
alkien

carbonic rasayan vigyaan mein, ack alkien ack hydrocarbon haye jisamen carbon-carbon dohra bandhan hotaa haye. dohra bandhan aantarik yaa antim sthiti mein hoe sakata haye. terminal alkien koo α-olephine key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.
shuddh aur anuprayukt rasayan vigyaan kaa antarrashtriya sangh (iupac) kewal ack dohare bandhan vaale acyclic hydrocarbon key liye "alkien" naam kaa upayog karane kii sifarish kartaa haye; alcadine, alcatrine, aadi.dou yaa dou seey adhik dohare bandhan vaale acyclic hydrocarbon key liye polyni; cycloalkin, cycloalcadine, aadi. chakreeya key liye; aur samanya varg key liye "olephine"-ack yaa adhik dohare bandhanon key saath chakreeya yaa chakreeya.
acyclic alkien, kewal ack dohare bandhan key saath aur koee anya karyatmak samooh (jise mono-ains key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) hydrocarbon kii ack samroop shrinkhala banaate hain, jiska samanya sootra "aine" 2 yaa usase adhik hotaa haye (joe sambandhit alken seey cumm dou hydrogen hotaa haye). jaba "aine" chaar yaa adhik hotaa haye, tou samasthaanik sambhav hotey hain, joe dohare bandhan kii sthiti aur sanrachana seey alag hotey hain.
alkien aam taur parr rangheen gair-dhruviya yaugik hotey hain, joe kuchh hudd taka alken key samaan hotey hain lekin adhik pratikriyaasheel hotey hain. iss shrinkhala key pahale kuchh sadasya kamare key tapman parr gais yaa taral padaarth hain. sabse saral alkien, ethylene () (yaa ipac namkaran mein "ethin") audyogik roop seey sabse badey paimaane parr utpaadit carbonic yaugik haye.
sugandhit yaugikon koo aksar chakreeya alkien key roop mein kheencha jaataa haye, haalaanki unaki sanrachana aur guna paryaapt roop seey alag hotey hain kii unhein alkien yaa olephine key roop mein vargeekrit naheen kiya jaataa haye. dou ativyaapi dohare bandhan () vaale hydrocarbon koo elin kahaa jaataa haye-sabse saral aise yaugik koo hii "elin" kahaa jaataa haye-aur teen yaa adhik ativyaapi bandhan (,,, aadi) vaale.) koo cumulane kahaa jaataa haye.
sanrachanaatmak samroopata.
chaar yaa adhik carbon parmaanuon vaale alkien vividh sanrachanaatmak isomer banaa sakate hain. adhikansh alkien cycloalcane key isomer bhee hotey hain. kewal ack dohare bandhan key saath acyclic alkien sanrachanaatmak isomer nimnalikhit hainh
inmein seey kaee anu "sis"-"trance" samroopata pradarshit karate hain. vishesh roop seey badey anuon (seey) key bheetar kieral carbon paramanu bhee hoe sakate hain. atirikt carbon parmaanuon key saath sambhaavit isomers kii sankhya teji seey badhati haye.
sanrachana aur bandhan.
bandhan.
carbon-carbon dohare bandhan mein ack sigma bandhan aur ack paaee bandhan hotaa haye. yeh dohra bandhan ack sahsanyojak bandhan (c = c banaam 611 kj/mol key liye moll) seey adhik majboot haye. see-see key liye 347 keje/moll), lekin doguna majboot naheen. dohare bandhan ekal bandhan kii tulanaa mein chhote hotey hain, jinaki ausat bandhan lambai 1.33 Â (133 pee. aim.) banaam 1.53 Â ack vishisht see-see ekal bandhan key liye hoti haye.
dohare bandhan kaa pratyek carbon paramanu apane teen sp2 sankar kakshiyon kaa upayog karke teen parmaanuon (anya carbon paramanu aur dou hydrogen paramanu) key liye sigma bandhan banaata haye. asankarit 2p paramanu kakshiya, joe teen sp2 sankar kakshiyon key akshon dwara banaae gaye tala key lambavat sthit hotey hain, paaee bandhan banaane key liye sanyukt hotey hain. yeh bandhan mukhya see-see aksh key baahar sthit haye, anu key ack taraf aadhe bandhan aur dusare taraf aadhe bandhan key saath. 65 kilo calori/moll kii taakat key saath, paaee bonned sigma bonned kii tulanaa mein kaafee kamjor hotaa haye.
carbon-carbon dohare bandhan key baare mein ghoornan pratibandhit haye kyonki yeh dou carbon parmaanuon parr pee kakshiyon key sanrekhan koo todane key liye ack urjaavaan laagat letaa haye. natijatan "sis" yaa "trance" isomer itane dheere-dheere aapas mein parivartit hotey hain kii unhein binaa aisomarikaran key pariveshi sthitiyon mein swatantra roop seey sambhala jaa sakata haye. teen yaa chaar alag-alag pratisthaapan (side group) vaale anuon key liye adhik jatil alkien kaa naam "ee"-"jaid" sanketan key saath rakhaa jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, beautine key isomers mein seey, ("z")-lekin-2-aine (a) key dou methyl samooh.key.aeye. "sis"-2-beautine) dohare bandhan key ack hii taraf dikhaai detaa haye, aur ("ee")-lekin-2-aine (aeye.key.aeye. "trance"-2-beautine) methyl samooh vipareet pakshon parr dikhaai dete hain. beautine key inn dou isomers mein alag-alag guna hain.
aakar.
jaisa kii electron jodee pratikarshan key vee. aiss. ee. pee. aar. model dwara bhavishyavani kii gaee haye, alkien kii aanvik jyaamiti mein lagbhag 120° key dohare bandhan mein pratyek carbon paramanu key baare mein bandhan konn shamil hain. dohare bandhan key carbon parmaanuon seey judey karyatmak samoohon key beach gair-bandhan antahkriya dwara pesh kiye gaye steric tanaav key kaaran konn bhinn hoe sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, propleen mein see-see-see bandhan konn 123.9 ° haye.
bridged alkien key liye, breadt key niyam mein kahaa gayaa haye kii ack bridged ring system key bridghead parr ack dohra bandhan taba taka naheen hoe sakata jaba taka kii ring paryaapt badey naa houn. fosset key baad aur ring mein gair-bridghead parmaanuon kii kull sankhya key roop mein "s" koo paribhaashit karate hue, saikil pranaliyon koo sthirata key liye "s" ≤7 kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur tricyclic pranaliyon koo "s" ≤11 kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
bhautik guna.
alkien aur alken key kaee bhautik guna samaan hainh way rangheen, gair-dhruviya aur jwalansheel hain. bhautik sthiti aanvik dravyamaan parr nirbhar karati haih sambandhit santript hydrocarbon kii tarah, sabse saral alkien (ethylene, propylene aur beautine) kamare key tapman parr gaisen hain. lagbhag paanch seey solah carbon parmaanuon key raikhik alkien taral hotey hain, aur uchch alkien mome thhos hotey hain. aanvik dravyamaan mein vriddhi key saath thhos padarthon kaa pighalane kaa bindu bhee badh jaataa haye.
alkien mein aam taur parr unake sambandhit alken kii tulanaa mein adhik gandh hoti haye. ethylene mein ack meethi aur kathor gandh hoti haye. vishesh roop seey, norornen aur "trance"-cycloctine jaise tanaavpurna alkien mein majboot, apriya gandh hoti haye, joe tambe sahit dhaatu ayanon key saath baney majboot π parisaron key saath susangat haye.
pratikriyaaen.
alkien apekshaakrit sthir yaugik hotey hain, lekin alken kii tulanaa mein adhik pratikriyaasheel hotey hain. alkien kii adhikansh pratikriyaon mein iss paaee bonned mein parivardhan shamil hotaa haye, jisase nae ekal bonned banate hain. alkien petrochemical udyog key liye ack feedstock key roop mein kaam karate hain kyonki way vibhinn prakaar kii pratikriyaon, pramukh roop seey bahulak aur alkylation mein bhaag leey sakate hain.
ethylene koo chhodkar, alkien mein pratikriyashilta key dou sthal hainh carbon-carbon paaee-bonned aur elilic ch kendron kii upasthiti. poorv kaa varchasva haye lekin sahayogi sthal bhee mahatvapurna hain.
atirikt pratikriyaaen.
alkien kaee atirikt pratikriyaon mein pratikriya karate hain, joe dohare bandhan koo kholane seey hotey hain. inmein seey adhikansh jodd pratikriyaaen electrophilic jodd key tantra kaa paalan karati hain. udaaharan hain jall-jaljanan, helogenation, helohydrine gathan, oxymercuration, hydroboration, dichlorocarbin jodd, simmons-smith pratikriya, utprerak hydrogen, apoxidation, radical polymerisation aur hydroxylation.
hydrogenikaran aur sambandhit jall-moolak.
alkien kaa hydrogenkaran sambandhit alken kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. pratikriya kabhi-kabhi dabaav mein aur uchch tapman parr kii jaati haye. dhaatu utprerak lagbhag hamesha aavashyak hotey hain. samanya audyogik utprerak platinum, nickle aur paladium parr adharit hotey hain. margerine kaa utpaadan ack badey paimaane parr upayog haye.
dohare bandhan key alawa, kaee anya jode jaa sakate hain. yeye prakriyaaen aksar bahut badey vyaavsaayik mahatva kii hoti hain. ack udaaharan aich-sir 3, aaee kaa jodd haye.ee., hydrocylilation. iss pratikriya kaa upayog organosylican yaugikon koo utpann karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. ack anya pratikriya hydrocyanation haye, joe dohare bandhan key paar kaa jodd haye.
jall-sandhaaran.
jall-sandhaaran, alkien key dohare bandhan mein paani kaa judaav, alcohol paida kartaa haye. pratikriya phosphoric acid yaa sulfuric acid dwara utprerit hoti haye. yeh pratikriya synthetic ethanol kaa utpaadan karane key liye audyogik paimaane parr kii jaati haye.
oximercuration-demersuration pratikriya, hydroboration-okseekaran pratikriya yaa mukayama hydration key madhyam seey bhee alkien koo alcohol mein parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye.
halogenation.
electrophilic halogenation mein alkien mein tatva bromin yaa chlorine key judane seey kramshah vikinal diabromo-aur dichloroalcane (1,2-dihlides yaa ethylene diahlides) praapt hotey hain. paani mein bromin key ghol kaa rung badalane seey alkien kii upasthiti kaa vishleshanatmak pareekshan hotaa haih
sambandhit pratikriyaon kaa upayog asantulan key matratmak upaayon key roop mein bhee kiya jaataa haye, jise ack yaugik yaa mishran kii bromin sankhya aur iodene sankhya key roop mein vyakt kiya jaataa haye.
jall-jaljanan.
hydrohalogenation hydrogen halides kaa jodd haye, jaise kii aich. see. ell. yaa aich. aaee., alkien mein sambandhit helocan kaa utpaadan karane key liyeh
yadi dohare bandhan mein dou carbon paramanu hydrogen parmaanuon kii ack alag sankhya seey judey hotey hain, tou cumm hydrogen pratisthaapan key saath carbon mein adhimaantah halogen paaya jaataa haye. iss pattern koo markovnikov key niyam key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. mool aarambhakartaon yaa anya yaugikon key upayog seey vipareet utpaad parinam hoe sakata haye. vishesh roop seey hydrobromic acid vibhinn ashuddhiyon yaa yahaan taka kii vayumandaliya oxygen kii upasthiti mein radical banaane key liye pravan haye, jisase markovnikov parinam ulat jaataa haih
helohydrine kaa gathan.
alkien paani aur helogen key saath pratikriya karate hain aur ack atirikt pratikriya dwara helohydrine banaate hain. markovnikov regiochemistry aur anty-stereochemistry hoti haye.
okseekaran.
alkien percarboxylic acid aur yahaan taka kii hydrogen peroxide key saath pratikriya karate hue apoxide paida karate hainh
ethylene key liye, utprerak kii upasthiti mein oxygen kaa upayog karke bahut badey paimaane parr epoxikaran kiya jaataa haih
alkien ozon key saath pratikriya karate hain, jisase dohare bandhan kaa vikhandan hotaa haye. iss prakriya koo ozonolysis kahaa jaataa haye. aksar pratikriya prakriya mein ack halka reductant shamil hotaa haye, jaise kii dimethylsulphide ():
jaba germ kendrit, amleeya ghol key saath upchaar kiya jaataa haye, tou alkien koo keaton aur/yaa carboxylic acid banaane key liye alag kiya jaataa haye. pratikriya kii stoichiometry sthitiyon key prati samvedansheel hoti haye. iss pratikriya aur ozonolysis kaa upayog ack agyaat alkien mein dohare bandhan kii sthiti nirdhaarit karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
ausmium tetroxide yaa anya oxidant kaa upayog karke alkien key poorna vichhedan key bajaay vikinal diol parr okseekaran koo rokaa jaa sakata haih
iss pratikriya koo dihydroxylation kahaa jaataa haye.
ack upayukt prakaash samvedi kii upasthiti mein, jaise kii mithileen neela aur prakaash, alkien prakaash samvedi dwara utpann pratikriyaasheel oxygen prajaatiyon key saath pratikriya seey gujar sakate hain, jaise kii hydroxyl radical, ekal oxygen yaa superoxide aayan. uttejit samvedi kii pratikriyaon mein electron yaa hydrogen hastaantaran shamil hoe sakata haye, aamtaur parr ack cumm karane vaale substrate (prakaar i pratikriya) yaa oxygen (prakaar II pratikriya) key saath baatchit key saath. inn vibhinn vaikalpik prakriyaon aur pratikriyaon koo vishisht pratikriya sthitiyon key chayan dwara niyantrit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase utpaadon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala hoe sakati haye. ack aam udaaharan haye [4 + 2]-ack endoperoxide dene key liye cyclopentadine jaise dyne key saath ekal oxygen kaa cyclodationh
ack anya udaaharan shank aine pratikriya haye, jisamen ekal oxygen ack anuprasth elil peroxide dene key liye ack sahayogi sanrachana key saath pratikriya kartaa haih
bahulakkaran.
antim alkien polymer key liye prakriya key madhyam seey agradoot hain jinhen polymerisation kahaa jaataa haye. kuchh bahulak bahut aarthik mahatva key hotey hain, kyonki way plastic polyethylene aur polypropylene key roop mein utpann karate hain. alkien seey nikalane vaale polymer koo aamtaur parr "polyolephine" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye, halanki unamen koee olephine naheen hotaa haye. bahulakkaran vividh tantron key madhyam seey aage badh sakata haye. sanyugmit dyne jaise beauta-1,3-dyne aur isoprene (2-methylboota-1,3-dyne) bhee polymer kaa utpaadan karate hain, ack udaaharan praakritik rubber haye.
dhaatu kaa sanklishtata.
alkien sankraman dhaatu alkien parisaron mein ligand hain. paaee-aur paaee *-orbitals kaa upayog karke dhaatu key saath dou carbon kendra bandhan. mono-aur diolephine kaa upayog aksar sthir parisaron mein ligand key roop mein kiya jaataa haye. cyclooctadine aur norbornadine lokpriya chealeting agent hain, aur yahaan taka kii ethylene kaa upayog kabhi-kabhi ligand key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, udaaharan key liye, zaaiz key namak mein. isake alawa, dhaatu-kshaar parisar hydrogenikaran, hydroformilation aur polymerisation sahit kaee dhaatu-utprerit pratikriyaon mein madhyavarti hain.
sanshleshan.
audyogik tareeke.
alkien hydrocarbon daraar dwara utpaadit hotey hain. kachcha maal jyaadaatar praakritik gais sanghanan ghatak (mukhya roop seey ethane aur propen) america mein aur europe aur asia mein madhya poorv aur naftha hain. alken uchch tapman parr toot jaate hain, aksar ack zeolite utprerak kii upasthiti mein, mukhya roop seey elephatic alken aur cumm aanvik vajan vaale alken key mishran kaa utpaadan karane key liye. mishran feedstock aur tapman parr nirbhar haye, aur aanshik aasavan dwara alag kiya jaataa haye. iska upayog mukhya roop seey chhote alkien (chhah carbon taka) key nirmaan key liye kiya jaataa haye.
isase sambandhit utprerak nirjalikaran haye, jahan ack alken uchch tapman parr hydrogen khou detaa haye aur ack sambandhit alkien kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. yeh alkien key utprerak hydrogenkaran kaa ulta haye.
iss prakriya koo sudhaar key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. donon prakriyaaen endothermic hain aur entropy dwara uchch tapman parr alkien kii or chaalit hoti hain.
uchch α-alkien (rch = ch2 prakaar kaa) kaa utprerak sanshleshan nickel, cobalt yaa platinum kii upasthiti mein organomatellic yaugik triethylaluminium key saath ethylene kii pratikriya seey bhee praapt kiya jaa sakata haye.
unmoolan pratikriyaaen.
prayogshala mein alkien sanshleshan key liye pramukh tarikon mein seey ack alkill halides, alcohol aur isi tarah key yaugikon kaa kamare mein unmoolan haye. sabse aam ee2 yaa ee1 tantra key madhyam seey β-unmoolan haye, lekin α-unmoolan bhee gyaat hain.
adhikansh alkien sanshleshan key liye ee2 tantra ee1 kii tulanaa mein adhik vishvasaniya β-unmoolan vidhi pradaan kartaa haye. adhikansh ee2 unmoolan ack alkyl halloid yaa alkyl sulphonate ester (jaise kii tocillate yaa triflate) seey shuru hotey hain. jaba ack alkyl halloid kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, tou pratikriya koo nirjalikaran kahaa jaataa haye. asmamit utpaadon key liye, adhik pratisthaapit alkien (joe see = see seey judey cumm hydrogen key saath hotey hain) pramukh hotey hain (zaitsev kaa niyam dekhein). unmoolan pratikriyaon key dou samanya tareeke alkyl halides kaa nirjalikaran aur alcohol kaa nirjalikaran hain. ack vishisht udaaharan neeche dikhaaya gayaa haye; dhyaan dein kii yadi sambhav hoe, tou aich chhodane vaale samooh key liye "virodhi" haye, bhale hii yeh cumm sthir "jaid"-isomer kii or leey jaataa haye.
alkinon koo nirjalikaran key madhyam seey alcohol seey sanshleshit kiya jaa sakata haye, jiss sthiti mein ee1 tantra key madhyam seey paani khou jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, ethanol kaa nirjalikaran ethylene kaa utpaadan kartaa haih
ack sharaab koo ack behtar chhodane vaale samooh mein bhee parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye (ee.jee., xanthate), taaki ack halke "sinn"-unmoolan kii anumati dee jaa sakey jaise kii chugev unmoolan aur grico unmoolan. sambandhit pratikriyaon mein β-halother (board olephine sanshleshan) aur ester (ester pyrolysis) dwara unmoolan shamil hain.
alkien koo apratyaksh roop seey alkyl amine seey taiyar kiya jaa sakata haye. amine yaa amonia ack upayukt chhodane vaalaa samooh naheen haye, isaliye amine koo pahale yaa tou alkilated (hoffman unmoolan key roop mein) yaa ack amine oxide (saamana pratikriya) mein aukseekrit kiya jaataa haye taaki ack sucharu unmoolan sambhav hoe sakey. saamana karane kii pratikriya ack "sinn"-unmoolan haye joe 150 degree celsius parr yaa usase neeche hotaa haye, udaaharan key liyeh
hoffman unmoolan asamanya haye kyonki "cumm" pratisthaapit (gair-zaitsev) alkien aamtaur parr pramukh utpaad hotaa haye.
alkien teen sadasyiya ring sulphone madhyavarti key madhyam seey, ramberg-backlund pratikriya mein α-halosulphone seey utpann hotey hain.
carbonyl yaugikon seey sanshleshan.
alkien sanshleshan key liye ack anya mahatvapurna vidhi mein carbonyl yaugik (jaise kii aldehyde yaa keaton) koo carbenian samkaksh key saath jodkar ack nae carbon-carbon dohare bandhan kaa nirmaan shamil haye. aisee pratikriyaon koo kabhi-kabhi "olephination" kahaa jaataa haye. inn vidhiyon mein seey sabse prasiddh whittig pratikriya haye, lekin anya sambandhit vidhiyaan gyaat hain, jinamen horner-wadsworth-ammons pratikriya shamil haye.
whittig abhikriya mein ack alkien aur ph3pee = oh kaa utpaadan karane key liye ack prakaar key whittig abhikarmak (yaa phosphorene) key saath ack aldehyde yaa keaton kii pratikriya shamil haye. whittig abhikarmak koo triphenylphosphine aur ack alkill halloid seey aasaani seey taiyar kiya jaataa haye. pratikriya kaafee samanya haye aur kaee karyatmak samoohon koo sahan kiya jaataa haye, yahaan taka kii ester bhee, jaisa kii iss udaaharan mein haih
whittig pratikriya seey sambandhit pieterson olephination haye, joe phosphorene key sthaan parr silicon-adharit abhikarmakon kaa upayog kartaa haye. yeh pratikriya "ee"-yaa "jaid"-utpaadon key chayan kii anumati detee haye. yadi ack "ee"-utpaad vaanchhit haye, tou ack anya vikalp julia olephination haye, joe ack phenyl sulphone seey utpann carbenian kaa upayog kartaa haye. organchromium madhyavarti parr adharit takaai olephination bhee ee-utpaad pradaan kartaa haye. ack titanium yaugik, tebe kaa abhikarmak, mithileen yaugikon key sanshleshan key liye upayogi haye; iss mamle mein, ester aur amide bhee pratikriya karate hain.
keaton yaa aldehyde kii ack jodee koo ack alkien utpann karane key liye deoxygenated kiya jaa sakata haye. samamit alkien koo titanium dhaatu kii kamee (mcmary pratikriya) kaa upayog karke ekal aldehyde yaa keaton yugman seey taiyar kiya jaa sakata haye. yadi alag-alag keetonon koo jodaa jaanaa haye, tou ack adhik jatil vidhi kii aavashyakta hoti haye, jaise kii barton-kelog pratikriya.
sodium methoxide (bamford-stevens pratikriya) yaa ack alchilithium (shapiro pratikriya) kaa upayog karke ack ekal keaton koo isake tossilhydrazone key madhyam seey sambandhit alkien mein bhee parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye.
alkien seey sanshleshan.
chhote key charan-vaar bahulak key madhyam seey lambe alkien kaa gathan aakarshak haye, kyonki ethylene (sabse chhota alkien) sastaa aur aasaani seey upalabdh haye, jisamen salana saikadon million tunn kaa utpaadan hotaa haye. ziegler-natta prakriya bahut lambi shrinkhalaon key nirmaan kii anumati detee haye, udaaharan key liye polyethylene key liye upayog kii jaane vaali. jahan chhoti shrinkhalaaen vaanchhit hain, kyonki way surfactants key utpaadan key liye hain, phir ack olephine metathesis charan koo shamil karane vaali prakriyaaen, jaise kii shale uchch olephine prakriya mahatvapurna hain. 
olephine metathesis kaa upayog vyaavsaayik roop seey ethylene aur 2-beautine koo propleen mein badalane key liye bhee kiya jaataa haye. iss prakriya mein ranium-aur molybdenum yukt visham utprerak kaa upayog kiya jaataa haih
sankraman dhaatu utprerit hydrovenilisation ack aur mahatvapurna alkien sanshleshan prakriya haye joe alkien seey hii shuru hoti haye. isamen ack dohare bandhan mein ack hydrogen aur ack vinail samooh (yaa ack alcanyl samooh) kaa sanyojan shamil haye.
alkine seey.
alkinon kii kamee, pratisthaapit alkinon key stereoselective sanshleshan key liye ack upayogi vidhi haye. yadi "sis"-alkien vaanchhit haye, tou lindler key utprerak (ack visham utprerak jisamen calcium carbonate parr jamaa paladium hotaa haye aur seese key vibhinn roopon key saath upchaar kiya jaataa haye) kii upasthiti mein hydrogenkaran kaa upayog aamtaur parr kiya jaataa haye, halanki hydrolysis dwara jall-sancharan key baad ack vaikalpik drishtikon pradaan kartaa haye. taral amonia mein sodium dhaatu dwara alkine kii kamee seey "trance"-alkien milata haye.
bahu-pratisthaapit alkien kii taiyari key liye, alkine kaa carbometalation alkien vyutpannon kii ack badee vividhata koo janm dey sakata haye.
punarvyavastha aur sambandhit pratikriyaaen.
alkien koo anya alkien seey punarvyavastha pratikriyaon key madhyam seey sanshleshit kiya jaa sakata haye. olephine metathesis (oopar varnit) key alawa, kaee pericyclic pratikriyaon kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye jaise kii annie pratikriya aur saamana punarvyavastha.
dials-elder pratikriya mein, ack dyne aur ack pratikriyaasheel yaa electron-kamee vaale alkien seey ack cyclohexin vyutpann taiyar kiya jaataa haye.
ipac namkaran.
halanki namkaran kaa vyaapak roop seey paalan naheen kiya jaataa haye, ipac key anusaar, ack alkien ack acyclic hydrocarbon haye jisamen carbon parmaanuon key beach kewal ack dohra bandhan hotaa haye. olephine mein chakreeya aur chakreeya alkien key saath-saath dyne aur polyn kaa ack badaa sangrah hotaa haye.
seedhe-shrinkhala alkien key liye ipac naamon kii jarh banaane key liye, mool key "-an-" infix koo "-en-" mein badal dein. udaaharan key liye, ch3-ch3 alken "ethane" haye. isaliye ch2 = ch2 kaa naam "ethin" haye.
4 yaa adhik carbon parmaanuon key saath seedhi-shrinkhala alkien key liye, vaha naam poori tarah seey yaugik kii pehchaan naheen kartaa haye. una mamalon key liye, aur shakha vaale chakreeya alkien key liye, nimnalikhit niyam lagu hotey hainh
dohare bandhan kii sthiti koo aksar shrinkhala key naam seey pahale daala jaataa haye (ee.jee. "2-penteen"), pratyay ("pent-2-aine") seey pahale key bajaay.
yadi way advitiya hain tou padon koo ingit karane kii aavashyakta naheen haye. dhyaan dein kii dohare bandhan kaa arth hoe sakata haye kii sambandhit alken key liye upayog kii jaane vaali shrinkhala sankhya seey alag haih c-- "2,2-diamethyl penten" haye, jabaki c-= "3,3-diamethyl 1-penteen" haye.
polyn aur cycloalcane key liye adhik jatil niyam lagu hotey hain.
"sis"-"trance" isomerism.
yadi ack chakreeya mono-aine kaa dohra bandhan shrinkhala kaa pahala bandhan naheen haye, tou oopar nirmit naam abhee bhee yaugik kii poori tarah seey pehchaan naheen kartaa haye, kyonki "sis"-"trance" isomerism. phir kissy koo yeh nirdisht karna hoga kii kyaa dohare bandhan seey satey dou ekal see-see bandhan isake tala key ack hii taraf hain, yaa vipareet taraf hain. monoalcan key liye, vinyas koo aksar naam seey pahale upsarg "sis"-(lattin seey "" key iss taraf ") yaa" trance "-(" paar "," key doosari taraf ") dwara ingit kiya jaataa haye, jaisa kii" sis "-2-penteen yaa" trance "-2-beautine mein hotaa haye.
adhik aam taur parr, "sis"-"trance" samroopata maujood hogi yadi dohare bandhan mein dou carbon mein seey pratyek mein dou alag-alag paramanu yaa samooh judey hotey hain. inn mamalon key liye lekhankan, ipac "sis" aur "trance" upsargon key bajaay adhik samanya ee-jaid sanketan kii sifarish kartaa haye. yeh sanketan dou carbon mein seey pratyek mein uchchatam sip prathamikta vaale samooh koo maanata haye. yadi yeye donon samooh dohare bandhan key tala key vipareet pakshon parr hain, tou vinyas koo "ee" (german "angegen" seey jiska arth haye "vipareet") label kiya jaataa haye; yadi way ack hii taraf hain, tou ise "jaid" (german "zusmen" seey, "ack saath") label kiya jaataa haye. iss labeling koo smriti "jaid" kaa arth haye 'onn zei zem zide' key saath sikhaaya jaa sakata haye.
see = see dohare bandhan vaale samooh.
iupac carbon-carbon dohare bandhan vaale hydrocarbon samoohon key liye dou naamon koo pahachaantaa haye, vinail samooh aur elil samooh.

