
jeane

pracheen rome mein, ack vansh (yaa, bahuvachanah gentes) ack parivaar thaa jisamen aise vyakti shamil they joe ack hii naam saajha karate they aur joe ack samaan poorvaj seey vansh kaa daavaa karate they. ack jeane kii ack shakha koo "sturps" (bahuvachanah "sturps") kahaa jaataa thaa. roman ganarajya kii avadhi key dauran rome aur poore itali mein "jaine" ack mahatvapurna samajik sanrachana thee. adhikansh vyaktiyon kii samajik sthiti iss baat parr nirbhar karati thee kii way kiss jaati seey sambandhit they. kuchh jaatiyon koo patrician key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa, anya koo playbian key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa; kuchh kii patrician aur playbian donon shaakhaaen theen. samrajya key samay mein janon mein sadasyata kaa mahatva kaafee cumm hoe gayaa, halanki "gentilicium" kaa upayog jaari rhaa aur roman samraton kii utpatti aur rajvanshon koo paribhaashit kiya gayaa.
utpatti.
zana" shabd kaa anuvaad kabhi-kabhi "jaati" yaa "rashtra" key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, jiska arth haye ack samanya poorvaj seey nikale loga (ack samanya bhautik visheshta saajha karane key bajaay). iska anuvaad "kabila", "rishtedaar" yaa "janjaati" key roop mein bhee kiya jaa sakata haye, halanki roman sanskriti mein "tribus" shabd kaa ack alag aur alag arth haye. ack vansh ack parivaar jitna chhota hoe sakata haye, yaa saikadon vyaktiyon koo shamil curr sakata haye. parampara key anusaar, 479 eesaa poorv mein akele jaine fabia ladein kii umr key teen sou chhah purushon seey milkar ack milicia koo maidan mein utaarane mein saksham they. jeane kii avadharana vishisht roop seey roman naheen thee, lekin poore itali mein samudaayon key saath saajha kii gaee thee, jisamen way loga bhee shamil they joe lattin, auscan aur ambrian jaisi italvi bhaashaaen bolate they. inn sabhi logon koo antatah roman sanskriti key kshetra mein avashoshit curr liya gayaa.
kahaa jaataa haye kii sabse puraane gentus kii utpatti rome (paaramparik roop seey 753 eesaa poorv) kii neenv seey pahale hui thee, aur unhone trojan yuddh (paaramparik roop seey 1184 eesaa poorv samaapt) key samay taka pauranik vyaktiyon key vansh kaa daavaa kiya thaa. haalaanki, vanshavali kii sthaapana vanshaanugat upnaamon koo apanaane seey pahale naheen hoe sakati haye. gentilicium" naam, yaa "gair-yahudi naam", isaki vishisht visheshta thee, kyonki ack roman nagrik key naam ney ack zana mein usaki sadasyata kaa sanket diyaa thaa.
naam kissy bhee sankhya mein cheejon seey liya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii ack poorvaj kaa naam, ack vyakti kaa vyavasaay, shaaririk roop, charitra yaa mool kaa shahar. kyonki inmein seey kuchh cheejen kaafee aam theen, isaliye asambandhit parivaaron key liye ack hii naam rakhna sambhav thaa, aur samay key saath bhramit honah sambhav thaa.
vyaktiyon koo ack vansh mein apanaaya jaa sakata haye aur iska naam praapt kiya jaa sakata haye. ack "liberts", yaa "friedman", aamtaur parr usa vyakti kaa naam (aur kabhi-kabhi pradhaan naam bhee) letaa haye jisane usey purushatva seey mukt curr diyaa thaa, aur ack praakritik nagrik aamtaur parr usa sanrakshak kaa naam letaa haye jisane usaki nagrikta pradaan kii thee. swatantra vyakti aur nae matadhikar praapt nagrik takniki roop seey una logon kaa hissa naheen they jinake naam way saajha karate they, lekin kuchh peedhiyon key bheetar unake vanshajon koo mool sadasyon seey alag karna aksar asambhav hoe gayaa. vyavhaar mein iska matlab thaa kii ack jeane yaa tou design yaa durghatana seey nae sadasyon aur yahaan taka kii naee shaakhaon koo praapt curr sakata haye.
halchal.
ack jeane kii vibhinn shaakhaon yaa "halchal" koo aamtaur parr unake cognomina, naam key baad atirikt upnaamon dwara alag kiya jaataa thaa, joe yaa tou vyaktigat yaa vanshaanugat hoe sakate hain. kuchh vishesh roop seey badey stirup swayam kaee shaakhaon mein vibhajit hoe gaye, joe atirikt cognomina dwara alag kiye gaye.
prenomina.
adhikansh gair-yahudi niyamit roop seey seemit sankhya mein vyaktigat naamon, yaa "prenomina" kaa upayog karate they, jinake chayan ney ack jeane key sadasyon koo dusare seey alag karane mein madad kii. kabhi-kabhi ack jeane kii alag-alag shaakhaaen unaki pasand key naamon mein bhinn hoti hain. sabse roodhivaadi gent kabhi-kabhi khud koo teen yaa chaar prenomina taka seemit curr lete they, jabaki anya niyamit roop seey chhah yaa saat kaa upayog karate they.
iss seemit chayan key dou mukhya kaaran theh pahala, ack peedhi seey doosari peedhi mein parivarik naamon koo paarit karna paaramparik thaa; aise naamon koo hamesha prathamikta dee jaati thee. doosara, adhikansh pitrivanshiya parivaaron ney khud koo janmat seey alag karane key tareeke key roop mein khud koo cumm sankhya mein naamon taka seemit curr liya, joe aksar vibhinn prakaar key naamon kaa upayog karate they, jinamen seey kuchh aise bhee they jinka upayog kabhi-kabhi pitrivanshiya loga karate they. haalaanki, kaee sabse puraane aur sabse mahaan petrian gharon mein aksar durlabh aur asamanya prenomina kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa.
kuchh parivaar jaanboojhkar vishesh prenomina seey bhee bachate they. cumm seey cumm kuchh mamalon mein, yeh ack vishesh naam vaale vansh key apamaanit yaa apamaanit sadasyon seey sambandhit paramparaon key kaaran thaa. udaaharan key liye, jinas junia ney prenomina "titus" aur "tiberius" seey parhej kiya, kyonki inn naamon vaale dou sadasyon koo rajdroh key liye fansi dee gaee thee. isi tarah key ack udaaharan key kaaran maanaa jaataa haye kii jaine mainliya kii sabhaa ney apane sadasyon koo "marcus" naam rakhane seey manaa curr diyaa, halanki aisaa lagata haye kii iss nishedh kaa sakhti seey paalan naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
janon kaa samajik kaary.
siddhant roop mein, pratyek zana ack raajya key bheetar ack raajya key roop mein kaary kartaa thaa, joe apane swayam key bujurgon aur vidhaansabhaaon dwara shaasit hotaa thaa, apane reeti-rivaajon kaa paalan kartaa thaa, aur apane swayam key dhaarmik sanskaron koo puuraa kartaa thaa. kuchh panth paaramparik roop seey vishisht jaatiyon seey judey hue they. gair-yahudi sabhaon key paas apane sadasyon key liye god lene aur sanrakshakta kii jimmedaari thee. yadi kissy purush key sadasya kii nirvaseeyat aur tatkaal parivaar key binaa mrityu hoe jaati haye, tou usaki sampatti baaki janon koo vitarit curr dee jaati haye.
ack zana key nirnay saiddhaantik roop seey isake sabhi sadasyon key liye badhyakari they. haalaanki, kissy bhee saarvajanik adhiniyam koo janon kii sabhaa dwara paarit kiye jaane key roop mein darj naheen kiya gayaa haye. ack samooh key roop mein, roman kaanoon aur dhaarmik prathaon key vikas parr gair-yahoodiyon kaa kaafee prabhaav thaa, lekin rome key raajneetik aur samvaidhaanik itihas parr tulanaatmak roop seey bahut cumm prabhaav thaa.
patrician aur playbian gents.
kuchh purushon koo pitrisattaak maanaa jaataa thaa, aur anya koo pleabian maanaa jaataa thaa. parampara key anusaar, pitrisatta "nagar pitaa" yaa "pitre" key vanshaj they; yaani, rome key pahale raajaa romulus dwara isaki sthaapana key samay parivaar key pramukh. raajaon key samay key dauran rome mein aaney vaale anya kuleen parivaaron koo bhee patriciate mein bharti karaaya gayaa thaa, jinamen kaee aise bhee shamil they joe alba longa seey pravaas curr gaye they, jaba usa shahar koo toolus hostilius dwara nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa. pahali shatabdi eesaa poorv seey pahale ack zana koo patriciate mein bharti kiye jaane kaa antim gyaat udaaharan taba thaa jaba ganarajya kii sthaapana key paanch saal baad, 504 eesaa poorv mein rome aaney key baad claudy koo patrician key rank mein jodaa gayaa thaa.
kaee sroton mein pitrisattaak genton key beach dou vargon kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye, jinhen "gentus myorus" yaa pramukh gentus key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, aur "gentus minors" yaa laghu gentus key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. iss baare mein koee nishchit jaankaari naheen bachee haye kii gintes mayoron mein kinn parivaaron kii sankhya thee, yaa yahaan taka kii kitane they. haalaanki, unamen lagbhag nishchit roop seey emili, claudy, cornellai, fabby, manli aur valeri shamil they. naa hii yeh nishchit haye kii kyaa yeh antar kissy vyaavhaarik mahatva kaa thaa, haalaanki yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii "princeps senate", yaa senate key adhyaksh, aamtaur parr unaki sankhya seey chune gaye they.
ganarajya key pahale kaee dashakon key liye, yeh poori tarah seey nishchit naheen haye kii kinn jaatiyon koo pitrisattaak maanaa jaataa thaa aur kinn jaatiyon koo pitrisattaak maanaa jaataa thaa. haalaanki, 451 aur 450 eesaa poorv mein ghoshit kaanoonon kii ack shrinkhala key roop mein baarah taalikaon ney vargon key beach ack kathor antar koo samhitaabaddh karane kaa prayaas kiya, aupchaarik roop seey janmat sangrah koo usa samay seey 367 eesaa poorv mein "lakes licinia sextia" key paarit honey taka kissy bhee pramukh magistrate koo rakhane seey baahar rakhaa. 445 eesaa poorv mein "lakes canulia" dwara kuchh hii varshon key baad, pitri-sanrakshkon aur janmat sangrah key logon key antar-vivaah koo pratibandhit karane vaale kaanoon koo nirast curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
367 mein aadeshon key aupchaarik sulah key bavjood, patrician house, joe samay beetane key saath roman aabaadi key ack chhote aur chhote pratishat kaa pratinidhitva karate they, jitna sambhav hoe utanaa shakti banaae rakhate rahey, jisake parinamswarup agali dou shataabdiyon mein aadeshon key beach lagaatar sangharsh hotaa rhaa. kuchh pitrivanshi parivaar niyamit roop seey janmat sangrah key saath satta key bantware kaa virodh karate they, jabaki anya loga iska samarthan karate they, aur kuchh vibhajit they.
kaee gair-yahudi logon mein patrician aur playbian donon shaakhaaen shamil theen. yeye god lene yaa maanav mukti key madhyam seey utpann hoe sakate hain, yaa jaba ack hii naam vaale dou asambandhit parivaar bhramit hoe gaye houn. yeh bhee hoe sakata haye kii kissy bhee jaati key alag-alag sadasya swechha seey chaley gaye houn yaa unhein unake vanshajon key saath sanrakshak seey nishkaasit curr diyaa gayaa hoe. kuchh mamalon mein, jinn jaatiyon koo mool roop seey pitrisattaak honah chaahiye thaa, yaa jinhen praarambhik ganarajya key dauran iss tarah seey maanaa jaataa thaa, baad mein kewal unake pleabian vanshajon dwara jaanaa jaataa thaa.
eesaa poorv pahali shatabdi taka, sanrakshkon aur janmat sangrah key beach vyaavhaarik antar nyuntam thaa. phir bhee, shaahi adhikaar key uday key saath, kaee janmat sangrah key logon koo sanrakshak key roop mein uthaaya gayaa, puraane sanrakshak parivaaron kii jagah lii gaee joe aspashtata mein lupt hoe gaye they, aur abb roman senate mein pratinidhitva naheen curr rahey they. halanki vansh aur sanrakshak donon kii avadharana shaahi samay taka achchi tarah seey bunny rahee, donon ney dheere-dheere apana adhikansh mahatva khou diyaa. paschimi samrajya kii antim shataabdiyon mein, "patricious" kaa upayog mukhya roop seey ack vyaktigat upaadhi key roop mein kiya jaataa thaa, naa kii ack varg key roop mein jisamen ack puuraa parivaar shamil thaa.

