betino craxy

benedetto "betino" craxy (,,; 24 farwari 1934-19 janwari 2000) ack italvi rajneta they, 1976 seey 1993 taka italvi samajwadi party (pee. aiss. aaee.) key netaa they, aur 1983 seey 1987 taka itali key 45vein pradhaanmantri they. way pradhaanmantri banane vaale pahale pee. aiss. aaee. sadasya they aur pada sambhaalane vaale samajwadi party key teesare sadasya they. unhone italvi ganarajya mein teesari sabse lambi sarkaar kaa netritva kiya aur unhein pahale italvi ganarajya key sabse shaktishali aur pramukh raajnetaon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye.
craxy milan mein "munny pulite" nyayadhishon dwara kii gaee jaanch mein shamil thaa, antatah raajneetik bhrashtachar aur pee. aiss. aaee. key avaidh vittaposhan key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. unhone hamesha bhrashtachar key aaropon koo khariz curr diyaa, jabaki avaidh dhana koo sweekaar kiya, jisane mahangi raajneetik gatividhi kii anumati dee, psi dou badey dalon, isai loktantra (dc) aur italvi communist party (pci) kii tulanaa mein aarthik roop seey cumm shaktishali thaa. craxy kii sarkaar aur party koo bhavishya key pradhaan mantri sylvio berlusconi dwara bhee samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa, joe ack media magnet aur craxy key vyaktigat dost they.
craxy ney europeeya vampanth key kaee netaaon key saath majboot sambandh banaae rakhe, jinamen francois meterrand, felip gonzalez, aur riyas papandreau aur marrio sores shamil they, aur bhoomadhyasagariya yaa dakshin europeeya samaajvaad key mukhya pratinidhiyon mein seey ack they. craxy key samarthakon ney vishesh roop seey unaki videsh neeti kii prashansa kii, joe dridhataapurna thee aur aksar sanyukt raajya key saath sangharsh kaa kaaran banati thee, jaise kii philistine key kshetron, aatankvaad aur arab samajwadi sarkaaron key saath craxy key ghanishth sambandhon parr.
craxy koo aksar unake bhautik aakar key kaaran unake virodhiyon dwara "ill singhiyalon" ("badaa suar") upnaam diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh naam unhein unake lambe samay key sahayogi aur pratidvandi, dc netaa giulio aur reotti dwara diyaa gayaa thaa.
praarambhik jeevan.
craxy kaa janm 24 farwari 1934 koo milan mein huaa thaa. unake pitaa vittoriyo craxy ack cicilian vakeel aur faasivaad virodhi they jinhen benito musolini key shasson dwara sataaya gayaa thaa, jabaki unaki maan maria ferrari sant 'angelo laudigiano kii ack grihini theen. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, yuva craxy koo unake aniyantrit charitra key kaaran catholic college admondo dee emisis mein bheja gayaa thaa aur apane pitaa kii fasiwadi virodhi gatividhiyon key pratishodh mein unhein fasiwadi hinsa seey bachaane key liye bheja gayaa thaa.
yuddh key baad, unake pitaa ney milan mein upa-prefect kii bhoomika nibhai aur phir como mein prefect kii bhoomika nibhai, jahan way 1945 mein apane parivaar key saath chaley gaye. kuchh maheenon baad, craxy college laut aae, pahale como mein aur phir cantoo mein, jahan unhone ack madarse mein pravesh karane parr vichaar kiya. craxy key pitaa 1948 key lokpriya loktaantrik morche key liye italvi aam chunaav mein khade they, joe italvi samajwadi party (pee. aiss. aaee.) aur italvi communist party (pee. see. aaee.) key beach ack raajneetik gathbandhan thaa. unhone apane pitaa key liye prachaar kiya aur baad mein 17 saal kii umr mein psi mein shamil hoe gaye.
praarambhik raajneetik jeevan.
craxy purvagaami thaa aur cumm umr mein saarvajanik karyalaya key kaee staron taka badh gayaa. iss beach, unhone milan vishvavidyalaya mein kaanoon key sankaay mein bhaag liya aur phir arbino mein rajneeti vigyaan key sankaay mein bhaag liya, craxy ney "samajwadi vishvavidyalaya kendra" kii sthaapana kii aur "nae vishvavidyalaya" samooh mein shamil hoe gaye aur cudy (italvi loktaantrik vishvavidyalaya kendra), chhaatr samooh kaa paalan kiya, joe vampanthi taakton kaa samarthan kartaa thaa.
iss avadhi key dauran way pahali baar saarvajanik bhaashan, sammelanon, bahason, film pradarshanon key ayojan mein lagey rahey aur 1956 mein way milan mein pee. aiss. aaee. praantiya samiti kaa hissa baney aur samajwadi yuva sangh key netaa baney.
1956 mein, hangri parr soviyat aakraman key baad, wafadaron key ack samooh key saath kattarpanthi ney khud koo samajwadi party kii saamyavaadi samarthak neeti seey alag karane key liye pratibaddh curr liya, lekin vaha whiffle raheh samajwadi yuva andolan koo loktaantrik yuvaaon key antarrashtriya sangathan key saath jodane key unake prastaav koo khariz curr diyaa gayaa.
navambar 1956 mein way sant 'angelo lodigiano (unaki maan kaa janmasthan) mein nagar paarshad chune gaye, aur 1957 mein way pietro neni key swaayatt vartamaan kaa pratinidhitva karane vaali pee. aiss. aaee. kii kendriya samiti key liye chune gaye.
1958 mein party ney unhein sangathan key ack jimmedaar key roop mein cesto saine jiyovanni key paas bheja; navambar 1960 mein unhein 1,000 seey adhik prathmiktaon key saath milan mein nagar paarshad chunaa gayaa aur way jino casinis key junta mein moolyankankarta bunn gaye.
1961 mein unhein nae sachiv franceco dee martino dwara samajwadi party kii kendriya samiti seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1963 mein unhein pee. aiss. aaee. key milan praantiya sachivalaya kaa netaa niyukt kiya gayaa aur 1965 mein craxy rashtriya netritva kaa sadasya bunn gayaa. iss beach, navambar 1964 mein, unhein milan mein shahar paarshad key roop mein phir seey chunaa gayaa, jinhone pietro bucalosi kii parishad mein daan aur sahaayata key liye moolyankankarta key roop mein apani saarvajanik pratibaddhata koo jaari rakhaa.
1966 mein, samajwadi party aur samajik loktaantrik party key beach ack raajneetik gathbandhan, ekikrit samajwadi party key gathan key saath, samajik loktaantrik enrico rizzy aur renzo peruzotti key saath milan mein suu key praantiya sachiv bunn gaye.
1968 key aam chunaav mein milan-pavia nirvaachan kshetra mein 23,788 maton key saath pratinidhi mandal mein pahali baar craxy chunaa gayaa thaa. 1970 mein suu gathbandhan key anta key baad, craxy pee. aiss. aaee. key upa sachiv bunn gaye, jaisa kii giacomo mancini dwara prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa.
iss avadhi key dauran vaha aldo moro aur amintor fanfany key isai loktantravadiyon, pietro neni key samajvadiyon, giuseppe saragat key samajik loktantravadiyon aur yugo laa malfa key ganrajyon key beach javic kendra-vaam gathbandhan key ack majboot samarthak they.
1972 mein genoa congress key dauran samajwadi party key rashtriya sachiv key roop mein francico dee martino key punah chunaav key saath, craxy kii pushti kii gaee kii jiyovanni moska ney upa sachiv kii bhoomika nibhai, joe party key antarrashtriya sambandhon key liye aayog praapt curr rhaa thaa. samajwadi antarrashtriya mein pee. aiss. aaee. key pratinidhi key roop mein, craxy ney kuchh mukhya europeeya bhavishya key netaaon key saath sambandh banaae, jaise villie brand, felip gonzalez, francois mitrand, marrio sores, michel rocard aur andress papandreau.
saai videsh neeti key liye jimmedaar honey key naate unhone aarthik roop seey bhee samarthan kiya, kuchh samajwadi dalon koo unake sambandhit deshon key tanashahon dwara pratibandhit kiya gayaa, jisamen spanish samajwadi shramik dall, panhellenic samajwadi andolan aur silian samajwadi party off salvador alende shamil they, jinake craxy ack vyaktigat mitra they.
pee. aiss. aaee. kaa sachiv.
1976 mein sachiv francesco dee martino ney samajwadi samachar patra "avanti!" mein ack lekh likhaa."isake kaaran sarkaar kaa patan huaa aur baad mein hue twarit chunaav mein ack yuva netaa, enrico burlinger key netritva mein italvi communist party kaa prabhaavshaali vikas huaa, jabaki isai loktantra kewal kuchh hii maton parr bahumat party baney rahane mein kamyab rhaa. isake bajaay psi key liye way chunaav ack karari haar theeh vote 10 pratishat kii seema key neeche chaley gaye. dee martino, communists key saath ack nae gathbandhan kii or ishara karate hue, istifa dene key liye majboor hoe gaye aur party key bheetar ack gambhir sankat paida hoe gayaa.
pee. aiss. aaee. key bheetar gutbaji key varshon koo samaapt karate hue, craxy koo party key rashtriya sachiv key khaali pada parr niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. vidambana yeh haye kii "puraane rakshak" ney unhein alpakaalik netaa key roop mein dekhaa, jisase pratyek gutt koo phir seey sangathit honey kaa samay milaa. haalaanki, vaha satta koo majboot karane aur apani neetiyon koo lagu karane mein saksham they. vishesh roop seey, unhone vampanthi aur sudhaarvaadi profile banaae rakhate hue, party koo communists seey door karane kii koshish kii aur ise isai loktantra aur anya madhyamaargi dalon key saath gathbandhan mein laane mein kamyab rahey.
craxy ney hamesha moro aur burlinger kii aitihaasik samjhauta neeti kaa virodh kiya, ack raajneetik gathbandhan aur isai loktantriyon aur communists key beach ack samaayojan; gathbandhan anivarya roop seey samajvadiyon koo raajneetik roop seey aprasangik banaa dega. unhone pci aur soviyat sangh key beach ghanishth sambandhon key kaaran, apani party dwara pratinidhitva kiye gaye dc aur vampanthi key beach ack vaikalpik rekha key liye rekhaankit kiya.
16 march 1978 kii subah, jiss dinn giulio aur reotti key netritva mein nae mantrimandal koo italvi sansad mein vishvaas mutt seey gujarna thaa, poorv pradhaan mantri aur tatkalin dee. see. key adhyaksh aldo moro kii kaar parr rome mein faani key madhyam seey laal brigade key aatankvaadiyon key ack samooh dwara hamla kiya gayaa thaa. swachaalit hathiyaron seey golibari karate hue, aatankvaadiyon ney moro key angrakshakon koo maar daala aur unakaa apaharan curr liya. craxy ekmatra raajneetik netaa they, joe amintor fanfani aur marco panella key saath milkar khud koo ack "maanviya samadhan" key liye upalabdh ghoshit karate they, joe isai loktaantrik rajneta kii mukti kii anumati dega, jisaki tathaakathit "dridhata kii party" parr bhaari aalochana hui, joe mukhya roop seey communists dwara sanchaalit thee. 9 maee 1978 koo moro kaa shav 55 dinon key karawas key baad kaitani key madhyam seey ack renault 4 key dhad mein paaya gayaa thaa, jisake dauran moro koo brigate rosse dwara sthaapit tathaakathit "peepuls court" dwara ack raajneetik mukadame mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa aur italvi sarkaar koo kaidiyon key adaan-pradaan key liye kahaa gayaa thaa.
1978 mein craxy ney party kaa logo badalane kaa faisala kiya. unhone purtagaal mein carnation kranti key sammaan mein party key nae pathyakram kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye ack laal carnation chunaa. party ney prateek key nichale hisse mein puraane hathaude aur daranti key aakar koo cumm curr diyaa. antatah 1985 mein ise poori tarah seey samaapt curr diyaa gayaa.
julaai 1978 mein, rashtrapati jiyovanni leone key istife key baad, ack lambi sansadiya ladaai key baad, craxy naee rashtrapati key roop mein sandro pertini koo chunate hue badee sankhya mein voton koo ack saath laane mein saksham thaa; pertini iss pada koo dhaaran karane vaale pahale samajwadi they. pertini koo communists dwara bhee samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa, joe puraane samajwadi paksh koo craxy key "nae pathyakram" key liye anukool naheen maanate they.
ack or unhone adhinaayakvaadi samaajvaad key roopon kaa ullekh karate hue spasht roop seey khud koo leninism seey door curr liya, aur doosari or unhone nagrik samaaj andolanon aur nagrik adhikaaron key liye ladaai kaa samarthan kiya, joe mukhya roop seey kattarpanthi party dwara prastaavit thaa, unhone media key madhyam seey isaki chhavi kaa nireekshan kiya.
pee. aiss. aaee. key netaa key roop mein, unhone communist party koo kamjor karane kii koshish kii, joe taba taka chunaavon mein apane voton koo lagaatar badhaa rahee thee, aur pee. aiss. aaee. koo ack aadhunik, dridhata seey europeeya samarthak samajik-loktaantrik party key roop mein majboot karane key liye, loktaantrik vampanthi mein gahari jadon key saath. iss ranneeti mein ack shramik varg trade union adharit party key roop mein party kii adhikansh aitihaasik paramparaon koo samaapt karane aur safedposh aur saarvajanik kshetra key karmchaariyon key beach nayaa samarthan praapt karane kaa prayaas karane kaa ahwan kiya gayaa. usee samay, psi ney badey raajya key swaamitva vaale udyamon mein apani upasthiti badhaa dee, aur bhrashtachar aur party key avaidh vittaposhan mein bhaari roop seey shamil hoe gayaa, jisake parinamswarup antatah "munny pulite" jaanch hogi.
bhale hii pee. aiss. aaee. kabhi bhee pee. see. aaee. yaa isai loktantravadiyon key liye ack gambhir chunavi chunauti naheen bunn gayaa, raajneetik kshetra mein isaki mahatvapurna sthiti ney ise 1983 key aam chunaav key baad pradhaan mantri key pada kaa daavaa karane kii anumati dee. isai loktantravadiyon key liye chunavi samarthan kaafee kamjor hoe gayaa thaa, jisase 1979 mein praapt 38.3% kii tulanaa mein ise 32.9% vote key saath chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. psi, jisane kewal 11 pratishat praapt kiya thaa, ney taba taka sansadiya bahumat chhodane kii dhamki dee jaba taka kii craxy koo pradhaan mantri naheen banaaya gayaa thaa. isai loktantravadiyon ney ack nae chunaav seey bachane key liye iss samjhaute koo sweekaar kiya. craxy italvi ganarajya key itihas mein pradhaanmantri niyukt honey vaale pahale samajwadi baney.
itali key pradhaanmantri.
craxy ney gantantra yug key dauran (II aur IV sylvio berlusconi cabinet key baad) itali kii teesari sabse lambe samay taka rahane vaali sarkaar kaa netritva kiya aur 1980 key dashak mein italvi rajneeti mein unakaa majboot prabhaav thaa; ack samay key liye, vaha isai loktantra kii dou pramukh hastiyon, giulio andreoti aur arnaldo forlani key karibi sahayogi they, ack shithil cross-party gathbandhan mein jise aksar kaife kahaa jaataa thaa (upnaam "see" ruxi-aeye "andreoti-aff" orlani key pahale akshar seey). pahale gutbaji seey pareshan ack party parr craxy kii dridh pakad thee, aur unhone ise communists seey door karane aur ise isai loktantravadiyon aur anya dalon key karib laane kii koshish kii; unakaa uddeshya europeeya sudhaarvaadi samajwadi dalon kaa ack italvi sanskaran banaana thaa, jaise kii german spd yaa francisi samajwadi party. italvi samajwadi party yuddh key baad apane sheersh parr pahunch gaee jaba usane 1987 key aam chunaav mein apane maton kaa hissa badhaaya. haalaanki, italvi samajwadi party ney kabhi bhee bahut badee italvi communist party koo peechhe naheen chhoda, jiska atyadhik karishmai netaa, enrico burlinger, varshon seey craxy kii neetiyon kaa ack bhayankar virodhi thaa.
yuddh key baad kii italvi rajneeti kii mukhya gatishilata italvi communist party koo satta seey baahar rakhane kaa ack tarika khojana thaa. isake kaaran communists koo door rakhane key liye ichchuk dalon key beach raajneetik gathbandhanon kaa nirantar gathan huaa. cheejen iss tathya seey aur jatil hoe gaeen kii kaee dalon key paas aantarik dhaaraaen theen joe sattaaroodh gathbandhan mein communists kaa swaagat karatin, vishesh roop seey, isai loktantra key bheetar, 1945 seey pahale ganarajya key anta taka itali mein sabse badee party.
gharelu neeti.
pradhaan mantri key roop mein craxy key karyakal key dauran, itali paanchvaan sabse badaa audyogik rashtra bunn gayaa aur adhikansh audyogik rashtron key key samooh mein pravesh praapt kiya. halanki, mudrasfeeti aksar dohare ankon mein thee. trade union pratirodh key khilaf, craxy sarkaar ney majdoori-moolya soochkaank (ack tantra jise "scala mobile" yaa "escalator" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) koo samaapt karke pratikriya vyakt kii, jisake tahat majdoori koo mudrasfeeti key anuroop swachaalit roop seey badhaaya gayaa thaa. escalator pranali koo samaapt karane seey mudrasfeeti koo cumm karane mein madad millie, joe anya pramukh deshon mein bhee gir rahee thee, lekin lambe samay mein isane anivarya roop seey audyogik kaarravaai mein vriddhi kii kyonki shramikon koo behtar vetan key liye molbhaav karna padaa. kissy bhee ghatana mein, italvi communist party dwara bulaaye gaye janmat sangrah mein "naheen" abhiyaan kii jeet craxy key liye ack badee jeet thee. unake pradhaan mantri rahate hue samajwadi party ney lokpriyata hassil kii. unhone desh key gnp koo safaltapurvak badhaava diyaa aur mudrasfeeti koo niyantrit kiya.
gharelu neeti mein, karyalaya mein craxy key samay key dauran kaee sudhaar shuru kiye gaye they. 1984 mein, ekjutata anubandh (atirek seey bachane key liye kaary-sajhakaran vyavastha) shuru kiye gaye, jabaki anshakaalik rojgar parr pratibandhon mein dheel dee gaee. parivaar kalyan key kshetra mein, 1984 aur 1986 mein kaanoon banaaya gayaa thaa jisane parivaar bhatta pranali koo badal diyaa thaa taaki "taaki sabse adhik jaruratmand logon koo badee raashi praapt hoe aur kuchh aaya staron koo paar karane key baad coverage koo uttarottar samaapt karane key bindu taka cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa."
vatican key saath samanvaya karein.
1984 mein, craxy ney vatican shahar key saath ack samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye jisane lateran sandhi koo sanshodhit kiya. anya baaton key alawa, donon pakshon ney ghoshana keeh "catholic dharm key siddhant koo italvi raajya key ekmatra dharm key roop mein, jise mool roop seey lateran samjhauton dwara sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye, abb lagu naheen maanaa jaayega. itali key ekmatra raajya-samarthit dharm key roop mein church kii sthiti bhee samaapt hoe gaee, raajya key vittaposhan koo "otto prati millie" naamak vyaktigat aaya curr key saath pratisthaapit kiya gayaa, jisake liye anya dhaarmik samoohon, isai aur gair-isai, kii bhee pahunch haye.
sanshodhit sahamati una sharton koo viniyamit karati haye jinake tahat church key vivahon aur vivaah kii vaidhata kii church sambandhi ghoshanaon koo nagrik prabhaav diye jaate hain. samaapt kiye gaye lekhon mein nighthood aur pavitra see dwara pradaan kii jaane vaali kuleenata kii upadhiyon kii raajya maanyata, raajya yaa shaahi parivaar key anurodh parr dhaarmik kaary karane key liye adhikrit logon koo church key sammaan pradaan karane key liye pavitra see dwara upakram, aur pavitra see kaa daayitva shamil thaa.
craxy ack catholic naheen thaah usane khud koo guseppe garibaldi kii tarah ack "samanya isai" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya."
videsh neeti.
antarrashtriya kshetra mein, craxy ney duniya bhar mein asantushton aur samajwadi dalon koo sangathit karane aur swatantra honey mein madad kii. unaki rasad sahaayata key ullekhaniya praaptakarta poorv chekoslovakia mein francisco franco kii tanashahi aur natakkar jeeri pelican key dauran spanish samajwadi shramik dall (pee. aiss. oh. ee.) they. salvador alende key makbare parr phool rakhane kii koshish karane vaale craxy key durlabh footage kaa pataa raay key (radio television italiana) abhilekhagar seey lagaaya gayaa haye.
iss baat key bhee pramaan hain kii sainya tanashahi key dauran urugve mein vampanthi raajneetik vipaksh koo gupt roop seey craxy key avaidh roop seey arjit dhana kaa ack hissa diyaa gayaa thaa, polland mein zaruzelsky shasson kii avadhi mein ekjutata key liye aur yasser arafat aur unake pyalestiniyan mukti sangathan koo kyonki philistine key kaaran key liye craxy kii sahaanubhooti thee. unhone 1987 mein zaain ell abidin bayne allie dwara tunisia mein satta kii jabti mein bhee bhoomika nibhai.
sigonella sankat.
antarrashtriya star parr, craxy koo shayed octuber 1985 kii ack ghatana key liye sabse achchi tarah seey yaad kiya jaataa haye, jaba unhone cruze jahaaj achil lauro key apaharankartaon key pratyarpan key liye americi rashtrapati ronald reegan key anurodh koo aswikar curr diyaa thaa. lambi baatchit key baad, apaharankartaon koo vimaan seey misra taka surakshit maarg diyaa gayaa. teen sanyukt raajya nausena aff-14 ney vimaan koo sigonella key sanyukt raajya nausena vayu suvidha (naf) mein neeche utaarane key liye majboor kiya. washington mein raajneetik halakon key sanskaran key anusaar, craxy ney pahale sanyukt raajya senaa koo aatankvaadiyon koo hirasat mein lene kii anumati dee, lekin baad mein unhone saude koo chhod diyaa. unhone italvi sainikon koo vimaan kii raksha karane vaale americi balon koo gherne kaa adesh diyaa.
maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh kadam itali koo lakshit karane vaale aatankvaadiyon key baare mein suraksha chintaon aur arab duniya key saath kootneeti kii italvi parampara donon dwara nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. iss sankalp mein craxy kaa nirnaayak charitra praasangik hoe sakata haye. halanki amerikiyon ney maang kii kii italvi adhikaari plo key aboo abbas kaa pratyarpan karein, lekin craxy iss aadhar parr dridh rahey kii aparaadh italvi dharti parr kiya gayaa thaa, jiss parr italvi ganarajya kaa ekmatra adhikaar kshetra thaa. craxy ney americi pratyarpan adesh koo aswikar curr diyaa aur vimaan mein maujood apaharankartaon key pramukh aboo abbas koo yugoslavia bhaagne diyaa; chaar apaharankartaon koo baad mein doshi paaya gayaa, aur apaharan aur ack yahudi americi nagrik, leone clinghofer kii hatyaa key liye jail kii sajaa sunai gaee. abbas koo baad mein itali mein "anupasthiti mein" bhee doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa aur antatah 2003 key iraq key aakraman key baad americi balon dwara bandee banaae jaane key turant baad "praakritik karanon" seey unaki mrityu hoe gaee. iss prakaran ney "arthashastri" mein "europe key majboot aadami" sheershak seey ack lekh arjit kiya aur ganarajya kii senate mein ack sthaayi prashansa arjit kii, jisamen unake communist virodhi shamil they.
humm libia parr hamla karate hain.
giulio andreotti key anusaar, usa samay itali key videsh mantri (aur itali key 42vein pradhaan mantri) aur abdel rahman shalgham (2000 seey 2009 taka libia key videsh mantri), craxy vaha vyakti they jinhone libia key netaa muammar all-gaddafi koo 15 aprail 1986 koo libia key khilaf aasann americi operation ell dorado canyon jawabi havaai hamalon key baare mein chetavani dene key liye telephone kiya thaa. usa samay craxy kii samajwadi party key videsh mamalon key pramukh margarita boniver ney bhee shalgham key bayaan kii pushti kii thee.
libian hamale key liye, craxy kii sarkaar ney sanyukt raajya america koo sainya udaan key kissy bhee adhikaar seey incar curr diyaa, jaisa kii france aur spen ney kiya thaa. sanyukt raajya america key liye, isane europeeya mahadvipiya thikaanon key upayog koo roque diyaa, jisase americi vayu senaa ghatak koo france aur spen key chaaron or, portugal key oopar aur gibralter kii jaldamroomadhya key madhyam seey udaaya jaanaa padaa, pratyek raaste mein 1,300 meal (2,100 kimmy) kaa jodd diyaa gayaa aur kaee havaai eendhan bharane kii aavashyakta hui.
tyagpatra dein.
aprail 1987 mein, isai loktantra key sachiv syriaco dee meetaa ney craxy kii sarkaar key liye apana samarthan chhodane kaa faisala kiya. isake kaaran mantrimandal kaa tatkaal patan huaa aur lambe samay seey isai loktaantrik rajneta amintor fanfany key netritva mein ack naee sarkaar kaa gathan huaa. bhale hii fanfani ack karibi dost aur craxy key sahayogi they, lekin unhone shapath grahan samaroh mein bhaag naheen liya, aur parishad key adhyaksh key liye avar sachiv giuliano amato koo bheja.
pradhaanmantri pada key baad.
1987 key aam chunaav mein pee. aiss. aaee. ney vote kaa 14.3% jeetaa, ack achchha parinam lekin joe craxy ney ummeed kii thee usase cumm achchha, aur iss baar shasson karane key liye isai loktantravadiyon kii baari thee. 1987 seey 1992 taka pee. aiss. aaee. ney chaar sarkaaron mein bhaag liya, jisase giulio aur reotti koo 1989 mein satta lene aur 1992 taka shasson karane kii anumati millie. samajvadiyon key paas shakti kaa ack majboot santulan thaa, jisane unhein isai loktantriyon kii tulanaa mein adhik shaktishali banaa diyaa, jinhen sansad mein bahumat banaane key liye iss parr nirbhar rehna padaa. pee. aiss. aaee. ney iss laabh parr kadaa niyantran rakhaa.
joe vikalp craxy itna chaahata thaa vaha aakar leey rhaa thaah anya vampanthi raajneetik dalon key saath "samajik ekataa" kaa vichaar, jisamen pee. see. aaee. bhee shamil thaa, jise 1989 mein saamyvaad key patan key baad craxy dwara prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa. unakaa maanana thaa kii purvi europe mein saamyvaad key patan ney pee. see. aaee. koo kamjor curr diyaa thaa aur samajik ekataa koo apariharya banaa diyaa thaa. vaastav mein, pee. aiss. aaee. itali kii doosari sabse badee party banane aur ack isai loktaantrik netritva vaale gathbandhan key virodh mein ack nae vampanthi gathbandhan kii pramukh shakti banane kii kataar mein thee. yeh vaastav mein legaa nord aur "tangentopoly" ghotalon key uday key kaaran naheen huaa.
tangentopoly" mein bhagidari.
craxy key currier kaa antim mukhya modd farwari 1992 mein shuru huaa, jaba samajwadi mp mario cheesa koo pulis ney ack safai seva firm seey 70 laakh leira rishwat lete hue giraftar kiya thaa. cheesa ney lagbhag ack maheene taka craxy kii suraksha kii maang kii; lekin craxy ney una parr "itali mein sabse imandar party" parr chhaaya daalane kaa aarop lagaaya. haashiye parr mahsoos karate hue aur anyaaypurna roop seey alag-thalag, cheesa ney abhiyojakon koo vaha sub kuchh bataaya joe vaha jaanata thaa. unake rahasyodghatan ney milan key aadhe samajvadiyon aur udyogpatiyon koo jaanch key dayare mein laaya; yahaan taka kii paolo pilliterry, joe kii craxy key apane behnoi aur milan key meyer they, kii sansadiya pratiraksha key bavjood jaanch kii gaee. isake parinamswarup, milani nyayadhishon kii ack team ney vishesh roop seey party kii vittaposhan pranali kii jaanch shuru kii.
julaai 1992 mein, craxy koo aakhirkaar ehsas huaa kii sthiti gambhir thee aur vaha khud iss ghotale seey prabhaavit honey jaa rhaa thaa. unhone pratinidhi mandal key samaksh ack appeal kii jisamen unhone daavaa kiya kii sabhi italvi dalon key saarvajanik vittaposhan mein vyaapak aniyamitataon key baare mein jaanate they, pratinidhiyon parr pakhand aur kayarta kaa aarop lagaaya, aur sabhi aim. pee. aiss. seey samajvadiyon koo abhiyojan seey bachaane kaa ahwan kiya. lekin, unake coll koo nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa.
craxy koo disambar 1992 mein apana pahala abhiyojan notice milaa. usake baad janwari aur farwari mein, jiss samay milan kii adalat ney spasht roop seey sansad seey rishwat aur bhrashtachar key liye craxy key abhiyojan koo adhikrit karane key liye kahaa (usa samay, italvi mps abhiyojan seey mukt they jaba taka kii sansad dwara adhikrit naheen they). craxy dwara bhaavnaatmak bhaashan dene key baad 29 aprail 1993 koo pradhikaran seey incar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, hotal rafale seey baahar aaney parr, jahan vaha rahata thaa, usey sikkon kaa ack salvo milaa joe vampanthi loktaantrik party aur dakshinpanthi italvi samajik andolan key sadasyon ney apani ghrina key sanket key roop mein usa parr fenka thaa. ack paaramparik stadium key mantra seey, way koodane aur gaane lageh "joe koodata naheen haye vaha samajwadi haye!"kuchh chhatron ney 1,000-taar key bill laharaate hue" betino, kyaa aapako bhee yeye chaahiye?"(" betaa, kyaa shuddh khoj? ") gwantanmera kii dhuna parr.
nyayadhishon kaa saamana karna.
disambar 1993 mein, unake abhiyojan koo antatah adhikrit kiye jaane key baad, craxy koo nyaay antonio dee pietro key samaksh christian loktantra (dee. see.) party sachiv arnaldo forlani key saath gawahi dene key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa. tathaakathit animont 'super-rib' key baare mein sawal poochhe gaye they jise psi aur dc ney sanyukt roop seey praapt kiya thaa aur loktaantrik roop seey saajha kiya thaa. forlani ney apane aur anya dalon key khilaf laae gaye aaropon koo sweekaar karane key baad, yeh poochhane seey bachate hue kii rishwat kyaa thee, kahaa kii rishwat "rajneeti kii keemat thee."craxy ney yeh dekhate hue kii unake mamle mein kanuni prakriya mein teji aaee thee, daavaa kiya kii unakaa abhiyojan raajneetik roop seey prerit thaa.
maee 1994 mein, vaha jail seey bachane key liye tunis mein bhaag gayaa. unakaa raajneetik jeevan dou saal seey bhee cumm samay mein samaapt hoe gayaa. andreotti aur forlani jaise logon sahit itali kaa puuraa raajneetik varg jald hii iska anusaran karane vaalaa thaa. kaife (craxy-andreotti-forlani aksh), jisane 1980 key dashak key pentapartito (paanch dalon kaa gathbandhanah dee. see., pee. aiss. aaee., italvi republican party, italvi liberal party, italvi loktaantrik samajwadi party) koo punarjeevit karane key liye ack samjhauta kiya thaa aur ise 1990 key dashak mein lagu kiya thaa, lokpriya vote key saath-saath nyayadhishon dwara bhee kuchal diyaa gayaa thaa.
millen nyayadhishon dwara kii gaee bhrashtachar-rodhi jaanch key sett koo saamoohik roop seey munny pulite ("swachchh haath") kahaa jaane lagaa. kissy bhee dall koo bakhsha naheen gayaa thaa, lekin kuchh dalon mein bhrashtachar kaheen aur kii tulanaa mein adhik sthaanik hoe gayaa thaa, yaa tou adhik avsar yaa aantarik naitikta key kaaran. aaj taka, kuchh loga, vishesh roop seey joe craxy key karib they, unakaa tark haye kii italvi communist party (pee. see. aaee.) jaise kuchh dalon koo achhoota chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki tatkalin sattaaroodh gathbandhan key netaaon aur vishesh roop seey craxy koo raajneetik maanchitra seey mitaa diyaa gayaa thaa.
milan mein nyayadhishon koo kaee baar vibhinn sarkaaron dwara jaanch key dayare mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey 1994 mein sylvio berlusconi kii pahali sarkaar dwara, lekin kissy bhee kadachar kaa koee saboot kabhi naheen milaa. isake alawa, janata kii raay bhrasht raajnetaon dwara unake dhana key durupyog kii tulanaa mein videshi vittaposhan key baare mein bahut cumm chintit thee. anta mein, samajwadi party 14 pratishat seey shoonya parr chully gaee. ack vidambana yeh thee kii party key apamaanit avashesh koo unaki pichhali sarkaaron mein seey ack key dauran khud craxy dwara pesh kii gaee nyuntam 4 pratishat seema seey sansad seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa.
munny pulite" avadhi key dauran, craxy ney ack sahsi raksha ranneeti kaa upayog karane kii koshish keeh unhone kahaa kii sabhi pakshon koo apani gatividhiyon key vittaposhan key liye avaidh roop seey dhana kii aavashyakta thee aur way ise leey sakate they. isaliye unakaa bachaav khud koo nirdosh ghoshit karane key liye naheen thaa, balki harr kissy koo doshi ghoshit karane key liye thaa. jabaki yeh mool roop seey sach thaa, adhikansh nagrikon ney raajnetaon parr avishvaas kiya, aur craxy key bachaav koo nagrikon dwara koee sahaanubhooti naheen millie aur hoe sakata haye kii unhone unhein aur krodhit karane kaa kaam kiya hoe. kuchh rishwat partiyon koo bilkul naheen gaee. way usa rajneta key vyaktigat batue mein gaye joe unhein leey gayaa.
2012 mein, dee pitro ney sweekaar kiya kii craxy sahee thaa jaba animont parikshanon key dauran unhone pee. see. aaee. parr soviyat sangh seey avaidh dhana praapt karane kaa aarop lagaaya. craxy key vaakya unhein "aaparaadhik roop seey praasangik" lagey, lekin dee pitro ney usa aparaadh kii jaanch karane key liye chhod diyaa.
unaki jeevan shally kii aalochana.
craxy kii jeevan shally koo ack party key sachiv key liye anuchit maanaa jaataa thaa, jisamen kaee kathit vittiya samasyaaen theenh vaha rome key kendra mein ack mahange hotal rafale mein rahata thaa, aur tunia key hummamet mein ack badaa vilaa thaa. jaise-jaise 1990 key dashak mein munny pulite jaanchon seey pataa chalata thaa, vyaktigat bhrashtachar italvi samaaj mein sthaanik thaa; jabaki kaee rajneta, jinamen craxy bhee shamil thaa, loktantra kii aavashyaktaon key saath bhrashtachar koo uchit thaharaate they, kaee staron parr raajneetik netaaon koo ack aisee jeevan shally kaa anand lena chaahiye thee joe unaki pahunch seey baahar honey chaahiye thee, jabaki adhikansh dalon koo vittiya samasyaaen jaari theen. una varshon mein samajwadi party key ack pramukh sadasya rino formica ney majaak mein kahaa kii "convent garib haye, lekin bhikshu ameer hain.
isake alawa, craxy key ghamandi charitra ney unhein kaee dushman dilaa diye; unake sabse nindaniya karyon mein seey ack thaa samajwadi party mein bhrashtachar koo khazanchi vincenzo baljamo parr dosh denaa, baad vaale kii mrityu key thheek baad, taaki vaha kissy bhee aarop seey khud koo mukt curr sakey. craxy key doston mein somalia key adhyaksh siyad barre, plo key netaa yasser arafat aur tunisia key adhyaksh bayne allie shamil they. baad vaale ney craxy koo suraksha pradaan kii jaba vaha itali seey bhaag gayaa.
craxy key dall kii formica dwara "midgates aur nartakiyon key darbar" ("courte dee naani ee ballerine") key roop mein prasiddh roop seey aalochana kii gaee thee, joe yogyata key bajaay vyaktigat parichit parr adharit ack pranali key aksar hasyaspad aur anaitik lakshnon koo darshaata haye. chhote aur badey anugrah praapt karane key liye craxy key doston mein, sylvio berlusconi shayed sabse adhik gyaat haih unhein kaee anugrah praapt hue, vishesh roop seey apane media samrajya key sambandh mein, aur unake naam parr ack decree ("decreto berlusconi") thee. anya hastiyaan theen craxy kii malkin aniya pieroni, joe rome kshetra mein ack tv station kii malik thee, aur sandra milo, jinka raajya key swaamitva vaale tv chainalon raay mein ack gaganchumbi currier thaa.
craxy koo kabhi maafi naa maangane key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa, siddhant key roop mein; adhikansh italvi bhrasht pranali key ujagar honey key baad maafi kii ummeed karate they. craxy ney kabhi maafi naheen maangi, yeh kahate hue kii usane aisaa kuchh naheen kiya thaa joe harr koee naheen curr rhaa thaa, aur usey anyaaypurna tareeke seey alag kiya jaa rhaa thaa aur prataadit kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
manvadhikaron kii europeeya adalat key nirnay.
strasberg adalat mein craxy dwara kii gaee teenon apeelon mein shikayat kii gaee kii unakaa bachaav paksh, manvadhikaron key europeeya sammelan key anuchhed 6, anuchhed 3, patra dee mein ghoshit pratikool siddhant key ullanghan mein, sambandhit apraadhon key vibhinn prativaadiyon dwara lagaae gaye aaropon kaa adalat mein khandan karane mein saksham naheen thaa. europeeya adalat ney avaidh roop seey saarvajanik kii gaee taar seey tapp kii gaee baatchit key mamle mein unake paksh mein faisala sunaaya.
pee. aiss. aaee. kaa patan aur vighatan.
craxy ney farwari 1993 mein party sachiv key roop mein istifa dey diyaa. 1992 aur 1993 key beach, party key adhikansh sadasyon ney rajneeti chhod dee aur teen samajwadi pratinidhiyon ney aatmahatya curr lii. craxy key baad dou samajwadi vyaapaar-sanghvaadiyon ney, pahale giorgio benvenuto aur phir ottaviano dell turco ney, raajya sambhala. disambar 1993 key praantiya aur nagarpalika chunaavon mein lagbhag 3 pratishat vote praapt karate hue pee. aiss. aaee. kaa lagbhag safaya curr diyaa gayaa thaa. milan mein, jahan 1990 mein pee. aiss. aaee. ney 20 pratishat jeetaa thaa, pee. aiss. aaee. koo kewal 2 pratishat praapt huaa, joe ack paarshad kaa chunaav karane key liye bhee paryaapt naheen thaa. dell turco ney party key liye vishvasaniyata hassil karane kii vyarth kii koshish kii.
1994 key aam chunaav mein, joe psi key paas bachaa thaa, vaha vampanthi loktaantrik party (pds) key post-communist avtaar dwara prabhutva vaale pragatisheel gathbandhan key saath gathbandhan curr gayaa. dell turco ney navachar key vichaar koo majboot karane key liye party key prateek koo jaldi seey badal diyaa thaa. haalaanki, isane 1992 mein aaee. dee. 1 kii tulanaa mein pee. aiss. aaee. koo kewal 2.2% vote praapt karane seey naheen rokaa. pee. aiss. aaee. koo 1992 key 92 pratinidhiyon aur 49 senators seey neeche 16 pratinidhi aur 14 senator chune gaye. unamen seey adhikansh party key vampanthi seey aae, jaisa kii dell turco ney khud kiya thaa. adhikansh samajwadi anya raajneetik taakton mein shamil hoe gaye, mukhya roop seey forja italia, sylvio berlusconi key netritva vaali naee party, patto segni aur loktaantrik gathbandhan.
dou saal kii peedaa key baad 13 navambar 1994 koo party koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen isake lagbhag sabhi lambe samay key netaa, vishesh roop seey craxy, tangentopoly mein shamil they aur unhone rajneeti chhodane kaa faisala kiya thaa. 100 saal purani party bund hoe gaee, aanshik roop seey apane netaaon koo unake pee. aiss. aaee. key vyaktigatkaran key liye dhanyavaad.
crexism.
"crexism" (itailiyanah "crexismo") ack itailiyan raajneetik vichardhara thee aur kuchh key liye yeh abhee bhee bunny hui haye joe craxy key vichaar parr adharit haye. yeh 1976 seey 1994 taka pee. aiss. aaee. kii anaupchaarik vichardhara thee.
utpatti aur visheshataaen.
haalaanki aaj iss shabd koo apmaanjanak maanaa jaataa haye, lekin crexism samaajvaad, samajik loktantra aur samajik udaarvaad yaa italvi udaar-samajwadi parampara key sanshleshan parr adharit thaa. craxy key tahat, pee. aiss. aaee. ney teesari duniya kaa samarthan kiya, arab samarthak aur paryavaranvadi thaa, aur aadhunik kalyan raajya kaa samarthan kiya, aur atlantic samarthak, europeeya samarthak bhee thaa, jisane kshetriya samprabhuta kii ack majboot raksha kii (ee.jee. sigonella sankat), aur garbhpaat aur drugs parr yuddh jaise muddon parr adhik roodhivaadi thaa.
craxy key tahat, saai kendra-vaam aur raajneetik kendra key karib chalaa gayaa, isai loktantra aur anya madhyam dalon key saath gathbandhan karane key liye, jinhone "pentapartito" naamak gathbandhan kaa gathan kiya, jisane shasson karane key liye ack sthir bahumat sunishchit kiya.
aalochak.
aaj, craxism koo aksar ack bhrasht rajneta kaa varnan karane vaalaa ack apmaanjanak shabd maanaa jaataa haye, halanki kuchh loga unakaa anukool tareeke seey swaagat karate hain; yeh una logon kaa mamla haye joe, saai key vighatan key baad, sylvio berlusconi (kendra-dakshinpanthi gathbandhan) key navgathit forza italia mein shamil hoe gaye, lekin una logon kaa bhee ack hissa haye jinhone italvi samajvadiyon kaa gathan kiya, joe chhoti party thee joe achil ocheto (kendra-vaam gathbandhan) key pragatisheel gathbandhan kaa paalan karati thee.
craxism ney 1980 key dashak key dauran felip gonzalez (pee. aiss. oh. ee.), francois meterrand (pee. aiss.) aur helmut schmitt (aiss. pee. dee.) key saath poore europeeya samaajvaad mein badalaav laaya haye. isake alawa, inn anya aankadon key saath, isane tonny blair kii laber party, jose luis rodrigues zapetero kii piso aur andreas papandreau kii pasok kii sudhaar aur neetiyon koo prerit kiya.
itali mein, crexism key mukhya aalochak, saath hii saath craxy key charitra, poorv communist (loktaantrik party key adhikansh sadasyon sahit) aur kuchh vampanthi jhukaav vaale press media ("ill faito quatidiano", "ill ghoshanapatra", "ell 'aspresso", aur "laa republica") hain, jabaki sabse badey samarthak kendra-vampanthi parr hain, jisamen unakaa betaa bobo craxy shamil haye, aur kendra-dakshin key vibhinn rajneta jaise berlusconi, brenetta, maurizio saikoni aur stephano caldoro, jisamen unaki betty, stephania craxy bhee shamil hain.
mrityu aur viraasat.
inn sabke parinamswarup unhein raajneetik bhrashtachar kaa prateek maanaa gayaa. craxy 1994 mein tunisia key hummamet mein bhagkar una kaanoonon seey butch nikla, joe usane ack baar banaane mein yogdan diyaa thaa; vaha vahaan ack bhagoda banaa rhaa, joe usake vyaktigat mitra zaain ell abidin bayne allie kii sarkaar dwara sanrakshit thaa. unhone baar-baar khud koo nirdosh ghoshit kiya lekin kabhi itali naheen laute, jahan unhein apane bhrashtachar key apraadhon key kaaran 27 saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee thee; inmein seey 9 saal aur 8 maheene appeal parr barkarar rakhe gaye they.
19 janwari 2000 koo 65 varsh kii ayu mein madhumeh kii jatilataon seey craxy kii mrityu hoe gaee. pradhaan mantri aur vampanthi netaa massimo dee 'alema key loktantravadiyon ney ack raajkeeya antim sanskar kaa prastaav rakhaa, jise craxy key parivaar ney sweekaar naheen kiya, jinhone sarkaar parr milan key saine raffle aspatal mein ack najuk sergery karaane key liye itali lautane seey rokane kaa aarop lagaaya.
craxy kaa antim sanskar sent key cathedral mein huaa. tunis mein vincent dee paul ney sthaaniya aabaadi kii ack badee bhagidari dekhi. poorv saai aatankvaadi aur anya italvi apane netaa koo antim badhaai dene key liye tunisia pahunche. unake samarthak tunisian cathedral key baahar aae aur italvi sarkaar key pratinidhiyon, lamberto dinny aur marco minnity koo upman aur sikkon key prakshepan dwara nishana banaaya. craxy kaa makbara hummamet mein chhote isai kabristan mein haye. kuchh sroton key anusaar yeh itali kii or unmukh haye; 2017 key ack sarvekshan key baad, yeh galat honey kaa pataa chalaa thaa.

