
seemit-avastha machine

ack parimit-avastha machine (aff. aiss. aim.) yaa parimit-avastha swachaalit (aff. aiss. aeye., bahuvachanah "swachaalit"), seemit swachaalit, yaa buss ack avastha machine, ganana kaa ack ganitiya model haye. yeh ack amoort machine haye joe kissy bhee samay "avasthaon" kii ack seemit sankhya mein seey ack mein hoe sakati haye. kuchh niveshon key jawab mein aff. aiss. aim. ack raajya seey dusare raajya mein badal sakata haye; ack raajya seey dusare raajya mein parivartan koo "sankraman" kahaa jaataa haye. ack aff. aiss. aim. koo isaki avasthaon kii soochi, isaki praarambhik sthiti aur pratyek sankraman koo trigger karane vaale input dwara paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye. parimit-avastha masheenen dou prakaar kii hoti hain-nirdhaarak parimit-avastha masheenen aur gair-nirdhaarak seemit-avastha masheenen. ack nirdhaarak seemit-avastha machine kaa nirmaan kissy bhee gair-nirdhaarak machine key barabar kiya jaa sakata haye.
raajya machines key vyavhaar koo aadhunik samaaj mein kaee upkaranon mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye joe ghatnaaon key ack anukram key aadhar parr karyon kaa ack poorv nirdhaarit anukram karate hain jisake saath way prastut kiye jaate hain. saral udaaharan hainh vending machine, joe sikkon key uchit sanyojan key jamaa honey parr utpaadon koo vitarit karati hain; lift, jinake thaharaav kaa crum savaaron dwara anurodh kiye gaye farsh dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye; traffic light, joe kaaron key prateeksha karane parr anukram badalati haye; sanyojan lock, jisake liye uchit crum mein sankhyaon key anukram key input kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
seemit-avastha machine mein turing machine jaise ganana key kuchh anya models kii tulanaa mein cumm computational shakti hoti haye. computational shakti key antar kaa matlab haye kii computational kaary hain joe ack turing machine curr sakati haye lekin ack aff. aiss. aim. naheen curr sakata haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki ack aff. aiss. aim. kii smriti usake raajyon kii sankhya seey seemit hoti haye. ack seemit-avastha machine mein ack turing machine key samaan computational shakti hoti haye joe iss tarah seey pratibandhit hoti haye kii iska sir kewal "reed" sanchaalan curr sakata haye, aur hamesha baaen seey daaen kii or badhana padata haye. aff. aiss. aim. kaa adhyayan automata siddhant key adhik samanya kshetra mein kiya jaataa haye.
udaaharan key liyeh sikka sanchaalit turnstyle.
ack saral tantra kaa ack udaaharan jise ack raajya machine dwara model kiya jaa sakata haye, ack turnstyle haye. ack turnstyle, jiska upayog sabave aur manoranjan park kii sawari taka pahunch koo niyantrit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye, ack gett haye jisamen cummer kii oonchaai parr teen ghoomati bhujaaen hain, ack pravesh dwaar key paar. shuru mein hathiyar bund hotey hain, pravesh koo avaruddh karate hain, sanrakshkon koo gujarane seey rokte hain. turnstyle parr ack slot mein ack sikka yaa tokan jamaa karane seey hathiyar khul jaate hain, jisase ack hii graahak koo aage badhane kii anumati milati haye. graahak key gujarane key baad, ack aur sikka daalane taka hathiyaron koo phir seey bund curr diyaa jaataa haye.
ack raajya machine key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, turnstyle mein dou sambhaavit sthitiyaan hainh lock aur unlock. dou sambhaavit nivesh hain joe isaki sthiti koo prabhaavit karate hainh ack sikka slot (sikka) mein dalna aur haath koo dhakelana (dhakka). bund avastha mein, haath parr dhakka dene kaa koee prabhaav naheen padata haye; chaahe kitni bhee baar input dhakka diyaa jaae, yeh bund avastha mein rahata haye. ack sikka dalna-yaani machine koo ack sikka input denaa-raajya koo lock seey unlock karane key liye sthanantarit kartaa haye. unlock raajya mein, atirikt sikke daalane kaa koee prabhaav naheen padata haye; yaani, atirikt sikke input dene seey raajya naheen badalata haye. haalaanki, ack graahak haathon seey dhakka dete hue, ack push input dete hue, raajya koo vaapas bund curr detaa haye.
turnstyle avastha machine koo ack avastha-sankraman talika dwara darshaaya jaa sakata haye, joe pratyek sambhaavit sthiti key liye, unake beach sankraman (machine koo diye gaye input key aadhar parr) aur pratyek input key parinamswarup output koo darshaata haih
turnstyle state machine koo ack nirdeshit graph dwara bhee darshaaya jaa sakata haye jise ack state diagram "(oopar)" kahaa jaataa haye. pratyek raajya koo ack node ("vritt") dwara darshaaya jaataa haye. kinaaron ("teer") ack raajya seey dusare raajya mein sankraman koo darshaate hain. pratyek teer koo usa input key saath label kiya jaataa haye joe usa sankraman koo trigger kartaa haye. ack input joe sthiti mein parivartan kaa kaaran naheen banata haye (jaise kii unlock sthiti mein ack sikka input) mool sthiti mein lautane vaale ack golakar teer dwara darshaaya jaataa haye. black dott seey lock node mein teer ingit kartaa haye kii yeh praarambhik sthiti haye.
avadhaaranaaen aur shabdawali.
raajya" ack pranali kii sthiti kaa vivaran haye joe "sankraman" koo nishpaadit karane kii prateeksha curr rhaa haye. ack sankraman ack shart poori honey parr yaa jaba ack ghatana praapt hoti haye tou nishpaadit kiye jaane vaale karyon kaa ack samooh haye.
udaaharan key liye, jaba radio sunane key liye ack audio system kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye (system "radio" sthiti mein haye), tou "agala" uttejana praapt karane key parinamswarup agale station parr jaanaa padata haye. jaba pranali "cd" sthiti mein hoti haye, tou "agala" uttejana agale maarg parr jaane mein parinam detaa haye. samaan uttejanaaen vartamaan sthiti key aadhar parr vibhinn kriyaon koo trigger karati hain.
kuchh seemit-avastha machine pratinidhitvon mein, ack sthiti key saath karyon koo jodana bhee sambhav haih
pratinidhitva.
raajya/karyakram talika.
kaee raajya-sankraman talika prakaron kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. sabse aam pratinidhitva neeche dikhaaya gayaa haih vartamaan sthiti kaa sanyojan (ee.jee. kha) aur input (ee.jee. y) agali sthiti dikhaata haye (e.jee. (gaga). poori kaarravaai kii jaankaari seedhe talika mein varnit naheen haye aur kewal futnote kaa upayog karke jodee jaa sakati haye. poorna kaarravaai kii jaankaari sahit ack aff. aiss. aim. paribhasha raajya taalikaon kaa upayog karke sambhav haye (aabhaasi seemit-sthiti machine bhee dekhein).
raajya masheenen.
ekikrit modeling bhasha mein raajya machines kaa varnan karane key liye ack sanketan haye. raajya masheenen apane mukhya laabhon koo banaae rakhate hue paaramparik seemit-raajya machines kii seemaon koo door karati hain. umal raajya masheenen kriyon kii dhaarana kaa vistaar karate hue padaanukramit roop seey nested raajyon aur orthogonal kshetron kii naee avadhaaranaon koo pesh karati hain. yuu. aim. ell. raajya machines mein mealy masheenen aur moor masheenen donon kii visheshtaen hain. way una karyon kaa samarthan karate hain joe pranali kii sthiti aur trigger karane vaali ghatana donon parr nirbhar karate hain, jaise kii mealy machines mein, saath hii saath pravesh aur nikas kriyaaen, joe parivartan key bajaay raajyon seey judee hoti hain, jaise kii moore machines mein.
aiss. dee. ell. raajya masheenen.
vinirdesh aur vivaran bhasha itu seey ack maanak haye jisamen sankraman mein karyon kaa varnan karane key liye chitramaya prateek shamil hainh
aiss. dee. ell. seemit-avastha machine koo nishpaadit karane yogya banaane key liye "amoort detta prakaar" naamak buniyaadi detta prakaron koo embed kartaa haye, ack kaary bhasha, aur ack nishpaadan shabdarth.
anya raajya aarekh.
ack aff. aiss. aim. kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye badee sankhya mein prakaar hain jaise kii chitra 3 mein ack.
upayog karein.
yahaan prastut pratikriyaasheel pranaliyon key pratiroopan mein unake upayog key alawa, vidyut engineering, bhashavigyan, computer vigyaan, darshan, jeev vigyaan, ganit, video game prograaming aur tark sahit kaee alag-alag kshetron mein seemit-avastha masheenen mahatvapurna hain. parimit-avastha masheenen swachaalit siddhant aur ganana key siddhant mein adhyayan kii gaee swachaalit kaa ack varg hain.
computer vigyaan mein, seemit-avastha vaali machines kaa vyaapak roop seey anuprayog vyavhaar (niyantran siddhant), hardware digital system, software engineering, sankalak, network protocol aur computational bhashavigyan key modeling mein upayog kiya jaataa haye.
vargeekaran.
seemit-avastha vaali machines koo sweekaar karane vaale, vargeekaran karane vaale, transducer aur anukramak mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye.
sweekaar karane vaale.
sweekaar karane vaale (jinhen detector yaa pahchaanane vaale bhee kahaa jaataa haye) dwiaadhaari utpaadan kaa utpaadan karate hain, joe darshaata haye kii praapt input sweekaar kiya jaataa haye yaa naheen. sweekaar karane vaale kii pratyek sthiti yaa tou "sweekaar karna" yaa "sweekaar naa karna" haye. ack baar jaba sabhi input praapt hoe jaate hain, yadi vartamaan sthiti ack sweekaar karane vaali sthiti haye, tou input sweekaar curr liya jaataa haye; anyatha ise aswikar curr diyaa jaataa haye. ack niyam key roop mein, input prateekon (varnon) kaa ack anukram haye; karyon kaa upayog naheen kiya jaataa haye. praarambh avastha bhee ack sweekaar karane vaali sthiti hoe sakati haye, jiss sthiti mein sweekarkarta khaali string koo sweekaar kartaa haye. chitra 4 mein udaaharan ack sweekarkarta koo dikhaata haye joe string "achchha" sweekaar kartaa haye. iss sweekarkarta mein, ekmatra sweekaar karane vaalaa raajya raajya 7 haye.
prateek anukramon kaa ack (sambhavatah anant) samooh, jise ack aupchaarik bhasha kahaa jaataa haye, ack niyamit bhasha haye yadi koee sweekarkarta haye joe usa sett koo "thheek" sweekaar kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, shoonya kii summ sankhya key saath dwiaadhaari taaron kaa samooh ack niyamit bhasha haye (see. aff.). anjir. 5), jabaki sabhi taaron kaa samooh jisaki lambai ack abhaajya sankhya haye, naheen haye.
ack sweekarkarta koo ack aisee bhasha koo paribhaashit karane key roop mein bhee varnit kiya jaa sakata haye jisamen sweekarkarta dwara sweekaar kii gaee pratyek string hogi lekin aswikar kii gaee kissy bhee string mein naheen; usa bhasha koo sweekarkarta dwara "sweekaar" kiya jaataa haye. paribhasha key anusaar, sweekaar karane vaalon dwara sweekaar kii jaane vaali bhaashaaen niyamit bhaashaaen hain.
kissy diye gaye sweekarkarta dwara sweekaar kii gaee bhasha koo nirdhaarit karane kii samasya beejganitiya path samasya kaa ack udaaharan haye-swayam ack (manmana) ardh-nirdhaaran key tatvon dwara bhaarit kinaaron key saath graph key liye sabse chhote path samasya kaa ack saamaanyikaran.
sweekaar karane vaali sthiti kaa ack udaaharan anjir mein dikhaai detaa haye. 5: ack nirdhaarak parimit swachaalit (dee. aff. aeye.) joe yeh pataa lagaata haye kii dwiaadhaari input string mein 0 kii summ sankhya haye yaa naheen.
"s" 1 (joe praarambh avastha bhee haye) usa sthiti koo ingit kartaa haye jiss parr 0 kii summ sankhya input kii gaee haye. isaliye aiss1 ack sweekaar karane vaalaa raajya haye. yeh sweekarkarta ack sweekaar avastha mein samaapt hoga, yadi dwiaadhaari string mein 0s kii summ sankhya haye (jisamen koee bhee dwiaadhaari string jisamen koee 0s naheen haye). iss sweekarkarta dwara sweekaar kiye gaye taaron key udaaharan ε (khaali taar), 1,11,11 hain.., 00,010,1010,10110, aadi.
vargikarankarta.
vargikarankarta sweekaar karane vaalon kaa ack saamaanyikaran haye joe "aine"-arrie output kaa utpaadan kartaa haye jahaan "aine" sakhti seey dou seey adhik hotaa haye.
transducer.
transducer diye gaye input aur/yaa kriyaon kaa upayog karke ack sthiti key aadhar parr utpaadan karate hain. inca upayog niyantran anuprayogon aur computational bhashavigyan key kshetra mein kiya jaataa haye.
niyantran anuprayogon mein, dou prakaar key vishisht hotey hainh
anukramik.
anukramak (generator bhee kahaa jaataa haye) sweekaar karane vaale aur transducer kaa ack upavarg haye jisamen ack-akshar input varnamala hoti haye. way kewal ack anukram kaa utpaadan karate hain, jise sweekaar karane vaale yaa transducer output key output anukram key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
nirdharvad.
ack aur antar nirdhaarak (dee. aff. aeye.) aur gair-nirdhaarak (aine. aff. aeye., jee. aine. aff. aeye.) swachaalit key beach haye. ack nirdhaarak swachaalit mein, pratyek raajya mein pratyek sambhaavit input key liye bilkul ack sankraman hotaa haye. ack gair-nirdhaarak swachaalit mein, ack input ack seey adhik, yaa kissy diye gaye raajya key liye koee sankraman naheen curr sakata haye. powerset nirmaan algorithm kissy bhee gair-nirdhaarak swachaalit koo samaan karyakshamta key saath ack (aamtaur parr adhik jatil) nirdhaarak swachaalit mein badal sakata haye.
kewal ack avastha vaali ack seemit-avastha machine koo "combinatorial aff. aiss. aim" kahaa jaataa haye. yeh kewal ack raajya mein "parivartan" parr kaarravaai kii anumati detaa haye. yeh avadharana una mamalon mein upayogi haye jahaan ack saath kaam karane key liye kaee seemit-avastha machines kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur jaba yeh suvidhajanak hotaa haye kii ack vishuddh roop seey sanyojan bhaag koo design upkaranon key anuroop aff. aiss. aim. key roop mein maanaa jaae.
vaikalpik shabdarth.
raajya machines kaa pratinidhitva karane key liye shabdarth key anya sett upalabdh hain. udaaharan key liye, antarnihit niyantrakon key liye modeling aur tark design karane key liye upkaran hain. way padaanukramit avastha machines (jinamen aamtaur parr ack seey adhik vartamaan sthiti hoti haye), pravaah graph aur satya taalikaon koo ack bhasha mein jodate hain, jisake parinamswarup ack alag aupchaariktaa aur shabdarth kaa samooh hotaa haye. yeye chart, khargosh kii mool raajya machines kii tarah, padaanukramit roop seey nested raajyon, orthogonal kshetron, raajya karyon aur sankraman karyon kaa samarthan karate hain.
ganitiya model.
samanya vargeekaran key anusaar, nimnalikhit aupchaarik paribhaashaaen paaee jaati hain.
ack "nirdhaarak parimit-avastha machine" yaa "nirdhaarak seemit-avastha sweekaarak" ack quintuple sootra haye, jahaanh
nirdhaarak aur gair-nirdhaarak donon fsms key liye, sootra _ 6 koo aanshik kaary honey kii anumati denaa paaramparik haye, i.ee. sootra _ 13 koo sootra _ 14 aur sootra _ 15 key pratyek sanyojan key liye paribhaashit naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yadi ack fsm sootra _ 16 ack avastha sootra _ 17 mein haye, tou agala prateek sootra _ 18 haye aur sootra _ 13 paribhaashit naheen haye, tou sootra _ 16 ack truti kii ghoshana curr sakata haye (i.ee. input koo aswikar karein). yeh samanya raajya machines kii paribhashaon mein upayogi haye, lekin machine koo badalane mein cumm upayogi haye. kuchh algorithm koo unake default roop mein kull karyon kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
ack seemit-avastha machine mein ack turing machine key samaan computational shakti hoti haye joe iss tarah seey pratibandhit hoti haye kii iska sir kewal "reed" sanchaalan curr sakata haye, aur hamesha baaen seey daaen kii or badhana padata haye. arthaat, ack seemit-avastha machine dwara sweekaar kii gaee pratyek aupchaarik bhasha koo iss tarah kii pratibandhit turing machine dwara sweekaar kiya jaataa haye, aur isake vipareet.
ack "parimit-avastha transducer" ack sextuple sootra _ 21 haye, jahaanh
yadi output function sthiti aur input prateek (sootra _ 30) parr nirbhar kartaa haye tou vaha paribhasha "mealy model" seey mell khaati haye, aur ise mealy machine key roop mein model kiya jaa sakata haye. yadi output function kewal sthiti (sootra _ 31) parr nirbhar kartaa haye tou vaha paribhasha "moor model" seey mell khaati haye, aur ise moor machine key roop mein model kiya jaa sakata haye. ack seemit-avastha machine jisamen koee output kaary naheen hotaa haye, usey ardh-swachaalit yaa sankraman pranali key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
yadi humm ack moore machine key pahale output prateek, sootra _ 32 kii upeksha karate hain, tou ise pratyek mealy sankraman (i.ee. pratyek kinare parr) gantavya moore raajya key diye gaye utpaadan prateek key saath label karna. parivartit parivartan cumm seedha haye kyonki ack mealy machine kii sthiti mein isake aaney vaale sankramanon (kinaaron) parr alag-alag output label hoe sakate hain. aise pratyek raajya koo kaee moore machine raajyon mein vibhajit karane kii aavashyakta haye, pratyek ghatana utpaadan prateek key liye ack.
anukoolan.
ack aff. aiss. aim. koo anukoolit karane kaa arth haye ack aisee machine dhoondhana jisamen nyuntam sankhya mein avasthaaen houn joe samaan kaary karati houn. aisaa karane vaalaa sabse tez gyaat algorithm hopcroft minimisation algorithm haye. anya takneekon mein ack nihitarth talika, yaa moore kii kamee prakriya kaa upayog karna shamil haye. isake alawa, acyclic fsa koo raikhik samay mein cumm kiya jaa sakata haye.
karyanvayan.
hardware anuprayog.
ack digital paripath mein, ack aff. aiss. aim. koo ack prograam karane yogya tark upkaran, ack prograam karane yogya tark niyantrak, tark dwaar aur flip flop yaa rille kaa upayog karke banaaya jaa sakata haye. vishesh roop seey, ack hardware karyanvayan key liye raajya charr koo sangraheet karane key liye ack register kii aavashyakta hoti haye, ack sanyukt tark kaa khand joe raajya sankraman koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye, aur ack sanyukt tark kaa doosara khand joe ack aff. aiss. aim. key utpaadan koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye. classic hardware karyanvayanon mein seey ack richard niyantrak haye.
ack "medvedev machine" mein, output seedhe raajya key flip-flop seey judaa hotaa haye, jisase flip-flop aur output key beach samay kii deree cumm hoti haye.
cumm bijli kii sthiti vaali machines key liye raajya encoding key madhyam seey bijli kii khapat koo cumm karane key liye anukoolit kiya jaa sakata haye.
software anuprayog.
nimnalikhit avadhaaranaon kaa upayog aamtaur parr seemit-avastha machines key saath software anuprayogon key nirmaan key liye kiya jaataa haih
seemit-avastha masheenen aur sankalak.
finite automata kaa upayog aksar prograaming bhasha sanklakon key frontend mein kiya jaataa haye. iss tarah key frontend mein kaee seemit-avastha masheenen shamil hoe sakati hain joe ack shaabdik vishleshak aur ack parcer koo lagu karati hain.
varnon key ack anukram seey shuru hocker, shaabdik vishleshak bhasha tokan (jaise aarakshit shabd, shaabdik aur pahchankarta) kaa ack anukram banaata haye jisase parcer ack vaakya rachana vriksh banaata haye. shaabdik vishleshak aur parcer prograaming bhasha key vyaakaran key niyamit aur sandarbh-mukt bhaagon koo sambhaalate hain.
aage padhein.
seemit markov shrinkhala prakriyaaen.
seemit markov-shrinkhala prakriyaon koo seemit prakaar key upa-parivartan key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.

