
bhinnata

vidvatapurna tark mein, differentia (jise differentia specific) bhee kahaa jaataa haye) ack purvanirdhaarit haye; yeh ack paribhasha kaa vaha hissa haye joe kissy diye gaye "genus" mein kewal "defindum" yaa vastu key sambandhit "aadhyatmik bhaag" mein purvanirdhaarit haye.
mool.
jaba unhone "diaresis" kii apani vidhi kii kalpana kii tou plato ney spasht roop seey differentia kii avadharana kaa upayog kiya. aristotal ney "diaphora" (διαφορά) shabd kaa upayog ack vyavasthit tareeke seey karane vaale pahale vyakti they; lekin unake paas isake baare mein koee spasht siddhant naheen thaa, aur iss shabd kii unaki samajh vivadaspad haye. ack siddhant kewal porphiri key "isagoz" mein prastut purvanumeya key spasht upchaar dwara pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. predicables kaa vistrit pandityapurna siddhant isagoz key boethius key anuvaad key aadhar parr vikasit huaa, jahan yunani shabd "diaphora" koo lattin mein "differentia" key roop mein prastut kiya gayaa thaa.
pracheen yunani mein "adiafora"-"diaphora" kaa nishedh-hellenistic darshan mein ack mahatvapurna shabd haye. haalaanki, kewal pyronism mein yeh diaphora key baare mein kuleen kii dhaarana seey incar prateet hotaa haye.
taarkik arth.
mool, taarkik arth mein, ack bhinnata ack avadharana haye-"bhinnata" kii dhaarana ack dwiteeya-crum kii avadharana haye, yaa shaikshik namkaran mein ack "dwiteeya irada" haye. vidvatapurna siddhant mein yeh ack prakaar kaa aavashyak vidheya haye-ack vidheya joe aavashyak roop seey isake vishayon "dee ree" seey sambandhit haye. yeh kewal aanshik roop seey vastu key (vishisht) saar koo vyakt karke aur saar key nirdhaarit bhaag key bajaay nirdhaaran koo vyakt karke "genus" key khilaf prajaatiyon key khilaf pratishthit kiya jaataa haye.
ontological arth.
halanki "differentia" kaa praathamik arth taarkik yaa dwiteeya-crum haye, lekin kuchh dhaaranaon key tahat iska ack ontological, pratham-crum anuprayog hoe sakata haye. yadi yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii ack saar kii sanrachana "nirdhaaran" aur "nirdhaaraniya" tatvamimansa bhaagon (joe kramshah ack bhinn aur ack vansh key anuroop hain) mein vaastaviktaa mein isaki kalpana seey swatantra roop seey maujood haye, tou koee bhee "bhinn" kii dhaarana koo nirdhaarit karane vaale tatvameesha bhaag parr bhee lagu curr sakata haye, naa kii kewal usa avadharana parr joe ise vyakt karati haye. yeh scotism mein aam haye, jahan aadhyatmik bhaagon koo aupchaarik roop seey alag kahaa jaataa haye. yadi, doosari or, saar key hisse parr kissy bhee munn-swatantra sanrachana seey incar kiya jaataa haye (jaise thomism yaa surejiyanism mein), tou saar koo ack samanya aur ack bhinn bhaag mein vibhajit karane koo kewal "avadharana" key roop mein maanaa jaanaa chaahiye, jabaki bhinnata aur vansh key anuroop vaastavik vaastaviktaaen vaastav mein samaan roop seey bachati hain. isaliye yeye dhaaranaaen bhinnata kii dhaarana key kissy bhee ontological anuprayog kii anumati naheen detee hain.

