
grihnagar sangh

grihnagar sangh (aich. tii. aeye.), jinhen grihnagar samaaj key roop mein bhee jaanaa jaataa haye, samajik gathbandhan hain joe usee shahar yaa mool kshetra key pravasiyon key beach baney hotey hain. unakaa uddeshya mool key saajha sthaan seey pravasiyon key saath sambandh banaae rakhna aur unhein aapsi sahaayata pradaan karna haye. way pravasiyon key mool desh mein nihit antarrashtriya samudaay aur pehchaan kii ack naee bhavna paida karane kaa bhee lakshya rakh sakate hain, joe basti key desh taka failati haye. vibhinn sthaanon key logon ney kaee deshon mein inn sanghon kaa gathan kiya haye, joe kaee uddeshyon kii poorti karate hain.
aich. tii. aeye. kii kull sankhya koo maapana mushkil haye kyonki way harr saal sankhya mein utaar-chadhaav karate hain. badey aich. tii. aeye. key paas aadhikarik gair-laabhkaari sthiti haye, jaise kii sanyukt raajya america key bheetar 501 (see) (3) panjikaran, aur nideshak mandal aur nirvaachit netaa hain. adhikansh aich. tii. aeye. mukhya roop seey shramik varg kii sadasyata key saath chhote hain, joe apani gatividhiyon koo chala rahey karyakramon yaa vishesh jarooraton key liye dhana ugaahane taka seemit karate hain, jaise kii grih desh mein praakritik aapada, aur swaasthya yaa shaikshik gatividhiyon aur sansadhanon kii unnati. halanki aich. tii. aeye. kaa adhikansh kaam samajik-aarthik aur saanskritik haye, inmein seey kuchh samooh raajneetik aur nagrik prakriyaon mein sanlagn hain.
aich. tii. aeye. vishesh avsaron yaa paristhitiyon key liye dhana daan karane kaa bhee kaam karate hain, jaise kii ack dhaarmik utsav yaa apane nae samudaay mein yaa apane mool sthaan parr ack sthaaniya church koo phir seey rangane yaa marammat karane key liye. preshan kaa pratishat (pravasiyon dwara unake grih desh mein bheja gayaa dhana) bhinn hotaa haye. aksar, aich. tii. aeye. pariyojanaon koo vyavhaar mein laane key liye apane mool samudaay key bheetar sthaaniya sangathanon key saath samanvaya karate hain. 
kyonki aich. tii. aeye. swayamsevak-adharit samooh hain, isaliye apane parivarik sambandhon key baahar bhagidari praapt karna ack badee chunauti hoe sakati haye. joe loga aam grihnagar seey pravaas karate hain, joe saarvajanik vastuon kii sarahana karate hain joe aich. tii. aeye. dwara utpaadit hotey hain, way maanate hain kii saamoohik laabh yogdan kii vyaktigat laagat seey adhik haye. aich. tii. aeye. nivesh kii laagat aur laabh kaa saamana karane kii chunauti key parinamswarup sanghon mein bhagidari cumm aur chhitput hoti haye. joe loga antarrashtriya sambandhon mein bhaag lete hain, unake swaroop aarthik roop seey adhik achche hotey hain.
itihas.
ack grihnagar sangh yaa grihnagar samaaj usee shahar yaa kshetra key pravasiyon kaa ack samaaj haye. inn sahaayata sangathanon kii sthaapana samajik, aarthik aur saanskritik samasyaon seey nipatane key liye kii gaee thee aur aapsi sahaayata key liye ack samajik dhancha pradaan kiya gayaa thaa. sabse aam gatividhiyon mein beemar laabh aur dafanaane kii laagat kii peshkash karane vaali beema policies kaa praavdhaan thaa. yahudi grihnagar samajon koo yiddi shabd "landsmenshaft" seey jaanaa jaataa thaa. poorvottar america mein 20,000 "landsmanshafton" they. sanyukt raajya america mein kaee apravasi aabaadi ney 3,000 maxican htass, philipino htass, bhaaratiya, viyatnami aur ghaniyai jaise anya jaatiya pravasiyon kii sankhya lagbhag 500 key roop mein banaai haye.
sanyukt raajya america mein.
lattin htass.
latino samudaay parr kendrit sambandh network pahali baar 20veen shatabdi kii shuruat mein shuru huaa. way usa avadhi key dauran pravaasi shram key badhate upayog key kaaran utpann hue. sanyukt raajya america mein maxican aich. tii. aeye. unnisvin shatabdi key anta aur beesavin shatabdi kii shuruat mein banaae gaye aitihaasik parasparik sahaayata samajon aur kalyan sangathanon seey vikasit huaa taaki aise samay mein swaasthya dekhbhal aur mrityu laabh pradaan kiye jaa sakein jaba aisee sevaaen kaee apravasi samoohon key liye upalabdh naheen theen.
samkaaleen maxican aich. tii. aeye. kii jadein parasparik-laabh sanghon mein hain joe beesavin shatabdi key pahale dashak mein california key krishi kshetron mein sakriya they. aise sanghon kii jadein samanya mool mein theen aur jaba nae logon koo samajik ekikaran kii kathinaaiyon kaa saamana karna padaa tou unhone ekjutata kaa aadhar pradaan kiya. haalaanki 1950 key dashak seey maxican samudaayon mein iss prakaar key sangathan maujood hain, lekin 1980 aur 2000 key beach sankhya mein naatakiya roop seey vistaar huaa haye. poore sanyukt raajya mein 30 shaharon mein 600 seey adhik maxican grihnagar club aur sangh panjikrit they aur inmein shahar nvic, shikago aur loss angils shamil hain. congress key bajat karyalaya ney anuman lagaaya kii maxican 2009 mein mexico koo lagbhag 20 arab dollar kaa preshan bhejate hain, joe preshan koo mexico key videshi mudra key sheersh teen sroton mein seey ack banaata haye.
haalaanki maxican aich. tii. aeye. kaa sabse lamba itihas haye aur way sabse prasiddh hain, dominican, gwatemalan aur salvadoran grihnagar sanghon kii sankhya mein vriddhi hui haye. yeye 1990 key dashak seey baney hain aur apane mool aur nivaas key samudaayon key sudhaar mein sakriya roop seey bhaag leey rahey hain. maxican-americi aur dominican-americi kii tarah, madhya americi bhee badhate hue grihnagar sanghon mein bhaag lete hain. sanyukt raajya america mein anumaanit 164 gwatemalan hatas hain. inmein seey adhikansh 1991 seey gwatemala mein aaee kaee praakritik aapadaon kaa jawab dene parr kendrit hain. anumaanit 200 salvadoran hatas hain, jinamen seey adhikansh ack shahar kii sahaayata karane aur samudaay-adharit vikas pariyojanaon key liye dhana jutaane key liye ratribhoj, pageant aur anya karyakramon key ayojan parr dhyaan kendrit karate hain. sthaaniya vikas mein aich. tii. aeye. kaa yogdan ack aam pratha haye. isake alawa, yeye prayaas sanyukt raajya america mein apravasi samudaayon key beach sakaratmak jaatiya-jaatiya pehchaan koo badhaava dene aur samarthan dene mein yogdan karate hain. udaaharan key liye, bolivian haston ney saanskritik aur lokkathaon key karyakramon aur prathaon kaa upayog samudaay key nirmaan aur anya aabaadi taka pahunch key tareeke key roop mein kiya haye.
1980 key dashak mein aarthik sankat key samay mein, dominican ganarajya ney yuu. aiss. mein pravasiyon parr dhyaan kendrit karna shuru curr diyaa.aiss. preshan key sambhaavit aur nirantar sroton key roop mein. natijatan, preshan paryatan key baad mudra key ack mahatvapurna srot kaa pratinidhitva kartaa haye. ateet mein, desh mein dominican aich. tii. aeye. ney dharmarth yogdan aur aapada raahat parr dhyaan kendrit kiya. udaaharan key liye, boston kii baani foundation key canafisteros iss samudaay key liye paryaapt sansaadhan pradaan karke apane grihnagar aur baani praant kii sahaayata karate hain. iss aich. tii. aeye. ney $100 yuu pradaan kiya.aiss. jaruratmand parivaaron key liye ack maheena. dominican antarrashtriya samudaayon kaa raajneetik samavesh uparokt prayason seey upaji haye. 1970 key dashak mein gathit aich. tii. aeye. esperanza pore columbia ney apane bhejane vaale samudaay key liye buniyaadi dhaanche mein sudhaar aur parivahan upkaran pradaan karane key uddeshya seey isi tarah kii pariyojanaon key liye dhana ugaahane kaa upayog kiya. esperanza pore columbia ney 1996 mein bhookamp peediton key liye sahayak kaa yogdan diyaa.
gharelu mamle.
adhikansh grihnagar sangh apekshaakrit nae hain aur mukhya roop seey chaar raajyon mein kendrit hainh california, newyork, texas aur florida. lagbhag dou-tihai (63 pratishat) latino aich. tii. aeye. daan parr nirbhar karate hain. haalaanki lattin grihnagar sanghon kii kull sankhya aparimit haye, lekin lagbhag 4,000 aich. tii. aeye. hain jinhen 1990 key dashak key dauran aantarik rajaswa seva (aaee. aar. aiss.) key anusaar kanuni darja praapt huaa haye. aaee. aar. aiss. key anusaar, curr uddeshyon key liye apani sthiti koo aupchaarik banaane vaale aich. tii. aeye. mein seey lagbhag 62 pratishat prati varsh 25,000 dollar seey cumm parr kaam karate hain, anya 14 pratishat $25,000-99,999 parr aur 23 pratishat $100,000 yaa usase adhik parr kaam karate hain. adhikansh latino sanghon key paas latino samasyaon aur sambhaavit samadhanon kaa aantarik drishtikon haye, aur unaki samudayik jarooraton kii pehchaan karane mein vishesh bhoomika haye.
apane grihnagar mein sudhaar key liye dhana jutana lambe samay seey ack pramukh ayojan ranneeti rahee haye, joe mool roop seey grihnagar church yaa sthaaniya adhikaariyon key sahyog seey haye. isane zacatecas, mexico jaise shaharon mein ack nayaa charitra apanaaya, jahan raajya sarkaar ney 1980 key dashak key anta mein pravasiyon dwara pradaan kii gaee kaee pariyojanaon key liye dhana kaa milan karna shuru kiya. yeh dhana-milan karyakram iss baat kaa ack udaaharan haye kii kaise 1990 key dashak mein maxican neeti key saath pravaasi baatchit ney pravaasi sakriyata, dwi-rashtriya pravaasi 'nagrik samaaj' aur pravaasi netritva network kaa nirmaan kiya. inn aich. tii. aeye. networkon key uday aur nirvaah kii vyakhya mein kaee tatva shamil hain, jaise kii pahale seey maujood gutt jaise network, antarrashtriya network aur saamoohik preshan. pahale seey maujood network kaee graameen mool-adharit aich. tii. aeye. key anubhav seey mell khaata haye aur saamoohik preshan aur uchch-pravaas raajyon key beach sambandhon koo dhyaan mein rakhate hue chhatravritti key saath susangat haye. jiss tarah seey sthaaniya, raajya aur sanghiya shakti sanrachit haye aur pariyojanaon koo kaise shuru kiya jaataa haye aur vitt poshit kiya jaataa haye, usey dekhate hue nishchit roop seey raajneetik purvagrah kii sambhavana haye.
antar-rashtriya samajik-raajneetik prabhaav.
2010 key dashak mein, neeti aur pravaas vidvaanon ney mool deshon mein samajik-raajneetik prabhaavon aur vittiya laabh mein yogdan karane vaali ack ghatana key roop mein aich. tii. aeye. parr dhyaan kendrit kiya haye. raajneetik duniya key hita key baare mein apravasi preshan aur vikaasheel deshon parr unake prabhaav key baare mein teji seey ubharati jagrukta haye.
beesavin shatabdi key anta mein utpann hui naee raajneetik chunautiyon key kaaran, maxican sarkaar ney maxican apravasi samudaayon key gair-raajneetik sangathan koo protsaahit karane key tareeke taiyar kiye. vishesh roop seey, mexico ney apane vanijya dutaavaason aur videshon mein maxican samudaayon key liye karyakram (pee. see. aim. ee.) kaa upayog kiya, joe 1990 mein salina prashaasan key tahat sthaapit kiya gayaa thaa. maxican sarkaar ney america aur kanada mein apane vanijya dutaavaason key madhyam seey kaary karate hue, pee. see. aim. ee. key vikas koo badhaava diyaa. vanijya dutaavaason ney lambe samay seey apravasi aabaadi koo kaee mahatvapurna sevaaen pradaan kii hain, jisamen vanijya dutawas pehchaan patra bhee shamil haye jise maatri dutawas key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye.
america mein maxican vanijya dutaavaason ney 1990 key dashak mein maxican apravasi sanghon key samarthan mein vriddhi kii aur nae sanghon key nirmaan koo praayojit kiya, aksar unhein khud koo sangathit karane key liye protsaahit karane key liye grihnagar mahapouron ("president municiples") kii yaatraon kaa upayog kiya. maxican sarkaar ney pravaasi network key vikas koo protsaahit karane key liye lagaatar iss tarah seey kaam kiya haye jisane antarrashtriya sahyog key liye maanak nirdhaarit kiya haye. natijatan, yeh neeti ack darjan seey adhik varshon mein vikasit hui haih grihnagar sanghon key sangathan koo badhaava dene seey laker maxican network key ekikaran aur ranneetik disha aur raajya key saath isake judaav key liye ack mahadvipiya sabhaa key nirmaan koo praayojit karane taka.
aich. tii. aeye. ney maxican sarkaar key sambandh mein maxican-americi samudaay kii seva karane mein madad karane key liye karyakramon koo sansthaagat banaane mein ack pramukh bhoomika nibhai haye, jaise kii 2002 mein videshon mein maxicans key liye sansthaan kaa nirmaan ("institute dee loss maxican ell exterior", aaee. aim. ee.). maxican aich. tii. aeye.-jabaki sanyukt raajya mein samajik samarthan key liye shaktishali taakaten, aur mexico mein raajneetik sashaktikaran aur paropkar-california mein raajneetik gatividhi mein bahut cumm bhagidari thee. california prastaav 187 key khilaf ladaai key dauran unakaa sakriya jutana unake samanya vyavhaar key liye ack apavaad thaa, naa kii unake abhivinyas mein ack modd thaa. iss tark key bavjood kii aich. tii. aeye. aamtaur parr raajneetik prakriyaon mein shamil naheen hotey hain, iss baat key pramaan hain kii aich. tii. aeye. ney yuu. mein raajneetik aur nagrik prakriyaon mein bhaag liya haye.aiss. aur apane mool desh mein. aich. tii. aeye. dwara iss raajneetik aur nagrik prathaon parr haal hii mein kiye gaye kaam koo achchi tarah seey pralekhit kiya gayaa haye. inn sthaanon mein luggy raajneetik aur nagrik prakriyaon mein nagrik aur gair-nagrik pravasiyon kii bhoomika dekhi jaa sakati haye.
chunauti.
una samudaayon key beach asamaantaon key baare mein mahatvapurna kaary likhe gaye hain jinamen yuu. aiss. mein pravasiyon kii uchch aamad haye.aiss. aur jinake paas iss prakaar key network kii kamee haye. jinn aich. tii. aeye. key paas sabse adhik paisa haye, unake paas sthaaniya adhikaariyon key saath sabse adhik saudebaji karane kii shakti haye. kaee cumm aaya vaale samudaayon key paas videsh mein koee antarrashtriya pravaasi sadasya naheen haye joe dhana vaapas bhej sakate hain. alochakon ney bataaya kii kaise aich. tii. aeye. sambandhon koo cumm loktaantrik key roop mein dekhaa jaa sakata haye kyonki pravaasi sadasyon key paas iss sambandh mein sabse adhik shakti haye. isake alawa, maxican aich. tii. aeye. kaa ack jatil itihas haye aur maxican sarkari adhikaariyon key saath grihnagar pariyojanaon kii yojana aur vikas mein baadhaaen hain.

