
rudd screen

rudd screen (gaayak mandal screen, chansal screen, yaa jube bhee) madhyayugeen church vastukala mein ack aam visheshta haye. yeh aam taur parr lakadi, patthar yaa lohe seey nirmit cumm yaa jyada khule tracery kaa chansal aur naabhi key beach ack alankrit vibhajan haye. mool roop seey chhat kii screen parr ack chhat kii chhat luggy hui thee, joe mahaan chhat koo leey jaati thee, joe croose parr chadhaae jaane kii murtikala kaa pratinidhitva karati thee. angreji, scotish aur velsh cathedral, mathh aur mahavidyalayi churchon mein, aamtaur parr dou anuprasth screen they, jisamen ack rudd screen yaa rudd beam thaa joe pulpitam screen key paschim mein ack bey mein sthit thaa, lekin yeh dohri vyavastha kaheen bhee poori naheen hoti haye, aur tadnusar aise churchon mein sanrakshit pulpitam koo kabhi-kabhi rudd screen key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. kuon key cathedral mein madhyayugeen vyavastha koo 20veen shatabdi mein bahaal kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen madhyayugeen tanaav kamaan ack chhat koo sahaara detee thee, jise pulpitam aur anga key saamane rakhaa gayaa thaa.
europe key kaee hisson mein churchon mein rudd screen paae jaa sakate hain; haalaanki, catholic deshon mein unhein aam taur parr prati-parivartan key dauran hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba aam logon aur uchch vedi key beach kissy bhee drishya baadha koo vyaapak roop seey trent parishad key farmaanon key saath asangat key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa. tadnusar, rudd screen abb anglican aur luthran churchon mein bahut adhik sankhya mein jeevit hain; scandinavia mein screen aur rudd aakritiyon key saath sabse badee sankhya mein jeevit bache hue hain. purvi isai churchon mein pratimaon kaa nirmaan ack drishtigat samaan baadha haye, lekin abb aam taur parr pracheen vedi screen yaa templon seey vyutpann ack alag mool maanaa jaataa haye.
naam kaa vivaran aur utpatti.
rudd" shabd saxon shabd "rudd" yaa "sawari" seey liya gayaa haye, jiska arth haye "cross". rudd screen koo isaliye kahaa jaataa haye kyonki yeh rudd dwara hii oopar chadhaaya gayaa thaa, joe croose parr chadhaae gaye masih kii ack badee aakriti thee. aam taur parr, chhat key donon or, santon kii sahayak moortiyaan khadee theen, aam taur parr mairi aur sent johnn, ack vyavastha mein joe hamesha ack roodhivaadi pratima key kendra mein paaee jaati haye (joe prerit key bajaay johnn baptist kaa upayog kartaa haye, aur ack croose key bajaay ack pantocrator). baad mein ingland aur wells mein chhat ack sankeern loft (jise "rudd loft" kahaa jaataa haye) key oopar chadhane kii pravritti thee, joe kabhi-kabhi ack gaayan gallery key roop mein upayog karane key liye paryaapt hoe sakata thaa (aur isamen ack vedi bhee hoe sakati haye); lekin jiska mukhya uddeshya chhat koo rotion karane key liye mombattiyan pakadana thaa. puttle aur screen key oopari hisse loft kaa samarthan naheen karate they, joe isake bajaay "rudd beam" yaa "candle beam" naamak ack paryaapt anuprasth beam parr rahata thaa. chancel mehrab koo sahaara dene vaale ghaaton mein ack sankeern chhat seedhiyon key madhyam seey pravesh thaa. parrish churchon mein, chhat kii kiran aur chansal mehrab key beach kii jagah koo aamtaur parr ack board yaa laath aur plaster timpenum dwara bharaa jaataa thaa, joe chhat kii aakritiyon key turant peechhe sthaapit hotaa thaa aur antim nirnay key pratinidhitva key saath chitrit kiya jaataa thaa. naabhi kii pahali khaadi key chhat key panels koo aamtaur parr ack brahm yaa sammaan kii chandwa banaane key liye samriddh roop seey sajaaya jaataa thaa; yaa anyatha chansal mehrab key saamane ack alag brahm chandwa judaa hoe sakata haye.
chhat kii nakkashi yaa nirmaan mein aksar jaali kaa kaam shamil hotaa haye, jisase pardaa key madhyam seey aanshik roop seey naabhi seey chansal mein dekhana sambhav hoe jaataa haye. chansal" shabd swayam lattin shabd "cancelli" seey nikla haye jiska arth haye "jaali"; ack aisaa shabd joe lambe samay seey cumm dhaatu key kaam yaa patthar key parde parr lagu kiya gayaa thaa joe praarambhik madhyayugeen italvi cathedral aur pramukh churchon mein gaayak mandal key aavaran koo chitrit karate hain. chhat kii screen key madhyam seey maarg darwaaje seey susajjit thaa, jinhen sevaaon key dauran chhodkar bund rakhaa gayaa thaa.
palpitam", "letner", "jube" aur "doksal" shabd sabhi shaastra seey padhane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale ack screen platform kaa sujhaav dete hain, aur 16 veen shatabdi mein europe key pramukh churchon mein iss pratha key liye bharpur dastaveji pramaan hain. isase victorian dharmopadeshak yeh nishkarsh nikaalate hain kii saaram key upayog key rubrics mein susamachar key liye sthaan key liye vinirdesh "aid palpitam" cathedral palpitam screen aur parrish rudd loft donon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. haalaanki, angreji parrish churchon mein chhat kii seedhiyaan shayed hii kabhi, yadi kabhi bhee, saaram upayog mein aavashyak susamachar julus koo samaayojit karane key liye paryaapt chaudi banaai gaee paaee jaati hain. madhyakaal key uttaraardh mein paadari mandal key chhat key vishisht kaary, chhat aur isaki roshni kaa samarthan karane key alawa, anuman aur bahas kaa ack mudda baney hue hain. iss sambandh mein yeh mahatvapurna hoe sakata haye kii, halanki europe kii sthaaniya bhaashaon mein ack rudd screen key liye shabd hain, lekin litergical lattin mein koee samkaksh vishisht shabd naheen haye. naa hii 13veen shatabdi key dhaarmik tippanikar durands seedhe rudd screen yaa rudd loft kaa ullekh karate hain. yeh kaafee hudd taka madhyayugeen vikas key baad chhat key anushthaanon key upayog key anuroop haye.
itihas.
praarambhik madhyayugeen vedi parr pardaa aur chansal parkha.
6 veen shatabdi taka isai churchon kii vedi mandali key poorna drishya mein hoti, joe isake chaaron or kewal ack cumm vedi rail dwara alag kii jaati. badey churchon mein vedi key oopar chaar stambhon parr ack seaborium yaa chandwa thaa, jisase vedi key parde latakaae gaye they joe dhaarmik anushthaan mein kuchh binduon parr bund they. phir, halanki, constantinople mein hagia sofiya key church key udaaharan key baad, churchon ney apani vediyon koo ack stambh yaa templone seey gherna shuru curr diyaa, joe ack sajaae gaye vaastushilp beam kaa samarthan kartaa thaa, jisake saath ack pardaa nikala jaa sakata thaa taaki eucharist key abhishek mein vishisht binduon parr vedi koo dhaka diyaa jaa sakey; aur yeh vedi screen, vyaapak roop seey doori vaale stambhon key saath, baad mein rome key pramukh churchon mein maanak bunn gaee. rome mein anushthaan gaayak mandal vedi key parde key paschim mein sthit thaa, aur yeh gaayak mandal kshetra bhee cancelli, yaa cumm chansal screen seey ghiraa huaa thaa. yeye vyavasthaaen abhee bhee cosmedine mein saine clement aur saanta maria key roman basilica key saath-saath venis mein sent maark basilica mein jeevit hain. purvi church mein, templon aur usase judey parde aur sajawat aadhunik pratimaon mein vikasit hue. paschimi church mein, anushthaan gaayak mandal kii radd kii gaee screen pramukh cathedral aur mathh churchon key gaayak mandal key stall aur palpitam screen mein vikasit hui; lekin stambhit vedi screen koo 10 veen shatabdi key baad seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba ack chandwa yaa baldachino uthaane, ghoonghat vaale parde leey jaane, vedi key oopar hii abhyaas vikasit huaa thaa.
praarambhik madhya yug mein ireland aur scotland mein kaee church bahut chhote they joe ack rudd screen key roop mein samaan kaary karate they. samkaaleen sroton seey pataa chalata haye kii vishvaas karane vaale adhikansh saamoohik roop seey church key baahar rahey honge; pujari susamachar key padhane sahit saamoohik key pahale bhaag key liye baahar jaataa thaa, aur church key ander lautata thaa, vishvaasiyon kii drishti seey, eucharist koo pavitra karane key liye.
7veen aur 8veen shatabdi mein ingland mein nirmit churchon ney jaanboojhkar roman prathaon kii nakal kii; praarambhik radd honey vaale parde jairo aur bhikshuon key mathon key churchon mein paae gaye hain, jabaki brixworth, reculver aur sent pancross canterbury key mathon key churchon mein roman vedi key anuroop arcade coloneds paae gaye hain, aur yeh maanaa jaa sakata haye kii yeye bhee parde seey lais they. spen mein 10veen shatabdi key mathon key churchon mein bhee samatulya arcade colondes jeevit rahate hain, jaise kii saine myguel dee escalada. 19veen shatabdi key kuchh dhaarmik guruon kaa maanana thaa kii inn praarambhik vedi parr lagey parde madhyayugeen chhaton kii paraton kii utpatti kaa pratinidhitva curr sakate hain, lekin iss drishtikon koo adhikansh vartamaan vidvaanon dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa haye, joe iss baat parr jore dete hain kii inn parde kaa uddeshya vedi koo anushthaan gaayak mandal seey alag karna thaa, jabaki madhyayugeen chhat parr lagey parde ney anushthaan gaayak mandal koo sadharan sabhaa seey alag curr diyaa thaa.
mahaan chhat.
mahaan chhat yaa chhat cross screen key oopar key hisse key vikas seey bahut pahale thaa, mool roop seey yaa tou kewal chansal mehrab seey latka diyaa gayaa thaa yaa mehrab key paar ack saade beam dwara samarthit thaa, aur uchch, aamtaur parr stambhon kii rajdhaniyon key star parr (yadi koee hoe), yaa usa bindu key paas jahaan mehrab ander kii or jhukana shuru karati haye. collon cathedral (965-970) mein jero cross aur sabse prasiddh lukka key volto santo key saath, kaee nikat jeevan-aakar key crucifix romansk kaal yaa usase pahale seey jeevit hain. iss tarah key cross koo aamtaur parr german mein "vijayotsav" yaa vijayi cross key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. prototype koo aachen mein charlesmen key palatine chappel mein sthaapit kiya gayaa hoe sakata haye, jahira taur parr soney kii panni mein essen key sunhare madona key tareeke seey lakadi key core parr kaam kiya gayaa thaa. jeevit aakritiyon key liye mool sthaan aur samarthan aksar spasht naheen hotaa haye kii kaee abb divaaron parr latakaae gaye hain-lekin kaee uttari europeeya church, vishesh roop seey germany aur scandinavia mein, mool setting koo poori tarah seey sanrakshit karate hain-unhein german mein "vijayotsav" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, praarambhik isai vastukala key "vijayi kamaan" (baad key shabdon mein chansal kamaan) seey. jaisa kii baad key udaharanon mein ack kunwari aur sant johnn aksar cross key buggle mein hotey hain, aur kabhi-kabhi karoob aur anya aakritiyaan dekhi jaati hain.
sankeern chhat screen.
adhikansh madhyayugeen kaal key liye, lattin paschim mein parrish churchon mein vedi sthaan seey mandali key sthaan koo alag karane key liye koee nishchit pardaa yaa baadha naheen thee; haalaanki jaisa kii oopar ullekh kiya gayaa haye, vedi key paar dravyamaan mein vishisht binduon parr ack pardaa kheencha jaa sakata haye. 1215 kii chauthi baad kii parishad mein pargaman key siddhant key pradarshan key baad, paadari varg koo yeh sunishchit karane kii aavashyakta thee kii aarakshit sanskar koo aparivartaniya pahunch yaa durupyog seey sanrakshit rakhaa jaae; aur tadnusar sthaayi screen key kuchh roop koo aavashyak key roop mein dekhaa gayaa, kyonki parrish nev koo aamtaur parr khula rakhaa gayaa thaa aur iska upayog dharmnirpeksh uddeshyon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala key liye kiya jaataa thaa. isaliye chansal screen kii utpatti mahaan chhat seey swatantra thee; vaastav mein adhikansh jeevit shuruati screen mein loft kii kamee thee, aur aisaa kabhi naheen lagata kii una parr ack chhat cross lagaa huaa thaa. phir bhee, samay key saath, chhat kii kiran aur isaki moortiyaan nae yaa punarnirmit churchon mein chansal screen mein shamil hoe gaeen. baad kii teen shataabdiyon mein, aur vishesh roop seey baad kii avadhi mein jaba screen key liye ack chhat key loft dwara sheersh parr honah maanak bunn gayaa, tou sthaaniya anushthaan prathaon kii ack shrinkhala vikasit hui, jisamen chhat aur loft koo dhaarmik anushthaan key pradarshan mein shamil kiya gayaa; vishesh roop seey saaram key upayog mein, misal kaa roop joe ingland mein sabse aam thaa. udaaharan key liye, "lent" key 40 dinon key dauran ingland mein chhat koo "lenton weill" dwara aspasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, ack badaa latakata huaa latakata huaa hook seey latakata huaa, joe chansal aark mein sett kiya gayaa thaa; iss tarah seey kii ise ravivaar koo taad key oopar achaanak jameen parr giraaya jaa sakata thaa, jaba mathh 27:51 key padhane parr jaba mandir kaa ghoonghat faad diyaa jaataa haye.
mathon kii chhat vaali screen.
baad kii parishad key praavdhaanon kaa ingland mein mathon key churchon aur cathedral parr cumm prabhaav padaa; kyonki inmein pahale seey hii dou anuprasth screen lagey hotey; ack pulpitam screen joe anushthaan gaayak mandal koo alag karati haye; aur ack atirikt chhat screen joe aage paschim mein ack khaadi hoti haye, joe gufa key kshetra koo chitrit karati haye joe sadharan pooja key liye pradaan kii jaati haye (yaa cysterian crum key mathon key churchon mein, aam bhaaiyon kii pooja key liye aarakshit alag church kshetra koo chitrit karati haye). mathh key chhat key parde parr hamesha isake paschimi chehare key khilaf ack naabhi vedi rakhee jaati thee, joe cumm seey cumm 11 veen shatabdi key anta seey, aamtaur parr pavitra cross koo samarpit thee; udaaharan key liye norwich cathedral mein, aur mahal ekad priory mein. baad key madhyayugeen kaal mein kaee mathon key churchon ney naabhi vedi key paschim mein ack atirikt anuprasth parclose screen, yaa baad screen kaa nirmaan kiya; jiska ack udaaharan bedfordshire mein aspasht priyari mein chansal screen key roop mein jeevit haye. isaliye "durham key sanskar", sudhaar seey pahale durham cathedral priory kii dhaarmik vyavastha kaa ack vistrit vivaran, teen anuprasth screen kaa varnan kartaa haye; baad screen, rudd screen aur palpitam. aur teen baar kii ack hii vyavastha kaa dastavejikaran autery sent mairi key collegiate church mein bhee kiya gayaa haye. baaki europe mein, yeh kaee screen vyavastha kewal cysterian churchon mein paaee gaee thee, jaisa kii dakshini germany mein maulbrone mathh mein, lekin kaee anya pramukh church, jaise kii france mein albie cathedral, ney baad mein madhyayugeen kaal mein anuprasth screen daali, yaa bahut adhik paimaane parr maujooda gaayak mandal screen kaa punarnirmaan kiya. itali mein, vishal chhat parr ack ambo yaa mandap koo shamil karate hue vishal chhat key parde joe naabhi kaa saamana curr rahey hain, bhikshuon key churchon mein saarvbhaumik prateet hotey hain; lekin parrish churchon mein naheen, saaram key upayog key anushthaan vistaar key liye roman misal mein koee samkaksh naheen haye.
pardaa aur trishul pooja.
trent parishad (1545-1563) key farmaanon mein adesh diyaa gayaa thaa kii saamoohik utsav koo aam upasakon key liye adhik sulabh banaaya jaanaa chaahiye; aur isaki vyaapak roop seey vyakhya kii gaee thee kii jadon key parde koo bhautik aur drishya baadhaon key roop mein hataane kii aavashyakta haye, bhale hii parishad ney parde kii koee spasht ninda naheen kii thee. pahale seey hii 1565 mein, duke cosimo dee 'medisi ney parishad key siddhanton key anusaar saanta cross aur saanta maria novella key florentine frerry churchon seey "tremezi" koo hataane kaa adesh diyaa. 1577 mein carlo boromio ney screen kaa koee ullekh naheen kiya aur sabhi upasakon koo oonchi vedi koo dikhaai dene key mahatva parr jore diyaa; aur 1584 mein yeeshu kaa church rome mein trishul pooja key nae siddhanton key pradarshan key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen ack vedi rail thee, lekin spasht roop seey ack kendriya chhat yaa screen kii kamee thee. itali mein lagbhag sabhi madhyayugeen churchon koo baad mein iss model kaa paalan karate hue phir seey adesh diyaa gayaa thaa; aur adhikansh screen joe vedi key drishya koo baadhit karate they, unhein hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, yaa unake screening prabhaav koo cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa, anya catholic deshon mein, apavaad key saath jaise toldo cathedral, alby cathedral, burg-aine-brace mein bru kaa church; aur mathon aur convent mein bhee, jahaan pardaa koo gherabandi banaae rakhane key liye sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa. catholic europe mein, parokial rudd screen kewal britney mein paryaapt sankhya mein jeevit rahati hain, jaise kii pleuvorn, morbihan aur pluebezre mein.
prateekaatmak mahatva.
rudd screen ack bhautik aur prateekaatmak baadha thee, joe paadari varg key kshetra, kuladhipati koo usa naabhi seey alag karati thee jahan loga pooja karane key liye ikattha hotey they. yeh dekhane kaa ack saadhan bhee thaa; aksar yeh kewal cummer kii oonchaai taka thhos thaa aur santon aur swargadooton key chitron seey bharpur thaa. chhipaana aur rahasyodghatan madhyakaaleen dravyamaan kaa hissa they. jaba way ghutane tekate they, tou mandali pujari koo naheen dekh sakati thee, lekin jaba way ravivaar koo mezban koo oopar uthaate they, tou shayed way parde key oopari hisse key madhyam seey aisaa curr sakate they. kuchh churchon mein, 'squint' (screen mein chhed) yeh sunishchit kartaa thaa kii harr koee oonchaai dekh sakey, kyonki bunny hui rotty koo dekhana mandali key liye mahatvapurna thaa.
isake alawa, jaba ravivaar kii janata bahut mahatvapurna thee, tou saptah key dinon mein bhee aisee sevaayen hoti theen joe screen key saamane maadhyamik vediyon parr manai jaati theen (jaise kii "yeeshu kii vedi", pavitra naam kii pooja key liye khadee kii jaati thee, joe madhyakaaleen samay mein ack lokpriya bhakti thee) joe iss prakaar saamoohik utsav kii prishthabhoomi bunn gaee. chhat ney hii madhyayugeen saaram key upayog key anusaar pooja key liye ack dhyaan pradaan kiya, vishesh roop seey pavitra saptah mein, jaba pooja atyadhik vistrit thee. daal key dauran chhat koo dhaka diyaa gayaa thaa; taad key ravivaar koo ise hatheliyon key julus seey pahale prakat kiya gayaa thaa aur sabhaa isake saamane ghutane tekati thee. taba poori junoon kii kahani koo teen pujaariyon dwara croose key neeche chhat seey padhaa jaayega. 1400 key dashak mein yuu. key. key dovercourt mein rudd screen ack mandir bunn gayaa jaba isane bolane key liye pratishtha praapt kii.
ingland mein, sudhaar key baad.
sudhaar mein, sudharakon ney "durupyog kii gaee chhaviyon" koo nasht karane kii maang kii.ee. way moortiyaan aur chitra joe unhone andhavishwas kii pooja kaa kendra honey kaa aarop lagaaya thaa. iss prakaar britten mein ack bhee madhyakaaleen chhat jeevit naheen haye. unhein 1547 mein edward vee key aadeshon key parinamswarup hataa diyaa gayaa thaa (kuchh koo bahaal kiya jaanaa thaa jaba mairi simhaasan parr aaee aur elizabeth key adheen phir seey hataa diyaa gayaa). mool rudd lofts, jinhen andhavishvaspurna pooja key saath unake judaav key kaaran sandigdh bhee maanaa jaataa haye, bahut cumm bache hain; wells mein jeevit udaaharan lalenillu, lalengan aur lalengreen mein pracheen churchon mein hain. chhat kii screen koo kabhi-kabhi dhwast curr diyaa jaataa thaa yaa oonchaai mein kaat diyaa jaataa thaa, lekin aamtaur parr unake chitrit aakritiyon koo safed curr diyaa jaataa thaa aur dhaarmik granthon key saath chitrit kiya jaataa thaa. timepanum koo bhee safed curr diyaa gayaa thaa. angreji cathedral churchon ney apane gayakon koo banaae rakhaa, aur parinamswarup unake gayakon key stall aur palpitam screen; lekin aam taur parr unake chhat key parde poori tarah seey dhwast curr diye, halanki pieterbo aur canterbury key church 18 veen shatabdi taka jeevit rahey.
angreji sudhaar key baad kii shatabdi mein navanirmit anglican churchon mein hamesha chansal screen lagey hue they, joe pavitra samudaay mein sancharakon key liye chansal mein ack alag sthaan koo alag karane key uddeshya seey kaam karate they, jaisa kii aam prarthana kii naee apnai gaee pustak mein aavashyak thaa. vaastav mein, yeye chansal screen binaa kissy chadhaai vaale loft yaa crucifix key rudd screen they, aur udaaharan sent johnn leads aur foremark parr jeevit rahate hain. kaee madhyayugeen churchon mein bhee nae parde banaae gaye they, jahan unhein sudhaar key samay nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jaise kii cartmail priory aur abby dorre mein. 17veen shatabdi kii shuruat seey ingland key shaahi hathiyaron koo leey jaanaa screen yaa timepanum key liye samanya hoe gayaa, jisake achche udaaharan surr christopher raine key dou landan churchon mein aur derby cathedral mein bhee maujood hain. haalaanki, 1684 key sent james, piccadilly key church key liye raine kii design koo ack chansal screen key saath vitarit kiya gayaa, jisamen vedi key chaaron or kewal rail banaae rakhee gaee, aur iss "shravan church" yojana koo vyaapak roop seey nae churchon key liye ack model key roop mein apanaaya gayaa thaa. 18veen aur 19veen shatabdi mein saikadon jeevit madhyayugeen parde poori tarah seey hataa diye gaye they; aaj, kaee british churchon mein, chhat kii seedhi (joe chhat key loft taka pahunch pradaan karati haye) aksar poorv chhat aur screen kaa ekmatra shesh nishan haye.
19veen shatabdi mein, vastukar augustus pugin ney catholic church vastukala mein rudd screen key punah parichay key liye abhiyaan chalaaya. unake parde mcculfield aur cheedle, staffordshire mein jeevit rahate hain, halanki anya koo hataa diyaa gayaa haye. anglikan churchon mein, cambridge camden samaaj key prabhaav mein, kaee madhyayugeen parde bahaal kiye gaye they; haalaanki 20 veen shatabdi taka, aam taur parr binaa chhaton key yaa crucifix key bajaay kewal ack saade cross key saath. lagbhag poori tarah seey punarsthapana aankh, suffock mein dekhi jaa sakati haye, jahaan rudd screen 1480 seey haye. isake laapata rudd loft kaa nirmaan surr niniyan kamper dwara 1925 mein kiya gayaa thaa, joe ack rudd aur santon aur swargadooton key aankadon key saath puuraa huaa thaa, aur ack achchha prabhaav detaa haye kii kaise ack poorna rudd samooh ack madhyakaaleen angreji church mein dikhaai diyaa hoga-sivaay isake kii poorv timepanum koo pratisthaapit naheen kiya gayaa haye. vaastav mein, kyonki shaahi hathiyaron seey punah chitrit kiye gaye timpenum koo galati seey madhyayugeen kaal key baad maanaa jaataa thaa, 19veen shatabdi key punarsthaapan key dauran unhein lagbhag sabhi hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, 19veen shatabdi key churchon key liye, tractorian ack aisee vyavastha koo pasand karate they, jisake tahat kuladhipati koo kewal seedhiyon aur ack cumm-gated screen deewaar yaa septum (sabhi santon, margaret street kii tarah) dwara naabhi seey alag kiya jaataa thaa, taaki vedi key baare mein mandali key drishya koo aspasht naa kiya jaa sakey. iss vyavastha koo usa avadhi key lagbhag sabhi nae anglican parrish churchon key liye apanaaya gayaa thaa.
chitrit rudd screen shayed hii kabhi hoti hain, lekin kuchh sabse achche jeevit udaaharan purvi anglia mein hain.
ullekhaniya udaaharan.
britten.
britten mein 13veen shatabdi key madhya mein ack sankeern chhat screen kaa sabse pahala gyaat udaaharan, stanton harcourt, oxfordshire mein paaya jaataa haye; aur ack ullekhaniya praarambhik patthar kii screen (14veen shatabdi) ilkeston, dair mein paaee jaati haye. inn donon screens mein loft kii kamee haye, jaisa kii 15veen shatabdi seey pahale key sabhi jeevit angreji screen mein haye. haalaanki, kuchh praarambhik screen, joe abb khou gaye hain, koo mahaan chhat dwara adhigrahit ack loft maanaa jaa sakata haye, kyonki linkenshire mein collusterworth aur thurley key church chhat seedhiyon koo sanrakshit karate hain joe 13 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein shaileegat roop seey dinaankit kii jaa sakati hain, aur yeye sankeern screen key sabse puraane jeevit sakshya kaa pratinidhitva karate hain; prabhaavi roop seey lateran parishad key saath samkaaleen. bache hue adhikansh screen 15veen shatabdi seey pahale key naheen hain, jaise kii somerset mein trull aur norphoke mein attleburo. kaee purvi anglion aur devonian parrish churchon mein, mool chitrit sajawat lakadi key screen panels parr bunny hui haye, jise sudhaar key samay safed curr diyaa gayaa haye; haalaanki lagbhag sabhi ney apani chhat kii kiranon aur loft koo khou diyaa haye, aur kaee koo panel vaale nichale hisse key sheersh parr kaat diyaa gayaa haye. painting aur gilding kii gunavatta, isamen seey kuchh, bahut uchch crum kii haye, vishesh roop seey poorv anglion runworth school key chitrakaron kii, jinake udaaharan southwold aur blythberg mein paae jaa sakate hain, saath hii saath runworth mein bhee paae jaa sakate hain. sent michael aur sabhi angels church, norphoke mein barton turf mein shandar chitrit screen swargadooton key nau aadeshon sahit swargiya padanukram kaa asamanya roop seey poorna drishya dene mein advitiya haye. nicolaus pavesner ney 16veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein bridgeford, devon mein chitrit screen koo bhee ullekhaniya bataaya. pavesner dwara "oxfordshire mein sabse achchha" honey key liye kahaa gayaa 16veen shatabdi kaa screen, jisamen charlton-onn-otmur koo ack asamanya rivaaj key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, key saath judaa huaa haye, jahan varsh mein dou baar chhat key cross koo foolon aur pattiyon key saath maalaa pehnai jaati haye, aur 1850 key dashak taka cross (joe usa samay ack badey makai key dolly seey milata-julata thaa) koo maee key dinn kii julus mein leey jaaya jaataa thaa. ack vishesh roop seey badaa udaaharan sent mairi virgine, uffaqulme, devon key church mein paaya jaa sakata haye, jisaki lambai lagbhag 70 feat haye.