langer vote

ack langer vote australiyai chunavi pranali mein matdan kii ack shally thee jise sabhi ummidvaaron key liye prathmiktaon koo vyakt karane kii aavashyakta seey bachane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa, binaa vote koo anaupchaarik roop seey aswikar kiye jaane key. yeh sheershak ack australiyai raajneetik karyakarta albert langer koo ack shraddhanjali haye, jinhone matadaata key pasandida ummidvaaron key liye vaidh vote dene key liye vaikalpik adhimanya matdan key "vaastavik" tareeke key roop mein iss shally key upayog kii vakaalat kii, jabaki jaanboojhkar "truti" ney pramukh raajneetik dalon mein seey ack key liye vote kii ginati seey bachaa.
matdaataon koo 1,2 ank dene kii salah dee gaee thee. .aine, pasandida ummidvaaron key liye, lekin shesh ummidvaaron mein seey pratyek key khilaf agale ank kii punaravritti koo chihnit karane key liye. udaaharan key liye, ack vote koo 1,2,3,3 key roop mein chihnit kiya jaayega. pahale aur dusare ummidvaaron key liye voton kii ginati kii jaayegi lekin shesh ummidvaaron koo taba vareeyata praapt naheen hogi. 1983 seey yeh ack vaidh vote thaa, haalaanki 1998 key baad seey chunavi adhiniyam key liye aavashyak haye kii koee baar-baar sankhya naa hoe.
itihas.
1918 mein sanghiya chunaavon mein adhimanya matdan kii shuruat kii gaee thee. jabaki matdan usa samay swaichhik thaa, pratyek ummidwar key liye ack vareeyata vyakt karane key liye ack vaidh vote kii aavashyakta thee, jise poorna adhimanya matdan key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa, aur lagaatar sankhyaatmak crum mein matpatron koo chihnit karane mein viphalata kaa matlab thaa kii vote anaupchaarik thaa. 1928 key chunaav seey sambandhit ack mamle mein uchch nyayalaya ney isaki pushti kii thee. yeh ack aadhaa senate chunaav thaa jisamen 3 senators koo victoria key liye chunaa jaanaa thaa. 6 ummidwar naamit kiye gaye they, halanki mejar general johnn forcith kii matpatra seey pahale mrityu hoe gaee. adhikansh matpatron koo kewal 5 shesh ummidvaaron key saath punarmudrit kiya gayaa thaa. laber haau-too-vote card mein forsyth koo #5 key roop mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa thaa aur 11,000 seey adhik matpatron mein ummidvaaron kii sankhya 1,2,3,4 aur 6 thee. stark jey ney nott kiya kii chunavi adhiniyam key liye aavashyak thaa kii ack matpatra matadaata key iraade key anusaar diyaa jaae, jahaan taka unakaa irada spasht haye aur sweekaar kiya kii iss mamle mein matdaataon kii praathamiktaaen spasht theen. isake bavjood, jey ney yeh maanaa kii chunavi adhiniyam "bilkul aur anivarya roop seey" aavashyak haye kii ack matadaata lagaatar sankhya kaa upayog karey taaki maton koo anaupchaarik key roop mein thheek seey khariz curr diyaa jaae.
1983 mein chunaav sudhaar parr sanyukt chayan samiti senate matdan key liye anaupachaarikta darr seey sambandhit thee. chunavi adhiniyam mein sanshodhan kiya gayaa thaa taaki ack matadaata koo aupchaarik roop seey sabhi ummidvaaron key liye vareeyata vyakt karane kii aavashyakta thee, ack vote joe galati seey iss aavashyakta kaa paalan naheen kartaa thaa, usey anaupchaarik roop seey aswikar kiye jaane seey bachaaya jaa sakey. upa-dhaara 270 (1) senate parr aur upa-dhaara 270 (2) pratinidhiyon key sadan parr lagu hoti haye.
1987 kaa chunaav.
1987 mein harold vaine moorst aur langer "garibi aur berojgari key khilaf gathbandhan" kaa hissa they aur logon seey yaa tou (1) 11 julaai 1987 koo chunaav mein matdan naa karane (2) jaanboojhkar anaupchaarik roop seey matdan karane yaa (3) matdaataon koo soochit karane kaa aagrah curr rahey they. australiyai chunaav aayog ney victoria key sarvocch nyayalaya mein ack adesh key liye aavedan kiya joe vaine moorst koo logon koo matdan naheen karane key liye protsaahit karane seey rokta haye. langer koo usake apane anurodh parr prativaadi key roop mein jodaa gayaa thaa. marfi jey ney taba taka nishedhagya pradaan kii jaba taka kii prativaadi saboot naheen dey paate aur mamle kii sunavaai naheen hoe paati. 2 julaai koo sakshya sunane key baad, vincent jey ney kahaa kii matdan naheen karna ack aparaadh thaa aur logon koo matdan naheen karane key liye uksana ack aparaadh thaa. vincent jey ney yeh bhee maanaa kii matpatra parr diye gaye nirdeshon key anusaar matdan karane key liye matpatra key pratinidhitva kaa upayog karna ack aparaadh thaa aur usa prabhaav key liye vaine moorst yaa langer vitaran dastavejon koo rokane key liye nishedhagya dee gaee thee. vaine moorst aur langer koo kuchh hudd taka safalata millie, halanki usa vincent jey ney kahaa kii anaupchaarik roop seey matdan karna aparaadh naheen thaa, naa hii matdaataon koo chunavi adhiniyam key aiss 270 key prabhaav key baare mein soochit karna, yeh maanate hue. 
anivarya matdan kii pranali key liye aavashyak haye kii pratyek chunaav mein matadaata record mutt karein. yeh nishchit roop seey usa pranali key sanchaalan kaa abhinn anga haye kii sabhi matadaata vikalp chunate hain. yeh abhinn naheen haye kii unhein ummidvaaron key beach chayan karna chaahiye yaa unhein apane vivek key aadeshon key vipareet, una vyaktiyon koo vote denaa chaahiye jinhen way una karyalayon koo bharane key liye poori tarah seey asweekarya maan sakate hain jinake liye way khud koo prastut karate hain.
merey vichaar seey yeh vikalp unhein "unake sabhi gharon parr ack plaig" kahane kii anumati detaa haye.
vaine moorst aur langer ney ack ghoshana kii kii (1) matadaata jaanboojhkar anaupchaarik roop seey matdan karane key hakdar they aur (2) matadaata langer vote dene key hakdar they. unhone australiyai chunaav aayog seey inn ghoshanaon koo saarvajanik karane key adesh bhee maange. murre jey ney donon mein seey koee bhee ghoshana karane seey incar curr diyaa, yeh maanate hue kii way kewal vincent jey key faisale key prabhaav koo doharaane kii maang karate they aur unake paas australiyai chunaav aayog seey unhein prakaashit karane key liye adesh kii maang karane kaa koee aadhar naheen thaa.
langer maton kii seema aur vidhaayi pratikriya.
1987 mein abhiyaan prabhaavi naheen thaa, kewal 2,082 maton kii kamee darj kii gaee thee. haalaanki 1990 key chunaav key liye yeh 18,765 samaapt maton taka pahunch gayaa. 1990 key chunaav key baad chunavi mamalon parr sanyukt sthaayi samiti ney sifarish kii kii poorna tarjihi matdan key alawa dusaron koo matdan karane key liye protsaahit karna ack aparaadh banaaya jaae. nirvaachan adhiniyam mein phir seey dhaara 329aeye koo shamil karane key liye sanshodhan kiya gayaa thaa joe nimnalikhit roop mein pradaan kartaa haih
329aeye. (1) kissy vyakti koo, iss adhiniyam key tahat pratinidhi sabhaa key chunaav key sambandh mein praasangik avadhi key dauran, kissy bhee mamle yaa cheez koo dhaara 240 key anusaar matdan karane vaale vyaktiyon koo matdan karane key liye protsaahit karane key iraade seey, chhaapana, prakaashit karna yaa vitarit karna, yaa chhaapane, prakaashit karane yaa vitarit karane kaa kaaran, anumati yaa pradhikaran naheen banaana chaahiye.
dandah 6 maheene key liye karawas.
dhaara 270 kaa uddeshya yeh kahaa gayaa thaa kii matadaata "anajaane mein galati key kaaran apane vote naheen chhodate hain", lekin yeh dhaara 329aeye yeh sunishchit karane key liye aavashyak thee kii "loga baahar naa jaaen aur jaanboojhkar ack vaikalpik adhimanya pranali kii vakaalat karke iss sansad kii ichcha koo whiffle naa karein.
1993 key chunaav key liye samaapt voton kii sankhya ghatkar 7,325 reh gaee.
langer kii chunauti.
1993 key chunaav seey ack saptah pahale langer ney uchch nyayalaya seey ghoshana kii kii dhaara 329aeye rashtramandal kaa vaidh adhiniyam naheen thaa. 11 march 1993 koo jey. dn ney maang kii gaee ghoshana karane seey incar curr diyaa aur mamle koo poorna adalat dwara vichaar key liye bhej diyaa. mamle kii sunavaai 4 octuber 1995 taka naheen hui thee, aur adesh 7 farwari 1996 koo, 1996 key chunaav seey ack maheene pahale diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki faisale key kaaran 20 farwari 1996 taka naheen diye gaye they.
tark.
langer ney apana pratinidhitva kiya aur tark diyaa kih>
-(1) dhaara 240 key shabdon koo dohraaye binaa lagaatar sankhya kii aavashyakta naheen thee; 
-(2) langer vote matdan kaa ack vaidh tarika thaa;>
-(3) isane swatantra aur nishpaksh chunaavon koo prabhaavit kiya kyonki yeh ack vaidh vote daalane key tareeke kii charcha koo rokane kaa prayaas thaa;>
-(4) aeye. ee. see. logon koo daraa rhaa thaa aur gumrah curr rhaa thaa kii way kaise vote dey sakate hain. 
rashtramandal kaa pratinidhitva solicitor-general, gavan griffith dwara kiya gayaa thaa, aur tark diyaa kii aiss 240 key liye poorna adhimanya matdan kii aavashyakta thee aur yeh aiss 270 ack bachat praavdhaan thaa jiska uddeshya anajaane mein trutiyon parr lagu karna thaa. ney anivarya adhimanya matdan kii akhandata kii raksha key liye aavashyak thaa.
faisala.
sabhi adalaton ney maanaa kii tatkalin chunavi kaanoonon key tahat ack langer vote ack vaidh vote thaa. adhikansh, brenan seeje, toohi, gaudron, machug aur gammo jeje ney ney kii vaidhata koo barkarar rakhaa.
brenan seeje "samvidhaan kii aavashyakta yeh haye kii kaanoon matdan kii ack vidhi nirdhaarit kartaa haye joe matadaata koo chunaav karane key liye swatantra chhodati haye, naa kii kaanoon matadaata koo matdan kii vidhi chunane key liye swatantra chhodata haye jisake dwara ack matadaata kii pasand kii jaani haye. ack vidhi jisake liye poorna adhimanya matdan kii aavashyakta hoti haye, samvaidhaanik aavashyakta koo puuraa karati haye."isi tarah bhee unhone aur gaudron jey. jey. ney maanaa kii aiss. 328aeye ney poorna adhimanya matdan kii pranali key rakharkhaav mein sahaayata kii aur yeh usa aacharan taka seemit thaa jiska uddeshya aiss. 240 key saath gair-anupaalan koo protsaahit karna thaa aur joe kewal soochit karane key uddeshya seey thaa, usa aacharan seey sambandhit naheen thaa. emchoog jey aur gammo jey mein seey pratyek ney maanaa kii aiss 329aeye kaa uddeshya matdan kii poorna vareeyata pranali koo kamjor honey seey rokna thaa.
dosson jey ney iss aadhar parr asahamati jataai kii pratinidhiyon key sadan key liye chunaav key baare mein kaanoon banaane key liye sansad kii samvaidhaanik shakti samvidhaan kii dhaara 31 aur 51 (XXXV) seey utpann hui, jiska arth thaa kii kaanoon sansad key sadasyon koo chunane key uddeshya seey honah chaahiye, jinhen "seedhe logon dwara chunaa jaanaa chaahiye. dhaara 329aeye kaa uddeshya pratinidhiyon key chunaav key liye aakasmik naheen thaa, balki iss baare mein jaankaari key prasaar koo rokna thaa kii koee vyakti kissy vishesh-aur anumeya-roop mein kaise vote daal sakata haye.
langer kaa abhiyojan.
uchch nyayalaya ney shukravaar 2 farwari 1996 koo ney kii vaidhata koo barkarar rakhaa. somwar 5 farwari 1996 koo australiyai nirvaachan aayog ney victoria key sarvocch nyayalaya mein kaaryavaahi shuru kii, jisamen langer koo ney kaa ullanghan karane seey rokane key adesh kii maang kii gaee. yeh ney key ullanghan key liye abhiyojan naheen thaa, balki isake bajaay yeh yeh key tahat ullanghan koo rokane kaa ack adesh thaa. beach jey ney paaya kii langer ney logon koo chunavi adhiniyam key vaha key anusaar anyatha apane matpatra bharane key liye protsaahit karane key iraade seey samagri prakaashit kii thee aur usey aisaa karna jaari rakhane seey rokane key liye ack adesh diyaa thaa.
langer ney adalat koo spasht curr diyaa kii unakaa adesh kaa paalan karane kaa irada naheen thaa aur turant adalat key baahar chaley gaye jahaan unhone adalat key adesh key vipareet parche vitarit kiye. 14 farwari 1996 koo, beach jey ney paaya kii langer adalat kii avamaanana mein thaa aur jaba taka usey aisaa karane seey naheen rokaa jaataa, taba taka adesh kaa ullanghan karna jaari rakhega. beach jey ney langer koo 30 aprail 1996 taka jail kii sajaa sunai.
sanghiya adalat appeal.
langer ney sarvocch nyayalaya key adesh koo chunauti dete hue sanghiya adalat mein appeal kii. langer ney tark diyaa kii vaha key liye lagaatar nirvaachak sankhya likhane kii aavashyakta naheen thee aur isaliye vaha vaha key ullanghan kii vakaalat naheen curr rahey they. sanghiya adalat kii ack poorna adalat, black seeje, lockhart aur beamont jeje ney adesh key khilaf unaki appeal koo khariz curr diyaa.
langer ney avamaanana key liye apani doshasiddhi key khilaf bhee appeal kii aur usee poorna adalat dwara appeal kii sunavaai kii gaee. langer ney ise prastut kiya...yeh aapke liye bahut vaanchhaniya hoga kii aap mujhe turant jaane dein. maine apane uddeshyon koo praapt curr liya haye. aage koee upayogi uddeshya naheen haye kii aap iss desh mein nyaayik pranali aur chunavi pranali kaa puuraa majaak udaate hue merrie or seey seva curr sakate hain, aur mujhe isase behtar kaam karane hain."chunaav aayog ney prastut kiya kii 2 march 1996 koo chunaav kii tarikh key baad langer key karawas seey usake hiton kii poorti naheen hui.
black seeje, lockhart aur beamont jeje ney maanaa kii yeh nishkarsh kii langer kaa adesh kaa ullanghan karane kaa irada thaa, poori tarah seey uchit thaa aur avamaanana key liye unaki sajaa koo barkarar rakhaa. adalat ney halanki maanaa kii karawas kii avadhi bahut lambi thee aur 7 march 1996 koo unaki rihaai kaa adesh diyaa.
baad kii ghatanaaen.
1996 key chunaav mein samaapt hue maton kii sankhya 1993 mein 7,325 seey badhkar 48,979 hoe gaee. amnesty international ney langer koo 20 varshon seey adhik samay taka australia key pahale vivek key kaidi key roop mein varnit kiya, jisamen aarop lagaaya gayaa kii unaki jail maanav adhikaaron kii saarvbhaumik ghoshana aur nagrik aur raajneetik adhikaaron parr antarrashtriya vaacha kaa ullanghan thaa. abhiyaan key dauran johnn howard ney ney koo moorkh bataaya.
1998 mein dhaara 329aeye koo nirast curr diyaa gayaa aur sansad ney chunavi adhiniyam mein sanshodhan karke langer woating vidhi koo amaanya karane kaa prayaas kiya. ack langer vote koo abb ack anaupchaarik yaa amaanya vote key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye.1998 mein 'langer-shally' key maton kaa upchaar badal gayaa. langer-shally key matpatron koo aam taur parr kramaankit kiya jaataa haye taaki, matadaata dwara chune gaye ack bindu parr, vareeyataaen rook jaaen yaa dohrana shuru hoe jaaen (udaaharan key liye, 1,2,3,3. .). 1998 seey pahale, iss tarah key matpatron kii ginati iss bindu taka kii jaati thee kii sankhya bund hoe gaee yaa lagaatar naheen hoe gaee, aur phir unhein samaapt key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. 1993 taka, langer-shally key maton kii sankhya cumm thee, lekin 1996 mein kaafee vriddhi hui thee. yeh sambhav haye kii yeh albert langer key khilaf achchi tarah seey prachaarit adalati kaarravaai key kaaran thaa. 1998 mein vidhaayi parivartan key baad seey, langer-shally key maton koo anaupchaarik key roop mein ginaa gayaa haye, aur unaki sankhya mein kaafee girawat aaee haye. 
yeh 2016 taka naheen thaa kii sansad ney senate key liye vaikalpik tarjihi matdan kii anumati dee. pratinidhi sabhaa key liye abhee bhee poorna tarjihi matdan kii aavashyakta haye.

