
castellan

ack castellan madhyayugeen europe mein ack niyukt adhikaari, ack mahal aur usake aspas key kshetra key governor key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa sheershak haye jise castellini key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. sthaaniya jail key pramukh key roop mein castellan key madhyayugeen vichaar key avashesh key roop mein, angreji jail pranali mein "governor" kii upaadhi barkarar rakhee gaee haye. yeh shabd lattin "castellanus" seey nikla haye, joe "castellum" mahal seey liya gayaa haye. kabhi-kabhi mahal jile key "sipahi" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, landan key meenar kaa sipahi vaastav mein, sthaaniya yaa rashtriya vidhansabha mein pratinidhi shaktiyon key saath castellan kaa ack roop haye. ack castellan lagbhag hamesha purush thaa, lekin kabhi-kabhi mahila hoe sakati thee, jaba, 1194 mein, borberg kii beatrice koo apane bhaai, roser kii mrityu key baad apane pitaa kii castellany off borberg viraasat mein millie. isi tarah, 1287 mein apane pati johnn dee bonnevillers kii mrityu key baad agness harlech mahal kii castellan bunn gaee.
praarambhik kaary.
paschimi roman samrajya key patan key baad, videshi janjaatiyaan paschimi europe mein chully gaeen, jisase kalah paida hui. baar-baar aakraman kaa jawab kileband kshetron kaa nirmaan karna thaa joe mahalon mein vikasit hue. kuchh sainya netaaon ney kaee kshetron parr niyantran hassil kiya, jinamen seey pratyek mein ack mahal thaa. samasya pratyek kshetra mein niyantran aur adhikaar lagaane mein nihit haye jaba ack netaa ack samay mein kewal ack sthaan parr hoe sakata haye. ise door karane key liye, unhone bhoomi malik, joe aksar ack kuleen vyakti hotaa haye, key prati daayitvon key badale mein ack mahal kaa prabandhan karane key liye castlance koo apane bharosemand jagirdaron key roop mein niyukt kiya. 9veen shatabdi mein, jaise-jaise kilebandi mein sudhaar huaa aur raajaon koo apane adheensthon koo apane karon kaa bhugtan karane yaa sainya sahaayata bhejane mein kathinaaee hui, castellan satta mein badh gaye, apane adhipati kii maangon key liye adhik chinta kiye binaa apane jaagiron koo apane paas rakhaa. yeh badal gayaa kyonki raajaon kii satta badhati gaee aur pavitra roman samraton ney pratidvandi mantri niyuktiyon key saath aprabhaavi jagirdaron kii jagah leey lii.
kartavya.
aamtaur parr ack castellan key kartavyon mein mahal kii senaa key liye sainya jimmedaari, raksha banaae rakhna aur mahal kii bhoomi kii raksha karna, sthaaniya bhoomi key kanuni prashaasan aur mahal key gharelu karmchaariyon sahit shramikon key saath sanyukt roop seey shamil thaa. jimmedaari taba bhee lagu hoti haye jaba mahal mein koee nivasi castellan naheen thaa, yaa aggar vaha aksar anupasthit thaa. ack castellan "pratibandh" kii shakti kaa prayog curr sakata haye-yaani, adalati mamalon koo sunane aur nivaasiyon seey jurmana, curr ekatra karane key liye, aur kshetra yaa kshetra kii raksha key liye sthaaniya purushon koo ikattha karna. jagir key swami key saath samaantaaen hain. castellance key paas sabhi sthaaniya nyaay kaa prashaasan karane kii shakti thee, jisamen sajaa sunana aur maut kii sajaa taka kii sajaa shamil thee, jaba 1111 mein, salzberg castellan ney "sashastr vidroh koo bhadkane vaale mantri" koo pakada aur aparaadhi koo andhaa curr diyaa, "ack daas key roop mein. baad mein castellan apane castellany key logon key pratinidhi key roop mein seva karane key liye aaya. aisaa choton key castellan key mamle mein huaa, jaba berger adhik visheshadhikaron aur flanders kii ginati seey swatantrata key liye khade hue.
castlance aur yahudi.
paschimi europe mein ack vishesh jimmedaari angreji channel kii seema seey lagey nivasi yahudi samudaayon parr adhikaar kshetra seey sambandhit haye. landan key meenar key sipahi aur normandy key duke key adheenasth castellan unake prashaasan key liye jimmedaar they. vivian lipman isake chaar kaaran bataate hainh mahal raksha pradaan karate they, way prashaasan key kendra they, unake kalkothri kaa upayog jailon key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa, aur castellan yahudi samudaay seey paise udhaar lene key liye jaa sakate they kyonki catholics koo byaaj denaa varjit thaa.
castellany.
castellany, yaa castellania, ack castellan dwara prashaasit jile koo darshaane vaalaa ack shabd haye. madhya yug key dauran castellany dikhaai diye aur adhikansh vartamaan raajyon mein abb adhik aadhunik prakaar key county upkhand dwara pratisthaapit kiye gaye hain. yeh shabd mahal seey liya gayaa haye aur iska shaabdik arth haye kissy diye gaye mahal seey judee bhoomi aur kshetradhikar.
anya bhaashaon mein samatulya, aksar sangyanatmak shabd hain. francisi "chatellin" key udaharanon mein ivory-laa-battel, nonencourt, pessi-sur-yoore, vernan aur gallen kii castellany shamil hain, joe sabhi normandy mein hain, joe 1195 kii isaudan kii sandhi key tahat, ingland key raajaa richard I key saath yuddh key baad, phillip augustus dwara francisi taaj key liye adhigrahit kiye gaye they.
polland mein castellani key udaharanon mein shamil hainh λεczyca aur Sieradz (ack samay mein donon duchy), spicemeres, rozpraza, volborz abb lodge viododeship mein, aur vogines abb silesia mein cumm polland viododeship yaa otuchov mein.
rashtriya matbhed.
france.
france mein, castellance (jinhen french mein chattellance key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) jinhone nivasi ginati key binaa castellany koo shaasit kiya, unhone kaafee shaktiyan praapt keen jaise kii sthiti vanshaanugat hoe gaee. dasavin shatabdi taka, shakti kaa vikhandan itna vyaapak hoe gayaa thaa kii udaaharan key liye, jahan castellany shasson kii mool ikai thee, vahaan isake oopar koee prabhaavi prashaasnik star naheen thaa, isaliye lagbhag 980 seey 1030 taka unake adheenasth castlance dwara mocon kii ginati koo badey paimaane parr nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 12 veen shatabdi mein "chatellen" apane aap mein "lords" bunn gaye they aur kamjor castellany koo shamil karane key liye apane kshetron kaa vistaar karane mein saksham they. iss prakaar beauseu kaa castellan leones mein bhoomi parr kabja karane mein saksham thaa, yaa uxels key castellan ney pahale brynon koo apane saath jodd liya, phir senesi-leey-grand aur anta mein ell 'appervear.
anya kshetron mein, castellance kuleen sthiti mein badhane mein kamyab naheen hue aur ack kuleen key sthaaniya adhikaari baney rahey. pracheen shasson key dauran, castellan sthaaniya shaahi prashaasan key pramukh they, aur unaki shakti aage unake leftinent koo saunp dee gaee thee.
francisi kranti key dauran sabhi shesh swami aur sthaaniya shaahi prashasakon koo dabaa diyaa gayaa thaa. 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi key dauran, "chatellen" kaa upayog ack mahal yaa jagir ghar key malik kaa varnan karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa, kaee mamalon mein unake parrish mein adhikaar kaa ack aankada, angreji squire key samaan thaa.
german bhoomi.
 germany mein castellan koo "bergman" yaa kabhi-kabhi "haptman" ("kaptan") key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, joe mahal key swami koo soochit kartaa thaa, yaa "berger", jise aksar bergrave ("bergraph") key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa. bergman" yaa tou ack swatantra kuleen yaa "mantri" hoe sakata haye, lekin kissy bhee tarah seey, vaha mahal koo ack jagirdar key roop mein prashaasit kartaa thaa. ack "mantri", poori tarah seey ack swami key adheen thaa aur usake niyantran mein thaa. "mantristariya" ney 1106 seey 1147 taka salzberg key archbishop key roop mein abensberg key karyakal key konrad I key tahat hohensulzburg key castellance key roop mein mukt raeeson kii jagah lii, jisaki shuruat 1130 key dashak mein seekirchen key heinry seey hui.
hangri.
hangri key madhyayugeen raajya mein castellan koo "varnagi" kahaa jaataa thaa, aur lattin itihas mein vaha "castellanus" key roop mein dikhaai diyaa. mahal key swami key german deshon mein bahut samaan kaary they. hangri mein raajaa ney shuru mein apane darbar seey mahal aur sampadaon key prashaasan key liye castellance koo naamit kiya. baad mein castellance kaa padnam sabse shaktishali raeeson koo saunp diyaa gayaa.
jerusalam.
ack samay mein jerusalam raajya key adhikaariyon mein seey ack castellan naamit kiya gayaa thaa. anselm iss tarah kaa pahala castellan thaa, see. 1110.
malta.
malta dweep parr valetta mein ack castellan kii sthaapana kii gaee thee.
polland.
polland key raajya mein aur baad mein polish-lithuanian rashtramandal mein, castellance () desh key kshetriya prashaasan key sabse nichale star parr they aur vivodes (craco key bergrave (polish "bergarebia krakovsky") key apavaad key saath jinhen craco key vivode parr vareeyata praapt thee) key liye sthagit curr diye gaye they. 15veen shatabdi taka castellan "castellany" (polish "castellania") naamak ack vivodoship key upkhand key prabhaari they. taba seey castellany parr, unake aakar key aadhar parr, yaa tou praant bunn gaye, yaa chhote kshetron key mamle mein paviats dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa aur castellan bhoomika sammaanjanak hoe gaee aur ack starsta dwara "inn seetu" dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa. polish-lithuanian rashtramandal mein castellan senate key pada key they aur aksar kuleen varg seey niyukt kiye jaate they, lekin vishesh roop seey naheen.
purtagaal.
purtagaal mein, ack castellan koo "alkyde" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. baad mein, "alkyde" kii bhoomika purtagaal key raajaa dwara kuchh raeeson koo dee jaane vaali ack maanad upaadhi bunn gaee. choonki "alkyde" key pada key maanad dhaarak aksar mahal key paas naheen rahate they, isaliye unake sthaan parr ise prabhaavi dhang seey niyantrit karane key liye ack pratinidhi niyukt kiya jaane lagaa. karyalaya key ack maanad dhaarak koo "alkyde-morr" (pramukh "alkyde") key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa aur pratinidhi koo "alkyde pekweno" (chhota "alkyde") yaa "alkyde-menor" (chhota "alkyde) key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa.