
dederot key vishvakosh key liye praarambhik pravachan

praarambhik pravachan "dederot key vishvakosh" ("diskers preliminaire days editers") dennis dederot key "vishvakosh oh shabdakosh rayson days sciences, days arts aitt days mattiers, paar unn society dee gens dee lateres" kaa praathamik haye, joe 18veen shatabdi key francisi gyaan kii kalaa aur vigyaan kii sabhi gyaat shaakhaon kaa ack sahayogi sangrah haye. praarambhik pravachan" jeane leey rond dee 'alumbert dwara "vishvakosh" mein shamil lekhon kii sanrachana aur unake darshan kaa varnan karane key saath-saath paathak koo vidwan purushon key karyon key peechhe key itihas mein ack majboot prishthabhoomi dene key liye likhaa gayaa thaa, jinhone usa samay key gyaan kaa sabse gahara parisancharan banane mein yogdan diyaa thaa.
prishthabhoomi.
"dederot key vishvakosh kaa praarambhik pravachan" yakinan francisi gyaan key liye sabse achche parichayon mein seey ack haye, joe iss vichaar koo aage badhaata haye kii manushya key paas maanav jeevan kii sthitiyon koo badalane kii kshamata haye, apani buddhi aur vishleshan key madhyam seey. vishvakosh" ney ateet aur haal kii khojon key sandarbh mein gyaan kii sabhi shaakhaon key parishkaran key liye bauddhik samudaay kii maang kaa gathan kiya. maanav gyaan kaa aisaa sankalan dharmnirpeksh aur praakritik donon hoga, joe dharamshastra koo praathamik aadhar key roop mein badnam karega. pravachan", halanki dee 'alumbert dwara banaaya gayaa thaa, vaastav mein gyaan key samaan pragatisheel lakshyon kii disha mein lakshya rakhane vaale anya "aksharon key purushon" key saath sahyog kaa parinam thaa. inn pramukh samkaaleen "darshan" mein seey teen jinhone nissandeh "pravachan" key maargdarshak darshan aur vishvaason mein yogdan diyaa, unamen dennis diderot, jeane-jacks russo aur attien bonot dee condylack shamil hain, jinake saath dee 'alumbert sampark mein they. inn logon ney vaigyaanik gyaan key prasaar key liye ack junoon saajha kiya. aur, halanki yeh samay avadhi iss tarah key prayaas key liye pratikool prateet hogi, europe mein badey paimaane parr raajneetik uthal-puthal aur samanya asthirta key saath, unake aadarshon key liye samay pakane vaalaa thaa. peshevaron, abhijaat varg aur paadari varg kaa ack sampann samudaay una vichaaron key adaan-pradaan key prati teji seey pratikriyaasheel hoe gayaa joe iss "vishvakosh" mein jaankaari key sahakaari sankalan key liye aadhar key roop mein kaam karane key liye aae they.
pravachan" key banane seey pahale, dee 'elembert vaastav mein apani vaigyaanik aur ganitiya pratibha key liye behtar jaane jaate they. haalaanki, samay key saath, aur kuchh hudd taka apane jeevant vyaktitva key kaaran, unhone maidam doo defend seey dosti kii, jinake shaktishali sailoon ney antatah unhein ack daarshanik key roop mein janata kii nazar mein pravesh karane kii anumati dee. dee 'alumbert bhee dederot kaa karibi sahayogi bunn gayaa, aur antatah, dee' alumbert ack aisaa vyakti thaa jise europe key buddhijiviyon key beach bahut uchch sammaan diyaa jaataa thaa. antatah, vigyaan aur naitikta kii neenv koo samajhaane key liye itihas kii or adhik mudane kii dee 'elembert kii pravritti itihas mein maanav prakriti kii gyaan aur behtar samajh kii talash karane key liye ack samanya aitihaasik pravritti koo darshaati haye. antatah, pravachan vichaaron koo praapt karane key dou tarikon koo paribhaashit kartaa haye, jinamen seey ack "prithak munn" (xli) kaa sanchaalan haye aur doosara satya kii utpatti key adhyayan seey sambandhit haye joe kissy diye gaye samaaj kii pragati key kaary key roop mein haye. halanki pravachan apane adhikansh maulik siddhanton koo vishuddh roop seey aadhyatmik arthon mein rene descartes, johnn loke aur condylack jaise purushon seey praapt kartaa haye, aitihaasik anubhav kaa prabhaav mahatvapurna haye.
yeh dhyaan rakhna mahatvapurna haye kii jaba daarshnikon ney bauddhik parivartanon kii shuruat kii joe francisi gyaan key roop mein jaane gaye, tou poore europe key vaigyaanikon ney naee khojon key sandarbh mein apane swayam key parivartan karna shuru curr diyaa, una kshetron mein jinhen unhone aage adhyayan kii aavashyakta mahsoos kii, aur way iss tarah key adhyayan key baare mein kaise jaa sakate hain, arthaat.ee. unaki karyapranali. inmein seey kaee nae vaigyaanikon ney mahsoos kiya kii way vigyaan aur vaigyaanik gyaan key puraane roopon key khilaf vidroh curr rahey they, thheek vaise hii jaise daarshnikon ney mahsoos kiya kii way duniya mein manavata aur maanav gyaan key baare mein sochane kaa ack nayaa tarika laa rahey they. daarshanik vigyaan key kshetra mein inn parivartanon seey avagat they, aur iss tarah, unhone vaigyaanikon kii naee soch pranali koo unake daarshanik vichaaron mein poori tarah seey samarthit kiya, aur yakinan anukoolit kiya. ise "pravachan" mein hii dekhaa jaa sakata haye; dee 'elembert ney sabhi vaidh jaankaari aur gyaan koo vyavasthit karane aur vyavasthit karane key saath-saath adhik gyaan key nishkarsh koo aasaan aur adhik kushal banaane kaa prayaas kiya.
iss tarah key udyam key peechhe dee 'elembert key uddeshyon koo antatah una vichaaron mein seey ack key liye sandarbhit kiya jaa sakata haye joe vaha pravachan mein rakhate hain, kyonki "kewal kaary aur vichaar kii swatantrata mahaan cheejon koo utpann karane mein saksham haye, aur swatantrata koo ise adhikta seey sanrakshit karane key liye kewal gyaan kii aavashyakta hoti haye" (62). gyaan aur buddhi key kshetra mein lipic niyantran koo maanav gyaan kii pragati key liye hanikarak maanaa jaataa thaa. yeh kahate hue kii pravachan antatah padaanukramit adhikaar key liye kshayakaari thaa aur visheshaadhikaar ney paschimi sanskriti mein samtaavaadi siddhanton key vikas kaa maarg prashast kiya. dee 'elembert ney aage kahaa kii sabhi purush apani samvedanaon mein samaan hain, joe unake munn kaa srot haye. manushya kaa antim bhed mukhya roop seey bauddhik haye, joe samajik visheshaadhikaar aur gyaan key beach kissy bhee poorvakalpit sambandh koo ukhaad fenkta haye. isaliye, vishvakosh samagr roop seey aam janata seey baat kartaa haye.
saransh.
bhaag I.
pustak key ack bhaag mein, dee 'alumbert gyaan kii utpatti key liye ack samanya parichay pradaan kartaa haye, jisake kaaran "vishvakosh" mein paae jaane vaale kaary hue. way iss baat parr jore dete hain kii "hamari indriyon kaa astitva" "nirvivaad" haye, aur yeye indriyaan iss prakaar sabhi gyaan kaa siddhant hain. vaha iss vichaar koo soch aur pratibimb kii ack shrinkhala seey jodata haye joe antatah samvaad karane kii aavashyakta kii or leey jaati haye, joe prabhaav mein ghatnaaon kii ack aur shrinkhala nirdhaarit karati haye. sanchaar kii utpatti key liye unake tarkon mein seey ack yeh haye kii logon key liye duniya kii buraaiyon seey khud koo bachaana aur ack-dusare key gyaan seey laabh uthaana aavashyak thaa. iss sanchaar ney vichaaron key adaan-pradaan koo badhaava diyaa jisase vyaktiyon kii maanav gyaan koo aage badhaane kii kshamata mein vriddhi hui. isake alawa, dee 'elembert paathak koo logon key gyaan key prakaron seey parichit karaata haye. dou mukhya prakaar jinka way varnan karate hain way pratyaksh aur prativart gyaan koo sandarbhit karate hain. pratyaksh gyaan maanav indriyon dwara praapt kiya jaataa haye aur prativart gyaan pratyaksh gyaan seey praapt hotaa haye. inn dou prakaar key gyaan seey teen mukhya prakaar kii soch aur maanav gyaan key unake sambandhit vibhajan hotey hainh smriti, joe itihas key saath mell khaati haye; pratibimb yaa kaaran, joe darshan kaa aadhar haye; aur jise dee 'elembert "kalpana", (50) yaa prakriti kii nakal key roop mein sandarbhit kartaa haye, joe lalit kalaaon kaa utpaadan kartaa haye.
inn prabhagon seey chhote upkhand jaise bhautiki, kavita, sangeet aur kaee anya aatey hain. dee 'elembert saralata key cartasian siddhant seey bhee bahut prabhaavit thaa. pustak key iss pahale bhaag mein, unhone varnan kiya haye kii kaise ack nishchit vigyaan key siddhanton mein kamee unhein gunjaish detee haye aur unhein adhik "upajaau" banaati haye (22). kewal siddhanton koo cumm karke hii unhein samajha jaa sakata haye aur ack dusare seey sambandhit kiya jaa sakata haye. antatah, ack uchch "anukool bindu" (47) seey daarshanik taba vigyaan aur kalaa kii vishal bhulbhulaiya koo dekh sakata haye. dee 'elembert taba gyaan key vriksh aur smriti, kaaran aur kalpana key beach algaav aur ack saath sambandhon kaa varnan karate hain. baad mein way bataate hain kii aadarsh brahmand ack vishal satya hoga yadi koee kewal ise iss tarah seey dekhana jaanata haye; yeh dhaarana kii gyaan mein aantarik ekataa haye, koo vishvakosh banaane kii pariyojana kii neenv key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
bhaag II.
pustak kaa doosara bhaag paathak koo smriti, kalpana aur tark key crum mein maanav gyaan kii pragati kaa vivaran pradaan kartaa haye. yeh anukram bhaag I mein varnit anukram seey alag haye, jahan anukram smriti, kaaran aur kalpana haye. yeh vaha crum haye joe ack munn koo algaav mein chhod diyaa jaataa haye yaa mool peedhi kaa anusaran kartaa haye, jabaki bhaag II mein vaha gyaan kii sadiyon mein maanav gyaan kii pragati kaa varnan kartaa haye joe vidya seey shuru hui, joe bell-latters key saath jaari rahee, aur darshan taka pahunchi.
samanya vichaaron key sandarbh mein likhane key bajaay, dee 'alumbert punarjagaran seey laker unaki tarikh taka saahityik karyon kii pragati key liye jimmedaar tithiyon, sthaanon aur logon koo pradaan kartaa haye. ack pramukh udaaharan rene descartes hain, jinhen lekhak ack utkrisht daarshanik aur ganitshastri donon key roop mein sarahana kartaa haye. jyaamiti mein beejganit key unake anuprayog, jise cartasian samanvaya pranali key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ney bhautik vigyaan key liye ack utkrisht upkaran pradaan kiya. vaha pracheen gyaan key mahatva aur usey samajhane aur usa parr nirmaan karane kii kshamata parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye. sandarbh diyaa gayaa haye kii gyaan kii avadhaaranaaen utani jaldi aage naheen badh sakati theen jitani jaldi seey anukaran karane aur usase aage nikalane key liye pracheen kaary naheen hotey. vaha yeh bhee spasht kartaa haye kii ateet seey jaankaari praapt karane kii kshamata key nuksan hoe sakate hain. iss paath mein anya pragati kii tulanaa mein darshan mein sudhaar kii kamee kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye kyonki yeh agyaan vishvaas haye kii pracheen darshan parr sawal naheen uthaaya jaa sakata thaa. dee 'alumbert kaa daavaa haye kii yeh samajhana agyaani hoga kii kissy vishesh vishay key baare mein sub kuchh jaanaa jaa sakata haye. isake alawa, vaha yeh dikhaane kaa prayaas kartaa haye kii kaise loga apane dimag koo adhikaar key joole seey mukt curr sakate hain. unake anumanatmak tark kaa upayog ishwar key astitva key liye ack adhik daarshanik aadhar pradaan kartaa haye. vaha spasht karate hain kii sabhi vigyaan tathyon taka seemit hain aur yeh raay vigyaan koo jitna sambhav hoe utanaa cumm prabhaavit karati haye. dee 'elembert kaa kahana haye kii darshan hamari dhaaranaon key vishleshan mein kaheen adhik prabhaavi haye jaba "aatma shaanti kii sthiti mein haye", jaba vaha junoon aur bhavna mein naheen fansi hoti haye (96). unakaa maanana haye kii daarshanik vigyaan key kshetron koo aage badhaane mein mahatvapurna hain. daarshanik koo peechhe hatane aur vigyaan aur prakriti kaa nishpaksh nazar seey avalokan karane mein saksham honah chaahiye. isake alawa, vigyaan key mahatva aur francis bekan, isaq neuton, descartes, johnn loke aur anya buddhi key vikas koo samajhaaya gayaa haye.
bhaag III.
pustak key bhaag teen kaa samaapan "vishvakosh" key lekhan kii mahatvapurna visheshtaon kaa vivaran dekar aur mahatvapurna yogadankartaon kaa ullekh karke kiya gayaa haye. dee 'alumbert charcha karate hain kii kaise "vishvakosh" dusaron seey parivartan aur parivardhan key liye khula haye kyonki yeh kaee shataabdiyon kaa kaam haye. isake alawa, vaha kahate hain kii ack vishvakosh mein ack chook usake padaarth key liye hanikarak haye joe ack shabdakosh mein ack chook seey alag haye. dee 'alumbert vishvakosh kii teen shreniyon koo bhee bataata haye, joe vigyaan, udaar kalaa aur yaantrik kalaa hain. unakaa kahana haye kii yeh mahatvapurna haye kii yeye upashreniyaan alag rahein aur iss tathya key saath nishkarsh nikaalen kii samaaj koo praarambhik pravachan koo dederot key "vishvakosh" key anusaar dekhana chaahiye.
maanav gyaan kii pranali.
pustak key anta mein, dee 'elembert mein maanav gyaan kii pranali kaa vistrit vivaran shamil haye. isamen "maanav gyaan kii alankarik pranali" naamak ack chart shamil haye, joe maanav samajh koo isake teen ghatakon mein vibhajit kartaa haih smriti, kaaran aur kalpana. chart taba teen pramukh shreniyon mein seey pratyek koo maanav samajh kii kaee anya shreniyon mein vibhajit kartaa haye. apane chart dee 'elembert key baad apane chart mein spasht pratyek vibhajan aur upkhand kaa vistrit vivaran pradaan kartaa haye. chart gyaan kii ack jatil vanshavali sthaapit kartaa haye aur jiss tarah seey manushya ney gyaan koo una vishisht kshetron mein vibhajit kiya haye joe vaha mahsoos kartaa haye kii way lagu hotey hain. yeh yaad rakhna mahatvapurna haye kii maanav gyaan kii inmein seey koee bhee pranali anya kissy bhee pranali kii tulanaa mein adhik mahatvapurna bhoomika naheen nibhaati haye. inn pranaliyon koo iss vichaar key ird-gird design kiya gayaa haye kii pratyek anya dou kaa upayog khud parr nirmaan karane aur samagr roop seey maanav gyaan koo aage badhaane key liye kartaa haye. sandarbh mein chart yugon key madhyam seey gyaan kii pragati koo darshaata haye, smriti ateet haye, kaaran vartamaan haye, joe smriti parr adharit nae siddhanton kaa nirmaan yaa nirmaan karane kii koshish kartaa haye, aur kalpana joe hamaare maanav brahmand mein cheejon key baare mein naee dhaaranaon yaa siddhanton koo banaane parr kendrit haye.
mahatva.
pravachan" aur "vishvakosh" kii vidhi ney descart key tarkvaad seey johnn loke aur isaq neuton key anubhavvaad kii or ack badalaav koo chihnit kiya. pravachan" mein, dee 'elembert ack praathamik, apramaanik atkalon koo khariz curr detaa haye joe truti aur "bauddhik tanashahi" kii or leey jaati hain aur kathor tathyon aur sakshya (XXXV) key aadhar parr ack vidhi maanati hain. vishvakosh" kaa mukhya uddeshya naa kewal gyaat jaankaari key sangrah koo vyavasthit karna thaa, balki tathyon aur siddhanton koo ikattha karane kii ack saamanjasyapurna vidhi sthaapit karna thaa, jinaki abhee khoj kii jaani haye. dee 'alumbert sweekaar karate hain kii "maanav gyaan kii aseem roop seey vividh shaakhaon koo vaastav mein ekikrit pranali mein shamil karna cumm kathin naheen haye", (5), phir bhee iss durjeya prateet honey vaale kaary key bavjood, dee' alumbert vishvakosh key uddeshya koo puuraa karane mein safal hoe jaataa haye, joe gyaan key sabhi pahaluon koo ack ekikrit paath mein ikattha karna thaa, aur gyaan koo iss tarah seey sankalit karna thaa kii ise maankeekrit kiya jaa sakey aur vibhinn shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakey. iss vidhi key saath, dee 'elembert kaa maanana thaa kii "darshan" gyaan kii ack aisee pranali banaa sakate hain joe ekikrit aur vyavasthit hogi, lekin nae tathyon kii khoj parr seemaaen lagaane key liye itani kathor aur sakht naheen hogi. iss vyavasthit drishtikon kaa ack utkrisht udaaharan uparokt "maanav gyaan kii alankarik pranali" haye, joe gyaan koo teen shreniyon mein vibhajit karke usaki matra nirdhaarit karati haih smriti, kaaran aur kalpana. iska uddeshya samanya dhaanche key bheetar gyaan koo rakhna thaa jise aavashyak honey parr jodaa yaa vyakhya kii jaa sakati thee. jaisa kii richard shwab, jinhone paath kaa anuvaad kiya, parichay mein kahate hain, dee 'elembert kaa maanana thaa kii "vidhi kaa pravachan" maanav jaati koo swatantra roop seey aakar dene aur apane bhaagya koo nirdeshit karane kii shakti dega. iss vidhi ney europe key bauddhik samudaay kii badhati maang kaa jawab diyaa kii vaha dharamshastriya doorvigyaan (XXXI) key bajaay dharmnirpeksh aur praakritik siddhanton parr adharit jaankaari kaa sanshleshan karey, aur poori aabaadi mein gyaan kaa prasaar karey, joe abb ameer, shaikshanik abhijaat varg taka hii seemit naheen haye.