newzealand mein mahilaaon kaa matadhikar

unnisvin shatabdi key anta mein newzealand mein mahilaaon kaa matadhikar ack mahatvapurna raajneetik mudda thaa. praarambhik aupaniveshik newzealand mein, europeeya samajon kii tarah, mahilaaon koo rajneeti mein kissy bhee tarah kii bhagidari seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa. unnisvin shatabdi key uttaraardh mein janmat badalana shuru huaa aur kett shapered key netritva mein mahilaaon key matadhikar abhiyankartaon key varshon key prayaas key baad, newzealand duniya kaa pahala rashtra bunn gayaa jisamen sabhi mahilaaon koo sansadiya chunaavon mein matdan karane kaa adhikaar thaa.
mahilaaon koo matadhikar dene vaale chunavi vidheyak koo 19 sitambar 1893 koo governor lord glassgo dwara shaahi manjuri dee gaee thee. mahilaaon ney 28 navambar 1893 koo aayojit chunaav mein pahali baar matdan kiya (maori nirvaachak mandal key liye chunaav 20 disambar koo aayojit kiye gaye they). 1893 mein bhee, elizabeth yates vanhunga kii mahapour baneen, pahali baar iss tarah kaa pada british samrajya mein kaheen bhee ack mahila dwara aayojit kiya gayaa thaa.
21veen sadee mein purushon kii tulanaa mein adhik paatr mahila matadaata hain, aur mahilaaen bhee purushon kii tulanaa mein adhik darr seey matdan karati hain. haalaanki, gair-matadaata purushon kii tulanaa mein mahilaaon kaa ack uchch pratishat ack baadha koo samajhata haye joe unhein matdan karane seey rokti haye.
praarambhik abhiyaan.
polynesian samaaj aur europeeya abhijaat varg mein mahilaaen vansh key madhyam seey mahatvapurna aupchaarik raajneetik pada praapt curr sakati theen. haalaanki, polynesian aur vistaar seey maori samaaj karishmai mahilaaon koo mahatvapurna pratyaksh prabhaav daalane mein bhinn thaa. yeh mahilaaon kii kuchh baithakon mein bolane mein asamarthata (samudayik ghar) key kaaran seemit thaa. isake parinamswarup, kuchh itihaaskaar upaniveshvaad koo newzealand mein mahilaaon key adhikaaron key liye ack asthaayi kadam key roop mein dekhate hain.
19veen shatabdi key anta mein naee zeeland matadhikar andolan shuru huaa, joe british samrajya aur sanyukt raajya america mein samaan samoohon seey prerit thaa. matdan kaa adhikaar kaafee hudd taka samajik naitikta mein sudhaar karane aur vistaar seey mahilaaon kii suraksha aur jeevan kii gunavatta mein sudhaar key tareeke key roop mein manga gayaa thaa. isaliye, matadhikar abhiyaan sharaab andolan key nishedh key saath judey hue they. yeh kuchh pratirodh kaa kendra thaa, jisamen andolan koo aksar sthaaniya press mein shuddhatavadi aur kathor key roop mein chitrit kiya jaataa thaa. isake kaaran raajnetaon ney mahilaaon key matadhikar kaa virodh karane vaale sharaab udyog kaa samarthan kiya, jaise kii south dunedine heinry fish key liye mp.
1869 mein, ack chhadm naam key tahat, mairi muller ney "newzealand key purushon key liye ack appeal" likhi, joe mahilaaon key matadhikar key mudde parr pahala parcha thaa jise newzealand mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. 1870 key dashak mein, mairi aine colclo (polly plum) samanya roop seey mahilaaon key adhikaaron aur mahilaaon key matadhikar key liye ack sakriya adhivakta theen. johnn larkins cheej richardson mahilaaon kii samaantaa key ack utsuk prastaavak they, way 1871 mein otago vishvavidyalaya mein mahilaaon koo dakhila dene kii anumati dene key liye jimmedaar they, aur unake pravesh mein anya baadhaon koo door karane mein madad kii. johnn holl, robbert stott, julius vogel, villium fox aur johnn balance sahit kuchh raajnetaon ney bhee mahilaaon key matadhikar kaa samarthan kiya aur 1878,1879 aur 1887 mein mahilaaon koo vote dene vaale bilon koo sansad mein cumm antar seey haraaya gayaa.
safal abhiyaan.
mahilaaon dwara poore newzealand mein lagbhag dou dashakon key prachaar key baad mahilaaon koo matadhikar diyaa gayaa thaa. aine ward (1886-1887), emma paik (1887-1889), catherine fulton (1889-1892), aur annie jaine schnakenberg (1892-1900) key netritva mein mahila isai sanyam sangh (doubleu. tii. yuu.) kii newzealand shakha ney abhiyaan mein vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. mahila key isai swabhaav sangh key americi fraans willard aur harriot teller mill aur johnn stuart mill jaise vicharakon key darshan seey prabhaavit, andolan ney tark diyaa kii mahilaaen loktaantrik rajneeti mein naitikta laa sakati hain. kett shapered, ack doubleu. tii. yuu. aine. jaid. karyakarta, mahilaaon key adhikaaron key liye raajneetik kaarravaai key liye ack pramukh adhivakta they. isake bajaay virodhiyon ney tark diyaa kii rajneeti mahilaaon key ghar aur parivaar key 'praakritik kshetra' seey baahar haye. matadhikar key adhivaktaon ney iska virodh kiya kii mahilaaon koo matdan karane kii anumati dene seey aisee neetiyon koo badhaava milega joe parivaaron kii raksha aur poshan karati hain.
doubleu. tii. yuu., raajneetik matadhikar leegon aur trade yuniyanon mein matadhikariyon ney sansad mein yachikaon kii ack shrinkhala kaa ayojan kiyaah 1891 mein 9,000 seey adhik hastakshar kiye gaye, isake baad 1892 mein lagbhag 20,000 hastaksharon kii ack yachika pesh kii gaee, aur anta mein 1893 mein lagbhag 32,000 hastakshar prastut kiye gaye-newzealand kii vayask europeeya mahila aabaadi kaa lagbhag ack chauthai.
1887 seey, mahila matadhikar koo saksham karane vaale bilon koo paarit karane key vibhinn prayaas kiye gaye, jinamen seey pahala newzealand key 8vein pradhaan mantri julius vogel dwara likhaa gayaa thaa. pratyek vidheyak paarit honey key karib aaa gayaa. kaee chunavi vidheyak joe vayask mahilaaon koo vote dene kaa adhikaar dete they, pratinidhi sabhaa mein paarit kiye gaye they lekin uchch vidhaan parishad mein parajit hue they.
1891 mein, walter corncross ney ack sanshodhan pesh kiya jiska uddeshya vidhaan parishad mein ack nae vidheyak koo whiffle karna thaa. unakaa sanshodhan mahilaaon key liye thaa kii way pratinidhiyon key sadan mein matdan karane key yogya bunn jaaen aur iss tarah seey corncross ney sunishchit kiya kii roodhivaadi uchch sadan vidheyak koo aswikar curr dega. iss ranneeti ney matadhikarvadi catherine fulton koo krodhit curr diyaa, jinhone iss parr ack virodh pradarshan kaa ayojan kiya. 1892 mein johnn balance dwara pesh ack chunavi vidheyak mein sabhi mahilaaon koo matadhikar pradaan kiya gayaa thaa, lekin ack avyaavhaarik daak vote sanshodhan parr vivaad key kaaran ise tyag diyaa gayaa.
1893 taka mahilaaon key matadhikar key liye kaafee lokpriya samarthan thaa. 1893 kii mahila matadhikar yachika sansad mein prastut kii gaee aur ack nayaa chunavi vidheyak nichale sadan key madhyam seey badey bahumat key saath paarit kiya gayaa. bahas key dauran, maori key saath-saath pakeha mahilaaon key matadhikar key liye bahumat samarthan thaa; maori mahilaaon key samavesh koo johnn shera dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa, joe maori aur europeeya mool kii ack mahila seey vivaahit thee. sharaab udyog key pairavi karane vaalon ney, iss baat seey chintit kii mahilaaen sharaab parr pratibandh lagaane key liye majboor karengi, uchch sadan mein vidheyak koo aswikar karane key liye yachika daayar kii. matadhikariyon ney sansad key sadasyon koo saamoohik railiyon aur taaron key saath jawab diyaa. unhone sansad mein apane samarthakon koo apane buttonhole mein pahanane key liye safed camelia diye. iss mudde parr oopari sadan vibhajit thaa, aur pradhaan mantri richard seddon ney bill koo rokane kii ummeed kii.
seddon koo oopari sadan mein iss upaay koo haraane key liye ack aur vote kii aavashyakta thee. ack nae liberal party paarshad, thomas kellie ney iss upaay key paksh mein matdan karane kaa faisala kiya thaa, lekin seddon ney apana vote badalane key liye taar seey apani sahamati praapt kii. seddon key herfer ney dou anya parshadon villium reinolds aur edward sephas johnn stevens koo bhadkaya, isaliye unhone paksh badal diye aur vidheyak key liye matdan kiya, jisase ise 8 sitambar 1893 koo 20 seey 18 maton seey paarit karane kii anumati millie. dou vipakshi parshadon ney daak matdan key 'chunavi adhikaaron' kii suraksha key binaa mahilaaon key matadhikar kaa virodh kiya thaa, jise alag-alag graameen kshetron mein sabhi mahilaaon koo matdan karane kii anumati dene key liye aavashyak maanaa gayaa thaa, halanki udaarvaadi logon dwara ise patiyon yaa niyoktaon dwara herfer key liye khula vote dene key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa.
athaarah vidhaayi parshadon ney nae rajyapal, lord glassgo koo kaanoon banaane mein unaki sahamati koo rokane key liye yachika daayar kii, lekin 19 sitambar 1893 koo rajyapal ney sahamati dee aur chunavi adhiniyam 1893 ney newzealand mein sabhi mahilaaon koo matdan kaa adhikaar diyaa.
udaar sarkaar aur vipaksh donon ney baad mein mahilaaon key matadhikar kaa shreya liya aur inn aadharon parr mahilaaon key nae praapt voton kii maang kii.
1896 mein, mahila matadhikar kii shuruat key teen saal baad, kett shapered, newzealand kii mahilaaon kii rashtriya parishad key sansthaapak adhyaksh baney, jinhone mahilaaon key adhikaaron key liye aage kii raajneetik kaarravaai kii vakaalat kii.
mahilaaon key adhikaaron mein aur pragati.
1893 mein, elizabeth yates british samrajya mein mahapour banane vaali pahali mahila baneen, halanki unhone kewal ack saal key liye vanhunga mein pada sambhala, joe abb uckland kaa hissa haye. 1926 mein, margaret magill, ack khule taur parr samlaingik shikshak aur school prashaasak koo newzealand shaikshanik sansthaan (aine. jee. ee. aaee.) key karyakari board mein seva karane key liye chunaa gayaa thaa. vaha 1933 mein sangathan kii adhyaksh baneen, aur usa pada key liye unakaa chunaav pahali baar ack mahila dwara aayojit kiya gayaa thaa.
1919 taka mahilaaen pratinidhi sabhaa key liye nirvaachit honey kii paatr naheen theen, jaba teen mahilaaen khadee theenh roseta boum (liberal party key liye), elen melville (sudhaar party key liye), aur shrimati aileen garman (cook) (ack "swatantra liberal" key roop mein). unamen seey koee bhee nirvaachit naheen huaa.
elizabeth macombs chunaav jeetane vaali pahali mahila theen (vidhwa key uttaradhikar key madhyam seey, unake divangat pati dwara aayojit seat parr). unake baad catherine stuart (1938), mairi draver (1941), mairi grigg (1942), mebel howard (1943) aur hilda rose (1945) aae. grigg aur rose ney rashtriya party kaa pratinidhitva kiya, jabaki macombs, stevert, draver aur howard sabhi laber party seey they. 1949 mein pahali maori mahila aim. pee. iriyak rattan theen; vaha apane divangat pati dwara aayojit seat parr bhee safal huin.
1941 taka mahilaaen naee zeeland vidhaan parishad (sansad key oopari sadan) mein niyukt honey key yogya naheen theen. pahali dou mahilaaon (mairi draver aur mairi anderson) koo shram sarkaar dwara 1946 mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. 1950 mein vidhaan parishad koo samaapt karane key liye rashtriya sarkaar dwara niyukt "aatmghaati daste" mein teen mahilaaen shamil theenh christchurch kii koraa louisa barel, ockland key athel gold aur wellington key agness weston.
1989 mein helen clark pahali mahila upa pradhaanmantri baneen. 1997 mein, tatkalin vartamaan pradhaan mantri zim bolger ney rashtriya party kaa samarthan khou diyaa aur unaki jagah jannie shipley ney leey lii, jisase way newzealand kii pahali mahila pradhaan mantri bunn gaeen. 1999 mein, clark newzealand kii doosari mahila pradhaan mantri baneen, aur ack chunaav mein pada hassil karane vaali pahali mahila baneen. 2017 mein, jacinda ardern newzealand kii teesari mahila pradhaanmantri baneen, aur ack chunaav mein pada hassil karane vaali doosari mahila baneen.
newzealand matadhikar shatabdi padak 1993 koo raani dwara 1 julaai 1993 key shaahi warrant dwara adhikrit kiya gayaa thaa, aur 546 chayanit vyaktiyon koo newzealand mein mahilaaon key adhikaaron yaa newzealand mein mahilaaon key muddon yaa donon mein unake yogdan kii maanyata mein sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.

