
dakshin-paschim iberian bhoomadhyasagariya sclerophilus aur mishrit vann

dakshin-paschim iberian bhoomadhyasagariya sclerophilus aur mishrit vann dakshin-paschimi europe mein ack bhoomadhyasagariya vann, vanbhoomi aur jhaadidaar paaristhitiki kshetra haye. yeh dakshin-paschimi iberian praaydweep parr kabja curr letaa haye, jisamen tateey nichale kshetra aur purtagaal aur spen key kuchh hisson mein pahaad shamil hain.
paaristhitiki kshetra mein bhoomadhyasagariya jalavaayu haye, joe atlantic mahasagar key prabhaav seey niyantrit haye. anya bhoomadhyasagariya jalavaayu kshetron kii tulanaa mein garmiyon kaa tapman thandaa hotaa haye, aur sardiyon mein paalaa 1500 meater seey cumm durlabh hotaa haye.
bhugol.
paaristhitiki kshetra portugal aur dakshin-paschimi spen mein tateey nichale ilaakon aur pahaadiyon parr kabja curr letaa haye, jisamen tagus, guadian aur gwadalquivir nadiyon key nichale besin shamil hain. lisban shahar tagus key muhaane parr haye, aur seville aur cordoba key shahar gwadalquivir kii ghaati mein sthit hain. paaristhitiki kshetra key anya shaharon mein atlantic parr cadiz aur alboran samudra parr malaga shamil hain.
paaristhitiki kshetra poorv mein iberian sclerophilus aur ardh-parnapaati jangalon seey ghiraa huaa haye, joe aantarik spen aur portugal key aantarik dakshin-poorv mein sthit haye. uttari tateey purtagaal mein, paaristhitiki kshetra uttar mein adhik aardr aur samshitoshna cantabrian mishrit jangalon seey ghiraa huaa haye. uttar-poorv mein uttar-paschim iberian parvatiya vann paaristhitiki kshetra haye.
vanaspati.
paaristhitiki kshetra key paadap samudaayon mein shamil hainh
jeev-jantu.
paaristhitiki kshetra luptapray iberian links ("links pardinus") aur spanish shaahi eagle ("aquilla adalberty") kaa ghar haye. donon prajaatiyan donna rashtriya udyaan mein aur usake aspas rahati hain.
cork oak sylviculture.
dakshini purtagaal aur dakshin-paschimi spen key logon ney cork oak ("quercus suber") parr kendrit bhoomi-upayog pranali vikasit kii haye.
cork oak ack motee surakshaatmak chhaal kaa utpaadan kartaa haye jise cork key liye kaataa jaataa haye. kataai mein paripakva pedon kii chhaal koo chheelana shamil haye, joe taba shuru hoe sakata haye jaba pedh 70 semi key taney key vyaas taka pahunch jaate hain, aamtaur parr jaba way 20-25 saal key hotey hain. cork koo haath seey kulhaadiyon seey kaataa jaataa haye, aur pedh koo cumm seey cumm chot pahunchaane key liye dhyaan rakhaa jaataa haye taaki yeh badhata rahey aur adhik cork kaa utpaadan curr sakey. cork koo harr nau saal mein ack diye gaye pedh seey kaataa jaa sakata haye, aur cork oak 150 seey 200 saal yaa usase adhik samay taka ugana aur kataai yogya chhaal kaa utpaadan karna jaari rakh sakate hain. audyogik roop seey upayog kiye jaane vaale cork kaa utpaadan teesari fasal key baad hii chaalees varsh yaa usase adhik umr key pedon parr kiya jaataa haye. portugal cork kaa grah kaa pramukh utpaadak haye, jiska upayog sharaab rokane vaalon, farsh, dhwani insulation, floats aur adhik key liye kiya jaataa haye.
purtagaal mein, cork vann krishi key liye anupayukt kharaab mitty vaale oonche kshetron mein pramukh hain, jisamen algarve kshetra key pahaad aur alentezo kshetra kii pahaadiyaan shamil hain. adhikansh cork vann niji bhoomi parr hain. kuchh jangalon mein cumm jhaadiyon koo aag key jokhim koo cumm karane key liye saaf kiya jaataa haye, jabaki anya mein cumm jhaadiyon koo praakritik roop seey badhane kii anumati dee jaati haye.
paaramparik cork oak agro-silvopastoral paridrishyon koo portugal mein "montados" aur spen mein "dehesa" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. unake paas oak vanon (40 seey 80 pedh prati hectare) kii tulanaa mein cumm pedh ghanatva haye, aur ack khuli chandwa yaa vyaapak roop seey doori vaale pedh hain joe ack sawana key samaan hain. cumm jhaadiyon koo jhaadiyon seey saaf rakhaa jaataa haye, aur jaanvaron koo charaane yaa fasalon, aamtaur parr gehuun, jou aur jou ugaane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye.
1920 seey 1960 key dashak taka, purtagaali sarkaaron ney badey paimaane parr gehuun key utpaadan koo badhaava diyaa, aur nichale ilaakon mein kaee montado koo ack krishi vaale gehuun key kheton aur tractors koo samaayojit karane key liye manjuri dee gaee. 1960 key dashak seey purtagaal kaa shaharikaran hoe gayaa haye, aur europeeya aur purtagaali krishi neetiyaan abb chhote paimaane parr gehuun kii kheti kaa samarthan naheen karati hain. isake parinamswarup, kuchh chhote "montado" kheton koo chhod diyaa gayaa haye, aur anya badey vaanijyik krishi karyon mein samekit hoe gaye hain.
spen mein, kaale iberian suar koo gheron mein paalaa jaataa haye, lekin "dehesa" mein ghoomane kii anumati dee jaati haye, jahaan way acorn parr charate hain. suaron koo jaiman ibericho key liye vadh kiya jaataa haye, aur acorn-poshit suaron key haim koo uchchatam gunavatta maanaa jaataa haye. paaristhitiki kshetra kii oak prajaati ("quercus elex, kyu. lucitanica, kyu. pyrenaca, "aur" q. suber) varsh key vibhinn samay parr acorn kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, isaliye vividh oak vanaspatiyon key saath "dehesa" adhik sooaron koo banaae rakh sakata haye. prashikshit sooaron kaa upayog oak key pedon kii jadon seey maang vaale kaale truffles kii kataai key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye.
haal key dashakon mein, jalavaayu parivartan aur jaiv vividhata key nuksan kii pratikriya key roop mein tikaau sylviculture prathaon mein ruchi badhee haye. alentezo mein montemore-oh-novo key paas, foros dee vaale figuira gaanv mein jhund doo freexo doo meyo farm, "montado" sylviculture key ack roop koo punarjeevit curr rhaa haye. 600 hectare key khet mein akhrot, cork oak, olive, citrus aur anya phal aur akhrot key pedh angur kii belon kaa samarthan karate hain, aur sooaron, gaayon, murgiyon aur turkey kii purani kismon koo bhojan aur chhaaya pradaan karate hain.
bagan.
portugal key vyaapak kshetron mein samudri cheed ("pinus pinaster") key bagan lagaae gaye hain aur nilgiri, jyaadaatar "nilgiri globulus" kii shuruat kii gaee haye. pine kaa upayog mukhya roop seey lakadi aur kann board key liye kiya jaataa haye, jabaki nilgiri kaa upayog kagaj banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. 1970 key dashak key baad seey nilgiri key baganon mein vriddhi hui, jyaadaatar pine key baganon kii jagah. nilgiri mein lagaae gaye kshetra kaa 20 pratishat hissa lakadi companiyon dwara prabandhit kiya jaataa haye, baaki bhukhandon parr, aksar chhote, vyaktigat bhoomi maalikon dwara prabandhit kiya jaataa haye. nilgiri aur pine key mishrit stend bhee aam hain, vishesh roop seey anchaahe baganon mein. "nilgiri globulus" praakritik hoe sakata haye aur paryaapt paani vaale kshetron mein fail sakata haye. aprail 2017 mein, purtagaali sarkaar ney nilgiri key baganon key vistaar koo pratibandhit karane key apane iraade kii ghoshana kii, jiska lugadi udyog aur bhoomi maalikon ney virodh kiya thaa. juuna 2017 mein portugal key jangalon mein luggy ghaatak aag key baad, jisake parinamswarup 66 logon kii maut hoe gaee aur 204 loga ghayal hoe gaye, sarkaar ney kuchh kshetron mein nilgiri ugaane parr pratibandh, nilgiri key paudhon kii anadhikrit khareed parr jurmana, aur kewal nirdisht kshetron mein nilgiri lagaane yaa phir seey lagaane kii anumati sahit aage key pratibandhon kii ghoshana kii, jisamen pratyek hectare key liye ack aadhe hectare kii anumati dee gaee thee.
sanrakshit kshetra.
paaristhitiki kshetra kaa 14,761 varg kilometres yaa 21 pratishat sanrakshit kshetron mein haye.
sanrakshit kshetron mein arabida praakritik udyaan (176.53 km2), riya formosa praakritik udyaan (179.01 km2), seras dee aire ee candiros praakritik udyaan (383.92 km2), cintra-caskise praakritik udyaan (144.51 km2), aur portugal mein sudoeste alentezano ee costa vicentina praakritik udyaan (895.72 km2), aur spen mein loss alcornocales praakritik udyaan aur donna rashtriya udyaan shamil hain.

