
francovadi spen mein karyabal mein mahilaaen

francovadi spen mein karyabal mein mahilaaon koo uchch star key bhedbhaav kaa saamana karna padaa. spanish grihyuddh key anta mein desh mein paaramparik langic bhoomikaon kii vaapsee dekhi gaee.  inhen shasson dwara una kaanoonon key madhyam seey lagu kiya gayaa thaa joe ghar key baahar mahilaaon key shram koo viniyamit karate they aur 1889 kii nagrik sanhita aur poorv kanuni prakriya aaparaadhik kii vaapsee, joe mahilaaon koo kanuni roop seey purushon seey kamtar maanati thee.  1940 key dashak key dauran, mahilaaon koo karyabal mein pravesh karane mein kaee baadhaon kaa saamana karna padaa, jisamen ghar seey baahar kaam karane key liye vittiya dund, shaadi parr naukari khona aur kuchh kanuni roop seey upalabdh vyavasaay shamil hain.
1950 key dashak mein spen kii aarthik tasveer badalane luggy aur mahilaaon key liye karyabal mein pravesh karane key liye adhik aarthik dabaav thaa.  cession feminina aur fallange jaise kuchh samoohon ney seemit sandarbh mein mahilaaon kii baal dekhbhal sevaaon kii peshkash karke iska jawab diyaa.  nursing jaisi kushal naukariyan atyadhik langic theen, jisamen purushon aur mahilaaon koo alag-alag shiksha praapt hoti thee.  1960 key dashak mein spen ack saanskritik aur aarthik parivartan seey gujarta huaa dikhaai dega, jisamen kaanoon dheere-dheere aage badhane kii koshish curr rhaa haye.   sudhaaron mein saarvajanik kshetra mein mahilaaon key liye adhik avsar shamil they aur mahilaaon koo abb isaliye naukari seey naheen nikala jaa rhaa thaa kyonki way vivaahit theen.  1970 mein aur adhik kanuni sudhaar hue, halanki chikitsa jaise kshetron mein mahilaaon key peshevar avsar seemit rahey.
itihas (1939-1975).
1930 key dashak mein francovadi spen.
mahilaaon key sambandh mein franco shasson kii neeti ganarajya key liye ack badaa jhataka thee kyonki yeh apane pati key prati patni key poorna adheenata key aadhar parr paaramparik catholic parivaar model koo lagu karane key liye nirdhaarit kii gaee thee. isane mahilaaon koo ghar mein unake sthaan parr cumm curr diyaa kyonki 1938 key shram charter ney vivaahit mahila koo karyashala aur karkhane seey mukt karane key liye parivartanon kii ghoshana kii."isane mahilaaon kii shiksha aur vyaavsaayik aur vyaavsaayik jeevan taka pahunch mein baadha daali aur saarvajanik aur niji donon kshetron mein unake adhikaaron koo samaapt yaa pratibandhit curr diyaa. ack udaaharan mein franco kii 1889 kii nagrik sanhita aur poorv vidhi prakriya aaparaadhik mein vaapsee shamil thee, jisane mahilaaon kii kanuni heenata koo manjuri dee thee. joe mahilaaen ganatantravaadi rekhaaon key peechhe theen, way kewal usa sthaan key kaaran khud koo kaee vyavsaayon seey baahar paaee gaeen jahan way rahati theen.  inmein sivil seva kii naukariyan, shikshan pada, patrakaarita aur peshevar sangathanon mein sthaan shamil they.
1938 key parivarik subsidy key kaanoon kaa mahilaaon kii kaam karane kii kshamata parr nakaratmak prabhaav padaa. 1939 key anta taka, mahilaaen rojgar karyalayon mein shramikon key roop mein taba taka panjikaran naheen curr sakati theen jaba taka kii parivaar key pramukh key roop mein, unaki aarthik sthiti unhein kaam karane key liye majboor naheen karati thee.
1940 kaa dashak.
mahilaaon, vishesh roop seey vivaahit mahilaaon key kaam mein kaee baadhaaen daali gaeen, aur placement rajistaron mein unake panjikaran parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa, jisake liye unake pati key pradhikaran kii aavashyakta thee. isake alawa, kaee shram adhyadeshon mein yeh nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa kii shaadi karate hii ack mahila koo dahej key saath kshatipurti karate hue apani naukari chhodani padati haye. 1945 mein sthaapit ack tathaakathit "plus family" samaroh ney ack vittiya sahaayata key roop mein kaary kiya jiska uddeshya "parivaar aur isaki isai parampara, paripurna samaaj aur rashtra kii neenv koo majboot karna thaa."isake alawa, saarvajanik prashaasan key badey vargon, vishesh roop seey varishthon key roop mein, mahilaaon kii pahunch koo kaanoon dwara rokaa gayaa thaa. mahilaaon koo raajya key vakeel, nyayadhish, abhiyojak, rajanyik, sampatti panjiyak, notary, shram nireekshak, vinimay agent yaa stock exchange karmchari banane kii anumati naheen thee. mahilaaen iss aadhar parr bhee senaa seey sambandhit koee naukari naheen curr paati theen kii unhein yuddh seey bachaane kii aavashyakta haye.
haalaanki, yeye upaay mahilaaon koo kaam karane seey naheen roque sakey, "parivarik nirvaah key spasht karanon" key kaaran, lekin hamesha purushon kii tulanaa mein cumm vetan key saath, 30 seey 50 pratishat key beach cumm. mahilaaon ney shram vivaadon mein bhee bhaag liya, kii ose key ack praantiya pratinidhi key anusaar, "unake ling key karanon aur pratikriya key vishesh tareeke key kaaran, karanon seey samajhaana, yaa bahas key saath una parr charcha karna bahut mushkil haye.
1940 key dashak mein, mahilaaon koo kaee vyavsaayon seey pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki mahilaaon kaa praathamik kaam grihini honah thaa. unhein nyaay mantralaya key bheetar vakeel yaa nyayadhish yaa bhoomikaaen banane seey rokaa gayaa thaa. spen mein shikshakon koo vibhinn karanon seey niyamit roop seey kaksha seey baahar curr diyaa jaataa thaa.  valentia mein, inmein yaun shiksha yaa garbh nirodhakon key baare mein jaankaari pradaan karna shamil thaa. kamkaji mahilaaon koo ack hii naukari karane vaale purushon kii tulanaa mein 70 pratishat cumm vetan mill sakata haye.
1942 key shram viniyaman adhiniyam mein kahaa gayaa thaa kii mahilaaon koo shaadi key ack maheene key bheetar swaichhik barkhastagi prapatra parr hastakshar karane hotey they jisake parinamswarup unaki naukari chully gaee.  usake baad, inn navavivaahit mahilaaon koo karyabal mein phir seey pravesh karane key liye dou saal intezar karna padaa aur tabhi, jaba unhein apane pati seey anumati mill jaae. 1944 key shram anubandh adhiniyam kaa matlab thaa kii mahilaaon koo rojgar anubandh parr hastakshar karane mein saksham honey seey pahale apane patiyon kii anumati kii aavashyakta hoti thee.  iss adhiniyam mein ack khand bhee thaa jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii audyogik yaa vaanijyik kshetra mein kaam karane key liye, mahilaaon koo pramaan kii aavashyakta hoti haye kii unhein teeka lagaaya gayaa thaa aur ack doctor kaa nott jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii unhein koee sankraamak bimari naheen haye; purushon key liye aisee koee aavashyakta naheen thee. 1945 key plus dee cargas parivaar kaa mahilaaon kii kaam karane kii kshamata parr nakaratmak prabhaav padaa.
vivaah seey sambandhit shram bajar pratibandhon key kaaran, adhikansh kamkaji mahilaaen 15 seey 25 varsh kii ayu key beach theen. adhikansh mahilaaen gharelu naukaron yaa vaanijyik seva kii naukariyon mein kaam karati theen.  adhikansh mahilaaon key paas "grihini" key roop mein soochibaddh aadhikarik rojgar thaa.  yeye way mahilaaen theen joe kapade dhone jaise kaam karate hue baahari grahakon key liye apane ghar key ander gharelu shram mein luggy hui theen.  krishi kii naukariyon mein mahilaaon koo aksar "grihini" key roop mein soochibaddh kiya jaataa thaa.  poorv-dwiteeya ganarajya kaal seey krishi mein unaki upasthiti kaafee hudd taka aparivartit thee.  audyogik kshetra mein mahilaaen mukhya roop seey kapada udyog mein kendrit theen.  seva kshetra mein mahilaaen bikri clerk aur praathamik vidyalaya shikshan padon parr kendrit theen.  kaee logon key paas kaam karane kii anishchit paristhitiyaan hongi. 1942 mein, ausat silai karane vaali ack dinn mein 6.74 peseta banaati thee.  ausat mahila krishi shramik ack dinn mein 7.08 peseta banaati thee.  daaiyon ney apane pratyek janm key liye 40 seey 525 peseta banaae.
1940 key dashak mein, mahilaaon ney udyog mein kewal 15 pratishat aur seva kshetra mein 23 pratishat shramikon kaa pratinidhitva kiya, jisamen gharelu karmchari shamil they. 1940 key dashak mein naukariyon kii kamee ney bhee mahilaaon key khilaf purushon kii narajgi koo janm diyaa, kyonki purushon kaa maanana thaa kii mahilaaen unaki naukari churaa rahee theen aur unake kaam karane key adhikaar mein hastakshep curr rahee theen.  iska aksar matlab thaa kii mahilaaon koo cumm vetan diyaa jaanaa yaa aakasmik naukariyan sweekaar karane kii sambhavana cumm thee.
joe mahilaaen kaam karati theen, una parr doguna bojh padata thaa, kyonki unase ghar kaa rakharkhaav karane, ghar key baahar kaam karane key alawa bachchon kii dekhbhal karane kii ummeed kii jaati thee.  chhote bachchon vaali vivaahit mahilaaon koo aksar purnakaalik naukariyon mein anupasthiti key uchch parinam hotey they, jahaan unase saptah mein 40 seey 48 ghante kaam karane kii ummeed kii jaati thee. yuva, ekal, nihsantaan mahilaaon mein anupasthit rahane kii darr bachchon vaali apane vivaahit samkakshon kii tulanaa mein cumm thee.  1940, 1950 aur 1960 key dashak mein karyabal mein safal vivaahit mahilaaen aksar apane visheshaadhikaar key prati andhee theen, aur way aksar samaan dohare bojh vaali anya mahilaaon key prati sahaanubhooti naheen rakhti theen. 1940 key dashak mein ghar key baahar kaam karane vaali mahilaaon koo aksar anya logon dwara neecha dikhaaya jaataa thaa aur unakaa avamoolyan kiya jaataa thaa joe apani aarthik sthiti key prati asantusht theen aur unhone apana vishvaas thopane kii koshish kii kii inn mahilaaon koo ghar parr rehna chaahiye.
chikitsa kii naukari.
spen aur angreji bolane vaale deshon mein ack vyavasaay key roop mein nursing key beach ack antar yeh thaa kii baad vaale kii jadein nariwadi andolan mein gahari theen.  spen mein aisaa naheen thaa, jahan nursing koo vyaapak spanish chikitsa padanukram mein ack nichale paydan key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa.  yahaan taka kii redd cross jaise antarrashtriya karyakramon aur videshon seey aaney vaale chikitsa peshevaron key bavjood, spanish chikitsa ney apane padanukram aur shikshan prathaon koo cumm laingiktaavaadi banaane kaa virodh kiya.  purush aur mahilaaon koo ack hii bhoomika key liye alag-alag prashikshan praapt huaa, chaahe vaha ack daaee, nurse yaa chikitsa vyavasaayi hoe.  mahilaaon key liye prashikshan mahila key gunon koo banaae rakhane aur usaki kathit nimn buddhi parr kendrit thaa.   fraansisi spen mein, mahila nurses koo dekhbhal karane vaalon key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa, jabaki purush nurses koo upchaarak key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa.  yeh shikshan mein langic purvagrah aur pratyek ling key paas vaigyaanik gyaan kii avadharana kaa parinam thaa, vishesh roop seey chikitsa sandarbh mein.  dekhbhal ghar key aspas adhik kendrit thee, jabaki upchaar ghar key baahar kiya jaataa thaa.
kyonki daaiyan garbhpaat aur garbh nirodhakon key baare mein gyaan saajha karane aur garbhpaat karane mein aksar shamil hoti theen, spen mein purush key netritva vaale vaigyaanik samudaay ney inn mahilaaon koo haashiye parr daalane kii koshish kii. chikitsa mein vyavsayikta spen mein daaiyon key mahatva koo aur cumm karane mein madad karegi. daaiyon koo janm prakriya seey hataane key aage key prayason mein una parr jaadoo-tona aur chhal-kapat kaa aarop lagaana, unhein avaigyaanik dikhaane kii koshish karna shamil thaa.  yeh sub spen mein garbhpaat kii sankhya koo cumm karane key liye ack chikitsa aur eugenic vigyaan sanchaalit prayaas kaa hissa thaa.
1950 kaa dashak.
1950 key dashak mein aur vishesh roop seey 1960 key dashak mein una varshon mein hue aarthik aur samajik parivartanon key parinamswarup mahilaaon kii sthiti mein badalaav aanaa shuru huaa. isane mahilaaon key kanuni vetanbhogi kaam mein pragatisheel vriddhi key saath-saath shiksha key madhyam aur uchch star taka adhik pahunch koo janm diyaa. aur inn sub mein parivaar kii sanrachana mein badalaav, saarvajanik kshetron mein mahilaaon kii upasthiti mein vriddhi aur mahila sthiti parr vaikalpik models kaa adhik prasaar shamil thaa, joe aadhikarik francovadi drishtikon dwara poshit moolyon key saath spasht roop seey vipareet thaa. yeh baad mein shram kii kamee taka naheen thaa kii mahilaaon key liye rojgar key avsaron key baare mein kaanoon badal gaye. 1958 aur 1961 mein paarit kaanoonon ney mahilaaon koo ghar key baahar gair-gharelu shram mein sanlagn honey kaa ack bahut hii sankeern avsar pradaan kiya, lekin phir bhee, ack avsar pradaan kiya.
1950 key dashak mein mahilaaon key muddon parr adelia diaz ney tippani keeh "mahila ack purush seey laker harr cheej parr nirbhar thee, usake apane naam parr baink khaata naheen thaa, yeh yaa tou pitaa key naam seey honah chaahiye yaa ack baar shaadi karane key baad, pati key naam seey honah chaahiye."mahilaaon kii naukariyon seey paisa patiyon aur pitaa dwara niyantrit baink khaaton mein daala jaayega, kyonki mahilaaen inn nidhiyon taka pahunchane mein asamarth hongi.
cession feminina aur fallange ney 1950 aur 1960 key dashak key dauran krishi kshetra mein kaam karane vaali mahilaaon koo baal dekhbhal sevaaen pradaan keen. iss udyog mein aadhikarik mahilaaon kii bhagidari lagbhag 5.5% thee, lekin anaupchaarik bhagidari bahut adhik thee, jisake parinamswarup bachchon kii dekhbhal kii aavashyakta thee.
chikitsa kii naukari.
1952 mein "ayudante technico sanitario" (aeye. tii. aiss.) kii shuruat ney chikitsa kshetra mein langic asamaanta koo badhaa diyaa.  mahilaaon koo, purushon key vipareet, joe aeye. tii. aiss. karyakramon mein namankit they, school mein pravesh lena aavashyak thaa; purush apani kakshaon key liye aaa sakate they.  mahilaaon koo "gharelu shiksha" () naamak ack pathyakram padhaaya jaataa thaa, jisamen purush samkaksh "chikitsa-kanuni shav pareekshan" () thaa.
sevak.
kaee naukaraniyon koo avaanchhit purush yaun dhyaan kaa saamana karna padaa, jisase way butch naheen sakey, aur kabhi-kabhi unakaa yaun utpeedan kiya gayaa. way garbhavati hoe jaayengi aur apani naukari seey majboor hoe jaayengi. inn sambandhon koo laker purush bhee unhein blackmail karate they. kyonki kaee avivaahit they, jaba sambandhon kii khoj kii gaee, yahaan taka kii purush jabardasti key parinamswarup bhee, unhein shamil honey key liye nikaal diyaa jaataa. isase yeye mahilaaen besahara hoe jaayengi. kaee loga veshyavritti kii or rukh curr gaye kyonki unhein aaya kaa koee anya srot naheen milaa.
1960 key dashak mein.
1950 aur 1960 key dashak key takniki navacharon ney aise samay mein bahut see mahilaaon koo karyabal mein dhakel diyaa jaba spen kii arthavyavastha mein amulchul parivartan hoe rhaa thaa.
22 julaai 1961 koo kaanoon mein badalaav ney mahilaaon key liye saarvajanik kshetra mein rojgar praapt karna aasaan banaa diyaa.  cumm sakht kaanoonon key bavjood, unhein abhee bhee kaee pratibandhon kaa saamana karna padaa, jisamen unake pati koo rojgar anubandh parr hastakshar karane kii anumati dene seey pahale unaki naukari koo manjuri dene kii aavashyakta bhee shamil thee. raajneetik adhikaaron parr 1961 key kaanoon koo cession feminina dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa.  isase karyabal mein mahilaaon koo unake kaam key mahatva koo pahchaanane key atirikt adhikaar mille, jinaki unhein pahale kamee thee.  iss kaanoon mein ekal mahilaaon koo ack hii naukari mein kaam karane vaale apane purush sathiyon key barabar vetan dene kaa adhikaar thaa. piller primo dee rivera ney tippani kii, "nariwadi honey key bajaay kaanoon, isake vipareet, iss baat kaa samarthan kartaa haye kii purush mahilaaon koo khaali kaanch key roop mein kyaa dey sakate hain. humm kyon chaahenge kii purush kaa vetan paryaapt roop seey laabhkaari hoe taaki mahilaaon, vishesh roop seey vivaahit mahilaaon koo aavashyakta key kaaran kaam naa karna padey! main aapako vishvaas dilaata huun kii aggar parivarik jeevan paryaapt roop seey sampann hotaa, tou 90 pratishat mahilaaen kaam naheen karatin. hamaare liye, sabhi samasyaon kaa samadhan karna bahut adhik suvidhajanak aur adhik vaanchhaniya haye. lekin naa kewal spen mein balki duniya bhar mein kaee parivaar hain joe kamkaji mahilaaon koo chhod naheen sakate hain, thheek isaliye kii yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii unake bachchon kii dekhbhal aur shiksha key liye paryaapt haye, joe vivaah kaa praathamik lakshya haye."
nyaypalika, sashastr balon aur vyaapaari nausena koo chhodkar 1961 mein ling key aadhar parr rojgar mein bhedbhaav parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa.  sudhaaron kaa yeh bhee arth thaa kii mahilaaon koo kanuni roop seey unake purush samkakshon key samaan vetan kii guaranti dee gaee thee. 1961 mein, 16 seey 65 varsh kii ayu kii sabhi spanish mahilaaon mein seey 4 pratishat ney apane vyavasaay koo peshevar lekhak key roop mein varnit kiya.  iss vyaavsaayik vivaran mein kathaa aur gair-kathaa lekhak, romans upanyaskar aur samachar patra key samvaadaata donon shamil they.
1962 taka, mahilaaon koo shaadi key baad karyabal chhodane key liye majboor kiya jaataa thaa.  aisaa karane key badale mein, unhein ack chhota saa maudrik muaavaja diyaa gayaa. 1963 key kanuni sudhaar kaa matlab thaa kii niyokta abb mahilaaon koo barkhast naheen curr sakate they kyonki way vivaahit theen.  phir bhee, kaanoon abhee bhee mahilaaon koo kaam shuru karane seey pahale apane pati kii anumati lene kii aavashyakta rakhta haye. 1966 mein, mahilaaon koo magistrate, nyayadhish aur abhiyojak banane kii anumati dene key liye kaanoon mein sanshodhan kiya gayaa thaa. 27 octuber 1967 koo ack farman jaari kiya gayaa thaa joe samaan kaam key liye samaan vetan key siddhant kaa samarthan kartaa thaa.
flange key netritva vaale sangh sangathanon koo chhodkar francovadi spen mein trade yuniyanon koo aadhikarik taur parr anumati naheen dee gaee thee.  yeye cumm mahila sadasyata koo aakarshit karate they.  jaba way aisaa karatin, tou baazavaadi mahilaaen aksar khud koo samajwadi aur saamyavaadi mahilaaon key saath kaam karati theen aur 1967 mein aayog key obreras parr pratibandh lagaane seey pahale shasson key virodh key ack kendrit srot key roop mein kaam karati theen. aayog key obreras ney franco kaal key dauran pee. see. ee. koo ack pramukh sangh aayojak aur pramukh vipakshi khilaadi key roop mein sthaapit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai.  see. see. yuu. oh. kshetra kii sabse mahatvapurna mahilaaon mein seey mahatvapurna saamyavaadi mahilaaon key shasson virodhi kaaryakartaon koo bhee aakarshit karega.
1970-1975.
1970 mein, sabhi chikitsakon mein seey kewal 4.4% mahilaaen theen. 20 agast 1970 key ack farman ney prasooti avkash parr nayaa kaanoon laaya.  garbhavati mahilaaen abb ack seey teen saal kii avadhi key liye binaa kissy dund key karyabal chhod sakati hain.  iss farman key parinamswarup badale gaye anya niyamon mein prashikshuta kii avadhi key dauran langic bhedbhaav koo samaapt karna shamil thaa.  ack anya badalaav yeh thaa kii kamkaji mahilaaen shaadi key baad bhee apani naukari jaari rakh sakati theen yaa kshatipurti dahej kaa bhugtan karke apane anubandh koo jaldi samaapt curr sakati theen.

