
maark twen

saimuel langhorn clemens (30 navambar, 1835-21 aprail, 1910), jinhen unake kalam naam maark twen seey jaanaa jaataa haye, ack americi lekhak, hasyakar, udyami, prakaashak aur vyakhyata they. unhein "sanyukt raajya america key sabse mahaan hasyakar" key roop mein prashansa kii gaee thee, aur villium fockner ney unhein "americi saahitya kaa pitaa" kahaa thaa. unake upanyason mein "dha adventures off tomm soyer" (1876) aur isaki agali kadee, "adventures off hakalberry finn" (1884) shamil hain, jinamen seey baad vaale koo aksar "mahaan americi upanyaas" kahaa jaataa haye. twen ney "aeye connecticut yanki inn king arther 'sus court" (1889) aur "puddenhead willson" (1894) bhee likhe aur charles dudley warner key saath "(1873)" kaa saha-lekhan kiya.
twen kaa paalan-poshan hannible, misauri mein kiya gayaa thaa, jisane baad mein "tomm soyer" aur "hakalberry finn" key liye setting pradaan kii. unhone ack printer key saath prashikshuta kii seva kii aur phir ack typesator key roop mein kaam kiya, apane badey bhaai orean clemens key samachar patra mein lekhon kaa yogdan diyaa. baad mein way nevada mein orean mein shamil honey key liye paschim kii or jaane seey pahale mississippi nadee parr ack nadee nauka pilot bunn gaye. unhone khanan mein safalata kii kamee kaa majakia tareeke seey ullekh kiya, virginia shahar key liye patrakaarita kii or rukh kiya. unaki haasya kahani "dha celebrated jumping frogg off calverus county" 1865 mein prakaashit hui thee, joe ack kahani parr adharit thee joe unhone angels camp, california mein angels hotal mein sunee thee, jahan unhone ack khanik key roop mein kuchh samay bitaaya thaa. iss laghu kahani ney antarrashtriya dhyaan aakarshit kiya aur iska french mein anuvaad bhee kiya gayaa. gadya aur bhaashan mein unaki buddhi aur vyangya ney alochakon aur sathiyon seey prashansa arjit kii, aur way rashtrapatiyon, kalakaron, udyogpatiyon aur europeeya rajgharane key mitra they. halanki shuru mein ack utsaahi americi samrajyavadi, jinhone havaai dweepon mein americi hiton key paksh mein dridhata seey baat kii, baad mein way 1901 seey 1910 mein apani mrityu taka americi samrajyavad virodhi leag key upaadhyaksh baney, joe phillippeans-americi yuddh key khilaf dridhata seey saamane aae.
twen ney apane lekhan aur vyakhyanon seey bahut paisa kamaaya, lekin una udyamon mein nivesh kiya joe iska adhikansh hissa khou dete they, jaise kii pays compositor, ack yaantrik typesator joe isaki jatilata aur ashuddhata key kaaran whiffle rhaa. unhone inn vittiya baadhaon key maddenajar diwaliyapan key liye aavedan kiya, lekin samay key saath maanak tail karyakari heinry huttleston rosers kii madad seey apani vittiya pareshaniyon parr kaaboo paa liya. unhone antatah apane sabhi lendaaron koo puuraa bhugtan kiya, bhale hii diwaliyapan kii unaki ghoshana kaa matlab thaa kii unhein aisaa karane kii aavashyakta naheen thee. 
twen kaa janm hailey key dhumketu key prakat honey key turant baad huaa thaa, aur unhone bhavishyavani kii thee kii vaha "isake saath baahar bhee jaayega", dhumketu key prithvi key sabse karib honey key ack dinn baad marr jaayega.
jeevani.
praarambhik jeevan.
saimuel langhorn clemens kaa janm 30 navambar, 1835 koo florida, misauri mein huaa thaa. vaha jaine (nee lampton; 1803-1890) key saat bachchon mein seey chhathe they, joe kentucky key mool nivasi they, aur johnn marshel clemens (1798-1847), virginia key mool nivasi they. usake maataa-pitaa kii mulakat taba hui jaba usake pitaa misauri chaley gaye. way 1823 mein shaadi curr chuke they. donon cornish, angreji aur scots-ayrish mool key they. unake kewal teen bhaai-bahan bachpan mein butch gaeh orean (1825-1897), pamela (1827-1904), aur heinry (1838-1858). unake bhaai sukhad hannible (1828) kii teen saptah kii umr mein mrityu hoe gaee, unaki bahan margaret (1830-1839) jaba twen teen saal key they, aur unake bhaai benjamin (1832-1842) kii teen saal baad mrityu hoe gaee.
jaba vaha chaar saal key they, tou twen kaa parivaar mississippi nadee parr ack bandargah shahar hannible, misauri mein chalaa gayaa, jisane sent key kaalpanik shahar koo prerit kiya. pietersberg "dha adventures off tomm soyer" aur "dha adventures off hakalberry finn" mein. usa samay misauri mein gulami kanuni thee, aur yeh inn lekhan mein ack vishay bunn gayaa. unake pitaa ack vakeel aur nyayadhish they, jinaki mrityu 1847 mein pneumonia seey hui, jaba donon 11 varsh key they. agale varsh, donon ney paanchvin kaksha key baad printer key prashikshu banane key liye school chhod diyaa. 1851 mein, unhone ack typesator key roop mein kaam karna shuru kiya, "hannible journal" mein lekhon aur hasyamaya rekhaachitron kaa yogdan diyaa, joe ack samachar patra thaa jiska swaamitva orean key paas thaa. jaba way 18 varsh key they, taba unhone hannible chhod diyaa aur newyork shahar, philadelphia, sent mein ack printer key roop mein kaam kiya. lui aur sinsinati, navgathit antarrashtriya mudran sangh, printer trade union mein shamil hoe gaye. unhone shaam koo saarvajanik pustakalayon mein khud koo shikshit kiya, ack paaramparik school kii tulanaa mein vyaapak jaankaari praapt kii.
twen ney "mississippi parr jeevan" mein apane bachpan kaa varnan karate hue kahaa kii unake sathiyon key beach "ack sthaayi mahatvakanksha theeh ack steamboatman banana. "pilot sabhi kii sabse bhavya sthiti thee. pilot key paas, una dinon mein bhee, mamuli majdoori key liye, ack shaahi vetan thaa-ack sou pachas seey dou sou pachas dollar prati maah, aur bhugtan karane key liye koee board naheen thaa."jaisa kii donon ney iska varnan kiya, pilot kii pratishtha kaptan kii pratishtha seey adhik thee. pilot koo "harr puraane jhunjhuni aur ack anga vaali sooti lakadi aur harr aspasht lakadi key dher key saath ack garmajoshi seey vyaktigat parichit honah thaa joe baarah sou meal taka iss nadee key tata parr aabhushan banaate hain; aur usase bhee adhik, honah chaahiye... vaastav mein jaanate hain kii yeye cheejen andhere mein kahaan hain. steamboat pilot horres ee. bixby ney unhein nyu orleans aur sent key beach kii nadee sikhaane key liye ack cube pilot key roop mein kaam kiya. 500 dollar () key liye lui, snaatak honey key baad donon key pahale vetan seey deya. donon ney mississippi kaa adhyayan kiya, isake sthalon kaa adhyayan kiya, isake pravaahon koo prabhaavi dhang seey kaise navigate kiya jaae, aur nadee aur isake lagaatar badalate chainalon, chattanon, jalmagn jharanon aur chattanon koo kaise padhaa jaae joe "abb taka key sabse majboot pott seey jeevan koo faad denge. unhein pilot kaa licenses milane mein dou saal seey bhee adhik samay lugg gayaa thaa. pilot ney unhein "maark twen" seey apana kalam naam bhee diyaa, joe dou fatham (12 feat) kii nadee kii gaharaai key liye leadman kaa roya thaa, joe ack bhaap kii naav key liye surakshit paani thaa.
ack yuva pilot key roop mein, clemens ney steamer "aeye" parr seva kii. bee. anudan daldale key saath kaksh, joe misauri nadee parr ack bhaap nauka kaptan key roop mein apane karnamon key liye prasiddh hoe gaye. donon ack-dusare koo pasand karate they aur unaki prashansa karate they, aur clemens key nadee chhodane key baad kaee varshon taka ack patrachar banaae rakhaa.
prashikshan key dauran, saimuel ney apane chhote bhaai heinry koo unake saath kaam karane key liye manaa liya, aur yahaan taka kii unake liye steamboat "pensylvania" parr mitty key clerk key pada kii vyavastha kii. 13 juuna, 1858 koo, steamboat key boiler mein visfot huaa; heinry ney 21 juuna koo apane ghaavon key kaaran dumm toda diyaa. donon ney ack maheene pahale ack sapane mein iss mrityu kaa purvanuman lagaane kaa daavaa kiya, jisane paracycology mein unaki ruchi koo prerit kiya; way manovaigyaanik anusandhaan key liye samaaj key praarambhik sadasya they. twen aparaadhbodh seey grast thaa aur usane apane baaki jeevan key liye khud koo jimmedaar thaharaaya. unhone nadee parr kaam karna jaari rakhaa aur 1861 mein grih yuddh shuru honey taka ack nadee pilot they, jaba mississippi nadee key kinare yatayat koo cumm curr diyaa gayaa thaa. shatruta kii shuruat mein, unhone ack sthaaniya sangh ikai mein sankshipt roop seey bharti kiya. baad mein unhone "ack abhiyaan kaa niji itihas joe whiffle rhaa" kaa rekhaachitra likhaa, jisamen varnan kiya gayaa kii kaise way aur unake dost apani ikai koo bhang karane seey pahale dou saptah taka sangh swayamsevak rahey they.
isake baad vaha apane bhaai orean key liye kaam karane key liye nevada key liye ravaana hoe gaye, joe nevada kshetra key sachiv they. twen ney apani pustak "ruffing itt" mein iss prakaran kaa varnan kiya haye.
america key paschim mein.
orean nevada kshetra key governor james doubleu key sachiv baney. 1861 mein, aur jaba way paschim kii or badhe tou donon unake saath shamil hoe gaye. bhaaiyon ney dou saptah seey adhik samay taka badey maidanon aur chattani pahaadon mein ack munch coach parr yatra kii, namak jheel shahar mein morman samudaay kaa daura kiya.
twen kii yatra virginia shahar, nevada key chaandi-khanan shahar mein samaapt hui, jahan vaha comstock load parr ack khanik bunn gayaa. vaha ack khanik key roop mein whiffle rahey aur virginia shahar key samachar patra "kshetriya udyam" mein kaam karane gaye, ack dost, lekhak danne decville key tahat kaam karate hue. unhone pahali baar 3 farwari, 1863 koo apane chhadm naam kaa upayog kiya, jaba unhone "carson-rehe joe goodman; party aitt government" sheershak seey ack hasyapurna yatra vivaran likhaa. johnson kaa sangeet "aur ise" maark twen "parr hastakshar kiye.
americi paschim mein unake anubhavon ney "ruffing itt" koo prerit kiya, joe 1870-71 key dauran likhaa gayaa thaa aur 1872 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. angels camp (calverus county, california mein) mein unake anubhavon ney "calverus county key prasiddh kood mendhak" (1865) key liye samagri pradaan kii.
1864 mein ack patrakaar key roop mein bhee, twen saine francisco chaley gaye aur brett harte aur artemus ward jaise lekhakon seey mille. hoe sakata haye kii vaha kavi key saath prem prasang mein shamil rahey houn.
ack lekhak key roop mein unaki pahali safalata taba millie jaba unaki hasyapurna lambi kahani "dha jumping frogg off calverus county" 18 navambar, 1865 koo newyork saptahik "dha satterday press" mein prakaashit hui, jisane unakaa rashtriya dhyaan aakarshit kiya. ack saal baad, unhone "sacramento union" key liye ack reporter key roop mein sandwich dweepon (vartamaan havaai) kii yatra kii. sangh" koo unake patra lokpriya they aur unake pahale vyakhyanon kaa aadhar bunn gaye.
1867 mein, ack sthaaniya samachar patra
"alta california" aur "nyu york tribune" ney europe aur madhya poorv key daure sahit "quaker shahar" parr savaar hocker bhoomadhyasagariya yatra key liye dhana diyaa. unhone yatra patron kaa ack sangrah likhaa jise baad mein "videshon mein nirdosh" (1869) key roop mein sankalit kiya gayaa. iss yatra mein hii vaha saathi yatri charles langdon seey mille, jinhone unhein apani bahan olivia kii tasveer dikhaai. baad mein donon ney pahali najar mein hii pyaar karane kaa daavaa kiya.
sanyukt raajya america lautane parr, 1868 mein twen koo yell vishvavidyalaya key gupt samaaj scroll aur kii mein maanad sadasyata kii peshkash kii gaee thee.
vivaah aur bachche.
twen aur olivia langdon ney 1868 key dauran patrachar kiya. usane usake pahale vivaah prastaav koo aswikar curr diyaa, lekin usane usey adalat mein pesh karna jaari rakhaa aur apane pitaa kii praarambhik anichha koo door karane mein kamyab rhaa. farwari 1870 mein elmira, newyork mein unaki shaadi hui thee. vaha ack "ameer lekin udaar parivaar" seey aaee theen; unake madhyam seey, vaha unmoolanvadiyon, "samajvadiyon, siddhant naastikon aur mahilaaon key adhikaaron aur samajik samaantaa key liye kaaryakartaon" seey mille, jinamen harriot beacher stow, fredrick dugglus aur eutopian samajwadi lekhak villium deane howells shamil they, joe lambe samay taka dost baney. clemens 1869 seey 1871 taka newyork key bhains mein rahate they. unake paas "bhains express" samachar patra mein hissedari thee aur unhone ack sampaadak aur lekhak key roop mein kaam kiya. jaba way bhains mein reh rahey they, taba unake bete langdon kii 19 maheene kii umr mein diptheria seey mrityu hoe gaee. unaki teen betiyaan theenh susi (1872-1896), clara (1874-1962), aur jeane (1880-1909). clemens ney david gray key saath dosti kii, joe pratidvandi "bhains courier" key sampaadak key roop mein kaam karate they, aur unaki patni martha. twen ney baad mein likhaa kii gray sabhi santvana thee joe unake aur jeevant koo unake 'bhains mein dukhad aur dayaniya sankshipt pravaas key dauran millie thee, aur usa gray kaa "kavita key liye najuk upahaar" ack samachar patra key liye kaam karane mein barbad hoe gayaa thaa.
navambar 1872 mein, twen connard line steamship parr ack yatri thaa jisane british bark "charles ward" key nau jeevit chaalak dall koo bachaaya. donon ney bachaav koo dekhaa, aur shaahi maanviya samaaj koo likhaa kii way "batavia" key kaptan aur jeevan-rakshak nauka key chaalak dall koo sammaanit karein. 1873 mein shuru karate hue, twen ney apane parivaar koo hartford, connecticut mein sthanantarit curr diyaa, jahan unhone stove key buggle mein ack ghar key nirmaan kii vyavastha kii. 1870 aur 1880 key dashak mein, parivaar olivia kii bahan, susan crain key ghar, elmira mein khadaan key khet mein garmiyon mein rahata thaa. 1874 mein, susan ney mukhya ghar seey alag ack adhyayan banaaya thaa taaki donon key paas likhane key liye ack shaant jagah hoe. saath hii, vaha lagaatar sigaret peetaa thaa, aur susan naheen chaahata thaa kii vaha usake ghar mein aisaa karey.
twen ney apane 17 varshon key dauran hartford (1874-1891) mein aur 20 seey adhik garmiyon mein khadaan farm mein apane kaee utkrisht upanyaas likhe. inmein "dha adventures off tomm soyer" (1876), "dha prince aind dha popper" (1881), "life onn dha mississippi" (1883), "adventures off hakalberry finn" (1884), aur "aeye connecticut yanki inn king arther court" (1889) shamil hain.
dampati kii shaadi 1904 mein olivia kii mrityu taka 34 saal taka chully. clemens parivaar key sabhi logon koo elmira key woodlon kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa.
vigyaan aur praudyogiki kaa prem.
twen vigyaan aur vaigyaanik jaanch seey mohit they. unhone nikola tesla key saath ack karibi aur sthaayi dosti vikasit kii, aur donon ney tesla kii prayogshala mein ack saath bahut samay bitaaya.
twen ney teen aavishkaron kaa patent karaaya, jisamen "kapadon key liye samayojya aur alag karane yogya pattiyon mein sudhaar" (suspender koo badalane key liye) aur ack itihas key samanya gyaan kaa khel shamil haye. sabse vyaavsaayik roop seey safal ack swa-pasting scrapbook thee; prishthon parr ack sookhe chipakane vaale koo upayog seey pahale kewal nama karane kii aavashyakta hoti thee. 25, 000 seey adhik beche gaye.
twen ack forensic takneek key roop mein fingerprinting key shuruati prastaavak they, jisamen ise "life onn dha mississippi" (1883) mein ack lambi kahani mein aur upanyaas "puddenhead willson" (1894) mein ack kendriya kathaanak tatva key roop mein dikhaaya gayaa thaa.
twen key upanyaas "aeye connecticut yanki inn king arther court" (1889) mein samkaaleen yuu key ack samay yatri koo dikhaaya gayaa haye.aiss., arthurian ingland mein aadhunik praudyogiki kaa parichay dene key liye vigyaan key apane gyaan kaa upayog karate hue. iss prakaar kaa aitihaasik herfer vaikalpik itihas key roop mein satta kathaaon kaa ack samooh bunn gayaa.
1909 mein, thomas edison ney stormfield mein dou logon kaa daura kiya, joe kii unake ghar, redding, connecticut mein they aur unhein filmaya. footage key hisse kaa upayog dou-reel laghu film 'dha prince aind dha popper' (1909) mein kiya gayaa thaa. yeh donon kii ekmatra gyaat maujooda film footage haye.
jaba yeh franology kii baat aaee tou twen ack gambhir sandehwadi they. unaki aisee dou pareekshaaen theen-ack jahan unhone apani pehchaan gupt rakhee aur doosari jahan yeh gyaat thee. unake alag-alag parinam they. apani aatmakatha mein, unhone samajhaaya kii mastishk roga visheshagya ney ack guha paaee jahan ack takkar honey chaahiye thee. aur phir unhone samajhaaya kii yeh haasya kii bhavna kii poorna anupasthiti kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye.
aarthik pareshaaniyan.
twen ney apane lekhan key madhyam seey kaafee paisa kamaaya, lekin unhone nivesh key madhyam seey ack badaa sauda khou diyaa. unhone jyaadaatar nae aavishkaron aur praudyogiki mein nivesh kiya, vishesh roop seey pays typesetting machine mein. yeh ack khubsurati seey engineer kiya gayaa yaantrik chamatkar thaa jisane darshakon koo aashcharyachakit curr diyaa jaba yeh kaam kiya, lekin yeh tootane kii sambhavana thee. 1880 aur 1894 key beach donon ney iss parr 300,000 dollar () kharch kiye, lekin isase pahale kii ise paripurna kiya jaa sakey, ise linotype dwara aprachalit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. unhone apane pustak laabh kaa badaa hissa khou diyaa, saath hii apani patni kii viraasat kaa ack badaa hissa bhee khou diyaa.
twen ney apane prakaashan gharaane charles ell key madhyam seey bhee paisa khou diyaa. webster aur company, jisane eulysis key sansmaranon koo bechane mein praarambhik safalata praapt kii. anudan lekin jald hii asafal, pope leo xiii kii jeevani parr paisa khone key baad. 200 seey cumm pratiyaan bechi gaeen.
twen aur unake parivaar ney ghatati aaya key jawab mein apane mahange hartford ghar koo bund curr diyaa aur juuna 1891 mein europe chaley gaye. dha newyork sunn" key lafan aur mcclore akhbar syndicate ney unhein chhah europeeya patron kii ack shrinkhala key prakaashan kii peshkash kii. twen, olivia aur unaki betty susi sabhi koo swaasthya samasyaon kaa saamana karna padaa thaa, aur unakaa maanana thaa kii europeeya snan karane jaanaa fayademand hoga. parivaar mukhya roop seey france, germany aur itali mein maee 1895 taka rhaa, jisamen berlin (sardi 1891-92), florence (girawat aur sardi 1892-93), aur peris (sardiyon aur springs 1893-94 aur 1894-95) mein lambe samay taka rhaa. usa avadhi key dauran, twen apani sthaayi vyaavsaayik pareshaniyon key kaaran chaar baar newyork laute. unhone sitambar 1893 mein khilaadiyon key club mein 1.5 dollar prati dinn () parr "ack sastaa kamra" kiraaye parr liya, jise unhein march 1894 taka rakhna thaa; iss beach, way jeevanikaar albert bigelo paine key shabdon mein "newyork key belle" bunn gaye.
twen key lekhan aur vyakhyanon ney unhein apane dost heinry huttleston rosers kii madad seey aarthik roop seey thheek honey mein saksham banaaya. 1893 mein, unhone maanak tail key ack pramukh, vittadaata key saath dosti shuru kii, joe unake shesh jeevan taka chully. rosers ney pahali baar aprail 1894 mein unhein diwalia honey key liye file kiya, phir unhein apani likhit kritiyon parr copyrite apani patni koo hastaantarit karane key liye kahaa taaki lendaaron koo una parr kabja karane seey rokaa jaa sakey. anta mein, rosers ney donon key paise kaa poorna prabhaar taba taka leey liya jaba taka kii unake sabhi lendaaron koo bhugtan naheen kiya gayaa.
twen ney robbert sparro smith key ack prastaav koo sweekaar curr liya aur julaai 1895 mein apane lendaaron koo puuraa bhugtan karane key liye ack saal key vishvavyaapi vyakhyan daure kii shuruat kii, halanki abb vaha aisaa karane key liye kissy bhee kanuni daayitva key tahat naheen they. yeh ack lambi, kathin yatra thee, aur vaha jyaadaatar samay sardi aur ack karbanak seey beemar they. yatra karyakram kaa pahala bhaag unhein agast key dusare bhaag taka uttari america key paar british kolambiya, kanada leey gayaa. dusare bhaag key liye, vaha prashant mahasagar key paar ravaana hue. honolulu, havaai mein unakaa nirdhaarit vyakhyan haija mahamari key kaaran radd karna padaa. twen ney fiji, australia, newzealand, srilanka, bhaarat, mauritious aur dakshin africa kaa daura kiya. bhaarat mein unake teen maheene unaki 712 prishthon kii pustak "bhoomadhya rekha key baad" kaa kendra bindu bunn gaye. julaai 1896 key uttaraardh mein, vaha ingland vaapas chaley gaye, aur 14 maheene pahale shuru hui duniya kii apani parikrama poori kii.
twen aur unake parivaar ney europe mein chaar aur saal bitaaye, mukhya roop seey ingland aur austriya (octuber 1897 seey maee 1899) mein, landan aur vienna mein lambe samay taka. clara vienna mein theoder leshetizki key tahat piano kaa adhyayan karna chaahte they.
haalaanki, jeane key swaasthya koo "doctors key shahar" vienna mein visheshagyon key saath paramarsh karane seey koee laabh naheen huaa. paultney bigelo key netritva mein, jinka dow. dwara ilaaj kiye jaane kaa achchha anubhav thaa, unakaa parivaar vasant 1899 mein landan chalaa gayaa. jonas heinrich kelgren, belgravia mein ack swedish austeopathic chikitsak. unhein sweeden key sanna gaanv mein jheel key paas kelgren key swaasthya kendra mein garmiyon bitaane key liye raaji kiya gayaa thaa. sharad ritu mein vaapas aatey hue, unhone landan mein upchaar jaari rakhaa, jaba taka kii america mein lambi poochtaachh seey donon koo yakeen naheen hoe gayaa kii isi tarah kii austeopathic visheshagyata vahaan upalabdh thee.
1900 key madhya mein, vaha landan key uttar kii or sthit dollis hill house mein samachar patra key malik hyug gilzen-reed key atithi they. twen ney likhaa kii unhone "kabhi bhee aisee koee jagah naheen dekhi thee joe itane santoshjanak roop seey sthit hoe, apane mahaan pedon aur desh key vistaar key saath, aur jeevan koo anandamaya banaane key liye joe kuchh bhee gayaa, aur duniya key mahanagar key ack biskeet key bheetar."isake baad vaha octuber 1900 mein america laut aae, jinhone apane rinon kaa bhugtan karane key liye paryaapt kamai kii. sardiyon mein, vaha apane desh key samrajyavad key sabse pramukh virodhi bunn gaye, apane bhashanon, sakshatkaron aur lekhan mein iss mudde koo uthaaya. janwari 1901 mein, unhone newyork key samrajyavad virodhi leag key upaadhyaksh key roop mein kaary karna shuru kiya.
bolane kii vyastataaen.
aadhunik stand-upp comedy key samaan ekal haasya vaarta karate hue, ack vishesh vaktaa key roop mein twen kii bahut maang thee. unhone kaee purushon key clubon koo bhugtan vaarta dee, jisamen lekhakon kaa club, beafsteak club, vagabond, white fryers aur hartford key somwar shaam club shamil they.
1890 key dashak key anta mein, unhone landan mein savage club seey baat kii aur unhein maanad sadasya chunaa gayaa. unhein bataaya gayaa kii wells key rajkumar sahit kewal teen purushon koo itna sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa, aur unhone jawab diyaah "thheek haye, isase rajkumar koo bahut achchha mahsoos honah chaahiye."unhone 1895 mein vishva vyakhyan daure key hisse key roop mein melburn aur sidney kaa daura kiya. 1897 mein, unhone rajanyik charlemen tower, junier key baad ack vishesh atithi key roop mein vienna mein concardia press club seey baat kii. unhone darshakon key mahaan manoranjan key liye german mein "dye scracken dair dutshen spretch" ("german bhasha kii bhayavahata") bhaashan diyaa. 1901 mein, unhein prinston vishvavidyalaya key cleosophic saahityik samaaj mein bolane key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa, jahan unhein maanad sadasya banaaya gayaa thaa.
kanadai yaatraaen.
1881 mein, twen koo kanada key montrial mein ack bhoj mein sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa, jahan unhone ack copyrite praapt karane kaa sandarbh diyaa thaa. 1883 mein, unhone ottawa kii ack sankshipt yatra kii, aur unhone 1884 aur 1885 mein dou baar george washington cable key saath ack pathan daure parr torrento kaa daura kiya, jise "pratibha key judvaan" daure key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
toronto yaatraon kaa kaaran unaki agami pustak "adventures off hakalberry finn" key liye kanadai aur british copyrite koo surakshit karna thaa, jiska unhone apani montrial yatra mein sanket diyaa thaa. otawa yatra kaa kaaran kanadai aur british copyrite koo "mississippi parr jeevan" key liye surakshit karna thaa. 1891 mein ack antarrashtriya copyrite samjhaute kii sthaapana seey pahale torrento mein prakashakon ney unaki pustakon key anadhikrit sanskaranon koo mudrit kiya thaa. yeye sanyukt raajya america key saath-saath kanada mein bhee beche gaye they, jisase way royalty seey vanchit they. unhone anuman lagaaya kii akele "dha adventures off tomm soyer" key belford brothers sanskaran mein unhein duss hazaar dollar () kharch karane padey they. unhone apani montrial yatra key saath 1881 mein "rajkumar aur garib" key liye adhikaar surakshit karane kaa asafal prayaas kiya thaa. antatah, unhein sanyukt raajya america mein prakaashit honey seey pahale kanada mein (kanada aur britten donon key liye) ack copyrite panjikrit karane key liye kanuni salah millie, joe americi sanskaran prakaashit honey parr kanadai prakashakon koo ack sanskaran chhaapane seey roque dega. ack aavashyakta thee kii ack kanadai nivasi key liye ack copyrite panjikrit kiya jaae; unhone desh kii apani chhoti yaatraon dwara ise sambodhit kiya.
baad mein jeevan aur mrityu.
twen apane baad key varshon mein mainhattan mein 14 west 10 veen street parr rahate they. way gahare avasaad kii avadhi seey gujare joe 1896 mein shuru hui jaba unaki betty susi kii mastishk shoth seey mrityu hoe gaee. 1904 mein olivia kii mrityu aur 24 disambar, 1909 koo jeane kii mrityu ney unaki udasi koo gahara curr diyaa. 20 maee, 1909 koo unake karibi dost heinry rosers kii achaanak mrityu hoe gaee.
aprail 1906 mein, unhone sunaa kii unake dost ney 1906 key saine francisco bhookamp mein lagbhag sub kuchh khou diyaa thaa, aur unhone swechha seey kuchh hastaaksharit chitron koo unake laabh key liye becha thaa. coolbrith kii sahaayata key liye, george wharton james ney newyork mein twen kaa daura kiya aur ack nae chitra satra kii vyavastha kii. shuru mein vaha pratirodhi thaa, lekin antatah usane sweekaar kiya kii parinami chhaviyon mein seey chaar usake dwara lii gaee sabse achchi chhaviyaan theen. sitambar mein, twen ney "uttar americi sameeksha" mein apani aatmakatha key adhyaay prakaashit karna shuru kiya. usee varsh, 3 paanchven avenue parr apani daadi key saath rahane vaali ack lekhika, charlot teller ney unake saath ack parichay shuru kiya joe "kaee varshon taka chalaa aur hoe sakata haye kii unake romantic iraade shamil houn.
1906 mein, donon ney angel fish aind aquarium club kaa gathan kiya, jinhen way surrogate potiyon key roop mein dekhate they. isake lagbhag darjan bhar sadasya 10 seey 16 varsh kii ayu key they. unhone apani "angel fish" ladkiyon key saath patron kaa adaan-pradaan kiya aur unhein sangeet karyakramon aur rangmanch aur khel khelane key liye aamantrit kiya. twen ney 1908 mein likhaa kii club unake "jeevan kaa mukhya anand" thaa. 1907 mein, vaha ack atlantic paar karane parr dorothy quick (11 varsh kii ayu mein) seey mille, jisaki shuruat "ack aisee dosti thee joe unaki mrityu key dinn taka chully".
twen koo ack maanad doctor off latters (dee.chhota.) 1901 mein yell vishvavidyalaya dwara. phir 1902 mein, misauri vishvavidyalaya, oxford vishvavidyalaya dwara doctor off low ney unhein 1907 mein doctorate off low bhee pradaan kiya.
1835 mein hailey key dhumketu key sabse karib pahunchane key dou saptah baad twen kaa janm huaa thaa; unhone 1909 mein kahaah
twen kii bhavishyavani bahut sateek thee; usa varsh dhumketu key prithvi seey gujarane seey ack maheene pahale, 21 aprail, 1910 koo toofaan key maidan mein dill kaa daura padane seey unaki mrityu hoe gaee.
twen kii mrityu kii khabar sunkar, rashtrapati villium howard toft ney kahaah
twen kaa antim sanskar newyork key paanchven avenue parr eent presbyterian church mein kiya gayaa thaa. unhein newyork key elmira mein woodlon kabristan mein unaki patni key parivarik bhukhand mein dafnaya gayaa haye. langdon parivaar key bhukhand koo unaki jeevit betty clara dwara 12 phut key smaarak (dou fatham, yaa "maark twen") dwara chihnit kiya gayaa haye. ack chhota sir kaa patthar bhee haye. unhone daah sanskar key liye prathamikta vyakt kii (udaaharan key liye, "mississippi parr jeevan" mein), lekin unhone sweekaar kiya kii unake jeevit parivaar key paas antim shabd hoga.
connecticut aur newyork mein adhikaariyon ney twen kii sampatti kaa moolya 471,000 dollar ($in) honey kaa anuman lagaaya.
likhana.
avalokan.
twen ney apane currier kii shuruat halki, hasyapurna kavita likhane seey kii, lekin vaha maanav jaati key ghamand, pakhand aur janleva krityon key itihaaskaar bunn gaye. currier key madhya mein, unhone "hakalberry finn" mein samriddh haasya, majboot kathaa aur samajik aalochana koo jodaa. way bolchal kii bhasha mein nipun they aur unhone americi vishayon aur bhasha parr nirmit ack vishisht americi saahitya koo banaane aur lokpriya banaane mein madad kii.
unaki kaee kritiyon koo kaee baar vibhinn karanon seey dabaa diyaa gayaa haye. hakalberry finn key romanch" koo americi uchch vidyaalayon mein baar-baar pratibandhit kiya gayaa haye, cumm seey cumm "nigar" shabd key lagaatar upayog key liye naheen, joe unnisvin shatabdi mein aamtaur parr kaale logon key liye upayog kiya jaane vaalaa ack slur haye.
donon key karyon kii ack poorna granth soochi koo sankalit karna lagbhag asambhav haye kyonki unhone badee sankhya mein tukade likhe (aksar aspasht samachar patron mein) aur kaee alag-alag kalam naamon kaa upayog kiya. isake alawa, unake bhashanon aur vyakhyanon kaa ack badaa hissa khou gayaa haye yaa darj naheen kiya gayaa haye; iss prakaar, donon key karyon kaa sankalan ack nirantar prakriya haye. shodhkartaon ney haal hii mein 1995 aur 2015 mein prakaashit samagri kii phir seey khoj kii.
praarambhik patrakaarita aur yatra vrittaant.
twen 1863 mein virginia shahar key samachar patra "kshetriya udyam" key liye likh rahey they jaba way vakeel tomm fitch seey mille, joe pratispardhi samachar patra "virginia delly union" key sampaadak they aur jinhen "silver-tong auretor off dha paisifik" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. unhone fitch koo likhit roop mein apana "pahala vaastav mein laabhdaayak sabak" dene kaa shreya diyaa. "jaba maine pahali baar vyakhyan denaa shuru kiya, aur apane pahale key lekhan mein," twen ney baad mein tippani kii, "meraa ekmatra vichaar maine joe kuchh bhee dekhaa aur sunaa, usase haasya poonji banaana thaa."1866 mein, unhone nevada key vasho shahar mein bheed key saamane sandwich dweepon parr apana vyakhyan prastut kiya. baad mein, fitch ney usase kahaah
clemens, aapka vyakhyan shandar thaa. yeh vakpatu, gatishil, imandar thaa. maine apane poore jeevan mein kabhi bhee varnanatmak kathan kaa itna shandar tukada naheen sunaa haye. lekin aapane ack akshamya paap kiya-akshamya paap. yeh ack paap haye joe aapako phir kabhi naheen karna chaahiye. aapane ack sabse vakpatu vivaran koo bund curr diyaa, jisake dwara aapane apane darshakon koo sabse adhik ruchi key saath jodaa thaa, jisamen ack kroor anty-climax kaa tukada thaa jisane aapke dwara utpaadit sabhi vaastav mein achche prabhaav koo radd curr diyaa thaa.
inn dinon mein hii donon rishi-brush school key lekhak bunn gaye they; unhein baad mein isake sabse prasiddh sadasya key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa. unakaa pahala mahatvapurna kaam "dha jumping frogg off calverus county" thaa, joe 18 navambar, 1865 koo "newyork satterday press" mein prakaashit huaa thaa. lokpriyata key visfot key baad, "sacramento union" ney unhein apane yatra anubhavon key baare mein patra likhane key liye niyukt kiya. iss naukari key liye unhone pahali yatra joe kii vaha thee sandwich dweepon (havaai) kii pahali yatra parr steamer "ajaks" kii sawari karna. iss dauran, vaha akhbar koo patra likh rahey they joe prakaashan key liye they, haasya key saath apane anubhavon koo darj karate they. yeye patra saine francisco "alta california" samachar patra key saath unake kaam kii utpatti saabit hue, jisane unhein saine francisco seey panama istamas key madhyam seey newyork shahar kii yatra key liye ack yatra samvaadaata naamit kiya.
8 juuna, 1867 koo, unhone paanch maheene key liye anand cruiser "quaker city" parr yatra shuru kii, aur iss yatra key parinamswarup "videsh mein nirdosh loga yaa nae teerthyatriyon kii pragati" hui. 1872 mein, unhone misauri seey nevada taka kii apani yatra, americi paschim mein apane baad key jeevan aur havaai kii apani yatra key vivaran key roop mein apane yatra saahitya kaa doosara tukada, "ruffing itt" prakaashit kiya. yeh pustak americi aur paschimi samaaj koo usee tarah seey rotion karati haye jiss tarah seey "nirdosh" logon ney europe aur madhya poorv key vibhinn deshon kii aalochana kii thee. unakaa agala kaam thaa, "ack upanyaas likhane kaa unakaa pahala prayaas. apane padosi charles dudley warner key saath likhi gaee yeh pustak bhee unakaa ekmatra sahyog haye.
twen key agale kaam mein mississippi nadee parr unake anubhavon koo darshaaya gayaa. "old times onn dha mississippi" 1875 mein "atlantic masik" mein prakaashit rekhaachitron kii ack shrinkhala thee jisamen romantikwad key saath unakaa mohbhang thaa. "purana samay" antatah "" mississippi parr jeevan "" key liye praarambhik bindu bunn gayaa. 
"tomm soyer" aur "hakalberry finn".
twen kaa agala pramukh prakaashan "dha adventures off tomm soyer" thaa, joe hannible mein unaki yuvavastha koo darshaata haye. tomm soyer koo ack bachche key roop mein dohare model parr banaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen sahpaathiyon johnn briggs aur will key nishan they. pustak mein twen key bachpan key dost tomm blankenship parr adharit sahayak bhoomika mein hakalberry finn kaa bhee parichay diyaa gayaa haye.
"aaj film aur saahitya mein aam kahani key bavjood, "rajkumar aur garib" koo utanaa achchha swaagat naheen milaa. yeh pustak ack hii dinn paida hue dou ladakon kii kahani bataati haye joe shaaririk roop seey samaan hain, rajkumar aur garib key sthaan parr ack samajik tippani key roop mein kaary karate hain. twen ney "hakalberry finn key romanch" (jise puuraa karane mein unhein lagaatar samasyaaen theen) shuru kiye they aur apani yatra pustak "aeye tramp videsh" poori kii thee, joe madhya aur dakshini europe key madhyam seey unaki yaatraon kaa varnan karati haye.
twen kaa agala pramukh prakaashit kaam "adventures off hakalberry finn" thaa, jisane unhein ack ullekhaniya americi lekhak key roop mein pushti kii. kuchh logon ney ise pahala mahaan americi upanyaas kahaa haye, aur yeh pustak poore sanyukt raajya mein kaee schools mein padhane kii aavashyakta bunn gaee haye. "hakalberry finn" "tomm soyer" "kii ack shakha thee aur iska swar apane poorvavarti kii tulanaa mein adhik gambhir thaa. tomm soyer" key prakaashan key thheek baad, 1876 key madhya mein chaar sou pandulipi prishth likhe gaye they. hakalberry finn" kaa antim paanchvaan bhaag bahut vivaad kaa vishay haye. kuchh loga kahate hain kii donon ney "tantrika kii viphalata" kaa anubhav kiya, jaisa kii aalochak leo marks kahate hain. ernest hemingway ney ack baar "hakalberry finn" key baare mein kahaa thaah
yadi aap ise padhate hain, tou aapako vahaan rukna chaahiye jahan ladakon seey neiger zim chori hoe gayaa haye. yahee vaastavik anta haye. baaki sirf dhokha haye.
hemingway ney bhee isi nibandh mein likhaah
sabhi aadhunik americi saahitya maark twen kii ack pustak "hakalberry finn" seey aataa haye.
hakalberry finn" key puuraa honey key karib, twen ney "life onn dha mississippi" likhaa, jisake baare mein kahaa jaataa haye kii isane upanyaas koo bahut prabhaavit kiya haye. yatra kaary mississippi nadee seey 22 saal kii anupasthiti key baad donon kii yaadon aur nae anubhavon koo yaad kartaa haye. isamen, vaha yeh bhee bataate hain kii "maark twen" usa samay kiya gayaa coll thaa jaba naav surakshit paani mein thee, joe dou (yaa dou) fatham () kii gaharaai kaa sanket detaa haye.
mcdowell kii gufa-jise abb hannible, misauri mein maark twen gufa key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur aksar twen kii pustak "dha adventures off tomm soyer" mein ullekh kiya gayaa haye-mein "saim clemens" haye, joe twen kaa asli naam haye, jise khud twen ney deewaar parr utkeern kiya haye.
baad mein likhein.
twen ney rashtrapati eulysis aiss koo janm diyaa. apane nae prakaashan gharaane charles ell key madhyam seey anudan key "sansmaran". webster aur company, jiska vaha charles ell key saath saha-swaamitva mein thaa. webster, shaadi seey uska bhatija.
iss samay unhone "shatabdi patrika" key liye "ack abhiyaan kaa niji itihas joe whiffle rhaa" bhee likhaa. iss lekh mein grih yuddh key dauran ack sangh kii senaa mein unake dou saptah key karyakal kaa vivaran diyaa gayaa thaa. isake baad unhone "raajaa arther key darbar mein ack kanaikatikat yanki" parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, jise "rajkumar aur garib" key roop mein usee aitihaasik kathaa shally key saath likhaa gayaa thaa. "ack connecticut yanki" ney raajaa arther key darbar mein sthaapit karke raajneetik aur samajik maandandon kii betuki baaton koo dikhaaya. yeh pustak disambar 1885 mein shuru hui thee, phir kuchh maheenon baad 1887 kii garmiyon taka bund rahee, aur antatah 1889 key vasant mein samaapt hui.
unakaa agala badey paimaane parr kaam "puddenhead willson" thaa, jise unhone teji seey likhaa, kyonki vaha diwaliyapan koo rokane kii purjor koshish curr rahey they. 12 navambar seey 14 disambar, 1893 taka, donon ney upanyaas key liye 60,000 shabd likhe. alochakon ney ise upanyaas key motey sangathan aur kathaanak key nirantar vyavadhaan key kaaran key roop mein bataaya haye. iss upanyaas mein ack hii dinn paida hue dou ladakon kii kahani bhee haye joe jeevan mein sthiti badalate hain, jaise "rajkumar aur garib". yeh pahali baar "centuary magazine" mein dharavahik roop seey prakaashit huaa thaa aur jaba ise antatah pustak key roop mein prakaashit kiya gayaa, tou "puddenhead willson" mukhya sheershak key roop mein dikhaai diyaa; haalaanki, "upasheershak" poore sheershak koo padhate hainh "puddenhead willson kii trasdi aur asadharan judwa bachchon kii comedy.
twen kaa agala udyam seedhi kathaa kaa ack kaam thaa jise unhone "johnn off aark kii vyaktigat yaaden" kahaa aur apani patni koo samarpit kiya. unhone lambe samay seey kahaa thaa kii iss kaam key liye unhein sabse adhik garv thaa, isake liye unhein joe aalochana millie thee, usake bavjood. yeh pustak bachpan seey hii unakaa ack sapana rhaa thaa, aur unhone daavaa kiya kii unhein kishoravastha mein johnn off aark key jeevan kaa vivaran dene vaali ack pandulipi millie thee. yeh ack aur tukada thaa kii unhein vishvaas thaa kii way apani prakaashan company koo bachaa lenge. unake vittiya salaahkaar heinry huttleston rosers ney usa vichaar koo khariz curr diyaa aur donon koo usa vyavasaay seey poori tarah seey baahar curr diyaa, lekin phir bhee pustak prakaashit hoe gaee.
bilon kaa bhugtan karane aur apani vyaavsaayik pariyojanaon koo chaalu rakhane key liye, donon ney cumm hotey laabh key saath lekh aur tippani likhana shuru curr diyaa thaa, lekin yeh paryaapt naheen thaa. unhone 1894 mein diwaliyapan key liye aavedan kiya. iss vikat vittiya sankat key dauran, unhone apani jarooraton koo puuraa karane mein madad karane key liye samachar patron mein kaee saahityik sameekshaaen prakaashit keen. unhone cooper key "saahityik apraadhon" kaa vivaran dene vaale apane lekh mein james fenimore cooper kaa prasiddh roop seey upahaas kiya. way anya lekhakon aur anya alochakon key ack atyant mukhar aalochak bunn gaye; unhone sujhaav diyaa kii, cooper key kaam kii prashansa karane seey pahale, thomas launsbury, brender matwess aur wilkie collins koo "isamen seey kuchh padhana chaahiye thaa.
george elliot, jaine austen aur robbert luis stevenson bhee iss samay avadhi key dauran twen key hamale mein parh gaye, 1890 key aspas shuru huaa aur unaki mrityu taka jaari rhaa. unhone saahityik aalochana kii "daant aur panje" shally key liye ack srot pradaan karane key alawa, kaee patron aur nibandhon mein "gunavattapurna lekhan" key roop mein unhein kyaa lagata haye, isaki ruprekha dee. vaha sankshiptata, shabd chayan kii upayogita aur yathaarthvaad parr jore detaa haye; vaha shikayat kartaa haye, udaaharan key liye, kii cooper kaa "dier slayer" yathaarthvaadi honey kaa irada rakhta haye lekin isamen kaee kamiyaan hain. vidambana yeh haye kii baad mein unaki apani kaee kritiyon kii nirantarta ("hakalberry finn key romanch") aur sangathan ("puddenhead willson") kii kamee key liye aalochana kii gaee.
twen kii patni kii mrityu 1904 mein hui, jaba dampati florence mein vilaa dee quarto mein reh rahey they. kuchh samay beetane key baad, unhone kuchh aisee kritiyaan prakaashit keen jinhen unaki patni, unaki "vaastavik" sampaadak aur apane poore vaivaahik jeevan mein sensor ney neecha dekhaa thaa. "rahasyamay ajnabi" shayed sabse prasiddh haye, joe prithvi parr shaitan kii vibhinn yaatraon koo darshaata haye. yeh vishesh kaary twen key jivankal mein prakaashit naheen huaa thaa. unaki pandulipiyon mein 1897 aur 1905 key beach likhe gaye teen sanskaran shamil theh tathaakathit hannible, asseldorf aur print shop sanskaran. parinami bhram key kaaran ack gadbad sanskaran kaa vyaapak prakaashan huaa, aur haal hii mein mool sanskaran upalabdh hue hain kyonki donon ney unhein likhaa thaa.
twen kii antim kriti unaki aatmakatha thee, jise unhone nirdeshit kiya aur socha kii aggar way gair-kalanukramik crum mein sanak aur sparsh parr chaley jaate hain tou yeh sabse manoranjak hoga. kuchh abhilekhakon aur sanklakon ney jeevani koo adhik paaramparik roop mein punarvyavasthit kiya haye, jisase donon key haasya aur pustak key pravaah koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa haye. aatmakatha kaa pahala khand, 736 prishthon seey adhik, california vishvavidyalaya dwara navambar 2010 mein unaki mrityu key 100 saal baad, jaisa kii donon ney chaaha, prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. yeh jald hii ack apratyaashit best-seller bunn gayaa, jisase donon 19veen, 20veen aur 21veen shataabdiyon mein nae best-selling khandon koo prakaashit karane vaale bahut cumm lekhakon mein seey ack bunn gaye.
censorship.
donon key karyon koo censorship key prayason key adheen kiya gayaa haye. stuart (2013) key anusaar, "inn pratibandh abhiyaanon kaa netritva karna, aam taur parr, dhaarmik sangathan yaa prabhaav key padon parr vyakti they-itane kaam karane vaale librarian naheen, jinhen usa americi" pustakalaya bhavna "key saath sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa joe bauddhik swatantrata (nishchit roop seey seema key bheetar) koo sammaanit kartaa thaa. 1905 mein, brooklin saarvajanik pustakalaya ney bachchon key vibhaag seey unaki bhasha key kaaran "dha adventures off hakalberry finn" aur "dha adventures off tomm soyer" donon parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa.
prakaashak.
maark twen dou dashakon taka hartford, connecticut (1871-1891) mein ack ghar mein rahey aur usa shahar mein americi prakaashan company ney unaki kaee pustakon kaa pahala sanskaran prakaashit kiya. yahee baat newyork sthit kaee companiyon key baare mein bhee kahee jaa sakati haye, jaise kii harper aind brothers aur unake bhatije charles ell. webster aur company. anya yadgar sanskaran saine diago key aish rainch press aur bairi moser key peneroyal press dwara banaae gaye they.
drishya.
jaise-jaise vaha badaa hotaa gayaa, twen key vichaar adhik kattarpanthi hoe gaye. 1887 mein mitra aur saathi lekhak villium deane howells koo likhe ack patra mein, unhone sweekaar kiya kii unake vichaar unake jivankal mein badal gaye they aur vikasit hue they, unaki pasandida kritiyon mein seey ack kaa ullekh karate hueh
rajneeti.
twen takniki pragati aur vanijya key kattar samarthak they. way kalyankari upaayon key khilaf they, kyonki unakaa maanana thaa kii "vyaavsaayik yug" mein samaaj "sateek aur nirantar" kaanoonon dwara shaasit haye jinhen "kissy bhee vyakti yaa raajneetik yaa dhaarmik gutt key samaayojan key liye hastakshep naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye. unhone kahaa kii "koee achchi sarkaar naheen haye aur koee sambhav naheen haye. washington vishvavidyalaya key professor kii raay mein aeye. cardwellh
shram.
twen ney "life onn dha mississippi" mein nadee nauka udyog mein sanghon key baare mein chamakate hue likhaa, jise dashakon baad union holl mein padhaa gayaa thaa. unhone shram andolan kaa samarthan kiya, vishesh roop seey sabse mahatvapurna sanghon mein seey ack, shram key shurveer. unhein ack bhaashan mein unhone kahaah
unhone aage likhaa, "yeh sahee kyon haye kii chaaron or loot kaa ack nishpaksh vibhajan naheen haye? kyonki kaanoonon aur samvidhaanon ney anyatha adesh diyaa haye. taba yeh hotaa haye kii kaanoonon aur samvidhaanon koo chaaron or badalana chaahiye aur kahana chaahiye kii ack adhik lagbhag samaan vibhajan hoga."
samrajyavad.
1899 seey pahale, twen ack utsaahi samrajyavadi they. 1860 key dashak key anta aur 1870 key dashak kii shuruat mein, unhone havaai dweepon mein americi hiton key paksh mein dridhata seey baat kii. unhone kahaa kii 1898 mein spen key saath yuddh abb taka kaa "sabse saarthak" yuddh thaa. haalaanki, 1899 mein unhone apana raasta badal diyaa. newyork herauld" mein, 16 octuber, 1900 mein, twen ney samrajyavad virodhi, phillippeans-americi yuddh key sandarbh mein apane parivartan aur raajneetik jaagriti kaa varnan kiya haih
mukkebaaz vidroh key dauran, twen ney kahaa kii "mukkebaaz ack deshbhakt haye. vaha apane desh seey dusaron key deshon seey behtar pyaar kartaa haye. main unaki safalata kii kaamana kartaa huun."
1901 seey, europe seey lautane key turant baad, 1910 mein apani mrityu taka, twen americi samrajyavad virodhi leag key upaadhyaksh they, jinhone sanyukt raajya dwara phillippeans key vilay kaa virodh kiya aur "hajaaron sadasya" they. unhone sangathan key liye kaee raajneetik parche likhe. 1924 mein maranoparant prakaashit "phillippeans mein ghatana", moro crater narsamhar key jawab mein thee, jisamen chhah sou moron koo maar diyaa gayaa thaa. unhone likhaa, "yeh kiss tarah seey ack ladaai thee? iska yuddh seey koee lena-denaa naheen haye...hamane apane chaar dinon key kaam koo saaf kiya aur inn asahaay logon kii kasai karke ise puuraa kiya."samrajyavad virodhi parr unake kaee upekshit aur pahale seey sangrahit lekhan 1992 mein pahali baar pustak key roop mein prakat hue.
twen anya deshon mein bhee samrajyavad key aalochak they. bhoomadhya rekha kaa anusaran karate hue", twen "sabhi dhaariyon key samrajyavad kii ghrina aur ninda" vyakt kartaa haye. vaha europeeya samrajyavadiyon jaise kii cecil roads aur belgium key raajaa leopold dwiteeya key liye atyadhik aalochanatmak they, donon ney africa key liye sangharsh key dauran african mahadweep parr upanivesh sthaapit karane kaa prayaas kiya. "raajaa leopold kii swagat" unaki niji coloney, kango mukt raajya key baare mein ack raajneetik vyangya haye. apmaanjanak shoshan aur vichitra durvyavahar kii reports ney 1900 key dashak kii shuruat mein vyaapak antarrashtriya akrosh koo janm diyaa, yakinan pahala badey paimaane parr manvadhikar andolan. swagat mein, raajaa kaa tark haye kii coloney mein isai dharm laana "thodi see bhukhmari" seey adhik haye. kango key jabaran majdooron key khilaf durvyavahar taba taka jaari rhaa jaba taka kii andolan ney belgium sarkaar koo coloney kaa seedha niyantran lene key liye majboor naheen kiya.
phillippeans-americi yuddh key dauran, twen ney "yuddh prarthana" sheershak seey ack chhoti shantivadi kahani likhi, joe iss baat koo darshaati haye kii manavtavad aur isai dharm kaa prem kaa prachaar yuddh key aacharan key saath asangat haye. ise prakaashan key liye "harper bajar" mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa, lekin 22 march, 1905 koo patrika ney kahani koo "ack mahila kii patrika key liye kaafee upayukt naheen" key roop mein khariz curr diyaa. aathh dinn baad, twen ney apane dost daniel carter daadhi koo likhaa, jise usane kahani padhee thee, "mujhe naheen lagata kii prarthana merey samay mein prakaashit hogi. marane vaalon key alawa kissy koo bhee sach bataane kii anumati naheen haye."kyonki unakaa harper aur bhaaiyon key saath ack vishesh anubandh thaa, isaliye donon" yuddh prarthana "koo kaheen aur prakaashit naheen curr sakey; yeh 1916 taka aprakaashit rhaa. ise 1960 key dashak mein yuddh virodhi kaaryakartaon dwara prachaar samagri key roop mein punah prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa.
twen ney sweekaar kiya kii unhone mool roop seey francisi kranti key adhik madhyam girondine key saath sahaanubhooti vyakt kii thee aur phir adhik kattarpanthi sansculauts key prati apani sahaanubhooti sthanantarit curr dee, vaastav mein khud koo "ack marat" key roop mein pahachaante hue aur likhate hue kii aatank kaa shasson isase pahale key puraane aatank kii tulanaa mein cumm hoe gayaa thaa. twen ney sudharvadiyon key khilaf roose mein krantikariyon kaa samarthan kiya, yeh tark dete hue kii zaar koo hinsak tarikon seey chhutkara diyaa jaanaa chaahiye, kyonki shantipurna loga kaam naheen karenge. unhone nimnalikhit kathan mein kraantiyon key baare mein apane vichaaron kaa saransh diyaah
nagrik adhikaar.
twen gulami key unmoolan aur daason kii mukti key ack adey samarthak they, yahaan taka kii jahan taka kahane kii baat haye, "linken kii ghoshana... naa kewal kaale daason koo mukt karein, balki gorey aadami koo bhee mukt karein. unhone tark diyaa kii gair-goron koo sanyukt raajya mein nyaay naheen milaa, ack baar yeh kahate hue kii "maine chinmen koo sabhi ausat, kayartapurna tarikon seey durvyavahar aur durvyavahar karate dekhaa haye joe ack apamaanit prakriti key aavishkaar key liye sambhav haye... lekin maine kabhi bhee kissy chinman koo nyaay kii adalat mein iss tarah key galatiyon key liye sahee naheen dekhaa. unhone cumm seey cumm ack ashwet vyakti koo yell low school mein jaane key liye aur ack anya ashwet vyakti koo dakshini vishvavidyalaya mein mantri banane key liye bhugtan kiya.
nasl parr twen key aage kii soch vaale vichaar americi bhaartiyon parr unake shuruati lekhan mein pratibimbit naheen hue they. unamen seey, twen ney 1870 mein likhaah 
isake vipareet, "fenimore cooper key saahityik apraadhon" parr twen kaa nibandh bhaartiyon key baare mein bahut dayalu drishtikon pradaan kartaa haye. "naheen, anya bhaartiyon ney inn cheejon koo dekhaa hoga, lekin cooper key bhaartiyon ney kabhi kuchh bhee naheen dekhaa. cooper sochata haye kii way dekhane key liye adbhut prani hain, lekin vaha lagbhag hamesha apane bhaartiyon key baare mein galati mein thaa. unamen seey shayed hii kabhi koee samajhdaar thaa."apane baad key yatra vrittaant" "bhoomadhya rekha key baad" "(1897) mein, twen ney dekhaa kii duniya bhar key aupaniveshik deshon mein," "jangli" "hamesha sabse nirdayi tarikon seey" "gorey" "dwara anyaay kiya gayaa haye, jaise kii" "dakaiti, upman, aur dheemi, dheemi hatyaa, garibi aur safed aadami kii whisky key madhyam seey; unakaa nishkarsh yeh haye kii" "iss duniya mein kaee hasyapurna cheejen hain; unamen seey gorey aadami kii dhaarana haye kii vaha anya jangli logon kii tulanaa mein cumm kroor haye. ack abhivyakti mein joe unake purvi bhaaratiya anubhavon koo darshaati haye, unhone likhaa, "jahan taka main yeh nirnay karane mein saksham huun kii bhaarat koo sabse asadharan desh banaane key liye, yaa tou manushya yaa prakriti dwara, kuchh bhee poorvavat naheen chhoda gayaa haye, joe soorya apane chakkaron parr aataa haye. jahan harr sambhavana prasann hoti haye, aur kewal manushya hii neech haye."
twen mahilaaon key matadhikar key samarthak bhee they, jaisa kii 1901 mein diye gaye unake "mahilaaon key liye vote" bhaashan seey pataa chalata haye.
helen keller koo twen key samarthan seey laabh huaa kyonki unhone apani vikalaangtaaon aur vittiya seemaon key bavjood apani college shiksha aur prakaashan kaa peechha kiya. donon lagbhag 16 saal taka dost rahey.
donon key prayason key madhyam seey, connecticut vidhaayika ney 1995 seey connecticut kii aadhikarik nayika, connecticut mein yuva african-americi mahilaaon kii shiksha kii disha mein unake prayason key liye vivek crandle key liye pension kaa matdan kiya. twen ney canterbury mahila boarding school key ghar canterbury mein apane poorv ghar key upayog key liye khareedane kii bhee peshkash kii, lekin unhone manaa curr diyaa.
raajneetik dall.
twen apane jeevan key adhikansh samay key liye ack ganarajyavadi they. haalaanki, 1884 mein unhone saarvajanik roop seey apani party key saath sambandh toda diyaa aur loktaantrik ummidwar, grover cleveland, republican ummidwar, james jee kaa samarthan karane key liye magwamps mein shamil hoe gaye. blain, jinhen way ack bhrasht rajneta maanate they. twen ney cleveland key paksh mein railiyon mein baat kii. 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, unhone loktantriyon aur ganarajyiyon donon koo "pagal" key roop mein ninda karna shuru curr diyaa aur apani 1907 kii pustak "isai vigyaan" mein prastaav diyaa kii pratyek dall ney dusare key pagalpan koo pahachaana, kewal magwamps (yaani, joe "sarvshreshth vyakti" key liye matdan key paksh mein party kii wafadari koo chhod dete hain) donon koo jodane vaale samagr pagalpan koo samajh sakate hain.
dharm.
twen ack presbyterian they. vaha apane baad key jeevan mein sangathit dharm aur isai dharm key kuchh tatvon key aalochak they. udaaharan key liye, unhone likhaa, "vishvaas vaha haye joe aap jaanate hain kii aisaa naheen haye", aur "aggar masih abb yahaan hotey tou ack cheej hoti joe vaha naheen hotaa-ack isai. 19veen shatabdi key america mein catholic virodhi bhavna key prabal honey key kaaran, twen ney kahaa kii vaha "harr usa cheej key prati shatruta key liye shikshit they joe catholic haye. ack vayask key roop mein, vaha dhaarmik charchaon mein lagey rahey aur sevaaon mein bhaag liya, unake dharamshastra kaa vikas hoe rhaa thaa kyonki unhone priyajanon kii mauton aur apani mrityu darr key saath kushti kii thee.
twen aam taur parr apane jivankal mein dharm parr apane sabse vivadaspad vichaaron koo prakaashit karane seey bachate they, aur way baad mein prakaashit nibandhon aur kahaaniyon seey jaane jaate hain. 1880 key dashak mein nibandh "assie key teen bayanon" mein, donon ney kahaa kii way ack sarvashaktimaan bhagwan mein vishvaas karate they, lekin kissy bhee sandesh, rahasyodghatan, pavitra granthon jaise kii bible, providence yaa baad key jeevan mein pratishodh mein naheen. unhone kahaa kii "achchaae, nyaay aur bhagwan kii dayaa unake karyon mein prakat hoti haye", lekin yeh bhee kii "brahmand sakht aur aparivartaniya kaanoonon dwara shaasit hotaa haye", joe "chhote mamalon" koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye, jaise kii mahamari mein kaun martaa haye. anya samay mein, unhone spasht roop seey providence mein vishvaas kaa daavaa kiya. 1890 key dashak mein kuchh baad key lekhan mein, vaha bhagwan kii achchaae key baare mein cumm ashawadi they, yeh dekhate hue kii "yadi hamara nirmaata" "achche yaa burey key liye sarvashaktimaan haye, tou vaha apane sahee dimag mein naheen haye. anya samay mein, unhone iss baat kaa anuman lagaaya kii shayed bhagwan ney apane kissy uddeshya key liye duniya koo apane sabhi atyacharon key saath banaaya thaa, lekin anyatha vaha manavata key prati udaseen thaa, joe vaise bhee unake dhyaan key yogya bahut chhota aur mahatvaheen thaa.
1901 mein, twen ney missionary dow. key karyon kii aalochana kii. villium scott emment (1851-1909) kyonki emment aur anya missionaryon ney 1900 key mukkebaaz vidroh key baad cheeni vishayon seey kshatipurti ekatra kii thee. emment key tarikon kii sunavaai key liye twen kii pratikriya farwari 1901 mein "uttar americi sameeksha" mein prakaashit hui theeh "andhere mein baithe vyakti key liye", aur chean, dakshin africa aur yuu. aiss. mein samrajyavad key udaharanon seey sambandhit haye.aiss. phillippeans kaa kabja. aprail 1901 mein "uttar americi sameeksha" mein prakaashit ack lekh, "merey missionary alochakon key liye", binaa kissy afsos key unakaa hamla jaari rakhta haye, lekin dhyaan apane missionary varishthon, videshi missions key liye americi board off commissioners parr sthanantarit honey key saath.
unaki mrityu key baad, twen key parivaar ney unake kuchh karyon koo dabaa diyaa joe vishesh roop seey paaramparik dharm key prati apmaanjanak they, jisamen "prithvi seey patra" bhee shamil they, joe taba taka prakaashit naheen huaa thaa jaba taka kii unaki betty clara ney 1962 mein soviyat prachaar key jawab mein roque key baare mein apani sthiti koo ulat naheen diyaa thaa. dhaarmik-virodhi "dha mystery ajnabi" 1916 mein prakaashit huaa thaa. "little besi", isai dharm kaa upahaas karane vaali ack kahani, pahali baar 1972 key sangrah "maark twen kii maanav kii dantkathaon" mein prakaashit hui thee.
unhone 1864 mein nevada mein ack presbyterian church banaane key liye dhana jutaaya.
twen ney johnn off aark kaa ack shraddhapurna chitran kiya, ack aisaa vishay jiss parr unhone chaalees varshon taka junoon rakhaa thaa, ack darjan varshon taka adhyayan kiya aur dou saal isake baare mein likhane mein bitaaye. 1900 mein aur phir 1908 mein unhone kahaa, "mujhe apani sabhi pustakon mein seey sabse achchha" johnn off aark "pasand haye, yeh sabse achchha haye.
joe loga jeevan mein dair seey donon koo jaanate they, way bataate hain kii vaha maranoparant key vishay parr rahate they, unaki betty clara kahati haih "kabhi-kabhi unakaa maanana thaa kii mrityu ney sub kuchh samaapt curr diyaa, lekin adhikansh samay way ack jeevan key baare mein nishchit mahsoos karate they."
dharm parr twen key spasht vichaar unaki antim kriti "aatmakatha maark twen" mein dikhaai diye, jiska prakaashan unaki mrityu key 100 saal baad navambar 2010 mein shuru huaa thaa. isamen unhone kahaah
twen ack freemason they. vaha pollar starr lodge nam. seey sambandhit thaa. 79 aeye.aff.&aeye.aim., sent mein adharit. lui. unhein 22 maee, 1861 koo prashikshu key roop mein pravesh diyaa gayaa thaa, 12 juuna koo saathi shilp kii degree taka utteern kiya gayaa thaa, aur 10 julaai koo master messon kii degree taka badhaaya gayaa thaa.
donon ney dou dinon key liye namak jheel shahar kaa daura kiya aur vahaan yeeshu masih key church key sadasyon seey mulakat kii. unhone usey morman kii ack pustak bhee dee. baad mein unhone usa pustak key baare mein "ruffing itt" mein likhaah
vivisaction.
twen apane samay kii vivisaction prathaon key khilaf they. unaki apatti vaigyaanik aadhar parr naheen thee, balki ack naitik aadhar parr thee. unhone vishesh roop seey apane virodh key aadhar key roop mein janwar koo honey vaale dard kaa hawala diyaah
mujhe yeh jaanane mein koee dilchaspi naheen haye kii kyaa vivisaction aise parinam detaa haye joe maanav jaati key liye laabhdaayak hain yaa naheen. ... yeh anabhigya jaanvaron koo joe dard detaa haye, vaha isake prati merrie dushmani kaa aadhar haye, aur yeh merey liye aage dekhe binaa dushmani kaa paryaapt auchitya haye.
kalam key naam.
maark twen" parr nirnay lene seey pahale twen ney alag-alag kalam naamon kaa upayog kiya. unhone 1863 taka "josh" key roop mein haasya aur kalpanashil rekhaachitron parr hastakshar kiye. isake alawa, unhone hasyapurna aksharon kii ack shrinkhala key liye "thomas jefferson snodgrass" upnaam kaa upayog kiya.
unhone kahaa kii unakaa praathamik upnaam mississippi nadee kii naukaaon parr kaam karane key unake varshon seey aaya haye, jahaan dou fatham, naav key maarg key liye paani surakshit honey kaa sanket dene vaali gaharaai, dhwani rekha parr ack upaay thaa. twen "dou" key liye ack pracheen shabd haye, jaisa kii "mandir kaa ghoonghat twen mein kiraaye parr thaa."nadee key navik kaa rona" "maark twen" "yaa, adhik poori tarah seey, maark twen dwara thaa, jiska arth haye" "nishan key anusaar [rekha parr], [gaharaai] dou [fatham] haye"; yaani, "" paani gahara haye aur ise paar karna surakshit haye. "
twen ney kahaa kii unakaa prasiddh kalam naam poori tarah seey unakaa aavishkaar naheen thaa. mississippi parr jeevan" mein unhone likhaah
kaptan isaya vikreta saahityik modd yaa kshamata key naheen they, lekin way nadee key baare mein sadharan vyaavhaarik jaankaari key sankshipt paragraph likhate they, aur unhein "maark twen" parr hastakshar karate they, aur unhein "nyu orleans picayoon" koo dete they. way nadee key charan aur sthiti seey sambandhit they, aur sateek aur moolyavaan they... jiss samay telegraph ney unaki mrityu kii khabar laaee, main prashant tata parr thaa. main ack nayaa nayaa patrakaar thaa, aur mujhe ack nome dee guerre kii aavashyakta thee; isaliye maine pracheen navik key fenke gaye koo jabt curr liya, aur ise usake haathon mein rahane key liye apani poori koshish kii-ack sanket aur prateek aur warrant kii isaki company mein joe kuchh bhee paaya jaataa haye vaha bhayabheet satya honey key roop mein juaa khela jaa sakata haye; main kaise safal huaa, yeh kahana merey liye vinamra naheen hoga.
twen key kalam naam key baare mein unaki kahani parr kuchh logon ney sawal uthaaye hain, iss sujhaav key saath kii "maark twen" ack chala rahey baar tab koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe virginia shahar, nevada mein johnn piper key sailoon mein peete samay niyamit roop seey hotaa haye. saimuel clemens ney swayam iss sujhaav kaa jawab dete hue kahaa, "maark twen ack kaptan isaya vikreta kaa naam thaa, joe" nyu orleans picayoon "key liye iss parr nadee kii khabaren likhate they. 1863 mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee aur choonki unhein abb usa hastakshar kii aavashyakta naheen thee, isaliye maine malik key avasheshon kii anumati maange binaa usa parr hinsak haath rakhaa. yeh naam dee plume aaee bear kaa itihas haye."
apani aatmakatha mein, twen ney kaptan vikretaon dwara "maark twen" key upayog key baare mein aage likhaa haih main taba mississippi nadee parr ack cube pilot thaa, aur ack dinn maine ack abhadra aur kachcha vyangya likhaa jise kaptan isaiya vikretaon parr samtal kiya gayaa thaa, joe mississippi nadee parr sabse purana steamboat pilot thaa, aur sabse sammaanit, sammaanit aur sammaanit thaa. kaee varshon taka unhone kabhi-kabhi nadee aur pachas varshon key dauran unake avalokan key tahat hue parivartanon key baare mein sankshipt paragraph likhe they, aur inn paragraph parr hastakshar kiye they "maark twen" aur unhein sent mein prakaashit kiya thaa. lui aur nyu orleans patrikaaen. apane vyangya mein maine unaki yaadon kaa ashisht khel banaaya. yeh ack kharaab pradarshan thaa, lekin mujhe yeh naheen pataa thaa, aur pilots koo yeh naheen pataa thaa. pilots ney socha kii yeh shandar thaa. unhein vikretaon seey irshya hoti thee, kyonki jaba unamen seey dhusar-sir yuva kaarigaron key chamatkaron koo sunkar apane ahankar koo prasann karate they, joe unhone bahut pahale nadee parr dekhe they, tou vikretaon key hamesha manovaigyaanik kshan mein kadam rakhane aur unhein apane swayam key chamatkaron seey baahar nikaalane kii sambhavana thee, jisase unake chhote chamatkar halke aur beemar dikhate they. haalaanki, maine mississippi parr puraane samay mein isake baare mein sub kuchh bataaya haye."pilots ney meraa asadharan vyangya ack nadee reporter koo saunp diyaa, aur yeh nyu orleans key sachche delta mein prakaashit huaa. vaha garib purana kaptan vikreta bahut ghayal hoe gayaa thaa. unhein pahale kabhi upahaas key liye naheen rakhaa gayaa thaa; way samvedansheel they, aur vaha usa chot seey kabhi uber naheen paae joe maine unaki garima parr chaaha thaa aur murkhtapurna tareeke seey daali thee. mujhe kuchh samay key liye apane pradarshan parr garv thaa, aur ise kaafee adbhut maanaa, lekin maine bahut pahale isake baare mein apani raay badal dee haye. vikretaon ney kabhi bhee ack aur anuchhed prakaashit naheen kiya aur naa hii kabhi phir seey apane naam kaa upayog kiya. 
viraasat aur chitran.
jabaki donon koo aksar ack safed soot pahane hue chitrit kiya jaataa haye, aadhunik abhyavedan bataate hain kii unhone unhein apane poore jeevan mein pahana thaa, way niradhar hain. sabooton seey pataa chalata haye kii 1904 mein apani patni kii mrityu key baad, donon ney vyakhyan paripath parr safed soot pahanana shuru curr diyaa thaa. haalaanki, 1904 seey pahale unhein safed soot pahane hue dikhaane key saboot bhee hain. 1882 mein, unhone 18 varsheeya edward doubleu koo ack safed soot mein apani ack tasveer bheji. boke, baad mein "ladys home journal" key prakaashak, ack hastalikhit dinaankit nott key saath. safed soot antatah unakaa trademark bunn gayaa, jaisa kii iss sankeeta key baare mein upakhyanon mein sachitra haye (jaise kii sardiyon key dauran congress kii sunavaai key liye unhone ack safed grishmakaaleen soot pahana thaa). mcmasters key "dha maark twen vishvakosh" mein kahaa gayaa haye kii twen ney apane pichhale teen varshon mein ack bhoj bhaashan koo chhodkar safed soot naheen pahana thaa.
apani aatmakatha mein, twen ney mausam seey baahar safed pahanane key saath apane shuruati prayogon key baare mein likhaa haih