quadripartitus

sheershak chaturbhuj ingland key raajaa heinry aaee (1100-1135) key shasankal key dauran sankalit ack vyaapak kanuni sangrah koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. iss kaary mein lattin anuvaad mein anglo-saxon kanuni samagri key saath-saath vijay key baad utpann kiye gaye kanuni hita key kaee lattin granth shamil hain. yeh poorv-vijay kaanoon key sabse badey jeevit madhyayugeen sangrah key roop mein sthaan rakhta haye aur heinry aaee key shasankal key dauran nirmit honey vaalaa doosara sangrah haye, jisake baad cambridge, corpus christy college ms 383 mein nihit haye. heinry aaee key nyaayvidon aur prashasakon key upayog key liye pahali baar sankalit, "quadripartitus" koo baad mein kaafee samay taka apaar ruchi millie aur kanuni vidvaanon dwara paramarsh kiya gayaa, jisamen terahavin shatabdi mein heinry dee brackton aur pandrahavin mein johnn fortsque shamil they.
paandulipiyaan.
koee mool pandulipi maujood naheen haye, lekin pandulipiyon key chhah vargon mein pratiyaan bachee hui hainh
quadripartitus" kaa sankalan ack mahatvakankshi pariyojana thee jise puuraa honey mein kaee saal lugg gaye. pahali prastaavana, "samarpan", joe kewal kaam key pahale masaude mein maujood hoe sakata haye (neeche dekhein), 1100 key baad likhe jaane kaa koee aantarik sanket naheen dikhaata haye, aur naa hii pahala khand. isase pataa chalata haye kii heinry key shasankal kii shuruat taka kaam achchi tarah seey chala rhaa thaa. doosari prastaavana, jise "tark" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aksar heinry key uttaradhikar koo angreji samaaj mein kaanoon aur vyavastha kii vaapsee kii shuruat key roop mein sandarbhit kartaa haye. dusare khand mein heinry key shasankal key dauran rachit samagri haye aur yeh maee (pentecoast) 1108 mein landan mein aayojit ack shaahi parishad koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, jisamen anya logon key beach urs dee 'abet (dee. 1108). liberman ney 1113 aur 1118 key beach kii tarikh koo kaam puuraa karane kaa kaam saunpa, iss "antim poorvavarti" koo "tark" §16 mein "brayton key krodh" parr heinry kii jeet key ullekh parr adharit kiya, jise unhone raajaa key samprabhuta key daave koo sandarbhit karane key liye liya, jise 1113 mein france key raajaa luis vi dwara maanyata dee gaee thee. halanki, richard sharp kaa tark haye kii paath key shabd iss tarah kii kissy bhee aitihaasik vishisht vyakhya kii anumati dene key liye bahut samanya hain. vaha 1108 aur 1118 key beach pahale masaude key puuraa honey kii tarikh detaa haye, jisamen iss seema key shuruati hisse key karib ack tarikh hoti haye.
patrick vermald key anusaar, anaam lekhak ney lagaatar sangrah parr kaam kiya aur usey sanshodhit kiya. choonki pratiyaan banaai gaeen aur prakriya key dauran bheji gaeen, isaliye lekhak kii badalati dhaaranaaen aur iraade vibhinn pandulipiyon mein paae jaane vaale granthon key kaee sanshodhanon aur punarvyavastha mein parilakshit hotey hain.
lekhak kaa lattin kabhi-kabhi kukhyaat roop seey apaardarshi hotaa haye, jise kuchh vidvaanon ney prashikshan aur kaushal kii kamee key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya haye. haalaanki, richard sharp ney tark diyaa haye kii lekhak lattin mein praveen thaa aur shaastriya saahitya key saath achchi tarah seey ghar parr thaa, lekin alankaarik vikas key liye ack vareeyata dikhaata haye joe aksar unake lekhan koo bhedna mushkil banaata haye. inn kathinaaiyon key bavjood, yeh angreji key ack pracheen roop key bajaay lattin kaa upayog haye jisane baad key yugon mein kaam kii pramukh sthiti mein yogdan diyaa haye aur vartamaan dinn taka isake astitva mein yogdan diyaa haye.
lekhak aur uddeshya.
lekhak agyaat haye, lekin kaam sambhavatah usee nyaayvid dwara taiyar kiya gayaa thaa joe "legg henrique primy" kaa masauda taiyar karane key liye jimmedaar thaa. vaha ack mool angreji vaktaa naheen they, aur aksar apane mool key arth koo samajhane key liye sangharsh karate they, halanki kaee pandulipi sanskaranon mein ack seekhane kii prakriya kaa pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haye, jisase pataa chalata haye kii unhone kabhi-kabhi apane anuvaadon koo sahee kiya thaa. prasaran kaa itihas yeh bhee bataa sakata haye kii naee pandulipiyon kii khoj ney lekhak key munn koo usa uchit crum key baare mein badal diyaa jisamen kanuni granthon kii vyavastha kii jaani thee.
quadripartitus" ("chaar mein vibhajit") sheershak kaa upayog itihaskaron dwara kiya gayaa haye kyonki felix liberman ney ise apane sanskaran aur 20 veen shatabdi kii shuruat key karib kaam key adhyayan mein apanaaya thaa. sheershak, joe johnn rylands library ms lait 420 key flyleaf parr 16veen shatabdi key nott mein paaya jaataa haye, yeh darshaata haye kii lekhak ney apane "argumentum" (khand 32) mein kyaa nirdhaarit kiya haye, arthaat kii unakaa mool design chaar khandon kaa utpaadan karna thaa. haalaanki, bache hue sangrah mein kewal pahale dou khand shamil hain, jabaki shesh dou key liye yojanaaen, ack mukadame aur unaki kaaryavaahi parr aur doosara chori parr, kabhi safal naheen hui. dou prastaavanaaen, "samarpan" aur "tark", seey pataa chalata haye kii sangrah kaa uddeshya kewal aprachalit kaanoonon aur reeti-rivaajon key ack pracheen vishvakosh key roop mein kaam karna naheen thaa.
samagri.
kaam mein dou prastaavanaaen jodee gaee hain. samarpan", joe kewal sooti aim. aiss. domician VIII mein jeevit haye, lekhak key ack anaam sanrakshak aur mitra koo sambodhit ack samarpan haye. yeh kaam key shuruati charan mein likhaa gayaa hoga aur sambhavatah baad key masaudon seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. doosari prastaavana "tark" haye, joe raajya mein samkaaleen sthiti key sandarbh mein kaam key tark koo nirdhaarit karati haye. kapas ms domician VIII, kapas ms titus aeye xxvi mein iska ekmatra sanrakshan aur ack versester pandulipi seey ack pratilekh seey pataa chalata haye kii ise dusare masaude key baad chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. lekhak yahaan villium (ii) rufus key shasankal koo chihnit karane vaale naitik kshay kii ninda kartaa haye aur kuchh ummeed vyakt kartaa haye kii heinry kaa shasson behtar key liye parivartan laayega.
granthon kii sabse badee sabhaa kaary key pahale bhaag mein nihit haye (i). iss samagri mein kaanoon-sanhitaon kaa ack achchha hissa shamil haye joe anglo-saxon raajaon dwara jaari kiya gayaa thaa, wessex key raajaa inn (raajaa alfred key "dombok" seey jodaa gayaa) seey laker king koonat taka, sabhi lattin anuvaad mein. inmein seey kuchh kaheen aur jeevit naheen rahate hain. isake alawa, lekhak ney vibhinn vishayon parr kanuni granth shamil kiye, jinamen seey kuchh york key archbishop wolfstan seey judey they. kaam kaa doosara, sankshipt bhaag baad kii tarikh mein likhit kanuni hita key dastavejon (lattin mein) key liye samarpit haye, jaise kii heinry aaee kaa rajyabhishek charter aur adalaton parr unakaa ritt.
nimnalikhit vishay-vastu talika patrick vermald dwara sankalit parr adharit haye. tarankan (*) dwara chihnit granth mool roop seey sangrah kaa hissa naheen hain, jabaki varg koshthak ([]) key beach rakhe gaye granthon koo anya lekhakon dwara pandulipiyon mein daala gayaa thaa.

