
haijin

hygiene () yaa samudri pratibandh chean mein niji samudri vyaapaar aur tateey basti koo seemit karane vaali sambandhit algavvadi neetiyon kii ack shrinkhala thee joe adhikansh ming rajvansh aur praarambhik king rajvansh key dauran thee. aadhikarik ghoshanaon key bavjood ming neeti koo vyavhaar mein lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur vyaapaar binaa kissy baadha key jaari rhaa. praarambhik king rajvansh kaa vidroh-virodhi "mahaan manjuri" tata key saath samudaayon parr vinashkari prabhaavon key saath adhik nishchit thaa.
yuan rajvansh key pakshpaatiyon key hatane key beach japani samudri dakaiti seey nipatane key liye pahali baar lagaaya gayaa, samudri pratibandh poori tarah seey pratikool thaah 16 veen shatabdi taka, samudri dakaiti aur taskari sthaanik thee aur jyaadaatar cheeni shamil they jinhen neeti dwara bedkhal curr diyaa gayaa thaa. chean kaa videshi vyaapaar aniyamit aur mahange curr abhiyaanon taka seemit thaa, aur tumu kii vinashkari ladaai key baad mangolon key sainya dabaav key kaaran jheng key bede koo khatm curr diyaa gayaa. 1567 mein neeti key anta mein samudri dakaiti naa key barabar star parr gir gaee, lekin baad mein king dwara ack sanshodhit roop apanaaya gayaa. isane terah karkhanon kii chhaavani pranali kaa utpaadan kiya, lekin afeem kii taskari bhee hui jisake kaaran 19veen shatabdi mein pahale aur dusare afeem yuddh hue.
isi avadhi mein anya purvi asiai deshon mein cheeni neeti kii nakal kii gaee thee, jaise kii edo avadhi mein japan mein tokugawa shogunet dwara, jahaan neeti koo "cackin" ()/"sakoku" () key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, saath hii saath joson koria mein, joe kramshah 1853 aur 1876 mein sainya roop seey khole jaane seey pahale "sannyasi raajya" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa.
ming rajvansh.
prishthabhoomi.
14veen shatabdi poore purvi asia mein arajakta kaa samay thaa. doosari bubonic plaig mahamari mangolia mein 1330 key aspas shuru hui aur shayed hebei aur shanxi mein adhikansh aabaadi aur laakhon logon koo maar daala. ack aur mahamari 1351 seey 1354 taka teen varshon taka faili. sarkari namak ekadhikar aur pealy nadee key kinare gambhir baadh parr maujooda vidrohon ney laal pagadi vidroh koo uksaayaa. 1368 mein ming kii ghoshana ney uttar mein toghon temur key tahat aur dakshin mein liang key rajkumar key tahat mangol avasheshon key saath apane yuddhon koo samaapt naheen kiya. koria key raajaa gongmin ney bhee mangolon seey khud koo mukt karna shuru curr diyaa thaa, apane desh key uttari praanton koo phir seey hassil curr liya thaa, jaba ack laal pagadi aakraman ney kshetron koo tabah curr diyaa aur pyongyang koo barbad curr diyaa. japan mein, samrat dego dwiteeya kii kenmu bahaali kamakura shogunet koo ukhaad fenkane mein safal rahee, lekin antatah unhein kamjor ashikaga key saath badal diyaa gayaa.
japan kii paridhi parr dheele niyantran key kaaran samudri dakuon ney kshetra key baahari dweepon, vishesh roop seey tsushima, iki aur goto parr aadhar sthaapit kiye. inn voku ("baune samudri daku") ney japan key saath-saath koria aur chean parr bhee hamla kiya.
ack vidrohi netaa key roop mein, jhu yuanjhang ney rajaswa key srot key roop mein videshi vyaapaar koo badhaava diyaa. halanki, hongwoo samrat key roop mein, ming rajvansh key pahale, unhone 1371 mein pahala samudri pratibandh jaari kiya. sabhi videshi vyaapaar aadhikarik shraddhanjali missions dwara sanchaalit kiya jaanaa thaa, jise ming samrajya aur usake "jagirdar" raajyon key pratinidhiyon dwara sambhala jaanaa thaa. niji videshi vyaapaar koo maut kii sajaa dee gaee thee, jisamen aparaadhi key parivaar aur padosiyon koo unake gharon seey nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. kuchh varshon baad, 1384 mein, ningbo, gwangjhou aur kwanjhou mein samudri vyaapaar iraade ("shibo tiju see") koo bund curr diyaa gayaa. jahaajon, bandargaahon aur shipyardon koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa aur chattanon aur cheed key daanv seey bandargaahon koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa. haalaanki yeh neeti abb aam taur parr shaahi chean key saath judee hui haye, lekin taba yeh cheeni parampara key saath vipareet thee, jisane rajaswa key srot key roop mein videshi vyaapaar koo aage badhaaya thaa aur vishesh roop seey tanga, geet aur yuan key tahat mahatvapurna hoe gayaa thaa.
jheng kii khajaane kii yaatraon kaa aanshik roop seey sarkaar key tahat videshi vyaapaar parr ekadhikar rakhane kaa irada thaa. 1449 mein tumu kii ladaai mein samrat key kabje key baad mangol kii mukharta mein vriddhi key kaaran unhein bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. niji videshi vyaapaar key badey paimaane ney ming sarkaar kii khareed key liye moolya pratispardha kaa kaaran banaa thaa, jaise kii uttari seema key liye yuddh ghode, aur dhana koo phir seey aavantit karna padaa. halanki, khajaane kii yaatraon key anta key baad, dakshin poorv asia aur hind mahasagar mein cheeni vyaapaar jaari rhaa. dakshin poorv asia mein niji, jisamen anadhikrit cheeni vyaapaar bhee shamil haye, kaa vistaar ming rajvansh key dusare bhaag mein teji seey huaa.
1613 key ack adesh ney yangtzi nadee key uttar aur dakshin kii bhoomi key beach samudri vyaapaar koo pratibandhit curr diyaa, jisamen jiangsu jaane aur phir japan kii or jaane kaa daavaa karane vaale kaptanon koo rokane kaa prayaas kiya gayaa.
tark.
haalaanki iss neeti koo aam taur parr samudri dakuon key khilaf rashtriya raksha key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya gayaa haye, yeh itna spasht roop seey pratikool thaa aur phir bhee itane lambe samay taka jaari rhaa kii anya spashteekaran diye gaye hain. aisaa lagata haye kii praarambhik avadharana cheeni vastuon key liye japani aavashyakta kaa upayog karane key liye unhein sharton parr majboor karane key liye kiya gayaa haye. hongwoo samrat ney sanket diyaa kii neeti videshi rashtron koo unake shasson koo chunauti dene key liye unaki praja key saath sahyog karane seey rokane key liye banaai gaee thee; udaaharan key liye, srivijaya koo vyaapaar seey pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki samrat koo unaki jasusi kaa sandeh thaa. videshi sarkaaron koo sahayak pranali kaa paalan karane aur asahayogi netaaon parr dabaav daalane key liye vyaapaar kaa upayog bhee ack shaktishali upkaran thaa. geet aur yuan key saath samaantaon ney sarrafa key pravaah koo pratibandhit karane vaale upaayon ney kuchh logon koo yeh tark dene key liye prerit kiya haye kii iska uddeshya hangwoo samrat kii fiet mudra kii chhapaai kaa samarthan karna thaa, jiska upayog unake uttaradhikariyon dwara 1450 key anta taka jaari rakhaa gayaa thaa. (1425 taka, badey paimaane parr jalsaji aur atee-mudrasfeeti kaa matlab thaa kii loga pahale seey hii apane mool moolya key lagbhag 0.014% parr vyaapaar curr rahey they.) anya loga daavaa karate hain kii yeh confucian manavata (, "raine") koo badhaane aur kshetra key videshi sambandhon seey lalach koo samaapt karane yaa kendra sarkaar key laabh key liye kshetra key dakshini vishayon koo kamjor karane kii ack chaal kaa ack dushprabhaav thaa. phir bhee, yeh mamla hoe sakata haye kii hongwoo samrat ney uttari yuan avasheshon key khilaf apane raajya kii raksha koo prathamikta dee, neeti aur isake sthaaniya pravartankartaon koo sabse adhik puuraa karane key liye chhod diyaa aur unake jaari rahane key liye jimmedaar apane "paitrik aadeshon" mein unakaa ullekh kiya.
prabhaav.
iss neeti mein bahut cumm-kewal dou jahaajon vaale dashakiya shraddhanjali missions kii peshkash kii gaee-achche vyavhaar key liye ack puraskar key roop mein aur japani adhikaariyon koo unake taskaron aur samudri dakuon koo jarh seey khatm karane key liye pralobhan key roop mein. hongwoo samrat kaa japaniyon koo sandesh kii usaki senaa "aapke dakuon koo pakadkar samaapt curr degi, seedhe aapke desh key liye jaayegi, aur aapke raajaa koo bandhan mein daal degi", koo ashikaga shogun kaa jawab milaa kii "aapka mahaan samrajya japan parr aakraman karane mein saksham hoe sakata haye lekin hamara chhota raajya apani raksha karane kii ranneeti seey cumm naheen haye.
haalaanki samudri pratibandh ney mig senaa koo shesh yuan wafadaron koo khatm karane aur chean kii seemaon koo surakshit karane key liye swatantra chhod diyaa, lekin isane sthaaniya sansadhanon koo baandh diyaa. 74 tateey sainya-dall gwangdong mein gwangjhou seey laker shandong taka sthaapit kiye gaye they; yongle samrat key adheen, inn chaukiyon koo 110,000 vishayon dwara kalpana mein sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa. vyaapaar parr karon seey aaya key nuksan ney poore ming mein, vishesh roop seey jhejiang aur fujian praanton key liye deerghakaalik vittaposhan kathinaaiyon mein yogdan diyaa. shasson key khilaf tateey cheeni aur japani donon koo garib aur uksaakar, isane usa samasya koo badhaa diyaa jise hull karane kaa irada thaa. japani samudri dakuon kii praarambhik lahar seey swatantra roop seey jiong mong-juu aur imgawa sadayo ney nipata thaa, jinhone apani loot aur daason koo koria koo vaapas curr diyaa thaa; ashikaga yoshimitsu ney 1405 mein chean koo 20 aur vitarit kiye, jisane unhein ningbo mein ack kadaahi mein jeevit ubla diyaa. haalaanki, chean parr chhaape jaari rahey, sabse gambhir roop seey jiazing samrat key adheen. 16veen shatabdi taka, jiazing vokau key "japani", "baune" aur "purvi berber" samudri daku jyaadaatar gair-japani they.
phir bhee, kyonki samudri pratibandh koo hongwoo samrat dwara apane "paitrik aadeshon" mein jodaa gayaa thaa, ise unake shesh rajvansh key adhikansh hisson mein vyaapak roop seey rakhaa jaataa rhaa. agali dou shataabdiyon key liye, dakshin kii samriddh krishi bhoomi aur uttar key sainya theatre lagbhag poori tarah seey singhang nahar seey judey hue they. rishwat aur udasinta ney kabhi-kabhi adhik chhoot kii anumati dee, jaise kii jaba purtagaliyon ney gwangjhou (1517), shuangyu ("liampo"), aur kwanjhou ("chincheu") mein vyaapaar shuru kiya, lekin 1520 key dashak mein purtagaliyon key nishkasana key saath, 1547 mein ningbo aur jhangjhou dweepon parr, yaa 1549 mein yungang mein bhee kaarravaai hui. purtagaliyon koo 1557 mein makaao mein basane kii anumati dee gaee thee, lekin cheeni samudri dakaiti koo dabaane mein madad karane key kaee varshon key baad hii.
samudri pratibandh apane shuruati varshon seey kaafee hudd taka apravartaniya thaa, aur koee prabhaavi pravartan kabhi lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa. sthaaniya adhikaari swayam aksar avaidh vyaapaar mein shamil they, aur aamtaur parr vyaapaar koo pratibandhit karane key liye aadeshon koo nazarandaj curr dete they. sainya adhikaari vyaapaar saudon kii madhyasthata karate they aur tateey bastiyon mein ameer parivaar isaki aaya parr nirbhar karate they. samanya shramikon koo vyaapaar seey sambandhit udyogon mein rojgar milaa. vyaapaar niyamon koo lagu karane key liye kaee aadhikarik pada khaali chhod diye gaye they aur samudri vyaapaar key iraade samaapt curr diye gaye they. adalat ney aam taur parr videshi vyaapaar key mudde koo nazarandaj curr diyaa. 1520 key dashak mein samrat ney vyaapaar koo rokane key sabhi prayason koo khariz curr diyaa kyonki yeye una adhikaariyon seey aae they jinhone samrat kii anushthaanon kii neeti kaa virodh kiya thaa, aur avaidh sadhanon key bajaay sarkari madhyamon key tahat bahut cumm vyaapaar huaa thaa. 1530 key dashak mein adalat key grand secretory tateey jhejiang praant seey they, aur unhone samudri pratibandh koo lagu karane key kissy bhee prayaas koo rokane key liye aage badhe. avaidh vyaapaar koo kuchalane kaa sabse mahatvapurna prayaas 1540 key dashak mein adalat dwara niyukt ack adhikaari jhu vaan dwara kiya gayaa thaa, lekin jaise hii vaha taskaron koo mitaa dene mein aage badh rhaa thaa, usey adalat ney anadhikrit hatyaon key aaropon parr hataa diyaa thaa.
1567 mein longking samrat key aarohan aur fujian key rajyapal key aagrah parr neeti key samanya unmoolan key baad hii samudri dakaiti nagany star taka gir gaee. cheeni vyapariyon koo taba japan yaa hathiyaron yaa anya nishiddh vastuon koo chhodkar sabhi videshi vyaapaar mein shamil honey kii anumati dee gaee thee; inmein loha, sulfur aur tamba shamil they. videshi vyapariyon kii sankhya koo ack licenses aur kotaa pranali dwara seemit kiya gayaa thaa; koee bhee vyaapaar unhein ack varsh seey adhik samay taka chean seey door naheen leey jaa sakata thaa. 1599 mein gwangjhou aur ningbo mein samudri vyaapaar key iraade phir seey sthaapit kiye gaye, aur cheeni vyapariyon ney yuegang (aadhunik heicheng, fujian) koo ack sampann bandargah mein badal diyaa. samudri pratibandh key anta ney samrajyavadi parivartan koo chihnit naheen kiya, halanki, yeh maanyata itani adhik thee kii baad key ming raajya kii kamjori ney pratibandh koo jaari rakhna asambhav banaa diyaa. raajya ney vyaapaar koo viniyamit karane kaa prayaas jaari rakhaa, aur videshiyon koo aam cheeni key saath kissy bhee pratyaksh vyavasaay key khilaf pratibandhon key saath anumodit agents key madhyam seey vyaapaar karane key liye pratibandhit kiya gayaa thaa. awas banaaya jaa sakata thaa, lekin aaney mein dheema thaah martin dee goiti dwara 1570 mein menila kii vijay key ack saal key bheetar ugang key vyaapaari spanish key saath bhaari vyaapaar curr rahey they, lekin yeh 1589 taka naheen thaa kii simhaasan ney vyaapaar kaa vistaar karane key liye adhik vyaapaari licenses key liye shahar key anurodhon koo manjuri dee. simhaasan key liye phoo yuanchu key 1639 key smaarak ney iss mamle koo banaaya kii fujian aur dutch formosa key beach vyaapaar ney pratibandh koo poori tarah seey avyavahaarik banaa diyaa thaa.
samudri pratibandh koo hataana america seey pahale spanish gallen key aagaman key saath huaa, jisase ack vaishvik vyaapaar link banaa joe agali shatabdi taka baadhit naheen hoga.
vaishvik vyaapaar pranali mein chean.
chean ney vaishvik vyaapaar key chakr koo chalaane vaale kog key roop mein kaam kiya. pratibandh key bavjood, cheeni taskaron, dakshin poorv asiai bandargaahon yaa purtagaali key madhyam seey japan key saath vyaapaar nirbaadh roop seey jaari rhaa. chean poori tarah seey vishva vyaapaar pranali mein ekikrit thaa.
europeeya deshon mein cheeni vastuon jaise resham aur cheeni mitty key bartanon kii bahut ichcha thee. europeeya logon key paas koee bhee vastu yaa vastu naheen thee joe chean chaahata thaa, isaliye unhone apane vyaapaar ghaate kii bharpai key liye chaandi kaa vyaapaar kiya. anveshan key samay key spanired ney apani vyaapaar arthavyavastha koo badhaava dene key liye badee matra mein chaandi kii khoj kii, jiska adhikansh hissa potosi chaandi kii khadanon seey thaa. spanish americi chaandi kii khadaanen duniya key sabse saste srot they, jinhone 200 varshon mein 40,000 tunn chaandi kaa utpaadan kiya. america aur japan mein utpaadit chaandi kii badee matra key liye antim gantavya chean thaa. 1500 seey 1800 taka, mexico aur peru ney duniya kii lagbhag 80 pratishat chaandi kaa utpaadan kiya, jisamen seey 30 pratishat antatah chean mein samaapt huaa. 16veen shatabdi key anta aur 17veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, japan bhee chean mein bhaari matra mein chaandi kaa niryaat curr rhaa thaa. america seey chaandi jyaadaatar atlantic key paar bahati thee aur door poorv kii or jaati thee. chaandi key vyaapaar key liye pramukh chaukiyan dakshin poorv asiai deshon mein sthit theen, jaise kii phillippeans. manila shahar america, japan, bhaarat, indoneshiya aur chean key beach maal key adaan-pradaan kii praathamik chauki key roop mein kaary kartaa thaa. haalaanki, vahaan badee matra mein chaandi thee joe seedhe america seey bhee prashant mahasagar koo paar karati thee. 
manila key madhyam seey ming chean key saath vyaapaar ney spanish samrajya key liye rajaswa kaa ack pramukh srot aur phillippeans dweepon mein spanish upaniveshvadiyon key liye aaya key ack maulik srot key roop mein kaary kiya. 1593 taka, pratyek bandargah seey salana dou yaa dou seey adhik jahaaj ravaana hotey they. gallen vyaapaar kii aapoorti badey paimaane parr fujian key bandargah kshetron key vyapariyon dwara kii jaati thee, joe spaniard masaale, cheeni mitty key bartan, hathidant, laakh key bartan, prasanskrit resham key kapade aur anya moolyavaan vastuon koo bechane key liye manila kii yatra karate they. maal ack yatra seey doosari yatra mein alag-alag hotaa thaa, lekin aksar poore asia seey saman shamil hotey they-jaid, mome, barud aur chean seey resham; bhaarat seey ember, kapas aur kaaleen; indoneshiya aur malaysia seey masaale; aur japan seey vibhinn prakaar key saman, jisamen pankhe, chhaati, screen aur cheeni mitty key bartan shamil they.
king rajvansh.
prishthabhoomi.
jaise-jaise kii shanghai darre parr apani jeet key baad king ney dakshin mein vistaar kiya, dakshini ming koo jheng kabile dwara samarthit kiya gayaa. jheng jhilong ney ack samriddh sevaanivritti key badale mein jhejiang key madhyam seey paas koo aatmasamarpan curr diyaa, lekin unake bete jheng chenggong-jinhen unake hokkian onorphic coxinga dwara behtar jaanaa jaataa haye-ney ziamen seey pratirodh karna jaari rakhaa aur phir, dutch, taiwan seey apana niyantran chheenane key baad. unake rajvansh ney taba ise tunganing key swatantra raajya key roop mein vikasit kiya, lekin 1661 mein unhein unake mukhya bhoomi key thikaanon seey hataa diyaa gayaa.
neeti.
king rajpratinidhi rajkumar rui ney 1647 mein samudri pratibandh koo phir seey shuru kiya, lekin yeh taba taka prabhaavi naheen thaa jaba taka kii 1661 mein kangshi samrat key aarohan parr ack adhik gambhir adesh kaa paalan naheen kiya gayaa. mahaan nikasi" yaa "seema sthanantaran" key roop mein nikasi mein, gwangdong, fujian, jhejiang, jiangsu aur shendong key kuchh hisson key tateey nivaasiyon koo apani sampatti koo nasht karane aur antardeshiya (lagbhag) jaane kii aavashyakta thee, jisamen king sanic seema marker khadaa karate they aur isase parey una logon parr maut kii sajaa lagu karate they. jahaajon koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa aur videshi vyaapaar phir seey makaao seey gujarane taka seemit thaa. agale varsh jaanch aur samaayojan kiye gaye, aur paanch county-panyu, shande, shinhui, dongguan aur jhongshan key nivasi-usake baad key varsh mein phir seey chaley gaye. kaee uchch-stariya smarakon key baad, 1669 key baad nikasi koo lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa. 1684 mein, tungening key vinash key baad, anya pratibandh hataa liye gaye they. usake baad key varsh mein, videshi vyaapaar seey nipatane key liye gwangjhou, ziamen, ningbo aur sangjiang mein seema shulk karyalaya sthaapit kiye gaye.
kataar jaisi damankari quing neetiyon key kaaran cheeni vyaapaari itani badee sankhya mein palayan karane lagey kii kangshi samrat koo sainya prabhaavon kaa darr honey lagaa. jakarta mein apravasi samudaay kaa anuman 100,000 thaa aur afavaahen failin kii ack ming uttaradhikari luzon parr reh rhaa thaa. 1717 mein "dakshini mahasagar" mein vyaapaar parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa, jisamen bandargah nireekshan aur yatra pratibandhon koo kadaa kiya gayaa. pravasiyon koo maut kii sajaa parr agale teen varshon key bheetar chean lautane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa; bhavishya mein pravaas karane vaalon koo bhee usee sajaa kaa saamana karna padaa.
dakshin chean sagar mein kanuni vyaapaar 1727 mein phir seey shuru kiya gayaa thaa, lekin east india company kii khoj kii ningbo mein keematen aur shulk donon gwangjhou kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm they, ney unhein 1755 seey 1757 taka apane vyaapaar koo uttar mein sthanantarit karane key liye prerit kiya. kianlong samrat kaa uchch shulk key madhyam seey ise hatotsaahit karane kaa prayaas whiffle hoe gayaa; 1757 kii sardiyon mein, unhone ghoshana kii kii-agale varsh prabhaavi-gwangjhou (taba "canton" key roop mein roman) videshi vyapariyon key liye ekmatra cheeni bandargah thaa, joe apane kohong aur terah karkhanon key saath videshi vyapariyon koo anumati detaa thaa. doosari or, videshiyon key saath vyaapaar karane vaale cheeni vyaapaari inmein seey kissy bhee niyam seey prabhaavit naheen hue.
prabhaav.
praarambhik king samudri pratibandh ney cheeni mukhya bhoomi parr coxinga key prabhaav koo cumm curr diyaa aur usake raajya kii haar key saath samaapt hoe gayaa, jisase taiwan koo king samrajya mein laaya gayaa.
phir bhee, yeh khud cheeniyon key liye kaafee hanikarak thaa, jaisa kii rajyapalon aur vaaysaraay key simhaasan key smarakon mein pralekhit haye. kangshi samrat key pratibandhon seey pahale bhee, jinn phoo key simhaasan key liye 1659 key smaarak ney tark diyaa kii videshi vyaapaar parr pratibandh chean kii chaandi taka pahunch koo seemit curr rhaa thaa, dhana kii aapoorti koo hanikarak roop seey pratibandhit curr rhaa thaa, aur vyaapaar key avsaron koo khone seey cheeni vyapariyon koo ack varsh mein 7 yaa 8 million tail kii laagat aaee. neetiyon ney tata parr vidrohon aur samudri dakaiti koo punarjeevit kiya, saath hii kaale baajaron key liye ack vardan bhee pradaan kiya. chean key dakshini taton key liye mahaan nikasi poori tarah seey vighatankari thee. jinan county (lagbhag aadhunik shenzhen aur haang kaang) key lagbhag 16,000 nivaasiyon mein seey, jinhen 1661 mein antardeshiya roop seey chalaaya gayaa thaa, kewal 1,648 koo 1669 mein vaapas lautate hue darj kiya gayaa thaa. usa varsh aur 1671 mein shaktishali toofaanon ney sthaaniya samudaayon koo nasht curr diyaa aur punarvaas koo hatotsaahit kiya. jaba vyaapaar pratibandh jaari kiye gaye, tou fujian aur gwangdong mein pravasiyon kaa bhaari pravaah dekhaa gayaa. poorv nivaasiyon aur nae logon jaise hakka key beach sangharsh ney lambe samay taka chaley aae jhagadon koo uksaayaa joe 1850 aur 1860 key dashak mein poorna paimaane parr yuddh mein bhadak gaye aur jisane 20veen shatabdi mein gwangdong key samudri dakaiti koo badhaava diyaa.
chean key saath europeeya deshon kaa vyaapaar itna vyaapak thaa kii way asia mein vyapariyon koo aapoorti karane key liye chaandi key ghaate kaa jokhim uthaane key liye majboor they. jaise-jaise europe mein chaandi kii aapoorti mein kamee aaee, europeeya logon key paas atyadhik pratishthit cheeni saman khareedane kii kshamata cumm thee. vyaapaari abb paschim mein cheeni saman bechkar arjit laabh key madhyam seey chean key vyaapaar koo banaae rakhane mein saksham naheen they aur chean mein saman khareedane key liye unhein europe mein prachalan seey sarafa lene key liye majboor honah padaa.
quianlong samrat dwara lagaae gaye pratibandh joe canton pranali kii sthaapana karate they, gwangjhou key kohong key liye atyadhik aakarshak they-vyaapaari houkwa duniya key sabse dhanee vyaktiyon mein seey ack bunn gayaa-aur gwangjhou key curr aadhar aur videshi chaandi key pravaah koo samanya curr diyaa. canton pranali key tahat, kianlong samrat ney kewal licenses praapt cheeni vyapariyon key liye vyaapaar koo pratibandhit curr diyaa, jabaki british sarkaar ney apani or seey kewal british east india company koo vyaapaar key liye ekadhikar charter jaari kiya. iss vyavastha koo 19veen shatabdi taka chunauti naheen dee gaee thee jaba paschim mein mukt vyaapaar kaa vichaar lokpriya huaa thaa. canton pranali ney baaki duniya key saath cheeni vyaapaar koo poori tarah seey prabhaavit naheen kiya kyonki cheeni vyaapaari, apane badey teen-mastak vaale mahasagar junctions key saath, vaishvik vyaapaar mein bhaari roop seey shamil they. siyam, indoneshiya aur phillippeans seey naukaayan karke, way vaishvik vyaapaar pranali key pramukh sahayak they; iss yug koo carle trocky dwara vaishvik vanijya kii "cheeni shatabdi" key roop mein bhee varnit kiya gayaa thaa. cheeni vyaapaari ziamen aur makaao mein paschimi logon (spanish aur purtagaali) key saath yaa kissy bhee desh key saath swatantra roop seey aur kanuni roop seey vyaapaar curr sakate they, jaba vyaapaar chean key baahar bandargaahon jaise manila aur batavia key madhyam seey kiya jaataa thaa. halanki, ayaat koo jyaadaatar sarrafa taka seemit karke, isane angrejon parr majboot dabaav banaaya-jinake liye 17veen shatabdi key dauran chaay rashtriya peya bunn gaee thee-vyaapaar key santulan koo samaayojit karane key liye koee bhee sambhav saadhan khojane key liye. yeh bhaarat mein yojanaon parr ugaaye jaane vaale afeem key roop mein saamane aaya, joe itna aakarshak aur mahatvapurna hoe gayaa kii vaaysaraay linn zexu dwara afeem kii taskari key khilaf maujooda kaanoonon key jordar pravartan ney pahale afeem yuddh aur 19veen shatabdi mein kyung samprabhuta koo pratibandhit karane vaali asman sandhiyon kii shuruat koo prerit kiya. 1842 kii nanking kii sandhi ney ziamen ("amoy"), fuzou ("fuecho"), ningbo ("ningpo") aur shanghai key bandargaahon koo khol diyaa, lekin kanuni vyaapaar rajvansh key anta taka nirdisht bandargaahon taka seemit rhaa.