
kaana mein dard

kaana kaa dard, jise kaana kaa dard yaa autologia key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, kaana mein dard haye. kaana kaa praathamik dard vaha dard haye joe kaana seey utpann hotaa haye. dwiteeyak kaana dard ack prakaar kaa sandarbhit dard haye, jiska arth haye kii dard kaa srot usa sthaan seey alag haye jahan dard mahsoos kiya jaataa haye.
kaana dard key adhikansh kaaran gair-janleva hain. praathamik kaana dard maadhyamik kaana dard kii tulanaa mein adhik aam haye, aur yeh aksar sankraman yaa chot key kaaran hotaa haye. maadhyamik (sandarbhit) kaana dard kaa kaaran banane vaali sthitiyaan vyaapak hain aur temporomandibular joint syndrome seey laker galey kii soojan taka hoti hain.
samanya taur parr, kaana dard key kaaran kaa pataa sabhi lakshnon kaa puuraa itihas laker aur ct scan jaise imaging upkaranon kii aavashyakta key binaa shaaririk pariksha karke lagaaya jaa sakata haye. haalaanki, yadi laal jhande maujood hain jaise shravan haani, chakkar aanaa, kaana mein bajana yaa apratyaashit vajan ghataana tou aage key pareekshan kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
kaana dard kaa prabandhan kaaran parr nirbhar kartaa haye. yadi koee jeevaanu sankraman haye, tou kabhi-kabhi antibiotic davaaon kii sifarish kii jaati haye aur dard nivaarak davaaon seey asuvidha koo niyantrit karane mein madad mill sakati haye. kaana dard key kuchh karanon key liye ack prakriya yaa shalya chikitsa kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
83 pratishat bachchon mein teen saal kii umr taka madhya kaana key sankraman kaa cumm seey cumm ack prakaran hotaa haye.
sanket aur lakshan.
kaana kaa dard ack yaa donon kaana mein hoe sakata haye. isake saath anya lakshan jaise bukhaar, duniya mein kataai kii sansani, kaana mein khujali, yaa kaana mein poornata kii bhavna hoe sakati haye yaa naheen bhee hoe sakati haye. chabaane seey dard badh sakata haye yaa naheen bhee. dard nirantar yaa rook-rook curr bhee hoe sakata haye.
sankraman key kaaran kaana kaa dard bachchon mein sabse aam haye aur shishuon mein hoe sakata haye. vayaskon koo aage key mulyankan kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye yadi unhein sunane mein kamee, chakkar aanaa yaa kaana mein bajana haye. atirikt laal jhande mein madhumeh, ack kamjor pratiraksha pranali, baahari kaana parr soojan, yaa jabade key saath soojan shamil haye.
kaaran.
kaana dard key kaee kaaran hotey hain, jinamen seey adhikansh jeevan key liye khatra naheen hain. kaana kaa dard kaana key ack hisse seey hii utpann hoe sakata haye, jise praathamik kaana dard key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, yaa kaana key baahar ack shaaririk sanrachana seey jise kaana key bheetar dard key roop mein maanaa jaataa haye, jise maadhyamik kaana dard key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. dwiteeyak kaana dard ack prakaar kaa sandarbhit dard haye, jiska arth haye kii dard kaa srot usa sthaan seey alag haye jahan dard mahsoos kiya jaataa haye. praathamik kaana dard bachchon mein adhik aam haye, jabaki maadhyamik (sandarbhit) dard vayaskon mein adhik aam haye.
kaana kaa praathamik dard aamtaur parr kaana key kissy ack hisse mein sankraman yaa chot key kaaran hotaa haye.
baahari kaana.
baahari kaana seey judee kaee sthitiyaan nangi aankho seey dikhaai dengi.  kyonki baahari kaana kaana kaa sabse adhik khula hissa haye, yeh aghaat yaa paryavaraniya jokhim key liye asurakshit haye.  kund aghaat, jaise kii kaana parr ack jhataka, ack hematoma mein parinam hoe sakata haye, yaa kaana key upaasthi aur pericondrium key beach rakt kaa sangrah hoe sakata haye. kushti aur mukkebaji jaise sampark khelon mein iss prakaar kii chot vishesh roop seey aam haye. paryavaraniya choton mein sunburn, frostbyte yaa contact dermatitis shamil hain.
baahari kaana dard key cumm samanya karanon mein shamil hainh
otitis externa.
otitis externa, jise "tairak kaa kaana" key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, baahari kaana nahar kaa ack cellulitis haye. uttari america mein, 98 pratishat mamle bacteria key kaaran hotey hain, aur sabse aam kaaran jeev "seudomonas" aur "staff aureus" hain. jokhim karakon mein atyadhik namee key sampark mein aanaa shamil haye (jaise.jee. tairaki yaa germ jalavaayu seey) aur surakshaatmak sirumen baadha mein vyavadhaan, joe aakramak kaana kii safai yaa kaana mein vastuon koo rakhane key parinamswarup hoe sakata haye.
ghaatak otitis externa otitis externa kii ack durlabh aur sambhaavit roop seey jeevan key liye khatarnak jatilata haye jisamen sankraman kaana kii nully seey aspas key khopadi key aadhar mein failata haye, isaliye yeh ack austiomyelitis bunn jaataa haye. yeh jyaadaatar madhumeh rogiyon mein hotaa haye. yeh bachchon mein bahut durlabh haye, halanki pratirakshaatmak kamjor bachchon aur vayaskon mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. "chhadm-jeev" sabse aam karanatmak jeev haye. dard saral otitis externa kii tulanaa mein adhik gambhir hotaa haye, aur prayogshala adhyayan aksar oonche soojan marker (esr aur/yaa crp) koo prakat karate hain. sankraman kapaal kii nason taka yaa shayed hii kabhi mastishk yaa mastishk taka fail sakata haye. kaana nahar kii jaanch seey nimn nahar mein danedar ootak kaa pataa chala sakata haye. iska ilaaj kaee hafton taka IV aur maukhik antibiotic davaaon, aamtaur parr fluoroquinolone key saath kiya jaataa haye.
madhya aur aantarik kaana.
teevra otitis media.
 teevra otitis media madhya kaana kaa ack sankraman haye. 80 pratishat seey adhik bachche 3 saal kii umr taka otitis media key cumm seey cumm ack prakaran kaa anubhav karate hain. jeevan key inn pahale 3 varshon mein teevra otitis media bhee sabse aam haye, halanki badey bachche bhee iska anubhav curr sakate hain. sabse aam kaarankaari bacteria "streptococcus pneumonia", "haemophilus influenzae" aur "moraxella catarahelis" hain. otitis media aksar sardi key lakshnon key saath yaa usake baad hotaa haye. lakshan key sanyojan aur lalima, ubhaar, aur/yaa madhya kaana key pravaah (madhya kaana key bheetar taral padaarth kaa sangrah) key liye timepanic jhilli kii pariksha dwara nidan kiya jaataa haye.
otitis media kii jatilataon mein shravan haani, chehare kii tantrika pakshaghat, yaa aspas kii shaaririk sanrachanaon mein sankraman kaa vistaar shamil haye, jisamen shamil hainh 
kaana dard kaa ullekh kiya.
vibhinn prakaar kii sthitiyaan ack tantrika kii jalan kaa kaaran bunn sakati hain joe kaana koo samvedana pradaan karati haye.
trigeminal tantrika (kapaal tantrika v) mein jalan paida karane vaali sthitiyaanh
chehare kii tantrika (kapaal tantrika vii) yaa glosopharyngeal tantrika (kapaal tantrika ix) kii jalan paida karane vaali sthitiyaanh
yoni tantrika (kapaal tantrika x) mein jalan paida karane vaali sthitiyaanh
garbhashay grieva tantrikaon mein jalan paida karane vaali sthitiyaan c2-c3:
pathophysiology.
praathamik kaana dard.
kaana koo shaaririk roop seey baahari kaana, baahari shravan nully, madhya kaana aur aantarik kaana mein vibhajit kiya jaa sakata haye. anubhav kiye gaye dard key sandarbh mein yeye teenon aprabhedya hain.
maadhyamik kaana dard.
kaee alag-alag nasein kaana key vibhinn hisson koo samvedana pradaan karati hain, jinamen kapaal kii nasein v (trigeminal), vii (chehare), ix (glosopharyngeal), aur x (vegus), aur mahaan oricular tantrika (grieva tantrika c2-c3) shamil hain. yeye nasein shareer key anya hisson koo bhee aapoorti karati hain, munh seey chhaati aur pett taka. shareer key dusare hisse mein inn nason kii jalan seey kaana mein dard honey kii sambhavana hoti haye. ise sandarbhit dard kahaa jaataa haye. trigeminal tantrika (kapaal tantrika v) kii jalan sandarbhit kaana dard kaa sabse aam kaaran haye.
nidan.
jabaki kuchh vikaaron key liye vishisht imaging yaa pareekshan kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye, kaana dard key adhikansh kaaran kaa naidaanik roop seey nidan kiya jaataa haye. kyonki kaana key dard key liye antar itna vyaapak haye, upayog karane key liye sarvottam naidaanik dhaanche parr koee aam sahamati naheen haye. ack tarika samay key anusaar antar karna haye, kyonki kaana dard key praathamik kaaran aamtaur parr prakriti mein adhik teevra hotey hain, jabaki kaana dard key maadhyamik kaaran adhik puraane hotey hain.
teevra karanon koo bukhaar kii upasthiti (ack antarnihit sankraman kaa sanket) yaa bukhaar kii anupasthiti (ack sanrachanaatmak samasya kaa sujhaav, jaise aghaat yaa kaana mein anya chot) seey aur alag kiya jaa sakata haye. purani peedaa kii or leey jaane vaale rogon koo chintajanak naidaanik visheshtaon kii upasthiti yaa anupasthiti seey todaa jaa sakata haye, jise laal jhande key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye.
ack laal jhanda ack yaa kaee jokhim karakon kii upasthiti haye jisamen dhumrapan, bhaari sharaab kaa upayog (prati dinn 3.5 seey adhik peya), madhumeh, coronary dhamani roga, aur adhik umr (50 seey adhik) shamil hain. yeye kaarak kaana dard key gambhir kaaran honey key jokhim koo badhaate hain, jaise cancer yaa gambhir sankraman. vishesh roop seey, dusare haath kaa dhuaan bachchon mein teevra otitis media key jokhim koo badhaa sakata haye. isake alawa, tairna otitis extern key liye sabse mahatvapurna jokhim kaarak haye, halanki anya jokhim karakon mein kaana kii nully mein uchch aardrata, eczema aur/yaa kaana kaa aghaat shamil haye.
yadi laal jhande maujood hain tou adhik khatarnak nidan koo khariz karane key liye ct scan yaa biopsy jaise atirikt kaary karna aavashyak hoe sakata haye. iss tarah key nidan mein ghaatak (yaa necrotising) otitis externa, mastoiditis, temporal arteritis aur cancer shamil hain. yeh dhyaan rakhna mahatvapurna haye kii laal jhande kii upasthiti inn chaar beemariyon mein seey ack key liye sandeh paida karati haye, lekin yeh nidan kii guaranti naheen detee haye kyonki koee bhee ack lakshan vibhinn sthitiyon mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye. udaaharan key liye, jabade kaa claudication temporal arteritis mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye, lekin tii. aim. jey. disfunction mein bhee dekhaa jaa sakata haye.
yadi koee laal jhande naheen hain, tou sandarbhit kaana dard key anya sroton kii adhik sambhavana hoe jaati haye aur aage badhane key liye uchit hain.
prabandhan.
kaana dard kaa prabandhan antarnihit kaaran parr nirbhar kartaa haye.
antibiotic.
kaana key dard key sabhi karanon kaa ilaaj antibiotic davaaon seey naheen kiya jaataa haye, kaana key jeevaanu sankraman key kaaran honey vaale logon kaa ilaaj aamtaur parr antibiotic davaaon seey kiya jaataa haye joe usa prakaar key sankraman key liye samanya jeevaanu jeevon koo cover karane key liye jaane jaate hain. kaee jeevaanu kaana sankramanon kaa ilaaj kshetra kii safai, saamyik yaa pranaaleegat antibiotic davaaon aur aaraam key liye maukhik analgesic key saath kiya jaataa haye. kuchh prakaar key jeevaanu kaana key sankraman upchaar mein shamil germ sampeedan seey labhanvit hoe sakate hain. kaana dard key kuchh karanon mein seey jinka aamtaur parr ack saamyik yaa pranaaleegat antibiotic key saath ilaaj kiya jaataa haye, unamen shamil hainh
kuchh jeevaanu sankramanon key liye autorinolaryngeology, IV antibiotic davaaon aur aspatal mein bharti honey key saath adhik unnat upchaar kii aavashyakta hoe sakati haye.
prakriyaaen.
kaana dard key kuchh karanon key liye akele swaasthya peshevar dwara yaa antibiotic therapy key alawa prakriyaatmak prabandhan kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
anya.
kaana dard key vibhinn karanon koo dekhate hue, kuchh karanon key liye antibiotic davaaon aur prakriyaon key alawa anya upchaar kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
mahamari vigyaan.
kaana dard seey peedit dou tihai logon koo kissy prakaar key praathamik autologia kaa pataa chalaa aur ack tihai koo kissy prakaar key maadhyamik autologia kaa pataa chalaa.
praathamik autologia kaa ack samanya kaaran kaana kaa sankraman haye jise otitis media kahaa jaataa haye, jiska arth haye kaana key parde key peechhe kaa sankraman. bachchon key liye teevra otitis media praapt karane kii charam ayu 6-24 maheene haye. ack sameeksha patra mein likhaa gayaa haye kii 83 pratishat bachchon mein 3 saal kii umr taka teevra otitis media kaa cumm seey cumm ack prakaran thaa. duniya bhar mein, harr saal teevra otitis media key 709 million mamle hain. kaana key sankraman key kaaran vishva star parr shravan haani kaa anuman haye kii harr 10,000 mein 30 loga hain. duniya bhar mein kaana key sankraman seey honey vaali jatilataon key kaaran lagbhag 21,000 seey 28,000 mautein hoti hain. inn jatilataon mein mastishk key phode aur mastishkshoth shamil hain.
otitis externey 7-12 varsh kii ayu mein charam parr haye aur lagbhag 10 pratishat logon koo apane jeevan mein cumm seey cumm ack baar aisaa huaa haye.
sirumen prabhaav pratyek 10 bachchon mein seey 1 mein, pratyek 20 vayaskon mein seey 1 mein aur pratyek 3 bujurg nagrikon mein seey 1 mein hotaa haye.
barotrama pratyek 1000 logon mein lagbhag 1 hotaa haye.
kaana dard vaale logon mein seey kewal 3 pratishat koo eustasian tube disfunction kaa pataa chalaa thaa.
itihas.
17veen shatabdi seey pahale kaana key dard aur teevra otitis media key baare mein jyada jaankaari naheen thee. yeh ack aam ghatana thee jiska koee upchaar naheen thaa. yeh taba badal gayaa jaba 1840 key dashak mein germany mein anton wonn troeltush dwara otoscope kaa aavishkaar kiya gayaa thaa.  antibiotic davaaon key aavishkaar key saath ack aur badalaav aaya. antibiotic davaaon key prayog seey pahale kaana key aspas kii huddy mein kaana key sankraman kii uchch darr kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa, lekin abb ise ack durlabh jatilata maanaa jaataa haye.
samaaj aur sanskriti.
pahale teevra otitis media kaa amoxicillin seey ilaaj karane kii ack majboot parampara thee. 1980 key dashak kaa ack uddharan yeh kahate hue iss bhavna koo darshaata haye kii "kaana dard vaale kissy bhee bachche mein teevra amoxicillin kii kamee hoti haye. haalaanki, logon koo ehsas honey lagaa kii antibiotic davaaon kaa bahut adhik upayog karane seey bacteria pratirodh praapt curr sakate hain. pratirodh badhaane seey antibiotic davaayen cumm prabhaavi hoe jaati hain. antibiotic prabandhan shabd kaa upayog taba antibiotic prescribers koo shikshit karane key vyavasthit prayaas kaa varnan karane key liye kiya jaataa haye taaki way kewal tabhi davaaen dey sakein jaba way aavashyak houn. vishesh roop seey bachchon key liye, adhikansh kaana kaa dard binaa kissy jatilata key apane aap thheek hoe jaataa haye. bachchon mein kaana key dard key liye antibiotic davaaon kii aavashyakta kaba hoti haye, yeh nirdhaarit karane mein madad karane key liye dishanirdesh hain.
kaana ney acupuncture key madhyam seey upchaar mein ack bhoomika nibhai, jise oriculotherapy key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa thaa kii kaana key acupuncture kaa upayog shareer mein anya dard yaa vikaaron koo thheek karane key liye kiya jaa sakata haye. iss tarah kii prathaaen pashan yug seey shuru hui hongi. europe mein oriculotherapy kaa pahala pralekhan 1600 key dashak mein huaa thaa. ack chikitsak ney ciatic dard key ilaaj key liye kaana koo jalaane yaa nishan seey uttejit karane kaa varnan kiya, jabaki ack anya chikitsak ney daant dard key liye iss upchaar koo lagu kiya. paul nogier koo kaana key acupuncture key pitaa key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye kyonki unake iss siddhant key liye kii kaana key hisse shareer key anya kshetron seey ack vishvasaniya tareeke seey mell khaate hain.
shodh.
vartamaan mein adhyayan antibiotic davaaon koo seedhe madhya kaana mein pahunchaane parr chala rahey hain.

