
chadhaai key paudhon kii gatividhiyon aur aadton parr

chadhaai key paudhon kii gatividhiyon aur aadton parr charles darwin kii ack pustak haye jise pahali baar 1875 mein johnn murre dwara pustak key roop mein mudrit kiya gayaa thaa. mool roop seey, paath "linian samaaj kii patrika" key 9vein khand mein ack nibandh key roop mein dikhaai diyaa, isaliye pustak key roop mein pahale sanskaran koo vaastav mein 'doosara sanskaran, sanshodhit' kahaa jaataa haye.charles darwin key bete george darwin ney chitra banaae they.
1859 mein "prajaatiyon kii utpatti" key prakaashan key baad darwin ney apane praakritik chayan key siddhant key liye sakshya prastut karane key liye prasthaan kiya. shuru mein darwin ney iss uddeshya koo praapt karane key liye paudhon kaa adhyayan karane mein bahut samay bitaaya. yeh pustak paudhon parr unake pahale kaam key crum mein dusare sthaan parr haye, "vibhinn prakaar key upkaranon parr jinake dwara british aur videshi orchid koo keeton dwara nishechit kiya jaataa haye."(1862)
iss kaary koo ack vishesh prakaar key parvatarohi parr kendrit adhyaayon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haye jise unhone chaar mukhya vargon mein vibhajit kiya haye, lekin darwin, iss khand mein, dou mukhya vargon, judvaan paudhon aur patti key parvatarohiyon (dou upa-prabhagon mein vibhaajitah patti key aarohi aur tendril vaahak) parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye.
nimnalikhit adhyaayon mein shamil hainh
1. dohare paudhe
2. patti chadhaai karane vaale
3 aur 4.tendril vaahak
5. hook aur root climbers.
sandarbh.
1858 mein apane mitra key ack laghu patra koo padhane seey prerit hocker, darwin ney vikaasvaadi sandarbh mein kaee prakaar key chadhaai paudhon key vikas kaa pataa lagaane key liye prayog kiye. paudhon mein gati kii shakti kii avadharana ('tanon kii sahaj kraantiyan...pee. 1) pahale hii dekhaa jaa chuka thaa jaisa kii unhone pahale adhyaay mein sweekaar kiya haye. unaki antim paadap pustak, "paudhon mein gati kii shakti" mein unake nishkarsh yahaan mahatvapurna hainh i.ee. vaha parichalan (vaha prakriya joe taney aur paudhon key sire kii golakar yaa andakar gati paida karati haye) paryaavaran key liye anukoolan kii bheed key vikas mein kendriya thee aur iss prakaar paudhon kii ack apaar vividhata mein parinam detee haye. chadhaai kii aadat iss buniyaadi shakti seey vikasit hui.
darwin ney apane shabdon mein kahaa, "avalokan, ack sou seey adhik vyaapak roop seey alag jeevit prajaatiyon kii pariksha parr adharit haye."unhone kahaa," isamen paryaapt naveenata haye joe mujhe unhein prakaashit karane key liye uchit thaharaayegi."
nishkarsh nikaalate hain.
prakaash aur/yaa samarthan praapt karane key liye kaee paudhon key samoohon mein tanon aur yuktiyon kii sahaj ghoomane kii aadat vikasit hui haye. darwin ney apane nishkarsh mein inn anukoolanon key karanon kii padtaal kii haye kii way kinn tarikon seey fayademand hoe sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, samarthan (judvaan dwara) koo pakadane kii kshamata mein vriddhi havaa vaale vatavaran mein fayademand hogi. oonche aur ghaney jangalon mein, javic padarthon key mamuli kharch key saath shayed dohare paudhe behtar tareeke seey safal honge. yeh sub unake 'ichchhaon' kaa jawab dene kii antarnihit kshamata key kaaran vikasit huaa.(pee. 202). darwin kahate hainh "yeh aksar aspasht roop seey kahaa gayaa haye kii paudhon koo jaanvaron seey alag karane kii shakti naheen haye. balki yeh kahaa jaanaa chaahiye kii paudhe iss shakti koo tabhi praapt karate hain aur pradarshit karate hain jaba yeh unake liye kuchh laabhprad hoe; yeh tulanaatmak roop seey durlabh ghatana haye, kyonki way jameen parr chipak jaate hain, aur bhojan havaa aur barish dwara unake paas laaya jaataa haye."(pee. 206).