peater kagwanja

peater kagwanja (janm 8 agast, 1963 koo murang county, madhya kenya mein) ack kenya key buddhijivi, salaahkaar, sudhaar rannitikar aur shasson, suraksha aur african mamalon parr neeti vichaarak hain. 1990 key dashak kii shuruat seey, kagwanja media mein apane shodh aur lekhan key madhyam seey kenya key loktantra samarthak andolan seey judey they, aur vishvavidyalaya key akaadamik karmchari sangh (yuu. aeye. aiss. yuu.) key sansthapakon mein seey ack they. dakshin africa mein ack pravaasi key roop mein (2003-2008), vaha una visheshagyon kii team mein they jinhone gahan neetigat prakriyaon koo takniki samarthan pradaan kiya, jisake kaaran african sangh (aeye. yuu.) aur isaki shaanti aur suraksha sanrachana kaa nirmaan huaa. jaba kenya kaa vipaksh satta mein aaya, tou kagwanja usa takniki dall kaa hissa bunn gayaa jisane 21veen sadee kii chunautiyon key liye desh kii videsh neeti aur ranneeti koo phir seey taiyar kiya aur phir seey taiyar kiya. way 2008 key baad key sudhaar agende aur ranneeti parr sarkari salaahkaar baney; kenya key nae samvidhaan key liye isake safal abhiyaan kaa prabandhan kiya aur kibaki key baad key adesh mein sankraman kii disha mein ranneetik soch pradaan kii. kagwanja ack saarvajanik buddhijivi hain jinhone kaee lekh aur kitaaben likhi hain, jinamen "kenya kaa anishchit loktantrah 2008 kaa chunavi sankat" landanah rutleys (2010) shamil haye."
praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha.
peater kagwanja kaa janm 8 agast, 1963 koo madhya kenya mein muranga county key kangema division key rwathia sthaan key kenyanjeru gaanv mein huaa thaa. unake maataa-pitaa nairobi seey 89 kilometres uttar mein maragua shahar chaley gaye, jahan unhone kirogo maadhyamik vidyalaya aur kangaru uchch vidyalaya mein jaane seey pahale kianjiru-inee praathamik vidyalaya mein padhaai kii. kagwanja ney kenyata vishvavidyalaya seey snaatak shiksha (itihas, rajneeti aur darshan mein) aur master off arts kii degree praapt kii. unake master thesis, jisane africa (kodriya) mein samajik anusandhaan key vikas key liye parishad seey anudan praapt kiya, ney kenya key swatantrata sangram mein paine-african trade union andolan kii bhoomika kii jaanch kii. kagwanja ney arbana-shampen mein ilinois vishvavidyalaya mein adhyayan karane key liye poorna adhyetaavritti jeeti, jahan unhone itihas, rajneeti aur antarrashtriya kaanoon mein visheshagyata praapt karate hue doctorate kii degree praapt kii.
akaadamik carrier.
kagwanja ney apane shaikshanik jeevan kii shuruat itihas vibhaag aur sarkaar, kenyata vishvavidyalaya mein snaatak sahayak key roop mein 1989-1991 antaral mein kii. 1992 aur 1998 key beach, unhone moee vishvavidyalaya mein itihas aur rajneeti vigyaan mein vyakhyan diyaa, jahan unhone vishvavidyalaya key sharanarthi adhyayan kendra key saath ack shodhkarta key roop mein bhee kaam kiya. yahaan rahate hue, vaha 1993 mein vishvavidyalaya akaadamik karmchari sangh (yuu. aeye. aiss. yuu.) key sansthaapak sadasya baney aur prasiddh kenya itihaaskaar, professor bethwell ellen ogot kii adhyakshata mein kenya (1994-1998) key aitihaasik sangh key mahasachiv key roop mein bhee kaary kiya. 2002-2003 mein, kagwanja ney arbana-shampen mein ilinois vishvavidyalaya mein african adhyayan kendra mein ack saathi key roop mein kaary kiya, jahan unhone vishva sabhyata aur aadhunik african itihas padhaane mein bhee madad kii. 2003 mein apani phd poori karane key baad, kagwanja koo ilinois mein itihas vibhaag mein sahayak professor key roop mein ack shikshan pada kii peshkash kii gaee. haalaanki, way dakshin africa chaley gaye, jahan unhone vibhinn shodh aur neeti vicharakon aur vishvavidyalayon key saath kaam kiya. kagwanja ney rajneeti vigyaan vibhaag, pretoria vishvavidyalaya (2004-2008) mein shodh sahayogi key roop mein kaary kiya. unhone raajneetik aur antarrashtriya adhyayan vibhaag, roads vishvavidyalaya, dakshin africa (2008-2010) mein african kootneeti key visiting professor aur vishvavidyalaya key saath baahari pareekshak key roop mein bhee kaary kiya. way pretoria mein dakshin african rashtriya raksha mahavidyalaya (sanduck) mein niyamit roop seey atithi vyakhyata bhee they. iss beach, 2002 aur 2008 key beach, vaha oxford vishvavidyalaya (yuke), leiden vishvavidyalaya, neatherlands (2002) mein african adhyayan kendra, upsala, sweeden mein african adhyayan kendra mein ack niyamit visiting scholar they aur kshetriya sangharsh sanrachanaon parr ack bahurashtriya pariyojana parr antarrashtriya sahyog kendra, newyork vishvavidyalaya key saath ack shodhkarta they. kagwanja apane african ranneetik adhyayan kendra (acss) key madhyam seey sanyukt raajya america key rashtriya raksha vishvavidyalaya (aine. dee. yuu.) key karyakramon mein niyamit roop seey shamil rhaa haye, jisamen "africa mein shaanti sthaapana mein sudhaar" (2013) aur "africa mein jall aur suraksha" parr bahurashtriya kaary samooh shamil haye. 2014 seey, unhone nairobi vishvavidyalaya aur rashtriya raksha mahavidyalaya, kenya mein kootneeti aur antarrashtriya adhyayan sansthaan mein snatkottar aur doctorate pariyojanaon koo padhaaya aur unakaa paryavekshan kiya haye.
loktantra samarthak sakriyata.
1991 mein, jaise-jaise kenya key loktantra samarthak andolan ney gati pakadi, kagwanja "yuva turkon" kii bauddhik shakha kii kattarpanthi sakriyata seey judaa huaa thaa, jisamen gitobu imanyara, peater anyang nyong 'oh, paul muit, james orengo, kiraitu murangi, villie mutunga, gitu muigai, anya shamil they. ack vishvavidyalaya key chhaatr aur baad mein vyakhyata key roop mein, kagwanja ney "dainik rashtra", "samaaj", "vittiya sameeksha" aur "nairobi kaanoon masik" mein raajneetik lekh prakaashit kiye, jinake tatkalin pradhaan sampaadak, gitobu imanyara, loktaantrik parivartan key liye ack aadhikarik aavaaj bunn gaye. aprail 1993 mein, kagwanja ack sansthaapak sadasya vishvavidyalaya shaikshanik karmchari sangh (yuu. aeye. aiss. yuu.) aur apani rashtriya samiti mein moee vishvavidyalaya key pratinidhi they. yusu vishvavidyalaya karmchari sangh (yuu. aiss. yuu.) kaa uttaradhikari thaa jise 1979 mein pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. kenya key saarvajanik vishvavidyalayon key vyakhyataon dwara yusu kii 1993-1994 rashtravyapi hadtaal key baad, kagwanja koo navambar 1993 mein korwa adaar (adhyaksh) aur kilemi mviriya (mahasachiv) sahit anya yusu netaaon key saath vyakhyata key roop mein barkhast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
bauddhik sakriyata.
vishvavidyalayon mein yuu. aeye. aiss. yuu. parr teevra sarkari pratibandh ney kagwanja aur anya shikshaavidon koo africa key navjat nagrik samaaj aur vicharakon key tatvavdhan mein bauddhik sakriyata mein gaharaai seey dhakel diyaa. way kenya manvadhikar aayog (key. aar. see.), kenya key aitihaasik sangathan aur africa mein aarthik aur samajik anusandhaan key vikas key liye parishad (kodriya) kii gatividhiyon mein gaharaai seey shamil hoe gaye. inn bauddhik sthaanon key bheetar, kagwanja ney africa mein raajneetik hinsa, raashtravaad, pehchaan kii rajneeti, loktantra, vaishvikaran aur nagrikta parr chhatravritti mein yogdan diyaa.
shodh aur chhatravritti.
1996-2002 mein, kagwanja kenya manvadhikar aayog (khrc) key saath ack shodh sahayogi they, joe dow. villie mutunga key tahat kaam curr rahey they, jahan unhone raajneetik hinsa key mukhya binduon parr tathya-khoj mission shuru kiye aur "vote kii hatyaa aur loktantra parr chhaapa maarne" jaisi mahatvapurna report prakaashit kii."dakshin africa mein ack aapravaasi key roop mein (2003-2008), kagwanja surakshit africa mein varishth shodhkarta they, joe ack pretoria-adharit think tank thaa joe una prakriyaon mein kendriya roop seey shamil thaa joe african sangh shaanti aur suraksha vastukala kii sthaapana key liye netritva karati thee. vaha antarrashtriya sankat samooh kii dakshini africa pariyojana (2004-2007) key nideshak baney. 2007 mein kagwanja loktantra aur shasson karyakram mein anusandhaan nideshak key roop mein maanav vigyaan anusandhaan parishad dakshin africa (aich. aiss. aar. see.) mein shamil hue. isake turant baad way karyakari nideshak baney, professor addam habib kii jagah lii, joe upa-kulpati key roop mein johannesburg vishvavidyalaya chaley gaye. way aich. aiss. aar. see. key pramukh prakaashan key mukhya sampaadak bhee baney, jisamen "state off dha nation" shrinkhala bhee shamil haye, jise pahale professor roser southall dwara sampaadit kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone loktantra aur shasson karyakram mein karyakari nideshak key roop mein bhee kaary kiya thaa. kagwanja ney "africa inn phocus" shrinkhala bhee shuru kii, joe africa mein pramukh vikas koo samarpit aich. aiss. aar. see. kaa ack prakaashan haye.
kagwanja ney africa neeti sansthaan (api) kii sthaapana key liye anya akhil african buddhijiviyon key saath sahyog kiya. 2008 mein, kagwanja ney kenya shasson sansthaan kii sthaapana mein madad kii aur isake parishad sadasya key roop mein kaary kiya. kagwanja ney african mamalon parr pramukh patrikaon key salaahkaar mandal mein bhee kaam kiya, jisamen "african chunaavon kii patrika" aur "african mamalon" shamil hain. 2003 aur 2007 key beach, kagwanja africa key visheshagyon kaa hissa they jinhone gahan neetigat prakriyaon koo takniki sahaayata pradaan kii, jisake kaaran african ekataa (oh. oh. yuu.) key sangathan koo african sangh (aeye. yuu.) aur isake vibhinn angon mein parivartit kiya gayaa, jisamen africa key vikas key liye naee saajhedaari (nepad) shamil haye. unhone shasson, shaanti aur suraksha key muddon parr african sangh aur usake kshetriya aarthik samudaayon koo anusandhaan aur takniki sahaayata pradaan karna jaari rakhaa haye. 2006-2011 mein, vaha purvi aur dakshini africa (kaama) key liye samanya bajar dwara isaki "yuddh arthavyavastha pariyojana" parr kaam karane aur isaki sangharsh roktham, prabandhan aur samadhan ranneeti taiyar karane key liye ekatra visheshagyon kii ack team kaa hissa they. way africa mein sanyukt rashtra kii vaishvik aatankvaad-rodhi ranneeti key karyanvayan parr anusandhaan aur neetigat samvaadon mein bhee shamil they.
ullekhaniya tark.
yuva aur peedhigat rajneeti.
kagwanja 2003 aur 2007 key beach lekhon aur pustak adhyaayon kii ack shrinkhala key roop mein prakaashit yuva aur peedhigat rajneeti parr apane kaam key liye jaane jaate hain. unakaa shodh ack samajik andolan seey mungiki yuva samooh key parivartan parr prakaash daaltaa haye joe 1980 key dashak mein kenya key pracheen graameen hisson mein ack-pakshiya adhinayakvad key khilaf badey rashtriya pratirodh key hisse key roop mein shahari parivesh mein pravesh karane parr ack hinsak charampanthi aur aaparaadhik giroh key roop mein ubhara thaa. uhuru koo shakti", 2006 key ack lekh mein kagwanja ney tark diyaa kii mungiki ney peedhiyon mein satta hastaantaran kii gikuyu paaramparik pranali parr adharit peedhigat rajneeti key ack brand koo lokpriya banaaya, jise pratirodh key ack muhaware key roop mein "itvika" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe puraane raajneetik varg seey "uhuru" (swatantrata) peedhi mein rakshak key parivartan parr jore detaa haye. mungiki kii peedhi kii rajneeti 2002 key aam chunaavon key dauran yuvaaon koo satta dene mein whiffle rahee, jisase isake kuchh tatvon koo hinsak charampanthi ranneetiyon kii or rukh karane key liye majboor honah padaa. mungiki kathit taur parr 2008 key chunaav key baad kii hinsa mein dikhaai dee, lekin kagwanja kaa tark haye kii moee key baad key yug mein faili hinsa key sandarbh mein, mungiki ney sangathanaatmak sanrachana aur kamaan kii shrinkhala key saath ack gyaat ekjut yuva andolan kii tulanaa mein raajneetik aur aarthik shakti key dayare mein 'kikuyu' yuvaaon koo adhik sandarbhit kiya thaa. sitambar 2011 mein, hegg-adharit antarrashtriya aaparaadhik adalat (aaee. see. see.) mein aaropon kii sunavaai kii pushti key dauran, adalat key mukhya abhiyojak, luce moreno ocampo ney uhuru kenyatta aur mungiki key beach ack kadee banaane key liye kagwanja key lekhon mein seey ack kaa ahwan kiya. 29 sitambar, 2011 koo ack press bayaan mein, kagwanja ney abhiyojak dwara apane shodh key anaitik, hinsak aur laparwahi key roop mein upayog koo khariz curr diyaa.
"kenya kaa 2008 kaa sankatah adaalaten yaa arajakta?".
25 janwari, 2008 koo kagwanja ney "kenya key gatirodh koo todanaah arajakta yaa adaalaten?" sheershak seey ack vyaapak roop seey padhee jaane vaali report prakaashit kii.", jisane 2008 key chunaav key baad kii hinsa mein dalon seey sankat koo taalane key liye adalaton mein lautane kaa ahwan kiya. "unhone kahaa, "kenya koo tatkaal isaki adalaton key liye aage badhane key raaste mein khud koo ghoshit karane kaa ack mauka chaahiye. kagwanja ney sarkaar aur sattaaroodh rashtriya ekataa dall (pee. aine. yuu.) seey anya rashtramandal deshon seey tatasth nyayadhishon koo aamantrit karane parr vichaar karane kaa ahwan kiya taaki aavashyak tatasthata pradaan kii jaa sakey aur adalaton mein vivaad key liye pakshon kaa vishvaas bahaal kiya jaa sakey. sanyukt rashtra sangh key poorv mahasachiv, kofi annan kii adhyakshata mein pratishthit african hastiyon key african sangh panel key madhyasthata prayason key madhyam seey, pratidvandi dalon ney aprail 2008 mein rashtriya samjhaute aur sulah adhiniyam parr hastakshar kiye, jisase sankat samaapt huaa. 2010 mein, kagwanja ney kenya kii sthirata kii sthiti kaa vishleshan ack saha-sampaadit pustak mein kiya jiska sheershak thaah "kenya kaa anishchit loktantrah 2008 kaa chunavi sankat", jisamen unhone tark diyaa kii halanki rashtrapati mavaai kibaki aur vipakshi netaa, rella odinga key beach ack satta-sajhakaran sauda hoe rhaa thaa, lekin belam key baad kenya teji seey duniya key badhati loktantron kaa hissa bunn gayaa thaa.
sarkari salaahkaar.
videsh neeti mein sudhaar.
2004-2005 mein, kagwanja dakshin africa mein kenya mission key madhyam seey kaam karane vaale visheshagyon kii ack team kaa hissa they, jisane dakshin sudan key saath kenya kii sagaai ranneeti parr vichaar utpann kiya. aaee. dee. 1 mein, vaha videsh mantralaya key bheetar adhikaariyon aur visheshagyon kii ack team mein shamil hoe gaye, jisane kenya key pahale aadhikarik videsh neeti dastavej aur ranneeti kaa masauda taiyar kiya aur mantralaya key videsh seva sansthaan (aff. aiss. aaee.) kii sthaapana mein madad kii. 2007 aur 2008 mein, unhone nava niyukt rajdooton koo shamil karane aur kenya key badhate rajanyik dall mein shamil honey vaale yuva cadets key pahale cadder koo prashikshit karane mein madad kii.
nae samvidhaan mein bhoomika.
navambar 2007 mein, dakshin africa mein rahate hue, kagwanja party off national unity (pee. aine. yuu.) kii ranneeti dall mein shamil hoe gaye. agast 2008 mein, rashtriya samjhaute aur sulah adhiniyam parr hastakshar karane aur satta saajha karane vaali sarkaar kii shuruat key baad, kagwanja shasson aur ranneeti parr salaahkaar key roop mein rashtrapati mavaai kibaki kii sarkaar mein shamil hoe gaye. 17 navambar 2009 koo samvidhaan sameeksha (see. oh. ee.) parr visheshagyon kii samiti dwara kenya masaude key vivadaspad samvidhaan koo jaari karane key baad, kagwanja usa sarkari dall kaa hissa they jisane nae samvidhaan key liye baatchit kii thee. unhone vyaapak roop seey likhaa, donon (rashtrapati aur pradhaan mantri) key bajaay karyakari shakti key ack kendra kaa ahwan kiya, joe shakti-sajhakaran shasson kii visheshta haye aur montesque key vibhinn hathiyaron key beach shakti key vibhajan key siddhant key saath majboot niyantran aur santulan key saath ack americi shally kii rashtrapati pranali key liye bahas kartaa haye. hastaantaran parr, kagwanja ney 'vikasatmak hastaantaran' key vichaar key aadhar parr dou-stariya sarkaar kaa prastaav rakhaa.yeh soch kaafee hudd taka amartya kumar saine kii shodh prabandhah swatantrata key roop mein vikas seey prerit thee, joe jamini star koo sashakt banaane kii ack nichale star kii ranneeti key roop mein vitarit sanrachanaon koo sansadhanon key hastaantaran parr jore detee haye.
23 janwari 2010 koo villie mutunga key saath saha-likhit ack pahale key lekh key aadhar parr, kagwanja ney vibhajankari kenya-shally key jaatiya sanghwad (magimboism) key vikalp key roop mein vikasatmak hastaantaran kaa ack majboot bachaav kiya, jise desh key kuchh hisson mein janjaatiya hinsa key liye vyaapak roop seey doshi thaharaaya gayaa. janwari 2010 mein, kagwanja ney pee. aine. yuu. think tank kaa netritva kiya, jisane jheel key kinare sthit shahar naivasha mein sansadiya chayan samiti (pee. aiss. see.) dwara jalvibhaajak samvaidhaanik vaapsee key dauran sarkari vartakaron koo takniki samarthan pradaan kiya. kenya ney 1963 mein britten seey viraasat mein millie sansadiya pranali koo chhod diyaa aur dou-kaksh vaali sansad, ack sudhaar nyaypalika aur 47 county seey yukt ack vikendrikrit sarkaar dwara jaanch kii gaee americi shally kii shuddh rashtrapati sarkaar pranali koo apanaaya. 11 maee 2010 koo, pradhaan mantri rella odinga key paramarsh key baad, rashtrapati kibaki ney kagwanja koo 4 agast, 2010 key janmat sangrah key dauran kenya key nae samvidhaan key liye abhiyaan kaa prabandhan karane vaali bhavya gathbandhan sarkaar key sanyukt rashtriya sachivalaya key saha-nideshak key roop mein niyukt kiya. lagbhag 70 pratishat lokpriya vote jeetane key baad, 27 agast 2010 koo samvidhaan ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. isase kenya key dusare ganarajya kii shuruat hui.
media mein prakaashit.
2013 seey, kagwanja ney kaee muddon parr "ravivaar rashtra" key saath ack niyamit collum prakaashit kiya haye. vaha "purvi african" koo vishleshanatmak reports mein bhee yogdan detaa haye. 2009-2010 mein samvaidhaanik bahas parr unake media lekhon koo "kenya kii shaant kraantih" "nae samvidhaan kaa nirmaan" (2016) key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa haye. 2013-2014 avadhi mein prakaashit media lekhon koo ack pustak mein sankalit kiya gayaa thaa jiska sheershak thaah "rashtra parr nazar, kenya 2014: loktantra kii pariksha aur vijay (2015)."apane likhit kaary key alawa, kagwanja niyamit roop seey bbc, cnn, voa, all-jazira aur dakshin african prasaran nigam (sbc), see. see. tii. vee., nagrik tv aur rashtra tv koo saamyik muddon parr vishleshan pradaan karate hain.

