
unnat yatri train

unnat yatri train (aeye. pee. tii.) 1970 aur 1980 key dashak kii shuruat mein british rail dwara vikasit ack jhukati hui uchch gati vaali train thee, jiska upayog paschimi tata mukhya line (doubleu. see. aim. ell.) parr kiya jaataa thaa. doubleu. see. aim. ell. mein kaee vakr they, aur aeye. pee. tii. ney inhen sambodhit karane key liye sakriya jhukaav kii avadharana kaa beedaa uthaaya, ack aisee visheshta jise taba seey duniya bhar key designs parr coppy kiya gayaa haye. praayogik aeye. pee. tii.-ee. ney 10 agast 1975 koo ack nayaa british railway gati record hassil kiya jaba yeh disambar 1979 mein seva prototype aeye. pee. tii.-pee. seey aage nickle gayaa.
seva prototype kaa vikas aage badhaa aur 1970 key dashak key anta taka design ack dashak seey nirmanadhin thaa aur trains abhee bhee seva key liye taiyar naheen theen. margaret charvaahe key chunaav ney mamalon koo ack sheersh parr laa diyaa aur unhone pariyojana key liye dhana mein katauti kaa sanket diyaa. radd honey kii sambhavana kaa saamana karate hue, bee. aar. prabandhan ney prototype koo seva mein laane kaa faisala kiya, jisamen landan-glassgo maarg parr pahala runn disambar 1981 mein huaa.
antatah samasyaon kaa samadhan curr diyaa gayaa aur 1984 mein bahut adhik safalata key saath trains koo chupchaap phir seey shuru kiya gayaa. iss samay taka pratispardhi uchch gati vaali train, joe ack paaramparik deejal injan dwara sanchaalit thee aur jisamen aeye. pee. tii. key jhukaav aur pradarshan kii kamee thee, teji seey vikas aur pareekshan seey gujar chuki thee aur abb bee. aar. kii yatri seva kii reedh bunn rahee thee. upayukt pariyojana key liye sabhi samarthan dhwast hoe gayaa kyonki pradhikaran mein kissy ney bhee viphalata key roop mein upahaas kiye jaa rahey they. ack utpaadan sanskaran, aeye. pee. tii.-aiss. kii yojanaon koo chhod diyaa gayaa thaa, aur teen aeye. pee. tii.-pee. aiss. kewal ack saal seey adhik samay taka chaley, phir seey 1985/6 kii sardiyon mein vaapas leey liye gaye. teen seton mein seey dou koo toda diyaa gayaa thaa, aur teesare key kuchh hisson koo rashtriya railway sangrahalaya mein bheja gayaa thaa, jahaan yeh aeye. pee. tii.-ee. mein shamil hoe gayaa thaa.
aeye. pee. tii. key pareshan itihas key bavjood, design atyadhik prabhaavshaali thaa aur pendolino jaisi anya uchch gati vaali trains koo seedhe prerit kartaa thaa. aeye. pee. tii. key saath haath mein haath seey kiye gaye vidyuteekaran parr kaafee kaam kaa upayog british rail varg 91 jaise nae gair-jhukaav designs key saath kiya gayaa thaa. aeye. pee. tii. key jhukaav pranali koo british rail varg 390 parr doubleu. see. aim. ell. mein vaapas curr diyaa gayaa thaa, joe fiet ferroveria jhukaav train design parr adharit thaa aur jise alastom dwara banaaya gayaa thaa. aeye. pee. tii. parr agrani anya visheshataaen, jaise kii maujooda prithakkaran key bheetar train koo rokane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali hydrokinetic breaking, koo naheen apanaaya gayaa haye.
prishthabhoomi.
british rail anusandhaan prabhaag.
1948 mein britten key railway key rashtriyakaran key baad, british railway, jaisa kii taba ise jaanaa jaataa thaa, koo yaatriyon kii sankhya mein mahatvapurna kamee kaa saamana karna padaa kyonki 1950 aur 60 key dashak key dauran motor kaar teji seey adhik lokpriya hoe gaee. 1970 taka, yaatriyon kii sankhya dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey thheek pahale kii tulanaa mein lagbhag aadhi thee. laabhpradata key star koo banaae rakhane key prayaas mein, sarkaar ney ack report jaari kii jisake parinamswarup 1963 key "beaching aiks" key hisse key roop mein kaee lines koo chhod diyaa gayaa. iss mahatvapurna punargathan key bavjood, sangathan kaa nirmaan abhee bhee yuddh seey pahale kii tarj parr kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen 1800 key dashak key maarg they. network koo banaae rakhane seey patari seey utarane kii samasyaaen utpann hoe gaeen.
1962 mein dow. sidney johns koo aar mein hathiyar vibhaag seey door rakhaa gayaa thaa.aeye.ee. furnbero koo collin ingles seey bee. aar. key shodh netritva key roop mein padbhar sambhaalane key antim uddeshya key saath, joe 1964 mein sevaanivritt hue they. patari seey utarane kii samasya koo dekhate hue, unhone paaya kii adhikansh samasya kaa pataa shikaar dolan key roop mein jaani jaane vaali samasya seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye. yeh railway kii duniya mein achchi tarah seey jaanaa jaataa thaa, lekin kewal tej gati seey hii hotaa thaa. bee. aar. network parr, vishesh roop seey kharaab pahiyon vaali maal gaadiyon parr, ise cumm gati seey dekhaa jaa rhaa thaa. johns koo vishvaas thaa kii shikaar dolan vaayugatiki mein saamane aaney vaali aeroelastic flutter kii samasya key samaan ack prabhaav thaa, aur unhone isaki jaanch key liye vaimaaniki kshetra seey kissy koo kaam parr rakhane kaa faisala kiya.
octuber 1962 mein, ellen wickens koo yeh pada diyaa gayaa thaa. wickens ack gatishilata visheshagya they jinhone pahale samudri slug missile parr armstrong whiteworth mein kaam kiya thaa aur phir britten lautane aur blue steel missile pariyojana mein shamil honey seey pahale montrial mein kanada mein kuchh samay key liye kaam kiya thaa. jaba faulo-onn blue steel II koo americi design kiye gaye skybolt key paksh mein radd curr diyaa gayaa, tou wickens ney ack chhod diyaa. vee. row kyonki unhone "deewaar parr likhaa huaa dekhaa". unhone bee. aar. key liye ack vigyaapan kaa jawab diyaa, aur sakshatkar key dauran, unhone jawab diyaa kii unhein railway bogi design key baare mein koee jaankaari naheen haye, aur unamen bahut cumm ruchi haye. baad mein pataa chalaa kii yahee kaaran thaa kii unhein kaam parr rakhaa gayaa thaa.
agale kaee varshon mein, wickens kii team ney rail parr ispat key pahiyon kii gatishilata kaa sabse vistrit adhyayan kiya. apoorna kaary seey shuru karate hue f.doubleu. 1930 seey carter, team ney paaramparik dou-axel dibbon kaa adhyayan kiya aur jaldi seey pataa lagaaya kii, jaisa kii johns koo sandeh thaa, samasya gatishil asthirta thee. iss kaam seey ack mahatvapurna gati kii avadharana aaee jiss bindu parr shikaar ack samasya bunn jaayegi. iss kaam koo taba bee. aar. frate network parr upayog kiye jaane vaale advitiya dou-axel bogilles kaar designs taka vistaarit kiya gayaa thaa, jahaan samasya koo poore vaahan kii gatishilata dwara aur sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa.
wickens ney nishkarsh nikala kii ack thheek seey nama nilamban pranali samasya koo samaapt curr sakati haye. mukhya ahsas yeh thaa kii nilamban donon urdhvaadhar honah chaahiye, jaisa kii yeh ateet mein patti key springs parr adharit thaa, lekin dolan koo trigger karane vaale chhote visthaapan seey bachane key liye kshaitij roop seey bhee. gati kaa anukaran karane aur kissy bhee gati key liye samasya seey bachane key liye kitane namee kii aavashyakta hogi, isake liye niyam vikasit karane key liye computer kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. 1964 taka iss kaam ney pahale uchch gati malvahak vaahan, aich. aiss. aff. vee.-1 kaa utpaadan kiya thaa, joe ack bogi rahit malvahak kaar thee joe surakshit roop seey gati seey yatra karane mein saksham thee. usee kaam ney sujhaav diyaa kii gatishilata key sandarbh mein praapt karane yogya gati kii koee vyaavhaarik oopari seema naheen thee, aur adhikatam pradarshan parr koee bhee seema rekhaaon parr karshan yaa ghisaav jaise anya karakon key kaaran hogi. antatah chhah aich. aiss. aff. vee. designs kii ack shrinkhala kaa 1976 taka pareekshan kiya jaayega, aur antim, aich. aiss. aff. vee.-6, usa varsh seva mein pravesh kiya.
train naheen aur jhukati hain.
iss avadhi key dauran, bee. aar. key yatri vyaapaar prabhaag ney ack report taiyar kii jisamen sujhaav diyaa gayaa thaa kii rail sadak aur havaai maarg key saath pratispardha curr sakati haye, lekin kewal tabhi jaba trains teji seey chalengi. purvi tata mukhya line parr british rail varg key 55 "deltic" injanon kii shuruat key kaaran savaariyon mein vriddhi aur doubleu. see. aim. ell. parr vidyuteekaran key prabhaavon kaa adhyayan karate hue, jisase yatra key samay mein 20 seey 30 pratishat taka sudhaar huaa, unhone nishkarsh nikala kii gati mein harr vriddhi key parinamswarup yaatriyon mein 1 pratishat kii vriddhi hogi. yeh buniyaadi niyam spasht roop seey japan mein saabit huaa thaa, jaba tokyo-osaka shinkansen line 1964 seey kaam curr rahee thee aur ise bhaari safalata millie thee.
shinkansen ney tej gati kii yatra key liye samarpit naee laainen bichhaakar utani hii tej gati seey ack sahaj sawari pradaan kii. bee. aar. key sabse adhik upayog kiye jaane vaale maarg, doubleu. see. aim. ell. mein landan aur manchester key beach ack varsh mein 60 laakh yaatriyon kaa crum thaa, joe tokyo-osaka key 12 karod seey bahut door haye. inn yatri staron koo dekhate hue uchch gati upayog key liye ack naee line key liye dhana kii atyadhik sambhavana naheen thee. isase maarg parr kissy bhee prakaar key tej gati sanchaalan key liye ack samasya prastut hui kyonki maujooda rekha mein kaee modd aur vakr they, aur inhen uchch gati seey goal karane seey paarshv bull paida honge joe chalane mein mushkil banaa denge, aur mez seey vastuon koo farsh parr fenk denge.
iss samasya kaa ack samadhan rail koo modd mein jhukaana haye, ack prabhaav jise "superlevation" yaa "cant" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. iska prabhaav paarshv balon koo farsh key saath sanrekhit karane, paarshv balon koo cumm karane kaa haye. haalaanki, yeh kewal ack hii gati parr balon kaa poori tarah seey milan curr sakata haye; design kii gati seey dheemi gati seey chalane vaale yatayat koo aisaa lagega jaise kii yeh modd key ander kii or badh rhaa haye, jabaki design kii gati seey teji seey aage badhane vaale abhee bhee bache hue apkendra bull koo mahsoos karenge. anubhav seey pataa chalaa thaa kii mishrit yatayat vaali lines parr adhikatam matra mein cant 6.5 degree thee, joe seema mein gati parr prabhaavi thee, lekin oopar kii gati parr cant kii kamee pradarshit karna shuru curr diyaa.
ack vaikalpik samadhan rail key bajaay rail gaadi key shareer koo jhukaana haye. talgo ney 1950 key dashak key anta mein ack jhukaav vaali gaadi key liye pahala vyaavhaarik design pesh kiya. isamen train kii kaaron key beach ack ekal bogi thee, jisamen kaar key shareer koo bogi parr kendrit aeye-frame seey oopar kii dhuri key saath latka diyaa gayaa thaa. jaba train ack modd koo goal karati haye, tou apkendrit balon key kaaran kaar kaa shareer pendulam kii tarah baahar nikalata haye, joe praakritik roop seey uchit jhukaav konn taka pahunch jaataa haye. haalaanki, iss pranali mein vakr mein pravesh karane aur shareer key baahar jhoolane key beach ack alag deree hui, aur phir iss konn seey aage jhoolate hue aur phir samkon parr sthir honey taka kuchh samay key liye dolan kiya. jaba yeh ack switchyard kii tarah vakron kii ack shrinkhala koo paar kartaa haye, tou yeh khatarnak roop seey ghoomata haye. haalaanki 1970 key dashak key kaee ardh-prayogaatmak designs ney iska upayog kiya, jaise kii yuu. aeye. see. turbo train, avadharana kaa vyaapak roop seey upayog naheen kiya gayaa thaa.
aeye. pee. tii. kii utpatti.
1964 mein, nae derby anusandhaan prabhaag mein bee. aar. key kaee poorv-vighatit shodh samoohon koo sangathit kiya gayaa thaa. yaheen parr wickens aich. aiss. aff. vee. parr antim kaam vikasit kiya jaa rhaa thaa. shuru mein iss baare mein kuchh tark thaa kii ack uchch gati vaali train kaa samarthan kiya jaayega yaa naheen; 1963 key beaching aiks key baad yeh spasht naheen thaa kii sarkaar kiss aakar key network kaa samarthan karane key liye taiyar thee, aur kyaa ack nae design kaa uddeshya uchch gati intercity seva honah chaahiye, jahaan puraane deltox koo badalane key liye ack nae locomotive kii aavashyakta hogi, yaa upnagaron mein behtar pradarshan key liye ack saral pranali.
1965 mein, wickens ney ack prashikshu, dutch engineer aeye.jey. ispirt, aur sakriya jhukaav pranaliyon parr kuchh praarambhik kaam karane key liye kahaa. yeye nishkriya pendulam jaisi talgo pranali koo hydrolic cylinders kaa upayog karane vaali ack pranali key saath pratisthaapit karenge joe jaldi seey kaar koo uchit konn parr leey jaayegi aur binaa kissy jhool key usey vahaan pakad legee. bee. aar. upayog key liye ack pramukh laabh yeh thaa kii ghoornan kaa kendra kaar key beach key madhyam seey hoe sakata haye, bajaay sheersh key, jiska arth haye kii kull gati chhote british loading gaze key bheetar fitt hogi. ispirt ney agast 1966 mein iss avadharana parr ack report vaapas kii.
wickens ney nott kiya kii bee. aar. kii ekal-axel nilamban pranali mein uchch gati parr cumm khinchaav hoga, aur iska halka vajan ise paaramparik dohare-axel dibbon kii tulanaa mein uchch gati parr adhik sthir banaa dega. navambar 1966 mein unhone ack uchch gati vaale yatri vaahan key nirmaan aur pareekshan key liye dou saal key karyakram kaa ahwan karate hue ack report likhi, anivarya roop seey hsfv-1 jaisi ack prayogaatmak kaar, lekin maal dhulai key bajaay yatri upayog key liye. mool yojanaon mein uchch gati seey nilamban aur jhukaav pranali kaa pareekshan karane key liye ack nakali shareer aur dou dibbon kaa ahwan kiya gayaa thaa. way adhikatam jhukaav konn 9 degree parr nirdhaarit karate hain, jise antarnihit railbed mein kissy bhee cant mein jodaa jaa sakata haye.
design karyakram mike neuman key tahat aayojit kiya gayaa thaa, jabaki ellister gilchrist ney shodh paksh kaa netritva kiya thaa. neuman ney nott kiya kii ack ekal kaar seey vyaavhaarik prashnon kaa uttar dene kii sambhavana naheen haye jaise kii train ack poorna ikai key roop mein kaise kaam karegi, aur ack nakali nikaay iss sawal kaa jawab naheen dega kii kyaa vaastav mein kebin mein pesh kiye binaa farsh key neeche jhukaav tantra banaaya jaa sakata haye. tadnusar, usee navambar mein baad mein, neuman aur wickens ney ack poorna prayogaatmak train key liye yojana banaai, jiska lakshya naa kewal jhukaav pranali kaa adhyayan karna thaa, balki vaastavik roop seey bhee aisaa karna thaa.
wickens ney yojanaon koo sidney johns key paas leey jaaya, jinhone turant iss vichaar koo apanaaya. unhone pradarshan lakshya koo achchi tarah seey goal aakriti parr nirdhaarit kiya. kewal tej gati key bajaay tez yatra samay pradaan karane key liye bee. aar. prabandhan lakshyon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue, unhein train koo 40 pratishat teji seey koney mein ghumaane kii bhee aavashyakta thee. unhone prastaav kaa naam unnat yatri train rakhaa. johns iss prastaav koo bee. aar. key adhyaksh, steinly raymond key paas leey gaye, jinhen yeh vichaar pasand aaya. halanki, board ise vikasit karane key liye paryaapt dhana pradaan karane mein asamarth thaa, aur johns koo atirikt dhana key liye parivahan mantralaya seey sampark karane key liye protsaahit kiya.
johns ney aisaa kiya, aur agale dou saal whitehall key galiyaron parr chalate hue bitaaye jaba ack key baad ack lock sevak sahmat hue kii yeh ack achchha vichaar thaa lekin vaastav mein ise manjuri denaa kissy aur kaa kaam thaa. baar-baar sthagit kiye jaane key bavjood, johns ney railway anusandhaan key poore vishay key liye ack sthir vittaposhan pranali kii vyavastha karane key liye, vishesh roop seey sarkari mukhya vaigyaanik, souli zuckerman key saath, jaari rakhaa. ise parivahan mantralaya aur british railway board key beach sanyukt karyakram key roop mein antim roop diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen lagaton koo saajha kiya gayaa thaa. yeh karyakram janwari 1969 seey march 1985 taka solah saal taka chalega. pahale dou karyakram upayukt they aur train niyantran pariyojana.
design koo antim roop denaa.
aeye. pee. tii. key liye johns key kaee lakshyon mein seey ack yeh thaa kii yeh lines parr atirikt ghisaav kaa kaaran naheen banega. rail key tala parr tatkaal bhaar gati key varg key saath bhinn hotaa haye, isaliye ack tej train sadak key kharaab honey koo bahut badhaa degi. iss prabhaav koo puuraa karane key liye train koo sakht vajan seema koo puuraa karane kii aavashyakta thee, aur paaramparik deejal injanon kaa upayog karane kii sambhavana koo samaapt curr diyaa, joe bahut bhaari they. team ney samadhan key roop mein gais turbine shakti kaa chayan kiya, shuru mein rolls-royce dart parr vichaar karate hue.
jaba dhana praapt kiya gayaa thaa tou kaee design noton koo abhee bhee antim roop naheen diyaa gayaa thaa, isaliye pariyojana paribhasha charan key liye atirikt samay pradaan karane key liye samay seema koo julaai 1971 taka badhaa diyaa gayaa thaa. maee 1969 taka inn muddon parr nirnay leey liya gayaa thaa aur antim roop seey taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. praayogik train mein chaar kaaren hongi; donon chhor parr dou power kaaren rakhee jaayengi, aur unake beach prayogaatmak maap aur recording pranaliyon seey bharee dou yatri kaaren hongi. jiss samay johns dhana kii vyavastha curr rahey they, usa dauran trucks key liye leyland dwara nirmit ack prayogaatmak injan upalabdh hoe gayaa, jise bahut cumm kharcheele honey key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. dart koo giraa diyaa gayaa thaa, aur pratyek power kaar mein chaar leyland 2s/350 gais turbines dwara bijli kii aapoorti kii jaayegi, saath hii yatri kaaron mein upkaran koo bijli dene key liye ack generator seey judee paanchvin turbine bhee hogi. pareekshan avadhi key dauran injanon koo uttarottar unnat kiya gayaa thaa.
kaee maheenon taka vibhinn paareshan pranaliyon kaa adhyayan karane key baad, paribhasha charan key samaapt honey key saath unhone antatah deejal-electric locomotive kii tarah ack vidyut paareshan kaa upayog karane kaa faisala kiya. anta mein, samay-saarani key dabaav key kaaran, yeh nirnay liya gayaa kii kaaron key beach ack bhee spasht dibbe kaa upayog naheen kiya jaayega, aur pratyek kaar parr dou paaramparik dibbon kaa upayog kiya jaayega. zim wildheimer, jise haal hii mein westland helicopters seey kaam parr rakhaa gayaa haye, ney yatri kaaron parr upayog kiye jaane vaale ardh-monocock nirmaan key bajaay welded steel tube parr adharit power kaaron key liye ack space-frame boddy design kii.
design key vibhinn bhaagon key liye anubandh julaai 1969 mein bheje gaye they. hocker sideli dynamics ney nilamban aur breaking system key liye anubandh jeetaa, jee. ee. see. aur angreji electric ney trailer kaaron key liye anubandh jeetaa, aur iss samay taka leyland koo injan key liye pahale hii chunaa jaa chuka thaa. samay key saath inmein seey kaee anubandh vaapas leey liye gaye aur teams ney farwari 1970 mein hocker sideli key saath nilamban anubandh koo radd karate hue design koo apane ghar mein leey liya. dibbon key design koo british rail engineering koo anubandhit bhautik nirmaan key saath leey liya gayaa, jabaki power kaar nirmaan koo metro-camel koo diyaa gayaa thaa.
jaba yeh kaam chala rhaa thaa, tou design key liye ack anubhavaatmak suvidha parr bhee kaam shuru hoe gayaa. derby laib, kelvin house mein mukhya karyalayon key peechhe sthit, naee suvidhaon mein injanon key pareekshan key liye ack roller rigg, ack break dynamometer aur nilamban aur jhukaav pranaliyon key pareekshan key liye vibhinn pareekshan rigg shamil they. naee prayogshala 26 octuber 1970 koo kholi gaee thee. isake alawa, melton mobre aur advalton key beach track kaa ack khand ack pareekshan track key roop mein kharida gayaa thaa. yeh mool roop seey nottingham kii mukhya rekha thee, lekin abb beaching kulhadi key baad anaavashyak haye. isamen ack seedha khand, kaee vakr aur kaee tanga surangen theen joe vaayugatiki parikshanon key liye upayogi hongi. iss line key saath purani dalby parr rakharkhaav imaraton kaa ack samooh banaaya gayaa thaa, aur poori line koo puraane dalby pareekshan track key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa.
popp.
halanki train kaa nirmaan apekshaakrit seedha thaa, bijli aur niyantran pranaliyon mein kaee adhik gambhir samasyaaen dikhaai deen. iss prakaar binaa bijli key dou atirikt bijli vaali kaaron koo adhure dhaanche key roop mein banaane kaa nirnay liya gayaa. inn kaaron koo paaramparik injanon dwara kheencha jaayega taaki jhukane aur break pranali key saath-saath vaahanon kii gatishilata parr detta pradaan kiya jaa sakey. atirikt dou kaaron key liye ack anubandh 14 aprail 1970 koo bheja gayaa thaa, aur pahali baar sitambar 1971 mein chalaaya gayaa thaa. "popp" naam diyaa gayaa thaa, joe "power-jeero-power" key liye ack sankshipt naam thaa, joe dou power kaar leout koo darshaata haye jisamen beach mein koee yatri kaar naheen thee.
power kaaron key liye ack space frame design kaa chayan bhagyashali nikla, kyonki nirmaan key dauran engineeron ney nishkarsh nikala kii kaar key bheetar vibhinn tatvon kii packaging ise gatishil roop seey asthir banaa degi. unhein purjon koo failaane key liye aur jagah kii aavashyakta thee, isaliye bijli seey chalane vaali kaaron kii lambai koo lagbhag doguna karane kaa nirnay liya gayaa. yeh karna aasaan nikla; metro-camel mein pahale seey nirmanadhin dhaanche mein steel tube key atirikt khand daale gaye they aur nirmaan mushkil seey prabhaavit huaa thaa.
popp kaaren twacha rahit theen, sambhaavit design key vibhinn hisson kaa anukaran karane key liye ack space frame key saath ballast dhaaran karati theen. popp" sankshipt naam koo jald hii galat curr diyaa gayaa jaba teen-kaar train banaane key liye ack yatri kaar koo jodaa gayaa, usa samay power kaaron koo bhee shareer diye gaye they. popp mein apane jivankal mein kaee badalaav hue, vishesh roop seey vibhinn bogi designs kaa pareekshan kiya gayaa.
aeye. pee. tii.-ee.
jaba popp buniyaadi avadhaaranaon koo saabit curr rhaa thaa, derby prayogshala mein pareekshan train kaa nirmaan jaari rhaa. yeh sett 1971 key anta taka ack aadhikarik namkaran samaroh key liye paryaapt roop seey puuraa hoe gayaa thaa, jahaan yeh aeye. pee. tii.-ee (prayogaatmak key liye) bunn gayaa. isane 25 julaai 1972 koo derby seey duffield taka apani pahali cumm gati kii daud lagaai. duffield pahunchane parr, aslef union ney turant ise "black" curr diyaa, apane sadasyon koo train seey judey kissy bhee kaam koo karane seey roque diyaa. unaki shikayat thee kii aeye. pee. tii.-ee. key paas ack hii sanchaalak kii kursi thee, jise unhone iss baat key pramaan key roop mein liya kii bee. aar. ekal sanchaalak trains mein jaa rhaa thaa. ack dostana nireekshak ney raat mein train koo derby vaapas leey jaane mein team kii madad kii. isake parinamswarup ack divasiya rashtriya hadtaal hui, jiss parr poori aeye. pee. tii.-ee. pariyojana seey adhik kharch huaa.
iss samay taka popp ney kaee samasyaon kaa pradarshan kiya thaa, aur engineeron ney design mein ack badaa badalaav shuru karane kaa avsar liya. mukhya samasya gair-sanchaalit dibbon kaa design thaa, joe sthir naheen they aur jinka upayog tej gati seey daudane key liye naheen kiya jaa sakata thaa. ack power kaar koo prayogshala mein rakhaa gayaa thaa jabaki doosari aur dou yatri kaaron koo sanshodhan key liye paas key derby karyon mein bheja gayaa thaa. mukhya parivartan bijli seey chalane vaali kaaron koo sakht karna aur sandigdh dibbon koo sanchaalit dibbe key ack sanskaran key saath motors koo hataane key saath badalana thaa. anya parivartanon mein vishvasaniyata key karanon seey turbines seey syremic punarpraptakartaon koo hataana shamil thaa, halanki isase eendhan kaa upayog naatakiya roop seey badh gayaa, aur vee. aaee. pee. upayog key liye yatri kaar mein ack chhote seey baithane key kshetra koo jodaa gayaa.
uchch gati rail parr anubandh vaarta 1973 kii garmiyon mein samaapt hoe gaee thee, agast 1973 mein dukaan seey sanshodhit teen-kaar aeye. pee. tii.-ee. key ubharane key liye thheek samay parr. train ney phir aathh maheene taka chalane vaali ack pareekshan shrinkhala shuru kii, jisamen nilamban, breaking, vakr pradarshan aur dragg kaa vivaran shamil thaa. haalaanki, vishvasaniyata ack gambhir samasya thee aur yeh march 1974 mein dusare overhall key liye dukaanon mein vaapas aaa gaee. iss daur key liye kaee parivartanon mein seey ack thaa traction motors mein atirikt shakti jodane key liye yatri kaaron key liye bijli vitaran key liye samarpit turbines kaa switching, jabaki saath hii sabhi turbines koo ack unnat sanskaran seey badalana, jisase prati kaar kull shakti mein sudhaar hotaa haye. anya parivartanon mein naee motor bearing aur doosari power kaar kaa vaapsee aur isi tarah kaa sanshodhan shamil thaa, jiska upayog pahale prayogshala mein kiya jaataa thaa.
punarnirmit chaar kaar train juuna 1974 mein seva mein laut aaee. 10 agast 1975 koo yeh swindon aur reeding key beach paschimi kshetra mein takrai, jisase britten kaa record banaa. isake baad isane leicester seey landan sent taka key maarg kaa record banaaya. 30 octuber 1975 koo 58 minut 30 sekand mein pancross, iss ghumaavdaar maarg seey hocker kewal ack ausat gati seey. sent seey baahar midland mukhya line parr bhee iska vyaapak roop seey pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa. pancross aur puraane dalbi pareekshan track parr, jahaan janwari 1976 mein isaki gati hui.
aeye. pee. tii.-ee. pareekshan 1976 mein samaapt hoe gayaa aur ekal train koo seedhe 11 juuna 1976 koo york key rashtriya railway sangrahalaya mein bheja gayaa thaa. isake pareekshan key dauran yeh lagbhag ack safal carrier koo samaapt curr rhaa thaa, lekin train koo vyaapak roop seey pareekshan naheen kahaa jaa sakata thaa; teen varshon mein isane usa avadhi mein ausat parivarik kaar kii tulanaa mein cumm doori taya kii. isaki tulanaa mein, pahala tii. jee. vee. prototype, tii. jee. vee. 001, joe gais turbines dwara sanchaalit haye, 1972 aur 1976 key beach shamil kiya gayaa thaa.
vidyuteekaran kii or badhein.
jaba aft-e abhee bhee nirmanadhin thaa, taba team ack utpaadan sanskaran key design mein achchi tarah seey thee. johns koo graham calder mein ack sahayogi milaa, jise 1971 mein bee. aar. key mukhya yaantrik abhiyanta (see. aim. ee.) banane key liye padonnat kiya gayaa thaa. usa samay unhone dou naee prayogaatmak trains key nirmaan kii kalpana kii thee; ack anivarya roop seey turbine shakti key saath aeye. pee. tii.-ee kaa ack vistaarit sanskaran thaa, aur doosara samaan thaa, lekin pantograph (paine) key madhyam seey oopar kii vidyut lines dwara sanchaalit thaa.
jaise-jaise popp aur aeye. pee. tii.-ee. seey detta aaya, design mein kaee badalaav kiye jaa rahey they. adhik samasyagrast parivartanon mein turbine bajar seey leyland kaa nikas thaa, yeh nishkarsh nikaalate hue kii turbine sanchaalit truck kii avadharana aarthik roop seey sambhav naheen thee. company kissy bhee tarah seey pariyojana kaa samarthan jaari rakhane key liye sahmat hui, jisamen ack adhik shaktishali sanskaran jaari karna bhee shamil haye, lekin yeh spasht curr diyaa kii ack utpaadan design koo ack aur samadhan khojana hoga. navambar 1972 mein, doubleu. see. aim. ell. parr sanchaalan key liye chaar vidyut sanskaranon aur dou anya turbine sanskaranon key nirmaan kii yojanaaen badal gaeen. usa samay seey turbine sanskaran uttarottar aur peechhe gir gaye, aur antatah radd curr diye gaye.
yeh chhadm roop seey ack aashirvaad hoe sakata haye; 1973 key tail sankat key kaaran eendhan kii keematen teen gunaa taka badh gaeen, aur turbine injan kukhyaat roop seey pyaase they; samaan maargon parr chalane vaale paaramparik seton kii tulanaa mein 50 aur 100% key beach upayog kiye jaane vaale turbo train adhik eendhan they. leyland key ack punarpraptakarta key upayog seey isamen kaafee sudhaar huaa, lekin yeh ack rakharkhaav samasya saabit hui.
design sameeksha.
navambar 1972 mein mukhya roop seey vidyuteekaran kii or badhane key nirnay key saath, johns ney design koo seva mein aage badhaane key liye ack badee prabandhan team kaa nirmaan shuru kiya. isake parinamswarup aprail 1973 mein design koo anusandhaan vibhaag seey mukhya yaantrik aur vidyut abhiyanta key karyalaya mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa. david bookock key netritva mein donon divisions kii ack sanyukt team dwara ack sameeksha kii gaee thee.
iss sameeksha key parinamswarup design mein kaee atirikt badalaav kiye gaye. ack badee samasya haal hii mein hui khoj thee kii doubleu. see. aim. ell. parr oopar kii rekhaaen gati seey rekhaaon mein badee laharon key nirmaan key adheen theen. kaee kilometres kii doori key saath ack-dusare kaa peechha karane vaali dou trains key liye yeh koee samasya naheen thee, lekin donon chhoron parr pentograph vaali ack hii train key liye yeh ack gambhir samasya thee. spasht samadhan saamane yaa peechhe ack hii pantograph kaa upayog karna thaa aur phir kaaron key beach bijli chalaana thaa, lekin yatri kaaron parr 25 kevi bijli kii upasthiti parr chintaon key kaaran ise gairkaanooni ghoshit curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
donon injanon koo train key ack chhor parr ack key baad ack rakhane parr kuchh vichaar kiya gayaa thaa, lekin jhukaav suvidha sakriya honey key kaaran train koo tej gati seey dhakelate samay atyadhik jhukane vaale balon parr chinta jataai gaee thee. isaliye, anta mein, design team ney injanon koo train key kendra mein ack key baad ack rakhane kaa faisala kiya. donon injan samaan honge aur donon mein shakti lene key liye ack pentograph hoga, lekin samanya sanchaalan mein kewal dou injanon kaa pichla hissa hii apane pentograph koo oopar uthaayega, aur dusare injan koo chhat key saath ack yugman key madhyam seey shakti pradaan kii jaayegi. pratyek power kaar mein chaar dc traction motors kii aapoorti karate hue, asia thirister dwara bijli koo seedhe pravaah mein parivartit kiya gayaa thaa. karshan motors koo dibbon seey kaar key shareer key ander leey jaaya gayaa, jisase aprabhaavit vajan cumm hoe gayaa. motaren aantarik gearbox, carden shaft aur quill final drive key madhyam seey apani shakti kaa sanchaar karati hain.
aeye. pee. tii.-ee. parr anubhav dwara sujhaae gaye anya parivartanon mein paaramparik hydrolic shock avashoshakon seey air bagg mein urdhvaadhar nilamban mein parivartan shamil they, joe sawari kii gunavatta mein sudhaar karenge aur rakharkhaav kii cumm aavashyaktaaen bhee hongi. seva karanon seey, power kaaron koo ack bow-bow vyavastha mein apane swayam key dibbon key liye phir seey design kiya gayaa thaa, taaki unhein aasaani seey train seey hataaya jaa sakey, poorv spasht design key vipareet joe aas-paas kii kaaron koo ack saath jodata thaa aur train koo alag karna mushkil banaa detaa thaa. yatri kaaron ney spasht roop seey design koo banaae rakhaa, lekin aeye. pee. tii.-ee. parr anubhav key kaaran kaee badalaav kiye gaye. anta mein, ack aisee pranali joe jhukaav pranali koo seedhi sthiti mein whiffle karane kaa kaaran baney, vaanchhit thee, kyonki aft-e kaee avsaron parr ack jhuki hui sthiti mein whiffle rhaa thaa.
usee sameeksha key hisse key roop mein, team ney dekhaa kii adhikatam gati mein thodi kamee kaee design binduon koo bahut saral banaa degi, aur hydrokinetic break kii aavashyakta koo samaapt curr degi. halanki, adhikatam sambhav gati pradaan karane key liye mool vinirdesh key saath aage badhane kaa nirnay liya gayaa thaa. sarkaar aathh trains kii laagat kaa 80 pratishat bhugtan karane parr sahmat hui.
hst banaam. upayukt.
yeh iss samay key dauran thaa jaba bee. aar. key bheetar anya samoohon ney aeye. pee. tii. key khilaf andolan karna shuru curr diyaa, yeh kahate hue kii yeh ack hii design mein karane key liye bahut badaa kadam thaa. unhone ack bahut hii saral design banaane kaa prastaav rakhaa, joe paaramparik deejal dwara sanchaalit aur jhukaav kii kamee seey lais haye, lekin bee. aar. network parr kaheen bhee chalane mein saksham haye. yeh 1970 mein uchch gati vaali train (aich. aiss. tii.) key roop mein ubhari aur vikas teji seey aage badhaa.
jaise-jaise upayukt karyakram jaari rhaa, prabandhan ney andaruni ladaai shuru curr dee aur samrajya nirmaan kaa ack daur shuru huaa. anubhavi engineering sansadhanon koo upayukt pariyojana seey roque diyaa gayaa thaa, isake bajaay unakaa upayog yathasambhav teji seey aage badhane key liye kiya gayaa thaa, jise way upayukt key liye ack paaramparik pratidvandi key roop mein dekhate they. jaisa kii aisaa prateet hotaa thaa kii hst ack apekshaakrit nishchit daanv hoga, br key nideshak mandal ney upayukt pariyojana parr dhyaan diyaa, antatah trains kii sankhya koo ghataakar chaar curr diyaa. baad mein sarkaar ney 1974 key bajat mein katauti key daur mein ise ghataakar teen curr diyaa.
aft-p.
yadyapi tatkaal takniki samasyaon koo hull karane key mamle mein kendra-motor leout sabse saral thaa, lekin yeh parichaalan key sandarbh mein mahatvapurna samasyaon kaa kaaran banega. train key dou hisson koo jodane vaali bijli seey chalane vaali kaaron seey gujarane kaa raasta thaa, lekin yeh shore, tanga thaa aur yaatriyon key liye anumati naheen thee. isake bajaay, train key pratyek chhor parr abb apani khud kii bhojan kaar aur isi tarah kii suvidhaon kii aavashyakta thee. vibhajan design ney stations mein bhee samasyaaen prastut keen, jahaan abb platforms key kewal dou siron kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata thaa, jabaki samanya upkaran platform key anta mein injanon key saath park curr sakate they.
haalaanki prakaash, vatanukoolan aur vatanukoolan jaise sabhi sahayak upkaran 25 kevi overhead line seey sanchaalit motor ulternator dwara sanchaalit they, lekin yeh maanaa gayaa kii yadi bijli kii viphalata hoti haye, tou yatri vaahanon kii sthiti jaldi hii asahaniya aur yahaan taka kii asurakshit hoe jaayegi. pratyek driving vaine trailer i.ee. agrani aur peechhe chalane vaale vaahan, sahayak bijli kii nyuntam aavashyakta kii aapoorti karane mein saksham deejal-vaikalpik generator seey lais they. deejal-ulternators koo train kii vayu pranali seey sanchaalit vayu motors kaa upayog karna shuru kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki aeye. pee. tii. mein kuchh battery hoti theen.
aeye. pee. tii. koo usee patariyon parr maujooda trains kii tulanaa mein teji seey chalane key liye design kiya gayaa thaa. aeye. pee. tii. kii design gati parr, operator key liye samay parr traxide sanketon parr gati seema koo padhana sambhav naheen thaa taaki yadi aavashyak hoe tou gati dheemi hoe jaae. isake bajaay, ack transponder-adharit cab display kaa upayog karane vaali ack naee pranali pesh kii gaee jise "see-aeye. pee. tii" kahaa jaataa haye. train seey ack radio signal key kaaran track-mounted transponder ney sthaaniya gati seema koo vaapas curr diyaa. inn seelband, binaa shakti vaale transponders koo 1 kimmy seey adhik key antaral parr naheen rakhaa gayaa thaa. ack shravya chetavani key saath, uchit doori parr nikatvarti gati pratibandh pradaan kiye gaye they; inn chetavaniyon koo sweekaar karane mein viphalata key parinamswarup ack swachaalit break anuprayog hoga. see-aeye. pee. tii. koo intell 4004 microprocessors kaa upayog karate hue ack anaavashyak onboard computer pranali dwara sanchaalit kiya gayaa thaa. track ikaaiyaan anivarya roop seey aadhunik francisi ballis beekan key samaan theen.
hydrokinetic break system aeye. pee. tii.-ee. parr safal aur vishvasaniya thaa aur aeye. pee. tii.-ee. parr seekhe gaye paathon seey kaee design sudhaaron key saath aeye. pee. tii.-pee. key liye banaae rakhaa gayaa thaa. halanki, ack oorjaa-katauti upaay key roop mein, cumm gati key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale hydrolic roop seey sakriya gharshan break koo hydrolic power paik key bajaay ack nishkriya hydrolic intensifier dwara feed karane key liye sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa.
seva pareekshan.
halanki aeye. pee. tii.-pee. ney aeye. pee. tii.-ee. parr vikasit adhikansh takneek kaa upayog kiya, lekin pahale aeye. pee. tii.-pee. key nirmaan mein kaee baar deree hui. pahali power kaar juuna 1977 mein derby locomotive karyon seey vitarit kii gaee thee, aur pahali yatri kaar 7 juuna 1978 koo, ack saal baad. pahali poorna train maee 1979 taka taiyar naheen thee. isake turant baad isane pareekshan mein pravesh kiya, aur disambar 1979 mein yuke gati record sthaapit kiya, ack record joe julaai 2003 mein 373 eurostar dwara parajit honey taka khadaa rhaa. dou atirikt udaaharan diye gaye, pratyek mein mamuli parivartan key saath, ack 1979 key anta mein, aur antim 1980 mein. shuru mein 1960 key dashak mein prastaavit kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein aage badhane key liye, design abb kaafee dair seey thaa.
prototype key utpaadan mein lambi deree kaa matlab thaa kii break ikaaiyon koo sthaapit karane seey pahale ack vistaarit avadhi key liye sangraheet kiya jaanaa thaa. tail seey jall-glycol mishran mein parivartan key liye cylinders koo ack jung-rodhi parat key saath aantarik roop seey cover karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye, joe bhandaran key dauran toot jaataa haye. cylinders key pareekshan mein baar-baar whiffle rhaa, aur dabaav key nuksan key kaaran train koo 25 meal prati ghante seey dheema honey mein lagbhag utanaa hii samay lagaa jitna kii 125 meal prati ghante seey 25 meal prati ghante taka dheema honey mein lagaa. chaalu honey key dauran, isake kaaran aur anya vikas muddon key kaaran, trains mein pratyek dhuri koo sanshodhit aur adaan-pradaan kiya gayaa thaa.
sampeedit vayu pranali joe break koo sakriya karati thee aur darvaajon aur anya chalane vaale hisson koo sanchaalit karati thee, samasyaon kaa ack aur srot thee. air piping koo aam taur parr iss tarah seey chalaaya jaataa thaa kii praakritik nimn bindu hotey they jahan havaa seey paani sanghanit hotaa thaa aur usey hataaya jaa sakata thaa. upayukt samay parr yeye dauden kathin theen, aur isake parinamswarup kaee bindu baney jahan paani ikattha hoga, aur thhand key mausam mein, jumm jaayega. commission dall ney ack westinghouse design kiya gayaa samadhan paaya joe compressor dwara utpaadit kiye jaa rahey paani koo samaapt curr dega, lekin design dall samadhan koo sweekaar naheen karega. unhone kahaa kii poorna train gathan key saath samasya naheen hogi, jabaki chaalu karane mein upayog kiye jaane vaale chhote gathan key vipareet.
anta mein, yeh kewal aeye. pee. tii.-pee. chaalu honey key charan mein hii pataa chalaa kii doubleu. see. aim. ell. key kuchh hisson kaa nirmaan iss tarah seey kiya gayaa thaa kii, yadi apani jhukaav pranali vaali dou aeye. pee. tii.-pee. trains whiffle hoe jaati hain aur ander kii or jhukane kii sthiti mein fansi gaadiyan mill jaati hain, tou way ack dusare seey takra jaati hain. railway kaa nirmaan tilting trains koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue naheen kiya gayaa thaa, aur gatishil lifafe ack tilted apt key liye bahut chhote they. paaramparik trains key saath prabhaav naheen dekhaa gayaa kyonki binaa jhukaav key, unaki gatividhiyaan gatishil lifafe key bheetar achchi tarah seey bunny raheen.
samasyaon koo jodate hue, 1980 mein ack aur punargathan key parinamswarup upayukt team koo bhang curr diyaa gayaa, jisase pariyojana kii jimmedaari kaee prabhagon mein fail gaee.
seva mein.
oob-oob savaar.
jabaki commission dall ney upayukt design mein samasyaon kii report karna aur unhein hull karna jaari rakhaa, bee. aar. prabandhan press key badhate dabaav mein thaa. 1980 key dashak kii shuruat taka yeh pariyojana ack dashak seey adhik samay seey chala rahee thee aur trains abhee bhee seva mein naheen theen. "niji aankh" ney ise ack samay sarini key saath prakaashit kiya jisamen ghoshana kii gaee thee kii "munch 4 parr pahunchane mein pandrah saal kii deree hui haye. press key dabaav key kaaran raajneetik dabaav paida huaa jisake kaaran prabandhan kaa dabaav paida huaa aur upayukt dall koo chala rahee samasyaon key bavjood train koo chaalu karane key liye kahaa gayaa.
7 disambar 1981 koo press koo glassgo seey landan taka apani pahali aadhikarik daud key liye aamantrit kiya gayaa thaa, jisake dauran isane 4 ghante 15 minut kaa ack nirdhaarit record banaaya. haalaanki, press reports ney jhukaav pranali seey ack alag bimari kii sansani parr dhyaan kendrit kiya, aur "kwasi ryder" upnaam diyaa. unhone yeh bhee bataaya kii parichaarika, mairi docherty ney sujhaav diyaa kii samadhan "buss apane pairon koo alag karke khade honah thaa."ack bee. aar. engineer ney sujhaav diyaa kii patrakaar bee. aar. kii muft sharaab key bahut nashe mein they. agale dinn landan seey apani vaapsee yatra key dauran, ack coach ack ghumati sthiti mein funce gayaa jaba jhukaav pranali whiffle hoe gaee, aur yeh press mein bhaari roop seey bataaya gayaa thaa. dou dinn baad, tapman gir gayaa aur hydrokinetic break mein paani jumm gayaa, jisase train koo cree mein seva samaapt karane key liye majboor honah padaa.
aeye. pee. tii. nakaratmak press reporting key toofaan kaa kendra bunn gayaa. jaba yeh saamane aaya kii teen mein seey kewal dou aeye. pee. tii. pee. chala rahey they aur teesara overhall aur rakharkhaav key liye seva seey baahar hoga, tou press ney ise "durghatana pravan train" karaar diyaa. bee. aar. ney bhee ack doosari train koo 15 minut peechhe chalaaya, yadi yeh whiffle hoe jaati haye, aur choonki train maujooda yatayat key beach mishrit thee, isaliye isaki gati apani poori gati key bajaay 125 meal prati ghante taka seemit thee.
kuchh achche prachaar key liye betaab, bra ney glassgo seey yatra karane key liye poorv blue peater prastutkarta peater pervage koo kaam parr rakhaa. youston pahunchane parr, perves ney kahaa kii unhone "sabse sukhad parivesh mein utkrisht nashta kiya", aur jaba train key baare mein poochha gayaa, tou unhone kahaa, "yeh sahaj haye, yeh shaant haye, aur poori tarah seey ack anandadayak anubhav haye."haalaanki, jaisa kii unhone yeh kahaa, ack mamuli compan dikhaai dey rhaa thaa, aur chatakh vyanjanon kii aavaaz sunee jaa sakati thee.
aage vikas.
1981 mein, bee. aar. ney upayukt pariyojana parr ack report taiyar karane aur ise behtar banaane key liye koee bhee sujhaav dene key liye salaahkaar firm ford aind daine bhagidaron koo kaam parr rakhaa. isane navambar 1981 mein ack antarim report taiyar kii, aur disambar mein ack antim sanskaran prastut kiya. unaki reports ney pahale sujhaav diyaa kii design key takniki pahalu kaafee hudd taka poorna they, halanki unhone breaking pranali kii or dhyaan aakarshit kiya, lekin prabandhan sanrachana ack gambhir samasya thee aur poori pariyojana key prabhaari ack ekal prabandhak honah thaa. isake parinamswarup johnn michel koo aeye. pee. tii. key prabandhak key pada parr niyukt kiya gayaa. mamalon mein turant sudhaar huaa.
sudhaaron mein yaatriyon dwara anubhav kii jaa rahee gati bimari kaa ack samadhan thaa. commission dall seva mein pravesh karane seey pahale iss samasya seey achchi tarah seey avagat thaa, lekin jaba ise saarvajanik roop seey dekhaa gayaa tou press key saamane iska ullekh naheen kiya gayaa thaa. samasya dou prabhaavon key kaaran thee. ack yeh thaa kii niyantran pranali turant pratikriya naheen detee thee, isaliye jaba pahali baar vakr shuru huaa tou kaaren pratikriya naheen detee theen, aur phir iss antaral kii bharpai key liye teji seey pratikriya karati theen. iska samadhan saamane kii kaar seey jhukaav kii jaankaari lena thaa, jisase pranali koo thodaa samay laabh milata thaa. doosari samasya samudri bimari key samaan thee, lekin isake vipareet. samudri bimari taba hoti haye jaba shareer kii santulan pranali gati koo mahsoos curr sakati haye, lekin ack bund kamare key ander iss gati koo naheen dekhaa jaa sakata haye. jaise hii train modd mein pravesh karati haye, aap aasaani seey jhukate hue dekh sakate hain, lekin iss gati kii koee dhaarana naheen thee. parinam vahee thaa, drishya aur santulan pranali key beach ack bhram. samadhan lagbhag tuchchh thaa; jhukaav kii matra koo jaanboojhkar aavashyakta seey cumm karane key liye thodaa cumm karane key parinamswarup bachee hui apkendra bull kii ack chhoti matra hui jise santulan pranali dwara poori tarah seey praakritik maanaa gayaa thaa, joe prabhaav koo thheek karane key liye saabit huaa.
isase ack aur sharmanak khoj bhee hui. jiss kaam ney paarshv balon koo sweekarya star taka cumm karane key liye aavashyak jhukaav kii matra kaa sujhaav diyaa, antatah 1949 mein uttari wells mein ack shakha rekha parr ack bhaap train dwara kiye gaye adhyayanon kii ack chhoti shrinkhala mein paaya gayaa. 1983 mein kiye gaye adyatan adhyayanon kii ack shrinkhala ney pradarshit kiya kii cumm jhukaav kii aavashyakta thee, lagbhag chhah degree. yeh superlevation key madhyam seey sambhav seema key bheetar thaa, jisase pataa chalata haye kii jhukane kii aavashyakta naheen hoe sakati haye.
punah pravesh, mrityu.
aeye. pee. tii.-pee. trains koo 1984 key madhya mein chupchaap seva mein phir seey shamil kiya gayaa thaa, lekin kissy bhee samay sarini mein iska ullekh naheen kiya gayaa thaa; yaatriyon koo pataa chalega kii kyaa way upayukt leey rahey they jaba way platform parr pahunchenge. yeye trains achchi tarah seey kaam karati saabit huin, samasyaon koo spasht roop seey thheek curr diyaa gayaa thaa. haalaanki, pariyojana koo jaari rakhane aur anumaanit 140 meal prati ghante kii raftar seey saksham aeye. pee. tii. aiss. utpaadan vaahanon key nirmaan kii raajneetik aur prabandhakiya ichchaashakti vaashpit hoe gaee thee.
iss beach, aich. aiss. tii. ney 1976 mein intercity 125 key roop mein seva mein pravesh kiya aur yeh ack chautarafa safalata saabit hui. isake deejal sanchaalan aur thodi cumm gati kaa matlab yeh bhee thaa kii yeh bee. aar. key adhik network parr kaam curr sakata haye. hst key paksh mein apt koo chhodane kaa dabaav lagaatar thaa. aeye. pee. tii. key samarthak teji seey alag-thalag parh rahey they, aur 1985/6 kii sardiyon mein iss pranali koo seva seey hataa diyaa gayaa thaa. ise 1987 mein aupchaarik banaa diyaa gayaa thaa, jaba trains koo toda diyaa gayaa thaa aur sangrahalayon mein bheja gayaa thaa.
ack aeye. pee. tii.-pee. sett koo glassgo sheeled dipo mein rakhaa gayaa thaa aur iska upayog ack yaa dou baar ee. aim. yuu. key roop mein glassgo central seey anderson railway station aur vaapas patrakaron koo scotish pradarshani aur sammelan kendra key liye leey jaane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. ack doosara aeye. pee. tii.-pee. cree work key peechhe ack siding mein sangraheet kiya gayaa thaa. glassgo aeye. pee. tii.-pee. aur teesare aeye. pee. tii.-pee. koo binaa prachaar key hataa diyaa gayaa thaa.
jaanch.
upayukt pariyojana kii viphalata ney 1980 key dashak mein vyaapak reporting dekhi, aur taba seey yeh kuchh charcha kaa vishay banaa huaa haye. lekhak aam taur parr iss baat seey sahmat hain kii design key takniki pahaluon koo unaki doosari seva kii shuruat key samay taka kaafee hudd taka hull curr liya gayaa thaa, aur sthanantaran prabandhan sanrachanaon aur aeye. pee. tii. aur aich. aiss. tii. key beach antarang ladaai mein deree key liye adhikansh dosh lagaate hain. aisee chintaaen bhee hain kii bee. aar. key bheetar vikas karna apani ack badee samasya thee, kyonki iska matlab thaa kii unake audyogik bhagidaron key paas koee khareed-farokht naheen thee aur unake varshon key vyaavhaarik anubhav koo nazarandaj kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
vikas kii samayrekha bhee kaafee charcha kaa vishay haye. yeh kanadai ell. aar. see. key saath upayukt pariyojana kii tulanaa karane key liye upayogi haye; ell. aar. see. ney usee samay vikas shuru kiya jaba yeh upayukt thaa, apani khud kii ack anoothi sakriya jhukaav pranali vikasit kii, aur 1970 key dashak key anta mein utpaadan mein pravesh kiya. aeye. pee. tii. kii tarah, ell. aar. see. koo bhee daanton kii samasyaon kaa saamana karna padaa, jinhen hull honey mein kuchh samay lagaa, aur inn viphaltaon parr kuchh press kii ninda key adheen thaa. aeye. pee. tii. key vipareet, ell. aar. see. key paas koee pratispardha naheen thee aur prabandhan turbo koo seva seey hataane kii jaldbaji mein thaa. pranali koo paripakva honey key liye aavashyak samay diyaa gayaa thaa, jisamen radd honey kii koee gambhir sambhavana naheen thee.
upayukt vikas kii dheemi gati key liye 15 varshon mein £50 million key cumm bajat koo doshi thaharaaya gayaa haye, halanki usa yug key press ney ise bahut adhik bataate hue khariz curr diyaa. iss sankhya kii tulanaa british leyland dwara austin mini metro koo vikasit karane key liye kharch kiye gaye lagbhag 10 karod pound seey kii gaee haye, ack aisee pariyojana joe takniki roop seey aeye. pee. tii. kii tulanaa mein tuchchh thee.
viraasat.
ellen williams ney nott kiya kii ack nae sanskaran, aft-u (aft-update) parr kaam jaari rhaa. yeh anivarya roop seey aeye. pee. tii.-pee. thaa jisamen jhukaav pranali koo vaikalpik banaaya gayaa thaa aur injanon koo train key donon chhoron parr unake beach chalane vaale power coupling key saath sthanantarit kiya gayaa thaa. usa pariyojana koo baad mein intercity 225 (aaee. see. 225) kaa naam diyaa gayaa, shayed ise aeye. pee. tii.-pee. key aspas key kharaab prachaar seey door karane key liye. maark 4 coach design jise purvi tata mukhya line vidyuteekaran key liye nae aaee. see. 225 sett key hisse key roop mein pesh kiya gayaa thaa, ney jhukaav tantra koo phir seey fitt karane kii anumati dee, halanki ise kabhi lagu naheen kiya gayaa thaa. aaee. see. 225 koo shakti pradaan karane vaale varg 91 injanon mein aeye. pee. tii.-pee. power kaaron seey "aayatit thoke" design kii suvidhaaen theen, jisamen binaa kissy bhaar koo cumm karane key liye bogi-mounted traction motors key bajaay boddy shamil thee, aur gurutvaakarshan key kendra koo cumm karane key liye underframe key oopar key bajaay neeche transformer thaa. halanki, aeye. pee. tii.-pee. power kaaron key vipareet, unakaa kabhi bhee jhukane kaa irada naheen thaa.
1976 mein fiet ferroveria ney 10 degree jhukaav key saath ack sakriya pranali kaa upayog karate hue ack jhukaav train, ee. tii. aar. 401 trainset kaa nirmaan kiya, jisamen adhik samayanishth aur aramdayak jhukaav rakhane key liye apane shuruati charanon mein koney kaa pataa lagaane key liye gyroscope kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaah yahee kaaran haye kii fiet pariyojana 70 key dashak seey safal rahee haye. 1982 mein fiet ney kuchh upayukt patent khareede jinka upayog ee. tii. aar. 450 trainset key liye unaki takneek mein sudhaar key liye kiya gayaa thaa.
aeye. pee. tii.-aiss. naamit squadron bede kii shuruat naheen hui jaisa kii mool roop seey parikalpana kii gaee thee. upayukt pariyojana united kingdam mein aparyaapt raajneetik ichchaashakti key kaaran iss prakriti kii ack abhootpoorv pariyojana key liye aavashyak kaee aparipakva praudyogikiyon key saath anubhav kii jaane vaali shuruati kathinaaiyon koo hull karane mein bunny rahee. aage naheen badhane kaa nirnay usa samay key media coverage dwara aakar dee gaee nakaratmak saarvajanik dhaaranaon kii prishthabhoomi key khilaf kiya gayaa thaa. aeye. pee. tii. koo vartamaan peedhi kii uchch gati vaali trains key vikas mein ack meal key patthar key roop mein sweekaar kiya jaataa haye. 25 saal baad ack unnat buniyaadi dhaanche parr varg 390 pendolino abb aeye. pee. tii. key nirdhaarit samay seey mell khaate hain. landan seey glassgo maarg aeye. pee. tii. (1980/81 samay sarini) 4 ghante 10 minut kaa thaa, vahee samay jaba sabse tez pendolino samay (disambar 2008 samay sarini) thaa.
2006 mein, daan key liye ack baar binaa ruke daud parr, ack pendolino ney glassgo seey landan kii yatra 3 ghante 55 minut mein poori kii, jabaki aeye. pee. tii. ney 1984 mein 3 ghante 52 minut mein vipareet landan seey glassgo kii yatra poori kii.
17 juuna 2021 koo, avanti paschimi tata dwara sanchaalit royal scott naamak ack pendolino ney record koo haraane kaa prayaas kiya, lekin record samay seey kewal 21 sekand cumm hoe gayaa. nau-carriage train ney 401-meal maarg parr 103 meal prati ghante kii ausat gati seey binaa ruke yatra kii.
pariyojana key dauran ekatra kiye gaye aankadon key nirantar vishleshan seey track key kharaab honey key karanon aur gaadi key samagr vajan koo cumm karane key bajaay aprabhaavit dravyamaan koo cumm karane kii aavashyakta kii behtar samajh paida hui. isake kaaran british rail varg 365 aur british rail varg 465 key liye brail pee3/tii3 kaa vikas huaa, jisamen anya sudhaaron key alawa chhote trijya pahiye shamil they. brail ney aage unnat upnagariya bogi kaa utpaadan karane key liye avadharana vikasit kii joe brail key aeye. bee. bee. adhigrahan mein ack kaarak thaa. 
aaj upayukt.
aeye. pee. tii.-ee. ikai abb rashtriya railway sangrahalaya key swaamitva mein haye aur county durham key shildon mein isake "locomotion" sangrahalaya mein pradarshit haye. ack aeye. pee. tii.-pee. ikai abb creave heritage center mein pradarshit kii jaa rahee haye aur ise aeye. pee. tii.-pee. power kaar sankhya 49006 key saath nikatvarti paschimi tata mukhya line seey gujarane vaali trains seey dekhaa jaa sakata haye joe 7 saal baad march 2018 mein electric railway sangrahalaya, warwickshire mein aaee thee.
vishesh ayojanon key dauran, driving trailer 370003 ack "jhukaav" anubhav pradaan kartaa haye jisamen coach koo sthir honey parr jhukaana shamil haye.

