
faaee x 174

faaee x 174 (yaa φx174) bacteriophase ack ekal-fanse hue dna (ssdna) virus haye joe "escarichia kolai" koo sankramit kartaa haye, aur anukramit honey vaalaa pahala dna-adharit genome haye. yeh kaam 1977 mein fred sanger aur unaki team dwara puuraa kiya gayaa thaa. 1962 mein, walter fears aur robbert sinsheimer ney pahale hii φx174 dna kii bhautik, sahsanyojak roop seey bund vrittakarta kaa pradarshan curr diyaa thaa. nobel puraskar vijeta arther cornberg ney pahale yeh saabit karane key liye ack model key roop mein φx174 kaa upayog kiya kii shuddh enzymon dwara ack pareekshan nully mein sanshleshit dna ack praakritik virus kii sabhi visheshtaon kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye, joe synthetic jeev vigyaan key yug kii shuruat kartaa haye. 1972-1974 mein, gerard hervitz, suu wickner, aur sahyogiyon key saath reed wickner ney virus key ekal fanse hue roop key dohare fanse hue pratikriti roop mein roopaantaran koo utprerit karane key liye enzymon kaa utpaadan karane key liye aavashyak jeane kii pehchaan kii. 2003 mein, kregg ventor key samooh dwara yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii φx174 kaa genome sanshleshit oligonucleotide seey poori tarah seey "inn vitro" ikattha kiya jaane vaalaa pahala thaa. φx174 virus kann koo bhee safaltapurvak "inn vitro" mein ikattha kiya gayaa haye. 2012 mein, yeh dikhaaya gayaa thaa kii kaise iska atyadhik ativyaapi genome poori tarah seey vighatit hoe sakata haye aur abhee bhee karyatmak banaa huaa haye.
genome.
iss jeevaanu mein 5,386 nucleotides kaa ack [+] golakar ekal-fanse dna genome haye. genome jee. see.-samagri 44 pratishat haye aur 95 pratishat nucleotides coding jeane seey sambandhit hain. genome key santulan aadhar pattern key kaaran, iska upayog roshni anukraman key liye niyantran dna key roop mein kiya jaataa haye.
jeane.
φx174 11 jeane koo kootbaddh kartaa haye, jinhen varnamala key lagaatar aksharon key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa haye, joe kii ack * key apavaad key saath, joe ack badey jeane key bheetar ack vaikalpik praarambh codon haye. kewal aeye * aur key jeane koo gair-aavashyak maanaa jaataa haye, halanki aeye * key baare mein kuchh sandeh haye kyonki isake start coden koo aitt mein badala jaa sakata haye lekin kissy anya anukram mein naheen. abb yeh gyaat haye kii aeye. tii. abhee bhee "ee" key bheetar protein kaa utpaadan karane mein saksham haye. kolai "aur isaliye yeh jeane vaastav mein aavashyak hoe sakata haye.
φx174 genome key pahale aadhe mein cumm seey cumm ack nucleotide dwara overlap kiye gaye 11 mein seey aathh jeane key saath uchch star key jeane overlap hotey hain. inn ativyaapi koo gair-aavashyak dikhaaya gayaa haye, halanki sabhi jeane ativyaapi key saath punah sakriya phase koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, jisase jangli prakaar seey fitness mein kamee aaee thee.
phase φx174 kaa upayog "sanshleshan dwara pramaan" drishtikon key madhyam seey andekhe aanuvanshik jaankaari kii anupasthiti koo sthaapit karane kaa prayaas karane key liye kiya gayaa haye.
pratilekh.
2020 mein, φx174 kaa pratilekh utpann kiya gayaa thaa. φx174 pratilekh kii ullekhaniya visheshtaen chaar apekshaakrit kamjor pravartakon kii ack shrinkhala haye jisamen chaar row-swatantra (aantarik) terminator aur ack row-nirbhar terminator haye.
protein.
φx174 11 protein koo kootbaddh kartaa haye.
proteom.
maas spectrometry kaa upayog karke sabhi φx174 proteins kii pehchaan haal hii mein kii gaee haye.
sankraman chakr.
sankraman taba shuru hotaa haye jaba jee protein jeevaanu mezban koshika kii satah parr lipopolysaccharides seey juda jaataa haye. aich protein (yaa dna pilot protein) "ee" kii jeevaanu jhilli key madhyam seey viral genome koo sanchaalit kartaa haye.kolai "bacteria sabse adhik sambhavana ack anumaanit aine-terminal transmembrane domen helix key madhyam seey haye. haalaanki, yeh spasht hoe gayaa haye kii aich protein ack bahu-karyatmak protein haye. yeh φx174 kaa ekmatra viral capsid protein haye jisamen kuchh karanon seey chrystal sanrachana kii kamee haye. isamen cumm sugandhit samagri aur uchch glycine samagri hoti haye, jisase protein sanrachana bahut lachili hoe jaati haye aur isake alawa, vyaktigat hydrogen parmaanuon (glycine key liye aar samooh) kaa protein chrystallography mein pataa lagaana mushkil hotaa haye. isake alawa, aich protein uchch sandrata parr jeevaanu mezban key lysis koo prerit kartaa haye kyonki anumaanit aine-terminal transmembrane helix aasaani seey jeevaanu deewaar key madhyam seey chhed curr detaa haye. jaiv soochana vigyaan dwara, iss protein mein chaar anumaanit kundalit-kundal kshetra hotey hain jinamen gyaat pratilekhan karakon key liye ack mahatvapurna samroopata hoti haye. isake alawa, yeh nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa kii anya viral protein key ishtatam sanshleshan key liye "dee novo" aich protein kii aavashyakta thee. aich protein mein utparivartan joe viral nigman koo rokta haye, koo taba door kiya jaa sakata haye jaba protein bee, aantarik machaan protein kii atirikt matra kii aapoorti kii jaati haye.
dee. aine. aeye. koo 5 gunaa sheersh parr ack hydrophilic channel key madhyam seey baahar nikala jaataa haye. yeh samajha jaataa haye kii aich protein iss kshetra mein rahata haye lekin prayogaatmak sakshya ney isake sateek sthaan kii pushti naheen kii haye. ack baar mezban jeevaanu key ander, [+] ssdna genome kii pratikriti nakaratmak indriya dna madhyavarti key madhyam seey aage badhati haye. yeh phase genome supercoil key roop mein kiya jaataa haye aur iss tarah key supercoil dwara banaai gaee maadhyamik sanrachana ack primosome protein complexes koo aakarshit karati haye. yeh genome key chaaron or ack baar sthanantarit hotaa haye aur sakaratmak mool genome seey ack [−] ssdna koo sanshleshit kartaa haye. virus mein package karane key liye aiss. aiss. dee. aine. aeye. genome ack rolling circle tantra dwara banaae jaate hain. yeh vaha tantra haye jisake dwara dohare fanse hue supercoiled genome koo ack virus-encoded protein dwara sakaratmak strand parr nick kiya jaataa haye, joe ack jeevaanu dna polymerase (dnap) koo bhee daraar kii site parr aakarshit kartaa haye. dee. aine. aeye. pee. sakaratmak arth banaane key liye nakaratmak strand kaa upayog ack template key roop mein kartaa haye. jaise hii yeh genome key chaaron or sthanantarit hotaa haye, yeh pahale seey hii sanshleshit dna key baahari strand koo visthaapit kartaa haye, joe turant ssbp protein dwara lepit hotaa haye. ack protein harr baar jaba vaha mool anukram koo pahachaantaa haye tou vaha poorna genome koo alag kartaa haye.
dee protein sabse prachur matra mein jeane pratilekh haye, yeh viral procapsid mein sabse adhik protein haye. isi tarah, aff, jey aur jee key liye jeane pratilekh aich kii tulanaa mein adhik prachur matra mein hain kyonki inn sanrachanaatmak proteins key liye stoichiometry 5:5:5:1 haye. primosome protein parisar hain joe template parr enzyme helicase koo sanlagn/baandhate hain. primosome taaron koo dee. aine. aeye. sanshleshan key liye aar. aine. aeye. primer detaa haye.
jatijanan aur vividhata.
φx174 anya sookshmajeevi seey nikatata seey sambandhit haye, vishesh roop seey aine. see. phase (ee.jee. aine. see. 1, aine. see. 7, aine. see. 11, aine. see. 16, aine. see. 37, aine. see. 5, aine. see. 41, aine. see. 56, aine. see. 51, aadi.) aur adhik door seey jee4 jaise phase seey sambandhit aur isase bhee adhik door seey α3 jaise phase seey sambandhit. rokita aur anya. 2006 ney unake sambandhon kaa ack jatijanya vriksh prastut kiya.
upayog karein.
prayogaatmak vikas.
φx174 kaa upayog kaee vikas prayogon mein ack model jeev key roop mein kiya gayaa haye.
jaiv praudyogiki.
anya jeevon kii tulanaa mein apekshaakrit chhote genome aakar key kaaran dee. aine. aeye. anukraman mein φx174 kaa niyamit roop seey sakaratmak niyantran key roop mein upayog kiya jaataa haye, isaki apekshaakrit santulit nucleotide samagri-lagbhag 23 pratishat graam, 22 pratishat see, 24 pratishat aeye, aur 31 pratishat tii, i.ee.45 pratishat graam + see aur 55 pratishat aeye + tii, isake 5,386 nucleotide lambe anukram key liye abhigam nc_001422.1 dekhein. roshni key anukraman upkaran φx174 kaa upayog ack sakaratmak niyantran key roop mein karate hain, aur ack ekal roshni anukraman daud kaee million baar φx174 genome koo cover curr sakati haye, jisase yeh itihas mein sabse adhik anukramit genome bunn jaataa haye.
φx174 kaa upayog rakt janit virus key liye vyaktigat suraksha upkaran key pratirodh kaa pareekshan karane key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye.
viral capsid jee protein seey peptide display (phase display) koo saksham karane key liye φx174 koo bhee sanshodhit kiya gayaa haye.
synthetic jeev vigyaan.
φx174 genome khameer mein clone kiya jaane vaalaa pahala phase thaa, joe genome sanshodhanon key liye ack suvidhajanak drydock pradaan kartaa haye. φx174 bhee pahala genome thaa jise poori tarah seey vighatit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen sabhi jeane overlap hataa diye gaye they. inn parivartanon key prabhaav key parinamswarup mezban lagaav, protein abhivyakti apkraman aur garmi samvedansheelta mein kaafee kamee aaee.

