
lakadi udyog

lakadi udyog yaa lakadi udyog (kabhi-kabhi lakadi udyog-jaba mukhya roop seey aaree board kaa ullekh kiya jaataa haye) vaniki, lakadi kataai, lakadi key vyaapaar aur praathamik vann utpaadon aur lakadi utpaadon (jaise lakadi key utpaadon) key utpaadan seey sambandhit udyog haye.jee. furniture) aur dusare utpaad jaise lakadi kaa goodaa aur kagaj udyog key liye. kuchh sabse badey utpaadak lakadi kii bhoomi key sabse badey maalikon mein seey bhee hain. lakadi udyog aitihaasik roop seey kaee arthvyavasthaon mein ack mahatvapurna kshetra rhaa haye aur banaa huaa haye.
bhed.
sankeern arthon mein, lakadi, vann, vaniki aur lakadi/lakadi udyog vibhinn kshetron kii or ishara karate hue dikhaai dete hain, audyogik, antarrashtriya duniya mein, vishal ekikrit vyavsaayon kii or ack pravritti haye joe niji praathamik yaa maadhyamik vanon mein sylviculture aur vaniki seey laker lakadi prasanskaran aur vyaapaar aur parivahan (jaise) taka kii kataai prakriya key madhyam seey vrikshaaropan taka key poorna spectrum koo cover karati haye.jee. lakadi kii rafting, vann railway, logging sadaken).
prasanskaran aur utpaad vishesh roop seey naram lakadi aur kathor lakadi key beach key antar key sambandh mein bhinn hotey hain. jabaki naram lakadi mukhya roop seey lakadi key eendhan aur goode aur kagaj key utpaadan mein jaati haye, kathor lakadi kaa upayog mukhya roop seey furniture, farsh aadi key liye kiya jaataa haye.. donon prakaar bhawan aur (aavaasiya) nirmaan uddeshyon key liye upayog key hoe sakate hain (jaise.jee. logg house, logg kebin, lakadi kii frame).
sheersh nirmaata.
2019 taka, america mein sheersh lakadi kii bhoomi key maalikon koo achal sampatti nivesh nyaason key roop mein sanrachit kiya gayaa thaa aur inmein shamil hainh
2008 mein america mein sabse badey lakadi aur lakadi utpaadak they
choonki inn companiyon kaa aksar saarvajanik roop seey vyaapaar kiya jaataa haye, isaliye unake antim malik niveshakon kaa ack vividh samooh hain. lakadi-unmukh achal sampatti nivesh nyaas bhee hain.
somildatabase key anusaar, 2007 mein duniya key sheersh soun lakadi utpaadak theh
mudde.
suraksha.
shore machaata haye.
vaniki aur lakadi kataai udyog upa-kshetra key bheetar shramik krishi, vaniki, machhali pakadane aur shikaar (aeye. aff. aich.) udyog kshetra key bheetar aatey hain, jaisa kii uttari americi udyog vargeekaran pranali (nikes) dwara visheshta haye. rashtriya vyaavsaayik suraksha aur swaasthya sansthaan (aine. aaee. aiss. aich.) ney aeye. aff. aich. udyog key shore key jokhim aur shravan haani key prasaar parr karib seey nazar daali haye. jabaki samagr udyog kshetra mein shore-ujagar udyogon kii samagr vyaapaktaa (15 pratishat banaam) kii tulanaa mein shravan haani kaa prasaar cumm thaa. 19 pratishat), vaniki aur lakadi kataai key bheetar shramikon kii sankhya 21 pratishat seey adhik hoe gaee. vann nursory key bheetar chhattis pratishat shramikon aur vann utpaadon koo ikattha karane vaale, vaniki aur lakadi key kataai key bheetar ack upa-kshetra, ney shravan haani kaa anubhav kiya, joe kissy bhee upa-kshetra mein sabse adhik haye. vann nursory key bheetar shramikon aur vann utpaadon koo ikattha karane vaale shramikon koo vanon key punarnirmaan key liye pedh ugaane aur prakand aur chhaal jaise utpaadon koo ikattha karane kaa kaam saunpa jaataa haye. tulanaatmak roop seey, gair-shore-ujagar shramikon mein shravan haani kaa kewal 7 pratishat prasaar haye.
vaniki aur lakadi kataai udyog mein shramikon key shore kaa jokhim 102 dee. bee. aeye. taka paaya gayaa haye. niyosh anushansa kartaa haye kii ack karmchari key paas 8 ghante key samay-bhaarit ausat 85 dee. bee. aeye. kaa shore kaa sampark hoe. atyadhik shore shramikon koo shravan haani key vikas key badhate jokhim mein daaltaa haye. yadi kissy karmchari koo vyaavsaayik shore key kaaran shravan haani hoti haye, tou ise vyaavsaayik shravan haani key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaayega. vaniki aur lakadi key udyog key bheetar shore key jokhim koo injan aur bhaari upkaran koo gherkar, muffler aur silencer sthaapit karke aur upkaran parr niyamit rakharkhaav karke cumm kiya jaa sakata haye. shore key sampark koo khatare key niyantran key padanukram key madhyam seey bhee cumm kiya jaa sakata haye jahaan shore upkaran koo hataana yaa badalana shore koo cumm karane kaa sabse achchha tarika haye.
chot.
shram saankhyiki beuro (bee. ell. aiss.) ney paaya haye kii vaniki aur lakadi kaatane vaale shramikon kii mrityu darr 2013 seey 2016 taka 81 seey badhkar 106 prati varsh hoe gaee haye. 2016 mein, iss udyog mein prati 100 shramikon parr chot aur bimari key 3.6 mamle they.
arthavyavastha.
lakadi kii arthavyavastha kaa astitva, yaa adhik vyaapak roop seey, ack vann arthavyavastha (kaee deshon mein ack baans arthavyavastha pramukh haye), kaee vikaasheel deshon key saath-saath kaee anya deshon mein ack pramukh mamla haye, jisamen samshitoshna jalavaayu haye aur vishesh roop seey cumm tapman vaale deshon mein. yeye aam taur parr adhik vann kshetron vaale desh hain isaliye paristhitiyaan sthaaniya upayog key liye lakadi kii kataai key liye sthaaniya vaniki key vikas kii anumati detee hain. furniture, imaraton, pulon aur oorjaa key srot key roop mein lakadi kaa upayog vyaapak roop seey jaanaa jaataa haye. isake alawa, pedon aur jhaadiyon seey bunny lakadi kaa upayog vibhinn prakaar key utpaadon mein kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii lakadi kaa goodaa, kagaj mein cellulose, praarambhik photographic film mein celluloid, selophane aur rayon (resham kaa vikalp).
unake samanya upayog key anta mein, lakadi key utpaadon koo taapiya oorjaa praapt karane key liye jalaaya jaa sakata haye yaa urvarak key roop mein upayog kiya jaa sakata haye. ack lakadi kii arthavyavastha key sambhaavit paryavaraniya nuksan mein monoculture vaniki (bahut cumm prakaar key pedon kii gahan kheti) aur carbon dioxide utsarjan key kaaran jaiv vividhata mein kamee shamil haye. haalaanki, vann vayumandaliya carbon dioxide koo cumm karane mein sahaayata curr sakate hain aur iss prakaar jalavaayu parivartan koo seemit curr sakate hain.
kagaj aaj sabse adhik upayog kiya jaane vaalaa lakadi kaa utpaad haye.
lakadi key upayog kaa itihas.
purapashan aur navpashan kaal seey pahale key yugon seey lakadi kii arthavyavastha duniya bhar mein sabhyataon kaa praarambhik bindu thee. yeh aavashyak roop seey dhatuon key yugon seey kaee sahasraabdiyon pahale thaa, kyonki dhatuon kaa pighalana kewal aag koo halka karane kii takneekon kii khoj (aamtaur parr dou bahut sookhi lakadi kii chhad koo khurachane seey praapt) aur kaee saral machines aur praathamik upkaranon key nirmaan key madhyam seey sambhav thaa, jaise kii bent, club handle, dhanush, teer, lains. abb taka paae gaye sabse pracheen hastanirmit vastuon mein seey ack 250,000 saal purana (teesara antar-himnad kaal) polish kiya gayaa lakadi kaa bhaala haye, jise ingland mein clackton-onn-see mein talchhat key neeche dafnaya gayaa thaa.
misra aur sumerian jaisi kramik sabhyataon ney furniture kii parishkrit vastuon kaa nirmaan kiya. hathidant aur moolyavaan lakadi mein kaee prakaar key furniture hamaare samay taka vyaavhaarik roop seey akshunna rahey hain, kyonki alipt gupt kabron mein alipt, way registan key shushk vatavaran dwara bhee kshay seey sanrakshit they.kaee imaraton aur inke kuchh hisson (sabhi chhaton key oopar) mein lakadi (aksar oak key) tatva hotey hain joe sanrachanaatmak aadhar aur aavaran banaate hain; parivahan key saadhan jaise kii naav, jahaaj; aur baad mein (pahiye key aavishkaar key saath) vaigan aur dibbe, winches, paani seey sanchaalit aataa milein, aadi.
ayam aur bhugol.
duniya mein upayog kiye jaane vaale lakadi kaa mukhya srot vann haye, jise virgine, semivirjin aur vrikshaaropan key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. kaee deshon mein, vishesh roop seey teesari duniya mein sthaaniya aabaadi dwara jalaau lakadi key liye bahut adhik lakadi koo hataa diyaa jaataa haye, lekin iss raashi kaa anuman kewal anishchitata key vyaapak margine key saath lagaaya jaa sakata haye.
1998 mein, duniya bhar mein "goal lakadi" (aadhikarik taur parr lakadi kaa upayog jalaau lakadi key roop mein naheen kiya jaataa) kaa utpaadan, duniya mein kheti kii jaane vaali lakadi kaa lagbhag 45 pratishat thaa. cutt logg aur shaakhaaen joe bhawan nirmaan key liye tatva banane key liye niyat hain, duniya key audyogik lakadi utpaadan kaa lagbhag 55 pratishat hissa hain. 25 pratishat lakadi kaa goodaa (lakadi key pouder aur broccoli sahit) bunn gayaa joe mukhya roop seey kagaj aur paperboard key utpaadan key liye niyat thaa, aur lagbhag 20 pratishat plywood mein panel aur furniture aur aam upayog kii vastuon key liye moolyavaan lakadi bunn gayaa (aff. aeye. oh 1998). duniya kaa sabse badaa utpaadak aur aadhikarik roop seey ganana kii gaee lakadi kaa upabhokta sanyukt raajya america haye, halanki roose mein sabse badaa vann kshetra vaalaa desh haye.
1970 key dashak mein, sabse badey vann kshetra vaale desh theh soviyat sangh (lagbhag 8,800,000 km2), brazil (5,150,000 km2), kanada (4,400,000 km2), sanyukt raajya (3,000,000 km2), indoneshiya (1,200,000 km2) aur kango loktaantrik ganarajya (1,000,000 km2). lakadi key mahatvapurna utpaadan aur khapat vaale anya deshon mein aamtaur parr unake kshetriya vistaar key sambandh mein jansankhya kaa cumm ghanatva hotaa haye, yahaan humm argentine, chilly, finland, polland, sweeden, ukraine jaise deshon koo shamil curr sakate hain.
2001 taka brazil key varshaavan kshetron koo paanchven (1970 key sambandh mein) seey ghataakar lagbhag 4,000,000 kimmy2 curr diyaa gayaa thaa; jameen koo saaf karna mukhya roop seey maveshiyon key charagah key liye niyat thaa-brazil lagbhag 200,000,000 maveshiyon key sir key saath gomans kaa duniya kaa sabse badaa niryaatak haye. ganna kheti parr adharit brazil kii teji seey badhati ethanol arthavyavastha, isi tarah vann kshetra koo cumm curr rahee haye. isi avadhi mein kanadai vann lagbhag 30 pratishat ghatkar 3,101,340 varg kilometres reh gayaa thaa.
jalavaayu parivartan koo seemit karane kaa mahatva.
jalavaayu parivartan kii samasya key sambandh mein, yeh gyaat haye kii jangalon koo jalaane seey vatavaran mein carbon dioxide badhata haye, jabaki akshunna virgine vann yaa vrikshaaropan carbon dioxide key liye doobane kaa kaam karate hain, inn karanon seey lakadi kii arthavyavastha greenhouse prabhaav seey ladatee haye. carbon dioxide kii matra pedon key prakaar, bhoomi aur usa sthaan kii jalavaayu parr nirbhar karati haye jahan pedh praakritik roop seey ugate hain yaa lagaae jaate hain. isake alawa, raat mein paudhe prakaash sanshleshan naheen karate hain, aur CO2 kaa utpaadan karate hain, jisase lagaatar dinn samaapt hoe jaataa haye. virodhabhasi roop seey garmiyon mein shaharon aur shahari udyaanon key paas key jangalon mein prakaash sanshleshan dwara banaai gaee oxygen, shahari vayu pradooshan (kaaron seey, aadi) key saath baatchit karati haye.) aur ozon (teen oxygen parmaanuon key anu) mein saur kiranon dwara parivartit kiya jaataa haye, kii uchch vayumandal mein parabaingani kiranon key khilaf ack filter kaa gathan karate hue, cumm vayumandal mein ack pradooshak haye, joe shwasan gadbadi koo bhadkane mein saksham haye.
cumm carbon vaali arthavyavastha mein, vaniki sanchaalan cumm prabhaav vaali prathaon aur punah vikas parr kendrit hoga. vann prabandhak yeh sunishchit karenge kii way mitty adharit carbon bhandar koo bahut adhik pareshan naa karein. vishesh vriksh farm kaee utpaadon key liye samagri kaa mukhya srot honge. utpaadan koo adhikatam karane key liye jaldi paripakva honey vaale pedon kii kismon koo cumm aavartan parr ugaaya jaayega.
desh dwara utpaadan.
brazil mein.
brazil mein vishisht upayogon key saath kaee prakaar key pedon kii kataai kii ack lambi parampara rahee haye. 1960 key dashak seey, pine pedh aur nilgiri kii aayatit prajaatiyon koo jyaadaatar plywood aur pepper palp udyogon key liye ugaaya gayaa haye. vartamaan mein uchch-stariya shodh kiya jaa rhaa haye, lakadi mein cellulose mein ganna kinwan key enzymon koo lagu karane key liye, methanol praapt karane key liye, lekin makai kii laagat seey praapt ethanol kii tulanaa mein laagat bahut adhik haye.
kanada aur america mein.
inn deshon key beach vaniki arthavyavastha mein ack ghanishth sambandh haye; unake paas kaee vriksh vansh samaan hain, aur kanada sanyukt raajya america key liye niyat lakadi aur lakadi kii vastuon kaa mukhya utpaadak haye, joe duniya mein lakadi aur isake upotpaad kaa sabse badaa upabhokta haye. mahaan jheelon, arrie nahar, hudson nadee aur sent laurence seeve kii jall pranali purvi tata aur mississippi nadee seey kendriya maidanon aur louisiana mein bahut cumm laagat parr logg key parivahan kii anumati detee haye. paschimi tata parr, columbia nadee key besin mein utkrisht lakadi key saath bahut saare jangal hain.
kanada.
agency kanada wood council kii ganana haye kii varsh 2005 mein kanada mein vann kshetra ney 930,000 shramikon (pratyek 17 mein 1 naukari) koo niyukt kiya, jisase vastuon aur sevaaon mein lagbhag 108 arab dollar kaa moolya banaa. kaee varshon seey kanada key jangalon mein pedon seey praapt utpaad desh kii sabse mahatvapurna niryaat vastuein theen. 2011 mein, duniya bhar mein kull 64.3 arab dollar kaa niryaat huaa-joe kanada key vyaapaar santulan mein sabse badaa yogdan dene vaalaa haye.
kanada satat vann prabandhan prathaon mein vishva mein agrani haye. vartamaan mein kewal (kanada key jangalon kaa 28 pratishat) lakadi key utpaadan key liye prabandhit hain jabaki vartamaan kaanoon dwara anumaanit kataai seey sanrakshit hain.
kanadai lakadi udyog ney swadeshi logon key saath paryaavaran sangharsh koo janm diyaa haye joe unaki bhoomi koo lakadi key kataai seey bachaate hain. udaaharan key liye, asupischosevagong pratham rashtra ney apani bhoomi koo saaf karane seey rokane key liye 2002 mein shuru honey vaale bees varshon key liye ghaas kii sankeern sadak kii nakabandi kii.
europe mein.
itali.
iss prakaar kii arthavyavastha mein kaee upayogon key liye aadarsh prajaatiyan way hain joe vriksh paalan dwara niyojit hain, joe apani visheshtaon aur kuchh prakaar kii bhoomi aur jalavaayu kii aavashyakta key liye bahut achchi tarah seey jaani jaati hain.
phenoscandia aur roose mein.
sweeden, finland aur kuchh hudd taka norwey mein, adhikansh bhoomi kshetra vanon seey ghiraa huaa haye, aur goodaa aur kagaj udyog sabse mahatvapurna audyogik kshetron mein seey ack haye. rasayanik goodaa adhik oorjaa kaa utpaadan kartaa haye, kyonki kaali sharaab mein carbonic padaarth, jyaadaatar lignin aur hemicellulose tootane vaale utpaad, punarpraapti boiler mein jalaa diye jaate hain. iss prakaar, inn deshon mein akshay oorjaa upayog kaa uchch anupaat haye (udaaharan key liye, finland mein 25 pratishat). companiyon aur sarkari pariyojanaon dwara vann utpaadon key moolya aur upayog koo badhaane kii disha mein kaafee prayaas kiye jaa rahey hain.
output.
dahan.
lakadi kaa jalana vartamaan mein thhos eendhan biomass seey praapt oorjaa kaa sabse badaa upayog haye. lakadi kaa eendhan jalaau lakadi key roop mein upalabdh hoe sakata haye (udaa.jee. logg, boult, block), charcoal, chips, sheets, chharron aur bhusi. lakadi key eendhan kaa upayog khaana pakaane aur choolhe aur fireplaces key madhyam seey germ karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye, aur kabhi-kabhi bhaap injan aur bhaap turbines koo eendhan dene key liye joe bijli paida karate hain. kaee shataabdiyon taka lakadi key dahan seey utpann garmi seey laabh uthaane key liye kaee prakaar key paaramparik ovan kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. abb, adhik kushal aur swachchh samadhan vikasit kiye gaye hainh unnat fireplaces (heat exchangers key saath), lakadi seey chalane vaale ovan, lakadi seey jalane vaale stove aur pellet stove, joe pradushakon koo filter karane aur alag karane mein saksham hain (ghoornan filter key saath raakh koo centrifuge karna), iss prakaar kaee utsarjan koo samaapt karate hain, jisase chimani key dhuein seey bachane vaali garmi kii uchch matra koo bhee punarpraapt karane kii anumati milati haye.
lakadi key ausat oorjaa ghanatva kii ganana prajaati aur namee kii matra key aadhar parr lagbhag 6-17 megajul/kilogram parr kii gaee thee.
halanki, lakadi kaa dahan sookshm-paryavaraniya pradushakon key utpaadan seey judaa huaa haye, jaise carbon dioxide (see. oh. 2), carbon monoxide (see. oh.) (ack adrishya gais joe rakt key haemoglobin kii aparivartaniya santripti koo bhadkane mein saksham haye), saath hii saath nainokan.
poppler key teji seey badhane aur vayumandaliya carbon dioxide key grahan key kaaran isaki lakadi seey nikali gaee oorjaa key utkrisht anupaat key kaaran, poppler koo jaiv eendhan mein parivartit karane key liye ack pedh key roop mein prastaavit kiya gayaa haye, joe pedon kii kheti, kataai aur parivahan key liye aavashyak oorjaa kii chhoti matra mein haye. "populus aiks canadensis" 'aaee-214', itani teji seey badhata haye kii duss varshon mein vyaas aur oonchaai taka pahunchane mein saksham hotaa haye.
charcoal.
charcoal gahare bhoore rung kaa avashesh haye jisamen pashu aur vanaspati padarthon seey paani aur anya asthir ghatakon koo hataakar praapt ashuddh carbon hotaa haye. lakadi kaa koyla aamtaur parr oxygen kii anupasthiti mein lakadi yaa anya padarthon key germ karane seey dheere-dheere pyrolysis dwara utpaadit hotaa haye. isake baad lakadi key koyale kaa upayog uchch dahan tapman vaale eendhan key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye.
lakadi key gaszen.
lakadi gais generator (gasoline): ack bhaari aur bhaari upkaran (lekin takniki roop seey saral) haye joe aanvik hydrogen (aich2), carbon monoxide (see), carbon dioxide (see2), aanvik nitrogen (aine2) aur jall vaashp (aich2oh) key mishran mein jalati hui lakadi koo badal detaa haye. yeh gais mishran, jise "lakadi kii gais", "kharaab gais" yaa "syngas" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, 900 degree celsius key tapman parr vayumandaliya havaa kii seemit matra key saath ack cumm karane vaale vatavaran (oxygen mein cumm) mein sookhi lakadi key dahan key baad praapt kiya jaataa haye, aur ack aantarik dahan injan koo eendhan dey sakata haye.
pratham vishva yuddh aur dwiteeya vishva yuddh key beach key samay mein, tail kii kamee key kaaran, kaee deshon mein, jaise itali, france, grate britten aur sweeden mein, kaee gasoline-sanchaalit kaaron koo sanshodhit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen ack lakadi gais generator (ack "gasogen"), lakadi, koyla, yaa jalane yogya apashisht dwara sanchaalit ack upkaran, gais kaa utpaadan (aur shuddh karane) karane mein saksham thaa, joe turant, ack hii vaahan mein, ack maanak kaar (cumm-sampeedan injan) key thode sanshodhit burf injan koo shakti pradaan curr sakata thaa. carburator koo air-gais mixers key saath badalana padaa). kaee baadhaaen theen, kyonki adhikatam gati mein badee kamee aur cumm gear kaa upayog karke gaadi chalaane kii aavashyakta aur havaa kii matra koo buddhimani seey lena. aadhunik kaaron mein, lakadi key gais generator key saath sanshodhit, gais utsarjan (see. oh., see. oh. 2 aur aine. oh. aiks.) gasoline key saath chalane vaale ack hii vaahan (ack hii utprerak convertor koo rakhate hue) kii tulanaa mein cumm hain.
methanol.
methanol (sabse saral sharaab) 25 degree celsius parr ack taral key roop mein vyavhaar kartaa haye, vishaakt aur sankshaarak haye, aur javic rasayan vigyaan mein buniyaadi pustakon koo aksar "lakadi kii aatma" kahaa jaataa haye, kyonki ise lakadi key kinwan seey praapt kiya jaa sakata haye. shayed hii kabhi, jaba sharaab banaane vaale lakadi key chhote tukadon aur pattiyon koo angur key saath milaate hain, tou methanol koo paani, ethanol aur angur key kinwan seey praapt anya padarthon key mishran key pradooshak key roop mein paaya jaa sakata haye.
lakadi seey methanol praapt karane kaa sabse achchha tarika lakadi key nirjal pyrolysis dwara utpaadit syngas (koo, koo2, aich2) key madhyam seey haye, joe pracheen misriyon dwara khoji gaee ack vidhi haye.
methanol kaa upayog gasoline key liye oxygen yukt yojak key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, meethen yaa syngas seey methanol kaa utpaadan karna aamtaur parr bahut sastaa hotaa haye. methanol audyogik rasayan vigyaan key liye sabse mahatvapurna aadhar samagri haye, jahan iska upayog aksar halogenation aur rasayanik jodd pratikriya kii pratikriyaon key madhyam seey adhik jatil anu banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye.
gais turbine.
tank.
americi aim1 abrams mukhya yuddh tank ack gais turbine dwara sanchaalit haye, joe lakadi key pouder aur biodiesel, deejal eendhan yaa mitty key tail key 50 pratishat mishran key saath bhee kaam karane mein saksham haye. turbo-deejal injan parr isake faayade, chhote aakar aur halke vajan, ack radiator kii kamee (joe bandook aur tope key shott aur yuddh mein missile hamalon key prabhaav key khilaf ack laabh detaa haye) hain. ack jhataka uchch eendhan kii khapat haye, kyonki turbine injan mein prati minut cumm kraantiyon kii darr seey kaam karane kii kshamata naheen haye, joe aadarsh seey bahut cumm haye, aur march key dauran yeh injan intercooler aur seedhe injection key saath aadhunik turbo-deejal injan kii tulanaa mein doguna eendhan kii khapat kartaa haye.
nirmaan.
lakadi kaa vajan apekshaakrit halka hotaa haye, kyonki iska vishisht vajan 500 kigra/mee3 seey cumm hotaa haye, yeh ack laabh haye, jaba isaki tulanaa mein 2,000-2, prabalit concreet key liye 500 kigra/mee3 yaa steel key liye 7,800 kigra/mee3 kii tulanaa mein kii jaati haye.
lakadi majboot hoti haye, kyonki sanrachanaatmak uddeshyon key liye lakadi kii dakshata mein aise guna hotey hain joe ispat key samaan hotey hain.
pull, tatbandh, sookshm jall, ghaat.
lakadi kaa upayog pulon key nirmaan key liye kiya jaataa haye (amsterdam mein magere pull key roop mein), saath hii paani aur vayu milon, aur bijli key liye microhydro generator.
awas.
lakadi key gharon mein ack samagri key roop mein aur aayamon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala key saath anya sanrachanaon key roop mein kathor lakadi kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. paaramparik gharon mein chhat, darwaaje, farsh aur khidakiyon key liye lakadi koo prathamikta dee jaati haye. lakadi key frame paaramparik roop seey ghar kii chhat key liye upayog kiye jaate they, lekin aag key dauran unake girane kaa khatra hotaa haye.
nishkriya ghar" sahit oorjaa kushal gharon key vikas ney nirmaan mein lakadi key mahatva koo sanshodhit kiya haye, kyonki lakadi thhos kii tulanaa mein bahut behtar parinamon key saath dhwanik aur taapiya insulation pradaan karati haye.
bhookamp pratirodhi imaaraten.
japan mein, pagoda jaisi apekshaakrit uchch oonchaai kii pracheen imaaraten, aitihaasik roop seey uchch teevrata key bhookampon kaa pratirodh karane mein saksham theen, paaramparik nirmaan takneekon key liye dhanyavaad, lochdaar jodon koo niyojit karate hue, aur lakadi key frame kii utkrisht kshamata key liye lochdaar roop seey vikrit karane aur gambhir twaran aur sampeedit jhatakon koo avashoshit karane key liye.
2006 mein, see. aine. aar. key italvi vaigyaanikon ney ack bhawan pranali kaa patent karaaya jise unhone "sophi" kahaa, ack saat manjila lakadi kii imarat, 24 meater oonchi, jise "istituto prati laa valorizazion dell legno ee delle spissy arbori" (ivalsa) dwara banaaya gayaa thaa. 2007 mein iska pareekshan nagrik sanrachanaon key liye sabse kathin japani anticysmic pareekshan key saath kiya gayaa thaah kobe key bhookamp (7.2 richter scale) kaa anukaran, japan mein miki shahar key paas tsukuba vigyaan udyaan mein sthit need-sansthaan seey sambandhit ack vishal dolan munch parr rakhee gaee imarat key saath. iss italvi pariyojana mein, chipki hui tukade tukade mein lakadi mein bahut patale aur lacheele panels koo niyojit kiya gayaa thaa, aur cnr shodhkartaon key anusaar bhookamp kshetron mein bahut adhik surakshit gharon kaa nirmaan hoe sakata haye.
jahaaj nirmaan.
sabse sthaayi samagriyon mein seey ack virginian dakshini jeevit oak aur safed oak kaa lakadi haye, vishesh roop seey jeevit oak safed oak kii tulanaa mein 60 pratishat majboot haye aur namee key liye adhik pratirodhi haye. ack udaaharan key roop mein, yuddh jahaaj kii sanrachana mein mukhya ghatak, duniya kaa sabse purana commission kiya gayaa nausainik pott (1797 mein launch kiya gayaa) safed oak haye.
lakadi kaa kaam
lakadi kaa kaam lakadi seey saman banaane kii gatividhi yaa kaushal haye, aur isamen cabinet banaana (cabinet aur furniture), lakadi kii nakkashi, jodd, badhaigiri aur lakadi koo badalana shamil haye. laakhon loga lakadi kii pariyojanaon parr aajeevika banaate hain.

