
beiman sahaayata

beiman sahaayata, yaa sahaayata kaa gyaan, angreji nyaas kaanoon key tahat ack prakaar kaa tritiya paksh daayitva haye. ise aamtaur parr "barnes banaam aidi" mein sthaapit dou dendaariyon mein seey ack key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, doosara raseed kaa pataa honah haye. beimani sahaayata key liye uttardaayi honey key liye, prativaadi key alawa kissy anya dwara vishvaas kaa ullanghan yaa nyasi kartavya honah chaahiye, prativaadi ney ullanghan mein usa vyakti kii madad kii hogi, aur prativaadi kii munn kii ack beiman sthiti honey chaahiye. daayitva swayam achchi tarah seey sthaapit haye, lekin beimani kaa mansik tatva kaafee vivaad kaa vishay haye joe house off lords key mamle "twinsectra limitted vee yardley" seey utpann huaa.
itihas.
yeh ack aam dhaarana haye kii beiman yaa jaanane vaali sahaayata lord selburn key "barnes banaam addie" mein diye gaye nirnay seey utpann hoti haih
jaisa kii dekhaa jaa sakata haye, nirnay ney dou daayitvon koo nirdhaarit kiyaah ack nyaas sampatti kii praapti (praapti jaanane) key aadhar parr aur doosara ack beiman aur dhokhadhadi key iraade (sahaayata jaanane) mein gyaan key saath sahaayata karane parr.
lord selburn key bayaan kii bhaari aalochana kii gaee haye, vishesh roop seey iss aavashyakta parr kii chook karane vaale nyasi/nyasi koo beiman yaa dhokhadhadi karna chaahiye. ack tippanikar ney nott kiya kii 1840 key dashak mein sahaayata jaanane key dou nirnay, "filer banaam filer" aur "aeye. jee. banaam leicester kaa nigam", joe "barnes banaam addie" seey pahale key they, ney ullanghan key naitik guna kaa ullekh naheen kiya.
ack anya bahas gyaan key prakaar key baare mein thee joe daayitva lagu karane key liye paryaapt hoga. peater gibson jey ney "beden banaam society general" mein gyaan kii 5 shreniyon kii pehchaan kii joe bahut bahas key adheen thee aur adalaton koo "kathin sanghrshon" mein leey gaee.
prakriti.
maadhyamik.
prachalit vichaar yeh haye kii beiman sahaayata key liye daayitva gauna haye. isaliye, sahayak kaa daayitva chook karane vaale nyasi/nyasi parr adharit haye aur vaha nyasi/nyasi key saath sanyukt roop seey aur alag-alag roop seey uttardaayi hoga, jisaki usane sahaayata kii thee. halanki, charles michel ney iss vargeekaran key saath sambhaavit kathinaaiyon koo pahchaanaah sabse pahale, dwiteeyak deyata kaa matlab haye kii beiman sahayak chook karane vaale nyasi/nyasi key apabhransh laabh key liye uttardaayi hoga, jabaki nyasi/nyasi beiman sahayak key gupt laabh key liye uttardaayi naheen hoga; doosara, beiman sahayak key khilaf anukaraniya nuksan kaa aaklan nyasi/nyasi key nuksan parr adharit hoga joe avaanchhaniya hoe sakata haye.
aise bhee vichaar hain kii beiman sahaayata key liye daayitva praathamik honah chaahiye. haalaanki, iss tarah key vichaaron koo abhee taka nyaayik samarthan naheen milaa haye.
rachanaatmak nyasi.
adalaton dwara aksar beiman sahayakon koo rachanaatmak nyasi key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. haalaanki, iss tarah kaa vargeekaran binaa kissy kathinaaee key naheen haih beiman sahaayata aksar taba bhee lagu kii jaati haye jaba nyaas key adheen koee spasht roop seey pehchaan yogya sampatti naheen hoti haye; saath hii, beiman sahaayata sampatti key kaee mamalon mein nirdosh teesare pakshon key haathon mein pahunch gaee haye joe ise bahaal karane key liye kissy bhee daayitva key tahat naheen hoe sakate hain. kuchh tippanikaron ney ise iss aadhar parr samajhaane kii koshish kii haye kii ack prakaar kaa rachanaatmak vishvaas haye joe taba bhee utpann hoe sakata haye jaba taka kii koee pehchaan yogya nyaas sampatti naa hoe.
haalaanki, prachalit vichaar yeh haye kii beiman sahaayata ack vyaktigat daayitva haye jisake parinamswarup rachanaatmak vishvaas naheen lagaaya jaataa haye. iss vichaar kaa samarthan lord millet ney kiya haye jinhone "dubai aluminium koo vee salaam" mein tippani kii haih
tatva.
vishvaas kaa ullanghan.
davedar key nyasi yaa nyasi koo vishvaas key ullanghan yaa nyasi kartavya key liye uttardaayi honah chaahiye. yeh paryaapt haye yadi vicharadhin vishvaas ack parinami vishvaas yaa rachanaatmak vishvaas haye.
pahale, yeh socha jaataa thaa kii beiman sahayak taba taka uttardaayi naheen hoga jaba taka kii chook karane vaalaa trusty bhee beiman yaa dhokhadhadi naheen kartaa thaa, lekin "royal brunei airlines banaam taine" ney pushti kii kii angreji kaanoon mein aisee koee aavashyakta naheen haye. haalaanki, chook karane vaale nyasi/nyasi kii or seey beiman yaa dhokhadhadi kii yojana kii aavashyakta abhee bhee australia mein kaanoon kaa hissa haye.
kyaa vishvaasghaat kii aavashyakta honey chaahiye, yeh ack tippanikar dwara poochha gayaa haye, kyonki samvidaatmak sambandhon mein hastakshep key samaan atyachar key liye kissy ullanghan kii aavashyakta naheen haye aur yadi nyasi uchit roop seey beiman sahayak kii imandari aur kshamata parr nirbhar kartaa haye, tou davedar key paas koee upaay naheen bachaa hoga.
prativaadi dwara sahaayata.
yeh tatva tathya kaa ack sawal haye kii kyaa prativaadi galat tareeke seey yaa vishvaas key ullanghan key liye sahayak rhaa haye.
beimani.
pareekshan.
aitihaasik roop seey ingland mein, una vyaktiyon parr daayitva lagaaya jaataa thaa jinhone vishvaas yaa nyasi kartavya key ullanghan mein sahaayata kii thee. isaliye iska pichla naam "sahaayata jaanane" haye. gyaan abhee bhee australia aur kanada mein daayitva kii adharshila haye. aadhunik angreji shabdawali "royal brunei airlines banaam tain" mein ubhari jisamen privy council ney gyaan koo daayitva key ack tatva key roop mein khariz curr diyaa aur ise beimani kii aavashyakta key saath badal diyaa. galati-adharit deyata lagu karane kaa vikalp chunane key baad, lord nicholls ney kahaa,
unake prabhutva ney beimani key liye ack pariksha koo spasht kiya, jise aam taur parr kuchh vyaktiparak visheshtaon key saath ack vastunishth pariksha maanaa jaataa haih
isaliye, prativaadi key aacharan kaa mulyankan prativaadi key vaastavik gyaan key aalok mein beimani key ack vastunishth maanak key anusaar kiya jaanaa haye. iss tarah kii kawayad karate samay, adalat prativaadi key vyaktigat gunon, jaise kii usake anubhav aur buddhimatta, aur usane jaisa vyavhaar kiya, usake kaaran koo bhee dhyaan mein rakhegi. usake baad unake swami ney beimani key kuchh udaaharan diye, jaise kii dhokha, jaanboojhkar dusaron kii sampatti lena, iss gyaan key prakaash mein lenden mein bhaag lena kii isamen nyaas sampatti kaa durupyog, jaanboojhkar andhaapan aadi shamil hain.
baad mein iss mudde parr house off lords mein "twinsectra limitted vee yardley" mein punarvichaar kiya gayaa, jisane durbhagya seey ack alag jawab diyaa. usa mamle mein bahumat ney maanaa kii "shaahi brunei" mein lord nicholls kaa matlab yeh kahana thaa kii kissy vyakti koo vishvaasghaat key liye sahayak key roop mein uttardaayi thaharaaya jaanaa haye, tou usey uchit aur imandar logon key samanya manakon key anusaar beimani seey kaam lena thaa aur khud koo pataa thaa kii una manakon key anusaar vaha beimani seey kaam leey rhaa thaa. yeh "sanyukt pareekshan" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, arthaat ack maanak jisake liye munn kii vyaktiparak aur vastunishth donon sthitiyon kii aavashyakta hoti haye. sanyukt pareekshan koo apanaane key liye lord hutton kaa kaaran yeh haye kii ack nyayadhish dwara yeh nishkarsh nikaalana kii ack prativaadi beiman rhaa haye, ack gambhir nishkarsh haye, aur yeh vishesh roop seey ack peshevar vyakti key khilaf gambhir haye. isaliye, unake vichaar mein, beiman sahaayata mein daayitva adhiropit karane key liye uchch star kii doshaaropan kii aavashyakta haye.
lord millet ney ack asahmat nirnay dete hue kahaa kii "shaahi brunei" ney nirnay liya kii beimani kii pariksha vastunishth haye, halanki prativaadi key anubhav aur buddhimatta aur praasangik samay parr usake gyaan kii vaastavik sthiti jaise vyaktiparak vichaaron kaa dhyaan rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye. lekin yeh aavashyak naheen haye kii usey vaastav mein iss baat kii sarahana karni chaahiye thee kii vaha beimani seey kaam leey rhaa thaa; yeh paryaapt haye kii vaha aisaa curr rhaa thaa. sawal yeh haye kii kyaa ack imandar vyakti iss baat kii sarahana karega kii vaha joe curr rhaa thaa vaha galat thaa yaa anuchit, naa kii prativaadi ney vaastav mein isaki sarahana kii. unake swami ney isake liye 3 kaaran diyeh
lord hutton ney "twinsectra" mein joe kahaa thaa, abb privy council dwara "barlo cloves international banaam eurotrust international" mein usaki punah vyakhya aur punaravritti kii gaee haye. usa mamle mein, lord hoffman ney vastunishth pareekshan kii pushti kii, i.ee. jise lord millet ney "twinsectra" mein apramanikta key liye sahee pareekshan key roop mein rakhaa thaa. unake swami ney lord hutton key sandarbh kii vyakhya kii kii 'joe vaha jaanate hain kii imandar aacharan key samanya roop seey sweekarya manakon koo aahat karega' kewal iska arth haye kii lenden key baare mein unakaa gyaan aisaa honah chaahiye kii vaha apani bhagidari koo imandar aacharan key samanya roop seey sweekarya manakon key vipareet pradaan karey. unake swami ney kahaa kii prativaadi key liye yeh aavashyak naheen haye kii vaha una pratibimbanon koo darshaae joe aam taur parr imandar aacharan key sweekarya maanak they.
baad mein, nichali angreji adalaton ney "barlo cloves" mein nirdhaarit pareekshan koo apanaaya haye, halanki saiddhaantik roop seey unake liye "twinsectra" mein house off lords key nirnay kaa paalan karane seey incar karna khula naheen haye. angreji appeal kii adalat key samaksh "aboo-rahman banaam abacha" mein, arden elje ney 4 karanon seey vartamaan angreji kaanoon kaa pratinidhitva karane key roop mein "barlo cloves" kaa samarthan kiyaah
halanki, anya dou nyayadhishon, pill elje aur rix elje ney vivaad mein fansane seey incar curr diyaa kyonki appeal key niptare key liye beimani key liye uchit pareekshan parr nirnay lena anaavashyak thaa. vaastav mein, kuchh tippanikaron ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii goli elje "twinsectra" mein sanyukt pareekshan kaa samarthan karati prateet hoti haye, halanki unhone ise spasht naheen kiya.
aeye. jee. off zambia banaam meer cayer aind desai" mein, chancy division mein peater smith jey ney kahaa kii vastunishth/vyaktiparak pareekshan kaa sawal ack atee vistaar haye aur unhone "royal brunei" mein nirdhaarit pareekshan kaa samarthan kiya, jise way juurii prashn prastut karane kaa ack anya tarika maanate hain "prativaadi beiman thaa. vaha lord hutton key iss vichaar seey asahmat they kii lord millet vishuddh roop seey ack vastunishth pareekshan koo spasht curr rahey they. unhone sanyukt pareekshan key liye lord hutton key auchitya koo bhee maanaa, kii beimani peshevaron key khilaf ack gambhir nishkarsh haye, kyonki ack gair-peshevar key liye beimani kaa aarop lagaana cumm gambhir naheen haye aur bahut saare beiman peshevar they.
royal brunei" aur "barlo cloves" mein pareekshan koo newzealand mein appeal mamle kii newzealand adalat "us international marketing limitted banaam national baink off enged limitted" mein kaanoon key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa haye. haalaanki, teen nyayadhishon mein seey ack (tipping jey) ney beimani key sawal koo nirdhaarit karane mein imandar vyakti pareekshan key vipareet ack uchit vyakti pareekshan lagu kiya.
kaun saa gyaan beimani kaa gathan kartaa haye.
agp (africa) limitted banaam jackson" aur "twinsectra banaam yardley" mein, lord millet ney tippani kii kii yeh aavashyak naheen haye kii beiman sahayak koo peedit kii pehchaan yaa ullanghan kii prakriti key baare mein pataa honah chaahiye aur yeh gyaan honah chaahiye kii dhana sahaayata praapt vyakti key swatantra niptan mein naheen haye, joe daayitva lagu karane key liye paryaapt haye. isi tarah, "barlo cloves" mein, lord hoffman ney kahaa kii beiman sahayak key liye ullanghan key astitva yaa tathyon key baare mein jaanana anaavashyak haye; yeh paryaapt haye yadi vaha jaanata haye yaa sandeh kartaa haye kii vaha dhana key durupyog mein sahaayata curr rhaa haye, yeh jaane binaa kii dhana koo vishvaas parr rakhaa gayaa haye.
daayitva koo badhaava dene key liye kiss star kaa sandeh paryaapt haye, yeh adalaton koo pareshan kartaa rahata haye. aboo-rahmah" mein, arden elje ney kahaa kii beiman sahayak beiman naheen haye yadi usey vishisht lenden key sambandh mein vishesh sandehon key vipareet kewal anuchitata key baare mein samanya sandeh haye. haalaanki, rix elje ney anyatha socha aur kahaa kii samanya sandeh daayitva koo trigger karane key liye paryaapt haye.
praapti key baare mein jaanane key saath sambandh.
paaramparik roop seey, beiman sahaayata aur praapti koo jaanane koo daayitva key dou alag-alag pramukhon key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haih ack dosh adharit haye, jabaki doosara raseed adharit haye. haalaanki, iss baare mein akaadamik charcha hui haye kii kyaa unhein ack saath samoohbaddh kiya jaa sakata haye. charles michel kaa prastaav haye kii yadi humm raseed jaanane key sambandh mein peater birk key drishtikon koo apanaate hain (kii raseed koo jaanana anyaaypurna samvardhan key saath-saath galati parr bhee adharit hoe sakata haye), tou beiman sahaayata aur galati-adharit gyaan praapti key liye daayitva koo dusare key nyaaysangat adhikaaron mein hastakshep karane key ekal nyaaysangat galat key pahaluon key roop mein maanane key liye ack majboot mamla haye-ack galat jise unhone "nyaaysangat roopaantaran" kahaa. isake alawa, lord nicholls ney nyaay seey baahar prastaav diyaa haye kii beimani raseed jaanane key daayitva key aadharon mein seey ack haye aur usa beiman raseed koo vishvaas key ullanghan mein beimani bhagidari mein beimani sahaayata key saath vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye.

