
beyas pramey key tahat sakshya

beyas pramey key tahat sakshya kaa upayog abhiyukt key sambandh mein sakshya khojane kii sambhavana seey sambandhit haye, jahaan beyas pramey ack ghatana kii sambhavana aur isake vipareet seey sambandhit haye. vishesh roop seey, yeh vishesh sakshya khojane kii sambhavana kii tulanaa kartaa haye yadi aaropi doshi they, banaam yadi way doshi naheen they. ack udaaharan ghatnasthal parr kissy vyakti key baal khojane kii sambhavana hogi, yadi doshi haye, banaam yadi kewal drishya seey gujar rhaa haye. ack anya mudda yeh hoga kii kissy vyakti kaa dna dhoondhana jahaan way rahate they, chaahe vaha vahaan koee aparaadh karey.
spashteekaran.
sakshya vidvaanon key beach, haal key dashakon mein sakshya kaa adhyayan vyaapak roop seey antahvishay bunn gayaa haye, jisamen manovigyaan, arthshastra aur sambhaavyata siddhant seey antardrishti shamil haye. vishesh ruchi aur vivaad kaa ack kshetra beyas kii pramey rahee haye.
beyas kii pramey sambhaavyata siddhant kaa ack praathamik prastaav haye. yeh naee jaankaari key prakaash mein, kissy key prastaav key sahee honey kii sambhavana koo adyatan karane kaa ack tarika pradaan kartaa haye. sakshya vidwan apane kshetra mein isake anuprayog mein ruchi rakhate hain, yaa tou sakshya key niyamon key moolya kaa adhyayan karane key liye, yaa mukadame mein tathyon koo nirdhaarit karane mein madad karane key liye. 
maan leejiye kii saabit honey vaalaa prastaav yeh haye kii prativaadi aparaadh sthal parr paae gaye baal kaa srot thaa. yeh jaanane seey pahale kii baal prativaadi key baalon key liye ack aanuvanshik milan thaa, tathya-khojkarta kaa maanana haye kii 2 seey 1 kii sambhavana haye kii prativaadi baalon kaa srot thaa. yadi way beyas pramey kaa upayog karate hain, tou way una poorv baadhaon koo "sambhavana anupaat" seey gunaa curr sakate hain taaki yeh jaanane key baad kii baal prativaadi key baalon seey mell khaate hain, unaki baadhaon koo update kiya jaa sakey. sambhavana anupaat ack saankhyikiya haye joe iss sambhavana kii tulanaa karke praapt kiya gayaa haye kii saboot (ack match kii visheshagya gawahi) paaya jaayega yadi prativaadi srot thaa aur yeh sambhavana thee kii yadi prativaadi srot naheen thaa tou yeh paaya jaayega. yadi yeh duss gunaa adhik sambhavana haye kii ack match kii gawahi hogi yadi prativaadi srot thaa, tou tathya-khojkarta koo unaki poorv baadhaon koo duss seey gunaa karna chaahiye, jisase 20 seey ack kii pashch baadhaaen milengi. 
beisian sandehvaadiyon ney vibhinn aadharon parr mukdamebaji mein beyas kii pramey key iss upayog parr apatti jataai haye. yeye juurii bhram aur computational jatilata seey iss daave taka kii maanak sambhavana siddhant adhikaaron key nirnay key liye ack maanak roop seey santoshjanak aadhar naheen haye. 
beisiyai utsaahi logon ney dou morchon parr jawab diyaa haye. sabse pahale, unhone kahaa haye kii mukdamebaji mein iska joe bhee moolya haye, beyas kii pramey sakshya niyamon key adhyayan mein moolyavaan haye. udaaharan key liye, iska upayog model kii prasangikta key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh sikhaata haye kii sakshya kii prasangikta kii ack prastaav sach haye, iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii sakshya poorv baadhaon koo kitna badal detaa haye, aur yeh kii yeh poorv baadhaon koo kitna badal detaa haye, iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii yadi prastaav sach thaa tou sakshya paae jaane kii kitni sambhavana haye (yaa naheen). yeye buniyaadi antardrishti vyaktigat sakshya niyamon key adhyayan mein bhee upayogi hain, jaise kii niyam gavaahon koo poorv doshasiddhi key saath mahaabhiyog kii anumati detaa haye. 
doosara, unhone kahaa haye kii mukdamebaji mein paristhitiyon key ack seemit samooh mein beyas kii pramey kaa upayog karna vyaavhaarik haye (jaise kii anya saakshyon key saath aanuvanshik milan sakshya koo ekikrit karna), aur yeh daavaa kii nyaayik nirdharanon key liye sambhaavyata siddhant anuchit haye, nirathak yaa asangat haye. 
kuchh paryavekshakon kaa maanana haye kii haal key varshon mein (i) sambhaavanaon key baare mein bahas sthir hoe gaee haye, (ii) sambhaavanaon kii bahas mein naayak ack-dusare key baare mein baat curr rahey hain, (iii) uchch-siddhant star parr bahut kuchh naheen hoe rhaa haye, aur (iv) juurii sateekta mein sudhaar mein beyas pramey parr nirdeshon kii prabhavsheelta key anubhavjanya adhyayan mein sabse dilchasp kaam haye. haalaanki, yeh sambhav haye kii kaanoon mein sambhaavanaon parr bahas key baare mein yeh sandeh kanuni akadami mein parichit nayakon dwara kiye gaye tarkon kii tippaniyon parr adharit hoe. kaanoon key baahar key kshetron mein, anishchitata seey sambandhit aupchaarik siddhanton parr kaam beroktok jaari haye. ack mahatvapurna vikas "soft computing" parr kaam kiya gayaa haye, jaise kii udaaharan key liye, lotfi zaadeh key bisk (soft computing mein berkley pahal) key tahat berkley mein kiya gayaa haye. ack anya udaaharan "tark" siddhant parr kaanoon key bheetar aur baahar key logon dwara kaam kii badhati matra haye. bays nett parr bhee kaam jaari haye. iss kaam mein seey kuchh kanuni halakon mein filter honey lagey hain. udaaharan key liye, oxford patrika mein anishchitata key liye aupchaarik drishtikon (biasian drishtikon sahit) parr kaee patron koo dekhein-kaanoon, sambhavana aur jokhim. 
udaaharan.
kuchh prasiddh mamle hain jahan beyas kii pramey koo lagu kiya jaa sakata haye.

