palayan aur saha-vikas koo vikiran karein

palayan aur vikiran saha-vikas ack parikalpana haye joe prastaavit karati haye kii praathamik utpadakon aur unake upbhoktaon key beach ack saha-vikaasvaadi 'hathiyar-daud' vishishtata daron koo tej karke prajaatiyon key vividhikaran mein yogdan detee haye. parikalpana kii gaee prakriya mein mezban mein nae sanrakshan kaa vikas shamil haye, jisase yeh "bachane" kii anumati detaa haye aur phir vibhinn prajaatiyon mein "vikiran" kartaa haye.
itihas.
iss parikalpana kii utpatti 1964 key ack pepper mein paul erlich aur peater reven dwara kii gaee thee, "titaliyaan aur paudheh saha-vikas mein ack adhyayan. jabaki iss pepper ney avadharana koo rekhaankit kiya, vaastavik shabd "escape aind radiate" vaastav mein 1989 taka johnn aine dwara gadhaa naheen gayaa thaa. thompson. yeh siddhant rasayanik paaristhitiki aur paadap vikaasvaadi paaristhitiki mein atyadhik prabhaavshaali rhaa haye, lekin nirnaayak sakshya ekatra karane mein kathinaaee key saath-saath paaristhitik 'palayan' koo vikaasvaadi vividhikaran seey jodane vaale tantra key baare mein anishchitata key kaaran vivadaspad banaa huaa haye.
siddhant.
bhaag jaaen.
vibhinn prakaar key raksha tantra shikariyon seey paaristhitik palayan kaa kaaran bunn sakate hain. paudhe rasayanik raksha kaa upayog maadhyamik chayapachaya yaa alelochemical key roop mein karate hain. yeye alelochemical shakahari jeevon key vikas, vyavhaar aur swaasthya koo rokte hain, jisase paudhe butch jaate hain. ack paadap alelochemical kaa ack udaaharan alcaloids hain joe shakahari jeevon mein protein sanshleshan koo roque sakate hain. paadap raksha key anya roopon mein yaantrik raksha jaise kii thigmonasty andolan shamil hain jinamen sparsh uttejana kii pratikriya mein paudhe key patte karib hotey hain. apratyaksh tantra mein paudhe key patton koo girana shamil haye taaki cumm patte upalabdh houn joe shakahari jeevon koo rokte hain, una sthaanon mein vriddhi karna mushkil haye, aur yahaan taka kii nakal bhee karna mushkil haye. paudhon key alawa anya jeevon key liye, bachane kii anumati dene vaale raksha tantra key udaharanon mein chhadmaavaran, aposematism, badhee hui indriyaan aur shaaririk kshamataaen, aur yahaan taka kii mrityu kaa naatak karane jaise rakshaatmak vyavhaar bhee shamil hain. inn raksha tantron mein seey ack kaa upayog karane vaale jeev kaa ack udaaharan danedar jahar mendhak haye joe aposematism key madhyam seey apani raksha kartaa haye. yeh samajhana mahatvapurna haye kii bachane aur saha-vikas koo vikiran karane key liye, yeh aavashyak haye kii vikasit raksha pahale seey sthaapit honey key bajaay naveen hoe.
anukuli phenotypic plasticity seey utpann prerit raksha ack paudhe koo kaee dushmanon key khilaf khud koo bachaane mein madad curr sakati haye. phenotypic plasticity taba hoti haye jaba ack jeev apane vyavhaar, shareer vigyaan aadi mein badalaav key liye majboor hocker paryavaraniya parivartan seey gujarta haye. yeye prerit rakshaaen ack jeev koo bachane kii anumati detee hain.
vikiran.
vikiran ack prajaati key kaee roopon mein vividhikaran kii vikaasvaadi prakriya haye. isamen teji seey badhati vanshavali key bheetar shaaririk aur paaristhitik vividhata shamil haye. anukulansheel, samanvayaatmak aur visangat vikiran sahit kaee prakaar key vikiran hotey hain, halanki palayan aur vikiran sahvikas hamesha una vishisht prakaron kaa paalan naheen kartaa haye.
erlich aur reven key mool pepper ney spasht roop seey jawab naheen diyaa kii paaristhitik palayan seey vividhikaran kyon badhata haye, haalaanki kaee spashteekaran prastaavit kiye gaye hain. ack baar ack naee raksha praapt hoe jaane key baad, hamlawar jeev jisane anukoolan vikasit kiye they jisane ise poorvavat karane kii anumati dee thee, abb ack nae raksha key khilaf haye kii yeh abhee taka saamana karane key liye vikasit naheen huaa haye. yeh bachaav karane vaale jeev koo laabh detaa haye, aur isaliye pahale seey hamla karane vaale jeev dwara teji seey nirvirodh gunaa karane kaa samay detaa haye. yeh antatah teji seey gunaa karane vaale vansh key bheetar shaaririk aur paaristhitik vividhata kii or leey jaataa haye, isaliye vikiran.
mahatva.
eherlich aur reven kaa pepper jeevvigyaani kii ack peedhi parr atyadhik prabhaavshaali thaa aur isane paadap-keat antahkriya aur rasayanik paaristhitiki parr shodh key visfot mein yogdan diyaa. palayan aur vikiran saha-vikas kaa siddhant yeh samajhaane key liye haye kii humm prithvi parr itani vishal javic vividhata kyon dekhate hain. jeev key bachane key baad, yeh kaee prajaatiyon mein failata haye, aur bhaugolik roop seey failata haye. bachane aur vikiran saha-vikas key pramaan koo paudhe aur shakahari vansh mein starberst prabhaav key madhyam seey dekhaa jaa sakata haye. jaba shikari-shikaar sanghon key vanshon kaa vishleshan kiya jaataa haye, halanki yeh bhinn hotaa haye, starberst prabhaav ack achchha sanketak haye kii palayan aur vikiran saha-vikas hoe sakata haye. antatah iss chakr koo samaapt honah chaahiye kyonki anukoolan joe laagat (jaise sansadhanon kaa aavantan, yaa anya shikariyon key liye bhedyata) koo shamil karate hain, kuchh bindu parr unake laabhon seey adhik hotey hain.
palayan aur vikiran saha-vikas samanantar cladogenesis kaa samarthan curr sakata haye, jisamen paudha aur shakahari phylogeny paitrik paudhon kaa shoshan karane vaale paitrik keedon key saath mell khaa sakate hain. yeh mahatvapurna haye kyonki yeh shodhkartaon koo paitrik jeevon key beach sambandhon key baare mein parikalpana karane kii anumati detaa haye. durbhagya seey, abhee taka koee gyaat udaaharan naheen haye jisamen vishesh roop seey palayan aur vikiran saha-vikas kaa upayog paitrik sambandhon kii parikalpana key liye kiya jaa rhaa haye.
kaee baar joe jeev "butch gayaa haye" vaha lagaatar chayanaatmak dabaav seey gujarta haye kyonki vaha shikari joe isase butch gayaa haye, vaha pratikriya mein ack aur anukoolan banaane key liye vikasit hotaa haye, jisase prakriya jaari rahati haye. inn "aakramak" lakshnon koo shikariyon dwara vyaapak roop seey vikasit kiya gayaa haye. udaaharan key liye, shakahari ack aisaa anukoolan vikasit curr sakate hain joe behtar vishaharan kii anumati detaa haye joe paudhe kii raksha koo door karane kii anumati detaa haye, iss prakaar bachane aur saha-vikas koo jaari rakhane key liye vikiran kartaa haye. aksar "vikaasvaadi hathiyar daud" shabd kaa upayog iss vichaar koo spasht karane key liye kiya jaataa haye kii donon prajaatiyon key saha-vikas key dauran ack hii saapeksh swaasthya banaae rakhane key liye nirantar vikas kii aavashyakta hoti haye. yeh vichaar laal raani parikalpana key saath bhee judaa huaa haye. palayan aur vikiran saha-vikas key madhyam seey dou jeevon key beach prati anukoolan vividhata key peechhe ack pramukh prerak shakti haye.
palayan aur vikiran saha-vikas anya vikaasvaadi tantron kii tulanaa mein bahut adhik javic bhinnata paida kartaa haye. udaaharan key liye, sahajeevi sambandh saajha karane vaali prajaatiyon key beach vividhata key liye cospeciation mahatvapurna haye, haalaanki yeh praakritik chayan key kaaran parasparik vikaasvaadi parivartan kii tulanaa mein lagbhag utani vividhata paida naheen kartaa haye.
ack nae anukoolan key baad teji seey vividhikaran key pramaan paudhon kii 16 alag-alag vanshavali mein raal aur latex nahar nalikaon key vikas key madhyam seey dikhaae gaye hain. raal yaa latex nahar vaale paudhe aasaani seey keat shakahari jeevon seey apana bachaav curr sakate hain. jaba nahar vaale paudhon kii lines kii tulanaa nahar mukt paudhon kii lines seey kii jaati haye, tou yeh spasht haye kii nahar vaale paudhe kaheen adhik vividh hain, joe palayan kaa samarthan karate hain aur saha-vikas koo vikiran karate hain.
udaaharan.
paadap-shakahari.
palayan aur vikiran saha-vikas key sabse lokpriya udaaharan paadap-shakahari sanghon key hain. sabse utkrisht udaaharan titliyon aur paudhon kaa haye joe erlich aur kauve key mool kagaj, "titliyon aur paudhonh saha-vikas mein ack adhyayan mein ullikhit haye.". 1964 mein erlich aur kaua ney paaya kii titliyon key liye mezban paudhon mein rasayanik raksha kii ack vistrit shrinkhala thee, jisase way shakahari seey butch sakate they. poshak paudhon key khilaf nae prativichhedan tantra vikasit karane vaali titaliyaan, rasayanik raksha key liye, poshak paudhon key sansadhanon kaa upayog karane mein saksham theen. titliyon aur mezban paudhon key beach charanbaddh anukoolan aur prati anukoolan kii prakriya nirantar haye aur vishal vividhata paida karati haye.
ushnakatibandhiya pedh bhee butch sakate hain aur apana bachaav curr sakate hain. uchch prakaash mein ugane vaale pedon mein kuchh rasayanik sanrakshan honey kii bhavishyavani kii gaee thee, lekin vistaar key dauran teji seey samkaalik patte kaa vistaar aur cumm patte kii poshan gunavatta. cumm prakaash mein ugane vaali prajaatiyon mein vibhinn rasayanik raksha, kharaab poshan gunavatta aur atulyakaalik patte kaa vistaar hotaa haye. prakaash key star key aadhar parr pedh uga rahey they, joe rasayanik yaa patte key vistaar key madhyam seey praapt raksha key prakaar koo prabhaavit karate they. cumm prakaash key sampark mein aaney vaale pedon ney shakahari jeevon seey khud koo bachaane key liye vibhinn rasayan vikasit kiye, ack raksha joe prakaash kaa upayog naheen karati haye. yeh adhyayan mahatvapurna thaa kyonki yeh raksha key beach key algaav aur ack jeev key saath unake sambandh koo darshaata haye joe anya prajaatiyon mein bhaagata haye aur vikiran kartaa haye. nae sanrakshanon key vikas kaa yeh matlab naheen haye kii yadi shakahari teji seey anukoolan curr rahey hain tou paudhe kii ack prajaati key liye palayan sambhav haye.
doodh key paudhon mein latex seey bharee naharen hoti hain joe keat shakahari jeevon koo rokti hain. milkweed latex naa kewal keedon key munh key hisson mein masoode banaata haye, balki vishaakt bhee hotaa haye kyonki isamen cardenolide hotey hain joe aavashyak enzyme, naa +/key +-atpage koo rokkar sodium aur potasium key star koo baadhit karate hain. isane doodh key beejon koo "bachane" aur behad vividh honey kii anumati dee haye. doodh key ghaas kii 100 seey adhik vibhinn prajaatiyan hain joe darshaati hain kii paudha kitna vividh haye, jisamen palayan aur vikiran saha-vikas itani badee sankhya mein prajaatiyon key nirmaan mein bahut badee bhoomika nibhaata haye.
machhali-paani pissu.
pramukh anukoolan anukoolan hain joe jeevon key ack samooh koo vividhata laane kii anumati dete hain. "daphnia lumholtzi" ack paani kaa pissu haye joe machhali key maujood honey parr chhode gaye rasayanon kii pratikriya mein kathor sir kii reedh banaane mein saksham haye. yeye phenotypic roop seey plastic key lakshan inn shikariyon key khilaf ack prerit raksha key roop mein kaam karate hain. ack adhyayan seey pataa chalaa haye kii "daphnia pulikariya" "dee" seey pratispardhi roop seey behtar haye. lumholtzi "shikariyon kii anupasthiti mein. haalaanki, machhali kii upasthiti mein aakramak prajaatiyon ney apani raksha kaa gathan kiya aur iss kshetra mein pramukh jall pissu bunn gaee. prabhutva mein iss badalaav seey pataa chalata haye kii machhali shikaar key khilaf prerit raksha "dee" kii aakraman safalata key liye ack pramukh anukoolan kaa pratinidhitva curr sakati haye. lumholtzi.  ack rakshaatmak visheshta joe ack pramukh anukoolan key roop mein yogya haye, sabse adhik sambhavana haye kii palayan aur vikiran saha-vikas kaa ack udaaharan haye.
bacteria-phase.
iss siddhant koo sookshm star parr lagu kiya jaa sakata haye jaise kii bacteria-charan sambandhon key liye. bacteria phase key pratirodh key madhyam seey vividhata laane aur bachane mein saksham they. mejbaanon aur parjeeviyon key beach vividhata sankraman aur pratirodh kii seema key beach bhinn thee. manushyon key liye iss adhyayan kaa nihitarth sankraamak jeevon key vikas koo samajhane aur rogon koo rokane key liye mahatvapurna haye.

