
intron

ack intron ack jeane key bheetar koee bhee nucleotide anukram haye joe antim aar. aine. aeye. utpaad mein vyakt yaa sakriya naheen haye. intron" shabd "intragenic kshetra" shabd seey liya gayaa haye.ee., ack jeane key ander ack kshetra. intron" shabd ack jeane key bheetar dna anukram aur rna pratilekhon mein sambandhit rna anukram donon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. gair-intron anukram joe iss aar. aine. aeye. prasanskaran seey paripakva aar. aine. aeye. banaane key liye juda jaate hain, unhein exon kahaa jaataa haye.
intron adhikansh jeevon key jeane aur kaee viruses mein paae jaate hain aur way protein-coding jeane aur jeane donon mein sthit hoe sakate hain joe aar. aine. aeye. (gair-coding jeane) key roop mein kaary karate hain. intron key chaar mukhya prakaar hainh trana intron, samooh i intron, samooh II intron aur splisosomal intron (neeche dekhein). intron bacteria aur archia (procariotes) mein durlabh hotey hain, lekin adhikansh eukariotic jeane mein kaee splicessmal intron hotey hain.
khoj aur vyutpatti.
intron kii khoj pahali baar adenovirus key protein-coding jeane mein kii gaee thee, aur baad mein jeane hastaantaran aar. aine. aeye. aur ribosomal aar. aine. aeye. jeane mein pehchaane gaye they. intron abb sabhi javic raajyon key bheetar jeevon, bacteria aur viruses mein vibhinn prakaar key jeane key bheetar honey key liye jaane jaate hain.
tathya yeh haye kii jeane intron dwara vibhajit yaa baadhit they, 1977 mein phillip elen sharp aur richard jey dwara swatantra roop seey khoja gayaa thaa. roberts, jisake liye unhone 1993 mein shareer vigyaan yaa chikitsa mein nobel puraskar saajha kiya. "intron" shabd americi jaiv rasaayanagya walter gilbert dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaah
"cystron kii dhaarana [i.ee., jeane]... ack pratilekhan ikai key dwara pratisthaapit kiya jaanaa chaahiye jisamen aise kshetra shamil hain joe paripakva sandeshvaahak seey khou jaayenge-jise humm intron (antahjanan kshetron key liye) kahate hain-una kshetron key saath baari-baari seey joe vyakt kiye jaayenge-exon."(gilbert 1978)
intron" shabd kaa arth "intracistron" bhee haye.ee.dee. aine. aeye. kaa ack atirikt tukada joe ack cystron key bheetar utpann hotaa haye.
halanki intron koo kabhi-kabhi "madhyavarti anukram" kahaa jaataa haye, lekin "madhyavarti anukram" shabd aantarik nuclic acid anukramon key kaee parivaaron mein seey kissy koo bhee sandarbhit curr sakata haye joe antim jeane utpaad mein maujood naheen hain, jisamen intin, untranslated kshetra (yuu. tii. aar.) aur intron key alawa aar. aine. aeye. sampadan dwara hataae gaye nucleotide shamil hain.
vitaran.
vibhinn genome key bheetar intron kii aavritti javic jeevon key spectrum mein vyaapak roop seey bhinn hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, jabade vaale kasheruki jeevon key paramanu genome key bheetar intron behad aam hain (ee.jee. manushya, choohe aur pufferfish (phugu), jahan protein-coding jeane mein lagbhag hamesha kaee intron hotey hain, jabaki intron kuchh eukariotic sookshmajeevon key paramanu jeane key bheetar durlabh hotey hain, udaaharan key liye becker/brewer kaa khameer ("sacromyces serevisia"). isake vipareet, kasheruki jeevon key mitochondrial genome poori tarah seey intron seey rahit hotey hain, jabaki eukariotic sookshmajeevon mein kaee intron hoe sakate hain.
ack vishesh roop seey charam mamla "drosophila dhc7" jeane haye jisamen ack ≤ 3.6 megabez (mb) intron hotaa haye, jise transcribe karane mein lagbhag teen dinn lagate hain. doosari or, 2015 key ack adhyayan seey pataa chalata haye kii sabse cumm gyaat metazone intron lambai maanav "mst1ell" jeane seey sambandhit 30 aadhar jode (beepi) haye. sabse chhote gyaat intron heterotrich ciliates seey sambandhit hain, jaise kii "stenter coerules", jisamen adhikansh (> 95%) intron 15 yaa 16 bee. pee. lambe hotey hain.
vargeekaran.
sabhi intron yukt aar. aine. aeye. anuon kaa vibhajan satahi roop seey samaan haye, jaisa kii oopar varnit haye. haalaanki, dna anukram vishleshan dwara intron sanrachana kii pariksha key madhyam seey vibhinn prakaar key intron kii pehchaan kii gaee thee, saath hii rna splissing pratikriyaon key aanuvanshik aur jaiv rasayanik vishleshan key saath. intron key cumm seey cumm chaar alag-alag vargon kii pehchaan kii gaee haih
samooh III intron koo paanchven parivaar key roop mein prastaavit kiya gayaa haye, lekin jaiv rasayanik upkaran key baare mein bahut cumm jaankaari haye joe unake vibhajan koo madhyasthata kartaa haye. way samooh II intron seey sambandhit prateet hotey hain, aur sambhavatah splisosomal intron seey sambandhit hotey hain.
splisosomal intron.
paramanu poorv-marna intron (splisosomal intron) kii visheshta intron aur exon key beach kii seemaon parr sthit vishisht intron anukram hain. jaba splissing pratikriyaaen shuru hoti hain tou inn anukramon koo splisosomal aar. aine. aeye. anuon dwara pahachaana jaataa haye. isake alawa, unamen ack shakha bindu hotaa haye, intron key 3 'chhor key paas ack vishesh nucleotide anukram joe splissing prakriya key dauran intron key 5' chhor seey sahsanyojak roop seey judaa hotaa haye, ack shakha ("lariate") intron utpann kartaa haye. inn teen laghu sanrakshit tatvon key alawa, paramanu poorv-mrinaa intron anukram atyadhik parivartansheel hain. paramanu poorv-marna intron aksar apane aspas key exon kii tulanaa mein bahut lambe hotey hain.
trana intron.
sthanantaran aar. aine. aeye. intron joe hataane key liye protein parr nirbhar karate hain, ack vishisht sthaan parr aprachalit tii. aar. aine. aeye. agraduton key anticodon loop key bheetar hotey hain, aur ack tii. aar. aeye. splissing endonucles dwara hataae jaate hain. isake baad exon koo dusare protein, trana splissing ligage dwara ack saath jodaa jaataa haye. dhyaan dein kii swa-splissing intron bhee kabhi-kabhi trana jeane key bheetar paae jaate hain.
samooh I aur samooh II intron.
samooh I aur samooh II intron jeane encoding protein (massenger rna), sthanantaran rna aur ribosomal rna mein paae jaate hain. aar. aine. aeye. mein pratilekhan key baad, samooh i aur samooh II intron bhee vyaapak aantarik antahkriya karate hain joe unhein ack vishisht, jatil tri-ayami vastukala mein modane kii anumati dete hain. yeye jatil vastukala kuchh samooh i aur samooh II intron koo "swa-splissing" honey kii anumati detee haye, yaani intron yukt aar. aine. aeye. anu apani sahsanyojak sanrachana koo punarvyavasthit curr sakata haye taaki intron koo sateek roop seey hataaya jaa sakey aur exon koo sahee crum mein ack saath jodaa jaa sakey. kuchh mamalon mein, vishesh intron-binding protein splissing mein shamil hotey hain, iss tarah seey kaary karate hain kii way intron koo tri-ayami sanrachana mein fold karane mein sahaayata karate hain joe aatm-splissing gatividhi key liye aavashyak haye. samooh i aur samooh II intron koo aantarik sanrakshit anukramon aur mudey hue sanrachanaon key vibhinn seton dwara alag kiya jaataa haye, aur iss tathya seey kii samooh II intron vaale rna anuon kaa splissing shakha vaale intron (jaise splisosomal rna) utpann kartaa haye, jabaki samooh i intron splissing shuru karane key liye ack gair-encoded gwanosin nucleotide (aamtaur parr gtp) kaa upayog karate hain, ise excised intron key 5 '-aind parr jodate hain.
splissing kii sateekta parr.
splysozome ack bahut hii jatil sanrachana haye jisamen ack sou protein aur paanch alag-alag aar. aine. aeye. hotey hain. pratikriya kaa substrate ack lamba aar. aine. aeye. anu haye aur splisosome dwara utprerit transterification pratikriyaon key liye una sthalon koo ack saath laane kii aavashyakta hoti haye joe hajaaron nucleotides alag hoe sakate hain. sabhi jaiv rasayanik pratikriyaaen gyaat truti darr seey judee hoti hain aur pratikriya jitani adhik jatil hoti haye utani hii adhik truti darr hoti haye. isaliye, yeh ashcharya kii baat naheen haye kii splisosome dwara utprerit splissing pratikriya mein ack mahatvapurna truti darr haye, bhale hii splisosome sahayak kaarak hain joe gupt splies saiton key aakasmik daraar koo dabaate hain.
aadarsh paristhitiyon mein, splissing pratikriya 99.999% sateek honey kii sambhavana haye (10−5 kii truti darr) aur sahee exon juda jaayenge aur sahee intron hataa diyaa jaayega. haalaanki, inn aadarsh sthitiyon key liye sabse achche splies site anukramon key bahut karib milan kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur intron key bheetar kissy bhee pratispardhi gupt splies site anukramon kii anupasthiti aur una sthitiyon koo shayed hii kabhi badey eukariotic jeane mein puuraa kiya jaataa haye joe 40 kilobes seey adhik jode koo cover curr sakate hain. haal key adhyayanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii vaastavik truti darr 10−5 seey kaafee adhik hoe sakati haye aur prati jeane 2 pratishat yaa 3 pratishat trutiyon (2 yaa 3 x 10−2 kii truti darr) key roop mein adhik hoe sakati haye. atirikt adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii truti darr prati intron 0.1% seey cumm naheen haye. yeh apekshaakrit uchch star kii splissing trutiyaan bataati hain kii kyon adhikansh splies roopon koo betuki-madhyasthata kshay dwara teji seey cumm kiya jaataa haye.
jeane key bheetar dhilaidar bandhan sthalon kii upasthiti vibhajan trutiyon kaa kaaran banati haye aur yeh ajib lugg sakata haye kii inn sthalon koo praakritik chayan dwara samaapt naheen kiya gayaa haye. unaki dridhata kaa tark junk dna key tark key samaan haye.
halanki bandhan sthalon koo banaane yaa baadhit karane vaale utparivartan thode hanikarak hoe sakate hain, lekin iss tarah key utparivartan kii badee sankhya yeh apariharya banaati haye kii kuchh aabaadi mein sthirikaran taka pahunch jaayenge. yeh vishesh roop seey prajaatiyon mein praasangik haye, jaise kii manushya, apekshaakrit chhote deerghakaalik prabhaavi jansankhya aakar key saath. yeh prashansaniya haye, tou, kii maanav genome mein upa-ishtatam anukramon kaa ack badaa bhaar hotaa haye joe ack asamanya pratilekh isophorm kii peedhi kaa kaaran banata haye. iss adhyayan mein, humm pratyaksh sakshya prastut karate hain kii vaastav mein yeh mamla haye.
jabaki utprerak pratikriya adhikansh samay prabhaavi prasanskaran key liye paryaapt sateek hoe sakati haye, samagr truti darr aanshik roop seey pratilekhan kii nishtha seey seemit hoe sakati haye kyonki pratilekhan trutiyaan utparivartan kaa parichay dengi joe gupt splies saaiten banaati hain. isake alawa, 10−5-10−6 kii pratilekhan truti darr itani adhik haye kii pratyek 25,000 pratilekhit exon mein seey ack mein ack splies site mein ack nigman truti hogi joe ack skipped intron yaa ack skipped exon kii or leey jaayegi. lagbhag sabhi bahu-exon jeane galat tareeke seey vibhajit pratilekhon kaa utpaadan karenge lekin iss prishthabhoomi shore kii aavritti jeane key aakar, intron kii sankhya aur splies site anukramon kii gunavatta parr nirbhar karegi.
kuchh mamalon mein, splies roop jeane (dee. aine. aeye.) mein utparivartan dwara utpaadit kiye jaayenge. yeye aiss. aine. pee. bahuroopata hoe sakate hain joe ack gupt splies site banaate hain yaa ack karyatmak site koo utparivartit karate hain. way shaaririk koshika utparivartan bhee hoe sakate hain joe ack vishesh ootak yaa ack koshika rekha mein vibhajan koo prabhaavit karate hain. jaba utparivarti elil vishamyugma avastha mein hotaa haye tou isake parinamswarup dou prachur matra mein splies roopon kaa utpaadan hoga; ack karyatmak aur ack gair-karyatmak. samroopata avastha mein utparivarti yugmavikalp ack aanuvanshik bimari kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain jaise kii raani victoria key vanshajon mein paaya jaane vaalaa haemophilia, jahan rakt key thakke key kaarak jeane mein intron mein seey ack mein utparivartan ack gupt 3 'splies site banaata haye jisake parinamswarup ack aniyamit splissing hoti haye. roga dwara maanav mauton kaa ack mahatvapurna ansh utparivartan key kaaran hoe sakata haye joe samanya splissing mein hastakshep karate hain; jyaadaatar gupt splies saiton kaa nirmaan karke.
galat tareeke seey vibhajit pratilekhon kaa aasaani seey pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haye aur unake anukram online databases mein darj kiye jaa sakate hain. unhein aamtaur parr "vaikalpik roop seey splies kiye gaye" pratilekhon key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye, joe bhramit curr sakate hain kyonki yeh shabd splissing trutiyon key kaaran vaastavik, javic roop seey praasangik, vaikalpik splies aur prasanskaran shore key beach antar naheen kartaa haye. vaikalpik vibhajan key kshetra mein kendriya muddon mein seey ack inn dou sambhaavanaon key beach key antar parr kaam karna haye. kaee vaigyaanikon ney tark diyaa haye kii shoonya parikalpana koo splissing shore honah chaahiye, joe javic roop seey praasangik vaikalpik splissing kaa daavaa karane vaalon parr saboot kaa bojh daalate hain. una vaigyaanikon key anusaar, kaary key daave key saath iss baat kaa thhos pramaan honah chaahiye kii ack hii jeane seey kaee karyatmak utpaad utpann hotey hain.
javic kaary aur vikas.
jabaki intron protein utpaadon koo kootbaddh naheen karate hain, way jeane abhivyakti viniyaman key abhinn anga hain. kuchh intron swayam gair-coding aar. aine. aeye. anuon koo utpann karane key liye splissing key baad aage key prasanskaran key madhyam seey karyatmak aar. aine. aeye. koo kootbaddh karate hain. vaikalpik splissing kaa vyaapak roop seey ack hii jeane seey kaee protein utpann karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye. isake alawa, kuchh intron jeane abhivyakti niyaamak karyon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala mein aavashyak bhoomika nibhaate hain jaise kii murkhtapurna-madhyasth kshay aur aim. aar. aine. aeye. niryaat.
eukariotic naabhik key protein-coding jeane mein intron kii praarambhik khoj key baad, iss baat parr mahatvapurna bahas hui kii kyaa aadhunik samay key jeevon mein intron ack samanya pracheen poorvaj (jise intron-praarambhik parikalpana kahaa jaataa haye) seey viraasat mein mille they, yaa kyaa way haal hii mein vikaasvaadi prakriya mein jeane mein dikhaai diye they (jise intron-lait parikalpana kahaa jaataa haye). ack anya siddhant yeh haye kii splisosome aur jeane kii intron-exon sanrachana aar. aine. aeye. duniya (intron-first parikalpana) kaa ack avashesh haye. inn parikalpanaon mein seey kaun see seema taka sabse sahee haye, iss baare mein abhee bhee kaafee bahas chala rahee haye, lekin iss samay lokpriya aam sahamati yeh haye kii pahali eukariotic koshika key gathan key baad, bacteria endosymbient seey samooh II intron ney mezban genome parr aakraman kiya. shuruat mein yeye swa-splissing intron swayam koo aim. aar. aine. aeye. agradoot seey baahar nikaal lete they, lekin samay key saath unamen seey kuchh ney usa kshamata koo khou diyaa aur unake axison koo anya samooh II intron dwara "trance" mein sahaayata karni padee. antatah kaee vishisht paar-kaary karane vaale intron vikasit hue aur yeye splisosome key srna key agradoot bunn gaye. splissing kii dakshata mein adim splisosome banaane key liye protein koo sthir karane key saath sanyojan dwara sudhaar kiya gayaa thaa.
jeevon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala seey genomic dna anukramon key praarambhik adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye kii vibhinn jeevon mein samroop jeane kii intron-exon sanrachana vyaapak roop seey bhinn hoe sakati haye. poore eukariotic genome key adhik halia adhyayanon seey abb pataa chalaa haye kii intron kii lambai aur ghanatva (intron/jeane) sambandhit prajaatiyon key beach kaafee bhinn hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, jabaki maanav genome mein ausatan 8.4 intron/jeane (genome mein 139,418) hotaa haye, ekkoshikiya kavak "encephalitozoon cuniculi" mein kewal 0.0075 intron/jeane (genome mein 15 intron) hotaa haye. choonki eukariotes ack samanya poorvaj (samanya vansh) seey utpann hue they, isaliye vikaasvaadi samay key dauran intron kaa vyaapak laabh yaa haani hui hogi. iss prakriya koo chayan key adheen maanaa jaataa haye, jisamen badee prajaatiyon mein unaki chhoti aabaadi key aakar key kaaran intron laabh kii pravritti hoti haye, aur chhoti (vishesh roop seey ekkoshikiya) prajaatiyon mein parivartit hoti haye. javic kaarak yeh bhee prabhaavit karate hain kii genome mein kaun seey jeane intron khou dete hain yaa jamaa karate hain.
ack jeane key bheetar ack jeane key bheetar exon kaa vaikalpik vibhajan ack ekal jeane seey anuvaadit protein anukramon kii adhik parivartansheelta koo pesh karane key liye kaary kartaa haye, jisase ack hii jeane aur ack ekal poorvavarti aim. aar. aine. aeye. pratilekh seey kaee sambandhit protein utpann kiye jaa sakate hain. vaikalpik aar. aine. aeye. splissing kaa niyantran sanket anuon key ack jatil network dwara kiya jaataa haye joe antahkoshikiya aur baahyakoshikiya sanketon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala kaa jawab dete hain.
intron mein kaee chhote anukram hotey hain joe kushal splissing key liye mahatvapurna hotey hain, jaise kii intron key donon chhor parr sweekaar karane vaalaa aur daataa sthal key saath-saath ack shakha bindu sthal, joe splisosome dwara uchit splissing key liye aavashyak hotey hain. kuchh intron jeane kii abhivyakti koo badhaane key liye jaane jaate hain joe ack prakriya dwara nihit hotey hain jise intron-madhyasth vriddhi (aaee. aim. ee.) key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
dee. aine. aeye. key sakriya roop seey pratilekhit kshetra aksar aar-loop banaate hain joe dee. aine. aeye. kshati key liye samvedansheel hotey hain. atyadhik vyakt khameer jeane mein, intron aar-loop gathan aur dna kshati kii ghatana koo rokte hain. khameer aur manushya donon mein genome-vyaapi vishleshan seey pataa chalaa haye kii intron yukt jeane ney aar-loop key star koo cumm curr diyaa haye aur samaan abhivyakti key intronless jeane kii tulanaa mein dee. aine. aeye. kshati koo cumm curr diyaa haye. aar-loop pravan jeane key bheetar ack intron kaa sammilan bhee aar-loop gathan aur punarsanyojan koo dabaa sakata haye. bonat aur anya. (2017) anuman lagaaya kii aanuvanshik sthirata banaae rakhane mein intron kaa kaary kuchh sthaanon parr unake vikaasvaadi rakharkhaav kii vyakhya curr sakata haye, vishesh roop seey atyadhik vyakt jeane mein.
bhukhmari anukoolan.
intron kii bhautik upasthiti poshak tatva-samvedi maargon key ribosomal protein jeane key intron vardhit daman key madhyam seey bhukhmari key liye koshikiya pratirodh koo badhaava detee haye.
gatishil aanuvanshik tatvon key roop mein.
intron vikaasvaadi samay key saath khou yaa praapt hoe sakate hain, jaisa kii orthologous jeane key kaee tulanaatmak adhyayanon seey pataa chalata haye. baad key vishleshanon ney intron haani aur laabh kii ghatnaaon key hajaaron udaharanon kii pehchaan kii haye, aur yeh prastaavit kiya gayaa haye kii eukariotes key udbhav, yaa eukariotic vikas key praarambhik charanon mein, ack intron aakraman shamil thaa. intron haani key dou nishchit tantra, riverse transcriptase-madhyasth intron haani (aar. tii. aim. aaee. ell.) aur genomic vilopan kii pehchaan kii gaee haye, aur way honey key liye jaane jaate hain. halanki, intron laabh key nishchit tantra mayawi aur vivadaspad baney hue hain. intron laabh key cumm seey cumm saat tantra abb taka bataae gaye hainh intron sthanantaran, transposan sammilan, tendam genomic duplication, intron hastaantaran, double-strand break repair (dee. aiss. bee. aar.) key dauran intron laabh, ack samooh II intron kaa sammilan, aur intronization. siddhant roop mein mezban-prerit utparivartan kii kamee key kaaran haal hii mein praapt intron kii utpatti kaa anuman lagaana sabse aasaan honah chaahiye, phir bhee haal hii mein praapt intron bhee uparokt tantron mein seey kissy seey utpann naheen hue. inn nishkarshon seey iss sawal kaa jawab milata haye kii kyaa intron laabh key prastaavit tantra kaee nae intron kii yaantrik utpatti kaa varnan karane mein whiffle rahate hain kyonki way intron laabh key sateek tantra naheen hain, yaa yadi anya hain, tou abhee taka khoj naheen kii gaee haye, nae intron utpann karane vaali prakriyaaen hain.
intron sthanantaran mein, sabse aam roop seey kathit intron laabh tantra, ack spliesed intron koo yaa tou apane swayam key aim. aar. aine. aeye. yaa pahale key intron-rahit sthiti mein kissy anya aim. aar. aine. aeye. mein ulatane key liye socha jaataa haye. iss intron yukt aim. aar. aine. aeye. koo phir riverse transcribe kiya jaataa haye aur parinami intron yukt see. dee. aine. aeye. taba apane mool genomic locus key saath poorna yaa aanshik punarsanyojan key madhyam seey intron laabh kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye. transposan daalane key parinamswarup intron nirmaan bhee hoe sakata haye. iss tarah kaa ack sammilan coding anukram koo baadhit kiye binaa transposan koo antahsthaapit curr sakata haye jaba ack transposan anukram aggt mein sammilit hotaa haye, jisake parinamswarup transposan key pratyek paksh parr iss anukram kaa dohrao hotaa haye. yeh abhee taka samajh mein naheen aaya haye kii inn tatvon koo sanyog seey yaa transposan dwara kuchh adhimanya kaarravaai dwara kyon vibhajit kiya jaataa haye. sarvasammati daataa aur sweekaar karane vaale splies saiton key beach samaantaa key kaaran, joe donon nikatata seey ektrikaran seey milate-julate hain, ack exonic khand kaa ektrikaran genomic duplication ack agri anukram koo aashray dene seey dou sambhaavit splies saaiten utpann hoti hain. jaba splisosome dwara pahachaana jaataa haye, tou mool aur duplicate aggt key beach kaa anukram vibhajit hoe jaayega, jisake parinamswarup jeane key coding anukram mein parivartan key binaa ack intron kaa nirmaan hoga. gair-samroop anta judaav key madhyam seey dohare-fanse hue break kii marammat koo haal hii mein intron laabh key srot key roop mein pahachaana gayaa thaa jaba shodhkartaon ney daphnia mein praapt intron key 43 pratishat key paarshv mein laghu pratyaksh punaravritti kii pehchaan kii thee. saankhyikiya prasangikta key liye, inn sankhyaon kii tulanaa anya jeevon mein punaravritti dwara sanrakshit intron kii sankhya seey kii jaani chaahiye. samooh II intron sammilan key liye, ack samooh II intron koo ack paramanu jeane mein retrohoming kaa prastaav haal hii mein splisosomal intron laabh kaa kaaran banane key liye kiya gayaa thaa.
intron hastaantaran kii parikalpana kii gaee haye kii jaba ack paralog yaa chhadm ack intron praapt kartaa haye aur phir iss intron koo punah sanyojan key madhyam seey apane bahan paralog mein ack intron-avashoshit sthaan parr sthanantarit kartaa haye tou intron laabh hotaa haye. intronization vaha prakriya haye jisake dwara utparivartan poorv mein exonic anukram seey nae intron banaate hain. iss prakaar, intron laabh key anya prastaavit tantron key vipareet, iss tantra koo ack nae intron banaane key liye dna key sammilan yaa utpaadan kii aavashyakta naheen haye.
haal key intron laabh kaa ekmatra parikalpit tantra jisamen kissy bhee pratyaksh pramaan kii kamee haye, vaha haye samooh II intron sammilan, joe vivo mein pradarshit honey parr, jeane abhivyakti koo samaapt curr detaa haye. isaliye samooh II intron sambhavatah splisosomal intron key anumaanit poorvaj hain, joe site-vishisht retrolements key roop mein kaary karate hain, aur abb intron laabh key liye jimmedaar naheen hain. tendam genomic duplication ekmatra prastaavit tantra haye joe vivo prayogaatmak sakshya mein samarthan kartaa haih ack chhota antarjanuk tendam duplication ack protein-coding jeane mein ack nayaa intron daal sakata haye, jisase sambandhit peptide anukram aparivartit reh jaataa haye. iss tantra mein iss vichaar key liye vyaapak apratyaksh sakshya bhee hain joe iss vichaar kaa samarthan karate hain kii intron laabh key liye ack prachalit tantra tendam genomic duplication haye. vivo mein anya prastaavit tantron kaa pareekshan, vishesh roop seey dee. aiss. bee. aar., intron hastaantaran aur intronization key dauran intron laabh, sambhav haye, halanki inn tantron koo vivo mein pradarshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye taaki unhein intron laabh key vaastavik tantra key roop mein thhos kiya jaa sakey. aage key genomic vishleshan, vishesh roop seey jaba jansankhya star parr nishpaadit kiya jaataa haye, tou pratyek tantra key saapeksh yogdan kii matra nirdhaarit kii jaa sakati haye, sambhavatah prajaati-vishisht purvagrahon kii pehchaan kii jaa sakati haye joe vibhinn prajaatiyon key beach intron laabh kii vibhinn daron parr prakaash daal sakate hain.
bhee dekhein.
sanrachanaah
splissingh
kaary
anyah