
hoog aiss. gibson

hyug simens gibson (16 agast 1883-12 disambar 1954) ack americi rajanyik they. way 1925 seey 1932 taka nirastreekaran vaarta mein sakriya roop seey shamil they. apane poore currier key dauran, way vyaktigat dhana yaa raajneetik prabhaav key bajaay yogyata key aadhar parr ack peshevar videsh seva sthaapit karane key abhiyaan mein ack pramukh prastaavak baney rahey.
1919 seey 1924 taka key arajak yuddh key baad key varshon mein polland key liye pahale americi mantri key roop mein, unhein polish yahoodiyon key narsamhar aur durvyavahar kii reports kii jaanch karate hue ack punarjagaran raajya kii teevra samasyaon kaa jawab dene key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa. iss atyadhik samvedansheel mamle parr unaki reporting vivaad seey ghiri hui thee, lekin antatah americi yahudi samudaay mein mahatvapurna hastiyon kii manjuri praapt kii.
gibson pratham vishva yuddh key dauran aur usake baad europe mein akaal raahat kaary mein sakriya they aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran aur usake baad bhee inn prayason koo jaari rakhaa. herbert hoover key saath unaki ghanishth mitrata iss sandarbh mein shuru hui. way 1938 mein videsh seva seey sevaanivritt hue, yuddh key pahale dou varshon key dauran belgium (see. aar. bee.) mein raahat aayog key liye landan mein kaam kiya. isake baad vaha sanyukt raajya america laut aae aur dou dinn mein prakaashan mein kaam kiya aur yuddh key anta key baad, joseph goebbles, gallezo sieno aur ulrich wonn hassell kii patrikaon koo prakaashit kiya.
apane antim varshon mein unhone geneva mein europeeya pravaas key liye antar-sarkari samiti chalaai.
jeevani.
hyug simens gibson kaa janm loss angils, california mein 16 agast 1883 koo huaa thaa, joe francis (frank) asbury gibson aur mairi kelog simens key bete they. 12 disambar, 1954 koo switzerland key geneva key genthode mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
unhone 1907 mein peris mein pratishthit école libre des Sciences rajneeti seey snaatak kiya aur apane biss key dashak key anta mein sanyukt raajya america kii videsh seva mein pravesh kiya. unhein julaai 1908 mein tegusigalpa, honduras mein sainya-sachiv niyukt kiya gayaa thaa; 1909-1910 mein landan mein americi dutawas key dusare sachiv; 1910-1911 mein raajya key sahayak sachiv huntington willson key niji sachiv; 1911-1913 mein sainya-sachiv, hawana, cuba; aur sainya-sachiv, brussels, belgium, 1914-1916, jisake parinamswarup jaba german senaa ney desh parr aakraman kiya tou way maujood they.
gibson koo 16 maee, 1916 koo landan mein americi dutawas key sachiv key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. unhein yuu. aiss. mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. 28 farwari, 1917 koo raajya vibhaag; aprail seey juuna 1917 taka sanyukt raajya america kii apani yatra key dauran videsh mamalon key liye british raajya sachiv seey judaa huaa; juuna seey agast 1917 taka sanyukt raajya america kii apani yatra key dauran belgium yuddh mission seey judaa huaa; aur march 1918 mein peris mein americi dutawas key liye pratham sachiv niyukt kiya gayaa.
unhone navambar 1918 seey aprail 1919 taka raahat mahanideshak herbert hoover key saath kartavya nibhaaya aur poorv austro-hangerian samrajya key deshon mein antar-sahayogi mission key sadasya they, disambar 1918-janwari 1919.
gibson ney yuu key roop mein apani niyukti key saath ack sheersh-stariya rajanyik pada praapt kiya.aiss. 16 aprail, 1919 koo polland key liye poorna-shakti mantri baney rahey aur maee 1924 taka usa pada parr rahey, jiss samay unhein switzerland kaa mantri niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. gibson koo 1927 mein belgium mein rajdoot aur luxemberg mein mantri banaaya gayaa thaa, unhone 1933 taka aur phir seey 1937-1938 mein padon koo bharaa. beach key varshon mein unhone yuu key roop mein kaary kiya.aiss. brazil mein rajdoot.
1920 aur 1930 key dashak key dauran, apani rajdoot aur mantri niyuktiyon key alawa, gibson ney 1925 mein jineva mein hathiyaron mein antarrashtriya yatayat kii dekhrekh key liye antarrashtriya sammelan mein americi pratinidhimandal key upaadhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya; yuu.aiss. samanya nirastreekaran sammelan key liye praarambhik aayog key liye pratinidhimandal, 1926-1932; yuu key adhyaksh.aiss. 1927 mein jineva nausena sammelan kaa pratinidhi mandal aur adhyaksh; hathiyaron key niji nirmaan parr sammelan key liye pratinidhi, 1927; nausena shastra kii seema key liye sammelan key liye americi pratinidhimandal aur sammelan key adhyaksh, 1927; landan nausena sammelan 1930 key liye pratinidhi; aur karyavahak adhyaksh, yuu.aiss. samanya nirastreekaran sammelan mein pratinidhimandal, geneva, 1932-1933.
franklin dee. roozvelt ney 1933 seey 1937 taka brazil mein gibson rajdoot niyukt kiya, jiss avadhi key dauran gibson ney yuu key roop mein bhee kaary kiya.aiss. chaako yuddh koo samaapt karane key liye madhyasth samooh key pratinidhi, joe 1935 mein buenos aayars mein mille, saath hii usa varsh baad mein aayojit chaako shaanti sammelan key liye ack pratinidhi bhee.
1938 mein roozvelt berlin mein gibson rajdoot niyukt karna chaahte they. gibson ney mahsoos kiya kii germany kii sthiti kootneeti kii kshamata seey parey thee aur unhone apane istife kii peshkash kii. 1940 mein way europe key polish raahat aayog aur belgium mein raahat aayog key mahanideshak baney, 1940-1941; belgium mein raahat aayog aur belgium americi shaikshik foundation key nideshak; aur chhote loktantron key liye khaadya parr rashtriya samiti key adhyaksh. unhone rashtrapati kii aapaatkaaleen akaal samiti key maanad adhyaksh key sahayak key roop mein bhee kaary kiya.
gibson ney march seey juuna 1946 taka europe, asia aur dakshin america mein khaadya sthiti kaa jaija lene key liye apani duniya bhar kii yaatraon mein poorv rashtrapati herbert hoover key saath kaam kiya aur farwari, 1947 mein germany aur austriya mein rashtrapati key aarthik mission key hisse key roop mein kaary kiya.
unhone antatah 1951 seey 1952 taka europe seey pravasiyon key andolan key liye asthaayi antar-sarkari samiti key nideshak key roop mein kaary kiya; rashtrapati dwite dee dwara niyukt hover aayog key sadasya key roop mein. eisenhower ney 1953 mein karyakari vibhagon koo punargathit kiya; aur europeeya pravaas key liye antar-sarkari samiti key nideshak, 1952-1954.
parivarik prishthabhoomi aur shiksha.
hoog aiss. gibson key daadaa (hyug gibson bhee), joe scotish vansh key ack paddhativaadi mantri they, koo ack bhaaratiya agent key roop mein california bheja gayaa thaa. yuki bhaaratiya kshetra parr goal ghaati aarakshan key liye niyukt, vaha aur usaki patni usa sthiti seey bhayabheet they jisamen unhein aabaadi millie thee aur ack parivarik parampara key anusaar, apane bachchon koo padhane aur likhane key liye sikhaane key liye ack school sthaapit karane key liye apane prashaasnik kartavyon seey parey chaley gaye aur unhein baahari duniya kaa kuchh vichaar diyaa.
hoog aiss. gibson key pitaa, francis ashbury (frank) gibson, ack vyavasaayi aur banker they. dyne see kahati hain kii unaki patni, mairi simens, joe ack school shikshak key roop mein prashikshit theen, bhee "apane samay seey aage ack mahila theen". lakadi (pee. 36-37), ack raajneetik aur shaikshik karyakarta, joe "janm niyantran, yaun samaantaa, bhaaratiya neeti sudhaar aur vishva shaanti key ack upaay mein vishvaas karate they."unhone mahilaaon key liye matdan key adhikaar key paksh mein sainya kaarravaai kii (jaisa kii unake bete ney kiya); theodor roozvelt key liye abhiyaan chalaaya; aur, aapravaasan aur awas key california aayog key sadasya key roop mein, vaha mahilaaon key ack samooh kii netaa theen, jinhone 1915 key california grih shikshak adhiniyam dwara sthaapit ack nae karyakram kii shuruat kii, pairavi kii, aur prashaasit kiya, taaki california mein apravasi mahilaaon koo angreji aur" "americi jeevan shally" "sikhaane key liye schooly shiksha pradaan kii jaa sakey."
gibson key teen bachchon kii bachpan mein hii mrityu hoe gaee. hoog bhee ack najuk bachcha thaa. unhein chaar saal kii umr mein poliyo hoe gayaa thaa lekin koee sthaayi prabhaav naheen padaa. haalaanki, apane bachpan kii swaasthya samasyaon key parinamswarup, unhein kaafee hudd taka unaki ullekhaniya maan aur niji shikshakon dwara shikshit kiya gayaa thaa, jaba taka kii way 1900 mein dou saal key liye pomona college naheen gaye.
gibson parivaar ameer naheen thaa. mairi phir bhee apane bete koo sarvottam sambhav shiksha dene key liye dridh thee. usane parivaar kaa ghar betch diyaa aur aaya key saath 18 varsheeya ladke koo europe key daure parr leey gayaa, jisake dauran way ack baggi mein itali gaye aur berlin aur peris mein lambe samay taka rahey. iss tarah, hyug ney german aur french donon seekha aur anta mein pratishthit école libre des Sciences rajneeti mein namankit hoe gaye, jahan unhone 1907 mein uchch sammaan key saath snaatak kiya. way aur unaki maan phir sanyukt raajya america laut aae, aur hyug ney videshi seva mein pravesh kii maang kii. unhein videsh seva pariksha mein kissy bhee aavedak dwara praapt uchchatam grade key saath bharti kiya gayaa thaa aur 1908 mein unhein tegusigalpa, honduras mein americi senaa kaa sachiv niyukt kiya gayaa thaa.
praarambhik carrier.
gibson koo isake baad landan mein tainaat kiya gayaa thaa; washington dee. see.; aur cuba koo kramik roop seey. taba unhein belgium mein americi senaa kaa sachiv niyukt kiya gayaa, ack "shaant pada", unhein ashvasana diyaa gayaa, joe way aprail 1914 mein pahunche. chaar maheene baad pratham vishva yuddh shuru huaa aur 20 laakh german sainikon ney desh mein pravesh kiya. ack tatasth shakti key pratinidhiyon key roop mein, americi senaa key karmchaariyon ney anya deshon key paryatakon aur yaatriyon key saath german nagrikon koo nikaalane key kaary mein khud koo shamil paaya.
gibson, ack tatasth paryavekshak key roop mein, belgium key chaaron or yatra kii (unhone lauven kii bory koo dekhaa aur tasveeren leen), yuddh rekhaaon key madhyam seey apana raasta banaaya, aur unhein grate britten mein raahat-sambandhi missions parr bheja gayaa. iss prakaar vaha americi rajdoot walter heins pays key landan karyalaya mein maujood they jaba pays aur belgium key dou pratinidhiyon ney herbert hoover koo apani laabhdaayak engineering gatividhiyon koo kabje vaale belgium key liye khaadya raahat kaa ayojan karane key liye alag karane key liye raaji kiya. jisake kaaran belgium (see. aar. bee.) mein raahat key liye aayog kaa nirmaan huaa, joe jald hii naa kewal belgium balki uttari france key kabje vaale hisson mein bhee bhojan bhejana shuru curr dega. antatah kraab ney 9.5 laakh logon koo bhojan diyaa.
gibson ney hoover aur crub key saath milkar kaam kiya aur ack aayojak key roop mein hoover kii pratibha key liye bahut prashansa dikhaai. 20 juuna, 1915 koo gibson aur kraab karmchari (baad mein rajdoot) gilchrist bee. stockton ney gibson kii house book mein nimnalikhit pravishti keeh "gilchrist bee. stockton aur hyug gibson ney pandrah varshon kii adhikatam avadhi key bheetar herbert hoover koo white house mein bhejane key uddeshya seey 'hoover forr president club' paaya. iss uddeshya key liye gilchrist stockton yadi aavashyak hoe tou republican koo vote dene kaa prayaas kartaa haye. club dou taka seemit haye-unhein ginein, tii-doubleu-oh-sadasya, koee bhee anya joe mool hoover purush honey kaa daavaa karate hain, way dhokhebaaz hain aur shayed khatarnak hain."
gibson ney agast 1915 mein british nurse edith cavell koo bachaane key apane prayason key parinamswarup kaafee kukhyaati hassil kii, jise apane swayam key pravesh dwara, lagbhag 200 british sainikon koo belgium seey bachane aur ingland mein apani resiment mein lautane mein madad karane key liye maut kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. gibson aur spanish mantri, 2nd maark dee vilalobar ney german uchch kamaan koo yeh samajhaane key liye vyarth kii koshish kii kii "yeh hatyaa sabhi sabhya deshon koo bhaya aur ghrina key saath hilaa degi."
gibson koo maee 1916 mein landan mein americi dutawas mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. disambar mein, unhone kathit taur parr british pradhaan mantri kii 19 varsheeya betty, elizabeth esquith seey shaadi karane key liye sagaai curr lii. haalaanki, gibson ney apani maan koo likhe patron mein iss tarah kii kissy bhee sagaai seey incar kiya. gibson koo taba washington mein raajya vibhaag mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. baad mein unhone washington aur peris donon mein vibhinn padon parr kaary kiya, vishesh roop seey 1918 mein americi raahat prashaasan key saath, yuddhaviram key baad europe key raahat aur punarnirmaan key liye hoover key sangathan key saath. vaha austriyai yuddhaviram key hastakshar key baad puraane austriyai-hangerian samrajya key deshon kii yatra karane vaale pahale antar-sahayogi mission key ack americi sadasya they. 1919 mein, vudro willson ney unhein nae bahaal kiye gaye polland mein mantri poornashakti niyukt kiya. unhone polish swatantrata key pahale paanch varshon key dauran dusare polish ganarajya mein seva kii.
"ack blith aatma.
gibson key sabse vishisht charitra lakshnon mein seey ack koo nishchit roop seey yahaan darj kiya jaanaa chaahiye kyonki yeh hamesha una logon koo prabhaavit kartaa thaa aur santusht kartaa thaa joe unake saath kaam karate they aur aksar unake patrachar mein aur yahaan taka kii unaki aadhikarik reports mein bhee dikhaai dete they. raajya key sahayak sachiv, huntington willson, jinake liye gibson ney 1911 mein kaam kiya, key shabdon mein gibson "ack blithe spirit (joe) ack sanaki haasya koo prasaarit kartaa thaa, joe vibhaag koo apane vyavasaay key anuprayog mein bahut adhik aavashyak thaa."yeh haasya kabhi bhee unake vyavsayikta yaa unaki prabhavsheelta seey samjhauta naheen kartaa thaa, balki tanaavpurna sthitiyon key dauran cheejon koo aasaan banaane key liye kaam kartaa thaa.
udaaharan key liye, yeh 28 juuna, 1927 koo nausena nirastreekaran sammelan key ack tanaavpurna kshan mein dikhaai diyaa. british maangon key prati japani pratinidhimandal kii pratikriya key baare mein kuchh chinta thee, aur gibson ney aage key tanaav seey bachane key liye baithak koo todana vaanchhaniya paaya.
jaisa kii hoog willson ney bataaya, joe sajish mein shamil they, gibson ney apane pratinidhimandal key sadasyon key saath kamare mein gambhir cheharon key saath pravesh kiya aur press koo sambodhit kiya "kuchh iss prakaar" kii "mujhe aaj aapse bahut gambhir samvaad karna haye" (sabhi patrakaar notes lena shuru curr dete hain). americi pratinidhimandal khud koo ack gambhir sthiti mein paataa haye aur main americi samvaaddaataon seey usee samarthan aur sahaanubhooti key liye appeal karna chaahata huun joe unhone pahale hamein bahutaayat seey dikhaai haye. main yahaan maujood anya deshon key samvaaddaataon key nishpaksh khel aur nyaay kii bhavna seey appeal karna chaahata huun. (aap ack pinn drop suna sakate they.) mujhe abhee-abhee japani pratinidhimandal seey ack prastaav milaa haye. yeh samajhaana shayed kuchh mushkil haye isaliye mujhe lagata haye kii merey liye sabse achchha raasta yeh haye kii main aapke saath poori imandari seey pesh aaoon aur aapke saamane prastaav koo padhuun.
gibson ney apani jeb seey ack patra nikala joe iss prakaar thaah
"usa naitik sadbhaav key hita mein joe shaaririk nirastreekaran seey pahale honah chaahiye aur hamaare donon deshon key beach behtar samajh koo badhaava dene key liye, japani press aur pratinidhi mandal ney yahaan geneva mein ack baseball team kaa ayojan kiya haye aur iss team aur kissy bhee team key beach khele jaane vaale khel key liye ack chunauti prastut kii haye joe aapaki mahamahim upasthit amerikiyon key beach aayojit karane mein saksham hoe sakati haye. gend kaa aakar, balle kii lambai, samay aur khel kaa sthaan takniki baatchit key adheen honah chaahiye. sammaanpurvak, hanishida ito."
"vahaan ashcharya kii ack haanf thee", hyug willson ney yaad kiya, "usake baad ack garjana hui jisane imarat koo hilaa diyaa. yeh baithak ack prahasan mein badal gaee."ack british pratinidhi key roop mein baad mein ghoshit kiya gayaa," kissy bhee sammelan mein kabhi bhee, unhone samvaaddaataon koo itna thheek seey naheen dekhaa thaa."yeh khel 27 julaai koo khela gayaa thaa jisamen japaniyon ney 28 seey 8 seey jeet hassil kii thee.
joseph see. 1911 mein raajya vibhaag mein 28 varsheeya gibson koo ack "patakha" aur "jangli bhaaratiya" key roop mein yaad kiya gayaa aur apane sansmaranon mein "willson key jaane key baad shaniwar dopahar key baare mein yaad kiya gayaa, (jaba unhone gibson koo dekhaa) sabhi ghanti key batanon parr jhankaar bajaate hue joe beuro key sabhi pramukhon koo raajya key sachiv key kamare mein bulaate they, aur phir usa puraane vibhaag key galiyare seey yuddh key raaste parr ack apaache kii tarah bhaag jaate they."
usa pratishtha kii pushti karate hue, gibson key sahyogiyon ney belgium mein raahat aayog mein unaki mrityu key turant baad ack 163-prishth kaa khand prakaashit kiya, jisamen unake jeevan key kaam kaa sankshep mein saransh diyaa gayaa aur unake patrachar aur doston aur sahyogiyon dwara bheje gaye uddharanon koo ikattha kiya gayaa, joe unake vyaktitva key usa pahalu koo darshaate hain (nott 8 dekhein).
polland.
jaba gibson 1919 key vasant mein yuddh taka pahunche, tou desh apane kshetra key poorna niyantran mein honey seey bahut door thaa. polland, joe kuchh maheene pahale hii teen vibhajankari shaktiyon key prabhutva seey mukt hoe gayaa thaa, kii abhee bhee koee nishchit seemaaen naheen theen, jinhen 1923 taka paribhaashit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. isaki arthavyavastha ack georger sthiti mein thee, aur iska prashaasan, joe aksar inn poorv shaktiyon (prussia, roose aur austriya) dwara pichhale 123 varshon mein damankari tareeke seey chalaaya jaataa thaa, alag hoe gayaa thaa. paraspar virodhi raajneetik dalon key beach foot-foot vaali rashtriya neeti asthir rahee. farwari 1919 mein jaba polish-soviyat yuddh chhid gayaa tou naee aur abhee bhee najuk sarkaar mushkil seey apani sthiti dhoondh rahee thee.
sabhi baadhaon key bavjood, raajya key pramukh, jozef pisudsky aur peris shaanti sammelan mein polland kaa pratinidhitva karane vaale pradhaan mantri, ignacy zaan paderevsky key margadarshan mein, dhruvon ney jaldi seey ack senaa kaa ayojan kiya jisane bolshevikon koo haraaya, rashtriya ekataa kii sarkaar sthaapit kii, aur sabhi gharelu sanghrshon key bavjood hangri key vipareet kranti kaa shikaar naheen hue.
madhya europe mein sthiti atyadhik asthir rahee. haal hii mein apani haar key bavjood, polland key paschim mein germany khaali rhaa, abhee bhee apane ghar kaa swami thaa, aur takniki roop seey polland key saath yuddh mein banaa rhaa. iss beach, poorv mein bolshevik roose, ukraine aur lithuania mein dhruvon seey judey ack nirdayi grih yuddh key daur mein thaa, joe donon polland kaa hissa they.
ashant sandarbh koo dekhate hue, americi sarkaar kii sarvocch prathamikta yuddh aur nagrik ashanti kii roktham thee aur gibson ney raajya vibhaag mein apane varishthon seey aagrah kiya kii yeh rashtriya hita mein thaa kii way ack majboot polland kii sthaapana kaa paksh lein, joe europe kii sthirata sunishchit curr sakata haye, aur vishesh roop seey, roose kii vartamaan asthirta koo dekhate hue, "bolshevism key khilaf ack gadh key roop mein kaam karna."
una aapaat sthitiyon key beach, halanki, sainya dall mein bahut cumm karmchari they. gibson aur unake teen sahyogiyon koo naee polish sarkaar koo poori sahaayata deni thee kyonki yeh akaal koo rokane, apane udyog koo punarjeevit karane, berojgari koo cumm karane, jaatiya tanaav koo shaant karane, apani seemaon koo paribhaashit karane aur apane barbad ghar koo vyavasthit karane kaa prayaas curr rahee thee. iss beach, hajaaron polish yahoodiyon kii dekhbhal karane key liye sainya-vyavastha kii aavashyakta thee, joe sanyukt raajya america mein pravaas karane key liye veeja key liye aavedan curr rahey they. iss sub seey nipatane key liye prayaas karate hue, kewal teen clerk they, jinamen seey ack, gibson ney likhaa kii ack yuva mahila thee jise "roose mein praapt angreji bhasha kaa bahut cumm vichaar thaa."uthal-puthal key beach, gibson seey polland aur padosi roose kii sthitiyon parr niyamit, bodhgamya report bhejane kii ummeed thee. iss niyam koo gambhirta seey badhaa diyaa gayaa thaa, aur kuchh dou maheene baad, gibson ney shikayat kii kii "humm sabhi tootane vaale hain" aur ghoshana kii kii yadi adhik lipic karmchaariyon key liye viniyog jaldi seey naheen kiya gayaa, tou unhein adhik kaam seey ubarane key liye cancer koo bund karna hoga yaa apane sabhi karmchaariyon koo aspatal bhejana hoga.
yeh yeh samajhaane key liye ack lamba raasta taya kartaa haye kii polish yahoodiyon key khilaf jyadatiyon parr gibson kii jaanch seey kewal sankshep mein hii nipata jaa sakata thaa aur gibson unaki adhik poori tarah seey jaanch karane key liye ack aayog bhejane key liye kyon utsuk thaa.
yahudi prashn.
polland mein chhah alag-alag alpasankhyak they, jinamen 14 pratishat yahudi they, aur narsamhar kii report, jyaadaatar poorv shaahi russie kshetra mein, americi samachar patron key pahale prishthon parr aaney luggy thee. unake aaney key turant baad, gibson koo jaanch karane kaa nirdesh diyaa gayaa. juuna 1919 mein, unhone aur dow. boris dee. americi yahudi sanyukt vitaran samiti (jey. dee. see.) key europeeya raahat karyon key samanya nideshak, bojan aur/yaa sainya karmchaariyon key sadasyon ney kaee polish shaharon (vilno, lvo, sezstochova, craco aur pinsk sahit) kii yatra kii, jahaan aisee ghatanaaen kathit taur parr hui theen.
vilno (abb vilnius, lithuania) mein apani jaanch key dauran gibson aur bojan dwara kiye gaye ack avalokan ney 27 maee, 1919 key "newyork times" khaate parr uchit sandeh paida kiya. yeh kahaa gayaa thaa kii yahudi samudaay key teen sadasya rubenstein, sheb aur jeff, antim ack pratishthit lekhak they, jinka apaharan curr liya gayaa thaa, unhein peeta gayaa thaa aur unhein prataadit kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, jaba agantukon ney yahudi samudaay key pratinidhiyon seey unaki sthiti key baare mein poochha, tou unhein turant bulaaya gayaa aur iss baat seey incar kiya gayaa kii unhone unhein peeta yaa prataadit kiya thaa.
gibson key patrachar aur unaki reports seey pataa chalata haye kii unaki jaanch key dauran unaki pahali chintaaen tathya koo afwah seey alag karna aur russie yaa german sroton seey nikalane vaali jaanboojhkar galat soochana seey alag karna thee; yeh nirdhaarit karna kii kyaa polish sarkaar koo kissy bhee tarah seey kissy bhee kritya key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya jaa sakata haye, joe americi sarkaar dwara rajanyik kaarravaai kii maang karega; aur unaki punaravritti key jokhimon kaa mulyankan karna.
niyat samay mein, gibson aur unaki team ney nishkarsh nikala kii kaee samachar patra khaaton koo badhaa-chadhaakar yaa yahaan taka kii afvaahon aur/yaa bhramit karane parr adharit kiya gayaa thaa. jaisa kii yeh nikla, americi press mein report kii gaee kuchh kahaaniyon koo shuru mein yaa tou sweeden seey kaam karane vaali ack soviyat agency dwara yaa isake german samkaksh dwara lagaaya gayaa thaa, joe kii covno, lithuania mein sthit thaa, joe abhee bhee german kabje mein thaa. yeh poori tarah seey prashansaniya thaa kyonki donon deshon koo apani seemaon parr ack nae aur sambhaavit roop seey shaktishali raajya key uday kaa darr thaa aur peris shaanti sammelan mein pratibhagiyon kii drishti mein ise badnam karane key liye utsuk they.
heinry morganthou aiss. aar. key anusaar, abhee bhee, jaisa kii isake turant baad dikhaai dega, yahoodiyon key khilaf hinsa key kaee kritya vaastav mein 200 aur 300 key beach hue they.'report.
gibson key vichaar mein, halanki, inn sabhi krityon koo iraade mein yahudi-virodhi key roop mein naheen maanaa jaa sakata thaa kyonki kuchh soviyat-polish yuddh key asthir morche parr hue they, aur kaee yahoodiyon koo sahee yaa galat tareeke seey bolshevikon key sniper yaa sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon key roop mein maanaa gayaa thaa. anya ghatanaaen khaadya dangon key dauran huin (jaisa kii seezochova mein), aur aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii isai dukaanon kii ack badee sankhya mein bhee lootpaat kii gaee thee. anta mein, yahoodiyon key khilaf hinsa key kaee mamle holler senaa key yuva (mukhya roop seey americi) sainikon key liye aapattijanak they, jinn parr polish sarkaar kaa koee seedha niyantran naheen thaa, lekin sainya adhikaariyon ney sambandhit sainikon koo dund diyaa.
gibson kaa maanana thaa kii polish yahudi-virodhi kaafee hudd taka shaahi shasson kaa ack utpaad thaa, jisane "aantarik matbhed key madhyam seey haavi honey kii pranali key hisse key roop mein yahoodiyon key khilaf saarvajanik bhavna koo jagaaya aur banaae rakhaa."nishchit roop seey shasanon koo ukhaad fenka gayaa thaa, lekin aapsi akrosh aur nafrat kii ack jaharili viraasat chhod gaee thee.
joe bhee mamla hoe, pramukh americi zionists ney notice aur kaarravaai donon kii. ziyonvaadiyon ney taba americi yahoodiyon key kewal ack chhote pratishat kaa pratinidhitva kiya, lekin yaad karate hue, madhya europe seey upaje anya sabhi yahoodiyon kii tarah, roose dwara niyantrit kshetron mein narsamhar key 19 veen shatabdi key itihas aur yeh maanate hue kii haal kii ghatnaaon ney narsamhar key madhyam seey polland kii yahudi aabaadi koo cumm karane key jaanboojhkar prayaas kaa pratinidhitva kiya, way nae (mushkil seey dou maheene puraane) polish raajya koo jimmedaar thaharaane key liye dridh they. isane shaanti sammelan key dauran peris mein unaki upasthiti aur iss tathya koo samajhaaya kii felix frankfurter (baad mein americi sarvocch nyayalaya key sahayogi nyaay) ney vudro willson (22 maee, 1919) koo likhaa kii "polish sarkaar koo dhamkaya jaanaa chaahiye aur unmoolan aur utpeedan kii apani neeti koo chhodane key liye buri tarah peeta jaanaa chaahiye."
gibson, joe pahale seey hii polish sarkaar key netaaon seey achchi tarah seey parichit they, unhein vishvaas naheen thaa kii aisee koee dusht neeti maujood thee aur unhone apani report mein iss drishtikon koo liya. raajya vibhaag koo unaki "sandigdh report... [sarvocch nyayalaya key nyayadhish] lui brandes key dhyaan mein aaya. 14 juuna 1919 koo, gibson koo curnell edward house dwara nyaay aur unake aashrit, felix frankfurter key saath ack baithak key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa. gibson koo brandes kii sthiti key kaaran nuksan huaa thaa, lekin yeh bhee kii polland mein rajdoot key roop mein unaki niyukti kii pushti americi senate dwara abhee taka naheen kii gaee thee. gibson key shabdon mein, donon ziyonvaadiyon ney yeh kahakar shuruat kii kii yuva rajanyik ney baad mein "abhiyojan" kahaa, "maine pichhali shatabdi mein rahane vaale kissy bhee vyakti kii tulanaa mein yahudi jaati key liye adhik shararat kii thee. unhone kahaa... kii yahudi prashn parr merrie report duniya bhar mein chully gaee thee aur unake kaam koo radd curr diyaa thaa... anta mein unhone kahaa kii maine kahaa thaa kii yahoodiyon key khilaf jyadatiyon kii kahaaniyan atiranjit theen, jiss parr maine jawab diyaa kii way nishchit roop seey they aur mujhe lagata haye kii kissy bhee yahudi koo yeh jaankar khushi hogi."
neif ney kahaa kii "frankfurter ney daavaa kiya kii gibson" koo yahudi mamalon key sambandh mein vibhaag koo report karane kaa koee adhikaar naheen thaa aur mujhe iss aadhar parr 'incar' karna chaahiye thaa kii main sambhavatah unake baare mein samanya avalokan karane key liye bhee paryaapt naheen zaan sakata thaa."frankfurter ney taba sanket diyaa kii yadi gibson ney apani report jaari rakhee, tou zionwadi senate dwara polland mein rajdoot key roop mein unaki pushti koo roque denge."
gibson ney 27 juuna 1919 koo apani maan koo ack patra likhaa, joe brandes aur frankfurter key saath unaki mulakat key teen dinn baad, usa samay unaki apani mansik sthiti parr ack dilchasp prakaash daaltaa haih "main raahat prashaasan key paas gayaa jahan yahudi prashn parr luis stross [herbert hoover key niji sachiv] key saath merey dou thhos ghante they. mujhe lagata haye kii adhikansh loga atee-nirmit hain aur usa star parr pahunch gaye hain jahan way anajaane mein yahoodiyon key khilaf jyadatiyon key baare mein harr atiranjit dhaage parr vishvaas karna chaahte hain. way ise purvagrah key roop mein lete hain yadi aap kissy bhee kahani parr sawal karate hain, chaahe way jaanate houn kii yeh kahaan seey aatee haye yaa naheen, jaba taka kii yeh khambhon key khilaf mamla banaata haye aur yeh darshaata haye kii yahudi peedit hain. way buri sthiti mein hain lekin aap rogi kaa ilaaj karke usaki madad naheen curr sakate hain kyonki vaha ack aisee bimari seey peedit naheen haye jisase vaha peedit naheen haye. mujhe lagata haye kii dou ghante key anta mein maine luis koo aashvast curr diyaa thaa kii main ack yahudi batter naheen thaa aur main vaastav mein madad karna chaahata huun, bhale hii usake saral tareeke seey naheen, jisamen mukhya roop seey polish sarkaar kii raksha karna shamil haye, kissy bhee report mein paaya jaane vaalaa sub kuchh, chaahe uska srot, isaki neenv yaa isaki prerana kuchh bhee hoe. main dekh sakata huun kii americi yahoodiyon key beach bahut saare rogi baat curr rahey honge, isase pahale kii way polish sarkaar mein ack visfot dwara apane logon kii sabhi buraaiyon koo thheek karane key vichaar koo chhodane key liye taiyar houn. unhein sarkaar key saath athak roop seey kaam karane kaa munn banaana hoga, naa kii isake khilaf, aur aggar way aisaa karate hain tou mujhe vishvaas haye kii way mahaan cheejen curr sakate hain."
gibson kii report mein "maheenon taka apane kaam koo poorvavat karane" key kuchh aashcharyajanak aarop key liye yeh spasht roop seey iss tathya kii or ishara kartaa haye kii joyanwadi vaastav mein polland parr alpasankhyak sandhi lagu karane key liye kadee mehnat curr rahey they, unhein yahoodiyon key khilaf atyachar key kaee khaaton kii aavashyakta thee, joe unake kaaran koo aage badhaane key liye paae jaa sakate they. haalaanki takraav key kuchh dinon baad alpasankhyak sandhi parr hastakshar kiye gaye they, gibson kii report unake hiton key vipareet thee.
americi yahudi samiti key adhyaksh luis marshel bhee peris mein maujood they, unhone bhee polish sarkaar key saath sakhti seey nipatane kaa paksh liya, aur yeh sthiti lii kii gibson polland kii raksha key liye jaanboojhkar poore mamle koo cumm curr rahey they. 14 juuna 1919 koo americi press mein polland mein americi doot key khilaf shuru kiya gayaa bhadkaau abhiyaan desh bhar key kaee patron dwara chalaaya gayaa thaa aur americi janmat parr ack shaktishali aur deerghakaalik prabhaav daala thaa.
jaisa kii purvagaami sujhaav detaa haye, gibson kaa maanana thaa kii sabhi nagrikon key liye kaanoon key shasson aur samaantaa kii sthaapana key liye ack sakaratmak drishtikon aur majboot protsaahan polland aur purvi europe kii sthirata key liye frankfurter aur america mein anya zionwadi netaaon dwara anushansit "badmashi aur bhaunkane" kii tulanaa mein adhik sahayak hoga.
vaastav mein, zionwadi neeti ney unhein shuru mein chakit curr diyaa, aur unhone una lakshyon parr ulajhan vyakt kii jinka way peechha curr rahey they. unhone maanaa kii unakaa pramukh hita polish yahoodiyon kii tatkaal suraksha sunishchit karna honah chaahiye. kabhi-kabhi, zionwadi unhein krodhit karate they kyonki unhein vishvaas thaa kii americi press mein usa samay chala rahey polish virodhi abhiyaan ney vaastav mein polish yahoodiyon koo khatare mein daal diyaa thaa, mukhya roop seey kyonki sabhi shatrutapurna daave turant polish aur yahudi press mein report kiye gaye they, jahaan way kewal pahale seey hii asthir sthiti koo bhadka sakate they aur aage hinsa aur avyavastha koo badhaava dey sakate they.
morganthou mission.
ziyonvaadiyon kaa apana agenda thaa aur unhone gibson key nishkarshon koo chunauti denaa jaari rakhaa, lekin kaee samaan roop seey pramukh americi yahudi unase asahmat they aur rajdoot abram aaee koo shamil kiya. alcus, dow. boris dee. bojan, jinhone pahale seey hii gibson key saath mamle kii jaanch kii thee, aur heinry morganthou, sr., ack poorv yuu.aiss. turkey mein rajdoot (aur peris shaanti sammelan mein ack virodhi-zionist samiti key sadasya), jinhen rashtrapati woodrow willson ney baad mein ack jaanch aayog kaa netritva karane key liye niyukt kiya joe polland gayaa aur 13 julaai seey 13 sitambar, 1919 taka vahaan rhaa, aaropon kii jaanch karane key liye, aadhikarik polish nihitarth key baare mein nishkarsh nikaale joe gibson key apane seey bahut cumm alag they.
morganthou report mein, polland mein yahudi-virodhi gatividhiyaan aanshik roop seey desh kii asthir sthiti kaa parinam theen. polland key madhyam seey apani dou maheene kii 2500 meal kii yatra key dauran, morgantau ney una aathh shaharon kaa daura kiya jinamen adhik mahatvapurna jyaadatiyan hui theenh keyles, nove. 11, 1918; lemberg (lwow/lviv); nava. 21-23,1918, pinsak, 5 aprail, 1919; lida, 17 aprail, 1919; vilno (vilnius), aprail 19-21,1919, kolbusova; 7 maee, 1919; seastochova, 27 maee, 1919; aur minsk, 8 agast, 1919. unhone gibson aur unake karmchaariyon dwara apani sankshipt yaatraon key dauran jitna sambhav thaa usase adhik jaankaari ekatra kii, lekin unake nishkarshon ney zionist wing koo santusht naheen kiya, jisane report koo polish sarkaar kaa "whitewash" ghoshit kiya aur isaliye bahas chhid gaee. gibson dwara mamle koo sambhaalane kaa kaam professor auraj kapisevsky dwara vyaapak roop seey kiya jaataa haye, joe gibson kii iss dhaarana parr dhyaan dete hain kii polish yahoodiyon koo "khud koo sudharna chaahiye," team khilaadi banana chaahiye aur apane desh key nagrikon key saath mishran karna chaahiye, jaise paschim mein aatmasaat kiye gaye yahoodiyon koo.
kapisevsky (1991) ney yeh bhee nott kiya kii gibson "poori aabaadi key liye raahat prayason mein bahut adhik shamil thaa, vishesh roop seey yahoodiyon key liye naheen. way polish-yahudi sambandhon key bhavishya seey bhee darte naheen they kyonki unakaa maanana thaa kii donon samudaayon key beach shatruta vibhajankari shaktiyon, vishesh roop seey roose kii rajneeti kii viraasat thee, joe desh key samanya honey parr cumm hoe jaayegi."(pee. 50)
gibson ney 1954 mein apane bete key saath baatchit mein bataaya kii yeh kitna khedjanak thaa kii germany koo usee alpasankhyak sandhi kii sadasyata lene kii aavashyakta naheen thee joe polland parr thopi gaee thee kyonki isase kaee aur logon kii zaan butch gaee hogi.
lagaatar aarop.
haalaanki zionwadi netritva ney peris mein gibson key saath lambi charcha key baad saarvajanik roop seey gibson kii yogyata parr apani sthiti koo ulat diyaa, lekin isake praarambhik aaropon koo abhee bhee kuchh americi shikshaavidon dwara barkarar rakhaa gayaa haye, joe neel pease kii tarah maanate hain kii gibson apane yahudi-virodhi key liye khadaa thaa, yaa itihaaskaar caroll fink kii tarah, joe ghoshana karate hain kii gibson ney yahoodiyon key "samajik, aarthik aur vaichaarik atikraman" parr jore diyaa aur narsamhar key peediton koo "shoshak" key roop mein varnit kiya."vaha iss baat kii bhee ninda karati haye kii gibson ney yeh raay vyakt kii kii polland mein yahoodiyon koo" khud koo sudharna "chaahiye aur samanya polish samaaj mein aatmasaat karna chaahiye.
anya lekhak ack alag drishtikon rakhate hain. udaaharan key liye, donald neif ney vivaad key apane khaate mein sujhaav diyaa haye kii gibson yahoodiyon key khilaf kissy bhee shatruta seey naheen balki europe mein shaanti aur sthirata laane kii aavashyakta seey prerit thaa. unhone usa patra key ack ansh kaa bhee hawala diyaa joe gibson ney brandes aur frankfurter key saath apane takraav key dinn apane sahyogiyon koo likhaa thaa, jisamen sandeh vyakt kiya gayaa thaa kii "zionwadi polland mein yahoodiyon kii sthiti koo itna kharaab banaane key liye ack chetan aur thhande khoon kii yojana koo puuraa karane kii koshish curr rahey they kii unhein raahat key liye ziyonvaadiyon kii or rukh karna chaahiye."yahaan praasangik bindu ziyonvaadiyon key antim uddeshyon koo chhoone vaali atkalen naheen hain, balki gibson kii polish yahoodiyon kii bhalai key liye bataai gaee chinta haye.
prakaashit kiye gaye mudde kii ekmatra gahan charcha key lekhak andrez kapisevsky ney inn aaropon seey spasht roop seey doori banaa lii haye. unaki pustak mein ack patra kaa puuraa paath shamil haye joe gibson ney 6 julaai 1919 koo raajya key sahayak sachiv villium phillips koo bheja thaa, peris mein brandes aur frankfurter key saath unaki baithak key turant baad. unhone yahoodiyon kii sthiti parr vistaar seey charcha kii aur jore dekar kahaa kii aggar koee itihas koo dhyaan mein rakhane mein whiffle rahata haye tou vartamaan sthiti koo samajha naheen jaa sakata haye. unhone "shaahi shaktiyon kii vishaakt viraasat" koo bhee ujagar kiya, jinamen seey antim dou gibson dwara swayam yuddh mein pair rakhane seey kewal chhah maheene pahale hii dhwast hoe gaye theh
"mujhe ehsas naheen thaa kii jaba taka main yahaan naheen aaya, taba taka [yahoodiyon key khilaf purana russie bhedbhaav] kitna door chalaa gayaa. yeh utanaa hii thandaa aur bhadde thaa jitna kii aap kalpana curr sakate hain... [kyonki] yahoodiyon koo uchch shiksha, vyavsaayon aur senaa seey rokkar, aur unhein 'pavitra roose' seey baahar rakhate hue, [isane] unhein sabhi prakaar key kutil kaam aur aajeevika praapt karane key apmaanjanak sadhanon mein majboor curr diyaa. abb joe kuchh hoe rhaa haye, usake liye galati thheek seey purani russie sarkaar parr rakhee jaani chaahiye, lekin loga daarshnikon seey naheen baney hain, aur jaba koee yahudi khaadya sattebaaj yaa taskari karane vaale yaa chori key saman key praaptakarta key roop mein pakada jaataa haye tou bheed usake saath binaa kissy vichaar key sauda karati haye. yeh nyaay naheen haye aur aap yahoodiyon key saath sahaanubhooti rakhate hain... harr jagah aapako ack dushchakra milata haye joe poori samasya koo itna chaunka detaa haye."
antaral mein, nishchit honey key liye, gibson jodata haye kii "hamaare paas haye... apane utpeedan key saath purani vyavastha koo ukhaad fenka. kanuni bhedbhaav samaapt hoe gayaa haye. lekin hamane abhee taka puraane shasson key gunon key saath aur isake doshon key binaa ack sarkaar sthaapit naheen kii haye. purvagrah aur nafrat butch gaee hain. vartamaan mein hamane joe kuchh bhee kiya haye vaha yeh haye kii pahale kii saarvajanik vyavastha koo banaae rakhane key liye koee majboot adhikaar sthaapit kiye binaa junoon aur ghrina kii baadh koo chhod diyaa jaae. parinam yeh haye kii kanuni bhedbhaav aur asamaanta koo hataa diyaa gayaa haye aur yahudi saiddhaantik roop seey kaanoon key saamane barabar khade hain, way shaaririk hinsa kaa shikaar bunn gaye hain joe pahale maujood naheen thaa... mujhe joe ack baat bahut mahatvapurna luggy, vaha yeh thee kii kyaa polish adhikaariyon ney yahoodiyon key khilaf jyadatiyon koo sahan kiya thaa aur maine yahoodiyon seey hii iss baare mein poochtaachh karane kaa harr avsar liya haye."
shaadi.
farwari 1922 mein, gibson ney ack pramukh belgium parivaar kii betty, yanes rainteans seey shaadi kii. unake pitaa, mejar robbert rentians, raajaa leopold dwiteeya key sahayak-dee-camp they, aur unaki maan, aneeta dee eraazuu vaaee dee rubeo dee tejada, spanish theen. yanes ingland mein boarding school gaye they. vaha kaee bhaashaaen bolati thee, sangeet aur nritya seey pyaar karati thee, ack visheshagya ghudsavaar thee, aur kaee athletic gatividhiyon mein luggy hui thee. navambar 1922 mein, yanes ney apane pahale bachche, ack chhoti ladki koo janm diyaa, jisaki janm key kuchh sekand baad mrityu hoe gaee. 1929 mein ack dusare bachche kaa janm huaa thaa.
washington mein.
janwari 1924 mein, gibson videsh mamalon parr sadan samiti key samaksh rosers bill key guna-dosh parr gawahi dene key liye washington mein they. isane rajanyik aur rajanyik sevaaon kaa vilay karane aur ack saksham aur peshevar videsh seva key rakharkhaav key liye anukool paristhitiyan banaane kaa prastaav rakhaa. gibson iss tarah key nikaay kii sthaapana key ack sakriya prastaavak they aur unakaa maanana thaa kii yeh americi hiton kii sabse achchi raksha curr sakata haye. una paristhitiyon mein unhone videsh seva key avaanchhaniya tatvon koo "safed spatt vaale ladke, chaay peene vaale, kuki pusher" key roop mein varnit kiya aur sujhaav diyaa kii unhein behtar purushon dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye, joe bill key paarit honey key parinamswarup adhik anukool paristhitiyon seey aakarshit honge. usee varsh, rosers bill koo kaanoon mein lagu kiya gayaa thaa.
gibson koo 1920 mein raajyon key avar sachiv key roop mein ack pada kii peshkash kii gaee thee, jaba unhone iss prastaav kaa virodh kiya kyonki unhein lagaa kii way polland mein adhik upayogi hoe sakate hain, aur 1924 mein, jaba unhone ise aswikar curr diyaa kyonki unhone apani aaya koo aparyaapt maanaa thaa. parinamswarup unhein switzerland key mantri key roop mein phir seey niyukt kiya gayaa. 1927 mein way rajdoot key roop mein belgium laut aae. antaral mein, 1925 mein baad mein "badey rajdoot" key roop mein varnit kshamata mein, vaha samanya nirastreekaran aur nausena nirastreekaran key liye baari-baari seey samarpit sammelanon key ack crum mein shamil hoe gaye they. duniya kii pramukh shaktiyon koo ikattha karane vaale sammelanon mein way lagbhag duss varshon taka rahey, jisake dauran unhone adhikansh samay sammelan key adhyaksh key roop mein kaary kiya.
gibson ney baad mein khud koo rashtron kii leag aur antarrashtriya adalat key ack prabal samarthak key roop mein cumm seey cumm shaanti key sanrakshan mein prayogon key roop mein ghoshit kiya. apani peedhi key kaee logon kii tarah, vaha varsaay sandhi key asthir karane vaale prabhaavon seey poori tarah seey avagat they aur francisi kootneeti key sanchaalan seey gaharaai seey chintit they, joe ack samajh mein aaney vaale darr seey prerit thaa, lekin avaastavik roop seey germany koo barbad karane aur apamaanit karane kii koshish kii. joe kabhi-kabhi unhein aisee shartein lagu karane key liye prerit kartaa thaa joe france key liye koee spasht laabh naheen theen, lekin germany key bheetar charampanthi andolankariyon koo golaa-barud pradaan karati theen. 1942 mein sthiti kii sameeksha karate hue ("sthaayi shaanti kii samasyaon" mein, jise herbert hoover key saath saha-lekhak banaaya gayaa thaa) gibson ney 1920 aur 1930 key dashak mein francisi kootneeti key poore pathyakram koo spasht kiya, "briand key prabhutva key kuchh antaralon koo chhodkar, avishvasaniya. hamaare yahaan sadiyon purani bhaya aur nafrat kii taakaten hain joe apani sabse buri aatmahatya curr rahee hain."gibson key vichaar mein, france dwara varsaay sandhi dwara germany parr lagaae gaye nuksandeh muaavaje key bojh kii phir seey jaanch karane seey incar, germany koo poori tarah seey gherne vaale rashtron key gathbandhan key gathan mein isaki pahal, aur nirastreekaran key mamalon mein isake prakat kadmon ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh key liye munch taiyar kiya, jisase german chansler heinrich brunning key loktaantrik shasson koo itna kamjor curr diyaa gayaa kii yeh 1933 mein naazi key hamale seey pahale hii toot gayaa.
haalaanki, anya karakon ney bhee nirastreekaran prakriya kii viphalata mein yogdan diyaa, jaisa kii gibson ney khud ise duss saal baad kahaah
"geneva mein charcha key sabhi varshon key dauran yeh pradarshit kiya gayaa kii hathiyaron kii kamee key liye pratyaksh drishtikon kewal roga key bajaay lakshnon seey nipatane kaa ack prayaas thaa... jald hii yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii purushon aur jahaajon aur bandookon taka seemit baatchit key madhyam seey koee mahatvapurna parinam hassil naheen kiya jaanaa thaa. anya drishtikon khojane key vibhinn prayaas kiye gaye... inn drishtikonon key apane guna they, lekin way... ack buniyaadi samasya koo nazarandaj curr diyaa. ack lambi avadhi mein kaee mahaan shaktiyon ney vishal sainya pratishthanon parr adharit rashtriya jeevan aur rashtriya arthavyavastha kii ack poori pranali kaa nirmaan kiya thaa. yeye berojgari kii samasya seey nipatane kaa ack maanyata praapt tarika bunn gaye they. shuru mein, badee sankhya mein purush sainya balon mein shamil hoe gaye they. inke poorak key roop mein sarkari shastragaron key saath ack anya senaa key karmchari they, joe aapoorti, bhojan, kapade aur parivahan pradaan karane mein abhee bhee badee sankhya mein kaaryarat they. iss pranali key tahat rahane vaali koee bhee sarkaar poori rashtriya arthavyavastha koo baadhit kiye binaa hathiyaron mein bhaari kamee naheen curr sakati thee. humm iss tathya koo bhee pehchaan sakate hain kii jaba taka rashtra iss maulik kathinaaee seey nipatane key liye taiyar naheen hoe jaate, taba taka tukadon aur kshetriya katauti seey adhik kuchh naheen hoe sakata haye."
currier kaa anta.
jaba franklin dee. roozvelt 1932 mein rashtrapati chune gaye, gibson, jaisa kii prathaagat thaa, apane istife mein bheje gaye. halanki gibson kaa hoover key saath ghanishth sambandh nae raajneetik sandarbh mein ack baadha thaa, unhein brazil mein rajdoot niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. unhein chaako shaanti sammelan mein ack paryavekshak key roop mein bhee bheja gayaa thaa, joe buenos aayars mein aayojit kiya jaa rhaa thaa. grain chaako ack aisaa kshetra thaa jisamen shithil roop seey paribhaashit seemaaen theen, jinn parr bolivia aur paraguay dwara daavaa kiya gayaa thaa, aur desh koo paraguay nadee taka pahunch dene key liye kshetra hassil karane kii maang mein bolivia dwara chaako yuddh chhid gayaa aur iss prakaar atlantic mahasagar taka pahunch banaai gaee. antatah 1938 mein ack sandhi parr hastakshar kiye gaye jisane adhikansh vivaadit bhoomi koo paragve koo dey diyaa.
gibson 1937 mein belgium mein rajdoot key roop mein laute. 1938 mein, unhein germany mein rajdoot key pada kii peshkash kii gaee, lekin unhone nott kiya, 1924 kii tarah, kii unake paas vyaktigat bhaagya kii kamee thee joe unhein usa parimaan key pada koo banaae rakhane kii anumati detaa, aur unhone istifa denaa pasand kiya. 1924 mein videsh mamalon parr sadan samiti key samaksh apani gawahi mein, unhone apani sthiti kii tulanaa ack admiral seey kii thee, jise duniya bhar kii yatra parr bheja gayaa thaa, jisamen vibhinn bandargaahon parr phone karane, sahee logon kaa manoranjan karane aur apane jahaaj key praavdhaanon sahit sabhi kharchon kaa bhugtan karane key nirdesh they."apane poore currier mein, unhone sthiti koo sanshodhit karane key liye harr sambhav prayaas kiya thaa, jisake kaaran kabhi-kabhi aise ameer logon koo samvedansheel padon parr mission key pramukh key roop mein niyukt karna aavashyak hoe jaataa thaa, jinake paas koee rajanyik anubhav naheen thaa.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key prakop key baad, poorv hoover key anurodh parr, gibson german balon dwara kabja kiye gaye kshetron mein nagrik aabaadi key liye khaadya raahat key sangathan key liye pradhikaran key liye baatchit karane key liye britten mein rahey. winston churchill, jinhone 1914 mein raahat kaa virodh kiya thaa, 1940 mein iss vichaar key prati shatrutapurna rahey ("yeh vichaar sir seey adhik dill koo shreya detaa haye", unhone kahaa haye). angrejon koo darr thaa kii german adhikaari joe bhee bhojan bheja jaayega usey leey lenge.
gibson ney 1944 mein ack prati-udaaharan dwara usa tark kaa jawab diyaa. 1941 mein, unhone kahaa, turkey sarkaar ney peedit yoonaniyon koo bhojan bhejane kii anumati key liye british videsh karyalaya koo ack anurodh sambodhit kiya thaa. jawab mein, usey vahee apatti millie joe gibson key liye 1940-1941 mein kii gaee thee. "lekin turkey sarkaar ney, yoonaniyon key apane haath dhone key bajaay, videshi karyalaya koo soochit karke hamein maanviya karuna kaa ack udaaharan diyaa kii ack nirdisht tithi parr vaha kuchh naam seey naamit kuchh jahaajon koo kuchh yunani bandargaahon parr bhej rahee thee. yeh nakabandi koo majboor karane key barabar thaa, lekin ise yoonaniyon koo bhojan milaa. anya sahayogi shaktiyon ney iss kaam mein bhaag lene kaa faisala kiya, aur usa dinn seey laker aaj taka bhojan koo nirbaadh roop seey grees bheja gayaa haye. hamari apani sarkaar ney yunani abhiyaan kii raksha karane key liye likhit roop mein spasht roop seey record kiya haye, yeh banaae rakhate hue kii bhojan yunani aabaadi taka pahunchata haye, kii naazi adhikaari ise naheen lete hain, aur aam taur parr yunani raahat key samarthan mein aage badhate hue hamaare sahyogiyon key beach anya peediton kii or seey bahut tark vyarth hoe jaate hain."
janwari 1940 mein, gibson ney naazi khatare (aine. bee. see. parr "wake upp america") key baare mein janata kii raay koo sachet karane key liye kaee radio prasaran kiye. 1941 mein, vaha sanyukt raajya america laut aae aur prakaashan mein chaley gaye (double day, dorran aind koo. ink.). yuddh key baad, anya cheejon key alawa, joseph goebbles, gallezo sieno aur ulrich wonn hassell kii patrikaaen prakaashit huin.
march 1946 mein, rashtrapati hairi aiss. truman ney poorv hover seey duniya bhar mein sambhaavit akaal koo rokane key liye vishva khaadya sansadhanon kaa mauke parr hii mulyankan karane key liye kahaa. gibson aur anya loga hoover key saath gaye. dou injan vaale dugglus see-54 parr savaar teen maheene kii yatra key dauran, unhone duniya kaa chakkar lagaaya aur 44 shaharon mein rook gaye (gibson ney apane vishva daure kii ack atyadhik pathaniya patrika rakhee joe hover sansthaan dwara online upalabdh haye. visheshagya report key anuman key anusaar, jisane rashtrapati koo raahat mission sthaapit karane key liye prerit kiya, taba 80 karod logon koo bhojan kii kamee kaa khatra thaa. unhone aur unaki team ney duniya bhar mein upalabdh sabhi khaadya padarthon kaa jaija liya aur una deshon mein isake hastaantaran kaa samanvaya kiya jahaan isaki aavashyakta thee. aisaa karate hue, unhone yakinan duniya key kaee hisson mein akaal koo taal diyaa. 1947 mein germany aur austriya key liye rashtrapati key aarthik mission ney una deshon mein aarthik sthitiyon kaa aaklan karane key liye hoover aur unaki team koo germany, austriya aur itali vaapas leey jaaya. yatra seey lautate hue, hoover ney heinry morganthou junier kii aalochana kii.'germany koo "pashupalan" karane kii yojana. hoover ney kahaa kii yojana key liye 25 million germans koo samaapt karane yaa unhein desh seey baahar nikaalane kii aavashyakta hogi. antatah yojana koo chhod diyaa gayaa.
apane jeevan key antim varshon key dauran, gibson geneva mein europeeya pravaas key liye antar-sarkari samiti key nideshak they. sangathan, yuddh seey ukhad gaye anumaanit 1 karod 10 laakh logon key liye punarvaas deshon kii pehchaan karane key liye europeeya sarkaaron kii madad karane key liye anivarya, 1950 key dashak key dauran lagbhag 1 million pravasiyon key liye parivahan kii vyavastha kii. gibson kii mrityu key baad, poorv german chansler heinrich brunning (1930-1932) ney ghoshana kii, "vaha thaa... america key dou peedhiyon mein sabse mahaan rajnayikon mein seey ack, lekin vaha apane vichaaron key liye prachaar praapt karane key liye bahut vinamra they."
gibson kii mrityu 12 disambar, 1954 koo jineva mein hui aur usey usa shahar key baahar, genthode key kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa. 16 agast, 1983 koo unake janm kii shatabdi parr geneva mein sanyukt rashtra bhawan key baahar lonn parr ack pedh lagaaya gayaa aur ack kansya smaarak pattika sthaapit kii gaee.
gibson 26 navambar, 1923 mein "time" key mukh prishth parr they; 18 julaai, 1927; aur 8 farwari, 1932, ank.
srot.
hyug gibson dwara kaary
hoog gibson yaa unakaa ullekh karane key baare mein kitaaben aur nibandh
filmein