
drishya

visigoth (;) ack raajaa key shasson key tahat ekjut ack german loga they aur pracheen kaal key anta mein roman samrajya key bheetar rahate they. visigoth pahali baar balcon mein ack roman-sahayogi berber sainya samooh key roop mein dikhaai diye, joe alaric aaee kii kamaan mein ekjut they. maanaa jaataa haye kii unaki sateek utpatti vividh thee, lekin unamen shayed thermivy key kaee vanshaj shamil they joe 376 mein shuru hue roman samrajya mein chaley gaye they aur jinhone 378 mein adrianpool kii ladaai mein romanon koo haraane mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai thee. romanon aur alaric key vijigoth key beach sambandh bhinn they, donon samoohon ney suvidhajanak honey parr sandhiyaan keen, aur jaba naheen tou ack dusare key saath yuddh kiya. alaric key tahat, visigoth ney itali parr aakraman kiya aur agast 410 mein rome koo barkhast curr diyaa. 
visigoth koo baad mein dakshini gaul mein romanon key liye "foderati" key roop mein basaaya gayaa, ack aisaa sambandh joe 418 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh ack swatantra raajya key roop mein vikasit huaa aur isaki rajdhani tolus mein thee, aur unhone suebi aur vidhvansakon kii keemat parr apane adhikaar koo hyspania mein vistaarit kiya, jinhone roman kshetra key badey hisse parr niyantran curr liya thaa. 507 mein, gaul mein vijigothik shasson clovis I key tahat frank dwara samaapt kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone unhein vouil kii ladaai mein haraaya thaa.
abb spen aur purtagaal mein hii visigoth ney rajneeti kaa nirmaan kiya jisake liye unhein sabse achchi tarah seey yaad kiya jaataa haye. hyspania key apane shasson key dauran, visigoth ney kaee churchon kaa nirmaan kiya joe butch gaye aur kaee kalaakritiyaan chhod gaeen, joe haal key varshon mein puraatatvidon dwara badhati sankhya mein khoji gaee hain. abb taka kii khojon mein seey sabse shandar taaj aur cross kaa khajaana haye. 589 mein yaa usake aspas, punarnirmit aaee key tahat vizigoth ney dheere-dheere apane hispano-roman vishayon kii sanskriti koo apanaate hue arianwad seey nikeen isai dharm mein parivartit curr diyaa. unake kanuni code, "vijigothik code" (654 mein puuraa kiya gayaa), ney unake paino-roman aabaadi aur vijigoth key liye vibhinn kaanoonon koo lagu karane key lambe samay seey chaley aaa rahey abhyaas koo samaapt curr diyaa. ack baar jaba "romani" aur "gothi" key beach kanuni antar naheen kiya jaa rhaa thaa, tou way saamoohik roop seey "hispani" key roop mein jaane jaane lagey. isake baad kii shatabdi mein, iss kshetra mein toldo aur episcopacy kii parishadon kaa prabhutva thaa. 711 mein, arabon aur barbaron key ack aakramankari bull ney gwadalet kii ladaai key dauran visigoth koo haraaya. vijigoth raajaa, rhoderic aur vijigothik shaasi abhijaat varg key kaee sadasya maare gaye aur unakaa raajya teji seey dhwast hoe gayaa. isake baad uttari spen mein asturia samrajya kaa gathan huaa aur pelagius key tahat isai sainikon dwara punah adhigrahan kii shuruat hui.
vijigoth ney roman samrajya key paschimi aadhe hisse key patan seey carolingian rajvansh key uday taka paschimi europe mein ekmatra nae shaharon kii sthaapana kii. aadhunik spanish aur purtagaali bhaashaon mein kaee vijigothik naam abhee bhee upayog mein hain. haalaanki, unaki sabse ullekhaniya viraasat "vijigothik code" thee, joe anya cheejon key alawa, raajya key patan key sadiyon baad madhya yug key anta taka adhikansh isai iberia mein adalati prakriya key aadhar key roop mein kaary karati thee.
naamkaranah vesi, terringi, visigoth.
visigoth koo kabhi bhee visigoth naheen kahaa jaataa thaa, kewal goth, jaba taka kii casiodorus ney 507 mein clovis i key khilaf unake nuksan kaa ullekh karate hue iss shabd kaa upayog naheen kiya thaa. casiodorus ney spasht roop seey "ostrogoth" key model key aadhar parr shabd kaa aavishkaar kiya, lekin vesi key puraane naam kaa upayog kiya, joe adiwasi naamon mein seey ack thaa, jiska upayog paanchvin shatabdi key kavi sidonius apolinaris ney pahale hii visigoth kaa ullekh karate samay kiya thaa. ostrogoth naam kaa pahala bhaag "poorv" shabd seey sambandhit haye, aur madhyayugeen lekhak jordance ney baad mein apane "getica" mein spasht roop seey unaki tulanaa karate hue kahaa kii "vijigoth paschimi desh key goth they."wolfram key anusaar, casiodorus ney goth kii iss poorv-paschim samajh koo banaaya, joe ack saralikaran aur saahityik upkaran thaa, jabaki raajneetik vaastaviktaaen adhik jatil theen. casiodorus ney kewal shuturmurgon koo sandarbhit karane key liye "goth" shabd kaa upayog kiya, jinaki unhone seva kii, aur gallo-spanish goth key liye bhaugolik sandarbh "vizigoth" aarakshit kiya. vijigoth" shabd kaa upayog baad mein vijigoth swayam dwara byzantine samrajya key saath apane sanchaar mein kiya gayaa thaa, aur abhee bhee 7 veen shatabdi mein upayog mein thaa.
roman samrajya key baahar key dou puraane adiwasi naam samrajya key bheetar baney visigoth seey judey hain. roman aur yunani lekhakon dwara kissy bhee gothik janjaati key pahale sandarbh teesari shatabdi mein they, vishesh roop seey tharvingi sahit, jinhen kabhi amianus marcellinus dwara goth key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa. vesi" yaa "visi" key baare mein bahut cumm jaanaa jaataa haye, jinase "vizigoth" shabd liya gayaa thaa. cydonius apolinaris seey pahale, vesi kaa ullekh pahali baar "notia garima" mein kiya gayaa thaa, joe kii chauthi shatabdi key anta yaa paanchvin shatabdi kii shuruat mein roman sainya balon kii soochi thee. iss soochi mein ack shaastriya srot mein "thermivy" kaa antim ullekh bhee haye.
haalaanki unhone vesi, tervingi yaa grethungai kaa ullekh naheen kiya, jordance ney alaric I seey alaric II taka key vijigothik raajaon koo chauthi shatabdi key tervingian raajaa atahanarik key uttaradhikariyon key roop mein aur theoderic seey laker theodahad taka key ostrogoth raajaon koo grethung raajaa ermanaric key uttaradhikariyon key roop mein pahachaana. isake aadhar parr, kaee vidvaanon ney paaramparik roop seey "vesi" aur "tervingi" shabdon koo ack alag janjaati key roop mein maanaa haye, jabaki "ostrogothy" aur "greuthungi" shabdon kaa upayog dusare koo sandarbhit karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa.
wolfram, joe abhee bhee haal hii mein tervingi key saath vesi key sameekaran kaa bachaav karate hain, kaa tark haye kii jabaki praathamik srot kabhi-kabhi sabhi chaar naamon koo soochibaddh karate hain (udaaharan key liye, "gruthungi, austrogothy, tervingi, visi"), jaba bhee way dou alag-alag janjaatiyon kaa ullekh karate hain, way hamesha yaa tou "vesi aur ostrogothy" yaa "tervingi aur grethungi" kaa ullekh karate hain, aur way unhein kabhi bhee kissy anya sanyojan mein naheen jodate hain. isake alawa, wolfram ney "notia garima" kii vyakhya varshon key sandarbh mein tervingi key saath vesi kii barabari key roop mein kii haye. doosari or, "notia" kii ack aur halia vyakhya yeh haye kii dou naam, vesi aur tervingi, soochi mein alag-alag sthaanon parr paae jaate hain, "ack spasht sanket haye kii humm dou alag-alag senaa ikaaiyon key saath kaam curr rahey hain, jiska yeh bhee matlab honah chaahiye kii way, aakhirkaar, dou alag-alag logon key roop mein maane jaate hain. peater heather ney likhaa haye kii wolfram kii sthiti "poori tarah seey tark yogya haye, lekin isake vipareet bhee haye.
wolfram kaa maanana haye kii "vesi" aur "ostrogothy" shabd pratyek janjaati key liye garv seey varnit kiye jaate they aur unakaa tark haye kii "tervingi" aur "greuthungi" bhaugolik pahchankarta they, pratyek janjaati kaa upayog dusare kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. yeh bataayega kii 400 key turant baad baad key shabdon kaa upayog kyon bund hoe gayaa, jaba goth shikaar key akramanon seey visthaapit hoe gaye they. wolfram kaa maanana haye kii josimus jinn logon kaa varnan kartaa haye way way they joe shikari vijay key baad bhee peechhe reh gaye they. adhikansh bhaag key liye, vibhinn gothik janjaatiyon key beach bhedbhaav karane vaale sabhi shabd dheere-dheere roman samrajya mein jaane key baad gayab hoe gaye.
peater heather jaise kaee halia vidvaanon ney nishkarsh nikala haye kii vijigothik samooh kii pehchaan kewal roman samrajya key bheetar ubhari haye. roser collins kaa yeh bhee maanana haye kii vizigothic pehchaan 376-382 key gothic yuddh seey ubhari jaba purvi balcon mein alaric I key tahat bahujaatiya "foederati" (wolfram kii "sanghiya senaa") mein ack saath terrivingi, grethungi aur anya "berber" dalon kaa ack sangrah, kyonki way ack bahujaatiya samooh bunn gaye they aur abb vishesh roop seey terrivingian honey kaa daavaa naheen curr sakate they.
anya gothik prabhagon key liye anya naamon kii bharmar thee. 469 mein, visigoth koo "alaric goth" kahaa jaataa thaa. rashtron kii spasht talika, shayed byzantine yaa italvi mool kii, dou logon mein seey ack koo "valagothi" key roop mein sandarbhit kartaa haye, jiska arth haye "roman goth" (german * "walhaz", videshi seey). yeh shayed spen mein unake pravesh key baad romankrit vizigoth koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. landolphus suggax, 10veen yaa 11veen shatabdi mein likhate hue, vijigoth koo "hypogothy" kahate hain.
tervingi aur vesi/visigothi kii vyutpatti.
tervingi" naam kaa arth "vann key loga" hoe sakata haye, jiska naam kaa pahala bhaag gothik "triu" aur angreji "tree" seey sambandhit haye. yeh iss baat key sakshya dwara samarthit haye kii bhaugolik vivaranakon kaa upayog aamtaur parr kaale samudra key uttar mein rahane vaale logon koo vahaan gothik basti seey pahale aur baad mein, tervingi key beach vann-sambandhit naamon key pramaan dwara, aur teesari shatabdi key anta kii tulanaa mein naam jodee tervingi-greuthungi key liye pahale kii tarikh key liye sabooton kii kamee seey alag karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. kii "tervingi" naam kaa poorv-pontic, sambhavatah scandinavian, mool aaj bhee samarthan kartaa haye.
visigoth koo trabilius poliyo, claudian aur sidonius apolinaris dwara "vesi" yaa "visi" kahaa jaataa haye. yeh shabd "achche" key liye gothic haye, jiska arth haye "achche yaa yogya loga", joe gothic "iusiza" "behtar" seey sambandhit haye aur indo-europeeya * "" wesu "" achchha "kaa ack pratikshep haye, joe velsh" gviw "" utkrisht ", yunani" "eus" "achchha", sanskrit "vásu-с" "ids key samaan haye.". jorden janjaati key naam koo ack nadee seey jodata haye, halanki yeh shayed ack lock vyutpatti yaa kathaa haye joe grethung naam key baare mein unaki samaan kahani haye.
itihas.
praarambhik utpatti.
vijigoth gothic janjaatiyon seey ubhare, joe shayed guttons key liye ack vyutpann naam haye, ack loga joe maanaa jaataa haye kii unaki utpatti scandinavia mein hui haye aur joe dakshin-poorv kii or purvi europe mein chaley gaye. unaki utpatti kii aisee samajh kaafee hudd taka gothic paramparaon kaa parinam haye aur ack logon key roop mein unaki vaastavik utpatti frank aur alamanni kii tarah hii aspasht haye. visigoth ack purvi german bhasha bolate they joe chauthi shatabdi taka alag thee. madhya yug key dauran anya europeeya logon key sampark key parinamswarup antatah gothic bhasha kii mrityu hoe gaee.
padosi vandili aur lugi logon key beach lambe sanghrshon ney mukhya bhoomi europe mein unake pahale key palayan mein yogdan diyaa hoga. unamen seey adhikansh loga adhik aabaadi (gothik kinvadantiyon yaa adiwasi gaathaon key anusaar) taka oder aur vistula nadiyon key beach buss gaye aur unhein dakshin aur poorv kii or badhane key liye majboor kiya, jahaan way kaalaa samudra key thheek uttar mein buss gaye. haalaanki, iss kinvadanti kaa puraataatvik sakshya dwara samarthan naheen kiya gayaa haye isaliye isaki vaidhata vivaadit haye. itihaaskaar malcum kaa kahana haye kii halanki yeh badaa "saamoohik" pravaas sambhav haye, lekin dakshin-poorv mein gothik logon kaa andolan shayed yoddha samoohon key ukraine aur kaale samudra tata key shaharon key dhana key karib jaane kaa parinam thaa. shayed iss sambandh mein gothic logon key baare mein sabse ullekhaniya baat yeh thee kii teesari shatabdi esvi key madhya taka, way "nichale denube seema seey parey sabse durjeya sainya shakti" they.
rome seey sampark karein.
teesari aur chauthi shatabdi key dauran goth aur unake padosiyon key beach kaee prakaar key sangharsh aur adaan-pradaan hue. romanon key decia key kshetra seey hatane key baad, sthaaniya aabaadi pravaasi janjaatiyon dwara lagaatar akramanon key adheen thee, jinamen seey pahale goth they. 238 mein, gothon ney denube key paar moshiya key roman praant mein aakraman kiya, lootpaat kii aur bandhak banaakar bhugtan kiya. usa varsh faarsiyon key saath yuddh key dauran, goth bhee gordian III kii roman senaaon mein dikhaai diye. jaba goth koo subsidy bund curr dee gaee, tou goth sangathit hue aur 250 mein german raajaa, chaku key netritva mein ack pramukh berber aakraman mein shamil hoe gaye. romanon key khilaf yuddh key maidan mein safalata ney uttari balcon mein aur shareer rachana mein gaharaai taka atirikt akramanon koo prerit kiya. lagbhag 255 mein shuru honey vaale gothon ney samudra mein jaakar aur bandargaahon parr aakraman karke apane hamalon mein ack nayaa ayam jodaa, jisase way yoonaniyon key saath bhee sangharsh mein aaa gaye. jaba 256 mein pitius kaa shahar goth key haathon gir gayaa, tou goth aur adhik utsaahit hoe gaye. 266 aur 267 key beach, gothon ney grees parr chhaapa maaraa, lekin jaba unhone byzantium parr hamla karane key liye bosporus jaldamroomadhya mein jaane kaa prayaas kiya, tou unhein khaded diyaa gayaa. anya german janjaatiyon key saath, unhone aage anatolia mein hamla kiya, raaste mein crate aur cyprus parr hamla kiya; isake turant baad, unhone troi aur affaces mein artemis key mandir koo loot liya. samrat key poore shasankal mein mahaan koo pratibandhit karate hue, visigoth ney denube nadee key dakshin mein roman kshetra parr chhaape maarnaa jaari rakhaa. 332 taka, goth aur romanon key beach sambandh ack sandhi dwara sthir hoe gaye they lekin yeh lambe samay taka naheen rhaa.
rome key saath yuddh (376-382).
goth 376 taka decia mein rahey, jaba unake netaaon mein seey ack, frittigurn ney purvi roman samrat valence seey appeal kii kii unhein denube key dakshin tata parr apane logon key saath basane kii anumati dee jaae. yahaan, way shikaar seey sharan paane kii ummeed karate they. vallen ney isaki anumati dee, kyonki unhone unamen "apani senaa key liye ack shandar bharti sthal" dekhaa. haalaanki, ack akaal chhid gayaa aur rome unhein yaa tou bhojan yaa bhoomi kii aapoorti karane key liye taiyar naheen thaa. aam taur parr, romanon dwara goth kaa durupyog kiya jaataa thaa, jinhone abb bhookhe rahane vaale goth koo apane bachchon koo door karane key liye majboor karna shuru curr diyaa taaki way bhookh seey butch sakein. khule vidroh kaa parinam saamane aaya, jisake kaaran poore balcon mein 6 saal taka lootpaat hui, ack roman samrat kii mrityu hui aur roman senaa kii vinashkari haar hui.
378 mein adrianpool kii ladaai yuddh kaa nirnaayak kshan thaa. roman senaaon koo maar diyaa gayaa aur ladaai key dauran samrat valence maare gaye. thheek kaise valence gir gayaa yeh anishchit haye lekin gothic kinvadanti bataati haye kii samrat koo kaise ack farmhouse mein leey jaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen usake sir key oopar aag lagaa dee gaee thee, ack kahani joe ack vidharmi samrat key narak kii yaatana praapt karane key prateekaatmak pratinidhitva seey adhik lokpriya hoe gaee thee. rome key kaee pramukh adhikaari aur unake kuchh sabse kuleen ladaake yuddh key dauran maare gaye, jisase roman pratishtha aur samrajya kii sainya kshamataon koo ack badaa jhataka lagaa. adrian logon ney roman duniya koo chaunka diyaa aur antatah romanon koo samrajya kii seemaon key bheetar janjaati key saath baatchit karane aur basane key liye majboor kiya, joe rome key antim patan key liye doorgaami parinamon key saath ack vikas thaa. chauthi shatabdi key roman sanic aur itihaaskaar amianus marcellinus ney iss yuddh key saath roman itihas key apane kalakram koo samaapt curr diyaa.
rome key liye gambhir parinamon key bavjood, adrianpaul vizigoth key liye lagbhag samagr roop seey utpaadak naheen thaa aur unakaa laabh alpakaalik thaa. samrajya key ack chhote seey aur apekshaakrit garib praant taka seemit, ack aur roman senaa unake khilaf ikattha kii jaa rahee thee, ack aisee senaa joe apane rankon key beach anya asantusht goth bhee thee. visigoth key khilaf teevra abhiyaanon ney adrianpaul mein teen saal seey adhik samay taka unaki jeet kaa anusaran kiya. denube praanton mein drishtikon maargon koo thhos roman prayason dwara prabhaavi roop seey bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur jabaki daavaa karane key liye koee nirnaayak jeet naheen thee, yeh anivarya roop seey 382 mein ack sandhi mein samaapt honey vaali roman jeet thee. goth key saath hui sandhi shaahi roman dharti parr pahali "fodus" thee. inn ardh-swaayatt german janjaatiyon koo krishi yogya bhoomi aur samrajya key bheetar roman kanuni sanrachanaon seey swatantrata key badale mein roman senaa key liye sanic jutaane kii aavashyakta thee.
alaric kaa shasankal I.
nae samrat, theodosius pratham ney vidrohiyon key saath shaanti sthaapit kii, aur yeh shaanti anivarya roop seey taba taka akhand rahee jaba taka kii 395 mein theodosius kii mrityu naheen hoe gaee. usa varsh, vijigoth key sabse prasiddh raajaa, alaric pratham ney simhaasan key liye bolly lagaai, lekin poorv aur paschim key beach vivaad aur sazish chhid gaee, kyonki general stillicho ney samrajya mein apani sthiti banaae rakhane kii koshish kii. theodosius key baad unake aksham putron ney uttaradhikar praapt kiyaah poorv mein arcadius aur paschim mein onarius. 397 mein, alaric koo arcadius dwara purvi illerian praant kaa sainya commander naamit kiya gayaa thaa.
agale 15 varshon mein, samrajya kii vaastavik shakti kaa upayog karate hue, alaric aur shaktishali german generalon key beach kabhi-kabhaar sanghrshon seey ack asahaj shaanti toot gaee, jinhone poorv aur paschim mein roman senaaon kii kamaan sambhali. anta mein, 408 mein paschimi general stillicho koo onarius dwara maar diye jaane key baad aur roman senaaon ney hajaaron berber sainikon key parivaaron kaa narsamhar kiya joe roman samrajya mein aatmasaat karane kii koshish curr rahey they, alaric ney rome parr march karane kaa faisala kiya. uttari itali mein dou haaron aur rome kii gherabandi key baad baatchit key bhugtan seey samaapt huaa, alaric koo ack anya roman gutt dwara dhokha diyaa gayaa thaa. unhone shahar key bandargah parr kabja karke shahar koo kaatane kaa sankalp liya. haalaanki, 24 agast, 410 koo, alaric key sainikon ney salarian gett key madhyam seey rome mein pravesh kiya, aur shahar koo loot liya. haalaanki, rome, jabaki abhee bhee aadhikarik rajdhani thee, abb paschimi roman samrajya kii sarkaar kii "vaastavik" seat naheen thee. 370 key dashak key anta seey 402 taka, milan sarkaar kaa kendra thaa, lekin milan kii gherabandi key baad shaahi darbar 402 mein ravena chalaa gayaa. onarius aksar rome jaataa thaa, aur 423 mein usaki mrityu key baad samrat jyaadaatar vahaan rahate they. rome key patan ney samrajya key aatmavishvaas koo buri tarah hilaa diyaa, vishesh roop seey paschim mein. itali koo basilicata seey uttari africa mein chhodane key iraade seey jitna hoe sakey, loot, alaric aur visigoth seey bharey hue. alaric kii mrityu utarane seey pahale hoe gaee aur maanaa jaataa haye kii usey croton key khandharon key paas dafnaya gayaa thaa. unake baad unaki patni key bhaai ney padbhar sambhala.
vijigothik raajya.
5veen seey 8veen shatabdi mein vijigothik raajya ack paschimi europeeya shakti thee, joe pahale gaul mein banaai gaee thee, jaba romanon ney apane samrajya key paschimi aadhe hisse parr apana niyantran khou diyaa aur phir 711 taka hyspania mein. ack sankshipt avadhi key liye, vijigoth ney paschimi europe mein sabse majboot raajya koo niyantrit kiya. 409 key roman hyspania key aakraman key jawab mein, vidhvansak, alaan aur suebi, paschim mein samrat, onarius, ney kshetra parr niyantran hassil karane key liye vijigoth kii sahaayata koo soochibaddh kiya. 408 seey laker 410 taka visigoth ney rome aur tatkaal paridhi koo itna nuksan pahunchaaya kii lagbhag ack dashak baad, shahar aur usake aspas key praant apane pichhale curr sheyaron kaa kewal ack-satwan hissa yogdan karane mein saksham they.
418 mein, onarius ney apane vizigothic sanghon koo gallia aquitania mein bhoomi dekar puraskrit kiya, jiss parr way chaar janjaatiyon-suebi, osding aur silling wandle key saath-saath alans-jinhone 406 key antim dinn mogontiacum (aadhunik mainz) key paas raain koo paar kiya thaa, parr hamla karane key baad basane key liye aur antatah 409 kii sharad ritu mein ack roman hadap lene vaale dwara spen mein aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa (baad kii dou janjaatiyaan tabah hoe gaeen). yeh shayed "aspatal" key tahat kiya gayaa thaa, joe senaa key sainikon koo billing karane key liye niyam they. iss basti ney bhavishya key vijigothik raajya kaa kendrak banaaya joe antatah pyreni mein aur iberian praaydweep mein fail jaayega. yeh kii vijigothik samjhauta europe key bhavishya key liye sarvopari saabit huaa kyonki yadi yeh vijigothik yoddhaon key liye naheen hotaa joe general flavius attius key tahat roman sainikon key saath milkar ladey hotey, tou shayed yeh sambhav haye kii atila ney gaul parr niyantran curr liya hotaa, naa kii romanon key prabhutva koo banaae rakhane mein saksham honey key bajaay.
visigoth key dusare mahaan raajaa, euric ney visigoth key beach vibhinn jhagadon vaale guton koo ekjut kiya aur 475 mein samrat julius nepos key saath shaanti sandhi kii. sandhi mein samrat koo darshan karane vaalon key liye ack mitra ("nyaaymitra") kahaa jaataa thaa, jabaki unhein usey swami ("dominus") key roop mein sambodhit karane kii aavashyakta hoti thee. haalaanki samrat ney kanuni roop seey gothic samprabhuta koo maanyata naheen dee thee, lekin iss sandhi key tahat kuchh vichaaron key anusaar, vijigothik raajya ack swatantra raajya bunn gayaa. 471 aur 476 key beach, euric ney dakshini gaul key adhikansh hisse parr kabja curr liya. itihaaskaar jey. bee. dafan, euric shayed "vijigothik raajaon mein sabse mahaan" thaa kyonki vaha apane poorvavartiyon koo aswikar kiye gaye kshetriya laabh koo surakshit karane mein kamyab rhaa aur yahaan taka kii bhoomadhya sagar taka pahunch bhee praapt kii. unaki mrityu key samay, paschimi roman samrajya key uttaradhikari raajyon mein sabse shaktishali visigoth they aur apani shakti key charam parr they. naa kewal euric ney mahatvapurna kshetra koo surakshit kiya thaa, balki unhone aur unake bete, alaric II, joe unake uttaradhikari baney, ney roman prashaasnik aur naukarshahi shasson koo apanaaya, jisamen rome kii curr ekatra karane kii neetiyaan aur kanuni sanhitaaen shamil theen.
iss bindu parr, visigoth bhee iberian praaydweep mein pramukh shakti they, joe jaldi seey alaan koo kuchalate they aur vidhvansakon koo uttar africa mein majboor karate they. 500 taka, taulaus mein kendrit vijigothik raajya, uttar-paschim mein suebi raajya aur bask aur cantebrian dwara niyantrit chhote kshetron koo chhodkar aquitania aur gallia narbonensis aur adhikansh hyspania koo niyantrit kartaa thaa. iss samay key dauran kiye gaye paschimi europe key kissy bhee sarvekshan ney iss nishkarsh parr pahuncha diyaa hoga kii europe kaa bhavishya hii "visigoth parr nirbhar kartaa haye. haalaanki, 507 mein, clovis aaee key tahat frank ney vouil kii ladaai mein vizigoth koo haraaya aur aquitain parr niyantran curr liya. raajaa alaric dwiteeya yuddh mein maare gaye they. francisi rashtriya mithak iss kshan koo usa samay key roop mein romantic banaate hain jaba ack pahale vibhajit gaul clovis key tahat francia key sanyukt raajya mein parivartit hoe gayaa thaa.
poore gaul mein drishya-bhautik shakti poori tarah seey itali mein shaktishali ostrogothic raajaa, mahaan deva-devta, jinake balon ney clovis I aur unaki senaaon koo drishya-bhautik kshetron seey baahar dhakel diyaa, key samarthan key kaaran naheen khoi thee. mahaan kii sahaayata jaatiya paropkar kii kuchh abhivyakti naheen thee, balki spen aur usase judey deshon mein apani shakti kaa vistaar karane kii unaki yojana kaa hissa thee.
alaric dwiteeya kii mrityu key baad, vijigothik raeeson ney apane uttaradhikari, baal-raajaa amalaric koo pahale narbone key liye prerit kiya, joe gaul mein antim gothic chauki thee, aur aage pyreni key paar hyspania mein. vijigothik shasson kaa kendra pahale barcelona mein, phir antardeshiya aur dakshin mein toldo mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa. 511 seey 526 taka, visigoth parr yuva amalric key liye "dee jeur" regent key roop mein mahaan shuturmurgon dwara shasson kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, 526 mein theodoric kii mrityu ney visigoth koo apani shaahi rekha koo bahaal karane aur amalric key madhyam seey vijigothik raajya koo phir seey vibhajit karane mein saksham banaaya, joe sanyog seey, kewal alaric dwiteeya key bete seey adhik thaa; vaha apani betty theodegotho key madhyam seey mahaan theodoric kaa potaa bhee thaa. amalric ney paanch saal taka swatantra roop seey shasson kiya. 531 mein amalric kii hatyaa key baad, ack anya shuturmurg shaasak, thoodis ney unaki jagah lii. agale satrah varshon taka, thoodis ney vijigothik simhaasan sambhala.
549 mein kissy samay, vizigoth athanagild ney justinian aaee seey sainya sahaayata maangi aur jabaki iss sahayak ney athanagild koo apane yuddh jeetane mein madad kii, romanon key dimag mein bahut kuchh thaa. grenada aur sabse dakshini betika koo byzantine samrajya (spen key praant kaa gathan karane key liye) key pratinidhiyon key haathon khou diyaa gayaa thaa, jinhen iss vizigothic rajvansh key sangharsh koo nipataane mein madad karane key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin joe samrat justinian aaee dwara parikalpit sudur paschim key "punah vijay" key liye ack ashajanak bhaala key roop mein baney rahey. shaahi roman senaaon ney vijigothik pratidvandvita kaa laabh uthaaya aur cordoba mein ack sarkaar sthaapit kii.
antim ariane vizigothic raajaa, leuvigild ney 574 mein adhikansh uttari kshetron (cantabria) parr vijay praapt kii, 584 mein suevik raajya, aur dakshini kshetron key kuchh hisse koo byzantine key haathon vaapas paa liya, jise raajaa suntila ney 624 mein baramad kiya. suntila ney 631 taka shasson kiya. kewal ack aitihaasik srot 625 seey 711 key beach likhaa gayaa thaa, joe toldo key juuliyan seey aataa haye aur kewal 672 aur 673 key varshon seey sambandhit haye. wamba 672 seey 680 taka vizigoth kaa raajaa thaa. usake shasankal key dauran, vizigothic raajya ney apane sabhi uttari kshetron (cantabria) aur dakshini gaulaniya key hisse koo shamil kiya jise septimania key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. wamba key baad raajaa servig ney raajya sambhala, jiska shasson 687 taka chalaa. collins ney dekhaa kii 14 navambar 687 koo "servig ney ezhika koo apane chune hue uttaradhikari key roop mein ghoshit kiya". 700 mein, ezhika key bete vittija ney "chronica regam vijigothoram" key anusaar simhaasan parr unakaa anusaran kiya.
raajya 711 taka jeevit rhaa, jaba raajaa rhoderic (rodrigo) koo guadalet kii ladaai mein dakshin seey umayyad khalifa dwara aakraman kaa virodh karate hue maar diyaa gayaa thaa. yeh hyspania kii umayyad vijay kii shuruat thee, jaba 8veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein adhikansh iberian praaydweep islami shasson key tahat aaya thaa.
ack vijigothik kuleen, pelayo koo 718 mein iberia key isai "punarmilan" kii shuruat karane kaa shreya diyaa jaataa haye, jaba unhone kovdonga kii ladaai mein umyad balon koo haraaya aur praaydweep key uttari bhaag mein asturia key raajya kii sthaapana kii. joseph aff key anusaar. oh 'kallaghan, hispano-gothik abhijaat varg key avasheshon ney abhee bhee hyspania key samaaj mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. vijigothik shasson key anta mein, hispano-roman aur vijigoth kaa ekikaran tej gati seey hoe rhaa thaa. unake kuleen varg ney khud koo ack logon, "gains gothoram" yaa "hispani" key roop mein sochana shuru curr diyaa thaa. unamen seey ack agyaat sankhya bhaag gaee aur asturia yaa septimania mein sharan lii. asturia mein unhone pelagius key vidroh kaa samarthan kiya, aur swadeshi netaaon key saath milkar ack nayaa abhijaat varg banaaya. pahaadi kshetra kii aabaadi mein deshi asture, galician, cantabry, bask aur anya samooh shamil they joe unake paino-gothik samaaj mein ekikrit naheen they. anya vizigoth jinhone muslim dharm koo apanaane yaa apane shasson key tahat rahane seey incar curr diyaa, uttar mein frank key raajya mein bhaag gaye, aur vizigoth ney kuchh peedhiyon baad charlemen key samrajya mein pramukh bhoomika nibhai. cordoba key amirat key shuruati varshon mein, muslim prabhutva key tahat rahane vaale visigoth kaa ack samooh ameer, all-haraas key vyaktigat angarakshak kaa gathan kartaa thaa.
spen mein apane lambe shasankal key dauran, 5veen aur 8veen shatabdi key beach paschimi europe mein sthaapit ekmatra nae shaharon key liye visigoth jimmedaar they. yeh nishchit haye (samkaaleen spanish khaaton key madhyam seey) kii unhone chaar kii sthaapana keeh recopolis, victoriacum (aadhunik vittoria-gastiz, halanki shayed iruna-velia), leuso aur olite. baad key arabi srot dwara unhein ack sambhaavit 5vaan shahar bhee kahaa gayaa haih "bayara" (shayed aadhunik montoro). inn sabhi shaharon kii sthaapana sainya uddeshyon key liye kii gaee thee aur unamen seey teen vijay key utsav mein they. iss tathya key bavjood kii vizigoth ney 250 varshon taka spen mein shasson kiya, gothik bhasha key kuchh avashesh hain joe spanish mein udhaar liye gaye hain.
roman samrajya key uttaradhikariyon key roop mein vizigoth apani bhasha khou baithe aur spen kii hispano-roman aabaadi key saath aapas mein shaadi curr lii.
aanuvanshiki.
march 2019 mein "vigyaan" mein prakaashit ack aanuvanshik adhyayan ney chhathi shatabdi mein dabey aathh visigoth key avasheshon kii jaanch kii. inn vyaktiyon ney uttari aur madhya europe key saath aanuvanshik sambandh pradarshit kiye.
sanskriti.
kaanoon.
vijigothik code off low (laitinah "forum eudicum"), jise "libber eudiciorum" (angrezeeh book off dha judges) aur "lakes vijigothoram" (angrezeeh low off dha vijigoths) bhee kahaa jaataa haye, raajaa chindasuinth (642-653 aid) dwara pahali baar ghoshit kaanoonon kaa ack samooh haye, joe kuleen maukhik parampara kaa hissa thaa, jise varsh 654 mein likhit roop mein sett kiya gayaa thaa aur ell ascorial (spen) mein sanrakshit dou alag-alag kodis mein jeevit haye. yeh aam taur parr aadhunik samvidhaan kii tulanaa mein adhik vistaar seey jaataa haye aur drishya samajik sanrachana key baare mein ack badaa sauda prakat kartaa haye. sanhita ney romanon ("legg romana") aur visigoth ("legg berber") key liye alag-alag kaanoonon kii purani parampara koo samaapt curr diyaa, aur jisake tahat visigothik raajya key sabhi praja "roman" aur "gothi" honah bund curr diyaa aur isake bajaay "hispani" bunn gaee. raajya key sabhi prajaaen ack hii adhikaar kshetra mein theen, jisane samajik aur kanuni matbhedon koo samaapt curr diyaa aur vibhinn jansankhya samoohon key adhik ekikaran koo suvidhajanak banaaya. vijigothik code roman kaanoon seey german kaanoon mein sankraman koo chihnit kartaa haye.
parivarik kaanoon mein vijigoth key sabse badey yogdaanon mein seey ack vivaahit mahilaaon key sampatti adhikaaron kaa sanrakshan thaa, jise spanish kaanoon dwara jaari rakhaa gayaa thaa aur antatah paschimi europe key adhikansh hisson mein abb lagu samudayik sampatti pranali mein vikasit huaa.
dharm.
madhya yug seey pahale, vizigoth, saath hii anya german logon ney abb german moortipoojak key roop mein sandarbhit kiya. jabaki german logon koo dheere-dheere alag-alag tarikon seey isai dharm mein parivartit kiya gayaa thaa, poorv-isai sanskriti aur swadeshi maanyataon key kaee tatva roopaantaran prakriya key baad, vishesh roop seey adhik graameen aur door key kshetron mein, dridhata seey baney rahey.
vijigoth, ostrogoth aur vidhvansak taba isai they jaba way abhee bhee roman samrajya kii seemaon seey baahar they; haalaanki, unhone nikeen sanskaran (tri-adhinayakvad) key bajaay arianwad mein parivartit curr diyaa, jisake baad adhikansh roman, joe unhein vidharmi maanate they. visigoth, joe lambe samay taka arianwad kaa paalan karate they, aur unake catholic praja key beach ack dhaarmik khaai thee. praaydweep kii catholic aabaadi key beach gahare sampradayik vibhajan bhee they, jinhone praaydweep parr ariane visigoth kii sahishnuta mein yogdan diyaa. darshan karane vaale catholics key beach hastakshep karane key liye tiraskar karate they lekin shishtachar aur saarvajanik vyavastha mein ruchi rakhate they. raajaa leuvigild (568-586) ney vishvaas key mamalon parr samjhaute key saiddhaantik samjhaute key madhyam seey vijigothik-aryan abhijaat varg aur hispano-roman nikeen catholic aabaadi key beach raajneetik ekataa koo bahaal karane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin yeh whiffle rhaa. sroton seey sanket milata haye kii iberian visigoth ney apane isai arianwad koo banaae rakhaa, vishesh roop seey leuvigild key shasankal key anta taka visigothik abhijaat varg. jaba main catholic dharm mein parivartit huaa, tou usane ack hii vishvaas key tahat raajya koo ekjut karane kii koshish kii.
jabaki vizigoth ney apane ariane vishvaas koo banaae rakhaa, yahoodiyon koo achchi tarah seey sahan kiya gayaa. pichhale roman aur byzantine kaanoon ney unaki sthiti nirdhaarit kii, aur yeh pahale seey hii unake khilaf teevra bhedbhaav kartaa thaa, lekin shaahi kshetradhikar kissy bhee mamle mein kaafee seemit thaah sthaaniya prabhu aur yahoodiyon seey sambandhit aabaadi jaisa kii way uchit maanate they. udaaharan key liye, humm gair-yahoodiyon dwara apane kheton koo aashirvaad dene key liye rabbiyon key baare mein padhate hain. itihaaskaar jaine gerber bataate hain kii kuchh yahoodiyon ney "sarkaar yaa senaa mein shreni key padon parr kabja curr liya thaa; anya koo bharti kiya gayaa thaa aur sainya seva key liye sangathit kiya gayaa thaa; phir bhee anya ney senate kaa pada dhaaran karna jaari rakhaa. samanya taur parr, taba, way drishtigat raajaon dwara achchi tarah seey sammaanit aur achchi tarah seey vyavhaar kiye jaate they, yaani, jaba taka kii way arianwad seey kaitholikwad mein sankraman naheen curr lete. samagr vijigothik samaaj mein catholic dharm mein parivartan ney vijigoth aur hispano-roman aabaadi key beach gharshan koo cumm curr diyaa. haalaanki, drishyavaadi dharmaantaran ney yahoodiyon koo nakaratmak roop seey prabhaavit kiya, joe apani dhaarmik prathaon key liye jaanch key dayare mein aae.
raajaa ney aryavaad seey catholic dharm mein dhaarmik roopaantaran seey sambandhit dhaarmik vivaadon koo nipataane key liye toldo kii teesari parishad kaa gathan kiya. iss parishad mein paarit bhedbhavpurna kaanoonon koo saarvbhaumik roop seey lagu naheen kiya gayaa haye, halanki, jaisa kii toldo kii kaee aur parishadon dwara sanket diyaa gayaa haye jinhone inn kaanoonon koo dohraya aur apani kathorta koo badhaaya. yeye cannon kaanoon mein pravesh curr gaye aur europe key anya hisson mein bhee kanuni udaaharan bunn gaye. iss prakriya kii parinati raajaa sisibut key tahat hui, jinhone aadhikarik taur parr spen mein rahane vaale sabhi yahoodiyon parr jabaran isai dharm parivartan kaa adesh diyaa. iss janadesh ney spasht roop seey kewal aanshik safalata hassil keeh baad key raajaon dwara isi tarah key farmaanon koo dohraya gayaa kyonki kendriya shakti koo samekit kiya gayaa thaa. inn kaanoonon ney yaa tou yahoodiyon key jabaran bapatisma koo nirdhaarit kiya yaa khatna, yahudi sanskar aur sabt aur anya tyohaaron key paalan koo pratibandhit kiya. 7veen shatabdi key dauran yahoodiyon koo dhaarmik karanon seey sataaya gayaa, unaki sampatti jabt curr lii gaee, vinashkari karon key adheen kiya gayaa, vyaapaar karane key liye varjit kiya gayaa aur kabhi-kabhi, bapatisma key font mein ghasita gayaa. kaee loga isai dharm koo sweekaar karane key liye baadhya they, lekin niji taur parr yahudi dharm aur prathaon kaa paalan karna jaari rakhaa. 613 key farman ney spanish yahudi key liye kathinaaee kii ack sadee shuru kii, joe kewal muslim vijay seey samaapt hui.
inn mamalon mein church kii shakti key adhiropan key raajneetik pahaluon koo nazarandaj naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. vizigothic raajaon key chalcedonian isai dharm mein parivartan key saath, bishapon ney apani shakti mein vriddhi kii, jaba taka kii 633 mein toldo kii chauthi parishad mein, unhone shaahi parivaar mein seey ack raajaa kaa chayan naheen kiya, joe pahale raeeson key liye aarakshit ack pratha thee. yeh vahee sabhaa thee joe una logon key khilaf bolly thee joe bapatisma leey chuke they lekin phir seey yahudi dharm mein chaley gaye they. jahan taka darshan kaa sambandh haye, dhaarmik bahulvaad kaa samay "ateet" thaa. 7veen shatabdi key anta taka, catholic roopaantaran ney vizigoth koo iberian praaydweep key swadeshi roman nagrikon seey cumm alag curr diyaa; jaba antim vizigothic gadh muslim senaaon key haathon gir gaye, jinake baad key akramanon ney 8veen shatabdi kii shuruat seey spen koo badal diyaa, tou unaki gothik pehchaan feaky parh gaee.
aathvin seey 11veen shatabdi mein, baanu kaasi key "muwalad" kabile ney visigothik count cassius seey vansh kaa daavaa kiya.
vastukala.
hyspania key apane shasson key dauran, visigoth ney basilical yaa cruciform shally mein kaee churchon kaa nirmaan kiya joe jeevit rahate hain, jinamen ell campillo mein saine pedro dee laa nev key church, saine martin dee montalban mein saanta maria dee melk, alquessor mein saanta lukia dell trample, baind mein saanta comba aur quintanilla dee laas vinas mein saanta maria dee laara shamil hain. palencia cathedral mein visigothik gupt (saine antoline kaa gupt) 7veen shatabdi key madhya seey ack visigothik chappel haye, jise vaimba key shasankal key dauran shaheed sant antoninus off pamiers key avasheshon koo sanrakshit karane key liye banaaya gayaa thaa, ack visigothik-gallic kuleen jise 672 yaa 673 mein vaimba dwara swayam narbone seey visigothik hyspania mein laaya gayaa thaa. yeye palencia key vijigothik cathedral key ekmatra avashesh hain.
spen key gwadalajara praant mein zorita dee loss caine key chhote seey aadhunik gaanv key paas sthit recopolis, castille-laa mancha, visigoth dwara hyspania mein sthaapit cumm seey cumm chaar shaharon mein seey ack kaa puraataatvik sthal haye. yeh paschimi europe kaa ekmatra shahar haye jisaki sthaapana 5veen aur 8veen shatabdi key beach hui thee. shahar key nirmaan kaa adesh vijigothik raajaa leuvigild dwara apane bete koo sammaanit karane aur carpetania key paschim mein celtiberia key vijigothik praant mein saha-raajaa key roop mein seva karane key liye diyaa gayaa thaa, jahaan mukhya rajdhani, toldo, rakhee gaee thee.
goldsmithery.
spen mein, gwarazar key khajaane key roop mein jaane jaane vaale toldo praant key guadamur mein vizigothic dhaatu key kaam kaa ack mahatvapurna sangrah paaya gayaa thaa. yeh puraataatvik khoj toldo mein shaahi karyashala seey byzantine prabhaav key sanketon key saath, chhavis mutt mukut aur soney key cross seey bunny haye. spanish puraatatvidon key anusaar, yeh khajaana vijigothik goldsmithery key uchch bindu kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. dou sabse mahatvapurna mutt dene vaale mukut hain rekeswinth aur suintilla key, joe madrid key rashtriya puraataatvik sangrahalaya mein pradarshit kiye gaye hain; donon soney seey baney hain, neelam, motee aur anya keemati pattharon seey ghire hue hain.
dusare lott kii khojkarta ney spanish raani elizabeth dwiteeya koo kuchh tukade diye joe abhee bhee unake paas they, jisamen suintila kaa mukut bhee shamil thaa, yeh mukut 1921 mein chori hoe gayaa thaa aur kabhi baramad naheen huaa thaa. khajaane mein kaee anya chhote mukut aur kaee mutt dene vaale cross hain.
inn nishkarshon key saath-saath kuchh padosi sthalon seey anya logon ney aur saarvajanik karyon key spanish mantralaya aur itihas kii shaahi spanish akadami (aprail 1859) kii puraataatvik khudai key saath, ack samooh kaa gathan kiya jisamen shamil theh
duraton, madrona yaa castiltiera (segovia key shahar) jaise nagaron mein khoje gaye aquilform (eagle key aakar key) faibula, spen mein drishya upasthiti kaa ack achook udaaharan hain. inn faibula kaa upayog vyaktigat roop seey yaa jode mein kiya jaataa thaa, soney, kansya aur kaanch mein kapadon mein claps yaa pinn key roop mein, joe vijigothik hyspania key sunaaron key kaam koo darshaata haye.
drishtigat belt buckles, drishtigat mahilaaon key kapadon key pada aur sthiti kii visheshta kaa prateek, swarn-smriti key karyon key roop mein bhee ullekhaniya hain. kuchh tukadon mein asadharan byzantine-shally key lapis lajuli inley hotey hain aur aam taur parr aakar mein aaytaakaar hotey hain, jisamen tambe kii mishra dhaatu, garnet aur kaanch hotey hain.

