
jalaaen

bhasmikaran ack apashisht upchaar prakriya haye jisamen apashisht padarthon mein nihit padarthon kaa dahan shamil haye. apashisht bhasmikaran key liye audyogik sanyantron koo aamtaur parr apashisht-seey-oorjaa suvidhaon key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. bhasmikaran aur anya uchch tapman vaale apashisht upchaar pranaliyon koo "taapiya upchaar" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. apashisht padarthon koo jalaane seey apashisht koo raakh, flue gais aur garmi mein parivartit curr diyaa jaataa haye. raakh jyaadaatar apashisht key acarbonic ghatakon dwara banaai jaati haye aur flue gais dwara leey jaae gaye thhos gaanthon yaa kanon kaa roop leey sakati haye. vayu gasses koo vayumandal mein failaane seey pahale gaisiya aur kann pradushakon seey saaf kiya jaanaa chaahiye. kuchh mamalon mein, jalaane seey utpann garmi kaa upayog bijli utpann karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
oorjaa punarpraapti key saath dahan kaee apashisht-seey-oorjaa praudyogikiyon mein seey ack haye jaise kii gaisikaran, pyrolysis aur avaayaviya paachan. jabaki bhasmikaran aur gaisikaran praudyogikiyan siddhant roop mein samaan hain, bhasmikaran seey utpaadit oorjaa uchch tapman kii garmi haye jabaki dahansheel gais aksar gaisikaran seey mukhya oorjaa utpaad hoti haye. oorjaa aur samagri kii vasuli key binaa bhee dahan aur gaisikaran koo lagu kiya jaa sakata haye.
kaee deshon mein, abhee bhee visheshagyon aur sthaaniya samudaayon kii or seey bhasmakon key paryavaraniya prabhaav key baare mein chintaaen hain (bhasmak key khilaf tark dekhein).
kuchh deshon mein, kuchh dashak pahale banaae gaye bhasmakon mein aksar dahan seey pahale khatarnak, bhaari yaa punarnaveenikaran yogya samagri koo hataane key liye samagri koo alag karna shamil naheen thaa. gais kii safai aur dahan prakriya niyantran key aparyaapt star key kaaran inn suvidhaon seey sanyantra key shramikon aur sthaaniya paryaavaran key swaasthya koo khatra hotaa haye. inmein seey adhikansh suvidhaon seey bijli naheen banati thee.
dahankarta mool apashisht key thhos dravyamaan koo 80-85% aur matra (pahale seey hii kachra trucks mein kuchh hudd taka sampeedit) koo 95-96% dwara cumm karate hain, joe recycling key liye raakh seey dhatuon jaisi samagri kii sanrachana aur vasuli kii degree parr nirbhar kartaa haye. iska matlab haye kii jaba bhasmikaran poori tarah seey landfilling koo pratisthaapit naheen kartaa haye, tou yeh niptan key liye aavashyak matra koo kaafee cumm curr detaa haye. kachra truck aksar bhasmak koo pahunchaane seey pahale ack antarnirmit sampeedak mein kachare kii matra koo cumm curr dete hain. vaikalpik roop seey, landfill mein, sthir ispat sampeedak kaa upayog karke asampeedit kachare kii matra koo lagbhag 70 pratishat taka cumm kiya jaa sakata haye, halanki ack mahatvapurna oorjaa laagat key saath. kaee deshon mein, landfill mein sampeedan key liye saral apashisht sampeedan ack aam pratha haye.
naidaanik apashisht aur kuchh khatarnak apashisht jaise vishisht kshetron mein kuchh prakaar key apshishton key upchaar key liye bhasmikaran kaa vishesh roop seey majboot laabh haye, jahaan uchch tapman seey rogjanakon aur vishaakt padarthon koo nasht kiya jaa sakata haye. udaharanon mein vividh vishaakt yaa bahut vishaakt apashisht jall dhaaraon vaale rasayanik bahu-utpaad sanyantra shamil hain, jinhen paaramparik apashisht jall upchaar sanyantra mein naheen bheja jaa sakata haye.
apashisht dahan vishesh roop seey japan, singapur aur neetherland jaise deshon mein lokpriya haye, jahaan bhoomi ack durlabh sansaadhan haye. denmark aur sweeden ack sadee seey adhik samay seey sthaaniya sanyukt garmi aur bijli suvidhaon mein jilaa taap yojanaon kaa samarthan karate hue, jalaane seey utpann oorjaa kaa upayog karke agrani rahey hain. 2005 mein, apashisht dahan ney denmark mein kull gharelu garmi khapat kaa 4.8% aur kull gharelu garmi khapat kaa 13.7% utpaadan kiya. kaee anya europeeya desh nagarpalika key kachare koo sambhaalane key liye, vishesh roop seey luxemberg, neetherland, germany aur france mein, jalaaye jaane parr bahut adhik nirbhar karate hain.
itihas.
apashisht niptan key liye pahale yuu. key. bhasmakon kaa nirmaan nottingham mein manlov, elliot aind company dwara kiya gayaa thaa. ell. tii. dee. 1874 mein alfred fryer dwara patent kiye gaye ack design key liye. way mool roop seey vidhvansak key roop mein jaane jaate they.
pahala us incinerator 1885 mein newyork, envaai mein governor dweep parr banaaya gayaa thaa. check ganarajya mein pahali suvidha 1905 mein brano mein banaai gaee thee.
praudyogiki.
ack bhasmak apashisht koo jalaane key liye ack bhatti haye. aadhunik bhasmakon mein pradooshan shaman upkaran jaise flue gais kii safai shamil hain. vibhinn prakaar key bhasmak sanyantra design hainh moving grate, fixed grate, rotary-bhatti aur taral bistar.
dher jalaaen.
jalane kaa dher yaa jalane vaalaa gaddha apashisht niptan key sabse saral aur shuruati roopon mein seey ack haye, jisamen anivarya roop seey khuli jameen parr dahansheel samagri kaa dher hotaa haye aur aag lagaa dee jaati haye, jisase pradooshan hotaa haye.
udaaharan key liye, aggar havaa aspas kii jwalansheel ghaason mein yaa imaraton parr jalati hui samagri koo fenkati haye tou dher jall sakate hain aur aniyantrit aag fail sakate hain. jaise-jaise dher kii aantarik sanrachanaaen nasht hoe jaati hain, dher badal sakata haye aur gir sakata haye, jisase jalane kaa kshetra fail sakata haye. havaa naa chalane kii sthiti mein bhee, chhote halke prajwalit angaarak samvahan key madhyam seey dher koo uthaa sakate hain, aur havaa key madhyam seey ghaas mein yaa imaraton parr leey jaa sakate hain, unhein prajwalit curr sakate hain. jalate hue dheron key parinamswarup aksar apashisht kaa poorna dahan naheen hotaa haye aur isaliye kann pradooshan paida hotaa haye.
nalika jalaaen.
jalati hui null niji apashisht bhasmikaran kaa kuchh adhik niyantrit roop haye, jisamen ack dhaatu kii null key ander jalati hui samagri hoti haye, jisamen nikas key oopar ack dhaatu kii gratting hoti haye. bairal havaa kii sthiti mein jalati hui samagri key prasaar koo rokta haye, aur jaise-jaise dahansheel cumm hoe jaate hain way kewal bairal mein buss sakate hain. nikas gratting jalate hue angaron key prasaar koo rokane mein madad kartaa haye. aam taur parr steel key drum kaa upayog jalane vaale bairal key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, jisamen havaa key pravesh key liye havaa key vent chhed koo kaataa jaataa haye yaa aadhar key chaaron or drill kiya jaataa haye. samay key saath, bhasmikaran kii bahut adhik garmi dhaatu koo aukseekrit aur jung kaa kaaran banati haye, aur antatah bairal hii garmi dwara khapat hoe jaataa haye aur ise pratisthaapit kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
sookhi cellulosic/kagaj utpaadon koo niji roop seey jalaana aam taur parr saaf-jalaana hotaa haye, jisase koee dhuaan naheen dikhaai detaa haye, lekin gharelu kachare mein plastic niji jalane kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye jisase saarvajanik upadrav paida hoe sakata haye, jisase teekhi gandh aur dhuaan paida hoe sakata haye jisase aankhen jalati hain aur paani nikalata haye. dou-stariya design dhuein koo cumm karate hue dwiteeyak dahan koo saksham banaata haye. adhikansh shahari samudaay bairal jalaane parr pratibandh lagaate hain aur kuchh graameen samudaayon mein khule mein jalaane parr pratibandh hoe sakata haye, vishesh roop seey una nivaasiyon key liye joe iss samanya graameen pratha seey parichit naheen hain.
 sanyukt raajya america mein, niji graameen gharon yaa khet key kachare koo chhoti matra mein jalaane kii anumati aamtaur parr taba taka dee jaati thee jaba taka kii yeh dusaron key liye upadrav naheen haye, sookhi paristhitiyon mein aag kaa khatra naheen haye, aur aag ghaney, hanikarak dhuein kaa utpaadan naheen karati haye. newyork, minnesota aur wisconsin jaise mutthi bhar raajyon mein swaasthya aur upadrav key prabhaavon key kaaran khule mein jalane parr pratibandh lagaane yaa sakhti seey viniyamit karane vaale kaanoon yaa niyam hain. apashisht jalaane key ichchuk logon koo vartamaan aag key jokhim aur sthitiyon kii jaanch karane key liye pahale seey hii ack raajya agency seey sampark karane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye, aur niyantrit aag key baare mein adhikaariyon koo satark karane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
hilaate hue kaaten.
nagarpalika key thhos kachare key liye vishisht bhasmak sanyantra ack chalati hui tilli bhasmak haye. chalati hui choora dahan kaksh key madhyam seey apashisht kii aavaajaahi koo adhik kushal aur poorna dahan kii anumati dene key liye anukoolit karane mein saksham banaati haye. ack ekal chalati hui choora boiler prati ghante apashisht koo sambhal sakati haye, aur lagbhag ack maheene kii avadhi key nireekshan aur rakharkhaav key liye kewal ack nirdhaarit padaav key saath prati varsh 8,000 ghante sanchaalit curr sakati haye. moving grate incinerator koo kabhi-kabhi nagarpalika key thhos apashisht incinerator (aim. aiss. doubleu. aaee.) key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.
kachare koo ack apashisht crain dwara chheene key ack chhor parr "galey" key madhyam seey pesh kiya jaataa haye, jahan seey yeh dusare chhor parr raakh key gaddhe mein utarate hue chheene key oopar seey neeche chalaa jaataa haye. yahaan raakh koo paani key taale key madhyam seey hataaya jaataa haye.
dahan havaa (praathamik dahan havaa) kaa hissa neeche seey chheeni key madhyam seey aapoorti kii jaati haye. iss vayu pravaah kaa uddeshya khud hii choora koo thandaa karna bhee haye. gart kii yaantrik shakti key liye sheetlan mahatvapurna haye, aur kaee chalati gart bhee aantarik roop seey paani seey thandaa hoti hain.
dwiteeyak dahan havaa kii aapoorti boiler mein badee gati seey chhed key oopar nalikaon key madhyam seey kii jaati haye. yeh behtar mishran key liye ashanti pesh karke aur oxygen kaa adhishesh sunishchit karke flue gasses key poorna dahan kii suvidha pradaan kartaa haye. kaee/charanbaddh agni bhasmakon mein, maadhyamik dahan havaa koo praathamik dahan kaksh key neeche ack alag kaksh mein pesh kiya jaataa haye.
europeeya apashisht bhasmikaran nirdesh key anusaar, vishaakt carbonic padarthon kaa uchit vighatan sunishchit karane key liye jalaane vaale sanyantron koo yeh sunishchit karane key liye design kiya jaanaa chaahiye kii flue gaisen cumm seey cumm 2 sekand key tapman taka pahunchen. harr samay iska paalan karane key liye, sahayak sahayak (aksar tail dwara eendhan) sthaapit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe akele iss tapman taka pahunchane key liye kachare kaa taap moolya bahut cumm honey kii sthiti mein boiler mein daage jaate hain.
phir flue gasses koo superheater mein thandaa kiya jaataa haye, jahaan garmi koo bhaap mein sthanantarit kiya jaataa haye, bhaap koo aamtaur parr turbine mein bijli utpaadan key liye dabaav parr germ kiya jaataa haye. iss bindu parr, flue gais kaa tapman aspas hotaa haye, aur ise flue gais safai pranali mein paarit kiya jaataa haye.
scandinavia mein, grishmakaal key dauran hamesha nirdhaarit rakharkhaav kiya jaataa haye, jahaan jilaa taap kii maang cumm hoti haye. aksar, dahan sanyantron mein kaee alag-alag 'boiler laainen' (boiler aur flue gais upchaar sanyantra) hoti hain, taaki ack boiler line parr kachra praapt kiya jaa sakey, jabaki anya kaa rakharkhaav, marammat yaa unnayan kiya jaa rhaa haye.
nishchit gart.
puraane aur saral prakaar kaa bhasmak ack eent-panktibaddh koshika thee jisamen ack nishchit dhaatu kii parat key saath ack nichale raakh gaddhe parr, ack sheersh yaa kinare mein loading key liye aur ack taraf mein clinker naamak jwalansheel thhos padarthon koo hataane key liye doosara khula thaa. pahale apartment gharon mein paae jaane vaale kaee chhote bhasmakon koo abb apashisht samvaahakon dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa haye.
rotary-bhatti.
rotary-bhatti bhasmak kaa upayog nagar paalikaon aur badey audyogik sanyantron dwara kiya jaataa haye. bhasmak key iss design mein dou kaksh hainh ack praathamik kaksh aur ack maadhyamik kaksh. ack ghoornan bhatte key bhasmak mein praathamik kaksh mein ack jhuki hui apavartak panktibaddh belnakar nully hoti haye. bhatte kii sanrachana kii raksha key liye aantarik apavartak astar tyag parat key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. iss apavartak parat koo samay-samay parr badalane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. apane aksh parr cylinder kii aavaajaahi seey kachare kii aavaajaahi mein suvidha hoti haye. praathamik kaksh mein, vashpikaran, vinashkari aasavan aur aanshik dahan pratikriyaon key madhyam seey thhos ansh kaa gasses mein roopaantaran hotaa haye. gais charan dahan pratikriyaon koo puuraa karane key liye maadhyamik kaksh aavashyak haye.
cylinder key anta mein clinker baahar nickle jaate hain. ack lamba flue-gais stack, pankha, yaa bhaap jett aavashyak masaude kii aapoorti kartaa haye. raakh chheechhare key madhyam seey girati haye, lekin kaee kann germ gasses key saath leey jaae jaate hain. kanon aur kissy bhee jwalansheel gasses koo "afterburner" mein dahan kiya jaa sakata haye.
taral bistar.
ack majboot vayu pravaah koo ack rait key madhyam seey majboor kiya jaataa haye. havaa rait key madhyam seey taba taka risati haye jaba taka kii ack bindu taka naheen pahunch jaati haye jahan rait key kann havaa koo alag karane key liye alag hoe jaate hain aur mishran aur manthan hotaa haye, iss prakaar ack taral bistar banaaya jaataa haye aur eendhan aur apashisht koo abb pesh kiya jaa sakata haye. poorv-upchaarit apashisht aur/yaa eendhan key saath rait koo pump kii gaee vayu dhaaraon parr nilambit rakhaa jaataa haye aur ack taral padaarth jaisa charitra letaa haye. iss prakaar bistar koo hinsak roop seey mishrit kiya jaataa haye aur chhote nishkriya kanon aur havaa koo taral padaarth jaisi sthiti mein rakhate hue uttejit kiya jaataa haye. yeh kachare, eendhan aur rait key sabhi dravyamaan koo bhatti key madhyam seey poori tarah seey prasaarit karane kii anumati detaa haye.
vishesh bhasmak.
furniture karkhane key bhusa bhasmakon parr bahut dhyaan dene kii aavashyakta hoti haye kyonki inhen raal pouder aur kaee jwalansheel padarthon koo sambhalana hotaa haye. niyantrit dahan, jalaaen roktham pranali aavashyak hain kyonki jaba kissy bhee taral petroleum gais kii aag pakadane kii ghatana key samaan hoti haye tou dhool latak jaati haye.
garmi kaa upayog.
ack bhasmak dwara utpaadit garmi kaa upayog bhaap utpann karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye jiska upayog bijli kaa utpaadan karane key liye turbine chalaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. prati tunn nagarpalika apashisht kaa utpaadan kii jaa sakane vaali shuddh oorjaa kii vishisht matra lagbhag 2/3 megawatt bijli aur 2 megawatt jilaa taap haye. iss prakaar, lagbhag prati dinn apashisht koo jalaane seey prati dinn lagbhag 400 megawatt vidyut oorjaa (lagaatar 24 ghante key liye 17 megawatt vidyut oorjaa) aur pratyek dinn 1200 megawatt jilaa taap oorjaa kaa utpaadan hoga.
pradooshan.
jalaane mein kaee utpaadan hotey hain jaise kii raakh aur flue gais key vayumandal mein utsarjan. flue gais safai pranali seey pahale, yadi sthaapit kiya jaataa haye, tou flue gasses mein kann padaarth, bhaari dhaatu, dioxin, furan, sulfur dioxide aur hydrochloric acid hoe sakate hain. yadi paudhon mein aparyaapt flue gais safai haye, tou yeye utpaadan stack utsarjan mein ack mahatvapurna pradooshan ghatak jodd sakate hain.
1997 key ack adhyayan mein, delaware solid west authority ney paaya kii, samaan matra mein utpaadit oorjaa key liye, dahan sanyantron seey cumm kann, hydrocarbon aur koyale seey chalane vaale bijli sanyantron kii tulanaa mein cumm, aich. see. ell., see. oh. aur aine. oh. aiks. utsarjit hotey hain, lekin praakritik gais seey chalane vaale bijli sanyantron kii tulanaa mein adhik. germany key paryaavaran mantralaya key anusaar, apashisht bhasmak koyale seey chalane vaale sanyantron dwara utpaadit bijli koo apashisht seey chalane vaale sanyantron seey bijli key saath pratisthaapit karke kuchh vayumandaliya pradushakon kii matra koo cumm karate hain.
gaisiya utsarjan.
dioxin aur furance.
nagarpalika key thhos kachare (aim. aiss. doubleu.) key bhasmikaran key baare mein sabse adhik prachaarit chintaon mein yeh darr shamil haye kii yeh mahatvapurna matra mein dioxin aur furan utsarjan kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. kaee loga dioxin aur furan koo gambhir swaasthya khatra maanate hain. ee. pee. aeye. ney 2012 mein ghoshana kii kii maanav maukhik upbhog key liye surakshit seema 0.7 picogram vishaakt samatulyata (tii. ee. kyu.) prati kilogram shareer key vajan prati dinn haye, joe prati varsh 150 pound vyakti key liye ack graam key 17 arabaven hisse taka kaam kartaa haye.
2005 mein, germany key paryaavaran mantralaya ney anuman lagaaya kii usa samay 66 bhasmak they...jabaki 1990 mein germany mein sabhi dioxin utsarjan kaa ack tihai jalaane vaale sanyantron seey aaya thaa, varsh 2000 key liye yeh aankada 1 pratishat seey bhee cumm thaa. akele niji gharon mein chimani aur tyle vaale choolhe jalaane vaale paudhon kii tulanaa mein lagbhag 20 gunaa adhik dioxin koo paryaavaran mein chhodate hain."
sanyukt raajya paryaavaran sanrakshan agency key anusaar, yuu mein sabhi gyaat aur anumaanit sroton seey kull dioxin aur furan inventory kaa dahan pratishat.aiss. pratyek prakaar key bhasmikaran key liye (kewal bhasmikaran hii naheen) nimnanusar hainh 35.1% pichwade key bairal; 26.6% chikitsa apashisht; 6.3% nagarpalika apashisht jall upchaar keechad; 5.9% nagarpalika apashisht dahan; 2.9% audyogik lakadi dahan. iss prakaar, kull dioxin inventory mein seey 41.7% apashisht key niyantrit dahan kaa hissa thaa.
1987 mein, sarkari niyamon key utsarjan niyantran key upayog kii aavashyakta seey pahale, us nagarpalika apashisht dahankartaon seey dioxin utsarjan kii kull vishaakt samatulyata (tech) thee. aaj, sanyantron seey kull utsarjan salana 99 pratishat kii kamee key saath hotaa haye.
ghar aur bageeche key kachare koo ghar key pichhale hisse mein bairal jalaane seey, joe abhee bhee kuchh graameen kshetron mein anumat haye, salana dioxin utpann hotaa haye.
us-epa dwara kiye gaye adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii ack parivaar dwara jalati hui bairal kaa upayog karane seey 1997 taka prati dinn ack bhasmak sanyantra key kachare key niptan kii tulanaa mein adhik utsarjan huaa aur 2007 taka gharelu kachare mein rasayanon mein vriddhi aur behtar takneek kaa upayog karke nagarpalika bhasmakon dwara utsarjan mein kamee key kaaran paanch gunaa adhik utsarjan huaa.
unheen shodhkartaon ney paaya kii jalati hui null key liye unakaa mool anuman adhik thaa, aur tulanaa key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa bhasmak sanyantra kissy bhee maujooda suvidha key bajaay ack saiddhaantik 'swachchh' sanyantra kaa pratinidhitva kartaa thaa. unake baad key adhyayanon mein paaya gayaa kii jalane vaale bairal ney prati paund kachare key liye ausatan 5 pound kachra yaa prati varsh 1825 pound kaa utpaadan kiya, jisase prati varsh kull 0.0455 milligram kachra utpann hotaa haye, aur yeh kii yuu mein epa dwara aavishkaar kiye gaye 251 nagarpalika apashisht dahankartaon key liye jalane vaale bairal kii samatulya sankhya.aiss. 2000 mein, 1,841,700 haye, yaa ausatan, prati nagarpalika apashisht bhasmak 7337 parivaar bairal jalaate hain.
yuu mein adhikansh sudhaar.aiss. badey paimaane parr nagarpalika apashisht bhasmakon key liye dioxin utsarjan kiya gayaa haye. 2000 taka, halanki chhote paimaane parr jalaane vaale (250 tunn seey cumm kii dainik kshamata vaale) kull kachare key kewal 9 pratishat koo sansaadhit karate hain, yeye nagarpalika key apashisht dahan dwara utsarjit dioxin aur furan kaa 83 pratishat utpaadan karate hain.
dioxin daraar vidhiyaan aur seemaaen.
dioxin key tootane key liye aanvik valay key paryaapt uchch tapman key sampark mein aaney kii aavashyakta hoti haye taaki ise ack saath rakhane vaale majboot aanvik bandhanon key thermal tootane koo trigger kiya jaa sakey. fly aish key chhote tukade kuchh motey hoe sakate hain, aur uchch tapman key sampark mein aaney seey raakh kii satah parr kewal dioxin hii cumm hoe sakata haye. ack badee matra vaale vayu kaksh key liye, bahut sankshipt sampark key parinamswarup kewal kuchh nikas gaisen poorna vighatan tapman taka pahunch sakati hain. iss kaaran seey tapman key sampark mein aaney key liye ack samay tatva bhee haye joe fly aish kii motai aur apashisht gasses kii matra key madhyam seey poori tarah seey germ karna sunishchit kartaa haye.
tapman mein vriddhi yaa exposure samay key beach antar hotaa haye. aam taur parr jahaan aanvik tootane kaa tapman adhik hotaa haye, germ karane key liye exposure samay cumm hoe sakata haye, lekin atyadhik uchch tapman bhee bhasmikaran upkaran key anya hisson koo nuksan pahuncha sakata haye. isi tarah tootane key tapman koo kuchh hudd taka cumm kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin phir nikas gasses koo shayed kaee minaton kii adhik lambi avadhi kii aavashyakta hogi, jisake liye badey/lambe upchaar kakshon kii aavashyakta hogi joe upchaar sanyantra kii jagah kaa ack badaa sauda lete hain.
dioxin key majboot aanvik bandhanon koo todane kaa ack dushprabhaav aapoorti havaa mein nitrogen gais (aine2) aur oxygen gais (oh2) key bandhanon koo todane kii kshamata haye. jaise-jaise nikas pravaah thandaa hotaa haye, yeye atyadhik pratikriyaasheel alag paramanu swatah pratikriyaasheel oxide jaise kii flue gais mein nox mein bandhon koo sudhaarte hain, jisake parinamswarup dhundh kaa nirmaan hoe sakata haye aur acid barish hoe sakati haye yadi unhein seedhe sthaaniya vatavaran mein chhod diyaa jaataa haye. inn pratikriyaasheel oxides koo chayanaatmak utprerak kamee (aiss. aar. key.) yaa chayanaatmak gair-utprerak kamee (neeche dekhein) key saath aur tatasth kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
vyavhaar mein dioxin daraar.
dioxin koo todane key liye aavashyak tapman aamtaur parr taba naheen pahunchate jaba plastic koo jalate hue bairal yaa kachare key gaddhe mein baahar jalaaya jaataa haye, jisase uchch dioxin utsarjan hotaa haye jaisa kii oopar ullekh kiya gayaa haye. jabaki plastic aamtaur parr khuli havaa mein jalata haye, dioxin dahan key baad rahata haye aur yaa tou vayumandal mein tairta haye, yaa raakh mein reh sakata haye jahaan raakh key dher parr barish honey parr ise bhujal mein daala jaa sakata haye. saubhagya seey, dioxin aur furan yaugik thhos satahon key saath bahut dridhata seey judate hain aur paani dwara bhang naheen hotey hain, isaliye leaching prakriyaaen raakh key dher key neeche pahale kuchh millimeter taka seemit hoti hain. gais-charan dioxin koo utprerak kaa upayog karke kaafee hudd taka nasht kiya jaa sakata haye, jinamen seey kuchh kapade key filter bagg sanrachana key hisse key roop mein maujood hoe sakate hain.
aadhunik nagarpalika bhasmak designs mein ack uchch-tapman kshetra shamil haye, jahan flue gais koo thandaa karane seey pahale cumm seey cumm 2 sekand key liye oopar key tapman parr banaae rakhaa jaataa haye. way harr samay yeh sunishchit karane key liye sahayak ushmaayan yantron seey susajjit hain. yeye aksar tail yaa praakritik gais dwara eendhan diye jaate hain, aur aam taur parr kewal bahut cumm samay key liye sakriya hotey hain. isake alawa, adhikansh aadhunik bhasmak kapade key filter (aksar upa-microne kanon key sangrah koo badhaane key liye teflon jhilli key saath) kaa upayog karate hain joe thhos kanon mein yaa una parr maujood dioxin koo pakad sakate hain.
bahut chhote nagarpalika bhasmakon key liye, dioxin key thermal tootane key liye aavashyak tapman koo uchch tapman vaale vidyut taap tatva, saath hii ack chayanaatmak utprerak kamee charan kaa upayog karke praapt kiya jaa sakata haye.
halanki dioxin aur furan koo dahan dwara nasht kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin utsarjan gasses key roop mein 'dee novo sanshleshan' key roop mein jaani jaane vaali ack prakriya dwara unakaa sudhaar una paudhon seey utsarjan stack parikshanon mein maapa jaane vaalaa dioxin kaa ack sambhaavit srot haye jinamen lambe samay taka uchch dahan tapman hotaa haye.
see. oh. 2.
anya poorna dahan prakriyaon key liye, apashisht mein lagbhag sabhi carbon samagri vatavaran mein CO2 key roop mein utsarjit hoti haye. aim. aiss. doubleu. mein carbon kaa lagbhag vahee dravyamaan ansh hotaa haye joe swayam see. oh. 2 (27 pratishat) hotaa haye, isaliye 1 tunn aim. aiss. doubleu. key jalaane seey lagbhag 1 tunn see. oh. 2. kaa utpaadan hotaa haye.
yadi apashisht koo bhoomi seey bharaa jaataa haye, tou 1 tunn aim. aiss. doubleu. apashisht key jaiv apghataniya hisse key avaayaviya apghatan key madhyam seey lagbhag meethen kaa utpaadan karega. choonki meethen kii vaishvik tapman vriddhi kshamata 34 haye aur 25 degree celsius parr meethen kaa vajan 62 ghana meater 40.7 kilogram haye, yeh 1.38 tunn carbon dioxide key barabar haye, joe 1 tunn carbon dioxide seey adhik haye joe dahan dwara utpaadit kiya jaataa. kuchh deshon mein, badee matra mein landfill gais ekatra kii jaati haye. abhee bhee vayumandal mein utsarjit landfill gais kii vaishvik tapman vriddhi kshamata mahatvapurna haye. america mein yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii 1999 mein utsarjit landfill gais kii vaishvik tapman vriddhi kshamata, dahan dwara utsarjit carbon dioxide kii matra seey lagbhag 32 pratishat adhik thee. iss adhyayan key baad seey, meethen key liye vaishvik tapman vriddhi sambhaavit anuman 21 seey badhaakar 35 curr diyaa gayaa haye, joe akele iss anuman koo usee kachare key bhasmikaran kii tulanaa mein lagbhag teen gunaa badhaata haye.
isake alawa, lagbhag sabhi jaiv apghataniya apashisht kaa javic mool haye. yeh samagri aamtaur parr pichhale badhate mausam key bheetar vayumandaliya CO2 kaa upayog karke paudhon dwara banaai gaee haye. yadi inn paudhon koo phir seey ugaaya jaataa haye tou unake dahan seey utsarjit carbon dioxide koo ack baar phir vayumandal seey baahar nikaal liya jaayega.
iss tarah key vichaar mukhya kaaran hain kii kaee desh akshay oorjaa key roop mein jaiv apghataniya apashisht koo jalaa dete hain. baaki-mukhya roop seey plastic aur anya tail aur gais seey praapt utpaadon-koo aam taur parr gair-navikaraniya key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye.
vibhinn dhaaranaon key saath dahan key CO2 padchinh key liye vibhinn parinam praapt kiye jaa sakate hain. sthaaniya paristhitiyaan (jaise kii seemit sthaaniya jilaa taap maang, apashisht dhaara mein aluminium key uchch star koo badalane key liye koee jeevaashm eendhan utpann bijli naheen) dahan key CO2 laabhon koo cumm curr sakati hain.
karyapranali aur anya dhaaranaaen bhee parinamon koo mahatvapurna roop seey prabhaavit curr sakati hain. udaaharan key liye, baad kii tarikh mein honey vaale landfill seey honey vaale meethen utsarjan koo upekshit kiya jaa sakata haye yaa cumm vajan diyaa jaa sakata haye, yaa biodegradable apashisht koo coo2 tatasth naheen maanaa jaa sakata haye. landan mein sambhaavit apashisht upchaar praudyogikiyon parr 2008 mein unomia anusandhaan aur paramarsh dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan ney pradarshit kiya kii inmein seey kaee (lekhakon key anusaar) asamanya dhaaranaon koo lagu karke anya ubharati apashisht upchaar praudyogikiyon kii saiddhaantik kshamata kii tulanaa mein ausat maujooda bhasmak sanyantron ney carbon dioxide santulan key liye kharaab pradarshan kiya.
anya utsarjan.
bhatti seey nikalane vaali flue gais mein anya gaisiya utsarjan mein nitrogen oxide, sulfur dioxide, hydrochloric acid, bhaari dhaatu aur maheen kann shamil hain. bhaari dhatuon mein, paaraa apani vishaaktata aur uchch asthirta key kaaran ack pramukh chinta kaa vishay haye, kyonki anivarya roop seey nagarpalika apashisht dhaara mein sabhi paaraa utsarjan mein baahar nickle sakata haye yadi utsarjan niyantran dwara naheen hataaya jaataa haye.
flue mein bhaap kii matra dher seey dikhaai dene vaalaa dhuaan paida curr sakati haye, jise drishya pradooshan key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. flue-gais sanghanan aur punah germ karke yaa flue gais key nikas tapman koo usake oss bindu seey oopar badhaakar bhaap kii matra koo cumm karke isase bachaa jaa sakata haye. flue-gais sanghanan paani key vashpikaran kii avyakt garmi koo punarpraapt karane kii anumati detaa haye, jisase baad mein sanyantra kii taapiya dakshata mein vriddhi hoti haye.
flue-gais safai.
dahan sanyantron seey flue gais mein pradushakon kii matra koo sanyantra key aadhar parr kaee prakriyaon dwara cumm kiya jaa sakata haye yaa naheen bhee kiya jaa sakata haye.
kann nispandan dwara kanon koo ekatra kiya jaataa haye, aksar sthir vidyut avakshepak (ee. aiss. pee.) aur/yaa baghhouse filter. baad vaale aam taur parr maheen kanon koo ikattha karane key liye bahut kushal hotey hain. 2006 mein denmark key paryaavaran mantralaya dwara kii gaee ack jaanch mein, 16 danish bhasmakon seey bhasmakit apashisht kii prati oorjaa samagri kaa ausat kann utsarjan 2 graam/jee. jey. (bhasmakit apashisht kii prati oorjaa samagri graam) seey cumm thaa. 2. 5 micrometer (pm2.5) seey cumm aakar key maheen kanon key vistrit maap teen bhasmakon parr kiye gaye theh ack bhasmak 5.3 graam/jeeje sookshm kanon seey utsarjit kann nispandan key liye ack esp seey lais thaa, jabaki dou bhasmakon seey lais baghouse filter utsarjit 0.002 aur 0.013 jee/jeeje pm2.5. ultra fine kanon (<5>) key liye, sankhyaaen esp sanyantra seey 4.889 jee/jeeje pm1.0 theen, jabaki 0.000 aur 0.008 jee/jeeje pm1.0 key utsarjan koo baghouse filter seey lais paudhon seey maapa gayaa thaa.
acid gais scrubber kaa upayog hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, hydrophloric acid, paaraa, seesa aur anya bhaari dhatuon koo hataane key liye kiya jaataa haye. hataane kii dakshata vishisht upkaran, apashisht kii rasayanik sanrachana, sanyantra key design, abhikarmakon key rasayan vigyaan aur inn sthitiyon koo anukoolit karane kii engineeron kii kshamata parr nirbhar karegi, joe vibhinn pradushakon key liye sangharsh curr sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, geele scrubber dwara paaraa hataane koo sanyog maanaa jaataa haye aur yeh 50 pratishat seey cumm hoe sakata haye. buniyaadi scrubber sulfur dioxide koo hataa dete hain, choone key saath pratikriya dwara jipsum banaate hain.
scrubbers seey nikalane vaalaa apashisht jall baad mein apashisht jall upchaar sanyantra seey gujarna chaahiye.
kann nispandan seey pahale choone key patthar key injection slurry dwara flue gais mein sookhi disulfurisation dwara sulfur dioxide koo bhee hataaya jaa sakata haye.
aine. oh. aiks. yaa tou utprerak parivartak mein amonia key saath utprerak kamee (chayanaatmak utprerak kamee, aiss. aar. see.) yaa bhatti mein amonia key saath uchch tapman pratikriya (chayanaatmak gair-utprerak kamee, aiss. aine. see. aar.) dwara cumm kiya jaataa haye. euria koo cumm karane vaale abhikarmak key roop mein amonia key liye pratisthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye, lekin iss prakriya mein pahale aapoorti kii jaani chaahiye taaki yeh amonia mein hydrolyse hoe sakey. euria key pratisthaapan seey nirjal amonia key bhandaran seey judee laagat aur sambhaavit khatron koo cumm kiya jaa sakata haye.
bhaari dhatuon koo aksar sakriya carbon pouder key injection parr avashoshit kiya jaataa haye, jise kann nispandan dwara ekatra kiya jaataa haye.
thhos utpaadan.
dahan seey fly aish aur bottom aish paida hoti haye jaise koyale key dahan key mamle mein hotaa haye. nagarpalika key thhos apashisht key bhasmikaran seey utpaadit raakh kii kull matra matra key hisab seey 4 seey 10 pratishat aur apashisht kii mool matra key vajan key hisab seey 15-20% taka hoti haye, aur fly aish kull raakh key lagbhag 10-20% taka hoti haye. fly aish, abb taka, neeche kii aish kii tulanaa mein ack sambhaavit swaasthya khatare kaa gathan karati haye kyonki fly aish mein aksar seesa, cademium, tamba aur jastaa jaisi bhaari dhatuon kii uchch sandrata key saath-saath cumm matra mein dioxin aur furan hotey hain. neeche kii raakh mein shayed hii kabhi bhaari dhatuon kaa mahatvapurna star hotaa haye. vartamaan mein halanki bhasmak prachaalak samooh dwara pareekshan kiye gaye kuchh aitihaasik namoone vartamaan mein paaristhitik maandandon koo puuraa karenge, lekin pareekshan karyakram puuraa honey taka bhasmak key neeche kii raakh koo "gair-khatarnak" maanane key liye "humm sahmat hue hain".
pradooshan key anya mudde.
purani shally key bhasmakon key saath gandh pradooshan ack samasya hoe sakati haye, lekin nae bhasmak sanyantron mein gandh aur dhool koo bahut achchi tarah seey niyantrit kiya jaataa haye. way kachare koo ack bund kshetra mein praapt karate hain aur ack nakaratmak dabaav key saath sangraheet karate hain jisamen boiler key madhyam seey vayu pravaah koo bheja jaataa haye joe apriya gandh koo vatavaran mein bhaagne seey rokta haye. ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii purvi chean mein ack bhasmikaran suvidha mein sabse majboot gandh isake apashisht tipping bandargah parr hui.
ack mudda joe samudayik sambandhon koo prabhaavit kartaa haye, vaha haye nagar nigam key kachare koo jalaane vaale taka leey jaane key liye apashisht sangrah vaahanon kaa sadak yatayat badhana. iss kaaran seey, adhikansh bhasmak audyogik kshetron mein sthit hain. sthanantaran stations seey rail dwara kachare key parivahan key madhyam seey iss samasya seey kuchh hudd taka bachaa jaa sakata haye.
swaasthya parr prabhaav.
vaigyaanik shodhkartaon ney apashisht bhasmikaran seey utpann pradushakon key maanav swaasthya prabhaavon kii jaanch kii haye. kaee adhyayanon ney yuu kaa upayog karane vaale pradushakon key sampark mein aaney seey swaasthya prabhaavon kii jaanch kii haye.aiss. ee. pee. aeye. modeling dishanirdesh. inn models mein shwas, antargrahan, mitty aur twacha sampark key madhyam seey sampark shamil kiya jaataa haye. shodh adhyayanon ney nivaasiyon aur shramikon key rakt yaa mootra key namoonon key madhyam seey pradushakon key sampark kaa bhee aaklan kiya haye joe apashisht bhasmak key paas rahate hain. pichhale shodh kii ack vyavasthit sameeksha key nishkarshon ney bhasmak pradooshan key sampark seey sambandhit kaee lakshnon aur beemariyon kii pehchaan kii. inmein neoplasia, shwasan sambandhi samasyaaen, janmajaat visangatiyan aur shishu mrityu yaa garbhpaat shamil hain. puraane, aparyaapt roop seey banaae gaye bhasmak key paas kii aabaadi uchch star key swaasthya muddon kaa anubhav karati haye. kuchh adhyayanon ney sambhaavit cancer key jokhim kii bhee pehchaan kii. haalaanki, sanyukt udyog, motor vaahan aur krishi pradooshan seey bhasmak pradooshan key jokhim koo alag karane mein kathinaaiyaan swaasthya jokhimon parr inn nishkarshon koo seemit karati hain.
kaee samudaayon ney apashisht bhasmak praudyogiki mein sudhaar yaa hataane kii vakaalat kii haye. shwasan sambandhi samasyaon key liye aapaatkaaleen kaksh mein badhati yaatraon seey sambandhit samudaay key netritva vaali shikayaton mein nitrogen dioxide key uchch star jaise vishisht pradooshak jokhimon kaa hawala diyaa gayaa haye. apashisht bhasmikaran praudyogiki key sambhaavit swaasthya prabhaavon koo saarvajanik kiya gayaa haye, vishesh roop seey jaba samudaay pahale seey hii asman swaasthya bojh kaa saamana curr rahey hain. udaaharan key liye, maryland key baltimore mein wheelbrater incinerator kii jaanch isake padosi samudaay mein asthama kii badhati darr key kaaran kii gaee haye, joe mukhya roop seey cumm aaya vaale, rung key logon dwara kabja curr liya gayaa haye. samudaay key netritva vaale prayason ney vaastavik samay mein pradooshan detta kii kamee koo door karane key liye bhavishya key shodh kii aavashyakta kaa sujhaav diyaa haye. inn sroton ney jalaane key swaasthya prabhaavon koo behtar dhang seey nirdhaarit karane key liye akaadamik, sarkari aur gair-laabhkaari saajhedaari kii aavashyakta kaa bhee hawala diyaa haye.
bahas.
apashisht prabandhan key liye bhasmak kaa upayog vivadaspad haye. bhasmakon parr bahas mein aam taur parr vyaavsaayik hita (apashisht utpaadak aur bhasmak donon farmon kaa pratinidhitva), sarkari niyaamak, paryaavaran karyakarta aur sthaaniya nagrik shamil hotey hain jinhen swaasthya aur paryavaraniya jokhim parr apani chintaon key saath sthaaniya audyogik gatividhi kii aarthik appeal koo taulana chaahiye.
iss mudde mein peshevar roop seey shamil logon aur sangathanon mein yuu shamil hain.aiss. paryaavaran sanrakshan agency aur duniya bhar mein kaee sthaaniya aur rashtriya vayu gunavatta niyaamak agencies hain.
bhasmak key upayog mein rujhaan.
nagarpalika key thhos apashisht (aim. aiss. doubleu.) key bhasmikaran kaa itihas landfill aur anya apashisht upchaar praudyogiki key itihas seey ghanishth roop seey judaa huaa haye. upalabdh vikalpon key sambandh mein anivarya roop seey bhasmikaran key gunon kaa aaklan kiya jaataa haye. 1970 key dashak seey, punarchakran aur anya roktham upaayon ney aise nirnayon key sandarbh koo badal diyaa haye. 1990 key dashak seey vaikalpik apashisht upchaar praudyogikiyan paripakva hoe rahee hain aur vyavharya hoe rahee hain.
khatarnak kachare aur naidaanik kachare key upchaar mein bhasmikaran ack pramukh prakriya haye. yeh aksar anivarya haye kii chikitsa apashisht koo rogjanakon aur isamen nihit vishaakt sandushan koo nasht karane key liye uchch tapman key dahan key adheen kiya jaae.
uttari america mein.
yuu mein pahala bhasmak.aiss. 1885 mein newyork key governor dweep parr banaaya gayaa thaa.
1949 mein, robbert see. rose ney yuu. aiss. mein pahali khatarnak apashisht prabandhan companiyon mein seey ack kii sthaapana kii.aiss. unhone robert ross audyogik niptan shuru kiya kyonki unhone uttari ohiyo mein companiyon kii khatarnak apashisht prabandhan aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane kaa avsar dekhaa. 1958 mein, company ney yuu. mein pahale khatarnak apashisht bhasmakon mein seey ack kaa nirmaan kiya.aiss.
yuu mein pahali poorna paimaane parr, nagarpalika dwara sanchaalit bhasmak suvidha.aiss. vaha arnold oh thaa. 1975 mein ames, ayova mein nirmit mantrabhoomi sansaadhan punarpraapti sanyantra. sanyantra abhee bhee kaam curr rhaa haye aur apashisht seey praapt eendhan kaa utpaadan kartaa haye jise eendhan key liye sthaaniya bijli sanyantron koo bheja jaataa haye. yuu mein pahala vyaavsaayik roop seey safal bhasmak sanyantra.aiss. octuber 1975 mein wheelbrater praudyogikiyon dwara massachusets key saugus mein banaaya gayaa thaa, aur aaj bhee sanchaalan mein haye.
kaee paryaavaran yaa apashisht prabandhan nigam hain joe antatah ack bhasmak yaa cement bhatte upchaar kendra mein parivahan karate hain. vartamaan mein (2009), teen mukhya vyavasaay hain joe kachare koo jalaate hainh swachchh bandargah, viraasat aur rose bhasmikaran sevaaen. swachchh bandargaahon ney kaee chhoti, swatantra roop seey sanchaalit suvidhaon kaa adhigrahan kiya haye, joe yuu. aiss. mein iss prakriya mein 5-7 bhasmakon koo jamaa karate hain.aiss. doubleu. tii. aaee.-heritage mein ack bhasmak haye, joe paschim virginia seey ohiyo nadee key paar ohiyo key dakshin-purvi koney mein sthit haye.
kaee purani peedhi key bhasmak koo bund curr diyaa gayaa haye; 1990 mein 186 aim. aiss. doubleu. bhasmakon mein seey kewal 89 2007 taka baney rahey, aur 1988 mein 6200 chikitsa apashisht bhasmakon mein seey kewal 115 2003 mein baney rahey.
1996 aur 2007 key beach koee nayaa bhasmak naheen banaaya gayaa thaa. gatividhi kii kamee key mukhya kaaran hainh
yuu. aiss. mein jalaane aur anya apashisht-seey-oorjaa praudyogikiyon mein nae sire seey ruchi dikhaai gaee haye.aiss. aur kanada. yuu mein.aiss.2004 mein akshay oorjaa utpaadan curr credit key liye yogyata pradaan kii gaee thee. maujooda sanyantron kii kshamata badhaane key liye pariyojanaaen chala rahee hain, aur nagarpaalikaaen ack baar phir seey bhoo-bharaav jaari rakhane key bajaay nagar nigam key kachare koo jalaane vaale sanyantron key nirmaan key vikalp kaa mulyankan curr rahee hain. haalaanki, inmein seey kaee pariyojanaon koo jalaane aur vayu pradooshan niyantran aur raakh punarchakran key greenhouse gais laabhon key liye nae sire seey tarkon key bavjood nirantar raajneetik virodh kaa saamana karna padaa haye.
europe mein.
europe mein, anupachaarit apashisht koo bhoomi mein bharane parr pratibandh key parinamswarup, pichhale dashak mein kaee bhasmak banaae gaye hain, jinamen seey adhik nirmanadhin hain. haal hii mein, kaee nagarpalika sarkaaron ney bhasmakon key nirmaan aur sanchaalan key liye anubandh kii prakriya shuru kii haye. europe mein, apashisht seey utpann kuchh bijli koo 'akshay oorjaa srot' (rez) seey maanaa jaataa haye aur iss prakaar yadi niji roop seey sanchaalit kiya jaataa haye tou yeh curr credit key liye paatr haye. europe mein kuchh bhasmak apashisht vasuli seey lais hain, jisase jaley hue kachare mein paae jaane vaale lauh aur alauh rahit padarthon kaa punah upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. ack pramukh udaaharan abbs west fayer power plant, amsterdam haye.
sweeden mein, lagbhag 50 pratishat utpann apashisht koo apashisht seey oorjaa suvidhaon mein jalaaya jaataa haye, bijli kaa utpaadan hotaa haye aur sthaaniya shaharon key jilaa taap pranaliyon kii aapoorti kii jaati haye. sweeden kii bijli utpaadan yojana mein apashisht kaa mahatva apashisht-seey-oorjaa suvidhaon kii aapoorti key liye prati varsh (2014 mein) aayatit unake 2,700,000 tunn apashisht parr parilakshit hotaa haye.
united kingdam mein.
britten key apashisht prabandhan udyog mein niyojit praudyogiki landfill kii vyaapak upalabdhata key kaaran europe seey bahut peechhe haye. europeeya sangh dwara nirdhaarit landfill nirdesh key kaaran united kingdam kii sarkaar ney landfill curr aur landfill bhatta vyaapaar yojana sahit apashisht kaanoon lagu kiya. iss kaanoon koo apashisht upchaar key vaikalpik tarikon key upayog key madhyam seey landfill dwara utpaadit greenhouse gasses key utsarjan koo cumm karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye. yeh yuu. key. sarkaar kii sthiti haye kii britten mein nagarpalika apashisht key upchaar aur oorjaa kii aapoorti mein bhasmikaran ack badee bhoomika nibhaayega.
2008 mein, lagbhag 100 sthalon key liye sambhaavit bhasmak sthaanon kii yojanaaen maujood hain. inhen yuu. key. aine. jee. oh. dwara paraspar kriyasheel roop seey mapp kiya gayaa haye.
juuna 2012 mein ack naee yojana key tahat, krishi sthalon parr cumm kshamata vaale jalaane yantron key upayog koo protsaahit karane key liye unaki jaiv suraksha mein sudhaar key liye ack avamoolyan-samarthit anudan yojana (kheti aur vaniki sudhaar yojana) sthaapit kii gaee thee.
haal hii mein ack anumati dee gaee haye joe kii bedfordshire mein cambridge-milton keynes-oxford corridor key kendra mein britten key sabse badey apashisht bhasmak key liye hogi. buckinghamshire mein gratemoor mein ack badey bhasmak key nirmaan key baad, aur bedford key paas ack aur bhasmak key nirmaan kii yojana key baad, cambridge-milton keynes-oxford galiyara britten mein ack pramukh bhasmak kendra bunn jaayega.
mobile bhasmak.
aapaatkaaleen upayog key liye bhasmikaran ikaaiyaan.
badey paimaane parr mrityu darr yaa bimari key prakop key baad jaanvaron aur unake upa-utpaadon key tatkaal aur jaiv-surakshit niptan key liye aapaatkaaleen bhasmikaran pranali maujood haye. duniya bhar mein sarkaaron aur sansthanon seey viniyaman aur pravartan mein vriddhi saarvajanik dabaav aur mahatvapurna aarthik jokhim key madhyam seey majboor hui haye.
sankraamak pashu roga ney 2012 taka 20 varshon mein sarkaaron aur udyog koo 200 arab dollar kii laagat aaee haye aur pichhale saath varshon mein duniya bhar mein 65 pratishat seey adhik sankraamak rogon key prakop key liye jimmedaar haye. vaishvik maans niryaat kaa ack tihai (lagbhag 60 laakh tunn) kissy bhee samay vyaapaar pratibandhon seey prabhaavit hotaa haye aur iss tarah sarkaaron, saarvajanik nikaayon aur vaanijyik sanchalakon kaa dhyaan roga koo niyantrit karane aur niyantrit karane key liye pashu shav niptan key swachchh, surakshit aur adhik majboot tarikon parr haye.
badey paimaane parr bhasmikaran pranali aalaa aapurtikartaon seey upalabdh hain aur aksar sankraamak prakop key mamle mein sarkaaron dwara ack suraksha jaal key roop mein kharidi jaati hain. kaee mobile hain aur jaiv-suraksha niptan kii aavashyakta vaale sthaanon parr jaldi seey tainaat kiye jaa sakate hain.
chhoti bhasmak ikaaiyaan.
vishesh uddeshyon key liye chhote paimaane parr bhasmak maujood hain. udaaharan key liye, mobile chhote paimaane key bhasmakon kaa uddeshya vikaasheel deshon mein chikitsa apashisht key swachchh roop seey surakshit vinash key liye haye. britten sthit company, insiner8 jaisi companiyan apane aaee8-aim50 aur aaee8-aim70 model key saath mobile incinerator nirmaataon kaa ack achchha udaaharan hain. chhote bhasmakon koo dooradraj key kshetron mein jaldi seey tainaat kiya jaa sakata haye jahaan sankramit jaanvaron koo jaldi seey aur cross sandushan key jokhim key binaa nipataane key liye ack prakop huaa haye.
paatrikrit bhasmak ikaaiyaan.
paatrikrit bhasmak ack advitiya prakaar kaa bhasmak haye jise vishesh roop seey doorasth sthaanon mein kaary karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye jahaan paaramparik buniyaadi dhancha upalabdh naheen hoe sakata haye. yeye bhasmak aam taur parr aasaan parivahan aur sthaapana key liye ack shipping container key bheetar banaae jaate hain. incinco ack pramukh company haye joe vibhinn jalavaayu aur parichaalan sthitiyon mein duniya bhar mein sanchaalit containeryukt bhasmakon key nirmaan aur aapoorti mein visheshagyata rakhti haye. yeye bhasmak poori tarah seey swa-nihit hain aur tail aur gais anveshan sthalon, feeled aspatalon, aapada kshetron aur anya chunautipurna vatavaran jaise dooradraj key sthaanon mein apashisht prabandhan key liye ack aadarsh samadhan hain.

