khoj aur nigrani adhiniyam 2012

newzealand key khoj aur nigrani adhiniyam 2012 koo 2009 mein pesh kiye jaane key baad 5 aprail 2012 koo shaahi manjuri millie. sansad mein vidheyak koo pesh karane aur sahamati key beach teen saal kaa antar ingit kartaa haye kii raajya dwara aayojit khoj aur nigrani shaktiyon key prastaavit vistaar parr hui bahas kii seema. kaee paksh iss adhiniyam key vyaktigat manvadhikaron parr padane vaale prabhaav seey chintit they, aur harit paksh ney yeh vichaar vyakt kiya kii pravartan agencies pahale seey hii apani shaktiyon kaa durupyog curr rahee theen. anya logon ney tark diyaa kii iss adhiniyam seey pratyek sthiti mein yeh nirdhaarit karna aasaan hoe jaayega kii kyaa ack vaidh khoj kii gaee thee, kyonki kaanoon adhik spasht aur sulabh hoga yadi kewal ack saadhan mein nihit hoe. kuchh pakshon kaa maanana thaa kii khoj aur nigrani kaanoon key samhitaakaran aur spashteekaran key parinamswarup manvadhikaron key saath adhik sangatata hogi.
itihas.
newzealand kii sansad ney khoj aur nigrani adhiniyam 2012 kaa nirmaan aavashyak maanaa thaa. isase pahale, pulis aur gair-pulis donon shaktiyaan asankhya kaanoonon aur sanshodhanon mein paaee jaati theen joe "lambe samay seey tukadon mein" vikasit hue they. kaee paristhitiyon mein, sahee kanuni pareekshan kaa pataa lagaana mushkil thaa, aur niyam ack saadhan seey dusare mein bhinn hotey they. newzealand vidhi aayog ney kahaa kii choonki raajya key liye nigrani kii kuchh jabardast shaktiyon kaa prayog karna aavashyak haye, isaliye viniyaman kii aavashyaktaaen honey chaahiye. kaanoon kii pichhali sthiti key saath muddon kaa udaaharan "haymade aind ors vr" key mamle mein diyaa gayaa haye, jahaan drishya nigrani key kshetra mein pulis shakti parr vaidhaanik niyantran kii kamee seey anishchitata paida hui thee.
vidhi aayog ney yeh bhee mahsoos kiya kii pichhale kaanoon kaa adhikansh hissa purana thaa; pravartan agencies dwara dhaarit balpurvak shaktiyaan parishkrit sangathit aparaadh seey nipatane key liye aparyaapt theen, joe aksar unnat praudyogiki kaa upayog karate they. report iss tathya parr kendrit haye kii adhikansh jaankaari abb kewal ack haard coppy mein upalabdh naheen haye, aur isake bajaay computer aur internet network kaa upayog soochana sanchaar key liye teji seey kiya jaataa haye.
newzealand vidhi aayog kii report.
aayog ney report key adhyaay dou mein manvadhikar moolyon aur kaanoon pravartan moolyon key beach aavashyak santulan parr charcha kii, jahaan "khoj shaktiyon key liye saiddhaantik, moolya-adharit drishtikon" kii aavashyakta haye. prastaavit vidheyak dwara prashn mein laaya gayaa adhikaar adhiniyam kaa mukhya vidheyak praavdhaan dhaara 21 thaa, vyaktiyon kaa "anuchit talashi yaa jabti seey surakshit rahane kaa adhikaar, chaahe vaha vyakti, sampatti, yaa patrachar, yaa anyatha. khoj aur nigrani adhiniyam mein, khoj yaa jabti kaa prayog karane kaa koee bhee nirnay uchit honah chaahiye, jaisa kii adhiniyam key nishpaadan key liye honah chaahiye. aayog ney nagrik aur raajneetik adhikaaron parr antarrashtriya vaacha (aaee. see. see. pee. aar.) key prati newzealand kii antarrashtriya pratibaddhata koo bhee maanyata dee. aayog ney jinn chaar manvadhikar moolyon key saath vidheyak koo sambhaavit roop seey virodhabhasi mahsoos kiya, way theh
nijata kii raksha.
gopaniyata kii degree jisake liye harr kissy koo hakdar honah chaahiye, ack achchi tarah seey bahas kaa vishay haye. aadhunik takneekon koo dekhate hue, vyaktigat gopaniyata parr atikraman bahut aasaan hoe gayaa haye, aur kaanoon pravartan gatividhiyon dwara gopaniyata key aakraman key liye bahut chinta haye. aayog ney shwet patra vidheyak key masaude key sandarbh mein adhikaar vidheyak adhiniyam kii dhaara 21 key shabdon parr vichaar kiya. kii key sanrakshan kaa uddeshya "kissy bhee paristhiti mein lagu honah thaa jahan raajya ghuspaith...yeh anuchit haye aur iska vistaar sabhi prakaar kii nigrani taka karna thaa. adhikaar vidheyak adhiniyam kii dhaara 21 mein aanshik roop seey aaee. see. see. pee. aar. koo shamil kiya gayaa haye, joe nijata key antarrashtriya adhikaar parr jore detaa haye. cases low ney sanket diyaa haye kii kii mein antarnihit moolya gopaniyata kaa adhikaar haye.
vyaktigat akhandata kii raksha.
kuchh sthitiyon mein ack uchit khoj mein vyakti koo hirasat mein lena bhee shamil hoga, joe sanyam seey mukt honey key adhikaar parr sawal uthaata haye. yadi hirasat mein liya jaanaa shamil haye, tou kaanoon pravartan nikaayon koo "vyaktigat akhandata parr nirdeshit manvadhikar maandandon kaa sammaan karna jaari rakhna chaahiye. yeh una sthitiyon mein bhee mahatvapurna haye jahaan shareer kii khoj aur rakt pareekshan kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
sampatti adhikaaron kaa sanrakshan.
sampatti adhikaaron kaa anand lena newzealand key samaaj key liye mahatvapurna haye, aur vyakti aise adhikaaron kii suraksha koo raajya kii bhoomika key hisse key roop mein dekhate hain. yadyapi adhikaar adhiniyam key vidheyak mein sampatti adhikaaron kaa koee seedha sandarbh naheen haye, lekin dhaara 21 mein kahaa gayaa haye kii sampatti kii anuchit roop seey talashi yaa jabt naheen kii jaa sakati haye.
kaanoon key shasson kaa rakharkhaav.
aaee. see. see. pee. aar. key anuchhed 17 parr apani samanya tippani mein sanyukt rashtra manvadhikar samiti dwara isake mahatva koo achchi tarah seey sankshepit kiya gayaa haih 'gairkaanooni' shabd kaa arth haye kii kaanoon dwara parikalpit mamalon key alawa koee hastakshep naheen hoe sakata haye. raajyon dwara adhikrit hastakshep kewal kaanoon key aadhar parr hii hoe sakata haye...". koee bhee talashi yaa jabti tabhi hoe sakati haye jaba koee sakaratmak kaanoon hoe joe isaki anumati detaa haye.
manvadhikaron parr uchit seemaaen.
manvadhikar maandandon kaa uddeshya kewal "anuchit" khoj yaa jabti seey bachaav karna haye. iska matlab haye kii kuchh sthitiyon mein "raajya key kamkaj koo praapt karane aur dusaron key adhikaaron kii raksha" key liye adhikaaron parr uchit seemaaen rakhee jaayengi. nijata key adhikaar key anuprayog key saath kathinaaiyon koo manvadhikaron parr europeeya sammelan key anuchhed 8 (2) mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, jahaan saarvajanik adhikaari "rashtriya suraksha, saarvajanik suraksha yaa desh key aarthik kalyan key hiton mein, avyavastha yaa aparaadh kii roktham key liye, swaasthya yaa naitikta kii suraksha key liye, yaa dusaron key adhikaaron aur swatantrataon kii suraksha key liye" sahit karanon seey vyaktigat gopaniyata adhikaaron mein hastakshep curr sakate hain. nijata parr aakraman kii tarksangatata nirdhaarit karane key liye, aayog kaee karakon parr vichaar karane kaa sujhaav detaa haye jaise kih sambandhit adhikaar adhiniyam adhiniyam kii dhaara mein nihit adhikaar kaa mahatva, vishesh adhikaar parr ghuspaith kaa saarvajanik hita, una hiton kii raksha mein aakraman kitna prabhaavi haye joe kissy adhikaar parr seemaon koo uchit thaharaane key liye pradaan kiye gaye they, aur ghuspaith kii aanupaatikta.
manvadhikar aayog dwara prastut.
newzealand mein manvadhikar aayog kaa uddeshya manvadhikaron parr sanyukt vaachaon aur sammelanon key anusaar manvadhikaron kaa sanrakshan karna haye. prastutikaran newzealand vidhi aayog kii report seey sahmat thaa, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii kissy bhee nae kaanoon koo kaanoon pravartan moolyon aur manvadhikar moolyon koo santulit karna hoga. aayog ney sambhaavit adhikaaron key ullanghan parr charcha kii joe vidheyak dwara prastaavit shakti key paanch vistaar koo lagu karane parr hoe sakate hainh
khoj aur nigrani shaktiyon kaa vistaar.
vidheyak ney pulis shaktiyon koo majboot kiya, lekin gair-pravartan agencies koo khoj aur nigrani shaktiyon kaa bhee vistaar kiya. aayog ney chinta vyakt kii kii yeh vistaar anaavashyak thaa aur dee gaee shaktiyaan "asman roop seey aakramak" theen.
nabaligon kii sahamati.
ack samanya niyam key roop mein, 14 varsh seey cumm umr key nabalig kissy bhee prakaar kii talashi key liye sahamati dene mein asamarth hotey hain, halanki vidheyak sahamati koo maanya kartaa haye jaba ack nabalig vaahan chalaa rhaa hotaa haye aur usa samay vaahan mein 14 varsh seey adhik kaa koee naheen hotaa haye. 14 varsh kii ayu kaa upayog isaliye kiya jaataa haye kyonki yeh vaha ayu haye jaba ack bachche koo kanuni roop seey maataa-pitaa kii dekhrekh key binaa akela chhod diyaa jaa sakata haye. aayog ney mahsoos kiya kii aisee paristhitiyon mein ayu koo ghataakar 14 karna anaavashyak thaa. bachche key adhikaaron parr sammelan nirdisht kartaa haye kii ack vyakti 18 varsh kii ayu taka ack bachcha haye, aur aayog ney maanaa kii yeh sahamati kii ayu haye jiska upayog sabhi khoj sthitiyon mein kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
avashisht warrant.
iss prakaar key warrant kii aavashyakta taba hoti haye jaba pravartan agency dwara prastaavit khoj key parinamswarup kissy vyakti kii gopaniyata kii uchit apeksha parr aakraman hoe sakata haye. yeh agency parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii vaha nirnay leey kii kyaa kissy vyakti kii nijata kii uchit apeksha kii ghuspaith hoe sakati haye, aur aayog ney maanaa kii yeh manvadhikar moolyon key saath sangharsh curr sakata haye.
jaanch key adesh.
vidheyak pravartan agencies koo vyaktigat vyaktiyon key sandarbh mein jaanch kii ack seemit shakti detaa haye, jaba taka kii agency key paas koee vishisht aparaadh kiya gayaa haye yaa kiya jaayega, aur yeh kii vyakti key paas praasangik jaankaari haye. yeh kaee sthitiyon mein aatm-doshaaropan key khilaf visheshaadhikaar key vipareet hoga. aayog logon koo anyaaypurna aatm-aparaadh seey bachaane key liye "dhokhadhadi key uddeshyon key liye jatil dastavejon key mulyankan" taka seemit jaankaari kii paribhasha chaahata thaa.
gopaniya patrakaarita srot.
haalaanki abhivyakti kii swatantrata koo hamesha anya pratispardhi saarvajanik hiton key khilaf santulit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, lekin yeh newzealand key loktantra mein ack mahatvapurna visheshta haye. vidheyak key praavdhaan press key sambandh mein abhivyakti kii swatantrata key saath sabse adhik sangharsh karate hain. sroton kii gopaniyata ack pramukh patrakaarita siddhant haye, halanki bill una sroton koo nirdhaarit karane key liye khoj kii aavashyakta detaa haye. aayog ney vichaar kiya kii patrakaron key khilaf ack dhaarana koo kaanoon mein shamil kiya jaanaa chaahiye joe talashi praavdhaanon key adheen haye. aayog ney yeh bhee sifarish kii kii kaanoon mein ack praavdhaan jodaa jaae jisamen sabhi agencies koo apani khoj aur nigrani shaktiyon kaa prayog karate samay kewal manvadhikar moolyon key anusaar kaary karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. nyaay aur nirvaachan samiti dwara yeh sunishchit karane key liye ack uddeshya khand shamil kiya gayaa thaa kii newzealand bill off rites act 1990, gopaniyata adhiniyam 1993 aur sakshya adhiniyam 2006 mein paae jaane vaale maujooda adhikaaron koo maanyata dee gaee haye. kaanoon key antim bhaag mein yeh samavesh "khoj aur nigrani shaktiyon key sandarbh mein" manvadhikar moolyon key mahatva koo darshaata haye.
mahanyayvadi kaa bayaan.
bill off rites act key saath bill kii nirantarta key sambandh mein attorney-general dwara jaari bayaan mein, yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii iss adhiniyam key parinamswarup kissy bhee adhikaar kaa ullanghan naheen hoga.
khoj aur nigrani adhiniyam.
vidheyak koo sansad mein 61 maton seey 57 key mukabale paarit kiya gayaa, jisamen sabhi vipaksh key saath-saath maori party ney bhee isake khilaf matdan kiya. vishesh roop seey bill off rites act kii dhaara 21 key sanyojan mein, bhavishya mein cases low dwara adhiniyam key dayare koo nirdhaarit karane kii sambhavana haye. saiman collier ney 2012 key ack lekh mein likhaa kii yeh adhiniyam "nigrani key kshetra mein pichhale kaanoon mein ack ullekhaniya sudhaar haye" aur adhikaaron kii uchit suraksha key liye aavashyak thaa. iss adhiniyam key bheetar khoj aur nigrani shaktiyon key vistaar parr abhee bhee alag-alag vichaar hain.

