
ghuspaith (jall vigyaan)

ghuspaith vaha prakriya haye jisake dwara jameen kii satah parr paani mitty mein pravesh kartaa haye. iska upayog aamtaur parr jall vigyaan aur mrida vigyaan donon mein kiya jaataa haye. ghuspaith kii kshamata koo ghuspaith kii adhikatam darr key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. ise aksar prati dinn meater mein maapa jaataa haye lekin yadi aavashyak hoe tou doori kii anya ikaaiyon mein bhee maapa jaa sakata haye.  jaise-jaise mitty kii satah kii paraton mein namee badhati haye, ghuspaith kii kshamata cumm hoe jaati haye. yadi varsha darr ghuspaith kii darr seey adhik haye, tou aamtaur parr taba taka pravaah hoga jaba taka kii koee bhautik baadha naa hoe.
ghuspaith karane vaale, mapdand aur varsha anukaran karane vaale sabhi upkaran hain jinka upayog ghuspaith kii darr koo maapane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
ghuspaith kaee karakon key kaaran hoti haye jinamen gurutvaakarshan, keshika bull, avashoshan aur parasaran shamil hain. kaee mitty kii visheshataaen bhee usa darr koo nirdhaarit karane mein bhoomika nibha sakati hain jiss parr ghuspaith hoti haye.
ghuspaith koo prabhaavit karane vaale kaarak.
varsha.
varsha ghuspaith koo kaee tarikon seey prabhaavit curr sakati haye. varsha kii matra, prakaar aur avadhi sabhi kaa prabhaav padata haye. varsha kissy bhee anya varsha ghatana, jaise burf yaa barfbari kii tulanaa mein teji seey ghuspaith kii darr kii or leey jaati haye. matra key sandarbh mein, jitani adhik varsha hogi, utani hii adhik ghuspaith taba taka hogi jaba taka kii jameen santripti taka naheen pahunch jaati, jiss bindu parr ghuspaith kii kshamata taka pahunch jaati haye. varsha kii avadhi ghuspaith kii kshamata koo bhee prabhaavit karati haye. shuru mein jaba varsha kii ghatana shuru hoti haye tou ghuspaith teji seey hoe rahee hoti haye kyonki mitty asantript hoti haye, lekin jaise-jaise samay jaari rahata haye ghuspaith kii darr dheemi hoe jaati haye kyonki mitty adhik santript hoe jaati haye. varsha aur ghuspaith kii kshamata key beach kaa yeh sambandh yeh bhee nirdhaarit kartaa haye kii kitna bahaav hoga. yadi varsha ghuspaith kshamata seey adhik teji seey hoti haye tou pravaah hoga.
mitty kii visheshataaen.
ghuspaith kii kshamata nirdhaarit karane mein mitty kii sarandhrata mahatvapurna haye. mitty jaise chhote chhidra aakar vaali mitty mein ghuspaith kii kshamata cumm hoti haye aur ghuspaith kii darr rait jaisi badee chhidra aakar vaali mitty kii tulanaa mein dheemi hoti haye. iss niyam kaa ack apavaad taba hotaa haye jaba mitty shushk paristhitiyon mein maujood hoti haye. iss mamle mein, mitty mein badee daraaren paida hoe sakati hain jisase ghuspaith kii kshamata badh jaati haye.
mitty kaa sampeedan ghuspaith kii kshamata koo bhee prabhaavit kartaa haye. mitty key sampeedan key parinamswarup mitty key bheetar chhidrata mein kamee aatee haye, jisase ghuspaith kii kshamata cumm hoe jaati haye.
jall-bhaya vaali mitty jangal mein aag lagane key baad vikasit hoe sakati haye, joe ghuspaith koo bahut cumm curr sakati haye yaa poori tarah seey roque sakati haye.
mitty mein namee kii matra.
joe mitty pahale seey hii santript haye, usamen adhik paani rakhane kii kshamata naheen haye, isaliye ghuspaith kii kshamata taka pahunch gaee haye aur darr iss bindu seey aage naheen badh sakati haye. isase satah parr bahut adhik bahaav hotaa haye. jaba mitty aanshik roop seey santript hoti haye tou madhyam darr seey ghuspaith hoe sakati haye aur poori tarah seey asantript mitty mein ghuspaith kii kshamata sabse adhik hoti haye.
mitty mein javic padaarth.
mitty mein javic padaarth (paudhon aur jaanvaron sahit) sabhi ghuspaith kii kshamata koo badhaate hain. vanaspati mein jadein hoti hain joe mitty mein faili hoti hain joe mitty mein daraaren aur daraaren paida karati hain, jisase adhik teji seey ghuspaith aur kshamata mein vriddhi hoti haye. vanaspati mitty kii satah key sampeedan koo bhee cumm curr sakati haye joe phir seey ghuspaith koo badhaane kii anumati detee haye. jaba koee vanaspati maujood naheen hoti haye tou ghuspaith kii darr bahut cumm hoe sakati haye, jisase atyadhik bahaav hoe sakata haye aur kataav kaa star badh sakata haye. isi tarah vanaspati key samaan, mitty mein doobe hue janwar bhee mitty kii sanrachana mein daraaren paida karate hain.
bhoomi aavaran.
yadi bhoomi abhedya satahon seey dhaki hui haye, jaise kii footpath, tou ghuspaith naheen hoe sakati kyonki paani abhedya satah key madhyam seey ghuspaith naheen curr sakata haye, yeh sambandh bhee pravaah koo badhaata haye. abhedya kshetron mein aksar toofaan kii naaliyan hoti hain joe seedhe jall nikaayon mein bahati hain, jiska arth haye kii koee ghuspaith naheen hoti haye.
bhoomi kaa vanaspati aavaran bhee ghuspaith kii kshamata koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. vanaspati aavaran seey varsha kaa adhik avarodhan hoe sakata haye, jisase teevrata cumm hoe sakati haye jisase cumm pravaah hoe sakata haye, aur adhik avarodhan hoe sakata haye. vanaspati kii adhikta seey vashpotsarjan kaa star bhee badh jaataa haye jisase ghuspaith kii darr mein kamee aaa sakati haye.  vanaspati seey nikalane vaalaa malba jaise kii patti kaa aavaran bhee mitty koo teevra varsha kii ghatnaaon seey bachaakar ghuspaith kii darr koo badhaa sakata haye.
ardh-shushk ghaas key maidanon aur ghaas key maidanon mein, ack vishesh mitty kii ghuspaith kii darr kachare seey dhaki jameen key pratishat aur barahmasi ghaas key tuft key mool aavaran parr nirbhar karati haye. retili domat mitty parr, ack kachra aavaran key tahat ghuspaith kii darr nangi satahon kii tulanaa mein nau gunaa adhik hoe sakati haye. nange kshetron mein ghuspaith kii cumm darr jyaadaatar mitty kii parat yaa satah kii muhar kii upasthiti key kaaran hoti haye. ack tuft key aadhar key madhyam seey ghuspaith teji seey hoti haye aur tufts paani koo apani jadon kii or leey jaate hain.
dhalaan.
jaba bhoomi kii dhalaan adhik hoti haye tou adhik aasaani seey pravaah hotaa haye jisase ghuspaith kii darr cumm hoe jaati haye.
prakriya.
ghuspaith kii prakriya tabhi jaari reh sakati haye jaba mitty kii satah parr atirikt paani key liye jagah upalabdh hoe. mitty mein atirikt paani key liye upalabdh matra mitty kii sarandhrata aur usa darr parr nirbhar karati haye jiss parr pahale seey ghuspaith kiya gayaa paani mitty key madhyam seey satah seey door jaa sakata haye. usa paani kii adhikatam darr ack dee gaee sthiti mein mitty mein pravesh curr sakati haye joe ghuspaith kii kshamata haye. yadi mitty kii satah parr paani kaa aagaman ghuspaith kii kshamata seey cumm haye, tou kabhi-kabhi iska vishleshan jall vigyaan parivahan model, ganitiya model kaa upayog karke kiya jaataa haye joe ghuspaith, bahaav aur nadee key pravaah kii darr aur dhaara key paani kii gunavatta kaa anuman lagaane key liye channel pravaah parr vichaar karate hain.
shodh key nishkarsh.
robbert ee. horton ney sujhaav diyaa kii toofaan key shuruati hisse key dauran ghuspaith kii kshamata teji seey cumm hoe jaati haye aur phir shesh ghatana key liye kuchh ghanton key baad lagbhag sthir moolya kii or badhati haye. pahale seey ghuspaith kiya gayaa paani upalabdh bhandaran sthaanon koo bhar detaa haye aur chhidron mein paani kheenchane vaali keshika balon koo cumm curr detaa haye. mitty mein mitty key kann geele honey parr phool sakate hain aur iss tarah chhidron kaa aakar cumm hoe jaataa haye. una kshetron mein jahaan jameen vann kachare kii ack parat seey sanrakshit naheen haye, barish kii boonden satah seey mitty key kanon koo alag curr sakati hain aur satah key chhidron mein maheen kanon koo dhou sakati hain jahaan way ghuspaith kii prakriya koo baadhit curr sakati hain.
apashisht jall sangrah mein ghuspaith.
apashisht jall sangrah pranaliyon mein ack apashisht jall upchaar sanyantra taka mull-jall pahunchaane key liye lines, junctions aur lift stations kaa ack samooh hotaa haye. jaba inn rekhaaon koo tootane, daraar yaa pedh kii jadon key aakraman seey samjhauta kiya jaataa haye, tou aksar toofaan key paani kii ghuspaith/pravaah hotaa haye. iss paristhiti seey swachchata mull-nikasi kaa pravaah badh sakata haye, yaa anupachaarit mull-jall kaa paryaavaran mein nirvahan hoe sakata haye.
ghuspaith kii ganana key tareeke.
ghuspaith samanya dravyamaan santulan jalvaigyaanik bajat kaa ack ghatak haye. mitty mein paani kii matra aur/yaa ghuspaith kii darr kaa anuman lagaane key kaee tareeke hain. ack gair-sajaatiya mitty key madhyam seey bhujal koo satah key paani seey poori tarah seey jodane vaalaa kathor maanak richard key sameekaran kaa sankhyaatmak samadhan haye. ack naee vidhi joe 1-dee bhujal aur satah key paani koo sajaatiya mitty kii paraton mein jodane kii anumati detee haye, aur joe kii richard sameekaran seey sambandhit haye, mitty kii namee wegg sameekaran kaa seemit jall-samagri vados kshetra pravaah vidhi samadhan haye. ack samaan praarambhik mitty key paani kii matra aur gahari achchi tarah seey nikasi vaali mitty key mamle mein, ack hii varsha ghatana key liye ghuspaith pravaah koo hull karane key liye kuchh utkrisht anumaanit tareeke hain. inmein green aind empt (1911) vidhi, parlang aur anya shamil hain. (1982). inn vidhiyon key alawa kaee anubhavjanya vidhiyaan hain jaise kii aiss. see. aiss. vidhi, horton vidhi, aadi., joe vakr fitting abhyason seey thodaa adhik hain.
samanya jall-vigyaan bajat.
ghuspaith "aff" key sambandh mein sabhi ghatakon key saath samanya jalvaigyaanik bajat. anya sabhi charon aur ghuspaith koo dekhate hue, kewal agyaat, saral beejganit ghuspaith key prashn koo hull kartaa haye. 
kahaan 
iss vidhi parr ekmatra dhyaan yeh haye kii yugal key liye kinn charon kaa upayog karna haye aur kinn koo chhodana haye, iska aasaani seey saamana kiya jaa sakata haye. dohare ganana charr kaa ack aasaan udaaharan taba hotaa haye jaba vashpikaran, "ee", aur vashpikaran, "tii", koo sameekaran mein rakhaa jaataa haye aur saath hii vashpikaran, "aitt". "aitt" "mein" "tii" "key saath-saath" "ee" "kaa ack hissa bhee shamil haye. kewal kachchi varsha key liye naheen, balki avarodhan key liye bhee hisab rakhane kii aavashyakta haye.
richards sameekaran (1931).
mitty mein ghuspaith kii ganana key liye maanak kathor drishtikon richard kaa sameekaran haye, joe bahut hii araikhik gunank key saath ack aanshik vibhedak sameekaran haye. richard sameekaran computational roop seey mahanga haye, abhisaran kii guaranti naheen haye, aur kabhi-kabhi badey paimaane parr sanrakshan mein kathinaaee hoti haye.
seemit jall-samagri vados kshetra pravaah vidhi.
yeh vidhi richard (1931) aanshik vibhedak sameekaran kaa ack anuman haye joe mitty key paani key prasaar parr jore detaa haye. yeh mitty kii namee key wegg sameekaran key abhivahan jaise shabd key samadhan kii tulanaa karke aur mitty key sanrachanaatmak sambandhon key vishesh roopon kaa upayog karke ghuspaith key sateek vishleshanatmak samadhanon key khilaf tulanaa karke sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. parinamon seey pataa chalaa kii yeh anuman ganana kii gaee ghuspaith pravaah koo prabhaavit naheen kartaa haye kyonki prasaar pravaah chhota haye aur yeh kii seemit jall-samagri vados kshetra pravaah vidhi sameekaran kaa ack vaidh samadhan haye, joe teen sadharan vibhedak samikaranon kaa ack samooh haye, joe abhisaran aur dravyamaan koo sanrakshit karane kii guaranti haye. isake liye yeh dhaarana aavashyak haye kii pravaah kewal urdhvaadhar disha (1-ayami) mein hotaa haye, aur mitty paraton key bheetar samaan haye.
haraa aur empt.
naam dou purushon seey liya gayaa thaa; haraa aur empt. ghuspaith key anuman kii harit-empt vidhi kaee charon key liye jimmedaar haye joe anya vidhiyon, jaise kii darcy key kaanoon, key liye naheen haye. yeh mitty chushan sir, sarandhrata, hydrolic chaalakta aur samay kaa ack kaary haye. 
kahaan 
ack baar ekikrit honey key baad, koee bhee aasaani seey ghuspaith kii matra yaa tatkaal ghuspaith darr koo hull karane kaa vikalp chuna sakata haih 
iss model kaa upayog karke koee bhee sootra _ 9 key liye hull karke aasaani seey aayatan paa sakata haye. haalaanki, jisake liye hull kiya jaa rhaa charr sameekaran mein hii haye isaliye jaba isake liye hull kiya jaataa haye tou shoonya parr abhisaran karane key liye prashn mein charr koo sett karna chaahiye, yaa ack anya upayukt sthiraank. sootra _ 12 key liye ack achchha pahala anuman yaa tou sootra _ 13 yaa sootra _ 14 kaa badaa moolya haye. inn moolyon koo model koo ack logg key saath hull karke praapt kiya jaa sakata haye, jise isake ack, shoonya aur dusare crum key aspas key teller-vistaar key saath pratisthaapit kiya jaataa haye. iss sootra kaa upayog karane parr ekmatra dhyaan yeh haye kii kissy koo yeh maan lena chaahiye kii sootra _ 15, jall sheersh yaa satah key oopar talab key paani kii gaharaai, nagany haye. iss sameekaran seey ghuspaith kii matra kaa upayog karke sootra _ 12 koo neeche diye gaye sambandhit ghuspaith darr sameekaran mein pratisthaapit kiya jaa sakata haye taaki usa samay tatkaal ghuspaith darr kaa pataa lagaaya jaa sakey, sootra _ 17, sootra _ 12 koo maapa gayaa thaa. 
horton kaa sameekaran.
usee robbert ee key naam parr rakhaa gayaa. oopar ullikhit horton, horton kaa sameekaran ack aur vyavharya vikalp haye jaba jameen parr ghuspaith kii darr yaa matra koo maapate hain. yeh ack anubhavjanya sootra haye joe kahata haye kii ghuspaith ack sthir darr, sootra _ 20 seey shuru hoti haye, aur samay key saath teji seey cumm hoe rahee haye, sootra _ 17. kuchh samay baad jaba mitty santripti star ack nishchit moolya taka pahunch jaataa haye, tou ghuspaith kii darr darr sootra _ 22 taka starit hoe jaayegi. 
kahaan 
horton key sameekaran kaa upayog karane kii doosari vidhi neeche dee gaee haye. iska upayog ghuspaith kii kull matra, "f", samay key baad "t" kaa pataa lagaane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. 
kostiyakov sameekaran.
isake sansthaapak kostiyakov key naam parr ack anubhavjanya sameekaran haye joe yeh maanata haye kii ack shakti kaary key anusaar samay key saath sevan darr mein girawat aatee haye.
jahan sootra _ 30 aur sootra _ 27 anubhavjanya mapdand hain.
iss abhivyakti kii pramukh seema shoonya antim sevan darr parr isaki nirbharta haye. adhikansh mamalon mein, ghuspaith kii darr isake bajaay ack seemit sthir moolya taka pahunchati haye, joe kuchh mamalon mein cumm samay key baad hoe sakati haye. kostiyakov-levis sanskaran, jise "sanshodhit kostiyakov" sameekaran key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, mool sameekaran mein ack sthir sevan shabd jodkar ise sahee kartaa haye.
ekikrit roop mein, sanchayi aayatan koo iss prakaar vyakt kiya jaataa haih
kahaan 
darcy kaa kaanoon.
ghuspaith key liye upayog kii jaane vaali yeh vidhi darcy key kaanoon key ack saralikrit sanskaran kaa upayog curr rahee haye. kaee loga tark denge kii yeh vidhi bahut saral haye aur iska upayog naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye. isaki tulanaa pahale ullikhit harey aur aeye. aim. pee. tii. (1911) samadhan seey karein. yeh vidhi harey aur empt key samaan haye, lekin sanchayi ghuspaith kii gaharaai gayab haye aur isaliye yeh adhura haye kyonki yeh maanata haye kii ghuspaith dhaal kuchh manmaane lambai key sootra _ 35 parr hotaa haye. iss model mein talab kaa paani sootra _ 15 key barabar maanaa jaataa haye aur sookhi mitty kaa sir joe geeli saamane kii mitty key chushan sir kii gaharaai key neeche maujood haye, sootra _ 37 key barabar maanaa jaataa haye. 
kahaan 
yaa