turkey kaa bhugol

turkey kaa anatolian paksh desh kaa sabse badaa hissa haye joe dakshinpurvi europe aur paschim asia koo jodata haye. turkey key europeeya hisse mein desh kaa 3 pratishat aur isaki aabaadi kaa 10 pratishat hissa shamil haye. east thress koo asia minor, turkey key asiai hisse, bosporus, marmara key samudra aur dardanels dwara alag kiya gayaa haye. <unk> skillip, koram praant, koo prithvi kaa bhaugolik kendra maanaa jaataa haye. turkey kii 7,200 kii. mee. key saath duniya kii 17veen sabse lambi tatrekha haye.
baahari seemaaen.
teen taraf seey paani seey ghiraa huaa turkey, apane aathh padosiyon key saath achchi tarah seey paribhaashit praakritik seemaaen rakhta haye.
grees key saath turkey kii seemaaen-206 kilometres-aur bulgaria-240 kilometres-constantinople kii sandhi (1913) dwara taya kii gaeen aur baad mein 1923 mein lusaane kii sandhi dwara pushti kii gaee.
1921 kii masco aur soviyat sangh key saath cars kii sandhiyaan turk kii vartamaan seemaon koo armenia (268 kilometres), azerbaijan (9 kilometres) aur georgia (252 kilometres) key saath paribhaashit karati hain. iran kii 499 kilometres lambi seema koo pahali baar 1639 kii kaasar-sasirin sandhi dwara taya kiya gayaa thaa aur 1937 mein isaki pushti hui thee.
mosul key apavaad key saath, turkey ney 1923 mein lusaane kii sandhi key saath vartamaan iraq aur seeriya key kshetron koo saunp diyaa. 1926 mein, turkey ney 25 varshon key liye mosul seey 10 pratishat tail rajaswa key badale mein sanyukt raajya koo mosul saunp diyaa. seeriya (1990 taka) turkey key saath apani seema koo maanyata naheen detaa haye kyonki 1939 mein turkey key saath sangh key paksh mein ack janmat sangrah key baad haite praant key hastaantaran key vivaad key kaaran.
mukhya lekhah
kshetra.
pahali bhugol congress, joe juuna 1941 key beach ankara mein aayojit hui, ney lambi charcha aur kaam key baad turkey koo saat kshetron mein vibhajit kiya. inn bhaugolik kshetron koo unaki jalavaayu, sthaan, vanaspatiyon aur jeevon, maanav awas, krishi vividhata, parivahan, sthalaakriti aadi key anusaar alag kiya gayaa thaa. anta mein, 4 tateey kshetron aur 3 aantarik kshetron kaa naam turkey key aspas key chaar samudron aur anatolia mein unaki sthiti key anusaar rakhaa gayaa thaa.
turkey mein ack vividh bhoobhaag haih anatolia key maidan, aur kaalaa samudra key vann, ardh-shushk bhoomi, praakritik jheelen aur agean aur bhoomadhyasagariya tatarekhaaen. anatolian maidan kaale samudra seey pontic pahaadon dwara alag kiya gayaa haye, joe desh key poorvottar mein vrishabh pahaadon key saath abhisaran kartaa haye jahaan mount ararat sthit haye. turkey kaa puuraa kshetra 783.356 varg kilometres (anatolia mein 756,688, aur europeeya thress mein 23.764) haye.
kaalaa samudra kshetra.
kaalaa samudra kshetra key paridrishyon kaa bhautik bhugol kaalaa samudra tata key samanantar ack baadha banaane vaali parvat shrinkhala aur uchch aardrata aur varsha dwara visheshta haye. purvi kaalaa samudra kshetra khadee aur ghanee vann dhalanon key saath alpine paridrishya prastut kartaa haye. khadee dhalaanen, ack aakriti vigyaan visheshta key roop mein, samudra key neeche aur parvat shrinkhalaon mein, trabzone seey turkey-georgia seema taka ack rekha key saath 2000 meater seey neeche samudra tala key saath, aur pahaad jaldi seey 3000 meater seey adhik taka pahunchate hain, jisamen adhikatam 3971 meater kakkar choti mein haye. uttar mein kaale samudra taka chalane vaali samanantar ghaatiyan kuchh dashak pahale taka ack dusare seey alag-thalag reh jaati theen kyonki ghaney jangalon kii pahaadiyon ney parivahan aur adaan-pradaan koo bahut mushkil banaa diyaa thaa. isane ack majboot saanskritik pehchaan-laaj bhasha, sangeet aur nritya-key vikas kii anumati dee joe iss vishisht bhaugolik sandarbh seey judee hui haye.
paschim seey poorv taka, iss kshetra kii mukhya nadiyaan sakarya (824 kii. mee.), kaziliramak nadee (1355 kii. mee., turkey kii sabse lambi nadee), yesiliramak (418 kii. mee.) aur Çoruh (376 kii. mee.) hain.
saal bhar uchch varsha-2200 mimi taka-ghaney vanon kaa utpaadan karati haye, jisamen oak, beach parivaar key pedh, hazel (corrius avelana), hornbeam (carpinus betulus) aur meethe chesnut (castenia sativa) prachalit hain.
khadee ghaatiyon key kaaran ack dusare seey alag, kaalaa samudra kshetra mein 850 paudhe shamil hain jinamen seey 116 kshetra key liye sthaanik hain, aur jinamen seey 12 luptapray hain aur 19 asurakshit hain. hazelnut iss kshetra kii ack deshi prajaati haye, joe duniya key utpaadan aur niryaat kaa kramshah 70 aur 82 pratishat hissa shamil karati haye.
3000 meater aur usase oopar kii oonchaai parr kakkar renz playstocene key dauran upayukt bhoo-aakriti vigyaan-jalavaayu sthitiyon key kaaran bhaari himnad haye (daaeen or maanchitra dekhein).
marmara kshetra.
turkey key europeeya hisse mein mukhya roop seey krishi key liye upayukt pathaar desh shamil haye.
ghanee aabaadi vaale iss kshetra mein istambul aur edirne shahar shamil hain. mermer key samudra aur kaalaa samudra koo jodane vaalaa phosphorus lagbhag panchish kilometres lamba haye aur ausatan dedh kilometres chauda haye lekin sthaanon parr 1,000 meater seey cumm taka sankeern haye. phosphorus parr dou latkan pull hain, isake asiai aur europeeya donon tata paani seey teji seey uthate hain aur chattanon, khaadiyon aur lagbhag bhoo-gherit khaadi kaa ack anukram banaate hain. adhikansh tata ghaney jangalon seey bharey hue hain aur kaee chhote shaharon aur gaanvon seey chihnit hain. dardanels (pracheen hellspont) jaldamroomadhya, joe marmara (pracheen propontis) key samudra aur agean samudra koo jodata haye, lagbhag chaalees kilometres lamba haye aur dakshin kii or chaudaai mein badhata haye. phosphorus key vipareet, dardanel key taton parr cumm bastiyaan hain. saros khaadi gallipoli praaydweep key paas sthit haye aur gandey samudra taton key kaaran ise napsand kiya jaataa haye. yeh apane paani key neeche key jeevon kii samriddhi key liye scuba gotakhoron key beach ack pasandida sthaan haye aur istanbul key aspas key kshetra key kaaran teji seey lokpriya hoe rhaa haye.
sabse mahatvapurna ghaatiyan kokeli ghaati, barsa ovas (barsa besin) aur troy key maidan (aitihaasik roop seey troad key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) hain. barsa key aspas kii ghaati key nichale ilaakon mein ghanee aabaadi haye.
agean kshetra.
anatolia key paschimi bhaag mein sthit, agean kshetra mein upajaau mitty aur aamtaur parr bhoomadhyasagariya jalavaayu haye; halki, geeli sardiyon aur germ, shushk garmiyon key saath. desh kii sabse samriddh krishi bhoomi kaa lagbhag aadhaa hissa, chaudi, kheti kii gaee ghaati key nichale ilaakon mein haye.
turkey key agean kshetra mein sabse badaa shahar İzmir haye, joe desh kaa teesara sabse badaa shahar aur ack pramukh vinirmaan kendra bhee haye; saath hii saath istanbul key baad iska doosara sabse badaa bandargah haye.
iss kshetra kii arthavyavastha key liye olive aur olive tail kaa utpaadan vishesh roop seey mahatvapurna haye. samudra tateey shahar ayawalik aur balakesir, izmir aur aydin key praanton mein kaee shahar vishesh roop seey apane jaitoon key tail aur sambandhit utpaadon key liye prasiddh hain; jaise kii sabun aur saundarya prasaadhan.
iss kshetra mein paryatan key kaee mahatvapurna kendra bhee hain joe apane aitihaasik smarakon aur apane samudra taton kii sundarta key liye jaane jaate hain; jaise kii assos, ayawalik, bargama, foka, izmir, Çeème, sardis, affaces, kusadasi, didim, milotus, bodrum, mermeris, detaca aur fethiye.
bhoomadhyasagariya kshetra.
poorv kii or, vyaapak
(aitihaasik roop seey silician maidan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) adana key aspas, turkey kaa paanchvaan sabse adhik aabaadi vaalaa shahar, badey paimaane parr punah praapt baadh bhoomi seey banaa haye. samanya taur parr, nadiyon ney kshetra key paschimi bhaag mein samudra kii ghaatiyon koo naheen kaataa haye. aitihaasik roop seey, paschimi bhoomadhyasagariya tata seey antardeshiya aavaajaahi mushkil thee. adana key poorv mein, tateey maidan key adhikansh hisse mein choona patthar kii visheshtaen hain jaise kii dhaha gaee gufaaen aur sinkhole. adana aur antalya key beach, vrishabh parvat tata seey uchch oonchaai taka teji seey badhate hain. adana, antalya aur mercin key alawa, bhoomadhyasagariya tata parr kuchh pramukh shahar hain, halanki isamen kaee krishi gaanv hain.
bhoomadhyasagariya tata key samanantar, vrishabh parvat () turkey key mudey hue pahaadon kii doosari shrinkhala hain. yeh seema tata seey kewal antardeshiya roop seey badhati haye aur aam taur parr ack purvi disha mein taba taka chalati haye jaba taka kii yeh arab key munch taka naheen pahunch jaati, jahaan yeh munch key uttari hisse key chaaron or ghoomati haye. vrishabh parvat pontic pahaadon kii tulanaa mein nadiyon dwara adhik oobad-khabad aur cumm vichhedit hain aur aitihaasik roop seey bhoomadhyasagariya tata seey antardeshiya maanav andolan key liye ack baadha key roop mein kaary kiya haye, sivaay isake kii jahaan aitihaasik silician dwaar (galek darra) jaise parvat darre hain, joe adana key uttar-paschim mein hain.
kendriya anatolia kshetra.
agean tateey maidan seey antardeshiya roop seey faila huaa, kendriya anatolia kshetra modd diye gaye pahaadon key dou kshetron key beach key kshetra mein faila huaa haye, joe poorv mein usa bindu taka faila huaa haye jahan donon shreniyaan milati hain. anatolia key pathaar jaise, ardh-shushk uchch bhoomi koo desh kaa hriday sthal maanaa jaataa haye. iss kshetra kii oonchaai paschim seey poorv mein 700 seey 2000 meater taka haye. mount aircius 3916 meater kii choti haye. pathaar parr dou sabse badey besin "konya owasi" hain aur badey namak jheel, tuz glu dwara kabja curr liya gayaa besin haye. donon besin antardeshiya jall nikasi kii visheshta hain. jangli kshetra pathaar key uttar-paschim aur uttar-poorv taka seemit hain. varsha-adharit kheti vyaapak haye, jisamen gehuun pramukh fasal haye. sinchit krishi nadiyon key aspas key kshetron taka hii seemit haye aur jahaan bhee paryaapt bhoomigat paani upalabdh haye. mahatvapurna sinchit fasalon mein jou, makai, kapas, vibhinn phal, angur, afeem, cheeni key chukandar, gulab aur tambaku shamil hain. poore pathaar mein vyaapak charaai bhee haye.
kendriya shareer rachana mein cumm vaarshik varsha hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, pathaar key ardh-shushk kendra mein kewal 300 millimeter kii ausat vaarshik varsha hoti haye. haalaanki, saal darr saal vaastavik varsha aniyamit hoti haye aur kabhi-kabhi 200 millimeter seey cumm hoe sakati haye, jisase varsha-adharit aur sinchit krishi donon key liye fasal kii paidawar mein gambhir kamee aatee haye. cumm varsha key varshon mein, stock kaa nuksan bhee adhik hoe sakata haye. adhik charaai ney pathaar parr mitty key kataav mein yogdan diyaa haye. garmiyon key dauran, aksar dhool bharee aandhi pathaar parr ack maheen peela pouder udaati haye. tiddiyaan kabhi-kabhi aprail aur maee mein purvi kshetra koo tabah curr detee hain. samanya taur parr, pathaar atyadhik garmi kaa anubhav kartaa haye, garmiyon mein lagbhag koee varsha naheen hoti haye aur sardiyon mein bhaari barfbari key saath thhand kaa mausam hotaa haye.
aksar mudey hue pahaadon mein faile hue, aur anatolian pathaar parr sthit, achchi tarah seey paribhaashit besin hain, jinhen turk "ova" kahate hain. kuchh dhaara ghaati key chaude honey seey adhik naheen hain; anya, jaise "konya owasi", antardeshiya jall nikasi key badey besin hain yaa choona patthar key kataav kaa parinam hain. adhikansh besin apane naam apane kinaaron parr sthit shaharon yaa kasbon seey lete hain. jahan besin key bheetar ack jheel bunny haye, vahaan jall nikaay aamtaur parr aantarik jall nikasi key parinamswarup khaara hotaa haye-paani kaa samudra mein koee nikas naheen hotaa haye.
purvi anatolia kshetra.
purvi anatolia, jahan pontic aur anty-torrus parvat shrinkhalaaen milati hain, oobad-khabad desh haye jahan oonchi oonchaai, adhik gambhir jalavaayu aur anatolian pathaar kii tulanaa mein adhik varsha hoti haye. purvi anatolia kshetra key paschimi bhaag koo anty-torrus key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jahaan parvat chotiyon kii ausat oonchaai 3,000 meater seey adhik haye; jabaki iss kshetra key purvi bhaag koo aitihaasik roop seey armenian uchch bhoomi key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa aur isamen 5,137 meater parr turkey mein sabse oonchaa bindu mount ararat shamil haye. vyaapak harey laava pravaah seey pataa lagaane key liye, purvi anatolian chotiyon mein seey kaee spasht roop seey haal hii mein vilupt jwalamukhi hain. turkey kii sabse badee jheel, lake vaine, 1,546 meater kii oonchaai parr pahaadon mein sthit haye. teen pramukh nadiyon kaa udgam-tata-virodhi mein utpann hotaa haih poorv kii or bahane vaali araas, joe caspian samudra mein girati haye; dakshin kii or bahane vaali ufrates; aur dakshin kii or bahane vaali tigris, joe antatah faras kii khaadi mein khaali honey seey pahale iraq mein ufrates mein mill jaati haye. kaee chhoti dhaaraaen joe kaalaa samudra yaa bhoo-gher jheel vaine mein khaali hoe jaati hain, bhee inn pahaadon seey nikalati hain.
apane oobad-khabad pahaadon key alawa, yeh kshetra bhaari barfbari key saath gambhir sardiyon key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. inn pahaadon mein kuchh ghaatiyan aur maidan upajaau hotey hain aur vividh krishi kaa samarthan karate hain. mukhya besin myu ghaati haye, joe lake vaine key paschim mein haye. nadee galiyaron key saath-saath oonchi chotiyon key tala parr sankeern ghaatiyan bhee sthit hain.
dakshinpurvi anatolia kshetra.
dakshin-poorv anatolia anty-torrus pahaadon key dakshin mein haye. yeh ack ghumaavdaar pahaadiyon kaa kshetra haye aur ack vyaapak pathaar satah haye joe seeriya taka faili hui haye. uttar mein lagbhag 800 meater seey dakshin mein lagbhag 500 meater taka kii oonchaai dheere-dheere cumm hoe jaati haye. paaramparik roop seey, gehuun aur jou iss kshetra kii mukhya fasalen theen, lekin 1980 key dashak mein pramukh naee sinchai pariyojanaon key udghaatan ney adhik krishi vividhata aur vikas koo janm diyaa haye.
bhoovigyaan.
turkey key vividh paridrishya vibhinn prakaar kii vivartanik prakriyaon kaa utpaad hain jinhone laakhon varshon seey shareer rachana koo aakar diyaa haye aur aaj bhee jaari haye jaisa kii aksar bhookamp aur kabhi-kabhaar jwalamukhi visfoton seey pataa chalata haye. siriyai seema key saath apane kshetra key ack apekshaakrit chhote hisse koo chhodkar joe arab munch kii nirantarta haye, turkey bhoovaigyaanik roop seey mahaan alpide belt kaa hissa haye joe atlantic mahasagar seey himalaya pahaadon taka faila huaa haye. yeh patti jeevaashm kaal key dauran bunny thee, kyonki arab, african aur bhaaratiya mahadvipiya platein eurasian plate seey takaraane lageen. yeh prakriya aaj bhee kaam curr rahee haye kyonki african plate eurasian plate key saath abhisaran karati haye aur anatolian plate strike-slip fault key saath paschim aur dakshin-paschim kii or nickle jaati haye. yeye uttar anatolian fault zone hain, joe kaalaa samudra tata key paas eurasia kii vartamaan plate seema banaate hain, aur poorv anatolian fault zone, joe dakshin-poorv mein uttar arabi plate kii seema kaa hissa haye. natijatan, turkey duniya key sabse sakriya bhookampiya kshetron mein seey ack parr sthit haye.
haalaanki, turkey mein ujagar kaee chattaanen iss prakriya key shuru honey seey bahut pahale bunny theen. turkey mein poorv-cambrian chattanon kii bahirbhagiyaan hoti hain, (520 million seey adhik varsh purani; bozcurt aur anya.2000). turkey key sabse puraane bhoovaigyaanik itihas koo buri tarah seey samajha gayaa haye, aanshik roop seey iss kshetra key punarnirmaan kii samasya key kaaran kii plate motion dwara iss kshetra koo vivartanik roop seey kaise ikattha kiya gayaa haye. turkey koo pracheen mahadvipiya aur mahasagariya sthalmandal key vibhinn tukadon (sambhavatah terren) key kolaj key roop mein socha jaa sakata haye joe yuva agnikrit, jwalamukhiya aur talchhati chattanon dwara ack saath atak gaye hain.
mesozoic yug key dauran (lagbhag 250 seey 66 million varsh pahale) ack badaa mahasagar (tethys mahasagar), joe mahasagariya lithosphere dwara talit thaa, gondwana aur lauresia (joe kramshah dakshin aur uttar mein sthit haye; roberson aur dixon, 2006) key supercontinents key beach maujood thaa. iss badee mahasagariya plate kaa sevan subduction johnn mein kiya gayaa thaa (subduction johnn dekhein). adhomukhi khaaiyon mein, pragaitihasik tethys mahasagar key bheetar jamaa kii gaee talchhati chattan paraton koo modd diyaa gayaa thaa, doshpurna kiya gayaa thaa aur mahasagariya sthalmandal kii kristaliya tahakhaane kii chattanon key vishal khandon key saath vivartanik roop seey mishrit kiya gayaa thaa. yeye khand chattanon kaa ack bahut hii jatil mishran yaa mishran banaate hain jisamen mukhya roop seey sarpakar, besault, dolerite aur chert (ee.jee. bergauganan, 1975). eurasian seema, joe abb pontides (kaale samudra tata key saath pontic pahaad) mein sanrakshit haye, bhoovaigyaanik roop seey aaj paschimi prashant kshetra key samaan maanaa jaataa haye (ee.jee. chawal aadi., 2006). jwalamukhiya chaap (jwalamukhiya chaap dekhein) aur backarc besin (back-aark besin dekhein) baney aur eurasia mein opiolytes (opiolite dekhein) key roop mein utsarjit kiye gaye kyonki way sookshm mahadweepon (shaabdik roop seey mahadvipiya lithosphere kii apekshaakrit chhoti plates) seey takra gaye they.jee. ustaomar aur robertson, 1997). inn sookshm mahadweepon koo gondwan mahadweep seey aur dakshin mein kheencha gayaa thaa. isaliye turkey kaee alag-alag pragaitihasik sookshm mahadweepon seey banaa haye.
senozoic folding, faulting aur utthaan key dauran, jwalamukhi gatividhi aur agneya chattanon kii ghuspaith key saath badee arab aur eurasian plates (ee.jee. robertsone aind dixon, 1984).
vartamaan bhookampon mein mushkil seey anubhav karane yogya compan seey laker khule anta vaale richter paimaane parr paanch yaa usase adhik maapane vaale pramukh andolan shamil hain. beesavin shatabdi mein turkey kaa sabse gambhir bhookamp disambar 28-29,1939 kii raat koo ergincan mein aaya; isane shahar key adhikansh hisse koo tabah curr diyaa aur anumaanit 160,000 mautein huin. madhyam teevrata key bhookamp aksar kaee dinon yaa hafton kii avadhi mein chhitput aftershock key saath jaari rahate hain. turkey kaa sabse bhookamp-pravan hissa ack chaap-aakar kaa kshetra haye joe kokaili key samanya aspas key kshetra seey laker armenia aur georgia kii seema parr jheel vaine key uttar kshetra taka faila huaa haye.
turkey kaa bhoobhaag sanrachanaatmak roop seey jatil haye. ack kendriya dravyamaan joe oopar kii or vaale khandon aur neeche kii or modd diye gaye garton seey banaa haye, haal key bhandaron seey dhakaa huaa haye aur khurdara bhoobhaag key saath ack pathaar kii upasthiti detaa haye, poorv mein milane vaali dou modd vaali parvat shrinkhalaon key beach bandha huaa haye. sachche nichale kshetra thress mein "ergene ovas" (ergene maidan) taka seemit hain, joe agean samudra yaa marmara key samudra mein bahane vaali nadiyon key saath-saath kaale samudra aur bhoomadhyasagariya samudra taton key saath kuchh sankeern tateey pattiyon taka faile hue hain.
lagbhag 85 pratishat bhoomi cumm seey cumm 450 meater kii oonchaai parr haye; desh kii ausat aur ausat oonchaai kramshah 1,332 aur 1,128 meater haye. asiatic turkey mein, sapaat yaa dheere-dheere dhalaan vaali bhoomi durlabh haye aur kaafee hudd taka kizzle nadee key delta, antalya aur adana key tateey maidanon, aur gadies nadee aur bukemenderes nadee kii ghaati key farsh aur anatolia mein kuchh aantarik uchch maidanon, mukhya roop seey tuz gull (namak jheel) aur "konya ovas" (konya maidan) key aspas seemit haye. madhyam dhalaan vaalaa ilaka lagbhag poori tarah seey thress key baahar seeriya kii seema key saath arab munch kii pahaadiyon taka seemit haye.
80 pratishat seey adhik bhoomi kii satah khurdari, tooty hui aur pahaadi haye, aur isaliye iska krishi moolya seemit haye (krishi dekhein, chaa. 3). desh key purvi bhaag mein bhoo-bhaag kii oobad-khaabadtaa adhik haye, jahan dou parvat shrinkhalaaen 1,500 meater seey adhik kii ausat oonchaai key saath ack oonche kshetra mein parivartit hoe jaati hain, joe armenia, azerbaijan aur iran kii seemaon key saath apane uchchatam bindu taka pahunchati hain. turkey kii sabse oonchi choti, mount ararat (ağrı Dağı)-5,137 meater oonchi-usa bindu key paas sthit haye jahan chaar deshon kii seemaaen milati hain.
jalavaayu.
turkey key vividh kshetron mein alag-alag jalavaayu haye, taton parr mausam pranali aantarik mein prachalit key vipareet haye. agean aur bhoomadhyasagariya taton parr thhandi, barsaat kii sardiyaan aur germ, madhyam shushk grishmakaal hotey hain. una kshetron mein vaarshik varsha sthaan key aadhar parr bhinn hoti haye. kaalaa samudra tata parr sabse adhik varsha hoti haye aur yeh turkey kaa ekmatra kshetra haye jahan poore varsh uchch varsha hoti haye. usa tata key purvi bhaag mein salana ausat varsha hoti haye joe desh mein sabse adhik varsha haye.
tata key karib pahaad bhoomadhyasagariya prabhaavon koo antardeshiya vistaar seey rokte hain, jisase turkey key aantarik hisse koo alag mausamon key saath ack mahadvipiya jalavaayu milati haye. tateey kshetron kii tulanaa mein anatolian pathaar charam seema key adhik adheen haye. pathaar parr sardiyaan vishesh roop seey gambhir hoti hain. tapman poorv mein pahaadi kshetron mein hoe sakata haye, aur varsh key 120 dinon mein burf jameen parr parh sakati haye. paschim mein, sardiyon kaa tapman ausat seey neeche haye. garmiyaan germ aur sookhi hoti hain, tapman oopar hotaa haye. vaarshik varsha ausat lagbhag, vaastavik matra key saath oonchaai dwara nirdhaarit kii jaati haye. sabse shushk kshetra konya andashay aur malatya andashay hain, jahan vaarshik varsha aksar cumm hoti haye. aam taur parr sabse geela maheena hoe sakata haye aur julaai aur agast sabse sookha hotaa haye.
purvi turkey key torrus-virodhi pahaadi kshetra kii jalavaayu durgam hoe sakati haye. garmiyaan germ aur behad sookhi hoti hain. sardiyon mein kadaake kii thhand hoti haye aur lagaatar bhaari barfbari hoti haye. sardiyon key toofaanon key dauran gaanv kaee dinon taka alag-thalag reh sakate hain. vasant aur sharad ritu aam taur parr halke hotey hain, lekin donon mausamon key dauran achaanak germ aur thhand aksar hoti haye.
bhoomi kaa upayog.
bhoomi upayogah
"krishi yogya bhoomih"
35.00
"sthaayi fasalenh"
4.00
"anyah"
61.00 (2011)
sinchit bhoomih
53, 400 varg kii. mee. (2012)
kull navikaraniya jall sansaadhanah
211.6 211.6 (2012)
oonchaai charam seemaaenh
"sabse nichala binduh"
bhoomadhya sagar 0 mee
"uchchatam binduh"
mount ararat 5,166 meater
praakritik khatare.
bahut gambhir bhookamp, vishesh roop seey uttar anatolian fault aur poorv anatolian fault parr, paschim mein marmara key samudra seey laker poorv mein lake vaine taka faile ack chaap key saath hotey hain. 17 agast, 1999 koo uttar-paschimi turkey mein ack bhookamp aaya, jisamen 17,000 seey adhik loga maare gaye aur 44,000 ghayal hoe gaye.
vartamaan mudde.
rasayanon aur detergent key dumping seey jall pradooshan; vayu pradooshan, vishesh roop seey shahari kshetron mein; vanon kii kataai; phosphorus jahaaj key badhate yatayat seey tail key risaav key liye chinta.
antarrashtriya samjhauton kii pushti kii.
vayu pradooshan, antarctic sandhi, jaiv vividhata, marusthalikaran, luptapray prajaatiyan, khatarnak apashisht, ozon parat sanrakshan, peris samjhauta, jahaaj pradooshan, ardrabhoomi.
hastaaksharit lekin apramaanit antarrashtriya samjhaute.
paryaavaran sanshodhan, kigali sanshodhan

