upa-prabandhak elissa

subcommondant elissa (janm maria gloria benavids gwera; janwari 1955) monterry, newo leone seey ack maxican karyakarta hain. 1980 aur 90 key dashak kii shuruat mein, unhone rashtriya mukti kii japatista senaa (azlan) mein ack upa-prabandhak key roop mein kaary kiya. unhein 1994 key zapatista vidroh key sambandh mein farwari 1995 mein giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. 1996 mein, maxican sarkaar ney sweekaar kiya kii yeh ack galat giraftari thee aur usey sabhi aaropon seey burry curr diyaa. aaj, vaha samajik andolanon key swaayatt vishvavidyalaya (maxican ekjutata network kaa hissa) mein professor hain.
kattarpanthi shuruat aur flun (1970).
benwids ney 1971 seey 1972 taka chikitsa key sankaay mein adhyayan kiya, jahan unhein kaee kattarpanthi dhaaraon, vishesh roop seey juventood communista dee mexico (mexico key communist yuva), liga leninista aspartaco (spartacus leninist leag), aur obra saanskritik universitaria (vishvavidyalaya saanskritik kaary) seey parivartit vampanthi vichaaron key sampark mein laaya gayaa thaa. hector escamilla leira key anusaar, leega communista 23 dee septimbre (23 sitambar communist leag) mein ack pramukh gurilla, iss samay key dauran vampanthi andolanon key panapane kaa ack kaaran 1960 key dashak key anta aur 70 key dashak kii shuruat mein daman kii kamee thee. unhone nott kiya kii "[newo leone governor] alphonso martinez dominguez key aagaman key saath baad mein saamyvaad virodhi rosh fail gayaa."
raajneetik swatantrata kii iss avadhi ney kishore benavides koo ack ubharate hue kattarpanthi netaa key roop mein umr aaney kii anumati dee. iss bindu seey, vaha mexico key krantikari andolanon mein gaharaai seey shamil thee, jinamen seey ack antatah jeet jaayegih zapatista.
1970 key dashak mein benavids (rashtriya mukti bull) mein shamil hoe gaye, joe 1969 mein apani sthaapana key baad seey mexico mein sabse pramukh kattarpanthi samooh haye. aff. ell. aine. koo vyaapak roop seey rashtriya mukti kii zapatista senaa (azlan) kaa agradoot maanaa jaataa haye. donon samoohon mein ack kattarpanthi vampanthi vichardhara thee aur swadeshi maxican logon key shoshan kaa sakriya roop seey mukabala karane kii ichcha thee.
benavides koo pahali baar 1974 mein ack ghar parr chhaape key dauran giraftar kiya gayaa thaa, jisake dauran unhone apane pati koo bhee khou diyaa thaa. apani rihaai key baad, vaha phir seey andolan mein shamil hoe gaee, kewal ack anya sainya chhaape mein apane dusare pati aur shishu betty koo khou diyaa.
zaptista bhagidari (1983-1996).
1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein, benavides ney andolan mein adhik mahatvapurna netritva kii bhoomika nibhai. vaha flun key gair-swadeshi sadasyon mein seey ack theen jinhone 17 navambar, 1983 koo azlan kii sthaapana kii thee. flun netaa ney laa garrapata naamak ack shivir mein chhah krantikariyon (teen swadeshi, teen gair-swadeshi) koo ikattha kiya taaki ack adhik kaarravaai-adharit pahal sthaapit kii jaa sakey.
1994 mein radio unam (mexico kaa rashtriya swaayatt vishvavidyalaya) key saath ack sakshatkar mein, benavids ney zapetista senaa mein shamil honey aur rahane key apane karanon parr tippani keeh "main vahaan pravesh kiya kyonki maine usa sthiti koo dekhaa kii loga rahate they. isaliye maine socha kii iss samasya koo kaise hull kiya jaae, kyonki mujhe naheen pataa thaa kii pahaadon mein saathi hain yaa naheen. lekin jaba unhone mujhe bataaya kii logon key liye ladane vaale sathiyon kaa ack samooh haye, tou ack dinn vidrohi saathi gaanv mein aaa gaye, tabhi unhone mujhe samajhaaya kii way kyaa chaahte hain, way kyon ladey."
1983 key baad benavides kii adhikansh sakriyata mein chiapas key chhote gaanvon mein, vishesh roop seey lacandon jangal mein swadeshi samoohon key liye anuvaadak key roop mein kaam karna shamil thaa. iss samay, easlan chiapas mein apane samajik kaary key liye kaafee sansaadhan samarpit curr rhaa thaa, jisamen swaasthya aur shiksha karyakram shamil they joe anyatha haashiye parr rahane vaali swadeshi aabaadi key liye anupalabdh they. sabhi nirnay alag-alag kshetron mein swadeshi parishadon key saath milkar liye gaye they. yeh abhyaas azlan key badey lakshya koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue thaah ack prakaar key shantipurna satarkata key madhyam seey, nagrik samaaj mein pehchaan aur samprabhuta key nirantar prajanan key liye aavashyak sthitiyon kaa utpaadan karna, andolan swayam italvi markswadi daarshanik antonio gramsi seey bahut prabhaavit thaa, jinhone ack "saamoohik ichcha" banaane kii aavashyakta parr jore diyaa, yaa "ack saanskritik-samajik ekataa kii praapti jisake madhyam seey vijaatiya uddeshyon key saath, ack samaan aur samanya avadharana key aadhar parr, ack ekal uddeshya key saath ack saath jodaa jaataa haye."yeh sattaaroodh varg dwara saamane rakhe gaye ack vaikalpik aitihaasik gutt key nirmaan kii disha mein pahala kadam haye, joe unakaa maanana haye kii ack damankari raajya koo khatm karane aur ack vipareet prabhutva kii kunji haye.
baad mein, easlan ney samajik sevaaon kii tulanaa mein badee mahatvaakaankshaaen vikasit keen joe way pradaan curr rahey they. isake netaa, sub-commander marcos (usa samay rafale sebastian gillen; vartamaan mein sub-commander galleno) ney chiapas mein ack "swadeshi substrate gurilla" banaane kii apani yojana key hisse key roop mein zapetistas key kaam kii prakriti koo badal diyaa. praathamik chikitsa aur radio sanchaar mein nirdesh nivaasiyon koo jutaane key liye taiyar karate they, aur vishesh sainya prashikshan azlan netaaon koo sandinista senaa commander lenin serna dwara sikhaaya jaataa thaa. benavides unamen seey they.
nariwadi vishvaas.
benavids langic samaantaa mein dridh vishvaas rakhate they. unhone zapatista andolan koo ling sambandhon mein advitiya roop seey pragatisheel key roop mein dekhaa, jisamen purushon aur mahilaaon ney sabhi staron parr sahyog kiya. yeh usa samay mexico mein pramukh samajik maandandon key vipareet thaa. benwids ney vyavasthit lingwad parr apani hatasha vyakt kii joe harr jagah maujood thee lekin zapetista shivir kii seema key bhitarah "zapetista senaa mein, purush aur mahilaaen saath milate hain. loktantra haye, nyaay haye, sub kuchh haye...[humm purushon key saath rahate hain aur ack hii kaam karate hain...humm abhee yahee khoj rahey hain. kyonki ack kisan mahila key roop mein sarkaar hamein maanyata naheen detee haye. mahila hamesha neeche rahati haye aur purush hamesha malik hotaa haye, lekin abhee humm dekhate hain kii sarkaar joe kahati haye vaha sach naheen haye. mahilaaen bhee kaam curr sakati hain, way bhee karyabhar sambhal sakati hain, way bhee purushon kii tarah netritva curr sakati hain, isaliye humm lada rahey hain taaki mahilaaon koo bhee una naukariyon koo karane kaa avsar mille."
yeh bhavna lattin americi samajik nyaay andolanon mein ack badee dhaara koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue haye. jaisa kii gavin oh 'toll ney lattin americi rajneeti parr apani pustak mein likhaa haye, "azlan mamalon mein mahilaaon kii pramukhta ney kuchh logon koo yeh sujhaav diyaa haye kii yeh ack nariwadi andolan naheen haye, lekin yeh ack stree andolan haye. anya mahilaaon ney tark diyaa haye kii 'swadeshi narivad' kaa ack alag roop dakshini mexico jaise sthaanon mein maujood haye jahaan mahilaaen swadeshi paramparaon koo sanrakshit karane aur punah praapt karane kaa prayaas karate hue nariwadi vichardharaon koo aakarshit karane aur navigate karane key liye sangharsh karati hain."
zapatista andolan mein mahilaaen varg sangharsh aur swadeshi shoshan key khilaf apani ladaai key alawa nariwadi kaarravaai key prati apani pratibaddhata key liye jaani jaati hain. unhone aage badhane vaale andolan key liye langic samaantaa kii ack spasht ghoshana, "mahila krantikari kaanoon" koo apanaane key liye abhiyaan kaa netritva kiya. iss kathan key vikas aur prakaashan mein paropkari logon kaa pratyaksh yogdan kyaa haye, yeh agyaat haye, lekin krantikari netritva mein unaki sthiti key saath-saath unake saarvajanik bayanon koo dekhate hue, isamen koee sandeh naheen haye kii unhone kaanoon kaa samarthan kiya hoga.
giraftari, rihaai aur burry (1995-1996).
1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein, benavides apane pati javier aloriaga burdeg key saath mexico shahar chully gaeen, jinase way zaptista andolan key madhyam seey mileen. vaha samajik andolanon key swaayatt vishvavidyalaya mein professor bunn gaeen aur vahaan apane chainalon key madhyam seey sakriya karyakarta key roop mein kaam karna jaari rakhaa.
haalaanki, iss baat parr kuchh vivaad haye kii kyaa vaha abhee bhee iss samay zeptista senaa kii sadasya thee. kuchh sroton kaa kahana haye kii unhone 1988 seey pahale andolan chhod diyaa thaa, aur unake parivaar ney garbhavati honey key dauran aur ack naee maan key roop mein ack gurilla andolan kaa netritva karane kii unaki kshamata parr sawal uthaaya thaa, lekin 1994 key radio unam sakshatkar mein, unhone khud koo ack zeptista sanic key roop mein varnit kiya. anta mein, 1995 mein ell pais key saath ack sakshatkar mein, unhone daavaa kiya kii jaba vaha abb gurilla andolan kaa hissa naheen theen, tou vaha "rashtriya aur antarrashtriya star parr paramarsh mein bhaag lena chaahati theen, joe kii zeptista netaaon dwara unake bhavishya key baare mein taiyar kiya gayaa thaa.taba seey yeh unakaa saarvajanik rukh rhaa haye.
8 farwari, 1995 koo, maxican pulis ney mexico shahar mein benavids key ghar parr chhaapa maaraa aur usey aur aloriaga koo giraftar curr liya, joe ack krantikari bhee thee. ganarajya key attorney general dwara ack aupchaarik jail adesh jaari kiya gayaa thaa jisamen una parr aatankvaad, aaparaadhik sangathan, vidroh aur pratibandhit hathiyaron key kabje kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. benavides key vakeel ney tark diyaa kii jail adesh "samvidhaan key anuchhed 19 key praavdhaanon key anuroop naheen thaa"-usa vishisht vidroh mein benavides kii bhagidari koo saabit karane key liye aparyaapt saboot they, jisake baad aatankvaad aur aaparaadhik sangh key aaropon key sambandh mein ack emparo diyaa gayaa thaa. kaaryavaahi key dauran, usane daavaa kiya kii usake aparaadh kaa praarambhik sweekaarokti manovaigyaanik yaatana seey prerit thee. yeh raksha kii amparo jeet kii kunji thee, lekin usaki sadasyata kii charcha koo aur jatil banaati haye, kyonki prachur srot samagri seey pataa chalata haye kii usane apani ichcha parr kaam kiya thaa.
vidroh aur avaidh hathiyar rakhane key aaropon koo barkarar rakhaa gayaa, lekin itna mamuli maanaa gayaa kii benavides koo jamaanat parr riha kiya jaa sakata thaa. baad mein, pados kii ghatana jisane benavids key ghar kii jaanch koo uksaayaa, mangadhant paaee gaee, aur attorney general ney daavaa kiya kii unake paas joe vidrohvaadi dastavej they, way adhikansh aabaadi key swaamitva vaale aam raajneetik saahitya key roop mein saamane aae.
1 navambar, 1996 koo unhein sabhi aaropon seey burry curr diyaa gayaa thaa. unaki giraftari aur usake baad key parinam koo vyaapak roop seey rajneeti seey prerit maanaa gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey kyonki vaha 1994 key vidroh key saath usa samay giraftar kiye gaye satrah logon mein seey kewal ack theen.
vyaktigat vayask jeevan (1990 key baad).
aaj, benevids aloriag key saath mexico shahar mein rahate hain. jabaki abb vaha zapatista senaa kii aadhikarik sadasya naheen haye, vaha chiapas mein swadeshi samoohon key liye samaan adhikaaron aur praavdhaanon kii prastaavak bunny hui haye. vaha samajik andolanon key swaayatt vishvavidyalaya (maxican ekjutata network) mein ack professor key roop mein apani sakriyata jaari rakhti hain.

