tantrika ganana key model

tantrika ganana key model, ack amoort aur ganitiya tareeke seey, una mool siddhanton koo spasht karane key prayaas hain joe javic tantrika pranaliyon mein soochana prasanskaran, yaa usake karyatmak ghatakon koo rekhaankit karate hain. iss lekh kaa uddeshya tantrika-javic ganana key sabse nishchit model key saath-saath aamtaur parr unake nirmaan aur vishleshan key liye upayog kiye jaane vaale upkaranon kaa avalokan pradaan karna haye.
parichay.
tantrika tantra key vyavhaar kii jatilata key kaaran, sambandhit prayogaatmak truti seemaaen galat paribhaashit hain, lekin ack vishesh upa-pranali key vibhinn models kii saapeksh yogyata kii tulanaa iss baat key anusaar kii jaa sakati haye kii way vaastavik-duniya key vyavhaaron koo kitane karib seey punah utpann karate hain yaa vishisht input sanketon kaa jawab dete hain. computational neuroethology key nikatata seey sambandhit kshetra mein, abhyaas model mein paryaavaran koo iss tarah seey shamil karna haye kii loop bund hoe. una mamalon mein jahaan pratispardhi model upalabdh naheen hain, yaa jahaan kewal sakal pratikriyaon koo maapa yaa matratmak kiya gayaa haye, ack spasht roop seey taiyar kiya gayaa model jaiv rasayanik tantra yaa network connectivity kii jaanch key liye prayogon koo design karane mein vaigyaanik kaa margadarshan curr sakata haye.
sabse saral mamalon key alawa sabhi mein, ganitiya sameekaran joe ack model kaa aadhar banaate hain, unhein thheek seey hull naheen kiya jaa sakata haye. phir bhee, computer praudyogiki, kabhi-kabhi vishesh software yaa hardware vastukala key roop mein, vaigyaanikon koo punaraavritt ganana karane aur prashansaniya samadhanon kii khoj karane kii anumati detee haye. ack computer chip yaa ack robot joe praakritik paryaavaran key saath mool jeev key samaan tarikon seey baatchit curr sakata haye, ack upayogi model kaa ack avtaar haye. safalata kaa antim upaay halanki pareekshan yogya bhavishyavaniyaan karane kii kshamata haye.
model key mulyankan key liye samanya mandand.
soochana prasanskaran kii gati.
javic tantrika pranaliyon mein soochana prasanskaran kii darr usa gati seey baadhit hoti haye jiss parr ack kriya kshamata ack tantrika tantu koo neeche faila sakati haye. yeh chaalan wegg 1 meater/sekand seey laker 100 meater/sekand seey adhik taka hotaa haye, aur aam taur parr tantrika prakriya key vyaas key saath badhata haye. javic roop seey praasangik ghatnaaon key samay-maan mein dhwani kii gati yaa gurutvaakarshan bull dwara nirdhaarit, tantrika tantra samay-mahatvapurna anuprayogon mein kramik parr samanantar gananaon koo atyadhik pasand kartaa haye.
majbooti.
ack model majboot hotaa haye yadi yeh input yaa shore dwara pesh kiye gaye sanchaalan maapdandon mein bhinnataon key tahat samaan computational parinam utpann karna jaari rakhta haye. udaaharan key liye, ack majboot gati detector dwara ganana kii gaee gati kii disha, prakaash, vipareetata yaa wegg key chhote parivartanon key tahat naheen badalegi. neuron key saral ganitiya model key liye, udaaharan key liye sanket deree parr spike pattern kii nirbharta interneuronal connection key "bhaar" mein parivartan parr nirbharta kii tulanaa mein bahut kamjor haye.
niyantran praapt karein.
yeh iss siddhant koo sandarbhit kartaa haye kii ack tantrika tantra kii pratikriya kuchh seemaon key bheetar honey chaahiye, bhale hii paryaavaran seey input mein bhaari badalaav hoe. udaaharan key liye, jaba ack dhoop vaale dinn aur ack chaandaheen raat key beach samaayojan kiya jaataa haye, tou retina prakaash star aur neuronal output key beach sambandh koo sootra _ 1 seey adhik key kaarak dwara badal detaa haye taaki sanket baad key charanon mein bheje jaa sakein.
drishya pranali hamesha aayamon kii ack bahut hii sankeern seema key bheetar rahati haye.
raikhikta banaam gair-raikhikta.
ack raikhik pranali vaha haye jisaki pratikriya ack nirdisht ikai mein, ack baar mein vichaar kiye gaye input key ack sett key liye, vyaktigat roop seey vichaar kiye gaye input key kaaran isaki pratikriyaon kaa yog haye.
raikhik pranaliyon kaa ganitiya roop seey vishleshan karna aasaan haye aur kaee models mein ack prerak dhaarana haye jisamen mccullock aur pitt neuron, jansankhya coding model aur aksar kritrim tantrika network mein upayog kiye jaane vaale saral neurons shamil hain. ack tantrika paripath key buniyaadi tatvon mein raikhikta hoe sakati haye jaise kii ack postsyneptic neuron kii pratikriya, yaa gair-raikhik upa-paripath key sanyojan key ack ubharate hue guna key roop mein. halanki raikhikta koo aksar galat key roop mein dekhaa jaataa haye, haal hii mein yeh sujhaav diyaa gayaa haye kii yeh vaastav mein kuchh mamalon mein jaivbhautik roop seey prashansaniya hoe sakata haye.
udaaharan.
ack computational tantrika model vyaktigat neurons mein jaiv rasayanik sanket key star taka seemit hoe sakata haye yaa yeh apane vatavaran mein ack poore jeev kaa varnan curr sakata haye. yahaan key udaharanon koo unake dayare key anusaar samoohikrit kiya gayaa haye.
neurons mein soochana hastaantaran key model.
javic neurons mein soochana hastaantaran key sabse vyaapak roop seey upayog kiye jaane vaale model vidyut paripath key anuroop hain. hull kiye jaane vaale sameekaran vidyut-gatishil charr jaise vidyut pravaah, chaalan yaa pratirodh, dhaarita aur voltage key saath samay-nirbhar avkal sameekaran hain.
hozkin-huxley model aur isake vyutpann.
hozkin-huxley model, jise vyaapak roop seey 20veen shatabdi key jaivbhautiki kii mahaan uplabdhiyon mein seey ack maanaa jaataa haye, varnan kartaa haye kii kaise neurons mein kriya kshamata shuru kii jaati haye aur voltage-gated aayan chainalon key madhyam seey akshtantuon mein prachaarit kii jaati haye. yeh gair-raikhik sadharan vibhedak samikaranon kaa ack samooh haye jise 1952 mein ellen lloyd hozkin aur andreau huxley dwara squid vishal akshatantu parr voltage clamp prayogon key parinamon kii vyakhya karane key liye pesh kiya gayaa thaa. vishleshanatmak samadhan maujood naheen hain, lekin levenberg-marcard algorithm, ack sanshodhit goss-neuton algorithm, aksar inn samikaranon koo voltage-clamp detta mein fitt karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye.
fitzagh-nagumo model hozkin-huxley model kaa ack saralikaran haye. hindmarsh-gulab model ack vistaar haye joe neuronal spike fatane kaa varnan kartaa haye. morris-lekaar model ack sanshodhan haye joe spikes utpann naheen kartaa haye, lekin dheemi-tarang prasaar kaa varnan kartaa haye, joe kendriya pattern generator key avarodhak synaptic tantra mein nihit haye.
soliton.
soliton model hozkin-huxley model kaa ack vikalp haye joe yeh samajhaane kaa daavaa kartaa haye kii kaise kriya kshamata koo kuchh prakaar kii ekal dhwani (yaa ghanatva) spandon key roop mein shuru kiya jaataa haye aur sanchaalit kiya jaataa haye, jinhen akshtantuon key saath soliton key roop mein model kiya jaa sakata haye, joe tantrika spand key prasaar key ushmaagatiki siddhant parr adharit haye.
sthanantaran kaary aur raikhik filter.
yeh drishtikon, niyantran siddhant aur sanket prasanskaran seey prabhaavit, neurons aur synapse koo samay-parivartansheel sansthaon key roop mein maanata haye joe input sanketon key raikhik sanyojan kaa utpaadan karate hain, jinhen aksar ack achchi tarah seey paribhaashit laukik yaa sthaanik aavrittiyon key saath saain tarangon key roop mein darshaaya jaataa haye.
ack neuron yaa synapse kaa puuraa vyavhaar ack sthanantaran kaary mein kootbaddh kiya jaataa haye, sateek antarnihit tantra key baare mein gyaan kii kamee key bavjood. yeh soochana hastaantaran kii samasya koo sahan karane key liye ack atyadhik vikasit ganit laataa haye.
raikhik filters kaa saath dene vaalaa vargeekaran tantrika paripath koo chihnit karane mein upayogi saabit hotaa haye. nimn aur uchch-paas donon filter samvedi pranaliyon mein kissy naa kissy roop mein maujood honey key liye abhinirdhaarit hain, kyonki way kramshah uchch aur nimn vipareet vatavaran mein soochana haani koo rokane key liye kaary karate hain.
vaastav mein, raikhik pranali vishleshan key anusaar horseshoe kekade retina mein neurons key sthanantaran karyon key maap seey pataa chalata haye kii way cumm-paas filter key tareeke seey kewal deerghakaalik rujhaanon koo chhodkar input sanketon mein alpakaalik utaar-chadhaav koo hataa dete hain. yeye janwar paani key neeche kii dhaaraon key kaaran honey vaale optical vikritiyon kii madad key binaa cumm-vipareet vastuon koo dekhane mein asamarth hain.
samvedi pranaliyon mein ganana key model.
retina mein paarshv avarodhah hartline-ratliff sameekaran.
retina mein, ack uttejit tantrika receptor ack kshetra key bheetar aspas key neurons kii gatividhi koo dabaa sakata haye jise avarodhak kshetra kahaa jaataa haye. yeh prabhaav, jise paarshv avrodh key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, drishya pratikriya mein vipareetata aur teekshnata koo badhaata haye, lekin mack baind key epiphenomenon kii or leey jaataa haye. yeh aksar alag-alag prakaash kii chhavi mein dou kshetron key beach ack tej seema key buggle mein prakaash yaa kaali dhaariyon key optical bhram seey sachitra hotaa haye.
hartline-ratliff model "pee" photoreceptor koshikaon key ack samooh key bheetar baatchit kaa varnan kartaa haye. inn antahkriyaon koo raikhik maanate hue, unhone diye gaye "pee"-th photoreceptor key sthir-sthiti pratikriya darr sootra key liye nimnalikhit sambandh kaa prastaav rakhaa, joe "jey" aspas key receptors key sthir-sthiti pratikriya darr sootra key sandarbh mein haih
sootra _ 4.
yahaan,
sootra _ 5 samvedi pargaman seey lakshya "pee"-th receptor kaa uttejana haye.
sootra _ 6 firing cell kii sambaddh seema haye, aur
sootra _ 7 "p"-th aur "j" th receptor key beach avarodhak antahkriya kaa gunank haye. lakshya "pee"-th receptor seey doori key saath avarodhak antahkriya cumm hoe jaati haye.
dhwani sthaaniyakaran mein cross-sahsambandhah jephres model.
jephres key anusaar, antar-shravan samay antar seey antariksh mein dhwani srot key sthaan kii ganana karane key liye, ack shravan pranali vilamb rekhaaon parr nirbhar karati haih ack ipsilateral shravan receptor seey ack vishesh neuron mein prerit sanket mein usee samay kii deree hoti haye jaba mool dhwani koo usa kaana seey dusare kaana mein jaane mein samay lagata haye. pratyek postsyneptic koshika alag-alag deree seey hoti haye aur iss prakaar ack vishesh antar-aural samay antar key liye vishisht hoti haye. yeh siddhant paraspar sambandh kii ganitiya prakriya key barabar haye.
fisher aur anderson key baad, baaen aur daaen kaana seey sanketon key liye postsyneptic neuron kii pratikriya dwara dee jaati haye
sootra _ 8
kahaan
sootra _ 9
sootra _ 10
aur
sootra _ 11 vilamb falan kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. yeh poori tarah seey sahee naheen haye aur prateekon koo crum mein rakhane key liye ack spasht aankh kii aavashyakta haye.
dhaanchon koo baarn ullu mein sthit kiya gayaa haye joe jephres-prakaar key tantra key anuroop hain.
gati kaa pataa lagaane key liye cross-sahsambandhah hassenstein-rechard model.
ack gati detector koo teen samanya aavashyaktaon koo puuraa karane kii aavashyakta hoti haih jodee-input, asamaroopata aur gair-raikhikta. photoreceptors kii ack jodee kii pratikriyaon parr asmamit roop seey lagu cross-correlation operation inn nyuntam maandandon koo santusht kartaa haye, aur isake alawa, una visheshtaon kii bhavishyavani kartaa haye joe dwi-pankhon vaale keedon mein lobula plate key neurons kii pratikriya mein dekhi gaee hain.
pratikriya key liye mukhya sameekaran haye
sootra _ 12
aich. aar. model ack vishesh input asthaayi aavritti parr pratikriya key shikhar kii bhavishyavani kartaa haye. avadharana key anusaar samaan barlo-levic model iss arth mein cumm haye kii jodee key kewal ack receptor koo prastut ack uttejana pratikriya utpann karane key liye paryaapt haye. yeh aich. aar. model key vipareet haye, jisake liye dou sahsambaddh sanketon kii aavashyakta hoti haye joe ack samay krambaddh tareeke seey diye jaate hain. haalaanki aich. aar. model uchch vipareetata parr pratikriya kii santripti naheen dikhaata haye, joe prayog mein dekhaa jaataa haye. barlo-levic model key vistaar iss visangati key liye pradaan curr sakate hain.
manushyon mein gati anuman key liye watson-ahumada model.
yeh sthaanik aur laukik donon dishaaon mein ack cross-sahsambandh kaa upayog kartaa haye, aur optical pravaah kii avadharana seey sambandhit haye.
samvedi-motor yugman key model.
neurophysiological metronomah pattern peedhi key liye tantrika paripath.
parasparik avarodhak prakriyaaen sabhi kendriya pattern generators kaa ack ekikrit rupankan hain. yeh crayfish aur lobster key stomatogastric (stg) tantrika tantra mein pradarshit kiya gayaa haye. aiss. tii. jee. parr adharit dou aur teen-koshika dolan network kaa nirmaan kiya gayaa haye joe ganitiya vishleshan key liye upayukt hain, aur joe ack saral tareeke seey synaptic taakat aur samagr gatividhi parr nirbhar karate hain, sambhavatah inn cheejon parr nob. isamen shamil ganit gatishil pranaliyon kaa siddhant haye.
pratikriya aur niyantranah udaan niyantran key model.
maanaa jaataa haye kii makkhi mein udaan niyantran drishya pranali aur helters seey input dwara madhyasthata kii jaati haye, joe ghundi jaise angon kii ack jodee haye joe koniya wegg koo maapati haye. drosophila" key ekikrit computer model, joe neuronal paripath parr sankshipt hain, lekin niyantran siddhant dwara diye gaye samanya dishaanirdeshon aur makkhiyon kii bandhi hui udaanon key detta key aadhar parr, udaan niyantran key vivaran kii jaanch karane key liye banaae gaye hain.
pramastishk samvedi motor niyantran.
tensor network siddhant pramastishk-kaal falan kaa ack siddhant haye joe samvedi sthaan-samay nirdeshank koo motor nirdeshank mein badalane kaa ack ganitiya model pradaan kartaa haye aur isake vipareet pramastishk-kaal tantrika tantra dwara. iss siddhant koo andras paleonis aur rodolfo linus dwara 1980 key dashak mein tensor kaa upayog karke mastishk kaary (vishesh roop seey kendriya tantrika tantra) key jyaamiti key roop mein vikasit kiya gayaa thaa.
software modeling drishtikon aur upkaran.
tantrika network.
iss drishtikon mein, synaptic connection kii taakat aur prakaar, uttejak yaa avarodhak, koo bhaar key parimaan aur sanket dwara darshaaya jaataa haye, joe kii ack vishesh neuron key liye input sootra _ 14 key saamane sankhyaatmak gunank sootra _ 13 haye. sootra _ 15vein neuron kii pratikriya gair-raikhik key yog dwara dee jaati haye, aamtaur parr input key sootra _ 16 key roop mein "sigmoidal" karyah
sootra _ 17.
iss pratikriya koo phir anya neurons mein input key roop mein diyaa jaataa haye. lakshya neurons key bhaar koo anukoolit karna haye taaki input parat parr diye gaye input key liye sambandhit output parat parr vaanchhit pratikriya praapt kii jaa sakey. neuron bhaar kaa yeh anukoolan aksar backpropagation algorithm aur ack anukoolan vidhi jaise gradient decent yaa neuton kii anukoolan vidhi kaa upayog karke kiya jaataa haye. backpropagation prashikshan detta seey apekshit output key saath network key output kii tulanaa kartaa haye, phir network kii kull truti mein usa vyaktigat neuron key yogdan koo cumm karane key liye pratyek neuron key vajan koo update kartaa haye.
aanuvanshik algorithm.
aanuvanshik algorithm kaa upayog mastishk-shareer-paryaavaran pranali key model mein tantrika (aur kabhi-kabhi shareer) gunon koo vikasit karane key liye kiya jaataa haye taaki kuchh vaanchhit vyavhaar pradarshan pradarshit kiya jaa sakey. vikasit agents koo unake sanchaalan key siddhanton koo ujagar karane key liye ack vistrit vishleshan key adheen kiya jaa sakata haye. vikaasvaadi drishtikon vishesh roop seey diye gaye vyavhaar sambandhi kaary key sambhaavit samadhanon key sthaanon kii khoj key liye upayogi hain kyonki yeye drishtikon ack diye gaye vyavhaar koo turant kaise kiya jaanaa chaahiye, isake baare mein ack praathamik dhaaranaon koo cumm karate hain. way ack computational neuroethology model koo puuraa karane key vibhinn tarikon kii khoj key liye bhee upayogi hoe sakate hain jaba kewal aanshik tantrika paripath ack javic pranali key liye upalabdh hoe.
neuron.
duke vishvavidyalaya mein vikasit neuron software, vyaktigat neurons aur neurons key network key modeling key liye ack anukaran vatavaran haye. neuron paryaavaran ack swa-nihit vatavaran haye joe apane guee key madhyam seey yaa hock yaa python key saath scripting key madhyam seey interfaces kii anumati detaa haye. neuron anukaran injan ack hodkin-huxley prakaar key model parr adharit haye joe ack borg-abraham sutrikaran kaa upayog kartaa haye. neuron mein likhe gaye models key kaee udaaharan online databases model dee. bee. seey upalabdh hain.
electronic hardware mein avtaar.
chaalan-adharit silicon neurons.
tantrika tantra silicon-adharit computing upkaranon key bahumat seey alag hotey hain kyonki way analogue computer (digital detta processor naheen) aur badey paimaane parr samanantar processor seey milate-julate hain, kramik processor seey naheen. tantrika tantra koo sateek roop seey model karane key liye, vaastavik samay mein, vaikalpik hardware kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
aaj taka key sabse yathaarthvaadi paripath maujooda digital electronics (gair-maanak sthitiyon key tahat sanchaalit) key anuroop gunon kaa upayog karate hain taaki "silico mein" hozkin-huxley-prakaar key model kaa ehsas kiya jaa sakey.

