
linnon

linnon () ack kapada haye joe sunn key paudhe key reshon seey banaaya jaataa haye.
linnon bahut majboot aur avashoshak hotaa haye aur kapas kii tulanaa mein teji seey sookh jaataa haye. inn gunon key kaaran, linnon germ mausam mein pahanane mein aramdayak haye aur kapadon mein upayog key liye moolyavaan haye. linnon key vastron koo sunn key paudhe key reshe, dhaage key saath-saath buney hue aur buney hue kapade seey banaaya jaa sakata haye. isaki anya vishisht visheshtaen bhee hain, vishesh roop seey isaki soojan kii pravritti. kapas jaisi samagri kii tulanaa mein fasal kataai mein kaafee adhik samay lagata haye, halanki donon praakritik reshe hain. kapas kii tulanaa mein bunai karna bhee adhik kathin haye.
linnon key vastra duniya key sabse puraane vastron mein seey kuchh prateet hotey hain; unakaa itihas kaee hajaaron saal purana haye. dakshinpurvi europe (vartamaan georgia) mein ack gufa mein paae jaane vaale rangeen alsi key tantu bataate hain kii jangli alsi seey buney hue linnon kapadon kaa upayog 30,000 saal seey adhik purana hoe sakata haye. mesopotamia aur pracheen misra sahit pracheen sabhyataon mein linnon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, aur linnon kaa ullekh bible mein kiya gayaa haye. 18veen shatabdi aur usake baad, linnon udyog europe key kaee deshon kii arthvyavasthaon key saath-saath americi upaniveshon mein bhee mahatvapurna thaa.
linnon bunai banaavat mein vastra, yahaan taka kii jaba kapas, bhang yaa anya gair-alsi tantuon seey baney hotey hain, tou unhein bhee "linnon" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
vyutpatti.
linnon" shabd paschim german mool kaa haye aur sunn key paudhe key lattin naam, "linam", aur pahale key yunani λινον ("linnon") key liye sangyanatmak haye.
iss shabd itihas ney angreji mein kaee anya shabdon koo janm diyaa haye, vishesh roop seey ack seedhi rekha nirdhaarit karane key liye linnon (sunn) dhaage key upayog seey. yeh vyutpatti key aadhar parr astar sahit kaee anya shabdon seey bhee sambandhit haye, kyonki linnon kaa upayog aksar kapadon key liye ack aantarik parat banaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, aur french seey, joe mool roop seey linnon seey baney underwear koo darshaata thaa.
itihas.
duniya key vibhinn hisson mein logon ney cumm seey cumm kaee hazaar saal pahale linnon bunai shuru kii thee. yeh mrit samudra key paas kumran gufa 1 seey bhee baramad kiya gayaa thaa.
praarambhik itihas.
36, 000 saal pahale paschimi asia (aadhunik georgia) key dakshini coccus mein ack gufa mein rangeen alsi tantuon kii khoj seey pataa chalata haye kii pracheen loga linnon jaise kapade banaane key liye jangli alsi tantuon kaa upayog karate they.
pual, beej, reshe, dhaage aur vibhinn prakaar key kapadon key tukade, jinamen linnon key namoone shamil hain, lagbhag 8,000 eesaa poorv key swiss jheel key aavason mein paae gaye hain.
lagbhag 7,000 eesaa poorv kii ack badee basti, Çatalhöyük mein ack dafan mein buney hue sunn key kapade key tukade "shishu aur bachche key beach paae gaye hain. dakshin-paschim mein, pracheen mesopotamia mein, sunn koo paltu banaaya jaataa thaa aur linnon kaa utpaadan kiya jaataa thaa. iska upayog mukhya roop seey samaaj key dhanee varg dwara kiya jaataa thaa, jisamen pujari bhee shamil they. inanna key prem prasang kii sumerian kavita mein sunn aur linnon kaa ullekh haye.
pracheen misra mein, linnon kaa upayog mamikaran aur dafanaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. ise dainik aadhar parr kapadon key roop mein bhee pahana jaataa thaa; atyadhik garmi key kaaran safed linnon pahana jaataa thaa. udaaharan key liye, duniya key sabse puraane buney hue kapadon mein seey ack maani jaane vaali aur 3482 aur 3102 eesaa poorv key beach kii tarikh vaali tarkhan poshak linnon seey bunny haye. plutarch ney likhaa kii isis key pujari bhee isaki shuddhata key kaaran linnon pahanate they. pracheen misra mein kabhi-kabhi linnon kaa upayog mudra key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. misra kii mummy koo prakaash aur shuddhata key prateek key roop mein aur dhana key pradarshan key roop mein linnon mein lapeta gayaa thaa. inmein seey kuchh kapade, haath seey buney gaye dhaage seey buney gaye, apane dinn key liye bahut achche they, lekin aadhunik linnon kii tulanaa mein motey hain. jaba 1213 eesaa poorv mein marane vaale firo ramses dwiteeya kii kabr kii khoj 1881 mein kii gaee, tou linnon kii lapetane kii sthiti 3000 seey adhik varshon key baad sahee sanrakshan kii sthiti mein thee. alster sangrahalaya mein, belfast mein amoon key ack pujari kii betty 'takabuti' kii mummy haye, jisaki 2,500 saal pahale mrityu hoe gaee thee. iss mummy parr linnon bhee sanrakshan kii sahee sthiti mein haye.
linnon udyog kaa sabse pahala likhit dastavej pylos, grees key raikhik bee goliyon seey aataa haye, jahaan linnon koo ack ideogram key roop mein darshaaya gayaa haye aur "lii-noo" (yoonaanih λίνον, "linnon") key roop mein bhee likhaa gayaa haye, aur mahila linnon shramikon koo "lii-ney-yaa" (λίνεια, "linea") key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye.
madhya yug.
madhya yug taka, german sunn aur linnon kaa vyaapaar sampann thaa. 9veen shatabdi taka yeh vyaapaar poore germany mein fail gayaa aur 11veen shatabdi taka flanders aur brabent mein fail gayaa. madhya yug mein nichala raain linnon banaane kaa kendra thaa. 11veen shatabdi taka ireland mein sunn kii kheti kii jaati thee aur kapadon key liye linnon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. sakshya bataate hain kii sunn 12veen aur 13veen shatabdi mein dakshini ingland mein ugaaya aur becha gayaa hoga.
vastra, mukhya roop seey linnon aur oona, vikendrikrit gharelu bunai milon mein utpaadit kiye jaate they.
aadhunik itihas.
16veen shatabdi aur usake baad bhee linnon kaa moolya vastron key liye mahatvapurna banaa rhaa. aitihaasik hastiyon dwara pahane jaane vaale linnon vastron key namoone butch gaye hain. udaaharan key liye, samrat charles vee dwara pahani jaane vaali ack linnon topi koo 1558 mein unaki mrityu key baad saavdhaanipoorvak sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa.
ireland mein linnon key utpaadan kaa ack lamba itihas rhaa haye. jaba 1685 mein nantes key adesh koo radd curr diyaa gayaa, tou france seey bhaag gaye kaee hugnot british dweepon aur anya jagahon parr buss gaye. way apane saath linnon utpaadan key liye behtar tareeke laae, vishesh roop seey ireland mein linnon udyog key vikas mein yogdan diyaa. unamen seey ack lui chromelin they, joe ack netaa they jinhen ireland key shaahi linnon nirmaan kaa paryavekshak niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. vaha belfast key paas lisburn shahar mein buss gaye, joe shayed poore itihas mein sabse prasiddh linnon utpaadan kendra haye; victorian yug key dauran duniya key adhikansh linnon kaa utpaadan shahar mein kiya gayaa thaa, jisane ise linanpolis naam diyaa. halanki linnon udyog pahale seey hii alster mein sthaapit thaa, luis chromelin ney bunai mein sudhaar kii gunjaish paaee, aur unake prayaas itane safal rahey kii unhein sarkaar dwara lisburn aur usake aspas key chhote kshetron kii tulanaa mein bahut vyaapak seema mein udyog koo vikasit karane key liye niyukt kiya gayaa. unake achche kaam kaa pratyaksh parinam varsh 1711 mein ireland key linnon nirmaataon key nyasi mandal kii sthaapana thee, joe kaanoon key tahat thee. motey lockram sahit kaee shreniyon kaa utpaadan kiya gayaa thaa. jeevit linnon pariyojana koo 1995 mein ayrish linnon udyog key gyaan key ack maukhik sangrah key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, joe usa samay bhee una logon key kendra key bheetar upalabdh thaa joe pahale alster mein udyog mein kaam karate they.
18veen aur 19veen shatabdi mein europe kii arthvyavasthaon mein linnon udyog teji seey mahatvapurna hoe gayaa thaa. ingland mein aur phir germany mein, audyogikaran aur machine utpaadan ney haath seey kiye gaye kaam koo badal diyaa aur utpaadan ghar seey nae karkhanon mein chalaa gayaa.
americi upaniveshon mein linnon bhee ack mahatvapurna utpaad thaa, jahan ise pahale basane vaalon key saath laaya gayaa thaa aur yeh sabse adhik upayog kiya jaane vaalaa kapada aur aupaniveshik parivaaron key liye ack moolyavaan sampatti bunn gayaa thaa. homepun andolan ney ghar mein baney kapade banaane key liye sunn key upayog koo protsaahit kiya. 1830 key dashak key dauran, uttari sanyukt raajya mein adhikansh kisaanon ney parivaar key kapadon key liye linnon key liye sunn ugaana jaari rakhaa.
19veen shatabdi key anta aur 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, linnon roose aur isaki arthavyavastha key liye bahut mahatvapurna thaa. ack samay mein yeh desh kii sabse badee niryaat vastu thee aur roose ney duniya kii fiber sunn fasal kaa lagbhag 80 pratishat utpaadan kiya.
disambar 2006 mein, sanyukt rashtra kii aam sabhaa ney linnon aur anya praakritik reshon key baare mein logon kii jagrukta badhaane key liye 2009 koo praakritik reshon kaa antarrashtriya varsh ghoshit kiya.
ack adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii linen kapade key karyatmak gunon koo chitosan-citric acid aur phytic acid theoria koo shamil karke behtar banaaya jaa sakata haye. iss prakriya key prabhaavon mein jivanurodhi gatividhi key behtar star, badhati shikan pratirodh, jwala pratibalata, yuvi suraksha aur antioxidant guna shamil hain. isake alawa, linnon kaa kapada lagbhag 20 dhone key liye sthaayitva banaae rakhane mein saksham thaa.
dharm.
poori bible mein linnon key kaee sandarbh hain, joe maanav sanskritiyon mein vastra kii gahari upasthiti koo darshaate hain.
yahudi dharm mein, ekmatra kaanoon jisake baare mein kapadon mein kapadon koo ack saath bunaa jaa sakata haye, vaha linnon aur oona key mishran seey sambandhit haye, jise "shatnez" kahaa jaataa haye; yeh "aap ack mishrit saman, oona aur linnon koo ack saath naheen pahanen" aur ", mein pratibandhit haye...naa hii dou prakaar key saman kaa ack saath milaa huaa vastra aapke oopar aayega."torah mein hii iska koee spashteekaran naheen haye aur ise ack prakaar key kaanoon key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye jise" "chukim" "key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe manushya kii samajhane kii kshamata seey parey ack kaanoon haye. pahali shatabdi key roman-yahudi itihaaskaar josephus ney sujhaav diyaa kii iss pratibandh kaa kaaran aam logon koo pujaariyon kii aadhikarik poshak pahanane seey rokna thaa, jabaki madhyayugeen yahudi daarshanik mammonides ney socha kii iska kaaran yeh thaa kii yahudi pujaariyon ney aise mishrit vastra pahane they. anya loga bataate hain kii aisaa isaliye haye kyonki bhagwan aksar alag-alag prakaar key mishran koo manaa karate hain, joe bhagwan dwara ack nishchit tareeke seey sangat honey key liye design naheen kiye gaye hain, jisamen pashu aur sabji key tantuon koo dou alag-alag prakaar key jutai jaanvaron koo ack saath jodane key samaan hotaa haye; saath hii, iss tarah key adesh ack vyaavhaarik key saath-saath roopak uddeshya donon kii seva karate hain, shayed yahaan ack pujari paridhan koo rokte hain joe germ jalavaayu mein asuvidha (yaa atyadhik pasina) kaa kaaran banata haye.
bible mein nitivachan 31 mein bhee linnon kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye, joe ack kuleen patni kaa varnan kartaa haye. kahate hain, "vaha apane bistar key liye aavaran banaati haye; vaha maheen linnon aur baingani rung mein haye."nae vasiyatnama () mein farzadooto dwara maheen safed linnon bhee pahana jaataa haye.
upayog karein.
kaee utpaadon koo linnon seey banaaya jaa sakata haye, jaise kih kapade, chaadar, apron, bagg, tauliye (tairaki, snan, samudra tata, shareer aur dhone key tauliye), napkin, dhaavak aur asbab. iska upayog vishesh roop seey paal aur daal key kapade, silai dhaage, rumal, table kapade, chaadar, collar, cuff aadi mein kiya jaataa haye..
aaj, linnon aamtaur parr apekshaakrit cumm matra mein utpaadit ack mahanga kapada haye. isamen kapas aur anya praakritik reshon key saapeksh ack lamba mukhya (vyaktigat fiber kii lambai) hotaa haye.
sadiyon seey table cover, bedd cover aur kapadon key liye linnon kapade kaa upayog kiya jaataa rhaa haye. linnon kii mahatvapurna laagat naa kewal dhaage key saath kaam karane kii kathinaaee seey hoti haye, balki isaliye bhee hoti haye kyonki sunn key paudhe parr bahut dhyaan dene kii aavashyakta hoti haye. isake alawa, sunn kaa dhaga lochdaar naheen hotaa haye, aur isaliye dhaage koo tode binaa bunana mushkil haye. iss prakaar linnon kaa nirmaan kapas kii tulanaa mein kaafee adhik mahanga haye.
saamoohik shabd "linnon" kaa upayog aksar buney hue yaa buney hue bistar, snan, mez aur rasoi key kapadon key ack varg kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye joe paaramparik roop seey sunn-adharit linnon seey baney hotey hain lekin aaj vibhinn prakaar key reshon seey baney hotey hain. linnon" shabd kaa arth haye halke undergarments jaise shirt, chemises, cummer-shirt, adhovastra ("linnon" key saath ack sangyeya), aur alag karane yogya shirt collar aur cuff, joe sabhi aitihaasik roop seey lagbhag vishesh roop seey linnon seey baney they. maheen mishrit kapade key kapadon kii aantarik parat (udaaharan key liye dress jackett) paaramparik roop seey linnon seey bunny thee, isaliye shabd "astar" haye.
pichhale 30 varshon mein linnon key liye antim upayog naatakiya roop seey badal gayaa haye. 1990 key dashak mein linnon utpaadan kaa lagbhag 70 pratishat paridhan vastron key liye thaa, jabaki 1970 key dashak mein kewal 5 pratishat kaa upayog fashion kapadon key liye kiya jaataa thaa.
linnon bistar aur snan key kapadon (tablecloth, baath towell, dish towell, bedsheet); ghar aur vaanijyik saaj-sajja vastuon (wallpaper/deewaar aavaran, asbab, khidki upchaar); paridhan vastuon (soot, kapade, scurt, shirt); aur audyogik utpaadon (saman, canvus, silai dhaga) kaa upayog kartaa haye. yeh ack samay mokasin-shally key jooton (loafers) key oopari hisse koo haath seey silai karane key liye pasandida dhaga thaa, lekin ise kritrim tatvon dwara badal diyaa gayaa haye.
ack linnon rumal, jise konon koo pradarshit karane key liye dabaaya aur modd diyaa gayaa thaa, 20 veen shatabdi key pahale bhaag key adhikansh samay mein ack achchi tarah seey pahane hue aadami key soot kii ack maanak sajawat thee.
aajkal, linnon apane sthaayitva aur hypoellergenic gunon key kaaran chaadar key liye sabse pasandida samagri mein seey ack haye. linnon kapas seey teen gunaa adhik majboot hoe sakata haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki linnon dhaage mein cellulose fiber thode lambe hotey hain aur sooti dhaage mein paae jaane vaale reshon kii tulanaa mein adhik sakht hotey hain. yeh ise bahut adhik tikaau banaata haye aur linnon utpaadon koo lambe samay taka chalane kii anumati detaa haye.
vartamaan mein shodhkarta nae dhaage banaane key liye ack sooti/sunn mishran parr kaam curr rahey hain joe germ aur aardr mausam key dauran denim key anubhav mein sudhaar karega. isake vipareet, kuchh brand jaise kii 100% capri vishesh roop seey linnon koo denim kii tarah dekhate hain.
linnon kapada tail chitrakala key liye pasandida paaramparik aadharon mein seey ack haye. sanyukt raajya america mein kapas kaa upayog lokpriya roop seey kiya jaataa haye, kyonki linnon kaee gunaa adhik mahanga haye, iska upayog peshevar chitrakaron taka seemit haye. haalaanki, europe mein, linnon aamtaur parr kalaa kii dukaanon mein upalabdh ekmatra kapade kaa samarthan haye; britten mein donon hii kapas key saste honey key saath swatantra roop seey upalabdh hain. apani taakat, sthaayitva aur abhilekhiya akhandata key liye linnon koo kapas kii tulanaa mein adhik pasand kiya jaataa haye.
karigar bekaron dwara bhee linnon kaa vyaapak roop seey upayog kiya jaataa haye. ack sophe key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, sunn key kapade kaa upayog aate koo aakar mein rakhane key liye kiya jaataa haye, jabaki antim vriddhi mein, becking seey thheek pahale. sophe mein aate kii bhaari dhool hoti haye jise kapade key chhidron mein ragad diyaa jaataa haye. phir aakar key aate koo sophe parr rakhaa jaataa haye. aataa pakadane key liye flird kiye gaye sophe seey ack "gair chhadi" satah banati haye. phir aate koo failane seey rokane key liye sophe mein katakiyan banati hain.
ateet mein, linnon kaa upayog kitaabon key liye bhee kiya jaataa thaa (jiska ekmatra jeevit udaaharan liberts haye). apani taakat key kaaran, madhya yug mein linnon kaa upayog dhaal, juari aur dhanush key liye kiya jaataa thaa; shaastriya pracheen kaal mein iska upayog ack prakaar key shareer kavach banaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa, jise linothorax key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa thaa. isake alawa, linnon kaa upayog aamtaur parr rigging, paal-kapade, jaal, rassiyaan aur canvus banaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa kyonki geele honey parr kapade kii tanyata mein 20 pratishat kii vriddhi hoti thee.
jaba yeh geeli hoti haye tou isaki taakat key kaaran, haath seey paseene key avashoshan key kaaran, irish linnon pool/billiard sanketon kaa ack bahut hii lokpriya aavaran haye.
1923 mein, german shahar belayfeld ney linnon parr mudrit banknote jaari kiye. sanyukt raajya mudra kagaj 25 pratishat linnon aur 75 pratishat kapas seey banaa haye.
flex fiber.
varnan.
linnon ack kameene resha haye. alsi key tantuon kii lambai lagbhag 25 seey 150 mimi (1 seey 6 inch) aur vyaas mein ausat 12-16 micrometer taka hoti haye. dou kismein hainh motey kapadon key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale chhote too fiber aur maheen kapadon key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale lambe line fiber. alsi fiber koo aamtaur parr unake "nodes" dwara pahachaana jaa sakata haye joe kapade key lachilepan aur banaavat koo badhaate hain.
linnon fiber kaa cross-section aniyamit bahubhuj aakaron seey banaa hotaa haye joe kapade kii motey banaavat mein yogdan karate hain.
guna.
linnon kapade koo chhoone mein thandak mahsoos hoti haye, ack aisee ghatana joe isaki uchch chaalakta koo ingit karati haye (vahee siddhant joe dhatuon koo "thandaa" mahsoos karaata haye). yeh chikna hotaa haye, taiyar kapade koo lint-mukt banaata haye, aur jitna adhik dhoya jaataa haye utanaa hii naram hoe jaataa haye. haalaanki, ack hii sthaan parr lagaatar teekhe taha mein crease karane seey linnon key dhaage toot jaate hain. yeh ghisaav collar, hames aur kissy bhee kshetra mein dikhaai dey sakata haye joe laundering key dauran lohe seey banaa hotaa haye. linnon kii kharaab loach kaa matlab haye kii yeh aasaani seey jhurriyaan daal detaa haye.
fafoondi, pasina aur bleach kapade koo nuksan pahuncha sakate hain, lekin kyonki yeh pashu tantuon (keratin) seey naheen banaaya jaataa haye, yeh kapadon key patangon aur kaaleen bhringon key liye abhedya haye. linnon kii dekhbhal karna apekshaakrit aasaan haye, kyonki yeh gandagi aur daag kaa pratirodh kartaa haye, isamen koee lint yaa pilling pravritti naheen haye, aur ise sookhe-saaf, machine seey dhoya yaa bhaap mein rakhaa jaa sakata haye. yeh uchch tapman kaa saamana curr sakata haye, aur kewal madhyam praarambhik sankuchan haye.
linnon koo sookhane seey bahut adhik naheen sukhana chaahiye, aur jaba geela hoe tou ise loha karna bahut aasaan hotaa haye. linnon kii jhurriyaan bahut aasaani seey parh jaati hain, aur iss prakaar kuchh aur aupchaarik kapadon koo aksar istri kii aavashyakta hoti haye, taaki sahee chiknipan banaae rakhaa jaa sakey. phir bhee, soonghane kii pravritti koo aksar linnon key vishesh "aakarshan" kaa hissa maanaa jaataa haye, aur kaee aadhunik linnon vastron koo ack achche kapade key hanger parr havaa mein sukhaane key liye design kiya gayaa haye aur binaa istri kii aavashyakta key pahana jaataa haye.
aksar linnon dhaage seey judee ack visheshta "slubs", yaa chhote, naram, aniyamit gaanthon kii upasthiti haye, joe isaki lambai key saath yaadrichhik roop seey hoti haye. ateet mein, slub koo paaramparik roop seey dosh maanaa jaataa thaa, aur nimn gunavatta vaale linnon seey judaa huaa thaa. haalaanki, kaee vartamaan linnon kapadon key mamle mein, vishesh roop seey sajawati saaj-sajja udyog mein, slub koo ack mahange praakritik utpaad kii saundarya appeal kaa hissa maanaa jaataa haye. isake alawa, slub kapade kii akhandata seey samjhauta naheen karate hain, aur isaliye unhein ack dosh key roop mein naheen dekhaa jaataa haye. haalaanki, bahut hii behtareen linnon mein bahut hii susangat vyaas key dhaage hotey hain, jisamen koee slub naheen hotaa haye.
mitty mein dafan honey parr linnon kuchh hafton mein kharaab hoe sakata haye. linnon kapas kii tulanaa mein adhik jaiv apghataniya haye, jisase yeh ack paryaavaran key anukool fiber bunn jaataa haye.
maap.
thoke linnon dhaage kaa maanak maap "lii" haye, joe kii linnon key ack pound mein yard kii sankhya haye jise 300 seey vibhajit kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, 1 lii key aakar vaalaa ack dhaga 300 gaj prati pound dega. rumal aadi mein upayog kiye jaane vaale maheen dhaage. 40 lii hoe sakata haye, aur 40x300 = 12,000 gaj prati pound dey sakata haye. yeh ack vishisht lambai haye isaliye linnon kii baarikiyon kaa ack apratyaksh maap haye.ee., prati ikai dravyamaan kii lambai ikaaiyon kii sankhya. prateek nell haye. metrick ikai, nm, kaa upayog mahadvipiya europe mein adhik kiya jaataa haye. yeh prati kilogram 1,000 meater lambai kii sankhya haye. chean mein, angreji sooti pranali ikai, aine. ee. see., aam haye. yeh ack pound mein 840 gaj kii lambai kii sankhya haye.
utpaadan vidhi.
linnon kaa nirmaan karna kathin haye.
taiyar linnon utpaad kii gunavatta aksar badhati sthitiyon aur kataai takneekon parr nirbhar karati haye. sabse lambe samay taka sambhav reshe utpann karane key liye, poore paudhe koo oopar kheenchkar yaa tou haath seey alsi kaati jaati haye yaa danthal koo jarh key bahut karib kaataa jaataa haye. kataai key baad, paudhon koo sukhaaya jaataa haye, aur phir beejon koo ack machinikrit prakriya key madhyam seey hataaya jaataa haye jise "rippling" (threshing) aur winnoing kahaa jaataa haye.
taba tantuon koo danthal seey dheela kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yeh reating key madhyam seey praapt kiya jaataa haye. yeh ack aisee prakriya haye joe bacteria kaa upayog pectin koo vighatit karane key liye karati haye joe tantuon koo ack saath baandhati haye. praakritik reating vidhiyaan tankon aur pool mein yaa seedhe kheton mein hoti hain. rasayanik reating vidhiyaan bhee hain; yeye tez hain, lekin aam taur parr paryaavaran aur fiber key liye adhik hanikarak hain.
reating key baad, danthal scutching key liye taiyar hotey hain, joe agast aur disambar key beach hotaa haye. scutching dou dhaatu rollers key beach danthal key lakadi key hisse koo kuchalkar hataa detee haye, taaki danthal key hisson koo alag kiya jaa sakey. reshe koo hataa diyaa jaataa haye aur anya bhaagon jaise alsi, sheev aur too koo anya upayogon key liye alag rakhaa jaataa haye. isake baad reshe koo alag kiya jaataa haih chhote reshe koo kewal lambe, naram sunn key reshe koo peechhe chhodane key liye unhein 'kanghi' karke alag kiya jaataa haye.
fiber koo alag karane aur sansaadhit karane key baad, unhein aam taur parr dhaage mein ghumaaya jaataa haye aur linnon key kapadon mein bunaa yaa bunaa jaataa haye. inn vastron koo taba bleach kiya jaa sakata haye, rangaa jaa sakata haye, mudrit kiya jaa sakata haye, yaa kaee upchaar yaa coating key saath samaapt kiya jaa sakata haye.
ack vaikalpik utpaadan vidhi koo "kapas banaane" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye joe tez haye aur cumm upkaran kii aavashyakta hoti haye. sunn key danthal koo paaramparik sooti machinary kaa upayog karke sansaadhit kiya jaataa haye; haalaanki, taiyar reshe aksar vishisht linnon roop khou dete hain.
nirmaata.
duniya key kaee hisson mein sunn ugaaya jaataa haye, lekin sheersh gunavatta vaalaa sunn mukhya roop seey paschimi europeeya deshon aur ukraine mein ugaaya jaataa haye. haal key varshon mein thoke linnon utpaadan purvi europe aur chean mein chalaa gayaa haye, lekin uchch gunavatta vaale kapade abhee bhee ireland, itali aur belgium mein aalaa utpadakon taka seemit hain, aur polland, austriya, france, germany, sweeden, denmark, bellaroos, lithuania, latvia, neetherland, spen, switzerland, britten aur bhaarat mein kochchi sahit deshon mein bhee hain. uchch gunavatta vaale linnon kapadon kaa utpaadan abb sanyukt raajya america mein asbab bajar aur belgium mein kiya jaataa haye.
2018 mein, sanyukt rashtra key aadhikarik antarrashtriya vyaapaar aankadon key bhandar key anusaar, chean vyaapaar moolya key hisab seey buney hue linnon kapadon kaa sheersh niryaatak thaa, jisamen niryaat mein $732.3 million kii soochana thee; itali ($173.0 million), belgium ($68.9 million) aur united kingdam ($51.7 million) bhee pramukh niryaatak they.

