auskar aar. laange

oskar risard laing (27 julaai 1904-2 octuber 1965) ack polish arthashastri aur rajanyik they. way samajwadi pranaliyon mein bajar moolya nirdhaaran upkaranon key upayog kii vakaalat karane aur bajar samaajvaad kaa ack model pradaan karane key liye jaane jaate hain. unhone ludwig wonn misses aur friedrich heyak dwara prastaavit aarthik ganana samasya kaa jawab dete hue daavaa kiya kii ack kendriya-niyojit arthavyavastha mein prabandhak vastuon key inventory mein vriddhi aur girawat key madhyam seey aapoorti aur maang kii nigrani karane mein saksham honge, aur pramukh udyogon key rashtriyakaran kii vakaalat kii. sanyukt raajya america mein rahane key dauran, laing ganitiya arthshastra mein ack akaadamik shikshak aur shodhkarta they. baad mein samajwadi polland mein, vaha polish united workers party kii kendriya samiti key sadasya they.
carrier.
laing kaa janm tomaszov mazoviki mein protestant nirmaata arther julius laing aur unaki patni sophi albertin rosner key bete key roop mein huaa thaa. unake poorvaj 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein germany seey polland chaley gaye they. unhone craco vishvavidyalaya mein kaanoon aur arthshastra kaa adhyayan kiya, jahan unhone 1928 mein addam krazinovsky key tahat ack doctorate shodh prabandh kaa bachaav kiya. 1926 seey 1927 taka laing ney varsau mein shram mantralaya mein kaam kiya, aur phir craco vishvavidyalaya (1927-31) mein ack shodh sahayak they. unhone 1932 mein iren oderfeld seey shaadi kii. 1934 mein, ack rockfeller foundation fellowship unhein ingland leey aaee, jahan seey way 1937 mein sanyukt raajya america chaley gaye. laing 1938 mein shikago vishvavidyalaya mein professor bunn gaye aur unhein yuu. aeye. key roop mein swabhavik curr diyaa gayaa.aiss. 1943 mein nagrik.
joseph stallin, jinhone laing koo vampanthi aur soviyat samarthak sahaanubhooti key vyakti key roop mein pahachaana, rashtrapati franklin dee parr haavi rahey. roozvelt ney aadhikarik roop seey soviyat sangh kaa daura karane key liye ack passport praapt karane key liye, taaki stallin vyaktigat roop seey unake saath baat curr sakey; unhone bhavishya key polish mantrimandal mein unhein ack pada kii peshkash karane kaa bhee prastaav rakhaa. raajya vibhaag ack doot key roop mein laing yatra karane kaa virodh curr rhaa thaa kyonki unhein lagaa kii unake raajneetik vichaar naa tou polish vansh key amerikiyon kaa pratinidhitva karate hain aur naa hii samanya roop seey americi janmat kaa. 1944 mein soviyat sangh kii laing kii yatra ney aur vivaad paida curr diyaa, kyonki nava sthaapit polish americi congress ney unaki ninda kii aur landan sthit nirvaasit polish sarkaar key hiton kaa bachaav kiya. laing maee key anta mein sanyukt raajya america laut aae aur roozvelt key anurodh parr, nirvaasit sarkaar key pradhaan mantri stanislav mikojik seey mille, joe washington mein ack yatra parr they. laing ney iss baat parr jore diyaa kii kaise uchit stallin taiyar thaa (stallin ney usey gathbandhan sarkaar key tahat ack swatantra polland koo sanrakshit karane kii soviyat ichcha key baare mein bataaya), aur raajya vibhaag seey nirvaasit polish netritva parr dabaav banaane key liye kahaa taaki soviyat netaa key saath ack samajh taka pahuncha jaa sakey.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key anta mein, laing ney nirvaasit polish sarkaar key saath sambandh toda diyaa aur soviyat sangh dwara praayojit lublin samiti (pee. key. doubleu. aine.) koo apana samarthan hastaantarit curr diyaa. yuddh key baad polland parr yalta sammelan charcha key dauran laing ney roozvelt aur stallin key liye ack beach key roop mein kaam kiya.
1945 mein yuddh samaapt honey key baad, laing polland laut aaya. isake baad unhone apani americi nagrikta kaa tyag curr diyaa aur usee varsh sanyukt raajya mein polish peepuls republic key pahale rajdoot key roop mein america vaapas chaley gaye. 1946 mein, laing ney sanyukt rashtra suraksha parishad mein polland key pratinidhi key roop mein bhee kaary kiya. 1947 seey way polland mein rahate they.
auskar laing ney polish sarkaar key liye kaam kiya aur varsau vishvavidyalaya aur yojana aur saankhyiki key mukhya school mein apane shaikshanik karyon koo jaari rakhaa. way aaee. dee. 1 mein polish raajya parishad key upaadhyaksh they, aur raajya parishad key chaar karyavahak adhyakshon mein seey ack (raajya kaary key pramukh) they.
akaadamik yogdan.
arthshastra mein laing kaa badaa yogdan unake americi antaral key dauran aaya. ack utsaahi samajwadi honey key bavjood, laing ney moolya key markswadi shram siddhant kii ninda kii kyonki vaha moolya key neoclassical siddhant mein bahut vishvaas karate they. arthshastra key itihas mein, way shayed 1936 mein prakaashit "samaajvaad key aarthik siddhant" parr apane kaam key liye jaane jaate hain, jahan unhone prasiddh roop seey markswadi arthshastra aur navshastriya arthshastra koo ack saath rakhaa thaa.
pustak mein, laing ney samaajvaad aur markswad kii aarthik yojana mein bajar upkaranon (vishesh roop seey navshastriya moolya nirdhaaran siddhant) key upayog kii vakaalat kii. unhone prastaav diyaa kii kendriya yojana board "pareekshan aur truti" key madhyam seey keematen nirdhaarit karate hain, kyonki kamee aur adhishesh hotey hain naa kii ack mukt moolya tantra parr bharosa karane key bajaay. iss pranali key tahat, kendriya yojnakar manmaane dhang seey sarkari karkhanon mein nirmit utpaadon key liye ack moolya chunenge aur ise badhaayenge yaa cumm karenge, yeh iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii isake parinamswarup kamee hui yaa kamee aaee. iss aarthik prayog koo kuchh baar chalaane key baad, arthavyavastha kii yojana banaane key liye ganitiya tarikon kaa upayog kiya jaaegaah yadi kamee hoti tou keematen badh jaati; yadi adhishesh hotaa tou keematen cumm hoe jaati. kimaton koo badhaane seey vyavsaayon koo utpaadan badhaane key liye protsaahit kiya jaayega, joe laabh badhaane kii unaki ichcha seey prerit hoga, aur aisaa karane seey kamee samaapt hoe jaayegi. kimaton koo cumm karane seey vyavsaayon koo nuksan koo rokane key liye utpaadan mein katauti karane key liye protsaahit kiya jaayega, jisase adhishesh samaapt hoe jaayega. laing kii raay mein, bajar tantra kaa aisaa anukaran aapoorti aur maang koo prabhaavi dhang seey prabandhit karane mein saksham hoga. iss vichaar key samarthakon ney tark diyaa kii yeh bajar arthavyavastha key laabhon koo samajwadi arthavyavastha key laabhon key saath jodata haye.
iss vichaar key upayog key saath, laing ney daavaa kiya, ack raajya-sanchaalit arthavyavastha cumm seey cumm ack poonjiwadi yaa niji bajar arthavyavastha key roop mein kushal hogi. unhone tark diyaa kii yeh sambhav thaa, basharte kii sarkari yojnakaron ney moolya pranali kaa upayog bajar arthavyavastha mein kiya hoe aur raajya udyog prabandhakon koo raajya-nirdhaarit kimaton (laagat koo cumm karane aadi) key liye parametric roop seey pratikriya dene kaa nirdesh diyaa hoe.). laing kaa tark austriyai school arthshastriyon key saath samajwadi ganana bahas key dhuri mein seey ack thaa. usa samay, fabian samaaj key angreji samajvadiyon kaa vichaar thaa kii laing ney bahas jeet lii thee. unake karyon ney bajar samaajvaad kaa sabse pahala model pradaan kiya. samaaj mein gyaan kaa upayog" sheershak vaalaa hayek kaa nibandh laing key kaam kaa khandan haye aur ise arthshastra key kshetra mein likhe gaye sabse mahatvapurna lekhon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye.
laing ney vibhinn anya kshetron mein bhee yogdan diyaa. way 1930 key dashak key dauran samanya santulan siddhant mein "peretian punruddhar" key pramukh prakashon mein seey ack they. 1942 mein, unhone pahale aur dusare kalyan pramey kaa pahala pramaan pradaan kiya. unhone samanya santulan kii sthirata (1942,1944) kaa vishleshan shuru kiya. dhana key matra siddhant (1942) kii unaki aalochana ney unake chhaatr donn pattinkin koo samanya santulan siddhant mein dhana key apane ullekhaniya "ekikaran" koo vikasit karane key liye prerit kiya. laange ney neoclassical sanshleshan (1938,1943,1944) key vikas mein kaee mahatvapurna yogdan diye. unhone shaastriya arthshastra aur navshastriya arthshastra koo ack hii saiddhaantik sanrachana (jaise.jee. 1959). apane antim varshon mein, laing ney cybernetics aur aarthik yojana key liye computer key upayog parr bhee kaam kiya.
antarrashtriya samajik adhyayan sansthaan (aaee. aiss. ee.) ney 1962 mein auskar laing koo maanad fellowship seey sammaanit kiya.

