
sanyukt raajya america mein agneyastra adalat key mamalon kii soochi

sanyukt raajya america mein agneyastra mamle kaa kaanoon sarvocch nyayalaya aur anya sanghiya adalaton key faisalon parr adharit haye. inmein seey pratyek nirnay dusare sanshodhan (joe adhikaaron key vidheyak kaa ack hissa haye), hathiyar rakhane aur rakhane kaa adhikaar, vanijya khand, samanya kalyan khand, aur/yaa anya sanghiya agneyastra kaanoonon seey sambandhit haye.
sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya key mamle.
sarvocch nyayalaya ney kabhi-kabhi dusare sanshodhan kii vyakhya kii haye aur anya kanuni mamalon parr nirnay dete samay dusare sanshodhan kaa bhee ullekh kiya haye.
dusare sanshodhan kii vyakhya karna.
humm yeh spasht samajhate hain kii vichaar key tahat koee dhaara naheen haye, joe kewal purushon key nikaayon koo sainya sangathanon key roop mein ack saath judane yaa shaharon aur kasbon mein hathiyaron key saath abhyaas yaa pared karane seey manaa karati haye, jaba taka kii kaanoon dwara adhikrit naa hoe, logon key hathiyar rakhane aur rakhane key adhikaar kaa ullanghan naa karein.
raajya adaalaten.
"bliss vee. rashtramandal ".
"bliss vee. rashtramandal "(1822, key. vaaee.).) kalaa key anusaar hathiyar rakhane key adhikaar koo sambodhit kiya. 10, sekand. kentucky (1799) key dusare samvidhaan key 23 mein kahaa gayaa haye, "nagrikon key apane aur raajya kii raksha mein hathiyar rakhane key adhikaar parr sawal naheen uthaaya jaayega."isaki vyakhya bent mein chhipi hui talwar leey jaane key adhikaar koo shamil karane key liye kii gaee thee. "anand" koo "gupt hathiyaron koo leey jaane parr pratibandh lagaane vaale ack kaanoon" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye joe [joe] dusare sanshodhan kaa ullanghan thaa."halanki, anya logon ney" "anand" "mein vichaar key tahat rashtramandal kentucky key kaanoon dwara dusare sanshodhan key saath koee sangharsh naheen dekhaa haye kyonki" "kentucky kaanoon kaa uddeshya chhipe hue hathiyaron koo lakshit karna thaa. kissy ney bhee dusare sanshodhan key saath koee takraav naheen dekhaa. vaastav mein, kuchh logon mein seey adhikansh jinhone iss prashn parr vichaar kiya, unhone yuu mein sanshodhanon parr vishvaas kiya.aiss. samvidhaan raajya key kaanoonon parr lagu naheen hotaa thaa."
"anand" ney kahaa, "lekin yeh naheen bhulaaya jaanaa chaahiye kii yeh kewal usa adhikaar kaa ack hissa naheen haye joe samvidhaan dwara surakshit haye; yeh adhikaar sampoorn aur poorna haye, jaisa kii yeh samvidhaan koo apanaane key samay maujood thaa; aur yadi usa adhikaar kaa koee bhee hissa baadhit hoe, tou yeh mayane naheen rakhta kii vaha hissa kitna chhota hoe sakata haye, aur jiss samay parr yeh kiya jaae, vaha mahatvaheen haye, yeh samvidhaan dwara samaan roop seey nishiddh haye."iss uddharan mein ullikhit" samvidhaan "kentucky key samvidhaan koo sandarbhit kartaa haye.
iss mamle ney kentucky house mein akrosh koo janm diyaa, jabaki yeh sweekaar karate hue kii kentucky (1799) key dusare samvidhaan kii dhaara 23 vyaktiyon koo hathiyar rakhane key adhikaar kii guaranti detee haye. anand" nirnay, iss hudd taka kii yeh chhipe hue hathiyaron seey nipatata thaa, koo kentucky key teesare samvidhaan (1850) mein dhaara 26 key saath samvaidhaanik sanshodhan dwara palat diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen bhavishya mein chhipe hue hathiyaron koo leey jaane parr pratibandh lagaa diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki abhee bhee yeh daavaa kiya gayaa thaa kii rashtramandal kentucky mein apani aur raajya kii raksha mein hathiyaron kaa wahan ack vyaktigat aur saamoohik adhikaar thaa. yeh maanyata, 1891 mein adhiniyamit rashtramandal key chauthe samvidhaan mein, anuchhed 7 mein, aaj taka bunny hui haye, joe "apani aur raajya kii raksha mein hathiyar rakhane key adhikaar kii guaranti detaa haye, joe aam sabhaa kii shakti key adheen haye taaki vyaktiyon koo chhipe hue hathiyar leey jaane seey rokane key liye kaanoon banaae jaa sakein."jaisa kii uttari kentucky kaanoon mein ullekh kiya gayaa haye, dusare sanshodhan kii sameeksha sangoshthih 1980 key dashak mein sangharsh mein adhikaar, khand. 10, naheen. 1, 1982, pee. 155, "hathiyar rakhane key adhikaar" key mudde key parinamswarup raajya kii adalat kaa pahala nirnay "anand banaam. rashtramandal ". adalat ney kahaa kii "nagrikon key apane aur raajya key bachaav mein hathiyar rakhane key adhikaar koo poori tarah seey sanrakshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye..."" yeh pakad advitiya thee kyonki isamen kahaa gayaa thaa kii hathiyar rakhane kaa adhikaar poorna aur ayogya haye."
anand" kaa mahatva baad mein matuse ward key khilaf kentucky mein hatyaa key aarop key khilaf diye gaye bachaav seey bhee dekhaa jaataa haye, jisane 1852 mein ack chhipi hui pistaul nikali aur kaksha mein chestnut khaane key aarop mein apane bhaai key shikshak koo ghaatak roop seey ghayal curr diyaa. ward kii bachaav team mein yuu sahit athaarah vakeel shamil they.aiss. senator johnn crittenden, kentucky key poorv governor aur sanyukt raajya america key poorv attorney general. raksha ney 1854 mein ack daave key madhyam seey safaltapurvak ward kaa bachaav kiya kii "ack aadami koo hathiyar leey jaane kaa adhikaar haye; mujhe bhagwan yaa aadami key kaanoonon mein kuchh bhee pataa naheen haye, joe ise pratibandhit kartaa haye. kentucky kaa samvidhaan aur hamaare adhikaaron kaa vidheyak isaki guaranti detaa haye. vidhaayika ney ack baar ise pratibandhit karane vaalaa ack adhiniyam paarit kiya, lekin ise asamvaidhaanik ghoshit kiya gayaa, aur hamaare sarvocch nyayadhikaran, appeal kii adalat dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa."jaisa kii cornell ney ullekh kiya haye," ward key vakeelon ney "anand" mein aage badhe siddhant kaa laabh uthaaya aur apane muvakkil kii kaarravaai koo hathiyar rakhane key samvaidhaanik adhikaar key jhande key neeche lapet diyaa. ward koo burry curr diyaa gayaa."
"amet vee. raajya ".
amet vee. mein. raajya, "21 varsh. 154, 156 (1840), tenancy sarvocch nyayalaya ney tenancy key 1834 key samvidhaan mein iss guaranti kaa arth lagaaya kii 'iss raajya key swatantra gorey purushon koo apani samanya raksha key liye hathiyar rakhane aur rakhane kaa adhikaar haye.'" "yeh samajhaate hue kii praavdhaan koo sanghiya samvidhaan key dusare sanshodhan key samaan lakshyon key saath apanaaya gayaa thaa, adalat ney likhaah" "shabd 'hathiyar dhaaran karein'... unake sainya upayog kaa sandarbh haye, aur unhein poshak key hisse key roop mein vyakti key baare mein pahanane key liye niyojit naheen kiya gayaa thaa. jiss uddeshya key liye hathiyar rakhane aur dhaaran karane kaa adhikaar surakshit haye, vaha samanya aur saarvajanik prakriti kaa haye, jiska upayog logon dwara ack shareer mein, unaki samanya raksha key liye kiya jaataa haye, isaliye hathiyar, joe rakhane kaa adhikaar surakshit haye, way aise hain joe aamtaur parr sabhya yuddh mein niyojit hotey hain, aur joe samanya sainya upkaran kaa gathan karate hain." 
"nana vee. georgia.
georgia sarvocch nyayalaya ney "nana banaam. georgia "(1 jee. aeye.). (1 kell.) 243 (1846) kii dusare sanshodhan key tahat hathgole parr pratibandh lagaane kaa raajya kaanoon asamvaidhaanik thaa. yeh doosara sanshodhan aadhar parr palat diyaa jaane vaalaa pahala bandook niyantran upaay thaa. kolambiya key jile mein v. heller "(2008), dha yuu.aiss. sarvocch nyayalaya ney kahaa kii "nana", usa tareeke koo poori tarah seey pakad liya jisamen dusare sanshodhan key operative khand ney poorvavarti khand mein ghoshit uddeshya koo aage badhaaya."
poore logon, boodhe aur yuva, purushon, mahilaaon aur ladakon kaa adhikaar, aur kewal milicia kaa naheen, balki harr vivaran key hathiyar rakhane aur dhaaran karane kaa adhikaar, aur naa kii kewal milicia dwara upayog kiye jaane vaale hathiyaron kaa, ullanghan, katauti yaa toda-phod naheen kiya jaayega, aur yeh sub mahatvapurna lakshya praapt karane key liyeh ack achchi tarah seey viniyamit milicia kaa paalan-poshan aur yogyata, joe ack swatantra raajya kii suraksha key liye bahut aavashyak haye. hamari raay haye kii koee bhee kaanoon, raajya yaa sanghiya, samvidhaan key khilaf haye, aur shoonya haye, joe mool roop seey hamaare poorvajon seey sambandhit iss adhikaar kaa ullanghan kartaa haye, jise charles dwara pair neeche raund diyaa gayaa haye. aur unake dou dusht bete aur uttaradhikari, jinhen 1688 kii kranti dwara phir seey sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, upaniveshvadiyon dwara iss swatantrata kii bhoomi taka pahunchaaya gayaa, aur anta mein hamaare apane magna carta mein spasht roop seey shamil kiya gayaa!
"raajya vee. buzzard.
isake vipareet, "raajya v. buzzard "(1842 aark.), arconsus sarvocch nyayalaya ney ack milicia-adharit, raajneetik adhikaar koo apanaaya, raajya kaanoon key tahat hathiyar rakhane key adhikaar koo padhaa, aur arconsus samvidhaan key dusare anuchhed key 21vein khand koo barkarar rakhaa, jisamen ghoshana kii gaee thee, kii "iss raajya key swatantra gorey purushon koo apani samanya raksha key liye hathiyar rakhane aur rakhane kaa adhikaar hoga", jabaki chhipe hue hathiyaron koo leey jaane parr pratibandh lagaane vaale kaanoon koo chunauti dene seey incar curr diyaa. buzzard ney ack chhipa huaa hathiyar leey liya thaa aur "vidhaayika key ack adhiniyam key 13vein khand key adhikaar key aadhar parr abhiyukt khadaa thaa, jisamen kissy bhee vyakti koo pistaul, derk, badaa chaku yaa talwar-ganna hathiyar key roop mein chhipaane parr pratibandh lagaaya gayaa thaa, jaba taka kii yatra parr, jurmaane aur karawas key dund key tahat."justice lessie," "buzzard" "mein ack asahamatipurna raay mein, bahumat key drishtikon koo sankshep mein bataate hue, jisake liye vaha asahmat they, ghoshit kiyaah
kii "ack swatantra raajya kii suraksha key liye ack achchi tarah seey viniyamit milicia aavashyak haye" shabd aur "samanya raksha" shabd inn samvidhaanon key sahee iraade aur arth koo spasht roop seey darshaate hain.ee., aark. aur yuu.aiss.] aur yeh saabit karein kii yeh ack raajneetik adhikaar haye aur ack vyaktigat adhikaar naheen haye, aur nishchit roop seey, raajya koo, apani vidhaayi kshamata mein, ise viniyamit karane aur niyantrit karane kaa adhikaar haih yeh mamla honey key kaaran, logon koo, naa tou vyaktigat roop seey aur naa hii saamoohik roop seey, hathiyar rakhane aur dhaaran karane kaa adhikaar haye.
joel prentice bishap kii prabhaavshaali "vaidhaanik apraadhon key kaanoon parr tippaniyon" (1873) ney buzzard kii milicia-adharit vyakhya koo liya, ack drishtikon jise bishap ney "arconsus siddhant" (kii raajya jiss tarah seey hathiyaron koo leey jaane kaa tarika viniyamit curr sakata haye) key roop mein varnit kiya, americi kaanoon mein hathiyar rakhane key adhikaar key roodhivaadi drishtikon key roop mein.
raajneetik vaigyaanik earl kruske ney "anand" aur "buzzard" donon koo "vyaktigat drishtikon koo darshaane vaale mamle" key roop mein vargeekrit kiya haye."professor eugene volokh ney california kii raajneetik sameeksha mein khulasa kiya kii" "buzzard" "mein ack sahmat raay mein ack bayaan 19veen shatabdi mein hathiyar rakhane aur dhaaran karane key adhikaar key saamoohik adhikaar key drishtikon kaa ekmatra samarthan thaa.
"willson vee. arconsus raajya.
willson vee. arconsus raajya (1878 aark.), arconsus sarvocch nyayalaya ney arconsus raajya key kaanoon key tahat utpann honey vaale ack doshasiddhi seey nipata, joe kissy vyakti koo "apane parisar mein yaa yatra parr honey parr, yaa jaba ack adhikaari key roop mein yaa sahaayata mein kaary kartaa haye", koo chhodkar pistaul leey jaane seey pratibandhit kartaa haye, vahee kaanoon 1848 key "buzzard" nirnay mein sambodhit kiya gayaa thaa.
mukadame mein, willson koo iss adhiniyam key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa aur raajya key sarvocch nyayalaya mein appeal kii gaee. adalat ney raajya key nirnayon kii ack shrinkhala kaa hawala dete hue nichali adalat key faisale koo ulat diyaa, jisane raajya koo ack chhipa huaa hathiyar leey jaane key tareeke koo viniyamit karane kii anumati dee, lekin yeh kii yatra key dauran, yaa jaba ack adhikaari kii sahaayata mein kaary karate samay iss tarah kii kaarravaai koo apane parisar mein pratibandhit karane key mudde parr kaanoon samvaidhaanik roop seey amaanya thaa. willson" nirnay ney "buzzard" mein poorv pakad koo prabhaavi dhang seey ulat diyaa. mukhya nyayadhish angreji dwara likhit raay mein nimnalikhit daavaa shamil thaah
isamen koee sandeh naheen haye kii shaanti key samay, vyaktiyon koo saarvajanik pooja key sthaanon, yaa chunaav aadi mein yuddh key hathiyar pahanane seey pratibandhit kiya jaa sakata haye. lekin nagrik koo apane parisar mein yaa saman key saath desh kii yatra karate samay, yaa ack adhikaari key roop mein yaa usaki sahaayata mein kaary karate samay, yuddh kii bhuja pahanane yaa leey jaane seey pratibandhit karna, usake hathiyar rakhane aur rakhane key samvaidhaanik adhikaar parr ack anuchit pratibandh haye. yadi kaayar aur apmaanjanak loga kabhi-kabhi nihatthe logon koo senaa kii pistaul yaa bandookon seey goli maar dete hain, tou burai koo jail aur fansi seey rokaa jaanaa chaahiye, naa kii samvaidhaanik visheshaadhikaar seey samanya vanchitata seey.
"saleena vee. blexley.
1905 mein, kansas sarvocch nyayalaya, "saleena banaam. blexley, "hathiyar rakhane aur dhaaran karane key adhikaar koo kewal ack" saamoohik adhikaar "key roop mein vyakhya karane vaalaa pahala adalat bunn gayaa. kansas uchch nyayalaya ney ghoshana keeh "kii prashnagat praavdhaan kewal raajya milicia key sadasya key roop mein hathiyar rakhane key adhikaar parr lagu hotaa haye, yaa kaanoon dwara pradaan kiye gaye kissy anya sainya sangathan parr, sanghiya samvidhaan key dusare sanshodhan seey bhee spasht haye, joe kahata haih 'ack achchi tarah seey viniyamit milicia, ack swatantra raajya kii suraksha key liye aavashyak honey key kaaran, logon key hathiyar rakhane aur rakhane key adhikaar kaa ullanghan naheen kiya jaayega.'"
2010 mein, "saleena vee. blexley koo kansas raajya samvidhaan mein ack sanshodhan key paarit honey seey khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa. sanshodhan mein praavdhaan haih
"loga vee. agular ".
2013 mein, ilinois supreme court ney "peepal banaam. aguiller ney kahaa kii ghar key baahar agneyastra leey jaane parr poorna pratibandh dusare sanshodhan kaa ullanghan kartaa haye aur asamvaidhaanik thaa. heller", "mcdonald" aur "moor vee" koo lagu karna. madigan "(ack saatven circuit nirnay), ilinois sarvocch nyayalaya ney aguiller kii doshasiddhi koo palat diyaa, yeh kahate hue kii aatmaraksha kaa adhikaar dusare sanshodhan key mool mein thaa.