
dee-synicisation

dee-synicisation ("dee" + "synicisation") ack samaaj yaa rashtra seey cheeni saanskritik tatvon, pehchaan yaa chetna koo samaapt karane yaa cumm karane kii ack prakriya haye. aadhunik sandarbhon mein, iska upayog aksar upaniveshvaad key saath kiya jaataa haye aur yeh paapikaran kii aatmasaat prakriya key vipareet hotaa haye.
iss shabd kii jadein jaatiya haan dwara khud koo vikasit karane aur gair-haan reeti-rivaajon koo apanaane key prayason mein hain, halanki abb iska upayog videshi deshon dwara atyadhik cheeni prabhaav kaa virodh karane yaa usey poorvavat karane key prayason kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
taiwan mein, 1987 seey, dee-sinicisation 1947 key baad cheeni rashtravadi party kii paapikaran neetiyon koo ulatane key liye ack raajneetik andolan rhaa haye, jisake kaee samarthakon kaa aarop haye kii sthaaniya taiwani hokien aur swadeshi taiwani aabaadi key khilaf purvagrah aur naslavaad kaa vatavaran banaaya gayaa haye, saath hii saath taiwan dweep key swadeshi aur bahusaanskritik charitra koo sweekaar kiya gayaa haye. haang kaang mein, yeh shabd aam taur parr una andolanon seey judaa huaa haye joe cheeni communist party dwara haang kaang key kendrikrit niyantran kaa virodh karate hain. uttar koria aur dakshin koria mein, dee-synicisation khud koo hanja yaa cheeni mool key shabdon key virodh key roop mein prakat kartaa haye.
aitihaasik.
haan rajvansh key general lii ney shiyanganu seey sambandh toda diyaa aur shiyanganu chanyu kii ack betty seey shaadi kii aur shiyanganu reeti-rivaajon seey juda gaye.
mishrit vansh yaa nirjeev haan cheeni loga jinhone chhathi aur saatvin shatabdi mein maidan key logon kii sanskriti aur jeevan shally koo apanaaya thaa.dee.aur kuchh ney suee aur taang rajvanshon kii senaa mein bhee seva kii.
zianbei antim naamon koo haan cheeni dwara apanaaya gayaa thaa kyonki zianbei sanskriti, sainyavaad aur kapade they. uttari rajvanshon mein kaee haanon ney zianbei bhasha seekhi thee. uttari zau mein haan sainikon aur adhikaariyon koo zianbei upnaam diye gaye they. gaao huan aur feng baa haan shaasak they jinhone zianbei sanskriti koo apanaaya. feng baa ney ack zianbei naam, kizifa apanaaya.
sabhi jaatiyataaen joe sakshar theen, unhein sambhavatah haner kahaa jaataa thaa kyonki jaatiya zianbei koo uttari kii dwara "dhikkaar cheeni" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa thaa. saanskritik roop seey zianbei key roop mein dikhaai dene key saath-saath haan cheeni vansh kii ghoshana gaao huan aur haan parivaar dwara kii gaee thee. haan kaa zianbeafication thaa.
liu aur simaa haan cheeni parivaaron key kuchh vargon key saath zianbeafication huaa.
zianbei kii bhasha unake pitaa dwara ack haan koo sikhai jaati thee joe ack adhikaari they.
tujuye sanskriti aur bhasha kaa abhyaas aur bolly taang rajkumar lii chengkian dwara kii jaati thee. iss beach, lii chengkian key kaee anya kritya, vishesh roop seey samalaingikta, bhee samrat taijong key gusse koo aakarshit curr rahey they. mishrit rakt uttar-paschimi parivaaron koo shuddh rakt cheeni kuleen parivaaron dwara neecha dekhaa jaataa thaa.
liyaav rajvansh.
khitan liao rajvansh ney khitan shaahi patni shiao kabile kii mahilaaon key liye haan cheeni haan () kabile key sadasyon seey shaadi karane kii vyavastha kii, joe khitan dwara apaharan kiye jaane aur haan cheeni abhijaat varg kaa hissa banane seey pahale jijhou () mein utpann huaa thaa.
haan cheeni geng parivaar ney khitan key saath antar-vivaah kiya aur haan () kabile ney apani dou mahilaaon koo geng yanyi koo patniyon key roop mein pradaan kiya aur doosara geng jhiksin kii maan thee. maharani rende kii bahan, ziao kabile kii ack sadasya, haan cheeni general geng yanyi kii maan thee.
haan durang (yelu longyun) raajya chain kii raani dovager key pitaa they, joe general geng yanyi kii patni theen aur unake saath leoning mein jhaoyang mein unake makbare mein dafnaya gayaa thaa. unaki patni koo "maidam haan" key naam seey bhee jaanaa jaataa thaa. geng kaa makbara chaoing mein gwingzi mein liaoning mein sthit haye.
haan mahilaaon dwara haan kapade aur haan sanskriti kaa abhyaas kiya jaataa thaa, jinhen haan purushon key vipareet haan sanskriti sanrakshak key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa, joe khaitan kapade pahanate they aur khaitan sanskriti kaa abhyaas karate they.
ming rajvansh.
praarambhik ming rajvansh key samraton ney hongwoo seey jhengade taka vanshaanugat sainya sansthanon jaise yuan prathaon koo jaari rakhaa, koriyai aur muslim rakhailon aur napunsakon kii maang kii, tirandaji aur ghudsavaari mein sanlagn hue, mangolon key saath ming senaa mein seva kii, tibbati bauddh dharm koo sanrakshan diyaa, praarambhik ming samraton key saath kendriya muslim, tibbati aur mangol jaise vibhinn logon key liye khud koo "saarvbhaumik shasakon" key roop mein pesh karane kii maang kii. haalaanki, ming saarvbhaumiktaa key iss itihas koo itihaskaron dwara aspasht aur aswikar kiya gayaa haye jinhone ise cover kiya aur ming koo zenophobe key roop mein prastut kiya joe mangol prabhaav koo hataane kii maang curr rahey they aur prastut curr rahey they jabaki unhone king aur yuan koo ming key vipareet "saarvbhaumik" shasakon key roop mein prastut kiya thaa.
yuan senaa key model parr ack ghudsavaar senaa adharit senaa koo hongwoo aur yongle samraton dwara lagu kiya gayaa thaa. hongwoo kii senaa aur aadhikarik shasson mein mangol shamil they. mangolon koo apane kshetra key bheetar ming dwara banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa. gwangsi mein mangol tirandaajon ney miao alpsankhyakon key khilaf yuddh mein bhaag liya.
jhengade samrat ney musalman napunsakon kaa upayog kiya jinhone safed aur neele rung mein farsi aur arabi shilalekhon key saath cheeni mitty key bartanon kaa utpaadan shuru kiya. musalman napunsakon ney 1496 mein niuji masjid kii marammat key liye dhana kaa yogdan diyaa. madhya asiai mahilaaon koo ack muslim gaard aur hummy seey sayed hussain dwara jhengade samrat koo pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. gaard yuu yung thaa aur mahilaaen uiger theen. samrat koo videshi mool kii rakhailiyon key saath-saath unake atyadhik aur apmaanjanak vyavhaar key saath yaad kiya jaataa haye. jhengade ney dayan khaan key adheen mangolon koo haraaya. madhya asiai mahilaaon koo jhengade dwara pasand kiya gayaa thaa jaise kii koriyai mahilaaon koo zuande dwara pasand kiya gayaa thaa. 1517 mein mangolon koo jhengade ney haraaya thaa. mangol key kapade senaa key utsaahi jhengade samrat dwara pahane jaate they. baad key king samrat kianlong kii tarah jhengade dwara ack uiger rakhail rakhee gaee thee. videshi mool kii uiger aur mangol mahilaaon koo jhengade samrat dwara pasand kiya jaataa thaa. jhengade bistar vaale taataar (mangol) aur madhya asiai mahilaaen, mangol kapade pahanati theen, mangolian mein dharapravah theen, aur farsi, bauddh aur mangol naam aur upadhiyon koo apanaayah yeh anuman lagaaya jaataa haye kii unhone shayed farsi aur tibbati bhasha kaa bhee adhyayan kiya thaa.
shaahi pariksha mein tirandaji shamil thee. ghode parr tirandaji kaa abhyaas seema key paas rahane vaale cheeni logon dwara kiya jaataa thaa. tirandaji parr wang juu key lekhan kaa paalan ming aur yuan key dauran kiya gayaa aur ming ney tirandaji key nae tareeke vikasit kiye. ginling tuyong ney ming key dauran nanjing mein tirandaji dikhaai. tirandaji mein pratiyogitaaen rajdhani mein rakshak key chune hue sainikon key liye aayojit kii jaati theen, jinhone rajdhani koo gher liya thaa.
ghudsavaar aur tirandaji jhoo dee (yongle samrat) kii pasandida gatividhiyaan theen.
tirandaji aur ghudsavaartaa jhengade samrat dwara aksar kiye jaane vaale manoranjan they. unhone napunsakon key saath tirandaji aur ghudsavaar kaa abhyaas kiya. tibbati bauddh bhikshuon, muslim mahilaaon aur sangeetkaron koo unake rakshak chien ning dwara praapt kiya gayaa aur unhein pradaan kiya gayaa, jinhone unhein aspasht tirandaj aur sainya adhikaari chiang pinn seey parichit karaaya.
king rajvansh.
ming rajvansh key dauran kuchh haan cheeni bhee manchu aathh banners mein shamil hoe gaye aur "mantufied" bunn gaye. manchu logon ney king rajvansh kii sthaapana kii.
haan cheeni banners koo "nikan" banner key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, joe badee sankhya mein cheeni dhanush aur dalbadal seey baney hotey they. jurchan mahilaaon ney inmein seey adhikansh cheeni logon seey shaadi kii kyonki way apane parivaar key binaa aaee theen. banners mein itane saare haan cheeni pravesh curr rahey they kii jald hii unaki sankhya jurchen seey adhik hoe gaee. haang taiji dwara haan cheeni aur jurchen banners koo alag karane key prayaas kiye gaye they. liavdong mein, cheeni sanskriti jurchen sanskriti key saath mishrit haye. kaee bannerman ney apane mool kii vanshavali banaai kyonki unake paas koee naheen thaa, aur phir unhone taya kiya kii way cheeni yaa jurchen banner mein they yaa naheen. aathh banner taba puraane kaale haan cheeni banners aur jurchen banners seey banaae gaye they. taba seey, haan aur jurchan banner barabar they. iss samay mangol key aathh banner bhee banaae gaye they, aur joe koee bhee cheeni yaa mangol banner mein vargeekrit naheen thaa, vaha ack manchu bunn gayaa, ack jaatiya samooh joe taiji koo latka curr banaaya gayaa thaa.
manchu bannerman aur haan bannerman koo rakt yaa vanshavali yaa vanshavali key anusaar vargeekrit naheen kiya gayaa thaa; unhein unaki bhasha, sanskriti, vyavhaar, pehchaan aur jeevan key tareeke key anusaar vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. kaee cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) cheeni bolane vaale aur ming kii seva karane vaale synicised jurchen key vanshaj they, jabaki kuchh jaatiya manchu bannerman (baaki maanjhou) jaatiya haan mool key they joe jurchanes mein chaley gaye they, jurchen bhasha aur sanskriti mein aatmasaat hoe gaye they aur 1618 seey pahale unake beach jillin mein rahate they.
king cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) aur gair bannerman haan nagrik aam aabaadi (haan minn, haan raine, minren) koo alag maanate they. logon koo manchu banners aur cheeni banners (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) mein samoohikrit kiya gayaa thaa, joe unake vansh, nasl yaa rakt key aadhar parr naheen thaa, balki unaki sanskriti aur unaki bolly jaane vaali bhasha key aadhar parr thaa. naitik manchu banners mein haan shamil they, jinhone ming koo chhod diyaa thaa, 1618 seey pahale transfrontierman key roop mein nurgan (jillin) chaley gaye they, jurechen key saath aatmasaat hue they, jurechen sanskriti kaa abhyaas kiya thaa, aur jurechen bolate they, jabaki cheeni banners (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) mein synicised jurechen key vanshaj shamil they, joe liaodong chaley gaye they, haan sanskriti aur upnaam koo apanaaya thaa, aur cheeni bolate they. nurhasi ney 1618 mein liavodong parr vijay praapt kii aur uparokt cheeni banner banaae.
1618 seey pahale, kuchh haan ney jurchanes key kshetra mein seema paar karke sakriya roop seey nurgan mein jurchanes mein dalbadal kiya, aur vidvaanon ney inn logon koo "seema paar karane vaale" kahaa."inn haanon ney taba jurchan pehchaan koo apanaaya aur baad mein manchu banners kaa hissa bunn gaye. tulanaa mein, liaodong mein kuchh haan kewal king kii vijay key baad dalbadal curr gaye, aur vidvaanon ney inn logon koo "seemadhari" kahaa."aisaa isaliye thaa kyonki liaodong ming key kshetra kii seema thee, aur inn logon ney kabhi bhee sakriya roop seey seema paar karane kii koshish naheen kii. vijay key baad, king ney unhein cheeni banners (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) mein daal diyaa.)
haan cheeni dalbadal joe 1618 seey pahale ming seey bhaag gaye they, unhein manchu banners mein rakhaa gayaa thaa aur unhein manchu key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa, lekin 1618 seey 1643 taka meong seey liaodong kii vijay key baad aathh banners mein shamil kiye gaye liaodong key ming nivaasiyon koo alag-alag cheeni banners (cheenih "hanjun", maanchuuh "nikan koha" yaa "ujen koha") mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur inmein seey kaee cheeni bannerman ("hanjun", yaa haan bannerman) key liye liaodong key jurchen vansh they aur unhein king dwara manchu key roop mein vargeekrit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. nurhasi key jianjhou jurchen khaanate ney logon koo jurchen yaa nikan key roop mein vargeekrit karane key liye bhugol, sanskriti, bhasha, vyavasaay aur jeevan shally kaa upayog kiya. jurchen way they joe jurchen jeevan shally jeete they, jurchen bhasha kaa upayog karate they, aur mool kshetra mein rahate they. noorhasi una logon koo maanate they jinhone nikan (haan cheeni) key roop mein vipareet kiya.) inmein seey kuchh nikan koriyai yaa jurchen vansh key they, lekin cheeni bolate they aur nae jeete gaye kshetra key gaanvon aur kasbon mein rahate they.
donon pakshon key loga aksar ming liaodong aur jurchen nurgan key beach saanskritik aur kshetriya vibhajan key oopar chaley gaye; haan cheeni sanic aur kisan nurgan mein chaley gaye, jabaki jurchen bhaade key sanic aur vyaapaari liaodong chaley gaye, kuchh vansh donon taraf titar-bitar hoe gaye, aur jurchen logon koo nikan key roop mein dekhate they, yeh iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii way haan cheeni yaa juurii rasoi kii tarah kaam karate they yaa naheen. ack hii vansh key loga, jaise kii liavodong mein fushun key paapikrit jurchen tong vansh, ming aur king donon kii seva karate they. kuchh, jaise tong buniyan, kattar ming wafadaron key roop mein rahey, jabaki anya logon ney king kii liaodong kii vijay key baad wafadari seey king kii seva kii. king ney haan saade neele banner mein tong koo namankit kiya. antatah, samrat kangshi ney tong guogang aur unake kuchh karibi rishtedaron jaise tong vansh key kuchh sadasyon koo, manchu key peele jhande mein sthanantarit curr diyaa, kyonki tong ney sthanantaran kaa anurodh kiya thaa.
tong guogang ney ack manchu banner koo sthanantarit karane key apane aavedan mein kahaa kii tong jurchen mool key they. haalaanki, pradhikaran ney kewal tong gwogang key tatkaal parivaar aur company koo manchu koo sthanantarit curr diyaa, jabaki anya tong companiyon koo cheeni key roop mein chhod diyaa. samrat key harr karibi rishtedaar koo ack manchu banner mein sthanantarit karna king kii neeti thee, bhale hii way kissy anya jaatiyata seey houn. yeh sabse sambhaavit kaaran thaa kii kangshi ney apane jurchen mool key liye tong key aagrah key bavjood tong key aavedan koo sweekaar kiya. apane shasankal kii shuruat mein, king lachila thaa aur logon kii jaatiyata nirdhaarit karane key liye usa samay joe bhee raajneetik samichin thaa, vaha kiya. udaaharan they tong kaa haan seey manchu banner mein sthanantaran aur haan cheeni kaa ekikaran.
bhaugolik, raajneetik aur saanskritik vibhajan ming liaodong aur jurchen-pradhaan nurgan key beach thaa, joe fushun key madhyam seey liaodong key saath vyaapaar aur baatchit kartaa thaa.
nurhasi aur hongtaiji donon ney jaatiya pehchaan koo sanskriti, bhasha aur drishtikon dwara nirdhaarit kiya, lekin vanshavali (vanshavali) dwara naheen.) loga apani pehchaan badal sakate hain aur ack jaatiya banner seey dusare mein sthanantarit kiye jaa sakate hain. king mangolon koo mangolian bhasha, khanabdosh aur ghode seey sambandhit gatividhiyon seey jodate they, manchu bhasha key saath manchu aur banners kaa sabse mahatvapurna hissa they, aur haan cheeni koo cheeni bhasha, krishi aur vanijya mein unake nivaas key saath jodaa. jaba manchu aur haan kii pehchaan kaa nirdhaaran kiya jaataa haye, tou king ney javic nirdharakon aur vansh kii upeksha kii. vaastav mein, sanskriti manchu aur haan key beach antar karane kaa praathamik kaarak thaa, aur kabhi-kabhi king logon kii pehchaan koo dhundhala yaa badal detaa thaa. logon kaa vargeekaran alag-alag manchu, mangol aur haan banners key nirmaan key peechhe kaa uddeshya naheen thaa. vibhinn banners mein logon kii sadasyata mukhya roop seey iss baat parr nirbhar karati haye kii way manchu, mangolian yaa cheeni bolate hain yaa naheen. yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) swayam "hanjun" key sateek arth seey bahut parichit naheen they, kyonki king ney manchu yaa haan bannerman honey key arth kii paribhasha koo badal diyaa thaa.
manchu aadhikarik duanfang key haan cheeni poorvaj they joe jhejiang seey utpann hue they-ming key anta mein, way king mein chaley gaye they aur jhejiang praant mein apane mool ghar seey dakshini manchuria chaley gaye they, unhone apana upnaam badalkar taao seey tohoro curr diyaa taaki ise dhwani manchu banaaya jaa sakey aur ise manchu saade safed banner mein panjikrit kiya jaa sakey. choonki manchus ajnabiyon koo aatmasaat karane key liye taiyar they, isaliye haan cheeni joe jurchanes mein chaley gaye yaa unake dwara pakade gaye they, unhone mainchu samaaj mein achchi tarah seey ekikrit kiya thaa. liavdong key inn haan cheeni transfrontiersman ney manchu reeti-rivaajon koo apanaaya aur apane naamon koo manchu mein badal diyaa, jahan way cheeni key bajaay manchu key roop mein pehchaane gaye aur apani vaani, vyavhaar aur roop mein manchu key samaan hain. itihaskaron key liye yeh bataana mushkil haye kii kyaa ack manchu mool roop seey ack haan transfrontiersman thaa kyonki unhone abb cheeni naamon kaa upayog naheen kiya thaa yaa khud koo haan cheeni naheen maanaa thaa, fredrick wakeman ney sujhaav diyaa kii yeh saboot haye kii manchu dahai key poorvaj haan cheeni transfrontiersman they. turun-hoton key jurchen pramukh aur nurhasi key kattar dushman, nikan vailaan koo bhee wakeman dwara haan transfrontiersman honey kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki unake naam kaa shaabdik arth thaa "cheeni adhikaari".
haan key liye manchu shabd, "nikan" kaa upayog una logon kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa thaa joe haan cheeni kii tarah rahate they aur unake vaastavik jaatiya mool key naheen, haan bannerman (hanjun) ack jaatiya shreni naheen thaa aur haan banners mein gair-haan cheeni rakt key loga shamil they. jaba 1619 mein noorhasi dwara liaodong parr aakraman kiya gayaa thaa, tou nyaypalakon key liye yeh anivarya hoe gayaa kii way apane uddeshya key liye haan (nikan) kii wafadari koo surakshit karein, unhein samaan roop seey nyaypal key roop mein vyavhaar karke aur yahaan taka kii unhein haan koo dene key liye nyaypal sampattiyon, anaaj, dhana, sampatti aur gharon koo jabt karke, aur kuleen varg kaa vistaar haan parivaaron koo shamil karane key liye kiya jaae taaki haan koo noorhasi key paksh mein dalbadal karane key liye.
kuchh haan bannerman aur unake vansh quing kuleen varg key safal sadasya bunn gaye aur unake vanshajon koo mahaan upadhiyon seey sammaanit kiya jaanaa jaari rhaa, jaise kii lii yongfang, jinhen noorhasi dwara teesare varg key wiscount key roop mein pratishthit kiya gayaa thaa aur saade neele cheeni banner (hanjun, yaa haan banner) mein namankit kiya gayaa thaa, aur unake vanshaj kianlong key shasson key antim varshon taka kuleen baney rahey aur aur bhee adhik upadhiyon key saath pratishthit hue. manchus ney 1644 seey pahale haan dalbadal karane vaalon koo vyaapak upaadhiyan aur sammaan aur vivaah diye, jaise kii nurhasi kii poti kaa vivaah lii yongfang seey aur usake beton kaa cheeni saade neele banner (hanjun, yaa haan banner) mein panjikrit, aur cheeni saade safed banner mein ack ming defector key bete koo dee gaee upaadhi, sunsike (sansu-key 'oh), (hanjun, yaa haan banner) aur kangxi kii ack betty kaa vivaah usake bete seey.
king kii shuruat mein, mool roop seey sabse tej antar king neeti dwara haan nagrikon aur sabhi bannerman key beach antar parr jore dene key liye kheencha gayaa thaa, naa kii cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) aur manchu bannerman key beach. manchus ney liavdong mein ming vishayon kaa varnan karane key liye nikan kaa upayog kiya, joe cheeni jeevan shally jaise synicised jurchanes, mangol aur koriyai rahate they, naa kii jaatiya haan cheeni key liye ack nasleeya shabd key roop mein. ack vyakti koo kewal mool roop seey ack ming vishay honah thaa aur haan bannerman key roop mein vargeekrit honey key liye jaatiya cheeni naheen honah thaa, isaliye jurchen mool key loga mangol aur cheeni banners mein samaapt hoe gaye. nurhasi ney logon koo vargeekrit karane key liye sanskriti kaa upayog kiya aur haan transfrontiers koo aatmasaat karane key baad manchu key roop mein pehchaan karane kii anumati dee, aur jaatiyata koo lachila maanaa jaataa thaa jaba haan cheeni aur mangol parivaaron koo kangshi dwara unake mool mangol aur cheeni banners (hanjun, yaa haan banner) seey manchu banners mein sthanantarit kiya jaataa thaa.
jurchanes key saamane fushun koo aatmasamarpan karane aur doshpurna honey key liye lii yongfang key puraskaron mein pada mein padonnati, ack patni key roop mein nurhasi kii poti, noorhasi key saath ladate hue aur ack cheeni frontierman key roop mein jinn abhijaat varg mein shamil honah shamil thaa, joe nurhasi dwara donon haan transfrontiersman koo sambhaalane key tareeke seey alag thaa, jinhone manchu pehchaan mein aatmasaat kiya aur haan bondervents koo pakad liya. cheeni seema-rakshak koo haan banners mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. nurhasi ney lii yongfang koo padonnati aur vishesh upchaar key saath puraskrit karane kii peshkash kii yadi vaha fushun koo usa gambhir bhaagya kii yaad dilaate hue aatmasamarpan curr detaa haye joe uska aur fushun key nivaasiyon kaa intezar karega yadi way virodh karna jaari rakhate hain. lii yongfang key 1,000 sainikon koo unake aatmasamarpan key baad mukt dhaarak kaa darja diyaa gayaa thaa, aur baad mein cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) baao chengshian aur shee tingzhu koo bhee 1622 mein gwanging mein aatmasamarpan karane key baad king seva mein saubhagya kaa anubhav hotaa haye.
nurhasi ney vibhinn bhaashaon key beach anuvaad karane key liye haan (nikan) mool key ardh-sakshar vartakaron kaa upayog kiya aur una parr bahut bharosa kiya, unamen seey kuchh key saath ghanishth aur maitripurna vyaktigat sambandh vikasit kiye jaise kanguri aur fangina. haan cheeni gong jhenglu (gong jhenglu), jise 1580 key dashak mein liavodong seey jurechanon dwara dasiyon hazaar anya logon key saath apaharan curr liya gayaa thaa, mool roop seey jhejiang mein shaoxing seey aaya thaa, vaha nurhasi kaa karibi vishvaspatra bunn gayaa aur apane beton koo padhaata rhaa, manchu naam onoi koo apanaaya, aur noorhasi dwara patniyon, daason aur ack ghar key saath bauchhar kii gaee.
manchu netaa nurhasi ney ming rajvansh seey liaodong kii vijay kii shuruat kii, haan cheeniyon koo vinash kii dhamki dekar aur saath hii unhein mahatvapurna padon key saath puraskar dene kaa vaadaa karate hue apani or seey dalbadal karane key liye lubhaaya. 1623 mein liaodong cheeni dwara jurchan key khilaf ack badey paimaane parr vidroh huaa, kyonki jurchan ney cheeni logon koo shram key liye nichod diyaa aur cheeni gharon mein jurchan koo tainaat kiya. cheeni vidrohiyon dwara jawabi kaarravaai mein jurchan kii todfod aur vadh key kritya kiye gaye they. nurhasi key baad aaney vaale hong taiji ney apani sarkaar mein kaee cheeni logon koo shamil karna shuru kiya aur shasson kii cheeni shally kii nakal kii. cheeni general yuan chonguan dwara topkhaane key saath manchus parr kii gaee haar key baad, jaise kii ninguan kii ladaai mein, mainchu ney taba haan cheeni kaidiyon koo avashoshit karane kaa faisala kiya, joe apani senaa koo poorak banaane key liye apani senaa mein bandookon kaa upayog karna jaanate they.
manchus ney haan cheeni generalon koo bhee lubhaaya aur unhein shaahi aisin gioro parivaar kii mahilaaon seey shaadi karke banners mein shamil honey key liye lubhaaya. ack haan cheeni general, lii yongfang (lii yung-fang) koo manchus dwara ack aisin gioro patni seey shaadi karke aur banners mein ack pada diye jaane key kaaran rishwat dee gaee thee. kaee aur haan cheeni apane padon koo chhod curr manchus mein shamil hoe gaye. rajkumar yoto key vichaar key baad 1632 mein 1,000 kii sankhya mein manchu mahilaaon key saath haan cheeni kaa saamoohik vivaah huaa. way yaa tou senapati yaa adhikaari they. yeh manchu netaa dwara kahaa gayaa thaa kii "choonki cheeni senapati aur manchu mahilaaen ack saath rahate they aur ack saath khaate they, isaliye yeh inn aatmasamarpan karane vaale senapatiyon koo apani matribhoomi koo bhoolane mein madad karega."shaahi parivaar kii mahilaaon kii shaadi anya haan cheeni adhikaariyon seey bhee kii gaee thee jaise kii teen samanti beton, joe chean parr apani vijay key baad king mein chaley gaye they. manchus ney haan cheeni seey ack topkhana ikai bhee banaai, jiska upayog unhone ming senaa key khilaf kiya. haan cheeni bhee manchus dwara doshpurna honey aur unhein "mantri" kahane jaise visheshaadhikaar dekar sivil seva mein apane rojgar mein pravesh karane key liye lubhaaya gayaa thaa, jabaki usee sthiti mein manchus koo "gulam" maanaa jaataa thaa.
vibhinn tarikon seey vargeekrit haan teen alag-alag yugon mein manchu shasson key tahat aaya thaa, 1618 seey pahale haan "transfrontiersman" jinhone noorhasi key saath apana bahut kuchh fenka thaa, way prabhaavi roop seey kewal vansh aur rakt seey haan cheeni they kyonki way jurchan sanskriti kaa abhyaas karate they aur manchu banners key bheetar manchu companiyon (niro) kaa hissa bunn gaye they, jabaki 1618 seey 1622 taka liaodong aur liaoxy mein kabja curr liya gayaa haan yaa tou manchu banners yaa haan bannerman key bandhankarta bunn gaye, aur phir anta mein haan joe manchu mein shamil honey key liye haang taiji key shasson key dauran ming koo chhod diyaa thaa, aur inhen pahale manchu banners seey judee sabhi haan companiyon (niro) mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, aur phir jaba 1642 mein manchu banners key bheetar manchu companiyon (niro) kaa hissa bunn gaye, tou sabhi haan companiyon koo alag-alag banners mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, kyonki way jyaadaatar haanchi banners koo alag-alag banners mein daal diye gaye they, yaa unhein alag-alag banners mein daal diyaa gayaa thaa.
guanging mein, shee tingzhu, jurchen mool key ack ming sanic, lekin joe cheeni sanskriti kaa abhyaas karate they, ney 1622 mein baao chengshian key saath noorhasi key baad key jinn key saamane aatmasamarpan curr diyaa thaa aur unhein antatah cheeni banners (hanjun, yaa haan banner) mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, jaba baao ney alag cheeni banner (hanjun, yaa haan banner) banaane kaa sujhaav diyaa thaa. naa tou sabhi haan cheeni they joe cheeni banners (hanjun, yaa haan banner) key aathh banners mein they, naa hii cheeni banner (hanjan, yaa haan banner) kewal haan cheeni seey baney they, haan banner kii sadasyata kaa matlab yeh naheen thaa kii way vaastavik haan cheeni they.
nurhasi key tahat jurechen ney logon koo haan cheeni (nikan) key roop mein vargeekrit kiya thaa, iss anusaar kii kyaa way poorv ming vishay they, haan cheeni kii tarah vyavhaar karate they, cheeni jeevan shally rakhate they, cheeni bhasha bolate they, haan cheeni kii tarah kapade pahanate they, aur haan cheeni naam they, aur sabhi jurechen joe ming chean mein chaley gaye they, unhone cheeni upnaam apanaae they. cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) ney shunjhi key tahat kaee shaktishali padon aur pramukhta praapt kii, yeye cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) liavodong mein haan dalbadal key vanshaj they joe teesari yaa doosari peedhi mein nurhasi aur haang taiji mein shamil hoe gaye. way "manchu kuleen varg seey mushkil seey alag they."ack haan bannerman, geng jhongming koo rajkumar jingnan kii upaadhi seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa, aur unake bete geng jingmao ney apane donon beton geng jingjhong aur geng jhaaojhong koo shunjhi key tahat darbari parichaarak banaane mein kamyabi hassil kii aur aisin gioro mahilaaon seey shaadi kii, jisamen haage (haang taiji kaa ack betaa) kii betty ney geng jingjhong aur rajkumar abtai kii poti ney geng jhaaojhong seey shaadi kii.
nasl aur jaatiyata key baare mein cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) parr lagu galat vichaar iss tathya seey chook gaye kii way vaastav mein ack "saanskritik samooh" they kyonki ack vyakti vaastavik haan cheeni honey key binaa ack cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) hoe sakata thaa. yeh kianlong thaa jisane yeh kahakar haan bannerman kii pehchaan koo phir seey paribhaashit kiya kii unhein samaan sanskriti aur haan nagrikon key samaan paitrik nishkarshan key roop mein maanaa jaanaa thaa, isane pahale kii virodhi vichardhara aur rukh koo noorhasi aur haang taiji dwara upayog kiya gayaa thaa, jinhone pehchaan koo kewal sanskriti aur rajneeti key anusaar vargeekrit kiya thaa aur vansh naheen, lekin yeh cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) pehchaan parr kianlong kaa drishtikon thaa jisane baad key itihaskaron koo prabhaavit kiya aur pahale key king rukh koo hataa diyaa.
kianlong ney apane daadaa kangshi seey alag haan bannerman key baare mein ack poori tarah seey nayaa drishtikon bhee jaari kiya, iss amoort siddhant key saath aatey hue kii wafadari koo sabse mahatvapurna maanaa jaataa thaa, isaliye kianlong ney una haan bannerman koo gaddaar key roop mein dekhaa jinhone ming seey quing mein dalbadal kiya thaa aur pramukh cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) kii ack pratikool jeevani sankalit kii thee, jinhone king mein dalbadal kiya thaa, jabaki usee samay kianlong ney ack jeevani sankalit kii thee taaki "king key khilaf yuddh mein shaheed hue una logon kaa record joe apane rajvansh key liye shaheed hue they aur shuddhata key liye balidan diyaa thaa. soochi mein kianlong key kuchh samavesh aur chook raajneetik prakriti key they, jaise kii apane vanshaj lii shiao key liye kianlong kii napsand seey lii yongfang koo shamil karna aur apane bete maa ziangzhen kii chhavi key liye chinta key kaaran maa mingpei koo baahar karna.
1618 seey 1629 taka, purvi liaodong key haan cheeni joe aathh banners mein shamil hue, unhein "taaee nikan" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa, jinn haan ney fushun mein king koo dalbadal kiya thaa, unhein fushan nikan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa aur unhein taaee nikan kaa hissa maanaa jaataa thaa. taaee nikan koo baad key haan cheeni logon seey alag kiya gayaa thaa joe 1629-1643 key beach banner mein shamil hoe gaye aur paschimi liaodong, shanxi, shedong aur jhili seey utpann hue, aur unhein "phoo xi baitanga" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. 1644 mein king dwara shanhai darre koo paar karane seey pahale donon samooh cheeni banners kaa hissa they, aur iss tarah donon haan seey alag they jinhen 1644 key baad cheeni banners mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa jaba king ney chean parr shasson kiya thaa. 1644 seey pahale key cheeni bannerman koo "boodhe purushon" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. pratyek fushun nikan key manchu banners mein ack saamoohik hastaantaran, aur vishesh roop seey chune gaye taaee nikan, koriyai aur mangol koo 1740 mein kianlong samrat dwara lagu kiya gayaa thaa.
vijay key kuchh hii dashakon baad, beijing mein manchu bannerman koo garibi mein dhakel diyaa gayaa, jhuggiyon mein reh rahey they aur curge mein doob gaye they, unaki durdasha key sanket 1655 mein dikhaai diye they. unhein usa bindu parr dhakel diyaa gayaa thaa jahaan unhein kaanoon kaa ullanghan karate hue apani sampatti koo haan cheeniyon koo bechana padaa thaa.
mool roop seey praarambhik king mein king samraton ney kuchh haan cheeni koo rakhail key roop mein liya aur 1648 mein shunjhi seey ack farman mein haan cheeni purushon koo rajaswa board kii anumati seey banners seey manchu mahilaaon seey shaadi karane kii anumati dee gaee, yadi way adhikaariyon yaa aam logon kii panjikrit betiyaan theen yaa unaki banner company key kaptan kii anumati seey yadi way apanjikrit aam loga they, tou baad mein rajvansh mein hii inn neetiyon koo hataa diyaa gayaa aur king ney haan aam logon kii betiyon koo chhodkar shaahi haram key liye banner ladkiyon kaa masauda taiyar karane kii apani ziyunu pranali mein naee neetiyaan lagu keen.
cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) aksar haan nagrik mahilaaon seey shaadi karate they aur isaki anumati king samraton dwara dee gaee thee, haalaanki king samraton koo banners mein ladkiyon koo khojane key liye pareshan kiya gayaa thaa kyonki inn antar-vivahon key parinamswarup kapade aur gahane mein nagrik reeti-rivaajon kaa paalan kiya gayaa thaa jaba unhein mahal seva key liye taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. king ney aam cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) kii betiyon koo shaahi mahal mein naukaraniyon aur patniyon key roop mein seva karane seey hataane aur bund karane key liye neetiyaan taiyar keen, unhein masaude seey chhoot dete hue kahaa kii yeh cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) kii aarthik durdasha key kaaran chinta key kaaran kiya jaa rhaa thaa, haalaanki, yeh taba kiya jaa sakata haye jaba kii king court ney cheeni banners (hanjun, yaa haan banner) seey ladkiyon koo khojane key liye satark kiya thaa, jaise kii haan cheeni nagrik reeti-rivaajon kaa paalan karate hue chaudi baju vaale vastra pahanana, baandhana, aur ack ekal kaana kii angoothi pahanana, joe sabhi manchu pratha key vipareet they, manchu aur mongolman kii betiyon koo abhee bhee masaude key liye prastut karna thaa, jahaan unhein shaahi mahal yaa sambhaavit naukaraniyon key roop mein seva karane key liye chunaa jaayega. haan bannerman kii betiyon koo mahal kii seva mein khud koo prastut karane seey chhoot dee gaee thee. cheeni banner (hanjun, yaa haan banner) kii betiyon koo samrat key liye rakhail key roop mein chayan mein pravesh karane kii anumati naheen thee.
manchu bannerman aam taur parr apane pahale/vyaktigat naam kaa upayog khud koo sambodhit karane key liye karate they, naa kii apane antim naam key liye, jabaki haan bannerman ney apane antim naam aur pahale kaa upayog samanya cheeni shally mein kiya.
bahut saare haan cheeni bannerman ney manchu naamon koo apanaaya, joe abhijaat varg key saath judane seey prerit hoe sakate hain. ack haan cheeni bannerman jiska naam kuee jhilu thaa, joe jaanata thaa kii manchu ney apana naam badalkar manchu arsai curr liya thaa, aur samrat ney usase poochha kii vaha apana naam kaise aaya. cheeni bannerman ney bhee vyaktigat naamon key roop mein sankhya dene jaisi vyaktigat namkaran prathaon koo apanaaya.
cheeni bannerman (hanjun, yaa haan bannerman) ney anta mein "jiyaa" jodkar apane antim naamon koo jodd diyaa. haalaanki, kuchh haan cheeni bannerman jaise zaao erfeng, zaao eraxun aur kaao zuekin ney manchu naamon kaa upayog naheen kiya. bahut seey anya haan cheeni bannerman ney mantufied naamon kaa upayog kiya, ack haan bannerman key saath ack manchu naam kaa daming bhee ack alag cheeni naam thaa, jhaang dei.
manchu banner companiyon key bheetar, vibhinn haan cheeni aur mangol vyakti unake beach titar-bitar they, aur manchu banners mein mangol, koriyai, russie aur tibbati companiyan theen. manchu banners mein dou mukhya vibhajan they, uchch shreni key "old manchus" (phoe mainjhou, phey manju), joe mukhya jurchan janjaatiyon jaise jianjhou seey baney they, jinase nurhasi aur hong taiji ney mainchu banner banaae they, aur nichale shreni key "nyu manchus" (cheeni lipyantaranah aaee. aeye. pee. aeye. yuu.). cheeni anuvaadah nyuyu; manchuh aais manju) anya tungusik aur mangolik janjaatiyon jaise kii daur, (davor), oroken (elunchan), solun (suolun), heze, keekar (kuyula), aur zibe (zibo) seey banaa haye, jinhen 1644 mein ching chean parr aakraman key baad munjhi aur kangzi dwara manchu banners mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa, taaki way amoor nadee besin mein russie samrajya key khilaf king key liye lada sakein.
kaheen aur dee-synicisation.
haang kaang.
1997 mein chean koo hangkang key british hastaantaran key baad seey, aur 2000 key dashak key madhya seey jaba mukhya bhoomi cheeni nagrikon parr hangkang key liye yatra pratibandhon mein dheel dee gaee, taba seey cheeni kendra sarkaar aur mukhya bhoomi mool kii aabaadi key saath sthaaniya hangkang aabaadi key beach tanaav badh rhaa haye. jabaki ack haang kaang pehchaan aupaniveshik kaal seey maujood haye, yeh pichhale dashak mein majboot aur adhik spasht hoe gayaa, jisamen 53 pratishat haang kaang nivasi khud koo kewal hangkang key nivaasiyon key roop mein pahachaante hain, lekin cheeni nivaasiyon key roop mein naheen (jabaki yeh aankada 75 pratishat seey adhik haye) 18-29 ayu varg key nivaasiyon mein), aur 78 pratishat hangkang nivasi khud koo "hangkang nagrik" aur "cheeni nagrik" donon key roop mein pahachaante hain. isake alawa, haang kaang kii kuchh yuva aabaadi khud koo vyaapak roop seey aur jaatiya roop seey "cheeni" key roop mein bhee naheen pehchaanati haye. paanchven seey bhee cumm hangkangwasi abb khud koo vishesh roop seey "cheeni" key roop mein pahachaante hain.
150 seey adhik varshon seey ack british upanivesh key roop mein, haang kaang kii sanskriti paschimi aur cheeni tatvon key mishran mein advitiya haye. iss saanskritik antar parr jore diyaa gayaa haye aur kuchh logon ney mukhya bhoomi chean seey hangkang koo alag karane key liye ise apanaaya haye. haang kaang cantonese anya cantonese kismon seey alag haye jaisa kii gwangdong key mukhya bhoomi praant mein upayog kiya jaataa haye, badey hisse mein haang kaang angreji aur haang kaang mein code-switching key prabhaav key kaaran.
bhasha key antar bhee mukhya bhoomi cheeni pehchaan seey hangkang kii pehchaan koo alag karane mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhaate hain. jabaki chean kii mukhya bhoomi mein cheeni kii aadhikarik kism mandarin haye, kshetriya roop seey paaramparik cantoni sanskaran kaa upayog lambe samay seey hangkang mein kiya jaataa rhaa haye. 1997 key baad seey kshetra mein mandarin bolane vaalon kii badhati upasthiti, aur hangkang key nivaasiyon key liye mukhya bhoomi cheeni kii mandarin bolane kii apekshaon ney, mandarin key atikraman key khilaf cantoni logon kii raksha key liye nagrikon dwara sangharsh aur rakshaatmak upaayon kaa kaaran banaa haye. iss tarah key karyon mein manderine koo saamyvaad kii bhasha key roop mein kalankit karna shamil haye, jabaki cantoni aur angreji bhasha koo loktantra kii bhaashaon key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye; joe hangkang aur chean key beach raajneetik matbhedon koo darshaata haye. yeh raajneetik bhashai drishtikon videshi cheeni samudaayon key beach bhee fail gayaa haye, jinamen seey adhikansh aitihaasik roop seey cantoni bhashi hain.
hangkang mein loktaantrik vikas kii kamee ney cheeni pehchaan kii bhavna koo aur cumm curr diyaa haye. ack desh key tahat, united kingdam aur chean key beach hangkang kii vaapsee kii shart key roop mein sahmat dou pranaliyon kii neeti, kshetra koo 1997 key baad cumm seey cumm 50 varshon taka apane swatantra jeevan shally koo banaae rakhane key adhikaar kii guaranti haye. haalaanki, beijing sarkaar dwara loktaantrik sansthanon aur abhivyakti kii swatantrata parr ankush lagaane key badhate prayason, jisamen antim saarvbhaumik matadhikar mein deree bhee shamil haye, ney sthaaniya logon key beach nirantar virodh aur ashanti koo aakarshit kiya haye. yeh 2014 key hangkang virodh pradarshanon mein ekatrit huaa, jaba cheeni communist party ney hangkang key logon koo iss shart key tahat kshetra key mukhya karyakari koo vote dene kii anumati dee kii beijing pahale chala rahey ummidvaaron koo manjuri dey. raajneetik sankaton ney ack sthaaniya hangkang pehchaan koo majboot kiya haye, jisake parinamswarup ack swatantrata andolan ney roop lena shuru curr diyaa haye.
taiwan.
1945 mein taiwan key chean ganarajya mein vaapas aaney key baad, kuomintang key netritva vaali sarkaar ney dweep kii aabaadi key "punarnirdharan" koo badhaava diyaa, cheeni sulekh, paaramparik cheeni chitrakala, lock kalaa aur cheeni opera koo praayojit kiya.
taiwan mein rashtriya pehchaan key baare mein rashtriya chengchi vishvavidyalaya dwara kiye gaye ack sarvekshan key anusaar, 1992 aur 2005 key beach sabse teji seey dee-synicisation huaa. iss dauran "cheeni" key roop mein pehchaan 26.2% seey ghatkar 7.3% hoe gaee, "taiwani" pehchaan 17.3% seey badhkar 46.5% hoe gaee, aur taiwan aur cheeni donon key roop mein pehchaan 45.4% seey ghataakar 42.0% hoe gaee. chiang kaaee-shake aur chiang ching kuo key nirankush prashaasan ney paine-cheeni netaaon key roop mein vaidhata kaa daavaa kiya kyonki chean key rashtriya vidhansabha kaa ganarajya kewal taiwan key bajaay poore chean (1947 mein) seey chunaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, lii tenghui prashaasan (1988-2000) ney 1991 mein iss vidhansabha koo samaapt karke, kewal taiwan-nirvaachak mandal key saath ack sansadiya nikaay banaane key liye, rajneeti koo alag karna shuru curr diyaa. shikshaavidon mein, 1980 aur 1990 key dashak key anta mein dee-sinicisation key parinamswarup sansthanon key naamon mein "chean" shabd koo "taiwan" mein badal diyaa gayaa, jisase "taiwan kanuni sangh", "taiwan raajneetik vigyaan sangh", "taiwan samajshastriya sangh" aur "taiwan itihas sangh" kaa nirmaan huaa. iss andolan key hisse key roop mein, kuchh taiwan key itihaskaron ney japan key aupaniveshik prashaasan key durupyog koo cumm karke "vyavasaay" key bajaay "shasson" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya; aur taiwan itihas sangh ney daavaa kiya kii taiwan kaa itihas cheeni itihas key bajaay japani itihas kaa ack hissa thaa.
2001 mein, taiwan key samarthakon ney raajneetik netritva key virodh mein ack sthaaniya taiwan-adharit pehchaan parr jore dene key liye andolan key ack hisse key roop mein 2001 key dee-synicisation koo chitrit karna shuru kiya, joe aitihaasik roop seey chean aur cheeni sanskriti key saath pahachaana gayaa thaa.
chain shui-bian prashaasan (2000-2008) key tahat dee-synicisation mein teji aaee, jisamen taiwan samarthak swatantrata loktaantrik pragatisheel party karyakari yuan key niyantran mein thee. chain key shiksha mantri, thu cheng-sheng ney "adhik cheeni chetna key avasheshon" koo samaapt karane key liye uchch vidyalaya key itihas kii pathyapustakon key punarlekhan kaa nirdesh diyaa. iss paathyapustak key dee-siniseekaran mein taiwan key itihas aur cheeni itihas koo alag-alag khandon mein alag karna, "mukhya bhoomi chean" shabd parr pratibandh lagaana aur king rajvansh key dauran taiwan mein cheeni aapravaasan koo "upanivesh" key roop mein chitrit karna shamil thaa.
saath hii, chain ney 2002 mein pratyek paksh kii avadharana parr ack desh kii shuruat kii, jisane maanaa kii chean aur taiwan alag-alag desh hain, jabaki chean key passport parr "taiwan mein jaari" shabdon koo jodane kaa adesh diyaa. usee varsh, thu key vibhaag ney mandarin cheeni, tongyong pinyin key liye apani khud kii romankaran pranali kaa aavishkaar karane kaa vikalp chunaa, jise ack taiwani vidwan dwara design kiya gayaa thaa, naa kii chean key janvaadi ganarajya dwara vikasit aur singapur aur malaysia jaise anya deshon mein upayog kii jaane vaali antarrashtriya star parr prasiddh hanyu pinyin pranali koo apanaane key bajaay. 2003 mein, sarkaar ney sarkaar kii ekmatra bhasha key roop mein mandarin kaa upayog karane kii lambe samay seey chully aaa rahee neeti koo samaapt curr diyaa, jisane vyavhaar mein dweep parr doosari sabse badee bhasha, taiwani hokkian koo badhaava diyaa, taaki ack rashtriya bhasha key kaee karyon koo puuraa kiya jaa sakey. 2004 seey, "chean ganarajya" key maanchitra mein abb mukhya bhoomi chean shamil naheen haye.
2005 seey, chain key karyakari yuan ney bhee taiwan naam sudhaar abhiyaan shuru kiya, jisamen saarvajanik aur niji sangathanon seey "chean" yaa "cheeni" shabdon koo hataane kii maang kii gaee. isamen "videshi cheeni mamalon kii parishad" (joe "videshi samudayik mamalon kii parishad" bunn gaee) jaise raajya nikaayon kaa naam badalana, chean airlines jaise niji sangathanon koo apana naam badalane key liye raaji karna aur lagbhag 100 prashaasnik kaanoonon mein mukhya bhoomi chean key sandarbhon koo shuddh karna bhee shamil thaa. 2006 mein, chain ney rashtriya ekikaran parishad aur rashtriya ekikaran key liye isake dishaanirdeshon koo samaapt curr diyaa. farwari 2007 mein, chean kii sarkaar ney chungwa post (chean post) kaa naam badalkar taiwan post curr diyaa, cheeni petroleum company kaa naam badalkar "see. pee. see. corporation, taiwan aur chean jahaaj nirmaan nigam kaa naam badalkar" see. aiss. bee. see. corporation, taiwan "curr diyaa.
march 2008 mein taiwan mein chean ganarajya key rashtrapati chunaavon mein naam badalane kaa mudda ack vishay thaa. poorv taipei meyer maa ying-jeu koo rashtrapati key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa, jisake baad unhone chain kii kuchh dee-synicisation neetiyon koo ulatane kii maang kii. 1 agast 2008 koo daak seva ney naam parivartan koo ulatane aur "chungwa post" naam koo bahaal karane kaa sankalp liya. 1 janwari 2009 taka, sarkaar ney hanyu pinyin key paksh mein tongyong pinyin koo samaapt curr diyaa thaa. 28 sitambar, 2009 koo, maa ney taiwan confucian mandir mein confucius kaa 2559vaan janmadin manaaya, jise 1665 mein banaaya gayaa thaa. aur 1 janwari, 2011 koo, rashtrapati maa ney apane nae saal key sambodhan kaa sheershak diyaa, "taiwan kaa nirmaan, cheeni viraasat koo protsaahit karna", jisamen "cheeni sanskriti aur gunon, jaise kii paropkar, dharmikta, pitri bhakti, shikshakon key liye sammaan, dayaa aur sadgi" parr jore diyaa gayaa.
viyatnam.
hoa loga, yaa viyatnam mein jaatiya cheeni, desh mein ack mahatvapurna alpasankhyak hain, jinaki upasthiti nanyu yug seey paaee jaati haye aur baad mein leey rajvansh kii neenv key baad seey sangathit hoe gaee. 19veen shatabdi key anta seey 20veen shatabdi key madhya key dauran viyatnam mein cheeni aapravaasan charam parr thaa, jaba chean ney raajneetik uthal-puthal aur jeevan kii gunavatta mein thaharaav kaa anubhav kiya, saath hii 1949 mein saamyavaadi adhigrahan aur francisi aupaniveshik sarkaar dwara pradaan kiye gaye vyaavsaayik protsaahan. hoa kaafee hudd taka achchi tarah seey ekikrit huaa, jisase viyatnam key madhyam aur uchch varg kaa ack badaa hissa banaa aur isaki arthavyavastha mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibha rhaa haye. unaki mool boliyon aur/yaa cantonese (dakshin poorv asia mein cheeni bhasha kii "lingwa franca") key alawa, hoa mein viyatnami praveenta darr behad adhik thee aur viyatnam key jaatiya alpasankhyak samoohon mein sabse badee thee. adhikansh hoa antatah khud koo pahale viyatnami aur phir cheeni maanate they, jinn logon kii utpatti mukhya bhoomi chean seey naheen thee, way vishesh roop seey dakshin viyatnam mein "hangkang cheeni" yaa "makaau cheeni" jaise apane vishisht sthaan parr khud koo pahachaante they.
saigan key patan aur viyatnam key saamyavaadi ekikaran key baad, poorv dakshin viyatnam mein adhikansh hoa ney saamyavaadi-niyantrit chean key bajaay anya deshon, vishesh roop seey sanyukt raajya america, france aur australia mein pravaas karane kaa vikalp chunaa. uttari viyatnam mein sarkaar dwara prataadit kewal jaatiya cheeni logon ney chean, vishesh roop seey gwangshi praant mein vaapas pravaas karane kaa vikalp chunaa. viyatnami mool key saath videshi cheeni aamtaur parr sthaaniya cheeni aur viyatnami donon samudaayon key saath baatchit karate hain. haalaanki, gair-cantoni bhashi aur/yaa mukhya bhoomi cheeni-mool key samudaayon kii upasthiti key parinamswarup samudaay khud koo viyatnami samudaay key saath pahachaantaa haye, jaisa kii france mein cheeni samudaay key mamle mein hotaa haye.
uttar koria.
koriyai bhasha mein hanja (<unk>, <unk>), yaa cheeni varnon kaa upayog karane parr 1949 mein uttar koria mein kima ill dwara pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa. kima ney hanja key upayog parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa kyonki unhone hanja key unmoolan koo upaniveshvaad aur koriyai raashtravaad key prateek key roop mein dekhaa.
dakshin koria.
hangul koo 1948 seey koriyai bhasha kii aadhikarik lipi banaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen hanja kii jagah lii gaee thee, aur dakshin koria mein ack vaikalpik pathyakram key roop mein hyee school taka hanja seekhane kii aavashyakta naheen haye. 2005 mein dee-synicisation key ack model key roop mein seul key aadhikarik cheeni naam koo "hancheng" (<unk>, Â) seey seul (σ) mein badalane key liye seul lii mayung-baak key poorv mahapour kaa kadam. pichla naam, cheeni mein hencheng aur koriyai mein hansong, seul kaa ack purana naam haye. hansiong "haan nadee" seey liya gayaa thaa, aur iska shaabdik arth haye "haan (chaudi) nadee parr deewaar vaalaa shahar" lekin naam kii galat vyakhya "haan cheeni shahar" key roop mein kii jaa sakati haye. nae naam shau 'air (pratham) kaa koee aisaa arth naheen thaa, aur yeh dhwani aur arth donon mein "ceol" key karib thaa, joe koriyai sthaanon key naamon mein vishisht roop seey, ack sino-koriyai naam naheen haye. ceol key naam bhee dekhein.
kyrgyzstan.
kyrgyzstan key dungan dee-synicisation kii cumm sachet prakriya kaa pratinidhitva karate hain, jisake dauran, ack sadee seey thodaa adhik samay (hui alpsankhyakon key yuddh key baad seey), ack hui cheeni aabaadi saahityik parampara aur shanxi aur gansu kii sthaaniya sanskriti seey alag hoe gaee.

