
1977 kii gu ghaati khanikon kii hadtaal

1977 kii gu ghaati khanikon kii hadtaal antim dinon seey pahale romania mein saamyavaadi shasson key khilaf sabse badaa virodh andolan thaa. yeh 1-3 agast 1977 koo huaa aur transylvania kii gu ghaati mein lupeny key koyla khanan shahar mein kendrit thaa.
ghatanaaen.
purvavlokan karein.
hadtaal kaa tatkaal kaaran kaanoon 3/1977 (usa varsh 30 juuna koo adhiniyamit) thaa, jisane khanikon key liye vikalangata pension koo samaapt curr diyaa aur sevaanivritti kii ayu pachas seey badhaakar pachas curr dee. anya muddon mein kanuni aathh ghante seey aage kaary divason kaa vistaar, cumm majdoori, march key baad seey adhik samay kaa bhugtan naheen, ravivaar koo kaam karna, utpaadan lakshyon koo puuraa karane mein whiffle rahane key liye vetan katauti, kharaab jeevan sthitiyon aur unaki durdasha key prati netritva kii udasinta shamil hain.
hadtaal shuru honey seey pahale (aur shayed jaba yeh chala rahee thee), kuchh khanikon ney roman communist party key netritva key saath apani samasyaon parr charcha karane key liye rajdhani, bucharst mein ack pratinidhimandal bhejane kaa prastaav rakhaa, lekin iss vikalp koo khariz curr diyaa gayaa kyonki unhone shayed socha thaa kii dou sthaanon mein koee bhee vibhajan unake kaaran koo ghaatak roop seey kamjor curr dega. hadtaal seey pahale kii avadhi key dauran aur jaise hii hadtaal shuru hui, khanikon key prayason mein baadha daalane vaale kuchh kshetriya party pramukhon parr khanikon dwara maukhik aur shaaririk roop seey hamla kiya gayaa.
samadhan kaa udghaatan aur pahala prayaas.
jiu ghaati mein 90,000 khanikon mein seey 35,000 ney 1 agast kii shaam koo kaam karna bund karane kaa faisala kiya. lupeny mein rahane vaalon key saath turant unake saathi khanik euricani, paroseni, aninosa aur petrilla jaise aas-paas key sthaanon seey aae. hadtaal karane vaalon dwara ack nikaay key roop mein anumodit 17 maangon kii ack soochi, hadtaal key netaaon dwara taiyar kii gaee thee, joe kii ack sthir (costica) dobre (bee. 1947) aur gheroghe manillic, jinhen dumitru icob, aayan petrilla, dumitru dumitrascu, mihai slavovsky engineer jurka aur amari bhaaiyon dwara sahaayata pradaan kii gaee thee. unhone anurodh kiya kii rashtrapati nikole seusescu vyaktigat roop seey unaki maangon koo praapt karane aur unake saath baatchit karane key liye lupeny aaen. maangon vaale bhaashan diye gaye aur ghaati adhikatam tanaav kii sthiti mein thee.
ghatnaaon seey darkar, 2 agast koo adhikaariyon ney bucharest seey ack vaarta dall bheja. illie verde (mantriparishad key pahale upaadhyaksh) aur gheroghe panaa (samanya trade union parisangh key kendriya parishad key adhyaksh aur shram mantri) donon polit beuro key sadasya they, joe swayam ack poorv khanik they. dobre, joe parosani khadaan key ack pitt brigade pramukh they, ney baad mein verde key bhaashan koo yaad kiya (jisamen kuchh 20,000 khanikon ney bhaag liya), jisamen unhone kahaa kii vaha yeh taya naheen curr sakate they kii kyaa upaay karane hain, lekin kewal khanikon kii samasyaon key baare mein pataa lagaane key liye thaa, jise kewal seisescu hii cumm karane kaa nirnay leey sakata thaa. iss samay bheed seusescu kii vyaktigat upasthiti kii maang karate hue chillai, jahaan rashtrapati ney daavaa kiya kii "tatkaal party aur raajya kii samasyaon" mein vyast they aur yadi kaam phir seey shuru hotaa haye tou seusescu seey anukool jawab key saath ack maheene key bheetar ghaati mein unaki vaapsee kii "guaranti" hogi. inn vaadon koo bheed dwara badey sandeh key saath maanaa gayaa, joe, utsaahit hocker, phir seey booing shuru curr diyaa aur chetavani dee kii way taba taka kaam parr vaapas naheen jaayenge jaba taka kii seisescu vyaktigat roop seey naheen aatey aur saarvajanik roop seey unaki shikayaton koo hull karane kaa vaadaa naheen karate. bood, upman aur khaadya khurchiyon key saath fenka gayaa, dabre key peechhe chhipa huaa aur, dwarpal key booth kii deewaar key khilaf peechhe hatkar, ghabarahat seey unase apani suraksha kaa ashvasana dene key liye vinati kii. sachmuch ack koney mein vaapas, vaastav mein khanikon seey vaadaa kiya kii vaha aaney key liye seusescu koo manaa legaa.
isake baad joe huaa vaha vivaad kaa vishay haye. dobre kaa kahana haye kii donon party key kaaryakartaon koo seusescu key aaney taka booth mein bandhak banaa liya gayaa thaa, kewal paani diyaa gayaa thaa aur buchest key saath unaki baatchit mein nigrani kii gaee thee; anya srot iss khaate kii pushti karate hain. verde ney iss sanskaran koo kewal ack kinvadanti honey key roop mein khariz curr diyaa.
hinsak jhadapon kii sambhavana seey bachane key liye, gu ghaati key adhikaariyon ney mukhbiron aur surakshakarmiyon key saath kshetra mein ghuspaith kii, lekin tanaav koo cumm karane key liye bhee marshel low key pratyaksh adhiropan seey bachaa. hathiyar dipo koo iss darr seey surakshit rakhaa gayaa thaa kii khanik una parr chhaapa maar sakate hain. seusescu key aagaman key dinn, surakshaatmak sainikon key saath-saath party key kaaryakartaon koo pradarshankariyon koo titar-bitar karane kii koshish karane key liye kreyova, targu-gu aur devaa seey bulaaya gayaa thaa.
seisescu bolata haye.
jaba hadtaal shuru hui, tou seisescu aur unaki patni elena kaalaa samudra kii chhutti parr they. verde key aagrah parr, vaha 3 agast 1977 koo jaldbaji mein petrosani key paas aae, aur 35,000 loga (kuchh sroton kaa kahana haye kii 40,000) unhein dekhane aae-yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii sabhi unake saath baatchit karane key liye naheen aae they, lekin jigyasa seey baahar yaa ghatnaaon seey door chaley gaye, lekin darshak phir bhee aakar mein prabhaavshaali they. pahale tou, aaveshpurna vatavaran key bavjood, kuchh ney chillaya "seusescu aur khanik!", lekin anya loga chillaate hain" lupeny '29! lupeny '29!"(1929 kii lupeny hadtaal key sandarbh mein, joe roman communist party kii pauranik kathaaon mein nihit haye), unake uddeshya koo vaidhata dene key prayaas mein. dobre ney kaam key ghanton, utpaadan lakshyon, pension, aapoorti, awas aur nivesh seey sambandhit 26 maangon koo prastut karate hue see. ee. oh. aiss. see. yuu. koo shikayaton kii soochi padhee. unhone samajik kaanoon mein poorv kii sthiti koo bahaal karane, paryaapt khaadya aapoorti aur chikitsa dekhbhal kii guaranti, aksham yaa bhrasht prabandhakon koo barkhast karane key liye sashakt udyam star parr shramikon key aayogon kii sthaapana aur hadtaal karane vaalon key khilaf koee pratishodh naheen lene kii pratigya kii. usake baad, dobre ney yaad kiya, "jaba meraa naam chillaya jaa rhaa thaa, tou maine seisescu kii or mudkar usey vaha soochi dee jisase maine padhaa thaa aur usane mujhase kahaah 'mujhe soochit karane key liye dhanyavaad, comrade'. ack baar microphone key saamane, seusescu koo bolane kii anumati naheen thee. kuchh loga usey buu curr rahey they, anya chillaate they kii way khadaan mein naheen jaayenge, aur door seey koee meraa naam suna sakata thaa. munch parr kaaryakartaon seey hathiyar uthaaye jaane key saath chup rahane kii appeal vyarth hoe gaee.
dobre key anusaar, seusescu ney 5 ghante kaa bhaashan diyaa (anya sroton kaa kahana haye kii 7 ghante) joe jald hii boose dwara baadhit hoe gayaa thaa. ack kaampati hui aavaaz mein shuru karate hue, unhone khanikon koo kaam parr vaapas bhejane kaa ack praarambhik, nirashajanak prayaas kiyaah "sathiyon, yeh yuddh naheen haye... yeh poore desh key liye sherm kii baat haye... ack upman! maine aapaki shikayaton parr dhyaan diyaa haye."unhone party kii neeti koo samajhaane aur khanikon seey demagozi key madhyam seey appeal karane kii koshish kii, yeh daavaa karate hue kii party netritva kaam key ghanton koo cumm karna chaahata thaa, lekin khanikon ney virodh kiya thaa, joe unaki khufiya jaankaari kaa upman thaa," yeh humm naheen hain!  daku, chor!"bheed kaa ack samanya budbudaahat bhaashan key madhyam seey, virodh aur gusse key prakop key saath daudati rahee; jaba bhee seisescu ney apane shabdon parr thokar khaane lagaa, tou kuchh loga buu aur ct bajaate they. purushon ney prastaav diyaa kii chhah ghante kaa dinn dheere-dheere lupeny mein aur phir anya khadanon mein shuru kiya jaae, purushon ney jawab diyaa, "cull seey chhah ghante kaa dinn."anta mein, jaba unaki himmat seey naraj hocker, unhone abhee bhee tatkaal chhah ghante kaa kaary divas dene seey incar curr diyaa, tou jore seey boley gaye vakyanshon mein shamil thaa" "unhein pataa naheen haye kii logon key hita kyaa hain" "aur" "vaha shramikon key maulik hiton seey chintit naheen hain. unhein dhamki denaa shuru karate hue, seisescu ney chetavani dee kii "yadi aap kaam parr vaapas naheen jaate hain tou hamein idhar-udhar ghoomana bund karna hoga!"paryavekshakon key anusaar", cusescu key saath neeche!"taba lambe samay taka booing key baad sunaa gayaa, ack khaate kii pushti verde dwara kii gaee. kewal jaba dobre ney microphone koo jabt curr liya aur khanikon seey seusescu koo khatm karane kaa aagrah kiya tou vatavaran cumm charge hoe gayaa. usa samay unhone dekhaa kii unakaa ekmatra nikas sulahakaari vaade karane mein thaa, jiska unakaa sammaan karane kaa koee irada naheen thaa; lakadi kii bhasha kaa upayog karke joe khanikon koo vishvaas haye, unhone unaki shikayaton koo hull karane kaa vaadaa kiya (shaniwar aur ravivaar kii chhutti key saath sabhi key liye chhah ghante key kaary divas key liye sahmat honah, aur aise karkhane banaana joe khanikon kii patniyon aur betiyon key liye naukari pradaan karenge), unhone kasam khaai kii khanikon key asantosh key liye jimmedaar logon koo khaate mein laaya jaayega aur koee pratishodh naheen hoga, aur unaki sarahana kii gaee. seusescu key jaane key turant baad hadtaal samaapt hoe gaee, loga titar-bitar hoe gaye aur kuchh agast 3 shaam kii paali key liye khadanon mein jaa rahey they. unhone hadtaal key dauran ganvaae gaye samay kii bharpai karane kii bhee peshkash kii.
hadtaal key dauran istemal kiya gayaa ack mahatvapurna naaraa thaa "sarvahara poonjipati varg key saath neeche", joe ghaati kaa prashaasan karane vaale aur khanikon key shram seey laabh uthaane vaale communist kaaryakartaon key khilaf lakshit thaa aur unake vetan koo cumm rakhaa gayaa thaa. iska upayog karate hue, unhone padaanukramit saamyavaadi pranali key kathit anyaay parr usake naukarshahi namkaran (joe isake raajneetik aur damankari pakshon key saath maujood thaa, jiska pratinidhitva party aur pratibhooti dwara kiya jaataa thaa) key saath hamla kiya, aur samyavadiyon key dashakon lambe sangharsh koo ack vidambanapurna arth mein poonjipati varg key khilaf ahwan kiya. unake liye, shasson ack aisaa raajya bunn gayaa thaa jisamen poonjeevaad kaam karna jaari rakhta thaa, halanki naukarshahon key ack spasht roop seey chitrit samooh kii seva mein.
daman.
4 agast koo hadtaal key baad party kii kendriya samiti kaa pahala satra; yeh poori tarah seey pichhale dinon kii ghatnaaon parr charcha karane key liye samarpit thaa aur pratibhaagi joe huaa thaa usake liye kissy koo doshi khojane mein vyast they. hadtaal key karanon kii jaanch karane vaale aayog key pramukh key roop mein verde kaa naam rakhaa gayaa thaa. seusescu ney "kshetra aur khaan nideshalaya key party karmiyon" parr ungli uthaai.
generalon emil macrey aur nikole placy key netritva mein daman ney vibhinn roop leey liye. dobre key bolane key baad, khanikon koo ehsas huaa kii unhein nishana banaaya jaayega aur isaliye unaki giraftari koo rokane key liye unake awas kii raksha kii gaee. unhein mauke parr giraftar naheen kiya gayaa thaa; isake bajaay, adhikaariyon ney khanikon kii pehchaan karane mein khud koo vyast curr liyaah engineeron aur anubhaag pramukhon koo mukhyalaya koo surakshit karane key liye bulaaya gayaa thaa taaki unhein gupt roop seey lii gaee tasveeron seey pahachaana jaa sakey. sabhi hadtaal karane vaalon koo joe party key sadasya they, unhein manjuri dee gaee yaa party seey hataa diyaa gayaa. kuchh khanikon koo unake mool praanton mein vaapas bhej diyaa gayaa. hadtaal key dauran jinn logon koo hinsak maanaa gayaa thaa, una parr mukadama chalaaya gayaa aur saarvajanik vyavastha koo baadhit karane aur achchi naitikta koo aahat karane key liye sudharatmak shram key madhyam seey 2 seey 5 saal key karawas kii sajaa sunai gaee. vyavhaar mein, sudharatmak shram kaa arth thaa aantarik nirvaasan, halanki kuchh hadtaal karane vaale jail gaye they. kuchh mamalon mein khanikon koo daraya-dhamkaya gayaa aur unake parivaaron key saath una parr hamla kiya gayaa. jinn khanikon seey poochtaachh kii gaee thee, unhein dridhata seey kahaa gayaa thaa kii way phir kabhi hadtaal naa karein yaa party key khilaf naa bolein. kaee hadtaal karane vaalon koo petrosani securitate imarat mein bulaaya gayaa, jahan poochtaachh key dauran unake saath baar-baar durvyavahar kiya gayaa, udaaharan key liye, sir parr peeta gayaa aur unaki ungaliyon koo darvaajon seey baandh diyaa gayaa. agami jaanch mein yeh pataa lagaane kii koshish kii gaee kii hadtaal key liye samarthan kaa mool sthaan kahaan thaa, aur jabaki kuchh 4,000 shramikon koo agale maheenon mein anya khanan kshetron mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, anya logon key baare mein kahaa gayaa thaa kii way denube-black see kainal parr shram shiviron mein samaapt hoe gaye they. mukhya hadtaal key netaa hafton key bheetar gayab hoe gaye, anya mukhar khanikon ney tukadon mein goliyaan kaat leen aur agale kuchh maheenon mein titar-bitar hoe gaye. riyaayaten adhikaariyon key liye pratirodh kii sangathanaatmak reedh koo todane key liye kaafee lambi theen, lekin antatah inmein seey adhikansh koo vaapas leey liya gayaa aur aathh ghante kaa kaary divas lagaaya gayaa, halanki ise 1983 taka aadhikarik naheen banaaya gayaa thaa.
hadtaal key baad party key netritva vaali baithakon mein, pradarshankariyon koo "arajaktawadi tatva", "aadhar" aur "bekaar loga" karaar diyaa gayaa. pareekshan mein unhein "jipsey", "lolif", "dhokhebaaz" aur "infractor" kahaa jaataa thaa. cumm seey cumm 600 khanikon seey poochtaachh kii gaee; 150 dandaatmak dastavej khole gaye; 50 koo manorog wardon mein aspatal mein bharti karaaya gayaa; 15 koo sudharatmak shram kii sajaa sunai gaee aur vaastav mein kaid curr diyaa gayaa, jabaki 300 yaa usase adhik (jinhen khatarnak maanaa gayaa thaa) koo aantarik roop seey nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa. lagbhag 4,000 logon koo iss bahaane seey nikaal diyaa gayaa kii koee kaam naheen thaa, yaa phir khadaan prabandhan key saath sabse chhote vivaad yaa virodh kaa upayog unhein barkhast karane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. saikadon parivaaron koo kshetra seey baahar curr diyaa gayaa. jail yaa nirvaasan key baad, kaee poorv pradarshankariyon koo pratibhooti dwara pareshan kiya jaanaa jaari rhaa; ghatnaaon key parinam seey nirash ack vyakti, jail seey riha honey key baad ack bhikshu bunn gayaa. kshetra suraksha balon seey ghiraa huaa thaa; ghatnaaon kii nigrani karane aur buchest key saath ack tanga sampark sunishchit karane key liye dou helicopter laae gaye they, halanki unaki upasthiti kaa aadhikarik kaaran khanan durghatana peediton koo aspatal leey jaanaa thaa.
petrosani mein surakshaatmak aur sainya balon kii sankhya doguni curr dee gaee aur jiu ghaati mein sabhi khadanon key paas sainya ikaaiyon koo rakhaa gayaa. naa kewal anya shramikon koo soochit karane key liye, balki una parr manovaigyaanik dabaav daalane aur gavaahon key saamane unhein peetane key liye bhee, taaki dhamki kaa mahaul banaaya jaa sakey, pratibhooti agents koo khanikon key roop mein kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. lekhak ruksandra seseranu kaa daavaa haye kii jail seey riha kiye gaye aam apraadhiyon kii apekshaakrit badee sankhya koo bhee khadanon mein laaya gayaa thaa. ghaati koo 4 agast seey 1 janwari 1978 taka ack pratibandhit kshetra ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. sakht nigrani kaa uddeshya desh key baaki hisson mein kissy bhee jaankaari key pravaah koo avaruddh karna yaa baahari duniya key saath sampark karna thaa, phir bhee 800 anya logon kii or seey kaary karane vaale 22 khanikon ney francisi samachar patra "libration" koo ack patra (dinank 18 sitambar) bhejane mein kamyabi hassil kii, jisane ise 12 octuber koo prakaashit kiya. videshi media ney vasant key paul goma key andolan aur kaee maheenon baad khanikon kii ashanti key beach ack kadee banaai, halanki vaastav mein koee sambandh maujood naheen thaa.
isake baad.
ashanti kii pratikriya-shramikon kii maangon koo sweekaar karane aur sthaaniya shikayaton koo puuraa karane kii upasthiti, phir hadtaal samaapt honey key baad unhein door bhejkar yaa kaid karke sarganaon koo alag-thalag karna, aur riyaayaton koo chhodane-ney bhavishya mein aisee ghatnaaon seey nipatane key liye ack model sthaapit kiya. udaaharan key liye, clues-napoka, turda aur iyashi mein anya gadbadi hui, jahan dou alag-alag virodh pradarshanon mein chhatron aur kaaryakartaon ney sadakon key madhyam seey party mukhyalaya taka march kiya. aisee ghatnaaon parr ack sakht samachar blackout thaa, lekin aisaa lagata haye kii maangon (kharaab karkhane aur shayankaksh kii sthiti) kii gair-raajneetik prakriti aur unake samay parr samadhan koo dekhate hue inhen shantipurna aur aasaani seey nishkriya curr diyaa gayaa thaa. goma prakaran key saath gu ghaati hadtaal ney asantushton koo sikhaaya kii shasson seey kissy bhee saarvajanik vichalan koo bardasht naheen kiya jaayega.
gheroghe manillic koo saadhe teen saal taka kaid kiya gayaa thaa aur riha honey key baad 1987 mein hriday roga seey unaki mrityu hoe gaee thee. dobre kaa bhaagya lambe samay seey atkalon kaa ack srot thaa-yahaan taka kii tismennu report key pahale sanskaran mein bhee daavaa kiya gayaa thaa kii vaha maaraa gayaa thaa, jabaki anya logon ney siddhant diyaa kii vaha ack party karyakarta bunn gayaa, usey ack mansik aspatal mein daal diyaa gayaa, aadi. dobre ney 2007 mein ack sakshatkar diyaa jisamen unhone baad kii ghatnaaon koo spasht kiya. unake baad key jeevan key mukhya bindu iss prakaar hainh unhein aur unake parivaar koo 31 agast, 1977 koo krayova mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jahan way maee 1990 taka rahate they, kull algaav mein aur disambar 1989 taka nirantar suraksha nigrani mein (50 seey adhik agents ney unhein soochit kiya). unhein ack akushal auto mechanic key roop mein kaam diyaa gayaa thaa aur anya vishvavidyalayon seey ack ganana asweekriti key baad, unhone 1980 key dashak mein сетеfan gheorghiu akadami mein bhaag liya. dobre ney daavaa kiya kii unhone kabhi bhee communist prachaar naheen likhaa aur unhone sankaay key prati vidrohi ravaiya dikhaaya. unhone baar-baar desh chhodane kii anumati dene key liye kahaa, lekin manaa curr diyaa gayaa, aur 1979 kii havaai durghatana key liye pratibhooti koo jimmedaar thaharaaya, jisamen unake bhaai, ack pilot kii maut hoe gaee. kranti key dauran, dobre kaa daavaa haye kii petrosani mein ack bheed ney unakaa swaagat kiya aur television parr dikhaai diye, lekin rashtriya moksh morche key prati unaki shatruta key kaaran unhein darkinar curr diyaa gayaa, vishesh roop seey creova aur gu ghaati key samachar patron mein unhein "charampanthi" aur "aatankvaadi" karaar diyaa gayaa. vasant mein vaha buchest chaley gaye, lekin jald hii juuna 1990 kaa mineriad toot gayaa. halanki dobre ney daavaa kiya kii vaha mushkil seey sashastr khanikon key ack samooh seey chhipane mein kamyab rhaa, jaba vaha romenia key videsh mantralaya kaa karmchari bunn gayaa. vaha apane parivaar key saath landan mein romani dutawas key ack karmchari key roop mein pahunche joe sitambar mein aaya thaa aur baad mein sharan kii maang kii thee; unhein baad mein 1992 mein romani adalat dwara dutawas key dhana seey bhaagne key liye paanch saal key karawas kii sajaa sunai jaayegi. dobre koo 1994 mein sharan dee gaee thee aur 2002 mein vaha british nagrik bunn gayaa.
viraasat.
dobre hadtaal koo disambar 1989 kii ghatnaaon key liye ack "prastaavana" key roop mein dekhate hain. lekhak ruksandra seseranu key anusaar, communist netaaon koo darr thaa kii andolan "communist party aur mazdoor varg key beach ekataa key mithak koo toda sakata haye. seseranu kaa maanana haye kii hadtaal ney "loktantra mein abhyaas" kii peshkash keeh lagbhag teen dinon taka, khanikon ney ack microphone key saamane maang kii aur virodh kiya; way swatantra roop seey bolate they, kissy koo bhee baahar naheen rakhaa gayaa thaa aur koee censorship naheen lagaai gaee thee. jinn khanikon koo giraftar kiya gayaa thaa, unaki jaanch karane vaale hadtaal koo ack "vidroh" key roop mein maanate they, poochtaachh key dauran aksar iss shabd kaa upayog karate they. yeh dekhate hue kii khanik taba taka ack samajik varg kaa hissa they, taba taka kii unhein party kaa sahayogi maanaa jaataa thaa, seezeraanu kaa maanana haye kii shramikon key saath spasht tootane seey netritva darr gayaa, joe kisaanon (taba krishi sahakaari samitiyon mein majboor kiya jaa rhaa thaa) yaa bauddhik elite (jiska hissa usa samay chhah saal pahale "juulii thesses" dwara ghoshit protocronvad key uday key tahat thaa) parr bhee cumm nirbhar curr sakata thaa. seusescu swayam peedit dikhaai diye; jaisa kii unake lagbhag behosh honey key prakaran seey sanket milata haye, vaha asahamati key prakop key liye taiyar naheen they aur unhone dekhaa thaa kii shasson utanaa sthir naheen thaa jitna kii unhone maanaa hoga. yeh thaa, vaastav mein kahaa, "seusescu key raajneetik currier kaa pahala aatm-upman."
hadtaal-shayed 1958 key baad seey pahala shramikon kaa virodh, jiyu ghaati mein sitambar 1972 kii hadtaal key apavaad key saath-ack saamyavaadi virodhi yaa yahaan taka kii ack samudra-virodhi andolan key roop mein naheen shuru huaa, balki nae pension kaanoon key prati sahaj pratikriya mein ack samajik-aarthik andolan key roop mein shuru huaa, jaisa kii khanikon kii anubhavaheenta dwara pushti kii gaee, jisake kaaran way ashurachana aur jaldbaji mein nirnay lene key liye prerit hue. haalaanki, ack baar jaba communist netaaon koo alag curr diyaa gayaa, tou yeh ack raajneetik disha mein chalaa gayaa aur usake baad key daman koo dekhate hue, adhikaariyon dwara isaki vyakhya kii gaee. seseranu kaa maanana haye kii hadtaal kaa ack aantarik raajneetik charitra thaa, iss arth mein kii khanikon ney-jinhen communist mazdoor varg key aavashyak ghatakon key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa-apane vaichaarik maalikon aur raajneetik pranali dwara banaai gaee sthitiyon key khilaf vidroh kiya, joe unhein apani shram shakti key hisse key roop mein istemal karati thee. isaliye saamoohik aur poorv niyojit honey key bavjood, sijeranu kii raay mein virodh ney usa samay key communist netritva aur antatah shasson koo hii chunauti dee.

