upgrah television

upgrah television ack aisee seva haye joe prithvi kii parikrama karane vaale sanchaar upgrah seey seedhe darshak key sthaan parr prasaarit karke darshakon koo television karyakram pradaan karati haye. sanket ack baahari paravalayik antina key madhyam seey praapt kiye jaate hain jise aamtaur parr ack upgrah vyanjan aur ack cumm shore vaale block downconverter key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
ack upgrah praaptakarta phir ack television sett parr dekhane key liye vaanchhit television karyakram koo decode kartaa haye. receiver baahari sett-topp boxes yaa ack antarnihit television tunor hoe sakate hain. upgrah television chainalon aur sevaaon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala pradaan kartaa haye. yeh aamtaur parr kaee dooradraj key bhaugolik kshetron mein sthaliya television yaa cable television seva key binaa upalabdh ekmatra television haye.
aadhunik pranali sanketon koo ack sanchaar upgrah seey aiks baind (8-12 ghjd) yaa kyu baind (12-18 ghjd) aavrittiyon parr prasaarit kiya jaataa haye, jisake liye kewal ack meater vyaas seey cumm key chhote vyanjan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. pahala upgrah tv system ack aprachalit prakaar thaa jise abb kewal-praapt karane vaale television key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. inn pranaliyon koo fss prakaar key upgrahon seey see-baind (4-8 geegahertz) mein preshit kamjor analogue sanket praapt hue, jisamen badey 2-3 meater key vyanjanon key upayog kii aavashyakta thee. natijatan, inn pranaliyon koo "badey vyanjan" pranaliyon kaa upnaam diyaa gayaa thaa, aur yeye adhik mahange aur cumm lokpriya they.
praarambhik pranaliyon mein analogue sanketon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, lekin aadhunik pranaliyan digital sanketon kaa upayog karati hain joe digital prasaran kii behtar varnakramiya dakshata key kaaran aadhunik television maanak uchch-paribhasha television key prasaran kii anumati detee hain. 2022 taka, brazil seey starr vann vann analogue sanketon mein ekmatra shesh upgrah prasaran haye.
dou prakaar key liye alag-alag receiver kii aavashyakta hoti haye. kuchh prasaran aur channel unencrypted hotey hain aur isaliye free-too-air hotey hain, jabaki kaee anya channel encryption key saath preshit hotey hain. muft mein dekhane vaale channel encrypted hotey hain lekin unake liye shulk naheen liya jaataa haye, jabaki bhugtan television key liye darshak koo karyakram praapt karane key liye sadasyata lene aur masik shulk kaa bhugtan karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
taar kaatane kii pravritti seey upgrah television prabhaavit hoe rhaa haye jahan loga internet-adharit streaming television aur muft over-dha-air television kii or badh rahey hain.
praudyogiki.
television prasaran key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale upgrah aamtaur parr prithvi kii bhoomadhya rekha key oopar bhusthaitik kaksha mein hotey hain. iss kaksha kaa laabh yeh haye kii upgrah kii kakshiya avadhi prithvi key ghoornan darr key barabar haye, isaliye upgrah akash mein ack nishchit sthiti mein dikhaai detaa haye. iss prakaar upgrah dish antina joe sanket praapt kartaa haye, sthaayi roop seey upgrah key sthaan parr lakshit kiya jaa sakata haye aur ise ack gatishil upgrah koo track karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye. isake bajaay kuchh pranaaliyan +/−63.4 degree key jhukaav key saath ack atyadhik andakar kaksha aur lagbhag baarah ghante kii ack kakshiya avadhi kaa upayog karati hain, jise molnia kaksha key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
upgrah dwara prasaarit anya sancharon kii tarah upgrah television bhee ack uplink suvidha mein sthit sanchaarak antina seey shuru hotaa haye. uplink upgrah vyanjan bahut badey hotey hain, jinka vyaas 9 seey 12 meater (30 seey 40 feat) taka hotaa haye. vyaas mein vriddhi key parinamswarup upgrah parr adhik sateek lakshya aur sanket shakti mein vriddhi hoti haye. uplink dish koo ack vishisht upgrah kii or ingit kiya jaataa haye aur uplink kiye gaye sanket ack vishisht aavritti seema key bheetar preshit kiye jaate hain, taaki usa upgrah parr usa aavritti seema key liye tune kiye gaye transponders mein seey ack dwara praapt kiya jaa sakey. transponder sanketon koo ack alag aavritti (ack prakriya jise anuvaad key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jiska upayog uplink sanket key saath hastakshep seey bachane key liye kiya jaataa haye) parr prithvi parr vaapas sanchaarit kartaa haye, aamtaur parr 10.7-12.7 Ghz baind mein, lekin kuchh abhee bhee see-baind (4-8 Ghz), kyu-baind (12-18 Ghz), yaa donon mein sanchaarit karate hain. upgrah seey praapt karane vaale prithvi station taka sanket maarg key pair koo downlink kahaa jaataa haye.
ack vishisht upgrah mein 32 kyu-baind yaa 24 see-baind transponder hotey hain, yaa kyu/see sankar upgrahon key liye adhik hotey hain. vishisht transponders mein seey pratyek kii bandwidth 27 aur 50 megahertz key beach hoti haye. pratyek bhusthaitik see-baind upgrah koo agale upgrah seey 2° deshantar kii doori parr rakhane kii aavashyakta haye taaki hastakshep seey bachaa jaa sakey; kyu key liye doori 1° hoe sakati haye. iska matlab haye kii 360/2 = 180 bhusthaitik see-baind upgrahon yaa 360/1 = 360 bhusthaitik kyu-baind upgrahon kii ack oopari seema haye. see-baind sancharan sthaliya hastakshep key liye atisamvedansheel haye jabaki kyu-baind sancharan barish seey prabhaavit hotaa haye (kyonki paani iss vishesh aavritti parr microwave kaa ack utkrisht avashoshak haye). baad vaalaa garaj key baadlon mein burf key chrystal seey aur bhee adhik pratikool roop seey prabhaavit hotaa haye. iss avsar parr, soorya kii outage taba hogi jaba soorya seedhe bhusthaitik upgrah key peechhe rekhaaen banaata haye jiss parr praapt karane vaale antina koo ingit kiya jaataa haye.
downlink upgrah sanket, joe bahut door kii yatra karane key baad kaafee kamjor hotaa haye (path haani dekhein), ack paravalayik praapt karane vaale vyanjan key saath ekatra kiya jaataa haye, joe vyanjan key kendra bindu key liye kamjor sanket koo darshaata haye. vyanjan key kendra bindu parr koshthak parr lagaa ack upkaran haye jise feedhorn yaa collector kahaa jaataa haye. feedhorn waveguide kaa ack khand haye jisamen ack flared front-aind hotaa haye joe kendra bindu parr yaa usake paas sanketon koo ikattha kartaa haye aur unhein ack jaanch yaa cumm shore vaale block downconverter (lnb) seey judey pickup taka leey jaataa haye. lnb sanketon koo badhaata haye aur unhein madhyavarti aavrittiyon (yadi) key nichale khand mein parivartit kartaa haye, aamtaur parr ell-baind mein.
mool see-baind upgrah television pranaliyon mein vyanjan key kendra bindu parr feedhorn seey judey cumm shore vaale pravardhak (ell. aine. aeye.) kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. pravardhit sanket, abhee bhee uchch microwave aavrittiyon parr, ack madhyavarti aavritti mein downconversion key liye ack indor receiver koo apekshaakrit jatil aine-connector key saath bahut mahange cumm-nuksan 50-ome pratibadha gais bharee hardline samakshiya cable key madhyam seey yaa anya designs mein, ack downconverter (ack mixer aur kuchh filter circuitry key saath ack voltage-tune ausilator) key madhyam seey diyaa jaanaa thaa. channel chayan koo aam taur parr ack voltage tune ausilator dwara niyantrit kiya jaataa thaa jisamen tuning voltage koo ack alag cable key madhyam seey feed kiya jaataa thaa, lekin yeh design vikasit huaa.
shaukiya radio aavrittiyon key liye microstrip-adharit convertors key liye designs koo 4 geegahertz see-baind key liye anukoolit kiya gayaa thaa. inn designs key liye kendriya avadharana cumm aavritti kii ack seema key avarodhak downconversion kii thee, yadi adhik aasaani seey sambhala jaataa haye.
lnb kaa upayog karane key faayade yeh hain kii sastee cable kaa upayog indor receiver koo upgrah television dish aur lnb seey jodane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, aur ell-baind aur uhf parr signal koo sambhaalane key liye takneek see-baind aavrittiyon parr signal koo sambhaalane kii tulanaa mein bahut sastee thee. praarambhik see-baind pranaliyon key hardline aur aine-connector seey sastee aur saral 75-ome cable aur aff-connectors kii or sastee takneek kii or badalaav ney praarambhik upgrah television receivers koo upayog karane kii anumati dee, joe vaastav mein they, sanshodhit uhf television tunor jinhone 70 megahertz parr kendrit cumm madhyavarti aavritti mein down conversion key liye upgrah television channel kaa chayan kiya, jahaan ise demodulate kiya gayaa thaa. iss badalaav ney upgrah television udyog koo badey paimaane parr shaukini honey seey badalane kii anumati dee, jahaan hajaaron americi dollar kii laagat vaali kewal chhoti sankhya mein pranaaliyan banaai gaee theen, joe badey paimaane parr utpaadan key ack adhik vyaavsaayik roop mein thee.
sanyukt raajya america mein, seva pradaata vyanjan parr lnbf seey praaptakarta taka sanket leey jaane key liye 950-2150 mhjd kii madhyavarti aavritti shreniyon kaa upayog karate hain. yeh ack hii samay mein samakshiya taar key samaan avadhi key saath uhf sanketon key sancharan kii anumati detaa haye. kuchh anuprayogon mein (directovy (directovy aur aitt-9), nichale bee-baind aur 2250-3000 mhjd kii shreniyon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. directovy dwara upayog mein laae jaane vaale nae lnbf, jinhen swm (ekal taar multiswitch) kahaa jaataa haye, kaa upayog ekal cable vitaran koo lagu karane aur 2-2150 mhjd kii vyaapak aavritti seema kaa upayog karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
upgrah praaptakarta yaa sett-topp boxes sanketon koo demodulate kartaa haye aur vaanchhit roop (television, audio, detta aadi key liye output) mein parivartit kartaa haye.). aksar, receiver mein kuchh grahakon koo premium sevaaen pradaan karane key liye praapt sanket koo chuninda roop seey unscramble yaa decrypt karane kii kshamata shamil hoti haye; receiver koo taba ack ekikrit receiver/decoder yaa ird kahaa jaataa haye. cumm nuksan vaali cable (ee.jee. aar. jee.-6, aar. jee.-11, aadi.) kaa upayog receiver koo lnbf yaa lnb seey jodane key liye kiya jaataa haye. aarji-59 kii iss anuprayog key liye anushansa naheen kii jaati haye kyonki yeh takniki roop seey 950 megahertz seey adhik aavrittiyon koo leey jaane key liye design naheen kiya gayaa haye, lekin kuchh paristhitiyon mein kaam curr sakata haye, joe samakshiya taar kii gunavatta, sanket star, cable kii lambai aadi parr nirbhar kartaa haye.
gharelu upgrah grahan seey sambandhit ack vyaavhaarik samasya yeh haye kii ack lnb mool roop seey kewal ack hii praaptakarta koo sambhal sakata haye. aisaa isaliye haye kyonki lnb dou alag-alag golakar dhruvikaran (daaen haath aur baaen haath) kaa anuvaad curr rhaa haye aur, key-baind key mamle mein, dou alag-alag aavritti baind (nichale aur oopari) cable parr ack hii aavritti seema mein hain. ack transponder kiss aavritti aur dhruvikaran kaa upayog curr rhaa haye, isake aadhar parr, upgrah receiver koo ack vishisht "channel" praapt karane key liye lnb koo chaar alag-alag mode mein seey ack mein badalana padata haye. ise praaptakarta dwara lnb mode koo niyantrit karane key liye roga protocol kaa upayog karke sambhala jaataa haye. yadi kaee upgrah receivers koo ack hii vyanjan seey jodaa jaanaa haye, tou ack tathaakathit multiswitch kaa upayog ack vishesh prakaar key lnb key sanyojan mein kiya jaanaa hoga. pahale seey hii ekikrit ack bahu-switch key saath lnb bhee upalabdh hain. yeh samasya taba adhik jatil hoe jaati haye jaba kaee receiver vibhinn upgrahon kii or ishara karate hue kaee vyanjanon (yaa ack hii vyanjan mein lagaae gaye kaee lnbs) kaa upayog karate hain.
kaee upgrahon taka pahunchane key ichchuk upbhoktaon key liye ack samanya samadhan haye ack ekal lnb key saath ack ekal vyanjan koo tainaat karna aur ack vidyut motor kaa upayog karke vyanjan koo ghumana. ghoornan kii dhuri koo uttar-dakshin disha mein sthaapit kiya jaanaa chaahiye aur, vyanjan kii bhaugolik sthiti key aadhar parr, ack vishisht urdhvaadhar jhukaav honah chaahiye. jaba modd diyaa jaayega tou motoryukt dish koo thheek seey sthaapit karein, joe bhoomadhya rekha key seedhe oopar bhusthaitik kaksha key saath panktibaddh upgrahon key liye sabhi sambhaavit sthitiyon mein faila hoga. taba yeh vyanjan kissy bhee bhusthaitik upgrah koo praapt karane mein saksham hoga joe vishisht sthaan parr dikhaai detaa haye.ee. joe kshitij key oopar haye. duqc protocol koo steering dish rotter key liye aadeshon koo shamil karane key liye vistaarit kiya gayaa haye.
ack upgrah pranali mein paanch pramukh ghatak hotey hainh prograaming srot, prasaran kendra, upgrah, upgrah vyanjan aur praaptakarta. "upgrah television sanketon key sancharan key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale "pratyaksh prasaran" upgrah aam taur parr prithvi kii bhoomadhya rekha key oopar bhusthaitik kaksha mein hotey hain. iss kaksha kaa upayog karane kaa kaaran yeh haye kii upgrah prithvi key samaan darr seey prithvi kii parikrama kartaa haye, isaliye upgrah akash mein ack nishchit bindu parr dikhaai detaa haye. iss prakaar upgrah vyanjanon koo usa bindu parr sthaayi roop seey lakshit kiya jaa sakata haye, aur ack gatishil upgrah kaa anusaran karane key liye ack tracking pranali kii aavashyakta naheen haye. kuchh upgrah television pranaaliyan molnia kaksha mein upgrahon kaa upayog karati hain, joe +/- 63.4 degree key jhukaav key saath ack atyadhik andakar kaksha aur lagbhag baarah ghante kii kakshiya avadhi haye.
upgrah dwara prasaarit anya sancharon kii tarah upgrah television bhee ack uplink suvidha mein sthit sanchaarak antina seey shuru hotaa haye. uplink suvidhaaen microwave kii ack sankeern kiran parr upgrah koo sanket prasaarit karati hain, aamtaur parr see-baind aavritti seema mein varsha key prati pratirodh key kaaran. uplink upgrah vyanjan bahut badey hotey hain, aksar 9 seey 12 meater (30 seey 40 feat) vyaas key hotey hain taaki upgrah parr sateek lakshya praapt kiya jaa sakey aur vishvasaniyata mein sudhaar key liye sanket shakti mein vriddhi kii jaa sakey. uplink dish koo ack vishisht upgrah kii or ingit kiya jaataa haye aur uplink kiye gaye sanket ack vishisht aavritti seema key bheetar preshit kiye jaate hain, taaki usa upgrah parr usa aavritti seema key liye tune kiye gaye transponders mein seey ack dwara praapt kiya jaa sakey. transponder taba sanketon koo koo baind mein parivartit kartaa haye, ack prakriya jise "anuvaad" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur unhein ghar key upgrah stations dwara praapt karane key liye prithvi parr vaapas bhejata haye.
downlinked upgrah sanket, joe bahut door kii yatra karane key baad kamjor hoe jaataa haye (path haani dekhein), ack chhat parr paravalayik praapt karane vaale vyanjan ("upgrah vyanjan") kaa upayog karke ekatra kiya jaataa haye, joe vyanjan key kendra bindu key liye kamjor sanket koo darshaata haye. vyanjan key kendra bindu parr koshthak parr lagey ack feedhorn ack waveguide key madhyam seey sanketon koo ack upkaran mein paarit kartaa haye jise cumm shore vaale block convertor (lnb) yaa cumm shore vaale convertor (lnc) kahaa jaataa haye. lnb kamjor sanketon koo badhaata haye, aavrittiyon key block koo filter kartaa haye jisamen upgrah television sanket sanchaarit hotey hain, aur aavrittiyon key block koo ell-baind renz mein cumm aavritti seema mein parivartit kartaa haye. isake baad sanket koo ack samakshiya cable key madhyam seey nivaas mein upgrah television receiver, television key buggle mein ack sett-topp boxes mein paarit kiya jaataa haye.
vyanjan mein aavritti anuvaad karane key liye lnb kaa upayog karane kaa kaaran yeh haye kii saste samakshiya cable kaa upayog karke sanket koo nivaas mein leey jaaya jaa sakey. sanket koo ghar mein isaki mool kyu baind microwave aavritti parr leey jaane key liye ack mahange waveguide, radio tarangon koo leey jaane key liye ack dhaatu pipe kii aavashyakta hogi. receiver koo lnb seey jodane vaali cable cumm nuksan vaale prakaar aarji-6, kwad sheeled aarji-6, yaa aarji-11 kii hoti haye. aarji-59 kii iss anuprayog key liye anushansa naheen kii jaati haye kyonki yeh takniki roop seey 950 megahertz seey adhik aavrittiyon koo leey jaane key liye design naheen kiya gayaa haye, lekin samakshiya taar kii gunavatta key aadhar parr kaee paristhitiyon mein kaam karega. करेगा। pratibadha cable aur praarambhik see-baind pranaliyon key aine-connectors seey sastee sastee praudyogiki aur aff-connectors kii or adhik kifayati takneek kii or badalaav ney praarambhik upgrah television receivers koo upayog karane kii anumati dee, joe vaastav mein they, sanshodhit uhf television tunor jinhone 70 mhjd parr kendrit ack anya nimn madhyavarti aavritti mein down roopaantaran key liye upgrah television channel kaa chayan kiya, jahaan ise demodulate kiya gayaa thaa.
ack lnb kewal ack hii receiver koo sambhal sakata haye. yeh iss tathya key kaaran haye kii lnb dou alag-alag golakar dhruvikaranon-daaen haath aur baaen haath-aur kyu-baind key mamle mein dou alag-alag reception baind-nichale aur oopari-seey ack aur ack hii aavritti baind cable parr, aur gharelu upgrah reception key liye ack vyaavhaarik samasya haye. ack transponder kiss aavritti parr sanchaarit curr rhaa haye aur kiss dhruvikaran kaa upayog curr rhaa haye, isake aadhar parr, upgrah receiver koo ack vishisht transponder parr ack vishisht vaanchhit prograam praapt karane key liye lnb koo chaar alag-alag mode mein seey ack mein badalana padata haye. praaptakarta lnb mode koo niyantrit karane key liye roga protocol kaa upayog kartaa haye, joe ise sambhalata haye. yadi kaee upgrah receivers koo ack hii vyanjan seey jodaa jaanaa haye tou ack tathaakathit multiswitch kaa upayog ack vishesh prakaar key lnb key sanyojan mein kiya jaanaa chaahiye. pahale seey hii ekikrit ack bahu-switch key saath lnb bhee upalabdh hain. yeh samasya taba adhik jatil hoe jaati haye jaba kaee receiver kaee vyanjanon kaa upayog karate hain yaa ack hii vyanjan mein lagaae gaye kaee lnbs vibhinn upgrahon key liye hotey hain.
sett-topp boxes upgrah seey praapt kaee chainalon seey usa channel koo filter karke upayogkarta dwara vaanchhit channel kaa chayan kartaa haye, signal koo cumm madhyavarti aavritti mein parivartit kartaa haye, encrypted signal koo decrypt kartaa haye, radio signal koo demodulate kartaa haye aur parinami video signal koo cable key madhyam seey television parr bhejata haye. signal koo decrypt karane key liye receiver boxes koo upgrah company dwara "sakriya" kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yadi graahak apane masik bill kaa bhugtan karane mein whiffle rahata haye tou company key sanket seey boxes "nishkriya" hoe jaataa haye, aur jaba taka company ise phir seey sakriya naheen karati taba taka system kaam naheen karega. kuchh receiver praapt sanket koo hii decrypt karane mein saksham hotey hain. inn receivers koo ekikrit receiver/decoder yaa birds kahaa jaataa haye.
analogue television joe upgrah key madhyam seey vitarit kiya jaataa thaa, aamtaur parr aine. tii. aiss. see., paal yaa sekam television prasaran manakon mein scramble yaa binaa kissy prakaar key bheja jaataa thaa. analogue sanket aavritti modulated haye aur ack fm sanket seey baseband key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. iss aadhar patti mein video sanket aur audio upvaahak (oun) shamil hain. audio subcarrier koo ack kachcha audio signal pradaan karane key liye aage demodulate kiya jaataa haye.
baad key sanket digital television sanket yaa sanketon key bahugunak they, aamtaur parr qpsk. samanya taur parr, digital television, jisamen upgrahon key madhyam seey preshit kiya jaataa haye, aim. pee. ee. jee. aur dee. vee. bee.-aiss./dee. vee. bee.-aiss. 2 yaa aaee. aiss. dee. bee.-aiss. jaise khule manakon parr adharit haye.
sashart abhigam kootlekhan/scrambling vidhiyon mein ands, biss, connex, digessiper, irdeto, cryptocurks, dg crypt, beeta digital, seik mediaguard, logyway, negravijan, powerwoo, viases, videosipher aur videoguard shamil hain. kaee sashart abhigam pranaliyon seey samjhauta kiya gayaa haye.
suraj kii roshni.
sunn outage naamak ack ghatana taba hoti haye jaba soorya praapt karane vaale upgrah vyanjan key drishya key kshetra mein seedhe upgrah key peechhe khadaa hotaa haye. yeh pratidin lagbhag 10 minut kii avadhi key liye dopahar key aspas hotaa haye, vasant mein dou saptah kii avadhi key liye harr saal dou baar aur vishuv key aspas padata haye. iss avadhi key dauran, suraj vyanjan key swaagat pattern key mukhya khand key bheetar hotaa haye, isaliye upgrah key transponder dwara upayog kii jaane vaali samaan aavrittiyon parr soorya dwara utsarjit majboot microwave shore swaagat koo doob detaa haye.
upayog karein.
seedhe ghar aur seedhe prasaran upgrah.
direct-too-home (dee. tii. aich.) yaa tou una sanchaar upgrahon koo sandarbhit curr sakata haye joe swayam seva pradaan karate hain yaa vaastavik television seva. vikasit television baajaron mein adhikansh upgrah television graahak apani prograaming ack pratyaksh prasaran upgrah (dee. bee. aiss.) pradaata key madhyam seey praapt karate hain. sanketon koo kyu baind (12 seey 18 geegahertz) kaa upayog karke preshit kiya jaataa haye aur poori tarah seey digital hotey hain jiska arth haye kii isamen uchch chitra aur stereo dhwani gunavatta hoti haye.
upgrah television chainalon key liye karyakram kaee sroton seey aatey hain aur isamen live studio feed shamil hoe sakate hain. prasaran kendra prasaran key liye chainalon mein prograaming koo ikattha kartaa haye aur package kartaa haye aur jahaan aavashyak hoe, chainalon koo encrypt kartaa haye. isake baad sanket koo uplink parr bheja jaataa haye jahan ise upgrah mein preshit kiya jaataa haye. kuchh prasaran kendron key saath, studio, prashaasan aur upp-link sabhi ack hii parisar kaa hissa hain. upgrah taba chainalon kaa anuvaad aur prasaran kartaa haye.
adhikansh pranaaliyan sancharan key liye dee. vee. bee.-aiss. maanak kaa upayog karati hain. bhugtan television sevaaon key saath, detta stream encrypted haye aur isake liye swaamitva praapt karane key upkaran kii aavashyakta hoti haye. jabaki antarnihit swaagat praudyogiki samaan haye, bhugtan television praudyogiki swaamitva vaali haye, jisamen aksar ack sashart-abhigam module aur smart card shamil hotey hain. yeh upaay upgrah television pradaataon koo aashvast kartaa haye kii kewal adhikrit, bhugtan karane vaale grahakon key paas bhugtan television samagri taka pahunch haye, lekin saath hii bajar mein upalabdh maanak upkaranon vaale logon dwara bhee muft-seey-prasaran chainalon koo dekhane kii anumati dee jaa sakati haye.
kuchh desh upgrah television sevaaon kaa sanchaalan karate hain joe sadasyata shulk kaa bhugtan kiye binaa muft mein praapt kii jaa sakati hain. ise free-too-air satellite television kahaa jaataa haye. germany sambhavatah lagbhag 250 digital chainalon (83 aich. dee. tii. vee. chainalon aur vibhinn kshetriya chainalon sahit) key saath mukt-seey-prasaran mein agrani haye joe 19.2°ee upgrah nakshatr seey prasaarit hotey hain. inhen dee. bee. aiss. seva key roop mein vipanan naheen kiya jaataa haye, lekin lagbhag 18 million gharon mein, saath hii saath "skye doichland" vaanijyik dee. bee. aiss. pranali kaa upayog karke kissy bhee ghar mein praapt kiya jaataa haye. sabhi german analogue upgrah prasaran 30 aprail 2012 koo bund hoe gaye.
united kingdam mein lagbhag 160 digital channel hain (jisamen bee. bee. see. chainalon, aaee. tii. vee. chainalon, channel 4 aur channel 5 kii kshetriya vividhataaen shamil hain) joe estra 28.2°ee upgrah nakshatr seey encryption key binaa prasaarit kiye jaate hain, aur kissy bhee dee. vee. bee.-aiss. receiver parr praapt karane yogya hotey hain (kuchh uchch paribhasha television sevaaon key liye ack dee. vee. bee.-aiss. 2. receiver kii aavashyakta hoti haye). inmein seey adhikansh channel skye ee. pee. jee. key bheetar shamil hain, aur freesat ee. pee. jee. key bheetar badhati sankhya haye.
bhaarat kaa rashtriya prasarak, doordarshan, "dee. dee. free dish" key roop mein ack free-too-air dee. bee. aiss. package koo badhaava detaa haye, joe desh key sthaliya prasaran network key liye inn-phil key roop mein pradaan kiya jaataa haye. yeh gsat-15 seey 93.5°ee parr prasaarit hotaa haye aur isamen lagbhag 80 fta channel hotey hain.
jabaki mool roop seey unaki digital sthaliya television seva key liye backhall key roop mein launch kiya gayaa thaa, badee sankhya mein francisi channel 5° doubleu parr upgrahon parr free-too-air hain, aur haal hii mein dee. tii. tii. network key liye aadhikarik inn-phil honey kii ghoshana kii gaee haye.
uttari america (sanyukt raajya america, kanada aur maxico) mein akashganga 19 parr 80 seey adhik aff. tii. aeye. digital channel upalabdh hain (jinamen seey adhikansh jaatiya yaa dhaarmik prakriti key hain). anya aff. tii. aeye. upgrahon mein aeye. aim. see.-4, aeye. aim. see.-6, galaxy 18 aur satmax 5 shamil hain. gloristar naamak ack company galaxy 19 parr aff. tii. aeye. dhaarmik prasarakon koo badhaava detee haye.
television kewal praapt kartaa haye.
television kewal praapt karane vaalaa shabd, yaa tiviro, upgrah television swaagat key shuruati dinon key dauran ise vaanijyik upgrah television uplink aur downlink sanchaalan (sanchaarit aur praapt) seey alag karane key liye utpann huaa. 1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein uchch shakti vaale dee. bee. aiss. upgrahon key prakshepan key saath, joe kyu baind aavrittiyon parr apane sanket prasaarit karate they, upgrah television udyog key sthanantarit honey seey pahale yeh upgrah television prasaran kii praathamik vidhi thee. usa samay upgrah television chainalon kaa upayog gharelu darshakon dwara praapt karane key bajaay cable television network dwara kiya jaanaa thaa. praarambhik upgrah television receiver pranaliyon kaa nirmaan kaafee hudd taka shaukinon aur engineeron dwara kiya gayaa thaa. yeye praarambhik tiviro pranaaliyan mukhya roop seey see-baind aavrittiyon parr sanchaalit hoti theen aur aavashyak vyanjan badey hotey they; aamtaur parr vyaas mein 3 meater (10 feat) seey adhik. natijatan, tiviro koo aksar "badaa vyanjan" yaa "badaa badsurat vyanjan" (budd) upgrah television key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye.
tiviro pranaliyon koo fss-prakaar key upgrahon parr see-baind aur kyu-baind transponder donon seey television yaa audio donon key analogue aur digital upgrah feed praapt karane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. uchch aavritti kyu-baind pranali dee. bee. aiss. pranali key samaan hoti haye aur uchch shakti sancharan aur adhik antina laabh key kaaran ack chhote dish antina kaa upayog curr sakati haye. tiviro system chhote upgrah dish antena key bajaay badey kaa upayog karate hain, kyonki yeh adhik sambhavana haye kii tiviro system key malik key paas kewal ack kyu baind-setup key bajaay kewal see-baind setup hoga. atirikt receiver boxes vibhinn prakaar key digital upgrah sanket grahan kii anumati dete hain, jaise kii dee. vee. bee./aim. pee. ee. jee.-2 aur 4dee. tii. vee..
ack samanya paravalayik upgrah antina kii sankeern beam chaudaai kaa matlab haye kii yeh ack samay mein kewal ack upgrah seey sanket praapt curr sakata haye. simulsat yaa vertex-aar. aiss. aaee. torus, ack ardh-paravalayik upgrah earthstation antina haye joe ack saath 35 yaa adhik see-aur kyu-baind upgrahon seey upgrah prasaran praapt karane mein saksham haye.
itihas.
praarambhik itihas.
1945 mein british vigyaan kathaa lekhak arther see. clark ney ack vishvavyaapi sanchaar pranali kaa prastaav rakhaa joe prithvi kii kaksha mein samaan roop seey alag teen upgrahon key madhyam seey kaary karegi. yeh wireless worled patrika key octuber 1945 key ank mein prakaashit huaa thaa aur 1963 mein unhein franklin sansthaan kaa stuart balantine padak milaa thaa.
europe seey uttari america taka pahale saarvajanik upgrah television sanket 23 julaai 1962 koo atlantic mahasagar key oopar telstar upgrah key madhyam seey prasaarit kiye gaye they, halanki ack pareekshan prasaran lagbhag dou saptah pahale 11 julaai koo huaa thaa. sanket praapt kiye gaye aur uttari americi aur europeeya deshon mein prasaarit kiye gaye aur 10 karod seey adhik logon dwara dekhe gaye. 1962 mein prakshepit, "rille 1" upgrah america seey japan taka television sanketon koo prasaarit karane vaalaa pahala upgrah thaa. pahala bhoo-samkaalik sanchaar upgrah, syncom 2,26 julaai 1963 koo prakshepit kiya gayaa thaa.
duniya kaa pahala vaanijyik sanchaar upgrah, jise intelsat aaee kahaa jaataa haye aur jise "praarambhik pakshi" upnaam diyaa gayaa haye, 6 aprail, 1965 koo bhoo-samkaalik kaksha mein launch kiya gayaa thaa. television upgrahon kaa pahala rashtriya network, jise orbita kahaa jaataa haye, octuber 1967 mein soviyat sangh dwara banaaya gayaa thaa, aur yeh ground downlink stations koo punah prasaran aur television sanketon koo vitarit karane key liye atyadhik andakar molnia upgrah kaa upayog karane key siddhant parr adharit thaa. television prasaran karane vaalaa pahala vaanijyik uttar americi upgrah kanada kaa bhusthaitik anik 1 thaa, jise 9 navambar 1972 koo launch kiya gayaa thaa. aeye. tii. aiss-6, duniya kaa pahala prayogaatmak shaikshik aur pratyaksh prasaran upgrah (dee. bee. aiss.), 30 maee 1974 koo launch kiya gayaa thaa. yeh wideband fm modulan kaa upayog karke 860 aim. aich. jaid. parr prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa aur isamen dou dhwani channel they. prasaran bhaaratiya upmahadweep parr kendrit they lekin prayogkarta paschimi europe mein gharelu nirmit upkaranon kaa upayog karke sanket praapt karane mein saksham they joe pahale seey hii upayog mein aaee television design takneekon parr aakarshit karate they.
pratyaksh-seey-ghar television leey jaane key liye soviyat bhusthaitik upgrahon kii ack shrinkhala mein pahala, acron 1,26 octuber 1976 koo launch kiya gayaa thaa. isamen 714 mhjd uhf downlink aavritti kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa taaki prasaran koo microwave praudyogiki key bajaay maujooda uhf television praudyogiki key saath praapt kiya jaa sakey.
upgrah television udyog kii shuruat, 1976-1980.
upgrah television udyog ney cable television udyog seey america mein sabse pahale vikas kiya kyonki sanchaar upgrahon kaa upayog doorasth cable television headend mein television prograaming vitarit karane key liye kiya jaa rhaa thaa. home boxes offices (aich. bee. oh.), turner prasaran pranali (tii. bee. aiss.), aur isai prasaran network (see. bee. aine., baad mein parivarik channel) prograaming dene key liye upgrah television kaa upayog karane vaale pahale logon mein seey they. saine andreas, california key teller howard, 1976 mein apane ghar mein nirmit pranali key saath see-baind upgrah sanket praapt karane vaale pahale vyakti baney.
sanyukt raajya america mein, ack gair-laabhkaari saarvajanik prasaran seva, pee. bee. aiss. ney 1978 mein upgrah dwara apani television prograaming vitarit karna shuru kiya.
1979 mein, soviyat engineeron ney upgrahon key madhyam seey prasaran aur tv sanketon koo vitarit karane kii mosco (yaa mosco) pranali vikasit kii. unhone usee varsh baad mein gorizont sanchaar upgrahon koo prakshepit kiya. inn upgrahon ney bhusthaitik kakshaon kaa upayog kiya. way shaktishali onn-board transponder seey lais they, isaliye downlink stations key parabolic antena praapt karane kaa aakar ghataakar 4 aur 2.5 meater curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 18 octuber, 1979 koo sanghiya sanchaar aayog (aff. see. see.) ney logon koo sanghiya sarkaar key licenses key binaa gharelu upgrah prithvi stations kii anumati denaa shuru curr diyaa. 1979 key neemain-marcus chrismus catalog key saamane key aavaran mein pahale gharelu upgrah tv stations koo $36,500 mein bikri parr dikhaaya gayaa thaa. vyanjan lagbhag vyaas mein they aur remot niyantrit they. usake baad jald hii keemat aadhi cumm hoe gaee, lekin kewal aathh aur channel they. niji aur vaanijyik prithvi stations (antariksh) key liye society, ack sangathan joe upbhoktaon aur upgrah tv pranali maalikon kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, kii sthaapana 1980 mein kii gaee thee.
praarambhik upgrah television pranaaliyan apane kharch aur badey vyanjan key aakar key kaaran bahut lokpriya naheen theen. 1970 key dashak key anta aur 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein pranaliyon key upgrah television vyanjan vyaas mein they, joe fiber glass yaa thhos aluminium yaa steel seey baney they, aur sanyukt raajya america mein 5,000 dollar seey adhik kii laagat thee, kabhi-kabhi 10,000 dollar taka. ground stations seey bheji gaee prograaming koo prithvi key oopar sthit bhusthaitik kaksha mein athaarah upgrahon seey rille kiya gayaa thaa.
tvro/see-baind upgrah yug, 1980-1986.
1980 taka, upgrah television sanyukt raajya america aur europe mein achchi tarah seey sthaapit hoe gayaa thaa. 26 aprail 1982 koo, yuu. key. mein pahala upgrah channel, upgrah television limitted. (baad mein akash ack), launch kiya gayaa thaa. isake sanket ee. aiss. aeye. key kakshiya pareekshan upgrahon seey preshit kiye gaye they. 1981 aur 1985 key beach, tiviro system kii bikri darein badh gaeen kyonki keematen gir gaeen. receiver praudyogiki mein pragati aur gallium arsenide fett praudyogiki key upayog ney chhote vyanjanon key upayog koo saksham banaaya. paanch laakh pranaaliyan, jinamen seey kuchh kii keemat 2000 dollar key barabar thee, 1984 mein america mein bechi gaeen. ack upgrah kii or ishara karane vaale vyanjan aur bhee saste they. sthaaniya prasaran stations yaa cable television seva key binaa kshetron mein loga binaa kissy masik shulk key achchi gunavatta vaalaa swaagat praapt curr sakate they. badey vyanjan bahut ghabarahat kaa vishay they, kyonki kaee loga unhein netraheen maanate they, aur america mein adhikansh condominium, pados aur anya ghar key malik sanghon ney unake upayog koo sakhti seey pratibandhit curr diyaa, sivaay una kshetron key jahaan iss tarah key pratibandh avaidh they. inn pratibandhon koo 1986 mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa jaba sanghiya sanchaar aayog ney una sabhi koo avaidh karaar diyaa thaa. ack nagarpalika koo ack sampatti key malik koo vyanjan koo sthanantarit karane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye yadi yeh anya kshetra pratibandhon kaa ullanghan kartaa haye, jaise kii ack jhataka aavashyakta, lekin unake upayog koo gairkaanooni naheen banaa sakata haye. jaise-jaise vyanjan chhote hotey gaye, inn pratibandhon kii aavashyakta dheere-dheere cumm hoti gaee.
mool roop seey, sabhi chainalon koo spasht (aaee. tii. see.) mein prasaarit kiya gayaa thaa kyonki karyakram praapt karane key liye aavashyak upkaran upbhoktaon key liye bahut mahange they. tiviro pranaliyon kii badhati sankhya key saath, karyakram pradaataon aur prasarakon koo apane sanketon koo todana padaa aur sadasyata pranali vikasit karni padee.
octuber 1984 mein, yuu.aiss. congress ney 1984 key cable sanchaar neeti adhiniyam koo paarit kiya, jisane tiviro system kaa upayog karane vaalon koo muft mein sanket praapt karane kaa adhikaar diyaa, jaba taka kii unhein scramble naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur una logon koo aavashyak kiya jinhone uchit shulk key liye apane sanket upalabdh karaane key liye scramble kiya thaa. choonki cable channel badey vyanjanon dwara swaagat koo roque sakate they, isaliye anya companiyon koo pratispardha kii peshkash karane key liye protsaahan diyaa gayaa thaa. janwari 1986 mein, aich. bee. oh. ney apane chainalon koo kootbaddh karane key liye abb-aprachalit videosipher II pranali kaa upayog karna shuru kiya. anya chainalon ney cumm surakshit television encryption system kaa upayog kiya. aich. bee. oh. key hadbadi koo badey vyanjanon vaale system key maalikon key bahut virodh kaa saamana karna padaa, jinamen seey adhikansh key paas iss tarah key chainalon koo praapt karane key liye koee anya vikalp naheen thaa, yeh daavaa karate hue kii cable chainalon seey spasht sanket praapt karna mushkil hoga. antatah aich. bee. oh. ney vyanjan maalikon koo prati maah $12.95 key liye seedhe apani seva kii sadasyata lene kii anumati dee, joe cable grahakon dwara bhugtan kiye jaa rahey moolya key barabar yaa usase adhik thee, aur isake liye ack discrambler koo $395 mein khareedane kii aavashyakta thee. isase johnn aar. dwara aich. bee. oh. kii transponder galaxy 1 parr hamla huaa. aprail 1986 mein mcdoggle. ack-ack karke, sabhi vaanijyik chainalon ney aich. bee. oh. key netritva kaa anusaran kiya aur apane chainalon koo failana shuru curr diyaa. upgrah prasaran aur sanchaar sangh (aiss. bee. see. aeye.) kii sthaapana 2 disambar, 1986 koo antariksh aur pratyaksh prasaran upgrah sangh (dee. bee. aiss. aeye.) key beach vilay key parinamswarup kii gaee thee.
videosipher II ney apane video signal parr analogue scrambling aur apane audio signal parr detta encryption maanak-adharit encryption kaa upayog kiya. videosipher II koo haraaya gayaa thaa, aur descrambler upkaranon key liye ack kaalaa bajar thaa jise shuru mein "pareekshan" upkaranon key roop mein becha gayaa thaa.
1987 seey prastut.
1987 taka, nau chainalon koo chalaaya gayaa thaa, lekin 99 anya muft mein prasaarit kiye jaa sakate they. jabaki aich. bee. oh. ney shuru mein $19.95 kaa masik shulk liya, jald hii sabhi chainalon koo prati varsh $200 key liye bechana sambhav hoe gayaa. 1985 mein vyanjanon kii bikri 600,000 seey ghatkar 1986 mein 350,000 hoe gaee, lekin bhugtan television sevaaon koo vyanjanon koo kuchh sakaratmak key roop mein dekhaa jaa rhaa thaa kyonki kuchh logon key paas kabhi bhee cable seva naheen hogi, aur isake parinamswarup udyog mein sudhaar shuru hoe gayaa thaa. scrambling ney bhugtan-prati-drishya ghatnaaon key vikas koo bhee badhaava diyaa. 1 navambar, 1988 koo, nbc ney apane see-baind signal koo scrambling karna shuru kiya, lekin apane kuu baind signal koo binaa encrypted chhod diyaa taaki sambaddh loga apane vigyaapan koo naheen dekh sakey. sanyukt raajya america mein 20 laakh upgrah vyanjan upayogkartaon mein seey adhikansh abhee bhee see-baind kaa upayog karate hain. aeye. bee. see. aur see. bee. aiss. hathapai karane parr vichaar curr rahey they, halanki see. bee. aiss. sthaaniya network sambaddhon koo praapt karane mein asamarth logon kii sankhya key kaaran anichhuk thaa. sanyukt raajya america mein upgrah television network parr samudri dakaiti key kaaran 1992 key cable television upabhokta sanrakshan aur pratispardha adhiniyam kii shuruat hui. iss kaanoon ney sanket chori mein shamil kissy bhee vyakti parr 50,000 dollar taka kaa jurmana lagaaya aur adhikatam dou saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai. doharaae gaye aparaadhi parr 100,000 dollar taka kaa jurmana lagaaya jaa sakata haye aur usey paanch saal taka kii jail hoe sakati haye.
upgrah television bhee europe mein vikasit huaa thaa lekin isane shuru mein cumm shakti vaale sanchaar upgrahon kaa upayog kiya aur isake liye 1.7 meater seey adhik key vyanjan aakar kii aavashyakta thee. 11 disambar 1988 koo, halanki, luxemberg ney paschimi europe koo madhyam shakti upgrah coverage pradaan karane vaalaa pahala upgrah astra 1aeye launch kiya. yeh pahale madhyam-sanchaalit upgrahon mein seey ack thaa, joe kyu baind mein sanket prasaarit kartaa thaa aur chhote vyanjanon (90 semi) key saath swaagat kii anumati detaa thaa. estra key prakshepan ney britten key raajya pratyaksh prasaran upgrah licenses dhaarak, british upgrah prasaran key vijeta koo bajar mein haraaya.
aine. aich. key. key netritva mein 1992 seey japan mein vaanijyik upgrah prasaran maujood haye joe niyamon key vikas mein prabhaavshaali haye aur anusandhaan key liye sarkari dhana taka pahunch haye. bajar mein unakaa pravesh daak aur dursanchar mantralaya (aim. pee. tii.) dwara sanrakshit thaa, jisake parinamswarup vaah channel encrypted haye aur ise decoder key saath aine. aich. key. vyanjanon seey axes kiya jaa sakata haye.
1990 key dashak kii shuruat mein, chaar badee cable companiyon ney madhyam shakti upgrahon kaa upayog karate hue ack pratyaksh prasaran company, primestar koo launch kiya. apekshaakrit majboot prasaran ney chhote (90 semi) vyanjanon key upayog kii anumati dee. 1994 mein huges directovy aur dish network upgrah television pranaliyon key prakshepan key saath isaki lokpriyata mein girawat aaee.
digital upgrah prasaran 1994 mein sanyukt raajya america mein dee. aiss. aiss. praarup kaa upayog karke directovy key madhyam seey shuru huaa. unhein 1994 aur 1995 mein dakshin africa, madhya poorv, uttar africa aur asia-prashant mein (dee. vee. bee.-aiss. maanak key saath) aur 1996 aur 1997 mein france, germany, spen, purtagaal, itali aur neetherland sahit europeeya deshon mein, saath hii japan, uttari america aur lattin america mein bhee shuru kiya gayaa thaa. united kingdam aur ireland mein digital dee. vee. bee.-aiss. prasaran 1998 mein shuru huaa. japan ney 2000 mein aaee. aiss. dee. bee.-aiss. maanak key saath prasaran shuru kiya.
4 march, 1996 koo ecostar ney ecostar 1 upgrah kaa upayog karke digital skye highway (dish network) kii shuruat kii. ecostar ney sitambar 1996 mein dish network parr upalabdh chainalon kii sankhya koo 170 taka badhaane key liye ack doosara upgrah launch kiya. inn pranaliyon ney 150-200 video aur audio chainalon parr behtar chitra aur stereo dhwani pradaan kii, aur chhote vyanjanon kaa upayog karane kii anumati dee. isase tiviro pranaliyon kii lokpriyata bahut cumm hoe gaee. 1990 key dashak key madhya mein, chainalon ney digessiper conditional axes system kaa upayog karke apane prasaran koo digital television prasaran mein sthanantarit karna shuru curr diyaa.
encryption key alawa, america mein, primestar aur directovy jaisi dbs sevaaon kii vyaapak upalabdhata 1990 key dashak kii shuruat seey tiviro system kii lokpriyata koo cumm curr rahee thee. dee. bee. aiss. upgrahon seey sanket (haal key kyu baind mein sanchaalit) aavritti aur shakti donon mein adhik hain (saur panels mein sudhaar aur aadhunik upgrahon kii oorjaa dakshata key kaaran) aur isaliye see-baind kii tulanaa mein bahut chhote vyanjanon kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur abb upayog kiye jaane vaale digital modulan tarikon key liye analogue modulan vidhiyon kii tulanaa mein receiver parr cumm sanket shakti kii aavashyakta hoti haye. pratyek upgrah kyu baind mein 32 transponder bhee leey jaa sakata haye, lekin see baind mein kewal 24, aur kaee digital upa-chainalon koo ekal transponder parr bahuayami (aim. see. pee. see.) yaa alag seey (aiss. see. pee. see.) leey jaaya jaa sakata haye. behtar microwave praudyogiki aur ardhchaalak samagri key kaaran shore mein kamee mein pragati kaa bhee prabhaav padaa haye. haalaanki, dee. bee. aiss. sevaaon key liye upayog kii jaane vaali uchch aavrittiyon kaa ack parinam barish kaa dhundhala honah haye jahan darshak bhaari barish key dauran sanket khou dete hain. see-baind upgrah television sanketon mein varsha key cumm honey kii sambhavana hoti haye.
upgrah sanchaar kii purani (lekin siddh) praudyogikiyon kii vaapsee mein, america mein vartamaan dee. bee. aiss.-adharit upgrah pradaata (dish network aur directovy) abb maujooda aff. aiss. aiss.-shreni key upgrahon key kyu-baind transponder parr atirikt kshamata kaa upayog curr rahey hain, isake alawa kaksha mein dee. bee. aiss. upgrahon key apane maujooda bede parr kshamata. yeh unake system key liye adhik channel kshamata pradaan karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa, jaisa kii uchch-paribhasha aur sthaaniya station chainalon kii badhati sankhya key kaaran aavashyak thaa. kyu-baind fss upgrah key sambandhit transponders parr kiye gaye chainalon kaa swaagat donon directovy aur dish network dwara apane grahakon koo pichhale 18 "(aur 20" dish network key liye liye kii tulanaa mein dogune vyaas key vyanjan jaari karane key madhyam seey praapt kiya gayaa haye, joe shuru mein upayog kii jaane vaali sevaaon mein 2 golakar-dhruvikrit lnbf (pradaata key 2 deshi dbs upgrahon key swaagat key liye, 1 prati lnbf), aur ack fss-prakaar key upgrah seey chainalon key swaagat key liye 1 maanak raikhik-dhruvikrit lnb seey lais hain. yeye nae dee. bee. aiss./aff. aiss. aiss.-hybrid vyanjan, jinhen directovy aur dish network dwara kramshah "slimline" aur "superdish" model key roop mein vipanan kiya jaataa haye, abb donon pradaataon key liye vartamaan maanak hain, unake mool 18 "/20" ekal yaa dohare ell. aine. bee. aff. vyanjan yaa tou abb aprachalit hain, yaa kewal karyakram packages, alag chainalon, yaa sevaaon key liye upayog kiye jaate hain joe kewal pradaataon key dee. bee. aiss. upgrahon parr prasaarit hotey hain.
29 navambar 1999 koo americi rashtrapati bill clinton ney upgrah grih darshak sudhaar adhiniyam (shwiya) parr hastakshar kiye. iss adhiniyam ney amerikiyon koo pahali baar pratyaksh prasaran upgrah pranaliyon key madhyam seey sthaaniya prasaran sanket praapt karane kii anumati dee.
kanuni.
antarrashtriya dursanchar sangh (aaee. tii. yuu.) key 1963 key radio niyamon ney ack "prasaran upgrah seva" koo ack "antariksh seva" key roop mein paribhaashit kiya haye jisamen antariksh stations dwara sanchaarit yaa punah sanchaarit sanket, yaa prithvi key chaaron or kaksha mein vastuon seey pratibimb dwara sanchaarit, aam janata dwara seedhe swaagat key liye abhipret hain."
1970 key dashak mein kuchh raajyon koo chinta hui kii baahari prasaran kissy raajya kii saanskritik yaa raajneetik pehchaan koo badal sakata haye jisase naee vishva soochana aur sanchaar vyavastha (aine. doubleu. aaee. see. oh.) prastaav saamane aaa sakata haye. haalaanki, praudyogiki kii seemaon key kaaran upgrah prasaran koo prati-raajya aadhar parr pratibandhit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. jaba mcbride report jaari kii gaee thee, taba upgrah prasaran parr baahari antariksh (copus) key shantipurna upayog parr sanyukt rashtra samiti mein charcha kii jaa rahee thee, jahaan adhikansh sadasyon ney apane kshetron mein prasaran key liye poorv sahamati pratibandhon kaa samarthan kiya thaa, lekin kuchh ney tark diyaa kii yeh soochana kii swatantrata kaa ullanghan karega. dall iss parr aam sahamati taka pahunchane mein asamarth they aur 1982 mein sanyukt rashtra mahasabha koo ungaa races 37/92 ("dbs siddhant") prastut kiya gayaa jise bahumat mutt dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa, haalaanki, dbs mein saksham adhikansh raajyon ney isake khilaf matdan kiya. dee. bee. aiss. siddhant" sankalp koo aam taur parr aprabhaavi maanaa jaataa haye.

