
vayu-mukt takneek

vayu-mukt takneeken vayu-samvedansheel yaugikon koo sambhaalane key liye rasayan vigyaan prayogshala mein kaee prakaar key herfer koo sandarbhit karati hain. yeye takneeken yaugikon koo havaa key ghatakon, aamtaur parr paani aur oxygen key saath pratikriya karane seey rokti hain; cumm aam taur parr carbon dioxide aur nitrogen. inn takneekon mein ack samanya vishay havaa koo hataane key liye ack maheen (100-10 −3 torr) yaa uchch (10 − 3-10 −6 torr) vacuum kaa upayog haye, aur ack nishkriya gais kaa upayog haih adhimaantah argan, lekin aksar nitrogen.
dou sabse aam prakaar kii vayu-mukt takneek mein dastaane kii petty aur ack schlenk rekha kaa upayog shamil haye, halanki kuchh kathor anuprayog uchch-vacuum rekha kaa upayog karate hain. donon tarikon seey, kaanch key bartanon (aksar schlenk tube) koo upayog karane seey pahale ovan mein pahale seey sukhaaya jaataa haye. avashoshit paani koo hataane key liye unhein lau seey sukhaaya jaa sakata haye. ack nishkriya vatavaran mein aaney seey pahale, paatron koo "shuddh aur phir seey bharane" dwara sukhaaya jaataa haye-paatr koo gasses aur paani koo hataane key liye ack nirvaat key adheen kiya jaataa haye, aur phir nishkriya gais seey phir seey bharaa jaataa haye. iss chakr koo aamtaur parr teen baar dohraya jaataa haye yaa vacuum koo ack vistaarit avadhi key liye lagu kiya jaataa haye. dastaane key dibbe aur schlenk rekha key upayog key beach ack antar yeh haye kii jahan "shuddh aur phir seey bharane" chakr lagu kiya jaataa haye. dastaane key dibbe kaa upayog karate samay dastaane key dibbe seey judey airlock parr "shuddh aur phir seey bharane" kaa prayog kiya jaataa haye, jise aamtaur parr "port" yaa "anty-chamber" kahaa jaataa haye. isake vipareet ack schlenk rekha kaa upayog karate samay "shuddhikaran aur punarbharan" koo ack nully yaa ground glass jodd key madhyam seey seedhe pratikriya paatr parr lagaaya jaataa haye joe kaee gunaa seey judaa hotaa haye.
dastaane kaa dibba.
sabse seedhi prakaar kii vayu-mukt takneek dastaane key dibbe kaa upayog haye. dastaane kaa thaila ack hii vichaar kaa upayog kartaa haye, lekin aamtaur parr ack kharaab vikalp hotaa haye kyonki ise shuddh karna adhik kathin hotaa haye, aur cumm achchi tarah seey seal kiya jaataa haye. dastanon kii pahunch seey baahar kii vastuon taka pahunchane key aavishkaarsheel tareeke maujood hain, jaise kii chimti aur taaron kaa upayog. dastaane key dibbe kaa upayog karane mein mukhya kamiyaan dastaane key dibbe kii laagat aur dastaane pahanate samay seemit nipunata hain.
dastaane key dibbe mein, dastanon seey upkaran koo sambhaalane kii aavashyakta key bavjood, paaramparik prayogshala upkaranon koo aksar sthaapit aur herfer kiya jaa sakata haye. nishkriya gais kaa ack bund lekin punah sanchaarit vatavaran pradaan karke, dastaane key dibbe koo kuchh anya saavdhaaniyon kii aavashyakta hoti haye. kharaab takneek key kaaran namoonon kaa prati sandushan bhee samasyagrast haye, vishesh roop seey jahaan ack dastaane koo vibhinn abhikarmakon, vishesh roop seey asthir abhikarmakon kaa upayog karane vaale shramikon key beach saajha kiya jaataa haye.
kritrim rasayan vigyaan key liye dastaane key dibbon key upayog mein dou shailiyaan vikasit hui hain. adhik roodhivaadi mode mein, unakaa upayog kewal vayu-samvedansheel abhikarmakon koo sangraheet karane, vajan karane aur sthanantarit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. isake baad pratikriyaon koo schlenk takneekon kaa upayog karke kiya jaataa haye. iss prakaar dastaane key dibbon kaa upayog kewal ack prayog mein sabse adhik vayu-samvedansheel charanon key liye kiya jaataa haye. apane adhik udaar upayog mein, dastaane key dibbon kaa upayog solvents mein pratikriyaon, work-upp aur spectroscopy key liye namoonon kii taiyari sahit poore synthetic sanchaalan key liye kiya jaataa haye.
dastaane key dibbe mein upayog key liye sabhi abhikarmak aur solvents sweekarya naheen hain, halanki vibhinn prayogshaalaaen alag-alag sanskritiyon koo apanaati hain. boxes vayumandal" aamtaur parr ack tambe key utprerak key oopar lagaatar nirjantuk hotaa haye. kuchh asthir rasayan jaise kii helogenated yaugik aur vishesh roop seey phosphine aur thayol jaisi prajaatiyon kaa dridhata seey samanvaya karna samasyagrast hoe sakata haye kyonki way tambe key utprerak koo aparivartaniya roop seey jahar dete hain. iss vajah seey, kaee prayogvaadi schlenk takneekon kaa upayog karke aise yaugikon koo sambhaalane kaa vikalp chunate hain. dastaane key dibbon key adhik udaar upayog mein, yeh sweekaar kiya jaataa haye kii tambe key utprerak koo adhik baar pratisthaapan kii aavashyakta hogi, lekin iss laagat koo ack sanrakshit vatavaran key bheetar ack sampoorn sanshleshan key sanchaalan kii dakshata key liye ack sweekarya adaan-pradaan maanaa jaataa haye.
schlenk rekha.
vayu-samvedansheel yaugikon kii taiyari aur hastaantaran key liye anya mukhya takneek ack schlenk rekha key upayog seey judee hui haye. mukhya takneekon mein shamil hainh
kaanch key bartan aamtaur parr kaskar fitting aur grees kiye gaye ground glass jodon key madhyam seey judey hotey hain. vibhinn paatron key abhivinyas koo samaayojit karane key liye ground glass jodon key saath glass tubing key goal modd kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. nispandan samarpit upkaranon dwara kiya jaa sakata haye.
sambandhit taiyari.
vyaavsaayik roop seey upalabdh shuddh nishkriya gais (argan yaa nitrogen) adhikansh uddeshyon key liye paryaapt haye. halanki, kuchh anuprayogon key liye, paani aur oxygen koo aur hataana aavashyak haye. iss atirikt shuddhikaran koo tambe key germ stambh key madhyam seey nishkriya gais line koo pipe karke puuraa kiya jaa sakata haye, joe oxygen koo copper oxide mein parivartit kartaa haye. phosphorus pentoxide yaa aanvik chhalani jaise shushkak key stambh key madhyam seey gais koo pipe karke paani nikala jaataa haye.
vayu aur jall-mukt vilaayak bhee aavashyak hain. yadi nitrogen-shuddh winchester mein uchch-shuddhata vaale solvents upalabdh hain, tou unhein seedhe dastaane key dibbe mein laaya jaa sakata haye. schlenk takneek key saath upayog key liye, unhein jaldi seey aanvik chhalani seey charge kiye gaye schlenk flask mein daala jaa sakata haye, aur vighatit kiya jaa sakata haye. adhik aam taur parr, vilaayak koo seedhe sthir yaa vilaayak shodhan stambh seey vitarit kiya jaataa haye.
apchayan.
degassing key liye dou prakriyaaen aam hain. pahale koo "freeze-pump-pighalane" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye-vilaayak koo taral nitrogen key tahat jamaaya jaataa haye, aur ack vacuum lagaaya jaataa haye. isake baad, stopcock koo bund curr diyaa jaataa haye aur vilaayak koo germ paani mein pighlaya jaataa haye, jisase gais key fanse hue bulbule nickle jaate hain.
doosari prakriya kewal vilaayak koo nirvaat key adheen karna haye. ultrasonicator kaa upayog karke halchal yaa yaantrik andolan upayogi haye. ghulansheel gaisen pahale vikasit hoti hain; ack baar jaba vilaayak vaashpit honah shuru curr detaa haye, tou flask kii divaaron key baahar sanghanan dwara nott kiya jaataa haye, flask koo nishkriya gais seey phir seey bharaa jaataa haye. donon prakriyaaen teen baar dohrai jaati hain.
sukhana.
solvents rasayanik pratikriyaon mein sandushan kaa ack pramukh srot hain. halanki paaramparik sukhaane kii takneekon mein ack aakramak shushkak seey aasavan shamil haye, aanvik chhalani kaheen behtar haye. 
aksham honey key alawa, sodium ack shushkak key roop mein (isake pighalane bindu key neeche) paani kii alp matra key saath dheere-dheere pratikriya kartaa haye. haalaanki, jaba shushkak ghulansheel hotaa haye, tou sukhaane kii gati tej hoe jaati haye, halanki abhee bhee aanvik chhalani seey cumm haye. benzophanone kaa upayog aksar iss tarah key ghulansheel sukhaane vaale agent koo utpann karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. iss anuprayog kaa ack laabh catile radical aayan kaa teevra neela rung haye. iss prakaar, sodium/benzophanone kaa upayog aasavan dwara vilayakon key shuddhikaran mein vayu-mukt aur namee-mukt sthitiyon key sanketak key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye.
aasavan sthiriyaan aag key khatare hain aur teji seey vaikalpik vilaayak-sukhaane kii pranaliyon dwara pratisthaapit kii jaa rahee hain. sakriya alumina seey bharey stambhon key madhyam seey deoxygenated solvents key nispandan key liye lokpriya pranaaliyan hain.
thhos padarthon koo phosphorus pentoxide () yaa silika jail jaise sukhaane vaale agent key oopar sangraheet karke, sukhaane vaale ovan/vacuum-sukhaane vaale ovan mein sangraheet karke, uchch vacuum key neeche yaa sukhaane vaali pistaul mein germ karke, yaa paani kii kuchh matra koo hataane key liye, thhos koo kewal ack dastaane key boxes mein sangraheet karke sukhaaya jaa sakata haye jisamen ack shushk vatavaran hoe.
vikalp.
inn donon takneekon key liye kaafee mahange upkaranon kii aavashyakta hoti haye aur isamen samay lugg sakata haye. jahaan vayu-mukt aavashyaktaaen sakht naheen hain, anya takneekon kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, ack abhikarmak key tyag atirikt kaa upayog karke joe paani/oxygen key saath pratikriya kartaa haye, iska upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. balidani atiriktata prabhaav mein paani key saath pratikriya karke pratikriya koo "sookhane" detee haye (udaa.jee. vilaayak mein). haalaanki, yeh vidhi kewal tabhi upayukt haye jaba iss pratikriya mein utpann ashuddhiyaan pratikriya key vaanchhit utpaad key liye hanikarak naheen hoti hain yaa aasaani seey hataa dee jaa sakati hain. aam taur parr, iss tarah key tyag kii adhikta kaa upayog karane vaali pratikriyaaen kewal tabhi prabhaavi hoti hain jaba uchit roop seey badey paimaane parr pratikriyaaen kii jaati hain jaise kii yeh upa-pratikriya vaanchhit utpaad pratikriya kii tulanaa mein nagany hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, grignard abhikarmak taiyar karate samay, magnicium (sabse sastaa abhikarmak) kaa aksar adhik upayog kiya jaataa haye, joe paani key nishan koo hataane key liye pratikriya kartaa haye, yaa tou magnicium hydroxide dene key liye seedhe paani key saath pratikriya karke yaa grignard abhikarmak key "inn seetu" gathan key madhyam seey joe badale mein paani key saath pratikriya kartaa haye (jaise.jee. r-mg-x + h2o → hoe-mg-x + r-h). parinami "shushk" vatavaran koo banaae rakhane key liye aamtaur parr calcium chloride seey bharee ack gaard tube koo reflux condensor seey jodana paryaapt hotaa haye taaki samay key saath pratikriya mein phir seey pravesh karane vaali namee koo dheema kiya jaa sakey, yaa ack nishkriya gais line koo jodaa jaa sakey.
sukhaane koo "inn seetu" shushkak jaise aanvik chhalani, yaa azotropic aasavan takneekon key upayog seey bhee praapt kiya jaa sakata haye.jee. ack deane-stark upkaran key saath.
oh2 aur paani kaa pataa lagaana.
kaee abhikarmakon kaa upayog oh2 aur paani kaa pataa lagaane aur/yaa nasht karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. gahare rung key kanon kaa upayog aksar kiya jaataa haye kyonki way paani aur oxygen key saath pratikriya parr viranjan karate hain. aisaa hii ack abhikarmak benzophanone catile haye, joe iss pratikriya seey aasaani seey utpann hotaa haye.
yeh gahara baingani catile teji seey okseekaran yaa jall apghatan parr rangheen utpaad detaa haye ack aur abhikarmak jink key saath titanosine dichloride key upchaar seey utpann hotaa haye. vaha neela haraa ti (iii) yukt ghol oxygen key prati atyadhik samvedansheel haye. aise samadhan dastaane key dibbe key bheetar vatavaran kii jadata kaa pareekshan karane key liye upayogi hain.

