gufa bhalu

gufa bhalu (ursus spelius) bhalu kii ack pragaitihasik prajaati haye joe europe aur asia mein pleastocene key dauran rahati thee aur lagbhag 24,000 saal pahale antim himnad key dauran vilupt hoe gaee thee.
gufa" shabd aur vaigyaanik naam "spelius" donon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye kyonki iss prajaati key jeevaashm jyaadaatar gufaaon mein paae gaye they. yeh visheshagyon key vichaaron koo darshaata haye kii gufa bhalu ney bhoore bhalu kii tulanaa mein gufaaon mein adhik samay bitaaya hoga, joe kewal suptavastha key liye gufaaon kaa upayog kartaa haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh kaafee hudd taka shakahari thaa.
vargeekaran.
gufa bhalu key kankalon kaa varnan pahali baar 1774 mein johann friedrich asper ney apani pustak "agyaat chaar pairon vaale jaanvaron key nae khoje gaye prani" mein kiya thaa. jabaki usa samay key vaigyaanikon ney maanaa kii kankal bandaron, canids, felid, yaa yahaan taka kii dragon yaa unicorn key hoe sakate hain, asper ney kahaa kii way vaastav mein dhruviya bhalu key they. bees saal baad, leapsig vishvavidyalaya key ack shareer rachana vigyaani, johann christian rosenmular ney iss prajaati koo iska dwipad naam diyaa. haddiyaan itani adhik theen kii adhikansh shodhkartaon koo unake liye bahut cumm sammaan thaa. pratham vishva yuddh key dauran, phosphat gobar kii kamee key saath, gufaaon seey prithvi jahan gufa bhalu kii haddiyaan theen, kaa upayog phosphat key srot key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. jaba austriya key styria kshetra mein "dragon gufaaon" kaa iss uddeshya key liye shoshan kiya gayaa thaa, tou kewal khopadi aur pair kii haddiyon koo rakhaa gayaa thaa.
madhya europe kii kaee gufaaon mein gufa bhalu key kankal hain, jaise kii hemmer mein "heinrichshohle" aur germany key isarlon mein "dechenhohley". 1966 mein polland mein clayto bhalu gufa key ander ack poorna kankal, paanch poorna khopadi aur 18 anya haddiyaan paaee gaeen. romenia mein, bhalu gufa naamak ack gufa mein, 1983 mein 140 gufa bhalu kankalon kii khoj kii gaee thee.
georgia desh kii kaee gufaaon mein gufa bhalu kii haddiyaan paaee jaati hain. 2021 mein, akaki tseretelli raajya vishvavidyalaya key chhatron aur ack vyakhyata ney ack pahale seey andekhe gufa mein dou poorna gufa bhalu khopadi kii khoj kii, jisamen daadh, kutte, humourous, teen kasheruka aur anya haddiyaan theen.
vikas.
gufa bhalu aur bhoore rung key bhalu donon koo pleo-plistocene attruscan bhalu ("ursus attruscus") seey nikla maanaa jaataa haye joe lagbhag 5.3 maay seey 100,000 saal pahale rahata thaa. gufa bhalu aur bhoore bhalu key antim samanya poorvaj 1.2-1.4 maay key beach rahate they. gufa bhalu kaa tatkaal agradoot shayed "ursus denningerry" (denningers bhalu) thaa, joe lagbhag 1.8 maay seey 100,000 saal pahale plistocene europe taka seemit ack prajaati thee. denninger key bhalu aur gufa bhalu key beach sankraman koo antim antar-himnad key roop mein diyaa gayaa haye, halanki inn roopon key beach kii seema manmana haye, aur madhyavarti yaa sankramankalin curr prastaavit kiya gayaa haye, ee.jee. "ursus spelius deningeroids", jabaki anya adhikaari donon taxes koo ack hii prajaati key kalanukramik roop maanate hain.
kaheen bhee paae jaane vaale gufa bhalu umr mein bhinn honge, iss prakaar vikaasvaadi rujhaanon kii jaanch mein suvidha pradaan karenge. teen poorvavarti poorv stambhon koo dheere-dheere cumm curr diyaa gayaa, phir sambhavatah shakahari aahar key jawab mein gayab hoe gaye. conturin" mein paaee jaane vaali khopadi key ack chauthai mein, teesara purvadhruviya abhee bhee maujood haye, jabaki anya sthaanon parr adhik vyutpann namoonon mein isaki kamee haye. antim shesh purvadhruviya asli daadh key saath sanyugmit hoe gayaa, taaj koo badaa curr diyaa aur ise adhik cups aur seemaaen kaat dee. iss ghatana koo "molarization" kahaa jaataa haye, jisase daadh kii mustication kshamata mein sudhaar huaa, jisase kathin vanaspati key prasanskaran mein suvidha hui. isase gufa bhalu koo apane poorvajon kii tulanaa mein cumm khaate hue, nishkriyata key liye adhik oorjaa praapt karane mein madad millie.
2005 mein, vaigyaanikon ney 42,000 aur 44,000 saal pahale key beach rahane vaale ack gufa bhalu key paramanu dna koo baramad kiya aur anukramit kiya. prakriya mein janwar key ack daant seey nikaale gaye genomic dna kaa upayog kiya gayaa. dee. aine. aeye. koo seedhe anukramit karate hue (pahale ise polymerase shrinkhala pratikriya key saath doharaane key bajaay), vaigyaanikon ney avasheshon seey 21 gufa bhalu jeane baramad kiye joe paaramparik takneekon key saath dee. aine. aeye. kii mahatvapurna matra mein utpaadan naheen karate they. iss adhyayan ney 20,000 seey 130,000 saal puraane gufa bhalu avasheshon seey nikaale gaye mitochondrial dna kaa upayog karke pichhale adhyayan key parinamon kii pushti kii aur nirmaan kiya. donon seey pataa chalata haye kii gufa bhalu americi kaale bhalu kii tulanaa mein bhoore bhalu aur dhruviya bhalu seey adhik nikatata seey sambandhit thaa, lekin alag purvi aur paschimi bhoore bhalu vansh key vividhikaran seey pahale aur bhoore bhalu aur dhruviya bhalu key vibhajan seey pahale bhoore bhalu vansh seey alag hoe gayaa thaa. gufa bhalu aur bhoore bhalu key vichalan kii tarikh kaa anuman lagbhag 1.2-1.4 miyaa haye. haalaanki, haal key ack adhyayan seey pataa chalaa haye kii donon prajaatiyon key beach kuchh sankaran thaa.
varnan.
gufa bhalu kii ack bahut hii chaudi, gumbaddar khopadi thee, jiska maathaa seedha thaa; isake motey shareer mein lambi jaanghen, vishal pindley aur ghumaavdaar pair they, joe ise kankal sanrachana mein bhoore bhalu key samaan banaate they. gufa bhalu aakar mein sabse badey aadhunik bhalu seey tulaniya yaa usase badey they, jinaki lambai lambai taka thee. purushon key liye ausat vajan thaa, halanki kuchh namoonon kaa vajan utanaa hii thaa, jabaki mahilaaon kaa vajan. sangrahalayon mein gufa bhalu key kankalon mein seey 90 pratishat koo ack galat dhaarana key kaaran purush key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye kii mahila kankal kewal "baune" they. gufa bhalu glaciers key dauran badey aur interglatials key dauran chhote hoe gaye, shayed garmi kii haani darr koo samaayojit karane key liye.
antim himm yug key gufa bhalu mein anya bhalu mein maujood samanya dou yaa teen poorv-moller kii kamee thee; kshatipurti key liye, antim daadh bahut lamba hotaa haye, poorak kasp key saath. gufa bhalu kaa aakar dhruviya bhalu key aakar key samaan thaa, jaisa kii maadaon kii maadaon kaa thaa. halanki, narr gufa bhalu kii maadaon key aakar mein kodiak bhalu key aakar seey adhik samaantaaen theen.
vyavhaar.
aahar kii aadaten.
gufa bhalu key daant bahut badey they aur adhikansh aadhunik bhalu prajaatiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik kharaab hotey they, joe kathin samagri key aahar kaa sujhaav dete hain. haalaanki, kanda aur anya kathor bhojan, joe aadhunik bhoore bhalu mein vishisht daanton key ghisane kaa kaaran banate hain, dunt microvier vishleshan key aadhar parr gufa bhalu key aahar kaa ack pramukh hissa naheen prateet hotey hain.
gufa bhalu key aakarshastriya visheshtaon, jisamen premolar key nuksan bhee shamil hain, koo lambe samay seey yeh sanket dene key liye sujhaaya gayaa haye kii unake aahar mein eurasian bhoore bhalu kii tulanaa mein adhik matra mein shakahari padaarth pradarshit kiye gaye hain. vaastav mein, kewal shakahari aahar kaa anuman daanton kii aakriti vigyaan key aadhar parr lagaaya gayaa haye. gufa bhalu kii haddiyon key sthir samsthaanikon parr praapt parinam bhee nitrogen-15 aur carbon-13 key cumm star mein badey paimaane parr shakahari aahar kii or ishara karate hain, joe shakahari key vipareet mansahari dwara teji seey jamaa hotey hain.
haalaanki, kuchh sakshya gufa bhalu aahar mein pashu protein key saamyik samavesh kii or ishara karate hain. udaaharan key liye, gufa bhalu parr daant key nishan una kshetron mein baney hue hain jahaan gufa bhalu ekmatra darj kiye gaye sambhaavit mansahari hain, joe kabhi-kabhi narbhakshi mull-safai kaa sujhaav dete hain, sambhavatah una vyaktiyon parr joe sheetnidra key dauran marr gaye they, aur dunt microvier vishleshan seey sanket milata haye kii gufa bhalu ney apane samkaaleen, chhote eurasian bhoore bhalu kii tulanaa mein adhik matra mein huddy koo khaaya hoga. isake alawa, carpathian pahaadon key roman bhaag key dakshin-paschimi chhor mein pestera kyu oss seey gufa bhalu key avasheshon kii haddiyon mein nitrogen-15 kaa star badhaa huaa thaa, joe sarvabhakshi aahar kaa sanket haye, halanki moolya kadaai seey shakahari vishal key liye paae jaane vaale moolyon kii seema key bheetar hain.
haalaanki vartamaan prachalit raay kaa nishkarsh haye kii gufa bhalu kaafee hudd taka shakahari they, aur "ursus" vansh kii kissy bhee aadhunik prajaati kii tulanaa mein adhik, haddiyon kii samasthaanik sanrachana kii kshetriya parivartansheelta donon key aadhar parr, sarvabhakshi aahar kii or sanket karate hue, aahar plasticity kaa sanket detaa haye, aur chraniodental morphology key haal key punarmulyankan parr joe gufa koo apani khopadi aur daanton key aakar key sambandh mein sarvabhakshi aadhunik bhalu prajaatiyon key beach vargakar roop seey rakhta haye.
mrityu darr.
suptavastha key dauran mrityu gufa bhalu key liye ack aam anta thaa, mukhya roop seey una namoonon koo girana joe anubhavaheenta, bimari yaa vriddhavastha key madhyam seey garmi key mausam key dauran paaristhitik roop seey whiffle rahey. kuchh gufa bhalu haddiyaan kaee beemariyon key sanket dikhaati hain, jinamen reedh kii huddy kaa sanlayan, huddy key tumour, guhaayen, daanton kaa avashoshan, necrosis (vishesh roop seey chhote namoonon mein), austiomyelitis, periostitis, rickets aur gurde kii pathri shamil hain. prajanan key mausam key dauran ladaai key kaaran shayed purush gufa bhalu key kankal toote hue baikula key saath paae gaye hain. gufa bhalu kii deerghaayu agyaat haye, halanki yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii way shayed hii kabhi bees varsh kii ayu seey adhik hotey hain. jeevaashm vigyaaniyon koo sandeh haye kii vayask gufa bhalu mein koee praakritik shikari thaa, sivaay paik-shikaar bhediyon aur gufa lakadbaggha key, joe shayed beemar yaa kamjor vyaktiyon parr hamla curr sakate they. gufa lakadbaggha koo kuchh gufa bhalu kankalon key vighatan aur vinash key liye jimmedaar maanaa jaataa haye. iss tarah key badey shav lakadbagghaon key liye ack ishtatam khaadya sansaadhan they, vishesh roop seey sardiyon key anta mein, jaba bhojan kii kamee thee. gufa bhalu key gufaaon mein gaharaai seey poori tarah seey spasht vayask gufa shher kankalon kii upasthiti, ingit karati haye kii shher kabhi-kabhi hibernating gufa bhalu kaa shikaar karane key liye gufaaon mein pravesh curr sakate hain, aur kuchh iss prayaas mein marr jaate hain.
parisar aur nivaas sthaan.
gufa bhalu kii seema europe mein faili hui haye; paschim mein spen aur british dweepon seey, itali, germany key kuchh hisson, polland, balcon, romania, georgia aur roose key kuchh hisson, jisamen coccus shamil hain; aur uttari iran. uttari british dweepon, scandinavia yaa baltic deshon mein gufa bhalu kaa koee nishan naheen milaa haye, joe usa samay vyaapak glaciers seey dhake hue they. gufa bhalu key avasheshon kii sabse badee sankhya austriya, switzerland, uttari itali, uttari spen, dakshini france aur romenia mein paaee gaee haye, joe motey taur parr pyreni, alps aur carpathian key anuroop haye. dakshini, madhya aur purvi europe mein badee sankhya mein haddiyan milane seey kuchh vaigyaanikon koo lagata haye kii europe mein kabhi gufa bhalu key jhund they. haalaanki, anya loga bataate hain kii, halanki kuchh gufaaon mein hajaaron haddiyaan hoti hain, way 100,000 varshon yaa usase adhik kii avadhi mein jamaa hui theen, iss prakaar badee sankhya key liye prati varsh ack gufa mein kewal dou mauton kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
gufa bhalu nichale pahaadi kshetron mein rahata thaa, vishesh roop seey choona patthar kii gufaaon seey samriddh kshetron mein. aisaa lagata haye kii way khule maidanon seey bachate hain, vanon yaa vanon seey ghire ilaakon koo pasand karate hain.
manushyon key saath sambandh.
1917 aur 1923 key beach, switzerland mein drechenloach gufa kii khudai emil batchler dwara kii gaee thee. khudai mein 30,000 seey adhik gufa bhalu kankal paae gaye. isane ack patthar kii chhaati yaa dundey koo bhee ujagar kiya, jisamen ack gufa kii deewaar key paas choona patthar key slab seey bunny ack nichali deewaar thee, jisake ander kaee bhalu kii khopadi thee. ack gufa bhalu kii khopadi bhee millie thee jisamen ack anya bhalu kii feimer huddy thee joe isake ander fansi hui thee. vidvaanon ney anuman lagaaya kii yeh pragaitihasik maanav dhaarmik sanskaron kaa pramaan thaa jisamen gufa bhalu shamil thaa, yaa kii drechenloach gufa bhalu kaa shikaar ack shikaar anushthaan key hisse key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa, yaa khopadi koo trophy key roop mein rakhaa jaataa thaa. puraatatva, dharm, anushthaan" (2004) mein, puraatatvavid timothi insole dridhata seey sawal karate hain kii kyaa patthar kii dundy mein paaya gayaa drechenloach maanav baatchit kaa parinam thaa. insole kaa kahana haye kii iss samay avadhi mein gufaaon seey judee dhaarmik prathaon key liye sakshya "aashvast karane seey bahut door" haye. insole mein yeh bhee kahaa gayaa haye kii aitihaasik samay seey gyaat bhalu seey judee dhaarmik prathaon key saath tulanaa amaanya haye.
dakshini france key regordo mein bhee isi tarah kii ghatana kaa saamana kiya gayaa thaa. ack aaytaakaar gaddhe mein cumm seey cumm bees bhalu key avashesh they, joe ack vishal patthar key slab seey dhake hue they. ack neanderthal key avashesh ack anya patthar key gaddhe mein paas mein padey they, jisamen vibhinn vastuein theen, jinamen ack bhalu humourous, ack khurdara, ack core aur kuchh guchhe shamil they, jinhen kabr key prasaad key roop mein vyakhya kii gaee thee.
itali key savona mein basura gufa key ack gahare kaksh mein ack asamanya khoj, gufa bhalu pooja seey sambandhit maani jaati haye, kyonki mitty key chharron seey ghiraa ack aspasht zoomorphic stalagmite haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii iska upayog neanderthal dwara ack samaroh key liye kiya gayaa thaa; farsh parr bikhare hue haddiyon seey aage pataa chalata haye kii iska kissy prakaar kaa anushthaan uddeshya honey kii sambhavana thee.
vilupt hoe rhaa haye.
2019 mein jeevashmon key punarmulyankan seey sanket milata haye kii gufa bhalu shayed 24,000 saal pahale marr gayaa thaa. ack kaarak key bajaay karakon key ack jatil samooh ney vilupt honey kaa kaaran banane kaa sujhaav diyaa haye.
anya megaphonel prajaatiyon kii tulanaa mein joe antim himnad adhikatam key dauran vilupt hoe gaeen, maanaa jaataa thaa kii gufa bhalu mein uchch gunavatta vaale paudhon kaa adhik vishesh aahar aur apekshaakrit pratibandhit bhaugolik seema thee. yeh ack spashteekaran key roop mein sujhaaya gayaa thaa kii yeh baaki kii tulanaa mein itani jaldi kyon samaapt hoe gayaa. kuchh visheshagyon ney iss daave parr vivaad kiya haye, kyonki gufa bhalu vilupt honey seey pahale kaee jalavaayu parivartanon seey butch gayaa thaa. isake alawa, mitochondrial dna shodh ney sanket diyaa kii gufa bhalu kii aanuvanshik girawat vilupt honey seey bahut pahale shuru hui thee, joe jalavaayu parivartan key kaaran nivaas sthaan key nuksan kaa pradarshan karane key liye jimmedaar naheen thaa. anta mein, romania seey gufa bhalu kii haddiyon mein uchch δ15n star paae gaye, joe pahale kii tulanaa mein vyaapak aahar sambhaavanaon kaa sanket detaa haye.
manushyon dwara adhik shikaar koo kaafee hudd taka khariz curr diyaa gayaa haye kyonki usa samay maanav aabaadi gufa bhalu key astitva key liye gambhir khatra paida karane key liye bahut chhoti thee, halanki donon prajaatiyon ney gufaaon mein rahane key sthaan key liye pratispardha kii hogi. bhoore bhalu key vipareet, gufa bhalu koo gufa chitron mein shayed hii kabhi darshaaya jaataa haye, jisase kuchh visheshagyon kaa maanana haye kii gufa bhalu koo maanav shikariyon dwara taalaa jaa sakata haye yaa unaki nivaas prathmiktaon mein ativyaapi naheen hoe sakata haye. jeevaashm vigyaani bjourn kurten ney parikalpana kii kii gufa bhalu kii aabaadi glaciers key aagaman seey pahale hii vikhandit aur tanaav mein thee. alps key dakshin mein rahane vaali aabaadi sambhavatah kaafee lambe samay taka jeevit rahee.
kuchh sakshya ingit karate hain kii gufa bhalu ney kewal supt avastha key liye gufaaon kaa upayog kiya thaa aur adhik bahumukhi bhoore bhalu key vipareet, iss uddeshya key liye anya sthaanon, jaise kii jhaadiyon kaa upayog karane key liye ichchuk naheen thaa. iss vishesh nishkriyata vyavhaar key kaaran gufa bhalu key liye uchch sheetkaleen mrityu darr paida hui hogi joe upalabdh gufaaon koo khojane mein whiffle rahey. isaliye, jaise-jaise maanav aabaadi dheere-dheere badhati gaee, gufa bhalu koo upayukt gufaaon key sikudate pool kaa saamana karna padaa, aur dheere-dheere vilupt honey key liye gayab hoe gayaa, kyonki neanderthal aur shaaririk roop seey aadhunik manushya donon ney gufaaon koo rahane vaale awas key roop mein talash kiya, jisase gufa bhalu mahatvapurna nivaas seey vanchit hoe gayaa. iss parikalpana parr shodh kiya jaa rhaa haye. aanvik jeev vigyaan aur vikas" patrika mein prakaashit shodh adhyayan key anusaar, jeevaashm avasheshon kii radiocarbon detting seey pataa chalata haye kii gufa bhalu lagbhag 35,000 saal pahale madhya europe mein prachur matra mein naheen thaa.
2019 mein 81 huddy key namoonon (jisake parinamswarup 59 nae anukram) key badey paimaane parr adhyayan key parinam, aur 64 pahale prakaashit gufa bhalu key poorna mitochondrial genome switzerland, polland, france, spen, germany, itali aur serbia mein paae gaye avashesh, sanket dete hain kii gufa bhalu kii aabaadi mein lagbhag 40,000 saal pahale orignatian kii shuruat mein bhaari girawat aaee thee, joe shaaririk roop seey aadhunik manushyon key aagaman key saath mell khaati haye. yeh nishkarsh nikala gayaa kii maanav shikaar aur/yaa pratispardha ney unake patan aur antim gayab honey mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai, aur yeh kii jalavaayu parivartan pramukh kaarak honey kii sambhavana naheen thee. spanish gufa bhalu aim. tii. dee. aine. aeye. key adhyayan mein, gufa bhalu dwara upayog kii jaane vaali pratyek gufa mein lagbhag vishesh roop seey nikatata seey sambandhit haplotype kii ack anoothi vanshavali paaee gaee, joe janm aur nishkriyata key liye ack home vyavhaar kaa sanket detee haye. iss adhyayan kaa nishkarsh yeh haye kii gufa bhalu inn sansadhanon key liye manushyon key saath pratispardha mein honey parr aasaani seey nae sthalon kaa upanivesh naheen curr sakate they.
2020 mein bolshoy laikhovsky dweep parr ack achchi tarah seey sanrakshit himm yug gufa bhalu paaya gayaa thaa. lagbhag usee samay yakutia kii paas kii cyberian mukhya bhoomi parr, pighalate hue permafrost key ack anya patch seey ack chhota, achchi tarah seey sanrakshit gufa bhalu kaa bachcha ubhara.
lokpriya sanskriti mein.
1980 kaa upanyaas jeane aim dwara "gufa bhalu kaa kabila". auel ney apane seekwal aur film roopaantaran key saath, bhalu, crow-magnon logon aur neanderthal key beach sambandhon kaa ack kaalpanik drishtikon prastut kiya.

