
prishth dosh

computing mein, ack prishth dosh (kabhi-kabhi pee. aff. yaa haard fault kahaa jaataa haye) ack apavaad haye joe smriti prabandhan ikai (aim. aim. yuu.) taba uthaati haye jaba ack prakriya uchit taiyari key binaa smriti prishth taka pahunch banaati haye. prishth taka pahunchane key liye prakriya key aabhaasi patey key sthaan mein ack maanchitran jodane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. isake alawa, vaastavik prishth samagri koo ack sahayak store seey load karane kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye, jaise kii disk. aim. aim. yuu. prishth kii kharabi kaa pataa lagaata haye, lekin operating system kaa kernell bhautik smriti mein aavashyak prishth koo sulabh banaakar yaa avaidh smriti pahunch seey incar karke apavaad koo sambhalata haye.
vaidh prishth dosh samanya hain aur kissy bhee operating system mein programon key liye upalabdh memori kii matra koo badhaane key liye aavashyak hain joe aabhaasi memori kaa upayog karate hain, jaise kii windows, macos aur linux kernell.
prakaar.
nabalig.
yadi prishth koo usa samay smriti mein load kiya jaataa haye jaba dosh utpann hotaa haye, lekin smriti prabandhan ikai mein smriti mein load kiye jaane key roop mein chihnit naheen kiya jaataa haye, tou ise ack laghu yaa naram prishth dosh kahaa jaataa haye. operating system mein pays fault handler koo kewal memori prabandhan ikai mein usa pays key liye pravishti karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye joe memori mein pays koo ingit kartaa haye aur ingit kartaa haye kii pays memori mein load haye; ise pays koo memori mein padhane kii aavashyakta naheen haye. yeh taba hoe sakata haye jaba smriti koo vibhinn karyakramon dwara saajha kiya jaataa haye aur prishth koo pahale seey hii anya karyakramon key liye smriti mein laaya jaataa haye.
prishth koo ack prakriya key kaary samooh seey bhee hataaya jaa sakata thaa, lekin abhee taka disk parr naheen likhaa gayaa thaa yaa mitaa naheen diyaa gayaa thaa, jaise kii operating system mein joe maadhyamik prishth cashing kaa upayog karate hain. udaaharan key liye, aich. pee. openvi. aim. ack aise prishth koo hataa sakata haye jise disk parr likhane kii aavashyakta naheen haye (udaaharan key liye, yadi yeh disk seey aakhiri baar padhe jaane key baad seey aparivartit rhaa haye) aur yadi kaaryasheel sett bahut badaa maanaa jaataa haye tou ise ack mukt prishth soochi mein rakhein. haalaanki, prishth kii samagri taba taka adhilekhit naheen kii jaati haye jaba taka kii prishth koo kaheen aur nirdisht naheen kiya jaataa haye, jiska arth haye kii yeh abhee bhee upalabdh haye yadi ise aavantit kiye jaane seey pahale mool prakriya dwara sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. choonki inn doshon mein disk vilambata shamil naheen haye, isaliye way pramukh prishth doshon kii tulanaa mein tej aur cumm mahange hain.
mejar.
yeh ack operating system dwara maang parr upalabdh prograam memori kii matra koo badhaane key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa tantra haye. operating system disk seey prograam key hisson koo load karane mein deree kartaa haye jaba taka kii prograam iska upayog karane kaa prayaas naheen kartaa haye aur pays fault utpann naheen hoe jaati haye. yadi prishth mein galati key samay smriti mein load naheen kiya gayaa haye, tou ise pramukh yaa haard pays fault kahaa jaataa haye. os mein pays fault handler koo ack muft sthaan khojane kii aavashyakta haih yaa tou memori mein ack muft prishth, yaa memori mein ack gair-mukt prishth. yeh baad vaalaa ack anya prakriya dwara upayog kiya jaa sakata haye, jiss mamle mein os koo usa prishth mein detta likhane kii aavashyakta haye (yadi ise antim baar sanshodhit kiye jaane key baad seey naheen likhaa gayaa haye) aur usa prishth koo apani prakriya prishth talika mein smriti mein load naheen kiya jaa rhaa haye. ack baar jagah upalabdh hoe jaane key baad, os nae prishth key liye detta koo memori mein padh sakata haye, memori prabandhan ikai mein isake sthaan parr ack pravishti jodd sakata haye, aur ingit curr sakata haye kii prishth load hoe gayaa haye. iss prakaar pramukh dosh mamuli doshon kii tulanaa mein adhik mahange hotey hain aur baadhit karyakram key nishpaadan mein bhandaran pahunch vilambata jodate hain.
amaanya.
yadi kissy prishth mein truti kissy aise patey key sandarbh key liye hoti haye joe aabhaasi patey key sthaan kaa hissa naheen haye, jiska arth haye kii smriti mein isake anuroop koee prishth naheen hoe sakata haye, tou ise amaanya prishth dosh kahaa jaataa haye. operating system mein pays fault handler taba aam taur parr ullanghan prakriya mein ack vibhajan dosh koo paarit karega, joe ingit kartaa haye kii pahunch amaanya thee; isake parinamswarup aamtaur parr code kii asamanya samaapti hoti haye jisane amaanya sandarbh banaaya. ack null pointer koo aamtaur parr pataa sthaan mein 0 koo sambodhit karane key liye ack soochak key roop mein darshaaya jaataa haye; kaee operating system yeh ingit karane key liye aim. aim. yuu. sett karate hain kii jiss prishth mein vaha pataa haye vaha smriti mein naheen haye, aur usa prishth koo aabhaasi patey sthaan mein shamil naheen karate hain, taaki ack null pointer dwara sandarbhit smriti koo padhane yaa likhane kaa prayaas karane parr ack amaanya prishth dosh mill jaae.
amaanya shartein.
avaidh pahunch aur amaanya prishth dosh key parinamswarup vibhajan dosh yaa buss truti hoe sakati haye, jisake parinamswarup aip yaa os crashes hoe sakata haye. software bugg aksar inn samasyaon key kaaran hotey hain, lekin hardware memori trutiyaan, jaise kii overclocking key kaaran, sanketon koo bhrasht curr sakati hain aur swasth code koo whiffle curr sakati hain.
operating system prishth dosh trutiyon kii report karane key liye alag-alag tantra pradaan karate hain. microsoft windows abhigam ullanghan apvaadon key roop mein amaanya prishth doshon kii report karane key liye sanrachit apavaad handling kaa upayog kartaa haye. unix jaisi pranaaliyan aamtaur parr sanketon kaa upayog karati hain, jaise kii sigsegvi, inn truti sthitiyon koo karyakramon koo report karane key liye. yadi truti praapt karane vaalaa prograam ise sambhal naheen paataa haye, tou operating system ack default kaarravaai kartaa haye, jisamen aamtaur parr chalane vaali prakriya kii samaapti shamil hoti haye joe truti kii sthiti kaa kaaran banati haye, aur upayogkarta koo soochit kartaa haye kii prograam mein kharabi aaee haye. khidakiyan aksar binaa kissy vivaran parr jaae iss tarah key crashes kii report karati hain. ack anubhavi upayogkarta windbeasy aur khidakiyon dwara crashes key dauran banaae gaye minidump kaa upayog karke vistrit jaankaari praapt curr sakata haye. unix jaise operating system inn sthitiyon koo "vibhajan ullanghan" yaa "buss truti" jaise truti sandeshon key saath report karate hain, aur ack mukhya dump kaa utpaadan curr sakate hain.
pradarshan prabhaav.
prishth dosh pranali key pradarshan koo cumm curr dete hain aur thrashing kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain. haard disk drive kaa upayog karane vaale paaramparik computers parr pramukh prishth dosh unake pradarshan parr mahatvapurna prabhaav daal sakate hain, kyonki ack ausat haard disk drive mein 3 ms kii ausat ghoornan vilambata, 5 ms kaa ack seek samay aur 0.05 ms/pays kaa sthanantaran samay hotaa haye. isaliye, paging key liye kull samay 8 ms (= 8,000 microne) key karib haye. yadi smriti pahunch kaa samay 0.2 microne haye, tou prishth dosh sanchaalan koo lagbhag 40,000 gunaa dheema curr dega.
karyakramon yaa operating system key pradarshan anukoolan mein aksar prishth doshon kii sankhya koo cumm karna shamil hotaa haye. anukoolan key dou praathamik kendra samagr smriti upayog koo cumm karna aur smriti sthaan mein sudhaar karna haye. prishth dosh koo cumm karane key liye, developers koo ack upayukt prishth pratisthaapan algorithm kaa upayog karna chaahiye joe prishth hitt koo adhikatam kartaa haye. kaee prastaav kiye gaye hain, jaise kii prishth dosh kii ghatnaaon koo cumm karane key liye shodhaatmak algorithm koo lagu karna.
ack badee bhautik smriti prishth dosh koo bhee cumm karati haye.