
venezuela mein jall aapoorti aur swachchata

venezuela mein jall aapoorti aur swachchata vartamaan mein seemit haye aur kaee garib loga pipe seey paani taka pahunch key binaa hain. pahunch vaale logon key liye seva kii gunavatta mishrit haye, paani kii aapoorti aksar kewal rook-rook curr kii jaati haye aur adhikansh apashisht jall kaa upchaar naheen kiya jaataa haye. gair-rajaswa jall kaa star kshetriya ausat 40 pratishat kii tulanaa mein 62 pratishat adhik honey kaa anuman haye. 1990 key dashak mein shuru kii gaee vikendrikaran prakriya key bavjood yeh kshetra kendrikrit banaa huaa haye joe abb rookie hui haye. karyapalika key bheetar, kshetra kii neetiyaan paryaavaran mantralaya dwara nirdhaarit kii jaati hain. rashtriya jall company hidroven lagbhag 80 pratishat aabaadi koo seva pradaan karati haye.
pahunch.
2015 mein, venezuela kii kull aabaadi key 93 pratishat yaa shahari aabaadi key 95 pratishat aur graameen aabaadi key 78 pratishat kii "behtar" paani taka pahunch thee. 2015 mein, venezuela mein kull aabaadi key 94 pratishat kii "behtar" swachchata taka pahunch thee, yaa shahari aabaadi kaa 97 pratishat aur graameen aabaadi kaa 70 pratishat.
2008 seey sanyukt nigrani karyakram key anuman 2001 kii janganana key parinamon parr adharit hain aur bataate hain kii 93 pratishat nagrikon koo peene yogya paani aur 91 pratishat koo swachchata taka pahunch thee.
halanki, nigam aur kaife key liye ack adhyayan, 2001 kii janganana aur gupt aankadon key aankadon key aadhar parr anuman lagaata haye kii 2001 mein kewal 82 pratishat aabaadi key paas paani key behtar srot taka pahunch thee. vahee srot swachchata key liye cumm coverage kaa aankada bhee uddhrit kartaa haye joe (kewal 66 pratishat). isi adhyayan key anusaar 2001 mein 42 laakh seey adhik logon key paas pipe seey paani taka pahunch naheen thee aur 80 laakh nivaasiyon key paas paryaapt swachchata suvidhaon taka pahunch naheen thee.
graameen upabhokta vishesh roop seey cumm seva vaale hain-kewal 66 pratishat koo peene yogya paani milata haye aur 40 pratishat koo paryaapt swachchata taka pahunch haye. iss avadhi mein jall aapoorti aur swachchata taka pahunch vaali aabaadi kaa hissa paani key liye 81 pratishat seey badhkar 82 pratishat aur swachchata key liye 63 pratishat seey badhkar 66 pratishat hoe gayaa.
"srotah venezuela key liye kaun/unicef sanyukt nigrani karyakram (jey. aim. pee./2008) aur jey. aim. pee. desh kii faailen. aankade 1991 aur 2001 kii janganana key beach kii pravritti key vistaar parr adharit hain.
seva kii gunavatta.
2001 mein, sansthaan national day estadicas (aaee. aine. ee.) ney desh kii 335 nagar paalikaon mein paani aur swachchata sevaaon kii gunavatta kaa adhyayan kiya aur nirdhaarit kiya kii lagbhag 70 pratishat, 231 nagar paalikaon koo aparyaapt paani aur swachchata sevaaen praapt huin.
2008 mein ekatra kiye gaye apashisht jall kaa lagbhag 33 pratishat upchaar kiya gayaa thaa, joe 2003 mein lagbhag 14 pratishat thaa.
jall aapoorti samaan roop seey nirantar naheen haye aur aksar peene key paani kii gunavatta key buniyaadi manakon koo puuraa karane mein whiffle rahati haye. isake parinamswarup, kaee upabhokta vaikalpik aur adhik mahange jall sroton kaa upayog karane key liye majboor hain. udaaharan key liye, madhya venezuela mein shahari 'barrios' mein garib upbhoktaon key liye lagbhag $1.93 key barabar kaa bhugtan karna aam baat haye-network seey paani key liye shulk seey bahut adhik-ack tanker seey khareede gaye paani key liye.
orinoco nadee (ack vishal nadee joe poore venezuela mein bahati haye) mein paani kii gunavatta kharaab haye. choonki venezuela kaa adhikansh paani orinoco nadee seey aataa haye, yeh ack badaa khatra haye.
paani kaa upayog karein.
venezuela mein paani key upayog parr koee vishvasaniya aankade naheen hain kyonki metering kaa coverage cumm haye. ack anuman key anusaar, 2004 mein prati vyakti prati dinn ausat aavaasiya paani kaa upayog lagbhag 230 leater thaa. ack anya anuman key anusaar 2010 mein 450 leater/vyakti/dinn parr yeh doguna thaa. caracas key kuchh hisson mein paani kaa upayog 900 leater/vyakti/dinn seey adhik haye. isaki tulanaa brazil mein 143 ell/vyakti/dinn aur peru mein 259 ell/vyakti/dinn seey kii jaati haye.
itihas aur haal key ghatanakram.
1991 seey pahale ack rashtriya raajya key swaamitva vaalaa udyam, instituto nacional dee obras sanitarious (aaee. aine. oh. aiss.), venezuela mein paani aur swachchata sevaaen pradaan karane kaa prabhaari thaa.
vikendrikaran kaa pahala charan (1991-2001).
jaba carlos andress perez kii adhyakshata mein inos koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa, tou irada una nagar paalikaon key liye seva praavdhaan kaa vikendrikaran karna thaa, jinake paas pahale seey hii seva praavdhaan key liye kanuni jimmedaari thee. haalaanki, adhikansh nagar paalikaon kii kshamata aur sansadhanon kii kamee key kaaran, 23 raajyon mein seey 20 mein seva praavdhaan asthaayi roop seey holding company key tahat duss kshetriya jall companiyon koo saunpa gayaa thaa (oopar dekhein). shesh teen raajyon mein sevaaen nigman venezolana dee gwayana (see. vee. jee.) dwara pradaan kii gaeen.perez sarkaar ney 1992 mein caracas key paani aur swachchata pranali key liye ack niji riyayat key liye ack bolly bhee shuru kii. haalaanki, prastaavit sharton key tahat ichchuk bolidataon kii kamee key kaaran bolly whiffle rahee.
1993 kii shuruat mein kuchh raajyon ney iss kshetra mein adhik sakriya bhoomika nibhani shuru kii. 1999 taka raajya sarkaaron kii majboot upasthiti key saath paanch vikendrikrit jall companiyon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa (seva praavdhaan key tahat oopar dekhein). yeh prakriya 1993 mein vishva baink key samarthan seey monaga mein shuru hui. unamen seey kuchh ney niji operators key saath prabandhan anubandhon parr bhee hastakshar kiye, jisase jall aur swachchata companiyon key pradarshan mein sudhaar huaa.
1994 aur 2001 key beach poore desh mein paani key shulk mein kaafee vriddhi kii gaee thee, jisase parichaalan laagat kii laagat vasuli kaa anupaat 27 pratishat seey badhkar 87 pratishat hoe gayaa. iss tarah kii vaastavik shulk vriddhi, joe spasht roop seey raajneetik uthal-puthal kaa kaaran naheen bunny, vikaasheel deshon mein asamanya haye. haalaanki, shulk mein vriddhi sevaaon mein sudhaar key saath samanantar naheen thee. idb kshetra key anusaar iss avadhi mein pradarshan bhee bigad gayaa.
vikendrikaran kii prakriya bahut dheemi rahee. kuchh nagar paalikaon ney seva kii jimmedaari lene seey incar curr diyaa jaba taka kii pranaliyon kaa aadhunikikaran naheen kiya jaataa, lekin aavashyak niveshon key vittaposhan key liye ack tantra kii kamee thee. iss prakaar lagbhag 80 pratishat aabaadi koo gupt aur isaki sahayak companiyon dwara seva pradaan kii jaati rahee, aur vikendrikaran prakriya kii dheemi gati seey samekit sansthaan joe kewal asthaayi they.
nayaa kshetra kaanoon aur vikendrikaran kaa doosara charan (2001 seey).
disambar 2001 mein hyugo chaavez kii sarkaar ney ack nayaa jall aur swachchata kaanoon paarit kiya (lii organica paira laa prestatian dee loss servicios dee agua potable vaaee sanemiento). yeh kaanoon sansad dwara paarit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. isake bajaay, 45 anya kaanoonon key saath ise karyakari dwara ack saksham adhiniyam key aadhar parr paarit kiya gayaa thaa jisane asthaayi roop seey rashtrapati koo kaanoon banaane aur sansad koo darkinar karane kii shaktiyan deen.
kaanoon kaa uddeshya iss kshetra kii sansthaagat sanrachana mein sudhaar karna haih
kaanoon key anusaar, kaanoon key prakaashan seey paanch saal seey adhik key bheetar hastaantaran koo puuraa karna thaa, i.ee. disambar 2006 taka, halanki, sthanantaran bahut dheema rhaa haye aur samay seema poori naheen hui haye. kewal kuchh kshetron mein nagar paalikaon key vikendrikaran mein pragati hui haye, vishesh roop seey gwariko raajya mein, jahaan hidroven kii chhatrachhaaya key tahat kshetriya upayogitaon mein seey ack hydropage koo paanch vyaavsaayik ikaaiyon dwara pratisthaapit kiye jaane kii prakriya mein haye. sarkaar ney coseds, carabobo aur aragua raajyon mein vyaavsaayik ikaaiyon key gathan parr adhyayan bhee puuraa curr liya haye.
isake alawa, kaanoon dwara abb taka purvanirdhaarit rashtriya sansthanon kaa nirmaan naheen kiya gayaa haye. paryaavaran aur gupt mantralaya iss prakaar rashtriya star key karyon koo karna jaari rakhta haye joe 2001 key kaanoon ney nae sansthanon koo saunpe they.
farwari 2003 mein ack karyakari adesh key madhyam seey rashtriya star parr shulkon koo roque diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh 2001 key kaanoon key seedhe virodhabhas mein haye joe laagat vasuli key siddhant koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye aur nagar paalikaon koo shulk nirdhaarit karane kii jimmedaari saunpata haye.
jall aapoorti aur swachchata kii jimmedaari.
neeti aur viniyaman.
paryaavaran aur praakritik sansaadhan mantralaya samagr sarkari neetiyon key anuroop, venezuela mein jall aur swachchata neetiyon koo sthaapit karane kaa prabhaari haye. mantralaya key bheetar jall kaa ack upa-mantralaya haye aur agast 2007 taka upa-mantri christobal francisco aurtiz thaa. gupt iss mantralaya key adhikaar key tahat haye. udyog aur vanijya mantralaya iss kshetra mein adhikatam sweekarya shulk nirdhaarit kartaa haye.
seva kaa praavdhaan.
venezuela mein jall aur swachchata sevaaen rashtriya jall company hidroven, paanch raajya jall companiyon, nigamit venezolana dee guyana (see. vee. jee.), kuchh nagar paalikaon aur samudaay-adharit sangathanon dwara pradaan kii jaati hain.
nagarpalika kaanoon (lii organica dee regimen nagarpalika) key anusaar seva praavdhaan desh kii 335 nagar paalikaon kii jimmedaari haye, joe paani aur swachchata key buniyaadi dhaanche key malik hain aur siddhant roop mein paani aur swachchata shulk bhee nirdhaarit karate hain. haalaanki, vyavhaar mein kewal kuchh nagar paalikaon key paas inn jimmedariyon koo puuraa karane kii kshamata aur sansaadhan hain.
chhipaaya huaa.
venezuela key adhikansh shahari kshetron mein vyavhaar mein seva praavdhaan ack raajya key swaamitva vaale udyam, company anonyma hydrologica dee venezuela (hidroven) seey sambaddh duss kshetriya upayogitaon (empressas hydrologicas reasonals) mein seey ack kii jimmedaari haye. pratyek kshetriya upayogita desh key 23 raajyon mein seey ack seey teen raajyon key beach haye. rashtriya sarkaar dwara nirdhaarit adhikatam staron key bheetar shulk nirdhaarit karane kii jimmedaari kshetriya companiyon aur nagar paalikaon key beach saajha kii jaati haye.
kuchh thoke jall aapoorti buniyaadi dhancha joe nagarpalika aur raajya kii jall companiyon koo paani pradaan kartaa haye, seedhe hidroven aur usase sambaddh kshetriya companiyon key swaamitva mein haye.
venezona key guana mein nigam.
gwayana key kshetra mein, bolivar, amazona aur delta amakuro raajyon koo cover karate hue, shahari kshetron mein paani aur swachchata sevaaen corporatian venezolana dee gwayana (see. vee. jee.) dwara pradaan kii jaati hain, joe khanan mein apani mukhya gatividhiyon key saath ack samooh haye.
raajya jall companiyaan.
raajya star parr paanch vikendrikrit jall companiyan bhee hainh
inn paanch raajyon kii aabaadi desh kii kull aabaadi kaa lagbhag 20 pratishat haye.
nagarpaalikaaen.
kuchh nagarpalikaon mein sevaaen nagarpalika upayogitaon key madhyam seey pradaan kii jaati hain, jaise kii anjotegui raajya mein aguas dee anaco, barina raajya mein aguas dee capitanezo aur aguas dee zamora, merida raajya mein aguas dee ijido aur miranda raajya mein sukra.
samudaay adharit sangathan.
graameen jall pranaliyon kaa prabandhan kuchh sahakaari samitiyon sahit samudaay-adharit sangathan dwara kiya jaataa haye. 2003 mein 20 shahari sahakaari samitiyaan bhee theen joe pados key star parr jall sevaaen pradaan karati theen. chaavez sarkaar aise "samudayik anubhavon" koo protsaahit karati haye, jisamen tathaakathit "takniki jall talika" (messas technicas dee agua) bhee shamil haye. yeye jall aapoorti aur swachchata network key pados-stariya kshetron kii nigrani mein shamil sangh hain, jisamen risaav aur avaidh connections kii pehchaan aur kamee shamil haye. 2003 mein venezuela mein lagbhag 1,500 aise takniki jall star they.
aarthik dakshata.
gair-rajaswa jall varsh 2000 mein 62 pratishat thaa, joe kshetriya ausat 40 pratishat seey kaheen adhik thaa aur 1996 mein isake aitihaasik star 55 pratishat aur 1997 mein 59 pratishat seey adhik thaa. gupt jall seey pataa chalata haye kii avaidh connection desh mein kharaab gair-rajaswa jall pradarshan mein ack pramukh yogadankarta hain. aparyaapt record rakharkhaav aur punarvaas bhee uchch nuksan mein yogdan detaa haye.
vittiya pahalu.
shulk aur laagat vasuli.
laagat vasuli. aam taur parr parichaalan laagat koo puuraa karane key liye rajaswa paryaapt naheen hotaa haye-2002 mein parichaalan laagat key saath rajaswa kaa anupaat 86 pratishat anumaanit thaa. yeh 1994 mein 27 pratishat, 1997 mein 65 pratishat aur 2000 mein 75 pratishat kii tulanaa mein kaafee vriddhi thee, mudrasfeeti key uchch star key bavjood. 2010 taka, sabhi upayogkartaon mein seey 36 pratishat, mukhya roop seey cumm bhugtan karane kii kshamata vaale samoohon mein, muft mein paani praapt karate they. 2010 mein hydrocapital, joe caracas kii seva kartaa haye, ausatan $0.01 prati ghana meater key barabar charge kiya gayaa, jabaki isaki laagat $0.40 prati ghana meater thee. 2008 key liye, hidroven kaa bikri rajaswa aim. bee. $786 thaa, iss prakaar isake sanchaalan aur rakharkhaav kii laagat kaa 77 pratishat aim. bee. $1,024 thaa.
shulk star aur samaayojan. kshetriya companiyon key beach lagbhag 1:10 key kaarak seey venezuela key bheetar shulk star kaafee hudd taka bhinn hotey hain, joe seva praavdhaan kii laagat mein antar koo darshaata haye. sabse adhik shulk caracas mein paae jaate hain aur sabse cumm aguas dee yarakuya aur lanos mein paae jaate hain. farwari 2003 mein rashtriya star parr shulkon koo roque diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase 2010 taka mudrasfeeti key kaaran vaastavik moolya mein 60 pratishat shulk mein girawat aaee thee.
metering, billing aur sangrah. 2008 mein kull jall khapat mein meater jall khapat kaa hissa 36 pratishat thaa, joe 1998 mein kewal 20 pratishat thaa. haalaanki, 2008 mein kewal aadhe meater padhe gaye they aur meater padhane kii darr kewal 17.5% thee. billing aur sangrah pradarshan aparyaapt haye kyonki 2003 mein kull kshetra sangrah kull billing kaa kewal 73 pratishat thaa. 1998 mein yeh gunank kewal 62 pratishat thaa. alag-alag companiyon mein anupaat yarakuya mein 26 pratishat aur merida mein 80 pratishat key beach bahut bhinn thaa.
nivesh karein.
iss kshetra mein nivesh key star parr aitihaasik nivesh staron parr koee halia aankada naheen haye. 1997 aur 2001 key beach key paanch varshon mein venezuela ney paani aur swachchata mein 63.7 karod dollar kaa nivesh kiya, yaa ausatan salana lagbhag 127 million dollar kaa nivesh kiya. iss kshetra mein nivesh aitihaasik roop seey asthir rhaa haye. udaaharan key liye, vaarshik nivesh mein 100 million americi dollar (1989 mein) aur 400 million americi dollar (1992 mein) seey cumm kii avadhi mein utaar-chadhaav aaya. kaafee hudd taka nivesh key star tail kii kimaton mein utaar-chadhaav koo darshaate hain. 1986 seey 1989 taka nivesh key star mein girawat aaee jaba tail kii keematen bahut cumm theen. 1992 mein tail kii kimaton mein vriddhi key baad nivesh aasmaan chhoo gayaa. 1990 key dashak key shesh samay key dauran tail kii kimaton mein kamee aaney parr way phir seey gir gaye. kshetra key vittaposhan mein asthirta ney buniyaadi dhaanche key punarvaas aur sevaaon taka pahunch badhaane key liye aavashyak ack sthaayi madhyam avadhi key nivesh karyakram koo shuru karna mushkil banaa diyaa haye.
2002 mein sarkaar ney iss kshetra key liye ack mahatvakankshi chhah saal kii nivesh yojana koo apanaaya. usa yojana key tahat 2007 key anta taka peene yogya paani aur swachchata donon kii pahunch 99 pratishat taka honey chaahiye, gair-rajaswa jall koo 45 pratishat taka cumm kiya jaanaa chaahiye, sangrah dakshata 95 pratishat taka badhani chaahiye aur upchaarit apashisht jall kaa hissa 30 pratishat taka pahunchana chaahiye. yojana kaa anuman haye kii iss kshetra key liye 2003 aur 2015 key beach kull $4.77 billion kii aavashyakta hogi, jiska arth haye lagbhag $500 million kaa ausat "vaarshik" nivesh, yaa lagbhag chaar gunaa aitihaasik nivesh star.
vittaposhan.
1990 key dashak key nivesh key vikendrikaran seey pahale vittaposhan key sroton koo lagbhag vishesh roop seey kendra sarkaar dwara kaee vibhinn karyakramon key madhyam seey hastaantaran dwara vittaposhit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen antarrashtriya vittiya sansthanon seey udhaar lii gaee raashi aur seva pradaataon koo anudan key roop mein paarit kiya gayaa thaa. 2000-2001 mein raajya sarkaaron aur nagar paalikaon ney kramshah hamaare kull nivesh key lagbhag aadhe $120 million aur hamaare $190 million kaa vittaposhan kiya. poonji bajar kshetra key vittaposhan mein koee yogdan naheen detaa haye.
nivesh vittaposhan key liye prakriyaaen 2001 key kshetra kaanoon mein ack vittiya sahaayata kosh (fondo dee assistancia financia-faf) key nirmaan kaa ahwan kiya gayaa haye jise ondesseps naamak ack naee ikai dwara prashaasit kiya jaanaa haye joe iss kshetra mein nivesh kaa samanvaya aur lakshya banaayegi (oopar diye gaye nae kshetra kaanoon parr khand dekhein). 2007 taka naa tou aff. aeye. aff. banaaya gayaa haye aur naa hii ondessap. naa tou nivesh subsidy aur naa hii baar-baar milane vaali subsidy, chaahe rashtriya sarkaar yaa raajya sarkaaron dwara bhugtan kiya gayaa hoe, pradarshan sudhaar seey judee hui hain.
baahari samarthan.
antar-americi vikas baink aur andean vikas nigam mukhya sansthaan hain joe venezuela mein jall aapoorti aur swachchata key liye baahari sahaayata pradaan karate hain. 2004 mein yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii samkaksh nidhi kii upalabdhata mein kamee, jise sarkaar koo baahari agencies dwara vittaposhit pariyojanaon koo nishpaadit karane key liye apane daayitvon key hisse key roop mein pradaan karna haye, ney vibhinn badee baahari vittaposhit pariyojanaon koo pangu banaa diyaa thaa.
2010 mein antar-americi vikas baink ney pipes koo badalkar peene key paani key kushal upayog koo badhaava dene key liye 50 million dollar kaa rinn pradaan kiya aur caracas mein ocumarito pados sahit hidroven kii cumm seey cumm paanch sahayak companiyon mein 80,000 gharon key liye meater sthaapit kiye. isase pahale aaee. dee. bee. ney jall aur swachchata kshetra key sudhaar kaa samarthan karane kaa prayaas kiya thaa, jisake liye hamein 1998 mein 100 million dollar kaa vikendrikaran rinn diyaa gayaa thaa aur baad mein ise radd karna padaa thaa. rinn kaa uddeshya monaga aur laara raajya mein prabandhan anubandhon key model kaa paalan karate hue niji kshetra kii bhagidari shuru karna thaa.
andean vikas nigam andean vikas nigam (corporatian andina dee fomento kaife) ney vibhinn rinon key madhyam seey jall aur swachchata kshetra kaa samarthan kiya, jisamen 2003 taka kull 292 million americi dollar key liye sweekrit paanch rinn shamil they, jinamen seey teen hydrocapital key liye they, joe hidrawen serving caracas kii sahayak company thee. 2004 mein kaife ney julia raajya mein laa gujira praaydweep mein paani aur swachchata sevaaon mein sudhaar key liye 15 million americi dollar key rinn koo manjuri dee. 2005 mein kaife ney paryaavaran pariyojanaon key liye gair-samvitaran jall aur swachchata kshetra key aadhunikikaran aur punarvaas rinn seey hamein 25 million dollar kaa punarnirdharan kiya. 2008 kii shuruat mein, kaife ney ghoshana kii kii usane amazona, anjotegui, aragua, bolivar, coseds, delta amakuro, sukra aur truzillo key venezuelan raajyon key liye paani aur swachchata rinn koo manjuri dee haye. karyakram kii kull laagat $72.3m honey kaa anuman haye, jisamen seey kaife hamein $50 million kaa vittaposhan karega, shesh sthaaniya samkaksh nidhi dwara vittaposhit kiya jaa rhaa haye. karyakram koo hidroven dwara nishpaadit kiya jaayega.
kanadai vikas agency kanada kii vikas agency see. aaee. dee. aeye. caracas key liye ack swachchata pariyojana kaa vittaposhan karati haye.