
asbestus aur kaanoon (sanyukt raajya)

sanyukt raajya america key bheetar, asbestus kaa upayog raajya aur sanghiya niyamon aur kaanoonon dwara seemit haye. asbestus key anuchit upayog aur jokhim seey honey vaali chot koo prashaasnik kaarravaai, mukdamebaji aur aaparaadhik abhiyojan key madhyam seey sambodhit kiya jaataa haye. asbestus key sampark mein aaney seey utpann honey vaale chot key daavon koo saamoohik yaatana key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
diwani mukadama.
asbestus mukadama yuu. mein sabse lamba, sabse mahanga saamoohik atyachar haye.aiss. itihas, jisamen 8,000 seey adhik prativaadi aur 700,000 davedar shamil hain. 1990 key dashak kii shuruat taka, "america mein 25 sabse badey asbestus nirmaataon mein seey aadhe seey adhik, jinamen ametex, carrie-kanada, celetex, eagle-pitcher, adtalis insulation, manville corporation, national jipsum, standard insulation, unarco aur unr industries shamil they, ney diwalia honey kii ghoshana curr dee thee. vishleshakon ney anuman lagaaya haye kii yuu. mein asbestus mukadame kii kull laagat.aiss. akele antatah 200 dollar seey 275 arab dollar taka pahunch jaayenge."muaavaje key aavantan kii raashi aur vidhi kaee adalati mamalon kaa srot rahee haye, aur maujooda aur bhavishya key mamalon key samadhan key liye sarkaar key prayaas.
ghayal shramikon dwara niyoktaon key khilaf kiye gaye daave aam taur parr shramikon key muaavaje key daave key roop mein honge, halanki mesothelioma jaisi beemariyon kii lambi shuruat ack karmchari key liye shramikon key muaavaje key laabhon koo praapt karna asambhav banaa sakati haye. haalaanki, ack ghayal karmchari key liye yeh bhee sambhav haye kii vaha kissy teesare paksh key khilaf utpaad deyata kaa daavaa karey joe kaaryasthal mein asbestus koo pesh karane key liye jimmedaar haye. vaadi key vakeelon ney "pratyek jokhim" yaa "paryaapt kaarak" deyata siddhanton kii peshkash karane kaa prayaas kiya haye jisake tahat unhein yeh saabit karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye kii prativaadi vaadi kii choton kaa nikat kaaran they kyonki asbestus jokhim kaa koee star surakshit naheen haye. iss drishtikon koo yuu dwara aswikar curr diyaa gayaa haye.aiss. jilaa nyayadhish david see. norton. 
yuu mein asbestus mukadame.aiss. nimnalikhit koo prativaadi key roop mein shamil kiya gayaa haih
samanya raksha.
tritiya-paksh daayitva.
jinn machinary key nirmaataon mein asbestus yukt bhaagon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, unhone iss aadhar parr daayitva kaa virodh kiya haye kii unamen seey lagbhag sabhi ney yaa tou apane utpaadon key saath asbestus yukt bhaagon koo bilkul bhee naheen bheja (yaani, asbestus kewal antim upayogkartaon dwara sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa) yaa apane swayam key utpaadon key liye pratisthaapan bhaagon koo naheen becha (aise mamalon mein jahaan vaadi koo kathit roop seey kissy bhee karkhane-mool asbestus yukt bhaagon koo badalane key baad achchi tarah seey ujagar kiya gayaa thaa), aur donon tarah seey vishaakt teesare paksh key bhaagon key liye jimmedaar naheen hoe sakate hain joe unhone nirmaan, vitaran yaa bikri naheen kii thee. 2008 mein, washington sarvocch nyayalaya, iss mudde parr pahunchane vaalaa pahala raajya sarvocch nyayalaya, ney bachaav key paksh mein faisala kiya. 12 janwari, 2012 koo, california kii sarvocch adalat ney bhee "oh 'neel banaam" mein bachaav key paksh mein faisala kiya. crain koo."
chrysotyle banaam. amphibol.
vivaad kaa ack aur kshetra tathaakathit chrysotyle-defence banaa huaa haye. kewal chrysotyle fiber vaale kuchh utpaadon key nirmaataon kaa daavaa haye kii yeye amphibol yukt utpaadon key roop mein hanikarak naheen hain. sanyukt raajya america mein upayog kiye jaane vaale 95 pratishat utpaad aitihaasik roop seey jyaadaatar chrysotyle they, iss daave parr swaasthya adhikaariyon aur chikitsa peshevaron dwara vyaapak roop seey vivaad kiya jaataa haye. vishva swaasthya sangathan maanata haye kii chrysotyle sahit sabhi prakaar key asbestus fiber key sampark mein aaney seey fefde, swaryantra aur andashay, mesothelioma aur asbestosis kaa cancer hoe sakata haye.
naitikta.
asbestus mukadame mein prativaadiyon ney una vakeelon parr aarop lagaaya haye joe anaitik aacharan key vaadi kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, lekin way aarop mukdamebaji koo rokane mein safal naheen hue hain, aur naa hii adaalaten una kanuni farmon koo manjuri dene key liye paryaapt roop seey aashvast hui hain jinake khilaf aarop lagaae gaye hain.
asbestus diwaliyapan trust.
1984 mein johns-manville key diwaliyapan filing key baad seey, kaee yuu.aiss. aur yuu.key. asbestus nirmaataon ney diwaliyapan daayar karke mukdamebaji seey bachaa haye. asbestus diwaliyapan nyaas una farmon dwara sthaapit vyaktigat chot nyaas hain jinhone asbestus key sampark mein aaney key kaaran vyaktigat chot key daavon kaa bhugtan karane key liye sanyukt raajya diwaliyapan sanhita key adhyaay 11 key tahat punargathan key liye daayar kiya haye. 1970 key dashak key madhya seey 2011 taka cumm seey cumm 56 nyaason kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. inmein seey sabse badey 26 nyaason ney 2008 taka lagbhag 2.4 laakh daavon kaa bhugtan kiya, kull milakar lagbhag 10.9 arab dollar. nyaason koo nyaas salaahkaar samitiyon dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa haye joe aam taur parr kuchh pramukh vidhi farmon jaise bairan aind budd, pee.see. aur wheatz aind luxemberg pee.see.
diwaliyapan nyaas asbestus key sampark mein aaney key parinamswarup ghayal logon koo dollar parr paise kaa bhugtan curr sakate hain. usee samay, yeye nyaas badee sankhya mein daavedaron koo kissy prakaar kaa muaavaja praapt karane kii anumati dey sakate hain, bhale hii yaatana pranali mein sambhaavit vasuli seey bahut cumm hoe jaae.
chikitsa aur chikitsa pratipurti.
sanghiya chikitsa-seva dwiteeyak daataa kaanoon upa-abhiyog key kanuni siddhant key tahat usee karyakramon key tahat cover kiye gaye chikitsa lagaton key liye sarkaar koo bhugtan kiye binaa seedhe daavedaron koo niptan kaa bhugtan karane key liye dund lagaata haye. 2016 key anta mein, 13 raajyon key attorney general ney vishva key majboot udyogon, babcock aur wilcox, dee. aaee. aaee. aur ovens corning key liye diwalia truston koo maang patra bheje. maang patron kaa uddeshya yeh nirdhaarit karna thaa kii kyaa nidhi chikitsa sahaayata aur chikitsa dekhbhal key tahat praapt chikitsa upchaar key liye raajyon koo pratipurti curr rahee haye.
diwaliyapan nyaas aur mukdamebaji key daave.
asbestus kii choton key liye muaavaje kii khoj mein aksar vilaayak prativaadiyon key khilaf mukadama daayar karna aur asbestus diwaliyapan nyaason key khilaf daavaa daayar karna donon shamil hotey hain.
ack ghayal vaadi dwara vasool kii gaee muaavaje kii raashi iss baat parr nirbhar curr sakati haye kii diwalia farmon seey utpaadon key sampark mein aaney kaa saboot mukadame mein pesh kiya gayaa haye yaa naheen. yadi diwalia farmon seey jokhim kaa koee saboot prastut naheen kiya jaataa haye tou vilaayak prativaadiyon koo vittiya jimmedaari mein vriddhi kii sambhavana haye. raind nigam key shodhkartaon ney paaya kii yadi koee company diwaliyapan key liye daayar karati haye tou vaadi poochtaachh aur jamaa mein apane utpaadon key sampark mein aaney kaa daavaa karate hain.
jaba asbestus chot kaa daavaa karane vaale vaadi ney ack vilaayak prativaadi key khilaf daavaa daayar kiya haye, tou adaalaten khoj kaa vistaar yaa phir seey khol sakati hain jaba yeh pataa chalata haye kii vaadi trust key daavon kaa khulasa karane mein whiffle rhaa haye. udaaharan key liye, 2008 key mamle mein "edwards vee. johnn crain-haudel, ink "daavaa prapatron key utpaadan mein pareekshan seey dou saptah pahale taka deree hui thee. 2004 key mamle mein "stoker banaam. americi tail company."prativaadiyon ney paaya kii vaadi ney mukadame kii shuruat key kewal teen dinn baad vishvaas key daavon kaa khulasa naheen kiya, jisake parinamswarup khoj phir seey shuru hui. iss prakaar key mudde seey bachane mein madad karane key liye, nyayadhish aksar diwaliyapan trust key daavon key liye anivarya prakateekaran daayitvon koo apanaayenge.
viniyaman.
american journal off respiratory aind critical cayer medicine" key sitambar 2004 key anusaar, asbestus abhee bhee nirmaan udyog mein 13 laakh americi shramikon aur imaraton aur upkaranon key rakharkhaav mein shamil shramikon key liye ack khatra haye.
asbestus ack aeye. aiss. tii. aim. (pareekshan aur samagri key liye americi samaaj) kaa hissa naheen haye ee 1527-05 charan I paryaavaran sthal mulyankan (ee. aiss. aeye.). asbestus key liye ack bhawan sarvekshan koo udyog maanak astm 1527-05 charan aaee esa (astm ee 1527-05 dekhein) key tahat ack dayare seey baahar vichaar maanaa jaataa haye. astm maanak ee 2356-04 koo malik yaa malik key agent dwara yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye paramarsh kiya jaanaa chaahiye kii kiss prakaar kaa asbestus bhawan sarvekshan upayukt haye, aamtaur parr yaa tou ack aadhar rekha sarvekshan yaa karyatmak kshetron kaa ack design sarvekshan. donon prakaar key sarvekshanon koo aeye. aiss. tii. aim. maanak ee. 2356-04 key tahat vistaar seey samajhaaya jaataa haye. aam taur parr, ack aadhar rekha sarvekshan ack ee. pee. aeye. (yaa raajya) licenses praapt asbestus nireekshak dwara kiya jaataa haye. aadhaarbhut sarvekshan kharidar koo suvidha mein anumaanit asbestus key baare mein paryaapt jaankaari pradaan kartaa haye, jisase aksar bhawan key mulyankan moolya mein kamee aatee haye (mukhya roop seey agami katauti laagat key kaaran). notah ee. pee. aeye. neshap (khatarnak vayu pradushakon key liye rashtriya utsarjan maanak) aur osha (vyaavsaayik suraksha aur swaasthya prashaasan) niyamon seey paramarsh kiya jaanaa chaahiye, yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii sabhi vaidhaanik aavashyaktaon koo puuraa kiya gayaa haye, jaise kii aeye. aiss. tii. aim. maanak ee 2356-04. navinikaran/vidhvans key liye adhisuchana aavashyaktaaen. asbestus ack aisee samagri naheen haye joe seerka (vyaapak paryavaraniya pratikriya, kshatipurti aur deyata adhiniyam) nirdosh kharidar raksha key tahat aatee haye. kuchh mamalon mein, yuu.aiss. ee. pee. aeye. mein aine. pee. ell. (superfund) parr asbestus dooshit suvidhaaen shamil hain. kharidaaron koo suvidhaon kii khareed key liye savdhan rehna chaahiye, yahaan taka kii ack astm ee 1527-05 charan aaee esa key saath bhee, ack imarat yaa sampatti mein sabhi khatron kii poori samajh key binaa, gair-kshetra astm ee 1527-05 samagri kaa mulyankan kiye binaa, jaise kii asbestus, seesa, pcbs, paaraa, raydon, aadi. ack maanak aeye. aiss. tii. aim. ee. 1527-05 mein asbestus sarvekshan koo maanak abhyaas key roop mein shamil naheen kiya jaataa haye.
sanghiya.
1988 mein, sanyukt raajya paryaavaran sanrakshan agency (yuu. aiss. ee. pee. aeye.) ney kuchh yuu. kii aavashyakta vaale niyam jaari kiye.aiss. companiyan apane utpaadon mein upayog kiye jaane vaale asbestus kii report dein.
swaasthya shiksha shram aur pension samiti kii senate upasamiti ney 31 julaai, 2001 koo asbestus key swaasthya prabhaavon key baare mein gawahi sunee. janata key sadasya, doctor aur vaigyaanikon ney sanyukt raajya america seey utpaad parr pratibandh lagaane mein anya deshon key saath shamil honey kaa ahwan kiya.
yuu dwara kaee vidhaayi upchaaron parr vichaar kiya gayaa haye.aiss. congress lekin harr baar vibhinn karanon seey aswikar curr diyaa gayaa. 2005 mein, congress ney vichaar kiya lekin "asbestus chot samadhan adhiniyam 2005 mein nishpakshata" key sheershak seey kaanoon paarit naheen kiya. iss adhiniyam ney mukdamebaji key badale mein 140 arab dollar kaa nyaas kosh sthaapit kiya hoga, lekin choonki isane diwaliyapan nyaason, nirmaataon aur beema companiyon dwara aarakshit dhana koo sakriya roop seey liya hoga, isaliye ise peediton yaa nigamon dwara vyaapak roop seey samarthan naheen diyaa gayaa thaa.
26 aprail, 2005 koo phillip jey. newyork shahar mein mount sinai chikitsa kendra mein samudayik aur nivaarak chikitsa vibhaag key professor aur adhyaksh landrigan ney iss prastaavit kaanoon key khilaf nyaypalika parr americi senate samiti key samaksh gawahi dee. unhone gawahi dee kii vidheyak key kaee praavdhaan dawa dwara asamarthit they aur badee sankhya mein logon koo anuchit roop seey baahar curr denge joe beemar hoe gaye they yaa asbestus seey marr gaye theh "iss vidheyak mein asbestus key kaaran honey vaali bimari key nidan key liye drishtikon joe americi vaksh samaaj dwara sthaapit naidaanik maandandon key anuroop naheen haye. yadi vidheyak koo nishpakshata key apane vaade koo puuraa karna haye, tou inn maandandon koo sanshodhit karane kii aavashyakta hogi."bill kaa virodh americi saarvajanik swaasthya sangh aur asbestus shramik sangh ney bhee kiya.
14 juuna, 2006 koo, senate nyaypalika samiti ney adhiniyam mein ack sanshodhan koo manjuri dee, joe mesothelioma key peediton koo unake daave kii manjuri key 30 dinon key bheetar $1.1 million kii anumati detaa. iss sanskaran ney vishva vyaapaar kendra parr 11 sitambar, 2001 key hamalon seey asbestus key sampark mein aaney vaale logon key liye paatr daavedaron kaa vistaar kiya hoga, aur toofaan catarina aur rita mein nirmaan malabe taka. antatah, vidheyak kii badee aur chhoti niji sansthaon seey dhana praapt karane parr nirbharta, saath hii suryast key praavdhaan aur yuu parr prabhaav parr bahas.aiss. bajat prakriya key kaaran vidheyak samiti seey baahar nikalane mein whiffle rhaa. paryaavaran sanrakshan agency (ee. pee. aeye.) key paas asbestus key upayog parr koee samanya pratibandh naheen haye. haalaanki, asbestus 1970 key swachchh vayu adhiniyam kii dhaara 112 key tahat viniyamit pahale khatarnak vayu pradushakon mein seey ack thaa, aur kaee anuprayogon koo vishaakt padaarth niyantran adhiniyam (tii. aiss. see. aeye.) dwara nishiddh kiya gayaa haye.
raajya.
2010 mein, washington ney 2014 seey shuru karate hue, vaahan break mein asbestus koo charanbaddh tareeke seey baahar nikaalate hue, motor vaahan break mein khatarnak samagri parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa.
2013 mein, ohiyo paarit honey key baad asbestus diwaliyapan trust key daavon mein paardarshita kii aavashyakta vaale kaanoon koo paarit karane vaalaa pahala raajya bunn gayaa. usee varsh oclahoma ney ack samaan kaanoon paarit kiya jise vyaktigat chot nyaas nidhi paardarshita adhiniyam kahaa jaataa haye. yeh kaanoon sabhi vyaktigat chot nyaason parr lagu hotaa haye. isake liye vaadi koo vyaktigat chot yaatana daayar karane key 90 dinon key bheetar vyaktigat choton key liye pahale daayar kiye gaye sabhi aur pratyaashit trust daavon kaa khulasa karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, lekin nirdhaarit adalat kii tarikh seey cumm seey cumm 180 dinn pahale taka naheen. yadi vaadi nyaas daavaa daayar karane kaa anuman lagaata haye tou sabhi kaaryavaahi taba taka roque dee jaati haye jaba taka kii unaki dakhil poori naheen hoe jaati. praarambhik prakateekaran key baad nae daave daayar karna yaa daavon mein sanshodhan karna ack naee prakateekaran aavashyakta koo trigger kartaa haye. kaanoon prativaadiyon koo yeh dikhaakar kaaryavaahi parr roque lagaane kii bhee anumati detaa haye kii vaadi ack nyaas key saath ack achchha vishvaas darj curr sakata haye. kaanoon vaadi koo yaa tou iss tarah kaa daavaa daayar karane yaa yeh dikhaane key liye duss dinn kaa samay detaa haye kii yeh shayed asafal hoga.
2015 mein dakshin carolina mein, raajya senator shaane massie ney senate bill 281, "adalat paardarshita adhiniyam" pesh kiya."s.281 dakshin carolina raajya koo baahari vakeelon koo kaam parr rakhane seey roque dega. 18 raajyon dwara isi tarah key bilon koo kaanoon mein paarit kiya gayaa haye. yeh vidheyak juurii koo una nuksaanon koo dene seey bhee rokega joe vaadi dwara kii gaee vaastavik laagat seey adhik hain.
juuna 2015 mein, texas key governor gregg abot ney texas house bill 1492 parr hastakshar kiye. kaanoon texas mein tathaakathit asbestus "double dipping" koo samaapt karane key liye likhaa gayaa thaa. iss kaanoon key tahat asbestus peediton koo mukadame kii prakriya shuru karane seey pahale aur adhik kaarravaai karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur nirmaataon key liye asbestus key sampark key pramaan key maanak koo cumm karke anya diwalia companiyon parr dosh lagaaya jaataa haye. ack saal pahale, wisconsin key governor scott walker ney isi tarah key ack vidheyak parr hastakshar kiye they.
juuna 2016 mein, rashtrapati obama ney frank aar. parr hastakshar kiye. 21veen sadee key liye lottenberg rasayanik suraksha adhiniyam (aich.aar. 2576). yeh 1976 key tii. aiss. see. aeye. mein sudhaar karane kaa kaary kartaa haye aur iska uddeshya vishaakt padarthon aur rasayanon parr sanghiya suraksha niyamon koo prabhaavi banaana haye.
2017 mein, ayova, mississippi, uttar dakota aur dakshin dakota sabhi ney asbestus trust key paardarshita kaanoonon koo paarit kiya.
cumm karna.
asbestus kaa unmoolan (asbestus koo hataana) sanyukt raajya america mein ack sampann udyog bunn gayaa haye. janata koo havaa mein honey vaale asbestus seey bachaane key liye sakht nishkasana aur niptan kaanoon banaae gaye hain. swachchh vayu adhiniyam key liye aavashyak haye kii asbestus koo hataane key dauran geela kiya jaae aur sakhti seey niyantrit kiya jaae, aur shramikon koo suraksha upkaran aur mask pahanana chaahiye. sanghiya sarkaar ney adhiniyam key darjanon ullanghan aur racketer prabhaavit aur bhrasht sangathanon key adhiniyam (rico) key ullanghan key khilaf mukadama chalaaya haye. aksar inmein aise thekedaar shamil hotey hain joe avaidh roop seey asbestus koo hataane key liye uchit prashikshan yaa suraksha key binaa anirdisht shramikon koo kaam parr rakhate hain.
doubleu. aar. libby, montana shahar koo pradooshit karane key liye grace aind company parr 280 million dollar taka kaa jurmana lagaaya gayaa haye. libby koo 2002 mein ack superfund aapada kshetra ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa, aur ee. pee. aeye. ney safai mein $54 million kharch kiye hain. ack adalat dwara safai laagat key liye ee. pee. aeye. kii pratipurti karane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin diwaliyapan adalat koo kissy bhee bhugtan koo manjuri deni hogi.
ullekhaniya mamle.
nagrik.
yuu.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya ney 1986 seey kaee asbestus-sambandhit mamalon koo nipata haye. dou badey varg kaarravaai niptan, joe deyata koo seemit karane key liye design kiye gaye they, 1997 aur 1999 mein adalat key samaksh aae. donon niptaanon koo antatah adalat dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa kyonki way bhavishya key daavedaron, yaa una logon koo baahar curr denge joe baad mein asbestus-sambandhit beemariyon kaa vikas karate they. inn nirnayon ney asbestus seey sambandhit gambhir beemariyon kii 20-50 varsh vilambata avadhi koo sambodhit kiya.
"boral vee. fiberboard corp.".
iss mamle mein ack sanghiya appeal adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii texas seey ack insulation installer asbestus nirmaata parr chetavani dene mein viphalata key liye mukadama curr sakata haye. borrell key vakeelon ney tark diyaa kii aggar fiberboard key utpaadon parr chetavani label lagaae jaate tou vaha khud koo adhik prabhaavi dhang seey bachaane mein saksham hotaa.
manville.
manville nigam, joe pahale johns-manville nigam thaa, ney agast 1982 mein sanyukt raajya diwaliyapan sanhita key tahat punargathan aur sanrakshan key liye daayar kiya. usa samay, yeh diwaliyapan darj karane vaali abb taka kii sabse badee company thee, aur sabse ameer companiyon mein seey ack thee. manville taba fortune 500 mein 181vein sthaan parr thaa, lekin asbestus key swaasthya prabhaavon seey sambandhit 16,500 mukdamon kaa prativaadi thaa. company koo dakshin carolina key ack vakeel, ronn motali ney "itihas key sabse badey corporate saamoohik hatyare" key roop mein varnit kiya thaa."adalati dastavejon seey pataa chalata haye kii nigam kaa apane shramikon aur janata seey asbestus key dushprabhavon key saboot chhipaane kaa ack lamba itihas rhaa haye.
garlak.
janwari 2014 seey ack nirnay mein, "gray vee. garlock sealing takneekon ney diwaliyapan kii kaaryavaahi mein pravesh kiya thaa, aur mamle mein dhokhadhadi key sabooton kaa pataa chalaa thaa jisake kaaran bhavishya mein anumaanit deyata mein anuman key dasaven hisse taka kamee aaee thee.
rico mamle.
racketer prabhaavit aur bhrasht sangathan adhiniyam (rico) key tahat kaee mukadame daayar kiye gaye hain, joe prativaadiyon key dhokhadhadi vaale asbestus seey sambandhit mukdamon key jawab mein hain. rico soot sivil prakriti key hotey hain aur niji dalon dwara laae jaate hain. way aam taur parr aarop lagaate hain kii soot swayam racketeering key roop hain yaa vakeelon aur visheshagyon koo unhein laane key liye racketeering gatividhiyon mein sanlagn honah padata thaa.
udaaharan key liye,
aparaadhi.
kuchh companiyon aur unake adhikaariyon koo asbestus key khatron yaa asbestus kachare key anuchit sanchaalan key liye shramikon koo ujagar karane mein unaki kaarrvaaiyon key liye aaparaadhik abhiyojan kaa saamana karna padaa haye.
adamo company koo barbad curr rhaa haye.
20 farwari, 1973 koo detroit, mishigan mein ack sanghiya grand juurii ney adamo racking company ("adamo") koo jaanboojhkar geele honey aur bhang karane mein whiffle rahane seey asbestus key utsarjan kaa kaaran banaakar swachchh vayu adhiniyam key praavdhaanon kaa ullanghan karane key liye doshi thaharaaya.
adamo swachchh vayu adhiniyam key kathit ullanghan key liye desh bhar mein abhiyukt kaee vidhvans thekedaaron mein seey ack thaa. mishigan key purvi jile key liye sanyukt raajya kii jilaa adalat ney aaparaadhik abhiyog koo iss aadhar parr khariz curr diyaa kii yeh ack "utsarjan maanak" naheen thaa, balki ack "kaary abhyaas maanak" thaa, joe kaanoon kii sharton key tahat aaparaadhik daayitva naheen thaa.
sarkaar ney appeal kii aur appeal kii chhathi circuit adalat ney nichali adalat key faisale koo palat diyaa, yeh kahate hue kii yeh nirdhaarit karane mein galati hui kii usey aaparaadhik kaaryavaahi mein maanak kii vaidhata kii sameeksha karane kaa adhikaar kshetra thaa. adamo key vakeelon ney sarvocch nyayalaya mein appeal kii.
10 janwari, 1978 koo, sarvocch nyayalaya ney adamo key paksh mein faisala sunaaya jaba usane yeh abhinirdhaarit kiya kii nichali adalat koo aaparaadhik kaaryavaahi mein maanak kii sameeksha karane kaa adhikaar kshetra haye aur nichali adalat key saath bhee sahamati vyakt kii kii adhiniyam mein aavashyaktaaen "maanak naheen" balki "prakriyaaen" theen aur isaliye kaaryavaahi koo thheek seey khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
doubleu. aar. anugrah aur company.
ack sanghiya grand juurii ney doubleu koo doshi thaharaaya. aar. 5 farwari, 2005 koo libby, montana mein ack vermiculite khadaan key sanchaalan key liye grace aind company aur saat sheersh adhikaari. abhiyog ney taar dhokhadhadi kii kripa, vayu nigrani parinamon koo chhipaakar nivaasiyon key khatare koo jaanana, paryaavaran sanrakshan agency (ee. pee. aeye.) kii jaanch mein hastakshep karke nyaay mein baadha dalna, swachchh vayu adhiniyam kaa ullanghan, schools aur sthaaniya nivaasiyon koo asbestus samagri pradaan karna, aur asbestus koo chhodane aur asbestus sandushan seey swaasthya samasyaon koo chhipaane kii sajish rachane kaa aarop lagaaya. nyaay vibhaag ney kahaa kii 1,200 nivaasiyon koo asbestus seey sambandhit beemaariyaan hoe gaee theen aur kuchh kii maut hoe gaee thee, aur kaee aur chotein aur mautein hoe sakati hain.
8 juuna, 2006 koo ack sanghiya nyayadhish ney "khatare koo jaanane" key shadyantra key aarop koo khariz curr diyaa kyonki kuchh prativaadi adhikaariyon ney paanch saal key pratibandhon key kaanoon key chalane seey pahale hii company chhod dee thee. march mein abhiyojakon dwara taar dhokhadhadi kaa aarop hataa diyaa gayaa thaa.
anya abhiyojan.
2 aprail, 1998 koo, teen logon koo ack puraane wisconsin vinirmaan sanyantra seey avaidh asbestus hataane key liye beghar purushon kaa upayog karane kii sajish mein abhiyukt kiya gayaa thaa. tatkalin americi attorney general genet reno ney kahaa, "jaanboojhkar asbestus koo anuchit tareeke seey hataana aaparaadhik haye. iss kaam koo karane key liye begharon kaa shoshan karna kroor haye."
12 disambar, 2004 koo newyork asbestus kshay companiyon key maalikon koo yuu. aiss. mein paryavaraniya apraadhon key liye sabse lambi sanghiya jail kii sajaa sunai gaee thee.aiss. itihas, jaba unhein swachchh vayu adhiniyam aur vishaakt padaarth niyantran adhiniyam kaa ullanghan karane kii sajish key 18 mamalon mein doshi thaharaaya gayaa, aur swachchh vayu adhiniyam aur racketer-prabhaavit aur bhrasht sangathanon key adhiniyam key vaastavik ullanghan key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa. apraadhon mein avaidh roop seey asbestus koo hataane key liye 10 saal kii yojana shamil thee. rikon kii ginati mein nyaay mein baadha, dhana shodhan, daak dhokhadhadi aur bolly mein dhandhali shamil thee, joe sabhi asbestus safai seey sambandhit they.
11 janwari, 2006 koo, saine diago gais aind electric company.isake dou karmchaariyon aur ack thekedaar koo ack sanghiya grand juurii dwara iss aarop mein abhiyukt kiya gayaa thaa kii unhone california key leman grove mein pipe seey asbestus koo hataate samay suraksha manakon kaa ullanghan kiya thaa. prativaadiyon parr asbestus kaary abhyaas manakon kaa ullanghan karane aur jhoothe bayaan dene key liye sajish key paanch mamalon kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa.

