chhote seey mausam kaa prabandhan

peris kaa poorv chemin dee fair dee payteat seancher ('small (air) belt railway'), jise bolchal kii bhasha mein 'laa payteat seancher' key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, shahar kii kilebandi kii divaaron kii aapoorti key saadhan key roop mein banaaya gayaa ack golakar railway thaa, aur peris key pramukh rail-company stations key beach maal aur yaatriyon key parivahan key saadhan key roop mein. 1851 seey dou alag-alag 'seentur syndicate' maal dhulai aur 'peris-autule' yatri lines key roop mein shuru hui, inn lines ney ack chaap kaa gathan kiya joe peris key uttari dou tihai hisse koo gherta haye, ack chaap joe rajdhani key chaaron or rail kaa ack poorna vritt bunn jaayega jaba 1867 mein iska teesara seentur reev gauche khand banaaya gayaa thaa. 
halanki 1862 seey yatri seva key nirmaan key baad, line kaa syndicate-swaamitva vaalaa hissa apane pahale varshon mein kewal maal dhulai thaa, chemin dee fair dee seancher peris kaa pahala metro-jaisa shahari parivahan bunn gayaa, aur isase bhee adhik 'seancher riv gauche' yatri-aur-maal khand shuru honey key baad. line kii yatri seva 1900 key saarvbhaumik pradarshani peak-traffic varsh taka saarvajanik parivahan kaa ack lokpriya saadhan thee.
peris kii pahali metro line usa varsh kholi gaeeh taba seey, 1934 mein isake bund honey taka chhoti see see yatri seva kaa upayog karane vaalon kii sankhya mein lagaatar girawat aaee. halanki ack malvahak line key roop mein banaae rakhaa gayaa, yahaan taka kii chhoti see see kaa yeh upayog bhee 1980 key dashak taka ack vyaavhaarik thaharaav parr aaa gayaa thaa.
taba seey, chhote seacher kii khaaiyon aur buniyaadi dhaanche key khandon koo punarsthaapit kiya gayaa haye aur antar-shahari yatri parivahan seva key liye navinikaran kiya gayaa haye, isake kuchh poorv stations koo sthaaniya vanijya aur sevaaon koo betch diyaa gayaa haye. chhote seacher key shesh hisson kaa bhavishya hamesha seey bahut bahas kaa srot rhaa haye aur abhee bhee haye. 
utpatti.
france kii pahali bhaap-locomotive-sanchaalit yatri rail seva isaki 1837 peris-sent-german railway thee joe aaj key gaar sent-laazar key 'embarcader' poorvaj taka jaati thee. isake baad key varshon mein, desh bhar key kaee kshetron mein naee railway dikhaai dee, lekin kull milakar, iska 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein rail praudyogiki kaa vistaar apane paschimi europeeya pratidvandiyon seey bahut peechhe thaa. lui-phillip sarkaar-rajshahi ney apane 1842 key "legrand starr" key saath iss antar koo bund karane kii yojana banaai, joe poorv-kramaadeshit railway riyaayaton kaa ack naksha thaa jisane peris koo sabhi kshetron aur france kii seemaon taka pahunchane vaali lines key spiderweb network kaa kendra banaa diyaa. dashak key anta taka, france kii rail parr paanch alag-alag railway companiyon kaa shasson thaa, jinamen seey pratyek kaa france key apane-apane kshetron parr apana vishesh ekadhikar thaa.
chhote seey anta seey pahale peris.
peris seanture key nirmaan key varshon mein apane vartamaan aakar kaa kewal aadhaa thaah isaki seemaaen taba shahar kii 1784 kii fermiers-general curr deewaar theen joe lagbhag aaj kii metro lines 6 aur 2 kaa anusaran karati theen. 1841 seey, peris ney inke baahar kuchh kilometres kii doori parr raksha key ack chakr key saath khud koo bikhare hue kiyaah 1845 mein puuraa kiya gayaa, theors deewaar kilebandi ney bhoomi koo gher liya joe jyaadaatar graameen ilaakon mein thee, kuchh 'fobberg' key liye isake shahar key faatakon seey sadak maarg key saath ack doori taka faili hui thee.
usa varsh, peris mein paanch pramukh rail station they, joe sabhi shahar kii curr divaaron key ander sthit they, pratyek alag-alag companiyon dwara sanchaalit thaah peris-ruen (baad mein ouest, aaj key geyar sent-lazare key paas, nord (aaj key geyar doo nord mein), peris-strasberg (baad mein, aaj key geyar dee list mein), peris-lyon (aaj key geyar dee lyon mein) aur peris-orleans (aaj key geyar dee 'orlitz mein). choonki usa samay key rail bairanon koo yeh samajhaaya gayaa thaa kii ack pratispardhi line seey seedha connection unake sambandhit kshetra parr unake niyantran koo khatare mein daal dega, isaliye kissy bhee prakaar kii koee company antar-station seva naheen theeh maal dhulai aur france key kshetron key beach yatra karane vaale yaatriyon key paas bheedbhaad vaali rajdhani key madhyam seey sadak dwara station seey station taka aaney-jaane key alawa koee vikalp naheen thaa.
ack sainya vichaar.
peris key "chemin dee fair dee payteat seentur" kaa vichaar isake kilebandi key saath utpann huaah 1845 mein peris key shahar key kilebandi key puuraa honey parr rail parivahan abhee bhee apekshaakrit nayaa thaa, aur france key generalon ney naee takneek koo sainikon, machinary, golaa-barud aur golakar deewaar key saath binduon key beach praavdhaanon koo jaldi seey sthanantarit karane key saadhan key roop mein dekhaa. 1842 key ack praarambhik adhyayan key parinamswarup kille key ander taka railway key liye teen pariyojanaaen, unake baahar key kilon key beach ack aur, aur shahar key baahar ack aur badey vyaas mein ack aur ring, lekin 1845 taka sarkaar kii teji seey tatkaal prathamikta aantarik-kilebandi rail key sahee tata bhaag key madhyam seey rashtra key railway mein shamil honah thaa.
usa samay kii sarkaar parr apane dumm parr railway kaa nirmaan aur prabandhan karane key liye aarthik bojh thaa, isaliye yeh vittiya sahaayata aur prabandhan key liye france kii pramukh rail companiyon parr nirbhar thee. 1848 key baad kii kranti sarkaar baatchit karane key liye kissy bhee behtar sthiti mein naheen thee aur doosari ganarajya sarkaar key sabhi dandaatmak paintarebaazi koo praapt karane mein safal rahee rail companiyan apane beach maal-vinimay saude aur vilay curr rahee theen.
ack angoothi, teen panktiyaan.
i-syndicated 'chemin dee fair dee seentur' (riv droit).
2 disambar 1851 koo napolean III key takhtapalat kaa matlab thaa france key railway bhavishya key liye adhik bhavya drishtikon key saath ack naee sarkaar. peris key sabhi railway stations koo ruen-versials riv droit (geyar-st-lazer) aur orleans (geyar dee 'austerlitz) lines key beach rail key chaap key madhyam seey jodane key liye ack poorv-dwiteeya samrajya pariyojana key aadhar parr baatchit koo phir seey kholna, jisamen versiels riv gauche laainen (aaj key geyar montparnsey kii or leey jaati hain) isake versiels-nadee droit samkaksh key saath virofley (peris key dakshin-paschim upnagaron mein) mein ack junction key madhyam seey shamil hoe gaeen, ruen, nord, strasberg, orleans (taba diwalia, lekin raajya-praayojit) aur lyon companiyon ney hastakshar kiye, aur pariyojana koo ack decree-prastaav mein badal diyaa gayaa, jiss parr rajkumar ney 10 disambar 1851 koo kaanoon mein hastakshar kiye.
iss samjhaute mein, pratyek company key ack 1,000,000 frank yogdan key khilaf, sarkaar line key liye bhunirman, pulon aur railon koo vyavasthit aur vittaposhit karegi, joe riyayat parr hastakshar karane key dou saal baad puuraa kiya jaayega. ack baar puuraa honey key baad, ise 99 varshon kii avadhi key liye pratyek company key dou sadasyon vaale ack syndicate 'compagny dee chemin dee fair dee seentur dee peris' (abhee taka rive droit naheen) key niptan mein rakhaa jaayega, jisake dauran way pratyek company seey rolling stock kaa upayog karke 'maal dhulai aur yaatriyon' key liye ack seva pradaan karenge.
perisian-station-connecting rail kaa pahala khand bilkul bhee seentur riyayat kaa hissa naheen thaa, lekin ack pahale key antar-company saude seey utpann huaa thaa joe apani khud kii ack alag riyayat bunn gayaa thaa, nord aur strasberg (baad menh est) lines key beach rail kaa ack chaapah aprail 1852 mein khula, yeh puuraa honey parr seentur seey judaa hoga. seantoor railway kii pahali lambai 12 disambar 1852 koo ruen key battignols frate yard aur pont doo nord key beach poori hui thee, joe peris mein unake station key dakshin mein nord company rail key oopar ack bindu haye. doosara seentur khand, pont doo nord aur aubervilliers (vaha bindu jahan nord-strasberg aark-connection seentur railway key saath juda gayaa) key beach, 30 sitambar 1853 koo seva key liye khola gayaa.
taba seey, trains battignols (ruen), laa chappel (nord) aur laa villet (strasberg-est) maal yard key beach swatantra roop seey yatra curr sakati theen. pont doo nord aur ivory (riv gauche orleans company frate yard) key beach line kaa nirmaan, kyonki yeh montmartre aur belleville kii pahaadiyon koo cumm curr detaa haye, adhik samasyagrast thaah kaee bhuskhalan ney vahaan kaam mein deree kii, lekin ise disambar 1853 seey ack track mein vitarit kiya gayaa thaa, maal seva 25 march seey shuru hui, aur maee 1854 mein isaki doosari rail key vitarit honey key baad poori tarah seey karyatmak thee.
II-sabse badee company kii peris-ack yatri line.
perrier key swaamitva vaali oust company ney sarkari railway riyayat kaa anurodh kiya aur praapt kiya kii 1852 mein 'batinols aur autule key madhyam seey seentur railway kaa vistaar kiya'. iss line koo mukhya roop seey peris key poonjipati varg key liye shahar key dakshin-paschim mein unake desh key gharon key liye banaai gaee kewal yatri seva key roop mein yojana banaai gaee thee, aur iska maal-kewal seentur line seey koee lena-denaa naheen thaa, lekin sarkaar ney riyayat samjhaute mein sanket diyaa kii line "chemin dee fair dee seentur kaa vistaar" thee. station key uttar mein gaire sent-lazare rail koo chhodkar, 'peris-autuil' line paschim kii or badhee, battignols shahar seey gujarati haye, phir autuil shahar mein apane terminus seey pahale kaee padaavon key saath dakshin kii or badhee.
yatayat koo avaruddh karane seey bachane key prayaas mein (jaise seacher riv droit ney kiya thaa), ise apani adhikansh 9.5 kimmy lambai key liye jamini star seey neeche banaaya gayaa thaa, ack aisaa prayaas jisake liye isake dridh maarg parr 14 pulon key nirmaan kii aavashyakta thee. isake ruu sent-lazer "embarcader" terminus (ouest company kii anya lines kii seva bhee) key alawa, line mein paanch station theh pont-cardnet (aaj kaa ack sncf station), corsells (aaj kaa pereyar-levlois rair see station), neury-port mallot, avenue dee ell 'imperatories (avenue foach), paasi (avenue heinry-martin) aur autule (aaj aprayukt). peris-autuil yatri line kaa udghaatan 2 maee 1854 koo kiya gayaa thaa.
iii-sabse badee company kaa 'chemin dee fair dee cinture rev gauche'.
1852 seey raajya ney rail key baaen tata key chaap key liye apani yojana-adhyayan jaari rakhaa thaa joe unake mool kilebandi-praavdhaan lakshyon koo puuraa karega, aur 1857 seey yeh ack aadhikarik poorv-pariyojana bunn gaee kii napolean III ney 1861 mein 'saarvajanik hita' ghoshit kiya. kyonki sabhi cienture syndicate company laainen pahale seey hii unake beach judee hui theen, unhone isamen koee vaanijyik hita naheen dekhaa. raajya ney apane uddeshyon mein, napolean III kii ghoshana seey pahale hii bhoomi khareedane aur line key liye rail bichhaane key liye aavashyak dhana kii khareed shuru curr dee thee, aur 1863 seey ack chemin dee fair dee seincture reev gauche key liye aavashyak bhunirman aur pull kaa kaam shuru curr diyaa thaah pull kyonki, reev droit seincture line key vipareet, reev gauche yatayat koo avaruddh naheen karega, lekin pulon key oopar, underpasses aur surangon key neeche seey gujarta haye.
yeh ullekhaniya haye kii, uparokt key dauran, peris kaa aakar doguna hoe gayaa thaah 1860 seey, peris ney apani shahar kii curr divaaron aur kilebandi key beach sabhi 'country communes' koo jodd diyaa, joe pahale key graameen ilaakon koo naee shahar kii seema key bheetar daal dete they. inn 'nae arrondicements' key liye ack yatri seva pradaan karna ack aur raajya lakshya bunn gayaa, kyonki 1867 kii agami antarrashtriya pradarshani key liye railway parivahan kii aavashyakta thee joe baaen baink key champ dee mars mein agantukon kii bheed laayegi.
pahale kii raajya-rail-company vaartaon mein, raajya ney sabse badee company seey outail line vaapas khareedane kii sambhavana praapt kii thee, aur unhone 31 maee 1865 koo ack seentur rive gauche riyayat sammelan parr hastakshar karane key liye company koo sahmat karane key liye iska laabh uthaaya thaa. iss samjhaute mein, raajya pahale seey hii underway landscaping aur line key liye aavashyak pulon koo puuraa karega, saath hii unake ack utail line aur seentur rive droit key beach rail connection key liye ack 'antim' atirikt riyayat kaa kaam karega; raajya ney sabhi aathh saal kii deree key dauran aarakshit, kuchh yaa sabhi riyaayaton koo khareedane kaa adhikaar surakshit rakhaa, jisake dauran ack 'metropolitan' railway line key liye chala rahee yojanaon mein raajya ney ack utail-line riyayat koo vaapas curr diyaa. ouest company, samjhaute key apane paksh mein, rail bichhaati, sabhi imaraton koo pradaan karati, aur rail seva koo nishpaadit aur banaae rakhti; pradarshani key liye, oust apane 'grenade' station seey uttar mein champ dee mars taka ack 'asthaayi' antina rakhane key liye sahmat huaa, aur apani autl line mein aavashyak sanshodhan kiya joe ise malgadiyon dwara upayog karane kii anumati dega.
seentur riv gauche line ney 25 farwari 1867 koo seva shuru kii, aur track key 'asthaayi' grenade-champ dee mars bhaag ney dou dinn baad seva mein pravesh kiya, sabhi samay parr pradarshani key udghaatan key liye. railway lines key neeche seey (1853 seey punarnirmit aur punarnamit) gaare sent-lazer seey seacher rive droit seey outail lines koo jodane vaali rail kaa hissa bachaa rahah underpasses kaa nirmaan farwari 1867 mein shuru huaa, aur yeh aur iska nayaa station, courtsells-seenchar, 25 march 1869 seey seva shuru hui.
seva bund karein.
shuruati varshon mein.
navambar 1856 mein, chaar poorv-company injan (aur ack aarakshit) shahar kii rail company key maal yard key beach maal seva pradaan karane key liye paryaapt they, aur trains company key swaamitva vaali maal gaadiyon seey bunny theen. aksar, maal dhulai, usa company seey sambandhit vaiganon mein seacher kii yatra karate hue joe ise rajdhani mein laati thee, ack baar jaba ise france mein kaheen aur leey jaane vaali company key maal-yard mein pahunchati thee, tou usa company key vaiganon mein sthanantarit curr diyaa jaataa thaa, joe ack kathin prakriya thee. seincture seva pahale kewal 'mukhya station' companiyon key liye aarakshit thee, lekin 1 sitambar 1855 seey sthaaniya vyapariyon key liye saman praapt karane key liye khol diyaa gayaa, aur dou maal station, 'seincture dee charon' aur 'laa paytite villet', kramshah 1855 aur 1856 mein khole gaye. shuru mein seva kewal dinn key samay key dauran thee, lekin 1857 seey, ack telegraph seva sthaapit honey key baad, raat mein bhee chalati thee. 1861 seey, uttari company ney saat nae 040 tii (number vaale 551-557) injanon key saath locomotion pradaan karane kaa kaam sambhala, joe hastakshar seentur locomotive bunn jaayenge.
cienture riv droit riyayat samjhaute mein nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa kii railway mein ack yatri seva honey chaahiye, lekin companiyan apani kewal maal-parivahan line seey santusht theen. raajya key badhate pratikool dabaav key baad, companiyon ney 1862 mein jaldbaji mein nirmit paanch yatri station kholeh 'battignols-clitchy', 'belleville-villet' ('laa paytite villet' maal station key paas), 'mailmontant', aur 'charon' (maujooda charon frate yard mein), aur 'laa rappy-bursey'. dou anya, 'laa chappel-sent-dennis' aur 'bell air', dou saal baad khole gaye; baad vaalaa 1863 seey line kaa pahala 'patrachar' bindu hoga jaba est-swaamitva vaali 'peris-winsense' line (apane sthaan dee laa bastill terminus mein) ney syndicate 'bell-air-sintur' station key thheek neeche ack 'bell-air-peris' station jodaa. seincture-syndicate key swaamitva vaali yatri kaaren dou 030 'mamoth' injanon dwara kheenchi gaee dou-stariya 'imperials' theen, aur seva pratyek dou ghante mein pratyek disha mein ack train thee. chhuttiyon parr atirikt trains jodee gaeen, aur 1866 seey, sthaaniya karkhanon kii seva key liye, cumm keemat vaali subah aur shaam kii 'shramik trains' bhee.
iss beach, sabse badee company kii yatri-kewal peris-autuil line subah mein harr aadhe ghante mein aur dopahar mein harr bees minut mein, apane sent-lezer terminus, 'batinols-clitch', 'coursels-levlois', 'neuli-port mallot', 'avenue dee ell' impretris '(baad mein' avenue foach '),' paasi 'aur' autuil '() stations key beach 1854 key udghaatan terminus key baad seey trains chalaa rahee thee. 1866 seey, seacher riv gauche key saath isake sambandh kii taiyari mein, isake kwe koo cumm curr diyaa gayaa, aur ack nayaa autuil terminal, pahale key liye paarshv, sent-lajre station seey trains koo leey gayaa, jisase puraane platforms key saath ack patrachar huaa joe taba seey seacher riv gauche seva key liye samarpit they. 
sabse adhik swaamitva vaale seentur riv gauche key station theh autuil terminus seey, nadee key paar ack nae pull-viaduct key anta mein 'point doo jaur' station, 'grenade' (jahaan yatri ack shuttle mein champ dee mars mein sthanantarit hoe sakate hain), oust-seentur (apani 'peris-versails riv gauche' station key liye sabse adhik lines key saath ack sthanantaran bindu), 'montruz', 'gentilly' (peris-siso 'line key saath isake denfert-rochero terminus key patrachar),' maisan blanch ', aur' orleans-seentur '(aaj kii guster line key liye yaa orleans line key saath patrachar). 1866 mein kewal yatri seva key liye khulane seey, poori line seancher line key baad 'avenue dee clitch' (poorv mein 'battignols-clitch') aur 'autuil' terminus key beach pratyek disha mein ack train prati ghante kii darr seey aur ravivaar aur chhuttiyon parr harr aadhe ghante mein ack kii darr seey chalati thee. 21 padaavon key saath poori 33 kilometres kii yatra mein, sabse achchha, taba 1 ghante 50 kaa samay lagaa.
1859 mein laa villet key paas ack ekal parisar key saath peris key kaee "intra muro" boochadkhaanon koo badalane kii yojana banaate hue, napolean III ney maang kii kii nae boochadkhaane koo rail dwara seantore seey jodaa jaae, ack yojana joe 19 octuber 1864 koo ack riyayat aur decree bunn gaee. yeh rail kaa ack hissa thaa, joe belville-villet station key donon or seantore koo chhodane key baad, isake poorv mein ack trikon banaane key liye, uttar kii or dou stations, boochadkhaane key bajar mein 'peris bastiaux' aur aage, bandhi hui nahar key doosari taraf, boochadkhaane key parisar mein hii 'peris aboirs'. boochadkhaanon key udghaatan seey teen dinn pahale, 18 octuber 1867 seey antina aur station seva key liye khule they.
1867 key saarvbhaumik pradarshani key liye courtsells underpasses aur isake 'courtsells-centure' station key puuraa honey kaa matlab thaa kii trains peris key chaaron or ack poorna vritt mein yatra curr sakati theen, lekin yaatriyon koo abhee bhee trains koo badalana padaah halanki seacher riv droit kaa terminus 'courtsells-centure' mein chalaa gayaa, yaatriyon koo abhee bhee paidal maarg parr trains koo 'courtsells-levlois' station parr badalana padaa. saarvbhaumik pradarshani key liye bhee, seentur riv droit ney dou nae asthaayi 'exposition patrachar' stations key saath apani line koo bindidar kiya, 'est-seentur' (jahaan seentur ney geyar dee ell 'est taka kii rekhaaon koo paar kiya) aur' bursey-seentur 'geyar dee lyon lines parr (jise exposition key anta key baad dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa) station dikhaai diye, aur chaar nae sthaayi stationh' sent-yuen ',' bulleward ornano ',' pont dee flandrey ', aur' avenue dee winsense '. nord company key injanon kii jagah, seincture syndicate ney 1869 seey apane swayam key 040 tii injan khareede aur chalaae, jinhen chappel-sent-dennis frate yard key paas nae hangers mein sangraheet aur banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa.
badhata dard.
chemin dee fair dee seentur ney apane sainya uddeshya kii poorti kii jaba ise 1870 key prussian yuddh aur peris kii gherabandi key liye raajya dwara mangaaya gayaa thaa. seentur riv droit uttar seey prussian bambari seey kewal thodaa kshatigrast huaa thaa, lekin isake baad hue 1870-71 samudayik grihyuddh mein autur aur seentur riv gauche laainen bhaari kshatigrast hoe gaeenh 'neuli-port mallot' station poori tarah seey nasht hoe gayaa thaa, auturel terminus jyaadaatar nasht hoe gayaa thaa, aur auturil viduct aur 'grenade' station bhaari kshatigrast hoe gaye they. sangharsh key anta key baad, pahale kewal harr ghante trains key saath khandon mein, 16 julaai 1871 seey yuddh seey thheek pahale shuru hui apane aadhe ghante kii taal parr seva vaapas aaa gaee.
chemin dee fair dee seentur rev gauche abhee bhee ack yatri line thee, lekin 1874 seey seentur 'vougirard' station key paas ouest lines key beach ack junction ney malgadiyon koo virofley mein vibhajan seey ack shortcut kii anumati dee. ouest company ney 1877 mein apani peris-winseness line seey ack 'reuli' maal station khola thaa, aur dou saal baad seincture riv gauche 'bell-air' junction maal seva key liye khola gayaa thaa. seentur rev gauche kaa pahala samarpit maal station, 'grenade-marchandices' bhee 1879 mein khola gayaa thaa. 
chemin dee fair dee seentur kaa yatri yatayat badh rhaa thaa, aur agami 1878 saarvbhaumik pradarshani key liye isake adhik honey kii ummeed thee. nord aur peris-lyon-mediterreni lines mein abhee bhee seentur key saath koee yatri patrachar bindu naheen thaa, lekin yeh 1875 mein seentur key 'laa chappel-sent-dennis' station key paas nord-line 'nord seentur' station key udghaatan key saath badal gayaa, aur peris-lyon-mediterreni key 'bursey-seentur' station koo seentur 'laa rappy-bursey' station key paas unaki lines parr, aur est-seentur koo 15 maee 1878 seey phir seey khola gayaa. peris-winseness line ney bell-air mein pahale ack mein rail kaa doosara chaap jodaa, jisane 1878 seey donon dishaaon mein bastill seey yatra karane kii anumati dee, aur ost company ney ack nae antina koo punarnirmit kiya, lekin 1869 mein iss upnagariya line key terminal koo sthaayi roop seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin iss samay parr ack upnagariya line koo sthaayi roop seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. peris-autuil line ney pradarshani key liye ack nayaa station bhee banaaya, 'avenue doo trocadero'. east company kii peris-winseness trains koo seentur anusuchi mein asthaayi roop seey jodane key saath, pradarshani kii avadhi key liye isaki train cadence harr pandrah minut mein ack taka badh gaee, aur champ dee mars key liye yatri prati dinn 50,000 seey adhik gujar gaye.
cienture syndicate, apane pradarshani-yatri seva parinamon seey prasann, ee. aiss. tii. company dwara pradarshani key anta mein apani trains koo vaapas lene key baad prayog kii avadhi key baad, 1881 seey pandrah minut kii yatri seva koo sthaayi banaane kaa faisala kiya, aur agale varsh seey, peris-autule khand apani seva mein bhee sheersh parr thaa; kull milakar, cienture mein pratyek disha mein 4-8 trains kii yatri-seva aavritti thee, lekin iss taal key liye cienture rev line key saath kuchh nishchit samay parr maal dhulai key kull daman kii aavashyakta thee. seentur rev gauche kii maal seva abhee bhee sthaaniya vanijya key liye aparyaapt thee, halanki, aur isake kaaran 1882 seey ack nayaa 'glacier-gentilly' maal yard khola gayaa.
line kii bheed pahale seey hii ack samasya thee, aur 1875 seey hii 'chemin dee fair dee grand seantore' atirikt-euro railway ring banaane kii yojana chala rahee thee. maal dhulai key mamalon seey cumm seey cumm chintit company, oust, samjhaute seey door rahee thee, lekin 1880 mein dou seantore syndicates (chhote aur bhavya) koo vilay karane kaa prastaav rakhaa gayaa thaah isase companiyan apane maal dhulai koo baahari ring mein sthanantarit curr sakengi aur aantarik ring koo yatri aur perisian-vanijya-nirdhaarit maal dhulai koo samarpit curr sakengi. apani bhagidari key badale mein, oust ney apani cienture rev gauche aur courtsells dwibhajan riyaayaton kii peshkash kii, lekin maang kii kii isaki peris-autule line koo isase chhoot dee jaaeh iss samjhaute koo 11 navambar 1881 koo decree dwara anumodit kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh ack aprail 1883 seey prabhaavi thaa.
haalaanki isake udghaatan key varsh mein yeh upnagariya graameen ilaakon mein alag-thalag thaa, lekin usa varsh abb 'chhote seantoor' naam kaa yeh shahar kaa ack abhinn hissa thaa. halanki peris-autule aur seentur riv droit khand kii yojanaon ney iss sthiti key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya thaa, seentur riv droit mein kaee graameen-shally kii sadak-paar theen, ack baadha joe peris kii aabaadi badhane key saath adhik mahatvapurna hoe gaee. syndicate dwara apane maal parivahan koo bhavya star parr sthanantarit karane seey iss samasya kaa samadhan sambhav hoe gayaa, aur 1886 seey, kaee sthaanon parr seva koo ack rail taka cumm curr diyaa gayaa, shahar key engineeron aur seincture syndicate shramikon ney pulon kaa nirmaan kiya, khaai khodi, phir seey bhoomi-chitran kiya, aur stations kaa punarnirmaan kiya, sabhi 1889 kii saarvbhaumik pradarshani key liye samay mein.
ouest kaa seentur riv gauche uttar kii or antina ack baar phir pradarshani kii seva karega, lekin iss baar unaki 'ligne days molinox' railway line key pramukh key roop mein, joe antatah 1886 aur 1889 key beach banaai gaee thee, peris mein apane champ dee mars terminus kii or jaate hue seentur koo paar curr gaee. 1889 kii pradarshani key liye bhee, seentur ney courtsells-seentur aur courtsells-levlois key beach aavashyak train-parivartan koo samaapt curr diyaah taba seey, seentur trains peris key chaaron or ack poorna vritt kii yatra curr sakati theen, aur seentur trains abb geyar sent-lezar taka naheen jaa sakati theen, joe courtsells-levlois mein peris-autule train mein yaa usase sthanantaran key madhyam seey seva pradaan karati theen. iss parivartan koo samaayojit karane key liye, seincture syndicate ney apane tikat, sanket aur rung-coding koo adhik aasaani seey trains aur unake gantavyon koo alag karane key liye sanshodhit kiya.
yeh ack achchha anubhav haye.
19veen shatabdi key anta mein chhote seentur parivahan kaa ack lokpriya saadhan bunn gayaa thaa. 1880 mein seentur yaatriyon kii sankhya ack varsh mein lagbhag 5 million yaatriyon key karib thee, lekin 1883 mein 13 million taka teji seey badhee, joe 1889 kii saarvbhaumik pradarshani key liye 18 aur 19 million key beach thee, jise isaki maee-navambar aathh maheene kii avadhi key dauran lagbhag 4 million agantukon key 'boost' key saath maanyata praapt thee. donon dishaaon mein harr pandrah minut mein ack train poorna nyuntam taal thee, aur, pradarshani key anta key baad, stays-lazer key liye seva phir seey sthaapit kii gaee, una trains mein seey dou stays-lazer aur courses-seenchar key beach yatra karati hain, aur anya dou ack poorna courses-seenchar/courses-seenchar circle mein yatra karati hain, ack 1h30 yatra.`
syndicate seentur yatri kaaren taba kaafee hudd taka binaa germ, tail-prakaashit 'imperial overte' (ack khule sheersh deck key saath bilevel kaaren) kaaren theen, lekin 1884 seey unhone 16 naee 'imperial fermi' (cover bilevel kaaren) gais-prakaashit kaaron kaa adesh diyaa thaa, aur 1891 kii sardiyon seey sabhi vaiganon koo germ kiya thaa. usa varsh, seentur syndicate park 24 ekal-stariya pratham shreni kii kaaren, 77 dwiteeya shreni kii kaaren, 1 shreni-mishrit kaar (imperial fermi), aur saman aur maal dhulai key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale 51 vaigan they. khule-dusare-star kii kaaren kuchh under-tunnel-aind-brij mauton aur kuchh aatmahatyaon kaa kaaran bunny theen, aur raajya key dabaav mein, unhein uttarottar naee ekal-star kii kaaron key saath badalana shuru curr diyaa, jisase laabh bhee huaa kii syndicate key swaamitva vaali kaaron key saath sabse adhik samagri (joe way abhee bhee upayog curr rahey they) koo pratisthaapit kiya jaae. 1897 taka, kewal kuchh khuli-sheersh-deck kaaren prachalan mein theen.
shahar key kendra mein parivahan key saath patrachar mein bhee sudhaar huaa, 1893 seey, nord lines key liye ack judvaan junction aur chappel-sent-dennis station key liye atirikt kwe ney naa kewal yaatriyon koo cumm sthanantaran samay kii anumati dee, balki mukhya-station trains key beach seey gujarane mein bhee aasaani hui, jinhen taba taka off-seancher laa chappel frate-yard junction kaa upayog karna thaa. apane puuraa honey key baad, nord company ney seincture syndicate koo kiye gaye munafe kaa 40 pratishat dene key badale mein, ack naee poorna-vritt nord-station-station seva key saath apani trains koo seincture anusuchi mein jodaa. 1889 seey pahale seey hii 'saarvajanik hita kaa' ghoshit, 1895 mein isi naam kii sadak dwara khola gayaa nayaa 'ruu dee' avron 'station, paas key avenue dee winseness station key bhaar koo halka curr rhaa haye. nae station kaa upayog 1896 seey, platform koo apane track star seey ack oonchaai taka badhaane key saath prayog karane key liye kiya jaayega joe trains taka yatri pahunch koo aasaan banaayegaah ack safalata maani gaee, aur sabhi cienture syndicate stations taka vistaarit, isane line kii kaee purani kadam-pahunch kaaron kaa upayog karane kii ninda kii.
ouest company koo, agami 1900 saarvbhaumik pradarshani key aalok mein, 6 julaai 1896 koo apani molinox line koo apane champ dee mars terminus seey ack nae 'inlides' station taka badhaane key liye ack riyayat dee gaee thee; oust ney naa kewal apani line kaa vistaar kiya, balki harr pull parr apane railway crossing koo khatm karane key liye apani nadee-galey kii lambai koo ack khaai mein cumm curr diyaa aur chaar nae, chhote, cheeni-pagoda-esk station jodeh seacher seey ander kii or yatra karate hue, ack 'pontabue' (baad mein 'bhaala'), 'ponte dee grenade', 'dee laa bordonis' aur 'ponte dee ell' alma 'koo' inlides 'terminus taka pahunchane seey pahale paarit kiya. seentur key baare mein seedhe naheen, lekin iss vistaar seey judee ack aur pariyojana thee jise 14 juuna 1897 koo manjuri dee gaee theeh 'boulenvilliers' line extension joe pont dee elma key thheek neeche 'wydook dee paasi' parr nadee koo paar kartaa haye, yaatriyon koo seentur aur sent-lazer shahar key kendra aur champ dee mars key beach bahut cumm yatra kii anumati dega. yeh ack vyaapak pariyojana theeh courtsells-levlois aur paasi key beach peris-autuil khaai koo maujooda line key donon taraf rail key dou atirikt seton koo samaayojit karane key liye ack seedhi-deewaar vaali khaai mein chauda kiya gayaa thaah 'avenue heinry martin' station key neeche, naee laainen peris-autuil lines key neeche seey gujarane key liye ghumaavdaar surangon mein pravesh karati hain taaki ack naee khadee 'boulenvilliers' station parr ubhar sakein, ack anya surang seey gujarane key baad, nadee paar karane vaale pull parr ubharate hue, joe champ dee mars aur inlides terminus kii or mauline line rail key maarg koo puuraa karane key liye ghumaavdaar chhod diyaa gayaa thaa.
1900 kii saarvbhaumik pradarshani key roop mein kaee anya sudhaaron kaa sampark kiya gayaah park dee winsense mein pradarshani pratishthanon kii seva key liye ack asthaayi 'clod decan' stop (joe 1906 seey sthaayi hoe jaayega), naee seancher syndicate kaaren aur injan (adhik nord-nirmit 030t), sabhi 186 kaaron key liye electric lighting, aur champ dee mars station koo sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa, isake alawa, sabhi gantavyon seey trains key liye ack terminus key roop mein bees platforms key saath, inlides taka jaari trains key liye isake platforms kii seva key saath. pradarshani seey aaney aur jaane vaali kaee cumm doori kii 'nevet' trains koo samaayojit karane key liye anusuchi koo bhee sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaah kull milakar, champ dee mars station ney 3,979,429 yaatriyon koo leey jaaya, aur 1900 key liye kull seentur yatri, sabhi companiyaan bhramit theen, 38,985,079 yatri they, joe isaki poorna choti thee.
girawat.
peris metro kaa nirmaan 1898 seey chala rhaa thaah seanture ney 1899 mein port dee winseness key paas 'est/ouest' metro line company attelliers key saath ack junction banaaya thaa, aur iska upayog peris kii pahali metro line, 'port mallot-port dee winsense' line koo rolling stock dene key liye kiya thaa, jiska udghaatan 19 julaai 1900 koo kiya gayaa thaa. seanture syndicate pahale seey hii yatri tikat kii kimaton koo cumm karane aur bheed-bhaad kii avadhi key dauran apani trains kii gati badhaane key madhyam seey bhavishya kii pratispardha koo puuraa karane kii taiyari curr rhaa thaa. ouest company, shayed pahale seey hii apariharya kii bhavishyavani curr rahee thee, 1901 seey apani 'boulenvilliers' seva shuru honey key baad apane injanon aur kaaron koo parisancharan seey vaapas leey liya; cnture syndicate ney inhen apani samagri key saath badal diyaa aur sust koo bharane key liye apane train key samay-saarani koo samaayojit kiyaah pandrah nae yatri-train injan, nord 230,1902 aur 1903 key beach pahunchane seey, ack poorna-vritt yatra key liye lagane vaale samay mein duss minut kii kamee aaee.
inn upaayon key vipareet, seentur syndicate ney maal yatayat parr apane rukh koo ulat diyaa, aur 1902 mein apane poorv-pradarshan chhote seentur maal-yatra karyakramon mein laut aaya. ack saal baad, unhone 1903 mein ack nae maal-yard key udghaatan key saath seentur rev gauche kii maal-dhulai kii aparyaptata kii bharpai kii, joe 1879 seey kaam curr rhaa thaa, 'peris-gobelins', usee varsh key paschim mein, seentur ney abhee bhee faile hue 'vaangiraard' boochadkhaanon key neeche ack 'peris-brancion' pashudhan station khola, aur 1904 mein charon-merchises maal-station kaa vistaar kiya.
1902 aur 1903 key beach yaatriyon kii sankhya mein pahale hii girawat aanee shuru hoe gaee thee, kyonki 1 aprail seey pratyek disha mein train kii nyuntam gati chhah prati ghante seey ghatkar chaar hoe gaee thee, aur uttar company ney 1907 aur 1908 key beach apani nord-nord circular seva koo bund curr diyaa, jisase nord mukhya station taka isaki pahunch koo isake aur laile-sent-dennis key beach ack 'shuttle' seva key madhyam seey badal diyaa gayaa). seincture syndicate, sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii isake 3 million yaatriyon (28 million seey) key nuksan key kaaran, shoonya koo bharane seey incar curr diyaa, aur isake bajaay shaam koo dou trains key liye apani seincture-syndicate-kewal-courtsells-centcher/courtsells-centcher yatri seva koo punargathit kiya, 'dinn kii avadhi mein teen ghante, aur bheed-bhaad kii avadhi key dauran chhah ghante.
doosari or, maal dhulai bhee badh rahee theeh 1905 aur 1911 key beach, isane apane aubervilliers frate yard (nord-est junction aur apane pont dee flandrey station dwara seacher line taka) mein nae seancher-axes junction jode, belleville-villet frate yard key uttari aur dakshini junctions mein seedhe-axes junction jode, aur apane gobelin frate yard kaa vistaar kiya. 1909 seey, seanture mein 13 nae nord 3.800-type injan (81 seey 93 taka) they, aur teen nae 0-8-0 t injan (14 seey 16 taka) they; baad vaalaa seanture syndicate dwara aadeshit antim bhaap injan hoga.
1910 kii baadh key kaaran metro key sthirikaran key kaaran thodi vriddhi key baad, 1911 key liye 17 million yaatriyon key saath, yatri yatayat mein girawat jaari rahee. usa varsh phir seey seentur syndicate ney train kii aavritti koo cumm curr diyaa, jisamen pratyek disha mein kewal chaar trains ack ghante mein vyast samay parr, aur baaki dinn key liye dou trains ack ghante mein. pratham vishva yuddh kii shuruat ney yatri palayan koo kuchh hudd taka dheema curr diyaa, lekin shramikon kii kamee aur dahansheel kii keemat key kaaran, seincture syndicate ney disambar 1915 seey peris-autule key liye apani seva bund curr dee, jaba seey seincture kaa terminus acutule aur corsell-seincture bunn gayaa.
autule line kaa 1854 kaa 'battignols' station gaire street taka battignols surangon key navinikaran aur vistaar key dauran nasht hoe gayaa thaa. 1911 seey lezar, aur asthaayi station jisane ise badal diyaa, 1919 seey 'pont cardnet' naam leey liya; vahee station 1922 mein line kaa terminus bunn jaayega, jaba 1921 mein rail-yatayat key kaaran una hii surangon key girane key baad, station kaa nishchit nirmaan puuraa honey parr ise vahaan leey jaaya gayaa thaa. taba seey seacher seey geyar sent-lazer kaa ekmatra connection boulenvilliers antina (1919 seey vidyuteekrit) key madhyam seey thaa, lekin yeh seva, yaatriyon dwara bahut cumm upayog kii jaati thee, 1924 seey samaapt hoe gaee. autule line koo kewal apane autule terminus key madhyam seey seacher seey jodaa gayaa thaa; donon laainen taba aur alag hoe jaayengi jaba ack saal baad bollonvilliers antina key saath autule line kaa vidyuteekaran kiya gayaa thaa. iss beach, syndicate seanture key yatri yatayat mein harr dou saal mein lagbhag duss laakh yatri khou rahey they, aur 1926 taka yeh 80 laakh seey neeche gir gayaa thaa.
jaba shahar ney 1919 seey apane kilebandi koo dhwast karna shuru kiya, tou seanture ney apane adhik sankhya vaale charon-merchandise maal station koo mukt bhoomi parr vistaar karke raahat dene kaa avsar dekhaa, lekin shahar ney unake anurodh koo aswikar curr diyaa, ack jhataka joe hoe sakata haye kii usee varsh apane sabhi mukhya-line maal yatayat koo bhavya sthaan parr vaapas karane key syndicate nirnay key peechhe rhaa hoe. apane maal-yatayat adhibhar koo cumm karane key ack anya prayaas mein, seincture syndicate ney 1932 mein apana pahala aur ekmatra deejal injan khareedaah ack 800-horse power 'sulzer' machine jise jise number diyaa gayaa thaa, yeh malvahak vaiganon kii sanrachana mein sahaayata karega isase pahale kii way seincture pargaman key liye ack bhaap injan seey judey houn.
syndicate seanture parr yaatriyon kii sankhya 1920 taka ghatkar 10,247,533 hoe gaee thee, aur 1922 taka 9,440,524 hoe gaee thee. isi avadhi mein, 1920 mein autule line mein 90 laakh yatri they, ack saal baad 60 laakh taka bhaari girawat aaee, aur 1930 taka kewal 4,109,000 yatri they.
4 maee 1931 seey, saarvajanik kaary mantri key saath sthiti key baare mein kaee patron aur baithakon key parinamswarup line key liye ack yojana anta yatri seva hui, aur ise ack 'pc' buss seva key saath badalane key liye joe courtsells-seenchar aur autuil key beach bullewards marachox key saath chalati haih mantri dwara hastaaksharit antim samjhaute mein 28 farwari 1934, seenchar syndicate koo usa varsh 1 aprail seey apani yatri seva koo samaapt karane key liye adhikrit kiya gayaa thaa.
sthaaniya maal dhulai kii bhoomika, vighatan aur parityag.
petty seanture kii yatri seva kaa anta bhee bhavya-seanture-paytite-seanture syndicate kaa vighatan thaa, aur riyayat daayitvon koo 23 octuber 1934 koo ack decree mein east, nord aur attet (raajya key swaamitva vaali ikai jisane taba seey oust company kharidi thee) railway companiyon key beach vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa. peris-autule yatri line kaa bhavishya, joe abb attet (raajya) company key swaamitva mein haye, taba seey bahas kaa vishay rhaa thaa kyonki french raajya (attet company key roop mein) ney duss saal pahale line kharidi theeh pahale metropolitan bhoomigat railway network key liye ack atirikt key roop mein prastaavit, raajya ney poorv seanture rev gauche line key saath apani vidyuteekrit seva kaa vistaar karane kii bhee kalpana kii thee, lekin seva mein anta mein kewal ack ekal shreni key parivartan key saath jaari rakhaa gayaa thaa, joe kii ack ekal shreni key tikat key roop mein thaa.
akele nord company ney 1935 seey chhote seanture key shesh reev gauche, reev droit aur courtsells bhaagon koo chalaaya, jiska arth thaa seanture syndicate key swaamitva vaale laa chappel-sent-dennis injan hanger kaa bund honah. usee varsh shuru honey vaali ack chhoti see yatri seva koo phir seey kholane key baare mein charcha dou saal baad binaa kissy parinam key samaapt hoe gaee, jisamen kewal ack "courtsells-centure aeye autuil-bologne" naam parivartan thaa.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh ney chhote seacher koo vyaavhaarik roop seey surakshit chhod diyaah 1943 key ack sahayogi bumm (bhaala aur billencourt karkhanon koo lakshit karate hue) ney point doo jaur brij key ack mehrab koo kshatigrast curr diyaa, aur 1944 kii peris kii mukti ney seacher koo kaee jhadapon kaa drishya banaa diyaa. usa varsh kii shuruat mein ack samjhaute ney isake champ dee mars frate yard aur isake avenue dee clitch station key poorv key beach seentur rail koo 1938 mein gathit aiss. aine. see. aff. key 'reejan ouest' (poorv 'état') company-sadasya key liye pradaan kiya; rail kii yeh lambai baad mein peris key madhyam seey bhavishya key aar. aar. see. kaa hissa bunn jaayegi. 1934 key baad seey vyaavhaarik roop seey aprayukt aur ack track taka cumm hoe gayaa, 1950 key dashak kii nirmaan pariyojana key neeche gayab hoe gayaa, aur corsell-seancher-patrachar koo 'metro-jaisi' surang seey badal diyaa gayaa; baad mein ack bhawan pariyojana ney asantusht rail key raaste koo nigal liya aur kuchh varshon baad puraane 'corsell-seancher' station koo nasht curr diyaa.
chhote seey yatri seva samaapt honey key baad seey maal dhulai vaastav mein tej hoe gaee thee; 1954 seey tolbiac maal yard kaa navinikaran kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1972 seey, gobelins-marchandis sthaaniya vyapariyon koo delivery karane vaale trucks key liye pahunch ramp key saath ack bhoomigat station bunn gayaa.
vartamaan sthiti aur punah upayog.
geyar doo nord aur geyar dee ll 'est key beach kaa sambandh 2000 key dashak taka upayog mein thaa, lekin () kaa upayog naatakiya roop seey girata dekhaa gayaa haye. donon stations seey yatri aur maal dhulai sevaaon koo laa chappel aur pentin mein aiss. aine. see. aff. dipo seey injanon dwara kheencha jaataa haye, joe shayed hii kabhi rolling stock kaa adaan-pradaan karate hain. vartamaan mein stock koo badalane aur ack modd line key roop mein grand seanture kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye.
jaba peris key tramway koo 1995 seey ack ring mein phir seey jeevant karane kii yojana shuru hui, tou chhote seanture key kuchh hisson kaa phir seey upayog karna gambhir vichaar key tahat thaa. haalaanki, yojana board ney bulleward days marachox (marshalon key bulleward, bullewards kaa ack ring, joe pahale shahar key poorv 'kilebandi' raksha, rimparts key ander kii sadak thee) key saath ack line kaa vikalp chunaa. inn 'marachox' traum lines mein seey pahali, line 3, kaa udghaatan 16 disambar 2006 koo kiya gayaa thaa.
aprayukt rail patariyon taka pahunch aanshik roop seey varjit thee, lekin utsaahi logon ney ise peris key bheetar ack shaant, praakritik udyaan sthaan key roop mein varnit karate hue, phir bhee iska pataa lagaaya.
2007 mein, puraane chemin dee fair key punarvaas aur ise ack shahari udyaan mein badalane key liye kaee pariyojanaaen shuru kii gaeen. puraane railway key teen khandon koo janata key liye khol diyaa gayaa thaa, aur bhee aaney vaale hain. kanuni roop seey sulabh bhaagon mein seey ack peris key dakshin mein 15vein arrondicement mein chhota seacher haye.
23 march 2019 koo, 20vein arrondicement mein ack khand janata key liye khol diyaa gayaa.
aar. aar. see. dwara punah upayog.
ligne dee 'autuil 1985 mein bund hoe gayaa taaki "resso express kshetriya" (aar. aar.) see line key liye raasta banaaya jaa sakey. uttar-paschim peris koo paar karane vaali ack naee surang key nirmaan key baad rayer see koo montigny-beachamp aur organtule taka badhaa diyaa gayaa haye. line champ dee mars mein shaakhaon koo paar karati haye. vahaan seey line bhoomigat haye; ligne dee 'autuil koo 1988 mein cover kiya gayaa thaa, aur heinry martin aur courtsells key beach kii line koo chaar patariyon seey ghataakar dou curr diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh peris seey ack surang mein baahar nikalata haye joe clitch mein samaapt hotaa haye.

