
germany kii nyaypalika

germany kii nyaypalika adalaton kii pranali haye joe germany mein kaanoon kii vyakhya aur lagu karati haye.
german kanuni pranali ack nagrik kaanoon haye joe aam kaanoon pranaliyon kii tulanaa mein jyaadaatar kaanoonon key vyaapak sangrah parr adharit haye. aaparaadhik aur prashaasnik kaanoon mein, germany ack aisee jaanch pranali kaa upayog kartaa haye jahaan nyayadhish mamle key tathyon kii jaanch mein sakriya roop seey shamil hotey hain, ack pratikool pranali kii tulanaa mein jahaan nyayadhish kii bhoomika mukhya roop seey abhiyojak yaa vaadi aur prativaadi yaa bachaav vakeel key beach ack nishpaksh referee kii hoti haye.
germany mein nyaypalika kii swatantrata aitihaasik roop seey loktantra seey bhee purani haye. nyayalayon kaa sangathan paaramparik roop seey majboot haye, aur lagbhag sabhi sanghiya aur raajya kaarravaai nyaayik sameeksha key adheen hain.
nyayadhish ack alag carrier maarg kaa paalan karate hain. vishvavidyalaya mein apani kanuni shiksha key anta mein, sabhi kaanoon key chhatron koo raajya kii pariksha utteern karni hogi, isase pahale kii way ack prashikshuta koo jaari rakh sakein joe unhein dou saal seey adhik samay taka kanuni peshe mein vyaapak prashikshan pradaan karati haye. phir unhein ack doosari raajya pariksha utteern karni hogi joe unhein kaanoon kaa abhyaas karane key liye yogya banaati haye. usa samay, vyakti yaa tou vakeel banane yaa nyaypalika mein pravesh karane kaa vikalp chuna sakata haye. nyaayik ummidwar turant adalaton mein kaam karna shuru curr dete hain. haalaanki, unhein aajivan nyayadhishon key roop mein niyukt kiye jaane seey pahale paanch saal taka kii parivikshaadheen avadhi key adheen kiya jaataa haye.
nyaayik pranali kii sthaapana aur sanchaalan germany key sanghiya ganarajya key liye mool kaanoon key bhaag Ix dwara kiya jaataa haye. buniyaadi kaanoon kaa anuchhed 92 adalaton koo sthaapit kartaa haye, aur kahata haye kii "nyaayik shakti nyayadhishon mein nihit hogi; iska prayog sanghiya samvaidhaanik adalat dwara, iss buniyaadi kaanoon mein pradaan kiye gaye sanghiya adalaton dwara aur nyaydata key adalaton dwara kiya jaayega."
kaanoon.
germany kii kanuni pranali ack nagrik pranali haye jiska kaanoon kaa sarvocch srot 1949 kaa sanghiya ganarajya germany key liye buniyaadi kaanoon haye (joe rashtra key samvidhaan key roop mein kaary kartaa haye), joe aadhunik nyaypalika kii sthaapana kartaa haye, lekin adalat mein nyayanirnayan kiya jaane vaalaa kaanoon german sanhitaon seey aataa haye; iss prakaar, german kaanoon mukhya roop seey saanketik prakriti kaa haye. nyayalaya pranali (1) saarvajanik kaanoon ('), arthaat prashaasnik kaanoon (dou sarkari nikaayon key beach nagrik-sarkari mukadama yaa mukadama) aur aaparaadhik kaanoon, aur (2) niji kaanoon (') kaa nirnay letee haye. german kaanoon-vishesh roop seey niji kaanoon-mukhya roop seey praarambhik byzantine kaanoon, vishesh roop seey justinian code aur bahut cumm hudd taka napolean code parr adharit haye.
german kaanoon napolean kanuni pranaliyon kii seema taka kanuni pratyakshvaad key saath naheen haye, isaliye germany kii nyaypalika vidhaayika key adheen naheen haye; buniyaadi kaanoon seedhe samvaidhaanik adalat key saath-saath anya sanghiya adalaton aur pratyek launder kii adalaton mein sarvocch nyaayik shakti kaa nivesh kartaa haye, aur mamle key kaanoon kaa adhik mahatva haye, halanki samanya kaanoon pranaliyon kii seema taka naheen.
samanya kaanoon deshon dwara upayog kii jaane vaali pratikool pranali key vipareet, aaparaadhik (aur prashaasnik) prakriya kii german pranali jaanch haye. bachaav paksh aur abhiyojakon key beach jirah kii anumati dene key bajaay, nyayadhish adhikansh mukadame kaa sanchaalan karate hain. mukadame key dauran, pakshon seey nyayadhishon koo apane sabhi saboot dene kii apeksha kii jaati haye, joe taba gavaahon koo bulaayenge aur unase poochtaachh karenge, jisake baad bachaav paksh key vakeel aur abhiyojak gavaahon seey poochtaachh curr sakate hain.
adaalaten.
nyayalaya sangathan seey sambandhit praathamik kaanoon nyayalaya samvidhaan adhiniyam (', yaa') haye. nyayalayon koo sanghiya star parr visheshagya, kshetriya aur padaanukramit roop seey ekikrit honey kii visheshta haye. paanch buniyaadi prakaar key nyayalaya hain, saath hii sanghiya samvaidhaanik nyayalaya aur lender kii samvaidhaanik nyayalayah
sanghiya samvaidhaanik nyayalaya aur sanghiya nyayalaya key beach mukhya antar yeh haye kii sanghiya samvaidhaanik nyayalaya koo kewal tabhi bulaaya jaa sakata haye jaba kissy mamle key bheetar koee samvaidhaanik mamla vicharadhin hoe (jaise.jee.aaparaadhik mukadame mein manvadhikaron kaa sambhaavit ullanghan), jabaki kissy bhee mamle mein sanghiya nyayalaya koo bulaaya jaa sakata haye. kewal samvaidhaanik adalat hii sansad key kissy adhiniyam koo amaanya ghoshit curr sakati haye.
sadharan adaalaten abb taka kii sabse adhik sankhya mein hain. vartamaan mein 828 samanya adaalaten (687 sthaaniya, 116 kshetriya, 24 apeeliya, ack sanghiya), 142 shram adaalaten (122 sthaaniya, 19 apeeliya, ack sanghiya), 69 prashaasnik adaalaten (52 sthaaniya, 16 uchch, ack sanghiya), 20 curr adaalaten (19 sthaaniya, ack sanghiya), 86 samajik adaalaten (69 sthaaniya, 16 apeeliya, ack sanghiya) aur 17 samvaidhaanik adaalaten (16 raajya samvaidhaanik adaalaten, ack sanghiya samvaidhaanik adalat) hain.
sadharan adaalaten.
aaparaadhik mamalon mein nichali adaalaten nimnalikhit seey bunny hoti hainh
aaparaadhik mamalon mein apeeliya nyayalaya nimnalikhit seey baney hotey hainh
samanya adalaton kii saapeksh gatividhi kii tulanaa key liye, 1969 mein germany mein 468,273 aaparaadhik mamle they, aur inmein seey 388,619 yaa 83 pratishat ekal nyayadhish seey baney "amatsgerict" mein aayojit kiye gaye they.
vishesh nyayalaya.
vishesh adaalaten paanch alag-alag vishay kshetron seey nipatati hainh prashaasnik, shram, samajik, rajkoshiya aur patent kaanoon. samanya adalaton kii tarah, way ack sanghiya appeal adalat key tahat raajya adalat pranaliyon key saath padaanukramit roop seey sangathit hotey hain.
samvaidhaanik nyayalaya.
raajya.
pratyek launder kaa apana raajya samvaidhaanik nyayalaya haye (ee dekhein.jee. berlin raajya kaa samvaidhaanik nyayalaya yaa saxony kaa samvaidhaanik nyayalaya). yeye nyayalaya prashaasnik roop seey swatantra hain aur kissy anya sarkari nikaay seey vittiya roop seey swaayatt hain. udaaharan key liye, ack raajya samvaidhaanik adalat apana bajat likh sakati haye aur karmchaariyon koo niyukt yaa barkhast curr sakati haye, joe shaktiyaan sarkari sanrachana mein advitiya swatantrata kii degree kaa pratinidhitva karati hain. pratyek raajya kii adaalaten bhee sanghiya ganarajya key liye buniyaadi kaanoon dwara seedhe adhikrit hain.
sanghiya.
sanghiya samvaidhaanik nyayalaya (', yaa') germany key samvidhaan yaa mool kaanoon dwara sthaapit sarvocch samvaidhaanik nyayalaya haye. germany key sanghiya ganarajya kii shuruat key saath apani sthaapana key baad seey, adalat karlsru shahar mein jaanboojhkar berlin (pahale bone mein), munich aur frankfurt mein anya sanghiya sansthanon seey ack nishchit bhaugolik doori parr sthit haye.
nyayalaya kaa ekmatra kaary nyaayik sameeksha haye, aur yeh kissy bhee sanghiya yaa raajya key kaanoon koo asamvaidhaanik ghoshit curr sakata haye, iss prakaar unhein aprabhaavi banaa sakata haye. iss sambandh mein, yeh sanyukt raajya america key sarvocch nyayalaya kii tarah nyaayik sameeksha shaktiyon vaale anya sarvocch nyayalayon key samaan haye; phir bhee nyayalaya key paas kaee atirikt shaktiyan hain, aur ise duniya key sabse hastakshepvadi aur shaktishali rashtriya nyayalayon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye. anya sarvocch nyayalayon key vipareet, samvaidhaanik nyayalaya nyaayik yaa appeal prakriya kaa ack abhinn charan naheen haye (samvaidhaanik yaa saarvajanik antarrashtriya kaanoon seey sambandhit mamalon koo chhodkar), aur sanghiya kaanoonon key kissy bhee ullanghan parr nichale nyayalayon yaa sanghiya sarvocch nyayalayon seey niyamit apeeliya nyayalaya key roop mein kaary naheen kartaa haye.
nyayalaya kaa adhikaar kshetra samvaidhaanik muddon aur samvidhaan key saath sabhi sarkari sansthanon key anupaalan parr kendrit haye. sansad dwara paarit samvaidhaanik sanshodhan yaa parivartan isaki nyaayik sameeksha key adheen hain, kyonki unhein (anant kaal khand key anusaar) key sabse buniyaadi siddhanton key saath sangat honah chaahiye, joe maanav garima, avibhajya manvadhikar, loktantra, ganatantravaad, samajik jimmedaari, sanghwad aur shaktiyon key vibhajan key siddhant hain.
ack or adalat key bhaari samvaidhaanik niyantran aavritti key abhyaas, aur doosari or nyaayik sanyam aur raajneetik sanshodhan mein nirantarta ney dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad seey "key ack advitiya samarthak kaa nirmaan kiya haye aur ise germany key aadhunik loktantra mein ack moolyavaan bhoomika dee haye.
karmi.
peshevar nyayadhish.
sanghiya adaalaten sanghiya sarkaar dwara prashaasit hoti hain; anya sabhi adaalaten ack raajya seey sambandhit hoti hain aur isake dwara prashaasit hoti hain. nyaypalika kii swatantrata joe sanghiya samvidhaan mein nirdhaarit haye (anuchhed 97 paira. 1) kewal kissy bhee vyaktigat nyayadhish kii nyaayik nirnay lene kii prakriya koo sandarbhit kartaa haye, naa kii samagr roop seey nyaayik shakti koo. isake anuroop, nyayalaya sambandhit nyaay vibhaag key adheenasth prashaasnik nikaay hain, vishesh niyam kewal nyaayik nirnay lene kii prakriya aur nyayadhishon kii sthiti parr lagu hotey hain.
sabhi peshevar nyayadhish ack samanya dall key sadasya hotey hain kyonki unaki bharti ack samanya prakriya key madhyam seey kii jaati haye aur unakaa currier kaafee hudd taka sanghiya kaanoon dwara shaasit hotaa haye. haalaanki, adhikansh nyayadhish raajya (") sivil sevak hain aur kanuni shiksha, niyukti aur padonnati parr raajya key niyamon kaa paalan karate hain.
raajya.
ack niyam key roop mein, praarambhik rojgar parr pratyek nirnay, aajivan karyakal yaa nyayadhish kii padonnati key saath nihit nyaay vibhaag dwara liya jaataa haye. phir bhee kuchh raajyon mein kissy naa kissy prakaar kaa sansadiya nikaay haye jise vyaktigat nyayadhishon ("rectorvalouscus") key currier parr kuchh nirnayon mein sunane kii aavashyakta haye yaa yahaan taka kii unaki raay bhee haye. nyayadhishon key karyakal parr prashaasan kaa jyaadaatar nirnaayak prabhaav mahadvipiya europe mein asadharan haye, jahaan nyaypalika dwara aur usake bheetar chune gaye nyayadhishon key jyaadaatar nikaay iss tarah key nirnay lete hain (jaise.jee., fraansah "concil superior day laa magistrature", italeeh "concilio superior della magistratura"). kuchh logon dwara ise nyaayik swatantrata key liye ack khatra maanaa jaataa haye kii apane vyaktigat currier koo dekhate hue nyayadhish apane nirnayon key sambhaavit raajneetik prabhaavon koo vishesh roop seey dhyaan mein rakhane key liye ichchuk hoe sakate hain yaa kissy raajneetik dall kaa samarthan karane kaa vikalp chuna sakate hain.
sanghiya.
sanghiya nyayadhishon kaa chayan sanghiya raajya key mantri, sanghiya saansad aur raajyon key mantriyon seey baney nikaay dwara ack prakriya mein kiya jaataa haye (anuchhed 95 paira. sanghiya samvidhaan kaa 2). ummidvaaron koo peshevar nyayadhish honey kii aavashyakta naheen haye, lekin vakeel honah chaahiye. naa tou saarvajanik sunavaai hoti haye, naa hii kissy ummidwar kii pehchaan kaa khulasa janata key saamane kiya jaayega. sanghiya samvaidhaanik nyayalaya key nyaayik sadasyon kaa chunaav baari-baari seey sanghiya kakshon dwara kiya jaataa haye (sanghiya samvidhaan kaa anuchhed 94). iss nirnay key liye badey bahumat kii aavashyakta hoti haye, yeh aamtaur parr ack raajneetik samjhaute kaa anusaran kartaa haye. ummidvaaron key baare mein saarvajanik charcha bahut asamanya haye.
nyayadhishon koo niyukt karein.
aam nyayadhish aam janata key sadasya hotey hain jinhen ack vishesh samiti dwara, ack nagar parishad key sujhaav parr, paanch saal key karyakal key liye iss bhoomika key liye chunaa jaataa haye. samanya nyayadhishon koo german nagrik honah chaahiye jinhen naa tou kissy gambhir aparaadh key liye doshi thaharaaya gayaa haye aur naa hii unaki jaanch kii jaa rahee haye. isake alawa, vyaktiyon key kuchh samoohon koo samanya nyayadhishon key roop mein naheen chunaa jaayega, jaise kii 25 varsh seey cumm ayu key loga yaa 69 varsh seey adhik ayu key loga, yaa nyayalaya pranali mein peshevar kshamata mein kaam karane vaale vyakti (jaise vakeel aur nyayadhish). isake alawa, 65 varsh seey adhik ayu key vyakti, udaaharan key liye, sanghiya yaa raajya vidhaansabhaaon key sadasyon, doctors, nurses aur una logon key liye seva karane seey incar curr sakate hain jinhone pichhale karyakal mein samanya nyayadhishon key roop mein kaary kiya haye. samanya nyayadhish banane key liye aavedan ichchuk nagrikon dwara kiye jaa sakate hain aur sthaaniya sarkaaren aam taur parr ack nayaa karyakal shuru honey seey pahale avedanon koo protsaahit karengi. kalyankari sansthanon, khel clubon, vittiya aur swaasthya beema sansthanon, trade yuniyanon, audyogik companiyon aur anya saarvajanik pradhikaranon koo kabhi-kabhi ummidvaaron koo naamit karane key liye bulaaya jaataa haye.
adhikansh apraadhon koo chhodkar jinake liye tathya kaa antim paksh ekal peshevar nyayadhish haye aur gambhir raajneetik apraadhon parr peshevar nyayadhishon key ack panel key samaksh mukadama chalaaya jaataa haye, sabhi aaropon kaa mukadama mishrit nyayadhikaranon key samaksh chalaaya jaataa haye jinn parr samanya nyayadhish peshevar nyayadhishon key saath baithate hain. german dund prakriya sanhita mein prativaadi key liye pratikool adhikansh nirnayon key liye dou-tihai bahumat kii aavashyakta hoti haye; saral bahumat seey pariveeksha seey incar ack mahatvapurna apavaad haye. adhikansh mamalon mein, aam nyayadhishon key paas mamle kii file taka pahunch naheen hoti haye.
vibhinn nyayadhikaranon koo niyukt karane key liye aavashyak samanya nyayadhishon kaa chayan ack chayan samiti dwara una soochiyon mein seey kiya jaataa haye joe sthaaniya parshadon key dou-tihai bahumat key saath nagar parishadon () dwara paarit kii jaati hain. nagar parishad kii soochiyon mein shamil karane key liye uchch seema koo dekhate hue, vyavhaar mein yeye soochiyan pahale germany mein nagar nigam naukarshahi aur raajneetik dalon dwara sankalit kii jaati hain, lekin kuchh nagar parishaden nivaasiyon key rajistaron parr nirbhar karati hain aur yaadrichhik roop seey naam utpann karati hain. chayan samiti mein raajya sarkaar kaa ack pratinidhi, aur duss "bharosemand nagrik" () hotey hain jinhen nagar parishad key dou tihai sadasyon dwara bhee chunaa jaataa haye.
aitihaasik roop seey samanya nyayadhish mukhya roop seey madhyam varg kii prishthabhoomi key madhyam ayu varg key purush rahey hain; haal hii mein, purush aur mahila nyayadhishon kaa hissa lagbhag samaan thaa. 1969 mein kiye gaye ack adhyayan mein paaya gayaa kii isake namoone mein samanya nyayadhishon mein seey lagbhag 25 pratishat sivil seva karmchari they, jabaki kewal 12 pratishat blue-collar prishthabhoomi seey they. 2009 mein prakaashit ack adhyayan mein sivil seva karmchaariyon kaa anupaat 27 pratishat jabaki aam aabaadi kaa 8 pratishat bataaya gayaa aur isamen grihaniyon kii apekshaakrit adhik sankhya, niji kshetra key karmchaariyon kii apekshaakrit cumm sankhya aur samanya nyayadhishon kii saapeksh vriddhavastha kaa ullekh kiya gayaa.
abhiyojak.
lock abhiyojak, joe nyayadhishon key barabar kamaate hain, phir bhee sadharan samanya sevak hain, jinake paas peeth kii swatantrata naheen haye.
yeh dhyaan diyaa jaanaa chaahiye kii abhiyojak karyalaya aur peeth key beach parivartan koo naa kewal sweekaar kiya jaataa haye, balki ise protsaahit kiya jaataa haye taaki adhikatam anubhav kii anumati dee jaa sakey.
vakeel.
ack vakeel kewal tabhi bachaav paksh key vakeel key roop mein arhata praapt curr sakata haye jaba way tathaakathit koo puuraa karate hain/unake paas hotey hain. iska shaabdik anuvaad "nyayadhish honey kii yogyata" key roop mein hotaa haye; haalaanki, mool arth yeh haye kii lagbhag ack snatkottar degree star parr kaanoon kaa adhyayan safaltapurvak puuraa kiya gayaa hoe, antatah raajya dwara hii isaki jaanch kii jaa rahee hoe (), aur unake pratyek sabse lokpriya vyavasaay (vakeel, nyayadhish, prashaasnik adhikaari, aadi) key vibhinn vakeelon key sahayogi key roop mein dou saal taka seva kii hoe.; ise kahaa jaataa haye). haalaanki, vaastav mein ack nyayadhish banane key liye, apekshaon key alawa sambandhit pareekshaon mein utkrisht parinam shamil hain, joe vakeelon key liye apekshit naheen haye (lekin, motey taur parr, abhiyojakon aur prashaasnik adhikaariyon key liye apekshit haye).
bachaav paksh key vakeelon koo unake sthaaniya yaa raajya baar sanghon key prabhagon mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye jisamen sadasyata anivarya haye.
sajaa dene kii prathaaen.
yadi koee prativaadi doshi thaharaaya jaataa haye, tou adalat aamtaur parr sajaa key hisse key roop mein poorv-mukadame kii karawas kii avadhi kaa shreya degi. sajaa ack maheene seey laker aajivan hoe sakati haye, aur aam taur parr 15 saal seey adhik naheen hoti haye. aajivan karawas kii sajaa paae prativaadi aam taur parr 15 saal key baad parol key liye aavedan curr sakate hain, aur yadi aavedan khariz curr diyaa jaataa haye, tou prativaadi dou saal seey adhik kii nirdhaarit avadhi key baad phir seey aavedan curr sakata haye. yadi adalat yeh nirdhaarit karati haye kii "aparaadh kii gambhir gambhirta" haye, tou parol mein 15 saal seey adhik kii gair-vishisht avadhi key liye deree kii jaa sakati haye.
aparaadhi kii sajaa koo cumm karane key alawa, germany kii sudhaar pranali mein sajaa kaa ack roop haye jise nilambit sajaa kahaa jaataa haye. aparaadh key aadhar parr, kuchh sajaaen jail yaa jail kaa samay leey sakati hain aur ise pariveeksha key saath badal sakati hain. yadi koee vyakti kissy aparaadh key liye doshi thaharaaya jaataa haye, tou unhein parivikshaadheen sajaa parr rakhaa jaa sakata haye, jahaan unhein jail naheen jaanaa padata haye, yadi "sajaa paae vyakti koo yeh pradarshit karna chaahiye kii sajaa sunana hii paryaapt chetavani thee kii vaha aage koee aparaadh naheen karega. pariveeksha adhikaari kii dekhrekh mein" rakhe jaane key bavjood, vyakti jail key nakaratmak pahaluon seey bachane mein saksham haye jaise kii "apane pichhale jeevan, kaam aur samajik anubandhon seey alag honah". chhah maheene yaa usase cumm kii sajaayen adalat dwara swachaalit roop seey nilambit curr dee jaati hain aur saath hii chhah maheene seey ack varsh key beach kii sajaayen taba taka nilambit curr dee jaati hain jaba taka kii "kanuni vyavastha banaae rakhane key liye vyakti key liye sajaa kaatna aavashyak naa hoe. ack aparaadhi dwara apani jail kii sajaa kaa dou tihai hissa puuraa karane key baad, unaki sajaa koo nilambit kiya jaa sakata haye. sajaa kaatane key baad sajaa koo nilambit karane kii prakriya parol key liye aavedan karane key samaan haye. aajivan karawas kii sajaa kaat rahey apraadhiyon key liye cumm seey cumm pandrah saal kii sajaa kaatane key baad nilambit sajaa praapt karna bhee sambhav haye. kissy bhee anya pariveeksha sajaa kii tarah, yadi aparaadhi apani pariveeksha koo todata haye yaa koee anya aparaadh kartaa haye, tou unaki swatantrata koo radd kiya jaa sakata haye aur unhein vaapas jail bheja jaa sakata haye.
vishleshan aur aalochana.
samanya nyayadhishon key chayan koo "atyadhik raajneetik aur bhedbhavpurna prakriya" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. yeh tark diyaa gayaa haye kii vyaktigat parichay, raajneetik sambaddhata aur vyavasaay sabhi ney aitihaasik roop seey chayan prakriya mein ack mahatvapurna bhoomika nibhai haye, yadi saarvajanik roop seey asweekrit haye.
itihas.
germany ney madhya yug key baad seey juurii parikshanon kaa upayog kiya, udaaharan key liye, lekin anuchhed 48 (wimer samvidhaan key) key tahat apatkal kii sthiti key dauran, aur navambar 1923 key bear holl puch key liye adolph hitler key farwari 1924 key mukadame seey lagbhag ack maheene pahale, eminger sudhaar (aeye, yaa aapaatkaaleen decree) janwari 1924 mein paarit kiya gayaa thaa, jisamen juurii koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur unhein nyayadhishon aur samanya nyayadhishon kii mishrit pranali seey badal diyaa gayaa thaa joe aaj bhee upayog kiya jaataa haye.

