santvana

santvana, samadhan aur santvana aise shabd hain joe kissy aise vyakti koo diye gaye manovaigyaanik aaraam kaa ullekh karate hain jise kissy priyajan kii mrityu jaise gambhir, pareshan karane vaale nuksan kaa saamana karna padaa haye. yeh aam taur parr usa nuksan key liye saajha khed vyakt karke aur bhavishya mein sakaratmak ghatnaaon kii aashaa koo ujagar karke pradaan kiya jaataa haye. itihas, kalaa, darshan aur manovigyaan mein utpann honey vaalaa santvana ack mahatvapurna vishay haye.
chikitsa key kshetra mein, santvana koo vyaapak roop seey nimnanusar varnit kiya gayaa haih
kuchh sandarbhon mein, vishesh roop seey dhaarmik shabdawali mein, santvana koo "vinash" yaa poorna nuksan key anubhav key vipareet yaa samkaksh key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye.
itihas.
dusaron koo santvana dene kii ichcha sahaanubhooti kii abhivyakti haye, aur narvaanaron mein sahaj prateet hoti haye. dutch primatologist fraans dee wall ney chimpanzi jaise gair-maanav primates key beach honey vaale santvana key krityon kaa avalokan kiya haye. samajik abhyaas key roop mein santvana kii aupchaarik avadharana pracheen kaal seey maujood haye. udaaharan key liye, pracheen rome key patron kii jaanch usa sanskriti kaa sanket detee haih
halanki "santvana kaa sabse adhik avsar mrityu thee", pracheen santvana saahitya ney santvana key anya karanon koo sambodhit kiya, jisamen "nirvaasan, garibi, raajneetik viphalata, bimari, jahaaj tootana aur budhaapa" shamil hain. usa yug key paparus patra "aksar maanak santvana kaa upayog karate hain, jaise kii 'mrityu sabhi key liye aam haye' aur aksar khaadya padarthon key preshan kaa ullekh karate hain. yeh dhyaan diyaa jaataa haye kii bhojan shoke santapt logon koo aur santvana key roop mein diyaa gayaa hoe sakata haye, yaa iska koee dhaarmik uddeshya hoe sakata haye. yeh bataaya gayaa haye kii eesaa poorv paanchvin shatabdi mein, sophist, antiphone ney ack saarvajanik agora mein ack booth sthaapit kiya, jahan unhone shoke santapt logon koo santvana dee. isake alawa, "[v] pracheen kaal mein lokpriya staron taka bhee vistaarit santvana haye", jisamen una gaanvon koo dilaane key liye daarshnikon kii yaatraaen shamil hain joe aakraman kaa saamana curr rahey they.
pracheen grees aur rome donon mein, "santvana" yaa santvana bhaashan ack prakaar kaa aupchaarik bhaashan thaa, aamtaur parr antim sanskar mein shoke manaane vaalon koo santvana dene key liye alankaarik roop seey upayog kiya jaataa thaa. yeh sabse lokpriya shaastriya bayanbaji vishayon mein seey ack bunn gayaa. souli key platonist daarshanik cranter (see. 325-see. 275 eesaa poorv), joe plato kii akadami key sadasya they, ney iss vishisht parampara mein nibandhon key lekhan kaa beedaa uthaaya. haalaanki unake nibandhon key kewal tukade hii bache hain, lekin unakaa prabhaav baad key lekhakon key karyon mein, vishesh roop seey cicero key "tusculan disputation" aur plutarch key "apollonius koo santvana" mein dekhaa gayaa haye. seneka dha young (4 eesaa poorv-65 esvi) ney apane teen saantvanon, "aid marsium", "aid polybium" aur "aid helvium matrem" mein "santvana" key sabse pahchaanane yogya udaharanon kaa utpaadan kiya. padya roop mein "consolatio" kaa sabse pahchaanane yogya udaaharan chhadm-covidian, consolatio aid livium dwara likhaa gayaa thaa. plutarch key karyon mein "consolatio" parampara mein nirmit teen kaary shamil hainh "dee axilio", "consolatio aid euxoram", "consolatio aid apollonium".
aitihaasik aur daarshanik roop seey, santvana chhathi shatabdi key kaam, "darshan kaa santvana" mein ack mahatvapurna prateekaatmak bhoomika nibhaati haye. lekhak, boethius, raajya key khilaf kathit apraadhon key liye maut kii sajaa sunaaye jaane key baad khud koo "mahila darshan" (darshan kaa ack vyaktitva) dwara santvana diye jaane key roop mein varnit kartaa haye. shaabdik roop seey liya gayaa, boethius yeh jaanane kii peedaa key liye khud koo santvana detaa haye kii usaki mrityu kaa nirnay daarshanik dwara kiya gayaa haye.
dhaarmik hastiyon koo aksar dukh key samay apane anuyaayiyon koo santvana dene key roop mein chitrit kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, "mahabharat" mein, hindu avtaar krishna apane bhaai balram aur rajkumari satya baama koo unake garvapurna tarikon key liye apamaanit honey key baad santvana detaa haye. bhagwad geetaa" mein, jaba arjun koo pataa chalaa kii krishna chot seey marr rahey hain, tou krishna ney unhein sparsh darshan key saath santvana dee. isai dharm mein, cross key pratishthit stations mein seey ack kaa sheershak kabhi-kabhi "yeeshu ney jerusalam kii betiyon koo santvana dee" haye. isai saahitya kaa ack badaa hissa maujood haye joe anuyaayiyon koo jeevan mein honey vaali vibhinn buraaiyon key liye apane vishvaas mein santvana lene key liye protsaahit kartaa haye. isai dharm kii ack shakha, catherism, "santvana" naamak ack sanskar kaa abhyaas karati thee, jisake liye bhagwan key karib jaane yaa swarg taka pahunchane key liye rahane key apariharya afsos key liye santvana kii aavashyakta hoti thee.
kalaa mein.
kalaa mein santvana bhee ack shaastriya vishay haye. udaaharan key liye, shoke key kavyatmak roop koo "ack maukhik prastuti yaa bhavna key manchan key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen alag vaktaa darshakon koo kissy prakaar key bhaavnaatmak santvana praapt karane key iraade seey sanlagn kartaa haye. saahityik upkaranon key udaaharan jinka upayog santvana pradaan karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, unamen prosopopia shamil haye, jisamen ack lekhak yaa vaktaa ack mrit vyakti key chala rahey vichaaron yaa vichaaron kaa pratinidhitva pradaan curr sakata haye.
pratiyogita mein.
kuchh prakaar kii pratiyogitaon mein, haarne vaale pratiyogiyon koo unake nuksan key liye santvana key roop mein kissy prakaar kaa puraskar yaa maanyata praapt hoti haye. yeh ack upvijeta koo diye gaye santvana puraskar key roop mein aaa sakata haye, yaa ack khel tournament mein ack santvana match key roop mein aaa sakata haye, jisamen sheersh dou teemen pratham aur dwiteeya sthaan key liye pratispardha karati hain, jabaki agali dou teemen teesare sthaan key puraskar key liye pratispardha karati hain.
iska ack udaaharan "eliod" mein hotaa haye, jahan hommer ack ghatana key baare mein likhate hain jahan akils patroclus key antim sanskar key dauran yoonaniyon key beach aayojit honey vaali khel pratiyogitaon kaa nyaay curr rhaa haye. rath daud key dauran, eumelus, jise ack mahaan rath chaalak key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ack durghatana mein funce jaataa haye jisake kaaran vaha antim sthaan parr aataa haye. akils eumels koo doosara sthaan dene kii ichcha vyakt kartaa haye, joe ack rathchaalak key roop mein haarne vaale pratibhaagi kii yogyata kii maanyata mein ack santvana puraskar haye. santvana puraskar dene key iss prayaas koo vaastavik dusare sthaan key pratibhaagi, antilocus dwara whiffle curr diyaa jaataa haye, joe safaltapurvak apatti kartaa haye kii puraskar usa pratiyogi koo diyaa jaanaa chaahiye jiska pradarshan puraskar jeetane kii aavashyaktaon koo puuraa kartaa haye.

