
adrian stokes (aalochak)

adrian durham stokes (27 octuber 1902-15 disambar 1972) ack british kalaa aalochak they, joe praarambhik punarjagaran murtikala aur patthar-nakkashi key saundaryashastra mein ack visheshta key saath they. unhone sent key paaramparik cornish machhali pakadane key bandargah koo badalane mein madad kii. aadhunik kalaa key antarrashtriya star parr prashansit kendra mein shamil hain.
praarambhik jeevan.
27 octuber 1902 koo landan mein rahane vaale ack ameer stock broker parivaar mein janme adrian stokes apane maataa-pitaa key teen bachchon mein sabse chhote they. public school, ragbi key baad, unhone magdalen college, oxford mein darshan kaa adhyayan kiya, snaatak, bee.aeye. 1923 mein, unaki pareekshaon mein dwiteeya shreni key parinamon key saath (darshan mein utkrishtata praapt kii lekin german aur ganit mein sahayak lipiyon koo prastut karane seey incar curr diyaa). stokes ney phir duniya bhar kii yatra kii. unhone apani pahali pustak, dha thread off ariodne (1925) mein apani kuchh parinami diarry aur pratibimbon koo shamil kiya, jisake prakaashan seey unakaa parichay ausbert sitwell, aur praarambhik punarjagaran itali kii kalaa aur baile russ kii avant-garde rachanaon seey huaa, donon ney apani agali pustak, "sunrise inn dha west" (1926) mein sarahana kii.
nakkashi saundarya.
stokes kii pahali pramukh uplabdhiyaan navambar 1926 mein adhuniktawadi kavi, ezra pound seey milane key baad shuru huin, aur janwari 1930 mein melani clain key saath vishleshan shuru karane key baad.
stokes ney 1930 key dashak kii apani pahali dou pramukh pustakon-"dha quatro sento" (1932) aur "stones off rimini" (1934) mein ack abhinav saundarya vikasit kiya. dha quatro sento" mein unhone samagri aur antariksh key liye teevra praarambhik punarjagaran bhavna koo 'maas-effect' aur 'stone-blossum' key roop mein varnit kiya. unhone kahaa kii patthar-ack madhyam key roop mein gahara sammaan-'foolon key liye tarasha gayaa' haye, jisase kalakar apani gaharaai mein padhati kalpanaon koo satah parr laataa haye. prasiddh kalaa aalochak paul george konodi ney pustak koo "ullekhaniya aur mantramugdh karane vaalaa" bataaya aur kahaa kii stokes "shabdon koo khilaata haye kyonki kuchh punarjagaran moortikaar kii chheni key neeche sangamarmar khilata haye.
"stone off rimini" (1934) inn javic vishayon koo kasata haye aur kendrit kartaa haye, kalaatmak prakriya kaa aage vishleshan kartaa haye, aur iss tarah stokes key sabse kendriya vishayon mein seey ack koo sthaapit kartaa haih 'nakkashi-modeling' kii dwaitata. ack badhiya 'carver' patthar key madhyam seey roop koo jeevant karane kii anumati detaa haye; doosari or 'modeler' madhyam koo itna saman dekhta haye jiss parr ack poorvakalpit vichaar koo lagu kiya jaa sakata haye. 1930 key dashak kii samkaaleen kalaa mein stokes ney bayne nicolson, barbara hepworth aur heinry moor key kaam mein inn 'nakkashi' gunon koo paaya, jinake adhuniktawad koo unhone 'dha spectator' mein lekhon mein jeetaa. baile key premi aur ack baile-aalochak stokes key roop mein bhee dou aur pustakon mein baile russ kii avant-garde rachanaon koo badhaava diyaah "too-night dha baile" (1934) aur "russie baile" (1935). 1935 mein apane vishleshan key anta key baad unhone chitrakaari seekh lii, youston road school off art mein shamil hoe gaye, aur apani saatvin pustak, "rung aur roop" (1937) mein apani nakkashi-modeling saundarya koo chitrakala taka vistaarit kiya.
staves koo badalana.
1938 mein stokes ney shaadi curr lii aur apani kalakar patni margaret mellis key saath carbis bey, [sent ives, cornwall] mein rahane key liye chaley gaye, jahan unake bete telfer kaa janm huaa thaa. iss beach-bayne nicolson aur barbara hepworth koo laane key madhyam seey, aur unake saath, 1939 mein, naum gabo, steves key liye-stokes shahar key aadhunik kalaa key antarrashtriya star parr prashansit kendra mein parivartan kaa mukhya utprerak bunn gayaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran unhone ack bajar maali aur grih rakshak key roop mein kaam kiya. iss kaam key saath unhone ack aur praarambhik italvi punarjagaran pustak, "venis" (1945) koo puuraa kiya. unhone ack aatmakathaatmak pustak "inside out" (1947) bhee likhi, jisamen unhone apane manovishleshan seey samagri koo aakarshit kiya, jisamen unhone sezen kii kalaa key baare mein pratibimb jode.
manovishleshak saundarya.
"inside out" (1947) landan key liye stokes left steves key baad prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. unake jeevan kii yeh avadhi margaret seey talaak key saath samaapt hui, jisake baad stokes ney apani chhoti bahan, syremic kalakar aine stokes seey shaadi kii, jinake saath unake dou bachche they, phillip aur ariodne.
agale varshon mein unhone clain aur anya manovishleshakon key kaam koo apane pichhale nakkashi-modeling saundarya koo 'avasaadgrastata' aur 'paranoid-skizoid' munn kii sthitiyon key sandarbh mein sudhaarne mein aakarshit kiya. yeh unaki pustak, "smooth aind ruff" (1951) mein chitrit kiya gayaa thaa, aur abb tavistock dwara prakaashit unaki agali pustak, "michel angelo" (1955) mein bahut adhik vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. michel angelo prakaashan kii tarikh seey 1967 taka unhone tavistock key saath 6 pustaken prakaashit keen. usee samay stokes ney 'imago samooh' mein madad kii aur shodh patron mein yogdan diyaa, joe darshan, rajneeti, naitikta aur saundaryashastra mein manovishleshan key anuprayogon parr charcha karane key liye lagbhag athaarah varshon taka niyamit roop seey milate rahey. 1972 mein unaki mrityu key ack saal baad inn patron koo carcanet dwara pustak mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, "ack khel jise khona hii hoga" (1973) joe unake jeevan key kaam key liye sabse upayukt shraddhanjali mein seey ack haye.

