
sanchaar nigrani key liye manvadhikaron key anuprayog parr antarrashtriya siddhant

sanchaar nigrani key liye manvadhikaron key anuprayog parr antarrashtriya siddhant (jise "aavashyak aur aanupaatik siddhant" yaa sirf "siddhant" bhee kahaa jaataa haye) ack aisaa dastavej haye joe "vartamaan digital vatavaran mein antarrashtriya manvadhikar kaanoon kaise lagu hotaa haye" koo spasht karane kaa prayaas kartaa haye.
sanchaar nigrani (arthaat, sanchaar kii saamoohik nigrani) kaee antarrashtriya manvadhikaron key saath sangharsh karati haye, mukhya roop seey gopaniyata key saath. parinamswarup, sanchaar nigrani kewal tabhi hoe sakati haye jaba vaidh uddeshya praapt karane key liye aavashyak kaanoon dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaae, aur upayog kiye gaye uddeshya key anupaat mein hoe.
dastaavez mein 13 siddhant shamil hain joe samaaj samoohon, udyog, sarkaaron aur anya koo yeh aaklan karane key liye ack ruprekha pradaan karane key liye vikasit kiye gaye hain kii kyaa vartamaan aur prastaavit nigrani kaanoon yaa kaanoon antarrashtriya manvadhikar kaanoon key saath sangharsh karate hain.
itihas.
inn siddhanton kii sthaapana brussels mein gopaniyata aur suraksha key 40 seey adhik visheshagyon key beach ack baithak key parinamswarup hui, octuber 2012. praarambhik paramarsh key baad, riyo dee janeiro mein disambar 2012 mein sanyukt rashtra key vishesh prativedak kii bhagidari key saath ack doosari baithak hui. janwari aur maee 2013 key beach harr maheene sammelan coll key madhyam seey vaishvik paramarsh kaa paalan kiya jaataa haye.
abb taka pahunch, prabhaav aur gopaniyata antarrashtriya key saath-saath kaee ngo, aaparaadhik vakeelon, manvadhikar adhivaktaon aur gopaniyata adhivaktaon key saath masauda prakriya koo antim roop diyaa gayaa aur pahali baar 10 julaai 2013 koo online prakaashit kiya gayaa.aavashyak aur aanupaatik.org.
sitambar 2013 mein jineva mein sanyukt rashtra manvadhikar parishad key 24vein satra mein, unhein aadhikarik taur parr launch kiya gayaa thaa.
inn siddhanton koo abb vishva star parr 400 seey adhik sangathanon dwara apanaaya gayaa haye. vaishvik roop seey ise apanaane key kaaran anuvaad key uddeshyon key liye dastaavez kii bhasha mein mukhya roop seey satahi paath parivartanon kii aavashyakta padee. yeh march aur maee 2014 key beach huaa.
siddhanton kaa prabhaav aur irada samaan rhaa, aur dastaavez kaa antim aur aadhikarik sanskaran taba maee 2014 mein launch kiya gayaa thaa.
siddhanton key prakaashan seey pahale raajneetik samarthan.
praarambhik vigyapti aprail 2013 mein abhivyakti aur raay kii swatantrata parr sanyukt rashtra key vishesh prativedak kii ack report key baad aaee, joe raajyon key sanchaar sarvekshan key vyaapak abhyaas koo ujagar karati haye, jisamen kahaa gayaa haye kii iss tarah kii nigrani nagrikon kii niji jeevan kaa anand lene, swatantra roop seey khud koo vyakt karane aur apane anya maulik manvadhikaron kaa anand lene kii kshamata koo gambhir roop seey cumm karati haye.
julaai 2013 mein manvadhikaron key liye sanyukt rashtra uchchaayukt ney nigrani aur kaanoon pravartan gatividhiyon key liye manvadhikar manakon aur loktaantrik suraksha upaayon koo lagu karane key mahatva parr jore diyaah "jabaki rashtriya suraksha aur aaparaadhik gatividhi key baare mein chintaaen nigrani karyakramon key asadharan aur sankeern upayog koo uchit thahara sakati hain, gopaniyata key adhikaar kii raksha key liye paryaapt suraksha upaayon key binaa nigrani vaastav mein manvadhikaron aur maulik swatantrataon key anand parr nakaratmak prabhaav daalane kaa jokhim uthaa sakati haye."
uddeshya.
inn siddhanton kaa uddeshya nagrik samaaj samoohon, raajyon, adalaton, vidhaayi aur niyaamak nikaayon, udyog aur anya koo yeh mulyankan karane key liye ack dhancha pradaan karna thaa kii kyaa vartamaan yaa prastaavit nigrani kaanoon antarrashtriya manvadhikaron kaa paalan karate hain.
chinta yeh thee kii gopaniyata key liye pramukh suraksha takniki pragati key saath samaapt hoe gaee thee, isaliye kuchh kshetron mein antarrashtriya manvadhikaron koo una manakon key liye badhaane key liye majboot samarthan kii aavashyakta thee joe poorv-digital yug mein vikasit hue they.
siddhant.
nimnalikhit dastaavez kaa saransh haye jisamen siddhant hain. neeche diye gaye sabhi srot vaastavik dastaavez seey hii hain, sivaay isake kii jahaan ullekh kiya gayaa hoe.
prastaavana.
dastaavez kii prastaavana yeh maanyata detee haye kii sanchaar nigrani gopaniyata key adhikaar mein hastakshep karati haye, isaliye iska upayog kewal tabhi kiya jaa sakata haye jaba yeh kaanoon dwara nirdhaarit kiya jaataa haye, ack vaidh uddeshya praapt karane key liye aavashyak hotaa haye, aur peechha kiye gaye uddeshya key anupaat mein hotaa haye. dastaavez kaa drishtikon yeh haye kii maujooda manvadhikar kaanoon praudyogiki kii pragati key saath naheen banaa haye. prastaavana mein kahaa gayaa haye kii inn adhikaaron key liye khatra sanchaar samagri aur metadeta kaa upayog karane kii lokpriyata mein vriddhi key saath sanyukt haye joe raajyon dwara baad mein unakaa upayog kaise kiya jaa sakata haye, iss parr paryaapt pratibandh naheen lagaa rahey hain.
anuprayog kaa daira.
dastaavez key liye aavedan kaa sahee daira aur uddeshya praapt karane key liye, ise vyaktigat siddhanton key bajaay ack badey dhaanche key hisse key roop mein padhaa aur vyakhya kii aavashyakta haye.
iss dastaavez kaa anuprayog raajyon key bheetar aur atirikt kshetriya roop seey, uddeshya kii parwah kiye binaa, donon koo lagu karna haye.
yeh raajya seey vyakti kii suraksha key liye aavedan karna haye, aur yeh bhee kahata haye kii gair-raajya abhinetaon seey vyaktiyon kii raksha karane key liye raajyon kaa ack daayitva haye.
dastaavez mein kahaa gayaa haye kii jaba taka siddhanton koo iss tarah seey lagu naheen kiya jaataa haye, taba taka sanchaar nigrani karane vaalaa raajya antarrashtriya manvadhikar daayitvon koo puuraa naheen curr sakata haye. inn siddhanton koo "sanchaar nigrani mein shamil honey parr raajyon key kartavyon aur daayitvon koo spasht karane" key liye kahaa gayaa haye.
paribhashaon aur praudyogiki mein badalaav.
dastaavez kaa yeh khand poore dastaavez mein paae jaane vaale kuchh shabdon kii vyakhya key liye samarpit haye, aur iss baat parr prakaash daaltaa haye kii upayog kii jaane vaali kuchh kanuni paribhashaon ney takniki parivartan key saath prabhaavi dhang seey gati naheen rakhee haye, aur doharaane kii aavashyakta haye. 
siddhanton mein kahaa gayaa haye kii sanchaar nigrani kii badhee hui kshamata key kaaran, maujooda kanuni dhancha joe vartamaan mein 'samagri' aur 'gair-samagri' key beach antar kartaa haye, abb upayukt naheen haye, aur sabhi prakaar kii nigrani seey suraksha koo uchch kanuni prathamikta dee jaani chaahiye.
siddhant.
vaidhata.
antarrashtriya manvadhikaron parr lagaai gaee koee bhee seema kaanoon dwara nirdhaarit kii jaani chaahiye. yadi koee prastaavit kaanoon inmein seey kissy ack adhikaar koo seemit karane jaa rhaa haye tou paryaapt soochana dee jaani chaahiye. kaanoon spasht honah chaahiye, aur yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii yeh takniki vikas kii gati koo dekhate hue prabhaavi banaa rahey, samay-samay parr sameeksha kii jaani chaahiye.
vaidh uddeshya.
sanchaar nigrani kaa upayog kewal raajya key adhikaariyon dwara kiya jaanaa chaahiye jahaan ack loktaantrik samaaj mein aavashyak hoe. kissy bhee sthiti mein jahaan bhedbhaav utpann hotaa haye, uska upayog naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
aavashyakta.
nigrani kaanoon una logon taka seemit honey chaahiye joe ack vaidh uddeshya koo praapt karane key liye aavashyak hain, yaa jahaan kaee saadhan hain, lekin sanchaar nigrani antarrashtriya manvadhikaron parr sabse cumm ghuspaith karane vaali vidhi haye. aavashyakta sthaapit karane kii jimmedaari raajya key paas bunny rahani chaahiye.
paryaptata.
kaanoon dwara adhikrit koee bhee sanchaar nigrani usa vaidh uddeshya key liye upayukt honey chaahiye jise vaha puuraa curr rhaa haye.
aanupaatikta.
sanchaar nigrani koo ack atyadhik ghuspaith karane vaalaa kaary maanaa jaataa haye, aur isaliye sthiti kii samvedansheelta aur gambhirta parr vichaar karna chaahiye. sanchaar nigrani karane seey pahale raajya koo nimnalikhit sthaapit karna chaahieh
saksham nyaayik pradhikaran.
sanchaar nigrani kii vaidhata kaa nirdhaaran karane vaalaa pradhikaran nigrani karane vaalon seey swatantra honah chaahiye, aur inn nirnayon koo lete samay saksham honah chaahiye.
uchit prakriya.
kii pratyek vyakti ack saksham nyaayik pradhikaran dwara uchit samay key bheetar ack nishpaksh aur saarvajanik sunavaai kaa hakdar haye. uchit prakriya kaa upayog "prakriyaatmak nishpakshata" aur "praakritik nyaay" key saath ack dusare key sthaan parr kiya jaa sakata haye."
upayogkarta adhisuchana.
sanchaar nigrani key una vishayon koo nirnay koo chunauti dene kaa avsar diyaa jaanaa chaahiye jaba nigrani koo adhikrit karane kaa nirnay jaari kiya gayaa hoe. aavedan key samarthan mein prastut samagri una vishayon key liye upalabdh honey chaahiye. adhisuchana mein deree sweekarya haye jahaan adhisuchana sanchaar nigrani key uddeshya koo whiffle curr degi aur ack saksham nyaayik pradhikaran dwara pradhikaran diyaa jaataa haye.
paardarshita.
upayog aur sanchaar nigrani kii matra key baare mein jaankaari una logon key liye upalabdh honey chaahiye joe iska anurodh karate hain. raajyon koo anurodhkarta koo anurodh kii prakriti kaa pataa lagaane aur anurodh aur usase prabhaavit honey vaale logon donon key aakar kaa nirdhaaran karane key liye paryaapt jaankaari pradaan karni chaahiye. sarvekshan kiye gaye sanchaar key anurodhon key abhilekh bhee prakaashit kiye jaane chaahiye.
saarvajanik nireekshan.
raajyon koo sanchaar nigrani key upayog kii dekhrekh karane aur paardarshita aur jawabdehi sunishchit karane key liye ack swatantra sthiti sthaapit karni chaahiye. iss sthiti mein vyakti (oun) key paas sabhi sambhaavit praasangik jaankaari taka pahunchane, yeh aaklan karane key liye kii kyaa raajya apani kanuni kshamataon kaa vaidh upayog curr rhaa haye, mulyankan karane key liye kii kyaa raajya ney apane paardarshita daayitvon koo puuraa kiya haye, aur una karyon kii vaidhata key baare mein saarvajanik nirnay lene key liye paryaapt adhikaar hoga. iss udaaharan mein dastaavez iss tarah key ack swatantra nireekshan tantra key udaaharan key roop mein united kingdam key sanchaar aayukt key avarodhan kaa sandarbh detaa haye.
sanchaar aur pranaliyon kii akhandata.
raajyon koo una seva pradaataon yaa software/hardware vikretaon koo apane system mein nigrani/nigrani kshamata banaane kii aavashyakta naheen honey chaahiye. logon koo gumnam roop seey khud koo vyakt karane kaa adhikaar haye.
antarrashtriya sahyog key liye suraksha upaay.
jahaan ack raajya ney ack parasparik kanuni sahaayata sandhi (aim. ell. aeye. tii.) yaa anya bahu-adhikaar kshetra samjhaute mein pravesh kiya haye, jahaan ack seey adhik kanuni kshetradhikar overlap hotey hain, vahaan lagu honey vaale kaanoon way hotey hain jinake paas vyakti key liye uchch star kaa sanrakshan hotaa haye. aim. ell. aeye. tii. bhee pardarshi, saarvajanik roop seey upalabdh aur prakriyaatmak nishpakshata kii guaranti key adheen honah chaahiye.
avaidh pahunch aur prabhaavi upchaar key adhikaar key khilaf suraksha.
teesare paksh dwara sanchaar nigrani koo paryaapt dund key saath pratibandhit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. ct bajaane vaalon key liye suraksha lagu kii jaani chaahiye. inn siddhanton key anuroop naheen honey vaale sadhanon seey praapt koee bhee jaankaari sakshya key roop mein asweekarya honey chaahiye. ack baar sanchaar nigrani dwara ekatra kii gaee jaankaari kaa upayog usa uddeshya key liye kiya gayaa haye jisake liye ise ekatra kiya gayaa thaa, tou ise turant nasht curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye yaa vaapas curr diyaa jaanaa chaahiye.
pratikriya.
octuber 2013 mein, khufiya aur sanchaar praudyogikiyon parr rashtrapati key sameeksha samooh key samaksh daayar ack sankshipt mein siddhanton koo badhaava diyaa gayaa thaa. way daavaa karate hain kii "adhik jatil praudyogiki kii duniya mein, yeh teji seey spasht naheen haye kii kyaa" metaa-detta "aur anya jaankaari key beach kaa antar bahut adhik haye."
loktantra aur praudyogiki kendra ney ack report jaari kii jisamen siddhanton aur 9 disambar, 2013 key takniki samoohon jaise aol, apple, facebook, googal, linkedin, microsoft, tweeter aur yahu key beach ack-dusare parr haavi honey kaa ullekh kiya gayaa haye..
abb, siddhanton mein duniya bhar key 400 seey adhik sangathan hain joe 17 seey adhik deshon key 40 seey adhik visheshagyon, shikshaavidon aur pramukh vyaktiyon key saath siddhanton kaa samarthan karate hain, aur 5 deshon key 6 nirvaachit adhikaari yaa raajneetik dall hain.
inn siddhanton kaa upayog abb duniya bhar mein nigrani kaanoon aur neeti mein sudhaar key liye model key roop mein kiya jaa rhaa haye aur yeh maapane key liye ack benchmark pradaan karane key liye kii kyaa kissy raajya kii nigrani prathaaen antarrashtriya manvadhikar kaanoon kaa paalan karati hain.

