1919 actors equity association hadtaal

1919 key abhinetaon key equity sangh kii hadtaal aadhikarik taur parr 7 agast, 1919 seey 6 sitambar, 1919 taka faili. 19veen shatabdi key anta aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, theatre udyog mein shaktishali prabandhan samoohon dwara kranti aaee jisane udyog parr ekadhikar aur kendrikaran kiya. inn samoohon ney abhinetaon key liye kathor kaam karane kii sthiti paida kii. 26 maee, 1913 koo abhinetaon ney sangh banaane kaa faisala kiya aur unhone abhinetaon key equity sangh (aa yaa "equity") kaa gathan kiya. nishpaksh vyavhaar aur ack maanak anubandh key liye nirmaataon aur prabandhakon key saath baatchit karane key kaee asafal prayason key baad, equity ney 7 agast, 1919 koo nirmaata prabandhakon key sangh key khilaf hadtaal kii ghoshana kii. hadtaal key dauran, abhineta cinemagharon seey baahar chaley gaye, sadakon parr pared aayojit kii, aur laabh show kaa pradarshan kiya. equity koo naatya samudaay, janata aur americi shram sangh seey samarthan milaa aur 6 sitambar, 1919 koo abhinetaon ney hadtaal jeeti. nirmaataon ney aeye. ee. aeye. key saath ack anubandh parr hastakshar kiye jisamen lagbhag sabhi equity kii maangen shamil theen. hadtaal mahatvapurna thee kyonki isane shram kii paribhasha kaa vistaar kiya aur kiss prakaar key currier koo vyavasthit curr sakate hain, iss baare mein dhaaranaon koo badal diyaa. hadtaal ney rangmanch udyog key bheetar anya samoohon koo bhee sangathit karane key liye protsaahit kiya.
prishthabhoomi.
kaam karane kii sthiti aur vayu gathan.
1896 mein, safal theatre malik aur booking prabandhak maark clau aur aeye.ell. erlanger ney chaar anya theatre bookers/maalikon key saath milkar theatre syndicate banaaya. syndicate ney theatre udyog mein badee vyaavsaayik prathaon koo lagu kiya, jisase ack aarakshan ekadhikar paida huaa. samooh key paas america mein cinemagharon key teen chauthai hisse they, jinamen 37 pratham shreni key theatre shamil they, aur pratyek naatak key sthaanon, patkatha parivartan aur unake boxes offices sheyaron parr unakaa puuraa niyantran thaa. naatya syndicate key gathan key turant baad, schubert bhaaiyon ney apana ekadhikar udyam shuru kiya, jisase syndicate key liye pratispardha paida hui.
rangmanch udyog koo kendrikrit karane mein, inn samoohon ney abhinetaon key liye naee, sakht kaam karane kii paristhitiyaan bhee lagu keen. 1913 taka, abhinetaon aur abhinetriyon key paas apane prabandhakon aur nirmaataon key khilaf shikayaton kii ack vyaapak soochi thee. nirmaataon key paas apane abhinetaon kii kaam karane kii sthitiyon aur vetanman koo nirdhaarit karane kii poori shakti thee. abhinetaon kaa abhyaas kaa samay aseemit aur binaa muaavaje key thaa; way abhyaas muaavaje key binaa hafton seey maheenon taka bitaa sakate they. jaba shaam key pradarshan radd curr diye jaate they, tou prabandhak agale dinn key sthaan parr ack atirikt matney pradarshan jodkar khoye hue pradarshan kii bharpai karate they. kalakaron koo aksar radd kiye gaye show yaa atirikt mattini key liye kshatipurti naheen dee jaati thee. abhineta apane swayam key munch veshbhusha aur yatra key liye bhugtan karane key liye bhee jimmedaar they. ack anya udyog-vyaapi shikayat koo "santushti khand" maanaa jaataa haye, jise aamtaur parr "joker khand" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, joe adhikansh abhinetaon key apane prabandhakon key saath anubandhon mein paaya jaataa haye. iss khand mein kahaa gayaa haye kii yadi abhineta prabandhak kii santushti key liye apani bhoomika naheen nibhaata haye tou prabandhak ack abhineta koo barkhast curr sakata haye. isase prabandhakon koo binaa kissy chetavani key aur kissy bhee kaaran seey abhinetaon koo barkhast karane yaa abhinetaon key vetan mein katauti karane kii shakti millie.
inn shikayaton kaa mukabala karane key liye, abhinetaon ney sangathan kii sambhavana parr charcha karane key liye 13 janwari, 1913 koo mulakat kii. jabaki actors society off america jaise sangathanon kaa gathan pahale syndicate key niyantran seey ladane key liye kiya gayaa thaa, unaki sadasyata aur prabhaav 1912 taka kaafee hudd taka cumm hoe gayaa thaa, aur abhineta kewal apani aarthik shikayaton parr kendrit ack nayaa sangathan banaana chaahte they. unakaa lakshya rangmanch udyog mein abhineta key shoshan koo hull karna aur ack samaan anubandh sthaapit karna thaa joe prabandhak aur abhineta donon koo prasann karey. 112 abhinetaon ney 26 maee, 1913 koo newyork shahar mein aadhikarik taur parr abhinetaon key equity sangh kaa gathan kiya. unhone francis willson koo sangh key adhyaksh key roop mein chunaa. apane pahale varsh key anta taka, equity kii sadasyata 1,500 seey adhik hoe gaee aur isamen kaee prasiddh abhineta shamil they.
praarambhik aeye. aeye. aeye. aur ampa vaarta.
1914 mein, equity ney united manager protective association (ampa) koo prastut karane key liye ack maanak anubandh vikasit karane key liye kaam karna shuru kiya, prabandhakon kaa sanyojan joe adhikansh udyog koo niyantrit kartaa thaa. ampa kaa gathan equity key gathan key jawab mein naatya syndicate, scheuberts aur anya swatantra nirmaataon dwara kiya gayaa thaa. iss anubandh mein khilaadiyon kii aavashyakta key liye muft abhyaas prabandhakon kii sankhya key praavdhaan shamil they. isane prati saptah aathh seey adhik pradarshanon parr atirikt vetan kii bhee maang kii, cumm seey cumm dou saptah kii barkhastagi kii soochana, aur yeh kii prabandhak yatra aur laagat kharchon koo cover karate hain. prabandhakon ney teen saal taka abhinetaon kii maangon koo kaafee hudd taka nazarandaj curr diyaa. 2 octuber, 1917 koo aeye. aff. ell. mein shamil honey key liye equity key pahale prayason key baad, ampa ney ack maanak anubandh parr hastakshar karane key liye matdan kiya joe ack varsh key liye maanya hoga aur unakaa upayog unake niyantran mein sabhi companiyon dwara kiya jaanaa thaa. anubandh mein equity kii adhikansh maangen shamil theen. haalaanki, usa varsh key disambar taka, prabandhak lagaatar anubandh kaa ullanghan curr rahey they aur ack vaidh sangathan key roop mein equity koo sweekaar karane seey incar curr rahey they.
1919 kii shuruat mein, ampa ney vighatan curr diyaa aur utpaadak prabandhakon key sangh (pee. aim. aeye.) kaa gathan kiya, joe ampa-aeye. aeye. maanak anubandh kaa ullanghan karna jaari rakhaa. march mein, equity sadasyata lagbhag 50 pratishat theatre abhinetaon key liye badhee thee aur ack bund dukaan banaane kii charcha hui thee. bund dukaan charcha ney pee. aim. aeye. koo chaunka diyaa aur unhone 2 maee koo equity netaaon key saath ack baithak bulaai. donon sangathan ack samjhaute parr pahunchane mein asamarth they, aur 23 maee koo, pee. aim. aeye. ney equity key saath apane sambandhon koo todane kaa faisala kiya.
aeye. aff. ell. key saath ack charter praapt karna.
aeye. aff. ell. charter key liye aavedan karane parr equity mein bahut bahas hui. adhikansh abhineta khud koo samanya "majdooron" seey behtar maanate they, balki khud koo "kalakaron" key roop mein dekhate they aur maanate they kii unakaa vyaapaar ayojan kii takneek seey oopar thaa. haalaanki, jaba ampa ney ampa-aeye maanak anubandh kii upeksha karna jaari rakhaa, tou equity ney faisala kiya kii unhein apane lakshyon koo praapt karane key liye ack charter aur rashtriya samarthan kii aavashyakta haye. 29 maee, 1916 koo 519 equity pratinidhiyon mein seey 518 ney apani vaarshik baithak mein aeye. aff. ell. mein shamil honey key liye aavedan karane key liye matdan kiya.
aeye. aff. ell. ney equity koo ack swatantra charter dene seey incar curr diyaa. aeye. aff. ell. ney pratyek peshe koo kewal ack charter diyaa, aur sabhi kalakaron koo pahale seey hii safed choohon dwara aeye. aff. ell. mein pratinidhitva kiya gayaa thaa, joe vadeville kalakaron dwara gathit ack sangathan thaa. aeye. aff. ell. ney antarrashtriya shwet choohon key sangh kii ack shakha key roop mein ack charter kii peshkash kii, lekin equity ney incar curr diyaa, anurodh kiya kii shwet choohon ney apane charter mein sanshodhan kiya taaki way vaudeville kalakaron kaa pratinidhitva curr sakein jabaki equity "vaidh" abhinetaon kaa pratinidhitva curr sakey. safed choohon ney manaa curr diyaa.
shwet choohon aur aeye. aeye. key beach bahut charcha key baad, donon sangathan 18 julaai, 1919 koo ack samjhaute parr aae. unhone pradarshan kalaa, america key sambaddh abhinetaon aur kalakaron (4aeye) key liye ack nayaa chhatra sangathan banaane kaa faisala kiya. safed choohon ney apana antarrashtriya charter chhod diyaa, aur 4aeye ney afl mein apani jagah leey lii. jaba aa aur safed choohon koo koo kii shaakhaon key roop mein charter praapt hue, tou donon sangh aadhikarik taur parr afl-sambaddh they.
iss tarah key ack prabhaavshaali shram sangathan key saath sambaddhata ney samaantaa shakti dee aur samarthan pahale naheen thaa. aa apani tarah kaa pahala sangathan thaa aur unhein bahut dhyaan diyaa gayaa. unake aeye. aff. ell. charter key agale dinn, "newyork times" mein nae sangh parr ack lekh dikhaaya gayaa, jisamen bataaya gayaa kii "abhineta kaa sanghikaran ack sthaapit tathya bunn gayaa."
tanaav badhaana.
30 julaai, 1919 koo, "newyork times" ney "chuu chinn chaau" key saath equity kii baatchit parr ack kahani chalaai, ack aisaa show joe hafton seey abhyaas mein thaa aur abhee bhee abhinetaon koo udghaatan kii tarikh yaa unake vetan key baare mein jaankaari key binaa thaa. equity ney kalakaron koo prabandhakon dwara aeye. aeye. aeye. anubandh koo sweekaar karane seey incar karane key jawab mein walkout karane key liye protsaahit kiya. equity kii apeelon key baare mein sunkar, "chuu chinn chaau" key nirmaata kalakaron key saath majdoori samjhauton mein jutt gaye, aur kewal ack kalakar sadasya ney walkout kiya. jawab mein, equity adhyaksh willson ney ghoshana kii kii baaki kalakar agale dinn rehearsal mein naheen lautenge, lekin aisaa bhee naheen huaa. sabhi abhineta rehearsal mein shamil hue aur apani naukari chhodane seey incar curr diyaa. newyork times" ney abhinetaon key equity sangh aur naatya prabandhakon key beach tanaav parr jore diyaa, iss ghatana koo donon samoohon key beach "sakriya yuddh" kii shuruat key roop mein varnit kiya. lekh mein charcha kii gaee kii kaise donon pakshon ney khud koo vijayi maanaa thaa, lekin iss ghatana key nishkarsh ney pradarshit kiya kii jeet poori tarah seey prabandhakon key paksh mein thee.
hadtaal kii ghatanaaen.
hadtaal shuru karein.
7 agast, 1919 koo abhinetaon key equity sangh ney aadhikarik taur parr pee. aim. aeye. key khilaf hadtaal kii ghoshana kii. hadtaal prastaav mein likhaa thaah pahale vote parr sarvasammati seey prastaav paarit kiya gayaa aur hadtaal 7 pee taka prabhaavi thee.aim.
usa raat, newyork key baarah prasiddh theatre bund hoe gaye, jinamen schubert playhouse, getty, estore aur 44 veen street shamil hain. hadtaal key liye poori tarah seey taiyar naheen prabandhakon koo usa raat tikat refund mein 25,000 dollar kaa anuman dene key liye majboor honah padaa aur unhein baahar nikalane vaale sitaaron koo badalane key liye abhinetaon koo jaldi seey dhoondhana padaa. hadtaal key pahale dou hafton key anta taka, newyork shahar mein kewal paanch cinemaghar abhee bhee kaam curr rahey they.
praarambhik prakop key baad, pee. aim. aeye. ney apani kaary yojana parr charcha karane key liye mulakat kii. isane 11 agast koo ack bayaan jaari kiya jisamen daavaa kiya gayaa kii equity prabandhak aur abhineta donon kii dushman thee kyonki sangathan ney anubandh shram mein swatantra roop seey shamil honey seey donon koo pratibandhit curr diyaa thaa, aur parinamswarup, donon ney apani vyaktigat swatantrata khou dee. prabandhakon ney equity key khilaf harjaane key liye mukadama daayar kiya aur "newyork times" mein ack chetavani chhaapi jisamen ghoshana kii gaee kii hadtaal key dauran khoye gaye rajaswa key liye abhineta vyaktigat roop seey jimmedaar they kyonki hadtaal ney ampa-aeye. ee. aeye. anubandh kaa ullanghan kiya thaa. haalaanki, abhinetaon ney bataaya kii anubandh key khand 18, madhyasthata koo niyantrit karane vaale, anubandh key ack paksh key roop mein maanyata dee. abhineta key vaidh pratinidhi key roop mein equity koo sweekaar karane seey incar karke, pee. aim. aeye. ney pahale anubandh kaa ullanghan kiya thaa, jisamen equity abhinetaon koo hadtaal kaa kaaran aur auchitya diyaa gayaa thaa.
rangmanch samudaay kii bhagidari.
hadtaal newyork shahar mein naheen thee. newyork mein hadtaal shuru honey key baad, willson ney shikago mein sthaaniya equity sangathan seey kahaa, vishisht abhinetaon koo desh bhar key cinemagharon mein power equity koo pradarshit karane key liye "ack rajkumar vahaan thaa" aur "cappy ricks" prastutiyon parr baahar nikalane key liye kahaa. 12 agast koo, inn abhinetaon ney apane prabandhakon koo notice diyaa aur prastutiyon parr chaley gaye. 20 agast taka shikago key sabhi cinemaghar bund hoe gaye they. hadtaal jaldi seey boston, philadelphia, washington, dee sahit anya badey shaharon mein fail gaee.see., providence, sent. luis aur atlantic shahar; pitsburg mein vishesh safalata millie, jahan hadtaal key anta taka adhikansh cinemaghar bund hoe gaye they.
hadtaal key liye theatre samudaay key kaee alag-alag pahaluon seey samarthan milaa. ack pramukh naatya parivaar, barrymores ney apane nirmaataon key khilaf koee shikayat naheen honey key bavjood apani ekjutata aur samarthan kii peshkash kii. athel strikers mein shamil honey vaali pahali mahila thee; usake bhaai, lionel aur johnn, jald hii usake baad aae. desh bhar mein pachas laakh trade yuniyanon ney aadhikarik taur parr hadtaal kaa samarthan kiya. mairi dressler ney pickett lines mein navgathit corus equity association kaa netritva kiya. teamsters union ney una prabandhakon koo dene seey incar curr diyaa jinhone aa kaa virodh kiya thaa. sanyukt raajya america aur kanada key billposters aur billers key antarrashtriya gathbandhan ney equity-virodhi prabandhakon key saath cinemagharon key liye bill post karane seey incar curr diyaa. naatya yantriki sangh ney bhee apana samarthan dene kaa vaadaa kiya. sitambar mein, boston aur newyork mein munch parr khade aur sangeetkaar hadtaal kaa samarthan karane key liye baahar chaley gaye, jisase chhah boston theatres koo apane darwaaje bund karane key liye majboor honah padaa. 2 sitambar, 1919 koo, "newyork times" ney iss ghatana parr ack kahani likhi, aur lekh kii sheershak mein likhaa thaa "stagehands abb hadtaal chalaa rahey hain."hadtaal key dauran equity sadasyata bhee badhee; hadtaal kii shuruat mein unaki sankhya 4,200 sadasyon seey badhkar 16 agast taka 6,000 hoe gaee.
hadtaal key dauran, abhinetaon ney logon taka pahunchane aur prabandhakon parr dabaav banaane key liye kaee takneekon kaa upayog kiya. hajaaron khilaadi naa kewal baahar nikale, balki unhone bund cinemagharon mein bhee dharna diyaa. newyork mein, saikadon equity sadasya harr raat bund cinemagharon key baahar banner laharaate aur prabandhakon dwara kiye gaye anyaay key baare mein bhaashan dete hue paae jaa sakate they. hadtaal karane vaalon ney lagaatar press seey baat kii aur janata kaa samarthan badhaane key liye pared aayojit kii. sabse prasiddh pared mein seey ack deewaar kii sadak parr hui; isamen pramukh abhinetaon dwara sanchaalit achchi tarah seey kapade pahane, pramukh abhinetriyon seey bharee pandrah kaaren shamil theen. hadtaal karane vaalon key banners parr likhaa thaa, "koee aur bhugtan naheen, buss nishpaksh khel."darshakon ney abhinetaon aur abhinetriyon kaa utsaahvardhan kiya.
pradarshanon kaa laabh uthaayen.
hadtaal key liye dhana jutaane key liye, lexington avenue opera house mein equity laabh show parr daalati haye. 16 agast koo, 18 agast koo pahale laabh show kaa samarthan karane key liye ack pared hui. kaee prasiddh sitaaron ney pradarshanon mein bhaag liyaah doubleu.see. fields ney samarohon key master key roop mein kaam kiya, lionel aur athel barrymore ney "dha lady off dha camelia" kaa doosara kaary kiya, aur mairi dressler ney ack nritya dincharya kaa netritva kiya. addie foy, pearl white aur aid winn sahit kaee anya pramukh abhinetaon ney bhee pradarshan kiya. pahale show key anta taka, equity ney 31,000 dollar kaa laabh uthaaya thaa. yeye pradarshan ack saptah taka jaari rahey aur ghar lagbhag harr raat bharaa huaa thaa.
aeye. aff. ell. kii bhagidari.
26 agast koo laabh pradarshan key dauran, aeye. aff. ell. key sansthaapak aur adhyaksh, saimuel gompers, apratyaashit roop seey munch parr dikhaai diye aur equity sadasyon koo ashvasana dete hue ack bhaashan diyaa kii unhein aeye. aff. ell. kaa puuraa samarthan praapt haye. aeye. aff. ell. ney jald hii apani shakti kaa pradarshan kiya. equity laabh pradarshan mein apani upasthiti key baad, gompers ney washington, dee mein aeye. aff. ell. key karyakari salaahkaar seey mulakat kii.see. isake turant baad, aeye. aff. ell. ney hippodrome theatre koo bund curr diyaa, jise equity dwara akela chhod diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki theatre ack vaudeville house thaa. iss bund key parinamswarup 6,000 theatre jaane vaalon koo 37,000 dollar vaapas karane padey.
hadtaal kaa samaapan.
desh bhar mein aeye. aff. ell., janata, press aur yuniyanon seey bhaari samarthan praapt karane key baad, equity ney 6 sitambar, 1919 koo jeet kii ghoshana kii. iss dinn, pee. aim. aeye. aur equity ney paanch saal key anubandh parr hastakshar kiye jisamen equity kii adhikansh maangen shamil theen. sabhi pee. aim. aeye. sadasyon koo aeye. aeye. aeye. anubandhon kaa upayog karna aavashyak thaa. prabandhak abhinetaon koo overtime aur rehearsal key saath-saath yatra aur veshbhusha key liye bhugtan karate they. anubandh ney yeh bhee nirnay liya kii aathh show ack poore saptah key kaam kaa gathan karenge aur shaniwar koo aadhikarik vetan divas key roop mein sthaapit kiya. anta mein, pee. aim. aeye. hadtaal key dauran shuru kii gaee sabhi kaali soochi aur mukdamon koo hataane key liye sahmat hoe gayaa.
yeh khabar desh bhar mein surkhiyan bunny. hadtaal 30 dinon taka chully thee aur isake parinamswarup 37 prastutiyaan bund hoe gaeen, 16 ney shuruat koo rokaa, aur theatre udyog koo $20 laakh kaa anumaanit nuksan huaa. hadtaal key anta taka, equity kii sadasyata kuchh hazaar sadasyon seey badhkar 14,000 sadasyon taka hoe gaee thee, aur iska khajaana 13,500 dollar seey badhkar 120,000 dollar hoe gayaa thaa.
prabhaav.
hadtaal ney shram kii paribhasha koo badal diyaa. hadtaal seey pahale, naa tou abhineta aur naa hii janata munch abhinetaon koo shramikon key roop mein dekhti thee, aur kuchh logon ney socha kii unake liye sangathit karna bhee sambhav thaa. haalaanki, jaba abhinetaon koo ehsas huaa kii ack sangh aavashyak thaa, tou abhinetaon aur abhinay koo dekhane kaa tarika badalane lagaa. yeh maanane key bajaay kii way "kalakar" key roop mein "majdooron" seey oopar they, abhineta aur janata donon ney apane kaam koo shram key roop mein maanana shuru curr diyaa. samaantaa key nirmaan aur unaki 1919 kii safal hadtaal ney abhineta aur audyogik karyakarta key beach kathit varg baadha koo toda diyaa. hadtaal seey pahale, iss badalaav koo ack "nae ganarajya" lekh mein nott kiya gayaa thaa, joe "ack vyaapaar key roop mein kaary curr rhaa thaa. lekh mein kahaa gayaa haye kii prabandhakon ney "[abhinetaon] koo pratyek anubandh kaa sankshipt anta diyaa", kyonki abhinetaon ney "apane romantic garv koo galey lagaaya", khud koo majdooron key roop mein pahchaanane key liye taiyar naheen they. lekh mein yeh bhee kahaa gayaa haye kii kyonki abhinetaon koo kaam karane vaale vyakti kii tarah hii kathinaaiyon kaa saamana karna padata haye, isaliye unhein safal honey key liye kaam karane vaale vyakti key sadhanon koo apanaane kii aavashyakta hogi.
1919 kii hadtaal mein equity kii jeet ney abhinetaon aur abhinetriyon kii safaltapurvak sangathit karane kii kshamata key baare mein sandeh koo door curr diyaa. abhinetaon key beach kuchh matbhed they joe unhein anya sanghon seey alag karate theh abhineta lagaatar sadak parr rehearsal curr rahey they aur show curr rahey they, aur sthiti aur vetan key sambandh mein samaantaa key sadasyon key beach badee asamaanta thee. itihaaskaar seane pee. homes ney kahaa kii abhineta kii tulanaa mein rangmanch prabandhak key liye upalabdh sansadhanon kii sampatti aur abhinay samudaay key bheetar vibhajan ney prabandhakon key saath unaki ladaai mein baadhaon koo dher curr diyaa. halanki abhinetaon key liye yeh asambhav maanaa gayaa thaa kii way sangathit shram key prati apani praarambhik, nakaratmak drishtikon aur unake saamane aaney vaali rasad kathinaaiyon donon key kaaran safaltapurvak sangathit aur hadtaal curr sakate they, way sangathit karane key madhyam seey apane lakshyon koo praapt karane mein saksham they. equity kii safalata ney udyog key bheetar anya sanghon koo bhee banaane key liye protsaahit kiya, jaise kii corus equity association, jise hadtaal shuru honey key paanch dinn baad "moorkh" samooh key sadasyon dwara banaaya gayaa thaa, jaba unhein pataa chalaa kii unake prabandhak pee. aim. aeye. mein shamil hoe gaye hain.

