
varsaay key udyaan

varsaay key udyaan () usa hisse parr kabja curr lete hain joe kabhi "domen royal dee varsaay" thaa, joe varsaay key shatto kaa shaahi damus. mahal key paschim mein sthit, udyaan lagbhag 800 hectare bhoomi koo cover karate hain, jiska adhikansh hissa yahaan andrey leey notre dwara paripurna classic francisi aupchaarik udyaan shally mein banaaya gayaa haye. jangal key aspas key kshetra seey parey, udyaan poorv mein varsaay key shahari kshetron aur uttar-poorv mein leey chesane, uttar mein rashtriya arboratum dee chevareloop, paschim mein varsaay key maidan (ack sanrakshit vanyajeev sanrakshan) aur dakshin mein satori vann seey ghire hue hain.
francisi sanskriti mantralaya key tatvavdhan mein sanchaalit ack swaayatt saarvajanik sanstha, palace, sangrahalaya aur rashtriya sampada kii saarvajanik sthaapana dwara prashaasit, udyaan abb france mein sabse adhik dekhe jaane vaale saarvajanik sthalon mein seey ack hain, jahaan ack varsh mein 60 laakh seey adhik agantuk aatey hain.
saavdhaanipoorvak susajjit lonn, parter aur moortiyon key alawa fawware hain, joe poore bageeche mein sthit hain. lui XIV key samay seey aur abhee bhee hydrolics key usee network kaa upayog karate hue jaisa kii pracheen shasson key dauran upayog kiya jaataa thaa, fawware varsaay key bageechon koo advitiya banaane mein yogdan karate hain. saptahant parr vasant key anta seey sharad ritu kii shuruat taka, sangrahalaya kaa prashaasan "bhavya eox"-chashme koo praayojit kartaa haye, jisake dauran udyaanon mein sabhi fawware poore khel mein hotey hain. andrey leey notre dwara design kii gaee, bhavya nahar varsaay key udyaanon kii utkrisht kriti haye. udyaanon mein bhee, bhavya trikoniya soorya raajaa koo vaha vishram pradaan karane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa joe vaha chaahata thaa. chhoti tribhuj mairi antonet key saath judee hui haye, jisane apana samay apane sabse karibi rishtedaron aur doston key saath bitaaya.
1979 mein, 17veen aur 18veen shatabdi key dauran apane saanskritik mahatva key liye shatto key saath udyaanon koo unesco kii vishva viraasat soochi mein ankit kiya gayaa thaa.
lui xiii.
1632 mein lui xiii dwara jeane-francois dee gondi seey bhoomi kii antim khareed aur 1630 key dashak mein varsaay kii seagnurial bhoomika kii unaki dhaarana key saath, aupchaarik udyaanon koo chatto key paschim mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. abhilekhon seey sanket milata haye kii dashak key anta mein clod mollet aur hillayer mason ney udyaanon koo design kiya, joe 1660 key dashak mein lui XIV key tahat aadeshit vistaar taka apekshaakrit aparivartit rhaa. yeh praarambhik leout, joe c.1662 kii tathaakathit doo buss yojana mein bachaa huaa haye, ack sthaapit sthalaakriti koo darshaata haye joe udyaanon kii rekhaaon key saath vikasit huaa haye. iska pramaan mukhya poorv-paschim aur uttar-dakshin aksh kii spasht paribhasha mein milata haye joe udyaanon key leout koo lunger daaltaa haye.
lui XIV.
1661 mein, vitt mantri nicolaus faukwet key upman key baad, jinn parr pratidvandiyon dwara walks-leey-vikomte mein apane shandar shatto kaa nirmaan karane key liye taaj key dhana kaa gaban karane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, lui xiv ney apana dhyaan varsaay kii or ghumaaya. faukwet key vastukar luis leey vaau, chitrakaar charles leey brune aur paridrishya vastukar aur ray leey notre kii sahaayata seey, luis ney varsaay mein ack alankaran aur vistaar karyakram shuru kiya joe unake shasankal key shesh samay aur chintaon parr kabja curr legaa.
iss bindu seey aage, varsaay key udyaanon kaa vistaar shatto key vistaar key baad huaa. tadnusar, lui XIV key nirmaan abhiyaan udyaanon parr bhee lagu hotey hain. pratyek charan mein soorya raajaa key nirdeshon key tahat nirdhaarit daure koo saavdhaanipoorvak prabandhit kiya gayaa thaa.
pahala nirmaan abhiyaan.
1662 mein, shatto mein mamuli sanshodhan kiye gaye they; haalaanki, udyaanon koo vikasit karane parr adhik dhyaan diyaa gayaa thaa. maujooda bosket aur parter kaa vistaar kiya gayaa aur nae banaae gaye. iss samay kii rachanaon mein sabse mahatvapurna they varsaay orangery aur grot dee theaties. (nolhack 1901,1925) narangi, jise luis leey vaau dwara design kiya gayaa thaa, shatto key dakshin mein sthit thaa, ack aisee sthiti jisane pahaadi kii praakritik dhalaan kaa laabh uthaaya. isane ack sanrakshit kshetra pradaan kiya jisamen sardiyon key maheenon key dauran narangi pedh rakhe jaate they. (nolhack 1899,1902)
grot dee thetis", joe kii shatto key uttar mein sthit thaa, shatto aur udyaanon kii pratima kaa hissa thaa joe saur kalpana key saath lui xiv koo sanrekhit kartaa thaa. dusare bhawan nirmaan abhiyaan key dauran groto puuraa kiya jaayega. (verlet 1985)
1664 taka, udyaan iss hudd taka vikasit hoe gaye they kii lui XIV ney "less pleisers dee ll 'iley enchant" naamak "fete gallante" key saath udyaanon kaa udghaatan kiya. yeh karyakram, joe aadhikarik taur parr unaki maan, annie dee 'autreach aur unaki patni mairi-theres kaa jashn manaane key liye thaa, lekin vaastav mein louis kii malkin, louis dee laa vallier kaa jashn manaaya jaataa thaa, usa varsh maee mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. ack saptah kii avadhi mein udyaanon mein shandar manoranjan key saath mehmaanon koo sammaanit kiya gayaa. iss "fete" key parinamswarup-vishesh roop seey mehmaanon key liye awas kii kamee (unamen seey adhikansh koo apani gaadiyon mein sonaa padata thaa), lui ney varsaay kii kamiyon koo mahsoos kiya aur ack baar phir shatto aur udyaanon kaa vistaar karna shuru curr diyaa. (verlet, 1961,1985)
doosara nirmaan abhiyaan.
1664 aur 1668 key beach, udyaanon mein gatividhi kii ack halchal kaa pramaan milaa-vishesh roop seey fawware aur nae bosket key sambandh mein; iss samay key dauran udyaanon kii chhaviyon ney luis XIV key rupakon key roop mein sachet roop seey apolo aur saur chhaviyon kaa upayog kiya. lui xiii key shatto key leey vaau key "lifafe" ney ack saadhan pradaan kiya, halanki bageeche key agrabhag kii sajawat, raajaa aur raani key "bhavya apartment" kii sajawat mein chhaviyon ney bageechon kii chhaviyon key saath ack sahajeevan banaaya. (lighthart, 1997; maale, 1927)
nirmaan key iss nae charan key saath, udyaanon ney sthalaakritik aur pratima sambandhi design shabdawali koo grahan curr liya joe 18 veen shatabdi taka lagu rahegi. jaisa kii andre felibian ney apane varnan mein kahaa kii usa samay nirmit pariyojanaon key saath saur aur apollonian vishay pramukh theh "choonki soorya lui XIV kaa prateek thaa, aur kavi soorya aur apolo mein shamil hoe jaate hain, iss shandar ghar mein aisaa kuchh bhee naheen haye joe iss divyata seey sambandhit naheen haye."(felibian, 1674).
teen parivardhanon ney nirmaan key iss charan key dauran udyaanon key sthalvaigyaanik aur prateekaatmak gathjod kaa gathan kiyaah "grot day theaties", "basin dee latone" aur "basin dee 'apollone" kaa puuraa honah.
yeh sabhi key liye achchha haye.
1664 mein shuru huaa aur 1670 mein gills guerine, francois girarden, thomas regnaudin, gaspard marcy aur balthazar marcy dwara pratima kii sthaapana key saath samaapt huaa, groto ney udyaanon key liye ack mahatvapurna prateekaatmak aur takniki ghatak kaa gathan kiya. prateekaatmak roop seey, "grot dee theaties" apolo key mithak seey sambandhit haye-aur usa sambandh seey lui xiv. yeh samudri apsara theatis kii gufa key roop mein thaa, jahan apolo ney apana rath chalaakar akash koo rotion karane key baad aaraam kiya thaa. groto ack swatantra sanrachana thee joe chatto key thheek uttar mein sthit thee. aantarik bhaag, jise ack samudri gufa kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye khol-kaam seey sajaaya gayaa thaa, mein soorya devta koo darshaane vaale marcy bhaaiyon dwara moorti samooh thaa jisamen neride (kendriya samooh) aur unake ghodon koo thetis (dou saath vaali pratima samoohon) key paricharakon dwara taiyar kiya jaa rhaa thaa. mool roop seey, yeye moortiyaan gufa mein teen alag-alag sthaanon mein sthaapit kii gaee theen aur vibhinn favvaaron aur paani kii visheshtaon seey ghiri hui theen. (mairi 1968; nolhack 1901,1925; thompson 2006; verlet 1985)
takniki roop seey, 'grot dee theties' ney hydrolic pranali mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai joe bageeche koo paani kii aapoorti karati thee. groto kii chhat ack jalaashay koo sahaara detee thee joe claggy talab seey pump kiye gaye paani koo sangraheet kartaa thaa aur joe gurutvaakarshan key madhyam seey bageeche key nichale favvaaron koo paani detaa thaa.
basin dee latone.
poorv-paschim aksh parr paschim mein aur "partere dee 'eo" key neeche sthit, "basin dee latone" haye. gaspard aur balthazar marcy dwara taraashe gaye aur 1668 aur 1670 key beach nirmit, andre leey notre dwara design kiye gaye, fawware mein ovid key "rupantar" seey ack prakaran koo darshaaya gayaa haye. latona aur usake bachche, apolo aur dyna, lysian kisaanon dwara mitty key saath peedit kiye jaa rahey they, jinhone usey aur usake bachchon koo apane talab seey peene seey incar curr diyaa thaa, unhone jupiter seey appeal kii, jinhone licians koo mendhakon mein badalkar pratikriya dee. pauranik kathaaon key iss prakaran koo itihaskaron dwara frond key vidrohon key sandarbh mein dekhaa gayaa haye, joe lui XIV key alpasankhyak key dauran huaa thaa. ovid kii kahani aur francisi itihas key iss prakaran key beach kii kadee parr raajneetik sandarbh mein "keechad kii goffen" key sandarbh mein jore diyaa gayaa haye. frond key vidroh-"frond" shabd kaa arth bhee gulel kaa shott haye-koo ack raajneetik sandarbh mein "mudd slinging" shabd key upayog kii utpatti maanaa gayaa haye. (burger, 1992; mairi, 1968,1972,1976; nolhack, 1901; thompson, 2006; verlet, 1961,1985; webber, 1981)
basin dee 'apolo.
poorv-paschim aksh key saath aage "basin dee 'apollan"-apollo fawwara haye. lui xiii key "rondo/basin days signess" key sthal parr kabja karate hue, apolo fawwara, jiska nirmaan 1668 aur 1671 key beach kiya gayaa thaa, soorya devta koo akash koo rotion karane key liye apane rath koo chalaate hue darshaata haye. fawwara bageeche mein ack kendra bindu banaata haye aur "chhote park" aur "bhavya nahar" key bageechon key beach ack sankraman tatva key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. (mairi 1968; nolhack 1901,1925; thompson 2006; verlet 1985)
bhavya nahar.
1, 500 meater kii lambai aur 62 meater kii chaudaai key saath, "bhavya nahar", joe 1668 aur 1671 key beach banaai gaee thee, bhautik aur drishtigat roop seey poorv-paschim aksh koo "bhavya park" kii divaaron taka badhaati haye. pracheen shasson key dauran, "bhavya nahar" nauka vihaar key liye ack sthaan key roop mein kaary karati thee. 1674 mein, rajanyik vyavasthaon kii ack shrinkhala key parinamswarup, jisase lui XIV koo laabh huaa, raajaa ney "chhote venis" (chhote venis) key nirmaan kaa adesh diyaa. bhavya nahar" key sangam parr aur uttari paarvarti shakha key sangam parr sthit, chhote venis mein carvell aur naukaaen theen joe neetherland seey praapt kii gaee theen aur gondol aur gondolier koo venis key dozz seey upahaar key roop mein praapt kiya gayaa thaa, isaliye iska naam padaa. (mairi 1968; nolhack 1901,1925; thompson 2006; verlet 1985)
iss bageeche kii visheshta key sajawati aur utsav pahaluon key oopar aur usase parey, "bhavya nahar" ney bhee ack vyaavhaarik bhoomika nibhai. bageeche mein ack nichale bindu parr sthit, yeh oopar key bageeche key favvaaron seey paani ekatra kartaa haye. bhavya nahar" seey paani koo pavanchakki-sanchaalit aur ghode seey chalane vaale pampon key network key madhyam seey "grote dee theties" kii chhat parr jalaashay mein vaapas pump kiya gayaa thaa. (thompson 2006)
parter dee 'yuu.
latona fawware key oopar sthit shatto kii chhat haye, jise "partere dee 'yuu" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. ack sankraman tatva banaate hue shatto seey neeche key bageechon mein aur udyaanon key uttar-dakshin aksh parr rakhaa gayaa, "partere dee 'aeu" ney ack aisee setting pradaan kii jisamen "bhavya apartment" kii sajawat kii kalpana aur prateekvaad udyaanon kii pratima key saath sanshleshit kiya gayaa. 1664 mein, lui XIV ney "partere dee 'yuu" kii jall visheshta koo sajaane key uddeshya seey moortiyon kii ack shrinkhala shuru kii. grande kamaand", jaisa kii aayog koo jaanaa jaataa haye, mein classic chaturthansh kii chaubis moortiyaan aur classic ateet seey apaharan koo darshaane vaali chaar atirikt moortiyaan shamil theen. (berger aaee, 1985; friedman, 1988,1993; headin, 1981-1982; mairi, 1968; nolhack, 1901; thompson, 2006; verlet, 1961,1985; webber, 1981)
bosket kaa vikas.
dusare bhawan nirmaan abhiyaan key dauran udyaanon kii vishisht visheshtaon mein seey ack bosket kaa prasaar thaa. pahale bhawan abhiyaan key dauran sthaapit leout kaa vistaar karate hue, leey notre ney cumm seey cumm duss bosketon koo jodaa yaa vistaarit kiyaah 1670 mein "bosket doo marres"; "bosket doo thatrey dee 'eu", "ile doo roee" aur "miror dee' eu", "saile days festins" ("saile doo concil"), 1671 mein "bosket days trois fontains"; 1672 mein "labrinte" aur "bosket dee ell 'aark dee triumph"; 1675 mein "bosket dee laa renemi" ("bosket days domes") aur "bosket dee ell' encede"; aur 1675 mein "bosket dee ell 'encede"; aur 1985 mein "bosket days fontains"; aur 1985 mein "bosket days trois fontains"; 1672 mein "labirint" aur "bosket dee ell' aark dee triumph"; 1672 mein "bosket dee laa renemi" ("bosket days domes")
maujooda bosket key vistaar aur nae key nirmaan key alawa, dou atirikt pariyojanaaen theen joe iss yug koo paribhaashit karati theen, "basin days seppins" aur "pees dee 'eu days suis".
basin days seppins.
1676 mein, "basin days seppins", joe "partere doo nord" key neeche chatto key uttar mein sthit thaa aur "ellie days marmosets" koo uttar-dakshin aksh key saath ack sthalaakritik latkan banaane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen "pees dee 'eu days suis" chatto key dakshin mein sattery pahaadi key aadhar parr sthit thaa. baad mein bageeche mein kiye gaye sanshodhanon seey yeh fawwara "basin dee neptune" mein badal jaayega. (mairi 1972,1975; thompson 2006; verlet 1985)
apane aap koo surakshit rakhein.
1678 mein khudai kii gaee, "pees dee 'eu days suis"-jiska naam jheel kaa nirmaan karane vaale swiss guards key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa-daldal aur talabon key ack kshetra parr kabja curr liya, jinamen seey kuchh kaa upayog bageeche mein favvaaron key liye paani kii aapoorti key liye kiya gayaa thaa. 15 hectare seey adhik key satah kshetra key saath yeh jall visheshta, doosari sabse badee haye-"bhavya nahar" key baad-varsaay mein. (mairi 1972,1975; nolhack 1901,1925; thompson 2006; verlet 1985)
teesara bhawan nirmaan abhiyaan.
teesare bhawan abhiyaan key dauran udyaanon mein sanshodhanon koo andrey leey notre key praakritik saundarya seey jools hardouin mansart kii vaastushilp shally mein ack shaileegat parivartan dwara pratishthit kiya gayaa thaa. iss charan key dauran udyaanon mein pahala badaa sanshodhan 1680 mein huaa jaba "tapis verts"-lonn kaa vistaar joe latona fawware aur apolo fawware key beach faila huaa haye-ney andrey leey notre kii disha mein apane antim aakar aur paribhasha koo praapt kiya. (nolhack 1901; thompson 2006)
1684 mein shuru, "partere dee 'eo" koo jools hardouin-mansart key nirdeshan mein phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa. 1674 key "grande kamaand" kii moortiyon koo bageeche key anya hisson mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa; dou judvaan ashtakoniya besinon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa aur france kii chaar mukhya nadiyon kaa pratinidhitva karane vaali kansya moortiyon seey sajaaya gayaa thaa. usee varsh, "parteray dee 'eo" key dakshin mein sthit leey vaau kii "orangery" koo jools hardouin-mansart dwara design kii gaee ack badee sanrachana koo samaayojit karane key liye dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. orangery" key alawa, "escaliers days sent march", joe dakshin seey udyaanon taka pahunch kii suvidha pradaan karate hain, "pees dee 'eu days suis" taka, aur "partere doo middy" taka iss samay nirmit kiye gaye they, jisase udyaanon koo shatto key thheek dakshin mein unaki vartamaan vinyas aur sajawat dee gaee thee. 
isake alawa, "aail days raees" key pratyaashit nirmaan koo samaayojit karane key liye-shatto key uttari hisse-"grot dee theaties" koo dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. (mairi 1968,1972,1976; nolhack 1899,1901,1902,1925)
aail days nobbles" (1685-1686) key nirmaan key saath, "partrey doo nord" koo shatto key iss hisse kii naee vastukala key jawab mein phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa. grot day theties" key oopar jalaashay key nuksan kii bharpai karane aur paani kii badhati maang koo puuraa karane key liye, jools hardouin-mansart ney "aail days nobbles" (thompson 2006) key uttar mein sthit nae aur badey jalashayon koo design kiya. barbad honey vaali mahangi nahar dee ll 'yoore key nirmaan kaa udghaatan 1685 mein kiya gayaa thaa; wauban dwara design kiya gayaa thaa, iska uddeshya 80 kilometres seey adhik key yoore key paani koo laana thaa, jisamen veertapurna paimaane key jalmarg bhee shamil they, lekin 1690 mein karyon koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaah neeche "paani kii samasya" dekhein.
1686 aur 1687 key beach, jools hardouin-mansart key nirdeshan mein basin dee latone kaa punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. yeh fawware kaa yeh sanskaran haye joe aaj varsaay mein haye. (headin 1992; thompson 2006; verlet 1985)
nirmaan key iss charan key dauran, bageeche key teen pramukh baagon koo sanshodhit yaa banaaya gayaa thaa. gallery days antix" seey shuru hocker, iss bosket kaa nirmaan 1680 mein pahale aur alpakaalik "gallery dee 'yuu" (1678) key sthal parr kiya gayaa thaa. iss bosket kii kalpana ack khuli-havaa gallery key roop mein kii gaee thee jisamen rome mein "akadami dee france" dwara praapt pracheen moortiyon aur pratiyon koo pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa. agale varsh, "saile dee baal" parr nirmaan shuru huaa. orangery" key paschim mein bageeche key ack alakshit khand mein sthit, iss bosket koo ack amphitheatre key roop mein design kiya gayaa thaa jisamen ack cascade thaa-kewal ack joe varsaay key bageechon mein jeevit thaa. saile dee baal" kaa udghaatan 1685 mein grand doufin dwara aayojit ack gend key saath kiya gayaa thaa. 1684 aur 1685 key beach, jools hardouin-mansart ney "colned" kaa nirmaan kiya. leey notre key "bosket days source" key sthal parr sthit, iss bosket mein atthais favvaaron key saath battis mehraabon seey bunny ack golakar peristyle thee aur yeh versey key bageechon mein nirmit bosket kii hardouin-mansert kii sabse vaastushilp thee (mairi 1972,1976; thompson 2006; verlet 1985)
chautha bhawan nirmaan abhiyaan.
leag off augusberg key yuddh aur spanish uttaradhikar key yuddh seey utpann vittiya baadhaon key kaaran, 1704 taka udyaanon parr koee mahatvapurna kaam naheen kiya gayaa thaa. 1704 aur 1709 key beach, bosket koo sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa, kuchh kaafee maulik roop seey, nae naamon key saath joe luis Xiv key shasankal key baad key varshon kii visheshta haye. (mairi 1976; thompson 2006; verlet 1985)
lui xv.
lui XIV kii mrityu key baad 1715 mein raajaa aur darbar key varsaay seey jaane key saath, mahal aur udyaan anishchitata key yug mein pravesh curr gaye. 1722 mein, lui XV aur adalat varsaay laut aae. apane pardada kii mahange bhawan nirmaan abhiyaanon mein shamil naa honey kii salah parr dhyaan dete hue, lui XV ney varsaay mein mahange bhawan abhiyaanon koo naheen shuru kiya joe lui XIV ney kiye they. lui xv key shasankal key dauran, udyaanon mein ekmatra mahatvapurna jodd "basin dee neptune" (1738-1741) kaa puuraa honah thaa. (mairi 1984; verlet 1985)
varsaay mein udyaanon koo sanshodhit karane key liye sansadhanon kaa kharch karane key bajaay, lui xv-ack shaukeen vanaspati vigyaani-ney trianon mein apane prayason kaa nirdeshan kiya. abb "hamau day laa raine" dwara kabja kiye gaye kshetra mein, lui xv ney "less jardines botanics"-vanaspati udyaanon kaa nirmaan aur rakharkhaav kiya. 1750 mein, jiss varsh "less jardinus botanics" kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, "jardineer-fluorist", clod richard (1705-1784) ney vanaspati udyaanon kaa prashaasan grahan kiya. 1761 mein, lui xv ney ack nivaas key roop mein chhote trikon kaa nirmaan karane key liye ainj-jacks gabriel koo niyukt kiya joe unhein "jardine botanics" key paas adhik samay bitaane kii anumati dega. yeh chhote trianon mein thaa kii lui xv chechak seey buri tarah beemar hoe gayaa; 10 maee 1774 koo, raajaa kii mrityu varsaay mein hui. (mairi, 1984; thompson, 2006)
lui xvi.
lui XVI key simhaasan parr baithane parr, varsaay key udyaanon mein ack parivartan huaa jisane lui XIV key chauthe nirmaan abhiyaan koo yaad kiya. jeane-jacks russo aur daarshnikon dwara samarthit drishtikon mein badalaav seey utpann, 1774-1775 kii sardiyon mein udyaanon kii poori tarah seey punah ropan huaa. luis XIV key shasankal key pedon aur jhaadiyon koo lii notre aur hardouin-mansart key francisi aupchaarik udyaan koo ack angreji paridrishya udyaan key sanskaran mein badalane key iraade seey giraaya yaa ukhaad fenka gayaa thaa.
leey notre kii utkrisht kriti koo angreji shally key bageeche mein badalane kaa prayaas apane vaanchhit lakshya koo praapt karane mein whiffle rhaa. kaafee hudd taka bhoomi kii sthalvigyaan key kaaran, angreji saundarya koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaa aur udyaanon koo francisi shally mein phir seey lagaaya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, arthavyavastha parr nazar rakhate hue, lui XVI ney "polyceds"-shram-gahan clipped hazing joe bosket mein deevaaren banaati haye-koo choone key pedon yaa chestnut key pedon kii panktiyon seey badalane kaa adesh diyaa. isake alawa, soorya raajaa key samay key kaee bosket koo badey paimaane parr sanshodhit yaa nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. lui XVI key shasankal key dauran udyaanon mein sabse mahatvapurna yogdan "grot days bains dee 'apollone" thaa. ack angreji shally key bosket mein sthaapit rockwork groto hubert robbert kii utkrisht kriti thee jisamen "grote dee theaties" kii moortiyon koo rakhaa gayaa thaa. (thompson 2006; verlet 1985)
1774 mein lui XVI dwara mairi antonet koo upahaar mein diye gaye chhote trianon mein, naee raani ney naatakiya roop seey aspas key udyaan aur udyaanon koo phir seey banaaya. 1776 aur 1786 key beach, luis xv key vanaspati udyaan aur kaaryasheel khet koo ack angreji udyaan banaane key liye mitaa diyaa gayaa thaa, jise usa samay "anglo-cheeni" udyaan kahaa jaataa thaa, joe payteat trianon key uttar aur poorv mein faila huaa thaa. vanaspati udyaan key kuchh videshi namoonon koo udyaanon mein sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin adhikansh koo peris mein jardine days plants mein laaya gayaa thaa. ack jheel aur kaee ghumaavdaar nadiyon kaa gathan nae bhunirman key hisse key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa aur vastukar richard mike koo groto, belveder aur prem key mandir jaise bageechon koo sajaane key liye fauliyon koo design karane kaa kaam saunpa gayaa thaa. anglo-chinese" bageeche seey parey, hamau dee laa raine 1782 aur 1788 key beach banaaya gayaa thaa, jise mick aur hubert robbert dwara design kiya gayaa thaa.
kranti.
1792 mein, rashtriya sammelan key adesh key tahat, bageechon mein kuchh pedon koo kaat diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki "bhavya park" key kuchh hisson koo parcel curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur titar-bitar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. varsaay key liye sambhaavit khatare koo mahsoos karate hue, luis clod mairi richard (1754-1821)-"jardines botanics" key nideshak aur clod richard key potey-ney varsaay koo bachaane key liye sarkaar kii pairavi kii. vaha "bhavya park" key aur failaav koo rokane mein safal rahey aur "chhote park" koo nasht karane kii dhamkiyon koo yeh sujhaav dekar samaapt curr diyaa gayaa kii "udyaan" kaa upayog sabji key bageechon koo lagaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye aur bageeche key khule kshetron parr kabja curr sakate hain. inn yojanaon koo kabhi bhee amal mein naheen laaya gayaa; haalaanki, bageechon koo janata key liye khol diyaa gayaa thaa-logon koo favvaaron mein apane kapade dhote hue aur ise sookhane key liye jhaadiyon parr failaate hue dekhana asamanya naheen thaa. (thompson 2006)
1793 mein vijayi mehrab upavan key adhikansh sajawati tukade nasht curr diye gaye they.
napolean aaee.
napolean yug ney kaafee hudd taka varsaay koo nazarandaj curr diyaa. shatto mein, maharani mairi-luis key upayog key liye kamaron key ack suit kii vyavastha kii gaee thee, lekin udyaanon koo aparivartit chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, sivaay "bosket dee ell 'aark dee triumph" aur "bosket days tross fontain" mein pedon kii vinashkari kataai key. badey paimaane parr mitty key kataav key kaaran nae pedh lagaane kii aavashyakta padee. (thompson 2006; verlet 1985)
bahaali.
1814 mein borbans kii bahaali key saath, varsaay key udyaanon ney kranti key baad seey pahale sanshodhan dekhe. 1817 mein, lui xviii ney "Île doo roee" aur "miror dee 'yuu" koo ack angreji shally key bageeche-"jardine doo roee" mein badalane kaa adesh diyaa. (thompson 2006)
julaai rajshahi; doosara samrajya.
jabaki shatto key adhikansh aantarik hisse koo "france key sabhi gaurav" (10 juuna 1837 koo lui phillip dwara udghaatan kiya gayaa) koo samarpit karane key liye aparivartaniya roop seey badal diyaa gayaa thaa, isake vipareet, udyaan achhoote rahey. 1855 mein raani victoria aur rajkumar albert kii raajya yatra key apavaad key saath, usa samay udyaan ack gaalaa fete key liye ack setting they joe lui XIV key "fates" koo yaad kartaa thaa, napolean III ney cheto koo nazarandaj curr diyaa, isake bajaay compiagne (thompson 2006; verlet 1985) key cheto koo pasand kiya.
nolhack key liye chhed.
1892 mein sangrahalaya key nideshak key roop mein piyare dee nolhack key aagaman key saath, varsaay mein aitihaasik shodh kaa ack nayaa yug shuru huaa. nolhack, ack utsaahi puraatatvavid aur vidwan, ney varsaay key itihas koo ack saath jodana shuru kiya, aur baad mein shatto kii bahaali aur udyaanon key sanrakshan key liye mandand sthaapit kiye, joe aaj taka jaari hain. (thompson 2006; verlet 1985)
baagon key baag.
17veen aur 19veen shatabdi key beach udyaanon mein kiye gaye kaee sanshodhanon key kaaran, kaee bosket mein kaee sanshodhan hue hain, joe aksar naam parivartan key saath hotey they.
dukes bosket-bosket dee laa girondol-bosket doo doufin-quincones doo nord-quincones doo middy.
inn dou bosket koo pahali baar 1663 mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. poorv-paschim aksh key uttar aur dakshin mein sthit, inn dou bosket koo chaar "sails dee verdure" key aspas pathon kii ack shrinkhala key roop mein vyavasthit kiya gayaa thaa aur joe ack kendriya "kamare" parr abhisaran karate they jisamen ack fawwara thaa. 1682 mein, dakshini bosket koo "bosket dee laa girondol" key roop mein phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa, iss prakaar kendriya fawware kii spoke jaisi vyavastha key kaaran iska naam rakhaa gayaa thaa. uttari bosket koo 1696 mein ack fawware key saath "bosket doo doufin" key roop mein punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa jisamen ack dolphin thaa. 1774-1775 key punah ropan key dauran, donon bosket nasht hoe gaye they. inn kshetron mein choone key pedon koo phir seey lagaaya gayaa aur "quincones doo nord" aur "quincones doo middy" (mairi 1968,1972,1976,1984; thompson 2006; verlet 1985) kaa naam badal diyaa gayaa.
bhulbhulaiya-bosket dee laa raine.
1665 mein, andrey leey notre ney "orangery" key paas latona fawware key dakshin mein ack kshetra mein alankrit raaston kii ack haze bhulbhulaiya kii yojana banaai. (loach, 1985) 1669 mein, charles parault-"madar goose tails" key lekhak-ney luis XIV koo salah dee kii way "bhulbhulaiya" koo iss tarah seey phir seey banaae kii doffin kii shiksha (parault, 1669) kii seva kii jaa sakey. 1672 aur 1677 key beach, leey notre ney esop kii dantkathaon seey kahaaniyon koo chitrit karane vaale untees favvaaron koo pradarshit karane key liye "bhulbhulaiya" koo phir seey design kiya. moortikaar jeane-baptist tuby, attien leey hongre, piyare leey gross, aur bhaaiyon gaspard aur balthazard marcy ney inn untees favvaaron parr kaam kiya, jinamen seey pratyek parr ack pattika key saath ack kathaa chhapi thee, jiss parr isaq dee bensered dwara kavita likhi gaee thee; inn pattikaon seey, lui Xiv key bete ney padhana seekha. 1677 mein puuraa honey key baad, "bhulbhulaiya" mein 333 chitrit dhaatu pashu moortiyon key saath untees fawware they. vistrit jall karyon key liye paani koo machine dee marley dwara seane seey pahunchaaya gayaa thaa. bhulbhulaiya" mein 253 pump chalaane vaale chaudah paani key pahiye they, jinamen seey kuchh ack meal key teen-chauthai kii doori parr kaam karate they. marammat aur rakharkhaav kii laagat kaa hawala dete hue, lui XVI ney 1778 mein "bhulbhulaiya" koo dhwast karane kaa adesh diyaa. isake sthaan parr, videshi pedon kaa ack vrikshavarg ack angreji shally key bageeche key roop mein lagaaya gayaa thaa. bosket dee laa raine" kaa naam badalkar, yeh bageeche key iss hisse mein hoga kii heere key haar key sambandh kaa ack prakaran, jisane mairi antonet seey samjhauta kiya, 1785 mein huaa (mairi 1968,1972,1976,1984; parault 1669; thompson 2006; verlet 1985).
bosket dee laa montaine dee 'eo-bosket dee ll' atoil.
mool roop seey 1661 mein andre leey notre dwara "saile dee verdure" key roop mein design kiya gayaa thaa, iss bosket mein ack kendriya panchkoniya kshetra koo gherne vaalaa ack maarg thaa. 1671 mein, bosket koo pathon kii ack adhik vistrit pranali key saath badhaaya gayaa thaa joe naee kendriya jall visheshta koo badhaane key liye kaam kartaa thaa, ack fawwara joe ack pahaad seey milata-julata thaa, isaliye bosket kaa nayaa naam thaah "bosket dee laa monten dee 'aeu". bosket koo 1704 mein poori tarah seey punarnirmit kiya gayaa thaa, usa samay iska naam "bosket dee ll 'attoile" (mairi 1968,1972,1976,1984; thompson 2006; verlet 1985) rakhaa gayaa thaa.
bosket doo marais-bosket doo chain verts-bosket days bains dee 'apollone-grot days bains dee' apollone.
1670 mein nirmit, iss bosket mein mool roop seey ack kendriya aaytaakaar pool thaa joe ack turf seema seey ghiraa huaa thaa. pool key kinare dhaatu key null they joe paani key liye kaee jeton koo chhipaate they; ack huns jisamen apani chonch seey paani kaa jett thaa, pratyek koney mein kabja curr liya. pool key kendra mein ack lohe kaa pedh thaa jisamen chitrit tinn key patte they joe isaki shaakhaon seey paani ugaate they. iss pedh key kaaran, bosket koo "bosket doo chain verts" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa. 1705 mein, iss bosket koo "bosket days bains dee 'apollone" key nirmaan kii anumati dene key liye nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jise moortiyon koo rakhane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa joe ack baar "grote dee theaties" mein khadee theen. lui XVI key shasankal key dauran, hubert robert ney daldal kii moortiyon key liye ack gufa jaisi setting banaate hue, bosket koo phir seey banaaya. bosket kaa naam badalkar "grot days bains dee 'apollone" (mairi 1968,1972,1976,1984; thompson 2006; verlet 1985) curr diyaa gayaa.
ile doo roee-miror dee 'aeu-jardine doo roee.
mool roop seey 1671 mein dou alag-alag jall visheshtaon key roop mein design kiya gayaa thaa, badey-"Île doo roee"-mein ack dweep thaa joe vistrit favvaaron kii pranali kaa kendra bindu thaa. Île doo roee" koo "miror dee 'eo" seey ack coseway dwara alag kiya gayaa thaa jisamen chaubis jall jett they. 1684 mein, dweep koo hataa diyaa gayaa aur bosket mein jall vimaanon kii kull sankhya mein kaafee kamee aaee. varsh 1704 mein bosket kaa ack badaa navinikaran huaa, jiss samay coseway koo phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa aur adhikansh jall vimaanon koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. ack shatabdi baad, 1817 mein, lui xviii ney "Île doo roee" aur "miror dee 'yuu" koo poori tarah seey angreji shally key bageeche key roop mein phir seey banaane kaa adesh diyaa. iss samay, bosket kaa naam "jardine doo roee" (mairi 1968,1972,1976,1984; thompson 2006; verlet 1985) rakhaa gayaa thaa.
salle days festins-salle doo concil-bosket dee ll 'obelisk.
1671 mein, andrey leey notre ney ack bosket kii kalpana kii-mool roop seey "saile days festins" naam diyaa gayaa aur baad mein ise "saile doo concil" kahaa gayaa-jisamen ack channel seey ghiraa ack quatrefoil dweep thaa jisamen pachas paani key jett they. dweep key pratyek khand mein ack sadharan fawwara thaa; dweep taka pahunch dou jhoole pulon dwara praapt kii gaee thee. channel key baahar aur bosket key bheetar mukhya binduon parr chaar atirikt fawware they. jools hardouin-mansart kii disha mein, 1706 mein bosket koo poori tarah seey phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa. kendriya dweep koo paanch seedhiyon parr ack badey besin dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe ack nahar seey ghiraa huaa thaa. kendriya fawware mein 230 jett they, joe khel mein honey parr ack obelisk kaa gathan karate they-isaliye nayaa naam "bosket dee ll 'obelisk" (mairi 1968,1972,1976,1984; thompson 2006; verlet 1985).
bosket doo threatrey dee 'yuu-bosket doo rond -vert.
iss bosket kii kendriya visheshta, jise 1671 aur 1674 key beach leey notre dwara design kiya gayaa thaa, ack sabhagar/theatre thaa, joe teen staron key turf baithane key saath thaa, joe teen vikiransheel cascade key saath baari-baari seey chaar favvaaron key saath sajaae gaye ack munch kaa saamana curr rhaa thaa. 1680 aur 1715 mein lui XIV kii mrityu key beach, moortiyon kii lagbhag nirantar punarvyavastha thee joe bosket koo sajaati theen. 1709 mein, bosket koo "fontain dee ll 'iley aux enfants" key saath phir seey vyavasthit kiya gayaa thaa. 1774-1775 kii sardiyon key dauran lui xvi dwara aadeshit udyaanon key punah ropan key hisse key roop mein, "bosket doo threatrey dee 'yuu" koo nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur ise binaa kissy sajawat vaale "bosket doo rond -vert" (mairi 1968,1972,1976,1984; thompson 2006; verlet 1985) key saath badal diyaa gayaa thaa. "bosket doo thetre dee 'yuu" koo 2014 mein phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen dakshin koriyai vyavasaayi aur photographer yuu bayung-yoon ekmatra sanrakshak they, jinhone pariyojana key liye million (~ million) daan kiye they.
bosket days troyce fontain (bersio dee 'yuu).
ellie days marmosets" key paschim mein sthit aur alpakaalik "bersio dee 'eo" (1671 mein banaaya gayaa ack lamba aur sankeern bosket jisamen paani key kaee jett dwara banaaya gayaa ack paani kaa bower thaa) koo pratisthaapit karate hue, badhe hue bosket koo 1677 mein leey notre dwara teen judey kamaron kii ack shrinkhala mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa. pratyek kamare mein kaee fawware they joe vishesh prabhaavon key saath khele jaate they. fawware una sanshodhanon seey butch gaye joe lui XIV ney 18 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein bageechon mein anya favvaaron key liye adesh diye they aur baad mein udyaanon key 1774-1775 punah ropan key dauran bache they. 1830 mein, bosket koo phir seey lagaaya gayaa thaa, jiss samay favvaaron koo dabaa diyaa gayaa thaa. 1990 mein udyaan mein toofaan seey hui kshati key kaaran aur phir 1999 mein, "bosket days troyce fontain" koo 12 juuna 2004 (mairi 1968,1972,1976,1984; thompson 2006; verlet 1985) koo bahaal aur phir seey udghaatan kiya gayaa.
tribhuj key liye ack samooh.
mool roop seey, iss bosket kii yojana 1672 mein ack sadharan "pavillan dee 'eo" key roop mein banaai gaee thee-kendra mein ack vargakar fawware key saath ack goal khula vistaar. 1676 mein, yeh bosket, "ellie days marmosets" key poorv mein sthit thaa aur "bosket days troyce fontain" key liye latkan kaa nirmaan kartaa thaa, jise raajneetik rekhaaon key saath badhaaya gayaa aur phir seey sajaaya gayaa thaa joe spen aur austriya parr francisi sainya jeet kii or ishara kartaa thaa, jiss samay vijayi kamaan koo jodaa gayaa thaa-isaliye naam. inmein seey adhikansh tukade kranti key dauran nasht hoe gaye they. bosket days troyce fontain" key saath, yeh bosket 18 veen shatabdi key sanshodhanon seey butch gayaa, lekin 1830 mein phir seey lagaaya gayaa thaa, jiss samay fawware hataa diye gaye they. 2008 mein, iss bosket koo bahaal kiya gayaa thaa (mairi 1968,1972,1976,1984; thompson 2006; verlet 1985).
bosket day laa renomi-bosket days domes.
1675 mein nirmit, "bosket dee laa renomi" mein prasiddhi kii ack fawware kii moorti thee-isaliye bosket kaa naam. 1684 mein "grot dee theties" seey moortiyon key sthanantaran key saath, moortiyon koo samaayojit karane key liye bosket koo phir seey banaaya gayaa aur prasiddhi key fawware koo hataa diyaa gayaa. iss samay bosket kaa naam "bosket days bannes dee 'apolo" rakhaa gayaa thaa. 18veen shatabdi key shuruati bhaag mein luis XIV dwara aadeshit bageeche key punargathan key hisse key roop mein, apolo samooh koo ack baar phir seey "bosket doo marres" key sthal parr sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa-joe kii latona fawware key paas sthit thaa-jise nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur nae "bosket days bains dee 'apollone" dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. moortiyon koo sangamarmar key aadhar stambhon parr sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jinase paani nikalata thaa aur pratyek pratima samooh koo ack jatil nakkashidar aur soney seey saje baldchin dwara sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa. puraane "bosket days bains dee 'apolo" kaa naam badalkar "bosket days domes" curr diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki bosket mein dou gumbad mandap banaae gaye they (mairi 1968,1972,1976,1984; thompson 2006; verlet 1985).
apane ghar kaa bhojan karein.
1675 mein "bosket dee laa renomi" key roop mein usee samay banaaya gayaa, iss bosket key fawware mein "encaladus" koo darshaaya gayaa haye, ack gir gayaa vishalkay jise aim. tii. key neeche rahane key liye ninda kii gaee thee. aur, jwalamukhiya laava dwara upbhog kiya jaa rhaa haye. apani avadharana seey, iss fawware kii kalpana "frond" parr lui XIV kii jeet key roopak key roop mein kii gaee thee. 1678 mein, kendriya fawware key aspas ack ashtakoniya ghaas kaa gheraa aur aathh "rokel" fawware jode gaye they. inn parivardhanon koo 1708 mein hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. jaba khel mein, iss fawware mein varsaay key bageechon mein sabhi favvaaron kaa sabse unchaa jett haye-25 meater (mairi 1968,1972,1976,1984; thompson 2006; verlet 1985).
bosket days srot-laa colned.
1678 mein leey notre dwara ack sadharan alankrit "saile dee verdure" key roop mein design kiya gayaa, paridrishya vastukar ney ack bosket banaane key liye ack maujooda dhaara koo badhaaya aur shamil kiya jisamen nau dweepon key beach mudane vaali nadiyaan theen. 1684 mein, jools hardouin-mansart ney ack golakar dhanushakar dohare peristyle kaa nirmaan karke bosket koo poori tarah seey phir seey design kiya. colned", jaisa kii iska naam badalkar rakhaa gayaa thaa, mool roop seey battis mehrab aur iktis fawware they-paani kaa ack ekal jett kamaan key neeche ack besin kendra mein chhidka gayaa thaa. 1704 mein, "kolanade" key liye teen atirikt pravesh dwaar jode gaye, jisase favvaaron kii sankhya iktis seey ghatkar atthais hoe gaee. moorti joe abb stambh key kendra mein haye-persphone kaa apaharan-(1664 key "grande kamaand" seey) 1696 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa (mairi 1968,1972,1976,1984; thompson 2006; verlet 1985).
gallery dee 'eo-gallery days antix-saile days marniers.
gallery dee 'eo" (1678) key sthal parr kabja karate hue, "gallery days antix" koo 1680 mein rome mein "akadami dee france" dwara praapt pracheen moortiyon aur pracheen moortiyon kii pratiyon key sangrah key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. rangeen patthar seey pakey hue ack kendriya kshetra key aspas, ack channel koo teen paani key vimaanon dwara alag kiye gaye aadhar stambhon parr bees moortiyon seey sajaaya gayaa thaa. 1704 mein jaba moortiyon koo marley mein sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa aur bosket koo ghodon key chestnut pedon ("esculus hippocastenum") key saath phir seey lagaaya gayaa thaa-isaliye vartamaan naam "saile days marniers" (mairi 1968,1972,1976,1984; thompson 2006; verlet 1985) thaa.
salle day baal.
partere doo middy" key paschim mein aur latona fawware key dakshin mein sthit, yeh bosket, jise leey notre dwara design kiya gayaa thaa aur jise 1681 aur 1683 key beach banaaya gayaa thaa, ack ardh-vrittakar jharna haye joe iss "saile dee verdure" key liye prishthabhoomi banaata haye. silt leed "torcheres" key saath, joe roshni key liye candelabra kaa samarthan kartaa thaa, "saile dee baal" kaa udghaatan 1683 mein lui ziv key bete, grand doufin dwara ack nritya party key saath kiya gayaa thaa. saile dee baal" koo 1707 mein phir seey banaaya gayaa thaa jaba kendriya dweep koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa aur ack atirikt pravesh jodaa gayaa thaa (mairi 1968,1972,1976,1984; thompson 2006; verlet 1985).
bageeche kii punah ropan.
kissy bhee lambe samay taka rahane vaale bageeche key liye aam haye punah ropan, aur varsaay koee apavaad naheen haye. apane itihas mein, varsaay key udyaanon mein cumm seey cumm paanch pramukh pratyaropan hue hain, jinhen vyaavhaarik aur saundarya karanon seey nishpaadit kiya gayaa haye.
1774-1775 kii sardiyon key dauran, lui xvi ney iss aadhar parr bageechon koo phir seey lagaane kaa adesh diyaa kii kaee pedh rogagrast yaa adhik ugaaye gaye they aur unhein badalane kii aavashyakta thee. saath hii, jaise-jaise 17veen shatabdi key bageeche kii aupchaariktaa fashion seey baahar hoe gaee thee, iss punah ropan ney bageechon mein ack naee anaupachaarikta sthaapit karane kii maang kii-joe kii rakharkhaav key liye bhee cumm kharchili hogi-varsaay kii. haalaanki, yeh hassil naheen kiya gayaa thaa kyonki udyaanon kii topology ack angreji shally key udyaan parr "jardine aeye laa franchise" key paksh mein thee. phir, 1860 mein, lui xvi key punah ropan seey purani vriddhi kaa adhikansh hissa hataa diyaa gayaa aur badal diyaa gayaa. 1870 mein, ack hinsak toofaan ney iss kshetra koo nuksan pahunchaaya aur kaee pedon koo ukhaad fenka, jisake kaaran ack badey paimaane parr punah ropan karyakram kii aavashyakta padee. haalaanki, franco-russie yuddh key kaaran, jisane napolean III koo giraa diyaa, aur "kamyuni dee peris", udyaan kaa punah ropan 1883 (thompson, 2006) taka naheen huaa.
udyaanon key sabse halia punah ropan dou toofaanon dwara kiye gaye they joe 1990 mein aur phir 1999 mein phir seey varsaay mein toot gaye they. varsaay aur trianon mein toofaan seey hajaaron pedon kaa nuksan huaa-joe varsaay key itihas mein sabse kharaab nuksan thaa. punah ropan ney sangrahalaya aur sarkari adhikaariyon koo lui XVI key shasankal key dauran chhode gaye kuchh bosket koo punarsthaapit karane aur punarnirmaan karane kii anumati dee haye, jaise kii "bosket days troyce fontain", jise 2004 mein punarsthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. (thompson, 2006)
saarvajanik pratishthaan key pramukh catherine payguard, joe varsaay kaa prashaasan karati hain, ney kahaa haye kii irada luis xiv key tahat bageechon koo unake roop mein vaapas karna haye, vishesh roop seey jaisa kii unhone apane 1704 key vivaran mein varnit kiya haye, "manier dee montrer less jardines dee varsaay". isamen kuchh parter jaise "partere doo middy" koo unake mool aupchaarik leout mein punarsthaapit karna shamil haye, kyonki way leey notre key tahat dikhaai diye they. yeh 2013 mein "partere dee latone" mein hassil kiya gayaa thaa, jaba 19veen shatabdi key lonn aur foolon key bistaron koo ack aupchaarik arabi design banaane key liye boxwood-bund turf aur bajari key raaston key saath badal diyaa gayaa thaa. kataai 17 aur 23 meater (56 seey 75 feat) key beach pedon koo rakhane key liye bhee kii jaati haye, taaki bageechon key saavdhaanipoorvak calibrated drishtikon koo kharaab naa kiya jaa sakey.
varsaay mein hue punah ropan key chakr key kaaran, yeh kahana surakshit haye kii udyaanon mein lui XIV key samay seey koee pedh naheen paae jaate hain.
paani kii samasya.
varsaay key udyaanon kaa chamatkar-taba abb kii tarah-fawware hain. phir bhee, udyaanon koo jeevant karane vaalaa tatva, paani, lui XIV key samay seey udyaanon kaa kasht saabit huaa haye.
lui xiii key udyaanon mein paani kii aavashyakta thee aur sthaaniya talabon ney paryaapt aapoorti pradaan kii. haalaanki, ack baar jaba lui XIV ney adhik seey adhik favvaaron key saath udyaanon kaa vistaar karna shuru curr diyaa, tou udyaanon koo paani kii aapoorti ack mahatvapurna chunauti bunn gaee.
luis XIV key tahat udyaanon key shuruati vistaar kii jarooraton koo puuraa karane key liye, shatto key paas key talabon seey bageechon mein paani pump kiya jaataa thaa, jisamen claggy talab pramukh srot key roop mein kaam kartaa thaa. talab seey paani koo "grot dee theties" key oopar jalaashay mein pump kiya gayaa thaa, joe gurutvaakarshan hydrolics key madhyam seey bageeche key favvaaron koo khilaata thaa. anya sroton mein cheto (verlet, 1985) key dakshin mein satori pathaar parr sthit jalashayon kii ack shrinkhala shamil thee.
1664 taka, paani kii badhati maang key kaaran atirikt sroton kii aavashyakta hoe gaee. usa varsh, lui leey vaau ney "pompe", ack jall meenar kaa design banaaya, joe shatto key uttar mein banaaya gayaa thaa. pompe" ney pavanchakki aur horse power kii pranali kaa upayog karke claggy talab seey paani "pompe" kii imarat mein rakhe ack kund mein kheencha. pompe" kii kshamata-prati dinn 600 ghana meater paani-ney bageeche mein paani kii kuchh kamee koo cumm kiya (thompson, 2006).
1671 mein "bhavya nahar" key puuraa honey key saath, joe bageeche key favvaaron key liye jall nikasi key roop mein kaam kartaa thaa, pavanchakki kii ack pranali key madhyam seey paani koo "grote dee theties" key sheersh parr jalaashay mein vaapas pump kiya gayaa thaa. jabaki iss pranali ney paani kii aapoorti kii kuchh samasyaon koo hull kiya, bageeche mein sabhi favvaaron koo poore samay chalane key liye paryaapt paani kabhi naheen thaa (thompson, 2006).
jabaki favvaaron koo chalane vaale shatto seey dekhane key liye sambhav thaa, joe bosket mein aur bageeche key door key hisson mein chhipe hue they, unhein avashyaktanusar chalaaya jaataa thaa. 1672 mein, jeane-baptist colbert ney ack aisee pranali taiyar kii jisake dwara bageeche mein fawware raajaa key drishtikon parr ct key saath ack-dusare koo sanket denge joe ingit kartaa haye kii unake fawware koo chaalu karane kii aavashyakta haye. ack baar jaba raajaa khel mein ack fawware koo paar curr jaataa, tou ise bund curr diyaa jaataa aur fawwara sanket detaa kii agala fawwara chaalu kiya jaa sakata haye (thompson, 2006).
1674 mein, "pompe" koo badhaaya gayaa thaa-isaliye ise "grande pompe" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa. bijli badhaane aur paani uthaane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale piston kii sankhya key madhyam seey pumping kshamata mein vriddhi kii gaee. inn sudhaaron ney paani kii kshamata koo prati dinn lagbhag 3,000 ghana meater taka badhaa diyaa; haalaanki, "grande pompe" kii badhee hui kshamata ney aksar talab koo sookha chhod diyaa (thompson, 2006).
paani kii badhati maang aur paani kii aapoorti kii maujooda pranaliyon parr dabaav key kaaran varsaay koo aapoorti kiye jaane vaale paani koo badhaane key liye nae upaayon kii aavashyakta padee. 1668 aur 1674 key beach, biver nadee key paani koo varsaay mein modane key liye ack pariyojana shuru kii gaee thee. nadee parr baandh banaakar aur paanch pavanchakki kii pumping pranali key saath, satori pathaar parr sthit jalashayon mein paani laaya gayaa. iss pranali ney udyaanon mein atirikt 72,000 ghana meater paani laaya (thompson, 2006).
biver seey paani key badhane key bavjood, udyaanon koo abhee bhee adhik paani kii aavashyakta thee, jisake kaaran aur adhik pariyojanaon kii aavashyakta thee. 1681 mein, lui XIV key shasankal key dauran parikalpit sabse mahatvakankshi jall pariyojanaon mein seey ack koo shuru kiya gayaa thaa. seein seey varsaay kii nikatata key kaaran, nadee seey paani koo oopar uthaane key liye ack pariyojana prastaavit kii gaee thee jise varsaay koo vitarit kiya jaayega. 1680 mein taiyar kii gaee ack pranali kii safalata parr kabja karate hue, jisane sent-german-aine-leey key bageechon mein paani uthaaya, agale varsh "machine dee marley" kaa nirmaan shuru huaa.
machine dee marley" koo teen charanon mein seane seey paani koo nadee key star seey lagbhag 100 meater oopar aquade dee lauvsianes taka uthaane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. nadee mein vishal jalchakron kii ack shrinkhala kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, jisane 64 pampon kii pranali key madhyam seey nadee seey 48 meater oopar ack jalaashay taka paani uthaaya. iss pahale jalaashay seey, 79 pampon kii pranali dwara dusare jalaashay mein atirikt 56 meater paani uthaaya gayaa thaa. anta mein, 78 atirikt pampon ney jalmarg taka paani uthaaya, joe paani koo varsaay aur marley taka leey gayaa.
1685 mein, "machine dee marley" poorna roop seey kaam mein aaa gayaa. halanki, naali mein risaav aur tantra key tootane key kaaran, machine prati dinn kewal 3,200 ghana meater paani dene mein saksham thee-lagbhag apekshit utpaadan kaa aadhaa. france key agantukon key liye yeh machine avashya dekhi jaani chaahiye thee. iss tathya key bavjood kii udyaanon mein poore peris shahar kii tulanaa mein prati dinn adhik paani kii khapat hoti haye, "machine dee marley" 1817 (thompson, 2006) taka kaam mein rahee.
lui XIV key shasankal key dauran, jall aapoorti pranali ney varsaay kii nirmaan laagat kaa ack tihai hissa pratinidhitva kiya. machine dee marley" seey atirikt utpaadan key saath bhee, bageeche mein fawware kewal "aeye ell 'ordinaire" chalaae jaa sakate hain-joe aadhe dabaav parr haye. arthavyavastha key iss upaay key saath, fawware abhee bhee prati dinn 12,800 ghana meater paani kii khapat karate hain, joe maujooda aapoorti kii kshamata seey bahut adhik haye. bhavya eox" key mamle mein-jaba sabhi fawware apane adhikatam star taka khele jaate they-ack dopahar key pradarshan key liye 10,000 ghana meater seey adhik paani kii aavashyakta hoti thee. tadnusar, "grands eox" vishesh avsaron key liye aarakshit they jaise kii 1685-1686 (headin, 1992; "mercure gallant", 1685) kaa siyami dutawas.
paani kii kamee kii samasyaon koo hull karane kaa ack antim prayaas 1685 mein kiya gayaa thaa. iss varsh 160 kii. mee. sthit yoore nadee key paani koo modane kaa prastaav rakhaa gayaa thaa. varsaay key dakshin mein aur bageeche key jalashayon seey 26 meater oopar. iss pariyojana key tahat naa kewal ack nahar khodane aur ack jalmarg key nirmaan key liye kahaa gayaa thaa, balki mukhya nahar parr shramikon koo aapoorti karane key liye shipping chainalon aur taale key nirmaan kii bhee aavashyakta thee. 1685 mein 9,000 aur 10,000 sainikon key beach seva mein dabaaye gaye they; agale varsh, 20,000 seey adhik sanic nirmaan mein lagey hue they. 1686 aur 1689 key beach, jaba nau saal kaa yuddh shuru huaa, tou france kii senaa kaa dasvaan hissa nahar dee ll 'yoore pariyojana parr kaam curr rhaa thaa. yuddh key prakop key saath, pariyojana koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, kabhi puuraa naheen kiya gayaa thaa. yadi jalmarg puuraa hoe jaataa, tou lagbhag 50,000 ghana meater paani varsaay koo bheja jaataa-udyaanon kii paani kii samasya koo hull karane key liye paryaapt seey adhik (thompson, 2006).
aaj bhee, varsaay key sangrahalaya koo paani kii samasyaon kaa saamana karna parh rhaa haye. grands eox" key dauran, paani koo "grand kainal" seey jalashayon taka aadhunik pampon key madhyam seey prasaarit kiya jaataa haye. vashpikaran key kaaran khoye hue paani kii punahpurti varsha jall seey hoti haye, joe poore udyaan mein sthit kundon mein ekatra kiya jaataa haye aur jalashayon aur "bhavya nahar" mein modd diyaa jaataa haye. sangrahalaya key adhikaariyon dwara iss sansaadhan kaa kushal upayog karane seey varsaay shahar key peene yogya paani kii aapoorti mein dohan naheen hotaa haye (thompson, 2006).
lokpriya sanskriti mein.
varsaay key udyaanon kaa nirmaan film "ack chhoti see arajakta" key liye sandarbh haye, jise ellen rickman dwara nirdeshit kiya gayaa haye aur 2015 mein release kiya gayaa haye, jisamen kett winslet ack kaalpanik paridrishya maali kii bhoomika nibhaata haye, mathius scoenerts naatak kartaa haye aur rickman raajaa luis xiv kii bhoomika nibhaata haye.
srot.
nimnalikhit srot hain jinhone uparokt lekh mein yogdan diyaa haye. yeh ack vistrit soochi naheen haye, phir bhee yeh sabse aasaani seey upalabdh chhaapon kaa pratinidhitva karati haih

