saahityik siddhant

saahityik siddhant saahitya kii prakriti aur saahityik vishleshan key tarikon kaa vyavasthit adhyayan haye. 19veen shatabdi key baad seey, saahityik chhatravritti mein saahityik siddhant aur bauddhik itihas, naitik darshan, samajik darshan aur logon dwara arth kii vyakhya karane key liye praasangik antahvishay vishay shamil hain. aadhunik shikshaavidon mein manaviki mein, saahityik chhatravritti kii baad kii shally uttar-sanrachnawad kii ack shakha haye. natijatan, "siddhant" shabd paathon koo padhane key liye vidvaanon key drishtikon key liye ack chhatra shabd bunn gayaa, jinamen seey kuchh koo sanketaatvik, saanskritik adhyayan, bhasha key darshan aur mahadvipiya darshan key taaron dwara soochit kiya jaataa haye.
itihas.
saahityik siddhant kaa abhyaas 20veen shatabdi mein ack pesha bunn gayaa, lekin isaki aitihaasik jadein pracheen yunan (abhijaat varg kii "kavita" aksar praarambhik udaaharan haye), pracheen bhaarat (bharat muni kaa "naatya shaastra"), aur pracheen rome (longinus kaa "udaattata parr") taka chully jaati hain. madhyayugeen kaal mein, madhya poorv mein vidvaanon (all-jaahiz key "all-bayan vaa-'ll-tabin" aur "all-haywan", aur ibn all-muu' taaz key "kitab all -baadi") aur europe ney saahityik adhyayanon parr adharit karyon kaa utpaadan jaari rakhaa. 18veen aur 19veen shatabdi key madhyam seey pracheen darshan key daarshnikon key saundarya siddhant vartamaan saahityik adhyayan parr mahatvapurna prabhaav daalate hain. saahitya kaa siddhant aur aalochana saahitya key itihas seey judee hui haye.
kuchh vidwan, saiddhaantik aur saiddhaantik donon, 1980 aur 1990 key dashak mein siddhant key akaadamik gunon parr bahas koo "siddhant yuddh" key roop mein sandarbhit karate hain. maark bourlane jaise kuchh vidvaanon kaa tark haye kii cumm saksham siddhantkaron ney gyanmimansa key siddh tarikon koo chhod diyaa haye, jisake parinamswarup seekhane, anusandhaan aur mulyankan mein lagaatar khaamiyan hoti hain.
avalokan.
saahityik siddhant key maulik prashnon mein seey ack haye "saahitya kyaa haye?"-haalaanki kaee samkaaleen siddhantkaron aur saahityik vidvaanon kaa maanana haye kii yaa tou" saahitya "koo paribhaashit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye yaa yeh bhasha key kissy bhee upayog koo sandarbhit curr sakata haye. vishisht siddhanton koo naa kewal unake tarikon aur nishkarshon seey alag kiya jaataa haye, balki yeh bhee kii way "paath" mein arth kaise banaate hain. haalaanki, kuchh siddhantkar sweekaar karate hain kii inn granthon kaa ekvachan, nishchit arth naheen haye jise "sahee" maanaa jaataa haye.
choonki saahitya key siddhantkar aksar mahadvipiya darshan aur bhasha key darshan kii ack bahut hii visham parampara parr dhyaan aakarshit karate hain, isaliye unake drishtikon kaa koee bhee vargeekaran kewal ack anuman haye. saahityik siddhant key kaee prakaar hain, joe granthon key liye alag-alag drishtikon apanaate hain. aitihaasik roop seey mahatvapurna siddhant key vyaapak schools mein aitihaasik aur jeevani aalochana, naee aalochana, aupchaariktaa, russie aupchaariktaa aur sanrachnawad, uttar-sanrachnawad, markswad, narivad aur francisi narivad, uttar-upaniveshvaad, nayaa aitihaasikvaad, vighatan, paathak-pratikriya aalochana aur manovishleshak aalochana shamil hain.
vidyaalayon key beach antar.
vibhinn siddhant vidyaalayon key vibhinn vyakhyatmak aur gyanmimansa sambandhi drishtikon aksar vibhinn naitik aur raajneetik pratibaddhataon seey utpann hotey hain, aur isaliye samarthan dete hain. udaaharan key liye, nae alochakon key kaam mein aksar ack antarnihit naitik ayam hotaa thaa, aur kabhi-kabhi ack dhaarmik bheeh ack nayaa aalochak ack kavita padh sakata haye. aiss. aadhunik duniya mein vishvaas key liye ack gambhir khoj kii peedaa aur virodhabhas koo vyakt karane mein imandari kii apani degree key liye elliot yaa gerard manley hopkins. iss beach, ack markswadi aalochak koo aise nirnay kewal aalochanatmak key bajaay vaichaarik lugg sakate hain; markswadi kaa kahana hoga kii nayaa aalochanatmak adhyayan paryaapt naheen rhaa. yaa ack uttar-sanrachanaavaadi aalochak kewal ack kavita key dhaarmik arth koo arth key roopak key roop mein samajhkar, kavita key sandarbhon koo "bhagwan" key roop mein unaki sandarbhit prakriti parr charcha karke, yaa way joe sandarbhit karate hain, iss mudde seey butch sakata haye.
iss tarah kii asahamati koo aasaani seey hull naheen kiya jaa sakata haye, kyonki yeh alochakon key maulik roop seey alag shabdon aur lakshyon (yaani, siddhanton) mein nihit haye. unake padhane key siddhant bahut alag bauddhik paramparaon seey praapt hotey hainh nae aalochak apane kaam koo ack poorv-tata americi vidwan aur dhaarmik parampara parr adharit karate hain, jabaki markswadi apane vichaar koo aalochanatmak samajik aur aarthik vichaar key ack nikaay seey praapt karate hain, uttar-sanrachanaavaadi kaa kaam beesavin shatabdi key mahadvipiya darshan seey ubharata haye.
1950 key dashak key anta mein, kanadai saahityik aalochak northrope fraay ney praarambhik paathak-pratikriya aur kaee manovaigyaanik aur samajik drishtikonon kii chintaon koo sambodhit karate hue aitihaasik aalochana aur naee aalochana key samadhan key liye ack drishtikon sthaapit karane kaa prayaas kiya. unakaa drishtikon, joe unaki "aalochana kii shareer rachana" mein nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa, spasht roop seey sanrachanaavaadi thaa, joe ack antar-paathiya "shabdon key crum" aur kuchh sanrachanaatmak prakaron kii saarvbhaumiktaa kii dhaarana parr nirbhar thaa. unake drishtikon ney kaee dashakon taka angreji saahitya karyakramon mein apana prabhaav daala, lekin uttar-sanrachnawad key uday key dauran unakaa samarthan khou diyaa.
saahitya key kuchh siddhanton (vishesh roop seey kuchh prakaar key aupchaariktaa) key liye, "saahityik" aur anya prakaar key granthon key beach kaa antar sarvopari haye. anya vidyaalayon (vishesh roop seey apane vibhinn roopon mein uttar-sanrachnaavaadah nae aitihaasikvaad, vighatan, markswad aur narivad key kuchh upbhedon) ney donon key beach antar koo todane kii koshish kii haye aur film, gair-kathaa, aitihaasik lekhan aur yahaan taka kii saanskritik ghatnaaon sahit "granthon" kii ack vistrit shrinkhala mein paathya vyakhya key upkaranon koo lagu kiya haye.
mikhail bakhtin ney tark diyaa kii saahityik siddhant kii "poorna aparyaptata" taba spasht hoti haye jaba ise upanyaas seey nipatane key liye majboor kiya jaataa haye; jabaki anya shailiyaan kaafee sthir hain, upanyaas abhee bhee vikasit hoe rhaa haye.
saahityik vyakhya key vibhinn siddhanton key beach ack aur mahatvapurna antar iradapurvak haye, ack kaam key baare mein lekhak kii apani raay aur iradon koo diye gaye vajan kii matra. 20veen shatabdi seey pahale key adhikansh drishtikon key liye, lekhak key iraade ack maargdarshak kaarak hain aur granthon kii "sahee" vyakhya key liye ack mahatvapurna nirdhaarak hain. naee aalochana granthon kii vyakhya mein lekhak kii bhoomika koo aswikar karane vaalaa pahala school thaa, joe ack karibi padhane mein "paath parr hii" dhyaan kendrit karna pasand kartaa thaa. vaastav mein, aupchaariktaa aur baad key schools key beach jitna vivaad haye, way iss siddhant koo saajha karate hain kii lekhak kii kissy bhee kaam kii vyakhya kissy anya kii tulanaa mein swabhavik roop seey adhik saarthak naheen haye.
vidyalaya.
neeche soochibaddh saahityik siddhant key kuchh sabse aam roop seey pehchaane jaane vaale school hain, unake pramukh lekhakon key saathah

