
shale tail nishkarshan

shale tail nishkarshan aparamparaagat tail utpaadan key liye ack audyogik prakriya haye. yeh prakriya pyrolysis, hydrogenkaran yaa thermal vighatan dwara tail shale mein kerozen koo shale tail mein parivartit karati haye. parinami shale tail kaa upayog eendhan tail key roop mein kiya jaataa haye yaa hydrogen jodkar aur sulfur aur nitrogen ashuddhiyon koo hataakar refinery feedstock vinirdeshon koo puuraa karane key liye unnat kiya jaataa haye.
shale tail nishkarshan aamtaur parr tail shale kaa khanan karke aur phir ise prasanskaran suvidhaon mein upchaar karke jameen key oopar ("aiks seetu" prasanskaran) kiya jaataa haye. anya aadhunik praudyogikiyan garmi lagaakar aur tail key kuon key madhyam seey tail nikalkar bhoomigat (onn-site yaa "inn seetu" prasanskaran) prasanskaran karati hain.
iss prakriya kaa sabse pahala vivaran 10veen shatabdi kaa haye. 1684 mein, grate britten ney pahali aupchaarik nishkarshan prakriya patent pradaan kii. 19veen shatabdi key dauran nishkarshan udyog aur navachar vyaapak hoe gaye. 20veen shatabdi key madhya mein paaramparik tail key badey bhandar kii khoj key baad udyog sikud gayaa, lekin 21veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein uchch petroleum kimaton ney naee takneekon key vikas aur pareekshan key saath nae sire seey ruchi paida kii haye.
2010 taka, pramukh lambe samay seey chaley aaa rahey nishkarshan udyog astonia, brazil aur chean mein kaam curr rahey hain. isaki aarthik vyavaharyata key liye aamtaur parr sthaaniya roop seey upalabdh kachche tail kii kamee kii aavashyakta hoti haye. rashtriya oorjaa suraksha key muddon ney bhee isake vikas mein bhoomika nibhai haye. shale tail nishkarshan key aalochak paryaavaran prabandhan key muddon key baare mein sawal uthaate hain, jaise kii apashisht niptan, vyaapak jall upayog, apashisht jall prabandhan aur vayu pradooshan.
itihas.
10veen shatabdi mein, assyrian chikitsak masawah all-mardini (yuva messue) ney "kissy prakaar key bituminus shale" seey tail nikaalane mein apane prayogon key baare mein likhaa. pahala shale tail nishkarshan patent british taaj dwara 1684 mein teen logon koo diyaa gayaa thaa jinhone "ack prakaar key patthar seey badee matra mein pitch, tart aur oyal nikaalane aur banaane kaa ack tarika paaya thaa. shale tail key aadhunik audyogik nishkarshan kii utpatti france mein 1838 mein alekjendar sallig dwara aavishkaar kii gaee ack prakriya key karyanvayan key saath hui, ack dashak baad scotland mein james young dwara aavishkaar kii gaee ack prakriya kaa upayog karke sudhaar huaa. 19veen shatabdi key anta mein, australia, brazil, kanada aur sanyukt raajya america mein paudhon kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa thaa. pumperston retort kaa aavishkaar, joe apane poorvavartiyon kii tulanaa mein koyale kii garmi parr bahut cumm nirbhar thaa, ney tail shale udyog koo koyla udyog seey alag karane koo chihnit kiya.
chean (mantuaria), astonia, newzealand, dakshin africa, spen, sweeden aur switzerland ney 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein shale tail nikaalana shuru kiya. haalaanki, 1920 key dashak key dauran texas mein kachche tail kii khoj aur 20 veen shatabdi key madhya mein madhya poorv mein adhikansh tail shale udyogon koo roque diyaa gayaa. 1944 mein, america ney apane kritrim taral eendhan karyakram key hisse key roop mein shale tail nishkarshan koo phir seey shuru kiya. 1980 key dashak mein tail kii kimaton mein teji seey girawat aaney taka yeye udyog jaari rahey. america mein antim tail shale retort, joe unocal corporation dwara sanchaalit thaa, 1991 mein bund hoe gayaa. us karyakram 2003 mein phir seey shuru kiya gayaa thaa, jisake baad 2005 mein ack vaanijyik patta karyakram dwara 2005 key oorjaa neeti adhiniyam key anusaar sanghiya bhoomi parr tail shale aur tail rait key nishkarshan kii anumati dee gaee thee.
estonia, brazil aur chean mein shale tail nishkarshan kaary mein haye. 2008 mein, unake udyogon ney lagbhag 930,000 tunn (17,700 bairal prati dinn) shale tail kaa utpaadan kiya. australia, america aur kanada ney pradarshan pariyojanaon key madhyam seey shale tail nishkarshan takneekon kaa pareekshan kiya haye aur vaanijyik karyanvayan kii yojana banaa rahey hain; morakko aur jorden ney bhee aisaa karane key apane iraade kii ghoshana kii haye. kewal chaar prakriyaaen vaanijyik upayog mein hainh kiviter, gallotter, fushion aur petrosics.
prasanskaran siddhant.
shale tail nishkarshan prakriya tail shale koo vighatit karati haye aur isake kerozen koo shale tail mein parivartit karati haye-ack petroleum jaise kritrim kachche tail. prakriya pyrolysis, hydrogenkaran yaa thermal vighatan dwara sanchaalit kii jaati haye. nishkarshan prakriyaon kii dakshata kaa mulyankan aksar shale key namoone parr kiye gaye fisher parakh key parinamon seey unaki paidawar kii tulanaa karke kiya jaataa haye.
sabse purani aur sabse aam nishkarshan vidhi mein pyrolysis (jise "retorting" yaa vinashkari aasavan key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) shamil haye. iss prakriya mein, tail kii shale koo oxygen kii anupasthiti mein taba taka germ kiya jaataa haye jaba taka kii iska kerozen sanghananiya shale tail vaashp aur gair-sanghananiya dahansheel tail shale gais mein vighatit naheen hoe jaataa haye. tail vaashp aur tail shale gais koo phir ekatra kiya jaataa haye aur thandaa kiya jaataa haye, jisase shale tail sanghanit hoe jaataa haye. isake alawa, tail shale prasanskaran seey kharch kiye gaye tail shale kaa utpaadan hotaa haye, joe ack thhos avashesh haye. kharch kiye gaye shale mein acarbonic yaugik (khanij) aur chaar hotey hain-ack karbanyukt avashesh joe kerozen seey banata haye. kharch kiye gaye shale seey chaar koo jalaane seey tail shale aish paida hoti haye. kharch kii gaee shale aur shale aish kaa upayog cement yaa eent nirmaan mein samagri key roop mein kiya jaa sakata haye. tail kii dhaal kii sanrachana amonia, sulfur, sugandhit yaugikon, pitch, damar aur mome sahit upa-utpaadon kii vasuli key madhyam seey nishkarshan prakriya koo atirikt moolya dey sakati haye.
tail key shale koo pyrolysis tapman taka germ karane aur endothermic kerozen apghatan pratikriyaon koo puuraa karane key liye oorjaa key srot kii aavashyakta hoti haye. kuchh praudyogikiyaan iss garmi koo utpann karane key liye anya jeevaashm eendhan jaise praakritik gais, tail yaa koyale koo jalaati hain aur prayogaatmak tarikon ney iss uddeshya key liye bijli, radio tarangon, microwave yaa pratikriyaasheel taral padarthon kaa upayog kiya haye. baahari ooshmaa oorjaa aavashyaktaon koo cumm karane aur yahaan taka kii samaapt karane key liye dou ranneetiyon kaa upayog kiya jaataa haih pyrolysis dwara utpann tail shale gais aur chaar upa-utpaadon koo oorjaa key srot key roop mein jalaaya jaa sakata haye, aur germ kharch kiye gaye tail shale aur tail shale aish mein nihit garmi kaa upayog kachche tail shale koo pahale seey germ karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
aiks seetu" prasanskaran key liye, tail key shale koo chhote tukadon mein kuchal diyaa jaataa haye, behtar nishkarshan key liye satah kshetra koo badhaaya jaataa haye. jiss tapman parr tail key mull kaa apghatan hotaa haye, vaha prakriya key samay-paimaane parr nirbhar kartaa haye. poorv sthiti" pratyaavartan prakriyaon mein, yeh adhik teji seey aur poori tarah seey uchch tapman parr shuru hotaa haye aur aage badhata haye. jaba tapman donon key beach hotaa haye tou utpaadit tail kii matra sabse adhik hoti haye. tail shale gais aur shale tail kaa anupaat aamtaur parr prativarti tapman key saath badhata haye. ack aadhunik "inn seetu" prakriya key liye, jisamen kaee maheene taka germ honey mein lugg sakate hain, apghatan koo cumm tapman parr kiya jaa sakata haye. neeche kaa tapman behtar haye, kyonki yeh chattan mein choona patthar aur dolomite key apghatan koo rokta haye aur iss tarah carbon dioxide utsarjan aur oorjaa khapat koo seemit kartaa haye.
hydrogenkaran aur taapiya vighatan (pratikriyaasheel drav prakriya) hydrogen daataon, vilayakon yaa inke sanyojan kaa upayog karke tail nikaalate hain. ushmiya vighatan mein oonche tapman aur dabaav parr vilayakon kaa upayog shamil haye, joe ghulansheel carbonic padaarth koo daraar curr tail utpaadan koo badhaata haye. vibhinn vidhiyon seey vibhinn gunon key saath shale tail kaa utpaadan hotaa haye.
nishkarshan praudyogikiyon kaa vargeekaran.
udyog vishleshakon ney tail shale seey shale tail nikaalane key liye upayog kii jaane vaali takneekon key kaee vargeekaran banaae hain.
"prakriya siddhanton dwara": garmi aur vilayakon dwara kachche tail key shale key upchaar key aadhar parr vidhiyon koo pyrolysis, hydrogen yaa thermal vighatan key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye.
"sthaan key anusaar": ack baar-baar upayog kiya jaane vaalaa antar yeh maanata haye kii kyaa prasanskaran jameen key oopar yaa neeche kiya jaataa haye, aur praudyogikiyon koo motey taur parr "aiks seetu" (visthaapit) yaa "inn seetu" (sthaan mein) key roop mein vargeekrit kartaa haye. aiks seetu" prasanskaran mein, jise jameen key oopar kii prativart key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, tail kii dhaal koo yaa tou bhoomigat yaa satah parr khanan kiya jaataa haye aur phir ack prasanskaran suvidha mein leey jaaya jaataa haye. isake vipareet, "inn seetu" prasanskaran kerozen koo parivartit kartaa haye jabaki yeh abhee bhee ack tail shale jamaa key roop mein haye, jisake baad ise tail key kuon key madhyam seey nikala jaataa haye, jahaan yeh paaramparik kachche tail key samaan hii badhata haye. aiks seetu" prasanskaran key vipareet, isamen khanan yaa jameen key oopar tail shale niptan shamil naheen haye kyonki kharch kiya gayaa tail shale bhoomigat rahata haye.
"taap vidhi dwara": dahan utpaadon seey tail key shale mein garmi sthanantarit karane kii vidhi koo pratyaksh yaa apratyaksh roop seey vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye. jabaki dahan utpaadon koo pratikshep key bheetar tail key shale seey sampark karane kii anumati dene vaale tarikon koo "pratyaksh" key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye, joe tareeke tail key shale seey sampark karane vaali anya samagri koo germ karane key liye pratyaavartan key liye baahari samagri koo jalaate hain, unhein "apratyaksh" key roop mein varnit kiya jaataa haye."
"ooshmaa vaahak dwara": tail key shale koo ooshmaa oorjaa dene key liye upayog kii jaane vaali samagri key aadhar parr, prasanskaran praudyogikiyon koo gais ooshmaa vaahak, thhos ooshmaa vaahak, deewaar chaalan, pratikriyaasheel drav aur aayatan taap vidhiyon mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye. ooshmaa vaahak vidhiyon koo pratyaksh yaa apratyaksh roop seey upa-vargeekrit kiya jaa sakata haye.
nimnalikhit talika taap vidhi, taap vaahak aur sthaan ("inn seetu" yaa "aiks seetu") dwara vargeekrit nishkarshan praudyogikiyon koo darshaati haye.
"kachche tail key shale kann key aakar dwara": vibhinn "poorv sthiti" prasanskaran praudyogikiyon koo tail shale kanon key aakar seey alag kiya jaa sakata haye joe prativart mein diye jaate hain. ack niyam key roop mein, gais ooshmaa vaahak praudyogikiyan tail key shale gaanthon koo vyaas mein bhinn roop seey sansaadhit karati hain, jabaki thhos ooshmaa vaahak aur deewaar chaalan praudyogikiyan maheen koo sansaadhit karati hain joe vyaas seey cumm kann hotey hain.
"prativartan abhivinyas dwara": "poorv-sthaan" praudyogikiyon koo kabhi-kabhi urdhvaadhar yaa kshaitij key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye. urdhvaadhar pratyaavartak aamtaur parr shaft bhattiyan hoti hain jahan ack shail kaa bistar gurutvaakarshan dwara oopar seey neeche kii or jaataa haye. kshaitij pratyaavartan aamtaur parr kshaitij ghoornan drum yaa shikanja hotey hain jahan shale ack chhor seey dusare chhor taka jaataa haye. ack samanya niyam key roop mein, urdhvaadhar prativart ack gais ooshmaa vaahak kaa upayog karke gaanthon koo sansaadhit kartaa haye, jabaki kshaitij prativart thhos ooshmaa vaahak kaa upayog karke maheen prakriya kartaa haye.
"praudyogiki kii jatilata dwara": "inn seetu" praudyogikiyon koo aamtaur parr yaa tou "sahee sthiti mein" prakriyaon yaa "sanshodhit sthiti mein" prakriyaon key roop mein vargeekrit kiya jaataa haye. "sahee sthiti mein" prakriyaon mein khanan yaa tail key shale koo kuchalana shamil naheen haye. "sanshodhit sthiti" prakriyaon mein nivesh mein rikt sthaan banaane key liye lakshit tail shale jamaa koo khodna aur todana shamil haye. rikt sthaan jamaa key madhyam seey gasses aur taral padarthon key behtar pravaah koo saksham banaate hain, jisase utpaadit shale tail kii matra aur gunavatta mein vriddhi hoti haye.
"aiks seetu" praudyogikiyaan.
aantarik dahan.
aantarik dahan praudyogikiyaan pyrolysis key liye garmi kii aapoorti karane key liye ack urdhvaadhar shaft retort key bheetar samagri (aamtaur parr chaar aur tail shale gais) koo jalaati hain. aam taur parr kachche tail key shale kanon koo aakar key beach aur aakar key beach retort key sheersh mein daala jaataa haye aur badhati germ gasses dwara germ kiya jaataa haye, joe utarate tail shale seey gujarati hain, jisase lagbhag lagbhag kerozen kaa apghatan hotaa haye. shale tail kii dhundh, vikasit gasses aur thhandi dahan gasses koo retort key sheersh seey hataa diyaa jaataa haye aur phir alag karane vaale upkaran mein sthanantarit curr diyaa jaataa haye. sanghanit shale tail ekatra kiya jaataa haye, jabaki gair-sanghananiya gais kaa punarnaveenikaran kiya jaataa haye aur iska upayog garmi koo oopar leey jaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. pratikshep key nichale bhaag mein, dahan key liye havaa koo inject kiya jaataa haye joe kharch kiye gaye tail key shale aur gasses koo aur key beach germ kartaa haye. shaile aish koo thandaa karane key liye thhandi punarnaveenikaran gais retort key neeche pravesh curr sakati haye. sangh aeye aur behtar pratyaksh prakriyaaen iss pattern seey alag hoe jaati hain. sangh mein ack prakriya mein, tail kii dhaal koo pratikshep key neeche seey khilaaya jaataa haye aur ack pump ise oopar kii or leey jaataa haye. behtar pratyaksh prakriya mein, tail key shale koo ack kshaitij, khandit, donut key aakar key yatra-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr-darr
paraho direct jaisi aantarik dahan praudyogikiyan ushmiya roop seey kushal hain, kyonki kharch kiye gaye shale parr charr kaa dahan aur shale aish seey baramad garmi aur vikasit gaisen retort kii sabhi garmi aavashyaktaon koo pradaan curr sakati hain. yeye praudyogikiyaan fisher parakh upaj kaa 80-90% praapt curr sakati hain. dou achchi tarah seey sthaapit shale tail udyog aantarik dahan praudyogikiyon kaa upayog karate hainh 1920 key dashak seey estonia mein kiviter prakriya suvidhaaen lagaatar sanchaalit kii jaa rahee hain, aur kaee cheeni companiyan fusion prakriya suvidhaon kaa sanchaalan karati hain.
aantarik dahan praudyogikiyon kii aam kamiyaan yeh hain kii dahansheel tail shale gais dahan gasses dwara kamjor hoe jaati haye aur usase chhote kanon koo sansaadhit naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. pratikshep mein gais key asman vitaran key parinamswarup baadhaaen hoe sakati hain jaba germ dhabbe kanon koo fuse yaa vighatit curr dete hain.
germ punarnaveenikaran thhos padaarth.
germ punarnaveenikaran thhos praudyogikiyan germ thhos kanon-aamtaur parr tail shale aish-key punarchakran dwara tail shale koo garmi pradaan karati hain. yeye praudyogikiyaan aamtaur parr ghoornan bhatte yaa taral bistar pratyaavartan koo niyojit karati hain, joe aam taur parr cumm vyaas vaale maheen tail shale kanon dwara poshit hoti hain; kuchh praudyogikiyan usase bhee chhote kanon kaa upayog karati hain. punarnaveenikaran kiye gaye kanon koo ack alag kaksh yaa paatr mein lagbhag germ kiya jaataa haye aur phir kachche tail key shale key saath milaaya jaataa haye taaki shale lagbhag vighatit hoe jaae. tail vaashp aur shale tail gais koo thhos padarthon seey alag kiya jaataa haye aur tail koo sanghanit karane aur ikattha karane key liye thandaa kiya jaataa haye. dahan gasses aur shale aish seey baramad garmi kaa upayog kachche tail key shale koo germ punarchakran thhos padarthon key saath milaane seey pahale sukhaane aur pahale seey germ karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye.
gallotter aur enfit prakriyaon mein, kharch kiye gaye tail key shale koo ack alag bhatti mein jalaaya jaataa haye aur parinamswarup germ raakh koo dahan gais seey alag kiya jaataa haye aur ack ghoornan bhatte mein tail key shale kanon key saath milaaya jaataa haye. bhatti seey nikalane vaali dahan gasses kaa upayog germ raakh key saath milaane seey pahale tail key shale koo sukhaane key liye ack dryer mein kiya jaataa haye. tosco II prakriya germ punarnaveenikaran thhos padarthon key roop mein shale aish key bajaay syremic gendon kaa upayog karati haye. alberta tassiuk prakriya (aeye. tii. pee.) kii vishisht visheshta yeh haye kii poori prakriya ack ghoornan bahu-kaksh kshaitij pott mein hoti haye.
kyonki germ punarchakran thhos padarthon koo ack alag bhatti mein germ kiya jaataa haye, inn takneekon seey tail shale gais dahan nikas gais key saath kamjor naheen hoti haye. ack anya laabh yeh haye kii sabse chhote kanon kii koee seema naheen haye jinhen retort sansaadhit curr sakata haye, iss prakaar sabhi kuchale hue feed kaa upayog karane kii anumati detaa haye. ack nuksan yeh haye kii parinami maheen shale aish koo sambhaalane key liye adhik paani kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye.
ack deewaar key madhyam seey chaalan.
yeye praudyogikiyaan prativarti deewaar key madhyam seey sanchaalan karke tail kii dhaal mein garmi sthanantarit karati hain. shale feed mein aamtaur parr maheen kann hotey hain. unakaa laabh iss tathya mein nihit haye kii vaashpon koo dahan nikas key saath sanyukt naheen kiya jaataa haye. dahan sansaadhan prakriya hydrogen seey chalane vaale ghoornan bhatte kaa upayog karati haye, jahan germ gais koo ack baahari valay key madhyam seey prasaarit kiya jaataa haye. tail-takneek dwara vidyut roop seey germ kiye gaye pratikshep mein ack dusare key oopar dher kiye gaye vyaktigat antar-judey taap kaksh hotey hain. iska pramukh laabh isake modular design mein nihit haye, joe isaki suvaahyata aur anukoolan kshamata koo badhaata haye. laal patti sansaadhan ecoshell inn-capsule prakriya ack mitty kii sanrachana key dayare mein kaam karke "inn seetu" prakriyaon key samaan cumm tapman vaale heating vidhi key saath satah khanan koo jodati haye. samanantar pipes key madhyam seey prasaarit ack germ gais tail key malabe koo germ karati haye. khanan dwara banaai gaee khaali jagah key bheetar ack sthaapana sthalaakriti key teji seey sudhaar kii anumati degi.
deewaar praudyogikiyon key madhyam seey chaalan kii ack samanya kamee yeh haye kii uchch tapman vaale mishra dhatuon seey bunny badee matra mein garmi sanchaalit divaaron key parinamswarup maapane parr paltaav adhik mahange hotey hain.
baahari roop seey utpann germ gais.
samanya taur parr, baahari roop seey utpann germ gais praudyogikiyan aantarik dahan praudyogikiyon key samaan hoti hain, jisamen way urdhvaadhar shaft bhatton mein tail shale gaanthon koo bhee sansaadhit karati hain. halanki, inn praudyogikiyon mein garmi koo prativarti pott key baahar germ gasses dwara vitarit kiya jaataa haye, aur isaliye prativarti vaashp dahan nikas key saath kamjor naheen hotey hain. petrosics aur paraho apratyaksh roop seey iss takneek kaa upayog karate hain. maheen kanon koo feed key roop mein sweekaar naheen karane key alawa, yeye praudyogikiyan kharch kiye gaye shale parr charr koo jalaane kii sambhaavit garmi kaa upayog naheen karati hain aur iss prakaar adhik moolyavaan eendhan jalaana chaahiye. haalaanki, kharch kiye gaye shale key dahan kii kamee key kaaran, tail shale adhik naheen hotaa haye aur kuchh tail shale key liye mahatvapurna carbonate khanij apghatan aur baad mein CO2 utpaadan seey bachaa jaa sakata haye. saath hii, yeye praudyogikiyan aantarik dahan yaa germ thhos punarchakran praudyogikiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik sthir aur niyantrit karane mein aasaan hoti hain.
pratikriyaasheel taral padaarth.
kerozen shale seey kaskar bandha hotaa haye aur adhikansh vilayakon dwara vighatan kaa pratirodh kartaa haye. iss baadha key bavjood, vishesh roop seey pratikriyaasheel taral padarthon kaa upayog karke nishkarshan kaa pareekshan kiya gayaa haye, jisamen ack atee-mahatvapurna sthiti mein bhee shamil hain. pratikriyaasheel drav praudyogikiyaan cumm hydrogen samagri vaale tail key shelz koo sansaadhit karane key liye upayukt hain. inn praudyogikiyon mein, hydrogen gais (aich2) yaa hydrogen daataa (rasayan joe rasayanik pratikriyaon key dauran hydrogen daan karate hain) cock agraduton (tail shale mein rasayanik sanrachanaaen joe prativartan key dauran chaar banaane key liye pravan hoti hain lekin abhee taka aisaa naheen kiya haye) key saath pratikriya karate hain. pratikriyaasheel drav praudyogikiyon mein aaee. jee. tii. hightort (uchch dabaav aich2) prakriya, daataa vilaayak prakriyaaen aur chattanoga dravit bedd reactor shamil hain. aaee. jee. tii. hightort tail shale mein uchch dabaav vaale hydrogen vatavaran mein sansaadhit kiya jaataa haye. chattanoga prakriya tail shale thermal daraar aur hydrogenkaran key liye ack taral bistar reactor aur ack sambaddh hydrogen-chaalit heater kaa upayog karati haye. prayogshala key parinam ingit karate hain kii yeye praudyogikiyan aksar pyrolysis prakriyaon kii tulanaa mein kaafee adhik tail kii paidawar praapt curr sakati hain. kamiyaan hydrogen utpaadan kii atirikt laagat aur jatilata aur uchch dabaav vaale punarbharan jahaajon kii hain.
plasma gaisikaran.
plasma praudyogikiyon kaa upayog karke tail-shale gaisikaran key liye kaee prayogaatmak pareekshan kiye gaye hain. inn praudyogikiyon mein, tail shale parr radical (aayan) dwara bambari kii jaati haye. radical crack kerozen anuon seey synthetic gais aur tail banaate hain. havaa, hydrogen yaa nitrogen kaa upayog plasma gais key roop mein kiya jaataa haye aur prakriyaaen chaap, plasma chaap yaa plasma electrolysis mode mein kaam curr sakati hain. inn praudyogikiyon kaa mukhya laabh paani kaa upayog kiye binaa prasanskaran haye.
"inn seetu" takneeken.
"inn seetu" praudyogikiyaan chattan key nirmaan mein germ taral padaarth kaa injection lagaakar yaa raikhik yaa samtal taap sroton kaa upayog karke, yaa thermal chaalan aur samvahan key baad lakshya kshetra key madhyam seey garmi vitarit karane key liye tail koo bhoomigat roop seey germ karati hain. isake baad shaile tail koo urdhvaadhar kuon key madhyam seey punarpraapt kiya jaataa haye. yeye praudyogikiyan sambhaavit roop seey paaramparik "poorv sthiti" prasanskaran praudyogikiyon kii tulanaa mein bhoomi key diye gaye kshetra seey adhik shale tail nikaalane mein saksham hain, kyonki kuein satah kii khadanon kii tulanaa mein adhik gaharaai taka pahunch sakate hain. way nimn-shreni key bhandaron seey shale tail koo punarpraapt karane kaa avsar prastut karate hain joe paaramparik khanan takneekon seey naheen nikala jaa sakata thaa.
johnn ney 1921 key dauran australia mein neuness mein "inn seetu" nishkarshan key saath kuchh safalata key saath prayog kiya, lekin unaki mahatvakankshaen usa samay upalabdh praudyogikiyon seey kaafee aage theen.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran germany mein mahatvapurna safalata key binaa ack sanshodhit "inn seetu" nishkarshan prakriya koo lagu kiya gayaa thaa. sabse shuruati safal "inn seetu" prakriyaon mein seey ack vidyut oorjaa (lungstrom vidhi) dwara bhoomigat gaisikaran thaa-sweeden mein quarntorp mein shale tail nishkarshan key liye 1940 aur 1966 key beach ack prakriya kaa upayog kiya gayaa thaa. 1980 key dashak seey pahale, sanyukt raajya america mein "inn seetu" prakriya key kaee badlaavon kaa pataa lagaaya gayaa thaa. sanyukt raajya america mein pahala sanshodhit "inn seetu" tail shale prayog 1972 mein oxidantal petroleum dwara logain wash, colorado mein kiya gayaa thaa. naee takneekon kaa pataa lagaaya jaa rhaa haye joe vibhinn prakaar key ooshmaa sroton aur ooshmaa vitaran pranaliyon kaa upayog karati hain.
deewaar chaalan.
deewaar chaalan "inn seetu" praudyogikiyaan tail shale gathan key bheetar rakhe gaye heating tatvon yaa heating pipe kaa upayog karati hain. sthit sthaan parivartan prakriya (shale icp) mein shale lagbhag chaar saal kii avadhi key beach tail shale parat koo germ karane key liye vidyut taap tatvon kaa upayog kartaa haye. prasanskaran kshetra koo aspas key bhujal seey ack freeze deewaar dwara alag kiya jaataa haye jisamen ack parisanchari super-colled taral padaarth seey bharey kuon hotey hain. iss prakriya key nuksan vidyut kii badee khapat, vyaapak jall upayog aur bhujal pradooshan kaa jokhim hain. iss prakriya kaa pareekshan 1980 key dashak kii shuruat seey pissence besin mein mahogani pareekshan sthal parr kiya gayaa thaa. 2004 mein ack pareekshan kshetra seey tail nikala gayaa thaa.
americi shale tail dwara prastaavit see. see. aar. prakriya mein, atyadhik germ bhaap yaa anya garmi hastaantaran madhyam koo tail shale parat key neeche rakhe gaye pipes kii ack shrinkhala key madhyam seey prasaarit kiya jaataa haye. pranali kshaitij kuon koo jodati haye, jinake madhyam seey bhaap gujarati haye, aur urdhvaadhar kuein, joe parivartit shale tail key refluxing key madhyam seey urdhvaadhar garmi hastaantaran aur utpaadit hydrocarbon koo ekatra karane kaa ack saadhan pradaan karate hain. praarambhik charan mein praakritik gais yaa propen key dahan aur baad key charan mein tail shale gais dwara garmi kii aapoorti kii jaati haye.
swatantra oorjaa bhagidaron dwara prastaavit bhoo-taapiya eendhan koshika prakriya (aaee. ee. pee. jee. aff. see.) eendhan koshikaon key uchch tapman vaale dher kaa dohan karke shale tail nikaalati haye. tail shale key nirmaan mein rakhee gaee koshikaon koo germ karane kii avadhi key dauran praakritik gais dwara aur baad mein apani apashisht garmi seey utpann tail shale gais dwara eendhan diyaa jaataa haye.
baahari roop seey utpann germ gais.
baahari roop seey utpann germ gais "inn seetu" praudyogikiyan germ gasses kaa upayog karati hain jinhen jameen key oopar germ kiya jaataa haye aur phir tail key shale key gathan mein inject kiya jaataa haye. chevron crush prakriya, jiska shodh chevron nigam dwara loss alamos rashtriya prayogshala key saath saajhedaari mein kiya gayaa thaa, drill kiye gaye kuon key madhyam seey gathan mein germ carbon dioxide kaa injection lagaati haye aur kshaitij fracture kii ack shrinkhala key madhyam seey gathan koo germ karati haye jisake madhyam seey gais prasaarit hoti haye. general synfuels international ney tail shale gathan mein super-heated havaa key injection seey judee sarvavyaapi prakriya kaa prastaav rakhaa haye. parvatiya paschim oorjaa kii sthiti vaashp nishkarshan prakriya uchch tapman vaali gais key injection key samaan siddhanton kaa upayog karati haye.
exonmobil electrophrac.
exonmobil kii "inn seetu" takneek (exonmobil electrophrac) deewaar chaalan aur aayatan taap donon vidhiyon key tatvon key saath vidyut taap kaa upayog karati haye. yeh tail key shale key gathan mein baney hydrolic fracture mein calcin petroleum cock jaisi vidyut pravaahakiya samagri koo inject kartaa haye joe phir ack heating tatva banaata haye. heating kuon koo ack samanantar pankti mein rakhaa jaataa haye aur ack doosara kshaitij kuaan unhein unake pair kii anguli parr kaatata haye. yeh donon chhoron parr vidyut aaveshon kaa virodh karane kii anumati detaa haye.
aayatan taap.
ilinois praudyogiki sansthaan ney 1970 key dashak key anta mein radio tarangon (radio aavritti prasanskaran) kaa upayog karke tail shale volumetric heating kii avadharana vikasit kii. iss takneek koo laurence livermore rashtriya prayogshala dwara aage vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. tail kii dhaal koo urdhvaadhar electrode sarani dwara germ kiya jaataa haye. dasiyon meater key antaral parr sthaapit kiye gaye upkaranon dwara gahari matra koo dheemi taap darr parr sansaadhit kiya jaa sakata haye. avadharana ack radio aavritti koo maanati haye jiss parr twacha kii gaharaai kaee dasiyon meater haye, jisase pravaahakiya taap key liye aavashyak taapiya prasaar samay parr kaaboo paaya jaa sakata haye. isaki kamiyon mein gahan vidyut maang aur yeh sambhavana shamil haye kii bhujal yaa chaar oorjaa kii anuchit matra koo avashoshit curr legaa. radio aavritti prasanskaran koo mahatvapurna taral padarthon key sanyojan mein raytheon dwara see. aff. praudyogikiyon key saath vikasit kiya jaa rhaa haye aur schlumberger dwara pareekshan kiya jaa rhaa haye.
microwave heating takneeken radio tarang heating key samaan siddhanton parr adharit hain, halanki yeh maanaa jaataa haye kii radio tarang heating microwave heating parr ack sudhaar haye kyonki isaki oorjaa tail shale gathan mein door taka pravesh curr sakati haye. microwave heating prakriya kaa pareekshan vaishvik sansaadhan nigam dwara kiya gayaa thaa. vidyut-petroleum satah parr yaa anya kuon mein gaharaai parr sthit kuon aur anode key utpaadan mein cathode key beach pratyaksh pravaah key maarg dwara vidyut roop seey unnat tail punarpraapti kaa prastaav kartaa haye. tail shale key nirmaan key madhyam seey dhaara key maarg key parinamswarup pratirodhi jool heating hoti haye.
tila kaa tail.
kachche shale tail key guna mool tail shale kii sanrachana aur upayog kii jaane vaali nishkarshan takneek key aadhar parr bhinn hotey hain. paaramparik tail kii tarah, shale tail hydrocarbon kaa ack jatil mishran haye, aur yeh tail key thoke gunon kaa upayog karke visheshta haye. shale tail mein aamtaur parr badee matra mein olephanic aur sugandhit hydrocarbon hotey hain. shale tail mein bhee badee matra mein heteroatum hoe sakate hain. ack vishisht shale tail sanrachana mein oxygen kaa 0.5-1%, nitrogen kaa 1.5-2% aur sulfur kaa 0.15-1% shamil haye, aur kuchh jamaon mein adhik vishamdravya hotey hain. khanij kann aur dhaatuen bhee aksar maujood hoti hain. aam taur parr, tail kachche tail kii tulanaa mein cumm taral hotaa haye, joe beach key tapman parr saksham hoe jaataa haye, jabaki paaramparik kachcha tail beach key tapman parr saksham hotaa haye; yeh sampatti maujooda pipelines mein shale tail kii parivahan kshamata koo prabhaavit karati haye.
shale tail mein polycyclic sugandhit hydrocarbon hotey hain joe carcinogenic hotey hain. yeh varnit kiya gayaa haye kii kachche shale tail mein ack halki carcinogenic kshamata hoti haye joe kuchh madhyavarti refinery utpaadon key saath tulaniya haye, jabaki unnat shale tail mein cumm carcinogenic kshamata hoti haye kyonki maanaa jaataa haye kii adhikansh polycyclic sugandh hydrogen dwara toot jaati haye.
halanki kachche shale tail koo eendhan tail key roop mein turant jalaaya jaa sakata haye, isake kaee anuprayogon key liye ise unnat karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye. kachche telon key vibhinn gunon key liye paaramparik tail refinery mein bheje jaane seey pahale vibhinn poorv-upchaaron kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
kachche tail mein jamaa honey vaale kann, sulfur aur nitrogen, vayu pradooshan paida karate hain. sulfur aur nitrogen, arsenic aur lohe key saath joe maujood hoe sakate hain, shodhan mein upayog kiye jaane vaale utprerak koo bhee nasht curr dete hain. olephine aghulansheel talchhat banaate hain aur asthirta paida karate hain. kachche tail kii tulanaa mein uchch star parr maujood tail key bheetar oxygen, vinashkari mukt kanon key gathan key liye khud koo udhaar detee haye. hydrodesulfurization aur hydrodenitrogenation inn samasyaon koo door curr sakate hain aur isake parinamswarup benchmark kachche tail key barabar utpaad hoe sakata haye. phenol koo pahale paani nikalkar hataaya jaa sakata haye. parivahan eendhan mein shale tail koo unnat karane key liye hydrogen (hydrocracking) jodkar yaa carbon (coking) koo hataakar hydrogen-carbon anupaat koo samaayojit karane kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh seey pahale, adhikansh shale tail koo parivahan eendhan key roop mein upayog key liye unnat kiya gayaa thaa. baad mein, iska upayog rasayanik madhyavarti, shuddh rasayanon aur audyogik regin key liye kachche maal key roop mein aur ack railroad lakadi sanrakshak key roop mein kiya gayaa thaa. 2008 taka, iska upayog mukhya roop seey germ karane vaale tail aur samudri eendhan key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, aur kuchh hudd taka vibhinn rasayanon key utpaadan mein bhee.
uchch-kwathnank yaugikon kii shale tail kii sandrata mitty key tail, jett eendhan aur deejal eendhan jaise madhya aasavan key utpaadan key liye upayukt haye. atirikt daraaren gasoline mein upayog kiye jaane vaale halke hydrocarbon banaa sakati hain.
arthshastra.
shale tail utpaadan key liye pramukh sawal yeh haye kii shale tail kinn paristhitiyon mein aarthik roop seey vyavharya haye. sanyukt raajya oorjaa vibhaag key anusaar, ack "aiks-seetu" prasanskaran parisar kii poonji laagat $3-10 billion haye. tail shale bhandar vikasit karane key vibhinn prayaas tabhi safal hue jaba kissy diye gaye kshetra mein shale-tail utpaadan laagat petroleum yaa usake anya vikalp kii keemat seey cumm hoe. raind nigam dwara kiye gaye ack sarvekshan key anusaar, sanyukt raajya mein ack kaalpanik satah prativartak parisar mein shale tail key utpaadan kii laagat (jisamen ack khadaan, prativartak sanyantra, sanyantra kaa unnayan, sahayak upayogitaaen aur tail shale punarpraapti kharch shamil hain), 2005 key moolyon key anusaar samaayojit $70-95 prati bairal ($440-600 m3) kii seema mein hogi. vaanijyik utpaadan kii shuruat key baad utpaadan mein kramik vriddhi koo maanate hue, vishleshan key lakshya koo praapt karane key baad prasanskaran laagat mein dheere-dheere kamee $30-40 prati bairal ($190-250 m3) taka aaney kii yojana haye. sanyukt raajya america key oorjaa vibhaag kaa anuman haye kii "aiks-seetu" prasanskaran 54 dollar prati bairal seey adhik kii nirantar ausat vishva tail kimaton parr aarthik hoga aur "inn-seetu" prasanskaran 35 dollar prati bairal seey adhik kii kimaton parr aarthik hoga. yeye anuman 15 pratishat kii vaapsee darr maanate hain. royal dutch shale ney 2006 mein ghoshana kii kii isaki shale icp takneek koo laabh kaa ehsas hoga jaba kachche tail kii keematen 30 dollar prati bairal (190 dollar/aim3) seey adhik hongi, jabaki poorna paimaane parr utpaadan parr kuchh praudyogikiyan tail kii kimaton parr laabhpradata kaa daavaa karati hain, joe 20 dollar prati bairal (130 dollar/aim3) seey bhee cumm haye.
tail shale prativartak kii dakshata badhaane key liye aur isake dwara shale tail utpaadan kii vyavaharyata koo badhaane key liye, shodhkartaon ney kaee saha-pyrolysis prakriyaon kaa prastaav aur pareekshan kiya haye, jisamen biomass, peat, apashisht bitumen, yaa rubber aur plastic kachare jaisi anya samagriyon koo tail shale key saath prativartit kiya jaataa haye. kuchh sanshodhit praudyogikiyan pyrolysis (chaar aur tail shale gais) key upa-utpaadon koo jalaane key liye ack parisanchari taral bistar bhatti key saath ack taral bistar retort koo sanyojit karane kaa prastaav karati hain aur iss tarah tail kii upaj mein sudhaar hotaa haye, utpaadan mein vriddhi hoti haye, aur samay koo cumm kartaa haye.
shale tail nishkarshan key arthshastra mein sudhaar key anya tareeke paimaane kii arthvyavasthaon koo praapt karane key liye sanchaalan key aakar koo badhaana, fyushun chaina jaise koyla khanan key upa-utpaad tail shale kaa upayog karna, astronia mein veeru keemiya group key roop mein vishesh rasayanon kaa utpaadan karna, apashisht garmi seey bijli kaa saha-utpaadan karna aur uchch shreni key tail shale koo sansaadhit karna hoe sakata haye joe prati shale adhik tail detaa haye.
ack oorjaa srot key roop mein tail shale kii vyavaharyata kaa ack sambhaavit upaay nikaale gaye tail mein oorjaa key anupaat mein isake khanan aur prasanskaran mein upayog kii jaane vaali oorjaa (niveshit oorjaa, yaa iroi parr lauti oorjaa) mein nihit haye. 1984 key ack adhyayan ney vibhinn gyaat tail shale bhandaron key ksharan kaa anuman 0.7 aur 13.3 key beach alag-alag key roop mein lagaaya; kuchh companiyan aur naee praudyogikiyan 3 aur 10 key beach ack ksharan kaa daavaa karati hain. vishva oorjaa drishtikon 2010 key anusaar, "aiks-seetu" prasanskaran kaa ksharan aam taur parr 4 seey 5 hotaa haye jabaki "inn-seetu" prasanskaran kaa yeh 2 jitna cumm bhee hoe sakata haye.
iroi koo badhaane key liye, kaee sanyukt praudyogikiyon kaa prastaav rakhaa gayaa thaa. inmein prakriya apashisht garmi kaa upayog shamil haye, jaise.jee. avashisht carbon (chaar) kaa gaisikaran yaa dahan, aur anya audyogik prakriyaon seey apashisht garmi kaa upayog, jaise kii koyla gaisikaran aur paramanu oorjaa utpaadan.
jinn kshetron mein paani kii kamee haye, vahaan jall nishkarshan prakriyaon kii aavashyakta ack atirikt aarthik vichaar haye.
paryavaraniya vichaar.
khanan tail shale mein kaee paryavaraniya prabhaav shamil hain, joe bhoomigat khanan kii tulanaa mein satah khanan mein adhik spasht hain. inmein achaanak teji seey sampark aur poorv mein dabi hui samagri key baad key okseekaran seey prerit acid jall nikasi, satah-jall aur bhujal mein paaraa sahit dhatuon kii shuruat, kataav mein vriddhi, sulfur-gais utsarjan aur prasanskaran, parivahan aur samarthan gatividhiyon key dauran kanon key utpaadan key kaaran vayu pradooshan shamil hain. 2002 mein, vayu pradooshan kaa lagbhag 97 pratishat, kull apashisht kaa 86 pratishat aur astronia mein jall pradooshan kaa 23 pratishat bijli udyog seey aaya, joe apane bijli utpaadan key liye mukhya sansaadhan key roop mein tail shale kaa upayog kartaa haye.
tail-shale nishkarshan bhoomi key javic aur manoranjak moolya aur khanan kshetra mein paaristhitiki tantra koo nuksan pahuncha sakata haye. dahan aur taapiya prasanskaran apashisht samagri utpann karate hain. isake alawa, tail shale prasanskaran aur dahan seey vayumandaliya utsarjan mein carbon dioxide, ack greenhouse gais shamil haye. paryavaranvid tail shale key utpaadan aur upayog kaa virodh karate hain, kyonki yeh paaramparik jeevaashm eendhan kii tulanaa mein adhik greenhouse gaisen paida kartaa haye. praayogik "inn seetu" roopaantaran prakriyaaen aur carbon grahan aur bhandaran praudyogikiyaan bhavishya mein inmein seey kuchh chintaon koo cumm curr sakati hain, lekin saath hii way bhujal pradooshan sahit anya samasyaon kaa kaaran bunn sakati hain. aamtaur parr tail shale prasanskaran seey judey jall sandooshakon mein oxygen aur nitrogen heterocyclic hydrocarbon shamil hain. aamtaur parr paae jaane vaale udaharanon mein quinoline vyutpann, pyridine aur pyridine (picolin, lutidine) key vibhinn alkyl homolog shamil hain.
paschimi america aur israel key negev registan jaise shushk kshetron mein paani kii chintaaen samvedansheel mudde hain, jahaan paani kii kamee key bavjood tail-shale nishkarshan kaa vistaar karane kii yojana haye. praudyogiki key aadhar parr, jameen key oopar seey prati bairal utpaadit shale-tail key ack seey paanch bairal paani kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. americi bhoomi prabandhan beuro dwara jaari 2008 key ack kaaryakramagat paryavaraniya prabhaav bayaan mein kahaa gayaa haye kii satah khanan aur prati prasanskrit tail shale apashisht jall kaa utpaadan kartaa haye. "inn seetu" prasanskaran, ack anuman key anusaar, lagbhag dasaven hisse mein paani kaa upayog kartaa haye.
greenpeace key sadasyon sahit paryaavaran kaaryakartaon ney tail shale udyog key khilaf majboot virodh pradarshan kiya haye. ack parinam key roop mein, raani bhoomi oorjaa sansadhanon ney 2004 mein australia mein prastaavit stuart tail shale pariyojana koo roque diyaa.