
tubatulabal

tubatulabal california key siera nevada renz mein curn nadee ghaati key ack swadeshi loga hain. way iss kshetra koo apana sthaayi ghar banaane vaale pahale loga hoe sakate hain. aaj unamen seey kaee bhaaratiya janjaati kii tule nadee mein namankit hain. way youto-aztecan bhasha samooh key logon key vanshaj hain, joe lagbhag 3000 saal pahale shoshon logon seey alag hoe gaye they.
kshetra.
tubatulabal kii paaramparik matribhoomi kern aur dakshin fork kern nadiyon key jall nikasi (california key kern ghaati kshetra mein sthit) sahit uttar mein bahut oonche pahaadi ilaake seey laker dakshin mein dou nadiyon key junction key lagbhag neeche taka faili hui haye. uttar mein oonche pahaad jheelon aur ghaas key maidanon seey ghire hue hain. dakshini kshetra () mein teen judee hui ghaatiyan hainh kern ghaati, dakshin fork kern ghaati, aur germ jharanon kii ghaati, jahan garmiyaan germ hoti hain aur sardiyaan thhandi aur barsaat hoti hain. ghaatiyan ghaas key maidan aur chapral hain jinamen cacti, jhaadidaar oak, vilo, alderberry aur kapas kii lakadi praathamik vanaspati key roop mein kuchh joshua pedh, juniper, pinan, oak aur cheeni pine hain.
naam.
kern nadee kii ghaati teen alag-alag baindon kaa ghar rahee haye jinhen saamoohik roop seey tubatulabal naam diyaa gayaa haye. tubatulabal naam ("ack loga joe tubet (pinan nuts) ikattha karane key liye jangal mein jaate hain") kaa anuvaad "pine-nuts khaane vaale" key roop mein kiya jaataa haye."yeh naam padosi yokuts dwara janjaati koo diyaa gayaa thaa. itihas key ack bindu parr yokuts koo tubatulabal bhee kahaa jaataa haye, "pitanisha" (vaha sthaan jahan nadiyaan kaanton seey bahati hain). nadee key uttari kaante key naam kaa bhaaratiya naam, palegevanap yaa "badee nadee kaa sthaan" haye."isake vipareet nadee key dakshin kaante koo kachchibeechanap palap yaa" chhoti nadee kaa sthaan "naam diyaa gayaa thaa."
baind.
teen samooh jinamen tubatulabal janjaati shamil haye (paschim seey poorv taka):
way saanskritik aur bhashai roop seey nikatata seey sambandhit hain. 
pahakanapil ekmatra baind haye joe kuchh hudd taka europeeya atikraman aur adhibhog seey butch gayaa haye.
sanskriti.
tubatulabal paaramparik sanskriti yokuts key samaan thee, joe california kii kendriya ghaati key adhikansh dakshini hisse parr kabja curr lete they. acorn, pinan nuts aur khel key janwar tubatulable nirvaah mein pramukh tatva they. kerron ghaati mein sthit, janjaati kaa sampark dakshin-paschim mein poso creak yokut aur paschim mein tull-kaveh yokut key saath-saath uttar aur poorv mein paschimi aur dakshini sankhya bolane vaale samoohon (paschimi aur purvi mono, aur timbisha (panamint)) key saath thaa. unaki dakshini seema parr kawaisu reh rahey they, aur aage dakshin mein tubatulabal key sambandh kittenmook, serrano aur tatavium (aliklik) logon key saath they joe youto-aztecan kii taakik shakha bolate they. tubatulabal mahaan besin, dakshini registan, kendriya ghaati aur tateey samoohon koo jodane vaale vyaapaar network mein mahatvapurna pratibhaagi aur goo-between they.
siera nevada mein anya janjaatiyon kii tulanaa mein, tubatulabal koo uchch darja aur visheshaadhikaar praapt thaa. haalaanki janjaati paaramparik pitrisatta kaa paalan karati thee, lekin nirnayon mein mahilaaon kii aavaaj samaan thee. vivaah parasparik sahamati seey honah chaahiye thaa, aur mahilaaen janm niyantran kaa abhyaas curr sakati theen.
janjaati key maukhik itihas key anusaar, ghaati key gahare chattan, daraaren aur crook oopar kii or (curn ghaati key muhaane seey poorv mein) curn nadee key oopari hisson mein jaate hue baaj aur batakh dwara banaae gaye they kyonki way aage-peechhe uchhalate they, ghaati kii divaaron key saath-saath jaba way nadee kii or daudate they."
tubatulabal apane laal mitty key bartanon aur kundalit tokri key liye jaane jaate hain. aaj, unaki kaee tokri rashtriya smithsonian maanav vigyaan abhilekhagar, california berkley vishvavidyalaya, california raajya udyaan abhilekhagar aur kaee anya sangrahalayon aur vishvavidyalayon mein rakhee gaee hain. ack bankalchi, luisa francisco, apani adbhut tokri key liye jaani jaati thee. kern ghaati mein kuchh tubatulabal parivaar francisco seey sambandhit hain. unake kaee poorvajon ney tull nadee janjaati, taachi yokuts aur tejon bhaaratiya janjaati mein vivaah kiya. adiwasi parivaaron ney apani tokri banaane kii design, samagri aur bunai kii takneekon mein bhaag liya. luisa kaa ack bhaai thaa jiska naam peater thaa, donon posso flat-ack bankalchi (toloim) gaanv seey aae they. luisa kaa janm 1865 mein poso flat (kern county) mein huaa thaa aur 1954 mein 95 varsh kii ayu mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee thee. vaha apani mrityu seey thheek pahale tule nadee bhaaratiya aarakshan parr reh rahee theen.
estefana miranda, ack paknapul, weldon, california mein rahata thaa (1895 mein paida huaa aur 1957 mein usaki mrityu hoe gaee). estefana stebbon miranda kii betty thee, joe antim tubatulabal pramukh thee. estefana koo pataa thaa kii deshi tambaku, acorn, namak ghaas aur dakshin key kaante key anya deshi khaadya padarthon kii kataai kaise kii jaati haye. vaha jaanati thee kii kaise "sapaat goal" tokri banaana haye jiska upayog chhaan-bean aur samaroh donon key liye kiya jaataa haye. usaki tokri kaa upayog walker paas, kenedi ghaas key maidanon aur harey horn vaale pahaadi kshetron seey uthaaye gaye pinan nuts koo sansaadhit karane key liye bhee kiya jaataa thaa. "estefana ack utkrisht ghudsavaar bhee thee-vaha apane ghodon koo ack taraf seey koodana aur badey gaddhon parr koodana chaahati thee."
bhasha.
unaki paitrik bhasha, tubatulabal, youto-aztecan bhasha parivaar seey sambandhit haye. youto-aztecan parivaar key bhashavigyan kii vartamaan sthiti mein, ise apane aap mein ack shakha key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye.
tubatulabal ack youto-aztecan bhasha haye, joe nishchit roop seey youto-aztecan stock kaa hissa haye, lekin usa samooh kii anya bhaashaon seey nikatata seey sambandhit naheen haye. sambandhit bhaashaon key vipareet, tubatulabal aksar vyanjan dhwaniyon mein samaapt hotaa haye. way parivaar mein sthaan aur mrit logon key sambandh koo darshaane key liye vyaktigat naamon aur pratyayon kaa upayog karate they.
tubatulabal kii dou boliyaan hain "pakanil" aur "banklachi". aaj, california key parvat messa mein, tubatulabal janjaati kaa ack paknapul bhasha karyakram haye joe "pakanil" bolly sikhaata haye. antim dharapravah "pakanil" bolly bolane vaale james andreas they, jinaki 2009 mein mrityu hoe gaee thee. way weldon, california mein sthit miranda aavantan parr rahate they. james andreas ney apane pichhale 10 saal paknapul bhasha dall koo "pakanil" bolly sikhaane mein bitaaye. bankalchi" bolly "pakanil" key samaan haye, haalaanki, "bankalchi" bolly key baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari haye.
aitihaasik aghaat.
kern nadee ghaati key tubatulable loga aitihaasik aghaat seey butch gaye hain. tubatulable key teen baindon mein seey, kewal pahkanpul hii 1863 key whisky flat narsamhar seey butch paae they.aiss. kaptan mccloghlin key netritva mein ghudsavaar senaa. tubatulable janjaati kaa lagbhag safaya hoe gayaa thaa kyonki adhikansh vayask purush they joe narsamhar mein maare gaye they. "way kabhi bhee sthaaniya goron koo dosh naheen dete they yaa una logon key prati pratishodhaatmak kaary naheen karate they jinhone apane jeevan mein aisaa badalaav kiya thaa."ack adhyayan key liye kiye gaye narsamhar key baare mein janjaati key sadasyon mein seey ack key saath ack sakshatkar mein kahaa gayaa thaa" usa subah sainikon ney hamaare logon koo maar daala, jisase hamaare logon koo shaaririk, bhaavnaatmak aur mansik roop seey bahut dukh huaa. way hamaare una sabhi logon koo leey gaye joe kahaaniyan sunaate they, joe raat mein sitaaron koo padh sakate they, joe kheti curr sakate they. unhone hamari sabhi purani paramparaon, hamaare geeton, hamari bhasha aur hamaare gaurav koo chheen liya. isane hamein bahut prabhaavit kiya. aaj taka bhee yeh hamein prabhaavit kartaa haye."
jansankhya.
california mein adhikansh mool samoohon kii poorv-sampark aabaadi key anuman kaafee bhinn hain. dou anumaanon key anusaar, tubatulabal ack chhota seey bahut chhota rashtra thaa. alfred ell. crober (1925:883) ney 1770 kii tubatulabal kii aabaadi koo 1,000 key roop mein rakhaa. vogelin koo crober kaa anuman bahut adhik maanaa jaataa haye (vogelin 1938:39). praarambhik europeeya-americi basti key samay, 1850 key aspas, unhone 200-300 kaa anuman lagaaya.
crober ney 1910 mein tubatulabal kii aabaadi 150 bataai. 2000 mein yamamoto ney 900 kii aabaadi kaa anuman lagaaya.
aaj lagbhag 400 tubatulabal loga california kii curn nadee ghaati mein rahate hain. aspas key kshetron mein 500 seey adhik loga rahate hain.
samkaaleen janjaati.
aaj, ack tubatulabal janjaati sanghiya maanyata kii maang curr rahee haye. unakaa ack karyalaya california key parvatiya messa mein sthit haye aur isamen kaee adiwasi parivaaron key vanshaj shamil hain jinhen us dows aavantan adhiniyam 1887 key tahat bhoomi aavantan seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. adiwasi sadasyata 287 sadasyon parr haye, halanki, octuber 2012 taka ack naee khuli namankan prakriya sthaapit kii gaee haye. janjaati kaa anuman haye kii kull sadasyon kii sankhya 400-600 haye.