
malta mein gulami

malta mein gulami astitva mein thee aur ise pracheen kaal seey laker praarambhik aadhunik kaal taka maanyata dee gaee thee, jaisa kii bhoomadhya sagar key aspas key kaee deshon mein huaa thaa. yeh pranali hospitaller shasson key tahat apane sheersh parr pahunch gaee, jaba isane abhootpoorv anupaat mein, badey paimaane parr adesh key gally key saath-saath anya isai deshon key liye gally daas pradaan kiye. vanijya chhaape, joe shurveeron kii aarthik sainya pranali kii reedh they, ney iss pranali koo banaae rakhane mein madad kii, aanshik roop seey sainya bede koo banaae rakhane key liye daason kii maang paida karane key madhyam seey, lekin yuddh jeetane parr muslim kaidiyon key pravaah key kaaran bhee. iss prakaar malta isai europe mein gulami kaa kendra bunn gayaa. 16 juuna 1798 koo malta dweepsamuh parr aakraman key dauran napolean bonepart dwara malta mein gulami koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa.
1530 seey pahale.
malta mein gulami pracheen kaal seey shuru hoti haye. dweepsamuh mein sabhi kramik shaktiyon ney romanon seey laker byzantine, arab, cicilian taka, malta key adesh key shurveeron key aatithya taka, daas shram kaa upayog kiya.
madhyayugeen kaal key anta mein samudri dakuon, genoise aur malties ney apani loot mein maanav bandee jode, yeye loga aksar kaale african gulam they. iss prakaar kii daku-dakuon kii pratha bhoomadhyasagariya tata parr prachalit thee.
malty dastaavez 13veen aur 14veen shatabdi mein gharelu daason kii upasthiti kii soochana dete hain. udaaharan key liye, catherina naamak ack yunani gulam koo 23 janwari 1324 key ack aadhikarik farman dwara mukt kiya gayaa thaa. haalaanki, aisaa lagata haye kii 1530 seey pahale, adhikansh gharelu gulam kaale african they, jinhen uttar african logon ney apane kshetron kii dakshini seema parr pakad liya thaa. pandrahavin shatabdi key anta mein, aise gulam madina key ameer parivaaron key saath paae jaate hain, lekin graameen ilaakon aur gojo mein bhee, udaaharan key liye jaba pujari peetru mannara ney apane gulam farha koo ack saathi deshwasi koo betch diyaa. samanya pratha yeh prateet hoti thee kii dweep parr aaney parr daason koo bapatisma diyaa jaayega.
aadhikarik karyon mein, daason koo unaki bhoomika, unaki utpatti yaa unake dharm key anusaar naamit kiya jaataa thaa. iss prakaar unhein "casnetic" (gharelu daas) yaa "scuvy aid usum magaazen"; "ethiops", "sylvestery", "mauri", "gracy"; yaa "saraseni", "christiani" yaa "judei" naamit kiya jaa sakata haye. gharelu karyon seey parey unhein nirmaan kaary yaa bhunirman key liye bhee niyojit kiya jaa sakata haye.
mukti ack apekshaakrit aam pratha thee, joe shayed maanav sambandhon parr nirbhar karati thee. mukti praapt gulam aamtaur parr apane poorv swami kaa naam letaa thaa, kissy bhee aspashtata seey bachane key liye utpatti kaa ack nishan jodata thaah udaaharan key liye, yeh samajha jaayega kii franciscus dee vacaro koo vacaro parivaar dwara, yaa georgious dee mazaaraa koo mazaaraa parivaar dwara mukt kiya gayaa thaa.
yeh niji gulami shurveeron key aaney key baad lambe samay taka jaari rahegi, bhale hii unhone vishishtata praapt karane key liye abhyaas koo seemit karane kii koshish kii hoe. 16veen shatabdi seey yeh adesh gulami koo apani naukaaon parr naavikon kii aavashyakta kii or leey jaayega.
daas jansankhyiki.
gulam sankhyaaen.
kaafee hudd taka annie brogini key kaam seey liya gayaah
ling aur umr.
malta mein kaam karane vaale adhikansh gulam aise purush they joe gally key charam tanaav kaa prabandhan curr sakate they. malta mein poochtaachh key dauran, kewal 10 pratishat gulam mahilaaen theen, joe mukhya roop seey gharelu karyon parr kaam karati theen. haalaanki, uttar africa key taton parr mahilaaon aur bachchon parr chhaape maare jaa sakate hain.
malta mein poochtaachh key dauran panjikrit logon key alawa, daason kii sahee umr shayed hii kabhi gyaat hoti haye. 17veen shatabdi key adhyayanon kii ack shrinkhala ney 31 kii ausat ayu nirdhaarit kii.
gulam mool.
lagbhag 80 pratishat gulam musalman yaa yahudi they. unhein aksar sainya sanghrshon key dauran adesh dwara aur baad mein samudri dakuon key chhaapon key dauran pakad liya gayaa thaa. musalman gulam kaafee hudd taka turk, moor yaa berber samudri daku they-saath hii saath upa-sahaara african logon kii seemit sankhya bhee thee. yahudi levent, agean dweepon, roads, crate yaa venis seey aae they.
lagbhag 20 pratishat isai they, joe grees, madhya poorv yaa madhya europe seey aae they aur apane kabje key samay seey hii gulam hoe chuke honge. unhein daasata seey mukt honey seey pahale apana dharm saabit karna hoga, lekin way gulam bhee baney rahey honge. samay key saath aur aavashyakta key anusaar, yoonaniyon koo pakad liya gayaa aur "matbhed" key roop mein yaa iss bahaane seey gulami mein rakhaa gayaa kii way turkon key saath vyaapaar karenge.
iss samooh mein nae, poorv musalman dharmaantarit (way dharmaantaran key liye mukt naheen they), saath hii saath vidrohi bhee shamil they joe pahale seey hii apana vishvaas badal chuke they.
unake aaney parr.
samudra seey aaney vaale sabhi yaatriyon kii tarah, bandiyon ney apane sangrodh koo jahaaj parr yaa manoel dweep key lazaretto mein bitaaya. phir unhein unake ling, unaki umr, unaki majbooti key anusaar pareekshan kiya gayaa, inn sabhi gunon key saath unake bajar moolya kii or ginati kii gaee. yadi daason koo adesh seey sambandhit jahaaj dwara pakad liya gayaa thaa, tou shurveeron ney apane-apane gantavyon kaa faisala kiyaah gally, gharelu seva, upahaar yaa bikri. yadi unhein ack licenses praapt jahaaj dwara pakad liya gayaa thaa, tou kaptan shesh raashi kaa niptan karane seey pahale ack nishchit pratishat kaa bhugtan karega. gulam koo unake malik kii kull sampatti maanaa jaataa thaa.
jinn logon koo abhee taka ack nishchit malik naheen milaa thaa, unhein nyaay key mahal key saamane "saine giorgio" varg (aaj "misra saine gorg" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye) parr sthit valetta mein saarvajanik daas bajar mein leey jaaya gayaa thaa.
udaaharan key liye, 1660 key aspas, 700 seey adhik gulamon koo utaar diyaa gayaa, jinamen seey 538 koo ack purush key liye ausatan "écus" yaa "scudi" key liye aur ack mahila key liye 159 "écus" key liye jaldi seey becha gayaa. 18veen shatabdi kii shuruat taka keematen badhengi, phir maang mein kamee key saath sthir hoe jaayegi, vishesh roop seey mahaan shaktiyon dwara gally key nirantar vighatan key saath (francisi nausena mein lagbhag 1750 mein), bhale hii malta mein unakaa upayog jaari rahey.
vibhinn kaary.
adhikansh gulam adesh key they. way kaee prakaron mein vibhajit they, jinamen seey sabse majboot gally key liye niyat thaa, jabaki anya bhoomi parr rahey aur gharelu seva mein, shurveeron key sevakon, rasoiyon aur shramikon key roop mein kaam karate they.
niji gulami bhee bunny rahee, harr swatantra vyakti bajar mein ack gulam khareedane mein saksham thaa. yeye gulam gharelu yaa krishi kaary key liye niyat they. niji gulami kaa yeh roop adesh dwara pratibandhit rhaa (poore samay key liye lagbhag 200 daason kii sankhya).
malta mein daason koo poori tarah seey logon key roop mein vastunishth banaaya gayaa thaa, unhein bikri yogya vastuon mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa, jaisa kii 1724 key dund sanhita mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.
hospitaller niyam.
18veen shatabdi key dauran malta mein kaee mahila musalman gulam theen. aisaa lagata haye kii way gulamon key roop mein apani sthiti seey darte naheen hain, aur kuchh logon koo apani malta mahilaaon sahit khule taur parr jhagada karane yaa unakaa upman karane key liye jaanaa jaataa haye.
vidroh.
1531 kaa vidroh.
29 juuna 1531 koo malta mein adesh shayed hii ack maheene key liye thaa. 16 gulam kille kii prachir seey butch nikale. angelo aur phir jailon key darwaaje khol diye aur guards koo maar daala. ack chhoti ladaai key baad, karam same aitt kaar mustafa naamak dou netaaon koo maar diyaa gayaa aur unake shavon koo bhoomi kii ack patti parr bhavya bandargah key pravesh dwaar parr pike parr chhod diyaa gayaa, jise taba seey "panta delle forche" yaa "gallo point" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, (jahaan kilaa ricasoli baad mein banaaya gayaa thaa). bhale hii abhilekhagar mein iss vidroh kaa ullekh naa hoe, adesh mein 1531 mein ack gulam jail key nirmaan kaa nirnay liya gayaa. ghatana kii smriti gulamon key paas bunny rahee hogi kyonki vidroh kii varshgaanth key dinn vishesh roop seey unakaa sarvekshan kiya gayaa thaa.
iss vidroh kaa ullekh adesh key abhilekhagar mein naheen haye, aur isaki pramanikta vivaadit haye. yeh kewal giacomo bosio key lekhan seey gyaat haye.
1596 kaa vidroh.
doosara gyaat vidroh farwari 1596 mein huaa thaa, aur haal hii mein isaki khoj naheen hui thee kyonki yeh lagbhag poori tarah seey abhilekhagar mein chhipa huaa thaa. kaee daason ney achaanak valetta aur sitta vittoriosa mein apani jailon mein vaapas jaane seey incar curr diyaa. way valetta key darvaajon kii chabiyon koo jabt karane mein kamyab rahey aur khule darvaajon koo chhodkar bhaag nikale. way malties graameen ilaakon mein pahunche jahan way dweep seey bhaagne key liye ack jahaaj kii talash mein kuchh dinon taka ghoomate they, binaa una daason koo ikattha karane kii koshish kiye jinase way raaste mein mille they. bhaagne vaalon koo antatah pakada gayaa aur unaki ninda kii gaee.
iss ghatana ney adesh key kendra mein ack kachchi bhavna paida curr dee, naa kewal jailon mein suraksha ullanghanon key kaaran, balki raat mein shahar key darwaaje khulane key kaaran bhee. yeh prakaran dardanaak thaa kyonki yeh ack sangathit ottoman hamale key liye dweep kii bhedyata kaa pradarshan kartaa thaa, joe 1565 kii mahaan gherabandi key baad seey ack junoon thaa. yeh dweep parr rahane vaale daason kii badhati sankhya dwara prastut suraksha samasyaon key ehsas koo bhee chihnit kartaa thaa, jinhen ack sambhaavit samarthan maanaa jaataa thaa, jinhone nae islami hamalon key liye ack trojan horse prastut kiya. 1749 kii sajish ney iss khatare kii vaastaviktaa koo saabit curr diyaa.
grand master martin garzez ney turant jailon kii nigrani badhaane kaa adesh diyaa. 1602 key baad seey, unake uttaradhikari, aloff dee wignacourt ney malta mein daason key prabandhan key nae viniyaman koo badhaava diyaa. iss bindu key baad seey, adesh kii pratyaksh nigrani key tahat chhoti raashi koo chhodkar, gulam bhugtan gatividhi mein shamil naheen hoe sakate they yaa vyaapaar mein shamil naheen hoe sakate they. gulam awas bhee kiraaye parr naheen leey sakate they. yeh viniyaman 17veen shatabdi key liye kuchh sanshodhanon key saath jaari rahega.
1749 kaa vidroh.
1749 mein, gulaaman key madhyam seey malta mein satta parr kabja karane kii ummeed mein ack asadharan sajish koo roads key paasha dwara uksaayaa gayaa thaa, jinhen haal hii mein apani gully parr vidroh key baad pakad liya gayaa thaa. malta mein unhein millie mahaan swatantrata key kaaran, vaha malta koo jeetane key liye ack dhaarmik tyohar key dauran grand master manual pinto daa fonseca aur kaee shurveeron kii hatyaa karane kii sajish key ird-gird kaee muslim daason koo ikattha karane mein kamyab rahey. usaki fansi seey pahale sajish kii khoj kii gaee thee joe 22 juuna 1749 key liye nirdhaarit kii gaee thee. 200 seey adhik daason parr mukadama chalaaya gayaa aur unhein maar diyaa gayaa, jisamen grand master kii kaksh naukarani bhee shamil thee. paasha koo constantinople koo vaapas bhej diyaa gayaa thaa. daason kii nigrani koo aur badhaa diyaa gayaa.
unmoolan.
malta parr francisi kabje key dauran 1798 mein gulami koo samaapt curr diyaa gayaa thaa aur baad mein malta kii crown coloney key dauran isaki pushti hui thee.