
ethiopia mein yahoodiyon kaa itihas

ethiopia mein yahoodiyon kaa itihas ethiopia mein una logon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye joe yahudi dharm kaa abhyaas karate hain yaa yahudi vansh key hotey hain. yeh itihas sahasraabdiyon purana haye. ethiopia mein sabse badaa yahudi samooh beeta israel haye, jise ethiopian yahoodiyon key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. beeta israel kii shaakhaon mein beeta abraham aur falaish muraa, ethiopian yahudi shamil hain jinhen isai dharm mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jinamen seey kuchh yahudi dharm mein vaapas aaa gaye hain. adis ababa adani yahoodiyon key ack chhote seey samudaay kaa ghar haye. chabad adees ababa mein bhee apani upasthiti banaae rakhta haye.
aitihaasik.
raajneetik swatantrata (chauthi shatabdi-1632).
beeta israel parampara key anusaar, beeta israel kaa yahudi raajya, jise baad mein gonder kaa raajya kahaa gayaa, shuru mein 325 esvi mein ezaanaa koo akshatantu key samrat key roop mein taaj pahanaaya gayaa thaa. ejana, jinhen bachpan mein missionary frumentius dwara shikshit kiya gayaa thaa, ney taaj pahanaaya jaane key baad isai dharm koo ethiopian samrajya kaa dharm ghoshit kiya. yahudi dharm kaa abhyaas karane vaale aur isai dharm mein parivartit honey seey incar karane vaale nivaasiyon ney vidroh karna shuru curr diyaa; iss samooh koo samrat dwara "beeta israel" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa thaa. yahudi aabaadi aur isai aabaadi key beach grih yuddh key baad, beeta israel ney yaa tou uttari paschimi ethiopia yaa uttari sudan key purvi kshetra mein ack swatantra raajya banaaya haye. 13veen shatabdi taka, beeta israel pahale seey hii maidani ilaakon key isaikrit kshetra key uttar-paschim mein adhik aasaani seey rakshaatmak pahaadon mein chalaa gayaa thaa. yeh raajya ardh-parvatiya kshetra aur dembia kshetra mein sthit thaa-joe taanaa jheel key uttar mein aur takes nadee key dakshin mein sthit thaa. unhone gonder mein apana mukhya shahar banaaya, apane pahale raajaa, feena koo taaj pahanaaya, joe yahudi mahayajak sadok key vanshaj they, aur poorv aur dakshin kii or kshetriya vistaar kii avadhi shuru kii.
9veen shatabdi key madhya key dauran, aksam key samrajya ney ack nayaa vistaar shuru kiya, jisake kaaran samrajya balon aur beeta israel balon key beach ack sashastr sangharsh huaa. raajaa gideon IV key adheen beeta israel raajya akshatantu balon koo haraane mein kamyab rhaa. yuddh key dauran, raajaa gideon chaturth maaraa gayaa thaa. natijatan, gideon kii betty judith koo apane pitaa seey raajya viraasat mein milaa aur usane kamaan sambhali.
raani judith ney agaav janjaatiyon key saath ack samjhaute parr hastakshar kiye joe moortipoojak they. 960 key aspas, raani judith key netritva mein badey sangh, jisamen agaav janjaatiyon kii donon senaayen aur beeta israel senaayen shamil theen, ney rajdhani exum parr aakraman kiya, ise jeet liya aur nasht curr diyaa (jisamen kaee church aur mathh shamil they jinhen jalaa diyaa gayaa thaa aur nasht curr diyaa gayaa thaa) aur exum parr yahudi shasson lagu curr diyaa. isake alawa, akshatantu simhaasan chheen liya gayaa aur raani judith kii senaaon ney dibre daamo mathh koo loot liya aur jalaa diyaa, joe usa samay ethiopia key samrat key purush rishtedaron key liye ack khajaana aur jail thaa, jisamen samrat key sabhi sambhaavit uttaradhikari maare gaye.
ethiopian parampara key anusaar, beeta israel raajya kaa swarn yug una varshon key beach huaa, jisamen yahudi raajya falaa-phoola. usa avadhi key dauran, vishva key yahoodiyon ney pahali baar eldad haa-daani kii kahaaniyan suneen, jinhone yaa tou raajya kaa daura kiya yaa apane yahudi raajya key charvaahon mein isake kaee vivaran suney. yahaan taka kii tudela key marco polo aur benjamin ney bhee usa avadhi key lekhan mein ack swatantra ethiopian yahudi raajya kaa ullekh kiya haye. yeh avadhi isai solomonic rajvansh key uday key saath samaapt hoti haye; 1270 mein ack raajaa key taaj key baad rajvansh koo "bahaal" kiya gayaa thaa, jisane ekal shaahi rajkumar seey vansh kaa daavaa kiya thaa joe raani judith key vidroh seey bachane mein kamyab rhaa thaa. agali teen shataabdiyon key liye, solomonic rajvansh key samraton ney yahudi raajya key saath sashastr takraav kii kaee lambi shrinkhalaaen sanchaalit keen.
1329 mein, samrat aamada seyon ney uttar-paschimi praanton semine, vejera, tselemt, tsegede aur dembia mein abhiyaan chalaaya, jisamen kaee yahudi dharm mein parivartit hoe rahey they aur jahaan beeta israel pramukhta praapt curr rhaa thaa. unhone vahaan "yahoodiyon kii tarah" logon seey ladane key liye sainikon koo bheja (gezah <unk> "kaama ayhud"). iss samay ack ekikrit beeta israel prabhutva key liye koee saboot naheen haye. yahudi samoohon koo titar-bitar kiya gayaa, raajneetik roop seey vibhajit kiya gayaa, kuchh samrat key saath sambaddh they.
samrat yashaq (1414-1429), jinake beeta israel key beach sahayogi they, ney yahudi raajya parr aakraman kiya, ise apane saath jodd liya aur dhaarmik dabaav dalna shuru curr diyaa. yashaq ney yahudi raajya key kabje vaale kshetron koo teen praanton mein vibhajit kiya, joe unake dwara niyukt ayukton dwara niyantrit they. unhone yahoodiyon kii samajik sthiti koo isaaiyon seey cumm curr diyaa aur yahoodiyon koo apani bhoomi badalane yaa khone key liye majboor kiya. ise "rist" key roop mein diyaa jaayega, ack prakaar kii bhoomi yogyata joe ise praaptakarta dwara hamesha key liye viraasat mein praapt karane yogya banaati haye aur samrat dwara hastantaraniya naheen hoti haye. yashaq ney adesh diyaa, "joe isai dharm mein bapatisma letaa haye, vaha apane pitaa kii bhoomi kaa uttaradhikari hoe sakata haye, anyatha usey" falisi "honey dein."yeh" "falasha" "(" "falasha", "" "bhatakane vaalaa", "yaa" "bhumihin vyakti" ") shabd kii utpatti hoe sakati haye. iss shabd koo ethiopian yahoodiyon key liye apmaanjanak maanaa jaataa haye.
1435 mein, ferrara key eliah ney apane bachchon koo likhe ack patra mein jerusalam mein ack ethiopian yahudi seey mulakat kaa varnan kiya. usa vyakti ney usey isai abyssinian key saath apane swatantra rashtra key chala rahey sangharsh key baare mein bataaya; usane apane vishvaas key kuchh pramukhon koo rille kiya, joe, ferrara ney nishkarsh nikala, carite aur rabbik yahudi dharm key beach santulit thaa. unake loga talmud seey parichit naheen they aur hanukka kaa paalan naheen karate they, lekin unake cannon mein esther kii pustak thee aur unake paas torah kii maukhik vyakhya thee. ferrara ney aage darj kiya kii unaki apani bhasha thee, kii unaki bhoomi seey yatra chhah maheene taka chully, aur bibil kii gojan nadee unaki seemaon key bheetar paaee gaee thee.
1450 taka, yahudi raajya una kshetron koo vaapas lene mein kamyab rhaa joe usane pahale khou diye they aur samrat kii senaaon seey ladane kii taiyari shuru curr dee thee. beeta israel balon ney 1462 mein ethiopian samrajya parr aakraman kiya, lekin abhiyaan khou diyaa, aur isake kaee sainya bull maare gaye. baad mein, ethiopian samrat kii senaaon ney begemer key kshetra mein raajya parr aakraman kiya, aur saat varshon kii avadhi key dauran usa kshetra mein kaee yahoodiyon kaa narsamhar kiya. samrat zaaraa yakub (shasson 1434-1468) ney garv seey apane naam parr "yahoodiyon key samhaarak" kii upaadhi bhee jodee. haalaanki baad mein raajya kaa kshetra kaafee chhota hoe gayaa, lekin yahudi antatah apane parvatiya raajya koo bahaal karane mein saksham hoe gaye.
16veen shatabdi mein, misra key mukhya rabbi, david bayne soloman ibn abii jimra (jise radbaaz, ca.1479-1573 bhee kahaa jaataa haye) ney ghoshana kii kii "halkha" key sandarbh mein ethiopian beeta israel samudaay jaatiya roop seey yahudi hain.
1529 seey 1543 key beach, musalman adal saltanat senaaon ney ottoman samrajya kii senaaon kii sahaayata seey, ethiopian samrajya seey ladaai ladee, aur ethiopia koo haraane aur apane vishayon koo islam mein parivartit karane key karib aaa gaee. usa samay key dauran, yahoodiyon ney ethiopian samrajya key saath ack samjhauta kiya. beeta israel samrajya key netaaon ney yuddh key dauran apana gathbandhan badal diyaa aur muslim adal saltanat senaaon kaa samarthan karna shuru curr diyaa. haalaanki, adal saltanat kii senaayen samarthan key iss prastaav koo nazarandaj karane key liye paryaapt majboot mahsoos karati theen, aur isake kaee sadasyon koo maar daala. natijatan, beeta israel samrajya key netaaon ney ethiopian samrajya aur unake sahyogiyon kii or rukh kiya, aur unake khilaf ladaai jaari rakhee. unhone yahudi samrajya key vibhinn kshetron parr vijay praapt kii, isaki arthavyavastha koo gambhir roop seey kshatigrast curr diyaa, aur adal saltanat seey haarne vaale kshetron koo vaapas jeetane mein unaki sahaayata kaa anurodh kiya. ethiopian samrajya kii taakaten antatah musalmaanon koo jeetane aur ahmed koo ethiopia parr vijay praapt karane seey rokane mein safal raheen. phir bhee, ethiopian-adal yuddh key dauran yahudi netaaon key padon mein badalaav koo unake auchitya key roop mein dete hue, ethiopian isai samrajya ney yahudi raajya key khilaf yuddh ghoshit karane kaa faisala kiya. jesuits key crum seey purtagaali balon kii sahaayata seey, samrat jelavdevas key shasson key tahat, ethiopian samrajya ney yahudi raajya parr aakraman kiya, aur yahudi raajaa joram koo maar daala. iss yuddh key parinamswarup, raajya key kshetra kaafee chhote hoe gaye, aur abb kewal ardh-parvat kshetra shamil hoe gaye.
raajaa joram key nishpaadan key baad, raajaa redi beeta israel raajya kaa netaa bunn gayaa. raajaa radia ney ethiopian samrajya key khilaf bhee ladaai ladee, jiss parr usa samay samrat menas kaa shasson thaa. yahudi raajya kii senaayen raajya key dakshin kshetra koo jeetane mein kamyab raheen, aur ardh-parvaton mein apani raksha koo majboot kiya. samrat menas kii senaaon key khilaf ladaai safal rahee, kyonki ethiopian samrajya kii senaaon koo antatah beeta israel senaa dwara haraaya gayaa thaa.
samrat sarsa dengal key shasankal (1563-1597) key dauran, jisane haal hii mein ottoman seey kabja kii gaee topon key upayog seey beeta israel raajya parr aakraman kiya. ethiopian samrajya kii senaaon ney yahudi raajya koo gher liya. yahudi gherabandi mein butch gaye, lekin gherabandi key anta mein, unake raajaa goshen koo maar diyaa gayaa, aur unake kaee sainikon key saath-saath kaee anya beeta israel sadasyon ney saamoohik aatmahatya karane kaa faisala kiya.
1622 mein saarvajanik roop seey catholic dharm mein parivartit hue susenyos I key shasankal key dauran, ethiopian samrajya ney yahudi raajya key khilaf yuddh chhed diyaa, aur poore raajya koo jeetane aur 1627 taka ise ethiopian samrajya mein shamil karane mein kamyab rhaa. parajit yahoodiyon koo bapatisma lene key liye majboor kiya gayaa, aur bhoomi key adhikaar seey incar curr diyaa gayaa.
gonder avadhi (1632-1855).
1620 key dashak mein ethiopia mein beeta israel kii swaayatta samaapt honey key baad, samrat susenyos ney unaki bhoomi koo jabt curr liya aur dusaron koo jabaran bapatisma diyaa. isake alawa, yahudi lekhan aur dhaarmik pustakon koo jalaa diyaa gayaa aur yahudi dharm key kissy bhee roop key abhyaas koo ethiopia mein nishiddh curr diyaa gayaa thaa. utpeedan kii iss avadhi key parinamswarup, bahut adhik paaramparik yahudi sanskriti aur abhyaas khou gayaa yaa badal gayaa.
phir bhee, beeta israel samudaay iss avadhi key dauran falataa-phoolata prateet hotaa haye. ethiopia kii rajdhani, gondar, dembia mein, beeta israel bhoomi seey ghiri hui thee. beeta israel ney 16veen shatabdi key baad seey samraton key liye kaarigaron, rajmistri aur badhai key roop mein kaam kiya. aisee bhoomikaon koo ethiopians dwara kheti kii tulanaa mein nimn aur cumm sammaanjanak key roop mein door kiya gayaa thaa. europeeya agantukon, purtagaali vyapariyon aur rajnayikon, francisi, british aur anya yaatriyon key samkaaleen khaaton key anusaar, 17veen shatabdi mein beeta israel mein lagbhag duss laakh loga they. inn vivaranon mein yeh bhee bataaya gayaa haye kii 17veen shatabdi mein logon key beach ibrani dharm kaa kuchh gyaan banaa rhaa. udaaharan key liye, usa samay key ack purtagaali rajanyik aur yatri, manoel dee almeida ney likhaa kih
dee almeida key gyaan key sroton koo spasht naheen kiya gayaa haye, lekin way cumm seey cumm samkaaleen vichaaron koo pratibimbit karate hain. usa samay key beeta israel key hibru gyaan key baare mein unaki tippaniyan bahut mahatvapurna hainh yeh haal hii mein yahoodiyon key saath anya jagahon parr sambhog seey naheen aaa sakati thee, isaliye yeh beeta israel paramparaon kii gahari prachinta kaa sanket detaa haye, cumm seey cumm usa samay, isase pahale kii unakaa saahitya unase door leey jaaya gayaa thaa aur baad mein vijayi isaaiyon dwara dhwast curr diyaa gayaa thaa. (itihaskaron kaa adhik sandehpurna school, jinake vichaaron kii oopar charcha kii gaee haye, iss baat seey incar kartaa haye kii ethiopian yahudi kabhi bhee hibru koo jaanate they; unake paas nishchit roop seey koee hibru granth shesh naheen haye, aur haal kii shataabdiyon mein apane swayam key saahitya key nasht honey key baad geez mein isai "puraane vasiyatnama" kaa upayog karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa haye.) yeh bhee dilchasp haye kii unhone sudan mein ethiopia seey parey rahane vaale adhik yahudi samudaayon kaa ullekh kiya haye. haalaanki, iss tarah key madhyayugeen kathanon mein aksar aise daave kiye jaate hain joe sateek naheen hoe sakate hain. udaaharan key liye, beeta israel mukhya roop seey arabi jaati key naheen they, lekin unakaa matlab iss shabd seey hoe sakata haye kii way arabi bhee jaanate they.
ethiopia mein beeta israel samudaay key algaav aur kuchh hebru key unake nirantar upayog kii soochana scotish khojkarta james broose dwara bhee dee gaee thee, jinhone 1790 mein edinberg mein "nile key srot kii khoj key liye yatra" prakaashit kii thee.
beeta israel ney 18veen shatabdi key anta aur 19veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein, zemen mesafint key dauran, aavarti nagrik sangharsh kii avadhi key dauran, apana saapeksh aarthik laabh khou diyaa. haalaanki iss avadhi key dauran rajdhani nammatra gonder mein thee, lekin sarkaar key vikendrikaran aur kshetriya rajdhaniyon dwara prabhutva key parinamswarup sthaaniya shasakon dwara beeta israel kaa patan aur shoshan huaa. abb ack majboot kendra sarkaar naheen thee joe unaki raksha karane mein ruchi rakhti thee aur saksham thee. iss avadhi key dauran, yahudi dharm lagbhag chaalees varshon taka prabhaavi roop seey khou gayaa thaa, 1840 key dashak mein quara key pramukh bhikshu abba widde dwara bahaal kiya jaane seey pahale.
16veen shatabdi kaa rabbiyon kaa drishtikon.
misra key rabbi david ibn jimra (1479-1573), jaba unase ack nishchit kaali twacha vaali mahila key baare mein poochha gayaa jise ethiopia (judo-araabikah αl-четес) seey bandee banaa liya gayaa thaa aur misra mein ack yahudi koo betch diyaa gayaa thaa (yahudi mool kii honey kaa daavaa karane vaali mahila), tou misra key yahoodiyon ney apane yahudi mool key samkakshon key usa samay key prabhaavon key baare mein likhaa, jinhone yahudi mool kaa daavaa kiya thaah
...low! yeh baat sarvavidit haye kii kush key raajaon key beach nirantar yuddh hotey hain, jinamen teen raajya hain; jiska ack hissa ishmeliyon seey sambandhit haye, aur jiska ack hissa isaaiyon seey sambandhit haye, aur jiska ack hissa daan key janjaati seey israeliyon key liye haye. sabhi sambhaavanaon mein, way sadok aur boethus key sampradaay seey hain, jinhen [abb] carite kahaa jaataa haye, kyonki way kewal kuchh bibil kii aagyaon koo jaanate hain, lekin maukhik kaanoon seey aparichit hain, naa hii way sabt mombatti jalaate hain. yuddh unake beach seey naheen rukta haye, aur harr dinn way ack dusare seey bandee banaa lete hain...
usee "pratikriya" mein, unhone nishkarsh nikala kii yadi ethiopian yahudi samudaay rabbiyon key judawad mein lautane kii ichcha rakhta haye, tou unakaa swaagat kiya jaayega, jaise kii rabbi abraham bayne mammonides key samay mein rabbiyon kii shikshaon mein lautane vaale carites kaa swaagat kiya jaayega.
aadhunik itihas.
beeta israel samudaay kaa samkaaleen itihas 19veen shatabdi key madhya mein tevodros II key shasankal key dauran ethiopia key punarmilan key saath shuru hotaa haye. usa samay, beeta israel kii aabaadi 200,000 aur 350,000 logon key beach honey kaa anuman thaa.
isai mission aur rabbik sudhaar.
pahale key charan mein kabhi-kabhaar samparkon key bavjood, paschim kewal beeta israel samudaay key astitva key baare mein achchi tarah seey taba hii jagrook huaa jaba way yahoodiyon key beach isai dharm koo badhaava dene key liye "landan samaaj" key protestant missionaryon key madhyam seey sampark mein aae joe yahoodiyon key roopaantaran mein visheshagyata rakhate they. sangathan ney 1859 mein ethiopia mein apana sanchaalan shuru kiya. protestant missionaryon, jinhone heinry aaron stern naamak ack parivartit yahudi key nirdeshan mein kaam kiya, ney beeta israel samudaay key kaee logon koo isai dharm mein parivartit curr diyaa. 1859 aur 1922 key beach, lagbhag 2,000 beeta israel sadasyon ney ethiopian isai dharm mein parivartit hoe gaye (way protestant missionaryon key saath ethiopia kii sarkaar key saath ack samjhaute key kaaran protestantwad mein parivartit naheen hue). apekshaakrit cumm sankhya mein dharmaantaran koo aanshik roop seey beeta israel samudaay key dhaarmik netritva key dharmaantaran key prati majboot pratikriya dwara samajhaaya gayaa haye. beeta israel key sadasya jinhen isai dharm mein parivartit curr diyaa gayaa thaa, unhein aaj "falaish muraa" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
ethiopia mein protestant missionaryon kii gatividhiyon ney europeeya yahudi dharm koo uksaayaa. natijatan, kaee europeeya rabbiyon ney ghoshana kii kii unhone beeta israel samudaay key yahudipan koo maanyata dee, aur antatah 1868 mein sangathan "gathbandhan israel universale" ney yahudi-francisi praachyavaadi joseph hallevy koo ethiopia mein bhejane kaa faisala kiya taaki ethiopian yahoodiyon kii sthitiyon kaa adhyayan kiya jaa sakey. europe lautane parr, helivi ney beeta israel samudaay kii ack bahut hii anukool report banaai jisamen unhone vishva yahudi samudaay seey ethiopian yahoodiyon koo bachaane, ethiopia mein yahudi schools koo sthaapit karane kaa ahwan kiya, aur yahaan taka kii hajaaron beeta israel sadasyon koo ottoman seeriya mein basane key liye laane kaa sujhaav diyaa (pahale zionist sangathan kii vaastavik sthaapana seey ack darjan saal pahale).
phir bhee, ack sankshipt avadhi key baad jisamen media coverage ney beeta israel samudaay mein bahut ruchi paida kii, duniya bhar mein yahudi samudaayon key beach ruchi mein girawat aaee. yeh mukhya roop seey isaliye huaa kyonki beeta israel samudaay key yahudi honey key baare mein gambhir sandeh abhee bhee banaa huaa haye, aur kyonki gathbandhan israel saarvbhaumik sangathan ney helivi kii sifaarishon kaa paalan naheen kiya.
1888 aur 1892 key beach, uttari ethiopia ney vinashkari akaal kaa anubhav kiya. akaal randerpest key kaaran huaa thaa jisane adhikansh maveshiyon koo maar daala (1890 key dashak mein african randerpest epizootic dekhein). haija key prakop (1889-1892), ack typhus mahamari, aur ack pramukh chechak mahamari (1889-1890) key saath sthiti bigad gaee.
usa avadhi key dauran lagbhag ack tihai ethiopian aabaadi kii mrityu hoe gaee. yeh anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii usa avadhi key dauran beeta israel samudaay key aadhe seey dou-tihai key beach mrityu hoe gaee.
ethiopia mein khoye hue janjaatiyon key mithak ney peris mein ikole days houts attudes mein joseph helivi key ack poorv chhaatr jacques fatlovic koo chintit kiya. 1904 mein, fitelovich ney uttari ethiopia mein ack nae mission kaa netritva karane kaa faisala kiya. fitelovich ney yahudi paropkari admond dee rothchild seey dhana praapt kiya, yatra kii aur ethiopian yahoodiyon key beach rahate they. isake alawa, fitelovich ney protestant missionaryon key ethiopian yahoodiyon koo parivartit karane key prayason koo baadhit karane mein kamyabi hassil kii, jinhone usa samay ethiopian yahoodiyon koo manaane kaa prayaas kiya kii duniya key sabhi yahudi yeeshu mein vishvaas karate hain. varshon key beach, unhone 25 yuva ethiopian yahudi ladakon koo baahar nikala, jinhen unhone europe key yahudi samudaayon mein lagaaya, udaaharan key liye salomon yesha, tamerat emmanuel, abraham edgeh, yona bogale aur tedese yakub.
ethiopia mein apani yatra key baad, fatlovic ney beeta israel samudaay key liye ack antarrashtriya samiti banaai, apani pustak "notes dee ways chez less falaishas" (1905) key madhyam seey unake astitva key baare mein jagrukta koo lokpriya banaaya, aur unake gaanvon mein schools kii sthaapana koo saksham banaane key liye dhana jutaaya.
1908 mein, 45 deshon key mukhya rabbiyon ney aadhikarik taur parr ack sanyukt bayaan diyaa jisamen ghoshana kii gaee kii ethiopian yahudi vaastav mein yahudi they.
beeta israel samudaay kii yahudita 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein europeeya yahudi samudaayon key bahumat key beach khule taur parr samarthit hoe gaee.
1921 mein, abraham isaq cook, philistine key liye british janadesh key pahale ashkenazi pramukh rabbi, ney beeta israel samudaay koo yahoodiyon key roop mein maanyata dee.
italvi kaal, dwiteeya vishva yuddh aur yuddh key baad kii avadhi.
1935 mein, fasiwadi netaa benito musolini key netritva mein itali key raajya key sashastr balon ney ethiopia parr aakraman kiya aur kabja curr liya.
itailiyan shasson ney ethiopia key yahoodiyon key prati shatruta dikhaai. itali mein lagu kiye gaye nasleeya kaanoon purvi africa mein bhee lagu kiye gaye they. musolini ney britten key saath ack samjhaute parr pahunchane kaa prayaas kiya joe italvi purvi africa koo maanyata dega, jisake dauran musolini ney beeta israel samudaay key saath uttar-paschim ethiopian jilon gozam aur begemer mein yahoodiyon koo phir seey basaakar europe aur philistine mein "yahudi samasya" koo hull karane kaa prastaav rakhaa. prastaavit yahudi raajya koo italvi samrajya key saath sanghiya roop seey ekjut honah thaa. musolini kii yojana koo kabhi lagu naheen kiya gayaa.
jaba 1948 mein israel raajya kii sthaapana hui, tou kaee ethiopian yahoodiyon ney israel mein pravaas karane parr vichaar karna shuru curr diyaa. phir bhee, samrat haile selasi ney ethiopian yahudi aabaadi koo apana samrajya chhodane kii anumati dene seey incar curr diyaa.
praarambhik avaidh pravaas aur aadhikarik israel maanyata.
1965 aur 1975 key beach, ethiopian yahoodiyon kaa ack apekshaakrit chhota samooh israel mein pravaas curr gayaa. usa avadhi mein beeta israel apravasi mukhya roop seey bahut cumm purush they joe adhyayan curr chuke they aur paryatak veeja parr israel aae they, aur phir avaidh roop seey desh mein rahey.
israel mein kuchh samarthak jinhone unaki yahudita koo pahachaana, unhone unaki sahaayata karane kaa faisala kiya. inn samarthakon ney sanghon kaa ayojan karna shuru curr diyaa, jisamen ack ovadia haazi, ack yaman yahudi aur israel kii senaa mein poorv sargent key nirdeshan mein thaa, jisane dusare vishva yuddh key baad beeta israel samudaay kii ack patni seey shaadi kii thee. kuchh avaidh apravasi inn samarthan sanghon kii sahaayata key madhyam seey israel key adhikaariyon key saath apani sthiti koo niyamit karane mein kamyab rahey. kuchh loga yahudi dharm mein "parivartit" honey key liye sahmat hue, jisase unhein apani vyaktigat sthiti koo niyamit karane mein madad millie aur iss prakaar way israel mein baney rahey. joe loga apani sthiti koo niyamit curr chuke they, way aksar apane parivaaron koo israel bhee leey aatey they.
1973 mein, ovadia haazi ney aadhikarik taur parr beeta israel key yahudi honey kaa sawal israel key sephardi rabbi ovadia yosef key saamane uthaaya. rabbi, jinhone 16veen shatabdi key radbaaz key ack rabbik faisale kaa hawala diyaa aur jore dekar kahaa kii beeta israel daan kii khoyi hui janjaati seey hain, ney farwari 1973 mein apani yahudita koo sweekaar kiya. iss faisale koo shuru mein ashkenazi pramukh rabbi shlomo goren dwara khariz curr diyaa gayaa thaa, jinhone antatah 1974 mein iss mamle parr apani raay badal dee.
aprail 1975 mein, yitzak rabin kii israeli sarkaar ney aadhikarik taur parr beeta israel koo yahudi key roop mein sweekaar kiya, vaapsee key kaanoon key uddeshya seey (ack israeli adhiniyam joe duniya key sabhi yahoodiyon koo israel mein pravaas karane kaa adhikaar detaa haye).
baad mein, israel key pradhaan mantri menachem ney ovadia yosef seey spasht nirnay praapt karna shuru curr diyaa kii way duss khoye hue janjaatiyon key vanshaj they. haalaanki, israel key mukhya rubbinate ney shuru mein unhein "pro forma" yahudi dharmaantaran seey gujarane kii aavashyakta thee, taaki unaki yahudi sthiti key baare mein kissy bhee sandeh koo door kiya jaa sakey.
ethiopian grihyuddh.
nagrik ashanti kii avadhi key baad, 12 sitambar, 1974 koo, ack saamyavaadi samarthak sainya junta, jise "durg" ("samiti") key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ney samrat haile selasi koo bedkhal karane key baad satta parr kabja curr liya. durg ney ack aisee sarkaar sthaapit kii joe naam mein samajwadi thee aur shally mein sainya thee. leftinent curnell mengistu haile mariam ney raajya key pramukh aur durg adhyaksh key roop mein satta grahan kii. mengistu key karyakal key varshon mein ack adhinaayakvaadi-shally kii sarkaar aur desh key badey paimaane parr sainyikaran koo chihnit kiya gayaa thaa, jise soviyat sangh aur purvi gutt dwara vittaposhit kiya gayaa thaa aur cuba dwara sahaayata dee gaee thee. 1970 key dashak key anta aur 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein nae shasson dwara saamyvaad koo aadhikarik taur parr apanaaya gayaa thaa.
natijatan, nae shasson ney dheere-dheere dhaarmik virodhi aur israel virodhi padon koo apnana shuru curr diyaa, saath hii saath ethiopia key yahoodiyon key prati shatruta dikhaani shuru curr dee.
1980 key dashak key madhya mein, ethiopia mein akaal kii ack shrinkhala aaee, joe pratikool bhoo-rajneeti aur grih yuddhon seey badh gaee, jisake parinamswarup antatah saikadon hajaaron logon kii maut hoe gaee. parinamswarup, beeta israel samudaay sahit saikadon hajaaron ethiopians kaa jeevan asamarthaniya hoe gayaa aur ack badey hisse ney padosi sudan bhagkar yuddh aur akaal seey bachane kii koshish kii.
ethiopian yahoodiyon key bhaagya key liye chinta aur unaki bhalai key liye darr ney antatah 1975 mein israel sarkaar kii beeta israel samudaay koo yahoodiyon key roop mein aadhikarik maanyata mein yogdan diyaa, joe vaapsee key kaanoon key uddeshya seey thaa. ethiopia mein grihyuddh ney israel sarkaar koo ethiopia mein adhikansh beeta israel aabaadi koo kaee gupt sainya bachaav abhiyaanon mein israel mein airlift karane key liye prerit kiya joe 1980 key dashak seey 1990 key dashak kii shuruat taka hue they.
ack samay mein adees ababa mein ack pramukh adenite samudaay thaa. unamen seey adhikansh ney kaafee jaldi chhod diyaa, kaee logon ney aliya banaa lii, haalaanki kuchh ney rook curr aradhanalaya aur ibrani schools kii sthaapana kii. 1986 taka, shahar mein kewal chhah adeni parivaar bache they, aur unaki lagbhag sabhi sampatti koo mengistu shasson dwara jabt curr liya gayaa thaa.
ethiopia-israel sambandh.
ethiopia kaa ack dutawas tail avive mein haye; rajdoot koo pavitra see, grees aur cyprus key liye bhee maanyata praapt haye. israel kaa ack dutawas adees ababa mein haye; rajdoot koo ravanda aur burundi key liye bhee maanyata praapt haye. israel ethiopia key sainya sahaayata key sabse vishvasaniya aapurtikartaon mein seey ack rhaa haye, joe swatantrata key eritrian yuddh key dauran vibhinn ethiopian sarkaaron kaa samarthan kartaa haye.
2012 mein, ack ethiopian-janme israel, bellenesh zevadia koo ethiopia mein israel kaa rajdoot niyukt kiya gayaa thaa.
shaahi yug key dauran, israeli salaahkaaron ney paratrop aur paanchven division (jise nebelbal, 'flame', division bhee kahaa jaataa haye) seey sambandhit prati-vidroh ikaaiyon koo prashikshit kiya. disambar 1960 mein, ethiopian senaa key ack varg ney takhtapalat kaa prayaas kiya, jaba samrat haile selasi aaee brazil mein ack raajya yatra parr they. israel ney hastakshep kiya, taaki samrat seedhe general abiye key saath samvaad curr sakey. general abiye aur unake sanic samrat key prati wafadar rahey aur vidroh koo kuchal diyaa gayaa.
1960 key dashak kii shuruat mein, israel ney eritrian mukti morcha (elf) key khilaf apane abhiyaanon mein ethiopian sarkaar kii madad karna shuru curr diyaa. ethiopian sarkaar ney eritrian vidroh koo african kshetra key liye ack arab khatare key roop mein chitrit kiya, ack aisaa tark jisane sangharsh mein ethiopian sarkaar key saath israeliyon koo sahmat kiya. israel ney vidroh-rodhi balon koo prashikshit kiya aur eritria key governor general, jaise kii medin kaasa, key salaahkaar key roop mein ack israeli sainya atashe thaa. ack israeli curnell koo decameyer mein ack sainya prashikshan school aur ethiopian samudri commando balon key prashikshan kaa prabhaari banaaya gayaa thaa. 1966 taka, ethiopia mein lagbhag 100 israeli sainya salaahkaar they.
ethiopian pradhaan mantri aklilu habte-wold ney oo shikhar sammelan key baad israel key saath sambandh todane key liye raajneetik samarthan kii maang shuru kii. lambi charcha key baad, mantrimandal ney israel key saath rajanyik sambandh todane key liye matdan kiya. haalaanki, iss nirnay koo samrat key veeto dwara sensor curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 1973 mein ethiopia dwara israel key saath rajanyik sambandh todane key baad bhee, durg sainya junta key satta mein aaney key baad israel kii sainya sahaayata jaari rahee aur isamen yuu key liye spare parts aur golaa-barud shamil they.aiss.-aapke liye hathiyar aur seva banaai.aiss.-aff-5 jett ladaakoo vimaan banaae. israel ney adees ababa mein sainya salaahkaaron kaa ack chhota samooh bhee banaae rakhaa. 1978 mein, halanki, jaba israel key videsh mantri moshe dayan ney sweekaar kiya kii israel ethiopia koo suraksha sahaayata pradaan curr rhaa thaa, tou mengistu haile mariam ney sabhi israeliyon koo nishkaasit curr diyaa taaki vaha libia aur dakshin yaman jaise kattarpanthi arab raajyon key saath apane sambandhon koo sanrakshit curr sakey. udaaharan key liye, 1983 mein, israel ney sanchaar prashikshan pradaan kiya, aur 1984 mein israel key salaahkaaron ney rashtrapati gaard koo prashikshit kiya aur israel key takniki karmiyon ney pulis key saath seva kii. kuchh paschimi paryavekshakon kaa maanana thaa kii israel ney 1984 mein operation moos key dauran mengistu key maun sahyog key badale mein ethiopia koo sainya sahaayata pradaan kii, jisamen 10,000 beeta israel (ethiopian yahudi) koo israel mein nikala gayaa thaa. 1985 mein israel ney kathit taur parr adis ababa koo soviyat nirmit yuddhasamagri aur lebnan mein kabja kiye gaye spare parts mein cumm seey cumm 2 karod dollar becha. eritrian peepuls liberation front (ee. pee. ell. aff.) key anusaar, mengistu shasson ney 1987 mein hamein 83 million dollar kii israeli sainya sahaayata praapt kii, aur israel ney ethiopia key liye lagbhag 300 sainya salaahkaaron koo tainaat kiya. isake alawa, ee. pee. ell. aff. ney daavaa kiya kii adtis ethiopian pilot prashikshan key liye israel gaye they. iss sahaayata key badale mein, ethiopia ney beeta israel key pravaas kii anumati dee. vasant mein prasthaan ack maheene mein lagbhag 500 logon taka pahunch gayaa, isase pahale kii ethiopian adhikaariyon ney naee pravaas prakriyaon koo apanaaya, jisase yeh aankada dou-tihai seey adhik cumm hoe gayaa. agale varsh, jerusalam aur adees ababa ney ack aur samjhaute parr baatchit kii, jisake tahat israel ney krishi, aarthik aur swaasthya sahaayata pradaan kii. maee 1991 mein, jaise hii mengistu shasson apane anta key karib thaa, israel ney hamein lagbhag 15,000 beeta israel koo ethiopia seey israel mein pravaas karane kii anumati dene key liye $35 million nakad kaa bhugtan kiya.

