
sanyukt raajya america mein jaiv chikitsa anusandhaan

america jeevan vigyaan mein vaishvik anusandhaan aur vikas (aar aind dee) kaa 46 pratishat kartaa haye, jisase yeh chikitsa anusandhaan mein vishva mein agrani bunn jaataa haye.
jaiv chikitsa anusandhaan parr sanghiya vyay.
2011 mein sanghiya anusandhaan vyay mein jeevan vigyaan kaa 51 pratishat yogdan thaa.
rashtriya swaasthya sansthaan (aine. aaee. aich.) koo sarkaar kaa pramukh jaiv chikitsa anusandhaan vitt poshan sangathan maanaa jaataa haye. 2004 aur 2014 key beach, nih funding apekshaakrit sapaat rahee aur mudrasfeeti key saath talmel rakhane key liye isamen vriddhi naheen kii gaee. 2003 seey 2005 taka aine. aaee. aich. bajat lagbhag 35 arab dollar prati varsh parr pahunch gayaa aur 2015 mein lagbhag 30 arab dollar thaa.
2013 aur 2016 key beach anusandhaan key liye aavantan badhaane key sarkari prayason koo aksar congress key tapasya abhiyaan dwara whiffle curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen congress ney kaee baar sanghiya sarkaar key bajat kii manjuri roque dee thee. iss avadhi mein, sarkaar, udyog aur gair-laabhkaari kshetra key beach sahyog key kaaran karyapalika kii prathmiktaon koo kaafee hudd taka aage badhaaya gayaa. yeh swaasthya kshetra key liye vishesh roop seey sach thaa, joe jalavaayu parivartan kii tarah obama prashaasan key liye prathamikta thee.
adhik lakshit upchaaron kii or.
obama prashaasan kaa ack pramukh neetigat uddeshya dawa key vikas key samay aur laagat koo cumm karate hue adhik lakshit upchaar vikasit karna thaa. ack naee dawa vikasit karane mein ack dashak seey adhik samay lagata haye aur isaki viphalata darr 95 pratishat seey adhik haye. sabse mahangi viphalataaen antim charan key naidaanik parikshanon mein hoti hain. iss prakaar prakriya mein sahee javic lakshyon (jeane, protein aur anya anuon) koo jaldi ingit karna mahatvapurna haye, taaki adhik tarksangat davaaon aur behtar anuroop upchaaron koo design kiya jaa sakey.
21veen sadee key upchaar adhiniyam parr 13 disambar 2016 koo hastakshar kiye gaye they, joe unesco vigyaan report key jaari honey key ack saal baad thaa. report ney bhavishyavani kii thee kii, 'yadi kaanoon mein paarit honey vaalaa vidheyak hotaa haye, tou yeh usa tareeke koo badal dega jisamen naidaanik parikshanon koo nae aur anukuli pareekshan designs kii anumati dekar sanchaalit kiya jaataa haye joe vyaktigat maapdandon mein kaarak hotey hain, jaise kii biomarker aur aanuvanshiki. yeh praavdhaan vivadaspad saabit huaa haye, doctors ney chetavani dee haye kii prabhavkarita key upaay key roop mein biomarker parr adhik nirbharta bhraamak hoe sakati haye, kyonki way hamesha behtar rogi parinamon koo pratibimbit naheen curr sakate hain.
ack anya sarkari yojana rogiyon key liye nae nidan aur upchaar kii sankhya badhaane kii ummeed karati haye, jabaki inhen vikasit karane key samay aur laagat koo cumm karati haye. farwari 2014 mein twarit dawa saajhedaari key shubharambh parr, nih nideshak francis aiss. collins ney kahaa kii 'vartamaan mein, humm bahut adhik paisa aur samay una raaston mein nivesh curr rahey hain joe kaam naheen karate hain, jabaki rogi aur unake parivaar prateeksha karate hain'. 2019 taka key paanch varshon mein, yeh saarvajanik-niji saajhedaari teen samanya lekin ilaaj mein mushkil rogon key liye paanch praayogik pariyojanaon koo vikasit curr rahee haih alzheimer roga, prakaar 2 (vayask shuruat) madhumeh aur sandhishoth aur lupus key autoimmune vikaar.
iss saajhedaari mein rashtriya swaasthya sansthaan (aine. aaee. aich.) aur khaadya aur aushadhi prashaasan (aff. dee. aeye.) key saath-saath 10 pramukh jaiv-aushadhi companiyaan aur alzheimer sangh jaise kaee gair-laabhkaari sangathan shamil hain. audyogik bhagidar abvi (us), biogen (us), bristol-myers squib (us), glaxosmithcline (yuke), johnson aind johnson (us), lilly (us), merck (us), pfizer (us), sanofi (france) aur takeda (japan) hain.
biomarker kii pehchaan karane key liye prayogshaalaaen mrit rogiyon key rakt yaa mastishk ootak jaise namoone saajha karati hain. way nih naidaanik parikshanon mein bhee bhaag lete hain. ack mahatvapurna ghatak yeh haye kii udyog bhagidar saajhedaari seey utpann honey vaale detta aur vishleshan koo vyaapak jaiv chikitsa samudaay key liye sulabh banaane parr sahmat hue hain. jaba taka inn nishkarshon koo saarvajanik naheen kiya jaataa, way apani khud kii dawa vikasit karane key liye kissy bhee khoj kaa upayog naheen karenge.
aprail 2013 mein, sarkaar ney ack aur saarvajanik-niji saajhedaari kii ghoshana kii, iss baar naveen tantrika praudyogiki (mastishk) pahal koo aage badhaane key madhyam seey apane mastishk anusandhaan koo lagu karane key liye. iss pariyojana kaa lakshya mastishk mein vyaktigat neurons aur jatil paripathon kaa maanchitran karane key liye aanuvanshik, optical aur imaging praudyogikiyon kaa laabh uthaana haye, jisase antatah iss anga kii sanrachana aur kaary kii adhik poorna samajh hoe jaati haye. 2015 taka, mastishk pahal ney sanghiya agencies (rashtriya swaasthya sansthaan, khaadya aur aushadhi prashaasan, rashtriya vigyaan foundation, aadi) seey sansadhanon mein 300 million dollar seey adhik kii pratibaddhata praapt kii thee.), udyog (rashtriya photonics pahal, samanya vidyut, googal, glaxosmithcline, aadi.) aur paropkar (foundation aur vishvavidyalaya) '.
sateek chikitsa pahal ack aur sarkari prathamikta rahee haye. sahee samay parr sahee rogi koo sahee upchaar pradaan karane key roop mein paribhaashit, sateek dawa rogiyon koo unake advitiya shareer vigyaan, jaiv rasayan aur aanuvanshiki key aadhar parr upchaar karati haye. apane 2016 key bajat anurodh mein, rashtrapati ney sateek chikitsa pahal key liye nidhi key liye nih, rashtriya cancer sansthaan aur fda dwara saajha kiye jaane key liye hamein 21.5 karod dollar dene key liye kahaa.
jaiv-aushadhiya companiyon dwara shodh kharch.
2013 mein, americi dawa companiyon ney america key ander anusandhaan aur vikas parr $40 billion aur videshon mein anusandhaan aur vikas parr lagbhag 11 billion dollar kharch kiye.
2005 aur 2010 key beach, dawa aur jaiv-aushadhi companiyon ney sateek dawa mein apane nivesh mein lagbhag 75 pratishat kii vriddhi kii aur 2015 taka 53 pratishat kii aur vriddhi kaa anuman haye. unaki dawa vikas pipelines mein 12 pratishat seey 50 pratishat key beach utpaad vyaktigat dawa seey sambandhit hain.
sanghiya sarkaar aur sanyukt raajya america banaane vaale 50 raajyon mein seey adhikansh vishesh udyogon aur companiyon koo anusandhaan aur vikas curr credit pradaan karate hain. congress aamtaur parr harr kuchh varshon mein ack curr credit kaa navinikaran karati haye. 2012 mein "wall street journal" dwara kiye gaye ack sarvekshan key anusaar, companiyan anusandhaan aur vikas mein nivesh key baare mein nirnay lete samay inn credit koo dhyaan mein naheen rakhti hain, kyonki way inn credit key navinikaran parr bharosa naheen curr sakati hain.
2014 mein, anusandhaan aur vikas parr kharch kii matra key liye chhah americi jaiv-aushadhiya companiyon koo vaishvik sheersh 50 mein rakhaa gayaa. nimnalikhit cumm seey cumm duss varshon key liye sheersh 20 mein shamil hainh intell, microsoft, johnson aur johnson, pfizer aur aaee. bee. aim. googal koo pahali baar 2013 mein aur amazon koo 2014 mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, yahee kaaran haye kii online store 2014 key liye sheersh 50 mein naheen haye.
aar aind dee matra aur teevrata, 2014 key anusaar vaishvik sheersh 50 companiyaan
srotah "unesco vigyaan riportah 2030 kii or" (2015), talika 9.3, joe kii hernandez aur anya parr adharit haye."(2014)" "eu aar aind dee scoreboardh 2014 eu audyogik aar aind dee nivesh scoreboard. europeeya aayogah brussels, talika 2.2.
udyam poonji nivesh mein rujhaan.
rashtriya udyam poonji sangh ney bataaya haye kii 2014 mein jeevan vigyaan mein udyam poonji nivesh 2008 key baad seey apane uchchatam star parr thaah jaiv praudyogiki mein, 470 saudon mein 6 arab dollar kaa nivesh kiya gayaa thaa aur kull milakar, jeevan vigyaan mein 789 saudon (jaiv praudyogiki aur chikitsa upkaranon sahit) mein 8 arab 6 karod dollar kaa nivesh kiya gayaa thaa. jaiv praudyogiki mein dou-tihai (68 pratishat) nivesh pahali baar/praarambhik charan key vikas saudon mein gayaa aur shesh vikas key vistaar charan (14 pratishat), beej-charan kii companiyon (11 pratishat) aur antim charan kii companiyon (7 pratishat) mein gayaa.
haalaanki, yeh software udyog thaa jisane kull milakar sabse adhik saudon mein nivesh kiyaah $19.8 billion key nivesh key liye $799. doosara internet-vishisht companiyaan aaee, jinhone 1,005 saudon key madhyam seey hamein 11.9 arab dollar kaa nivesh kiya. inmein seey kaee companiyan california raajya mein sthit hain, joe akele hamaare 28 pratishat shodh parr dhyaan kendrit karati hain.
udyam poonji mein kull nivesh 2014 mein 4,356 saudon key liye $48.3 billion thaa. rashtriya udyam poonji sangh ney bataaya kii yeh 'dollar mein 61 pratishat kii vriddhi aur pichhale varsh kii tulanaa mein saudon mein 4 pratishat kii vriddhi' kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye.
aarthik sahyog aur vikas sangathan kaa anuman haye kii sanyukt raajya america mein udyam poonji nivesh 2014 taka poori tarah seey thheek hoe gayaa thaa.
haal key varshon mein, kaee dawa companiyon ney curr laabh praapt karane key liye apane mukhyalaya koo videshon mein sthanantarit karane key liye ranneetik vilay kiya haye, jisamen medtronic aur endo international shamil hain. british dawa company astrazeneca parr kabja karane key liye pfizer key apane prayaas koo 2014 mein pfizer dwara sanyukt company mein shodh kharch mein katauti karane kii yojana koo sweekaar karane key baad nirast curr diyaa gayaa.
prescription dawa kii kimaton mein rujhaan.
obama prashaasan key liye ack neetigat chinta ack aise desh mein, jahaan yeye keematen kaafee hudd taka aniyamit hain, prescription davaaon kii keemat mein bhaari vriddhi rahee haye. janwari 2008 seey disambar 2014 taka, aam taur parr upayog kii jaane vaali branded davaaon kii keemat mein aaee. dee. 1 seey thodi adhik kii vriddhi hui, jabaki aam taur parr nirdhaarit generic davaaon kii keemat mein lagbhag 63 pratishat kii kamee aaee.
2014 mein, prescription davaaon parr kharch $374 billion taka pahunch gayaa. hepatitis see ($11 billion) key ilaaj key liye bajar mein mahangi naee davaaon key kaaran kharch mein yeh vriddhi hui, naa kii 2010 key rogi sanrakshan aur kifayati dekhbhal adhiniyam ($1 billion) key tahat laakhon nae beemit amerikiyon dwara. iss kharch kaa lagbhag 31 pratishat soojan kii sthiti, multiple sclerosis, oncology, hepatitis see aur hiv aadi key ilaaj key liye vishesh dawa upchaaron parr gayaa., aur madhumeh, uchch collestroll, dard, uchch raktchaap aur hriday roga, asthama, avasaad aadi key ilaaj key liye paaramparik upchaaron parr 6.4%.
prescription davaaon key liye upabhokta kimaton mein 'khagoliya' vriddhi koo badhaava denaa america mein ack naee pravritti rahee haye, licenses, khareed, vilay yaa adhigrahan key madhyam seey pharmaceuticals kaa adhigrahan. 2014 kii pahali chhamaahi mein, dawa companiyon dwara vilay aur adhigrahan kaa moolya kull milakar $1 billion thaa aur 2015 kii pahali timahi mein, dawa udyog ney sabhi americi vilay aur adhigrahanon mein 45 pratishat seey thodaa adhik yogdan diyaa. kaee dawa companiyon ney haal key varshon mein curr laabh praapt karane key liye apane mukhyalaya koo videshon mein sthanantarit karane key liye ranneetik vilay kiye hain. pfizer dwara sanyukt company mein shodh kharch mein katauti karane kii yojana koo sweekaar karane key baad, british dawa company astrazeneca parr kabja karane key pfizer key apane prayaas koo 2014 mein nirast curr diyaa gayaa.
upbhoktaon key liye laagat cumm karna.
uchch moolya vaali davaaon key liye laagat niyantran upaay key roop mein generic dawa pratispardha key vikas koo protsaahit karane key liye march 2010 mein javic moolya pratispardha aur navachar adhiniyam parr hastakshar kiye gaye they. sarkaar key hastaksharkarta rogi sanrakshan aur kifayati dekhbhal adhiniyam key hisse key roop mein, isane javic utpaadon key liye twarit-maarg licenses key liye ack maarg banaaya haye joe ack anumodit javic utpaad key saath 'biosemiller' yaa 'vinimeya' dikhaaya gayaa haye. iss adhiniyam key liye ack prerana yeh thee kii kaee javic davaaon key patent agale dashak mein samaapt hoe jaayenge.
haalaanki adhiniyam 2010 mein paarit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin pahala biosemiller kewal 2015 mein fda dwara america mein anumodit kiya gayaa thaah zarxio, sandos dwara banaaya gayaa thaa. zarxio cancer dawa neuposion kaa ack biosemiller haye, joe sankraman koo door karane key liye rogi kii shwet rakt koshikaon koo badhaava detaa haye. sitambar 2015 mein, ack americi adalat ney faisala sunaaya kii neuposion brand nirmaata amgen zarxio koo america mein beche jaane seey naheen roque sakata haye. prati chemotherapy chakr mein neuposion kii laagat lagbhag 3,000 dollar haye; zarxio 3 sitambar 2015 koo 15 pratishat kii chhoot parr americi bajar mein aaya.
europe mein, usee dawa koo 2008 kii shuruat mein manjuri dee gaee thee aur taba seey vahaan surakshit roop seey vipanan kiya jaa rhaa haye. sanyukt raajya america mein ack anumodan maarg key vikas mein antaral kii javic upchaaron taka pahunch mein baadha daalane key liye aalochana kii gaee haye.
biosemiller key upayog seey vaastavik laagat bachat kaa aaklan karna mushkil haye. raind sansthaan dwara 2014 key ack adhyayan mein pratispardha key star aur fda niyaamak anumodan pattern key aadhar parr 2014-2024 parr bachat mein $13-66 billion kii seema kaa anuman lagaaya gayaa haye.
generic key vipareet, biosemiller koo jaiv samatulyata saabit karane key liye nyuntam aur saste parikshanon key aadhar parr anumodit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. choonki javic davaaen jatil, jeevit koshikaon seey praapt visham utpaad hain, isaliye unhein kewal upayukt sandarbh utpaad key samaan dikhaaya jaa sakata haye aur isaliye pradarshan kii aavashyakta hoti haye kii suraksha aur prabhavkarita mein koee naidaanik roop seey saarthak antar naheen hain. naidaanik parikshanon kii aavashyakta kaafee hudd taka vikas kii laagat nirdhaarit karegi.
anath drugs.
anath roga harr saal 200,000 seey cumm amerikiyon koo prabhaavit karate hain. 1983 key anath dawa adhiniyam key baad seey, durlabh beemariyon key liye 400 seey adhik davaaon aur javic utpaadon koo khaadya aur dawa prashaasan dwara naamit kiya gayaa haye (2015 taka), akele 2013 mein 260.2014 mein, america mein sheersh 10 anath davaaon kii bikri kii raashi $18.32 billion thee; 2020 taka, duniya bhar mein anath davaaon kii bikri kull US $176 billion key liye anumaanit haye.
haalaanki, 2014 mein anath davaaon kii keemat gair-anakar davaaon (vaarshik aadhar parr) kii tulanaa mein lagbhag 19.1 gunaa adhik thee, prati rogi ausatan vaarshik laagat $137 782 thee. kuchh loga chintit hain kii fda key anath dawa utpaadon key karyakram dwara anath davaaon koo vikasit karane key liye dawa companiyon koo diye gaye protsaahan companiyon kaa dhyaan una davaaon key vikas seey hataa rahey hain joe aabaadi koo adhik laabh pahunchaayengi.
chikitsa upkaran.
america mein 6500 seey adhik chikitsa upkaran companiyaan hain, jinamen seey 80 pratishat seey adhik mein 50 seey cumm karmchari hain. americi vanijya vibhaag key anusaar, america mein chikitsa upkaran udyog kaa bajar aakar 2016 taka 133 arab dollar taka pahunchane kii ummeed haye.
paryavekshak pahanane yogya swaasthya nigrani upkaranon, telediagnosis aur telemonitoring, robotics, biosensor, tri-ayami (3dee) printing, nae "inn vitro" naidaanik parikshanon aur mobile aip key aage key vikas aur udbhav kaa purvanuman lagaate hain joe upayogkartaon koo unake swaasthya aur sambandhit vyavhaar kii behtar nigrani karane mein saksham banaate hain.
dawa niryaat aur patent mein rujhaan.
2010 taka, sanyukt raajya america pharmaceuticals kaa shuddh niryaatak thaa. 2011 seey, yeh inn vastuon kaa shuddh ayatak bunn gayaa haye. sanyukt raajya america ney uchch takneek vastuon key liye apana vishva netritva khou diyaa haye. yahaan taka kii computing aur sanchaar upkaran bhee abb chean aur anya ubharati arthvyavasthaon mein ikattha kiye jaate hain, jisamen uchch takneek moolya-vardhit ghatakon kaa utpaadan kaheen aur kiya jaataa haye.
sanyukt raajya america ack audyogik vikas key baad kaa desh haye. uchch takneek utpaadon kaa ayaat niryaat seey kaheen adhik haye. haalaanki, sanyukt raajya america kaa takniki roop seey kushal karyabal badee matra mein patent kaa utpaadan kartaa haye aur abhee bhee inn patents key licenses yaa bikri seey laabh uthaa sakata haye. sanyukt raajya america key vaigyaanik udyogon mein anusandhaan mein sakriya, 9.1% utpaad aur sevaaen bauddhik sampada adhikaaron key licenses seey sambandhit hain.
jaba bauddhik sampada mein vyaapaar kii baat aatee haye, tou sanyukt raajya america bejod rahata haye. 2013 mein royalty aur licenses seey aaya $129.2 billion thee, joe duniya mein sabse adhik haye. 2013 mein 31.6 arab dollar kii praaptiyon key saath japan dusare sthaan parr haye. 2013 mein bauddhik sampada key upayog key liye sanyukt raajya america key bhugtan kii raashi 39.0 arab dollar thee, joe kewal ireland (46.4 arab dollar) seey adhik thee.