
russell county, alabama mein marshel low kii ghoshana

22 julaai, 1954 koo governor gorden vyaktiyon dwara russell county, alabama mein marshel low kii ack seemit sthiti ghoshit kii gaee thee. county, vishesh roop seey phenix shahar, kanunvihin hoe gayaa thaa, aur vyaktiyon kaa sthaaniya kaanoon pravartan mein vishvaas khou gayaa thaa, joe avaidh juaa syndicate, raajneetik bhrashtachar aur albama key attorney general key liye democratic party key naamit albert patterson kii hatyaa mein funce gayaa thaa. marshel low kii ghoshana key tahat, shahar key pulis vibhaag aur county sheriff key karyalaya koo neeche khadaa curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur unake kartavyon koo alabama rashtriya gaard dwara grahan kiya gayaa thaa.
national gaard, mejar general walter jey key tahat. hannah ney nagrikon koo nirastra karane aur juaa pratishthanon aur sharaab parosane vaale parisaron koo bund karane key liye kadam uthaaye. navambar taka, rashtriya rakshak ney vyavastha bahaal curr dee thee aur dashakon taka shahar mein pahale swatantra chunaavon koo suvidhajanak banaane mein madad kii thee. raajya key karyavahak attorney general dwara jaanch key baad, 17 janwari, 1955 koo marshel low kii sthiti koo hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, russell county key mukhya upa sheriff koo patterson kii hatyaa key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa, jiska betaa, johnn malcum patterson, baad mein attorney general aur phir governor chunaa gayaa thaa.
prishthabhoomi.
russell county mein girard shahar, alabama sharaab key vyaapaar parr nirbhar thaa, kyonki dou pramukh whisky godam they. raajya ney 1914 mein sharaab kii bikri koo gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa, lekin sthaaniya adhikaariyon key aankhen moond lene key saath yeh jaari rhaa. 1916 mein alabama raajya key attorney general logan martin ney hastakshep kiya, shahar mein sashastr pratinidhiyon koo bheja aur ack vishesh abhiyojak koo karyabhar sambhaalane key liye niyukt kiya. ack grand juurii ney baad mein city marshel koo rishwat sweekaar karane key liye doshi thaharaaya, russell county sheriff, paal daniel parr apraadhiyon key saath sajish rachane key liye mahaabhiyog chalaaya aur meyer aur board off alderman koo istifa dene key liye majboor kiya. martin key pratinidhiyon ney usa samay dakshin mein sabse badee sharaab kii chhapemari kii, jisamen ack hii dinn mein whisky koo chattahochi nadee mein fenk diyaa gayaa. 1918 mein, sirf chattahochi key paar, yuu.aiss. senaa ney fort benning khola, aur saikadon sanic jald hii russell county mein isake veshyalayon, sharaab kii dukaanon aur juaa gharon kaa daura karane key liye yatra curr rahey they. garjana karane vaale bees key dashak key dauran aur sharaab key rashtriya nishedh key tahat county mein aaparaadhik tatva panpa; daniel koo sheriff key roop mein phir seey chunaa gayaa. padosi phenix shahar key saath girard koo milakar arajakta parr ankush lagaane kaa prayaas nae shahar key adhikaariyon key bhrasht honey key saath whiffle hoe gayaa.
1930 key dashak mein shahar key adhikaariyon ney khajaane mein yogdan key badale chuninda kaanoonon koo lagu karane key liye apraadhiyon key saath samjhaute kiye. kaee juaa holl aur veshyalayon parr dhong karane key liye chhaapa maaraa jaataa thaa, lekin unhein kewal jurmaane yaa unake licenses key 30-divasiya nilamban kaa saamana karna padata thaa. teen sadasyiya shahar aayog sthaaniya aparaadh karane vaalon key saath leag mein thaa joe sharaab, juaa aur veshyavritti rackett chalaate they. county sheriff, shahar key pulis aayukt aur anya karyalayon key liye chunaav taya kiye gaye they, jisamen pratyek koo 10 dollar taka key liye vote khareede gaye they. aaparaadhik tatvon ney chamber off commers aur school aur aspatal boardon mein bhee seeten leey leen. inmein seey kaee loga koo clux clan key sadasya bhee they jinhone shahar mein vaarshik mashal pared aur cross-burning kaa ayojan kiya. juurii chayan mein dhandhali kii gaee thee aur kaee mritak nivasi soochi mein baney hue they; yadi unhein apane sthaanon kii seva key liye bulaaya jaataa haye tou apraadhiyon dwara liya jaataa thaa.
1938 kii ritz kaife aapada mein vyaapak avaidh lotteries key ujagar honey key bavjood, jisake dauran ack juaa ghar key dhahane key baad 24 loga maare gaye they, raajya key rajyapal ney hastakshep karane seey incar curr diyaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran fort benning kaa vistaar kiya gayaa thaa aur ack samay parr 80,000 sainikon koo rakhaa gayaa thaa, jisase avaidh arthavyavastha koo badhaava milaa thaa. ack aadhikarik senaa key anuman key anusaar lagbhag 80 pratishat sainikon ney phenix shahar kaa daura kiya aur unake aadhe seey adhik vetan vahaan kharch kiye gaye. yuddh key liye americi raajya sachiv heinry ell. uttejana ney phenix koo "america kaa sabse dusht shahar" kahaa aur pramukh general george patton, joe fort benning mein tainaat they, ney shahar koo jameen parr giraane key liye apane tankon kaa upayog karane kaa prastaav rakhaa. shaferred-mathuse crime syndicate, jisane varshon seey shahar kii arthavyavastha key ack mahatvapurna hisse koo niyantrit kiya thaa, 1951 mein avaidh udyam seey baahar hoe gayaa. iss kadam kaa sudhaar abhiyankariyon dwara swaagat kiya gayaa thaa, lekin arajakta mein vriddhi hui kyonki unaki jagah cumm sanyamit apraadhiyon ney lii thee. 1954 taka shahar mein avaidh arthavyavastha prati varsh 10 karod dollar thee.
patterson kii hatyaa aur raajya kii pratikriya.
1954 key chunaavon seey pahale alabama key attorney general key liye, phenix shahar key nivasi aur vakeel albert patterson ney shahar koo aparaadh seey mukt karane key munch parr democratic party key namankan key liye ack abhiyaan chalaaya. matdan mein aniyamitataon key bavjood, unhone praathamik chunaav jeetaa, lekin isake turant baad 18 juuna, 1954 koo phenix shahar mein unake karyalayon key paas golibari karke unaki hatyaa curr dee gaee. patterson kii hatyaa ney phenix shahar mein ashanti paida curr dee, nagrik kalyan sangh ney governor koo soochit kiya kii shahar arajakta key kagaar parr thaa. russell county kii arajakta mein hastakshep karane key liye anichhuk honey key bavjood vyaktiyon ney turant raajya-niyantrit alabama rajmarg gasht kaa adesh diyaa. unhone sanghiya jaanch beuro (aff. bee. aaee.) seey iss tark parr sanghiya sahaayata kaa bhee anurodh kiya kii hatyara georgia mein raajya seema koo paar curr sakata thaa.
vyaktiyon ney mejar general walter jey. koo bhee adesh diyaa. albama national gaard key sahayak general hannah, shahar mein yeh aaklan karane key liye kii kyaa shaanti banaae rakhane key liye sainikon kii aavashyakta thee. hannah 19 juuna kii subah sthaaniya star parr tainaat kaee sainikon aur raajya key anya hisson seey laae gaye kuchh sainikon kii kamaan sambhaalate hue phenix shahar mein pahunche. siddhant roop mein, way sthaaniya kaanoon pravartan kii sahaayata key liye vahaan they, lekin vaha jald hii una parr avishvaas karane aur avaidh gatividhiyon mein unaki sanliptata parr sandeh karane lagaa. hannah ney adesh jaari kiya kii sabhi juaa bund hoe jaanaa thaa aur dou dinn baad, raajya rajmarg gashti dall aur rashtriya gaard key ack bull kaa netritva kiya, jisane lagbhag 100 avaidh juaa upkaranon koo jabt curr liya. choonki unake paas koee kanuni adhikaar naheen thaa, isaliye bull niji clubon yaa kamaron taka pahunchane yaa giraftari karane mein asamarth thaa.
hannah ney juaa syndicates kii jaanch karane key liye apane gardman dwara ack prati-khufiya abhiyaan kaa ayojan kiya, aanshik roop seey gupt roop seey. operation ney nirdhaarit kiya kii shahar kii pulis aur county key pratinidhi gaard kii gatividhiyon koo dekh rahey they aur chhaape key samay aur sthaan key baare mein gangsters koo bataa rahey they. usee samay, ack sthaaniya grand juurii patterson hatyaa kii jaanch key saath koee pragati karane mein whiffle rahee thee. hannah ney vyaktiyon koo sifarish kii kii sthaaniya agencies seey kaanoon pravartan kii jimmedaari lene key liye rashtriya rakshak koo anumati dene key liye marshel low ghoshit kiya jaae. hannah ney baad mein kahaa, "yeh ack kharaab pratishtha kaa puuraa shahar thaa. hamane pichhale chaar varshon mein hui 28 hatyaon kaa khulasa kiya, binaa kissy abhiyog key, bahut cumm doshasiddhi. jyaadaatar samay, logon koo maarnaa unhein khareedane kii tulanaa mein sastaa aur surakshit thaa, kyonki mrit loga marr jaate hain."
marshel low kii ghoshana.
22 julaai, 1954 koo hamaare rashtrapati dwite eisenhower aur aff. bee. aaee. key nideshak jey. edger hoover, governor vyaktiyon ney shahar mein seemit marshel low kii ghoshana kii, jisase rashtriya gaard koo russell county mein kaanoon pravartan kartavyon koo sambhaalane kii anumati millie. yeh bataaya gayaa thaa kii machinegan, shotgun aur carbine seey lais rashtriya rakshak sthaaniya kaanoon pravartan koo nirastra karane aur unake baij koo jabt karane key liye sheriff key karyalaya aur pulis vibhaag mein pravesh kiya.
hannah ney sabhi hathiyaron key permit koo radd curr diyaa, aur 23 julaai taka, sainikon ney nagrikon seey 40 pistaul aur ack upa-machine bandook jabt curr lii thee. 23 julaai koo bhee, paharedaron ney shahar mein sabhi bear aur sharaab-licenses praapt pratishthanon kii jaanch kii, kyonki unhein aksar toda-phod karane key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa. kuchh bear pratishthanon koo anupaalan karane vaalaa paaya gayaa aur unhein jaari rakhane kii anumati dee gaee, lekin kissy bhee sharaab licenses kaa navinikaran naheen kiya gayaa. cumm seey cumm 1955 taka koee nayaa licenses jaari naheen kiya gayaa thaa. 24 julaai koo, hannah ney juaa pratishthanon parr teen dinon kii chhapemari kaa adesh diyaa aur ack nae-gathit grand juurii key liye lagbhag 500 abhiyog ekatra kiye. hannah aur usake gardman ney sthaaniya upa syndicate kaa lagbhag safaya curr diyaa.
marshel low key karyanvayan key dou saptah baad, phenix shahar key mahapour koo apane kartavyon kii upeksha karane key liye jail bhej diyaa gayaa thaa, aur shahar koo hannah dwara chune gaye sainya karmiyon key ack samooh dwara prashaasit kiya gayaa thaa. navambar 1954 mein, jaba shahar mein vyavastha bahaal hoe gaee thee, dashakon mein pahale swatantra chunaav aayojit kiye gaye they, jisamen pratyek matpatra boxes parr sashastr gardman they aur ginati kii nigrani kii gaee thee. sthiti koo sthir karane key baad, 17 janwari 1955 koo marshel low koo radd curr diyaa gayaa aur shahar nagrik niyantran mein laut aaya.
isake baad.
chunaav dhokhadhadi parr dou baar poochtaachh key baad raajya key attorney general see garrett ney khud koo ack mansik aspatal mein bharti karaaya, patterson kii hatyaa aur shahar mein anya pramukh apraadhon kii jaanch karyavahak attorney general bernard sikes junier dwara kii gaee thee. nagrik jaanchkartaon aur vakeelon key ack karmchari key saath. sikes key nirdesh key tahat, ack grand juurii ney 2,500 seey adhik samman jaari kiye aur 150 seey adhik vyaktiyon parr 759 abhiyog vaapas kiye, joe taba alabama mein kissy bhee grand juurii key liye ack record thaa. dou abhiyukton koo chhodkar sabhi koo baad mein doshi paaya gayaa.
russell county key mukhya upa sheriff, albert fuller; phenix city circuit solicitor (ack jilaa vakeel key anuroop), walter johns; aur raajya key attorney general, garrett, sabhi koo patterson kii hatyaa key liye abhiyukt kiya gayaa thaa. fuller koo doshi paaya gayaa aur usey aajivan karawas kii sajaa sunai gaee; johns koo burry curr diyaa gayaa; aur garrett, joe aspatal mein rahey, koo kabhi bhee mukadame mein naheen laaya gayaa. hatyaa key pramukh chashmadid gavaahon mein seey ack koo khuli adalat mein gawahi dene key baad chaku markar maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
apane chunaav abhiyaan key dauran, patterson ney daavaa kiya thaa kii phenix shahar koo isaki arajakta seey mukt karane mein duss saal lugg sakate hain. unaki mrityu aur baad mein marshel low lagu karane kaa matlab thaa kii yeh kewal saat maheenon mein puuraa hoe gayaa thaa. 1974 mein, "newyork times" ney abhiyaan koo atyadhik safal bataaya aur kahaa kii isane phoenix shahar mein 20 varshon key apekshaakrit cumm aparaadh kaa kaaran banaa. yeh ghatana taba punarnirmaan yug key baad seey americi shahar mein marshel low ghoshit honey kaa ekmatra udaaharan thaa joe nagrik ashanti yaa praakritik aapada key karanon seey naheen thaa. albert key bete johnn malcum patterson koo 1955 mein apane pitaa key sthaan parr albama kaa attorney general chunaa gayaa thaa aur 1959 taka iss pada parr rahey, jaba way governor baney.
general hannah ney ack rashtriya rakshak adhikaari, mejar harshel finani koo phenix shahar mein rakshak kii gatividhiyon kaa itihas likhane kaa nirdesh diyaa. hannah ney ise poori tarah seey ack aitihaasik record key roop mein irada kiya, yadi aisee hii sthiti phir seey hui tou ise ack sandarbh key roop mein upayog kiya jaanaa chaahiye. haalaanki, yeh saarvajanik kshetra mein apana raasta khoj liya aur advin strickland aur jeane wartsman kii 1955 kii pustak "phenix siteeh dha wickdest city inn america" kaa aadhar bunn gayaa. 1955 kii sambaddh kalakaron kii film 'dha phenix city story' mein iss ghatana kaa ack aanshik roop seey kaalpanik vivaran dikhaai diyaa.
shamil sanic.
isamen shamil sanic mejar general walter jenaa, alabama national gaard key adjutant general kii kamaan mein they aur kissy bhee samay lagbhag 500 karmiyon kii sankhya thee. sainikon koo mukhya roop seey albama senaa key rashtriya rakshak seey kheencha gayaa thaa, lekin albama air national gaard kii kuchh ikaaiyon kaa bhee upayog kiya gayaa thaa. operation key hisse key roop mein, phenix shahar koo fort benning mein tainaat senaa key karmiyon key liye seema seey baahar ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa, aur usa adesh key ullanghan koo rokane key liye 14 veen sadak aur dillingham pulon parr atirikt sainya pulis tainaat kii gaee thee.
phoenix shahar nagrik vikshobh padak 18 juuna, 1954 seey 17 janwari, 1955 taka seva key liye nagrik aur sainya karmiyon koo pradaan kiya gayaa thaa aur lagbhag 600 rashtriya gardman koo pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. padak kalaa company dwara alabama raajya sarkaar key liye sabhi 1,000 padak banaae gaye they.
tainaat sainikon koo nimnalikhit ikaaiyon seey kheencha gayaa thaah

