chikitsa naitikta

chikitsa naitikta naitikta kii ack anuprayukt shakha haye joe naidaanik chikitsa aur sambandhit vaigyaanik anusandhaan key abhyaas kaa vishleshan karati haye. chikitsa naitikta una moolyon key ack samooh parr adharit haye jinhen peshevar kissy bhee bhram yaa sangharsh key mamle mein sandarbhit curr sakate hain. inn moolyon mein swaayatta, gair-haani, laabh aur nyaay key liye sammaan shamil haye. aise siddhant doctors, dekhbhal pradaataon aur parivaaron koo ack upchaar yojana banaane aur usee samanya lakshya kii disha mein kaam karane kii anumati dey sakate hain. yeh dhyaan rakhna mahatvapurna haye kii yeye chaar moolya mahatva yaa prasangikta key crum mein krambaddh naheen hain aur yeye sabhi chikitsa naitikta seey sambandhit moolyon koo shamil karate hain. haalaanki, ack sangharsh utpann hoe sakata haye jisase ack naitik pranali mein padanukram kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye, jaise kii kuchh naitik tatva ack kathin chikitsa sthiti mein sarvottam naitik nirnay koo lagu karane key uddeshya seey dusaron koo pachhaad dete hain. chikitsa naitikta vishesh roop seey anaichhik upchaar aur anaichhik pratibaddhata key sambandh mein nirnayon mein praasangik haye.
kaee aachar sanhitaaen hain. hippocratic shapath chikitsa peshevaron key liye buniyaadi siddhanton parr charcha karati haye. yeh dastaavez eesaa poorv paanchvin shatabdi kaa haye. helsinki kii ghoshana (1964) aur neuremberg code (1947) donon dou prasiddh aur sammaanit dastavej hain joe chikitsa naitikta mein yogdan karate hain. chikitsa naitikta key itihas mein anya mahatvapurna chihnon mein shamil hain "row vee. 1973 mein vaade aur 1960 key dashak mein haemodialysis kaa vikas. haal hii mein, jeane sampadan kaa upayog karke rogon key ilaaj, roktham aur upchaar key uddeshya seey jeane sampadan key liye naee takneeken, chikitsa aur upchaar mein unake anuprayogon key saath-saath bhavishya kii peedhiyon parr samajik prabhaavon key baare mein mahatvapurna naitik sawal uthaa rahee hain, phir bhee eugenics key saath unake judaav key kaaran vivadaspad bunny hui hain.
jaise-jaise yeh kshetra poore itihas mein vikasit aur badalata rahata haye, duniya bhar mein sabhi saanskritik aur dhaarmik prishthabhoomi mein nishpaksh, santulit aur naitik soch parr dhyaan kendrit kiya jaataa haye. chikitsa naitikta key kshetra mein naidaanik settings mein vyaavhaarik anuprayog aur darshan, itihas aur samajshastra mein vidvatapurna kaary donon shamil hain.
chikitsa naitikta mein laabh, swaayatta aur nyaay shamil hain kyonki way ichchamrityu, rogi kii gopaniyata, soochit sahamati aur swaasthya seva mein hiton key sangharsh jaise sanghrshon seey sambandhit hain. isake alawa, chikitsa naitikta aur sanskriti aapas mein judee hui hain kyonki vibhinn sanskritiyaan naitik moolyon koo alag-alag tareeke seey lagu karati hain, kabhi-kabhi parivarik moolyon parr adhik jore detee hain aur swaayatta key mahatva koo cumm karati hain. isase aspatalon aur anya swaasthya sevaaon mein saanskritik roop seey samvedansheel chikitsakon aur naitik samitiyon kii badhati aavashyakta hoe jaati haye.
itihas.
chikitsa naitikta shabd pahali baar 1803 mein aaya thaa, jaba angreji lekhak aur chikitsak thomas persival ney chikitsa suvidhaon key bheetar chikitsa peshevaron kii aavashyaktaon aur apekshaon kaa varnan karate hue ack dastaavez prakaashit kiya thaa. naitikta kii sanhita koo taba 1847 mein anukoolit kiya gayaa thaa, joe persival key shabdon parr bahut adhik nirbhar thaa. 1903, 1912 aur 1947 key varshon mein, mool dastaavez mein sanshodhan kiye gaye hain. chikitsa naitikta kaa abhyaas vyaapak roop seey sweekaar kiya jaataa haye aur duniya bhar mein iska abhyaas kiya jaataa haye.
aitihaasik roop seey, paschimi chikitsa naitikta kaa pataa pracheen kaal mein chikitsakon key kartavya parr dishaanirdeshon seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii hippocratic shapath aur praarambhik isai shikshaaen. chikitsa naitikta kaa pahala code, "formula committes archetrorum", 5 veen shatabdi mein, shuturmurg isai raajaa theodoric dha grate key shasankal key dauran prakaashit huaa thaa. madhyayugeen aur praarambhik aadhunik kaal mein, yeh kshetra islami chhatravritti key liye rinee haye jaise kii ishk ibn allie all-ruhavi (jinhone "ack chikitsak kaa aacharan" likhaa, chikitsa naitikta koo samarpit pahali pustak), avisena kii chikitsa kii cannon aur muhammad ibn zakaria arr-razee (paschim mein raazes key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye), yahudi vichaarak jaise mammonides, roman catholic vidwan vichaarak jaise thomas aquinas, aur catholic naitik dharamshastra key mamle-unmukh vishleshan (cassistry). yeye bauddhik paramparaaen catholic, islami aur yahudi chikitsa naitikta mein jaari hain.
18veen aur 19veen shatabdi taka, chikitsa naitikta ack adhik aatm-jagrook pravachan key roop mein ubhari. ingland mein, thomas persival, ack chikitsak aur lekhak, ney chikitsa naitikta kaa pahala aadhunik code taiyar kiya. unhone 1794 mein sanhita key saath ack parcha taiyar kiya aur 1803 mein ack vistaarit sanskaran likhaa, jisamen unhone "chikitsa naitikta" aur "chikitsa nyayshastra" abhivyaktiyaan gadheen. haalaanki, kuchh aise hain joe persival key dishaanirdeshon koo dekhate hain joe chikitsak paramarsh seey sambandhit hain joe gharelu chikitsak kii pratishtha key atyadhik surakshaatmak honey key roop mein hain. jeffrey berlant ack aise aalochak hain joe persival key chikitsak paramarsh key code koo chikitsak samudaay key pratispardha-virodhi, "gilled"-jaisi prakriti kaa ack praarambhik udaaharan maanate hain. isake alawa, 19veen shatabdi key madhya seey 20veen shatabdi taka, chikitsak-rogi sambandh joe ack baar adhik parichit they, cumm pramukh aur cumm antarang hoe gaye, kabhi-kabhi kadachar kii or leey gaye, jisake parinamswarup cumm saarvajanik vishvaas aur nirnay lene kii shakti mein badalaav aaya paitrik chikitsak model seey aaj rogi kii swaayatta aur atmanirnaya parr jore dene key liye.
1815 mein, sanyukt raajya kii sansad dwara aushadh adhiniyam paarit kiya gayaa thaa. isane aushdhaalayon key samaaj key licenses key tahat dinn key aushdhaalayon key liye anivarya prashikshuta aur aupchaarik yogyata shuru kii. yeh britten mein chikitsa peshe key viniyaman kii shuruat thee.
1847 mein, americi chikitsa sangh ney apani pahali aachar sanhita koo apanaaya, jisamen yeh badey hisse mein persival key kaam parr adharit thaa. jabaki dharmnirpeksh kshetra ney kaafee hudd taka catholic chikitsa naitikta seey udhaar liya, 20 veen shatabdi mein joseph fletcher jaise vicharakon dwara ack vishisht roop seey udaar protestant drishtikon vyakt kiya gayaa thaa. 1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein, udaar siddhant aur prakriyaatmak nyaay key aadhar parr, chikitsa naitikta key adhikansh vimarsh ack naatakiya badalaav seey gujare aur badey paimaane parr khud koo jaiv nitishastra mein phir seey configure kiya.
prasiddh chikitsa naitikta mamalon mein shamil hainh
1970 key dashak seey, samkaaleen chikitsa mein naitikta kaa badhata prabhaav maanav vishayon parr prayogon kaa mulyankan karane key liye sansthaagat sameeksha boardon key badhate upayog, aspatal naitikta samitiyon kii sthaapana, chikitsak naitikta visheshagyon kii bhoomika kaa vistaar aur kaee chikitsa vidyalaya pathyakramon mein naitikta key ekikaran mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
covid-19.
disambar 2019 mein, virus covid-19 duniya bhar key saarvajanik swaasthya key liye ack khatare key roop mein ubhara aur, agale varshon mein, aadhunik yug kii chikitsa naitikta mein naee jaanch koo prajwalit kiya. udaaharan key liye, chean key wuhan mein covid-19 kii pahali khoj aur 2020 key madhya taka isake baad vaishvik prasaar key baad seey, khule vigyaan siddhanton koo apanaane key liye anusandhaan samudaayon kaa prabhutva haye. kuchh shikshaavidon kaa maanana thaa kii khule vigyaan key siddhant-jaise anusandhaan samoohon key beach nirantar sanchaar, adhyayan key parinamon kaa saarvajanik neeti mein teji seey anuvaad, aur janata key liye vaigyaanik prakriyaon kii paardarshita-virus key prabhaav koo rokane key liye ekmatra samadhan kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. haalaanki, anya logon ney agah kiya kii inn hastakshepon seey gati key paksh mein suraksha, anusandhaan poonji kaa vyarth upayog aur saarvajanik bhram paida hoe sakata haye. inn prathaon kii kamiyon mein covid-19 key upchaar key roop mein hydroxychloroquine aur azithromycin key upayog key baare mein sansaadhan-apavyay aur saarvajanik bhram shamil haye-ack sanyojan joe baad mein covid-19 uttarjeevita parr koee prabhaav naheen daaltaa thaa aur ullekhaniya cardiotoxic dushprabhavon koo leey jaataa thaa-saath hii saath vishesh roop seey usa gati key kaaran ack prakaar kii vaccine hichkichaahat jiss parr covid-19 teeke banaae gaye they aur saarvajanik roop seey upalabdh karaae gaye they. halanki, khule vigyaan ney jeevan rakshak saarvajanik hastakshepon jaise mask pahanane aur samajik doori key teji seey karyanvayan, kaee teekon aur monoclonal antibody key teji seey vikas key liye bhee anumati dee, jisane sankraman aur mrityu darr koo kaafee cumm curr diyaa haye, aur mahamari kii gambhirta key baare mein saarvajanik jagrukta mein vriddhi kii haye.
covid-19 naitikta seey prabhaavit chikitsa key anya ullekhaniya kshetron mein shamil hainh
covid-19 kii naitikta iss anuchhed mein darshaae gaye chikitsa aur samaaj key kaee adhik kshetron mein faili hui haye-inmein seey kuchh siddhanton kii khoj mahamari key anta taka naheen kii jaa sakati haye, joe 12 sitambar, 2022 taka abhee bhee jaari haye.
moolya.
chikitsa naitikta kaa vishleshan karate samay upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack samanya dhancha tomm beauchamp aur james childress dwara apani paathyapustak "biomedical ethics key siddhanton" mein prastaavit "chaar siddhant" drishtikon haye. yeh chaar buniyaadi naitik siddhanton koo maanyata detaa haye, jinhen ack-dusare key khilaf aanka aur taula jaanaa haye, unake anuprayog key dayare parr dhyaan diyaa jaataa haye. chaar siddhant hainh
swaayatta.
swaayatta kaa siddhant, jise "auto" (swa) aur "nomos (niyam) mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, ack vyakti key aatm-nirdhaaran key adhikaaron koo dekhta haye. yeh swatantrata key saath vyaktigat mamalon key baare mein soochit nirnay lene kii vyaktiyon kii kshamata key liye samaaj key sammaan mein nihit haye. swaayatta adhik mahatvapurna hoe gaee haye kyonki samajik moolya chikitsa peshevaron key bajaay rogi aur unake parivaar key liye mahatvapurna parinamon key sandarbh mein chikitsa gunavatta koo paribhaashit karane key liye sthanantarit hoe gaye hain. swaayatta key badhate mahatva koo swaasthya seva key bheetar "paitrik" parampara key khilaf ack samajik pratikriya key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. kuchh logon ney sawal kiya haye kii kyaa rogi kii swaayatta key paksh mein aitihaasik roop seey atyadhik pitritva key khilaf pratikriya ney kuchh rogiyon key liye parinamon key nuksan key liye naram pitritva key uchit upayog koo baadhit kiya haye.
swaayatta kii paribhasha ack vyakti kii tarksangat, aprabhaavit nirnay lene kii kshamata haye. isaliye, yeh kahaa jaa sakata haye kii swaayatta swasth munn aur shareer kaa ack samanya sanketak haye. kaee ghaatak rogon kii pragati kii visheshta vibhinn tarikon aur vistaar mein swaayatta kii haani haye. udaaharan key liye, dementia, ack purani aur pragatisheel bimari joe mastishk parr hamla karati haye, smriti haani koo prerit curr sakati haye aur tarksangat soch mein kamee kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye, lagbhag hamesha swaayatta key nuksan mein parinam detee haye.
manochikitsakon aur naidaanik manovaigyanikon koo aksar jeevan key anta mein jeevan aur mrityu key nirnay lene key liye ack rogi kii kshamata kaa mulyankan karane key liye kahaa jaataa haye. chittabhram yaa naidaanik avasaad jaisi manochikitsa sthiti vaale vyaktiyon mein jeevan key anta mein nirnay lene kii kshamata kii kamee hoe sakati haye. inn vyaktiyon key liye, unaki sthiti key sandarbh mein upchaar seey incar karane kaa anurodh liya jaa sakata haye. jaba taka isake vipareet koee spasht agrim nirdesh naheen haye, taba taka mansik kshamata kii kamee vaale vyaktiyon key saath unake sarvottam hiton key anusaar vyavhaar kiya jaataa haye. isamen una logon koo shamil karate hue ack mulyankan shamil hoga joe vyakti koo sabse achchi tarah seey jaanate hain kii vyakti ney kyaa nirnay liye hotey aggar way kshamata naheen khote. jeevan key anta mein nirnay lene kii mansik kshamata vaale vyakti iss samajh key saath upchaar seey incar curr sakate hain kii yeh unakaa jeevan chhota curr sakata haye. manochikitsak aur manovaigyaanik nirnay lene mein sahaayata karane key liye shamil hoe sakate hain.
laabh.
laabh shabd una karyon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe dusaron kii bhalai koo badhaava dete hain. chikitsa sandarbh mein, iska arth haye aise kaary karna joe rogiyon aur unake parivaaron key sarvottam hiton kii seva karate hain. haalaanki, anishchitata iss sateek paribhasha koo gherati haye kii vaastav mein kaun see prathaaen rogiyon kii madad karati hain.
james childress aur tomm beauchamp ney "biomedical ethics key siddhanton" (1978) mein swaasthya seva naitikta key mukhya moolyon mein seey ack key roop mein laabh kii pehchaan kii haye. admond pellegrino jaise kuchh vidvaanon kaa tark haye kii chikitsa naitikta kaa "ekmatra" maulik siddhant laabhpradata haye. unakaa tark haye kii upchaar chikitsa kaa ekmatra uddeshya honah chaahiye, aur cosmetic sergery aur ichchamrityu jaise prayaas gambhir roop seey anaitik hain aur hippocratic shapath key khilaf hain.
gair-haani.
gair-haani kii avadharana vakyansh dwara sannihit haye, "pahale, koee nuksan naa karein", yaa lattin, "primum none nosere". kaee loga maanate hain kii yeh mukhya yaa praathamik vichaar honah chaahiye (isaliye "primum"): kii apane rogi koo nuksan naa pahunchaana, unhein achchha karane kii tulanaa mein adhik mahatvapurna haye, joe kii hippocratic shapath kaa hissa haye joe doctor lete hain. aisaa aanshik roop seey isaliye haye kyonki utsaahi chikitsak aise upchaaron kaa upayog karane key liye pravan hain joe unhein vishvaas haye kii achchha karenge, pahale unakaa paryaapt mulyankan kiye binaa yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii way rogi koo koee nuksan naheen pahunchaate hain. isake parinamswarup rogiyon koo bahut nuksan huaa haye, jaisa kii kahaa jaataa haye, "upchaar safal rhaa, lekin rogi kii mrityu hoe gaee."yeh naa kewal achchha karane kii tulanaa mein koee nuksan naheen karna adhik mahatvapurna haye; yeh jaanana bhee mahatvapurna haye kii yeh kitna sambhav haye kii aapka upchaar ack rogi koo nuksan pahunchaayega. isaliye ack chikitsak koo una davaaon koo naa likhane seey aage jaanaa chaahiye jinhen way hanikarak jaanate hain-usey davaaen (yaa anyatha rogi kaa ilaaj) naheen likhani chaahiye jaba taka kii vaha naheen jaanata kii upchaar hanikarak honey kii sambhavana haye; yaa cumm seey cumm, vaha rogi jokhimon aur laabhon koo samajhata haye, aur yeh kii sambhaavit laabh sambhaavit jokhimon seey adhik hain.
haalaanki, vyavhaar mein, kaee upchaaron mein nuksan kaa kuchh jokhim hotaa haye. kuchh paristhitiyon mein, ee.jee. hatash sthitiyon mein jahaan upchaar key binaa parinam gambhir hoga, jokhim bharey upchaar joe rogi koo nuksan pahunchaane kii uchch sambhavana rakhate hain, uchit honge, kyonki upchaar naa karane kaa jokhim bhee nuksan karane kii bahut sambhavana haye. isaliye "gair-haani" kaa siddhant nirpeksh naheen haye, aur "laabh" (achchha karna) key siddhant key khilaf santulan haye, kyonki donon siddhanton key prabhaav aksar ack saath "dohra prabhaav" (agale khand mein aage varnit) koo janm dete hain. yahaan taka kii rakt kaa namuna lene yaa dawa kaa injection lene jaisi buniyaadi kriyaaen bhee rogi key shareer koo nuksan pahunchaati hain. ichchamrityu bhee laabh key siddhant key khilaf haye kyonki doctor dwara chikitsa upchaar key parinamswarup rogi kii mrityu hoe jaati haye.
dohra prabhaav.
"dohra prabhaav" dou prakaar key parinamon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe ack hii kaarravaai seey utpann hoe sakate hain, aur chikitsa naitikta mein ise aamtaur parr laabh aur gair-haani key sanyukt prabhaav key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye.
iss ghatana kaa ack samanya udaaharan marane vaale rogi mein morphin yaa anya analgesic kaa upayog haye. morphin key iss tarah key upayog seey rogi key dard aur peedaa koo cumm karane kaa laabhkaari prabhaav hoe sakata haye, jabaki saath hii shwasan pranali key nishkriya honey key madhyam seey rogi key jeevan koo cumm karane kaa durbhavanapurna prabhaav hoe sakata haye.
manvadhikaron kaa sammaan karna.
manvadhikaron kaa yug 1945 mein sanyukt rashtra key gathan key saath shuru huaa, jiss parr manvadhikaron koo badhaava dene kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. manvadhikaron kii saarvbhaumik ghoshana (1948) manvadhikaron koo paribhaashit karane vaalaa pahala pramukh dastavej thaa. chikitsa doctors kaa ack naitik kartavya haye kii way rogi key manvadhikaron aur maanav garima kii raksha karein, isaliye maanav adhikaaron koo paribhaashit karane vaale dastaavez key aagaman kaa chikitsa naitikta parr prabhaav padaa haye. chikitsa naitikta key adhikansh sanhitaon key liye abb rogi key manvadhikaron key prati sammaan kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
europe kii parishad europe mein kaanoon key shasson aur manvadhikaron key paalan koo badhaava detee haye. europe kii parishad ney apane 47 sadasya-raajyon key liye chikitsa naitikta kaa ack samaan code banaane key liye "manvadhikaron aur jaiv chikitsa parr europeeya sammelan" (1997) koo apanaaya. yeh sammelan chikitsa naitikta key liye antarrashtriya manvadhikar kaanoon lagu kartaa haye. yeh una logon key liye shaaririk akhandata kii vishesh suraksha pradaan kartaa haye joe sahamati dene mein asamarth hain, jisamen bachche bhee shamil hain. 
disambar 2013 taka, europe kii parishad key untees sadasya-raajyon dwara iss sammelan kii pushti yaa sweekaar curr liya gayaa thaa.
sanyukt rashtra shaikshik, vaigyaanik aur saanskritik sangathan (unesco) bhee manvadhikaron aur maanav garima key sanrakshan koo badhaava detaa haye. unesco key anusaar, "ghoshanaaen maandandon koo paribhaashit karane kaa ack aur saadhan hain, joe anusamarthan key adheen naheen hain. sifaarishon kii tarah, way saarvbhaumik siddhanton koo nirdhaarit karate hain jinake liye raajyon kaa samudaay sabse badey sambhav adhikaar koo shreya denaa chaahata haye aur vyaapak sambhav samarthan pradaan karna chaahata haye."unesco ney chikitsa naitikta mein antarrashtriya manvadhikar kaanoon key anuprayog koo aage badhaane key liye" "manvadhikaron aur jaiv chikitsa parr saarvbhaumik ghoshana" "(2005) koo apanaaya. ghoshana aksham vyaktiyon key liye manvadhikaron kaa vishesh sanrakshan pradaan karati haye. 
ekjutata.
swaayatta aur vyaktigat manvadhikaron key vyaktigat maanak joe anglo-saxon samudaay mein dekhe gaye samajik nyaay seey sambandhit hain, ekjutata kii avadharana key saath takraav karate hain aur poorak bhee hoe sakate hain, joe samudaay, saarvbhaumik kalyan parr kendrit europeeya swaasthya seva drishtikon key karib haye, aur sabhi key liye samaan roop seey swaasthya seva pradaan karane kii nihswaarth ichcha haye. sanyukt raajya america mein vyaktigat aur swa-hita vaale swaasthya seva maandandon koo barkarar rakhaa jaataa haye, jabaki europeeya deshon sahit anya deshon mein, samudaay key liye sammaan aur vyaktigat samarthan kii bhavna koo muft swaasthya seva key sambandh mein adhik barkarar rakhaa jaataa haye.
chikitsa mein aspashtata kii sweekriti.
samanyata kii avadharana, kii bimari, asamanyata aur dard kii sthitiyon key vipareet ack maanav shaaririk maanak haye, dhaaranaon aur purvagrah kii or leey jaataa haye joe swaasthya dekhbhal abhyaas koo nakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit kartaa haye. yeh mahsoos karna mahatvapurna haye kii samanyata aspasht haye aur swaasthya seva mein aspashtata aur iss tarah kii aspashtata kii sweekriti vinamra chikitsa kaa abhyaas karane aur jatil, kabhi-kabhi asamanya samanya chikitsa mamalon koo samajhane key liye aavashyak haye. iss prakaar, darshan aur naidaanik laabh mein kendriya avadhaaranaon parr samaaj key vichaaron parr sawal uthaaye jaane chaahiye aur chikitsa abhyaas mein ack kendriya khilaadi key roop mein aspashtata koo apanaate hue phir seey dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye.
sangharsh.
swaayatta aur laabh/gair-haani key beach.
swaayatta laabh key saath sangharsh mein aaa sakati haye jaba rogi una sifaarishon seey asahmat hotey hain joe swaasthya seva peshevaron kaa maanana haye kii rogi key sarvottam hita mein hain. jaba rogi key hiton kaa rogi key kalyan key saath takraav hotaa haye, tou vibhinn samaaj sangharsh koo vibhinn tarikon seey nipataate hain. samanya taur parr, paschimi chikitsa ack mansik roop seey saksham rogi kii ichchhaon koo apane swayam key nirnay lene key liye taal detee haye, yahaan taka kii una mamalon mein bhee jahaan chikitsa dall kaa maanana haye kii way apane sarvottam hiton mein kaam naheen curr rahey hain. haalaanki, kaee anya samaaj swaayatta parr laabh koo prathamikta dete hain. mansik roop seey saksham naheen maane jaane vaale yaa mansik vikaar vaale logon kaa anaichhik roop seey ilaaj kiya jaa sakata haye.
udaaharan key liye, jaba koee rogi dhaarmik yaa saanskritik vichaaron key kaaran upchaar naheen chaahata haye, tou udaaharan key liye shamil hain. ichchamrityu key mamle mein, rogi, yaa rogi key rishtedaar, rogi key jeevan koo samaapt karna chaah sakate hain. isake alawa, rogi koo ack anaavashyak upchaar chaahiye hoe sakata haye, jaisa kii hypochondria yaa cosmetic sergery key mamle mein hoe sakata haye; yahaan, chikitsak koo iss mudde mein rogi kii soochit swaayatta key khilaf chikitsakiya roop seey anaavashyak sambhaavit jokhimon key liye rogi kii ichchhaon koo santulit karane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. ack doctor swaayatta koo prathamikta dey sakata haye kyonki rogi key atmanirnaya kaa sammaan karane seey incar karane seey doctor-rogi key sambandh koo nuksan hoga.
anga daan kabhi-kabhi dilchasp paridrishya paida curr sakata haye, jisamen ack rogi koo ack gair-hriday spandan daataa (aine. aich. bee. dee.) key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye, jahaan jeevan samarthan hriday gati koo bahaal karane mein whiffle rahata haye aur abb ise vyarth maanaa jaataa haye lekin mastishk kii mrityu naheen hui haye. ack rogi koo aine. aich. bee. dee. key roop mein vargeekrit karane seey kissy koo gair-chikitsiya gahan dekhbhal key adheen honey key liye arhata praapt hoe sakati haye, jisamen upchaar kewal una angon koo sanrakshit karane key liye diyaa jaataa haye jinhen daan kiya jaayega aur daataa key jeevan koo sanrakshit karane key liye naheen. yeh naitik muddon koo laa sakata haye kyonki kuchh loga daataon key liye sammaan koo swaayatta key sammaan key roop mein apane swasth angon koo daan karane kii ichcha key roop mein dekh sakate hain, jabaki anya rogi aur rogi key parivaar key liye vanaspati sthiti durbhavana key dauran vyarth upchaar key nirantarta koo dekh sakate hain. kuchh loga iss prakriya koo duniya bhar mein ack prathaagat upaay banaane key liye chintit hain joe amanviya hoe sakata haye aur marane kii praakritik prakriya aur isake saath kyaa laataa haye, usase door leey jaa sakata haye.
swaayatta aur laabh key beach sanghrshon key samadhan key dauran soochit nirnay lene key liye vyaktiyon kii kshamata parr sawal uthh sakate hain. surrogate chikitsa nirnay nirmaataon kii bhoomika swaayatta key siddhant kaa vistaar haye.
doosari or, swaayatta aur laabh/gair-haani bhee overlap hoe sakati haye. udaaharan key liye, rogiyon kii swaayatta key ullanghan seey aabaadi mein chikitsa sevaaon key liye aatmavishvaas mein kamee aaa sakati haye aur baad mein madad lene kii ichcha cumm hoe sakati haye, jisase laabh karane mein asamarthata hoe sakati haye.
swaayatta aur laabh/gair-haani key siddhanton kaa vistaar bhee kiya jaa sakata haye taaki rogiyon key rishtedaron yaa yahaan taka kii chikitsa vyavsaayiyon, samagr aabaadi aur chikitsa nirnay lete samay aarthik muddon parr prabhaav shamil kiya jaa sakey.
ichchamrityu.
americi chikitsakon key beach iss baat parr asahamati haye kii kyaa gair-haani siddhant ichchamrityu key abhyaas koo baahar kartaa haye. vartamaan mein washington, dc, california, colorado, oregan, vermont aur washington raajyon mein ichchamrityu kanuni haye. duniya bhar mein, vibhinn sangathan hain joe chikitsak-sahaayata praapt mrityu, yaa paid key mudde key baare mein kaanoon koo badalane key liye abhiyaan chalaate hain. aise sangathanon key udaaharan sanyukt raajya america kaa hemlock samaaj aur sanyukt raajya mein mrityu abhiyaan mein garima hain. inn samoohon kaa maanana haye kii doctors koo rogi key jeevan koo samaapt karane kaa adhikaar tabhi diyaa jaanaa chaahiye jaba rogi apane liye nirnay lene key liye paryaapt sachet hoe, vaikalpik dekhbhal kii sambhavana key baare mein jaankaar hoe, aur swechha seey apane jeevan koo samaapt karane key liye kahaa hoe yaa aisaa karane key sadhanon taka pahunch kaa anurodh kiya hoe.
yeh tark duniya key anya hisson mein vivaadit haye. udaaharan key liye, louisiana raajya mein, kissy vyakti key jeevan koo samaapt karane key liye salah denaa yaa sadhanon kii aapoorti karna ack aaparaadhik kaary maanaa jaataa haye aur usa parr ack aparaadh key roop mein aarop lagaaya jaa sakata haye. raajya kii adalaton mein, yeh aparaadh hatyaa key samaan haye. mississippi aur nebrasca raajyon mein bhee yahee kaanoon lagu hotey hain.
soochit sahamati.
soochit sahamati ack rogi key anushansit upchaar key liye praasangik jaankaari praapt karane key adhikaar koo sandarbhit karati haye, taaki unaki dekhbhal key baare mein ack achchi tarah seey vichaar kiya gayaa, swaichhik nirnay lene mein saksham hoe sakey. soochit sahamati dene key liye, ack rogi koo apane upchaar key sambandh mein nirnay lene key liye saksham honah chaahiye aur upchaar kii sifarish key baare mein praasangik jaankaari key saath prastut kiya jaanaa chaahiye, jisamen isaki prakriti aur uddeshya, aur sabhi vikalpon aur vikalpon key bojh, jokhim aur sambhaavit laabh shamil hain. iss jaankaari koo praapt karane aur samajhane key baad, rogi yaa tou sahamati dey sakata haye yaa upchaar seey incar curr sakata haye. kuchh paristhitiyon mein, soochit sahamati kii aavashyakta key liye ack apavaad hoe sakata haye, jisamen chikitsa apatkal yaa rogi kii akshamta key mamalon mein shamil haye, lekin inn taka seemit naheen haye. soochit sahamati kii naitik avadharana naidaanik anusandhaan setting mein bhee lagu hoti haye; anusandhaan mein sabhi maanav pratibhagiyon koo yeh taya karane key liye aavashyak anusandhaan pareekshan key sabhi praasangik pahaluon key baare mein poori tarah seey soochit honey key baad adhyayan mein bhaag lene kaa swechha seey nirnay lena chaahiye kii bhaag lena haye yaa naheen. soochit sahamati ack naitik aur kanuni kartavya donon haye; yadi kissy prakriya, upchaar, yaa anusandhaan mein bhagidari seey pahale uchit sahamati praapt naheen kii jaati haye, tou pradaataon koo battery aur/yaa anya atyacharon key liye uttardaayi thaharaaya jaa sakata haye. sanyukt raajya mein, soochit sahamati sanghiya aur raajya donon kaanoon dwara shaasit hoti haye, aur soochit sahamati praapt karane key liye vishisht aavashyaktaaen raajya seey raajya mein bhinn hoti hain.
gopaniyata.
gopaniyata aamtaur parr doctors aur rogiyon key beach baatchit parr lagu hoti haye. iss avadharana koo aamtaur parr rogi-chikitsak visheshaadhikaar key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. kanuni suraksha chikitsak koo adalat mein shapath lene key baad bhee rogiyon key saath apani charcha kaa khulasa karane seey rokti haye.
sanyukt raajya america mein gopaniyata koo swaasthya beema portability aur jawabdehi adhiniyam 1996 dwara anivarya kiya gayaa haye jise hipa key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey gopaniyata niyam, aur vibhinn raajya kaanoon, joe hipa seey kuchh adhik kathor hain. haalaanki, niyamon key kaee apavaad varshon seey banaae gaye hain. udaaharan key liye, kaee raajyon mein doctors koo pulis koo goli lagane key ghaavon aur kshatigrast chalakon koo motor vaahan vibhaag koo soochit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. ack rogi mein yaun sanchaarit roga key nidan seey judey mamalon mein gopaniyata koo bhee chunauti dee jaati haye joe ack pati yaa patni koo nidan prakat karane seey incar kartaa haye, aur ack cumm umr key rogi mein garbhavastha kii samaapti mein, rogi key maataa-pitaa kii jaankaari key binaa. yuu mein kaee raajya.aiss. cumm umr key garbhpaat mein maataa-pitaa kii adhisuchana koo niyantrit karane vaale kaanoon hain. mansik swaasthya mein kaam karane vaalon kaa kartavya haye kii way una logon koo chetavani dein jinhen way kuchh deshon mein apane rogiyon seey jokhim mein samajhate hain.
paaramparik roop seey, chikitsa naitikta ney gopaniyata key kartavya koo chikitsa abhyaas key apekshaakrit gair-parkramya siddhant key roop mein dekhaa haye. haal hii mein, jacob appel jaise alochakon ney kartavya key prati adhik sookshm drishtikon key liye tark diyaa haye joe kaee mamalon mein lachilepan kii aavashyakta koo sweekaar kartaa haye.
praathamik dekhbhal naitikta mein gopaniyata ack mahatvapurna mudda haye, jahaan chikitsak ack hii parivaar aur samudaay key kaee rogiyon kii dekhbhal karate hain, aur jahaan teesare paksh aksar praathamik swaasthya dekhbhal mein ekatra kiye gaye kaafee chikitsa databases seey jaankaari kaa anurodh karate hain.
gopaniyata aur internet.
badhati aavritti mein, chikitsa shodhkarta online vatavaran jaise charcha board aur bulletin board mein gatividhiyon parr shodh curr rahey hain, aur iss baat kii chinta haye kii soochit sahamati aur gopaniyata kii aavashyaktaaen lagu naheen kii jaati hain, halanki kuchh dishanirdesh maujood hain.
haalaanki, ack mudda joe utpann huaa haye, vaha haye jaankaari kaa khulasa. jabaki shodhkarta ack bindu parr bahas karane key liye mool srot seey uddharan denaa chaahte hain, jaba rogi kii pehchaan koo gopaniya naheen rakhaa jaataa haye tou iska parinam hoe sakata haye. site key baare mein uddharan aur anya jaankaari kaa upayog rogi kii pehchaan karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, aur shodhkartaon ney aise mamalon kii soochana dee haye jahaan site key sadasyon, bloggers aur anya logon ney site kii pehchaan karane key prayaas mein iss jaankaari kaa upayog ack khel mein 'surag' key roop mein kiya haye. kuchh shodhkartaon ney bhaari bhesh key vibhinn tarikon kaa upayog kiya haye."adhyayan key tahat ack alag sthiti parr charcha karna shamil haye.
swaasthya seva sansthanon kii websites kii yeh sunishchit karane kii jimmedaari haye kii unake online agantukon key niji chikitsa record dawa companiyon, vyavasaay record aur beema companiyon key haathon mein vipanan aur mudrikaran seey surakshit hain. online nidan kii delivery rogiyon koo yeh vishvaas dilaati haye kii desh key kuchh hisson mein doctor dawa companiyon kii seedhi seva mein hain, nidan koo utanaa hii suvidhajanak paate hain jitna kii dawa parr abhee bhee patent adhikaar hain. chikitsak aur dawa companiyan inn davaaon koo bechane kii laagat koo cumm karane key liye sheersh duss khoj injan rank key liye pratispardha curr rahee hain, jisamen koee rogi shamil naheen haye.
internet swaasthya seva manchon key vistaar key saath, online vyavasaayi vaidhata aur gopaniyata jawabdehi ee-paparaazi, online soochana dalal, audyogik jasus, binaa licenses vaale soochana pradaataon jaisi anoothi chunautiyon kaa saamana karati haye joe laabh key liye paaramparik chikitsa sanhitaon key baahar kaam karate hain. american medical association (aeye. aim. aeye.) kaa kahana haye kii chikitsa websites kii jimmedaari haye kii way online agantukon kii swaasthya dekhbhal gopaniyata sunishchit karein aur rogi key record koo beema companiyon, niyoktaon aur vipanakon key haathon mein vipanan aur mudrikaran seey bachaaen. [40] inn online naidaanik websites koo banaane key liye swaasthya seva, vyaavsaayik prathaon, computer vigyaan aur ee-commers key teji seey ekikaran key saath, swaasthya dekhbhal pranali key naitik gopaniyata maanak koo banaae rakhane key prayason koo bhee banaae rakhane kii aavashyakta haye. agale kuchh varshon mein, swaasthya aur maanav seva vibhaag ney kahaa haye kii way swaasthya beema portability aur jawabdehi adhiniyam (hipa) key tahat rogi electronic chikitsa record (ee. aim. aar.) kii online gopaniyata aur digital hastaantaran kii kanuni roop seey raksha karane kii disha mein kaam karenge. [41]. bhavishya mein, majboot shasson aur jawabdehi tantra koo digital swaasthya paaristhitiki tantra key sambandh mein vichaar karane kii aavashyakta hogi, jisamen sambhaavit metaverse swaasthya seva munch shamil hain, taaki yeh sunishchit kiya jaa sakey kii chikitsa gopaniyata aur rogi detta seey sambandhit uchchatam naitik manakon koo barkarar rakhaa gayaa haye.
niyantran, samadhan aur pravartan.
britten mein, chikitsa naitikta chikitsakon aur shalyachikitsakon key prashikshan kaa hissa haye aur naitik siddhanton kii upeksha key parinamswarup chikitsa chikitsakon kii nyayadhikaran seva dwara nirnay key baad doctors koo chikitsa abhyaas seey roque diyaa jaa sakata haye.
yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii uchit naitik moolyon koo aspatalon key bheetar lagu kiya jaa rhaa haye, prabhaavi aspatal maanyata key liye aavashyak haye kii naitik vichaaron koo dhyaan mein rakhaa jaae, udaaharan key liye chikitsak kii akhandata, hiton key takraav, anusandhaan naitikta aur anga pratyaropan naitikta key sambandh mein.
dishanirdesh.
helsinki kii ghoshana key itihas aur aavashyakta key bahut saare dastavej hain. chikitsa naitikta sahit anusandhaan key liye pahali aachar sanhita neuremberg sanhita thee. iss dastaavez kaa naazi yuddh apraadhon seey badaa sambandh thaa, kyonki ise 1997 mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, isaliye isane viniyaman abhyaas key mamle mein bahut adhik antar naheen kiya. iss mudde parr ghoshana key nirmaan kaa ahwan kiya gayaa. neuremberg code aur helsinki kii ghoshana key beach kuchh spasht antar hain, jisamen ise likhane kaa tarika bhee shamil haye. noornberg koo ack saral vyakhya key saath bahut sankshipt tareeke seey likhaa gayaa thaa. helsinki kii ghoshana koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue aur kaee vishisht tippaniyon koo shamil karate hue likhaa gayaa haye.
united kingdam mein, samanya chikitsa parishad apane 'achche chikitsa abhyaas' kathan key roop mein spasht samagr aadhunik margadarshan pradaan karati haye. anya sangathan, jaise kii chikitsa sanrakshan samaaj aur kaee vishvavidyalaya vibhagon, aksar naitikta seey sambandhit muddon key sambandh mein british doctors dwara paramarsh liya jaataa haye.
naitikta samitiyaan.
aksar, ack sangharsh koo hull karane key liye saral sanchaar paryaapt naheen hotaa haye, aur ack jatil mamle kaa nirnay lene key liye ack aspatal naitikta samiti koo bulana chaahiye.
yeye nikaay mukhya roop seey swaasthya seva peshevaron seey baney hotey hain, lekin inmein daarshanik, aam loga aur paadari bhee shamil hoe sakate hain-vaastav mein, duniya key kaee hisson mein santulan pradaan karane key liye unaki upasthiti koo anivarya maanaa jaataa haye.
america, europe aur australia mein aise nikaayon kii apekshit sanrachana key sambandh mein nimnalikhit lagu hotey hain.
daarshnikon yaa dhaarmik maulaviyon kaa kaary samaaj dwara shamil buniyaadi moolyon seey judey mahatva koo pratibimbit karega. aisee kuchh samitiyon parr sweeden seey ack udaaharan dharmnirpeksh rujhaanon key prabhaav koo ingit kartaa haye.
saanskritik chintaaen.
saanskritik matbhed kathin chikitsa naitikta samasyaaen paida curr sakate hain. kuchh sanskritiyon mein bimari kii utpatti aur kaaran key baare mein aadhyatmik yaa jadui siddhant hain, udaaharan key liye, aur inn maanyataon koo paschimi chikitsa key siddhanton key saath milana bahut mushkil hoe sakata haye. jaise-jaise vibhinn sanskritiyaan aapas mein milati rahati hain aur adhik sanskritiyaan ack-dusare key saath rahati hain, swaasthya seva pranali, joe janm, mrityu aur peedaa jaisi mahatvapurna jeevan ghatnaaon seey nipatane kii pravritti rakhti haye, teji seey kathin duvidhaon kaa anubhav karati haye joe kabhi-kabhi saanskritik sangharsh aur sangharsh kaa kaaran bunn sakati hain. saanskritik roop seey samvedansheel tareeke seey pratikriya karane key prayaas saanskritik sahishnuta kii seemaon koo alag karane kii aavashyakta key saath saath chalate hain.
sanskriti aur bhasha.
jaise-jaise vibhinn saanskritik aur dhaarmik prishthabhoomi key adhik loga anya deshon mein chaley jaate hain, inmein seey sanyukt raajya america, sabhi logon key liye sarvottam swaasthya dekhbhal pradaan karane key liye sabhi samudaayon key prati saanskritik roop seey samvedansheel honah teji seey mahatvapurna hotaa jaa rhaa haye. saanskritik gyaan kii kamee seey galatfahmi hoe sakati haye aur aparyaapt dekhbhal bhee hoe sakati haye, jisase naitik samasyaaen hoe sakati hain. ack aam shikayat rogiyon koo aisaa mahsoos hoe rhaa haye kii unhein sunaa naheen jaa rhaa haye, yaa shayed, samajha naheen jaa rhaa haye. badhate sangharsh koo rokane key liye dubhashiyon kii talash kii jaa sakati haye, apane aur rogi donon kii shaaririk bhasha aur swar koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue saath hii ack sweekarya vikalp taka pahunchane key liye rogi key drishtikon koo samajhane kaa prayaas kiya jaa sakata haye.
kuchh logon kaa maanana haye kii bhavishya mein adhikansh chikitsa vyavsaayiyon koo dwibhashi honey seey bahut laabh honah hoga. bhasha jaanane key alawa, sahee mayane mein sanskriti koo samajhana ishtatam dekhbhal key liye sabse achchha haye. haal hii mein, 'kathaa chikitsa' naamak ack abhyaas ney kuchh ruchi hassil kii haye kyonki isamen rogi-chikitsak sanchaar aur rogi key drishtikon kii samajh mein sudhaar kii kshamata haye. rogi kii kahaaniyon yaa dinn-pratidin kii gatividhiyon kii vyakhya karane seey rogi key detta koo maankeekrit karane aur ekatra karane key vipareet, pratyek rogi koo unaki bimari key sambandh mein vyaktigat roop seey kyaa chaahiye, iska behtar arth praapt karane mein madad mill sakati haye. iss prishthabhoomi jaankaari key binaa, kaee chikitsak una saanskritik antaron koo thheek seey samajhane mein asamarth hain joe dou alag-alag rogiyon koo alag curr sakate hain, aur iss prakaar, saanskritik roop seey asamvedansheel yaa anuchit upchaaron kaa nidan yaa sifarish curr sakate hain. sankshep mein, rogi kii kathaa mein rogi kii jaankaari aur vareeyataon koo ujagar karane kii kshamata haye jinhen anyatha andekha kiya jaa sakata haye.
chikitsa manavtavad.
aaj duniya key adhikansh hisson mein dekhe jaane vaale poshan, awas aur swaasthya dekhbhal kii asamaantaon kii aavashyakta vaale cumm seva praapt, ashikshit samudaayon koo sambodhit karane key liye, kuchh logon kaa tark haye kii hamein ack uchit samajh kii or badhane key liye ack neenv banaane key liye naitik moolyon parr vaapas aanaa chaahiye, joe ack vaishvik samudaay mein ack lakshya key roop mein samay seey pahale mrityu kaa kaaran banane vaale karakon mein sudhaar karane key liye pratibaddhata aur prerana koo protsaahit kartaa haye. garibi, paryaavaran aur shiksha jaise karakon koo rashtriya yaa vyaktigat niyantran seey baahar kahaa jaataa haye aur isaliye yeh pratibaddhata swabhavik roop seey vaishvik samudaayon parr ack samajik aur sampradayik jimmedaari haye joe dusaron kii sahaayata karane mein saksham hain. yeh 'praantiya vaishvikta' key dhaanche parr adharit haye, joe ack aisee duniya kii talash kartaa haye jisamen sabhi logon key paas swasth rahane kii kshamata hoe.
chikitsa naitikta aur maanviya chikitsa sahaayata key pratichhedan key sambandh mein ack chinta yeh haye kii chikitsa sahaayata utani hii hanikarak hoe sakati haye jitani kii seva pradaan kii jaa rahee samudaay key liye sahayak haye. aisaa hii ack udaaharan yeh haye kii raajneetik taakaten kaise niyantrit curr sakati hain kii kaise iss kshetra mein videshi maanviya sahaayata kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. yeh una sthitiyon mein samaan hoga jahaan raajneetik kalah iss tarah kii sahaayata kaa upayog ack samooh key paksh mein dusare key paksh mein kiya jaa sakata haye. videshi maanviya sahaayata kaa apane ichchit samudaay mein kaise durupyog kiya jaa sakata haye, iska ack aur udaaharan videshi maanviya sahaayata samooh aur samudaay key beach asangati kii sambhavana haye. isake udaharanon mein sahaayata shramikon key beach dekhe jaa rahey sambandh, poshak kii shally, yaa sthaaniya sanskriti aur reeti-rivaajon key sambandh mein shiksha kii kamee shamil hoe sakati haye.
ishtatam dekhbhal kii kamee vaale kshetron mein maanviya prathaaen laabh aur gair-haani key sandarbh mein anya dilchasp aur kathin naitik duvidhaon koo bhee roque sakati hain. maanviya prathaaen una samudaayon key liye behtar chikitsa upkaran aur dekhbhal pradaan karane parr adharit hain jinake desh mein paryaapt swaasthya seva pradaan naheen kii jaati haye. jaruratmand samudaayon koo swaasthya seva pradaan karane key mudde kabhi-kabhi dhaarmik yaa saanskritik prishthabhoomi hoe sakate hain joe logon koo kuchh prakriyaon koo karane yaa kuchh davaaon koo lene seey rokte hain. doosari or, dhaarmik yaa saanskritik vishvaas pranaliyon key kaaran ack vishisht tareeke seey kii jaane vaali kuchh prakriyaon kii ichcha bhee hoe sakati haye. naitik duvidha chikitsa asamaantaon vaale logon kii madad karane vaale samudaayon aur sahaayata praapt karane vaale samajon key beach sanskriti mein antar seey utpann hoti haye. mahilaaon key adhikaar, soochit sahamati aur swaasthya key baare mein shiksha vivadaspad hoe jaati haye, kyonki kuchh upchaar samajik kaanoon key khilaf hain, jabaki kuchh saanskritik paramparaon mein maanviya prayason key khilaf prakriyaaen shamil hain. isake udaaharan hain mahila jannang vikriti (aff. jee. aim.), joe punahshoshan mein sahaayata karati haye, aff. jee. aim. jaisi prakriyaon koo karane key liye sterile upkaran pradaan karati haye, saath hii rogiyon koo unake aich. aaee. vee. sakaratmak pareekshan key baare mein soochit karati haye. baad vaalaa vivadaspad haye kyonki kuchh samudaayon ney ateet mein hiv positive vyaktiyon koo nishkaasit yaa maar daala haye.
swaasthya seva mein sudhaar aur jeevan shally.
sanyukt raajya america aur duniya bhar mein mrityu key pramukh kaaran aanuvanshik yaa paryavaraniya karakon parr vyavhaar sambandhi parinamon seey atyadhik sambandhit hain. isase kuchh logon kaa maanana haye kii sachcha swaasthya seva sudhaar saanskritik sudhaar, aadat aur samagr jeevan shally key saath shuru hotaa haye. jeevan shally, taba, kaee beemariyon kaa kaaran bunn jaati haye aur beemaariyaan swayam ack badee samasya kaa parinam yaa dushprabhaav hoti hain. kuchh loga ise sach maanate hain aur sochate hain kii vikaasheel samajon key liye nashili davaaon, bhojan aur unake liye upalabdh parivahan key paaramparik tarikon key nakaratmak prabhaavon seey nipatane aur unase bachane key liye saanskritik parivartan kii aavashyakta haye. 1990 mein, tambaku kaa upayog, aahar aur akele vyayam seey honey vaali sabhi samay seey pahale honey vaali mauton mein seey lagbhag 80 pratishat mautein huin aur 21veen sadee mein bhee yeh jaari haye. hriday roga, aghaat, manobhransh aur madhumeh kuchh aisee beemaariyaan hain joe hamaare poore jeevan mein aadat banaane key tarikon seey prabhaavit hoe sakati hain. kuchh logon kaa maanana haye kii chikitsa jeevan shally paramarsh aur hamaare dainik jeevan key aspas swasth aadton kaa nirmaan swaasthya dekhbhal sudhaar seey nipatane kaa ack tarika haye.
anya sanskritiyaan aur swaasthya seva.
bauddh chikitsa.
bauddh naitikta aur chikitsa karuna aur peedaa aur kaaran aur prabhaav kii samajh kii dhaarmik shikshaon parr adharit hain aur iss vichaar parr kii jeevan kii koee shuruat yaa anta naheen haye, balki ack antaheen chakr mein kewal punarjanm hain. iss tarah, mrityu jeevan kii anishchit kaal kii lambi prakriya mein kewal ack charan haye, anta naheen. haalaanki, bauddh shikshaaen kissy key jeevan koo poorna roop seey jeene kaa samarthan karati hain taaki jeevan key ack badey hisse koo shamil karane vaali sabhi peedaon key madhyam seey, koee pachtawa naa hoe. bauddh dharm peedaa koo ack apariharya anubhav key roop mein sweekaar kartaa haye, lekin khushi koo mahatva detaa haye aur iss prakaar jeevan koo mahatva detaa haye. iss aatmahatya aur ichchamrityu key kaaran, nishiddh hain. haalaanki, kissy bhee shaaririk yaa mansik dard aur peedaa seey khud koo mukt karane key prayason koo achche karyon key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. doosari or, maanaa jaataa haye kii shaamak aur maadak padaarth mrityu prakriya mein chetna aur jagrukta koo prabhaavit karate hain, joe bahut mahatvapurna maanaa jaataa haye, kyonki yeh socha jaataa haye kii kissy kii mrityu chetna bunny rahati haye aur nae jeevan koo prabhaavit karati haye. iss vajah seey, analgesic koo marane kii prakriya kaa hissa naheen honah chaahiye, taaki marane vaalaa vyakti poori tarah seey maujood rahey aur apani chetna koo swasth roop seey paarit curr sakey. yeh paschimi chikitsa abhyaas mein jeevan dekhbhal key anta key dauran mahatvapurna sangharsh paida curr sakata haye.
cheeni dawa.
paaramparik cheeni darshan mein, maanav jeevan koo prakriti seey judaa huaa maanaa jaataa haye, jise jeevan key sabhi charanon koo banaae rakhane vaali neenv aur samavesh shakti key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye. rituon, jeevan, janm aur mrityu key gujarane aur aaney koo ack chakreeya aur shashwat ghatnaaon key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye jinhen "yinn" aur "yang" key siddhanton dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa haye."jaba koee marr jaataa haye, tou jeevan dene vaali bhautik shakti jise" "chee" "kahaa jaataa haye, shareer aur aatma donon koo gherati haye, brahmand kii bhautik shakti mein phir seey shamil hoe jaati haye aur" "yinn" "aur" "yang" "dwara nirdhaarit lay key sambandh mein chakron koo aage badhaati haye."
kyonki kaee cheeni loga maanate hain kii swasth rahane key liye shaaririk aur 'mansik oorjaa' donon kaa parisancharan mahatvapurna haye, jinn prakriyaon key liye shalya chikitsa kii aavashyakta hoti haye, saath hii daan aur angon key pratyaropan koo "chee" key nuksan key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, jisake parinamswarup kissy kii mahatvapurna oorjaa kii haani hoti haye joe unake jeevan mein unaki chetna aur uddeshya kaa samarthan karati haye. isake alawa, ack vyakti koo kabhi bhee ack ikai key roop mein naheen dekhaa jaataa haye, balki ack samajik web mein paraspar judey sambandhon key srot key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. iss prakaar, yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii joe cheej humm mein seey ack manushya koo banaati haye vaha haye sambandh aur sanchaar aur parivaar koo ack samudaay kii buniyaadi ikai key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. yeh parivaar key sadasyon key beach chikitsa nirnay lene key tareeke koo bahut prabhaavit curr sakata haye, kyonki nidan kii ghoshana hamesha marane vaale yaa beemar logon key liye honey kii ummeed naheen kii jaati haye, bujurgon seey unake bachchon dwara dekhbhal aur pratinidhitva kii ummeed kii jaati haye aur chikitsakon seey paitrik tareeke seey kaary karane kii ummeed kii jaati haye. sankshep mein, confucian parivaaron key saath vyavhaar karate samay soochit sahamati key saath-saath rogi kii gopaniyata koo lagu karna mushkil hoe sakata haye.
isake alawa, kuchh cheeni loga jeevan kaa vistaar karane aur paropkar aur manavata key abhyaas kii poorti kii anumati dene key liye vyarth vyavhaar jaari rakhane key liye ichchuk hoe sakate hain. isake vipareet, majboot taovadi maanyataon vaale rogi mrityu koo ack baadha key roop mein dekh sakate hain aur prakriti key saath punarmilan key roop mein marr sakate hain jise sweekaar kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur isaliye ack aparivartaniya sthiti key upchaar key liye poochhane kii sambhavana cumm hoti haye.
islami sanskriti aur chikitsa.
kuchh logon kaa maanana haye kii swaasthya seva mein kaam karane vaale kaee logon dwara islami chikitsa naitikta aur dhaanche koo bahut cumm samajha jaataa haye. yeh pahachaanana mahatvapurna haye kii islami aastha key logon key liye, islam lifafa aur jeevan key sabhi pahaluon koo prabhaavit kartaa haye, naa kii kewal dawa. kyonki kaee loga maanate hain kii yeh vishvaas aur ack sarvocch devta haye joe bimari kaa ilaaj kartaa haye, yeh aam baat haye kii chikitsak koo upchaar yaa chikitsa dekhbhal kii prakriya key dauran kewal madad yaa madhyasth khilaadi key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.
cheeni sanskriti dwara parivaar parr ack samudaay kii mool ikai key roop mein jore dene key alawa, islami paaramparik chikitsa parivaar key moolyon aur ack samudaay kii bhalai koo bhee mahatva detee haye. kaee islami samudaay chikitsa dekhbhal key ack sweekarya hisse key roop mein pitritva koo banaae rakhate hain. haalaanki, swaayatta aur swa-shasson koo bhee mahatva diyaa jaataa haye aur sanrakshit kiya jaataa haye aur islami chikitsa mein, ise vishesh roop seey swaasthya seva setting mein gopaniyata pradaan karane aur ummeed karane key mamle mein barkarar rakhaa jaataa haye. iska ack udaaharan haye, vinamrata banaae rakhane key liye samaan ling pradaataon seey anurodh karna. kull milakar, beauchamp key laabh, gair-haani aur nyaay key siddhanton koo paschimi sanskriti key roop mein chikitsa kshetra mein utanaa hii mahatva diyaa jaataa haye jitna kii paschimi sanskriti mein. isake vipareet, swaayatta mahatvapurna haye lekin adhik sookshm haye. isake alawa, islam nyayshastra, islami kaanoon aur kanuni siddhant key siddhanton koo bhee saamane laataa haye, joe islam koo hamesha badalate hue chikitsa naitikta dhaanche key anukool honey kii anumati dete hain.
hiton key takraav.
chikitsakon koo hiton key takraav koo chikitsa nirnay koo prabhaavit karane kii anumati naheen deni chaahiye. kuchh mamalon mein, sanghrshon seey bachana mushkil hotaa haye, aur aisee sthitiyon mein pravesh karane seey bachane kii jimmedaari doctors kii hoti haye. shodh seey pataa chalaa haye kii abhyaas mein akaadamik chikitsakon aur chikitsakon donon key beach hiton key takraav bahut aam hain.
referral.
joe doctor chikitsa parikshanon key liye rogiyon koo sandarbhit karane seey aaya praapt karate hain, unhein chikitsa parikshanon key liye adhik rogiyon koo sandarbhit karane key liye dikhaaya gayaa haye. iss abhyaas koo american college off physician ethics manual dwara pratibandhit kiya gayaa haye. duniya key adhikansh hisson mein rogiyon key referral koo aakarshit karane key liye shulk vibhajan aur commission kaa bhugtan anaitik aur asweekarya maanaa jaataa haye.
vikreta sambandh.
adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii doctor upahaar aur bhojan sahit dawa company key pralobhan seey prabhaavit hoe sakate hain. udyog-praayojit nirantar chikitsa shiksha (see. aim. ee.) karyakram nirdhaarit pattern koo prabhaavit karate hain. ack adhyayan mein sarvekshan kiye gaye kaee rogiyon ney sahamati vyakt kii kii dawa companiyon seey chikitsak upahaar nirdhaarit prathaon koo prabhaavit karate hain. chikitsakon key beach ack badhata andolan chikitsa abhyaas parr dawa udyog vipanan key prabhaav koo cumm karane kaa prayaas curr rhaa haye, jaisa kii steinford vishvavidyalaya dwara dawa company dwara praayojit bhojan aur uphaaron parr pratibandh seey pataa chalata haye. anya shaikshanik sansthaan jinhone dawa udyog dwara praayojit uphaaron aur bhojan parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa haye, unamen johns hopkins chikitsa sansthaan, mishigan vishvavidyalaya, pensylvania vishvavidyalaya aur yell vishvavidyalaya shamil hain.
parivaar key sadasyon kaa upchaar.
american medical association (aeye. aim. aeye.) kaa kahana haye kii "chikitsakon koo aam taur parr apana yaa apane parivaar key sadasyon kaa ilaaj naheen karna chaahiye. yeh code rogiyon aur chikitsakon kii raksha karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye kyonki jaba chikitsak kissy priyajan kaa ilaaj curr rhaa hotaa haye tou peshevar vastunishthata seey samjhauta kiya jaa sakata haye. kaee swaasthya sangathanon key adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii chikitsak-parivaar key sadasya key sambandhon seey naidaanik pareekshan aur laagat mein vriddhi hoe sakati haye. kaee doctor abhee bhee apane parivaar key sadasyon kaa ilaaj karate hain. aisaa karane vaale doctors koo hiton key takraav yaa anuchit tareeke seey ilaaj naa karane key liye satark rehna chaahiye. parivaar key sadasyon kaa ilaaj karane vaale chikitsakon koo rishtedaron kaa ilaaj karate samay paraspar virodhi apekshaon aur duvidhaon key prati sachet rahane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, kyonki jaba parivaar key sadasyon koo gambhir bimari kaa saamana karna padata haye tou sthaapit chikitsa naitik siddhant naitik roop seey anivarya naheen hoe sakate hain.
yaun sambandh.
doctors aur rogiyon key beach yaun sambandh naitik sangharsh paida curr sakate hain, kyonki yaun sahamati chikitsak kii pratyayi jimmedaari key saath sangharsh curr sakati haye. vartamaan chikitsa mein kaee vishayon mein seey, doctor-rogi yaun durachar kii ghatana kaa pataa lagaane key liye adhyayan kiye gaye hain. una adhyayanon key parinam ingit karate hain kii kuchh vishayon mein dusaron kii tulanaa mein aparaadhi honey kii adhik sambhavana haye. udaaharan key liye, manochikitsak aur prasooti-stree roga visheshagya dou vishay hain joe yaun durachar kii uchch darr key liye jaane jaate hain. doctors aur rogiyon key beach naitik aacharan key ullanghan kaa doctor aur rogi kii umr aur ling key saath bhee sambandh haye. 40-59 varsh kii ayu key purush chikitsakon koo yaun durachar key liye report kiye jaane kii adhik sambhavana paaee gaee haye; 20-39 ayu varg kii mahilaaon koo yaun durachar key peediton kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa paaya gayaa haye. rogiyon key saath yaun sambandh banaane vaale doctors koo apana chikitsa licenses aur abhiyojan khone kii dhamkiyon kaa saamana karna padata haye. 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein, yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa thaa kii 2-9% doctors ney iss niyam kaa ullanghan kiya thaa. kuchh adhikaar kshetron mein chikitsakon aur rogiyon key rishtedaron key beach yaun sambandh bhee pratibandhit hoe sakate hain, halanki yeh nishedh atyadhik vivadaspad haye.
nirarthakta.
kuchh aspatalon mein, chikitsa nirarthakta koo upchaar key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye joe rogi koo laabh pahunchaane mein asamarth hotaa haye. achchi chikitsa naitikta kaa abhyaas karane kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa gair-durbhavana kaa abhyaas karke nirarthakta seey bachane kaa prayaas karna haye. yadi koee mareej jeevit rahane yaa sambhaavit upchaar seey labhanvit honey kii koee sambhavana naheen haye, lekin parivaar key sadasya unnat dekhbhal parr jore dete hain tou kyaa kiya jaanaa chaahiye? pahale, kuchh lekhon mein nirarthakta koo rogi key jeevit rahane kii ack pratishat seey cumm sambhavana key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa thaa. inmein seey kuchh mamalon kii adalat mein jaanch kii jaati haye.
agrim nirdeshon mein swaasthya dekhbhal key liye jeevit vaseeyat aur sthaayi shaktiyaan shamil hain. ("yeh bhee dekhein kii punarjeevit naa karein aur hriday-fuffusiya punarjeevit naa karein") kaee mamalon mein, rogi kii "vyakt ichchhaon" koo inn nirdeshon mein pralekhit kiya jaataa haye, aur yeh nirnay lene kii prakriya mein parivaar key sadasyon aur swaasthya dekhbhal peshevaron kaa margadarshan karane key liye ack dhancha pradaan kartaa haye jaba rogi aksham hotaa haye. binaa pralekhit vyakt ichchaaen bhee agrim nirdeshon key abhaav mein nirnayon kaa margadarshan karane mein madad curr sakati hain, jaisa kii misauri mein quinlan mamle mein hotaa haye.
"pratisthaapit nirnay" yeh avadharana haye kii parivaar kaa ack sadasya upchaar key liye sahamati dey sakata haye yadi rogi swayam sahamati dene mein asamarth (yaa anichhuk) haye. nirnay lene vaale surrogate key liye mukhya sawal yeh naheen haye, "aap kyaa karna chaahenge?", lekin isake bajaay", aapako kyaa lagata haye kii rogi iss sthiti mein kyaa chaahega?".
adalaton ney saral javic astitva koo shamil karane key liye parivaar kii nirarthakta kii manmaane paribhashaon kaa samarthan kiya haye, jaisa kii bebi key mamle mein (jisamen adalaton ney adesh diyaa kii ack bachche koo poorna mastishk key bajaay kewal ack mastishk taney key saath paida kiya jaae, jise dhaarmik vishvaas key aadhar parr ventilator parr rakhaa jaae kii sabhi jeevan koo sanrakshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye).
bebi doo kaanoon ack viklang bachche key jeevan key adhikaar key liye raajya suraksha sthaapit kartaa haye, yeh sunishchit kartaa haye kii yeh adhikaar maataa-pitaa yaa abhibhaavakon kii ichchhaon parr bhee sanrakshit haye, una mamalon mein jahaan way upchaar koo rokna chaahte hain.

