
horn antina

ack horn antina yaa microwave horn ack antina haye jisamen ack beam mein radio tarangon koo nirdeshit karane key liye ack horn key aakar key ack flairing metal waveguide hotaa haye. horn kaa vyaapak roop seey uhf aur microwave aavrittiyon parr antena key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye, joe 300 megahertz seey adhik haye. inca upayog badey antina sanrachanaon jaise kii paravalayik antina key liye feed antina (jise feed horn kahaa jaataa haye) key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, anya antina key laabh koo maapane key liye maanak anshankan antina key roop mein, aur radar bandookon, swachaalit darwaaje kholane vaale aur microwave radiometer jaise upkaranon key liye nirdeshaatmak antina key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. unake laabh madhyam pratyakshata, vyaapak bandwidth, cumm nuksan aur saral nirmaan aur samaayojan hain.
pahale horn antena mein seey ack kaa nirmaan 1897 mein bangali-bhaaratiya radio shodhkarta jagdish chandra boses ney microwave key saath apane agrani prayogon mein kiya thaa. aadhunik horn antina kaa aavishkaar swatantra roop seey 1938 mein wilmer bairo aur jee dwara kiya gayaa thaa. see. dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein radar key vikas key liye dakshin mein radar antena key liye feed horn design karane key liye uttejit horn anusandhaan. 1962 mein key dwara aavishkaar kiye gaye nalidar horn kaa vyaapak roop seey upgrah vyanjanon aur radio doorbinon jaise microwave antena key liye feed horn key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye.
horn antena kaa ack laabh yeh haye kii choonki unamen koee anunaad tatva naheen hain, isaliye way aavrittiyon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala, ack vistrit bandwidth parr kaam curr sakate hain. horn antena kii upayog karane yogya bandwidth aamtaur parr 10:1 key crum kii hoti haye, aur 20:1 taka hoe sakati haye (udaaharan key liye ise 1 geegahertz seey 20 geegahertz taka sanchaalit karane kii anumati). input pratibadha iss vistrit aavritti seema parr dheere-dheere badal rahee haye, jisase bandwidth parr cumm voltage sthaayi tarang anupaat (vee. aiss. doubleu. aar.) kii anumati milati haye. horn antena kaa laabh 25 dee. bee. aaee. taka hotaa haye, jisamen 10-20 dee. bee. aaee. vishisht hotaa haye.
varnan.
ack horn antina kaa upayog ack tarang-path (radio tarangon koo leey jaane key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack dhaatu pipe) seey radio tarangon koo antariksh mein prasaarit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, yaa swaagat key liye ack tarang-path mein radio tarangon koo ekatra karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. isamen aam taur parr aaytaakaar yaa belnakar dhaatu tube (waveguide) kii ack chhoti lambai hoti haye, joe ack chhor parr bund hoti haye, dusare chhor parr ack khule shanku yaa pyramid aakar key horn mein bhadakati haye. radio tarangon koo aamtaur parr ack paarshv seey judee samakshiya cable dwara tarang-path mein pesh kiya jaataa haye, jisamen kendriya chaalak ack chaturthansh-tarang monopole antina banaane key liye tarang-path mein prakshepit hotaa haye. laharen taba ack sankeern kiran mein seeng key anta koo baahar nikaalati hain. kuchh upkaranon mein radio tarangen ack tarang-maargdarshak dwara transmitter yaa receiver aur antina key beach sanchaalit kii jaati hain; iss mamle mein horn tarang-maargdarshak key anta mein judaa hotaa haye. baahari seengon mein, jaise kii upgrah vyanjanon key feed seengon mein, seeng kaa khula munh aksar namee koo baahar karane key liye radio tarangon key liye pardarshi plastic kii chaadar seey dhakaa hotaa haye.
yeh kaise kaam kartaa haye.
ack horn antina vidyut chumbakiya tarangon key liye vahee kaary kartaa haye joe ack dhwanik horn ack sangeet vaadyayantra jaise kii ack bigul mein dhwani tarangon key liye kartaa haye. yeh ack tube kii pratibadha koo mukt sthaan kii pratibadha seey mell khaane key liye ack kramik sankraman sanrachana pradaan kartaa haye, jisase tube seey tarangen antariksh mein kushalata seey vikiran curr sakengi.
yadi ack sadharan open-ended waveguide kaa upayog antina key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, binaa horn key, tou pravaahakiya divaaron kaa achaanak anta aperture parr ack achaanak pratibadha parivartan kaa kaaran banata haye, waveguide mein tarang pratibadha seey mukt sthaan kii pratibadha taka, (lagbhag 377 ω). jaba tarang-maargdarshak key madhyam seey yatra karane vaali radio tarangen udghaatan seey takaraati hain, tou yeh pratibadha-charan srot kii or disha-nirdesh key neeche tarang oorjaa key ack mahatvapurna ansh koo darshaata haye, taaki sabhi shakti vikiran naa hoe. yeh ack khuli sancharan rekha parr pratibimb key samaan haye yaa apavartan key nimn aur uchch soochkaank key saath optical madhyamon key beach ack seema haye, jaise kii ack kaanch kii satah parr. paraavartit tarangen tarang-path mein khadee tarangon kaa kaaran banati hain, jisase swaar badhata haye, oorjaa barbad hoti haye aur sambhavatah transmitter koo adhik germ kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, tarang-path kaa chhota chhidra (ack seey cumm tarang dairdhya) isase nikalane vaali tarangon key mahatvapurna vivartan kaa kaaran banata haye, jisake parinamswarup binaa adhik pratyakshata key ack vistrit vikiran pattern hotaa haye.
inn kharaab visheshtaon koo behtar banaane key liye, tarang-maargdarshak key chhoron koo ack horn banaane key liye baahar nikala jaataa haye. seeng kaa taper dheere-dheere seeng kii lambai key saath pratibadha koo badal detaa haye. yeh ack pratibadha milan transformer kii tarah kaary kartaa haye, jisase adhikansh tarang oorjaa koo nyuntam pratibimb key saath, horn key anta koo antariksh mein vikiran karane kii anumati milati haye. taper ack taper sancharan line key samaan kaary kartaa haye, yaa ack optical madhyam jisamen ack sucharu roop seey bhinn apavartak soochkaank hotaa haye. isake alawa, horn kaa chauda chhidra ack sankeern kiran mein laharon koo prakshepit kartaa haye.
seeng kaa aakar joe nyuntam paraavartit shakti detaa haye, vaha ack ghaatiya ghatata haye. ghaatiya horn kaa upayog vishesh anuprayogon mein kiya jaataa haye jinamen nyuntam sanket haani kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jaise kii upgrah antena aur radio doorbeen. halanki shankudhari aur pyramidal seengon kaa sabse vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaataa haye, kyonki unake seedhe kinare hotey hain aur unhein design aur banaana aasaan hotaa haye.
vikiran pattern.
laharen ack seeng key neeche golakar tarangon key roop mein yatra karati hain, unaki utpatti seeng key sheersh parr hoti haye, ack bindu jise charan kendra kahaa jaataa haye. seeng key muhaane parr chhidra tala parr vidyut aur chumbakiya kshetron kaa pattern, joe vikiran pattern nirdhaarit kartaa haye, tarang-path mein kshetron kaa ack scale-upp prajanan haye. kyonki tarang-mukh golakar hotey hain, isaliye kendra bindu kii lambai aur sheersh bindu seey kinare key binduon mein antar key kaaran, chhidra tala key kinaaron seey kendra taka charan sucharu roop seey badhata haye. kendra bindu aur kinaaron key beach charan mein antar koo "charan truti" kahaa jaataa haye. yeh charan truti, joe flair konn key saath badhati haye, laabh koo cumm karati haye aur beamwidth koo badhaati haye, jisase samaan aakar key plain-wave antena jaise kii parabolic vyanjanon kii tulanaa mein horn koo vyaapak beamwidth milati haye.
flair konn parr, beam lobe kaa vikiran isake adhikatam moolya seey lagbhag 20 dee. bee. cumm haye.
jaise-jaise ack seeng kaa aakar (tarang dairdhya mein vyakt) badhata haye, charan truti badhati haye, jisase seeng koo ack vyaapak vikiran pattern milata haye. beamwidth koo sankeern rakhane key liye charan truti koo sthir rakhane key liye ack lambe horn (chhote flair konn) kii aavashyakta hoti haye. badhate charan kii truti vyaavhaarik seengon key chhidra key aakar koo lagbhag 15 tarang dairdhya taka seemit karati haye; badey chhidron key liye avyaavhaarik roop seey lambe seengon kii aavashyakta hogi. yeh vyaavhaarik horn key laabh koo lagbhag 1000 (30 dee. bee. aaee.) aur sambandhit nyuntam beamwidth koo lagbhag 5-10 ° taka seemit kartaa haye.
prakaar.
neeche horn antena key mukhya prakaar diye gaye hain. seengon mein alag-alag flair konn key saath-saath alag-alag vistaar vakr (andakar, atee-dhruviya, aadi) hoe sakate hain.) ee-feeled aur aich-feeled dishaaon mein, vibhinn beam profile kii ack vistrit vividhata koo sambhav banaata haye.
ishtatam horn.
dee gaee aavritti aur seeng kii lambai key liye, kuchh flair konn hotaa haye joe nyuntam pratibimb aur adhikatam laabh detaa haye. seedhe-tarfa seengon mein aantarik pratibimb lahar key raaste key saath dou sthaanon seey aatey hain jahaan pratibadha achaanak badal jaati haye; seeng kaa munh yaa chhidra, aur galaa jahaan kinare bhadakane lagate hain. inn donon sthalon parr pratibimb kii matra horn key "flair konn" (aksh key saath pakshon key konn) key saath bhinn hoti haye. chhote flair konon key saath sankeern seengon mein adhikansh pratibimb seeng key munh parr hotaa haye. antina kaa laabh cumm hotaa haye kyonki chhota munh ack badey pratibadha charan key saath ack khule-anta tarang margadarshika kaa anuman lagaata haye. jaise-jaise konn badhata haye, munh parr paraavartan teji seey cumm hoe jaataa haye aur antina kaa laabh badh jaataa haye. isake vipareet, 90° key karib aaney vaale flair konon key saath chaude seengon mein adhikansh pratibimb galey mein hotaa haye. horn kaa laabh phir seey cumm hotaa haye kyonki galey mein ack khule-anta vaale waveguide kaa anuman hotaa haye. jaise-jaise konn cumm hotaa haye, iss sthaan parr paraavartan kii matra cumm hoe jaati haye, aur horn kaa laabh phir seey badh jaataa haye.
iss charcha seey pataa chalata haye kii 0° aur 90° key beach kuchh flair konn haye joe adhikatam laabh aur nyuntam pratibimb detaa haye. ise "ishtatam horn" kahaa jaataa haye. adhikansh vyaavhaarik horn antena koo ishtatam horn key roop mein design kiya gayaa haye. ack pyramidal horn mein, way ayam joe ack ishtatam horn dete hainh
shankudhari seeng key liye, ishtatam seeng dene vaale ayam hainh
kahaan
ack ishtatam horn diye gaye "aperture aakar" key liye adhikatam laabh naheen detaa haye. yeh ack bahut lambe seeng (ack "chhidra seemit" seeng) key saath praapt kiya jaataa haye. ishtatam horn seey diye gaye horn kii "lambai" key liye adhikatam laabh hotaa haye. vibhinn aavrittiyon key liye ishtatam horn key liye ayam dikhaane vaali taalikaaen microwave handbook mein dee gaee hain.
laabh.
seengon mein bahut cumm nuksan hotaa haye, isaliye seeng kii pratyakshata lagbhag isake laabh key barabar hoti haye. ack pyramidal horn antina kaa laabh "jee" (usee input shakti key saath ack samasthaanik antina kii teevrata key saath isake beam aksh key saath vikiran shakti teevrata kaa anupaat) haih
shankudhari seengon key liye, laabh haih
kahaan
vyaavhaarik horn antena mein aperture dakshata 0.40 seey 0.8 taka hoti haye. ishtatam pyramidal horn key liye, "ea" = 0.511., jabaki ishtatam shankudhari horn key liye "ea" = 0.522. isaliye aksar 0.5 kii anumaanit aakriti kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. chhidra dakshata horn kii lambai key saath badhati haye, aur chhidra-seemit horn key liye lagbhag ekataa hoti haye.
horn-reflector antina.
ack prakaar kaa antina joe ack parabolic reflector key saath ack horn koo jodata haye, usey hogg-horn, yaa horn-reflector antina key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jiska aavishkaar alfred see ney kiya thaa. beck aur herauld tii. 1941 mein fris aur aage david see dwara vikasit kiya gayaa. 1961 mein bell labs mein hogg. ise isake vishisht aakar key kaaran "shugar scoop" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. isamen ack horn antina hotaa haye jisamen ack paraavartak hotaa haye joe horn key munh mein 45 degree konn parr lagaaya jaataa haye taaki vikiran beam horn aksh key samkon parr hoe. paraavartak ack paravalay paraavartak kaa ack khand haye, aur paraavartak kaa kendra horn key sheersh parr hotaa haye, isaliye upkaran ack paravalay antina key barabar hotaa haye joe off-axis mein diyaa jaataa haye. ack maanak paravalayik antina parr iss design kaa laabh yeh haye kii horn mukhya beam aksh key baahar key konon seey aaney vaale vikiran seey antina koo dhaalata haye, isaliye isake vikiran pattern mein bahut chhote sidelobes hotey hain. isake alawa, aperture feed aur isake samarthan dwara aanshik roop seey baadhit naheen haye, jaisa kii samanya front-faid parabolic vyanjanon key saath hotaa haye, jisase yeh front-feed vyanjanon key liye 55-60% key vipareet 70 pratishat kii aperture dakshata praapt karane kii anumati detaa haye. iska nuksan yeh haye kii yeh ack paravalayik vyanjan kii tulanaa mein diye gaye chhidra kshetra key liye bahut badaa aur bhaari haye, aur poori tarah seey chalane yogya honey key liye ack bojhil turntable parr lagaaya jaanaa chaahiye. iss design kaa upayog 1960 key dashak key dauran kuchh radio doorbinon aur sanchaar upgrah ground antena key liye kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, iska sabse badaa upayog aitt aind tii lambi lines vaale microwave network mein microwave rille link key liye nishchit antena key roop mein thaa. 1970 key dashak seey iss design koo cuffon vaale paravalayik vyanjan antena dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye, joe ack halke aur adhik compact nirmaan key saath samaan roop seey achchha sidelobe pradarshan praapt curr sakata haye. shayed sabse adhik photo khinchwane vaalaa aur prasiddh udaaharan holmdale, nyu jersey mein bell labs mein holmdale horn antina haye, jisake saath arno penzias aur robbert willson ney 1965 mein cosmick microwave prishthabhoomi vikiran kii khoj kii, jisake liye unhone 1978 mein bhautiki mein nobel puraskar jeetaa. ack aur haal hii mein horn-reflector design cases-horn haye, joe dou reflectors kaa upayog karke casgren parabolic antina key saath ack horn kaa sanyojan haye.

