pradarshan mein shekspeare

16veen shatabdi key anta seey villium shekspeare key natakon key hajaaron pradarshanon kaa manchan kiya gayaa haye. jaba shekspeare jeevit they, unake kaee mahantam natakon kaa pradarshan lord chamberlain key purushon aur raajaa key purushon dwara globe aur blackfreers theatres mein kiya gayaa thaa. inn mool pradarshanon key abhinetaon mein richard burbage (jinhone "hamlet", "othelo", "richard III" aur "king lear" key pahale pradarshan mein sheershak bhoomika nibhai), richard kaule aur villium kempe they.
shekspeare key natakon kaa manchan unaki mrityu key baad intergrenum (1642-1660) taka jaari rhaa, jaba adhikansh saarvajanik munch pradarshanon koo shuddh shasakon dwara pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. angreji bahaali key baad, shekspeare key natakon kaa pradarshan playhouse mein kiya gayaa, jisamen vistrit drishya they, aur sangeet, nritya, garaj, bijli, lahar masheenen aur atishbaji key saath manchan kiya gayaa thaa. iss samay key dauran granthon koo munch key liye "sudhaar" aur "sudhaar" kiya gayaa thaa, ack aisaa upakram joe bhaavi peedhi key liye aashcharyajanak roop seey anaadarpurna prateet hotaa haye.
shekspeare kii victorian prastutiyaan aksar "pramanik" aitihaasik veshbhusha aur sett mein sachitra prabhaav kii maang karati theen. anty aur cleopetra" mein samudri ladaai aur bajare key drishya kaa manchan ack shandar udaaharan thaa. shekspeare key natakon mein aksar badalate sthaanon key liye iss tarah key vistrit drishyon key kaaran aksar gati cumm hoe jaati haye. 19veen shatabdi key anta mein, villium poel ney iss bhaari shally key khilaf pratikriya kaa netritva kiya. ack jore dene vaale munch parr "elizabethan" prastutiyon kii ack shrinkhala mein, unhone naatak kii sanrachana parr nayaa dhyaan diyaa. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, harley granville-barker ney kuchh katauti key saath quarto aur folio granthon kaa nirdeshan kiya, jabaki edward gorden kregg aur anya ney amoort manchan kaa ahwan kiya. donon drishtikonon ney aaj dekhi jaane vaali shekspeare kii utpaadan shailiyon kii vividhata koo prabhaavit kiya haye.
shekspeare key jivankal key dauran pradarshan.
jiss mandali key liye shekspeare ney apane shuruati naatak likhe they, vaha nishchit roop seey gyaat naheen haye; "titus andronicus" key 1594 sanskaran key sheershak prishth seey pataa chalata haye kii yeh teen alag-alag companiyon dwara kiya gayaa thaa. aaee. dee. 1. kii vipattiyon key baad, shekspeare key natakon kaa pradarshan lord chamberlain key purushon dwara kiya gayaa thaa, ack naee company jiska shekspeare sansthaapak sadasya thaa, theatre mein aur them key uttar mein shoredich mein pardaa. landan key loga "heinry IV" key pahale bhaag koo dekhane key liye vahaan jamaa hue, leonard ney yaad karate hue kahaa, "lekin baazon koo aaney dein, hull, point, baaki... aur aapke paas ack kamra hoga. jaba theatre key makaan malik ney ghoshana kii kii vaha company key patte kaa navinikaran naheen karenge, tou unhone playhouse koo neeche kheench liya aur globe theatre key nirmaan key liye lakadi kaa upayog kiya, joe abhinetaon dwara abhinetaon key liye banaaya gayaa pahala landan playhouse thaa. 1599 kii sharad ritu mein globe khola gayaa, jisamen "julius seasure" pahale natakon mein seey ack thaa. shekspeare key 1599 key baad key adhikansh mahantam naatak globe key liye likhe gaye they, jinamen "hamlet", "othelo" aur "king lear" shamil they.
landan key anya khuli chhat vaale saarvajanik theatres kii tarah globe mein ack kapade kii chandwa seey dhake ack jore-munch kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. munch key peechhe ack dou manjila mukhauta thakaau ghar koo chhipa detaa haye aur, saamane key sheersh key paas khidakiyon key madhyam seey, balkani drishyon key liye avsar jaise kii "romeo aur juliet" mein. hoe sakata haye kii "toofaan" key anta mein saamane key nichale darvaajon kaa upayog khoj drishyon key liye kiya gayaa hoe. munch parr ack jaal key darwaaje kaa upayog munch vyavasaay key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii "basti" mein bhoot shamil haye. iss jaal key kshetra koo "narak" kahaa jaataa thaa, kyonki oopar kii chandwa koo "swarg" kahaa jaataa thaa."
staging aur utpaadan kii anya visheshtaon key baare mein cumm jaankaari haye. stage props nyuntam prateet hotey hain, halanki laagat utani hii vistrit thee jitani sambhav thee. romeo aur juliet" kii prastaavana mein ullikhit "dou ghante kaa yatayat" kaalpanik naheen thaa; shahar sarkaar kii shatruta kaa matlab thaa kii pradarshan aadhikarik taur parr usa samay taka seemit they. halanki yeh gyaat naheen haye kii companiyon ney iss tarah key aadeshon koo kitni gambhirta seey liya, lekin aisaa lagata haye kii yaa tou natakon koo lagbhag tej gati seey khela gayaa thaa yaa abb maujood naatak-paathon koo pradarshan key liye kaataa gayaa thaa, yaa donon.
doosara mukhya rangmanch jahan shekspeare key mool natakon kaa pradarshan kiya gayaa thaa, vaha thaa doosara blackfreers rangmanch, james burbage dwara nirmit ack indor rangmanch, joe kii richard burbage key pitaa they, aur lord chamberlain key purushon key prabhaavshaali they. haalaanki, pados key virodh ney kaee varshon taka lord chamberlain key purushon key pradarshan key liye theatre kaa upayog karane seey roque diyaa. 1603 mein lord chamberlain key purushon kaa naam badalkar raajaa key purushon key roop mein rakhe jaane key baad, unhone raajaa james key nae darbar key saath ack vishesh sambandh mein pravesh kiya. pradarshan key record aspasht hain, lekin yeh gyaat haye kii raajaa key purushon ney 1 navambar 1604 aur 31 octuber 1605 key beach adalat mein shekspeare key saat natakon kaa pradarshan kiya, jisamen "dha merchant off venis" key dou pradarshan shamil they. 1608 mein raajaa key logon (jaisa kii company koo taba jaanaa jaataa thaa) ney blackfreers theatre kaa kabja leey liya. 1608 key baad, mandali ney sardiyon key dauran indor blackfreers theatre mein pradarshan kiya aur garmiyon key dauran globe mein pradarshan kiya. shandar tareeke seey manchit mask key liye jacobian vog key saath milkar, indor setting ney pradarshan key liye naee paristhitiyan paida keen, jisase shekspeare koo adhik vistrit munch upkaranon koo pesh karane mein saksham banaaya. udaaharan key liye, "jhaanjh" mein, jupiter garaj aur bijli mein utarata haye, ack cheel parr baithaa haih vaha ack gadgadaahat fenkta haye. bhoot apane ghutanon parr gir jaate hain."indor theatre mein nirmit natakon ney sambhavatah dhwani prabhaav aur sangeet kaa adhik upayog kiya.
nausena key kaptan villium keeling kii diarry kaa ack tukada bachaa haye, jisamen vaha apane chaalak dall key "hamlet" (siera leone key tata parr, 5 sitambar 1607, aur sokotra mein, 31 march 1608), aur "richard II" (siera leone, 30 sitambar 1607) key jahaaj parr pradarshan kaa vivaran detaa haye. isaki khoj key baad kuchh samay key liye, tukade parr jalsaji honey kaa sandeh thaa, lekin abb ise aam taur parr vaastavik key roop mein sweekaar kiya jaataa haye. yeye kissy bhee shekspeare naatak key pahale darj kiye gaye shaukiya pradarshan hain.
29 juuna 1613 koo, "heinry VIII" key pradarshan key dauran globe theatre mein aag lugg gaee. pradarshan key dauran ack naatya tope, lakadi key beam aur chhappar koo prajwalit karate hue, galat tareeke seey chalaai gaee. ghatana key kuchh jeevit dastavejon mein seey ack key anusaar, ack vyakti key alawa koee ghayal naheen huaa thaa jisane ack bottle key saath apani jalati hui havaa koo baahar nikaal diyaa thaa. yeh ghatana durlabh sateekta key saath shekspeare key naatak kii tarikh koo ingit karati haye. surr heinry watton ney likhaa kii naatak "dhumdham aur samaroh kii kaee asadharan paristhitiyon key saath prastut kiya gayaa thaa. theatre kaa punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, lekin landan key anya sabhi theatres kii tarah, 1642 mein puritance dwara globe koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
shekspeare kii company key abhinetaon mein richard burbage, will kempe, heinry condell aur johnn hemmings shamil they. burbage ney shekspeare key kaee natakon key pahale pradarshan mein pramukh bhoomika nibhai, jisamen "richard III", "hamlet", "othelo" aur "king lear" shamil hain. lokpriya haasya abhineta kempe ney anya bhaagon key saath-saath "romeo aind juliet" mein peater aur "kuchh bhee naheen key baare mein bahut adhik" mein dogberry kii bhoomika nibhai. 16veen shatabdi key anta mein unaki jagah robbert armine ney lii, jinhone "jaisa aapako pasand haye" mein touchstone aur "king lear" mein moorkh jaisi bhoomikaaen nibhai. abhinay shailiyon key baare mein nishchit roop seey bahut cumm jaankaari haye. alochakon ney sarvshreshth abhinetaon kii unaki swabhavikta key liye prashansa kii. gaanv kii tarah, daudane vaalon aur una logon parr tiraskar kaa dher lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa joe "tootane vaalon key prati junoon faadate hain". gaanv key saath, natakkaron kii shikayat haye kii joker munch parr sudhaar karate hain (aadhunik aalochak aksar iss sambandh mein vishesh roop seey kemp koo doshi thaharaate hain). comedy kii purani parampara mein joe kii richard tarlton key saath apane sheersh parr pahunch gaee thee, joker, joe aksar ack mandali key mukhya aakarshan they, haasya-naatak banaane key liye jimmedaar they. jacobian yug taka, usa prakaar key haasya koo maukhik buddhi dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa.
antargrahan aur bahaali pradarshan.
shekspeare key natakon kaa manchan unaki mrityu key baad intergrenum (1642-1660) taka jaari rhaa, jaba adhikansh saarvajanik munch pradarshanon koo shuddh shasakon dwara pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. jabaki munch, veshbhusha aur drishyon key upayog seey incar kiya gayaa, abhineta abhee bhee "droll" yaa badey natakon key chhote tukadon kaa pradarshan karke apane vyaapaar koo chalaane mein kamyab rahey joe aamtaur parr kissy prakaar key jig key saath samaapt hotey hain. shekspeare una kaee natakkaron mein seey they jinaki kritiyon koo inn drishyon key liye luutaa gayaa thaa. shekspeare seey liye gaye chitron mein "neeche bunkar" ("ack madhya garmi kii raat key sapane" seey neeche key drishya) aur "kabr banaane vaale" ("basti" seey kabr banaane vaale kaa drishya) they.
1660 mein punarsthapana key samay, shekspeare key natakon koo dou naee licenses praapt companiyon key beach vibhajit kiya gayaa thaah thomas kiligru kii raajaa kii company aur villium devenant key duke key purush. dou shataabdiyon taka licenses pranali prachalit rahee; 1660 seey 1843 taka, kewal dou mukhya companiyon ney niyamit roop seey landan mein shekspeare koo prastut kiya. devenant, joe johnn lovin aur joseph teller jaise praarambhik-kalakar abhinetaon koo jaanate they, way mukhya vyakti they joe pahale kii paramparaon key saath kuchh nirantarta sthaapit karate they; iss prakaar apane abhinetaon koo unaki salah mool prathaon key sambhaavit pratibimbon key roop mein ruchi kii haye.
halanki, kull milakar, navachar bahaali companiyon key liye dinn kaa crum thaa. johnn downus ney bataaya kii raajaa key aadmiyon mein shuru mein kuchh carolin abhineta shamil they; haalaanki, intergrenum key jabaran tootane seey donon companiyon mein ateet seey vibhajan hoe gayaa. bahaali abhinetaon ney aksar shaam koo chhah seey nau key beach, rangmanch key charanon mein pradarshan kiya. sett-design aur prope adhik vistrit aur parivartansheel hoe gaye. shayed sabse adhik dhyaan dene yogya baat yeh haye kii ladakon key khilaadiyon kii jagah abhinetriyon ney leey lii thee. tulanaatmak roop seey mahange indor theatres key darshak duniya mein vividh, aksar aniyantrit bheed kii tulanaa mein adhik samriddh, behtar shikshit aur adhik sajaatiya they. devenant kii company kii shuruat salisbury court theatre seey hui, phir linken key saraay key kheton mein theatre mein chully gaee, aur anta mein dorset garden theatre mein buss gaee. dree laine mein christopher raine key nae theatre mein basane seey pahale gibbon key tennis court mein killigru shuru huaa. donon companiyon key sanrakshkon koo ummeed thee kii elizabeth key logon koo joe pasand aaya thaa, usase kaafee alag kiraya thaa. trasdi key liye, unakaa swaad veertapurna naatak taka chalaa gayaa; comedy key liye, shishtachar kii comedy key liye. haalaanki way shekspeare koo pasand karate they, lekin way chaahte they kii unake naatak inn prathmiktaon key anuroop houn.
punarsthapana lekhakon ney unhein shekspeare key natakon koo swatantra roop seey anukoolit karane key liye baadhya kiya. villium devenant aur naham tett jaise lekhakon ney shekspeare key kuchh natakon koo usa dinn key swaad key anuroop phir seey likhaa, joe beamont aur fletcher kii darbari comedy aur naatak key nava-shaastriya niyamon kaa samarthan karate they. 1681 mein, raajya ney "raajaa lear kaa itihas" pradaan kiya, joe shekspeare kii mool trasdi kaa ack sanshodhit sanskaran haye jiska sukhad anta huaa. steinly wells key anusaar, tett key sanskaran ney 1681 seey 1838 taka diye gaye pratyek pradarshan mein shekspeare key naatak koo pratisthaapit kiya, jaba villium charles ney shekspeare key paath key ack chhote aur punarvyavasthit sanskaran seey lear khela. "merey saubhagya key baare mein baat karate hue," "ack aise vyakti parr prakaash dalna joe kahani kii niyamitata aur sambhavana mein kyaa chaahte they, joe poore prem key madhyam seey chalana thaa, joe mool mein ack dusare key saath kabhi naheen badala.
tett kaa "lier" shekspeare kii dukhad drishti key prati asamvedansheelta seey utpann ack durbhavanapurna anukoolan key udaaharan key roop mein prasiddh haye. tett kii pratibha bhasha mein naheen thee-unaki kaee antarveshtit panktiyaan scan bhee naheen karati hain-lekin sanrachana mein; unakaa jhunjhuni admond key kameene key pahale dhyaan aakarshit karane vaale bhaashan key saath shandar tareeke seey shuru hoti haye, aur jail mein cordelia kii lear kii veertapurna bachat aur simhaasan parr nyaay kii bahaali key saath samaapt hoti haye. ack sadee seey adhik samay taka bard key dukhad karyon (jaise "king lear" aur "romeo aind juliet") key unake "sukhad anta" sanskaranon koo apanaane (aur maang karane) vaale naatya jagat kaa drishtikon samaaj mein naitikta kii ack gahari alag bhavna aur usa bhoomika seey utpann huaa joe rangmanch aur kalaa koo usa samaaj key bheetar nibhani chaahiye. shekspeare key sanskaranon mein rangmanch kii jimmedaari koo hamari buniyaadi pravritti key liye ack naitik darpan koo pakadkar sakaratmak parivartan key liye ack parivartankari agent key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye. 18veen shatabdi mein, jiss parr abb humm vichaar karate hain, usa parr bard key kuchh mahantam karyon kaa prabhutva thaa, thheek isaliye kii gyaan aur tark key yugon ney shekspeare kii "dukhad drishti" koo anaitik paaya, aur unake dukhad karyon koo asthir paaya. aaj shayed hii kabhi tett kaa pradarshan kiya jaataa haye, halanki 1985 mein, riverside shekspeare company ney shekspeare kendra mein "dha histry off king lear" kaa ack safal utpaadan kiya, jise kuchh logon ney "ronald reegan key yug key liye lear" key roop mein ghoshit kiya."
shayed punarsthapana sanshodhanon key uddeshya kaa ack adhik vishisht udaaharan devenant kaa "premiyon key khilaf kaanoon" haye, ack 1662 comedy jisamen "kuchh bhee naheen key baare mein bahut adhik edo" key upa-kathaanak key saath "maap key liye upaay" key mukhya kathaanak kaa sanyojan haye. parinam punarsthapana haasya swaad kaa ack snapshot haye. beatrice aur benedic koo samanantar claudio aur naayak key roop mein laaya jaataa haye; poore samay mein majakia baatchit parr jore diyaa jaataa haye, aur shekspeare kaa vasna parr vishayagat dhyaan lagaatar cumm kiya jaataa haye. naatak teen vivahon key saath samaapt hotaa haih benedic seey beatrice, claudio seey naayak, aur isabella seey ack angelo, jiska isabella key guna parr prayaas ack chaal thee. devenant ney kaee setu drishya likhe aur shekspeare kii kavita key adhikansh bhaag koo veertapurna dohare key roop mein punarnirmit kiya.
punarsthapana munch-shilp kii ack antim visheshta ney shekspeare key nirmaan koo prabhaavit kiya. france mein nirvaasiton dwara vikasit opera key swaad ney shekspeare parr bhee apani chhaap chhodi. devenant aur johnn dryden ney ack opera, "tempest, yaa mantramugdh dweep" mein "tempest" kaa kaam kiya; unake kaam mein miranda key liye ack bahan, ack aadami, hippolito, jisane kabhi ack mahila koo naheen dekhaa haye, aur anta mein ack aur jodeedaar shaadi shamil thee. isamen kaee gaane, ack shandar jahaaj tootane kaa drishya aur udate kapad kaa ack mukhauta bhee thaa. shekspeare kii anya kritiyon koo operatic upchaar diyaa gayaa jisamen "ack madhya garmi kii raat kaa sapana" (1692 mein "purry-raani" key roop mein) aur charles gilden kaa "maap key liye upaay" (ack vistrit mask key madhyam seey) shamil they.)
haalaanki iss tarah key sanshodhan abb galat prateet hoe sakate hain, way usa avadhi key natakkaron aur darshakon key liye samajh mein aae. natakkaron ney shekspeare seey bardolator key roop mein naheen, balki rangmanch peshevaron key roop mein sampark kiya. 1668 mein dryden key anusaar, beamont aur fletcher key vipareet, jinake "naatak abb munch key sabse sukhad aur aksar manoranjan hain", "unake dou natakon koo shekspeare yaa johnson key ack key liye saal bhar abhinay kiya jaa rhaa thaa", shekspeare unhein dett karate hue dikhaai diyaa. phir bhee lagbhag saarvbhaumik roop seey, unhone usey adyatan karane key laayak maanaa. haalaanki inmein seey adhikansh sanshodhit tukade munch parr whiffle rahey, kaee dashakon taka munch parr maujood rahey; udaaharan key liye, thomas otway key "romeo aur juliet" key roman roopaantaran ney 1680 aur 1744 key beach shekspeare key mool koo munch seey prerit kiya haye. yeh badey hisse mein sanshodhit shekspeare thaa jisane 18 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein repertory mein agrani sthaan liya, jabaki beamont aur fletcher kaa hissa lagaatar gir gayaa.
18veen shatabdi.
18veen shatabdi mein shekspeare key natakon key nirmaan mein teen badey badalaav dekhe gaye. ingland mein, starr system key vikas ney abhinay aur utpaadan donon koo badal diyaa; sadee key anta mein, romantic kranti ney abhinay koo chhuaa kyonki yeh sabhi kalaaon koo chhoo gaee. usee samay, abhinetaon aur nirmaataon ney dheere-dheere punarsthapana sanshodhanon koo samaapt karate hue shekspeare key granthon parr lautana shuru curr diyaa. anta mein, shatabdi key anta taka shekspeare key natakon koo grate britten key baahar repertory key hisse key roop mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaah naa kewal sanyukt raajya america mein balki kaee europeeya deshon mein.
britten.
18veen shatabdi mein, shekspeare ney landan munch parr apana varchasva jamaaya, jabaki shekspeare kii prastutiyaan teji seey starr abhinetaon key liye starr turn key nirmaan mein badal gaeen. 1737 key licenses adhiniyam key baad, pradarshan kiye gaye natakon mein seey ack chauthai shekspeare dwara kiye gaye they, aur cumm seey cumm dou avsaron parr pratidvandi landan playhouse ney ack hii samay mein ack hii shekspeare naatak kaa manchan kiya (1755 mein "romeo aur juliet" aur agale varsh "king lear") aur phir bhee darshakon koo aagya dee. yeh avsar naatya sanskriti mein shekspeare sitaaron kii badhati pramukhta kaa ack ullekhaniya udaaharan thaa, badaa aakarshan covent garden aur drury laine, spenger bairi aur david garrick mein purush netritva key beach pratispardha aur pratidvandvita thee. 1740 key dashak mein, charles mclean, malvolio aur shailak jaisi bhoomikaon mein, aur david garrick, jinhone 1741 mein richard III key roop mein prasiddhi praapt kii, ney shekspeare koo vaastav mein lokpriya banaane mein madad kii. garrick ney 1747 aur 1776 key beach dree laine theatre mein 26 natakon kaa nirmaan kiya, aur unhone 1769 mein stratford mein ack mahaan shekspeare jayanti kaa ayojan kiya. unhone swatantra roop seey shekspeare key kaam koo anukoolit kiya, haalaanki, "hamlet" key baare mein kahaah "maine shapath lii thee kii main taba taka munch naheen chhodoonga jaba taka kii maine usa mahaan naatak koo paanchven adhiniyam key sabhi kachare seey naheen bachaaya thaa. main ise kabr khodane vaale kii chaal, ausrick aur baad lagaane key match key binaa saamane laaya huun."jahir haye kii bairi aur garrick rakhane mein koee visangati naheen dekhi gaee thee, unake tees key dashak key anta mein, kishore romeo ack season aur agale baar jaraa see umr key raajaa koo khelane key liye. 18veen shatabdi kii satyanishtha kii dhaaranaon mein aamtaur parr ack abhineta koo ack bhoomika key liye shaaririk roop seey upayukt honey kii aavashyakta naheen thee, ack tathya joe 1744 key "romeo aur juliet" key nirmaan dwara prateekrit thaa, jisamen theophilus sibar, taba chaalees, ney apani kishore betty jannie key juliet key liye romeo kii bhoomika nibhai thee.
europe mein kaheen aur.
shekspeare key kuchh kaam unake jivankal key dauran bhee mahadvipiya europe mein kiye gaye they; ludwig tike ney "hamlet" aur anya natakon key german sanskaranon kii or ishara kiya, joe anishchit roop seey paae gaye, lekin nishchit roop seey kaafee puraane they. lekin agali shatabdi key madhya taka shekspeare niyamit roop seey german charanon mein dikhaai naheen diyaa. german lock saahitya kii tulanaa shekspeare seey kii gaee. goethe ney 1771 mein frankfurt mein ack shekspeare jayanti kaa ayojan kiya, jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii natakkar ney dikhaaya thaa kii abhijaat varg kii ikaaiyaan "jail kii tarah damankari" theen aur "hamari kalpana parr bojhil bandhan" theen. hearder ney isi tarah ghoshana kii kii shekspeare key kaam koo padhane seey "ghatnaaon kii pustak, providence, duniya kii, samay kii rait mein udane" kii pattiyaan khulati hain. yeh daavaa kii shekspeare kaa kaam ack arajak, ugra, virodhabhasi duniya koo prakat karane key liye sabhi rachanaatmak seemaon koo todata haye, romantic aalochana kii visheshta bunn gayaa, baad mein apane naatak "cromwell" kii prastaavana mein victor hyugo dwara vyakt kiya gayaa, jisamen unhone shekspeare kii sarahana kii kii vaha ack grotsk kalakar they, ack aisee shally jisamen dukhad, betuka, tuchchh aur gambhir avibhajya roop seey ack dusare seey judey hue they.
19veen shatabdi.
 19veen shatabdi mein theatre aur naatya drishya adhik vistrit hoe gaye, aur gati aur kaarravaai kii keemat parr swagat aur sitaaron parr adhik seey adhik jore dene key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale abhinay sanskaranon koo uttarottar kaataa aur punargathit kiya gayaa. drishyon koo badalane key liye lagaatar viram kii aavashyakta key kaaran pradarshan aur dheema hoe gayaa, jisase pradarshan kii lambai koo sahan karane yogya seema key bheetar rakhane key liye aur bhee adhik katauti kii aavashyakta mahsoos kii gaee; yeh aam taur parr ack sweekrit siddhant bunn gayaa kii shekspeare key natakon koo paryaapt katauti key binaa pradarshan karane key liye bahut lamba thaa. munch, yaa apron, munch, jiss parr 17veen shatabdi key abhineta darshakon key sampark key liye aage aatey they, chalaa gayaa thaa, aur abhineta chauthi deewaar yaa praseniyam kamaan key peechhe sthaayi roop seey rahey, aur orchestra dwara darshakon seey alag hoe gaye (daaeen or chhavi dekhein).
shekspeare kii victorian prastutiyaan aksar "pramanik" aitihaasik veshbhusha aur sett mein sachitra prabhaav kii maang karati theen. anty aur cleopetra" mein samudri ladaai aur bajare key drishya kaa manchan ack shandar udaaharan thaa. bahut baar, parinam gati kaa nuksan thaa. sadee key anta mein, villium poel ney iss bhaari shally key khilaf pratikriya kaa netritva kiya. ack jore dene vaale munch parr "elizabethan" prastutiyon kii ack shrinkhala mein, unhone naatak kii sanrachana parr nayaa dhyaan diyaa.
19veen shatabdi key dauran, mahaan abhinetaon key naamon kaa ack roll coll una sabhi natakon koo dubata haye jinamen way dikhaai dete hainh saaraa siddons (1755-1831), johnn phillip kembal (1757-1823), heinry irving (1838-1905), aur elen terry (1847-1928). vaidh naatak kaa ack sitara honey kaa matlab sabse pahale aur sabse mahatvapurna roop seey ack "mahaan shekspeare abhineta" honah thaa, jisamen purushon, gaanv aur mahilaaon key liye, lady mcbeth kii prasiddh vyakhya thee, aur vishesh roop seey mahaan swagat kii ack hadataali delivery key saath. shekspeare key pradarshan kii bhavyata, starr aur swagat kii baat abhineta-prabandhak heinry irving aur unake saha-kalakar elen terry key shasankal key saath aaee, joe 1878 seey 1902 taka landan key lysium theatre mein apane vistrit roop seey prastut kiye gaye prastutiyon mein, aksar orchestra aakasmik sangeet key saath, shekspeare key mool granthon kii jadon kii or ack krantikari vaapsee, aur munch munch parr, drishyavali kii anupasthiti, aur elizabethan rangmanch key taral drishya parivartan, villium poel key elizabethan munch samaaj dwara prabhaavit hoe rahey they.
20veen sadee.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, harley granville-barker ney kuchh katauti key saath quarto aur folio granthon kaa nirdeshan kiya, jabaki edward gorden kregg aur anya ney amoort manchan kaa ahwan kiya. donon drishtikonon ney aaj dekhi jaane vaali shekspeare kii utpaadan shailiyon kii vividhata koo prabhaavit kiya haye.
20veen shatabdi mein shekspeare key natakon kii drishya vyakhyaon kii ack bahulata bhee dekhi gaee.
1911 mein "hamlet" key liye gorden kregg kaa design isake cubist prabhaav mein abhootpoorv thaa. saral flats key saath sthaan koo paribhaashit karane key liye kregah lakadi key frame parr faile monochrom canvus, joe aatm-sahayak honey key liye ack saath tikaa huaa thaa. haalaanki inn flats kaa nirmaan mool naheen thaa, lekin shekspeare key liye iska anuprayog poori tarah seey nayaa thaa. flats koo kaee vinyason mein sanrekhit kiya jaa sakata haye aur europe yaa america mein kissy bhee theatre key liye aapoorti aur tarikon seey baahar vaastushilp yaa amoort lithic sanrachanaon kaa anukaran karane kii takneek pradaan kii jaa sakati haye.
shekspeare kii 20veen shatabdi kii drishyavali kaa doosara badaa badalaav bairi vincent jackson key 1923 key nirmaan mein birmingham pratinidhi mein "jhaanki" mein thaa. yeh utpaadan abhootpoorv thaa kyonki isane shekspeare mein aadhunik poshak key vichaar koo phir seey pesh kiya. yeh pahala aadhunik-poshak utpaadan naheen thaa kyonki pratham vishva yuddh seey pahale kuchh mamuli udaaharan they, lekin "jhaanki" ney sabse pahale upkaran parr spasht roop seey dhyaan aakarshit kiya thaa. iachimo koo shaam kii poshak mein daanv key liye pahana gayaa thaa, adalat sainya vardi mein thee, aur chhadm immogen koo nikarbokar aur topi mein. yeh iss utpaadan key liye thaa kii alochakon ney "shekspeare inn plus-phore" vakyansh kaa aavishkaar kiya. prayog madhyam roop seey safal rhaa, aur nirdeshak, aich.key. ileaf, dou saal baad aadhunik poshak mein "hamlet" kaa manchan kiya. inn prastutiyon ney aadhunik-poshak shekspeare kii prastutiyon key liye maarg prashast kiya jinase humm aaj parichit hain.
1936 mein, orson wells koo sanghiya rangmanch pariyojana dwara harlem mein ack african americi kalakar key saath "mcbeth" key abhootpoorv utpaadan kaa nirdeshan karane key liye kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. utpaadan woodoo mcbeth key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, kyonki wells ney 19 veen shatabdi key ack haiti mein setting koo badal diyaa, jise ack dusht raajaa dwara poori tarah seey african jaadoo dwara niyantrit kiya gayaa thaa. shuru mein shatrutapurna, ashwet samudaay ney lafayet theatre mein duss saptah key liye poorna ghar sunishchit karate hue aur ack chhote seey broadway safalata aur ack rashtriya daure koo prerit karate hue, utpaadan koo poori tarah seey liya.
20veen shatabdi key anya ullekhaniya prastutiyaan joe shekspeare key natakon koo sthanantarit karane kii iss pravritti kaa anusaran karati hain, way hain aich.key. pratham vishva yuddh key yuddh key maidanon parr 1928 kaa ileaf kaa "mcbeth", 1937 kaa wells kaa "julius seasure", joe neuremberg mein naazi railiyon parr adharit thaa, aur 1994 kaa thacker kaa "coriolonus" francisi kranti key tareeke seey taiyar kiya gayaa thaa.
1978 mein, shaahi shekspeare theatre mein "dha taming off dha shru" kaa ack vighatankari sanskaran prastut kiya gayaa thaa. mukhya paatr darshakon key madhyam seey munch kii or chalaa gayaa, nashe mein dhut hocker abhinay kiya aur yaun tippani karate hue chillaya, isase pahale kii vaha neeche gir gayaa (i.ee., punarnirmaan) drishya. press coverage key baad bhee, kuchh darshak sadasya yeh sochkar pradarshan seey bhaag gaye kii way ack vaastavik hamale koo dekh rahey hain.
21veen sadee.
britten mein shaahi shekspeare company ney 21veen shatabdi mein dou pramukh shekspeare tyohaaron kaa nirmaan kiya haye. pahala 2006-2007 mein poorna kaary (rsc utsav) thaa, jisamen shekspeare key sabhi natakon aur kavitaon key nirmaan kaa manchan kiya gayaa thaa. doosara 2012 mein vishva shekspeare mahotsav haye, joe landan 2012 saanskritik olympiad kaa hissa haye, aur isamen duniya bhar key hajaaron kalakaron koo shamil karate hue lagbhag 70 prastutiyaan hain. inmein seey aadhe seey adhik prastutiyaan globe too globe festival kaa hissa hain. iss mahotsav mein pratyek prastutiyon kii sameeksha shekspeare key shikshaavidon, rangmanch vyavsaayiyon aur bloggers dwara shekspeare key varsh naamak ack pariyojana mein kii gaee haye.
maee 2009 mein, windhams mein donmar warehouse west aind season mein sheershak bhoomika mein jude low key saath "hamlet" khola gayaa. unake saath ronn cook, peater ire, gwillim lii, johnn mcmillan, cavin aar mcnally, gugu mabatha-row, mait rayan, alex waldman aur penelope wilton shamil hue. utpaadan aadhikarik taur parr 3 juuna koo khola gayaa aur 22 agast 2009 taka chalaa. utpaadan koo denmark key alcinor mahal mein 25-30 agast 2009 seey aur newyork key broadhurst theatre mein broadway parr bhee lagaaya gayaa thaa.
propeller company ney duniya bhar mein sabhi purush kalakaron kii prastutiyaan lii hain. philida lloyd ney lagaatar landan mein shekspeare key sabhi mahila kalakaron key sanskaranon kaa manchan kiya haye.
screen parr shekspeare.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat seey shekspeare key natakon key 420 seey adhik feature-lambai vaale film sanskaranon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa haye, jisase shekspeare abb taka kaa sabse adhik filmaya gayaa lekhak bunn gayaa haye. kuchh film roopaantaran, vishesh roop seey kishore darshakon key liye vipanan kii jaane vaali hollywood filmein, unake samvaad key bajaay unake kathanakon kaa upayog karati hain, jabaki anya kewal unake natakon key filmaae gaye sanskaran hain.
poshak aur design.
sadiyon seey shekspeare koo kaise prastut kiya jaanaa thaa, isaki ack sweekrit shally thee jise galati seey "elizabethan" kahaa gayaa thaa, lekin vaastav mein shekspeare kii mrityu key turant baad kii avadhi seey design kii pravritti koo pratibimbit kartaa thaa. shekspeare key pradarshan mool roop seey samkaaleen poshak mein kiye gaye they. abhinetaon koo aise kapadon mein pahana jaataa thaa joe way munch seey baahar pahan sakate they. yeh 18veen shatabdi, georgia key samay taka jaari rhaa, jahan veshbhusha vartamaan fashionable poshak thee. yeh unaki mrityu key sadiyon baad taka naheen thaa, mukhya roop seey 19 veen shatabdi mein, kii prastutiyon ney peechhe mudkar dekhana shuru kiya aur shekspeare kii shally key liye "pramanik" honey kii koshish kii. victorian yug mein aitihaasik sateekta key prati aakarshan thaa aur ise shikshit madhyam varg koo aakarshit karane key liye munch key liye anukoolit kiya gayaa thaa. charles keane vishesh roop seey aitihaasik sandarbh mein ruchi rakhate they aur unhone apane nirmaan key liye aitihaasik poshak aur setting parr shodh karane mein kaee ghante bitaaye. yeh nakali shekspeare shally 20veen shatabdi taka taya kii gaee thee. 21veen shatabdi key roop mein, shekspeare kii bahut cumm prastutiyaan hain, munch aur film donon parr, joe abhee bhee "pramanik" avadhi kii poshak mein pradarshan kii jaati hain, jabaki 1990 key anta taka, shekspeare key naatak key lagbhag harr sachche film sanskaran koo sahee avadhi kii poshak mein pradarshan kiya gayaa thaa.

