
bayne ferenz

benjamin berrell ferencz (11 march, 1920-7 aprail, 2023) ack americi vakeel they. vaha dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad naazi yuddh apraadhon key ack anveshak they aur ensatzgroupen mukadame mein sanyukt raajya senaa key liye mukhya abhiyojak they, joe baad mein yuu. aiss. adhikaariyon dwara germany key neuremberg mein aayojit 12 neuremberg mukdamon mein seey ack thaa. jaba insatzgroupen reports kii khoj kii gaee, tou ferenz ney unake sakshya key aadhar parr ack mukadame key liye dhakka diyaa. jaba karmchaariyon aur sansadhanon kii kamee kaa saamana karna padaa, tou unhone vyaktigat roop seey abhiyojak key roop mein seva karane key liye swechha seey kaam kiya.
baad mein way antarrashtriya kaanoon key shasson aur ack antarrashtriya aaparaadhik adalat kii sthaapana key liye ack adhivakta bunn gaye. 1985 seey 1996 taka, way paces vishvavidyalaya mein antarrashtriya kaanoon key sahayak professor they.
jeevani.
praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha.
ferenz kaa janm 11 march, 1920 koo aitihaasik transylvania kshetra mein сомcuta mare mein ack yahudi parivaar mein huaa thaa. kuchh maheenon baad trianon kii sandhi ney hangri key raajya seey romania koo adhik transylvania aavantit kiya, jisamen сомcuta mare bhee shamil thaa. 
jaba ferenz duss maheene key they, taba unakaa parivaar romenia dwara transylvania, baanat, krisana aur marameur parr niyantran karane key baad romenia key raajya dwara hangerian yahoodiyon key utpeedan seey bachane key liye sanyukt raajya america mein chaley gaye.
parivaar newyork shahar mein buss gayaa, jahan way mainhattan mein nichale poorv kii or rahate they. ferenz ney newyork key city college mein aparaadh roktham kaa adhyayan kiya, aur unaki aaparaadhik kaanoon pariksha key parinam ney unhein harvard low school mein chhatravritti pradaan kii. harvard mein, unhone rosco pound key tahat adhyayan kiya aur sheldon glooke key liye shodh bhee kiya, joe usa samay yuddh apraadhon parr ack pustak likh rahey they. ferenz ney 1943 mein harvard seey snaatak kiya. 
padhaai key baad vaha americi senaa mein shamil hoe gaye. senaa mein ack sanic key roop mein unakaa samay uttari carolina mein shivir davis mein ack tankaar key roop mein naukari key saath shuru huaa; usa samay, unhein typewriter kaa upayog karna yaa hathiyar chalaana naheen pataa thaa. unake kaam mein shauchalayon kii safai aur bartanon aur farshon koo saaf karna bhee shamil thaa. 1944 mein, unhone 115veen aaa gunn batalian, ack vimaan-rodhi topkhaane kii ikai mein seva kii. unhone europeeya rangmanch kii kaee pramukh ladaaiyon mein bhaag liya aur unhein paanch yuddh sitaaron seey sammaanit kiya gayaa.
1945 mein, unhein general george aiss key mukhyalaya mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. patton kii teesari senaa, jahan unhein ack yuddh aparaadh shakha sthaapit karane aur aise apraadhon key liye saboot ekatra karane kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa. usa bhoomika mein, unhein americi senaa dwara mukt karaae gaye yaatana shiviron mein bheja gayaa thaa.
neuremberg mukadama abhiyojak.
chrismus 1945 mein, ferenz koo sargent key pada key saath senaa seey sammaanit roop seey chhutti dey dee gaee. vaha newyork laut aae, lekin kuchh hii hafton baad unhein baad key neuremberg parikshanon mein telford teller kii kanuni team mein abhiyojak (curnell key nakali rank key saath) key roop mein bhaag lene key liye bharti kiya gayaa. teller ney unhein insatzgroupen mamle mein mukhya abhiyojak niyukt kiya-ferenz kaa pahala mamla. jinn 24 purushon parr unhone aarop lagaaya, unamen seey sabhi koo doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa; unamen seey 13 koo maut kii sajaa millie, jinamen seey chaar koo antatah anjam diyaa gayaa. purvi germany key alawa, way german dharti parr aur sanghiya ganarajya mein kiye gaye antim nishpaadan they.
dha washington post" key liye 2005 key ack sakshatkar mein, unhone germany mein apani avadhi key dauran apani kuchh gatividhiyon kaa khulasa kiya kii usa samay sainya kanuni mandand kitane alag theh
ferenz ney neuremberg parikshanon key baad germany mein rook curr apani patni gertrude key saath 31 march, 1946 koo newyork mein shaadi kii thee. unhone curt meey aur anya logon key saath milkar naazi utpeedan key peediton key liye kshatipurti aur punarvaas karyakramon kii sthaapana mein bhaag liya, aur una vaartaon mein bhee bhaag liya jisake kaaran israel aur paschim germany key beach 10 sitambar, 1952 koo kshatipurti samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye gaye aur 1953 mein pahala german punarsthapana kaanoon. 1956 mein, parivaar-unake chaar bachche they-taba taka america laut aae, jahaan ferenzen ney telford teller key bhagidar key roop mein niji kaanoon abhyaas mein pravesh kiya. film key khilaf yahudi majboor majdooron key daavon kaa peechha karate hue (film key mukadame kaa vishay), ferencz ney "itihas aur manovigyaan kii dilchasp ghatana kaa avalokan kiya kii aparaadhi aksar khud koo peedit key roop mein dekhane key liye aataa haye.
antarrashtriya aaparaadhik nyayalaya key gathan mein bhoomika.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key thheek baad key anubhavon ney ferenz parr ack paribhaashit chhaap chhodi. 13 varshon key baad, aur viyatnam yuddh kii ghatnaaon key prabhaav mein, unhone niji kaanoon abhyaas chhod diyaa aur ack antarrashtriya aaparaadhik adalat kii sanstha key liye kaam kiya joe manavata key khilaf apraadhon aur yuddh apraadhon key muddon key liye duniya bhar mein sarvocch udaaharan key roop mein kaam karega.
unhone iss vishay parr kaee pustaken bhee prakaashit keen. pahale seey hii apani pahali pustak, "antarrashtriya aakraamakta koo paribhaashit karnaah vishva shaanti kii khoj" (1975) mein, unhone iss tarah key ack antarrashtriya nyayalaya kii sthaapana key liye tark diyaa. 1985 seey 1996 taka, ferencz ney white plains, newyork mein paces vishvavidyalaya mein antarrashtriya kaanoon key sahayak professor key roop mein bhee kaam kiya.
vaastav mein ack antarrashtriya aaparaadhik adalat kii sthaapana 1 julaai, 2002 koo kii gaee thee, jaba antarrashtriya aaparaadhik adalat kaa rome qaanoon lagu huaa thaa. busch prashaasan key tahat, america ney sandhi parr hastakshar kiye, lekin iska anumodan naheen kiya. prashaasan ney anya raajyon key saath badee sankhya mein dweepaksheeya samjhaute kiye, jisamen hamein aaee. see. see. key samaksh laae jaane seey baahar rakhaa gayaa.
ferencz ney baar-baar iss prakriya key khilaf tark diyaa aur sujhaav diyaa kii america binaa kissy aarakshan key aaee. see. see. mein shamil hoe, kyonki yeh kaanoon kaa ack lambe samay seey sthaapit niyam thaa kii "kaanoon koo sabhi parr samaan roop seey lagu honah chaahiye", ack antarrashtriya sandarbh mein bhee. iss tarah, unhone 25 agast, 2006 koo diye gaye ack sakshatkar mein sujhaav diyaa kii naa kewal sadaam hussain parr mukadama chalaaya jaanaa chaahiye, balki george doubleu. busch, kyonki america ney sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishad kii anumati key binaa iraq yuddh shuru curr diyaa thaa. unhone yeh bhee sujhaav diyaa kii busch parr iraq yuddh seey sambandhit "269 yuddh aparaadh key aaropon" key liye antarrashtriya aaparaadhik adalat mein mukadama chalaaya jaanaa chaahiye.
2013 mein, ferencz ney phir seey kahaa kii "ack raajneetik lakshya praapt karane key liye sashastr bull key upayog kii ninda ack antarrashtriya aur rashtriya aparaadh key roop mein kii jaani chaahiye.
ferencz ney 2018 mein antarrashtriya nyaay key bhavishya parr ack pustak kii prastaavana mein likhaa thaa kii "yuddh karna hii manavata key khilaf sarvocch antarrashtriya aparaadh haye aur ise saarvbhaumik roop seey, jahaan bhee aur jaba bhee aparaadhi pakade jaate hain, sajaa dwara rokaa jaanaa chaahiye.
baad key varshon mein.
2009 mein, ferenz koo aerotonio cassays key saath erasmus puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa; yeh puraskar una vyaktiyon yaa sansthanon koo diyaa jaataa haye jinhone europeeya sanskriti, samaaj yaa samajik vigyaan mein ullekhaniya yogdan diyaa haye.
osama binn laden kii mrityu kii soochana key dou dinn baad, 3 maee, 2011 koo, "dha newyork times" ney ack ferencz patra prakaashit kiya jisamen tark diyaa gayaa thaa kii "avaidh aur anuchit nishpaadan-yahaan taka kii sandigdh saamoohik hatyaron kaa bhee-loktantra koo kamjor kartaa haye. usa varsh bhee unhone uganda mein thomas lubanga dialo key mukadame mein ack samaapan bayaan prastut kiya.
16 march, 2012 koo, "dha newyork times" key sampaadak koo likhe ack anya patra mein, ferencz ney thomas lubanga key liye antarrashtriya aaparaadhik adalat kii sajaa koo "antarrashtriya aaparaadhik kaanoon key vikas mein ack meal kaa patthar" key roop mein sammaanit kiya.
aprail 2017 mein, hegg kii nagarpalika ney shaanti mahal key buggle mein footpath key namkaran kii ghoshana kii, jise benjamin ferenxpad ("benjamin ferencz path") kahaa gayaa, jise "antarrashtriya nyaay key pramukh logon mein seey ack" kahaa gayaa. shahar key dipty meyer saskia bruynes (antarrashtriya mamle) ney washington dee kii yatra kii.see. prateekaatmak roop seey ferenz koo sadak kaa sanket prastut karna.
2018 mein, ferenz nirdeshak bairi everich dwara unake jeevan parr ack vrittachitra kaa vishay thaa, "burai kaa mukadama chalaana", jise netflix parr upalabdh karaaya gayaa thaa. usee varsh, ferencz kaa sakshatkar 2018 key michael moor vrittachitra "fahrenheit 11/9" key liye liya gayaa thaa.
20 juuna, 2019 koo, kalakar aur moortikaar yakov heller ney ferencz koo sammaanit kiya-unhein ack pratima key saath prastut kiya joe unhone banaai thee-narsamhar kii roktham key liye samarpit unake asadharan jeevan kii yaad mein.
16 janwari, 2020 koo, "dha newyork times" ney irani general kasem solimani kii hatyaa kii ninda karate hue ferenz key patra koo mudrit kiya, jiska naam patra mein naheen diyaa gayaa thaa, ack "anaitik kaarravaai [aur] rashtriya aur antarrashtriya kaanoon kaa spasht ullanghan" key roop mein. dou maheene baad vaha ack shatabdiwadi bunn gaye. chhah maheene baad 7 sitambar koo, ferencz aur moortikaar yakov heller abhineet vrittachitra "dou pramukh ack seey behtar hainh bayne ferencz bust kaa nirmaan" kaa vishva premiere huaa, jise erich cline productions dwara nirmit aur erich cline dwara nirdeshit kiya gayaa thaa.
22 juuna, 2021 koo, vaha lichtenstein mein pahal shaanti puraskar key pahale praaptakarta baney.
march 2022 mein, sanyukt rashtra mahasabha key gyaarahaven aapaatkaaleen vishesh satra key dauran ferenz kii ack audio clip bajaai gaee thee aur baad mein unhone ukraine parr russie aakraman parr bee. bee. see. radio 4 key "aaj raat duniya" koo ack sakshatkar diyaa. unhone kahaa kii vladmir puteen koo apane yuddh apraadhon key liye "salakhon key peechhe" honah chaahiye, aur vaha ukraine mein atyacharon parr "dill toot gayaa" thaa.
7 aprail, 2022 koo florida key governor ronn desentis ney florida atlantic vishvavidyalaya mein aayojit ack samaroh mein ferencz koo governor kaa swatantrata padak pradaan kiya.
sitambar 2022 mein, ferenz caine burns vrittachitra "dha yuu" mein dikhaai diye.aiss. aur narsamhar."
disambar 2022 mein, ferenz koo congress key swarn padak seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.
janwari 2023 mein, ferenz david wilkinson vrittachitra "hatyaon key saath door jaanaa" mein dikhaai diye."
march 2023 mein, apani antim saarvajanik upasthiti mein, ferenz ney "dha neuremberg principalsah dha contemperary challenges conference" mein pratibhagiyon key swaagat kii ack video clip prastut kii, joe america key catholic vishvavidyalaya mein neeti anusandhaan aur catholic adhyayan sansthaan dwara praayojit ack karyakram haye.
vyaktigat jeevan.
1946 mein, ferenz ney newyork mein apani kishore premika, gertrude fried seey shaadi kii. kull 73 varshon taka, way 2019 mein unaki mrityu taka "binaa kissy jhagade key" shadishuda they. unake chaar bachche they.
ferencz kii mrityu 7 aprail, 2023 koo 103 varsh kii ayu mein boynton beach, florida mein ack sahayak rahane kii suvidha mein hui. vaha neuremberg parikshanon mein antim jeevit abhiyojak they.

