
asweekriti matdan

asweekriti matdan koee bhee chunavi pranali haye joe kaee matdaataon koo ack saath aupchaarik asweekriti vyakt karane kii anumati detee haye, ack aisee pranali mein jahaan way sabhi kuchh shakti saajha karate hain. adhikansh chunavi pranaliyon key vipareet, isake liye aavashyak haye kii kewal nakaratmak upaay yaa vikalp matadaata yaa pratinidhi key saamane prastut kiye jaaen. yadi kissy karyalaya key liye ummidvaaron kaa chayan karane key liye, yaa matdan yaa khel key agale daur koo jaari rakhane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye, tou yeh yaa tou ekal yaa bahu-vijeta haye, kyonki harr koee joe asweekrit naheen haye, vaastav mein usa daur key liye ack vijeta haye.
janmat sangrah yaa vaapas bulaaye jaane vaale chunaav koo asweekriti matdan key nyuntam roop kahaa jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, aamtaur parr kewal ack upaay yaa ummidwar koo asweekrit karane key liye prastut kiya jaataa haye. sahee asweekriti matdan key liye dou seey adhik vikalpon yaa pratinidhiyon kii aavashyakta hogi, aur matdaataon seey ack yaa adhik koo aswikar karane key liye kahaa jaayega.
isake khilaf matdan karein.
nakaratmak mutt key arth kii vibhinn vyaakhyaaen hain. iss shabd kaa upayog kabhi-kabhi ack matadaata koo ummidvaaron key poore kshetra koo aswikar karane kii anumati dene key liye kiya jaataa haye; iska matlab yeh bhee hoe sakata haye kii matdaataon koo ack yaa adhik ummidvaaron key khilaf matdan karane kii peshkash kii jaati haye, lekin iska upayog kabhi-kabhi una pranaliyon key liye kiya jaataa haye joe ack matadaata koo yeh chunane kii anumati detee hain kii kissy ummidwar key paksh mein yaa virodh mein matdan karna haye yaa naheen.
veeto karane, virodh karane, vyaktiyon yaa vikalpon koo chhodkar, yaa kissy paddhari koo hataane kaa manovigyaan, matdaataon, vidhayakon yaa board key sadasyon kii or seey ack bahut hii alag sangyanatmak purvagrah aur jokhim seey ghrina key tareeke koo trigger kartaa haye-iss prakaar asweekriti koo kewal 'nakaratmak anumodan' key roop mein sochana ack atee-saralikaran haye. isi tarah kii vishamataaen arthshastra mein lagu hoti hain, jahan unakaa adhyayan vyavhaar vitt mein kiya jaataa haye, aur samajik vigyaan aur naitikta mein, sahishnuta banaam vareeyataon kii abhivyakti key roop mein, jaise.jee. jaise janmat sarvekshanon mein.
prasiddh lifeboat khel koo aksar kalpana mein asweekriti matdan roop key roop mein chitrit kiya jaataa haye, jisamen garib vyakti koo oopar fenkane seey sabse adhik asweekrit kiya jaataa haye.
asweekriti matdan key samanya uddeshya key tareeke, ee.jee. aam chunaavon mein ack chunavi sudhaar key roop mein upayog key liye, raajneetik vaigyaanikon dwara prastaavit aur charcha kii gaee haye, lekin iss vishay parr bahut cumm saahitya haye. iss mudde kii adhikansh charcha sarvasammati seey nirnay lene key siddhant mein kendrit haye, jahaan kissy upaay koo aswikar karane vaale sadasyon kii chhoti sankhya mein ise avaruddh karane kii asman shakti hoti haye.
saath hii, reality game show mein asweekriti matdan chunavi pranaliyon key anuprayog kaa ack visfot huaa haye, jaisa kii neeche ullekh kiya gayaa haye. adhikansh loga kewal inn show seey hii iss avadharana seey parichit hain.
anya chunavi pranaliyon mein asweekriti kii abhivyakti.
roose key chhah kshetron aur kshetra key kaee anya deshon mein matdaataon koo sabhi ummidvaaron key khilaf matdan karane kii anumati haye. kanada mein, koee bhee matdan kendra parr upasthit hoe sakata haye aur matpatra seey incar curr sakata haye; haalaanki ise ack vote key roop mein naheen ginaa jaataa haye, asweekrit matpatron koo kharaab matpatron aur noo-show seey alag seey ginaa jaataa haye.
koee bhee chunavi pranali asweekriti kii kuchh abhivyakti kii anumati detee haye, lekin yeye aavashyak roop seey pasand yaa anumodan kii abhivyaktiyon key saath bhramit hotey hain, jisase kuchh loga yeh nishkarsh nikaalate hain kii inn abhivyaktiyon koo alag karna sabse achchha haih
yuu key baad.aiss. rashtrapati chunaav, 2000 mein kuchh tippanikaron ney sujhaav diyaa kii kissy ummidwar koo manjuri dene kii kshamata, lekin usaki party sambaddhata yaa usake munch key tatvon koo aswikar karna, kaafee mahatvapurna hoe sakata haye, aur raajneetik pranali key saath nagrikon kii santushti iss tarah key chunavi sudhaar parr nirbhar curr sakati haye.
sanyukt raajya america kii harit party key sadasyon key ack samooh ney, khud koo "gor key liye hariyali" kahate hue, iss tathya koo spasht curr diyaa kii way gor koo vote dey rahey they, lekin unhone usa loktaantrik party key munch kaa samarthan naheen kiya jisane unhein naamit kiya thaa, balki apani harit party kaa samarthan kiya, jise unhone gor seey lagu karane kaa ahwan kiya thaa. yeh anaupchaarik star parr asweekriti matdan kaa ack udaaharan haye, jahaan matdaataon ney party aur munch koo asweekrit karate hue ummidwar koo manjuri dene kaa ack tarika khoj liya-aur unake pramukh pratidvandi, george doubleu. jhaadi.
soviyat sangh ney perestroica key dauran bahu-vijeta chunaavon key liye asweekriti matdan key ack roop key saath prayog kiya, jisamen matadaata una ummidvaaron key naamon koo paar curr sakate they jinhen way anumodit naheen karate they, aur jinake paas sabse badee manjuri (50 pratishat seema seey adhik) thee, unhein chunaa gayaa thaa. isase pahale, matdan kewal ack chhal thaah aupchaarik roop seey matpatra parr kewal ack naam key saath ack asweekriti pranali, matdaataon koo kissy anya ummidwar koo kharaab karane yaa likhane key liye matdan kendra mein pravesh karane key liye bhee naheen kahaa jaataa thaa, lekin turant ekatra matpatra koo dibbe mein daal denaa thaa (isaliye, koee gupt matadhikar naheen).
aksar yeh bhee kahaa jaataa haye kii ack "virodh ummidwar" yaa ack "samjhauta ummidwar" key liye vote koo asweekriti mutt key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, kyonki kramshah nivartamaan yaa vaikalpik kii avaanchhaniya visheshtaon koo matdaataon kii mukhya chinta kahaa jaa sakata haye. nishchit roop seey chunavi parinamon seey yeh nirdhaarit karna asambhav haye, kyonki usa ummidwar koo chunane key uddeshya seey ack vote adhikansh pranaliyon mein ack seey alag naheen haye jiska uddeshya dusare koo avaruddh karna yaa aswikar karna thaa.
paksh aur virodh mein tark.
aaparaadhik kaanoon aur rajanyik sambandhon sahit sarkaar key ack upkaran key roop mein asweekriti kii vyaapaktaa koo dekhate hue, kuchh loga cumm matdan koo nuksan koo cumm karane key tareeke key bajaay vaanchhaniya parinam key sakaratmak aur swaichhik vikalp key roop mein dekhate hain.
asweekriti matdan key anya adhivaktaon kaa tark haye kii way kewal nagrik koo una shaktiyon kaa vistaar karna chaahte hain joe pahale seey hii karyapalika koo sanrachana key sandarbh mein saunpi gaee hain, jaise.jee. aupchaarik roop seey asweekrit honey vaale kaee matdaataon koo rashtrapati koo bataana chaahiye kii veeto kaa prayog kaba karna haye. yeh vichaarsheel loktantra key liye kiye gaye kaee tarkon mein seey ack haye, aur sanyukt raajya america mein kuchh logon dwara isaki vakaalat kii gaee haye.jee. ralf nedder.
nagrik jeevan key iss drishtikon key virodhiyon kaa kahana haye kii vyaapak saarvajanik paramarsh kii jatilata aur janata koo aavashyak lekin alokpriya kharchon koo cumm karane denaa ack pratinidhi loktantra kii bhavna key vipareet haye, aur yeh ack avyaavhaarik aur avishvasaniya upaay haye. aanshik roop seey yeh asweekriti kii kissy bhee yojana mein nihit rajneeti, dalon aur manchon key nakaratmak drishtikon key prati pratikriya haye.
asweekriti yaa anumodan matdan kii vakaalat koo sahishnuta banaam vareeyata samasya parr ack sthiti lene key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. kuchh logon kaa prastaav haye kii asweekriti seey matadaata key sahishnuta key vichaaron koo badhaava milane kii adhik sambhavana haye, jaise.jee. jaise kii ack garib mahila mein jeevan bhar kaa saathi chunane mein, jabaki anumodan seey prathmiktaon key badhane kii adhik sambhavana hoti haye, jaise.jee. jaise kharidari mein. yeh sujhaav, chunavi pranaliyon kii adhikansh vakaalat kii tarah, vivadaspad haye kyonki iska tatparya haye kii matadaata apane liye sahishnuta aur prathmiktaon donon koo naheen maap sakate hain, aur aise nishkarsh parr naheen pahunch sakate hain joe donon parr vichaar karate hain.
ack anya mudda yeh haye kii kaee samajon mein, vishesh roop seey asia mein, asweekriti kii abhivyaktiyon koo asamajik maanaa jaataa haye. chean kii sarkaar mein, joe ack loktantra kii tulanaa mein ack naukarshahi key roop mein adhik sanrachit haye, ack adhikaari joe ack star koo badhaata haye, usey anya logon dwara usa star parr anumodit kiya jaataa haye jisamen vaha pravesh curr rhaa haye-koee anya ummidwar prastut naheen kiya jaataa haye, lekin virodh key roop mein anupasthit rehna asamanya naheen haye. 67-80% seey cumm key iss anusamarthan mutt mein samarthan koo ack majboot asweekriti key roop mein liya jaataa haye-aur sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii usa vyakti key vartamaan star parr vriddhi koo samaapt curr detaa haye. aisee kissy bhee sanrachana mein, aupchaarik asweekriti matdan seey cumm imandar parinam hoe sakate hain, yadi kissy koo aupchaarik roop seey asweekrit naheen karane key liye sahakarmi dabaav charam haye.
lokpriya upayog.
asweekriti matdan key upayog key sabse prasiddh udaaharan reality game show mein hain, jaise.jee. "uttarjeevi", "sabse kamjor kadee", "jahan iska upayog pratiyogita seey ack baar mein ack pratiyogi koo hataane key liye kiya jaataa haye, yaa" "boot camp" "parr upayog kii jaane vaali bhinnata jahan samaapt pratiyogi" "ack (dusare) koo apane saath leey jaa sakata haye. (notah yahaan diye gaye udaaharan asweekriti matdan kii tulanaa mein coomb kii vidhi key behtar udaaharan hain jaisa kii yahaan varnit haye).
avishvaas matdan.
asweekriti matdan kaa ack vishesh mamla avishvaas prastaav haye. yeh ack vidhaayika kaa prastaav haye-naa kii una matdaataon key vote key bajaay jinhone ise chunaa-yeh vyakt karate hue kii yeh vartamaan karyapalika yaa karyapalika key kuchh sadasyon koo aswikar kartaa haye. westminster pranali mein, joe vyakti yaa vyakti avishvaas prastaav khou dete hain, unase aam taur parr samvaidhaanik parampara key mamle key roop mein istifa dene kii ummeed kii jaati haye, aur ack karyapalika key mamle mein aam chunaav kaa parinam aam taur parr taba taka hotaa haye, jaba taka kii ack pratisthaapan sarkaar (aamtaur parr ack nayaa pradhaan mantri, joe baad mein ack nayaa mantrimandal niyukt curr sakata haye) koo "vishvaas" key prastaav mein anumodit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. iss prakriya koo united kingdam mein nishchit avadhi sansad adhiniyam 2011 dwara aupchaarik roop diyaa gayaa haye.
avishvaas matdan kewal aswikar curr sakata haye; iska upayog kissy vishesh ummidwar koo manjuri dene key liye naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh nirnay shamil logon key beach raajneetik charcha parr chhod diyaa gayaa haye.
ack safal avishvaas mutt koo prerit karane vaalaa pratishat vyaapak roop seey bhinn hoe sakata haye, chhote moolyon (jaise 20 pratishat) seey joe alpsankhyakon (vishesh roop seey matdan kiye jaa rahey mudde mein anubhav vaale logon) koo sarvasammati taka parinam taya karane kii anumati dete hain.