
paadari varg key laabh

angreji kaanoon mein, paadari varg kaa laabh (kaanoon laitinah visheshaadhikaar paadari) mool roop seey ack praavdhaan thaa jisake dwara kissy aparaadh key aaropi paadari yeh daavaa curr sakate they kii way dharmnirpeksh adalaton key adhikaar kshetra seey baahar they aur isake bajaay cannon kaanoon key tahat ack church kii adalat mein mukadama chalaaya jaa sakata thaa. church kii adalaton koo aam taur parr apane abhiyojan aur dund mein adhik udaar honey key roop mein dekhaa jaataa thaa, aur prativaadiyon dwara paadari kaa darja paane key liye kaee prayaas kiye gaye they, aksar sandigdh yaa dhokhadhadi key aadhar parr.
vibhinn sudhaaron ney isake durupyog koo rokane key liye iss kanuni vyavastha key dayare koo seemit curr diyaa, jisamen kuchh key liye ahwan kii sankhya koo seemit karane key liye pahale upayog parr angoothe kii branding shamil haye. antatah, paadari varg kaa laabh ack kanuni kalpana mein vikasit huaa jisamen pahali baar aparaadhi kuchh apraadhon (tathaakathit "paadari varg") key liye cumm sajaa praapt curr sakate they. united kingdam mein 1827 mein aaparaadhik kaanoon adhiniyam 1827 key paarit honey key saath kanuni tantra koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
mool.
jaba roman samrajya isai dharm mein parivartit hoe gayaa, tou isake samraton ney maulaviyon aur vishesh roop seey bishapon koo kanuni visheshaadhikaar jaari kiye, jisase unhein nagrik abhiyojan seey kuchh hudd taka chhoot millie. praarambhik madhya yug mein, cannon kaanoon ney aaparaadhik mamalon sahit iss visheshaadhikaar kii degree kaa vistaar kiya. ingland mein, iss parampara koo kewal aanshik roop seey sweekaar kiya gayaa thaa. 12veen shatabdi seey pahale, paaramparik angreji vidhi nyayalayon kii adhyakshata sanyukt roop seey ack bishap aur ack sthaaniya dharmnirpeksh magistrate dwara kii jaati thee. 
haalaanki, 1164 mein, heinry dwiteeya ney clarendon key samvidhaanon koo jaari kiya, jisane adalaton kii ack naee pranali sthaapit kii, joe poori tarah seey shaahi pradhikaran dwara nirnay detee thee. assize ney raajaa aur canterbury key archbishop thomas becket key beach ack shakti sangharsh koo chhuaa. becket ney jore dekar kahaa kii inn dharmnirpeksh adalaton kaa paadari varg parr koee adhikaar kshetra naheen haye kyonki paadari varg kaa visheshaadhikaar haye kii unhein ack church kii adalat key alawa aparaadh key liye aaropit yaa mukadama naheen chalaaya jaae. 1170 mein heinry key chaar shurveeron dwara sanket kii hatyaa key baad, janata kii bhavna raajaa key khilaf hoe gaee aur vaha church key saath samjhauta karane key liye majboor hoe gayaa. everanch key samjhaute key hisse key roop mein, heinry koo becket kii hatyaa mein kissy bhee aparaadh seey mukt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin vaha iss baat seey sahmat they kii dharmnirpeksh adalaton, kuchh apvaadon key saath (uchch rajdroh unamen seey ack thaa, aur vann kaanoon doosara), paadari varg parr koee adhikaar kshetra naheen thaa.
dukhi.
sabse pahale, paadari varg key laabh kii guhaar lagaane key liye, kissy koo adalat key saamane pesh honah padata thaa aur anyatha church kii poshak pahanana padata thaa. samay key saath, paadari varg key iss pramaan koo ack saksharta pareekshan dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaah prativaadiyon ney lattin bible seey padhkar apani paadari sthiti kaa pradarshan kiya. isase sakshar samanya prativaadiyon key liye bhee paadari varg key laabh kaa daavaa karane kaa dwaar khul gayaa. 1351 mein, edward III key tahat, iss khamiyon koo kaanoon mein aupchaarik roop diyaa gayaa thaa, aur paadari varg kaa laabh aadhikarik taur parr una sabhi logon taka badhaaya gayaa thaa joe padh sakate they. udaaharan key liye, angreji natakkar bayne johnson ney 1598 mein jaba maanav vadh kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa tou paadari varg seey laabh kii guhaar lagaakar fansi seey bachaa. massachusets kii british coloney mein, 1770 key boston narsamhar mein maanav vadh key doshi thaharaae gaye dou sainikon koo paadari varg key laabh key tahat fansi seey bachaa diyaa gayaa thaa, lekin bhavishya mein kissy bhee hatyaa key mamle mein unhein adhikaar kaa ahwan karane seey rokane key liye unake daahine angoothe kii branding seey gujarna padaa (neeche tudor sudhaar dekhein).
anaupchaarik roop seey, khaamiyan aur bhee badee theen, kyonki saksharta pareekshan key liye paaramparik roop seey upayog kiya jaane vaalaa bibil kaa ansh, uchit roop seey, bhajan 51 (vulgate aur septuagent sankhya key anusaar bhajan 50) kaa teesara schlock thaa, "kashishere meii, duce, secondum cashishicordium tum" ("haye bhagwan, mujh parr dayaa karein, apani haardik dayaa key anusaar"). iss prakaar, ack anpadh vyakti jisane upayukt bhajan koo yaad kiya thaa, vaha paadari varg key laabh kaa bhee daavaa curr sakata thaa, aur bhajan 51:3 koo "gardan kii aayat" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa kyonki yeh jaanane seey kissy key mamle koo ack dharmnirpeksh adalat seey sthanantarit karke kissy kii gardan koo bachaaya jaa sakata haye, jahaan fansi ack sambhaavit sajaa thee, ack church kii adalat mein, jahaan mukadame key tareeke aur diye gaye vaakya donon adhik udaar they.
paadari varg key laabh koo aam taur parr nyaayik dayaa key saadhan key roop mein lagu kiya jaataa thaah elizabethan ingland mein, adaalaten 90 pratishat seey adhik paadari varg key apraadhiyon koo paadari varg key laabh kii anumati dey sakati hain, joe usa avadhi kii saksharta darr seey kaheen adhik thee. yadi paadari varg key laabh kaa daavaa karane vaale prativaadi koo vishesh roop seey mrityu key yogya maanaa jaataa thaa, tou adaalaten kabhi-kabhi usey bible seey ack alag ansh padhane key liye kahati theen; yadi, adhikansh prativaadiyon kii tarah, vaha anpadh thaa aur usane kewal bhajan 51 koo yaad kiya thaa, tou vaha aisaa karane mein asamarth hoga aur usey maut kii sajaa dee jaayegi.
church kii adalaton mein, mukadame kaa sabse aam roop sanyojan dwara thaa. yadi prativaadi ney apani begunahi kii shapath lii aur baarah "compurgator" koo apane vishvaas key samaan shapath lene key liye paaya kii aaropi nirdosh thaa, tou usey burry curr diyaa gayaa. ack church kii adalat dwara doshi thaharaae gaye vyakti koo nirast kiya jaa sakata haye aur sajaa key liye dharmnirpeksh adhikaariyon koo vaapas kiya jaa sakata haye; lekin angreji church kii adaalaten teji seey udaar hoe gaeen, aur 15 veen shatabdi taka, inn adalaton mein adhikansh doshasiddhi key kaaran praayashchit kii sajaa hoe gaee.
tudor yug key sudhaar.
church kii adalaton mein iss narmi key parinamswarup, paadari varg key laabh key durupyog seey nipatane key liye kaee sudhaar kiye gaye. 1488 mein, heinry VII ney faisala sunaaya kii gair-paadari koo kewal ack baar paadari varg key laabh kii guhaar lagaane kii anumati dee jaani chaahieh joe paadari varg key laabh kii guhaar lagaate hain, lekin apane pavitra aadeshon key dastavejikaran key madhyam seey saabit karane mein saksham naheen hain kii way vaastav mein paadari they, angoothe parr brand kiya gayaa thaa, aur brand ney unhein bhavishya mein paadari varg key laabh kii guhaar lagaane seey ayogya ghoshit curr diyaa thaa. (1547 mein, paadari varg key laabh kaa daavaa karane kaa visheshaadhikaar raajya key sathiyon, yahaan taka kii anpadh logon koo bhee ack seey adhik baar diyaa gayaa thaa.) 
1512 mein, heinry VIII ney kuchh apraadhon koo "aprasangik" aparaadh banaakar paadari varg key laabh koo aur pratibandhit curr diyaa; kaanoonon key shabdon mein, way "paadari varg key laabh key binaa aparaadh" they. 1514 mein pope leo aiks dwara paanchvin paarshv parishad mein iss pratibandh kii ninda kii gaee thee, aur parinami vivaad (jisamen lord cheef justice aur canterbury key archbishop donon shamil hoe gaye) una muddon mein seey ack thaa joe heinry VIII koo 1532 mein catholic church seey ingland key church koo vibhajit karane kaa kaaran baney.
1512 key kaanoon ney hatyaon aur apraadhon key liye paadari varg key laabh kii upalabdhata koo seemit curr diyaa joe "pahale seey kiye gaye dwesh" key kaaran hue they. 1530 key ack kaanoon ney paadari varg koo doosari baar laabh kii anumati kewal tabhi dee jaba doosari sajaa "sanyog seey maanav hatyaa key liye thee, aur pahale seey hii dwesh kii hatyaa key liye naheen thee", lekin ise "mamuli rajdroh, hatyaa yaa aparaadh" key liye pratibandhit curr diyaa. 16veen shatabdi key anta taka, aprasangik apraadhon kii soochi mein hatyaa, balatkar, jahar, chhota rajdroh, apavitrata, jaadoo-toone, chori, churchon seey chori aur jeb mein loot shamil they. 1533 mein paadari varg key laabh koo una logon seey vaapas leey liya gayaa jinhone ack yachika daayar karane seey incar curr diyaa thaa.
1575 mein, elizabeth pratham key ack kaanoon ney paadari varg key laabh key prabhaav koo maulik roop seey badal diyaa. jabaki isase pahale, ack mukadame seey pahale laabh kaa anurodh kiya gayaa thaa kii mamle koo ack church kii adalat mein sthanantarit kiya jaae, naee pranali key tahat paadari varg key laabh kaa anurodh doshasiddhi key baad kiya gayaa thaa, lekin sajaa dene seey pahale, aur isane doshasiddhi koo radd naheen kiya, balki sajaa koo badal diyaa pahali baar key apraadhiyon key liye sambhaavit fansi seey branding aur ack saal kii jail taka.
baad mein vikas.
iss bindu taka, paadari varg key laabh koo church key adhikaar kshetra key visheshaadhikaar seey ack aise tantra mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa jisake dwara pahali baar aparaadhi kuchh apraadhon key liye aanshik kshama praapt curr sakate they. 17veen aur 18veen shatabdi mein kaanoon ney una prativaadiyon kii sankhya koo aur badhaa diyaa joe paadari varg key laabh kii guhaar lagaa sakate they, lekin aisaa karane key laabh koo cumm curr diyaa.
mahilaaon ney 1624 mein paadari varg kaa laabh praapt kiya, halanki 1691 taka unhein iss mamle mein purushon key samaan visheshaadhikaar naheen diye gaye they. (udaaharan key liye, 1691 seey pahale, yadi mahilaaen 10 shilling seey cumm moolya key saman kii chori key liye doshi thahara dee jaati hain, tou way paadari varg key laabh kii guhaar lagaa sakati hain, jabaki purush 40 shilling taka kii chori key liye paadari varg kii guhaar lagaa sakate hain.) kaee samkaaleen kanuni vidvaanon kii raay mein, ack yahudi jisane yahudi dharm kaa tyag naheen kiya thaa, paadari varg key laabh kaa daavaa naheen curr sakata thaa.
1706 mein, pathan pareekshan koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur yeh laabh pahali baar cumm apraadhon key sabhi apraadhiyon key liye upalabdh hoe gayaa thaa. iss beach, badhati aparaadh darr ney sansad koo paadari varg key laabh seey kaee mamuli sampatti apraadhon koo baahar karane key liye prerit kiya. antatah, ghar todana, 5 shilling seey adhik moolya kaa dukaan seey saman chori karna, aur bhed aur maveshiyon kii chori sabhi paadari varg key laabh key binaa aparaadh bunn gaye aur tathaakathit "khooni sanhita" key tahat apane apraadhiyon koo swachaalit roop seey maut kii sajaa arjit kii. nyayadhishon ney abhiyukton koo bhajan 51 key alawa ack anya paath padhane key liye kahane kaa vivekadhikar banaae rakhaa, jisamen unhein sandeh thaa kii visheshaadhikaar kaa durupyog kiya jaa rhaa haye.
jaba 1706 mein saksharta pariksha koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, tou paadari varg kaa laabh uthaane kaa anurodh karane vaalon koo dee jaane vaali cumm sajaa koo badhaakar 6-24 maheenon kii kadee mehnat curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1718 key parivahan adhiniyam key tahat, jinhone paadari varg seey laabh kaa anurodh kiya, unhein uttari america mein saat saal key nirvaasan kii sajaa hoe sakati haye. americi kranti (1775-1783) ney iss sajaa key anuprayog koo baadhit curr diyaa (haalaanki 1770 key boston narsamhar mein apani bhoomika key liye doshi thaharaae gaye dou british sainikon ney cumm sajaa praapt karane key liye paadari varg key laabh kaa upayog kiya). 1779 mein branding key unmoolan key saath, paadari varg kaa laabh abb jyaadaatar mamalon mein ack vikalp naheen thaa. halanki parivahan australia mein sthanantarit hoe gayaa, lekin yeh varshon kii avadhi yaa jeevan bhar key liye parivahan key seedhe vaakyon kaa upayog karke kiya jaane lagaa.
1823 mein dou adhiniyamon dwara grate britten aur ireland key united kingdam mein paadari varg key laabh koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa, aur sansad ney aaparaadhik kaanoon adhiniyam 1827 key saath paadari varg key laabh koo aupchaarik roop seey samaapt curr diyaa thaa. iss adhiniyam kii prabhavsheelta key baare mein kuchh sandeh thaa, aur 1841 mein ack antim adhiniyam paarit kiya gayaa thaa, jisase sabhi sandeh door hoe gaye they (kaanoon 4 aur 5 vein vict. see. 22, 2 juuna 1841).
sanyukt raajya america mein, 1790 key aparaadh adhiniyam kii dhaara 31 ney poonji mamalon mein sanghiya adalaton seey laabh koo samaapt curr diyaa, lekin yeh 19veen shatabdi key madhya taka kuchh raajya adalaton mein achchi tarah seey jeevit rhaa (udaaharan key liye, dakshin carolina ney 1855 mein paadari varg key prativaadi laabh koo pradaan kiya, aur raajya key sangh key samvidhaan ney rajdroh key mamalon mein laabh koo pratibandhit kiya). kaee raajyon aur county ney ghoshana, kaanoon yaa nyaayik nirnay dwara paadari laabh koo samaapt curr diyaa haye; anya mein, yeh aupchaarik unmoolan key binaa upayog mein naheen aaya haye. haalaanki, rode dweep ney 2013 taka ise devdaanon key saath, aur chhote rajdroh aur hatyaa key beach key antar koo samaapt naheen kiya thaa.

