
paramanu hathiyaron key parikshanon kii soochi

paramanu hathiyaron kaa pareekshan ack sainya, vaigyaanik yaa takniki lakshya key anusaar ack yaa adhik paramanu upkaranon koo niyantrit tareeke seey prayog aur jaanboojhkar daagne kaa kaary haye. yeh aathh paramanu rashtron mein seey ack dwara swaamitva vaali bhoomi yaa jall parr pareekshan sthalon parr kiya gayaa haih sanyukt raajya america, soviyat sangh, sanyukt raajya america, france, chean, bhaarat, pakistan aur uttar koria, yaa kshetriya jall seey door mahasagar sthalon parr yaa una parr kiya gayaa haye. julaai 1945 mein pahale pareekshan key baad seey 2,121 pareekshan kiye gaye hain, jisamen 2,476 paramanu upkaran shamil hain. 1993 taka, duniya bhar mein, 520 vayumandaliya paramanu visfot (8 paani key neeche sahit) 545 megaton (aim. tii.) kii kull upaj key saath kiye gaye hainh shuddh vikhandan seey 217 aim. tii. aur sanlayan kaa upayog karke bamon seey 328 aim. tii., jabaki 1957 seey 1992 kii avadhi mein kiye gaye bhoomigat paramanu parikshanon kii anumaanit sankhya 90 aim. tii. kii kull upaj key saath 1,352 visfot hain.
iss samay bahut cumm agyaat parikshanon kaa sandeh haye, vella ghatana sabse pramukh haye. israel ekmatra aisaa desh haye jisake paas paramanu hathiyar honey kaa sandeh haye lekin kabhi bhee iska pareekshan naheen kiya gayaa haye.
nimnalikhit koo paramanu pareekshan maanaa jaataa haih
paramanu parikshanon key roop mein shamil naheen kiya gayaah
desh dwara pareekshan.
iss khand mein dee gaee talika mein duniya bhar mein kiye gaye sabhi paramanu parikshanon (yuddh mein giraaye gaye dou bamon sahit joe pareekshan naheen they) kaa saransh diyaa gayaa haye. desh key naam pratyek desh key liye saransh lekhon key link hain, jinka upayog pareekshan shrinkhala lekhon key liye kiya jaa sakata haye jisamen pratyek gyaat paramanu visfot aur pareekshan kaa vivaran hotaa haye. vibhinn table selon seey judey noton mein vistaar seey bataaya gayaa haye kii unamen sankhyaaen kaise aatee hain.
gyaat pareekshan.
nimnalikhit upkhandon mein, pratyek paramanu desh mein pareekshan prayaas key pratinidhi key roop mein mahatvapurna parikshanon (kissy bhee tarah seey poorna) kaa chayan soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye.
sanyukt raajya america.
americi upkaranon key liye parikshanon kii maanak "aadhikarik" soochi yakinan sanyukt raajya america key oorjaa vibhaag doo-209 dastaavez haye. sanyukt raajya america ney 1945 aur 1992 key beach lagbhag 1,054 paramanu pareekshan (aadhikarik ginati dwara) kiye, jinamen 216 vayumandaliya, paani key neeche aur antariksh pareekshan shamil they. sanyukt raajya america dwara kiye gaye kuchh mahatvapurna parikshanon mein shamil hainh
soviyat sangh.
ussr key patan key baad, americi sarkaar (antarrashtriya sangh "antarrashtriya vigyaan aur praudyogiki kendra" key sadasya key roop mein) ney soviyat paramanu karyakram key itihas key baare mein kaee dastavejon kaa masauda taiyar karane key liye sarov (urf aarzaama-16, loss alamos key soviyat samkaksh aur iss prakaar kabhi-kabhi "loss aarzaama" kahaa jaataa haye) mein kaee sheersh vaigyaanikon koo kaam parr rakhaa. dastaavezon mein seey ack soviyat paramanu parikshanon kii nishchit soochi thee. adhikansh parikshanon mein americi parikshanon key vipareet koee code naam naheen hotey hain, isaliye way iss dastaavez seey unake pareekshan nambaron seey jaane jaate hain. kuchh soochi sanklakon ney usa soochi mein visangatiyon kaa pataa lagaaya haye; ack upkaran koo semipalatinsk mein ack surang mein usake cove mein chhod diyaa gayaa thaa jaba soviyaton ney kazakhstan koo chhod diyaa thaa, aur ack soochi mein 13 anya parikshanon koo soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa joe spasht roop seey koee upaj pradaan karane mein whiffle rahey they. isake liye srot sammaanit "russie ranneetik paramanu bull" they joe 13 mein seey 11 kii pushti karate hain; way 11 wikipedia soochiyon mein hain.
soviyat sangh ney 1949 aur 1990 key beach 715 paramanu pareekshan (aadhikarik ganana dwara) kiye, jinamen 219 vayumandaliya, paani key neeche aur antariksh pareekshan shamil they. unamen seey adhikansh kazakhstan mein semipalatinsak pareekshan sthal aur novaya zemlya mein uttari pareekshan sthal parr hue. roose aur kazakhstan mein vibhinn sthaanon parr atirikt audyogik pareekshan kiye gaye, jabaki ukraine, uzbekistan aur turkmenistan mein thodi sankhya mein pareekshan kiye gaye.
isake alawa, paramanu yuddh key maidan mein rakshaatmak aur aakramak yuddh abhiyaanon kii sambhavana kaa pataa lagaane key liye soviyat senaa dwara badey paimaane parr sainya abhyaas kiya gayaa thaa. sneejhok" (snoball) key saanketik naam key tahat abhyaas mein nagasaki mein istemal kiye gaye paramanu bumm seey doguna shaktishali visfot aur visfot key turant baad uparikendra seey gujarate hue lagbhag 45,000 sanic shamil they, abhyaas 14 sitambar, 1954 koo roose key orenberg oblast mein totscoye gaanv key uttar mein marshel georgy jhukov kii kamaan mein kiya gayaa thaa.
kuchh mahatvapurna soviyat parikshanon mein shamil hainh
antim soviyat pareekshan 24 octuber, 1990 koo huaa thaa. 1992 mein ussr key vighatan key baad, roose koo ussr kaa paramanu bhandar viraasat mein milaa, jabaki kazakhstan koo semipalatinsak paramanu pareekshan kshetra key saath-saath baikonur cosmodrome, surry shagan missile/radar pareekshan kshetra aur teen ballistic missile kshetra viraasat mein mille. semipalatinsk mein cumm seey cumm ack aprakaashit upkaran shamil thaa, jise baad mein sanyukt us-kazakh team dwara paaramparik visfotakon key saath udaa diyaa gayaa. yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. key vighatan key baad seey poorv kshetra mein koee pareekshan naheen huaa haye.
united kingdam.
united kingdam ney 45 pareekshan kiye hain (12 australiyai kshetra mein, jisamen paschimi australia key montabello dweepon mein 3 aur dakshin australia kii mukhya bhoomi mein 9 (maralinga mein 7 aur emu kshetra mein 2); 9 madhya prashant key line dweepon mein (3 malden dweep parr aur 6 kiritimati/chrismus dweep parr); aur 24 yuu mein.aiss. sanyukt pareekshan shrinkhala key hisse key roop mein). aksar british kull seey baahar kiye gaye maralinga mein operation wixon key 31 suraksha pareekshan hain. british test shrinkhala mein shamil hainh
antim pareekshanah julin bristol, 26 navambar, 1991, urdhvaadhar shaft.
paramanu samagri lekin paaramparik visfoton seey judey vayumandaliya pareekshanah
france.
france ney 13 farwari, 1960 aur 27 janwari, 1996 key beach 210 paramanu pareekshan kiye. chaar kaa pareekshan regene, french algeria mein kiya gayaa, 13 kaa eker, algeria mein aur baaki kaa french polynesia mein moruroa aur fangataufa atole mein kiya gayaa. aksar soochiyon mein chhod diye jaane vaale 5 suraksha pareekshan algeria mein edrar tickertin mein hotey hain.
chean.
americi vaigyaanikon key sangh dwara sankalit cheeni parikshanon kii sabse pramukh soochi anya logon dwara soochibaddh dou cheeni parikshanon koo chhod detee haye. chean key janvaadi ganarajya ney 45 pareekshan kiye (23 vayumandaliya aur 22 bhoomigat, sabhi mallan, shinziang mein lope noor paramanu hathiyar pareekshan adde parr aayojit kiye gaye)
bhaarat.
bhaarat ney ghoshana kii kii usane 1974 mein pakistan kii purvi seema key paas "operation smiling buddh" kodnem key tahat ack hii upkaran kaa pareekshan kiya thaa. 24 varshon key baad, bhaarat ney saarvajanik roop seey 11 maee aur 13 maee, 1998 koo paanch aur paramanu parikshanon kii ghoshana kii. bhaaratiya paramanu parikshanon kii aadhikarik sankhya chhah haye, joe dou alag-alag code-naamon key tahat aur alag-alag samay parr aayojit kiye jaate hain.
pakistan.
pakistan ney maee 1998 key antim saptah mein 2 alag-alag code naamon key tahat 6 aadhikarik pareekshan kiye. 1983 seey 1994 taka, pakistan dwara lagbhag 24 paramanu sheet pareekshan kiye gaye; yeye 2000 taka aghoshit aur vargeekrit rahey. maee 1998 mein, pakistan ney 6 paramanu upkaranon kaa pareekshan karke saarvajanik roop seey pratikriya dee.
uttar koria.
9 octuber, 2006 koo, uttar koria ney ghoshana kii kii unhone uttar-purvi tata parr uttari hamgyong praant mein 10:36 am (11:30 est) parr ack paramanu pareekshan kiya haye. dakshin koria mein 3.58 teevrata kaa bhookamp aaya thaa aur pyongyang key uttar mein 386 kimmy (240 meal) kii doori parr 4.2 teevrata kaa bhookamp aaya thaa. pareekshan kii upaj parr cumm anuman-sambhaavit roop seey ack kilotan seey cumm shakti-ney atkalon koo janm diyaa haye kii kyaa yeh ack asafal (asafal pareekshan) thaa, yaa bilkul bhee ack vaastavik "paramanu" pareekshan naheen thaa.
25 maee, 2009 koo, uttar koria ney doosara paramanu pareekshan karane kii ghoshana kii. pyongyang key 375 kimmy (233 meal) uttar-poorv mein aur 2006 key pareekshan sthaan key kuchh kilometres key bheetar mantapasan mein 4.7 seey 5.3 teevrata kii report key saath ack bhookamp kaa pataa chalaa thaa. jabaki upaj key anuman abhee bhee anishchit hain, 3 seey 20 kilotan taka kii reports key saath, majboot compan 2006 key pareekshan kii tulanaa mein kaafee badee upaj kaa sanket detaa haye.
12 farwari 2013 koo, uttar koriyai raajya media ney ghoshana kii kii usane ack bhoomigat paramanu pareekshan kiya haye, joe saat varshon mein iska teesara pareekshan haye. ack bhookamp jisane praarambhik parimaan 4.9 (baad mein sanshodhit 5.1) key saath ack paramanu bumm hastakshar kaa pradarshan kiya, vyaapak paramanu-pareekshan-pratibandh sandhi sangathan praarambhik aayog (ctbto) aur sanyukt raajya bhoovaigyaanik sarvekshan (usgs) donon dwara pataa lagaaya gayaa thaa. bhookamp sthaaniya samay (11:57 UTc) parr aaya aur USGs ney kahaa kii ghatana kaa pakhandi kendra kewal ack kilometres gahara thaa. dakshin koria key raksha mantralaya ney kahaa kii ghatana padhane seey chhah seey saat kilotan key visfot kaa sanket milaa. haalaanki, kuchh visheshagya hain joe upaj kaa anuman 15 key. tii. taka lagaate hain, kyonki pareekshan sthal kii bhoovigyaan achchi tarah seey samajh mein naheen aaee haye. tulanaa mein, hiroshima (chhota ladka, ack "bandook-prakaar" paramanu bumm) parr "anola gey" dwara giraaye gaye paramanu (vikhandan) bamon aur nagasaki parr "boxcar" (motaa aadami, ack "visfot-prakaar" paramanu bumm) dwara giraaye gaye paramanu (vikhandan) bamon mein kramshah 15 aur 21 kilotan tii. aine. tii. key barabar visfot kii paidawar thee.
5 janwari, 2015 koo, uttar koriyai tv samachar enkaron ney ghoshana kii kii unhone ack "laghu paramanu bumm" kaa safaltapurvak pareekshan kiya haye, joe pangi-ree paramanu sthal seey lagbhag 8 kimmy (5 meal) door haye, jahan 2013 mein ack pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa.
6 janwari, 2016 koo, uttar koria ney ghoshana kii kii usane hydrogen bumm kaa safal pareekshan kiya haye. bhookamp kii ghatana, 5.1 kii teevrata parr, sungjibegam key poorv-uttar poorv mein 19 kilometres (12 meal) kii doori parr hui.
9 sitambar, 2016 koo, uttar koria ney pange-ree pareekshan sthal parr ack aur safal paramanu hathiyar pareekshan kii ghoshana kii. yeh pahala warhead haye jiska raajya ney daavaa kiya haye kii vaha ack missile yaa lambi doori key rockett koo sthaapit karane mein saksham haye jiska pahale juuna 2016 mein pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa. visfotak upaj key liye anuman 20 seey 30 ketty taka aur kshetra mein 5.3 teevrata key bhookamp key saath huaa thaa.
3 sitambar, 2017 koo, uttar koria ney hydrogen bumm key roop mein apane pahale hathiyar koo safaltapurvak visfot kiya. praarambhik upaj anuman ise 100 key. tii. parr rakhate hain. reports seey sanket milata haye kii pareekshan visfot key kaaran 6.3 teevrata kaa bhookamp aaya, aur sambhavatah pareekshan sthal parr ack gufa mein parinat huaa.
kathit pareekshan.
paramanu visfotakon kaa pareekshan karane vaale deshon key kaee mahatvapurna kathit/vivaadit/asweekrit khaate hain. adhikansh mukhyadhara key visheshagyon dwara unaki sthiti yaa tou nishchit naheen haye yaa poori tarah seey vivaadit haye.
chean.
15 aprail, 2020 koo yuu.aiss. adhikaariyon ney kahaa kii chean ney apane lope noor pareekshan sthal parr cumm upaj vaale paramanu hathiyar pareekshan kiye honge.
israel.
israel parr 1963 mein ack bandeswehar report dwara ack bhoomigat pareekshan karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. itihaaskaar tasir nashif ney 1966 mein shoonya upaj visfot pareekshan kii soochana dee. israel key vaigyaanikon ney degaul dwara aage key sahyog koo bund karane seey pahale sabse pahale francisi paramanu parikshanon mein bhaag liya.
uttar koria.
9 sitambar, 2004 koo dakshin koriyai media ney bataaya kii cheeni/uttari koriyai seema parr ack badaa visfot huaa thaa. iss visfot ney ack gaddhe koo upgrah dwara dekhaa aur ack badey (3-kimmy vyaas) mashroom baadal koo utpann kiya. sanyukt raajya america aur dakshin koria ney ise jaldi seey cumm karke dikhaaya, ise ack vann aag key roop mein samajhaaya jiska dee. pee. aar. key. key paramanu hathiyar karyakram seey koee lena-denaa naheen thaa.
uttar koria ney 2006,2009 aur 2013 mein chhah paramanu pareekshan kiye hain, 2016 mein dou baar aur 2017 mein 3 sitambar 2017 kaa pareekshan, unake janwari 2016 key pareekshan kii tarah, ack hydrogen bumm honey kaa daavaa kiya jaataa haye (lekin yeh ack vaastavik avastha mein baney teller-ulam thermonuclear hathiyar key bajaay kewal ack badhaa huaa vikhandan hathiyar hoe sakata haye).
pakistan.
kyonki pakistan kaa paramanu karyakram atyadhik gopaniyata key tahat aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, isane soviyat sangh aur bhaarat mein chinta jataai, jinhen sandeh thaa kii 1974 key pareekshan key baad seey yeh apariharya thaa kii pakistan apane karyakram koo aur vikasit karega. soviyat samarthak samachar patra, "deshbhakt" ney bataaya kii 1983 mein "pakistan ney 20 seey 50 kilotan kii seema mein ack paramanu upkaran kaa visfot kiya haye". lekin paschimi rajnayikon dwara ise vyaapak roop seey khariz curr diyaa gayaa kyonki yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii "deshbhakt" pahale kaee avsaron parr galat soochana failaane mein lagaa huaa thaa. 1983 mein, bhaarat aur soviyat sangh donon ney gupt parikshanon kii jaanch kii, lekin kissy bhee vaigyaanik detta kii kamee key kaaran, inn bayanon koo vyaapak roop seey khariz curr diyaa gayaa.
apani pustak, "dha nuclear express" mein, lekhak thomas reed aur danny stillman ney yeh bhee aarop lagaaya haye kii chean key janvaadi ganarajya ney pakistan koo 1990 mein apane lope noor pareekshan sthal parr paramanu hathiyar visfot karane kii anumati dee thee, pakistan dwara apana pahala aadhikarik hathiyar pareekshan karane seey aathh saal pahale.
halanki, varishth vaigyaanik abdul kadir khaan ney maee 1998 mein daave koo dridhata seey khariz curr diyaa. khaan key anusaar, isaki samvedansheelta key kaaran, koee bhee desh kissy anya desh koo upkaranon koo visfot karane key liye apane pareekshan sthal kaa upayog karane kii anumati naheen detaa haye. 1958 key us-yuke parasparik raksha samjhaute key baad seey kewal sanyukt raajya america aur united kingdam key beach aisaa samjhauta maujood thaa joe anya cheejon key alawa pareekshan key liye americi nevada rashtriya suraksha sthal taka britten kii pahunch kii anumati detaa haye. dow. ack anya varishth vaigyaanik samaar mubarakmand ney bhee dow. khaan key bayaan aur sweekaar kiya kii sheet pareekshan, kodnam "kirana-aaee" key tahat, ack pareekshan sthal mein kiye gaye they, jise engineeron key core dwara peck key margadarshan mein banaaya gayaa thaa.
isake alawa, britten ney 1950 key dashak mein australia mein paramanu pareekshan kiye.
roose.
14 navambar, 2014 key yekaterinburg fireball parr kuchh logon dwara antariksh mein ack paramanu pareekshan honey kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa haye, jiska pataa ctbto dwara naheen lagaaya gayaa hoga kyonki ctbto key paas antariksh paramanu parikshanon kii nigrani karane key swaayatt tareeke naheen hain (i.ee. upgrah) aur iss prakaar jaankaari parr nirbhar kartaa haye joe sadasya raajya pradaan karane key liye sweekaar karenge. vayu/missile raksha key vishay parr yekaterinburg mein ack sammelan seey kuchh dinn pahale aag kaa golaa huaa. haalaanki, pushti vivaadit haye kyonki russie aapaatkaaleen sthitiyon key mantralaya ney daavaa kiya kii yeh ack "jamini" visfot thaa. "cyberian samay", ack sthaaniya samachar patra ney nott kiya kii "prakaash key saath koee dhwani naheen thee.
vella ghatana.
vella ghatana ack agyaat "double flashes" prakaash kii thee jiska pataa aanshik roop seey karyatmak, sevamukt americi vella upgrah dwara 22 sitambar, 1979 koo bhaaratiya mahasagar mein (antarctica seey door prince edward dweepon key paas) lagaaya gayaa thaa. jinn sensors ney paramanu pareekshan kaa pramaan darj kiya hoe sakata thaa, way iss upgrah parr kaam naheen curr rahey they. yeh sambhav haye kii yeh ack paramanu upkaran dwara utpaadit kiya gayaa thaa. yadi yeh flashes detection vaastav mein ack paramanu pareekshan thaa, tou tatkalin americi rashtrapati jimmi carter kii diarry mein ack lokpriya siddhant pasand kiya gayaa thaa, kii yeh ack unnat atyadhik laghu israeli topkhaane key aakar key upkaran key dakshin african aur israel paramanu pareekshan key parinamswarup huaa thaa, joe ack toofaan key baadal aavaran mein ack break key kaaran upgrah optical sensor dwara anajaane mein pataa lagaaya jaa sakata thaa. dakshin african paramanu karyakram key vishleshan seey baad mein pataa chalaa kii 340 kilogram seey adhik vajan vaale kewal chhah kathor aur bhaari design banaae gaye they jaba unhone antatah apane paramanu shastragar koo ghoshit aur nirastra curr diyaa. paramanu hathiyar laghuchitran key agrani taid teller dwara vishleshan kiye gaye 1986 key vanunu risaav ney prastut kiye gaye saakshyon mein bahut parishkrit laghuchitran israeli designs kaa khulasa kiya. france key apane karguelan dweep kshetra key paas ack neutron bumm kaa pareekshan karane, soviyat sangh dwara ack nishiddh vayumandaliya pareekshan karane key saath-saath bhaarat yaa pakistan dwara praarambhik hathiyarband paramanu bamon key avadharana parikshanon kaa praarambhik pramaan karane kaa bhee sandeh thaa.
rockets parr jeevit yuddh-hathiyaron kaa pareekshan.
misaailon aur paramanu hathiyaron kaa aamtaur parr alag seey pareekshan kiya jaataa haye kyonki unakaa ack saath pareekshan karna atyadhik khatarnak maanaa jaataa haye; way nishchit roop seey sabse charam prakaar key jeevit agni abhyaas hain. ack parichaalan missile kaa ekmatra yuu. aiss. live pareekshan nimnalikhit thaah
america dwara rockett dwara vitarit paramanu visfotak key saath anya pratyaksh parikshanon mein shamil hainh
sanyukt raajya america ney paramanu topkhaane seey judey dou jeevit hathiyaron kaa pareekshan bhee kiya, jinamen shamil hainh
america ney ack missile launch kiye gaye paramanu gaharaai charge seey judey ack jeevit hathiyaron kaa pareekshan bhee kiyaah
soviyat sangh ney 1960 key dashak mein ack sthaaniyakrit anty-ballistic missile pranali key vikas key hisse key roop mein rockets parr paramanu visfotakon kaa pareekshan kiya. rockett dwara vitarit yuddhastron key saath kuchh soviyat paramanu parikshanon mein shamil hainh
soviyat sangh ney teen jeevit paramanu tarpedo pareekshan bhee kiye jinamen shamil hainh
chean key janvaadi ganarajya ney 25 octuber, 1966 koo dongfeng-2 rockett prakshepan key saath chick-4 kaa sanchaalan kiya. warhead mein 12 kilo tunn kii upaj key saath visfot huaa.
sabse shaktishali pareekshan.
nimnalikhit sabse shaktishali paramanu hathiyar parikshanon kii soochi haye. pahale chart parr sabhi pareekshan bahu-charaniya thermonuclear hathiyar they.