antariksh kaa samajshastra

antariksh kaa samajshastra samajshastra kaa ack upa-vishay haye joe jyaadaatar bhugol key vishay key bheetar vikasit siddhanton seey liya gayaa haye, jisamen maanav bhugol, aarthik bhugol aur nariwadi bhugol key upa kshetra shamil hain. antariksh kaa "samajshastra" antariksh key samajik aur bhautik samvidhaan kii jaanch kartaa haye. yeh samajik prathaon, sansthaagat taakton aur maanav aur antariksh kii paraspar kriya kii bhautik jatilata koo samajhane seey sambandhit haye. antariksh kaa samajshastra adhyayan kaa ack antar-anushasanatmak kshetra haye, joe markswad, uttar upaniveshvaad aur vigyaan aur praudyogiki adhyayan sahit vibhinn saiddhaantik paramparaon parr adharit haye, aur bhugol aur vastukala jaise vibhinn shaikshanik vishayon key saath siddhantkaron koo overlap aur shamil kartaa haye. edward tii. holl ney nikatata kaa adhyayan vikasit kiya joe manovigyaan mein sthaan key anubhavjanya vishleshan parr dhyaan kendrit kartaa haye. 
antariksh kii paribhasha.
samajik vigyaan key vishayon mein antariksh sabse mahatvapurna avadhaaranaon mein seey ack haye kyonki yeh bhugol kii hamari samajh key liye maulik haye. antariksh" shabd koo vidvaanon dwara vibhinn roop seey paribhaashit kiya gayaa haih
samanya shabdon mein, oxford angreji shabdakosh antariksh koo dou tarikon seey paribhaashit kartaa haih
haalaanki, maanav bhoogolvidon kii ruchi antariksh key bheetar kii vastuon aur unaki saapeksh sthiti mein haye, jisamen ghatnaaon key vitaran kaa vivaran, vyakhya aur bhavishyavani shamil haye. iss prakaar, antariksh mein vastuon key beach sambandh adhyayan kaa kendra haye.
michel faucault ney sthaan koo iss prakaar paribhaashit kiya haye;
jiss sthaan mein humm rahate hain, joe hamein khud seey baahar nikaalata haye, jisamen hamaare jeevan, hamaare samay aur hamaare itihas kaa ksharan hotaa haye, vaha sthaan joe hamein panje aur kaude kartaa haye, apane aap mein ack visham sthaan haye.....humm sambandhon key ack samooh key bheetar rahate hain.
nigel thrift bhee sthaan koo iss prakaar paribhaashit kartaa haye;
"atyadhik samasyagrast asthaayi bastiyon kii ack shrinkhala kaa parinam joe cheejon koo vibhinn prakaar key samoohon mein vibhajit aur jodati haye joe dheere-dheere arth pradaan karate hain joe unhein tikaau aur tikaau banaate hain."
sankshep mein, "sthaan" vaha samajik sthaan haye jisamen humm rahate hain aur anya logon, samajon aur aspas key logon key saath sambandh banaate hain. sthaan vibhinn cheejon koo sanrekhan mein laakar saamoohik nirmaan aur rakharkhaav kii kadee mehnat kaa parinam haye. sabhi prakaar key vibhinn sthaan maujood hoe sakate hain aur isaliye maujood hain joe ack dusare seey sambandhit hoe sakate hain yaa naheen bhee. iss prakaar, antariksh key madhyam seey, humm samajik karyon key baare mein adhik samajh sakate hain.
antariksh key samajshastra kaa itihas.
george simel koo shaastriya samajshastri key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye joe iss kshetra key liye sabse mahatvapurna they. simel ney apani 1908 kii pustak "samaajshaastrah association key roopon parr jaanch" mein "antariksh key samajshastra" parr likhaa haye. unaki chintaon mein mahanagarikaran kii prakriya aur aadhunik aarthik samajon mein avkash sthaanon koo alag karna shamil thaa.
antariksh kii shreni ney lambe samay taka samajshastriya siddhant key gathan mein ack adheenasth bhoomika nibhai. 1980 key dashak key anta mein hii yeh mahsoos kiya gayaa kii samaaj mein kuchh parivartanon koo jeevan key sthaanik ghatakon koo adhik dhyaan mein rakhe binaa paryaapt roop seey samajhaaya naheen jaa sakata haye. pariprekshya mein iss badalaav koo sthaanik modd key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye. antariksh avadharana sanyojan key sangathanaatmak roopon kii or dhyaan aakarshit karati haye. sthaanon key beach antar aur unake aapsi prabhaav parr dhyaan kendrit kiya jaataa haye. yeh rosemarra kii jindagi key sookshm kshetron aur rashtra-raajya yaa vaishvik star parr vrihat kshetron key liye samaan roop seey lagu hotaa haye.
antariksh mein samajik vigyaan kii badhati ruchi kaa saiddhaantik aadhar mukhya roop seey angreji aur francisi bhashi samajshastriyon, daarshnikon aur maanav bhoogolvidon dwara nirdhaarit kiya gayaa thaa. anya sthaanon" parr michel faucault kaa nibandh vishesh mahatva kaa haye, jisamen lekhak "antariksh kii ayu" kii ghoshana kartaa haye, aur heinry lefebrey kii maulik kriti "laa production dee ll 'space" haye. uttaraardh ney markswadi sthaanik siddhant key liye aadhar pradaan kiya jiss parr david harvey, manual castell, edward soja aur anya ney nirmaan kiya haye. antariksh key markswadi siddhant, joe ack sanrachanaatmak, i parr adharit hain.ee., poonjivaadi yaa antariksh key vaishvik nirdharakon aur antariksh key badhate samroopata kaa saamana kaary saiddhaantik avadhaaranaon seey hotaa haye, joe shaaririk sthaan key mahatva aur sthaan kii dhaarana parr jore dete hain, halanki aadatan poorv nirdhaarit lekin vyaktiparak nirmaan key roop mein. ack udaaharan german samajshastri martina low kaa antariksh kaa siddhant haye. haal key varshon mein uttar-upaniveshvaad key vimarsh seey praapt drishtikon ney adhik dhyaan aakarshit kiya haye. antariksh kii markswadi avadhaaranaon key vipareet, british bhoogolvetta dorin massie aur german samajshastri helmuth berking, udaaharan key liye, sthaaniya sandarbhon kii vividhata aur duniya key baare mein hamaare gyaan kii sthaan-sambandhita parr jore dete hain.
sthaan kii dwaitata.
martina low ney antariksh key ack "sambandhparak" model kaa vichaar vikasit kiya, joe jeevit praniyon aur samajik vastuon key "crum" parr kendrit haye, aur yeh jaanchati haye kii samajik sanrachana key roop mein khud koo prakat karane key liye dhaarana, smaran yaa vichaar kii prakriyaon mein sthaan kaise gathit hotaa haye. samajik siddhant key drishtikon seey, yeh anthany giddens dwara prastaavit sanrachana key siddhant kaa anusaran kartaa haye, jinaki "sanrachana kii dwaitata" kii avadharana samajshastriya shabdon koo "sthaan kii dwaitata" mein vistaarit karati haye.mool vichaar yeh haye kii vyakti samajik agents key roop mein kaary karate hain (aur prakriya mein rikt sthaan kaa gathan karate hain), lekin unaki kaarravaai aarthik, kanuni, samajik, saanskritik aur anta mein, sthaanik sanrachanaon parr nirbhar karati haye. isaliye sthaan kriya kaa parinam hain. usee samay, rikt sthaan sanrachana kriya, arthaat rikt sthaan kriya koo baadhit aur saksham donon curr sakate hain.
antariksh key gathan key sambandh mein, low dou key beach vishleshanatmak roop seey antar kartaa haye, aam taur parr parasparik roop seey nirdhaarit karane vaale kaarkah "antar" aur "sanshleshan.antar samajik vastuon aur logon koo sthaanon parr rakhane yaa rakhane kii sthiti koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. halanki, low key anusaar, placing key madhyam seey banaai gaee ack crum kewal prabhaavi roop seey usa sthaan key roop mein gathit hoti haye jahaan ise banaane vaale tatva logon dwara sakriya roop seey paraspar judey hotey hain-dhaarana, vichaar yaa yaad karane kii prakriyaon mein. low iss sanshleshan koo kahate hain. iss avadharana kaa anubhavjanya pareekshan lars meyer (jinhone landan aur singapur mein vittiya prabandhakon key rosemarra key jeevan mein antariksh key gathan kii jaanch kii), cedric jaanoviz (jinhone ghaniyai shahar akra mein khaadya aapoorti kaa ack jaatiya-antariksh samajshastriya adhyayan kiya), aur silk street (jinhone leapsig mein rachanaatmak udyogon mein antariksh samvidhaan kii prakriyaon koo dekhaa) jaise adhyayanon mein kiya gayaa haye.
markswadi drishtikon.
markswadi sthaanik siddhant key sabse mahatvapurna prastaavak heinry lefebrey they. unhone "samajik sthaan" kaa prastaav rakhaa jahaan utpaadan key sambandhon koo punah prastut kiya jaataa haye aur yeh kii dwandwaatmak virodhabhas laukik key bajaay sthaanik they. lefebrey antariksh key samajik utpaadan koo teen karakon key beach ack dwandwaatmak antahkriya key roop mein dekhate hain. sthaan kaa gathan kiya gayaa haih
1970 key dashak key baare mein lefebrey key drishtikon mein, iss sthaanik utpaadan key parinamswarup algaav dwara chihnit gair-pratibimbeet rosemarra kii jagah, antariksh kii ganitiya-amoort avadhaaranaon key madhyam seey haavi, aur sthaanik abhyaas mein punah prastut kiya gayaa. lefebrey pratinidhitva key sthaanon mein algaav kii sthaaniktaa seey udaan kii ack rekha dekhta haye-antariksh key gair-algaav, pauranik, poorv-aadhunik yaa kalaatmak darshan kii dhaaranaon mein.
markswadi sthaanik siddhant koo david harvey dwara nirnaayak naee prerana dee gaee thee, vishesh roop seey, joe sthaan aur samay key anubhav parr fordism seey "lacheele sanchay" mein sankraman key prabhaavon mein ruchi rakhate they. way bataate hain kii kaise aarthik aur takniki staron parr vibhinn navacharon ney fordist pranali kii sankat-pravan lachilepan kaa ullanghan kiya haye, iss prakaar poonji kii karobar darr mein vriddhi hui haye. yeh aarthik chakron key samanya twaran kaa kaaran banata haye. sarvekshan key anusaar, parinam "samay-sthaan sampeedan" haye.jabaki deerghakaalik, bhavishya key liye, nirantarta key liye bhavna khou jaati haye, nikatata aur doori key beach sambandh koo nirdhaarit karna adhik seey adhik kathin hoe jaataa haye.
antariksh key uttar aupaniveshik siddhant.
antariksh key siddhant joe uttar-upaniveshvaad key pravachan seey prerit hain, antariksh kii vividhata parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain. dorin massie key anusaar, africa key kissy desh koo "vikaasheel desh" kahana uchit naheen haye, kyonki iss abhivyakti kaa tatparya haye kii sthaanik antar laukik antar haye (massie 1999bee). yeh tark aise desh koo utanaa alag naheen maanata haye, balki kewal "vikasit" duniya key deshon key praarambhik sanskaran key roop mein maanata haye, ack drishtikon jise vaha "eurocentrism" key roop mein ninda karati haye."iss tarah, helmuth berking una siddhanton kii aalochana karate hain joe vaishvikaran key madhyam seey duniya key badhate samroopata koo" "vaishvik kendravaad" "key roop mein maanate hain.vaha (vibhinn aur vishisht) sthaanon key utpaadan key liye sthaaniya gyaan sansadhanon kii vishishtata aur mahatva key saath iska saamana karate hain. unakaa daavaa haye kii sthaaniya sandarbh ack prakaar kii ruprekha yaa filter banaate hain jisake madhyam seey vaishvik prakriyaon aur vishva star parr prasaarit chhaviyon aur prateekon koo viniyojit kiya jaataa haye, iss prakaar arth praapt hotaa haye. udaaharan key liye, film charitra connon dha barbarian germany mein kattarpanthi dakshinpanthi halakon mein shikago key dakshin kii or key kaale yahudi basti kii tulanaa mein ack alag vyakti haye, thheek usee tarah jaise mcdonald kaa arth masco mein peris kii tulanaa mein kuchh alag haye.
teesara sthaan.
ack lefabvrian "ekataa siddhant" key tahat, munn-shareer kii samasya koo samajik sthaan, mansik sthaan aur bhautik sthaan kii tikadi key madhyam seey ack saath laaya jaataa haye. 
itihas.
lefebrey kaa bayaan kii "(samajik) sthaan ack (samajik) utpaad haye" marks key vastu fetishwad seey prabhaavit thaa. samajik sthaan parr lefebrey kaa siddhant bauhaus kalaa andolan seey prabhaavit thaa.
nirpeksh yaa amoort sthaan.
lefebrey ney advaitvaad yaa ghatana vigyaan key vipareet munn-shareer dwaitvaad key sanshleshan key roop mein trikoniya "pratinidhitvaatmak sthaanon" kii avadharana koo pesh kiya. edward soja aur david harvey maanav bhugol kii iss naee parampara koo jaari rakhate hain. lefebrey kaa tark haye kii hamaare sthaanik astitva key teen pahalu hain, joe ack prakaar key trikoniya daarshanik trayi mein maujood hainh
paul ricor, jey. seey prabhaavit. aine. entriquin samajik sthaan kii munn-shareer kii samasya koo hull karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye, cartasian dwaitvaad koo yeh tark dene key liye kii kathaa munn aur vistaar key beach ack madhyasth hoe sakati haye.
charcha.
soja kaa tark haye kii antariksh key baare mein sochane key hamaare puraane tareeke (pratham aur dwiteeya antariksh siddhant) abb duniya key kaam karane key tareeke koo samaayojit naheen curr sakate hain kyonki unakaa maanana thaa kii sthaan ack samajik shreni key bheetar nihit naheen hoe sakate hain, unamen kaee shreniyon key vibhinn pahalu shamil hoe sakate hain yaa kaee shreniyon (jaise) kii seemaon key bheetar vikasit hoe sakate hain.jee.dou alag-alag sanskritiyaan ack saath judati hain aur teesari sanskriti key roop mein ubharati hain; yeh teesara sankar sthaan mool moolyon koo visthaapit kartaa haye joe ise banaate hain aur nae moolyon aur drishtikonon koo sthaapit kartaa haye joe pahale dou sthaanon seey alag hain; iss prakaar, teesara antariksh siddhant garibi, samajik bahishkaar aur samajik samavesh, ling aur nasl key muddon kii kuchh jatilataon kii vyakhya curr sakata haye.). 
antariksh kaa sambandhparak drishya.
bhoogolvetta aur aalochanatmak siddhantkar nigel thrift key kaam mein, unhone antariksh key baare mein ack sambandhparak drishtikon likhaa, jisamen antariksh koo ack paatr key roop mein dekhe jaane key bajaay, jisake bheetar duniya aage badhati haye, antariksh koo inn kaaryavaahi key saha-utpaad key roop mein dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye. unhone aadhunik maanav bhugol mein chaar nirmit sthaan key baare mein bataaya. 
aadhunik bhugol antariksh key baare mein kaise sochata haye, isake anusaar chaar alag-alag prakaar key sthaan hain. way hain 1. sthaan kaa anubhavjanya nirmaan, 2. unblocking space, 3. image space aur 4. place space.
pahala sthaan antariksh kaa anubhavjanya nirmaan haye. anubhavjanya sthaan usa prakriya koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jisake dwara dainik jeevan key saansaarik taane-baane kaa nirmaan kiya jaataa haye. kaar, ghar, mobile, computer aur sadaken jaisi yeye saral cheejen bahut saral hain, lekin yeye hamaare dainik jeevan kii badee uplabdhiyan hain aur yeye aaj humm kaun hain, yeh taya karane mein bahut mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaati hain. udaaharan key liye, aaj kii takneek jaise jee. pee. aiss. achaanak astitva mein naheen aaee thee; vaastav mein, yeh 18veen shatabdi mein nirdhaarit kii gaee thee aur samay key saath vikasit hui thee. pahala sthaan vaastavik aur moort haye, aur ise bhautik sthaan key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.
doosara sthaan unblocking sthaan haye. iss prakaar kaa sthaan usa prakriya koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jisake tahat baatchit key niyamit maarg sthaapit kiye jaate hain jinake chaaron or aksar seemaaen kheenchi jaati hain. dincharya mein karyalaya key karmchaariyon kii aavaajaahi, nashe mein dhut kishoron kii baatchit aur saman, dhana, logon aur jaankaari kaa pravaah shamil hoe sakata haye. bhugol mein puraane samay key vipareet jaba logon ney ack sthaan koo avaruddh seema key roop mein sweekaar kiya (udaaharan key liyeh ack poonjiwadi sthaan, navudarwadi sthaan yaa shahar kaa sthaan), tou hamein ehsas honey lagaa kii antariksh mein seema jaisi koee cheej naheen haye. duniya kaa sthaan lagaatar beh rhaa haye aur badal rhaa haye kii ack nishchit tareeke seey iska varnan karna bahut mushkil haye. doosara sthaan vichardhara/vaichaarik haye aur ise mansik sthaan key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, doosara sthaan vibhinn samajik varg key logon key vyavhaar aur ameer aur garib logon key beach samajik algaav kii vyakhya karega. 
teesara sthaan chhavi sthaan haye joe usa prakriya koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jisake dwara chhaviyon ney naee tarah kii jagah kaa utpaadan kiya haye. chitra vibhinn roop aur aakar mein hoe sakate hain; chitrakala seey laker chhayachitra taka, chitra seey laker daak-patra taka, aur dhaarmik vishay seey laker manoranjan taka. aajkal, humm kaee mayanon mein chhaviyon seey atyadhik prabhaavit hain aur yeye kuchh chhaviyaan hamein nae samajik aur saanskritik moolyon, yaa duniya koo dekhane key tareeke key baare mein kuchh nayaa bataa sakati hain. chhaviyon, prateekon aur sanketon mein kissy naa kissy prakaar kii sthaanik abhivyakti hoti haye. 
chautha sthaan vaha sthaan haye joe usa prakriya koo sandarbhit kartaa haye jisake dwara rikt sthaan koo una tarikon seey krambaddh kiya jaataa haye joe bhavatmak aur anya sannihit kshamataon koo kholate hain. sthaan sthaan kaa ack sthaan kii tulanaa mein adhik arth haye, aur yeh vibhinn prakaar key sthaan key roop mein pratinidhitva curr sakata haye. yeh chautha prakaar kaa sthaan yeh samajhane kii koshish kartaa haye kii logon key jeevan koo kuchh tarikon seey saamane laane mein sthaan ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye aur yeh sthaan hamein una sabhi prakaar kii cheejon koo samajhane dega joe hamse chhipi hui hain..
paimaanaah sthaaniya aur vaishvik.
andreau herode ney ullekh kiya kii maanav bhugol key bheetar paimaane koo aam taur parr dou tarikon mein seey ack mein dekhaa jaataa haih yaa tou ack vaastavik bhautik cheej key roop mein joe vaastav mein maujood haye aur raajneetik sangharsh aur/yaa samajik prakriya kaa parinam haye, yaa duniya key baare mein hamari samajh koo taiyar karane key ack tareeke key roop mein. vaishvikaran jaisi samkaaleen aarthik, raajneetik, saanskritik aur samajik prakriyaon key kaaran duniya bhar mein logon kaa jeevan jatil tarikon seey phir seey badh rhaa haye. isake parinamswarup, hamane europeeya sangh jaise atirashtriya raajneetik nikaayon kaa nirmaan, rashtra-raajya seey kshetriya raajneetik nikaayon mein raajneetik shakti kaa hastaantaran dekhaa haye. hamane vaishvikaran kii prakriya key madhyam seey badhate samroopata aur 'amerikikaran' kaa bhee anubhav kiya haye, jabaki duniya bhar mein paaramparik jeevan shally kii raksha karane vaale logon key beach sthaaniya logon kii pravritti (yaa pratibal) badhati haye. logon key jeevan koo phir seey badhaane kii prakriya aur hamaare vyaapak jeevan kii dou charam seemaon-'vaishvik' aur 'sthaaniya' key beach sambandhon parr sawal uthaaye gaye.
vaishvik aur sthaaniya kii sattavidyasiya sthiti.
1980 key dashak taka, 'paimaane' kii avadharana koo hii halke mein liya gayaa thaa, halanki bhautik aur maanav bhoogolvidon ney muddon koo 'kshetriya paimaane' yaa 'rashtriya paimaane' seey dekhaa thaa. iss tarah key sawal jaise kii kyaa paimana kewal duniya koo vargeekrit karane aur vyavasthit karane kaa ack mansik upkaran haye yaa kyaa paimana vaastav mein bhautik samajik utpaadon key roop mein maujood haye, vishesh roop seey, bhautikvaadiyon aur aadarshvadiyon key beach bahas kii gaee thee. kuchh bhoogolvetta emmanuel kaant key aadarshvaadi darshan parr dhyaan aakarshit karate hain kii duniya koo vyavasthit karane key liye taraju upayogi vaichaarik tantra they, jabaki anya, bhautikvaad key markswadi vichaaron koo aakarshit karke, tark dete hain kii taraju vaastav mein duniya mein maujood hain aur way vaastavik samajik utpaad they. contian kii prerana parr adharit una aadarshvadiyon key liye, 'vaishvik' koo prithvi kii bhoovaigyaanik roop seey dee gaee seemaon dwara paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye aur 'sthaaniya' koo prakriya aur prathaon koo samajhane key liye upayogi ack sthaanik sankalp key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. bhautikvaadiyon key liye, 'rashtriya' paimana ack aisaa paimana haye jise sakriya roop seey aarthik aur raajneetik prakriyaon key madhyam seey banaaya jaanaa thaa, lekin vaishvik aur kshetriya key beach taarkik padanukram mein koee paimana maujood naheen thaa.
vaishvik star seey sambandhit bhautikvaadi tarkon key liye 'banane' kii dhaarana aur taraju banaane kii rajneeti parr dhyaan kendrit karna kendriya rhaa haye. yeh pahachaanana mahatvapurna haye kii samajik abhinetaon koo 'sthaaniya' banane key liye utani hii mehnat karni parh sakati haye jitani unhein 'vaishvik' banane key liye karni hoti haye. logon ney iss baat parr dhyaan diyaa kii kaise antarrashtriya nigam 'vaishvik' hoe gaye hain, kaise shasson key sansthaan 'atirashtriya' hoe gaye hain aur kaise shramik sanghon ney teji seey 'vaishveekrit' shahar key samaan apane karyon koo 'vaishveekrit' karane kii koshish kii haye.
vaishvik' aur 'sthaaniya' paimaane key liye, cavin cox ney ullekh kiya kii sthaaniya seey vaishvik star parr jaanaa 'ack alag kshetra seey dusare kshetra mein jaanaa' naheen haye, balki sanghon key network koo vikasit karane kii ack prakriya haye joe abhinetaon koo vibhinn sthaanon key beach sthanantarit karane kii anumati detee haye. unake vichaar key anusaar, 'paimaane' koo ack nishchit ikai key bajaay ack prakriya key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye aur dusare shabdon mein, vaishvik aur sthaaniya sthir 'kshetra' naheen hain jinamen samajik jeevan chalata haye lekin lagaatar samajik karyon dwara banaaya jaataa haye. udaaharan key liye, ack raajneetik sangathan apane kshetra key baahar abhinetaon yaa avsaron key saath judane key liye 'vaishvik' jaane kaa prayaas curr sakata haye; isi tarah, ack antarrashtriya nigam vibhinn sthaanon parr apane utpaadon aur sanchaalan koo silane key madhyam seey 'sthaaniya' honey kaa prayaas curr sakata haye.
vaishvik aur sthaaniya logon key pravachan.
gibson-abraham (2002) ney cumm seey cumm chhah tarikon kii pehchaan kii haye jinamen sthaaniya aur vaishvik sambandhon koo aksar dekhaa jaataa haye.
1. vaishvik aur sthaaniya koo sthitiyon key vishleshan key liye vyakhyatmak dhaanche key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye.
2. darlik parr chitra banaate hue, gibson-abraham seey pataa chalata haye kii iss tarah key pratinidhitva mein, vaishvik rashtriya yaa kshetriya seey kuchh adhik haye... sthaaniya key alawa kuchh bhee. iska arth haye kii vaishvik aur sthaaniya donon kaa arth way hain joe way naheen hain.
3. francisi samajik siddhantkar bruno laitaur key anusaar, sthaaniya aur vaishvik 'aise network parr alag-alag drishtikon pradaan karate hain joe naa tou sthaaniya hain aur naa hii vaishvik, lekin kamobesh lambe aur kamobesh judey hue hain. saath hii, lataur key vichaar mein, yeh antar karna asambhav haye kii sthaaniya anta aur vaishvik kahaan seey shuru hotaa haye.
4. gibson-abraham ney 'vaishvik sthaaniya haye' kii avadharana kaa prastaav rakhaa thaa. udaaharan key liye, bahurashtriya firm vaastav mein 'vaishvik' key bajaay 'bahu-sthaaniya' hain.
5. sthaaniya vaishvik haye. iss drishtikon seey, sthaaniya vaishvik pravaah kii duniya mein ack pravesh bindu haye joe grah koo gherta haye.
6. vaishvik aur sthaaniya vaastav mein sthaan key bajaay prakriyaaen hain. sabhi sthaan vaishvik aur sthaaniya key sankar hain; isaliye way 'glocal' hain.'
kuchh paschimi vichaar hain joe adhik aakar aur vistaar kaa arth haye prabhutva aur shreshth shakti, jaise kii sthaaniya koo aksar 'chhote aur apekshaakrit shaktiheen, vaishvik dwara paribhaashit aur seemit' key roop mein darshaaya jaataa haye. isaliye, vaishvik ack shakti haye aur sthaaniya isake khel kaa kshetra haye. haalaanki, sthaaniya raajneetik sangathan key ack shaktishali paimaane key roop mein kaam curr sakate hain; vaishvik kewal poonji dwara niyantrit ack paimana naheen haye-joe loga poonji koo chunauti dete hain way vaishvik star parr bhee sangathit curr sakate hain (naayak, aeye). navudaarvaadiyon dwara 'vaishvik star parr sochein aur sthaaniya roop seey kaary karein' kii avadharana dekhi gaee haye.
paimaane key roopak.
duniya koo kaise maap diyaa jaataa haye, iska pratinidhitva karane key liye, paanch alag-alag aur lokpriya roopak hainh way hain seedhi, kendrit vritt, matrishka ghonsale kii gudiya, kenchue key gaddhe aur pedh kii jadein. sabse pahale, padaanukramit seedhi key iss tarah key roopak kaa upayog karate hue, seedhi parr sabse oonche paydan key roop mein vaishvik sthaaniya aur anya sabhi taraju seey oopar dekhaa jaataa haye. doosara, sankendrit roopak kaa upayog hamein sthaanon key beach adish sambandh kii avadharana key ack vishesh tareeke key saath chhod detaa haye. iss dusare roopak mein, sthaaniya koo ack apekshaakrit chhote vritt key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, jisamen kshetriya koo ack badey vritt key roop mein shamil kiya jaataa haye, jabaki rashtriya aur vaishvik paimaane abhee bhee sthaaniya aur kshetriya koo shamil karate hue badey vritt hain. russie matrishka ghonsale kii gudiyon key padanukram key liye, vaishvik mein anya taraju hoe sakate hain lekin yeh dusare tareeke seey kaam naheen kartaa haye; udaaharan key liye, sthaaniya vaishvik koo shamil naheen curr sakata haye. paimaane parr sochane seey sambandhit chauthe roopak key liye, francisi samajik siddhantkar bruno lator ney joe tark diyaa vaha yeh haye kii sthaanon kii duniya ack saath 'network' haye. iss tarah kaa roopak hamein paimaane kii ack chhavi key saath chhod detaa haye jisamen vaishvik aur sthaaniya ack saath judey hue hain aur ack dusare seey poori tarah seey alag naheen hain. kenchue key gaddhe key roopak key samaan pedh kii jadon key liye, kyonki kenchue key gaddhe yaa pedh kii jadein mitty key vibhinn staron mein pravesh karati hain, yeh nirdhaarit karna mushkil haye kii ack paimana kahaan samaapt hotaa haye aur doosara kahaan seey shuru hotaa haye. roopak key upayog key baare mein sochate samay, yeh dhyaan rakhna chaahiye kii dusare parr roopak kaa chayan usa aadhar parr naheen kiya jaataa haye jisake aadhar parr anubhavjanya roop seey kissy cheez kaa 'adhik sateek' pratinidhitva hotaa haye, balki iss aadhar parr kiya jaataa haye kii koee vyakti kissy vishesh ghatana koo samajhane kaa prayaas kaise curr rhaa haye.
roopak kii iss tarah kii sarahana mahatvapurna haye kyonki yeh bataata haye kii humm apane vyaapak vishva key saath samajik aur raajneetik roop seey judane key tarikon parr vyaapak prabhaavon key baare mein kaise baat karate hain aur yeh iss baat parr prabhaav daal sakata haye kii humm apane samajik, aarthik aur raajneetik abhyaas kaa sanchaalan kaise karate hain aur iss tarah paridrishya banaate hain (naayak, aeye)

