
pupunku

pupunku yaa puma panku (aimara aur kwechua jiska shaabdik arth haye 'pume kaa dwaar') 6 veen shatabdi kaa tii-aakar kaa aur ranneetik roop seey sanrekhit maanav nirmit seedhidaar munch haye, jisake oopar ack doobe hue darbar aur smaarak sanrachana haye joe paschimi bolivia mein tiwanaku key paas tiwanaku sthal parr pupunku parisar kaa hissa haye. pupunku parisar pupunku platform tealey parr kendrit plaza aur ramp kaa ack sanrekhan haye. aaj munch key tealey key oopar smaarak parisar khandahar mein haye. 
maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh 536 esvi kaa haye. akapana key baad, jise "pupunku kaa judvaan" maanaa jaataa haye, pupunku tiwanaku mein doosara sabse mahatvapurna nirmaan thaa. tiwanaku key sabhi kshetron key naamon mein kewal "akapana" aur "pupunku" naamon kii aitihaasik prasangikta haye. pupunku mein kaee laghu dwaar paae gaye joe ack baar poorna aakar key khade dwaaron kii sahee pratikritiyaan hain. inn laghu dwaaron key atirikt, sambhavatah, cumm seey cumm paanch pravesh dwaar (aur kaee andhe laghu pravesh dwaar) ack baar (yaa honey kaa irada thaa) pupunku smaarak parisar mein ekikrit kiye gaye they. pupunku key neenv munch ney aathh endesite pravesh dwaaron koo samarthan diyaa. soorya key pravesh dwaar key samaan visheshtaon vaale paanch endesite pravesh dwaar key tukade paae gaye.
tiwanaku inka paramparaon mein mahatvapurna haye kyonki maanaa jaataa haye kii yeh vaha sthaan haye jahan duniya banaai gaee thee. aymara mein, puma panku key naam kaa arth haye "puma kaa dwaar". pupunku parisar mein ack deewaar rahit paschimi darbar, ack kendriya deewaar rahit samtal, ack seedhidaar munch teela joe patthar key saath haye, aur ack deewaar vaalaa purvi darbar haye.
apane charam parr, poomapunku koo "akalpaniya roop seey adbhut" maanaa jaataa haye, jise polish kiye gaye dhaatu key pattikaon, chamkile rung key cheeni mitty aur kapade key alankaran seey sajaaya gayaa haye, aur costume nagrik, vistrit roop seey kapade pahane pujari aur videshi gahane seey sajaae gaye abhijaat varg dwara dekhaa gayaa haye. iss parisar kii vartamaan samajh isaki umr, likhit record kii kamee, aur khajaane key shikaar, lootpaat, patthar aur rail maarg key nirmaan key liye patthar key khanan aur praakritik mausam key kaaran sanrachanaon kii vartamaan bigadati sthiti key kaaran seemit haye.
itihas.
jaba spanish tiwanaku pahunche tou pupunku mein abhee bhee vastukala khadee thee. burnbay cobo ney bataaya kii ack pravesh dwaar aur ack "khidki" abhee bhee ack munch parr khadee thee.
varnan.
pupunku ack seedhidaar mitty kaa teela haye jiska saamana blocks seey hotaa haye. yeh apane uttar-dakshin aksh key saath chauda aur apane poorv-paschim aksh key saath lamba haye. pupunku key uttar-poorv aur dakshin-poorv konon parr, aaytaakaar tealey seey uttar aur dakshin mein faile vyaapak anuman hain.
pupunku key purvi kinare parr "plataforma litica" kaa kabja haye. iss sanrachana mein ack patthar kii chhat kaa aakar haye. iss chhat parr kaee vishal patthar key khand hain. isamen pupunku aur tiwanaku sthal mein sabse badaa patthar kaa slab haye, joe lamba, chauda aur ausat motaa haye. laal balua patthar key vishisht gurutvaakarshan key aadhar parr, jisase ise tarasha gayaa thaa, iss patthar key slab kaa vajan 131 tunn (144 chhote tunn) honey kaa anuman haye. balua patthar key slab key ullekhaniya pahaluon, jinamen unake aakar aur chikani satahen shamil hain, ney kaee shataabdiyon seey tippaniyan kii hain.
anya patthar kaa kaam aur pupunku kaa saamana karane mein endesite aur laal balua patthar kaa mishran hotaa haye. pupunku key mool mein mitty hoti haye, jabaki isake kinare key kuchh hisson mein mitty key bajaay nadee kii rait aur cobal hotey hain. khudai ney "teen pramukh bhawan yugon key saath-saath marammat aur punah pratiroopan" kaa dastavejikaran kiya.
pupunku aur kalasasaya parisaron koo alag karane vaale kilometres key bheetar key kshetra kaa sarvekshan jameen mein pravesh karane vaale radar, chumbakamiti, prerit vidyut chaalakta aur chumbakiya samvedansheelta kaa upayog karke kiya gayaa thaa. inn sarvekshanon aur khudai seey ekatra kiye gaye bhubhautikiya detta seey pupunku aur kalasasaya parisaron key beach key kshetra mein kaee maanav nirmit sanrachanaon kii upasthiti kaa sanket milata haye. inn sanrachanaon mein imaraton aur yaugikon kii deewaar kii neenv, paani kii naali, pool jaisi visheshtaen, chhatein, aavaasiya parisar aur vyaapak bajari key footpath shamil hain, joe sabhi aadhunik jameen kii satah key neeche dabey hue aur chhipe hue hain.
2016 mein kshetra koo ack drone key saath mapp kiye jaane key baad, parinamon seey pataa chalaa kii site kaa aakar satrah hectare haye jisamen seey kewal dou hectare kaa pataa chalaa haye. dou atirikt platform abhee bhee bhoomigat hain.
umr.
andean visheshagya dwara nott kiya gayaa, doubleu. aich. isbell, binghamtan vishvavidyalaya mein professor, ack radio carbon tithi varrick dwara paumapunku banaane vaale tealey-bharaav kii sabse gahari aur sabse purani parat seey carbonic samagri seey praapt kii gaee thee. yeh parat teen nirmaan yugon mein seey pahale key dauran jamaa kii gaee thee, aur pyumapunku key praarambhik nirmaan kii taarikhon koo AD 536-600 (1510 ± 25 b) taka nirdhaarit karati haye.pee. c14, calibrated tithi). choonki radio carbon kii tarikh endesite aur balua patthar key patthar key kaam key tahat tealey-bharaav kii sabse gahari aur sabse purani parat seey aaee thee, isaliye patthar kaa kaam shayed AD 536-600 key kuchh samay baad kiya gayaa thaa. vranich kii khudai kii khaai seey pataa chalata haye kii mitty, rait aur pyumapunku parisar kii bajari seedhe sterile madhya pleastocene talchhat parr rakhee gaee thee. inn khudai kii khaai ney pupunku parisar seey satey tiwanaku sthal key kshetra mein kissy bhee poorv-andean madhya kshitij saanskritik bhandar kii kamee kaa bhee pradarshan kiya.
engineering.
pupunku key sabse badey patthar key khand lambe, chaude, ausat motey hain aur iska vajan lagbhag honey kaa anuman haye. parisar key bheetar paaya jaane vaalaa doosara sabse badaa patthar kaa khand lamba, chauda aur ausat motaa haye. iska vajan anumaanit haye. yeye donon patthar key khand "plataform litica" kaa hissa hain, aur laal balua patthar hain. alag-alag pattharon aur gyaat khadaan sthalon key namoonon key vistrit petrographic aur rasayanik vishleshan key aadhar parr, puraatatvidon ney nishkarsh nikala kii inn aur anya laal balua patthar key khandon koo lagbhag door titikaka jheel key paas ack khadaan seey ack khadee dhalaan parr leey jaaya gayaa thaa. patthar key saamane aur nakkashi key liye chhote endesite block kopakabana praaydweep key bheetar khadanon seey aatey they joe pupunku aur baaki tiwanaku site seey lagbhag door aur jheel titica key paar they.
puraatatvidon kaa maanana haye kii inn pattharon kaa parivahan pracheen tiwanaku key badey shram bull dwara kiya gayaa thaa. kaee paraspar virodhi siddhant iss shram bull dwara pattharon koo leey jaane key tarikon kii kalpana karane kaa prayaas karate hain, halanki yeye siddhant atkalbaji baney hue hain. dou samanya prastaavon mein laama twacha kii rassiyon kaa upayog aur ramp aur jhuke hue vimaanon kaa upayog shamil haye.
pupunku kii divaaron koo ikattha karane mein, pratyek patthar aspas key pattharon key saath judaa huaa haye. block ack paheli kii tarah ack saath fitt they, joe bhaar-wahan jodd banaate they. jeane-piyare protzen aur stella naayar ney kuchh pattharon koo mortar kii sambhaavit parat key roop mein cover karane vaali safed samagri key 1 seey 1.5 millimeter motey patale coat kii pehchaan kii. ack samanya engineering takneek mein nichale patthar key sheersh koo ack nishchit konn parr kaatna aur usake oopar ack aur patthar rakhna shamil haye jise usee konn parr kaataa gayaa thaa. jiss sateekta key saath yeye konn flush jodd banaate hain, vaha patthar kaatane key parishkrit gyaan aur varnanatmak jyaamiti kii poori samajh kaa sanket haye. kaee jodd itane sateek hotey hain kii pattharon key beach ack rejar blade fitt naheen hoe sakata haye. chinai key adhikansh hisse mein aisee ekroopata key rectilinear blocks koo sateek roop seey kaataa jaataa haye, unhein ack star kii satah aur yahaan taka kii jodon koo banaae rakhate hue ack dusare key liye aapas mein badala jaa sakata haye. halanki samaan, blocks key samaan ayam naheen hain. sateek katauti poorv-nirmaan aur badey paimaane parr utpaadan kii sambhavana kaa sujhaav detee haye, praudyogikiyan saikadon varshon baad tiwanaku key inka uttaradhikariyon seey bahut pahale. kuchh patthar adhure avastha mein hain, joe unhein aakar dene key liye upayog kii jaane vaali kuchh takneekon koo darshaate hain. vastukala itihaaskaar jeane-piyare aur stella naayar jinhone tiwanaku/pupunku key pattharon parr pahala peshevar kshetra adhyayan kiya, way nishkarsh nikaalate hainh
[.]..] chikani samaapti praapt karane key liye, poori tarah seey samtal chehare aur bareek kapade pahane pattharon parr sateek aantarik aur baahari samkon, unhone iss samay mein incas aur hamaare liye agyaat takneekon kaa sahaara liya. [.]..] vibhinn sajawati rupankanon parr dekhe gaye nukile aur sateek 90° aantarik konn sambhavatah hathaude key pattharon seey naheen banaae gaye they. hathauda patthar kaa bindu kitna bhee achchha kyon naa hoe, yeh tiahuanako patthar key kaam parr dekhe gaye spasht daahine aantarik konon kaa utpaadan kabhi naheen curr sakata thaa. inca chinai mein tulaniya katauti sabhi mein goal aantarik konn hotey hain joe kii prahaar takneek key vishisht hotey hain...]. tiahuanacans key nirmaan upkaran, shayed hathaude key sambhaavit apavaad key saath, anivarya roop seey agyaat hain aur abhee taka unaki khoj naheen kii gaee haye.
protejan aur naayar key anusaar, itihas mein kabhi bhee aise upkaranon kii khudai yaa pehchaan naheen kii gaee haye jinka upayog tiwanaku key nirmaan mein kiya gayaa thaa. kalaa itihaaskaar jessica joyce christy key anusaar, jeane-piyare protzen aur stella naayar key prayogon seey pataa chalaa haye kii tiwanaku kaarigaron key paas atirikt upkaran hoe sakate hain joe sateek jyaamitiya katauti aur roopon key nirmaan koo suvidhajanak banaate hain aur jinka puraatatva mein iss samay koee record naheen haye.
tiwanaku engineer iss parisar mein ack nagrik buniyaadi dhaanche koo vikasit karane, karyatmak sinchai pranali, hydrolic tantra aur jalrodhak seavage lines kaa nirmaan karane mein bhee nipun they.
vastukala.
pupunku ack badaa mitty kaa munch thaa jisamen teen star kii patthar kii deevaaren theen. iska leout yojana mein vargakar naheen haye, balki tii-aakar kaa haye. inn vishal sanrachanaon key vajan koo banaae rakhane key liye, tiwanaku vastukar neenv banaane mein savdhani baratate they, aksar pattharon koo seedhe chattan parr fitt karate they yaa sateek khaai khodate they aur badey patthar key khandon koo sahaara dene key liye unhein saavdhaanipoorvak paratdaar talchhati pattharon seey bharate they. aadhunik engineeron kaa tark haye kii pupunku key aadhar kaa nirmaan parat aur jamaa karane naamak takneek kaa upayog karke kiya gayaa thaa. aantarik seey rait kii paraton aur baahari seey mishrit paraton koo baari-baari seey bharane seey, jodon parr overlap hotaa haye, sampark binduon koo grading karke ack majboot aadhar banaata haye.
ainthan kaa upayog.
pupunku mein ullekhaniya visheshtaen cock _ 1 aakar kii vaastushilp ainthan hain, joe ack advitiya tambe-arsenic-nickle kansya mishra dhaatu seey bunny hain. inn coaks _ 1-aakar key ainthan kaa upayog tiwanaku mein seedhidaar munch key aadhar parr paae jaane vaale nahar key ack hisse parr bhee kiya gayaa thaa. inn khidakiyon mein divaaron aur patthar kii panktiyon vaali naharon key neeche key khand hotey hain taaki doobate hue maidanon koo hataaya jaa sakey. agyaat sanrachana key cock _ 1-cramp kaa upayog pyumapunku key chaar badey platforms koo banaane vaale badey slab koo ack saath rakhane key liye kiya gayaa thaa. pupunku kii dakshin nahar mein, coaks _ 1 key aakar key ainthan koo jagah dee gaee thee. isake vipareet, akapana nahar mein upayog kiye jaane vaale ainthan koo tambe-arsenic-nickle kansya key sillon key thhande hathaude seey banaaya gayaa thaa. advitiya tamba-arsenic-nickle kansya mishra dhaatu bhee tiwanaku aur saine pedro dee atakama key beach key kshetra mein dhaatu kii kalakritiyon mein paaee jaati haye, joe 600-900 key aspas madhya kshitij key anta mein paaee jaati haye. peru tii-aakar key sockets koo koriyakancha aur olantitambo mein bhee paaya jaa sakata haye. cramp takneek pracheen misra kii imaraton mein bhee paaee jaa sakati haye (ee. jee. khnum key mandir mein) aur pracheen grees (ee. jee. erectheone mein). stubel aur uhale key anusaar olympia key cramp sockets aur athens mein erectheum usee aakar key hotey hain joe tiwanaku key hotey hain. way ise "takniki sadhanon kaa aashcharyajanak roop seey susangat chayan" ("uffland übereinstimmenden wall der technisshen mittel") kahate hain joe unhein lagata haye kii "maanav tareeke seey sochane key samaan pattern" ("gesetzmássigkit der menschlichen denkentwickelung") key kaaran haye. 
ollantitambo seey sambhaavit sambandh.
california vishvavidyalaya, berkley key vastukala itihaaskaar jeane-piyare protjen kaa kahana haye kii ateet mein aksar yeh tark diyaa gayaa haye kii olantitambo mein imaraton key beach smaarkeeya sanrachanaaen (ee. jee. chhah monolith kii deewaar) pahale kii tiwanaku sanskriti kaa kaam thaa aur inca dwara punah upayog kiya gayaa haih
ack tark banaa huaa haye kii chhah monolith kii deewaar aur gayab sanrachanaaen jinase blocks koo punarnaveenikaran kiya gayaa haye, way incas seey pahale kii hain aur pahale kii tiahuanako sanskriti kaa kaam they. tark key liye samarthan chauthe monolith parr nakkashidar charan rupankan aur kaee khandon mein kaate gaye tii-aakar key sockets mein paaya jaataa haye, donon koo tiahuanoko-shally kii vastukala key lakshan maanaa jaataa haye. [.]..] iss tark kaa ack prakaar yeh haye kii tiahuanacoid tatvon koo olantitambo mein [dwara laaya gayaa thaa...] titica jheel seey patthar key mistri. [.]..] yahaan ekmatra sawal yeh haye kii titica jheel key patthar mistri koo kuchh bhee tiahonacoid kyon yaad rakhna chaahiye thaa jaba kaee shataabdiyon seey aisaa kuchh bhee naheen banaaya gayaa thaa. aggar mujhe tiahuanako key baare mein kuchh yaad haye tou vaha [haye...] tii-aakar key saaket aur niyamit roop seey majboot roop seey parivartit endesite kii chinai. [.]..] kaee tii-aakar key saaket vaastav mein tiahuanako mein paae jaate hain, vishesh roop seey pyuma panku key sthaan parr...].
halanki, protzen key anusaar, olantitambo mein kewal tii-aakar key saaket paae jaate hain, jabaki tiwanaku mein aakaron kii ack vistrit shrinkhala key cramp saaket-ell, tii, double-tii yaa ‡, yuu, vaaee, jaid-aur ayam paae jaate hain. olantitumbo aur tiwanaku key beach samaantaon koo heinrich ubelohade-dooring, alphons stubel aur max uhale dwara bhee dekhaa gayaa thaa.
pupunku key pravesh dwaar.
poorna aakar key pravesh dwaar.
cumm seey cumm paanch pravesh dwaar (aur kaee andhe laghu pravesh dwaar) ack baar (yaa honey kaa irada thaa) pupunku smaarak parisar mein ekikrit kiye gaye they. pupunku key neenv munch ney aathh endesite pravesh dwaaron koo samarthan diyaa. soorya key pravesh dwaar key samaan visheshtaon vaale paanch endesite pravesh dwaar key tukade paae gaye.
laghu dwaar.
pupunku mein laghu pravesh dwaar bhee maujood hain joe ack baar khade hue poorna aakar key dwaar kii sahee pratikritiyaan hain. poorna aakar kii smaarkeeya vastukala koo laghu vastukala mein cumm karate samay tiahuanacans ney ack vishisht sootra lagu kiya. badee smaarkeeya sanrachanaon kii pratikritiyaan bhee maujood hain. udaaharan key liye yeh dikhaaya gayaa haye kii "ascritorio dell inca" key roop mein jaanaa jaane vaalaa bahut prashansit nakkashidar khand poorna paimaane kii vastukala kaa ack sateek aur cumm paimaane kaa model haye. inmein seey kuchh "model patthar" jaise "chhote pupunku" alag-thalag patthar naheen hain, balki anya pattharon aur patthar key tukadon key sandarbh mein fitt lagate hain. protejan aur naayar key anusaar iss tathya koo kii inmein seey kaee "model pattharon" koo kaee udaharanon mein nishpaadit kiya gayaa thaa, badey paimaane parr utpaadan koo darshaata haye.
doguni ghumaavdaar lintel.
pupunku aur tiwanaku key anya kshetron jaise kii kantatayita mein jatil satahon key saath doguni ghumaavdaar lintel paaee gaeen. jeane-piyare protzen aur stella naayar bataate hain kii doguni ghumaavdaar lintels (jaise kii kantatayita lintel) key "khadee paravalayik vakr" koo aadhunik patthar mistri key liye dohrana mushkil hoga ("aaj kissy bhee patthar mistri key kaushal parr curr lagega").
moortiyaan.
pupunku platform tealey seey cumm seey cumm dou monolith judey hue hain. inn monolith mein seey ack pupunku monolith (yaa pupunku stella) haye. isaki khoj pupunku parisar key paschim mein kii gaee thee aur pahali baar 1876 mein tasveeron mein pralekhit kiya gayaa thaa. iss baat key pramaan hain kii jaise kii akapana moortiyon key mamle mein jinhen chachapumas key roop mein jaanaa jaataa haye, way kabhi pupunku key pravesh dwaar kii raksha curr rahey they. chachapumon koo aamtaur parr pravesh dwaar key donon or endesite peeth parr rakhaa jaataa thaa. yeye moortiyaan hinsak jaanvaron key daraavane lakshnon koo darshaati hain, way ack haath mein maanav sir aur dusare mein kulhadi koo pakadate hue jhukate yaa ghutane tekate hain. kuchh lekhakon kaa maanana haye kii chachapumon ney smaarkeeya sanrachanaon mein pravesh karate samay manushyon key "balidan" kii maang kii thee. kuchh lekhakon kaa maanana haye kii pyuma panku mein paae gaye pattharon parr kuchh nishaanon key kaaran, soorya kaa dwaar pyuma panku kaa hissa thaa. alaan kolata key anusaar soorya key pravesh dwaar parr chitrit seedhidaar munch kaa teela vaastav mein pupunku kaa ack shailibaddh chitran haye.
soorya key pravesh dwaar key peechhe key hisse mein aise namoone hain joe pupunku key patthar key slab aur faatakon parr paae jaa sakate hain. isaliye kuchh loga maanate hain kii soorya kaa pravesh dwaar ack baar pupunku kaa mukhya pravesh dwaar thaa.
chhatein.
pupunku key pravesh dwaar kii chhatein sambhavatah totora-reed pattharon seey nikali theen. pupunku key paschim pravesh dwaar parr totora-reed patthar paae gaye. tiwanaku mein khadee vastukala dekhane vaale shuruati agantukon ney pattharon key baare mein bataaya joe "pual" seey milate-julate hainh
[.]..] [tii] vaha holl kii chhat, baahar kii or, pual kii tarah dikhati haye, halanki yeh patthar kii haye. kyonki bhaaratiya apane gharon koo pual seey dhakte hain, aur iss [kamare] key liye dusaron [gharon] kii tarah dikhane key liye, unhone patthar koo pahana aur ise cheer diyaa taaki yeh pual key aavaran kii tarah dikhaai dey.
tiwanaku key sangrahalaya mein badey totora-reed patthar paae jaa sakate hain.
saanskritik aur aadhyatmik mahatva.
kuchh siddhanton key anusaar, pupunku parisar aur aspas kii smaarkeeya sanrachanaaen jaise aakapana, kalasaya, puttuni aur kerikala tiwanaku key liye aadhyatmik aur anushthaan kendron key roop mein kaary karate they. yeh kshetra andean duniya kaa kendra hoe sakata haye, joe teerthyatriyon koo door seey apani sundarta mein aashcharyachakit karane key liye aakarshit kartaa haye. inn sanrachanaon ney sthaaniya paridrishya koo badal diyaa; pupunku koo ilimani parvat key saath ekikrit kiya gayaa thaa. aadhyatmik mahatva aur ashcharya kii bhavna koo matibhramjanak paudhon key upayog key madhyam seey "munn-parivartan aur jeevan-parivartan anubhav" mein badhaaya jaa sakata haye. baalon key namoonon kii jaanch uttari chilly seey tiwanaku sanskriti mein paae jaane vaale kaee mummy mein manosakriya padarthon key avasheshon koo pradarshit karati haye, jisamen ack saal kii umr key bachche bhee shamil hain, joe tiwanaku key liye inn padarthon key mahatva koo pradarshit karate hain.
shikhar aur girawat.
tiwanaku sabhyata aur inn gheron aur munch key teelon kaa upayog 700 seey 1000 taka charam parr prateet hotaa haye, jiss bindu taka, shahar key mool aur aspas key kshetra mein 400,000 nivasi reh sakate hain. aaloo, quinoa, makai aur anya vibhinn fasalon kii kheti mein sahaayata karane key liye ack jatil sinchai pranali sahit ack vyaapak buniyaadi dhancha vikasit kiya gayaa thaa. apani charam shataabdiyon key dauran, tiwanaku sanskriti ney titica besin jheel key saath-saath bolivia aur chilly key kuchh hisson parr apana varchasva banaaya.
jahir haye, yeh sanskriti 1000 key aspas kuchh samay key liye achaanak bhang hoe gaee, aur shodhkarta kewal karanon kaa anuman lagaa sakate hain. ack sambhaavit paridrishya mein teji seey vistaarit sookha shamil haye. apani badee aabaadi key liye aavashyak bhaari fasal kaa utpaadan karane mein asamarth, tiwanaku spasht roop seey sthaaniya parvat shrinkhalaon mein bikhare hue they, phir isake turant baad gayab hoe gaye. jahira taur parr, pyuma panku koo isake nirmaataon dwara ise puuraa karane seey pahale hii chhod diyaa gayaa thaa.
atlantis aur videshi utsaahi.
pupunku khoye hue mahadweepon aur alaukik hastakshepon parr chhadm vigyaan siddhanton kaa vishay haye. hajaaron websiten aur sandarbh joe videshi aur atlantis utsaahi logon key chhadm vaigyaanik siddhanton kaa ullekh karate hain, maujood hain. puraatatvavid jeb jey. card nott kartaa haye kii pupunku vaikalpik puraatatva aur vishesh roop seey pracheen videshi parr pustakon aur television karyakramon kaa ack hissa haye. card key anusaar, atlantis aur videshi utsaahi loga maheen chinai aur uchch altiplano mein pupunku key sthaan koo rahasya key roop mein ingit karate hain. puraatatvavid alexei vranich pracheen videshi utsaahi logon kaa mukabala karate hain kii pumapunku key smaarkeeya parisar key sambandh mein achchi tarah seey sanrakshit sthaaniya agradoot abb gyaat hain (pukara aur chiripa mein kuchh smaarkeeya sanrachanaaen). yeh tathya unake vichaar mein pracheen videshi utsaahi logon key daavon key khilaf "ack thhos saboot" haye joe pupunku koo alaukik praudyogiki key sabse achche udaaharan key roop mein maanate hain, joe iss vichaar parr adharit haye kii pupunku key smaarkeeya parisar key roop aur design mein koee sthaaniya agradoot naheen haye. chiripa kii imaraton (joe pupunku kii imaraton key samaan hain) kii pehchaan "bhandaran dibbe" key roop mein kii gaee thee kyonki tokri aur bhojan key avasheshon key prabhaav paae gaye they. vranich ney nott kiya kii shaukiya, kinare aur chhadm-puraatatvavid kii peedhiyon ney daavaa kiya kii "tiwanaku vastukala kii spasht jyaamitiya poornata" baahari hastakshep yaa ack khoye hue super sabhyata kaa parinam haye, isake bajaay khandharon koo titica besin key nivaasiyon koo jimmedaar thaharaaya gayaa haye. saarvajanik puraatatva" key 2019 key ank mein, franco dee. johns hopkins vishvavidyalaya key rossie ney aalochana kii haye kii pracheen videshi siddhantkaron ney aymara koo "pashan yug key loga" kahaa haye joe pupunku kaa nirmaan naheen curr sakate they.