orthodontics

orthodontics ack dunt chikitsa visheshta haye joe kharaab sthiti vaale daanton aur jabadon key nidan, roktham, prabandhan aur sudhaar key saath-saath galat sanrekhit kaatane key pattern koo sambodhit karati haye. yeh chehare key vikas key sanshodhan koo bhee sambodhit curr sakata haye, jise dentofacial orthopedics key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
daant aaa jabdek asamanya sanrekhan bahut aam chhaik. american association off orthodontics key anusaar, vikasit duniya kii lagbhag 50 pratishat aabaadi mein orthodontic upchaar seey labhanvit honey key liye paryaapt gambhir viloclution hainh haalaanki chikitsakiya roop seey aavashyak orthodontics kaa ullekh karate samay usee aeo kathan key anusaar yeh aankada ghatkar 10 pratishat seey bhee cumm hoe jaataa haye. haalaanki, orthodontic upchaar key swaasthya laabhon key liye nirnaayak vaigyaanik sakshya kii kamee haye, haalaanki poorna upchaar vaale rogiyon ney orthodontic upchaar seey gujarane vaale anupachaarit rogiyon kii tulanaa mein jeevan kii uchch gunavatta kii soochana dee haye. upchaar mein kaee maheenon seey laker kuchh varshon taka kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye aur isamen daanton kii sthiti aur jabade key sanrekhan koo dheere-dheere samaayojit karane key liye dunt brace aur anya upkaranon kaa upayog karna shamil haye. aise mamalon mein jahaan malocallusion gambhir haye, jabade kii sergery koo upchaar yojana mein shamil kiya jaa sakata haye. upchaar aamtaur parr kissy vyakti key vayask honey seey pahale shuru hoe jaataa haye, jahan taka kii poorv-vayask haddiyon koo vayask honey seey pahale adhik aasaani seey samaayojit kiya jaa sakata haye.
itihas.
maanav jaati key uday key baad seey, loga adhik bheed, aniyamit aur baahar nikalane vaale daanton kii samasya seey joojh rahey hain. yunani aur attruscan samagri seey praapt sakshya bataate hain kii iss vikaar kaa ilaaj karane key prayaas 1000 eesaa poorv taka vaapas jaate hain-joe adim lekin prabhaavshaali roop seey achchi tarah seey nirmit orthodontic upkaranon koo pradarshit karate hain. 18veen aur 19veen shatabdi mein, vibhinn dunt chikitsa lekhakon dwara daanton key "viniyaman" key liye upkaranon kii ack shrinkhala kaa varnan kiya gayaa thaa joe kabhi-kabhi unhein vyavhaar mein laate they.ack aadhunik vigyaan key roop mein, orthodontics 1800 key dashak key madhya mein haye. iss kshetra key prabhaavshaali yogadankartaon mein norman villium kingsley (1829-1913) aur edward angle (1855-1930) shamil hain. konn ney malloclution koo vargeekrit karane key liye pahali buniyaadi pranali banaai, ack aisee pranali joe aaj bhee upayog mein haye.
1800 key dashak key madhya mein, norman kingsley ney maukhik vikritiyon koo prakaashit kiya, jise abb orthodontics kaa vyavasthit roop seey dastavejikaran shuru karane vaale pahale karyon mein seey ack key roop mein shreya diyaa jaataa haye. 19veen shatabdi key uttaraardh key dauran americi dunt chikitsa mein ack pramukh upasthiti honey key kaaran, kingsley naa kewal baahar nikalane vaale daanton koo thheek karane key liye baahya bull key shuruati upayogkartaon mein seey ack they, balki way daraar vaale taaloo aur sambandhit muddon key ilaaj key liye agrani logon mein seey ack they.
kingsley aur unake sahyogiyon key tahat orthodontics key yug key dauran, upchaar daanton koo seedha karane aur chehare mein samanjasya banaane parr kendrit thaa. gupt sambandhon koo nazarandaj karate hue, dunt samasyaon jaise kii melalinement yaa bheedbhaad key liye daanton koo hataana vishisht thaa. una dinon ack akshunna dunt chikitsa kii avadharana kii vyaapak roop seey sarahana naheen kii gaee thee, jisase kaatane key sahsambandh aprasangik prateet hotey hain.
1800 key dashak key anta mein, vishvasaniya kritrim pratisthaapan daant banaane key liye avrodh kii avadharana aavashyak thee. iss vichaar koo aur parishkrit kiya gayaa aur antatah swasth dunt sanrachanaon seey nipatane key dauran vibhinn tarikon seey lagu kiya gayaa. jaise-jaise kritrim avrodh kii yeye avadhaaranaaen aage badhati gaeen, yeh dunt chikitsa key liye ack amulya upkaran bunn gayaa.
1890 mein dow. edward aich. aadhunik orthodontics mein unake yogdan key saath konn koo vishesh roop seey ullekhaniya mahsoos kiya jaane lagaa. shuru mein prosthodontics parr dhyaan kendrit karate hue, unhone pensylvania aur minnesota mein padhaaya, isase pahale kii way dunt avrodh aur ise ack samanya sthiti key roop mein banaae rakhane key liye aavashyak upchaaron kii or apana dhyaan kendrit karein-iss prakaar unhein "aadhunik orthodontics key pitaa" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka, orthodontics kewal tedhe daanton key seedhe honey seey adhik hoe gayaa thaa. aadarsh avrodh kii avadharana, jaisa kii konn dwara abhinirdhaarit aur ack vargeekaran pranali mein shamil kiya gayaa haye, ney dursamaay key ilaaj kii disha mein ack badalaav koo saksham kiya, joe kii samanya avrodh seey koee bhee vichalan haye. donon mehraabon parr daanton kaa ack puuraa sett honey kii orthodontic upchaar mein unake beach sateek sambandhon kii aavashyakta key kaaran atyadhik maang thee. ack orthodontic prakriya key roop mein nishkarshan konn aur unakaa paalan karane vaalon dwara bhaari virodh kiya gayaa thaa. jaise-jaise avrodh pramukh prathamikta bunn gaee, chehare key anupaat aur saundarya kii upeksha kii gaee. baahari taakton kaa upayog kiye binaa aadarsh avrodh praapt karane key liye, konn ney maanaa kii chehare key ishtatam saundarya koo praapt karane kaa sabse achchha tarika poorna avrodh thaa.
samay beetane key saath, yeh kaafee spasht hoe gayaa kii saundarya key drishtikon seey vichaar karane parr ack asadharan avrodh bhee upayukt naheen thaa. naa kewal saundaryashastra seey sambandhit mudde they, balki aamtaur parr majboot lochdaar key upayog key saath vistaarit avadhi mein daanton koo ack saath majboor karke praapt ack sateek gupt sambandh koo banaae rakhna asambhav saabit huaa, kuchh aisaa konn joe unake chhatron ney pahale sujhaav diyaa thaa. america mein charles aur australia mein raymond begg (jinhone donon konn key tahat adhyayan kiya) ney 1940 aur 1950 key dashak key dauran orthodontics mein dunt chikitsa nishkarshan koo phir seey shuru kiya taaki way chehare kii sundarta mein sudhaar curr sakein aur saath hii gupt sambandhon seey sambandhit behtar sthirata sunishchit curr sakein.
yuddh key baad kii avadhi mein, vriddhi aur upchaar key kaaran daant aur jabade kii sthiti mein parivartan koo maapane key liye orthodontist dwara cephalometric radiography kaa upayog kiya jaanaa shuru hoe gayaa. aiks-ray seey pataa chalaa kii kaee varg II aur III key mallocultion galat sanrekhit daanton key vipareet anuchit jabade key sambandhon key kaaran they. yeh spasht hoe gayaa kii orthodontic chikitsa mandibular vikas koo samaayojit curr sakati haye, jisase europe mein karyatmak jabade orthopedics aur sanyukt raajya america mein baahya bull upaayon kaa nirmaan hoe sakata haye. inn dinon, karyatmak upkaran aur baahya upkaran donon koo vikas key pattern aur roopon mein sanshodhan key uddeshya seey duniya bhar mein lagu kiya jaataa haye. natijatan, 20veen shatabdi key madhya taka jabade key sahee yaa cumm seey cumm behtar sambandhon kaa peechha karna upchaar kaa ack mukhya uddeshya bunn gayaa thaa.
beesavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein, orthodontics koo unnat karane kii aavashyakta thee. iss uddeshya key liye 1915 mein american journal off orthodontics banaaya gayaa thaa; isase pahale, koee vaigyaanik uddeshya naheen they, naa hii koee sateek vargeekaran pranali aur koshthak jisamen visheshtaon kii kamee thee.
1970 key dashak key madhya taka, pratyek daant key chaaron or dhaatu lapetkar braces banaae jaate they. chipakane mein pragati key saath isake bajaay daanton seey dhaatu key koshthak koo baandhana sambhav hoe gayaa.
varsh 1972 mein, laurence aff. andreau ney sthaayi daanton mein aadarsh avrodh kii ack antardrishtipurna paribhasha dee. iska orthodontic upchaaron parr saarthak prabhaav padaa haye joe niyamit roop seey prashaasit kiye jaate hain, aur yeye hain 1. sahee antar-aark sambandh 2. sahee mukut konn (tip) 3. sahee mukut jhukaav (toqa) 4. koee ghoornan naheen 5. tanga sampark bindu 6. gati kaa sapaat vakr (0.0-2.5 mimi), aur inn siddhanton key aadhar parr, unhone ack upchaar pranali kii khoj kii jise seedhe taar upkaran pranali yaa poorv-samaayojit kinare pranali kahaa jaataa haye. 1976 mein pesh kiya gayaa, lairi andreau key poorv-samaayojit kinare vaale upkaran, jise aamtaur parr seedhe taar upkaran key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, ney taba seey nishchit orthodontic upchaar mein kranti laa dee haye. design kaa laabh isake koshthak aur archwire sanyojan mein nihit haye jisake liye orthodontist yaa klinikisna seey kewal nyuntam taar jhukane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. iska naam iss visheshta key naam parr rakhaa gayaa haye-sthaan kaa konn aur koshthak aadhar kii motai antatah yeh nirdhaarit karati haye kii pratyek daant kahaan sthit haye aur atirikt herfer kii bahut cumm aavashyakta haye.
ack seedhe taar upkaran key aavishkaar seey pahale, orthodontist ack gair-kramaadeshit maanak dhaar kii or sthir upkaran pranali yaa begg key pinn aur tube pranali kaa upayog curr rahey they. inn donon pranaliyon mein pratyek daant key liye samaan koshthak kaa upayog kiya gayaa aur daanton koo unaki vaanchhit sthiti mein khojane key liye teen talon mein ack kamaandaar taar koo jhukaane kii aavashyakta thee-inn modon key saath antim niyukti nirdhaarit hoti thee.
vartamaan orthodontic upkaranon kaa vikas.
jaba orthodontic upkaranon kii baat aatee haye, tou unhein dou prakaron mein vibhajit kiya jaataa haye-hataane yogya aur sthir. udaaharan key liye hataane yogya prakaar koo lein, inhen rogi dwara aavashyakta key anusaar chaalu aur bund kiya jaa sakata haye. doosari or, sthir upkaranon koo naheen hataaya jaa sakata haye kyonki way upchaar key dauran daanton seey bandhe rahate hain.
sthir upkaran.
nishchit orthodontic upkaran mukhya roop seey kinare kii or upkaran drishtikon seey praapt kiye jaate hain, joe aamtaur parr daant sanrekhan mein sudhaar key liye aaytaakaar archwire mein sankraman seey pahale goal taaron seey shuru hotey hain. yeye aaytaakaar taar praarambhik upchaar key baad daanton kii sthiti mein sateekta koo badhaava dete hain.kewal goal taaron aur sahayak jharanon key aspas adharit, bheekh upkaran key vipareet, 21veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein tip-aij pranali ubhari. iss naveen takneek ney goal taaron key saath praarambhik upchaar key baad antim charanon key dauran daanton kii gati koo sateek roop seey niyantrit karane key liye aaytaakaar archwire key upayog kii anumati dee. iss prakaar, lagbhag sabhi aadhunik sthir upkaranon koo iss kinare kii or upkaran pranali mein bhinnata maanaa jaa sakata haye.
20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein orthodontist edward angle ney dunt chikitsa kii duniya mein ack pramukh yogdan diyaa. unhone chaar alag-alag upkaran pranaaliyan banaai jinka upayog aaj kuchh apvaadon koo chhodkar kaee orthodontic upchaaron key aadhar key roop mein kiya gayaa haye. way ee-aark, pinn aur tube, ribbon aark aur kinare kii or pranali hain.
ee-aark.
edward aich. angle ney dunt chikitsa key kshetra mein mahatvapurna yogdan diyaa jaba unhone 1907 mein apani pustak key 7vein sanskaran kaa vimochan kiya, jisamen unake siddhanton koo rekhaankit kiya gayaa aur unaki takneek kaa vistaar kiya gayaa. yeh drishtikon pratishthit "ee-aark" yaa "dha-aark" aakar key saath-saath antar-maxillary elastics parr adharit thaa. yeh upkaran apani avadhi key kissy bhee anya upkaran seey alag thaa kyonki isamen ack kathor dhancha thaa jisase daanton koo prabhaavi dhang seey baandh diyaa jaa sakata thaa taaki ack kamaan roop koo phir seey banaaya jaa sakey joe poorv-paribhaashit aayamon kaa paalan kartaa thaa. daadh koo brace seey susajjit kiya gayaa thaa aur mehrab key chaaron or ack shaktishali labial archwire rakhaa gayaa thaa. taar ack dhaage mein samaapt hotaa haye aur ise aage badhaane key liye ack samayojya nutt kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, jisase paridhi mein vriddhi hoti haye. bandhan dwara, pratyek vyaktigat daant koo iss vistrit archwire seey jodaa gayaa thaa.
pinn aur tube upkaran.
gati kii apani seemit seema key kaaran, konn ee-kamaan key saath sateek daant kii sthiti praapt karane mein asamarth thaa. iss samasya koo door karane key liye, unhone pratyek vyaktigat daant key liye ack urdhvaadhar nully key saath anya daanton parr pattiyon kaa upayog karna shuru curr diyaa. inn naliyon mein ack souldard pinn hotaa thaa jise pratyek niyukti parr unhein sthanantarit karane key liye punarsthaapit kiya jaa sakata thaa. huddy ugaane vaalaa upkaran" key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa, iss sankshepan koo swasth huddy key vikas koo protsaahit karane key liye siddhaantit kiya gayaa thaa, kyonki isaki taakat seedhe jadon mein sthanantarit karane kii kshamata thee. lekin, ise lagu karna vaastav mein mushkil saabit huaa.
ribbon mehrab.
yeh mahsoos karate hue kii pinn aur tube upkaran koo niyantrit karna aasaan naheen thaa, konn ney ack behtar vikalp vikasit kiya, ribbon aark, jiska upayog karna bahut aasaan thaa. isake adhikansh ghatak pahale seey hii nirmaata dwara taiyar kiye gaye they, isaliye ise prabandhit karna pahale kii tulanaa mein kaafee aasaan thaa. ribbon mehrab koo jodane key liye, koshthak key avarodhak kshetra koo khola gayaa thaa. koshthak koo kewal aathh chhedak aur mandibular kutton mein jodaa gayaa thaa, kyonki kshaitij daadh nalikaon aur nikatvarti poorv-dadhon key urdhvaadhar koshthak donon mein kamaan koo dalna asambhav hoga. samajh kii iss kamee ney dunt peshevaron key liye ack badee chunauti pesh kii; way dwishir daanton mein atyadhik gati vakr mein sudhaar karane mein asamarth they. sthiti kii jatilata key bavjood, chikitsakon key liye ack samadhan khojana aavashyak thaa. apane samkakshon key liye advitiya, jiss baat ney ribbon mehrab koo turant lokpriya banaa diyaa, vaha yeh thaa kii isake mehrab mein ullekhaniya vasant guna they aur iska upayog galat tareeke seey sanrekhit daanton koo sateek roop seey sanrekhit karane key liye kiya jaa sakata thaa. haalaanki, iss upkaran kii ack badee kamee jarh kii sthiti koo prabhaavi dhang seey niyantrit karane mein asamarthata thee kyonki isamen apane nae sthaan parr jadein sthaapit karane key liye aavashyak toqa andolanon koo utpann karane key liye paryaapt lachilaapan naheen thaa.
dhaardaar upkaran.
ribbon kamaan key saath samasyaon koo thheek karane key prayaas mein, konn ney ise kshaitij banaane key bajaay apane slot key abhivinyas koo urdhvaadhar seey sthanantarit curr diyaa. isake alawa, unhone taar kii adla-badali kii aur ise ack keemati dhaatu key taar seey badal diyaa jise sambandh mein 90 degree seey ghumaaya gayaa thaa-jise abb seey kinare kii or jaanaa jaataa haye. vyaapak parikshanon key baad, yeh nishkarsh nikala gayaa kii 22x28 millie key ayam antariksh key teenon talon mein mukut aur jarh kii sthiti parr utkrisht niyantran praapt karane key liye ishtatam they. 1928 mein shuruat key baad, yeh upkaran jaldi seey bahu-pattiya nishchit chikitsa key liye mukhya aadharon mein seey ack bunn gayaa; haalaanki ribbon mehraabon kaa upayog iss bindu key baad bhee ack dashak yaa usase adhik samay taka jaari rhaa.
labiolingual.
konn seey pahale, alag-alag daanton parr sanlagnak lagaane key vichaar key baare mein naheen socha gayaa thaa; aur unake jivankal mein, pratyek daant koo sateek roop seey sthiti mein rakhane key liye unaki chinta kaa atyadhik mulyankan naheen kiya gayaa thaa. hataane yogya upkaranon kii ack shrinkhala key saath daanton koo badalane key liye fingerprings kaa upayog karane key alawa, 20 veen shatabdi key praarambhik bhaag mein dou mukhya upkaran pranaaliyan bahut lokpriya theen. labiolingual upkaranon mein pahale daadh parr pattiyon kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa joe ack daant koo sthanantarit karane key liye souldard fingerprings key saath chipakaae gaye bhaari bhashai aur labial archwire key saath judey hotey they.
judvaan taar.
inn daanton koo sanrekhan pradaan karane key liye ack dou taaron vaalaa upkaran banaaya gayaa thaa, jisamen chhedak aur daadh donon key aspas pattiyon kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. dou 10-millie steel archwire key saath nirmit, isaki najuk visheshtaon koo daadh seey kutton kii or faili lambi naliyon dwara sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa. apane prayason key bavjood, isamen aage key sanshodhanon key binaa aavaajaahi kii seemit kshamata thee-jisase yeh aadhunik orthodontic abhyaas mein aprachalit hoe gayaa.
begg kaa upkaran.
1920 key dashak mein australia lautate hue, prasiddh orthodontist, raymond begg ney ribbon aark upkaranon key baare mein apane gyaan koo lagu kiya, jise unhone angle school seey seekha thaa. isake alawa, begg ney maanaa kii safal parinamon key liye kabhi-kabhi daant nikaalana mahatvapurna hotaa haye aur jarh kii sthiti seey nipatane key liye adhik niyantran pradaan karane key liye ribbon kamaan upkaran koo sanshodhit karane kii koshish kii.
1930 key dashak key anta mein, begg ney upkaran kaa apana anukoolan vikasit kiya jisane teen roop leey liye. sabse pahale, ack uchch shakti vaale 16-millie goal steel key taar ney mool keemati dhaatu key ribbon mehrab koo badal diyaa. doosara, unhone vahee ribbon mehrab koshthak rakhaa lekin ise ulta curr diyaa taaki yeh masoodon seey door honey key bajaay unaki or ishara karey. anta mein, jadon kii gati koo niyantrit karane key liye sahayak jharane jode gaye. isake parinamswarup jise choga upkaran (anjir 10.19) key roop mein jaanaa jaayega. 5 iss design key saath gharshan cumm hoe gayaa thaa kyonki taar aur koshthak key beach sampark nyuntam thaa, aur lunger niyantran key liye upayog kiye jaa rahey tipping aur seedha honey key kaaran bandhan cumm hoe gayaa thaa (anjir 8.26 dekhein), jisase taaron aur koshthak key konon key beach sampark konn cumm hoe gaye they.
tip aij system.
dow. begg kaa prabhaav abhee bhee aadhunik upkaranon mein dekhaa jaataa haye, jaise kii tip-aij bracket. iss prakaar key koshthak mein ack taraf ack aaytaakaar slot katve shamil haye taaki ack archwire key binaa kissy cheera vikshepan key mukut tipping kii anumati dee jaa sakey; jisase daanton koo antariksh bund honey key dauran tip kiya jaa sakey aur phir sahayak springs yaa yahaan taka kii parishkaran mein toqa uddeshyon key liye ack aaytaakaar taar key madhyam seey seedha kiya jaa sakey. upchaar key praarambhik charanon mein, chhote vyaas key steel archwire kaa upayog tip-aij bracket key saath kaam karate samay kiya jaanaa chaahiye.
samkaaleen dhaar pranali.
samay key saath, ack badalaav aaya haye jisamen dunt chikitsakon dwara upkaran koo pasand kiya jaataa haye. vishesh roop seey, 1960 key dashak key dauran, jaba ise pesh kiya gayaa thaa, tou usa yug key kinare vaale upkaran kii tulanaa mein apani dakshata key kaaran chaney key upkaran ney vyaapak lokpriyata hassil kii; yeh dunt chikitsak kii or seey cumm nivesh key saath samaan parinam dey sakata thaa. phir bhee, taba seey takneek aur kinare vaale upkaranon key parishkaar mein pragati hui haye joe ack vipareet nishkarsh parr pahuncha haih aajkal, kinare vaale upkaran, bheekh key upkaran kii tulanaa mein adhik kushal hain, iss prakaar yeh samajhaate hain kii iska aamtaur parr upayog kyon kiya jaataa haye. 
swachaalit ghoornan niyantran.
shuruat mein, konn archwire key kinaaron seey ilates koo jodata haye taaki unhein bandhan key saath rakhaa jaa sakey aur ghoornan koo prabandhit karane mein madad mill sakey. haalaanki, abb, dohare koshthak yaa ekal koshthak key kaaran kissy atirikt bandhan kii aavashyakta naheen haye, jisamen taar (luis yaa laing koshthak) key neeche pankh jode gaye hain. donon prakaar key koshthak aise kshanon koo praapt karane koo saral banaate hain joe sthaan key ack vishesh tala key saath andolanon koo niyantrit karate hain.
koshthak slot aayamon mein parivartan.
aadhunik dunt chikitsa mein, dou prakaar key kinare vaale upkaran maujood hainh 18-aur 22-slot kismein. jabaki inn upkaranon kaa upayog alag-alag tareeke seey kiya jaataa haye, adhik sateek visheshtaon key saath 20-slot upkaran kii shuruat parr vichaar kiya gayaa haye lekin abhee taka iska paalan naheen kiya gayaa haye.
seedhe taar vaale koshthak key prescription.
sabhi daanton key liye ack hii koshthak parr bharosa karane key bajaay, ell.aff. andreau ney 1980 key dashak mein pratyek daant key liye alag-alag koshthak banaane kaa ack tarika khoja, bandhan kii badhee hui suvidha key kaaran. iss samaayojan ney unhein archwire mein kaee modon seey bachane mein saksham banaaya, jinaki daanton kii shareer rachana mein bhinnataon kii bharpai key liye aavashyakta hoti. antatah, isase "seedhe taar upkaran" pranali kaa nirmaan huaa-ack dhaardaar upkaran jisane isaki dakshata mein bahut vriddhi kii.aadhunik kinare vaale upkaran kaa nirmaan mool upkaran seey thodaa alag haye. daanton key beach bhinnataon koo samaayojit karane key liye chehare key jhukaav parr bharosa karane key bajaay, pratyek koshthak kii aadhar motai usee key anusaar bhinn hoti haye joe usa daant key aadhar parr hoti haye jisake liye yeh abhipret haye. haalaanki, daanton key beach vyaktigat antar key kaaran, yeh kshatipurti jhukane kii aavashyakta koo poori tarah seey samaapt naheen kartaa haye. kaee daanton kii jadon koo sateek roop seey rakhane key liye daant kii lambi dhuri key sambandh mein koshthak koo pakadane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. paaramparik roop seey, iss madhya-madhya jarh sthiti key liye dusare crum, yaa noke, archwire key saath jhukane kaa upayog karna aavashyak thaa. haalaanki, koshthak yaa koshthak slot koo pakadane seey jhukane kii iss aavashyakta koo samaapt curr diyaa jaataa haye.
alag-alag daanton mein chehare kii satahon key jhukaav mein visangatiyon koo dekhate hue, pratyek aaytaakaar archwire key khandon mein ack modd, jise anyatha teesare crum yaa toqa modd key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, shuru mein kinare kii or upkaran key saath aavashyak thaa. yeye modd sabhi rogiyon aur taaron key liye aavashyak they, naa kii kewal upayukt roop seey rakhe gaye daanton kii kissy bhee anajaane mein gatividhi seey bachane key liye yaa jaba jadon koo chehare yaa bhashai roop seey hilaate hain. koshthak yaa sthaan kaa konn archwire parr dusare crum yaa tip jhukane kii aavashyakta koo cumm curr sakata haye. samkaaleen kinare vaale upkaran koshthak key saath aatey hain jinhen chehare key kissy bhee jhukaav key liye samaayojit karane key liye design kiya gayaa haye, jisase kissy bhee teesare crum key jhukane koo samaapt yaa cumm kiya jaa sakata haye. inn koshthakon mein pahale seey hii konn aur toqa maan banaae gaye hain taaki pratyek aaytaakaar archwire koo anajaane mein kissy bhee sahee sthiti mein daanton koo sthanantarit kiye binaa ack custom fitt banaane key liye vikrit kiya jaa sakey. bracket angulation aur tork key binaa, pratyek rogi key archwire parr dusare crum yaa tip jhukane kii aavashyakta hogi.
vidhiyaan.
galat tareeke seey sthit daanton (malocallusion) key liye ack vishisht upchaar mein ack seey dou saal lagate hain, jisamen huddy-dunt chikitsak dwara harr chaar seey 10 saptah mein braces koo samaayojit kiya jaataa haye, jabaki vishvavidyalaya seey prashikshit dunt visheshagya dunt aur chehare kii aniyamitataon kii roktham, nidan aur upchaar mein paarangat hotey hain. orthodontist tedhe daanton koo seedha karane, aniyamit kaatane koo thheek karane aur jabadon koo sahee dhang seey sanrekhit karane key liye upchaar vikalpon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala pradaan karate hain. durbhavanapurna nishkarshan koo samaayojit karane key kaee tareeke hain. badhate hue rogiyon mein karyatmak upkaranon, orthodontic headgear yaa riverse pull faces mask kaa upayog karke vikas koo badhaava dekar yaa pratibandhit karke kankal visangatiyon kaa ilaaj karane key liye adhik vikalp hain. adhikansh orthodontic kaary kankal key vikas koo puuraa karane seey pahale praarambhik sthaayi dunt chikitsa charan mein shuru hotaa haye. yadi kankal kaa vikas puuraa hoe gayaa haye, tou jabade kii sergery ack vikalp haye. kabhi-kabhi daanton koo orthodontic upchaar mein sahaayata key liye nikala jaataa haye (sabhi mamalon mein seey lagbhag aadhe mamalon mein daant nikaale jaate hain, aamtaur parr premolar).
orthodontic chikitsa mein nishchit yaa hataane yogya upkaranon kaa upayog shamil hoe sakata haye. adhikansh orthodontic chikitsa una upkaranon kaa upayog karke dee jaati haye joe jagah-jagah sthir hotey hain, udaaharan key liye, daanton seey chipakane vaale bandhanon key saath. sthir upkaran daanton kaa adhik yaantrik niyantran pradaan curr sakate hain; nishchit upkaranon kaa upayog karke ishtatam upchaar parinam mein sudhaar kiya jaataa haye.
udaaharan key liye, daanton koo ghumaane key liye, yadi way munh mein anya daanton key mehrab aakar mein fitt naheen hotey hain, tou kaee daanton koo alag-alag sthaanon parr samaayojit karane key liye, daanton key konn koo badalane key liye, yaa daant kii jarh kii sthiti koo badalane key liye, nishchit upkaranon kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. iss upchaar pathyakram koo prathamikta naheen dee jaati haye jahaan ack rogi kii maukhik swachchata kharaab hoti haye (kyonki apchayan, daanton kaa kshay yaa anya jatilataon kaa parinam hoe sakata haye. yadi koee rogi aprerit haye (jahan taka upchaar mein kaee maheene lagate hain aur maukhik swachchata key liye pratibaddhata kii aavashyakta hoti haye), yaa yadi durbhavanapurna nishkarsh halke hain.
daanton key chalane kaa jeev vigyaan aur kaise jeane chikitsa aur aanvik jeev vigyaan praudyogiki mein pragati orthodontic upchaar key bhavishya koo aakar dey sakati haye.
brace.
braces koo aamtaur parr daanton key saamane kii or rakhaa jaataa haye, lekin unhein jeebh key saamane kii or bhee rakhaa jaa sakata haye (jise bhashai braces kahaa jaataa haye). steel yaa cheeni mitty key bartan seey baney koshthakon koo ack chipakane vaale kaa upayog karke daanton key kendra seey jodaa jaataa haye. taaron koo koshthak mein ack sthaan mein rakhaa jaataa haye joe teenon aayamon mein niyantrit gati kii anumati detaa haye.
taaron key alawa, lochdaar pattiyon kaa upayog karke bull lagaaya jaa sakata haye, aur springs kaa upayog daanton koo alag karane yaa ack antaral koo bund karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. kaee daanton koo bandhan key saath ack saath bandha jaa sakata haye aur ack lochdaar patti koo jodane key liye vibhinn prakaar key hook rakhe jaa sakate hain.
spasht sanrekhan braces kaa ack vikalp haye, lekin unaki prabhavsheelta nirdhaarit karane key liye aparyaapt saboot maujood hain.
upchaar kii avadhi.
braces key liye aavashyak samay vyakti seey vyakti mein bhinn hotaa haye kyonki yeh samasya kii gambhirta, upalabdh jagah kii matra, daanton koo kitni doori taya karni haye, daanton, masoodon aur sahayak huddy key swaasthya aur rogi nirdeshon kaa kitna karib seey paalan kartaa haye, iss parr nirbhar kartaa haye. ausatan, halanki, ack baar braces pahanane key baad, way aamtaur parr ack seey teen saal taka apane sthaan parr rahate hain. braces koo hataane key baad, adhikansh rogiyon koo pahale chhah maheenon key liye harr samay ack retainer pahanane kii aavashyakta hogi, phir kewal kaee varshon taka neend key dauran.
sir kaa pahanaava.
orthodontic headgear-jise kabhi-kabhi "atirikt-maukhik upkaran" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye-ack upchaar drishtikon haye jisamen rogi koo apane sir parr ack upkaran koo baandhane kii aavashyakta hoti haye taaki malloclution koo sahee karane mein madad mill sakey-aamtaur parr taba upayog kiya jaataa haye jaba daant thheek seey sanrekhit naheen hotey hain. headgear kaa upayog aksar braces yaa anya orthodontic upkaranon key saath kiya jaataa haye. jabaki braces daanton kii sthiti koo sahee karate hain, orthodontic headgear-jise jaisa kii naam seey pataa chalata haye kii rogi key sir parr pahana jaataa haye yaa baandh diyaa jaataa haye-koo aksar jabade key sanrekhan koo badalane mein madad karane key liye orthodontic upchaar mein jodaa jaataa haye, halanki kuchh paristhitiyaan hain jinamen iss tarah kaa upkaran daanton, vishesh roop seey daadh koo sthanantarit karane mein madad curr sakata haye.
joe bhee uddeshya hoe, orthodontic headgear hook, ack chehare key dhanush, kundaliyon, lochdaar pattiyon, dhaatu orthodontic pattiyon aur anya sanlagn upkaranon key madhyam seey seedhe rogi key munh mein braces parr tanaav dalkar kaam kartaa haye. yeh bachchon aur kishoron key liye sabse prabhaavi haye kyonki unake jabade abhee bhee vikasit hoe rahey hain aur aasaani seey herfer kiya jaa sakata haye. (yadi kissy vayask koo sir key kapade seey susajjit kiya jaataa haye, tou yeh aamtaur parr una daanton kii sthiti koo thheek karane mein madad karane key liye hotaa haye joe anya daanton koo nikaalane key baad sthanantarit hoe gaye hain.) iss prakaar, headgear kaa upayog aamtaur parr jabade key sanrekhan yaa kaatane kii kaee samasyaon jaise kii adhik kaatane aur cumm kaatane key ilaaj key liye kiya jaataa haye.
paletal vistaar.
ack nishchit ootak seey utpann upkaran kaa upayog karke prasraavi vistaar sabse achchha praapt kiya jaa sakata haye. hataane yogya upkaran daanton koo baahar kii or dhakel sakate hain lekin maxillary suiteral vistaar mein cumm prabhaavi hotey hain. hataane yogya vistaarak key prabhaav vahee dikh sakate hain jaise way daanton koo baahar kii or dhakelate hain lekin vaastav mein taaloo key vistaar key saath bhramit naheen honah chaahiye. taalu kaa uchit vistaar daanton key liye adhik jagah banaa sakata haye aur saath hii maukhik aur naak donon vayu pravaah mein sudhaar curr sakata haye.
jabade kii sergery.
gambhir malloclution koo thheek karane key liye jabade kii sergery kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye. shalya chikitsa key dauran huddy toot jaati haye aur thheek honey key liye titanium (yaa jaiv-avashoshit) plates aur shikanja key saath sthir kii jaati haye. shalya chikitsa key baad, daanton koo unaki antim sthiti mein leey jaane key liye niyamit orthodontic upchaar kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye.
upchaar key dauran.
orthodontic upchaar key dauran dard koo cumm karane key liye, nimn-stariya lazer therapy (ell. ell. tii.), compan upkaranon, chabaane key sahayak, mastishk tarang sangeet, yaa sangyanatmak vyavhaar chikitsa kaa upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, sahayak sakshya nimn gunavatta key hain, aur parinam anirnaayak hain.
upchaar key baad.
orthodontic upchaar puuraa honey key baad, daanton key upchaar seey pahale kii sthiti mein vaapas aaney yaa phir seey mudane kii pravritti hoti haye. 50 pratishat seey adhik rogiyon koo upchaar key baad 10 varshon key bheetar poorv-upchaar kii sthiti mein kuchh badalaav hotaa haye. punah sankraman koo rokane key liye, adhikansh rogiyon koo upchaar puuraa honey key baad ack anuchar kii peshkash kii jaayegi aur unhein apane anuchar pahanane seey laabh hoga. anuchar yaa tou sthir yaa hataane yogya hoe sakate hain.
hataane yogya anuchar.
hataane yogya anuchar ack spasht plastic seey banaae jaate hain, aur way rogi key munh key liye anukoolit hotey hain. yeh ack tanga fitt haye aur sabhi daanton koo sthiti mein rakhta haye. spasht anucharon key liye kaee prakaar key brand hain jinamen zendura anuchar, assex anuchar aur vivera anuchar shamil hain. holly retainer bhee ack hataane yogya orthodontic upkaran haye joe plastic aur dhaatu key sanyojan seey banaa haye joe rogi key munh mein fitt honey key liye dhaala gayaa haye. hataane yogya retainer koo alag-alag samay key liye pahana jaayega joe rogi koo dunt chikitsa koo sthir karane kii aavashyakta parr nirbhar kartaa haye.
nishchit anuchar.
fixed retainer ack saral taar haye joe dunt chipakane vaale kaa upayog karke cheera key jeebh-mukhi hisse mein lagaaya jaataa haye aur cheera mein ghoornan koo rokane key liye vishesh roop seey upayogi hoe sakata haye. anya prakaar key sthir anucharon mein daanton parr koshthak key saath asthir yaa bhashai koshthak shamil hoe sakate hain.
spasht sanrekhan.
spasht sanrekhan aaj aam taur parr upayog kiye jaane vaale orthodontics kaa ack aur roop haye, jisamen hataane yogya plastic tray shamil hain. invisline yaa bite jaise sanrekhakon kii prabhavsheelta key baare mein vivaad rhaa haye, kuchh loga unhein vikalp kii tulanaa mein tej aur adhik mukt maanate hain. 
prashikshan.
dunt chikitsa mein kaee vishesh kshetra hain, lekin dunt chikitsa key bheetar orthodontics kii visheshta koo sabse pahale pahachaana gayaa thaa. vishesh roop seey, americi dunt sangh ney 1950 key dashak mein orthodontics koo ack visheshta key roop mein maanyata dee. pratyek desh mein orthodontic visheshagyon key prashikshan aur panjikaran key liye apani pranali haye.
australia.
australia mein, orthodontics mein maanyata praapt teen saal kii purnakaalik vishvavidyalaya kii degree praapt karane key liye, kissy koo cumm seey cumm dou saal key naidaanik anubhav key saath ack yogya dunt chikitsak (ack ahpra panjikrit samanya dunt chikitsa kii degree poori karna) honah aavashyak haye. australia mein kaee vishvavidyalaya hain joe orthodontic karyakram pradaan karate hainh adelide vishvavidyalaya, melburn vishvavidyalaya, sidney vishvavidyalaya, queensland vishvavidyalaya, paschimi australia vishvavidyalaya, otago vishvavidyalaya. orthodontic pathyakram australiyai dunt parishad dwara maanyata praapt hain aur australiyai society off orthodontists (aeye. aiss. oh.) dwara sameeksha kii jaati haye. sambhaavit avedakon koo pravesh key liye aavedan karane seey pahale sambandhit sansthaan seey jaankaari praapt karni chaahiye. orthodontics mein degree poori karane key baad, visheshagyon koo abhyaas karane key liye australiyai swaasthya vyavasaayi viniyaman agency (ahpra) key saath panjikrit honah aavashyak haye.
bangladesh.
bangladesh mein dhaakaa dunt mahavidyalaya bangladesh chikitsa aur dunt parishad (bm aind dc) dwara maanyata praapt kaee vidyaalayon mein seey ack haye joe snatkottar orthodontic pathyakram pradaan kartaa haye. kissy bhee snatkottar prashikshan pathyakram mein aavedan karane seey pahale, ack aavedak koo kissy bhee dunt mahavidyalaya seey dunt chikitsa shalya chikitsa (bee. dee. aiss.) pariksha mein snaatak honah chaahiye. aavedan key baad, aavedak koo vishisht mahavidyalaya dwara aayojit pravesh pariksha deni hogi. safal honey parr, chayanit ummidvaaron koo chhah maheene key liye prashikshan diyaa jaataa haye.
kanada.
kanada mein, orthodontic prashikshan key liye ack school dwara sweekaar kiye jaane seey pahale dunt chikitsa kii degree praapt karna aavashyak hoga, jaise kii dunt chikitsa kaa doctor (dee. dee. aiss.) yaa chikitsa dunt chikitsa kaa doctor (dee. aim. dee.). vartamaan mein, desh mein 10 school hain joe orthodontic visheshta pradaan karate hain. pravesh seey pahale navintam poorv-aavashyaktaon koo praapt karane key liye ummidvaaron koo seedhe vyaktigat vidyalaya seey sampark karna chaahiye. kanadai dunt sangh orthodontist seey ummeed kartaa haye kii way apani dunt chikitsa kii degree seey snaatak honey key baad, ack maanyata praapt karyakram mein orthodontics mein cumm seey cumm dou saal key post-doctoral, vishesh prashikshan koo puuraa karenge.
sanyukt raajya america.
kanada key samaan, sanyukt raajya america mein kaee college aur vishvavidyalaya hain joe orthodontic karyakram pradaan karate hain. pratyek vidyalaya mein ack alag namankan prakriya hoti haye, lekin pratyek aavedak koo kissy maanyata praapt dunt vidyalaya seey dee. dee. aiss. yaa dee. aim. dee. key saath snaatak honah aavashyak haye. maanyata praapt orthodontics karyakram mein pravesh behad pratispardhi haye, aur rashtriya yaa raajya licenses pariksha utteern karke shuru hotaa haye.
karyakram aam taur parr dou seey teen saal taka chalata haye, aur antim varsh taka, snatakon koo likhit american board off orthodontics (aeye. bee. oh.) pariksha poori karni hoti haye. iss pariksha koo bhee dou ghatakon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa haih ack likhit pariksha aur ack naidaanik pariksha. likhit pariksha ack vyaapak pariksha haye joe aavedak key buniyaadi vigyaan aur naidaanik avadhaaranaon key gyaan kaa pareekshan karati haye. naidaanik pariksha mein, halanki, ack board cases maukhik pariksha (bee. see. oh. ee.), ack cases report pariksha (see. aar. ee.), aur ack cases report maukhik pariksha (see. oh. ee.) shamil hain. ack baar pramaanit honey key baad, pramanan koo harr duss saal mein navinikrit kiya jaanaa chaahiye. orthodontic karyakram school aur vyaktigat anusandhaan aavashyaktaon key aadhar parr master off science degree, doctor off science degree, yaa doctor off philosophy degree pradaan curr sakate hain.
united kingdam.
poore united kingdam mein, kaee orthodontic vishesh prashikshan panjiyak pada upalabdh hain. karyakram teen saal key liye purnakaalik haye, aur puuraa honey parr, prashikshu snatkottar yaa doctorate star parr degree key saath snaatak hotey hain. prashikshan aspatal key una vibhagon key bheetar hoe sakata haye joe maanyata praapt dunt vidyaalayon seey judey hain. vishesh prashikshan (see. see. aiss. tii.) key puuraa honey kaa pramaan patra praapt karane seey ack orthodontic visheshagya koo samanya dunt parishad (jee. dee. see.) key tahat panjikrit honey kii anumati milati haye. ack orthodontic visheshagya praathamik dekhbhal vyavastha key bheetar dekhbhal pradaan curr sakata haye, lekin ack orthodontic salaahkaar key roop mein aspatal mein kaam karane key liye, ack post-see. see. aiss. tii. prashikshu key roop mein uchch-stariya prashikshan kii aavashyakta hoti haye. vishvavidyalaya kii vyavastha key bheetar, ack shaikshanik salaahkaar key roop mein kaam karna, ph. dee. praapt karane kii disha mein shodh puuraa karna.dee. isaki bhee aavashyakta haye.

