
tokan ring

tokan ring ack computer networking takneek haye jiska upayog sthaaniya kshetra network banaane key liye kiya jaataa haye. ise 1984 mein aaee. bee. aim. dwara pesh kiya gayaa thaa, aur 1989 mein aaee. ee. ee. ee. 802.5 key roop mein maankeekrit kiya gayaa thaa.
yeh ack vishesh teen-bite frame kaa upayog kartaa haye jise "tokan" kahaa jaataa haye joe workstation yaa server key taarkik "ring" key chaaron or seey gujarta haye. yeh tokan passing ack channel axes vidhi haye joe sabhi stations key liye uchit pahunch pradaan karati haye, aur vivaad-adharit pahunch vidhiyon kii takkaron koo samaapt karati haye.
tokan ring ack safal takneek thee, vishesh roop seey corporate vatavaran mein, lekin dheere-dheere ethernet key baad key sanskaranon dwara grahan kiya gayaa thaa.
itihas.
1970 key dashak kii shuruat mein vibhinn sthaaniya kshetra network praudyogikiyon kii ack vistrit shrinkhala vikasit kii gaee thee, jinamen seey ack, cambridge ring ney ack tokan passing ring topology kii kshamata kaa pradarshan kiya thaa, aur duniya bhar mein kaee teams ney apane swayam key karyanvayan parr kaam karna shuru curr diyaa thaa. aaee. bee. aim. zurich anusandhaan prayogshala mein werner bucks aur hains muller ney vishesh roop seey aaee. bee. aim. kii tokan ring takneek key design aur vikas parr kaam kiya, jabaki aim. aaee. tii. mein shuruati kaam ney 1981 mein proteon 10 aim. bitt/aiss. pronut-10 tokan ring network kaa netritva kiya, usee varsh jaba workstation vikreta apolo computer ney 75-ome aar. jee.-6yuu. samakshiya cabling parr chalane vaale apane swaamitva vaale 12 aim. bitt/aiss. apolo tokan ring (aeye. tii. aar.) network kii shuruat kii. proteon ney baad mein ack 16 aim. bitt/aiss. sanskaran vikasit kiya joe binaa chhatari vaale muda jode cable parr chalata thaa.
1985 aaee. bee. aim. launch.
aaee. bee. aim. ney 15 octuber, 1985 koo apana khud kaa swaamitva vaalaa tokan ring utpaad launch kiya. yeh 4 aim. bitt/aiss. parr chalata thaa, aur aaee. bee. aim. pc, midrange computer aur mainframe seey sanlagnak sambhav thaa. yeh ack suvidhajanak starr-wired bhautik topology kaa upayog kartaa thaa aur dhaal vaale mudey hue jode vaali cabling key oopar seey chalaa jaataa thaa. isake turant baad yeh aaee. ee. ee. ee. 802.5 maanak kaa aadhar bunn gayaa.
iss samay key dauran, aaee. bee. aim. ney tark diyaa kii tokan ring laine ethernet seey behtar they, vishesh roop seey cumm bhaar vaale, lekin inn daavon parr bahas hui.
1988 mein tez 16 aim. bitt/aiss. tokan ring koo 802.5 kaary samooh dwara maankeekrit kiya gayaa thaa. 100 aim. bitt./aiss. taka kii vriddhi koo maanak banaaya gayaa aur tokan ring key astitva key patan key dauran vipanan kiya gayaa aur iska kabhi bhee vyaapak roop seey upayog naheen kiya gayaa. 2001 mein 1000 aim. bitt./aiss. maanak koo manjuri dee gaee thee, lekin bajar mein kabhi bhee koee utpaad naheen laaya gayaa aur maanak gatividhi rook gaee kyonki tej ethernet aur gigabit ethernet sthaaniya kshetra networking bajar mein haavi they.
ethernet key saath tulanaa.
ethernet aur tokan ring mein kuchh ullekhaniya antar hainh
operation.
ack tokan ring laine parr station taarkik roop seey ack ring topology mein vyavasthit hotey hain, jisamen detta koo ack ring station seey dusare mein kramik roop seey preshit kiya jaataa haye, jisamen niyantran tokan ring key aspas ghoomata haye. samaan tokan passing tantra kaa upayog archnet, tokan buss, 100vg-anylan (802.12) aur fddi dwara kiya jaataa haye, aur unake praarambhik ethernet key csma/cd parr saiddhaantik laabh hain.
ack tokan ring network koo ack matdan pranali key roop mein model kiya jaa sakata haye jahaan ack ekal server ack chakreeya crum mein kataron koo seva pradaan kartaa haye.
abhigam niyantran.
detta sancharan prakriya iss prakaar haih
bahu-station abhigam ikaaiyaan aur niyantrit abhigam ikaaiyaan.
bhautik roop seey, ack tokan ring network koo ack taare key roop mein tarankit kiya jaataa haye, jisamen kendra mein 'maus' hotaa haye, pratyek station parr 'arms' nikalata haye, aur loop pratyek key madhyam seey baahar-peechhe jaataa haye.
ack mau ack hubb yaa ack switch key roop mein maujood hoe sakata haye; kyonki tokan ring mein koee takkar naheen thee, kaee maus koo hubb key roop mein nirmit kiya gayaa thaa. halanki tokan ring llc parr chalati haye, isamen sthaaniya network seey parey packets koo aage badhaane key liye srot maarg shamil haye. adhikansh maus koo default roop seey 'ekagrata' vinyas mein configure kiya jaataa haye, lekin baad mein maus bhee vibhajankartaon key roop mein kaary karane key liye ack suvidha kaa samarthan kartaa haye aur vishesh roop seey aaee. bee. aim. 8226 parr kendrit naheen hotaa haye.
baad mein aaee. bee. aim. niyantrit abhigam ikaaiyon koo jaari karega joe kaee aim. aeye. yuu. module kaa samarthan curr sakate hain jinhen lobe attachment module key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye. kaaran samarthit visheshataaen jaise kii ack mrit bandargah kii sthiti mein vaikalpik maarg key liye dohri-ring atirek, lams key saath modular ekagrata, aur baad key maus kii tarah kaee interfaces. yeh ack avyavasthit aim. oh. hubb kii tulanaa mein adhik vishvasaniya setup aur doorasth prabandhan kii peshkash kartaa haye.
cabling aur interfaces.
cabling aam taur parr aaee. bee. aim. "type-1" hoti haye, joe ack bhaari dou-jodee 150 ome dhaali hui muda jodee cable hoti haye. yeh "aaee. bee. aim. cabling pranali" key liye buniyaadi cable thee, ack sanrachit cabling pranali jise aaee. bee. aim. ney vyaapak roop seey apanaaya jaane kii ummeed kii thee. advitiya hermaphroditic connector, jinhen aupchaarik lekhan mein aaee. bee. aim. detta connector key roop mein sandarbhit kiya jaataa haye yaa bolchal kii bhasha mein boy george connector key roop mein, kaa upayog kiya jaataa thaa. connectors mein kaafee bhaari honey kaa nuksan hotaa haye, cumm seey cumm panel sthaan kii aavashyakta hoti haye, aur apekshaakrit najuk hotaa haye. connectors key faayade yeh hain kii way lingheen hain aur maanak gair-shielded 8p8c parr behtar suraksha pradaan karate hain. computer parr connector aamtaur parr dee-9 mahila hotey they.
baad mein tokan ring key karyanvayan mein, catt 4 cabling koo bhee samarthan diyaa gayaa thaa, isaliye 8pee8see (aarje45) connector kaa upayog maus, coss aur nick donon parr kiya gayaa thaa; kaee network card 8pee8see aur dee-9 donon koo samarthan dete hain.
takniki vivaran.
frame prakaar.
tokan.
jaba koee station ack frame naheen bhej rhaa hotaa haye, tou ack vishesh tokan frame loop koo gherega. iss vishesh tokan frame koo station seey station taka taba taka dohraya jaataa haye jaba taka kii vaha usa station parr naheen pahunch jaataa jise detta bhejane kii aavashyakta hoti haye.
tokan kii lambai 3 bites hoti haye aur isamen ack start pariseeman, ack abhigam niyantran bite aur ack anta pariseeman hotaa haye.
frame koo radd karein.
preshan station dwara sancharan koo radd karane key liye upayog kiya jaataa haye.
detta.
detta frame oopari-parat protocol key liye jaankaari leey jaate hain, jabaki kamaand frame mein niyantran jaankaari hoti haye aur koee naheen hoti haye
oopari-parat protocol key liye detta. detta/kamaand frame soochana kshetra key aakar key aadhar parr aakar mein bhinn hotey hain.
frame prakaar-1 llc frame aaee. ee. ee. ee. 802.2 (detta) koo ingit kartaa haye aur niyantran bits koo nazarandaj kartaa haye; 
00 mack frame koo ingit kartaa haye aur niyantran bits mack niyantran frame key prakaar koo ingit karate hain
a = 1, pataa pahachaana gayaa
c = 1, frame coppy kiya gayaa
sakriya aur standbye monitor.
tokan ring network mein pratyek station yaa tou ack sakriya monitor (aeye. aim.) yaa standbye monitor (aiss. aim.) station hotaa haye. ack samay mein ack ring parr kewal ack sakriya monitor hoe sakata haye. sakriya monitor koo chunaav yaa "vivaad kii nigrani" prakriya key madhyam seey chunaa jaataa haye.
nigrani vivaad prakriya taba shuru kii jaati haye jaba nimnalikhit hotaa haih
jaba uparokt mein seey koee bhee sthiti hoti haye aur ack station yeh taya kartaa haye kii ack nae monitor kii aavashyakta haye, tou yeh ack "claim tokan" frame prasaarit karega, yeh ghoshana karate hue kii yeh nayaa monitor banana chaahata haye. yadi vaha tokan bhejane vaale koo lautata haye, tou isake liye monitor banana thheek haye. yadi koee anya station usee samay monitor banane kii koshish kartaa haye tou uchchatam mack patey vaalaa station chunaav prakriya jeet jaayega. harr doosara station ack standbye monitor bunn jaataa haye. yadi aavashyak hoe tou sabhi stations koo ack sakriya nigrani station banane mein saksham honah chaahiye.
sakriya monitor kaee ring prashaasan kaary kartaa haye. pahala kaary taar parr stations key liye sanket kaa samanvaya pradaan karane key liye ring key liye master ghadee key roop mein kaam karna haye. aeye. aim. kaa ack anya kaary ring mein 24-bitt deree dalna haye, yeh sunishchit karane key liye kii tokan key prasaar key liye ring mein hamesha paryaapt buffering hoe. aeye. aim. key liye ack teesara kaary yeh sunishchit karna haye kii jaba bhee koee frame prasaarit naheen hoe rhaa hoe tou thheek ack tokan prasaarit hoe, aur ack tooty hui angoothi kaa pataa lagaana haye. anta mein, ring seey parisanchari frame koo hataane key liye aeye. aim. jimmedaar haye.
tokan pravishti prakriya.
ring network mein bhaag lene kii anumati dene seey pahale tokan ring stations koo 5-charan vaali ring daalane kii prakriya seey gujarna hoga. yadi inmein seey koee bhee charan whiffle hoe jaataa haye, tou tokan ring station ring mein "sammilit" naheen karega aur tokan ring driver ack truti kii soochana dey sakata haye.
vaikalpik prathamikta yojana.
kuchh anuprayogon mein uchch prathamikta vaale ack station koo naamit karane mein saksham honey kaa ack laabh haye. tokan ring iss prakaar kii ack vaikalpik yojana koo nirdisht karati haye, jaisa kii caine buss kartaa haye, (vyaapak roop seey motor vaahan anuprayogon mein upayog kiya jaataa haye)-lekin ethernet naheen kartaa haye.
tokan ring prathamikta mack mein, aathh prathamikta star, 0-7, kaa upayog kiya jaataa haye. jaba sanchaarit karane kaa ichchuk station koo ack tokan yaa detta frame praapt hotaa haye jisamen station kii anurodhit prathamikta seey cumm yaa usake barabar prathamikta hoti haye, tou yeh prathamikta key bits koo apani vaanchhit prathamikta key liye nirdhaarit kartaa haye. station turant sanchaarit naheen kartaa haye; tokan taba taka madhyam key chaaron or ghoomata haye jaba taka kii yeh station parr vaapas naheen aaa jaataa. apana detta frame bhejane aur praapt karane parr, station tokan prathamikta koo mool prathamikta mein vaapas downgrade curr detaa haye.
yahaan una upkaranon key liye nimnalikhit aathh abhigam prathamikta aur yatayat prakaar hain joe 802.1q aur 802.1p kaa samarthan karate hainh
ethernet key saath paraspar sambandh.
tokan ring aur ethernet network key liye bridging samadhanon mein aitt aind tii starwan 10:4 brij, aaee. bee. aim. 8209 laine brij aur microcom laine brij shamil they. vaikalpik connection samadhanon mein ack router shamil kiya gayaa jise gatishil roop seey yatayat, protocol aur interfaces koo filter karane key liye configure kiya jaa sakata haye, jaise kii aaee. bee. aim. 2210-24 aim. multiprotocol router, jisamen ethernet aur tokan ring interfaces donon shamil they.

