
riverse-paath forwarding

riverse-paath forwarding (aar. pee. aff.) ack takneek haye jiska upayog aadhunik routers mein multicast rooting mein multicast packets key loop-free forwarding sunishchit karane aur unicast rooting mein aaee. pee. address spoofing koo rokane mein madad karane key uddeshya seey kiya jaataa haye.
maanak unicast aaee. pee. rooting mein, router vitaran vriksh key saath pragati karane aur rooting loop koo rokane key liye paiket koo srot seey door leey jaataa haye. isake vipareet, router kii multicast forwarding sthiti riverse path key aadhar parr taalikaon koo vyavasthit karke adhik taarkik roop seey chalati haye, receiver seey multicast key srot parr vitaran vriksh kii jarh taka. iss drishtikon koo riverse-paath forwarding key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
multicast aar. pee. aff.
multicast aar. pee. aff., jise aamtaur parr kewal aar. pee. aff. key roop mein darshaaya jaataa haye, kaa upayog multicast root protocol jaise kii multicast srot khoj protocol yaa protocol swatantra multicast key sanyojan mein kiya jaataa haye taaki multicast packets kii loop-mukt agreshan sunishchit kiya jaa sakey. multicast rooting mein, aage yatayat kaa nirnay srot patey parr adharit hotaa haye naa kii gantavya patey parr jaisa kii unicast rooting mein hotaa haye. yeh yaa tou ack samarpit multicast rooting table yaa, vaikalpik roop seey, router kii unicast rooting table kaa upayog karke aisaa kartaa haye.
jaba ack multicast paiket ack router key interfaces mein pravesh kartaa haye, tou router una networkon kii soochi dekhta haye joe usa interfaces key madhyam seey pahunchane yogya hain (i.ee.yeh una raaston kii jaanch kartaa haye jinake dwara paiket aaa sakata thaa). yadi router koo multicast paiket key srot ips patey key liye ack milan rooting pravishti milati haye, tou aar. pee. aff. check paas aur paiket koo usa multicast samooh mein bhaag lene vaale anya sabhi interfaces koo agreshit kiya jaataa haye. yadi aar. pee. aff. check whiffle hoe jaataa haye, tou paiket chhod diyaa jaataa haye. natijatan, paiket koo aage badhaane kaa nirnay aage key raaste key bajaay paiket key vipareet maarg key aadhar parr kiya jaataa haye. kewal una packets koo agreshit karke joe interfaces mein aatey hain joe paiket key srot key liye rooting pravishti bhee rakhate hain, loop koo rokaa jaataa haye.
yeh anaavashyak bahu-cast topology mein mahatvapurna haye. kyonki ack hii multicast paiket kaee interfaces key madhyam seey ack hii router taka pahunch sakata haye, aar. pee. aff. checking packets koo aage badhaane yaa naheen karane key nirnay mein abhinn haye. yadi router interfaces aeye seey interfaces bee mein aaney vaale sabhi packets koo agreshit kartaa haye aur yeh interfaces bee mein aaney vaale sabhi packets koo interfaces aeye mein agreshit kartaa haye aur donon interfaces ack hii paiket praapt karate hain, tou yeh ack rooting loop banaayega jahaan packets koo donon dishaaon mein agreshit kiya jaayega jaba taka kii unake aaee. pee. tii. ell. kii avadhi samaapt naheen hoe jaati. rooting loop seey bachana sabse achchha haye kyonki way anaavashyak roop seey network sansadhanon kaa upbhog karate hain.
aar. pee. aff. jaanch kii antarnihit dhaaranaaen yeh hain kii,
yadi pahali dhaarana galat haye, tou aar. pee. aff. jaanch whiffle hoe jaayegi kyonki yeh router key unicast rooting table parr ack fallback key roop mein nirbhar kartaa haye. yadi doosari dhaarana galat haye, tou aar. pee. aff. check bhejane vaale seey router taka key sabse chhote raaste parr multicast traffic koo aswikar curr dega, joe ack gair-ishtatam multicast tree kii or leey jaayega. aise mamalon mein jahaan link ack-dishaatmak hain, riverse-paath drishtikon poori tarah seey whiffle hoe sakata haye.
unicast aar. pee. aff.
unicast aar. pee. aff. (yuu. aar. pee. aff.), jaisa kii aar. aff. see. 3704 mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, iss avadharana kaa ack vikas haye kii gyaat amaanya network seey yatayat koo una interfaces parr sweekaar naheen kiya jaanaa chaahiye jinase yeh kabhi utpann naheen honah chaahiye thaa. aar. aff. see. 2827 mein dekhaa gayaa mool vichaar ack interfaces parr yatayat koo avaruddh karna thaa yadi yeh jaali aaee. pee. paton seey praapt kiya jaataa haye. kaee sangathanon key liye yeh ack uchit dhaarana haye kii way apane network parr niji paton key prachaar koo taba taka anumati naheen dete jaba taka kii way spasht roop seey upayog mein naa houn. yeh internet kii reedh key liye ack badaa laabh haye kyonki spasht roop seey farjee srot paton seey packets koo avaruddh karane seey ips patey kii spoofing mein katauti karane mein madad milati haye joe aamtaur parr doss, ddos aur network scanning mein scan key srot koo aspasht karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye.
yuu. aar. pee. aff. iss vichaar koo una gyaan kaa upayog karke badhaata haye joe sabhi routers key paas apane praathamik kaam koo karane key liye unake rooting soochana aadhar (rib) yaa agreshan soochana aadhar (fiber) mein honah chaahiye, taaki sambhaavit srot paton koo aur pratibandhit karane mein madad mill sakey jinhen ack interfaces parr dekhaa jaanaa chaahiye. paiket kewal tabhi agreshit kiye jaate hain jaba way ack router key sabse achche maarg seey ack paiket key srot taka aatey hain. ack interfaces mein aaney vaale paiket vaidh upa-network seey aatey hain, jaisa kii rooting table mein sambandhit pravishti seey sanket milata haye. srot paton vaale paiket joe input interfaces key madhyam seey "naheen" pahunch sakate they, unhein samanya upayog mein vyavadhaan key binaa giraaya jaa sakata haye, kyonki way shayed ack galat configure yaa durbhavanapurna srot seey hain.
samamit maarg key mamalon mein, maarg jahaan paiket ack hii maarg key madhyam seey donon dishaaon mein pravaahit hotey hain, aur ack hii link key madhyam seey judey terminal network, yeh ack surakshit dhaarana haye aur yuu. aar. pee. aff. koo kaee pratyaashit samasyaon key binaa lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. yuu. aar. pee. aff. kaa upayog yatayat key vaastavik srot key jitna sambhav hoe utanaa karib karane seey bhee kharaab yatayat koo rokta haye, isase pahale kii bandwidth kaa upayog karane yaa ack router taka pahunchane kaa koee mauka hoe joe aar. pee. aff. key liye configure naheen kiya gayaa haye aur iss prakaar anuchit roop seey agreshit kiya gayaa haye.
durbhagya seey, aksar internet kii badee reedh parr aisaa hotaa haye kii rooting asmamit hoti haye aur router taka pahunchane key liye srot key liye sabse achche maarg kii or ishara karane key liye rooting table parr bharosa naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. rooting table sabse achchha aage kaa maarg nirdisht karati haye aur kewal samamit mamle mein vaha sabse achche vipareet maarg key barabar hotaa haye. yuu. aar. pee. aff. koo lagu karate samay yeh mahatvapurna haye kii vaidh yatayat key aakasmik filtering koo rokane key liye vishamta kii kshamata key baare mein jagrook rahein.
aar. aff. see. 3704 iss baare mein adhik vivaran detaa haye kii kaise kuchh aur adhik aaraam seey mamalon koo shamil karane key liye sakht riverse-paath forwarding kaa vistaar kiya jaae joe cumm seey cumm kuchh vishamta kii anumati dete hue abhee bhee laabh key hoe sakate hain.
sakht mode.
sakht mode mein, pratyek aaney vaale paiket kaa fiber key khilaf pareekshan kiya jaataa haye aur, yadi "aaney vaalaa" interfaces sabse achchha riverse paath naheen haye, tou paiket check whiffle hoe jaayega. default roop seey whiffle packets koo fenk diyaa jaataa haye.
vyavharya mode.
vyavharya mode mein, fiber diye gaye aaee. pee. patey key liye vaikalpik maargon koo banaae rakhta haye. yadi "aaney vaalaa" interfaces aaee. pee. patey seey judey kissy bhee maarg seey mell khaata haye, tou paiket koo agreshit kiya jaataa haye. anyatha, paiket giraa diyaa jaataa haye.
dheela mode.
dheele mode mein pratyek aaney vaale paiket key srot patey kaa fiber key khilaf pareekshan kiya jaataa haye. paiket koo kewal tabhi chhoda jaataa haye jaba usa router parr "kissy bhee" interfaces key madhyam seey srot pataa taka pahunch naheen hoe.
filtering banaam aage badhana.
aar. pee. aff. koo aksar riverse-paath "filtering" key roop mein vyakhya kii jaati haye, vishesh roop seey jaba yeh unicast rooting kii baat aatee haye. yeh sankshipt naam kii ack samajhane yogya vaikalpik vyakhya haye kii jaba aar. pee. aff. kaa upayog aar. aff. see. 3704 key roop mein unicast rooting key saath kiya jaataa haye, tou aar. pee. aff. check passing yaa fail honey key aadhar parr yatayat kii anumati yaa incar kiya jaataa haye. yeh vichaar haye kii yadi aar. pee. aff. check mein whiffle rahata haye tou yatayat koo aswikar curr diyaa jaataa haye aur isaliye ise filter kiya jaataa haye. jabaki yuu. aar. pee. aff. kaa upayog ack pravesh "filtering" tantra key roop mein kiya jaataa haye, yeh riverse-paath "forwarding" seey prabhaavit hotaa haye.
riverse paath filter kaa upayog aamtaur parr asmamit maarg koo aksham karane key liye kiya jaataa haye jahaan ack aaee. pee. anuprayog mein aaney aur jaane kaa ack alag maarg hotaa haye. iska uddeshya ack paiket koo ack interfaces mein pravesh karane seey dusare interfaces key madhyam seey jaane seey rokna haye. riverse-paath filtering linux kernell kii ack visheshta haye.

