
richard swinburn

richard granville swinburn (aaee. pee. aeye.) (janm 26 disambar, 1934) ack angreji daarshanik hain. way oxford vishvavidyalaya mein darshan key maanad professor hain. pichhale 50 varshon mein swinburn bhagwan key astitva key liye daarshanik tarkon key prastaavak rahey hain. unakaa daarshanik yogdan mukhya roop seey dharm key darshan aur vigyaan key darshan mein haye. unhone dharm key darshan mein apane shuruati kaam key saath bahut charcha kii, jisamen "ishwarwad kii susangatta", "ishwar kaa astitva" aur "vishvaas aur tark" seey yukt pustakon kii ack trayi shamil thee.
praarambhik jeevan.
swinburn kaa janm 26 disambar 1934 koo ingland key staffordshire key smethwick mein huaa thaa. unake pitaa ack school sangeet shikshak they, joe khud ack off-licenses malik key bete they. unaki maan ack sachiv theen, ack netra chikitsak kii betty. vaha iklauta bachcha haye. swinburn ney ack praarambhik vidyalaya aur phir charterhouse vidyalaya mein bhaag liya.
akaadamik carrier.
swinburn koo exter college, oxford mein classics kaa adhyayan karane key liye ack khuli chhatravritti millie, lekin vaastav mein darshan, rajneeti aur arthshastra mein pratham shreni key snaatak kii degree key saath snaatak kiya. 
swinburn ney apane currier key dauran shikshaavidon mein vibhinn professors kii upaadhi praapt kii haye. 1972 seey 1985 taka unhone keele vishvavidyalaya mein padhaaya. iss samay key dauran, unhone 1982 seey 1984 taka aberdeen mein gifford vyakhyan diye, jisake parinamswarup pustak "aatma kaa vikas" bunny. 1985 seey 2002 mein apani sevaanivritti taka way oxford vishvavidyalaya mein isai dharm key darshan key noloth professor they (iss kursi key unake uttaradhikari bryan left they). unhone apani sevaanivritti key baad seey niyamit roop seey prakaashit karna jaari rakhaa haye.
swinburn apane poore currier mein ack sakriya lekhak rahey hain, harr dou seey teen saal mein ack pramukh pustak kaa nirmaan karate hain. unhone munn-shareer kii samasya parr haal kii bahas mein ack bhoomika nibhai haye, ack padaarth dwaitvaad kaa bachaav karate hue joe mahatvapurna mamalon mein rene descartes key kaam koo yaad kartaa haye ("aatma kaa vikas", 1997 dekhein).
unaki pustaken mukhya roop seey akaadamik darshan kii bahut takniki kritiyaan hain, lekin unhone lokpriya star parr bhee likhaa haye. gair-takniki karyon mein seey, unakaa "kyaa koee bhagwan haye?"(1996), ack gair-visheshagya darshakon key liye bhagwan key astitva aur usa astitva key vishvaas mein praayiktaa key liye unake kaee tarkon koo sankshep mein prastut karate hue, shayed sabse lokpriya haye, aur 22 bhaashaon mein upalabdh haye.
isai kshama yaachana.
roodhivaadi church key sadasya, unhein sabse pramukh isai kshamaprarthi key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe apane kaee lekhon aur pustakon mein tark dete hain kii isai dharm mein vishvaas ack kathor daarshanik arth mein tarksangat aur susangat haye. villium haiskar likhate hain kii isai siddhant parr unaki "tetrology, ishwarwad key darshan parr unaki pichhali trayi key saath, haal key samay kii sabse mahatvapurna kshamashil pariyojanaon mein seey ack haye."jabaki swinburn iss vishvaas koo aage badhaane key liye kaee tark prastut kartaa haye kii bhagwan maujood hain, vaha tark detaa haye kii bhagwan ack aisaa prani haye jiska astitva taarkik roop seey aavashyak naheen haye (model tark dekhein), lekin aadhyatmik roop seey aavashyak haye jiss tarah seey vaha apane" "isai bhagwan" "koo paribhaashit kartaa haye. anya vishay jinn parr swinburn likhate hain, unamen vyaktigat pehchaan (jisamen vaha ack aatma kii avadharana parr adharit drishtikon kaa samarthan karate hain), aur mahamari kaa auchitya shamil haye. unhone cartasian dwaitvaad aur swatantra ichcha key bachaav mein likhaa haye.
haalaanki way isai bauddhik pratibaddhataon key jordar bachaav key liye jaane jaate hain, lekin unake paas bhavuk vishvaas kii prakriti kaa ack siddhant bhee haye joe unaki pustak "vishvaas aur tark" mein vikasit kiya gayaa haye.
swinburn ney "foma" patrika key saath ack sakshatkar key anusaar, unhone 1996 key aspas anglicanism (church off ingland) seey purvi roodhivaad mein parivartit curr diyaah
mujhe naheen lagata kii maine apane vishvaason koo kissy bhee mahatvapurna tareeke seey badal diyaa haye. main hamesha apostolic uttaradhikar mein vishvaas kartaa thaah kii church koo apana adhikaar preriton key paas honah chaahiye, aur santon parr roodhivaadi church kii samanya shiksha aur divangat logon key liye praarthanaaen aur isi tarah, inn cheejon parr maine hamesha vishvaas kiya haye.
swinburn kii daarshanik vidhi thomas aquina key prabhaav koo darshaati haye. vaha sweekaar kartaa haye kii vaha daarshanik dharamshastra key liye ack vyavasthit drishtikon seey aakarshit kartaa haye. swinburn, aquina kii tarah, buniyaadi daarshanik muddon seey aage badhata haye (udaaharan key liye, iss sambhavana kaa sawal kii bhagwan swinburn key "ishwarwad kii susangatta" mein maujood hoe sakata haye), adhik vishisht isai vishvaason kii or (udaaharan key liye, swinburn key "rahasyodghatan" mein daavaa kii bhagwan ney yeeshu masih mein prastaav key roop mein manushyon koo sanchaarit kiya haye).
swinburn apane lekhan karyakram mein daarshanik seey dharamshastriya kii or badhate hain, apane mamle kaa nirmaan karate hain aur apane pichhale tarkon parr bharosa karate hain kyonki vaha vishesh isai vishvaason kaa bachaav karate hain. unhone ack kshamashil vidhi key saath shaastriya isai vishvaason koo phir seey sthaapit karane kaa prayaas kiya haye joe unakaa maanana haye kii samkaaleen vigyaan key saath sangat haye. yeh vidhi prerak tark parr bahut adhik nirbhar karati haye, yeh dikhaane kii koshish karati haye kii unaki isai maanyataaen saboot key saath sabse achchi tarah seey fitt baithati hain.
rashtriya jeevan kahaaniyon ney british pustakalaya dwara aayojit apane vigyaan aur dharm sangrah key liye 2015-2016 mein richard swinburn key saath ack maukhik itihas sakshatkar (c 1672/15) aayojit kiya.