
meenas gerais

minas gerais () dakshinpurvi brazil kaa ack raajya haye. yeh desh mein dusare sabse adhik aabaadi vaale, sakal gharelu utpaad (jee. dee. pee.) key hisab seey teesare aur kshetra key hisab seey chauthe sabse badey raajya key roop mein sthaan rakhta haye. raajya kii rajdhani aur sabse badaa shahar, bello kshitij (shaabdik roop seey "sunder kshitij"), lattin america mein ack pramukh shahari aur vitt kendra haye, aur brazil aur isake mahanagariya kshetra mein chhathi sabse badee nagarpalika brazil mein teesari sabse badee haye, jisamen saao paulo aur riyo dee janeiro key baad kewal 5.8 laakh seey adhik nivasi hain. brazil key nau rashtrapatiyon kaa janm minas gerais mein huaa thaa, joe kissy bhee raajya mein sabse adhik thaa. raajya mein brazil kii aabaadi kaa 10.1% haye aur yeh brazil key sakal gharelu utpaad kaa 8.7% haye.
mahanagariya france seey badey kshetra key saath-yeh brazil kaa chautha sabse badaa raajya haye. desh mein coffey aur doodh kaa mukhya utpaadak, minas gerais aitihaasik shaharon jaise saao joao dell-rei, kangonhas, oro preto, diamentina, tyradents, mariana, sabara aur sero mein vastukala aur aupaniveshik kalaa kii apani viraasat key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. dakshin mein, paryatan sthal jall-khanij spaa hain, jaise kii caxambu, lambury, saao lorenko, pocos dee caldas, saao thome daas letras, monte verde (kaimandukaya kii nagarpalika kaa ack jilaa) aur kaiprao aur canastra key rashtriya udyaan. raajya kaa paridrishya pahaadon, ghaatiyon aur upajaau bhoomi key badey kshetron seey chihnit haye. seraa doo sipo, sete lagos, cordisburgo aur lagoa saanta mein gufaaen aur jharane aakarshan hain. brazil kii kuchh sabse prasiddh gufaayen vahaan sthit hain.
vyutpatti.
minas gerais naam kii utpatti key liye dou vyaakhyaaen dee gaee hain. yeh aupaniveshik praant ("samanya jangalon kii khadaanen") key poorv naam "minas doss matos gerais" seey aaya haye.
pahali vyakhya yeh haye kii naam kaa seedha saa arth haye "samanya khadaanen", jisamen garais shabd khadanon key liye ack visheshan key roop mein kaary kartaa haye, joe swayam ack badey kshetra key aspas kaee sthaanon mein faile hue they. 
doosari vyakhya yeh haye kii yeh dou badey bhaugolik sthaanon kii andekhi kartaa haye joe raajya key itihas mein raajya key anuroop hainh khaanon kaa kshetra (meenas), aur gerais kaa kshetra ("matos gerais" yaa "campos gerais", jiska arth haye "samanya kshetron" key karib kuchh). yeye "serto" key kshetron key anuroop they, joe khanan sthalon (jinaki aarthik jagah apane mool seey shahari thee) seey door aur kathin they (krishi aur krishi parr adharit arthavyavastha key saath).
bhram iss tathya seey aataa haye kii "gerais" shabd koo pahale sanskaran mein "minas" key visheshan key roop mein liya gayaa haye, halanki iss drishtikon key anusaar yeh gerais (ack sangya key roop mein) naamak kshetra koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. ack aur jatilata yeh haye kii yeh raajya key maanchitra parr ack achchi tarah seey paribhaashit kshetra naheen haye, balki khanan sthalon key baahar inn hisson key liye ack padnam haye, joe serto key bhugol seey adhik sambandhit haye, aur raajya key kendra seey adhik alag haye.
sthaan.
minas gerais brazil key dakshin-poorv kshetra key uttar mein haye, jisamen saao paulo, riyo dee janeiro aur aspirito santo key raajya bhee shamil hain. isaki seemaaen baahiya (uttar), gois (paschim aur uttar-paschim), maato grosso doo sul (sudur paschim), saao paulo aur riyo dee janeiro (dakshin) aur aspirito santo (poorv) raajya seey lagati hain. yeh sanghiya jile (uttar-paschim) key saath ack chhoti seema bhee saajha kartaa haye. meenas gerais 14° 13'58 aur 22° 54'00 key akshansh key beach aur 39° 51'32 aur 51° 02'35 doubleu deshantar key beach sthit haye. yeh mahanagariya france yaa spen kii tulanaa mein kshetrafal mein badaa haye.
bhugol.
minas gerais mein brazil kii kuchh sabse lambi nadiyaan hain, vishesh roop seey saao francisco, paraana aur kuchh hudd taka, dusses nadee. raajya mein bhattiyon sahit kaee panbijali sanyantra bhee hain. brazil kii kuchh sabse oonchi chotiyaan raajya key dakshini bhaag mein parvat shrinkhalaon mein hain, jaise kii mantikira pahaad aur seraa doo sarvo, joe minas aur usake padosiyon saao paulo aur riyo dee janeiro key beach kii seema koo chihnit karate hain. sabse ullekhaniya choti bandira haye, joe brazil mein 2,890 meater kii oonchaai parr teesara sabse oonchaa parvat haye, joe aspirito santo raajya kii seema parr sthit haye. raajya mein lohe key vishal bhandar aur panna, pukhraj aur aquamerine khadanon sahit soney aur ratnon key badey bhandar bhee hain. iss sthaan parr paae jaane vaale panna sabse achche columbia-mool key panna key barabar hotey hain, aur aksar neele-harey rung key hotey hain.
raajya key pratyek kshetra kaa bhaugolik aur kuchh hudd taka saanskritik roop seey ack alag charitra haye.
ibge dwara aadhunik bhaugolik vibhajan (2017).
brazil key rashtriya bhugol aur saankhyiki sansthaan (aaee. bee. jee. ee.) dwara aadhunik (2017) bhaugolik vargeekaran key anusaar, joe madhya kshetron aur sookshm kshetron (1988) mein vibhajan key baad aaya, raajya abb 13 madhyavarti bhaugolik kshetron mein vibhajit haye, jinamen seey pratyek tatkaal bhaugolik kshetron (poore raajya mein kull 70) mein vibhajit haih
bhoovigyaan.
jeevaashm vigyaan.
maxacalisorus topai" (dinoprata) jeevashmon kii khoj ack mahatvapurna jeevaashm vigyaan khoj thee. jeevaashm titanosaurid dynasore kaa ack vansh haye joe 1998 mein minas gerais raajya mein prata shahar seey 45 kilometres (28 meal) door paaya gayaa thaa. yeh "saltasaurus" seey nikatata seey sambandhit thaa, ack surropod jise asamanya maanaa jaataa thaa kyonki yeh spasht roop seey rakshaatmak lakshnon koo vikasit curr chuka thaa, jisamen isaki twacha parr huddy kii platein aur isaki reedh key saath urdhvaadhar platein shamil theen; aise austioderm maxacalisorus key liye bhee paae gaye hain. vansh kaa naam maxcally kii janjaati seey liya gayaa haye.
maxacalisorus" jeevaashm lagbhag 13 meater (43.3 feat) lambe ack janwar key they, jinka anumaanit vajan 9 tunn thaa, haalaanki, jeevaashm vigyaani alekjendar kellner key anusaar, yeh lagbhag 20 meater (65 feat) kii lambai taka pahunch sakata thaa. isaki gardan aur poonchh lambi thee, daanton kii dhaar (surropods key beach asamanya) thee aur lagbhag 8 karod saal pahale jeevit thee. kyonki aisaa lagata haye kii dakshin america mein surropods mein mahatvapurna pratispardha kii kamee thee, way duniya key anya hisson kii tulanaa mein adhik vividhata aur adhik asamanya lakshnon key saath vahaan vikasit hue. 28 agast, 2006 seey riyo dee janeiro mein museau national mein ack pratikriti pradarshit kii gaee haye.
itihas.
swadeshi nivaas.
minas gerais key kshetra mein 11,400 seey 12,000 saal pahale taka swadeshi loga rahate they, joe america mein paae jaane vaale sabse puraane maanav jeevaashm key naam, luzia mahila kii anumaanit ayu key aadhar parr thaa. luzia bello kshitij key mahanagariya kshetra mein lagoa saanta aur pedro leopoldo key kshetra mein ack gufa, laipa vermelha mein khudai mein paaya gayaa thaa. minas gerais key uttar mein, januria, montalwania, itakarambi aur juvenilia kii nagar paalikaon key kshetra mein, puraataatvik khudai seey anuman lagaaya gayaa haye kii praarambhik basti 11,000 aur 12,000 saal pahale hui thee. iss avadhi kii shuruat mein, saanskritik visheshataaen ubhari, jaise patthar yaa huddy kaa upayog, kabristanon aur chhote anaaj key sailo kaa nirmaan, saath hii gufa chitra. baad mein, lagbhag chaar hazaar saal pahale, yeh anuman lagaaya jaataa haye kii sabji kii kheti hui thee, vishesh roop seey makai mein, aur dou hazaar saal pahale, cheeni mitty key utpaadon kaa nirmaan pahale seey hii kiya jaa rhaa thaa.
1970 key dashak mein luzia kii khoj ney iss parikalpana koo janm diyaa kii america kii basti asia seey shikari sangrahakartaon key pravaas key saath shuru hui thee, shayed berring jaldamroomadhya key madhyam seey, beringia naamak ack bhoomi pull key madhyam seey (joe pichhale himm yug key dauran samudra kii mandee key kaaran chhod diyaa gayaa thaa). minas gerais key swadeshi loga, saath hii poore brazil aur dakshin america mein, una samoohon key vanshaj hain joe uttari america key madhyam seey vahaan pravaas curr gaye they.
meenas gerais raajya mein sou seey adhik swadeshi samooh rahate they. iss kshetra parr 16veen shatabdi taka macro-jey key swadeshi logon jaise kii zacriaba, maxacally, cranac, araan, morin, atu-auo-araxus aur puri kaa kabja thaa. haalaanki, purtagaali upanivesh key kuchh dashakon baad, way gulami key lakshya bunn gaye, aur sadiyon seey, bandirante dwara apane kheton mein kaam karane yaa bechane key liye pakad liye gaye; jinhone vidroh kiya way narsamhar key adheen they. vartamaan mein paanch samooh hainh zacriaba, cranac, maxacles, pataxo aur pankararas.
aupaniveshik yug.
aupaniveshik yug mein, brazil key aantarik bhaag mein purtagaali aur bandirantes dwara upanivesh kiya gayaa thaa. brazil key soney kii bheed ney soney kii nason (1693 mein khoje gaye) aur ratnon kii talash mein nae basane vaalon kii aamad kii shuruat kii, aur baad mein heere joe praakritik roop seey paae jaane vaale itacolumite chattan seey aatey hain joe lohe key chaturbhuj kshetra mein badee sankhya mein paae jaa sakate hain. inase aantarik bhoomi parr kabja badhaane mein madad millie aur kaee nae gaanvon kii neenv padee. 1697 mein, purtagaliyon ney gulam african shramikon kaa upayog astrada real, "shaahi sadak" kaa nirmaan shuru karane key liye kiya, joe riyo dee janeiro aur pairati shaharon key bandargaahon koo khanij samriddh kshetron seey jodega, jaise kii oro preto, sero aur, sabse uttari bindu parr, diamentina. 1753 mein rossa agypsica koo gulam banaa liya gayaa aur iss kshetra mein ack khadaan mein ack veshya key roop mein kaam karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa, jaba taka kii vaha beemar naheen hoe gaee aur dhaarmik darshan honey lagey. inn darshanon key kaaran usaki giraftari aur karawas huaa aur antatah poochtaachh dwara poochtaachh kii gaee. unhone unhein brazil mein ack ashwet mahila dwara likhi jaane vaali pahali pustak mein darj kiya-"sagrada teologia doo emore divino daas almas peregreenas".
1720 seey pahale, minas gerais saao vicent (baad mein iska naam badalkar saao paulo aeye minas dee oro curr diyaa gayaa) kii kaptani kaa hissa thaa. minas gerais kii pahali rajdhani, aur sthaaniya see kii seat, mariana shahar thaa; ise baad mein vilaa rica mein sthanantarit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. 18veen shatabdi key anta mein, vilaa rica brazil kaa sabse badaa shahar thaa aur america mein sabse adhik aabaadi vaalaa shahar thaa. 19veen shatabdi mein soney kii khadanon key samaapt honey key baad, shahar ney apana mahatva khou diyaa; baad mein iska naam badalkar oro preto curr diyaa gayaa aur 20veen shatabdi key anta mein bello kshitij key nae, niyojit shahar key nirmaan taka yeh raajya kii rajdhani banaa rhaa. swarn chakr ney mariana, oro preto, diamentina, sabara, tyradents aur saao joao dell-ray jaise shaharon mein apani chhaap chhodi. europeeya prabhaav seey saapeksh algaav, soney aur anya moolyavaan khanijon key bhaari pravaah mein jodaa gayaa, sthaaniya logon koo kalaa kii apani shally vikasit karane mein madad kii, jise barroco miniro key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa. iss avadhi key pramukh udaaharan aupaniveshik shaharon mein samriddh roop seey sajaae gaye church hain. iss avadhi key sabse mahatvapurna kalakar antonio francisco lisboa they, jinhen alizadinho key naam seey jaanaa jaane lagaa. jaisa kii baarah paigambaron aur oro preto mein asisi key sant francis key church mein pradarshit kiya gayaa haye, unake murtikala aur vastukala kaary koo visheshagyon dwara usa samay europe key baahar sabse parishkrit kalaatmak abhivyaktiyon mein seey ack key roop mein atyadhik mahatva diyaa jaataa haye.
kalaa aur vastukala key alawa, 18veen shatabdi mein meenas garais mein sangeet gatividhi kaa ack visfot huaa thaa. europeeya sangeet kii mudrit pratiyon key saath-saath kushal sangeetkaron ney iss kshetra kii yatra kii, aur jald hii rachana aur pradarshan key ack sthaaniya school kaa janm huaa aur kaafee parishkaar praapt kiya. kaee sangeetkaron ney 18veen shatabdi mein mukhya roop seey vilaa rica (abb oro preto), sabara, mariana aur anya shaharon mein minas gerais mein kaam kiya. kuchh naam joe butch gaye hain unamen jose jokim americolo lobo dee mesquita, marcos coelho netto, francisco gomes daa rocha aur ignacio parerus naves shamil hain; unhone shaastriya europeeya shally seey sambandhit ack shally vikasit kii, lekin adhik swarbaddh, homophonic dhwani dwara chihnit kiya gayaa, aur way aamtaur parr awazon aur vaadyayantron key mishrit samoohon key liye likhate they.
guimarise rossa kaa saahitya jyaadaatar meenas gerais mein sthit haye, jisamen raajya bhar mein vyaapak roop seey sthit sthaan hain (isaliye samanya shabd, halanki isake uttar mein adhik kendrit haye) naa kii pariseemit aur pahchaanane yogya. iss uttari kshetra kaa upanivesh honah shuru hoe gayaa (kuchh hisson mein rahane vaali badee americi aabaadi key saath kroor sanghrshon key saath, vishesh roop seey vaale doo jaquitinhonha mein) aur uttar mein baahiya seey prasthaan karane vaale upaniveshvadiyon key liye sulabh hoe gayaa, jisane purtagaali taaj koo meenas gerais raajya kii seemaon key bheetar kshetra mein daal diyaa taaki aupaniveshik karadhan aur nireekshan seey bachane kii koshish curr rahey logon seey soney aur heere kii taskari koo rokaa jaa sakey; iss prakaar meenas gerais kii kaptani koo crown dwara apane curr rajaswa key kaaran bariki seey dekhaa gayaa thaa.
18veen shatabdi key dauran, khanan anveshan koo purtagaali taaj dwara dridhata seey niyantrit kiya gayaa thaa, jisane nikali gaee harr cheej parr bhaari curr lagaaya (sabhi soney kaa paanchvaan hissa taaj mein jaayega). upaniveshvadiyon dwara kaee vidrohon kaa prayaas kiya gayaa, jinhen hamesha shaahi taaj dwara kadee pratikriya kaa saamana karna padaa. sabse mahatvapurna vidrohon mein seey ack vilaa rica vidroh thaa joe vidroh key netaa phillip doss santos key nishpaadan key saath samaapt huaa, lekin saath hii minas gerais koo kaptani saao paulo aeye minas dee oro seey alag karane key saath bhee. haalaanki, sabse ullekhaniya minas garais sajish thee, joe 1789 mein madhyam varg key upaniveshvadiyon key ack samooh dwara shuru kii gaee thee, jinamen jyaadaatar buddhijivi aur yuva adhikaari they. way americi aur francisi gyaan aadarshon seey prerit they. sajish whiffle hoe gaee aur vidrohiyon koo giraftar curr nirvaasit curr diyaa gayaa. unamen seey sabse prasiddh, jokim jose daa silva javier (jise tiradentus key naam seey jaanaa jaataa haye) koo purtagaal kii raani maria pratham key adesh seey fansi dee gaee, joe ack sthaaniya naayak aur brazil kii rashtriya shaheed bunn gaee. meenas gerais dhwaj-ack safed prishthabhoomi parr ack laal trikon, lattin aadarsh vaakya "libertas kyu seraa tamen", "swatantrata halanki dair seey" key saath-"unconfidentes" dwara prastaavit rashtriya dhwaj key liye design parr adharit haye, jaisa kii vidrohiyon koo jaanaa jaane lagaa.
brazil key aarthik itihas mein, minas gerais brazil key poorvottar (ganne parr adharit, joe 18veen shatabdi mein ghatana shuru hotaa haye) seey aarthik aksh koo desh key dakshin-poorv mein sthanantarit karane mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhaata haye, joe abhee bhee pramukh aarthik kendra banaa huaa haye. iss kshetra mein paae gaye soney kii badee matra ney purtagaal kaa dhyaan brazil kii or aakarshit kiya, uttarottar riyo dee janeiro koo ack mahatvapurna bandargah shahar mein badal diyaa, jahan seey inhen purtagaal bheja jaayega aur jahan purtagaali taaj antatah 1808 mein napolean bonapart key purtagaal parr aakraman key baad apane prashaasan koo sthanantarit karega (purtagaali darbar kaa brazil mein hastaantaran dekhein).
raajya key aarthik mahatva aur sthaaniya aabaadi key vishesh lakshnon key kaaran-joe apane aarakshit aur santulit charitra key liye prasiddh haye-meenas gerais ney bhee rashtriya rajneeti mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai haye. 19veen shatabdi key dauran, jose bonifacio dee andrada aeye silva jaise raajnetaon ney pedro pratham aur baad mein unake bete pedro dwiteeya key shasson key tahat brazilian samrajya kii sthaapana mein mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai. pahale brazilian ganarajya kii sthaapana key baad, 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat key dauran, minas gerais ney rashtriya raajneetik paridrishya parr saao paulo key saath niyantran saajha kiya, jise "doodh kii rajneeti key saath coffey" key roop mein jaanaa jaane lagaa (coffey saao paulo kaa pramukh utpaad haye, aur doodh minas gerais key dayeri udyog kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, isake bavjood kii baad vaalaa bhee ack mahatvapurna coffey utpaadak haye).
minas gerais 20veen shatabdi key uttaraardh key dou sabse prabhaavshaali brazilian raajnetaon kaa bhee ghar thaa. jucelino kubitshek 1956 seey 1961 taka rashtrapati they, aur way brazil kii naee rajdhani key roop mein brasilia key nirmaan key liye jimmedaar they. tancredo naves kaa ack vyaapak raajneetik jeevan thaa joe 1964 key sainya takhtapalat key baad 1984 mein pahale nagrik rashtrapati key roop mein unake chunaav key saath samaapt huaa. haalaanki, swaasthya sambandhi jatilataon kii ack shrinkhala key baad unaki mrityu hoe gaee, jaise hii way pada sambhaalane vaale they. brazil key poorv rashtrapati itamar franco bhee vahaan rahate they, haalaanki unakaa janm minas gerais mein naheen huaa thaa.
jansankhyiki.
2008 key aaee. bee. jee. key anusaar, raajya mein 19,765,000 loga rahate they. jansankhya ghanatva thaa. shahareekaranah 85 pratishat (2006); jansankhya vriddhih 1.4 pratishat (1991-2000); gharah 5,741,000 (2006).
pichhali pee. aine. aeye. dee. (adhivaas key namoone key liye rashtriya shodh) janganana mein nimnalikhit sankhyaaen saamane aaeenh 9,091,000 gorey loga (46 pratishat), 8,927,000 bhoore (bahujaatiya) loga (45 pratishat), 1,802,000 kaale loga (9 pratishat), 40,000 asiai loga (0.20 pratishat), 37,000 amerindian loga (0.20 pratishat).
minas gerais mein paae jaane vaale jaatiya samoohon mein shamil hainh amerindian, purtagaali, african, italvi, german aur lebnani.
jansankhya kii jaatiya sanrachana shahar-darr-shahar bhinn hoti haye. udaaharan key liye, minas gerais key dakshin mein sthit ack chhote seey shahar, corrego doo bome jeesas mein, gorey loga aabaadi kaa 98.7% hissa banaate hain. minas gerais key dakshin mein raajya kaa sabse adhik europeeya aur sabse ghanee aabaadi vaalaa hissa haye. doosari or, raajya key poorvottar bhaag mein sthit setubinha mein, 71.8% mishrit-jaati aur 14.7% kaale hain. yeh aitihaasik roop seey samajhaane yogya haih dakshini minas gerais, saao paulo kii seema parr, aupaniveshik kaal mein badee sankhya mein purtagaali kisaanon koo praapt huaa. 19veen shatabdi key anta mein, italvi apravasi bhee aae. baahiya key karib uttari kshetra 18veen shatabdi seey kaee african daason key aagaman kaa sthaan thaa. raajya key madhya bhaag mein, jahan rajdhani bello kshitij haye, shwet, ashwet aur mishrit logon key beach adhik santulit anupaat haye.
minas gerais kii aabaadi logon key ack gahan mishran kaa parinam haye, vishesh roop seey kaale african aur purtagaali logon key beach. aupaniveshik minas gerais mein, aabaadi koo paanch alag-alag shreniyon mein vibhajit kiya gayaa thaah "gorey", jyaadaatar purtagaali; "african", jinake paas aksar koee upnaam naheen thaa aur jinhen aamtaur parr apane mool kshetra key liye jaanaa jaataa thaa (udaaharan key liye "francisca benguela" benguela koo sandarbhit kartaa thaa); "creolos" (brazil mein paida hue kaale loga, aamtaur parr donon african maataa-pitaa key liye); mulatos (mishrit kaale aur safed vansh key loga, aamtaur parr ack kaali maan aur ack purtagaali pitaa key ghar paida hue) aur "cabra" (mishrit vansh key loga, aamtaur parr uchch star key amerindian mishran key saath). upanivesh kii shuruat key baad aabaadi mein ashwet loga aur "mulato" pramukh they. haalaanki, 19veen shatabdi taka, meenas gerais kii aabaadi mein gorey pahale seey hii sabse badaa ekal samooh they. samagr roop seey jansankhya koo lete hue (sabhi samoohon koo shamil karate hue), europeeya jeane minas gerais aanuvanshik viraasat key adhikansh hisse key liye jimmedaar hain, jise gulam african aabaadi kii atyadhik uchch mrityu darr aur african daason kii cumm prajanan darr key aadhar parr samajhaaya gayaa haye (unamen seey adhikansh purush they, unaki cumm prajanan safalata key anya karanon key saath). europeeya upaniveshvadiyon dwara laaee gaee beemariyon seey amerindian aabaadi buri tarah prabhaavit hui thee aur unakaa bhee bahut adhik prabhaav naheen padaa, vishesh roop seey minas gerais mein, jahaan europeeya upasthiti aur upanivesh badey paimaane parr thaa.
aupaniveshik kaal key dauran, purushon aur mahilaaon kii sankhya key beach anupaat kaafee tej thaa. sero doo frio mein 1738 kii janganana, jisamen diamentina shamil thaa, seey pataa chalaa kii 9,681 nivaasiyon mein seey, 83.5% purush aur 16.5% mahilaaen theen. daason mein mahilaaon kii sankhya kewal 3.1% thee. mukt "rung kii mahilaaon" (kaali aur "mulato") kii sankhya bahut adhik thee. isi janganana seey pataa chalaa kii poorv daason mein seey 63 pratishat mahilaaen theen aur kewal 37 pratishat purush they. choonki "rung kii mahilaaon" aur gorey purushon key beach antarjaatiya sambandh vyaapak they, isaliye purush daason kii tulanaa mein mahila daason key mukt honey kii adhik sambhavana thee.
ekvivaahit parivaar kii sanrachana jise catholic church ney aupaniveshik brazil mein tainaat karane kii koshish kii, minas gerais mein apavaad thaa. usa samay minas gerais key saath-saath poore brazil mein sahvaas aur asthaayi sambandh pramukh they. churchon mein ekvivaah aur shaadiyan kewal 19veen shatabdi mein brazil mein jadein jamaayengi, joe church dwara lagaae gaye naitik manakon key anuroop hogi. aupaniveshik minas garais mein mahilaaon kii bhoomika usa samay key manakon kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik gatishil thee. kaee mahilaaen akele rahati theen, parivaar kii mukhiya theen aur kaam karati theen, vishesh roop seey "rung kii mahilaaen" aur poorv gulam. meenas gerais key samaaj ney poorv daason koo mukhya roop seey mahilaaon key liye ack mahaan samajik gatishilata pradaan kii. tejuko mein, parivaar key mukhiya shwet purushon kaa pratishat (37.7%) parivaar kii mukhiya ashwet mahilaaon key pratishat (38.5%) key samaan thaa. kaee poorv gulam maal jamaa karane mein saksham they aur unamen seey kaee gulam malik bhee bunn gaye. kuchh ashwet loga aur mukhya roop seey mulato khud koo meenas gerais key samaaj key uchchatam samajik star mein ekikrit karane mein saksham they, joe kabhi goron taka hii seemit they. yeh unake vansh koo "safed karane" kii prakriya key madhyam seey aur shwet abhijaat varg kii sanskriti key aatmasaat key madhyam seey huaa, jaise kii catholic bhaichare key sadasya honey key kaaran.
minas gerai mein sahvaas sabse aam aparaadh thaa. catholic church iss aparaadh kii sajaa mein sakht thaa, taaki gorey, jyaadaatar purtagaali purushon key saath kaale yaa mulato mahilaaon key beach vyaapak galat janm koo rokaa jaa sakey.
2013 key ack autosomal dee. aine. aeye. adhyayan key anusaar, meenas gerais kii sthiti kii paitrik sanrachana koo iss prakaar varnit kiya jaa sakata haih 59.20% europeeya, 28.90% african aur 11.90% mool americi 
soney kii bheed key samay, hajaaron purtagaali brazil (mukhya roop seey minho seey) chaley gaye, aur unamen seey kaee minas gerais mein chaley gaye, jahan soney kii bheed kii gatividhiyaan hoti theen. unamen seey adhikansh uttari purtagaal mein entre doro aeye minho seey aae they. inmein seey badee sankhya mein parivaaron key liye sandarbh pustak raimando tribhuj dwara "velhos troncos miniros" (purani miniro shaakhaaen) haye. 1500 mein jaba taka purtagaali brazil pahunche, taba taka minas gerais kii mool americi aabaadi 97,000 honey kaa anuman thaa (johnn hemming ney "laal sonaah brazil key bhaartiyon kii vijay" mein).
minas gerais mein laae gaye african logon kii vanshavali paschim african aur bantu donon thee, jisamen pahale vaale kii shuruat mein aur baad vaale kii baad vaale kii pradhaantaa thee.
dharm.
2010 kii brazil kii janganana key anusaar, adhikansh aabaadi (13.8 laakh loga) khud koo catholic maanati haye, joe iss dharm seey sambandhit aabaadi key pratishat (70.4%) parr vichaar karate samay raajya koo nauvein sthaan parr rakhti haye. haalaanki haal key varshon mein catholics kii sankhya dheere-dheere cumm hoe rahee haye, roman kaitholikwad abhee bhee meenas gerais kii sanskriti mein dridhata seey nihit haye, lekin haal key varshon mein dhaarmik bahulvaad bhee badhaa haye.
shiksha.
meenas garais desh key kuchh sarvshreshth vidyaalayon kaa ghar haye, maadhyamik aur uchch donon staron parr. yeh vaha raajya bhee haye jisamen sabse adhik sankhya mein sanghiya vishvavidyalaya, saarvajanik vishvavidyalaya hain jinka seedhe sanghiya sarkaar dwara rakharkhaav kiya jaataa haye.
arthavyavastha.
minas gerais brazil mein saao paulo raajya key baad doosara sabse badaa upabhokta bajar haye. yeh brazil key upabhokta bajar kaa 10.4% saajha kartaa haye. iss brazilian raajya kii companiyon key paas brazil key upabhokta bajar key 49 pratishat taka pahunch haye, jisaki anumaanit khapat kshamata 223 arab americi dollar haye. seva kshetra jee. dee. pee. kaa sabse badaa ghatak haye, jiska sthaan 47.1% haye, isake baad audyogik kshetra 44.1% haye. krishi sakal gharelu utpaad (2004) kaa 8.8% haye. mukhya niryaatah khanij utpaad 44.4%, dhaatu 15.8%, sabji utpaad 13 pratishat, keemati dhaatu 5.5 pratishat, khaadya padaarth 4.9 pratishat, parivahan 3.5 pratishat (2012).
2005 mein brazil kii arthavyavastha mein isaki hissedari 9 pratishat thee. 
2017 mein meenas gerais kaa audyogik jee. dee. pee. $128.4 billion thaa, joe rashtriya udyog key 10.7% key barabar thaa. yeh udyog mein 1,069,469 shramikon koo niyukt kartaa haye. mukhya audyogik kshetra hainh nirmaan (17.9%), dhaatu khanijon kaa nishkarshan (15.2%), khaadya (13.4%), saarvajanik upayogita kii audyogik sevaaen, jaise bijli aur paani (10.8%) aur dhaatu vigyaan (10.5%). yeye 5 kshetra raajya key udyog key 67.8% parr kendrit hain.
meenas gerais doodh, coffey aur anya krishi vastuon key saath-saath khanijon kaa ack pramukh utpaadak haye. raajya ney aarthik vibhajan koo chihnit kiya haye. raajya key dakshini bhaag mein (saao paulo aur riyo dee janeiro raajya kii seemaon key karib) kaee madhyam aakar key shahar hain jinamen thhos audyogik aadhar hain jaise kii juz dee foraa, varginha, pauso allegre aur pocos dee caldas, saath hii raajya key poorv mein epatinga, joe ack aadhunik aur pramukh audyogik shahar bhee haye aur itabira, jise khanan company valley kii maatri shahar maanaa jaataa haye, jisamen bovespa aur nice mein uddhrit stock hain. poorvottar kshetra garibi seey chihnit haye, lekin governader valaderes aur teophilo otoni videshi vyapariyon koo pukhraj aur neelam jaise ardh-keemati ratnon key liye aakarshit karate hain. teophilo otoni mein, kuchh companiyan brazil key niryaat prasanskaran kshetra, ack mukt vyaapaar kshetra key kaaran bhee aakarshit hoti hain.
krishi.
paschimi bhaag, "tribhuj miniro", raajya key baaki hisson kii tulanaa mein cumm ghanee aabaadi vaalaa haye, aur abb yeh jaiv praudyogiki nivesh kaa kendra haye, vishesh roop seey uberlandia, uberba, patos dee minas aur araguari shaharon parr, jisamen maveshiyon, soya aur makai sanskriti parr pramukh shodh shamil hain.
krishi mein, raajya coffey, ganna aur soya key utpaadan mein alag haye, aur papeeta, persimone aur kasawa key utpaadan key alawa santare, same, jwaar, gaajar, aaloo, kelaa, tangerine aur strawberry kaa bhee badaa utpaadan kartaa haye.
2020 mein, meenas gerais desh mein coffey arabica kaa sabse badaa utpaadak thaa, joe rashtriya kull kaa 74 pratishat (19 laakh tunn, yaa 31.2 laakh 60 kilogram bagg) thaa. 2017 mein, meena ney coffey key kull rashtriya utpaadan (pratham sthaan) kaa 54.3% pratinidhitva kiya.
yeh raajya 2020 mein brazil mein ganne kaa teesara sabse badaa utpaadak thaa, joe 74.3 laakh tunn key saath desh mein kull utpaadit ganne kaa 11.1% pratinidhitva kartaa haye.
doosari or, soya kii kheti badh rahee haye, haalaanki, yeh iss anaaj key sabse badey rashtriya utpadakon mein seey naheen haye. 2018-2019 fasal mein, meenas gerais ney 50 laakh tunn (desh mein saatven sthaan parr) kii kataai kii. 2018 mein kull 948 hazaar tunn key saath raajya santare kaa doosara sabse badaa utpaadak thaa.
minas gerais brazil mein beans kaa doosara sabse badaa utpaadak haye, joe 2020 mein rashtriya utpaadan key saath haye. isake alawa, yeh jwaar key sabse badey rashtriya utpadakon mein seey ack haih brazil key utpaadan kaa lagbhag 30 pratishat. yeh kapas key gharelu utpaadan mein bhee teesare sthaan parr haye.
2018 mein 766 hazaar tunn key saath raajya kele kaa teesara sabse badaa utpaadak thaa. brazil pahale seey hii duniya mein falon kaa doosara sabse badaa utpaadak thaa, vartamaan mein teesare sthaan parr haye, kewal bhaarat aur equador seey haar gayaa.
2018 mein, saao paulo aur minas gerais brazil mein tangerine key sabse badey utpaadak they. minas papeeta kaa 5vaan sabse badaa utpaadak thaa. persimone key baare mein, meenas 8 pratishat key saath teesare sthaan parr haye.
2019 mein, brazil mein, lagbhag 4 hazaar hectare strawberry kaa kull utpaadan kshetra thaa. sabse badaa utpaadak meenas gerais haye, lagbhag 1,500 hectare mein, raajya key dakshin mein adhikansh nagar paalikaon mein, seraa daa mantikira kshetra mein, poso elegger aur estiva key saath sabse badey utpaadak hain.
gaajar key sambandh mein, brazil 2016 mein lagbhag 760 hazaar tunn key vaarshik utpaadan key saath vishva ranking mein paanchven sthaan parr thaa. iss utpaad key niryaat key sambandh mein, brazil saatven vishva sthaan parr haye. minas gerais brazil mein sabse badaa utpaadak haye. minas gerais mein utpaadan kendron mein saao gotardo, saanta juliana aur karandai kii nagarpaalikaaen hain. aaloo key liye, mukhya rashtriya utpaadak meenas jairi raajya haye, joe desh mein kull utpaadan kaa 32 pratishat haye. 2017 mein, minas gerais ney lagbhag 13 laakh tunn utpaad kii kataai kii. kasawa key utpaadan mein, brazil ney 2018 mein kull 17.6 laakh tunn kaa utpaadan kiya. minas lagbhag 500 hazaar tunn key saath desh kaa 12vaan sabse badaa utpaadak thaa.
gojaatiya jhund key sambandh mein, meena desh mein doosara sabse badaa haye. 2015 mein, yahaan kull 23.8 laakh maveshi they.
minas brazil mein doodh kaa mukhya utpaadak haye, jisamen sabse adhik sankhya mein doodh dene vaali gaayen hain, joe utpaadan key 26.6% aur kull doodh dene vaale jaanvaron key 20.0% key liye jimmedaar hain. 2017 mein 191.3 million leater doodh key saath, patos dee minas kii nagarpalika doosari sabse badee utpaadak thee. 2015 mein raajya ney 9.1 karod leater doodh kaa utpaadan kiya.
2017 mein, suar key maans key mamle mein, meena mein desh kaa chautha sabse badaa jhund thaa, jisamen 52 laakh sir they, joe rashtriya kull kaa 12.7% thaa.
yeh raajya desh mein andey kaa teesara sabse badaa utpaadak haye, joe 2019 mein brazil key kull andey kaa 9.3% (joe kii 3.83 karod darjan thaa) haye.
khanij nishkarshan.
raajya key madhya kshetra (jahaan rajdhani sthit haye) mein lohe (aur kuchh hudd taka, sonaa) key badey bhandar abhee bhee sakriya roop seey khanan kiye jaa rahey hain. khanij utpaadan mein, 2017 mein, meenas gerais desh kaa sabse badaa loha (27.7 laakh tunn moolya 37.2 arab dollar), sonaa (29.3 tunn moolya 36.3 karod dollar), jastaa (400 hazaar tunn moolya 35.1 karod dollar) aur neobium (hydrochloride key roop mein) (131 hazaar tunn moolya 25.4 karod dollar) kaa utpaadak thaa. isake alawa, minas gerais boxite kaa doosara sabse badaa utpaadak thaa (10.5 karod rupaye key moolya parr 14.7 laakh tunn), manganese kaa teesara (32 karod rupaye key moolya kaa 296 hazaar tunn) aur tinn kaa paanchvaan (47 laakh rupaye key moolya kaa 206 tunn). verdate slate key bhandar bhee hain, joe ack glauconite-dhaaran karane vaalaa khanij haye. minas gerais key paas brazil mein vipanan kiye jaane vaale khanijon key utpaadan key moolya kaa 47.19% thaa (pahala sthaan), jisamen 41.7 arab dollar they.
raajya mein desh mein vibhinn bahumulya aur ardh-moolyavaan pattharon kaa sabse badaa utpaadan hotaa haye. aquamerine mein, minas gerais duniya mein sabse moolyavaan pattharon kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. heere mein, brazil 1730 seey 1870 taka duniya kaa sabse badaa heera utpaadak thaa, khanan pahali baar heera key kshetra seraa daa canastra mein huaa, yahaan taka kii adhik utpaadan key kaaran sabhi mein patthar kii keemat cumm hoe gaee. agate, panna, garnet, jasper aur neelam key badey yaa chhote paimaane key utpaadan key alawa, meenas gerais heere kaa khanan karna jaari rakhta haye. pukhraj aur tourmaline alag hain. pukhraj mein, brazil mein duniya kii sabse moolyavaan kism, shaahi pukhraj haye, joe kewal oro preto mein utpaadit hoti haye. isake alawa, desh duniya mein pukhraj kaa agrani utpaadak haye. yeh duniya key sabse badey tourmaline utpadakon mein seey ack haye.
ispat udyog mein, brazil key kachche ispat kaa utpaadan 2019 mein 32.2 laakh tunn thaa. minas gerais ney iss avadhi mein utpaadit matra kaa 32.3% pratinidhitva kiya, jisamen 10,408 million tunn, sabse badaa ispat kendra thaa. minas gerais mein ispat companiyon mein eusemina, arceloramital assos longos (poorv mein belgo minira), assominus (gardau seey sambandhit), valorech aur mansman aur aperam dakshin america shamil hain.
vinirmaan.
badee companiyon ney bhee motor vaahan udyog sthaapit kiya haye, kyonki nirmaata betim mein fiet, sett lagos mein iveco, mercedez-benz aur auto-parts key aapurtikarta, stola aur usipart key roop mein. brazil mein, motor vaahan kshetra audyogik jee. dee. pee. kaa lagbhag 22 pratishat pratinidhitva kartaa haye. 2019 mein 10.7% bhagidari key saath, meenas gerais desh kaa teesara sabse badaa vaahan utpaadak haye.
electronics udyog mein, brazil mein udyogon kaa billing 2019 mein 153 arab dollar taka pahunch gayaa, joe rashtriya jee. dee. pee. kaa lagbhag 3 pratishat haye. iss kshetra mein karmchaariyon kii sankhya 234.5 hazaar logon kii thee. niryaat 5.6 arab dollar thaa aur desh kaa ayaat 32 arab dollar thaa. brazil key dou badey vidyut-vidyut utpaadan kendra hain, joe saao paulo raajya mein campinas key mahanagariya kshetra mein aur amazonas raajya mein manaus key mukt kshetra mein sthit hain. desh mein anya chhote kendra bhee hain, jinamen seey ack meenas gerais mein saanta rita dou sapukai kii nagarpalika mein haye. saanta rita dou sapukai mein, 120 seey adhik companiyon key saath 8 hazaar naukariyan iss kshetra seey judee hui hain. unamen seey adhikansh dursanchar udyog key liye upkaranon kaa utpaadan karate hain, jaise kii decoder, jinamen digital television pranali key prasaran mein upayog kiye jaane vaale upkaran bhee shamil hain. company key multilazer kaa ack sanyantra charam shahar mein haye.
khaadya udyog mein, 2019 mein, brazil duniya mein prasanskrit khaadya padarthon kaa doosara sabse badaa niryaatak thaa, jiska niryaat moolya 34.1 arab americi dollar thaa. 2019 mein brazil key khaadya aur peya udyog kii aaya $1 arab thee, joe desh key sakal gharelu utpaad kaa 9.7% haye. 2015 mein, brazil mein khaadya aur peya udyog mein 34,800 companiyan (bekari sahit naheen) shamil theen, jinamen seey adhikansh chhoti theen. inn companiyon ney 16 laakh seey adhik shramikon koo rojgar diyaa, jisase khaadya aur peya udyog vinirmaan udyog mein sabse badaa niyokta bunn gayaa. brazil mein lagbhag 570 badee companiyan hain, joe kull udyog aaya kaa ack achchha hissa kendrit karati hain. minas gerais ney itambe aur piff paaf elementos jaisi rashtriya mahatva kii khaadya companiyon kaa nirmaan kiya.
joote udyog mein, 2019 mein brazil ney 97.2 karod jode kaa utpaadan kiya. niryaat lagbhag 10 pratishat thaa, joe lagbhag 125 million jode taka pahunch gayaa. brazil vishva utpadakon mein chean, bhaarat aur viyatnam key baad chauthe sthaan parr haye aur sabse badey niryatakon mein 11vein sthaan parr haye. meenas gerais mein ack polo haye joe nova serana mein saste joote aur sneakers mein visheshagyata rakhta haye. shahar mein lagbhag 830 udyog hain, jinhone 2017 mein lagbhag 11 karod jode kaa utpaadan kiya.
kapada udyog mein, brazil, 2013 mein duniya key 5 sabse badey utpadakon mein seey ack honey key bavjood, aur vastra aur kapadon kii khapat mein pratinidhi honey key bavjood, vishva vyaapaar mein bahut cumm nivesh haye. 2015 mein, brazil kaa ayaat 25vein sthaan parr thaa (5,5 arab americi dollar). aur niryaat mein, yeh vishva ranking mein kewal 40vein sthaan parr thaa. bhaarat aur mukhya roop seey chean key utpadakon key saath moolya mein pratispardha karane mein kathinaaee key kaaran vishva kapada aur kapadon key vyaapaar mein brazil kii hissedari kewal 0.3% haye. brazil key kapada udyog kaa utpaadan kaa sakal moolya, jisamen madhyavarti vastuon aur sevaaon kii khapat shamil haye, 2015 mein lagbhag 40 arab dollar thaa, joe brazil mein audyogik utpaadan key sakal moolya kaa 1.6% thaa. meenas gerais mein 8.51% (desh mein teesara sabse badaa utpaadan) haye.
seva udyog.
paryatan bhee raajya key liye ack mahatvapurna gatividhi haih oro preto, mariana, sabara, kangonas, diamentina, tyradents aur saao joao dell-ray jaise aitihaasik shahar, apani aupaniveshik vastukala mein ruchi rakhane vaale agantukon key liye pramukh aakarshan hain. anya shahar, jaise araxa, pocos dee caldas, lambury, caxambu, lavra aur anya, apane khanij jaldhaaraon mein ruchi rakhane vaale agantukon koo aakarshit karate hain. paryaavaran-paryatan raajya mein ack badhati aarthik gatividhi haye, vishesh roop seey meenas garaai mein maujood kaee uchch bhoomi parr sthit ilaakon mein.
paryatan.
meenas gerais mein sabse mahatvapurna paryatak paripathon mein seey ack astrada real haye, joe khaanon seey soney key parivahan key liye upayog kii jaane vaali purani sadakon seey hocker gujarta haye, joe raajya key madhya kshetra koo riyo dee janeiro aur parati shaharon seey jodata haye. iss paripath key vibhinn yatra karyakram apane agantukon key liye aitihaasik, saanskritik aur praakritik aakarshan prastut karate hain. meenas gerai mein paryatan key ack anya ullekhaniya pahalu mein aitihaasik shaharon kii yaatraaen shamil hain, joe inn sthaanon key ateet koo prakat karane vaale sangrahalayon aur saanskritik sthaanon koo shamil karane key alawa aupaniveshik sangrahalaya bhavanon koo sanrakshit karate hain. inn shaharon mein seey, oro preto alag haye, jahan uncofidencia kaa sangrahalaya sthit haye.
badee sankhya mein gufaaon aur gufaaon key alawa, badee chotiyon aur pahaadon (vishesh roop seey badee chotiyon) key saath raajya kii raahat, praakritik aur kritrim nadiyon aur jheelon, aur raajya key jeevon aur vanaspatiyon kii samriddhi, vyavsaayiyon koo aakarshit karati haye. paaristhitiki paryatan. aur saahasik paryatan. ack anya praasangik khand graameen paryatan haye, kyonki meenas una raajyon mein seey ack haye jahan iss uddeshya key liye sabse adhik vikas huaa haye. raajya key madhya kshetra mein, aitihaasik shaharon aur rajdhani key alawa, seraa doo sipo jaise rashtriya udyaan hain, saath hii saath inhotim sangrahalaya bhee haye, jisamen desh mein samkaaleen kalaa kaa sabse badaa sangrah haye. raajya key dakshin mein, circuito daas aguas haye, joe apane khanij spaa key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. saao laurenko aur pocos dee caldas apane spaa, germ jharanon aur thermal snan key liye prasiddh shahar hain.
yeh vyaavsaayik paryatan parr bhee prakaash daaltaa haye, joe teji seey badh rhaa haye, kyonki haal key varshon mein raajya mein antarrashtriya prakshepan kii mahatvapurna ghatanaaen aayojit kii gaee hain. vishesh roop seey, bello kshitij kaa shahar iss khand mein alag haye, joe adhik seey adhik melon, congresses aur baithakon koo aakarshit kartaa haye, jiska shreya shahar key buniyaadi dhaanche aur mahatvapurna hotal network koo diyaa jaa sakata haye. aantarik kshetra key anya shahar (jaise juz dee foraa, uberba aur uberlandia) bhee badey vyaavsaayik karyakramon key ayojan key vikalp pradaan karate hain.
buniyaadi dhancha.
rajmarg.
navambar 2020 taka, meenas gerai raajya mein, nagarpalika rajmargon key alawa, 39,738 kilometres raajya aur sanghiya rajmarg they, jinamen seey 29,255 pakki theen aur 2,505 kilometres dohri rajmarg theen. raajya mein dohare rajmarg hain joe rajdhani bello kshitij koo chhodate hain aur ise saao paulo (bee. aar.-381) aur riyo dee janeiro (bee. aar.-040) seey jodate hain, aur isake paschimi bhaag mein (bee. aar.-050, bee. aar.-153 aur bee. aar.-365, triangulo miniro key roop mein jaane jaane vaale kshetra mein, uberba aur uberlandia key paas saao paulo aur gois raajyon key beach). bee. aar.-262 key kuchh bhaag bhee duplicate kiye gaye hain. halanki, raajya samanya roop seey ack dohrao kii kamee prastut kartaa haye, jisamen santripti seema seey oopar kii gati key saath ack hii laine key khand hotey hain. haal hii mein, 2022 mein, niji pahal koo bee. aar.-381 dene key liye ack pariyojana banaai gaee thee, jiska uddeshya bello kshitij, epatinza aur novo oriente dee minas key beach 215 kimmy koo doguna karna thaa.
minas gerais brazil kaa raajya haye joe rajmargon kaa sabse adhik mileage rakhta haye. raajya rajmarg network 269,545 kilometres haye, jisamen seey kewal 11,396 sanghiya sadakon parr aur 21,472 raajya rajmargon aur raajya parr mell khaate hain, joe anya sabhi nagarpalika sadakon key anuroop haye. apani kendriya sthiti key kaaran, raajya koo sabse mahatvapurna rashtriya rajmargon jaise bee. aar-116 (riyo-baahiya), bee. aar-040 (riyo-brasilia) aur anya dwara paar kiya jaataa haye. brazil key kaee sabse mahatvapurna maarg raajya koo paar karate hain aur iss kaaran seey, yeh prati vyakti kaar durghatanaon key adhik anupaat kii ganana kartaa haye.
bee. aar.-122,
bee. aar.-040,
bee. aar.-135,
bee. aar.-246,
bee. aar.-251,
bee. aar.-259,
bee. aar.-265,
bee. aar.-265,
bee. aar.-265,
bee. aar.-265,
bee. aar.-267,
bee. aar.-352,
bee. aar.-354,
bee. aar.-356,
bee. aar.-356,
bee. aar.-364,
bee. aar.-367,
bee. aar.-367,
bee. aar.-367,
bee. aar.-381,
bee. aar.-381,
bee. aar.-383,
bee. aar.-383,
bee. aar.-393,
bee. aar.-459,
bee. aar.-462,
bee. aar.-464,
bee. aar.-491.
railway.
rail parivahan 19veen shatabdi seey haye, jaba 1860 mein brazil kaa kendriya railway banaaya gayaa thaa. 1874 mein, leopoldina railway kaa udghaatan kiya gayaa thaa. 1880 mein astrada dee ferro oste dee minas kii sthaapana kii gaee thee aur agale dashakon mein minas gerais key kshetra mein kaee anya railway khole gaye they. 1960 key dashak mein, kaar bede kii badhati maang key kaaran, railway koo sadakon seey badalana shuru hoe gayaa, jisake parinamswarup kuchh railway aur shaakhaaen bund hoe gaeen. 1990 key dashak mein, poori rashtriya railway pranali kaa nijikaran curr diyaa gayaa, jisase kuchh sthaaniya lines parr shesh yatri sevaaon koo aksham curr diyaa gayaa. haalaanki, abhee bhee sakriya railway hain joe meenas garaaiyon koo paar karate hain, jinka upayog aaj kewal maal dhulai key liye kiya jaataa haye, jaise kii purana madhya dou brasil railway, leopoldina railway, paschimi meenas railway aur steel railway, joe vikretaon dwara sanchaalit hain. railway kendra. atlantic. vittoria aeye minas railway (ee. aff. vee. aim.) ghaati aur anya raajya companiyon key utpaadan koo tuberav, inn vittoria, aspirito santo key bandargah taka leey jaane key liye jimmedaar haye, aur brazil mein ekmatra dainik yatri train kaa sanchaalan bhee kartaa haye joe vittoria aur bello kshitij key beach lambi doori taka chalati haye, joe anya shaharon koo bhee jodati haye jinake station hain.
havaai adda.
tancredo naves antarrashtriya havaai adda bello kshitij seey 38 kimmy (23 meal) door lagoa saanta aur coffins kii nagar paalikaon mein sthit haye, aur janwari 1984 mein khola gayaa thaa. badhati maang koo puuraa karane key liye bhavishya mein vistaar key liye isaki yojana shuru seey hii banaai gaee thee. desh mein kharaab mausam key kaaran havaai adde koo bund karane kii darr sabse cumm haye. haalaanki, 2005 taka, jaba yeh nirnay liya gayaa kii pampula havaai adde kii udaanon kaa ack badaa hissa (joe kii chhota haye aur bello kshitij key shahari kshetra key ander sthit haye) apani kshamata kaa adhik upayog naheen curr rhaa thaa, taba taka yeh seema havaai adda seema mein chalaa jaayega.
tancredo naves antarrashtriya havaai adda vartamaan mein gwarulhose, kangonhas, brasilia aur gallio key baad desh kaa paanchvaan sabse vyast havaai adda haye. yeh azul kaa mukhya kendra haye. brazil mein 40 seey adhik gantavyon key liye seedhi udaanon key alawa, isamen panama shahar, orlando, bogota, fort lauderdale aur lisban key liye niyamit roop seey nirdhaarit antarrashtriya sevaaen bhee hain.
2014 mein havaai adde kii nilami niji kshetra koo kii gaee thee. 2016 mein navinikaran puuraa kiya gayaa thaa. 17 nae jetway key saath ack nayaa terminal banaaya gayaa thaa, jisase havaai adde kii kshamata ack varsh mein 2 karod 20 laakh yaatriyon taka badh gaee aur runway kaa vistaar kiya jaa rhaa haye. 2020 taka ack nayaa runway banaane kii yojana haye.
prashaasnik kendra.
minas gerais raajya key liye march 2010 mein ack nayaa prashaasnik kendra (seeded administrative dee minas gerais) puuraa kiya gayaa thaa. vastukar auskar nimeyar dwara design kiye gaye iss kendra mein 800,000 varg meater sthal parr chaar badee imaaraten hain. dou bhavanon mein raajya key 17 mantralaya hain, teesari imarat mein 540 mehmaanon kii kshamata vaalaa ack sabhagar haye. chauthi imarat "palasio doo governo" haye, joe duniya kii sabse badee nilambit sanrachana haye, joe prabalit concreet mein banaai gaee haye. iss imarat kaa vistaar 150 meater haye aur isaki chhat chaar stambhon seey dhaki hui haye.
khel.
brazil key baaki hisson kii tarah, football sthaaniya logon key beach sabse lokpriya khel haye. peley, jinhen vyaapak roop seey sarvakaalik sarvshreshth footballer maanaa jaataa haye, kaa janm trace coras key minas shahar mein huaa thaa. bello kshitij desh kii dou sabse safal teams kaa ghar haye, aur shahar mein duniya key sabse badey football stadiums mein seey ack, mainirao bhee haye, jise 1965 mein khola gayaa thaa. 2013 mein navinikaran key baad phir seey khola gayaa, minirao koo 2014 feefa vishva cup key liye sthaanon mein seey ack key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa, aur 2016 grishmakaaleen olympic key socker tournament key roop mein bhee chunaa gayaa thaa. bello kshitij mein ack anya stadium, independencia stadium, 1950 feefa vishva cup key sthaanon mein seey ack thaa, jahan isane ingland parr sanyukt raajya america kii team key ack mahaan ulatafer kii mejbani kii thee.
samagr roop seey bello kshitij aur minaa kii sabse badee teemen atletico miniro hain, jinaki sthaapana 1908 mein hui thee aur isake shubhankar key naam parr "gallo" (murge) upnaam diyaa gayaa thaa, aur cruzero, jisaki sthaapana 1921 mein sthaaniya italvi samudaay key sadasyon dwara "palestra italia" key roop mein kii gaee thee-lekin 1940 key dashak mein iska naam badal diyaa gayaa. atletico ney 1971 mein campionato brasiliro siri aeye kaa ack sanskaran jeetaa, dou conmebol cup (vartamaan kopa sudamericana kaa poorvavarti), 41 khitabon key saath raajya championship kaa sabse badaa vijeta haye, 2013 mein libertadores cup champion kaa ack khitaab aur 2014 mein ack kopa doo brasil khitaab. cruzero ney 36 raajya championship jeeti, chaar baar brazilian championship jeeti, 1966 key tacha brasil mein peley key santos koo haraaya, 2003 key campionato brasiliro siri aeye (joe ack raajya championship aur usee varsh ack brazilian cup key saath milkar cruziro dwara "triple crown" key roop mein naamit ack trable kii or leey jaataa haye), 2013 aur 2014 kii rashtriya leag jeeti. cruzero 1960 key dashak seey brazil key sabse safal clubon mein seey ack rhaa haye, jise aaee. aff. aff. aich. aiss. dwara 20veen shatabdi kii sabse safal brazilian team chunaa gayaa haye. isake khitabon mein 1976 aur 1997 mein brazilian cup key 4 sanskaran, 4 brazilian championship aur 2 kopa libertadores shamil hain. cruzero koo 2019 mein rashtriya leag key dusare division mein hataa diyaa gayaa thaa, jabaki pichhale varsh (2005) mein nirvaasan key baad atletico 2006 sanskaran seey chook gayaa thaa.
bello horizonte america miniro kaa bhee ghar haye, jisaki sthaapana 1912 mein independencia key vartamaan malik key roop mein hui thee aur ise raajya kii teesari shakti maanaa jaataa haye. jabaki atletico aur cruziro key lokpriya honey key saath team key sanghrshon ney america key samarthakon koo cumm curr diyaa, team ney brazilian championship key dusare aur teesare star, 2000 mein sul-minus cup aur 16 raajya championship donon jeete hain, jisamen 1916 aur 1925 key beach duss tournaments kaa record rajvansh shamil haye. nova lima key vilaa nova aur betim asporte club (jaba ise epatinga football club key roop mein jaanaa jaataa thaa) donon ney raajya championship jeeti haye aur brazilian leag key siri aeye mein rahey hain.
football key alawa, poore desh mein volleyball maichon mein sabse badee upasthiti vaale khilaadiyon mein seey ack bello horizonte haye. bahu-khel club minas tennis club ney apani purush aur mahila teams koo volleyball kii brazilian super leag jeeti, jisamen sankraamak-adharit sadaa cruziro ney bhee purush tournament jeetaa. sadaa-cruziro ney pichhale 3 varshon mein dou baar vishva football club championship bhee jeeti, joe duniya kii sabse safal volleyball teams mein seey ack haye. brazil kii rashtriya volleyball team kii upasthiti sabse adhik minerinho mein hui haye, joe minirao stadium key paas sthit ack akhaada haye. basketball parr, minas aur uberlandia key uberlandia tennis club donon rashtriya tournament mein hain.
raajya mein, tennis khilaadiyon marcello mello aur bruno sores kaa janm huaa, joe yugal mein kramshah duniya key number 1 aur number 2 they; ronaldo daa costa, mairathan vishva record key poorv dhaarak; olympic padak vijeta jaise kii macken dee andrade aine taikwando, tairaki mein marcus mateoli, basketball mein mois blaas aur claudia paadari; adenizia daa silva, enaa carolina daa silva, enaa flavia sanglard, enaa paula hankell, anderson rodrigues, camilla bratt, erika coembra, fabiana claudino, gabriella guimrays, gioven gavio, hilma, marcia, zauri, lucio, soozaa, castrolica, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio, saurio
sanchaar.
aprail 2007 taka desh mein 11.3 laakh mobile phone aur 42 laakh telephone hain.
minas gerais (milligram) shaharon key kshetra phone code (brazil mein dee. dee. dee. kahaa jaataa haye) 31 seey 38 taka hain.
sanskriti.
minas gerais koo "france profonde" key saath saadrishya seey "deep brazil" kahaa jaa sakata haye. iska swaad cosmopolitan saao paulo kii tulanaa mein spasht roop seey adhik deshi haye, joe kii chamakdaar riyo dee janeiro kii tulanaa mein adhik paaramparik jhukaav haye, aur dakshin aur saao paulo kii tulanaa mein adhik purtagaali haye, jisamen italvi aur anya madhya europeeya logon kii badee aamad haye, uttar mein apane mool amerikiyon key saath, yaa poorvottar mein apane bhaari african-brazilian prabhaav key saath.
loga.
minas gerais mein paida hue aur paley-badhe loga, jinhen miniros bhee kahaa jaataa haye, ack achook uchchaaran rakhate hain joe unhein saathi braziliyon seey alag kartaa haye, halanki raajya key vibhinn kshetron mein paida hue logon key lahaje thode alag hotey hain, kuchh padosi raajyon jaise saao paulo, riyo dee janeiro aur baahiya seey milate-julate hotey hain. unhein udaseen lekin swaagat yogya aur parivaar-kendrit honey taka aarakshit, vivekpurna, apekshaakrit shaant maanaa jaataa haye. yeh sabse dhaarmik raajyon mein seey ack haye, jisamen kattar roman catholics kaa ack badaa anupaat aur ack badhati hui susamachar-prachaarak aur nava-pentecostal aabaadi haye. pretvaadi siddhant koo aabaadi key ack mahatvapurna hisse dwara bhee sweekaar kiya jaataa haye, aanshik roop seey brazil key mukhya aadhyatmik prateek chiko zavier key prabhaav key kaaran, joe apana puuraa jeevan minas gerais mein rahey.
boliyaan.
raajya mein sabse adhik bolly jaane vaali bolly (48,6%) miniro haye. yeh rajdhani, bello kshitij aur aitihaasik shaharon (oro preto, mariana, sabara, diamentina, tyradentis, saao joao dell-rei aadi) mein bolly jaane vaali bolly haye.). meenas gerais key sthaaniya, dwandwaatmak bhaashan koo khel key saath aur anaupchaarik roop seey sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye-vishesh roop seey isaki sabse vishisht visheshtaon key sambandh mein-key roop mein.
anya boliyaan hain capira, joe saao paulo aur gois raajyon key paas 33,0% aur bayano, joe uttari kshetra mein-baahiya key paas-18,4% bolly jaati hain.
sangrahalaya.
mariano procopio sangrahalaya, juiz dee foraas mein, aur centro dee arte contemporania innotim, brumadinho mein, sabse mahatvapurna saanskritik sansthanon mein seey hain.
vyanjan.
meenas gerais rashtriya star parr apane vyanjanon key liye jaanaa jaataa haye. isake vyanjanon kaa saanskritik aadhar chhota farmhouse haye, aur kaee vyanjan sthaaniya roop seey utpaadit sabjiyon aur maans, vishesh roop seey murgi aur suar kaa maans kaa upayog karke taiyar kiye jaate hain. paaramparik khaana pakaane key liye koyale yaa lakadi seey chalane vaale ovan aur lohe key bartanon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, joe vishesh roop seey swaadisht swaad banaate hain; kuchh restaraan shrinkhalaon ney inn takneekon koo apanaaya haye aur desh key anya hisson mein iss prakaar key bhojan koo lokpriya banaaya haye.
sthaaniya vyanjanon key kaee cake aur appetiser gehuun key bajaay makai yaa kasawa (jise vahaan "mandioka" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) aate kaa upayog karate hain, kyonki baad vaalaa sthaaniya mausam key anukool naheen thaa. minas gerais kaa sabse prasiddh vyanjan "paao dee quizo" haye, joe ack chhota saa beck kiya huaa roll (jise antarrashtriya star parr "brazilian cheez roll" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) haye jise cheez aur kasawa key aate seey banaaya jaataa haye jise bhookh key roop mein yaa nashte key liye germ parosa jaa sakata haye.
raajya koo apane doss dee leit key liye bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, kyonki meenas gerais desh mein doodh kaa sabse badaa utpaadak haye. minas gerais brazil kaa sabse paaramparik panir utpaadak bhee haye. minas cheez desh bhar mein vishisht brazilian cheez key roop mein prasiddh haye. kachaka bhee uchch mahatva kaa ack sthaaniya utpaad haye, jisamen raajya key paas saikadon karigar karkhane hain (minaa aur padosi raajya saao paulo mein, duniya kaa sabse badaa ganna utpaadan haye, joe kachaka utpaadan kaa aadhar haye). raajya kii vishishtataon mein torresmo key saath tropero beans, tootoo dee fejao (bean kaa tootoo), bhindi key saath chikan, haath seey bunny cheez, goyabada, pakoka, pamonaha, aeros comm leit aur anya shamil hain. meenas gerai key baahar raajya key bhojan mein visheshagyata rakhane vaale restaraan milna aam baat haye.
raajya key vyanjanon koo saal bhar vibhinn tyohaaron mein aur raajya bhar mein kaee sthaanon parr pradarshit kiya jaataa haye, lekin sabse badaa tyohar bello kshitij mein maheene bhar chalane vaalaa komida dee beauteco haye, jahaan 41 baar aur restaraan koo paaramparik sthaaniya vyanjanon kaa upayog karke ack vyanjan banaane key liye chunaa jaataa haye. desh aur videsh key loga bhojan, bear key tapman, vatavaran aur seva koo mulyankan karate hain. 2007 mein, woakes populi key aankadon key anusaar 400,000 seey adhik logon ney mahotsav mein bhaag liya.
galinahada meenas garais kii visheshtaon mein seey ack haye. yeh mool roop seey chikan, makai aur mutter key saath pakaaya jaane vaalaa chawal haye.
sangeet.
sangeet meenas garais kii sabse aakarshak visheshtaon mein seey ack haye aur 16veen aur 17veen shatabdi kii shuruat seey raajya key itihas kaa hissa rhaa haye.
18veen shatabdi seey, jose jokim americolo lobo dee mesquita, francisco gomes daa rocha, marcos coelho netto aur manoel dee olivera dias sahit sangeetkaron ney barok tukadon kii rachana key saath minaa kii sangeet parampara koo majboot kiya, jinhen abb utkrisht kritiyon key roop mein sammaanit kiya jaataa haye. shaastriya sangeet key liye, raajya mein vibhinn vaadyavrind aur gaayak mandaliyon key prastutiyaan aur pradarshan hotey hain.unamen seey minas gerais kaa symphonic orchestra aur coral lyrico dee minas gerais, ack raajya gaayak mandal haye, jiska rakharkhaav clovis salgado foundation dwara kiya jaataa haye, joe sanskriti key liye raajya sachiv seey judaa ack sansthaan haye. shaastriya sangeet key lokpriya banaane aur loktantrikaran key liye kaam karate hue inn aur anya samoohon kii rajdhani aur poore raajya mein majboot upasthiti haye. sabse vipul samkaaleen sangeetkaron mein seey ack kaa janm meenas gerais mein huaa thaa, pro. dow. anderson viana, jinake sangeet koo videshon mein sabse adhik maanyata millie haye.
sabse vividh lay aur dhwaniyon kii utpatti raajya mein hui haye. 1939 mein duniya bhar mein brazil key sabse prasiddh geeton mein seey ack, aquarella doo brasil kii rachana karane vaale arrie baroso kaa janm uba mein, jonaa daa maataa minira mein huaa thaa.
1960 aur 70 key dashak mein saanta tereja key paaramparik pados mein, bello kshitij, rashtriya sangeet key sabse mahatvapurna andolanon mein seey ack thaah club daa esquina. popp aur jaiz key saath brazil key lokpriya sangeet key ack advitiya mishran key saath, club koo milton nacimento, wagner tisso, toninho horta, fernando brant, low borge, beto guades aur flavio venturini jaisi pratibhaon seey milaa.
1980 aur 90 key dashak mein bello kshitij mein bhaari dhaatu key patton kaa ack drishya aayojit kiya gayaa haye. yeh iss shally key mahatvapurna brazilian baind kii utpatti haye, unamen seey kaee duniya bhar mein jaane jaate hain, jaise kii sepultura, sarcophago, overdose, mutilator, holocasto aur chakal.
vartamaan paridrishya isaki sanskriti kii jeevantata aur gatishilata koo darshaata haye. kalakaron kii ack naee peedhi kaa pratinidhitva scank, paato phoo, jotaa quest, vander lii, kuwari, marina machado, mauricio tijumba, berrymbron, copo lagoinha aur amranto jaise naamon seey kiya jaataa haye.
chattan, rege, bhaari dhaatu, samba aur aim. pee. bee. jaisi vibhinn layon key madhyam seey swatantra roop seey aage badhate hue, anya key beach, meenas gerais mein sangeet utkrishtata aur vividhata koo jaari rakhta haye joe desh mein hamesha seey ack mukhya rhaa haye.
aupaniveshik brazilian sangeet aur pracheen sangeet kaa mahatvapurna antarrashtriya utsav 1989 seey juz dee forus mein hotaa haye. brazil kii sabse pratishthit nritya company, groupo corpo bhee minas gerais seey haye, jiska mukhyalaya bello kshitij mein haye.
jhanda.
minas gerais raajya kaa jhanda brazil mein apanaaya gayaa sabse purana jhanda haye jise braziliyon dwara taiyar kiya gayaa thaa. ise republican party dwara yaad kiya gayaa thaa, jisane brazil kii shaahi sarkaar kaa virodh kiya thaa aur raajya key dhwaj key roop mein anaupchaarik roop seey apanaaya thaa. yeh 1963 seey raajya kaa aadhikarik dhwaj rhaa haye.
dhwaj key lattin shilalekh, "libertas kwe seraa tamen" kaa arth haye "swatantrata halanki dair seey", aur yeh minas gerais sajish kaa aadarsh vaakya thaa, joe 18veen shatabdi mein purtagaal seey minaa kii swatantrata key liye ladaa thaa. yeh vakyansh virgil key "grahan" 1:30 seey liya gayaa thaa. kahaa jaataa haye kii yeh trikon pavitra trimurti kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. rangon koo unake krantikari arth key liye chunaa gayaa thaah safed ack shantipurna rashtra banaane kii ichcha kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye, sabhi aupaniveshik sansthanon koo tyag detaa haye, aur swatantrata kii lau yaa tiradent jaise krantikari shahidon key khoon koo laal kartaa haye.
shaharon mein.
brazil kaa sabse badaa raajya naheen honey aur jansankhya mein dusare sthaan parr naa honey key bavjood, meenas gerais mein sabse adhik shahar hain. desh kii 5,500 seey adhik nagar paalikaon mein seey, minas mein unamen seey 853 hain, ack tathya nivaasiyon kii sankhya aur vishal kshetra dwara samajhaaya gayaa haye, joe kshetra mein madagaskar seey tulaniya haye aur mahanagariya france seey badaa haye. sabse ullekhaniya shahar hainh rajdhani bello kshitij, sankraamak, betim, jooz dee foraas, varginha, muria, montes claros, uberlandia, governader valaderes, epatinza, oro preto, sete lagos, uberba, araxa, patos dee minas, divinopolis, barbasena, itabira, pauso allegre, janaba, teofilo otoni, concelero lafaite, mariana, pocos dee caldas aur saao joao dell-rei.

