein pahala dee. aiss. pee. upgrah ack tyton IIic parr prakshepit kiya gayaa thaa. praathamik ground station vayu senaa upgrah niyantran suvidha mein thaa, jisamen aprail 1971 mein australia mein ruff woomera renz parisar mein ack maadhyamik ground station kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen colorado mein bakale air national gaard bases mein ack atirikt ground station kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. raksha sahaayata karyakram kaa parichaalan niyantran uttar americi vayu raksha kamaan dwara sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen nava naamit aerospace raksha kamaan dinn-pratidin key sanchaalan kaa sanchaalan karati thee.
antariksh raksha sanchaalan.
7 navambar 1960 koo antariksh kaa pataa lagaane aur tracking system (speddate) key parichaalan niyantran parr vayu senaa aur nausena key beach bahas key baad, uttar americi vayu raksha kamaan (norad) aur mahadvipiya vayu raksha kamaan (konad) key liye speddate key sanyukt pramukh parichaalan kamaan. vayu senaa ghatak, spacetrack, koo parichaalan roop seey vayu raksha kamaan koo saunpa gayaa thaa. 14 farwari 1961 koo, antarim rashtriya antariksh nigrani aur niyantran kendra kii jimmedariyon koo lete hue, antarim rashtriya antariksh nigrani aur niyantran kendra kii jimmedariyon koo lete hue, 1 octuber 1961 koo 9vein aerospace raksha prabhaag koo saunpa gayaa aur 1 julaai 1962 koo 1 julaai 1962 koo pahala aerospace niyantran squadron kaa naam badalkar 1 aerospace niyantran squadron curr diyaa gayaa. 1 farwari 1961 koo, norad ney nausena antariksh nigrani pranali (navaspasur) pranali aur nausena sahaayata gatividhi dahlgren mein isaki detta tracking suvidha kii parichaalan kamaan grahan kii.
9vein aerospace raksha prabhaag key paas missile raksha alarm pranali, ballistic missile praarambhik chetavani pranali, antariksh kaa pataa lagaane aur tracking pranali, norad yuddh sanchaalan kendra, bumm alarm pranali aur paramanu visfot pranali sahit sabhi vayu raksha kamaan antariksh balon kii jimmedaari thee.
antariksh nigrani abhiyaan 73vein aerospace nigrani wing dwara 1 janwari 1967 seey shuru kiya gayaa thaa. 73vein aerospace nigrani wing key standup seey pahale, squadron ney seedhe 9vein aerospace raksha vibhaag koo report kiya. praarambhik spacetrack sensor mein massachusets praudyogiki sansthaan mein millstone hill radar aur smithsonian khagoliya bhautik vedhshala mein becker-nana cameray, edwards air force bases, johnston atole aur oslo, norway shamil they. 1965 taka pranali mein shamil honey key liye vayu raksha kamaan key ack/fps-17 aur ack/fps-80 radar joe shemya vayu senaa adde parr 16vein nigrani squadron dwara sanchaalit they, ack/fps-17 aur ack/fps-79 radar joe 19vein nigrani squadron dwara sanchaalit they. cloudcroft vedhshala, nyu maxico mein fsr-2 electro-optical system aur aglin vayu senaa adde parr 20vein antariksh nigrani squadron dwara sanchaalit ack/fps-85 radar 1967 mein sanyukt raajya antariksh nigrani network mein shamil hoe gaye. 1970 key dashak mein, becker-nun network koo jameen-adharit electro-optical deep space surveillance (geods) network dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen sokoro, nyu maxico, diago garcia, maui antariksh nigrani parisar aur moron air bases mein sthaan they. becker-nana network aur geods pranali koo 18vein antariksh nigrani squadron dwara sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa. anya antariksh nigrani squadranon mein doosara nigrani squadron (samvedak) shamil thaa.
71vein nigrani wing dwara sanchaalit vayu raksha kamaan kii ballistic missile praarambhik chetavani pranali ney bhee poorak antariksh nigrani pradaan kii. inmein thool vayu adde parr 12vein missile chetavani squadron dwara sanchaalit radar, spasht vayu senaa station parr 13vein missile chetavani squadron aur raaf filingdales mein shaahi vayu senaa shamil they.
10vein aerospace raksha samooh ney hathiyar pranali 437 kaa sanchaalan kiya, joe ack paramanu upgrah-rodhi thor dee. aiss. vee.-2 missile pranali haye.
antariksh raksha key mahatva koo maanyata dete hue, vayu raksha kamaan koo 15 janwari 1968 koo aerospace raksha kamaan key roop mein phir seey design kiya gayaa thaa aur 9vein aerospace raksha prabhaag koo nishkriya curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur 1 julaai 1968 koo chaudahaven aerospace bull dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
antariksh prakshepan bedaa aur jamini samarthan avasanrachana.
antariksh prakshepan vaahanon mein antariksh pranali prabhaag kaa ekadhikar, badey hisse mein, antariksh kshetra mein isaki pradhaantaa kaa pramukh kaaran thaa. praarambhik ballistic misaailen, jaise kii pee. jee. aim.-17 thore aur aiss. aim.-65 atlus (jisamen aiss. aiss, aiss. aiss, aur aiss. aiss prototype aur aiss. aiss, aiss. aiss, aur aiss. aisspha operational missile shamil they) ney soviyat ranneetik missile balon aaee. see. bee. aim. aiss. kii tulanaa mein paryaapt pradarshan kiya, aur thhos-eendhan vaali ell. jee. aim.-30 minutman aur yuu. jee. aim.-27 polaris misaailon key paksh mein teji seey charanbaddh tareeke seey baahar curr diye gaye. haalaanki, atlus aur thore misaailon ney antariksh pranali prabhaag key prakshepan bede kii reedh key roop mein nayaa jeevan praapt kiya.
dugglus vimaan company thore antariksh prakshepan vaahan ney disambar 1959 mein apana pahala antariksh prakshepan kiya, mukhya roop seey wandenberg vayu senaa adde kii paschimi pareekshan seema seey antariksh prakshepan kiya. thore antariksh prakshepan vaahan key vishisht roopon mein thore-saksham shamil thaa, jisamen ack saksham doosara charan, thore-ablister aur thore-delta shamil thaa, jise delta antariksh prakshepan vaahan parivaar kaa pahala sadasya maanaa jaataa haye, thore-berner, thore thore, thorad-agena.
samanya gatishilata antariksh yatri atlus antariksh prakshepan vaahan thore kii tulanaa mein adhik shaktishali thaa aur mukhya roop seey cape canveral vayu senaa station kii purvi pareekshan seema seey bhaari payload launch kiya gayaa thaa. aiss. aiss atlus, joe parichaalan missile key liye ack prototype bhee thaa, ney apana pahala antariksh prakshepan kiya. kaee antariksh prakshepan vaahan aiss. aiss atlus parr adharit they, jinamen atlus aiss. ell. vee.-3, jisamen aar. aim.-81 agena aur centaur oopari charan they, atlus ell. ell, jisamen antim chaar pariyojana paaraa antariksh udaan, atlus-agena, atlus-yogya aur atlus-centaur launch kiye gaye they. sevamukt aiss. aiss atlus aur aiss. aisspha atlus misaailon koo atlus ee/aff prakshepan vaahan mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa. mool aiss. aim.-65 missile seey praapt anya prakshepan vaahanon mein atlus jee, atlus aich, atlus aaee, atlus II, atlus III aur atlus vee shamil they.
jabaki thore aur atlus koo madhyam booster maanaa jaataa thaa, martin tyton IIic koo ack bhaari booster maanaa jaataa thaa aur yeh bhoo-samkaalik kaksha mein payload launch karane kii shakti vaalaa pahala rockett thaa. iska pahala prakshepan 18 juuna 1965 koo huaa thaa. tyton IIic key dou anya roop they, jinamen tyton IIib, jise mool roop seey maanav parikrama prayogshala kaa samarthan karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, aur tyton IIid shamil they. tyton IIi kaa upayog nassa dwara antargrahiya missions key liye kiya gayaa thaa aur tyton IIi parivaar mein ack praarambhik rockett thaa. tyton IIic kii safalata ney kuchh logon koo ise "antariksh yug kaa dc-3" kahane key liye prerit kiya."
antariksh pranali prabhaag key praathamik prakshepan sthal florida mein cape canveral vayu senaa station (jise sankshep mein cape kenedi vayu senaa station key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) they, joe purvi pareekshan seema kaa prabandhan kartaa thaa, aur california mein wandenberg vayu senaa adda, joe paschimi pareekshan seema kaa prabandhan kartaa thaa. cape canveral koo dwiteeya vishva yuddh key anta key baad lambi doori key saabit honey vaale paschimi chhor key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa aur vayu senaa ney kele nadee key nausena vayu station koo avashoshit curr liya, iska naam badalkar patrick vayu senaa adde curr diyaa, taaki vahaan missile parikshanon kaa samarthan kiya jaa sakey. 1960 key dashak mein, cape canveral vayu senaa station ney nassa key chaalak dall key antariksh udaanon kaa samarthan karane key liye badey vistaar seey gujarna padaa. wandenberg vayu senaa adde kaa gathan senaa key shivir cook seey kiya gayaa thaa aur ise sankshep mein cook vayu senaa adde key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. cape canveral mein purvi renz kaa prabandhan shuru mein vayu senaa purvi pareekshan renz kii jimmedaari thee, jabaki prakshepan 6555vein aerospace pareekshan wing dwara kiya gayaa thaa. wandenberg aeye. aff. bee. kaa upayog aaee. see. bee. aim. aiss. aur aaee. aar. bee. aim. aiss. key pareekshan key liye kiya gayaa thaa, joe prashant missile renz kaa hissa thaa, aur dhruviya prakshepan key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. 1971 mein, wandenberg koo nikat-dhruviya antariksh shuttle prakshepan karane key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. wandenberg mein paschimi renz kaa prabandhan shuru mein vayu senaa kii paschimi pareekshan renz kii jimmedaari thee, jabaki prakshepan 6595vein aerospace pareekshan wing dwara kiya gayaa thaa.
doosara prayaas, vayu senaa upgrah niyantran suvidha, jisamen tracking, telemetry aur niyantran stations kii ack vaishvik pranali shamil thee, jisamen isaki kendriya niyantran suvidha california mein sthit thee. pahala vayu senaa ballistic missile division tracking station 1958 mein kaina point satellite tracking station parr, 1959 mein wandenberg vayu senaa adde aur nae boston vayu senaa station parr, 1961 mein, thool vayu adde, greenland mein, 1963 mein maahe, seashles mein aur 1965 mein anderson vayu senaa adde, guam mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. california mein niyantran kendra koo pahale vayu senaa upgrah pareekshan kendra key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa aur 6594vein pareekshan wing (baad mein 6594vein aerospace pareekshan wing key roop mein phir seey naamit) ney onizuka vayu senaa station parr suvidha kaa sanchaalan kiya.
antariksh parr iss badhe hue dhyaan key parinamswarup kaee sangathanaatmak parivartan hue, jinamen janwari 1964 mein vayu senaa pranali kamaan key rashtriya renz division key tahat purvi aur paschimi pareekshan shreniyon kaa samekan, nausena seey vayu senaa mein prashant missile renz kaa hastaantaran aur 1963 mein vayu senaa kii upgrah tracking network kii jimmedaari kii dhaarana shamil haye. rashtriya renz division, jiska mukhyalaya patrick vayu senaa adde parr haye, ney sabhi prashant renz gatividhiyon kaa prabandhan karane key liye wandenberg vayu senaa adde parr vayu senaa antariksh pareekshan kendra kii sthaapana kii. janwari 1964 mein, rashtriya renz division ney vayu senaa upgrah niyantran suvidha key liye bhee jimmedaari praapt kii. iss parivartan koo julaai 1965 mein ulat diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen antariksh pranali prabhaag ney upgrah niyantran suvidha key liye jimmedaari hassil kii thee. 1967 mein antariksh aur missile pranali sangathan kii sthaapana key parinamswarup 1 aprail 1970 koo wandenberg vayu senaa adde parr antariksh aur missile pareekshan kendra kaa gathan huaa, jisase samso key tahat sabhi paschimi renz gatividhiyon koo majboot kiya gayaa. yeh samekan 1977 mein puuraa huaa thaa, jaba purvi pareekshan seema koo samso koo saunpa gayaa thaa.
viyatnam yuddh mein antariksh bull.
antariksh balon kaa pahala yuddh rojgar viyatnam yuddh key dauran huaa thaa. vishesh roop seey, mausam aur sanchaar upgrah samarthan koo jamini aur vayu commanders dwara mahatvapurna maanaa jaataa thaa.
raksha mausam vigyaan sahaayata karyakram, vishesh roop seey, saatven vayu senaa key liye bilkul mahatvapurna saabit huaa, joe nimn-stariya ladaakoo, tanker aur tope sanchaalan pradaan karane key liye baadal-mukt vatavaran parr nirbhar thaa. 1965 mein shuru, ranneetik vayu kamaan ney vayu senaa yojnakaron koo dee. aim. aiss. pee. jaankaari pradaan karna shuru kiya, jisamen nassa unake nimbus upgrahon seey jaankaari pradaan kartaa haye. nausena 1970 taka dee. aim. aiss. pee. detta praapt karane mein asamarth thee, jaba yuu. aiss. key "nakshatr" ney uchit pathan-paathan upkaran praapt kiya. dee. aim. aiss. pee. samarthan key madhyam seey antariksh balon dwara samarthit vishisht abhiyaanon mein uttari viyatnam mein thaan hoe pull kaa nausena kaa vinash aur 1970 mein americi yuddh key kaidiyon koo bachaane key liye senaa key vishesh balon aur vayu commando dwara operation hathidant tata shamil they.
upgrah sanchaar sahaayata juuna 1966 mein shuru hui, jisamen havaai key saath samvaad karane key liye nassa key samkaalik sanchaar upgrah kaa upayog karke taana soone nutt havaai adde parr ack terminal sakriya kiya gayaa. praarambhik raksha sanchaar upgrah karyakram terminal julaai 1967 mein saigan aur neha trang mein sthaapit kiye gaye they, jisase saigan aur washington dee key beach uchch-resolution photography kaa prasaran sambhav huaa.see., khufiya vishleshakon aur rashtriya netritva koo nikat-vaastavik samay yuddh key maidan kii khufiya jaankaari kaa aaklan karane mein saksham banaata haye. comsat dwara vaanijyik upgrah sanchaar sahaayata bhee pradaan kii gaee thee.
vayu bull antariksh adesh (1982-2019).
aerospace raksha kamaan koo nishkriya karna.
vayu senaa key bheetar sainya antariksh balon mein teji seey vikas key bavjood, unake liye koee kendrikrit kamaan naheen thee. vayu senaa pranali kamaan anusandhaan, vikas aur khareed key liye jimmedaar thee, raksha sanchaar agency aur anya poorv-parichaalan nakshatron key liye raksha upgrah sanchaar pranali upgrahon koo udaane key saath-saath antariksh prakshepan aur vayu senaa upgrah niyantran suvidha kaa prabandhan karane key liye jimmedaar thee; aerospace raksha kamaan (adcom) uttar americi vayu raksha kamaan key liye antariksh nigrani aur missile raksha key liye jimmedaar thee; aur ranneetik vayu kamaan raksha mausam vigyaan samarthan karyakram koo udaane key liye jimmedaar thee. paramanu mudra mein badalaav key baad, norad kaa praathamik mission ack paramanu hamale key khilaf sakriya raksha seey nigrani aur ack aasann hamale kii chetavani mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa, jisake parinamswarup aerospace raksha kamaan ack pramukh punargathan mein badal gaee. adcom key vayumandaliya avrodhakon koo kaat diyaa gayaa, antariksh-adharit chetavani pranaliyon key saath pratisthaapit kiya gayaa, jisase norad key bheetar unaki profile badh gaee.
antariksh shuttle kaa vikas ack sanyukt raksha vibhaag-nassa karyakram key roop mein shuru huaa, jisamen antariksh aur missile pranali sangathan karyakram mein raksha vibhaag key karyakari agent key roop mein kaary curr rhaa thaa. antariksh yaan ney ack punah prayojya antariksh yaan aur mahange kharch karane yogya prakshepan vaahanon koo samaapt karane key saath-saath antariksh key bheetar vayu senaa key sthaan koo phir seey majboot karane kaa ack tarika dene kaa vaadaa kiya. antariksh shuttle orbiter koo design karate samay sainya aavashyaktaon koo dhyaan mein rakhaa gayaa, joe payload bey key aakar koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye. antatah, antariksh yaan kaa uddeshya sabse chhote aur sabse badey kharch karane yogya antariksh prakshepan vaahanon koo chhodkar sabhi koo badalana thaa. raksha vibhaag aur nassa ney sanyukt roop seey kenedi antariksh kendra aur wandenberg vayu senaa adde key antariksh prakshepan parisar 6 koo shuttle prakshepan sthaanon key roop mein chunaa. yuu koo kendrikrit karane key liye.aiss. shuttle key liye sainya aavashyaktaaen raksha vibhaag antariksh shuttle upayogkarta samiti navambar 1973 mein sthaapit kii gaee thee aur isaki adhyakshata vayu karmchari key antariksh nideshak ney kii thee.
shuttle key sainya anuprayog aur aerospace raksha kamaan key liye badhe hue antariksh mission ney 1974 mein shuru honey vaale antariksh mission key liye vayu senaa key pramukh aadeshon key beach ack aantarik pratispardha koo prerit kiya. antariksh aur missile pranali sangathan key madhyam seey vayu senaa pranali kamaan, antariksh anusandhaan, vikas, prakshepan aur khareed key liye agrani thee. isake parinamswarup antariksh yaan key liye vikas kii jimmedariyan samso key paas theen, haalaanki praayogik antariksh seey alag honey vaali kharaab paribhaashit rekhaaon key kaaran, samso kii ack parichaalan antariksh bhoomika bhee thee. aerospace defence kamaand ney vayu senaa key praathamik parichaalan antariksh kamaan aur sanyukt raajya antariksh nigrani network key niyantran key roop mein apane anubhav key kaaran antariksh shuttle key liye parichaalan jimmedaari kii maang kii. sainya airlift kamaand aur ranneetik air kamaand ney bhee shuttle key sanchaalan kii jimmedaari lene kaa prayaas kiya. shuttle aur baad mein vaishvik sthiti pranali parr iss bahas ney raksha vibhaag aur vayu senaa koo yeh punarmulyankan shuru karane key liye prerit kiya kii kyaa antariksh pranaliyon koo vyaktigat aadhar parr aadeshon koo saunpa jaanaa chaahiye, jaisa kii vartamaan abhyaas thaa, yaa kyaa unhein ack hii kamaan mein kendrikrit kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
iss vikhandan key bavjood, parichaalan antariksh pranaliyon koo vikasit kiya jaa rhaa thaa aur ack nirantar vistrit darr parr tainaat kiya jaa rhaa thaa. farwari 1977 mein, raksha sanchaar pranali ney antariksh aur missile pranali sangathan koo raksha upgrah sanchaar pranali charan III (dee. aiss. see. aiss. III) parr vikas shuru karane key liye adhikrit kiya, jisaki apekshit parichaalan tithi 1981 seey 1984 thee. navstar vaishvik sthiti pranali (jee. pee. aiss.) kaa vikas bhee tej hoe rhaa thaa, aur 1981 taka paanch pareekshan upgrah kaksha mein they aur nausena kii aavashyaktaon kaa samarthan curr rahey they. aerospace defence kamaand kaa raksha samarthan karyakram soviyat ranneetik missile balon aur cheeni logon kii mukti key liye dusare topkhaane key rockett prakshepan kii nirantar nigrani pradaan curr rhaa thaa. aerospace defence kamaand kii space detection aind tracking system (speddate) kaa vistaar jaari rhaa, 1977 mein shemya vayu senaa adde parr ack/fps-108 kobra daine radar koo jodaa gayaa aur 1982 mein beele vayu senaa adde parr 7vein missile chetavani squadron dwara sanchaalit ack/fps-115 footpath panj radar aur cape code vayu senaa station parr 6vein missile chetavani squadron koo speddate mein shamil kiya gayaa. 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein, jameen-adharit electro-optical deep space surveillance system ney becker-nana telescope koo poori tarah seey badalana shuru curr diyaa. antariksh nigrani pranali ney antariksh samudaayon key beach vibhajan koo ujagar kiya, jisamen aerospace raksha kamaan kii antariksh pehchaan aur tracking pranali lagbhag poori tarah seey norrod aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane parr kendrit thee, jabaki vayu senaa pranali kamaan kaa upgrah buniyaadi dhancha anusandhaan aur vikas parr kendrit thaa.
1976 mein soviyat vayu raksha balon aur ranneetik missile balon dwara soviyat upgrah-rodhi missile pareekshan aur saha-kakshiya parikshanon kaa navinikaran kiya gayaa, jisase antariksh key sambandh mein tatkalikta kii bhavna badhee. sanyukt raajya america key paas koee upgrah-rodhi kshamata naheen thee, 1975 mein aerospace raksha kamaan key karyakram 437 koo sevamukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jise 1970 mein standbye sthiti mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. 1976 key anta mein, vartamaan mein adhikrit vikas joe aim. see. donnell dugglus aff-15 eagle-launch kiya gayaa thaa, aeye. aiss. aeye. tii. aur aerospace raksha kamaan ney apani antariksh raksha kshamataon kaa punarmulyankan shuru kiya.
1977 mein, vayu karmchaariyon ney "yuu. aiss. aeye. aff. vayu raksha aur antariksh nigrani/chetavani sansadhanon key punargathan key prastaav" koo jaari kiya, jise anaupchaarik roop seey green book studdy key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. isane aerospace raksha kamaan key anta kii shuruat koo chihnit kiya, isake nishkriya honey aur apane vayu raksha mission koo saamarik vayu kamaan mein badalane kaa ahwan kiya, isaki sanchaar parisampattiyon (upgrah sanchaar naheen, joe vayu senaa pranali kamaan dwara sanchaalit naheen they) koo vayu senaa sanchaar kamaan mein, aur isaki antariksh parisampattiyon koo ranneetik vayu kamaan mein. general james ee. pahaadi ney apane nishkriyata seey ladane kaa prayaas kiya, apani dwi-rashtriya prakriti koo ujagar kiya aur antariksh raksha kamaan banane key liye aerospace raksha kamaan kii vakaalat kii. sanyukt raajya america key vayu senaa key sachiv hains maark bhee aerospace raksha kamaan koo nishkriya karane seey sambandhit they, joe aerospace raksha kamaan kii rakshaatmak pranaliyon koo ranneetik vayu kamaan kii aakramak pranaliyon key saath vilay karane parr apatti jataate they, jiska kanadai virodh curr rahey they. isake alawa, unhone chinta vyakt kii kii antariksh pranaliyon key aadhunikikaran parr ranneetik vayu kamaan key saath paryaapt dhyaan naheen diyaa jaayega, jiska praathamik dhyaan aakramak paramanu bamvarshak aur misaailon parr thaa. sachiv maark key adheen antatah asafal roop seey, aerospace raksha kamaan koo vayu senaa key bheetar praathamik antariksh kamaan banaane key liye pairavi kii. general hill ney apane saathi generalon seey yeh bhee tark diyaa kii vayu senaa koo ack antariksh sanchaalan kamaan kii aavashyakta hoti haye-aur vaha aerospace raksha kamaan usa bhoomika koo poori tarah seey fitt karati haye. antatah, vayu senaa key netritva ney antariksh key mahatva koo naheen samajha, isake bajaay bhavishya key antariksh kamaan kii vyavaharyata kii jaanch karane key liye ack vayu karmchari samooh kaa gathan kiya. antariksh mission sangathan yojana karyakari samiti koo navambar 1978 mein vayu senaa pramukh general leey alan dwara antariksh mission key sabhi pahaluon kii jaanch karane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. vishleshakon mein leftinent curnell thomas aiss they. moorman junier.vayu senaa antariksh kamaan key bhaavi commander aur sanyukt pramukhon key upaadhyaksh. adhyayan ney ack kendriya antariksh kamaan kaa prastaav rakhaa, halanki samanya elen kendrikaran key paksh mein naheen they. 31 march 1980 koo, aerospace raksha kamaan koo ack vayu senaa pramukh kamaan key roop mein nishkriya curr diyaa gayaa thaa (halanki 16 disambar 1986 taka ack nirdisht ladaakoo kamaan key roop mein astitva mein chhod diyaa gayaa thaa). 1980 mein, isake antariksh sakriyakon koo ranneetik vayu kamaan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
vayu senaa antariksh kamaan kii sthaapana.
1 octuber 1979 koo, antariksh aur missile pranali sangathan koo vibhajit curr diyaa gayaa, antariksh prabhaag aur ballistic missile karyalaya kii sthaapana kii gaee. yeh parivartan aanshik roop seey space shuttle aur lgm-118 shaanti rakshak koo ack saath vikasit karane key liye samso parr dabaav daalane key kaaran huaa thaa. punargathan key parinamswarup purvi seema aur patrick vayu senaa adde koo purvi antariksh aur missile kendra aur paschimi seema aur wandenberg vayu senaa adde koo paschimi antariksh aur missile kendra key adheen curr diyaa gayaa, joe donon antariksh aur missile pareekshan sangathan key adheen they. vayu senaa pranali kamaan ney antariksh sanchaalan key liye ack upa commander kii bhee sthaapana kii, jise nassa key saath sampark aur sainya shuttle payload key ekikaran aur parichaalan samarthan sahit sabhi gair-adhigrahan antariksh karyon key liye jimmedaar banaaya gayaa thaa. vargeekrit shuttle sanchaalan kii taiyari mein, vayu senaa pranali kamaan ney johnson antariksh kendra mein maanavyukt antariksh udaan samarthan samooh koo sakriya kiya. antatah, maanavyukt antariksh udaan sahaayata samooh kaa uddeshya vayu senaa key apane shuttle sanchaalan aur samekit antariksh sanchaalan kendra mein yojana parisar mein parivartan karna thaa. vayu senaa upgrah niyantran suvidha koo antariksh prabhaag seey seedhe antariksh sanchaalan key liye system kamaand dipty commander koo report karane key liye sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa. 1979 mein, vayu senaa key siddhant ney pahali baar antariksh koo ack mission kshetra key roop mein maanyata dee, aur 1981 mein antariksh sanchaalan key liye vayu karmchari nideshalaya koo sanchaalan, yojanaon aur taiyari key liye upa pramukh karmchaariyon key bheetar banaaya gayaa thaa.
1981 mein, pratinidhi caine crammer ney pratinidhiyon key sadan mein ack prastaav pesh kiya, jisane vayu senaa vibhaag aur sanyukt raajya vayu senaa kaa naam badalkar kramshah aerospace bull aur sanyukt raajya aerospace bull vibhaag curr diyaa. iss prastaav ney vayu senaa key netritva koo behad asahaj banaa diyaa, vayu senaa key vidhaayi janadesh koo badalkarah "vayu aur antariksh mein twarit aur nirantar aakramak aur rakshaatmak sanchaalan key liye prashikshit aur susajjit honah, jisamen bhoomi aur nausena balon key saath samanvaya aur yuu key liye antariksh taka mukt pahunch kaa sanrakshan shamil haye.aiss. antariksh yaan "aur ack antariksh kamaan banaane key liye vayu senaa koo bulaaya. rashtrapati reegan dwara ack ichchit antariksh bull key nirmaan kaa prastaav rakhane key dabaav aur nishkriyata key tahat, vayu senaa ney antariksh key liye ack pramukh kamaan kii sthaapana key liye pratibaddh hocker, ack sangathanaatmak sambandh parr vichaar kiya, jahaan antariksh vibhaag key commander koo bhee antariksh key liye aerospace raksha kamaan upa commander key roop mein dwandwayuddh kiya jaayega.
1 sitambar 1982 koo, pieterson vayu senaa adde parr antariksh kamaan kii sthaapana kii gaee, jisamen general james banaam. hartinger ney antariksh kamaan, norad aur aerospace raksha kamaan key commander parr triple hait kiya. vayu senaa pranali kamaan key commander kaa antariksh prabhaag antariksh kamaan key upa commander key roop mein kaam karega. usee samay, bhubhautiki, rockett pranodan aur hathiyaron parr antariksh seey sambandhit anusandhaan parr kaam karane vaali teen vayu senaa pranaliyon kii kamaan prayogshalaon koo samekit karane key liye antariksh praudyogiki kendra kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. yeh vayu senaa kaa irada thaa kii antariksh kamaan ack ekikrit ladaakoo kamaan banane key liye badhegi, joe sanyukt raajya nausena kaa samarthan praapt karane key liye aavashyak thaa.
1 sitambar 1982 koo antariksh kamaan key nirmaan ney antariksh key kendrikaran kii shuruat koo ack ekal sangathan mein chihnit kiya, joe isake pratyaksh uttaradhikari, sanyukt raajya antariksh bull key tahat samaapt hoga. 1982 key anta aur 1983 kii shuruat mein, ranneetik vayu kamaan ney apani 50 antariksh gatividhiyon koo antariksh kamaan mein sthanantarit karna shuru curr diyaa, jisamen pieterson vayu senaa adde parr antariksh kamaan kaa mukhyalaya, thool vayu senaa adda aur greenland mein sonderestrome vayu senaa adda, spasht vayu senaa station, raksha mausam vigyaan samarthan karyakram, raksha samarthan karyakram, saath hii sainya ranneetik aur saamarik rille (millstar) aur vaishvik sthiti pranali, joe vikas aur adhigrahan charan mein theen.
millstar kaa uddeshya rashtriya kamaan pradhikaran key liye sanchaar pradaan karna thaa, aur antatah nausena key bede upgrah sanchaar pranali aur vayu senaa upgrah sanchaar koo badalana thaa. pahala raksha upgrah sanchaar pranali charan III 1982 mein launch honah shuru huaa, jisase raksha upgrah sanchaar pranali charan II key pratisthaapan kii shuruat hui. 1984 mein jaba 7 block aaee upgrahon key saath antariksh kamaan koo saunp diyaa gayaa tou navstar vaishvik sthiti pranali apane prototyping aur satyapan charan key anta key karib thee. jabaki ranneetik vayu kamaan ney swechha seey apani antariksh pranaliyon koo badal diyaa, isane apane prashaasan mein ack aavaaj banaae rakhane kaa prayaas kiya, antatah whiffle rhaa. vayu senaa pranali kamaan ney bhee ack anusandhaan aur vikas kamaan honey key bavjood antariksh vibhaag key madhyam seey apani antariksh bhoomika koo banaae rakhane kaa prayaas kiya. vayu senaa pranali key liye vayu senaa upgrah niyantran network koo vayu senaa antariksh kamaan mein badalane mein 1987 taka kaa samay lagaa (sanyukt raajya antariksh kamaan seey khud koo alag karane key liye 15 sitambar 1985 koo antariksh kamaan seey iska naam badal diyaa gayaa) aur samekit antariksh sanchaalan kendra kewal march 1989 mein hii chaalu huaa.
23 sitambar 1985 koo, sanyukt raajya antariksh kamaan (usspacom) koo sainya antariksh sanchaalan key liye ack karyatmak ekikrit ladaakoo kamaan key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. ack naukarshahi key drishtikon seey, yuu kaa nirmaan.aiss. vayu senaa antariksh kamaan key liye senaa aur nausena kaa samarthan praapt karane key liye antariksh kamaan aavashyak thee. yuu kaa nirmaan.aiss. antariksh kamaan koo rashtrapati reegan seey bhee mahatvapurna samarthan milaa, joe ranneetik raksha pahal ballistic missile raksha pranali kaa peechha curr rahey they, joe antariksh-adharit sensor aur avrodhakon parr nirbhar thaa. yuu kaa praathamik seva ghatak.aiss. antariksh kamaan vayu senaa antariksh kamaan (aeye. aff. aiss. pee. see. yaa aeye. aff. spacecom) thee, jabaki nausena ney 1 octuber 1983 koo jald hii nausena antariksh kamaan (navspacecom) kii sthaapana kii. senaa kaa ghatak chhota thaa, jisamen pahale 1985 seey 1986 taka senaa antariksh yojana samooh shamil thaa, 1986 mein senaa antariksh agency mein upgraded honey seey pahale, aur anta mein 1988 mein senaa antariksh kamaan kii sthaapana kii gaee. sakriyan samaroh mein nausena sanchaalan key sevaanivritt pramukh admiral arley barke they, jinhone panchish saal pahale ack ekikrit antariksh kamaan key liye asafal pairavi kii thee. yuu key commander.aiss. antariksh kamaan koo vayu senaa antariksh kamaan aur dwi-rashtriya uttar americi aerospace raksha kamaan key commander key roop mein triple-hait kiya gayaa thaa. usspacom ney missile chetavani aur antariksh nigrani missions key saath-saath cheyen parvat vayu senaa station key missile chetavani kendra aur antariksh raksha sanchaalan kendra seey grahan kiya.
antariksh shuttle "challenger" aapada ney vayu senaa antariksh kamaan key bheetar mahatvapurna chinta paida kii, kyonki antariksh shuttle, joe vayu senaa antariksh kamaan sainya prakshepan missions key dauran parichaalan key liye jimmedaar thee, iska praathamik antariksh prakshepan vaahan honey kaa irada thaa. navstar vaishvik sthiti pranali aur raksha samarthan karyakram mein sudhaar jaise karyakramon koo mahatvapurna baadhaon kaa saamana karna padaa, aur vayu senaa pranali kamaan key antariksh prabhaag key kharch karane yogya booster antariksh taka pahunchane kaa ekmatra saadhan they. tyton 34dee, tyton IV aur delta II antariksh prakshepan vaahan antariksh prabhaag key prakshepan bede kaa kaaryasthal bunn gaye. 1987 mein, general johnn ell. spacecom commander pyotrovsky ney tark denaa shuru kiya kii antariksh prakshepan mission koo antariksh prabhaag seey vayu senaa antariksh kamaan mein sthanantarit karane kii aavashyakta haye, jisase yuu saksham hoe gayaa.aiss. yuddh key dauran prakshepan sanchaalan kaa seedhe anurodh karane key liye antariksh kamaan. disambar 1988 mein, vayu senaa ney ghoshana kii kii vaha vayu senaa pranali seey laker vayu senaa antariksh kamaan taka antariksh prakshepan sanchaalan koo samekit karane kaa irada rakhegi. 1 octuber 1990 koo, vayu senaa pranali ney cape canveral vayu senaa station, patrick vayu senaa adde, wandenberg vayu senaa adde, paschimi renz aur purvi renz, aur delta II aur atlus ee/aff prakshepan missions koo sthanantarit kiya. shesh atlus II, tyton 23g, aur tyton IV missions koo agale maheenon mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. antariksh vibhaag ney antariksh pranali vibhaag key apane poorv naam koo bhee phir seey sthaapit kiya.
khaadi yuddh mein antariksh bull.
haalaanki viyatnam yuddh pahala yuddh thaa jise antariksh balon ney samarthan diyaa thaa, lekin kabhi-kabhi khaadi yuddh koo pahale antariksh yuddh key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye kyonki antariksh balon ney bhoomi, vayu aur samudri balon kaa samarthan karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai thee. khaadi yuddh seey pahale, adhikansh antariksh bull saamarik paramanu pratirodh parr kendrit they, naa kii saamarik balon key samarthan parr. antariksh bull, vishesh roop seey upgrah sanchaar bull, 1982 key falkland yuddh, 1983 key sanyukt raajya america key grenade aakraman key dauran saamarik balon koo samarthan pradaan curr rahey they, aur 1986 key sanyukt raajya america kii libia kii bambari mein vimaan koo maarne key liye vaastavik samay mission yojana detta pradaan karate they. navstar vaishvik sthiti pranali kaa pahala upayog 1988 key operation mein huaa, aur sanyukt raajya america key panama parr aakraman key dauran, vayu senaa antariksh kamaan ney raksha upgrah sanchaar pranali key madhyam seey sanchaar aur raksha mausam vigyaan upgrah karyakram key madhyam seey mausam samarthan pradaan kiya. isake vipareet, khaadi yuddh ney yuu kii poori seema kaa upayog kiya.aiss. antariksh bull, 60 seey adhik upgrahon key saath, 500,000 sainikon kii senaa key liye 90 pratishat theatre sanchaar aur kamaan aur niyantran pradaan karate hain, mission yojnakaron key liye mausam samarthan, iraqi scud missile prakshepan kii praarambhik chetavani, aur sthaliya balon koo nauvahan samarthan.
operation desert sheeled kii shuruat mein, yuddh key rakshaatmak aur taiyari charan mein, sainya sanchaar upgrahon ney kewal bahreen mein ack americi prashaasnik ikai aur saudi arab mein dou prashikshan samoohon key liye samarthan pradaan kiya, aur koee mausam, nauparivahan, praarambhik chetavani, yaa remot sensing samarthan aamtaur parr sanyukt raajya america key kendriya kamaan koo saunpa gayaa thaa, jisamen antariksh balon koo kshetra mein niyukt karane key liye samay kii aavashyakta hoti thee. iraq key paas apani koee antariksh senaa naheen thee, joe intelsat, inmarsat aur arabsat key saath upgrah sanchaar kaa anubandh karati thee, haalaanki isake sainya netritva ney apani sainya yojana mein antariksh koo ekikrit karane kaa koee prayaas naheen kiya.
yuddh key baad vishleshakon ney kahaa kii upgrah sanchaar balon ney ack bilkul mahatvapurna kshamata pradaan kii, kyonki registan key adhikansh hisson mein vishvasaniya dursanchar network naheen they. sainya abhiyaan key liye sabhi sancharon kaa 90 pratishat seey adhik sanchaar upgrahon dwara kiya jaataa thaa, jisamen vaanijyik upgrahon kaa 24 pratishat yatayat hotaa thaa. gathbandhan balon koo vayu senaa antariksh kamaan kii raksha upgrah sanchaar pranali, nausena antariksh kamaan key bede upgrah sanchaar pranali, naato III sanchaar upgrahon aur shaahi vayu senaa key skienet upgrah pranali seey sanchaar upgrah samarthan praapt huaa. agast 1990 mein, dee. see. aiss. see. network mein dou dee. see. aiss. see. II upgrah aur teen dee. see. aiss. see. III upgrah shamil they, jisamen ack dee. see. aiss. see. III aarakshit thaa aur dou dee. see. aiss. see. II upgrah seemit parichaalan upayog key liye they. haalaanki, aisee chintaaen theen kii kyaa dee. aiss. see. aiss. network aavashyak kshamata pradaan curr sakata haye aur chintaaen theen kii upgrah sanchaar iraqi balon dwara jaam hoe jaayega, jisake parinamswarup teesare upgrah niyantran squadron dwara antariksh yaan kaa punah aavantan hoga, jisane nakshatr koo udaaya.
yuddh key dauran upayog kii jaane vaali sabse vyaapak roop seey gyaat antariksh pranali navstar vaishvik sthiti pranali thee. pahale paanch parichaalan khand i antariksh yaan koo 1989 mein delta II rockett parr prakshepit kiya gayaa thaa, joe kaksha mein prototype mein shamil hoe gayaa thaa. khaadi yuddh ney karyakram koo gati dee, aur 22 agast 1990 taka, nakshatr mein chaudah upgrah (chhah block I prototype aur aathh block II parichaalan upgrah) shamil they. 2 octuber aur 26 navambar koo dou khand II upgrahon key prakshepan ney operation registani toofaan key shuru honey seey thheek pahale nakshatr koo 16 upgrahon taka badhaa diyaa. senaa kii antariksh kamaan ney 500 pradarshan jee. pee. aiss. tracker khareede they, joe unhein agast mein tainaat balon koo pradaan karate they. senaa ney jald hii apane jamini balon koo pradaan kii gaee mahatvapurna nauvahan kshamata kaa ehsas kiya, aur 1,000 jee. pee. aiss. receivers aur 300 vaahan sthaapana kitt key liye ack aapaatkaaleen maang kii. baad mein, disambar mein, unhone 7,178 jee. pee. aiss. receivers kaa anurodh kiya.
gathbandhan commanders ney khaadi kshetra mein mausam aur prithvi kii nigrani upgrah detta key mahatva koo bhee samajha. vayu senaa antariksh kamaan key teen raksha mausam vigyaan upgrah karyakram (dee. aim. aiss. pee.) antariksh yaan, rashtriya mahasagariya aur vayumandaliya prashaasan key dou television avarakt avalokan upgrah aur bhusthaitik parichaalan paryavaraniya upgrahon dwara mausam sahaayata pradaan kii gaee thee. gathbandhan balon koo japan kii mausam vigyaan agency key himwari upgrahon, mausam vigyaan upgrahon key dou ulkapindon key dohan key liye europeeya sangathan aur soviyat sangh key baarah ulkapind upgrahon seey bhee mausam kaa detta praapt huaa. vayu senaa antariksh kamaan key dee. aim. aiss. pee. koo gathbandhan antariksh mausam pranaliyon kaa sabse upayogi maanaa jaataa thaa, jisamen senaa key jamini balon koo dee. aim. aiss. pee. terminal pradaan kiye jaate they aur nausena key vaahak aur pramukh vimaanon parr sthaapit kiye jaate they. prithvi imaging detta sanyukt raajya bhoovaigyaanik sarvekshan key landsat 4 aur landsat 5 antariksh yaan key saath-saath french see. aine. ee. aiss. spott upgrahon dwara pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. gathbandhan netritva chintit thaa kii iraq imaging detta praapt karane kaa prayaas karega, aur iraq koo kharidari key liye koee bhee upalabdh naheen karaane key liye landsat aur spott koo aashvast karega. vayu senaa ney havaai kshetron key nirmaan mein landsat detta kaa upayog kiya, halanki, vayu senaa aur samudri core donon ney mission yojana aur abhyaas mein sthaan kaa upayog karna pasand kiya.
vayu senaa antariksh kamaan key raksha samarthan karyakram (dee. aiss. pee.) dwara pradaan kii gaee antariksh-adharit praarambhik chetavani gathbandhan balon aur israel key khilaf iraqi scud ballistic missile hamalon kaa pataa lagaane mein mahatvapurna saabit hui. agast 1990 mein, dee. aiss. pee. nakshatr mein teen parichaalan upgrah aur dou purje shamil they.
iraq ney yuu koo nazarandaj curr diyaa.aine. kuwait seey hatane key liye ultimatum, operation registani toofaan, abhiyaan kaa aakramak hissa, shuru huaa. raksha upgrah sanchaar pranali ney prati dinn 700,000 seey adhik lenden kiye aur air tasking order (aeye. tii. oh.) key tatkaal adyatan koo saksham kiya. theatre mein 1,500 seey adhik upgrah sanchaar terminal saunpe gaye they. dee. see. aiss. see. ney swayam sabhi upgrah sanchaar aavashyaktaon kaa 50 pratishat seey adhik pradaan kiya, joe pratyek havaai adde aur vaahak koo aeye. tii. oh. pradaan kartaa haye. navstar vaishvik sthiti pranali ney iraqi registan mein senaa key baaen hook koo saksham kiya aur sthiti detta ney vishesh balon, topkhaane aur strike vimaanon koo sateekta pradaan kii joe yuddh key itihas mein pahale kabhi hassil naheen hui thee. jee. pee. aiss. ney vishesh roop seey boing bee-52 stratofortress koo sabhi mausam key chhaapon koo karane mein saksham banaaya, baghdad mein cruze missile hamalon key liye sateek nirdeshank pradaan kiye, aur senaa key apaache helicopters koo iraqi vayu raksha network mein pramukh antaral banaane mein saksham banaaya. dee. aim. aiss. pee. detta ney sateek mausam report pradaan kii jisane sateek lazer-nirdeshit yuddhasamagri key upayog koo saksham banaaya, barish aur rait key toofaanon koo track kiya, aur tail kii aag, tail key risaav aur rasayanik agents key sambhaavit prasaar parr update pradaan kiya. raksha sahaayata karyakram upgrahon ney senaa key vayu raksha topkhaane koo poorv chetavani pradaan kii, joe kii 44 deshbhakt misaailon kii nakal karati haye.
antariksh aayog.
khaadi yuddh key dauran seekha gayaa sabak sainya antariksh balon key liye ack punarjagaran mein parinit huaa, jinhone yuu. aiss. key bheetar apani profile mein vriddhi dekhi.aiss. sashastr bull. alag-alag vayu kamanon kaa hissa honey key bojh seey grast naheen, vayu senaa antariksh kamaan ney antariksh niyantran, bull anuprayog, bull vriddhi aur antariksh samarthan kii shreniyon key tahat apane mission seton koo paribhaashit karna shuru curr diyaa. antariksh niyantran sanchaalan kaa uddeshya antariksh kaa upayog karane kii kshamata koo banaae rakhna thaa, jabaki ack virodhi koo aisaa karane kii kshamata seey incar karna thaa, jisamen aeye. aiss. aim-135 aeye. aiss. aeye. tii. jaise upgrah-rodhi hathiyaron kaa vikas shamil thaa. bull anuprayog koo antariksh seey agni samarthan sanchaalan key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa, jaise kii ballistic missile raksha aur sthaliya lakshyon key khilaf shakti prakshepan sanchaalan. ranneetik raksha pahal key tatva, jaise kii shandar kankad aur shandar aankhen antariksh key liye adhik aakramak sainya bhoomika kaa vaadaa karati hain. antariksh karyakram aur pranaaliyan vikasit hoti raheen, jinamen 1993 mein 24-upgrah navstar vaishvik sthiti pranali nakshatr kaa puuraa honah, raksha samarthan karyakram koo badalane key liye antariksh-adharit avarakt pranali kaa vikas aur millstar kaa pahala prakshepan shamil haye.
1992 mein, vayu senaa pranali kamaan koo vayu senaa rasad kamaan key saath vilay curr diyaa gayaa, joe vayu senaa samagri kamaan bunn gaee, jisake parinamswarup antariksh pranali vibhajan antariksh aur missile pranali kendra bunn gayaa. antariksh adhigrahan mein jee. pee. aiss. nakshatr key puuraa honey key saath umr badhane vaale antariksh yaan koo badalane key liye sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. 1994 mein, aiss. aim. see. ney antariksh-adharit avarakt pranali (seabers) kaa vikas shuru kiya, ack missile chetavani nakshatr joe raksha samarthan karyakram (dee. aiss. pee.) key uttaradhikari key roop mein kaam karega. millstar key paas ack pratisthaapan pranali bhee thee, jisamen 1999 mein unnat atyadhik uchch aavritti (aeye. ee. aich. aff.) upgrah sanchaar nakshatr anubandhit kiya gayaa thaa. ack saal baad, aiss. aim. see. ney raksha upgrah sanchaar pranali (dee. aiss. see. aiss.) koo badalane key liye wideband vaishvik satcom (doubleu. jee. aiss.) key liye ack anubandh jaari kiya. antariksh aur missile pranali kendra ney 1999 mein praapt atlus III key saath prakshepan vaahanon kii ack naee peedhi kaa vikas shuru kiya. vikasit vyay yogya prakshepan vaahan karyakram 1995 mein anubandhit kiya gayaa thaa, jisake parinamswarup delta IV aur atlus v antariksh prakshepan vaahan baney.
khaadi yuddh key dauran antariksh balon kii badhati pramukhta key bavjood, vayu senaa key bheetar kaee pramukh generalon ney vayu aur antariksh sanchaalan koo ack nirbaadh aerospace nirantarta mein vilay karane kii maang kii. isane congress key gusse koo aakarshit kiya, jinhone vayu senaa koo apane vimanan ghatak key adheen karane kaa prayaas karate hue dekhaa, sanyukt raajya rashtriya suraksha antariksh prabandhan aur jaanch key liye sangathan kaa aaklan karane key liye aayog kii sthaapana kii. senator bobb smith ney vishesh roop seey vayu senaa key antariksh prabandhan key saath mudda uthaaya aur ack swatantra antariksh bull kaa prastaav denaa shuru curr diyaa.
raksha key poorv sachiv donald rumsfeld kii adhyakshata mein, 2001 key antariksh aayog ney sifarish kii kii sanyukt raajya antariksh kamaan key commander koo vishesh roop seey sainya pilots koo diyaa jaanaa bund curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye aur poore sashastr balon koo sheersh antariksh padon parr cumm antariksh anubhav vaale sthaliya ladaakoo netaaon koo niyukt karane key abhyaas koo bund karane kii aavashyakta haye. vishesh roop seey, isane nott kiya kii antariksh netritva mein 150 karmiyon kii seva mein seey, 20 pratishat seey bhee cumm kii antariksh prishthabhoomi thee, jisamen adhikansh adhikaari pilot, vayu raksha topkhaane, yaa paramanu aur missile sanchaalan currier seey liye gaye they, aur ausat key paas antariksh padon mein apane currier key kewal spent2.5 varsh they. aayog iss nishkarsh parr bhee pahuncha kii vayu senaa uchit roop seey ack swatantra antariksh sanskriti yaa shiksha karyakram vikasit naheen curr rahee thee aur antariksh parr paryaapt bajat dhyaan naheen dey rahee thee. aayog ney kahaa kii "aayog key samaksh kuchh gavaahon ney vishvaas vyakt kiya kii vartamaan vayu senaa sangathan inn [antariksh] missions key sanchaalan key liye upayukt haye...naa hii iss baat kaa vishvaas thaa kii vayu senaa anya sevaaon key liye antariksh kshamata pradaan karane kii aavashyakta koo poori tarah seey puuraa karegi. kaee logon kaa maanana haye kii vayu senaa antariksh koo poori tarah seey ack sahayak kshamata key roop mein maanati haye joe vayu senaa key praathamik mission koo aakramak aur rakshaatmak vayu sanchaalan karane key liye badhaati haye. aadhikarik siddhant key bavjood joe antariksh aur vayu kshamataon key ekikaran kii maang kartaa haye, vayu senaa donon key saath samaan roop seey vyavhaar naheen karati haye. vayu sanchaalan key saath, vayu senaa koo naee antariksh pranali avadhaaranaon, siddhant aur parichaalan kshamataon koo vikasit karane key liye samarpit seva key bheetar ack sanskriti banaane key liye kadam uthaane chaahiye."antatah, antariksh aayog ney 2007 aur 2011 key beach kii avadhi mein vayu senaa key bheetar senaa vayu senaa key anuroop ack antariksh core kii sthaapana key saath, lambi avadhi mein ack sainya shakha key roop mein ack alag antariksh bull key nirmaan kii sifarish kii.
aatankvaad parr vaishvik yuddh mein antariksh bull.
2010 key dashak mein ack alag antariksh dall yaa antariksh bull key vaade koo 11 sitambar key hamalon dwara cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa, joe sanyukt raajya america key dhyaan koo chean key janvaadi ganarajya jaisi ubharati sainya shaktiyon seey hinsak gair-raajya abhinetaon key khilaf aatankvaad parr vaishvik yuddh kii or punarnirdeshit kartaa haye. vayu senaa antariksh kamaan ney sthaayi swatantrata key sanchaalan key liye pratyaksh samarthan pradaan kiya, jisase upgrah sanchaar, vaishvik sthiti pranali mein vriddhi aur aatankvaad virodhi abhiyaanon kaa samarthan karane key liye tainaat karmiyon koo saksham banaaya gayaa. operation iraqi swatantrata key liye, vayu senaa antariksh kamaan ney madhya poorv mein sanchaalan thikaanon koo aage badhaane key liye antariksh operators koo tainaat kiya aur raksha upgrah sanchaar pranali charan III ney theatre mein sahayogi balon key liye 80 pratishat bandwidth pradaan kii, jabaki millstar sanchaar kshamata kaa 85 pratishat saamarik balon key samarthan kii or nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa.
2001 key antariksh aayog kii report koo vayu senaa key bheetar kaafee hudd taka bhulaa diyaa gayaa thaa, jise nimn-anta aatankvaadi sangathanon seey ladane kii adhik dabaav aavashyaktaon dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. rashtrapati dwara sainya sthaan koo sheersh rashtriya prathamikta ghoshit karane, rashtriya suraksha sthaan key liye rashtrapati salaahkaar samooh banaane, yaa antariksh key liye ack antar-agency samooh niyukt karane kii shwet grih-star kii sifaarishon mein seey koee bhee naheen hui haye. raksha vibhaag key bheetar antariksh, khufiya aur soochana key liye raksha key avar sachiv banaane yaa antariksh karyakramon koo ack alag vitt poshan shreni mein rakhane kii sifaarishon parr dhyaan naheen diyaa gayaa. sanyukt raajya america kii antariksh kamaan koo sanyukt raajya america kii uttari kamaan key liye raasta banaane key liye sanyukt raajya america kii ranneetik kamaan mein modd diyaa gayaa thaa, joe paramanu yuddh aur pratirodh key liye jimmedaar thaa, jisase sainya antariksh netritva koo aur kamjor kiya gayaa thaa. yuu key bheetar.aiss. ranneetik kamaan, antariksh jimmedariyon koo antariksh aur vaishvik hadtaal key liye sanyukt karyatmak ghatak kamaan mein avashoshit kiya gayaa thaa, 2006 mein antariksh key liye sanyukt karyatmak ghatak kamaan dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, aur 2017 mein, sanyukt bull antariksh ghatak commander key roop mein punargathit kiya gayaa thaa.
kuchh vishisht sifaarishen lagu kii gaeen, halanki, vayu senaa ney iss sifarish parr kaam karate hue kii antariksh sanchaalan aur adhigrahan koo ack pramukh kamaan key tahat kendrikrit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, 1 octuber 2001 koo antariksh aur missile pranali kendra koo vayu senaa samagri kamaan seey vayu senaa antariksh kamaan mein parivartit kiya gayaa. vayu senaa antariksh kamaan key samaapt honey key dinon key dauran, ise chaudahavin vayu senaa mein sangathit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen antariksh niyantran aur missile chetavani key liye 21vaan antariksh wing, antariksh sanchaalan key liye 50vaan antariksh wing, lagaatar avarakt sanchaalan key liye 460vaan antariksh wing, aur antariksh aur missile pranali kendra ney antariksh aur renz samarthan key liye 45vaan antariksh wing shamil thaa, jabaki antariksh aur missile pranali kendra ney apane adhigrahan shakha key roop mein kaam kiya.
yuu key nishkriya honey key baad.aiss. 2002 mein antariksh kamaan, roose aur chean ney atyaadhunik kaksha kshamataon aur counter-space hathiyaron kii ack shrinkhala vikasit karna shuru kiya. vishesh roop seey, chean ney 2007 mein cheeni upgrah-rodhi missile pareekshan kiya, jisamen usake fengune antariksh yaan koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa, jisane nassa key anusaar, 2,841 uchch-gati vaale malabe kii vastuon kaa nirmaan kiya, joe itihas mein kissy bhee anya antariksh ghatana kii tulanaa mein khatarnak antariksh kachra kii ack badee matra haye. 29 agast 2019 koo, sanyukt raajya antariksh kamaan koo ack bhaugolik ladaakoo kamaan key roop mein phir seey sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
swatantra antariksh bull (2019-vartamaan).
seva swatantrata key prastaav.
sainya antariksh sangathanon koo kendrikrit karane kaa pahala vaastavik prayaas 1958 mein huaa, jisamen unnat anusandhaan pariyojana agency koo kabhi-kabhi isake virodhiyon dwara varnit kiya gayaa thaa, aur darr thaa kii yeh chauthi sainya seva bunn jaayegi. jabaki 1981 mein sanyukt raajya vayu senaa kaa naam sanyukt raajya aerospace bull mein badalane kaa prastaav ack antariksh seva shakha banaane kaa prayaas naheen thaa, yeh congress dwara seva key bheetar sthaan kii profile badhaane key liye ack spasht prayaas koo chihnit kartaa thaa, jise usane aswikar curr diyaa. iss sambhavana ney kii rashtrapati reegan 1982 mein ack swatantra seva key roop mein antariksh bull key nirmaan kii ghoshana karenge, vayu senaa koo vayu senaa antariksh kamaan sthaapit karane key liye prerit kiya. 1990 key dashak mein ack swatantra antariksh bull key liye kaee prastaav dekhe gaye, jinamen seey ack vayu senaa antariksh kamaan leftinent curnell synthia aeye dwara kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. 2000 mein mckinley ney sanyukt raajya antariksh rakshak kii sthaapana kaa ahwan kiya. ack swatantra antariksh bull key liye sabse ullekhaniya prastaav 2001 antariksh aayog dwara thaa, jisane 2007 aur 2011 key beach vayu senaa key bheetar ack antariksh dall key nirmaan aur usake baad ack swatantra antariksh bull kii sthaapana kaa ahwan kiya thaa. antariksh aayog kii sthaapana congress dwara taba kii gaee thee jaba yeh chintit hoe gayaa thaa kii vayu senaa antariksh aur vayu key beach antar koo dhyaan mein rakhe binaa apane vayu aur antariksh sanchaalan koo ack nirbaadh aerospace nirantarta mein kritrim roop seey vilay karane kii maang curr rahee thee. antatah, 11 sitambar key hamalon key kaaran, ack antariksh bull sthaapit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. sanyukt raajya america kaa rashtriya suraksha antariksh sangathan vaastav mein vaapas aaa gayaa, 2002 mein sanyukt raajya antariksh kamaan koo nishkriya curr diyaa gayaa, jise sanyukt raajya america kii ranneetik kamaan mein shamil curr liya gayaa. 2007 key cheeni upgrah-rodhi missile pareekshan key baad allard aayog kii report kaa anaavaran kiya gayaa, jisamen rashtriya suraksha kshetra key punargathan kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa, halanki isaki kaee sifaarishon parr vayu senaa dwara kaarravaai naheen kii gaee thee.
vayu senaa key saath adheer hotey hue, jinhen way antariksh kii tulanaa mein jett ladaakoo vimaanon mein adhik ruchi mahsoos karate they, pratinidhiyon zim cooper (dee-tn) aur mike rosers (aar-ell) ney sanyukt raajya antariksh core koo vayu senaa vibhaag key bheetar ack alag sainya seva key roop mein sthaapit karane key liye pratinidhiyon key sadan mein ack dvidaliya prastaav kaa anaavaran kiya, jisamen antariksh core key commandant koo sanyukt pramukhon key sadasya key roop mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. iss prastaav koo antariksh peshevaron koo vayu senaa seey alag karane, antariksh koo adhik saanskritik dhyaan dene aur ack dubli aur tej antariksh adhigrahan pranali vikasit karane mein madad karane key liye aage rakhaa gayaa thaa. yeh congress kii chinta key kaaran kiya gayaa thaa kii antariksh mission vayu senaa key pasandida vayu prabhutva mission key adheen hoe gayaa thaa aur antariksh adhikaariyon key saath vayu senaa key bheetar anuchit vyavhaar kiya jaa rhaa thaa, pratinidhi roggers ney nott kiya kii 2016 mein brigadier general koo padonnati key liye chune gaye 37 vayu senaa karnalon mein seey koee bhee antariksh adhikaari naheen they aur vayu senaa kii 450 ghante kii peshevar sainya shiksha mein seey kewal 2 antariksh key liye samarpit they. prastaav pratinidhiyon key sadan mein paarit hoe gayaa, lekin yuu key saath baatchit mein antim vidheyak seey kaat diyaa gayaa.aiss. senate. senate mein prastaav kii haar key baad, donon pratinidhiyon ney sahyog kiya aur antariksh mein khatron koo gambhirta seey naheen lene aur sudhaar key liye nirantar pratirodh key liye vayu senaa key netritva kii bhaari aalochana kii. antariksh core kaa prastaav, badey hisse mein, logon kii mukti senaa key ranneetik samarthan bull aur russie antariksh balon key vikas seey prerit thaa.
antariksh core key prastaav ney nayaa jeevan praapt kiya, jaba rashtriya antariksh parishad kii juuna 2018 kii baithak mein, rashtrapati donald trump ney raksha vibhaag koo yuu sthaapit karane key liye aavashyak prakriya shuru karane kaa nirdesh diyaa.aiss. sashastr balon kii ack shakha key roop mein antariksh bull. 19 farwari 2019 koo, antariksh neeti nirdesh 4 parr hastakshar kiye gaye, jisamen shuru mein yuu key sthaan nirdhaaran kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. vayu senaa vibhaag key bheetar antariksh bull, baad mein antariksh bull key vibhaag mein seva banaane aur sthanantarit karane seey pahale.
antariksh bull prastaav kaa samarthan nassa prashaasak zim bridenstein ney kiya thaa, jinhone kahaa haye kii sanyukt raajya america key oorjaa grid aur jee. pee. aiss. network aur vayu senaa key sachiv barbara barrett kii raksha key liye ack antariksh bull mahatvapurna haye. ack antariksh bull kaa bhee samarthan kiya haye. anya samarthakon mein vayu senaa key general aur sanyukt raajya antariksh kamaan aur vayu senaa antariksh kamaan donon key commander johnn doubleu shamil hain. raymond, nausena admiral aur naato key sarvocch sahayogi commander james stavridis, vayu senaa curnell aur antariksh yatri buzz aldrin, vayu senaa curnell aur antariksh yatri terry wirts, samudri core curnell aur antariksh yatri jack aar. lausma, antariksh yatri david wolf, antariksh yatri clayton anderson, cnn key mukhya rashtriya suraksha samvaadaata zim siuto aur spacex see. ee. oh. alone musk.
maee 2019 mein, vartamaan prashaasan seey asambaddh 43 poorv sainya, antariksh aur khufiya netaaon key ack samooh ney ack khula patra jaari kiya jisamen antariksh bull kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa. hastaksharkartaon mein poorv raksha sachiv villium perry, rashtriya khufiya admiral dennis see key poorv nideshak shamil hain. blair aur wies admiral johnn michael maconnell, house science kameti key poorv adhyaksh, congressman robbert smith walker, raksha key poorv upa sachiv robbert oh. kaary, vayu senaa key poorv sachiv aur rashtriya tohi karyalaya key nideshak edward see. aldridge junier., vayu senaa key poorv pramukh general lairi dee. welch aur ronald foggleman, ranneetik kamaan key poorv commander admiral james oh. ellis, vayu senaa key poorv upa pramukh general thomas aiss. moorman junier. aur lester liles, vayu senaa key poorv commander, general lens doubleu. swami, vayu senaa key poorv sahayak sachiv jwaar-bhaata doubleu. mccoy aur suu see. petton, antariksh key liye vayu senaa key poorv sahayak sachiv aur rashtriya tohi karyalaya key nideshak martin see. faga, jeffrey key. harris aur keath aar. holl, kendriya khufiya agency charles ee key sahayak nideshak. ellen, poorv rashtriya tohi karyalaya nideshak scott aff. rashtriya bhoo-sthaanik-khufiya agency latitia long key badey, poorv nideshak, robbert cardillo aur wies admiral robbert bee. maret, antariksh neeti key liye raksha key poorv upa undersecretory maark bercovitz aur dugglus loverro, antariksh aur missile system center key poorv commander bryan aeye. arnold, raksha khufiya agency key poorv nideshak ronald ell. berges junier., antariksh key liye vayu senaa key poorv upa-avar sachiv aur antariksh yatri gairi petton, rashtriya tohi karyalaya key upa nideshak aur antariksh key liye vayu senaa key pradhaan upa sahayak sachiv david kiir, poorv vayu senaa antariksh yatri curnell pamela melroy. soochi mein yuu key poorv upa commander bhee shamil hain.aiss. antariksh kamaan, aur yuu key poorv upa commander.aiss. cyber kamaand, aur rashtriya suraksha kshetra parr allard aayog key adhyaksh.
antariksh bull key liye vidhaayi praavdhaanon koo 2020 key rashtriya raksha pradhikaran adhiniyam mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, jiss parr 20 disambar 2019 koo kaanoon mein hastakshar kiye gaye they. antariksh bull koo chhathi sashastr seva shakha key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen vayu senaa key commander general johnn "jey" raymond, vayu senaa antariksh kamaan aur yuu.aiss. antariksh kamaan, antariksh sanchaalan kaa pahala pramukh bunn gayaa. 14 janwari 2020 koo, raymond ney aadhikarik taur parr uparaashtrapati mike pence dwara antariksh sanchaalan key pramukh key roop mein shapath lii.
raymond yug.
20 disambar 2019 koo, vayu senaa antariksh kamaan koo sanyukt raajya antariksh bull aur isake commander, general johnn doubleu key roop mein phir seey naamit kiya gayaa thaa. raymond ney antariksh sanchaalan key pahale pramukh key roop mein shapath lii. 20 disambar koo, iska pahala sangathanaatmak parivartan taba huaa jaba vayu senaa key sachiv barbara barrett ney vayu senaa antariksh kamaan key chaudahaven vayu senaa koo antariksh sanchaalan kamaan key roop mein phir seey naamit kiya. vayu senaa antariksh kamaan key sabhi 16,000 sakriya kartavya aur nagrik karmiyon koo naee seva key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa.
pahale varsh key dauran pramukh sangathanaatmak parivartanon mein 24 julaai 2020 koo isake antariksh wing aur sanchaalan samoohon koo delta aur garrison key saath badalana aur isaki feeled kamaand sanrachana kii ghoshana karna, wing aur samoohon koo delta mein vilay karna aur vayu senaa aur pramukh kamanon koo feeled kamaand mein shamil karna shamil thaa. antariksh bull ney ghoshana kii kii isaki feeled kamaand space operation kamaand, space system kamaand aur space training aind radiness kamaand (starcom) hogi. antariksh prashikshan aur taiyari delta (anantim) ney poorv vayu shiksha aur prashikshan kamaan aur vayu yuddh kamaan antariksh ikaaiyon koo avashoshit kiya, joe starcom key sakriyan kii taiyari curr rahey they. space delta 2 space domen awareness delta bunn gayaa, 21vein operation group kii jagah leey lii; space delta 3 space electronic warfare delta bunn gayaa, 721vein operation group kii jagah leey lii; space delta 4 missile warning delta bunn gayaa, 460vein operation group kii jagah leey lii aur 21vein operation group key ground-based missile warning radar koo avashoshit curr liya; space delta 5 kamaand aur controll delta bunn gayaa, 614vein air operation center kii jagah leey lii; space delta 6 cyberspace operation delta bunn gayaa, 50vein network operation group kii jagah leey lii; space delta 7 intelligence, surveillance aur tohi delta bunn gayaa, air combat kamaand key 544vein intelligence, nigrani aur tohi group kii jagah leey lii; space delta 8 50vein operation group kii jagah space electronic warfare delta bunn gayaa; space delta 9 orbital warfare force bunn gayaa, 750vein operation group kii jagah leey lii; space delta 5 kamaand aur controll delta bunn gayaa, 6vein air operation group kii jagah leey lii; space delta 6 cyberspace operation delta bunn gayaa, 50vein network operation group kii jagah leey lii; space delta 7 intelligence, surveillance aur tohi delta bunn gayaa, 21 octuber 2020 koo, antariksh sanchaalan kamaan koo apane pahale feeled kamaand key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe mukhyalaya vayu senaa antariksh kamaan kii jagah leey rhaa thaa. pahale antariksh sanchaalan kamaan (chaudahavin vayu senaa koo phir seey design kiya gayaa) koo antariksh sanchaalan kamaan-paschim key roop mein phir seey design kiya gayaa thaa aur isaki vayu aur antariksh vansh koo vayu senaa aur antariksh bull key beach vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa.
3 aprail 2020 koo, mukhya master sargent roser aeye. toberman, joe poorv mein vayu senaa antariksh kamaan key pramukh they, koo antariksh bull key varishth soochibaddh salaahkaar key roop mein antariksh bull mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa, joe isake dusare sadasya aur pahale soochibaddh sadasya bunn gaye. 18 aprail 2020 koo, sanyukt raajya vayu senaa akadami key 86 snaatak yuu. aiss. mein commission kiye gaye dusare leftinent kaa pahala samooh bunn gaye.aiss. antariksh bull, antariksh bull key teesare seey 88vein sadasya bunn gaye. 16 julaai 2020 koo, antariksh bull ney 2,410 antariksh sanchaalan adhikaariyon aur antariksh pranali sanchalakon koo antariksh bull mein sthanantarit karane key liye chunaa, jisamen 1 sitambar koo pahali baar punah commission yaa punah soochibaddh kiya gayaa. antariksh bull ney 20 octuber 2020 koo apane pahale 7 bharti kiye gaye logon mein shapath lii, 10 disambar 2020 koo buniyaadi sainya prashikshan seey snaatak kiya aur isake pahale adhikaari prashikshan school key ummidvaaron koo 16 octuber koo commission diyaa gayaa. antariksh bull ney curnell michael aiss key saath apane pahale antariksh yatri koo bhee niyukt kiya. spacex cru-1 key commander hopkins ney 18 disambar 2020 koo antarrashtriya antariksh station seey antariksh bull mein shapath lii.
pahale varsh key dauran pramukh prateekon kaa bhee anaavaran kiya gayaa, 15 janwari 2020 koo sanyukt raajya antariksh bull kii muhar koo manjuri dee gaee aur 24 janwari 2020 koo iska khulasa kiya gayaa, sanyukt raajya antariksh bull kaa jhanda 2020 sashastr bull divas kii ghoshana key liye hastakshar samaroh mein 15 maee 2020 koo shuru huaa, antariksh bull delta prateek aur aadarsh vaakya "semper supra" 22 julaai 2020 koo jaari kiya gayaa, aur 18 disambar 2020 koo sanrakshak key aadhikarik seva sheershak kii ghoshana kii gaee. pahale vayu senaa sthaapana kaa naam badalkar 9 disambar 2020 koo antariksh bull sthaapana curr diyaa gayaa, jisamen patrick vayu senaa aadhar aur cape canaval vayu senaa station kaa naam badalkar patrick antariksh bull aadhar aur cape canaval antariksh bull station curr diyaa gayaa.
sitambar 2020 mein, antariksh bull aur nassa ney donon agencies kii sanyukt bhoomika koo aupchaarik roop seey sweekaar karate hue ack samjhauta gyaapan parr hastakshar kiye. iss nae gyaapan ney 2006 mein nassa aur vayu senaa antariksh kamaan key beach hastaaksharit ack samaan dastaavez koo badal diyaa. 20 octuber, 2020 koo pahale saat sanrakshak seedhe antariksh bull mein shamil hue. 20 sitambar 2022 koo, antariksh bull ney rashtriya bandargah, maryland mein 2022 air aind space forces association air, space aur cyber sammelan key dauran sanyukt raajya vayu senaa baind dwara ack pradarshan mein apane aadhikarik gaan, march "semper supra" ("hamesha oopar") kaa anaavaran kiya.
ack naee seva key roop mein antariksh bull key pahale yuddh sanchaalan mein irani krantikari gaard core aerospace force missile hamalon kii praarambhik chetavani denaa shamil thaa.aiss. all asad airbases parr 7 janwari 2020 koo dusare antariksh chetavani squadron key antariksh adharit avarakt pranali key madhyam seey sanic. antariksh bull ney russie antariksh balon key antariksh yaan kii bhee nigrani kii joe yuu koo peechhe chhod rhaa thaa.aiss. sarkari upgrah. 1 octuber 2021 koo, pahala chhah yuu.aiss. senaa key sabhi sainikon koo antariksh sanchaalan kamaan mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, jinhen pieterson antariksh bull adde parr antariksh bull mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.

