
naazi germany mein mahilaaen

naazi germany mein mahilaaen naazi party (nsdap) dwara naziwad key siddhanton key adheen theen, jisane germany key raajneetik aur shaikshanik jeevan key saath-saath isake karyakari nikaay aur karyakari samitiyon seey mahilaaon key bahishkaar koo badhaava diyaa. doosari or, chaahe vaha sankhya key kaaran hoe, sthaaniya sangathan kii kamee key kaaran hoe, yaa donon key kaaran, kaee german mahilaaen vaastav mein naazi party kii sadasya bunn gaeen. isake bavjood, naazi shasson ney aadhikarik taur parr mahilaaon koo kewal maan aur patni kii bhoomikaon koo bharane kii anumati dee aur protsaahit kiya. mahilaaon koo jimmedaari key sabhi padon seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey raajneetik aur shaikshanik kshetron mein.
yeye neetiyaan wimer ganarajya key tahat mahilaaon key adhikaaron aur langic samaantaa key vikas key saath poori tarah seey vipareet theen, aur german samrajya key tahat jyaadaatar purush-pradhaan aur roodhivaadi ravaiye seey samaan roop seey alag hain. naazi party key upgrah sangathanon key kendra mein mahilaaon kii resiment, yaa key roop mein, "logon key samudaay" () key samanjasya koo protsaahit karane kaa antim lakshya thaa.
naazi germany mein aadarsh mahila kaa apane ghar key baahar koee currier naheen thaa. isake bajaay, vaha ack achchi patni thee (haalaanki usake pati ney ise paribhaashit kiya), ack savdhan aur kartavyanishth maan (naazi darshan aur aadarshon key anusaar apane bachchon kii parvarish karane key liye vishesh dekhbhal karna), aur safai aur khaana pakaane jaise sabhi gharelu karyon mein kushal thee. mahilaaon koo kissy bhee prakaar key prashikshan kaa seemit adhikaar thaa; iss tarah kaa prashikshan aamtaur parr gharelu karyon key ird-gird ghoomata thaa. samay key saath, naazi yug kii german mahilaaon koo vishvavidyalayon mein padhaane, chikitsa peshevaron key roop mein kaam karane aur nsdap key bheetar raajneetik padon parr seva karane seey pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. reachsfuhrerin" gertrude scholtz-link key apavaad key saath, mahilaaon koo aadhikarik karyon koo karane kii anumati naheen thee. haalaanki, kuchh ullekhaniya apavaad they, yaa tou adolph hitler key saath unaki nikatata key madhyam seey, jaise kii magda gobbels, yaa vishesh kshetron mein utkrishtata praapt karke, jaise kii film nirmaata lenny refenstall yaa aviator hannah reitsch. yuddhakaal kii aavashyakta key baad shasson mein neetigat parivartanon kii aavashyakta key baad mahilaaon parr kaee pratibandh hataa liye gaye they.
naazi germany mein "sadharan" german mahilaaon kii itihas rachana samay key saath kaafee badal gaee haye; dwiteeya vishva yuddh key thheek baad kiye gaye adhyayanon mein unhein naazi utpeedan key atirikt peediton key roop mein dekhaa gayaa. haalaanki, 20veen shatabdi key anta mein, itihaskaron ney tark denaa shuru curr diyaa kii german mahilaaen shasson key pathyakram aur yahaan taka kii yuddh koo bhee prabhaavit karane mein saksham theen. isake alawa, inn adhyayanon mein paaya gayaa kii naazi shasson key dauran mahilaaon key anubhav varg, umr aur dharm key anusaar bhinn they.
jabaki kaee mahilaaon ney naazi pranali key kendra mein ack prabhaavshaali bhoomika nibhai yaa naazi yaatana shiviron key kendra mein aadhikarik padon koo bharaa, kuchh german pratirodh mein lagey hue they aur apane jeevan key saath bhugtan kiya, jaise kii libertas schulz-boysen yaa sofee shaul.
prishthabhoomi.
wimer ganarajya key tahat, mahilaaon kii sthiti europe mein sabse pragatisheel mein seey ack thee. 19 janwari, 1919 key wimer samvidhaan ney unake matdan key adhikaar (anuchhed 17 aur 22), nagrik mamalon mein ling kii samaantaa (kalaa) kii ghoshana kii. 109), mahila naukarshahon key khilaf gair-bhedbhaav. (kalaa. 128), prasooti adhikaar (kalaa. 19) aur vivaah key bheetar vaivaahik samaantaa (kalaa. 119). german nariwadi andolan key ack pramukh netaa clara jetkin 1920 seey 1933 taka reachstag mein sansad key sadasya they aur yahaan taka kii deane kii bhoomika mein vidhansabha kii adhyakshata bhee kii. lekin wimer ney mahilaaon kii mukti key liye ack badee chhalang kaa pratinidhitva naheen kiya. sansad mein mahilaaon kaa pratinidhitva cumm rhaa; matritva koo mahilaaon key sabse mahatvapurna samajik kaary key roop mein badhaava diyaa jaanaa jaari rhaa; garbhpaat abhee bhee abhiyojan yogya thaa (aaparaadhik sanhita kii dhaara 218); aur mahila shramikon ney samaan vetan jaisi paryaapt aarthik pragati hassil naheen kii. upbhoktaavaad key uday key saath, vyavsaayon aur sarkaar koo shram kii badhati aavashyakta thee; halanki kaam mahilaaon key liye mukti kaa ack maarg bunn gayaa, way aksar sachivon yaa bikri karmchaariyon key roop mein lipic kaary taka hii seemit they, jahaan unhein aam taur parr purush karmchaariyon kii tulanaa mein 10 seey 20 pratishat cumm bhugtan kiya jaataa thaa, vibhinn bahaane key tahat, jaise kii yeh daavaa kii gharelu karyon kii unaki samajh ney unhein kuchh gharelu kharchon seey mukt curr diyaa thaa.
jabaki wimer ganarajya key tahat adhikansh anya dalon ney chunaavon key dauran mahila ummidvaaron koo daudaaya (aur kuchh nirvaachit hue), naazi party ney naheen kiya. 1933 mein, joseph goebbles ney iss sthiti koo yeh samajhaate hue uchit thaharaaya kii "joe purushon kaa haye usey purushon parr chhodana aavashyak haye. navambar 1933 key chunaav key baad germany mein sansad kii 577 mein seey 37 mahila sadasya theen, joe kissy key paas naheen theen.
naazi shasson kii shuruat.
kuladhipati key roop mein adolph hitler kii shakti praapt karane seey kaee mahila adhikaaron kaa anta huaa, bhale hii hitler prabhaavshaali mahilaaon aur mahila matdaataon kii suraksha key kaaran apane samajik utthaan mein safal rhaa hoe. samriddh halakon key bheetar hitler key samajikkaran, aur sampaadak hyugo brookman kii patni rajkumari elsa brookman aur udyogpati advin bextein kii patni helen bextein jaise samajvadiyon key saath, naazi party koo vittaposhan key mahatvapurna nae sroton koo shuru mein laaya. udaaharan key liye, ack kuleen parivaar kii vidhwa, gertrud wonn siddlitz ney 1923 mein party koo 30,000 ank daan kiye; aur helen betchstein, jinake paas obersalzburg parr ack sampatti thee, ney hitler koo watchenfeld sampatti key adhigrahan mein sahaayata kii.
hitler key satta mein aaney mein mahila matdaataon dwara nibhai gaee bhoomika key sambandh mein, helen boek ney nott kiya kii "nsdap 1928 seey purushon kii tulanaa mein mahilaaon seey aanupaatik roop seey adhik samarthan praapt curr rhaa thaa, naa tou apani or seey kissy thhos prayaas key kaaran aur naa hii apane netaa key karishma key kaaran aur naa hii apane prachaar key ack vishisht tatva key kaaran. mahilaaon ney usee kaaran seey nsdap koo vote dene kaa vikalp chunaa, jisake liye purushon ney party koo vote diyaa-iss vishvaas key kaaran kii party ney german samaaj key baare mein apane swayam key vichaar kaa sabse achchha pratinidhitva kiya, bhale hii way vyaktigat muddon parr party key rukh seey asahmat houn. 1928 seey nsdap key liye purushon key voton kii tulanaa mein mahilaaon key voton key hisse mein badee vriddhi party kii badhati pramukhta aur sammaan key liye bahut kuchh haye, kyonki party kii gatishilata, anya dalon key badey raajnetaon key saath isake yuva netritva kii vipareetata, isaki badhati taakat, udaar aur sthaaniya, roodhivaadi dalon kaa vighatan aur samanya mohbhang aur asantosh joe [veemar] ganarajya ney laaya thaa yaa sabhi karanon seey yogdan karane mein whiffle rhaa thaa kii german purush aur mahilaaen nsdap kii or kyon mudeen...matdaataon mein mahilaaon kii pradhaantaa key kaaran, nsdap koo 1932 seey pahale aur 1932 mein poore reech mein kuchh kshetron mein purushon kii tulanaa mein mahilaaon seey adhik vote mille they. yeh daavaa karate hue kii hitler aur unaki party koo mahila matdaataon seey koee aakarshan naheen thaa aur isaliye nsdap koo mahila matadhikar seey bahut cumm laabh huaa, isaliye ise banaae naheen rakhaa jaa sakata haye. itihaaskaar vendi loer yeh spasht karate hain kii "jabaki mahilaaon ney hitler koo vote diyaa thaa, unamen seey adhikansh naheen theen...march 1932 key rashtrapati chunaav mein..26.5% [german mahilaaon ney hitler key liye matdan kiya. 1931 key sitambar key chunaavon mein, 30 laakh mahilaaon ney nsdap ummidvaaron key liye matdan kiya, joe nsdap key liye daale gaye kull 6.5 laakh maton kaa lagbhag aadhaa thaa."matdan key tareeke key sandarbh mein, halanki, mahila matdaataon kii tulanaa mein purush matdaataon key ack uchch anupaat ney naazi party kaa samarthan kiya.
1935 mein, rashtriya-samajwadi mahila congress koo ack bhaashan key dauran, hitler ney mahilaaon key adhikaaron key sambandh mein ghoshana keeh yeh tathya kii hitler avivaahit thaa aur vaha kaee germans key liye ack mardana aadarsh kaa pratinidhitva kartaa thaa, saarvajanik kalpana mein unake ksharan kaa kaaran banaa. aprail 1923 mein, munchenar post mein ack lekh prakaashit huaa jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii "mahilaaen hitler koo pasand karati hain"; unhein apane bhashanon koo "mahilaaon key swaad key anukool banaane key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa, joe shuru seey hii unake sabse utsaahi prashansakon mein giney jaate hain. kabhi-kabhi mahilaaon ney apane patiyon koo naazi raajneetik dall mein laane mein bhee mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai, iss prakaar nae nsdap sadasyon kii bharti mein yogdan diyaa.
ack aise samaaj mein joe mahilaaon koo purushon key barabar maanane lagaa thaa, naazi neetiyon ney ack jhataka lagaa diyaa, jisase mahilaaon koo raajneetik jeevan seey majboor honah padaa. mahilaaon seey sambandhit naazi neetiyon koo vemar ganarajya key patan key roop mein dekhate they, unhein rokane key unake prayason kaa ack pahalu thaa. unaki nazaron mein, wimer shasson, jise way ack yahudi charitra key roop mein maanate they, vaastav mein strivaadi key roop mein dikhaai diyaa, saath hii samalaingikta key prati sahishnu-german veerata kaa vaastavik virodhabhas.
heinrich himler ney 18 farwari, 1937 koo aiss. aiss.-groupenfuheror koo utanaa hii ghoshit kiyaah 
aadhikarik taur parr, mahilaaon kii sthiti "samaan adhikaaron" () seey purushon aur mahilaaon key beach "samaantaa" () mein badal gaee. itihaaskaar bataate hain kii "iss aakramak pradarshan ney iss pratiyogita seey chintit apane purush sahyogiyon koo khush karane kaa dohra laabh diyaa, aur 100,000 seey adhik logon koo apani safalata parr garv haye, jinamen seey adhikansh matadaata they jinhone raajneetik vampanth kaa samarthan kiya thaa. iss neeti ney nsdap mein aatankvaadiyon key beach chinta paida curr dee, joe chintit they kii isase mahila snatakon kii sankhya koo nuksan pahunchega, joe bhavishya mein party key rankon key liye aavashyak ack jalaashay haye.
uchch shiksha seey vaapsee.
1933 mein, ladkiyon key liye school karyakramon koo badal diyaa gayaa, vishesh roop seey unhein vishvavidyalaya kii padhaai karane seey hatotsaahit karane key lakshya key saath. paanch saal kii lattin kakshaon aur teen saal key vigyaan koo german bhasha aur gharelu kaushal prashikshan key pathyakramon dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. isake faldaayi parinam naheen mille; ack or, ladakon key schools mein namankit ladkiyon kii ack badee sankhya, jabaki doosari or, vishvavidyalaya star parr 10 pratishat key "namankan pratibandhon" koo aam taur parr nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa. iss prakaar, upaayon ney chikitsa vidyaalayon mein namankan koo kewal 20 pratishat seey ghataakar 17 pratishat curr diyaa.
kuchh mahila sanghon, vishesh roop seey saamyavaadi aur samajwadi samoohon parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa, aur kuchh durlabh mamalon mein sadasyon koo giraftar yaa hatyaa curr dee gaee thee. sabhi sanghon seey yahudi sadasyon koo shamil karane kaa anurodh kiya gayaa thaa, jaise kii protestant mahilaaon kaa sangh, ghar aur graameen ilaakon kaa sangh, mahila german aupaniveshik samaaj sangh aur raani luis kaa sangh. lekin teji seey, adhikansh sanghon koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa yaa gayab honey key liye aapas mein chunaa gayaa, jaise kii bee. dee. aff. (bund dutior frauenverin), joe 1894 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa aur joe 1933 mein bhang hoe gayaa taaki niyantrit honey seey bachaa jaa sakey. 1944 taka shasson (gertrud boumer, dye frau, yaa mahila kaa sangathan) key tahat kewal ack mahila sangh banaa rhaa, lekin logon kii shiksha aur prachaar key reech mantri, joseph gobbels key sanrakshan mein rakhaa gayaa. rudolf hess ney diaches fraaunvark kii sthaapana kii, joe naazi party kii mahilaaon kii shakha, ns-frouncechaft key saath, shasson key liye ack zana sangathan banane kaa uddeshya thaa.
1936 mein, mahilaaon key liye nyaayik pranali mein kuchh uchch-stariya padon (vishesh roop seey nyayadhish aur abhiyojak, hitler key vyaktigat hastakshep key madhyam seey) aur chikitsa kshetra parr pratibandh lagaane key liye ack kaanoon paarit kiya gayaa thaa. mahila doctors koo abb abhyaas karane kii anumati naheen thee, jaba taka kii unake nuksan kaa swaasthya aavashyaktaon parr hanikarak prabhaav naheen padaa aur kuchh koo kaam karane key liye vaapas bulaa liya gayaa; chikitsa mahilaaon kaa sangh bhee bhang hoe gayaa thaa, jise isake purush samkaksh mein avashoshit kiya gayaa thaa. wimer ganarajya key tahat, vishvavidyalaya key kewal 1 pratishat padon koo mahilaaon dwara bharaa gayaa thaa. 8 juuna, 1937 koo ack farman mein kahaa gayaa thaa kii aggar yeh samajik kshetra mein naheen haye tou kewal purushon koo hii inn padon parr naamit kiya jaa sakata haye. phir bhee, 21 farwari, 1938 koo ack mahila vaigyaanik margaret guso ney khagol vigyaan mein ack pada praapt kiya, joe kii gertrud scholtz-link dwara pairavi key baad "ack vyaktigat aur asadharan kshamata mein" thaa. ganitshastri rooth maufang apani doctorate praapt karane mein saksham theen, lekin padhaane kaa adhikaar praapt naheen curr sakeen aur unhein rashtriya udyog key liye kaam karane key liye majboor honah padaa. ack anya ganitshastri ammy nother koo 7 aprail, 1933 key "saarvajanik seva kii bahaali key liye german kaanoon" key aadhar parr apane pada seey samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki way 1920 key dashak mein yuu. aiss. pee. dee. aur aiss. pee. dee. mein sakriya they. casser wilhelm society mein bhautiki vibhaag kaa nirdeshan karane vaali bhautiki shodhkarta liss meitner 1938 taka apane pada parr baney rahane mein saksham theen, lekin yeh kewal unaki austriyai rashtriyata key kaaran thaa, joe enschellus key saath samaapt hui); phir vaha neetherland key liye ravaana huin, aur phir sweeden. vaigyaanik kshetra mein, mahilaaon key lagbhag koee namankan naheen they; 1942 mein, ack mahila koo vaigyaanik sansthaan kaa nirdeshan karane kii anumati naheen thee, iss tathya key bavjood kii kissy purush ummidwar ney aavedan naheen kiya thaa. raajneetik jeevan seey mahilaaon kaa nirvaasan kull thaah way kissy bhee reachstag, kshetriya sansad yaa nagarpalika parishadon mein naheen baith sakati theen.
iss niyantran key liye koee thhos pratirodh naheen thaa. kaee anya logon kii tarah, poonjipati mahila sanghon ney tark diyaa kii naazi sarkaar ack ashleel ghatana thee joe jald hii lupt hoe jaayegi, aur apani bhagidari key madhyam seey way abhee bhee kuchh prabhaav daal sakate hain. iss prakaar way khud koo yeh vishvaas dilaane mein bhramit curr rahey they kii way ack "sweekarya vyavastha" praapt curr rahey they, jaisa kii way ack pitrisattaatmak pranali key tahat karane key aadee they. shasson dwara prastut khatare koo cumm aankane kii vyaapak pravritti key sambandh mein, itihaaskaar claudia kunj ney usa yug kii lokpriya kahawat parr prakaash daalah "soop koo kabhi bhee utanaa germ naheen khaaya jaataa jitna ise pakaaya jaataa haye. joe mahilaaen apane virodh mein sabse dridh theen, yaa tou desh-parivartan parr apani nazar daalati hain, yaa, yadi way ack sakriya rukh apanaati hain, tou unhein giraftar kiye jaane aur nazarband kiye jaane kaa jokhim hotaa haye, aur sambhavatah unhein fansi dee jaati haye, vahee joe shasson key purush virodhiyon koo hoti haye.
1937 kii aanshik punarpraapti.
kuchh vyavsaayon mein mahilaaon kii aavashyakta aur desh kii arthavyavastha mein unaki upayogita koo dekhate hue, karyabal key sandarbh mein mukti-virodhi neeti teji seey mund parh gaee thee. mahilaaon koo anyatha naziwad kaa paalan karane key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa aur iss vichaar key saath aashvast kiya gayaa thaa kii way ack maan hoe sakati hain aur unhein naukari dee jaa sakati haye, joseph gobbels ney volkisher bibachar mein lipstick virodhi prachaar abhiyaanon parr bhee hamla kiya aur sabse utsaahi vicharakon parr hamla kiya.
naazi stree aadarsh.
naee aurat.
naazi mahila german samaaj (wolksgaminschaft) key adolph hitler key drishtikon kaa ack mahatvapurna hissa thee aur usey isake aadarshon koo pratibimbit karna chaahieh nasleeya roop seey shuddh aur shaaririk roop seey majboot. usey ghar key baahar kaam naheen karna chaahiye, aur germany key poorv samrat villium dwiteeya key naare kaa paalan karate hue, matritva key prati samarpit honah chaahieh kinder, kuche, kirche, jiska arth haye "bachche, rasoi, church". 1934 mein prakaashit ack dastaavez mein, "shramikon key sangharsh kii nau aagyaaen", herman goyering ney german mahilaaon kii bhavishya kii bhoomika koo spasht roop seey sankshep mein prastut kiyaah "ack bartan, ack dhool kaa bartan aur ack jhaadoo lein aur ack aadami seey shaadi karein. yeye aadarsh vibhinn naazi sansthanon mein moort they jaise kii dutch fruenwork kii dulhan school, jiska uddeshya mukhya roop seey ss aur naazi party key sadasyon kii bhaavi dulhan aur 17 seey 21 varsh kii ayu kii mahilaaon key liye vishvaas aur saundarya samaaj thaa.
yeh iss arth mein naari-virodhi thaa kii naazi mahilaaon koo diye gaye raajneetik adhikaaron (udaaharan key liye uchch-stariya padon taka pahunch) koo prajanan kii prakriti key saath asangat maanate they, ekmatra bhoomika jisake bheetar way khil sakate they aur rashtra key hiton kii sarvottam seva curr sakate they. magda goebbles ney 1933 mein ghoshana keeh "german mahilaaon koo teen vyavsaayon seey baahar rakhaa gayaa thaah senaa, duniya mein anya jagahon kii tarah; sarkaar; aur nyaypalika. yadi ack german ladki koo shaadi yaa currier key beach chayan karna chaahiye, tou usey hamesha shaadi karane key liye protsaahit kiya jaayega, kyonki yahee ack mahila key liye sabse achchha haye.
yeye aadarsh dusare shasson key dauran prachalit roodhivaadi aur pitrisattaatmak maandandon seey bhinn they, jisamen mahilaaon seey samaaj mein darkinar kiye jaane key bajaay, maan aur jeevansathi kii bhoomikaon mein buniyaadi star parr bhaag lene kii ummeed kii jaati thee. vaastav mein, yeh tathya kii mahilaaon kii gatishilata (taba fruenshaft key roop mein mahilaaon kaa samooh) itani adhik sangathit thee, yeh ingit kartaa haye kii mahilaaon koo unnisvin shatabdi mein vaisa darja naheen thaa jaisa unhone diyaa thaa. nae shasson ney ack roodhivaadi matadaata aur aabaadi key ack chhote hisse seey appeal kii hogi joe 1920 key dashak seey mukt mahila kii chhavi key liye bahut aalochanatmak thaa. lekin lakshya abb alag they, pratyek mahila koo "1000 varshon key reech" key nirmaan mein bhaag lene key liye kahate hue. isaliye mahila mukti ney khud koo aavashyak roop seey seemit paaya, hyde schlupman ney "fruen aind film" mein kahaa kii shasson key aadhikarik film nirdeshak, lenny refenstall kii filmein "mahila kamukta kii kaafee nakaratmakta koo mahatva detee hain aur kewal mahilaaon koo ack bhraamak swaayatta pradaan karati hain.
nishedh aur daayitva.
makeup pahanana aam taur parr pratibandhit thaa, aur mahilaaon key liye ack nishchit vinamrata kii maang kii gaee thee, joe weamer ganarajya kaal key vipareet thee, jisane naitik star parr adhik swatantrata kaa anubhav kiya thaa. 1933 mein, nsbo (german shramikon key morche kaa hissa) kii baithakon mein ghoshana kii gaee kii mahilaaon koo "rung aur pouder" nsbo kii sabhi baithakon mein varjit kiya gayaa thaa. joe mahilaaen saarvajanik roop seey dhumrapan karati hain-hotalon, kaife, sadak parr aur isi tarah-unhein nsbo seey baahar rakhaa jaayega. paaramparik maani jaane vaali gatividhiyon koo kewal upayukt sthaanon parr protsaahit kiya gayaa thaah sangeet, shaaririk shram, gymnastic. yaunata parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba taka kii ack prajanan lakshya key liye naheen; mukt yuva mahilaaon koo "bhrasht" aur "asamajik" maanaa jaataa thaa. maataon koo bachche paida karane key liye protsaahit kiya gayaa thaa, aur "ehrenkrez dair dutshen mutter" (angreji menh german maan key sammaan kaa cross) chaar seey adhik bachche rakhane vaali maataon key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. ack "german maatri divas" bhee banaaya gayaa thaa, aur 1939 mein, usa dinn tees laakh maataon koo sajaaya gayaa thaa. garbhpaat key sambandh mein, sevaaon taka pahunch koo jaldi seey pratibandhit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur 1935 mein, chikitsa pesha raajya key swaasthya key liye kshetriya karyalaya mein mrit janm kii report karane key liye baadhya hoe gayaa, joe ack bachche key nuksan kii aage jaanch karega. 1943 mein aantarik aur nyaay mantriyon ney "vivaah, parivaar aur matritva key sanrakshan" key liye kaanoon banaaya, jisamen shishu hatyaa key doshi maataon key liye maut kii sajaa kaa praavdhaan kiya gayaa.
bhautik maanak.
naazi nasleeya siddhant key anuroop, naazi sarkaar ney "aryan" (nordic) mool roop koo aadarsh shaaririk roop key roop mein badhaava diyaah mahilaaon koo ack hii baar mein sunhare, sunder, lambe, patale aur majboot honah thaa. yeh chhavi vigyaapan key madhyam seey utani hii faili thee jitani aadhikarik kalaa key madhyam seey, phir pracheen kalaa key madhyam seey, aur vishesh roop seey greco-roman moortiyon key madhyam seey. akaadamik monic moser-verry nott kartaa haih "tees key dashak key dauran, peris key nirnay jaise pauranik vishayon kaa punruddhar."moser-verry halanki nott kartaa haih
phir bhee yeh aashcharyajanak haye kii 1930 key dashak key mahila saahitya dwara prastut mahilaaon kii chhavi spasht roop seey rosenberg aur gobbels dwara faile meethe grihini key paaramparik vichaaron key vipareet haye. iss avadhi key dauran mahilaaon key upanyason kii naayikaaen aksar ack majboot aur dridh prakaar kii mahila hoti hain, jabaki bete aur pati jaldi seey mrityu key havaale hoe jaate hain. sub kuchh aisaa hotaa haye jaise kii inn kalpanaon key madhyam seey koee ack dusare seey swatantra inn dou samoohon key nirantar jutaane seey utpann lingon key beach ack sachchi dushmani koo samajhata haye.
fashion.
naazi germany mein mahilaaon key liye fashion naazi adhikaariyon key liye samasyagrast thaa. naazi sarkaar "aryan" mahila kaa prachaar karna chaahati thee. vibhinn posters aur media key anya roopon mein, yeh aadarsh naazi mahila majboot, upajaau thee, aur aitihaasik roop seey paaramparik german kapade pahanati thee. haalaanki, naazi adhikaari bhee german kapadon yaa fashion udyogon koo laabh paida karane seey rokna naheen chaahte they, kyonki sarkaar ney german gharelu utpaadon parr adharit ack upabhoktaavaadi samaaj banaane kii bhee maang kii thee. lakshyon mein inn matbhedon key kaaran aksar naazi germany mein mahilaaon key liye fashionable, rashtravadi aur raajneetik roop seey sahee maani jaane vaali asamaantaaen paida huin.
haalaanki, iss baat parr asahamati thee kii aadarsh roop seey german "aryan" mahilaaon koo kaise fashion kiya jaae, yahudi-virodhi, americi-virodhi aur francisi-virodhi naazi bayanbaji ney german mahilaaon kii fashion vichardhara koo dhaalane mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. naajiyon ney 1920 key dashak key paschimi fashion kii kadee aalochana kii, jaiz flapper fashion koo "francisi-prabhutva" aur "gambhir roop seey yahudi" honey kaa daavaa kiya."isake alawa, naazi party flapper shally key sakht khilaf thee kyonki unhone mahsoos kiya kii yeh mahilaaon koo purushavat karati haye aur ack anaitik aadarsh banaati haye. naazi germany mein 1920 key dashak key fashion koo samaapt karane kii ichcha naazi prachaar key saath susangat thee joe mahilaaon koo grihiniyon aur maataon key roop mein niji kshetra mein seemit karane parr jore dey rahee thee.
phir bhee, naazi sarkaar ney aryan mahila key liye ack maatri aadarsh banaane kii maang kii, lekin unhone kapada udyog seey bhee vittiya laabh kii maang kii. jabaki hitler ney mahilaaon seey upbhog karane kaa aagrah kiya, unhone nishkarsh nikala kii mahilaaon koo kewal german utpaadon kaa sevan karna chaahiye. german fashion sansthaan ("diaches modamt") kaa nirmaan, jisane ack paschimi uchch-fashion aalaa bajar banaane kii maang kii, ney fashion aur naazi rajneeti koo kaise paraspar kriya karni chaahiye, iss parr alag-alag raay banaai.
mahilaaon kii resiment.
ladkiyon key liye anivarya shiksha kii upeksha naheen kii gaee thee aur schools mein ladakon aur ladkiyon koo ack hii aadhar parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. ladkiyon koo maadhyamik shiksha praapt karane key liye protsaahit kiya jaataa thaa lekin vishvavidyalaya key pathyakram unake liye bund curr diye jaate they. 1935 kii shuruat mein unhein mahilaaon key kaam kii seva key laabh key liye chhah maheene kii kaary avadhi koo puuraa karane kii aavashyakta thee, "reichsarbetsdienst" "dutior fraunorbatesdienst". adolph hitler ney 12 aprail, 1942 koo ghoshana kii kii reech key schools koo "reech key sabhi yuvaaon" seey milane key liye "sabhi vargon key ladakon aur ladkiyon" koo ikattha karna chaahiye. shiksha pustika "daas rickmende doichland" mein kahaa gayaa haye kii yeh bhee aavashyak thaa kii way germany key bhugol, usake bhajanon key saath-saath varsaay kii sandhi key khandon koo bhee jaanate houn.
bee. dee. aim. koo vishesh roop seey mahilaaon koo "rasenshande" (nasleeya ashuddhata) seey bachane kaa nirdesh dene key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa, jise aarya jaati koo sanrakshit karane key liye yuva mahilaaon key liye vishesh mahatva key saath maanaa jaataa thaa. yuddh key dauran, germans aur kissy bhee videshi shramikon key beach yaun sambandhon koo rokane key liye, wolkstom ("nasleeya chetna") kaa prachaar karane key liye baar-baar prayaas kiye gaye. naazi prachaar ney parche prakaashit kiye jinamen sabhi german mahilaaon koo apane khoon key liye khatare key roop mein germany laae gaye sabhi videshi shramikon key saath yaun sambandhon seey bachane kaa adesh diyaa gayaa thaa. nasleeya apavitrata key aaropi german mahilaaon koo unake aparaadh kaa vivaran dete hue unake sir aur galey mein takhtiyon key saath sadakon parr ghumaaya gayaa. jinn logon koo doshi thaharaaya gayaa thaa, unhein yaatana shivir mein bheja gayaa thaa. jaba himler ney kathit taur parr hitler seey poochha kii german ladkiyon aur german mahilaaon key liye kyaa sajaa honey chaahiye, jinhen yuddh key kaidiyon (dhanush) key saath nasl apavitrata kaa doshi paaya gayaa haye, tou unhone adesh diyaa kii "harr ack ghodaa jiska german ladki yaa german key saath sambandh haye, usey goli maar dee jaayegi" aur german mahila koo saarvajanik roop seey apamaanit kiya jaanaa chaahiye "usake baal katkar aur yaatana shivir mein bheja jaanaa".
robbert ney "dha gestapo aind german society" mein likhaa. nasleeya neeti koo lagu karna 1933-1945 german mahilaaon key yuddh key kaidiyon aur videshi shramikon key saath yaun sambandhon key doshi paae jaane key aise mamalon key baare mein likhate hain. march 1941 mein ack mamla ack vivaahit mahila kaa thaa jiska ack francisi yuddh kaidi key saath sambandh thaa, jiska sir mundan kiya gayaa thaa aur nichale franconia key shahar mein ack sanket laker march kiya gayaa thaa jisamen kahaa gayaa thaa, "maine german mahila key sammaan koo apamaanit kiya haye."ack anya mamla dora wonn calbitz thaa jise sitambar 1940 mein ack poul key saath yaun sambandh banaane kaa doshi paaya gayaa thaa. usane apana sir mundan karaaya thaa aur leapsig key paas usake shahar oskatz key stambh mein rakhaa gayaa thaa, ack sanket key saath joe ghoshit kartaa thaa, "main ack apmaanjanak german mahila rahee huun jisamen maine khambhon kii maang kii thee aur unake saath sambandh they. aisaa karke maine khud koo logon key samudaay seey baahar curr diyaa."
ladkiyon kii shiksha kaa arth raajneetik shiksha bhee thaa; raajneetik adhyayan key abhijaat varg pahale seey hii maujood they, nepol (), ladkiyon key liye ack 1939 mein vienna mein aur doosara 1942 mein luxemberg mein khola gayaa. inn sansthanon kaa uddeshya mahilaaon koo raajneetik jeevan mein phir seey pravesh karane mein saksham banaana naheen thaa, balki mahilaaon key mamalon key prabandhan seey sambandhit padon parr kabja karane key liye aavashyak saanskritik saman key saath sarvshreshth pradaan karna thaa. yeh ack bahut hii chhote alpasankhyak seey sambandhit thaa. haalaanki, 5 juuna, 1942 koo, ack roodhivaadi rajneta, vitt mantri lutz schwerin wonn crossig ney ladkiyon key liye sabhi raajneetik shiksha koo aswikar karate hue, kishoron key liye ack sadharan internship naheen banane parr, dusare school key anudan mein katauti karane kii dhamki dee. adolph hitler ney 24 juuna, 1943 koo teen nae napola key nirmaan kaa vaadaa karate hue anyatha faisala kiya.
jaba hitler yuva purush kishoron key paathyetar jeevan koo vyavasthit karane key liye samarpit thaa, tou (bee. dee. aim.), 14 seey 18 varsh kii mahila kishoron koo shamil kiya. 1934 mein sthaapit, andolan kii aavashyakta 1 disambar, 1936 key kaanoon key baad thee. iska netritva 1934 seey 1937 taka trude mohar ney kiya thaa, phir 1937 seey 1945 taka manovaigyaanik jutta rudiger ney kiya thaa. yuva ladkiyon koo kuchh rojgar (samajik kaary, safai) yaa kheti (fasal kii kataai mein madad) key liye prashikshit kiya jaataa thaa aur khel kaa abhyaas kiya jaataa thaa; lekin aashcharyajanak roop seey, jaisa kii shiksha pustika "daas anushansit german" seey pataa chalata haye, shaaririk pradarshan kii maang kabhi-kabhi ladakon key samaan hoti thee (udaaharan key liye, 12 sekand seey cumm samay mein 60 meater daudana). harr budhwar kii shaam koo, 15 seey 20 saal kii ladkiyon key liye, kalaa aur sanskriti parr charcha karane key liye "home party" aayojit kii jaati thee. garmiyon key dauran ack saptah key liye germany yaa videsh mein aayojit avkash shivir aayojit kiye gaye they. chhah maheene kii aavashyak kaary seva, (rashtriya yuva mahilaaon kii kaary seva) bhee maujood thee, joe 1941 mein chhah atirikt maheenon key saath (yuddh key prayaas key liye) poori hui. 18 seey 25 varsh kii ayu kii yuva mahilaaon key liye, joe kaam khojane kii ichcha rakhti hain, 1938 mein kheti yaa gharelu kaam mein ack varsh kii anivarya seva kii sthaapana kii gaee thee.
rashtriya samajwadi mahila leag.
mahilaaen naazi party kii sadasya hoe sakati theen, lekin party mein nae aaney vaalon koo kewal tabhi pravesh diyaa jaataa thaa jaba way "upayogi" hoteen (udaaharan key liye nurse yaa rasoiye). 1933 mein unaki sankhya 5 pratishat aur 1937 mein 17 pratishat thee. lekin octuber 1931 seey naazi mahilaaon key liye raajneetik sangathan, ns-frouncechaft (nsf) maujood thaa, joe sabse badhkar naazi germany kii aadarsh mahila key aadarsh koo badhaava dene kii maang kartaa thaa; isaki neenv parr, yeh housekeeping mein prashikshan key liye jimmedaar thaa. yuva mahilaaen 15 saal kii umr mein shamil huin. 31 disambar 1932 koo, aine. aiss. aff. ney 109,320 sadasyon kii ginati kii. 1938 mein, isamen 20 laakh they, joe party key sadasyon kii kull sankhya kaa 40 pratishat thaa. aine. aiss. aff. kaa nirdeshan gertrud scholtz-link ney kiya thaa, jinake paas reachfuhrin kii upaadhi thee; unhone sadasyon koo "merrie betiyaan" kahaa aur una parr ack majboot prabhaav aur ack nishchit vishvasaniyata hassil kii. mahilaaon parr unake vichaar spasht roop seey adolph hitler key vichaaron seey sahmat they, lekin unhone abhee bhee jimmedaari key kuchh padon taka pahunch kaa bachaav kiya. unhone party kii pramukh baithakon mein bhaag naheen liya, lekin party congress mein aamantrit kii gaee.
1934 mein shuru hui schooly pathyapustakon kaa sampadan aksar doctor kii dekhrekh mein kiya gayaa thaa, vishesh roop seey "german maan aur usake pahale bachche" key liye ack lekhak, joe vyaapak roop seey prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, aur shasson key nirmaan mein german maan kii driving bhoomika koo badhaava detaa thaa, yaa "maan, mujhe adolph hitler key baare mein bataayen" ("mutter, airgel wonn adolph hitler"), taaki mahilaaon koo apane bachchon koo naazi moolyon mein prerit karane key liye prerit kiya jaa sakeh
housekeeping prashikshan koo frownwork (german mahilaaon kaa kaam) key madhyam seey badhaava diyaa gayaa thaa, jisane "jaatiya roop seey shuddh" mahilaaon key liye vishayagat pathyakram khole. haalaanki, yeh ullekhaniya haye kii halanki gharelu prashikshan, gymnastic aur sangeet key liye kaee pathyakram they, lekin unhone dharm-virodhi shikshan kii or unmukh pathyakramon koo chhod diyaa.
ns-frouncechaft ney koee raajneetik bhoomika naheen nibhai aur kadee mehnat seey jeete gaye mahilaaon key adhikaaron key nuksan kaa virodh naheen kiya. isane ghar mein parivaar kii maan kii bhoomika kaa bachaav kiya, samudaay key dill mein apane kartavyon key prati sachet. basharte kii, niji kshetra key bheetar mahilaaon koo shamil karna teesare reech key tahat apani jimmedariyon koo naheen chhipaata haye; humm aaj jaanate hain kii fruenbeggang (mahila andolan) ney socha kii samaaj mein ack mahila kaa sthaan ack samudaay key dill mein thaa jisane yahoodiyon koo baahar rakhaa aur jaati koo sanrakshit karane key liye kabje vaale purvi europe mein ack sabhya mission kaa pradarshan kiya.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, asthaayi roop seey apane pichhale daavon kaa khandan karate hue, naazi ney neeti badal dee aur mahilaaon koo german senaa mein shamil honey kii anumati dee. adolph hitler ney 13 sitambar, 1936 koo rashtriya samajwadi mahila leag key kaaryakartaon koo diye ack bhaashan mein pahale hii pushti curr dee theeh "hamaare paas swasth purushon kii ack peedhi haye-aur humm, rashtriya samajwadi, dekhane jaa rahey hain-germany mahila grenade fenkane vaalon yaa mahila kuleen snipers key kissy bhee dall kaa koee varg naheen banaayega."isaliye, yuddh key dauran mahilaaon koo ladaakoo ikaaiyon key liye niyukt naheen kiya gayaa thaa, lekin yuddh mein bheje gaye purushon kii sankhya key kaaran cumm karmchaariyon vaale kshetron mein rasad aur prashaasnik kartavyon key liye jimmedaar sahayak sainya karmiyon key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa. anya mahilaaon ney karkhanon yaa sainya shiksha mein bhee kaam kiya. reachesban" (railway kii rashtriya company) yaa "fuyerwehr" (agnishamakon) key sainya sadasya usa yug key liye upayukt vardi pahanate they, vishesh roop seey ack scurt key saath. nsdap sadasya aur rashtriya samajwadi mahila leag key netaa, gertrud scholtz-link ney kahaah 
1943 mein arthavyavastha key reech mantri ney poorv mein krishi kartavya key liye "berufsousbildung prograam aust" naamak naukari prashikshan karyakram shuru kiya (samanya yojana aust key jaatiya safaaye key saath bhramit naheen honah chaahiye). unhone nabaligon key sanrakshan aur "german ladkiyon kii leag" ("bund dutior maidel") "austinsatz" key liye rojgar manakon key sambandh mein reech key maujooda kaanoonon kaa vistaar kiya, jinake liye aisaa kaam anivarya thaa. kishore ladkiyon koo krishi kaary karyakram key liye brandberg bajar mein niyukt kiya jaataa thaa. way apane kaary key roop mein adhikrit polland key punarvaas kshetron mein sakriya they. phir bhee, janwari 1943 key farman kaa ullekh karate hue, 17 seey 45 varsh kii ayu kii german mahilaaon koo jutaane kaa ahwan karate hue, nsdap key gertrud scholtz-link ney usa varsh sitambar mein badd schlatchen mein ack sammelan mein kahaah 
prachaar mantri joseph goebbles ney 18 farwari, 1943 koo berlin sports holl mein diye gaye apane "sportspalast" bhaashan mein german mahilaaon seey kaam karane aur apani pratibaddhata mein shaant rahane kaa ahwan kiyaah
yuddh arthavyavastha mein mahilaaon kii gatishilata hamesha seemit raheeh 1944 mein ack peshevar gatividhi kaa abhyaas karane vaali mahilaaon kii sankhya 1939 seey lagbhag aparivartit thee, grate britten key vipareet lagbhag 15 million mahilaaen theen, taaki mahilaaon kaa upayog pragati naa curr sakey aur unamen seey kewal 1,200,000 1943 mein hathiyar udyog mein kaam kiya, una kaam karane kii sthitiyon mein joe unake maalikon dwara kathin aur aksar kharaab vyavhaar kiye jaate they, jinhone apani yogyata kii kamee kii ninda kii.
senaa mein (wehrmatch).
1945 mein, wehermacht (wehermatchelferrinan) mein 500,000 mahila sahayak theen, joe heer, looftwaff aur criegsmarine key dill mein theen. unamen seey lagbhag aadhe swayamsevak they, anya yuddh key prayaas seey judee anivarya seva curr rahey they (crigshilfsdienst). unhone yuddh key kaidiyon (hivis) key samaan adhikaar key tahat, senaa key sahayak karmiyon (behlfspersonal) key roop mein bhaag liya aur unhein naa kewal german reech key kendra mein, balki german-kabje vaale kshetron key bheetar bhee kartavyon key liye saunpa gayaa thaa, udaaharan key liye polland kii samanya sarkaar mein, france mein, spen mein aur baad mein yugoslavia mein, grees aur romania mein.
unhone anivarya roop seey bhaag liyaah
aiss. aiss. mein.
aiss. aiss.-jeffolz purushon kii mahilaaon kii shakha thee, lekin isake vipareet yeh kewal aapaatkaaleen seva mein swaichhik kaam taka hii seemit thee (naa kii dynstworphlicktoong). aiss. aiss. mahilaaen yaa tou "yaa" aiss. aiss.-crigshelferrinan "seey sambandhit theen. way aiss. aiss. mein sahayak prasaran (telephone, radio operator, aashulipik) key prabhaari they aur kabhi-kabhi shiviron mein (yeye aufsherin they, agala khand dekhein). aiss. aiss. key mahila wing mein ack aantarik padanukram thaa, jiska purush sainikon parr koee prabhaav naheen thaa, halanki mahilaaon key liye naamit khitabon kaa kabhi-kabhi maalikon parr prabhaav padata thaa. haalaanki, mahila shivir rakshak aiss. aiss. key nagrik karmchari they, aiss. aiss.-helferinen jinhone obernai (oberenheim) mein reech-school mein prashikshan puuraa kiya, way waffon-aiss. aiss. key sadasya they.
ss-helferinen koo alses mein oberenheim mein reachshule-aiss mein prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa. reachshul-aiss (poorna roop seey, reachshul farr ss helferinan oberenheim) mahilaaon key liye aarakshit aiss. aiss. key liye prashikshan kendra thaa, aur maee 1942 mein heinrich himler key adesh parr obernai mein khola gayaa thaa. itihaskaron ney aiss. aiss.-helferinencorp koo 'aiss.-frouncorp' bhee kahaa haye. aiss. aiss. kii lipic ikai, aiss. aiss. fruencorps mein 7,900 mahilaaon koo aur aiss. aiss. sahayak yaa helferinen key roop mein 10,000 mahilaaon koo niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. german senaa mein namankit mahilaaon key liye prashikshan usase adhik kathin thaa. unhein shasson dwara nirdhaarit kuchh shaaririk maandandon koo puuraa karna thaah unaki ayu 17 seey 30 varsh honey chaahiye aur way lambe samay taka lambe honey chaahiye, jabaki lambi avadhi mein, namankan mandand mein dheel dee gaee thee (ayu seema 40 varsh taka badhaa dee gaee thee aur nyuntam oonchaai 1.58 meater taka giraa dee gaee thee); unhone 15 muslim chhatron koo bhee sweekaar kiya. visheshaadhikaar praapt sthiti mein honey key kaaran, anya samajik vargon key liye pravesh kholane seey pahale yuddh vidhvaaon kaa samarthan kiya jaataa thaa. reachshul-aiss mein namankit mahilaaen vibhinn aarthik, varg aur shaikshik prishthabhoomi seey aaeen aur rankon mein abhijaat varg kii ack sadasya, rajkumari ingborg elix shamil theen. reachshule-aiss ney mahila naazi vicharakon seey appeal kii jinhone aiss. aiss.-helferine banane seey samajik chadhaai kii sambhavana koo purvabataya, aur ummidwar aksar anya aiss. aiss. aur aine. aiss. dee. aeye. pee. sadasyon key saath parivaaron seey they. itihaskaron ney yeh ullekh kiya haye kii "kuchh aiss. aiss.-helferinen una logon key utpeedan key baare mein jaanate they jinhen naazi bekaar maanate they; unaki chooniyaan.aushwitz mein ack prashaasak key roop mein kaam karane vaali, unhone kahaa kii vaha jaanati theen kii sonderbehundlung shabd kaa arth kaidiyon koo gais denaa haye."jutta muhlemberg kii pustak," daas ss-helferinecorpsah ausbuildung, ensatz aur antnazifiering dair weiblicane angerine dair waffen-aiss 1942-1949 "kii unaki sameeksha mein, rechel centuary likhati haih sahyogiyon kii pragati key kaaran 1944 mein school bund hoe gayaa.
shiviron mein.
naazi yaatana shiviron mein naazi key rank key bheetar mahilaaen theenh yeye aufserinan theen aur aam taur parr aiss. aiss. kii theen. way gaard, sachiv yaa nurse they. way yuddh kii shuruat seey pahale pahunche, unamen seey kuchh koo 1938 seey lichtenberg mein prashikshit kiya jaa rhaa thaa. yeh 8 aur 9 navambar 1938 koo chrystallencht key baad raajneetik kaidiyon kii badhati sankhya key baad karmiyon kii aavashyakta key kaaran huaa. 1939 key baad, unhein berlin key paas camp ravensbrook mein prashikshit kiya gayaa thaa. jyaadaatar nimn yaa madhyam varg key samajik mool seey aaney vaale, way pahale paaramparik vyavsaayon (hairdressor, shikshak, udaaharan key liye) mein kaam karate they, lekin purushon key vipareet, jinhen sainya seva koo puuraa karane kii aavashyakta thee, mahilaaon koo aiss. aiss. key mahila wing, aiss. aiss.-jey. folz taka pahunchane kii ack imandar ichcha seey prerit kiya jaataa thaa. sabhi naazi shiviron mein kull 50,000 rakshakon mein seey 5,000 mahilaaen (lagbhag 10 pratishat karyabal) theen.
unhone 1942 mein aushwitz aur majdanek shiviron mein kaam kiya. agale varsh, naazi ney gaard kii kamee key kaaran mahilaaon kii bharti shuru kii. baad mein, yuddh key dauran, mahilaaon koo shiviron mein nyungame aushwitz (i, ii aur iii), plazozo flosenberg, sakal-rosen waft aur stutthoff aur belzek, sobibar trablinca aur chelmo key mrityu shiviron mein bhee chhote paimaane parr niyukt kiya gayaa thaa. saat aufserinan ney wood mein seva kii, 24 buchenwald mein, 34 bergen-belson mein, 19 daachaau mein, 20 mauthausen mein, teen mittelbaau-dora mein, saat nutzweeler-strothoff mein, bees mazdneck mein, 200 aushwitz mein aur isake upa-shiviron mein, 140 saxenhossen mein, 158 newnengame mein, 47 stutthoff mein, 958 kii tulanaa mein jinhone ravensbrook mein seva kii, 561 flosenberg mein aur 541 sakal-rosen mein. kaee paryavekshakon ney germany mein upa-shiviron mein aur kuchh ney polland, france, austriya aur chekoslovakia mein kaam kiya.
aufserin" pada key bheetar ack padanukram thaa, jisamen nimnalikhit uchch pada shamil theh "raportoufserrin" (haid offserin), "erstoufserrin" (pahala rakshak), "lazerfuhrin" (shivir kaa pramukh), aur anta mein, "oberofserin" (varishth nireekshak), ack pada jiss parr kewal enaa clain aur luis brunner kaa kabja thaa.
bhedbhavpurna alpsankhyakon kii mahila sadasya.
yahudi yaa romani purushon key samaan hii dhamkiyon key tahat, inn samudaayon seey sambandhit mahilaaon key saath samaan roop seey bhedbhaav kiya jaataa thaa, phir unhein nirvaasit curr diyaa jaataa thaa aur kuchh logon koo samaapt curr diyaa jaataa thaa. kaee yaatana shiviron mein mahila bandiyon key liye khand they (vishesh roop seey aushwitz aur bergen-belson mein) lekin maee 1939 mein khole gaye ravensbrook mein shivir ney 1945 taka lagbhag 100,000 kaidiyon kii sankhya mein mahilaaon key liye ack shivir key roop mein khud koo pratishthit kiya. 1938 mein lichtenberg mein sthanantarit honey seey pahale, pahala mahila ekagrata shivir 1933 mein moringen mein khola gayaa thaa.
ekagrata shiviron mein, mahilaaon koo purushon kii tulanaa mein kamjor maanaa jaataa thaa, aur unhein aam taur parr adhik jaldi gais kakshon mein bheja jaataa thaa, jabaki purushon kii taakat kaa upayog purushon koo thakaa dene key liye kiya jaataa thaa. kuchh mahilaaon koo chikitsa prayogon key adheen kiya gayaa thaa.
kuchh logon ney pratirodh kaa maarg apanaaya, jaise kii polish sadasya haika grossman, jinhone 15 seey 16 agast, 1943 kii raat key dauran bialistoke key gheto key liye sahaayata key liye sangathan mein bhaag liya. 7 octuber, 1944 koo, sonderkomando key sadasya, 250 kaidi joe gais key baad vyaktiyon key shavon key liye jimmedaar they, uthhe; unhone yuva yahudi mahilaaon (alaa gertner, regina safir, estera wazsblum aur roja robota) key ack comando dwara visfotak kii chori kii thee joe "union varke" key hathiyar karkhanon mein kaam karate they. way aanshik roop seey shmashan koo nasht karane mein safal rahey.
naziwad key prati mahila pratirodh.
pratirodhakon koo apani jaati key kaaran nirvaasit aur samaapt honey key jokhim key kaaran apani pratibaddhata mein majboor karane key alawa, kuchh german naazi shasson key khilaf bhee pratibaddh they. mahilaaon ney pratirodh kaa lagbhag 15 pratishat pratinidhitva kiya. halanki monic moser-verry nott kartaa haih 
chhaatr communist licelot herman ney 1933 mein adolph hitler kii kuladhipati key roop mein niyukti key khilaf virodh kiya aur germany key punahshastrikaran key baare mein videshi sarkaaron koo jaankaari praapt karane mein kamyab rahey. 1935 mein unhein giraftar kiya gayaa, dou saal baad maut kii sajaa sunai gaee aur 1938 mein unhein fansi dee gaee. vaha shasson kii shuruat key baad seey maut kii sajaa jhelane vaali pahali german maan theen. dusseldorf kii bees mahilaaen, jinhone apane pitaa, bhaaiyon aur bete koo shivir mein nirvaasit hotey dekhaa, prasiddh "nirvaasiton key geet" kii taskari karane aur ise gyaat karaane mein kamyab raheen. freeya wonn moltke, mildrade harnack-fish aur libertas schulz-boysen ney pratirodh samooh cressau circle aur redd orchestra mein bhaag liya; antim dou koo giraftar curr liya gayaa aur maar diyaa gayaa. 20 varsheeya chhaatra sophi shaul, safed gulab kii ack sadasya koo 22 farwari, 1943 koo usake bhaai hains shaul aur christophe probust key saath parche post karane key liye maar diyaa gayaa thaa. pratirodhak maria terville ney munster key bishap clemens wonn gallen dwara diye gaye naazi andolan kii ninda karane vaale prasiddh updeshon key gyaan koo failaane mein madad kii, saath hii saath yahoodiyon koo videsh bhaagne mein madad kii. 5 agast 1943 koo unhein fansi dee gaee thee. mahilaaon key safal virodh koo bhee nott kiya jaa sakata haye, jise rosenstra kahaa jaataa haye, nasleeya roop seey "aryan" mahilaaon ney yahoodiyon seey shaadi kii, jinhone farwari 1943 mein apane patiyon kii rihaai praapt kii.
mahilaaon ney videsh seey pratirodh key liye bhee ladaai ladee, jaise dora shaul, ack communist jisane 1934 mein germany chhod dee thee aur julaai 1942 seey gupt network, german shram aur duesh-feldpost (merey german graameen) key saath shamil thee. hilde meisel ney 1933 mein naazi shasson key khilaf british janmat koo prerit karane kaa prayaas kiya. vaha yuddh key dauran germany laut aaee lekin sadak key modd parr usey maar diyaa gayaa.
yaad washem dwara maanyata praapt rashtron mein aadhe seey adhik dharmi mahilaaen hain. jabaki unamen seey kaee ney parivaar key anya sadasyon key sahyog seey kaam kiya, inmein seey kuchh sahsi mahilaaen bachaav kii shuruat karane vaali theen aur yahoodiyon koo bachaane key liye swatantra roop seey kaam kiya.
uchch samaaj aur shakti key mandal.
haalaanki naazi germany mein mahilaaon key paas raajneetik shakti naheen thee, lekin adolph hitler key aspas prabhaav kaa ack chakr maujood thaa. iss ghere key bheetar, hitler prachaar mantri joseph gobbels kii patni, british ekataa mitford aur magda gobbels seey parichit hoe gaye. magda gobbels koo "thurd reech kii pratham mahila" upnaam seey jaanaa jaane lagaah unhone raajya kii yaatraon aur aadhikarik karyakramon key dauran shasson kaa pratinidhitva kiya. 19 disambar, 1931 koo gobbels key saath unaki shaadi koo ack samajik karyakram maanaa jaataa thaa, jahan lenny refenstall ack ullekhaniya atithi they. unhone maatri divas key liye model german maan key roop mein pose diyaa. 1920 seey hitler kii ack dost, alonor baur (usane bear holl putt mein bhaag liya thaa) rakt adesh praapt karane vaali ekmatra mahila thee; usane aadhikarik swaagat samarohon mein bhee bhaag liya aur heinrich himler key karib thee, jisane usey aiss. aiss. kaa curnell bhee naamit kiya aur usey yaatana shiviron mein muft pahunch kii anumati dee, jahaan vaha niyamit roop seey jaati thee, vishesh roop seey daachaau. hitler yeh naheen bhoole kii unhone apane raajneetik aarohan kaa ack hissa samaaj kii duniya mein ekikrit mahilaaon (abhijaat varg yaa udyogpatiyon) key liye diyaa, jaise kii elsa brookman.
mahilaaen bhee kuchh kshetron mein khud koo alag karane mein saksham theen, lekin way apavaad they joe niyam koo saabit karate they. iss prakaar lenny refenstall shasson key aadhikarik film nirdeshak they aur unhein unake cinemai nirmaan ("ichcha kii jeet", aur "olympia") key liye bhaari dhana diyaa gayaa thaa. winifred wagner ney atyadhik prachaarit beareth utsav kaa nirdeshan kiya, aur soprano elizabeth schwarzkoff koo "naazi divaa" key roop mein prachaarit kiya gayaa, jaisa kii ack americi samachar patra ney ullekh kiya. ack vimaan chaalak, hannah reits ney pareekshan vimaan aur shasson kii sainya pariyojanaon, vishesh roop seey vee1 udane vaale bumm koo sambhaalane key saath khud koo pratishthit kiya.
naazi germany key patan key dauran mahilaaen.
naazi germany key patan key baad, kaee german mahilaaon ney yuddh key parinamswarup khandharon koo saaf karke germany key punarnirmaan mein bhaag liya, jinhen "trumerfrouen" ("malabe vaali mahilaaen") upnaam diyaa gayaa thaa. soviyat kabje vaale kshetra mein, 20 laakh seey adhik mahilaaen balatkar kii shikaar huin. unamen seey ack iss anubhav koo yaad karate hue ack sansmaran prakaashit karegaah "(" berlin mein ack mahila "). jaise hii soviyat sangh ney german kshetra mein pravesh kiya, german mahilaaon key paas aamtaur parr aatmahatya koo chhodkar koee vikalp naheen thaa. peedhigat star koo poori tarah seey paar karane key saath peedit honey kii umr seey koee fark naheen padata thaa. prasiddh russie lekhak alekjendar solzhenitsyn ney ack saamoohik balatkar key baad hatyaa kii gaee ack chhoti ladki key shareer koo paakar krodhit hocker, iss kshan koo bhaavi peedhi key liye chihnit karane key liye ack teekhi kavita likhi.
soljhenitsin kii kavita seey yeh bhee pataa chalata haye kii laal senaa ney germany parr hamla kiya thaa, jiska badala soviyat netaaon dwara ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. soviyat sainikon koo germans koo peechhe hataane mein shuruati jeet mein ack nishchit degree kaa licenses diyaa gayaa thaa, kyonki joseph stallin ney bhee balatkar key prati poori tarah seey udasinta vyakt kii thee. ack udaaharan spasht haye kii ack baar yugoslav key communist netaa milovan digillas ney jiss stallin seey poochha thaa, "kyaa vaha ise samajh naheen sakata haye kii ack sanic jisane khoon aur aag aur mrityu key madhyam seey hajaaron kilometres paar kiye hain, vaha ack mahila key saath mastee kartaa haye yaa kuchh chhoti-motee cheezen letaa haye?"kaee german mahilaaon kii mrityu iss tarah kii chhoti-motee ghatnaaon key beach mein hui, unake pati aur parivaar unake saath athah duhkh seey peedit they, aur unamen seey kuchh ney balatkar key badale mein apani zaan lene kaa faisala kiya. jaba balatkar naheen kiya jaataa thaa, taba bhee mahilaaen ullanghan key darr seey apartment, tahakhaane aur almari mein chhip jaati theen, bhookh, darr aur akelepan kaa anubhav karati theen, jisase aaney vaale varshon taka manovaigyaanik nishan reh jaate they. adhik prishthabhoomi key liye dekhein-germany key kabje key dauran balatkar.
yuddh apraadhon key liye jawabdehi.
naziwad key samarthan mein german logon kii doshasiddhi kaa sawal lambe samay seey una mahilaaon parr haavi hoe gayaa haye, jinake paas shasson key tahat bahut cumm raajneetik shakti thee. iss prakaar, jaisa kii german itihaaskaar gisela bock ney samajhaaya, joe naazi yug key dauran mahilaaon seey poochhakar iss mudde koo ujagar karane vaale pahale itihaskaron key saath shamil they. 1984 mein, "jaba jeev vigyaan niyati bunn gayaa, wimer aur naazi germany mein mahilaaen", unhone likhaa kii joe mahilaaen aarthik aur naitik roop seey gulam hain, way ghar mein seemit hocker aur apane patiyon key shasson key tahat aakar apani swatantrata kaa prayog naheen curr sakati hain. iss prakaar, humm 1980 key dashak key dauran iss vishay parr adhyayan koo mukhya roop seey iss dhaarana key saath jodate hain kii mahilaaen "purushvaad" aur "stree-virodhi" faasivaad kii shikaar theen. matdan key sandarbh mein, mahila matdaataon kii tulanaa mein purush matdaataon key ack uchch anupaat ney naazi party kaa samarthan kiya.
haalaanki, iss vishleshan kii saralata haal key adhyayanon key saath gayab hoe jaati haye. 1987 mein, itihaaskaar claudia kunj ney "pitribhoomi mein maataaen, mahilaaen, parivaar aur naazi rajneeti" mein iss bayaan parr sawal uthaaya aur kuchh aparaadh koo sweekaar kiya. vaha iss prakaar kahati haih "prabhaavshaali yaa nirdosh honey kii jagah, mahilaaon ney hiton key naam parr raajya hatyaa koo sambhav banaaya jise way maatri key roop mein paribhaashit karati hain."unake liye, grihiniyon key samavesh ney unhein khud koo majboot karane aur ack pehchaan koo samajhane kii anumati dee, vishesh roop seey naazi gertrud scholtz-link key netritva mein mahila sanghon key madhyam seey. isaliye unhone pranali koo sthir karane mein madad kii. mahilaaon ney raajya kii rajneeti aur sujanan mein anand liya, jisane janm darr adhik honey parr vittiya sahaayata kaa vaadaa kiya, isaliye way nafrat key vatavaran mein pyaar key bhram koo sanrakshit karke pranali koo sthir karane mein madad karengi."isake alawa, aggar gisela bock ney apane sahayogi key kaam koo" "naari-virodhi" "key roop mein ninda kii, tou anya loga sanliptata aur utpeedan key beach ack sakht vikalp parr rukane seey incar karate hain aur iss baat mein adhik ruchi rakhate hain kii naziwad ney germany key liye apani pariyojana mein mahilaaon koo kaise shamil kiya.
kett docking ney "thurd reech kii mahila prashasakon" kii apani pustak sameeksha mein likhaa haye kii, "iss monograph kii pramukh yogyata yeh haye kii yeh una mahilaaon koo dikhaai detee haye jinhone antatah narsamhar honey diyaah jaisa kii lekhak ney nott kiya haye, jabaki inn mahilaaon ney yahoodiyon key utpeedan key aadeshon koo nishpaadit naheen kiya thaa, narsamhar una logon key binaa puuraa naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa jinhone adesh type kiye, telephone kaa jawab diyaa, aur taar bheje. mahila prashasakon koo unake aadeshon parr sawal uthaane aur narsamhar key baare mein adhik jaanane kaa avsar milaa, lekin aam taur parr, unhone aisaa naheen kiya. unhein narsamhar key baare mein kuchh jaankaari thee, aur unhone kuchh naheen kiya. kaee logon ney teesare reech key liye kaam karane key apane samay koo pyaar aur purani yaadon key saath yaad kiya."itihaaskaar vendi loer (sanyukt raajya america key holocost memorial sangrahalaya key salaahkaar) kaa halia kaam darshaata haye kii mahilaaon kii ack badee sankhya naazi atyacharon kii sahayogi thee, aur kabhi-kabhi pratyaksh pratibhaagi bhee. loer likhate hainh aisee vaastavikataaen yeh bahut spasht karati hain kii yuddh samaapt honey taka, german mahilaaon ney naazi ekagrata shivir pranali mein prabhaavi yogadankartaon key liye aryan bhavishya key liye ack baar aashray praapt ushmaayakon key poorna vritt koo paar curr liya thaa.
nava-naziwad.
kaee ugravaadi nava-naazi yaa poorv naazi key rakshak hain, jaise kii german yaa gudrun himler (heinrich himler kii betty), joe sangathan stille hilfe key madhyam seey sakriya hain, aur francisi nagrik francois dier aur savitri devi.