armenian narsamhar kaa incar

armenian narsamhar seey incar yeh daavaa haye kii ottoman samrajya aur isaki sattaaroodh party, sangh aur pragati (cup) kii samiti ney pratham vishva yuddh key dauran apane armenian nagrikon key khilaf narsamhar naheen kiya-ack aparaadh joe sabooton key ack badey nikaay mein pralekhit haye aur vidvaanon key vishal bahumat dwara pushti kii gaee haye. apraadhiyon ney narsamhar seey incar kiya kyonki unhone ise anjam diyaa thaa, yeh daavaa karate hue kii ottoman samrajya mein armeniyai logon koo sainya karanon seey phir seey basaaya gayaa thaa, naa kii samaapt kiya gayaa thaa. narsamhar key baad, doshaaropan karane vaale dastavejon koo vyavasthit roop seey nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur incar turkey ganarajya kii pratyek sarkaar kii neeti rahee haye, aur baad mein 1991 taka azerbaijan ganarajya dwara apanaaya gayaa.
cup dwara apane karyon koo sahee thaharaane key liye upayog kiye gaye tarkon koo udhaar lena, armenian narsamhar kaa incar iss dhaarana parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii armenian logon kaa "sthanantaran" ack vaastavik yaa kathit armenian vidroh key jawab mein ack vaidh raajya kaarravaai thee jisane yuddh key dauran samrajya key astitva koo khatare mein daal diyaa thaa. incar karane vaalon kaa kahana haye kii cup kaa uddeshya armeniyai logon koo maarne key bajaay unhein phir seey basana thaa. way daavaa karate hain kii marane vaalon kii sankhya koo badhaa-chadhaakar bataaya gayaa haye yaa mauton kaa kaaran anya kaarak hain, jaise kii kathit grih yuddh, bimari, kharaab mausam, dusht sthaaniya adhikaari, yaa kurd aur badmash. itihaaskaar ronald grigor sunee mukhya tark koo sankshep mein bataate hain kii "koee narsamhar naheen thaa, aur isake liye armeniyai loga doshi they. incar aamtaur parr "armenian vishvaasghaat, aakraamakta, aaparaadhikta aur kshetriya mahatvakanksha kii bayanbaji" key saath hotaa haye.
iss incar key sabse mahatvapurna karanon mein seey ack yeh haye kii narsamhar ney ack turkey rashtra-raajya kii sthaapana koo saksham banaaya. maanyata turkey key sansthaapak mithakon kaa khandan karegi. 1920 key dashak seey, turkey ney narsamhar kii aadhikarik maanyata koo rokane yaa anya deshon mein iska ullekh karane key liye kaam kiya haye; inn prayason mein lobbing, shodh sansthanon key nirmaan aur dhamki aur dhamkiyon parr laakhon dollar kharch kiye gaye hain. incar turkey kii gharelu neetiyon koo bhee prabhaavit kartaa haye aur turkey schools mein padhaaya jaataa haye; kuchh turkey nagrik joe narsamhar koo sweekaar karate hain, unhein "turkey kaa upman karane" key liye abhiyojan kaa saamana karna padaa haye. turkey raajya dwara narsamhar seey incar karane key liye shatabdi-lambe prayaas ney ise itihas mein narsamhar key anya mamalon seey alag curr diyaa haye. azerbaijan narsamhar aur antarrashtriya star parr isaki maanyata key khilaf abhiyaanon seey bhee incar kartaa haye. turkey mein adhikansh turkey nagrik aur raajneetik dall raajya kii incar neeti kaa samarthan karate hain. narsamhar seey incar nagorno-karabakh sangharsh key saath-saath turkey mein kurdon key khilaf chala rahee hinsa mein yogdan detaa haye. turkey key ack vichaar-samooh, addam dwara aayojit 1500 logon key 2014 key ack sarvekshan mein paaya gayaa kii 9 pratishat turkey nagrik narsamhar koo pahachaante hain.
prishthabhoomi.
anatolia mein armenian kii upasthiti chhathi shatabdi eesaa poorv seey pralekhit haye, iss kshetra mein turkey kii upasthiti seey lagbhag dou sahasrabdi pahale. ottoman samrajya ney armeniyai aur anya gair-musalmaanon koo islami shasson key tahat dusare darje key nagrikon key roop mein prabhaavi dhang seey vyavhaar kiya, unnisvin shatabdi key tanjimat sudhaaron key baad bhee joe unaki sthiti koo barabar karane kaa irada rakhate they. 1890 key dashak taka, armeniyai logon koo islam mein jabaran dharmaantaran aur badhati bhoomi jabti kaa saamana karna padaa, jisake kaaran mutthi bhar loga armeniyai krantikari sangh (arf, jise dashnaktasyun key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) jaise krantikari dalon mein shamil hoe gaye. 1890 key dashak key madhya mein, raajya praayojit hamidian narsamhaaron mein cumm seey cumm 100,000 armeniyai maare gaye, aur 1909 mein, adhikaari adana narsamhar koo rokane mein whiffle rahey, jisake parinamswarup lagbhag 17,000 armeniyai logon kii maut hoe gaee. ottoman adhikaariyon ney inn narsamhaaron key liye kissy bhee jimmedaari seey incar kiya, paschimi shaktiyon parr hastakshep karane aur armeniyai logon parr ukasaave kaa aarop lagaaya, jabaki musalmaanon koo mukhya peediton key roop mein prastut kiya aur apraadhiyon koo dandit karane mein whiffle rahey. incar key inn hii trop koo baad mein armenian narsamhar koo nakaarne key liye niyojit kiya jaayega.
sangh aur pragati samiti (cup) 1908 aur 1913 mein dou takhtapalat mein satta mein aaee. iss beach, ottoman samrajya ney balcon yuddhon mein apane lagbhag sabhi europeeya kshetra koo khou diyaa; cup ney iss haar key liye isai vishvaasghaat koo doshi thaharaaya. yuddhon key parinamswarup saikadon hajaaron musalman sharanarthi anatolia bhaag gaye; kaee koo armeniyai aabaadi vaale purvi praanton mein phir seey basaaya gayaa aur isaaiyon key khilaf narajgi paida hui. agast 1914 mein, cup key pratinidhi ack arf sammelan mein dikhaai diye aur maang kii kii russie samrajya key saath yuddh kii sthiti mein, arf russie armenian logon koo ottoman paksh mein hastakshep karane key liye uksaataa haye. arf ney manaa curr diyaa, isake bajaay yeh ghoshana kii kii armenian logon koo una deshon key liye ladanaa chaahiye jinamen way nagrik they. octuber 1914 mein, ottoman samrajya ney kendriya shaktiyon key paksh mein pratham vishva yuddh mein pravesh kiya.
armenian narsamhar.
1914 key anta mein russie aur farsi kshetra parr ottoman aakraman key dauran, ottoman ardhsainik balon ney sthaaniya armeniyai logon kaa narsamhar kiya. kuchh ottoman armenian sanic roose chaley gaye-jinhen cup aur baad mein aswikar karane vaale donon ney armenian vishvaasghaat key saboot key roop mein jabt curr liya-lekin russie senaa mein armenian swayamsevak jyaadaatar russie armenian they. sarikamish (janwari 1915) kii ladaai mein roose dwara vinashkari ottoman haar key baad narsamhar narsamhar mein badal gayaa, jise armenian vishvaasghaat parr doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa. yuddh mantri enver paasha dwara jaari 25 farwari key adesh key anusaar armeniyai sainikon aur adhikaariyon koo unake padon seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. ottoman netaaon key dimag mein, armenian pratirodh kii alag-alag ghatnaaon koo ack samanya vidroh key saboot key roop mein liya gayaa thaa.
aprail key madhya mein, ottoman netaaon dwara narsamhar karane kaa faisala karane key baad, armeniyai logon ney purvi shahar vaine mein khud koo avarodhit curr liya. vaine kii raksha ney usa samay senaa-virodhi karyon key liye ack bahaane key roop mein kaam kiya aur una karyon mein ack mahatvapurna tatva banaa huaa haye joe narsamhar koo nakaarne yaa uchit thaharaane kii koshish karate hain. 24 aprail koo saikadon armenian buddhijiviyon koo constantinople mein giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. 27 maee nirvaasan kaanoon dwara vaidhata key aavaran koo dekhate hue armeniyai logon kaa vyavasthit nirvaasan shuru huaa. vishesh sangathan ney nirvaasan kafile kii raksha kii jisamen jyaadaatar mahilaaen, bachche aur bujurg shamil they joe vyavasthit balatkar aur narsamhar key adheen they. unakaa gantavya siriyai registan thaa, jahan joe loga mrityu juluson mein butch gaye they, unhein asthaayi shiviron mein bhukhmari yaa bimari seey marane key liye chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. nirvaasan kewal sakriya ladaai seey door key kshetron mein kiya gayaa thaa; agrim pankti key paas, armeniyai logon kaa poori tarah seey narsamhar kiya gayaa thaa. cup key netaaon ney nirvaasan kaa adesh diyaa, aantarik mantri talat paasha key saath, yeh jaanate hue kii vaha armeniyai logon koo unaki maut key liye bhej rhaa thaa, ack pramukh bhoomika nibha rhaa thaa. 13 julaai 1915 key ack cable mein, taalaat ney kahaa kii "armenian nirvaasan kaa uddeshya armenian prashn kaa antim samadhan haye."
itihaskaron kaa anuman haye kii 1915 mein ottoman samrajya mein 15 seey 20 laakh armeniyai loga rahate they, jinamen seey 800,000 seey 12 laakh koo narsamhar key dauran nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1916 mein, seeriya mein jeevit armeniyai logon koo lakshit karane key liye narsamhar kii ack lahar; varsh key anta taka, kewal 200,000 abhee bhee jeevit they. anumaanit 100,000 seey 200,000 mahilaaon aur bachchon koo jabaran vivaah, god lene aur dharmaantaran jaise tarikon key madhyam seey muslim parivaaron mein ekikrit kiya gayaa thaa. raajya ney hatyaa yaa nirvaasit armeniyai logon seey sambandhit sampatti koo jabt curr liya aur punarvitarit curr diyaa. purvi anatolia parr russie kabje key dauran, russie aur armenian balon ney 60,000 musalmaanon kaa narsamhar kiya. inn hatyaon aur narsamhar key beach ack jhoothi samaantaa banaana incar kaa ack kendriya tark haye.
narsamhar kaa dastavejikaran ottoman abhilekhagar, videshi rajnayikon dwara ekatra kiye gaye dastavejon (tatasth deshon aur ottoman sahyogiyon sahit), armeniyai jeevit bache logon aur paschimi missionaryon dwara pratyakshadarshi reports aur ottoman vishesh sainya nyayadhikaranon kii kaaryavaahi mein vyaapak roop seey kiya gayaa haye. talat paasha ney apana saankhyikiya record rakhaa, jisase 1915 mein nirvaasit armeniyai logon kii sankhya aur 1917 mein jeevit rahane vaalon key beach ack badey paimaane parr visangati kaa pataa chalaa. gair-turkey vidvaanon kaa vishal bahumat narsamhar koo ack aitihaasik tathya key roop mein sweekaar kartaa haye, aur turkey itihaskaron kii badhati sankhya bhee narsamhar koo sweekaar curr rahee haye aur adhyayan curr rahee haye.
utpatti.
ottoman samrajya.
narsamhar seey incar karna yaa tou tathyon koo nakarkar yaa apraadhiyon key iraade koo nakarkar narsamhar key roop mein sthaapit ack ghatana koo cumm karna haye. incar shuru seey hii armenian narsamhar key ack abhinn anga key roop mein maujood thaa, jise punarvaas kii aadh mein anjam diyaa gayaa thaa. yuddh mein americi tatasthata banaae rakhane aur german vittiya aur sainya samarthan key liye ottoman ichcha key kaaran incar ubhara.
maee 1915 mein, roose, britten aur france ney ottoman sarkaar koo ack rajanyik vigyapti bheji jisamen ottoman "manavata key khilaf apraadhon" kii ninda kii gaee aur kissy bhee ottoman adhikaari koo jawabdeh thaharaane kii dhamki dee gaee joe jimmedaar they. ottoman sarkaar ney iss baat seey incar kiya kii armeniyai logon kaa narsamhar huaa thaa, aur kahaa kii armeniyai logon ney dushman key saath milibhugat kii, jabaki yeh daavaa karate hue kii rashtriya samprabhuta ney unhein armeniyai logon key khilaf upaay karane kii anumati dee. isane yeh bhee aarop lagaaya kii armeniyai logon ney musalmaanon kaa narsamhar kiya thaa aur sahyogiyon parr yuddh aparaadh karane kaa aarop lagaaya thaa.
1916 kii shuruat mein, ottoman sarkaar ney "armenian aakaankshaon aur krantikari andolanon" sheershak seey dou khandon kaa ack kaam prakaashit kiya, jisamen iss baat seey incar kiya gayaa kii usane armenian logon koo khatm karane kii koshish kii thee. usa samay, antarrashtriya star parr iss tarah key bayanon koo bahut cumm vishvaas diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin kuchh musalman, joe pahale armeniyai logon key khilaf apraadhon seey sharminda they, ney kathit roop seey armeniyai logon dwara kiye gaye atyacharon key baare mein prachaar key jawab mein apana munn badal liya. yuddh key dauran utpann hue narsamhar key incar key vishayon koo baad mein turkey key narsamhar key incar mein punarnaveenikaran kiya gayaa thaa.
turkey rashtravadi andolan.
armeniyai narsamhar ney ottoman samrajya key vinash aur turkey ganarajya kii neenv mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. isai madhyam varg key vinash aur unaki sampattiyon key punarvitaran ney ack nae musalman/turkey burjua varg key nirmaan koo saksham banaaya. ottoman samrajya aur turkey ganarajya key beach mahatvapurna nirantarta thee, aur gantantra kii janata kii party sangh aur pragati samiti kaa uttaradhikari thee jisane narsamhar koo anjam diyaa. turkey rashtravadi andolan una logon key samarthan parr nirbhar thaa jinhone narsamhar kiya thaa yaa isase khud koo samriddh kiya thaa, jisase maun key liye ack protsaahan paida huaa thaa. yuddh key samay key atyacharon koo aswikar karna aur cumm karna turkey rashtravadi aam sahamati key gathan key liye mahatvapurna thaa.
narsamhar key baad, kaee jeevit bache logon ney purvi anatolia mein ack armenian raajya kii maang kii; turkey rashtravadiyon aur armenian logon key beach yuddh bhayankar thaa, donon pakshon parr atyachar kiye jaa rahey they. baad kii raajneetik maangon aur musalmaanon kii armeniyai hatyaon kaa upayog aksar 1915 key narsamhar koo purvavyaapi roop seey uchit thaharaane key liye kiya gayaa haye. savers kii sandhi ney armeniyai logon koo purvi anatolia mein ack badaa kshetra pradaan kiya, lekin 1920 mein armenia parr turkey aakraman key kaaran iss praavdhaan koo kabhi lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa. turkey sainikon ney silicia mein armenian jeevit bache logon key narsamhar kiye aur coccus aur armenia key pahale ganarajya key aakraman key baad lagbhag 200,000 armenian maare gaye; iss prakaar, itihaaskaar ruben paul adalian ney tark diyaa haye kii "mustafa kemal [turkey rashtravadi andolan key netaa] ney 1915 mein joe talat aur enver shuru huaa thaa usey puuraa kiya."
paschimi shaktiyon koo khush karane key liye 1919 mein ottoman sarkaar ney mutthi bhar apraadhiyon key saath court-marshel kiya. phir bhee, sabooton koo toda diyaa gayaa thaa, aur kaee apraadhiyon koo ander bhaagne key liye protsaahit kiya gayaa thaa. raajya praayojit saamoohik hatyaa kii vaastaviktaa seey incar naheen kiya gayaa thaa, lekin samaaj key kaee halakon ney ise aavashyak aur uchit maanaa. jaisa kii ack british videsh karyalaya kii report mein kahaa gayaa haye, "ack hazaar mein seey ack turk yeh kalpana naheen curr sakata kii ack turk hoe sakata haye jise isaaiyon kii hatyaa key liye fansi dee jaani chaahiye."kemal ney baar-baar armeniyai logon parr anatolia mein musalmaanon key unmoolan kii sajish rachane kaa aarop lagaaya. unhone "hatyare armenian" kii tulanaa turkon seey kii, jinhen poori tarah seey nirdosh aur utpeedit rashtra key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa. 1919 mein, kemal ney isaaiyon key prati ottoman sarkaar kii neetiyon kaa bachaav karate hue kahaa, "hamaare desh mein rahane vaale gair-muslim tatvon parr joe kuchh bhee huaa haye, vaha algavvad kii neetiyon kaa parinam haye, jaba unhone khud koo videshi sazishon kaa aujaar banaane aur apane visheshadhikaron kaa durupyog karane kii anumati dee."
turkey mein.
kaaran.
itihaaskaar erich-zaan zurcher kaa tark haye kii, choonki turkey rashtravadi andolan narsamhar seey labhanvit abhinetaon key ack vyaapak gathbandhan key samarthan parr nirbhar thaa, isaliye ateet koo todana asambhav thaa. ganarajya kii sthaapana key baad seey, narsamhar koo ack aavashyakta aur "kaaran key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye. talat paasha sahit kaee mukhya apraadhiyon koo turkey key rashtriya nayakon key roop mein sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa; kaee schools, sadakon aur masjidon kaa naam abhee bhee unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. yuddh key baad key nyayadhikaran dwara armeniyanon key khilaf apraadhon key liye doshi thaharaae gaye aur maut kii sajaa sunai gaee, jaise kii mehmet kemal aur behramzade nusrat koo rashtriya aur gauravshali shaheed ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa aur unake parivaaron koo raajya dwara jabt kii gaee armenian sampattiyon key saath puraskrit kiya gayaa thaa. turkey itihaaskaar taner akaam kaa kahana haye kii, "ack rashtra key liye apane sansthaapak pitaa koo hatyare aur chor kahana aasaan naheen haye."keyser aur anya itihaskaron kaa tark haye kii" dosh sweekaar karane mein asamarthata kaa ekmatra sabse mahatvapurna kaaran turkey rashtra-raajya key gathan key liye armenian narsamhar kii kendriyata haye."turkey itihaaskaar doan gurpanar kaa kahana haye kii narsamhar koo sweekaar karane seey turkey rashtra-raajya kii moolbhoot dhaaranaon parr sawal uthaaye jaayenge.
incar koo samajhaane mein ack kaarak savers syndrome haye, ack lokpriya vishvaas haye kii turkey koo abhishapt dushmanon dwara gher liya jaataa haye. iss apraapti key bavjood kii maanyata seey kissy bhee kshetriya parivartan kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye, kaee turkey adhikaariyon kaa maanana haye kii narsamhar kii maanyata vibhajan turkey yaa anya kshatipurti nikaalane kii sajish kaa hissa haye. narsamhar kii sweekriti koo raajya dwara turkey kii rashtriya suraksha key liye ack khatare key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, aur aisaa karane vaale turkon koo gaddaar key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. 1980 key dashak mein ack anatolian gaanv mein apane kaary key dauran, maanavvigyaani saim kaplan ney paaya kii "armeniyanon key lautane kaa ack aantarik darr... aur apani bhoomi parr punah kabja karane seey abhee bhee sthaaniya kalpanaon mein pakad bunny hui haye.
sabooton kaa vinash aur chhipaana.
ottoman sarkaar key ack adesh ney videshiyon koo armenian sharanarthiyon yaa sadakon key kinaaron parr jamaa shavon kii tasveeren lene seey pratibandhit curr diyaa, jinn parr mrityu julus nikaale gaye they. ullanghan karane vaalon koo giraftari kii dhamki dee gaee. sakhti seey lagu kiye gaye censorship kaanoonon ney armenian jeevit bache logon koo sansmaran prakaashit karane seey roque diyaa, "raajya kii samanya neetiyon key vipareet kissy bhee prakaashan koo pratibandhit kiya. joe loga narsamhar koo sweekaar karate hain, una parr "turkey kaa upman karane" key khilaf kaanoonon key tahat mukadama chalaaya gayaa haye. talat paasha ney adesh diyaa thaa kii "turkey mein 'armenia' shabd koo bhee samaapt karane key liye sub kuchh kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yuddh key baad turkey ganarajya mein, armenian saanskritik viraasat armenian upasthiti koo mitaane key prayaas mein vyavasthit vinash key adheen rahee haye. 5 janwari 1916 koo, enver paasha ney yunani, armenian yaa bulgarian mool key sabhi sthaanon key naamon koo badalane kaa adesh diyaa, ack neeti joe baad key ganarajya mein poori tarah seey lagu kii gaee, joe 1980 key dashak taka jaari rahee. narsamhar peediton kii saamoohik kabrein bhee nasht curr dee gaee hain, halanki kaee abhee bhee maujood hain. 1918 key yuddhaviram key baad, ottoman abhilekhagar mein doshaaropan karane vaale dastavejon koo vyavasthit roop seey nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yuddh key baad key court-marshel key record bhee gayab hoe gaye hain. yeh sweekaar karate hue kii kuchh abhilekhiya dastaavez isaki sthiti kaa samarthan karate hain, turkey sarkaar ney ghoshana kii kii "armenian prashn" key liye praasangik abhilekhagar 1985 mein khole jaayenge. turkey itihaaskaar halil barkate key anusaar, rajanyik ney iss samay abhilekhagar kaa doosara shuddhikaran kiya. abhilekhagar koo aadhikarik taur parr 1989 mein khola gayaa thaa, lekin vyavhaar mein, kuchh abhilekhagar seal curr diye gaye they, aur anya abhilekhagar taka pahunch aadhikarik turkey kathaa key prati sahaanubhooti rakhane vaale vidvaanon taka seemit thee.
turkey itihas.
mustafa kemal key 1927 key "nutuk" bhaashan mein, joe kii camelist itihaslekhan kii neenv thee, maun aur incar kii ranneeti kaa upayog armeniyai logon key khilaf hinsa seey nipatane key liye kiya jaataa haye. apane anya bhashanon kii tarah, vaha turkon koo kissy bhee galat kaam key nirdosh aur bhayaanak armenian atyacharon key peediton key roop mein prastut kartaa haye. dashakon taka turkey itihas lekhan ney armenian narsamhar koo nazarandaj curr diyaa. praarambhik apvaadon mein seey ack narsamhar aparaadhi esaat uras thaa, jisane 1950 mein "itihas mein armenian aur armenian prashn" prakaashit kiya thaa. uras kii pustak, joe shayed dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad soviyat kshetriya daavon key jawab mein likhi gaee thee, yuddh key dauran cup dwara tainaat pahale key tarkon kaa ack nayaa sanshleshan thaa, aur 1980 key dashak mein vikasit narsamhar parr "aadhikarik kathaa" key saath yuddh key incar koo jodaa gayaa thaa.
1980 key dashak mein, narsamhar kii maanyata key liye armenian prayason aur armenian aatankvaadiyon dwara hatyaon kii ack lahar key baad, turkey ney "armenian prashn" kii ack aadhikarik kathaa prastut karna shuru curr diyaa, jise isane aitihaasik narsamhar key bajaay samkaaleen aatankvaad key mudde key roop mein taiyar kiya. sevaanivritt rajnayikon koo asweekaarvaadi karyon koo likhane key liye bharti kiya gayaa thaa, joe peshevar karyapranali yaa naitik manakon key binaa puuraa kiya gayaa thaa aur turkey key liye anukool aur armeniyai logon key liye pratikool sangrah jaankaari key aadhar parr thaa. uchch shiksha parishad kii sthaapana 1981 mein turkey sainya junta dwara kii gaee thee, aur gurpanar key anusaar, "apani swayam kii sandarbh pranali key saath ack vaikalpik, 'rashtriya' chhatravritti" koo majboot karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai haye. akaadamik shodh key alawa, turkaya ataav ney 1983 mein "armenian prashn" parr pahala vishvavidyalaya pathyakram padhaaya. pahali shatabdi taka, turkey sarkaar kii aadhikarik sthiti koo banaae rakhane vaale prakashanon key liye jaanaa jaane vaalaa turkey aitihaasik samaaj, narsamhar key daavon kaa mukabala karane key apane mukhya karyon mein seey ack thaa.
1990 key aspas, germany mein kaam karane vaale taner akaam, narsamhar koo sweekaar karane aur adhyayan karane vaale pahale turkey itihaaskaar they. 1990 key dashak key dauran, niji vishvavidyalayon koo turkey mein sthaapit kiya jaanaa shuru huaa, jisase raajya-praayojit vichaaron koo chunauti millie. 2005 mein, teen turkey vishvavidyalayon key shikshaavidon ney narsamhar seey nipatane key liye ack shaikshanik sammelan kaa ayojan kiya. maee 2005 mein aayojit honey vaale sammelan koo dhamki key abhiyaan key baad nilambit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin antatah sitambar mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. sammelan ney desh key saarvajanik pravachan mein turkey key sansthaapak mithakon key liye pahali badee chunauti kaa pratinidhitva kiya aur isake parinamswarup istambul aur ankara mein abhijaat shikshaavidon dwara ack vaikalpik, gair-asweekaarvaadi itihaslekhan kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa, joe ack chala rahee inkaarvaadi itihaslekhan key samanantar thaa. narsamhar koo tathya key roop mein sweekaar karane aur adhyayan karane vaale turkey shikshaavidon koo turkey kaa upman karane key liye maut kii dhamki aur abhiyojan kaa saamana karna padaa haye. paschimi vidwan aam taur parr turkey inkaarvaadi itihaslekhan koo nazarandaj karate hain kyonki way isake tarikon koo gair-dhruviya maanate hain-vishesh roop seey sroton key chayanaatmak upayog koo.
shiksha.
turkey key school, saarvajanik yaa niji, koo shiksha mantralaya dwara anumodit itihas kii pathyapustakon kaa upayog karna aavashyak haye. raajya iss ekadhikar kaa upayog aadhikarik inkaarvaadi sthiti key liye samarthan badhaane, armeniyai logon koo badnam karane aur unhein dushman key roop mein pesh karane key liye kartaa haye. dashakon taka, inn pathyapustakon mein ottoman itihas key hisse key roop mein armenian logon kaa ullekh naheen kiya gayaa thaa. 1980 key dashak seey, pathyapustakon mein "1915 kii ghatnaaon" parr charcha kii gaee haye, lekin ottoman sarkaar seey anya abhinetaon parr dosh lagaaya gayaa haye. way samrajyavadi shaktiyon parr samrajya koo kamjor karane key liye armeniyai logon koo herfer karane kaa aarop lagaate hain, aur aarop lagaate hain kii armeniyai logon ney rajdroh kiya yaa ack khatra prastut kiya. kuchh pathyapustakon mein sweekaar kiya gayaa haye kii nirvaasan huaa aur armeniyai loga maare gaye, lekin iss kaarravaai koo aavashyak aur uchit key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa haye. 2005 seey, pathyapustakon mein turk musalmaanon key khilaf narsamhar karane kaa aarop armeniyai logon parr lagaaya gayaa haye. 2003 mein, pratyek grade star key chhatron koo narsamhar kaa khandan karate hue nibandh likhane kaa nirdesh diyaa gayaa thaa.
samaaj.
dashakon taka, narsamhar turkey samaaj mein ack varjit vishay thaa. gosek kaa kahana haye kii yeh raajya aur samaaj key beach kii baatchit haye joe incar koo itna nirantar banaati haye. turkey raajya key alawa, turkey buddhijiviyon aur nagrik samaaj ney bhee narsamhar seey incar kiya haye. narsamhar seey sambandhit turkey kathaa aamtaur parr isase incar karati haye, jabaki yeh daavaa karati haye kii kaalpanik kathaa sachchi ghatnaaon parr adharit haye. yeh dekhate hue kii purvi turkey mein kaee logon ney ghatana kii yaadon koo paar curr liya haye, narsamhar vidwan ugur umat ungar kaa kahana haye kii "turkey sarkaar ack narsamhar seey incar curr rahee haye jise usaki apani aabaadi yaad karati haye."turkey raajya aur adhikansh samaaj ottoman samrajya mein anya jaatiya utpeedan aur manvadhikaron key ullanghan key sambandh mein isi tarah key maun mein lagey hue hain aur ganarajya turkey ney yoonaniyon, assyrian, kurdon, yahoodiyon aur aleviyon key khilaf maun rakhaa haye.
adhikansh turk narsamhar seey incar key sambandh mein raajya kii neetiyon kaa samarthan karate hain. kuchh loga sweekaar karate hain kii narsamhar hue lekin unhein armenian vishvaasghaat key liye uchit pratikriya key roop mein maanate hain. kaee loga abhee bhee armenian logon koo paanchvaan stambh maanate hain. halil carvelli key anusaar, "[narsamhar] shabd samaaj key sabhi kshetron aur harr vaichaarik jhukaav key turkon key beach majboot, bhaavnaatmak pratikriyaon koo uksaataa haye. turkey-armeniyai patrakaar hrant dink ack behtar samaaj aur jaatiya samoohon key beach sulah praapt karane key liye aitihaasik satyon kaa saamana karane key liye apani vakaalat mein mukhar they. turkey kaa upman karane key liye una parr mukadama chalaaya gayaa thaa aur 2007 mein ack turkey atee-rashtravadi dwara unaki hatyaa curr dee gaee thee. 2013 mein, sanyukt raajya america mein turkey vishvavidyalaya key chhatron key ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii 65 pratishat aadhikarik drishtikon seey sahmat they kii armenian mautein "antar-sampradayik yuddh" key parinamswarup huin aur anya 10 pratishat ney hinsa key liye armenian logon koo doshi thaharaaya. 2014 key ack sarvekshan mein paaya gayaa kii kewal 9 pratishat turkey nagrikon ney socha kii unaki sarkaar koo narsamhar koo maanyata deni chaahiye. kaee logon kaa maanana haye kii iss tarah kii sweekriti armeniyai aur videshi shaktiyon dwara lagaai jaati haye, jisase turkey koo koee laabh naheen hotaa haye. kaee kurd, jinhone khud turkey mein raajneetik daman kaa saamana kiya haye, ney narsamhar koo maanyata dee haye aur isaki ninda kii haye.
rajneeti.
islami roodhivaadi nyaay aur vikas party (akp) 2002 mein satta mein aaee aur itihas key prati ack drishtikon apanaaya joe cup aur praarambhik gantantra yug donon key liye mahatvapurna thaa. iss sthiti ney shuru mein kuchh udaarikaran aur vichaaron kii ack vyaapak shrinkhala kaa netritva kiya jise saarvajanik kshetra mein vyakt kiya jaa sakata thaa. akp ney saajha peedaa parr jore dekar narsamhar seey incar aur narsamhar kii maanyata key vikalp key roop mein "1915 kii ghatnaaon" key liye apane drishtikon koo prastut kiya. samay key saath, aur vishesh roop seey 2016 key asafal takhtapalat key baad seey, aeye. key. pee. sarkaar teji seey sattawadi hoe gaee; raajneetik daman aur censorship ney armenian narsamhar jaise vivadaspad vishayon parr charcha karna adhik kathin banaa diyaa haye. turkey mein sabhi pramukh raajneetik dall, sivaay kurdish samarthak peepuls democratic party (aich. dee. pee.) key, saath-saath kaee samarthak aur sarkaar virodhi media aur nagrik samaaj sangathanon key, incar kaa samarthan karate hain. sarkaar aur vipakshi dalon donon ney anya deshon mein narsamhar koo maanyata dene kaa purjor virodh kiya haye. kissy bhee turkey sarkaar ney sweekaar naheen kiya haye kii armeniyai logon key saath joe huaa vaha ack aparaadh thaa, narsamhar kii tou baat hii chhodiye. 24 aprail 2019 koo, rashtrapati recep tayyip erdogan ney tweet kiya, "armenian girohon aur unake samarthakon kaa sthanantaran... iss tarah kii avadhi mein sabse uchit kaarravaai kii jaa sakati thee.
turkey key videshi sambandh.
turkey key prayaas videshon mein apane narsamhar key incar koo 1920 key dashak taka, yaa, baari-baari seey, narsamhar key liye pesh karane key liye. turkiyon kaa sadiyon seey chaley aaa rahey armeniyai narsamhar seey incar karane kaa prayaas iss narsamhar koo itihas mein anya logon seey alag kartaa haye. narsamhar vidwan roser doubleu key anusaar. smith ney kahaa, "kissy anya udaaharan mein sarkaar ney iss baat seey incar karane key liye itani hudd taka naheen jaanaa haye kii ack badey paimaane parr narsamhar huaa thaa."narsamhar koo nakaarne aur isaki maanyata kaa mukabala karane kii turkey kii kshamata key liye madhya poorv mein desh kii ranneetik sthiti, paschim key saath sheet yuddh gathbandhan aur naato kii sadasyata kendriya haye. itihaskaron ney turkey key narsamhar seey incar koo saksham karane mein anya deshon kii bhoomika koo milibhugat key roop mein varnit kiya haye.
1922-1923 key lusaane sammelan mein, turkey pratinidhiyon ney yuddh key dauran vikasit kiye gaye armenian itihas key sanskaran koo dohraya. lusaane kii parinami sandhi ney savers kii pichhali sandhi koo radd curr diyaa, jisamen ottoman yuddh apraadhiyon key khilaf mukadama chalaane aur isai bache logon koo sampatti kii bahaali koo anivarya curr diyaa gayaa thaa. isake bajaay, lusaane ney sabhi apraadhiyon koo dund seey mukt curr diyaa. 1980 key turkey sainya takhtapalat key baad, turkey ney narsamhar key daavon kaa mukabala karane key adhik sansthaagat tareeke vikasit kiye. 1981 mein, videsh mantralaya ney vishesh roop seey armenian narsamhar key baare mein turkey key drishtikon koo badhaava dene key liye ack samarpit karyalaya (<unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> <unk> 2001 mein, ack aur kendrikaran ney adharheen narsamhar daavon (asimmak) key saath sangharsh kaa samanvaya karane key liye samiti kaa gathan kiya. armenian anusandhaan sansthaan, ack vichaar samooh joe vishesh roop seey armenian mudde parr kendrit haye, 2001 mein francisi sansad dwara narsamhar kii maanyata key baad banaaya gayaa thaa. 2017 turkey samvaidhaanik janmat sangrah key baad asimak koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa.
samajshastri levon chorbazian key anusaar, turkey kaa "karyapranali poore samay susangat rahati haye aur adhikatam sthiti kii talash karati haye, koee samjhauta naheen karati haye, halanki kabhi-kabhi iss parr sanket dete hain, aur dhamki aur dhamkiyon koo niyojit karati haye."ack vaishvik yahudi sajish mein vishvaas seey prerit, turkey videsh mantralaya ney incar karane key prayason mein bhaag lene key liye turkey yahoodiyon kii bharti kii haye. turkey yahudi netaaon ney narsamhar koo maanyata dene vaale prastaavon koo haraane mein madad kii, aur shaikshanik sammelanon aur holocast sangrahalayon mein iska ullekh karane seey bachaa. turkey harr saal narsamhar kii maanyata key khilaf lobbing karane mein laakhon dollar kharch kartaa haye. akaam ney 2020 mein kahaa kii turkey ney shaikshanik aur rajanyik donon morchon parr armenian narsamhar parr soochana yuddh koo nishchit roop seey khou diyaa haye, isaki aadhikarik kathaa koo samanya incar kii tarah maanaa jaa rhaa haye.
germany.
1915 seey 1918 taka, germany aur ottoman samrajya ney "incar key sanyukt prachaar prayaas" kiye."german samachar patron ney ottoman sarkaar key atyachar karane seey incar karane aur kathit armenian vishvaasghaat kii kahaaniyon koo dohraya. sarkari censorship pustika ney armeniyai logon key baare mein bhaashan parr sakht seemaaen anivarya curr deen, halanki ullanghan key liye dund halke they. 11 janwari 1916 koo, samajwadi upa carle libconnect ney reachstag mein armenian narsamhar kaa mudda uthaaya, jawab praapt karate hue kii ottoman sarkaar koo "hamaare dushmanon kii rajdrohi sajishon key kaaran, kuchh kshetron kii armenian aabaadi koo sthanantarit karane aur unhein nivaas key nae sthaan dene key liye majboor kiya gayaa haye."hansee ney libechneck key anuvarti prashnon koo baadhit kiya. 1921 mein soghomon tehlirian key mukadame key dauran talat paasha kii hatyaa key liye itane saare saboot saamane aae kii incar asamarthaniya hoe gayaa. isake bajaay german rashtravadiyon ney armenian logon key jaanboojhkar unmoolan koo uchit bataaya.
march 2006 mein, turkey rashtravadi samoohon ney berlin mein dou railiyon kaa ayojan kiya, jiska uddeshya "talat paasha kii hatyaa" kaa smaran karna aur "narsamhar key jhooth" kaa virodh karna thaa."german raajnetaon ney march kii aalochana kii, aur matdan cumm thaa. jaba 2016 mein bundstag ney armenian narsamhar koo maanyata dene key liye matdan kiya, tou turkey media ney prastaav kii kadee aalochana kii aur turkey mool key gyaarah pratinidhiyon koo maut kii dhamkiyon key kaaran pulis suraksha millie. germany key badey turkey samudaay koo ack kaaran key roop mein uddhrit kiya gayaa haye kii sarkaar hichkicha rahee haye, aur turkey sangathanon ney prastaav key khilaf pairavi kii aur pradarshanon kaa ayojan kiya.
sanyukt raajya america.
itihaaskaar donald bloxham kaa kahana haye kii, "bahut hii vaastavik arthon mein, 'narsamhar incar' koo sanyukt raajya sarkaar dwara sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa aur narsamhar shabd key gadhaa jaane seey pahale hii ise aage badhaaya gayaa thaa."interwar turkey mein, maark ell jaise pramukh americi rajanyik. bristol aur joseph ney turkey rashtravadi drishtikon kaa samarthan kiya kii armenian narsamhar samrajyavad kii taakton key khilaf ack yuddh thaa. 1922 mein, chester riyayat praapt karane seey pahale, colby chester ney tark diyaa kii anatolia key isaaiyon kaa narsamhar naheen kiya gayaa thaa; unake lekhan ney baad mein narsamhar key kaee vishayon koo pradarshit kiya. 1930 key dashak mein, turkey dutawas ney americi company aim. jee. aim. dwara fraans worfell key lokpriya upanyaas "dha forty days off moosa daag" key ack niyojit film roopaantaran koo radd curr diyaa, jisamen americi filmon key bahishkaar kii dhamki dee gaee. turkey dutaavaason ney americi raajya vibhaag key samarthan seey 1950 aur 1960 key dashak mein film koo punarjeevit karane key prayason koo whiffle curr diyaa.
turkey ney 1975 key aspas raajneetik pairavi shuru kii. 1979 seey 1989 taka sanyukt raajya america mein turkey rajdoot ükrü elkdağ ney shikshaavidon, vyaavsaayik hiton aur yahudi samoohon koo aakarshit karke armenian narsamhar maanyata kii pravritti kaa mukabala karane key liye aakramak roop seey kaam kiya. sanyukt raajya america key holocost memorial sangrahalaya kii samiti key sadasyon ney bataaya kii alekdag ney unhein bataaya kii aggar sangrahalaya mein armenian narsamhar shamil haye tou turkey mein yahoodiyon kii suraksha kii guaranti naheen thee. unake karyakal key tahat, turkey adhyayan sansthaan (iska) kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, jise turkey seey $30 laakh kaa vitt poshan kiya gayaa thaa, aur desh ney jansampark parr salana $10 laakh kharch kiye they. 2000 mein, alekda ney shikayat kii kii iska "kaary aur prabhavsheelta khou gaee haye."turkey ney sanyukt raajya america kii turkey mein pramukh havaai addon taka pahunch koo kaatane kii dhamki dee, aggar yeh narsamhar koo maanyata dene key liye thaa. 2007 mein, turkey key dabaav key kaaran narsamhar kii maanyata key liye ack congress kaa prastaav whiffle hoe gayaa. vidheyak key virodhiyon ney kahaa kii narsamhar huaa thaa, lekin turkey key saath achche sambandhon koo banaae rakhane key liye aupchaarik maanyata key khilaf tark diyaa. 1994 seey pratyek varsh, sanyukt raajya america key rashtrapati ney 24 aprail koo ack smaarak sandesh jaari kiya haye. turkey ney kabhi-kabhi rashtrapati koo "narsamhar" shabd kaa upayog karane seey rokane key liye riyaayaten dee hain. 2019 mein, congress key donon sadanon ney narsamhar koo aupchaarik roop seey maanyata dene vaale prastaav paarit kiye. 24 aprail 2021 koo, armenian narsamhar smriti divas parr, rashtrapati joe biden ney white house dwara jaari ack bayaan mein ghatnaaon koo "narsamhar" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya.
united kingdam.
manvadhikar vakeel geophrey robertson ney aarop lagaaya kii 2000 key aspas, "narsamhar seey incar ney purvi vibhaag [videsh aur rashtramandal karyalaya (aff. see. oh.)] mein khud koo sthaapit curr liya thaa... iss hudd taka kii yeh mantriyon koo aasaani seey pataa lagaane yogya tathyon kii andekhi key saath briefing curr rhaa thaa, jaise kii usa samay key apane record. 2006 mein, mp steven pound dwara shuru kii gaee bahas key jawab mein, aff. see. oh. key ack pratinidhi ney kahaa kii united kingdam ney narsamhar koo maanyata naheen dee kyonki "saboot paryaapt roop seey spasht naheen hain.
israel.
itihaskaron aur maark david bayer key anusaar, israel-turkey sambandhon key saamaanyikaran mein armenian narsamhar kaa incar sabse mahatvapurna kaarak thaa. 1982 mein holocost aur narsamhar parr antarrashtriya sammelan, joe tail avive mein huaa, mein armenian narsamhar parr chhah prastutiyaan shamil theen. turkey ney dhamki dee kii aggar sammelan aayojit kiya gayaa, tou vaha iran aur seeriya key yahudi sharanarthiyon key liye apani seemaon koo bund curr dega, jisase unaki zaan khatare mein parh jaayegi. natijatan, israel kaa videsh mantralaya antatah sammelan koo radd karane key asafal prayaas mein shamil hoe gayaa.
aprail 2001 mein, ack turkey samachar patra ney videsh mantri shimone peres key havaale seey kahaa, "humm narsamhar aur armenian aaropon key beach samaantaa paida karane key prayason koo aswikar karate hain. holocost key samaan kuchh bhee naheen huaa. yeh ack trasdi haye jisase armeniyai loga gujare, lekin narsamhar naheen."charney aur auron key anusaar, iss bayaan ney seema koo paar curr armenian narsamhar key sakriya incar mein badal diyaa. vidwan eldad bayne ahron kaa maanana haye kii peres ney spasht curr diyaa kii 1948 key baad seey israel kii neeti kyaa thee. 2010 key dashak key anta mein israel-turkey sambandh bigad gaye, lekin azerbaijan key saath israel key sambandh karibi hain aur azerbaijan-israel antarrashtriya sangh ney narsamhar kii maanyata key khilaf pairavi kii haye.
shikshaavidon mein asweekriti.
beesavin shatabdi taka, ottoman aur turkey adhyayanon ney armeniyai logon kii hatyaon koo haashiye parr daal diyaa, jise kaee shikshaavidon ney yuddh key samay key upaay key roop mein apatkal dwara uchit thaharaaya aur gaharaai seey charcha karane seey parhej kiya. inn kshetron key turkey raajya key saath lambe samay seey ghanishth sansthaagat sambandh rahey hain. inn shikshaavidon key bayanon koo turkey incar agende koo aage badhaane key liye uddhrit kiya gayaa thaa. narsamhar koo maanyata dene vaale itihaskaron koo apane vichaar vyakt karane key liye peshevar pratishodh kaa darr thaa. incar kii paddhati kii tulanaa tambaku udyog yaa vaishvik tapman mein vriddhi seey incar kii ranneeti seey kii gaee haih pakshapaati anusandhaan key vittaposhan, sandeh kaa dhuandhar pardaa paida karna, aur iss tarah ack vivaad kaa nirmaan karna jahaan koee vaastavik shaikshanik vivaad naheen haye.
1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein, turkey sarkaar ney narsamhar kii maanyata koo rokane key liye anusandhaan sansthanon koo vitt poshit kiya haye. 19 maee 1985 koo, "dha newyork times" aur "dha washington post" ney turkey americi sanghon kii sabhaa seey ack vigyaapan chalaaya jisamen 69 shikshaavid-usa samay sanyukt raajya mein kaam curr rahey ottoman itihas key adhikansh professor-ney congress seey armenian narsamhar parr prastaav koo naa apanaane kaa ahwan kiya. hastaksharkartaon mein seey kaee koo turkey sarkaar dwara vitt poshit shodh anudan praapt huaa, aur adhikansh ottoman samrajya key antim daur key visheshagya naheen they. turkey adhyayan sansthaan key nideshak heath laurie ney hastakshar surakshit karane mein madad kii; unake prayason key liye, laurie koo turkey puraskar key prachaar aur maanyata key liye neenv millie. agale dashak mein, turkey ney narsamhar kii maanyata kaa mukabala karane key liye ottoman aur turkey adhyayanon kii chhah kursiyon koo vitt poshit kiya; lovri koo ack kursiyon key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. itihaaskaar keth david wattenpog key anusaar, iss sankalp kaa vidvaanon kii badhati peedhi parr ack bhayaanak aur sthaayi prabhaav thaa."2000 mein, alekda ney sweekaar kiya kii bayaan bekaar hoe gayaa thaa kyonki justine mccarthy key alawa mool hastaksharkartaon mein seey koee bhee ack aur, isi tarah kii ghoshana parr hastakshar karane key liye sahmat naheen hoga.
sanyukt raajya mein haal hii mein akaadamik incar ney ack kathit armenian vidroh parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye, jise armenian logon key utpeedan koo ack vaidh vidroh key roop mein uchit thaharaane key liye kahaa gayaa haye. 2009 mein, yoota vishvavidyalaya ney apani "turkey adhyayan pariyojana" kholi, jise turkey gathbandhan off america (tii. see. aeye.) dwara vitt poshit kiya gayaa aur aim. salaahkaar mandal mein alekda key saath haakan yavuj. yoota press vishvavidyalaya ney narsamhar seey incar karane vaali kaee pustaken prakaashit kii hain, jinaki shuruat gwenter levi key "ottoman turkey mein armenian narsamhar" (2006) seey hui haye. lii kii pustak koo gyaarah prakashakon dwara aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur maark mamigonian key anusaar, "aadhunik incar key pramukh granthon mein seey ack" bunn gayaa. tii. see. aeye. ney mccarthy, michael gunter, yasel gyulu aur edward jey sahit kaee lekhakon koo vittiya sahaayata bhee pradaan kii haye. ericson ney una pustakon koo likhane key liye joe armenian narsamhar seey incar karati hain. richard jee key anusaar. haal hii mein shikshaavidon mein seey hovanician, lagbhag sabhi key turkey seey sambandh hain aur turkey nagrikta vaale sabhi ney turkey videsh mantralaya key liye kaam kiya haye.
akaadamik akhandata vivaad.
kaee vidwan shikshaavidon key liye armenian narsamhar seey incar karna anaitik maanate hain. isake alawa, narsamhar key incar seey sambandhit akaadamik akhandata key baare mein kaee vivaad rahey hain. 1990 mein, manochikitsak robert jey lifeton koo sanyukt raajya america mein turkey rajdoot seey ack patra milaa, jisamen lifeton kii ack pustak mein armenian narsamhar key sandarbhon parr sawal uthaaya gayaa thaa. rajdoot ney anajaane mein lovri seey ack patra kaa masauda shamil kiya jisamen rajdoot koo salah dee gaee thee kii vidvaanon key karyon mein armenian narsamhar key ullekh koo kaise rokaa jaae. lovri koo baad mein prinston vishvavidyalaya mein ottoman adhyayan key ataturk professor key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa, jise turkey sarkaar ney 750,000 dollar kaa anudan diyaa thaa. unake karyon koo "vidvata key vidhvans" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa; baad mein unhone kahaa kii patra likhana ack galati thee.
2006 mein, automanist itihaaskaar donald quatert-sanyukt raajya congress koo 1985 key bayaan key 69 hastaksharkartaon mein seey ack-ney "narsamhar key mahaan khel" kii sameeksha kii, joe kii armenian narsamhar key baare mein ack pustak haye, iss baat parr sahmat haye kii "narsamhar" upayog karane key liye sahee shabd thaa; lekh ney chunauti dee jise quatert ney iss mudde parr "automanist wall off silence" kahaa. hafton baad, turkey adhikaariyon dwara dhamki diye jaane key baad kii yadi unhone apane bayaan vaapas naheen liye tou sansthaan kaa dhana vaapas leey liya jaayega, unhone turkey adhyayan sansthaan key nideshak mandal key adhyaksh key roop mein istifa dey diyaa. board key kaee sadasyon ney istifa dey diyaa aur madhya poorv adhyayan sangh aur turkey adhyayan sangh donon ney quatert kii shaikshanik swatantrata key ullanghan kii aalochana kii.
juuna 2011 mein diye gaye ack vyakhyan mein, akaam ney kahaa kii turkey videsh mantralaya key ack adhikaari ney unhein bataaya kii turkey sarkaar sanyukt raajya mein narsamhar seey incar karane key liye shikshaavidon koo dhana kii peshkash curr rahee thee, joe unake srot ney kahaa aur gunter kii pustak "armenian itihas aur narsamhar key sawal" key beach key sanyog koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue. hovanician kaa maanana haye kii narsamhar seey incar karane vaali pustaken prakaashit kii jaati hain kyonki sahakarmi sameeksha mein khaamiyan hain joe "kaee parasparik sahaanubhooti rakhane vaale sameekshakon key beach ack majboot sambandh" kii or leey jaati hain, binaa una shikshaavidon koo pustaken jamaa kiye joe trutiyon kii or ishara karenge.
daavon kii jaanch.
aadhikarik turkey drishtikon iss vishvaas parr adharit haye kii armenian narsamhar ack vaidh raajya kaarravaai thee aur isaliye ise kanuni yaa naitik aadhar parr chunauti naheen dee jaa sakati haye. iss drishtikon seey prakaashan gair-asweekrit itihas key saath kaee buniyaadi tathyon koo saajha karate hain, lekin unaki vyakhya aur jore dene mein bhinn hotey hain. cup key apane karyon key auchitya key anuroop, incar karane vaale kaary yuddh key samay mein samrajya key liye ack astitva key khatare key roop mein armenian logon koo chitrit karate hain, jabaki armeniyai logon koo samaapt karane key cup key iraade koo aswikar karate hain. itihaaskaar ronald grigor sunee mukhya inkaarvaadi tark koo sankshep mein bataate hain, "koee narsamhar naheen thaa, aur isake liye armeniyai loga doshi they."
incar karane vaale kaam armenian logon koo aatankvaadiyon aur algavvadiyon key roop mein chitrit karate hain, joe cup seey armenian logon parr dosh daalate hain. iss tark key anusaar, armeniyai nagrikon kaa nirvaasan armeniyai vishvaasghaat key liye ack uchit aur aanupaatik pratikriya thee, yaa tou vaastavik yaa ottoman adhikaariyon dwara maanaa gayaa thaa. samarthak sainya aavashyakta key siddhant kaa hawala dete hain aur kuchh key sainya pratirodh key liye sabhi armenian logon koo saamoohik aparaadh kaa shreya dete hain, iss tathya key bavjood kii yuddh kaa kaanoon nagrikon kii jaanboojhkar hatyaa koo aparaadh maanata haye. mauton key liye ottoman adhikaariyon key niyantran seey baahar key karakon koo doshi thaharaaya jaataa haye, jaise kii mausam, bimari yaa dusht sthaaniya adhikaari. vishesh sangathan kii bhoomika seey incar kiya jaataa haye aur isake bajaay narsamhaaron key liye kurd, "brigade" aur "sashastr girohon" koo doshi thaharaaya jaataa haye joe kathit taur parr kendra sarkaar key niyantran seey baahar kaam karate they.
anya tarkon mein shamil hainh
armenian narsamhar key incar kii tulanaa aksar narsamhar incar seey kii jaati haye kyonki sabooton koo galat tareeke seey prastut karane kii samaan ranneeti, jhoothi samaantaa, yeh daavaa karna kii atyacharon kaa aavishkaar yuddh prachaar dwara kiya gayaa thaa aur shaktishali lobby apane swayam key laabh key liye narsamhar key aaropon kaa nirmaan karate hain, ektarafa vyavasthit unmoolan koo yuddh kii mauton mein samaahit karate hain, aur dosh koo apraadhiyon seey narsamhar key peediton parr sthanantarit karate hain. nakaratmakta key donon roop una vichardharaon key punarvaas kaa lakshya saajha karate hain joe narsamhar koo janm detee hain.
vaidhata.
poorv yugoslavia (aaee. see. tii.) nyayadhish flavia latanzi key liye poorv antarrashtriya aaparaadhik nyayadhikaran key anusaar, vartamaan turkey sarkaar kaa "ateet key ottoman aur turkey adhikaariyon key galat kaamon seey incar karna antarrashtriya kaanoon kaa ack nayaa ullanghan haye.
kuchh europeeya deshon ney narsamhar seey incar koo aaparaadhik banaane key liye kaanoon apanaae hain; aise kaanoon vivadaspad hain, virodhiyon kaa tark haye kii way abhivyakti kii swatantrata koo nasht karate hain. 1993 mein, francisi samachar patron ney british-americi itihaaskaar bernard luis key saath kaee sakshatkar chhaape, jisamen unhone tark diyaa kii koee armenian narsamhar naheen thaa kyonki armenian apane bhaagya koo khud parr laae they. ack francisi raajya abhiyojak ney gesat kaanoon key tahat inn bayanon key liye unake khilaf aaparaadhik kaaryavaahi kii. abhiyojan whiffle rhaa, kyonki adalat ney nirdhaarit kiya kii kaanoon dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale kii ghatnaaon parr lagu naheen hotaa thaa. 1995 mein teen armenian narsamhar seey bache logon dwara laaee gaee diwani kaaryavaahi mein, ack francisi adalat ney nagrik sanhita key anuchhed 1382 key tahat luis kii tippani kii ninda kii aur una parr ack frank kaa jurmana lagaaya, aur "leey monde" mein luis kii keemat parr faisale key prakaashan kaa adesh diyaa. adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii jabaki luis koo apane vichaaron kaa adhikaar haye, unaki abhivyakti ney ack teesare paksh koo nuksan pahunchaaya aur "yeh kewal una tatvon koo chhipaane seey haye joe unaki thesis key khilaf jaate hain kii prativaadi yeh kahane mein saksham thaa kii armenian narsamhar kaa koee 'gambhir saboot' naheen thaa.
march 2007 mein, ack swiss adalat ney dogu perinsec koo, taalat paasha samiti key ack sadasya (narsamhar key mukhya aparaadhi key naam parr naamit), swiss kaanoon key tahat doshi paaya, jisane narsamhar incar koo gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa. perinsec ney appeal kii; disambar mein, swiss sarvocch nyayalaya ney unaki sajaa kii pushti kii. europeeya manvadhikar adalat (ee. see. tii. aar.) ney "perinsec banaam" mein faisale koo palat diyaa. switzerland "abhivyakti kii swatantrata key aadhar parr. choonki actor ney faisala sunaaya haye kii sadasya raajya holocast incar koo aaparaadhik banaa sakate hain, isaliye narsamhar aur anya narsamhaaron key beach ack dohra maanak banaane key saath-saath narsamhar incar key liye ack prerana key roop mein virodhi-armeniyaivaad koo sweekaar karane mein viphalata key liye faisale kii aalochana kii gaee haye. haalaanki adalat ney iss baat parr faisala naheen diyaa kii kyaa 1915 kii ghatnaaon ney narsamhar kaa gathan kiya thaa, kaee alag-alag raay ney narsamhar koo ack aitihaasik tathya key roop mein maanyata dee. perinsec ney yeh kahakar faisale koo galat tareeke seey prastut kiya, "humm narsamhar jhooth koo samaapt karate hain."
parinam.
keyser, gosek aur cheterian raajya haye kii chala rhaa incar turkey koo bahulvaad aur manvadhikaron sahit ack poorna loktantra praapt karane seey rokta haye, aur yeh incar turkey mein alpasankhyak samoohon, vishesh roop seey coords key raajya daman koo badhaava detaa haye. akaam kaa kahana haye kii narsamhar seey incar "dhaarmik aur jaatiya alpsankhyakon key hinsak utpeedan koo tarksangat banaata haye" aur jansankhya koo saamoohik hinsa key bhavishya key prakarnon key prati asamvedansheel banaata haye. jaba taka turkey raajya narsamhar koo sweekaar naheen kartaa, taba taka unakaa tark haye, "vahaan ack sambhavana haye, hamesha, kii vaha ise phir seey curr sakata haye. chikan cheterian kaa kahana haye kii narsamhar seey incar "poore samaaj kii raajneetik sanskriti koo pradooshit kartaa haye, jahaan hinsa aur dhamkiyan buniyaadi adhikaaron aur loktaantrik abhyaas koo neecha dikhaane vaale raajneetik abhyaas kaa hissa bunn jaati hain. aprail 2015 mein armenian narsamhar koo maanyata dete hue, pope francis ney kahaa, "burai koo chhipaana yaa incar karna ghaav koo binaa patti lagaae khoon bahane dene key samaan haye.
incar ney armeniyai logon koo bhee prabhaavit kiya haye, vishesh roop seey joe turkey mein rahate hain. itihaaskaar talin sukian kaa kahana haye kii armenian narsamhar aur isake incar ney "anya neetiyon kii ack shrinkhala koo janm diyaa jisane unaki sampattiyon koo samaapt karke, jeevit bache logon koo chup karakar aur haashiye parr dalkar aur unake khilaf sabhi prakaar kii hinsa koo samanya karke prakriya koo jaari rakhaa. aakraamakta, durvyavahar aur aghaat" kii patrika mein ack lekh key anusaar, [dee] rahasya narsamhar dwara lagaae gaye ghaavon koo bharane seey rokta haye, aur peedit logon kii saamoohik pehchaan aur rashtriya saanskritik nirantarta parr hamla kartaa haye. gosek kaa tark haye kii "sweekriti kii kamee sachmuch pichhali hinsa dwara khole gaye ghaavon koo kabhi bhee bharane seey rokti haye. 1970 aur 1980 key dashak mein armenian aatankvaadi samoohon kii gatividhiyaan, jaise kii armenia kii mukti key liye armenian gupt senaa aur armenian narsamhar key nyaay commando, aanshik roop seey narsamhar kii turkey sweekriti koo praapt karane key shantipurna prayason kii viphalata key kaaran hui thee. stephen ihrig jaise kuchh itihaskaron ney tark diyaa haye kii armenian narsamhar key apraadhiyon key liye dund seey mukti, saath hii saath aparaadh key darshakon seey maun yaa auchitya, narsamhar key apraadhiyon koo protsaahit kartaa haye.
antarrashtriya sambandh.
turk aur turk bhashi azerbaijan key beach pahale nagorno-karabakh yuddh key baad 1993 mein turkey ney armenia key saath apani seema bund curr dee. bund seema armeniya aur purvi turkey kii arthvyavasthaon koo nuksan pahunchaati haye. halanki armenia binaa kissy poorv shart key sambandhon koo samanya karane key liye taiyar thaa, turkey ney maang kii kii armenian paksh armenian pravasiyon key maanyata prayason key liye sabhi samarthan koo chhod dey. turkey-armenian sulah key dou badey prayaas hue hain-turkey armenian sulah aayog (2000-2004) aur zurich protocol (2009)-donon aanshik roop seey armenian narsamhar parr vivaad key kaaran whiffle rahey. donon hii mamalon mein, madhyasthon ney aitihaasik vivaadon koo darkinar karane key liye apana sarvshreshth prayaas kiya, joe asambhav saabit huaa. armeniyai pravaasi samoohon ney donon pahalon aur vishesh roop seey ack aitihaasik aayog kaa virodh kiya, joe iss baat kii jaanch karane key liye thaa kii way kyaa sthaapit tathya maanate they. bloxham kaa kahana haye kii choonki "incar hamesha armenian vishvaasghaat, aakraamakta, aaparaadhikta aur kshetriya mahatvakanksha key bayanbaji key saath rhaa haye, isaliye yeh vaastav mein turkey 'badala' key ack nirantar khatare koo spasht kartaa haye."
nagorno-karabakh sangharsh kii shuruat key baad seey, azerbaijan ney turkey key narsamhar seey incar koo apanaaya haye aur ise antarrashtriya star parr badhaava dene key liye kaam kiya haye. azerbaijani nagrik samaaj dwara bhee armenian narsamhar kaa vyaapak roop seey khandan kiya jaataa haye. kaee armeniyai logon ney narsamhar aur baad mein 1988 key sumgate narsamhar jaisi armeniyai-virodhi hinsa key beach ack sambandh dekhaa, halanki karabakh sangharsh aur armeniyai narsamhar key beach sambandh jyaadaatar azerbaijani abhijaat varg dwara banaaya gayaa haye. azerbaijani rashtravadiyon ney armeniyai logon parr sumgate narsamhar aur anya armeniyai virodhi narsamhar kaa manchan karane kaa aarop lagaaya, joe armeniyai narsamhar parr turkey pravachan key samaan thaa.
azerbaijan raajya prachaar kaa daavaa haye kii armenian logon ney dou shataabdiyon mein azaris key khilaf narsamhar kiya haye, ack narsamhar jisamen gulistan kii sandhi (1813), turkmenchai kii sandhi (1828), baaku samudaay, janwari 1990 mein baaku mein soviyat sainikon kii tainaati (baaku mein armenian logon key narsamhar key baad), aur vishesh roop seey 1992 kaa khojali narsamhar shamil haye. iss prachaar key anusaar, armeniyai logon ney "vaastavik narsamhar" kiya aur iss avadhi key dauran 20 laakh azeriyon koo maarne yaa nirvaasit karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa. azerbaijan key baad, turkey aur turkey pravasiyon ney khojali narsamhar koo narsamhar key roop mein maanyata dene key liye pairavi kii haye taaki armeniyai narsamhar koo cumm kiya jaa sakey. azerbaijan kissy bhee desh koo dekhta haye joe armeniyai narsamhar koo dushman key roop mein maanyata detaa haye aur yahaan taka kii pratibandhon kii dhamki bhee detaa haye. cheterian kaa tark haye kii "1915 key narsamhar kii ansuljhi aitihaasik viraasat" ney karabakh sangharsh kaa kaaran banane aur isake samadhan koo rokane mein madad kii, jabaki "antim aparaadh swayam ack model aur khatare key roop mein, saath hii astitva key bhaya key srot key roop mein bhee kaam kartaa haye.

