
african amerikiyon key khilaf naslavaad

sanyukt raajya america mein naslavaad key sandarbh mein, african amerikiyon key khilaf naslavaad aupaniveshik yug seey haye, aur yeh 21veen sadee mein americi samaaj mein ack nirantar mudda banaa huaa haye.
praarambhik aupaniveshik kaal mein pahale african logon key aagaman seey laker americi grihyuddh key baad taka, adhikansh african americi gulam they. yahaan taka kii swatantra african amerikiyon koo bhee apani raajneetik, samajik aur aarthik swatantrataon parr pratibandhon kaa saamana karna padaa haye, jinhen grih yuddh seey pahale aur baad mein linching, algaav, kaale code, zim kauve kaanoonon aur bhedbhaav key anya roopon key adheen kiya gayaa haye. nagrik adhikaar andolan key kaaran, aupchaarik nasleeya bhedbhaav koo dheere-dheere sanghiya sarkaar dwara gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa, aur dheere-dheere americi samaaj key badey tatvon dwara samajik aur naitik roop seey asweekarya maanaa jaane lagaa. isake bavjood, kaale amerikiyon key khilaf naslavaad yuu. aiss. mein vyaapak roop seey banaa huaa haye.aiss.aur yeh samajik-aarthik asamaanta mein parilakshit hotaa rahata haye. haal key varshon mein shodh ney aadhunik yuu key vibhinn kshetron mein nasleeya bhedbhaav key vyaapak sakshya kaa khulasa kiya haye.aiss. aaparaadhik nyaay pranali, vyavasaay, arthavyavastha, awas, swaasthya dekhbhal, media aur rajneeti sahit samaaj. sanyukt rashtra aur americi manvadhikar network key drishtikon seey, "sanyukt raajya america mein bhedbhaav jeevan key sabhi pahaluon mein vyaapt haye aur rung key sabhi samudaayon taka faila huaa haye."
nagrikta aur matdan kaa adhikaar.
1790 key prakritikkaran adhiniyam ney prakritikkaran dwara sanyukt raajya kii nagrikta dene key liye pahale samaan niyam nirdhaarit kiye, joe prakritikkaran koo "mukt shwet vyakti [oun]" taka seemit curr detaa haye, iss prakaar mool americi, anubandhit naukar, gulam, mukt ashwet aur baad mein asiai nagrikon koo chhodkar. nagrikta aur isaki kamee kaa vibhinn kanuni aur raajneetik adhikaaron parr vishesh prabhaav padaa, vishesh roop seey sanghiya aur raajya donon staron parr matadhikar key adhikaaron key saath-saath kuchh sarkari karyalayon, juurii kartavya, sainya seva aur kaee anya gatividhiyon koo rakhane kaa adhikaar, sarkari sahaayata aur sevaaon taka pahunch key alawa. 1792 key dusare milicia adhiniyam mein pratyek "swatantra roop seey saksham shwet purush nagrik" kii anivarya bharti kaa praavdhaan kiya gayaa thaa. tenacy key 1834 key samvidhaan mein ack praavdhaan shamil thaah "iss raajya key swatantra gorey purushon koo apani samanya raksha key liye hathiyar rakhane aur rakhane kaa adhikaar haye."
haalaanki, nagrikta kissy vishesh adhikaar kii guaranti naheen detee thee, jaise kii matdan kaa adhikaar. udaaharan key liye, 1870 taka aupchaarik americi nagrikta praapt karane vaale ashwet amerikiyon koo jald hii matadhikar seey vanchit curr diyaa gayaa. udaaharan key liye, 1890 key baad, mississippi key 147,000 paatr african-americi matdaataon mein seey 9,000 seey bhee cumm, yaa lagbhag 6 pratishat, matdan karane key liye panjikrit they. louisiana 1896 mein 130,000 panjikrit african-americi matdaataon seey 1904 mein 1,342 (lagbhag 99 pratishat kii kamee) hoe gayaa. unhein kaalaa sanhita key adheen bhee kiya gayaa thaa aur dakshini raajyon mein zim kauve kaanoonon dwara unake saath bhedbhaav kiya gayaa thaa. desh bhar mein matadaata daman key prayaas, halanki mukhya roop seey raajneetik vichaaron seey prerit hain, aksar african amerikiyon aur anya alpsankhyakon koo prabhaavi roop seey prabhaavit karate hain. 2016 mein, matdan kii umr key 13 african-amerikiyon mein seey ack koo matadhikar seey vanchit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, joe gair-african-amerikiyon kii tulanaa mein chaar gunaa adhik thaa. gair-african-americi logon key 1.8% kii tulanaa mein african-americi vayaskon key 7.4% seey adhik logon koo matadhikar seey vanchit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. florida mein aaparaadhik matadhikar kaa ullanghan isake 10 pratishat seey adhik nagrikon koo jeevan bhar key liye aur isake 23 pratishat seey adhik african-americi nagrikon koo ayogya ghoshit kartaa haye.
antibellum avadhi.
gulami, jabaran shram key ack roop key roop mein, kaee sanskritiyon mein maujood haye, joe praarambhik maanav sabhyataon seey haye. gulami swabhavik roop seey nasleeya naheen haye."halanki, sanyukt raajya america mein, aupaniveshik yug mein sthaapit honey key baad, americi kranti (1775-1783) key samay taka gulami nasleeya hoe gaee, jaba gulami koo vyaapak roop seey ack nasleeya jaati pranali key roop mein sansthaagat kiya gayaa thaa joe african vansh aur twacha key rung parr adharit thee.
gulami.
atlantic daas vyaapaar samriddh huaa, jisamen 1626 aur 1860 key beach 470,000 seey adhik vyaktiyon koo africa seey jabaran sanyukt raajya america leey jaaya gayaa. grihyuddh seey pahale, aathh sewarat rashtrapati gulam dhaarak they, aur gulami yuu dwara sanrakshit thee.aiss. samvidhaan. shwet abhijaat varg key liye dhana kaa srijan karate hue, lagbhag chaar dakshini parivaaron mein seey ack ney grih yuddh seey pahale kaale logon koo gulami mein rakhaa thaa. 1860 yuu key anusaar.aiss. janganana key anusaar, gulam raajyon mein lagbhag 7 million kii shwet aabaadi mein seey lagbhag 385,000 gulam malik they. gulam udyog mein bhaag lene vaale shwet europeeya amerikiyon ney shwet shreshthata aur ashwet heenata key "vaigyaanik" siddhant kaa nirmaan karke ashwet logon key apane aarthik shoshan koo uchit thaharaane kii koshish kii. aisaa hii ack gulam thomas jefferson thaa, aur yeh vigyaan key liye unakaa ahwan thaa kii vaha ashweton kii spasht "heenata" koo nirdhaarit karey jise "vaigyaanik naslavaad key vikas mein ack atyant mahatvapurna charan" maanaa jaataa haye."unhone nishkarsh nikala kii kaale" shareer aur munn key daan mein goron seey kamtar they."
sashastr shwet purushon key samooh, jinhen gulam gashti kahaa jaataa thaa, gulam banaae gaye ashwet logon kii nigrani key liye banaae gaye they. pahali baar 1704 mein dakshin carolina mein sthaapit kiya gayaa aur baad mein anya daas raajyon mein sthaapit kiya gayaa, unakaa kaary pulis daason, vishesh roop seey bhaagne vaalon key liye thaa. daas maalikon koo darr thaa kii gulam vidroh yaa vidroh kaa ayojan curr sakate hain, isaliye gulam gasht key bheetar ack sainya kamaan sanrachana aur anushasana pradaan karane key liye raajya senaaon kaa gathan kiya gayaa thaa taaki unakaa upayog kissy bhee sangathit daas baithak kaa pataa lagaane, saamana karane aur kuchalane key liye kiya jaa sakey joe vidroh yaa vidroh kaa kaaran bunn sakati haye.
mukt kaale logon koo niyantrit karna.
1820 aur 1830 key dashak key dauran, americi upanivesh samaaj (acs) kaa samadhan unhein africa mein pravaas karane key liye raaji karna thaa. 1821 mein, acs ney liberia kii coloney kii sthaapana kii, aur hajaaron poorv daason aur mukt ashwet logon koo vahaan jaane key liye raaji kiya. kuchh daason koo iss shart parr mukt (mukt) kiya gayaa kii way desh chhod dein. gulam raajyon ney koee rahasya naheen rakhaa kii way mukt ashweton seey chhutkara paanaa chaahte they, jinake baare mein unakaa maanana thaa kii way apane nivesh, daason koo dhamki dete they, palayan aur vidroh koo protsaahit karate they. acs key liye samarthan mukhya roop seey dakshini thaa. acs key sansthaapak, kentucky key heinry clay ney kahaa kii "unake rung key parinamswarup ajeya purvagrah key kaaran, way kabhi bhee iss desh key swatantra goron key saath vilay naheen curr sakate they. isaliye yeh vaanchhaniya thaa, kyonki yeh unakaa sammaan kartaa thaa, aur desh kii aabaadi key avasheshon koo unhein nikaalana thaa. hajaaron ashwet logon koo liberia mein phir seey basaaya gayaa, jahan unhone ack americi angreji bolane vaalaa antahkshetra banaaya joe african jeevan mein vaapas aatmasaat naheen hoe sakaa aur parinamswarup, unamen seey adhikansh ushnakatibandhiya beemariyon seey marr gaye.
shwet varchasvavaadi americi sarkaaron ney anya nasleeya aabaadi key adheenata aur niyantran key mahatva parr jore diyaa. 1824 mein dakshin carolina kii senate ney sanyukt raajya key samvidhaan key sarvochata khand key shabdon koo pratidhwanit karate hue ack prastaav paarit kiya, jisamen ghoshana kii gaee kii isaki sarkaar kaa sarvopari uddeshya ashwet nagrikon aur kissy bhee sambhav key saath-saath kissy bhee samajik yaa raajneetik kaaran koo rokna thaa joe iss tarah key avagya yaa vidroh kaa kaaran bunn sakata haye, aur ghoshana kii kii yeh uddeshya anya sabhi kaanoonon, samvidhaanon aur gharelu yaa antarrashtriya samjhauton parr sarvopari thaah
gharelu daas vyaapaar.
sanyukt raajya mein daason key ayaat koo 1808 seey sanghiya kaanoon dwara gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin taskari jaari rahee, 1859 yaa 1860 mein sanyukt raajya mein gulamon koo laane key liye antim gyaat jahaaj clotilda thaa. manushyon mein gharelu vyaapaar ack pramukh aarthik gatividhi bunny rahee. udaaharan key liye, maryland aur virginia, dakshin mein adhishesh daason kaa niryaat karenge. (frankleen aur armfield karyalaya dekhein.) parivaar key sadasyon koo gulam banaaya jaa sakata haye (yaani., betch diyaa gayaa) ack dusare koo phir kabhi dekhane yaa sunane key liye naheen. 1830 aur 1840 key beach, lagbhag 250,000 daason koo raajya rekhaaon key paar leey jaaya gayaa. 1850 key dashak mein, 193,000 seey adhik kaa parivahan kiya gayaa thaa, aur itihaskaron kaa anuman haye kii kull milakar lagbhag duss laakh kaa vyaapaar kiya gayaa thaa.
itihaaskaar iraa berlin ney daason key iss jabaran pravaas koo "doosara madhya maarg" kahaa, kyonki isane madhya maarg (africa seey uttari america mein daason key parivahan koo diyaa gayaa naam) key samaan kaee bhayavahataon koo punah prastut kiya. gulamon kii inn bikri ney kaee parivaaron koo toda diyaa, berlin ney likhaa kii chaahe gulamon koo seedhe ukhaad fenka gayaa thaa yaa way iss darr seey rahate they kii way yaa unake parivaar anaichhik roop seey sthanantarit hoe jaayenge, "badey paimaane parr nirvaasan ney kaale logon koo aghaat pahunchaaya. vyaktiyon ney parivaaron aur kulon seey apana sambandh khou diyaa. vibhinn janjaatiyon key daason key sanyojan seey pahale key upaniveshvadiyon key saath, kaee jaatiya african logon ney africa mein vibhinn adiwasi mool key baare mein apana gyaan khou diyaa. adhikansh aise parivaaron key vanshaj they joe yuu mein they.aiss. kaee peedhiyon key liye.
grih yuddh aur mukti.
americi grihyuddh key dauran, 1862 key milicia adhiniyam ney pahali baar african-americi logon koo sangh key milicia mein sainikon key roop mein seva karane kii anumati dee. haalaanki, kaale sadasyon key saath vetan mein bhedbhaav kiya jaataa thaa, jisamen kaale sadasyon koo aadhe safed sadasyon koo bhugtan kiya jaataa thaa. vetan mein bhedbhaav key alawa, rangeen ikaaiyon koo aksar yuddh karyon key bajaay asman roop seey shramik kaary saunpa jaataa thaa. sanyukt raajya america key rangeen sainikon key commander general daniel ullman ney tippani kii, "mujhe darr haye kii washington key baahar kaee uchch adhikaariyon kaa koee anya irada naheen haye, isake alawa kii inn logon koo khudai aur druz key roop mein istemal kiya jaayega."kaale sadasyon koo rangeen resiments mein sangathit kiya gayaa thaa. usa yuddh key anta taka, aprail 1865 mein, sangh senaa key lagbhag dasaven hisse kaa gathan karane vaali 175 rangeen resiment theen. lagbhag 20 pratishat rangeen sanic maare gaye, unaki mrityu sankhya shwet sangh key sainikon kii tulanaa mein lagbhag 35 pratishat adhik thee. 1862 key milicia adhiniyam ney, halanki, sabhi naslon key liye sainya seva naheen kholi, kewal ashwet amerikiyon key liye. sangh kii senaa mein, gair-goron koo sainikon key roop mein seva karane kii anumati naheen thee.
rashtrapati linken kii mukti ghoshana, joe 1 janwari, 1863 koo prabhaavi hui, ney gulami parr sanghiya sarkaar kii sthiti mein badalaav koo chihnit kiya. (usa samay taka, sanghiya sarkaar ney kabhi bhee seemit mukti samarthak rukh naheen apanaaya thaa, aur yeh kewal 1862 mein aisaa curr sakee kyonki 1861 mein congress key lagbhag sabhi dakshini sadasya chaley gaye they). haalaanki unmoolanvadiyon ney ghoshana kaa swaagat kiya thaa, lekin isake aavedan kii seemaaen theen. udaaharan key liye, yeh delaware, kentucky, maryland, misauri aur west virginia key nae raajya key gulam-dhaarak seemavarti raajyon mein lagbhag 500,000 daason parr lagu naheen huaa, aur yeh kuchh raajyon key una hisson mein bhee lagu naheen huaa joe sangh key prati wafadar they, jaise virginia. una raajyon mein, raajya kaarravaai dwara samaapt honey taka yaa disambar 1865 mein terahaven sanshodhan key anusamarthan taka gulami kanuni rahee.
vyaktigat roop seey gulami kaa virodh karate hue (abraham linken aur gulami dekhein), linken kaa maanana thaa kii samvidhaan ney congress koo ise samaapt karane kii shakti naheen dee thee. lekin vaha sashastr balon key commander bhee they. vidroh mein shamil raajyon key khilaf kaarravaai, unaki haar kii disha mein ack kadam, poori tarah seey uchit thaa. dakshin ney ise ack shatrutapurna kaary key roop mein vyakhya kii. isane linken koo sangh mein unmoolan virodhi taakton key pratirodh koo prajwalit kiye binaa seemit seema taka gulami koo samaapt karane kii anumati dee. seemavarti kshetron key baahar rahane vaale daason mein seey koee bhee turant prabhaavit naheen huaa, aur yeh aakramankari uttari senaayen theen jinhone daason koo mukt kiya.
dakshin mein rahane vaale ashweton mein seey lagbhag chaalees laakh ashwet daason koo mukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen isaki kull aabaadi kaa ack tihai hissa thaa, jabaki kewal 5 pratishat ashwet uttar mein rahate they, jisamen isaki kull aabaadi kaa kewal 1 pratishat thaa. natijatan, uttar kii tulanaa mein dakshin mein antatah mukti kii ashanka bahut adhik thee. 1860 kii janganana key aankadon key aadhar parr, 13 seey 43 varsh kii ayu key 8 pratishat purushon kii grihyuddh mein mrityu hoe gaee, jisamen uttar mein 6 pratishat aur dakshin mein 18 pratishat shamil they.
halanki terahaven sanshodhan ney poore sanyukt raajya mein gulami koo aupchaarik roop seey samaapt curr diyaa, kuchh ashwet americi anaichhik shram key sanshodhit roopon key adheen hoe gaye, vishesh roop seey dakshin mein, jaise kii black code joe african amerikiyon kii swatantrata koo pratibandhit karate they, aur unhein cumm majdoori key liye kaam karane key liye majboor karate they. way shwet varchasvavaadi hinsa aur kaanoonon key chayanaatmak pravartan key adheen bhee they.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key liye punarnirmaan yug.
punarnirmaan kaa yug.
grihyuddh key baad, 13vaan sanshodhan joe 1865 mein paarit kiya gayaa thaa, aupchaarik roop seey gulami koo samaapt karane key liye, anumodit kiya gayaa thaa. isake alawa, congress ney 1866 key nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam koo paarit kiya, jisane nagrik adhikaaron kii ack shrinkhala koo vyaapak banaaya aur unhein sanyukt raajya mein paida hue sabhi vyaktiyon koo pradaan kiya. isake bavjood, "black code" key udbhav, ashweton key khilaf adheenata key sweekrit krityon ney african-americi logon koo apane uchit nagrik adhikaaron kaa prayog karane seey rokna jaari rakhaa. 1790 key prakritikkaran adhiniyam ney kewal yuu koo manjuri dee.aiss. goron koo nagrikta, aur 1868 mein nagrik adhikaaron koo vyaapak banaane key prayaas koo 14vein sanshodhan key paarit honey seey rekhaankit kiya gayaa thaa jisane ashweton koo nagrikta pradaan kii thee. 1875 key nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam kaa paalan kiya gayaa, jise ack aise nirnay mein samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa jisane niji nasleeya bhedbhaav koo whiffle karane key liye sanghiya shakti koo cumm curr diyaa thaa. phir bhee, punarnirmaan yug key sanshodhanon mein seey antim, 15vein sanshodhan mein african-americi purushon koo matdan kaa adhikaar dene kaa vaadaa kiya gayaa thaa (pahale kewal sampatti key gorey purush hii matdan curr sakate they), aur inn sanchayi sanghiya prayason seey african-americi matadhikar kaa laabh uthaana shuru curr diyaa. african-amerikiyon ney saarvajanik shiksha kaa upayog karate hue karyalaya key padon kii maang karate hue matdan karna shuru curr diyaa.
1870 key dashak key madhya mein punarnirmaan key anta taka, hinsak shwet varchasvavaadi laal shirt aur safed leag jaise ardhsainik samoohon key madhyam seey satta mein aae aur zim kauve kaanoon lagu kiye, joe african-amerikiyon koo asman nasleeya algaav kii pranaaleegat aur bhedbhavpurna neetiyon koo sthaapit karke matdan key adhikaaron seey vanchit curr dete they. algaav, joe gulami key saath shuru huaa, zim kauve kaanoonon key paarit honey aur pravartan key saath jaari rhaa, saath hii sanketon kii posting kaa upayog ashweton koo dikhaane key liye kiya gayaa thaa jahaan way kanuni roop seey chala sakate they, baat curr sakate they, pee sakate they, aaraam curr sakate they yaa khaa sakate they. una sthaanon key liye joe nasleeya roop seey mishrit they, gair-goron koo taba taka intezar karna padaa jaba taka kii sabhi safed grahakon key saath vyavhaar naheen kiya jaataa. kewal safed schools seey laker kewal safed kabristan taka alag-alag suvidhaaen dee gaee hain.
samalaingikta-virodhi kaanoon, joe shweton aur gair-shweton key beach vivaah aur yahaan taka kii yaun sambandh (joe aamtaur parr ashweton koo shamil karate hain, lekin kuchh mamalon mein bhaaratiya aur asiai bhee) koo pratibandhit karate hain, 20veen shatabdi mein adhikansh raajyon mein, mukti key baad bhee aur una raajyon mein bhee maujood they joe gulami key unmoolan kii vakaalat karate they. iss tarah key missagenation virodhi kaanoon kaee raajyon mein 1967 taka maujood they, jaba sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya ney sarvasammati seey "prem karane vaale banaam" mein faisala sunaaya. virginia "kii aise kaanoon asamvaidhaanik they.
punarnirmaan key baad kaa yug.
naee shatabdi mein sanyukt raajya america mein african mool key nagrikon key khilaf sansthaagat naslavaad aur kanuni bhedbhaav mein kathorta dekhi gaee. grihyuddh key baad kii avadhi key dauran, pahale seey maujood samajik vyavastha koo majboot karane key liye nasleeya stareekaran koo anaupchaarik aur vyavasthit roop seey lagu kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki way takniki roop seey matdan karane, matdan karon, linching jaise aatankvaad key vyaapak krityon (aksar punarnirmit koo clux clan jaise ghrina samoohon dwara kiye gaye, joe punarnirmaan dakshin mein sthaapit kiye gaye they), aur bhedbhavpurna kaanoonon jaise kii daadaa khandon ney kaale amerikiyon (aur kaee garib goron) koo vishesh roop seey dakshin mein matadhikar seey vanchit rakhaa. isake alawa, raajya key kaanoon mein bhedbhaav koo badhaaya gayaa thaa, jisane kaale aur safed schools key liye "bahut adhik asman vittiya sahaayata aavantit kii". isake alawa, county key adhikaari kabhi-kabhi kaale logon key liye shwet vidyaalayon mein sansadhanon koo punarvitarit karate they, jisase shaikshik avsaron koo aur nuksan hotaa thaa. nyaayik naslavaad key jawab mein, virodh aur pairavi karane vaale samooh ubhare, vishesh roop seey, 1909 mein nakp (rangeen logon kii unnati key liye rashtriya sangh).
iss yug koo kabhi-kabhi americi nasl sambandhon key nadir key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye kyonki naslavaad, algaav, nasleeya bhedbhaav aur shwet varchasva kii abhivyaktiyaan sabhi badh gaee hain. isi tarah 1906 key atlanta races danga, 1919 key elen narsamhar, 1921 key tulsi races narsamhar aur 1923 key rosewood narsamhar jaise nasleeya dangon sahit ashwet-virodhi hinsa hui. francisi samachar patra "leey pettit journal" dwara atlanta dangon koo "nigro key nasleeya narsamhar" key roop mein chihnit kiya gayaa thaa. charleston "samachar aur courier" ney atlanta dangon key jawab mein likhaah "naslon kaa algaav iss desh mein nigro samasya kaa ekmatra kattarpanthi samadhan haye. isamen kuchh bhee nayaa naheen haye. yeh sarvashaktimaan thaa jisane naslon key nivaas kii seemaaen sthaapit keen. nigro koo majburan yahaan laaya gayaa thaa; unhein anunaya karke yahaan seey jaane key liye prerit kiya jaanaa chaahiye."
mahaan pravaas.
isake alawa, naslavaad, jise mukhya roop seey dakshini raajyon mein maujood ack samasya key roop mein dekhaa gayaa thaa, mahaan pravaas key baad rashtra kii chetna mein foot padaa, 1910 aur 1970 key beach graameen dakshini raajyon mein apani jadon seey laakhon african amerikiyon kaa uttar aur paschim key audyogik kendron mein sthanantaran, vishesh roop seey boston, sent jaise shaharon mein. luis, shikago, detroit, newyork shahar (harlem), cleveland, loss angils, oakland, ciatal, phoenix aur denver. udaaharan key liye, shikago key bheetar, 1910 aur 1970 key beach, african-amerikiyon kaa pratishat 2 pratishat seey badhkar 32.7 pratishat hoe gayaa. kaale pravasiyon key jansankhyikiya pattern aur baahari aarthik sthitiyon kaa badey paimaane parr mahaan pravaas key sambandh mein uttejak kaa adhyayan kiya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, pravaas karane vaale ashwet (1910 aur 1920 key beach) dakshin mein rahane vaale ashweton kii tulanaa mein sakshar honey kii adhik sambhavana thee. gyaat aarthik protsaahan karakon ney pravaas mein ack bhoomika nibhai, jaise kii vibhajit shram bajar kaa udbhav aur krishi sankat joe kapas arthavyavastha key vinash key parinamswarup huaa.
dakshini pravasiyon key saath aksar pahale seey maujood nasleeya stareekaran key anusaar vyavhaar kiya jaataa thaa. uttar aur paschim mein ashweton key teji seey pravaah ney shaharon key bheetar nasleeya santulan koo baadhit kiya, jisase donon kshetron mein ashwet aur shwet donon nivaasiyon key beach shatruta badh gaee. dakshini ashweton kii roodhivaadi yojanaon kaa upayog shahari kshetron mein aparaadh aur bimari jaise muddon koo african-americi logon kii upasthiti key liye kiya jaataa thaa. kull milakar, adhikansh uttari aur paschimi shaharon mein african-amerikiyon ney jeevan key kaee pahaluon mein pranaaleegat bhedbhaav kaa anubhav kiya. rojgar key bheetar, ashweton key liye aarthik avsaron koo sabse cumm sthiti aur sambhaavit gatishilata mein pratibandhaatmak sthiti mein bheja gayaa thaa. 1900 mein virginia mein vaarshik hampton nigro sammelan mein bolate hue, reverand mattheau anderson ney kahaa...majdoori arjit karane key adhikansh maargon key saath rekhaaen dakshin kii tulanaa mein uttar mein adhik kathor roop seey kheenchi jaati hain. poore uttar mein, vishesh roop seey shaharon mein rangeen shramik koo uchch paarishramik shram key sabhi raaston seey vanchit karane kaa ack spasht prayaas prateet hotaa haye, jisase dakshin kii tulanaa mein usaki aarthik sthiti mein sudhaar karna adhik kathin hoe jaataa haye."awas bajar key bheetar, pravaah key sahsambandh mein majboot bhedbhavpurna upaayon kaa upayog kiya gayaa, jisake parinamswarup" "lakshit hinsa, pratibandhaatmak vaachaon, laal rekha aur nasleeya sanchaalan" "kaa mishran huaa. 1920 key dashak mein harlem punarjagaran key liye ack club kendriya, harlem, newyork shahar mein cotton club, kewal gorey logon key liye ack pratishthaan thaa, jisamen kaale krityon koo pradarshan karane kii anumati thee, lekin ack safed darshakon key liye.
iss avadhi key dauran, nasleeya tanaavon mein visfot huaa, sabse adhik hinsak roop seey shikago mein, aur linching-bheed-nirdeshit fansi, aamtaur parr nasleeya roop seey prerit-1920 key dashak mein naatakiya roop seey badh gayaa. shahari dange-gorey ashweton parr hamla karna-ack uttari aur paschimi samasya bunn gaee. kaee goron ney african amerikiyon key prati hinsa, dhamki yaa kanuni ranneeti key saath apane sthaan kaa bachaav kiya, jabaki kaee anya gorey adhik nasleeya roop seey sajaatiya upnagariya yaa baahari kshetron mein chaley gaye, ack prakriya jise safed udaan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. 1948 key aitihaasik sarvocch nyayalaya key mamle "shelly banaam" mein chaudahaven sanshodhan key tahat nasleeya roop seey pratibandhaatmak awas vaachaon koo apravartaniya thaharaaya gayaa thaa. cremer.
1912 mein nirvaachit, rashtrapati vudro willson ney sanghiya sarkaar kii naukarshahi mein nasleeya algaav key abhyaas koo adhikrit kiya. pratham vishva yuddh mein, sanyukt raajya america key sashastr balon mein seva karane vaale ashweton ney alag-alag ikaaiyon mein seva kii. ashwet sanic aksar kharaab prashikshit aur susajjit hotey they, aur unhein aksar agrim pankti mein rakhaa jaataa thaa aur aatmahatya key abhiyaanon parr jaane key liye majboor kiya jaataa thaa. yuu.aiss. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran bhee senaa koo bhaari roop seey alag kiya gayaa thaa. isake alawa, yuddh key dauran kissy bhee african-americi koo sammaan kaa padak naheen diyaa gayaa thaa, aur kabhi-kabhi, trains mein yatra karane vaale kaale sainikon koo yuddh key naazi kaidiyon koo apani seeten deni padati theen.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh nagrik adhikaar andolan key liye.
zim kauve kaanoon raajya aur sthaaniya kaanoon they joe sanyukt raajya key dakshini aur seemavarti raajyon mein adhiniyamit kiye gaye they aur 1876 aur 1965 key beach lagu kiye gaye they. unhone ashweton key liye "alag lekin samaan" darja anivarya kiya thaa. vaastav mein, isase upchaar aur awas praapt hue joe lagbhag hamesha goron koo pradaan kiye jaane vaale upchaaron seey cumm they. sabse mahatvapurna kaanoonon key anusaar saarvajanik schools, saarvajanik sthaanon aur saarvajanik parivahan jaise trains aur bason mein goron aur ashweton key liye alag-alag suvidhaaen houn. raajya-praayojit school algaav koo sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya dwara 1954 mein "braun banaam" mein asamvaidhaanik ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa. shiksha mandal. schools mein algaav koo chunauti dene vaale pahale sanghiya adalat key mamalon mein seey ack meandays vee thaa. 1946 mein westminster.
1950 key dashak taka nagrik adhikaar andolan gati praapt curr rhaa thaa. yuu. aiss. bhar key raajyon mein aine. aeye. aeye. see. pee. mein sadasyata mein vriddhi hui.aiss. 1955 kii ack linching jisane anyaay key baare mein saarvajanik akrosh koo janm diyaa, vaha shikago key ack 14 varsheeya ladke amet till kii thee. ack shwet mahila parr kathit roop seey bhediya-ct maarne key liye maare jaane taka, garmi apane rishtedaron key saath paise mein bitaate hue, mississippi. jaba taka buri tarah seey peeta naheen gayaa thaa, taba taka usaki ack aankh koo baahar nikaal diyaa gayaa thaa, aur usey tallahchi nadee mein fenkane seey pahale usake sir mein goli maar dee gaee thee, usake shareer koo kantedar taar seey usake galey mein ack sooti jinn pankhe seey bandha gayaa thaa. david jackson likhate hain kii ammy till, amet kii maan, "usey shikago ghar leey aaee aur ack khule taaboot parr jore diyaa. dasiyon hazaaron logon ney ateet mein usake avasheshon taka dakhil kiya, lekin yeh "jett" mein antim sanskar kii chhavi kaa prakaashan thaa, jisamen ack sthir maimi apane maare gaye bachche key tabah shareer koo dekh rahee thee, jisane duniya koo americi naslavaad kii krurta key saath ganana karane key liye majboor kiya."samachar tasveeren desh bhar mein prasaarit kii gaeen, aur unhone ack teevra saarvajanik pratikriya aakarshit kii. ack khule-taaboot key antim sanskar key liye unaki maan key nirnay key prati aantarik pratikriya ney poore yuu mein ashwet samudaay koo sangathit kiya.aiss. vaine aar. nukirk ney likhaa, "usake hatyaron kaa mukadama shwet varchasva key atyachar koo ujagar karane vaalaa ack pratiyogita bunn gayaa. mississippi raajya ney dou prativaadiyon, roy bryant aur jey. parr mukadama chalaaya.doubleu. milam, lekin unhein ack poorna-shwet juurii dwara jaldi seey burry curr diyaa gayaa.
bhedbhaav aur hinsa key badhane key jawab mein, virodh key ahinsak kritya honey lagey. udaaharan key liye, farwari 1960 mein, greensboro, uttari carolina mein, chaar yuva african americi college key chhaatr ack oonvarth store mein pravesh kiye aur counter parr baith gaye lekin unhein seva dene seey incar curr diyaa gayaa. purushon koo college mein ahinsak virodh key baare mein pataa chalaa thaa, aur way shaanti seey baithate rahey kyonki gorey unhein counter parr prataadit karate they, unake sir parr kechap daalate they aur unhein sigaret seey jalaate they. greensboro dharna-sabhaa ney chhaatr ahinsak samanvaya samiti key gathan mein yogdan diyaa. naslavaad aur asamaanta key khilaf ahinsak virodh key liye kaee aur dharna-pradarshan hue. poore dakshin mein dharna jaari rhaa aur anya kshetron mein fail gayaa. antatah, kaee dharna-pradarshanon aur anya ahinsak virodh pradarshanon key baad, jisamen march aur bahishkaar shamil they, sthaanon koo alag karane key liye sahmat honah shuru hoe gayaa.
juuna 1963 mein, nagrik adhikaar karyakarta aur nacp sadasya medgar everse kii hatyaa shwet nagrik parishad key sadasya byron dee laa beckwith dwara kii gaee thee. hatyaa key liye apane mukdamon mein sabhi shwet juurii key madhyam seey doshasiddhi seey bachaa (donon mukadame latakaae gaye juurii key saath samaapt hue).
16veen street baptist church bambari ney nagrik adhikaaron key yug key dauran ack mahatvapurna modd koo chihnit kiya. ravivaar, 15 sitambar, 1963 koo, ack baahari seedhi parr chhipe dynamite key dher key saath, koo clux clansman ney birmingham church key ack taraf koo nasht curr diyaa. bumm una chhiyas bachchon key paas visfot huaa joe tahakhaane key sabhaa kaksh mein gaayak-mandali key abhyaas kii taiyari curr rahey they. visfot mein chaar ashwet ladkiyon, caroll robertson (14), synthia wesley (14), dennis mcnair (11) aur addie meey collins (14) kii maut hoe gaee.
martin luther king junier key kuchh hii hafton baad bambari hui.'naukariyon aur swatantrata key liye washington parr march, yeh america mein ashweton key liye sthitiyon kii parivartit dhaaranaon kaa ack abhinn pahalu bunn gayaa. isane 1964 key nagrik adhikaar adhiniyam (jisane saarvajanik awas, rojgar aur shramik sanghon mein bhedbhaav parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa) aur 1965 key matdan adhikaar adhiniyam key paarit honey koo prabhaavit kiya, jisane shesh zim kauve kaanoonon koo khariz curr diyaa. phir bhee, 1960 key dashak key anta taka naa tou lagu kiya gayaa thaa kyonki nagrik adhikaar netaaon ney raajneetik aur samajik swatantrata key liye prayaas karna jaari rakhaa thaa.
antarjaatiya vivaah koo aparaadh karaar dete hue maryland mahasabha dwara 1691 mein pahala apabhransh-virodhi kaanoon paarit kiya gayaa thaa. 1800 key dashak key anta taka, 38 americi raajyon mein apabhransh-virodhi kaanoon they, aur 1924 taka yeh 29 raajyon mein abhee bhee lagu thaa. 1958 mein, virginia mein adhikaari ameer aur saumya prem key ghar mein pravesh kiya aur unhein ack antarjaatiya jode key roop mein ack saath rahane key liye bistar seey baahar kheench liya, iss aadhar parr kii "koee bhee safed vyakti ack rangeen vyakti key saath antar-vivaah kartaa haye"-yaa isake vipareet-pratyek paksh "ack aparaadh kaa doshi hoga" aur paanch saal kii jail kii sajaa kaa saamana karega. 1967 mein yuu. aiss. dwara kaanoon koo asamvaidhaanik ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. prem karane vaalaa banaam" mein sarvocch nyayalaya. virginia.
zim kauve key kaanoonon key samaapt honey key baad bhee algaav jaari rhaa. ghar kii kimaton aur ekikaran key prati drishtikon parr detta seey pataa chalata haye kii 20veen shatabdi key madhya mein, algaav goron dwara apane pados seey ashweton koo baahar karane key liye kii gaee saamoohik kaarravaai kaa ack utpaad thaa. algaav ney bhee laal rekha kaa roop leey liya, sevaaon kii laagat koo aswikar karane yaa badhaane kaa abhyaas, jaise kii banking, beema, naukariyon taka pahunch, swaasthya dekhbhal taka pahunch, yaa yahaan taka kii kuchh, aksar nasleeya roop seey nirdhaarit, kshetron mein nivaasiyon key liye supermarket. halanki yuu mein.aiss. anaupchaarik bhedbhaav aur algaav hamesha seey maujood rhaa haye, laal rekha 1934 key rashtriya awas adhiniyam key saath shuru hui, jisane sanghiya awas prashaasan (aff. aich. aeye.) kii sthaapana kii. iss pratha koo pahale 1968 key nishpaksh awas adhiniyam (joe nasl, dharm, ling, parivarik sthiti, vikalangata yaa jaatiya mool parr adharit honey parr laal rekha koo rokane key liye) key paarit honey key madhyam seey ladaa gayaa thaa, aur baad mein 1977 key samudayik punarnivesh adhiniyam key madhyam seey, jisake liye bainkon koo sabhi samudaayon mein samaan rinn mandand lagu karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. halanki laal rekha banaana avaidh haye, kuchh logon kaa tark haye kii yeh anya roopon mein maujood haye.
1940 key dashak taka, jise "nigro bajar" kahaa jaataa thaa, usaki poorna rajaswa kshamata koo yuu. aiss. mein shwet-swaamitva vaale nirmaataon dwara kaafee hudd taka nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa.aiss. goron parr kendrit vigyaapan key saath. ashweton koo vaanijyik saudon seey bhee incar curr diyaa gayaa thaa. paise kamaane key liye racehorse key khilaf pradarshani daud mein bhaag lene key apane faisale parr, olympic champion jesse ovens ney kahaa, "loga kahate hain kii ack olympic champion key liye ghode key khilaf daudana apmaanjanak thaa, lekin mujhe kyaa karna thaa? merey paas chaar swarn padak they, lekin aap chaar swarn padak naheen khaa sakate."avsaron kii kamee parr, ovens ney kahaa," taba koee television, koee badaa vigyaapan, koee samarthan naheen thaa. kissy kaale aadami key liye naheen."unaki olympic safalata key sammaan mein swaagat samaroh mein ovens koo waldorf astoria newyork key mukhya darvaajon seey pravesh karane kii anumati naheen thee aur isake bajaay unhein malvahak lift mein karyakram taka yatra karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. pahale black akadami puraskar praaptakarta hatty mcdanial koo georgia key saath "havaa key saath chalaa gayaa" key premiere mein bhaag lene kii anumati naheen thee, aur loss angils mein auskar samaroh mein unhein kamare kii door kii deewaar parr ack alag mez parr baithane kii aavashyakta thee; hotal mein sakht noo-black neeti thee, lekin ack paksh key roop mein mcdanial koo anumati dee gaee thee. hollywood kabristan mein dafanaae jaane kii unaki antim ichcha koo aswikar curr diyaa gayaa thaa kyonki kabristan kewal goron taka hii seemit thaa.
1950 aur 1960 key dashak mein nagrik adhikaar andolan aur zim kauve kaanoonon key vighatan ney dakshini yuu. key adhikansh hisson mein maujooda nasleeya tanaav koo gahara curr diyaa.aiss, ack republican party kii chunavi ranneeti-dakshini ranneeti-african amerikiyon key khilaf naslavaad kii appeal karke dakshin mein shwet matdaataon key beach raajneetik samarthan badhaane key liye lagu kii gaee thee. rashtrapati pada key ummidwar richard nixon aur senator bairi goldwater jaise ganarajya key raajnetaon ney aisee ranneetiyaan vikasit keen joe dakshin mein kaee shwet, roodhivaadi matdaataon key raajneetik punargathan mein safaltapurvak yogdan detee theen, jinhone paaramparik roop seey gantantra party key bajaay loktaantrik party kaa samarthan kiya thaa. 1971 mein, yuu key khilaf gair-pakshapaati african pratinidhiyon dwara krodhit.aiss. chean koo sweekaar karane aur taiwan koo nishkaasit karane key liye ack vote mein, california key tatkalin governor ronald reegan ney rashtrapati nixon koo phone parr kahaa, "unhein dekhane key liye... una african deshon key bandar-dhikkaar haye, way abhee bhee joote pahanane mein asahaj hain!"nixon ney vote paarit honey key baad" narbhakshiyon key oopar aur neeche koodane "kii shikayat karane key liye reegan kii aapattijanak bhasha koo apanaaya. karyalaya mein nixon key samay seey record kii gaee baatchit ney alpsankhyakon key baare mein unake kattar vichaaron kaa khulasa kiya, african amerikiyon parr tippani karate hueh "mujhe pataa haye kii way 500 varshon taka aisaa naheen karane jaa rahey hain. way naheen hain. aap bhee jaanate hain. maxican chaay kaa ack alag cup haye. unaki ack viraasat haye. vartamaan samay mein way chori karate hain, way beiman hain, lekin unake paas parivarik jeevan kii kuchh avadharana haye. way kutton key jhund kii tarah naheen rahate hain, jinhen nigro pasand karate hain."yeh dhaarana kii republican party ney" dakshin mein shwet varchasva key vaahan "key roop mein kaam kiya thaa, vishesh roop seey 1964 key baad, party key liye baad key varshon mein dakshin mein ashwet matdaataon kaa samarthan vaapas jeetana mushkil hoe gayaa.
1973 mein, african americi baseball key diggaj hank aaron koo prashansakon seey saikadon hajaaron nafrat bharey mell patra praapt hue, joe beb rooth dwara nirdhaarit samay parr sarvakaalik homrun record koo todane kii koshish karane key liye una parr krodhit they. aaron antatah 8 aprail, 1974 koo apane 715vein homrun koo markar rooth key homrun record koo toda dega. usee varsh, yuu.aiss. daak seva ney pushti kii kii hank aaron ney ack varsh mein kissy bhee niji nagrik dwara praapt sabse adhik mell key liye gineej vishva record banaaya, jisamen 900,000 seey adhik patra praapt hue, jinamen seey ack tihai nafrat key patra they.
1980 seey 2000 taka.
jabaki madhyam varg kii unnati aur saarvajanik rojgar key madhyam seey aaney vaale dashakon mein paryaapt laabh hue, kaale garibi aur shiksha kii kamee audyogikaran key sandarbh mein jaari rahee. 16veen street baptist church bambari key baad hue laabhon key bavjood, kaale churchon key khilaf kuchh hinsa bhee jaari rahee haye-1990 key dashak mein dakshin key aspas key churchon mein 145 aag lagaa dee gaee thee, aur 2015 mein aitihaasik maan emmanuel church mein dakshin carolina key charleston mein ack saamoohik golibari kii gaee thee.
1981 seey 1997 taka, sanyukt raajya america key krishi vibhaag ney hajaaron ashwet americi kisaanon key saath bhedbhaav kiya, aur isi tarah kii paristhitiyon mein shwet kisaanon koo diye gaye rinon koo aswikar curr diyaa. bhedbhaav "pigford banaam" kaa vishay thaa. rashtriya ashwet kisan sangh key sadasyon dwara glickman "mukadama daayar kiya gayaa, jisake parinamswarup 1999 mein $1.006 billion aur 2009 mein $1.25 billion key dou niptan samjhaute hue.
kaee lekhakon, shikshaavidon aur itihaskaron ney daavaa kiya haye kii maadak padarthon key khilaf yuddh nasleeya aur raajneetik roop seey prerit rhaa haye. 1980 key dashak key madhya mein desh bhar mein daraar kii mahamari failane key baad, congress 1986 key maadak padaarth-virodhi durupyog adhiniyam koo paarit karegi. inn sajaa dishaanirdeshon key tahat, paanch graam daraar kokeen, jise aksar african-amerikiyon dwara becha jaataa thaa, koo anivarya roop seey paanch saal kii jail kii sajaa sunai jaati thee. haalaanki, kokeen key pouder key liye, joe aksar safed amerikiyon dwara aur unhein becha jaataa haye, ack hii sajaa key liye usa raashi kaa sou gunaa yaa 500 graam lagega, jisase kaee loga kaanoon kii bhedbhavpurna key roop mein aalochana karenge. 2010 mein nishpaksh sajaa adhiniyam dwara sajaa dene kii asamaanta koo ghataakar 18:1 curr diyaa gayaa thaa. rashtriya suraksha sangrah key anusaar, 1980 key dashak key dauran, oliver north sahit americi adhikaariyon ney kendriya khufiya agency dwara vitt poshit dakshinpanthi nikaraguan vidrohiyon koo dhana dene key prayason key hisse key roop mein gyaat maadak padarthon key taskaron key saath sahyog kiya aur unhein sanrakshit kiya. 1989 mein, kerrie samiti kii report ney nishkarsh nikala kii contra drugg link shamil hain... "yuu dwara maadak padarthon key taskaron koo bhugtan.aiss. kuchh mamalon mein sanghiya kaanoon pravartan agencies dwara maadak padarthon key aarop mein taskaron koo aaropit kiye jaane key baad, kuchh mamalon mein, congress dwara manavtawadi sahaayata key liye adhikrit dhana kaa raajya vibhaag, jabaki anya mamalon mein taskar inn hii agencies dwara sakriya jaanch key tahat they. 1996 mein, patrakaar gairi web ney saine jose paaraa samachar key liye dark alliance shrinkhala likhi, jisamen unhone kahaa kii see. aaee. aeye. samarthit virodhabhas ney daraar mahamari mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai. iss shrinkhala ney african-americi samudaay mein akrosh paida kiya, vishesh roop seey dakshin madhya loss angils mein, jahan congresswoman maxine watter ney seva kii, aur baad mein shrinkhala kii prashansa kii.
1980 aur 90 key dashak key dauran, kaee dange hue joe pulis aur alpasankhyak samudaayon key beach lambe samay seey chaley aaa rahey nasleeya tanaav seey sambandhit they. 1980 key miyami dangon koo chaar safed miyami-dade pulis adhikaariyon dwara ack african-americi motor chaalak kii hatyaa seey utprerit kiya gayaa thaa. baad mein unhein hatyaa aur sabooton seey chhedchhaad key aarop seey burry curr diyaa gayaa. isi tarah, chhah divasiya 1992 loss angils dange chaar safed lapped adhikaariyon key burry honey key baad bhadke, jinhen ack african-americi motor chaalak rodney king koo peetate hue filmaya gayaa thaa. black culture mein shodh key liye harlem sthit scomberg center key nideshak khalil jibran muhammad ney 1935 key baad seey sanyukt raajya america mein saamoohik nasleeya hinsa key 100 seey adhik udaharanon kii pehchaan kii haye aur nott kiya haye kii lagbhag harr udaaharan ack pulis ghatana seey utpann huaa thaa.
2008 seey vartamaan taka.
kuchh amerikiyon ney baraak obama kii rashtrapati pada kii ummidwari koo dekhaa, jinhone 2009 seey 2017 taka sanyukt raajya america key rashtrapati key roop mein kaary kiya aur rashtra key pahale ashwet rashtrapati they, ack sanket key roop mein kii rashtra ney ack nae, nasleeya yug key baad pravesh kiya thaa. 2016 mein rashtrapati donald trump kaa chunaav, joe america mein naslavaadi berther andolan key mukhya prastaavak they (joe tark dete they kii obama sanyukt raajya mein paida naheen hue they) aur ack nasleeya roop seey rangeen abhiyaan chalaaya, kuchh tippanikaron dwara baraak obama key chunaav key khilaf ack naslavaadi pratikriya key roop mein dekhaa gayaa haye. chunaav seey pahale aur baad mein, trump key bhaashan aur karyon kaa itihas rhaa haye jinhen vyaapak roop seey naslavaadi yaa nasleeya roop seey aaropit kiya gayaa haye. 2010 key dashak key madhya key dauran, americi samaaj ney naslavaad aur bhedbhaav key uchch star kaa punrutthan dekhaa haye. ack naee ghatana "ault-raait" andolan kaa uday haih ack shwet rashtravadi gathbandhan joe sanyukt raajya seey yaun aur nasleeya alpsankhyakon koo nishkaasit karna chaahata haye. 2010 key dashak key madhya seey, matribhoomi suraksha vibhaag aur sanghiya jaanch beuro ney sanyukt raajya mein gharelu aatankvaad key pramukh khatare key roop mein shwet varchasvavaadi hinsa kii pehchaan kii haye.
kaee loga 2008 key sanyukt raajya america key rashtrapati chunaav koo nasl sambandhon mein ack kadam aage key roop mein uddhrit karate hainh gorey amerikiyon ney desh key pahale ashwet rashtrapati baraak obama koo chunane mein bhoomika nibhai. vaastav mein, obama koo pichhale loktaantrik ummidwar, johnn kerrie (41 pratishat) kii tulanaa mein adhik pratishat shwet vote (43 pratishat) praapt hue. poore chunaav mein nasleeya vibhajan banaa rhaa; rashtrapati key praathamik chunaav key dauran ashwet matdaataon key vyaapak antar ney obama koo badhat dee, jahaan 10 mein seey 8 african-amerikiyon ney unhein praathamik chunaav mein vote diyaa, aur ack aim. aiss. aine. bee. see. sarvekshan mein paaya gayaa kii daud ack pramukh kaarak thaa kii kyaa ack ummidwar koo karyalaya key liye taiyar maanaa jaa rhaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, dakshin carolina mein, "gorey loga obama kii tulanaa mein clinton kaa naam lene key liye bahut adhik ichchuk they kyonki way commander inn cheef honey key liye sabse yogya they, desh koo ekjut karane key liye sabse adhik yogya they aur navambar mein white house parr kabja karane key liye sabse upayukt they. teenon kshetron mein dou-aur teen-seey-ack-adhik majboot margine seey clinton parr obama naam key ashwet."
samajshastri russ ney 2013 mein lambe samay taka kahaa kii abb ack adhik sookshm naslavaad haye joe ack vishisht jaati koo ack vishisht visheshta key saath jodata haye. kaatz aur brali dwara 1993 mein kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein, yeh prastut kiya gayaa thaa kii "kaale aur gorey ack-dusare key prati vibhinn prakaar kii roodhivaadita rakhate hain, aksar nakaratmak. kaatz aur brelli adhyayan mein yeh bhee paaya gayaa kii african-americi aur gorey loga ack-dusare koo dhamki dene vaale lakshnon key roop mein dekhate hain, donon key beach antarjaatiya sanchaar "sankoch, aarakshit aur chhipaane" kii sambhavana haye. antarjaatiya sanchaar roodhivaadita dwara nirdeshit hotaa haye; roodhivaadita koo vyaktitva aur charitra lakshnon mein sthanantarit kiya jaataa haye joe taba sanchaar parr prabhaav daalate hain. kaee kaarak iss baat mein jaate hain kii roodhivaadita kaise sthaapit kii jaati haye, jaise kii umr aur jiss setting mein unhein lagu kiya jaa rhaa haye. udaaharan key liye, 2014 mein jaati aur media key antman-rojeki soochkaank dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein, filmon mein 89 pratishat ashwet mahilaaon koo shapath lete aur aapattijanak vyavhaar kaa pradarshan karate hue dikhaaya gayaa haye, jabaki kewal 17 pratishat shwet mahilaaon koo iss tarah seey chitrit kiya gayaa haye.
2012 mein, travon martin, ack satrah varsheeya kishore, koo sanford, florida mein george zimmerman dwara ghaatak roop seey goli maar dee gaee thee. pados mein rahane vaale ack swayamsevak zimmerman ney daavaa kiya kii martin koo sandeh hoe rhaa thaa aur usane sanford pulis koo isaki soochana dene key liye bulaaya. pulis koo coll karate samay, zimmerman ney martin kaa peechha karna shuru curr diyaa. pulis key saath apani coll samaapt karane aur unake aagaman key beach, zimmerman ney martin koo usa townhouse key baahar goli maar dee, jahan vaha ack jhagade key baad reh rhaa thaa. zimmerman jhagade mein ghayal hoe gayaa aur usane aatmaraksha kaa daavaa kiya. golibari parr zimmerman parr aarop naheen lagaae jaane key baad iss ghatana ney rashtriya akrosh paida curr diyaa. ghatana key rashtriya coverage ney sandford pulis koo zimmerman koo giraftar karane aur usa parr dwiteeya-degree hatyaa kaa aarop lagaane key liye prerit kiya, lekin usey mukadame mein doshi naheen paaya gayaa. burry honey key baad saarvajanik akrosh huaa, jisase ashwet jeevan andolan kaa nirmaan huaa. 
2014 mein, misauri key fergusson mein ack african americi michael braun kii pulis golibari ney shahar mein vyaapak ashanti paida curr dee. isake baad key varshon mein, zana-media ney african-amerikiyon kii anya hyee profile pulis golibari kaa anusaran kiya haye, aksar pulis shareer-pahane camers seey video sakshya key saath. african-americi logon kii 15 hyee-profile pulis golibari mauton mein seey kewal ack adhikaari koo jail kaa saamana karna padaa. yuu.aiss. nyaay vibhaag ney 2014 mein samudayik vishvaas aur nyaay key nirmaan key liye rashtriya kendra kii shuruat kii. yeh karyakram african-amerikiyon key saath-saath anya alpsankhyakon key prati antarnihit aur spasht nasleeya purvagrah seey sambandhit aaparaadhik nyaay pranali mein parivartan paida karane key liye nasleeya profiling seey sambandhit detta ekatra kartaa haye.
agast 2017 mein, nasleeya bhedbhaav key unmoolan parr sanyukt rashtra samiti ney america aur usake netritva koo ack durlabh chetavani jaari kii kii agast mein shwet rashtravadiyon, shwet varchasvavaadiyon, clansman, nava-naziyon aur vibhinn dakshinpanthi milicia dwara aayojit ack raili key dauran charlotsville mein hinsa key baad nasleeya bhaashan aur aparaadh kii "spasht aur binaa shart" ninda kii jaae.
17 juuna, 2015 koo, dakshin carolina key charleston mein emmanuel african methodist episcopal church mein ack bibil adhyayan key dauran ack gorey vyakti ney nau logon kii hatyaa curr dee. sabhi peedit african americi they, jinamen varishth paadari aur raajya senator clementa see shamil they. pikini. aparaadhi ney baad mein sweekaar kiya kii usane ack races yuddh koo prajwalit karane kii ummeed mein golibari kii thee.
shwet mahilaaen joe kaale logon parr pulis bulaati hain, haal key varshon mein adhik prachaarit hoe gaee hain. dha newyork times" mein 2020 key ack lekh mein "shwet mahilaaen khud koo aatank key sadhanon key roop mein kaise upayog karati hain" sheershak seey, kaale stambhakaar charles aim. blow ney likhaa, "aitihaasik roop seey, shwet mahilaaon ney shwet purushon kii hinsa kaa upayog kiya haye aur inn purushon dwara niyantrit sansthanon koo apani maanspeshiyon key roop mein upayog kiya haye. anakahi sankhya mein linching koo anjam diyaa gayaa kyonki shwet mahilaaon ney daavaa kiya thaa kii ack ashwet vyakti ney balatkar kiya, hamla kiya, unase baat kii yaa una parr nazar daali. nasleeya ugravaad mein iss abhyaas koo aadhunik yug mein 9-1-1 key hathiyar banaane key madhyam seey ghasita gayaa haye, aksar safed mahilaaon dwara, pulis kii shakti aur bull kaa ahwan karane key liye joe poori tarah seey kaale purushon key prati shatrutapurna hain. yuu mein safed mahilaaen.aiss. jinhone apane safed visheshaadhikaar koo ack hathiyar key roop mein istemal kiya, unhein sadiyon seey kaale logon dwara ack alag naam diyaa gayaa haye, jisamen curran ack samkaaleen naam haye. maee 2020 mein, newyork key central park mein ack ashwet vyakti koo pakshi dekhane key liye pulis koo bulaane vaali ack shwet mahila koo film mein pakade jaane key baad vyaapak prachaar milaa. jaba usane usey apane kutte koo patta lagaane key liye kahaa (anya vanyajeevon kii raksha key liye park key ack kshetra mein niyamon key anusaar), tou vaha usake paas gaee, jiss parr usane jawab diyaa, "kripaya merey karib mutt aao", isase pahale kii vaha chillai, "main ack tasveer leey rhaa huun aur pulis koo bulaa rhaa huun. main unhein bataane jaa rhaa huun kii ack african americi aadami haye joe merrie zaan koo dhamki dey rhaa haye."usake phone coll key dauran, usa aadami key saath joe usase door khadaa thaa aur usey record curr rhaa thaa, usane ack vichalit aavaaj mein baat kii," ack aadami haye, african americi, vaha haye.. mujhe aur merey kutte koo dhamki denaa. kripaya turant pulis koo bhejen!". shwet mahilaaon dwara kaale logon parr pulis koo bulaane key anya udaharanon mein saine francisco mein binaa permit key paani kii botalen bechane key liye ack aathh varsheeya ladki kii report karna, california key oakland mein ack park mein ack kaale parivaar key barbecuing kii report karna, ack kaale aadami koo sent mein ack apartment imarat mein pravesh karane seey rokna shamil haye. luis, misauri jahan vaha pulis koo bulaane seey pahale ack nivasi haye, aur ack mahila brooklin, newyork mein ack dukaan mein ack ladke parr usey chhoone kaa aarop lagaati haye, jise nigrani dwara galat saabit kiya gayaa thaa.
25 maee, 2020 koo, 46 varsheeya ashwet vyakti george lloyd kii hatyaa ack safed minnepolis pulis vibhaag key adhikaari, derek chauvin dwara kii gaee thee, jisane kull 9 minut aur 29 sekand key liye lloyd kii gardan parr ghutane koo majboor kiya thaa.
agale dinn upasthit sabhi chaar pulis adhikaariyon koo nikaal diyaa gayaa aur baad mein unhein giraftar curr liya gayaa. chauvin parr dwiteeya shreni kii hatyaa kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa aur baad mein unhein doshi thaharaaya gayaa, aur anya teen adhikaariyon parr dwiteeya shreni kii hatyaa mein sahaayata karane aur unhein ukasaane kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa. floyd kii hatyaa ney sanyukt raajya america aur duniya bhar mein virodh pradarshanon kii ack lahar koo janm diyaa.
ack safed purush bandukdhari kii pehchaan petton aiss key roop mein kii gaee haye. newyork key konklin key gendron ney 2022 kii bhains kii golibari mein 10 ashwet logon koo goli maar dee aur maar daala. unakaa maanana thaa kii shwet amerikiyon kii jagah ashweton koo liya jaa rhaa thaa.

