
kilaa holl

fort holl paschimi sanyukt raajya america mein ack kilaa thaa jise 1834 mein nathaniel jarvis waith dwara ack farr vyaapaar chauki key roop mein banaaya gayaa thaa. yeh purvi oregan desh mein saamp nadee parr sthit thaa, joe abb dakshinpurvi idaho mein vartamaan bainak county kaa hissa haye. waith boston, massachusets key ack aavishkaarak aur vyavasaayi they, jinhone ack naee vyaapaar aur matsya paalan company kii yojana key hisse key roop mein vartamaan portland, oregan mein fort villium mein ack post kii sthaapana kii. 1837 mein fort vancouver mein sthit shaktishali british hudson kii bey company key saath pratispardha karane mein asamarth, whithe ney donon padon koo usey betch diyaa. grate britten aur sanyukt raajya america donon ney inn varshon mein oregan desh mein kaam kiya.
kanada key saath uttari seema key niptan parr 1846 mein sanyukt raajya kshetra mein shamil honey key baad, fort holl 1850 key dashak key dauran oregan trail parr pravasiyon key liye ack mahatvapurna station key roop mein vikasit huaa; yeh teen sudur paschim pravaasi trails dwara saajha poorv seey samanya hisse key anta mein sthit thaa. fort holl key turant baad, oregan aur california key raaste uttar-paschim aur dakshin-paschim dishaaon mein alag hoe gaye. anumaanit 270,000 pravaasi paschim kii or jaate hue kille key holl mein pahunche. fort holl kaa shahar baad mein poorv mein vikasit huaa, aur pocatello portnewf nadee key dakshin mein vikasit huaa.
1860 key dashak mein, prashant uttar-paschim mein khanan seema key shaharon aur shiviron key liye bhoomi star, daak aur maal dhulai lines key liye kilaa holl pramukh chauki thee. 1870 mein usa kaary koo karane key liye ack nae kille key holl kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa; yeh lagbhag 25 meal uttar poorv mein sthit thaa. yeh uttar-paschim mein stagecoach, daak aur yaatriyon kii raksha kartaa thaa.
fort holl koo sarp nadee ghaati mein sabse mahatvapurna vyaparik chauki maanaa jaataa haye. ise 1867 kii sandhi key tahat bhaaratiya aarakshan key kille key holl mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. isake kissy bhee sthal parr koee imarat naheen bachee haye. puraane kille key holl sthal koo 1961 mein ack rashtriya aitihaasik sthal key roop mein naamit kiya gayaa thaa, aur nayaa kille key holl sthal koo aitihaasik sthaanon key rashtriya register mein soochibaddh kiya gayaa haye.
itihas.
iss kshetra mein lambe samay seey swadeshi logon kii vibhinn sanskritiyaan rahati theen. europeeya muthbhed key samay taka, aitihaasik shoshon aur bainak loga sadiyon seey iss kshetra parr kabja curr rahey they. ise shoshoni mein botude kahaa jaataa thaa. way maidani logon mein seey they jinhone shikaar key khel, vishesh roop seey baisan seey judey apane khanabdosh aur mausami andolan key hisse key roop mein upayog karane key liye ghodon koo apanaaya thaa. americi khojkartaon key aaney seey bahut pahale kanada key francisi trapper aur british vyapariyon ney unake saath vyaapaar kiya thaa.
oregan desh.
1820 key dashak key anta mein, holl jey. boston kii kellie una purushon mein seey thee joe oregan desh mein vaanijyik sambhaavanaon mein ruchi lene lagey, jise baad key ack itihaaskaar ney "saahasik poonji key liye shoshan key kshetra" key roop mein varnit kiya. unhone boston mein burf udyog koo safal banaane vaale ack aavishkaarak aur vyavasaayi nathaniel jarvis with koo uttar-paschim mein ack abhiyaan mein nivesh karane kii apani yojana key liye bharti kiya, jahan way apani kismat banaayenge. unhone 1831 mein ack sanyukt abhiyaan kii yojana banaai, jisamen farr key vyaapaar key liye ack company sthaapit karane aur nyu ingland key codd matsya paalan key pratidvandi key roop mein salmon matsya paalan vikasit karane key iraade seey. abhiyaan key ayojan mein deree hui aur aisaa kabhi naheen huaa.
1832 mein vieth ney ack swatantra abhiyaan key saath apane dumm parr aage badhane kaa faisala kiya. 70-100 purushon kii ack company key saath, unhone willmate nadee (vartamaan portland, oregan kaa hissa) key saath sangam key paas kolambiya nadee parr ack matsya paalan aur vyaparik chauki sthaapit karane kaa irada rakhaa. sambandhit yojanaaen chattani pahaadon mein trappers koo vyaparik saman kii aapoorti karna aur sambhavatah cuba koo niryaat karane key liye vadh aur sookhi baisan kii aapoorti karna thaa. matsya paalan/vyaapaar daak udyam mein ack pramukh niveshak heinry holl they, joe boston firm tucker aind williams aind heinry holl key bhagidar they. farr vyaapaar key alawa, unhone nyu ingland aur havaai koo salmon niryaat karane kii yojana banaai.
1832 mein, benjamin luis yulali dee bonneville aur unaki party ney pahali baar chattani pahaadon key dakshin darre parr vaigan leey liye they. iss maarg kii khoj 1824 mein trappers dwara kii gaee thee. yeh uttari platte nadee ghaati mein vaapas leey gayaa, jise oregan desh key liye ack vaigan sadak dwara poorv koo jodane mein ack pramukh maarg key roop mein vikasit kiya jaa rhaa thaa. platte nadiyaan mukhya parivahan galiyare theen, aur nadee kii ghaatiyon ney vaiganon key liye samtal bhoomi pradaan kii. yeh swatantrata key samay misauri nadee key farr bandargaahon seey jaane kaa maarg thaa aur sent. joseph, misauri. anya pravaasi sent seey shuru hocker bhoomi key oopar chaley gaye. luis, misauri, jahan farr companiyaan aur pravaasi aapurtikarta sthit they.
mool amerikiyon ney dakshini darre key saath-saath ack adhik uttari maarg kaa upayog kiya thaa, jiska unhone oregan aur prashant tata kii apani 1804-1806 yatra key dauran anusaran karane key liye luis aur clark abhiyaan kaa margadarshan kiya thaa. isamen aksar baadhaaen, modd aur switchback hotey they, jisase pravasiyon key liye bojh key aam jaanvaron, vaigan trains, khaccharon aur bailon key liye yeh mushkil hoe jaataa thaa.
1834 mein trappers kaa millen sthal hams kaant key aspas ack ghaas key maidan mein aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, (vartamaan granger, vyoming key paas); vaarshik karyakram pahaadi purushon key beach bikri key avsar they, joe swatantra trapper aur vyaapaari they, aur farr companiyon key agent, joe farr khareedate they aur vyapariyon koo saman kii aapoorti karate they. mulakat kaa ayojan farr companiyon dwara kiya jaataa thaa aur kaee dinon key mamle they joe vyavasaay they, lekin prakriti mein utsav aur sharaab seey tail seey bharey hue they.
purana kilaa holl (1834-1856).
julaai 1834 mein, vieth ney paaya kii chattani pahaadi farr company key bajra sublet key saath apane anubandh key bavjood, mulakat mein isake agents ney unakaa saman sweekaar karane seey incar curr diyaa. unhone kewal agrim aur zabt koo puuraa karane key liye bhugtan kiya, yeh daavaa karate hue kii way vyavasaay koo bhang curr rahey they. waith ney tucker aur williams koo samasyaon key baare mein soochit kiya. choonki unake paas saman kaa bhandar bachaa thaa, isaliye unhone unhein paschim mein saamp nadee key desh (vartamaan dakshin-purvi idaho) jaane aur vahaan vyaapaar karane kii koshish karane key apane iraade key baare mein salah dee. vaha bhaaratiya janjaatiyon koo vyaapaar key liye bhains key vastra laane key liye pahale seey hii sandesh bhej rhaa thaa.
waith aur unaki party ney paschim kii yatra kii aur portnewf key muhaane key paas saamp taka pahunch gaye. unhone kille key holl mein lakadi key bhandar kaa nirmaan kiya. vieth ney kille kaa naam ack pramukh abhiyaan niveshak, heinry holl key naam parr rakhaa. unhone 31 julaai, 1834 koo kille key chaaron or ack pulliced samaapt kiya; yeh oregan desh key usa kshetra mein europeeya amerikiyon kii ekmatra chauki thee.
sanyukt raajya america aur grate britten key beach oregan seema vivaad key kaaran, yeh kshetra niptan aur aarthik gatividhi key liye khula thaa, lekin kissy bhee aupchaarik daave key liye naheen. vyavhaar mein, hudson kii bey company ney iss kshetra mein vyaapaar parr ack prabhaavi ekadhikar banaae rakhaa. british company ney kolambiya nadee key jalvibhaajak koo niyantrit kiya. isane swatantra trapper-trader pahaadi purushon koo bund curr diyaa aur sent mein aayojit badee americi bhoomi parr farr vyaapaar companiyon key laabh margine mein gambhir roop seey katauti kii. lui. hudson kii bey company aur americi farr company key saath johnn jacob estore key lagbhag americi farr vyapariyon key ekadhikar key beach, naee companiyan niyamit roop seey apane pahale aadhe dashak mein whiffle raheen. adhikansh pahaadi logon ney badee companiyon key anubandh key tahat kaam karna shuru curr diyaa thaa.
jaba kilaa puuraa hoe gayaa, tou waith apane abhiyaan key sadasyon key saath kolambiya nadee kii or badhe. vilamet ghaati mein methodist mission shuru karane key liye jaate samay unakaa saamana methodist missionary jayson lii seey huaa. ack baar jaba waith nichale kolambiya mein pahunch gaye, tou unhone kolambiya parr 'kalpana' kiye gaye 'niyamit millen sthal' key roop mein kaam karane key liye villium kille kaa nirmaan kiya.
aich. bee. see. varshon seey saamp key desh mein funce rhaa thaa. fort bois mein apani vyaparik chauki kaa upayog karate hue, isane vieth kii company koo vyavasaay seey baahar curr diyaa, aur unhone fort holl koo aich. bee. see. koo betch diyaa. farr bajar kaa shikhar pahale hii beet chuka thaa, kyonki adhik trapping key kaaran farr kii kamee hoe rahee thee aur swaad mein parivartan key kaaran europeeya maang mein girawat aaee thee.
shramikon koo rakhane key liye sangharsh karane aur paryaapt paisa kamaane mein whiffle rahane key baad, agast 1837 mein, vayath ney apane donon kilon koo hudson kii bey company (aich. bee. see.) koo betch diyaa. yeh columbia nadee parr fort vancouver mein apane mukhyalaya seey oregan desh (jise way columbia jilaa yaa columbia vibhaag kahate they) mein adhikansh farr vyaapaar koo niyantrit kartaa thaa. choonki angrej oregan mein americi agradoot naheen chaahte they, isaliye fort holl mein nae sthaapit aich. bee. see. prabandhakon ney agraduton koo hatotsaahit kiya. unhone nae pravasiyon koo pahale key pravasiyon key parityakt vaigan dikhaae jinhone apane bail khou diye they. unhein kissy bhee shesh gharelu janwar key saath paidal aage badhane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa.
oregan pravaas.
1843 mein, marcus whitman, ack missionary, jinhone vartamaan mein washington key vaalaa vaalaa key paas ack mission sthaapit kiya thaa, ney angrejon key hatotsaahit honey key bavjood, fort holl seey paschim kii or ack vaigan train kaa netritva kiya. jaba unaki report poorv mein vaapas aaee tou desh bhar mein prakat niyati mein vishvaas karane vaalon kii vistaarvaadi mansikta key beach, basane vaalon kii sankhya mein saal darr saal vriddhi honey luggy.
basane vaalon koo rashtrapati kii rajneeti seey majboot kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen loktantravadiyon ney "oregan prashn" key samadhan kii maang kii thee aur sanyukt raajya america aur kanada key beach aaj kii seema key uttar mein ack seema kaa prastaav rakhaa thaa. chunaav varsh key naare aur kharaab press, yuu parr loktaantrik baazon kaa niyantran.aiss. vidhaansabhaaon, farr bajar kii maang mein bhaari kamee, aur anta mein mexico dwara apane vidrohi raajya texas key vilay parr yuddh kii ghoshana, inn sabhi kaa rajanyik jhagadon koo badhaava dene aur anta mein senate key saamane ack prashaasan-praayojit sandhi rakhane kaa ack twarit prabhaav padaa, jisane vartamaan seema nirdhaarit kii, jahaan ise yuddhakaaleen congress key satra key tahat jaldi seey apanaaya gayaa thaa. kissy ney bhee apane dalon yaa rashtrapati koo sharminda karane kaa koee kaaran naheen dekhaa, aur vyaapak roop seey alag-alag bhaugolik theatres mein dou yuddh ladanaa betuka thaa. sandhi ney 1846 mein paschim kii or badhane vaale basane vaalon key visfot koo janm diyaa, aur ilinois aur misauri mein morman palayan pahale hii shuru hoe chuka thaa. yuu.aiss. gasht bhejane aur sadak kii suraksha key liye senaa balon koo niyukt kiya gayaa thaa.
baad key varshon mein, pravaasi vaigan trains kii sankhya mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi hui kyonki logon kaa paschim kii or palayan badh gayaa. kille kaa holl saikadon hajaaron pravasiyon key liye raaste key saath ack swaagat yogya padaav bunn gayaa. yeh pahaadi purushon aur kshetra key mool amerikiyon, vishesh roop seey shoshon key liye ack mahatvapurna vyaparik chauki key roop mein jaari rhaa.
1846 mein, oregan sandhi ney grate britten (kanada) aur sanyukt raajya america key beach uttar-paschim mein seemaon koo taya kiya; fort holl koo yuu. aiss. key bheetar shamil kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. aur usake kshetra. 1849 seey 1850 taka, chhaavani lorring, aeye yuu.aiss. sainya shivir, kilaa holl seey nadee key neeche sthit thaa. isaki senaa koo oregan maarg kii raksha key liye saunpa gayaa thaa, lekin lambi doori kii aapoorti kathinaaiyon key kaaran shivir koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaa. isake bajaay senaa ney 1855 key baad pratyek garmiyon key dauran kille key holl taka kii pagadandi kii raksha key liye oregan seey abhiyaan bheje, kyonki pravaas jaari rhaa.
grihyuddh aur usake baad.
1861 mein grihyuddh key shuru honey key saath, pravaasi yatayat mein girawat aaee aur senaa ney kille key holl koo chhod diyaa. yeh sangh senaa key swayamsevi sainikon dwara kuchh samay key liye kabja curr liya gayaa thaa. saanp nadee key baadh key paani ney 1863 mein puraane kille key holl koo bahaa diyaa. 1864 mein mool kille key holl key thheek uttar mein spring creak parr kille key holl kaa punarnirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. puraane kille koo nae kileband munch station key nirmaan key liye alag curr diyaa gayaa thaa. agale varsh, iss sthal koo chhod diyaa gayaa. swayamsevi sanic 1866 taka shivir lander mein chaley gaye. yeh mool kille key holl key dakshin-poorv mein, namak jheel aur bois sadakon key sangam parr sthit thaa.
1867 mein, sanyukt raajya america ney visthaapit bois aur bruno shoshon key liye fort holl bhaaratiya aarakshan kii sthaapana kii, jisamen sthaaniya shoshon aur bannock koo 1868 kii sandhi key tahat shamil kiya gayaa thaa. europeeya-americi basane vaalon dwara apane kshetra parr atikraman key varshon kaa saamana karna padaa thaa. kille key holl kaa shahar purani vyaparik chauki aur kille key poorv mein vikasit huaa; donon aarakshan key bheetar hain. 1961 mein, mool kille key holl key sthal, jise ack smaarak dwara chihnit kiya gayaa haye, koo rashtriya aitihaasik sthal ghoshit kiya gayaa thaa.
mool kille key holl kii ack pratikriti kaa nirmaan 1960 key dashak mein lagbhag door pocatello mein kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh ack saarvajanik sangrahalaya key roop mein sanchaalit haye.
nayaa kilaa holl.
27 maee, 1870 koo yuu.aiss. senaa ney linken khaadi parr ack aur sainya kilaa holl kaa nirmaan kiya, joe saamp nadee key poorv mein aur puraane kille key holl key lagbhag uttar-poorv mein thaa. capton james edward putnam aur sainikon kii ack company ney naee suvidha kaa nirmaan kiya. stagecoach yaatriyon, yuu kii raksha key liye senaa key sainikon koo tainaat kiya gayaa thaa.aiss. daak, aur uttar-paschim mein khanan kshetron mein jaane vaale shramik. senaa ney 11 juuna 1883 koo kille koo chhod diyaa.
sanghiya sarkaar ney bhoomi aur bairakon koo bhaaratiya mamalon key beuro (bee. aaee. aeye.) koo sthanantarit curr diyaa, jisane imaraton koo ack bhaaratiya boarding school key roop mein anukoolit kiya. yeh unnisvin shatabdi key anta mein mool americi bachchon kii angreji bhasha aur europeeya-americi sanskriti seekhane key liye visarjan shiksha key liye aavaasiya schools kii sthaapana key liye ack andolan kaa hissa thaa. imaraton koo antatah aarakshan key bheetar ross fork creak mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa.
mool imaraton mein seey koee bhee kissy bhee sthaan parr naheen haye; 1870 kaa sthal aitihaasik sthaanon key rashtriya register mein bhee soochibaddh haye.

