
park chung hii

park chung hii (,; 14 navambar 1917-26 octuber 1979) ack dakshin koriyai rajneta aur senaa key general they jinhone 1961 seey 1979 mein apani hatyaa taka dakshin koria kaa netritva kiya; unhone 1961 seey 1963 taka ack sainya shaktishali vyakti key roop mein shasson kiya, phir 1963 seey 1979 taka dakshin koria key teesare rashtrapati key roop mein.
apane rashtrapati pada seey pahale, vaha dakshin koriyai senaa mein dusare sarvocch rank key adhikaari they aur 1961 mein ack sainya takhtapalat kaa netritva karane key baad satta mein aae, jisase dusare ganarajya kii antarim sarkaar kaa anta hoe gayaa. sainya junta key adhyaksh key roop mein dou saal taka seva karane key baad, way 1963 mein rashtrapati chune gaye, jisase teesare ganarajya kii shuruat hui. unake shasson key dauran, park ney aarthik sudhaaron kii ack shrinkhala shuru kii, jisake parinamswarup antatah teji seey aarthik vikas aur audyogikaran huaa, jise abb haan nadee parr chamatkar key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jisane 1960 aur 1970 key dashak key dauran dakshin koria koo sabse teji seey badhati rashtriya arthvyavasthaon mein seey ack diyaa, halanki aarthik asamaanta aur shram adhikaaron kii laagat key saath. iss yug mein chebol kaa gathan bhee dekhaa gayaa, japani zaibatsu key samaan raajya dwara samarthit parivarik companiyaan, hundai, lg aur samsung sahit pramukh udaaharan joe aaj bhee desh mein pramukh aur prabhaavshaali hain.
halanki 1960 key dashak key dauran lokpriya thaa, lekin park kii lokpriyata 1970 key dashak taka sthir honey luggy, 1971 key rashtrapati chunaav aur baad key vidhaayi chunaavon key dauran apekshit jeet key karib thee. 1972 mein, park ney marshel low ghoshit kiya aur atyadhik sattawadi yushin samvidhaan pesh kiya, jisase chauthe ganarajya kii shuruat hui. raajneetik virodh aur asahamati koo abb lagaatar dabaaya jaa rhaa thaa aur senaa parr park kaa puuraa niyantran thaa, aur media aur kalaa kii abhivyaktiyon parr bahut adhik niyantran thaa. 1975 mein, 1988 key olympic khelon kii mejbani key liye dakshin koria kii bolly kii taiyari mein, unhone pulis koo sadakon koo 'saaf' karane aur bhikhaariyon, aavaaraon aur sadak vikretaon koo baahar nikaalane kaa adesh diyaa, jinhone desh koo videsh mein ack kharaab chhavi dee. iss samajik safai abhiyaan key peediton, jinaki sankhya hajaaron thee, koo shiviron mein bheja gayaa aur binaa vetan key jabaran shram aur yaatana aur baar-baar balatkar key adheen kiya gayaa. aadhikarik taur parr, inn shiviron mein 513 logon kii thakan seey mrityu hoe gaee, lekin sankhya bahut adhik hoe sakati haye. 1979 mein, park kii hatyaa karibi dost kima jey-gyu, xia key nideshak dwara, boo-maa chhaatr pradarshanon key baad kii gaee thee. hatyaa sahaj thee yaa poorv niyojit, yeh aaj taka spasht naheen haye. 1979 key takhtapalat aur unaki hatyaa key baad kaafee raajneetik uthal-puthal key bavjood aarthik vikas jaari rhaa. antatah 1987 mein desh kaa loktantrikkaran huaa.
park ney ack sattawadi tanashah key roop mein dakshin koria parr shasson kiya, aur aadhunik dakshin koriyai raajneetik vimarsh mein aur samanya roop seey dakshin koriyai janata key beach ack vivadaspad vyakti banaa huaa haye, jisase unake karyakal kaa alag mulyankan karna mushkil hoe gayaa haye. jabaki kuchh loga unhein aarthik vikas koo banaae rakhane kaa shreya dete hain, jisane dakshin koria koo nayaa roop diyaa aur aadhunik banaaya, anya loga desh parr shasson karane key unake sattawadi tareeke (vishesh roop seey 1971 key baad) aur nagrik swatantrata aur manvadhikaron kii keemat parr aarthik vikas aur samajik vyavastha koo prathamikta dene key liye aalochana karate hain. octuber 2021 mein ack gallup koria poul mein park, kima day-jung (park key ack puraane pratidvandi jise unhone nishpaadit karane kii koshish kii thee), aur roh muu-hyun koo dakshin koriyai itihas key sabse uchch mulyankan vaale rashtrapatiyon key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa, vishesh roop seey dakshinpanthi roodhivaadiyon aur bujurgon key beach ack sakaratmak viraasat chhodane key mamle mein. park kii sabse badee betty park gyun-haye ney baad mein 2013 seey dakshin koria key 11vein rashtrapati key roop mein kaary kiya jaba taka kii 2017 mein vibhinn bhrashtachar key aaropon mein unhein mahaabhiyog aur doshi naheen thaharaaya gayaa.
praarambhik jeevan aur shiksha.
park kaa janm 14 navambar 1917 koo gumi, uttari gyongsang, uttari gyongsang praant mein huaa thaa. way paanch bhaaiyon aur dou bahanon mein sabse chhote they. uska shubh-swan haye.
park kaa janm ack garib parivaar mein huaa thaa. park key pitaa vaastav mein uchch varg ("yangban") they aur parivaar kii madhyam joth key uttaradhikari honey key liye taiyar they, lekin donghak kisan kranti mein bhaag lene key baad unhein kabile seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. unhein apani patni key gaanv, sangmo-dong mein jaane key liye majboor kiya gayaa, jahan unhein ack chhota saa bhukhand diyaa gayaa thaa. kissy kaaran seey (iss samay key lagbhag dastavej viral hain), unhone apani patni key saath jameen parr kaam naheen kiya, aur isake bajaay sharaab peaker idhar-udhar bhatakane lagey. vidwan chong-sick lii kaa anuman haye kii aisaa isaliye thaa kyonki vaha kaam karate hue naheen dekhana chaahte they (unaki khoyi hui sthiti kii antarnihit sweekriti).
itihaaskaar kyung moone hwang ney yuva udyaan koo "pratibhashali aur mahatvakankshi" key roop mein varnit kiya; udyaan kaa bachpan kaa naayak napolean thaa. joe loga ack bachche key roop mein park koo jaanate they, unake anusaar park koo koria key graameen ilaakon mein badey honey kaa vichaar napsand thaa aur aksar koriyai graameen ilaakon seey "bhaagne" kii ichcha vyakt kii. japani shasson key tahat badey hue vyakti key roop mein, park ney 1867 key meji bahaali key baad japan key teji seey aadhunikikaran aur japani yoddha code "bushido" key liye aksar apani prashansa vyakt kii.
ack yuva key roop mein, unhone degu mein ack shikshan vidyalaya mein pravesh praapt kiya aur uchch vidyalaya mein snaatak honey key baad mungiong-yoop mein ack shikshak key roop mein kaam kiya, lekin kathit taur parr way ack bahut hii ausat darje key chhaatr they. mahatvakankshi udyaan ney curnell erikawa kii madad seey changchun mein manchukuo senaa sainya akadami mein pravesh karane kaa faisala kiya, joe degu mein shikshan vidyalaya mein ack drill prashikshak they, joe park kii sainya mahatvakankshaon seey prabhaavit they. iss dauran unhone japani naam apanaaya. unhone 1942 mein apani kaksha mein sheersh sthaan praapt kiya aur unake japani prashikshakon dwara ack pratibhashali adhikaari key roop mein maanyata praapt kii, jinhone unhein japan mein shaahi japani senaa akadami mein aage kii padhaai key liye anushansit kiya.
ack adhikaari key roop mein unaki pratibha koo teji seey pahachaana gayaa aur vaha tokyo key paas shaahi japani senaa akadami mein bhaag lene kii anumati praapt kuchh koriyai logon mein seey ack they. baad mein unhein manchuria mein ack japani senaa resiment mein tainaat kiya gayaa aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh key anta mein japan key aatmasamarpan taka unhone vahaan seva kii.
sainya carrier.
manchukuo mein.
1944 kii kaksha mein paanchven sthaan parr snaatak honey key baad, park koo ack japani kathputali-raajya, manchukuo kii senaa mein leftinent key roop mein niyukt kiya gayaa thaa, aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh key antim charanon key dauran ack resimental commander key sahayak-dee-camp key roop mein seva kii thee.
koria koo lautein.
yuddh key baad park koria laut aaya aur koria sainya akadami mein dakhila liya. unhone 1946 kii doosari kaksha mein snaatak kiya (unake sahpaathiyon mein seey ack kima jey-gyu, unake karibi dost aur baad mein hatyare they) aur dakshin koria mein sanyukt raajya senaa kii sainya sarkaar key tahat constabulary senaa mein ack adhikaari bunn gaye. nava sthaapit dakshin koriyai sarkaar ney singman ree key netritva mein navambar 1948 mein park koo iss aarop mein giraftar kiya kii unhone koriyai constabulary mein ack communist cell kaa netritva kiya thaa. park koo baad mein ack sainya adalat dwara maut kii sajaa sunai gaee thee, lekin kaee uchch padasth koriyai sainya adhikaariyon key aagrah parr unaki sajaa koo ree dwara cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa. jabaki park dakshin koria key shramikon kii party kaa sadasya thaa, ack sainya prakoshth mein usaki bhagidari key aaropon kii pushti kabhi naheen hui. phir bhee, unhein senaa seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa. senaa mein ack avaitanik nagrik sahayak key roop mein kaam karate hue, unhone koria sainya akadami (1950 mein snaatak) kii 8veen kaksha mein pravesh kiya, jinamen seey kima jong-pill they, aur yeh vishesh varg baad mein 16 maee key takhtapalat kii reedh key roop mein kaam karega. koriyai yuddh shuru honey key thheek baad aur pike sunn-upp kii madad seey, park dakshin koriyai senaa mein ack pramukh key roop mein sakriya seva mein laut aaya. unhein sitambar 1950 mein leftinent curnell aur aprail 1951 mein curnell key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. ack curnell key roop mein, park 1952 mein senaa mukhyalaya khufiya beuro key upa nideshak they, phir unhone topkhaane mein pravesh kiya aur yuddh key dauran dwiteeya aur tritiya topkhaane kii kamaan sambhali. 1953 mein yuddh samaapt honey taka, park ack brigadier general banane key liye ubhara thaa. koriyai yuddhaviram samjhaute parr hastakshar karane key baad, park koo sanyukt raajya america mein kille key kille mein chhah maheene key prashikshan key liye chunaa gayaa thaa.
koria lautane key baad, sainya padanukram mein udyaan teji seey badhaa. vaha senaa key topkhaane key school key pramukh they aur 1958 mein mejar general key roop mein unaki padonnati seey pahale dakshin koriyai senaa key 5vein aur 7vein division kii kamaan sambhali thee. park koo taba pahali senaa kaa cheef off staff niyukt kiya gayaa thaa aur koriyai 1 aur 6veen jilaa kamaan kaa pramukh banaaya gayaa thaa, jisane unhein seol kii raksha kii jimmedaari dee thee. 1960 mein, park dakshin koriyai senaa key sanchaalan karmchaariyon key pramukh aur doosari senaa key upa commander banane seey pahale pusan rasad kamaan kaa commander bunn gayaa. iss prakaar, way senaa mein sabse shaktishali aur prabhaavshaali hastiyon mein seey ack they.
satta mein aanaa.
26 aprail 1960 koo, dakshin koria key sattawadi udghaatan rashtrapati, singman ree koo 19 aprail key andolan, ack chhaatr-netritva vaale vidroh key baad karyalaya seey baahar aur nirvaasan mein majboor kiya gayaa thaa. 13 agast 1960 koo ack naee loktaantrik sarkaar ney padbhar sambhala. haalaanki, yeh dakshin koria mein sansadiya shasson kii ack alpakaalik avadhi thee. yoon bow-saine ack pramukh rashtrapati they, jinaki vaastavik shakti pradhaanmantri chang miyon mein nihit thee. samasyaaen turant utpann huin kyonki naa tou koee vyakti loktaantrik dall key kissy bhee bahumat seey wafadari praapt curr sakata thaa aur naa hii mantrimandal kii sanrachana parr sahamati banaa sakata thaa. pradhaanmantri chang ney paanch maheene key bheetar teen baar cabinet padon mein ferbadal karke kamjor gathbandhan koo ack saath rakhane kaa prayaas kiya.
iss beach, naee sarkaar ack aisee arthavyavastha key beach fansi hui thee joe ack dashak seey ghee kii adhyakshata mein kuprabandhan aur bhrashtachar seey peedit thee aur una chhatron key beach thee jinhone ghee koo hataane key liye uksaayaa thaa. raajneetik aur aarthik sudhaaron key liye kaee aur vyaapak maangon koo laker pradarshankari niyamit roop seey sadakon parr umadate rahey. saarvajanik suraksha bigad gaee thee, jabaki janata ney pulis parr avishvaas kiya thaa, joe lambe samay seey ree sarkaar key niyantran mein thee, aur sattaaroodh loktaantrik party ney lambe gutbaji key baad saarvajanik samarthan khou diyaa thaa.
samajik asthirta aur vibhajan kii iss prishthabhoomi mein, mejar general park ney sainya krantikari samiti kaa gathan kiya. jaba unhein pataa chalaa kii way agale kuchh maheenon key bheetar sevaanivritt honey vaale hain, tou unhone samiti kii yojanaon koo tej curr diyaa. isane 16 maee 1961 koo ack sainya takhtapalat kaa netritva kiya, jiska netritva nammatra key liye senaa pramukh chang doo-yong ney kiya thaa, jiss dinn yeh shuru huaa thaa. sainya adhigrahan ney rashtrapati yoon kii loktaantrik roop seey nirvaachit sarkaar koo shaktiheen banaa diyaa, jisase doosara ganarajya samaapt hoe gayaa.
shuru mein, una sainya adhikaariyon mein seey ack nayaa prashaasan banaaya gayaa thaa jinhone udyaan kaa samarthan kiya thaa. rashtriya punarnirmaan key liye sudhaarvaadi sainya sarvocch parishad kaa netritva nammatra key liye general chang ney kiya thaa. julaai 1961 mein chang kii giraftari key baad, park ney parishad kaa samagr niyantran leey liya. raajneetik arajakta seey thakaa huaa aam janata ney takhtapalat kaa kaafee hudd taka swaagat kiya. halanki pradhaan mantri chang aur sanyukt raajya senaa key general carter magruder ney takhtapalat key prayason kaa virodh kiya, rashtrapati yoon ney senaa kaa paksh liya aur sanyukt raajya america kii aathvin senaa aur vibhinn rock senaa ikaaiyon key commanders koo naee sarkaar mein hastakshep naheen karane key liye raaji kiya. takhtapalat key turant baad, park koo leftinent general key roop mein padonnat kiya gayaa. dakshin koriyai itihaaskaar hwang moone kyung ney udyaan key shasson koo bahut "sainyavaadi" key roop mein varnit kiya, shuru seey hii park kaa uddeshya dakshin koriyai samaaj koo "sainya anushaasit lines" key saath jutana thaa. satta mein aaney parr park key pahale karyon mein seey ack thaa sadakon koo "swachchh" karane key liye ack abhiyaan jisamen begharon koo giraftar kiya gayaa aur "kalyan kendron" mein kaam karane key liye rakhaa gayaa.
americi itihaaskaar carter ackert ney likhaa kii park key aspas key unake kaam sahit itihas lekhan ney "kamare mein vishal haathi" koo nazarandaj karane kii pravritti dikhaai haye, arthaat jiss tarah seey park ney dakshin koria key "kundehwa" (aadhunikikaran) kii maang kii, vaha duniya koo samajhane key unake vishisht sainya tareeke seey prabhaavit thaa, aur jiss degree mein japani sainyavaad seey prabhaavit thaa kyonki unhone dakshin koriyai itihaskaron koo "vikasatmak tanashahi" kahaa thaa. ackert ney park key netritva mein dakshin koria koo poori duniya mein sabse adhik sainyikrit raajyon mein seey ack kahaa, usa park ney dakshin koriyai samaaj koo iss tarah seey sainya banaane kii maang kii kii kissy anya dakshin koriyai netaa ney kabhi prayaas naheen kiya haye. shaahi japani senaa mein, yeh vishvaas thaa kii "bushido" japani sainikon koo yuddh mein ajeya banaane key liye paryaapt "bhavna" dega, kyonki japani yuddh koo kewal majboot ichchaashakti key saath paksh key saath ichcha shakti kaa mamla maanate they. japani adhikaariyon dwara prashikshit ack vyakti key roop mein unaki prishthabhoomi koo darshaate hue, park kii pasandida kahaavaton mein seey ack thee "aggar humm koshish karate hain tou humm kuchh bhee curr sakate hain" kyonki park ney tark diyaa kii sabhi samasyaon koo sarasar ichchaashakti seey door kiya jaa sakata haye. ackert ney park key sabse karibi doston kaa sakshatkar karate samay likhaa, jaba unhone unase poochha kii park parr mahatvapurna prabhaav kyaa thaa, tou unhein hamesha vahee jawab milaa, arthaat japaniyon dwara manchukuo mein unake adhikaari prashikshan. park key sabhi doston ney ackert koo bataaya kii usey samajhane key liye, kissy koo bhee usake "ilbonsic sagwan kyok" (japani adhikaari prashikshan) koo samajhane kii aavashyakta haye kyonki way sabhi park key moolyon koo ack shaahi japani senaa adhikaari key moolyon key roop mein banaae rakhate they.
19 juuna 1961 koo, sainya parishad ney jawabi takhtapalat koo rokane aur videshi aur gharelu donon sambhaavit dushmanon koo dabaane key liye koriyai kendriya khufiya agency kaa gathan kiya. jaanch karane kii shaktiyaan diye jaane key saath-saath, xia koo galat kaam karane yaa sarkaar virodhi bhaavanaon key sandeh mein kissy koo bhee giraftar karane aur hirasat mein lene kaa adhikaar bhee diyaa gayaa thaa. apane pahale nideshak, park key ack rishtedaar aur takhtapalat key mool yojnakaron mein seey ack, sevaanivritt brigadier general kima jong-pill key tahat, xia aarthik aur videshi mamalon mein apani shakti kaa vistaar karega.
rashtrapati yoon sainya shasson koo vaidhata dete hue karyalaya mein baney rahey. 24 march 1962 koo yoon key istife key baad, ell. tii. general park, joe rashtriya punarnirmaan key liye sarvocch parishad key adhyaksh baney rahey, ney karyavahak adhyaksh bunn curr apani shakti koo majboot kiya; unhein poorna general key roop mein bhee padonnat kiya gayaa. kenedi prashaasan key dabaav key baad park nagrik shasson koo bahaal karane key liye sahmat huaa.
1963 mein, way navgathit loktaantrik ganarajya party key ummidwar key roop mein apane adhikaar mein rashtrapati chune gaye. unhone party key upaadhyaksh park myung-keun koo rashtrapati karyalaya kaa pramukh niyukt kiya. unhone nagrik shasson party key ummidwar poorv rashtrapati yoon koo 156,000 seey adhik maton seey-1.5 pratishat key antar seey-cumm antar seey haraaya. park 1967 mein phir seey rashtrapati chune gaye, kuchh cumm kathinaaee key saath yoon koo haraaya.
rashtrapati pada (1962-1979).
videsh neeti.
juuna 1965 mein park ney japan key saath sambandhon koo samanya banaane key liye ack sandhi parr hastakshar kiye, jisamen japan seey kshatipurti kaa bhugtan aur soft-lone banaana shamil thaa, aur dakshin koria aur japan key beach vyaapaar aur nivesh mein vriddhi hui. julaai 1966 mein dakshin koria aur sanyukt raajya america ney donon deshon key beach adhik samaan sambandh sthaapit karane key liye balon key darje key samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye. apani badhati aarthik taakat aur sanyukt raajya america kii suraksha guaranti key saath, uttar koria seey paaramparik aakraman kaa khatra teji seey dooradraj lugg rhaa thaa. march 1965 mein jamini ladaakoo sainikon kii tainaati key saath viyatnam yuddh key badhane key baad, dakshin koria ney sitambar 1965 mein rajdhani division aur doosari samudri brigade koo dakshin viyatnam bheja, usake baad sitambar 1966 mein safed ghode key division ney, poore 1960 key dashak mein, park ney bhaashan diye jisamen unhone anglo-japani gathbandhan aur british koo koria key japan key adhigrahan key liye doshi thaharaaya.
viyatnam yuddh.
sanyukt raajya america key anurodh parr, park ney viyatnam yuddh key dauran sanyukt raajya america aur dakshin viyatnam key saath ladane key liye lagbhag 320,000 dakshin koriyai sainikon koo bheja; yeh sanyukt raajya america key liye doosari pratibaddhata thee. isake bataae gaye kaaran sanyukt raajya key saath achche sambandh banaae rakhane mein madad karna, purvi asia mein saamyvaad kii aage kii pragati koo rokna aur ganarajya kii antarrashtriya sthiti koo badhaana thaa. janwari 1965 mein, usa dinn jaba ack badee tainaati koo anivarya karane vaalaa ack vidheyak rashtriya vidhansabha mein paarit huaa (106 key paksh mein aur 11 key virodh mein), park ney ghoshana kii kii yeh dakshin koria key liye madad yaa peedit hastakshep praapt karane kii nishkriya sthiti seey khud koo alag karane aur pramukh antarrashtriya muddon parr jimmedaari lene kii sakriya bhoomika nibhaane kaa samay haye."dakshin koriyai sanic antatah viet kaang koo haraane mein saksham naheen they, bhale hii dakshin koria kaafee safal rhaa hoe. unhone nagrikon key prati krurta key liye bhee pratishtha praapt kii aur una parr kaee "merrie laaee-shally" key narsamhaaron kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa.
halanki mukhya roop seey sanyukt raajya key saath sainya gathbandhan koo majboot karane key liye, yuddh mein dakshin koria kii bhagidari key liye vittiya protsaahan bhee they. dakshin koriyai sainya karmiyon koo sanyukt raajya sanghiya sarkaar dwara bhugtan kiya jaataa thaa aur unakaa vetan seedhe dakshin koriyai sarkaar koo bheja jaataa thaa. park dakshin koriyai sainikon koo viyatnam bhejane key liye utsuk thaa aur yuddh koo badhaane key liye jordar abhiyaan chalaaya. sainya pratibaddhataon key badale mein, dakshin koria koo anudan, rinn, subsidy, praudyogiki hastaantaran aur tarjihi baajaron mein dasiyon arab dollar praapt hue, joe sabhi johnson aur nixon prashaasan dwara pradaan kiye gaye they.
uttar koria.
park ney sangharsh seey samekan taka donon koriyaon key beach sankramankalin parivartanon kaa nireekshan kiya. 1961 mein, uttar koriyai netaa, kima ill ney gupt roop seey park chung hii key ack poorv mitra aur vyaapaar mantralaya mein ack upa-mantri, hwang taaee-song koo dakshin koria bheja, antar-koriyai sambandhon mein sudhaar kii ummeed mein. haalaanki, unake saamyavaadi jhukaav key baare mein sandeh koo door karane aur amerikiyon koo ack sahayogi key roop mein unake dridh rukh kaa ashvasana dene key liye, park ney hwang koo ack jasus key roop mein nishpaadit karane kaa faisala kiya.
octuber 1964 kii shuruat mein, uttar koria ney dakshin mein apane khufiya-sangrahakartaon aur pracharakon kii ghuspaith koo badhaa diyaa. octuber 1966 taka uttar koriyai ghuspaithiyon key saath jhadapon mein 30 seey adhik dakshin koriyai sanic aur cumm seey cumm 10 nagrik maare gaye they.
octuber 1966 mein, park ney koriyai senaa koo general charles bonstell kii manjuri liye binaa jawabi hamla karane kaa adesh diyaa. yeh kaarravaai, joe dakshin koria mein chala rahey nuksan key pratishodh mein thee, park kii sarkaar aur yuu key beach tanaav kaa kaaran bunny.aiss. koria mein adesh, joe yuddhaviram kaa ullanghan naheen karna chaahata thaa.
1966 aur 1969 key beach jhadapen badh gaeen kyonki park key sashastr bull koriyai dee. aim. jaid. key saath golibari mein shamil they. ladaai, jise kabhi-kabhi dusare koriyai yuddh key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, 5 octuber 1966 koo kima ill dwara gaaye gaye ack bhaashan seey sambandhit thee, jisamen uttar koriyai netaa ney 1953 kii vaidhata koo chunauti dee thee. kima ney kahaa kii aniyamit yuddh abb iss tarah seey safal hoe sakata haye kii paaramparik yuddh naheen hoe sakata kyonki dakshin koriyai senaa abb lagaatar badhate viyatnam yuddh mein shamil thee. unakaa maanana thaa kii aggar uttar koria dwara sashastr ukasaave koo yuu key khilaf nirdeshit kiya jaataa haye tou park key prashaasan koo kamjor kiya jaa sakata haye.aiss. sainikon. yeh sanyukt raajya koo apani vishvavyaapi pratibaddhataon parr punarvichaar karane key liye majboor karega. kissy bhee vibhajan seey uttar koo udyaan key khilaf dakshin mein vidroh bhadkane kaa avsar milega.
21 janwari 1968 koo, uttar koriyai logon kii senaa key vishesh bull commando kii 31-sadasyiya ikai 124 ney park kii hatyaa karane kaa prayaas kiya aur lagbhag safal hoe gaee. unhein neele ghar seey sirf 800 meater kii doori parr ack pulis gashti dall dwara rokaa gayaa thaa. aag kii ladaai shuru hoe gaee aur uttar koriyai logon mein seey dou koo chhodkar sabhi maare gaye yaa pakad liye gaye. hatyaa key prayaas key jawab mein, park ney unit 684 kaa ayojan kiya, ack samooh jiska irada kima ill-sung kii hatyaa karna thaa. 1971 mein ise bhang curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
shatruta key bavjood, uttar aur dakshin key beach punarmilan key sambandh mein baatchit kii gaee. 4 julaai 1972 koo donon deshon ney ack sanyukt bayaan jaari kiya jisamen nirdisht kiya gayaa thaa kii baahari taakton yaa baahari hastakshep parr koee nirbharta naheen honey key saath aantarik roop seey punarmilan hassil kiya jaanaa chaahiye, kii prakriya koo sainya bull key upayog key binaa shantipurna roop seey praapt kiya jaanaa chaahiye, aur sabhi dalon koo vaichaarik aur raajneetik pranaliyon key kissy bhee matbhed parr ack ekjut logon key roop mein rashtriya ekataa koo badhaava denaa chaahiye. sanyukt raajya kaa raajya vibhaag inn prastaavon seey khush naheen thaa aur 1979 mein park kii hatyaa key baad, unhein chupchaap dafnaya gayaa thaa.
15 agast 1974 koo, park aupaniveshik shasson key anta kii 29veen varshgaanth manaane key liye samaroh mein seol mein rashtriya rangmanch mein ack bhaashan dey rhaa thaa, jaba munn seey-gwang naam key ack vyakti ney park mein agali pankti seey bandook chalaai. sambhavatah hatyara, joe ack japani mool kaa uttar koriyai sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalaa thaa, park seey chook gayaa lekin ack awara goli usaki patni yuk young-suu (joe usa dinn baad mein marr gayaa) aur munch parr anya logon koo luggy. park ney apana bhaashan jaari rakhaa kyonki unaki marr rahee patni koo munch seey baahar leey jaaya gayaa thaa. munn koo chaar maheene baad ack ceol jail mein fansi dee gaee. apani patni kii mrityu kii pahali varshgaanth parr, park ney apani diarry mein likhaa, "mujhe lagaa jaise maine duniya mein sub kuchh khou diyaa haye. sub kuchh bojh bunn gayaa aur maine apana saahas aur ichchaashakti khou dee. taba seey ack saal beet chuka haye. aur usa varsh key dauran main akele bahut baar chhip curr roya huun."
japan.
22 juuna 1965 koo, park prashaasan aur esaakuu saato key tahat japan kii sarkaar ney japan aur koria ganarajya key beach buniyaadi sambandhon parr sandhi parr hastakshar kiye, jisane pahali baar japan aur dakshin koria key beach sambandhon koo samanya curr diyaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key anta mein koria key upaniveshvaad aur vibhajan key baad seey japan key saath sambandh pahale aadhikarik roop seey sthaapit naheen hue they.
janwari 2005 mein, koria ganarajya kii sarkaar ney japan aur 1965 key koria ganarajya key beach buniyaadi sambandhon parr sandhi key 1,200 prishthon key rajanyik dastavejon kaa khulasa kiya, jinhen chaalees varshon seey gupt rakhaa gayaa thaa. inn dastavejon seey pataa chalaa kii japani sarkaar ney koria key japani upanivesh key vyaktigat peediton koo seedhe kshatipurti karane key liye park chung hii key netritva mein koria ganarajya kii sarkaar koo prastaav diyaa, lekin yeh udyaan prashaasan thaa jisane jore dekar kahaa kii vaha peediton koo vyaktigat muaavaje koo sambhaalega, aur peediton kii or seey anudan kii poori raashi, 300 million dollar (koria mein japani aupaniveshik shasson key 35 varshon key liye) leey liya. udyaan prashaasan ney aupaniveshik kaal key dauran jabaran shram aur sainya seva mein bharti 13 laakh koriyai logon key liye kull 36 karod dollar key muaavaje key liye baatchit kii, lekin kewal 30 karod dollar praapt hue.
aarthik neeti.
park key mukhya lakshyon mein seey ack dakshin koria kii garibi koo samaapt karna thaa, aur desh koo avikasit arthavyavastha seey vikasit arthavyavastha mein saankhyikiya tarikon key madhyam seey oopar uthaana thaa. soviyat sangh aur isaki panchvarshiya yojanaon koo ack model key roop mein upayog karate hue, park ney 1962 mein apani pahali panchvarshiya yojana shuru kii, jisamen usane ulsan shahar koo ack "vishesh audyogik vikas kshetra" ghoshit kiya. hundai key "chebol" ney shahar koo apane mukhya karkhanon kaa ghar banaane key liye ulson key vishesh darje kaa laabh uthaaya.
udyaan koo niryaat-unmukh audyogikaran parr apana dhyaan kendrit karke dakshin koria kii bagh arthavyavastha key vikas mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. jaba vaha 1961 mein satta mein aae, tou dakshin koria kii prati vyakti aaya kewal us $aaee. dee. 1 thee. uttar koria key bijli aur rasayanik sanyantron jaise bhaari udyogon key itihas key kaaran praaydweep parr uttari koria adhik aarthik aur sainya shakti thaa, aur ise soviyat sangh, purvi germany aur chean jaise anya saamyavaadi guton seey badee matra mein aarthik, takniki aur vittiya sahaayata praapt hui thee.
udyaan key sudhaaron mein seey ack 1964 mein 24 ghante bijli kaa praavdhaan laana thaa, joe ack badaa badalaav thaa kyonki pahale gharon aur vyavsaayon koo harr dinn kuchh ghanton key liye bijli pradaan kii jaati thee. 1967 mein doosari panchvarshiya yojana key saath, park ney dakshin-paschimi seol mein kuro audyogik park kii sthaapana kii, aur "chebol" key liye sastaa ispat pradaan karane key liye raajya key swaamitva vaali pohang iron aind steel company limitted banaai, joe dakshin koria mein pahale automobile karkhanon aur shipyard kii sthaapana curr rahey they. apani vishisht pravrittiyon koo darshaate hue, udyaan sarkaar ney "chebol" koo puraskrit kiya, jinhone paanch saal kii yojanaon key tahat apane lakshyon koo chukaane, curr katauti, aasaan licenses aur subsidy kii aasaan sharton parr rinn key saath puuraa kiya. 1960 key dashak key anta seey dakshin koriyai logon key liye "chebol" kii "octopus" prakriti key baare mein baat karna aam baat thee kyonki unhone arthavyavastha key sabhi kshetron mein apane "tambu" kaa vistaar karna shuru curr diyaa thaa. bhagyashali goldstar (lg) aur samsung jaise kuchh safal "chebol" japani kaal mein vaapas chaley gaye, jabaki hundai jaise anya japani shasson key anta key turant baad sthaapit kiye gaye they; sabhi vishva prasiddh companiyan bunn gaeen. hundai, joe yuu key liye aapoorti karane vaali ack parivahan firm key roop mein shuru hui.aiss. koriyai yuddh key dauran senaa, 1960 key dashak mein dakshin koriyai nirmaan udyog parr haavi hoe gaee, aur 1967 mein apana pahala kaar karkhana khola, jisamen ford key liye licenses key tahat automobile kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa. 1970 mein, hundai ney seol-pusan expressway kaa nirmaan puuraa kiya, joe dakshin koria key sabse vyast rajmargon mein seey ack bunn gayaa, aur 1975 mein tattu kaa utpaadan kiya, isaki pahali kaar jise poori tarah seey apane swayam key engineeron dwara design kiya gayaa thaa. automobile aur nirmaan key nirmaan key alawa, hundai jahaaj nirmaan, cement, rasayan aur electronics mein chalaa gayaa, joe antatah duniya key sabse badey nigamon mein seey ack bunn gayaa. 3 agast 1972 koo, park ney tathaakathit "3 agast kaa aapaatkaaleen vittiya adhiniyam (8·3 abb)" banaaya, jisane aarthik vikas kii neenv rakhane key liye sabhi niji rinon parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa, aur chaibol koo aur bhee aage leey jaane mein sahaayata kii.
dakshin koriyai arthavyavastha key vikas kaa ack sanket yeh thaa kii 1969 mein dakshin koria mein 200,000 television sett sanchaalit they, aur 1979 taka dakshin koria mein 60 laakh television sett sanchaalit they. 1969 mein, dakshin koriyai parivaaron key kewal 6 pratishat key paas ack television thaa; 1979 taka pratyek paanch dakshin koriyai parivaaron mein seey chaar key paas ack tv thaa. haalaanki, dakshin koria mein sabhi television kaale aur safed rung mein they, aur rangeen television 1979 taka dakshin koria mein naheen aaya thaa. tv swaamitva key vikas koo darshaate hue, raajya key swaamitva vaali koriyai prasaran pranali (kbs) ney adhik prograaming kaa utpaadan karna shuru curr diyaa, jabaki niji kshetra key nigam mbc ney 1969 mein kaam karna shuru curr diyaa. yusin yug key dauran, television prastutiyon koo sakht censorship key adheen kiya gayaa thaa, udaaharan key liye, lambe baalon vaale purushon koo tv parr dikhaai dene seey pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin 1970 key dashak mein sabun opera ack saanskritik ghatana bunn gaee, joe behad lokpriya hoe gaee.
dakshin koriyai udyog ney udyaan key netritva mein ullekhaniya vikas dekhaa. park ney japan key vikas model koo dekhaa, vishesh roop seey antarrashtriya vyaapaar aur udyog mantralaya (mitty) aur keiretsu koo koria key liye ack udaaharan key roop mein dekhaa. vyaapaar aur udyog mantralaya (aim. tii. aaee.) aur aarthik yojana board (ee. pee. bee.) kii sthaapana karke park ney mitty kaa anukaran kiya. dakshin koriyai niryaat key vistaar parr sarkaar-corporate sahyog ney kuchh dakshin koriyai companiyon koo aaj key vishal koriyai samooh, chebol mein vikasit karane mein madad kii.
haalaanki, dakshin koria kaa yeh aarthik vikas shramik varg key liye bahut tyag parr aayaah sarkaar ney nyuntam majdoori yaa saptahik chhutti koo maanyata naheen dee aur apane laabh key liye muft kaam kii avadhi lagu kii, aur baarah ghante key kaary divas maanak they. isake alawa, trade yuniyanon aur audyogik kaarravaai parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa. isake bavjood, iss tathya kaa kii joe loga garibi mein they, way sthir naukariyon mein kaam karane mein saksham they, dakshin koriyai logon key vishal bahumat dwara swaagat kiya gayaa thaa.
gapminder foundation key anusaar 1961 mein 66.9 pratishat seey ghatkar 1979 mein 11.2 pratishat hoe gaee, jisase yeh maanav itihas mein garibi mein sabse tej aur sabse badee kamee mein seey ack bunn gaee. iss vriddhi mein baal mrityu darr mein girawat aur jeevan pratyasha mein vriddhi bhee shamil haye. 1961 seey 1979 taka baal mrityu darr mein 64 pratishat kii girawat aaee, joe isi avadhi key dauran 1 karod seey adhik nivaasiyon key saath kissy bhee desh kii baal mrityu darr mein teesari sabse tej kamee haye.
paschim germany.
park kii aarthik neeti koo paschim germany key saath dakshin koria key sambandhon dwara ujagar kiya gayaa thaa. bismark aur hitler jaise majboot netritva key itihas key kaaran park kaa germany key saath lagaav thaa, aur vaha badhati jansankhya vriddhi aur aarthik kathinaaiyon kii samasyaon seey nipatane aur gharelu vikas key liye videshi poonji key pravaah koo praapt karane key liye paschim germany key saath sambandh banaana chaahata thaa. 1961 mein ack samjhaute parr, dakshin koria ney germany mein shram balon koo bheja, jisamen 8,000 seey adhik khadaan karmchari aur 10,000 narsein shamil theen, joe 1977 taka jaari raheen. (germany mein gasterbeater aur koriyai dekhein)
iran.
park iran key antim shaah, mohammad rezaa pahalvi key saath karibi dost they, jinhone 1962 mein rajanyik sambandh sthaapit kiye they aur 1969 mein iran kii yatra key baad, donon deshon key saath ghanishth sambandh vikasit kiye. park ney dakshin koria key audyogik vikas key liye tail surakshit karane mein iran key mahatva koo mahsoos kiya aur 1973 taka, tail sankat key dauran tail kaa unakaa mukhya aur ekmatra srot thaa. dakshin koria mein adhikansh refineries kaa nirmaan irani kachche tail koo sansaadhit karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa aur hajaaron engineeron aur shramikon koo unaki shodhan kshamata vikasit karane mein madad karane key liye iran bheja gayaa thaa. yeh sambandh antatah tail seey parey fail gayaa kyonki park ney iran mein anya udyogon koo sanchaalit karane key liye badhaava diyaa. kaee chebol iran gaye, jisamen hundai engineering aur nirmaan shamil thaa, jisaki pahali madhya poorv pariyojana iran key samudri udyog koo vikasit karane mein madad karane key liye bandar abbas aur chahbahar mein shipyard kii ack shrinkhala thee. park key pasandida vastukar kima swu-gyun aur unake karyalaya ney tehran mein ekbatan parisar kaa design banaaya aur dakshin koriyai vishesh balon ney shaahi irani nausena commando koo prashikshit karane mein madad kii.
park ney 1978 mein shaah koo ack vishesh "dakshin koria-iran" shikhar sammelan key liye aamantrit kiya taaki sambandhon koo aur gahara kiya jaa sakey, lekin irani kranti key kaaran, yeh kabhi bhee sakar naheen huaa.
usa shikhar sammelan kii taiyari mein, tehran aur siyaul bahan shahar bunn gaye aur donon ney sadakon key naamon kaa bhee adaan-pradaan kiya; gangname mein tehran-row aur tehran mein seol street joe donon abhee bhee bunny hui hain.
gharelu neeti.
1961 mein dakshin koria parr niyantran grahan karane key baad park kii pahali kaarrvaaiyon mein desh koo sakht kaanoon paarit karna aur lii aur pyong jaise paaramparik koriyai maapon key upayog parr pratibandh lagaana thaa. apane sakht shabdon key bavjood, kaanoon kaa pravartan itna aspasht thaa kii ise viphalata maanaa jaataa thaa, sarkaar ney 1970 taka apani sharton key tahat abhiyojan koo chhod diyaa. anta mein, dakshin koria kii paaramparik ikaaiyaan juuna 2001 taka jaari raheen.
1967 mein apane dusare karyakal key liye padbhar grahan karane key baad, park ney vaadaa kiya kii 1963 key samvidhaan key anusaar, joe rashtrapati koo lagaatar dou karyakalon taka seemit kartaa haye, vaha 1971 mein pada chhod denge. haalaanki, unaki 1967 kii jeet key turant baad, loktaantrik ganarajya-pradhaan rashtriya sabhaa ney ack sanshodhan key madhyam seey safaltapurvak aage badhaaya, jisase nivartamaan rashtrapati-swayam-lagaatar teen karyakalon key liye chunaav lada sakein.
iss beach, park richard nixon key guam siddhant key tahat saamyvaad kii or hamari neeti mein badalaav key baare mein chintit hoe gayaa. unaki sarkaar kii vaidhata kattar saamyvaad virodhi parr nirbhar thee, aur dakshin koria key sahyogiyon (america sahit) seey usa neeti key kissy bhee sanyam ney unake shasson key aadhar koo khatare mein daal diyaa. park ney desh parr apani pakad koo aur majboot karane key liye vikalp talashane shuru curr diye. maee 1970 mein, catholic kavi kima chee-haa koo unaki kavita "paanch daku" key liye kathit roop seey saamyvaad virodhi kaanoon kaa ullanghan karane key liye giraftar kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen vaastav mein spasht roop seey yaa antarnihit roop seey saamyvaad kaa koee sandarbh naheen thaa.
lekin isake bajaay park key tahat bhrashtachar parr hamla kiya. paanch daku" prakaashit karane vaali patrika "sasangge" key ank koo sarkaar dwara bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. paanch daku" key naamit daku mein seey ack koo ack general key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye, jisane dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein japan key liye apana currier shuru kiya thaa, aur kavita key sabhi daku "chinilpa" sahyogiyon key roop mein varnit hain, jinhone apane lalach aur anaitikta key kaaran japan kii seva kii thee. park ney general key charitra key saath "paanch daku" mein apane sandarbh koo pahachaana, jabaki yeh tathya kii sabhi daku "chinilpa" prishthabhoomi key they, park key shasson key samajik aadhar kaa sandarbh thaa. 1974 mein, kima koo unaki kavita key liye maut kii sajaa sunai gaee thee, aur halanki unhein fansi naheen dee gaee thee, lekin unhone lagbhag 1970 key dashak kaa puuraa samay jail mein bitaaya. baad mein 1970 mein, park ney apane semaul undong (nae gaanv andolan) kii shuruat kii, joe kisaanon koo bijli aur bahate paani pradaan karke graameen ilaakon koo aadhunik banaane key liye taiyar huaa, pakki sadaken banaa rahee theen, aur tinn kii chhaton key saath chhatton koo badal rahee thee (baad vaale koo park key hisse parr ack vyaktigat junoon koo darshaata thaa, joe kisaanon key gharon parr chhatton key drishya koo bardasht naheen curr sakata thaa, joe unake liye dakshin koria key pichhadepan kaa sanket thaa).
haalaanki, udyaan mein asbestus kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, joe manushyon key liye hanikarak haye, dehaati gharon koo thheek karane key liye.
1971 mein, park ney apane pratidvandi, kima day-jung key khilaf ack aur karibi chunaav jeetaa. usa disambar mein, shapath lene key turant baad, unhone "antarrashtriya sthiti kii khatarnak vaastaviktaon key aadhar parr" apatkal kii sthiti ghoshit curr dee. octuber 1972 mein, park ney vidhaayika koo bhang curr diyaa aur 1963 key samvidhaan koo ack swa-takhtapalat mein nilambit curr diyaa. isake baad nae samvidhaan kaa masauda taiyar karane parr kaam shuru huaa. park ney apane aatm-takhtapalat key liye phillippeans key rashtrapati ferdinand marcos seey prerana lii thee, jinhone kuchh saptah pahale isi tarah key takhtapalat kaa ayojan kiya thaa.
ack nayaa samvidhaan, tathaakathit "yushin" samvidhaan koo navambar 1972 mein ack bhaari dhandhali vaale janmat sangrah mein anumodit kiya gayaa thaa. jiska arth haye "kayakalp" yaa "navikaran" (saath hii kuchh sandarbhon mein "bahaali"), vidwan iss shabd key upayog koo ack "shaahi rashtrapati" key roop mein khud koo ingit karane vaale udyaan key roop mein dekhate hain."
nayaa "yushin" samvidhaan ack atyadhik sattawadi dastavej thaa. isane rashtrapati chunaav prakriya koo ack nirvaachak mandal, ekikaran key liye rashtriya sammelan mein sthanantarit curr diyaa. isane rashtrapati kii shaktiyon kaa bhee naatakiya roop seey vistaar kiya. vishesh roop seey, unhein adesh dwara shasson karane aur samvaidhaanik swatantrataon koo nilambit karane key liye vyaapak shaktiyan dee gaee theen. rashtrapati pada kaa karyakal chaar saal seey badhaakar chhah saal curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen punah chunaav kii koee seema naheen thee. sabhi uddeshyon aur uddeshyon key liye, isane pichhale varsh key liye aapaatkaaleen shaktiyon koo samhitaabaddh kiya, jisase unaki adhyakshata koo kanuni tanashahi mein badal diyaa gayaa. unake nae samvidhaan key anusaar, park disambar 1972 mein rashtrapati key roop mein ack nae karyakal key liye daude, aur nirvirodh jeete. 1978 mein bhee way nirvirodh chune gaye. dakshin koria key kaee pramukh lekhak udyaan shasson key khilaf they, aur 1970 key dashak kii kaee sabse achchi yaad kii jaane vaali kavitaon aur upanyason ney "yushin" pranali parr vyangya kiya.
park ney tark diyaa kii paschimi shally kaa udaar loktantra dakshin koria key liye apani abhee bhee asthir arthavyavastha key kaaran upayukt naheen thaa. unakaa maanana thaa kii sthirata key hita mein, desh koo ack majboot, apratispardhi rashtrapati pada key saath "koriyai shally key loktantra" kii aavashyakta haye. haalaanki unhone baar-baar shasson koo kholane aur poorna loktantra koo bahaal karane kaa vaadaa kiya, lekin cumm seey cumm loga una parr vishvaas karate they.
1975 mein, park ney beghar logon aur bachchon koo seol kii sadakon seey hataane kaa adesh diyaa. hajaaron logon koo pulis ney pakad liya aur chhattis shiviron mein bhej diyaa. taba bandiyon koo adhikaariyon dwara mukt shram key roop mein istemal kiya gayaa aur unake saath apmaanjanak vyavhaar kiya gayaa. kaee loga yaatana key kaaran maare gaye.
park ney "hanja" yaa cheeni varnon key upayog koo samaapt curr diyaa aur 1960 aur 1970 key dashak mein koriyai bhasha key liye hangul vishishtata sthaapit kii. 1970 seey vidhaayi aur karyakari sadhanon key madhyam seey ack paanch varsheeya hangul exclusivity plan () jaari kiye jaane key baad, saarvajanik vidyalaya aur senaa key sabhi grades mein "hanja" kaa upayog avaidh hoe gayaa. isake kaaran dakshin koria mein niraksharta cumm hoe gaee.
chaalees hazaar seey adhik niyamit karmchaariyon aur duss laakh samvaaddaataon key saath key. see. aeye. ney poore desh koo niyantrit kiya. hadtaal karane vaale shramikon, pradarshankariyon yaa sadharan yachikaon parr hastakshar karane vaalon koo lambi jail kii sajaa aur yaatana kaa saamana karna padaa. puuraa desh lagaatar nigrani mein thaa.
rashtrapati pada key antim varsh.
rashtrapati pada key apane antim varshon key dauran, park ney mahsoos kiya kii loga sarkaar seey santusht naheen they.
baad key varshon mein unakaa nirankushta teji seey khula huaa.
sainya.
rashtrapati key roop mein, park ney senaa koo majboot karane kii koshish kii. way aksar kahate they kii yadi koee swatantra desh apani senaa seey apani raksha naheen curr sakata haye, tou vaha ack swatantra desh naheen haye. park ney pyongyang parr hamla karane key liye misaailon key vikas kaa adesh diyaa. takniki gyaan kii kamee key kaaran, koriyai engineeron koo misaailon kaa utpaadan karna seekhane key liye sanyukt raajya america kii yatra karni padee. ack kathin vikas key baad, 26 sitambar 1978 koo, naiki herculis koria-1 kaa pahala safal prakshepan huaa. lekin jaba chuna doo-hwan ney shasson kiya tou misaailon kaa vikas bund hoe gayaa. park ney apane gharelu paramanu hathiyar karyakramon koo vikasit karane kii bhee koshish kii, ghoshana kii kii way 1983 taka banaae jaayenge. 1979 mein park kii mrityu key baad yeh kabhi aage naheen badhaa.
mrityu.
antim varsh.
haalaanki dakshin koriyai arthavyavastha key vikas ney 1960 key dashak mein park key adhyaksh pada key liye uchch star kaa samarthan hassil kiya thaa, lekin 1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein aarthik vikas dheema honey key baad yeh samarthan cumm honah shuru hoe gayaa. kaee dakshin koriyai unake nirankush shasson, unaki suraksha sevaaon aur vyaktigat swatantrata parr lagaae gaye pratibandhon seey nakhush hoe rahey they. jabaki park ney koriyai yuddh seey sambandhit aapaatkaaleen kaanoonon kii sthiti mein nirdhaarit praavdhaanon kaa upayog karate hue apane prashaasan koo vaidh banaa diyaa thaa, vaha abhivyakti kii swatantrata aur press kii samvaidhaanik guaranti koo sambodhit karane mein bhee whiffle rahey. isake alawa, suraksha seva, xia ney giraftari aur hirasat kii vyaapak shaktiyon koo banaae rakhaa; park key kaee virodhiyon koo binaa mukadame key rakhaa gayaa aur aksar prataadit kiya gayaa. antatah poore desh mein yushin pranali key khilaf pradarshan hue kyonki udyaan kii alokpriyata badhane luggy.
yeye pradarshan 16 octuber 1979 koo ack nirnaayak kshan parr aae, jaba ack chhaatr samooh tanashahi aur yushin pranali key anta kaa ahwan karate hue busan rashtriya vishvavidyalaya mein shuru huaa. yeh kaarravaai, joe "poo-maa" sangharsh (pusan aur massan kshetron key liye naamit) kaa hissa thee, jald hii shahar kii sadakon parr chully gaee, jahan chhaatr aur danga pulis poore dinn ladate rahey. shaam taka 50,000 loga basaan city holl key saamane jamaa hoe gaye they. agale dou dinon mein kaee saarvajanik karyalayon parr hamale kiye gaye aur lagbhag 400 pradarshankariyon koo giraftar kiya gayaa. 18 octuber koo, park kii sarkaar ney busan mein marshel low ghoshit curr diyaa. usee dinn virodh pradarshan massan mein kyunganam vishvavidyalaya mein fail gayaa. park kii yushin pranali key khilaf pradarshanon mein 10,000 loga, jyaadaatar chhaatr aur shramik shamil hue. sattaaroodh dall key pulis thaanon aur shahar key karyalayon parr hamale shuru honey key saath hinsa teji seey badh gaee. raat honey taka massan mein shahar bhar mein curfue lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa.
hatyaa.
26 octuber 1979 koo, chhaatr virodh samaapt honey key chhah dinn baad, park chung hii koo gungjiong-dong, jongno-goo, seul mein ack surakshit ghar mein ack bhoj key baad, xia key nideshak kima jey-gyu dwara sir aur chhaati mein goli maar dee gaee thee. anya xia adhikaari taba imarat key anya hisson mein gaye aur chaar aur rashtrapati guards koo goli maar dee. rashtrapati suraksha seva key pramukh chaa-jee-chula koo bhee kima ney goli maar dee thee. kima aur unake samooh koo baad mein dakshin koria key senaa pramukh key tahat sainikon dwara giraftar kiya gayaa thaa. unhein prataadit kiya gayaa aur baad mein unhein maar diyaa gayaa. yeh spasht naheen haye kii kyaa yeh kissy vyakti dwara kiye gaye utsaah kaa ack sahaj kaary thaa yaa khufiya seva dwara poorv-vyavasthit takhtapalat key prayaas kaa hissa thaa. kima ney daavaa kiya kii park loktantra key liye ack baadha thee aur unakaa kaary deshbhakti kaa thaa. jaanch key pramukh, chuna doo-hwan ney unake daavon koo khariz curr diyaa aur nishkarsh nikala kii kima ney apani shakti koo sanrakshit karane key liye kaam kiya. choi kyu-haah yushin samvidhaan key anuchhed 48 key anusaar karyavahak rashtrapati baney. mejar general chuna doo-hwan ney hatyaa kii jaanch key liye apani raksha suraksha kamaan parr aarop lagaae jaane key baad jaldi seey vyaapak shaktiyan jamaa curr leen, pahale ack aur sainya junta sthaapit karane seey pahale senaa aur xia kaa niyantran liya aur anta mein 1980 mein rashtrapati pada sambhala.
park, jise ack bhakt bauddh kahaa jaataa thaa, koo 3 navambar koo seol mein pahala dakshin koriyai antar-dhaarmik raajkeeya antim sanskar diyaa gayaa thaa. unhein 1965 mein mrityu honey vaale poorv rashtrapati singman ree kii kabr key paas rashtriya kabristan mein poorna sainya sammaan key saath dafnaya gayaa thaa. kima jey-gyu, jinka park kii hatyaa kaa uddeshya spasht naheen haye, koo 24 maee 1980 koo fansi dee gaee thee.
vyaktigat jeevan.
park kii shaadi kima hoe-naam (unake saath ack betty thee) seey hui thee aur baad mein donon kaa talaak hoe gayaa. baad mein, unhone yook young-suu seey shaadi kii, aur dampati kii dou betiyaan aur ack betaa huaa. 1974 mein park key khilaf hatyaa key prayaas mein yuk kii hatyaa curr dee gaee thee.
park kii doosari shaadi (yuk young-suu key saath) seey sabse badee betty, park gyun-haye, 2004 mein roodhivaadi grand national party kii adhyaksh chuni gaee thee. vaha 2012 mein dakshin koria kii 11veen adhyaksh aur pahali mahila adhyaksh key roop mein chuni gaee thee aur farwari 2013 mein padbhar sambhala thaa. park gyun-haye key apane pitaa kii viraasat key saath sangh ney dou dhaar vaali talwar key roop mein kaam kiya haye. unhein pahale ack tanashah kii betty key roop mein label kiya gayaa thaa; haalaanki unhein yeh kahate hue uddhrit kiya gayaa haye kii "main apane gunon key aadhar parr nyaay praapt karna chaahati huun."2016 mein unake rashtrapati pada kaa anta unake mahaabhiyog mein huaa aur 2017 mein unhein karyalaya seey hataa diyaa gayaa. unhein 6 aprail 2018 koo 24 saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee thee. park koo 2021 mein ceol hirasat kendra seey riha curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
viraasat.
park chung hii dakshin koria mein ack vivadaspad vyakti banaa huaa haye. athaarah varsheeya udyaan yug koo koriyai janata, raajnetaon aur vidvaanon key liye sabse vivadaspad vishayon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. unaki viraasat key baare mein unaki raay una logon key beach vibhajit haye joe unake sudhaaron key liye shreya dete hain aur joe desh parr shasson karane key unake sattawadi tareeke kii ninda karate hain, vishesh roop seey 1971 key baad. purani peedhiyan jinhone park key shasson key dauran apani vayaskata bitaai, way desh kii aarthik neenv key nirmaan aur desh koo uttar koria seey bachaane key liye shreya dete hain, saath hii saath koria koo aarthik aur vaishvik pramukhta kii or leey jaate hain. halanki park koo 1999 mein "time" patrika dwara sheersh duss "asiai" mein seey ack key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa, koriyai logon kii naee peedhiyaan aur joe loktantrikikaran key liye ladey they, way maanate hain kii unakaa sattawadi shasson anyaaypurna thaa, aur unhone dakshin koria key loktantra mein sankraman mein baadha daali.
park koo kaee dakshin koriyai logon dwara ack asadharan roop seey kushal netaa key roop mein maanyata aur sammaan diyaa gayaa haye, jise dakshin koria koo aarthik roop seey aaj joe haye, banaane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye. udyaan ney dakshin koria mein teji seey aarthik vikas kii avadhi, haan nadee parr chamatkar kaa netritva kiya. udyaan key shasson key tahat, dakshin koria key paas 1960 aur 1970 key dashak key dauran sabse teji seey badhati rashtriya arthvyavasthaon mein seey ack thee. gapminder foundation key anusaar, atyadhik garibi 1961 mein 66.9 pratishat seey ghatkar 1979 mein 11.2 pratishat hoe gaee, joe maanav itihas mein garibi mein sabse tej aur sabse badee kamee mein seey ack haye. iss vriddhi mein baal mrityu darr mein girawat aur jeevan pratyasha mein vriddhi bhee shamil haye. 1961 seey 1979 taka baal mrityu darr mein 64 pratishat kii girawat aaee, joe isi avadhi key dauran 1 karod seey adhik nivaasiyon key saath kissy bhee desh kii baal mrityu darr mein teesari sabse tej kamee haye. park kii mrityu key baad aur unaki hatyaa aur baarah disambar key sainya takhtapalat key baad kaafee raajneetik uthal-puthal key baad aarthik vikas jaari rhaa.
haalaanki, park koo ack atyadhik damankari tanashah key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye jisane apane shasson key dauran swatantrata koo cumm kiya aur manvadhikaron kaa hanan kiya. unhein nirvirodh shasson kii anumati dene key liye samvidhaan koo bhang karna, park koo blackmail karna, giraftar karna, jail mein dalna aur vipakshi hastiyon kii hatyaa karna achchi tarah seey pralekhit hain. 1971 mein apatkal kii sthiti ghoshit karane key baad lagu kiye gaye nae samvidhaan adhyaksh park ney unhein rashtriya vidhansabha key ack tihai sadasyon koo niyukt karane kii shakti dee aur yahaan taka kii samvidhaan aur rashtrapati kii aalochana koo bhee gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa. udyaan key shasson key dauran kaee aarthik karnamon kii sthaapana bhee hui, jinamen gyongbu expressway, posco, dakshin koria kii prasiddh panchvarshiya yojanaaen aur nayaa samudayik andolan shamil hain. 1987 mein, juuna sangharsh andolan key parinamswarup dakshin koria kaa antatah loktantrikkaran huaa.
park parr kuchh logon dwara japani samarthak pravrittiyon kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa. park japan key saath ack samanya sambandh kii shuruat key liye jimmedaar haye aur aaj japan dakshin koria key sheersh vyaparik bhagidaron mein seey ack haye, jise kewal chean key janvaadi ganarajya aur sanyukt raajya america ney peechhe chhod diyaa haye.
maanaa jaataa haye kii udyaan kaa shasson bhee kshetriyata key mukhya karanon mein seey ack haye joe aaj koria mein ack gambhir samasya haye.
kima day-jung, park key loktantra samarthak mukhya pratidvandi, jinhen park prashaasan dwara apaharan curr liya gayaa thaa, giraftar kiya gayaa thaa aur maut kii sajaa sunai gaee thee, baad mein dakshin koria key 8vein rashtrapati key roop mein kaary kiya. 24 octuber 2007 koo, ack aantarik jaanch key baad, dakshin koria kii rashtriya khufiya seva (aine. aaee. aiss.) ney sweekaar kiya kii isake poorvavarti, koriyai kendriya khufiya agency (key. see. aaee.) ney vipakshi netaa aur bhavishya key rashtrapati kima day-jung kaa apaharan kiya, yeh kahate hue kii usey cumm seey cumm tatkalin netaa park chung hii kaa maun samarthan praapt thaa.
park kii sabse badee betty park gyun-haye dakshin koria kii 11veen rashtrapati aur dakshin koria kii pahali mahila rashtrapati baneen. park gyun-haye key maataa-pitaa ney 2012 key rashtrapati chunaav key dauran aur unake poore prashaasan key dauran vivaad key ack badey srot key roop mein kaam kiya, kyonki virodhiyon ney unhein ack tanashah kii betty key roop mein varnit kiya. park parr mahaabhiyog chalaaya gayaa, karyalaya seey hataa diyaa gayaa, aur baad mein ack prabhaav-failaane key ghotale key parinamswarup 27 saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai gaee.
octuber 2021 key ack janmat sarvekshan mein park chung hii, roh muu-hyun aur kima day-jung koo dakshin koriyai itihas key sabse uchch mulyankan vaale rashtrapatiyon key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa. sarvekshan seey pataa chalaa kii udyaan koo kramshah 50-60 aur 60 + varsh kii ayu seema mein nagrikon seey 72 pratishat aur 82 pratishat kii anukulata rating millie, aur 20-30 aur 30-40 varsh kii ayu seema mein nagrikon seey kramshah 43 pratishat aur 64 pratishat kii anukulata rating millie.
vanshavali.
udyaan goriong udyaan kabile () kaa sadasya thaa, aur vaha kabile kii 29veen peedhi kaa vanshaj thaa; isaki vibhinn parivarik shaakhaon mein, udyaan jickgangong shakha () seey thaa. unaki pardadi mein seey ack jionju yee kabile seey thee, joe joson aur koriyai samrajya key poorv shaasak parivaar seey thee.