
mega-telomere

ack mega-telomere (jise ultra-long telomere yaa class III telomere key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye), ack behad lamba telomere anukram haye joe gunasutron key anta mein baithata haye aur koshika pratikriti key dauran aanuvanshik jaankaari key nuksan koo rokta haye. niyamit telomerase kii tarah, mega-telomerase dna aur sambandhit protein key ack doharaae gaye anukram seey baney hotey hain, aur gunasutron key siron parr sthit hotey hain. haalaanki, mega-telomerase niyamit telomerase kii tulanaa mein kaafee lambe hotey hain, aakar mein 50 kilobes seey laker kaee megabes taka (tulanaa key liye, kasheruki telomerase kii samanya lambai aamtaur parr 10 aur 20 kilobes key beach hoti haye).
telomerase gunasutra key liye surakshaatmak topi kii tarah kaary karate hain. koshika vibhajan key dauran, ack koshika apane dna kii pratiyaan banaayegi. koshika mein enzyme joe dee. aine. aeye. kii nakal karane key liye jimmedaar hain, gunasutron key bahut siron kii nakal naheen curr sakate hain. ise kabhi-kabhi "antim pratikriti samasya" kahaa jaataa haye. yadi kissy koshika mein telomerase naheen hotey hain, tou gunasutron key siron parr dna seey aanuvanshik jaankaari pratyek vibhajan key saath khou jaayegi. haalaanki, kyonki gunasutron key siron parr telomere yaa mega-telomere hotey hain, isake bajaay dna key doharaae jaane vaale gair-aavashyak anukram khou jaate hain (dekhein telomere chhota honah). jabaki adhikansh eukariotic jeevon mein gunasutra telomerase seey dhake hotey hain, mega-telomerase kewal kuchh prajaatiyon mein paae jaate hain, jaise kii choohe aur kuchh pakshi. kasheruki koshikaon mein mega-telomer kaa vishisht kaary abhee bhee spasht naheen haye.
khoj.
dee. aine. aeye. key telomeric kshetron kii pehchaan pahali baar 1970 key dashak key anta mein kii gaee thee (dekhein telomeric dee. aine. aeye. kii khoj). haalaanki, ack dashak seey adhik samay baad taka kasheruki jeevon mein telomere anukram key behad lambe kshetron koo maanyata naheen dee gaee thee. inn anukramon, joe aakar mein 30 seey 150 kilobes taka they, kii pehchaan pahali baar 1990 mein david kippling aur howard cook dwara prayogshala choohon mein kii gaee thee.
1994 mein, murgiyon mein behad lambe telomeric kshetron kii pehchaan kii gaee thee. pakshiyon kii kaee prajaatiyon mein 20 kilobes seey laker kaee megabases taka key telomeric anukramon kii bhee pehchaan kii gaee haye. inn badey kshetron koo saahitya mein "ultra-long" telomerase kahaa jaataa thaa jaba unhein cytogenetic tarikon seey pehchaane jaane parr dakshini blotting aur "mega-telomerase" kaa upayog karke pahachaana jaataa thaa. inn anukramon key liye vartamaan mein sweekrit shabdawali "mega-telomerase" haye."
sanrachana aur kaary.
kasheruki jeevon mein mega-telomerase mein chhah aadhar-jodee anukram, tii. tii. aeye. jee. jee., dee. aine. aeye. key punaraavrittiyaan hoti hain. mega-telomeric dna gunasutron key siron parr jatil sanrachanaon koo banaane key liye vibhinn proteins seey bhee judataa haye.
telomere sarani dwara telomere kii pehchaan kii jaati haye. ack telomere sarani ack namoone (koshika, vyaktigat, aadi) key bheetar telomere kii ack anoothi vyavastha haye.) joe anukram dohrao kii sankhya, pratibandh paachan dwara diye gaye tukadon key pattern, gunasutra jiss parr yeh paaya jaataa haye, aur usa gunasutra parr anukram key vishisht sthaan dwara paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. saahitya mein, mega-telomer koo unaki sarani kii visheshtaon key aadhar parr varg III telomer key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.
model jeevon mein kaee adhyayanon ney genome sthirata, cellular aging aur oncogenesis koo niyantrit karane mein telomere sanrachana aur kaary key mahatva koo sthaapit kiya haye. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii mega-teleomerase lambe samay taka jeevit jeevon mein vriddhavastha key khilaf surakshaatmak tantra key roop mein kaam curr sakate hain. haalaanki, iss vishay parr kuchh bahas haye, kyonki telomeric lambai choohon mein jivankal koo prabhaavit naheen karati haye aur lambe aur chhote donon jeevan-kaal vaale pakshiyon mein mega-telomerase dikhaai diye hain.
mega-telomer kii upasthiti prajaatiyon key beach bhinn hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, maanav gunasutron mein mega-telomerase naheen hotey hain jabaki choohon aur pakshiyon kii kaee prajaatiyan hoti hain. ack hii prajaati key bheetar unaki sanrachana aur sthaan mein bhee bhinnata haye. choohon aur pakshiyon mein, mega-telomerase kshetron koo atiparivartaniya maanaa jaataa haye, jiska arth haye kii vyaktiyon key beach mega-telomerase key aakar aur sthiti mein bahuroopata kii ack uchch degree haye, jisamen uchch nasl kii rekhaaen bhee shamil hain. atyadhik nasl key chikan-line key bhaai-bahanon key vishleshan seey pataa chalata haye kii yeye atee-lambe telomeric anukram behad visham hain. choohon mein bhee vishamta key samaan avalokan kiye gaye hain.
pakshiyon mein, jinaki koshikaon mein sookshm gunasutra hotey hain, yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii mega-telomer kii upasthiti aur ack prajaati mein maujood sookshm gunasutron kii sankhya key beach ack sambandh thaa, jaise kii badee sankhya mein sookshm gunasutron vaale pakshi genome mein bhee badee matra mein telomeric dna anukram hotaa thaa. yeh socha gayaa thaa kii yeye telomeric anukram koshika vibhajan key dauran inn chhote gunasutron parr jeane koo ksharan seey bachaa sakate hain. haalaanki, baad key adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa kii mega-telomerase aavashyak roop seey sookshm gunasutron vaali sabhi prajaatiyon mein maujood naheen hain, naa hii way ack koshika key bheetar sabhi sookshm gunasutron parr paae jaate hain. mega-telomerase koo chikan microchromosome kii uchch punarsanyojan darr mein yogdan karane key liye bhee maanaa jaataa haye. murgiyon mein sabse lamba mega-telomere doubleu (mahila) gunasutra seey judaa hotaa haye, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii mega-telomers yaun gunasutra sangathan aur aanuvanshik bhinnata kii peedhi koo bhee prabhaavit curr sakate hain.
vikaasvaadi utpatti.
mega-telomerase kii khoj karane vaale vartamaan shodh ney inbread chikan ("gallus gallus") lines kii baad kii peedhiyon key beach mega-telomere profile kii apratyaashit vishamta aur gair-mendelian algaav kaa sanket diyaa haye. lagbhag samaan genomic anukramon key bavjood, yeh vishamta yaa peedhi darr peedhi asangati, iss baat kaa pramaan haye kii mega-telomers ardhasutri vibhaajak key dauran punarsanyojan koo badhaava dete hain. isake alawa, microchromesome parr adhimanya sthaan aur avian prajaatiyon kii mahila-vishisht doubleu gunasutra parr ack behad badey mega-telomere kii khoj bhee mega-telomers kii bhoomika koo darshaati haye.
sookshm gunasutron koo jeane-ghaney aur vishesh roop seey kshati key liye atisamvedansheel honey key liye jaanaa jaataa haye, iss prakaar mega-telomerase vishesh roop seey inn jeane-samriddh lekin najuk gunasutron koo ksharan yaa gunasutra kshati key anya roopon seey bachaane key liye kaary curr sakate hain. doubleu gunasutra parr lagbhag 3mb telomeric sarani seey pataa chalata haye kii mega-telomerase bhee ardhasutri vibhaajak key dauran ling-gunasutra sangathan yaa vitaran mein bhoomika nibhaate hain, halanki ack tantra kii pehchaan kii jaani baaki haye. aisaa naheen lagata kii genome mein mega-telomer kii upasthiti "telomere ghadee" koo badal sakati haye yaa kissy jeev key jivankal koo badhaa sakati haye.
mega-telomerase vaale jeev.
kasheruki prajaatiyon mein mega-telomer kaa sabse achchha varnan kiya gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey nasl key choohon aur chikan lines mein. vaastav mein, kuchh sabse badey mega-telomere sarani uchch nasl aur lagbhag samroop chikan lines mein report kiye gaye they, jinamen ucd03 aur edol line 0 shamil hain. samanya kasheruki telomere sarani aakar 10 seey 20 kebi taka hotey hain, halanki, choohe aur chikan kii kaee aanuvanshik rekhaaon mein atyadhik 50kebi yaa adhik telomere aakar kii sarani hoti haye. kuchh anya avian prajaatiyan, jinamen japani bater ("cotternics japonica"), shuturmurg ("strutheo camellus"), aur eemu ("dromius noveholandia") shamil hain. haalaanki adhikansh avian genome standhari genome kii tulanaa mein teen gunaa chhote hotey hain, lekin unake genome telomeric anukram aur varg III (mega-telomere) saraniyon seey samriddh hotey hain, shayed microchromosome kii apekshaakrit badee sankhya key kaaran.
mega-telomer kii upasthiti koo gharelukaran yaa atyadhik nasleeya kasheruki rekhaaon key vikas kii prakriya seey badhaaya jaa sakata haye. sabse badee chikan saraniyon kii khoj sabse adhik nasleeya aanuvanshik rekhaaon mein kii gaee thee. 1956 mein sthaapit aur poorna-bhaai-bahan kii chataai dwara banaae rakhe gaye yuu. see. dee. 003 line seey poorna bhaai-bahanon aur unake santanon key adhyayan ney 200 key. bee. yaa badey telomer key saath ack susangat profile sthaapit kii. haalaanki, cumm nasl vaale laal jangli murgi parivaaron (murgiyon key parikalpit poorvaj) mein thodaa chhota varg II sarani aur anya avian prajaatiyan hoti hain, jaise kii americi ganja cheel ("heliatus leukocephalus"), uttari goshock ("ekisaptar gentilis"), cumm mega-telomer hotey hain aur unaki telomere aakar kii seema kaafee chhoti hoti haye. isake alawa, prayogshala mein nasl key choohe key upabhed ("musculus") lambai mein 30-150 kb key behad lambe telomere pradarshit karate hain, haalaanki jangli choohe kii prajaati ("musculus") mein 5-15 kb seey kaafee chhote telomere hotey hain.
pehchaan key tareeke.
kasheruki prajaatiyon mein mega-telomer kii pehchaan karane aur unakaa adhyayan karane key liye vibhinn prakaar key cytogenetic aur aanvik tarikon kaa upayog kiya gayaa haye. inmein seey kaee takneeken shodhkartaon koo genome mein ack mega-telomere kii upasthiti kii khoj karane kii anumati detee hain, lekin telomere saraniyon koo bhee chihnit karati hain.
cytogenetic adhyayanon mein telomeric probe key saath situ hybridisation (machhali) mein florescence kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye taaki rasayanik roop seey upchaarit koshikaon parr telomerase koo label kiya jaa sakey. adhik vishesh roop seey, telomere-peptide nuclic acid fluoresin probe kaa upayog aksar mitotic metafage aur interfage yaa myotic patchiten-stage gunasutron parr telomeric anukram punaravritti kii pehchaan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. machhali kii chhaviyaan mega-telomeric gunasutron kii pehchaan aur gunasutra sanrachana, jee. see.-samriddh dee. aine. aeye. kshetron kii kalpana, aur prayog key aadhar parr, aanuvanshik kshetron yaa jeane key saath saha-sthaaniyakaran donon kii anumati detee hain.
telomeric anukramon kii matra nirdhaarit karane key liye aanvik takneekon mein puls-feeled jail electrophoresis (pee. aff. jee.), slot blott, kshaitij jail electrophoresis aur samocch-dhankit sajaatiya vidyut kshetra puls jail electrophoresis (shafe-pee. aff. jee.) shamil hain. inn takneekon mein, shuddh genomic dna koo alag kiya jaataa haye aur pratibandh enzymon key saath pachaaya jaataa haye, jaise kii haiee, hinfi, alui, sou3ee, ikori, ecorve, psti, ssti, bamhi, hindi yaa beagly, aur fluorometry dwara matratmak kiya jaataa haye.
pratibandh enzymon dwara chhote tukadon mein dee. aine. aeye. kaa paachan, electrophoresis key madhyam seey charr-aakar key dee. aine. aeye. tukadon koo alag karna, aur ack vishisht radio-yaa pratideepti-label vaali jaanch kaa upayog karke telomeric dee. aine. aeye. vaale tukadon kaa labeling kaee aanvik takneekon key bheetar puuraa kiye gaye aavashyak charan hain. kaee mamalon mein, dee. aine. aeye. key tukadon koo blotting takneekon (i.ee. dakshini dhabba). vishesh protocol ney uchch aanvik vajan varg III telomeric dna koo varg I aur II key tukadon seey alag karane kii kshamata kaa pradarshan kiya haye aur saath hii pratyek varg key bheetar paae jaane vaale aakar kii shreniyon koo chihnit kiya haye. dagdar yaa label kiye gaye jhilli parr telomeric tukadon kaa pattern aamtaur parr dna namoone (i.ee. telomere sarani shayed hii kabhi samaan hoti hain). aanvik vajan markers koo aamtaur parr agrose jail key madhyam seey electrophoresis key madhyam seey genomic dna tukadon key saath alag kiya jaataa haye taaki telomeric saraniyon key aakar mein sahaayata mill sakey aur sarani antar-aur antar-vyaktigat parivartansheelta kii pehchaan kii jaa sakey. slot blott, halanki, dee. aine. aeye. vikhandan yaa prithakkaran key binaa aayojit kiya jaataa haye, balki poore genomic dee. aine. aeye. kaa upayog telomeric dee. aine. aeye. kii kull sandrata kii matra nirdhaarit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. iss takneek kaa dosh yeh haye kii label kiye gaye dee. aine. aeye. anuon key aakar kii pehchaan naheen kii jaa sakati haye. slot blott (yaa dott blott) mein, kull genomic dna ack jhilli seey judaa hotaa haye aur ack telomere-probe key saath label kiya jaataa haye joe ack namuna-vishisht chemiluminascence signal kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, jise fluorameter upkaran aur software dwara pakada aur matra dee jaati haye. dee. aine. aeye. namoonon mein telomeric anukram ekagrata koo sateek roop seey nirdhaarit karane key liye ack gyaat ekagrata maanak koo ack saath label aur matratmak kiya jaanaa chaahiye.

