avalokan kshamata

avalokansheelta iss baat kaa ack upaay haye kii kissy pranali kii aantarik sthitiyon kaa anuman usake baahari utpadanon key gyaan seey lagaaya jaa sakata haye.
niyantran siddhant mein, ack raikhik pranali kii avalokan aur niyantran kshamata ganitiya dwibhashi hain.
avalokan kii avadharana hangerian-americi engineer rudolf ee dwara pesh kii gaee thee. raikhik gatishil pranaliyon key liye kalman. ack gatishil pranali jise output key maap seey ack pranali kii sthiti kaa anuman lagaane key liye design kiya gayaa haye, usey ack avastha paryavekshak yaa buss usa pranali key liye ack paryavekshak kahaa jaataa haye.
paribhasha.
raajya-sthaan pratinidhitva mein ack bhautik pranali parr vichaar karein. ack pranali koo avalokan yogya kahaa jaataa haye yadi, raajya aur niyantran vactors key pratyek sambhaavit vikas key liye, vartamaan sthiti kaa anuman kewal output seey jaankaari kaa upayog karke lagaaya jaa sakata haye (bhautik roop seey, yeh aam taur parr sensor dwara praapt jaankaari seey mell khaata haye). dusare shabdon mein, koee bhee pranali key output seey poori pranali key vyavhaar koo nirdhaarit curr sakata haye. doosari or, yadi pranali avalokan yogya naheen haye, tou aise raajya prakshepavakra hain joe kewal utpaadan koo maapane seey alag naheen hain.
raikhik samay-parivartansheel pranaaliyan.
raajya sthaan pratinidhitva mein samay-parivartansheel raikhik pranaliyon key liye, yeh jaanchne key liye suvidhajanak pareekshan hain kii kyaa koee pranali avalokan yogya haye. sootra _ 1 avastha charr key saath ack siso pranali parr vichaar karein (mimo pranaliyon key baare mein vivaran key liye sthiti sthaan dekhein)
avalokan kshamata matricks.
yadi aur kewal tabhi jaba "avalokan kshamata matricks" kaa collum rank, key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye
sootra _ 1 key barabar haye, tou pranali avalokan yogya haye. iss pareekshan key liye tark yeh haye kii yadi sootra _ 1 collum raikhik roop seey swatantra hain, tou pratyek sootra _ 1 sthiti charr output charr sootra _ 8 key raikhik sanyojan key madhyam seey dekhe jaa sakate hain.
sambandhit avadhaaranaaen.
avalokan kshamata soochkaank.
ack raikhik samay-avakalit asatat pranali kaa "avalokansheelta soochkaank" sootra _ 9 sabse chhoti praakritik sankhya haye jisake liye nimnalikhit santusht haih sootra _ 10, jahan
anupachaaraniya upasthaan.
raikhik pranali kaa "gair-avalokan yogya upasthaan" sootra _ 12 raikhik maanchitra sootra _ 13 kaa kernell haye joe sootra _ 14 dwara diyaa gayaa haye jahan sootra _ 15 sootra _ 16 seey sootra _ 17 taka nirantar karyon kaa samooh haye. sootra _ 12 koo iss prakaar bhee likhaa jaa sakata haye 
choonki pranali avalokan yogya haye yadi aur kewal yadi sootra _ 20 haye, tou pranali avalokan yogya haye yadi aur kewal yadi sootra _ 12 shoonya upasthaan haye.
anupachaaraniya upasthaan key liye nimnalikhit guna maanya hainh
pahchaanane kii kshamata.
avalokan kii tulanaa mein thodi kamjor dhaarana "pahchaanane kii kshamata" haye. yadi sabhi gair-avalokan yogya sthitiyaan sthir hain tou ack pranali kaa pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haye.
samvedak network key sandarbh mein pehchaan kii sthiti mahatvapurna haye.
raikhik samay-parivartan pranali.
nirantar raikhik samay-bhinn pranali parr vichaar karein
maan leejiye kii matricks sootra _ 27, sootra _ 28 aur sootra _ 29 key saath-saath sabhi sootra _ 32 key liye input aur output sootra _ 30 aur sootra _ 8 diye gaye hain, tou sootra _ 33 koo ack yogaatmak sthiraank vector key bheetar nirdhaarit karna sambhav haye joe sootra _ 34 key shoonya sthaan mein haye.
jahan sootra _ 36 avastha-sankraman matricks haye.
yadi sootra 34 gair-ekvachan haye tou ack advitiya sootra _ 33 nirdhaarit karna sambhav haye. vaastav mein, sootra 39 key liye praarambhik sthiti koo sootra 40 seey alag karna sambhav naheen haye yadi sootra 41 sootra 34 key shoonya sthaan mein haye.
dhyaan dein kii oopar key roop mein paribhaashit matricks sootra _ 43 mein nimnalikhit guna hainh
avalokan kshamata matricks saamaanyikaran.
pranali sootra _ 51 mein avalokan yogya haye yadi aur kewal tabhi jaba sootra _ 16 mein ack antaral sootra _ 51 maujood hoe jaise kii matricks sootra _ 34 gair-ekvachan hoe.
yadi sootra _ 55 vishleshanatmak hain, tou pranali antaral mein avalokan yogya haye [sootra _ 56, sootra _ 57] yadi sootra _ 58 maujood haye aur ack sakaratmak purnank "k" aisaa haye kii
jahan sootra _ 60 aur sootra _ 61 koo punaraavarti roop seey paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye
udaaharan key liye.
sootra _ 63 aur metrixformula _ 64 mein vishleshanatmak roop seey bhinn honey vaali ack pranali parr vichaar karein, phir sootra _ 65, aur choonki iss matricks mein rank = 3 haye, isaliye sootra _ 16 key pratyek gair-tuchchh antaral parr pranali avalokan yogya haye.
gair-raikhik pranaaliyan.
pranali sootra _ 67, sootra _ 68 diyaa gayaa haye. jahan sootra _ 69 avastha sadish, sootra _ 70 input sadish aur sootra _ 71 output sadish haye. sootra _ 72 koo chikna sadish kshetra honah chaahiye.
avalokan sthaan sootra _ 73 koo sabhi baar-baar kiye gaye jhooth vyutpannon vaale sthaan key roop mein paribhaashit karein, phir pranali sootra _ 74 mein avalokan yogya haye yadi aur kewal sootra _ 75, jahaan
gair-raikhik gatishil pranaliyon mein avalokan key liye praarambhik maandandon kii khoj griffith aur kumar, kau, elliot aur tarne aur sinh dwara kii gaee thee.
gair-raikhik samay-parivartan pranaliyon key liye ack avalokan mandand bhee maujood haye.
sthaitik pranaaliyan aur samanya sthalvaigyaanik sthaan.
avalokan kshamata koo sthir avastha pranaliyon (aamtaur parr beejganitiya samikaranon aur asamaantaon key sandarbh mein paribhaashit pranaaliyan) key liye bhee visheshta dee jaa sakati haye, yaa adhik aam taur parr, sootra _ 77 mein sett key liye. jaise kii gatishil pranali mamle mein kalman filter yaa anya paryavekshakon key vyavhaar kii bhavishyavani karane key liye avalokan kshamata mandand kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye, sootra _ 77 mein sett key liye avalokan kshamata mandand kaa upayog detta sulah aur anya sthir anumaanak key vyavhaar kii bhavishyavani karane key liye kiya jaataa haye. gair-raikhik mamle mein, avalokan kshamata koo vyaktigat charr key liye aur kewal vaishvik vyavhaar key bajaay sthaaniya anumankarta vyavhaar key liye bhee chihnit kiya jaa sakata haye.

