albanian bhasha

albanian (andomah yaa) ack indo-europeeya bhasha haye aur usa bhasha parivaar kii ack swatantra shakha haye. yeh ack pelio-balcon bhasha kaa vanshaj haye. albanian albania aur kosovo kii aadhikarik bhasha haye, aur uttari macedonia aur montenegro mein ack saha-aadhikarik bhasha haye, saath hii itali, croatia, romenia aur serbia kii ack maanyata praapt alpasankhyak bhasha haye. yeh yunan aur albanian pravasiyon dwara bhee bolly jaati haye, joe aam taur parr america, europe aur oceania mein kendrit haye. shayed 7.5 laakh bolane vaalon key saath, isamen indo-europeeya bhaashaon key bheetar ack swatantra shakha shamil haye aur yeh kissy anya aadhunik bhasha seey nikatata seey sambandhit naheen haye.
albanian koo pahali baar 15veen shatabdi esvi mein pramaanit kiya gayaa thaa aur yeh pracheen kaal kii puralekh-balcon bhaashaon mein seey ack kaa vanshaj haye. bhaugolik aur aitihaasik karanon seey, kuchh aadhunik itihaskaron aur bhashavidon kaa maanana haye kii albanian bhasha shaastriya kaal mein ack hii kshetra mein bolly jaane vaali dakshini illerian bolly seey nikali hoe sakati haye. vaikalpik parikalpanaon kaa maanana haye kii albanian dardenian, thracian yaa daco-moisian seey utpann hoe sakati haye, joe illerian kii tulanaa mein door poorv mein bolly jaane vaali anya pracheen bhaashaaen hain.
inn bhaashaon key baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari haye joe vibhinn parikalpanaon koo poori tarah seey saabit yaa galat saabit curr sakati haye.
dou mukhya albanian bolly samooh (yaa kismein), gheg aur tosk, mukhya roop seey dhvanyaatmak antaron seey alag hain aur apani maanak kismon mein parasparik roop seey samajhane yogya hain, jisamen gheg uttar mein bolly jaati haye aur tosk schumbin nadee key dakshin mein bolly jaati haye. deshi shabdon aur udhaar liye gaye shabdon donon key upchaar mein unaki visheshataaen iss baat kaa pramaan detee hain kii uttari aur dakshini boliyon mein vibhajan iss kshetra key isaikaran (chauthi shatabdi esvi) key baad huaa thaa, aur sambhavatah 5 veen-6 veen shatabdi esvi key baad naheen, isaliye sambhavatah unake vartamaan kshetra parr kabja curr liya gayaa joe roman key baad aur poorv-daas kaal seey schumbin nadee dwara vibhajit thaa, joe jiresek rekha parr faila huaa thaa.
sadiyon puraane samudaay joe albanian boliyaan bolate hain, way yunan (arvani aur epirus, paschimi macedonia aur paschimi thress mein kuchh samudaay), croatia (arbanasi), itali (arbereshe) key saath-saath romania, turkey aur ukraine mein bikhare hue paae jaa sakate hain. tosk bolly kii dou kismon, grees mein aravanitika aur dakshini itali mein arberesh ney bhasha key pracheen tatvon koo sanrakshit kiya haye. jaatiya albanian ack badey pravaasi samudaay kaa gathan karate hain, jinamen seey kaee lambe samay seey vibhinn sanskritiyon aur samudaayon mein aatmasaat hain. natijatan, albanian-bhashi kull jaatiya albanian aabaadi key anuroop naheen hain, kyonki kaee jaatiya albanian albanian key roop mein pehchaan curr sakate hain lekin bhasha bolane mein asamarth hain.
maanak albanian tosk parr adharit bolly jaane vaali albanian kaa ack maankeekrit roop haye.
bhaugolik vitaran.
yeh bhasha mukhya roop seey albania, kosovo, uttari macedonia, serbia, montenegro aur grees mein lagbhag 60 laakh logon dwara bolly jaati haye. haalaanki, itali mein puraane samudaayon aur badey albanian pravasiyon key kaaran, duniya bhar mein bolane vaalon kii kull sankhya dakshini europe kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik haye aur isaki sankhya lagbhag 7.5 laakh haye.
europe.
albanian bhasha albania kii aadhikarik bhasha haye, aur kosovo, uttari macedonia aur montenegro mein ack saha-aadhikarik bhasha haye. croatia, itali, romenia aur serbia mein albanian ack maanyata praapt alpasankhyak bhasha haye. albanian koo yunan mein ack alpasankhyak dwara bhee bolaa jaataa haye, vishesh roop seey protea aur preveja kshetriya ikaaiyon mein aur yunan mein ionina aur florida kshetriya ikaaiyon key kuchh gaanvon mein. yeh grees mein 450,000 albanian pravasiyon dwara bhee bolly jaati haye, jisase yeh greek key baad desh mein aam taur parr bolly jaane vaali bhaashaon mein seey ack bunn jaati haye.
itali mein videshi nivaasiyon key beach albanian teesari sabse aam matribhasha haye. yeh itali mein ack paryaapt albanian aapravaasan key kaaran haye. itali mein lagbhag 500,000 kaa ack aitihaasik albanian alpasankhyak haye, joe dakshini itali mein bikhare hue haye, jise arbereshe key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye. kosovo key lagbhag 10 laakh albanian poore germany, switzerland aur austriya mein faile hue hain. yeye mukhya roop seey kosovo key apravasi hain joe 1990 key dashak key dauran pravaas curr gaye they. switzerland mein, albanian bhasha 176,293 mool vaktaaon key saath chhathi sabse adhik bolly jaane vaali bhasha haye.
15 janwari 2019 koo uttari macedonia mein albanian ack aadhikarik bhasha bunn gaee.
america.
sanyukt raajya america, argentine, chilly, urugue aur kanada mein badee sankhya mein albanian bhashi hain. sanyukt raajya america mein aaney vaale pahale jaatiya albanian logon mein seey kuchh arbereshe they. arbereshe mein pehchaan kii ack majboot bhavna haye aur way advitiya hain kyonki way tusk albanian kii ack pracheen bolly bolate hain jise arberesh kahaa jaataa haye.
sanyukt raajya america aur kanada mein lagbhag 250,000 albanian bhashi hain. yeh mukhya roop seey sanyukt raajya america key purvi tata parr, newyork shahar, boston, shikago, philadelphia aur detroit jaise shaharon key saath-saath nyu jersey, ohiyo aur connecticut raajyon key kuchh hisson mein bolly jaati haye.
argentine mein, lagbhag 40,000 albanian bhashi hain, jyaadaatar buenos air mein.
asia aur africa.
turkey mein albanian vansh key lagbhag 13 laakh loga rahate hain, jinamen seey 500,000 seey adhik loga apane vansh, bhasha aur sanskriti koo pahachaante hain. haalaanki, anya anuman hain joe turkey mein albanian vansh aur yaa prishthabhoomi vaale logon kii sankhya koo 50 laakh taka rakhate hain. haalaanki, iss aabaadi kaa vishal bahumat aatmasaat hoe gayaa haye aur abb albanian bhasha mein dharapravah naheen haye, halanki ack jeevant albanian samudaay aaj bhee istambul mein apani vishisht pehchaan banaae rakhta haye.
misra lagbhag 18,000 albanian logon kaa bhee daavaa kartaa haye, jinamen seey jyaadaatar tosk bolane vaale hain. kaee muhammad allie paasha key janisari key vanshaj hain, joe ack albanian they joe vallie bunn gaye aur misra aur sudan key swa-ghoshit khedev they. unhone joe rajvansh sthaapit kiya, usake alawa, poorv misra aur sudani abhijaat varg kaa ack badaa hissa albanian mool kaa thaa. haal key pravasiyon key alawa, duniya bhar mein puraane pravaasi samudaay hain.
oceania.
albanian australia aur newzealand mein rahane vaale albanian pravaasi samudaayon dwara bhee bolly jaati haye.
boliyaan.
albanian bhasha kii dou alag-alag boliyaan hain, tosk joe dakshin mein bolly jaati haye, aur gheg joe uttar mein bolly jaati haye. maanak albanian tosk bolly parr adharit haye. shakumbin nadee donon boliyon key beach ack khurdari vibhajan rekha haye.
gheg koo chaar upa-boliyon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih uttar-paschim gheg, uttar-poorv gheg, madhya gheg aur dakshini gheg. yeh mukhya roop seey uttari albania, kosovo aur poore montenegro aur uttar-paschimi uttari macedonia mein bolly jaati haye. ack kaafee alag bolly oopari reka bolly haye, jise halanki kendriya gheg key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. croatia mein ack pravaasi bolly bhee haye, joe arbansi bolly haye.
tosk koo paanch upa-boliyon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye, jisamen uttari tosk (bolane vaalon mein sabse adhik), leberish, chaam, aravanitika aur arberesh shamil hain. tosk dakshini albania, dakshin-paschimi uttar macedonia aur uttari aur dakshini grees mein bolly jaati haye. chaam albanian uttar-paschimi yunan mein bolly jaati haye, jabaki aravanitika dakshini yunan mein arvaniyon dwara bolly jaati haye. isake alawa, arberesh 15veen aur 16veen shatabdi key pravasiyon key vanshajon, arberesh logon dwara bolly jaati haye, joe dakshinpurvi itali mein sisili aur calabria key kshetron mein chhote samudaayon mein buss gaye they. yeye bastiyaan madhya yug mein moria key roop mein jaani jaane vaali peloponese key (arwani) samudaayon seey utpann huin. unamen seey arwani khud koo arberor aur kabhi arberesh kahate hain. arberesh bolly arwani bolly seey nikatata seey sambandhit haye aur vibhinn samay key dauran adhik italvi shabdawali avashoshit hoti haye.
vartani.
15veen shatabdi key shuruati abhilekhon key baad seey albanian bhasha koo kaee varnamalaon kaa upayog karke likhaa gayaa haye. albanian bhasha kii vartani kaa itihas albanian lekhakon key beach kuchh videshi bhaashaon key saanskritik abhivinyas aur gyaan seey nikatata seey sambandhit haye. sabse pahale likhit albanian abhilekh italvi yaa yunani key aadhar parr asthaayi vartani mein gheg kshetra seey aatey hain. mool roop seey, tosk bolly yunani varnamala mein likhi gaee thee aur gheg bolly lattin lipi mein likhi gaee thee. donon boliyaan arabi lipi key ottoman turkey sanskaran mein bhee likhi gaee theen, cyrillic, aur kuchh sthaaniya varnamaalaaen (albason, vitthuki, todri, veso bey, zaan vellara aur anya, mool albanian varnamala dekhein). vishesh roop seey, uttari albania key lekhakon aur catholic church key prabhaav mein lattin aksharon kaa upayog karate they, joe dakshini albania mein aur greek roodhivaadi church key prabhaav mein they, way yunani aksharon kaa upayog karate they, jabaki anya poore albania mein aur islam key prabhaav mein arabi aksharon kaa upayog karate they. 1750-1850 avadhi key dauran ack mool albanian varnamala banaane key praarambhik prayaas kiye gaye they. yeye prayaas puraskar sangh key baad tej hoe gaye aur 14 seey 22 navambar 1908 taka manastir (vartamaan bitola) mein albanian buddhijiviyon dwara aayojit manastir kii congress key saath samaapt huaa, jisamen taya kiya gayaa kii kiss varnamala kaa upayog karna haye, aur maanak albanian key liye maankeekrit vartani kyaa hogi. saahityik bhasha iss tarah bunny hui haye. varnamala lattin varnamala haye jisamen aksharon koo jodaa gayaa haih "dh", "th", "xh", "gj", "nj", "ng", "ll", "rr", "zh" aur "s".
robbert alysse key anusaarah
1750 aur 1850 key beach key sou varsh albania mein aashcharyajanak vartani vividhata kaa yug thaa. iss avadhi mein, albanian bhasha koo cumm seey cumm duss alag-alag varnamalaon mein likhaa gayaa thaa-nishchit roop seey europeeya bhaashaon key liye ack record. ... praarambhik dastavejon seey laker beesavin shatabdi kii shuruat taka vibhinn roopon mein iss purani balcon bhasha koo darj kiya gayaa thaa... isamen lattin, yunani, arabi aur cyrillic varnamalaon key roopaantaran aur (joe aur bhee dilchasp haye) sthaaniya roop seey aavishkaar kii gaee kaee lekhan pranaaliyan shamil hain. baad key adhikansh varnamala abb bhulaa diye gaye hain aur agyaat hain, yahaan taka kii swayam albanian bhee.
vargeekaran.
albanian bhasha bhaarat-europeeya bhasha parivaar kii gyaarah pramukh shaakhaon mein seey ack haye, jisake bheetar yeh ack swatantra sthaan parr haye. 1854 mein, bhashashastri franz bopp dwara albanian koo ack indo-europeeya bhasha key roop mein pradarshit kiya gayaa thaa. albanian kii tulanaa pahale kuchh indo-europeeya bhashavidon dwara german aur balto-slavic key saath kii gaee thee, joe sabhi albanian key saath kaee samsthaanikon koo saajha karate hain. anya bhashavidon ney albanian bhasha koo lattin, yunani aur armenian bhasha seey jodaa, jabaki german aur balto-slavic koo indo-europeeya kii ack anya shakha mein rakhaa. vartamaan vidvata mein iss baat key pramaan hain kii albanian yunani aur armenian seey nikatata seey sambandhit haye, jabaki yeh tathya kii yeh ack satem bhasha haye, cumm mahatvapurna haye. 
mesapic koo albanian bhasha kaa sabse karibi bhasha maanaa jaataa haye, jise highlestead aind joseph (2022) mein "ilrick" naamak ack samanya shakha mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. highlestead aind joseph (2022) ney haal kii granth soochi key saath sahamati mein greco-frigian kii pehchaan albanian-mesapic key sabse karib shakha key roop mein kii haye. yeye donon shaakhaaen ack kshetriya samooh banaati hain-jise aksar armenian key saath "balkan yaani" kahaa jaataa haye. balkan indo-europeeya" nirantarta kii parikalpana 2000 eesaa poorv seey pahale balkan mein kaee indo-europeeya boliyon key pragaitihasik saha-astitva kii ack samanya avadhi koo darshaati haye. iss samooh mein albanian, pracheen yunani, armenian, frigian, macedonian, thracian yaa illerian jaisi khandit pramaanit bhaashaaen aur dakshini itali mein apekshaakrit achchi tarah seey satyaapit mesapic shamil hongi. iss samooh kii samanya visheshtaen dhvanyaatmak, aakriti vigyaan aur shaabdik staron parr dikhaai detee hain, joe sambhavatah vibhinn bhaashaon key beach sampark key parinamswarup hoti hain. iss bhashai samooh kii avadharana koo kansya yug (ack vishisht kshetriya-bhashai ghatana) kii ack prakaar kii bhasha leag key roop mein samajhaaya gayaa haye, halanki isamen aisee bhaashaaen bhee shamil theen joe ack dusare seey sambandhit theen. ack samanya poorvavarti prishthavarti paaee jisamen albanian, yunani aur armenian shamil hain, koo ack sambhaavit paridrishya maanaa jaataa haye. iss drishti seey, yunani aur armenian key beach sambhaavit saajha navacharon kii badee sankhya key kaaran, yeh maan lena uchit lagata haye, cumm seey cumm asthaayi roop seey, kii albanian shaakhaon vaali pahali balcon bhasha thee. yeh vibhajan aur nimnalikhit vibhajan shayed samay key bahut karib they, jisase saajha navacharon key liye kewal ack sankeern samay seema kii anumati millie.
albanian balkan "spratchbund" kii mukhya bhaashaon mein seey ack kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye.
glotolog aur ethanologue chaar albanian bhaashaon koo maanyata dete hain. unhein nimnanusar vargeekrit kiya gayaa haih
itihas.
aitihaasik dastavej.
albanian bhasha kaa pahala satyaapit likhit ullekh 14 julaai 1284 koo aadhunik croatia (dubrovnic) mein ragusa mein thaa jaba maithyu naam key ack aparaadh gawah ney gawahi deeh "maine albanian bhasha mein pahaad parr ack aavaaz rote hue sunee" ().
albanian bhasha kaa ullekh 1308 mein varnit europe orientalis mein bhee kiya gayaa haih "habent anime albani prefetti linguam dintintum aeye latinis, greasis aitt sclouis itaa kodo inn nulo seey intelligent cumm ellis nationibus."
(arthaat, uparyukt albanian logon kii ack aisee bhasha haye joe lattin, greek aur slaav kii bhaashaon seey alag haye, taaki way ack-dusare koo bilkul bhee naa samajh sakein.) albanian mein likhaa gayaa sabse purana satyaapit dastaavez 1462 kaa haye, jabaki bhasha mein pahali audio recording norbert jokal dwara 4 aprail 1914 koo vienna mein kii gaee thee.
haalaanki, jaisa kii fortson ney nott kiya haye, albanian likhit kaary iss bindu seey pahale maujood they; way buss khou gaye hain. likhit albanian key astitva kaa spasht roop seey 1332 seey satyaapit ack patra mein ullekh kiya gayaa haye, aur pahali sanrakshit pustaken, jinamen gheg aur tosk donon mein shamil hain, vartani visheshtaon koo saajha karati hain joe ingit karati hain kii samanya saahityik bhasha kaa kuchh roop vikasit huaa thaa.
madhya yug key anta taka, manavtavad aur europeeya punarjagaran kii avadhi key dauran, usa samay key bauddhik, saahityik aur lipic halakon mein "lingua epirotica" shabd koo prathamikta dee gaee thee, aur iska upayog albanian bhasha key paryaay key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa. 1635 mein rome mein albanian bishap aur lekhak frang bardhi dwara prakaashit, albanian bhasha key pahale shabdakosh kaa sheershak "shabdakosh lattin-epiroticum" thaa.
albania mein ottoman upasthiti kii paanch shatabdi kii avadhi key dauran, bhasha koo aadhikarik roop seey 1909 taka maanyata naheen dee gaee thee, jaba dibra kii congress ney nirnay liya kii albanian schools koo antatah anumati dee jaayegi.
bhashai sambandh.
albanian koo indo-europeeya bhasha parivaar key bheetar ack alag bhasha maanaa jaataa haye; kissy anya bhasha koo nirnaayak roop seey isaki shakha seey naheen jodaa gayaa haye. kewal anya bhaashaaen joe indo-europeeya kii ack shakha key ekmatra jeevit sadasya hain, way armenian aur yunani hain.
albanian bhasha indo-europeeya bhasha samooh kaa hissa haye aur maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh pracheen kaal kii pelio-balcon bhaashaon mein seey ack seey vikasit hui haye. 
haalaanki yeh abhee bhee anishchit haye kii kaun see vishesh pelio-balcon bhasha albanian key poorvaj kaa pratinidhitva karati haye, yaa dakshini europe mein vaha aabaadi kahaan rahati thee. samanya taur parr albanian koo una bhaashaon mein seey kissy ack key saath jodane key liye aparyaapt pramaan hain, chaahe vaha illerian, thracian yaa dashian hoe.
inn sambhaavanaon mein, illerian koo aam taur parr sabse sambhaavit maanaa jaataa haye, halanki aparyaapt saboot abhee bhee charcha koo prabhaavit karate hain.
haalaanki albanian yunani, german aur kuchh hudd taka balto-slavic key saath shaabdik samasthaanik saajha karate hain, albanian kii shabdawali kaafee alag haye. 1995 mein, teller, ring aur varno ney matratmak bhashai takneekon kaa upayog kiya joe german key saath ack albanian upsamooh praapt karane key liye prateet hoti hain, ack parinam jise lekhakon ney pahale hii uchit roop seey cumm curr diyaa thaa. vaastav mein, albanian aur german shaakhaaen vaastav mein apekshaakrit madhyam sankhya mein shaabdik sangyanatmak koo saajha karati hain. inn donon shaakhaon key kaee saajha vyaakaranik tatva yaa visheshtaen shaabdik samasthaanik kii pushti naheen karati hain. albanian bhee lattin aur romans bhaashaon key saath shaabdik bhashai sambandh saajha karate hain. balcon kii bhaashaon key liye advitiya bhashai visheshtaon koo saajha karate hue, albanian bhee balcon bhashai kshetra yaa balcon "spratchbund" kaa ack hissa haye.
aitihaasik upasthiti aur sthaan.
albanian bhasha kaa gathan kiss sthaan aur samay parr huaa thaa, yeh anishchit haye. americi bhashavid erich hamp ney kahaa kii ack agyaat kalanukramik avadhi key dauran polland seey laker dakshin-paschimi balcon taka faile poorv-albanian aabaadi (jise hamp dwara "albanoid" kahaa jaataa haye) basey hue kshetra they. aage key vishleshan seey pataa chalata haye kii yeh ack maidani yaa samudri tata key bajaay ack pahaadi kshetra mein thaa. pahaadi kshetron key paudhon aur jaanvaron key liye shabd poori tarah seey mool hain, lekin machhali aur krishi gatividhiyon (jaise jutai) key liye naam anya bhaashaon seey liye gaye hain.
halanki, shabdawali key gahan vishleshan seey pataa chalata haye kii yeh mool vatavaran key pramaan key bajaay desh key tateey aur maidani kshetron mein lambe samay taka lattin prabhutva kaa parinam hoe sakata haye, jisamen albanian bhasha kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, 'machhali' key liye shabd lattin seey liya gayaa haye, lekin 'gills' key liye shabd naheen joe mool haye. swadeshi shabd 'jahaaj', 'raft', 'navigation', 'samudri almaariyaan' aur machhali key prakaron key kuchh naam bhee hain, lekin 'paal', 'pankti' aur 'bandargah' key liye shabd naheen hain; nauvahan seey sambandhit vastuein aur samudri jeevon kaa ack badaa hissa. balki yeh darshaata haye kii praarambhik samay mein (shayed iss kshetra parr lattin vijay key baad) proto-albanian logon koo tateey kshetron seey door dhakel diyaa gayaa thaa aur iss prakaar unake samudri paryaavaran shabdakosh kii ack badee matra (yaa adhikansh) khou gaee thee. isi tarah kii ghatana koo krishi shabdon mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. jabaki 'krishi yogya bhoomi', 'gehuun', 'anaaj', 'daakh kii baari', 'juaa', 'kataai', 'pashu prajanan' aadi key liye shabd hain. deshi hain, 'jutai', 'khet' aur 'kisan' key liye shabd, krishi paddhatiyan, aur kuchh kataai key upkaran videshi hain. yeh, phir seey, ack sambhaavit bhashai matribhoomi (jise "urhimat" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) key pramaan pradaan karane key bajaay, anya bhaashaon aur logon key saath gahan sampark kii or ishara kartaa haye.
albanian basti kaa kendra mait nadee bunny rahee. 1079 mein, albanian logon koo shakumbin nadee kii ghaati mein aur adhik dakshin mein darj kiya gayaa thaa. schumbin, ack 181 kimmy lambi nadee joe ignatia key madhyam seey puraane key paas sthit haye, lagbhag albanian, tosk aur gheg key liye praathamik bolly vibhajan kii seema haye. deshi shabdon aur anya bhaashaon seey udhaar liye gaye shabdon key upchaar mein tosk aur gheg kii visheshataaen iss baat kaa pramaan hain kii bolchal kaa vibhajan balcon mein slavic pravaas seey pahale huaa thaa, jiska arth haye kii usa avadhi (5 veen seey 6 veen shatabdi esvi) mein, albanian loga schumbin nadee key aspas lagbhag usee kshetra parr kabja curr rahey they, joe jiresek rekha parr faila huaa thaa.
ack alag bhasha key roop mein albanian key astitva key sandarbh 14veen shatabdi seey maujood hain, lekin way vishisht shabdon kaa hawala dene mein whiffle rahey. albanian mein likhe gaye sabse puraane jeevit dastavej "formula ee paagezimit" (baptismal formula), "una 'taye pagesont' pra 'emmenit tii' aitt aitt aitt 'beerit ee tii' spertit senate" hain. ("main aapako pitaa, aur putra aur pavitra aatma key naam seey bapatisma detaa huun") paal angjeli, durres key bishap dwara 1462 mein gheg bolly mein darj kiya gayaa thaa, aur usa avadhi key kuchh nae vasiyatnama chhand.
bhashavid stephen schumaker aur joachim matzinger (vienna vishvavidyalaya) kaa kahana haye kii albanian saahitya key pahale abhilekh 16veen shatabdi key hain. sabse purani gyaat albanian mudrit pustak, "meshari", yaa "misal", 1555 mein ack roman catholic maulavi, gjon bujuku dwara likhi gaee thee. 1635 mein, frang bardhi ney pahala lattin-albanian shabdakosh likhaa. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii pahala albanian school 1638 mein franciscan dwara khola gayaa thaa.
sabse shuruati albanian shabdakoshon mein seey ack 1693 mein likhaa gayaa thaa; yeh montenegrin samudri kaptan julije balovic dwara likhit italvi pandulipi "praatiche srivaneshe" thee aur isamen italvi, slavic, greek, albanian aur turkey mein rosemarra key jeevan mein sabse adhik upayog kiye jaane vaale saikadon shabdon kaa ack bahubhashi shabdakosh shamil haye.
poorv-indo-europeeya substratum.
poorv-indo-europeeya (prey) sthal albania key poore kshetra mein paae jaate hain. iss tarah key shikaar sthal korse jile mein malik, vashtem, burima, bark, dersonic, kolonja mein kaamnik, cucus jile mein kolash, librazad mein raashan aur mait jile mein nejir mein maujood they. europe key anya hisson kii tarah, yeye shikaar karane vaale loga pravaasi indo-europeeya janjaatiyon mein shamil hoe gaye joe balkan mein pravesh curr gaye aur aitihaasik pelio-balkan janjaatiyon key gathan mein yogdan diyaa. bhashavigyan key sandarbh mein, dakshini balcon mein bolly jaane vaali poorv-indo-europeeya substrate bhasha ney shayed poorv-proto-albanian koo prabhaavit kiya, joe albanian kaa poorvaj muhawara haye. pelio-balcon bhaashaon key beach albanian kii anishchit sthiti aur unake durlabh pramanan key kaaran iss bhashai prabhaav kii seema koo sateekta key saath nirdhaarit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. halanki, kuchh udhaar shabd prastaavit kiye gaye hain, jaise kii "shege" 'anaar' yaa "lepjete" 'orak'; poorv-yunani λάπαθον, "lapathon" 'bhikshu kaa rubarb' kii tulanaa karein).
proto-aaee visheshataaen.
haalaanki albanian mein kaee shabd hain joe aaee cognets key anuroop naheen hain, lekin isane kaee proto-aaee visheshtaon koo barkarar rakhaa haih udaaharan key liye, pradarshanatmak sarvanam * "Âi-" albanian "ky/kzo", angreji "He", aur russie "séj" kaa paitrik haye, lekin angreji mein "yeh" yaa russie "etot" key liye naheen haye.
albanian kii tulanaa neeche dee gaee anya indo-europeeya bhaashaon seey kii gaee haye, lekin dhyaan dein kii albanian ney shabdarth pravaah key kuchh ullekhaniya udaaharan pradarshit kiye hain, jaise kii "moter" jiska arth "maan" key bajaay "bahan" haye.
albanian-pees dhvanyaatmak patrachar.
dhvanyaatmak roop seey, albanian itna roodhivaadi naheen haye. kaee sheyaron kii tarah, isane voiced stop kii dou shrinkhalaon (jaise.jee. donon * "dee" aur * "dh" "dee" "bunn gaye). isake alawa, swaron key beach mein swar viram gayab hoe jaate hain. antim aksharon kaa lagbhag poorna nuksan hotaa haye aur anya aprabhaavit aksharon kaa bahut vyaapak nuksan hotaa haye (udaa.jee. "mike" "mitra" laat seey. "nyaaymitra"). paaee * "oh" "aeye" key roop mein dikhaai detaa haye ("ee" key roop mein bhee yadi ack uchch saamane swar "aaee" kaa anusaran kartaa haye), jabaki * "ē" aur * "aaa" "oh" bunn jaate hain, aur paaee * "oh" "ee" key roop mein dikhaai detaa haye.
palatal, weller aur labioveller alag-alag vikas dikhaate hain, jisamen albanian bhee luvian mein paae jaane vaale teen-tarfa antar koo darshaata haye. labioveller adhikansh bhaag key liye saamane key swaron seey pahale anya sabhi indo-europeeya weller shrinkhalaon seey alag hotey hain, lekin way kaheen aur "shuddh" (peechhe) weller key saath mill jaate hain. proto-indo-europeeya * "′" aur vilay kiye gaye * "′" aur "′" seey yukt paletal weller shrinkhala, aamtaur parr "th" aur "dh" mein vikasit hoti haye, lekin sonorants key sampark mein aaney parr back weller key saath vilay karane key liye avikasit kii jaati thee. kyonki dorsal key beach mool proto-indo-europeeya tripakshiya antar aise prativarton mein sanrakshit haye, isaliye adhikansh mamalon mein paletal dorsal kaa "sattem-jaisa" ehsas honey key bavjood, albanian naa tou centum haye aur naa hii sattem. iss prakaar paaee * "," "key", aur * "cadeblue" kramshah "th", "q" aur "s" bunn jaate hain (pichhale swaron seey pahale * "," th "bunn jaataa haye, jabaki *" key "aur *" cadeblue "" key roop mein vilay hoe jaate hain).
ack alpasankhyak vidwan kathit roop seey elb key roop mein saamane aaney vaale chauthe swaryantra * * kaa punarnirmaan karate hain. "aich" shabd-praarambhik roop seey, ee.jee. ell. bee. "jhund" "andakosh" "sambhavatah paaee *" *" "(samanya punarnirmaan *" *" "key bajaay) seey hain, lekin iska aam taur parr kaheen aur paalan naheen kiya jaataa haye, kyonki" "aich-" "kaheen aur vishisht roop seey utpann huaa haye (udaaharan key liye" "haark" "<lattin" "arcus" ").
maanak albanian.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad seey, albania mein upayog kiye jaane vaale maanak albanian tosk bolly parr adharit rahey hain. kosovo aur anya kshetra jahan albanian aadhikarik haye, unhone 1969 mein tosk maanak koo apanaaya.
albason-adharit maanak.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, albanian lekhan teen mukhya saahityik paramparaon mein vikasit huaah gheg, tosk aur arbereshe. iss poore samay key dauran, albason key aspas bolly jaane vaali ack gheg upbhasha ney albanian logon key beach "lingua franca" key roop mein kaam kiya, lekin lekhan mein cumm prachalit thaa. 1908 mein aayojit albanian lekhakon kii manastir kii congress ney saahityik uddeshyon key liye aur ack ekikrit rashtriya bhasha key aadhar key roop mein albason upbhasha key upayog kii sifarish kii. takniki roop seey dakshini gheg vividhata key roop mein vargeekrit kiye jaane key bavjood, albason bhaashan dhwani vigyaan mein tosk key karib haye aur vyaavhaarik roop seey anya gheg upbhaashiyon aur saahityik tosk key beach ack sankar haye.
1916 aur 1918 key beach, bhasha key liye ack ekikrit vartani sthaapit karane key uddeshya seey albanian saahitya aayog kii baithak luig gurakui key netritva mein schoder mein hui. albania key uttar aur dakshin key pratinidhiyon seey baney aayog ney ack rashtriya bhasha key aadhar key roop mein albason upbhashavigyan kii pushti kii. 1917 mein prakaashit niyamon ney aadhikarik uddeshyon key liye albason vividhata key liye vartani koo paribhaashit kiya. aayog ney halanki, ack bolly mein prakashanon koo hatotsaahit naheen kiya, balki dheere-dheere gheg aur tosk koo ack mein badalane kii neenv rakhee.
jaba pratham vishva yuddh key baad lushnje kii congress ack naee albanian sarkaar banaane key liye millie, tou saahitya aayog key 1917 key nirnayon koo barkarar rakhaa gayaa. albason upbhasha prashaasnik uddeshyon key liye upayog mein rahee aur kaee nae lekhakon ney ise rachanaatmak lekhan key liye apanaaya. gheg aur tosk kaa swatantra roop seey vikas jaari rhaa aur donon boliyon key beach baatchit mein vriddhi hui.
tosk maanak.
haalaanki, dwiteeya vishva yuddh key anta mein, nae saamyavaadi shasson ney albania mein jeevan key sabhi pahaluonh prashaasan, shiksha aur saahitya mein tosk bolly key upayog koo mool roop seey lagu curr diyaa. adhikansh saamyavaadi netaa dakshin seey they. mankikaran kaa nirdeshan albania key vigyaan akadami key albanian bhashavigyan aur saahitya sansthaan dwara kiya gayaa thaa. 1954 mein dou shabdakosh prakaashit hueh ack albanian bhasha shabdakosh aur ack russie-albanian shabdakosh. nae vartani niyam antatah 1967 mein aur 1973 mein "drejatskrimi aaee gajuhes shkip" (albanian bhasha kii vartani) key saath prakaashit kiye gaye they.
1968 taka, kosovo aur yugoslavia mein anya albanian bhashi kshetron ney albason bolly key aadhar parr 1917 key maanak kaa paalan kiya, halanki ise dheere-dheere gheg tatvon seey prerit kiya gayaa thaa taaki saamyavaadi albania key tosk-adharit maanak seey alag kosovan bhasha vikasit kii jaa sakey. poorv yugoslavia mein albanian buddhijiviyon ney 1950 key dashak mein dou baar 1917 key maanak koo samekit kiya, jisaki parinati 1964 mein vartani niyamon key poorna samhitaakaran key saath hui. niyam pahale seey hii ack santulit vividhata pradaan karate they joe gheg aur tosk donon boliyon key liye jimmedaar thee, lekin kewal 1968 taka chully. albania key saath vichalan koo unaki pehchaan key liye khatare key roop mein dekhate hue, kosovaron ney manmaane dhang seey tosk pariyojana koo apanaaya jise tirana ney ack saal pahale prakaashit kiya thaa. haalaanki iska irada kabhi bhee albania key baahar seva karane kaa naheen thaa, lekin yeh pariyojana 1972 mein "ekikrit saahityik bhasha" bunn gaee, jaba ack rubberstamp vartani congress dwara anumodit kiya gayaa. 9 mein seey kewal 1 pratibhaagi kosovo seey they. tirana mein aayojit congress ney agale varsh 1973 mein nikale vartani niyamon koo adhikrit kiya.
albanian sarkaar key haal key shabdakoshon mein "fjalori drejtscreamore aaee gajuhes shakwipe" (1976) (albanian bhasha kaa vartani shabdakosh) aur "aaj kii albanian bhasha kaa shabdakosh" ("fjalori aaee gajuhes seey sotem shakwipe") (1980) shamil hain. dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale, maanak key developers dwara paramarsh kiye gaye shabdakoshon mein "lexicon tiss alvanikis glosses" (albaniyaih "fjalori aaee gajuhes shakwipe" (costandine christophoridhi, 1904), "fjalori aaee bashkimit" (1908), aur "fjalori aaee gazulit" (1941) shamil hain.
sudhaar kii maang kii.
saamyavaadi shasson key patan key baad seey, albanian vartani ney albania aur kosovo mein vidvaanon, lekhakon aur janmat key beach garamagaram bahas chhed dee haye, kattarpanthiyon ney vartani mein kissy bhee badalaav kaa virodh kiya haye, narampanthiyon ney sudhaar key vibhinn staron kaa samarthan kiya haye, aur kattarpanthiyon ney albason bolly mein vaapsee kaa ahwan kiya haye. maanak albanian kii aalochana 'mee + participle' anant aur gheg shabdakosh key bahishkaar parr kendrit haye. alochakon kaa kahana haye kii maanak albanian gheg bolane vaalon koo matadhikar seey vanchit aur kalankit kartaa haye, joe lekhan kii gunavatta koo prabhaavit kartaa haye aur prabhaavi saarvajanik sanchaar koo baadhit kartaa haye. tosk maanak key samarthak 1972 kii congress koo albanian itihas mein ack meal kaa patthar upalabdhi key roop mein dekhate hain aur sudhaar key ahwan koo "rashtra koo vibhajit karane" yaa "dou bhaashaon key nirmaan key prayason key roop mein khariz karate hain."madhyam varg, joe vishesh roop seey kosovo mein prachalit hain, aam taur parr ack ekikrit albanian bhasha kii aavashyakta parr jore dete hain, lekin unakaa maanana haye kii 'mee + participle' anant aur gheg shabdon koo shamil kiya jaanaa chaahiye. albason bolly key samarthak mukhar rahey hain, lekin janmat mein bahut cumm samarthan milaa haye. samanya taur parr, bhasha bahas mein shamil loga vividh prishthabhoomi seey aatey hain aur kissy key raajneetik vichaaron, bhaugolik mool aur maanak albanian parr sthiti key beach koee mahatvapurna sambandh naheen haye.
kaee lekhak albason bolly mein likhana jaari rakhate hain lekin anya gheg roopon kaa saahitya mein bahut adhik seemit upayog huaa haye. adhikansh prakaashan tusk mein naheen likhe gaye prastutiyon koo sweekaar naheen karane kii sakht neeti kaa paalan karate hain. kuchh print media seedhe bhaashan kaa anuvaad bhee karate hain, 'mee + participle' anant koo anya kriya roopon key saath pratisthaapit karate hain aur vyaakaran aur shabd chayan mein anya parivartan karate hain. yahaan taka kii albason bolly mein prakaashit honey vaale lekhak bhee aksar tosk maanak mein likhate hain.
2013 mein, albania aur kosovo key shikshaavidon key ack samooh ney vartani mein mamuli badalaav kaa prastaav rakhaa. kattar shikshaavidon ney iss pahal kaa bahishkaar kiya, jabaki anya sudharakon ney ise neck iraade seey lekin trutipurna aur satahi key roop mein dekhaa haye.
shiksha.
adhikansh albanian vidyaalayon mein albanian shiksha kaa madhyam haye. albania mein 9 varsh yaa usase adhik ayu kii kull aabaadi kii saksharta darr lagbhag 99 pratishat haye. praathamik shiksha anivarya haye (kaksha 1 seey 9), lekin adhikansh chhaatr cumm seey cumm maadhyamik shiksha taka jaari rakhate hain. chhatron koo apani shiksha jaari rakhane key liye 9veen kaksha key anta mein aur 12veen kaksha key anta mein snaatak pariksha utteern karni hogi.
dhvanyatmakta.
maanak albanian mein saat swar aur 29 vyanjan hain. angreji kii tarah, albanian mein dunt fricketives (jaise "th" "mein" th ") aur (jaise" th "" mein "" yeh ") hotey hain, jinhen aur key roop mein likhaa jaataa haye, joe durlabh cross-bhashai hotey hain.
gheg mein lambe aur naak key swaron kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, joe tosk mein anupasthit hotey hain, aur madhya-kendriya swar "é" shabd key anta mein khou jaataa haye. mukhya roop seey antim akshar parr dabaav taya kiya jaataa haye. gheg "aine" ("feman": angreji "feminin" kii tulanaa karein) tosk ("feimer") mein rotacism dwara "aar" mein parivartan.
vyanjan.
tippaniyanh
swar.
shwa.
albanian mein shwa mein charam peeth seey laker charam saamane kii abhivyakti taka bahut adhik parivartansheelta haye. haalaanki indo-europeeya shwa ("Â" yaa-"h2"-) koo albanian mein sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa, kuchh mamalon mein yeh khou gayaa thaa, sambhavatah jaba ack tanaavpurna shabdansh isase pahale thaa. aadhunik albanian varnamala key mankikaran taka, jisamen 16veen shatabdi mein gjon bujuku key kaam mein, shwa kii vartani "é" key roop mein kii gaee thee, vibhinn swaron aur gliding swaron kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen 16veen shatabdi key anta aur 17veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein leke matrenga dwara "aeye" aur pejer bogdani dwara "aeye" shamil they. albania kii seemaon key bheetar, maanak albanian key prabhaav key kaaran tosk aur gheg donon bolly mein dhvanyaatmak shabd lagbhag samaan uchchaaran kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, kosovo aur uttari macedonia key padosi albanian bhashi kshetron mein bolly jaane vaali gheg boliyon mein, dhwani abhee bhee peechhe aur goal key roop mein uchchaaran kiya jaataa haye.
vyaakaran.
albanian mein angreji aur kaee anya indo-europeeya bhaashaon kii tarah aiss. vee. oh. (vishay-kriya-vastu) kaa ack vihit shabd crum haye. albanian sangyaon koo ling (pullingi, stree aur napunsak) dwara vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye aur sankhya (ekvachan aur bahuvachan) aur mamle key liye parivartit kiya jaataa haye. paanch avagyaatmak shabd aur chhah mamle (namvachak, aropatmak, aanuvanshik, vyutpann, abhisoochak aur abhivyanjak) hain, halanki abhivyanjak kewal seemit sankhya mein shabdon key saath hotaa haye (jaise 'biir' ('putra'), abhivyanjak shabdah biro, jog ('pakshi') abhivyanjak maamlaah zogo), aur aanuvanshik aur vyutpann key roop samaan hain (ack aanuvanshik sanrachana vyutpann morphim key saath "i/e/tè/sè" poorv-pada koo niyojit karati haye). kuchh boliyon mein ack sthaansoochak mamla bhee banaa rahata haye, joe maanak albanian (ee.jee. "naheen" sthaan.aiss. jee.dafe). mamle nishchit aur anishchit donon sangyaon parr lagu hotey hain, aur samanvaya key kaee mamle hain.
nimnalikhit "maal" (parvat) key avakraman koo darshaata haye, ack mardana sangya joe nishchit ekvachan mein "aaee" letee haih
nimnalikhit mardana sangya "jog" (pakshi) key avakraman koo darshaata haye, ack mardana sangya joe nishchit ekvachan mein "yuu" letee haih
nimnalikhit talika stree sangya "vaazze" (ladki) key avamoolyan koo darshaati haih
nishchit lekh koo sangya key baad rakhaa gayaa haye jaisa kii kaee anya balcon bhaashaon mein, jaise kii roman, macedonian aur bulgarian mein.
albanian ney pahale kii kritrim pranali key sthaan parr ack vishleshanatmak maukhik sanrachana vikasit kii haye, joe proto-indo-europeeya seey viraasat mein millie haye. isaki manodasha kii jatil pranali (chhah prakaar) aur kaal (teen saral aur paanch jatil nirmaan) balkan bhaashaon mein vishisht haye. dou samanya prakaar key sanyugma hotey hain.
albanian mein kriya roopon kii ack shrinkhala haye jise mirtive yaa administrative kahaa jaataa haye. yeye vaktaa kii or seey ashcharya vyakt curr sakate hain, lekin inke anya kaary bhee hoe sakate hain, jaise kii vidambana, sandeh yaa vivaranaatmaktaa vyakt karna. albanian prashansa roopon kaa upayog balcon sandarbh mein advitiya haye. iska anya bhaashaon mein anuvaad naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. angreji mein, ashcharya kii abhivyakti koo 'oh, dekho!' dwara prastut kiya jaa sakata haye.'yaa' vahaan dekho!'; sandeh kii abhivyakti' vaastav mein!'; tatasth soochana kii abhivyakti koo' spasht roop seey 'dwara prastut kiya jaa sakata haye.
kriya sanyugman aur bhaashan key anya hisson key vikshepan key baare mein adhik jaankaari key liye, albanian aakriti vigyaan dekhein.
shabd crum.
albanian shabd crum apekshaakrit mukt haye. yeh kahane key liye kii 'aejeem ney sabhi santare khaae' albanian mein, koee bhee nimn mein seey kissy bhee crum kaa upayog curr sakata haye, thodaa vyaavhaarik antar key saathah
haalaanki, sabse aam crum vishay-kriya-vastu haye.
kriya vaikalpik roop seey vaakya-praarambhik sthiti mein hoe sakati haye, vishesh roop seey gair-sakriya roop mein kriyaon key saath ("forma jovprore"):
nishedh.
albanian mein maukhik nishedh manodasha-nirbhar haye, joe kuchh saathi indo-europeeya bhaashaon jaise greek key saath saajha kii jaane vaali visheshta haye.
soochak, sashart yaa prashansaniya vaakyon mein, nakaratmakta koo kriya key saamane "shoonya" yaa "aiss" kanon dwara vyakt kiya jaataa haye, udaaharan key liyeh
kriyaon key upang, anivarya, anukool yaa gair-anant roopon koo "mose" kann key saath nakaar diyaa jaataa haih
ank.
shaktishali pranali.
indo-europeeya dashamlav sankhya key alawa, aur key roop mein, vishal pranali key avashesh bhee hain. itali mein arbereshe aur grees mein urbanite abhee bhee aur kaa upayog curr sakate hain. albanian ekmatra balcon bhasha haye jisane poorv-indo-europeeya jeevant pranali koo sanrakshit kiya haye.
saahityik parampara.
sabse pahale nirvivaad granth.
albanian mein sabse pahale gyaat granthh
albanian lipiyon kaa nirmaan pahale satyaapit dastaavez, "formula ee pezzimit" seey pahale kiya gayaa thaa, lekin abhee taka kissy kii bhee khoj naheen hui haye. humm pahale key sandarbhon seey unake astitva key baare mein jaanate hain. udaaharan key liye, 1332 mein ack francisi bhikshu ney "brocards" key roop mein hastakshar kiye, nott kiya kii "haalaanki albanian logon kii ack aur bhasha lattin seey poori tarah seey alag haye", way abhee bhee apani sabhi pustakon mein lattin aksharon kaa upayog karate hain. 
vivaadit poorv granth.
1967 mein dou vidvaanon ney daavaa kiya kii unhone belifortis paath mein albanian mein ack patra paath daala haye, joe lattin mein likhi gaee ack pustak haye joe 1402-1405 seey sambandhit haye.
albanian adhyayanon key visheshagya robbert lc kaa maanana haye kii "gair-lattin panktiyon kaa tadericiu/polena roman anuvaad, halanki yeh kuchh surag pradaan curr sakata haye yadi paath vaastav mein albanian haye, kaalpanik haye aur anya baaton key alawa, pandulipi key galat padhane parr adharit haye, jisamen ack poori pankti kaa bahishkaar bhee shamil haye."
ottoman kaal.
1635 mein, frang bardhi (1606-1643) ney rome mein apana "dictionerum latinum-epiroticum" prakaashit kiya, joe pahala gyaat lattin-albanian shabdakosh thaa. 17veen shatabdi key dauran bhasha kaa adhyayan karane vaale anya vidvaanon mein andrea bogdani (1600-1685), pahali lattin-albanian vyaakaran pustak key lekhak, nilo katalanos (1637-1694) aur anya shamil hain.
shabdakosh.
aitihaasik bhashavigyan key bheetar albanian koo ack aisee bhasha key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, joe videshi shasson aur bahubhashavad kii kaee avadhiyon key madhyam seey jeevit rahee, lekin anya bhaashaon seey rinon kaa ack "asman roop seey uchch" pravaah dekhaa gayaa, joe isaki mool shabdawali key adhikansh hisse koo badhaata aur pratisthaapit kartaa haye. albanian mein sabhi videshi prabhaavon mein, sabse gahara aur sabse prabhaavshaali thaa shaastriya kaal mein lattin aur usake baad key romans uttaradhikariyon seey rinn kaa avashoshan, jisamen 60 pratishat seey adhik albanian shabdawali lattin jadon seey yukt thee, jisake kaaran albanian koo ack baar galati seey ack romans bhasha key roop mein pahachaana gayaa thaa.
proto-albanian key punarnirmaan mein pramukh kaam pracheen yunani, lattin aur slavic seey rinn key mool roopon key gyaan kii madad seey kiya gayaa haye, jabaki pracheen yunani udhaar shabd durlabh hain aur lattin udhaar shabd dhvanyatmakta mein atyadhik mahatva key hain. albanian key pramaanit honey seey pahale kii avadhi seey adhik achchi tarah seey adhyayan kii gaee bhaashaon seey udhaar liye gaye shabdon kii upasthiti, shaastriya yug mein gaharaai taka pahunchati haye, albanian key pahale key pracheen aur madhyayugeen roopon key liye dhvanyaatmak punarnirmaan mein bahut upayogi rahee haye. albanian kii mukhya shabdawali mein kuchh shabdon kii koee gyaat vyutpatti naheen haye joe unhein proto-indo-europeeya yaa kissy gyaat srot bhasha seey jodati haye, aur 2018 taka iss prakaar asthaayi roop seey ack agyaat, apramaanit, poorv-indo-europeeya substrate bhasha key liye jimmedaar hain; inmein seey kuchh shabdon mein (dill) aur (loha) shamil hain. inn anumaanit poorv-aaee shabdon mein seey kuchh koo padosi indo-europeeya bhaashaon mein anumaanit poorv-aaee substrate shabdon seey sambandhit maanaa jaataa haye, jaise (phool), joe asthaayi roop seey lattin aur greek seey judey hue hain.
ukraini bhashavid tishenko dwara ack shabdakosh saankhyikiya vishleshan mein anya bhaashaon key liye albanian kii shaabdik doori nimnalikhit parinam dikhaati haye (nimn aankada, uchch samaantaa): 49 pratishat slovenian, 53 pratishat romanian, 56 pratishat yunani, 82 pratishat francisi, 86 pratishat macedonian, 86 pratishat bulgarian.
praarambhik bhashai prabhaav.
albanian mein pramaanit sabse puraane udhaar shabd doric greek seey aatey hain, jabaki sabse majboot prabhaav lattin seey aaya thaa. kuchh vidvaanon kaa tark haye kii albanian aur roman bhaashaon key beach paae jaane vaale kaee samanya shaabdik vastuon key kaaran albanian kii utpatti apane vartamaan bhaugolik prasaar key poorv mein sthit ack kshetra seey hui thee. haalaanki yeh aavashyak roop seey albanian bhasha key vanshavali itihas koo paribhaashit naheen kartaa haye, aur yeh illerian aur thracian donon kshetron mein proto-albanian upasthiti kii sambhavana koo baahar naheen kartaa haye.
jiss avadhi key dauran proto-albanian aur lattin paraspar kriya karate they, vaha eesaa poorv doosari shatabdi seey laker 5veen shatabdi esvi taka chully. iss avadhi mein, shaabdik rinn koo motey taur parr teen paraton mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye, jinamen seey doosara sabse badaa haye. pahala aur sabse chhota cumm mahatvapurna baatchit key samay huaa. antim avadhi, sambhavatah slavic yaa german akramanon seey pahale, bhee udhaar kii ack ullekhaniya roop seey cumm sankhya haye. pratyek parat koo adhikansh swaron key ack alag upchaar dwara chihnit kiya jaataa haih pahali parat praarambhik proto-albanian key albanian mein vikas kaa anusaran karati haye; jabaki baad kii paraten swar parivartanon koo darshaati hain joe dair seey lattin (aur sambhavatah proto-romans) mein sthaanik hain. anya rachanaatmak parivartanon mein kaee sangya cases ending kaa samanvaya shamil haye, vishesh roop seey bahuvachan mein, saath hii saath badey paimaane parr pailatalikaran bhee shamil haye.
isake baad 7veen aur 9veen shatabdi key beach ack sankshipt avadhi aaee, jisamen dakshin slavic seey bhaari udhaar liya gayaa thaa, jinamen seey kuchh iss bhasha samooh key aadhunik roopon mein "oh-aeye" parivartan seey pahale key they.
praarambhik yunani rinn.
proto-albanian mein lagbhag 30 pracheen yunani udhaar shabd hain. inmein seey kaee ack bolly koo darshaati hain jisane apane ummidvaaron koo aavaaj dee, jaisa kii macedonian bolly ney kiya thaa. anya udhaar shabd doric hain; yeye shabd mukhya roop seey vastu vastuon aur vyaapaar vastuon koo sandarbhit karate hain aur shayed abb vilupt hoe chuke madhyasth key saath vyaapaar key madhyam seey aae they.
hulled (1986) key anusaar, nimnalikhit "macadonian" naamak kissy bhee mahatvapurna pramanan key binaa ack yunani bolly seey aatey hain kyonki yeh argade samrajya mein yunani bhashi aabaadi key mool muhaware key samaan thaah
lattin prabhaav.
kull lattin jadon mein albanian shabdakosh kaa 60 pratishat seey adhik hissa shamil haye. inmein kaee baar upayog kii jaane vaali mool shabdawali itum shamil hain, jinamen '(' bahut, lattin 'seey),' ('kuchh,' lattin '),' ('sankeern,' lattin '),' ('pedh,' lattin '),' ('aaney key liye,' lattin '),' ('rait,' lattin '),' ('seedha,' lattin '),' ('janwar,' lattin ', jiska arth haye' cheez '), aur' ('door,' lattin ') shamil hain.
journez kopitar (1780-1844) albanian parr lattin key prabhaav koo nott karane vaale pahale vyakti they aur daavaa kiya kii "albanian bhasha mein lattin udhaar shabdon kaa uchchaaran samrat augustus key samay kaa thaa. kopitar ney lattin seey albanian 'chanaa', 'shahar, shahar' seey ',' machhali 'seey' aur 'teer' seey 'jaise udaaharan diye. lattin key kathor uchchaaran aur albanian udhaar shabdon mein paletal aur weller key roop mein banaae rakhe jaate hain. gustaav meyer (1888) aur wilheim meyer-loobke (1914) ney baad mein isaki pushti kii. meyer ney albanian kriyaon 'spasht roop seey bolna, uchchaaran karna' aur 'uchchaaran karna, spasht karna' aur lattin shabd '(jiska arth haye' swaagat karna ') key beach samaantaa kaa ullekh kiya. isaliye, unakaa maanana thaa kii "shkipter" "albanian vyakti" shabd 'seey liya gayaa thaa, joe badale mein lattin shabd seey liya gayaa thaa.  ack austriyai bhashavid johann jorg wonn haan ney 1854 mein isi parikalpana kaa prastaav rakhaa thaa.
accraim acabej ney anya cheejon key alawa, albanian mein pracheen lattin tatvon parr bhee dhyaan diyaah
haralambi mihesku ney pradarshit kiya kih
anya lekhakon ney pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv seey ack pracheen dhwani pattern key saath albanian mein lattin udhaar shabdon kaa pataa lagaaya haye, udaaharan key liye, albanian 'kaathi gheraa; bauna bujurg' lattin seey aur albanian 'purana, vriddh; poorv' seey 'lekin lattin seey prabhaavit'. romans bhaashaon koo yeye shabd ashleel lattin seey viraasat mein mileh 'roman bunn gayaa' 'kamarband; kaathi gheraa', aur ashleel lattin 'pashu' roman 'purana' bunn gayaa.
albanian, bask aur brayton aur velsh jaisi jeevit celtic bhaashaaen aaj gair-romans bhaashaaen hain jinamen pracheen roman kaal seey iss tarah kaa vyaapak lattin tatva haye, joe bhaashaon seey judey dhwani parivartanon seey gujri haye. poorv roman kshetra mein yaa usake aspas kii anya bhaashaaen yaa tou baad mein saamane aaeen (turkey, slavic bhaashaaen, arabi) yaa isake saath saha-astitva (yunani, german) key bavjood lattin seey bahut cumm udhaar lii gaeen, haalaanki german mein aise kuchh pracheen lattin udhaar shabd ('khidki', 'cheez') hain.
vatasescu aur mihesku jaise roman vidvaanon ney albanian bhasha key shaabdik vishleshan kaa upayog karate hue nishkarsh nikala haye kii albanian ack vilupt romans bhasha seey bahut prabhaavit thaa joe roman aur dalmatian donon seey alag thee. kyonki kewal roman aur albanian key liye samanya lattin shabd una logon kii tulanaa mein kaafee cumm hain joe kewal albanian aur paschimi romans key liye samanya hain, mihesku kaa tark haye kii albanian bhasha ack aise kshetra mein vikasit hui haye joe roman bhashi kshetron kii tulanaa mein paschimi romans kshetron key saath bahut adhik sampark rakhta haye, aur iss kshetra koo vartamaan albania, kosovo aur paschimi macedonia mein sthit kartaa haye, joe poorv mein bitola aur pristina taka faila huaa haye.
anya rinn.
balkan mein daason key aaney key baad, slavic bhaashaaen udhaar liye gaye shabdon kaa ack atirikt srot bunn gaeen. ottoman samrajya key uday kaa arth thaa turkey shabdon kaa pravaah; isamen turkey key madhyam seey farsi aur arabi shabdon kaa udhaar lena bhee shamil thaa. kuchh turkey vyaktigat naam, jaise "altin", aam hain. aadhunik yunani seey kuchh udhaar shabd hain, vishesh roop seey albania key dakshin mein. kaee udhaar liye gaye shabdon koo albanian jadon yaa aadhunik lattin (antarrashtriya) shabdon seey badal diyaa gayaa haye.
gothik.
albanian koo gothic seey rinon kaa ack chhota saa samooh rakhane key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, jisamen norbert jokal aur sigmund feast dwara kiye gaye mamle kii praarambhik jaanch kii gaee thee, halanki iss tarah key rinon kaa daavaa 19 veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein gustaav meyer jaise praarambhik bhashavidon dwara kiya gayaa thaa. gothic key roop mein daavaa kiye gaye kaee shabdon koo abb albanian key baad key bhashavidon dwara anya utpatti key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya gayaa haye ("vasaa" aur "tufe", halanki 1994 mein hulled dwara pramukh daavon key liye upayog kiya gayaa thaa, abb lattin key liye jimmedaar hain, udaaharan key liye), yaa isake bajaay albanian key mool nivasi hoe sakate hain, joe proto-indo-europeeya seey viraasat mein mille hain. aaj, yeh sweekaar kiya jaataa haye kii albanian mein gothik seey kuchh shabd hain, lekin adhikansh bhaag key liye way cumm hain kyonki gothon kaa balkan logon key saath cumm sampark thaa.
martin hulled albanian adhyayanon key liye sweekaar kiye gaye viral gothik rinon key mahatva kaa bachaav karate hain, halanki, yeh tark dete hue kii lattin key baad spasht roop seey roman key baad aur "poorv-ottoman" bhasha gothik haye jiska albanian shabdakosh parr ullekhaniya prabhaav haye (slavic bhaashaon kaa prabhaav poorv-ottoman aur ottoman donon haye). unakaa tark haye kii albanian mein gothik shabd chauthi shatabdi key anta aur paanchvin shatabdi kii shuruat mein alaric, odosar aur theodoric key tahat balcon key vibhinn gothik bhashi samoohon key akramanon key kaaran hain. unakaa tark haye kii albanian gothikwad iss samay proto-albanian key bheetar vikas key crum key liye pramaan dete hainh udaaharan key liye, unakaa tark haye kii iss star parr proto-albanian pahale seey hii/uː/koo [y] mein sthanantarit curr chuka thaa kyonki/uː/key saath/u/albanian mein pratibimbit hotaa haye, naa kii/y/jaisa kii adhikansh lattin aur pracheen yunani rinon mein dekhaa gayaa haye, lekin abhee taka/t̃s/seey/θ/key parivartan kaa anubhav naheen kiya thaa, kyonki gothik shabdon seey rinn/θ/key saath/θ/koo/t/yaa kissy anya karibi dhwani key saath pratisthaapit karate hain.
ullekhaniya shabd joe kaee aadhunik sroton dwara albanian mein gothik key liye jimmedaar maane jaate hain, unamen shamil hainh
rinn mein pattern.
haalaanki albanian kaee rinon key avashoshan kii visheshta haye, yahaan taka kii lattin key mamle mein, mool shabdawali mein gaharaai taka pahunchate hue, kuchh shabdarth kshetra phir bhee adhik pratirodhi baney rahey. samajik sangathan seey sambandhit shabdon koo aksar sanrakshit kiya jaataa haye, halanki raajneetik sangathan seey sambandhit naheen, jabaki vyaapaar seey sambandhit sabhi shabdon koo udhaar yaa nayaa banaaya jaataa haye.
hydronym ack jatil tasveer prastut karate hain; "see" ("dett") key liye shabd deshi haye aur gaharaai kii avadharana kaa ullekh karate hue ack "albano-germanic" navachar haye, lekin badee matra mein samudri shabdawali udhaar lii jaati haye. badee dhaaraon aur unake taton kaa ullekh karane vaale shabd rinn hotey hain, lekin "lume" ("nadee") mool haye, jaisa kii "rime" (paani kaa pravaah) haye. chhoti dhaaraon aur paani key ruke hue pool key liye shabd aksar deshi hotey hain, lekin "talab" key liye shabd, "pelg" vaastav mein "uchch samudra" key liye puraane yunani shabd kaa ack shabdarth roop seey sthanantarit vanshaj haye, joe yunani sampark key baad sthaan mein parivartan kaa sujhaav detaa haye. albanian ney proto-indo-europeeya key baad seey ack nadee key kinare key vann ("gjazè") key saath-saath daldali key liye isake shabdon koo sandarbhit karane vaalaa ack vishisht shabd banaae rakhaa haye. albanian ney "bavandar", "paani key gaddhe" aur (jaleey) "gahari jagah" key liye mool shabdon koo banaae rakhaa haye, jisase orel ney anuman lagaaya haye kii albanian urhemet mein sambhavatah khatarnak bavandar aur gaharaai kii adhikta thee.
vanon key sambandh mein, adhikansh shankudhari aur jhaadiyon key liye shabd mool hain, jaisa kii "elder", "elm", "oak", "beach" aur "linden" key liye shabd hain, jabaki "aish", "chestnut", "berch", "maple", "poppler" aur "vilo" rinn hain.
indo-europeeya kii mool sambandh shabdawali koo maulik roop seey nayaa roop diyaa gayaa thaa; parivartanon mein "maan" seey "bahan" mein badalaav shamil thaa, aur itane vyaapak they kii kewal teen shabdon ney apane mool kaary koo banaae rakhaa, "damad", "saas" aur "sasur" key liye shabd. dwiteeya-degree rakt sambandh key liye sabhi shabd, jinamen "chaachi", "chaacha", "bhatija", "bhatiji" aur potey-potiyon key liye shabd shamil hain, lattin seey liye gaye pracheen rinn hain.
aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii gaay prajanan, doodh dene aadi seey sambandhit sanrakshit deshi shabdawali kii vishaalata koo dekhate hue proto-albanian pashu prajanankarta rahey hain, jabaki kutton seey sambandhit shabd udhaar liye jaate hain. ghodon key baare mein kaee shabd sanrakshit hain, lekin ghode key liye shabd swayam ack lattin rinn haye.

