ardhchaalak udyog

ardhchaalak udyog ardhchalakon aur ardhchaalak upkaranon, jaise transister aur ekikrit paripathon key design aur nirmaan mein luggy companiyon kaa samooh haye. yeh 1960 key aspas banaa, ack baar ardhchaalak upkaranon kaa nirmaan ack vyavharya vyavasaay bunn gayaa. udyog kaa vaarshik ardhchaalak bikri rajaswa taba seey 2018 taka badh gayaa haye. ardhchaalak udyog vyaapak electronics udyog key peechhe prerak shakti haye, 2011 taka 135 billion pound () kii vaarshik bijli electronics bikri key saath, 2020 taka vaarshik upabhokta electronics bikri taka pahunchane kii ummeed haye, 2019 mein takniki udyog kii bikri taka pahunchane kii ummeed haye, aur 2017 mein ee-commers key saath. 2019 mein, ardhchaalak bajar khand kaa 32.4% network aur sanchaar upkaranon key liye thaa. 
semiconductor udyog sangh key anusaar, 2021 mein, ardhchalakon kii bikri record $555.9 billion taka pahunch gaee, joe chean mein bikri key saath 26.2 pratishat badhkar $192.5 billion taka pahunch gaee. calender varsh mein record 1.15 trillion ardhchaalak ikaaiyon koo bheja gayaa thaa. ardhchalakon key 2027 taka $726.73 billion taka pahunchane kaa anuman haye. 
udyog sanrachana.
vaishvik ardhchaalak udyog mein sanyukt raajya america, taiwan, dakshin koria, japan aur neetherland kii companiyon kaa varchasva haye.
udyog kii anoothi visheshtaon mein nirantar vikas shamil haye lekin uchch asthirta key saath ack chakreeya pattern mein. jabaki ardhchaalak udyog kii vartamaan 20 varsh kii vaarshik ausat vriddhi 13 pratishat key crum parr haye, isake saath samaan roop seey ausat seey adhik bajar asthirta haye, joe naatakiya naheen tou mahatvapurna chakreeya utaar-chadhaav kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye. isake liye bajar mein parivartan kii teji seey gati key saath lagaatar samaayojan karane key liye uchch star key lachilepan aur navachar kii aavashyakta haye kyonki ardhchaalak upkaranon koo embed karane vaale kaee utpaadon kaa jeevan chakr aksar bahut cumm hotaa haye. 
saath hii, ardhchaalak udyog mein nirantar moolya-pradarshan sudhaar kii darr chaunka dene vaali haye. isake parinamswarup, ardhchaalak bajar mein parivartan naa kewal behad teji seey hotey hain, balki udyogon mein dheemi gati seey vikasit honey vaale parivartanon kaa bhee anuman lagaate hain. ardhchaalak udyog koo vyaapak roop seey poore electronics moolya shrinkhala key liye ack pramukh chaalak aur praudyogiki sakshamkarta key roop mein maanyata praapt haye.
udyog foundry model parr adharit haye, jisamen ardhchaalak nirmaan sanyantra (foundry) aur ekikrit circuit design sanchaalan shamil hain, jinamen seey pratyek alag-alag companiyon yaa sahayak companiyon seey sambandhit haye. kuchh companiyaan, jinhen ekikrit upkaran nirmaata key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ardhchalakon kaa design aur nirmaan donon karati hain. foundry model key parinamswarup foundry key beach samekan huaa haye. 2021 taka, kewal teen firm sabse unnat ardhchalakon kaa nirmaan karane mein saksham hainh taiwan kaa tii. aiss. aim. see., dakshin koria kaa samsung aur sanyukt raajya kaa intell. iska ack hissa bhawan dhalai kii uchch poonji laagat key kaaran haye. tii. aiss. aim. see. kaa navintam karkhana, joe 3 nm prakriya ardhchalakon koo banaane mein saksham haye aur 2020 mein puuraa huaa, isaki laagat $19.5 billion haye. 
intell tii. aiss. aim. see. koo kuchh utpaadan outsourcing karane parr vichaar curr rhaa haye. yeh vartamaan mein kewal 10 nm ardhchalakon kaa utpaadan curr sakata haye, jabaki tii. aiss. aim. see. aur samsung donon 5 nm kaa utpaadan curr sakate hain. globalfoundries, ack americi-mukhyalaya vaali firm, chhote prakriya nodes kii teji seey badhati vikas laagat key kaaran apane sabse unnat chips key liye 12 nm prakriya kaa upayog karati haye.
sabse badee companiyaan.
tippaniyanh
bikri.
nimnalikhit sthaanon parr mukhyalaya vaale nirmaata udyog key shuddh-khel foundry, aaee. dee. aim. (ekikrit upkaran nirmaan), fabless vinirmaan aur (outsource ardhchaalak assembly aur pareekshan) kshetron mein bikri mein agrani hain.
dhyaan dein kii sanyukt raajya america mein mukhyalaya vaale nirmaataon key paas duniya bhar mein nirmaan sanyantra hain, jinamen america mein 50 pratishat seey adhik, asia-prashant kshetra mein 39 pratishat (japan mein 9 pratishat sahit) aur europe mein 9 pratishat shamil hain.

