
ezaavaa

ejhaava () bhaarat key usa kshetra mein mool key saath ack samudaay haye jise vartamaan mein keral key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jahan 2010 key dashak mein way aabaadi kaa lagbhag 23 pratishat they aur sabse badaa hindu samudaay honey kii soochana thee. unhein kshetra key dakshin mein "ilhawa", "irawa", "ijhaava" aur "irawa" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye; madhya travancore mein "chovas", "chokans" aur "chogans" key roop mein; aur malabar kshetra mein "thiyar", "tiyas" aur "thias" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. kuchh koo "thandan" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, joe usee kshetra mein thandan kii ack alag jaati kii upasthiti key kaaran prashaasnik kathinaaiyon kaa kaaran banaa haye. malabar ejhaava samooh ney hindu jaati pranali mein dusaron kii tulanaa mein uchch shreni kaa daavaa kiya haye, halanki aupaniveshik aur baad key prashaasan key drishtikon seey unhein samaan shreni kaa maanaa jaataa thaa.
keral mein mannar jaise ejhaava rajvansh maujood they. aupaniveshik shasson key dauran britishon ney malabar mein thiyar resiment kaa gathan kiya. maahe aur thalassery mein francisi aur british sarkaaron dwara gathit cumm gyaat thiya resiment aur thiyar pattalam they. britishon ney vibhinn sainya abhiyaanon mein ikai koo tainaat kiya.
itihas.
shilalekh.
eelam shabd kaa sabse pahale upayog 
yaa azham ack tamil-brahmi shilalekh key saath-saath sangam saahitya mein bhee paaya jaataa haye. tamilanadu mein madurai key paas paaya gayaa aur pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv key pracheen aadhar parr dinaankit thiruparanakuneram shilalekh, ack vyakti koo eelam ("eela-kudumpikan") key grihasth key roop mein sandarbhit kartaa haye. shilalekh mein likhaa haye,
sangam saahitya "pattiyanappalai" mein "eelattu-unavu" (eelam seey bhojan) kaa ullekh haye. pramukh sangam tamil kaviyon mein seey ack koo eelattu poothanthevnar key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye jiska arth haye poothan-thevan (uchit naam) joe "eelam" seey aataa haye. (akaanuuruh 88,231,307; kuruntokaih 189,360,343; naurinah 88,366). 9veen shatabdi esvi key pallav aur chola kaal key tamil shilalekh iss shabd koo todi, todi tappers quarter ("eelat-cherry"), todi tapping ("eelap-poodchi") parr curr, todi tappers ("eelath-chanran") key ack varg key saath jodate hain. eelawar keral key dakshini hisson mein paae jaane vaale toddy tappers kii ack jaati haye. "eela-kasu" aur "eela-karung-kasu" parantak i key chola shilalekhon mein paae jaane vaale sikkon koo sandarbhit karate hain.
kinvadanti.
ejhaava key liye utpatti key mithak hain. vadakkan pattukal aur kinvadanti jaise kuchh malayalam lock geeton key anusaar, ejhaav chaar avivaahiton kii santan theen jinhen pahali shatabdi esvi mein chair raajaa bhaskar ravi verma key anurodh parr selon (srilanka) key raajaa ney keral koo bheja thaa. inn logon koo, jahir taur parr, kshetra mein narial kii kheti shuru karane key liye bheja gayaa thaa. kahani key ack anya sanskaran mein kahaa gayaa haye kii raajaa ney ack cheraa raajaa key anurodh parr aathh yuddh parivaaron koo ack grih yuddh koo dabaane key liye bheja thaa joe usake khilaf shuru huaa thaa.
samajik aur dhaarmik vichalan.
yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii ejhaava naayar jaati key saath ack samaan viraasat saajha curr sakate hain. yeh siddhant donon samoohon dwara apanaae gaye kaee reeti-rivaajon key beach samaantaon parr adharit haye, vishesh roop seey bachche key janm aur mrityu jaise vibhinn mahatvapurna jeevan charanon key saath-saath unaki matrivanshiya prathaon aur yuddh itihas key sambandh mein. maukhik itihas, lock geet aur anya puraane lekhan seey sanket milata haye kii thiyya ateet mein sashastr balon key sadasya they, joe kalikat key zamorin aur kochin raajya key shasakon sahit vibhinn raajaon kii seva curr rahey they. cyriac pulapili ney kahaa haye kii kewal ack samanya abhibhaavak hii inmein seey kuchh muddon kii vyakhya curr sakata haye.
keral kshetra mein jaati pranali kii utpatti key liye ack siddhant prastaavit kiya gayaa haye joe 8veen shatabdi esvi seey pahale aryan jainon key karyon key aadhar parr iss tarah key bhed pesh kartaa haye. iska tark haye kii jaba way kshetra mein pahunche aur ise pradaan karane key liye sthaaniya sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon kii bharti kii tou jainon koo suraksha kii aavashyakta thee. inn logon koo taba sthaaniya aabaadi mein anya logon seey unake vyavasaay dwara sanrakshak key roop mein alag kiya gayaa thaa, anya sabhi koo bahishkrit key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. pulapilli kaa varnan haye kii iska matlab way they... unhein "kshatriya" kaary diye gaye they, lekin kewal "shudra" kaa darja diyaa gayaa thaa. iss prakaar nayaron kii utpatti hui."ejhaava, jainon kii raksha karane vaale samooh mein naheen honey key kaaran, bahishkrit hoe gaye. 
ack vaikalpik siddhant bataata haye kii iss pranali koo nambudiri brahmanon dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki iss kshetra mein brahmin prabhaav cumm seey cumm pahali shatabdi esvi seey maujood they, lekin 8veen shatabdi key aspas seey ack badaa pravaah thaa jaba unhone aarya rajkumaron parr aakraman karane key liye pujaariyon, salaahkaaron aur mantriyon key roop mein kaam kiya. unake aagaman key samay gair-adiwasi sthaaniya aabaadi koo missionaryon dwara bauddh dharm mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa thaa joe uttar bhaarat seey aur sealon seey aae they. brahmanon ney apane vishvaason aur sthiti koo spasht karane key liye aakramankari taakton key saath apane sahajeevi sambandh kaa upayog kiya. bauddh mandiron aur mathon koo yaa tou nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa yaa hindu prathaon mein upayog key liye leey liya gayaa thaa, iss prakaar bauddhon kii apani maanyataon kaa prachaar karane kii kshamata koo cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
ejhaavon kii bauddh parampara aur ise chhodane seey incar ney unhein adhik brahmin samaaj key bheetar ack bahishkrit bhoomika key liye prerit kiya. yeh parampara abhee bhee spasht haye kyonki ejhaava dharamshastriya key bajaay dharm key naitik, gair-dhaarmik aur gair-hathdharmi pahaluon mein adhik ruchi dikhaate hain.
pichhale vyavasaay.
way krishi majdooron, chhote kisaanon, todi tapper aur sharaab key vyapariyon key roop mein kaam karate they, kuchh ejhaava bunai mein bhee shamil they aur kuchh ayurved kaa abhyaas karate they. ack oopari varg, dhana aur/yaa prabhaav key kaaran, sthaaniya shasakon seey painikar jaisi upaadhiyan praapt karane kii sthiti mein aaya. yeye loga nalukettu mein rahate they, unake paas apane niji mandir they aur unake paas badee matra mein bhoomi thee.
samajik maanavvigyaani philippo aur carolin osela kaa kahana haye kii azavus... unnisvin shatabdi key madhya mein ack chhote seey bhoo-swaamitva aur sheershankit abhijaat varg aur bhumihin aur chhote kiraayedaron kaa ack badaa samooh shamil thaa joe badey paimaane parr anpadh they, jinhen achhoot maanaa jaataa thaa, aur joe shaaririk shram aur chhote vyaapaar seey jeevan yapan karate they."aeye. ack anya samajik maanavvigyaani aur swayam jaati key sadasya ayyappan ney iss pauranik vishvaas kaa ullekh kiya kii jaba ejhaava sealon seey aae tou way narial key taad koo iss kshetra mein laae they. unakaa paaramparik vyavasaay, yaa "avakasam", aisee hatheliyon key russ kii or jhukaav aur dohan curr rhaa thaa. iss gatividhi koo kabhi-kabhi galati seey "toddy tapping" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, joe kii russ seey nirmit sharaab haye. arak hatheliyon seey utpaadit ack aur sharaab thee, jaisa kii guda (ack aparishkrit cheeni) thaa. vaastav mein, adhikansh ejhaava krishi mazdoor aur chhote samay key krishak they, jinaki ack badee sankhya 19veen shatabdi key anta seey farsh key liye narial kii chataai jaise coyer utpaadon key utpaadan mein badal gaee thee. tateey shahar alleppi iss tarah key nirmaan kaa kendra bunn gayaa aur jyaadaatar ejhaava dwara niyantrit thaa, halanki aakarshak niryaat bajar kewal europeeya vyapariyon key madhyam seey sulabh they, jinhone aavashyak upkaranon parr ekadhikar curr liya thaa. pratham vishva yuddh key baad inn nirmit vastuon key vyaapaar mein teji key kaaran beesavin shatabdi key keral mein ack anoothi sthiti paida hoe gaee, jisamen shramikon kii kamee thee, jisane graameen kshetron seey udyog kii or adhik ejhaava koo aakarshit kiya. mahaan avasaad ney vishesh roop seey niryaat vyaapaar koo prabhaavit kiya, jisase utpaadan mein vriddhi key bavjood moolya aur majdoori mein kamee aaee, jisake parinamswarup 1930 key dashak key dauran kaee ejhaava parivaaron ney khud koo gambhir vittiya paristhitiyon mein paaya. 
kuchh ejhaava bunai aur jahaaj banaane mein shamil they.
yuddh paramparaaen.
kuchh ejhaava ney sthaaniya sardaaron aur sthaaniya shasakon jaise kii keral key kadthanad aur kurumbranad kii senaa mein seva kii, jinhen poorv-aupaniveshik kaal mein apani niji senaa rakhane kaa visheshaadhikaar praapt thaa.
chekawar.
ejhaavaaon kaa ack upsamooh khud koo yoddha maanata thaa aur chekaavaron key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. vadakkan pattukal" gaathagiton mein chekaavaron koo sthaaniya sardaaron aur raajaon kii senaa key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, lekin yeh upaadhi kalari payattu key visheshagyon koo bhee dee gaee thee.
chikitsa aur paaramparik vish vigyaan.
kuchh ejhaavaaon koo paudhon key aushadhiya moolya kaa vyaapak gyaan thaa, joe unake poorvajon dwara unhein diyaa gayaa thaa. vaidyar" key roop mein jaane jaane vaale inn logon ney chikitsak key roop mein kaam kiya. itti achudan shayed sabse prasiddh ejhaava chikitsak theh unhone 17veen shatabdi key dauran prakaashit "horts malabaricus" mein vanaspati vargeekaran koo seedhe prabhaavit kiya. achudan key granth kolejhuthu lipi mein likhe gaye they joe ejhaava jaatiyon dwara upayog kii jaati thee, kyonki unhein adhik sanskritikrit aryajuthu lipi seekhane seey rokaa gayaa thaa joe uchch jaatiyon kaa sanrakshan thaa.
kuchh ejhaavon ney aayurvedik chikitsa kaa abhyaas kiya.
sanskriti.
arjun nrityam (mayilpeli thukkam).
arjun nrityam ("arjun kaa nritya") ejhaava purushon dwara kii jaane vaali ack anushthaan kalaa haye aur yeh mukhya roop seey kollam, alappuda aur kottayam jilon mein dakshin keral key bhagwati mandiron mein prachalit haye. iss anushthaan koo "mayilpeli thukkam" bhee kahaa jaataa haye kyonki poshak mein mayilpeli (morr key pankhon) seey banaa ack vishisht paridhan shamil hotaa haye. yeh vastra cummer key chaaron or kathakali key "udutukettu" key samaan pahana jaataa haye. vibhinn nritya andolan kalarippayattu takneekon key samaan hain. kalakaron key chehare harey rung seey rangate hain aur way vishisht sir key pahanana pahanate hain. nritya kaa poori raat kaa pradarshan aamtaur parr ekal yaa jode mein prastut kiya jaataa haye.
makchuttu.
makchuttu kalaa thiruvanthapuram aur chiraayinkijhu taalukon mein ejhaava aur kilimanur, pajhaayakunnumal aur tatathumala kshetron mein lokpriya haye. isamen, aathh kalakaron kaa ack samooh, pratyek mein dou, saampon kii tarah ack-dusare key chaaron or ghoomate hain aur dandon seey ladate hue uthate hain. takneekon koo kaee baar dohraya jaataa haye. maathe parr chandan kaa lape, sir key chaaron or ack laal taulia, cummer key chaaron or laal resham aur takhnon key chaaron or ghanti poshak banaate hain. yeh sarp pooja aur kalarippaiyattu kaa ack sanyojan haye.
garibali.
purakkali malabar key ejhavaaon key beach prachalit ack lock nritya haye, joe aamtaur parr meenam (march-aprail) key maheene key dauran ack anushthaan key roop mein bhagwati mandiron mein kiya jaataa haye. garibakkali key liye vishesh roop seey prashikshit aur uchch anubhavi nartakiyon kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe kalaripayattu mein prashikshit hotey hain. ack paaramparik deepak key chaaron or khade hocker, kalakar athaarah alag-alag charanon aur lay mein nritya karate hain, pratyek charan koo niram kahaa jaataa haye.
reeti-rivaajon.
keral mein parivaar pranali mein ejhaavon ney vyavhaar key vibhinn pattern koo apanaaya. dakshini travancore mein rahane vaale loga keral key anya hisson mein maujood vibhinn prathaon koo milaane kii pravritti rakhate they. uttari malabar kii parivarik vyavastha pitrivanshiya sampatti vyavastha key saath matrivanshiya thee, jabaki uttari travancore mein way matrivanshiya they lekin aamtaur parr sampatti key liye apani vyavastha mein matrivanshiya they. dakshini malabar mein ack pitrivanshiya pranali lekin aanshik sampatti dekhi gaee.
inn vyavasthaon mein kaanoon dwara sudhaar kiya gayaa thaa, 1925 mein malabar key liye aur 1933 mein travancore key liye. sudhaar kii prakriya ejhavaaon key liye adhik aasaani seey hassil kii gaee thee, joe keral mein ack anya hindu jaati thee, jinhone matrivanshiya vyavastha koo apanaaya thaa; nayaron key liye sthiti "tarawadu" naamak jeevan key paaramparik maatri sthaaniya roop aur unake aamtaur parr sampatti key swaamitva key bahut adhik star seey jatil thee. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii nishchit roop seey 1880 key dashak taka, ejhaava ney isi tarah kii sthiti praapt karane key liye naayar prathaon koo apanaane kii koshish kii haye. robbin jeffrey ney nott kiya kii unaki mahilaaen nayaron dwara pahane jaane vaale aabhushanon kii shally koo apani parampara kii tulanaa mein pasand karane lageen. isake alawa, choonki nayaron ney apane mritakon kaa antim sanskar kiya, isaliye ejhaavaaon ney apane parivaar key cumm seey cumm sabse puraane sadasya kaa antim sanskar karane kaa prayaas kiya, halanki laagat kaa matlab aamtaur parr shesh koo dafnaya jaanaa thaa. anya akankshi parivartanon mein naayar tharwad shally mein gharon kaa nirmaan karna aur yeh daavaa karna shamil thaa kii unnisvin shatabdi taka unakaa sainya varg key roop mein samaan darja thaa.
ejhaava samudaay key kuchh hisson mein bahuvivaah kaa abhyaas kiya jaataa thaa, lekin taba seey yeh samaapt hoe gayaa haye. isake liye kaee prastaavit tark hain, valiagraman ejhaavon kaa tark haye kii way aarthik karanon seey iska abhyaas karate they, yeh tark kii badaa bhaai pahale shaadi karega, aur apani patni koo apane chhote bhaai (bhaaiyon) key saath taba taka saajha karega jaba taka kii way shaadi karane kaa kharch wahan naheen curr sakate. bhaaiyon mein seey ack key liye lambe samay taka door rehna bhee aam baat thee.
keral mein british basti key baad, thalassery mein kuchh thiya parivaaron koo sattaaroodh british prashaasnik adhikaariyon dwara rakhail key roop mein liya gayaa thaa, jinamen seey jyaadaatar nivasi mantri malabar jile key prabhaari they aur baad mein unake bachche hue. iss samudaay koo "shwet thiyya" kahaa jaataa thaa.inn samparkon koo samudhayam (samudaay) key liye "apmaanjanak" aur "apmaanjanak" maanaa jaataa thaa, aur inhen samudaay seey baahar rakhaa jaataa thaa. inmein seey adhikansh mahilaaon aur bachchon ney isai dharm apana liya thaa. uttari malabar mein thiyon key aam taur parr desh key anya hisson mein hinduon kii tulanaa mein upaniveshvadiyon key saath behtar sambandh they. yeh aanshik roop seey iss tathya key kaaran thaa kii angrej thiyon koo niyukt karenge, lekin keral key sthaaniya rajkumar naheen karenge.
aadhyatmik aur samajik andolan.
arab vyapariyon key prabhaav key kaaran kuchh ejhaava 9veen shatabdi key aspas seey islam mein parivartit hoe gaye. inn logon aur iss kshetra mein anya musalman dharmaantarit logon koo abb mappila key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. ejhaava samudaay key ack badey hisse ney, vishesh roop seey kendriya travancore aur uchch shreniyon mein, jaati-adharit bhedbhaav key kaaran, british shasson key dauran isai dharm koo apanaaya. kannur mein, protestant missions ney 19veen shatabdi key pahale bhaag mein kaam karna shuru curr diyaa, vishesh roop seey besal german evangelical mission. unake adhikansh dharmaantarit loga ejhaava samudaay seey they. 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein travancore kshetra mein upasthiti sthaapit karane key saath, dhaarmik roopaantaran key andolan mein mandaliwadi landan missionary society aur anglican church mission society bhee pramukh they.
ejhaava kii nimn sthiti kaa matlab thaa kii, jaisa kii thomas nossitor ney tippani kii haye, unake paas "unnisvin aur beesavin shatabdi key aarthik aur samajik parivartanon seey khone key liye bahut cumm aur laabh key liye bahut kuchh thaa. unhone angreji shiksha key yogya maane jaane aur sarkari prashaasan mein naukariyon key liye unake liye khule honey kaa adhikaar manga. ritti lucos key anusaar, ack praarambhik ejhaava prachaarak aur unake "raajneetik pitaa" padmanabhan palpu they. 1896 mein, unhone 13,176 hastaksharkartaon kii ack yachika kaa ayojan kiya, jise travancore riyasat key maharaja koo prastut kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen saarvajanik prashaasan mein kaam karane aur aupchaarik shiksha taka pahunch key liye ejhavaaon key adhikaar koo sarkari maanyata dene kii maang kii gaee thee. iss samay key aspas, jaati key lagbhag 93 pratishat sadasya anpadh they. raajya key uchch jaati key hinduon ney maharaja parr anurodh sweekaar naheen karane kaa dabaav daala. parinam ashajanak naheen dikh rhaa thaa, ejhaava netritva ney dhamki dee kii way hindu samaaj key helot key roop mein rahane key bajaay saamoohik roop seey hindu dharm seey parivartit hoe jaayenge. see. pee. ramaswamy ayyar ney aasann khatare koo mahsoos karate hue maharaja koo mandir mein pravesh kii ghoshana jaari karane key liye prerit kiya, jisane raajya mein nichali jaati key logon key hindu mandiron mein pravesh parr pratibandh koo samaapt curr diyaa. steven wilkinson kaa kahana haye kii ghoshana paarit kii gaee thee kyonki sarkaar isai dharm mein parivartan key ejhaava khatare seey "darr gaee thee.
antatah, 1903 mein, palpu key netritva mein ejhavaaon key ack chhote samooh ney iss kshetra mein pahale jaati sangh, shree narayan dharm paripalan yogam (aiss. aine. dee. pee.) kii sthaapana kii. iska naam narayan guru key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa, jinhone ack ashram kii sthaapana kii thee, jahan seey unhone "ack jaati, ack dharm, ack bhagwan" key apane sandesh aur swa-sahaayata kii victorian avadharana key sanskrit sanskaran kaa prachaar kiya thaa. sthaaniya roop seey unake prabhaav kii tulanaa swami vivekananda seey kii gaee haye. aiss. aine. dee. pee. kaa ack praarambhik uddeshya school mein pravesh parr pratibandhon koo hataane key liye abhiyaan chalaana thaa, lekin shiksha key liye una kanuni baadhaon koo door karane key baad bhee, sarkari schools mein ejhaavaaon koo pravesh denaa vyavhaar mein asamanya thaa. iss prakaar, abhiyaan samudaay dwara sanchaalit schools koo pradaan karane key liye sthanantarit hoe gayaa. sangathan ney travancore mein samarthan aakarshit kiya lekin kochin mein isi tarah key nikaay cumm safal rahey. malabar mein, joe kochin aur travancore key vipareet seedhe british niyantran mein thaa, ejhaava ney aise nikaayon mein bahut cumm ruchi dikhaai kyonki unhein kaheen aur paae jaane vaale shaikshik aur rojgar bhedbhaav kaa saamana naheen karna padaa, naa hii vaastav mein nuksan thaa kii unhone akele jaati key parinam kaa sakhti seey anubhav kiya.
ejhaava raajneetik uddeshyon key liye anya logon dwara herfer kiye jaane seey achhoote naheen they. 1924-1925 kaa vacom satyagrah mandiron key aspas kii sadakon taka avarn pahunch key mudde kaa upayog karane kaa ack asafal prayaas thaa taaki congress key bhaagya koo punarjeevit kiya jaa sakey. key. madhavan, ack krantikari aur nagrik adhikaar karyakarta, aur viacom mein ack prasiddh mandir key saath kendra bindu key roop mein. halanki yeh pahunch praapt karane key apane ghoshit uddeshya mein whiffle rhaa, lekin satyagrah (andolan) ack "kattarpanthi bayanbaji" koo aavaaj dene mein safal rhaa. iss andolan key dauran, sashastr sikhon key kuchh akalian adesh pradarshankariyon key samarthan mein vacom gaye. mandir mein pravesh kii ghoshana key antim roop seey paarit honey key baad, kuchh akaaliyan bunny raheen. unhone kuchh ejhaava yuvaaon koo sikh dharm kii avadhaaranaon kii or aakarshit kiya, jisake parinamswarup ejhaava kaa usa vishvaas mein roopaantaran huaa.
1875 aur 1891 kii travancore janganana key beach, ejhaava purushon kii saksharta 3.15 pratishat seey badhkar 12.1 pratishat hoe gaee thee. 1891 kii janganana seey pataa chalaa kii travancore mein cumm seey cumm 25,000 shikshit ejhaava they. palpu koo parameswaran pillai kaa samarthan praapt thaa joe madarsa maanak kaa sampadan curr rahey they. unhone 1885 mein puney mein rashtriya sammelan mein ack bhaashan mein ejhaava key adhikaaron kaa mudda uthaaya, jise madarsa maanak mein bhee sampadakiya kiya gayaa thaa. pillai aur dow. palpu ney 1897 mein ingland mein house off commons mein ejhaav key baare mein bhee apane sawal uthaaye. dow. palpu ney maisur mein swami vivekananda seey mulakat kii aur ejhaavon kii sthitiyon parr charcha kii. vivekananda ney unhein ack aadhyatmik netaa key netritva mein ejhaava samudaay koo ekjut karane kii salah dee haye. unhone iss salah koo apanaaya aur shree narayan guru key saath juda gaye aur shree narayan dharm paripalan yog (oun) kaa gathan kiya.aine.dee.pee), march 1903 mein panjikrit. 1904 key madhya taka, ubharate hue aiss.aine.dee.kuchh schools, mandiron aur ack masik patrika kaa sanchaalan karane vaale yogam ney ghoshana kii kii vaha janwari 1905 mein quillon mein apani doosari vaarshik aam baithak key saath ack audyogik pradarshani aayojit karega. pradarshani kushal aur safal thee aur yeh jaagrit ejhaava samudaay kaa sanket thaa. 
ejhaava key bahut sudhaar mein aiss. aine. dee. pee. kii safalata parr sawal uthaaye gaye hain. 1928 taka sadasyata 50,000 aur 1974 taka 60,000 taka pahunch gaee thee, lekin nossitor nott kartaa haye kii, "vacom" satyagrah "key baad seey aiss. aine. dee. pee. ney apani sthiti mein bhautik roop seey sudhaar kiye binaa samanya ejhaava koo hilaaya thaa."1920 key dashak mein pahale paryaapt bhoomi maalikon dwara dhaaran kii gaee sampattiyon key vibhajan mein dekhaa gayaa kii adhikansh ejhaava labharthiyon koo pratyek ack ekad seey cumm praapt hotaa haye, halanki unamen seey 2 pratishat ney upalabdh bhoomi kaa cumm seey cumm 40 pratishat liya. coyer udyog parr mahamandi key prabhaavon key parinamswarup netritva key bheetar ack kattarpanthi aur bahut raajneetik andaruni kalah thee, lekin swa-sahaayata kii samanya dhaarana koo mukhya roop seey krishi vatavaran mein praapt karna aasaan naheen thaa; victorian avadharana ney ack audyogik arthavyavastha kii dhaarana kii. sangathan ney communist andolan sahit vibhinn anya samoohon key sadasyon koo khou diyaa, aur 1950 key dashak taka yeh khud koo ack dabaav samooh aur naayar seva samaaj (nss) kii tarj parr shaikshik avsar pradaan karane vaale key roop mein phir seey sthaapit naheen kiya, jaise nss ney 1970 key dashak mein seedhe raajneetik kshetra mein pravesh karane key prayaas mein rashtriya loktaantrik party kaa gathan kiya, vaise hii 1972 mein bhee sndp ney samajik krantikari party kaa gathan kiya.
samaaj mein sthiti.
unhein nambudiri brahmanon dwara "avtaar" (brahmin varna pranali key baahar) maanaa jaataa thaa, jinhone madhyayugeen keral key anta mein hindu paadari varg aur anushthaan shaasak abhijaat varg kaa gathan kiya thaa. cathleen guff kaa kahana haye kii kendriya travancore key ejhaava aitihaasik roop seey "uchch pradushankari jaatiyon" mein sarvocch shreni key they, ack samooh jisake anya ghatakon mein kisan aur vibhinn karigar jaatiyan shamil theen, aur joe sabhi "nimn pradushankari jaatiyon" jaise pulayar aur parayaron seey behtar they. naayar aur, jahaan lagu hoe, mapilla samajik aur dhaarmik roop seey pradushankari jaatiyon kii tulanaa mein uchch sthaan parr they. mukhya roop seey ack gaanv key aspas adharit aur 2000 mein prakaashit apane adhyayan seey, osela ney nott kiya kii 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi key anta key andolanon ney ejhavaaon key liye kaafee badalaav laaya, jisamen naukariyon, shiksha aur matdan key adhikaar taka pahunch thee, joe sabhi jaati seey adhik varg parr adharit pehchaan banaane mein sahaayata karate they, halanki mandiron taka pahunch kaa adhikaar praapt karane key bavjood "avtaar" kaa kalankit label banaa rhaa.
bhaarat sarkaar dwara sakaratmak bhedbhaav kii apani pranali key tahat ejhaava koo ack anya pichhade varg key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye.
vibhinn ejhaava samudaayon key beach vivaad.
malabar mein ejhaava samudaay key kuchh logon ney keral kii sarkaar dwara ejhaava key roop mein maane jaane parr apatti jataai haye, yeh tark dete hue kii malabar mein ejhaava (sthaaniya roop seey thiyar key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) ack alag jaati haye. unhone bhaarat kii sakaratmak bhedbhaav kii pranali key tahat aavantit aadhikarik padon aur anya naukariyon key liye aavedan karate samay khud koo ejhaava key bajaay thiya key roop mein darj karane key adhikaar key liye abhiyaan chalaaya haye. unakaa daavaa haye kii sarkaar kaa rukh bhaarat key sarvocch nyayalaya dwara sthaapit ack siddhant key vipareet haye joe una samudaayon seey sambandhit haye joe ezaavaa naheen they. thiya mahasabha (malabar mein ejhaava kaa ack upa-samooh) ney bhee ack karyakram mein aiss. aine. dee. pee. dwara thiya naam key upayog kaa virodh kiya haye.
farwari 2013 mein, haal hii mein gathit thiya mahasabha ney malabar mein thiyaon koo alag honey key roop mein maanyata dene key bajaay, ejhavaa aur thiyaon koo ack samooh key roop mein maanane parr apatti jataai. aiss. aine. dee. pee. usa samay uttari keral mein apane apekshaakrit kamjor prabhaav koo badhaane kaa prayaas curr rhaa thaa, jahaan pehchaan kii rajneeti varg kii tulanaa mein cumm bhoomika nibhaati haye aur bhaarat kii communist party (markswadi) aitihaasik roop seey ack mahatvapurna sangathan rahee haye.

