
roohar kaa itihas

ruhar kii vaastavik seemaaen srot key aadhar parr thodi bhinn hoti hain, lekin ack achchi kaary paribhasha lippe aur ruhar koo kramshah isaki uttari aur dakshini seemaon key roop mein, raain koo isaki paschimi seema key roop mein aur humm shahar koo purvi seema key roop mein paribhaashit karna haye.
madhya yug mein, sthaaniya shakti mukhya roop seey burg, maark aur cleaves kii ginati ("graphen") mein nihit thee. raain kaa baayan tata collon key archbishop key paas thaa. hellweg ack mahatvapurna vyaapaar maarg thaa joe iss kshetra koo duisberg seey dortmund taka aur usase aage nadee vesar aur elbe taka paar kartaa thaa. iss kshetra key sabse mahatvapurna shahar narak key kinare kendrit they.
vienna kii congress key parinamswarup, puuraa kshetra prussia key niyantran mein aaa gayaa (raajya ney pahale hii vahaan sampatti praapt curr lii thee). yeh ghatana lagbhag vikas key saath mell khaati thee joe antatah iss kshetra koo duniya key sabse mahatvapurna audyogik kshetron mein seey ack banaa degi.
1946 mein, uttar raain-westfelia raajya ruhar parr kendrit huaa. aajkal, isake abb taka key mahatvapurna koyla aur ispat udyogon mein bhaari girawat aaee haye aur yeh kshetra punah samaayojan kii sthiti mein haye.
carboniferous avadhi.
carboniferous avadhi key dauran, jeevaashm yug mein, joe 360 million varsh pahale shuru huaa thaa aur 300 million varsh pahale samaapt huaa thaa, slate, koyla aur balua patthar kii paraten bunny theen. 400 seey 300 million varsh pahale, variskan parvat-nirmaan avadhi key dauran nae pahaadon koo oopar uthaaya gayaa thaa.
silacian kaal key dauran, paraten jamaa kii gaeen joe laakhon varshon taka chalane vaali avadhi mein koyale kii parat bunn gaeen. iss avadhi key dauran daldali sthitiyon aur samudron mein bahane key beach ack nirantar parivartan thaa, jaise kii samudra seey paadap samagri aur talchhat key jamaa honey key parinamswarup patthar kii paraton dwara alag kiye gaye koyale kii paraton kii vartamaan sthiti paida hoe gaee.
koyale key daldal mein vanaspatiyon key mukhya pratinidhi "lapidodendron" vansh aur "sigilleria" vansh key they, joe pedh jaise paudhe they, joe lycopodiophyta key paudhe vargeekaran seey sambandhit hain. donon vansh key sadasya ack meater seey adhik key taney key vyaas key saath 40 meater taka kii oonchaai taka pahunch gaye.
cretaceous avadhi.
lagbhag 13.5 karod seey 66 karod saal pahale, cretaceous mein, yeh kshetra ack ushnakatibandhiya mahasagar key neeche duba huaa thaa. isake jall mein amonwasi rahate they. samudra key tala parr, maarl kii ack motee parat bunn gaee. talchhat carbon kii paraton koo dhaka detaa thaa aur isamen vishal ammonites key gole bhee hotey they.
chaturthansh.
himm yug germ aur thhande mausam key beach parivartan laaya. volstonian munch key drenthe stadium key dauran, uttari germany key oopar ack burf kii chaadar ney ruhar koo dhaka diyaa aur madhya uchch bhoomi kii uttari pahaadiyon taka pahunch gaee. madhya aur nichali ruhar ghaati kaa aakar pighalate paani aur burf key shaktishali bull key kaaran hotaa haye. glaciers seey pighalata paani ruhar ghaati key madhyam seey paschim kii or bahata haye. jahan aaj saar sthit haye, iss pravaah koo burf aur chattani malabe kii baadha seey asthaayi roop seey baadhit kiya gayaa thaa, jisase ack vishal jheel bunn gaee thee joe schwart mein ghaati koo bhar gaee thee.
russie nirankushvaad.
ruhar key badey kshetra prussian niyantran mein aatey hain. lohe key kaam shuru hoe gaye hain aur koyale kii khudai mein teji aaee haye. udyog koo samanya roop seey prussian raajya seey kuchh pratyaksh aur apratyaksh protsaahan milata haye.
19veen shatabdi kaa pahala bhaag-audyogik kranti.
audyogik kranti ruhar mein aage badhati haye. 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, vahaan pahali baar bhaap injan kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, aur napolean upaay samanti prabhaavon koo samaapt curr dete hain. jaba 1815 mein puuraa kshetra prussian aadhipatya key tahat aataa haye, tou parivahan aur udyog key protsaahan mein aur pragati kii jaati haye. 1830 key dashak taka, amser besin key mahatvapurna gahare coking-koyla seam pahali baar pahunch gaye hain, railway apani upasthiti banaata haye aur 1849 mein cock key saath lauh ayask koo pahali baar safaltapurvak pighlaya gayaa haye.
19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein udyog mein teji aaee.
shatabdi key poorvaardh mein kii gaee pragati kaa nirmaan utpaadan mein mahatvapurna pragati key saath kiya gayaa thaa. 1850 mein, jile ney 20 laakh tunn koyale kaa utpaadan kiya, 1913 taka isane 114 million tunn kaa utpaadan kiya. isi tarah, 1850 mein isane 11,500 tunn kachcha loha kaa utpaadan kiya joe 1913 taka badhkar 8.2 laakh tunn hoe gayaa. koyale kaa utpaadan uttar kii or badhaa kyonki bhaap injan praudyogiki ney gahare coking koyale key staron key dohan kii anumati dee (pahale kii khadaanen, aam taur parr nadee ruhar key paas, satah key paas padey anthracite kaa dohan karane vaali drift khadaanen theen). 'colliery, kokri aur lohe key kaam key saath 'urdhvaadhar' chintaaen aam swaamitva mein aaa gaeen, aur sabhi ghatakon kaa ack hii sthaan parr sthit honah yaa ack saath nikat honah asamanya naheen thaa.
20veen shatabdi kaa pahala bhaag (1945 taka).
koyla aur ispat udyogon kaa vistaar jaari haye, aur ruhar ack aisee sthiti mein pahunch gayaa haye, jisamen iska koyla aur ispat utpaadan pratyek mamle mein lagbhag baaki mahadvipiya europe key barabar haye (ussr koo chhodkar).
ruhar udyogpati fritz thissen ack badee vittiya raashi key saath nsdap kii sahaayata karate hain.
20veen shatabdi kaa doosara bhaag (1946 seey).
yuddh key baad jile mein udyog bahaal hoe gayaa haye, lekin 20veen shatabdi key anta taka koyla aur ispat udyogon mein bhaari girawat aaee haye.

