
jivaroan loga

jivaroan loga uttari peru aur purvi aquador mein maranon nadee aur isaki sahayak nadiyon key udgam jall mein swadeshi loga hain. janjaatiyaan chicham bhaashaaen bolati hain.
unakaa paaramparik jeevan shally bagwani parr nirbhar karati haye, aur sharaab key saath jahar vaale bandookon aur darts key saath shikaar parr nirbhar karati haye. inn donon gatividhiyon key ird-gird jatil aadhyatmik vishvaason kaa nirmaan hotaa haye. jivaroan sanskriti mein sir parr hamla karane aur ayahuwaska samaroh bhee shamil hain.
16veen shatabdi mein, jivaaro yoddhaon ney amezan besin mein inka samrajya key vistaar koo roque diyaa, aur spanish vijetaon kii bastiyon koo nasht curr diyaa.
vyutpatti.
jivaaro" shabd sambhavatah zivaar kaa ack apabhransh haye, ack shabd jiska arth shuar chicham bhasha mein "loga" haye. spanish aupaniveshik kaal key dauran, "jivaros" koo sabhya key vipareet key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa. iss prakaar jibaro shabd ney spanish bhasha mein pravesh kiya; equador mein yeh atyadhik apmaanjanak haye aur "berber" kaa sanket detaa haye; equador key baahar, vishesh roop seey mexico mein aur puerto rico mein jibaro mein, iska arth "graameen loga joe paaramparik tareeke seey bhoomi parr kheti karate hain" hoe gayaa haye.
samooh.
pramukh samooh hainh
kuchh ney nimnalikhit naam bhee diye hainh
isake alawa, shiviyar, kwekua bolane vaalon key buggle mein, corrients nadee key kinare rahane vaale achur bolane vaalon kaa ack samooh haye; kaee shiviyar bhee iss anya, asambandhit, bhasha koo bolate hain.
dharm.
vishvaas aur vishva drishtikon.
jivaroan vishva drishtikon iss vichaar parr banaaya gayaa haye kii sajeev aur nirjeev donon vastuon mein aisee aatmaaen hoti hain jinhen maanav aankhen naheen dekh sakati hain. inn aatmaon mein shakti yaa karaam hotaa haye, jise jivaroan loga maanate hain kii kissy key aatm key bheetar niyantrit aur upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. michael harner inn aatmaon key baare mein baat karate hain, jinhen "arutam" kahaa jaataa haih "ack vyakti" arutam "aatma key saath paida naheen hotaa haye. aisee aatma koo kuchh paaramparik tarikon seey praapt kiya jaanaa chaahiye. iss prakaar kii aatma kaa adhigrahan ack vayask purush key astitva key liye itna mahatvapurna maanaa jaataa haye kii ack ladke key maataa-pitaa usase binaa ack key pichhale yauvan kaal mein jeene kii ummeed naheen karate hain. baar-baar markar, koee bhee vyakti purani "arutam" aatmaon koo naee aatmaon key saath pratisthaapit karke lagaatar shakti jamaa curr sakata haye. yeh "vyaapaar-inn" tantra ack mahatvapurna visheshta haye kyonki jaba kissy vyakti key paas chaar yaa paanch varshon taka ack hii "arutam" aatma hoti haye, tou yeh apane sote hue malik koo raat mein jangal mein bhatakane key liye chhod detaa haye. jald yaa baad mein, jaba yeh iss tarah pedon key beach seey beh rhaa hoga, tou ack aur jeevaro ise "chori" curr legaa. tadnusar, purani aatma key raat mein bhatakana shuru karane seey pahale ack naee aatma praapt karna atyadhik vaanchhaniya haye. yeh mahsoos kii gaee aavashyakta vyakti koo harr kuchh varshon mein hatyaa abhiyaan mein bhaag lene key liye protsaahit karati haye."
hatyaa jivaaro sanskriti kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa bunn jaati haye. purush apane samudaayon key bheetar shikari banane key baad hii shaadi key yogya hotey hain. jitna adhik vyakti maartaa haye, utanaa hii adhik shakti hoti haye, jisase ack vyakti koo mrityu kii pratiraksha milati haye. iss prakaar key aatm vishvaas key sambandh mein hinsa jivaaro sanskriti kaa ack badaa hissa haye. harner ney jivaaro samudaay key bheetar vishvaas kii mukhya pranaliyon key baare mein baat keeh "jivaaro aatmaon kii maanyataaen maukhik vichaar kii chaar pramukh swaayatt pranaliyon mein seey ack hain joe unaki sanskriti mein abb taka ullikhit hain. anya teen fasal purry ("nungui") maanyataon kii pranaaliyan aur sambandh pranali hain. choonki ack pranali mein vishvaas spasht roop seey dusare mein vishvaas parr adharit naheen haye, isaliye nunui, jaadoo-tona yaa sambandh key sambandh mein vishvaason kaa sahaara liye binaa jeevaro aatma vishvaason kii paryaapt samajh praapt kii jaa sakati haye."
devta aur devta.
jivaroan logon kaa ack bahudevaadi dharm haye. sungi shamanvaad key devta hain, aur devi "nungui" dharti maan koo sandarbhit karati haye. "nungui" koo ack chhoti aur bhaari mahila key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, joe ack kaali poshak mein haye. gahari bhoomigat avastha mein rahane key baad, vaha raat mein mahilaaon key bageechon mein nritya karane key liye nikalati haye, jinake bageeche taba fasal kataai key mausam key liye utpaadak bunn jaate hain. mahilaaen "nungui" koo bageechon kii raksha karane key liye kahati hain, aur way usey khush karane key liye rojana bageechon koo saavdhaanipoorvak kharpatwar karati hain. jivaaro ack surakshaatmak bhavna mein vishvaas karate hain joe unake paas aatmik darshanon key madhyam seey aatee haye. yeh aatma, jise "arutam" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, unhein chot, bimari aur mrityu seey bachaane key liye maanaa jaataa haye. jeevaron devi-devta prakriti seey gaharaai seey judey hue hain. alag-alag rachnaakaar aur devta hain joe manushya aur janwar kii utpatti, praakritik ghatnaaon kii ghatana aur dainik jeevan mein maujood sambandhon kii vyakhya karate hain. unaki rachana key mithak unaki hinsa-adharit sanskriti kaa samarthan karate hain kyonki "isamen devtaon key beach ladaaiyon kii ack shrinkhala kaa prabhutva haye aur yeh ack aavashyak dwandwa haye kii loga kahaan peedit hain.devtaon mein aisee aatmaaen hain joe usa vyakti koo gyaan aur suraksha pradaan karane key liye jaani jaati hain jisase way bandhe hue hain. kuchh aam taur parr dekhe jaane vaale janwar anakonda, "paangi" aur vishal titali "wampong" hain. yeye janwar logon koo thheek karane yaa mantramugdh karane mein shaman kii sahaayata curr sakate hain. jivaroan vishva drishtikon key madhyam seey, yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii bimari aur mrityu dusht shamanon dwara kissy kii aatma parr hamalon key kaaran hoti haye. upchaar karane vaale shaman "ayahuwaska" samaroh aayojit karenge aur jaadoo-tona dwara kiye gaye kaam kaa mukabala karane key liye vibhinn anushthaan karenge.
anushthaan.
jivaaro bagwani.
kaee anya sanskritiyon key vipareet, jivaaro sanskritiyaan shikaar kii tulanaa mein bagwani parr adhik jore detee hain. yeh unake mool kshetra amezan mein shikaar kii apratyaashit prakriti key kaaran haye. natijatan, jivaaro sanskritiyon mein bagwani key liye ack anushthaanik drishtikon ankurit huaa.
jivaaro ney bagwani kii vishvasaniya, vistrit pranali vikasit kii haye, lekin way abhee bhee maanate hain kii yeh adhiniyam aisaa haye...jaisa kii michael braun ney ack pepper mein kahaa thaa, "alto riyo meyo, peru mein aguaruna jivaaro bagwani kaa jaadoo.isake baad unhone aage kahaa kii" apane ugaaye gaye paudhon key vikas koo protsaahit karane key liye way jadui bagwani geet gaate hain, ack nayaa bagicha lagaate samay anushthaanon kaa ack samooh karate hain, aur bageeche key kaam seey judee kuchh varjanaon kaa paalan karate hain.shikaar seey judee samaan maanyataon aur anushthaanon kii tarah, jeevaro kaa maanana haye kii aatmaaen paudhon mein rahati hain aur unhein vibhinn geeton, mantron aur nrityon dwara badhane key liye protsaahit karane kii aavashyakta haye.
paudhon mein rahane vaali aatmaon key vishvaas key kaaran, bageeche koo mahaan aadhyatmik mahatva kaa sthaan maanaa jaataa haye. mandir key ander kii tarah, udyaan ack aisee jagah haye jahan kissy koo abhayaranya milata haye.
"yeh una kuchh sthaanon mein seey ack haye jahan ack mahila jigyasa aur sandeh koo aakarshit kiye binaa akele jaa sakati haye. yeh gupt aankho aur kaanon seey gopaniyata pradaan kartaa haye aur isaliye yeh ack nishchit matra mein antar-aur vivaahetar yaun gatividhi kaa sthal haye."
ayahuska samaroh.
ayahuwaska samaroh jivaaro sanskriti mein ack badee bhoomika nibhaate hain. inn samarohon kaa upayog aamtaur parr mantramugdh karane vaali aatmaon kii or nirdeshit upchaar prathaon key liye kiya jaataa haye. yahaan, bradley see. bennet inn upchaar prathaon parr dhyaan dete hainh
"upchaar samaroh key dauran, kewal shaman aur rogi natam peete hain aur gaayan aur jup mein bhaag lete hain jabaki shaman rogi key shareer key liye vibhinn kriyaaen karega joe aatma koo thheek karane key liye socha jaataa haye."
shaman rogi koo kissy bhee hanikarak aatma seey raahat detaa haye joe usake shareer parr hamla curr sakati haye. jivaaro bhavishya koo bataane yaa samay bataane key kaary mein bhee vishvaas karate hain. bennet ney jivaaro aur unake ayahuwaska samarohon kaa ack aur nott banaaya, jahan ack jivaaro door key doston aur parivaar key baare mein bataane key liye ack shaman koo kaam parr rakhega.
"jivaaro shaman, ayahuwaska key prabhaav mein, aksar maanate hain kii way door key rishtedaron yaa priyajanon seey mill rahey hain. inn door key vyaktiyon koo spasht roop seey aise vyakti honey chaahiye jinake saath shaman pahale seey hii parichit haye, taaki vaha "zaan sakey kii kise dhoondhana haye. isake alawa shaman key liye aam taur parr yeh aavashyak haye kii vaha pahale seey hii door key sthaan aur vahaan pahunchane key maarg seey parichit hoe, aur adhimaantah usey usa vyakti key ghar key roop aur sthaan kaa pataa honah chaahiye jisaki talash kii jaa rahee haye."
jivaaro saikadon varshon seey inn samarohon kaa abhyaas curr rahey hain, unhein apani jadon key karib rakhate hain. ayahuwaska sharaab key samarohon kaa abhyaas jaari haye.
vishvaas.
shuar kaa maanana haye kii pahala prani, tensak, kissy vyakti koo shaap dene yaa thheek karane key liye ack aadhyatmik dart daaltaa haye. bennet ney darj kiya kii tensuck "astitva key ack uchch star mein maujood haye jise shaman avastha mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye."bennet ney yeh bhee dekhaa kii, ack shaman aatmaon koo thheek karane aur jadui shamanon kaa mukabala karane key liye kaam kartaa haye, vaha ayahuwaska seey apani yatra koo badhaane aur badhaava dene mein madad karane key liye banisteriopsis cappy, tambaku aur sharaab kaa sevan karega.
bhramit karane vaale kaarak.
maanavvigyaani jivaroan bhaashaon koo alag maanate hain, lekin unhone dou bhramit karane vaale karakon kii or dhyaan aakarshit kiya haye. pahala namkaran seey sambandhit haih jivaroan bhasha bolane vaale aam taur parr yaa tou apani bhasha key shabd key liye vyakti ("shuar") yaa usa nadee key naam seey khud koo pahachaante hain jiss parr way rahate hain. natijatan, aitihaasik sroton mein yaa tou sabhi key liye ack naam, yaa kaee chhoti-chhoti jivaroa janjaatiyon key dher saare naam darj hain, jinamen seey pratyek kaa naam ack alag nadee kaa haye.
doosara kaaran samajik sangathan seey sambandhit haye. 20veen shatabdi mein equadorian yaa peruvian upanivesheekaran aur isai mission seey pahale, jivaroan samajik sangathan kii pramukh ikai bahu-vaivaahik maatri-sthaaniya parivaar yaa maatri-sangathit parivaaron kaa samooh thaa. vishesh roop seey, halanki jivaroan ack hii bhasha aur sanskriti saajha karate they, pratyek ghar yaa matrisattak roop seey sangathit parivaaron kaa samooh raajneetik aur aarthik roop seey swaayatt thaa. iss prakaar, 1938 mein maithyu sterling ney tippani kii kih
unhone yeh bhee kahaah
upaniveshvaad aur isai missionaryon kii upasthiti seey pahale, jivaaro bhashi kissy bhee sthir aur spasht roop seey seemit rajneeti yaa jaatiya samoohon mein sangathit naheen they.
europeeya upanivesheekaran aur mission key jawab mein, jivaroan vaktaaon ney naabhikiya bastiyon kaa gathan kiya haye joe raajneetik sanghon mein sangathit hainh federatian antar-praantiya dee centros shuar aur equador mein nacionidad achur dee equador, aur peru mein sangathan central dee communidase aguarunas dell alto maranon aur concejo egwaruna vaaee humebisa.
aakramankariyon key khilaf pratirodh.
dakshin america mein spanish aagaman key samay, jivaaro ack swatantra sanskriti thee aur baahari logon key prati shatrutapurna thee. padosi inka ney jivaroan logon koo vash mein karane kii koshish kii thee, lekin inka samrajya key vistaar key prayaas kaee khooni takraavon key baad whiffle hoe gaye, jahaan inka senaa ugra jivaroan yoddhaon key khilaf haar gaee. jivaaro ney spaniards key khilaf bhee isi tarah kaa pratirodh kiya, joe placer soney kii talash mein apane kshetra mein aae they. unnisvin shatabdi key madhya taka, jivaroa janjaatiyon kaa kshetriya adhikaariyon key saath kewal seemit aur rook-rook curr sampark thaa.