anuvaad

anuvaad ack aisaa shabd haye joe bahubhashavad key vibhinn pahaluon koo sandarbhit curr sakata haye. yeh dwibhashi aur bahubhashi apane bhashai sansadhanon kaa upayog apane aspas kii duniya key saath samajh banaane aur baatchit karane key tareeke kaa varnan curr sakata haye. yeh ack shaikshanik drishtikon koo bhee sandarbhit curr sakata haye joe ack kaksha paath key bheetar ack seey adhik bhasha kaa upayog kartaa haye. anuvaad" shabd 1980 key dashak mein caine williams (velsh mein "traciethu" key roop mein lagu) dwara "dwibhashi maadhyamik shiksha key sandarbh mein shikshan aur seekhane key tarikon kaa mulyankan" sheershak seey apane aprakaashit shodh prabandh mein gadhaa gayaa thaa.williams ney ack hii paath mein dou bhaashaon kaa upayog karane key abhyaas kaa varnan karane key liye iss shabd kaa upayog kiya, joe dwibhashi shiksha key kaee pichhale tarikon seey alag thaa, jinhone kaksha, samay yaa dinn key anusaar bhaashaon koo alag karane kii koshish kii thee. isake alawa, vogel aur garcia ney tark diyaa kii anuvaad siddhant dou yaa adhik swaayatt bhasha pranaliyon koo rakhane key bajaay, jaisa kii pahale socha gayaa thaa jaba vidwan dwibhashi yaa bahubhashi vaktaaon, dwibhashi aur bahubhashi vaktaaon kaa varnan karate hain, tou way ekaatmak bhashai pradarshan seey apani bhaashaon kaa chayan aur upayog karate hain. haalaanki, iss shabd key prasaar aur sambandhit avadharana ney dashakon baad anya logon key beach offelia garcia dwara prakaashit shodh key kaaran aakarshan praapt kiya. iss sandarbh mein, anuvaad karna bhasha bolane vaalon kii visangat prathaon, lekin aksar ack saath kaee bhaashaon kaa upayog karane kii atirikt visheshta key saath, sust honey kii avadharana kaa ack vistaar haye. yeh ack gatishil prakriya haye jisamen bahubhashi vaktaa kaee bhaashaon key ranneetik rojgar key madhyam seey jatil samajik aur sangyanatmak maangon koo puuraa karate hain.
anuvaad mein bhasha utpaadan, prabhaavi sanchaar, bhasha kaa kaary aur bhasha key upayog key peechhe kii vichaar prakriyaaen shamil hain. anuvaad dwibhashikta kaa parinam haye. yeh shabd aksar ack shaikshanik parivesh mein niyojit kiya jaataa haye, lekin bahubhashi vaktaaon dwara anubhav kii gaee kissy bhee sthiti key liye bhee iska anuprayog haye, joe duniya mein adhikansh bhasha samudaayon kaa gathan karate hain. isamen jatil bhashai parivarik gatishilata, aur code-switching kaa upayog aur yeh upayog kissy kii apani bahubhashikta kii samajh seey kaise sambandhit haye, shamil hain.
anuvaad ack aisaa avsar haye jisase shikshaarthi apani pahali bhasha seey pahale seey hii joe kuchh seekh chuke hain, uska upayog karke doosari bhasha key vichaaron aur avadhaaranaon koo spasht curr sakate hain. chhaatr pahale seey hii apani pahali bhasha mein ack shabd kaa arth jaanate hain aur kewal shabd seekhane kii aavashyakta haye (lekin arth naheen); isaliye, anuvaad sabhi bhashai pradarshanon koo jodane aur behtar dhang seey samajhane key liye upkaran pradaan curr sakata haye. ack saath kaee bhaashaon kaa upayog karane seey samajhane kii adhik praakritik prakriya sambhav hoe jaati haye. isaliye, anuvaad ack aisee bhasha sikhaane kaa ack nayaa tarika bhee hoe sakata haye jisamen naa kewal ack naee bhasha kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, balki sabhi gyaan koo seekhane mein sahaayata key liye lagu kiya jaataa haye. shikshak kuchh shabdon yaa dhwaniyon kii jatilata koo hull karane key liye bhasha kii samaantaon aur antaron kii tulanaa karane aur unaki tulanaa karane key liye anuvaad kaa bhee upayog curr sakate hain. dwibhashi granthon kaa upayog bhee shiksharthiyon kaa samarthan curr sakata haye. chhaatr una sabhi bhaashaon key sansadhanon kaa upayog curr sakate hain jinhen way jaanate hain taaki unhein paath koo samajhane mein madad mill sakey.
itihas.
puraataatvik sakshya dwibhashi shiksha key cumm seey cumm 4000-5000 varshon taka jaane kii or ishara karate hain. jabaki dwibhashi shiksha key baare mein adhikansh aadhunik shodh 20veen shatabdi key uttaraardh parr kendrit haye, aise shodh bhee hain joe darshaate hain kii yunani aur lattin donon roman abhijaat varg dwara seekha jaa rhaa haye. 1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein europe aur uttari america mein aadhunik dwibhashi shiksha pranali ubhari, jaise kii kanada mein francisi visarjan.
bahubhashi shikshan prathaon key vikas seey anuvaad key peechhe kii vichardhara ubhari, vishesh roop seey angreji padhaane seey anya bhaashaon (tessol) bolane vaalon koo badhaava dene vaali prathaaen, angreji bhasha nirdesh kii gunavatta koo aage badhaane key liye design kiya gayaa ack antarrashtriya sangh. sanyukt raajya america mein dwibhashi shiksha kii shuruat ney bhaashan kii pradhaantaa aur likhit bhasha seekhane kii upeksha parr jore diyaa. 1960 aur 70 key dashak key dusare bhasha nirdesh mein maukhik-maukhik abhyaas kaa bahut adhik upayog kiya gayaa, aur pathyakramon key likhit bhaag nakal aur punaravritti unmukh they, aur sanrachana, roop, vakyavinyas aur vyaakaran koo shiksharthiyon key liye prathamikta kaa darja diyaa gayaa thaa. iss pranali mein vaastavik bhasha key upayog parr koee dhyaan naheen thaa, jisake kaaran bhasha aur sanchaar vaastavik vyavhaar mein kaise kaam karate hain, isake baare mein gyaan kii kamee hoe gaee.
1970 aur 80 key dashak key anta mein dwiteeya bhasha shiksha vishesh pravachan samudaayon mein bhagidari key liye sanchaar aur bhasha upayog key mahatva parr dhyaan kendrit karane key liye sthanantarit hoe gaee. haalaanki, ack pravachan samudaay mein pravesh karane key saadhan key roop mein bhasha seekhane parr jore denaa bhee samasyagrast thaa, kyonki isane chhatron parr nae pravachan samudaayon key abhyaas sadasya banane key liye apani bhasha prathaon koo aatmasamarpan karane kaa dabaav daala.
adhyayan key kendra key roop mein anuvaad pahali baar 1980 key dashak mein bangor, wells mein ubhara. yeh francois grozian key vichaar parr adharit haye kii dwibhashi ack mein dou ekbhashi naheen hain. caine williams aur unake sahayogi kaksha kii vyavastha mein ack hii paath mein velsh aur angreji donon kaa upayog karane kii ranneetiyon parr shodh curr rahey they. caine williams key velsh shabd "traciethu" kaa unake sahayogi collin becker dwara angreji mein "translangaging" key roop mein anuvaad kiya gayaa thaa.
vidvaanon kaa tark haye kii anuvaad 20veen shatabdi key pratikool doosari bhasha adhigrahan shikshashastron seey mukti key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. unakaa maanana haye kii anuvaad seey bahubhashi chhatron koo shaikshik pranaliyon key bheetar ack laabh milata haye kyonki yeh (1) vishay-vastu kii adhik gahan samajh koo badhaava detaa haye; (2) dwibhashi yaa bahubhashi vaktaaon key liye kamjor bhasha key vikas mein madad kartaa haye; (3) bhasha upayog key bheetar ghar-seey-school key link koo badhaava detaa haye; aur (4) dharapravah vaktaaon koo praarambhik shiksharthiyon key saath ekikrit kartaa haye, iss prakaar bhasha seekhane kii prakriya mein teji laataa haye.
pramukh bahas.
akaadamik sandarbhon mein anuvaad koo shamil karane key khilaf ack pramukh tark yeh haye kii antarrashtriya angreji bolane vaalon koo ack dusare key saath samvaad karane mein kathinaaee hogi kyonki bolly jaane vaali angreji kii apaar vividhata haye. haalaanki, anuvaad shiksha key liye adhivaktaon kaa kahana haye kii anuvaad kaa abhyaas karane vaale antarrashtriya angreji bolane vaalon key beach galatfahmi aam naheen haye, aur jaba bolane vaalon key beach galatfahmi hoti haye, tou way baatchit key anya sadhanon key madhyam seey jaldi seey hull hoe jaate hain. adhivaktaon kaa tark haye kii antarrashtriya angreji bolane vaale apekshaakrit aasaani seey samvaad curr sakate hain kyonki unake paas bhasha kii vibhinn prakaron koo samajhane key liye vibhinn prakaar key upkaran hain jinake saath way sanlagn hain.
kuchh shikshaavid anuvaad key adhyayan mein sahaayata key liye "gair-maanak" angreji kismon key nigman key vikas kaa ahwan karate hain.
barbara seedlehofer kaa tark haye kii bhasha adhigrahan karyakram deshi-vaktaa kshamata praapt karane key iraade seey bhasha kaa shikshan naheen honah chaahiye, balki unhein "ack bahubhashikta key madhyam seey praapt antar-saanskritik kshamata key ubharate yathaarthvaadi lakshya koo apnana chaahiye joe antarrashtriya angreji koo bahishkrit karane key bajaay ekikrit kartaa haye. iss shaikshanik ranneeti key madhyam seey iss tarah key bahuvachanvaad koo puuraa karane key liye ack saadhan key roop mein anuvaad kii aavashyakta haye. seedlehofer key liye, iss tarah kii antarrashtriya angreji koo shaikshik pranaliyon mein shamil karna vartamaan pramukh bhasha adhigrahan shikshashastra kii tulanaa mein doosari bhasha seekhane vaalon key liye adhik fayademand hoga, joe angreji kii maanak americi aur british kismon parr jore dete hain. choonki varshon key adhyayan key binaa deshi-vaktaa kii sthiti praapt karna lagbhag asambhav haye, isaliye anuvaad chhatron koo adhik sahayak sthaan mein bhasha seekhane key avsar pradaan kartaa haye, ack pramukh vividhata mein bhagidari aur adhigrahan koo lagu karane key bajaay sabhi prakaron mein unaki bhasha adhigrahan koo badhaava detaa haye.
angreji bhasha koo upaniveshvaad seey mukt karane key samarthakon kaa tark haye kii bhasha adhigrahan karyakramon mein upayog karane key liye angreji kii vishesh kismon koo ekmatra vaidh kismon key roop mein pakadana ack aisaa abhyaas haye joe gair-angreji bhaashaon aur unake bolane vaalon kii angreji kismon key prati vinashkari aupaniveshik drishtikon koo kayam rakhta haye. anuvaad koo shamil karna ack aisaa saadhan haye jisake madhyam seey angreji bhasha kaa iss tarah kaa upaniveshvaad hoe sakata haye. iss tarah, angreji kii una vishesh pramukh kismon kaa vikendrikaran shaikshik star parr "gair-maanak" angreji kismon key upayog koo vaidh banaane kii disha mein kaam karega.
isake alawa, suresh kanagraj ney tark diyaa kii anuvaad chhatron koo samvaad karane key liye bhasha key roopon kaa upayog karke arthon kaa upayog karane aur baatchit karane kii anumati detaa haye. isaliye, unakaa maanana thaa kii yeh avadharana bahubhashi vaktaaon aur lekhakon koo vinamra, khule dimag aur bhasha key prabhutva key baare mein jagrook honey kaa adhikaar detee haye. anuvaad key ack anya prastaavak aprail becker bell hain jinhone tark diyaa kii african americi angreji americi angreji bhasha kii tulanaa mein ack vishisht bhasha haye. isake alawa, unhone tark diyaa kii african americi chhatron koo code-meshing kii anumati dene seey way safed mukhyadhara kii sanskriti mein aatmasaat naheen hoe sakenge aur unaki sanskriti aur bhasha key galat pratinidhitva key liye unaki samajh badhegi. kuchh rachnakaron kaa maanana haye kii anuvaad vaishvik nagrikon kii samvaadaatmak vaastaviktaa haye aur iss tarah, rachana vidvaanon key khoji aur shaikshanik vikalpon key liye aavashyak haye.
anuvaad aur code-switching.
code-switching kii avadharana key saath translangaging kaa sambandh upayog kiye gaye translangaging key model parr nirbhar kartaa haye. bhasha key sangyanatmak prasanskaran aur ack vyaktigat vaktaa key bheetar bahubhashikta kaise kaary karati haye aur prakat hoti haye, iska varnan karane key liye kaee model banaae gaye hain. bhashavigyan mein uttar-adhuniktawad seey vyutpann, anuvaad kaa ekaatmak model, code-switching koo anuvaad seey ack alag ghatana maanata haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki ekaatmak model code-switching koo ack dohare kshamata model key roop mein paribhaashit kartaa haye, joe yeh maanata haye kii ack vyakti kii bhashai pranaaliyan binaa overlap key alag hain. code-switching kaa dohra kshamata model uttar-adhuniktawadi key ekaatmak model key saath seedhe vipareet haye, joe yeh siddhant detaa haye kii ack vaktaa key paas kewal ack ekal bhashai pranali hoti haye, jisase code-switching koo translangaging key saath aparivartaniya banaa diyaa jaataa haye. doosari or, translangaging kaa ekikrit model adhik madhyam sthiti letaa haye. yeh code-switching koo anuvaad jaisi anya bahubhashi gatividhiyon key saath-saath anuvaad kaa ack pahalu maanata haye, kyonki kissy vyakti kii aantarik bhashai pranaliyon koo ativyaapi maanaa jaataa haye lekin ekaatmak naheen maanaa jaataa haye.
bhashai uttar-adhuniktawadi code-switching koo anuvaad key roop mein maanyata naheen dete hain kyonki way alag-alag bhaashaon key vichaar parr sawal uthaate hain, aur unakaa tark dete hain kii way vibhinn saanskritik, raajneetik yaa samajik prakriyaon key madhyam seey banaae gaye aavishkaar hain. uttar-adhuniktawadi sweekaar karate hain kii "bhaashaon" key beach bhashai antar maujood hoe sakate hain, lekin ack amoort aur swatantra ikai key roop mein "bhasha" kii avadharana koo ack samajik nirmaan maanaa jaataa haye. jaba anuvaad siddhant parr lagu kiya jaataa haye, tou uttaradhuniktavadiyon kaa tark haye kii ack vyakti kii bhashai kshamata anya vaktaaon key saath unaki vyaktigat baatchit aur samagr bhashai gyaan kaa yog haye. pratyek vyakti key paas apane advitiya samajik anubhav key kaaran vyaktigat roop seey ack alag bhashai pradarshan soochi yaa vishishtata haye. aantarik bhashai pranali koo ekaatmak maanaa jaataa haye aur isamen sabhi vyaakaran aur shaabdik pranaaliyan shamil hain. isaliye, code-switching dwara dee gaee bhashai kshamata kii asatat pranaliyon koo ekaatmak model mein anuvaad kaa hissa naheen maanaa jaa sakata haye.
ekikrit model bhashai pranaliyon parr dou charam seemaon key kendra key karib ack sthiti letaa haye. model koo aalochana seey laker ekaatmak model taka vikasit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii uttar-aadhuniktavadiyon key nishkarsh bahubhashavad parr bhashai detta key bajaay siddhant key utpaad they. model kaa maanana haye kii kissy bhee vyakti key liye aantarik bhashai pranali kaa nirmaan pratyek "bhasha" key liye asatat shaabdik pranaliyon aur ativyaapi vyaakaran pranaliyon key saath kiya jaataa haye joe dhvanyaatmak, roopaatmak, dhvanyaatmak aur shabdarth visheshtaon koo saajha curr sakate hain. bhashai pranaliyon koo pratyek pranali kii bhashai sanrachana parr nirbhar karane key liye socha jaataa haye aur kyaa sanrachana sangyanatmak bhinnata key saath yaa binaa kii jaa sakati haye. ekikrit model taba code-switching parr siddhanton koo translangaging key pahaluon key roop mein avadharana kartaa haye, kyonki translangaging aur code-switching parr ekikrit model donon kuchh saajha visheshtaon aur sangyanatmak bhashai pranaliyon key beach kuchh antar maanate hain.
badhir sanskriti mein anuvaad.
badhir sanskriti mein anuvaad samvedi pahunch parr kendrit haye, kyonki badhir sanskriti mein anuvaad abhee bhee maujood haye; yeh gair-badhir vaktaaon mein anuvaad seey bilkul alag haye. badhir sanskriti mein anuvaad kaa ack udaaharan taba hotaa haye jaba ack mishrit badhir/shravan parivaar raat key khaane kii mez parr munh, sanket-bhashi, aavaaj aur sanketon kaa upayog karke samvaad kartaa haye."anuvaad kaa upayog nirdeshaatmak aur varnanatmak roop seey kiya jaa sakata haye aur bhaashaon key samajik aur raajneetik kshetra kii upeksha key saath ack vaktaa kii poori bhashai seema kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. ise dwibhashi vaktaaon kii bhasha prathaon key roop mein bhee dekhaa jaa sakata haye. badhir samudaay mein ack jaari mudda hastaaksharit bhaashaon koo alpasankhyak bhasha maanaa jaanaa haye, kyonki badhir vaktaaon key paas bolly jaane vaali bhaashaon key liye samvedi apraapyata haye."badhir bachchon key liye hastaaksharit bhaashaon taka pahunch kaa bhee ack mudda haye, kyonki kaee logon key liye, iss pahunch seey samjhauta kiya jaataa haye. badhir vaktaaon koo bhee samvedi vishamtaon kaa saamana karna padata haye, aur anuvaad jaise siddhant saanketik bhasha adhikaaron key liye raajneetik pravachan koo khatare mein daal sakate hain kyonki hastaaksharit bhaashaon koo pachas saal pahale kewal ishaaron key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa, lekin vaastavik bhaashaon key roop mein naheen. choonki badhir bachche hastaaksharit aur bolly jaane vaali donon bhaashaon kaa upayog karate hain, isaliye way anya dwibhashi bachchon key samaan anubhav saajha karate hain. badhir samudaay mein anuvaad iss prakaar advitiya haye kyonki way drishya aur haavbhaav donon kaa upayog karate hain, saath hii saath bolly aur likhit bhasha kaa upayog karate hain.
antarrashtriya anuvaad.
duniya bhar mein angreji bolane vaalon kii sankhya angreji bolane vaalon kii sankhya seey 3:1 key anupaat seey adhik haye. praudyogiki aur sanchaar key vartamaan pravaah key saath, angreji ack bhaari antarrashtriya bhasha bunn gaee haye. jaise, angreji kismein aur antarrashtriya angreji antarrashtriya aarthik adaan-pradaan mein maanak upayog bunn rahee hain, jisase unaki vaidhata badh rahee haye aur maanak americi aur british angreji kismon kaa prabhutva cumm hoe rhaa haye.
anuvaad sthaan.
anuvaad key sandarbh mein, jaba antariksh key baare mein sochate hain, tou ise aavashyak roop seey ack bhautik sthaan naheen maanaa jaataa haye, balki bahubhashi vyakti key dimag mein ack sthaan key roop mein adhik maanaa jaataa haye. translangaging kii prakriyaon key madhyam seey, vyakti apana swayam kaa translangaging sthaan banaate hain. yeh kahane key baad, kaee alag-alag anuvaad sthaan hoe sakate hain joe phir ack badey samajik sthaan mein shamil hoe jaate hain. udaaharan key liye, ack vishisht uchch vidyalaya kii tulanaa mein mahavidyalaya mein chhatron kii adhik vividhata key kaaran ack vishvavidyalaya kaa vatavaran ack behtar anuvaad sthaan pradaan curr sakata haye-aur yeh kaksha key baahar vyakti key jeevan kaa ullekh curr rhaa haye. isake alawa, bahubhashi iss samajik sthaan koo utpann curr sakate hain jahaan way vyaktigat itihas, anubhav aur paryaavaran, drishtikon, vishvaas aur vichardhara, sangyanatmak aur shaaririk kshamata seey laker-ack samanvit aur saarthak pradarshan banaane key liye joe bhee upkaran ekatra karate hain, unhein sanyojit karane key liye swatantra hain. joe anuvaad sthaan banaa haye, usake bheetar pratyek bhasha kaa algaav maujood naheen haye. isake bajaay, yeh ack aisaa vatavaran pradaan kartaa haye jahan sabhi bhaashaaen vilay hoe jaati hain aur poori tarah seey nae vichaaron aur prathaon mein parinam detee hain.
bahubhashi, apane anuvaad kshetra mein, apane dainik jeevan aur anubhavon mein ack vishisht sanchaar prabhaav praapt karane key liye apane bhasha gyaan kaa laabh uthaane key liye lagaatar naee ranneetiyon key saath aaa rahey hain. jaba way pratyek bhasha key upayog key saath sahaj hoe jaate hain, tou rachnaatmaktaa pravaahit honey lagati haye, aur bhaashaaen una tarikon seey judee hoti hain jinhen kewal usa vishisht anuvaad sthaan mein samajha jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, miyami, florida mein spanish aur angreji kaa mishran, vibhinn anuvaad sthaanon kii or leey jaataa haye. inn sthaanon mein vividhata lattin desh parr nirbhar karati haye joe bolane vaale boliyon mein antar key kaaran aatey hain. miyami mein spanglish bolna bahut aam haye, lekin aggar koee spanish aur angreji donon bolata haye, tou iska matlab yeh naheen haye kii kuchh abhivyaktiyon, shabdon aur vaakyon kaa upayog samajha jaayega.
doosari yaa videshi bhasha key roop mein spanish samajh aur behtar sanchaar prakriya koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye anuvaad tatvon koo jodati haye. vibhinn bhaashaon key tatvon kaa upayog vichaaron kii adhik thhos samajh paida karane aur adhik arth banaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. shikshaarthi apani praathamik bhasha seey gyaan kaa nirmaan karke behtar uttar vyakt curr sakate hain. ack dwibhashi shiksha ack shaikshanik upkaran key roop mein tribhashi key upayog koo protsaahit karane key liye ack setting banaane mein yogdan detee haye taaki shiksharthiyon koo paath koo samajhane mein madad karane key liye ack seey adhik bhasha koo shamil kiya jaa sakey.
bahubhashavad duniya kaa ack pramukh ghatak haye. seekhane key saanskritik aur bhashai tatvon key prabhaav koo pahchaanane seey sanchaar mein vriddhi hoe sakati haye. jaankaari koo sansaadhit karane key liye kaee bhaashaon kaa upayog karane key liye jagah kii anumati denaa mahatvapurna haye. shikshaarthi gyaan koo ack bhasha seey doosari bhasha mein sthanantarit curr sakate hain aur adhik samajh banaa sakate hain. anya bhaashaon kii seekhane kii prakriyaon kaa samarthan karane mein gharelu bhasha mahatvapurna haye. isaliye, ise ack alag ghatak key roop mein naheen dekhaa jaa sakata haye. 
anuvaad shikshashastra.
doosari bhasha adhigrahan shiksha key ack hisse key roop mein anuvaad kaa vikas dwibhashi aur bahubhashi shiksha pranaliyon mein ack vaichaarik badalaav kaa sanket detaa haye, jisamen dvibhashavad aur bahubhashavad koo abb doosari bhasha seekhane key liye ack nuksan key roop mein naheen dekhaa jaataa haye, jaise kii angreji, balki ack sampatti key roop mein. shaikshik vyavasthaon mein anuvaad kaa samavesh kaee anya avamoolyan alpasankhyak kismon key saath pratispardha karane vaali dou lagu kismon (maanak americi aur british angreji) kii pranali key bajaay kaee samaan roop seey moolyavaan angreji kismon kii adhik visham pranali kii or angreji bhasha key andolan koo darshaata haye. mahatvapurna roop seey, anuvaad shikshashastra kii maang haye kii bahubhashi bolane vaale anuvaad mein sanlagn bhasha pranaliyon key beach manmaane dhang seey naheen bhatakate hain, balki way ise iraade aur apani bhasha prathaon key kaam karane key tareeke kii ack metacognitive samajh key saath karate hain.
ack bhasha mein charcha karke aur doosari bhasha mein likh curr, anuvaad vishay kii gahari samajh koo badhaava detaa haye. chhaatr hamesha doosari bhasha key saath kaam karate samay apani pahali bhasha seey joe pahale seey jaanate hain, uska sandarbh denge. yeh chhatron koo jaankaari koo sansaadhit karane aur apani doosari bhasha mein sanchaar mein sudhaar karane mein madad kartaa haye. jaba ack velsh dwibhashi kaksha mein pesh kiya gayaa, tou anuvaad kaa matlab thaa kii input aur output bhaashaon koo aksar badal diyaa jaataa thaa. iss prakaar kii vyavastha mein, chhatron koo aam taur parr ack bhasha mein ack paath padhane aur apani doosari bhasha mein maukhik yaa likhit roop mein charcha karane key liye kahaa jaataa haye. velsh kaksha key mamle mein, upayog kii jaane vaali bhaashaaen velsh aur angreji theen. isake kaaran 2007 mein praathamik vidyaalayon mein velsh bolane vaalon kii sankhya mein vriddhi hui, jisamen chhatron kii sankhya 1987 kii tulanaa mein velsh bolane mein saksham thee, jaba kewal 24.6% chhaatr velsh bolate they.
doosari bhasha key adhigrahan shikshashastra key ack pahalu key roop mein anuvaad koo shamil karane kaa lakshya doosari bhasha kii shikshan ranneetiyon mein vaakya-star aur vyaakaran sambandhi chintaon seey parey jaanaa haye, aur pravachan key muddon aur sanchaar key bayanbaji parr adhik dhyaan kendrit karna haye. chhatron koo bhasha key vaastavik anuprayogon parr dhyaan kendrit karna chaahiye joe unake sanchaar key uddeshyon key anuroop hoe, naa kii seekhane kii bhasha key ack-prakaar-fitt-sabhi tareeke key bajaay, jiss sandarbh mein way samvaad curr rahey hain. kuchh vidwan joe anuvadatmak shikshashastra key bheetar likhate hain, angreji bhasha kii ack vividh avadharana key liye tark dete hain, jahaan angreji kii kaee kismein apane swayam key maandandon aur pranaliyon key saath maujood hain aur sabhi koo samaan darja praapt haye. aisee pranali vibhinn samudaayon koo angreji mein prabhaavi dhang seey samvaad karane mein saksham banaayegi. angreji bhasha kii iss avadharana mein, ise ack visham vaishvik bhasha key roop mein maanaa jaanaa chaahiye jisamen bhaaratiya angreji, nigerian angreji aur trinidadian angreji jaisi angreji kii maanak kismon koo abhee bhee british aur americi angreji kii roodhivaadi kismon key samaan darja praapt hoga. shaikshanik sthitiyon mein angreji kii kewal ack hii vividhata koo majboot karna chhatron key liye nuksandeh haye, kyonki chhaatr antatah kaee vividh sanchaar sandarbhon kaa saamana karenge, aur jaise-jaise samaaj adhik digital roop seey unnat hoga, unamen seey kaee sanchaar sandarbh antarrashtriya honge.
choonki anuvaad abhee taka shaikshik pranaliyon mein vyaapak roop seey sweekrit bhasha abhyaas naheen haye, isaliye ise aksar chhatron dwara gupt roop seey abhyaas kiya jaataa haye aur prashikshakon seey chhipa curr rakhaa jaataa haye. pratyaksh shaikshanik prayaas kii upasthiti key binaa praakritik anuvaad kaa abhyaas chhatron key liye shaikshanik sandarbhon mein yogyata aur hastaantaran key muddon koo janm dey sakata haye. yeh mudda haye kii shikshaavidon koo bhasha adhigrahan karyakramon mein anuvaad koo shamil karane kii aavashyakta haye, kyonki chhatron koo akaadamik sandarbhon mein samvaad karane mein dakshata aur praveenta praapt karane key liye ardh-sanrachit vatavaran mein apane anuvaad kaa abhyaas karane kii aavashyakta haye. yadi unhein abhyaas karane key liye upayukt sandarbh diyaa jaataa haye, tou chhaatr apani bhasha prathaon mein pramukh lekhan paramparaon koo ekikrit curr sakate hain aur bhasha pranaliyon key beach aalochanatmak baatchit curr sakate hain kyonki way anuvaad mein sanlagn hain. chhatron koo shaikshanik aur anya vividh sandarbhon mein anuvaad karane mein safal honey key liye, unhein apani bhasha prathaon key baare mein mahatvapurna metacognitive jagrukta kaa abhyaas karna chaahiye.
shikshak.
kaksha mein anuvaad kaa upayog karane key liye shikshak koo dwibhashi honey kii aavashyakta naheen haye; haalaanki, isake liye shikshak koo saha-shikshaarthi honey kii aavashyakta hoti haye. dwibhashi yaa bahubhashi chhatron key saath kaam karane vaale ekalbhashi shikshak iss shikshan abhyaas kaa safaltapurvak upayog curr sakate hain; haalaanki, unhein seekhane kaa samarthan karane aur chhatron key maujooda sansadhanon kaa laabh uthaane key liye dwibhashi shikshak kii tulanaa mein chhatron, unake maataa-pitaa, samudaay, granthon aur praudyogiki parr adhik bharosa karna chaahiye. jaise-jaise anuvaad sabhi prakaron koo vaidh banaane kii anumati detaa haye, shikshak apane chhatron kii kismon koo seekhane key liye khule hocker bhaag leey sakate hain, aur apane swayam key upayog mein aparichit bhaashaon key shabdon koo shamil karke, apane chhatron key liye apani gair-deshi bhaashaon key saath kaam karna shuru karane key liye ack model key roop mein kaam curr sakate hain.
uchch-daanv lekhan karyon mein anuvaad kaa paaramparik nishedh bahubhashi chhatron koo unaki anuvaad kshamataon kaa abhyaas karane seey roque sakata haye, aur isaliye yeh prashikshak kii jimmedaari haye kii vaha chhatron koo abhyaas karane aur unake anuvaad kaushal koo vikasit karane key liye surakshit sthaan pradaan karey. shikshakon koo apane chhatron key saath upayog kiye jaane vaale anuvaad prathaon kii yojana banani chaahiye, jaise kii pratyek paath kii yojana banaai jaani chaahiye, kyonki anuvaad yaadrichhik naheen haye. dwibhashi lekhakon aur granthon koo padhkar, shikshak chhatron koo dou yaa dou seey adhik bhaashaon kaa ack saath anubhav karane kaa mauka dete hain aur bachchon key liye bhaashaon kii tulanaa karane aur unamen antar karane mein madad karate hain.
mahatvapurna roop seey, kaksha mein anuvaad kaa upayog shikshakon key pratyaksh pravesh yaa prabhaav key binaa chhatron key liye bhasha adhigrahan koo saksham banaata haye. jabaki shikshakon koo apani kakshaon mein prachalit bhaashaon yaa bhasha kismon kaa ack sangrah banane kii aavashyakta naheen haye, unhein anuvaad mein chhatron kii bhagidari koo protsaahit karane key liye inn naee bhaashaon aur bhasha kismon key saath kaam karane key liye khula rahane kii aavashyakta haye.
bhasha visarjan karyakram bhasha seekhane koo badalane key liye ack takneek key roop mein anuvaad koo lagu curr sakate hain. shikshak chhatron koo sahyog karane aur sambandh banaane key liye protsaahit karane key liye chhatron key pichhale gyaan koo shamil curr sakate hain. saath hii, bahubhashi parivaaron key chhatron koo behtar samvaad key liye doosari bhasha key shabdon koo jodane kii anumati dene key liye ghar parr anuvaad koo lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. shiksharthiyon kii pahali bhasha doosari bhasha seekhane kaa ack maulik hissa haye. pahali bhasha kii sanrachana doosari bhasha key vyaakaran aur vartani mein arth paida curr sakati haye. shikshaarthi bhashai tatvon seey juda sakate hain kyonki way pahale seey hii shabd kaa arth jaanate hain. 
uchch shiksha.
kaee chhaatr uchch shiksha mein anuvaad kaa upayog karenge jahaan way ack vishvavidyalaya mein bhaag leey rahey hain jahan shiksha key madhyam key roop mein unaki pahali bhasha naheen haye. chhaatr apane vishayon aur vichaaron koo seekhane aur samajhane mein sansadhanon key roop mein apani kaee bhaashaon kaa upayog karate hain. vibhinn prastutiyon key saath bolly jaane vaali kaee bhaashaon kaa ack vatavaran pratyek bhasha mein padhaae jaane vaale aur sameeksha kiye jaane vaale vishayon kii adhik bahubhashi kshamata kii anumati detaa haye. uchch shiksha mein dwibhashi yaa bahubhashi chhaatr joe apani mool bhasha mein adhyayan karate hain aur apane sansthanon mein upayog kiye jaane vaale shikshan key madhyam kaa adhyayan praathamik aur maadhyamik shiksha mein sudhaar kaise kiya jaae, yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. isase praathamik aur maadhyamik vidyalaya pranaliyon aur unaki bhasha (shiksha) parr charcha key liye jagah banati haye. uchch shiksha mein anuvaad jyaadaatar uttari america aur sanyukt raajya mein dekhaa gayaa haye. kuchh desh hain joe bahubhashi neetiyon koo sweekaar curr rahey hain, jaise kii bhaarat. haalaanki, sanyukt arab amirat jaise sthaan apani school pranaliyon mein bhaashaon koo apanaane koo sweekaar naheen curr rahey hain.
kaee bhaashaaen aur anuvaad.
bhaashaaen kaee tarikon seey ack dusare seey juda sakati hain. isaliye, vyaakaranik sanrachana, uchchaaran, jadon koo samajhana kaee bhaashaon mein bahut samaan hoe sakata haye, jisase unhein ack dusare kii tulanaa mein samajhane mein aasaani hoti haye. anuvaad ack seekhane kii ranneeti haye joe shaabdik kaushal koo badhaa sakati haye. shikshaarthi pratyek bhasha kii vyaakaranik sanrachana aur dhwaniyon kii tulanaa aur tulanaa curr sakate hain taaki naee bhasha kii samajh kaa nirmaan kiya jaa sakey. udaaharan key liye kuchh sangyanatmak samajh aur aakriti vigyaan samajh kaa samarthan curr sakate hain.
udaaharan key liyeh
angreji/spanish
thhos-sulido
taral-taral
gais-gasso
anuvaad aur sahyogaatmak anuvaad.
doosari bhasha kaa samarthan karane key liye pahali bhasha kaa upayog karane seey kaee tarikon seey laabh hoe sakata haye. shikshaarthi apane pichhale gyaan koo apane nae gyaan seey jodd sakate hain. isake atirikt, praudyogiki seekhane key siddhanton aur ranneetiyon key aadhar parr kaee bhaashaon key vikas aur samajh kaa samarthan curr sakati haye. yeh vyaakaran, uchchaaran aur ack saath vibhinn bhaashaon key saath drishya aur baatchit koo bhee suvidhajanak banaa sakata haye. offelia garcia key anusaar, anuvaad shiksha mein yogdan curr sakata haih
sahayogi anuvaad bhee anuvaad mein yogdan curr sakata haye kyonki kaee pratibhaagi ack hii dastaavez mein ack saath anuvaad curr sakate hain. yeh takneek maulik haye kyonki shikshaarthi apane pahale, dusare yaa teesare bhasha seey sabhi bhasha gyaan kaa upayog curr sakate hain, jisase way kaee kshetron mein gyaan kaa nivesh aur vistaar curr sakate hain.  
saanskritik ghatak.
anuvaad seey shikshaarthi usa jaankaari koo jodd sakate hain joe way pahale seey jaanate hain aur naee jaankaari seey juda sakate hain. seekhane key vatavaran mein, shiksharthiyon koo pahale seey hii joe kuchh jaanate hain, usase adhik sanrachana aur sambandh banaane key liye pichhale gyaan kaa upayog karane mein saksham honah chaahiye. translangaging kaa karyanvayan saanskritik viraasat koo bhee sanrakshit kartaa haye. shikshaarthi una tarikon koo sthanantarit curr sakate hain jinamen bhaashaaen ack dusare kii samajh kaa samarthan karane aur apani pahali bhasha koo sanrakshit karane key samaan hain. bhasha amoort saanskritik viraasat kaa hissa haye jise shikshaarthi ack bhasha kaa upayog karke doosari bhasha koo samajh mein laane key liye banaae rakh sakate hain.
saahitya.
lattin saahitya kaa ack teji seey badhata huaa hissa haye jisamen saahityik kathaa aur bachchon kii pustakon sahit saanskritik marker aur saundarya upkaranon key roop mein anuvaad kaary shamil hain. apravasi aur doosari peedhi key americi lekhakon ney apani kahani kii duniya mein anuvaad kiya haye, jisamen gianina braschi, susana chavez-silverman aur junot diaz shamil hain. braschi kaa paarbhaashiya upanyaas you-you boing! (1998) translangaging, code-switching aur taralata key saath-saath puerto rican aur neurican boliwad ("daar pone", "vegigantes", "chinas"; "áyy, bendito!"), joe sabhi ack saahityik bhasha aur saanskritik chihnon koo vyakt karate hain. "you-you boing!"anuvaad aur bhaashaon key beach kii jagah key baare mein ack dhaatvik bhashai jagrukta pradarshit kartaa haye. kathavachak kaa kahana haye kii "somos billingues" (jaba vaha "bareras lingusticus" kii baat karati haye) aur spanish yaa angreji mein bolchal kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye chhadm dhvanyaatmak lekhan kaa sahaara letee haye.

