jaine darshan

jaine darshan yaa jaine darshan jaine dharm kii pracheen bhaaratiya daarshanik pranali koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. isamen sabhi daarshanik jaanch aur jaanch kii pranaaliyan shamil hain joe pracheen bhaarat mein mahavir () key "parinirvaan" key baad jainavaad kii praarambhik shaakhaon key beach vikasit huin. jaine darshan kii mukhya visheshtaon mein seey ack isaki dwaitvaadi tatvamimansa haye, joe yeh maanati haye kii astitva kii dou alag-alag shreniyan hainh jeevit, sachet, yaa samvedansheel prani ("jeev") aur nirjeev yaa bhautik astitva ("ajiv").
jaine granthon mein brahmand vigyaan, gyanmimansa, naitikta, tatvamimansa, tatvamimansa, samay kaa darshan aur soteriology jaise kaee daarshanik vishayon parr charcha kii gaee haye. jaine vichaar mukhya roop seey jeevit praniyon kii prakriti koo samajhane seey sambandhit haye, kii kaise yeye prani "karm" (jinhen sookshm bhautik kanon key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye) kii prakriyaon seey bandhe hain aur kaise jeevit praniyon koo mrityu aur punarjanm ("sanskar") key chakr seey mukt kiya jaa sakata haye. jainavaad kii ack visheshta anivarya roop seey kaee tyag mukt karane vaali prathaon koo ahinsa ("ahinsa") kii anivaaryata key saath jodana haye. jainavaad aur isaki daarshanik pranali ack praarambh-rahit aur chakreeya brahmand mein vishvaas key liye bhee ullekhaniya haye, joe duniya kii gair-ishwarwadi samajh aur ack kaalpanik nirmaata devta kii poorna asweekriti koo prastut kartaa haye.
jaine drishtikon seey, jaine darshan shashwat haye aur mahaan prabuddh tirthankaron ("forred-makers") dwara sudur ateet mein kaee baar sikhaaya gayaa haye. itihaaskaar jaine vichaar key vikas kaa pataa pracheen bhaarat mein kuchh pramukh hastiyon, mukhya roop seey mahavir (gautam buddh key samkaaleen) aur sambhavatah parshvanath (halanki yeh vivaadit haye) seey lagaate hain. paul dundas key anusaar, jaine darshan apane poore lambe itihas mein apekshaakrit sthir rhaa haye aur koee badaa kattarpanthi siddhant parivartan naheen huaa haye. yeh mukhya roop seey umashwari key "tatvasutra" key prabhaav key kaaran haye, joe sabhi jainon key beach kendriya aadhikarik daarshanik paath banaa huaa haye.
gyaan.
aacharya pujapad kii "sarvarthasiddhi" key anusaar, ack jeevit prani ("jeev") key liye antim bhalai punarjanm ("samra") kii chakreeya duniya seey mukti haye. mukti kii praapti bhee sarvagyaan seey judee hui haye, aur yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii mahavir jaise poorv jaine rishiyon ney sarvagyaan praapt kiya haye.
tatvarthasutra" key anusaar, mukti praapt karane kaa saadhan teen gunaa haye (ise teen ratnon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye):
sarvarthasiddhi" key anusaar,
jainon kaa maanana haye kii samvedansheel prani sabhi cheejon (sarvagyaan) kaa poorna aur poorna gyaan praapt curr sakate hain. jinake paas aisaa gyaan haye way prabuddh kevelin hain. yeye way aatmaaen hain joe sabhi cheejon seey alag hoe gaee hain, aur isaliye sabhi cheejon koo seedhe samajhane mein saksham hain kyonki unaki aatma kaa gyaan abb kissy bhee cheez seey avaruddh naheen haye. adhikansh praniyon key liye, unaki aatma kaa sarvagyaan unaki aatma mein chipke hue karm kanon dwara avaruddh hoe jaataa haye, jaise kii ack ghaney baadal soorya key prakaash koo avaruddh curr dete hain. isaliye, cumm praniyon key liye sarvagyaani gyaan kaa ekmatra srot kevelin kii shikshaaen hain. choonki abb koee jeevit kevelin naheen hain, isaliye jaine shaastra iss tarah key gyaan kaa ekmatra srot hain aur iss prakaar jaine darshan mein sarvocch adhikaar key roop mein dekhe jaate hain. iss kaaran, jaine darshan shaastron mein paae jaane vaale siddhanton koo poorna satya maanata haye aur darshan kii bhoomika mukhya roop seey inn siddhanton koo sankshep mein prastut karna, samajhaana aur poorak banaana haye.
ontology.
hairi oldmedo key anusaar, jaine ontology yathaarthvaadi aur dwaitvaadi donon haye. jeffery dee. long jaine tatvamimansa kii yathaarthvaadi prakriti kii bhee pushti kartaa haye, joe ack prakaar kaa bahulvaad haye joe vibhinn vaastaviktaon key astitva parr jore detaa haye.
wonn glassenap likhate hain kii pramukh aadhyatmik antar, sajeev yaa samvedansheel padarthon (jeeva) aur nirjeev padarthon (ajiv) key beach haye.
jaine darshan cumm seey cumm saat "taitu" (satya, vaastaviktaa yaa maulik siddhant) kaa pratipaadan kartaa haih
shwetambar jaine bhee aksar uparokt soochi mein dou aur vaastaviktaon koo jodate hainh achchha karm ("punya", guna) aur buraa karm ("pitaa", nakaratmak).
jaine vicharakon key anusaar pratyek ikai kaa vishleshan kaee alag-alag tarikon seey kiya jaa sakata haye. umaa paarvati ney jaanch key kaee "dwaar" kii ruprekha taiyar kii haye jinhen nikshepa kahaa jaataa haye. yeye hainh naam (naam), sthaan (prateek), dravya (kshamata), bhaav (vaastaviktaa), nirdesh (paribhasha), swamitva (adhikaar), saadhan (kaaran), adhishthaan (sthaan), sthiti (avadhi), vidhaan (vividhata), sath (astitva), sankhya (sankhyaatmak nirdhaaran), kshetra (kshetra mein kabja), spersion (kshetra koo chhuaa), kaal (nirantarta), antara (samay-antaral), bhaav (avastha), aur sankalp (saapeksh aakar).
helmuth wonn glassenape ney bataaya kii jaine vichaar kaa ack kendriya siddhant ack ontology pradaan karane kaa prayaas haye jisamen sthaayitva aur parivartan donon shamil hain. iss prakaar, pratyek astitva mein kuchh aisaa hotaa haye joe sthaayi hotaa haye aur kuchh aisaa joe sthir hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye, ack bartan mein, isake bhautik paramanu abhedya hotey hain, lekin roop, rung aur anya guna parivartan key adheen hotey hain.
gyanmimansa.
jaine darshan gyaan key teen vishvasaniya sadhanon ("pramaana") koo sweekaar kartaa haye. yeh maanata haye kii sahee gyaan dhaarana ("pratyaksh"), anuman ("anumana") aur gawahi ("sabada" yaa shaastron key shabd) parr adharit haye. inn vichaaron koo jaine granthon jaise "tavvartashutra", "parvakanasara", "nandi" aur "anuyogdwarini" mein vistrit roop seey varnit kiya gayaa haye. kuchh jaine granthon mein chauthe vishvasaniya saadhan key roop mein saadrishya ("upamaan") jodaa gayaa haye, joe anya bhaaratiya dharmon mein paae jaane vaale gyanmimansa sambandhi siddhanton key samaan haye.
jainavaad mein, "gyaan" (gyaan) koo paanch prakaar kaa kahaa jaataa haye-"kewal gyaan" (sarvagyaan), "shruti gyaan" (shaastra gyaan), "matee gyaan" (samvedi gyaan), "avadhi gyaan" (doordarshita), aur "manah prarthana gyaan" (telepathy). pahale dou koo gyaan key apratyaksh saadhan key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye "()," anya pratyaksh gyaan pradaan karane key saath "(), jiska arth haye kii vastu koo aatma dwara seedhe jaanaa jaataa haye.
saapekshata aur bahulvaad.
jaine gyanmimansa mein teen sambandhit siddhant shamil hain joe gyaan kii jatil aur anek prakaar kii prakriti seey sambandhit hainh "aniketvaad" (bahu-pakshiyata kaa siddhant), "yadwad" (sashart bhavishyavani kaa siddhant) aur "nayavaad" (aanshik drishtikon kaa siddhant). lambe samay taka inn teenon koo "saapekshata key jaine siddhant" kahate hain.
ankentawad.
jainavaad key sabse mahatvapurna aur maulik siddhanton mein seey ack ankaantvaad (shaabdik roop seey 'gair-ektarafa' drishtikon) haye. yeh ack prakaar key sattavidyasiya bahulvaad koo sandarbhit kartaa haye aur iss vichaar koo sandarbhit kartaa haye kii vaastaviktaa jatil aur bahuayami haye aur isaliye ise kewal kaee drishtikonon seey samajha jaa sakata haye. lambe nott key roop mein, yeh antatah ack ontological siddhant haye joe maanata haye kii "sabhi astitva mein sansthaon mein anant guna hain."jaine vichaar aam taur parr hamari sabhi dhaaranaon kii vaastaviktaa kii pushti kartaa haye, yahaan taka kii way bhee joe ack dusare key vipareet hain jaise kii nirantarta aur parivartan, utpann honah aur nasht honah.
iss siddhant koo aksar "andhe purushon aur ack haathi" key drishtaant key madhyam seey sachitra kiya jaataa haye. iss kahani mein, pratyek andhe vyakti ney haathi key ack alag hisse koo mahsoos kiya aur phir haathi key vaastavik roop koo samajhane kaa daavaa kiya, lekin kewal aanshik roop seey safal hoe sakaa. yeh siddhant iss vichaar parr adharit haye kii vastuein apane gunon aur astitva key tarikon mein anant hain. isake kaaran, unhein sabhi pahaluon aur abhivyaktiyon mein seemit maanav dhaarana dwara poori tarah seey naheen samajha jaa sakata haye. jainon key anusaar, kewal "kewal"-sarvagyaani prani-sabhi pahaluon aur abhivyaktiyon mein vastuon koo samajh sakate hain.
vaastav mein, jaine granthon mein mahavir koo kuchh aadhyatmik prashnon key uttar key roop mein darshaaya gayaa haye jinhen buddh dwara 'anuttarit' maanaa jaataa thaa. mahavir koo prashnakarta key drishtikon key aadhar parr yogya "haan" aur "naheen" donon key saath inca uttar dene key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa haye. iss prakaar, aatma apani aantarik prakriti mein shashwat haye aur phir bhee badalati bhee haye (karmon key kaaran joe ise prabhaavit karate hain aur vibhinn avasthaaen joe utpann hoti hain aur bheetar seey gujarati hain) aur brahmand shashwat (prarambhaheen) aur phir bhee gair-shashwat (kyonki yeh chakron seey gujarta haye) donon haye. iss prakaar, jainon ney apane tatvamimansa koo ack madhya maarg key roop mein dekhaa, jisamen bauddhon (jinhone asthaai kaa bachaav kiya) aur brahmanon (joe aam taur parr sthaayi kaa siddhant rakhate they) key khilaf, sthaayeeta aur asthaai donon koo aadhyatmik roop seey maulik key roop mein apanaaya gayaa.
"aniketvaad" apane anuyaayiyon koo apane pratidvandiyon aur virodhi dalon key vichaaron aur maanyataon parr vichaar karane key liye protsaahit kartaa haye. aniketvaad" key samarthak iss siddhant koo dharm aur darshan parr lagu karate hain, khud koo yaad dilaate hain kii koee bhee dharm yaa darshan-yahaan taka kii jainavaad-joe apane siddhanton seey bahut adhik hathdharmita seey chipka huaa haye, apane seemit drishtikon key aadhar parr ack truti curr rhaa haye. aniketvaad" key siddhant ney mohandas karamchand gaandhi koo dhaarmik sahishnuta aur "satyagrah" key siddhanton koo apanaane key liye bhee prabhaavit kiya.
naiwada.
ack nikatata seey sambandhit siddhant "nayavaad" haye, jiska arth haye "aanshik drishtikon yaa drishtikon kaa siddhant."nyaas aanshik roop seey maanya, daarshanik drishtikon hain jinase kuchh bhee dekhaa jaa sakata haye. kissy vastu key anant pahalu hotey hain, lekin jaba humm vyavhaar mein kissy vastu kaa varnan karate hain, tou humm kewal praasangik pahaluon kii baat karate hain aur aprasangik pahaluon koo nazarandaj karate hain. jaine daarshanik vaastaviktaa kii jatilata koo aanshik roop seey samajhaane key liye aanshik drishtikon key siddhant kaa upayog karate hain.
iss tarah jaine virodhabhasi prateet honey vaale bayanon (aatma sthaayi aur asthaai donon haye aadi) key saath vastuon kaa varnan curr sakate hain.). choonki yeh kewal kuchh nishchit drishtikon seey kiya jaataa haye kii pratyek kathan kiya jaataa haye, isaliye koee virodhabhas naheen haye. "naayvaad" kaa maanana haye kii sabhi daarshanik vivaad drishtikon key bhram seey utpann hotey hain, aur humm joe drishtikon apanaate hain, way hain, halanki humm ise mahsoos naheen curr sakate hain, "una uddeshyon kaa parinam jinhen humm aage badhaa sakate hain.
lambe samay key anusaar, umashwati saat aanshik drishtikonon koo soochibaddh karati haih naigamanaaya (samanya drishtikon), samagrahanaaya (samanya drishtikon), vyavaharaay (vyaavhaarik drishtikon), rusutranaya (raikhik drishtikon), shabadnaya (maukhik drishtikon), sambhirudh nayaa (vyutpatti drishtikon), aur ivambhutnaya (vaastaviktaa drishtikon). aam drishtikon yeh haye kii ack ikai koo aam taur parr kaise maanaa jaataa haye-jise koee 'samanya gyaan' yaa aparishkrit pariprekshya kaha sakata haye. ack samanya drishtikon ikai koo vargeekrit karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye. ack vyaavhaarik drishtikon ikai key sambhaavit upayogon key sandarbh mein uska aaklan kartaa haye. ack raikhik drishya ikai koo usee tarah dekhta haye jaise vaha vartamaan kshan mein haye. ack maukhik drishtikon ikai kaa naam rakhane kaa prayaas kartaa haye. ack vyutpatti sambandhi drishtikon iss naam aur anya shabdon key saath isake sambandhon kaa upayog isaki prakriti koo samajhane key liye kartaa haye. aur ack vaastaviktaa kaa drishtikon ikai key thhos vivaranon seey sambandhit haye. jaine vichaarak gair-jaine daarshanik pranaliyon kii doxography pradaan karane key liye drishtikon key siddhant kaa bhee upayog karate hain. jaine daarshnikon key anusaar, anya daarshanik pranaaliyan saat drishtikon mein seey kewal ack parr nirbhar karati hain, jabaki anya koo chhodkar. yeh bataata haye kii way galat nishkarsh parr kyon pahunche hain. udaaharan key liye, nyaay-vaisika aksar pahale nayaa (samanya drishtikon), dusare nayaa (samanya drishtikon) key saath vedant, teesare nayaa (vyaavhaarik drishtikon) key saath bhautikvaad aur chauthe (raikhik drishtikon) key saath bauddhavaad seey judaa hotaa haye. iss beach, jainavaad koo sabhi saaton nyaason koo jodane mein saksham ekmatra darshan key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.
nayavaad" kaa ack prabhaavshaali siddhant kundkund kaa dohra-pariprekshya model haye. kundkund kaa maanana thaa kii aatma kaa drishtikon ekmatra 'nishchit' (nyaas), 'sarvocch' (parmarth) yaa 'shuddh' (shuddh) drishtikon haye. karm kanon key paalan key kaaran, aatma apane aap koo shuddh honey key roop mein gyaan khou detee haye, haalaanki, yeh vaastav mein kabhi sanshodhit naheen hoti haye. brahmand mein anya sabhi cheejen saansaarik hain aur inhen kewal laine-daine aur anantim moolya key roop mein dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye.
iss prakaar, saansaarik pariprekshya antatah galat haye, jabaki sarvocch pariprekshya antim satya haye aur lambe samay key anusaar, ack jeena key kevaljan key anuroop haye. kundkund kaa darshan vishesh roop seey digambar vichaar mein prabhaavshaali haye, halanki isane kuchh shwetambar vidvaanon koo bhee prabhaavit kiya haye. haalaanki, yashovijaya jaise anya shwetambar vicharakon ney ack hii drishtikon parr apani nirbharta key liye prasiddh roop seey kundakunda kii aalochana kii, arthaat.ee. ekantwad" (nirankushvaad) key liye.
naayon kaa ack anya prabhaavshaali siddhant siddhasena divkar kaa thaa, jinhone apane "sanmatitarka" ('sachche siddhant kaa tark) mein paaramparik naayon koo dou mukhya shreniyon mein vibhajit kiyaah way joe astitva kii paryaptata ("dravyastikan") kii pushti karate hain aur way joe aparivartaniyata ("paryastikan") kii pushti karate hain. siddhasena ney vibhinn bhaaratiya darshanon key saath vibhinn nyaason kii pehchaan kii, jinamen seey sabhi koo ektarafa aur charam vichaaron key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, jabaki jaine drishtikon koo beach mein honey aur vichaaron key sabhi vibhinn binduon koo apanaane key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, joe virodhabhasi prateet hotey hue bhee poore satya key kewal aanshik drishtikon hain.
saiyyad.
"saiyadvad" sashart bhavishyavani kaa siddhant haye, joe yeh sifarish karke "anekant" koo ack abhivyakti pradaan kartaa haye kii harr vakyansh yaa abhivyakti key liye avarnaniya "syad" yaa "syat" ("ack nishchit arth mein") koo purvanirdhaarit kiya jaae. jaine vichaar key sandarbh mein, "sayed" (aksar "eeva", "nishchit roop seey" yaa "nishchit roop seey" key saath jodaa jaataa haye) kaa arth haye "kuchh vishisht arthon mein, yaa kuchh vishisht drishtikon seey, yeh nishchit roop seey aisaa mamla haye...". choonki vaastaviktaa jatil haye, koee bhee ack prastaav vaastaviktaa kii prakriti koo poori tarah seey vyakt naheen curr sakata haye. iss prakaar "sayed" shabd koo pratyek prastaav koo ack sashart drishtikon dene seey pahale pahale rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye aur iss prakaar kathan mein kissy bhee hathdharmita koo hataane key saath-saath yeh bhee sanket denaa chaahiye kii vaakya kewal ack vishisht drishtikon seey hii sach haye.
choonki yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii pratyek kathan saat alag-alag sashart aur saapeksh drishtikon yaa prastaavon seey vyakt kiya jaataa haye, isaliye "saiyadvad" koo "saptibhangana" yaa saat sashart purvaanumanon key siddhant key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. yeye saat prastaav, jinhen "saptibhangi" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, hainh
inn saat prastaavon mein seey pratyek samay, sthaan, padaarth aur mode key saapeksh drishtikon seey vaastaviktaa kii jatil aur bahuayami prakriti kii jaanch kartaa haye. vaastaviktaa kii jatilata koo nazarandaj karna hathdharmita kii bhranti koo karna haye. lambe samay taka, iss saat gunaa vishleshan koo jaine daarshnikon dwara saarvbhaumik roop seey lagu honey aur "sambhaavit satya-moolyon key sampoorn honey key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye joe ack diye gaye prastaav seey vyakt hoe sakate hain."
haalaanki, lambe nott key roop mein, jaine daarshnikon dwara lagu saapekshata key siddhanton kii ack seema haye. yeh seema yeh vichaar haye kii saapekshata key siddhanton key nishkarsh jaine vishva drishtikon key anuroop honey chaahiye. siddhasena dwara iska saransh iss prakaar diyaa gayaa haih "nayaa key roop kaa ack achchi tarah seey prastut drishtikon kewal ragmik siddhanton koo samarthan detaa haye jabaki vahee, yadi galat prastut kiya jaataa haye, tou donon koo nasht curr detaa haye (i.ee. swayam key saath-saath isake pratidvandi)."iss prakaar, jainon dwara saapekshata key siddhanton koo jaine parampara key maanak daavon dwara seemit honey key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, kyonki inhen prabuddh logon key sarvagyaani drishtikon parr sthaapit honey key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.
jeev, jeevit.
jaisa kii oopar bataaya gayaa haye, brahmand dou mukhya prakaar key padarthon seey banaa haye, "jeev" (jeevit) aur "ajiv" (nirjeev). yeye gair-nirmit astitva hain joe hamesha ack dusare key saath baatchit curr rahey hain. yeye padaarth praakritik niyamon aur ack padaarth kii aantarik prakriti ("sahavo") key anusaar vyavhaar karate hain. iss aantarik prakriti koo samajhana jaine dharm kaa vaastavik swaroop haye.
jeevon koo dou prakaron mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye-mukt aur gair-mukt. jeev mein vibhinn aavashyak guna hotey hainh gyaan, chetna ("chaitanya"), anand ("sukh") aur compan oorjaa ("veerya"). inn gunon kaa anand mukt aatmaon dwara poori tarah seey binaa kissy baadha key liya jaataa haye, lekin mukt aatmaon key mamle mein "karm" dwara aspasht kiya jaataa haye jisake parinamswarup karm bandhan hotaa haye. iss bandhan key parinamswarup aatma shareer key saath nirantar saha-vaas karati haye. iss prakaar, ack moort gair-mukt aatma astitva key chaar kshetron-swarg, narak, manushya aur pashu jagat-mein janm aur mrityu key nirantar chakr mein paaee jaati haye jise "sansar" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. jaine vicharakon key anusaar, sabhi jeevit prani (yahaan taka kii devta bhee) vyaapak peedaa aur adamya ichcha kaa anubhav karate hain (jabaki saansaarik khushi kshanbhangur aur chhoti haye, ack pahaad key buggle mein sarason key beej kii tarah). prabuddh logon koo chhodkar, sabhi jeevit prani mrityu aur punarjanm key adheen hain.
ack aatma vibhinn bhautik shariron mein pahani hui haye, jinamen seey paanch hain, pratyek ack dusare kii tulanaa mein behtar haye (daaeen or chhavi dekhein). pratyek prani key cumm seey cumm dou shareer hotey hain, agnimay shareer aur karm shareer. yeye donon shareer dard yaa anand mahsoos naheen karate hain aur thhos padaarth seey gujar sakate hain. inn mool nikaayon key alawa ack vyakti key dou aur shareer hoe sakate hain, aur kewal parthiv shareer koo hii aankhen samajh sakati hain. jainon kaa maanana haye kii uchch shaktiyon vaali aatma shareer koo aanshik roop seey chhod sakati haye, usake baahar kaary curr sakati haye aur phir baad mein vaapas aaa sakati haye. ise samudraghat kahaa jaataa haye.
jaine darshan key anusaar, anant sankhya mein swatantra jeev (samvedi, jeevit prani, aatma) hain joe poore brahmand koo bharate hain. jeevon koo vibhinn shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, inmein pedon jaise sthir prani aur chalane vaale prani shamil hain. jainon ney vibhinn indriyon (indriyon) aur mahatvapurna pahaluon (praanon) key aadhar parr jeevit praniyon kaa ack padanukram vikasit kiya. jaanvaron koo paanch indriyon key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye, jabaki paudhon aur vibhinn sookshmajeevon mein ack hii indriya hoti haye. jeevan shakti yaa jeevan-siddhant duss hain, arthaat paanch indriyaan, oorjaa, shwasan, jeevan-avadhi, vaani kaa anga aur munn. manushya, devta aur itane parr paanch indriya prani hain jinake paas ack aantarik bhavna yaa vichaar munn (maanas) bhee haye. ling key sambandh mein, jainon kaa maanana thaa kii teen mukhya ling theh purush, mahila aur teesara ling (napumasak-veda, yaun angon key binaa sabhi prani iss teesare ling kaa hissa hain). jainon ney nigoda naamak chhote ack-samvedana vaale praniyon key astitva kii bhee pushti kii joe harr jagah maujood hain aur brahmand koo bharate hain.
jainon kaa ack anootha drishtikon yeh haye kii paudhon mein anya jaanvaron kii tarah chetna kaa ack roop hotaa haye. yeh poshan, prajanan aur aatm-sanrakshan kii unaki ichcha mein dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye. unhein naitik bhaavanaon koo vyakt karane mein saksham key roop mein bhee dekhaa jaataa haye aur iss prakaar antatah mukti kii or praniyon kii seedhi chadhate hain.
brahmand vigyaan.
jaine brahmand vigyaan key anusaar hamari duniya ack vishal sanrachana haye, joe neeche chaudi haye, beach mein sankeern haye aur isake oopari kshetron mein chaudi haye. isamen siddhalok (prabuddh logon kii duniya), swarg, vibhinn narak aur maanav kshetra (brahmand key kendra mein) sahit vibhinn kshetra yaa upa-duniyaaen hain, joe dweep mahadweepon kii ack pranali haye (kendra mein jambudweep sahit) joe pahaadon seey vibhajit haye aur samudron seey ghiraa huaa haye aur kendra mein ack vishal parvat (aim. tii.) haye. meru).
jaine brahmand vigyaan brahmand key nirmaan aur sanchaalan key liye jimmedaar ack sarvocch vyakti key astitva seey incar kartaa haye. jainavaad mein, yeh brahmand ack asanrachit astitva haye, joe anant kaal seey maujood haye, prakriti mein aparivartaniya, prarambhaheen aur antaheen haye. iska koee nirmaata, rajyapal, nyayadhish yaa vidhvansak naheen haye.
jaine daarshnikon ney lagaatar srishtivaad key siddhant parr hamla kiya. apane lekhan mein aacharya jinsena ney ack nirmaata bhagwan kii avadharana kii aalochana keeh
jainavaad swargiya aur narak key una praniyon key astitva koo barkarar rakhta haye joe marr jaate hain aur apane karm key anusaar punarjanm lete hain. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii devtaon key paas bhautik cheejon key baare mein adhik divya gyaan haye aur way maanav kshetron mein ghatnaaon kaa anuman lagaa sakate hain. haalaanki, ack baar jaba unaki pichhali karm yogyata samaapt hoe jaati haye, tou devta marr jaate hain aur manushyon, jaanvaron yaa anya praniyon key roop mein phir seey janm lete hain.
aisaa bhee maanaa jaataa haye kii aatmaaen poorna poornata praapt karane mein saksham hoti hain, ack raajya jise aamtaur parr "parmatman" kahaa jaataa haye, "sarvocch swa" (jise aamtaur parr angreji mein "bhagwan" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye). jainavaad mein, "ack shareer key saath" paripurna aatmaon koo "arihant" (vijeta) kahaa jaataa haye aur "ack shareer key binaa" poorna aatmaon koo "siddh" (mukt aatma) bhee kahaa jaataa haye.
samay chakr.
jainavaad key anusaar, samay binaa shuruat aur shashwat haye. kalchakra, samay kaa brahmandiya chakr, lagaatar ghoomata haye. samay kaa chakr dou ardh-chakron mein vibhajit haye, "utkarshi" (aarohi, pragatisheel samriddhi aur khushi kaa samay) aur "avasarpi" (avrohi, badhate duhkh aur anaitikta kaa samay).
pratyek ardh chakr koo aage chhah "aaras" yaa yugon mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye. jaise-jaise brahmand inn yugon seey gujarta haye, duniya khushi, jeevan kaal aur samanya naitik aacharan mein parivartanon seey gujarati haye. inn parivartanon key liye koee bhee divya yaa alaukik prani jimmedaar naheen hain, balki way karm kii shakti key kaaran hotey hain. jainon kaa maanana haye kii samay chakr vartamaan mein avrohi charan mein haye.
samay key chakr key ardh-chakr kii pratyek gati key dauran, 63 shalakpur yaa 63 prasiddh vyakti, jinamen 24 tirthankar aur unake samkaaleen shamil hotey hain, niyamit roop seey dikhaai dete hain.
nirjeev vaastaviktaa.
paanch achetan ("ajiv") padaarth ("dravya") hainh
pudgala.
pudgala kissy bhee nirjeev kann padaarth key liye ack shabd haye. jainon ney parmanuvad kaa ack vistrit siddhant vikasit kiya. paramonus yaa paramanu padaarth key mool aur nirmaan khand they. unhein indriyon dwara naheen samajha jaa sakata haye aur aage vibhajit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. ack paramanu mein hamesha chaar guna hotey hain, ack rung ("varna"), ack swaad ("russ"), ack gandh ("gandha"), aur ack nishchit prakaar kii spashtata ("sparsh", sparsh) jaise kii halkapan, bharipan, komalata, khurdarapan, aadi.
ack paramanu ack sthaan bindu parr kabja kartaa haye. yeh asanrachit aur avinashi haye. parmaanuon kaa sanyojan (bandhan) apane tarikon koo badalata haye, aur vighatit (bhedaa) hotaa haye lekin unake buniyaadi guna baney rahate hain. ack paramanu koo anya parmaanuon key saath bhee jodaa jaa sakata haye taaki ack samuchchay (skandh) banaaya jaa sakey. samagri samuchchay koo iss aadhar parr vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye kii way kitane achche (saxma) yaa motey (stulla) hain. sabse achchha prakaar kaa bhautik samuchchay paramanu paimaane (atirikt maheen padaarth) parr hotaa haye, phir "thheek" padaarth aataa haye (jisamen karmik kann shamil hotey hain), phir kuchh bhee jise kissy tarah seey mahsoos kiya jaa sakata haye (jaise gandh) lekin dekhaa naheen jaataa haye, phir vaha padaarth aataa haye jise dekhaa jaa sakata haye lekin chhuaa naheen jaa sakata haye (jaise prakaash), phir motey padarthon kii shreni hoti haye (jisamen koee bhee taral padaarth shamil hotaa haye) aur anta mein atirikt motey padaarth (thhos) hotey hain. bhautik cheejen prakaash yaa andhera dey sakati hain. jainavaad mein andhera ack prakaar key padaarth key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye aur dhwani bhee.
gati/vishram.
dharm (gati kaa madhyam) aur dharm (vishram kaa madhyam) aise padaarth hain joe gati aur vishram key siddhanton key liye jimmedaar hain. jaise, way ack tarah key eather hain. dharmastika aur adharmastika key roop mein bhee jaane jaane vaale, way poore brahmand mein vyaapt hain. "dharm" aur "dharm" swayam gati yaa vishram naheen hain, balki anya nikaayon mein gati aur vishram mein madhyasthata karate hain. gati key madhyam key binaa, gati hii sambhav naheen haye aur isake vipareet. yeh andolan/aaraam key liye ack poorv shart haye, jaise kii paani joe machhali koo tairane kii anumati detaa haye. yeh siddhant jainavaad key liye advitiya haye.
antariksh.
akash (sthaan) ack aisaa padaarth haye joe aatmaon, dravya, gati key siddhant, vishram key siddhant aur samay koo samaayojit kartaa haye. yeh anant antariksh-binduon ("pradesh") seey banaa ack sarvavyaapi grahan yogya haye. jainon key anusaar, antariksh ack padaarth haye, ack nirvaat kii prakriti mein lekin ack shuddh nirvaat naheen haye. 
yeh ack vistaarit nirantar nirvaat haye. shuddh nirvaat key roop mein yeh gair-astitva mein hoga, aur gair-vistaarit hoga; joe ise ack bhee sakaratmak gunavatta seey vanchit curr dega. isaliye, jaine usa sthaan koo badhaava dete hain, joe anant vistaar seey sampann haye, apane aap mein ack padaarth haye.
samay.
jainavaad mein, samay (kaalaa) vaha haye joe parivartan kaa madhyasthata kartaa haye, yeh joe nayaa haye usey purana banaata haye, aur isi tarah. jainon key liye, samay vaha haye joe una parivartanon kaa samarthan kartaa haye jinake liye padaarth vishay hain. ack drishtikon seey, yeh ack anant aur antaheen nirantarta haye, dusare drishtikon seey, yeh anant sankhya mein paramanu kshanon ("samaya") seey banaa haye. kuchh jaine daarshnikon kaa maanana haye kii samay ack padaarth haye, jabaki anya naheen.
champat raay jaine key anusaar, "prakriti mein kuchh bhee niradhar yaa kaaryaheen naheen hoe sakata haye. saral ikaaiyon aur cheejon key mamle mein oorjaa key visthaapan dwara kaary kaa nirvahan kiya jaataa haye. yadi oorjaa key visthaapan key pradarshan mein madad karane key liye koee samay-padaarth naheen hotaa, tou cheejen hamesha ack hii sthiti mein rahane key liye abhishapt hoteen."
karm aur punarjanm.
jaine dharm mein, anya bhaaratiya dharmon kii tarah, yeh karm haye joe jeevan key vibhinn roopon key liye jimmedaar haye joe aatmaaen lengi. karm kii kalpana ack bhautik padaarth (yaa sookshm padaarth) key roop mein kii gaee haye joe aatma koo baandh sakata haye, punarjanm key beach aatma key saath bandhe roop mein yatra curr sakata haye, aur "lokon" mein "jeev" dwara anubhav kii gaee peedaa aur khushi koo prabhaavit curr sakata haye.
jaine granthon mein karm kii tulanaa dhool seey kii gaee haye joe ack geele kapade mein funce jaati haye (i.ee. aatma aur usake bhaav). iss prakaar, karm ack prakaar kaa pradooshan haye joe aatma koo vibhinn rangon ("lesha") seey rung detaa haye. apane karm key aadhar parr, ack aatma kaa sthanantaran hotaa haye aur vaha astitva kii vibhinn sthitiyon mein punarjanm letee haye-jaise swarg yaa narak, yaa manushya yaa jaanvaron key roop mein. jainavaad bauddh dharm key kuchh schools kii tarah ack madhyavarti sthiti mein vishvaas naheen kartaa haye, isake bajaay aatmaon koo mrit shareer seey ack nae shareer mein sookshm karmon key aavaran mein "bandar kii tarah koodate hue" dekhaa jaataa haye.
aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii karm aatma kii janmajaat prakriti aur prayaas key saath-saath agale punarjanm mein isaki aadhyatmik kshamata koo aspasht aur baadhit kartaa haye. kahaa jaataa haye kii aatma kii compan oorjaa vaha haye joe usamen karm kanon koo kheenchati haye aur bandhan paida karati haye. jabaki praarambhik granth karmon koo aakarshit karane mein bhaavanaon ("kaasa", vishesh roop seey ghrina) kii bhoomika parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain, umaswati kaa kahana haye kii yeh shaaririk, maukhik aur mansik gatividhi haye joe karmik kanon key pravaah key liye jimmedaar hain.
wonn glassenap key anusaar, karm key bandhan key mukhya kaaran galat drishtikon, doshpurna aatm anushasana, bhaavanaaen aur gatividhi hain. kissy bhee jeevan roop koo nuksan pahunchaane seey nishchit roop seey nakaratmak karm prabhaav padegaa.
paul dundas key anusaar, karm key bauddh drishtikon aur jaine drishtikon key beach mukhya antar yeh haye kii anaichhik karyon seey bhee usa vyakti key liye nakaratmak karm prabhaav paida honge jisane unhein kiya thaa. isake alawa, joe mansik kaary naheen kiye jaate hain, jisase kissy aur koo buraa kaary karane key liye majboor kiya jaataa haye yaa kewal kaarravaai koo manjuri denaa kaafee alag naheen maanaa jaataa thaa (karmik pratishodh key sambandh mein).
jaine karmon mein, karmon koo aam taur parr 8 prakaron mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye, chaar hanikarak (ghaatiya) karm aur chaar gair-hanikarak karm. hanikarak karm "bhram karm" (mohaniya) hain joe galat vichaaron kii or leey jaataa haye, "karm joe gyaan koo avaruddh kartaa haye" (gyaanvanya), "karm joe dhaarana koo aspasht kartaa haye" (darshanvanya) aur "baadha karm" (antaraay), joe aatma kii janmajaat oorjaa koo baadhit kartaa haye. gair-hanikarak karm "bhavna" (vedani) karm hain joe sukhad yaa apriya anubhavon seey sambandhit hain, "naam" (naam) karm joe kissy key punarjanm koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye, "jeevan" (ayush) karm joe jeevan kaal koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye aur "kabila" (gotra) karm joe kissy kii sthiti nirdhaarit kartaa haye.
jaine siddhant kaa yeh bhee maanana haye kii hamaare liye apane karm koo sanshodhit karna aur tapasya aur aacharan kii shuddhata key madhyam seey isase mukti praapt karna donon sambhav haye. antim jaine lakshya aadhyatmik mukti haye, jise aksar sabhi karmon seey mukti key roop mein paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. jainavaad key anusaar, kuchh aatmaaen jinhen "abhyaa" (aksham) kahaa jaataa haye, kabhi bhee "moksh" (mukti) praapt naheen curr sakati hain. anubhav" raajya mein ack jaanboojhkar aur chaunkaane vaale burey kaary key baad pravesh kiya jaataa haye.
naitikta.
jaine naitikta kii jadein isake tatvamimansa mein hain, vishesh roop seey isake karm siddhant mein. jaine daarshnikon kaa maanana haye kii hanikarak karyon ("himsa") seey aatma koo karmon seey dooshit aur ashuddh kiya jaataa haye. vaastav mein, karm (achchha aur buraa) shareer, vaani aur munn key karyon key parinamswarup aatma mein lagaatar ("asrav") beh rhaa haye, jaise kii jheel mein paani beh rhaa haye.
iss prakaar, joe loga burey karmon (mukti taka pahunchane key liye) key pravaah koo rokane ("samvaad") kii koshish karate hain, unhein kuchh naitik niyamon kaa paalan karke sahee aacharan kaa abhyaas karna chaahiye. sahee aacharan ("saamyak chaaritr") koo "sarvasiddhi" mein "karmon koo lene kii gatividhi key anta key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye joe ack buddhiman vyakti dwara karmon koo lene key liye prerit kartaa haye joe pravaas key karanon koo hataane mein lagaa hotaa haye."
karm kanon koo aatma seey chipakane aur usey kalankit karane seey rokane key liye, jainavaad paanch naitik kartavyon koo sikhaata haye, jinhen vaha paanch vrat kahata haye. yeye dou mukhya roopon mein aatey hain, jaine samanya logon key liye "anuvrat" (chhoti pratigya), aur jaine bhikshuon key liye "mahaavrat" (mahaan pratigya).
paanch vrat, joe jaine aam logon (jinhen siddhant kaa gyaan haye) dwara bhee liye jaate hain, way hainh
jaine tapasvi vrat key sambandh mein aur bhee adhik imandar hotey hain, udaaharan key liye, ahinsa key pahale vrat key sambandh mein, way aksar apane saamane chhote jaanvaron key farsh koo jhaadane key liye ack jhaadoo yaa koee anya upkaran leey jaate hain.
jaine granthon mein aage saat poorak vraton kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye, jinamen teen "gunna vrat" (yogyata vrat) aur chaar "shikha vrat" (prashikshan vrat) shamil hain. teen guna vrat hainh
chaar "shikha" vrat hainh
anta mein, "sallekhana" (yaa "santhara") naamak ack vrat haye, joe jeevan key anta mein ack "dhaarmik mrityu" anushthaan haye, joe aitihaasik roop seey jaine bhikshuon aur nanon dwara manaaya jaataa haye, lekin aadhunik yug mein durlabh haye. yeh vrat bhojan aur taral mein swaichhik aur kramik kamee haye jisake parinamswarup jeevan kaa udaseen anta hotaa haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh nakaratmak karm koo cumm kartaa haye joe aatma key bhavishya key punarjanm koo prabhaavit kartaa haye.
mukti aur maarg.
aacharya pujapad ney apani "sarvarthasiddhi" mein mukti ("moksh, kewal gyaan") koo iss prakaar paribhaashit kiya haih "mukti aatma kii ack poori tarah seey alag sthiti kii praapti haye, karm padaarth aur shareer kii sabhi ashuddhiyon koo hataane parr, aatma key antarnihit gunon jaise gyaan aur dard aur peedaa seey mukt anand kii visheshta haye."antim mukti key kshan mein, ack kevlin (mukt aatma) apane shareer seey mukt hoe jaayega aur ack tatkaal vriddhi mein siddhalok, brahmand key sheersh parr mukt aatmaon key kshetra taka pahunch jaayega. jaisa kii dundon dwara samajhaaya gayaa haye, prabuddh aatma "binaa kissy aur punarjanm key poorna anand, oorjaa, chetna aur gyaan kii ack sampoorn aur lingheen sthiti mein nirantar astitva mein rahegi."
jainon kaa maanana haye kii mukt aatmaon kii sankhya anant haye. jabaki yeye aatmaaen ack-dusare mein pravesh karati hain aur sabhi mein samaan guna hotey hain, jainavaad iss vichaar kaa dridhata seey virodh kartaa haye kii way kissy advaitvaadi vishva aatma kaa hissa hain (jaisa kii hindu dharm key kuchh schools mein paaya jaataa haye). haribhadra key anusaar, iss hindu advaitvaad kaa koee arth naheen haye.
dundas ney apani aalochana koo iss prakaar rekhaankit kiyaah "yadi vishva-aatma swabhavik roop seey shuddh hotaa, tou yeh samajhaana mushkil hotaa kii abhootpoorv duniya spasht roop seey ashuddh kyon haye, jabaki yadi yeh ashuddh hoti, tou mukt kiye gaye jeevon key isake saath vilay kaa koee matlab naheen hotaa."
jaine daarshnikon ney aadhyatmik vikas key 14 charanon kii ack yojana vikasit kii jise gunasthaan (sanskritah "sadgun kaa star") kahaa jaataa haye. yeye charan karm bandhan key vibhinn karanon key tyag key anuroop hain.
joe antim charan seey gujarate hain way prabuddh "siddh" hotey hain aur sahee drishtikon, sahee gyaan aur sahee aacharan mein poori tarah seey sthaapit hoe jaate hain.
itihas.
praarambhik jainavaad kaa darshan aagam mein paaya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki inn praarambhik granthon mein bahut adhik daarshanik samagri haye, lekin yeh vyavasthit naheen haye aur asangat hoe sakata haye.
umaswamy shayed pahale vyavasthit jaine daarshanik they. unake "tatvarthasutra" ney sabhi pracheen jaine siddhanton koo ack saath aakarshit kiya aur unhein ack vyavasthit sootra shally mein prastut kiya. unakaa kaam behad prabhaavshaali thaa aur aaj sabhi jaine vichardharaon dwara sweekaar kiya jaataa haye.
tatvacharya" parr mukhya digambar tippaniyan pujyapad (6 veen shatabdi), akaal (8 veen shatabdi) aur vidyanandi (9 veen shatabdi) kii hain, jabaki mukhya shwetambar tippaniyan siddhasena kii 8 veen shatabdi kii tippani aur "swa-bhasha" hain.
hairi oldmedo ney nott kiya kii jaine darshan poore itihas mein kaafee maanak rhaa aur baad key vistaaron ney kewal pahale seey maujood siddhant koo aur spasht karane kii koshish kii aur ghatakon kii sattavidyas kii sthiti koo badalane seey bachaa. dundas kaa tark haye kii yeh daarshanik sthirata kaafee hudd taka umaswamy key kaam key prabhaav key kaaran haye.
haalaanki, jaine parampara pracheen kaal seey shwetambar aur digambar paramparaon mein vibhajit haye. yeh matbhed mukhya roop seey bhikshuon key beach nagnata key abhyaas key sawal mein matbhedon key kaaran utpann huaa aur kyaa mahilaaen mahila shareer mein mukti praapt curr sakati hain. inn matbhedon key alawa, jaine sampradayon key beach koee anya pramukh daarshanik antar naheen hain, halanki ankentawad jaise buniyaadi siddhanton kii alag-alag vyaakhyaaen hain. jainavaad mein iss siddhantvadi roodhivaad ney padmanabh jaine jaise vidvaanon koo yeh tippani karane key liye prerit kiya haye kii jaine itihas mein kabhi bhee koee maulik roop seey nayaa andolan (jaise mahayan, tantra yaa bhakti) naheen thaa jisane mukhyadhara key jainavaad koo prabhaavi dhang seey chunauti dee.
praarambhik daarshnikon kii avadhi key baad, jaise umashwati, gyanmimansa ("pramaana") aur tark ("nyaay") parr dhyaan kendrit karane key saath, daarshanik parishkaar mein vriddhi kii avadhi kaa anusaran kartaa haye. iss yug mein siddhasena divkar, samantbhadra aur akalank jaise mahaan gyaanvigyaani kaam karate dekhe gaye. kundakunda kaa kaary, vishesh roop seey dou satyon kaa unakaa siddhant, vishesh roop seey digambar darshan parr bhee atyant prabhaavshaali thaa. jaine daarshnikon kii gyanmimansa key saath vyastata praarambhik aadhunik kaal taka jaari rahee, jisamen kaee mahaan jaine vidvaanon koo dekhaa gayaa jinhone "navya-nyaay" () darshan parr likhaa, jaise kii yashovijaya (1624-1688).
islam key saath jaine muthbhed ney bhagwan key astitva aur hinsa key upayog parr dhaarmik bahason koo bhee janm diyaa. paul dundas key anusaar, jaine vicharakon ney bhee apane mandiron key muslim vinash kaa saamana karate hue apane ahinsa (ahinsa) key siddhant parr phir seey vichaar karna shuru curr diyaa. dundas ney nott kiya kii kaise 12veen shatabdi key jaine vichaarak jinnaadatt suurii ney aatmaraksha mein hinsa key paksh mein tark diyaa.
aadhunik yug mein ack nae sampradaay, shwetambar terapanth kaa uday huaa, jisaki sthaapana 18veen shatabdi mein aacharya bhikshu ney kii thee. tulsi (1913-1997) aur aacharya mahapragya (1920-2010) jaise terapanth vidwan aadhunik jainavaad mein prabhaavshaali bauddhik vyakti rahey hain, jinhone jaine darshan parr kaee kaary likhe hain.
aadhunik yug mein aam logon key saath-saath vibhinn prabhaavshaali bauddhik hastiyon key netritva mein nae sampradayon kaa uday bhee dekhaa gayaa. shrimad rajchandra (1867-1901) kaa gair-sampradayik panth mahatma gaandhi parr ack pramukh prabhaav honey key kaaran jaanaa jaataa haye. ack anya prabhaavshaali vyakti kanjiswamy they, joe kundakunda key rahasyamay darshan parr apane jore key liye jaane jaate they.
bhaaratiya vichaar mein yogdan.
shraman pranaliyon mein sabse shuruati aur sabse prabhaavshaali mein seey ack key roop mein, jainavaad ney anya bhaaratiya vichaar pranaliyon koo prabhaavit kiya. vidvaanon key shodh seey pataa chalaa haye kii daarshanik avadhaaranaaen joe aamtaur parr bhaaratiya hain-karm, ahinsa, moksh, punarjanm aur isi tarah kii-yaa tou unaki utpatti shraman paramparaon mein haye (jinamen seey sabse pracheen jainavaad haye). mandikta aur tyag kaa shramanik aadarsh, kii saansaarik jeevan peedaa seey bharaa thaa aur usa mukti key liye ichchhaon koo chhodana aur akele aur chintansheel jeevan mein vaapas lena aavashyak thaa, balidaanon, gharelu kartavyon aur devtaon key mantron parr adharit ack sakriya aur dhaarmik roop seey viramit jeevan key braahmanik aadarsh key bilkul vipareet thaa. shramnon kaa vikas huaa aur ahinsa, karm, moksh aur tyag parr jore diyaa gayaa.
jaine vichaaron kaa buddh aur praarambhik bauddh dharm parr kuchh prabhaav padaa haye, aur donon vishva drishtikon kaee samanya vichaaron (karm punarjanm, ack binaa banaae brahmand, ahinsa, vedon kaa khandan) koo saajha karate hain. buddh koo tapasvi key abhyaas roopon key roop mein darshaaya gayaa haye joe jainavaad mein paae jaate hain (halanki baad mein unhone inmein seey kaee prathaon koo bahut charam key roop mein khariz curr diyaa). helmuth wonn glassenap kaa yeh bhee tark haye kii ahinsa key jaine vichaar, aur vishesh roop seey shakahar key prachaar kaa hindu dharm parr, vishesh roop seey vaishnav dharm parr prabhaav padaa. isake alawa, wonn glassenap kaa tark haye kii kuchh hindu daarshanik pranaaliyan, vishesh roop seey madhyacharya key dwaitvaadi vedant, jaine darshan seey prabhaavit they. vaha yeh bhee kahate hain kii yeh sambhav haye kii shaivasiddhant jaine vichaar seey bhee prabhaavit thaa.
darshan aur naitikta kii jaine pranali koo dayanand saraswati aur mohandas karamchand gaandhi jaisi aadhunik hastiyon parr ack badaa prabhaav daalane key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.
pramukh jaine daarshanik.
kaee jaine daarshnikon ney jaine vichaar key vikas mein yogdan diyaa haye. neeche kuchh mukhya jaine daarshnikon kii aanshik soochi dee gaee haye.

