
virginia woolf

adlean virginia woolf (;; 25 janwari 1882-28 march 1941) ack angreji lekhika theen. unhein 20veen shatabdi key sabse mahatvapurna adhuniktawadi lekhakon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye aur ack varnanatmak upkaran key roop mein chetna kii dhaara key upayog mein agrani maanaa jaataa haye.
woolf kaa janm dakshin kensington, landan mein ack samriddh ghar mein huaa thaa, joe julia princessep jackson aur leslie stephen kii saatvin santan thee, joe aathh logon key mishrit parivaar mein thee jisamen adhuniktawadi chitrakaar vanessa bell bhee shamil thee. unhone cumm umr seey hii angreji shaastriya aur victorian saahitya mein ghar parr padhaai kii thee. 1897 seey 1901 taka, unhone kings college landan key mahila vibhaag mein bhaag liya, jahan unhone shaastriya aur itihas kaa adhyayan kiya aur mahila uchch shiksha aur mahila adhikaar andolan key praarambhik sudharakon key sampark mein aaeen.
apane pitaa seey protsaahit hocker, woolf ney 1900 mein peshevar roop seey likhana shuru kiya. 1904 mein apane pitaa kii mrityu key baad, stephen parivaar kensington seey adhik bohemian bloomsbury mein chalaa gayaa, jahan bhaaiyon key bauddhik doston key saath milkar, unhone kalaatmak aur saahityik bloomsbury samooh kaa gathan kiya. 1912 mein, unhone leonard woolf seey shaadi kii, aur 1917 mein, dampati ney hogarth press kii sthaapana kii, jisane unake adhikansh kaam koo prakaashit kiya. unhone sussex mein ack ghar kiraaye parr liya aur 1940 mein sthaayi roop seey vahaan chaley gaye. woolf key mahilaaon key saath romantic sambandh they. unaki mahila premiyon mein seey ack veeta sackville-west theen, jinhone hogarth press key madhyam seey woolf kii pustaken prakaashit keen. donon mahila saahitya unake sambandhon seey prerit hue, joe woolf kii mrityu taka chaley.
antar-yuddh kaal key dauran, oona landan key saahityik aur kalaatmak samaaj kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa thaa. 1915 mein, unhone apane sautele bhaai key prakaashan ghar, gerald duckworth aind company key madhyam seey apana pahala upanyaas, "dha wareways out" prakaashit kiya. unaki sabse prasiddh kritiyon mein upanyaas "shrimati daloway" (1925), "too dha lighthouse" (1927) aur "" (1928) shamil hain. unhein apane nibandhon key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, jaise kii "aeye room off vans one" (1929). 1970 key dashak mein nariwadi aalochana key andolan key kendriya vishayon mein seey ack bunn gayaa. 50 seey adhik bhaashaon mein anuvaadit unaki kritiyon ney narivad koo prerit karane key liye dhyaan aakarshit kiya haye aur vyaapak tippani kii haye. lekhan kaa ack badaa hissa unake jeevan aur kaary koo samarpit haye. vaha natakon, upanyason aur filmon kaa vishay rahee hain. oolf koo moortiyon, unake kaam koo samarpit samitiyon aur landan vishvavidyalaya mein ack imarat dwara yaad kiya jaataa haye. apane poore jeevan mein, woolf mansik bimari seey pareshan thee. unhein kaee baar sansthaagat banaaya gayaa aur cumm seey cumm dou baar aatmahatya kaa prayaas kiya gayaa. dalsimmer (2004) key anusaar, unaki bimari key lakshnon koo baad mein dwidhruvi vikaar key roop mein nidan kiya gayaa, jisake liye unake jivankal key dauran koee prabhaavi upchaar naheen thaa. 1941 mein, 59 varsh kii ayu mein, woolf kii luce mein nadee mein doobane seey mrityu hoe gaee.
jeevan.
parivarik mool.
virginia woolf kaa janm 25 janwari 1882 koo dakshin kensington, landan mein 22 hyde park gett parr julia (nee jackson) (1846-1895) aur surr leslie stephen (1832-1904), lekhak, itihaaskaar, nibandhkar, jeevanikaar aur parvatarohi key ghar huaa thaa. julia jackson kaa janm 1846 mein kalkatta, british bhaarat mein dou anglo-indian parivaaron seey johnn jackson aur maria "miyaa" theodosia pattle key ghar huaa thaa. johnn jackson aff. aar. see. bangal key george jackson aur mairi howard key teesare bete they, jinhone bangal chikitsa seva aur east india company key saath 25 saal bitaaye aur nae kalkatta medical college mein professor they. jabaki johnn jackson lagbhag adrishya upasthiti they, pattle parivaar prasiddh sundariyaan theen, aur bangali samaaj key uchch halakon mein sthanantarit hoe gaye. saat chhoti bahanon ney mahatvapurna parivaaron mein shaadi kii. julia margaret cameron ack prasiddh photographer theen, jabaki virginia ney earl somers seey shaadi kii, aur unaki betty, julia jackson kii chacheri bahan, lady heinry somerset theen, joe sanyam kii netaa theen. julia dou saal kii umr mein apani maan key saath ingland chully gaeen aur unhone apane shuruati jeevan kaa adhikansh samay apani maan kii ack aur bahan, saaraa monkton pattle key saath bitaaya. saaraa aur unake pati heinry thobi princep ney chhote holland house mein ack kalaatmak aur saahityik sailoon kaa sanchaalan kiya, jahan way edward burney-johns jaise kaee poorv-graphalite chitrakaron key sampark mein aaeen, jinake liye unhone modeling kii.
julia teen bahanon mein sabse chhoti thee, aur adeline virginia kaa naam unaki maan kii sabse badee bahan adeline maria jackson (1837-1881) aur unaki maan kii chaachi virginia pattle (pattle parivaar kaa pedh dekhein) key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. pichhale saal usaki chaachi adlean kii mrityu kii trasdi key kaaran, parivaar ney kabhi bhee virginia key pahale naam kaa upayog naheen kiya. jackson ack sushikshit, saahityik aur kalaatmak rajvanshiya madhyam vargiya parivaar they. 1867 mein, julia jackson ney ack barrister, herbert duckworth seey shaadi kii, lekin teen saal key bheetar teen shishu bachchon key saath ack vidhwa reh gaee. vaha tabah hoe gaee aur apane vishvaas koo chhodkar aur nursing aur paropkar kii or rukh karate hue shoke kii ack lambi avadhi mein pravesh curr gaee. julia aur herbert duckworth key teen bachche theh
leslie stephen kaa janm 1832 mein dakshin kensington mein surr james aur lady jaine catherine stephen (nee wein) key ghar huaa thaa, joe claffom key rector johnn wein kii betty theen. weins evangelical claffom sampradaay kaa kendra they. surr james stephen aupaniveshik karyalaya mein avar sachiv they, aur ack anya claffom sadasya, villium wilberforce key saath, 1833 mein gulami unmoolan vidheyak key paarit honey key liye jimmedaar they. 1849 mein unhein cambridge vishvavidyalaya mein aadhunik itihas kaa regius professor niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. shikshakon, vakeelon aur lekhakon key ack parivaar key roop mein stephen kuleen bauddhik abhijaat varg kaa pratinidhitva karate they. jabaki unakaa parivaar pratishthit aur buddhijivi thaa, way julia jackson kii tulanaa mein cumm rangeen aur kuleen they. cambridge vishvavidyalaya key ack snaatak aur adhyeta, unhone landan jaane key liye apane vishvaas aur pada kaa tyag curr diyaa, jahan way ack ullekhaniya aksharon key vyakti bunn gaye. isake alawa, vaha ack rambler aur parvatarohi they, jinhen laal bhoore rung kii daadhi key saath ack "gunt figure" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa...ack durjeya vyakti, jiska maathe bahut oonchaa, neeli aankhen aur lambi nukili naak haye."usee varsh jaba julia jackson kii shaadi hui, unhone villium makepeace thaakare kii sabse chhoti betty harriot marian (minni) thaakare (1840-1875) seey shaadi kii, jinhone unhein ack betty, laura (1870-1945) koo janm diyaa, lekin 1875 mein prasav key dauran unaki mrityu hoe gaee. laura vikasatmak roop seey viklang thaa aur antatah sansthaagat hoe gayaa.
vidhwa julia duckworth, misli stephen koo minni kii badee bahan annie (annie) isabella richi key saath usaki dosti key madhyam seey jaanati thee aur usake agyeyavaadi lekhan mein ruchi vikasit kii thee. jiss raat mini kii mrityu hoe gaee, vaha vahaan maujood thee aur baad mein, leslie stephen kii dekhbhal kii aur usey hyde park gett parr usake buggle mein jaane mein madad kii taaki laura apane bachchon key saath kuchh saahcharya banaa sakey. donon shoke mein vyast they aur halanki unhone ack ghanishth mitrata aur gahan patrachar vikasit kiya, iss baat parr sahmat they kii yeh aage naheen badhega. leslie stephen ney 1877 mein usey prastaav diyaa, ack prastaav jise usane aswikar curr diyaa, lekin jaba annie ney usa varsh baad mein shaadi kii tou usane usey sweekaar curr liya aur 26 march 1878 koo unaki shaadi hoe gaee. vaha aur laura phir julia key ghar mein chaley gaye, jahan way 1904 mein unaki mrityu taka rahey. julia 32 varsh kii thee aur leslie 46 varsh kii thee.
unake pahale bachche, vanessa kaa janm 30 maee 1879 koo huaa thaa. julia ney apane pati koo ack bachche key saath prastut kiya aur abb unaki dekhbhal key liye paanch bachche hain, unhone apane parivaar key vikas koo seemit karane kaa faisala kiya. haalaanki, iss tathya key bavjood kii dampati ney "savdhani" barati, unnisvin shatabdi mein "garbhanirodhak" ack bahut hii apoorna kalaa theeh "isake parinamswarup agale chaar varshon mein teen aur bachche paida hue.
22 hyde park gett (1882-1904).
1882-1895.
virginia woolf apane aatmakathaatmak nibandhon mein apane praarambhik jeevan key baare mein antardrishti pradaan karati hain, jisamen "yaaden" (1908), "22 hyde park gett" (1921), aur "ateet kaa ack sketch" (1940) shamil hain. iss avadhi key baare mein antardrishti pradaan karane vaale anya nibandhon mein "leslie stephen" (1932) shamil hain. vaha apane kaalpanik lekhan mein apane bachpan kaa bhee ullekh karati hain. too dha lighthouse" (1927) mein, hebride mein ramse key jeevan kaa unakaa chitran cornwall mein stephen aur vahaan way jiss godrevi lighthouse kaa daura karenge, uska kewal ack chhota saa chhadm vivaran haye. haalaanki, 1907 aur 1940 key beach apani maan aur parivaar key baare mein woolf kii samajh kaafee vikasit hui, jisamen unaki maan kii kuchh door, lekin sammaanit aakriti adhik sookshm aur bharee hui hoe jaati haye.
farwari 1891 mein, apani bahan vanessa key saath, woolf ney "hyde park gett news" kii shuruat kii, jisamen stephen parivaar key bheetar jeevan aur ghatnaaon kaa varnan kiya gayaa, aur lokpriya patrika "tite-bits" parr adharit kiya gayaa. shuru mein, yeh mukhya roop seey vanessa aur thobi key lekh they, lekin bahut jald virginia mukhya yogadankarta bunn gaee, jisamen vanessa sampaadak key roop mein thee. jaba yeh pahali baar dikhaai diyaa tou unaki maan kii pratikriya thee "mujhe lagata haye kii yeh bahut chatur haye."virginia 1895 taka, apani maan kii mrityu key samay taka" "hyde park gett samachar" "chalaati thee. agale varsh stephen bahanon ney bhee apani antardrishti koo poorak banaane key liye photography kaa upayog kiya, jaisa kii stella duckworth ney kiya. vanessa bell kaa 1892 kaa apani bahan aur maataa-pitaa kaa chitra, joe kii tolland house mein pustakalaya mein thaa, parivaar key pasandida chitron mein seey ack thaa aur ise leslie stephen key sansmaran mein pyaar seey likhaa gayaa thaa. 1897 mein ("merey jeevan kaa pahala vaastav mein jeevit varsh") virginia ney apani pahali diarry shuru kii, jise unhone agale baarah varshon key liye rakhaa, aur 1909 mein ack notebook.
virginia, jaisa kii vaha iska varnan karati haye, "ack badey sambandh mein paida hui thee, ameer maataa-pitaa seey naheen, balki sampann maataa-pitaa seey paida hui thee, ack bahut hii samvaadaatmak, sakshar, patra lekhan, yatra, spasht, unnisvin shatabdi key anta mein duniya mein paida hui thee."yeh ack achchi tarah seey judaa huaa parivaar thaa, jisamen chhah bachche they, jinamen dou sautele bhaai aur ack sauteli bahan (batakh, usaki maan kii pahali shaadi seey), ack aur sauteli bahan, laura (usake pitaa kii pahali shaadi seey), aur ack badee bahan, vanessa aur bhaai thobi they. agale saal, ack aur bhaai adrian unake peechhe aaya. 1891 mein sansthaagat honey taka viklang laura stephen parivaar key saath rahati thee. julia aur leslie key chaar bachche theh
virginia kaa janm 22 hyde park gett parr huaa thaa aur 1904 mein apane pitaa kii mrityu taka vahaan rahati thee. sankhya 22 hyde park gett, dakshin kensington, hyde park gett key dakshin-poorv chhor parr sthit thaa, ack sankeern kull-dee-sack kensington road seey dakshin mein, royal albert holl key thheek paschim mein, aur kensington garden aur hyde park key saamane, jahaan parivaar niyamit roop seey apani sair kartaa thaa (naksha dekhein; sadak yojana). 1846 mein hathaude key heinry paayane dwara uchch madhyam varg key liye ekal-parivaar townhouse kii ack pankti key roop mein banaaya gayaa, yeh jald hii unake badhate parivaar key liye bahut chhota hoe gayaa. unaki shaadi key samay, isamen ack tehkhana, dou manjilen aur ack attari thee. julaai 1886 mein leslie stephen ney jey kii sevaaen praapt keen. doubleu. penfold, ack vastukar, maujooda sanrachana key oopar aur peechhe atirikt rahane kii jagah jodane key liye. paryaapt navinikaran ney ack naee oopari manjil (laal eent vistaar kii chhavi dekhein) koo jodaa, jisamen teen shayankaksh aur apane liye ack adhyayan thaa, mool attari koo kamaron mein badal diyaa, aur pahala bathroom jodaa. yeh ack lamba lekin sankeern townhouse thaa, jisamen usa samay bahata paani naheen thaa. virginia ney baad mein ise "neeche key paas baain or ack bahut lamba ghar" key roop mein varnit kiya joe kii gatta honey seey shuru hotaa haye aur laal eent honey seey samaapt hotaa haye; joe itna oonchaa haye aur abhee bhee-jaisa kii main abb kaha sakata huun kii hamane ise betch diyaa haye-itna kharaab kii aisaa lagata haye jaise kii bahut tej havaa ise giraa degi."
naukar tahakhaane mein "neeche" kaam karate they. bhootal parr ack baithak kaksh thaa, joe naukar kii pantry aur ack pustakalaya seey ack parde seey alag thaa. isake oopar pahali manjil parr julia aur leslie key shayankaksh they. agali manjil parr duckworth bachchon key kamare they, aur unake oopar, stephen bachchon kii dinn aur raat kii nursory dou aur manjilon parr thee. anta mein, attari mein, gufaaon key neeche, naukaron key shayankaksh they, jinn taka peechhe kii seedhi seey pahuncha jaa sakata thaa. 22 hyde park gett parr jeevan bhee prateekaatmak roop seey vibhajit thaa; jaisa kii virginia ney kahaa, "hamaare jeevan mein vibhajan jigyasu thaa. neeche shuddh parampara theeh oopar shuddh buddhi. lekin unake beach koee sambandh naheen thaa, "george duckworth aur leslie stephen dwara duniya koo darshaaya gayaa. aisaa lagata haye kii unaki maan hii ekmatra theen joe iss vibhajan koo faila sakati theen. ghar koo mund roshni aur furniture aur chitron seey bharaa huaa bataaya gayaa thaa. isake bheetar, yuva stephen ney ack karibi samooh banaaya. isake bavjood, bachche abhee bhee apani shikayaton koo barkarar rakhate they. virginia koo adrian seey apani maan kii pasandida honey key liye irshya hui. rachanaatmak (kramshah lekhan aur kalaa) key roop mein virginia aur vanessa kii sthiti key kaaran kabhi-kabhi unake beach pratidvandvita paida hoe jaati thee. landan mein jeevan cornwall mein unaki garmiyon seey kaafee alag thaa, unaki baahari gatividhiyon mein mukhya roop seey paas key kensington udyaanon mein tahalana shamil thaa, jahaan way chhipkar khelate they aur goal talab parr apani naavon koo chalaate they, jabaki ghar key ander, yeh unake sabak key ird-gird ghoomata thaa.
ack sampaadak, aalochak aur jeevanikaar key roop mein leslie stephen kii utkrishtata aur villium thaakare key saath unake sambandh kaa matlab thaa kii unake bachchon kaa paalan-poshan ack victorian saahityik samaaj key prabhaavon seey bharey vatavaran mein huaa thaa. heinry james, george heinry luis, alfred lord tennison, thomas hardy, edward burney-johns aur virginia key maanad godfather james russell lowell ghar mein aaney vaale agantukon mein shamil they. julia stephen bhee utani hii achchi tarah seey judee hui theen. unaki chaachi ack agrani praarambhik photographer, julia margaret cameron theen, joe stephen parivaar mein bhee aatee theen. dou stephen bahanen, vanessa aur virginia, umr mein lagbhag teen saal kii doori parr theen. virginia ney apani badee bahan koo "sant" naam diyaa aur apani adhik aarakshit bahan kii tulanaa mein apani chaturai kaa pradarshan karane key liye kaheen adhik ichchuk thee. virginia ney apani bahan kii tulanaa mein una parr jabardasti kii gaee gharelu victoria parampara seey bahut adhik narazgi jataai. unhone thobi key sneh key liye bhee pratispardha kii. virginia ney baad mein 1917 mein dunken anudan key liye iss pratidvandvita parr apani dwidha bhaav koo sweekaar kiyaah "vaastav mein merey jeevan key chhipe hue keede mein seey ack ack bahan kii irshya rahee haye-ack bahan seey meraa matlab haye; aur ise khilaane key liye maine usake baare mein ack mithak kaa aavishkaar kiya haye kii main ack dusare koo bahut cumm jaanati huun."
virginia ney lekhan key liye praarambhik lagaav dikhaaya. haalaanki maataa-pitaa donon mahilaaon key liye aupchaarik shiksha koo aswikar karate they, lekin lekhan koo mahilaaon key liye ack sammaanjanak pesha maanaa jaataa thaa, aur unake pitaa ney iss sambandh mein unhein protsaahit kiya. baad mein, vaha iska varnan karati thee "jaba seey main ack chhota prani thee, sent mein drying room mein harey rung key alishan sophe parr hathaude key tareeke seey ack kahani likh rahee thee. jaba badey loga khaana khaate they. paanch saal kii umr taka, vaha patra likh rahee thee aur harr raat apane pitaa koo ack kahani bataa sakati thee. baad mein, vaha, vanessa aur adrian apane padosi padosiyon key baare mein, harr raat nursory mein, yaa sent key mamle mein ack dharavahik kaa aavishkaar karane kii parampara vikasit karenge. ives, una aatmaon kii joe bageeche mein rahati theen. kitaabon key prati unakaa aakarshan hii unake aur unake pitaa key beach sabse majboot bandhan thaa. apane dasaven janmadin key liye, unhein ack syaahi-stand, ack blotter, drying book aur lekhan upkaranon kaa ack boxes milaa.
tolland house (1882-1894).
leslie stephen koo cornwall mein lambi paidal yatra karane kii aadat thee, aur 1881 key vasant mein unhein sent ives, cornwall mein ack badey white house kaa pataa chalaa, aur usa sitambar mein unhone usa parr patte parr liya. haalaanki isamen seemit suvidhaaen theen, lekin iska mukhya aakarshan godrevi prakashastambh kii or porthminster khaadi kaa drishya thaa, jise yuva virginia oopari khidakiyon seey dekh sakata thaa aur usey "prakashastambh taka" (1927) mein kendriya vyakti honah thaa. yeh ack badaa vargakar ghar thaa, jisamen ack seedhidaar bagicha thaa, joe baadon seey vibhajit thaa, samudra kii or dhalaan parr thaa. 1882 aur 1894 key beach harr saal julaai key madhya seey sitambar key madhya taka stephen parivaar ney grishmakaaleen nivaas key roop mein tayland ghar koo patte parr diyaa. leslie stephen, jinhone ise iss prakaar sandarbhit kiyaah "ack pockett-swarg", ney ise "merrie yaadon mein seey sabse sukhad" key roop mein varnit kiya... hamari garmiyon koo sandarbhit karein, joe sabhi cornwall mein paarit kiye gaye they, vishesh roop seey sent ives mein terah garmiyon (1882-1894) key liye. vahaan hamane ack chhota lekin vishal ghar patte parr diyaah ack chhota lekin vishal ghar, jisamen ack ekad yaa dou kaa bagicha haye, joe sabhi oopar aur neeche pahaadi parr haye, jisamen ajib see chhoti chhatein hain joe escalonia kii baadon seey vibhajit hain, ack angur kaa ghar aur rasoi kaa bagicha aur ack tathaakathit 'bagicha' isake aage. leslie key shabdon mein, yeh "gahan gharelu khushi" kaa sthaan thaa. virginia ney khud ghar kaa bahut vistaar seey varnan kiyaah
landan aur cornwall donon mein, julia hamesha manoranjak thee, aur apane mehmaanon key jeevan mein herfer key liye kukhyaat thee, lagaatar iss vishvaas mein mell khaati thee kii harr kissy koo shaadi curr lenny chaahiye, joe usaki paropkar kii gharelu samaantaa thee. jaisa kii usake pati ney dekhaa, "merrie julia nishchit roop seey, halanki sabhi uchit aarakshit key saath, ack matchmaker thee."1893 mein unake mehmaanon mein brook they, jinake bachche, jinamen rupert brook bhee shamil they, stephen bachchon key saath khel rahey they. rupert aur unake cambridge nava-murtipoojakon kaa samooh pratham vishva yuddh seey pahale key varshon mein unake jeevan mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaane key liye aae they. jabaki cornwall koo garmiyon mein aaraam dene key liye maanaa jaataa thaa, julia stephen ney jald hii vahaan key saath-saath landan mein beemar aur garibon kii dekhbhal key kaam mein khud koo dubo diyaa. hyde park gett aur tolland house donon mein, parivaar desh key adhikansh saahityik aur kalaatmak halakon key saath milaa huaa thaa. aksar mehmaanon mein heinry james aur george meredith jaisi saahityik hastiyaan, saath hii james russell lowell shamil they, aur bachche apani maan key chhote seey holland ghar kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik bauddhik baatchit key sampark mein they. maee 1895 mein julia stephen kii mrityu key baad parivaar vaapas naheen aaya.
bachchon key liye, yeh varsh kaa mukhya aakarshan thaa, aur virginia kii sabse jeevant bachpan kii yaaden landan kii naheen balki cornwall kii theen. 22 march 1921 kii ack diarry pravishti mein, unhone bataaya kii agast 1890 mein ack garmiyon key dinn koo peechhe mudkar dekhate hue, unhone lambe ghar seey itna judaav kyon mahsoos kiya. "main cornwall key baare mein itna avishvasaniya aur lailaj romantic kyon huun? meraa ateet haye, mujhe lagata haye; main bachchon koo bageeche mein daudate hue dekhta huun... raat mein samudra kii aavaaz... lagbhag chaalees saal kaa jeevan, sabhi usee parr nirmit, usase vyaapt thaah itna main kabhi samajha naheen sakaa. cornwall ney unake kaam key pahaluon koo prerit kiya, vishesh roop seey "jacobs room" (1922), "too dha lighthouse" (1927) aur "dha waves" (1931) kii "sent ives trayi".
1895-1904.
julia stephen farwari 1895 mein influenzae seey beemar hoe gaeen, aur kabhi thheek seey thheek naheen huin, 5 maee koo unaki mrityu hoe gaee, jaba virginia 13 saal kii thee. yeh unake jeevan mein ack mahatvapurna kshan thaa aur mansik bimari key saath unake sangharsh kii shuruat thee. anivarya roop seey, uska jeevan toot gayaa thaa. batakh apani maan kii mrityu key samay videsh yatra curr rahey they, aur stella turant karyabhar sambhaalane aur apani bhoomika nibhaane key liye laut aaee. usa garmi mein, sent ives kii yaadon parr lautane key bajaay, stephen taaje paani, aisal off white mein chaley gaye, jahan unaki maan key kuchh rishtedaar rahate they. yahee vaha jagah thee jaba virginia koo kaee tantrika tootane mein seey pahala thaa, aur vanessa koo virginia kii mansik sthiti kii dekhbhal mein apani maan kii kuchh bhoomika nibhaane key liye majboor honah padaa. agale varsh stella ney jack hills seey sagaai curr lii aur 10 aprail 1897 koo unaki shaadi hoe gaee, jisase virginia apani badee bahan parr aur bhee adhik nirbhar hoe gaee.
george duckworth ney bhee unaki maan kii kuchh bhoomika nibhai, unhein samaaj mein laane kaa kaam khud koo sambhala. pahale vanessa, phir virginia, donon hii mamalon mein ack samaan aapada thee, kyonki yeh ack aisaa sanskar naheen thaa joe kissy bhee ladki key saath pratidhwanit hotaa thaa aur yuva uchch varg kii mahilaaon kii paaramparik apekshaon key baare mein virginia dwara teekhi aalochana koo aakarshit kartaa thaah "una dinon samaaj ack poori tarah seey saksham, poori tarah seey aatmasantusht, kroor machine thaa. ack ladki key paas usake daanton key khilaf koee mauka naheen thaa. kissy anya ichcha koo-jaise chitrakaari karna, yaa likhana-gambhirta seey naheen liya jaa sakata thaa."balki unaki praathamiktaaen apani lekhan aakaankshaon koo aage badhaane key liye neeche key baithak kaksh kii victorian paaramparikta seey bachkar" "apane swayam key kamare" "mein jaanaa thaa. vaha shrimati key apane chitran mein iss aalochana parr phir seey vichaar karengi. ramse ney ack avivaahit mahila key "prakashastambh" mein ack victorian maan key kartavyon koo bataate hue jeevan key sarvshreshth koo khou diyaa haye.
19 julaai 1897 koo ack lambi bimari key baad stella duckworth kii mrityu, virginia kii aatm bhavna aur parivaar kii gatishilata key liye ack aur jhataka thaa. woolf ney apani sauteli bahan, stella aur usake pitaa donon kii mrityu key baad kii avadhi koo "saat dukhi varshon" key roop mein varnit kiya, "ack yaadrichhik ansuni lahar kii kode ney una dou logon koo vyarth aur berahami seey maar daala, jinhen aam taur parr aur swabhavik roop seey una varshon koo shayed khush naheen balki samanya aur swabhavik banaana chaahiye thaa. aprail 1902 mein, unake pitaa beemar hoe gaye, aur halanki usa varsh baad mein unaki sergery hui, lekin way kabhi bhee poori tarah seey thheek naheen hue, 22 farwari 1904 koo unaki mrityu hoe gaee. virginia key pitaa kii mrityu ney ack aur tootane kaa kaaran banaa. baad mein, virginia ney iss samay koo ack aisaa samay bataaya jisamen usey lagaatar praharon seey nipata gayaa thaa kyonki ack "tooty hui chrysalis" key saath pankh abhee bhee crease they. chrysalis kaee baar woolf key lekhan mein paaya jaataa haye lekin "tooty hui chrysalis" ack aisee chhavi thee joe woolf aur duhkh key beach sambandhon kii khoj karane vaalon key liye ack roopak bunn gaee. unaki mrityu key samay, leslie stephen kii kull sampatti £15,715 6s thee. 6dee. (probate 23 march 1904)
shiksha.
19veen shatabdi key anta mein, shiksha koo ling key aadhar parr teji seey vibhajit kiya gayaa thaa, ack aisee parampara jise virginia apane lekhan mein nott aur ninda karegi. ladakon koo school bheja jaataa thaa, aur uchch-madhyam varg key parivaaron jaise kii stephen mein, isamen niji ladakon key school, aksar boarding school aur vishvavidyalaya shamil hotey they. aggar ladkiyon koo shiksha kaa vilas diyaa jaataa, tou way ise apane maataa-pitaa, parichaarikaon aur shikshakon seey praapt karati theen. virginia koo usake maataa-pitaa dwara shikshit kiya gayaa thaa joe kartavya mein shamil they. drying room key peechhe ack chhoti see kaksha thee, jisamen kaee khidakiyan theen, joe unhein shaant lekhan aur chitrakala key liye ekdam sahee luggy. julia ney bachchon koo lattin, french aur itihas padhaaya, jabaki leslie ney unhein ganit padhaaya. unhein piano kaa paath bhee milaa. unake paathon key poorak key roop mein bachchon kii leslie stephen key vishal pustakalaya taka apratibandhit pahunch thee, jisase unhein adhikansh saahityik siddhant kaa pataa chalaa, jisake parinamswarup unake kissy bhee cambridge samkaaleen kii tulanaa mein padhane kii gaharaai adhik thee, virginia key padhane koo "lalchi" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa."baad mein, unhein yaad hoga kii public school key baad, parivaar key sabhi ladke cambridge vishvavidyalaya mein padhate they. ladkiyon koo isase kuchh apratyaksh laabh huaa, kyonki ladakon ney unhein apane doston seey milwaya. ack anya srot unake pitaa key doston kii baatchit thee, jinake saamane way ujagar hue they. leslie stephen ney apane vritt koo "maark key adhikansh saahityik logon key roop mein varnit kiya...chatur yuva lekhak aur barrister, mukhya roop seey kattarpanthi anunaya key...humm budhwar aur ravivaar kii shaam koo milate they, dhumrapan karane aur peene key liye aur brahmand aur sudhaar andolan parr charcha karane key liye.
baad mein, 15 aur 19 varsh kii ayu key beach, virginia uchch shiksha praapt karane mein saksham hoe gaee. unhone 1897 aur 1901 key beach nikatvarti 13 kensinton squire mein kings college landan key mahila vibhaag mein mahadvipiya aur angreji itihas sahit unnat pracheen yunani, madhyavarti lattin aur german mein kuchh degree star parr adhyayan key pathyakram liye. unhone kings mein shaastriya saahitya key professor, prakhyaat vidwan george charles winter vaar key tahat yunani kaa adhyayan kiya. isake alawa unhone german, greek aur lattin mein niji shikshan bhee diyaa. unake yunani shikshakon mein seey ack clara patter (1899-1900) they, joe kings mein padhaate they. ack aur mamla genet kaa thaa, jisane unhein mahila adhikaar andolan mein shamil kiya, aur jinaki shraddhanjali virginia ney baad mein 1937 mein likhaa. unake anubhavon ney 1925 mein "greek naheen jaanane parr" nibandh likhaa."kings mein unake samay ney unhein mahila uchch shiksha key kuchh praarambhik sudharakon jaise mahila vibhaag key pracharya, lillion wafadar (tathaakathit bhaap vaali mahilaaon mein seey ack) key saath-saath pitaa key sampark mein bhee laaya. unaki bahan vanessa ney bhee mahila vibhaag (1899-1901) mein dakhila liya. halanki stephen ladakiyan cambridge mein naheen jaa sakati theen, lekin unhein vahaan apane bhaaiyon key anubhavon seey bahut prabhaavit honah thaa. jaba thobi 1899 mein trimurti mein gaye, tou unhone yuvaaon key ack varg seey dosti kii, jisamen clive bell, litton stratchy, leonard woolf (jinase virginia baad mein shaadi karegi), aur saxon sidney-turner shamil they, jinhen way jald hii 1900 mein trimurti meey ball mein apani bahanon seey parichit karaayenge. inn logon ney ack pathan samooh banaaya jiska naam unhone midnite society rakhaa.
parivaar key saath sambandh.
halanki virginia ney yeh raay vyakt kii kii unake pitaa unake pasandida maataa-pitaa they, aur haalaanki jaba unaki maan kii mrityu hoe gaee tou way kewal terah varsh kii hoe gaee theen, lekin vaha jeevan bhar apani maan seey bahut prabhaavit raheen. yeh virginia hii thee jisane prasiddh roop seey kahaa thaa kii "aggar humm apani maataon key madhyam seey sochate hain kii humm mahilaaen hain", aur apani maan kii chhavi koo apane poore jeevan mein baar-baar apani diarry, unake patron aur unake kaee aatmakathaatmak nibandhon mein shamil kiya, jisamen "yaaden" (1908), "22 hyde park gett" (1921) aur "ateet kaa ack rekhaachitra" (1940) shamil hain, joe aksar unaki yaadon koo inn shabdon seey jagaati hain "main unhein dekhta huun...". vaha apane kaalpanik lekhan mein apane bachpan kaa bhee ullekh karati hain. too dha lighthouse" (1927) mein, kalakar, lilly brisco, shrimati koo chitrit karane kaa prayaas karate hain. ramse, julia stephen parr adharit ack jatil charitra haye, aur baar-baar iss tathya parr tippani kartaa haye kii vaha "aashcharyajanak roop seey sunder" thee. hebride mein ramse key jeevan kaa unakaa chitran cornwall mein stephen aur vahaan way jiss godrevi lighthouse kaa daura karenge, uska kewal ack chhota saa chhadm vivaran haye. haalaanki, 1907 aur 1940 key beach apani maan aur parivaar key baare mein woolf kii samajh kaafee vikasit hui, jisamen kuchh door, lekin sammaanit vyakti adhik sookshm aur poorna hoe jaataa haye.
jabaki unake pitaa ney julia stephen key kaam koo sammaan key sandarbh mein chitrit kiya, woolf ney unaki maan key kaam aur "shararatpurna paropkar" key beach ack spasht antar dikhaaya, jise anya mahilaaen itani atmasantushtata seey aur aksar iss tarah key vinashkari parinamon key saath karati hain."vaha apani sahaanubhooti, sagaai, nirnay aur nirnayakta kii degree, aur vidambana aur betuki donon kii apani bhavna kaa varnan karati haye. vaha yaad karati haye kii "spasht goal aavaaz, yaa sunder aakriti key drishya, itane seedhe aur vishisht, apane lambe kharaab kapadon mein, sir koo ack nishchit konn parr pakade hue, taaki aankh aapako seedhe dekh sakey."julia stephen ney apane pati key avasaad aur dhyaan dene kii aavashyakta seey nipata, jisase unake bachchon mein narajgi paida hui, unake aatmavishvaas mein vriddhi hui, antim bimari mein apane maataa-pitaa kii dekhbhal kii, aur ghar key baahar kaee pratibaddhataaen theen joe antatah unhein thakaa dengi. unaki lagaatar anupasthiti aur unake pati kii maangon ney unake bachchon mein asuraksha kii bhavna paida kii jiska unaki betiyon parr sthaayi prabhaav padaa. apani maan kii maangon parr vichaar karate hue, woolf ney apane pitaa koo "pandrah saal badey, kathin, kathor, una parr nirbhar" key roop mein varnit kiya, aur pratibimbit kiya kii yeh apane chhote bachchon parr dhyaan dene kii keemat parr thaah "ack bachche key liye ack vishesh vyakti key bajaay ack samanya upasthiti."usane pratibimbit kiya kii vaha shayed hii kabhi apani maan key saath akela ack pull bitaati haih" koee naa koee hamesha baadha daal rhaa thaa."woolf isake baare mein dwidha mein thaa, phir bhee khud koo poori tarah seey niswarthata key iss model seey alag karane key liye utsuk thaa. lighthouse mein", vaha ise "chaaron or aur raksha karane kii apani kshamata kaa daavaa karate hue, shayed hii usake paas khud koo jaanane key liye khud kaa ack khol bachaa thaa; sub kuchh itna lubhaaya aur kharch kiya gayaa thaa."saath hii, unhone apani maan key nariwadi aadarshon kii taakat kii prashansa kii. julia kii lagaatar anupasthiti aur pratibaddhataon koo dekhate hue, chhote stephen bachche teji seey stella duckworth parr nirbhar hoe gaye, joe apani maan kii niswarthata kaa anukaran karate they; jaisa kii woolf ney likhaa, "stella hamesha sunder parichaarika thee... ise apane jeevan kaa kendriya kartavya banaana."
julia stephen ney apane pati kii buddhi kii bahut prashansa kii. jaisa kii woolf ney kahaa, "unhone kabhi bhee apane karyon koo kamtar naheen kiya, yeh sochkar kii yadi unhein thheek seey nishpaadit kiya jaataa haye, tou unhein apane pati key barabar, halanki anya, mahatva kaa maanaa jaataa haye."vaha apani gatividhiyon key kendra key roop mein apani bhoomika mein nishchitata key saath vishvaas karati thee, aur vaha vyakti jisane sub kuchh ack saath rakhaa, iss baat kii dridh bhavna key saath kii kyaa mahatvapurna thaa aur bhakti koo mahatva diyaa. donon maataa-pitaa mein seey, julia kii "ghabarahat kii oorjaa parivaar parr haavi thee. jabaki virginia ney apane pitaa key saath sabse karib seey pehchaan kii, vanessa ney kahaa kii usaki maan usake pasandida maataa-pitaa theen. angelica garnet yaad karati hain kii kaise virginia ney vanessa seey poochha kii vaha kiss maataa-pitaa koo pasand karati haye, halanki vanessa ney ise ack aisaa prashn maanaa jise "kissy koo naheen poochhana chaahiye", vaha "maan" kaa jawab dene mein spasht thee, phir bhee virginia kii duniya key liye usaki maan kii kendriyata usake iss varnan mein vyakt kii gaee haye "nishchit roop seey vaha vahaan thee, usa mahaan cathedral sthaan key kendra mein joe bachpan thaa; vahaan vaha pahale seey thee. virginia ney dekhaa kii unaki sauteli bahan, stella, sabse badee betty, ney apani maan key prem aur seva key aadarshon koo shamil karate hue, poori tarah seey adheenata kaa jeevan vyateet kiya. virginia koo, apane pitaa kii tarah, jaldi hii pataa chalaa kii beemar honah hii usaki maan kaa dhyaan aakarshit karane kaa ekmatra vishvasaniya tarika haye, joe apani beemar kamare kii dekhbhal parr garv karati thee.
ack anya mudda jisase bachchon koo nipatna padaa vaha thaa leslie stephen kaa gussa, jisamen unhone unhein "atyachari pitaa" key roop mein varnit kiya. antatah, vaha usake baare mein gahari dwidha mein parh gaee. unhone unhein unake athaarahaven janmadin parr apani angoothi dee thee aur unake saahityik uttaradhikari key roop mein unakaa gahara bhaavnaatmak lagaav thaa, joe unake "unake prati mahaan bhakti" key baare mein likhate they. phir bhee, vanessa kii tarah, vaha usey bhee peedit aur atyachari key roop mein dekhti thee. apane poore jeevan mein unake prati ack sthaayi dwidha bhaav thaa, halanki vaha vikasit huaa. unaki kishore chhavi ack "pratishthit victorian" aur atyachari kii thee, lekin jaise-jaise vaha badee hoti gaee, unhein ehsas honey lagaa kii unamen unakaa kitna yogdan haih "main puraane patron aur pitaa key sansmaranon mein doob rahee huun...itna spasht aur uchit aur pardarshi-aur itna kathor najuk dimag, shikshit aur pardarshi thaa, "usane 22 disambar 1940 koo likhaa. vaha badale mein leslie stephen kii mohit aur ninda karane vaali donon theeh" usane [usaki maan ney] mujhe pareshan kiya haih lekin phir, usa boodhe burey merey pitaa ney bhee kiya. . . . mujhe lagata haye kii main unase adhik unake jaisa thaa, aur isaliye adhik aalochanatmakah lekin vaha ack pyaare aadami they, aur kissy tarah, jabardast."
yaun shoshan.
woolf ney kahaa kii unhein pahali baar yaad haye kii jaba way chhah saal kii theen taba gerald duckworth ney unase chhedchhaad kii thee. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii isase jeevan bhar yaun bhaya aur pratirodh paida huaa
mardana adhikaar. atee-pratibaddh aur door key maataa-pitaa kii prishthabhoomi key khilaf, sujhaav kii yeh ack nishkriya parivaar thaa, kaa mulyankan kiya jaanaa chaahiye. inmein stephen ladkiyon key badey duckworth sautele bhaaiyon dwara aur unake chachere bhaai, james keneth stephen (1859-1892) dwara cumm seey cumm stella duckworth key yaun shoshan key saboot shamil hain. aisaa bhee maanaa jaataa haye kii laura kaa durupyog kiya gayaa thaa. sabse adhik graphic vivaran luis dessalvo kaa haye, lekin anya lekhak aur sameekshak adhik satark rahey hain. virginia key 22 hyde park gett parr rahane key dauran lagaatar yaun shoshan key khaaton koo kuchh alochakon ney usake mansik swaasthya key muddon key sambhaavit kaaran key roop mein uddhrit kiya haye, halanki kaee yogdan kaarak honey kii sambhavana haye. hermione lii kaa kahana haye kii, "sakshya kaafee majboot haye, aur phir bhee aspasht haye, joe virginia woolf key aantarik jeevan key kaafee alag aakaron koo aakarshit karane vaali paraspar virodhi manovaigyaanik vyakhyaon kaa maarg kholata haye.
bloomsbury (1904-1940).
gorden varg (1904-1907).
apane pitaa kii mrityu parr, stephen kii pahali pravritti aur bhee adhik shoke key andhere ghar seey bachane kii thee, aur unhone turant george key saath 27 farwari koo pembrocashire key tata parr manorbear kii yatra karate hue aisaa kiya. vahaan, unhone ack maheena bitaaya, aur yeh vahee thaa jahan virginia koo pahali baar ehsas huaa kii ack lekhak key roop mein unaki niyati thee, jaisa kii vaha 3 sitambar 1922 kii apani diarry mein yaad karati haye. phir unhone itali aur france mein aprail bitaakar apani naee swatantrata kaa peechha kiya, jahan way phir seey clive bell seey mille. virginia koo taba doosara tantrika vighatan aur 10 maee koo pahala aatmahatya kaa prayaas karna padaa aur agale teen maheenon mein vaha thheek hoe gaee.
apane pitaa kii mrityu seey pahale, stephen ney apani dukhad yaadon aur apane maataa-pitaa key sambandhon key saath paschim chhor mein dakshin kensington chhodane kii aavashyakta parr charcha kii thee. george duckworth 35 varsh key they, unake bhaai gerald 33 varsh key they. stephen bachche abb 24 aur 20 varsh key beach they. virginia 22 varsh kii thee. vanessa aur adrian ney sammaanjanak dakshin kensington mein 22 hyde park gett bechane aur bloomsbury jaane kaa faisala kiya. bohemian bloomsbury, apane vishisht pattedaar vargon key saath, bhaugolik aur samajik roop seey paryaapt roop seey door lugg rhaa thaa, aur ack bahut sastaa pados thaa. unhein viraasat mein bahut kuchh naheen milaa thaa aur way apane vitt key baare mein anishchit they. isake alawa, bloomsbury usa slade school key karib thaa jisamen vanessa taba padh rahee thee. jabaki gerald aage badhkar khud koo ack avivaahit sansthaan paakar kaafee khush thaa, george, jinhone hamesha ardh-maataa-pitaa kii bhoomika nibhai thee, ney unake saath jaane kaa faisala kiya, jisase unhein bahut nirasha hui. yeh taba thaa jaba lady margaret herbert drishya parr dikhaai dee, george ney prastaav diyaa, sweekaar curr liya gayaa aur sitambar mein shaadi curr lii gaee, stephen koo unake apane upkaranon parr chhod diyaa.
vanessa koo bloomsbury mein 46 gorden squire mein ack ghar milaa, aur way navambar mein chaley gaye, taaki virginia abb paryaapt roop seey thheek hoe jaae. yeh gorden squire thaa jaba stephen ney march 1905 mein niyamit roop seey thobi key bauddhik doston kaa manoranjan karna shuru kiya. circle, joe kaafee hudd taka cambridge preriton seey aaya thaa, mein lekhak (saxon sidney-turner, litton stratchy) aur aalochak (clive bell, desmond mccarthy) shamil they, jisamen guruwar kii shaam "gharon mein" key saath jise "guruwar club" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa, joe trinity college ("landan mein cambridge") key punarnirmaan kaa ack drishtikon thaa. iss vritt ney lekhakon aur kalakaron key bauddhik vritt kaa kendra banaaya jise bloomsbury samooh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. baad mein, isamen johnn menard keynes (1907), dunken grant (1908), aadi shamil honge.aim. forster (1910), roser fraay (1910), leonard woolf (1911) aur david garnet (1914).
1905 mein, virginia aur adrian ney purtagaal aur spen kaa daura kiya. clive bell ney vanessa koo prastaav diyaa, lekin usey aswikar curr diyaa gayaa, jabaki virginia ney morley college mein shaam kii kakshaaen padhaana shuru curr diyaa aur vanessa ney apane calender mein "friede club" key saath ack aur karyakram jodaa, joe lalit kalaa kii charcha aur baad mein pradarshani key liye samarpit thaa. isane kuchh nae logon koo apane dayare mein laaya, jinamen vanessa key shaahi akadami aur slade key dost, jaise heinry lamb aur gwen darwin (joe sachiv baney), lekin athaarah varsheeya catherine layered ("kaa") cox (1887-1938) bhee shamil they, joe neunham jaane vaali theen. halanki virginia vaastav mein bahut baad taka kaa seey naheen millie thee, kaa apane jeevan mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaane key liye aaee thee. kaa aur anya loga bloomsbury samooh koo cambridge buddhijiviyon key ack anya, thode chhote samooh key sampark mein laae, jinhen stephen bahanon ney "nava-moortipoojak" naam diyaa. friede club" 1913 taka jaari rhaa.
agale varsh, 1906 mein, virginia koo dou aur nuksan uthaana padaa. unake pyaare bhaai thobi, joe kewal 26 varsh key they, typhoid seey marr gaye, ack yatra key baad joe way sabhi grees gaye they, aur turant baad vanessa ney clive key teesare prastaav koo sweekaar curr liya. vanessa aur clive kii shaadi farwari 1907 mein hui thee aur ack jode key roop mein, avant-garde kalaa mein unaki ruchi kaa ack lekhak key roop mein woolf key aage key vikas parr mahatvapurna prabhaav padegaa. vanessa kii shaadi key saath, virginia aur adrian koo ack nayaa ghar khojane kii aavashyakta thee.
fitzroy varg (1907-1911).
virginia aprail 1907 mein 29 fitzroy chauk mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa, joe sadak key paschim kii or ack ghar thaa, jiss parr pahale george bernard shau kaa kabja thaa. yeh fitzrovia mein thaa, bloomsbury key thheek paschim mein, lekin phir bhee gorden squire mein usaki bahan key apekshaakrit karib thaa. donon bahanon ney march mein peris kaa daura karate hue ack saath yatra karna jaari rakhaa. adrian koo abb virginia key jeevan mein bahut badee bhoomika nibhani thee, aur unhone octuber mein apane nae ghar mein guruwar key club koo phir seey shuru kiya, jabaki disambar mein gorden squire naatak padhane vaali sanstha kaa sthal bunn gayaa. iss avadhi key dauran, samooh ney pragatisheel vichaaron kaa teji seey pataa lagaana shuru curr diyaa, pahale bhaashan mein, aur phir aacharan mein, vanessa ney 1910 mein sabhi key liye yaun swatantrata key saath ack swatantrataavaadi samaaj kii ghoshana kii.
iss beach, virginia ney apane pahale upanyaas, "melibrosia" parr kaam karna shuru kiya, joe antatah "dha ways out" (1915) bunn gayaa. vanessa key pahale bachche, juuliyan kaa janm farwari 1908 mein huaa thaa, aur sitambar mein virginia ney itali aur france mein ghanti bajaai. isi dauran virginia kii apani bahan key saath pratidvandvita phir seey saamane aaee, clive key saath chhedchhaad kii, jiska unhone jawab diyaa, aur joe 1908 seey 1914 taka jaari rhaa, usa samay taka usaki bahan kii shaadi toot rahee thee. 17 farwari 1909 koo, litton stratchy ney virginia koo prastaav diyaa aur usane sweekaar curr liya, lekin phir usane prastaav vaapas leey liya.
yeh taba thaa jaba vaha fitzroy chauk parr thee kii virginia koo ack shaant desh vaapsee kii aavashyakta key baare mein sawal uthaa, aur usey chhah saptah key aaraam key ilaaj kii aavashyakta thee aur jitna sambhav hoe sakey landan seey door graameen ilaakon kii talash kii. disambar mein, vaha aur adrian leves mein rahey aur shahar key aspas key sussex kshetra kii khoj shuru kii. vaha sent ives kii tarah, lekin landan key karib, apani khud kii jagah chaahati thee. usey jald hii paas key jangal mein ack sampatti millie (neeche dekhein), jisane apane shesh jeevan key liye usa kshetra key saath sambandh banaae rakhaa.
"daravana" jhooth 1910.
samooh key kaee sadasyon ney 1910 mein "dreadnot" afwah key saath kukhyaati praapt kii, jisamen virginia ney ack purush atal shaahi key roop mein bhaag liya. iss jhooth parr unaki 1940 kii poori baat kaa pataa chalaa aur "dha platform off time" (2008) key vistaarit sanskaran mein ekatra kiye gaye sansmaranon mein prakaashit hui.
brunswick varg (1911-1912).
octuber 1911 mein, fitzroy chauk parr patta samaapt hoe rhaa thaa aur virginia aur adrian ney ack alag rahane kii vyavastha key paksh mein fitzroy chauk parr apana ghar chhodane kaa faisala kiya, navambar mein bloomsbury mein 38 brunswick chauk parr ack chaar manjila ghar mein chaley gaye. virginia ney ise ack nae avsar key roop mein dekhaah "humm sabhi prakaar key prayogon koo aajmaane jaa rahey hain", usane otolin morel koo bataaya. adrian ney doosari manjil parr kabja curr liya, jisamen menard keynes aur dunken grant ney bhootal saajha kiya. ekal mahila key liye iss vyavastha koo nindaniya maanaa jaataa thaa, aur george duckworth bhayabheet they. yeh ghar foundling aspatal key buggle mein thaa, joe ack avivaahit ekal mahila key roop mein virginia key manoranjan key liye bahut adhik thaa. mool roop seey, kaa cox koo vyavasthaon mein bhaag lena thaa, lekin virodh rupert brook seey aaya, joe usake saath shamil thaa aur usane usa vichaar koo chhodane key liye dabaav daala. ghar mein, dunken adrian stephen key kamare koo sajaate hain (chhavi dekhein).
vivaah (1912-1941).
leonard woolf trinity college, cambridge mein thobi stephen key doston mein seey ack they, aur unhone 1900 aur 1901 mein meey ball key daure parr vahaan thobi key kamaron mein stephen bahanon koo dekhaa. way unhein "safed kapade aur badee topi mein yaad karate hain, jinake haathon mein parasol they, unaki sundarta ney sachmuch kissy kii saansen leey leen. unake liye, way chup they, "durjeya aur khatarnak".
wolf 17 navambar 1904 taka virginia seey aupchaarik roop seey naheen mille jaba unhone gorden squire mein stephen key saath bhojan kiya, sillon mein sivil seva mein pada sambhaalane key liye jaane seey pahale alvida kahane key liye, halanki vaha thobi kii kahaaniyon key madhyam seey unake baare mein jaanati thee. usa yatra mein unhone nott kiya kii vaha poore bhojan key dauran poori tarah seey chup thee, aur beemar lugg rahee thee. 1909 mein, litton stratchy ney sujhaav diyaa kii usey usey shaadi kaa prastaav denaa chaahiye. unhone aisaa kiya, lekin koee jawab naheen milaa. juuna 1911 mein, vaha ack saal kii chhutti parr landan laut aae, lekin sealon vaapas naheen gaye. ingland mein phir seey, leonard ney parivaar aur doston key saath apane samparkon koo phir seey shuru kiya. vahaan pahunchane key teen saptah baad unhone 3 julaai koo gorden squire mein vanessa aur clive bell key saath bhojan kiya, jahan baad mein virginia aur anya sadasya shamil hoe gaye jinhen baad mein "bloomsbury" kahaa jaayega, aur leonard ney usa raat samooh key gathan kii tarikh dee. sitambar mein, virginia ney leonard koo ack lambe saptahant key liye sussex mein furley mein chhote seey tolland house mein apane saath shamil honey key liye kahaa. usa saptahant key baad, way ack-dusare koo adhik baar dekhane lagey.
4 disambar 1911 koo, leonard brunswick squire parr menaj mein chaley gaye, chauthi manjil parr ack shayankaksh aur baithane key kamare mein kabja curr liya, aur virginia koo lagaatar dekhana shuru curr diyaa aur maheene key anta taka unhone faisala kiya kii vaha usase pyaar karate hain. 11 janwari 1912 koo, unhone usey prastaav diyaa; usane vichaar karane key liye samay manga, isaliye usane apani chhutti badhaane key liye kahaa aur manaa kiye jaane parr, 25 aprail koo 20 maee seey prabhaavi apane istife kii peshkash kii. unhone virginia kaa peechha karna jaari rakhaa, aur 1 maee 1912 key ack patra mein ("joe dekhein") unhone bataaya kii unhone shaadi kaa paksh kyon naheen liya. haalaanki, 29 maee koo, virginia ney leonard koo bataaya kii vaha usase shaadi karna chaahati haye, aur unaki shaadi 10 agast koo sent pancross register karyalaya mein hui. isi dauran leonard koo pahali baar virginia kii anishchit mansik sthiti key baare mein pataa chalaa. octuber 1912 taka brunswick chauk parr oona key bachche rahate rahey, jaba way 13 clifford kii saraay mein ack chhote seey flat mein chaley gaye, aage poorv mein (baad mein dhwast). unaki nimn bhautik sthiti key bavjood (ack "garib yahudi" key roop mein unaki sagaai key dauran shher kaa ullekh karate hue), dampati key beach ack ghanishth sambandh thaa. vaastav mein, 1937 mein, woolf ney apani diarry mein likhaah "prem-nirmaan-25 varshon key baad alag honah bardasht naheen kiya jaa sakata haye... aap dekhate hain kii yeh bahut khushi kii baat haih ack patni. aur hamari shaadi poori hoe gaee."halanki, virginia ney 1913 mein aatmahatya kaa prayaas kiya.
octuber 1914 mein, leonard aur virginia woolf bloomsbury aur central landan seey richmond chaley gaye, 17 dha green mein rahate hue, ack ghar jisaki charcha leonard ney apani aatmakatha "starting agen" (1964) mein kii thee. march 1915 kii shuruat mein, dampati phir seey paas key hogarth house, paradise road mein chaley gaye, jisake baad unhone apane prakaashan ghar kaa naam rakhaa. virginia kaa pahala upanyaas, "dha wares out" 1915 mein prakaashit huaa thaa, jisake baad ack aur aatmahatya kaa prayaas kiya gayaa thaa. 1916 mein anivarya bharti kii shuruat key bavjood, leonard koo chikitsa aadhar parr chhoot dee gaee thee. leonard aur virginia ney 1916 mein roser fry kii sifarish parr dou naukaron koo niyukt kiya. nelly boxaul athaarah saal taka unake saath rahegi. apane malik key saath nelly key kathin sambandhon koo virginia kii diarry aur patron mein darj kiya gayaa thaa aur virginia ney nott kiya kii usake pitaa key rashtriya jeevani key shabdakosh mein koee naukarani naheen thee (boxol koo shamil kiya jaanaa thaa).
1924 aur 1940 key beach oona vaale phool 52 tavistock chauk parr duss saal kaa patta laker bloomsbury laut aae, jahan seey way tahakhaane seey hoggarth press chalaate they, jahan virginia key paas bhee uska lekhan kaksh thaa, aur chauk mein usaki ack aavaksh pratima key saath yaad kiya jaataa haye (chitran dekhein). 1925 mein "shrimati daloway" kaa prakaashan maee mein huaa, jisake baad agast mein charleston mein unakaa patan huaa. 1927 mein, unakaa agala upanyaas, "too dha lighthouse" prakaashit huaa, aur agale varsh unhone cambridge vishvavidyalaya mein "mahila aur kathaa" parr vyakhyan diyaa aur octuber mein "orlando" prakaashit kiya. unake dou cambridge vyakhyan taba 1929 mein unake pramukh nibandh "aeye room off vans one" kaa aadhar baney. virginia ney apani chaachi julia margaret cameron parr adharit kewal ack naatak "freshes watter" likhaa, aur 1935 mein fitzroy street parr apani bahan key studio mein nirmit kiya. 1936 mein "varshon" key puuraa honey key baad unake swaasthya mein ack aur girawat dekhi gaee.
landan mein woolf kaa antim nivaas 37 mcclenberg chauk (1939-1940) mein thaa, joe sitambar 1940 mein blitz key dauran nasht hoe gayaa thaa; ack maheene baad tavistock chauk parr unakaa pichla ghar bhee nasht hoe gayaa thaa. usake baad, unhone sussex koo apana sthaayi ghar banaa liya. sabhi virginia woolf key landan key gharon key vivaran aur chitron key liye, jeane moorcroft willson kii pustak "virginia woolf, life aind landanah aeye biography off place" (pub) dekhein. cecil woolf, 1987).
hogarth press (1917-1938).
virginia ney 19 saal kii umr mein octuber 1901 mein ack manoranjan key roop mein pustak-bandhan koo apanaaya thaa, aur way kuchh samay seey ack prakaashan gharaane kii sthaapana parr charcha curr rahey they, aur 1916 key anta mein yojana banaana shuru curr diyaa. yeh pataa chalane parr kii way sent bride school off printing mein dakhila lene key yogya naheen they, unhone march 1917 mein farringdon road parr accelsier printing supply company seey salah lene key baad aapoorti kharidana shuru curr diyaa, aur jald hii unake bhojan kaksh kii mez parr ack printing press sthaapit curr dee gaee.
julaai 1917 mein unakaa pahala prakaashan "dou kahaaniyan" thaa, jisamen "prakaashan sankhya." likhaa thaa. 1, aur isamen dou laghu kathaaen shamil theen, virginia woolf dwara "deewaar parr nishan" aur leonard woolf dwara "teen yahudi". iss kaary mein 32 prishth shamil they, joe haath seey bandhe aur silavaae gaye they, aur dora carrington dwara design kiye gaye lakadi key tukadon dwara chitrit they. chitra safal rahey, jisase virginia ney tippani kii kii press "chitron koo chhaapane mein vishesh roop seey achchha thaa, aur humm dekhate hain kii hamein hamesha chitra rakhane kaa abhyaas karna chaahiye."(13 julaai 1917) 150 pratiyon key utpaadan key saath iss prakriya mein dhaaee maheene lagey. isake baad anya laghu kathaaen aaeen, jinamen "kyu garden" (1919) shamil haye, jisamen vanessa bell dwara ack lakadi kaa block saamane kii or thaa. baad mein, bell ney paath key pratyek prishth koo sajaate hue aur chitra jode.
press ney baad mein tii key karyon key saath virginia key upanyaas prakaashit kiye.aiss. elliot, laurence vaine dair post, aur anya. press ney samkaaleen kalakaron dwara kaam bhee shuru kiya, jisamen dora carrington aur vanessa bell shamil hain. woolf kaa maanana thaa kii pitrisattaatmak samaaj seey mukt honey key liye mahila lekhakon koo ack "baahari samaaj" key vikas key liye apane swayam key kamare kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur aksar ack "baahari samaaj" key baare mein kalpana kii jaati haye jahaan mahila lekhak apane lekhan key madhyam seey samaaj kii nariwadi aalochana vikasit karane key liye apane liye ack aabhaasi niji sthaan banaayengi. halanki woolf ney kabhi bhee "baahari logon kaa samaaj" naheen banaaya, hoggarth press sabse karibi anuman thaa kyonki woolf ney lekhakon dwara pustaken prakaashit karane kaa vikalp chunaa joe ack padhane vaale samudaay kaa gathan karane key liye aparamparaagat drishtikon rakhate they. shuru mein press ney chhote prayogaatmak prakashanon parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, jinamen badey vaanijyik prakashakon kii bahut cumm ruchi thee. 1930 taka, woolf aksar apane pati koo hogarth kitaaben chhaapane mein madad karati thee kyonki karmchaariyon key liye paise naheen they. virginia ney aatmahatya key teesare prayaas key baad 1938 mein apani ruchi chhod dee. sitambar 1940 mein bambari key baad, press koo yuddh key shesh samay key liye letchworth mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. donon hii lock antarrashtriyavadi aur shantivadi they, jinka maanana thaa kii logon key beach samajh koo badhaava denaa ack aur vishva yuddh seey bachane kaa sabse achchha tarika haye aur unhone videshi lekhakon key karyon koo prakaashit karane key liye kaafee sachet roop seey chunaa, jinake baare mein british padhane vaali janata anjaan thee. prakaashit honey vaale pahale gair-british lekhak soviyat lekhak maxim gorki they, joe 1920 mein "memoinsance off leo nikolaivovich tolstoy" pustak thee, joe count leo tolstoy key saath unaki dosti seey sambandhit thee.
sansmaran club (1920-1941).
1920 mein bloomsbury samooh kaa yuddh key baad kaa punargathan, sansmaran club key sheershak key tahat dekhaa gayaa, joe jaisa kii naam seey pataa chalata haye kii proost key "aeye laa recherch" key tareeke seey swa-lekhan parr kendrit thaa, aur 20veen shatabdi kii kuchh adhik prabhaavshaali pustakon koo prerit kiya. yuddh seey bikhare hue samooh koo mairi ('mauli') mccarthy dwara phir seey bulaaya gayaa thaa, jinhone unhein "bloomberry" kahaa thaa, aur cambridge preriton seey praapt niyamon key tahat kaam kiya, ack kuleen vishvavidyalaya bahas samaaj jisake kaee sadasya they. inn niyamon ney spashtata aur khulepan parr jore diyaa. prastut 125 sansmaranon mein seey, virginia ney teen kaa yogdan diyaa joe 1976 mein maranoparant aatmakathaatmak sankalan "honey key kshanon" mein prakaashit hue they. yeye they "22 hyde park gett" (1921), "old bloomsbury" (1922) aur "kyaa main ack snobe huun?"(1936).
veeta sackville-west (1922-1941).
bloomsbury samooh key lokachar ney kamukta key prati ack udaar drishtikon koo protsaahit kiya, aur 14 disambar 1922 koo woolf ney lekhak aur maali veeta sacville-west seey mulakat kii, joe harrold nicholson kii patni theen, jaba way clive bell key saath bhojan curr rahey they. agale dinn apani diarry mein likhate hue, unhone "sunder pratibhashali kuleen sacville west" seey milane kaa ullekh kiya. usa samay, sackville-west kavi aur upanyaskar donon key roop mein vyaavsaayik aur aalochanatmak roop seey adhik safal lekhika theen, aur woolf kii mrityu key baad taka unhein behtar lekhika naheen maanaa gayaa thaa. ack asthaayi shuruat key baad, unhone ack yaun sambandh shuru kiya, joe 17 agast 1926 koo apane pati koo likhe ack patra mein sackville-west key anusaar, kewal dou baar puuraa huaa thaa. yeh sambandh 1925 aur 1928 key beach apane charam parr pahunch gayaa, 1930 key dashak key dauran ack dosti mein vikasit huaa, halanki woolf apane antarang dayare mein anya mahilaaon, jaise kii sibil collefax aur comtesse dee polygnac key saath apane mamalon kii ghamand karane key liye bhee ichchuk thee. antarangata kii yeh avadhi donon lekhakon key liye faldaayi saabit honey vaali thee, jisamen teen upanyason kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa, "too dha lighthouse" (1927), "orlando" (1928), aur "dha waves" (1931) key saath-saath "mister" sahit kaee nibandh. bennet aur shrimati. braun "(1924) aur" ack yuva kavi koo ack patra "(1932).
sacville-west ney woolf key atmasamman koo badhaane key liye athak prayaas kiya, unhein protsaahit kiya kii way khud koo bimari key prati ack ardh-samaveshi jhukaav key roop mein naa dekhein, jise khud koo duniya seey door rakhna chaahiye, balki unaki jeevantata aur buddhi, unake swaasthya, unaki buddhi aur ack lekhak key roop mein uplabdhiyon key liye prashansa kii. sacville-west ney woolf koo khud kaa punarmulyankan karane key liye prerit kiya, ack adhik sakaratmak aatm-chhavi vikasit kii, aur yeh bhavna kii unakaa lekhan unaki kamjori key bajaay unaki taakat kaa utpaad thaa. 15 saal kii umr seey, woolf kaa maanana thaa kii unake pitaa aur unake doctor dwara kiye gaye nidan seey unaki tantrika sthiti key liye padhana aur likhana hanikarak thaa, jisake liye poori tarah seey tantrika patan koo rokane key liye bagwani jaise shaaririk shram kii aavashyakta hoti thee. isake kaaran oolf koo iss tarah key shaaririk shram mein jununi roop seey adhik samay bitana padaa.
sacville-west ney sabse pahale ulaf key baare mein bahas kii jiska galat nidan kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh kii usaki nason koo shaant karane key liye padhane aur likhane mein sanlagn honah kaheen behtar thaa-joe salah lii gaee thee. sacville-west key prabhaav mein, woolf ney apana samay shaaririk gatividhiyon mein bitaane key bajaay, padhane, likhane aur pustak sameekshaon jaisi vibhinn prakaar kii bauddhik gatividhiyon key beach badalkar apani tantrika sambandhi beemariyon seey nipatna seekha, jisase usaki taakat cumm hoe gaee aur usaki nasein kharaab hoe gaeen. sacville-west ney aarthik roop seey sangharsharat hogarth press koo apane prakaashak key roop mein chunaa taaki way una logon kii aarthik sahaayata curr sakein. "hogarth dwara prakaashit sacville-west key upanyason mein seey pahala, "seducers inn aquador" safal naheen rhaa, isake pahale varsh mein kewal 1500 pratiyaan bikin, lekin agala sacville-west upanyaas, jise unhone prakaashit kiya, "dha adverdiance", ack best-seller thaa jisaki 30,000 pratiyaan pahale chhah maheenon mein bikin. sacville-west key upanyaas, halanki hoggarth press key vishisht naheen they, lekin hoggarth koo bachaa curr unhein laal seey kaale rung mein leey gaye. haalaanki, woolf hamesha iss tathya kii sarahana naheen karate they kii yeh sacville-west kii kitaaben theen jinhone hoggerth press koo laabhdaayak rakhaa, 1933 mein apane "sevika ladki" upanyason koo khariz curr diyaa. sackville-west key upanyason kii achchi bikri seey vittiya suraksha ney badale mein woolf koo adhik prayogaatmak kaam mein shamil honey kii anumati dee, jaise kii "dha waves", kyonki woolf koo taba savdhan rehna padaa jaba vaha apani aaya key liye poori tarah seey hogarth parr nirbhar thee.
1928 mein, woolf ney sacville-west koo "ack kaalpanik jeevani" key saath prastut kiya, jisamen isi naam key naayak kaa jeevan teen shataabdiyon aur donon lingon mein faila huaa haye. yeh octuber mein prakaashit huaa thaa, jaba donon mahilaaon ney usa sitambar mein france mein ack saptah ack saath yatra kii thee. veeta sackville-west key bete, nigel nicholson ney likhaa, "virginia parr veeta kaa prabhaav" orlando "mein nihit haye, joe saahitya kaa sabse lamba aur sabse aakarshak prem patra haye, jisamen vaha veeta kii khoj karati haye, usey sadiyon seey bunati haye, usey ack ling seey dusare ling mein fenkati haye, usake saath khelati haye, usey farr, feeta aur panna pahanati haye, usey chidhaati haye, usake saath flirt karati haye, usake chaaron or dhundh kaa ack ghoonghat giraati haye."apana sambandh samaapt honey key baad, donon mahilaaen 1941 mein woolf kii mrityu taka dost raheen. virginia woolf bhee apane jeevit bhaai-bahanon, adrian aur vanessa key karib rahee; 26 saal kii umr mein typhoid bukhaar seey thobi kii mrityu hoe gaee thee.
susex (1911-1941).
virginia koo bhaagne key liye ack desh key peechhe hatane kii aavashyakta thee, aur 24 disambar 1910 koo, usey leves key paas sthir, sussex mein kiraaye parr ack ghar milaa (naksha dekhein). usane ack patta praapt kiya aur agale maheene ghar kaa kabja leey liya, ise cornwall mein unake bachpan key ghar key naam parr 'chhota lamba ghar' naam diyaa, halanki yeh vaastav mein gaanv key holl key saamane mukhya sadak parr ack nayaa laal gable vaalaa vilaa thaa. patte parr diyaa gayaa saman chhota thaa aur octuber mein, usey aur leonard woolf koo paschim mein kuchh meal kii doori parr ashham mein asham house milaa, jaba way furley seey ouse key saath chala rahey they. pedon seey dhaki sadak key anta mein ack akela sthaan parr ack ajib sunder regency-gothik ghar thaa. unhone ise bijli yaa paani key binaa "sapaat, peela, shaant, peele rung seey dhoya gayaa" aur kathit roop seey pretvaadhit bataaya. unhone nae saal mein vanessa key saath sanyukt roop seey paanch saal kaa patta liya, aur way farwari 1912 mein 9 tarikh koo ack house warming party aayojit karate hue isamen chaley gaye.
yeh aasham mein thaa kii una oonee logon ney usa saal baad mein apani shaadi kii raat bitaai. aasham mein, unhone apane "aasham diarry" mein saptahant aur chhuttiyon kii ghatnaaon koo darj kiya, jiska ack hissa baad mein 1953 mein "ack lekhak kii diarry" key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. rachanaatmak lekhan key sandarbh mein, "yatra" vahaan poori hui thee, aur "raat aur dinn" kaa adhikansh hissa. asham ney landan key jeevan kii gati seey achchi tarah seey aavashyak raahat pradaan kii aur jahan unhein ack khushi millie joe unhone 5 maee 1919 kii apani diarry mein vyakt kii "oh, lekin humm asham mein kitane khush hain! yeh sabse madhur samay thaa. sub kuchh itani swatantra roop seey huaa;-lekin main apane anand key sabhi sroton kaa vishleshan naheen curr sakata. asham "ack pretvaadhit ghar" (1921-1944) key liye bhee prerana thee, aur ise vanessa bell aur roser fry sahit bloomsbury samooh key sadasyon dwara chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh asam mein inn samay key dauran thaa kii kaa cox (yahaan dekhaa gayaa) ney khud koo virginia key liye samarpit karna shuru curr diyaa aur bahut upayogi hoe gayaa.
jaba 1916 mein asham leonard aur virginia koo ack farmhouse milaa, joe lagbhag chaar meal door thaa, joe unhein lagaa kii usaki bahan key liye aadarsh hoga. antatah, vanessa iska nireekshan karane key liye neeche aaee, aur usee varsh octuber mein apane parivaar key liye ack grishmakaaleen ghar key roop mein leey gaee. charleston farmhouse koo bloomsbury samooh key saahityik aur kalaatmak dayare key liye grishmakaaleen sabhaa sthal banana thaa.
yuddh kii samaapti key baad, 1918 mein, makaan malik dwara oona koo ack saal kaa notice diyaa gayaa thaa, jise ghar kii aavashyakta thee. 1919 key madhya mein, "nirasha mein", unhone "ack bahut hii ajib saa chhota saa ghar" £300 mein kharida, pipe maarg mein goal ghar, leves, ack parivartit pavanchakki. jaise hii unhone goal ghar kharida, paas key rodmail mein bhikshu kaa ghar nilami key liye aaya, ack mausam board vaalaa ghar jisamen oak beam vaale kamare they, jise 15veen yaa 16veen shatabdi kahaa jaataa haye. tenduon ney apane bageeche aur bageeche key kaaran baad vaale kaa paksh liya, aur bhikshu kaa ghar 700 pound mein khareedane key liye goal ghar betch diyaa. bhikshu key ghar mein bhee paani aur bijli kii kamee thee, lekin ack ekad bageeche key saath aaya, aur dakshin kii pahaadiyon kii or ack drishya thaa. leonard woolf iss drishtikon (aur suvidhaon) koo chausar key dinon seey aparivartit honey key roop mein varnit karate hain. 1940 seey, unake landan key ghar parr bambari key baad yeh unakaa sthaayi ghar bunn gayaa, aur virginia apani mrityu taka vahaan rahati rahee. iss beach, vanessa ney 1936 mein charleston koo apana sthaayi ghar banaa liya. yeh bhikshu key ghar parr thaa kii virginia ney 1941 kii shuruat mein "krityon key beach" puuraa kiya, jisake baad ack aur tootane key parinamswarup 28 march 1941 koo seedhe unaki aatmahatya hoe gaee, upanyaas usa varsh baad mein maranoparant prakaashit kiya gayaa.
nava-murtipoojakon (1911-1912).
apane nishkriya samay key dauran, virginia rupert brook aur unake samajik dayare seey behtar tareeke seey parichit hoe gaee, jinhen "nava-moortipoojak" upnaam diyaa gayaa thaa, samaajvaad, shakahar, baahar vyayam aur samajik nagnata sahit vaikalpik jeevan shailiyon kaa anusaran karate hue. way bedel, fabianism aur shelly key lokachar seey prabhaavit they. mahilaaon ney sandle, moje, khuli gardan kii shirt aur sir parr nishan pahane hue they. halanki unhein kuchh aapattiyan theen, lekin woolf kuchh samay key liye unaki gatividhiyon mein shamil thee, joe bloomsbury key sandehpurna buddhijivita key vipareet unaki murkhtapurna masumiyat seey mohit thee, jisane unhein apane bhaai adrian seey "bakri" upnaam arjit kiya. jabaki woolf koo saptahant kaa adhikansh samay grantchester mein vikaarej mein brook key saath bitana pasand thaa, jisamen vahaan pool mein tairna bhee shamil thaa, yeh mukhya roop seey ack saahityik kaary prateet hotaa haye. unhone morris kregg key naam parr ack manochikitsak bhee saajha kiya. nava-murtipoojakon" key madhyam seey, vaha antatah janwari 1911 mein oxford mein ack saptahant parr kaa cox seey mileen, joe "friede club" circle kaa hissa they aur abb unake dost bunn gaye aur unaki beemariyon seey nipatane mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. virginia ney apana upnaam "brune" rakhaa. usee samay, unhone khud koo kaa, jacques raverat aur gwen darwin seey judey ack trikoniya sambandh mein ghasita huaa paaya. vaha dusare jode, jack aur gwen seey naraj hoe gaee, jinhone baad mein 1911 mein shaadi kii, naa kii virginia ney joe parinam kii bhavishyavani kii thee yaa vaanchhit thaa. baad mein unhein "prakashastambh" aur "varsh" donon mein sandarbhit kiya jaayega. vaha joe bahishkaar mahsoos karati thee, vaha stella duckworth kii shaadi aur vanessa aur clive key saath usaki trikoniya bhagidari donon kii yaadon koo jagaata thaa.
donon samooh antatah baahar hoe gaye. brook ney kaa parr 1911 key anta mein brunswick squire parr virginia key "menez" mein shamil honey seey peechhe hatane kaa dabaav daala, ise "baudi-house" kahaa aur 1912 key anta taka vaha jordar tareeke seey bloomsbury key khilaf hoe gaye. baad mein, vaha brook key baare mein apmaanjanak roop seey likhati, jisaki samay seey pahale mrityu key parinamswarup uska aadarshikaran huaa, aur "merey jeevan key usa star parr nava-moortipoojak" key baare mein khed vyakt karati. virginia bahut nirash thee jaba kaa ney 1918 mein villium edward arnold-forster seey shaadi kii, aur usaki teji seey aalochana karane luggy.
mansik swaasthya.
oolf key mansik swaasthya kii bahut jaanch kii gaee haye (jaise.jee., mansik swaasthya granth soochi dekhein). 13 saal kii umr seey, apani maan kii mrityu key baad, woolf koo gambhir avasaad seey laker unmaadi uttejana taka samay-samay parr manodasha mein badalaav kaa saamana karna padaa, jisamen manovaigyaanik prakaran bhee shamil they, jise parivaar ney uska "pagalpan" kahaa. haalaanki, jaisa kii hermioni lii bataati hain, woolf "pagal" naheen thee; vaha kewal ack mahila thee joe apane jeevan key adhikansh samay taka bimari seey peedit thee aur usase joojhati rahee, "asadharan saahas, buddhi aur hathdharmita" vaali mahila thee, jisane sabse achchha upayog kiya, aur usa bimari key baare mein sabse achchi samajh hassil kii.
aadhunik manochikitsakon kaa tark haye kii unaki bimari dwidhruvi vikaar (unmaadi-avasaadgrastata bimari) kaa gathan karati haye. 1895 mein unaki maan kii mrityu, "sabse badee aapada joe hoe sakati thee", ney tarkaheen bhaya key saath baari-baari seey uttejana aur avasaad kaa sankat paida curr diyaa, jisake liye unake parivaar key doctor, dow. setton, nirdhaarit aaraam, paath aur lekhan koo rokna, aur stella dwara niyamit roop seey tahalana. phir bhee kewal dou saal baad, stella bhee marr gaee thee, jisase 1897 mein uska agala sankat paida huaa, aur pandrah saal kii umr mein usane pahali baar mrityu kii ichcha vyakt kii, apani diarry mein likhaa kii octuber mein "mrityu chhoti aur cumm dardanaak hogi". phir usane kuchh samay key liye diarry rakhna bund curr diyaa. yeh ack aisaa paridrishya thaa jise unhone baad mein "time paas" ("lighthouse key liye", 1927) mein phir seey banaaya.
1904 mein unake pitaa kii mrityu ney unhein sabse khatarnak patan key liye uksaayaa, 10 maee koo, jaba unhone khud koo ack khidki seey baahar fenk diyaa aur unhein apane pitaa key dost, prakhyaat manochikitsak george savage kii dekhbhal mein kuchh samay key liye sansthaagat curr diyaa gayaa. berber ney apani bimari key liye apani shiksha koo doshi thaharaaya-usa samay kaee logon dwara mahilaaon key liye anupayukt key roop mein tiraskar kiya gayaa thaa. unhone stella key dost violet dickinson key ghar aur cambridge mein apani chaachi carolin key ghar aur janwari 1905 taka dow. berber ney usey "thheek" maanaa. virginia seey satrah saal badee violet, usaki sabse karibi doston mein seey ack aur usaki adhik prabhaavi nurses mein seey ack bunn gaee. unhone ise ack "romantic dosti" key roop mein varnit kiya (violet koo patra 4 maee 1903). 1906 mein unake bhaai thobi kii mrityu ney ack "mrityu kaa dashak" chihnit kiya jisane unake bachpan aur kishoravastha koo samaapt curr diyaa. gorden (2004) likhate hainh "bhootiya awazon ney usase badhati tatkalikta key saath baat kii, shayed unake saath rahane vaale logon kii tulanaa mein adhik vaastavik. jaba mritakon kii awazon ney usey asambhav cheejon key liye prerit kiya, tou unhone usey pagal curr diyaa, lekin niyantrit, way kalpana kii samagri bunn gaeen..."
dow. savage kii sifarish key anusaar, virginia ney 1910,1912 aur 1913 mein 15 cambridge park, twickenham mein burley house mein teen chhoti avadhi bitaai, jise miss jeane thomas dwara sanchaalit "tantrika vikaar vaali mahilaaon key liye ack niji nursing home" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. farwari 1910 key anta taka, vaha teji seey bechain hoe rahee thee, aur dow. savage ney landan seey door rahane kaa sujhaav diyaa. vanessa ney juuna mein canterbury key baahar "khaai ghar" kiraaye parr liya thaa, lekin koee sudhaar naheen huaa thaa, isaliye dow. berber ney usey "aaraam key ilaaj" key liye burley bheja. isamen aanshik algaav, saahitya kii kamee aur balpurvak bhojan karna shamil thaa, aur chhah saptah key baad vaha sharad ritu key dauran cornwall aur dorset mein thheek honey mein saksham thee.
vaha iss anubhav seey nafrat karati thee; 28 julaai koo apani bahan koo likhate hue, usane bataaya kii kaise usane nakali dhaarmik vatavaran koo dabaa diyaa aur sansthaan koo badsurat paaya, aur vanessa koo soochit kiya kii bachane key liye "mujhe jald hii ack khidki seey baahar koodana hoga."vaapas bheje jaane kii dhamki key kaaran baad mein vaha aatmahatya karane key baare mein sochati. unake virodh key bavjood, berber ney unhein 1912 mein anidra key liye aur 1913 mein avasaad key liye vaapas bhej diyaa.
sitambar 1913 mein burley house seey baahar nikalane parr, unhone 13 tarikh koo dou anya chikitsakon seey aage kii raay maangih morris raait, aur heinry haid, joe heinry james key chikitsak they. donon ney usey burley house lautane kii salah dee. pareshan hocker, vaha ghar lauti aur 100 grain key veronal (ack barbiturate) kii adhik matra laker aatmahatya karane kaa prayaas kiya aur lagbhag marr rahee theeh usey kaa cox ney paaya, jisane madad maangi.
thheek honey parr, vaha 30 sitambar koo thheek honey key liye, kaa cox aur ack nurse key saath, east grinstead, sussex mein george duckworth key ghar, delingrij holl gaee, 18 navambar koo cox aur janette cases key saath "asham" laut aaee. agale dou varshon mein vaha asthir rahee, ack aur ghatana jisamen veronal shamil thaa, jiska usane daavaa kiya kii yeh ack "durghatana" thee, aur aprail 1914 mein ack anya manochikitsak, morris kregg seey paramarsh kiya, jinhone samajhaaya kii vaha pramaanit honey yaa kissy sansthaan key liye pratibaddh honey key liye paryaapt manovikrit naheen thee.
1914 kii baaki garmiyaan unake liye behtar raheen, aur way richmond chaley gaye, lekin farwari 1915 mein, jaise hii "yatra baahar" prakaashit honey vaali thee, vaha ack baar phir seey vaapas aaa gaee, aur usa varsh key adhikansh samay taka kharaab swaasthya mein rahee. phir, miss thomas key udas purvanuman key bavjood, vaha 20 saal key kharaab swaasthya key baad thheek honey luggy. phir bhee, unake aspas key logon mein yeh bhavna thee kii vaha abb sthaayi roop seey badal gaee hain, naa kii behtari key liye.
apane shesh jeevan mein, vaha baar-baar avasaad kaa saamana karati rahee. 1940 mein, kaee karakon ney unhein abhibhoot curr diyaa. roser fry kii unaki jeevani julaai mein prakaashit hui thee, aur vaha isake swaagat seey nirash theen. yuddh kii bhayavahata ney unhein udas curr diyaa, aur sitambar aur octuber mein blitz mein unake landan key ghar nasht hoe gaye they. woolf ney navambar mein "act key beach" (maranoparant 1941 mein prakaashit) koo puuraa kiya thaa, aur ack upanyaas koo puuraa karane mein aksar thakan hoti thee. unakaa swaasthya teji seey chinta kaa vishay bunn gayaa, jisaki parinati 28 march 1941 koo apana jeevan samaapt karane key unake faisale mein hui.
haalaanki yeh asthirta aksar unake samajik jeevan koo prabhaavit karati thee, lekin vaha apane poore jeevan mein kuchh baadhaon key saath apani saahityik utpaadaktaa koo jaari rakhane mein saksham raheen. woolf swayam naa kewal apani diarry aur patron mein apane lakshnon kii ack jeevant tasveer pradaan karati haye, balki una rakshason key prati usaki pratikriya bhee pradaan karati haye joe usey pareshan karate they aur kabhi-kabhi usey mrityu key liye lamba banaa dete theh "lekin yeh hamesha ack sawal hotaa haye kii kyaa main inn chamak seey bachana chaahati huun... yeye 9 saptah gahare paani mein doobane kaa mauka dete hain... koee kuein mein gir jaataa haye aur kuchh bhee sachchai key hamale seey usaki raksha naheen kartaa haye."
manochikitsa key paas kaam karane key liye bahut cumm thaa, lekin unhone maanaa kii lekhan una vyavhaaron mein seey ack thaa jisane unhein apani bimari seey nipatane mein saksham banaayah "ekmatra tarika jisase main aage badhata rahata huun... kaam karke... seedhe main kaam karna bund curr detaa huun mujhe lagata haye kii main neeche doob rhaa huun. aur hamesha kii tarah, mujhe lagata haye kii aggar main aage doob jaataa huun tou main sachchai taka pahunch jaaoonga."paani key neeche dubna avasaad aur manovikriti donon key prabhaavon key liye woolf kaa roopak thaa-lekin sachchai khojane key liye bhee, aur antatah mrityu kaa unakaa vikalp thaa.
apane poore jeevan mein, woolf ney apani bimari mein arth khojane key liye sangharsh kiya, safalata key binaah ack or, ack baadha, doosari or, kuchh aisaa jise unhone apane kalaa key ack aavashyak hisse key roop mein dekhaa, aur apani kalaa kii ack aavashyak sthiti. unake anubhavon ney unake kaam koo soochit kiya, jaise kii "shrimati daloway" (1925) mein septimus vaaran smith kaa charitra, joe, oona kii tarah, mritakon dwara pretvaadhit thaa, aur antatah ack sanatorium mein bharti honey key bajaay apani zaan leey letaa haye.
leonard woolf bataate hain kii kaise 30 varshon key dauran unaki shaadi hui thee, unhone harley street kshetra mein kaee doctors seey paramarsh kiya, aur haalaanki unhein neuresthenia kaa nidan diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin unhein lagaa kii unhein karanon yaa prakriti kii bahut cumm samajh haye. prastaavit samadhan saral thaa-jaba taka vaha binaa kissy shaaririk yaa mansik parishram key ack shaant jeevan jee rahee thee, taba taka vaha thheek thee. doosari or, kissy bhee mansik, bhaavnaatmak yaa shaaririk tanaav key parinamswarup usake lakshan phir seey dikhaai diye, jisaki shuruat sirdard seey hui, usake baad anidra aur vichaar joe daudane lagey. uska upchaar saral thaah ack andhere kamare mein soney key liye, khaane aur bahut saaraa doodh peene key liye, jisake baad lakshan dheere-dheere cumm hoe gaye.
unake bhatije aur jeevanikaar quentin bell sahit aadhunik vidvaanon ney sujhaav diyaa haye kii unake tootane aur baad mein baar-baar avasaadgrast honey kii avadhi yaun shoshan seey prabhaavit thee, jise vaha aur unaki bahan vanessa apane sautele bhaai george aur gerald duckworth (jise woolf apane aatmakathaatmak nibandhon "ateet kaa ack rekhaachitra" aur "22 hyde park gett" mein yaad karati hain) (yaun shoshan dekhein) dwara prabhaavit kiya gayaa thaa. jeevanikaar bataate hain kii jaba 1897 mein stella kii mrityu hoe gaee, tou george key shikaar aur raat mein unake shikaar koo niyantrit karane key liye koee prati-santulan naheen thaa. virginia ney usey apana pahala premi bataaya, "kensington aur belgravia kii boodhi auraton koo kabhi pataa naheen thaa kii george duckworth una garib stephen ladkiyon key liye naa kewal pitaa aur maan, bhaai aur bahan they, balki way unake premi bhee they."
yeh sambhavana haye kii anya karakon ney bhee ack bhoomika nibhai. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii unamen aanuvanshik pravritti shamil haye, kyonki aghaat aur parivarik itihas donon koo dwidhruvi vikaar mein fansaaya gayaa haye. virginia key pitaa, leslie stephen, avasaad seey peedit they, aur unaki sauteli bahan laura koo sansthaagat banaa diyaa gayaa thaa. virginia key kaee lakshan, jinamen lagaatar sirdard, anidra, chidchidaapan aur chinta shamil hain, usake pitaa key lakshnon seey milate-julate they. ack anya kaarak yeh haye kii unhone apane kaam mein khud parr dabaav daala; udaaharan key liye, 1913 kaa unakaa tootana cumm seey cumm aanshik roop seey "yatra koo samaapt karane" kii aavashyakta key kaaran huaa thaa.
virginia ney khud sanket diyaa kii unaki bimari iss baat seey sambandhit thee kii unhone samaaj mein mahilaaon kii damit sthiti koo kaise dekhaa jaba unhone "apana ack kamra" likhaa. iss lekh mein, vaha daavaa karati haye kii, aggar shekspeare kii ack samaan pratibhashali bahan hoti, tou vaha "nishchit roop seey pagal hoe jaati, khud koo goli maar letee, yaa gaanv key baahar kissy akele kuteer mein apane dinon kaa anta karati, aadhi chudail, aadhi jadugar, darti aur unakaa majaak udaati. yeye preranaaen una cheezon seey saamane aaeen jinhen woolf ney apane pagalpan key laava key roop mein sandarbhit kiya, 1930 mein athel smith koo likhe ack patra mein burley mein apane samay kaa varnan kiyaah
thomas caramagno aur anya, unaki bimari parr charcha karate hue, mansik bimari koo dekhane key "tantrika-pratibha" key tareeke kaa virodh karate hain, jahaan rachnaatmaktaa aur mansik bimari koo virodhi key bajaay judey hue key roop mein avadharana kii jaati haye. stephen trombly ney woolf koo apane doctors key saath takraav key sambandh key roop mein varnit kiya haye, aur sambhavatah ack mahila honey key naate joe "purush chikitsa kii shikaar" haye, vishesh roop seey usa samay, mansik bimari key baare mein samajh kii kamee kaa ullekh karate hue.
mrityu.
apane antim upanyaas (maranoparant prakaashit) kii pandulipi, "act key beach" (1941) koo puuraa karane key baad, woolf avasaad mein parh gaee, jaisa kii usane pahale anubhav kiya thaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii shuruat, blitz key dauran unake landan ghar kaa vinash, aur unake divangat dost roser fraay key shaant swaagat ney unaki sthiti taba taka kharaab curr dee jaba taka kii vaha kaam karane mein asamarth naheen hoe gaeen. jaba leonard ney grih rakshak mein bharti kiya, tou virginia ney manaa curr diyaa. unhone apane shantivad koo dridhata seey pakad liya aur apane pati kii "grih rakshak kii murkhtapurna vardi" pahanane key liye aalochana kii.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh shuru honey key baad, woolf kii diarry seey sanket milata haye kii vaha mrityu key prati jununi thee, joe usake manodasha key kaale honey key saath adhik seey adhik dikhaai detee thee. 28 march 1941 koo, woolf ney apane overcoat kii jebon koo pattharon seey bharkar aur apane ghar key paas nadee key oos mein chalkar khud koo dubo diyaa. 18 aprail taka uska shav naheen milaa thaa. unake pati ney unake antim sanskar key avasheshon koo saadhu key ghar key bageeche mein ack elm key pedh key neeche dafnaya, joe rodmail, sussex mein unakaa ghar thaa.
apane pati koo sambodhit apane suicide nott mein, usane likhaah
kaam karate hain.
woolf koo 20veen sadee key sabse mahatvapurna upanyaskaron mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. ack adhuniktawadi, vaha marcel proust, dorothy richardson aur james joyce jaise samkaaleenon key saath ack kathaa upkaran key roop mein chetna kii dhaara kaa upayog karane key agraduton mein seey ack theen. 1930 key dashak key dauran woolf kii pratishtha apane sabse badey star parr thee, lekin dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad isamen kaafee girawat aaee. 1970 key dashak mein nariwadi aalochana key badhane seey unaki pratishtha koo phir seey sthaapit karane mein madad millie.
virginia ney 1890 mein "tite-bits" mein ack pratiyogita mein apana pahala lekh prastut kiya. haalaanki ise aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa, 8 varsheeya dwara yeh jahaaj parr chadhaaya gayaa romans 25 saal baad usake pahale upanyaas koo prastut karega, jaisa kii "hyde park samachar" mein yogdan dega, jaise kii model patra "yuvaaon koo vyakt karane kaa sahee tarika dikhaane key liye joe unake dilon mein haye", usaki maan kii pauranik matchmaking parr ack sookshm tippani. way 1904 mein 22 saal kii umr mein kishoravastha seey peshevar patrakaarita mein parivartit hoe gaeen. violet dickinson ney unhein shrimati seey parichit karaaya. littelton, ingland key ack church samachar patra, "dha guardian" key "mahila poorak" key sampaadak hain. 1, 500 shabdon kaa lekh prastut karane key liye aamantrit, virginia ney littelton koo villium deane howells key "shaahi langberth key bete" kii sameeksha aur usa varsh haverth kii apani yatra key baare mein ack nibandh, "haverth, navambar 1904" bheja. sameeksha 4 disambar koo gumnam roop seey prakaashit kii gaee thee, aur nibandh 21 disambar koo prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. 1905 mein, woolf ney "dha times literary supplement" key liye likhana shuru kiya.
woolf ney upanyason aur nibandhon koo ack saarvajanik buddhijivi key roop mein prakaashit kiya aur alochakon aur lokpriya donon kii prashansa kii. unakaa adhikansh kaam hogarth press key madhyam seey swa-prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. "ack kathaa lekhak key roop mein virginia woolf kii vishishtataon ney unaki kendriya shakti koo aspasht curr diyaa haih vaha yakinan angreji bhasha mein pramukh geetaatmak upanyaskar hain. unake upanyaas atyadhik prayogaatmak hainh ack kathaa, joe aksar ghatnaaheen aur samanya hoti haye, paatron kii grahansheel chetna mein apavartit hoti haye-aur kabhi-kabhi lagbhag bhang hoe jaati haye. gahan geetvaad aur shaileegat guna shravan aur drishya prabhaavon key saath ack vishva koo samriddh banaane key liye fuse karate hain."virginia woolf kii kavyatmak drishti kii teevrata unake adhikansh upanyason kii samanya, kabhi-kabhi sadharan settings koo oopar uthaati haye"-aksar yuddh key samay kaa vatavaran."
kaalpanik aur naatak.
upanyaas.
unakaa pahala upanyaas, "dha wares out", 1915 mein 33 saal kii umr mein unake sautele bhaai, gerald duckworth aur company limitted dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. iss upanyaas kaa mool sheershak "melibrosia" thaa, lekin woolf ney baar-baar masaude koo badal diyaa. dha ways out" key pahale key sanskaran kaa nirmaan woolf vidwan luis dessalvo dwara kiya gayaa haye aur abb yeh janata key liye ichchit sheershak key tahat upalabdh haye. dessalvo kaa tark haye kii paath mein kiye gaye kaee parivartan unake apane jeevan mein badalaav key jawab mein they. upanyaas dakshin america key liye ack jahaaj parr adharit haye, aur jahaaj parr yuva adverdian key ack samooh aur unaki vibhinn bemel lalsaon aur galatfahmi parr adharit haye. upanyaas mein una vishayon key sanket hain joe baad key kaam mein ubharenge, jisamen poorvavarti vichaar aur usake baad key boley gaye shabd key beach kaa antar, aur abhivyakti aur antarnihit iraade key beach samanjasya kii kamee, saath hii yeye hamein prem kii prakriti key pahaluon koo kaise prakat karate hain.
"" "shrimati daloway" "(1925) ack party aayojit karane key liye ack madhyam ayu varg kii samaaj kii mahila clarisa daloway key prayason parr kendrit haye, bhale hii unakaa jeevan septimus warren smith key jeevan key samanantar hoe, joe ack mazdoor varg key diggaj they, joe gahare manovaigyaanik nishan key saath pratham vishva yuddh seey laute hain.
"too dha lighthouse" (1927) koo duss saal key antaral parr dou dinon parr sthaapit kiya gayaa haye. kathaanak ramse parivaar kii pratyasha aur ack prakashastambh kii yatra parr pratibimb aur sambandhit parivarik tanaav parr kendrit haye. upanyaas key praathamik vishayon mein seey ack rachanaatmak prakriya mein sangharsh haye joe chitrakaar lilly brisco koo gher letaa haye jabaki vaha parivarik naatak key beach mein chitrakaari karane key liye sangharsh karati haye. yeh upanyaas yuddh key beach mein ack rashtra key nivaasiyon aur peechhe reh gaye logon key jeevan parr bhee dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye."yeh samay key saath-saath yeh bhee pataa lagaata haye kii kaise mahilaaon koo samaaj dwara purushon koo unase bhaavnaatmak shakti lene kii anumati dene key liye majboor kiya jaataa haye.
"orlandoh aeye biography" (1928) virginia woolf key sabse halke upanyason mein seey ack haye. ack yuva kuleen vyakti kii ack kaalpanik jeevani joe teen shataabdiyon taka tees saal seey adhik umr key binaa rahata haye (lekin joe achaanak ack mahila mein badal jaataa haye), yeh pustak kuchh hudd taka woolf key premi veeta sacville-west kaa chitra haye. yeh veeta key paitrik ghar, nole house key nuksan key liye santvana dene key liye thaa, halanki yeh veeta aur usake kaam kaa ack vyangyaatmak upchaar bhee haye. orlando" mein, aitihaasik jeevanikaron kii takneekon kaa upahaas kiya jaa rhaa haye; ack shandar jeevanikaar key charitra kaa upahaas kiya jaa rhaa haye.
"" "dha waves" "(1931) chhah doston key ack samooh koo prastut kartaa haye, jinake pratibimb, joe aantarik ekalapon kii tulanaa mein paath key karib hain, ack lahar jaisa vatavaran banaate hain joe ack kathaanak-kendrit upanyaas kii tulanaa mein ack gadya kavita key samaan haye.
"flashah aeye biography" (1933) victorian kavi elizabeth barrett browning key swaamitva vaali cocker spaniel kii ack aanshik-kathaa, aanshik-jeevani haye. yeh pustak kutte key drishtikon seey likhi gaee haye. woolf koo iss pustak koo likhane key liye rudolf basier naatak "dha barrett off vimpol street" kii safalata seey prerit kiya gayaa thaa. naatak mein, adhikansh action key liye flush munch parr hotaa haye.
"dha ears" (1936), 1880 key dashak seey laker 1930 key dashak key madhya taka key "vartamaan dinn" taka key sadharan pargiter parivaar key itihas kaa pataa lagaata haye. upanyaas kii utpatti 1931 mein rashtriya samaaj koo mahila seva key liye diye gaye ack vyakhyan mein hui thee, jiska ack sampaadit sanskaran baad mein "mahilaaon key vyavasaay" key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. woolf ney pahali baar iss vyakhyan koo mahilaaon parr ack nae pustak-lambai nibandh kaa aadhar banaane key baare mein socha, iss baar kalakaron key roop mein mahilaaon parr dhyaan kendrit karane key bajaay unake aarthik aur samajik jeevan key baare mein vyaapak drishtikon lete hue, jaisa kii pahali pustak mein thaa. unhone jald hii apane "upanyaas-nibandh" key saiddhaantik dhaanche koo hataa diyaa aur pustak parr poori tarah seey ack kaalpanik kathaa key roop mein phir seey kaam karna shuru curr diyaa, lekin iss pustak key liye unhone pahali baar joe gair-kaalpanik samagri kaa irada kiya thaa, uska upayog baad mein "three gineej" (1938) mein kiya gayaa.
"unaki antim kriti" "krityon key beach" "(1941), woolf kii mukhya vyastataon koo sankshep mein prastut karati haih kalaa, yaun dwidha-bhaav, aur samay aur jeevan key pravaah key vishayon parr dhyaan key madhyam seey jeevan kaa parivartan, jise ack saath ksharan aur kayakalp key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa haye-sabhi lagbhag sabhi angreji itihas koo shamil karate hue ack atyadhik kalpanashil aur prateekaatmak kathaa mein sett kiye gaye hain."yeh pustak naa kewal bhavna mein balki shally mein, mukhya roop seey padya mein likhi gaee, unaki sabhi kritiyon mein sabse geetaatmak haye. jabaki woolf key kaam koo bloomsbury samooh key saath baatchit mein lagaatar samajha jaa sakata haye, vishesh roop seey isaki pravritti (jee dwara soochit.ee. moor, anya logon key beach) saiddhaantik tarkvaad kii or, yeh samooh key aadarshon kaa ack saral punarkathan naheen haye.
vishay-vastuein.
woolf kii kathaa kaa adhyayan yuddh, shale shock, jaadoo-tona aur samkaaleen aadhunik british samaaj mein samajik varg kii bhoomika sahit kaee vishayon mein isaki antardrishti key liye kiya gayaa haye. yuddh key baad kii "shrimati daloway" (1925) mein, woolf yuddh kii naitik duvidha aur isake prabhaavon koo sambodhit kartaa haye aur pratham vishva yuddh seey lautane vaale sainikon key liye ack pramanik aavaaj pradaan kartaa haye, joe shale sadame seey peedit hain, septimus smith key vyakti mein. apane swayam key ack kamare" (1929) mein woolf ney jaadoo-tona key aitihaasik aaropon koo mahilaaon key beach rachnaatmaktaa aur pratibha key saath tulanaa kii haye ", halanki, jaba koee ack chudail koo bataakar, ack mahila key baare mein padhata haye joe shaitanon dwara dhaaran kii gaee thee...taba mujhe lagata haye kii humm ack khoye hue upanyaskar, ack dabey hue kavi, kuchh mook aur apmaanjanak jaine austen key raaste parr hain. apane poore kaam key dauran woolf ney mulyankan karane kii koshish kii kii unaki visheshaadhikaar praapt prishthabhoomi ney kiss hudd taka usa lens koo taiyar kiya jisake madhyam seey unhone kaksha koo dekhaa. unhone donon ney ack aise vyakti key roop mein apani sthiti kii jaanch kii jise ack abhijaatya varg kaa tiraskar maanaa jaayega, lekin britten kii varg sanrachana parr hamla kiya kyonki unhone ise paaya. 1936 mein apane nibandh "kyaa main ack snobo?" mein", unhone apane moolyon aur usa visheshaadhikaar praapt dayare key moolyon kii jaanch kii jisamen way maujood theen. unhone nishkarsh nikala kii way theen, aur baad key alochakon aur samarthakon ney abhijaat varg aur samajik aalochak donon honey kii duvidha seey nipatane kii koshish kii haye.
samudra oolf key kaam mein ack aavarti rupankan haye. cornwall mein laharon koo tootane koo sunane kii woolf kii praarambhik smriti koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, catherine smith ney "peris sameeksha" mein likhaa haye kii "unake lekhan mein [kii] chamak baar-baar pavitra kii jaayegi, naa kewal nibandh, diarry aur patron koo, balki" jacob kaa kamra "," laharen "aur" prakashastambh koo "bhee santript karati haye."petria aeye. muscogiuri bataate hain kii "samudra key drishya, naukaayan, gotakhori aur samudra swayam prakriti key pahalu hain aur isake saath manushyon key sambandh hain joe aksar virginia woolf key lekhan koo prerit karate hain."yeh trop unake granthon kii sanrachana aur vyaakaran mein gaharaai seey antarnihit haye; james antonio" "sidney morning herauld" "mein nott karate hain kii kaise" "woolf ney ardhaviram kaa ack guna banaaya, jiska aakar aur kaary lahar seey milata-julata haye, joe unaki sabse prasiddh rupankan haye."
kaafee vaichaarik kathinaaiyon key bavjood, bhasha key woolf key vishisht upayog koo dekhate hue, unaki kritiyon kaa 50 seey adhik bhaashaon mein anuvaad kiya gayaa haye. kuchh lekhakon, jaise kii belgium key marguret yorsener, ney unake saath tanaavpurna muthbhedon kaa saamana kiya, jabaki anya, jaise kii argentine key george luis borge ney aise sanskaranon kaa nirmaan kiya joe atyadhik vivadaspad they.
naatak.
virginia woolf ney apani pardada, photographer julia margaret cameron key jeevan parr shodh kiya, apane nishkarshon koo "pataltom" (1925) naamak ack nibandh mein prakaashit kiya, aur baad mein cameron kii tasveeron key apane 1926 sanskaran key parichay mein. unhone 1923 mein cameraman key jeevan key ack prakaran parr adharit ack naatak parr kaam karna shuru kiya thaa, lekin ise chhod diyaa. anta mein iska pradarshan 18 janwari 1935 koo fitzroy street parr unaki bahan vanessa bell key studio mein kiya gayaa thaa. woolf ney ise swayam nirdeshit kiya thaa, aur kalakar mukhya roop seey bloomsbury samooh key sadasya they, jinamen way bhee shamil they. "freshes watter" victorian yug parr vyangya karane vaali ack laghu teen abhinay vaali comedy haye, joe woolf key jivankal mein kewal ack baar prastut kii gaee haye. haasya tatvon key neeche, peedhigat parivartan aur kalaatmak swatantrata donon kii khoj kii gaee haye. cameraman aur woolf donon ney victorianism key varg aur ling gatishilata key khilaf ladaai ladee aur naatak mein "prakashastambh" aur "apane swayam key ack kamare" donon key link dikhaae gaye hain.
gair-kaalpanik.
woolf ney aatmakathaatmak karyon kaa ack samooh likhaa aur 500 seey adhik nibandh aur sameekshaaen likhin, jinamen seey kuchh, jaise "apana khud kaa ack kamra" (1929) pustak kii lambai key they. unake jivankal mein sabhi prakaashit naheen hue they. unaki mrityu key turant baad, leonard woolf ney 1947 mein hogarth press dwara prakaashit "dha moment aind adar assage" sheershak seey aprakaashit nibandhon kaa ack sampaadit sanskaran taiyar kiya. inmein seey kaee mool roop seey vyakhyan they joe unhone diye they, aur isake baad nibandhon key kaee aur khand they, jaise "dha capton death bedah aind adar assage" (1950).
"apana ack kamra.
woolf key gair-kaalpanik karyon mein seey ack, sabse prasiddh "aeye room off vans one" (1929) haye, joe ack pustak-lambai kaa nibandh haye. nariwadi saahityik aalochana kaa ack pramukh kaary maanaa jaane vaalaa yeh lekh pichhale varsh cambridge vishvavidyalaya mein "mahila aur kathaa" parr diye gaye dou vyakhyanon key baad likhaa gayaa thaa. isamen, vaha samajik, shaikshik aur vittiya sahit kaee kshetron mein mahilaaon koo jhelani padee aitihaasik akshamta kii jaanch karati hain. unaki ack adhik prasiddh tippani iss pustak mein nihit haye "ack mahila key paas paisa honah chaahiye aur aggar usey kathaa likhana haye tou uska apana ack kamra honah chaahiye. unakaa adhikansh tark ("aapako yeh dikhaane key liye kii main kamare aur paise key baare mein iss raay parr kaise pahuncha") mahilaaon kii "ansuljhi samasyaon" aur kaalpanik lekhan key madhyam seey unake nishkarsh parr pahunchane key liye vikasit kiya gayaa haye, halanki unhone daavaa kiya kii yeh kewal "ack mamuli bindu parr ack raay" thee. aisaa karate hue, vaha mahilaaon aur kathaaon kii prakriti key baare mein ack achchha sauda bataati haye, ack ardh-kaalpanik shally kaa upayog karati haye kyonki vaha jaanch karati haye kii mahila lekhak sansadhanon aur avsaron kii kamee key kaaran kahaan whiffle raheen, raaste mein bronte, george elliot aur george saind key anubhavon kii jaanch karati haye, saath hii saath shekspeare kii bahan kaa kaalpanik charitra, joe ack hii pratibha seey lais haye lekin sthiti seey lais naheen haye. unhone inn mahilaaon kii tulanaa jaine austen seey kii, jinhone poori tarah seey ack mahila key roop mein likhaa thaa.
prabhaav.
michel lassie kaa tark haye kii 1912 key baad seey, oonee vastra parr ack badaa prabhaav russie saahitya thaa aur oonee vastra ney apane kaee saundarya paramparaon koo apanaaya. fyodor dastayevsky kii shally ney ack taral munn key chitran key saath ack "nirantar lekhan prakriya" key baare mein woolf key lekhan koo prabhaavit karane mein madad kii, halanki woolf ney apane dakshinpanthi, rajtantravadi rajneeti key saath-saath apane paatron mein "manovaigyaanik charam" aur "bhaavanaon key uthal-puthal pravaah" key prati dastayevsky key junoon parr apatti jataai kyonki dastayevsky russie samrajya key nirankushta key ack prabal samarthak they. dostovsky kii "atiranjit bhaavnaatmak pitch" parr unaki apattiyon key vipareet, woolf koo anton chekhav aur leo tolstoy key kaam mein prashansa karane key liye bahut kuchh milaa. woolf ney chekhow kii una kahaaniyon key liye prashansa kii jinamen aam loga apana jeevan jeete hain, mamuli cheejen aur kathaanak karate hain jinka koee saaf anta naheen thaa. tolstoy seey, woolf ney iss baare mein sabak liya kii kaise ack upanyaskar koo ack charitra kii manovaigyaanik sthiti aur bheetar key aantarik tanaav koo chitrit karna chaahiye. lakey ney nott kiya kii ivan turgenev seey, woolf ney sabak liya kii ack upanyaas likhate samay kaee "aaee" hain, aur upanyaskar koo ack kahani banaam ack kahani key "saansaarik tathyon" koo santulit karane key liye apane una kaee sanskaranon koo santulit karane kii aavashyakta haye. lekhak kii vyaapak drishti, jisake liye kalaa key liye "poorna junoon" kii aavashyakta thee.
americi lekhak heinry david thoro ney bhee woolf koo prabhaavit kiya. 1917 key ack nibandh mein, unhone thoro key iss kathan key liye unaki prashansa kii, "laakhon loga shaaririk shram key liye paryaapt roop seey jaag rahey hain, lekin saikadon laakhon mein seey kewal ack hii kavyatmak yaa divya jeevan key liye paryaapt roop seey jaag rhaa haye. jaagana jeevit rehna haye."way donon 'usa kshan' koo pakadane key liye they-jaisa kii walter patter kahate hain," hamesha iss kathor, ratna jaisi lau key saath jalana."woolf ney aatma kii najuk aur jatil machinary koo mukt karane kaa ack tarika khojane mein" "sadgi" "key liye thoro kii prashansa kii. thoro kii tarah, woolf kaa maanana thaa kii yeh vaha maun thaa joe munn koo vaastav mein duniya parr vichaar karane aur samajhane key liye swatantra kartaa haye. donon lekhak jeevan aur lekhan key liye ack nishchit divya, rahasyamay drishtikon mein vishvaas karate they, jahaan sadharan cheejen bhee gahari bhaavanaon koo utpann karane mein saksham hoe sakati hain yadi kissy key paas unaki sarahana karane key liye paryaapt maun aur munn kii upasthiti hoe. woolf aur thoro donon aadhunik yug mein maanav sambandhon kii kathinaaee seey chintit they.
woolf kii prastaavana mein daniel defoe, surr thomas braun, laurence stern, surr walter scott, lord maikaale, emily bronte, thomas dee quincy aur walter patter koo prabhaav kaa shreya diyaa gayaa haye. apane samkaaleenon mein, woolf marcel proust seey prabhaavit theen, unhone roser fraay koo likhaa, "oh aggar main iss tarah likh sakati!"
chayanit prakashanon kii soochi.
  dekhiye, 
drishya.
apane jivankal mein, woolf kaee vishayon parr mukhar theen jinhen vivadaspad maanaa jaataa thaa, jinamen seey kuchh koo abb pragatisheel maanaa jaataa haye, anya koo pratigaami. vaha aise samay mein ack utsaahi nariwadi theen jaba mahilaaon key adhikaaron koo mushkil seey maanyata dee gaee thee, aur upaniveshvaad virodhi, samrajyavad virodhi aur ack shantivadi jaba ugravaad lokpriya thaa. doosari or, unake niji lekhan aur prakaashit karyon mein varg aur nasl parr vichaaron key liye unaki aalochana kii gaee haye. unake kaee samkaaleenon kii tarah, unake kuchh lekhan koo abb aapattijanak maanaa jaataa haye. natijatan, unhein dhruvikaran karane vaali, ack krantikari nariwadi aur samajwadi naayak yaa ghrinapurna bhaashan kii pradaata maanaa jaataa haye.
aeye room off vans one" (1929) aur "three gineej" (1938) jaisi kritiyon koo aksar nariwadi saahitya key prateek key roop mein pathyakramon mein padhaaya jaataa haye joe kaheen aur vyakt kiye gaye unake kuchh vichaaron kii bahut aalochana karate hain. vaha kaafee homophobic aur mahila virodhi aalochanaon kii praaptakarta bhee rahee hain.
manavtawadi vichaar.
virginia woolf kaa janm ack gair-dhaarmik parivaar mein huaa thaa aur unhein unake saathi bloomberry ee key saath maanaa jaataa haye.aim. forster aur jee.ee. moor, ack manavtawadi key roop mein. unake maataa-pitaa donon pramukh agyeyavaadi naastik they. unake pitaa, leslie stephen, vinamra samaaj mein apane lekhan key liye prasiddh hoe gaye they, jinhone dharm kii sachchai parr sandeh karane key karanon koo vyakt aur prachaarit kiya thaa. stephen west landan ethical society key adhyaksh bhee they, joe ack praarambhik manavtawadi sangathan thaa, aur 1896 mein naitik samajon key sangh kii sthaapana mein madad kii. woolf kii maan, julia stephen ney "agyeyavaadi mahila" (1880) pustak likhi, jisamen tark diyaa gayaa kii agyeyavaad (yahaan naastikvaad kii tarah kuchh aur key roop mein paribhaashit) jeevan key liye ack atyadhik naitik drishtikon hoe sakata haye.
woolf isai dharm key aalochak they. athel smith koo likhe ack patra mein, unhone dharm kii teekhi ninda karate hue ise aatm-dharmi "ahankar" key roop mein dekhaa aur kahaa kii "merey yahudi [leonard] kaa ack pair key nakhun mein adhik dharm haye-ack baal mein adhik maanviya prem. woolf ney apane niji patron mein kahaa kii vaha khud koo ack naastik maanati thee.
vivaad.
hermioni lii ney woolf key lekhan seey kaee uddharanon kaa hawala diyaa haye jinhen lii sahit kaee loga aapattijanak maanenge, aur inn aalochanaon kaa pataa windham luis aur kyu taka lagaaya jaa sakata haye.dee. 1920 aur 1930 key dashak mein leavis. anya lekhak adhik sookshm praasangik vyaakhyaaen pradaan karate hain, aur unake charitra kii jatilata aur unaki spasht khamiyon kaa vishleshan karane mein spasht antarnihit virodhabhason parr jore dete hain. vaha nishchit roop seey anya lekhakon, anuvaadakon aur jeevanikaron key saath apane vyavhaar mein gair-haath, ashisht aur yahaan taka kii kroor bhee hoe sakati haye, jaise kii kroor krurta key saath unakaa vyavhaar. david detches, brenda silver, ellison light aur anya uttar aupaniveshik naarivaadiyon sahit kuchh lekhak unhein (aur samanya roop seey adhuniktawadi lekhakon) visheshaadhikaar praapt, abhijaatya, vargavaadi, naslavaadi aur yahudi virodhi key roop mein khariz karate hain.
viklang logon key khilaf purvagrahpurna bhaavanaon sahit woolf kii pravrittipurna abhivyaktiyaan aksar akaadamik aalochana kaa vishay rahee hainh
yahudi-virodhi.
aksar yahudi-virodhi honey kaa aarop lagaaya jaataa haye, yahudi dharm aur yahoodiyon key saath oona dwara vyavhaar karna seedha naheen haye. vaha khushi-khushi ack adhaarmik yahudi vyakti (leonard woolf) seey shaadi curr rahee thee, jiska apane logon key saath koee sambandh yaa gyaan naheen thaa, jabaki vaha aam taur parr nakaratmak roodhivaadita key saath yahudi paatron koo chitrit karati thee. udaaharan key liye, unhone apane kaam mein kuchh yahudi paatron kaa varnan iss sandarbh mein kiya kii way shaaririk roop seey vikarshak yaa gandey they. doosari or, vaha apane swayam key vichaaron kii aalochana curr sakati theeh "mujhe ack yahudi seey shaadi karane seey kaise nafrat thee-mujhe unaki naak kii awazon aur unake praachya key aabhushanon, aur unaki naak aur unake wattle seey kaise nafrat thee-main kitna kharaab thaah kyonki unamen apaar jeevan shakti haye, aur mujhe lagata haye kii mujhe vaha guna sabse achchha pasand haye" (athel smith koo patra 1930). inn drishtikon koo itna yahudi-virodhi naheen, balki samajik sthiti koo pratibimbit karane key liye maanaa gayaa haye; unhone apane samajik varg seey baahar shaadi kii. leonard, "putni key ack garib yahudi", mein stephen aur unake vritt kii bhautik sthiti kaa abhaav thaa.
purtagaal key liye ack samudrayatra parr yatra karate samay, unhone "jahaaj parr kaee purtagaali yahoodiyon aur anya ghrinit vastuon koo khojane parr virodh kiya, lekin humm unase door rahate hain. isake alawa, unhone apani diarry mein likhaah "mujhe yahudi aavaaj pasand naheen haye; mujhe yahudi hansee pasand naheen haye."hitler key shasankal key dauran likhi gaee unaki 1938 kii laghu kahani" "dha duchess aind dha jeweller" "(mool roop seey" "dha duchess aind dha jyu" "sheershak) koo yahudi virodhi maanaa gayaa haye.
kuchh logon kaa maanana haye kii woolf aur unake pati leonard 1930 key dashak key faasivaad aur yahudi-virodhi koo napsand karane aur darne lagey. unaki 1938 kii pustak "three gineej" faasivaad kaa ack abhiyog thaa aur jise woolf ney hinsa dwara damankari samajik roodhiyon koo lagu karane key liye pitrisattaatmak samajon key beach ack aavarti pravritti key roop mein varnit kiya thaa. aur phir bhee, unaki 1938 kii kahani "dha duchess aind dha jeweller" yahoodiyon key apane ghrinit chitran mein itani gahari thee kii harper key bajar ney unhein prakaashan seey pahale ise sanshodhit karane key liye kahaa. usane anichha seey anupaalan kiya.
kamukta.
bloomsbury samooh ney kamukta key sambandh mein bahut pragatisheel vichaar rakhe aur victorian samaaj kii kathorta koo khariz curr diyaa. isake adhikansh sadasya samlaingik yaa ubhayalingi they.
woolf key mahilaaon key saath kaee sambandh they, jinamen seey sabse ullekhaniya veeta sacville-west key saath thaa. donon mahilaaon mein ack gahara sambandh vikasit huaa; veeta yakinan virginia key vayask jeevan mein una kuchh logon mein seey ack thee jinake vaha vaastav mein karib thee.
apane rishte key dauran, donon mahilaaon ney apane saahityik currier key shikhar koo dekhaa, jisamen woolf key prashansit "" sheershak naayak "" sacville-west seey prerit they. yeh jodee ack dashak taka premi bunny rahee aur jeevan bhar karibi dost rahee. woolf ney sacville-west seey kahaa thaa kii usey mardanagi pasand naheen haye.
unake anya ullekhaniya mamalon mein sibil collefax, lady otolin morel aur mairi hutchinson key saath they. kuchh logon kaa anuman haye kii usey apane ack chaacha kii patni, maij seamonds seey pyaar hoe gayaa hoga. sacville-west kii diarry mein maij simnds koo woolf key shuruati premon mein seey ack key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa. unhein violet dickinson seey bhee pyaar hoe gayaa, halanki iss baat koo laker kuchh bhram haye kii kyaa donon ney apane rishte koo puuraa kiya.
purushon key saath sambandhon key sambandh mein, woolf unake saath yaun sambandh banaane key khilaf thee, aur apane sautele bhaaiyon dwara jaba way bachche aur kishore they taba unake saath aur unaki bahan key saath kiye gaye yaun shoshan kaa aarop lagaati thee. yeh ack kaaran haye kii usane shuru mein apane bhaavi pati, leonard seey shaadi key prastaavon koo aswikar curr diyaa. vaha usey yeh bataane taka gaee kii vaha usaki or aakarshit naheen thee, lekin vaha usase pyaar karati thee aur anta mein shaadi karane key liye sahmat hoe gaee. purushon key saath yaun sambandh banaane key prati ghrina key aadhar parr, woolf ney purush premiyon kii tulanaa mein mahila premiyon koo prathamikta dee. purushon key saath sambandhon key prati iss ghrina ney unake lekhan koo prabhaavit kiya, vishesh roop seey jaba ack bachche key roop mein unake yaun shoshan parr vichaar kiya gayaa.
leonard unake jeevan kaa pyaar bunn gaee aur bhale hii unake yaun sambandh sandigdh they, way ack-dusare seey gaharaai seey pyaar karate they aur ack majboot aur sahayak vivaah kaa gathan kiya jisake kaaran unake prakaashan gharaane key saath-saath unake kaee lekhan bhee baney. naa hii way yaun roop seey ack-dusare key prati wafadar they, lekin way ack-dusare key liye apane pyaar aur sammaan mein wafadar they.
aadhunik vidvata aur vyaakhyaaen.
halanki virginia woolf kii cumm seey cumm ack jeevani unake jivankal mein prakaashit hui, unake jeevan kaa pahala aadhikarik adhyayan 1972 mein unake bhatije quentin bell dwara prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. hermioni lii kii 1996 kii jeevani "virginia woolf" woolf key jeevan aur kaam kii ack poori aur aadhikarik jaanch pradaan karati haye, jisaki charcha unhone 1997 mein ack sakshatkar mein kii thee. 2001 mein, luis desalovo aur michel aeye. lesca ney "dha latters off veeta sackville-west aind virginia woolf" kaa sampadan kiya. julia briggs kii "virginia woolfah aine inner life" (2005) woolf key lekhan parr kendrit haye, jisamen unake upanyaas aur rachanaatmak prakriya parr unaki tippani shamil haye, taaki unake jeevan koo rotion kiya jaa sakey. samajshastri piyare boardue bhee ling prabhutva koo samajhane aur vishleshan karane key liye woolf key saahitya kaa upayog karate hain. woolf key jeevanikaar gillion gill ney nott kiya kii bachpan key dauran apane sautele bhaaiyon dwara yaun shoshan key woolf key dardanaak anubhav ney kamjor bachchon koo isi tarah key anubhavon seey bachaane kii unaki vakaalat koo prabhaavit kiya. biljana dozsinovic ney "seema paar" key roop mein serbian mein oona key anuvaad key aspas key muddon parr charcha kii haye.
virginia woolf aur usaki maan.
virginia woolf key saahityik utpaadan kii gahan jaanch (granth soochi dekhein) ney maan aur betty key manovishleshak adhyayan sahit unaki maan key prabhaav key baare mein atkalon koo janm diyaa haye. woolf kaa kahana haye kii, "merrie pahali smriti, aur vaastav mein yeh merrie sabhi smritiyon mein sabse mahatvapurna haye" unaki maan kii haye. apani maan kii unaki yaaden ack junoon kii yaaden hain, joe 1895 mein apani maan kii mrityu parr unake pahale badey tootane seey shuru hoti hain, iss nuksan kaa jeevan bhar gahara prabhaav padata haye. kaee mayanon mein, virginia woolf parr usaki maan kaa gahara prabhaav baad vaale kii yaadon mein vyakt kiya jaataa haye, "vahaan vaha haye; sunder, jordar... kissy bhee jeevit vyakti kii tulanaa mein adhik nikat, hamaare yaadrichhik jeevan koo ack jalati hui mashal key roop mein rotion karate hain, joe apane bachchon key liye aseem roop seey mahaan aur anandadayak haye.
woolf ney apani maan koo apane jeevan mein ack "adrishya upasthiti" key roop mein varnit kiya, aur elen rosenman kaa tark haye kii maan-betty kaa rishta woolf key lekhan mein ack nirantarta haye. vaha bataati haye kii kaise woolf key adhuniktawad koo usaki victorian maan key prati dwidha bhaav, joe usaki mahila pehchaan kaa kendra haye, aur swaayatta kii apani bhavna kii or usaki yatra key sambandh mein dekhane kii aavashyakta haye. sant julia" key liye, "sant julia" donon ack shaheed they, jinaki purnataavaad daraane vaali thee aur unaki anupasthiti seey vaastavik aur aabhaasi aur samay seey pahale mrityu honey seey vanchit honey kaa ack srot thaa. julia kaa prabhaav aur smriti woolf key jeevan aur kaary mein vyaapt haye. "unhone likhaa, "usane mujhe pareshan kiya haye.
aitihaasik narivad.
2007 kii pustak "narivadah mairi wollstonecraft seey betty friedon taka" key anusaar. shukla, "haal hii mein, virginia woolf key adhyayanon ney unake kaam mein nariwadi aur samlaingik vishayon parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye, jaise kii 1997 key aalochanatmak nibandhon key sangrah," virginia woolfah lesbian readings ", jise aileen barrett aur patricia crammer dwara sampaadit kiya gayaa thaa."1928 mein, woolf ney narivad koo soochit karane aur prerit karane key liye jamini star parr drishtikon apanaaya. unhone gerton college, cambridge mein odda society aur newnham college mein arts society mein snaatak mahilaaon koo dou peparon key saath sambodhit kiya joe antatah "apana khud kaa ack kamra" (1929) bunn gayaa.
woolf kii sabse prasiddh gair-kathaa kritiyaan, "aeye room off vans one" (1929) aur "three gineej" (1938), una kathinaaiyon kii jaanch karati hain jinka saamana mahila lekhakon aur buddhijiviyon koo karna padaa kyonki purushon key paas asman kanuni aur aarthik shakti thee, saath hii shiksha aur samaaj mein mahilaaon kaa bhavishya bhee thaa. dha sekand sex" (1949) mein, simone dee beauvoire count, una sabhi mahilaaon mein seey joe kabhi jeevit raheen, kewal teen mahila lekhakon-emily bronte, woolf aur "kabhi-kabhi" catherine mansfield-ney "diye gaye" kaa pataa lagaaya haye.
lokpriya sanskriti mein.
anukoolan.
saili potter ney 1992 mein parde key liye "orlando" (1928) koo rupaantarit kiya. film mein tilda swinton ney abhinay kiya. woolf kaa naatak "freshes watter" (1935) 1994 key chamber opera, "freshes watter", key liye aadhar haye, joe andy vores dwara banaaya gayaa thaa. 2018 kii "landan unplugged" kaa antim khand unaki laghu kahani "kyu garden" seey rupaantarit haye. "septimus aind clarisa", "shrimati kaa ack munch roopaantaran. daloway "koo 2011 mein barook pradarshan kalaa kendra mein newyork sthit samooh dwara banaaya aur nirmit kiya gayaa thaa. ise elen mcclaflin dwara anukoolit kiya gayaa thaa, aur rechel dickstein dwara nirdeshit aur taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. ise utkrisht nirmaan key liye 2012 key drama leag puraskar, utkrisht score (jeena leashman) key liye ack drama desk namankan aur ack joe aeye key liye namankit kiya gayaa thaa. utkrisht nirdeshan key liye keloway puraskar namankan (rechel dickstein).)
viraasat.
virginia woolf koo 20veen shatabdi key saahitya aur unake nibandhon mein unake yogdan key saath-saath saahityik, vishesh roop seey nariwadi aalochana parr unake prabhaav key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. kaee lekhakon ney kahaa haye kii unakaa kaam unase prabhaavit thaa, jisamen margaret atwood, michael cunningham, gabriel garcia markage aur tonny maurison shamil hain. unaki pratishthit chhavi koo bees saal kii umr mein unake barresford chitra (iss prishth key sheersh parr) seey laker 44 saal kii umr mein "vog" mein unaki maan kii poshak mein beck aur mcgregor chitra (chhavi dekhein) yaa 55 saal kii umr mein maine ray key "time" patrika key aavaran (chhavi dekhein) taka turant pahachaana jaa sakata haye. kissy bhee anya vyakti kii tulanaa mein rashtriya chitra gallery, landan dwara oona key adhik postcard beche jaate hain. unaki chhavi sarvavyaapi haye, aur chaay key tauliye seey laker tii-shirt taka key utpaadon parr paaee jaa sakati haye.
virginia woolf society aur japan key virginia woolf society jaise sangathanon key saath duniya bhar mein virginia woolf kaa adhyayan kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, trust-jaise kii aasham trust-lekhakon koo unake sammaan mein protsaahit karate hain. haalaanki unake koee vanshaj naheen they, lekin unake kaee vistaarit parivaar ullekhaniya hain.
smaarak aur smaarak.
2013 mein, woolf koo kingsway parr virginia woolf imarat key udghaatan key saath kingsway college landan key unake alma matter dwara sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen unake samay aur unake yogdan (chhavi dekhein) kii yaad mein ack pattika thee, saath hii ack uddharan key saath unhein chitrit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen likhaa thaa kii landan khud koo hamesha aakarshit kartaa haye, uttejit kartaa haye, mujhe ack naatak aur ack kahani aur ack kavita detaa haye. virginia woolf kii pratimaaen rodmail, sussex mein unake ghar aur landan key tavistock squire mein khadee kii gaee hain, jahan way 1924 aur 1939 key beach rahati theen.
2014 mein, vaha indradhanush sammaan sair mein udghaatan sammaanit logon mein seey ack theen, saine francisco key castro pados mein prasiddhi kii ack sair lgbtq logon koo nott karati haye jinhone "apane kshetron mein mahatvapurna yogdan diyaa haye.
singapur mein mahilaaon key liye ack saha-kaary sthal, woolf works, 2014 mein khola gayaa thaa aur nibandh "aeye room off vans one" key sammaan mein unake naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa; isamen kaee anya cheejen bhee hain jinake naam isake naam parr rakhe gaye hain (nibandh kaa lekh dekhein).
2018 mein arora metro arts aur media dwara richmond mein oona kii ack pratima banaane key liye ack abhiyaan shuru kiya gayaa thaa, jahan vaha 10 saal taka rahati thee. moorti usey themus nadee kii or dekhane vaali ack bench parr dikhaati haye. navambar 2022 mein moortikaar laurie desengremail dwara banaai gaee pratima kaa anaavaran kiya gayaa thaa. yeh oona kii pahali poorna aakar kii moorti haye.
granth soochi.
lekh.
patrikaaen
shabdakosh aur vishvakosh
samachar patra aur patrikaaen
website aur dastaavez.
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