20veen shatabdi key polland mein yahoodiyon kaa itihas

pratham vishva yuddh key baad dusare polish ganarajya kii sthaapana key baad aur yuddh key dauran desh mein yahoodiyon kii sankhya teji seey badhee. 1921 kii polish rashtriya janganana key anusaar, dusare polish ganarajya mein rahane vaale yahudi they; 1938 key anta taka yeh sankhya 16 pratishat seey adhik badhkar lagbhag 3,310,000 hoe gaee thee, mukhya roop seey ukraine aur soviyat roose seey pravaas key madhyam seey. sthaayi niptan kii ausat darr lagbhag 30,000 prati varsh thee. usee samay, harr saal lagbhag 100,000 yahudi videshon mein anaupchaarik pravaas mein polland seey gujar rahey they. 1919 key polish-soviyat yuddh key anta aur 1938 key anta key beach, ganarajya kii yahudi aabaadi mein lagbhag aadhaa million yaa 464,000 seey adhik logon kii vriddhi hui. yahudi soviyat sangh key bajaay apekshaakrit sahishnu polland mein rehna pasand karate they aur unhein ekikrit karna, polish gair-yahudi parivaaron mein shaadi karna, unhein vivaah key madhyam seey apane samudaay mein laana, polish mahsoos karna aur polish samaaj kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa banaana jaari rakhaa. 1933 aur 1938 key beach, lagbhag 25,000 german yahudi naazi germany seey bhagkar polland mein abhayaranya mein chaley gaye.
polland mein yahudi samudaay koo agami narsamhar mein sabse adhik nuksan uthaana padaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein polland key kabje key dauran maare gaye 60 laakh polish nagrikon mein seey lagbhag aadhe (yaa 30 laakh) polish yahoodiyon kii hatyaa aushwitz, trablinca, majdanek, belzek, sobibor aur chelno key naazi unmoolan shiviron mein kii gaee thee. anya loga bhukhmari aur gheto mein durvyavahar seey marr gaye. kabja kiye gaye polland naazi unmoolan karyakram kaa sabse badaa sthal bunn gayaa kyonki adhikansh lakshit peedit vahaan rahate they. kewal lagbhag 50,000-120,000 polish yahudi mool bhoomi parr yuddh mein butch gaye, saath hii soviyat bhoomi parr 230,000 taka. yuddh samaapt honey key turant baad, yahudi bache hue logon ney soviyat sangh key saath pratyaavartan samjhaute key kaaran badee sankhya mein polland chhodana shuru curr diyaa. polland ekmatra purvi gutt kaa desh thaa jisane binaa veeja yaa nikas anumati key swatantra yahudi aliah kii anumati dee thee. palayan charanon mein huaa. kaee loga kewal isaliye chaley gaye kyonki way ack saamyavaadi desh mein naheen rehna chaahte they. anya loga apane jeevan kaa punarnirmaan naheen karna chaahte they jahan unake parivaaron kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee aur isake bajaay videsh mein apane rishtedaron key saath shamil hoe gaye.
polish swatantrata andolan.
jaise hii 1912 seey 1914 mein polland key swatantrata andolan ney vibhajan kii ack shatabdi key baad samprabhu polland key liye ack sashastr sangharsh koo aage badhaane key uddeshya seey pakad banaai, mukhya swatantrata sangathan, "komisa sconfederovenich stronict neapodleglosiovich" kaa gathan kiya gayaa aur ack antarim sarkaar key roop mein kaary kiya. polish yahoodiyon ney isamen ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai jaise kii herman feldstein, heinrich eele (polish senaa key bhavishya key leftinent), saimuel harshthal, zigment lesser, heinrich orlean, victor chaaj, jinhone isake vibhinn upa-commission mein kaam kiya. isake alawa, yahoodiyon ney polish sainya kosh, "polsky scurb vojaskovi" key gathan mein paryaapt vittiya yogdan diyaa.
antar-yuddh avadhi 1918-1939.
pratham vishva yuddh key dauran, jabaki kaee anya gair-polish alpasankhyak ack samprabhu polish raajya key vichaar key liye dvidhaatu yaa tatasth they, yahoodiyon ney 1914 aur 1918 key beach polland kii swatantrata key liye ladaai mein sakriya roop seey bhaag liya-ack mahatvapurna sankhya jozef pisudsky mein shamil hoe gaee craco key prasiddh olendry kshetra mein, unamen seey 1915 mein bronislav manspur-chebar koo polish senaa key brigade I key pahale leftinent key roop mein maar diyaa gayaa. maria lovenstein kii adhyakshata mein, dou maujooda yahudi mahila sanghon ney vittiya sahaayata aur sainikon aur unake bachchon key parivaaron kii dekhbhal key uddeshya seey "ognisco cobiate" key roop mein ekjut kiya. sthaaniya yahudi vyaapaari sanghon key pratinidhiyon ney polland kii swatantrata key sangharsh mein apani bhagidari kii ghoshana karate hue ack prastaav apanaaya aur yahudi janata seey appeal kii. isi tarah kii ghoshanaaen yahudi yuva sangathan "jednokjeni" seey aaee theen.
usa samay purvi europe mein faile sainya sanghrshon key dauran-russie grihyuddh, polish-ukraini yuddh aur polish-soviyat yuddh-sabhi pakshon dwara yahoodiyon key khilaf kaee narsamhar shuru kiye gaye they. maanaa jaataa haye kii roose mein badee sankhya mein yahoodiyon ney bolshevikon kaa samarthan kiya thaa. bolshevik shasson key virodh karane vaale sabhi logon dwara una parr lagaatar hamla kiya jaataa thaa. pratham vishva yuddh key anta key thheek baad, polland mein yahoodiyon key khilaf kathit badey paimaane parr narsamhar kii reports seey paschim chintit hoe gayaa. sarkari kaarravaai key liye americi dabaav usa bindu parr pahunch gayaa jahan rashtrapati vudro willson ney iss mudde kii jaanch key liye ack aadhikarik aayog bheja. aayog, heinry morganthou, aiss. aar. key netritva mein., ghoshana kii kii narsamhar kii reports koo atiranjit kiya gayaa thaa, aur kuchh mamalon mein mangadhant bhee hoe sakata haye. isane varshon mein 89 pramukh ghatnaaon kii pehchaan kii aur peediton kii sankhya kaa anuman lagaaya kii yeh sankhya 200-300 yahoodiyon kii haye. inmein seey chaar palayan karane vaalon aur anushaasit vyaktigat sainikon key karyon key liye jimmedaar they; kissy koo bhee aadhikarik sarkari neeti parr doshi naheen thaharaaya gayaa thaa. inn ghatnaaon mein, pinsak mein ack polish adhikaari ney yahudi communists key ack samooh parr khambhon key khilaf sajish rachane kaa aarop lagaaya, jisamen seey 35 koo goli maar dee gaee. 1918 mein lweave (taba lemberg) mein, jaise hii polish senaa ney shahar parr kabja curr liya, saikadon loga arajakta mein maare gaye, jinamen seey lagbhag 72 yahudi they. yuddh mein neeli senaa key sainikon ney sadakon parr yahoodiyon parr hamla kiya, lekin unhein sainya adhikaariyon dwara dandit kiya gayaa. jaba polish sainikon ney 1919 mein vilnius mein pravesh kiya, tou lithuanian yahoodiyon parr aadhunik shahar mein pahala lithuanian narsamhar huaa, jaisa kii timothi dee ney ullekh kiya. snider, michael payas romer kaa hawala dete hue. polland mein kaee anya ghatnaaon koo baad mein atishayoktipurna paaya gayaa, vishesh roop seey newyork times jaise samkaaleen samachar patron dwara, halanki narsamhar sahit yahoodiyon key khilaf gambhir durvyavahar, kaheen aur jaari rhaa, vishesh roop seey ukraine mein. paschimi polland key yahoodiyon key bhaagya parr chinta kaa parinam polland mein yahoodiyon key adhikaaron kii raksha karane vaale peris shaanti sammelan mein spasht khandon kii ack shrinkhala thee.
yahudi aur polish sanskriti.
nava swatantra dwiteeya polish ganarajya mein ack badaa yahudi alpasankhyak thaa-jaba dwiteeya vishva yuddh shuru huaa, taba taka polland mein europe mein yahoodiyon kii sabse badee sandrata thee. 1931 kii polish janganana key anusaar, vahaan 3,130,581 polish yahudi they jinhen unake dharm kii ghoshana dwara maapa gayaa thaa. jansankhya mein vriddhi aur 1931 aur 1939 key beach polland seey pravaas donon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, 1 sitambar, 1939 (kull aabaadi kaa lagbhag 10 pratishat) taka polland mein lagbhag 3,474,000 yahudi they. yahudi mukhya roop seey badey samoohon mein kendrit theh 77 pratishat shaharon mein aur 23 pratishat gaanvon mein rahate they. 1939 mein yuddh mein 375,000 yahudi they, yaa shahar kii aabaadi kaa ack tihai. kewal newyork shahar mein varsau kii tulanaa mein adhik yahudi nivasi they. yahudi dhaarmik samooh, raajneetik dall, samachar patra aur rangmanch samriddh hue. adhikansh yuddharat yahudi yiddish bolate they, lekin polish kaa upayog yuvaaon dwara teji seey kiya jaataa thaa, jinhen khud koo poori tarah seey yahudi, versovian aur khambhon key roop mein pahchaanane mein koee samasya naheen thee. polish yahudi polish samaaj kii mukhyadhara mein pravesh curr rahey they, halanki kaee loga khud koo polland key bheetar ack alag rashtriyata key roop mein maanate they. aaee. dee. 1. key vidyalaya varsh key dauran 226 praathamik vidyalaya aur baarah uchch vidyalaya key saath-saath chaudah vyaavsaayik vidyalaya they jinamen seey yaa tou yiddish yaa hibru bhasha shikshan bhasha key roop mein thee. yuddh key dauran newyork mein sthanantarit honey seey pahale yivo (jidisjar vicenzaftalchar) vaigyaanik sansthaan vilno mein sthit thaa. yahudi raajneetik dalon, donon samajwadi samanya yahudi shram bund (bund) key saath-saath zionist dakshin aur vampanthi aur dhaarmik roodhivaadi andolanon key dalon kaa pratinidhitva "sejam" (polish sansad) key saath-saath kshetriya parishadon mein bhee kiya gayaa thaa.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale polland mein yahudi saanskritik drishya vishesh roop seey jeevant aur khilata-phoolata thaa. kaee yahudi prakaashan aur 116 seey adhik patrikaaen theen. yiddi lekhakon, vishesh roop seey isaq basevis gaayak, ney classic yahudi lekhakon key roop mein antarrashtriya prashansa praapt kii, aur gaayak key mamle mein, 1978 kaa nobel puraskar jeetaa. usa avadhi key anya yahudi lekhak, jaise jaanasaz korjak, bruno schulz, juuliyan tuvim, zaan brazkwa (polish bachchon key pasandida kavi) aur bolslav lesmian antarrashtriya star parr cumm jaane jaate they, lekin unhone polish saahitya mein mahatvapurna yogdan diyaa. gaayak zaan kipura usa yug key sabse lokpriya kalakaron mein seey ack they aur heinrich wars yaa georgy pietersbursky jaise yahudi sangeetkaron key yuddh-poorv geet aaj bhee polland mein vyaapak roop seey jaane jaate hain. 1918 mein juuliyan tuvim ney cabrey, "piccador" kii saha-sthaapana kii aur kaee anya cabrey jaise "zaarnee coat" (kaali billi 1917-1919), "kwi pro kwo" (1919-1932), "bunda" giroh aur "starra bunda" puraane giroh (1932-1935) aur anta mein "cyrulic warzoski" (varsau kaa naaee 1935-1939) key saath ack lekhak yaa kalaatmak nirdeshak key roop mein kaam kiya. marian hemmer ney kuchh ullikhit cabarates key liye bhee likhaa.
vaigyaanik leopold infeld, ganitshastri stanislav ulam yaa professor addam ulam ney vigyaan kii duniya mein yogdan diyaa. anya hain mosses score, georges charpak, saimuel ealenberg, emmanuel ringelblum, joe antarrashtriya star parr jaane jaane vaale polish yahoodiyon kii lambi soochi mein seey kuchh hain. narsamhar shabd ack polish-yahudi kanuni vidwan rafale lemkin (1900-1959) dwara gadhaa gayaa thaa. leonid herviz koo 2007 mein arthshastra mein nobel puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa. mukhya nyaayik pustakalaya aur nyaayik adhyayan sansthaan varsau mein sthit they, dhaarmik kendron mein unake niptan mein talmudic school (jezibots) they, saath hii saath aradhanalaya bhee they, jinamen seey kaee vastukala kii drishti seey utkrisht they. yiddish rangmanch bhee falaa-phoola; polland mein pandrah yiddish rangmanch aur naatya samooh they. varsau usa samay kii sabse mahatvapurna yiddish rangmanch mandali, vilna mandali kaa ghar thaa, jisane 1920 mein elysium theatre mein "dha dibbook" kaa pahala pradarshan kiya thaa. kuchh bhaavi israeli netaaon ney varsau vishvavidyalaya mein adhyayan kiya-mancame shuru hotaa haye aur yitzak shameer, anya logon key beach. polish aur yahudi sanskritiyon kaa prabhaav parasparik thaa. akiba rubinstein jaise yahudi shatranj khilaadiyon koo sarvshreshth mein sthaan diyaa gayaa thaa, aur unhone 1930 mein polish vishva championship mein yogdan diyaa. polland mein kaee yiddish bhasha kii filmon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa, jisamen "yidal mitton fiddle" (1936), "dha debook" (1937), "derimspillar" (1937), aur "mamel" (1938) shamil they. 1937 mein, polish-yahudi samudaay koo 150 yiddi bhasha key samachar patron aur patrikaon (600,000 key sanyukt prasaar key saath) aur kaee polish bhasha key samachar patron (180,000 key prasaar key saath) dwara seva pradaan kii gaee thee.
arthavyavastha.
antar-yuddh polland mein yahoodiyon kaa ack lagaatar badhata anupaat polish bahumat seey alag jeevan vyateet kartaa thaa. 1921 mein, polish yahoodiyon ney yiddish yaa hibru koo apani mool bhasha key roop mein soochibaddh kiya, lekin 1931 taka yeh badhkar 87 pratishat hoe gayaa thaa, jisake parinamswarup yahoodiyon aur dhruvon key beach tanaav badh gayaa thaa. yahoodiyon kii pehchaan aksar polish nagrikon key roop mein naheen kii jaati thee, ack aisee samasya joe naa kewal aatmasaat key ulatane key kaaran hui thee, joe 1921 aur 1931 key beach rashtriya janganana mein dikhaai gaee thee, balki vishesh roop seey ukraine mein utpeedan seey bachane vaale soviyat yahoodiyon key pravaah seey bhee hui thee, jahaan russie grih yuddh key dauran 2,000 taka narsamhar hue they, jisamen anumaanit 30,000 yahoodiyon kaa seedhe narsamhar kiya gayaa thaa aur kull 150,000 kii mrityu hoe gaee thee. badee sankhya mein yahudi poorv seey polland mein pravaas curr gaye, kyonki way reega kii shaanti dwara usa desh koo chunane key hakdar they jise way pasand karate they. kaee laakh sharanarthi pahale seey hii polish dwiteeya ganarajya key kaee yahudi alpsankhyakon mein shamil hoe gaye. unamen seey 75 pratishat seey adhik shahari kshetron mein rahate they. isaliye, una samudaayon mein yahoodiyon kii anupataheen ekagrata thee joe anupataheen roop seey mahilaaon, bachchon aur bujurgon they. polland ack avikasit desh thaa joe vibhajankariyon dwara vinashkari aarthik shoshan key avasheshon aur unake agami vyaapaar pratibandhon key saath sangharsh curr rhaa thaa (german-polish seema shulk yuddh bhee dekhein). kaee varshon taka, jaatiyata kii parwah kiye binaa sabhi nagrikon key beach vyaapak garibi thee, lekin vishesh roop seey berojgar yahoodiyon key beach, jinake liye americi yahudi sanyukt vitaran samiti seey madad aaney mein dheemi thee. 1929 mein samiti dwara vichaar kiye gaye unake punah prashikshan kii yojanaaen, polish avasaad kii gaharaai key sampark seey baahar theen. polish yahoodiyon kaa ausat jeevan star duniya key pramukh yahudi samudaayon mein sabse kharaab thaa. 1930 key dashak key madhya mein polland key audyogikaran seey pahale jyaadaatar gair-maujood nae naukari key avsaron koo yahudi-virodhi honey key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa, lekin 1929 mein kamkaji yahoodiyon key beach yahudi prati vyakti aaya polish gair-yahoodiyon kii tulanaa mein 40 pratishat seey adhik thee. garib parivaar sthaaniya yahudi daan parr nirbhar they, joe 1929 mein saarvbhaumik roop seey abhootpoorv anupaat mein pahunch gayaa thaa, joe ack varsh mein 20 karod zloti kii raashi key liye dharm, shiksha, swaasthya aur anya sevaaen pradaan kartaa thaa. mahamandi kaa prabhaav bahut gambhir thaa.
badhati yahudi-virodhi bhavna.
polland mein yahoodiyon kii raajneetik sthiti jozef pisudsky (1926-1935) key shasson key tahat sabse adhik sauhaardpurna thee. pilsudsky ney 'raajya ekikaran' neeti key saath 'andexa' key 'jaatiya ekikaran' koo badal diyaah nagrikon koo raajya key prati unaki nishtha seey aanka jaataa thaa, naa kii unaki rashtriyata seey. varshon koo kaee polish yahoodiyon dwara anukool roop seey dekhaa gayaa thaa, jinaki sthiti mein vishesh roop seey pilsudsky key niyukt casemiers bartel key mantrimandal key tahat sudhaar huaa thaa. haalaanki, mahaan avasaad sahit vibhinn karanon key sanyojan kaa matlab thaa kii polish yahoodiyon kii sthiti kabhi bhee bahut santoshjanak naheen thee, aur maee 1935 mein pisudsky kii mrityu key baad yeh phir seey bigad gaee. kaee yahoodiyon ney unaki mrityu koo trasdi key roop mein maanaa, kyonki unake karyakal key dauran koee narsamhar naheen huaa thaa. polish yahudi aur polish gair-yahudi donon key apane rashtravadi andolan they. sanshodhanvaadi zionism key anuyaayi polish yahoodiyon mein they, jinhone hibru bhasha key punrutthan aur aliya key vichaar key vikas kaa bhee anubhav kiya. iss beach, polish rashtravadi andexa andolan aur rashtriya kattarpanthi shivir bhee naazi virodhi honey key bavjood khule taur parr yahudi virodhi they. unake party key badhate prabhaav key saath, yahudi-virodhi bhavna ney ack naee gati pakadi aur chhote shaharon aur saarvajanik akhaadon mein sabse adhik mahsoos kiya gayaa. grodno mein, yahudi-virodhi ghatnaaon ney ack chhaatr aatmaraksha samooh kaa nirmaan kiya jise britt hayal (sanic kaa gathbandhan) kahaa jaataa haye jisamen majboot yahudi yuva shamil hotey hain. polish hyee-school key chhatron ney, anta mein seey prabhaavit hocker, apane yahudi sahyogiyon koo khade honey key liye dhamkaya. shikshak aamtaur parr hastakshep karane seey darte they. yahudi bachche aksar school jaane yaa jaane key raaste mein yahudi virodhi ghatnaaon kaa shikaar hoe jaate they. aage shaikshanik utpeedan, yahudi-virodhi dange, aur ardh-aadhikarik yaa anaupchaarik kotaa ("numerous clausus") 1937 mein kuchh vishvavidyalayon mein shuru kiya gayaa, 1930 key dashak key anta mein polish vishvavidyalayon mein yahoodiyon kii sankhya mein aadhi katauti kii gaee. 1935 seey 1937 taka, yahudi-virodhi ghatnaaon mein 79 yahudi maare gaye aur 500 ghayal hoe gaye.
polland mein yahudi samudaay aantarik roop seey badaa aur jeevant thaa, phir bhee paschimi europe key adhikansh hisson mein yahoodiyon kii tulanaa mein kaafee garib aur cumm ekikrit thaa. 1930 key dashak key anta mein, naazi germany seey polish ganarajya key liye aasann khatare key bavjood, polish aur yahudi samajon key beach sulah key raaste mein bahut cumm prayaas dekhe gaye. kaee polish isai maanate they kii desh mein bahut saare yahudi they. polish sarkaar ney israel raajya banaane key apane lakshya key saath zionist andolan kii sakriya roop seey madad karna shuru curr diyaa, aur hagna, irgan aur lehi jaise ardhsainik samoohon mein sashastr aur prashikshit polish yahoodiyon koo shamil kiya. polland mein yahudi-virodhi bhavna badh rahee thee. madhya aur purvi europe key adhikansh hisson mein yahoodiyon key khilaf bhedbhaav aur hinsa ney polish yahudi aabaadi koo teji seey besahara banaa diyaa thaa. 1937 mein polish doctors aur vakeelon key catholic trade yuniyanon ney apane nae sadasyon koo isai stambhon taka seemit curr diyaa, jabaki iss poori avadhi key dauran kaee sarkari naukariyan yahoodiyon key liye anupalabdh raheen. julaai 1939 mein polish sarkaar key anaupchaarik anga gazetta polska ney likhaah "yeh tathya kii reech key saath hamaare sambandh bigad rahey hain, yahudi prashn mein hamaare karyakram koo cumm seey cumm nishkriya naheen kartaa haye-hamari aantarik yahudi samasya aur hittlerite reech key saath polland key sambandhon key beach koee samanya aadhar naheen haye aur naa hii hoe sakata haye."polish yahoodiyon key prati badhati shatruta aur zev zabotinsky key netritva mein yahudi philistine key liye aadhikarik sarkaar kaa samarthan polland key naazi aakraman taka jaari rhaa.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh aur polish yahudi kaa vinash (1939-1945).
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key shuru honey taka, yahoodiyon aur sthaaniya gair-yahudi aabaadi key beach sambandh-jisamen ukraini, lekin jyaadaatar dhruv shamil they-aam taur parr purvi polland key apavaad key saath achche they, vishesh roop seey volan kshetra, jahaan yahudi dukandaron koo kuchh 3,000 gaanvon key ukraini rashtravadiyon dwara berahami seey khaded diyaa gayaa thaa. 23 agast, 1939 koo soviyat sangh aur naazi germany ney polland key vibhajan key liye ack gupt protocol key saath ack gair-aakraamakta samjhauta, molotov-rebentrop samjhauta kiya. 1 sitambar, 1939 koo germany ney polland parr hamla kiya aur dou saptah baad, soviyat sangh ney 17 sitambar, 1939 koo aakraman kiya.
witchy french yaa norwey key quisling shasson key vipareet, dhruvon ney naazi samarthak sahyogvaadi sarkaar naheen banaai. isake alawa, poul ney aiss. aiss. rona (1st russie) key 29 vein waffen grenadier division jaise sahyogvaadi naazi ikaaiyon kaa gathan naheen kiya.
polish sitambar abhiyaan.
1 sitambar, 1939 koo polland mein yahoodiyon kii sankhya lagbhag 3,474,000 logon kii thee. 1939 kii garmiyon key dauran german hamale kii pratyasha mein, yahoodiyon aur jaatiya khambhon ney tank-rodhi kilebandi kii taiyari mein sahyog kiya. kaee galat dhaaranaon key vipareet, polland mein yahudi kewal agami narsamhar key shikaar naheen they. 1939 key polland key aakraman key dauran naazi german balon key khilaf sashastr pratirodh shuru karane vaale pahale yahudi polish sanic they.
sitambar 1939 mein germans seey ladane vaale duss laakh polish sainikon mein seey lagbhag 10 pratishat (100,000) polish yahudi they, joe yuddh seey pahale polland mein rahane vaali yahudi aabaadi key pratishat key anuroop they. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran 32,216 yahudi sanic aur adhikaari maare gaye aur 61,000 koo germans dwara bandee banaa liya gayaa; adhikansh jeevit naheen rahey. jinn sainikon aur gair-commission adhikaariyon koo riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa, way antatah gheto aur shram shiviron mein paae gaye aur anya yahudi nagrikon key samaan hii bhaagya kaa saamana karna padaa. sitambar 1939 mein germans ney lagbhag 20,000 nagrikon koo maar daala, jinamen seey kaee yahudi they. udaaharan key liye, 4 sitambar koo seastochova mein 227 nagrikon kii hatyaa curr dee gaee, jinamen seey 22 yahudi they.
1939 mein pahale seey hii kaee saikadon aradhanalayon koo germans dwara udaa diyaa gayaa thaa yaa jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa, joe kabhi-kabhi yahoodiyon koo khud aisaa karane key liye majboor karate they. kaee mamalon mein germans ney shesh aradhanalayon koo bhandaran suvidhaon, karyashalaon, manoranjan key sthaanon yaa tadarth jailon mein badal diyaa. rabbiyon aur anya dhaarmik yahoodiyon koo apani daadhi katkar yaa faadkar saarvajanik roop seey nritya karane aur gaane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. hafton key bheetar, germans ney sabhi polish yahoodiyon koo panjikaran karane kaa adesh diyaa aur unake pehchaan patron parr "jude" shabd kii muhar lagaa dee gaee. yahoodiyon koo kaanoon key baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa aur unake jeevan koo adesh yaa aadeshon dwara niyantrit kiya gayaa thaa. pratibandhon aur pratibandhon kii shrinkhala shuru kii gaee aur krurta seey lagu kiya gayaa. yahoodiyon koo footpath parr chalane, saarvajanik parivahan kaa upayog karane, avkash key sthaanon, khel key maidanon, theatres, sangrahalayon aur pustakalayon mein pravesh karane seey manaa kiya gayaa thaa. sadak parr yahoodiyon koo germans koo paar karane key liye apani topi uthaani padee aur yahoodiyon aur gair-yahoodiyon key beach sampark parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa.
polland kaa german-soviyat kabja.
1931 kii janganana key anusaar, nae vibhajit polland mein, polish yahoodiyon key 61.2% ney khud koo german kabje mein paaya, jabaki 38.8% soviyat sangh dwara sanlagn polish kshetron mein they. polland key aakraman key dauran aur usake baad paschim seey poorv kii or jansankhya key pravaas key aadhar parr soviyat-kabje vaale kshetron mein yahoodiyon kaa pratishat shayed 1931 kii janganana kii tulanaa mein adhik thaa.
soviyat sangh key vilay key saath polish sarkari adhikaariyon, pulis aur sainya karmiyon, shikshakon, pujaariyon, nyayadhishon, seema rakshakon aadi kii vyaapak giraftari hui.isake baad soviyat sangh key aantarik aur jabaran shram shiviron mein badey paimaane parr nirvaasan aur kathor paristhitiyon key parinamswarup kaee loga maare gaye. giraftar yaa nirvaasit kiye gaye sabhi logon mein sabse badaa samooh jaatiya dhruv they, lekin sabhi kaidiyon mein seey yahudi mahatvapurna pratishat they. paschimi polland key yahudi sharanarthi joe german kshetra mein vaapas lautane key liye panjikrit they, ameer yahudi poonjipatiyon, yuddh seey pahale key raajneetik aur samajik kaaryakartaon koo "varg dushman" karaar diyaa gayaa aur usee kaaran seey nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa. avaidh seema paar karane key liye pakade gaye yaa avaidh vyaapaar aur anya "avaidh" gatividhiyon mein lagey yahoodiyon koo bhee giraftar kiya gayaa aur nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa. kaee hazaar, jyaadaatar pakade gaye polish sainikon koo mauke parr hii maar diyaa gayaa, unamen seey kuchh yahudi they. niji sampatti, bhoomi, baink, karkhane, vyavasaay, dukaanen aur badee karyashalaon kaa rashtriyakaran kiya gayaa. raajneetik gatividhi bund hoe gaee aur raajneetik kaidiyon ney jailon koo bhar diyaa, jinamen seey kaee koo baad mein fansi dey dee gaee. zionism koo prati-krantikari aur varjit key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa. soviyat taakton key pravesh key ack dinn key bheetar sabhi yahudi aur polish samachar patron koo bund curr diyaa gayaa aur mukhya roop seey nae soviyat press key madhyam seey dhaarmik-virodhi prachaar kiya gayaa, jisane samanya roop seey dharm aur vishesh roop seey yahudi vishvaas parr hamla kiya. haalaanki aradhanalaya aur church bund naheen they, lekin una parr bhaari curr lagaaya jaataa thaa. arthavyavastha key soviyatkaran ney poori aabaadi koo prabhaavit kiya. haalaanki, yahudi samudaay apani vishisht samajik aur aarthik sanrachana key kaaran adhik asurakshit they. laal senaa apane saath cumm majdoori, samagri kii kamee, badhati kimaton aur ghatate jeevan star mein vyakt kiye gaye nae aur vibhinn aarthik mandand bhee laaee. soviyat sangh ney ack naee rojgar neeti bhee lagu kii, jisane kaee yahoodiyon koo poorv polish varishth adhikaariyon aur pramukh hastiyon key sthaan parr sivil sevakon key roop mein naukari khojane mein saksham banaaya, jinhen giraftar kiya gayaa aur apane parivaaron key saath roose key dooradraj key kshetron mein nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa. kuchh yahudi milicia ney soviyat aine. key. vee. dee. dwara khambhon key nirvaasan mein bhaag liya.
deshbhakti.
kaee yahudi they joe khud koo achche khambhe aur achche yahudi donon maanate they aur polland key prati wafadari kaa pradarshan karate they, kroor soviyat kabje key dauran khambhon kii sahaayata karate they. 1940 mein katin narsamhar mein aine. key. vee. dee. dwara maare gaye polish adhikaariyon mein yahudi they, jinamen barook steinberg, polland key german aakraman key dauran polish senaa key pramukh rabbi they. 1939 seey 1941 taka 100,000 aur 300,000 polish yahoodiyon koo soviyat-adhikrit polish kshetra seey soviyat sangh mein nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. unamen seey kuchh, vishesh roop seey polish communist (ee.jee. yakub burman), swechha seey sthanantarit hoe gaye; haalaanki, unamen seey adhikansh koo jabaran nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa, unamen seey kuchh koo "gulag" karane key liye. 1942 mein polish yahoodiyon kii chhoti sankhya (lagbhag 6,000) soviyat sangh koo vladislav aur unaki senaa key saath chhodane mein saksham they, unamen seey bhavishya mein israel key pradhaanmantri ney mancame shuru kiya. polish senaa key dwiteeya core key dauran, 67 pratishat (2,972) yahudi sanic palastini key british janadesh mein rahate they, jinamen seey kaee "irgan" mein shamil honey key liye chhod diye gaye they. general anders ney palayan karane vaalon parr mukadama naheen chalaane kaa faisala kiya. monte casino kii ladaai key dauran maare gaye polish sainikon key kabristan aur casmassima mein ack mein david key ack taare vaale sir key patthar bhee hain.
dusare polish ganarajya kii yuddhakaaleen nirantarta, nirvaasan mein polish sarkaar mein polish yahudi pratinidhi shamil theh zmul zigilbosm aur ignacy schwarzbart. polland key bhoomigat raajya aur isaki sainya shakha, armia krajova, europe mein sabse badey naazi virodhi pratirodh andolanon mein seey ack key roop mein, yahudi ikaaiyon mein shamil theh yahudi sainya sangh aur yahudi yuddh sangathan.
sahyog.
jabaki sabhi jaatiyataon key adhikansh dhruvon mein soviyat virodhi aur saamyvaad virodhi bhaavanaaen theen, yahudi aabaadi key ack hisse key saath-saath jaatiya belarusi, ukraini aur communist dhruvon ney shuru mein soviyat balon kaa swaagat kiya thaa. polish yahoodiyon key beach samanya bhavna naazi shasson key tahat aaney key khatron seey bachane key saath-saath shiksha, rojgar aur vanijya mein bhedbhaav sahit polish raajya mein maujood yahoodiyon key khilaf bhedbhaav kii spasht neetiyon seey raahat kii bhavna thee, saath hii saath yahudi virodhi hinsa joe kuchh mamalon mein narsamhar key star taka pahunch gaee thee. polish kavi aur poorv communist alexander vaat ney kahaa haye kii yahudi soviyaton key saath sahyog karane key liye adhik ichchuk they, norman davis ney nott kiya kii soochana dene vaalon aur sahyogiyon key beach, yahoodiyon kaa pratishat hadataali thaa, aur unhone polish "varg dushmanon" kii soochi taiyar kii, jabaki anya itihaskaron ney sanket diyaa haye kii yahudi sahyog kaa star jaatiya dhruvon kii tulanaa mein cumm hoe sakata thaa. holocost vidwan martin deane ney likhaa haye kii "kuchh sthaaniya yahoodiyon ney soviyat shasson key tahat satta key pada praapt kiye."
soviyat kabje key saath yahudi sahyog kaa mudda vivadaspad banaa huaa haye. vidvaanon kaa ack badaa samooh nott kartaa haye kii saamyavaadi samarthak naheen honey key bavjood, kaee yahoodiyon ney soviyaton koo naajiyon kii tulanaa mein cumm khatare key roop mein dekhaa. way iss baat parr jore dete hain kii sadakon parr soviyaton kaa swaagat karane vaale yahoodiyon kii kahaaniyan kaafee hudd taka prabhaavshaali hain aur soviyaton key liye yahudi samarthan key star key vishvasaniya sanketak naheen hain. isake alawa, yeh bhee dhyaan diyaa gayaa haye kii jaatiya dhruv utane hii pramukh they jitane yahudi kabje vaale prashaasan mein nagrik aur pulis padon koo bharane mein they, aur yahudi, nagrik aur polish senaa donon, soviyat kabjadhariyon key haathon samaan roop seey peedit they. soviyat kabje vaale yahoodiyon key liye joe bhee praarambhik utsaah mahsoos kiya gayaa hoga, vaha kabja karane vaalon dwara yahudi samajik jeevan key tarikon key daman key prabhaav koo mahsoos karane parr jald hii samaapt hoe gayaa. kuchh itihaskaron key anusaar, iss avadhi key parinamswarup jaatiya dhruvon aur yahoodiyon key beach tanaav ney poore yuddh key dauran dhruvon aur yahoodiyon key beach sambandhon parr assar daala haye, jisase iss dinn taka polish-yahudi talmel key liye ack gatirodh paida huaa haye.
operation barbarta key baad, una kshetron mein kaee atyachar kiye gaye jinn parr pahale soviyat sangh kaa kabja thaa, unamen seey kuchh khud khambhon kii madad seey kiye gaye they, jaisa kii jedwabne mein narsamhar key mamle mein huaa thaa jisamen jedwabne key lagbhag 300 yahudi nagrikon koo ack godam mein jinda jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa (rashtriya smaran sansthaanah "antim nishkarsh"). polish yahudi samudaay key narsamhaaron mein polish bhagidari ack vivadaspad vishay banaa huaa haye, aanshik roop seey yahudi netaaon dwara yahudi peediton key avasheshon koo nikaalane aur unaki mrityu key kaaran koo thheek seey sthaapit karane seey incar karane key kaaran. rashtriya smaran key liye polish sansthaan ney jedwabne key samaan anya narsamhaaron kii pehchaan kii. inn narsamhaaron key karanon parr abhee bhee bahas chala rahee haye, lekin unamen soviyat aakramankariyon key saath sahyog aur polish-soviyat yuddh mein poorv sahyog aur 1939 key cracy kshetron parr aakraman parr narajgi shamil thee, naazi dwara german narsamhar mein bhaag lene key liye jabardasti kaa ullekh karna.
yahudi samudaay kaa kewal ack chhota pratishat antar-yuddh yug key dauran polland kii communist party key sadasya they, halanki unhone party key netritva mein aur pramukh kendron jaise kii varsau, lodge aur lvo mein ack prabhaavshaali aur vishisht sthaan hassil kiya thaa. yuva yahoodiyon kii ack badee sankhya, aksar markswadi samarthak bund (samanya yahudi shramik sangh) yaa kuchh zionist samoohon key madhyam seey, saamyvaad aur soviyat roose key prati sahaanubhooti rakhate they, joe donon hii polish dusare ganarajya key dushman they. inn karakon key parinamswarup unhein 1939 key baad purvi polland mein soviyat kabje key prashaasan mein bhaag lena aasaan lagaa, aur udyog, schools, sthaaniya sarkaar, pulis aur anya soviyat-sthaapit sansthanon mein kuchh samay key liye pramukh padon parr kabja curr liya. judo-saamyvaad" kii yahudi-virodhi polish avadharana koo soviyat kabje kii avadhi key dauran majboot kiya gayaa thaa (dekhein zydocomuna).
german kabje vaale polland mein narsamhar.
1941 key anta taka german kabje vaale polland mein sabhi yahoodiyon koo yahudi basti banaa diyaa gayaa thaa. bachchon koo chhodkar, unhein david key neele taare key saath ack pehchaan baij pahanana padata thaa. usa samay purvi polland mein kaee yahudi bhee "ensatzgroupen" naamak chala naazi maut daston key shikaar hoe gaye, jinhone vishesh roop seey 1941 mein yahoodiyon kaa narsamhar kiya. polland dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran ekmatra adhikrit desh thaa jahan naazi aupchaarik roop seey kissy koo bhee sharan dete hue aur yahoodiyon kii madad karate hue paae jaane parr maut kii sajaa lagu karate they. khambhon key liye khaadya raashan bahut chhota thaa (1941 mein prati dinn 669 kilo calori) aur khaadya padarthon kii kaali bajar kii keematen adhik theen, jinn karanon seey logon koo chhipaana mushkil hoe gayaa aur poore parivaaron koo chhipaana lagbhag asambhav hoe gayaa, vishesh roop seey shaharon mein. naajiyon dwara lagaae gaye inn kathor upaayon key bavjood, polland mein yaad washem sangrahalaya mein rashtra puraskaron mein sabse adhik dhaarmik loga hain.
germans ney saikadon gheto sthaapit kiye jinamen yahoodiyon koo seemit curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur bhookhon rakhaa gayaa thaa, halanki antatah narsamhar key adheen honey seey pahale krurta seey jeevit rahane kii ummeed kii peshkash kii gaee thee. 380, 000 logon key saath varsau gheto sabse badaa thaa aur λοdz gheto, doosara sabse badaa, jisamen lagbhag 160,000 loga rahate they. badey yahudi gheto key saath anya polish shaharon mein bialistoke, sestochova, keyles, craco, lublin, lvo aur redom shamil they. chhoti bastiyon mein bhee gheto sthaapit kiye gaye they. gheto mein rahane kii sthiti bhayaanak thee. jinn yahoodiyon ney bhaagne kii koshish kii, unhein goli markar maar diyaa gayaa aur unake goliyon seey lathpath shavon koo chetavani key roop mein shaam taka saarvajanik roop seey dekhaa jaa sakata thaa. madad key liye apani zaan jokhim mein daalane key ichchuk isai khambhon key saath sampark key binaa aryan paksh mein bhaagne vaale kaee loga, jaba chhipane key liye jagah naheen mill rahee thee tou gheto mein laut aae. saikadon chaar seey paanch saal key yahudi bachche aarya paksh mein saamoohik roop seey jaate they, kabhi-kabhi dinn mein kaee baar, gheto mein bhojan kii taskari karate they, una saamanon key saath lautate they joe aksar unake vajan seey adhik hotey they. kabhi-kabhi inn bachchon aur unake maataa-pitaa key liye taskari hii nirvaah kaa ekmatra srot thaa, joe anyatha bhukhmari seey marr jaate. bhojan kii taskari karane kii koshish karate hue pakade gaye yahoodiyon kii shooting niyamit hoe gaee. ack murgi yaa ack leater doodh laane key liye logon koo goli maar dee gaee. aarya paksh key khambhe joe yahoodiyon koo praapt bhojan mein sahaayata karate paae gaye, unhein maut kii sajaa dee gaee thee.
yuddh basti.
16 octuber, 1940 koo german governor-general hains frank dwara varsau ghetto kii sthaapana kii gaee thee. german adhikaariyon ney 24 purushon kii ack yahudi parishad ("judenrate") koo anumati dee, jisake netritva mein addam zerniyakov ney gheto mein vyavastha banaae rakhane key liye apani khud kii pulis banaane kii anumati dee. judenrut germans dwara maang kii gaee shram bataliyanon koo sangathit karane key liye bhee jimmedaar thaa. iss samay, ghetto kii aabaadi lagbhag 380,000 logon kii honey kaa anuman thaa, joe varsau kii aabaadi kaa lagbhag 30 pratishat thaa. haalaanki, ghetto kaa aakar varsau key aakar kaa lagbhag 2.4% thaa. germans ney usa varsh 16 navambar koo baahari duniya seey yuddh basti koo bund curr diyaa, isake chaaron or ack deewaar kaa nirmaan kiya. agale dedh saal key dauran, chhote shaharon aur gaanvon key yahoodiyon koo yuddh basti mein laaya gayaa, jabaki rogon (vishesh roop seey typhoid) aur bhukhmari ney nivaasiyon kii sankhya koo lagbhag samaan rakhaa. 1941 mein yuddh mein yahoodiyon key liye ausat khaadya raashan 253 kilo calori aur khambhon key liye 669 kilo calori taka seemit thaa, jabaki germans key liye 2,613 kilo calori thaa.
mrityu shiviron mein nirvaasan.
22 julaai, 1942 koo, yuddh basti key nivaasiyon kaa saamoohik nirvaasan shuru huaa; agale baavan dinon key dauran (12 sitambar, 1942 taka) lagbhag 300,000 logon koo train seey trablinca unmoolan shivir mein leey jaaya gayaa. nirvaasan pachas german sainikon, latvian "shootzmanshaftein" batalian key 200 sainikon, 200 ukraini pulis aur 2,500 yahudi yahudi basti pulis dwara kiya gayaa thaa. yahudi basti pulis sahit "judenrate" key karmchaariyon koo unake parivaaron aur rishtedaron key saath unake sahyog key badale mein nirvaasan seey chhoot dee gaee thee. isake alawa, agast 1942 mein, yahudi yahudi basti key puliskarmiyon koo, nirvaasan key khatare key tahat, vyaktigat roop seey paanch yahudi basti key nivaasiyon koo umshalaigplaatz train station taka "pahunchaane" kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. 18 janwari, 1943 koo, kuchh yahudi basti key nivaasiyon ney, jinamen zob (yahudi yuddh sangathan, yahudi yuddh sangathan) key sadasya shamil they, aksar hathiyaron key saath, trablinca koo atirikt nirvaasan key german prayason kaa virodh kiya. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii pahala ghetto vidroh 1942 mein polly viovodeship (lakhwa gheto dekhein) mein chhota saa shahar lachwa mein huaa thaa.
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yuddhakaaleen yahudi basti kaa bhaagya anya yahudi basti key samaan thaa jisamen yahudi kendrit they. antim samadhan shuru karane key naazi germany key nirnay key saath, europe key yahoodiyon kaa vinash, action reinhard 1942 mein shuru huaa, jisamen belzek, sobibor aur trablinca key unmoolan shiviron key udghaatan key saath, usake baad aushwitz-barkenaau mein jahaan logon koo gais chambers mein maut key ghaat utaar diyaa gayaa aur badey paimaane parr nishpaadan (mrityu deewaar) kiye gaye. kaee loga bhookh, bhukhmari, bimari, yaatana yaa chhadm-chikitsa prayogon seey marr gaye. yahudi basti seey inn shiviron mein badey paimaane parr nirvaasan, jaise kii yuddh basti mein huaa, jald hii huaa, aur akele octuber 1943 taka action reinhard shiviron mein 17 laakh seey adhik yahudi maare gaye.
nirvaasan mein polish sarkaar pahali (navambar 1942 mein) thee jisane naazi dwara sanchaalit yaatana shiviron key astitva aur naazi dwara yahoodiyon key vyavasthit unmoolan koo apane courier zaan karsky key madhyam seey aur wittled pailiki kii gatividhiyon key madhyam seey prakat kiya, joe armia krajova key sadasya they aur ekmatra vyakti they jinhone aushwitz mein jail key liye swechha seey kaam kiya aur shivir key ander hii ack pratirodh andolan kaa ayojan kiya. nirvaasan mein polish sarkaar kii rashtriya parishad key yahudi sadasyon mein seey ack, zmul zigilbosm ney polland mein narsamhar key saamane sahayogi sarkaaron kii udasinta key virodh mein aatmahatya curr lii. nirvaasan mein polish sarkaar bhee ekmatra sarkaar thee jisane ack sangathan (zegota) sthaapit kiya jiska uddeshya vishesh roop seey polland mein yahoodiyon kii madad karna thaa.
soviyat sangh mein polish yahudi.
hajaaron polish yahoodiyon koo nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa yaa baad mein madhya yaa purvi soviyat sangh mein leey jaaya gayaa aur unamen seey kaee narsamhar seey butch gaye. haalaanki unamen seey kuchh kii mrityu kathin paristhitiyon, soviyat daman yaa ukraini rashtravadi kii hinsa key parinamswarup hui. dou bund netaaon, victor ulter aur heinrich erlich koo disambar 1941 mein masco mein naazi germany key kathit agents key roop mein maar diyaa gayaa thaa. kuchh yahudi polish communist senaa (jozef rozanski, vloadzimears brus) yaa polish deshbhakton key sangh (julia bristigger) mein shamil hoe gaye aur 1944 mein polland laut aae, anya koo yuddh key baad yaa 1956 (lev rwin) key aspas soviyat sangh chhodane kii anumati dee gaee.
saamyavaadi shasanah 1945-1989.
40, 000 aur 100,000 key beach polish yahudi polland mein holocast mein chhipkar yaa polish yaa soviyat pakshapaati ikaaiyon mein shamil hocker butch gaye. ack anya 50,000-170,000 koo soviyat sangh seey aur 20,000-40,000 koo germany aur anya deshon seey vaapas bheja gayaa thaa. yuddh key baad key shikhar parr, polland mein lagbhag 1,000 yahudi they joe jyaadaatar varsau, λοdz, kraków, Wrocraw aur loer silesia mein basey they.jee. belawa. yeh ack badaa jhataka haye.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key anta key turant baad, yuu. aiss. aiss. aar. key saath pratyaavartan samjhaute key kaaran yahudi polland seey baahar nikalane lagey. polland ekmatra purvi gutt desh thaa jisane philistine koo anivarya karane key liye swatantra yahudi aliya kii anumati dee thee. palayan charanon mein huaa. yuddh key baad, bache hue logon kaa vishal bahumat kaee karanon seey chalaa gayaa, aksar ack seey adhik. kaee loga kewal isaliye chaley gaye kyonki way ack saamyavaadi desh mein naheen rehna chaahte they. kuchh ney chhod diyaa kyonki saamyavaadi shasson ney yuddh seey pahale kii niji sampatti koo vaapas karane seey incar curr diyaa thaa. anya loga una sthaanon parr apane jeevan kaa punarnirmaan naheen karna chaahte they jahaan unake parivaaron kii hatyaa kii gaee thee. phir bhee anya loga jald hii israel banane key liye philistine key british janadesh parr jaanaa chaahte they. bache hue logon mein seey kuchh key rishtedaar videsh mein they. halanki, pramukh kaarak jeane dwara liya gayaa nirnay thaa. peedbluepy key spychalsky ney ack decree parr hastakshar karane key liye shesh jeevit bache logon koo veeja yaa nikas permit key binaa polland chhodane kii anumati dee. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key samaapan parr polland ekmatra purvi gutt desh thaa jisane swatantra yahudi aliya kii anumati dee thee. natijatan, polland seey yahudi pravaas mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi hui. britten ney polland (anya logon key beach) seey yahudi palayan koo rokane kii maang kii, lekin unakaa dabaav kaafee hudd taka asafal rhaa. yahudi-polish lekhak rechel oyarbakh, jinhone navambar 1945 mein hittlerite apraadhon kii jaanch key liye mukhya aayog key liye ack aadhikarik pratinidhimandal key hisse key roop mein trablinca kaa daura kiya, ney paaya kii kuchh polish kisan andekhi kii gaee keemati vastuon kii talash mein raakh khod rahey they. shivir bund honey key baad 1943 seey beljeck koo isi tarah apavitra kiya gayaa thaa, (dekhein 1943 mein trablinca aur beljeck donon mein vaastavik saamoohik kabron key parisamapan key liye 1005).
yuddh key baad polland ack arajak desh thaa jisamen soviyat samarthak communist aur deshbhakt rashtravadi ack-dusare seey ladey. yahudi virodhi hinsa mein saikadon yahoodiyon kii hatyaa curr dee gaee, jisamen nae stalinwadi shasson key kaee padadhikari bhee shamil they. 1946 key keyles narsamhar mein, saintees yahoodiyon kii berahami seey hatyaa curr dee gaee thee. aaj taka polland mein soviyat sangh key ukasaave key anumaanit saboot aur hatyaon mein russie sainikon kii upasthiti key baare mein bahas jaari haye. 1945 aur 1948 key beach, 1000 yahudi polland chhod gaye. unake prasthaan kaa ayojan kaafee hudd taka polland mein zionist kaaryakartaon jaise adolph burman aur ichak cookierman dwara ack ardh-gupt kii chhatrachhaaya key neeche kiya gayaa thaa, jise polland kii sarkaar, sangathan "beriha" ("udaan") dwara sahan kiya gayaa thaa. burman key bhaai jacob ney suraksha balon kii nigrani kii, isaliye vaha polland key sabse prabhaavshaali logon mein seey ack they. "beriha" romania, hangri, chekoslovakia aur yugoslavia seey kull 250,000 (polland sahit) holocast seey bache yahoodiyon key sangathit pravaas key liye bhee jimmedaar thaa.
1957 aur 1959 key beach saamyavaadi shasson key udaarikaran key dauran yahudi pravaas kii doosari lahar (50,000) aaee. phir deshantar kii teesari badee lahar aaee, jise koee bhee 1968-1969 mein yahoodiyon kaa nishkasana kaha sakata haye. isake baad lagbhag sabhi yahudi jinhone polland mein rahane kaa faisala kiya, way yahudi honah bund curr diye.
iss baandh ney 1947 key yuddh key baad key chunaavon mein (gair-saamyavaadi) polish samajwadi party (pee. pee. aiss.) key saath ack aam tikat parr bhaag liya aur apane polish itihas mein apani pahali aur ekmatra sansadiya seat hassil kii, saath hii nagar parishadon mein kaee seeten praapt keen. soviyat-sthaapit communist adhikaariyon key dabaav mein, bund key netaaon ney kaee kaaryakartaon key virodh key khilaf party koo 'swechha seey' 1948-1949 mein bhang curr diyaa.
stellinwadi avadhi.
una polish yahoodiyon key liye joe baney rahey, polland mein yahudi jeevan kaa punarnirmaan octuber 1944 aur 1950 key beach polish yahoodiyon kii kendriya samiti ("kendriya comitate zydo polskitch", ckjp) dwara kiya gayaa thaa joe kanuni, shaikshik, samajik dekhbhal, saanskritik aur prachaar sevaaen pradaan karati thee. ack deshvyaapi yahudi dhaarmik samudaay, jiska netritva david kaahane ney kiya, jinhone polish sashastr balon key pramukh rabbi key roop mein kaary kiya, 1945 aur 1948 key beach taba taka kaary kiya jaba taka kii ise ckjp dwara avashoshit naheen kiya gayaa. gyaarah swatantra yahudi raajneetik dall, jinamen seey aathh kanuni they, 1949-50 key dauran unake vighatan taka maujood they.
kaee polish yahoodiyon ney 1944 aur 1956 key beach polland key janvaadi ganarajya mein sanshodhanvaadi samajwadi sarkaar kii sthaapana mein bhaag liya, anya key alawa, polish united worker party (ee.jee. yakub burman, hileri minak-ack samajwadi arthavyavastha kii sthaapana key liye jimmedaar), aur suraksha seva "urzad bezpizenstava" (yubi) aur kootneeti/khufiya mein. 1956 key baad, polland mein vladislav gomulka key shasson key tahat vinash kii prakriya key dauran, roman romkovsky (janm seey natan grunsapau-kikil), joseph ("jessec") rosensky (janm seey jozef goldberg) aur anatol phasin sahit kuchh "urzad bezpizensta" adhikaariyon parr "shakti durupyog" key liye mukadama chalaaya gayaa, jisamen polish virodhi communists (unamen seey, wittled pailiki) kii yaatana shamil thee, aur unhein lambe samay taka jail kii sajaa sunai gaee. ack yuu. bee. adhikaari, jozef schwiatlo, (janm izaak fleachforb), 1953 mein paschim mein bhaagne key baad, radio mukt europe key madhyam seey yuu. bee. key tarikon koo ujagar kiya, jisake kaaran 1954 mein iska vighatan huaa. jerji borajja ack mahatvapurna press aur pustak sampaadak they, jinhone kaee pratibhashali lekhakon koo aakarshit kiya.
kuchh yahudi saanskritik sansthanon kii sthaapana kii gaee thee, jinamen 1950 mein sthaapit yiddish raajya rangmanch, yahudi aitihaasik sansthaan, polland mein yahoodiyon key itihas aur sanskriti key shodh mein visheshagyata rakhane vaalaa ack shaikshanik sansthaan, aur yiddish samachar patra "lock-samay" shamil they.
1967-1989 seey.
1967 mein, israel aur arab raajyon key beach chhah divasiya yuddh key baad, communist polland ney israel key saath rajanyik sambandh toda diye. 1967 mein soviyat samarthit arab raajyon parr israel kii jeet kaa dhruvon ney harshollas key saath swaagat kiya; "hamaare yahoodiyon ney soviyat arabon koo dhol bajaaya haye!" 
1968 taka polland key 40,000 shesh yahoodiyon mein seey adhikansh koo polish samaaj mein aatmasaat curr liya gayaa thaa, lekin agale varsh way ack soviyat samarthit, kendriya roop seey sangathit abhiyaan kaa kendra bunn gaye, yahudi mool koo zionwadi sahaanubhooti key saath barabari karate hue aur iss prakaar polland key prati nishtha naheen rakhate they.
march 1968 mein chhaatr-netritva vaale pradarshanon ney varsau ("polish 1968 raajneetik sankat") mein gomulka kii sarkaar koo saarvajanik sarkaar virodhi bhavna koo ack aur raaste mein leey jaane kaa bahaana diyaa. iss prakaar unake suraksha pramukh, meekzislav mokjar ney sthiti kaa upayog yahudi virodhi press abhiyaan shuru karane key bahaane key roop mein kiya (halanki "zionist" abhivyakti kaa aadhikarik roop seey upayog kiya gayaa thaa). raajya praayojit "yahudi-virodhi" abhiyaan key parinamswarup yahoodiyon koo polish sanyukt karyakarta dall seey aur schools aur vishvavidyalayon mein shikshan padon seey hataa diyaa gayaa. aarthik, raajneetik aur pulis key dabaav key kaaran, 25,000 yahoodiyon koo 1968-1970 key dauran palayan karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. abhiyaan, halanki jahira taur parr una yahoodiyon parr nirdeshit thaa jinhone stalinwadi yug mein aur apane parivaaron mein pada sambhala thaa, shesh polish yahoodiyon mein seey adhikansh koo prabhaavit kiya, chaahe unaki prishthabhoomi kuchh bhee hoe.
march 1968 kii ghatnaaon" key kaee parinam they. vishvavidyalayon parr hamale key saath prachaar abhiyaan ney videshon mein polland kii pratishtha koo nuksan pahunchaaya, vishesh roop seey yuu. aiss. mein.aiss. kaee polish buddhijivi aadhikarik yahudi-virodhi prachaar parr naraj they, aur abhiyaan kaa virodh kiya. isake baad paschim mein pravaas karane vaale kuchh logon ney aise sangathanon kii sthaapana kii jinhone polland key ander saamyvaad virodhi virodh koo protsaahit kiya.
1970 key dashak key anta mein kuchh yahudi karyakarta saamyvaad virodhi vipakshi samoohon mein lagey hue they. unamen seey sabse pramukh, addam michnik (gazetta viborza key sansthaapak) shramikon kii raksha samiti (core) key sansthapakon mein seey ack they. 1989 mein polland mein saamyvaad key patan key samay taka, desh mein kewal 1,000 yahudi reh gaye, unamen seey kaee apane yahudi mool koo chhipaana pasand karate they.

