dumm diverse

dumm diverses (angrezeeh "alag honey taka") pope nicolaus banaam dwara 18 juuna 1452 koo jaari kiya gayaa ack pope bail haye. isane purtagaal key afonso vee koo saracence aur murtipoojakon koo jeetane aur unhein "shashwat daasata" mein bhejane key liye adhikrit kiya. pope calixtus III ney 1456 mein bail koo "inter citera" (alekjendar vee key isi sheershak key bail key saath bhramit naheen honah chaahiye) key saath dohraya, jise 1481 mein pope sixtus IV aur 1514 mein pope leo aiks dwara "precels denotionis" (angrejeeh "vishesh roop seey vivaran") key saath navinikrit kiya gayaa thaa. kuchh rashtra raajyon mein prabhaav key vishesh kshetron kii khep kii avadharana koo 1493 mein pope alekjendar VI dwara "inter citera" key saath america taka vistaarit kiya gayaa thaa.
prishthabhoomi.
1452 kii garmiyon taka ottoman sultan mohammad dwiteeya ney bosporus key paschimi yaa europeeya hisse mein rumelihisari kille koo puuraa curr liya thaa. yeh constantinople seey kaee meal uttar mein sthit haye, yeh jaldamroomadhya key sabse sankeern hisse kii kamaan sambhalata haye. byzantine samrat constantine xi ney madad key liye pope nicolaus koo likhaa. 1453 mein constantinople key patan seey ack saal seey bhee cumm samay pahale jaari kiye gaye, bail kaa irada ottoman samrajya key khilaf ack aur dharmayuddh shuru karane kaa hoe sakata haye. jaba taka purtagaal key afonso pancham ney turkon key khilaf sahaayata key liye pope key ahwan kaa jawab naheen diyaa, taba taka pope nicolaus pancham africa mein kshetra key sambandh mein purtagaali daavon kaa samarthan karane key liye sahmat naheen hue. halanki kuchh sanic itali key uttar mein vyaparik shahar-raajyon seey aae they, lekin pope nicolaus kaa utanaa prabhaav naheen thaa jitna byzantines ney socha thaa kii unakaa paschimi raajaon aur rajkumaron parr thaa. france aur ingland donon sou saal key yuddh seey kamjor hoe gaye they, aur spen abhee bhee iberia mein islami gadhon key saath sangharsh mein lagaa huaa thaa. koee bhee paschimi yogdan ottoman taakat koo santulit karane key liye paryaapt naheen thaa.
15veen shatabdi key madhya mein purtagaal mein, veertapurna sammaan aur dharmayuddh key aadarshon koo mahatvakanksha aur safalata key maarg key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa. afonso pancham key shasankal key dauran, purtagaali kuleen varg kaa bahut prabhaav aur pratishtha thee, aur kaee dashakon taka, braganza kaa gharaana raajya mein sabse dhanee aur sabse prabhaavshaali shakti thaa. 1415 mein, morakko parr hamale key gyaan aur nyaay koo gambhirta seey taulana padaa, lekin afonso pancham key shasankal key dauran aur baad kii shatabdi key liye, "aise udyamon koo dharm, veerata aur sammaan key liye aatm-nyaaysangat dharmayuddh key roop mein sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa.
punah vijayi key chhaapon aur hamalon ney donon pakshon koo bandee banaa diyaa, jinhen yaa tou phir seey mukt curr diyaa gayaa yaa gulamon key roop mein betch diyaa gayaa. purtagaali taaj ney ise uttari africa taka vistaarit kiya. seuta parr hamale key baad, raajaa ney ise dharmayuddh key roop mein pope kii maanyata kii maang kii. isi tarah, mauretania parr 1441 key hamale key baad, taaj ney phir seey iss tathya kii maang kii, pope ney sweekaar kiya kii yeh ack nyaaypurna sangharsh kaa hissa thaa. iss tarah key dridh sankalp seey taba sanket milata haye kii pakade gaye logon koo vaidh roop seey daas key roop mein becha jaa sakata haye.
samagri.
purtagaali vyaapaar adhikaaron kii pushti karane key liye, raajaa afonso pancham ney pope nicolaus banaam seey samarthan key liye appeal kii, apane ekadhikar key liye church key naitik adhikaar kii maang kii. 1452 key bail koo afonso banaam koo sambodhit kiya gayaa thaa aur usane purtagaal key saracence aur murtipoojakon parr hamla karane, jeetane aur unhein vash mein karane key adhikaar koo sweekaar kiya thaa.
wilheim gray apane anuprayog mein "dumm diverse" koo anivarya roop seey "bhaugolik roop seey aseemit" paate hain, joe shayed purtagaali upanivesh seey sambandhit sabse mahatvapurna pope adhiniyam haye. halanki anirdhaarit, richard ricewell koo pataa chalata haye kii yeh spasht roop seey paschim africa key tata key saath haal hii mein khoji gaee bhoomi koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. purtagaali udyamon kaa uddeshya muslim trance-sahaara kafile key saath pratispardha karna thaa, jinka paschim african soney aur hathidant parr ekadhikar thaa.
"1456 kaa "antar citera".
pope calixtus III ney chaar saal baad apane bail mein "dumm diverse" key mukhya binduon koo dohraya, "inter citera. ack baar phir pope turkon kii pragati key khilaf ack abhiyaan key liye samarthan badhaane kaa prayaas curr rahey they. turkey aakraman key khatare koo rokane key prayaas mein rajkumaron seey ack baar phir shamil honey kaa anurodh karane key liye europe key sabhi deshon mein nuncios koo bheja gayaa thaa. haalaanki, europe key rajkumar pope key ahwan kaa jawab dene mein dheeme they, joe mukhya roop seey unaki apani rashtriya pratidvandvita key kaaran thaa. 29 juuna 1456 koo, calixtus ney belgrade kaa bachaav karane vaalon key kalyan key liye prarthana key ahwan key roop mein church kii ghantiyaan dopahar mein bajaane kaa adesh diyaa (dopahar kii ghanti dekhein). hangri key kaptan-general janos hunyadi key netritva mein senaa ney turkon seey mulakat kii aur 22 julaai 1456 koo belgrade mein unhein haraaya.
13 march, 1456 koo, calixtus ney pope bail "inter citera" jaari kiya (1493 key "inter citera" key saath bhramit naheen honah chaahiye). iss bail ney pahale key bailon "dumm diverses" aur "romanus pontifex" kii pushti kii, jisane paschimi african tata key saath khoje gaye kshetron parr purtagaal key adhikaaron koo maanyata dee, aur kaafiron aur gair-isai kshetron koo isai samrat key sthaayi jagirdaron mein cumm curr diyaa. 
raajaa afonso ney anurodh kiya thaa kii ginny key dakshini tata key aspas kii bhoomi parr dhaarmik adhikaar kshetra purtagaal mein shurveeron key templers key uttaradhikari sangathan order off christ key paas nihit kiya jaae. (unake chaacha, infent heinry, grand master they.) inn bhoomi parr vijay praapt karna... jise ukt shishu ney daak dwara sarsen key haath seey hataa liya...", adesh key sansadhanon dwara vitt poshit kiya gayaa thaa.
kuchh itihaaskaar inn bailon koo europeeya upaniveshvaad aur vistaarvaad koo sahee thaharaane key liye pope urban dwiteeya key dharmyuddhon kii dhaarmik viraasat kaa vistaar karane key roop mein dekhate hain, joe "isai aatma key bazar aur lalsa donon koo samaayojit kartaa haye."vyavharikta, turkon key darr aur nihit swaarthon dwara pairavi key sanyojan kaa matlab thaa kii dharmayuddh solahavin shatabdi mein khoj seey judaa huaa thaa. ghoshanaon key deerghakaalik nihitarth, nishchit roop seey, usa samay mahsoos naheen kiye gaye they.
1537 mein pope paul III ney sublimus dei mein gair-isaaiyon kii "anyaaypurna" gulami kii ninda kii. 1686 mein pavitra karyalaya ney yeh adesh dekar bail koo seemit curr diyaa kii anyaaypurna yuddhon seey gulam banaae gaye african logon koo mukt kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
"dumm diverse", "anya bailon jaise" "romanus pontifax" "(1455)," "inephabilis aitt sumi" "(1497)," "dudam pro parte" "(1516), aur" "aquim reputamus" "(1534) key saath purtagaali" "iyas protornates" "kaa dastavejikaran karate hain. valentia key mool nivasi pope alekjendar vee ney spen key paksh mein purtagaali shakti koo seemit karane vaale bailon kii ack shrinkhala jaari kii, vishesh roop seey "dudam sequidem" (1493).

