
ell. tii. aar. retrotransposan

ell. tii. aar. retrotransposan varg I pargamya tatva hain joe ack aantarik coding kshetra koo seedhe buggle mein lambe terminal repeats (ell. tii. aar.) kii upasthiti kii visheshta haye. retrotransposan key roop mein, way apane aim. aar. aine. aeye. key riverse transcription aur nae banaae gaye see. dee. aine. aeye. koo dusare sthaan parr ekikrit karate hain. unake punahpravartan tantra koo retrovirus key saath saajha kiya jaataa haye, iss antar key saath kii adhikansh ell. tii. aar.-retrotransposan sankraamak kann naheen banaate hain joe koshikaon koo chhodate hain aur isaliye kewal unake mool genome key ander dohrate hain. joe (kabhi-kabhi) virus jaise kann banaate hain, unhein "orterviral" key tahat vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye.
unakaa aakar kuchh sou aadhar jode seey laker 25key. bee. taka hotaa haye, udaaharan key liye mutter genome mein ogre retrotransposan.
paudhon key genome mein, ell. tii. aar. retrotransposan pramukh doharaae jaane vaale anukram varg hain, udaaharan key liye, joe makke key genome kaa 75 pratishat seey adhik hissa banaate hain. ell. tii. aar. retrotransposan maanav genome kaa lagbhag 8 pratishat aur choohe key genome kaa lagbhag 10 pratishat banaate hain.
sanrachana aur prasaar.
ell. tii. aar. retrotransposan mein seedhe lambe terminal repeat hotey hain joe aakar mein ~ 100 bee. pee. seey laker 5 key. bee. seey adhik hotey hain. ell. tii. aar. retrotransposan koo aage upa-vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye-tye1-"copia"-jaise (seudoviridae), tye3-jaise (metaviridae, jise aupchaarik roop seey jipsey-jaise key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, ack naam jise sevaanivritti key liye maanaa jaa rhaa haye), aur bell-paao-jaise (belpaoviridae) samooh donon key anukram samaantaa kii degree aur encoded jeane utpaadon key crum key aadhar parr. retrotransposan key tii. aaee. 1-"copia" aur tii. aaee. 3-metaviridae samooh aamtaur parr jaanvaron, kavak, protista aur paudhon key genome mein uchch pratilipi sankhya (prati haploid naabhik mein kuchh million pratiyon taka) mein paae jaate hain. bell-paao jaise tatva abb taka kewal jaanvaron mein paae gaye hain.
sabhi karyatmak ell. tii. aar.-retrotransposan cumm seey cumm dou jeane, gagg aur poul koo kootbaddh karate hain, joe unaki pratikriti key liye paryaapt hotey hain. "gagg" ack polyprotein koo capsid aur ack nucleocapsid domen key saath kootbaddh kartaa haye. gagg protein koshika dravya mein virus jaise kann banaate hain jisake ander riverse-transcription hotaa haye. poul" jeane teen protein kaa utpaadan kartaa haih ack protease (pee. aar.), ack riverse transcriptase joe ack aar. tii. (riverse-transcriptase) aur ack aar. aine. aeye. aiss. aich. domen key saath sampann haye, aur ack integrays (inn).
aam taur parr, ell. tii. aar.-retrotransposan aim. aar. aine. aeye. kaa utpaadan mezban aar. aine. aeye. poul II dwara kiya jaataa haye joe apane 5 'ell. tii. aar. mein sthit ack pravartak parr kaary kartaa haye. gagg aur poul jeane ack hii aim. aar. aine. aeye. mein kootbaddh hotey hain. mezban prajaatiyon key aadhar parr, dou polyprotein koo vyakt karane key liye dou alag-alag ranneetiyon kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haih ack ekal khule padhane vaale frame (orf) mein ack sanlayan jise phir vibhajit kiya jaataa haye yaa donon orf key beach ack frameshift kii shuruat. kabhi-kabhi ribosomal frameshifting donon proteins key utpaadan kii anumati detee haye, jabaki yeh sunishchit karati haye kii virus jaise kann banaane key liye bahut adhik gagg protein kaa utpaadan kiya jaataa haye.
riverse transcription aamtaur parr 5 '-ell. tii. aar. key turant neeche kii or sthit ack chhote anukram mein shuru hotaa haye aur ise primer binding site (pee. bee. aiss.) kahaa jaataa haye. vishisht mezban tii. aar. aine. aeye. pee. aiss. seey judate hain aur riverse-transcription key liye primer key roop mein kaary karate hain, joe ack jatil aur bahu-charaniya prakriya mein hotaa haye, antatah ack dohare fanse hue see. dee. aine. aeye. anu kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. see. dee. aine. aeye. koo antatah ack nae sthaan mein ekikrit kiya jaataa haye, jisase chhote tii. aiss. dee. (lakshit sthal duplication) banate hain aur mezban genome mein ack naee prati jodee jaati haye.
prakaar.
tii. aaee. 1-"copia" retrotransposan.
tii. aaee. 1-"copia" retrotransposan ekal-koshika shaiwal seey laker bryophytes, gymnosperm aur angiosperm taka kii prajaatiyon mein prachur matra mein paae jaate hain. way nimnalikhit crum mein chaar protein domen koo kootbaddh karate hainh protease, integrays, riverse transcriptase aur ribonucles aich.
tye1-"copia" retrotransposan key upkhand key liye cumm seey cumm dou vargeekaran pranaaliyan paanch vanshon mein maujood hainh "cyrevirus"/maximus, aurico/ivana, retrofit/eley, tork (angella/stow, taar/foref, jee. aim. aar/tork mein upvibhajit), aur biyanka.
"cyrevirus"/maximus retrotransposan mein ack atirikt anumaanit lifafa jeane hotaa haye. iss vansh kaa naam "glycine max" genome mein sansthaapak tatva saair 1 key liye rakhaa gayaa haye, aur baad mein kaee prajaatiyon jaise "zee mez", "arabidopsis thaliana", "beeta vulgaris" aur "pinus pinaster" mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. kaee anukramit paadap genome key paadap "cyrevirus" koo massivedub "cyrevirus" databases mein sankshep mein prastut kiya gayaa haye.
tii. aaee. 3-retrotransposan (aupchaarik roop seey jipsey).
tye3-retrotransposan vyaapak roop seey paadap samrajya mein vitarit kiye jaate hain, jisamen gymnosperm aur angiosperm donon shamil hain. way cumm seey cumm chaar protein domen koo crum mein kootbaddh karate hainh protease, riverse transcriptase, ribonucles aich, aur integrays. sanrachana, vishisht protein kshetron kii upasthiti/anupasthiti aur sanrakshit protein anukram rupankanon key aadhar parr, unhein kaee vanshon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih
"trutigrast virus" mein retroviral lifafa jeane key samaan ack atirikt doshpurna lifafa hotaa haye. pahale "arabidopsis thaliana" mein ethila-tatvon key roop mein varnit, baad mein unhein kaee prajaatiyon mein pahachaana gayaa haye, jaise kii "glycine max" aur "beeta vulgaris".
"chromovirus" mein unake integrays protein key see-terminus parr ack atirikt chromodoman (chromatin sangathan parivartak domen) hotaa haye. way paudhon aur kavak mein vyaapak hain, sambhavatah inn donon raajyon key vikas key dauran protein domen koo banaae rakhate hain. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii chromodoman vishisht lakshya sthalon key liye retrotransposan ekikaran kaa nirdeshan kartaa haye. chromodoman key anukram aur sanrachana key anusaar, chromovirus koo chaar vanshon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye-see. aar. aim., teke, rena aur galladryl. pratyek vansh key chromovirus vishisht ekikaran pattern dikhaate hain, jaise.jee. centromerase mein yaa aar. aar. aine. aeye. jeane mein.
ogre-tatva vishal tye3-retrotransposan hain jinaki lambai 25 key. bee. taka hoti haye. ogre tatvon kaa varnan pahali baar "pisam sativum" mein kiya gayaa haye.
"metavirus" paaramparik tii. aaee. 3-"jipsey" retrotransposan kaa varnan karate hain jinamen atirikt domen yaa oh. aar. aff. aiss. naheen hotey hain.
bell/paao parivaar.
bell/paao parivaar jaanvaron mein paaya jaataa haye.
antarjanit retrovirus (erv).
haalaanki retrovirus koo aksar alag seey vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye, way ell. tii. aar. retrotransposan key saath kaee visheshtaon koo saajha karate hain. tii. aaee. 1-"copia" aur tii. aaee. 3-"jipsey" retrotransposan key saath ack badaa antar yeh haye kii retrovirus mein ack lifafa protein (aine. vee.) hotaa haye. ack retrovirus koo baahya koshikiya gatishilata koo saksham karane vaale domen koo nishkriya yaa hataane key madhyam seey ack ell. tii. aar. retrotransposan mein parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye. yadi aisaa retrovirus sankramit hotaa haye aur baad mein roganu rekha koshikaon mein genome mein khud koo daaltaa haye, tou yeh urdhvaadhar roop seey sanchaarit hoe sakata haye aur ack antarjansheel retrovirus bunn sakata haye.
terminal repeat retrotransposan laghu (trims) mein.
kuchh ell. tii. aar. retrotransposan mein unake sabhi coding domen kii kamee hoti haye. unake chhote aakar key kaaran, unhein laghu (trims) mein antim dohrao retrotransposan key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. phir bhee, trim punahprasaaran karane mein saksham hoe sakate hain, kyonki way swaayatt tii. aaee. 1-"copia" yaa tii. aaee. 3-"jipsey" retrotransposan key coding domen parr nirbhar hoe sakate hain. trims mein, cassendra parivaar ack asadharan bhoomika nibhaata haye, kyonki parivaar uchch paudhon key beach asamanya roop seey vyaapak roop seey faila huaa haye. anya sabhi vishisht trims key vipareet, cassendra tatva apane ell. tii. aar. anukram mein 5aiss aar. aar. aine. aeye. pravartak koo aashray dete hain. apani chhoti samagr lambai aur paarshv ell. tii. aar. key apekshaakrit uchch yogdan key kaaran, trims koo punah sanyojan dwara punah vyavastha karane kii sambhavana haye. 

