
donbass

donbass yaa donbass (,;;) purvi ukraine mein ack aitihaasik, saanskritik aur aarthik kshetra haye. donabas key kuchh hisson parr roose-ukraini yuddh key parinamswarup roose kaa kabja haye.
donets besin" seey banaa "donets besin" shabd ack portmento haye, joe "donets koyla besin" (;) kaa ack sankshipt naam haye. koyla besin kaa naam donnet riz kaa sandarbh haye; baad vaalaa donnet nadee seey judaa huaa haye.
iss kshetra kii seema kii kaee paribhaashaaen hain. abb ise sabse adhik ukraine key donetsk aur luhansk kshetron key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye. aitihaasik koyla khanan kshetra ney inn oblast key kuchh hisson koo baahar curr diyaa, aur isamen dnipropetrovsk oblast aur dakshini roose key kshetra shamil they. isi naam kaa ack euro kshetra ukraine mein donetsk aur luhansk oblast aur roose mein rostove oblast seey banaa haye.
donbass ney zaporizian sitch aur donn cossack mezban key beach aitihaasik seema kaa gathan kiya. yeh 19veen shatabdi key anta seey ack mahatvapurna koyla khanan kshetra rhaa haye, jaba yeh ack bhaari audyogik kshetra bunn gayaa thaa.
march 2014 mein, euromaidan virodh andolan aur garima kii parinami kranti key baad, donbaon key badey samooh roose samarthak aur sarkaar virodhi ashanti seey grasit hoe gaye. yeh ashanti baad mein ukraini sarkari balon aur russie balon key beach russie milicia key saath yuddh mein badal gaee, jinhen vyaapak russie-ukraini yuddh key hisse key roop mein roose dwara samarthit kiya gayaa thaa. sangharsh ney donbass koo ukraine key kabje vaale kshetra mein vibhajit curr diyaa, joe kshetra kaa lagbhag dou-tihai hissa haye, aur algavvadi/russie kabje vaalaa kshetra, joe lagbhag ack tihai haye. roose dwara ukraine parr poorna paimaane parr aakraman shuru karane taka yeh kshetra varshon taka iss tarah seey banaa rhaa. 30 sitambar 2022 koo, roose ney ektarafa roop seey dou anya ukraini oblast, kherson aur zaporizzia key saath donbass key apane vilay kii ghoshana kii.
donetsk shahar (ukraine kaa paanchvaan sabse badaa shahar) koo donabus kii anaupchaarik rajdhani maanaa jaataa haye. anya badey shaharon (100,000 seey adhik nivaasiyon) mein luhansk, makivka, horlivka, chramatorsk, mariupol, alchevsk, laisichansk aur sivierodonetsk shamil hain.
itihas.
pracheen, madhyayugeen aur shaahi russie kaal.
kurgan parikalpana ukraine aur dakshini roose key pontic steppy koo proto-indo-european kii bhashai matribhoomi key roop mein rakhti haye. yamnaya sanskriti kii pehchaan dair seey proto-indo-european logon key saath kii jaati haye. 
iss kshetra mein sadiyon seey vibhinn khanabdosh janjaatiyon jaise kii cythian, alaan, huns, bulger, pecheneg, kipchak, turkey-mangol, taataar aur nogai rahate rahey hain. 17veen shatabdi key uttaraardh taka yeh kshetra jise abb donbass key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, kaafee hudd taka nirjan thaa, jaba donn cossex ney iss kshetra mein pahali sthaayi bastiyon kii sthaapana kii.
iss kshetra mein pahala shahar 1676 mein sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, jise solanoe ("abb soldar") kahaa jaataa haye, jise nae khoje gaye chattan-namak bhandar kaa dohan karane key laabhdaayak vyavasaay key liye banaaya gayaa thaa. jangli kshetra" (, "dike poul") key liye jaanaa jaane vaalaa kshetra jise abb donbass kahaa jaataa haye, 18 veen shatabdi key madhya taka kaafee hudd taka ukraini cossack hetmanet aur turkey cryman khaanat key niyantran mein thaa, jaba russie samrajya ney hetmanet parr vijay praapt kii aur khaanat parr kabja curr liya.
17veen shatabdi key uttaraardh mein, hetman key ukraine aur maskov key basane vaalon aur bhagodon ney donnet nadee key uttar kii bhoomi mein buss gaye. 18veen shatabdi key anta mein, kaee russie, ukraini, serb aur yunani donnet nadee key dakshini maarg key saath bhoomi mein chaley gaye, ack aise kshetra mein jahan pahale khanabdosh nogai rahate they, joe nammatra key liye crimean khaanat key adheen they. zaarvaadi roose ney jeete gaye kshetron kaa naam "nayaa roose" (, "novrosia") rakhaa. jaise hii audyogik kranti ney poore europe mein pakad banaai, 1721 mein khoje gaye kshetra key vishal koyla sansadhanon kaa 19veen shatabdi key madhya mein dohan kiya jaane lagaa.
yeh iss bindu parr thaa kii "donbass" naam kaa upayog kiya gayaa, joe "donnet koyla besin" (;) shabd seey liya gayaa thaa, joe donnet nadee key kinare key kshetra kaa ullekh kartaa haye jahaan adhikansh koyla bhandar paae gaye they. koyla udyog key uday ney iss kshetra mein jansankhya mein uchhaal laaya, joe kaafee hudd taka russie basane vaalon dwara sanchaalit thaa.
donetsk, aaj iss kshetra kaa sabse mahatvapurna shahar, 1869 mein velsh vyavasaayi johnn huges dwara olexandrivca key puraane zaporozian cossack shahar key sthal parr sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. galey milkar ack ispat mill kaa nirmaan kiya aur iss kshetra mein kaee koyla karkhanon kii sthaapana kii. shahar kaa naam unake naam parr "yuzovka" () rakhaa gayaa thaa. yuzovka aur isi tarah key shaharon key vikas key saath, russie samrajya key paridhiya rajyapalon seey badee sankhya mein bhumihin kisan kaam kii talash mein aae.
1897 kii russie shaahi janganana key anusaar, ukraini (aadhikarik shaahi bhasha mein "chhote russie") kshetra kii aabaadi kaa 52.4% hissa they, jabaki jaatiya russie 28.7% they. jaatiya yunani, german, yahudi aur taataar bhee donbass mein mahatvapurna upasthiti rakhate they, vishesh roop seey mariupol jile mein, jahan way aabaadi kaa 36.7% they. isake bavjood, rusiyon ney audyogik karyabal kaa bahumat banaaya. ukraini logon kaa graameen kshetron parr prabhutva thaa, lekin shaharon mein aksar kewal russie loga rahate they joe kshetra key bhaari udyogon mein kaam karane key liye aae they. joe ukraini loga kaam key liye shaharon mein chaley gaye they, way jaldi seey russie bhashi shramik varg mein aatmasaat hoe gaye.
russie grihyuddh aur soviyat kaal (1918-1941).
aprail 1918 mein ukraini janvaadi ganarajya key prati wafadar sainikon ney kshetra key badey hisson parr niyantran curr liya. kuchh samay key liye, isake sarkari nikaay apane russie asthaayi sarkari samkakshon key saath donbass mein kaam karate they. ukraini lock ganarajya kaa uttaradhikari, ukraini raajya, maee 1918 mein apane german aur austriyai-hangerian sahyogiyon kii madad seey iss kshetra koo thode samay key liye apane niyantran mein laane mein saksham thaa.
russie grihyuddh key dauran, nester makhano, jinhone ukraine kii krantikari vidrohi senaa kii kamaan sambhali, donbass mein sabse lokpriya netaa they.
ukraine key logon dwara basey anya kshetron key saath, russie grih yuddh key baad donbass koo ukraine key soviyat samajwadi ganarajya mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa. iss kshetra mein cossex koo 1919-1921 key dauran decosackisation key adheen kiya gayaa thaa. donbass mein ukraini loga 1932-33 holodomer akaal aur joseph stallin kii rusikaran neeti seey bahut prabhaavit they. adhikansh jaatiya ukraini graameen kisan they, isaliye unhone akaal kaa khamiyaja bhugatana padaa.
naazi vyavasaay (1941-1943).
donbass dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey bahut prabhaavit they. yuddh key aage, kshetra garibi aur bhojan kii kamee seey grast thaa. yuddh kii taiyari key parinamswarup karkhane key majdooron key liye kaary divas kaa vistaar huaa, jabaki joe loga uchch manakon seey vichalit hue unhein giraftar curr liya gayaa. naazi germany key netaa adolph hitler ney donbass key sansadhanon koo operation barbarta key liye mahatvapurna maanaa. iss prakaar, 1941 aur 1942 key dauran donbass koo naazi kabje key tahat peedit honah padaa.
hajaaron audyogik majdooron koo karkhanon mein upayog key liye naazi germany mein nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa. usa samay jise stelino oblast kahaa jaataa thaa, abb donetsk oblast, mein kabje key dauran 279,000 nagrik maare gaye they. voroshilovgrade oblast mein, abb luhansk oblast mein, 45,649 maare gaye they.
1943 mein laal senaa dwara chhote seey satra aur donbass ranneetik hamale key parinamswarup donbass soviyat niyantran mein laut aae. yuddh ney apana nuksan uthaaya thaa, jisase kshetra donon nasht hoe gaye they aur aabaadi cumm hoe gaee thee.
soviyat kaal (1943-1991).
dwiteeya vishva yuddh kii samaapti key baad donbass key punarnirmaan key dauran, badee sankhya mein russie shramik iss kshetra mein punah aabaadi karane key liye pahunche, jisase jansankhya santulan mein aur badalaav aaya. 1926 mein, 639,000 jaatiya russie donbass mein rahate they, aur ukraini aabaadi kaa 60 pratishat thaa. rusikaran neeti key parinamswarup, donbass kii ukraini aabaadi mein taba bhaari girawat aaee kyonki jaatiya russie badee sankhya mein iss kshetra mein buss gaye. 1959 taka, russie jaatiya aabaadi 25 laakh thee. rusikaran koo soviyat shaikshik sudhaaron dwara aage badhaaya gayaa thaa, jisake kaaran donbass mein sabhi ukraini bhasha kii schooly shiksha kaa lagbhag unmoolan hoe gayaa thaa. 1989 kii soviyat janganana key samay taka, donbass kii 45 pratishat aabaadi ney russie key roop mein apani jaatiyata kii soochana dee. 1990 mein, donbass key antar-morche kii sthaapana ukraini swatantrata key khilaf ack andolan key roop mein kii gaee thee.
swatantra ukraine mein (1991 seey).
1991 mein ukraini swatantrata parr janmat sangrah mein, donetsk oblast mein 83.9% aur luhansk oblast mein 83.6% matdaataon ney soviyat sangh seey swatantrata kaa samarthan kiya. donetsk oblast mein 76.7% aur luhansk oblast mein 80.7% matdan huaa. octuber 1991 mein, donetsk mein sarkaar key sabhi staron key dakshin-purvi pratinidhiyon kii ack congress hui, jahan pratinidhiyon ney sanghikaran kii maang kii.
aaney vaale varshon mein iss kshetra kii arthavyavastha buri tarah seey bigad gaee. 1993 taka, audyogik utpaadan gir gayaa thaa, aur 1990 key baad seey ausat majdoori mein 80 pratishat kii girawat aaee thee. donbass sankat mein parh gaye, kaee logon ney naee kendra sarkaar parr kuprabandhan aur upeksha kaa aarop lagaaya. donbass koyla khanik 1993 mein hadtaal parr chaley gaye, jisase ack sangharsh huaa jise itihaaskaar luis seaglebaum ney "donbass kshetra aur desh key baaki hisson key beach sangharsh" key roop mein varnit kiya thaa. ack hadtaal netaa ney kahaa kii donbass key logon ney swatantrata key liye matdan kiya thaa kyonki way chaahte they kii "ilaakon, udyamon, shaharon koo shakti dee jaae", isaliye naheen kii way chaahte they kii bhaari kendrikrit shakti "masco seey kyiv" mein sthanantarit hoe.
iss hadtaal key baad 1994 mein donetsk aur luhansk oblast mein vibhinn samvaidhaanik prashnon parr ack paramarsh janmat sangrah huaa, joe swatantra ukraine mein pahale sansadiya chunaavon key saath samvarti roop seey aayojit kiya gayaa thaa. inn prashnon mein shamil thaa kii kyaa russie koo ukraine kii aadhikarik bhasha ghoshit kiya jaanaa chaahiye, kyaa russie koo donetsk aur luhansk oblast mein prashaasan kii bhasha honah chaahiye, kyaa ukraine koo sanghiya honah chaahiye, aur kyaa ukraine koo swatantra raajyon key rashtramandal key saath ghanishth sambandh rakhna chaahiye.
lagbhag 90 pratishat matdaataon ney inn prastaavon key paksh mein matdan kiya. unamen seey kissy koo bhee sweekaar naheen kiya gayaa kyonki vote rashtravyapi thaa. ukraine ack ekaatmak raajya banaa rhaa, ukraini koo ekmatra aadhikarik bhasha key roop mein barkarar rakhaa gayaa, aur donbass koo koee swaayatta naheen millie. phir bhee, donbass hadtaalkaariyon ney keev seey kaee aarthik riyaayaten praapt keen, jisase kshetra mein aarthik sankat kaa unmoolan huaa.
1990 key dashak mein chhoti hadataalen jaari raheen, halanki swaayatta kii maang cumm hoe gaee. donbass key bhaari udyogon koo kuchh subsidy samaapt curr dee gaee thee, aur vishva baink dwara udaar banaane key liye kiye gaye sudhaaron key kaaran ukraine sarkaar dwara kaee khadanon koo bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. leonid kucha, jinhone purvi ukraine mein donbass aur anya kshetron key samarthan seey 1994 kaa rashtrapati chunaav jeetaa thaa, 1999 mein ukraine key rashtrapati key roop mein phir seey chune gaye they. rashtrapati kucha ney kshetra mein raajneetik samarthan praapt karane key liye vikas key dhana kaa upayog karate hue donbass koo aarthik sahaayata dee.
2000 key dashak kii shuruat mein donbass mein shakti ack kshetriya raajneetik abhijaat varg mein kendrit hoe gaee, jise kuleen varg key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. raajya key udyogon key nijikaran key kaaran badey paimaane parr bhrashtachar huaa. kshetriya itihaaskaar hiroki kuromiya ney iss abhijaat varg koo "donbass kabile" key roop mein varnit kiya, joe logon kaa ack samooh thaa joe iss kshetra mein aarthik aur raajneetik shakti koo niyantrit kartaa thaa. kabile" key pramukh sadasyon mein victor yanukovic aur rinat akhmetov shamil they.
2004 mein narangi kranti key dauran samarthak victor yanukovic raajnetaon aur adhikaariyon dwara swaayatta praapt karane kaa ack sankshipt prayaas kiya gayaa thaa. tathaakathit dakshin-poorv ukraini swaayatt ganarajya kaa uddeshya ukraine key nau dakshin-purvi kshetron koo shamil karna thaa. iss pariyojana kii shuruat 26 navambar 2004 koo luhansk oblast parishad dwara kii gaee thee, aur agale maheene donetsk oblast parishad dwara ise bund curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 28 navambar 2004 koo, sivierodontsk mein, tathaakathit ayojan kiya gayaa, jiska ayojan victor yanukovic key samarthakon dwara kiya gayaa thaa.
ukraine, crima aur sevastopol key 16 oblasts key kull 3,576 pratinidhiyon ney congress mein bhaag liya, joe 35 million seey adhik nagrikon kaa pratinidhitva karane kaa daavaa karate hain. masco key mahapour yuri lujhkov aur russie dutawas key ack salaahkaar presidium mein maujood they. ukraine mein yuddh kaanoon kii ghoshana karane, varkhovna raada key vighatan, aatmaraksha balon key nirmaan aur kharkiv mein apani rajdhani key saath ack sanghiya dakshin-purvi raajya key nirmaan key liye ukraine key rashtrapati yaa pradhaan mantri key roop mein victor yanukovic kii niyukti key liye ahwan kiye gaye they.
donetsk key mahapour olexander lukyanchenko ney halanki kahaa kii koee bhee swaayatta naheen chaahata thaa, balki kyiv mein usa samay chala rahey narangi kranti key pradarshanon koo rokane aur ack samjhaute parr baatchit karane kii maang kii. narangi kranti kii jeet key baad, congress key kuchh ayojakon parr "ukraine kii kshetriya akhandata aur alanghaniyata parr atikraman" kaa aarop lagaaya gayaa thaa, lekin koee doshasiddhi naheen kii gaee thee.
2000 key dashak key dauran ukraine key anya hisson mein, donbass koo aksar "thhag sanskriti" key roop mein, "soviyat sespool" key roop mein aur "pichhade" key roop mein maanaa jaataa thaa. 2005 mein "narodne slovo" samachar patra mein likhate hue, tippanikar victor takachenko ney kahaa kii donbass "paanchven collum" kaa ghar thaa, aur iss kshetra mein ukraini bolane vaale "kissy key swaasthya aur jeevan key liye surakshit naheen they. ise roose samarthak algavvad key ghar key roop mein bhee chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. donbass mein kaafee adhik sankhya mein shahar aur gaanv hain jinka naam baaki ukraine kii tulanaa mein saamyavaadi hastiyon key naam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa. iss chitran key bavjood, usa dashak mein aur 1990 key dashak key dauran kiye gaye sarvekshanon ney ukraine key bheetar rahane key liye majboot samarthan aur algavvad key liye mahatvaheen samarthan dikhaaya.
russo-ukraini yuddh (2014-vartamaan).
donbass mein yuddh.
march 2014 kii shuruat seey, garima kii kranti aur euromaidan andolan key baad key hisse key roop mein, donbass mein roose samarthak aur sarkaar virodhi samoohon dwara pradarshan kiye gaye. yeye pradarshan, joe russie sangh dwara crime key vilay key baad hue, aur joe dakshini aur purvi ukraine mein samvarti samarthak virodh pradarshanon key ack vyaapak samooh kaa hissa they, aprail 2014 mein swa-ghoshit donetsk aur luhansk peepuls republic (kramshah dee. pee. aar. aur ell. pee. aar.) aur ukraini sarkaar key russie samarthit algavvadi balon key beach yuddh mein badh gaye.
usa sangharsh key beach, swa-ghoshit ganrajyon ney 11 maee 2014 koo donetsk aur luhansk oblast kii sthiti parr janmat sangrah kiya. janmat sangrah mein, jise ukraine dwara avaidh aur antarrashtriya samudaay dwara aloktaantrik key roop mein dekhaa gayaa, lagbhag 90 pratishat ney dee. pee. aar. aur ell. pee. aar. kii swatantrata key liye matdan kiya.
donbass mein praarambhik virodh kaafee hudd taka naee ukraini sarkaar key saath asantosh kii mool abhivyaktiyaan theen. iss star parr russie bhagidari pradarshanon key samarthan kii apani aavaaj taka seemit thee. donetsk aur luhansk mein algavvadiyon kaa uday pradarshankariyon key ack chhote seey samooh key roop mein shuru huaa, joe russie niyantran seey swatantra thaa. haalaanki, yeh ashanti kewal russie sainya samarthan key kaaran ack sashastr sangharsh mein vikasit hui joe roose-ukraine yuddh key hisse key roop mein ack seemant samooh thaa. itihaaskaar hiroki kuromiya key shabdon mein, iss prakaar sangharsh "gupt roop seey engineer kiya gayaa thaa aur chalaki seey baahari logon dwara chhipi hui thee.
yuddh key shuru honey seey pahale donbass mein algavvad key liye seemit samarthan thaa, aur ack sashastr vidroh key samarthan key liye bahut cumm saboot they. russie daavaa kii donbass mein russie bolane vaalon koo ukraine kii sarkaar dwara prataadit kiya jaa rhaa thaa yaa "narsamhar" kaa shikaar kiya jaa rhaa thaa, aur hastakshep karane key liye majboor kiya jaa rhaa thaa, unhein galat maanaa gayaa.
2014 kii garmiyon key dauran ladaai jaari rahee, aur agast 2014 taka, ukraini "aatankvaad-virodhi abhiyaan" roose samarthak balon key niyantran mein kshetra koo kaafee cumm karane mein saksham thaa, aur roose-ukraine seema parr niyantran hassil karane key karib aaa gayaa. donbass mein bigadati sthiti key jawab mein, roose ney apane "sankar yuddh" drishtikon koo chhod diyaa, aur iss kshetra parr paaramparik aakraman shuru curr diyaa. russie aakraman key parinamswarup, dee. pee. aar. aur ell. pee. aar. vidrohiyon ney ukraine sarkaar key pichhale sainya aakraman key dauran khoye hue adhikansh kshetra koo phir seey hassil curr liya.
kewal iss russie hastakshep ney sangharsh key tatkaal ukraini samadhan koo roque diyaa. isane ukraini paksh koo yuddhaviram samjhaute parr hastakshar karane key liye majboor kiya. minsk protocol kehlata haye, iss parr 5 sitambar 2014 koo hastakshar kiye gaye they. kyonki yeh ladaai koo rokane mein whiffle rhaa, ack aur samjhaute, jise minsk II kahaa jaataa haye, parr 12 farwari 2015 koo hastakshar kiye gaye they. iss samjhaute mein donbass ganrajyon key ukraine mein phir seey ekikaran kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen swaayatta kaa star thaa. donbass mein russie hastakshep kaa uddeshya roose samarthak sarkaaron koo sthaapit karna thaa, joe ukraine mein phir seey shamil honey parr, ukraine kii rajneeti mein russie hastakshep koo suvidhajanak banaayegi. iss prakaar minsk samjhaute russie paksh key liye atyadhik anukool they, kyonki unake karyanvayan seey inn lakshyon koo puuraa kiya jaa sakega.
sangharsh key kaaran donbass seey ack vishal palayan huaah kshetra kii aadhi aabaadi koo apane gharon seey bhaagne key liye majboor honah padaa. 3 march 2016 koo jaari ack unocher report mein kahaa gayaa haye kii 2014 mein sangharsh shuru honey key baad seey, ukraini sarkaar ney 16 laakh aantarik roop seey visthaapit logon koo panjikrit kiya joe donba seey ukraine key anya hisson mein bhaag gaye they. kahaa jaataa haye kii 10 laakh seey adhik loga kaheen aur bhaag gaye they, jyaadaatar roose mein. report key samay, 27 laakh loga dee. pee. aar. aur ell. pee. aar. niyantran vaale kshetron mein rehna jaari rakhate they, jisamen lagbhag ack tihai donba shamil they.
minsk samjhauton key bavjood, ukraini sarkaar aur russie niyantrit kshetron key beach sampark kii rekha key saath cumm teevrata vaali ladaai 2022 taka jaari rahee. sangharsh kii shuruat key baad seey 29 yuddhaviram hue hain, pratyek kaa irada anishchit kaal taka bull mein rahane kaa thaa, lekin unamen seey kissy ney bhee hinsa koo naheen rokaa.<riff naam = "taas.comm/worled/1027270 "> </ref> isake kaaran yuddh koo" jamey hue sangharsh "key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa.
11 janwari 2017 koo, ukraini sarkaar ney donbass key kabje vaale hisse aur isaki aabaadi koo ukraine mein phir seey ekikrit karane kii yojana koo manjuri dee. yeh yojana russie samarthit raajneetik sansthaon koo matdaataon parr aanshik niyantran degi aur "zarkaalo nedeli" dwara "ukraine key shareer mein ack cancer koshika lagaane" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye."ise kabhi lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur yeh saarvajanik virodh key adheen thaa.
donbass key ukraini-niyantrit hisson key nivaasiyon key samajshastriya samooh dwara 2018 key ack sarvekshan mein paaya gayaa kii 82 pratishat uttardaataon kaa maanana thaa kii ukraine mein russie bhashi logon key khilaf koee bhedbhaav naheen thaa. kewal 11 pratishat ney bhedbhaav key kuchh saboot dekhe. isi sarvekshan mein yeh bhee paaya gayaa kii 71 pratishat uttardaataon ney russie bhashi aabaadi kii "raksha" key liye roose key sainya hastakshep kaa samarthan naheen kiya, kewal 9 pratishat ney usa kaarravaai key liye samarthan kii peshkash kii. 2019 mein kiye gaye ack anya sarvekshan mein paaya gayaa kii sarvekshan mein shamil kewal 23 pratishat ukraini logon ney donbass koo swaayatt darja dene kaa samarthan kiya, jabaki 34 pratishat ney sangharsh viram aur sangharsh koo "freeze" karane kaa samarthan kiya, 23 pratishat ney kabje vaale donbass kshetron koo punarpraapt karane key liye sainya kaarravaai kaa samarthan kiya, aur 6 pratishat ney inn kshetron koo ukraine seey alag karane kaa samarthan kiya.
ukraine parr poorna paimaane parr russie aakraman.
21 farwari 2022 koo, roose ney aadhikarik taur parr donetsk aur luhansk ganrajyon kii swatantrata koo maanyata dee, jisase minsk samjhauton koo prabhaavi dhang seey maar diyaa gayaa. roose ney baad mein 24 farwari 2022 koo ukraine parr ack nayaa, poorna paimaane parr aakraman shuru kiya, jise russie rashtrapati vladmir puteen ney kahaa kii iska uddeshya donbass key logon koo ukraine sarkaar key "durupyog" aur "narsamhar" seey "bachaana" thaa. halanki, putin key daavon kaa khandan kiya gayaa haye. dee. pee. aar. aur ell. pee. aar. roose key abhiyaan mein shamil hoe gaye; algavvadiyon ney kahaa kii donetsk oblast aur luhansk oblast kii sampoornata parr kabja karane key liye ack abhiyaan shuru hoe gayaa thaa.
18 aprail 2022 koo donbass kii ladaai shuru hui.
jansankhyiki aur rajneeti.
2001 kii janganana key anusaar, jaatiya ukraini loga luhansk oblast kii aabaadi kaa 58 pratishat aur donetsk oblast kii 56.9% hain. jaatiya russie sabse badey alpasankhyak hain, joe kramshah 39 pratishat aur 38.2% dou oblast key liye jimmedaar hain. vartamaan samay mein, donbass mukhya roop seey ack rusophone kshetra haye. 2001 kii janganana key anusaar, russie donetsk oblast mein nivaasiyon kii mukhya bhasha haye aur luhansk oblast mein 68.8% haye.
russie mool key nivasi mukhya roop seey badey shahari kendron mein kendrit hain. audyogikaran key dauran russie mukhya bhasha aur "lingwa franca" bunn gaee, joe kaee rusiyon key aapravaasan seey, vishesh roop seey kursk oblast seey, donbass mein nae sthaapit shaharon mein, badhaava milaa. lagaatar shodh vivaadon kaa ack vishay, aur aksar inn dou oblasts mein incar kiya jaataa haye, soviyat kaal key dauran jabaran pravaas aur mauton kii seema haye, joe vishesh roop seey holodomore key dauran graameen ukraini logon koo prabhaavit karati haye, jisake parinamswarup praarambhik soviyat audyogikaran neetiyon key parinamswarup poore dakshini ukraine aur volga kshetra mein dou saal key sookhe key saath sanyukt roop seey.
lagbhag sabhi ukraini yahudi yaa tou bhaag gaye yaa dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein german kabje key dauran ukraine mein narsamhar mein unaki hatyaa curr dee gaee. 1926 aur 2001 kii aadhikarik janganana key anusaar donbass lagbhag 6 pratishat musalman hain.
garima kii kranti seey pahale, kshetra kii rajneeti mein kshetron kii samarthak russie party kaa varchasva thaa, jisane 2008 key ukraini sansadiya chunaav mein lagbhag 50 pratishat donbass vote praapt kiye they. usa party key pramukh sadasya, jaise kii poorv ukraini rashtrapati victor yanukovic, donbass seey they.
bhashavid george shevelov key anusaar, 1920 key dashak kii shuruat mein ukraini bhasha mein maadhyamik vidyaalayon mein shikshan kaa anupaat donbass mein jaatiya ukraini logon key anupaat seey cumm thaa-bhale hii soviyat sangh ney adesh diyaa thaa kii ukraini ssr mein sabhi school ukraini bhashi honey chaahiye (isaki ukrainikaran neeti key hisse key roop mein).
ukraine mein kshetriya pehchaan key sarvekshanon seey pataa chalaa haye kii lagbhag 40 pratishat donbass nivasi "soviyat pehchaan" honey kaa daavaa karate hain. sodertorn vishvavidyalaya key roman horbic ney likhaa kii 20veen shatabdi mein, "aspas key sabhi kshetron key kisan apani tatkalin vyast khadanon aur paudhon koo jaatiya roop seey ukraini aur russie kshetron kii seema parr bhar rahey they," "adhure aur pracheen sansthanon" ney donbass nivaasiyon koo "vishesh roop seey majboot aadhunik shahari-aur rashtriya-naee pehchaan praapt karane" seey roque diyaa.
dharm.
razumkov kendra dwara aayojit ukraine mein dharm key 2016 key ack sarvekshan key anusaar, donbass mein aabaadi kaa 65.0% isai dharm mein vishvaas kartaa haye (jisamen 50.6% roodhivaadi, 11.9% shamil hain jinhone khud koo "kewal isai" ghoshit kiya, aur 2.5% joe protestant churchon seey sambandhit they). islam donbaon kii 6 pratishat aabaadi kaa dharm haye aur 0.6 pratishat hindu dharm, donon dharmon kii aabaadi ukraine key anya kshetron kii tulanaa mein adhik haye. jinn logon ney kuchh anya dharmon mein vishvaas naheen karane yaa vishvaas naheen karane kii ghoshana kii, una logon mein seey ack mein pehchaan naheen kii, way jansankhya key 28.3% they.
arthavyavastha.
donbass arthavyavastha mein koyla khanan aur dhaatu vigyaan jaise bhaari udyog kaa varchasva haye. iss kshetra kaa naam "donnet koyla besin" (,) shabd key sankshipt naam seey liya gayaa haye, aur jabaki 1970 key dashak seey koyale kaa vaarshik nishkarshan cumm hoe gayaa haye, donna ack mahatvapurna utpaadak banaa huaa haye. donbass ukraine mein sabse badey koyla bhandaron mein seey ack kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, jisamen anumaanit 60 arab tunn koyla bhandar haye.
donbass mein koyla khanan bahut gaharaai mein kiya jaataa haye. lignite khanan satah key neeche hotaa haye, jabaki adhik moolyavaan anthracite aur bituminus koyale key liye khanan aspas kii gaharaai mein hotaa haye. aprail 2014 mein kshetra key yuddh kii shuruat seey pahale, donetsk aur luhansk oblast ney ack saath ukraine key niryaat kaa lagbhag 30 pratishat utpaadan kiya.
donetsk kshetra key anya udyogon mein blast-furness aur steel banaane key upkaran, railway maal-gaadiyan, dhaatu-kaatane kii machine-upkaran, surang banaane kii masheenen, krishi kataai aur jutai pranali, railway patariyan, khanan kaaren, vidyut injan, sainya vaahan, tractor aur utkhanan shamil hain. iss kshetra mein gharelu dhulai-masheenen, refrigerator, freezer, tv sett, chamade key joote aur shauchalaya sabun jaise upabhokta saman bhee utpaadit hotey hain. isake aadhe seey adhik utpaadan kaa niryaat kiya jaataa haye, aur lagbhag 22 pratishat roose koo niryaat kiya jaataa haye.
march 2017 key madhya mein, ukraine key rashtrapati petro poroshenko ney swa-ghoshit donetsk peepuls republic aur luhansk peepuls republic dwara niyantrit kshetra mein maal kii aavaajaahi parr asthaayi pratibandh parr ack decree parr hastakshar kiye, isaliye taba seey ukraine donnet koyla besin seey koyla naheen khareedata haye.
shale gais bhandar, badey neeper-donnet besin kaa hissa, donbass mein maujood hain, vishesh roop seey yuzivska gais kshetra. russie gais ayaat parr ukraini nirbharta koo cumm karane key prayaas mein, ukraini sarkaar ney 2012 mein shaahi dutch shale key saath yuzivska kshetra koo vikasit karane key liye ack samjhauta kiya. 2014 mein kshetra mein yuddh key prakop key baad shale koo sanchaalan koo rokane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa, aur juuna 2015 mein aadhikarik taur parr pariyojana seey vaapas leey liya gayaa thaa.
koyla udyog mein vyaavsaayik suraksha.
donbass kii koyla khadaanen duniya mein sabse khatarnak hain kyonki khadanon kii gaharaai key saath-saath lagaatar meethen visfot, koyla-dhool visfot, chattan fatane key khatare aur purani buniyaadi sanrachanaaen hain. 2000 key dashak key anta mein iss kshetra mein aur bhee adhik khatarnak avaidh koyla khadaanen bahut aam hoe gaeen.
paryaavaran sambandhi samasyaaen.
gahan koyla khanan aur donna mein galaane seey sthaaniya paryaavaran koo gambhir nuksan huaa haye. poore kshetra mein sabse aam samasyaon mein shamil hainh
isake alawa, donbass mein kaee rasayanik apashisht-niptan sthalon koo banaae naheen rakhaa gayaa haye, aur paryaavaran key liye ack nirantar khatra paida kartaa haye. ack asamanya khatra soviyat yug kaa parinam haye kii yenkeev mein prayogaatmak paramanu khanan kaa pareekshan kiya gayaa. udaaharan key liye, 16 sitambar 1979 koo, yankam khadaan mein, jise aaj yenakiyev mein yuva communard khadaan key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, meethen gais koo mukt karane key liye 900 meater parr ack 300kt paramanu pareekshan visfot kiya gayaa thaa yaa ack andakar balua patthar key gumbad mein koyale kii seams koo apghatit kiya gayaa thaa jise klivaaz [daraar] site key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye taaki meethen jeevan key liye khatra yaa khatra paida naa karey. halanki, glassnost seey pahale, kissy bhee khanik koo khadaan mein radiodharmita kii upasthiti key baare mein soochit naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
sakal kshetriya utpaad.
2020 mein donbass kaa sakal kshetriya utpaad 250 arab dollar (7 arab euro) thaa. 2020 mein donbass ney ukraine jee. dee. pee. kaa lagbhag 6 pratishat utpann kiya.

