butch chaturbhuj

butch chaturbhuj paarad key dakshini dhruviya bhaag koo akshansh 65° seey. key dhruv kii or gherta haye. iska naam chaturbhuj key bheetar pramukh gaddhe key baad rakhaa gayaa haye, jiska naam barok sangeetkaar johann sebastian baach key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye. chaturbhuj koo abb aich-15 kahaa jaataa haye.
baakh key uttar mein nikatvarti chaturbhuj khoj chaturbhuj (0° seey 90° doubleu), michel angelo chaturbhuj (90° seey 180° doubleu), neruda chaturbhuj (180° seey 270° doubleu), aur dibsey chaturbhuj (270° seey 0° doubleu) hain. yeh uttari dhruv parr borelis chaturbhuj key vipareet haye.
"mariner 10" photography.
teen "mariner 10" muthbhedon key dauran lagbhag aadhaa kshetra terminator seey parey thaa aur isaliye dikhaai naheen dey rhaa thaa. poore maanchitrit kshetra koo dusare muthbhed seey lagbhag urdhvaadhar photography dwara cover kiya gayaa thaa, aur purvi bhaag, deshantar 15° seey lagbhag 110° taka, pahale muthbhed seey tirchhi photography dwara cover kiya gayaa thaa. koee teesari muthbhed kii chhavi praapt naheen kii gaee thee. poore drishya kshetra koo alag-alag dekhane key konon parr lii gaee pahali aur doosari muthbhedon kii chhaviyon koo jodkar yaa alag-alag dekhane key konon parr lii gaee ack hii kshetra kii doosari-muthbhed chhaviyon koo jodkar stereoscopic roop seey dekhaa jaa sakata haye. inn sanyojanon ney sthalaakritik raahat kaa utkrisht gunaatmak niyantran aur ack achchha matratmak photogrammetric aadhar pradaan kiya. haalaanki, chhaviyon key soorya-oonchaai konn 25° seey cumm taka seemit hain, aur chhavi resolution prati chitra tatva lagbhag 0.5 kimmy seey adhik naheen hain. isaliye, dakshin dhruviya bhoovaigyaanik maanchitra jyaadaatar badey paimaane parr prakriyaon aur sthalaakritik jaankaari koo darshaata haye, jabaki anya mercurion chaturbhuj maanchitra adhik albido bhedbhaav aur kuchh mamalon mein, uchch resolution seey labhanvit hotey hain.
baakh kshetra kaa chitrit bhaag lagbhag 1,570,000 varg kimmy mein faila huaa haye. isaki satah mein vibhinn prakaar key aakar aur aakriti key saath-saath maidani ikaaiyon, fault scarp aur katak key gaddhe shamil hain. isamen teen dohare-ring besin shamil hain joe 140 seey 200 kimmy vyaas taka hotey hainh baach (jisake naam parr iss kshetra kaa naam rakhaa gayaa haye), surventice aur bernini. ack anya badaa gaddha, pushkin, 240 kii. mee. vyaas kaa haye aur maanchitra seema parr akshansh 65° seey parr paaya jaataa haye., deshantar 25°. baakh aur bernini donon hii gauna gaddhon key vyaapak kshetron koo pradarshit karate hain. 69° aur 80° seey key beach ack asamanya kshetra. aur 30° aur 60° lambe maidanon mein yuva, apekshaakrit chikane maidan hotey hain joe paaraa key anya kshetron mein dekhe jaane vaale kissy bhee kshetra key vipareet kaee sapaat-sheersh vaale katakon seey chihnit hotey hain. khoj roopon key samaan scarp (uttar seey satey khoj chaturbhuj mein) poore baakh kshetra mein apekshaakrit aam hain. iss kshetra mein sabse aam bhoo-bhaag ikaaiyaan maidani ikaaiyaan hain, joe chhote-gaddhe key ghanatva kii ack vistrit shrinkhala pradarshit karati hain.
"massenger" photography.
massenger" key 14 janwari, 2008 key flyby key dauran, jaanch ney iss kshetra key pahale andekhe hisson kii tasveer lii.
stareekaran.
gaddhe aur besin samagri.
gaddhon aur besinon key beach superposition sambandh, aur unakaa bahirgaman, gaddhe aur besin samagri key saapeksh samay-stratigraphic crum koo sthaapit karane kaa sabse achchha saadhan pradaan kartaa haye. chandrama key saapeksh, mercurion gaddhon key beach stareekrit sambandhon koo adhik spasht roop seey pahachaana jaataa haye kyonki paaraa mein badey gaddhon kaa ghanatva cumm hotaa haye, aur isake badhe hue gurutvaakarshan twaran ney bahirgaman key vitaran koo pratibandhit curr diyaa haye. markurian crater aabaadi kii yeye visheshataaen badey kshetron mein stareekrit anukramon kaa nirmaan karane kii anumati detee hain.
crater ksharan kii degree unake bhoo-roopon jaise kii rima crest, aantarik deewaar kii chhatein aur dhalaan, kendriya chotiyon, nirantar ejecta jamaa aur maadhyamik crater kshetron key gunaatmak mulyankan seey nirdhaarit kii jaati haye (dekhein malin aur zurisin, 1977; mccauli aur anya, 1981). iss hudd taka kii avkramankari parivartan badhati umr key saath vyavasthit hotey hain, unakaa upayog maanchitra kshetra parr sthaaniya aur kshetriya stareekrit anukramon koo sahsambaddh karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. iss aakriti vigyaan mulyankan key aadhar parr, paanch gaddhon kii ayu koo paribhaashit kiya jaataa haye aur stareekrit kaary karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye. haalaanki, cumm soorya konn jiss parr iss kshetra mein chhaviyaan praapt kii gaee theen, vaha paaraa key anya hisson kii tulanaa mein gaddhon koo chhota dikhaa sakata haye jahan chhaviyaan uchch soorya konon parr lii gaee theen.
iss kshetra key teen dohare-valay vaale besinon mein seey, baach (200 kii. mee. vyaas) aur bernini (140 kii. mee. vyaas) madhyam roop seey taaza taaza ayu key) hain aur inmein achchi tarah seey paribhaashit maadhyamik-gaddhe key kshetra hain, jabaki survent (200 kii. mee. vyaas) avakramit avakramit hain. teen besinon key aantarik valay baahari valay key vyaas key lagbhag aadhe hain. baakh kaa aantarik valay, sabse poorna, kewal dakshin-poorv key liye khula haye; isamen teekhi-crest pahaadiyon kii lagbhag nirantar shrinkhala shamil haye. isake bheetar kaa kshetra aur isake aur baahari valay key beach key kshetra kaa hissa chikane maidani padarthon seey bharaa huaa haye. surventice aur bernini key aantarik valay mein nirantar, nimn, goal pahaadiyaan hoti hain, bernini mein ack chhoti kendriya choti hoti haye.
jaisa kii pahali baar gault aur anya logon ney ullekh kiya haye, mercurion gaddhon key aspas key nirantar bahirgaman kambal aur dwiteeyak gaddhon key kshetra unake chandra samkakshon kii tulanaa mein chhote hain, aur donon visheshtaon key beach kii seema bahut cumm alag haye. natijatan, nirantar aur nirantar bahirgaman koo baach kshetra mein "radial facies" key roop mein ack saath mapp kiya jaataa haye.iss apavaad key saath, mercurion gaddhon key aakriti vigyaan tatva chandrama parr maujood tatvon key saath lagbhag samaan hain. isaliye, baakh kshetra key bheetar sabhi gaddhe shayed ulkapind, chhote grahon aur sambhavatah dhoomketuon key prabhaav kaa parinam hain.
samtal samagri.
maanchitrit kshetra key lagbhag 60 pratishat mein samtal satahon key kshetra shamil hain jinamen vibhinn prakaar key chhote paimaane key banaavat hain. inn kshetron kaa aakar gaddhon key bheetar kuchh varg kilometres seey laker 10,000 varg kilometres seey badey kshetron taka haye joe badey gaddhon koo gherate hain aur alag karate hainh tathaakathit "antar-gaddhon vaale maidan". maidani samagri kii utpatti anishchit haye. strom aur anya, trask aur strom, strom (1977), aur leak (1982) ney jwalamukhi key paksh mein tark prastut kiye, jabaki wilheims aur oberback aur anya (1977) ney chandra kellie maidanon (taralikrit ejecta sheet yaa ballistic roop seey jamaa maadhyamik-crater ejecta) key liye jimmedaar prakriyaon key samaan prakriyaon key madhyam seey prabhaav-sambandhit utpatti key liye tark diyaa. maidani kshetra kaa nirmaan usa avadhi key dauran huaa jaba drishyamaan gaddhe baney they aur sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii teevra prabhaav vaale gaddhon kii avadhi key dauran (strom, 1977). maidani ikaaiyon key utpaadan aur pratidhaaran key liye samay kaa paimana gaddhon key utpaadan aur pratidhaaran key liye samay key paimaane key samaan haye.
baach kshetra mein sabse purani aur sabse vyaapak maidani samagri, antar-gadde vaale maidani padaarth, ack dheere-dheere ludhakane vaali satah aur 15 kimmy seey cumm vyaas vaale superposed gaddhon key uchch ghanatva kii visheshta haye. inmein seey adhikansh chhote gaddhe taaron yaa samoohon mein hotey hain aur aniyamit roop seey aakar key hotey hain; way aur seey aur ayu key gaddhon seey gauna prateet hotey hain. isaliye, antar-gadde vaale maidanon kii ikai koo adhikansh aur gaddhon seey purana maanaa jaataa haye. badey gaddhon key saath iska sambandh spasht naheen haye. badey gaddhon kii atyadhik avakramit prakriti yeh nirdhaarit karna asambhav banaa detee haye kii kyaa gaddhe poorvavarti hain, baad kii tarikh key hain, yaa antar-gaddhon key maidanon kii ikai key samkaaleen hain. haalaanki, iss maidani samagri key bheetar uthale avasaad kii upasthiti, joe pracheen gaddhe hoe sakate hain, seey pataa chalata haye kii ikai ney gaddhon kii ack poorvavarti aabaadi koo bhar diyaa thaa aur isaliye dair seey bhaari gaddhon kii bambari kii avadhi key dauran kabhi-kabhi ise rakhaa gayaa thaa. iss maidani ikai key liye dou prastaavit utpatti, jwalamukhi yaa besin-ejecta samagri key roop mein, baakh kshetra mein bhoovaigyaanik sambandhon dwara spasht roop seey hull naheen kii jaa sakati haye. haalaanki, ack jwalamukhiya utpatti kaa paksh isaliye liya jaataa haye kyonki (1) paare key chitrit kshetron mein maidani samagri kaa vyaapak vitaran, (2) itani badee matra mein prabhaav pighalane kii aapoorti karane key liye paryaapt srot besinon kii spasht kamee, aur (3) paaraa parr utsarjit honey kii seemit ballistic seema.
madhyavarti maidani samagri jyaadaatar baach kshetra key poorvottar bhaag mein kendrit haye. yeh aakriti vigyaan mein antar-gadde vaale maidanon kii samagri key samaan haye lekin isamen chhote gaddhon kaa ghanatva cumm haye. antar-gadde vaale maidanon kii samagri parr lagu tark key aadhar parr, madhyavarti maidan ikai koo bhee asthaayi roop seey jwalamukhiya mool maanaa jaataa haye.
chikane maidanon aur bahut chikane maidanon kii samagri bhee mukhya roop seey maanchitra kshetra key purvi bhaag mein kendrit haye. chikani maidani ikai mein madhyavarti maidani samagri kii tulanaa mein chhote gaddhon kaa ghanatva cumm hotaa haye aur bikhare hue chhote pahaadiyon aur gubbaron key saath kuchh hudd taka hammoki satah hoti haye. taaja aur gaddhon key bheetar hummock farsh kii samagri yaa praarambhik shikhar valay hoe sakate hain (udaaharan key liye, 66 degree sekand key uttaraardh mein gaddhe key calicrate dekhein., lamba 32°; fds 27402). bahut chikane maidani kshetra kii ikai mein lagbhag koee chhote gaddhe dikhaai naheen dete hain aur chikane maidani kshetra kii ikai kii tulanaa mein chikani samtal satahen pradarshit hoti hain. yeh chikane maidani padarthon (dafan gaddhe key avasaad key bheetar key kshetron sahit) key bheetar sabse nichale kshetron mein aur aamtaur parr puraane gaddhon key bheetar hotaa haye. chikani aur bahut chikani maidani samagriyon kii sabse adhik sandrata vaale kshetron mein bhee sabse adhik katak hotey hain, joe bataate hain kii katak aur yuva maidani ikaaiyaan aanuvanshik roop seey sambandhit hain. udaaharan key liye, bahut chikani maidani samagri, aamtaur parr katakon yaa scarp key aadhar parr hoti haye. yeh chikane maidani kshetra key bheetar chhote dhabbon key roop mein hotaa haye joe gaddhe key pushkin koo bhar detaa haye. chikani maidani samagri 66 degree sekand key anta mein, 28 degree (aff. dee. aiss. 27402) lambe pushkin key kinare parr ack रहे। crater key ejecta kambal koo dhaaran karati haye aur batch key baahari-ring kshetra key aantarik aur hisse koo bhar detee haye. inn dou sabse cumm umr kii maidani ikaaiyon kaa vitaran yeh sanket dey sakata haye kii maanchitran key roop mein chikani maidani samagri bahut chikani maidani samagri kii ack patali, nirantar parat seey adhik kuchh naheen haye joe purani ikaaiyon koo aavaran karati haye. iss sambandh mein, yeh chandra kellie gathan key samaan haye, joe shayed besin ejecta haye. haalaanki, chandra uchch bhoomi kii maidani samagri key vipareet, baach kshetra key chitrit hisse key bheetar mercurion chikane aur bahut chikane maidani ikaaiyon key liye koee srot besin spasht naheen haye. haalaanki iss tarah kaa srot besin usa hisse key bheetar hoe sakata haye jisaki chhavi naheen lii gaee haye, lekin beach key kshetron mein chikani yaa bahut chikani maidani samagri naheen hoti haye. inn karanon seey humm asthaayi roop seey adhikansh chikani aur bahut chikani maidani samagri key liye jwalamukhiya utpatti kaa kaaran bataate hain. parvat shrinkhalaaen jwalamukhi-vivartanik mool kii prateet hoti hain; hoe sakata haye kii tootane seey laava inn yuva maidani ikaaiyon koo banaane key liye satah taka pahunch gaye houn. aur aur adhikansh gaddhon key farsh banaane vaali kuchh bahut hii chikani aur chikani maidani samagri pighal sakati haye.
sanrachana.
maanchitra kshetra vibhinn prakaar kii sanrachanaatmak visheshtaon koo pradarshit kartaa haye, jisamen katak, scarp aur bahubhujiya gaddhe kii divaaron seey judey rekhaaen shamil hain. sanyukt-niyantrit dravyamaan andolan bahubhujiya gaddhe-deewaar khandon key liye sabse adhik jimmedaar hain; 100 kimmy taka key khandon seey pataa chalata haye kii yeye fracture lithosphere mein gaharaai taka faile hue hain. inn rekhaaon key sabse vishisht rujhaan poorv-paschim, aine. 50° doubleu hain., aur aine. 40°ee. adhik rujhaan uttar-dakshin, aine. 20°ee hain., aur aine. 70°ee.
cumm soorya-konn vaale nausainik mein badee katak aur scarp sabse pramukh sanrachanaatmak visheshtaen hain-butch kshetra key 10 chitra. way lambe 0° aur 90° key beach sabse adhik sankhya mein hain, jahan unakaa koee pasandida abhivinyas naheen haye.
katak kaee prakriyaon seey baney hoe sakate hain, jinamen vivartanvaad aur bahirgaman shamil hain, yaa way dafan crater-rima khand hoe sakate hain. kaee badee katakiyan samanya fault dwara maidani padarthon key utthaan kaa pratinidhitva curr sakati hain. anya katak vrittakar hotey hain, joe bataate hain kii way puraane, cumm gaddhe aur besin kinaaron key khand hain. bokkashiyo key paas (81 degree sekand key uttaraardh mein kendrit.30°), lambi katakiyan cross section mein gumbadakar hoti hain aur unake shikharon key saath chhote aniyamit yaa rimless gaddhon key saath chikani sheersh hoti hain; way ack रहे। aur ack badey gaddhe (fds (fds donon koo overlap karate dikhaai dete hain. badale mein, yeye katak रहे। gaddhon aur adhikansh ejecta dwara superpose kiye jaate hain. katak jwalamukhiya visheshataaen hoe sakati hain, joe daraaron key saath baahari tatvon seey bunny hoti hain. haalaanki, unhein kewal katakon key roop mein mapp kiya jaataa haye kyonki humm yeh nirdhaarit naheen curr sakate hain kii kyaa way jwalamukhiya samagri hain jinhen ack alag ikai yaa oopar uthaaye gaye antar-gaddhe key maidanon key roop mein mapp kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yeye vahee sanrachanaaen purani maidani ikaaiyon kaa srot hoe sakati hain.
lobet scarp baakh kshetra mein sabse aam sanrachanaatmak bhoo-roop hain. lagbhag sabhi mein uttal dhalaan ruprekha, goal shikhar aur khadee, teji seey paribhaashit khand hain. maanchitra kshetra mein teen prakaar dekhe jaate hainh (1) bahut chhote (50 kimmy seey cumm lambe, 100 meater seey adhik oonche), aniyamit scarp joe aamtaur parr sthalaakritik roop seey avasaadgrast kshetron koo gherate hain; way maanchitra kshetra key purvi bhaag mein madhyavarti aur chikane maidani ikaaiyon taka seemit hain; (2) chhote (100 kimmy lambe, 100 meater oonche), arcuate yaa sinus scarp, joe mukhya roop seey maanchitra kshetra key purvi bhaag mein madhyavarti aur chikane maidani ikaaiyon taka seemit hain; aur (3) badey (> 100 kimmy lambe, ~ 1 kimmy oonche), motey taur parr arcuate lekin sthaaniya roop seey aniyamit yaa sinus scarp jinake chehare kuchh hudd taka oonche hain. inmein seey kaee scarp (lait 83°seey.)., lamba 80°) gaddhon koo vikrit kartaa haye aur pahale seey maujood visheshtaon koo urdhvaadhar roop seey (aff. dee. aiss. 166751) kii bharpai kartaa haye. scarp key aakriti vigyaan aur sanrachanaatmak sambandhon seey pataa chalata haye kii adhikansh thrust yaa riverse fault key parinamswarup hotey hain. haalaanki, zurisin (1978) dwara 200 kimmy seey adhik lambe ack scarp key liye ack baahari utpatti kaa sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye joe lagbhag 70 degree sekand key uttaraardh taka faila huaa haye. 45° aur 52° key beach kii lambi maanchitra seema key liye; unhone iss vyakhya koo scarp key donon kinaaron key beach albido antar aur isase anubandhit gaddhon key aanshik dafan parr adharit kiya.
sanrachanaatmak visheshtaon key beach ayu sambandh aasaani seey spasht naheen hain. baakh kshetra mein, ack scarp dwara kaate gaye sabse chhote gaddhe adhikansh ayu key hain; ack scarp koo superpose karane key liye sabse purana gaddha रहे। haye. inn sambandhon seey pataa chalata haye kii scarp kaa nirmaan रहे। seey adhikansh samay mein huaa thaa. bahut chikani maidani samagri kuchh scarp aur shailiyon key buggle mein haye aur, yadi samagri talab mein baahari yaa badey paimaane parr barbad utpaadon seey bunny haye, tou sanrachanaon koo postdate kiya jaa sakata haye. scarp aur shailiyaan intercrator, madhyavarti aur chikane maidani ikaaiyon mein prachur matra mein hain, lekin way madhyavarti aur intercrator maidani samagriyon dwara ubhare naheen hain. inn sambandhon seey pataa chalata haye kii inn dou sabse purani maidani ikaaiyon key pratisthaapan key baad sanrachanaaen banane lageen. kuchh sabse puraane gaddhon aur besinon, jaise kii garbhashay grieva, mein bahubhuj aakar hotey hain, cumm seey cumm haal key gaddhon key roop mein chihnit, yeh sujhaav dete hue kii kuchh sanrachanaatmak rekhaaen badey gaddhon seey purani hain.
bhoovaigyaanik itihas.
murre aur anya (1975) ney prastaav diyaa kii paaraa key itihas koo paanch avadhiyon mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haih (1) vriddhi aur vibhedan, (2) "antim bhaari bambari", (3) calori besin kaa gathan (30°n parr maanchitra patrak seey baahar kendrit., lamba 195°; yuu.aiss. bhoogarbhiya sarvekshan, 1979), (4) badey besinon koo "chikane maidanon" seey bharna, aur (5) prakaash prabhaav gaddhon kii avadhi. haalaanki inn prabhagon ney baad key jaanchkartaon key aaklan kaa achchi tarah seey saamana kiya haye, way ack stareekaran koo paribhaashit naheen karate hain. kyonki baach kshetra kaa bhoovaigyaanik maanchitra vyakhya key saath avalokan kaa sanshleshan kartaa haye, humm kshetra key bhoovaigyaanik vikas key kaee pahaluon kaa pataa lagaayenge.
iss kshetra kaa itihas vartamaan mein dikhaai dene vaali kissy bhee satah key gathan seey pahale shuru hotaa haye, jaba paaraa key aantarik vikas ney baad key bhoo-aakriti vikas koo nirdhaarit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. kyonki yeh soorya key sabse karib kaa grah haye, paaraa grah nirmaan key sambhaavit brahmandiya rasayanik model mein ack charam kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. mariner 10 mission seey pahale bhee, paaraa key uchch ghanatva aur photometric gunon ney ack badey core, sambhavatah lohe aur silicate samagri key ack lithosphere kaa sujhaav diyaa. ack aantarik dwidhruvi chumbakiya kshetra (ness aur anya, 1974) key liye sakshya ack badey core key paksh mein vyakhyaon koo majboot kartaa haye. yeh core, joe aanshik roop seey radiogenic heating key parinamswarup banaa, atirikt heating kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, jisase vaishvik vistaar hotaa haye aur lithosphere mein vistaratmak fracture kaa nirmaan hotaa haye (soloman, 1976,1977). hoe sakata haye kii inn asthibhangon ney bhaari bambari kii avadhi key dauran sabse purani maidani samagri key visfot key liye nikas pradaan kiya hoe. iss samay key aspas anya sanrachanaatmak rekhaaen bhee vikasit huin, sambhavatah adhik teji seey ghoornan darr seey jwaariya spin-down dwara prerit tanaav key parinamswarup (burns, 1976; melosh, 1977; melosh aur zurisin, 1978). iss dhruviya kshetra mein pramukh poorv-paschim rekha pravritti (pichhale khand mein ullikhit) samanya doshon key abhivinyas key liye melosh (1977) kii bhavishyavani key anuroop haye. haalaanki, betch chaturbhuj mein tanya doshon key liye koee spasht pramaan naheen milata haye.
badey, bahut hii aspasht, avakramit gaddhon kii aabaadi, (pahali baar malin dwara stereoscopic chhaviyon mein ullikhit), sabse purani (intercrator) maidani samagri key bheetar hoti haye aur adhikansh shramikon dwara ise usa samagri key saath yaa usase purana maanaa jaataa haye. antar-gumbad ikai, sambhavatah tanya asthibhang key madhyam seey jwalamukhiya nishkasana, maanchitra kshetra mein sabse badee maidani samagri haye. kaee badey badey aur aur gaddhon mein uthale andaruni hisse hotey hain lekin madhyam roop seey achchi tarah seey sanrakshit rima visheshtaen hoti hain, joe sujhaav detee hain kii inmein seey cumm seey cumm kuchh gaddhon mein samasthaanik ghatana (scaber aur anya, 1977) key kaaran sthalaakritik samaayojan huaa haye. iss samaayojan koo ack uchch-tapman aavaran dwara sugam banaaya gayaa hoga joe "crustle plasticity" (malin aur zurisin, 1977) key liye anukool thaa. madhyavarti maidani samagri kii cumm matra maidani gathan mein kamee kaa sanket detee haye, kuchh puraane besinon key bheetar sthaaniyakrit hain.
vostoke roop (uttar seey satey khoj chaturbhuj mein) jaise scarp spasht roop seey thrust fault kii abhivyakti hain; unakaa sujhaav haye kii grahon key sankuchan ney lagbhag usa samay lithosphere parr jore diyaa hoga jaba रहे। gaddhe aur chikane maidani samagri kaa nirmaan huaa thaa. core gathan key baad, lithospheric cooling aur parinami sankuchan ney naali koo bund curr diyaa hoga, jisase maidani samagri key gathan koo seemit curr diyaa gayaa hoga (soloman, 1977). adhikansh samay taka, iss tarah key gathan mein bahut kamee aaee thee.
melosh (1977) dwara saiddhaantik adhyayan, zurisin (1978) dwara darj tippaniyon key aadhar parr, sujhaav diyaa kii jwaariya spin-down core yaa lithospheric sankuchan key saath sanyukt paaraa kii kaee vivartanik visheshtaon kii vyakhya curr sakata haye. dhruviya kshetron mein honey vaale scarp thrust fault kaa parinam prateet hotey hain, joe iss sujhaav kii pushti kartaa haye kii sankuchan spin-down key saath samvarti roop seey huaa thaa. iss prakaar inn dou sakriya prakriyaon key parinamswarup raikhik sanrachanaon (kuchh katakon key alawa) kii vyakhya kii jaati haye. caloris besin key aspas fracture aur linement pattern ney petchman aur melosh (1979) koo sujhaav diyaa kii paaraa kii girawat kii avadhi vaishvik sankuchan shuru honey seey pahale shuru hui aur sankuchan key shuruati charanon key dauran samaapt hui.
grahon key sheetlan aur sankuchan key shuruati charanon key dauran maidani nirmaan aur gaddhe cumm darr seey jaari rahey. रहे। gaddhon koo dwiteeyak gaddhon key aanshik pratidhaaran aur sthaaniya roop seey pramukh aakriti vigyaan visheshtaon (mccauli aur anya, 1981) dwara alag kiya jaa sakata haye. yeye visheshataaen punrutthan aur gaddhe sanshodhan kii ghatati darr kaa sujhaav detee hain (malin aur zurisin, 1977). purani maidani samagriyon kii tulanaa mein chikani aur bahut chikani maidani ikaaiyon kaa chhota vistaar, mercurion crustle samagri kii kaafee vishamta kaa sujhaav detaa haye. tanaav key upa-crustle kshetron ney vaishvik sankuchan kii avadhi (soloman, 1977) key dauran bhee gaddhon key neeche fracture key madhyam seey pighali hui samagri koo satah taka pahunchane kii anumati dee hogi. gumbadakar cross section kii katakiyan kuchh adhikansh gaddhon koo kaatati hain aur, sthaanon parr, yuva, bahut chikane maidani samagri key paarshv kshetron koo kaatati hain. iss prakaar, vivartanik gatividhi seey judey sambhaavit jwalamukhiya nishkasana adhikansh gaddhon aur sabse purani bahut chikani maidani samagri key gathan kii avadhi taka jaari rahey honge.
mercurion lithosphere key vivartanik samaayojan kii avadhi cumm seey cumm chikane maidani padarthon key nirmaan key samay taka chully; iss avadhi key dauran baney adhikansh gaddhon koo scarp dwara kaataa jaataa haye aur una parr superpose kiya jaataa haye. kuchh bahut hii chikani maidani samagri, jinamen seey adhikansh adhikansh gaddhon key baad kii taareekhen hain, una scarpon koo postdate karati prateet hoti hain joe aamtaur parr isamen shamil hoti hain. paaraa key anya kshetron mein scarp key atee sthiti sambandh ingit karate hain kii vivartanik gatividhi aur samay (risaav, 1982) taka jaari rahee hogi.
haalaanki, aur gaddhon aur bahut chikane maidani padarthon key banane kaa samay, adhikansh bhaag key liye, vivartanik roop seey shaant rhaa haye. iss avadhi key dauran, atyant taaja gaddhon key prakirnan aur kuchh chhote paimaane parr barbad honey (malin aur zurisin, 1977) koo chhodkar, markurian dakshini dhruv key paas lagbhag koee bhoovaigyaanik gatividhi naheen hui haye. sabse cumm chikane maidan aur aur gaddhon key bheetar honey vaali bahut chikani maidani samagri pighalane kaa prabhaav hoe sakati haye.

