
robbert losson (vastukar)

robbert arther losson (1 janwari 1833-3 disambar 1902) newzealand key 19veen shatabdi key pramukh vastukaron mein seey ack they. yeh kahaa gayaa haye kii unhone dunedine shahar key victorian yug kii vastukala key chehare koo aakar dene key liye kissy bhee anya designer kii tulanaa mein adhik kiya. vaha chaalees seey adhik churchon key vastukar hain, jinamen dunedine kaa pahala church bhee shamil haye, jisake liye unhein sabse achchi tarah seey yaad kiya jaataa haye, lekin anya imaaraten bhee, jaise kii larnac mahal, ack graameen ghar, jisake saath way bhee judey hue hain.
newberg, fife, scotland mein janme, way 1854 mein australia chaley gaye aur phir 1862 mein newzealand chaley gaye. 69 varsh kii ayu mein newzealand key canterbury mein unakaa nidhan hoe gayaa. losson koo gothik punruddhar aur vastukala kii shaastriya shailiyon donon mein unake kaam key liye saraha jaataa haye. vaha vipul thaa, aur jabaki alag-alag imaaraten scotland aur australia mein bunny hui hain, yeh dunedine kshetra mein haye jahan abb adhikansh jeevit udaaharan paae jaa sakate hain.
aaj unhein apane god liye hue desh mein bahut sammaan diyaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, unaki mrityu key samay unaki pratishtha usa samay newzealand kii sabse badee imarat, unake secliffe pagal sharan key aanshik patan key baad cumm hoe gaee thee. 1900 mein, apani mrityu seey kuchh samay pahale, vaha apane naam koo phir seey sthaapit karane key liye ack swa-adhiropit, duss saal key nirvaasan seey newzealand laut aae, lekin unake achaanak nidhan ney unaki pratishtha key poorna punarvaas koo roque diyaa. mahaan prashansakon ney unake jivankal mein unhein aswikar curr diyaa kii unaki mrityu key lagbhag ack shatabdi baad taka naheen aanaa thaa, jaba victorian vastukala key gaurav koo phir seey pahachaana aur saraha jaane lagaa.
praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha.
losson kaa janm 1 janwari 1833 koo 49 hogs place, ebahil mein newberg, fife, scotland key paas abby key parrish mein grange off lindors key gaanv mein huaa thaa. vaha margaret (nee arther) aur james losson, ack badhai aur aaraa miller kii chauthi santan thee.
yuva losson ney abby parrish school mein shiksha praapt kii thee.
carrier.
losson ney vastukala mein ruchi dikhaai hogi yaa chitrakaari mein vaadaa kiya hoga kyonki vaha 15 saal kii umr mein vastukar aur hayton snr key liye spasht thaa. hayton aur hayton kaa parth (scotland) mein. thode samay key baad unhein james gillespie graham key paas sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa aur unhone edinberg mein ack pramukh vastukar key roop mein apani prashikshuta poori kii. graham key saath unhone apani schooly shiksha koo "trusty akadami" mein aage badhaaya. losson ney taba johnn lessel key saath ack sahayak vastukar key roop mein kaam kiya, jahan unhein ack college aur dou haveli key design kaa shreya diyaa gayaa.
australia.
21 saal kii umr mein, losson kewal melburn mein rahane vaale bhaai key ack dost key parichay patra key saath sashastr thaa, vaha 15 julaai 1854 koo jahaaj "tongtabu" parr savaar huaa, usee varsh 1 navambar koo shahar mein pahuncha. australia mein anya nae aagmankartaon kii tarah, unhone agale dou varshon mein vibhinn swarn kshetron mein kaee nae vyavsaayon kii koshish kii, antatah staglitz shahar mein basane seey pahale soney kii khudai kii koshish kii, jahaan soney key khanan gatividhiyon mein shamil rahane key saath-saath way melburn samachar patra dha argus key agent bunn gaye aur jinake liye yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii unhone isake sthaaniya samvaadaata key roop mein bhee kaam kiya. iss avadhi key dauran unhone kabhi-kabhi vastukala kii or haath badhaaya, muft church school aur 1858 mein ack catholic school kii rachana kii. vaha mulyankan aur saajha broking mein bhee shamil they. 1859 taka way staglitz prospecting aind mining company key sachiv they aur phir 1861 key anta taka isake prabandh nideshak they. jaba losson koo soney kii bheed mein safalata kii cumm sambhavana kaa ehsas huaa aur 1861 key anta taka vastukala mein purnakaalik currier phir seey shuru karane key iraade seey melburn chaley gaye they.
1861 mein, pahali otago gold rush ney dakshini newzealand mein logon kii aamad laaee, jisamen pravasiyon kii ack naee peedhi bhee shamil thee. kshetra kii pramukh basti kii teji seey badhati aabaadi kii seva key liye, otago key presbytery key descon key darbar key 13 saal puraane shahar dunedine ney faisala kiya kii abb ack sthaayi presbyterian church banaane kaa samay thaa joe isake pramukh pooja sthal key roop mein kaam karega.
janwari 1862 mein unhone ack upayukt design kaa chayan karane key liye £50 key puraskar key saath ack pratiyogita kii ghoshana kii joe pahala church banane vaalaa thaa. losson ney yaa tou apane chhote bhaai johnn losson seey pratiyogita key baare mein sunaa joe pahale seey hii otago mein pravaas curr chuke they yaa otago dainik samay kii ack prati key madhyam seey melburn key liye apana raasta khoj liya thaa. unhone pratiyogita mein pravesh karane kaa faisala kiya aur 15 march 1862 kii antim tithi taka melburn seey "presbyterian" key chhadm naam key tahat ack chitra prastut karane mein saksham they. yadi yeh chhadm naam presbyterian nyayadhishon kii nazar pakadane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, tou ise achchi tarah seey chunaa gayaa thaah unakaa design safal rhaa thaa.
newzealand mein pravaas.
pahale church losson koo design karane key liye commission jeetane key parinamswarup 1862 mein dunedine mein jaane aur ack vaastushilp abhyaas kholane mein saksham thaa. pahale church key nirmaan key dauran losson ney anya churchon, saarvajanik bhavanon aur aspas key gharon koo design karane key liye praapt commission key saath apane abhyaas kaa nirmaan kiya.
1870 aur 1880 key dashak key dauran dunedine kaafee hudd taka soney key khanan seey utpann dhana key kaaran newzealand mein pramukh vaanijyik kendra bunn gayaa. yeh badale mein nirmaan kii jaa rahee naee imaraton kii sankhya mein parilakshit huaa. inn aayogon ney yeh sunishchit kiya kii vishesh roop seey 1870 kaa dashak losson key liye sabse adhik utpaadak thaa. yeh unake kharaab swaasthya seey peedit honey key bavjood thaa, jisake liye unhein 1873 mein aur baad mein 1874 mein melburn mein dou maheene bitaane padey.
kyonki unake paas kaam key bojh koo saajha karane key liye koee bhagidar naheen thaa, unake abhyaas mein thomas forrester, persey doubleu sahit kaee yuva vastukaron koo niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. laing aur james-luis salmond (1888 seey) jinhone baad mein apani prathaon koo sthaapit kiya. aisaa koee record naheen haye kii losson ney 1889 mein christchurch vastukar thomas lambert key saath ack sankshipt sambandh taka kissy bhee saajhedaari mein pravesh kiya thaa. 1876 mein losson sivil engineeron aur vastukaron key dunedine sansthaan key gathan mein shamil thaa, jiska uddeshya otago praantiya parishad key karmchaariyon seey pratispardha kaa mukabala karna thaa, antatah 1880 key dashak kii shuruat taka astitva seey baahar hoe gayaa.
1870 key dashak key anta taka soney key kheton dwara kharidi gaee uchhaal aur phir vogel saarvajanik kaary yojana ney ack gambhir aarthik mandee (1878 mein glassgo key shahar key baink key patan seey utpann) mein pravesh kiya joe 1890 key dashak kii shuruat mein chalaa aur jise "lambe avasaad" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. sardiyon mein kathinaaee aur sankat dikhaai dene lagaa aur loga vishesh roop seey australia jaane lagey, jahan 1880 key dashak mein melburn mein teji aaee. dunedine thaharaav mein aaney lagaa jisake kaaran losson key commission vaanijyik aur audyogik grahakon seey mukhya roop seey aavaasiya mein badal gaye. haalaanki kaee mahatvapurna aayog they, jinamen gor (1881), kaihaki, riversdale (1881), martin aur watson (1882) key liye ack karyalaya bhawan shamil they. otago ladke key uchch vidyalaya key liye ack pratishthit aayog thaa, jiska nirmaan julaai 1882 mein shuru huaa thaa.
unake saathi bhee unake dunedine adharit pratidvandi david rose key saath-saath invercargill mein fredrick barel key saath kaam kii kamee seey prabhaavit they, donon australia key liye ravaana hue they.
secliffe pagal sharan.
 
1875 mein otago praantiya parishad ney dunedine seey 25 kimmy door secliffe mein maujooda sarkari aarakshit kshetra key saath otago ladakon key uchch vidyalaya key sthaan parr maujooda dunedine pagal sharan koo badalane kaa faisala kiya. ack baar jaba 1876 mein parishad koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, tou parisar kii jimmedaari saarvajanik kaary vibhaag koo saunp dee gaee thee, jisaki neeti thee kii kissy bhee imarat key liye ack niji vastukar koo niyukt kiya jaanaa chaahiye. tadnusar secliffe key sambandh mein, villium blair, joe madhya dweep (dakshin dweep) key prabhaari engineer they, ney saarvajanik kaary mantri key saath sanchaar kiya, jinhone unhein losson key saath samvaad karane key liye adhikrit kiya. blair nox church key liye bhawan samiti key adhyaksh they aur losson key liye usa imarat aur baad mein otago ladakon key uchch vidyalaya donon key design koo praapt karane mein prabhaavshaali rahey they. blair aur losson key beach ack baithak key baad, vastukar seey aupchaarik roop seey kaam karane key liye patra dwara anurodh kiya gayaa thaa, losson ney 17 julaai 1878 koo aayog koo sweekaar karate hue jawab diyaa. losson kaa iss tarah kii imarat koo design karane kaa ekmatra pichla anubhav 1860 key dashak mein dunedine paropkari sansthaan kaa thaa. losson ney imarat koo scotish baronell shally mein design karane kaa faisala kiya.
secliffe pagal sharan agale 50 varshon key liye newzealand kii sabse badee imarat key puuraa honey parr 500 rogiyon aur 50 karmchaariyon koo rakhane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. vastukala kii drishti seey, yeh unake sabse prafullit, asadharan aur sahsi losson thaah otago ladakon key hyee school kii tulanaa mein lagbhag gambhir aur sanyamit lagata haye. lagbhag harr koney seey corbles pariyojana parr burj; gable chhat line mein ack vishal meenar kaa prabhutva haye joe aage key burj aur ack shikhar key saath puuraa hotaa haye. imarat kaa aakar vyaapak roop seey ee aakar kaa thaa aur yeh vistrit roop seey lamba thaa. vaastav mein iss tarah seey banaaya gayaa mahaan meenar, kii kaidiyon koo dekhaa jaa sakey, aggar way bhaagne kaa prayaas karate hain, tou lagbhag lamba thaa.
baad mein iss design key baare mein kahaa gayaa kii "vijeta shayed apane pagal logon koo unake saath naheen rehna chaahte they, lekin unhein unhein bhavya roop seey rakhna pasand thaa.
sthaayi bhawan losson koo design karane key saath-saath naee sthaayi imarat key liye site key oopar saath purush rogiyon aur karmchaariyon koo samaayojit karane key liye ack asthaayi lakadi kii imarat bhee design kii gaee. sitambar 1879 mein site parr nirmaan shuru huaa aur jald hii yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii site key kuchh hisse asthir they, pahale asthaayi imarat key sthaan parr, sthaayi imarat key bheetar sanrachanaatmak samasyaaen julaai 1884 mein 78,000 pound kii laagat seey puuraa honey seey pahale hii prakat honey lageen. anta mein 1887 mein ack badaa bhuskhalan huaa jisane uttari hisse koo asurakshit banaa diyaa aur antatah ise lakadi kii imaraton dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. design key saath samasyaon koo abb nazarandaj naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa.
1945 mein meenar koo dhwast karane aur 1957 mein shesh sanrachana key saath imarat bigadati rahee.
1888 mein iss patan kii jaanch shuru kii gaee thee. farwari mein, yeh mahsoos karate hue kii vaha kanuni musibat mein hoe sakata haye, losson ney apana bachaav karane key liye vakeel koo anumati dene key liye jaanch key liye aavedan kiya. jaanch key dauran nirmaan mein shamil sabhi-jisamen thekedaar, lock nirmaan vibhaag key pramukh, pariyojana key kaary clerk aur khud losson shamil they-koo apani kshamata kaa samarthan karane key liye saboot dene key liye majboor kiya gayaa. 
ayukton ney nirmaan doshon key liye losson koo dosh diyaa aur uchit jall nikasi karyon parr jore naheen diyaa, lekin bhoovaigyaanik sarvekshan key nideshak dow james hector kii or seey jall nikasi kii samasyaon aur chetavaniyon seey nipatane key liye vastukar key baar-baar avedanon parr dhyaan naheen dene key liye lock nirmaan vibhaag parr bhee dosh lagaaya.
baad mein ack lokpriya galat dhaarana bunn gaee kii jaanch aayog ney apani report mein inn shabdon key naa aaney key bavjood losson koo "laparwahi aur aksham" paaya thaa. haalaanki yeye shabd pahali baar newzealand kii jeevani key shabdakosh mein dikhaai diye hain. 
secliffe jaanch aayog seey pahale, losson 26 maee 1887 koo wellington vastukar villium turnbull key liye "lokam tenance" key roop mein kaam karane key liye wellington mein sthanantarit hoe gaye they, jabaki way farwari 1887 seey disambar 1887 taka videsh yatra parr gaye they. losson key saath turnbull aur losson key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa sambandh, 12 maheenon key bheetar sthaayi roop seey lautane seey pahale dunedine mein samay-samay parr daura kartaa thaa. 
1880 key dashak key anta mein losson dwara shuru kii gaee pramukh pariyojanaon mein laurence presbyterian church (1886), tocomyro presbyterian church (1888) aur reed, clean aind koo (1889) key liye ack anaaj aur oona kii dukaan thee.
pahale church mein samasyaaen.
secliffe mein samasyaon key bavjood, vibhinn samachar patron mein aaee reports seey kaee logon ney aayog key nishkarsh seey asahamati jataai aur unake saathi nagrikon key beach losson kii pratishtha barkarar thee, halanki cumm hoe gaee thee. 1889 taka yeh spasht thaa kii kewal 16 saal puraane honey key bavjood pahale church kii divaaron parr namee key mudde they. 
natijatan, decan kii adalat ney losson koo paarit curr diyaa, joe satra key saath swaad seey baahar thaa aur christchurch vastukar thomas stoddart lambert koo niyukt kiya, jiska losson key saath ack sambandh thaa. lambert ney paaya kii una sthaanon parr patthar kaa kaam aparyaapt thaa jahaan paani pravesh karane kii anumati thee. shikharon aur gables key aspas chamak key kharaab anuprayog key kaaran paani bhee imarat mein pravesh karane mein saksham thaa. sabse mahatvapurna mudde chhat vaali lakadi paaee gaee jinhen uchit ventilation key binaa divaaron mein seal curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur oregan key honey key kaaran way parinamswarup sarh gaye they. 30 aur 40 key beach key karyabal dwara marammat key parinamswarup chaar maheene julaai 1890 taka 1,200 pound seey adhik kii laagat seey poore kiye gaye they.
choonki vaha aur unaki patni donon hii mandali key sadasya they aur losson otago aur southland key presbattery key ack bujurg they, isaliye unake sabse pratishthit commission kii inn viphaltaon ney atyadhik sharmanak mahsoos kiya hoga. jaba secliffe key muddon aur aarthik mandee key saath jodaa gayaa tou way unhein apane mamalon koo jaldi seey samaapt karane aur 8 maee 1890 koo melburn key liye ravaana honey key liye paryaapt they.
antim varsh.
apane jeevan kii antim avadhi mein losson shayed hii kabhi akele design kiya gayaa thaa. melburn mein ack baar, unhone vastukar fredrick gray key saath saajhedaari mein pravesh kiya. unhone milkar earlsbray holl, ascendon, victoria mein ack badey neoclassical ghar koo design kiya. abb kuchh visheshagyon dwara ise unake sabse mahaan karyon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye, halanki iska shreya saajhedaari koo diyaa jaanaa chaahiye. yeh socha gayaa haye kii shayed losson key aaney seey pahale ghar shuru hoe gayaa thaa, lekin vaha 8 maee 1890 koo dunedine seey chaley gaye, aur 16 agast 1890 koo neenv rakhee gaee, isaliye haveli koo niyukt karane aur design karane key liye paryaapt samay thaa. design kaa pramukh pahalu, lamba corinthian portico, vyaavhaarik roop seey omaru mein losson key kinaaron parr una logon key saath ack sateek milan haye, vishesh roop seey rashtriya baink kaa pediment anivarya roop seey yahaan dohraya jaataa haye. aksar ack yunani mandir key samaan kahaa jaataa haye, ack bolled double-oonchaai corinthian stambhit portico kii vastukala yunani punruddhar seey praapt hoti haye; ghar key chaaron or teen taraf lapetna, aur ack baramade koo shamil karna, americi gahare dakshin key vrikshaaropan gharon kii yaad dilaata haye. malik collier mccrain key nirmaan kii laagat £35,000 thee; baad mein ise 1911 mein kewal £6000 mein becha gayaa. losson key mailborne varshon seey jeevit rahane vaali vaanijyik imaraton mein fitzroy mein moran aur cato godam aur parkville mein college church shamil hain, joe 1897 mein puuraa huaa thaa.
1900 mein, 67 varsh kii ayu mein, losson newzealand seey apane duss saal key lambe swa-nirvaasan seey baahar aae aur dunedine laut aae. yahaan unhone apane poorv chhaatr jey key saath abhyaas mein pravesh kiya.luis salmond. unake sanyukt naamon key tahat kaee vaanijyik aur aavaasiya bhawan banaae gaye they, jinamen 367 hyee street parr watson shennan key liye banaaya gayaa "threave" key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa eent kaa ghar bhee shamil thaa. yeh losson kii antim kritiyon mein seey ack haye. threave mein vishesh roop seey gothik shally mein alankrit nakkashidar baramade hain, lekin aaj yeh vastukala kii tulanaa mein apane bageechon key liye behtar jaanaa jaataa haye. 1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein tatkalin malik geoff bellis dwara ghar aur bageechon koo badey paimaane parr bahaal kiya gayaa thaa.
losson-salmond saajhedaari lambe samay taka naheen chalati. 1902 mein losson kii achaanak sukhad bindu, canterbury parr 3 disambar koo mrityu hoe gaee. apani mrityu key samay taka unhone otago institute off architects key upaadhyaksh chune jaane key baad apani pratishtha koo phir seey sthaapit karna shuru curr diyaa thaa.
haalaanki losson key shuruati kaam koo taba seey yaa tou dhwast curr diyaa gayaa haye yaa bhaari roop seey badal diyaa gayaa haye, lekin usa avadhi seey bachee hui yojanaon aur tasveeron seey pataa chalata haye kii iss samay way jinn imaraton parr kaam curr rahey they, unamen vibhinn shailiyaan shamil theen. vaastav mein, losson ney apane poore currier mein mukhya roop seey shaastriya aur gothik donon shailiyon koo ack saath design kiya. unaki shally aur vastukala key tareeke koo unaki chhah designs, teen gothik aur teen shaastriya shally mein, aur pratyek kii ack vyaktigat vyakhya aur unaki samanya naamit shally key upayog kii jaanch key madhyam seey sabse achchi tarah seey samajhaaya jaa sakata haye.
gothic shally mein kaam kartaa haye.
british protestant dharm iss avadhi mein abhee bhee anglo-catholic oxford andolan seey bahut prabhaavit they, jisane gothic koo isai pooja key liye upayukt ekmatra vaastushilp shally key roop mein ghoshit kiya thaa; greek, roman aur italvi punarjagaran vastukala koo "moortipoojak" key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa aur churchon key design mein anuchit thaa. iss prakaar losson koo kabhi bhee aise avsar naheen diye gaye jaise kii francis petre kaa anand liya gayaa jaba baad vaale ney mahaan italvi punarjagaran basilica jaise kii christchurch mein dhanya sanskar key cathedral koo phir seey banaaya. vaastav mein dunedine kii sthaapana losson key aagaman seey kewal terah saal pahale, scotland key swatantra church dwara kii gaee thee, joe ack sampradaay haye joe aabhushan aur sajawat key apane pyaar key liye naheen jaanaa jaataa haye, aur nishchit roop seey adhik catholic deshon kii vastukala key liye naheen jaanaa jaataa haye.
gothic design mein losson kaa kaam, iss avadhi key adhikansh anya vastukaron kii tarah, spasht roop seey augustus pugin kii shally aur darshan seey prabhaavit thaa. haalaanki, unhone presbyterian sampradaay dwara niyojit saamoohik pooja key roop key liye shally koo anukoolit kiya. anushthaan aur dhaarmik juluson kii kamee ney ack badey chansal koo anaavashyak banaa diyaa; isaliye losson key gothic key sanskaran mein, chansal aur transept (way kshetra joe paaramparik roop seey roman aur anglo-catholic churchon mein lady chappel aur anya chhote chappel shamil they) kewal design mein sanket diye gaye hain. iss prakaar pahale church mein meenar imarat key pravesh dwaar key oopar haye, bajaay isake kii church key kendra mein apane paaramparik sthaan parr naabhi, chansal aur transept key aksh parr haye. kull milakar, losson ney gothic shally mein chaalees seey adhik churchon koo design kiya. benjamin mountfort kii tarah, kuchh poori tarah seey lakadi seey baney they; haalaanki, adhikansh patthar mein they.
pahala church, 1873 mein.
sajaaya gayaa gothik shally mein iss vaastushilp "tour dee force" koo 1862 mein design kiya gayaa thaa. otago praantiya parishad dwara ghanti pahaadi koo cumm karane kaa nirnay lene key baad nirmaan mein deree hui thee, jiss parr yeh khadaa honah thaa, kuchh logon dwaaraah pahaadi teji seey badhate shahar mein parivahan key liye ack badee baadha saabit hui thee. parinamswarup 15 maee 1868 taka neenv naheen rakhee gaee thee. 23 navambar 1873 koo aadhikarik udghaatan seey thheek pahale losson koo bandargah parr naukaayan karate samay ehsas huaa kii shikhar bahut chhota thaa, aur thodaa dubla thaa. unhone shikhar koo dhwast karane aur sahee vinirdeshon key anusaar phir seey banaane parr jore diyaa, joe 1875 mein puuraa huaa thaa.
church mein isake bahu-shikhar vaale meenar kaa prabhutva haye, jise ack shikhar seey oopar uthaaya gayaa haye. shikhar asamanya haye kyonki yeh sabhi taraf dou manjila gable khidakiyon seey chheda gayaa haye, joe aur bhee adhik oonchaai kaa bhram detaa haye. ise kendriya dunedine key adhikansh hisson seey dekhaa jaa sakata haye, aur nichale morey sthaan kii kshitij rekha parr haavi haye.
imarat kaa kharch aalochana key binaa naheen thaa kyonki presbyterian dharamsabha key kuchh sadasyon ney mahsoos kiya kii mahanagariya church koo desh key una jilon mein itna visheshaadhikaar praapt naheen honah chaahiye thaa jahaan mandaliyon kaa koee uddeshya pooja key sthaan naheen thaa yaa kewal mamuli they. pariyojana kii aadaraniya dow burns championship ney sunishchit kiya kii iss tarah kii apattiyon key khilaf ise puuraa kiya jaae.
baahari roop seey pahala church ingland key dair seey norman cathedral key prabhaav koo safaltapurvak dohrata haye, yadi chhote paimaane parr,. cathedral jaise design aur aakar koo peechhe seey sabse achchi tarah seey saraha jaa sakata haye. vahaan burjon seey ghiraa ack appus haye, joe badey gulab kii khidki vaale vishal gable seey bauna haye. yeh ack badee golakar khidki haye joe shikhar key baad peechhe kii oonchaai kaa kendra bindu bunn jaati haye. puuraa vaastushilp nibandh yahaan lagbhag europeeya dikhaai detaa haye. ander, ack norman cathedral kii patthar kii tahakhaane vaali chhat key bajaay, ack khadee lakadi kii chhat kaa samarthan karane vaale hathaude key beam hain aur ack patthar kii nukili mehrab kendriya mandap key liye ack sadharan rangbhoomi key roop mein kaary karati haye. iss visarjit prakaash key oopar rangeen kaanch kii gulab kii khidki seey pravesh kartaa haye. yeh nichale star parr aage kii roshni seey ghiraa huaa haye, jabaki judvaan anga pipe pulpit kii samroopata parr jore dete hain.
iss imarat kaa nirmaan omaru patthar seey kiya gayaa haye, joe port chalmers seey besault bracia kii neenv parr sthaapit haye, jisamen luis godfrey dwara nakkashidar vivaran hain, jinhone interior mein lakadi kii nakkashi kaa adhikansh kaam bhee kiya thaa. gulab kii khidki key liye ack sachitra khidki key daan key liye lambit rangeen lekin aparishkrit kaanch, "cathedral glass" kaa upayog otago key 19 veen shatabdi key churchon kii visheshta haye, jahaan daataa apekshaakrit cumm they joe aam taur parr usa sthaan kii "nimn church" bhaavanaon koo darshaate they. isi tarah key udaaharan poore otago mein losson key churchon mein paae jaa sakate hain. inmein seey ullekhaniya hain stuart street mein poorv trinity methodist church, dunedine (baad mein fortune theatre key liye ack ghar key roop mein upayog kiya gayaa), shahar key uttar mein spired nox church, aur milton mein tocomyro presbyterian church, isake nirmaan key samay kahaa gayaa thaa kii yeh isaki oonchaai kii sabse dakshini imarat thee.
losson ney nox church koo bhee design kiya, jisamen ack samaan meenar haye, joe dunedine mein bhee haye. yeh imarat, joe pahale church kii tulanaa mein cumm prasiddh haye, 13veen shatabdi kii gothik shally mein bhee design kii gaee haye, lekin bluestone mein, kuchh logon dwara unaki sabse achchi upalabdhi maani jaati haye.
larnac mahal 1871.
losson ney kaee badey niji gharon koo design kiya, sabse prasiddh pahale "shivir" kahaa jaataa thaa. aaj ise larnac mahal key roop mein behtar yaad kiya jaataa haye. yeh 1871 mein villium larnach key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, joe ack sthaaniya vyavasaayi aur rajneta they, jinhen unaki "bahaduri" kii vyaktigat shally key liye yaad kiya jaataa thaa. ise newzealand key behtareen haveli mein seey ack key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jise isake puuraa honey parr iss prakaar varnit kiya gayaa haih "nissandeh sabse riyasat, kyonki yeh newzealand mein sabse badaa aur suruchipurna nivaas haye. ack parampara haye kii larnach ney australia mein baruna mein apane pitaa key ghar, casal forbes key baad apane ghar kii rachana kii thee. haalaanki, yeye yojanaaen nirvivaad roop seey losson key karyalaya seey hain. iss mithak kii utpatti kewal yeh haye kii larnac mahal mein baramade hain, jinn parr nissandeh larnac dwara jore diyaa gayaa haye, joe spasht roop seey isake anyatha paaramparik punaruddhaarvaadi design key liye ack aupaniveshik jodd haye. haalaanki yeye ise antar dete hain.
haalaanki kuchh logon ney sawal kiya haye kii kyaa larnac mahal punarjeevit scotish aupaniveshik tareeke seey ack nibandh thaa. mukhya mukhauta ack chhote, castellated tower house jaisa dikhta haye, jisamen visheshta malabe kii chinai, burj aur yuddhapot hain, joe abbotsford mein maujood hain, joe shally kaa ack udaaharan haye. ise sateek roop seey "dou manjila baramade mein lipate castellated vilaa" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. mukhya agrabhag mein ack kendriya meenar kaa prabhutva haye joe ack seedhi key saath poorna haye joe ghar koo mahal jaisa roop detaa haye.
imarat kaa aantarik bhaag alankrit haye, jisamen aayatit sangamarmar aur venis kaa sheesha haye jiska upayog itailiyan sajawat mein kiya jaataa haye. pahale church kii tarah, luis godfrey dwara kaee nakkashi bhee hain. iss khol koo puuraa karane mein 200 logon koo teen saal lagey aur interior koo puuraa karane mein aur baarah saal lagey. 1887 mein ack ballroom key atirikt imarat kaa vistaar kiya gayaa thaa. 1880 mein, apani pahali patni kii mrityu key baad, larnach ney dunedine key uttari kabristan mein losson design kiya thaa, joe ack parivarik makbare key roop mein pahale church kaa ack chhota sanskaran thaa. larnac koo swayam makbare mein dafnaya gayaa thaa. 1898 mein newzealand key vitt aur khaan mantri key roop mein seva karate hue, unhone wellington mein sansadiya bhawan key ack samiti kaksh mein aatmahatya curr lii, naa kii newzealand key aupaniveshik baink key vittiya tanaav key kaaran, jaisa kii pahale socha gayaa thaa, balki apane sabse badey bete aur apani teesari patni key beach ack sambandh key baare mein afvaahon key prasaar key kaaran.
otago ladakon kaa uchch vidyalaya 1885.
otago ladakon kaa uchch vidyalaya, arther street, dunedine, 1885 mein puuraa huaa thaa. aksar gothik key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, vaastav mein yeh spasht punarjagaran/tudor shally aur gothik prabhaavon key saath vastukala key kaee aadeshon kaa ack sankar haih nikatatam shally jisamen ise vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye vaha shayed jacobathon (nava-punarjagaran kaa ack vishisht angreji roop) haye. iss imarat koo lambe samay seey dunedine mein vastukala key behtareen udaharanon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa rhaa haye, joe kaee khidakiyon key ubhare hue aur halke konon key saath patthar seey banaa haye. school key kaee burj aur meenaron ney vastukar nathaniel wells koo 1890 mein ise "madhyayugeen vastukala kii gharelu tudor shally" mein "ack ardh-sampradayik imarat" key roop mein varnit kiya.
imarat, halanki mahal jaisi haye, vaastav mein dhalai naheen haye, halanki kuchh khidakiyon parr dhalai vaale aabhushan lagey hue hain. iska sabse oonchaa bindu, pramukh meenar, patthar key ballstrading seey sajaaya gayaa haye. meenar mein pratyek koney mein burj hain-ack samagr rachana joe pahale key sachche mahal kii tulanaa mein 17 veen shatabdi key praarambhik angreji punarjagaran kii adhik laal haye. jabaki school key pravesh mehrab koo spasht roop seey ack church yaa collegiate havaa pradaan karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, school mein ack samriddh victorian desh key ghar kii samagr upasthiti haye.
shaastriya shally mein kaam kartaa haye.
 
losson key shaastriya kaary saarvajanik aur corporate bhavanon taka hii seemit they. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii protestant dwara apane churchon key liye pasandida gothik shally bhee unake gharon key liye unaki pasandida pasand thee. losson kaa adhikansh shaastriya kaary dunedine key uttar mein omaru shahar mein haye. yahaan, jaisa kii dunedine mein hii, losson ney sthaaniya omaru patthar mein banaaya, ack kathor choona patthar joe nirmaan uddeshyon key liye aadarsh haye, vishesh roop seey jahaan alankrit moulding kii aavashyakta hoti haye. taiyar patthar key kaam mein malaidar, retila rung hotaa haye. durbhagya seey, yeh aaj key pradooshan key liye dridhata seey pratirodhi naheen haye, aur satah key tootane kii sambhavana hoe sakati haye.
rashtriya baink, omaru 1871.
yeh imarat, joe 1871 mein poori hui, shaastriya vastukala mein losson key safal abhyason mein seey ack haye, jise paas kii palladian shally mein design kiya gayaa haye. ack poori tarah seey aanupaatik portico prostyle, iska pediment chaar corinthian stambhon dwara samarthit haye, paanch bey kii ack vargakar imarat seey pariyojanaaen, portico key peechhe teen kendriya bey hain. mandir jaisa baramda ack baink key bajaay ack deva-devta mein pravesh karane kaa aabhas detaa haye. iss imarat key mukhya agrabhag kaa anupaat ack palladian samroopata pradarshit kartaa haye, joe lagbhag khud palladio key yogya haye; haalaanki, ack vaastavik palladian design key vipareet, baink key dou manjilon kaa moolya samaan haye, kewal bhootal kii khidakiyon dwara goal-sheersh honey seey alag haye, jabaki oopar vaale samaan aakar key hain lekin unake oopar sapaat sheersh hain. losson key sabhi shaastriya designs mein seey, rashtriya baink shayed vastukala key shaastriya niyamon key paalan key sandarbh mein sabse paaramparik haye jaisa kii palladio key aaee quatro libri dell 'architura mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. jaise-jaise unakaa currier aage badhaa, way apane shaastriya designs mein adhik sahsi hoe gaye, naa kii hamesha rashtriya baink mein hassil kii gaee sadbhaav aur safalata key saath.
sunder roop seey saral rashtriya baink parr kaam karate hue, losson koo vastukala kii drishti seey bahut alag larnac mahal parr bhee ack saath kaam diyaa gayaa thaa, joe bataata haye kii kaee ullekhaniya vastukaron key vipareet joe apane currier key madhyam seey ack shally seey doosari shally mein snaatak karate hain, losson apane currier key kissy bhee star parr apane graahak kii joe bhee aavashyakta hoti haye, uska utpaadan curr sakate they.
baink off nyu south wells, omaru 1883.
1883 mein nirmit, joe unake pahale key rashtriya baink key thheek buggle mein sthit haye, yeh bhee design mein neoclassical haye, iska choona patthar kaa mukhauta ack mahaan chhah-stambh, nirbaadh portico dwara prabhutva rakhta haye. corinthian crum mein stambh ack vibhajit pravesh kaa samarthan karate hain; nichale khand yaa vaastushilp mein "nae dakshin wells kaa tata" shilalekh haye, jabaki chitra key oopar kii or alankrit haye. imarat, halanki jhunjhuni naheen haye, rashtriya baink bhawan kii tulanaa mein cumm vaastushilp yogyata haye, bhale hii yeh mool roop seey apane padosi kii tulanaa mein adhik shaastriya aur prabhaavshaali honey kaa irada thaa. vastukar dwara maange gaye prabhaav koo jamini star parr cumm kiya jaataa haye jahaan portico key stambh ack ballstrade dwara judey hotey hain. yeh iss qada aur crum kii ack shaastriya imarat mein ummeed kii jaane vaali swachchh-panktibaddh prabhaav koo bujhaa detaa haye aur imarat kii upasthiti koo ack gudiya key ghar kii tarah cumm curr detaa haye. yeh prabhaav portico key bheetar kii khidakiyon dwara badhaa diyaa jaataa haye (nichali manjil parr flat sheersh aur oopari manjil parr goal sheersh); yeye asman roop seey badey hotey hain aur "mandir" prabhaav koo nasht curr dete hain jise mahaan portico banaane kaa irada thaa. aaj, iss baahari roop seey aparivartit imarat kaa upayog ack kalaa deergha key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.
starr aur garter hotal, omaru 1867.
yeh omaru hotal shaastriya vastukala mein losson key adhik saahasik prayason mein seey ack haye. palladian-prabhaavit mandir jaise stambhon aur porticos koo chhodane key baad, unhone shuru mein apane tareeke seey pyaalaazi koo prerana key roop mein liya, joe 16 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein itali mein lokpriya vastukala kii adhik alankrit uchch punarjagaran shally kii pratikriya thee. iss imarat aur palazzo dell taye key beach kuchh mamuli samaantaaen bhee hain. jiss tarah sadak key star parr palaazi key paas aksar jung vaale patthar kaa bhootal hotaa haye, usee tarah iss hotal mein bhee hotaa haye. asler key badey khandon kaa upayog shakti kii chhaap banaane key liye kiya gayaa thaa, joe oopar adhik najuk roop seey design kiye gaye farsh kaa samarthan kartaa thaa; shakti kii iss bhavna koo dohare bhittistambhon dwara aur badhaaya gayaa thaa joe kewal oopar key mahaan vajan koo samarthan dene kii aavashyakta koo darshaata thaa.
iss thhos aur gambhir agrabhag key oopar jise losson ney paaramparik dou yaa teen manjilon key bajaay chunaa, patthar key vishal khand kewal ack manjil koo sahaara dete hain. yeh oopari manjil ack spasht piano nobal naheen haye, lekin adhik najuk aur saral design key bavjood, neeche kii manjil key barabar moolya kaa prateet hotaa haye. nichali manjil key jung vaale bhittistambh oopar jaari hain, lekin oopari agrabhag seey mell khaane key liye chikane kapade pahane patthar bunn jaate hain. bhittistambhon kii raajdhaaniyaan corinthian hain, aur jaise kii nyu south wells key tata parr way ack alankrit pravesh kaa samarthan karate hain. imarat key kendra aur kendra bindu koo ack pediment dwara chihnit kiya gayaa haye, joe phir seey ack palazzo kii havaa detaa haye.
haalaanki, losson ney joe banaaya vaha ack vyavahaarvaadi yaa vaastav mein palladian town palazzo naheen thaa, balki ack sankar thaa, jabaki pahali nazar mein, itali aur ingland mein paae gaye 18 veen shatabdi key nava-palladian vilaa aur graameen gharon key samaan thaa, udaaharan key liye vilaa dee pogiyo imperial aur woburn abby. halanki, losson key "pick, mixes aind match" drishtikon key madhyam seey shaastriya vastukala key vibhinn roopon key liye starr aur garter apane aap mein kaafee advitiya haye.
starr aur garter key puuraa honey key baad seey, isaki kaee khidakiyon koo yaa tou avaruddh curr diyaa gayaa haye yaa badhaaya gayaa haye, joe parivartan losson dwara banaae gaye vaastushilp prabhaav key liye hanikarak rahey hain. iss imarat kaa upayog abb mukhya roop seey ack theatre company dwara kiya jaataa haye, halanki imarat key purvi chhor parr ack restaraan ney hotal kaa mool naam barkarar rakhaa haye.
mulyankan aur viraasat.
robbert losson mukhya roop seey apane samay key ack vastukar they, joe usa samay lokpriya shailiyon mein design karate they. upaniveshon mein british pravasiyon koo vastukala chaahiye thee taaki unhein ghar kii yaad dilaa sakey, aur iss prakaar yeh ashcharya kii baat naheen haye kii losson kii sabse ullekhaniya imaaraten sabhi gothic key roop mein hain. kaee, jaise kii larnac mahal aur secliffe sharan, koo scotish baronial key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye; haalaanki, yeh ack sateek vivaran naheen haye, haalaanki gothic kaa vaha vishesh roop kabhi-kabhi unaki prerana hoe sakata haye. losson kaa vishesh kaushal ack aisee imarat banaane key liye samaan vastukala key vibhinn roopon koo milana thaa joe apane tareeke seey advitiya thee, naa kii kewal ack purani shally kii ack pastitch; ise hassil karane key baad, unhone sthaaniya roop seey upalabdh jalavaayu aur samagri koo samaayojit karane key liye apani vastukala koo anukoolit kiya. sthaaniya patthar aur lakadi unake vishesh pasandida they, vishesh roop seey omaru key achchi gunavatta vaale choona patthar, aur inca upayog aksar samaan roop seey upalabdh utkrisht eenton kii tulanaa mein kiya jaataa thaa. chhoti gothic lancet khidakiyon koo aksar taal diyaa jaataa thaa aur badee khaadi khidakiyon dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaataa thaa, jisase kamaron mein asli gothic imaraton key gahare andaruni hisse banaane key bajaay prakaash kii baadh aaa jaati thee. larnac mahal kii aksar anaadi aur asangat honey key roop mein aalochana kii gaee haye, lekin yeh losson key kaam kii scotish baronell key roop mein lagaatar galat vyakhya seey utpann hotaa haye. yeh sach haye kii ack scotish glain mein, unakaa adhikansh kaam asangat hoga, lekin losson ney mahsoos kiya kii vaha apani matribhoomi key glanes aur pahaadon key liye naheen, balki ack nae desh key liye, nae aadarshon aur vishal drishyon key saath design curr rhaa thaa. iss prakaar, apane dou manjila baramadon parr sthaapit, aur samudra tala seey oopar seey otago praaydweep aur otago bandargah parr dekhate hue, haveli poori tarah seey sthit prateet hoti haye.
losson key kaam key samay shaastriya aur gothik vastukala key pratidvandi school donon samaan roop seey fashionable they. apane church key aayogon mein, losson ney vishesh roop seey protestant sampradayon key liye kaam kiya aur iss prakaar unhein kabhi bhee shaastriya shally mein ack mahaan church banaane kaa avsar naheen milaa. isaliye unake pramukh karyon kaa mulyankan unake gothik key upayog key madhyam seey kiya jaanaa chaahiye. iss prakaar pratham church koo unaki utkrisht kriti maanaa jaanaa chaahiye. unake shaastriya kaary, halanki aksar saksham aur kushalata seey nishpaadit kiye jaate they, jyaadaatar chhote saarvajanik bhavanon taka hii seemit they. unhein apane shaastriya vichaaron koo parishkrit karane aur sudhaarne kaa avsar kabhi naheen milaa, aur isaliye inhen kabhi bhee unake gothic karyon key samaan prabhaav daalane kaa avsar naheen milaa.
losson kaa adhikansh kaam yaa tou dhwast curr diyaa gayaa haye yaa bahut adhik badal diyaa gayaa haye. unake dou lakadi key gothic church kakanui (1870) aur purvi gor (1881) mein jeevit hain. design abhee bhee khade hain (jisamen oopar varnit sabhi kaary shamil hain) yeh sunishchit kiya haye kii secliffe jaanch key baad praapt ninda seey losson kii pratishtha poori tarah seey uber gaee haye.
aaj, losson koo newzealand kii kuchh behtareen aitihaasik imaraton key vastukar key roop mein saraha jaataa haye. newzealand key aitihaasik sthaanon key nyaas kii otago shakha ney ack smaarak vyakhyan karyakram, raa losson vyakhyan kaa udghaatan kiya haye, jise ack pratishthit sthaaniya yaa videshi vaktaa dwara prativarsh dunedine mein prastut kiya jaataa haye. enzpt otago shakha abhilekhagar, dunedine.
vyaktigat jeevan.
1861 key baad seey losson koo jessy synclair hepburn seey parichit karaaya gayaa thaa. jessy kaa janm 1 julaai 1843 koo kirkaldi, fife mein scotland mein rachelle aur george hepburn key ghar huaa thaa. vaha 1850 mein apane maataa-pitaa aur bhaai-bahanon key saath "poctiers" parr otago chully gaee thee. 15 navambar 1864 koo vakaari mein unake pitaa kii sampatti mein unaki shaadi hui. seva kaa sanchaalan rev dwara kiya gayaa thaa. david aim. stuart, scotland mein losson key abby parrish school mein ack poorv chhaatr. 1864 seey dampati roslin mein belleview street parr ack ghar mein rahate they, jise losson ney design kiya thaa. losson key drishtikon seey, yeh ack achchi shaadi thee. unake sasur, george hepburn, usa samay pahale church key dusare satra key clerk they, saath hii saath ack safal vyavasaayi aur rajneta they, jinake paas shuruati dunedine mein utkrisht saakh thee. 
apane poore jeevan mein losson ack dharmanishth presbyterian baney rahey, apane sasur kii tarah pahale church key ack bujurg aur satra clerk baney. way ravivaar key vidyalaya andolan mein bhee nikatata seey shamil they.
dampati key nimnalikhit bachche theh
losson dwara kaam kartaa haye.
losson ney anumaanit 46 church bhavanon, 21 taton, 134 gharon, 16 school bhavanon, 13 hotalon, 15 nagrik aur sansthaagat bhavanon aur 120 vaanijyik aur audyogik bhavanon kaa design taiyar kiya. inmein seey 94 jeevit hain, jinamen seey 46 dunedine mein, 43 newzealand key baaki hisson mein aur paanch melburn mein hain.