pranali

pranali kaary-unmukh yaa samarpit pranaliyon kaa ack sangrah haye joe apane sansadhanon aur kshamataon koo ack saath jodkar ack naee, adhik jatil pranali banaata haye joe kewal ghatak pranaliyon key yog kii tulanaa mein adhik karyakshamta aur pradarshan pradaan kartaa haye. vartamaan mein, pranaliyon kii pranaaliyan ack mahatvapurna shodh vishay haye jisake liye sandarbh, vichaar prakriyaaen, matratmak vishleshan, upkaran aur design vidhiyaan adhuri hain. pranali samasyaon kii pranali koo paribhaashit karane, amoort karane, pratiroopan aur vishleshan karane kii paddhati koo aamtaur parr pranali engineering kii pranali key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.
avalokan.
aam taur parr prastaavit vivaran-aavashyak roop seey paribhaashaaen naheen-pranaliyon kii pranaliyon key, saahitya mein unaki upasthiti key crum mein neeche ullikhit hainh
inn sabhi vivaranon seey pataa chalata haye kii pranali kii samasyaon kii pranali key liye nirnay samarthan mein sudhaar key liye pranali engineering dhaanche kii ack poori pranali kii aavashyakta haye. vishesh roop seey, nirnay nirmaataon koo yeh nirdhaarit karane mein madad karane key liye system engineering dhaanche kii ack prabhaavi pranali kii aavashyakta haye kii kyaa sambandhit buniyaadi dhancha, neeti aur/yaa praudyogiki vichaar ack paraspar sambandhit samagr key roop mein samay key saath achche, burey yaa tatasth hain. pranali kii samasyaon koo hull karane kii aavashyakta naa kewal aaj kii chunautiyon kii badhati jatilata key kaaran haye, balki isaliye bhee haye kyonki aisee samasyaon key liye bahu-peedhi parinam key saath badey maudrik aur sansaadhan nivesh kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
system-off-system vishay.
pranali kaa drishtikon.
jabaki pranaliyon kii ack pranali kaa gathan karane vaali vyaktigat pranaaliyan bahut alag hoe sakati hain aur swatantra roop seey kaam curr sakati hain, unaki antahkriyaen aamtaur parr mahatvapurna ubharate gunon koo ujagar karati hain aur vitarit karati hain. inn ubharate hue swaroopon kii ack vikasit prakriti haye jise hitdhaarakon koo pahachaanana, vishleshan karna aur samajhana chaahiye. pranali drishtikon kii pranali vishesh upkaranon, tarikon yaa prathaon kii vakaalat naheen karati haye; isake bajaay, yeh bhavya chunautiyon koo hull karane key liye sochane key ack nae tareeke koo badhaava detee haye jahaan praudyogiki, neeti aur arthshastra kii baatchit praathamik chaalak hain. pranali adhyayan kii pranali designing, jatilata aur pranali engineering key samanya adhyayan seey sambandhit haye, lekin design kii atirikt chunauti koo bhee saamane laati haye.
pranaliyon kii pranaaliyan aam taur parr jatil pranaliyon key vyavhaaron koo pradarshit karati hain, lekin sabhi jatil samasyaaen pranaliyon key kshetra mein naheen aatee hain. pranali kii samasyaon kii pranali mein antarnihit kaee lakshan sanyojan hain, jinamen seey sabhi aisee harr samasya dwara pradarshit naheen hotey hainh
pranali kii chunautiyon kii pehchaan karane key liye pahale paanch lakshnon koo meyer key mandand key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. shesh teen lakshnon koo dow. dwara pranali kii chunautiyon key pratiroopan aur vishleshan pranali key ganitiya nihitarth key adhyayan seey prastaavit kiya gayaa haye. daniel delaurantis aur unake saha-shodhkarta purdue vishvavidyalaya mein.
shodh.
pranali kii samasyaon key liye prabhaavi drishtikon mein vartamaan anusandhaan mein shamil hainh
anuprayog.
pranaliyon kii pranaaliyan, jabaki abhee bhee mukhya roop seey raksha kshetra mein jaanch kii jaa rahee haye, rashtriya vayu aur vaahan parivahan aur antariksh anveshan jaise kshetron mein bhee upayog dekhi jaa rahee hain. anya kshetron mein jahaan ise lagu kiya jaa sakata haye, unamen swaasthya dekhbhal, internet kaa design, software ekikaran aur oorjaa prabandhan aur bijli pranaliyan shamil hain. lachilepan kii samajik-paaristhitik vyaakhyaaen, jahan hamari duniya key vibhinn star (jaise.jee.prithvi pranali, raajneetik pranali) koo aapas mein judee hui yaa nihit pranaliyon key roop mein vyakhya kii jaati haye, joe pranali-pranali drishtikon apanaati hain. aapoorti shrinkhala lachilaapan key liye vyavasaay mein ack anuprayog paaya jaa sakata haye.
shaikshanik sansthaan aur udyog.
sangathanon kii vistrit shrinkhala key beach sahyog pranali kii samasya varg aur pranali kii samasyaon key modeling aur vishleshan key liye karyapranali koo paribhaashit karane kii pranali key vikas mein madad curr rhaa haye. kaee vaanijyik sansthaon, anusandhaan sansthanon, shaikshanik karyakramon aur sarkari sangathanon mein chala rahee pariyojanaaen hain.
iss avadharana key vikas mein pramukh hitdhaarak hainh
udaaharan key liye, dodd ney haal hii mein raksha-sambandhit pariyojanaon mein anuprayogon key liye system-off-system engineering key liye ack aupchaarik paddhati vikasit karane key liye system engineering kii pranali key liye rashtriya kendron kii sthaapana kii.
ack anya udaaharan mein, anveshan pranali vastukala adhyayan key anusaar, nassa ney rashtrapati jee dwara ullikhit lakshyon koo puuraa karane key liye ack nae anveshan "system-off-system" key vikas kaa netritva karane key liye anveshan pranali mission nideshalaya (ee. aiss. aim. dee.) sangathan kii sthaapana kii.doubleu. 2004 mein antariksh anveshan key liye busch drishti.
europeeya aayog dwara praayojit kaee shodh pariyojanaaen aur sahaayata kaary vartamaan mein pragati parr hain. aff. pee. 7 aaee. see. tii. kaary karyakram mein yeye lakshit ranneetik uddeshya ist-2011.3.3 (antarnihit pranaliyon key liye nae pratimaan, jatil pranali engineering kii or nigrani aur niyantran). iss uddeshya kaa ack vishisht dhyaan "pranali-pranali key design, vikas aur engineering" parr haye. inn pariyojanaon mein shamil hainh

