
aquaplaning

sadak vaahan, vimaan yaa anya pahiyon vaale vaahan key tyres dwara aquaplaning yaa hydroplaning taba hotaa haye jaba vaahan key pahiyon aur sadak kii satah key beach paani kii ack parat banati haye, jisase karshan kaa nuksan hotaa haye joe vaahan koo niyantran input kaa jawab dene seey rokta haye. yadi yeh sabhi pahiyon parr ack saath hotaa haye, tou vaahan, vaastav mein, ack aniyantrit slaze bunn jaataa haye. aquaplaning ack alag ghatana haye jaba sadak kii satah parr paani kewal ack snehak key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. jaba jalmarg naheen bunn rhaa hoe taba bhee geele footpath parr karshan cumm hoe jaataa haye.
kaaran.
pratyek vaahan kaary joe disha yaa gati badalata haye, tyre aur sadak kii satah key beach gharshan parr nirbhar kartaa haye. rubber key tyre key khaanche tyre key neeche seey paani koo failaane key liye design kiye gaye hain, joe geeli sthitiyon mein bhee uchch gharshan pradaan karate hain. aquaplaning taba hotaa haye jaba ack tyre koo usa seey adhik paani kaa saamana karna padata haye joe vaha nasht curr sakata haye. chakr key saamane paani kaa dabaav tyre key agrani kinare key neeche paani key ack faant koo majboor kartaa haye, jisase yeh sadak seey oopar uthh jaataa haye. tyre phir paani kii ack chaadar parr skates kartaa haye, jisamen bahut cumm, yadi koee hoe, tou seedha sadak sampark hotaa haye, aur niyantran key parinam khou jaate hain. yadi kaee tyre aquaplane hain, tou vaahan taba taka dishaatmak niyantran khou sakata haye aur fisal sakata haye jaba taka kii yeh yaa tou kissy baadha seey takra naa jaae, yaa itna dheema naa hoe jaae kii ack yaa adhik tyre phir seey sadak seey sampark karein aur gharshan phir seey hoe jaae.
khade paani kii gaharaai, uchch gati aur usa paani kii gaharaai key prati vaahan kii samvedansheelta key saath aquaplaning kaa jokhim badh jaataa haye.
vaahan samvedansheelta kaarak.
ack vaahan kiss gati seey jalyan chalaayega, yeh nirdhaarit karane key liye koee sateek sameekaran naheen haye. maujooda prayason ney anubhavjanya pareekshan seey angoothe key niyam praapt kiye hain. samanya taur parr, kaaren oopar kii gati seey jalyan shuru curr detee hain.
motorcycle.
motorcycles koo goal, dongi key aakar key sampark dhabbon vaale sankeern tyres seey laabh hotaa haye. sankeern tyres koo aquaplaning key prati cumm khatra hotaa haye kyonki vaahan kaa vajan ack chhote kshetra mein vitarit kiya jaataa haye, aur goal tyre adhik aasaani seey paani koo ack taraf dhakel dete hain. yeye laabh praakritik roop seey chaude tyres vaali halki motorcycles parr cumm hoe jaate hain, jaise kii supersport varg mein. isake alawa, geeli paristhitiyaan paarshv bull koo cumm karati hain jise koee bhee tyre fisalane seey pahale samaayojit curr sakata haye. jabaki chaar pahiyon vaale vaahan mein ack slide koo thheek kiya jaa sakata haye, motorcycle parr ack hii slide aam taur parr savaar koo girane kaa kaaran banegi. iss prakaar, geeli paristhitiyon mein aquaplaning khatare kii saapeksh kamee key bavjood, motorcycle savaaron koo aur bhee adhik satark rehna chaahiye kyonki geeli sadakon seey samagr karshan cumm hoe jaataa haye.
motor vaahanon mein.
gati.
nimnalikhit sameekaran key saath kull jall-pratiropan kii gati kaa anuman lagaana sambhav haye.
sootra _ 1
jahan sootra _ 2, pee. aiss. aaee. mein tyre kaa dabaav haye aur parinam sootra _ 3, prati ghante kii gati haye jaba vaahan poori tarah seey jall-vimaan mein jaanaa shuru curr dega. 35 psi key tyre dabaav vaale ack udaaharan vaahan parr vichaar karate hue, humm anuman lagaa sakate hain kii 61 meal prati ghante kii gati haye jaba tyre sadak kii satah key saath sampark khou denge.
haalaanki, uparokt sameekaran kewal ack bahut hii motaa anuman detaa haye. aquaplaning key liye pratirodh kaee alag-alag karakon, mukhya roop seey vaahan key vajan, tyre kii chaudaai aur trade pattern dwara niyantrit hotaa haye, kyonki sabhi sampark patch key ack diye gaye kshetra parr tyre dwara sadak parr lagaae gaye satah key dabaav koo prabhaavit karate hain-ack sankeern tyre jiss parr bahut adhik vajan hotaa haye usa parr rakhaa jaataa haye aur ack aakramak trade pattern ack halke vaahan parr ack chaude tyre kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik gati seey aquaplaning kaa virodh karega. isake alawa, jall kii gaharaai key saath jall-grah kii sambhavana kaafee badh jaati haye.
pratikriya.
jaba ack vaahan aquaplane hotaa haye tou chaalak kyaa anubhav kartaa haye, yeh iss baat parr nirbhar kartaa haye kii kiss pahiye ney karshan khou diyaa haye aur yatra kii disha kyaa haye.
yadi vaahan seedhe yatra curr rhaa haye, tou yeh thodaa dheela mahsoos karane lugg sakata haye. yadi samanya paristhitiyon mein sadak kaa uchch star mahsoos hotaa haye, tou yeh achaanak cumm hoe sakata haye. chhote sudharatmak niyantran input kaa koee prabhaav naheen padata haye.
yadi drive wheels aquaplane hain, tou injan aar. pee. aim. mein achaanak shravya vriddhi hoe sakati haye aur gati kaa sanket diyaa jaa sakata haye kyonki way ghoomana shuru karate hain. ack chaude rajmarg modd mein, yadi saamane key pahiyon mein karshan khou jaataa haye, tou kaar achaanak modd key baahar kii or beh jaayegi. yadi peechhe key pahiye karshan khou dete hain, tou kaar kaa pichla hissa ack kinare parr ack skid mein chalaa jaayega. yadi chaaron pahiyon koo ack baar mein ack hii sthaan parr leey jaaya jaataa haye, tou kaar ack seedhi rekha mein, phir seey modd key baahar kii or, ack modd mein, khisak jaayegi. jaba koee bhee yaa sabhi pahiye karshan praapt curr lete hain, tou usa chakr koo jiss bhee disha mein ingit kiya jaataa haye, achaanak jhataka lugg sakata haye.
punarpraapti.
niyantran nivesh aquaplaning key dauran pratikool utpaadak hotey hain. yadi kaar modd mein naheen haye, tou twarak koo cumm karane seey yeh vaapas karshan key liye paryaapt dheema hoe sakata haye. steering input kaar koo ack skid mein daal sakate hain jisase thheek honah mushkil yaa asambhav hoga. yadi break lagaana apariharya haye, tou chaalak koo ise sucharu roop seey karna chaahiye aur asthirta key liye taiyar rehna chaahiye.
yadi peechhe key pahiye aquaplane hain aur oversteer kaa kaaran banate hain, tou chaalak koo peechhe key tyres key karshan koo phir seey praapt karane taka skid kii disha mein chalana chaahiye, aur phir kaar koo seedha karane key liye doosari disha mein teji seey chalana chaahiye.
chaalak dwara roktham.
sabse achchi ranneeti haye kii jall-yojana mein yogdan karane vaalon seey bachaa jaae. uchit tyre dabaav, sankeern aur naa pahane gaye tyre, aur sookhe mein uchit roop seey madhyam maane jaane vaale tyres seey cumm gati seey aquaplaning kaa jokhim cumm hoe jaayega, kyonki khade paani seey bachaa jaa sakata haye.
electronic sthirata niyantran pranali rakshaatmak driving takneekon aur uchit tyre chayan koo pratisthaapit naheen curr sakati haye. yeye pranaaliyan chuninda wheel breaking parr nirbhar karati hain, joe sadak sampark parr nirbhar karati hain. jabaki sthirata niyantran ack skid seey punarpraapti mein madad curr sakata haye jaba ack vaahan karshan koo phir seey praapt karane key liye paryaapt dheema hoe jaataa haye, yeh aquaplaning koo roque naheen sakata haye.
kyonki pool kiye gaye paani aur sadak kii sthiti mein parivartan key liye gati mein sucharu aur samay parr kamee kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye, isaliye geeli yaa barfili sadakon parr cruze niyantran kaa upayog naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
vimaan mein.
aquaplaning, jise hydroplaning key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, ack aisee sthiti haye jisamen khade paani, slush yaa burf, ack vimaan key chalane vaale chakr koo bhaar wahan satah key saath sampark khone kaa kaaran banata haye jiss parr yeh roll curr rhaa haye jisake parinamswarup chakr parr breaking kriya vimaan kii jameen kii gati koo cumm karane mein prabhaavi naheen haye.
aquaplaning vimaan mein landing yaa takeoff koo radd karane parr wheel breaking kii prabhavsheelta koo cumm curr sakata haye, jaba yeh vimaan koo runway key anta seey bhaagne kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. aquaplaning kaee vimaan durghatanaon kaa ack kaaran rhaa haye, jisamen 2007 mein bhaari barish key dauran saao paulo mein runway key anta mein bhaag jaane vaali taam airlines kii udaan 3054 kaa vinash bhee shamil haye. aise vimaan joe riverse thrust breaking kaa upayog curr sakate hain, unhein aisee sthitiyon mein sadak vaahanon parr laabh hotaa haye, kyonki iss prakaar kii breaking aquaplaning seey prabhaavit naheen hoti haye, lekin ise sanchaalit karane key liye kaafee doori kii aavashyakta hoti haye kyonki yeh sookhe runway parr wheel breaking key roop mein prabhaavi naheen haye.
aquaplaning ack aisee sthiti haye joe taba maujood hoe sakati haye jaba ack vimaan khade paani, keechad aur/yaa geeli burf seey dooshit runway kii satah parr utarata haye. aquaplaning kaa jamini niyantran aur breaking dakshata parr gambhir pratikool prabhaav parh sakata haye. teen buniyaadi prakaar key aquaplaning gatishil aquaplaning, revert rubber aquaplaning aur wiscus aquaplaning hain. teenon mein seey koee bhee vimaan koo landing roll key dauran kabhi bhee aanshik roop seey yaa poori tarah seey aniyantrit curr sakata haye.
haalaanki ise runway parr khaanche dwara rokaa jaa sakata haye. 1965 mein, ack americi pratinidhimandal ney cumm jall-prakshepan key liye apane groved runway koo dekhane key liye farnbero mein shaahi vimaan pratishthaan kaa daura kiya aur aff. aeye. aeye. aur nassa dwara ack adhyayan shuru kiya. taba seey duniya bhar key adhikansh pramukh havaai addon dwara groving koo apanaaya gayaa haye. concreet mein patali khaanchon koo kaataa jaataa haye jisase paani kaa apavyay hotaa haye aur aage jalyan kii kshamata cumm hoe jaati haye.
prakaar.
chipchipa.
chipchipa jall-grahan paani key chipchipa gunon key kaaran hotaa haye. taral padaarth kii ack patali parat joe 0.025 mimi seey adhik gaharaai mein naa hoe, vaha sub aavashyak haye. tyre taral padaarth mein pravesh naheen curr sakata haye aur tyre film key oopar seey ghoomata haye. yeh gatishil aquaplane kii tulanaa mein bahut cumm gati seey hoe sakata haye, lekin isake liye ack chikani yaa chikani-abhinay satah kii aavashyakta hoti haye jaise kii damar yaa pichhale landing key sanchit rubber key saath lepit ack touchdown kshetra. aisee satah mein geeli burf key samaan gharshan gunank hoe sakata haye.
gatishil.
gatishil aquaplaning ack apekshaakrit uchch gati vaali ghatana haye joe taba hoti haye jaba runway parr paani kii ack film hoti haye joe cumm seey cumm gahari hoti haye. jaise-jaise vimaan kii gati aur paani kii gaharaai badhati haye, paani kii parat visthaapan key liye pratirodh badhaati haye, jisake parinamswarup tyre key neeche paani kaa ack faant bunn jaataa haye. kuchh gati parr, jise aquaplaning gati (vee. pee.) kahaa jaataa haye, paani key dabaav seey utpann oopar kii or bull vimaan key vajan key barabar hotaa haye aur tyre koo runway kii satah seey oopar uthaaya jaataa haye. iss sthiti mein, tyre abb dishaatmak niyantran mein yogdan naheen karate hain, aur breaking action shoonya haye. gatishil aquaplaning aam taur parr tyre mudrasfeeti key dabaav seey sambandhit haye. parikshanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii mahatvapurna bhaar vaale tyres key liye aur chaal kii matra key liye paryaapt paani kii gaharaai key liye taaki gati seey "gatishil sir" dabaav poore sampark patch parr lagu hoe, gaanthon mein gatishil aquaplaning (vp) key liye nyuntam gati lagbhag 9 gunaa haye. 64 pee. aiss. aaee. key vimaan key tyre key dabaav key liye, ganana kii gaee aquaplaning gati lagbhag 72 samudri meal hogi. yeh gati ack ludhakane vaale, gair-fisalane vaale chakr key liye haye; ack bund chakr dabaav key vargamool key 7.7 gunaa taka vp koo cumm curr detaa haye. isaliye, ack baar jaba ack bund tyre aquaplaning shuru curr detaa haye tou yeh taba taka jaari rahega jaba taka kii gati anya tarikon seey cumm naheen hoe jaati (havaa kheenchana yaa ulta jore).
vaapas rubber.
bhaari break key dauran vaapas kiye gaye rubber (bhaap) aquaplaning hotaa haye jisake parinamswarup lambe samay taka bund-pahiya skid hotaa haye. iss prakaar key jall-prakshepan koo suvidhajanak banaane key liye runway parr kewal paani kii ack patali parat kii aavashyakta hoti haye. tyre kii scudding paani kii film koo bhaap key kushan mein badalane key liye paryaapt garmi utpann karati haye joe tyre koo runway seey door rakhti haye. garmi kaa ack dushprabhaav yeh haye kii yeh runway key sampark mein aaney vaale rubber koo apani mool aswachh sthiti mein vaapas leey jaataa haye. ack vimaan key anubhavit rubber aquaplaning key sanket, runway kii satah parr vishisht 'bhaap-saaf' nishan aur tyre parr vaapas kiye gaye rubber kaa ack patch hain.
vaapas kiye gaye rubber aquaplaning mein aksar gatishil aquaplaning key saath ack muthbhed hoti haye, jiss dauran pilot key paas vimaan koo dheema karane key prayaas mein break bund hoe sakate hain. antatah vimaan kii gati dheemi hoe jaati haye jahan tyre runway kii satah seey sampark karate hain aur vimaan fisalana shuru curr detaa haye. iss prakaar key aquaplane kaa upaay pilot key liye break chhodana aur pahiyon koo oopar ghumaane aur madhyam breaking lagu karane kii anumati denaa haye. vaapas rubber aquaplaning kapati haye kyonki pilot koo pataa naheen hoga kii yeh kaba shuru hotaa haye, aur yeh bahut dheemi gati (20 samudri meal yaa usase cumm) taka banaa reh sakata haye.
jokhim koo cumm karna.
koee bhee aquaplaning tyre breaking prabhavsheelta aur dishaatmak niyantran donon koo cumm curr detaa haye.
jaba aquaplaning kii sambhavana kaa saamana karna padata haye, tou pilots koo ack nalidar runway (yadi upalabdh hoe) parr utarane kii salah dee jaati haye. touchdown kii gati suraksha key anuroop jitani sambhav hoe utani dheemi honey chaahiye. nosevheel koo runway parr utaarane key baad, madhyam break lagaaya jaanaa chaahiye. yadi mandee kaa pataa naheen chalata haye aur aquaplaning kaa sandeh haye, tou naak koo oopar uthaaya jaanaa chaahiye aur vaayugatikiya khinchaav kaa upayog usa bindu taka dheema karane key liye kiya jaanaa chaahiye jahaan break prabhaavi hoe jaate hain.
uchit break takneek aavashyak haye. break koo taba taka majbooti seey lagaaya jaanaa chaahiye jaba taka kii ack skid seey kuchh hii cumm bindu taka naa pahunch jaae. ack skid key pahale sanket parr, pilot koo break kaa dabaav chhodana chaahiye aur pahiyon koo oopar kii or ghumaane denaa chaahiye. patwar key saath jahaan taka sambhav hoe dishaatmak niyantran banaae rakhaa jaanaa chaahiye. ack crosswind mein, yadi aquaplaning honah chaahiye, tou crosswind vimaan koo ack saath havaa mein mausam key kaaran banaa dega (i.ee. naak havaa kii or mudegi) saath hii havaa key neeche khisak jaayegi (vimaan usa disha mein khisak jaayega jiss disha mein havaa chala rahee haye). chhote vimaan key liye, naak koo oopar pakadana jaise kii ack naram kshetra landing karna aur vayugativigyan key niyantran koo banaae rakhane key liye patwar kaa upayog karna, jabaki oopar kii havaa key aleron koo sabse achchi sthiti mein pakadana taaki pankh koo uthaane seey rokaa jaa sakey, madad karni chaahiye. haalaanki, bhaari barish mein utarane seey bachein jahaan havaa kaa paar havaa ghatak pilot sanchaalan pustika mein soochibaddh adhikatam pradarshit paar havaa seey adhik haye.

