
motape kii mahamari vigyaan

motapa poore maanav itihas mein dekhaa gayaa haye. kalaa aur murtikala mein maanav roop key kaee praarambhik chitran motey prateet hotey hain. haalaanki, yeh 20veen shatabdi taka naheen thaa kii motapa aam hoe gayaa-itna kii, 1997 mein, vishva swaasthya sangathan (jisane) aupchaarik roop seey motape koo ack vaishvik mahamari key roop mein maanyata dee aur anuman lagaaya kii 1975 key baad seey duniya bhar mein motape kii vyaapaktaa lagbhag teen gunaa hoe gaee haye. motape koo 30 kilogram/aim 2 seey adhik yaa usake barabar boddy maas index (bmi) honey key roop mein paribhaashit kiya gayaa haye, aur juuna 2013 mein americi medical association ney ise ack bimari key roop mein vargeekrit kiya.
aarthik sahyog aur vikas sangathan (oh. see. dee.) key deshon mein, paanch mein seey ack bachcha adhik vajan yaa motapa haye. kabhi kewal uchch aaya vaale deshon kii samasya maani jaane vaali, motape kii darr duniya bhar mein badh rahee haye. 2014 mein, 128 deshon mein ausat bmi adhik vajan key liye seema seey oopar thaa. vishva star parr, abb cumm vajan vaale logon kii tulanaa mein adhik loga motape seey grast hain, yeh pravritti upa-sahaara africa aur asia key kuchh hisson koo chhodkar duniya bhar key harr kshetra mein dekhi gaee haye. 2013 mein, 1980 mein 85.7 karod kii tulanaa mein anumaanit 21 karod vayask adhik vajan vaale they. adhik vajan vaale vayaskon mein seey 31 pratishat motey hain. motape mein vriddhi shahari parivesh mein sabse adhik dekhi gaee haye.
choonki shareer kii vasaa koo kaee tarikon seey maapa jaa sakata haye, motape key mahamari vigyaan parr aankade sroton key beach bhinn hotey hain. jabaki bmi motape kaa sabse buniyaadi aur aamtaur parr upayog kiya jaane vaalaa sanketak haye, anya upaayon mein cummer kii paridhi, cummer seey koolhe kaa anupaat, twacha kii motai aur jaiv vidyut pratibadha shamil hain. motape kii darr cumm seey cumm 50 yaa 60 varsh kii ayu key saath badhati haye. ling aur ling-adharit antar bhee motape key prasaar koo prabhaavit karate hain. vishva star parr purushon kii tulanaa mein adhik motape seey grast mahilaaen hain, lekin motape koo kaise maapa jaataa haye, isake aadhar parr sankhya alag-alag hoti haye.
africa.
paschimi africa mein motape kii darr 10 pratishat honey kaa anuman haye. mahilaaon mein motape kii darr purushon mein paae jaane vaale motape kii darr seey teen gunaa adhik haye. shahari paschim africa mein motape kii darr 1990 aur 2000 key dashak key beach doguni hoe gaee.
misra.
misra mein, 2016 key vaishvik roga adhyayan key aankadon key anusaar, adhik vajan aur motapa (jaisa kii uchch bmi dwara maapa jaataa haye) desh kaa pramukh jokhim kaarak thaa joe sanyukt roop seey sabse adhik mrityu aur vikalangata koo badhaata haye.
asia.
chean.
21veen shatabdi mein, chean koo motape aur purani bimari kii chunautiyon kaa saamana karna padata haye. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh mukhya roop seey shaaririk gatividhi mein teji seey girawat aur 1980 aur 2000 key dashak key beach hui aahar kii aadton mein badalaav key kaaran huaa haye. shaaririk gatividhi mein girawat kaa kaaran kaaryasthal mein badhati praudyogiki aur avkash gatividhiyon mein badalaav haye.
cheeni logon key paas aisee naukariyaan theen jinamen bhaari shram kii aavashyakta hoti thee. varsh 2000 mein yeh ghatkar 51 pratishat reh gayaa. isake saath maans aur tail mein uchch aahar mein parivartan huaa haye, aur kull upalabdh calori mein vriddhi hui haye. prati vyakti upalabdh calori 1980 mein prati dinn seey badhkar 2002 mein prati dinn hoe gaee. adhik vajan aur motape seey grast vayaskon kii darr 1991 mein badhkar 2004 mein 27.3% hoe gaee.
motape kii kull darr samagr roop seey chean mein 5 pratishat seey cumm haye lekin kuchh shaharon mein 20 pratishat seey adhik haye.
bhaarat.
21veen sadee mein bhaarat mein motapa mahamari key anupaat taka pahunch gayaa haye, jisamen rugna motapa desh kii 5 pratishat aabaadi koo prabhaavit kartaa haye. motapa hriday roga key liye ack pramukh jokhim kaarak haye aur bhaaratiya hriday sangh jaise sangathan iss mudde key baare mein jagrukta badhaa rahey hain. shaharikaran aur aadhunikikaran koo motape seey jodaa gayaa haye. uttar bhaarat mein motapa shahari aabaadi (purush = 5.5%, mahila = 12.6%) mein sabse adhik prachalit thaa, isake baad shahari jhuggiyon (purush = 1.9%, mahila = 7.2%) mein thaa. graameen aabaadi mein motape kii darr sabse cumm thee (purush = 1.6%, mahila = 3.8%).
samajik-aarthik varg kaa bhee motape kii darr parr prabhaav padaa. nimn samajik-aarthik varg kii mahilaaon mein 0.9 pratishat kii tulanaa mein uchch samajik-aarthik varg kii mahilaaon mein aaee. dee. 1 kii darr thee. logon key shahari kendron mein jaane aur dhana badhane key saath, bhaarat mein motape kii mahamari key baare mein chinta badh rahee haye.
iran.
iran mein 2008 mein motape kaa prasaar 26.3% thaa. motape kaa prasaar purushon (14.5%) kii tulanaa mein mahilaaon (39.5%) mein adhik thaa.
japan.
kaun mandand kaa upayog karate hue japan mein oh. ee. dee. sadasya deshon mein motape kii darr sabse cumm 3.2% haye. haalaanki, asiai aabaadi vishesh roop seey atirikt vasaa ootak key swaasthya jokhimon key prati atisamvedansheel haye, japaniyon ney motape koo 25 seey adhik bmi key roop mein phir seey paribhaashit kiya haye. iss cutt off moolya kaa upayog karke japan mein motape kaa prasaar 20 pratishat hoga, joe 1962 seey 2002 taka teen gunaa adhik hoga. 2008 kii ack report mein kahaa gayaa haye kii japan mein purushon mein 28.6% aur mahilaaon mein 20.6% koo motapa maanaa jaataa thaa.
pakistan.
shaharikaran key kaaran badalati jeevan shally key saath-saath aahar key mudde pakistan mein motape key mukhya kaaran hain. haal key ack adhyayan key anusaar, lagbhag chaar mein seey ack pakistani vayask (yaa 22.2% vyaktiyon) koo motape key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa haye.
taiwan.
2002 mein, 6 seey 12 varsh kii ayu key 15 pratishat bachche adhik vajan vaale they; ling key aadhar parr, purushon mein 15.5% aur mahilaaon mein 14.4% adhik vajan vaale they. samaan ayu seema mein, 12 pratishat bachche motey they; ling key aadhar parr, purushon mein seey 14.7% aur 9.1 pratishat mahilaaon koo motey key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. 2005 mein, 6 seey 12 varsh kii ayu key bachchon kaa vajan adhik thaa; ling key aadhar parr, purushon kaa vajan adhik thaa, purushon kaa vajan adhik thaa aur mahilaaon kaa vajan adhik thaa. 10.3 pratishat koo motape key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa; ling key aadhar parr, 10.92% purushon aur 9.73% mahilaaon koo motape key roop mein vargeekrit kiya gayaa thaa.
inn sankhyaon key aadhar parr, rujhaan anirnaayak they, halanki 10 pratishat seey adhik ayu varg key motape key kaaran, motapa ack samasya prateet hoti haye.
europe.
1970 aur 2000 key dashak key beach, adhikansh europeeya deshon mein motape kii darr mein vriddhi hui haye. 1990 aur 2000 key dashak key dauran, europeeya sangh banaane vaale 27 deshon ney purushon mein motape kii darr koo 10-27% aur mahilaaon mein 10-38% seey bataaya.
2009 key liye sabse halia sanyukt eurostat aankade bataate hain kii 19 europeeya sangh key sadasya raajyon mein, jinake liye detta upalabdh haye, vayask aabaadi mein motape seey grast logon kaa anupaat mahilaaon key liye 8.0% (romenia) aur 23.9% (yuke) key beach aur purushon key liye 7.6% (romenia) aur 24.7% (malta) key beach bhinn thaa. kull milakar britten mein sabse adhik anupaat thaa, aur romania mein sabse cumm. purushon, bujurgon aur cumm shiksha praapt logon mein bhee motape kii darr kaafee adhik hoti haye.
united kingdam.
britten mein pichhale 30 varshon mein motape kii darr lagbhag chaar gunaa badh gaee haye, joe 2008/9 mein 22-24% key star taka pahunch gaee haye. 
uttari america.
mahamari vigyaan key aankadon seey pataa chalata haye kii uchch aaya vaale deshon mein, motape kaa prasaar sanyukt raajya america aur maxico mein sabse adhik haye.
kanada.
haal key varshon mein motey kanadai logon kii sankhya mein naatakiya roop seey vriddhi hui haye. 2004 mein, 18 varsh seey adhik umr key kanadai logon kii oonchaai aur vajan key pratyaksh maap mein 30 seey adhik bmi thaa. jaba motape kii degree mein vibhajit kiya gayaa, tou 15.2% varg I (bmi 30-34.9) thaa, 5.1% varg II (bmi 35-39.9) thaa, aur 2.7%, varg III (bmi ≤40) thaa. yeh pichhale varsh key 15.2% aur 13.8% key 1978/1979 key swa-report kiye gaye detta key vipareet haye. sabse badee vriddhi motape kii adhik gambhir degree key beach hui; varg III kaa motapa 1978/1979 seey 2004 taka 0.9% seey badhkar 2.7% hoe gayaa. kanada mein motapa jaatiyata key anusaar bhinn hotaa haye; adiwasi mool key logon mein motape kii darr rashtriya ausat kii tulanaa mein kaafee adhik haye.
1989 aur 2004 key beach bachchon mein motapa kaafee badh gayaa haye, ladakon kii darr 2 pratishat seey badhkar 10 pratishat hoe gaee haye aur ladkiyon kii darr 2 pratishat seey badhkar 9 pratishat hoe gaee haye.
mexico.
mexico mein sanyukt raajya america key baad dusare sthaan parr, oh. see. dee. deshon mein motape kii uchchatam darr haye. mahamari seey nipatane key liye, 2014 mein mexico ney atyadhik oorjaa samagri vaale bhojan aur cheeni-meethe peya padarthon parr lagaae gaye nae karon koo lagu kiya.
sanyukt raajya america.
1960 key dashak key baad seey sanyukt raajya america mein motape kii darr lagbhag teen gunaa hoe gaee haye. 1962 mein, lagbhag 13 pratishat vayask americi motape seey grast they, aur 2002 taka, motape kii darr vayask aabaadi key 33 pratishat taka pahunch gaee. 1970 aur 2004 key beach ekatra kiye gaye rashtriya swaasthya aur poshan pariksha adhyayan key anusaar, amerikiyon key sabhi samoohon mein adhik vajan aur motape kii vyaapaktaa mein lagaatar vriddhi hui.
sankhya mein vriddhi jaari haye; 2007 taka, 33 pratishat purush aur 36 pratishat mahilaaen motape seey grast theen, aur kull vayask aabaadi (purushon kii 37.9% aur mahilaaon kii 41.1%) kaa 39.6% motape seey grast thaa. yuu key 2017-2018,42.4% key roop mein.aiss. 20 varsh aur usase adhik ayu key vayask motey they (purushon key liye 43 pratishat aur mahilaaon key liye 41.9%).
motape kii darr vibhinn samajik samoohon key beach bhinn hoti haye, kuchh nasleeya samoohon aur cumm aaya vaale vyaktiyon key motape kii sambhavana adhik hoti haye jabaki anya alpasankhyak cumm darr dikhaate hain. 2014 taka gair-hyspanic asiai mahilaaon key liye darein 12 pratishat taka cumm theen aur african americi mahilaaon key liye 57 pratishat taka uchch theen.
motape kii ghatanaaen bhee bhugol key anusaar bhinn hoti hain. americi dakshin koo "stroke belt", "motapa belt" yaa "madhumeh belt" key roop mein sandarbhit kiya gayaa haye, iss tathya koo darshaane key liye kii iss kshetra key nivaasiyon mein inn teen sthitiyon kii uchch darr haye, desh mein kaheen aur ack hii jaati/jaatiyata key logon kii tulanaa mein.
2008 mein ack adhyayan key aadhar parr, motape key anuman joe swa-report kiye gaye detta parr nirbhar karate hain, gair-hyspanic shwet mahilaaon mein 22 pratishat kii darr seey aatey hain, jabaki adhyayan joe pratyaksh maap seey judey hotey hain, way bataate hain kii usa samay darr 34 pratishat key karib thee.
tritiya shreni (rugna) motape (bmi ≤40) kaa prasaar sabse adhik naatakiya roop seey badhaa haye, 1970 key dashak key anta mein 1.3% seey, 1988-94 mein 2.9%, 2000 mein 4.7%, 2008 mein 5.7% aur 2014 mein 7.7% taka. african americi mahilaaon mein, iska prasaar 17% taka honey kaa anuman haye.
2000 key dashak mein motape kii ghatnaaon mein vriddhi kii darr dheemi honey luggy, lekin 2014 taka, bachchon mein motapa, gambhir motapa aur motapa badhata rhaa.
sanyukt raajya america mein motapa pramukh swaasthya samasyaon mein seey ack haye, kuchh anumaanon seey pataa chalata haye kii motape key parinamswarup prati varsh lagbhag 300,000 atirikt mautein hoti hain. haalaanki, 2005 mein vibhinn karyapranali kaa upayog karate hue, roga niyantran aur roktham kendron mein shodh ney 21 seey 25 key bmi vaale vyaktiyon kii tulanaa mein prati varsh 129,000 atirikt mauton kaa rashtravyapi anuman lagaaya. isake vipareet, 2013 kii ack sameeksha mein paaya gayaa kii motapa samanya vajan kii tulanaa mein adhik mrityu darr seey judaa naheen thaa, aur yeh kii adhik vajan samanya vajan kii tulanaa mein cumm mrityu darr seey judaa thaa.
dakshin america aur carabian.
carabian deshon mein kiye gaye vibhinn sarvekshanon mein paaya gayaa kii 15 varsh seey adhik ayu key purushon mein seey 7-20% aur mahilaaon mein seey 22-48% motape seey grast hain. trinidad aur tobago mein carabian mein sabse adhik motapa haye, jisaki 30 pratishat seey adhik vayask aabaadi adhik vajan vaali haye, joe desh koo duniya mein chhathe sthaan parr rakhta haye. bahama mein motape kii ack badee mahamari haih 15 seey 64 varsh kii ayu key logon mein seey 48.6% motape seey grast hain. bahama kii ack mahila kishore apane purush samkaksh kii tulanaa mein adhik vajan vaali honey kii adhik sambhavana rakhti haye. jamaika mein, 20 varsh seey adhik ayu key 7.2% purush motape seey grast hain, jabaki 31.5% mahilaaen motape seey grast hain.
oceania aur prashant.
australia.
rashtriya swaasthya sarvekshan key swa-report aur maapa gaye parinamon key anusaar, 61 pratishat australiyai adhik vajan (25 bee. aim. aaee. seey adhik) they, jisamen 24 pratishat "motape" shreni (30 bee. aim. aaee. seey adhik) mein aatey they. mahilaaon (kramshah 30.9% aur 23.4%) kii tulanaa mein purushon kaa adhik vajan (67.7%) aur motape (25.5%) honey kii sambhavana adhik thee.
newzealand.
newzealand mein motapa haal key varshon mein ack mahatvapurna rashtriya swaasthya chinta bunn gayaa haye, jisamen harr umr aur jaatiya samooh mein badee sankhya mein loga peedit hain. newzealand key vayaskon mein seey 2011/12,28.4% motape seey grast they, kewal sanyukt raajya america dwara angreji bolane vaali duniya mein ack sankhya koo paar curr gayaa.
dakshin prashant.
dakshin prashant key kaee dweep deshon mein motape kii darr bahut adhik haye. nauru mein motape kii darr duniya mein sabse adhik haye (94.5%) isake baad samoa, micronesia key sanghiya raajya aur americi samoa hain. badaa honah paaramparik roop seey swaasthya, sundarta aur sthiti seey judaa huaa haye aur inmein seey kaee maanyataaen aaj bhee prachalit hain.