
carotenoid

carotenoid () peele, narangi aur laal carbonic varnak hain joe paudhon aur shaiwal key saath-saath kaee bacteria aur kavak dwara utpaadit hotey hain. carotenoid kaddu, gaajar, parsnip, makai, tamatar, cannery, flamingo, salmon, lobster, jheenga aur daffodil koo vishisht rung dete hain. 1, 100 seey adhik pehchaane gaye carotenoid koo aage dou vargon mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye-zanthophile (jinamen oxygen hoti haye) aur carotene (jinamen vishuddh roop seey hydrocarbon hotey hain aur jinamen koee oxygen naheen hoti haye). 
sabhi tetraterpen key vyutpann hain, jiska arth haye kii way 8 isoprene ikaaiyon seey utpaadit hotey hain aur inmein 40 carbon paramanu hotey hain. samanya taur parr, carotenoid 400 seey 550 nanometer (baingani seey hurry roshni) taka kii tarang dairdhya koo avashoshit karate hain. isake kaaran yaugik gahare peele, narangi yaa laal rung key hoe jaate hain. carotenoid sharad ritu key patte key rung mein pedh kii prajaatiyon key lagbhag 15-30% key pramukh varnak hain, lekin kaee paudhon key rung, vishesh roop seey laal aur baingani, polyphenol key kaaran hotey hain.
carotenoid paudhon aur shaiwal mein dou pramukh bhoomikaaen nibhaate hainh way prakaash sanshleshan mein upayog key liye prakaash oorjaa koo avashoshit karate hain, aur way gair-photochemical shaman key madhyam seey photoprotection pradaan karate hain. carotenoid jinamen pratisthaapit beeta-ionone rings (jisamen beeta-carotene, α-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin aur γ-carotene shamil hain) hotey hain, unamen vitamin ack gatividhi hoti haye (jiska arth haye kii unhein retinol mein parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye). aankh mein, lutein, "messo"-zexanthin, aur zexanthin macular pigment key roop mein maujood hain, jinka drishya kaary mein mahatva, 2016 taka, naidaanik anusandhaan key tahat banaa huaa haye.
sanrachana aur kaary.
carotenoid sabhi prakaash sanshleshit jeevon dwara utpaadit kiye jaate hain aur mukhya roop seey prakaash sanshleshan key prakaash-kataai bhaag mein chlorophil key sahayak varnak key roop mein upayog kiye jaate hain. 
way sanyugmit dohare bandhanon key saath atyadhik asantript hotey hain, joe carotenoid koo vibhinn tarang dairdhya key prakaash koo avashoshit karane mein saksham banaata haye. usee samay, antim samooh lipid jhilli key bheetar dhruviyata aur gunon koo niyantrit karate hain. 
adhikansh carotenoid tetraterpanoid hotey hain, niyamit <came> see40 </came> isoprenoid. inn sanrachanaon mein kaee sanshodhan maujood hainh jinamen chakran, santripti yaa asantulan kii alag-alag degree aur anya karyatmak samooh shamil hain. carotene mein aamtaur parr kewal carbon aur hydrogen hotaa haye.ee.way hydrocarbon hain. pramukh sadasyon mein α-carotene, β-carotene aur lycopine shamil hain, jinhen "carotene" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. oxygen yukt carotenoid mein lutein aur zexanthin shamil hain. inhen "zanthophiles" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. unakaa rung, peela peele seey laker chamkile narangi seey laker gahare laal taka, unaki sanrachana seey seedhe sambandhit haye, vishesh roop seey sanyugman kii lambai. zanthophile aksar peele hotey hain, joe unake varg kaa naam dete hain. 
carotenoid vibhinn prakaar key koshika sanketon mein bhee bhaag lete hain. way absisic acid key utpaadan kaa sanket dene mein saksham hain, joe paudhe key vikas, beej nishkriyata, bhroon paripakvata aur ankuran, koshika vibhajan aur vistaar, pushp vikas aur tanaav pratikriyaon koo niyantrit kartaa haye.
photophysics.
kaee sanyugmit dohare bandhanon kii lambai unake rung aur prakashbhautiki koo nirdhaarit karati haye. photon koo avashoshit karane key baad, carotenoid prakaash sanshleshan mein upayog key liye apane uttejit electron koo chlorophil mein sthanantarit curr detaa haye. prakaash key avashoshan parr, carotenoid chlorophil mein aur usase uttejana oorjaa sthanantarit karate hain. ekal-ekal oorjaa hastaantaran ack nimn oorjaa avastha hastaantaran haye aur iska upayog prakaash sanshleshan key dauran kiya jaataa haye. triple-triplet sthanantaran ack uchch oorjaa avastha haye aur photoprotection mein aavashyak haye. prakaash sanshleshan key dauran prakaash hanikarak prajaatiyon kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, jisamen sabse adhik hanikarak pratikriyaasheel oxygen prajaati (aar. oh. aiss.) hoti haye. choonki yeye uchch oorjaa vaale rose chlorophil mein utpaadit hotey hain, oorjaa carotenoid kii paulin poonchh mein sthanantarit hoe jaati haye aur pratikriyaon kii ack shrinkhala seey gujarati haye jisamen carotenoid key liye sabse santulit (sabse cumm oorjaa) sthiti khojane key liye carotenoid bandhanon key beach electrons koo sthanantarit kiya jaataa haye.
carotenoid oorjaa hastaantaran aur rasayanik pratikriyaon donon dwara ekal oxygen key khilaf paudhon kii raksha karate hain. way teen prakaar key chlorophil koo bujhaa curr paudhon kii raksha bhee karate hain. lipid koo mukt-radical kshati seey bachaakar, joe charge kiye gaye lipid peroxide aur anya aukseekrit vyutpann utpann karate hain, carotenoid kristaliya vastukala aur lipoprotein aur cellular lipid sanrachanaon kii hydrophobicity kaa samarthan karate hain, isaliye oxygen ghulansheelata aur isamen iska prasaar hotaa haye.
sanrachana-sampatti sambandh.
carotenoid hydrophobic hotey hain aur aamtaur parr plasma lipoprotein aur cellular lipid sanrachanaon mein maujood hotey hain.
carotenoid lambe asantript elephatic shrinkhalaon kii upasthiti key kaaran lipophilic hotey hain, jaisa kii kuchh fatty acid mein hotaa haye.
roopvigyaan.
carotenoid mukhya roop seey vibhinn koshika koshika angon, lipid boondon, koshikaon aur kanikaon mein koshika kendrak key baahar sthit hotey hain. unhein ack shaiwal koshika mein raman spectroscopy dwara dekhaa aur parimaanikrit kiya gayaa haye.
monoclonal antibody key "trance-" lycopine key vikas key saath iss carotenoid koo vibhinn pashu aur maanav koshikaon mein sthaaniyakrit karna sambhav thaa.
khaadya padaarth.
beeta-carotene, joe kaddu, meethe aaloo, gaajar aur sardiyon key squash mein paaya jaataa haye, unake narangi-peele rangon key liye jimmedaar haye. sookhe gaajar mein prati 100 graam parose jaane vaale kissy bhee bhojan kii sabse adhik matra mein carotene hotaa haye, jise retinol gatividhi samkaksh (provitamine ack samkaksh) mein maapa jaataa haye. viyatnami jack phal mein carotenoid lycopine kii sabse adhik gyaat sandrata hoti haye. halanki haraa, kaale, paalak, collared greens aur salgam greens mein beeta-carotene kii paryaapt matra hoti haye. flamingo kaa aahar carotenoids seey bharpur hotaa haye, joe inn pakshiyon key narangi rung key pankh pradaan kartaa haye.
2015 mein praarambhik shodh kii sameekshaon ney sanket diyaa kii carotenoid mein uchch khaadya padaarth sir aur gardan key cancer aur prostate cancer key jokhim koo cumm curr sakate hain. carotenoid aur vitamin aeye mein uchch khaadya padarthon key sevan aur parkinsons roga key jokhim key beach koee sambandh naheen haye.
manushya aur anya janwar jyaadaatar carotenoid koo sanshleshit karane mein asamarth hain, aur unhein apane aahar key madhyam seey praapt karna chaahiye. carotenoid jaanvaron mein ack aam aur aksar sajawati visheshta haye. udaaharan key liye, salmon kaa gulabi rung, aur pakaa huaa lobster kaa laal rung aur aam deewaar chhipkaliyon key peele rung key taraju carotenoid key kaaran hotey hain. yeh prastaavit kiya gayaa haye kii carotenoid kaa upayog sajawati lakshnon mein kiya jaataa haye (charam udaharanon key liye puffin pakshiyon koo dekhein) kyonki, unake shaaririk aur rasayanik gunon koo dekhate hue, unakaa upayog vyaktigat swaasthya key drishya sanketkon key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye, aur isaliye sambhaavit saathi kaa chayan karate samay jaanvaron dwara upayog kiya jaataa haye.
aahar seey carotenoid jaanvaron key vasaayukt ootakon mein sangraheet hotey hain, aur vishesh roop seey mansahari janwar jaanvaron kii vasaa seey yaugik praapt karate hain. maanav aahar mein, bhojan mein vasaa key saath sevan karane parr carotenoid key avashoshan mein sudhaar hotaa haye. carotenoid yukt sabjiyon koo tail mein pakaane aur sabjiyon koo kaatane seey carotenoid jaiv upalabdhata mein vriddhi hoti haye.
paudhon key rung.
sabse aam carotenoid mein lycopine aur vitamin aeye poorvavarti beeta-carotene shamil hain. paudhon mein, zanthophile lutein sabse prachur matra mein carotenoid haye aur umr seey sambandhit netra roga koo rokane mein isaki bhoomika vartamaan mein jaanch key tahat haye. lutein aur paripakva pattiyon mein paae jaane vaale anya carotenoid varnak aksar chlorophil kii masking upasthiti key kaaran spasht naheen hotey hain. jaba chlorophil maujood naheen hotaa haye, jaise sharad ritu key patte mein, carotenoid key peele aur santare pramukh hotey hain. isi kaaran seey, chlorophil key gayab honey seey binaa mask key pakey hue phal mein aksar carotenoid rung pramukhta seey dikhaai dete hain.
carotenoid kuchh kathor lakadi kii prajaatiyon key chamakdaar peele aur santare key liye jimmedaar hain joe parnapaati patte (jaise kii marate sharad ritu key patte) jaise kii hikkari, aish, maple, peela poppler, espen, berch, black cherry, cycamore, cottonwod, sasaphras aur elder key roop mein hain. carotenoid pedh kii prajaatiyon key lagbhag 15-30% sharad ritu key patte key rung mein pramukh varnak hain. haalaanki, laal, purple aur unake mishrit sanyojan joe sharad ritu key patte koo sajaate hain, aamtaur parr koshikaon mein varnakon key ack anya samooh seey aatey hain jinhen anthocyanin kahaa jaataa haye. carotenoids key vipareet, yeye varnak poore badhate mausam mein patte mein maujood naheen hotey hain, lekin garmiyon key anta mein sakriya roop seey utpaadit hotey hain.
pakshi key rung aur yaun chayan.
aahar carotenoid aur unake chayapachaya vyutpann pakshiyon mein chamkile peele seey laal rung key liye jimmedaar hain. adhyayanon kaa anuman haye kii lagbhag 2956 aadhunik pakshi prajaatiyan carotenoid rung pradarshit karati hain aur baahari rung key liye inn varnakon kaa upayog karane kii kshamata pakshiyon key vikaasvaadi itihas mein kaee baar swatantra roop seey vikasit hui haye. carotenoid rung uchch star key yaun dwiroopata koo pradarshit kartaa haye, vayask narr pakshi aam taur parr ack hii prajaati kii maadaon kii tulanaa mein adhik jeevant rung pradarshit karate hain.
yeye antar mahilaaon kii pasand key anusaar purushon mein peele aur laal rung key chayan key kaaran utpann hotey hain. pakshiyon kii kaee prajaatiyon mein, maadaaen apane purush bhagidaron kii tulanaa mein santanon koo paalane mein adhik samay aur sansaadhan kharch karati hain. isaliye, yeh anivarya haye kii maadaa pakshi saavdhaanipoorvak uchch gunavatta vaale saathi kaa chayan karein. vartamaan saahitya iss siddhant kaa samarthan kartaa haye kii jeevant carotenoid rung purush gunavatta key saath sahsambaddh haye-yaa tou pratiraksha kaary aur oxidative tanaav parr pratyaksh prabhaav, yaa carotenoid chayapachaya maargon aur cellular shwasan key liye maargon key beach sambandh key madhyam seey.
aam taur parr yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii carotenoid-adharit rung jaise yaun chayanit lakshan vikasit hotey hain kyonki way phenotypic aur aanuvanshik gunavatta key imandar sanket hain. udaaharan key liye, pakshi prajaati "paras mejar" key purushon mein, adhik rangeen roop seey alankrit purush shukranu kaa utpaadan karate hain joe carotenoid antioxidant kii badhati upasthiti key kaaran oxidative tanaav seey behtar roop seey sanrakshit hotaa haye. haalaanki, iss baat key bhee pramaan hain kii aakarshak purush rung purush gunavatta kaa ack doshpurna sanket hoe sakata haye. stickleback machhliyon mein, carotenoid rangon key kaaran mahilaaon key liye adhik aakarshak narr apani germaline koshikaon koo carotenoid kaa cumm aavantan karate dikhaai dete hain. choonki carotenoid fayademand antioxidant hain, isaliye germaline koshikaon mein unake cumm aavantan seey inn koshikaon koo oxidative dna kshati hoe sakati haye. isaliye, maadaa stickleback laal rung kaa chayan karke prajanan kshamata aur apani santanon kii vyavaharyata kaa jokhim uthaa sakati haye, lekin shukranu kii gunavatta mein kamee key saath adhik bigadate bhagidar.
sugandh rasayan.
carotenoid ksharan key utpaad jaise aayan, damascon aur damascanone bhee mahatvapurna sugandh rasayan hain jinka upayog itra aur sugandh udyog mein badey paimaane parr kiya jaataa haye. beeta-damascanone aur beeta-ionone donon halanki gulab aasavan mein cumm sandrata foolon mein pramukh gandh-yogdan dene vaale yaugik hain. vaastav mein, kaali chaay, puraane tambaku, angur aur kaee falon mein maujood meethe foolon kii badbu carotenoid tootane key parinamswarup sugandhit yaugikon key kaaran hoti haye.
roga.
kuchh carotenoid oxidative pratiraksha hamale seey khud koo bachaane key liye bacteria dwara utpaadit kiye jaate hain. aureus" (sunhara) varnak joe "staphylococcus aureus" key kuchh upabhed detaa haye, unakaa naam ack carotenoid haye jise staphyloxanthin kahaa jaataa haye. yeh carotenoid ack antioxidant kriya key saath ack vishaaktata kaarak haye joe mezban pratiraksha pranali dwara upayog kii jaane vaali pratikriyaasheel oxygen prajaatiyon dwara sookshmajeev koo mrityu seey bachane mein madad kartaa haye.
jaiv sanshleshan.
carotenoids key buniyaadi nirmaan khand isopentinil diphosphate (aaee. pee. pee.) aur dimethylal diphosphate (dee. aim. aeye. pee.) hain. inn dou isoprene isomers kaa upayog isomers koo sanshleshit karane key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale javic maarg key aadhar parr vibhinn yaugikon koo banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. aaee. pee. pee. utpaadan key liye paudhon koo dou alag-alag maargon kaa upayog karane key liye jaanaa jaataa haih cytosolic mevalonic acid maarg (aim. vee. aeye.) aur plastidic methylarethritol 4-phosphat (aim. ee. pee.). jaanvaron mein, aim. vee. aeye. kaa upayog karke aaee. pee. pee. aur dee. aim. aeye. pee. banaane seey collestroll kaa utpaadan shuru hotaa haye. carotenoid utpaadan sanyantron key liye aaee. pee. pee. aur dee. aim. aeye. pee. utpann karane key liye aim. ee. pee. kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. aim. ee. pee. maarg key parinamswarup aaee. pee. pee.: dee. aim. aeye. pee. kaa 5:1 kaa mishran hotaa haye. aaee. pee. pee. aur dee. aim. aeye. pee. kaee pratikriyaon seey gujarate hain, jisake parinamswarup pramukh carotenoid agradoot, geranilgeranil diphosphate (jee. jee. pee. pee.) hotaa haye. jee. jee. pee. pee. koo carotenoid biosynthetic maarg key bheetar kaee alag-alag charanon seey gujarkar carotene yaa zanthophile mein parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye.
mape maarg.
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphat aur pyruvet, prakaash sanshleshan key madhyavarti, dxp synthes (dxs) dwara utprerit doxy-dee-zylulose 5-phosphat (dxp) mein parivartit hoe jaate hain. dxp reductoisomerase naduff aur baad mein punarvyavastha dwara kamee koo utprerit kartaa haye. parinami mape koo 4-(cytidine 5 '-diphospho)-2-see-methyl-dee-erythritol (cdp-mee) mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye, joe kii see. tii. pee. kii upasthiti mein enzyme mape cytidiltransferase kaa upayog kartaa haye. see. dee. pee.-mee. koo phir aeye. tii. pee. kii upasthiti mein 2-fosfo-4-(cytidine 5 '-diphospho)-2-see-methyl-dee-erythritol (see. dee. pee.-mee2pee) mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye. see. dee. pee.-mee2pee mein roopaantaran see. dee. pee.-mee kinnez dwara utprerit kiya jaataa haye. isake baad, see. dee. pee.-aim. ee. 2. pee. koo 2-see.-methyl-dee.-erythritol 2,4-cyclodephosphate (aim. ee. see. dee. pee.) mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye. yeh pratikriya taba hoti haye jaba mcdp synthes pratikriya koo utprerit kartaa haye aur see. pee. pee.-aim. ee. 2. pee. anu seey see. pee. pee. koo samaapt curr diyaa jaataa haye. isake baad flavodoxin aur naduff kii upasthiti mein aich. aim. bee. dee. pee. synthes key madhyam seey (ee)-4-hydroxy-3-methylboot-2-aine-1-ell diaphosphate (aich. aim. bee. dee. pee.) mein parivartit kiya jaataa haye. aich. aim. bee. dee. pee. koo ferredoxin aur nadf kii upasthiti mein aich. aim. bee. dee. pee. reductage enzyme dwara aaee. pee. pee. mein cumm curr diyaa jaataa haye. aich. aim. bee. pee. dee. synthes aur reductase seey judey antim dou charan kewal poori tarah seey avaayaviya vatavaran mein hoe sakate hain. aaee. pee. pee. taba aaee. pee. pee. isomerase key madhyam seey dee. aim. aeye. pee. mein isomerise karane mein saksham haye.
carotenoid jaiv sanshleshit maarg.
dou jee. jee. pee. pee. anu phytoin synthes (saai) key madhyam seey sanghanit hotey hain, jisase phytoin kaa 15-sis isomer banata haye. munn squaline/phytoin synthes parivaar seey sambandhit haye aur squaline synthes key liye samroop haye joe steroid jaiv sanshleshan mein bhaag letaa haye. phytoin kaa baad mein aul-trance-lycopine mein roopaantaran jeev parr nirbhar kartaa haye. bacteria aur kavak utpreran key liye ack ekal enzyme, bacterial phytoin desatures (cruty) koo niyojit karate hain. halanki, paudhe aur sinobacteria iss prakriya key liye chaar enzymon kaa upayog karate hain. inn enzymon mein seey pahala ack paadap-prakaar kaa phytoin desatures haye joe nirjalikaran dwara 15-sis-phytoin mein dou atirikt dohare bandhan kaa parichay detaa haye aur trance seey sis taka apane maujooda dohare bandhanon koo isomerise kartaa haye joe 9,15,9 '-tri-cis-σ-carotene kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. iss trie-sis-siz-carotene key kendriya dohare bandhan koo jeeta-carotene isomerase jaid-iso dwara isomerise kiya jaataa haye aur isake parinamswarup 9,9 '-dii-sis-siz-carotene koo ζ-carotene desatures (jedadi) key madhyam seey phir seey nirjaleekrit kiya jaataa haye. yeh phir seey dou dohare bandhanon kaa parichay detaa haye, jisake parinamswarup 7,9,7 ', 9'-tetra-sis-lycopine hotaa haye. cumm sanak kii upasthiti mein sis-lycopine koo aul-trance lycopine mein badalane key liye ack carotenoid isomerase, critiso kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
yeh aul-trance lycopine chakreeya haye; chakriyakaran carotenoid vividhata koo janm detaa haye, jise antim samoohon key aadhar parr alag kiya jaa sakata haye. ack beeta ring yaa ack apsilon ring hoe sakati haye, pratyek ack alag enzyme (lycopine beeta-cycless [beeta-lc] yaa lycopine apsilon-cycless [apsilon-lc]) dwara utpann hoti haye. α-carotene kaa utpaadan taba hotaa haye jaba aul-trance lycopine pahale apsilon-lc key saath pratikriya kartaa haye aur phir beeta-lc key saath doosari pratikriya kartaa haye; jabaki beeta-carotene beeta-lc key saath dou pratikriyaon dwara utpaadit hotaa haye. α-aur β-carotene paadap prakaash pranaliyon mein sabse aam carotenoid hain, lekin unhein abhee bhee beeta-hydrolege aur apsilon-hydrolege kaa upayog karke zanthophiles mein parivartit kiya jaa sakata haye, jisase vibhinn prakaar key zanthophiles hoe sakate hain.
viniyaman.
aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii dxs aur dxr donon darr nirdhaarit karane vaale enzyme hain, jisase way carotenoid key star koo niyantrit curr sakate hain. yeh ack prayog mein paaya gayaa thaa jahan dxs aur dxr aanuvanshik roop seey adhik abhivyakt they, jisase parinami paudhon mein carotenoid abhivyakti mein vriddhi hui. isake alawa, jey-protein (jey20) aur heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) chapron koo dxs gatividhi key post-transcriptional viniyaman mein shamil maanaa jaataa haye, jaise kii doshpurna jey20 gatividhi vaale utparivarti nishkriya dxs protein koo jamaa karate hue dxs enzyme gatividhi koo cumm karate hain. viniyaman baahari vishaakt padarthon key kaaran bhee hoe sakata haye joe sanshleshan key liye aavashyak enzymon aur protein koo prabhaavit karate hain. ketochlomazone mitty parr lagaae gaye jadee-bootiyon seey praapt hotaa haye aur dxp synthes seey judataa haye. yeh dxp synthes koo rokta haye, dxp key sanshleshan koo rokta haye aur mep maarg koo rokta haye. iss vishaakt padaarth key upayog seey dooshit mitty mein ugaaye jaane vaale paudhon mein carotenoid kaa star cumm hoe jaataa haye. phosmidomycin, ack antibiotic, enzyme key samaan sanrachana key kaaran dxp reductoisomerase kaa ack pratispardhi avarodhak haye. ukt antibiotic kaa upayog dxp kii kamee koo rokta haye, phir seey mep maarg koo rokta haye.