raymonds jordness

raymonds jordness (pha. see. 1381), jinhen unake lattin naam dee plume idiota ('moorkh') key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye, halanki iss pehchaan parr kuchh logon dwara vivaad haye, ack madhyayugeen, vidwan aur pavitra lekhak they jinaki pehchaan kuchh shataabdiyon taka agyaat rahee.
jeevani aur pehchaan.
chhadm naam 'bevakoof' koo samanya arthon mein samajhane kii aavashyakta naheen haye jaisa kii abb upayog kiya jaataa haye. mool yunani key anusaar, "idiota" kaa arth haye niji (ack sanic key roop mein bhee), saral yaa vichitra, aur yeh sambhav haye kii vicharadhin lekhak ney ise iss arth mein yeh darshaane key liye istemal kiya kii vaha ack aisaa vyakti thaa jiska koee parinam naheen thaa.
pitaa theophilus reynoud, aiss. jey., (jise "moorkh" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) ney paaya kii raymonds jordness idiota key naam seey pitaa key pustakalaya mein paae gaye karyon key lekhak they. idiyata key karyon mein seey ack, "auculus mysticus", jise unhone 1641 mein prakaashit kiya, kii apani prastaavana mein, unhone iss khoj key liye moorkh lekhakon kii gawahi aur iss tathya seey kii kuchh mool pandulipiyon parr raymonds dwara hastakshar kiye gaye they, kaa varnan kiya haye. jeevani lekhakon ney, samanya roop seey, reynoud key siddhant koo 1654 seey sweekaar kiya haye, jaba unake sampadan key tahat, idiota key karyon kaa ack puuraa sanskaran peris mein raymonds jordness key naam seey prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa.
yeh nishchit roop seey jaanaa jaataa haye kii yeh raymonds ack francisi thaa, joe sent kaa ack cannon niyamit thaa. augustein, dakshini france mein uzes mein apane adesh key ghar seey pahale, aur baad mein france key cells-sur-chair key mathadhish, jahan way rahate they aur unaki mrityu hoe gaee. aisaa prateet hotaa haye kii cells usa samay ack cystertian mathh naheen thaa. raymonds ney varsh 1381 key baare mein likhaa thaa. varsh 1377 mein niyam aur uzes key bishap key beach ack lenden key vivaran mein, raymonds koo licenses praapt karane vaalaa maanaa jaataa haye, aur yeh kahaa jaataa haye kii unhein cardinal subinancy kii adhyakshata vaale ack church key nyayadhikaran key samaksh apane kaaran koo prastut karane aur sanchaalit karane key liye unake adesh key adhyaay dwara chunaa gayaa thaa, jise unhone kshamata aur safalata key saath kiya thaa. kyaa reynoud apane iss siddhant mein sahee haye kii raymonds jordness idiyata haye, yaa kyaa idiyata "auctor operis imperfecti" kii tarah agyaat rehna haye, jise aksar isai lekhakon dwara uddhrit kiya jaataa haye, abhee bhee kaee loga ack khula sawal maan sakate hain.
lekhan.
haalaanki swayam key karyon key baare mein koee sawal hii naheen haye. way sabhi lattin mein likhe gaye they, aur cumm seey cumm 1535 mein dutch mein anuvaad kiye gaye hain, aur 1550 taka spanish mein varsh 1654 mein peris mein prakaashit unaki kritiyon key sanskaran mein hamaare paas nimnalikhit sangrah haih-"dhyaan" kii chhah pustaken; "dhanya kunwari parr ack granth"; "dhaarmik jeevan parr ack granth"; aur "aadhyatmik yaa rahasyamay aankh". unhone "bhajan xv parr tippani" bhee likhi. unaki "dhyaan" kii pustak mein chhah adhyaay hainh (1) prem divya; (2) kanya maria; (3) dha vera patientia; 
(4) nirantar sangharsh aur jeevan; (5) nirdoshta kii sthiti; (6) mrityu kii sthiti.
yeye dhyaan 1519 mein peris mein prakaashit hue they, aur kahaa jaataa haye kii yeh khand ack pavitra aur pavitra vyakti kaa kaam thaa jisane idiyata key alawa koee anya naam naheen diyaa thaa. 
unaki sabhi kritiyaan saral, spasht aur shuddh shally mein likhi gaee hain aur way isai gyaan seey bharee hui hain. way church key praarambhik pitaaon key karyon key saath vargeekrit kiye jaane key yogya hain aur pavitra pathakon key laabh aur unnati key liye sthaaniya bhasha mein prasiddh kiye jaane key yogya hain. 
unaki kritiyaan jald hii vyaapak roop seey jaani gaeen, halanki way swayam agyaat rahey. way sabhi "bibliotheca patrum" mein kaee baar mudrit kiye gaye hain, aur unake "chintan dee emore divino" aksar sent key dhyaan key saath bandhe chhote manual mein paae jaate hain. augustein, sent. bernard aur sent. anselm. 1618 mein prakaashit "magna bibliotheca veternum patrum" mein, unaki kritiyaan dasavin shatabdi key lekhakon key beach dee gaee hain aur cardinal bellarmine key anusaar, idiota varsh 902 key aspas falaa-phoola.

