michael drayton

michael drayton (1563-23 disambar 1631) ack angreji kavi they joe elizabethan yug mein pramukhta seey aae, james pratham key shasankal key madhyam seey aur charles pratham key shasankal mein likhana jaari rakhaa. unaki kaee kritiyon mein aitihaasik kavitaaen shamil theen. way horres kii shally mein odes likhane vaale pahale angreji bhasha key lekhak bhee they. 23 disambar 1631 koo landan mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
praarambhik jeevan.
drayton kaa janm 1563 kii shuruat mein ingland key warwickshire key neuneton key paas hartsheel mein huaa thaa. unake praarambhik jeevan key baare mein jyada kuchh naheen bataaya gayaa haye, sivaay isake kii 1580 mein way collingham, nottinghamshire key thomas gooder kii seva mein they. apane shuruati varshon mein, yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii drayton ney surr heinry gooder kii seva mein pravesh kiya, jinhone drayton kii shiksha pradaan kii. unnisvin aur 20veen shatabdi key vidvaanon ney apani kavitaon aur samarpanon mein bikhare hue sanketon key aadhar parr sujhaav diyaa kii drayton ney oxford vishvavidyalaya mein adhyayan kiya hoga, aur achche parivaar kii polworth shakha key saath ghanishth rahey honge. haal key kaam ney una atkalon parr sandeh paida kiya haye, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii yeh adhik sambhavana haye kii drayton kii "samajik sthiti villium shekspeare kii tulanaa mein cumm thee aur admond spensor yaa saimuel daniel seey kaafee neeche thee, jinhone donon ney vishvavidyalaya kii degree praapt kii thee.
saahityik jeevan.
1590-1602.
1590 mein, unhone apani pahali pustak, "church kaa sadbhaav", aadhyatmik kavitaon kaa ack khand, lady deverox koo samarpit kiya. yeh "soloman key geet" key ack sanskaran key liye ullekhaniya haye, jise abhivyakti kii kaafee samriddhi key saath nishpaadit kiya gayaa haye. haalaanki, canterbury key archbishop dwara jabt kii gaee chaalees pratiyon key apavaad key saath, puuraa sanskaran saarvajanik adesh dwara nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. phir bhee, agale kuchh varshon mein drayton ney ack badee raashi prakaashit kii.
1593 mein, "vichaarah charvaahe kii maalaa", nau paadriyon kaa ack sangrah, jisamen unhone roland key chhadm naam key tahat apane vyaktigat prem-dukh kaa jashn manaaya. dryton ney phir dou aur 'vichaaron' kaa utpaadan kiyaah 51 sonnet kaa ack chakr jiska sheershak thaa "vichaaron kaa darpan" (1594,1599 seey 1619 taka kaee sanskaranon mein "vichaar" key roop mein vistaarit aur sanshodhit), jisake dwara humm seekhate hain kii mahila warwickshire mein nadee key ancor key paas rahati thee, aur ack epilion, "andemian aur fobih vichaar latmus" (1595). 
isase yeh dhaarana paida hui haye kii vaha apana "vichaar" jeetane mein whiffle rahey, aur ack kunware jeevan mein jee gaye aur unaki mrityu hoe gaee, joe kavitaon kii jeevani sambandhi vyakhyaon kii ack shrinkhala mein seey ack haye jise jeane "romantic phalane-phoolane" key roop mein dekhta haye. 
yeh kahaa gayaa haye kii drayton key sonnet mein ack pratyaksh, tatkaal aur saarvbhaumik appeal hoti haye kyonki unaki saral seedhi angoothi aur fairfax, waller aur dryden kii chikani shally kaa purvabhas hotaa haye. drayton ack geetaatmak kavita key liye odd shabd koo ingland mein lokpriyata mein laane vaale pahale vyakti they aur laghu, stackato anacrontics upaay key master they.
1593 mein bhee drayton kii aitihaasik kavitaon mein seey pahali, "dha legend off piers gaveston" dikhaai dee, aur agale varsh "matilda" kaa prakaashan dekhaa gayaa, joe tukbandi shaahi mein ack mahakavya kavita thee. isi samay key baare mein unhone "andemian aind fobe" naamak ack khand prakaashit kiya, jise unhone kabhi punah prakaashit naheen kiya, lekin jisamen kuchh dilchasp aatmakathaatmak vishay shamil hain, aur thomas lodge seey saahityik sahaayata kii sweekriti, yadi admond spensor aur saimuel daniel seey bhee naheen. apane "anjir key liye mome" mein, lodge ney inn dostana shishtacharon kaa adaan-pradaan kiya.
1596 mein, drayton ney apani lambi aur mahatvapurna kavita "mortimariados" prakaashit kii, joe "ottawa rima" mein ack bahut hii gambhir rachana thee. baad mein unhone iss kavita koo badaa aur sanshodhit kiya aur 1603 mein "dha bairan 'za vaarz" key sheershak seey ise phir seey prakaashit kiya. 1596 mein ack aur aitihaasik kavita, "dha legend off robert, duke off normandy" bhee prakaashit hui, jisake saath "piers gaveston" koo punarmudrit kiya gayaa thaa. 1597 mein ovid kii nakal mein aitihaasik adhyayanon kii ack shrinkhala, "ingland key veertapurna patra" dikhaai diye. veertapurna dohare mein likhi gaee inn antim kavitaon mein drayton key lekhan mein kuchh behtareen ansh hain.
1603-1631.
1597 taka kavi apane sammaan parr aaraam curr rahey they. aisaa lagata haye kii elizabeth key darbar mein unakaa bahut samarthan kiya gayaa thaa, aur unhein ummeed thee kii unake uttaradhikari key saath bhee aisaa hii hoga. 1603 mein, unhone apane rajyabhishek parr james aaee kii prashansa kii ack kavita koo sambodhit kiya, lekin iska upahaas kiya gayaa aur unaki sevaaon koo aswikar curr diyaa gayaa. unaki kadvaahat koo ack vyangya, "ullu" (1604) mein abhivyakt kiya gayaa, lekin iss tarah kii rachana mein unaki koee pratibha naheen thee. apane chamatkaron key maanchitra mein moosa" kii unaki shaastrokt kathaa adhik manoranjak naheen thee, joe usee varsh prakaashit veerata mein ack prakaar kaa mahakavya thaa. 1605 mein drayton ney apani sabse mahatvapurna kritiyon, apani aitihaasik kavitaon aur "vichaar" koo ack hii khand mein punarmudrit kiya, joe unake jivankal key dauran aathh sanskaranon mein chalaa. unhone apane chhote tukade bhee ekatra kiye, joe abb taka binaa sampaadit kiye gaye they, ack khand mein undated, lekin shayed 1605 mein "kavitaon key geet aur dehaati" key sheershak key tahat prakaashit hue; inmein odd, grahan aur ack shandar vyangya shamil thaa jise "chandrama mein aadami" kahaa jaataa haye. kuchh odes behad utsaahi hain.
unhone 1598 kii shuruat mein grate britten key dweep mein sthalaakritik yaa puratan ruchi key sabhi binduon koo manaane kaa asadharan sankalp apanaaya thaa, aur iss shramsadhya kaam mein way kaee varshon seey lagey hue they. anta mein, 1613 mein, iss vishal kaary kaa pahala bhaag "polly-olbian" key sheershak key tahat prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, athaarah pustakon kaa nirmaan kiya jaa rhaa thaa, jinhen vidwan johnn selden ney notes kii aapoorti kii thee. 
iss kaam kii safalata, joe taba seey itani prasiddh hoe gaee haye, shuru mein bahut cumm thee, aur 1622 taka naheen, drayton dusare bhaag mein baarah aur pustaken laane key jokhim koo uthaane key liye taiyar ack prakaashak koo khojane mein safal rhaa. isane ingland kaa sarvekshan puuraa kiya, aur kavi, jinhone "foolon key saath scotland koo taaj karane" kii ummeed kii thee, aur anta mein orcades parr pahunche, kabhi bhee tweed koo paar naheen kiya.
1627 mein, unhone apane vividh khandon mein seey ack aur prakaashit kiya, aur isamen unake kuchh sabse vishisht lekhan shamil hain. isamen nimnalikhit tukade shamil hainh "aggincourt kii ladaai", ottawa rima mein ack aitihaasik kavita (usee vishay parr unake gaathaagit key saath bhramit naheen honah), aur "raani margaret key dukh", usee kavita aur tareeke seey likhaa gayaa haye; "nympedia, fairy kaa darbar", purry bhoomi kaa ack mahakavya; "synthia kii khoj" aur "charvaahe kii sairna", dou geetaatmak paadari; aur anta mein "chandrama kaa bachhada", ack prakaar kaa vyangya. "nymphidia" koo sabse adhik sameekshakon dwara saraha gayaa haye, saath hii saath egincourt kii ladaai parr unake prasiddh gaathaagit koo bhee. 
1630 mein drayton key vishal prakashanon mein seey antim "dha muse 'eligium" thaa. unaki mrityu landan mein hui, westminster abby mein kaviyon key koney mein dafnaya gayaa, aur unake oopar countess off dorset dwara ack smaarak rakhaa gayaa thaa, jisamen smaarak rekhaaen bayne johnson koo dee gaee theen. smaarak koo edward marshel dwara tarasha gayaa thaa.
rangmanch.
apane yug key anya kaviyon kii tarah, drayton rangmanch key liye lekhan mein sakriya they; lekin shekspeare, bayne johnson yaa saimuel daniel key vipareet, unhone apani kalaa kaa bahut cumm nivesh iss shally mein kiya. 1597 seey 1602 taka kewal paanch varshon kii avadhi key liye, drayton natakkaron key ack sadasya they jinhone phillip henslow key naatya syndicate key liye samagri kii aapoorti kii. henslow kii "diarry" usa avadhi key 23 natakon key saath drayton key naam koo jodati haye, aur darshaati haye kii drayton lagbhag hamesha anya henslow niyamit logon key sahyog seey kaam kartaa thaa, jaise thomas decker, anthany munde aur heinry chettle, anya logon key beach. inn 23 natakon mein seey kewal ack naatak bachaa haye, joe "surr johnn oldcasal" kaa bhaag 1 haye, jise drayton ney munde, robbert willson aur richard hathway key sahyog seey likhaa haye. oldcasal" kaa paath drayton key haath key koee spasht sanket naheen dikhaata haye; unaki kavita key poore sangrah key madhyam seey shally key lakshan susangat hain (paudhon key naamon, taaron key naamon aur anya asamanya shabdon kii samriddh shabdawali; mool sankuchan roopon kaa baar-baar upayog, kabhi-kabhi dohare apastroff key saath, jaise "tha 'adult' rurse" yaa "pois 'anned' st") paath seey poori tarah seey anupasthit hain, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii sahayogi prayaas mein unakaa yogdan paryaapt naheen thaa. "villium longsword", ack naatak joe henslow kii "diarry" seey pataa chalata haye kii ack ekal drayton prayaas thaa, kabhi puuraa naheen huaa thaa.
drayton ney natakkar kii bhoomika kii tulanaa mein impressario kii bhoomika koo prathamikta dee hogi; vaha shwet-premi rangmanch key pattedaron mein seey ack they, saath mein thomas woodford, natakkar thomas lodge key bhatije key saath, jaba yeh 1608 mein shuru huaa thaa. 1606 key aspas, drayton ack syndicate kaa bhee hissa they jisane baal abhinetaon kii ack company koo kiraaye parr liya thaa, joe raajaa key manoranjan key bachche they. yeye paul key nae naam key tahat bachche hoe sakate hain yaa naheen bhee hoe sakate hain, kyonki baad vaalaa samooh iss samay astitva seey baahar hoe gayaa prateet hotaa haye. 1609 mein mukdamebaji mein bhang honey key kaaran yeh udyam safal naheen huaa.
dosti.
drayton usa yug key kuchh sabse prasiddh purushon key mitra they. vaha drummond seey parichit thaa; bayne johnson, villium braun, george vidar aur anya unake doston mein seey they. wicker johnn ward, jinka 1661 mein stratford-onn-avon mein anuvaad kiya gayaa thaa, ney shekspeare kii kahaaniyon koo sankalit karane key apane prayaas mein likhaa kii "shekspeare drayton aur bayne johnson (aiss. aaee. see.) kii ack sukhad baithak hui thee aur aisaa lagata haye kii shekspeare key liye bahut mehnat seey peeya gayaa thaa aur vahaan ack anubandhit fever seey usaki mrityu hoe gaee thee."
dieton kii ack kavita mein, shree heinry reynolds key liye ack shoke-geet yaa patra mein, unhone shekspeare sahit angreji kaviyon parr kuchh moolyavaan aalochanaaen chhod dee hain. kii vaha ack bechain aur asantusht thaa, saath hii ack yogya, aadami apane swayam key pravesh seey ekatra kiya jaa sakata haye.
sanskaran.
1748 mein villium oldis kii sampadakiya dekhrekh mein drayton kii poori kritiyon kaa ack folio sanskaran prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, aur phir 1753 mein chaar khandon mein ack ank prakaashit huaa thaa, lekin yeye bahut hii aviveki aur galat tareeke seey taiyar kiye gaye they. 
1876 mein richard hooper dwara bhinn reeding key saath drayton key karyon kaa ack poorna sanskaran pesh kiya gayaa thaa, lekin kabhi bhee ack nishkarsh parr naheen pahuncha gayaa thaa; chaynon kii ack matra, jise ack sanskaran dwara sampaadit kiya gayaa thaa. aich. bulan, 1883 mein dikhaai diyaa. vishesh roop seey oliver elton, "michael drayton" (1906) dekhein.
drayton key kaam kaa ack poorna paanch-khand sanskaran oxford dwara 1931-41 (sanshodhit 1961) mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, jise jey dwara sampaadit kiya gayaa thaa. villium hebel, key. tilotson aur bee. aich. nayaa. 1953 mein harvard mein prakaashit dieton kii kavitaon kaa dou khandon vaalaa sanskaran, jise johnn buxton dwara sampaadit kiya gayaa thaa, library off congress dwara darj unaki kavitaon key kewal 20veen shatabdi key sanskaran hain.

