
alfred noyas

alfred noyas seebe (16 sitambar 1880-25 juuna 1958) ack angreji kavi, laghu-kathaa lekhak aur natakkar they.
praarambhik varsh.
noyas kaa janm ingland key wolverhampton mein alfred aur amelia addams noyas key bete key roop mein huaa thaa. jaba way chaar varsh key they, taba unakaa parivaar aberestwith, wells chalaa gayaa, jahan unake pitaa ney lattin aur greek padhaaya. velsh tata aur pahaad noyas key liye ack prerana they.
praarambhik carrier.
1898 mein, unhone aberistwith koo exter college, oxford key liye chhod diyaa, jahan unhone naukaayan mein khud koo pratishthit kiya, lekin apani degree praapt karane mein whiffle rahey kyonki way 1903 mein apane antim dinn apani kavitaon key pahale khand, "dha loom off ears" (1902) key prakaashan kii vyavastha karane key liye apane prakaashak seey mill rahey they.
"bairal-organ" aur "" hywayman "". 
nayes ney 1903 seey 1913 taka kavita key paanch aur khand prakaashit kiye, jinamen "dha flower off old japan" (1903) aur "kavitaaen" (1904) shamil hain. "kavitaon mein" "dha bairal-organ" "shamil thaa. "dha hywayman" pahali baar "blackwood patrika" key agast 1906 key ank mein prakaashit huaa thaa, aur agale varsh "" chaalees gaayan naavikon aur anya kavitaon "" mein shamil kiya gayaa thaa.  1995 mein bee. bee. see. dwara britten kii pasandida kavita khojane key liye aayojit ack rashtravyapi sarvekshan mein, "dha hywayman" koo desh kii 15veen pasandida kavita key roop mein chunaa gayaa thaa.
"" "daro.
unake karyakal key iss charan mein ack aur pramukh kaam "drake" thaa, joe elizabethan nausena commander surr francis drake key baare mein khaali kavita mein 200 prishthon kaa mahakavya thaa, joe dou khandon (1906 aur 1908) mein prakaashit huaa thaa. kavita shally aur vishay donon mein tennison aur wordsworth jaise romantic kaviyon key spasht prabhaav koo darshaati haye.
"sherwood.
noys kaa ekmatra poorna-lambai kaa naatak, "sherwood", 1911 mein prakaashit huaa thaa; ise 1926 mein "robbin hood" key roop mein parivartan key saath phir seey jaari kiya gayaa thaa. unaki sabse lokpriya kavitaon mein seey ack, "sherwood kaa ack geet" bhee 1911 seey haye. antatah, iss avadhi key adhik lokpriya gaathagiton mein seey ack, "bacus aind dha pirates", koo michael baro dwara dou awazon aur piano key liye sangeet key liye sett kiya gayaa thaa, aur pahali baar 2012 mein sweldale utsav mein pradarshan kiya gayaa thaa.
pahali shaadi aur america.
1907 mein, noyas ney americi senaa key curnell byron jee kii sabse chhoti betty garnet daniels seey shaadi kii. daniels, ack grih yuddh key anubhavi joe kuchh varshon key liye yuu they.aiss. patwar parr vanijya doot. nayas ney pahali baar farwari 1913 mein america kaa daura kiya, aanshik roop seey vishva shaanti aur nirastreekaran parr vyakhyan dene key liye aur aanshik roop seey apani patni kii ichcha koo santusht karane key liye kii vaha apani matribhoomi mein nae anubhavon koo ikattha karey. unakaa pahala vyakhyan daura chhah saptah taka chalaa, joe paschim mein shikago taka faila huaa thaa. yeh itna safal saabit huaa kii unhone octuber mein america kii doosari yatra karane aur chhah maheene rahane kaa faisala kiya. iss yatra mein, unhone prinston sahit pramukh americi vishvavidyalayon kaa daura kiya, jahaan unhone sankaay aur snatakon parr joe prabhaav daala vaha itna anukool thaa kii farwari 1914 mein unhein farwari seey juuna taka aadhunik angreji saahitya parr vyakhyan dete hue ack visiting professor key roop mein karmchaariyon mein shamil honey key liye kahaa gayaa. unhone sweekaar kiya, aur agale nau varshon key liye unhone aur unaki patni ney apana varsh ingland aur america key beach vibhajit curr diyaa. prinston mein, noyas key chhatron mein aff shamil they. scott fitzgerald, admond willson aur johnn peele bishap. unhone 1923 mein apane professor pada seey istifa dey diyaa, lekin apane shesh jeevan key liye poore sanyukt raajya mein yatra karna aur vyakhyan denaa jaari rakhaa. unaki patni kii 1926 mein france key sent-jeane-dee-luj mein mrityu hoe gaee, jahan way aur noyas doston key saath reh rahey they.
yuddh.
nayes koo aksar shatrutapurna alochakon dwara ack sainyavaadi aur kattarpanthi key roop mein chitrit kiya jaataa haye. vaastav mein, vaha ack shantivadi they joe yuddh seey nafrat karate they aur isake khilaf vyakhyan dete they, lekin mahsoos kiya kii jaba ack aakramak aur anuchit dushman seey dhamki milati haye, tou ack rashtra ladataa reh sakata haye. iss siddhant parr, unhone boer yuddh kaa virodh kiya, lekin donon vishva yuddhon mein sahyogiyon kaa samarthan kiya. 1913 mein, jaba aisaa lagaa kii yuddh seey abhee bachaa jaa sakata haye, tou unhone "dha wine press" naamak ack lambi yuddh-virodhi kavita prakaashit kii. ack americi sameekshak ney likhaa kii noyas "yuddh kii teevra ghrina aur yuddh key sabhi sadhanon seey prerit thaa", aur apani "antim bhaya" koo chitrit karane key liye "apani vividh kalaa key sabhi sansadhanon" kaa upayog kiya thaa. kavi aur aalochak helen bullis ney noyas kii "sainya-virodhi" kavita koo "ullekhaniya", "bhavuk aur preranadayak" paaya, lekin, isake "advitiya yathaarthvaad" mein, "badee drishti kii kamee haye, joe tatkaal vivaran key bajaay antim satya koo dekhti haye. unake vichaar mein, noyas uthaaye gaye "mahatvapurna prashnon" koo sambodhit karane mein whiffle rahey, udaaharan key liye, villium james key avalokan dwara kii aadhunik aadami key liye, "yuddh" "majboot" "jeevan haye; yeh charam parr jeevan haye", yaa yuddh key "dou mahaan rishtedaron" mein shekspeare key ahwan dwara "mahaan sudhaarak" key roop mein joe "beemar" samay koo thheek aur thheek kartaa haye. bullis, ack frydian (noys key vipareet, jinake liye manovishleshan ack chhadm-vigyaan thaa), ney socha kii yuddh kii jadein noys kii tulanaa mein gahari theen. unhone dekhaa kii "sangharsh key peechhe bhaagya key mahaan loga hain, jabaki shree noyas kewal 'kaale poonchh-coat mein paanch purushon' koo dekhate hain jinaki sheet-raajya kalaa isake liye jimmedaar haye. 1915 mein, upton synclair ney samajik virodh key saahitya key apane sankalan, "nyaay key liye pukaar" mein "sharaab press" key kuchh hadataali ansh shamil kiye.
pratham vishva yuddh key dauran, noyas koo saamane kii or seey kaam karane seey doshpurna drishti seey vanchit curr diyaa gayaa thaa. isake bajaay, 1916 seey, unhone videsh karyalaya seey judaav parr apani sainya seva kii, jahan unhone prachaar parr johnn buchan key saath kaam kiya. unhone ack saahityik vyakti key roop mein apana deshbhakti kaa kaam bhee kiya, manobal badhaane vaali laghu kathaaen aur ingland key sainya ateet koo yaad karate hue aur usake uddeshya kii naitikta parr jore dete hue upadeshaatmak geet aur geet likhe. inn kritiyon koo abb bhool diyaa gayaa haye, dou bhoot kahaaniyon key alawa, "lucitania" prateeksha kartaa haye "aur" shaam key sitaare "kaa logg, joe abhee bhee kabhi-kabhi alaukik kahaaniyon key sangrah mein punarmudrit hotey hain. "" "lucitania" "waits" "1915 mein ack german pandubbi dwara" "lucitania" "key doobane parr adharit ack bhoot badala kahani haye-halanki kahani ack galat daave parr nirbhar karati haye kii pandubbi key chaalak dall koo jahaaj koo dubane key liye goetz padak seey sammaanit kiya gayaa thaa.
dwiteeya vishva yuddh key dauran, noyas ney isi tarah kii deshbhakti kii kavitaaen likhin, lekin unhone ack bahut lambi aur adhik vichaar kii jaane vaali rachana bhee likhi, "yadi nirnay aataa haye", jisamen hitler itihas key nyayadhikaran key samaksh aaropi haye. yeh pahali baar alag seey (1941) aur phir sangrah mein, "neeche aur anya kavitaon parr chhaaya" (1945) mein prakaashit huaa thaa. dwiteeya vishva yuddh mein prakaashit ekmatra kaalpanik upanyaas "dha last maine" (1940) thaa, ack vigyaan kathaa upanyaas jiska sandesh shayed hii yuddh-virodhi hoe sakata thaa. pahale adhyaay mein, ack vaishvik sangharsh lagbhag poori maanav jaati koo mitaa detaa haye.
noyas kii sabse prasiddh yuddh-virodhi kavita, "dha vict ball" (urf "aeye vict dance"), pahali baar 1920 mein "dha satterday evening post" mein prakaashit hui thee. unhone ise yuddhaviram key turant baad landan mein aayojit ack gend mein bhaag lene key baad likhaa thaa, jahaan unhone khud koo aashcharyachakit paaya kii yuddh mein maare gaye sainikon key bhoot kyaa kahenge yadi way nartakon kii vichaarheen tuchchata kaa nireekshan curr sakate hain. kavita kaa sandesh pankti mein haye, "nritya karane vaale pairon key neeche kabrein hain."ack ladki key baare mein ack sankshipt ansh" "school seey taaja" "joe" "sabse achchi kokeen kii khuraak key liye bheekh maangati haye" "koo" "post" "sanskaran mein kuchh haanirahit dwara pratisthaapit kiya gayaa thaa, lekin jaba kavita noyas key padya key sangrah mein dikhaai dee tou ise bahaal curr diyaa gayaa. "dha vict ball" koo ernest shelling dwara ack symphonic kavita mein aur benjamin zemach dwara ack baile mein badal diyaa gayaa thaa. 1966 mein, viyatnam yuddh kii oonchaai parr, congressman aich. aar. ack safed ghar key ratribhoj nritya mein ghor, krodhit joe 3 baje taka chalaa.aim. jaba americi sanic apana jeevan dey rahey they, tou "congress key record" mein "seedhe haath mein vishay vastu parr" assar daalane key roop mein noyas kii kavita daali gaee.
madhya varsh.
1918 mein, noyas kaa laghu kathaa sangrah, "walking shaidozah see tails aind adar", saamane aaya. isamen "lucitania" prateeksha "aur" shaam key taare "kaa logg donon shamil they. 1924 mein noys ney ack aur sangrah, "dha hiddon player" prakaashit kiya, jisamen ack upanyaas shamil thaa, "beyond dha deserth aeye tail off death valley", joe pahale seey hii 1920 mein america mein alag seey prakaashit hoe chuka thaa.
1924 kii british samrajya pradarshani mein samrajya kii pratiyogita key liye, noyas ney surr edward elgar dwara sangeet key liye sett kii gaee kavitaon kii ack shrinkhala likhi aur ise "samrajya kii pratiyogita" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. inn kavitaon mein seey ack "shekspeare kaa raajya" thaa.
1929 mein, noys ney apane teen upanyason mein seey pahala, "dha return off dha daraavane-kauve" (us sheershakah "dha sunn kyor") prakaashit kiya. saahasik, vyangya aur haasya key sanyojan vaali ack halki-phulki kahani, yeh tulsi naamak ack utsaahi yuva paadari key baare mein haye. dakshin kii or tahalane key dauran, tulsi ack barbad kuteer mein aatee haye, jahan vaha ack dost kii sifarish key anusaar nagna dhoop mein snan karane kaa faisala kartaa haye. usake kapade gayab hoe jaate hain, aur usey mansik khatron kii ack shrinkhala key madhyam seey unake paas vaapas aaney kaa raasta nikaalana padata haye-sabhi navintam bauddhik sanak aur moorkhata-aur pahale kii tulanaa mein cumm saralata seey samaapt hotaa haye.
doosara vivaah aur kaitholikwad.
1927 mein, apani pahali patni kii mrityu key ack saal baad, noyas ney leftinent richard shireburn weld-blundell kii vidhwa mairi angella "nee" mene (1889-1976) seey shaadi kii, joe puraane recusant catholic weld-blundell parivaar key sadasya they, joe pratham vishva yuddh mein maare gaye they. usa varsh baad mein, noyas ney khud catholic dharm apana liya. unhone apani aatmakatha, "too worlds forr memori" (1953) mein apane roopaantaran kaa ack vivaran diyaa haye, lekin adhik bauddhik kadmon koo saamane rakhaa haye jisake dwara unhein agyeyavaad seey "agyaat bhagwan" (1934) mein catholic vishvaas kii or leey jaaya gayaa thaa, joe isai kshamaprarthi kaa ack vyaapak roop seey padhaa jaane vaalaa kaam haye jise "ack peedhi kii aadhyatmik jeevani" key roop mein varnit kiya gayaa haye. 1929 mein, noyas aur mairi angella wentner key paas undercliffe parr, white dweep parr, aisal combay mein buss gaye. unake teen bachche theh hugh (1929-2000), veronica aur margaret. nayas kii chhoti betty ney 1953 mein michael nolan (baad mein lord nolan) seey shaadi kii.
"mashal-vaahak.
noyas kii mahatvakankshi mahakavya kavita trayi "dha torch-bairers"-jisamen "watchers off dha skye" (1922), "dha book off arth" (1925) aur "dha last ways" (1930) shamil hain-vigyaan key itihas seey sambandhit haye. akash key paryavekshakon" key liye "poorvasoochak nott" mein, noyas trayi likhane mein apane uddeshya koo vyakt karate hainh
"akash key darshak.
noyas kahate hain kii trayi kaa vishay lambe samay seey unake dimag mein thaa, lekin "akash key paryavekshakon" seey nipatane vaalaa pahala khand kewal 1-2 navambar 1917 kii raat koo nishchit roop lena shuru huaa, jaba mount willson vedhshala mein 100-inch paraavartak doorbeen kaa pahali baar starlite dwara pareekshan kiya gayaa thaa. george ellery hell, joe vyakti vedhshala kii kalpana aur sthaapana curr rhaa thaa, ney iss mahatvapurna avsar parr apane atithi key roop mein noyce koo aamantrit kiya thaa, aur prastaavana, jiska upasheershak "vedhshala" haye, noyce kaa "usa" avismaraniya "kaa vistrit vivaran detaa haye...raat. akash key paryavekshakon" kii apani sameeksha mein, vigyaan key vidwan aur itihaaskaar fredrick ee. brash likhate hain kii noyas kii "parvat kii choti taka kii yatra, vedhshala, mathh, doorbeen aur darpan, ghadee kaa kaam, switchboard, neeche kaa prakaash shahar, grah aur taare, paramanu aur electron sabhi buney hue hain...sunder kathaa kavita. yeh lagbhag avishvasaniya lagata haye kii takniki shabd aur avadhaaranaaen usa uddeshya key liye khud koo udhaar dey sakati hain."
prastaavana key baad saat lambi kavitaaen aatee hain, jinamen seey pratyek mein ack pramukh vaigyaanik key currier key mukhya episode koo darshaaya gayaa haye, taaki unake jeevan key "gahan maanav naatak" ("poorvasoochak nott") aur khagol vigyaan mein unake yogdan donon koo saamane laaya jaa sakey. nayas key saat vaigyaanik hain nicolas copernicus, tyco brehe, johannes capler, galileo galile, isaq neuton, aur villium aur johnn hershell-halanki carolin hershell, villium kii bahan aur johnn kii chaachi key yogdan kaa bhee ullekh kiya gayaa haye. upsamhaar mein, prarthana key roop mein apani kathaa koo samaapt karane seey pahale, noyas subah pahaad parr ack baar phir dhyaan karate hain.
apani sameeksha mein, fredrick ee. brash likhate hain kii noyas kaa "khagol vigyaan aur isake itihas kaa gyaan...ack aise vyakti mein ullekhaniya lagata haye joe ack vedhshala key kaam seey poori tarah seey asambandhit haye. "akash key darshak", way kahate hain, isamen koee sandeh naheen haye kii aam aadami koo isaki sundarta aur isaki kathaa kavita key sangeet key liye appeal karenge, joe tooty hui haye aur mahakavya kavita key saath mishrit haye. lekin khagolvid aur vigyaan key anya vidvaanon key liye yeh shesh haye kii way ise poornata taka anand lein joe ack kavi key roop mein nayas kii kshamata key liye paryaapt haye."
"prithvi kii pustak.
"dha book off arth" trayi kaa doosara khand haye. ack dhyanatmak prastaavana aur upsamhaar dwara banaae gaye aathh khandon mein, yeh prithvi, jeevan roopon aur maanav utpatti key rahasyon koo hull karane key liye apane sanghrshon mein vaigyaanikon kii khojon kaa anusaran kartaa haye. pracheen yunan mein pythagorus aur aristotal seey shuru hocker, yeh all-farabi aur avicenna key liye madhya poorv kii or jaataa haye. isake baad drishya kramshah leonardo daa vincy key liye itali, jeane-attien gutard key liye france, carle linius key liye sweeden, georges-luis leclerk key liye france, comte dee buffon, jeane baptist lamarc, antoine lavoiseer aur georges couvier, aur phir johann wolfgang wonn goethe key liye germany mein badal jaataa haye, joe charles darwin key saath ingland mein samaapt honey seey pahale hotaa haye. prakriti" key liye "prithvi kii pustak" kii sameeksha karna, f. aiss. marvin ney likhaa, "yeh kavya prastuti key drishtikon seey ack bahut adhik kathin vishay seey sambandhit haye, arthaat jeev vigyaan, yaa balki bhoovigyaan koo prani vigyaan aur vikas key liye ack agradoot key roop mein."phir bhee, yeh" vishvaas naheen kartaa haye...apane poorvavarti dwara kii gaee apekshaaen.
"" "antim yatra.
isase pahale kii noyas ney trayi, "antim yatra" mein antim khand parr uchit kaam shuru kiya thaa, dou ghatanaaen huin joe ise bahut prabhaavit karane vaali theenh unaki pahali patni kii mrityu aur roman kaitholikwad mein unakaa roopaantaran. antim yatra" mein mrityu ack pramukh vishay haye, jaisa kii isake sheershak seey hii pataa chalata haye. apane poorvavartiyon kii tulanaa mein adhik udas swar bhee adhik dhaarmik haye-haalaanki dharm pahale key khandon seey shayed hii anupasthit thaa-aur, jaisa kii ummeed kii jaa sakati haye, adhik vishesh roop seey catholic.
"antim yatra" madhya-atlantic mein raat mein shuru hoti haye, jahan ack mahasagar liner, "ack rotion shahar jaisa ack mahaan jahaaj", ack ugra toofaan seey lada rhaa haye. ack chhoti ladki bahut beemar haye. jahaaj kaa shalya chikitsak sanchaalan key liye taiyar hotaa haye, lekin safalata kii bahut cumm ummeed key saath, mamla jatil haye aur vaha koee visheshagya naheen haye. saubhagya seey, kaptan koo wireless samachar seey pataa chalata haye kii johns hopkins aspatal kaa ack sheersh visheshagya 400 meal door ack aur liner parr haye-wireless renz key bheetar. jahaaj kaa shalya chikitsak usase paramarsh curr sakega aur poore operation key dauran usake sampark mein rahega. achaanak, chhoti ladki key jeevit rahane kii sambhavana mein bahut sudhaar hotaa haye. ack tarah seey kahein tou ateet kii sabhi vaigyaanik khojon aur aavishkaron koo usaki zaan bachaane key prayaas mein laaya jaa rhaa haye. jaba kavi ack sadharan saathi yatri seey poochata haye, "aapako lagata haye kii way usey bachaa lenge?"ajnabi jawab detaa haye," "way" "usey bachaa sakate hain", "aur phir goodh roop seey jodata haye", "lekin" "way" "kaun hain?"
pratibimbit karate hue, kavi koo ehsas hotaa haye kii "way" sabhi yugon seey vaigyaanik satya key anveshak aur khojkarta hain-jaise loga villium harvey, luis pasteur aur chikitsa key kshetra mein joseph lister yaa michael fairade, james clerk maxwell aur wireless key vikas mein heinrich heartz. phir bhee, sabhi key ekjut prayason key bavjood, chhoti ladki marr jaati haye, aur usa nuksan key andhere mein kavi paataa haye kii kewal vishvaas mein hii prakaash kii ack jhalak mill sakati haye. vigyaan mrityu koo lambe samay mein parajit naheen curr sakata haye, aur kabhi-kabhi, chhoti ladki key mamle mein, cumm samay mein bhee naheen, lekin aggar "prem, mrityu naheen" antim vaastaviktaa haye, tou mrityu key paas antim shabd naheen hoga. beshak, sheershak kii "antim yatra" kewal chhoti ladki yaa naee kii patni kii naheen haye-halanki khand xiii mein usake shoke key geet hain aur anta mein samarpan mein ack aur-lekin harr aadami aur harr mahila kii.
aff. aiss. marvin, jinhone "prakriti" key liye "mashal-vaahak" key sabhi teen khandon kii sameeksha kii, ney likhaa kii "teesara khand nishchit roop seey kalaatmak drishtikon seey sabse achchha haye. isamen ack suvichaarit aur atyadhik dilchasp ghatana haye, jisake aspas lekhak key ateet key chitra aur aanushangik geet prabhaavi roop seey samoohbaddh hain, aur yeh dhaarmik sanshleshan kii ack poorna aur vakpatu vyakhya kii or leey jaataa haye jisake saath vigyaan kaa itihas unhein prerit kartaa haye."
"" "aakhiri aadami.
1940 mein noys ney ack vigyaan kathaa upanyaas, "dha last maine" (us sheershakah "noo adar maine") prakaashit kiya, jisamen maanav jaati koo ack shaktishali mrityu kiran dwara lagbhag mitaa diyaa gayaa haye joe sabhi koo, mitra yaa dushman koo maarne mein saksham haye, jaba taka kii way samudra kii satah key neeche ack steel kaksh mein naa houn. aavishkaarak kaa mukhya sahayak duniya key pramukh deshon koo yojanaon koo anaitik roop seey bechata haye, joe ghoshana karate hain kii way kiran kaa upayog kewal "antim upaay" key roop mein karenge. haalaanki, jaba ghatanaaen niyantran seey baahar hoe jaati hain, tou way sabhi ise sakriya curr dete hain, jisase prithvi parr rahane vaale sabhi loga maare jaate hain.
jaba mrityu kiran aatee haye, tou maark addams naamak ack 29 varsheeya angrej ack doobati pandubbi mein funce jaataa haye. bhaagne key liye prabandhan karate hue, vaha khud koo britten mein ekmatra jeevit vyakti paataa haye. vaha ack aur jeevit bache vyakti koo khojane kii ummeed mein peris kii yatra kartaa haye. vahaan usey ack surag milata haye joe usey ummeed detaa haye. usaki khoj usey itali leey jaati haye, jahan usey anta mein doosari jeevit bachee, avalin hamilton naam kii ack americi ladki milati haye. usa samay jaba mrityu kiran aaee, vaha bhoomadhya sagar kii satah key neeche ack gotakhor ghanti mein thee, jahan, ack atyadhik dhanee aur vaigyaanik pratibha, mardoc key margadarshan mein, vaha samudra key tala kii tasveer lene mein luggy hui thee. uska saathi kahani kaa khalnayak nikla. kiran kii shakti koo jaanate hue, jisake vikas key liye vaha kaafee hudd taka jimmedaar thaa, usane yeh sunishchit kiya thaa kii, isake sakriya honey key samay, vaha ack aakarshak yuva mahila key saath surakshit roop seey isaki pahunch seey baahar thaa, jisake saath vaha baad mein punah jansankhya shuru curr sakata thaa. halanki, avalin usey manmutav mahsoos karati haye, aur khade, sunder yuva angrej key aaney seey mardoc kii yojana aur bigad jaati haye. ladki key liye dou purushon key beach agami pratiyogita mein, maark addams kaa upnaam ack spasht sanket haye kii donon mein seey kaun saa avalin kii poorv sandhya key liye addam honey key liye behtar haye. donon yuva logon koo pyaar hoe jaataa haye, lekin mardoc avalin kaa apaharan curr letaa haye. usake bachane aur mardoc kii mrityu key baad, upanyaas kaa samaapan yuva jode dwara asisi mein kuchh anya jeevit bache logon kii khoj key saath hotaa haye.
charles holland key liye, 1940 key dashak mein upanyaas kii sameeksha karate hue, "kshama yaachana, kalaa, yatra aur ack aakarshak prem kahani" jaise maanav ruchi key tatvon key sanyojan kaa matlab haye kii "antim vyakti" key paathak koo "ack bauddhik upchaar aur vaastavik manoranjan" donon kaa ashvasana haye. erich atlus ney ack praarambhik vigyaan kathaa fanzine mein likhate hue, kuchh khamiyon key bavjood, upanyaas koo paaya, "padhane laayak-shayed dou baar. unhone likhaa, "daarshanik-dhaarmik vishay kissy bhee tarah seey shaktishali charitra chitran seey alag naheen haye...maark aur avalin. isake alawa, upanyaas kaa adhikansh hissa "itali mein sthaapit haye, jahan ack kavi key roop mein nayas kii varnanatmak shaktiyaan saamane aatee hain. "antim vyakti" vaha upanyaas prateet hotaa haye jisane kayamat key dinn key hathiyar kaa vichaar pesh kiya. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh george orwell key "unnis assie-chaar" parr prabhaavon mein seey ack thaa.
baad key varshon mein.
1940 mein, noyas uttari america laut aae, jahan unhone vyakhyan diyaa aur british yuddh kii sthiti kii vakaalat kii. agale varsh, unhone mount ellison vishvavidyalaya, nyu brunswick, kanada mein josia wood vyakhyan diye. dha aij off dha abis" sheershak seey, way pahali baar 1942 mein kanada mein prakaashit hue they aur phir, ack sanshodhit sanskaran mein, usee varsh sanyukt raajya america mein aur dou saal baad britten mein. rasaatal key kinare" mein, nayas duniya key bhavishya parr vichaar karate hain, adhinayakvad, naukarshahi, raajya kii vyaapak shakti aur naitik manakon key patan parr hamla karate hain. george orwell ney "paryavekshak" key liye pustak kii sameeksha kii aur "antim vyakti" kii tarah, ise "unnis sou chaunsath" parr sambhaavit prabhaav maanaa jaataa haye.
apani sameeksha mein, orwell ney likhaa kii "rasaatal kaa kinara" ack vaastavik samasya paida kartaa haye-"poorna achche aur burey mein vishvaas mein kshay", jisake parinamswarup "vyavhaar key niyam jinn parr kissy bhee sthir samaaj koo aaraam karna haye, way bhang hoe rahey hain" aur "yahaan taka kii samanya shalinta key vivekpurna karanon koo bhee bhulaa diyaa jaa rhaa haye. vaastav mein, orwell key vichaar mein, noyas "shayed 'yathaarthvaad' key panth dwara samanya samanya gyaan koo kiye gaye nuksan parr bhee cumm jore dete hain, yeh maanane kii apani antarnihit pravritti key saath kii beiman pathyakram hamesha laabhdaayak hotaa haye. doosari or, orwell koo noyas kaa sujhaae gaye upaay, isai dharm kii or vaapsee, "vyavharikta key drishtikon seey bhee sandigdh" lagata haye. vaha iss baat seey sahmat hain kii "hamaare samay kii vaastavik samasya poorna sahee aur galat kii bhavna koo bahaal karna haye", joe ateet mein antatah "vishvaas" parr nirbhar thaa, lekin vaha sochate hain kii "shayed yeh kalpana karna galat haye kii isai vishvaas, jaisa kii ateet mein maujood thaa, europe mein bhee bahaal kiya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, orwell ney koee sujhaav naheen diyaa kii vishvaas key alawa, naitikta key liye kyaa aadhar hoe sakata haye.
noyas kuchh varshon taka california mein sevaanivritti mein rahey. 1943 mein, unhone "dha secret off poodak eyeland" prakaashit kiya, joe maine key tata parr bachchon kii kahani haye. isamen praakritik dushmanon (scunk, veezel) aur manushyon dwara khatare mein daale gaye gilhariyon kaa ack parivaar, ack mool americi vyakti kaa bhoot, jise aupaniveshik yug mein ack bhayaanak dukh kaa saamana karna padaa, aur ack kishore ladka haye joe ack kalakar banane kii mahatvakanksha rakhta haye aur joe gilhariyon aur bhoot donon kii madad karane mein saksham haye. haalaanki, yeh satah parr jaanvaron key vyavhaar key halke dill key khaaton kii tulanaa mein kaheen adhik gahara aur bhayaanak haye; ack rahasyamay aavaaj kalakar koo akele rahasya key shabdon koo fusfusaya karati rahati haye, aur adhikansh paatr maanav jaati key vibhinn murkhtapurna aur murkhtapurna avtaar bunn jaate hainh bhayankar akela ladka-kalakar (joe chhote dweshpurna graminon dwara lagbhag pagal key roop mein bund curr diyaa jaataa haye) aur moorkh lekin buddhiman pujari, saath hii saath squando kaa gambhir bhoot, ekmatra apavaad haye jisake khilaf anya vipareet hain. poodak dweep kaa puuraa "rahasya" alaukik chamak mein shamil haye joe bhautik duniya kii chandwa key madhyam seey jalata haye, jaise kii jangal mein ack mehrab key madhyam seey samudra kii ack jhalak joe akele dweep kii "aankh" kaa naam detee haye. rahasyamay aavaaj, jise khud gluescap honey kaa sanket diyaa gayaa haye, apratyaksh roop seey gilhari parivaar key chitra key liye ack adrishya model key roop mein dikhaai detee haye, joe sochata haye kii way ack stump parr baithe hainh lekin tasveer usey record karati haye.
1949 mein, noyas aisal off white parr apane ghar laut aae. badhati andhepan key parinamswarup, unhone apane baad key sabhi karyon koo nirdeshit kiya. 1952 mein unhone bachchon key liye ack aur kitab, "daddy talab mein gir gaye aur anya kavitaaen" prakaashit keen. taba seey yeh sheershak kavita bachchon key liye ack dridh pasandida rahee haye. 2005 mein, yeh una kuchh kavitaon mein seey ack thee joe usa varsh prakaashit bachchon key liye kavita key dou pramukh sangrhon mein seey ack thee, ack carolin kenedi dwara sampaadit, doosari ellis paschen dwara.
1955 mein, noyas ney vyangyaatmak kaalpanik upanyaas "dha deville takes aeye holiday" prakaashit kiya, jisamen ack antarrashtriya vittaposhi, shree lucius balliol kii aadh mein, shaitan, ack sukhad chhoti see chhutti key liye saanta barbara, california aataa haye. haalaanki, vaha paataa haye kii uska kaam maanav jaati dwara itani kushalata seey kiya jaa rhaa haye kii vaha anaavashyak hoe gayaa haye. yeh anabhigya aatma-khoj usey naa kewal dardanaak haye, balki anta mein ack dukhad modd key kaaran bhee-antatah vyarth haye.
noyas kii kavita kii antim pustak, "lutian aur anya kavitaon koo ack patra", 1956 mein, poliyo seey unaki mrityu seey dou saal pahale saamane aaee thee.
"bhoot parr aarop lagaana.
1957 mein, noyas ney apani antim pustak, "dha impinging ghost, yaa justice forr casement" prakaashit kii (yuu. aiss. sheershakah "dha impinging ghost off roser casement"). 1916 mein, prasiddh manvadhikar prachaarak roser casement koo doublin mein ayrish rashtravadi vidroh mein unaki bhagidari key liye fansi dee gaee thee, jise easter rising key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. kshama key ahwan koo rokane key liye, british adhikaariyon ney saarvajanik hastiyon aur gyaat sahaanubhooti rakhane vaalon koo kuchh casement kii diarry seey prishthon kaa chayan kiya-jinhen "black diarry" key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye-jisane unhein ack swachhand samlaingik key roop mein ujagar kiya. sansthaagat homophobia key yug mein, yeh cumm hathkanda ranneeti kaam kiya aur casement key nivaaran key liye virodh aur yaachikaaen whiffle hoe gaeen.
inn uddharanon koo padhane vaalon mein noyas they, joe taba videsh karyalaya key samachar vibhaag mein kaam curr rahey they aur jinhone prishthon koo "maanav ksharan kii sabse cumm gaharaai" key "galat record" key roop mein varnit kiya. usa varsh baad mein philadelphia mein, jaba noyas angreji kaviyon parr vyakhyan dene vaale they, tou unakaa saamana casement kii bahan, neena seey huaa, jinhone unhein "kaalaa rakshak badmash" key roop mein ninda kii aur chillaya, "aapke deshvaasiyon ney merey bhaai roser casement koo fansi dey dee."
aur bhee buraa aaney vaalaa thaa. casement kii mrityu key baad, british adhikaariyon ney asadharan gopaniyata kii sharton mein diarry aayojit kii, jisase casement key samarthakon key beach majboot sandeh paida huaa kii way jaali they. 1936 mein, ack americi doctor, villium jey. kii ack pustak prakaashit hui. maloney, jise "jaali casement diarry" kahaa jaataa haye. ise padhane key baad, doubleu. bee. yates ney ack virodh kavita likhi, "roser casement", jise "ayrish press" mein bahut pramukhta key saath prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa. kavita key paanchven charan mein, yates ney alfred noyas kaa naam liya aur usey jaali aur jhoothi kahani kahane vaale key paksh koo chhodane key liye kahaa. noyas ney turant "ayrish press" koo ack patra key saath jawab diyaa jisamen unhone bataaya kii unhone kyon maanaa thaa kii diarry pramanik theen, unhone sweekaar kiya kii unhein gumrah kiya gayaa hoga, aur mool dastavejon kii jaanch karane aur mamle koo nipataane key liye ack samiti key gathan kaa ahwan kiya. jise unhone noyas kaa "mahaan" patra kahaa, usake jawab mein, yates ney apani kavita mein sanshodhan kiya, noyas kaa naam hataa diyaa.
bees saal baad bhee casement kii diarry usee gopaniyata kii sharton mein rakhee jaa rahee thee. isaliye 1957 mein, noyas ney "bhoot parr aarop lagaana, yaa casement key liye nyaay" prakaashit kiya, joe british neeti kii ack kathor fatkaar thee, jisamen unhone apane pichhale kathor faisale key liye poorna sanshodhan karate hue tark diyaa kii casement vaastav mein ack british khufiya sajish kaa shikaar thaa.
2002 mein, "kaali diarry" kii ack forensic jaanch ney nishkarsh nikala kii way pramanik theen.
mrityu.
noyas kii antim kavita, "ballad off dha breaking shale", unaki mrityu seey ack maheene pahale maee 1958 mein likhi gaee thee. 77 varsh kii ayu mein unaki mrityu hoe gaee aur unhein totland, aisal off white mein roman catholic kabristan mein dafnaya gayaa.

