
mujikaja pradaa

muzikaza pradaa ("kisaanon kaa satya" yaa "lock kaa satya") belarusi bhasha kaa pahala samachar patra thaa jise 1862-1863 mein belarusi lattin varnamala mein ack krantikari castu kalinoski key netritva mein ack saamoohik dwara aksharon key roop mein mudrit kiya gayaa thaa. saat ank mudrit kiye gaye they, sabhi chhadm naam "jasko haspadar jaid paid vilnie" ("jasko, vilna key paas seey bhoomi malik" yaa "jasko, vilna key paas seey yoman") key tahat. akhbar koo avaidh, krantikari, "gupt virodhi akhbar" aur ghoshanapatra kahaa jaataa thaa.
prishthabhoomi.
constantai kalinowski kaa janm russie samrajya (abb mostavaleni, polland) key grodnensky uezad mein mastaliani mein ack "sjlachta" parivaar mein huaa thaa.
1855 mein swislocks mein ack sthaaniya school seey snaatak honey key baad, kalinowski ney masco vishvavidyalaya key chikitsa sankaay mein pravesh kiya. ack semester key baad vaha sent mein chaley gaye. pietersberg, jahan unake bhaai they aur sent university mein kaanoon key sankaay mein shamil hoe gaye. pietersberg. apane bhaai vijeta key saath, vaha khud koo polish chhatron kii sajishon aur gupt saanskritik samajon mein shamil curr liya, jiska netritva zigment sierakovsky aur jaroslav dabrowski ney kiya. 1860 mein snaatak honey key baad, constant ney vilnius kii yatra kii, jahan unhone sivil seva mein shamil honey key liye asafal aavedan kiya.
itihas.
sivil seva mein jagah naa milane key baad, kalinowski ney apane desh kii mukti key liye ack andolan kaa ayojan kiya. vidroh kii taiyari key roop mein, unhone aadhunik belarusi bhasha mein pahala samachar patra, "mujikaja pruda" ("kisaanon kaa sach"), chhadm naam "jasko haispadar jaid paid vilnie" ("jasko, nikat vilna seey bhoomi kaa malik" yaa "jasko, nikat vilna seey yoman") key tahat jaari karna shuru kiya. unhone vaniki adhikaari valeri wroblesky key saath samachar patra parr kaam kiya, joe grodo aur bialistoke, geometer, duty officer aur bronislav zwars mein krantikari andolanon key beach ack kadee they. sahee jagah parr samachar patra agyaat mein mudrit kiya gayaa thaa; yeh shayed vibhinn shaharon mein kiya gayaa thaa, sambhavatah bialistoke, grodo aur vilnius mein. pisarsky ney daavaa kiya kii yeh minsk mein mudrit thaa.
pahala ank sambhavatah juuna 1862 mein prakaashit huaa thaa, doosara sitambar 1862 kii shuruat mein, ank 3,4,5 janwari 1863 taka kii avadhi mein, ank 6 1863 kii shuruat mein, ank 7 vasant 1863 mein. juuna prakaashan kii ack anumaanit tarikh haye kyonki grodno governor ney 17 sitambar, 1862 koo russie mantri koo likhaa thaa kii iss samachar patra kaa ack ank... kisaanon key beach lagbhag dou maheene aur dusare lagbhag dou saptah key liye prachalan mein haye. mujikaja pradaa" kii asankhya pratiyaan bhee prachalan mein theen.
krantikari sangathanon key sadasyon dwara grodo aur bialistoke kshetron mein muddon koo vitarit kiya gayaa thaa. vroblesky ney khud raat mein gaanvon mein ghode kii sawari kii, vahaan "mujikaja prada" kii pratiyaan bikher deen. darshak kisan they ("jinhen unhone apani bhasha mein bhoomi kaa vaadaa kiya thaa") aur uniate church key vishvasi they (1839 mein adhikaariyon dwara samaapt).
itihaaskaar leo horosco ney samachar patra aur adhikaariyon kii pratikriya kaa varnan kiyaah
mujikaja prauda" kaa sabse badaa hissa zaarvaadi adhikaariyon dwara gaanvon kii loot key baare mein sachche tathyon kaa khulasa karane key liye samarpit haye. chhathaa mudda poori tarah seey puraane belorussian ekataa vishvaas kii raksha key liye samarpit haye. "mujikaja pruda" logon key beach bahut lokpriya saabit huaa aur isake parinamswarup zaarvaadi shasson kaa puuraa prakop aakarshit huaa. shaahi adhikaari ack vidroh kii taiyari key baare mein jaanate they, aur ise rokane key liye unhone octuber 1862 mein senaa key liye bhartiyon kaa ack masauda taiyar kiya. sainya ayu key yuvaaon ney turant jangal mein jaanaa shuru curr diyaa aur baind banaana shuru curr diyaa, jisase vidroh kaa prakop tej hoe gayaa.
akhbar key mudran aur vitaran parr mukadama chalaaya gayaa. grodo governor ney 10 agast, 1862 koo soochit kiya kii breast kshetra key gaanv jacianiovi, podboarge aur radiovies key kisaanon koo samachar patra key pahale ank kii chaar pratiyaan mileen. mantralaya ney ack jordar jaanch shuru karane kaa adesh diyaa. grodo key governor ney 17 sitambar 1962 koo aantarik mamalon key mantri koo isaki soochana dee... polland raajya kii seema parr sthit grodo governorate key poviots mein lagbhag vishesh roop seey bhadkaau patra dikhaai diye."cumm seey cumm ack aadami, 44 varsheeya kisan mackies tiuchniya koo avaidh samachar patra key prasaar key liye maar diyaa gayaa thaa, doosara, sent key 26 varsheeya poorv chhaatr. pietersberg vishvavidyalaya joseph gorzak koo katorga bheja gayaa thaa.
dou avaidh polish bhaashaaen bhee yaa tou kalinowski dwara yaa unake anumodan yaa sanrakshan key tahat mudrit kii gaeen, "swatantrata kaa jhanda" ("choragyu swody") aur "litwa kii aavaaj" ("). inn donon patrakaron key ichchit shrota kuleen they; donon mein kissy bhee "vivadaspad samajik naaron kii bhee kamee haye joe aavadhik" mujikaja prada "seey nikale they. swatantrata kaa dhwaj" key teen mudde prakaashit kiye gaye they.
itihaaskaar dorota michaluk key anusaar, "redd kaa karyakram" choragyu swody "samachar patra mein iss prakaar taiyar kiya gayaa thaah 1772 seey seemaon key bheetar apani raajya swatantrata key liye polish-lithuanian rashtramandal kii bahaali, matadhikar, samajik siddhanton kaa loktantrikaran, sainya kaarravaai dwara zaarvaadi shasson kaa unmoolan, sabhi samajik samoohon key beach ekjutata aur russie loktantriyon key saath gathbandhan."
janwari vidroh 23 janwari 1863 koo shuru huaa. akhbar kaa antim ank vidroh key dauran chhapa thaa. jaba ise dabaaya gayaa, tou kalinowski koo giraftar curr liya gayaa aur vilnius mein kaid curr liya gayaa; unhone vahaan apana "fansi key neeche seey patra" ("pismo jaid-paid cisibis") likhaa. roose key khilaf vidroh kaa netritva karane key liye unhein court-marshel dwara mukadama chalaaya gayaa aur maut kii sajaa sunai gaee. 22 march 1864 koo, 26 saal kii umr mein, castus kalinowski koo saarvajanik roop seey vilnius mein lukishes squire parr maar diyaa gayaa thaa.
vishay-vastuein.
itihaaskaar zitaa medioskiene ney likhaa kii vidroh key samay key belarusi press mein bahut cumm dhaarmik uddeshya they; isake mukhya vishay russie samrajya dwara samajik anyaay aur utpeedan they. unhone iss baat parr bhee prakaash daala kii usa samay kaa prachaar prasaar "atyadhik prerak" thaa.
"[press mein]...samajik mudde mukhya roop seey dhyaan kendrit karate hain. belarusi kisaanon parr russie sarkaar dwara lagaae gaye samajik anyaay koo vishesh roop seey ujagar kiya gayaa thaah uchch curr, anivarya bharti, dusare jamindar key paas jaane parr pratibandh (yeh swatantrata polish-lithuanian rashtramandal kii avadhi key dauran ack vaastaviktaa thee), sivil sevakon key gairkaanooni aur anuchit kaary, aur 1861 kii mukti, joe kisaanon kii apekshaon koo puuraa karane mein whiffle rahee. shaahi russie shasson key avaidh karyon key saath-saath uniate church aur "sachche" uniate vishvaas key unmoolan kii soochana dee gaee thee. catholic church key daman kaa bhee kabhi-kabhi ullekh kiya jaataa thaa.
<bee. aar.>
"belarusi mein prakaashit "muzikaza pradaa" ("kisan kaa sach") ney catholic church parr kiye gaye galat kaamon koo poori tarah seey chhod diyaa; isamen chhathe ank mein sangh key unmoolan kaa ullekh kiya gayaa, aur shaahi sarkaar dwara kiye gaye galat kaamon key vibhinn anya karyon kaa vivaran dene key baad. haalaanki, yeh vishesh roop seey prerak tareeke seey kiya gayaa thaa. rajpatra mein kahaa gayaa haye kii poorvajon kaa vishvaas, eknishth vishvaas, sachcha dharm haye, jabaki zaar dwara thopi gaee roodhivaadita jhoothi haye. ack anuyaayi "kutte kii tarah marr jaayega aur mrityu key baad narak mein peedit hoga. bhagwan una logon koo dandit karenge joe sachche vishvaas koo chhod dete hain, "unhein shashwat peedaa key liye narak mein bhejenge, shaitan aatma koo tukadon mein faad denge, aur taar aapke saahas mein ubal jaayega. taba aap apane bhaagya key baare mein jaanenge; lekin ack baar narak mein, bahut dair hoe jaayegi; aap dharmi bhagwan parr jeet naheen paayenge, aur aapaki peedaa shashwat hogi. iss mudde parr, taba, belarusi kisaanon koo swatantrata key liye ladane key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa, jiska arth thaa apane dharm koo maanane kii swatantrata.
unhone nishkarsh nikala kii "swatantrata belarusi granthon mein prachaarit antim moolya thaa. ise vyaktigat swatantrata aur vivek kii swatantrata key roop mein samajha jaataa thaa; lekin, isase bhee mahatvapurna baat yeh haye kii ise samajik swatantrata aur bhoomi key swaamitva key adhikaar key roop mein bhee samajha jaataa thaa. samanya taur parr, belarusi vidroh press mein samajik mudde pramukh they. yeh sthiti aanshik roop seey iss tathya key kaaran hoe sakati thee kii kalinoski adhikansh prakashanon key lekhak yaa sampaadak they."
ank chhah mein, kalinowski ney likhaa kii zaar ney, "kaee popon koo rishwat dete hue, hamein matbhed mein pravesh karane key liye kahaa, usane paise diye taaki humm kewal roodhivaad mein parivartit hoe sakein, aur iss masih-virodhi kii tarah.
unhone hamaare dharmi vishvaas koo hamse chheen liya aur sadiyon seey hamein bhagwan key saamane khou diyaa."
oxford dwara prakaashit ack pustak "aeye histry off modern political thot inn east central europe" mein lekhakon ney likhaa haye kii kalinowski key granthon mein "pracheen swa-shaasit kisan samudaayon kii ack aadarsh chhavi koo samanti utpeedan key baad key avadhiyon seey alag kiya gayaa haye, aur samajik aur rashtriya mukti key karyakramon koo jodaa gayaa haye, jisamen russie" juay "kii ninda kii gaee haye, lekin polish" paine "(swami) koo aam logon key dushman key roop mein bhee varnit kiya gayaa haye."
kalinoski ney "mujikaja prauda" key teesare ank mein likhaah "hamaare paas kissy seey bhee ummeed karane key liye kuchh naheen haye, kyonki kewal vahee joe botaa haye vaha kaat sakata haye. tou, merey doston, jaba samay aae, tou humm poore haathon seey buvaai karein, kissy bhee shram koo naa chhoden taaki kisan swatantra hoe sakein, kyonki purush poori duniya mein hain. bhagwan hamari madad karenge!"itihaaskaar daaood fajanahaaz ney likhaa kii" "muzikaza pradaa" "kaa kaary thaa... ack achche zaar key bhram key kisaanon koo hataane aur polish krantikari andolan key liye gaanv parr kabja karane key liye.
fajanhoz ney samachar patra key mahatva key baare mein likhaah
mujhe yeh sweekaar karna chaahiye kii "mujikaja pradaa" koo bahut saare muddon ney chhuaa thaa, shayed pahali baar kisaanon key liye ack patra mein unake mahatva mein nirnaayak tareeke seey prastut kiya gayaa thaa, yeh usa avadhi key anya krantikari samachar patron seey alag haye. laal" key vampanthi paksh kii vichardhara key baare mein jaanane key liye, "mujikaja prada" nirvivaad moolya kaa ack dastavej haye.
lekhak aur bhasha vishleshan.
halanki pepper ack saamoohik dwara likhaa gayaa thaa, shodhkartaon ney mukhya lekhak key roop mein kalinowski kii pehchaan kii. bhashavid neena barzzuzka ney samachar patra kii bhasha kaa vishleshan kiya aur vahaan dekhi gaee anoothi visheshtaon key baare mein vistaar seey likhaah
"muzikaza pradaa", lattin varnamala mein 1862-1863 mein prakaashit aur mukhya roop seey castush kalinoski dwara sampaadit-kewal 7vaan ank
akhbar pichhale samachar patron seey poori tarah seey alag haye. muzikaza pradaa" aur "fansi key neeche aksharon" key chhah muddon kii bhasha. kalinoski hrodna boliyon seey mell khaati haye. unamen nimnalikhit visheshtaen dikhaai detee hainh ekaan, joe kii vyaktigat vyanjak key saath ack sankraman vyanjak key roop mein samaapt hotaa haye, joe kii vyaktigat vyanjak key saath ack swar vyanjak key roop mein samaapt hotaa haye, joe kii ack tanaavpurna shabdansh key saath ekvachan key baad ack vyakti key saath ack swar vyanjak key roopon mein samaapt hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath ack swar vyanjak kaa anta hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath ack swar kaa anta hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath ack swar kaa anta hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath ack swar kaa anta hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath ack swar kaa anta hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath ack swar kaa anta hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath ack swar kaa anta hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath ack swar kaa anta hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath ack swar kaa anta hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath ack swar kaa anta hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath ack swar kaa anta hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath ack swar kaa anta hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath ack swar kaa anta hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath ack swar kaa anta hotaa haye, jisamen ack vyakti key saath dilchasp parinam "muzikaza pradaa" aur "fansi key neeche aksharon" kii bhasha kii tulanaa mastavalyani gaanv kii bolly seey karke praapt kiye jaate hain, jahan key. kalinoski kaa janm huaa thaa. yeh ack samaan bhashai yaadrichhikta bhee pradarshit kartaa haye. yeh ack atirikt tark haye joe ingit kartaa haye kii k. kalinoski "mujikaja pradaa" (naheen) key lekhak yaa sampaadak they. 1-6), samachar patra key pahale prakaashan key baad seey 150 seey adhik varshon seey bolly mein hue parivartanon parr vichaar karate hue.
yeh nott kiya gayaa thaa kii "kalinowski kii bhasha bolchal kii belorussian visheshtaon seey samriddh haye, jisamen pee, xi, gair-deshi aff (" praankooz "[" french "]," manixt 'est "manifest [" ghoshanapatra "]), akaane, * tii', dee 'aur uttar-paschim boliwad shamil हैं।"20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein aadhunik belarusi saahityik bhasha key aakar parr kalinowski key granthon kii bhasha kaa mahatvapurna prabhaav naheen thaa.
samachar patra kaa puuraa paath pahali baar 1928 mein soviyat sangh mein prakaashit huaa thaa. agursky kaa "ocherki poe istori revoltionogo dwijeniya banaam belorusi, 1863-1917".
"pismo aid jaska haispadara key paid vilnie".
"pismo aid jaska haispadara key paid vilnie daa mujikov zimli polscose" ("" vilna key paas seey polish bhoomi key kisaanon koo jaska yoman kaa patra ") koo agaton giller dwara" "histrija postania narodu polskigo doubleu 1861-1864 aar" "mein mudrit kiya gayaa thaa. tii. 1, 1867, jinhone ise 1862 yaa 1864 key roop mein dinaankit kiya thaa. unaki lekhakta vivaadit haye. giller ney daavaa kiya kii kalinowski lekhak they, halanki yeh shayed kewal kalinowski dwara upayog kiye gaye chhadm naam "jaska haispadar key paid vilnie" parr adharit haye. fajanhoz ney nott kiya kii patra mein uthaaye gaye vishayon aur "muzikaza pradaa" key saatven ank mein koee mahatvapurna antar naheen haye.
belarusi shodhkarta addam stankievich kaa tark haye kii kalinowski logon koo inn shabdon seey naheen bulaa sakate they "humm, joe polish rotty khaate hain, joe polish bhoomi parr rahate hain, humm samay kii shuruat seey hii khambhe hain. ack anya tark, jiska samarthan meechas bick aur fajanahaaz ney kiya haye, vaha yeh haye kii "patra" mein ack rashtriya sarkari muhar haye, joe kalinowski key samachar patra key liye asamanya thaa. ack anya shodhkarta, henadz kisialio kaa maanana haye kii kalinowski lekhak they; unhone "patra" koo ack udaaharan kahaa kii belarusi vichaar key liye apana raasta banaana kitna mushkil thaa.
"" "listy aiss paid subinisi.
"listy aiss paid zubiensi" ("fansi key neeche seey patra") kalinowski dwara giraftar kiye jaane aur mukadame kii prateeksha karane key baad likhe gaye they. teen sankhyaaheen hain aur "jasco haispadar key paid vilnie" dwara hastaaksharit hain; dastaavez koo 1867 mein agaton giller dwara ack pustak "historja postania narodu polskigo doubleu 1861-1864" mein "belarusi logon koo ack patra" key roop mein prakaashit karane key baad naam milaa. fansi key neeche seey, constant kalinowski dwara "(" doo ludu bialorskiago. pismo jaid podd subinisi constantago kalinovskigo "). iss patra key kaaran, kalinowski koo aksar belarusi bhoomi key naayak aur shaheed key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye. patra mein kalinowski logon seey "masco juay" key khilaf ladaai jaari rakhane kaa aagrah kartaa haye.
chhathe ank kaa aprakaashit masauda.
muzikaza pradaa" key chhathe ank kaa masauda vilnius mein sent key church mein paaya gayaa thaa. francis aur sent. bernard, 1989 mein. jaisa kii smalionchuk ney ullekh kiya haye, masaude mein "masco zaar" key khilaf ack vidroh kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa. yeh kisaanon aur chhote poonjipati varg koo mukhya shakti maanata thaa
aur jamindaaron parr bharosa naa karane kaa aagrah kiya. yeh paath vidroh key dauran prakaashit naheen kiya gayaa thaa.

