
adenille cyclays

adenile cyclays (ee. see. 4.6.1.1, jise aamtaur parr adenile cyclays aur adenile cyclays key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, sankshipt roop seey aeye. see.) ack enzyme haye jiska vyavasthit naam aeye. tii. pee. diphosphate-lies (cyclising; 3′, 5′-cyclic-emp-forming) haye. yeh nimnalikhit pratikriya koo utprerit kartaa haih
anivarya roop seey sabhi koshikaon mein isaki pramukh niyaamak bhoomikaaen hain. yeh sabse adhik gyaat polyphylatic enzyme haih chhah alag-alag vargon kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye, sabhi ack hii pratikriya koo utprerit karate hain lekin binaa kissy gyaat anukram yaa sanrachanaatmak samroopata key asambandhit jeane parivaaron kaa pratinidhitva karate hain. adenilile cyclesses kaa sabse prasiddh varg varg III yaa AC-III (roman ankon kaa upayog vargon key liye kiya jaataa haye) haye. assie-ii vyaapak roop seey eukariotes mein paaya jaataa haye aur kaee maanav ootakon mein isaki mahatvapurna bhoomika hoti haye.
adenylil cyclays key sabhi varg adenosine trifosphate (aeye. tii. pee.) koo 3 ', 5'-cyclic emp (shivir) aur pyrophosphate mein parivartit karate hain. magnicium aayan aam taur parr aavashyak hotey hain aur enzymatic tantra mein nikatata seey shamil prateet hotey hain. assie dwara utpaadit shivir taba vishisht shivir-badhyakari protein, yaa tou pratilekhan kaarak, enzyme (ee.jee., shivir-nirbhar sambandh), yaa aayan parivahankarta.
kakshaaen.
varg I.
adenilile cyclays kaa pratham varg kaee bacteria mein hotaa haye jisamen "ee" shamil haye. kolai "(see. aeye. aeye. [varg II enzyme seey asambandhit] key roop mein). yeh assie kaa pahala varg thaa jisaki visheshta thee. yeh dekhaa gayaa kii "ee. kolai "glucose utpaadan shivir seey vanchit haye joe anya sharkaraon key ayaat aur chayapachaya key liye jeane kii abhivyakti koo sakriya karane key liye ack aantarik sanket key roop mein kaary kartaa haye. shivir pratilekhan kaarak see. aar. pee. koo bandhkar iss prabhaav koo lagu kartaa haye, jise cap key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. varg I assie ack badey niyaamak kshetra (~ 50 kda) key saath badey cytosolic enzyme (~ 100 kda) hain joe apratyaksh roop seey glucose key star koo mahsoos karate hain. class I assie key liye koee chrystal sanrachana upalabdh naheen haye.
iss varg key liye kuchh apratyaksh sanrachanaatmak jaankaari upalabdh haye. yeh gyaat haye kii aine-terminal aadhaa utprerak bhaag haye, aur isake liye dou milligram + ayanon kii aavashyakta hoti haye. aiss103, aiss113, dee114, dee116 aur doubleu118 paanch bilkul aavashyak avashesh hain. varg i utprerak kshetra () usee superfamily () seey sambandhit haye joe dee. aine. aeye. polymerase beeta () key paam kshetra seey sambandhit haye. ack sambandhit archaeal see. see. aeye. trana nucleotidiltrance () parr sanrachana parr isake anukram koo sanrekhit karane seey avasheshon koo vishisht karyon key liye assign karane kii anumati milati haih γ-phosphat binding, sanrachanaatmak sthirikaran, dhaatu aayan binding key liye dee. aiks. dee. rupankan, aur anta mein ribose binding.
varg II.
yeye adenille cyclesses sankraman key dauran rogjanak bacteria jaise "basilus anthrasis", "bordetella pertussis", "seudomonas eruginosa" aur "vibrio vulnificus" dwara sraavit vishaakt padaarth hain. yeye bacteria protein kaa sraav bhee karate hain joe assie-III koo mezban koshikaon mein pravesh karane mein saksham banaate hain, jahaan bahirjaagatik assie gatividhi samanya koshikiya prakriyaon koo kamjor karati haye. varg II assie key liye jeane koo siyaa key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, jinamen seey ack anthrax toxin haye. kaee chrystal sanrachanaaen assie-aaee enzymon key liye jaani jaati hain.
kaksha III.
maanav swaasthya mein unaki mahatvapurna bhoomikaon key kaaran vyaapak adhyayan key aadhar parr yeye adenille cycless sabse adhik parichit hain. way kuchh bacteria mein bhee paae jaate hain, vishesh roop seey "mycobacterium tuberculosis" jahan way rogjanan mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaate hain. adhikansh assie-ii abhinn jhilli protein hain joe antahkoshikiya pratikriyaon mein baahyakoshikiya sanketon koo paar karane mein shamil hain. maanav yakrit mein assie-III kii pramukh bhoomika kii khoj key liye 1971 mein earl koo ack nobel puraskar seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa, jahaan adrenaline apratyaksh roop seey "ladaai yaa udaan" pratikriya mein sangraheet oorjaa koo jutaane key liye assie koo uttejit kartaa haye. adrenaline kaa prabhaav jee protein signalling cascade key madhyam seey hotaa haye, joe koshika key baahar seey jhilli key paar koshika key ander (cytoplasm) rasayanik sanketon koo preshit kartaa haye. baahari sanket (iss mamle mein, adrenaline) ack receptor seey judataa haye, joe jee protein koo ack sanket prasaarit kartaa haye, joe adenilile cyclays koo ack sanket preshit kartaa haye, joe adenosine trifosphate koo chakreeya adenosine monofosphate (shivir) mein parivartit karke ack sanket prasaarit kartaa haye. shivir koo dusare doot key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
chakreeya emp eukariotic sanket pargaman mein ack mahatvapurna anu haye, ack tathaakathit doosara sandeshvaahak. adenilile cyclays aksar jee protein dwara sakriya yaa baadhit hotey hain, joe jhilli receptors key saath jode jaate hain aur iss prakaar harmonal yaa anya uttejanaon kaa jawab dey sakate hain. adenilile cyclays key sakriyan key baad, parinami shivir anya protein jaise protein kinnez aeye aur cyclic nucleotide-gated aayan chainalon key saath baatchit karke aur unhein niyantrit karke dusare sandeshvaahak key roop mein kaary kartaa haye.
photoactivated adenilile cyclays (pee. aeye. see.) kii khoj "uglena gracillis" mein kii gaee thee aur ise aanuvanshik herfer key madhyam seey anya jeevon mein vyakt kiya jaa sakata haye. ack kaksh parr chamakati neeli roshni jisamen shaant hotaa haye, ise sakriya karati haye aur achaanak aeye. tii. pee. koo shivir mein badalane kii darr koo badhaati haye. yeh tantrika vigyaan mein shodhkartaon key liye ack upayogi takneek haye kyonki yeh unhein vishesh neurons mein antahkoshikiya shivir key star koo jaldi seey badhaane aur jeev key vyavhaar parr tantrika gatividhi mein usa vriddhi key prabhaav kaa adhyayan karane kii anumati detee haye. ack harit-prakaash sakriya rhodopsin adenille cyclays (karhak) koo haal hii mein rhodopsin gwanille cyclays key nucleotide binding pockett koo sanshodhit karke engineer kiya gayaa haye.
sanrachana.
adhikansh varg III adenilile cycless 12 transmembrane khandon key saath transmembrane protein hain. protein koo 6 transmembrane khandon key saath vyavasthit kiya jaataa haye, phir see1 cytoplasmic kshetra, phir ack aur 6 jhilli kshetra, aur phir see2 naamak ack doosara cytoplasmic kshetra. kaary key liye mahatvapurna bhaag aine-terminus aur see1 aur see2 kshetra hain. see1aeye aur see2aeye upa-domen samroop hain aur ack intramolicular 'diamer' banaate hain joe sakriya site banaata haye. mycobacterium tuberculosis" aur kaee anya jeevaanu mamalon mein, assie-ii polypeptide kewal aadhaa lamba hotaa haye, jisamen ack 6-transmembrane domen hotaa haye jisake baad ack cytoplasmic domen hotaa haye, lekin inmein seey dou ack karyatmak homodymer banaate hain joe dou sakriya saiton key saath stanpaayi vastukala seey milata-julata haye. gair-pashu varg III assie mein, utprerak koshika-dravya kshetra anya (aavashyak roop seey transmembrane) kshetron key saath judaa huaa dekhaa jaataa haye.
varg III adenilile cyclays domen koo aage chaar upa-parivaaron mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye, jinhen varg IIi seey IIid kahaa jaataa haye. pashu jhilli-baddh assie varg III seey sambandhit hain.
tantra.
pratikriya dou dhaatu saha-karakon (milligram yaa mn) key saath hoti haye joe see1 parr dou aspartate avasheshon key saath samanvit hotey hain. way aeye. tii. pee. key α-phosphoryl samooh parr ribose key 3 '-oh samooh kaa nucleophilic hamla karate hain. see2 parr dou lycine aur aspartate avashesh substrate key liye jee. tii. pee. parr aeye. tii. pee. kaa chayan karate hain, taaki enzyme ack gwanill cyclays naa hoe. see2 parr arginine aur asperagin avasheshon kii ack jodee sankraman sthiti koo sthir karati haye. kaee proteins mein, yeye avashesh phir bhee adenilile cyclays gatividhi koo banaae rakhate hue utparivartit hotey hain.
prakaar.
standhaariyon mein adenilile cyclays key duss gyaat isophorm hainh
inhen kabhi-kabhi kewal assie1, assie2, aadi bhee kahaa jaataa haye., aur, kuchh hudd taka bhramit karane key liye, kabhi-kabhi roman ankon kaa upayog inn samroopon key liye kiya jaataa haye joe sabhi samagr assie varg III seey sambandhit hain. way mukhya roop seey iss baat mein bhinn hotey hain kii way kaise viniyamit hotey hain, aur standhari vikas key dauran vibhinn ootakon mein alag-alag roop seey vyakt kiye jaate hain.
viniyaman.
adenilile cyclays jee protein dwara viniyamit kiya jaataa haye, joe monomeric roop yaa heterotremeric roop mein paaya jaa sakata haye, jisamen teen upa-ikaaiyaan hoti hain. adenilile cyclays gatividhi heterotremeric jee protein dwara niyantrit hoti haye. nishkriya yaa avarodhak roop taba maujood hotaa haye jaba parisar mein alfa, beeta aur gaama upa-ikaaiyaan hoti hain, jisamen jee. dee. pee. alfa upa-ikai seey bandha hotaa haye. sakriya honey key liye, ack ligand koo receptor seey judanaa chaahiye aur ack anuroop parivartan kaa kaaran banana chaahiye. yeh anuroop parivartan alfa upa-ikai koo jatil seey alag karane aur jee. tii. pee. seey bandhe honey kaa kaaran banata haye. yeh jee-alfa-jee. tii. pee. parisar phir adenilile cyclays seey juda jaataa haye aur sakriyan aur shivir key jaari honey kaa kaaran banata haye. choonki ack achche sanket key liye enzymon kii madad kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe sanketon koo jaldi seey chaalu aur bund curr dete hain, isaliye ack tantra bhee honah chaahiye jisamen adenilile cyclays nishkriya hoe jaataa haye aur shivir koo rokta haye. sakriya jee-alfa-jee. tii. pee. parisar kaa nishkriyakaran jee. tii. pee. hydrolysis dwara teji seey puuraa kiya jaataa haye kyonki pratikriya koo alfa subunit mein sthit jee. tii. pee. aiss. kii aantarik enzymatic gatividhi dwara utprerit kiya jaataa haye. yeh forscolin key saath-saath anya isophorm-vishisht prabhaavakon dwara bhee viniyamit kiya jaataa haih
neurons mein, calcium-samvedansheel adenilile cyclays, see. aeye. 2 + pravaah key liye teji seey pratikriya key liye calcium aayan chainalon key buggle mein sthit hotey hain; unhein seekhane kii prakriyaon mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaane kaa sandeh haye. yeh iss tathya seey samarthit haye kii adenille cyclays "sanyog detector" hain, jiska arth haye kii way kewal ack saath honey vaale kaee alag-alag sanketon dwara sakriya hotey hain. paridhiya koshikaon aur ootakon mein adenilile cyclays ack isophorm-vishisht tareeke seey vishisht receptors aur anya signalling protein key saath aanvik parisar banaate hue dikhaai dete hain.
kaary.
vyaktigat transmembrane adenilile cyclays isophorm koo kaee shaaririk karyon seey jodaa gayaa haye. ghulansheel adenilile cyclays (thaili, assie10) kii shukranu gatishilata mein mahatvapurna bhoomika haye. adenilile cyclays koo smriti nirmaan mein shamil kiya gayaa haye, joe ack sanyog detector key roop mein kaam kartaa haye.
kaksha IV.
assie-iv pahali baar bacteria "aeromonas hydrophila" mein report kiya gayaa thaa, aur "yersinia pastice" seey assie-iv kii sanrachana kii soochana dee gaee haye. yeye assie enzyme vargon mein sabse chhote hain; "yersinia" seey assie-iv (saib) 19 kda upa-ikaaiyon kaa ack dimmer haye jisamen koee gyaat niyaamak ghatak naheen haye. assie-iv ack super family banaata haye jisamen mamlian thymine-triphosphates hotaa haye jise site (saib, thymine triphosphates) kahaa jaataa haye.
varg v aur vi.
assie key inn roopon koo vishisht bacteria ("prevotella ruminicola" aur "rhizobium atley", kramshah) mein report kiya gayaa haye aur inhen vyaapak roop seey chihnit naheen kiya gayaa haye. kuchh atirikt sadasya (pee. aff. aeye. aim. mein ~ 400) hain joe kaksha vi mein jaane jaate hain. varg vi enzymon mein ack utprerak core hotaa haye joe varg III mein hotaa haye.