prachaar model

prachaar model edward aiss dwara unnat raajneetik arthavyavastha mein ack vaichaarik model haye. corporate maas media mein prachaar aur pranaaleegat purvagrah kaise kaary karate hain, yeh samajhaane key liye herman aur nome chomsky. model yeh samajhaane kaa prayaas kartaa haye kii iss prachaar key kaaran aabaadi mein kaise herfer kiya jaataa haye aur kaise aarthik, samajik aur raajneetik neetiyon, donon videshi aur gharelu, key liye sahamati janata key dimag mein "nirmit" hoti haye. siddhant yeh maanata haye kii jiss tarah seey corporate media sanrachit haye (ee.jee. vigyaapan, media swaamitva kii ekagrata yaa sarkari srot) key madhyam seey hiton kaa ack antarnihit sangharsh paida hotaa haye aur isaliye yeh loktantra virodhi tatvon key liye prachaar key roop mein kaary kartaa haye.
pahali baar 1988 kii unaki pustak "vinirmaan sahmatih zana madhyam kii raajneetik arthavyavastha" mein prastut kiya gayaa, prachaar model corporate media koo janata kii seva mein gunavattapurna patrakaarita kii khoj key bajaay anya vyavsaayon (vigyapandataon) koo ack utpaad-pathakon aur darshakon kii bikri mein ruchi rakhane vaale vyavsaayon key roop mein dekhta haye. chomsky likhate hain, "media key" samajik uddeshya "kaa varnan karate hue... sansthanon key adhyayan aur way kaise kaary karate hain, ise bareek tatvon yaa apekshaakrit aspasht vidvatapurna saahitya key alawa, poori imandari seey nazarandaj kiya jaanaa chaahiye. yeh siddhant "filter" key paanch samanya vargon koo prastut kartaa haye joe samachar media mein prastut samachar key prakaar koo nirdhaarit kartaa haye. yeye paanch varg hainh madhyam kaa swaamitva, madhyam key vitt poshan srot, srot, aalochana aur saamyvaad virodhi yaa "bhaya vichardhara".
pratham teen koo aam taur parr lekhakon dwara sabse mahatvapurna maanaa jaataa haye. 2001 mein sanyukt raajya america parr 9/11 hamalon key baad prakaashit sanskaranon mein, chomsky aur herman ney "aatank key khilaf yuddh" aur "aatankvaad-rodhi" koo sandarbhit karane key liye paanchven prong koo update kiya, joe way raajya usee tarah seey sanchaalit karate hain.
halanki model mukhya roop seey sanyukt raajya key media parr adharit thaa, chomsky aur herman kaa maanana haye kii yeh siddhant kissy bhee desh parr samaan roop seey lagu hotaa haye joe buniyaadi aarthik sanrachana aur sangathanaatmak siddhanton koo saajha kartaa haye jinhen model media purvagrahon key kaaran key roop mein maanata haye. unake mulyankan koo kaee vidvaanon dwara samarthit kiya gayaa haye aur taba seey paschimi europe aur lattin america mein media kii prachaar bhoomika kaa anubhavjanya mulyankan kiya gayaa haye.
filter.
swaamitva.
pramukh media nigamon kaa aakar aur laabh kii maang ack purvagrah paida karati haye. lekhakon ney bataaya kii kaise unnisvin shatabdi kii shuruat mein, ack kattarpanthi british press ubhara thaa jisane shramikon kii chintaon koo sambodhit kiya thaa, lekin 'sammaanit' ameeron key liye samachar patra key swaamitva koo pratibandhit karane key liye design kiye gaye atyadhik stamp kartavyon ney press kaa chehra badalana shuru curr diyaa. phir bhee, vividhata kii ack degree bunny rahee. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key baad britten mein, kattarpanthi yaa shramik-anukool samachar patra jaise "dainik herauld", "samachar vrittaant", "ravivaar nagrik" (sabhi whiffle yaa anya prakashanon mein avashoshit), aur "dainik darpan" (cumm seey cumm 1970 key dashak key anta taka) niyamit roop seey poonjiwadi pranali parr sawal uthaane vaale lekh prakaashit karate they. lekhakon kaa maanana haye kii yeye pahale key kattarpanthi patra corporate swaamitva dwara baadhit naheen they aur isaliye, way poonjiwadi pranali kii aalochana karane key liye swatantra they.
herman aur chomsky kaa tark haye kii choonki mukhyadhara key media outlet vartamaan mein yaa tou badey nigam hain yaa samooh kaa hissa hain (jaise.jee. westinghouse yaa general electric), janata key saamane prastut kii jaane vaali jaankaari inn hiton key sambandh mein pakshapaati hogi. iss tarah key samooh aksar paaramparik media kshetron seey parey badhate hain aur iss prakaar vyaapak vittiya hita hotey hain joe kuchh jaankaari key saarvajanik honey parr khatare mein parh sakate hain. iss tark key anusaar, media key maalikon key corporate vittiya hiton koo sabse adhik khatare mein daalane vaale samacharon koo sabse badey purvagrah aur censorship kaa saamana karna padegaa.
isake baad yeh pataa chalata haye kii yadi laabh koo adhikatam karane kaa arth haye samachar vastunishthata kaa tyag karna, tou joe samachar srot antatah jeevit rahate hain, unhein una samacharon key sambandh mein maulik roop seey pakshapaati honah chaahiye, jinamen unake hiton kaa takraav hotaa haye.
vigyaapan.
prachaar model kaa doosara filter vigyaapan key madhyam seey utpann dhana haye. adhikansh samachar patron koo utpaadan kii laagat koo puuraa karane key liye vigyaapan aakarshit karna padata haye; isake binaa, unhein apane samachar patra kii keemat badhaani hogi. vigyapandataon koo aakarshit karane key liye poore media mein teevra pratispardha haye; ack samachar patra jise apane pratiyogiyon kii tulanaa mein cumm vigyaapan milata haye, usey gambhir nuksan hotaa haye. vigyaapan rajaswa badhaane mein safalata kii kamee unnisvin aur beesavin shatabdi key 'logon key samachar patron' key patan kaa ack aur kaaran thaa.
utpaad una samriddh pathakon seey banaa haye joe samachar patra khareedate hain-jinamen aabaadi kaa shikshit nirnay lene vaalaa kshetra bhee shamil haye-jabaki samachar patra dwara seva pradaan kiye jaane vaale vaastavik grahakon mein way vyavasaay shamil hain joe apane saman kaa vigyaapan karane key liye bhugtan karate hain. iss filter key anusaar, samachar "poorak" haye taaki vishesh adhikaar praapt pathakon koo vigyapanon koo dekhane key liye praapt kiya jaa sakey joe samagri banaate hain aur iss prakaar shikshit nirnay nirmaataon koo aakarshit karane key liye joe bhee roop sabse anukool haye vaha legaa. yeh tark diyaa jaataa haye kii joe kahaaniyan unake "khareedane key mood" key saath sangharsh karati hain, way haashiye parr yaa baahar kii or hongi, saath hii aisee jaankaari bhee joe duniya kii tasveer prastut karati haye joe vigyapandataon key hiton key saath takaraati haye. siddhant kaa tark haye kii samachar patra khareedane vaale loga vaha utpaad hain joe vigyaapan sthaan khareedane vaale vyavsaayon koo becha jaataa haye; utpaad key roop mein samachar kii kewal ack mamuli bhoomika hoti haye.
sourcing.
herman aur chomsky key paanch filters mein seey teesara maas media samacharon key srot seey sambandhit haih "maas media koo aarthik aavashyakta aur ruchi key parasparikta dwara jaankaari key shaktishali sroton key saath ack sahajeevi sambandh mein kheencha jaataa haye."bbc jaise badey media nigam bhee harr jagah samvaaddaataon koo rakhane kaa kharch naheen uthaa sakate. way apane sansadhanon koo kendrit karate hain jahan samachar honey kii sambhavana haih white house, panchbhuj, 10 downing street aur anya kendriya samachar "terminal". haalaanki british samachar patra kabhi-kabhi nae shram key "spin-doctor" key baare mein shikayat curr sakate hain, udaaharan key liye, way sarkari samacharon key liye "pradhaan mantri key vyaktigat pravakta" kii ghoshanaon parr nirbhar hain. vyaavsaayik nigam aur vyaapaar sangathan bhee samachar yogya maani jaane vaali kahaaniyon key vishvasaniya srot hain. sampaadak aur patrakaar joe inn shaktishali samachar sroton koo aahat karate hain, shayed prastut samagri kii sachchai yaa purvagrah parr sawal uthaakar, unake media jeevan-rakt-taaja samachar taka pahunch seey incar karane kii dhamki dee jaa sakati haye. iss prakaar, media aise lekh chalaane key liye anichhuk hoe gayaa haye joe corporate hiton koo nuksan pahunchaayenge joe unhein una sansadhanon koo pradaan karate hain jinn parr way nirbhar hain.
yeh sambandh "shram key naitik vibhajan" koo bhee janm detaa haye, jisamen "adhikaariyon key paas tathya hain aur way dete hain" aur "patrakaar kewal unhein praapt karate hain. taba patrakaron koo ack gair-aalochanatmak ravaiya apnana hotaa haye joe unake liye sangyanatmak visangati kaa anubhav kiye binaa corporate moolyon koo sweekaar karna sambhav banaata haye.
flack.
chautha filter 'flack' haye (flack key saath bhramit naheen honah chaahiye jiska arth haye promoter yaa prachaar agent), jise herman aur chomsky ney 'media bayaan yaa [tv yaa radio] karyakram key liye nakaratmak pratikriyaon key roop mein varnit kiya haye. yeh patron, taaron, phone coll, yachikaon, mukdamon, bhashanon aur bilon key roop mein congress key samaksh aur shikayat, dhamki aur dandaatmak kaarravaai key anya tarikon kaa roop leey sakata haye. vyaavsaayik sangathan niyamit roop seey flack machine banaane key liye ack saath aatey hain. ack udaaharan america sthit vaishvik jalavaayu gathbandhan (jee. see. see.) haye, jisamen jeevaashm eendhan aur exon, texaco aur ford jaisi automobile companiyan shamil hain. jee. see. see. kii kalpana duniya kii sabse badee jansampark companiyon mein seey ack, berson-marsteller dwara jalavaayu vaigyaanikon kii vishvasaniyata parr hamla karane aur vaishvik tapman vriddhi key baare mein 'daraane vaali kahaaniyon' key liye kii gaee thee.
chomsky aur herman key liye "flack" ack media bayaan yaa karyakram key liye nakaratmak pratikriyaon koo sandarbhit kartaa haye. flack" shabd kaa upayog una sangathanon yaa vyaktiyon koo badnam karane key prayason key roop mein kiya gayaa haye joe prachalit dhaaranaon seey asahmat hain yaa una parr sandeh karate hain joe sthaapit shakti (jaise kii chomsky aur herman) key anukool hain.jee., sthaapana"). pahale teen "filtering" tantron key vipareet-joe bajar tantra key vishleshan seey praapt hotey hain-flack koo saarvajanik jaankaari key prabandhan key liye thhos prayason dwara chihnit kiya jaataa haye.
saamyvaad virodhi aur bhaya.
paanchvaan aur antim samachar filter jise herman aur chomsky ney pahachaana vaha 'saamyvaad virodhi' thaa. "vinirmaan sahamati" sheet yuddh key dauran likhi gaee thee. chomsky ney model koo "bhaya" key roop mein adyatan kiya, aksar 'dushman' yaa 'dusht tanashah' jaise curnell gaddafi, paul biyaa, sadaam hussain, slobodan milosevic, yaa vladmir putin key roop mein. iska udaaharan 'smash sadam! "kii british tabloid surkhiyon mein milata haye.'aur' cloba sloba!'. aisaa kahaa jaataa haye kii paryavaranvidon kii mukhyadhara kii reporting 'paryaavaran-aatankvaadiyon' key roop mein kii jaati haye. "dha sandey times" ney 1999 mein lekhon kii ack shrinkhala chalaai jisamen ahinsak pratyaksh kaarravaai samooh key kaaryakartaon parr cs gais aur stunn gunn parr stock karane kii sadakon parr phir seey daavaa kiya gayaa.
virodhi vichaardhaaraaen una samoohon key prati saarvajanik bhaya aur ghrina kaa dohan karati hain joe ack sambhaavit khatra paida karate hain, yaa tou vaastavik, atiranjit yaa kaalpanik. saamyvaad ney ack baar model key anusaar praathamik khatra paida kiya thaa. saamyvaad aur samaajvaad koo unake virodhiyon dwara bhaashan, andolan, press aadi kii swatantrata koo khatare mein daalane key roop mein chitrit kiya gayaa thaa. unakaa tark haye kii iss tarah key chitran kaa upayog aksar abhijaat varg key hiton kii aalochanatmak awazon koo chup karaane key liye kiya jaataa thaa. chomsky kaa tark haye kii sheet yuddh (1991) kii samaapti key baad seey, pramukh samajik niyantran tantra key roop mein "aatank key khilaf yuddh" dwara saamyvaad virodhi koo badal diyaa gayaa thaah "paschimi media mein ack vaichaarik kaarak key roop mein saamyvaad virodhi peechhe hutt gayaa haye, lekin yeh mrit naheen haye... aatank key khilaf yuddh' ney soviyat khatare key liye ack upayogi vikalp pradaan kiya haye."11 sitambar, 2001 kii ghatnaaon key baad, kuchh vidwan iss baat seey sahmat hain kii islamophobia janata key darr key ack nae srot key roop mein saamyvaad-virodhi kii jagah leey rhaa haye. herman aur chomsky ney 2009 mein diye gaye ack sakshatkar mein kahaa kii ack samachar filter key roop mein 'saamyvaad-virodhi' kii lokpriyata dheere-dheere 'aatankvaad-virodhi' jaisi anya samkaaleen vichardharaon key paksh mein cumm hoe rahee haye.
udaaharan key liye.
prachaar model kii saiddhaantik vyakhya key baad, "vinirmaan sahamati" mein ack badaa khand hotaa haye jahan lekhak apani parikalpanaon kaa pareekshan karna chaahte hain. yadi prachaar model sahee haye aur filter media samagri koo prabhaavit karate hain, tou pakshapaat key ack vishesh roop kii ummeed kii jaayegi-joe vyavasthit roop seey corporate hiton kaa paksh letaa haye.
unhone una ghatnaaon koo bhee dekhaa jinhen way swabhavik roop seey honey vaale "aitihaasik niyantran samoohon" key roop mein dekhate they, jahaan dou ghatanaaen, unake gunon mein samaan hain lekin unake prati apekshit media drishtikon mein bhinn hain, mukhya ghatnaaon key coverage (collum inch mein maapa gayaa) yaa ack vishesh mudde (sankhya mein maapa gayaa) key paksh mein sampadakiya jaise vastunishth upaayon kaa upayog karke vipareet hain.
dushman" deshon kaa coverage.
lekhakon dwara diye gaye purvagrah key udaharanon mein viyatnam yuddh kii vaidhata parr sawal uthaane mein media kii viphalata shamil haye, jabaki soviyat-afghan yuddh koo aakraamakta key kaary key roop mein bahut jore diyaa gayaa haye.
anya purvagrahon mein purvi timor key indoneshiyai kabje jaise sahayogi deshon mein adhik narsamhar kii andekhi karate hue dushman yaa kosovo jaise gair-dostana deshon mein narsamhar jaise hinsak krityon parr jore dene kii pravritti shamil haye. yeh purvagrah videshi chunaavon mein bhee maujood haye, joe ell salvador aur gwatemala jaise sahayogi deshon mein dhokhadhadi vaale chunaavon key liye anukool media coverage detaa haye, jabaki nikaragua jaise dushman deshon mein vaidh chunaavon key liye pratikool coverage dee jaati haye.
chomsky ney yeh bhee daavaa kiya kii media ney faluja kii ladaai jaisi ghatnaaon koo sateek roop seey cover kiya, lekin ack vaichaarik purvagrah key kaaran, isane sarkaar samarthak prachaar key roop mein kaam kiya. falluja general aspatal parr chhaape key coverage kaa varnan karate hue unhone kahaa kii "dha newyork times" ney falluja kii ladaai koo sateek roop seey darj kiya lekin ise manaaya gayaa... yeh chala rahey yuddh apraadhon kaa utsav thaa. prashnagat lekh thaa "aakramak kaa praarambhik lakshya ack aspatal haye.
risaav key ghotale.
lekhak pakshapaat kii or ishara karate hain joe kewal una ghotalon kii report karane parr adharit hain joe shakti key ack varg koo labhanvit karate hain, jabaki una ghotalon kii andekhi karate hain joe shaktiheen koo chot pahunchaate hain. iska sabse badaa udaaharan yeh thaa kii kaise americi media ney watergate ghotale koo bahut adhik cover kiya, lekin cointelpro exposure koo nazarandaj curr diyaa. jabaki watergate tootana shaktishali logon (loktantravadiyon) key liye ack raajneetik khatra thaa, cointelpro ney ausat nagrikon koo nuksan pahunchaaya aur raajneetik hatyaa taka chalaa gayaa. anya udaharanon mein kewal satta mein baithe logon jaise kii oliver north parr dhyaan kendrit karke iran-contra mamle kaa coverage shamil haye, lekin nikaragua mein maare gaye nagrikon key coverage koo hataa diyaa gayaa haye, joe kii vipareet logon kii sahaayata key parinamswarup haye.
2010 key ack sakshatkar mein, chomsky ney wikileaks dwara jaari afghan yuddh diarry aur media coverage kii kamee key media coverage kii tulanaa faluja mein gambhir swaasthya samasyaon key adhyayan seey kii. jabaki wikileaks kii paryaapt coverage thee, faluza adhyayan kaa koee americi coverage naheen thaa, jisamen faluza mein swaasthya sthiti koo british media dwara "hiroshima seey bhee badatar" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa thaa.
anuprayog.
vinirmaan sahamati" key prakaashan key baad seey, herman aur chomsky ney iss siddhant koo apanaaya haye aur ise apane lekhan, vyakhyan aur saiddhaantik dhaanche mein ack pramukh bhoomika dee haye. chomsky ney nimnalikhit sahit ghatnaaon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala key prati mukhyadhara key media drishtikon kii apani vyakhyaon koo samarthan dene key liye apani vyakhyatmak shakti kaa vyaapak upayog kiya haih
swaagat.
durlabh avsaron parr prachaar model kii charcha mukhyadhara key media mein kii jaati haye, aamtaur parr ack badee pratikriya hoti haye. 1988 mein, jaba bill moyers dwara chomsky kaa sakshatkar liya gayaa thaa, tou pratikriya mein 1,000 patra they, joe show key itihas mein sabse badee likhit pratikriyaon mein seey ack thee. jaba unakaa sakshatkar tv ontario dwara kiya gayaa, tou show ney 31,321 coll-inn utpann kiye, joe station key liye ack nayaa record thaa.
1996 mein, jaba chomsky kaa sakshatkar andreau maar ney liya, tou nirmaata ney tippani kii kii pratikriya "aashcharyajanak" thee. unhone tippani kii kii "[tii] darshakon kii pratikriya aashcharyajanak thee... maine kabhi bhee aise karyakram parr kaam naheen kiya haye jisamen itane saare patra aur coll aae houn.
maee 2007 mein, chomsky aur herman ney kanada mein windser vishvavidyalaya mein ghatnakramon koo sankshep mein prastut karate hue aur model seey sambandhit aalochanaon kaa jawab dete hue baat kii. donon lekhakon ney kahaa kii unhone mahsoos kiya kii prachaar model abhee bhee lagu haye (jaba ise pesh kiya gayaa thaa, tou usase bhee adhik kahaa gayaa thaa), halanki unhone kuchh kshetron kaa sujhaav diyaa jahaan way maanate hain kii yeh cumm haye aur haal key ghatnakramon key aalok mein ise vistaarit karane kii aavashyakta haye.
chomsky ney jore dekar kahaa haye kii media kii prachaar bhoomika "swaamitva aur vigyaapan dwara teevra hoe jaati haye", samasya jyaadaatar "vaichaarik-saiddhaantik pratibaddhataon key saath nihit haye joe bauddhik jeevan kaa hissa hain" yaa satta mein logon kii bauddhik sanskriti haye. way media kii tulanaa vidvaanon key saahitya seey karate hain, jisake baare mein way kahate hain kii prachaar model kii baadhaon key binaa bhee vahee samasyaaen hain.
windser kii baat mein, chomsky ney usa edward aiss kii or ishara kiya. iss siddhant koo banaane key liye mool roop seey harman jimmedaar thaa, halanki chomsky ney iska samarthan kiya. chomsky key anusaar, unhone jore dekar kahaa kii siddhant parr shodh karane aur vikasit karane mein unaki praathamik bhoomika key kaaran "nirmaan sahamati" key aavaran parr pahale mahila kaa naam dikhaai detaa haye.
harvard media yaatana adhyayan.
aprail 2010 mein, harvard kenedi school dwara kiye gaye ack adhyayan seey pataa chalaa kii "dha newyork times" aur "loss angils times" jaise media outlets ney 2002 seey 2008 taka jaba americi sarkaar ney ise kiya tou waterboarding key liye "yaatana" shabd kaa upayog karna bund curr diyaa. yeh bhee nott kiya kii press "yadi sanyukt raajya key alawa koee anya desh aparaadhi haye tou waterboarding yaatana koo bulaane kii adhik sambhavana thee."
adhyayan "vinirmaan sahamati" mein kiye gaye media adhyayanon key samaan thaa jaise kii sambaddh aur dushman deshon kaa ullekh karate samay media mein "narsamhar" shabd kaa upayog kaise kiya jaataa haye, isaki tulanaa karna.
jawab mein glain greenwald ney kahaa kii "hamein raajya dwara sanchaalit media kii aavashyakta naheen haye kyonki hamaare media outlet iss kaary key liye swayamsevi hain..."aur tippani kii kii media aksar binaa kissy jabardasti key sarkaar key liye prachaar key roop mein kaary kartaa haye.
sanyukt raajya america key baahar media kaa adhyayan.
chomsky ney "chomskeychat forum" mein anya deshon key media vatavaran mein prachaar model kii prayojyata parr tippani kii haih 
aisaa shayed hii kabhi kissy vyavasthit tareeke seey kiya gayaa hoe. british media parr kaam haye, glassgo media samooh key ack achche yuu [vishvavidyalaya] dwara. aur maark curtis dwara british madhya america coverage parr unaki pustak "aspashtata shakti" mein dilchasp kaam. france parr kaam kiya gayaa haye, jyaadaatar belgium mein kiya gayaa haye, joe sarge halimi ("leey monde diplomatic" key sampaadak) kii haal kii pustak bhee haye. ack dutch snaatak chhaatr dwara ack bahut hii saavdhaanipoorvak adhyayan kiya jaataa haye, jisamen 14 pramukh europeeya samachar patron mein chunaavon (ell salvador, nikaragua) key liye us media pratikriya kaa adhyayan karane mein upayog kiye jaane vaale tarikon koo lagu kiya jaataa haye. ... dilchasp parinam. merrie pustak "loktantra koo rokane" key adhyaay 5 mein ack futnote mein thodi (kuchh anya logon key saath) charcha kii gaee, aggar aapke paas aisaa hotaa haye.
ack dashak seey adhik samay seey, ack british-adharit website media lens ney unake gharelu prasarakon aur udaar press kii jaanch kii haye. isaki aalochanaon koo "guardians off power" (2006) aur "newspeak inn dha dha centuary" (2009) pustakon mein dikhaaya gayaa haye.
adhyayanon ney chean key janvaadi ganarajya mein samachar media kii jaanch karane aur hollywood mein film nirmaan key liye prachaar model kaa bhee vistaar kiya haye.
"duniya kii khabar.
julaai 2011 mein, patrakaar paul messon, joe taba bee. bee. see. key liye kaam curr rahey they, ney bataaya kii samachar antarrashtriya phone hacking ghotale ney press aur raajnetaon key beach ghanishth sambandhon parr prakaash daala. haalaanki, unhone tark diyaa kii badey paimaane parr prasaarit samachar patra "duniya key samachar" kaa bund honah, joe ghotale key tootane key baad huaa thaa, kewal aanshik roop seey prachaar model key anuroop thaa. unhone soshal media kii bhoomika kii or dhyaan aakarshit karate hue kahaa kii "badey nigamon ney apane vigyapanon koo kheench liya" kyonki "soshal media pratikriya key paimaane" (ack pratikriya joe mukhya roop seey millie dowler key prati samachar patra key vyavhaar key saath thee, halanki rajmistri iss star mein naheen gayaa thaa).
messon ney phone-hacking key baare mein sach bataane key liye "abhibhaavak" kii prashansa kii, lekin akhbar kii vittiya vyavaharyata key baare mein sandeh vyakt kiya.
chomsky siddhant kaa ack hissa apavaad dwara siddh kiya gayaa haye. unhone kahaa kii sach bataane vaale samachar patra paise naheen kamaa sakate. "sanrakshak...vaastav mein paisa jall rhaa haye aur teen saal key samay mein yeh khatm hoe sakata haye.
aalochana.
"anty-chomsky reader.
american entreprise institute key ellie lehrer ney "anty-chomsky reader" mein siddhant kii aalochana kii. lehrer key anusaar, yeh tathya kii "dha newyork times" aur "dha wall street journal" jaise patron mein asahamati haye, iss baat kaa pramaan haye kii media ack akhand ikai naheen haye. lehrer kaa yeh bhee maanana haye kii media mein corporate purvagrah naheen hoe sakata kyonki yeh corporate bhrashtachar parr report kartaa haye aur usey ujagar kartaa haye. lehrer kaa kahana haye kii model dakshinpanthi jhoothi chetna kii ack markswadi avadharana key barabar haye.
herman aur chomsky ney kahaa haye kii media "ack thhos akhand naheen haye", lekin yeh inn sabhi hiton key "maulik parisar" koo chunauti dene vaale drishtikonon kii andekhi karate hue shaktishali hiton key beach bahas kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, viyatnam yuddh key dauran ranneeti koo laker media key beach asahamati thee, lekin yuddh kii vaidhata aur vaidhata key vyaapak mudde koo nazarandaj curr diyaa gayaa thaa ("dushman" deshon kii coverage dekhein). isake alawa, chomsky ney kahaa haye kii media bhrashtachar key khilaf haye, lekin way samaaj key kanuni roop seey corporate hiton koo sashakt banaane key khilaf naheen hain, joe model dwara bhavishyavani kiye jaane vaale shaktishali hiton kaa pratibimb haye. lekhakon ney yeh bhee kahaa haye kii model "janata parr media key prabhaavon" koo sambodhit karane kii koshish naheen kartaa haye joe janmat koo aakar dene mein aprabhaavi hoe sakata haye. edward herman ney kahaa haye kii "aalochak yeh samajhane mein whiffle rahey kii prachaar model media key kaam karane key tareeke key baare mein haye, naa kii way kitane prabhaavi hain.
"inroadsah ack raay kii patrika.
gareth morley ney "inroadsah aeye journal off opinion" mein ack lekh mein tark diyaa haye kii upa-sahaara africa mein samaan (yaa bahut kharaab) ghatnaaon key cumm coverage kii tulanaa mein pradarshankariyon key saath israel key durvyavahar key vyaapak coverage koo kharaab tareeke seey samajhaaya gayaa haye. yeh chomsky key iss daave key jawab mein thaa kii model kaa pareekshan karate samay, udaharanon koo raajneetik purvagrah seey sambandhit visangatiyon key karanon koo niyantrit karane key liye saavdhaanipoorvak jodaa jaanaa chaahiye. chomsky ney swayam pradarshankariyon key saath sarkari durvyavahar key udaharanon kaa hawala diyaa aur bataaya kii donon kshetron kii tulanaa mein samanya coverage samaan honey chaahiye, iss bindu koo uthaate hue kii way naheen hainh israel seey samachar (kissy bhee roop mein) upa-sahaara africa seey samacharon kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik aam haye. morley iss drishtikon koo sandigdh roop seey anubhavjanya maanate hain.
"dha newyork times" sameeksha.
dha newyork times" key liye likhate hue, itihaaskaar walter lefeber ney pustak "vinirmaan sahamati" kii aalochana kii, vishesh roop seey nikaragua parr reporting key sambandh mein aur yeh paryaapt roop seey naheen samajhaate hue kii kaise ack shaktishali prachaar pranali vidrohiyon koo sainya sahaayata koo avaruddh karane degi. herman ney ack patra mein yeh kahate hue jawab diyaa kii pranali "sabhi shaktishali" naheen thee aur lafaber ney nikaragua key sambandh mein apane mukhya bindu koo sambodhit naheen kiya. lafaber ney jawab diyaa kih
shree. herman ise donon tarikon seey rakhna chaahati haih yeh daavaa karna kii pramukh americi patrikaaen "pakshapaat koo jutaati hain" lekin jaba main pustak key shodh prabandh koo kamjor karane vaale mahatvapurna udaharanon kaa hawala detee huun tou apatti jataati hain. yadi samachar media itna ayogya roop seey kharaab haye, tou pustak koo cumm seey cumm yeh samajhaana chaahiye kii itane saare prakaashan (merey apane sahit) rashtrapati reegan kii kendriya americi neeti parr hamla karane key liye apani kahaaniyon kaa hawala kyon dey sakate hain.
chomsky ney "aavashyak bhram" mein lafaber key jawab kaa jawab diyaah
isake alawa, ack prachaar model iss khoj seey kamjor naheen hotaa haye kii saavdhaanipoorvak aur aalochanatmak padhane key saath, media mein aisee samagri kaa pataa lagaaya jaa sakata haye jiska upayog una logon dwara kiya jaa sakata haye jinhone siddhant key aadhar parr "rashtrapati reegan kii kendriya americi neeti" kaa virodh kiya thaa, naa kii isaki viphaltaon kaa balki isaki safaltaon kaa virodh kiya thaah nikaragua kaa vinash aur lokpriya taakton kaa dhundhlapan joe anya uplabdhiyon key saath-saath loktantra aur samajik sudhaar koo ell salvador mein laane key liye khatra thaa.

