
cladian kii ladaai

cladian kii ladaai (yaa clydium, cluech gaanv key madhyayugeen naam key baad, "(dha) kii"; jise belasitsa kii ladaai key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye) 29 julaai, 1014 koo byzantine samrajya aur bulgarian samrajya key beach hui thee. yeh 10veen shatabdi key anta aur 11veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein byzantine samrat tulsi dwiteeya aur bulgarian samrat saimuel key beach lagbhag aadhi shatabdi key sangharsh kii parinati thee. parinam ack nirnaayak byzantine jeet thee.
yeh ladaai cluech key aadhunik bulgarian gaanv key paas belasitsa aur ograzden key pahaadon key beach kii ghaati mein hui thee. nirnaayak muthbhed 29 julaai koo byzantine general nicaphoros zifiyaas key tahat ack bull dwara peechhe kii or hamale key saath hui, jisane bulgarian sthitiyon mein ghuspaith kii thee. aaney vaali ladaai bulgarian logon key liye ack badee haar thee. bulgarian sainikon koo tulsi dwiteeya key adesh seey pakad liya gayaa aur pratishthit roop seey andhaa curr diyaa gayaa, jinhen baad mein "bulger-slayer" key roop mein jaanaa jaayega. saimuel yuddh mein butch gayaa, lekin dou maheene baad dill kaa daura padane seey usaki mrityu hoe gaee, joe kathit taur parr usake andhe sainikon koo dekhkar huaa thaa.
haalaanki iss ladaai ney pahale bulgarian samrajya koo samaapt naheen kiya, cladian kii ladaai ney byzantine pragati kaa virodh karane kii isaki kshamata koo cumm curr diyaa, aur ise byzantium key saath yuddh kaa mahatvapurna mukabala maanaa gayaa haye.
prishthabhoomi.
sangharsh kii utpatti 7veen shatabdi mein hui, jaba khaan asparukh key netritva mein balgaron ney purvi roman samrajya key praanton mein seey ack mein denube key saath ack raajya kii sthaapana kii. natijatan, bulgarian raajya ney apane nirantar astitva koo surakshit karane key liye byzantium key saath kaee yuddh ladey.
968 mein, bulgaria parr uttar seey keevan rajkumar sviatoslav dwara aakraman kiya gayaa thaa. usa samay taka, bulgarian samrajya, jisane ack baar shimone key shasankal mein byzantium key astitva koo khatare mein daal diyaa thaa, apani adhikansh shakti khou chuka thaa. sangharsh key dauran, keevan hamalon koo baar-baar byzantine dwara haraaya gayaa, joe bulgarian logon key saath bhee yuddh mein they, 971 mein bulgarian rajdhani preslav key patan key baad seey ack nirantar sangharsh. iss yuddh key parinamswarup bulgarian samrat boris dwiteeya koo constantinople mein apani shaahi upaadhi kaa tyag karane key liye majboor honah padaa thaa, aur purvi bulgaria byzantine shasson key tahat aaa gayaa thaa. byzantines ney maanaa kii yeh adhiniyam swatantra bulgaria key anta kaa sanket dega, lekin paschimi bulgarian bhoomi swaayatt rahee aur comitopuli bhaaiyon david, moosa, aaron aur saimuel key tahat, byzantine key khilaf pratirodh ubhara.
jaba 976 mein byzantine samrat tulsi dwiteeya simhaasan parr baithe, tou unhone swatantra bulgaria key vinash koo apani pahali mahatvakanksha banaa liya. unakaa virodh karane vaale paschimi bulgarian they, jinka netritva abb bulgaria key saimuel curr rahey they. tulsi dwiteeya kaa pahala abhiyaan vinashkari thaa, samrat mushkil seey apani zaan bachaakar butch nikla jaba bulgarian logon ney 986 mein trajan darre key dwaar parr byzantine senaa koo nasht curr diyaa.
agale pandrah varshon mein, jaba tulsi apane shasson key khilaf vidrohon aur poorv mein fateem khatare mein vyast thee, saimuel ney pahale seey jeeti gaee adhikansh bulgarian bhoomi parr phir seey kabja curr liya aur yuddh koo kaee abhiyaanon mein dushman key kshetra mein leey gayaa. haalaanki, dakshini yunan parr unake aakraman, joe corinth taka pahunch gayaa, key parinamswarup 996 mein spertios kii ladaai mein ack badee haar hui. yuddh kaa agala charan 1000 mein shuru huaa, jaba tulsi ney apani sthiti surakshit curr lii, bulgaria key khilaf kaee hamale shuru kiye. unhone moshiya koo surakshit curr liya, aur 1003 mein, unaki senaa ney videen parr kabja curr liya. agale varsh, tulsi ney scope kii ladaai mein saimuel koo bhaari haar kaa saamana karna padaa. 1005 taka, tulsi ney thessaly aur dakshini macedonia key kuchh hisson parr phir seey niyantran hassil curr liya thaa. inn aur agale kuchh varshon mein, ack niyamit pattern ubharaah byzantine bulgaria mein abhiyaan chalaayenge, kilon kii gherabandi karenge aur graameen ilaakon koo lootenge, jabaki sankhya key aadhar parr nimn bulgarian, pratyaksh virodh karane mein asamarth, macedonia aur grees mein vichalit karane vaale hamale shuru curr denge. kuchh safaltaon key bavjood, inhen koee sthaayi parinam praapt naheen huaa, aur naa hii unhone tulsi koo bulgaria mein apane abhiyaanon koo chhodane key liye majboor kiya. 1009 mein creta kii ladaai mein ack jawabi hamla whiffle rhaa, aur halanki byzantine ney swayam koee nirnaayak safalata hassil naheen kii, lekin unake yuddh key krambaddh yuddh ney bulgarian logon koo unake gadhon seey vanchit curr diyaa aur dheere-dheere unaki senaa koo kamjor curr diyaa. byzantine itihaaskaar johnn skylitz key shabdon menh "samrat tulsi dwiteeya ney harr saal bulgaria parr aakraman karna jaari rakhaa aur apane raaste mein harr cheej koo nasht aur nasht curr diyaa. saimuel usey khule maidan mein naheen roque sakaa yaa samrat koo ack nirnaayak ladaai mein shamil naheen curr sakaa, aur kaee haar kaa saamana karna padaa aur apani taakat khone lagaa."yuddh kii parinati 1014 mein hui, jaba saimuel ney apani senaa key pramukh key roop mein, bulgarian hriday bhoomi mein pravesh karane seey pahale byzantine senaa koo rokane kaa sankalp liya.
prastaavana.
saimuel koo pataa thaa kii byzantine senaa koo kaee pahaadi darron key madhyam seey desh parr aakraman karna hoga, aur isaliye unhein rokane key liye savdhani baratani padee. bulgarian logon ney seema key saath gaddhon kaa nirmaan kiya aur kaee ghaatiyon aur divaaron aur meenaron key saath darron koo majboot kiya, vishesh roop seey struma nadee parr cladian kaa darra, jisase tulsi koo bulgaria key kendra taka pahunchane key liye gujarna padata thaa. saimuel ney strumitsa mahal key dakshin aur poorv mein belasitsa parvat kii uttari dhalanon koo bhaari roop seey majboot kiya. strumitsa nadee kii chaudi ghaati hamale key liye ack suvidhajanak sthaan thee aur iska upayog pichhale varshon mein iss uddeshya key liye byzantine balon dwara kiya gayaa thaa. bulgarian logon ney darre koo surakshit rakhane key liye ack majboot gaard kaa niptara kiya. isake alawa, bulgarian shaasak ney apane rakshaatmak aadhar key liye strumitsa koo chunaa-yeh thessaloniki seey poorv mein thress aur paschim mein ohrid kii or jaane vaali sadak parr sthit thaa. dakshin mein oobad-khabad ilaka mitty key kaam aur divaaron seey bharaa huaa thaa, joe majboot bulgarian ikaaiyon dwara sanrakshit thaa.
cladian mein tulsi dwiteeya aur usaki senaa key badey hisse kaa saamana karane kaa saimuel kaa nirnay naa kewal lagaatar haar aur akramanon seey prerit thaa, jinhone desh koo tabah curr diyaa thaa, balki kuleen varg key beach usake adhikaar parr chintaon seey bhee prerit thaa, joe tulsi key abhiyaanon seey ghaatak roop seey kamjor hoe gaye they. udaaharan key liye, 1005 mein, diarachium key mahatvapurna adriatic bandargah key rajyapal ney shahar koo tulsi II key havaale curr diyaa thaa. iss khatare kaa saamana karane key liye, saimuel ney byzantine kaa saamana karane key liye ack badee senaa ikattha kii, kuchh ney daavaa kiya kii isaki sankhya 45,000 sainikon taka thee. tulsi dwiteeya ney bhee saavdhaanipoorvak taiyari kii, apani khud kii ack badee senaa koo ikattha kiya aur apane sabse anubhavi commanders koo leey liya, jisamen philipopolis (aadhunik plovdiv) key governor, nicephorus syphias shamil they, jinhone 1001 mein saimuel seey purani bulgarian rajdhaniyon plisca aur preslav parr vijay praapt kii thee.
ladaai ladate hain.
byzantine senaa ney constantinople seey komotini, naatak aur sair key madhyam seey march kiya aur struma nadee parr rupel darre taka pahunch gaee. vahaan seey senaa strumitsa ghaati mein pravesh kii aur cluech gaanv key aspas pahunch gaee, jahan nadee jhuk gaee aur belasitsa aur ozgrazden key paas pahunch gaee. vahaan senaa koo ack motee lakadi kii deewaar ney roque diyaa, jise bulgarian sainikon dwara sanrakshit kiya gayaa thaa. byzantines ney turant palliced parr hamla curr diyaa, lekin bhaari hatahaton key saath unhein khaded diyaa gayaa.
jawab mein, saimuel ney sabse saksham bulgarian raeeson mein seey ack, nestoritsa key netritva mein ack badee senaa bheji, taaki dakshin kii or hamla kiya jaa sakey aur cluech mein gherabandi seey tulsi kaa dhyaan aakarshit kiya jaa sakey. nestoritsa key bulgarian thessalonica pahunche, lekin theophilect botaneits, shahar key "stratezos" (governor-general) aur unake bete mihel key tahat byzantine sainikon ney unhein shahar kii divaaron key baahar ack khooni ladaai mein haraane mein kamyabi hassil kii. theophilectus ney kaee sainikon aur badee matra mein sainya upkaranon koo pakad liya aur cluech mein tulsi dwiteeya mein shamil honey key liye uttar kii or cooch kiya.
darre key rakshakon koo abhibhoot karane kaa tulsi dwiteeya kaa pahala prayaas asafal rhaa aur unaki senaa ghaati seey gujarane mein asamarth rahee, jiska bachaav 15,000-20,000 bulgarian logon ney kiya thaa. kathinaaiyon key bavjood byzantine samrat ney hamale koo naheen chhoda. unhone apane senapati nicephorus syphias koo adesh diyaa kii way apane sainikon koo oonche belasitsa pahaad key chaaron or leey jaaen aur peechhe seey bulgarian logon koo dhamki dein, jabaki unhone deewaar parr hamale jaari rakhe. zifiyaas ney apane sainikon kaa netritva ack khadee sadak parr kiya joe unhein bulgarian logon key peechhe leey gayaa. 29 julaai koo, zifiyaas ney bulgarian rakshakon parr hamla kiya, unhein ghaati mein fansaaya. bulgarian logon ney iss nae khatare kaa saamana karane key liye apane meenaron koo chhod diyaa aur tulsi agrim rekha koo todane aur deewaar koo nasht karane mein saksham thee.
parajay key bhram mein, hajaaron bulgarian sanic maare gaye aur shesh ney paschim kii or bhaagne kaa purjor prayaas kiya. saimuel aur uska betaa gabriel radomir apani senaa kii sahaayata key liye strumitsa kille mein apane mukhyalaya seey turant poorv kii or badhe, lekin mokrivo (vartamaan uttari macedonia) gaanv key paas hatash ladaai mein way teji seey aage badhate dushman seey abhibhoot hoe gaye. mokrivo mein kaee bulgarian sanic maare gaye aur kaee aur pakade gaye. samrat saimuel khud mushkil seey butch nikla, kewal apane bete kii bahaduri seey mukt huaa, jisane apane pitaa koo apane ghode parr chadhaaya aur usey prelape mein surakshit sthaan parr leey gayaa. prelape seey, saimuel prespa laut aaya jabaki gabriel radomir sangharsh jaari rakhane key liye strumitsa kii or badhaa.
aage key vikas.
apani jeet key baad, tulsi dwiteeya strumits kii or badhaa, joe poori varadar ghaati koo pakadane kii kunji thee. shahar kii or jaate samay, byzantines ney apani pragati key poorv mein matsukian kille parr kabja curr liya. byzantine samrat ney strumitsa koo gherne aur dakshin kii sabhi praachiron koo nasht karane aur thessalonic key maarg koo saaf karane key liye vanaspati key tahat ack senaa bhee bheji. tulsi ney apane shesh sainikon key saath shahar kii gherabandi curr lii. bulgarian logon ney vanaspati jeevon koo kilebandi koo nasht karane kii anumati dee, lekin unakaa kaam puuraa honey key turant baad bulgarian hamlaavaron ney ack sankeern ghaati mein una parr aur unaki senaa parr ghaat lagaakar hamla curr diyaa. agami yuddh mein vanaspatijiviyon koo poori tarah seey haraa diyaa gayaa aur bulgarian commander gabriel radomir ney vyaktigat roop seey apane bhaale seey vanaspatijiviyon parr chaku maaraa. natijatan, tulsi dwiteeya koo strumitsa kii gherabandi koo chhodane aur peechhe hatane key liye majboor honah padaa. vaapsee parr, "cubicularius" sergius kii vakpatuta ney melanic key rakshakon koo aatmasamarpan karane key liye manaa liya, bulgarian logon key liye ack aur bhaari jhataka kyonki shahar dakshin seey sofiya kii mukhya sadak kii raksha curr rhaa thaa.
kaidi.
skylitz ney darj kiya haye kii tulsi ney bulgarian senaa koo poori tarah seey parajit curr diyaa aur 15,000 kaidiyon (cacuminos key anusaar 14,000) koo leey liya. haalaanki, aadhunik itihaaskaar jaise vasil zlatarsky kaa daavaa haye kii yeye sankhyaaen atiranjit hain. 14veen shatabdi key bulgarian anuvaad mein manses key itihas mein kaidiyon kii sankhya 8,000 haye. tulsi ney kaidiyon koo 100 purushon key samoohon mein vibhajit kiya, pratyek samooh mein 99 purushon koo andhaa curr diyaa aur pratyek mein ack aadami koo ack aankh key saath chhod diyaa taaki vaha dusaron koo ghar leey jaa sakey; yeh vanaspatijiviyon kii mrityu key pratishodh mein kiya gayaa thaa, joe tulsi key pasandida general aur salaahkaar they, aur bulgarian manobal koo kuchalane key liye bhee. ack anya sambhaavit kaaran yeh thaa kii, byzantine kii nazaron mein, bulgarian apane adhikaar key khilaf vidrohi they, aur vidrohiyon koo dee jaane vaali samanya sajaa andhaa karna thaa. iss kriya key liye, tulsi koo "bolgaroctonos" (,), "dha bulger-slayer" upnaam milaa. saimuel kii mrityu 6 octuber, 1014 koo kathit taur parr apane sainikon koo andhaa hotey dekhane key kaaran dill kaa daura padane seey hui.
isake baad.
vanaspatijiviyon kii mrityu aur usake baad key chaar aur varshon key yuddh seey sanket milata haye kii byzantine kii safalata poori naheen hui thee. kuchh aadhunik itihaskaron koo sandeh haye kii bulgarian haar utani hii poorna thee jitani kii skylitz aur kekumenos dwara varnit haye. anya itihaaskaar iss baat parr jore dete hain kii dou maheene baad samrat saimuel kii mrityu bulgaria key liye bahut adhik durbhagyapurna thee. unake uttaradhikari gabriel radomir aur ivan vladislav tulsi dwiteeya key hamalon kaa prabhaavi dhang seey virodh karane mein asamarth they, aur bulgaria 1018 mein poori tarah seey parajit hoe gayaa thaa. usa varsh samrat ivan vladislav diarachium mein ack ladaai mein maare gaye they, aur bulgaria 1185 mein essen bhaaiyon key netritva mein safal vidroh taka byzantine samrajya kaa ack praant bunn gayaa thaa.
itihaslekhan key anya shodh-patra yuddh key mahatva parr jore dete hain. belasitsa kii ladaai key parinamswarup, bulgarian senaa koo bhaari hatahaton kaa saamana karna padaa jise bahaal naheen kiya jaa sakaa. samrajya key paridhiya aur aantarik praanton koo niyantrit karane kii kendra sarkaar kii kshamata cumm hoe gaee aur sthaaniya aur praantiya rajyapalon kii kaarravaai byzantium key saath yuddh key parinam key liye adhik nirnaayak hoe gaee. unamen seey kaee ney swechha seey tulsi dwiteeya key saamane aatmasamarpan curr diyaa.
yuddh ney serb aur croates koo bhee prabhaavit kiya, jinhen 1018 key baad byzantine samrat kii sarvochata koo sweekaar karane key liye majboor kiya gayaa thaa. 7veen shatabdi key baad pahali baar byzantine samrajya kii seemaon koo danube mein bahaal kiya gayaa thaa, jisase byzantium koo danube seey peloponese aur adriatic samudra seey laker kaalaa sagar taka poore balcon praaydweep koo niyantrit karane kii anumati millie.