
itali kaa catapanate

itali kaa catapanate (yaa catapanet) ("catapanican italias") 965 seey 1071 taka byzantine samrajya kaa ack praant thaa. apani sabse badee seema parr, isamen monte gargano seey salerno kii khaadi taka kheenchi gaee rekha key dakshin mein mukhya bhoomi itali shamil thee. usa rekha key uttar mein, amalfi aur naples ney bhee catepan key madhyam seey sthir logon key prati nishtha banaae rakhee. capitanata" key italvi kshetra kaa naam "ketepanikian" seey liya gayaa haye.
itihas.
751 mein revena key samrajya key patan key baad, byzantium lagbhag ack shatabdi seey dakshini itali key mamalon seey anupasthit thaa, lekin sthir logon key simhaasan parr tulsi aaee (shasson 867-886) key pravesh ney ise badal diyaah 868 seey, shaahi bede aur byzantine rajnayikon koo sarsen chhaapon seey adriatic samudra koo surakshit karane, dalmatia parr byzantine prabhutva koo phir seey sthaapit karane aur isake kuchh hisson parr ack baar phir seey sangrodh dwara niyantran kaa vistaar karane key prayaas mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. inn prayason key parinamswarup, 873 mein saracence seey ottranto liya gayaa thaa, aur 871 mein pavitra roman samrat lui dwiteeya dwara arabon seey kabja kiye gaye baari koo 876 mein zantaain niyantran key tahat paarit kiya gayaa thaa. 880 key dashak key madhya mein saksham general nickforos focas key abhiyaanon ney adhikansh apulia aur calabria parr zantaain niyantran koo aur badhaa diyaa. inn vijayon key baad unake uttaradhikariyon ney dakshini itali mein byzantine shakti key punrutthan kii neenv rakhee, jisaki parinati see mein longobardia key vishay kii sthaapana mein hui. 892. apulia, calabria aur basilicata key kshetra 11veen shatabdi taka dridhata seey sangrodh niyantran mein rahenge. see mein. 965, ack nayaa vishay, joe lucania kaa thaa, sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, aur baari key "stratagos" (sainya governor) koo itali key "ketepano" kii upaadhi key liye uthaaya gayaa thaa, aamtaur parr "patrichios" key pada key saath. ketepano" key sheershak kaa arth greek mein "sabse oopari" thaa. iss unnayan koo arabon key paas key sisili, joe pahale seey ack sangrodh adhikaar thaa, key antim nuksan key baad sainya roop seey aavashyak maanaa gayaa thaa.
kuchh samanya sahsi, monte sant 'angelo sul gargano kii tirthayatra parr, 1017 mein apulia key lombard shaharon koo byzantine key khilaf apani talvaaren udhaar dete they. 1016 seey 1030 taka norman shuddh bhaade key sanic they, joe yaa tou bassentine yaa lombard kii seva curr rahey they, aur phir 1030 mein eversa key kille mein apane netaa runnelf strangot koo sthaapit karke naples key duke sergius IV kii seva curr rahey they. isase norman koo dakshini itali mein apana pahala pair milaa, jahan seey unhone bhoomi parr ack sangathit vijay shuru kii. 1030 mein, villium aur drogo, hotwille key tancred key dou sabse badey bete, normandy mein ack kuleen coutance dakshini itali pahunche. donon byzantine seey apulia koo chheenane key sangathit prayaas mein shamil hoe gaye, jinhone 1040 taka usa praant kaa adhikansh hissa khou diyaa thaa. baari koo aprail 1071 mein norman dwara kabja curr liya gayaa thaa, aur byzantine pradhikaran koo antatah itali mein samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, justinian aaee kii vijay key paanch shataabdiyon baad. 1154-1156 mein, samrat manual aaee comnenos dwara banaai gaee ack yojana key madhyam seey, byzantine baari koo gherne key liye kuchh samay key liye laut aae aur ack badey paimaane parr vidroh koo bhadkane mein madhyam roop seey safal rahey, jisane lagbhag norman niyantran koo giraa diyaa (sambhaavit roop seey poorv ketepanet kaa adhikansh hissa byzantine samrajya koo vaapas saunp diyaa), lekin laabh "durbhagya seey ulat gaye".
1166 mein gilbert, count off gravina, navarre kii raani regent margaret key chachere bhaai key liye "apulia aur campania kaa kaitapan" sheershak koo sankshep mein punarjeevit kiya gayaa thaa. 1167 mein, catapan key roop mein apane adhikaar key saath, gilbert ney german sainikon koo shivir seey baahar nikaalane key liye majboor kiya aur fredrick barbarosa koo encona kii gherabandi karane key liye majboor kiya.

