
bee. see. aiss. siddhant

bee. see. aiss. siddhant yaa bardin-cooper-shriffer siddhant (johnn bardin, leone cooper aur johnn robbert shriffer key naam parr naamit) heik commerling onus kii 1911 kii khoj key baad seey atichaalak kaa pahala sookshm siddhant haye. siddhant superconductivity koo ack sookshm prabhaav key roop mein varnit kartaa haye joe cooper jode key sanghanan key kaaran hotaa haye. paramanu naabhik mein naabhikon key beach jodee kii baatchit kaa varnan karane key liye paramanu bhautiki mein bhee iss siddhant kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye.
1957 mein bardine, cooper aur shriffer dwara iska prastaav rakhaa gayaa thaa; unhein 1972 mein iss siddhant key liye bhautiki mein nobel puraskar milaa thaa.
itihas.
1950 key dashak key madhya mein atichaalaktaa kii samajh mein teji seey pragati ney gati praapt kii. yeh 1948 key pepper key saath shuru huaa, "superconductivity key aanvik siddhant kii samasya parr", jahan fritz landan ney prastaav diyaa kii ghatnaatmak landan sameekaran ack quantum avastha kii susangatta key parinam hoe sakate hain. 1953 mein, pravesh prayogon seey prerit brian pippered ney prastaav diyaa kii yeh ack nae paimaane key mapdand key madhyam seey landan samikaranon koo sanshodhit karega jise susangatta lambai kahaa jaataa haye. johnn bardin ney taba 1955 key pepper mein tark diyaa, "superconductors mein mesner prabhaav kaa siddhant", kii iss tarah kaa sanshodhan swabhavik roop seey ack oorjaa antaral key saath ack siddhant mein hotaa haye. pramukh ghatak leone cooper kii 1956 key apane pepper mein ack aakarshak bull key adheen electrons kii baadhya avasthaon kii ganana thee, "ack apakshayi fermi gais mein baadhya electron jode".
1957 mein bardin aur cooper ney inn avayavon koo ikattha kiya aur robbert shriffer key saath iss tarah key ack siddhant, bee. see. aiss. siddhant kaa nirmaan kiya. yeh siddhant pahali baar aprail 1957 mein patra mein prakaashit kiya gayaa thaa, "atichaalaktaa kaa sookshm siddhant". yeh pradarshan kii charan sankraman doosara crum haye, kii yeh measoner prabhaav koo punah utpann kartaa haye aur vishisht ooshmaa aur pravesh gaharaai kii ganana disambar 1957 key lekh, "atichaalaktaa kaa siddhant" mein dikhaai dee. iss siddhant key liye unhein 1972 mein bhautiki mein nobel puraskar milaa.
1986 mein, laa-baa-kyu-oh mein 30 key taka key tapman parr uchch-tapman superconductivity kii khoj kii gaee thee. nimnalikhit prayogon ney lagbhag 130 key taka sankraman tapman key saath adhik samagri nirdhaarit kii, joe lagbhag 30 key kii pichhali seema seey kaafee adhik thee. aisaa maanaa jaataa haye kii akele bee. see. aiss. siddhant iss ghatana kii vyakhya naheen curr sakata haye aur anya prabhaav khel mein hain. inn prabhaavon koo abhee bhee poori tarah seey samajha naheen gayaa haye; yeh sambhav haye kii way kuchh samagriyon key liye cumm tapman parr atichaalaktaa koo bhee niyantrit karate hain.
avalokan.
paryaapt cumm tapman parr, fermi satah key paas electron cooper jode key gathan key khilaf asthir hoe jaate hain. cooper ney dikhaaya kii iss tarah kaa bandhan ack aakarshak kshamata kii upasthiti mein hoga, chaahe kitna bhee kamjor kyon naa hoe. paaramparik superconductors mein, ack aakarshan koo aam taur parr ack electron-jaali antahkriya key liye jimmedaar thaharaaya jaataa haye. haalaanki, bee. see. aiss. siddhant key liye kewal yeh aavashyak haye kii isaki utpatti kii parwah kiye binaa kshamata aakarshak hoe. bee. see. aiss. dhaanche mein, atichaalaktaa ack macroscopic prabhaav haye joe cooper jode key sanghanan key parinamswarup hotaa haye. inmein kuchh bosonic guna hotey hain, aur paryaapt cumm tapman parr bosan, ack badaa boses-einstein sanghanan banaa sakate hain. superconductivity koo ack saath nikole bogolyubov dwara bogoliyubov parivartanon key madhyam seey samajhaaya gayaa thaa.
kaee superconductors mein, electrons (jodee key liye aavashyak) key beach aakarshak antahkriya apratyaksh roop seey electrons aur compan chrystal jaali (phonen) key beach antahkriya dwara laaee jaati haye. motey taur parr tasveer nimnalikhit haih
ack chaalak key madhyam seey chalane vaalaa ack electron jaali mein paas key sakaratmak aaveshon koo aakarshit karega. jaali key iss viroopan key kaaran vipareet spin key saath ack aur electron uchch sakaratmak avesh ghanatva key kshetra mein jaataa haye. phir donon electron sahsambaddh hoe jaate hain. kyonki ack superconductor mein aise bahut saare electron jode hotey hain, yeye jode bahut dridhata seey overlap karate hain aur ack atyadhik saamoohik sanghanan banaate hain. iss "sanghanit" avastha mein, ack jodee key tootane seey poore sanghanit kii oorjaa badal jaayegi-naa kii kewal ack electron, yaa ack jodee. iss prakaar, kissy bhee ack jodee koo todane key liye aavashyak oorjaa jode key "sabhi" (yaa kewal dou electrons seey adhik) koo todane key liye aavashyak oorjaa seey sambandhit haye. kyonki jodee iss oorjaa baadha koo badhaati haye, chaalak mein dolan parmaanuon seey kick (joe paryaapt roop seey cumm tapman parr chhote hotey hain) poore sanghanitr koo prabhaavit karane key liye paryaapt naheen hotey hain, yaa sanghanitr key bheetar kissy bhee vyaktigat "sadasya jodee" koo prabhaavit karate hain. iss prakaar electron ack saath jode rahate hain aur sabhi kick kaa pratirodh karate hain, aur poore electron pravaah (superconductor key madhyam seey dhaara) pratirodh kaa anubhav naheen karega. iss prakaar, sanghanan kaa saamoohik vyavhaar atichaalaktaa key liye aavashyak ack mahatvapurna ghatak haye.
vivaran.
bee. see. aiss. siddhant iss dhaarana seey shuru hotaa haye kii electrons key beach kuchh aakarshan haye, joe coolomb pratikarshan koo door curr sakata haye. adhikansh samagriyon mein (cumm tapman vaale superconductors mein), yeh aakarshan apratyaksh roop seey electrons key chrystal jaali mein yugman dwara laaya jaataa haye (jaisa kii oopar bataaya gayaa haye). haalaanki, bee. see. aiss. siddhant key parinam aakarshak antahkriya kii utpatti parr "naheen" nirbhar karate hain. udaaharan key liye, cooper jode koo fermian kii ultracold gasses mein dekhaa gayaa haye jahaan ack sajaatiya chumbakiya kshetra koo unake feshback anunaad key liye tune kiya gayaa haye. bee. see. aiss. key mool parinamon (neeche charcha kii gaee) mein aiss-wave superconducting sthiti kaa varnan kiya gayaa haye, joe cumm tapman vaale superconductors key beach niyam haye, lekin dee-wave uchch tapman vaale superconductors jaise kaee aparamparaagat superconductors mein mahsoos naheen kiya jaataa haye.
inn anya mamalon kaa varnan karane key liye bee. see. aiss. siddhant key vistaar maujood hain, halanki way uchch-tapman atichaalaktaa kii dekhi gaee visheshtaon kaa poori tarah seey varnan karane key liye aparyaapt hain.
bee. see. aiss. dhaatu key ander (aakarshak roop seey paraspar kriya karane vaale) electrons kii pranali kii quantum-yaantrik kaee-shareer sthiti key liye ack anuman dene mein saksham haye. iss raajya koo abb bee. see. aiss. raajya key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. dhaatu kii samanya sthiti mein, electron swatantra roop seey chalate hain, jabaki bee. see. aiss. avastha mein, way aakarshak antahkriya dwara cooper jode mein bandhe hotey hain. bee. see. aiss. aupchaariktaa electrons key aakarshan key liye cumm kshamata parr adharit haye. iss kshamata key bheetar, tarang falan key liye ack parivartansheel unsatz prastaavit haye. yeh unsatz baad mein jode kii ghanee seema mein sateek dikhaaya gayaa thaa. dhyaan dein kii fermian key jode koo aakarshit karane key liye kamjor aur ghaney shasanon key beach nirantar crossover abhee bhee ack khuli samasya haye, joe abb ultracold gasses key kshetra mein bahut dhyaan aakarshit karati haye.
antarnihit sakshya.
georgia raajya vishvavidyalaya mein atibhautiki website prishthon mein bee. see. aiss. siddhant kii kuchh pramukh prishthabhoomi koo sankshep mein iss prakaar prastut kiya gayaa haih
prabhaav.
bee. see. ney kaee mahatvapurna saiddhaantik bhavishyavaniyon koo praapt kiya joe paraspar kriya key vivaran seey swatantra hain, kyonki neeche ullikhit matratmak bhavishyavaniyan electrons key beach kissy bhee paryaapt roop seey kamjor aakarshan key liye pakadati hain aur yeh antim sthiti kaee cumm tapman vaale superconductors key liye poori hoti haye-tathaakathit kamjor-yugman mamla. inki pushti kaee prayogon mein hui haih

