peruvian

peruvian ("/peruana") peru key nagrik hain. joe abb peru haye, vaha 16veen shatabdi mein spanish vijay seey pahale kairal jaisi sanskritiyon dwara kaee sahasraabdiyon seey basaa huaa haye. peruvian aabaadi 1520 key dashak mein anumaanit 5-9 million seey ghatkar 1620 mein lagbhag 600,000 hoe gaee, mukhya roop seey spanish dwara kii jaane vaali sankraamak beemariyon key kaaran. 1532 mein aupaniveshik shasson key tahat badee sankhya mein spen key nivasi aur african aae, ack dusare key saath aur mool peruvian key saath vyaapak roop seey mishran karate hue. ganarajya key dauran, europeeya logon kaa kramik aapravaasan huaa haye (vishesh roop seey spen aur itali seey, aur kuchh hudd taka germany, france, croatia aur british dweepon seey). 19veen shatabdi key anta mein cheeni aur japani badee sankhya mein aae.
2017 kii janganana key anusaar 31.2 laakh nivaasiyon key saath. peru dakshin america kaa paanchvaan sabse adhik aabaadi vaalaa desh haye. 1950 aur 2000 key beach isaki jansankhyikiya vriddhi darr 2.6% seey ghatkar 1.6% hoe gaee, aur isaki jansankhya 2050 mein lagbhag 46-51 million taka pahunchane kii ummeed haye. 2017 taka, shahari kshetron mein rahane vaale 79.3% aur graameen kshetron mein rahane vaale 20.7%. pramukh shaharon mein lima, 9.5 laakh seey adhik logon kaa ghar, arkvipa, truzillo, chikaleo, piyura, equitos, hwankayo, cusco aur pukalpa shamil hain, jinamen seey sabhi mein 250,000 seey adhik nivasi hain.
sabse badey pravaasi peruvian samudaay sanyukt raajya america, dakshin america (argentine, chilly, venezuela aur brazil), europe (spen, itali, france aur sanyukt raajya), japan, australia aur kanada mein hain.
jaatiya samooh.
2017 kii janganana mein, 12 varsh aur usase adhik ayu key logon seey poochha gayaa thaa kii way kiss paitrik mool key hain, jisamen 60 pratishat peruviyanon ney mestizo key roop mein, 20 pratishat ney kwechua key roop mein, 5 pratishat ney europeeya key roop mein, 3 pratishat ney african-peruvian key roop mein, 2 pratishat ney aymar key roop mein, 0.6 pratishat ney amazonian key roop mein aur 0.1 pratishat ney asiai key roop mein apani pehchaan banaai. pichhale chaar dashakon mein andes seey tateey shaharon mein badey paimaane parr aantarik shram pravaas key kaaran dakshini aur madhya tata parr paaee jaane vaali anya badee aabaadi key saath badee swadeshi aabaadi dakshini andes mein rahati haye.
mestizo.
mestizo kull jansankhya kaa 40%- 60.2% banaate hain. yeh shabd paaramparik roop seey mishrit swadeshi aur europeeya vansh (jyaadaatar spanish vansh) key peruviyanon koo darshaata haye. yeh shabd aupaniveshik kaal key dauran upayog kiye jaane vaale jaati vargeekaran kaa hissa thaa, jisake tahat upaniveshon mein paida honey vaale vishesh spanish vansh key logon koo "creolos" kahaa jaataa thaa, mishrit swadeshi aur spanish vansh key logon koo mestizo kahaa jaataa thaa, african aur spanish vansh key logon koo "mulatos" kahaa jaataa thaa, aur swadeshi aur african vansh key logon koo "zambos" kahaa jaataa thaa. aanuvanshik vishleshan ingit kartaa haye kii peruvian mestizo mukhya roop seey swadeshi vansh key hain. adhikansh mestizo shahari nivasi hain aur lima kshetra, laa libertad kshetra, kallao kshetra, kazamarca kshetra, saine martin kshetra, piyura kshetra, lamback kshetra aur arequipa kshetra jaise kshetron mein majboot europeeya viraasat dikhaate hain.
swadeshi.
kull aabaadi kaa 13 pratishat swadeshi mool key jaatiya samooh hain. dou pramukh jaatiya samooh kwechua (vibhinn saanskritik upsamuhon seey sambandhit) hain, jisake baad aymara, joe jyaadaatar charam dakshini aur madhya mein paae jaate hain. jaatiya samoohon kaa ack badaa anupaat joe andean uchch bhoomi mein rahate hain, abhee bhee kwechua bolate hain aur unaki jeevant saanskritik paramparaaen hain, jinamen seey kuchh inka samrajya kaa hissa they.
darjanon peruvian sanskritiyaan bhee amezan besin mein andes pahaadon seey parey poore desh mein faili hui hain. yeh kshetra teji seey shaharikrit hoe rhaa haye. mahatvapurna shahari kendron mein equitos, nauta, puerto maldonado, pukalpa aur eurimagua shamil hain. yeh kshetra kaee jaatiya samoohon kaa ghar haye, halanki way kull aabaadi kaa ack badaa anupaat naheen hain. purvi peru mein rahane vaale jaatiya samoohon key udaharanon mein shipibo, urina, coca aur aguaruna shamil hain.
jaatiya samoohon yaa aarakshit kshetron key liye koee vishesh kaanoon naheen haye; way peruvian hain aur kanuni roop seey unake saath aisaa hii vyavhaar kiya jaataa haye. vartamaan samay mein, kuchh alag-thalag swadeshi samudaay abhee bhee peruvian amezan mein rahate hain. haalaanki anya bastiyon seey door rahate hue, inn samudaayon koo anya prishthabhoomi key peruvian key samaan adhikaar aur samvaidhaanik suraksha praapt haye.
europeeya.
europeeya vanshajon kii kull jansankhya kaa kull 5-20%. unamen seey adhikansh aupaniveshik yug key dauran desh mein aae spanish basane vaalon key vanshaj hain, jabaki anya anya europeeya jaatiya samoohon key vanshaj hain joe 19veen aur 20veen shatabdi mein aae they jaise kii italvi, german, british, french, ayrish, dutch, purtagaali, polish aur crot. unamen seey adhikansh sabse badey shaharon mein bhee rahate hain, aam taur parr peru key uttari shaharon menh truzillo, chikaleo aur piyura, aur rajdhani lima mein bhee.
peru key dakshin mein arekwipa shahar dakshin mein adhikansh spanish vanshajon koo pradarshit kartaa haye. uchch bhoomi mein kazamarca, roop-roop yaa amazonian andes kshetra mein saine martin key kuchh hisson mein; oxapampa aur pozuzo mein german aur austriyai basane vaale bhee roop-roop yaa amazonian andes kshetra mein rahate they. 
19veen shatabdi mein teji seey badhate tail, khanan, machhali pakadane, cheeni, kapas, guano aur rubber udyogon mein aarthik avsar kii talash mein ack badee europeeya aabaadi peru mein chully gaee.
haal hii mein, peru mein rahane kii cumm laagat, bhojan vigyaan, amezan vann vatavaran aur 21veen sadee mein udaar aarthik neeti key kaaran peru mein vyaapaar karane mein aasaani key kaaran, desh mein sthaayi nivaas kii talash mein americi varishth nagrikon aur vyapariyon kii aamad dekhi gaee haye.
african.
jansankhya kaa 3-10% african-peruvian hain. peru, ack spanish upanivesh key roop mein, gulam vyaapaar mein shamil honey kaa itihas haye, jisamen ghaana, angola, nigeria, congo ganarajya, congo loktaantrik ganarajya, mosambic aur maidagaskar seey gulam ayaat utpann hotey hain. anya spanish upaniveshon kii tarah, gulamon koo aam taur parr ganna, kapas key kheton aur daakh kii bariyon mein shram kaary karane key liye ayaat kiya jaataa thaa, unamen seey bahut cumm kuzko mein soney kii khaanon mein hotey they. 1531 taka vijay key liye sainikon key hisse key roop mein spen key loga ginny seey 500 african logon koo laae. peru mein gulami koo 1854 mein rashtrapati raiman castilla dwara samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa. aaj bhee mulatos (mishrit african aur europeeya) aur zambos (mishrit african aur swadeshi) jansankhya kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa hain, vishesh roop seey piyura, tumbs, lamback, lima aur aika kshetron mein. afro-peruvian aabaadi jyaadaatar lima key dakshin mein tateey shaharon mein kendrit haye, jaise kii aika kshetra mein paae jaane vaale, arekweepa kshetra kii seema mein cannet, chincha, aika, nazka aur ekaari jaise shaharon mein. african vanshajon ney apane swayam key nritya aur dhol bajaane kii sangeet shally laaee, "kaijon" jaise kuchh vaadyayantra banaae aur kuchh paak kalaa joe unake swaadisht swaad kii visheshta haye. peru mein kuchh sarvshreshth football khilaadi afro-vanshaj hain.
apekshaakrit mishrit african aabaadi ell carmen aine chincha alta ikaa, peru mein maujood haye.
ack aur badee afro-peruvian upasthiti "yunga" kshetron (paschimi aur uttari peru kii andean shrinkhala key thheek neeche) mein haye, (i.ee., piyura aur lamback), jahan ganna, nimbu aur aam kaa utpaadan abhee bhee mahatvapurna haye. mahatvapurna samudaay moropone praant mein paae jaate hain, jaise kii chulukana shahar mein. unamen seey ack haye yapatera, ack hii shahar mein ack samudaay, saath hii saath chhote krishi samudaay jaise pabur yaa laa matanza aur yahaan taka kii kanchak key paas pahaadi kshetra mein bhee. aage dakshin mein, zaanaa kaa aupaniveshik shahar yaa lamback mein capot aur tuman jaise krishi shahar bhee african-peruvian upasthiti vaale mahatvapurna kshetra hain.
asiai.
2017 kii janganana key anusaar, 3-10% aabaadi kii pehchaan cheeni yaa japani viraasat key roop mein kii jaati haye. peru mein lattin america mein cheeni vanshajon kii sabse badee aabaadi haye kyonki peru 1821 mein spen seey swatantra huaa aur daason key ayaat parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa. asiai logon kaa pahala samooh 1849 mein federico gillermo naamak dennish jahaaj parr gulami koo samaapt karane kii yojana key hisse key roop mein 1854 mein asiai shram bull key saath gulami koo badalane key liye aaya thaa. agale 25 varshon key dauran, 100,000 cheeni peru pahunche, jinhen makaao, hangkang, canton aur fujian seey aathh saal key anubandhon mein kaam parr rakhaa gayaa, jisamen kuchh sangle loga bhee shamil they. unhein ganna kheton, chawal key kheton, gwano nikaalane aur ardh-gulami kaary sthitiyon mein andes mein railmargon key nirmaan key liye kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.
bhaugolik roop seey cheeni vanshaj samudaay peruvian oopari amezan mein paae jaate hain, jisamen eurimaguas, nauta, equitos aur uttar-madhya tata (lamback aur truzillo) aur rajdhani lima jaise shahar shamil hain.
peru mein japani samudaay key vipareet, cheeni logon ney bahut adhik antar-vivaah kiya haye kyonki way vaaysaraay key dauran chawal key kheton mein kaam karane aur african daason koo badalane key liye aae they, gulami key unmoolan key dauran hii majdooron key roop mein. asiai viraasat key peruviyanon kii upasthiti key bavjood, pichhale dashak mein, unhone vyaapaar aur raajneetik kshetron mein mahatvapurna pragati kii haye; ack poorv rashtrapati (alberto fujimori), kaee pichhale cabinet sadasya, aur peruvian congress kaa ack sadasya cheeni yaa japani mool kaa haye. arab peruvian kii bhee badee sankhya haye, jinamen jyaadaatar palestini, lebnani, siriyai aur iraqi hain.
swatantrata key baad aapravaasan.
swatantrata key baad, spen, itali, croatia, france, germany aur austriya seey kramik europeeya aapravaasan huaa haye. cheeni 1850 key dashak mein uttari tata key cheeni baganon mein gulam shramikon key pratisthaapan key roop mein aae aur taba seey peruvian samaaj mein ack pramukh prabhaav bunn gaye hain.
bhaashaaen.
peruvian spanish tateey shaharon mein mukhya roop seey bolly jaane vaali aaee. dee. 1 kii mukhya bhasha haye, yeh desh kii praathamik bhasha haye jiska upayog saarvajanik media, television, radio, samachar patron aur samanya roop seey internet key liye kiya jaataa haye, jisamen bahut cumm apavaad hain. yeh kaee swadeshi bhaashaon key saath saha-astitva mein haye, sabse aam kwechua, 13.9% aur aimara 1.6%, donon jyaadaatar andice mein bolly jaati hain, varshaavan mein ashaninka 0.3%. usa samay anya deshi aur videshi bhaashaaen kramshah 0.8% aur 0.2% peruvian dwara bolly jaati theen. 2017 mein saksharta kaa anuman 94.2% thaa; yeh darr shahari kshetron (96.8%) kii tulanaa mein graameen kshetron (83 pratishat) mein cumm haye.
dharm.
2017 kii janganana key anusaar, peru mein isai dharm sabse badaa dharm haye, jisamen sabse adhik anuyaayi (76 pratishat) roman catholic hain, anya isai 18.6%, anya 0.5 pratishat, aur gair-dhaarmik 5 pratishat hain.
chamatkaron key swami yeeshu masih kii 17veen shatabdi mein ack angolan daas dwara chitrit ack bhitti chitra haye jise lima mein poojata haye aur peru mein mukhya catholic utsav aur duniya bhar key sabse badey juluson mein seey ack haye.
harr saal, octuber mein, jeevan key sabhi kshetron key saikadon hajaaron teerthayaatri, lima kii sadakon key madhyam seey ack dhaarmik julus mein "black christ" kaa jashn manaane key liye baingani rung kii poshak pahanate hain. kahani bataati haye kii 17veen aur 18veen shatabdi key dauran lima mein kuchh bhookampon ney shahar key adhikansh hisson koo nasht curr diyaa, kewal vahee bhitti chitra chhod diyaa jise 1651 mein angolan gulam dwara 1655,1687 aur 1746 mein 8.6 teevrata key bhookamp key baad ekmatra khadee deewaar key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. 
inn tathyon ney bhitti chitra key vikas aur samarpit pooja key sudridhikaran mein yogdan diyaa jise "pachakamila kaa masih" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye."
sanskriti.
peruvian sanskriti mukhya roop seey amerindian paramparaon, mukhya roop seey inka aur unaki spanish viraasat mein nihit haye. yeh vibhinn europeeya, african aur asiai jaatiya samoohon seey bhee prabhaavit rhaa haye. peruvian kalaatmak paramparaaen poorv-inka sanskritiyon key vistrit mitty key bartan, vastra, gahane aur murtikala seey judee hain. inka ney inn shilpon koo banaae rakhaa aur machu pichu key nirmaan sahit vaastushilp uplabdhiyan hassil keen. barok aupaniveshik kalaa parr haavi thaa, halanki deshi paramparaon dwara sanshodhit. iss avadhi key dauran, adhikansh kalaayen dhaarmik vishayon parr kendrit theen; usa yug key kaee church aur kuzko school key chitra pratinidhi hain. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein "swadeshi" key udbhav taka kalaayen swatantrata key baad sthir raheen. 1950 key dashak seey, peruvian kalaa videshi aur sthaaniya kalaa dhaaraon donon dwara sargrahi aur aakar dee gaee haye. peruvian sanskriti aaj vaishvik prabhaavon key saath aadhunik haye, hamesha nae rujhaanon key liye khuli haye aur sangeet, kalaa, saahitya mein lagaatar badal rahee haye. peruvian abhivyanjak hotey hain, baat karate samay haath key haav-bhaav kaa upayog karate hain aur sparsh karate hain, haay aur baay key liye gaal parr chumban kii ummeed karate hain. saarvajanik sthaanon parr jodon koo sneh dikhaate hue dekhana asamanya naheen haye. peruvian bujurgon, kaam parr uchch padon key logon, kushal peshevaron aur shikshit logon key liye bhee sammaan rakhate hain.
saahitya.
peruvian saahitya kii jadein poorv-kolambiyai sabhyataon kii maukhik paramparaon mein hain. 16veen shatabdi mein spaniard ney lekhan kii shuruat kii; aupaniveshik saahityik abhivyakti mein itihas aur dhaarmik saahitya shamil they. swatantrata key baad, veshbhusha aur premvaad sabse aam saahityik shailiyaan bunn gaeen, jaisa kii ricardo palma key karyon mein udaaharan diyaa gayaa haye. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, "swadeshikaran" andolan ney siro allegria, jose maria tark aur seasure valejo jaise lekhakon koo janm diyaa. shatabdi key uttaraardh key dauran, peruvian saahitya adhik vyaapak roop seey nobel puraskar vijeta mario vargas losa jaise lekhakon key kaaran jaanaa jaane lagaa, joe lattin americi uchhaal key ack pramukh sadasya they. maria jais alvarado rivera ack peruvian vidrohi nariwadi, shikshak, patrakaar, lekhak aur samajik karyakarta theen jinhen 1969 mein peru kii mahilaaon kii rashtriya parishad dwara "peru mein mahila adhikaaron key pahale aadhunik champion" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa.
vastukala.
 machu pichchu, duniya key saat ashcharyon mein seey ack, saxuman, chaan chaan, vastukala kaa nirmaan samarohon key liye saikadon logon koo ikattha karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa, naa kii hajaaron logon koo aur dusaron key saath aur prakriti key saath sadbhaav mein rahane key liye. kuchh mukhya aakarshan dhwaniki, jalmarg, anaaj koo sanrakshit karane key liye sailo, chhatein, 20 tunn key vishal pattharon koo fitt karane kii poornata, khagoliya vedhshaalaaen, sankranti key saath poornata, soorya key prakaash key liye pravesh dwaar kaa nirmaan joe harr mausam key liye arth darshaata haye, aaj taka inmein seey kuchh nirmaanon mein ack taarkik maanav spashteekaran naheen haye, kii unakaa nirmaan kaise kiya gayaa thaa.
vyanjan.
peruvian vyanjanon mein andean, spanish, cheeni, italvi, arab, african aur japani khaana pakaane key prabhaav dikhaai dete hain. aam vyanjanon mein "anticuchos", "seviche" aur "pachmanka" shamil hain. peru key bheetar jalavaayu kii vividhata key kaaran, paudhon aur jaanvaron kii ack vistrit shrinkhala khaana pakaane key liye upalabdh haye. peruvian vyanjan mein ack vishesh ghatak hotaa haye joe adhikansh vyanjanon "ajii seko" koo swaad detaa haye. aggar vahee vyanjan duniya key dusare hisse mein taiyar kiya jaataa haye tou yeh vahee dikh sakata haye, lekin kachchi sabjiyaan, aaloo, samagri duniya key anya hisson mein alag swaad rakhti hain. inke udaaharan andey, quinoa, lima beans, machhali, choone hain joe adhik amleeya hain, anya deshon mein inca swaad poori tarah seey alag hotaa haye. 
peru ney duniya koo 3000 seey adhik prajaatiyon key saath aaloo diye, jinhen 1532 mein quinoa parr vijay praapt karane key baad spaniards dwara europe mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, donon hii uchch bhoomi seey.
vaigyaanik shodh key anusaar pracheen peruvian 8000 seey 5000 varshon key beach aaloo kii kataai curr rahey they.
sangeet.
peruvian sangeet kii jadein andean, spanish aur african hain. poorv-hyspanic samay mein, sangeet kii abhivyaktiyaan kshetra seey kshetra mein vyaapak roop seey bhinn hoti theen; "kwena" aur "tinya" dou samanya vaadyayantra they. spanish vijay ney gitar aur veenaa jaise nae vaadyayantron kii shuruat key saath-saath "charango" jaise sankar vaadyayantron kaa vikas kiya. peruvian sangeet mein african yogdan mein isaki lay aur ack taal vaadya "kaijan" shamil hain. peruvian lock nrityon mein "marinera", "tondero" aur "huano" shamil hain.

