
hydrobidae

hydrobidae, jise aamtaur parr mitty key ghonghe key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ack operculum key saath bahut chhote taaje paani aur khaare paani key ghonghe kaa ack badaa cosmopolitan parivaar haye; way littorinmorpha crum mein hain.
vitaran.
hydrobidae duniya key adhikansh hisson mein paae jaate hain, joe antarctica koo chhodkar sabhi mahadweepon mein rahate hain. akele australia mein parivaar mein 260 seey adhik prajaatiyan hain.
varnan.
yeye bahut chhote yaa chhote ghonghe hain, jinaki khol kii oonchaai 8 mimi seey cumm haye. baahari-kundalit gole chikane hotey hain (baahari honth key aakar key anuroop vriddhi rekhaaon koo chhodkar) aur aamtaur parr gair-varnanatmak hotey hain. iss parivaar key bheetar prajaatiyon koo vargeekrit karane kaa prayaas karane vaale pranaliwadi koo khol bahut cumm majboot visheshtaen pradaan kartaa haye. yeh kathinaaee uchch star kii antar-vishisht bhinnata seey badh jaati haye. varnan aksar operculum, redula aur ling kii visheshtaon parr adharit honah chaahiye.
iss parivaar key bheetar prajaatiyon kaa khol planispiral seey suee key aakar mein bhinn hotaa haye. khol mein ack khuli naabhi yaa ack plug naabhi hoe sakati haye. khol kii motai patali seey laker kaafee thhos taka hoe sakati haye. khol pardarshi aur seeng-rung kaa yaa rangheen hoe sakata haye.
khol mein ghoornan kii sankhya dou aur aathh key beach bhinn hoti haye. shareer key ghoornan key lagaav koo dheela karke khol kabhi-kabhi ack karkash yaa seeng jaisa aakar bhee dhaaran curr sakata haye. periostracum (khol kii baahari parat) aamtaur parr patali hoti haye, aur aksar rangeen hoti haye. yeh kabhi-kabhi baal jaise anuman dikhaa sakata haye.
paappurn chhidra poorna hotaa haye, joe ack saiphan nahar yaa anya vistaaron dwara baadhit naheen hotaa haye. kabhi-kabhi yeh motaa hoe jaataa haye. protoconch aamtaur parr ack gumbad key aakar kaa hotaa haye, aur aamtaur parr kuchh sarpil dikhaata haye.
cornius operculum aamtaur parr achchi tarah seey banaa hotaa haye aur kewal kuchh sarpil dikhaata haye.
sir, pair, aavaran aur aanton kii kundali melanine varnakon key saath halke bhoore seey gahare baingani-kaale rung kii hoti haye. bhoomigat prajaatiyan aksar rangheen hoti hain.
majboot pair koo khol mein vaapas liya jaa sakata haye. shleshma granthiyaan pair key agravarti kinare parr sthit hoti hain. koee pashch shleshma granthiyaan naheen hain. samamit cephalic tambu dhaage jaise hotey hain, jisamen kund yaa goal noke hotey hain. aankhen tambu key aadhar parr sthit hain.
tenedium (ack kanghi jaisa shwasan upkaran) pallial guha kii adhikansh lambai key saath jaataa haye. iss shwasan gill mein 10 seey 200 trikoniya tantu hotey hain. shwas anga seey judaa ghraan anga, osphradium, aamtaur parr apekshaakrit chhota hotaa haye.
teneoglosset redula mein daanton kii pachas seey adhik panktiyaan hoti hain. kendriya daant trapezoidal haye. paarshv daanton mein kuchh seey kaee cups hotey hain. seemant daant aamtaur parr kaee cups key saath hotey hain.
inn prajaatiyon mein aamtaur parr purush aur mahila donon vyakti hotey hain, lekin bahut cumm prajanan aantarik nishechan key kaaran parthenogenic hoe sakata haye. maadaaen paani key paudhon kii pattiyon yaa tanon parr ekal capsule mein andey detee hain. lekin kabhi-kabhi way andey paida karate hain joe shareer key pallial gonoduct key bheetar paida hotey hain, aur inn mamalon mein yuva jeevit paida hotey hain. jwaarnadmukhon mein rahane vaali prajaatiyan kabhi-kabhi wegg larva kaa utpaadan karati hain.
iss parivaar kaa jeevaashm record praarambhik carboniferous taka faila huaa haye.
paaristhitiki.
nivaas sthaan.
iss parivaar kii adhikansh prajaatiyan meethe paani (jheelon, talabon, nadiyon, dhaaraon) mein rahati hain, lekin kuchh khaare paani mein yaa meethe paani aur khaare paani key beach kii seemaon parr paaee jaati hain. kuchh shaiwal aur samudri ghaas key beach retile yaa keechad vaale tala parr samudri vatavaran mein hotey hain.
khaane kii aadaten.
yeye chhote ghonghe shaiwal, dietum aur detreats koo khaate hain.
vargeekaran.
yeh super family truncataloidia key bheetar sabse badaa parivaar haye. ack samay yaa kissy anya samay mein iss parivaar koo lagbhag 400 vansh diye gaye hain, aur shayed 1,000 seey adhik prajaatiyan. hydrobidae parivaar duniya mein taaje paani key molsk kaa sabse vyaapak aur vividh parivaar haye, joe dhaaraon aur jwaranadmukh kii khaadi seey laker alpine bogh taka key aavason kii ack shrinkhala parr kabja kartaa haye.
iss parivaar kaa naam mool roop seey 1857 mein trochel dwara hydrobia samooh key roop mein rakhaa gayaa thaa. trauchel koo unake pada kaa nishchit pataa naheen thaa, aur unhone unhein lithoglyphy aur enciloti key beach teneoglosatah tenobranchiata mein rakhaa. varshon seey ack paryaapt aur adhik bareek vargeekaran dene key kaee prayaas kiye gaye hain. thele (1925,1929 aur 1931) ney samanya star parr parivaar kii sameeksha key saath sabse vyaapak vargeekaran kii sthaapana kii.
hydrobidae key vargeekaran key baare mein ullekhaniya karyon mein redman dwara kiye gaye kaary shamil hain, udaaharan key liye redman (1983).
vargeekaran, jaisa kii kabaat aur herschler (1993) dwara nirdisht kiya gayaa haye, ack monophylatic samooh naheen banaata haye, aur ise sanshodhan kii aavashyakta thee.
wilke aitt all dwara ack adhyayan. (2001) koai (cytochrome see oxidase subunit aaee) aur 18aiss jeane seey aanvik detta kaa upayog karane key parinamswarup upa-parivaaron kaa ack nayaa asthaayi samooh banaa haih hydrobine, sudamanikoline, nymphophiline, islamine aur horatine.
2005 vargeekaran.
nimnalikhit upa-parivaaron koo 2005 seey buchet aur rokroi key gastropod vargeekaran mein maanyata dee gaee haih
buchet aind rokroi (2005) key vargeekaran key anusaar amnicolidae aur kokliyopide koo alag-alag parivaar maanaa jaataa haye.

