
nirashawad vivaad

nirashawad vivaad yaa nirashawad vivaad (pessimism vivaad) ack badey paimaane parr bhulaa diyaa gayaa bauddhik vivaad haye joe germany mein 1860 key dashak mein shuru huaa aur pratham vishva yuddh kii shuruat key aspas samaapt huaa. bhaag lene vaale daarshnikon mein friedrich neetshe, usen during, edward wonn hartman, niyo-cantians, agness toubert, olga plumaker aur hartman key aalochak shamil they. yeh vivaad pahali baar 1860 key dashak mein arther shopenhower kii badhati maranoparant saarvajanik maanyata key jawab mein utpann huaa. isake kaaran unaki nirashawad parr hamla karate hue aalochanaon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala kaa prakaashan huaa. 1869 mein wonn hartman key "achetan key darshan" key prakaashan ney, jisane shopenhower key siddhant kii pushti kii aur aage vikasit kiya, vivaad koo phir seey jeevant kiya. hartman ney 1870 aur 1880 key dashak mein apane alochakon key jawab mein badee sankhya mein lekh aur chaar pustaken prakaashit keen. agness toubert (wonn hartman kii patni) ney 1873 mein apane pati kii aalochana key jawab mein "nirashawad aur usake virodhiyon" koo prakaashit kiya, jiska vivaad parr majboot prabhaav padaa. german-americi daarshanik amali jey. hathway koo vivaad mein ack gair-maanyata praapt yogadankarta key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye.

