
roopak parvat

elphany parvat shrinkhala (; elgheni yaa elgeny bhee likhaa jaataa haye), anaupchaarik roop seey elphany, purvi sanyukt raajya america aur kanada kii vishal appalachian parvat shrinkhala kaa hissa haye aur cumm vikasit yugon mein bhoomi yatra key liye ack mahatvapurna baadha haye. elephany pahaadon kaa uttar-poorv-dakshin-paschim abhivinyas haye, joe uttar-madhya pensylvania seey dakshin kii or paschimi maryland aur purvi paschim virginia key madhyam seey chalata haye.
roopak mein appalachian key oobad-khabad paschimi-madhya bhaag shamil hain. way lagbhag poorvottar paschim virginia mein badhate hain. poorv mein, way ack uchch, khadee escapement dwara prabhutva rakhate hain jise elphany front key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. paschim mein, way nikatata seey judey elephany pathaar mein dhalaan parr utarate hain, joe ohiyo aur kentucky taka faila huaa haye. elphanese kii pramukh bastiyaan altona, state college, aur johnstowne, pensylvania hain; aur comberland, maryland.
naam.
yeh naam elphany nadee seey liya gayaa haye, joe paschim-madhya pensylvania mein elphany key kewal ack chhote seey hisse koo nikaalati haye. shabd kaa arth, joe lenap (delaware) mool amerikiyon seey aataa haye, nishchit roop seey gyaat naheen haye, lekin aamtaur parr iska anuvaad "maheen nadee" key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. ack lennep kinvadanti "lgv" naamak ack pracheen janjaati key baare mein bataati haye joe nadee parr rahati thee aur lennep seey haar gaee thee. "elgeny" praarambhik french vartani haye (elgeny nadee mein, joe kabhi nyu france kaa hissa thaa), aur "elgeny" praarambhik angreji vartani key karib haye (elgeny county, maryland, elgeny county, newyork, yaa elgeny county, virginia mein).
roopak" shabd kaa upayog kabhi aam taur parr poore koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa jise abb appalachian pahaad kahaa jaataa haye. johnn norton ney 1810 key aspas tenacy aur georgia key pahaadon koo sandarbhit karane key liye iska upayog kiya (vibhinn vartani mein). lagbhag usee samay, washington irving ney sanyukt raajya kaa naam badalane kaa prastaav rakhaa yaa tou "applachia" yaa "elegania". 1861 mein, arnold heinry gute ney poori parvat shrinkhala kaa pahala vyavasthit bhoovaigyaanik adhyayan prakaashit kiya. unake maanchitra ney iss shrinkhala koo "elegany" key roop mein label kiya, lekin unaki pustak kaa sheershak "onn dha appalachian mountain system" thaa. 1867 key anta mein, johnn muir-apani pustak "aeye hazaar meal walk too dha gulf" mein-"dakshini" applachians key sandarbh mein "elegany" shabd kaa upayog kiya.
19veen shatabdi key anta taka "appalachian" banaam "elegany" key baare mein koee samanya samjhauta naheen thaa.
bhugol.
hudd taka.
uttar-poorv seey dakshin-paschim taka, roopak pahaad lagbhag chalate hain. paschim seey poorv taka, unake sabse chaude hisse mein, way lagbhag hain.
haalaanki roopak parvat kshetra kii koee aadhikarik seemaaen naheen hain, lekin ise aam taur parr poorv mein roopak morche aur uttar mein suskyuhanna nadee ghaati dwara paribhaashit kiya jaa sakata haye. paschim mein, roopak vichhedit roopak pathaar mein girate hain, jiska unhein kabhi-kabhi ack hissa maanaa jaataa haye. sabse paschimi katakon koo pensylvania mein laurel hylands aur chestnut riz aur paschim virginia mein laurel parvat aur samriddh parvat maanaa jaataa haye.
badee patthar kii katak roopak key dakshini vistaar koo chihnit karati haye aur yeh sapaat sheersh parvat kaa ack baahari bhaag haye, jisamen tugg fork nadee apane paschimi kinare seey bahati haye. roopak key dakshin mein pahaad, paschimi virginia mein appalachian, purvi kentucky aur purvi tenacy, comberland hain. roopak aur comberland donon hii appalachian key riz aur ghaati praant kaa hissa hain.
elphany front aur elphany hylands.
roopak key purvi kinare koo roopak key saamane seey chihnit kiya jaataa haye, jise kabhi-kabhi roopak pathaar kaa purvi antim sthaan bhee maanaa jaataa haye. yeh mahaan palayan motey taur parr iss kshetra mein purvi mahadvipiya vibhajan key ack hisse kaa anusaran kartaa haye. kaee prabhaavshaali ghaatiyan aur ghaatiyan roopak koo nikaalati hainh poorv mein, dhuein key chhed ghaati (dakshin shakha potomac nadee), aur paschim mein naee nadee ghaati aur kaalaa paani aur dhokhe seey bharee ghaati. iss prakaar, upakhyanon parr padane vaali lagbhag aadhi varsha paschim mein mississippi taka jaati haye aur aadhi poorv mein chesapek khaadi aur atlantic samudra tata taka jaati haye.
roopak kii sabse oonchi katakiyan saamane key paschim mein hain, jisamen poorv/paschim kii oonchaai mein parivartan hotaa haye. iss shreni key dakshini bhaag mein sabse adhik oonchaai key saath, uchch bhoomi kii poorna oonchaai lagbhag pahunch jaati haye. eleghany pahaadon mein sabse oonchaa bindu spruce nob () haye, joe paschim virginia mein spruce pahaad parr haye. anya ullekhaniya roopak uchch binduon mein cheat parvat () parr kantedar sapaat, peechhe key roopak parvat () parr ganja ghundi, aur mount port crayon (), sabhi paschim virginia mein; maryland mein danus parvat (), reedh kii huddy kaa parvat (), maryland mein sabse oonchaa bindu; mount davis (), pensylvania mein sabse oonchaa bindu, aur doosara sabse oonchaa, neela ghundi () shamil hain.
vikas.
roopak mein bahut cumm badey shahar hain. chaar sabse badey hain (jansankhya key avrohi crum mein): altuna, state college, johnstowne (sabhi pensylvania mein) aur comberland (maryland mein). 1970 aur 80 key dashak mein, antarrajyiya rajmarg pranali koo roopak key uttari bhaag mein vistaarit kiya gayaa thaa, aur iss kshetra koo abb sanghiya expressway key ack network dwara seva pradaan kii jaati haye-antarrajyiya 80,70/76 aur 68. antarrajyiya 64 renz key dakshini chhor seey gujarate hain, lekin kendriya roopak (purvi paschim virginia key "uchch roopak") ney kshetra key bahut oobad-khabad bhoobhaag aur paryavaraniya samvedansheeltaon key kaaran rajmarg yojnakaron key liye vishesh samasyaaen paida kii hain (corridor aich dekhein.) iss kshetra mein abhee bhee ack viral maadhyamik rajmarg pranali haye aur aspas key kshetron kii tulanaa mein jansankhya ghanatva mein kaafee cumm haye.
dursanchar kshetra mein, kendriya roopak kshetra mein vikas key liye ack anoothi baadha sanyukt raajya rashtriya radio shaant kshetra (aine. aar. kyu. jee.) haye, joe bhoomi kaa ack badaa aayat haye-lagbhag-joe virginia aur paschim virginia key seemavarti kshetra mein faila huaa haye. sanghiya sanchaar aayog dwara 1958 mein banaaya gayaa, aine. aar. kyu. jee. sabhi sarvadishaatmak aur uchch-shakti vaale radio prasaran koo gambhir roop seey pratibandhit kartaa haye, halanki cell phone seva koo poore kshetra mein anumati dee jaati haye.
sanrakshit kshetra.
monongahela (west virginia), george washington (west virginia, virginia) aur jefferson (virginia) rashtriya vanon kaa adhikansh hissa eleghany pahaadon key bheetar sthit haye. (maryland yaa pensylvania mein lakadi key roopak kaa koee hissa, halanki, yuu dwara prabandhit naheen haye.aiss. vann seva.) roopak mein kaee sanghiya roop seey naamit jangli kshetra bhee shamil hain, jaise kii dolly sods jangal, laurel fork jangal aur paschimi virginia mein cranberry jangal.
jyaadaatar puuraa kiya gayaa elphany trail, 1975 seey west virginia sunder trails association kii ack pariyojana, west virginia key bheetar renz kii lambai chalaati haye. uttari terminus messon-dixon line parr haye aur dakshini peater parvat parr paschim virginia-virginia seema parr haye.
bhoovigyaan.
roopak kii adharshila jyaadaatar balua patthar aur rupaantarit balua patthar, quartzite haye, joe mausam key liye behad pratirodhi haye. pratirodhi samooh key pramukh bistar kuchh kshetron mein paae jaa sakate hain, jaise kii dolly sods. jaba mausam kharaab hotaa haye, tou yeh ack shuddh safed quartzite bajari chhod detaa haye. roopak kii chattan paraten appalachian orogeny key dauran bunny theen.
uchch roopak mein teevra freeze-pighalane key chakron key kaaran, adhikansh kshetron mein bahut cumm deshi chattaanen ujagar hoti hain. jameen kii satah aamtaur parr balua patthar kii chattanon key ack badey jhatake parr ticky hoti haye, unake beach havaa kii jagah hoti haye, joe dheere-dheere neeche kii or badh rahee hoti haye. roopak key saamane kaa shikhar ack apavaad haye, jahan aksar uchch bluffs ujagar hotey hain.
uchch roopak mein khanij springs ney mool amerikiyon aur 18 veen shatabdi key safed basane vaalon koo aakarshit kiya aur sthaaniya arthavyavastha koo ack mamuli protsaahan pradaan kiya. inn bhoogarbhiya visheshtaon key aspas vikasit honey vaale spaa mein prasiddh resorts shamil hain joe ack vishesh graahak koo puuraa karna jaari rakhate hain, jaise kii greenbear (safed sulfur springs, west virginia; 1858 mein nirmit hotal) aur ghar (germ springs, virginia; mool lodge 1766 mein nirmit).
paaristhitiki.
vanaspati.
uchch roopak apane laal spruce, balsam phir aur pahaadi raakh key jangalon key liye prasiddh hain, pedh aamtaur parr bahut door uttar mein paae jaate hain. dridh lakadi key jangalon mein peele berch, cheeni aur laal maple, purvi hemlock aur kaali cherry bhee shamil hain. americi beach, pine aur hikri bhee paae jaa sakate hain. poore kshetra key vann abb lagbhag sabhi dusare yaa teesare-vikas vaale vann hain, mool pedon koo 19 veen shatabdi key anta mein aur (paschim virginia mein) 20 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. jangli pyaaj jise ramp ("alium trichocum") key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, gahare jangalon mein bhee maujood haye.
uchch roopak mein kuchh alag-thalag kshetra apane khule vistaar key liye jaane jaate hain joe spagnum bogh aur heath jhaadiyon (jaise.jee., dolly sods, cranberry glades). kaee paadap samudaay vaastav mein samudra tala purvi kanada key samaan hain. lekin roopak key bheetar paaristhitiki tantra ullekhaniya roop seey vividh hain. haal key dashakon mein, poore kshetra mein paaristhitik uttaradhikar key kaee charanon ney iss kshetra koo vanaspatividon key liye sthaayi ruchi kaa kshetra banaa diyaa haye.
jeev-jantu.
badey megafauna joe kabhi uchch roopak mein rahate they-elk, baisan, pahaadi shher-sabhi 19 veen shatabdi key dauran samaapt hoe gaye they. haalaanki, way purvi sanyukt raajya key anya hisson kii tulanaa mein iss kshetra mein adhik samay taka jeevit rahey. prakritivaadi johnn james audubon ney bataaya kii 1851 taka kuchh purvi elk ("servous canadensis canadensis") abhee bhee elegany pahaadon mein paae jaa sakate they, lekin taba taka way lagbhag apani shesh seema seey chaley gaye they. aaj key elephany kshetra mein standhaariyon mein shwet tail hiran, chipmunk, racoon, scunk, groundhog, oposum, veezel, feeled mouse, flying squiral, cottontail khargosh, gray lomdi, laal lomdi, gray squiral, laal squiral aur ack gufa chamgaadad shamil hain. bobcat, snoshu khargosh, jangli suar aur kaalaa bhalu aur koyot bhee jangalon aur udyaanon mein paae jaate hain. mink aur beaver bahut cumm dekhe jaate hain.
inn pahaadon aur pathaaron mein sarisripon kii 20 seey adhik prajaatiyan hain joe chhipakali, khaal, kachhua aur saamp key roop mein dikhaai detee hain. kuchh isterid pakshi pahaadon key saath-saath sannyasi thrush aur lakadi thrush mein jaate hain. uttari americi pravaasi pakshi germ mausam key dauran poore pahaadon mein rahate hain. kabhi-kabhi, osprey aur cheel dhaaraon key saath ghonsale banaate hue paae jaa sakate hain. baaz aur ullu shikaar key sabse aam pakshi hain.
roopak key jall aavason mein machhliyon key 24 parivaar hain. ubhayachar prajaatiyon kii sankhya lagbhag 21 haye, jinamen seey narak-rakshak, fefde rahit salamander aur vibhinn tode aur mendhak shamil hain. roopak samanya aksheruki kii lagbhag 54 prajaatiyon key liye nivaas pradaan karate hain. inmein gastropoda, slug, jook, kenchu aur grub verm shamil hain. gufa crayfish ("cambrus nertarius") saat darjan seey thodaa adhik gufa aksheruki jeevon key saath rahati haye.
itihas.
poorv-sampark mool americi.
roopak pahaadon mein rahane vaale swadeshi loga badey kshetra kii pracheen aur tealey nirmaan sanskritiyon seey ubhare, vishesh roop seey edena aur purvi vann kshetra key loga baad mein hopewellion prabhaav key saath. inn madhya vann sanskriti key logon koo monten (see. aeye.dee. 500 seey 1000) sanskriti. unake padosi, jangal buck garden sanskriti, kendriya roopak shreni kii paschimi ghaatiyon mein rahate they. montain sthal oopari potomac nadee kshetra kii sahayak nadiyon seey laker dakshin mein naee nadee kii sahayak nadiyon taka faile hue hain. yeye oucioto (comberland) pahaadon key adhik dakshin-paschimi bhaagon kii uttari upa-shrinkhala kii pahale kii majboot sanskriti aur adhik purvi virginia woodland logon seey bhee prabhaavit they. dair seey jangal key montain ohiyo seey hopewellion vyaapaar seey cumm prabhaavit they, halanki isi tarah polish kiye gaye patthar key upkaran tigart ghaati mein montain sthalon key beach paae gaye hain. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii sabse pahaadi ghaatiyon key kuchh hisson mein montain logon key chhote samooh apani shaastriya roop seey paribhaashit avadhi seey bahut aage rahey hain.
mononghela nadee kaa jalvibhaajak uttar-paschimi rupankanon key bheetar haye, aur yeh usee seey haye kii mononghela sanskriti apana naam letee haye. elphany county, pensylvania mein sthit godwin-portman site (36al39) mein ack sambhaavit pracheen kilaa thaa (see. AD 850 seey 1680) 15veen shatabdi key dauran upasthiti. washington boro syremic dair seey suspanock anukram kii poorvottar dhalanon parr maryland mein barton (18aejee3) aur levelin (18aejee26) sthalon parr paae gaye hain. praarambhik monongahela (see. aid 900 seey 1630) koo pensylvania mein drow parampara kahaa jaataa haye. puraatatvavid richard ell. georgeh "meraa maanana haye kii kuchh monongahela algonquin mool key they... anya vidvaanon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii erocuen bolane vaale divangat monongahela logon key saath baatchit curr rahey they, aur isaki pushti karane key liye atirikt saboot prastut kiye gaye hain. main nishkarsh nikaalata huun kii puraatatviya roop seey parikalpit shabd, monongahela, sambhavatah siuan sahit kaee bhaashaon key vaktaaon koo shamil kartaa haye."2009 mein west virginia key dow. maslowski key anusaarah" naee nadee jall nikasi aur oopari potomac huffman charan (prishth) shikaar aur ikattha karane key kshetra kii seema kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye yaa jaba yeh gaanv key sthalon, vyaapaar key bartanon yaa prishth mahilaaon parr chhoti matra mein paaya jaataa haye tou kissy anya gaanv (janjaati) mein aatmasaat kiya jaataa haye."anta mein, virginia key pro potter key anusaar, unhone [prishth mitty key bartanon key huffman charan dwara pratinidhitva kiye gaye logon] ney uttari, nichale shenando ghaati kshetra mein oopari potomac parr roopak kii purvi dhalanon parr kabja curr liya thaa.dee. 1300 luur charan (algonquian) logon kaa "aakraman". aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii inn pracheen roopak koo roopak kii purvi dhalanon key classic huffman charan seey paschimi virginia mein neele katak pahaadon taka dhakel diyaa gayaa thaa, joe purvi siuan kshetra thaa.
1669 mein, johnn ladder aur unaki party key sadasya neele riz pahaadon koo paar karane vaale pahale europeeya bunn gaye aur shanandoh ghaati aur usase parey roopak pahaadon koo dekhane vaale pahale vyakti bunn gaye.
17veen shatabdi mein mool americi.
upaniveshvadiyon kii praarambhik patrikaon dwara pracheen-aitihaasik roopak kii jaanch kii jaa sakati haye. sitambar 1671 key batts aur follows key abhiyaan key anusaar, unhone naee nadee kii sahayak nadiyon parr parvat "cheroki-eroquois" key meheton bhaartiyon koo milaa. yeh patrika "namak gaanv" kii pehchaan naheen karati haye, lekin, kii "mehtan" inke saath judey hue they aur aaj "monetance", siuan maane jaate hain. haalaanki, yeh patrika kanwa jharane key neeche "namak gaanv" kii pehchaan naheen karati haye, lekin, kii kewal "mehtan" inke saath judey they. unhone samajhaaya, "namak key gaanvon" key neeche, shatrutapurna bhaartiyon kaa ack samooh aaya thaa, nihit thaa, aur kuchh loga maanate hain kii yeye 1692-94 key pracheen shaani key wheels abhiyaan key "shanwan" they. 1669 mein, virginia coloney key liye maryland key johnn leader aur tenacy cheroki ney kanwa key muhaane kaa daura kiya thaa aur roopak kii nichali dhaaraon parr koee shatruta kii soochana naheen dee thee. mohetan pratinidhi ney ack siuan anuvaadak key madhyam seey shree batts aur shree faulan, curnell abraham woods khojkartaon koo samajhaaya kii vaha (mohetan mool americi) "namak gaanv" key neeche key logon key baare mein jyada naheen kaha sakate they kyonki way (pahaadi cheroki) unake saath judey naheen they. 1671 key iss samay taka mohetan koo muhetan pratinidhi key liye hathiyarband kiya gayaa thaa, jise dosti key prateek key roop mein usake aur dusare key hathiyaron key liye golaa-barud key kaee pouch diye gaye they. virginian aitihaasik record elphany pahaadon mein shuru honey seey pahale seey hii koee kendriya elphany key bheetar vyaapaar curr rhaa thaa. kuchh poorv vidvaanon ney paaya kii yeye pracheen-itihaaskaar yaa tou potomac nadee yaa jesuit parr spanish azakan occucan chauki key cystertian they aur unake kahnavek prarthana karane vaale bhaaratiya (mohak) nadee dee laa ronseverte parr they. kanwa madonna" iss avadhi yaa usase pahale kii hoe sakati haye. jahan naee nadee peaters key pahaad seey hocker gujarati haye, peariesburg virginia key paas 1671 kii patrika mein "moketan pahale rahate they" kaa ullekh haye.
17veen shatabdi key kaee shuruati maanchitron key anusaar, mesomomac yaa "minkwas" (dutch) ney uttari elephany pahaadon parr kabja curr liya thaa. shutterus" (ack pracheen tutello) ney oucioto pahaadon parr kabja curr liya aur 1671 key francisi maanchitra parr sabse pahala shabd kainaragui (kanavhan anyatha canvest) ney dakshini roopak parr kabja curr liya. way vyaapaar-vaahak aur dongi parivahankartaon key roop mein roopak "cheroki" aur purvi siuan seey judey they. calicua, ack prachintam uttari cheroki, 1710 key maanchitron dwara, pracheen mesomomac, eroquois vyapariyon key roopak kii uttar purvi dhalanon parr madhya ohiyo ghaati seey sthanantarit hoe gayaa thaa yaa 1730 key kent dweep parr dhakel diyaa gayaa thaa. 1712 seey kuchh samay pahale, canavest ("convahance"-"canaleway"-"kainarage") oopari potomac mein chalaa gayaa thaa aur kille key nae sthaapit vyaparik chauki key saath ack sandhi kii thee joe 1740 key dashak key dauran paschimi maryland kaa ack hissa bunn jaayega.
vyaparik chaukiyaan aur anya bastiyaan.
europeeya anveshan aur basti seey pahale, americi bhaaratiya janjaatiyon jaise eroquois, shaani, delaware, kaitawa aur anya dwara vyaapaar, shikaar aur vishesh roop seey yuddh key uddeshyon key liye kaee peedhiyon seey roopak key madhyam seey maarg parivartit kiye gaye they. paschimi virginia "cheroki" kii soochana cheroki jalprapaat mein dee gaee thee, joe aaj kii tigart ghaati kii ghaati mein padata haye. bhaaratiya vyaapaari charles poke kaa vyaparik pada 1731 seey haye aur cheroki key calicua abhee bhee pichhali shatabdi seey iss kshetra mein aatey hain.
landan scribe" (taaj key karadhan record) mein kewal kuchh anya praarambhik aupaniveshik vyaparik sthaanon key aupaniveshik roopak sthaan kaa aspasht roop seey ullekh haye. inn kuchh chaukiyon kaa samanya gyaan kuchh sthaaniya logon key paaramparik gyaan seey adhik haye. haalaanki, ack udaaharan "vaine meater" vyaparik ghar haye jiska ullekh "adbhut west virginia patrika" key pahale sanskaran mein kiya gayaa haye joe potomac key oopari bhaagon kii dakshin shaakhaon mein haye. 18veen shatabdi key shuruati dashakon key dauran ack aur bahut hii praarambhik vyaparik ghar nichale greenbear ghaati maanchitra parr dikhaai detaa haye.
1719 kii shuruat mein, europe seey nae aagmankartaon ney nichale suskiana nadee koo paar karna shuru curr diyaa aur pensylvania mein sampatti key board kii avagya mein avaidh roop seey basey, joe kii elephany pahaadon kii poorvottar jall nikasi nadiyon kii anuchit bhoomi parr haye. kaee bhaaratiya rashtron ney "maryland ghuspaithiyon" koo hataane kaa anurodh kiya. inmein seey kuchh kshetra roopak seey parey khulate hue aage badhe.
roopak key pahale sthaayi europeeya basane vaalon "paschim" koo paaramparik roop seey dou nae englandwassy maanaa jaataa haih jacob marlin aur stephen seavell, joe 1749 mein greenbear ghaati mein pahunche they. unhone ack saath ack kebin banaaya joe marlinton, west virginia bunn jaayega, lekin dharm parr vivaad karane key baad, seavell paas key khokhale-out cycamore pedh mein chaley gaye. 1751 mein, sarvekshak johnn luis (andreau luis key pitaa) ney iss jodee kii khoj kii. sevel antatah sevel parvat key purvi hisse mein, vartamaan varshaakaal, paschim virginia key paas buss gayaa. way pahale loga hoe sakate hain jinhone taba "paschimi jall"-"i" koo basaaya thaa.ee.", una kshetron mein jahaan dhaaraaen poorv kii or atlantic kii bajaay paschim kii or mexico kii khaadi kii or bahati hain.
pahala sarvekshan.
elphany pahaadon mein pravesh karane vaale pahale goron mein sarvekshak they joe thomas fairfax, cameron key 6 vein lord fairfax yaa angreji privy council seey sambandhit bhoomi key vistaar parr vivaad koo nipataane kaa prayaas curr rahey they. johnn savage dwara 1736 key ack abhiyaan ney uttari shakha potomac nadee key srot key sthaan kii sthaapana kii. march 1742 mein, johnn howard naamak ack seema-adhikaari-apane bete aur anya logon key saath-governor gooch dwara virginia key dakshin-paschim mein mississippi nadee taka kaa pataa lagaane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. praakritik pull key madhyam seey devdaar khaadi key baad, way bhains-twacha vaali naukaaon mein naee, koyla, kanwa aur ohiyo nadiyon seey mississippi taka tairate they. haalaanki francisi dwara nachez pahunchane seey pahale pakad liya gayaa thaa, howard koo antatah riha curr diyaa gayaa aur (1745 mein) fairfax dwara sakshatkar liya gayaa. haward dwara dakshin shakha kii potomac nadee key vivaran key parinamswarup fairfax dwara iss kshetra mein apani bhoomi koo surakshit karane kaa nishchit nirnay liya gayaa. agale varsh peater jefferson aur thomas luis key netritva mein ack abhiyaan ney uttari shakha key srot parr "fairfax patthar" koo sthaapit kiya aur patthar key dakshin-poorv seey laker rappahnock nadee key pramukh jall taka faili seemankan ("fairfax line") kii ack rekha sthaapit kii. usa abhiyaan kii luis kii patrika apane niptan seey pahale roopak desh kaa ack moolyavaan drishtikon pradaan karati haye. jefferson aur joshua fraay key 1751 key "fraay-jefferson maanchitra" mein pahali baar roopak koo sateek roop seey darshaaya gayaa haye. agale dashakon mein, agrani basane vaale loga vishesh roop seey aupaniveshik virginia key robbert dinvidae yug (1751-58) key dauran roopak mein pahunche. inmein chhodane key kaanoon dwara squatter shamil they. kuchh ney aadhikarik sarvekshankartaon seey pahale virginia aupaniveshik governor dwara anumodit bhoomi swaamitva koo chihnit karane key liye "makai key pedh aur khet parr hack" kaa upayog kiya thaa, jise governor johnn murre, dunmore key chauthe earl key saath pratisthaapit kiya jaanaa thaa.
pahali sadaken.
jaba ack sainya pagadandi-braddock road-koo 1751 mein ohiyo company dwara rotion kiya gayaa aur khola gayaa thaa, taba trance-elegeni yatra koo suvidhajanak banaaya gayaa thaa. (yeh pahale key bhaaratiya aur agrani pagadandi kaa anusaran kartaa thaa jise nemacolin path key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa.) braddock sadak comberland, maryland (potomac nadee parr nauvahan kii oopari seema) aur ohiyo nadee (bhavishya key pitsberg, pensylvania) key kaante seey judee hui haye. iska naam francisi aur bhaaratiya yuddh key british netaa (1754-63), general edward braddock seey praapt huaa, jinhone chaar saal baad durbhagyapurna braddock abhiyaan kaa netritva kiya.
yuddh key alawa, bhaartiyon key saath shikaar aur vyaapaar pahaadon parr safed andolan key liye praathamik preranaaen theen. bhaaratiya yoddha aur vyaapaari thomas cressap (1702-90) aur backwoodman aur shikari meshach browning (1781-1859) jaise prasiddh marylanders key anveshan aur kahaaniyon seey uttari roopak kii sthaayi safed basti koo suvidha millie. 18veen shatabdi key anta mein, monongahela nadee besin mein teen mukhya maargon parr badey paimaane parr pravaas huaah winchester, virginia key madhyam seey purani braddock sadak key saath; shenandoh ghaati key madhyam seey cheat nadee key sir taka aur vahaan seey monongahela taka; aur linken rajmarg key saath ligonier, pensylvania aur phir jacob kii khaadi key saath monongahela taka. yeye apravasi mukhya roop seey scotch-irish, german aur kuchh hudd taka british they.
braddock sadak koo comberland sadak dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa-jise rashtriya sadak bhee kahaa jaataa haye-sanyukt raajya mein pahale pramukh behtar rajmargon mein seey ack jise sanghiya sarkaar dwara banaaya gayaa thaa. 1811 mein comberland mein nirmaan shuru huaa aur sadak 1818 mein ohiyo nadee parr wheeling, virginia (abb west virginia) taka pahunch gaee. dakshin mein, raajya dwara vitt poshit stonton aur parkersberg turnpike kaa nirmaan shinando ghaati kii bastiyon key liye tigart ghaati aur chhoti kanwa nadiyon key madhyam seey ohiyo nadee taka seedha maarg pradaan karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. 1826 mein yojnabaddh aur anumodit aur 1848 mein puuraa kiya gayaa, stonton aur parkersberg koo niyamit antaral parr toll houses mein ekatra shulk (toll) dwara banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa.
pahale rail aur naharen.
baltimore aur ohiyo railmarg parr nirmaan 1828 mein baltimore mein shuru huaa; bee aind oh ney roopak koo paar kiya, jisase pahaadon kii arthavyavastha aur samaaj hamesha key liye badal gayaa. bee aind oh maee 1842 taka martinsburg, (paschim) virginia, 5 navambar 1842 koo juuna, comberland, maryland, hancock, (paschim) virginia, 21 julaai 1851 koo peedmont, (paschim) virginia aur 22 juuna 1852 koo fairmont, (paschim) virginia taka pahunch gayaa thaa. (yeh antatah 1 janwari 1853 koo wheeling, (paschim) virginia mein apane ohiyo nadee terminus taka pahunch gayaa thaa.)
chezapeek aur ohiyo nahar-joe 1828 mein bhee shuru hui thee, lekin georgetown mein-bhee roopak key liye bhaari aarthik aur samajik mahatva kaa ack saarvajanik kaary thaa. 1839 taka yeh hancock, maryland key paas pahuncha. shuruat seey hii, bee aind oh railroad aur see aind oh nahar ack dusare key saath kadvi kanuni aur vaanijyik pratispardha mein sanchaalit they kyonki way potomac key saath bhoomi kii sankeern pattiyon key adhikaaron key liye pratispardha karate they. jaba nahar antatah 1850 mein comberland pahunchi, tou rail maarg aathh saal pahale hii aaa chuka thaa. curge mein dooby nahar company ney ohiyo ghaati mein nahar key agale hisse kaa nirmaan jaari rakhane kii apani yojana koo chhod diyaa. company ney lambe samay seey mahsoos kiya thaa-vishesh roop seey panjon kii surang khodane key kathin anubhav key saath-kii pahaadon parr aur yughiyogheni nadee seey pitsberg taka nirmaan kii mool yojana "betahasha avaastavik" thee.
iss avadhi key dauran raajya star parr vittaposhit saarvajanik karyon kii kamee naheen thee. saarvajanik karyon kii mukhya line philadelphia aur pitsburg key beach dakshini pensylvania mein ack rail aur nahar pranali thee. 1826 aur 1834 key beach pensylvania key rashtramandal dwara nirmit, isamen philadelphia aur kolambiya railmarg, elphany portage railmarg aur pensylvania nahar pranali shamil thee.
grih yuddh.
sangh aur sangh koo alag karane vaali seema key kinare sthit, roopak americi grihyuddh (1861-1865) seey sabse adhik seedhe prabhaavit kshetron mein seey they. yuddh key shuruati abhiyaanon mein seey ack stonton aur parkersberg turnpike key niyantran key liye aur bee aind oh railroad taka isaki pahunch key liye ladaa gayaa thaa. samriddh parvat kii ladaai (11 julaai, 1861) ney sanghiya koo turnpike, tigart kii ghaati aur uttar aur paschim mein paschimi virginia key sabhi kshetron parr niyantran diyaa, jisamen rail maarg bhee shamil thaa. (iss rangmanch mein sangh key general george mcclellan kii jeet antatah unhein potomac kii senaa key commander key roop mein padonnat karegi.) sanghon ney dhokhebaaj shikhar sammelan mein kilebandi kii, aur sanghon ney shivir barto aur shivir roopak mein gadh sthaapit kiye. yahaan unhone 1861 key patan aur agali sardiyon key dauran ack-dusare kaa yuddharat roop seey saamana kiya. general robbert ee. lii kaa cheat shikhar kille (sitambar 12-15,1861) parr hamla karane kaa prayaas aur barto aur roopak parr hamla karane key sanghiya prayaas, sabhi ranneetik gatirodh koo badalane mein whiffle rahey. anta mein, kathor, uchch oonchaai vaali sardiyon ney vaha hassil curr liya joe sainikon ney puuraa karane mein whiffle rahey they, aur 1862 key vasant mein donon senaayen mcdowell kii ladaai (8 maee, 1862) key liye neeche chully gaeen, aur phir samanya stonewall jackson key shenandoh ghaati abhiyaan (vasant 1862) seey ladane key liye. dou saal baad, iss vivaadit kshetra kaa adhikansh hissa (bahut kuchh key saath) paschimi virginia key nae raajya kaa hissa bunn gayaa. roopak kaa bahut oobad-khabad ilaka badey paimaane parr yuddh key liye bilkul bhee anukool naheen thaa aur isaliye shesh sangharsh key liye kshetra mein joe kaarravaai dekhi gaee, way aam taur parr gurilla prakriti key they.
koyla aur lakadi udyog.
1890 key dashak aur 1900 key dashak kii shuruat mein rail network key aage key prasaar key saath, kaee nae shahar vikasit hue aur roopak mein panape. railmarg key kaaran panapane vaale lakadi aur koyla udyogon ney iss kshetra mein samriddhi kaa ack paimana laaya, lekin adhikansh rajaswa pahaadon seey purvi samudra tata key shaharon mein beh gayaa, jahaan udyog key pramukhon kaa mukhyalaya thaa. iss asamaanta ney ack kadvi viraasat paida kii joe peedhiyon taka chalati rahee aur parvatarohiyon kii garibi aur kshetra key apaar paryavaraniya ksharan kii neenv banaati.
roopak key logon koo peedit karane key liye sabse mahatvapurna aapada johnstowne baadh thee-jise sthaaniya roop seey "1889 kii mahaan baadh" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye-joe usa varsh 31 maee koo johnstowne, pensylvania shahar key chhote konemagh nadee key oopar kii or dakshin kaante key baandh kii vinashkari viphalata key baad hui thee. kaee dinon kii atyadhik bhaari varsha key baad baandh toot gayaa, jisase jheel konemagh key roop mein jaane jaane vaale jalaashay seey 20 million tunn (18 million cubic meater) paani nickle gayaa. (iss jall nikaay koo saarvajanik karyon kii mukhya line key hisse key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa, phir chhod diyaa gayaa thaa.) ack pravaah darr key saath joe asthaayi roop seey mississippi nadee key barabar thee, baadh ney 2,209 logon kii zaan leey lii aur hamein 17 million dollar (2012 dollar mein lagbhag 42.5 karod dollar) kaa nuksan pahunchaaya. clara barton key netritva mein aur 50 swayamsevakon key saath americi redd cross ney ack badaa aapada raahat prayaas kiya. peediton key liye samarthan poore sanyukt raajya aur 18 videshon seey aaya. baadh key baad, jeevit bache logon koo baandh key maalikon seey nuksan kii vasuli key apane prayason mein kanuni haar kaa saamana karna padaa. usa viphalata parr saarvajanik akrosh ney americi kaanoon mein ack dosh-adharit shasson koo sakht daayitva mein badalane key liye prerit kiya.
20veen sadee.
1920 aur 30 key dashak mein, automobile key liye pahunch pradaan karane key liye elphany rajmargon koo vyaapak roop seey pakka kiya gayaa thaa.
1950 seey 1992 taka, sanyukt raajya sarkaar ney dakshini paschim virginia key roopak mein greenbear hotal mein project greek dweep key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa ack sheersh gupt nirantarta karyakram banaae rakhaa.
agast 1963 mein, naukariyon aur swatantrata key liye washington parr march mein, dow. martin luther king junier. apane prasiddh "aaee haiv aaa dream" bhaashan mein pahaadon kii ack prerak soochi mein kaee rupakon kaa ullekh kiya, jaba unhone kahaa "pensylvania key oonche roopak seey swatantrata kii ring honey dein!"
21veen sadee.
udaan 93 rashtriya smaarak united airlines udaan 93 key durghatanagrast honey key sthaan parr sthit haye-jise 11 sitambar key hamalon mein apaharan curr liya gayaa thaa-shanksville key uttar mein stonicric township, pensylvania mein. yeh smaarak udaan 93 key yaatriyon aur chaalak dall kaa sammaan kartaa haye, jinhone all-kayda key aatankvaadiyon koo unake ichchit lakshya taka pahunchane seey roque diyaa thaa.

